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Peter Wright (MI5 officer)

Peter Maurice Wright CBE (9 August 1916 – 26 April 1995) was a principal scientific officer for MI5, the British counter-intelligence agency. His book Spycatcher, written with Paul Greengrass, became an international bestseller with sales of over two million copies. Spycatcher was part memoir, part exposé detailing what Wright claimed were serious institutional failures he investigated within MI5. Wright is said to have been influenced in his counterespionage activity by James Jesus Angleton, counter-intelligence chief of the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 1954 to 1975.

Early life
Peter Wright was born at 26 Cromwell Road, Chesterfield, Derbyshire, the son of (George) Maurice Wright CBE, director of research for the Marconi Company, who was one of the founders of signals intelligence during the First World War. Wright was educated at Bishop's Stortford College, an independent boarding school for boys in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, and St Peter's College, Oxford.

Career
Wright graduated shortly before the Second World War and soon followed in his father’s footsteps, taking a job at the Admiralty's Research Laboratory. He remained there throughout the war and in 1946 began work as a Principal Scientific Officer at the Services Electronics Research Laboratory.

According to his own account, Wright’s work for MI5, initially part-time, started in the spring of 1949 when he was given a job as a Navy Scientist attached to the Marconi Company. According to Spycatcher, during his stint there, Wright was instrumental in resolving a difficult technical problem. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) sought Marconi's assistance with a covert listening device (or "bug") that had been found in a replica of the Great Seal of the United States presented to the United States ambassador in Moscow in 1945 by the Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union. Wright determined that the bugging device, dubbed The Thing, was actually a tiny capacitive membrane (a condenser microphone) that became active only when 330 MHz microwaves were beamed to it from a remote transmitter. A remote receiver could then have been used to decode the modulated microwave signal and permit sounds picked up by the microphone to be heard. The device was eventually attributed to the Soviet inventor Léon Theremin.

Intelligence career highlights
In 1954, Wright was recruited as principal scientific officer for MI5. According to his memoirs, he then was either responsible for, or intimately involved with, the development of some of the basic methods of ELINT, for example:

 * Operation ENGULF (MI5): acoustic cryptanalysis—recording the sound of the settings of Egyptian Hagelin cipher machines in 1956.
 * Operation RAFTER (MI5): remote detection of passive radio receivers used by Soviet illegals through detecting emanations from the local oscillator, in 1958 (a technique now more commonly used to enforce payment of television licences). The program eventually expanded into airborne operations, where receivers were detected from transport planes, thus giving the general area where mobile ground detection could be initiated. This was done by flooding the vicinity with vans that at best could pinpoint buildings or blocks. However, the method was less successful against mobile receivers.
 * Operation STOCKADE (MI5/GCHQ): analysis of compromising emanation from French cipher machine cables in 1960. They used broad band radio detection of the cables, and were actually able to read the original plain text along the low-grade cipher sequence. Surprisingly, murmurs of high-grade ciphers could sometimes be read from the same cable, which after comparison to the cable fed signal, gave a path to even that cipher's plain text leakage. From 1960 to 1963 the MI5 and GCHQ could read cipher traffic to and from the French embassy in London.

Wright worked as the first chairman of the new Radio Operations Committee (ROC) when it was formed in 1960. The technical staffs from the earlier separate and competitive British intelligence organizations finally began to combine their efforts, thus allowing the methods used in ENGULF and RAFTER to be expanded into domestic and foreign intelligence operations that would last into the late 1960s. According to Wright, MI5, MI6 and GCHQ had not functioned together or shared information as effectively since the war.

In 1964, Wright became chairman of a joint MI5/MI6 committee, codenamed FLUENCY Working Party, appointed to find Soviet agents and moles in Britain. For six years beginning in 1964 he regularly interviewed Anthony Blunt, a member of the Cambridge Five, trying to glean more information from him about other Soviet agents.

Claims about Roger Hollis, the Wilson Plot et al.
While serving in MI5, Wright became aware that, since the 1930s, Soviet espionage agencies had been infiltrating the British government’s military and education establishments with the help of close-knit left-wing homosexual circles at Oxford and Cambridge, especially the Cambridge Apostles. With like-minded MI5 officers, Wright became alert to the fact that some senior figures in the intelligence services, in politics, and in the trade unions had been recruited long ago as Soviet agents.

After Soviet spy Kim Philby's defection to the USSR in 1963, following what Wright refers to as a warning by "a fifth man, still inside", he became convinced that the KGB had penetrated the highest levels of MI5, claiming in Spycatcher that Roger Hollis was the highest-placed Soviet mole within the service. Wright went so far as to begin to make, as he himself put it, "his own 'freelance' inquiries into Hollis's background" shortly before the latter's retirement.

According to Wright, his initial, unspecified suspicion was aroused by his analysis of the KGB's reaction to the arrest of Soviet operative Gordon Lonsdale in January 1961. The KGB appeared to have had foreknowledge of the arrest, and Wright deduced that Lonsdale may have been sacrificed to protect a more important Soviet spy in Britain. His suspicions were further strengthened by Hollis's apparent obstruction of any attempt to investigate information from several defectors that there was a mole in MI5; and his discovery that Hollis had concealed relationships with a number of suspicious persons, including Claud Cockburn, a communist journalist who was at the time suspected of connections to Soviet intelligence; and Agnes Smedley, at a time when Smedley was in a relationship with Soviet spymaster Richard Sorge.

Later during his investigations, Wright examined the debriefings of Soviet defector Igor Gouzenko and found to his surprise that the revelations of that debriefing were neither reported nor recorded. After a lengthy check, he discovered that it had been Hollis who was sent to Canada to interview Gouzenko. Gouzenko had provided Hollis with clear information about Alan Nunn May's meetings with his Soviet handlers and noted that the man who met him seemed to be in disguise, not interested in his revelations, and discouraged him from further disclosures.

Gouzenko had not known about Klaus Fuchs, but he had named a low level suspected GRU agent, Israel Halperin, a mathematician who was later completely cleared of any suspicions of espionage. When the Royal Canadian Mounted Police searched Halperin's lodgings, they found the name of Fuchs in his address book. Fuchs immediately ceased contact with his handler, Harry Gold, and shortly afterwards took a long vacation in Mexico. Wright alleges in Spycatcher that Gouzenko himself deduced later that his interviewer might have been a Soviet double agent and was probably afraid that Gouzenko might recognize him from case photos that Gouzenko might have seen in KGB or GRU files, which would explain why Hollis was disguised.

According to Wright, the FLUENCY Working Party, an inter-agency committee created to examine all the hitherto unsolved allegations about penetration of the British security apparatus, unanimously concluded, among other things, that Hollis was the likely individual for allegations levelled by Gouzenko and fellow defector Konstantin Volkov. The committee submitted its final report shortly after Hollis retired in late 1965 as MI5 Director-General, but an investigation of Hollis was not authorized by his successor, Martin Furnival Jones, who nevertheless authorized the investigation of his deputy, Michael Hanley. A retired civil servant, Burke Trend, later Lord Trend, was summoned during the early 1970s to review the Hollis case. After studying the case for a year, Trend concluded that the evidence was inconclusive for either convicting or clearing Hollis; this was announced in March 1981 by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.

On the basis of his interviews with Sir Dennis Proctor and friends, Wright also alleged in Spycatcher that Proctor, former Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Power, was at the very least, by Proctor's own account, an unwitting source of secret information to the Soviets via his close friend and Soviet spy Guy Burgess, from whom he had kept no secrets. Wright's investigation was also focused on Labour prime minister Harold Wilson, suspicions about whom were initially triggered amongst the MI5 leadership by James Jesus Angleton, chief of counterintelligence for the CIA. The MI5 investigation into Wilson's background, however, failed to produce any conclusive evidence.

When Wright retired in 1976, Wilson was again prime minister. Dame Stella Rimington, MI5 Director-General from 1992 to 1996, later wrote in 2001 that she believed that in a Panorama programme in 1988, Wright had retracted an allegation made in his book about the MI5 group of thirty officers who plotted to overthrow Wilson's government. She also criticised Wright who, according to her, was "a man with an obsession, and was regarded by many as quite mad and certainly dangerous." Rimington alleged that Wright was a disruptive and lazy officer, who as special advisor to the Director-General had a habit of taking case files that interested him from other officers, failing to return them to their proper place, and failing to write up any interviews he conducted.

Wright's case against Hollis was re-stated by Chapman Pincher in his book, Treachery: Betrayals, Blunders, and Cover-ups: Six Decades of Espionage Against America and Great Britain (2009). But in its obituary of Pincher in 2014, The Times discredited the journalist's theory ("Paranoia Hollisiensis") and asserted that Hollis had not been a Soviet spy.

Retirement, Spycatcher publication, and later life
Upon his retirement in 1976, Wright was denied a full pension on a technicality and emigrated to the town of Cygnet, Tasmania, Australia, where he bred Arabian horses.

In a bid to quell rumours that he had been the "fifth man" of the Cambridge Five, Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild paid Wright's airfare from Australia to meet with Pincher in writing Their Trade Is Treachery (1982). Wright received royalties of £30,000 for this collaboration.

After Heinemann announced the release of Spycatcher in 1985, the British government in 1985 attempted to ban its publication in Australia. In 1987, the Supreme Court of New South Wales ruled against the British government, Wright being represented in court by Malcolm Turnbull, later prime minister of Australia. Turnbull's tough questioning of Robert Armstrong, Thatcher's cabinet secretary, led Armstrong to admit in court that a letter he had written that was presented in Wright's book was ″economical with the truth″. The subsequent appeals against the decision were definitively dismissed in 1988, the High Court of Australia concluding in its decision on the case: ″[...] The appellant's claim for protection (whether injunctive or by way of accounts or damages) ought to have been refused simply on the ground that the Court would not, in the absence of statutory direction, protect the intelligence secrets and confidential political information of the United Kingdom Government.″ By then, the US edition of Spycatcher was already an international best-seller. The book sold nearly two million copies and made Wright a millionaire.

According to the documents released in 2015, the Australian government, then led by Bob Hawke, heeded the advice from British counterparts and lent support to the UK government's bid to suppress publication, despite being aware that Australia's national security was not ″directly threatened″ by Wright's manuscript. A memorandum prepared by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet said among other things: ″The British are seeking to avoid discussion of any of Wright's specific allegations, arguing that, for the purposes of the trial, they can all be assumed to be true and even then Wright's breach of confidentiality would be a breach of contract and inequitable.″

In the opinion of the official historian of MI5, Christopher Andrew, Turnbull's ″brilliant″ conduct of the Spycatcher case humiliated the British establishment and triggered much-needed reform in the intelligence services. In 2011, Turnbull said that ″Margaret Thatcher's iron will made Spycatcher a global bestseller″. The affair influenced the enactment of the official secrets legislation of 1989 by hastening it and probably making its provisions more severe. In 1991, the European Court of Human Rights found that the attempts of the British government to ban the book had violated the right of the author to freedom of speech.

The accuracy of various allegations made in Spycatcher was questioned in a review published by the Center for the Study of Intelligence, an in-house think tank for the CIA. While admitting (on page 42) that the book included "factual data", the document stated that it was also "filled with [unspecified] errors, exaggerations, bogus ideas, and self-inflation". The review added (on page 45) that "Gen. Oleg Kalugin, former Chief of Counterintelligence" had confirmed to Wright that Hollis had not worked for the KGB but did not include a discussion of the possibility that Hollis might have worked with the GRU.

Wright went on to publish The Encyclopaedia of Espionage in 1991 and reportedly was writing a fictional spy thriller at the time of his death on 26 April 1995, aged 78. The obituary in The Independent opined: ″No British intelligence officer other than Kim Philby caused more mayhem within Britain's secret services and more trouble for British politicians than Peter Wright.″

title: Peter Wright (MI5 officer)


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Tornado Alley

Tornado Alley (also known as Tornado Valley) is a loosely defined location of the central United States and Canada where tornadoes are most frequent. The term was first used in 1952 as the title of a research project to study severe weather in areas of Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Kansas, South Dakota, Iowa and Nebraska. Tornado climatologists distinguish peaks in activity in certain areas and storm chasers have long recognized the Great Plains tornado belt.

As a colloquial term there are no definitively set boundaries of Tornado Alley, but the area common to most definitions extends from Texas, through Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, North Dakota, Montana, Ohio, and eastern portions of Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming. Research suggests that the main alley may be shifting eastward away from the Great Plains,  and that tornadoes are also becoming more frequent in the northern and eastern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the Canadian Prairies, Ohio, Michigan, and Southern Ontario.

Geographical area

Over the years, the location(s) of Tornado Alley have not been clearly defined. No definition of tornado alley has ever been officially designated by the National Weather Service (NWS). Thus, differences in location are the result of the different criteria used.

According to the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) FAQ, "Tornado Alley" is a term used by the media as a reference to areas that have higher numbers of tornadoes. A study of 1921–1995 tornadoes concluded almost one-fourth of all significant tornadoes occur in this area.

Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, Michigan, and western Ohio are sometimes included in Tornado Alley. Some research suggests that tornadoes are becoming more frequent in the northern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the Canadian Prairies.

No place on earth is entirely free of tornadoes, however, they occur much more frequently in the United States, particularly in the Central states, between the Rocky Mountains to the west and Appalachian Mountains to the east. Texas has the most overall number of tornadoes of any state. Per data collected through 2007, Kansas and Oklahoma ranked first and second respectively in the number of tornadoes per area. However, in 2013 statistics from the National Climatic Data Center reported Florida ranked first in tornadoes per area, although Florida is not a part of Tornado Alley. Florida's high ranking on the tornado list also has to do with the fact that the state sees a high number of waterspouts, small tornadoes that form over water. Although strong land-tornadoes have hit Florida and reports show Florida has a very high number of overall tornadoes, the tornadoes in the state seldom reach the velocity of those that may occur in the Southern Plains. In the United States, tornadoes typically occur in late spring and early summer during the changing season patterns as a warm air mass typically collides with a cold air mass resulting in tornadoes.

Another criterion for the location of Tornado Alley can be where the strongest tornadoes occur more frequently.

Tornado Alley can also be defined as an area reaching from central Texas to the Canadian Prairies and from eastern Colorado to western Ohio.

Some researchers argue that there are several Tornado Alleys. In addition to the Texas/Oklahoma/Kansas core, such other areas include the Upper Midwest, the lower Ohio Valley, the Tennessee Valley, and the lower Mississippi valley, which may have respective distinguishing characteristics. A coherent conception considers that there is a single Tornado Alley in the United States and Canada, and that this can simply be subdivided into smaller areas based on regional attributes.

The extension of the North American tornadically active in the southeastern U.S., notably the lower Mississippi Valley and the upper Tennessee Valley, are sometimes called by the nickname "Dixie Alley", coined in 1971 by Allen Pearson, former director of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC). A 2018 study found in the U.S., over the study period 1979–2017, an overall eastward shift of tornado frequency and impacts - toward Dixie Alley. The study found, since 1979, relatively-lower tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the traditional Tornado Alley, especially areas from north-central Texas toward the Houston, TX area, and relatively-higher tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the Mid-South, especially eastern Arkansas, the greater Memphis, TN area and northern Mississippi - all areas near the heart of Dixie Alley - see especially Figure 4.

In Tornado Alley, warm, humid air from the equator meets cool to cold, dry air from Canada and the Rocky Mountains. This creates an ideal environment for tornadoes to form within developed thunderstorms and supercell.

Origin of the term
The term "tornado alley" was first used in 1952 by U.S. Air Force meteorologists Major Ernest J. Fawbush (1915–1982) and Captain Robert C. Miller (1920–1998), as the title of a research project to study severe weather in parts of Texas and Oklahoma.

Impact
Despite the elevated frequency of destructive tornadoes, building codes, such as requiring strengthened roofs and more secure connections between the building and its foundation, are not necessarily stricter compared to other areas of the United States and are markedly weaker than some hurricane prone areas, such as south Florida. One particular tornado-afflicted town, Moore, Oklahoma, managed to increase its building requirements in 2014. Other common precautionary measures include the construction of storm cellars and the installation of tornado sirens. Tornado awareness, preparedness, and media weather coverage are also high.

The southeastern United States is particularly prone to violent, long track tornadoes. Much of the housing in this region is less robust compared to other areas in the United States, and many people live in mobile homes. As a result, tornado-related casualties in the southern United States are higher. Significant tornadoes occur less frequently than in the traditionally recognized tornado alley; however, very severe and expansive outbreaks occur every few years.

Frequency of tornadoes
These figures, reported by the National Climatic Data Center for the period between 1991 and 2010, show the seventeen U.S. states with the highest average number of EF0-EF5 tornadoes per 10000 sqmi per year.

 * 1) Florida: 12.3
 * 2) Kansas: 11.7
 * 3) Maryland: 9.9
 * 4) Illinois: 9.7
 * 5) Mississippi:  9.2
 * 6) Iowa: 9.1
 * 7) Oklahoma: 9
 * 8) South Carolina: 9
 * 9) Alabama: 8.6
 * 10) Louisiana: 8.5
 * 11) Arkansas: 7.5
 * 12) Nebraska: 7.4
 * 13) Missouri: 6.5
 * 14) North Carolina: 6.4
 * 15) Tennessee: 6.2
 * 16) Indiana: 6.1
 * 17) Texas: 5.9

Tornadoes in Canada
Canada records the second most tornadoes in the world after the United States. The average number of tornadoes per equal area of land is highest in the southern parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario. Roughly half of all Canadian tornadoes strike the Canadian Prairies and Northern Ontario as far east as Lake Superior. Together, these regions make up the northernmost border of the U.S. Tornado Alley. Tornadoes up to F5 in strength have been documented in this region.

Another third of Canadian tornadoes strike Southern Ontario and Quebec, especially in the region between the Great Lakes and the nation's capital city, Ottawa. Tornadoes do not often hit lake shadow regions, although they are not unknown, and some, such as the 2011 Goderich tornado, have been violent. However, most Ontario tornadoes are concentrated in a narrow corridor from Windsor to Ottawa as well as through portions of Central Quebec. Tornadoes up to F4 in strength have been documented in this region.

In more recent years, an emerging trend has suggested that the Ottawa Valley is seeing an increasing number of frequent and violent tornadoes. The 2018 National Capital Region Outbreak spawned a high-end EF3+ and high-end EF2 which caused catastrophic damage to areas in both Ottawa and Gatineau. 2023 saw 5 tornadoes of varying intensities strike the region, including two EF1 tornadoes which touched down in the Barrhaven suburb within minutes of one another. This phenomenon, while still in the preliminary stages of study, has led some to name this hotspot "Tornado Valley".

Southwestern Ontario weather is strongly influenced by its peninsular position between the Great Lakes. As a result, increases in temperature in this region are likely to increase the amount of precipitation in storms due to lake evaporation. Increased temperature contrasts may also increase the violence and possibly the number of tornadoes.

Northern Ontario between the Manitoba border and Lake Superior is also prone to severe tornadoes, but tornadoes in this area are believed to be underestimated due to the extremely low population in this region.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tornado Alley


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The Trollenberg Terror

The Trollenberg Terror (U.S. title: The Crawling Eye; also known as Creatures from Another World ) is a 1958 British science fiction horror film produced by Robert S. Baker and Monty Berman and directed by Quentin Lawrence. The film stars Forrest Tucker, Laurence Payne, Janet Munro, and Jennifer Jayne. The special effects are by Les Bowie. The story is based on a 1956 British ITV "Saturday Serial" television programme written by George F. Kerr, Jack Cross and Giles Cooper under the collective pseudonym of "Peter Key". The film was released as The Crawling Eye in the United States on 7 July 1958 by Distributors Corporation of America and as The Trollenberg Terror in the United Kingdom in October 1958 by Eros Films. It played on a double bill with the British science fiction film The Strange World of Planet X, retitled Cosmic Monsters for its American release.

The Trollenberg Terror's storyline concerns United Nations troubleshooter Alan Brooks, later joined by journalist Philip Truscott, investigating unusual accidents occurring in the area of a resort hotel on the fictional Mount Trollenberg in Switzerland. Brooks suspects that these deaths are related to a series of similar incidents which occurred three years earlier in the Andes Mountains, which involved an unexplained radioactive cloud formation believed by locals to be inhabited.

Plot
On the Swiss mountain Trollenberg, one of three climbers is suddenly killed, his head ripped from his body. Two sisters, Anne and Sarah Pilgrim, a London mind-reading act, are travelling by train to Geneva when Anne faints as the train passes the mountain. Upon waking, Anne insists that they must get off at the next stop.

UN troubleshooter Alan Brooks, in the same train compartment as the sisters, is going to Trollenberg's observatory to meet with Professor Crevett. Crevett goes on to explain that, despite a series climbing accidents, bodies are ever found, and an always-stationary radioactive cloud is regularly observed on the mountain's south face. Brooks mentions similar incidents that took place in South America in the Andes three years earlier, just before a similar radioactive cloud vanished without a trace. Local rumors circulated that something was alive in the heavy mist of the cloud.

Anne is giving a mind-reading demonstration at the nearby hotel when she "sees" two men in a base camp hut on the mountain. Dewhurst is asleep when the other man, Brett, under some kind of mental compulsion, walks outside as the cloud envelopes the hut. Anne suddenly faints again. Brooks phones the hut, Dewhurst answers, screams, and then the connection suddenly goes dead.

A rescue party, including Brooks, climbs up to the camp hut looking for both men. Anne, in a trance-like state, urges the rescuers to stay away. Inside the hut, the rescuers discover that everything is frozen solid, despite the door being locked from the inside. Dewhurst's body is found under a bed with its head missing. A spotter plane arrives and circles overhead, and a man is spotted a half mile away. The first rescuer finds a rucksack at that location with a severed head inside. He is set upon and killed by Brett, who also kills the second rescuer when he arrives.

Later at the hotel, Brett suddenly staggers in, claiming that he had been lost on the mountain. Soon after, he attacks Anne with a knife, but Brooks manages to subdue him. Brett sustains a severe head gash during the struggle, but no blood flows from the wound. He is heavily sedated and locked away. Brooks recalls to journalist Philip Truscott a similar incident in the Andes that followed a similar pattern: a man murdered an elderly woman who allegedly had psychic abilities like those displayed by Anne. The killer's body was discovered to have been dead for at least 24 hours prior to his murder of the old woman. Brett escapes his improvised cell and resumes his hunt for Anne, this time armed with a handaxe. Before he can reach her, Brooks dispatches him with a pistol. Brett's flesh appears crystalized upon inspection and rapidly decomposes in the heat.

The cloud has begun to move down the mountainside towards the hotel, so the guests retreat up to the fortified observatory. A mother realises that her young daughter is missing as they enter the cable car. In a thickening mist, a giant tentacled creature with a single huge eye appears at the hotel, smashing down the front door. Brooks manages to rescue the child from the lobby, both of them narrowly escaping. They return to the cable car, but the delay gives the mist a chance to reach the car platform. The transport motor begins to freeze, starting and stopping, the cable slipping, but the cable car arrives safely. The single cloud has now split into five while converging on the observatory.

Hans, who left the hotel by car, suddenly turns up at the observatory. Once inside, he begins exhibiting the same obsession with Anne. Hans tries to strangle her, but Brooks and Truscott stop him as Brooks stabs him. As the monsters near the observatory, everyone makes Molotov cocktails to combat them. By radio, Alan orders an aerial firebombing raid against the observatory, which has reinforced walls and concrete roof that can withstand the assault.

Truscott strikes one of the creatures with a Molotov cocktail, setting it ablaze. He is caught by a tentacle from another monster now atop the observatory's roof. Brooks sets that one ablaze with another Molotov cocktail, forcing it to drop Truscott. Later, Truscott firebombs another creature that manages to breach a portion of thick wall to get at Anne. The aerial firebombing assault begins and successfully torches the remaining monsters.

Production
The Trollenberg Terror was the final film shot at Southall Studios, one of the earliest pioneer film studios in the United Kingdom, and was one of the last films released by Distributors Corporation of America.

Mitchell's role was originally meant to be played by Anton Diffring, but Diffring pulled out of the part at the last minute.

Reception
The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "Several sequences in this Alpine science fiction production are genuinely alarming, although much more could have been made of the dramatic moments. The film gives the impression of having been shot and edited in a great hurry and the characteristic addiction to close-ups of such details as severed heads and melting flesh is more in evidence than in most science fiction pieces. More accomplished direction might have resulted in a film as effective as the Quatermass film series".

In the 1 January 1959 issue of The New York Times, film critic Richard W. Nason reviewed the double feature starring Forrest Tucker and opined that "...The Crawling Eye and The Cosmic Monsters do nothing to enhance or advance the copious genre of science fiction". Film historian and critic Leonard Maltin considered The Trollenberg Terror as "ok, if predictable", a feature that showed its humble origins, being adapted by Jimmy Sangster from the British TV series (also called The Trollenberg Terror) about cloud-hiding alien invaders on a Swiss mountaintop. Maltin noted that the film was "hampered by low-grade special effects".

The Trollenberg Terror was one of the inspirations for writer/director John Carpenter's 1980 horror film The Fog.

In popular culture
The main title music from The Crawling Eye was featured on the album Greatest Science Fiction Hits V by Neil Norman and his Cosmic Orchestra, released in 1979 on GNP Crescendo Records.

In Stephen King's 1986 horror novel It one of the protagonists, Richie Tozier, watches the film and it terrifies him. A crawling-eye creature later appears as a manifestation of It, the novel's title monster.

Under the title The Crawling Eye, the film was the first of many productions to be mocked on the TV series Mystery Science Theater 3000, after the series moved from KTMA to The Comedy Channel. The episode aired on 11 November 1989. It was also briefly mentioned at the end of the season 10 finale (the original series finale) covering Danger: Diabolik.

A scene of the film was briefly seen in the 1998 film Small Soldiers when the Gorgonites, Slamfist, and Ocula are watching a wrestling match on television and one of them accidentally hits the TV remote which changes the channel showing a scene of the film’s crawling eye creature.

The Freakazoid episode "The Cloud" spoofed the film's opening credits, as well as key elements of the plot, though with the victims being turned into clowns instead of being killed.

A song called "Crawling Eye" was featured on American horror punk band the Misfits' 1999 album Famous Monsters; the song's lyrics directly referenced the plot of the film.

The film was shown on the MeTV show Svengoolie on 26 November 2022.

In the 2023 Riverdale episode "Betty & Veronica Double Digest", a 4D screening of the film is held to increase popularity of a financially struggling movie theater.

title: The Trollenberg Terror


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Talk:The Trollenberg Terror

Untitled
The original film title is "The Trollenberg Terror". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dlloyd (talk • contribs) 01:13, 13 August 2004 (UTC)

TV series
Unless someone is intending to write an in-depth article on the TV series, this article should probably cover both the film and the TV version, as it did originally. It's standard on WP (rightly or wrongly) that novels and their film adaptations share a page too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jay-W (talk • contribs) 21:26, 7 July 2005 (UTC)

Remerged film & TV series info
I've taken an older version of this article and folded in elements of the newer version of this article for the following reasons: — Jeff Q (talk) 8 July 2005 00:24 (UTC)
 * 1) Without an extant source for further info on the TV serial, it's extremely unlikely there will be a separate article for it. (Consider how stubby this one currently is, even though it is mostly about the better-known film that is available on VHS and DVD and has a separate MST3K version.)
 * 2) As long as this article is a stub, it's hard to list all the information provided without turning it into a bare list. I've tried to organize the data into a textual flow that mostly follows the following order of visibility: the film, the common actor in the 2 programs, the film's star, the common director, and the writers; except that I moved the director in front of the common actor to get the two actors nearer each other in the text.
 * 3) I restored the "Saturday Serial" text because I think it may inspire readers familiar with the program to scare up some more data.
 * 4) IMDb is the source for the alternative titles, and is already listed in "External links".

Don't confuse the two "Eye" movies
It is noteworthy that the VHS cover for The Eye Creatures (1965) re-uses artwork from the movie poster of The Crawling Eye (1958) Naaman Brown (talk) 04:49, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:The Trollenberg Terror


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Skeena River

The Skeena River is the second-longest river entirely within British Columbia, Canada (after the Fraser River). Since ancient times, the Skeena has been an important transportation artery, particularly for the Tsimshian and the Gitxsan—whose names mean "inside the River of Mist" ,and "people of the River of Mist," respectively. The river and its basin sustain a wide variety of fish, wildlife, and vegetation, and communities native to the area depend on the health of the river. The Tsimshian migrated to the Lower Skeena River, and the Gitxsan occupy territory of the Upper Skeena.

During the Omineca Gold Rush, steamboat services ran from the sea to Hazelton, which was the jumping-off point for the trails to the goldfields. The Hudson's Bay Company established a major trading post on the Skeena at what became called Port Simpson, British Columbia (Lax Kw'alaams), where nine tribes of the Tsimshian nation settled about 1834. Other tribes live elsewhere in BC, and descendants of one group in Metlakatla, Alaska.

Geography
The Skeena originates south of the Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Provincial Park in north western British Columbia, forming a divide with the Klappan River, a tributary of the Stikine River. It flows for 570 km before it empties into Chatham Sound, Telegraph Passage and Ogden Channel, east of the Dixon Entrance, all part of the Pacific Ocean. The Skeena drains 54400 km2 of land with a mean annual discharge of 1760 m3/s.

Course
The Skeena River originates at the southern end of Spatsizi Plateau, in a valley between Mount Gunanoot and Mount Thule, south of the Stikine River watershed. The abandoned track of BC Rail's Dease Lake Extension runs along the river in its upper course. It flows south-east, between the shallow peaks of the Skeena Mountains, through the McEvoy and Jackson flats. It continues in this direction until it passes the Slamgeesh Range, then flows westwards to Fourth Cabin, when it turns south through a shallow canyon below Poison Mountain. After Kuldo it takes an eastward turn, then flows south again below Cutoff Mountain and Mount Pope. It continues through rolling hills to the community of Kispiox and then Hazelton, where it receives the waters of Morice-Bulkley River, and turns south-west. The Yellowhead Highway and a Canadian National Railway track follow the course of the Skeena on this section. At Kitwanga, the river is crossed by Highway 37, and then turns south around the Seven Sisters Peaks and Bulkley Ranges, through the Skeena Provincial Forest, then between the Nass Ranges and Borden Glacier, past the ferry crossing at Usk, through the Kitselas Canyon, and then through the Kleanza Creek Provincial Park. It then flows south-west through the city of Terrace, where the river widens. It continues westwards, followed by the Highway 16 and Canadian National Railway line, passes near the Exchamsiks River Provincial Park, then flows into the Dixon Entrance at Eleanor Passage, between Port Edward and Port Essington, facing De Horsey Island.

Tributaries
Partial listing from Fisheries and Oceans Canada Upper Skeena Middle Skeena Lower Skeena
 * Bear River, Johanson Creek, Mosque River, Shilahou Creek, Slamgeesh River, Sustut River
 * Babine River, Boucher Creek, Buck Creek, Bulkley River, Comeau Creek, Cullon Creek, Date Creek, Deep Canoe Creek, Fulton River, Harold Price Creek, Kispiox River, Kitseguecla River, Maxan Creek, McCully Creek, McQueen Creek, Morice River, Nangeese River, Nanika River, Nilkitkwa River, Pinkut Creek, Richfield Creek, Shegunia River, Simpson Creek, Stephens Creek, Suskwa River, Sweetin River, Toboggan Creek
 * Alwyn Creek, Big Falls Creek, Cedar Creek, Coldwater Creek, Copper River, Deep Creek, Dog Tag Creek, Ecstall River, Erlandsen Creek, Exchamsiks River, Exstew River, Fiddler Creek, Gitnadoix River, Goat Creek, Johnston Creek, Johnston Lake, Kaeen Creek, Kasiks River, Khtada River, Khyex River, Kitsumkalum River, Kitwanga River, Kleanza Creek, Lakelse River, Lean-To Creek, Limonite Creek, Magar Creek, Moonlit Creek, Salmon Run Creek, Scotia River, Sockeye Creek, Spring Creek, Star Creek, Thomas Creek, Trapline Creek, White Creek, Williams Creek, Zymagotitz River, Zymoetz River

Wildlife
The Skeena supports a wide variety of fish and wildlife. The British Columbia Ministry of the Environment, through BC Parks, has designated a number of Ecological Reserves along the course of the river.

Fish
The Skeena is well known for its sport fishing, most notably salmon. The Skeena is also very important to the commercial fishing industry. For example, numbering 5 million spawning salmon a year, the Skeena is second only to the Fraser River in Canada in its capacity to produce sockeye salmon. However, in the last 40 years there has been a decrease in some of the fish species, leading to strict fishing regulations for the commercial fishery.

The following types of Pacific salmon can be found in the Skeena: Other anadromous species:
 * Chinook salmon, sometimes known as king, Tyee, spring, Quinnat, tule, or blackmouth salmon.
 * Chum salmon, sometimes known as dog or calico salmon.
 * Coho salmon, sometimes known as silver salmon.
 * Pink salmon, sometimes known as humpback salmon.
 * Sockeye salmon, sometimes known as red salmon or blueback salmon.
 * Steelhead, anadromous form of rainbow trout

Bears
The rare Kermode bear lives in and near the Skeena Valley from Prince Rupert to Hazelton. The region is also home to many black bears and brown bears. Grizzly bears are less common in the area but the Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary is located nearby.

Indigenous peoples
The Skeena River watershed is the ancient homeland of the Tsimshian, Gitxsan, and Wet'suwet'en people.

During the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic thousands of indigenous people were evicted from large semi-permanent camps near Victoria and forced to return to their homelands, spreading smallpox throughout the Pacific Northwest coast. Groups of Tsimshian thus brought smallpox from Victoria to the Fort Simpson area, whence it spread widely starting in June 1862. Through the summer indigenous people arrived regularly at the fort to trade, contributing to the spread of smallpox throughout the Northern Coast, up the Skeena River and the Nass River into the British Columbia interior, devastating the Wetʼsuwetʼen and other interior First Nations. All Tsimshianic peoples suffered high death rates from smallpox in 1862–63: About 67% among the Southern Tsimshian, 23% for the Coast Tsimshian, 37% among the Nisga'a, and about 22% among the Gitxsan.

Fur trading
The Hudson's Bay Company's local headquarters were at Port Simpson, although Port Essington was also used extensively as a port for its sternwheelers.

Riverboats
While canoes played a crucial role on the Skeena for centuries, the age of the steamboat heralded a new era of boating on the Skeena. The first steam-powered vessel to enter the Skeena was the Union in 1864. In 1866 the Mumford attempted to ascend the river but was only able to reach the Kitsumkalum River. It was not until 1891 that the Hudson's Bay Company sternwheeler the Caledonia successfully negotiated through the Kitselas Canyon and reached Hazelton. A number of other steamers were built around the turn of the century, in part due to the growing fish industry and the gold rush.

SkeenaWild Conservation Trust
In 2007 SkeenaWild Conservation Trust was formed to promote projects and initiatives by conservationists, First Nations in Canada, and local communities to protect the natural sustainability of the Skeena watershed and its wild salmon ecosystems. The organization has a large payroll and is dependant on convincing the public that salmon are in crisis. One of SkeenaWild's main goals is to develop and implement a strategy for long-term stewardship of forest carbon in the Skeena watershed.

title: Skeena River


text:
Value-level programming

Value-level programming refers to one of the two contrasting programming paradigms identified by John Backus in his work on programs as mathematical objects, the other being function-level programming. Backus originally used the term object-level programming but that term is now prone to confusion with object-oriented programming.

Value-level programs are those that describe how to combine various values (i.e., numbers, symbols, strings, etc.) to form other values until the final result values are obtained. New values are constructed from existing ones by the application of various value-to-value functions, such as addition, concatenation, matrix inversion, and so on.

Conventional, von Neumann programs are value-level: expressions on the right side of assignment statements are exclusively concerned with building a value that is then to be stored.

Connection with Data Types
The value-level approach to programming invites the study of the space of values under the value-forming operations, and of the algebraic properties of those operations. This is what is called the study of data types, and it has advanced from focusing on the values themselves and their structure, to a primary concern with the value-forming operations and their structure, as given by certain axioms and algebraic laws, that is, to the algebraic study of data types.

Connection with Lambda Calculus languages
Lambda calculus-based languages (such as Lisp, ISWIM, and Scheme) are in actual practice value-level languages, although they are not thus restricted by design.

To see why typical lambda style programs are primarily value-level, consider the usual definition of a value-to-value function, say f = λx.E here, x must be a value variable (since the argument of f is a value by definition) and E must denote a value too (since f's result is a value by definition). Typically, E is an expression involving the application of value-forming functions to value variables and constants; nevertheless, a few value-forming functions having both function and value arguments do exist and are used for limited purposes.

If the term values is defined to include the value variables themselves, then the value-level view of programming is one of building values by the application of existing programs (value-forming operations/functions) to other values. Lambda-style programming builds a new program from the result-value by lambda-abstracting the value variables.

title: Value-level programming


text:
X: The Man with the X-ray Eyes

X, better known by its promotional title, X: The Man with the X-ray Eyes, is a 1963 American science fiction horror film in Pathécolor, produced and directed by Roger Corman, from a script by Ray Russell and Robert Dillon. The film stars Ray Milland as a scientist who develops a method to extend the range of his vision, which results in unexpected complications. Comedian Don Rickles co-stars in one of his few dramatic roles. Diana Van der Vlis and veteran character actor Morris Ankrum also make appearances.

American International Pictures distributed the film in the fall of 1963 as a double feature with Francis Ford Coppola's horror thriller Dementia 13. The low-budget film was a major financial success.

Plot
Dr. James Xavier develops eye drops intended to increase the range of human vision, allowing one to see beyond the visible spectrum into the ultraviolet and x-ray wavelengths and beyond. Believing that testing on animals and volunteers will produce uselessly subjective data, he tests the drops on himself.

Initially, Xavier discovers that he can see through people's clothing, and he uses his vision to save a young girl whose medical problem was misdiagnosed. Over time and with continued use of the drops, Xavier's visual capacity increases but his ability to control it decreases. Eventually, he can see the world only in forms of light and texture that his brain is unable to fully comprehend. Even closing his eyes brings no relief, as he can see through his closed eyelids.

His friend Dr. Sam Brant advises him to stop the drops until they have had a chance to evaluate the effects, particularly since the eyes have a direct path to the brain. Xavier refuses, and during an argument he accidentally knocks Brant out a window. Xavier's friend Dr. Diane Fairfax persuades him that if he is found he will be convicted of murder, so he goes on the run. He works in a carnival as a mind reader. His manager realises his skill is not a trick, especially when he diagnoses a girl's injuries when she falls from the Ferris wheel, and convinces him that he can make more money as a miracle diagnostician. Xavier's eyes start to change and he has to wear thick protective goggles to prevent overload. People queue up to see him. Fairfax tracks him down and goes into the consultancy. He no longer sees the outer surface so does not recognise her until she speaks. He explains how he can no longer close his eyes to achieve darkness and is haunted by his power. He moves to leave. Having researched Xavier's true identity, the manager threatens to summon the authorities to arrest him for Brant's death if he leaves the consultancy. Fairfax drives Xavier away.

They drive to Las Vegas to use his skill to cheat at a casino. As Brant feared, the drops have begun to affect Xavier's mind; in an irrational fit of anger, he deliberately provokes the casino owners by announcing which cards are in the blackjack dealer's hand and are about to be drawn. The casino calls security. His glasses are knocked off in a scuffle and his eyes are exposed as black and gold. He throws a bundle of cash into the crowd as a diversion, allowing him to escape.

Xavier drives out to the desert alone, but his eyesight is too strange to drive accurately, especially at high speed with a helicopter chasing him. He crashes. He wanders from the crash site and finds a large tent holding a religious revival. The helicopter lands. He tells the evangelist that he is beginning to see things at the edges of the universe, including an "eye that sees us all" in the center of the universe. The pastor replies that what he sees is "sin and the devil" and quotes the Gospel verse, "If thine eye offends thee, pluck it out!" Xavier tears out his eyes.

Cast
Credits adapted from the Second Sight Films Blu-ray booklet.

Production
Corman says the idea for the film was his. It was originally about a scientist, then he felt that was "too obvious" so he changed the protagonist to be "a jazz musician who had taken too much drugs, and I get into about four or five pages [of my outline], and I thought, 'You know, I don’t like this idea,' and so I threw the whole thing out, and started back and went back with the scientist, which was the original idea." The film was shot in three weeks on a budget of approximately $300,000.

The film was announced as part of AIP's release lineup for June 1962, with Lou Rusoff as the producer.

Corman made X: The Man with the X-ray Eyes after his 1963 H. P. Lovecraft film adaptation The Haunted Palace.

In his non-fiction book Danse Macabre, Stephen King claims there were rumors the ending originally went further, with Milland crying out "I can still see" after gouging out his eyes. Corman has denied the existence of that ending but expressed enjoyment with the idea, saying "Now it's interesting. Stephen King saw the picture and wrote a different ending, and I thought, 'His ending is better than mine.

Reception
At the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 88%, based on 25 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 6.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "By turns lurid and disturbing, The Man with the X-Ray Eyes is a compelling piece of sci-fi pulp and one of Roger Corman's most effective movies."

Awards
The film won the Astronave D'argento ("Silver Spaceship") award in 1963 at the first International Festival of Science Fiction Film (Festival internazionale del film di fantascienza) in Trieste, Italy.

In other media

 * Gold Key comic book adaptation: X: The Man with the X-ray Eyes (September 1963)
 * British band Bauhaus have a song referencing the film in their 1981 album Mask.
 * American band Blue Öyster Cult have a song referencing the film in their 1998 album Heaven Forbid.
 * Tim Burton developed a script for a remake of the film with writer Bryan Goluboff, but it went unproduced.

title: X: The Man with the X-ray Eyes


text:
HMCS Terra Nova

HMCS Terra Nova (DDE 259) was a Restigouche-class destroyer that served in the Royal Canadian Navy and later the Canadian Forces from 1959 until 1997. After her final refit, she was a guided missile destroyer.

She was the sixth ship of her class and the first Canadian war ship to bear the name Terra Nova. The ship's badge honours the Terra Nova River on Newfoundland as well as an earlier civilian ship, Terra Nova, which gained fame during a scientific exploration voyage to Antarctica. They are represented as a river and the Antarctic (symbolized by a penguin) on the ship's badge.

Design and description
Based on the preceding St. Laurent-class destroyer design, the Restigouche-class ships had the same hull and propulsion, but different weaponry. Initially the St. Laurent-class had been planned to be 14 ships. However the order was halved, and the following seven were redesigned to take into improvements made on the St. Laurent-class ships. As time passed, their design diverged further from that of the St. Laurent-class ships

The ships had a displacement of 2000 t, 2500 t at deep load. They were designed to be 366 ft long with a beam of 42 ft and a draught of 13 ft. The Restigouches had a complement of 214.

The Restigouche-class ships were by powered by two English Electric geared steam turbines, each driving a propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Babcock & Wilcox boilers. They generated 30000 shp giving the vessels a maximum speed of 28 kn.

The Restigouche-class ships were equipped with SPS-10, SPS-12, Sperry Mk 2 and SPG-48 radar along with SQS-501 and SQS-503 sonar.

Armament
The Restigouche-class ships diverged from the St. Laurent-class ships in their weaponry. The Restigouche-class ships were equipped with two twin mounts of Vickers 3 in/70 calibre Mk 6 dual-purpose guns forward and maintained a single twin mount of 3-inch/50 calibre Mk 22 guns aft used in the preceding class. A Mk 69 fire control director was added to control the new guns. They were also armed with two Limbo Mk 10 mortars and two single Bofors 40 mm guns. However the 40 mm guns were dropped in the final design. The 3 in/70 mounting was placed in the 'A' position and the 3 in/50 mounting was placed in the 'Y' position.

The destroyers were also equipped beginning in 1958 with Mk 43 homing torpedoes in an effort to increase the distance between the ships and their targets. The Mk 43 torpedo had a range of 4500 yd at 15 kn. They were pitched over the side by a modified depth charge thrower.

Improved Restigouche Escorts (IRE)
As part of the 1964 naval program, the Royal Canadian Navy planned to improve the attack capabilities of the Restigouche-class. Unable to convert the vessels to helicopter-carrying versions like the St. Laurents due to budget constraints, instead Restigouche-class ships were to receive variable depth sonar (VDS) to improve their sonar range, placed on the stern, and the RUR-5 anti-submarine rocket (ASROC). The destroyers also received a stepped latticed mast. Called the Improved Restigouche Escorts (IRE), Terra Nova was the first to undergo conversion, beginning in May 1965. The conversion took ten months to complete, followed by sea trials. The sea trials delayed the conversion of the next ship for four years. By 1969, the budget for naval programs had been cut and only four out of the seven (Terra Nova, Restigouche, Gatineau and Kootenay) would get upgraded to IRE standards and the remaining three (Chaudière, Columbia, and St. Croix) were placed in reserve.

The ASROC launcher replaced the 3 in/50 cal twin mount and one Mk 10 Limbo mortars aft. The ASROC was rocket-propelled acoustically-guided Mk 44 torpedo that had a minimum range of 900 yd and a maximum range of 10000 yd.

Destroyer Life Extension (DELEX)
The Destroyer Life Extension (DELEX) refit for the four surviving Restigouche-class ships was announced in 1978. An effort by Maritime Command to update their existing stock of naval escorts, the DELEX program affected 16 ships in total and came in several different formats depending on the class of ship it was being applied to. On average, the DELEX refit cost $24 million per ship. For the Restigouches this meant updating their sensor, weapon and communications systems. The class received the new ADLIPS tactical data system, new radar and fire control systems and satellite navigation. They were also fitted with a triple torpedo tube mounting to use the new Mk 46 torpedo. The ships began undergoing their DELEX refits in the early 1980s. However, by the time the ships emerged from their refits, they were already obsolete as the Falklands War had changed the way surface battles were fought.

Gulf War refit
With the advent of the Gulf War in August 1990, Maritime Command was asked to have a fleet of ships available to send to the Persian Gulf, preferably three ships. The Iroquois-class destroyer HMCS Athabaskan (DDG 282) and the replenishment ship HMCS Protecteur (AOR 509) would be made part of the task force; however, all the other Iroquois-class vessels were in refit. Maritime Command chose from among the remaining fleet the vessel with the best electronic countermeasures suite, Terra Nova, to deploy with the task force. Terra Nova was quickly altered to make her ready for an active war zone. The ship's ASROC system was landed and instead two quad Harpoon surface-to-surface missile systems were installed. A Mk 15 Phalanx close-in weapon system was placed on the quarterdeck in place of the landed Limbo ASW mortar, and two 40 mm/60 calibre Boffin guns were installed in single mounts where the ship's boats were. The ship was also fitted with new chaff, electronic and communications systems. Restigouche received a similar refit before deploying as Terra Nova's intended replacement in the Persian Gulf in 1991.

Construction and career
Terra Nova, named for river in Newfoundland and Labrador, was laid down on 14 November 1952 by Victoria Machinery Depot Co. Ltd at Victoria, British Columbia. The ship was launched on 21 June 1955 and commissioned at Victoria on 6 June 1959 with the classification DDE 259.

Following her commissioning, Terra Nova joined the ceremonies for the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in July 1959. The following year, in August, with sister ships HMCS St. Croix (DDE 256), HMCS Kootenay (DDE 258) and HMCS Gatineau (DDE 236), she took part in the 500th anniversary of Prince Henry the Navigator's death off Lisbon. After work ups, the ship was assigned to the Fifth Canadian Escort Squadron. In March 1961, the destroyer escort was among the ships that took part in a combined naval exercise with the United States Navy off Nova Scotia.

In March 1965, Terra Nova and Gatineau participated in the search for a Royal Canadian Air Force Canadair CP-107 Argus that had disappeared 60 mi north of San Juan, Puerto Rico. In May, the ship began her IRE refit. As the first to undergo the conversion, Terra Nova tested the new SQS-505 sonar for several months before the refit was considered completed. In all the conversion took ten months to complete. However Terra Nova's sea trials delayed the conversion program by four years. During this period, the ship first transferred from to the Third Canadian Escort Squadron in January 1966, before being transferred to the west coast as part of the re-ordering of naval forces following the Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1968. She was one of four Restigouche-class vessels that were transferred to the west coast, to replace the Mackenzie-class destroyers in the Second Canadian Escort Squadron. The ship returned to duty on 4 May 1971 at Esquimalt, British Columbia. From 29 January to 26 June 1973, Kootenay and Terra Nova were deployed off the coast of Vietnam as part of the Canadian contribution to the International Commission of Control and Supervision following the end of the Vietnam War.

In November 1981, cracks were found in the superheater headers of HMCS Ottawa (DDH 229). Inspections were ordered for the Restigouche-class vessels, of which Terra Nova was found to have similar issues. The ship was repaired and back in service within six months. In May 1983, the ship made a four-day visit to China on behalf of the Department of External Affairs. Terra Nova was taken in hand on 21 November 1983 for her DELEX refit, performed at Esquimalt. She returned to service on 9 November 1984.

On 12 December 1989, Terra Nova transferred to the east coast in exchange for HMCS Annapolis (DDH 265) as part of the reorganization of the fleet. Due to a shortage of Iroquois-class destroyers, Terra Nova was selected for deployment as part of Canada's contribution to Operation Desert Shield. She received a Gulf War refit before deploying and sailed for the Persian Gulf with the destroyer Athabaskan and the replenishment ship Preserver on 24 August 1990. They arrived in theatre on 27 September and Terra Nova performed her first patrol on 1 October. Terra Nova returned to Halifax on 7 April 1991. The Task Group was assigned to the international coalition maritime interdiction force in the central Persian Gulf which consisted of a variety of coalition naval forces on station through the fall of 1990. After Operation Desert Storm began in January, the Canadian Naval Task Group undertook escort duties for hospital ships and other coalition naval vessels.

In October 1992, Terra Nova began a refit at Port Weller Dry Dock in St. Catharines, Ontario, reentering service in 1993. On 22 February 1994, Terra Nova boarded the private vessel MV Pacifico, seizing 5.9 t of cocaine. That same year, Terra Nova was part of the blockade enforcing United Nations resolutions on Haiti from 28 April to 18 July, rescuing two boatloads of refugees during this tour. She returned to blockade duty from 7 September to 19 October.

On 11 July 1997, the ship was taken out of active service and paid off on 1 July 1998. The ship was sold in October 2009, along with Gatineau for $4,258,529 to Aecon Fabco for scrapping. The ships were towed to Pictou, Nova Scotia in mid-November 2009 for breaking up. During the scrapping process, Terra Nova sank at her moorings. The hulk was later raised by crane.

title: HMCS Terra Nova


text:
User talk:Aurora~enwiki

Drexel
I noticed that you made some changes to the majors offered at Drexel. You added some inconsistencies in the layout of the article by adding what type of degree is offered (i.e. BS, BA). It looks like maybe you copied this information directly off of the college's website? It's be nice if we either included such information for all majors, or no majors, as to not create an inconsistency. btw, how is work? ;)   —  マイケル   ₪  19:32, Aug 19, 2004 (UTC)

Also, I noticed that if you look at the college's site, the Sciences degrees differ from what is on the wikipedia page. It might be time to update this section completely. — マイケル   ₪  19:37, Aug 19, 2004 (UTC)

Today's featured article
Thought you might like this one: Today's featured article

Yes, I know, I've been spying on you ;)
I created a wikilink to Baroness Raymonde de LaRoche in the article you made, because I thought she should get aqn atricle of her own. There is already one about her in the german wikipedia which you can see automatically translated to english http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymonde_de_Laroche&prev=/search%3Fq%3DRaymonde%2Bde%2BLaRoche%2Bsite:wikipedia.org%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26c2coff%3D1 We should work on an article for her. I think we can figure out most of the information from german entry, but we should cross reference everything to make sure nothing is lost in the translation, hehe. There are plenty of articles about her on the internet, it seems she was the first woman to recieve a pilots license. I'd say that is notable! — マイケル   ₪  20:43, Aug 19, 2004 (UTC)

Wow
You see the edit summary box that appears below the entry text box? Just put it in there. — マイケル   ₪  18:01, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I currently have an "Edit summary" line above the, minor edit check box, the watch this page check box, the Save page button and show preview button. I don't think this is dependend on your user preferences, but if this doesn't show up when you are editing, my suggestion would be to check your preferences.   —  マイケル   ₪  18:08, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

Comments
I'd suggest putting it on the discussion page. No one will ever read your comments inside the article, however it can't hurt. You can use html comment tags to put comments in an article. They are like this:. Good luck. — マイケル   ₪  20:26, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

Richard Avedon
A while back I removed a commercial plug from the Richard Avedon article, noting (in my report of the vandalism) that the article really needed expanding. When I saw such a large addition to it I was immediately suspicious, because quite often a huge block of new text is an insert from a fan who's gushing on at length and has no idea how to write an article. In this instance, I was delighted to see how wrong I was. You've done a great job with it!

I made a few small cleanup edits. One thing confused me -- although our article on the Berlin Wall places its fall in late 1989, you had "on January 1, 1989-90" after the reference. It wasn't clear so I deleted it. If Avedon was photographing that event on one particular date or over a time period, we can certainly provide that information.

I had the article watchlisted in the first place because of an inappropriate addition about Streetstudio. The vote was to allow that article to stay, while deleting the links to it from the articles about Avedon and other photographers. If you happen to know anything about Streetstudio, though, it still needs cleanup. I don't know enough about photography to put this project in context. JamesMLane 06:47, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your note. The connection with Streetstudio was in this addition to the Richard Avedon article: "His large-format portrait work of drifters, miners, cowboys and alike from the western United States became a best-selling book and traveling exhibit entitled In the American West. That work greatly inspired the Streetstudio work of Clay Enos and Stephan Ghukfvin whose New York portraits were compared to Avedon's."  So Clay Enos, who made the addition, was crediting Avedon as an influence on his own photography.  I took out that sentence -- but, to give Enos credit, his edit did improve the Avedon article by mentioning In the American West, not previously covered.  Before Enos came along, the article read, in its entirety, "Richard Avedon (born 1923) is a U.S. photographer" (with a link to Avedon's website).  Unusually embarrassing even for a stub!

 * Enos also created new articles on Roger Fenton and William Shew. The latter isn't on the List of photographers that you mentioned.  If he's legitimately a notable photographer, he should be added there.  I, myself, have zero course hours in History of Photography, so I'm glad we have someone knowledgeable on board. JamesMLane 23:59, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

English
Hi. Please disambiguate English on your user page. For example, English. Thanks. RedWolf 02:55, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

Felice Beato
Hi Lori,

I've been documenting several hundred photographs by Felice Beato (and a few by his brother, Antonio) here at the Canadian Centre for Architecture. While working on his photos I've developed a clearer picture of his career timeline. If you like I'll send you a copy of this timeline (including sources). Pinkville

Hi Again! Back as User:Pinkville. I renamed the article on Beato, "Felice Beato", because the relevant sources now agree that the "A." that was sometimes found in his name actually refers to his brother, Antonio. Most authorities now call him "Felice Beato". Just thought you should know.

Colin

Pinkville 20:37, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Felice Beato is going to be on the Main Page on 16 November. Pinkville 01:21, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

The Philadelphia Project
Hi i have noticed that you have edited several articles on subjects related to the Philadelphia area. Several other users and myself have got together to creak a project to help improve, expand, and create articles concerning the Philadelphia/Delaware Valley region. While our project is still new, we are inviting people to join us to help it get started off on the right foot. You can find the project at WikiProject Philadelphia, feel free to add your name and drop off an suggestions that you might have. If you have any questions, drop me a line anytime. Thanks. --Boothy443 | trácht ar 01:15, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename
Hi Lori, do you mind changing your username? I use this username elsewhere and I wish to use it globally. Cheers. Tripledot (talk) 11:30, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Aurora! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current  article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 07:16, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Sandy Skoglund -

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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title: User talk:Aurora~enwiki


text:
Talk:Julius Schwartz

question
I've seen it suggested that Julius Schwartz was the inspiration for the character of Julius Furst in Kurt Busciek's Astro City comics. Can anyone corroborate that? -FZ 01:25, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The Earth-1 Julius Schwartz made only on appearance, in Superman#411.

Deleted this: These incidents are alleged to occur in a period after the death of the woman to whom he had been married virtually all of his life, and may reflect the kind of confusion and poor judgment that is often characteristic of such circumstances, rather than being characteristic of his life as a whole. I don't know of any general theories which say widowers suddenly become sexual harassers, nor is this an appropriate NPOV way to respond to accusations by offering unsupportable justifications. --Kynn 22:52, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know why but somebdoy put that entire awkward section back in. I did my best to edit it for grammar and flow of language and add factual refutations to the charges as well as descriptions of the circumstances under which they were published. Those charges were gossiped about for over a decade and never printed until Schwartz was unable to respond to them by virtue of having DIED. Many, many women who worked with him longer and during that time cited in the article dispute the veracity of the charges.  I tried to put a balance of views in there.  I'm on the record as never having seen him behave that way and I cited one of the interviews I have done on Schwartz's promoton of the careers of young women in publishing.    I also tried to describe his professional friendships with other women of my genertation. I simply tried to strike a balance.Lisapollison 11:52, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Sexual conduct
I found this a rather odd bit of the bio

Because of the way it's written, it makes it sound like an "either/or" - well if he sexually harassed those girls - why would he promote other women? etc etc - people are complex! just because he exhibited one type of behaviour does not mean that he did not engaged in the other! the way it is currently written seems to be an attempt to present balance by linking two thing that don't have to be connected. --Charlesknight 21:15, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

That section really needs to be contracted or cut entirely. One article in Comics Journal is just not that notable in the context of the rest of his bio. --Pleasantville 01:26, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I had cut that section at the beginning of September, and it was restored via IP edit this morning. I have curt it again. If someone wishes to restore, PLEASE discuss on talk before restoration. --Pleasantville 16:24, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know about 10 years ago, but there is currently a lot more documentation of this than a single TCJ article. I invite editors to help me cover this aspect of the subject's life. -Jason A. Quest (talk) 16:19, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Superman 411 Cover.jpg
Image:Superman 411 Cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 22:12, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Grrr - stupid thing drive me nuts. I did all of that and it stilled deleted it. Well, thats it for me, I cant work out how to add images that Wiki doesnt automatically delete. The images was a small scan of the cover of Superman #411

GrandPoohBah 08:41, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I have dozens, maybe even hundreds of photos of Julie that are better than this, most of which i took. If anyone wants to coach me on how to upload them, I'll be happy to do it.LiPollis (talk) 02:50, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Huge unattributed Harlan Ellison Quote is problematic
First of all, it's not in quotes. merely providing the reference source is insufficient for a block of text of that size offered up as a set of facts. Second, it's in Harlan's "voice" and as such is not suitable for an encyclopedia entry. Third, Ellison goes ballistic when his words are lifted and unattributed so I suggest somebody revert it all back. The material is Ellison's opinion. The facts may be true but he's not representing them as a set of hard and proven facts. Ellison is representing these "facts" as HIS memory of Julie's early life, which took place long before Ellison's own birth, so it's already problemnatic, yes? Better to use quotes from Schwartz' autobiography or many published intriviews.

If you want to keep the Harlan quote, write some minor introductory sentence such as "Writer Harlan Ellison had this to say about Schwartz's early life.." And then put the entire block in quotes with a reference. Then get back to the facts. If nobody does that, I suggest removing the whole block because it's disruptive to the flow of the article and the facts Ellison introduces are not referenced. As a block quote, his words are in context as his opinion. I knew Julie for my entire adult life too and I could drop in big chunks of tributes I've written as well but it would only be my opinion. Ellison's tribute may be much more appropriate if presented properly merely because he knew Julie much longer and the story of Julie's relationship with Ellison as a young SF & Comics Fan is well-known.LiPollis (talk) 21:44, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julius Schwartz


text:
Talk:Fox (disambiguation)

Redirect to FOX
True or false: this article should re-direct to FOX. 66.245.105.237 01:27, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

interwiki
The interwiki's to de:Fox en nl:Fox seem quite logical, but to pl:Lis and pt:Raposa (desambiguação) is not very clear. Both are only because the animal fox is resp "lis" and "raposa", which is fine on articles, but seems a bit dubious in case of a disambiguation. Taka 29 June 2005 07:35 (UTC)

order and red links
I removed the red-links, since this list is to long. Also, I put people below, since most (not all) are less well known. Also, few people with the last name "Fox" are actually called just plainly "Fox" (without a first name). However, "Fox" the entertainment company, is often just called "Fox". --rob 03:49, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Slang Term
"Slang term for an attractive woman. " - in what sub-culture or historic period, please? Is it a current expression? === Vernon White (talk)  23:07, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It is current. Probably dating back to at least the 1980s, where I suspect it was a bit more popular. --Eyrian 23:16, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * UK, US or Where? Please add answer to DAB article.=== Vernon White (talk)  23:41, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't tell you everywhere it's in use, but certainly in the US. --Eyrian 00:57, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Yeah!, Eyrian, No reference (or what you've heared somewhere) is a MUCH WORSE reference than the urbandictionary. What I wrote, and you erased, is also in different dictionaries. I just said, after, that for OTHER meanings people may go and see urbandictionary. What's wrong with that? is useful as the wiki was in the begining. Tell us where? or we will think that you are are meaning that you are always a better reference than the urbandictionary, which is built by all of us. Besides, are you shure that it is not used anywhere in England and only in the Unites States of NorthNorthamerica? That would be a little bit strange nowadays! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.50.156.64 (talk • contribs).
 * You'll note that the bit of knowledge I proffered here was not put into the actual article, and for good reason. It's just a recollection, perhaps giving someone else a chance to dig up a source should they so choose. You cannot cite UrbanDictionary because it is not a reliable source for that kind of information. Listing that "fox" may refer to cleverness is largely redundant; it's relatively simple transferrance from a characteristic associated with foxes, and that certainly doesn't belong on a dab page. --Eyrian 18:16, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It is also a current term in the UK as well as the USA. I have no idea of its origins but the earliest reference I can remember is from the Waynes World films.  I can't see why references from Urban Dictionary are looked down on - Wikipedia is hardly the world's most accurate encycloapedia!!--Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg|15px]]talk 11:37, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Why?
Why does 'Fox' redirect to the page for an American TV network? What about the animal for crissakes? It's time the American bias and dumbing down was removed from Wikipedia. If people want the TV network then they can search for Fox TV or Fox Broadcasting Company.--Xania talk 11:39, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Proposal to have this be the Fox page
There are too many significant Foxes, including the former President of Mexico and Fox broadcasting. Fox now directs to the animal. This should be changed so Fox goes to the disambiguation page. Auchansa (talk) 06:03, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

They belong here?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Fox_family Stephanie — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.128.24.193 (talk) 14:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fox (disambiguation)


text:
Janet Chisholm

Janet Chisholm (6 May 1929 – 23 July 2004), born Janet Anne Deane, was a British MI6 agent during the Cold War.

Early life
She was born in Kasauli, India to a Royal Engineers officer. She was educated Queen Anne's School, Caversham, in Berkshire, where she learnt Russian. She then studied French at Grenoble University. After school, she worked in London as a secretary before joining the Allied Control Commission and moving to West Germany. There she met her future husband, Ruari Chisholm, and began working for British Intelligence.

Her husband was a spy who headed the MI6 station in Moscow but worked under the guise of a visa officer. When Oleg Penkovsky offered Soviet military secrets to MI6, she became the go-between. Outwardly, Janet was an ordinary mother of four children. She would meet Penkovsky in a local park and he would offer what appeared to be sweets, but were actually disguised documents containing military secrets about the Soviet nuclear weapons arsenal.

Their cover was eventually blown by another British agent, George Blake, who defected to the Soviets. Penkovsky was quickly arrested and later executed, while the Chisholms were deported. Controversy surrounds Penkovsky's death, with many believing that MI6 put him in danger after Blake confessed all to the Soviet officials. For their part, MI6 maintained that he insisted on continuing to feed the British information even after his life was threatened.

The Chisholms went on to work in Singapore and twice in South Africa until Ruari's retirement. He had planned to write a memoir but died of malaria before he could begin. Janet continued to travel around the world until well into her 70s. She refused to talk about her experiences in Russia and took all of the secrets she learned to the grave.

Portrayal in popular culture
Chisholm was portrayed by Lucy Liemann in the 2007 BBC Television docudrama Nuclear Secrets. The programme included covert KGB photographs showing Janet Chisholm meeting Oleg Penkovsky.

title: Janet Chisholm


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of web comics

List of web comics was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

List has been eclipsed by Category:Web comics. External links, start & end dates, and authorship info found here is also found in the individual web comics' articles. — Gwalla | Talk 01:29, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep. Strongly oppose deletion.  This list has its use in that all that information is in one place, something I find a lot more useful than just a category listing which provides no information beyond 'yep, it's a web comic alright'. Gamaliel 01:40, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutral. I understand Gwalla's redundancy concern, but it's a lot easier to monitor the list for changes than to find new articles popping up in a large category. Kudos to Gwalla for merging the info found in the list but not the articles though. I had a snarky "are you volunteering to do the work" comment ready and didn't get to use it. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:44, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep- the list is a useful means for looking up new materials & cross-referencing, as distinct from categorizing it. -FZ 03:16, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I strongly oppose any deletion of a list in favor of a category, just for the record. Not that anyone cares. :P --Tothebarricades.tk 04:22, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Categories do not supercede list articles.  RickK 04:33, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I too would strongly oppose the deletion of this list - it has a lot of useful information not found in the category listing - Zaphod Beeblebrox 05:50, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The extra info in the list makes it more useful. Mindspillage 16:57, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think all unannotated lists without source references should be cleaned up and annotated or deleted as untrustworthy. But this isn't an unannotated list. Jallan
 * Keep. List articles usually contain some non-existent articles. When someone looks at the list, they might be inclined to create such articles. The info from the list page could also be copied to the category page. RedWolf 03:21, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: We've actually been deleting entries without articles, because there's a serious tendency for this list to attract WikiSpam in the form of article-less entries with external links.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:35, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Categories and Lists should complement each other. As noted above, a category cannot possibly contain an item without an article (I am not personally in favour of the "policy" created recently of removing entries without articles: this seem rather non-wiki to me). Also I was under the impression that adding a Category to your watchlist only monitors changes to the description of the category, not to the addition of an article, so there is a distinct difference in functionality. Finally it is not unusual to find certain limited information duplicated in a list and the articles referred to: it is usual, for example, for lists of people to include birth/death dates as appropriate (for disambiguation purposes if nothing else) which obviously would also appear in the article referred to. --Phil | Talk 13:03, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Albiorix (moon)

Comments
NASA gives the pronunciation as [AL-bee-or-icks]. Since pre-antepenultimate accents do not occur in English, they probably intended [AL-bee-OR-icks].
 * Ephemeris from IAU-MPC NSES

 * Confirmed the pronunciation with the École druidique d'Helvétie in St-Aubin:

 * Albio était accentué, sans qu'aucun doute soit possible, sur le i (bref). Le i de rix était long comme le e du rex latin. Il reste long au génitif rigos, mais devient bref et accentué dans l'irlandais rige (royauté) et rigain (reine).
 * En composition, albio-rix, l'accent doit s'être logiquement placé sur la pénultième.
 * [Albio was stressed, without any possible doubt, on the (short) i. The i of rix was long like the e of Latin rex. It stays long in the genitive rigos, but becomes short and stressed in the Irish rige (royalty) and rigain (queen).
 * [As a compound, albio-rix, the stress must logically fall on the penultimate.]
 * —kwami 01:51, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Someone changed the pronunciation no, but w/o any ref, so I'm changing it back. kwami 14:46, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

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Requested move 11 January 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. The support !votes are largely at odds with WP:PRIMARYRED (and moot), while the usage arguments made by the opposers haven't really been rebutted. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 23:30, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

– An attempted WP:PROD at the base-title disambiaguation page was thwarted by the addition of a redlinked genus, but this moon is still the obvious primary topic over two others that don't have standalone articles. The dab page would then be moved to Albiorix (disambiguation). –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 18:06, 11 January 2023 (UTC) —Added move of dab. Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 02:51, 12 January 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Albiorix (moon) → Albiorix
 * Albiorix → Albiorix (disambiguation)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 19:18, 11 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Nrco0e (talk) 23:45, 11 January 2023 (UTC)
 * As mentioned before in the deprod edit summary that you seem to have missed, https://wikinav.toolforge.org/?language=en&title=Albiorix says more people click on the first meaning than the other, so this is not an obvious primary topic. Just because a topic has no standalone article that doesn't mean that we should short-circuit navigation to one that happens to have it but is not more commonly sought. If you want to show that the moon has more long-term significance, you should present an actual rationale for it and not just say "it's still obvious", because it's not. Oppose --Joy (talk) 08:41, 12 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom, since this is the only meaning that has an article. Double sharp (talk) 10:48, 12 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Support, the moon is the only entry with an article of its own. It can always be moved back if the Celtic god or the arachnid ever get an article. J I P  | Talk 12:04, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose as an article for Albiorix (Gaulish deity) now exists. --FULBERT (talk) 12:24, 15 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Much of what the supports say is irrelevant: 1) as the very first sentences of WP:DAB make clear, dab pages disambiguate encyclopedic topics that are covered on Wikipedia, it's not necessary for this coverage to be at the level of entire articles; 2) the main contending topic here is Albiorix as an epithet of the deity Mars, but as often happens with such epithets, they're not so much subtopics of the deity as synonyms for it; 3) as noted by FULBERT, the whole issue is now moot. As for the actual question at hand (whether the moon is the primary topic), Joy's data conclusively shows that it is not, at least with respect to usage (and no-one has made an argument about long-term significance: the moon, discovered just 23 years ago, is one among several dozen small rocks orbiting Saturn, and its size is smaller than 30 km). – Uanfala (talk) 10:55, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

followup to move discussion
Cf. Talk:Albiorix. --Joy (talk) 21:36, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Albiorix (moon)