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Paul Greengard

Paul Greengard (December 11, 1925 – April 13, 2019) was an American neuroscientist best known for his work on the molecular and cellular function of neurons. In 2000, Greengard, Arvid Carlsson and Eric Kandel were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system. He was Vincent Astor Professor at Rockefeller University, and served on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Cure Alzheimer's Fund, as well as the Scientific Council of the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation. He was married to artist Ursula von Rydingsvard.

Biography
Greengard was born in New York City, the son of Pearl (née Meister) and Benjamin Greengard, a vaudeville comedian. His older sister was actress Irene Kane, who later became a writer by the name of Chris Chase; she died in 2013, aged 89. Their mother died in childbirth and their father remarried in 1927. The Greengard siblings' parents were Jewish, but their stepmother was Episcopalian. He and his sister were "brought up in the Christian tradition".

During World War II, he served in the United States Navy as an electronics technician at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology working on an early warning system against Japanese kamikaze planes. After World War II, he attended Hamilton College where he graduated in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics. He decided against graduate school in physics because most post-war physics research was focusing on nuclear weapons, and instead became interested in biophysics.

Greengard began his graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University in the lab of Haldan Keffer Hartline. Inspired by a lecture by Alan Hodgkin, Greengard began work on the molecular and cellular function of neurons. He received his PhD in 1953 and began postdoctoral work at the University of London, Cambridge University, and the University of Amsterdam. Greengard then became director of the Department of Biochemistry at the Geigy Research Laboratories.

After leaving Geigy in 1967, he worked briefly at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Vanderbilt University before taking a position as Professor in the Department of Pharmacology at Yale University. In 1983 he joined the faculty of The Rockefeller University. Greengard was a member of the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute. He was the acting chairman of the Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation and served on the board of the Michael Stern Parkinson's Research Foundation, which later merged with The Michael J. Fox Foundation. Both internationally renowned foundations support the research conducted in the Greengard laboratory at The Rockefeller University.

He died on April 13, 2019.

Research
Greengard's research focused on events inside the neuron caused by neurotransmitters. Specifically, Greengard and his fellow researchers studied the behavior of second messenger cascades that transform the docking of a neurotransmitter with a receptor into permanent changes in the neuron. In a series of experiments, Greengard and his colleagues showed that when dopamine interacts with a receptor on the cell membrane of a neuron, it causes an increase in cyclic AMP inside the cell. This increase of cyclic AMP, in turn activates a protein called protein kinase A, which turns other proteins on or off by adding phosphate groups in a reaction known as phosphorylation. The proteins activated by phosphorylation can then perform a number of changes in the cell: transcribing DNA to make new proteins, moving more receptors to the synapse (and thus increasing the neuron's sensitivity), or moving ion channels to the cell surface (and thus increasing the cell's excitability). He shared the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Arvid Carlsson and Eric Kandel for his work on the central regulatory protein DARPP-32.

Family
Greengard had two sons from his first marriage, Claude and Leslie. Claude Greengard holds a PhD in mathematics from UC Berkeley, and is the Founder of Foss Hill Partners. Leslie holds an MD from the Yale School of Medicine and a PhD in computer science from Yale University, and is a professor of mathematics and computer science at and former director of the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at NYU, a winner of the Steele Prize for a seminal contribution to research, a recipient of both a Packard Foundation Fellowship and an NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award, and a member of both the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.

In 1985, Greengard married sculptor Ursula von Rydingsvard.

Discrimination complaints
In February 2018, a federal jury in the Southern District of New York found The Rockefeller University liable for discrimination based on race and national origin that occurred in 2007 in the lab of, and under the supervision of, Greengard.

Pearl Meister Greengard Prize
Paul Greengard used his Nobel Prize honorarium to help fund the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize, an award for women scientists. The award is named after his mother, who died during childbirth. It was established in 2004 to shine a spotlight on exceptional women in science, since, as Greengard observed, "[women] are not yet receiving awards and honors at a level commensurate with their achievements." The annual prize is awarded to an outstanding woman conducting biomedical research.

Awards and honors

 * Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences (1978)
 * Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1978)
 * NAS Award in the Neurosciences from the National Academy of Sciences (1991)
 * Karl Spencer Lashley Award (1993)
 * Elected member of the American Philosophical Society (1994)
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (2002)
 * Honoris causa degree in Medicine, (September 2007) University of Brescia
 * Member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

title: Paul Greengard


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Talk:20-80 Society

I don't see the relation with globalization. --Pgreenfinch 21:08, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I am redirecting to The Global Trap, a book by Martin, Schumann & Camiller. After a reasonably thorough search, that's the only context I can find for the phrase "20/80 society". Amazon.com's description of the book can be found at. Rossami 21:15, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * There are other contexts. See the Talk page of The Global Trap. PT

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:20-80 Society


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User talk:Edwinstearns

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
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 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 21:08, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Oubangui-Chari map
Sorry, I am currently abstaining from all article contributions. I moved your comment here, and in that connection, you may wish to consult with Stan Shebs on this – I am quite confident with his expertise on this front. El_C

Image copyright tags
I have added those tags now. All the best,  22:53, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Please see my comment at Image talk:Osona Arms.png. -- Jmabel | Talk 19:50, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

I made that image and I don't care who uses it. Tag it appropriately. Thanks. Bensaccount 20:35, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image orphans
Thanks for adding orphan images to ifd. I wasn't sure if you knew, however, that the "What links here" section isn't reliable. It's usually right, but there's a bug in Wikipedia where, for no apparent reason, no pages show up in the "What links here" section even though the image appears on pages.

Here's how to get around it. Search on the image name, in quotes, in the search bar on the left. If it doesn't find any, Wikipedia lets you check what sorts of pages to check. Make sure all the checkboxes are checked, and search again. If nothing turns up, then it's a true orphan.

However, about half the time, Wikipedia's search is turned off, and it directs you to use Google or Yahoo. That's really not reliable, so you just have to wait til they turn the search back on.

If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. – Quadell (talk) (help)  22:08, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Images
To be honest, I uploaded them then forgot about them ages ago... I've removed them as they aren't being used! - Ta bu shi da yu 22:24, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The Prudential image came from a public domain site. User:dinopup

Image copyrights
Hi. The image "Oz-and-surrounding-countrie.jpg" is a reduced-size version of another uploaded by User:Woggly. Apart from doing the reduction, I know nothing about it; best to ask Woggly. --Zero 23:53, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Bad image tag
Hi, I noticed you tagged Image:Pademelon.jpg with the GFDL tag, but its owner never agreed to license it under this license (as you can see in the permission e-mail on that page). Please refrain from placing other people's content under licenses they do not agree to. I'm aware of the checkbox on the image upload form, but I (the uploader) have no authority to assert that the image is under the GFDL, nor do I believe anyone takes that checkbox seriously. A more appropriate tag might be. You might wish to contact the permission-giver asking them to license it more widely. Deco 22:35, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Images
Hi,

I have to read all the fine print carefully and then decide what category to put the images under. Right now I don't have the time. Will do it shortly. The images were drawn by me for a speculative article published in a journal. Permission was granted by the journal for reproducing the article in a specific context (not in wikipedia) through email and I don't know whether I have proof of it now. I have used parts of the article and images that constitute generic information in a wikipedia page - both words and images. I don't think such images can have copyright- anyone who draws them has to do so in that format except for variation in terms of artistic skill or representation. I hope you understand what I mean. Personally I don't mind distributing it free or whatever. Will look into it. KRS 15:32, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Copyright question
You left me a message about a copyright tag being needed for an image I posted in the article for the Ottawa International Airport As a fairly new poster to Wikipedia, I don't quite understand what that means, or what I need to do. I did take the photo myself. What must I do? Thanks. --Steggall (talk)

Most useful image copyright?
Hi. You left a note on my talk page encouraging me to put a copyright tag on some images I posted. Since I created the images in question, I can choose whatever. I wonder, what's a useful license or combination of licenses? I guess by posting it in the first place, I've released the images under GFDL. But I'll be happy to consider CC or something else. Any suggestions? Thanks for your attention to this issue, Wile E. Heresiarch 03:10, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thank you. I will use your posting as a reference. Steggall 14:00, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

image copyright
Hi. Thank you for your note. I cannot verify the source of the image, Image:PantocratorSinai.jpeg. I would guess that it probably can be obtained under fair use; but I do not know. When I first joined Wikipedia, I uploaded this and a very small number of other images. I made enquiries concerning the copyright holders, but could not verify who that might be, if anyone. Since then, I stopped trying to use images found on the internet. Mkmcconn (Talk) 23:39, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The painting is more than a thousand years old; but the digital image (copyrightable) and the photograph (also subject to copyright) are very recent work, of course. The image had been stored on my computer for years, and I do not know if it is Public Domain or not. Mkmcconn (Talk)  23:20, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have uploaded 2 files regarding a Romanian political figure Ion Mihai Pacepa. I did not add a copyright tag, because I don't know where they fit. I found both using Google image search. They are quite old, so fairuse or fairold should be appropriate. The last picture I added (Pacepa ion mihai.jpg) is from http://news.softpedia.com/images/news/10677_1.jpg The other picture (Pacepa.JPG) is no longer available on google image search, and I forgot the original location of the picture. Hope this helps. Also, as a sugestion, there should be a tag specifically for political figures, since they are public persons, not actually "selling" their image. Even if the picture is the property of some news agency, it is not of an artistic nature, and becomes public domain the instant it is published, since everybody pays (in one way or another) when receiving the information (newspaper subscription, cable, satellite, radio, and so on).

 * I am not an authority on the subject of copyright, I only tried to help with the Untagged images project. Please see Image copyright tags for more details than I could give.  The main issue, in my opinion, is to protect Wikipedia from legal action, so I recommend downloading only those images that you know are legal.  You can help others protect Wikipedia by adding information about the source of the images to the image pages themselves so that others can help identify the correct copyright tag.    — Edwin Stearns | Talk 13:39, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Line breaks
Hi. Thank you for your changes at Text editor support. I have one request. I would like to ask you to not introduce linebreaks when you change things, as then the diff does not work well, as you can see here. Thanks. Oleg Alexandrov 21:01, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the tip, it won't happen again.   — Edwin Stearns | Talk 19:01, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

A Question
On the Unitarian Universalist talk page, you said you were a UU. Are you? Although I'm not a member I'm considering joining because other faiths are disillusioning. Is it a good idea?--HistoricalPisces 17:23, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I am not an official member of a congregation, however I attended the Unitarian Church of Winnipeg while until I graduated High School and have attended services in Atlanta sporadically. I have recently enrolled my children in Religious Education at the Atlanta Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Atlanta, and I am happy with their program.
 * Even though I have not been closely involved over the years, I have always identified myself as UU when asked my religion. UU traditions and values best represent my religious views.  I have also felt some discomfort with the tendancy of UUs to be caught up uncritically in fads.  What I liked about growing up in a UU environment is that whatever you say you believe, there is always someone who can point out problems and countering views.  This kind of friendly open market of religious ideas can help you avoid weak minded positions, but it can be very uncomfortable for someone who is very set in their ideas.
 * In short, if you have specific questions about what to expect in UU congregations, I will try to give you my experience with it, both positive and negative.   — Edwin Stearns | Talk 16:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

I'd like to know what would be thought about my beliefs in the church. My beliefs are a combination of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Occultism and Scientology.--HistoricalPisces 17:13, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That's quite a list! Such a wide range of influences suggests that you're a spiritual seeker, and as such you will probably fit right in.  UU congregations are not good places for people who already think that they know the truth, or for those looking for someone to tell them the truth.  It is also not a place for people who are easily offended when confronted with opposing points of view.

 * Minister speaking to a youth group: "What does it mean to be a UU?"
 * Response: "You can believe anything you want."
 * Minister: "No! It means that you are responsible for your beliefs."

 * Surely you understand that your list of influences has contradictions. As a UU you may be required by others in your congragation to confront those contradictions and to explain what principles you use resolve them.  My opinion is that it is the responsiblity of a UU minister to help members understand when their beliefs are illogical or have unresolved ethical or moral issues.  In other words, if you are unwilling to allow your beliefs to evolve as you learn from others, you will not be comfortable with UU's.    — Edwin Stearns | Talk 13:06, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

My beliefs have evolved. I originally thought scientology was stupid, but then dad explained thier beliefs in plain english. I researched thier beliefs further and found that although I couldn't agree with everything they said, I agreed with a lot of it. I think that shows I'm willing to consider new paths; does it?--HistoricalPisces 17:06, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Part of being responsible for your beliefs is to take all the information and come to some tentitive conclusion of your own. I can't tell you what is best for you.  It's up to you to decide.    — Edwin Stearns | Talk 18:49, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

That's a basic UUA belief, isn't it?--HistoricalPisces 17:23, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Compromise proposal on Template:Suicide
I have a possible solution to the dispute on Template talk:Suicide. When you have time, take a look at it and note your possible assent or not in the appropriate section. Thanks! — Phil Welch 22:40, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Image:Palmyra atoll 1970.jpg

You put a {pui} tag on over a yea a year ago. The uploader replied to you almost a year ago.

So, wwere you satisfied with their reply? If not would it be possible for you to go back to Image talk:Palmyra atoll 1970.jpg and say why? Otherwise, would you go back and remove the tag? -- Geo Swan 14:14, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Aikido
Hi I just resubmitted the Aikido article for Featured article status. Hopefully we can get over the hump this time.Peter Rehse 09:29, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Wikimania in Atlanta!
Mike H. I did "That's hot" first! 09:16, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Edwinstearns


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User talk:AndrewMan25

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Unfortunately, there was already an extensive page for Jesup, Iowa, so I turned your article into a "redirect". Deb 21:09, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

If you want to stay here, please try to take the project seriously; don't put sillyness and words you just made up in articles. There are plenty of other places on the web for sillyness. Serious contributions are welcome. Take a look at some of the above links for some tips and info. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 02:33, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Framingham Mall
Framingham Mall, an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions. However, an editor does not feel that Framingham Mall satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Framingham Mall& and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Framingham Mall during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Ten Pound Hammer • (Broken clamshells•Otter chirps•Review?) 01:56, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:AndrewMan25


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Bryman Institute

Bryman Institute is now Everest Institute, a system of for-profit colleges in the United States, with campuses in Brighton, Massachusetts, Chelsea, Massachusetts, Eagan, Minnesota, Gahanna, Ohio, and South Plainfield, New Jersey.

The schools are owned by Corinthian Colleges, Inc., which also owns the similarly named Everest College system.

title: Bryman Institute


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Revelation Space

Revelation Space is a 2000 science fiction novel by Welsh author Alastair Reynolds. It was the first novel (but not first published work of fiction) set in Reynolds's eponymous universe. The novel reflects Reynolds's professional background: he has a PhD in astronomy and worked for many years for the European Space Agency. It was short listed for the 2000 BSFA and Arthur C. Clarke Awards.

Summary
Revelation Space begins with three seemingly unrelated narrative strands that merge as the novel progresses. This plot structure is characteristic of many of Reynolds's works.

The first strand centres around Dan Sylveste, beginning in the year 2551. Sylveste is an archaeologist excavating the remains of the long-dead Amarantin race that lived on a planet in the Delta Pavonis system. Over the course of decades, Sylveste learns that the Amarantin may have become technologically sophisticated before their sun destroyed life on the planet Resurgam nearly a million years prior.

The next strand centres around Ilia Volyova aboard the Nostalgia for Infinity, a large ship capable of interstellar travel. Volyova and the other members of her skeleton crew wish to find Sylveste because they believe he can help them with their captain, who has been infected with the Melding Plague, a nanotech virus that attacks human cells and machine implants to pervert them into grotesque combinations.

The third strand focuses on Ana Khouri, an assassin living on the planet Yellowstone (in the Epsilon Eridani system). Khouri is hired by a mysterious figure known as the Mademoiselle to assassinate Sylveste.

With help from the Mademoiselle, Khouri infiltrates the crew of the Nostalgia for Infinity as it reaches orbit around Yellowstone, knowing that they will then travel to Resurgam. The Nostalgia for Infinity arrives in orbit around Resurgam in 2566. Desperate to secure Sylveste's expertise to help cure her captain, Volyova and the other two members of the ship's ruling triumvirate (Sajaki and Hegazi) threaten the defenceless Resurgam civilisation, prompting its rulers to turn Sylveste over to them.

Once aboard, however, Sylveste informs the triumvirs that he has antimatter bombs hidden inside the implants in his artificial eyes that could destroy the Nostalgia for Infinity. He then agrees to attempt to cure their captain in exchange for a trip to Cerberus, a mysterious nearby planet orbiting a neutron star that he believes holds the secret to the truth of Amarantin civilisation. They soon discover that Cerberus is actually a massive beacon aimed at alerting a machine sentience of the appearance of new star-faring cultures so that it can destroy them. It is that sentience, Sylveste belatedly realises, that caused the demise of the Amarantin.

Publication history
This was Alastair Reynolds's first published novel, and was published in a relatively small initial print run in the United Kingdom. It subsequently became a collectible first edition.

Reception
Thomas M. Wagner of SF Reviews wrote that "despite my disappointment, images and bits and pieces of the novel simply would not get out of my head. This is saying something, since, with the volume of SF and fantasy I read, I do not exactly retain an eidetic memory of everything I've read that I can call up in a second or two unless the book literally bowled me over. But in the case of Revelation Space, two and three years later I still could remember the opening scene in the archaeological dig on the lonely planet of Resurgam with remarkable clarity. The dark, eerie corridors of the vast starship Nostalgia for Infinity still brought haunting images to mind."

A Dragonsworn review notes "there's plenty of beautifully scripted action sequences, and gorgeous descriptions—especially where the Nostalgia for Infinity is concerned. Reynolds paints a vivid picture of a haunting machine in decline, and a crew that may as well be ghosts." while observing the lack of character development.

The Revelation Space Trilogy was listed in Damien Broderick's book Science Fiction: The 101 Best Novels 1985-2010.

title: Revelation Space


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Chasm City

Chasm City is a 2001 science fiction novel by British writer Alastair Reynolds, set in the Revelation Space universe. It deals with themes of identity, memory, and immortality, and many of its scenes are concerned primarily with describing the unusual societal and physical structure of the titular city, a major nexus of Reynolds's universe. It won the 2002 British Science Fiction Association award.

Synopsis
Chasm City is framed and largely written in the voice of Tanner Mirabel, a security expert who has come to Chasm City to avenge the death of his former client's wife at the hands of a "postmortal" noble named Argent Reivich.

Tanner arrives to find that Yellowstone, the most advanced civilization in human history, has descended into squalor; an alien nanotech virus known as the Melding Plague has wreaked havoc throughout the system. Chasm City, a dense forest of mile-high shapeshifting skyscrapers, has melted into a slum. The Glitter Band, a sparkling diorama of ten thousand orbital habitats, has been reduced to a "Rust Belt" of a few hundred survivors, mostly primitive and pre-nanotech antiques.

In this chaos of plague and desolation, Tanner seeks his prey, only to discover that Reivich is more clever than he originally thought. In the midst of his hunt, he begins experiencing virus-induced flashbacks from the life of Sky Haussmann, the founder of his home world, Sky's Edge, who is both revered and reviled for the crimes he committed for his people.

From the depths of the gas plume at the heart of Chasm City, to the aristocratic canopy spanning what remains of the skyscrapers, Mirabel begins to unravel the mystery of the Melding Plague.

Awards and nominations
Chasm City won the 2002 British Science Fiction Association award.

title: Chasm City


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Lisianski Island

Lisianski Island (Hawaiian: Papa‘āpoho) is one of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with a land area of 384.425 acre and a maximum elevation of 40 ft above sea level. It is a low, flat sand and coral island about 905 nmi northwest of Honolulu, Hawaii. The island is surrounded by reefs and shoals, including the extensive Neva Shoals. Access to the island is possible only by helicopter or by boat via a narrow sandy inlet on the southeastern side of the island.

Administration
Politically, Lisianski Island is part of the City and County of Honolulu in the State of Hawaii. However, as part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, it is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It has no resident human population.

Geology and topography
Lisianski Island is made of limestone that caps the submerged summit of an extinct shield volcano that was active about 20 million years ago. Lisianski Island is undergoing the slow process of erosion, and features a depression between two tall sand dunes, that is thought to once have been a lagoon like the one on Laysan, its nearest neighbor. For this reason, the island's selected Hawaiian name, Papa‘āpoho, means "island with a depression". Over three-quarters of the Bonin petrels that nest in Hawaii nest here. Recent discovery of subfossils on the island indicate that Laysan duck populations once occurred on the island, possibly inhabiting the former lagoon.

History
Lisianski Island is named after Yuri Lisyansky, a Russian Imperial explorer and an officer in the Imperial Russian Navy. Lisyansky was the commanding officer of the Russian-American Company's merchant sloop Neva, which was on an exploration mission as part of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world when she ran aground on the island in 1805. Lisyansky reported the island to be of little interest, except insofar as its surrounding reefs and shoals posed a threat to passing vessels.

King Kamehameha IV claimed the island for the Kingdom of Hawaii on 10 May 1857. In 1890, the North Pacific Phosphate and Fertilizer Company acquired a twenty-year lease on the island from the Kingdom of Hawaii.

After the overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy in 1893, Lisianski Island became part of the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. On August 12, 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii, including Lisianski Island, and Lisianski Island was included in the Territory of Hawaii upon its creation on April 30, 1900. In 1909, Lisianski Island became part of the new Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation — which later became the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge — established by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. Prior to this, there had been concern about the poaching of birds on the island.

When Hawaii became a U.S. state in August 1959, Lisianski Island became part of the new State of Hawaii. On June 15, 2006, it was included in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.

Neva Shoals

Neva Shoals is a shallow reef directly southeast of Lisianski Island covering 979 km2, more than half the size of Oahu. Lisiansky named Neva Shoals, after his ship, Neva. The shoal is shallow and makes access to the island difficult. The reef has been described by divers as a "coral garden" because of the great variety of coral. Twenty-four types of coral have been identified at the reefs surrounding Lisianski. Reef fish are abundant, including predators.

title: Lisianski Island


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Diary (novel)

Diary is a 2003 novel by Chuck Palahniuk. The book is written like a diary. Its protagonist is Misty Wilmot, a once-promising young artist who works as a waitress in a hotel. Her husband, a contractor, is in a coma after a suicide attempt. According to the description on the back of Diary, Misty "soon finds herself a pawn in a larger conspiracy that threatens to cost hundreds of lives."

Diary is an example of the modern horror genre, employing psychological elements and dark humor.

The audio version of Diary is narrated by actress Martha Plimpton.

Plot summary
As a "coma diary", the reader learns of Misty Marie Wilmot as her husband lies senseless in a hospital after a suicide attempt. The story is not exactly told by Misty but through a second-person perspective. Once she was an art student, dreaming of creativity and freedom, but after marrying Peter while they were both still at school and then giving birth to their daughter shortly after, she is eventually brought back to Waytansea Island. It was once quaint, but it has become overrun with tourists. Misty has been reduced to the lowly condition of a mere waitress within a common resort hotel. Peter, before falling into his coma, was building hidden rooms within the houses he was remodeling and scrawling vile messages all over the walls; this is an old habit of builders but it was dramatically overdone in Peter's case. Angry homeowners are suing Misty, and her dreams of artistic greatness have been ruined. But then, as if she was possessed by the spirit of the fabled Waytansea artist Maura Kincaid, Misty begins painting again, excessively and compulsively.

Misty discovers that the islanders, including her father-in-law (previously thought to be dead) are involved in a conspiracy which repeats every four generations. A young artist (in this case Misty) is lured to the island by an old piece of jewelry, she becomes pregnant and has her child within the community. It is implied that this old jewelry works to lure and entrap Misty because it was hers in a past life, during which these same events occur again. During middle age, her husband dies, followed by all her children, resulting in a wave of great artistic creativity, the product of which is mesmerizing to the observing audience.

The islanders create an exhibition of Misty's art work at the local hotel where a fire is started by Misty's daughter, who is revealed to be alive after a previous point in the book when she was thought to have drowned, and all the hotel's occupants are burned to death due to their being mesmerized by her painting. The result is a huge insurance claim which leaves the remaining island citizens wealthy enough to support their luxurious lifestyles for the next four generations, at which point a new young artist will be found to repeat the cycle. Peter attempted to warn her of this plot using his hidden writing, and it is revealed that his suicide attempt was in fact a murder attempt. It is never revealed whether Peter recovered from his coma, but from Misty's descriptions of his state of health, he more than likely died.

Characters
The names of the main characters are taken from fans' names selected at random in an official contest held by "The Cult" on the ChuckPalaniuk.net website prior to publication.

 * Misty Marie Wilmot : The protagonist. Her maiden name is Kleinman.  Misty was raised in a trailer park in Tecumseh Lake, Georgia by her hippie mother.  She is an aspiring artist and attends art school where she eventually meets and begins going out with Peter Wilmot.  Peter does everything in his power to get her pregnant, and they eventually go live with his family on Waytansea Island after his father, Harrow Wilmot, dies.  Misty puts off her artistic aspirations to raise Tabitha.  Misty eventually discovers that she is the reincarnation of past artists, including Maura Kincaid and Constance Burton.
 * Peter Wilmot : After moving back to Waytansea Island, Peter takes up the job of contractor. He is found in the family car by Misty, supposedly having attempted suicide.  It eventually turns out that he was the victim of attempted murder by his own father, whom Misty had thought was dead and who was trying to stop him from spoiling the islanders' plan to use Misty's artwork to get rich.  The murder attempt was a failure, and Peter now lies comatose in a hospital bed.
 * Tabitha Wilmot : Referred to throughout most of the book as Tabbi, Tabitha is the daughter of Misty and Peter. She plays the part of a loving child throughout most of the story, eventually faking her death so as to cause her mother emotional pain which would help Misty to create art.  After it is revealed to Misty that Tabitha is still alive, she learns that Tabitha smokes, flirts with boys, and is not as loving, sweet, or innocent a child as she'd previously thought.
 * Grace Wilmot : Grace is the mother of Peter and "Granmy" to Tabitha. Misty is often annoyed by her, whether it's the way she wastes Misty's money, or the way she's influencing Tabitha.  Grace is often found with a diary, which it turns out is not of Grace's writings, but rather that of a dead artist from a century back by the name of Constance Burton.  Grace eventually dies in a fire in the hotel along with more than a hundred other persons on the night of the unveiling of Misty's artwork.
 * Harrow Wilmot : Referred to most often by the nickname Harry, Harrow was the father of Peter and husband of Grace. Misty uses him to judge in advance what Peter will eventually look like.  Although Misty loved him, throughout most of the book, Misty believes he is dead, as that is what Peter, Grace, and the doctor have all told her (despite none of them telling her the same thing as his cause-of-death).  Toward the end of the book, it is discovered that Harrow is actually alive, and that his death has been faked.  But he dies not long after, along with Grace in the burning hotel.
 * Angel Delaporte : Angel is a wealthy man who comes to live on the island. He is quite interested in graphology, and he and Misty go around to the various houses in which Peter has done construction work to see what sort of messages Peter has painted on the walls of these houses. It is eventually revealed that Peter was actually bisexual and in love with Angel. Angel is killed by the island-folk, stabbed to death by Harry while he slept.
 * Detective Clark Stilton : Stilton is the only member of the Seaview County Hate Crimes Task Force. He is investigating the acts of an anti-tourist terrorist group known as the Ocean Alliance for Freedom (OAFF).  He arrests Misty under suspicion of murder and arson.  That night, he dies in the hotel fire.
 * Daniel Touchet, M.D. : Dr. Touchet (pron: "tü-ˈshā") is the main, if not only, doctor on the island. He has delivered most of the younger residents of the island, including Peter, Tabitha, Paulette Hyland (then Paulette Petersen), Will Tupper, Matt Hyland, and Brett Petersen. He also prepares the bodies of the dead for funeral, and performs cremations.  When Misty has a migraine, she goes to Dr. Touchet, who tells her about the Jain Buddhists, the Essene Jews, and the early Christians, and gives her some capsules which he claims contain "green algae mostly, some white willow bark, [and] a little bee pollen."  When Misty trips, the doctor tells her she has injured her knee and that she must stay in her room for three weeks, affording her the opportunity to paint. When Angel tries to help her escape, he tells her he had the pill tested, and that it contained powdered lead with trace amounts of arsenic and mercury, each of which are traditional ingredients in artistry paints linked to accidental self-poisoning.

Other characters

 * Mrs. Burton, Mrs. Seymour, and Mrs. Perry : These three islanders are referred to in Misty's diary as "local sea turtles."
 * Raymon : A busboy at the hotel.
 * Maura Kincaid and Constance Burton : Two dead artists, both female, who had come to live on Waytansea Island in much the same manner as Misty. The islanders believe that Misty is the reincarnation of these artists, as well as others, and Misty herself comes to believe this. Both Maura and Constance have left clues around the island for their future incarnations, including little messages written in the island's library books.
 * Mrs. Terrymore : The old librarian, who diligently erases messages from Maura and Constance when she finds them in the books.
 * Paulette Hyland : The desk clerk at the hotel, whose maiden name is Petersen.
 * Will Tupper : A friend of Peter who now is bald and runs the ferryboat between the island and the mainland. Back in college, he had blonde hair, and had ripped an earring from his ear to give to Misty. He still has scar-tissue from this incident.
 * The Ocean Alliance for Freedom : OAFF for short, this was the name Harrow (and possibly other islanders) gave himself when he committed murder and arson so that the police would suspect the murders and arsonry were the act of militant radical leftists, rather than an act of conspiracy with the whole island. Stilton, a member of the Seaview County Hate Crimes Task Force, is brought onto the case as it is noticed that OAFF only attacks mainlanders. On page 155, Stilton says "The white supremacy movement and the Green Party have connections going way back. It's not a long stretch from protecting nature to preserving racial purity."
 * Nora Adams : Nora appears on the last page of the book in a letter form. Towards the end of the book, Misty states that she and Tabbi will change their names (hence the Nora Adams) and move to Tecumseh Lake, GA. The address where the letter is sent is from Tecumseh, GA.

Cover
The dust jacket of the first edition of Diary contains a hidden printed message. The inside of the jacket is printed black, with white letters printed vertically across the jacket from bottom to top, in the same style of writing as the title on the cover. They read "WHERE DO YOU GET YOUR INSPIRATION?"

title: Diary (novel)


text:
User talk:Rsvargas

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 21:16, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rsvargas


title: Category:2010s


title: Category:2060s


text:
Talk:Bell's theorem revisited

This page is intended as a replacement for the present Bell's theorem page, though I realise that it is written from the point of view of a realist. But that was, of course, Bell's original intention. He was a realist. The theorem itself is centred on an inequality that applies to local realist models. Perhaps we need a separate page written from the quantum-mechanical point of view, but I'm not the person to write it! The present Bell's theorem page is, in any event, too flawed to be kept as it stands. Caroline Thompson 21:17, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bell's theorem revisited


text:
User talk:Dcarter

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 21:18, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dcarter


text:
Västerbotten Regiment

The Västerbotten Regiment (Västerbottens regemente), designations I 19, I XIX, I 20 and I 20/Fo 61, was a Swedish Army infantry regiment that traced its origins back to the 16th century. The regiment's soldiers were originally recruited from the province of Västerbotten, where it was later garrisoned. The unit was disbanded as a result of the disarmament policies set forward in the Defence Act of 2000.

History
The regiment has its origins in fänikor (companies) raised in Västerbotten in the 1550s and 1560s. In 1615, these units—along with fänikor from the nearby provinces of Ångermanland, Medelpad, Hälsingland and Gästrikland—were organised by Gustav II Adolf into Norrlands storregemente, of which seven of the total 24 companies were recruited in Västerbotten. Norrlands storregemente consisted of three field regiments, of which Västerbotten Regiment was one. Sometime around 1624, the grand regiment was permanently split into three smaller regiments, of which Västerbotten Regiment was one.

Västerbotten Regiment was one of the original 20 Swedish infantry regiments mentioned in the Swedish constitution of 1634. The regiment was allotted in 1696. It changed name to Västerbotten Ranger Regiment in 1829, and was split into two corps units of battalion size in 1841, one of them being Västerbotten Ranger Corps, the other being Norrbotten Ranger Corps. The unit was upgraded to regimental size and renamed back to Västerbotten Regiment in 1892. The regiment had its training grounds at various places in Västerbotten, but was eventually garrisoned in Umeå in 1909.

The regiment was given the designation I 19 (19th Infantry Regiment) in a general order in 1816, but that designation was given to Norrbotten Ranger Corps when the unit split, and Västerbotten Ranger Corps was instead given the designation I XIX (XIXth Infantry Regiment, XIX which in the Roman numeral system equals 19). When the unit regained its old name and size in 1892, the designation was changed to I 20 (20th Infantry Regiment).

Campaigns

 * The Second Polish War (1600–1629)
 * The Thirty Years' War (1630–1648)
 * The Northern Wars (1655–1661)
 * The Scanian War (1674–1679)
 * The Great Northern War (1700–1721)
 * The Hats' Russian War (1741–1743)
 * The Seven Years' War (1757–1762)
 * The Gustav III's Russian War (1788–1790)
 * The Finnish War (1808–1809)
 * The Campaign against Norway (1814)

Organisation

 * 1634(?)
 * Livkompaniet
 * Överstelöjtnantens kompani
 * Majorens kompani
 * Lövångers kompani
 * Kalix kompani
 * Bygdeå kompani
 * Skellefteå kompani
 * Piteå kompani

 * 1841
 * Livkompaniet
 * Skellefteå kompani
 * Bygdeå kompani
 * Lövångers kompani

Colours, standards and guidons
The regiment has presented several colours. On 20 June 1952, the regiment was presented with its last colour by His Majesty King Gustaf VI Adolf in Umeå. It then replaced the 1902 colour. The new one was used as regimental colour until 1 July 2000. The colour is drawn by Sven Sköld. It has not been possible to discover who has manufactured the colour. It was embroidered by hand in insertion technique. Blazon: "On white cloth the provincial badge of Lappland; a red savage with green garlands of birch leaves around head and loins, a yellow club on the right shoulder. On a red border at the upper side of the colour, battle honours (Landskrona 1677, Düna 1701, Kliszów 1702, Fraustadt 1706, Malatitze 1708, Strömstad 1717) in white."

Coat of arms
The coat of the arms of the Västerbotten Regiment (I 20/Fo 61) 1977–1994 and the Lapland Brigade (Lapplandsbrigaden, NB 20) 1994–1997. Blazon: "Argent, the provincial badge of Lapland, a savage gules, garlands of birch leaves vert around head and loins, holding a club or on his right shoulder. The shield surmounted two muskets in saltire or." The coat of arms of the Västerbotten Regiment (I 20/Fo 61) 1994–2000 and the Västerbotten Group (Västerbottensgruppen) since 2000. Blazon: "Argent, the provincial badge of Lapland, a savage gules, gar-lands of birch leaves vert around head and loins, holding a club or on his right shoulder. The shield surmounted two swords in saltire or."

Medals
In 2000, the Västerbottens regementes (I 20) minnesmedalj ("Västerbotten Regiment (I 20) Commemorative Medal") in silver (VbottenregSMM) of the 8th size was established. The medal ribbon is divided in white, red and white moiré.

Heritage
After the regiment was disbanded on 30 June 2000, the colour and the regiment's traditions was passed on to Västerbotten Group (Västerbottensgruppen). From 1 July 2013, the traditions of the regiment will be kept by the Västerbotten Battalion, included in the Västerbotten Group.

Other
The regiment had several anniversaries, but the 3 February, however, was the one that was celebrated the longest, which commemorated the Battle of Fraustadt. Furthermore, anniversaries were held on 28 June, 4 July, 5 July, 8 July, 9 July, 14 July, 23 August, 31 August and 8 October. These were anniversaries of battles that which the regiment participated in. The 8 October, was the anniversary of the last united Swedish-Finnish army division's dissolution in Umeå in 1809.

The history of the Överstelöjtnantens kompani ("Lieutenant Colonel's Company") continues today through ''Kongl. Wästerbotten's Regemente ("Royal Västerbotten Regiment"), a historical reenactment of the Association of Interactive History (Föreningen interaktiv historia'') in Sävar, seeking to revive the last battle on Swedish soil, as part of the Year 1809.

Commanding officers
Regimental commander active from 1651 to 2000.

Commanders

 * 1651–1657: Didrik von Cappellen
 * 1658–1662: Günter von Rosenskans
 * 1663–1666: Kristian Urne
 * 1667–1671: Björn Svinhufvud
 * 1673–1676: Jakob Stegman
 * 1676–1683: Evert Horn
 * 1684–1694: Reinhold Johan von Fersen
 * 1702–1710: Anders Lagercrona
 * 1711–1717: Magnus Cronberg
 * 1717–1723: Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock
 * 1723–1736: Carl Morath
 * 1736–1741: Johan Bernhard Wiedemeijer
 * 1743–1757: Georg Reinhold Palmstruch
 * 1757–1770: Wilhelm Carpelan
 * 1770–1779: Johan August Meijerfeldt
 * 1779–1785: Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor
 * 1785–1791: Wilhelm Mauritz Pauli
 * 1791–1800: Gustaf Gyllengranat
 * 1800–1804: Otto Wrede
 * 1804–1806: Eberhard von Vegesack
 * 1805–1811: Johan Bergenstråhle
 * 1812–1828: Lars Jacob von Knorring
 * 1828–1837: Carl August von Hedenberg
 * 1845–1850: Georg Gabriel Emil von Troil
 * 1864–1868: Ernst von Vegesack
 * 1874–1883: Anders Eberhard Svedelius
 * 1883–1887: Elof von Boisman
 * 1897–1901: Otto Ewert Mautitz
 * 1901–1902: Carl Conrad Vogel
 * 1902–1907: Johan Oscar Nestor
 * 1907–1915: Gillis Bergenstråhle
 * 1915–1921: Bengt Ribbing
 * 1921–1928: Hugo Ankarcrona
 * 1928–1932: Per Erlandsson
 * 1933–1937: Carl Bennedich
 * 1937–1941: Nils Rosenblad
 * 1941–1947: Olof Sjöberg
 * 1947–1952: Per Axel Holger Stenholm
 * 1952–1952: Magnus Wilhelm af Klinteberg
 * 1952–1959: Carol Bennedich
 * 1959–1964: Åke H:son Söderbom
 * 1964–1970: Allan Johan Magnus Månsson
 * 1970–1971: Karl Iwan Eliseus
 * 1971–1973: Dick Ernst Harald Löfgren
 * 1973–1976: Sven Nils Anders Kruse de Verdier
 * 1976–1981: Senior colonel Dick Ernst Harald Löfgren
 * 1981–1983: Olof Gunnar Dackenberg
 * 1983–1990: Erik Olof Forsgren
 * 1990–1993: Jan Olof Lindström
 * 1993–1999: Anders Kihl
 * 1999–2000: Per-Ove Harry Eriksson

Deputy commanders

 * 1980–1981: Colonel Olof Dackenberg

title: Västerbotten Regiment


text:
The Global Trap

Die Globalisierungsfalle: Der Angriff auf Demokratie und Wohlstand is a 1996 non-fiction book by Hans-Peter Martin (born 1957 in Bregenz, Austria), and Harald Schumann (born 1957 in Kassel, Germany), that describes possible implications of current trends in globalization. It was published in English as The Global Trap: Globalization and the Assault on Democracy and Prosperity in 1997. At this time, both authors were editors of the news magazine Der Spiegel. From 1999 to 2014, Hans-Peter Martin, who is stated in the book to be one of just three journalists to be allowed to take part in all activities at the Fairmont convention, was a member of the European Parliament.

The book was a best-seller in the authors‘ native Austria and Germany and went on to be a worldwide bestseller with over 800,000 copies sold and translated into 27 languages.

In particular, the book is known for defining a possible "20/80 society". In this possible society of the 21st century, 20 percent of the working age population will be enough to keep the world economy going. The other 80 percent live on some form of welfare and are entertained with a concept called "tittytainment", which aims at keeping the 80 percent of frustrated citizens happy with a mixture of deadeningly predictable, lowest common denominator entertainment for the soul and nourishment for the body.

Contents
The book deals mainly with the effects of globalization. It describes a growing social divide as a result of "delimitation" of the economy and a loss of political control by the state over the economic development, which is increasingly controlled by global corporations. The authors warn of a so-called "20-to-80-society". They describe how a global 80:20 distribution already exists in many aspects, and illustrate possible economic, social and political consequences of free trade and deregulated financial markets.

In the beginning, they describe how at a conference at the invitation of Mikhail Gorbachev with 500 leading politicians, business leaders and academics from all continents from September 27 - October 1, 1995 at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco, the term "one-fifth-society" arose. The authors describe an increase in productivity caused by the decrease in the amount of work, so this could be done by one-fifth of the global labor force and leave four-fifths of the working age people out of work. The authors predict huge number of unemployed, perhaps finding themselves in low-paid voluntary community services to boost their morale.

title: The Global Trap


text:
Magnetic storage

Magnetic storage or magnetic recording is the storage of data on a magnetized medium. Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetisation in a magnetizable material to store data and is a form of non-volatile memory. The information is accessed using one or more read/write heads.

Magnetic storage media, primarily hard disks, are widely used to store computer data as well as audio and video signals. In the field of computing, the term magnetic storage is preferred and in the field of audio and video production, the term magnetic recording is more commonly used. The distinction is less technical and more a matter of preference. Other examples of magnetic storage media include floppy disks, magnetic tape, and magnetic stripes on credit cards.

History
Magnetic storage in the form of wire recording—audio recording on a wire—was publicized by Oberlin Smith in the Sept 8, 1888 issue of Electrical World. Smith had previously filed a patent in September, 1878 but found no opportunity to pursue the idea as his business was machine tools. The first publicly demonstrated (Paris Exposition of 1900) magnetic recorder was invented by Valdemar Poulsen in 1898. Poulsen's device recorded a signal on a wire wrapped around a drum. In 1928, Fritz Pfleumer developed the first magnetic tape recorder. Early magnetic storage devices were designed to record analog audio signals. Computers and now most audio and video magnetic storage devices record digital data.

In computers, magnetic storage was also used for primary storage in a form of magnetic drum, or core memory, core rope memory, thin film memory, twistor memory or bubble memory. Unlike modern computers, magnetic tape was also often used for secondary storage.

Design
Information is written to and read from the storage medium as it moves past devices called read-and-write heads that operate very close (often tens of nanometers) over the magnetic surface. The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetisation of the material immediately under it. There are two magnetic polarities, each of which is used to represent either 0 or 1.

The magnetic surface is conceptually divided into many small sub-micrometer-sized magnetic regions, referred to as magnetic domains, (although these are not magnetic domains in a rigorous physical sense), each of which has a mostly uniform magnetisation. Due to the polycrystalline nature of the magnetic material, each of these magnetic regions is composed of a few hundred magnetic grains. Magnetic grains are typically 10 nm in size and each form a single true magnetic domain. Each magnetic region in total forms a magnetic dipole which generates a magnetic field. In older hard disk drive (HDD) designs the regions were oriented horizontally and parallel to the disk surface, but beginning about 2005, the orientation was changed to perpendicular to allow for closer magnetic domain spacing.

Older hard disk drives used iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) as the magnetic material, but current disks use a cobalt-based alloy.

For reliable storage of data, the recording material needs to resist self-demagnetisation, which occurs when the magnetic domains repel each other. Magnetic domains written too close together in a weakly magnetisable material will degrade over time due to rotation of the magnetic moment of one or more domains to cancel out these forces. The domains rotate sideways to a halfway position that weakens the readability of the domain and relieves the magnetic stresses.

A write head magnetises a region by generating a strong local magnetic field, and a read head detects the magnetisation of the regions. Early HDDs used an electromagnet both to magnetise the region and to then read its magnetic field by using electromagnetic induction. Later versions of inductive heads included Metal In Gap (MIG) heads and thin film heads. As data density increased, read heads using magnetoresistance (MR) came into use; the electrical resistance of the head changed according to the strength of the magnetism from the platter. Later development made use of spintronics; in read heads, the magnetoresistive effect was much greater than in earlier types, and was dubbed "giant" magnetoresistance (GMR). In today's heads, the read and write elements are separate, but in close proximity, on the head portion of an actuator arm. The read element is typically magneto-resistive while the write element is typically thin-film inductive.

The heads are kept from contacting the platter surface by the air that is extremely close to the platter; that air moves at or near the platter speed. The record and playback head are mounted on a block called a slider, and the surface next to the platter is shaped to keep it just barely out of contact. This forms a type of air bearing.

Analog recording
Analog recording is based on the fact that remnant magnetisation of a given material depends on the magnitude of the applied field. The magnetic material is normally in the form of tape, with the tape in its blank form being initially demagnetised. When recording, the tape runs at a constant speed. The writing head magnetises the tape with current proportional to the signal. A magnetisation distribution is achieved along the magnetic tape. Finally, the distribution of the magnetisation can be read out, reproducing the original signal. The magnetic tape is typically made by embedding magnetic particles (approximately 0.5 micrometers in size) in a plastic binder on polyester film tape. The most commonly-used of these was ferric oxide, though chromium dioxide, cobalt, and later pure metal particles were also used. Analog recording was the most popular method of audio and video recording. Since the late 1990s, however, tape recording has declined in popularity due to digital recording.

Digital recording
Instead of creating a magnetisation distribution in analog recording, digital recording only needs two stable magnetic states, which are the +Ms and −Ms on the hysteresis loop. Examples of digital recording are floppy disks, hard disk drives (HDDs), and tape drives. HDDs offer large capacities at reasonable prices;, consumer-grade HDDs offer data storage at about US$15–20 per terabyte.

Magneto-optical recording
Magneto-optical recording writes/reads optically. When writing, the magnetic medium is heated locally by a laser, which induces a rapid decrease of coercive field. Then, a small magnetic field can be used to switch the magnetisation. The reading process is based on magneto-optical Kerr effect. The magnetic medium are typically amorphous R-Fe-Co thin film (R being a rare earth element). Magneto-optical recording is not very popular. One famous example is Minidisc developed by Sony.

Domain propagation memory
Domain propagation memory is also called bubble memory. The basic idea is to control domain wall motion in a magnetic medium that is free of microstructure. Bubble refers to a stable cylindrical domain. Data is then recorded by the presence/absence of a bubble domain. Domain propagation memory has high insensitivity to shock and vibration, so its application is usually in space and aeronautics.

Access method
Magnetic storage media can be classified as either sequential access memory or random access memory, although in some cases the distinction is not perfectly clear. The access time can be defined as the average time needed to gain access to stored records. In the case of magnetic wire, the read/write head only covers a very small part of the recording surface at any given time. Accessing different parts of the wire involves winding the wire forward or backward until the point of interest is found. The time to access this point depends on how far away it is from the starting point. The case of ferrite-core memory is the opposite. Every core location is immediately accessible at any given time.

Hard disks and modern linear serpentine tape drives do not precisely fit into either category. Both have many parallel tracks across the width of the media and the read/write heads take time to switch between tracks and to scan within tracks. Different spots on the storage media take different amounts of time to access. For a hard disk this time is typically less than 10 ms, but tapes might take as much as 100 s.

Coding schemes
Magnetic disk heads and magnetic tape heads cannot pass DC (direct current), so the coding schemes for both tape and disk data are designed to minimize the DC offset. Most magnetic storage devices use error correction.

Many magnetic disks internally use some form of run-length limited coding and partial-response maximum-likelihood.

Current usage
, common uses of magnetic storage media are for computer data mass storage on hard disks and the recording of analog audio and video works on analog tape. Since much of audio and video production is moving to digital systems, the usage of hard disks is expected to increase at the expense of analog tape. Digital tape and tape libraries are popular for the high capacity data storage of archives and backups. Floppy disks see some marginal usage, particularly in dealing with older computer systems and software. Magnetic storage is also widely used in some specific applications, such as bank cheques (MICR) and credit/debit cards (mag stripes).

Future
A new type of magnetic storage, called magnetoresistive random-access memory or MRAM, is being produced that stores data in magnetic bits based on the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect. Its advantage is non-volatility, low power usage, and good shock robustness. The 1st generation that was developed was produced by Everspin Technologies, and utilized field induced writing. The 2nd generation is being developed through two approaches: thermal-assisted switching (TAS) which is currently being developed by Crocus Technology, and spin-transfer torque (STT) on which Crocus, Hynix, IBM, and several other companies are working. However, with storage density and capacity orders of magnitude smaller than an HDD, MRAM is useful in applications where moderate amounts of storage with a need for very frequent updates are required, which flash memory cannot support due to its limited write endurance. Six state MRAM is also being developed, echoing four bit multi level flash memory cells, that have six different bits, as opposed to two.

Research is also being done by Aleksei Kimel at Radboud University in the Netherlands towards the possibility of using terahertz radiation rather than using standard electropulses for writing data on magnetic storage media. By using terahertz radiation, writing time can be reduced considerably (50x faster than when using standard electropulses). Another advantage is that terahertz radiation generates almost no heat, thus reducing cooling requirements.

title: Magnetic storage


text:
Talk:Jim McGreevey

Untitled
Gay is immaterial to the FEMA and real estate deals he made and broke. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.19.14.43 (talk) 17:13, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

First Gay Governor?
Governor. That has simply not occurred yet.

Certainly there have been many, many closeted gays in office over the years who have also been outed. So I don't think this individual deserves the distinction awarded to him.

Sorry.

--69.37.38.64 12:19, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Read a little closer: That's Openly gay there, chief. Aceholiday lumbia University (undergrad) 1978

Georgetown University (law) 1981

Harvard University (masters in education) 1982

offices: New Jersey Assembly 1990-1

Mayor of Woodbridge 1991-4

New Jersey Senate 1994-7

New Jersey Governor 2001-4 (resigned 8/12/2004 due to extramarital affair with a man)

First wife: ?Kari Schutz?

Resignation speech
I added about 95% of the speech to the article discounting some irrelevant points. I will yield to the community now to see which portions may be irrelevant to the article. Arminius 22:37, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I added a link to the text of the speech for those who do not believe it belongs in the article itself.Arminius 22:46, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Resignation
Why did he delay the date of his resignation to November? --Patricknoddy 20:49, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)User:Patricknoddy User talk:Patricknoddy 16:49 August 13, 2004 (EDT)

McGreevey delayed the effective date of his resignation to November 2004 in order to avoid forcing a special election, thereby allowing fellow Democrat and New Jersey Senate President Richard Codey to serve out McGreevey's term. Codey, who had served as acting governor before McGreevey's inauguration, will become acting governor again until the next general election in 2005. (Meelar forgot to sign).

 * It isn't certain McGreevey will be allowed to delay his resignation that long. Most Jersey papers, many politicians and The New York Times are calling for him to resign sooner. -- Cecropia | Talk 20:53, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thus the "may be succeeded by"--please add a section about calls for immediate resignation, as I don't know enough yet. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:54, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)

McGreevy needs to let the voters decide who will lead the state until the 2005 elections - so he needs to STEP DOWN NOW (not wait until Nov 15 2004)!

If Mcreevey waits until Nov 15 2003 he will deprive the voters of their right to elect who will govern the state - he made that Nov 15 2004 date for selfish, political reasons and he made a backroom deal to help himself. He needs to do the right thing and STEP DOWN NOW!

 * He needs to grow a set and stay in office. He's out.  It's no longer a secret, and potential blackmailers no longer have anything on him. --[[User:Nricardo|Nelson Ricardo  >>Talk<<]] 07:35, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)

He's already past the deadline for a new election, and the fact that he has not submitted any paperwork regarding resignation may well be a sign that he'll have to be dragged kicking and screaming from Drumthwacket. Announcing your intent to resign ("I have decided the right course of action is to resign. To facilitate a responsible transition my resignation will be effective on November 15th of his year.") isn't the same as resigning. - Nunh-huh 07:45, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Or not?
McGreevey has not yet sent in his letter of resignation to Secretary Thomas. - Calmypal 17:07, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)

Openly gay
The further edit Moncrief made is fine. My point is that the previous wording, to the unitiated reader, implied that he was either openly gay when elected or not long after attaining office. That further implies that his "gayness" was tolerated by the public until his affair came to light. In fact he didn't become "openly gay" until the issue was forced, He would have been in a difficult position if he continued to represent himself as straight (which he did by virtue of his marriage to a woman). So I would say he was didn't come out of the closet, he was forced out, and that is not openly gay, IMO. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 08:30, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Moncrief, your further change is also OK by me. It removes the ambiguity (I think) of when and how he "came out." Howver, I'm a little uncomfortable with characterizing him as an "openly gay governor," because his openness and resignation went hand in hand, so we'll never know how the electorate felt about his gayness, since it is bound up in scandal and resignation. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 08:34, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Cecropia, I understand your points but for the purpose of the introductory paragraph of the article, I think keeping it simple and accurate is the most important thing. Regardless of the electorate's opinions, how he came out of the closet and all of the other details, the fact is that he was openly gay (i.e., he acknowledged that he was gay) while serving as governor of New Jersey and he continued serving as governor of New Jersey while being openly gay.  The other details belong, if you want to add them, in later paragraphs.  I understand that he would rather have not come out, that he was not elected while he was openly gay and everything else you've said, but the truth is that he was openly gay for several months while in office - and this is the simple distillation of the reality that belongs in the lead paragraph, I think: that he was the first and to date only openly gay state governor in US history. I'm glad we've come to an acceptable compromise. Moncrief 08:47, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Why is the majority of the article about the fact that he is gay?? Why a whole section dedicated to who he is dating?? This is highly slanted and unbalanced. I don't see other articles about governors that focus so much on this sexual preferences and who he is dating. Let's revise and balance.24.10.184.204 03:47, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Trivia
I have added trivia about the soap opera One Life to Live. It comes from Soap Opera Digest Magazine. User:Dowew May 17, 2005

There is at least one other openly gay "governmental leader" in the US. The mayor of Providence, Rhode Island, David Cicilline, is openly gay.

Gay Government Leaders
For the internationally savvy, have there ever been any gay prime ministers or governors in any states / provinces anywhere else in the world? user:J.J.
 * Here's the wiki page on it: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_first_LGBT_holders_of_political_offices. How complete this is is anybody's guess.VatoFirme (talk) 18:59, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Succession box
I reverted edits that were made to the succession box. Please note, following Donald DiFrancesco, the office was occupied by Acting Governors John Farmer Jr., John O. Bennett, and Richard Codey. Accurizer 16:55, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Morag? WTF?
Can anyone verify his daughter is named "Morag"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.15.9.228 (talk • contribs)

 * "Morag Veronica", according to this ABILITY Magazine article. Accurizer 23:06, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Morag is a common girl's name in Ireland, from where McGreevey's family came Catherinejarvis (talk) 15:18, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

First wife Karen "Kari" Joan Schutz
I find this article on Jim McGreevey to be extremely lacking in one regard - there is absolutely no mention of why his first marriage broke up. Is it because his first wife found out that he was a homosexual? I mean, she just got up and moved to British Columbia - almost as if she was trying to move her and their daughter as far away from him as possible. Is it a big secret? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.129.139.97 (talk) 07:17, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Divorce trial
I added this start of divorce: Jim and Dina Matos McGreevey's divorce trial in the Union County Courthouse in Elizabeth, started on May 6, 2008, to end their 3 1/2-year separation. Jim asked the court for equal custody of their 6-year-old daughter, alimony and child support. Matos McGreevey demanded $ 600,000 compensation. McGreevey, 50, now lives with a male partner and is studying to be an Episcopal priest. Stephen Haller, his lawyer will present witness Teddy Pedersen, 29: "Plaintiff will testify at trial that he needed to have a disrobed male present in the room with them in order for him to become physically aroused; This tends to prove that plaintiff was at least bisexual, a fact which should have been obvious to defendant prior to the marriage." Matos McGreevey's lawyer John Post, would block Pedersen's testimony. --Florentino floro (talk) 09:18, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

FEMA
What does FEMA have to do with this? In her memoirs, Matos wrote that she would never have married McGreevey if she had known he was gay, nor would she have chosen to have a gay man to father her child.[70] On March 17, 2008, Theodore Pedersen, a former aide to McGreevey, claimed that from 1999 to 2001 he had a three-way affair with McGreevey and Matos, a statement later affirmed by email from McGreevey to the Associated Press. That claim has been recently affirmed by FEMA.[70][71] In a statement to ABC News, Matos denied that a threesome ever took place.[72]

JBFrenchhorn (talk) 06:44, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

BLP and NPOV problems
Today someone suddenly undid a longstanding and well-sourced part of the intro. He did it contrary to Wiki policy in that instead of assuming good faith or seeking consensus, he flatly accused the writer of seeking "to tar" the subject and undid the text without discussion:

"contribs) (34,058 bytes) (Removed effort to tar McGreevey with scandals of associates; scandals McGreevey was cleared of. Let's keep the article NPOV) (undo)"

After I restored it, pointing out the importance of assuming good faith and seeking consensus, he undid it again, without proper explanation.

He may have a very good reason for deleting that text. If so, there is no need to hurl accusations. Perhaps a cordial discussion of the issue here on these talk pages might be more productive. I would welcome it.Thefactis (talk) 22:01, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Consensus does not mean that just because you slanted the article negatively back in May does not mean it requires consensus to correct WP:BLP problems. BLP is a core policy, and your effort to pair every scandal that McGreevey was shown to never be involved in not only fails the core policy of WP:BLP, but also WP:NPOV.  -- David  Shankbone  22:16, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

 * My, my: "you slanted the article"? "[Y]our effort to pair every scandal"? That doesn't sound like assuming good faith. It's not even polite, but more like a personal attack, which is also verboten. Let's focus instead on the article, shall we? The simple fact is the Gov. suddenly announced his resignation in the midst of all these scandals involving close associates. That was the historical context. We might delete all the context from the intro and deal with it in the body of the article, but it is improper to mention only one such scandal, because that tends to suggest that it was the sole reason for his resignation, which is not verifiable and violates the NPOV policy. As for the assertion that he was cleared or shown never to be involved, I would support your adding that, assuming there's a reliable source.Thefactis (talk) 23:05, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
 * There's no big argument - I just disagree with using the Jim McGreevey article in WP:OR fashion by declaring "historical context" The inference is that issues he was shown to never even know about may have motivated his resignation.  BLP does not say that you get to put a charge down, and then I have to find a reliable source to show he was cleared. This also fails NPOV and OR.  I'm jus' sayin...  -- David  Shankbone  05:30, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Let me get this straignt: we're talking about a statement of fact, whose validity is supported by references to at least three reliable sources, and that's somehow original research WP:OR? Care to explain the logic there? Putting the resignation in conetxt doesn't suggest motivation any more than does the part about Cipel. Of course using Cipel alone does trigger the NPOV problem, so the only solution is to include the full context or none of it in this introduction. Why persist in claiming that the Gov. was cleared, if there's no source to verify it? Thefactis (talk) 19:24, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * No, the problem is that you are the one who is deciding that the resignation had something to do with "growing scandals" (your words) in scandals McGreevey was cleared of. If you want to write about those scandals, then create new articles.  But your "historical context" is simply your POV.  Just because you have a citation doesn't mean you aren't using it to WP:SYN your POV.  Have you read WP:SYN?  Your inclusion of multiple sources about scandals in the lead of an article about someone who wasn't involved in them to portray it as having some effect on the resignation is WP:SYN.-- David  Shankbone  19:07, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * By that reasoning we would need to delete the reference to Cipel to avoid suggesting that the resignation may have been related to the claimed affair. Is that what you would advocate? And again, what's your source for this repeated assertion that he wasn't involved?Thefactis (talk) 02:38, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * What's your source that he *was* involved? You are using old news that was "breaking" without using the updated story, that shows he was cleared.  Do you have something that shows he was convicted or the proves he was involved?  That's the measure.  I don't have to prove a negative.  Regardless, if you continue to insert this BLP violation, I will take it to the noticeboard.  -- David  Shankbone  15:24, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Who said he was? Not I. Why would you suggest that I had? I have made quite clear above that my point is that we should either give the full context or give none at all. It's focusing selectively on only one scandal as you insist that is an NPOV violation.Thefactis (talk) 16:13, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It isn't focusing selectively on one scandal. The other scandals never involved him (I'm repeating myself) and you have yet to provide a source that prove he was involved in any of the scandals you are attributing to his resignation (and which you have also given no source to prove).  This is all your own personal opinion, and that is verboten.  -- David  Shankbone  18:02, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

 * You know very well that I never said or implied that. Why do you keep repeating it? Absent any source for the assertion that the affair was the sole cause, I don't see how this language can stand. If you have any such evidence, now is the time to supply it.Thefactis (talk) 02:46, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Unless you can find more evidence that scandals McGreevey was never involved in had something to do with his resignation instead of WP:SYNing your sources, you will at least need to find someone else besides yourself to back you up. Then we'll go to the BLP board. But right now, your proposal violates too many core policies (and you are the only one arguing for the violations).  -- David  Shankbone  12:48, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Huh? Do you have some reason to believe that he was involved in all these scandals that engulfed his administration during the final days before his resignation? Otherwise how can you say that? There are only so many hours in one day! And what evidiece do you have that the illicit affair was what motivated his resignation? Otherwise how can you you say that? It's important to cite reliable sources. This is a biography of a living person. Think about it!Thefactis (talk) 02:51, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
 * You seem to have forgotten what this issue was about, which was your BLP and POV violations. Please re-read this thread.  -- David  Shankbone  17:11, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Threesomes?
Now call me a prude, but could find another way to put it? I mean children may read this. Sad what is happening to our culture... 96.250.83.177 (talk) 23:46, 29 July 2010 (UTC) God Bless.
 * Ménage à trois, perhaps? French terms are always nice and euphemistic. 24.118.25.211 (talk) 00:30, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

I am going to delete the sentences on threesomes as a violation of BLP - even if there is a source it has been denied, and it is a accusation against someone who are still aliveCatherinejarvis (talk) 15:21, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

Public Opinion
I noticed that a section dealing with public opinion during McGreevey's governorship is lacking on this page. I propose adding a graph and a public opinion narrative. Mkrayton (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:40, 20 March 2011 (UTC).

can understand why McGreevey/Matos divorce would be bitter
I'll try to post this in talk sections of both Jim McGreevey and Dina Matos.

I take it it's understandable that it would take a while to realize one was gay (I don't know what McGreevey knew and when he knew it regarding this). I also recall reading in Ann Landers and/or Abby Van Buren that (considering marriage to be between a man and a woman) one should NOT enter marriage if gay. (I suggest you talk elsewhere about the definition of marriage, because I don't want to be involved in it here and we'd be digressing). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.63.16.20 (talk) 19:26, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

subject order seems misplaced
In the vast majority of Wikipedia sites I have seen, the personal life section comes at the end of an article, not the beginning. It appears here that the personal life section is put up front to embarrass the subject or color the reader's perspective in advance, whereas a typical article would show his professional career first. In addition, the section on Golan Cipel seems unusually large compared to the section on McGreevey's governorship in general. I suggest the article is overly focused on scandal for its own sake rather than a dispassionate review.Catherinejarvis (talk) 18:03, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

Double dipping/ pension and salary?
http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2015/09/mcgreevey_pension_benefits_hudson_county.html#incart_river

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Requested move
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title: Talk:Jim McGreevey


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text: User talk:82.154.124.235

title: User talk:82.154.124.235


text:
Eric Anundsson

Eric Anundsson or Eymundsson was a semi-legendary Swedish king who supposedly ruled during the 9th century. The Norse sagas describe him as successful in extending his realm over the Baltic Sea, but unsuccessful in his attempts of westward expansion. There is no near-contemporary evidence for his existence, the sources for his reign dating from the 13th and 14th centuries. These sources, Icelandic sagas, are generally not considered reliable sources for the periods and events they describe.

Controversially, older Swedish historians have identified Eric with another legendary Swedish king, Erik Weatherhat, who is mentioned in some medieval king-lists as the predecessor of Eric the Victorious. However, Saxo Grammaticus identifies Erik Weatherhat with another figure, a son of the legendary Viking Ragnar Lodbrok.

Eric's reign
He is given as the son of Anund Uppsale in the Hervarar saga (13th century):

 * Eiríkr hét sonr Önundar konungs, er ríki tók eptir föður sinn at Uppsölum; hann var ríkr konungr. Á hans dögum hófst til ríkis í Noregi Haraldr hárfagri, er fyrstr kom einvaldi í Noreg sinna ættmanna.

 * Eric was the son of king Anund, and he succeeded his father at Uppsala; he was a rich king. During his reign, Harald Fairhair came to power in Norway, Harald was the first of his kin to reign as a monarch in Norway.

However, the Eric who was contemporary with Harald Fairhair is called Eymundsson by Snorri Sturluson. Since the preceding king Anund is often identified with an Anund who flourished in the 840s and is mentioned by other sources (Rimbert and Adam of Bremen), Anundsson is probably the correct form of the patronym. The names Eymund and Anund were equivalent enough for the later king Anund Jacob to be called Emund (Eymund), in the Westrogothic law. Consequently, Eric's patronym would not be the only instance where the two names were confused.

According to Hervarar saga, he was preceded by his father Anund Uppsale and uncle Björn at Hauge, and later on succeeded by Björn (the father of Eric the Victorious and Olof Björnsson). Landnámabók informs that Eric and his son Björn ruled during the time of the Pope Adrian II and Pope John VIII, i.e. in the period 867–883, the time of the first settlement of Iceland. Harald Fairhair's saga relates that Erik died when Harald Fairhair had been king of all Norway for ten years. Traditionally this would indicate 882, but Harald's ascent to power is nowadays believed to have occurred later, in the 880s or c. 900.

Erik is mentioned in several places in the Heimskringla. In the saga of Olaf Haraldsson, Thorgny Lawspeaker relates:
 * My grandfather Thorgny could well remember the Uppsala king Eirik Eymundson, and used to say of him that when he was in his best years he went out every summer on expeditions to different countries, and conquered for himself Finland, Kirjalaland, Courland, Estonia, and the eastern countries all around; and at the present day the earth-bulwarks, ramparts, and other great works which he made are to be seen. And, moreover, he was not so proud that he would not listen to people who had anything to say to him.

Conflict with Harald Fairhair
In Harald Fairhair's saga, Snorri Sturluson relates that Eric also wanted to extend Sweden westwards and to make a kingdom for himself as large as that of the Swedish king Sigurd Hring and his son Ragnar Lodbrok (i.e. Raumarike, Vingulmark and Westfold all the way to the island of Grenmar). Thus he conquered Värmland and all the land south of Svinesund (modern Bohuslän) and claimed the shores of Viken as his own, naming it all West Götaland. He placed Hrane Gautske (Hrane the Geat) as Jarl of the land between Svinesund and Göta älv. In these territories the people accepted Erik as their king.

When King Harald Fairhair arrived at Tønsberg (in Viken, and at the time a trading town) from Trondheim, he learnt of this and became very angry. He assembled the ting at Fold and accused the people of treason, after which some had to accept his rule, while others were punished. He then spent the summer forcing Viken and Raumarike to accept his rule.

When the winter arrived, Harald learnt that the Swedish king was in Värmland, after which he crossed the Ed forest and ordered the people to arrange feasts for him and his entourage. The most powerful man in the province was a man named Åke, who had formerly been one of Halfdan the Black's men, and he invited both the Norwegian king and the Swedish king to his halls. Åke had built a new hall instead of his old one, which was ornamented in the same splendid manner, but the old hall only had old ornaments and hangings. When the kings arrived, the Swedish king was placed in the old hall, whereas the Norwegian king was placed in the new one. The Norwegian king found himself in a hall with new gilded vessels carved with figures and shining like glass, full of the best liquor.

The next day, the kings prepared to leave. Bidding his farewell Åke gave to Harald's service his own twelve-year-old son Ubbe. Harald thanked Åke and promised him his friendship. Then Åke talked to the Swedish king, who was in a bad mood. Åke gave him valuable gifts and followed the king on the road until they came to the woods. Eric asked Åke why he, who was his man, had made such a difference between him and the Norwegian king. Åke answered that there was nothing to blame Erik for but that he had got the old things and the old hall because he was old whereas the Norwegian king was in the bloom of his youth. Åke also answered that he was no less the Swedish king's man than the Swedish king was his man. Hearing the words of treason, Eric drew his sword and slew the impudent Åke.

When Harald learnt of this, he and his retainers mounted their horses and chased after the Swedish king until they spotted him. When Eric and his men became aware that they were pursued, they rode as hard as they could until they had reached the wood that divided Värmland and Götaland. At this point Harald considered it best to return. He then spent the rest of the autumn killing all the Swedish king's men in Värmland.

In the winter, Harald plundered and burnt in Rånrike. In the meantime the Geats gathered an army, preparing to resist the Norwegians. When the ice broke up they drove stakes into the Göta älv to stop ships from entering. Nevertheless, the Norwegians invaded Götaland and laid their ships alongside the stakes. The Geats came down to the shore with a sizeable army and gave battle. A lot of people fell, but King Harald gained the victory. He then travelled far and wide in Götaland, winning most of the battles. In one of the battles, Hrane Gautske fell. Harald then proclaimed himself the ruler of all land north of Göta älv and north and west of lake Vänern and placed Guttorm Haraldsson to defend the region with a large force. There were disturbances between Harald and the Geats until King Eric died, ten years after Harald's ascension to power. He was succeeded by his son Björn (III) Eriksson who ruled the Swedes for 50 years.

Contemporary references to the period
The only possibly contemporary sources for the war are three scaldic verses said to be composed by King Harald's skald Þorbjörn Hornklofi. One of them states that Harald was the enemy of the Geats and apparently won a victory over them. Another says that Harald subdued land and people south of the sea, and tied his ship to the stakes by the shore, without further specification. The verses mention neither Eric nor any Swedes. The historian Curt Weibull has characterised Eric as historically problematic, and doubted that the Swedes had anything to do with Värmland or West Götaland in the late 9th century. A late 9th-century geographical account preserved in an Anglo-Saxon manuscript, by Ohthere of Hålogaland, vaguely says that Norway borders "to Sweoland at the other side of the mountains, until the southern part of the country, and far up to the north". Another account in the same manuscript, by Wulfstan of Hedeby, says that Blekinge, Möre, Öland and Gotland belonged to the Swedes (hyrað to Sweon).

Other accounts
The Flateyjarbók (late 14th century) has a different account about Eric Anundsson. It says that Björn at Haugi was king when Harald Fairhair became king in Norway. His successor Anund then ruled for at least 40 years, being succeeded by his son Eric who ruled for 47 years. Eric married Ingigerd, a daughter of Harald Fairhair. After some time she was to be sacrificed to the gods for unspecified reasons. The Swedes, therefore, brought the queen to an island where the blót would take place. She was however rescued by her brother Halfdan the Black (Junior) and brought to safety. This incident provoked long-time hostilities between Harald and Eric. Later on, Harald's trustee Hauk Håbrok went to Holmgard in Kievan Rus' to make purchases but had an adventurous confrontation with two champions of Eric who stayed there. A saga about Harald Fairhair's skalds also mentions a Swedish King Eric who was Harald's enemy; he is however given the patronym "Björnsson".

title: Eric Anundsson