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Sammarinese Communist Party

The Sammarinese Communist Party (Partito Comunista Sammarinese, abbreviated PCS) was a Marxist political party in the small European republic of San Marino. It was founded in 1921 as a section of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI). The organization existed for its first two decades as an underground political organization.

Between 1945 and the spring of 1957 the PCS governed the country in coalition with the Sammarinese Socialist Party (PSS). The communist-socialist coalition lost power in the events known as Fatti di Rovereta.

The PCS returned to membership in a governing parliamentary coalition in 1978, with its adherents remaining as part of the leadership group until 1992. In 1991, with the fall of the Soviet Union, the PCS formally renounced communism and relaunched itself Sammarinese Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS).

Establishment
San Marino is a European microstate, considered the third smallest in Europe with an area of just 61 square kilometers (24 square miles). Despite its small size and tiny population, the tiny nation — wholly surrounded by Italy — was the home of a communist political party from 1921, the Communist Party of San Marino, (Partito Communista di San Marino), or PCS. The organization was established as a section of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI).

The party's first two decades were spent in the political underground, as San Marino was dominated — as was Italy — by the fascist movement in the form of the Sammarinese Fascist Party, which held all 60 of the seats in the country's unicameral parliament from the election of 1923 until the end of the Second World War in 1945. The party was refounded in 1940 under the leadership of Ermenegildo Gasperoni (1906–1994).

Period of coalition government
The PCS was a governing party of San Marino in coalition with the Socialist Party of San Marino (PSSM) from 1945 until March 1957.

Crisis of 1957
Following events in the Eastern Bloc in 1956, some of the socialist deputies abandoned the coalition. On September 18, 1957 the coalition lost its majority when a socialist deputy crossed over to the opposition, reducing the number of pro-coalition deputies to 29. The tenure of the assembly ended on October 1, 1957, placing the government in constitutional limbo. The Christian Democratic deputies refused to attend session; instead, they occupied a factory in Rovereta and set up a provisional government there. The Italian and U.S. government pledged support to the provisional government, whilst the communist-socialist coalition (with support of Italian communists) sought to resist the attempt to establish a provisional government.

Years of opposition
After the failed attempt at a coup in 1957, the PCS remained an opposition party in San Marino, excluded from the government coalition. The new non-communist government won reelection in September 1959, with the PCS's parliamentary delegation falling to 16 members, joined by 8 Socialists.

The PCS remained a recognized independent member of the international communist movement, sending delegations to international conferences in 1957, 1959, and 1960 and to the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in October 1961. With the split of the world communist movement into pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese factions during the 1960s, the PCS remained firmly pro-Soviet.

In national elections held on September 8, 1974, the PCS received 3,246 votes (23% of those cast) and won 16 seats to the Great and General Council — a gain of 1 seat from the previous election, held in 1969.

Return to government
In 1978 the PCS returned to government as part of a coalition with the Socialist Party and a new organization formed three years earlier, the Unitary Socialist Party (PSU). This made San Marino in 1978 the only country in Western Europe with a Communist Party as a participant in a governing coalition.

A scheduled election held on May 29, 1983 saw the PCs receiving 24.3% of the vote cast for the General Council (parliament), thereby electing 15 Communists to the body. These were joined by 9 Socialists, and 8 members of the SUP — a total of 32 of the 60 seats as part of a new Communist-Socialist unity government. This government remained in power until a 1986 corruption scandal shattered the Socialists, with the Communists remaining in government through an unlikely coalition with the center-right Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS) until 1992.

At the national election held on May 29, 1988, the PCS garnered 28.7% of the votes cast, winning 18 of 60 seats on the General Council.

Structure
The PCS was governed by a 17-member Central Committee, elected at periodic party congresses. This body selected a 10-member Executive Committee from its ranks to handle daily party governance.

The General Secretary of the organization from its 1940 reformation until the early 1970s was Ermenegildo Gasperoni. In 1973, Gasperoni was moved into the more ceremonial role of party chairman, with Umberto Barulli (1921–1993) taking the helm as General Secretary. Barulli was replaced in turn as General Secretary by Gilberto Ghiotti in 1984, with Ghiotti remaining in power until the end of the party in 1990.

The PCS was the chief sponsor of two subsidiary organizations, the Federation of Communist Women of San Marino and the Communist Youth Federation of San Marino.

Party membership in 1965 was estimated at 960 out of a total national population of about 17,000. In 1976 total membership was estimated by another scholar at about 300 from a national population of 19,000.

The official organ of the PCS was the newspaper La Scintilla, a publication which was not produced on a regular chronological basis.

Restructuring
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, in parallel to the transformation of PCI into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) in Italy, the PCS formally renounced communism and remade itself as the Sammarinese Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS). This change was followed by a split of communist hard-liners who formed the Sammarinese Communist Refoundation (RCS).

With the renaming of the organization at the 12th Party Congress of April 1990, the name of the official organ was changed from La Scintilla to Progresso. The party's former hammer-and-sickle logo was dropped at this time, replaced by a drawing of a dove by Pablo Picasso.

title: Sammarinese Communist Party


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Wacken, Schleswig-Holstein

Wacken is a municipality near the town of Itzehoe in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Wacken was first mentioned in 1148, but there were probably some settlements before, which is proven by the trove of Germanic artefacts.

Today, Wacken is famous for annually staging one of the world's biggest open air heavy metal festival, "Wacken Open Air", which has hosted popular metal acts such as Iron Maiden, Scorpions, Saxon, Alice Cooper, Deep Purple, Mötley Crüe, Slayer, Rammstein, Motörhead and Judas Priest, as well as local and perennial regulars, including Subway to Sally and Wacken's Firefighters' band. Every citizen gets free entry to the festival.

The primary economic driver of the village is farming, followed by the Wacken Open Air (W:O:A) festival. In 2007, the village made about 7,000 € per capita in profit from catering, merchandising and other support services at Wacken Open Air.

The festival is held in July and August, a period which often has stormy weather in that area. Wacken is infamous for its unpredictable and rapid changing weather conditions during the festival. Sun blocker as well as rubber boots are appropriated. Temperatures from +8 to +40 °C might be expected. During a longer rain period the festival venue gets really muddy and the green of the meadows vanishes in festival infields.

Two weeks before each and a week during festival the entire village turns into huge construction or restrained area. Many venues get caged and streets are restricted.

In recent years about up to 25,000 tourists went every day to the village during festival without tickets.

Due to the festival the entry sign to the village is frequently a victim of road sign theft.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wacken, Schleswig-Holstein


text: Category:Ward County, North Dakota

title: Category:Ward County, North Dakota


text:
Hyacinthe Klosé

Hyacinthe Eléonore Klosé (11 October 1808 – 29 August 1880) was a French clarinet player, professor at the Conservatoire de Paris, and composer.

Life and music
Klosé was born in Corfu (Greece). He was second clarinet at the Théâtre Italien to Frédéric Berr beginning in 1836, then to Iwan Müller following Berr's death in 1838, finally becoming solo clarinettist when Müller left in 1841.

In the Paris Conservatory, Klosé had many notable pupils including:
 * K.I. Boutruy, who received First Prize in 1852.
 * A. Grisez, who received First Prize in 1857.
 * Augusta Holmès.
 * Adolphe Marthe Leroy, who succeeded Klosé in his Paris professorship in 1868.
 * Louis A. Mayeur, to whom he also taught the saxophone in the early 1850s.
 * I.G. Paulus, who received the "Légion d'Honneur" in the same year as Klosé.
 * Cyrille Rose, who received First Prize in 1847.
 * Frédéric Selmer, who was so accomplished that a special "Prize of Honour" was created for him in his final year, 1852.
 * Charles Paul Turban, who received Second Prize in 1864 and First Prize in 1865.

Klosé was also noted for his design improvements to the clarinet using the principles laid down by Theobald Boehm in his innovative work on the flute keywork. From 1839 to 1843, he enlisted the help of Louis-August Buffet of Buffet-Crampon fame, an instrument-making technician, to construct what is known today as the Boehm system clarinet.

He died in August 1880 at his home at 40 rue des Martyrs, Paris.

title: Hyacinthe Klosé


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alpenscooter

Alpenscooter was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Purveyors of Alpine music trying to spam their way out of obscurity. See e.g.. Most of the other hits are either from catalogue type sites or guest book entries. Ianb 22:51, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * I should point out that I am not passing judgement on the aesthetic aspects of the article and related materials (although the musical file provided will not be forming a part of my digitised music collection), rather on the subject matter's lack of notablity and the methods being used to overcome this. Ianb 23:18, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: My poor dial-up modem took 30 seconds to show me a picture of grinning goofs, then rewarded me with incomprehensible text about keeping it real for the homeys in Bavaria. Ad, non-notable, insufferable. Geogre 01:24, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete; an encyclopedia is not a promotional website. --Ardonik 03:20, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Are they the Bavarian Tenacious D? Delete, I guess, unless someone's familiar with the band and wants to clean up the article. Rhobite 03:39, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Locally known après-ski party time musicians. Had their first CD out only 4 months ago. --Palapala 11:53, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)
 * Delete ad. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:17, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Advertisement and completely irrelevant. Delete. --K. Sperling 10:34, 2004 Jul 23 (UTC)


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Sarajevo Canton

The Sarajevo Canton, officially the Canton of Sarajevo (Kanton Sarajevo; Sarajevska županija; Сарајевски кантон), is one of the ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its cantonal seat is the city of Sarajevo, also the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Canton represents the metro area of Sarajevo. It contains 97% of the city's population, but a much smaller percentage of the official land area. The majority of the population is Bosniak (83.8%).

History
The history of Sarajevo dates back to Neolithic times, when the Butmir culture made its mountains and hills their home. In ancient times, the Sarajevo area (Canton) was occupied by the Illyrians. The local tribe, the Daesitates, controlled most of the area. They were a warlike bunch and the last Illyrian tribe to resist Roman rule, which finally came in AD 9. Under Roman rule, many roads were constructed in the region, as well as a city on top of modern-day Ilidža. During the Middle Ages, the area of Sarajevo Canton was a key part of the Bosnian Kingdom. The toponym Vrhbosna existed somewhere in the region and was one of the notable settlements at the time.

True development of the region came after the Ottoman conquest when local Muslim noble Isa-Beg Isaković established the roots of the modern city of Sarajevo, between 1461 and 1463. The region grew along with the city, which quickly, after Istanbul, became the most important in the Balkans. Later rule by Austria-Hungary modernized and westernized the region. Under Yugoslavia, there was major development of the area, which more than tripled in size. Because of its ideal geographical location in between mountains, Sarajevo was chosen to host the 1984 Winter Olympics. Much of this progress was offset however by the Yugoslav Wars in the early 1990s.

The Sarajevo Canton was a result of this warfare, created by the Washington Accords in 1994, and its boundaries defined by the Dayton Accords in 1995.

Government
Like all Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the head of the Sarajevo Canton is called the Prime Minister. The current Prime Minister is Nihad Uk (since 24 March 2023). Like many other heads of executive branches of government in the world, the Prime Minister has a cabinet which helps him go about his duties. The Sarajevo Canton also has ministries, services, and agencies to help in the running of the region.

The Canton is split into 9 municipalities. They are all based on the major settlements in their region, except for Sarajevo, whose size and status as capital city gives it four separate municipalities and its own separate city government. Major cities are in municipalities of the same name in Bosnia and Herzegovina (i.e. Ilidža is part of Ilidža Municipality) whose governments are the de facto city government as their jurisdiction covers the city and all major suburbs.

 * Agencies of Sarajevo Canton
 * Agency for Cantonal Development
 * Agency for Reserves of Goods
 * Agency for Cantonal Information and Statistics
 * Agency for the Planning of Cantonal Growth
 * Professional Fire-Extinguishing Brigade

Geography
The Sarajevo Canton has a typical Bosnian geography. It is located close to the geometric center of the country, and contains numerous mountains, including Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebević, and Treskavica. The cities of the Canton are built predominantly on the hills at the foot of these mountains, and the fields in between them. The most significant of these is the Sarajevo field, a small depression upon which the bulk of the city is built upon. The Miljacka river passes through the Canton. Vrelo Bosne, the source of the Bosna River, is found in Sarajevo Canton and is the source of water for most residents of Sarajevo.

Economy
Sarajevo is economically strongest region in the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city and canton generate more than 37% of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian GDP.

The economy of Sarajevo Canton is slowly growing better, although it has been severely weakened by the Siege of Sarajevo and is still drastically weaker than it used to be during Yugoslav period. The employment rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina is 45.5% officially; however, grey economy may reduce actual unemployment to between 25 and 30%, while in Sarajevo the official unemployment rate is around 15% of the labour force.

Major industries in the region include tourism, food processing, manufacturing and IT. Several major Bosnian companies are based in the Canton such as Bosnalijek and Bosna Bank International. The area also holds the country footholds of numerous foreign corporations, such as Coca-Cola, Raiffeisen Bank International, Ziraat Bank, Al Jazeera, Volkswagen, among many others.

Demographics
The Sarajevo Canton contains Sarajevo and its metro area. Since the city is the largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is also one of the most populous Cantons of Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 2013 population census, the overall population of Sarajevo Canton is 413.593. 84% of population are ethnic Bosniaks, 4,2% Croats, and 3,2% Serbs.

The population density of Sarajevo Canton is some 350 people per km2. 15.8% of the Canton's population are youth up to 14 years of age, 67.8% are between 15 and 64 years of age, and some 16.4% are over 65 years of age.

Of the nine municipalities, the biggest population belongs to Novi Grad, with some 125.626 residents, and the smallest population was in Trnovo, which has a mere 2.850 residents.

Municipalities

The Sarajevo Canton consists of 9 municipalities, of which 4 comprise the city of Sarajevo:

title: Sarajevo Canton


text:
Connect (British trade union)

Connect was a British trade union representing workers in the communications industry.

History
The union was founded in 1912 as the Society of Post Office Engineering Inspectors. In 1947, the Society of Chief Inspectors merged in, and it adopted the new name of the Society of Telecommunication Engineers. Another merger took place in 1969, when the Telecommunication Traffic Officers' Association joined, with the name changing to the Society of Post Office Engineers, and in 1975 the Telecommunications Sales Superintendents' Association merged in, and it became the Society of Post Office Executives (SPOE), by which point it had more than 20,000 members.

Around the turn of 1983, the union became the Society of Telecom Executives, then finally it became Connect in 2000.

Connect's final president was Denise McGuire, while its final general secretary was Adrian Askew. In 2010, Connect merged into Prospect, the union for managers and engineers.

Overview
Certain employers formally recognised Connect, for example, companies like BT Group, O2 plc, Yell Group, Guernsey Telecoms, HP, Vodafone UK and Kingston Communications. In these companies Connect negotiates on members' behalf.

In companies where there is growing membership but no formal recognition as yet, such as T-Mobile or Energis, employees still can access union services.

Disputes
Connect Members in BT undertook industrial action in 2008.

Branches

 * Connect in Vodafone Blog for Vodafone members
 * Connect South Non BT - Covers Southern England outside the M25

title: Connect (British trade union)


text:
Westinghouse Works, 1904

Westinghouse Works, 1904 is a collection of American short silent films, each averaging about three minutes in length. The films were taken from April 18, 1904, to May 16, 1904, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and document various Westinghouse manufacturing plants. They were made by G. W. "Billy" Bitzer of the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, were shown at the Westinghouse Auditorium at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, and may have been made for that purpose. At least 29 films were produced and 21 remain in the collection which is now a part of the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress.

Collection
The films in the collection of the Library of Congress are:

 * 1) Assembling a generator, Westinghouse works
 * 2) Assembling and testing turbines, Westinghouse works
 * 3) Casting a guide box, Westinghouse works
 * 4) Coil winding machines, Westinghouse works
 * 5) Coil winding section E, Westinghouse works
 * 6) Girls taking time checks, Westinghouse works
 * 7) Girls winding armatures
 * 8) Panorama exterior Westinghouse works
 * 9) Panorama of Machine Co. aisle, Westinghouse works
 * 10) Panorama view street car motor room
 * 11) Panoramic view aisle B, Westinghouse works
 * 12) Steam hammer, Westinghouse works
 * 13) Steam whistle, Westinghouse works
 * 14) Taping coils, Westinghouse works
 * 15) Tapping a furnace, Westinghouse works
 * 16) Testing a rotary, Westinghouse works
 * 17) Testing large turbines, Westinghouse works
 * 18) Welding the big ring
 * 19) Westinghouse Air Brake Co. Westinghouse Co. works (casting scene)
 * 20) Westinghouse Air Brake Co. Westinghouse Co. works (moulding scene)
 * 21) Westinghouse Air Brake Co. Westinghouse works

Production
Westinghouse executives commissioned Biograph to produce these films, intending to exhibit them to their subsidiaries and employees, thus making them some of the earliest existing examples of what are now called industrial films. They cannot be called documentaries because they were paid for and made according to guidelines set by the manufacturing company. In addition, they cannot be called commercials because they do not advertise individual products and were not exhibited widely to elicit sales.

The films were the first to use mercury vapor lamps (conveniently made by Westinghouse) to illuminate its shots, and they were also the first to use crane shots. Bitzer primarily used stationary cameras and fixed lenses, and he typically shot the films in a single continuous take.

Most films did not have title cards, so many of their names were assigned by the Library of Congress.

Release
The finished films were shown to Westinghouse employees in Pittsburgh, narrated by a speaker. They were later exhibited at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis (accompanied by organ music), and were received positively by audiences.

title: Westinghouse Works, 1904


text:
Public holidays in Pakistan

Pakistan holidays are celebrated according to the Islamic or local Pakistani calendars for religious and civil purposes, respectively. Religious holidays such as Eid are celebrated according to the Islamic calendar whereas other national holidays such as International Workers' Day, Pakistan Day, and Quaid-i-Azam Day are celebrated according to the Gregorian calendar.

title: Public holidays in Pakistan


text:
Public holidays in Malaysia

Public holidays in Malaysia are regulated at both federal and state levels, mainly based on a list of federal holidays observed nationwide plus a few additional holidays observed by each individual state and federal territory. The public holidays are a mix of secular holidays celebrating the nation and its history, and selected traditional holidays of the various ethnic and religious groups that make up the country.

The legislation governing public holidays in Malaysia includes the Holidays Act 1951 (Act 369) in Peninsular Malaysia and Labuan, the Holidays Ordinance (Sabah Cap. 56) in Sabah and the Public Holidays Ordinance (Sarawak Cap. 8) in Sarawak.

The workweek and weekend varies between states, with most states and federal territories observing a Saturday–Sunday weekend, while Johor, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu observe a Friday–Saturday weekend, though in Johor many private businesses and banks observe the Saturday–Sunday weekend due to close business ties with Singapore. In states and territories with a Saturday–Sunday weekend, a public holiday that falls on Sunday is substituted by a holiday on Monday, or the next working day if Monday itself is a public holiday. In Johor and Kedah, a public holiday that falls on Friday is replaced by Sunday or the next working day, while in Kelantan and Terengganu, a public holiday that falls on Saturday is replaced by Sunday or the next working day.

Federal holidays
Federal public holidays are fixed by the federal government and are observed nationwide with some exceptions. They are:
 * Muhammad's Birthday (Maulidur Rasul)
 * Hari Merdeka (Independence Day)
 * Chinese New Year (one day in Kelantan and Terengganu, two days in rest of the country)
 * Wesak Day
 * The Yang di-Pertuan Agong's (Official) Birthday (King's Birthday)
 * Hari Raya Puasa (Aidilfitri) (two days)
 * Hari Raya Qurban (Aidiladha) (two days in Kelantan and Terengganu, one day in rest of the country)
 * Deepavali (except Sarawak)
 * Christmas
 * Labour Day
 * Awal Muharram
 * Malaysia Day

Each state and federal territory observes 14 days of federal holidays, except Sarawak which observes 13 days.

Although the second day of Chinese New Year is not listed as a federal holiday in Kelantan and Terengganu, the holiday is gazetted as a state holiday in both states, effectively making it a nationwide holiday. Additionally, the second day of Hari Raya Qurban is gazetted as a state holiday in Kedah and Perlis.

State holidays
In addition to the federal public holidays, each state may gazette a number of state public holidays to be observed in the state. For the federal territories, the Prime Minister is in charge of designating the territorial public holidays to be observed in each federal territory.

In every state, the official birthday of the state ruler or governor is celebrated as a public holiday. In the federal territories, the Federal Territory Day is celebrated instead.

The most widespread state holiday is New Year's Day which is observed in eight states and all three federal territories, followed by Nuzul al-Quran in seven states and all three federal territories, and Thaipusam in five states and two federal territories.

As of 2020, each state and federal territory has designated four to six state public holidays, bringing the total number of (federal and state) public holidays to 20 days in Sabah and Terengganu, 19 days in Labuan, Penang and Sarawak and 18 days in the rest of the country.

Holidays by declaration
Section 8 of the Holidays Act 1951 gives the Prime Minister power to declare any day a public holiday in the whole of Peninsular Malaysia and Labuan, or in one of the federal territories, or in one of the states after consultation with the relevant state government. The declared holiday must be observed by all employers as a paid holiday.

Public holidays had been declared on the polling day for a general election, on the day of the installation of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, as well as after international sporting events to celebrate the achievements of Malaysian athletes.

At the state level, the state government may declare an occasional holiday (cuti peristiwa) for events such as the installation of the state ruler, after major achievements in sporting events, or even to provide an extra holiday but unable to officially gazette it (such as the annual holiday declaration for Thaipusam in Kedah). Unlike holidays declared under Section 8 of the Holidays Act 1951, observance of occasional state holidays by private businesses and organizations is voluntary, while government offices and schools (except for nationwide exams) are closed.

In Sabah and Sarawak, the power to declare any day as a public holiday rests with the state governor (in practice, exercised on the advice of the state government) in accordance with the states' respective Holidays Ordinances.

List of public holidays by declaration under Section 8 of the Holidays Act 1951
The table below lists additional holidays that were declared under Section 8 of the Holidays Act 1951 for Peninsular Malaysia and Labuan. Unless otherwise noted, the same days were also declared as holidays by Sabah and Sarawak in accordance to their respective Holidays Ordinances.

Entitlement in employment law
In Peninsular Malaysia and Labuan, employees whose employment is covered by the Employment Act 1955 are entitled to 11 paid public holidays a year. Five of the holidays are fixed by law: National Day, Yang di-Pertuan Agong's Birthday, birthday of the ruler or governor of the state (Federal Territory Day in the federal territories) where the employee is contracted to work, Labour Day and Malaysia Day. The remaining six paid holidays are chosen by the employer from the gazetted public holidays, with notice provided to employees before the start of each calendar year. In addition, any public holiday declared under Section 8 of the Holidays Act 1951 is to be observed as a paid holiday.

Should an employee be required to work on a paid holiday, the employee may be given another day off, or compensated at two times their ordinary wages in addition to holiday pay. Overtime work done on a paid holiday is to be compensated at three times the hourly rate of pay (or three times the ordinary rate per piece for piece-rated employees).

Employment in Sabah and Sarawak is regulated by the Labour Ordinance of the respective states. Employees in Sabah are entitled to 14 paid public holidays a year while those in Sarawak are entitled to 16 days, with four fixed holidays on National Day, Yang di-Pertuan Agong's Birthday, the State Governor's Birthday and Labour Day. The provisions on compensation for work done on paid holidays are identical to the Employment Act 1955.

Table of public holidays
All holidays are state/territorial public holidays unless otherwise indicated.

Types of holidays
Malaysia has one of the highest numbers of public holidays in the world, ranking number seven in the top ten countries after Thailand, Indonesia, India and Hong Kong. Some holidays are federally gazetted public holidays and some are public holidays observed by individual states. Other festivals are observed by particular ethnic or religion groups, but are not public holidays. The main holy days of each major religion are public holidays, taking place on either the western calendar or religious ones.

Secular
The most widespread holiday is the "Hari Kebangsaan" (National Day), otherwise known as "Hari Merdeka" (Independence Day) on 31 August commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya. This, as well as Labour Day (1 May), the King's birthday (First Monday of June) and some other festivals are major national public holidays. Federal Territory day is celebrated in the three Federal territories. Malaysia Day, held on 16 September to commemorate the formation of Malaysia, became a nationwide holiday in 2010. Before that it was celebrated only in Sabah, Sarawak and Labuan. New Year's Day is also observed as a public holiday in all Malaysian states, except for Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu.

Religious and ethnic
Muslim holidays are highly prominent in Malaysia. The most important of these is Hari Raya Puasa (also called Hari Raya Aidilfitri) which is the Malay translation of Eid al-Fitr. It is generally a festival honoured by the Muslims worldwide marking the end of Ramadan will the fasting month. In addition to Hari Raya Puasa, they also celebrate Hari Raya Aidiladha (also called Hari Raya Haji referring to its occurrence after the culmination of the annual Hajj or Hari Raya Qurban), Awal Muharram (Islamic New Year) and Maulidur Rasul (Birthday of Muhammad).

Malaysian Chinese typically hold the same festivals observed by Chinese around the world. Chinese New Year is the most prominent, lasting for 15-days and ending with Chap Goh Mei (十五暝). Other festivals celebrated by Chinese are the Qingming Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival.

Malaysian Indians of the Hindu faith celebrate Deepavali, the festival of light, while Thaipusam is a celebration in which Hindu pilgrims from all over the country meet at the Batu Caves. The most important Sikh festival is the Sikh new year or Vaisakhi festival. Other important days are Lodi and Gurpurab. Other Indian and Indochinese communities observe their new year celebrations at around the same time, such as Pohela Boishakh of the Bengalis and Songkran (water festival) of the Thais. People in the northern states do celebrate the Thai festival of Loy Kratong.

Wesak (Malay for Vesak), the Buddhist festival commemorating Buddha's birth, is a public holiday. Malaysia's Christian community observes most of the holidays observed by Christians elsewhere, most notably Christmas and Easter. Good Friday, however, is only a public holiday in the two Bornean states. The harvest festivals of Gawai in Sarawak and Kaamatan in Sabah are also important for East Malaysians.

New Year's Day, Chinese New Year, and the start of the Islamic calendar are all public holidays.

Participation
Despite most of the festivals being identified with a particular ethnic or religious group, festivities are often participated in by all Malaysians. One example of this is the celebration of Kongsi Raya which is used when Hari Raya Puasa and Chinese New Year coincide. The term Kongsi Raya (which means "sharing the celebration" in Malay) was coined because of the similarity between the word kongsi and the Chinese New Year greeting of Gong xi fa cai. Similarly, the portmanteau Deepa Raya was coined when Hari Raya Puasa and Deepavali coincided.

A practice known as "open house" (rumah terbuka) is common during the festivities, especially during Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Deepavali, Chinese New Year and Christmas. Open house means that all well-wishers are received and that everyone regardless of background is invited to attend. Open houses are normally held at the home of the host and food are also prepared by the host, however, there are also open houses held at larger public venues especially when hosted by government agencies or corporations. Also during the festivities, most Malaysians would take the time off work or school to return to their hometowns to celebrate the festivities with their extended relatives. This practice is commonly known as balik kampung and usually causes traffic jams on most highways in the country.

title: Public holidays in Malaysia


text:
Category:William Blake's mythology

This category contains information on the myth-cycle developed in the English poet and mystic William Blake's "prophetic" works.

title: Category:William Blake's mythology


text: User talk:68.59.206.121

title: User talk:68.59.206.121


text:
Orc (Blake)

Orc is a proper name for one of the characters in the complex mythology of William Blake. A fallen figure, Orc is the embodiment of rebellion, and stands opposed to Urizen, the embodiment of tradition.

In Blake's illuminated book America a Prophecy, Orc is described by his mythic opponent, "Albion's Angel" as the "Lover of Wild Rebellion, and transgressor of God's Law". He symbolizes the spirit of rebellion and freedom, which provoked the French Revolution.

Background
The name Orc is possibly an anagram of the word cor (heart), in that he was stated in Blake's myth to be born of Enitharmon's heart, or orca (whale) because he sometimes takes the form of a whale. Orcus is also the Latin word for Hell, and Orc is presented as a rebellious, Luciferian character. He was created to serve as Blake's analysis of the revolutions in the United States and France.

Character
In Blake's myth, Orc is seen as the first child of Los with Enitharmon and sometimes either replaced in that position by another or not mentioned as a child at all. In the Four Zoas, the children of Los represent a just form of wrath, pity, frustrated desire and logic, which serve as an analysis of Orc's being. Orc's creation was based on the split between Los and Enitharmon, and he transformed from a worm into the form of a serpent. Based on Orc's relationship with Enitharmon, there is a split between him and Los. Los uses the Chains of Jealousy to bind Orc upon a mountain, and Orc becomes part of the rock. While bound, his imagination is able to exist in a cave located in Urizen's kingdom, which wakes up Urizen. When Urizen seeks out Orc, Orc is freed as he changes into a serpent. The form is corrupted and he is turned into a satanic image. Orc spends his time rebelling against Urizen, and it is only when Urizen stops fighting Orc that Orc is able to become Luvah.

Orc is a force of revolution, revival, and of passion who is the polar opposite to Urizen, the cruel and tyrannous god. Orc is the force of new life in the cycle and Urizen represents the older version of Orc that dies at the end of the cycle. As such, Orc and Urizen appear in their evolution from one to the other in the "Seven Eyes of God", or the seven historical cycles of Blake's myth. Each cycle is divided into three phases, which begins with Orc's birth and then describes Orc's binding, which is connected to the time in a human's life where they are at their imaginative greatness. This is followed by the creation of abstract religion and a view of the universe as mechanical. This is then followed by rationalism, which led to Aristotle, Bacon, Locke and other empirical-based scientists. The second phase is where Urizen takes over the fallen world, which is represented by the Enlightenment in the seventh cycle. This leads to materialism, the death of the soul, and warfare. This phase ends with prophets declaring that Orc will appear. The third phase describes Orc's crucifixion and a return of human life to nature.

The character Orc is connected to the Biblical serpent, the image of being hanged on a dead tree, and to the sun. Of the latter, Orc's hair is like the sun and connects Orc to other stories, including that of Samson or of the death of the god Balder. Likewise, the tree image is similar to Odin's being speared and hanged upon a gallows-tree as a sacrifice. Since Odin is a hanged god and a tyrant, the image further connects the image of Orc with that of Urizen. Another image connected to Orc is that of the spear, a phallic symbol connected to the imagination. Orc uses the spear to attack Urizen, and the image also connects Orc to both Jesus and Odin as sacrifices to themselves. Like Jesus, Orc is also born around the winter solstice, a time when the sun is unable to warm the cold earth.

Orc is also connected to the inner workings of the human self. After Blake renounced the Orc men, the revolutionary leaders who he thought were like Orc, he distrusted all hero worship. Likewise, Blake believed that the imagination, represented by Orc, was purely mental and could not have the same form as a physical thing. Instead, it was part of the divine energy in man. As such, Orc is an internal life cycle that ends with a rebirth of the self. In general, Orc represented the freedom of the self in a Promethean manner, which connects Orc to Milton's version of Satan. In Blake's version, the true Satan was God, who created the physical reality, and the Satan/Orc figure represents the human desire which is transformed into accepting of law and reason. As such, Blake dismisses Milton's epic as lacking a hero and keeps Orc from being seen as a heroic figure.

Appearances
In America a Prophecy (1793), Orc is described as a threat to the British colonies in America and to society. The angel of Albion sees Orc as an antichrist figure, and Orc views the prince of Albion as a dragon. During the work, Orc has an apocalyptic vision where the empire is destroyed and the oppressors of the world are stopped. Following the vision, Orc is able to get the Americans to rise up in revolution and they begin to attack their oppressors through a mental revolution. In Europe a Prophecy (1794), Orc is connected to the revolution in France but it is Los who calls the people to revolution. In The Song of Los, Orc provokes thought within the second half, "Asia", which unsettles the kings of earth, and Orc is described as raging across Europe. In these continental works, Los and Orc are seen as describing an apocalypse that would result in freedom.

In The Book of Urizen, the African civilization ends along with the third cycle, describing Adam and Eve, ending. Orc, symbolized as the serpent in the Garden of Eden, is cursed. This is followed in The Book of Ahania of a new cycle beginning in Asia, which parallels Exodus. Within the Israelite civilization, an Orc and an Urizen figure battles against each other with Orc representing a pillar of fire that guides the Israelites during the night while Urizen is a pillar of cloud that seeks to mislead them. Urizen is able to win over the Israelites by giving them the ten commandments and moral laws. These commandments are attacked by Orc in America a Prophecy.

Later in Vala, Orc describes the divided aspects of the soul, which, in Blake's mythological system, God has a twofold essence that is capable of good and evil. This idea parallels Blake's personal belief that there was a division within himself. In this later work, Orc is born during the winter solstice and Urizen begins to search for him. Urizen, during this time, becomes witness to the life cycles of which Orc is a part. When Urizen finally reaches Orc, the view of the Orc cycle is described in a deistic manner, a perspective which is arguably the opposite of Blake's own theological convictions. Urizen, believing that Orc is connected to chaos, seeks predictability and order. He seeks to do so by creating laws which enslave humankind. Urizen crucifies Orc, in the form of a serpent, and war spreads over the land.

In The Four Zoas this is overridden: there the parents produce the four sons Rintrah, Palamabron, Bromion and Theotormon. This is a double-dialectical analysis, rather than an inconsistency as such.

On the other hand Orc is connected to Luvah in The Four Zoas VIII.

In fiction
In his World of Tiers series, Philip Jose Farmer included numerous characters with Blakian names; two are "Blind Orc" and "Red Orc". They are not Tolkien orcs, but are human-like "Lords" who create artificial worlds. Red Orc is the "secret Lord of Earth".

In Ridley Scott's Blade Runner (1982), one of the lines by Roy Batty is a misquote of Blake's poem: "Fiery the angels fell; deep thunder rolled around their shores; burning with the fires of Orc". This line was suggested by Rutger Hauer, adapted from Blake's America: a Prophecy. "Fiery the angels rose, and as they rose deep thunder roll'd. Around their shores: indignant burning with the fires of Orc."

title: Orc (Blake)


text:
Public holidays in Mexico

In Mexico, there are three major kinds of public holidays:

 * Statutory holiday: Holidays observed all around Mexico. Employees are entitled to a day off with regular pay and schools (public and private) are closed for the day.
 * Civic holiday: These holidays are observed nationwide, but employees are not entitled to the day off with pay, and schools (public and private) still continue.
 * Festivities: These are traditional holidays to honor religious events, such as Carnival, Holy Week, Easter, etc. or public celebrations, such as Mother's Day, Father's Day, Valentine's Day, etc.

Dia de la Independencia or Anniversario de la Independencia, September 16, commemorates Mexico's independence from Spain and is the most important patriotic statutory holiday. Parades are held and many schools are closed.

Statutory holidays
Statutory holidays (referred as "feriados" or "días de asueto" in Mexico) are legislated through the federal government and ruled by the Federal Labor Law (Ley Federal del Trabajo). Most workers, public and private, are entitled to take the day off with regular pay. However, some employers may require employees to work on such a holiday, but the employee must be paid:

 * the regular pay for the statutory holiday if no work is performed by the employee, and
 * the regular pay and two additional daily salary rates if work is performed by the employee, for a total of triple the usual rate.

When a statutory holiday falls on a Sunday, Monday is considered a statutory holiday; if a statutory holiday falls on Saturday, Friday will be considered a statutory holiday.

In addition to these dates, election days designated by federal and local electoral laws are also statutory holidays.

Dates of observance for moveable holidays

 * 2020
 * February 3 – Constitution Day
 * March 16 – Benito Juarez's Birthday (Note: Celebrations after this date were generally low-key due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.)
 * April 9 – Holy Thursday
 * April 10 – Good Friday
 * June 21 – Father's Day
 * November 16 – Revolution Day
 * 2021
 * February 1 – Constitution Day
 * February 14 – Carnaval
 * March 15 – Benito Juarez's Birthday
 * April 1 – Holy Thursday
 * April 2 – Good Friday
 * June 20 – Father's Day
 * November 15 – Revolution Day
 * 2022
 * February 7 – Constitution Day
 * February 27– Carnaval
 * March 21 – Benito Juarez's Birthday
 * April 10 – Holy Week begins
 * April 14 – Holy Thursday
 * April 15 – Good Friday
 * June 19 – Father's Day
 * November 21 – Revolution Day
 * 2023
 * February 6 – Constitution Day
 * February 19– Carnaval
 * March 20 – Benito Juarez's Birthday
 * April 2 – Holy Week begins
 * April 6 – Holy Thursday
 * April 7 – Good Friday
 * June 18 – Father's Day
 * November 20 – Revolution Day
 * 2024
 * February 5 – Constitution Day
 * February 11 – Carnaval
 * March 18 – Benito Juarez's Birthday
 * March 24 – Holy Week begins
 * March 28 – Holy Thursday
 * March 29 – Good Friday
 * June 2 or July 7 – 2024 General election in Mexico
 * June 16 – Father's Day
 * October 1 – Presidential Inauguration Day
 * November 18 – Revolution Day
 * 2025
 * February 3 – Constitution Day
 * March 2 – Carnaval
 * March 17 – Benito Juarez's Birthday
 * April 13 – Holy Week begins
 * April 17 – Holy Thursday
 * April 18 – Good Friday
 * June 15 – Father's Day
 * November 17 – Revolution Day
 * 2026
 * February 2 – Constitution Day
 * February 15 – Carnaval
 * March 16 – Benito Juarez's Birthday
 * March 29 – Holy Week begins
 * April 2 – Holy Thursday
 * April 3 – Good Friday
 * June 21 – Father's Day
 * November 16 – Revolution Day
 * 2027
 * February 1 – Constitution Day
 * February 7 – Carnaval
 * March 15 – Benito Juarez's Birthday
 * March 21 – Holy Week begins
 * March 25 – Holy Thursday
 * March 26 – Good Friday
 * June 6 or July 4 - 2027 General election in Mexico
 * June 20 – Father's Day
 * November 15 – Revolution Day
 * 2028
 * February 7 – Constitution Day
 * February 27 – Carnaval
 * March 20 – Benito Juarez's Birthday
 * April 9 – Holy Week begins
 * April 13 – Holy Thursday
 * April 14 – Good Friday
 * June 18 – Father's Day
 * November 20 – Revolution Day
 * 2029
 * February 5 – Constitution Day
 * February 11 – Carnaval
 * March 19 – Benito Juarez's Birthday
 * March 25 – Holy Week begins
 * March 29 – Holy Thursday
 * March 30 – Good Friday
 * June 17 – Father's Day
 * November 19 – Revolution Day

title: Public holidays in Mexico


text:
User talk:33451/2004 Archive

Welcome to the Tasty Sandwich's archives for my Talk page. Here you can find "Talk" messages that have been removed from my main talk page to promote a new sense of order. The comments on this page were all posted during 2004.

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Don't Create POV
Please don't create joke pages like "Terrible President who deserves to burn in hell". Try to follow NPOV. Thanks, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:53, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Nomination of User for Deletion
Your nomination of User:Anthony DiPierro for deletion has been withdrawn as it would appear to be the action of an Internet troll. If this was not your intention then could you please explain, in full, your reasons for wanting to delete this article? Many thanks. If it was your intention then this is a formal warning: any more and you could be blocked from editing Wikipedia permanently. — Graham ☺ | Talk 00:41, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

GraphicConverter for Mac OS 9
LemkeSoft's excellent GraphicConverter runs on Mac OS 9 and will convert images to PNG for you. See. — Gdr 23:10, 2004 Jul 21 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the information. I'll check it out. — Mr. Grinch 19:42, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hoover Dam
Not that it's of any great moment, but why did you think that Hoover Dam (Ohio) needed disambiguation? No one will ever get there by accident, given that Hoover Dam is about the big one. JamesMLane 02:50, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I added disambiguation in the event that someone posted a link to Hoover Dam (Ohio) with the text Hoover Dam, for example, a link  Hoover Dam . It was simply one of the minor edits that I make. — Mr. Grinch (Talk) 14:45, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Images on ITN
PLEASE do not add that image and text to In the News. Why would you do that? [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:24, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)
 * I accidentally used comments wrong so that my text did not appear. In place of <!-- and -->, I used <!-- and -&gt, causing my work to be hidden.  Sorry. — [[User:33451|Mr. Grinch (Talk)]] 20:27, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Why would you insert them at all? If it happens again, you will be blocked for vandalism. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:32, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)
 * The item in question was your insertion of the mention of Wikipedia and its article on the childlove movement. If this happens again, you will be blocked. Feel free to update In the News with things that belong there. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 15:50, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)
 * What determines whether an item belongs there? — [[User:33451|Mr. Grinch (Talk)]] 15:52, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Read In the news section on the Main Page, which mentions, amongst other criteria, that it must be an important event, as well as include a link to an article that has been updated with this information, neither of which was true for your addition. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 15:56, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)

BJAODN
Your comment was NOT funny. I quit the project once over this, and I don't intend to do it again. You may very well be breaking the law with that posting. You have your "childlove" article. Please leave it at that. — Lucky 6.9 00:15, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm stating that your actions may be illegal based on the fact that the Wikipedia servers are based in the US. Federal law tends to frown on pedophilia via the internet. I ask you again, please let it go. You may be exposing yourself and this site to serious trouble. Do the right thing. — Lucky 6.9 00:34, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

More vandalism
Your edits to User:BigCat were seriously misleading and totally inappropriate. I note that you have already been warned twice about posting material related to pedophilia in inappropriate places. Your continued behavior after warnings strongly suggests that your actions are deliberate and intended to be disruptive. You should stop this disruptive behavior immediately. If you make any more similarly inappropriate edits anywhere on Wikipedia, I will block you from editing. —Michael Snow 23:56, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * For your information, we are now requesting comments from the community regarding your behavior on these issues. You may respond at Requests for comment/33451. — Michael Snow 05:47, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hello 33451. I have removed your request from Requests for mediation and placed it below. This is something that you should either work out directly with Michael Snow or you can work it out through WP:RfC. Please carefully read through Mediation and Dispute resolution.

User:33451 and User:Michael Snow

 * User:Michael Snow RfC'd me after I'd misinterpreted User:BigCat's pun “'pediophile” as “pedophile” and tried to link it to Pedophilia. I'd had a bit of a history in the past, as once when I first signed up as a user I nominated User:Anthony DiPierro for deletion.  I want to put all this behind me and continue with good contributions, but I need to resolve these issues first. — [[User:33451|Mr. Grinch (Talk)]] 18:39, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

BCorr | Брайен, Co-chair of the Mediation Committee, 19:07, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hmmm
Well, Mr. G., I'm sorry the mediators feel this isn't ready for them yet — my personal opinion would be that this is the perfect time for mediation. I would encourage you to contact the AMA as I mentioned on the pump — perhaps an advocate there would be willing to help facilitate a conversation. Alternatively, you could try contacting members of the Mediation Committee privately to see if any of the would be interested in helping you in an unofficial capacity. One more piece of advice, if you like: I encourage you not to change names. Changing usernames is a rare thing, and when the original username has been associated with any controversy at all, usually a switch is seen as a person trying to "cover their tracks" and hide. It makes many editors much more suspicious — it's almost always better to simply attempt to rehabilitate the image of your original username. If you do switch, try to make that switch as public as possible — note it prominently on the user page of your new name, redirect to your new user page from your old user page, and perhaps even drop a note on your user talk page.

Now a final thought — I think Michael Snow is one of our best editors, but you obviously feel he's misunderstanding you. You should know that Michael does not have a reputation (as some here admittedly do) for mistrusting new people, being hot-tempered, or behaving irrationally. Because of this, I'm inclined to believe his statements...but I'm also (because I'm committed to the principle of assuming good faith) inclined to trust you that some of it was unintentional and some was simply you playing around on arrival. I suggest the following course of action — leave Michael a note apologizing (and perhaps leave a similar note to others who complain), and then ask what policy documents you should look at to avoid future trouble. I find apologizing a great tool (I do it a lot) — it lets the other person know I'm not fighting them anymore, and I recognize that, whether I meant it or not, they're upset, and so apologies help me explain that I didn't intend to upset them. Then I can ask them questions about why they were upset with them knowing I didn't intend it and I'm honestly willing to change. I don't know if you feel you can do that, but I honestly think that would be the best way to turn over a new leaf here and start from scratch. I hope you'll at least consider it. Good luck. Jwrosenzweig 21:13, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

About the IP Block
See the answer on My talk page. — Ilγαηερ  (Tαlκ)''' 00:26, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Your earlier comment on my talk page
I certainly did read your previous comment. The comment did not specifically call for a reply, and I didn't feel that I needed to make any response. The issue of whether that page should be deleted is a tangent, and one that I'm not looking to pursue right now. — Michael Snow 16:13, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, your question was about my failure to respond to your "last comment", and the last comment you had posted to my talk page before this exchange was this edit, so that was the basis for my reply. Regarding the even earlier comment about User:BigCat, I felt I had addressed your questions in my rebuttal on your RfC listing, which you have obviously read, so I don't understand what kind of additional response you may be looking for. — Michael Snow 20:29, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Responsibility
Now, to address your other questions. I think a very important part of accepting responsibility is a recognition that your initial edits to Template:In the news were completely inappropriate, and yet you continue to defend that action as if it were perfectly innocent. Anyone trying to edit that template must obviously have at least passing familiarity with the Main Page and the kind of material that appears there. Given that familiarity with the Main Page, anyone would recognize that these edits did not involve a significant news item of the kind normally shown in that section. This in addition to the fact that you ignored our policy against self-references and disregarded the prerequisites for listing an item on the template in the first place.

Basically, those edits are entirely consistent with what I'd expect from someone who's reasonably familiar with Wikipedia and wants to disrupt the site with the maximum exposure possible. They are not at all typical of new users who are just experimenting and learning the system, and may innocently fall afoul of particular rules. Your claim that these edits were not intended to be vandalism is just too implausible. — Michael Snow 20:29, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * By all means, if you show that you take responsibility for your actions I have no interest in pursuing the matter further. I'm not seeking to punish you for vandalizing Template:In the news, but if you're not willing to admit that it was vandalism, I don't see how we can trust you not to vandalize in the future. In the meantime, nothing is stopping you from editing in good faith. It's only if you edit in bad faith that you have anything to be concerned about. — Michael Snow 16:34, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The point about self-references is that generally we don't mention Wikipedia itself outside of contexts where it's obviously appropriate. While Wikipedia occasionally gets mentioned or cited in various news sources, this fact is not itself newsworthy, so that's how it relates to what you were doing.

With respect to your explanation, "My edits were vandalism, but I was seeing how the vandalism would be handled." - That sounds like a far more plausible explanation. Based on some of your other editing interests, I take it you were doing an experiment something similar to what Peacefire apparently does?

For future reference, please be aware that this kind of behavior is considered extremely rude at best. For a simple analogy, it's basically like deliberately dumping trash on someone else's property to see if they pick it up. It should not be too surprising if people find this offensive.

Anyway, if you are willing to change your response to the RfC once more, in line with what you wrote to me, I think that would be an appropriate place. If you're committed to not repeating this behavior, I would be quite happy to put the matter behind us. — Michael Snow 19:09, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I just got the word from Michael Snow.  If you're committed to good-faith contributions, you have my full support.  I couldn't be more pleased to welcome you to the club. — Lucky 6.9 20:56, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thank you for coming clean about your behavior. I have now put an explanation on the RfC listing, moved it to the archive, and notified everyone who participated in the discussion that I consider the matter resolved. — Michael Snow 21:01, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Your WP:RFA self-nom
Please don't feel too let down. I don't know much about you, but good users will get nominated, and depending on the scope of your contributions and behaviour, you might want to renominate yourself in a few months time if nobody else has. It's just that roughly 400 edits indicate you haven't been here long enough to fully grasp our policies and Wikiquette, nor had enough practical experience in dealing with messy matters like edit wars. — Johnleemk | Talk 16:01, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

It says under self-nomination that you should be prepared to exceed expectations that are set for admin candidates nominated by someone else. IMO, you would have been rejected had you gotten a nomination. You're just not there yet. In November, maybe. — Mike H 16:45, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I do, because I feel that if one is to be as bold as to nominate themselves for a position, they should be more than able to back their nomination up with experience and edits and all that. I feel that usually people should be here longer than three months and have at least 1000 good edits to their name. I don't just buy the fact that their edits are automatically good; I go and actually research their histories. — Mike H 17:15, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think there are any formal requirements. There are requirements that have been universally understood as acceptable. You can see votes for formal requirements on the RFA talk page. — Mike H 17:20, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

I was going to do it beforehand, but I think now is a good a time as any. Thank you very much for supporting my adminship even though I rejected yours. I'm very grateful and I do believe that, in time, I will support your next run, as well. :-) Mike H 19:17, Sep 4, 2004 (UTC)

Deletion of George Woshingtin and Queen/Band
I'm sorry for not noticing the discussions, but my reasoning was as follows:
 * (Woshingtin) — redirects based on misspellings may make sense for a common misspelling, but "Woshingtin" is a highly implausible one; ie. the chances of somebody actually typing that in the search box are so low as to be virtually nonexistent. Unless you're proposing to add a redirect for every remotely conceivable misspelling of every single article on Wikipedia, there's just no legitimate reason for it.
 * (Queen/Band) — simply isn't standard Wikipedia format for a disambiguation page. In addition, the redirect was created when the article was moved to the correct title format (and deleting such things after a set amount of time is pretty standard procedure — it just didn't get noticed until now.)

Considering that in both cases, the only keep votes on RfD were your own, I don't feel particularly obligated to reverse my actions on these. If you want to list them for undeletion, go right ahead, but they ain't gonna be undeleted by me. — Bearcat 22:15, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Opposition of Kate
Why did you oppose User:Kate on Requests for Adminship? It is considered good style to at least leave a comment if you oppose a candidate, and in this case when sie has 100 % support before your vote, I think it is even more important.

— David Remahl 07:40, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Is it a problem that I didn't explain my actions? I see several in the "support" list that don't have any comments, just a name.  Why isn't it appropriate for me to do the same thing with an opposition?    — i386 | Talk 21:32, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * You are of course entitled to your opinion, but when support otherwise is so strong, it is odd not to elaborate on one's opposition. I think it is especially important to provide some kind of comment for opposition votes, considering that most think that adminship shouldn't be that much of a deal...Furthermore, I talked to Kate, and sie said that sie had never, to hir knowledge, interacted with you on Wikipedia, so I'm also questioning what basis you have to vote on hir adminship. But it is up to you. — David Remahl 21:39, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * My modifications make sense, see gender-neutral pronoun (which is, oddly, how Kate prefers to refer to hir-self). — David Remahl 21:52, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * What basis do I need' to vote on her adminship? Several of the people who voted against my adminship are people with whom I had never interacted.  I think Kate would make a good admin, but I'm afraid that there's no change of vote.  Also, please don't use gender-neutral pronouns on my talk page.    — i386 | Talk 14:38, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * At least now I can say that I have interacted with you, and with good conscience vote against you next time you stand for admin election... — David Remahl 17:23, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Tasty Sandwich?
When did you change from Mr. Grinch to Tasty Sandwich? — Ilγαηερ  (Tαlκ)  02:14, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, that's who i386 is ... okay. Thanks for telling me.  —  Ilγαηερ  (Tαlκ)  01:25, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

What you should and should not do to get my support for admin
Since you asked me on my talk page, I'll tell you: — David Remahl 19:35, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Explain your reasoning unless it is quite clear already, when voting on polls.
 * Use the preview button, to avoid wasting people's time.
 * Stop trying desperately to please, if the only reason is to gain support.

User talk:Jimbo Wales
My apologies, I didn't read the small print at the top. — Graham ☺ | Talk 12:48, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

User:Silver Proxy
With regard to this user who was blocked earlier today by myself, I have reason to believe that this was not a new user but a returning troll. In my note on this user's behaviour on Vandalism in progress I compare the edit history of this user to one User:Callixtus who was blocked earlier this week. The vandalism of Callixtus and this user's edits contain certain similarities; also this user's edits are not the normal edits of a new user who doesn't know what they are doing, but of someone who knows the system very, very well. The normal treatment for returning trolls is to place an instant block on their behaviour. If this was incorrect then I would like to know where to bring this up in open forum so that this individual case may be reviewed.

Also this user uploaded an image that was not only a suspected copyright violation it was also extremely offensive, because it promoted sex with 3 year old children. If this was not a speedy deletion candidate then I must apologise profusely, however as I am sure you are aware images cannot be undeleted so I am unable to follow your instructions with regard to this image. — Graham ☺ | Talk 16:50, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

"Totally nude" first chose an inappropriate user name, then uploaded a vulgar image on his user page, and finally nominated himself for admin. It's clear that this user isn't here to write an encyclopedia but rather to amuse himself at our expense. — 172 10:13, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Blow your cover?
Did you post as the wrong user on Theresa's talk page? That's how I interpret your comments in the "WikiWatch" thread. :-/. — David Remahl 14:03, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Me too. Did you forget to log out and log in again? It's easily done i suppose. Theresa Knott (taketh no rest) 14:33, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Please change signing pseudo-policy
The policy of requiring posters on your talk page to include their Wikipedia style of choice is confusing and I would prefer if you removed it completely. No other wikipedians regard " ~ " signatures as "incomplete" or "anonymous" as you seem to do. The pseudo-policy appears designed to trip people up, to give you a reason to censor your talk page. (For discussion leading up to this request, see User talk:Chmod007) — David Remahl 18:45, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. — David Remahl 18:58, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Removed vote
33451, you removed my vote on a RfA nomination, here:. Please be more careful in the future. -- orthogonal 19:06, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

WikiWatch Foundation
Thanks for the number; I'll be contacting the foundation shortly. I'm sure they'll be able to tell me on what legal grounds they can threaten action against Wikipedia. —No-One Jones (m) 23:24, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

personal information
33451,

Revealing detailed personal information about oneself online is often a bad idea—doubly so for you, since you're a minor, and triply so since you did it on Wikipedia, which is a highly visible site with a long memory. I've removed your phone number and address ( they were yours, not a neighbor's? the phone number was yours) from the history of my talk page, and it's lucky for you that the page on which you revealed your real name is obscure; AFAIK only Theresa Knott and I know which page it is.

However I have preserved the information offline, and I will be trying to contact your parents about this. —No-One Jones (m) 16:02, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Foundation
(moved from user page by No-One&nbspJones'')

Hello, Tyler. I am interested in learning more about your Foundation. Does it really exist? Are Theresa Knott and others here harassing you? What is this about your having posted your name and address and Knott "hacking" into your computer, or something, in order to find out your parents' names? Please let me know what has happened, Tyler. I am an attorney in New Jersey and if you have been legally wronged by any of these people it would be my honor to defend you in court.205.188.116.141 01:42, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

What is this about your having posted your name and address and Knott "hacking" into your computer, or something, in order to find out your parents' names?
 * If I may: 33451 posted his home phone number and mailing address; through a simple telephone directory search, I was able to turn up what may or may not be his father's name. There was nothing illegal about it, though 33451 was foolish to post that level of personal information here on Wikipedia—neither I nor Theresa Knott mean him any harm, but one never knows who's going to read what one posts on a public forum. —No-One Jones (m) 03:01, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:33451/2004 Archive


text:
Cybotron (American band)

Cybotron is an American electro music group formed in 1980 by Juan Atkins and Richard "3070" Davis in Detroit. Cybotron had a number of singles now considered classics and style-defining works of the electro genre, particularly "Clear" and the group's debut, "Alleys of Your Mind", as well as "Cosmic Cars" and "R-9". "Techno City" is also considered an early Detroit techno track.

Influences
The group was inspired by midwestern funk, especially the music of electro funk pioneer George Clinton, along with German synthesizer band Kraftwerk, Japanese technopop pioneers Yellow Magic Orchestra, American electro music, English synthpop, Italo disco, and futurist literary influences such as Alvin Toffler's books Future Shock and The Third Wave. The name "Cybotron," is a portmanteau of cyborg and cyclotron.

Career
Formed in 1980, Cybotron released their first singles, "Alleys of Your Mind" and "Cosmic Cars," as 7-inch records on Atkins's own label, Deep Space Records. In total, these records sold 15,000 copies. In 1983, the group was signed to the Berkeley, California-based Fantasy label and released its debut album, Enter.

In 1985, Atkins left the group due to artistic differences with Davis. Davis wanted the group to pursue a musical direction closer to rock, while Atkins wanted to continue in the electro-style vein of "Clear." After the breakup, Davis carried on and released several records as Cybotron, the last in 1995. Atkins still has an active musical career. He founded Metroplex Records and continued releasing records under several names, including Model 500, Model 600 and Infiniti. Atkins also continued DJing under his own name.

In 2019, Cybotron reshaped. In place of the members Richard Davis and John Housely, Juan Atkins was joined by Laurens von Oswald, and by fellow Detroiter Tameko Williams aka DJ Maaco. The group performed their first gig ever at London's Barbican Hall.

Virgil Abloh reassembled Cybotron in 2020, to soundtrack Louis Vuitton Men's Fall-Winter Runway show with a medley of classics from the group.

Relation to techno
Although generally considered electro, Cybotron was also part of the early evolution of techno music. Cybotron was the first musical outlet of techno co-originator Juan Atkins, and the group's unique combination of musical influences, boldly experimental aesthetic and Afro-futurist philosophy became the underpinnings of Detroit Techno.

Cybotron used a synth-dominated sound, paired with a drum machine, whose rhythms were similar to those emerging from New York at the same time. This was reflected in their first single, "Alleys of Your Mind", which was released on their own Deep Space label and was playlisted by The Electrifyin’ Mojo in 1981. It became a local hit in Detroit, where it sold about 15,000 copies. Their next two singles, "Cosmic Cars" and "Clear" had even more success, which led to them being signed by Fantasy, a label located in Berkeley, California.

Cybotron intended for their music to reflect the atmosphere of economic desperation and alienation in Detroit in the 1980s. Songs like "Alleys of Your Mind" and "Techno City" were specifically aimed to mirror the city, using technology to capture this spirit. Cybotron used subliminal funk amidst their programmed beats to reflect the dying auto industry in Detroit.

Albums

 * Enter (1983) (re-released as Clear in 1990)
 * Empathy (1993) (without Juan Atkins)
 * Cyber Ghetto (1995) (without Juan Atkins)

EP

 * Maintain The Golden Ratio (Tresor Records, 2023)

Singles

 * "Alleys of Your Mind" b/w "Cosmic Raindance" (Deep Space, 1981)
 * "Cosmic Cars" b/w "The Line" (Deep Space/Fantasy, 1982)
 * "Clear" b/w "Industrial Lies" (Fantasy, 1983)
 * "Techno City" (Fantasy, 1984)
 * "R-9" (Fantasy, 1985)
 * "Eden" (Fantasy, 1986)

title: Cybotron (American band)


text:
The Poddington Peas

The Poddington Peas is a British animated television series that was created by Paul Needs and Colin Wyatt of Cairnvale Productions for Poddington PLC; it has thirteen five-minute episodes, and was aired on BBC One as part of the Children's BBC strand (as it had been known from its inception on 9 September 1985 until 4 October 1997) from 14 September to 22 December 1989. The series was regularly repeated throughout the 90s and early 00s until 2002. The series' theme song, composed by Geoff Stephens, describes the eponymous group of Peas living "down at the bottom of the garden". Human-sized garden objects, enormous in size to the Peas, are often seen, such as upturned flowerpots which serve as most of their buildings. Humans themselves are never seen or mentioned (with the single exception of Christmas gift-giver Santa Claus, who left his gifts at Creepy Castle in the last episode). All thirteen episodes were released on VHS by Palace Video in 1990 (HPV0018), but this is now out of print. As with the majority of other older BBC children's series, it has also never made it to DVD.

In 1992, writer Phil Gardner was employed by Poddington PLC to help them write a prospective second series of episodes, which were to include one with the intention of piloting the series in the United States, and feature a new group of characters known as the "Bugz" as well as the mischievous but well-intentioned "Podd Twins". However, these episodes were never published.

There was also a book series by Paul Needs, illustrated by Colin Wyatt and published by Boxtree and Award Publications. The books, including new titles, were later released with a new associated press, and merchandise complementing these titles was released in 2013. Later in 2013, a new Adobe Flash remake of the series was announced on Needs' website. With the new pilot originally offered to CBBC, then produced independently after it was turned down, a 90-second promotional clip appeared on Needs' site. However, the project was eventually abandoned due to copyright issues – whilst Needs and Wyatt were the creators, the BBC still owned the rights to the series and character names (even though it was last repeated in 2002), which would have proven too costly to secure for the independent project.

Characters
The series features a group of thirty-four anthropomorphic peas, and most of their names not only refer to their jobs and main characteristic traits (similar to The Smurfs), but are also plays on words (typically "pea" sounding like "-py", such as "Bump-Pea" sounding like "bumpy", "Chip-Pea" sounding like "chippy" and "Creep-Pea" sounding like "creepy").

 * Black-Eyed Pea (male): A mischievous pea with a protruding tooth who wears a black eye patch over his right eye, is a darker shade of green than most of the others, and is usually seen with Creep-Pea; together the pair of them are often the villains of the series, and live in Creepy Castle, which overlooks Poddington and has its own patch of "Creepy Carrots" (who are named for having sinister eyes).
 * Bump-Pea (male): A clumsy pea with a somewhat paranoid expression who is covered in bumps and has a big plaster on his left cheek.
 * Captain Hop-Pea (male): A nautical captain (which explains his title) pea who has a moustache, a beard and a wooden left leg, wears a blue-and-white captain's hat, carries a non-astronomical telescope and sometimes appears to be in charge of the others. In later books his name is sometimes, inconstantly, rendered as Cap'n Hop-Pea. In later books he is often accompanied by a cabin boy-like sidekick named Rope-Pea, who is responsible for the cleanliness of his ship, and who wears a striped red and blue pirate's t-shirt.
 * Chip-Pea (female): A "chippy" (or fish-and-chip shop, to give them their formal name) worker pea with ginger hair, who wears a white three-cornered hat, a blue bow tie and a white apron, and is often seen carrying a blue chip scoop
 * Chop-Pea (male): A lumberjack pea who wears a stereotypical brown lumberjack's hat with flaps on its sides and carries an axe.
 * Creep-Pea (male): A creepy-looking mischievous pea with two tufts of hair made to look like the Devil's horns, a long pointed nose and pointed teeth, who is again a darker shade of green than most of the others, and usually seen with his fellow villain Black-Eyed Pea.
 * Dough-Pea (male): A somewhat bewildered-looking simple-minded chef pea who wears a big white chef's hat and carries a rolling pin.
 * Dump-Pea (male): A fat, greedy, dumpy pea who is bigger and heavier than all of the others, and always eating (usually jam tarts).
 * Garden Pea (male): A pea who likes gardening, has thin black hair and a thin black moustache, wears a straw hat and holds a spade. Books show him to also be a keen historian, who has traced the Poddington Peas' family roots.
 * G-Pea (male): A general practitioner (and doctor) pea with white hair, glasses and a stethoscope, who carries a briefcase.
 * Glop-Pea (male): An unkempt, unhygienic, and rather mysterious pea, hinted to be created by a scientist. Only seen in later books.
 * Grump-Pea (male): A very grumpy-looking pea who likes to complain whenever the others require him to do something for an occasion.
 * Hap-Pea (male): A happy, good-natured pea who wears a red baseball cap, and often appears to be the main character for the series.
 * Hip-Pea (male): A musical hippy 1960s-era pea with long blond hair and a moustache, who wears a headband and carries a guitar. Later books show several other unnamed hippy peas in his company.
 * Jump-Pea (male): A pea who has a single springlike hair and legs, and makes use of the latter for jumping higher than the others.
 * Nap-Pea (male): The youngest pea, he is Penela-Pea's baby, who wears a white nappy, sits in a pushchair and carries a teddy bear.
 * P.C. Pod (male): A policeman pea with a black moustache, who wears a blue helmet. His name is a pun on "P.C. Plod" from Noddy.
 * Penela-Pea (female): A motherly pea who pushes her baby, Nap-Pea, around in a pushchair. Her name is a pun on the name "Penelope".
 * Pop-Pea (male): A grandfatherly pea with white hair (even though he is mostly bald) who wears glasses and carries a walking stick.
 * Princess Pea (female): Appearing in only one later book, she is a princess who inhabits a small, majestic castle located on a rise above the garden, who has lost her priceless golden pea. Her name is a play on the story of The Princess and the Pea, and the missing pea is indeed found under her mattress.
 * Pup-Pea (dog): A small pea dog who helps keep the peace in Poddington, as P.C. Pod adopted him and trained him to be a police dog.
 * Scoop-Pea (male): The editor for the "Daily Pod" (Poddington's daily newspaper), who wears glasses and a green eyeshade visor.
 * Scrap-Pea (male): A scruffy tool and scrap worker pea with thin black hair and stubble, who wears a blue hat and carries a hammer.
 * Scrum-Pea (male): A fairly elderly farmer pea, with thick white moustache and whiskers, and red checked shirt and dungarees. Talks in a West Country accent and often comments on things in old sounding, folklore sounding sayings.
 * Skip-Pea (female): A young pea with blonde pigtails, who has two red bows on her head and always skips by using her skipping rope.
 * Sleep-Pea (male): A dozy pea who wears a nightcap and sleeps too much, so always misses occasions that all the others turn up for.
 * Slop-Pea (male): An artistic painting pea who has messy ginger hair, carries a paintbrush and is always covered in blobs of paint. In the later books, is sometimes shown to have an unpredictable artistic temperament.
 * Snap-Pea (male): The photographer of the "Daily Pod" newspaper who wears a hat with a press pass in its brim and carries a camera.
 * Snip-Pea (male): A barber pea who has smartly combed black hair and a brown moustache and carries a comb and pair of scissors.
 * Snoop-Pea (male): A detective pea who wears a Sherlock Holmes-style deerstalker hat and carries a yellow magnifying glass.
 * Soap-Pea (female): A clean pea who always has soapy bubbles covering her head, carries a bar of pink soap and often blows bubbles.
 * Sweep-Pea (male): A street sweeper pea with a thin black moustache, who wears a brown cap and carries a broom and a waste bin.
 * Sweet Pea (female): An attractive pea with a blonde ponytail and blue eyes, who wears a magenta bow on her head and both her feet.
 * Tea-Pea (female): A tea lady pea with brown hair who wears a white maid's hat (or mob cap), and carries a teapot and a teacup.
 * Wee McPea (male): A small Scottish pea, who has a ginger moustache and wears a Tam o'shanter.
 * Weep-Pea (male): An easily-upset pea who always cries whenever he gets injured or something goes wrong and carries a handkerchief.
 * Zip-Pea (male): A fast pea with thin black hair who wears a sweatband on his head, and always runs around quicker than the others.

Episodes
The first twelve episodes were shown on BBC One as part of the Children's BBC strand on Thursdays at 3:50pm, while the last one was shown on that same channel, three weeks and one day after the penultimate one (because of its seasonal subject matter), on a Friday at 10:50am.

Credits

 * Written and created by: Paul Needs
 * Original Designs: Colin Wyatt
 * Directors: Colin White, Pat Gavin
 * Series Director: Pat Gavin
 * Producer: Laurie Frost
 * Executive Producer: Ian Green
 * Narration: Neil Pearson
 * Music and Lyrics: Geoff Stephens
 * Production Managers: Muriel MacLeod, Heather Pedley
 * Animation Director: Tony Garth
 * Layouts: Anna Brockett, Terry Dormer, Clive Dawson, Ted Pettengell, Arthur De Cloedt, Neil Salmon
 * Animation: Billy Allison, Arthur Humberstone, Kevin Baldwin, Colin Hughes, Anna Brockett, Willard Kitchen, Paul Chung, Charles MacRae, Arthur De Cloedt, Rob Newman, Terry Dormer, Neil Salmon, Bob Godfrey, Kim Stephenson, Tony Guy, Paul Stone, Barry Hales, Simon (Jiminy) Turner, Stephen Hales, Glen Whiting
 * Tracing: Mark Cheesman, Rona Couper
 * Backgrounds: Sue Branch, Mike Hirsch, Pat Gavin, Ray Rankine, Ian Henderson, Vivienne Redmond, Gary Sycamore
 * Paintings: Beverley Allan, Brian Holmes, Alex Barclay, Sophie Law, Christine Courtney, Phillip Lee, Lynn Durrans, Dena Mackenzie, Tessa Farrington, Sarah Marsden, Heather Fisher, Jacqui Millar, Alison Flintham, Audrey Murch, Beryl Godfrey, Joan Pettengell, Denise Hamby, Joanna Scott, Audrey Hammond, Lisa Stephenson, Louise Harding, Emma Tornero, Lynette Hodson
 * Editors: Keith Holden, Kevin Ahern
 * Co-ordinator: Louise Harding
 * Paint and Trace Supervisor: Henrietta Maslin
 * Title Animation: Harold Whitaker
 * Checking: Russell Murch, Louise Harding
 * Rostrum: Cardiff Cartoon Cameras
 * A Cairnvale Production for Poddington PLC.
 * BBC MCMLXXXIC

title: The Poddington Peas


text:
Public holidays in China

There are currently seven official public holidays on Mainland China. Each year's holidays are announced about three weeks before the start of the year by the General Office of the State Council. A notable feature of mainland Chinese holidays is that weekends are usually swapped with the weekdays next to the actual holiday to create a longer holiday period.

History
Festivals in China have been around since the Qin dynasty around 221–206 BC. During the more prosperous Tang dynasty from AD 618–907, festivals involved less sacrifice and mystery to more entertainment. Culminating to the modern era Between the 1920s until around the 1970s, the Chinese began observing two sets of holidays, which were the traditional and what became "official", celebrating the accomplishments of the communist regime. There was then a major reform in 2008, abolishing the Labour Day Golden Week and adding three traditional Chinese holidays (Qingming Festival, Duanwu Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival). From at least 2000 until this reform, the Spring Festival public holiday began on New Year's Day itself. From 2008 to 2013 it was shifted back by one day to begin on Chinese New Year's Eve. In 2014, New Year's Eve became a working day again, which provoked hostile discussion by netizens and academics. However, since 2015, Chinese New Year's Eve is usually swapped with nearby weekends so that people need not work on Chinese New Year's Eve.

Overview
Holidays in China are complicated and are one of the least predictable among developing nations. In all these holidays, if the holiday lands on a weekend, the days will be reimbursed after the weekend.

The Chinese New Year and National Day holidays are three days long. The week-long holidays on May (Labor) Day and National Day began in 2000, as a measure to increase and encourage holiday spending. The resulting seven-day or eight-day (if Mid-Autumn Festival is near National Day) holidays are called "Golden Weeks", and have become peak seasons for travel and tourism. In 2008, the Labor Day holiday was shortened to three days to reduce travel rushes to just twice a year, and instead, three traditional Chinese holidays were added.

Generally, if there is a three-day or four-day (if Mid-Autumn Festival is near National Day) holiday, the government will declare it to be a seven-day or eight-day holiday. However, citizens are required to work during a nearby weekend. Businesses and schools would then treat the affected Saturdays and Sundays as the weekdays that the weekend has been swapped with. Schedules are released late in the year prior and might change during the year.

The following is a graphical schematic of how the weekend shifting works.

Spring Festival
Shift the Saturdays and Sundays nearby to make a 7-day holiday. People may need to work for 6 or 7 continuous days before or after the holiday.

National Day (not near Mid-Autumn Festival)
Shift the Saturdays and Sundays nearby to make a 7-day holiday. The holiday is from 1 to 7 October. People may need to work for 6 or 7 continuous days before or after the holiday.

New Year, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Labor Day (before 2020), Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival (not near National Day)

 * Wednesday: No weekend shifting. The holiday is only 1 day long. This is to prevent people from working for 7 continuous days since 2014. Sometimes shift the Sundays nearby to make a 4-day holiday. People may need to work for 6 continuous days after the holiday.
 * Tuesday or Thursday: Shift the Saturdays and Sundays nearby to make a 3-day holiday. People may need to work for 6 continuous days before or after the holiday.
 * Saturday or Sunday: The public holiday is transferred to Monday.

Labor Day (since 2020)
Shift the Saturdays and Sundays nearby to make a 5-day holiday. People may need to work for 6 consecutive days before or after the holiday.

Additional holidays for specific social groups
In addition to these holidays, applicable to the whole population, there are four official public holidays applicable to specific sections of the population:

The closeness of Labor Day and Youth Day resulted in an unexpectedly long break for schools in 2008 - the Youth Day half-holiday entitlement had been largely forgotten because it has been subsumed into the Golden Week.

Ethnic minorities' holidays
There are public holidays celebrated by certain ethnic minorities in certain regions, which are decided by local governments. The following are holidays at the provincial level.

The following are traditional holidays at the prefectural level, and there are more at lower-level divisions, i.e. county-level.

In addition, the following autonomous prefectures celebrate their founding date ( or ). Generally, the government takes one day off to all people working in such prefectures.

Novel holidays
Some Chinese young adults have begun to celebrate 11 November as the Singles' Day because of the many ones (1s) and many singles in the date.

Serfs' Emancipation Day, celebrated on March 28, was established in Tibet in 2009.

title: Public holidays in China