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Talk:1992 United States presidential election

Candidate Photograph Licensing.

 * I'll just state right out that I am incredibly bad at finding photos that manage to meet the criteria that Wikipedia or its Commons expect, and I've basically given up in that arena. For the time being, in those sections where I am unable to display such a photo for the candidate in the gallery, I am simply going to list their name(s) and the general data. If someone else could establish the galleries where I am currently unable, I would be grateful. --Myownworst (talk) 20:49, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

Results by state
In the Results by state section maybe the congressional districts for Maine should be added (Since Maine splits there electoral votes by district). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Prcc27 (talk • contribs) 00:56, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Landslides
For the record: I did not change it to say "landslides." Somebody else did. I was content with just "wins," but always supported the fact that the election was preceded by three consecutive GOP landslides, but certain Wikipediers insisted they knew better and added sophomoric language, basically called me "arrogant," and stamped their cyber feet until I finally relented because arguing with a child is not worth it. But I'll stand by the "landslide" epithet as that is what was the case. Sorry if you do not have a degree in History. Forgive me please, for I do! Myownworst (talk) 00:10, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I also offered citations. Certain Wikipedia inquisitors never did that - just inserted their own opinions and evaluations of '80,'84, and especially '88. Myownworst (talk) 00:13, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041103020223/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm to http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/map.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120825102042/http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#1992 to http://electionwall.org/1992.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120825102042/http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#1992 to http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=1992&fips=0&f=1&off=0&elect=0

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Utah Electoral Votes?
The electoral map for this article and also for the 1996 and 2000 articles have Utah with 6 electoral votes. Am I missing something or shouldn't it be 5? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:246:2:AA24:D991:7517:B480:D81D (talk) 07:16, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
 * According to, Utah had five electoral votes in 1992 to 2008 and six since 2012. According to , Utah has 4 congressional seats and hence 6 electoral votes. YBG (talk) 07:50, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

I'm removing, from the lede, the following:
"As of 2016, this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate, and the last time the state of Florida backed the losing candidate, while being only the second time the state has done so since 1960. This is also the earliest presidential election from which all four Democratic and Republican presidential and vice-presidential candidates are still living."
 * 1) For one, this has nothing to do with the 1992 presidential election, but, and especially because it is incorrect at best, and vandalism at worst. Georgia has voted Republican, prior to this one (1992), since 1980, and with the exception of this one, Georgia has voted Republica, including the most recent one (2016). As for Montana, this election (1992) was the first and last time it voted Democratic since 1938. As for Florida there's  nothing special about it, at least from what it's supposed to be asserting, since it's been back and forth from one party to the other for a while, like many other states. The only bit that is correct is the last sentence.RupJana (talk) 08:54, 27 August 2017 (UTC)
 * 2) Actually Montana did vote democrat in 1964 by a larger margin than even 1992. When they said "while being only the second time the state has done so since 1960" they are talking about Florida specifically being only the second time since 1960. It voted Nixon in 1960, and for the winning candidate ever since until 1992, justifying the second time. And for Georgia, it is true that it has never voted democrat ever since then, same with Montana. I get that this is not really a paragraph that is needed per say, but to say that this is wrong is not true. Everything in there was true, and it is easy to figure it out honestly. Although I do see why you would remove it in the long run as it is just trivia — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.8.165.190 (talk) 04:36, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

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Nancy Lord home state
She currently lives in Nevada, but she ran for Mayor of Washington, D.C. in 1990. MB298 (talk) 04:33, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

George Bush Photo

A - It doesn't have a yellow-tinge to it not present in the full photo and it showcases more of him besides an up-close view of the face. 70.44.154.16 (talk) 16:35, 21 April 2018 (UTC)

Total votes shown in table does not match the sum of the individual candidates
The Sum of the votes shown for Clinton, Bush, Perot, Marrou, and Others is 104,424,006. However, the total votes shown in the table is 104,423,923. A difference of 83 votes.

Not sure where the math error is located but though I would point out the discrepancy for the sake of accuracy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:6E1:79E0:F00D:725A:24C4:19B3 (talk) 14:47, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

Reverting the image of Bill Clinton to the one from 1993?
In my opinion, the 1993 image of Bill Clinton is a better fit for the page, as it is one that is more easily recognisable (both for the subject and the time period), and the time discrepancy between the election and the image being taken is small enough that it makes sense to use the presidential portrait for this page. Penumbra01 (talk) 21:01, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

Fourth president to lose reelection?
Gerald Ford was never elected president, nor was he elected Vice President either, so he can't be considered to have been "reelected." It should either say that Bush was one of four incumbent presidents to lose an election campaign, or that he was one of three presidents to lose a reelection campaign. 2607:FEA8:84A1:6300:253A:6E7F:185E:FE93 (talk) 17:56, 26 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Nobody's bothered to respond to you, so I've made your change. 1.145.152.141 (talk) 01:04, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

Los Angeles riots
The lead says "Furthermore, the 1992 Los Angeles riots loomed over the election, especially after the four officers were acquitted of all charges regarding the incident with Rodney King." This statement is unsourced, the Los Angeles riots are not mentioned again in the article, and the article on the riots does not mention an impact on the election. Addionally, the vague "loomed over" seems like an acknowledgement that they didn't actually affect the election, so why are they mentioned? 1.145.247.151 (talk) 04:28, 16 December 2021 (UTC)
 * No response, so I've removed it. 1.145.152.141 (talk) 01:02, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

What's up with the new Perot portrait?
It looks pretty low quality compared to the other two, and it looks like it was colorized by an AI or something? There's visible splotches of color changes on it and it looks pretty crusty Codename Jenny V (talk) 02:46, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

 * It gets changed every now and then, I just had to change it back. I offered for them to open up a discussion on the topic in the talk section as I had to do for Mondale in 1984, let's see if they take me up on my offer. Gelid Lagopus (talk) 15:10, 3 November 2022 (UTC)

Perot Photograph
The photograph for Ross Perot must be changed. It feels completely out of place and feels like it was taken for a newspaper during a business event instead of being an actual photograph that Perot's company had put out. Plus, the current photograph and the photograph that i wish to put up for the infobox were taken in the same year and with not that much of a time difference between the two images. ~ HistorianL (talk) 00:25, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

Portrait for President Clinton
The portrait for President Clinton on the infobox is currently Option 1, same as it is on the 1996 page. I made an edit changing Clinton's portrait here to Option 2, which clearly met resistance, because two people reverted it back without reason. To prevent an edit war, let's hold a vote here.

I prefer Option 2. We use the first on the 1996 page already. There isn't anything wrong with this, but since we have several official portraits of President Clinton taken in an official capacity, why not use different portraits for different elections? We do that for basically every other president on their infoboxes, including Jimmy Carter, a one-termer. It was also probably taken closer to the 1992 election. The portrait is dated 1999, but it's obvious it's from much earlier, because he is much younger, particularly his hair, which was snow white by 1999. Since his hair is still brown, it's much more likely that this was taken when he was president-elect or sometime in 1993. Anyways, I'd appreciate it if we got other editors to weigh in so that we can reach a consensus here instead of constant edit warring. ~ GI Brown 1970 (talk) 01:30, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree; I vote for  Option 2 , which provides a much better photo for this article. Plus, it matches the crop of the others better. To top it off, it's also directly forward-facing, like the other 2, unlike Option 1, which is slightly to the left hand side. Mycranthebigman of Alaska ^_^ 16:01, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

I agree with the change, Option 2 offers a difference in portraits whilst still being accurate for 1992. It’s a good portrait too, and fits well. Gelid Lagopus (talk) 13:36, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

Strongly support Option 1. It is customary to include photos that were recently taken of a candidate in infoboxes, and the second proposed image was taken in 1999, seven years after the election, while the existing portrait was taken in 1994. Also, the proposed second option isn’t even an official portrait, while the current one is. — Politicsfan4 (talk) 17:18, 2 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Disregard my previous point about the date of the photo (apparently it was probably not taken in 1999). Nevertheless, I still support option 1, since option 2 is not technically an official portrait. — Politicsfan4 (talk) 17:21, 2 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I also support Option 1 as it gives off a more professional feel that the other portraits give off HistorianL (talk) 17:35, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

I vote for number 2. Not only does it look nice, it makes sense to use a photo of Clinton from the time of the campaign over his official presidential portrait since he was not yet elected. Festive TCT (talk) 03:15, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

I vote for number 1, as we have no conclusive proof that this photo was taken in or around the year 1992, besides how one deems the 2nd photo of Clinton to look younger than the other. The editor has not confirmed if they factored in issues such as lighting with the date of the photo. The presidential portrait also follows precedent, with Ronald Reagan in 1980, George W. Bush in 2000, Barack Obama in 2008, Donald Trump in 2016, and Joe Biden in 2020, all of whom use official portraits from the days preceding or succeeding their inauguration, despite other portraits published closer to their respective election days existing. Chahn200 (talk) 18:23, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:37, 2 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Bill clinton 1987.jpg


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Schmitt

Schmitt may refer to:
 * Schmitt (surname), a surname and list of people with the name
 * Schmitt family, a noble Bavarian family
 * Schmitt, Germany, a municipality in the Eifel area of the Rhineland-Palatinate state in western Germany
 * Schmitt Music, an American retail company specialising in musical instruments, sheet music and accessories
 * USS Schmitt (DE-676), a Buckley-class destroyer escort in the United States Navy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Schmitt


text:
Disorderly conduct

Disorderly conduct is a crime in most jurisdictions, such as the United States and China. Typically, "disorderly conduct" makes it a crime to be drunk in public, to "disturb the peace", or to loiter in certain areas. Many types of unruly conduct may fit the definition of disorderly conduct, as such statutes are often used as "catch-all" crimes. Police may use a disorderly conduct charge to keep the peace when people are behaving in a disruptive manner, but otherwise present no danger.

Disorderly conduct is typically classified as an infraction or misdemeanor in the United States. However, in certain circumstances (e.g., when committed in an airport, a park, a government office building, or near a funeral) it may be a felony in some US states.

Definitions
A basic definition of disorderly conduct defines the offense as:

 * A person who recklessly, knowingly, or intentionally:
 * (1) engages in fighting or in tumultuous conduct;
 * (2) makes unreasonable noise and continues to do so after being asked to stop; or
 * (3) disrupts a lawful assembly of persons;
 * commits disorderly conduct. ..

Indiana's definition of "disorderly conduct" is modeled after the Model Penal Code's definition, and is typical, but not identical, to similar laws on the statute books of other U.S. states. It covers a large variety of potential acts in its prohibition. "Fighting" is perhaps the clearest act within the scope of its prohibition, and "tumultuous conduct" is "conduct [...] likely to result in serious bodily injury to a person or substantial damage to property." But exactly what constitutes "tumultuous conduct", "unreasonable noise", or "disrupt[ing] a lawful assembly" are matters that are far harder to decide, and as such disorderly conduct statutes give police officers and other authorities fairly broad discretion to arrest people whose activities they find undesirable for a wide variety of reasons. Potential punishments include a jail term, fine, probation, restraining orders, or community service.

In some jurisdictions, wearing a mask in public may constitute disorderly conduct.

Federal
The federal regulations about disorderly conduct:

 * (a) A person commits disorderly conduct when, with intent to cause public alarm, nuisance, jeopardy or violence, or knowingly or recklessly creating a risk thereof, such person commits any of the following prohibited acts:
 * (1) Engages in fighting or threatening, or in violent behavior.
 * (2) Uses language, an utterance, or gesture, or engages in a display or act that is obscene, physically threatening or menacing, or done in a manner that is likely to inflict injury or incite an immediate breach of the peace.
 * (3) Makes noise that is unreasonable, considering the nature and purpose of the actor's conduct, location, time of day or night, and other factors that would govern the conduct of a reasonably prudent person under the circumstances.
 * (4) Creates or maintains a hazardous or physically offensive condition.
 * (b) The regulations contained in this section apply, regardless of land ownership, on all lands and waters within a park area that are under the legislative jurisdiction of the United States.

Interpretation
U.S. courts confronted with cases stemming from disorderly conduct arrests have from time to time had occasion to restrict the broad and vague definitions of the statute to make certain that freedom of speech and assembly and other forms of protected expression under the First Amendment were not affected. Common law jurisdictions have accumulated precedents that refine interpretation of vague statutes. Courts have had occasion to curb its scope to make certain that people were (or could have been) aware that their conduct was, in fact, within the prohibition of the statute, as required by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. However, no court has struck down a disorderly conduct statute as being per se unconstitutionally vague or overbroad. Courts have been willing to strike down vagrancy ordinances which are nearly as vague and do not give adequate warning.

California Penal Code § 415 which is similar to the Model Penal Code reiteration above actually concerns disturbing the peace. However, in California disorderly conduct (California Penal Code § 647) lists what acts constitute disorderly conduct.

 * Section 647: Every person who commits any of the following acts is guilty of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor
 * (a) Who solicits anyone to engage in or who engages in lewd or dissolute conduct in any public place or in any place open to the public or exposed to public view.

 * (b) Who solicits or who agrees to engage in or who engages in any act of prostitution. A person agrees to engage in an act of prostitution when, with specific intent to so engage, they manifest an acceptance of an offer or solicitation to so engage, regardless of whether the offer or solicitation was made by a person who also possessed the specific intent to engage in prostitution. No agreement to engage in an act of prostitution shall constitute a violation of this subdivision unless some act, in addition to the agreement, is done within this state in furtherance of the commission of an act of prostitution by the person agreeing to engage in that act. As used in this subdivision, "prostitution" includes any lewd act between persons for money or other consideration.

 * (c) Who accosts other persons in any public place or in any place open to the public for the purpose of begging or soliciting alms.

 * (d) Who loiters in or about any toilet open to the public for the purpose of engaging in or soliciting any lewd or lascivious or any unlawful act.

 * (e) Who lodges in any building, structure, vehicle, or place, whether public or private, without the permission of the owner or person entitled to the possession or in control of it.

 * (f) Who is found in any public place under the influence of intoxicating liquor, any drug, controlled substance, toluene, or any combination of any intoxicating liquor, drug, controlled substance, or toluene, in a condition that they are unable to exercise care for their own safety or the safety of others, or by reason of their being under the influence of intoxicating liquor, any drug, controlled substance, toluene, or any combination of any intoxicating liquor, drug, or toluene, interferes with or obstructs or prevents the free use of any street, sidewalk, or other public way.

 * (h) Who loiters, prowls, or wanders upon the private property of another, at any time, without visible or lawful business with the owner or occupant. As used in this subdivision, "loiter" means to delay or linger without a lawful purpose for being on the property and for the purpose of committing a crime as opportunity may be discovered.

 * (i) Who, while loitering, prowling, or wandering upon the private property of another, at any time, peeks in the door or window of any inhabited building or structure, without visible or lawful business with the owner or occupant.

 * (j) (1) Any person who looks through a hole or opening, into, or otherwise views, by means of any instrumentality, including, but not limited to, a periscope, telescope, binoculars, camera, motion picture camera, or camcorder, the interior of a bedroom, bathroom, changing room, fitting room, dressing room, or tanning booth, or the interior of any other area in which the occupant has a reasonable expectation of privacy, with the intent to invade the privacy of a person or persons inside. This subdivision shall not apply to those areas of a private business used to count currency or other negotiable instruments.

Criminal law
Articles 277 to 304 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, revised and promulgated on 14 March 1997 and effective as of 1 October 1997, criminalize many kinds of disorderly conducts in the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China.

Administrative law
Articles 23 to 29 of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Penalties for Administration of Public Security, adopted and promulgated on 28 August 2005 and effective as of 1 March 2006, administratively penalize non-criminal disorderly conducts in Mainland China.

Criminal law
Effective on 1 July 1935, Articles 149 to 160 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of China criminalize many kinds of disorderly conducts in the jurisdiction of the Republic of China, which has shifted to Taiwan since 1949.

Administrative law
Promulgated on 29 June 1991, Articles 63 to 79 of the Social Order Maintenance Act administratively penalize non-criminal disorderly conducts in Taiwan.

title: Disorderly conduct


text:
User talk:Microchip911

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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AfD nomination of Share icon
I have nominated Share icon, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Share icon. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. decltype (talk) 12:17, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Microchip911


text:
Ado of Vienne

Ado of Vienne (Ado Viennensis, Adon de Vienne; died 16 December 874) was archbishop of Vienne in Lotharingia from 850 until his death and is venerated as a saint. He belonged to a prominent Frankish family and spent much of his early adulthood in Italy. Several of his letters are extant and reveal their writer as an energetic man of wide sympathies and considerable influence. Ado's principal works are a martyrology, and a chronicle, Chronicon sive Breviarium chronicorum de sex mundi aetatibus de Adamo usque ad annum 869.

Early life
Born into a noble family, he was sent as a child for his education, first to Sigulfe, abbot of Ferrières, and then to Marcward, abbot of Prüm near Trier. After the death of Marcward in 853, Ado went to Rome where he stayed for nearly five years, and then to Ravenna, after which Remy, archbishop of Lyon, gave him the parish of Saint-Romain near Vienne. The following year he was elected archbishop of Vienne and dedicated in August or September 860, despite opposition from Girart de Roussillon, Count of Paris, and his wife Berthe.

Episcopal career
Ado participated in the Council of Tousy, near Toul in Lorraine, on 22 October 860, and held a council at Vienne in 870. After his death on 16 December 876, his body was buried in the Church of the Apostles in Vienne, now called St. Peter's Church, the usual place of burial of the archbishops of Vienne. His feast day is celebrated on 16 December.

Writings
Ado's chronicle is based on that of Bede, with which he combines extracts from the ordinary sources, forming the whole into a consecutive narrative founded on the conception of the unity of the Roman Empire, which he traces in the succession of the emperors, Charlemagne and his heirs following immediately after Constantine VI and Irene. "It is," says Wilhelm Wattenbach, "history from the point of view of authority and preconceived opinion, which exclude any independent judgment of events."

Ado wrote also a book on the miracles (Miracula) of Saint Bernard, archbishop of Vienne (9th century), published in the Bollandist Acta Sanctorum; a life or martyrium of Saint Desiderius, bishop of Vienne (d. 608); and a life of Saint Theuderius of Vienne, otherwise known as Theudericus of the Dauphinê, abbot of Saint-Chef near Vienne (563).

title: Ado of Vienne


text:
Talk:Schlumberger (surname)

Where's the disambiguation here?  18:58, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Ignore the above please.  19:58, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Schlumberger (surname)


text:
Chevrolet big-block engine

The Chevrolet "big-block" engine is a term for a series of large-displacement, naturally-aspirated, 90°, overhead valve, gasoline-powered, V8 engines; that were developed and produced by the Chevrolet Division of General Motors, from the 1950s until present.

Chevrolet had introduced its popular small-block V8 in 1955, but needed something larger to power its medium duty trucks and the heavier cars that were on the drawing board. The big-block, which debuted in 1958 at 348 cuin, was built in standard displacements up to 496 cuin, with aftermarket crate engines sold by Chevrolet exceeding 500 cuin.

Mark I (W-series)
The first version of the "big-block" V8 Chevrolet engine, known as the W-series, was introduced in 1958. Chevrolet designed this engine for use in passenger cars and light trucks. This engine had an overhead valve design with offset valves and uniquely scalloped valve covers, giving it a distinctive appearance. The W-series was produced from 1958 to 1965, in three displacements:
 * 348 cuin, available from 1958 to 1961 in cars, and in light trucks through 1964;
 * 409 cuin, available from 1961 to 1965; and
 * 427 cuin, available in 1962 and 1963.

The W-series engine was made of cast iron. The engine block had 4.84 in bore centers, two-bolt main bearing caps, a "side oiling" lubrication system (the main oil gallery located low on the driver's side of the crankcase), with full-flow oil filter, and interchangeable cylinder heads. Heads used on the high performance 409 and 427 engines had larger ports and valves than those used on the 348 and the base 409 passenger car and truck engines, but externally were identical to the standard units – but for the location of the engine oil dipstick, on the driver's side on the 348 and the passenger's on the 409/427. No satisfactory explanation was ever offered for why this change was made, but it did provide a reliable means of distinguishing a 348 from the larger engines.

As with the 265 and 283 cuin "small-block" engines, the W-series valve gear consisted of tubular steel pushrods operating stud-mounted, stamped-steel rocker arms. The push rods also acted as conduits for oil flow to the valve gear. Due to the relatively low mass of the valve train, mechanical lifter versions of the W-series engine were capable of operating at speeds well beyond 6000 rpm.

The combustion chamber of the W-series engine was in the upper part of the cylinder, not the head, the head having only tiny recesses for the valves. This arrangement was achieved by combining a cylinder head deck that was not perpendicular to the bore with a crowned piston, which was a novel concept in American production engines of the day. As the piston approached top dead center, the angle of the crown combined with that of the head deck to form a wedge-shaped combustion chamber with a pronounced quench area. The spark plugs were inserted vertically into the quench area, which helped to produce a rapidly moving flame front for more complete combustion.

The theory behind this sort of arrangement is that maximum brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) is developed at relatively low engine speeds, resulting in an engine with a broad torque curve. With its relatively flat torque characteristics, the "W" engine was well-suited to propelling both the trucks and heavier cars that were in vogue in the US at the time. The W-series was a physically massive engine when compared to the "small-block" Chevrolet engine. It had a dry weight of approximately 665 lb, depending on the type of intake manifold and carburetion systems present. It was 1.5 inches longer, 2.6 inches wider, and 0.84 inches shorter than the 283 "small-block".

General Motors engineers explained, in 1959, reasons behind the combustion-in-block setup. Anticipating varied future compression ratios in future auto and truck use: "It was obvious that with the combustion chamber placed within the cylinder head, the foundry must retool every time a compression change is in order. The necessity of making special heads to provide a range of compression ratios and to permit attachment of accessory mountings for the various model applications is of serious concern to the manufacturing and service departments ... Inclining the top of the block to 16° and shaping the top of the piston like a gabled roof with a 16° angle resulted in a 32° wedge-shaped combustion space ... The addition of two milled cutouts [in the head] to extend the volume of the combustion wedge can create a compression ratio of 7.5:1; one milled cutout produces a 9.5:1 compression ratio. The difference between the volume of these cutouts provides a wide compression range without making any changes in the piston or cylinder head. The number or size of cutouts is varied simply by adding or removing cutters."

348
The first iteration of the W-series engine was the 1958 "Turbo-Thrust" 348 CID, originally intended for use in Chevrolet trucks but also introduced in the larger, heavier 1958 passenger car line. Bore and stroke was 4+1/8 x, resulting in a substantially oversquare design. This engine was superseded by the 409 cuin as Chevrolet's top performing engine in 1961 and went out of production for cars at the end of that year. It was produced through 1964 for use in large Chevrolet trucks.

With a four-barrel carburetor, the base Turbo-Thrust produced 250 hp. A special "Tri power" triple-two-barrel version, called the "Super Turbo-Thrust", produced 280 hp. A "Special Turbo-Thrust" upped the power output to 305 hp with a single large four-barrel carburetor. Mechanical lifters and Tri power brought the "Special Super Turbo-Thrust" up to 315 hp. For 1959 and 1960, high-output versions of the top two engines were produced with 320 hp and 335 hp respectively. In 1961, power was again increased to 340 hp for the single four-barrel model, and 338 hp when equipped with Tri power.

409
A 409 CID version was Chevrolet's top regular production engine from 1961 to 1965, with a choice of single or 2X4-barrel Rochester carburetors. Bore x stroke were both up from the 348 CID to 4.31 x. On December 17, 1960, the 409 engine was announced along with the Impala SS (Super Sport) model. The initial version of the engine produced 360 hp with a single 4-barrel Carter AFB carburetor. The same engine was upped to 380 hp in 1962. A 409 hp version of this engine was also available, developing 1 hp per cubic inch with a dual four-barrel aluminum intake manifold and two Carter AFB carburetors. It had a forged steel crankshaft. This dual-quad version was immortalized in the Beach Boys song titled "409".

In the 1963 model year, output reached 425 bhp @ 6000 rpm and 425 lbft @ 4200 rpm of torque with the Rochester 2X4-barrel carburetor setup, a compression ratio of 11:1 and a solid lifter camshaft. The engine was available through mid-1965, when it was replaced by the 396 CID 375 hp Mark IV big-block engine. In addition, a 340 hp version of the 409 engine was available from 1963 to 1965, with a single 4-barrel cast iron intake mounting a Rochester 4GC square-bore carburetor, and a hydraulic-lifter camshaft.

427 (Z11)
A special 427 CID version of the 409 engine was used in the 1963 Impala Sport Coupé, ordered under Chevrolet Regular Production Option (RPO) Z11. This was a special package created for drag racers, as well as NASCAR, and it consisted of a cowl-induction 427 cuin engine and body with selected aluminum stampings. The aluminum body parts were fabricated in Flint, Michigan at the facility now known as GM Flint Metal Center. Unlike the later, second-generation 427, it was based on the W-series 409 engine, but with a longer 3.65 in stroke. A high-rise, two-piece aluminum intake manifold and dual Carter AFB carburetors fed a 13.5:1 compression ratio to produce an under-rated SAE gross 430 hp and 575 lbft. Fifty RPO Z11 cars were produced at the Flint GM plant.

Extant GM Documents show 50 Z11 engines were built at the GM Tonawanda Engine plant for auto production, and 20 partial engines were made for replacement/over-the-counter use. There is no evidence from GM that shows 57 cars were built.

Mark II
The so-called Mystery Motor, known internally as the Mark II or Mark IIS, is a race-only engine produced for the 1963 season. Development began with a 409 cuin version (Mark II) and ended with a 396 cuin variant; however only the 427 cuin engine (Mark IIS) was ever raced. It gained its nickname due to the incredible speeds cars equipped with it attained during its debut, being considerably faster than the well known W-series powered cars. The engine was first used in Mickey Thompson's Z-06 Corvettes at Daytona in the 1963 Daytona 250 Miles – American Challenge Cup, and then in 1963 Daytona 500 where the number 13 car, driven by Johnny Rutherford, finished four laps down (in ninth place), with the top five cars being the heavier 1963 Ford Galaxie 500's. This "secret" engine was a unique design incorporating aspects of both the W-series and the mid-1965 introduced Mark IV, referred to in sales literature as the "Turbo-Jet V8".

Mark III
Richard Keinath, the original Mark II and IV design engineer stated that the MK III was a regular MK II design with a larger bore, but the Tonawanda plant didn't want to cast a block with a bore that large. The rumor that Packard's V8-engine tooling and production rights were considered for purchase by Chevrolet, was evidently true but never came to fruition.

The Mark III was supposed to be a Mark II with bigger bore centers, but it never left the drawing board due to high tooling costs.

Mark IV
The Mark IV differed from the W-series engine in the placement of the valves and the shape of the combustion chambers. The chamber-in-block design of the W-series engine (which caused the power curve to drastically dip above 6500 rpm), was replaced by a more conventional wedge chamber in the cylinder head, which was now attached to a conventional 90 degree deck. The valves continued to use the displaced arrangement of the W-series engine, but were also inclined so that they would open away from the combustion chamber and cylinder walls, a design feature made possible by Chevrolet's stud mounted rocker arms. This alteration in valve placement resulted in a significant improvement in volumetric efficiency at high RPM and a substantial increase in power output at racing speeds. Owing to the appearance of the compound angularity of the valves, the automotive press dubbed the engine the "porcupine" design.

As part of the head redesign, the spark plugs were relocated so that they entered the combustion chamber at an angle relative to the cylinder centerline, rather than the straight-in relationship of the W-series engine. This too helped high RPM performance. Due to the new spark plug angle, the clearance provided by the distinctive scalloped valve covers of the W-series was no longer needed, and wide, rectangular covers were used.

In all forms (except the aluminum ZL-1), the Mark IV was slightly heavier than the W-series model, with a dry weight of about 685 lb. Aside from the new cylinder head design and the reversion to a conventional 90 degree cylinder head deck angle, the Mark IV shared many dimensional and mechanical design features with the W-series engine. The cylinder block, although more substantial in all respects, used the same cylinder bore spacing of 4.84 in with a larger 2.75 in main bearing dimension, increased from the 2.5 in of the older engine. Like its predecessor, the Mark IV used crowned pistons, which were castings for conventional models and impact extruded (forged), solid skirt types in high performance applications.

Also retained from the W-series design were the race-proven Moraine M400 aluminum bearings first used in the 409, and the highly efficient "side oiling" lubrication system, which assured maximum oil flow to the main and connecting rod bearings at all times. Later blocks intended for performance use had the main oil gallery moved up to the cam bearing bore area and provided "priority main" oiling, improving the oil system even further.

366
The 366 cuin big-block V-8 gasoline engine was used in Chevrolet medium duty trucks and school buses. It had a bore and a stroke of 3.935x3.76 in. This engine was made from the 1960s until 2004.The 366 used 4 rings on the pistons, as it was designed from the very beginning as a truck engine. The 366 was produced only as a tall-deck engine, with a deck 0.4 in taller than the 396, 402, and 454 short-deck big-blocks.

396 and 402
The 396 CID V8 was introduced in the 1965 Corvette as the L78 option and in the Z-16 Chevelle as the L37 option. It had a bore × stroke of 104x95.5 mm, and produced 375 bhp at 5600 rpm and 415 lbft of torque at 3600 rpm. The solid lifter version was capable of being operated in the upper 6000 rpm range, and when installed in the 1965 Corvette, was factory-rated at 425 hp.

Introduced in 1970, the 402 cuin was a 396 cuin bored out by 0.03 in. Despite being 6 CID larger, Chevrolet continued marketing it under the popular "396" label in the smaller cars while at the same time labeling it "Turbo-Jet 400" in the full-size cars.

Power rating(s) by year:
 * 396325hp.jpg: 325 hp/375 hp/425 hp
 * 1966: 325 hp/360 hp/375 hp
 * 1967: 325 hp/350 hp/375 hp
 * 1968: 325 hp/350 hp/375 hp
 * 1969: 265 hp(2bbl)/325 hp/350 hp/375 hp
 * 1970: 350 hp/375 hp
 * 1971: 300 hp SAE gross; while SAE net was 260 hp for dual exhaust and 206 hp for single exhaust
 * 1972: 240 hp SAE net for dual exhaust and 210 hp SAE net for single exhaust

Applications:
 * 1965 Chevrolet Corvette
 * 1965–1972 Chevrolet Chevelle
 * 1967–1972 Chevrolet Camaro
 * 1968–1970 Chevrolet Nova
 * 1970–1972 Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Chevrolet El Camino, GMC Sprint, Chevrolet trucks
 * 1965–1972 Chevrolet Biscayne, Chevrolet Bel Air, Chevrolet Impala, Chevrolet Impala SS, Chevrolet Caprice

396 and 402 production codes:
 * 396

 * L-34: produced 1966–69, 10.25:1 compression, Holley (Q-jet 1968–1969) carburetor, hydraulic lifters, oval port closed chamber heads, forged steel crankshaft, and two-bolt main caps. It produced 350 to 360 hp.
 * L-35: produced 1965–69, 10.25:1 compression, Q-jet carburetor, forged steel (1965–67) or nodular iron (1968–69) crankshaft, hydraulic lifters, oval port closed chamber heads, and two-bolt main caps. It produced 325 hp.
 * L-37: produced 1965, similar to L-78 except for having hydraulic lifters and slightly milder cam; 2-bolt main caps; designed specifically for the 1965 Z-16 Chevelle
 * L-66: produced 1969, rare two-barrel carburetor, 9:1 compression, nodular iron crankshaft, hydraulic lifters, oval port closed chamber heads, and two-bolt main caps. It produced 265 hp.
 * L-78: produced 1965–69, had a Holley 800 cuft/min carburetor, compression ratio 11:1, forged pop-top pistons, aluminum high-rise intake manifold, steel crankshaft, solid lifter cam (same as the L-72), rectangular ("square") port closed chamber heads, and four-bolt main caps. It produced 375 bhp in mid-size cars, 425 bhp in Corvettes.

 * 402

 * LS-3: produced 1970–72, 10.25:1 (1970) or 8.5:1 (1971) compression, hydraulic lifters, nodular iron crankshaft, and two-bolt main caps. It produced 330 hp (1970), 300 hp (1971), 210 or (1972 net horsepower, single or dual exhaust).
 * L-34: produced 1970. Same as 396 cuin L-34 from 1967 to 1969.
 * L-78: produced 1970. Same as 396 cuin L-78 from 1966 to 1969.

427
The highly successful and versatile 427 cuin version of the Mark IV engine was introduced in 1966 as a production engine option for full-sized Chevrolets and Corvettes. The bore was increased to 4+1/4 in, with power ratings varying widely depending on the application. There were smooth running versions with hydraulic lifters suitable for powering the family station wagon, as well as rough-idling, high-revving solid lifter models usually applied to a minimally equipped, plain-looking, two-door Biscayne sedan fitted with the 425 hp version of the 427 (RPO L72).

Perhaps the ultimate 427 for street applications was the 435 bhp at 5800 rpm and 460 lbft at 4000 rpm of torque L71 version available in 1967 to 1969 Corvettes, and in the Italian Iso Grifo. This engine was identical to the 425 hp L72 427 (first introduced in 1966), but was fitted with 3×2-barrel Holley carburetors, known as "Tri-Power," in lieu of the L72's single 4-barrel carburetor. Both engines used the same high-lift, long-duration, high-overlap camshaft and large-port, cast-iron heads to maximize cylinder head airflow (and, hence, engine power) at elevated engine-operating speeds. Consequently, the engines offered very similar performance and resulted in a car whose performance was described by one automotive journalist as "the ultimate in sheer neck-snapping overkill". Typical 2000s-era magazine road tests of Corvettes with the engine yielded 0-60 mph in 5.6 seconds and 1/4 mi in 13.8 second at 104 mph range for both the L72 and L71.

In 2011, Super Chevy Magazine conducted a chassis dynamometer test of a well documented, production-line, stock but well-tuned L-72 "COPO" Camaro, and recorded a peak 287 hp at the rear wheels, demonstrating the substantial difference between 1960s-era SAE "gross" horsepower ratings and horsepower at the wheels on a chassis dynomometer. Wheel horsepower (which is obtained at the drive wheels and thus takes into account drivetrain power loss of the transmission, driveshaft, and differential, as well as all accessories) does not equate to SAE net HP (which is horsepower at the flywheel, but with all essential peripherals included (such as the water pump, alternator, and air cleaner), accessories (such as a power steering pump, if fitted), a stock exhaust system, and all required emission controls, none of which are accounted for in SAE gross, which only measures gross flywheel horsepower).

The RPO L89 was an L71 fitted with aluminum heads. While this option produced no power advantage, it did reduce engine (and hence, vehicle) weight by roughly 75 lb. Although the difference in straight line performance was negligible, the weight savings resulted in superior vehicle weight distribution and improved handling and braking.

ZL1
The all-aluminum 1969 ZL1 version of the 427 engine was developed primarily for Can-Am racing, which did not require homologation to compete,; it was very successful in cars like the McLaren M8B. The ZL1 specifications were nearly identical to the production L88 version of the 427, but featured an aluminum cylinder block in addition to aluminum cylinder heads. The first Corvette with the RPO ZL1 engine package was built in early December 1968 and featured aluminum closed chamber heads shared with the L88. Both L88 and ZL1 optioned cars continued to be built with closed chamber heads until approximately March 1969, when the open combustion chamber aluminum heads finally were in production and began being fitted to the L88 and ZL1 engines. The ZL1 engine also featured a lightweight aluminum water pump, a camshaft that was slightly "hotter" than the L88's, and a specially tuned aluminum intake manifold. Like the L88, the ZL1 required 103 octane (RON) (minimum) fuel (102 octane RON [Sunoco 260] represented the highest octane gasoline sold at common retail stations), used an unshrouded radiator, and had poor low-speed idle qualities – all of which made the two engines largely unsuitable for street use.

As impressive as the ZL1 was in its day, actual engine dyno tests of a certified production line stock ZL1 revealed 376 hp SAE net with rated output swelling to 524 hp SAE gross with the help of optimal carb and ignition tuning, open long tube racing headers, and with no power-sapping engine accessories or air cleaner in place. A second engine dyno test conducted on a second production line stock (but recently rebuilt and partially blueprinted) ZL1 revealed nearly identical figures for the various "gross" conditions.

Period magazine tests of the ZL1 were quite rare due to the rarity of the engine itself. High-Performance Cars tested a production line stock, but well tuned, example and recorded a 13.1 second/110 mph 1/4 mi, which correlates quite well with the previously referenced 376 hp SAE Net figure. Super Stock and Drag Racing Magazine recorded an 11.62 second/122.15 mph 1/4 mi in a professionally tuned ZL1 Camaro with open long-tube S&S equal-length headers, drag slicks, and minor suspension modifications, driven by drag racing legend Dick Harrell. Using Patrick Hale's Power/Speed formula, the 122.15 mph trap speed indicated low 11-second ET (elapsed time) potential (e.g. with larger drag slicks) and suggested something on the order of 495 hp, "as installed", in that modified configuration. This large difference in power suggests that the OEM exhaust manifolds and exhaust system were highly restrictive in the ZL1 application, as was also the case with the similar L88.

The then-staggering $4,718 cost of the ZL1 option doubled the price of the 1969 Corvette, resulting in just two production Corvettes (factory option at dealer) and 69 1969 Camaros (non-dealer option from factory – COPO 9560) being built with the ZL1.

Chevrolet capitalized on the versatility of the 427 design by producing a wide variety of high-performance, "over-the-counter" engine components as well as ready-to-race "replacement" engines in shipping crates. Some of the components were developed to enhance the engine's reliability during high RPM operation, possibly justifying the use of the description "heavy duty." However, most of these items were racing parts originally designed for Can-Am competition that found their way onto dealers' shelves, and were meant to boost the engine's power output.

Beginning in 1969, the highest performance 427 models were fitted with the new open (vs. closed) chamber cylinder heads, along with design improvements in crankshafts, connecting rods, and pistons, adopted from the Can-Am development program.

Chevrolet gave all 427 engines except the ZL1 a torque rating of 460 lbft.

Mark IV 427 performance specifications
Applications:
 * 1966–1969 Chevrolet Biscayne
 * 1966–1969 Chevrolet Caprice
 * 1966–1969 Chevrolet Impala
 * 1966–1969 Chevrolet Corvette
 * 1968–1969 Chevrolet Camaro (most were dealer installed, but in 1969 both the L-72 and the ZL-1 were factory options)

427 production codes:
 * LS-1: produced 1969, 10.25:1 compression, Q-jet carburetor, oval port closed chamber heads, hydraulic lifters, nodular iron crankshaft, and two-bolt main caps. It produced 335 hp.
 * L-36: produced 1966–69, 10.25:1 compression, Holley or Q-jet carburetor, nodular iron crankshaft, hydraulic lifters, oval port closed chamber heads, and two-bolt main caps. It produced 385 hp in 1967–68 full-size cars, 390 hp in 1969 full-size cars and Corvettes (by exhaust system).
 * L-68: produced 1967–69, 10.25:1 compression, Tri-Power, nodular iron crankshaft, hydraulic lifters, aluminum oval port closed chamber heads, and two-bolt main caps. It produced 400 hp, and was used in Corvettes.

454

For 1970, the big-block was expanded again, to 454 cuin, with a bore × stroke of 4+1/4 x. The 1970 Chevrolet Corvette LS-5 version of this engine was factory-rated at 390 bhp and 500 lbft, and the LS-6 engine equipped with a single 4-barrel 800 cuft/min Holley carburetor was upgraded to 450 bhp at 5600 rpm and 500 lbft at 3600 rpm of torque.

The AHRA ASA (Showroom Stock Automatic) Class record-holding Chevelle LS-6 for the 1970 racing season posted a best-of-season trap speed of 106.76 mi/h, which suggests something on the order of 350 "as installed" (SAE Net) HP for a 3900 lb car-and-driver combination. Indeed, Super Chevy Magazine conducted a chassis dyno test of a well-documented, well tuned, but stock 1970 LS-6 Chevelle and recorded 283 peak HP at the wheels – a figure that lines up quite well with the previously referenced 350 SAE Net HP figure.

An even more powerful version, producing 465 hp and 610 lbft, of the 454, then dubbed LS-7 (not to be confused with the modern, mid 2000s, 7-litre Chevrolet Corvette engine that powered the C6 Z06, which is an LS7). Several LS-7 intake manifolds were individually produced and sold to the general public by a few Chevrolet dealers as optional performance parts. The LS-7 was later offered as a crate engine from Chevrolet Performance with an officially rated power minimum of 500 hp gross.

In 1971, the LS-5 produced 365 hp and 550 lbft, and the LS-6 option came in at 425 hp and 575 lbft. In 1972, only the LS-5 remained, when SAE net power ratings and the move towards emission compliance resulted in a temporary output decline, due to lowered compression, to about 270 hp and 468 lbft. The 1973 LS-4 produced 275 hp and 468 lbft, with 5 hp and 10 lbft gone the following year. Hardened valve seats further increased reliability and helped allow these engines to last much longer than the earlier versions, even without the protection previously provided by leaded fuel. 1974 was the last year of the 454 in the Corvette, although the Chevelle offered it in the first half of the 1975 model year. It was also available in the full size Impala/Caprice through model year 1976.
 * 1970–1976 Chevrolet Caprice
 * 1970–1975 Chevrolet Chevelle
 * 1970–1975 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
 * 1970–1975 Chevrolet El Camino
 * 1971–1975 GMC Sprint
 * 1970–1974 Chevrolet Corvette

L19
General Motors introduced EFI in 1987, which was found on GM C1500 SS, C/K2500, and C/K3500 trucks. The 454 EFI version was rated from 230 hp to 255 hp and from 385 lbft to 405 lbft of torque. The 1991–1993 454SS made 255 horsepower at 4000 rpm and 405 lb-ft of torque at 2400 rpm thanks to dual 2.5" catalytic converters. All other versions, including the 1990 SS, made 230 horsepower at 3600 rpm and 385 lb-ft of torque at 1600 rpm through a single 3" catalytic converter.
 * 1987–1990 Chevrolet R2500 and R/V3500
 * 1985–1990 Chevrolet C/K
 * 1989–1990 Chevrolet/GMC 3500 van

Commercial applications
Mark IV engines saw extensive application in Chevrolet and GMC medium duty trucks, as well as in Blue Bird Corporation's All American and TC/2000 transit buses (the latter up until 1995, using a 427 with purpose-built carburetor). In addition to the 427, a 366 cuin version was produced for the commercial market. Both the 366 and 427 commercial versions were built with a raised-deck, four-bolt main bearing cap cylinder to accommodate an extra oil control ring on the pistons. Unfortunately, the raised deck design complicated the use of the block in racing applications, as standard intake manifolds required spacers for proper fit. Distributors with adjustable collars that allowed adjustments to the length of the distributor shaft also had to be used with 366 and 427 truck blocks.

Mark IV engines also found themselves widely used in power boats. Many of these engines were ordinary Chevrolet production models that were fitted with the necessary accessories and drive system to adapt them to marine propulsion. Mercury Marine, in particular, was a major user of the Mark IV in marine drives, and relabeled the engines with their corporate logo.

Generation V
For 1991, General Motors made significant changes to the big-block resulting in the Generation V. The block received a one-piece rear seal and all blocks received 4-bolt mains. Additionally the main oil galley was moved from near the oil pan to near the camshaft. Also the valvetrain became non-adjustable and the provisions for a mechanical fuel pump were eliminated. Cast aluminum valve covers were fitted in place of stamped steel covers, featuring a screw-in filler cap. Structural changes were carried out to the to improve the integrity of the bores and the inlet manifold was changed to a single-piece design.

6.0 (L50)
The 366 CID truck engine also received the Mark V updates for 1991.

L19
From 1991, the 454 was updated to the new Gen V block, crankshaft and heads. This engine was rated at 230 net hp, 380 lb-ft net torque, and was discontinued after 1995, with GM coming out with the Vortec 7400 in 1996.

502
The 502—with a 501.28 CID total displacement—had a bore and stroke of 4.466x4 in and a cast iron 4-bolt main block. GM offered it in their Performance Parts catalog, available as multiple crate motors with horsepower ratings from 338 to 600 hp and torque of 470 to 567 lbft in "Base" and "Deluxe" packages. The "Ram Jet 502," the 496 hp / 565 lbft crate motor, was offered with fuel injection, and came as a turn key setup which included all the wiring and electronics needed to operate in any vehicle. It was also used in marine applications.

ZZ572
General Motors began offering a newly developed 572 CID in 1998 to the aftermarket via its GM Performance Parts division. This engine has a bore and a stroke of 4.56 x. This is a 620 hp and 650 lbft version, designated ZZ572/620 Deluxe, capable of running on 92 octane pump gasoline for street applications. Another version of the same engine is available as a high compression variant, codenamed ZZ572/720R Deluxe, generating a minimum of 720 hp on high-octane racing fuel. The 572 is officially offered by Chevrolet for the 2022 model year COPO Camaro.

ZZ632
In 2021, Chevrolet Performance presented the largest and most powerful crate engine in the brand's history—the ZZ632/1000 crate engine. It is a naturally-aspirated, 632 CID V8, producing 1004 hp and 876 lb.ft of torque. The motor itself weighs 680 lb.

According to Russ O'Blenes, the GM director of the Performance and Racing Propulsion Team, the ZZ632 is the "biggest, baddest crate engine we've ever built. [It] sits at the top of our unparalleled crate engine lineup as the king of performance. It delivers incredible power, and it does it on pump gas."

The big-block V8 reaches peak power at 6,600 rpm, and revs to a recommended maximum of 7,000 rpm. Fuel is delivered through eight-port injectors, with the engine breathing through CNC-machined high-flow aluminum cylinder heads featuring symmetrical ports. While big-blocks have usually been designed with variations in port shape from cylinder to cylinder, all eight intake ports of the ZZ632 have the same volume, length, and layout. Furthermore, all of the ZZ632's exhaust ports are identical. This arrangement guarantees all individual cylinders produce similar power.

These RS-X symmetrical port cylinder heads are named for powertrain engineer Ron Sperry, who designed them as one of his final accomplishments in more than 50 years working on General Motors performance and racing engines. Sperry also introduced symmetrical ports to Chevy's iconic small-block V-8, with the Gen III LS1 engine that debuted in the 1997 Chevrolet Corvette.

The ZZ632's iron block shares a mold with Chevrolet Performance's ZZ572 crate engines, but the castings are machined to accommodate the huge 632 cubic-inch displacement. The bore grows by 0.040 in, compared to the 572-cubic-inch V8s, with most of the displacement gain coming from a stroke that is 0.375 in longer. To provide clearance for that long-stroke, engineers modified both the block and the connecting rods. Four-bolt main caps and a forged rotating assembly assure strength and durability. During development, a single engine endured more than 200 simulated drag strip passes on a dynamometer.

The ZZ632/1000 crate engine was slated to be on display at the November 2021 SEMA Show in Las Vegas. Chevrolet Performance dealers were to begin deliveries in early 2022.

Vortec 7400 (L29)
The Vortec 7400 L29 454 cuin V8 was a truck version of the Chevrolet big-block engine. Introduced in 1996, it was produced for five years, until replaced by the Vortec 8100. Although introduced as the Vortec 7400 in 1996, it was basically a 454 big-block with a hydraulic roller cam, parts more suitable for use in light trucks, and more advanced technology. The engine had MPFI (multi-port fuel injection), which gave slightly more power and better fuel economy, and two valves per cylinder. The engine had a bore and stroke of 4+1/4 x, producing 290 hp at 4000 rpm and 410 lbft at 3200 rpm.

L29 applications:
 * 1996–2000 Chevrolet C/K / GMC Sierra 2500, 3500, and C3500HD (above 8,500 pounds GVWR)
 * 1996–1999 Chevrolet/GMC Suburban 2500
 * 1996–2000 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana 3500

Vortec 7400 (L21)
The Vortec 7400 L21 was a commercial version of the Chevrolet big-block engine used in the medium duty truck platform. Its design shared much with the L29 454, but with the addition of forged pistons and crankshaft, and coil near plug ignition. It had slightly reduced power compared to the L29 454 and used a different PCM. The L21 was paired with the early 4-speed Allison automatic transmission or manual transmission, depending on the application.

L21 applications:
 * 1998–2001 Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC TopKick/Isuzu H-Series 4500 and 5500
 * 1998–2001 P12 HD Motorhome Chassis. The Workhorse W-20 is a clone of the P12 Chassis.

Vortec 8100 (L18)
The Vortec 8100 L18 is a big-block V8 engine primarily used as a truck engine. It was a redesigned Chevrolet big-block engine and was introduced with the 2001 full-size pickup trucks. It is an all-iron engine (block and heads) with two valves per cylinder. It retained the 4.25 in bore diameter of the old 427 CID and 454 CID big-blocks, but the stroke was increased to 4.37 in for a total displacement of 495.95 cuin. Power output ranged from 210 to 340 hp, and torque from 325 to 455 lbft.

Other important differences between the Vortec 8100 and older big-blocks include a changed firing order. The firing order of older big-block engines is 1-8-4-3-6-5-7-2 while Vortec 8100's firing order is 1-8-7-2-6-5-4-3. Other upgrades of Vortec 8100 include a new 18-bolt head bolt pattern, longer connecting rods, different symmetrical intake ports, different oil pan rails, and the use of metric threads throughout the engine. The fuel-injection system for the Vortec 8100 is nearly identical to that used on Gen III small-block engines, right down to the fuel and spark tables in the ECU.

GM sold the Vortec 8100 to Workhorse (now a division of Navistar), making it one of the most popular engine choices in gasoline-powered Class A motorhomes during the early 2000s. GM stopped installing big-block V8s in the Silverado HD trucks when the GMT800 series was discontinued in 2007.

Vortec 8100s were built at GM's Tonawanda Engine plant while the engine block and cylinder head were cast at Saginaw Metal Casting Operations. The last L18 was manufactured in December 2009.

L18 applications:

 * 2001–2002 Chevrolet/GMC C3500HD
 * 2001–2007 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 2500HD and 3500 (option)
 * 2001–2006 Chevrolet Suburban/GMC Yukon XL 2500 (option)
 * 2001–2002 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana 3500
 * 2002–2006 Chevrolet Avalanche 2500 (standard)
 * 2001–2010 Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC TopKick (including U-Haul's 26 ft truck)
 * Workhorse Class A motorhomes
 * T-98 Kombat armored vehicles
 * Malibu Boats, including the Wakesetter
 * MasterCraft Boats

Aftermarket
Many custom engine builders across the United States, as well as a large variety of aftermarket components manufactured for the big-block family, make it possible to build a complete big-block engine that contains no Chevrolet components. Blocks made of both iron and aluminum alloys, for many different purposes – e.g. street-use, racing, etc. – are available in stock or modified configurations, as well as with increased deck height to allow for a longer stroke or more favorable rod length ratios, depending on intent, providing the ability to make engines with capacities of 632 CID, 798 CID, and as large as 1005.8 CID.

title: Chevrolet big-block engine


text:
Pieter Both

Pieter Both (1568 – 6 March 1615) was the first Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.

Not much is known of his early years. In 1599, Both was already an admiral in the New, or Brabant Company. In that year, he traveled to the East Indies with four ships. When the newly founded Dutch East India Company set up a government for the Dutch East Indies, Pieter Both was invited to become the Governor-General. He held that position from 19 December 1610 to 6 November 1614. During that period he concluded contracts with the Moluccans, conquered Timor, and drove the Spaniards out of Tidore.

After he relinquished his position as Governor-General to Gerard Reynst, he left for the Netherlands with four ships. Two of the ships were shipwrecked in Mauritius at Flic-en-Flac, and Pieter Both drowned.

The second highest mountain of Mauritius is named Pieter Both after him.

title: Pieter Both


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Hilary Duff (album)

Hilary Duff is the third studio album by American singer Hilary Duff. It was released on September 15, 2004, by Hollywood Records. The recording sessions for the seventeen-track album took place in between Duff's filming of Raise Your Voice (2004) and The Perfect Man (2005).

The album was a modest commercial success, and it received generally negative reviews from music critics, many of whom compared the album to the music of Avril Lavigne and Ashlee Simpson. The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 192,000 copies in its first week. To date, Hilary Duff has sold 1,800,000 copies in the US, less than her debut album which sold 3.9 million copies in the country. It became her second consecutive number one debut in Canada and produced two singles that were not major hits. It was eventually certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Hilary Duff was number 65 on Billboard magazine's year-end top albums chart in November 2005.

The lead single from Hilary Duff, "Fly" premiered on August 26, 2004, on MTV's Total Request Live. The song was officially released as a single on October 19, 2004; it peaked outside the top twenty on the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream chart but failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. "Fly" was the only single released in the United States. The second Australia-only single, "Someone's Watching Over Me", was released on February 21, 2005, to promote the film Raise Your Voice, charted at number 22 on the ARIA Singles Chart.

Background and development
According to Duff, the album chronicles her experiences over the year before its release: "some of it's good, and some of it's bad, and a lot of it's, like, a big learning experience," she explained. She expressed an interest in recording lyrically more aggressive material than the songs on Metamorphosis (2003) and wanted the album to reflect that, according to her, she is a normal sixteen-year-old. "Well, I'm not going to be singing about lollipops because I no longer relate to lollipops," she said. "Basically, I'm not Lizzie McGuire anymore." She said the album deals with issues she would not discuss publicly and provides "some answers," but she disagreed with people who believed the album presented a different side of her, saying "I think it's just more me this time because I got to really do it how I wanted to." Duff called the album "different [from]" Metamorphosis and "much more mature," particularly in its sound, but not to the point where it would be inappropriate for children: "I just think that other people will relate better." According to her, she was more "involved" compared to the production of her first album and "confident enough to make suggestions" about the style of the album: "If I thought it needed to be more heavy, more rock, I said so."

Four songs — "Fly", "Someone's Watching over Me", "Shine" and "Jericho" — were used in Raise Your Voice, a film released shortly after the album in which Duff starred as an aspiring singer who attends a prestigious performing arts summer school. Duff has described "Fly" as "an uplifting song" about "how people are scared to open up and show who they are inside because they're afraid of what others are going to say." Her character performs "Someone's Watching over Me" at the film's climax and "Jericho" during the end credits, with the other characters performing the instruments. The album's release in Japan includes three bonus tracks: an acoustic version of "Who's That Girl?", a cover of The Go-Go's' "Our Lips Are Sealed" recorded with Haylie for the soundtrack to Duff's film A Cinderella Story, and a cover of The Who's "My Generation" in which the lyric "I hope I die before I get old" was changed to "I hope I don't die before I get old". Duff began performing it in concert after a suggestion from her manager, who was a fan of the song.

Duff herself co-wrote three tracks on the album: "Mr. James Dean", "Haters" and "Rock This World", the first two of which, along with "The Last Song", Haylie co-wrote. Hilary said she refrained from co-writing the entire album because "I don't know if I'm secure enough with myself to do that." She characterised "Haters" as "tongue-in-cheek" and said people would know what it is about when they heard it, and it attracted substantial publicity when rumors circulated that it was about actress Lindsay Lohan, with whom Duff was alleged to have been feuding. Duff denied that the rumors were true, saying she did not know Lohan and would not write a song about her. She said that at the time she wrote it she was feeling she had to openly discuss her personal life because "people make accusations and there are lies and rumors constantly ... people are so negative. They love to read what's coming out next on Page Six [of the New York Post] and I just felt like it was appropriate." She said she felt "normal girls" could relate to the song because of the "petty stuff" that occurs in schools.

Duff told the Chicago Sun-Times in 2005 that because she was under the control of her record label during the making of Metamorphosis and Hilary Duff, she wasn't able to incorporate the sound she wanted into her recordings. She said the production "[had] been mastered and sounds really pretty ... If I could change it, I would, and it would sound [less pop]. My name is Hilary Duff, and I don't know why I don't get to make Hilary Duff music."

Recording and production
Duff recorded the first three songs for the album between the shooting dates of Raise Your Voice and The Perfect Man, two films in which she was involved. Subsequent songs were recorded on the weekends during filming of The Perfect Man and on the nights after concerts on her summer 2004 tour. The album's outro track, "The Last Song", was recorded in her dressing room.

When discussion regarding her second album began, Duff said she wanted to work with the same team of producers and songwriters with whom she worked on Metamorphosis. "[They] made me feel so comfortable and so secure with myself. I loved working with them. I have a great relationship with them. I talk to them [all the time] ... They knew what was going on in my life, what I was going through ... and how I feel inside," Duff said. For songs she did not co-write, Duff discussed her experiences and feelings with the writers and ask them to write songs about them. Members of the creative team behind Metamorphosis who returned for Hilary Duff include Charlie Midnight, John Shanks and Kara DioGuardi (who collaborated on the commercially released singles), Andre Recke, Marc Swersky and Duff's sister Haylie. Hilary said, "I do have a lot to say, and I have a lot going on inside that sometimes is buried and hidden because I'm working so hard, and I don't have time to think about it. But if we sit down and we talk about it and I tell her how I feel and she writes, it'll be good."

Several producers and songwriters who did not contribute to Metamorphosis worked on the album, including Andreas Carlsson and Desmond Child ("Who's That Girl?"), British songwriter Guy Chambers ("Shine"), Julian Bunetta and James Michael ("The Getaway") and Ty Stevens ("Rock This World"). Ron Entwistle is co-writer and co-producer of "Weird", which Duff said is "about someone that she's still obsessed with. And everything he does is like he says this, but he does this ... She's not really sure who he is or what he does, but she likes it." Kevin De Clue contributed to "The Last Song" and "Mr. James Dean" (both co-produced by Haylie), which Duff has named her favorite track on the album and described as "very funny"; in the song, she tells an ex-boyfriend that he'll "never be James Dean." Duff neither confirmed nor denied whether the song was about fellow singer Aaron Carter, and she said "it was definitely an experience that I went through that was interesting and I learned a lot from that time in my life." In "Hide Away", co-produced and co-written by Shaun Shankel, Duff discusses a relationship that isn't working because she is in a position where her life is "figuratively under the microscope." Diane Warren wrote "I Am", an empowerment song in which Duff lists positive and negative aspects about herself; she has said it is about being comfortable "with all those feelings ... being who you are." David Campbell arranged and conducted strings for the tracks "Someone's Watching Over Me" and "Who's That Girl?".

Duff's management team considered recording a song titled "Since U Been Gone" for the album, which Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald and Max Martin had originally written for Pink. According to Gottwald, Duff's team passed on the song because some of the notes were too high for Duff's voice. "Since U Been Gone" was later recorded by Kelly Clarkson, for whom it became a major hit.

Singles
"Fly" was the lead and only single with a music video from the album. It is also the only single released in the US. The music video directed by Chris Applebaum, combines black-and-white backstage footage with color shots of Duff performing the song. The video premiered on MTV's Total Request Live on August 26, 2004.

"Someone's Watching over Me" was released in Australia as a second and final single from the album. The music video was the shot from the 2004 movie "Raise Your Voice" where Duff plays the lead role.

Other notable songs
Duff said during the time the album was released that she was considering "Haters" as the second single, but she later changed her mind and decided she wanted "Weird" to become the next single.

Towards the end of 2004, several radio singles were released to promote the album. "The Getaway" was issued in the US in November 2004 and in Canada in January 2005, and "I Am" was released to Radio Disney in December 2004; shortly after, promotion for "Weird" began in Spain.

Promotion
Duff embarked on a concert tour of North America, and several of her shows in Canada sold out in minutes.

Critical reception
The album received mixed to negative reviews. Ken Barnes of USA Today, which gave Metamorphosis a negative review, commented positively on the album and said it exemplified "a more wholesome brand of rock-flavored pop aimed at teens". Barnes praised the "unstoppably rousing choruses" in some of the songs and said "Duff avoids overextending her thin but pleasant voice, except for a bit of Avrilesque syllable stretching", while he criticised the high number of tracks and the preponderance of "hackneyed self-affirmation messages". AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine categorised Hilary Duff as "a virtual companion to Ashlee Simpson's Autobiography, from its rock/dance-pop fusion to its earnest demeanor" and "a varied, ambitious album ... it feels like the soundtrack to the life of a smart, ambitious, popular teenager trying to sort things out".

A review of Hilary Duff in The Village Voice was far less praising; it said "Duff's role in the tween-rock firmament is playing pious Lisa Loeb opposite Simpson's post-diluvian Courtney Love ... despite liberal amounts of gold-dust guitar glitter, blow-dried backing vocals, and even the post-crash-Skynyrd 'Rock This World', Hilary Duff is too often the vanilla-bean fantasia AOR chauvinists take all girl-pop for." Stylus magazine wrote that Duff's attempt to follow "the [Avril Lavigne] template that she previously softened" yielded "mixed results ... to a certain extent, [she] is a prisoner of her image and her attempts at Chrissie Hynde-intensity fall far short of even Ashlee Simpson's gravelly vocal cords." Its critic described the album's length as its "simple problem", saying that with "a little quality control ... this could easily be as strong as any other teen-pop album released this year."

In response to Duff's "announcement" that "she's a complicated rock & roll adolescent on the order of Avril and Ashlee", Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Uh-huh. And Betty from the Archie comics is Patti Smith", noting Duff's "tiny" voice is "buried under layers of generic cheese arrangements." Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called the album "a seemingly endless string of three-and-a-half-minute pieces of pop crap – and I like pop music", and wrote that although Duff "can't be held responsible for most of the album's insipid lyrical content", "when [she] gets in on the action things feel contrived". The New York Daily News named it the worst teen pop album of 2004, saying it was "[n]eck-and-neck for junkiest CD of the year with her arch nemesis, Lindsay Lohan [Speak]".

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with 192,000 copies sold in its first week of release, which was 11,000 copies less than the first week sales of Metamorphosis. IGN Music said that partly because of the album's high debut, "at this very moment Hilary Duff is perhaps the reigning queen of bubblegum pop theatrics"; it also said that Duff's image was "undergoing an overhaul" through photo shoots in magazines such as Blender, possibly making her less "squeaky clean" like her predecessors Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears. In its second week, the album slipped to number six with 95,500 copies sold, down 51% over the first week of release; the following week the album stayed at six, selling 84,000 copies and falling 12% over the past week. Unlike Metamorphosis, Hilary Duff went no higher on the Billboard 200, and the RIAA certified it platinum a month after its release. Hilary Duff was number 112 on Billboard magazine's year-end top albums chart in December 2004 and number sixty-five on Billboard magazine's year-end top albums chart in November 2005. As of July 27, 2014, the album had sold 1,799,000 copies in the United States.

The album debuted at number one on the Nielsen SoundScan chart in Canada, as Metamorphosis had done, and it was released in Australia in October. It debuted in the top ten on the ARIA album chart, surpassing the top twenty peak of Metamorphosis and rising to its number six peak position in November. "Fly" was released as a single in the same month and did not perform as well, reaching just outside the top twenty. Duff embarked on a two-date tour of Australia in late October, supported by Popstars winner Scott Cain. In Canada, the CRIA certified the album three times platinum for 300,000 copies.

Track listing
Notes:
 * undefined signifies an executive producer
 * Later releases of Hilary Duff, including most international editions, include non-listed alternate mixes of "Do You Want Me?" (3:30), "Weird" (2:56), "I Am" (3:43), "Haters" (2:58), "Rock This World" (3:46), "Jericho" (3:55), and "Cry" (4:02).

 * The North American digital and 2021 LP versions of Hilary Duff include the alternate mix of "Cry" alongside the initial versions of the other tracks.

title: Hilary Duff (album)