text:
Talk:NCAA Division III

Tone of last couple sentences
I don't like the tone that comes across in the last couple sentences, it seems awfully negative. If someone with better writing skills could fix it up I'd appreciate it. Also, expanding the article is of course welcome. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ellsass (talk • contribs) 02:45, 3 August 2004 (UTC)

Stub?
Why/how is this a stub? Isn't this fairly complete? What more is needed? A list of D-3 conferences or schools? Rlquall 02:21, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Age limit?
Is there an age limit for participating athletes? Can an NCAA "Rules, policies, restrictions" section be added? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.38.75.150 (talk) 15:16, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Such a section belongs in the main NCAA article, not here. And no, there are not any age restrictions per se, only limits in how many years of "eligibility" one has to play collegiate sports.  Every year or two, there is a story about some middle-aged guy, usually recently retired from the U.S. military, who is now liviing out his dream by playing college football, typically at a DIII institution, which is perfectly OK if he hasn't used up his eligibility by competing in collegiate sports at some level in the past.  Rlquall 15:25, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

POV, redundancy
"The level of play is quite good" is strictly unverifiable POV. "Good" compared to what? DI? In which sports? Also, the fact stated in the first para that they do not give athletically-related financial aid is essentially repeated in the second para saying that there are no DIII athletic scholarships. Let's try to get this right. Rlquall 15:21, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

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So is Div.III completely separate or can they play Div.I or Div.II ?
I am here because the article on Jeremy Lin has a comment from a recruiter that "He is a Div.III player" or some such. Does this mean he can't play well enough to be considered for an athletic scholarship in a "Div.I" school? So Div.III are the players that aren't very good? TY 76.171.125.202 (talk) 15:47, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

 * NCAA divisions are classifications of educational institutions. A college can have Division I, Division II, or Division III athletics.  Each division corresponds to a different level of institutional support for athletics, including athletic scholarships.  As a result, the best players gravitate to Division I schools, but there's nothing keeping them from attending and playing for a school in a lower division.  Powers T 16:54, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

WAP assignment
Jeterfan252 (talk) 13:58, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

Terms and Descriptions
I would recommend against using terms like "higher level" or "lower level" or "play up" or "play down" in regards to Division I versus Division III. A lot of alumni, athletic staff, and athletes would disagree with those designations due to a less well-known perspective. Accordingly, I have reworded such prejudicial terms in the article, and will explain why.

Public perceptions of the NCAA divisions are quite often guided by the sports media. Sports media often research what they will cover, which is generally Division I sports. Their actual knowledge of anything outside of that is quite often limited. I would like to explain other perspectives.

Professional coaching and athletic department staff have a better understanding of the divisions, and their lack of actual significance in terms of quality, than sports media. For instance, in 2012, Division I men's basketball powerhouse Butler University had just won runner-up at a prestigious tournament and was once again nationally ranked. Their next game was against an unranked Division III program which had been successful that season. Butler University's men's basketball head coach expressed to WNDY channel 13 sports media that he was worried about that game, and after the game, expressed relief that his team won. There are reasons why Division III programs which would occasionally play against Division I teams in sports where only two teams compete against each other sometimes have difficulty getting a game.

Fact is, many, and quite possibly most, Division III junior and senior athletes could contribute to at least some Division I programs if they could transfer without the NCAA penalty and if they were willing to do so. However, Division III schools generally treat varsity athletics as simply an extracurricular activity, and because of this, student athletes are expected to pursue studies under the same general conditions as the rest of the student body. Being Division III student athletes often involves challenges which are minimized for varsity athletes in other NCAA divisions. Being able to play at a level where many, if not most, junior and senior athletes would be just as good as some Division I counterparts, while meeting the academic demands of most Division III schools, is arguably something a lot of Division I athletes could not do.

Believe it or not, to a lot of Division III student athletes, athletic staff, and alumni, Division II and Division I are actually viewed as steps DOWN. Division III does what it focuses on better than the other NCAA Divisions do. It is a matter of perspective what is "up" or "down." So, I recommend refraining from "lower level" or "higher level" or similar prejudicial terms in regards to the NCAA Divisions.

DTron Whiz 22:50, 28 May 2013 (UTC)

section
The "on rosters in 2012" section is dated, and should either be updated or removed. IMHO. --Epeefleche (talk) 05:32, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

Chadron State is DII, not DIII, and as such Danny Woodhead should be removed from this list. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.227.191.154 (talk) 16:41, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Financial comparison
Division III institutions do not have the same access to scholarship money when it comes to the recruiting process. Division III sports offer non-athletic financial aid packages rather than athletically-based support. In addition (as noted previously), the NCAA prohibits Division III schools from using any athletically-related factor in determining financial aid awards, and also requires that the amount of aid awarded to athletes at a Division III school be closely proportional to the percentage of athletes in the student body. Division I sports teams are able to provide aid more directly through athletic based-scholarships. Division III schools, barred from using athletics as an aid criterion, have more choice in how they allocate their funds. Not only is there more financial support that is specifically given to Division I athletes, but Division I teams and facilities receive more funding from the NCAA. The NCAA puts substantially more money towards Division I programs than it does Division III. Sixty percent of all NCAA revenue is given directly to Division I institutions alone. From 2009–2010, $433 million made up the NCAA's Division I expenses. Only about three percent of the NCAA’s spending goes towards Division III programs. The differences in financial support has been a major cause in further differences between both divisions.

Athletic and academic comparison
NCAA regulations in competition and time commitment have made Division III athletics seem less strenuous and binding when compared to Division I athletics. Each sport is subject to different regulations, but when comparing the same sports in Division I and Division III competition, there are differences. For example, Division III baseball limits the number of games to 40 per season while Division I baseball sets the limit at 56 games per season. According to a 2008 NCAA survey, participants admitted devoting more time to athletics than they did towards academic responsibilities. This survey found that the average "major" Division I athlete devotes 44.8 hours a week to athletic responsibilities in addition to a little less than 40 hours a week set aside for academic life, and about two out of every three considered themselves athletes more than students. This difference in time commitment can also be seen in the average number of classes missed. Twenty-one percent of Division I baseball players miss more than three classes per week compared to twelve percent of Division III baseball players. This pattern is similar in other sports as well according to the 2011 NCAA survey.

The primary difference between Division III and the other Divisions is that athletics-based financial aid is prohibited in Division III. In Division I, athletics-based financial aid can keep a student athlete competing even if the athlete's enthusiasm declines. In Division III, such financial aid is prohibited; student athletes compete entirely per their own volition. In Division I, it is common to provide special academic support for athletes to make school easier for them. This can include tutors, facilities, staff who work with faculty to facilitate the athletes' experiences, and/or athletics department advising on course selections. While some Division I coaches do encourage athletes to work hard in athletics, this is not guaranteed, and a threat of withdrawal of financial support is a possibility if coaches feel that an athlete is making "unnecessary" academic efforts that conflict with athletic development. In Division III, athletes are expected to attend to academic responsibilities under the same conditions as the general student body, and are generally expected to be responsible students whose academic performance reflects well on the athletics program. The hours spent in training and competition use time that other students spend on study. This puts the athlete at an academic disadvantage. This means athletics actually makes school more difficult for Division III athletes, rather than easier.

The publicity given to Division I and to Division III differs. Sports media focuses almost exclusively on Division I, and pay scant attention to any other portions of college athletics. Financial aid differences, academic conditions, and publicity all affect recruiting. Division I schools tend to get the top prospects. Some prospects sought by Division I programs choose a Division III program for academic/educational or other reasons, but they are exceptions to the norm.

It is in some ways difficult to gauge the difference in athletic performance. In racing sports, such as cross country and track & field, it is simple because all one has to do is look at the individual and team standings. In sports where only two teams play each other, it is more difficult. Massey Ratings does attempt to rank college teams across NCAA Divisions. As of November 19, 2013, NCAA Division III had 448 members, and the Massey Ratings had over 100 Division III men's basketball teams ranked among Division I teams. Women's basketball had 88 Division III teams ranked among Division I teams. Women's tennis had over 170 Division III teams ranked among Division I teams. Women's soccer had over 300 Division III teams ranked among Division I teams. Women's volleyball had over 300 Division III teams ranked among Division I teams. These are the fall sports where only two teams play each other at a time, and where over 300 members of each Division field teams. In all of these rankings, the top teams were Division I teams. While these rankings are in constant states of flux as the seasons progress, they are typical of the substantial overlap between the Divisions, with the top teams being Division I teams.

A variety of factors complicate comparisons between Division I and Division III in sports where only two teams play each other at a time. These include the relative rarity of such competitions, as well as the fact that often the only thing publicized is who won, not the actual competition. Further, both programs have to consent to such competitions. Naturally, schools are more prone to use limited schedule slots to play against teams in their own NCAA Division and mostly to members of their own conference. Division I programs invest money in winning, and scheduling is done on the basis of conference obligations and likelihood of winning; exceptions might be made for financial incentive, desired publicity, and/or a challenge to catalyze improvement. Traditionally, prejudices have also discouraged Division I teams from scheduling Division III teams in such sports during the regular season, and not all conferences allow it.

In sports where only two teams compete at a time, the portion of Division I gets the most media coverage does have the occasional competition with more obscure Division I programs. These competitions are more common than versus Division III programs.

A microcosm from men's basketball could be considered. In November 2012, an unranked Division III team played a ranked Division I team, was down as much as 17 points in the first half, cut the lead to fluctuate between 8 and 17 points, and was only down 10 points at halftime — then cut the lead to single digits again after halftime before eventually losing. The ranked Division I team had a larger halftime lead against another ranked Division I team the week before, later had a halftime lead of 31 points against another Division I team, and went on to beat the #1 team in Division I. The next month, another Division III team played against another Division I team and led with 12 minutes remaining before eventually losing. In regards to this second Division I team that season, it defeated another Division I team by a larger margin, and that team beat several other Division I teams by 20+ points, one of which had multiple victories of 20+ points over other Division I teams. Other Division I teams beat/beatable by a wide margin by either of these two Division I teams could have likely been defeated by one or both of these two Division III teams or others roughly equal to or superior to them. Occasionally, a Division III team does come out on top at the end, but more often than not, the game follows one of #1–3.

The prior paragraph referenced a game from December 2012, and those two teams played again on November 23, 2013. This time, the Division III team won. The same month, a Division II played both a Division I team and a Division III team, which is an unusual situation. They beat the Division III team by four points and the Division I team by two points. A few years prior, a Division III team beat another Division I school and that team ended the season with a 16–16 record, beating a Division II opponent and being 15–15 among Division I opponents.

An indirect way to compare NCAA Division I and NCAA Division III in sports where only two teams compete with each other at a time is to consider the NAIA, a separate intercollegiate athletics association that allows athletics-based financial aid. Competitions with NCAA Division I programs versus NAIA programs are more common in such sports than versus NCAA Division III programs. NCAA Division III programs compete more frequently with NAIA programs than with NCAA Division I programs. NCAA Division III victories against NAIA programs are a fairly common occurrence. NAIA victories against NCAA Division I programs do happen in these sports but they are not common.

In sports where only two teams play each other, most Division I teams do not have a single Division III team on their schedules, and most Division III teams do not have a single Division I team on their schedules.

In racing sports, sports teams usually compete against more than one team at a time. Further, programs have less control over whom they compete against. They can control who comes to competitions they host, and they can control which competitions they travel to, but they have little to no influence on what other teams come to competitions that others host. These factors cause teams from each Division to compete with more teams both in their Division and in other Divisions.

It is common in racing sports, such as cross country and track and field, to see Division III teams compete with Division I teams, especially at large meets. Because of the common competition across Divisions in such sports, it is common to see Division III teams beat Division I teams in these sports. It is even more common for the same among individual competitors. The overlap that can be inferred in other sports is clear in these sports.

Academically, Division I and Division III have different priorities. In Division I, typically, the athlete is expected to focus on prime athletic preparedness, and perform adequately in academics to meet NCAA academic eligibility minimums. Special support sponsored by the school or athletic department exclusively for athletes is a common practice. This can include such things as tutoring provided exclusively for athletes, facilities, staff to work with faculty to facilitate the athlete's experience, and/or recommended courses. In Division III, athletes are expected to pursue their educations under the same general conditions as other students. Division III athletes are known to put much more emphasis on their academic experience. Alumni of Division III colleges often attach a certain amount of prestige to their degrees, and expect current administrations to protect that prestige by rejecting special treatment for athletes, and holding athletes to the same academic conditions as the general student body. College authorities in Division III have chosen that affiliation in general because they do not want conflicts between strict academic priorities and sports competitiveness. Those authorities expect coaching staffs to support those academic priorities. Simply maintaining NCAA academic eligibility minimums is typically not adequate to satisfy expectations Division III coaching staffs place on their athletes. In general, Division III athletes are expected to have solid academic performance to support a positive image of their programs.

Effects on student athletes
The differences in division requirements and financial regulation have led to some distinct differences in student life. Participation in school activities outside of intercollegiate athletics is more common in Division III athletes, and they are more likely to see themselves as part of their college's community. Division III athletes are also known to put much more emphasis on their academic experience, including participation in on-campus research and extra-curricular activities. Not only is there more involvement, but Division III Athletes have proven more successful in time management compared to non-athletes at the same institution. There are also differences in the student-athlete social experience. Division I athletes are more likely to have friends who are exclusively part of their respective team.

Division III athletes in general must live a disciplined lifestyle to be successful, because they must undergo rigorous training to compete at the level expected of NCAA/NAIA athletes, and they must attend to their academic responsibilities on the same terms as other students. The NCAA requires a C grade point average to remain eligible, but it is common for Division III programs to consider this unsatisfactory for their athletes. Coaches commonly conduct study tables and other team events to ensure athletes see their athletic ventures as tied to their academic responsibilities. There are not supposed to be course sections specifically for athletes, nor are there supposed to be athletic tutors nor similar special academic support provided by the institution. Athletes are expected to pursue their degrees under the same conditions as other students.

Division III alumni are often proud of their college experiences, and of what is commonly referred to as "the Division III culture" and/or "the Division III philosophy."

 * End Section

I don't think any of this should be in the article, but if someone wants to massively edit it, or pick out a few bits, please do so. - Mnnlaxer | talk  | stalk 05:26, 26 November 2017 (UTC)

Text
The last Division III program to beat a Division I team was Maryville College (TN) over East Tennessee State University, a school that had just revived its FCS football program after a 12-year absence, on September 10, 2015 by a score of 28-21.

Offensive linesman Ali Marpet of Hobart College, drafted in the 2nd round, 61st overall, of the 2015 NFL draft, is the highest-drafted pick in the history of Division III football.

Recently added Division III football programs
1997 – Greensboro 1998 – Texas Lutheran, Mary Hardin-Baylor 1999 – Mount Ida 2000 – Averett, East Texas Baptist, Louisiana College, Rockford, Shenandoah, Wisconsin Lutheran 2001 – Christopher Newport, Utica 2002 – No new programs added 2003 – Endicott, Huntingdon, Husson 2004 – North Carolina Wesleyan 2005 – Becker 2006 – LaGrange, SUNY-Maritime 2007 – St. Vincent, Birmingham-Southern 2008 – St. Scholastica 2009 – Anna Maria, Castleton State 2010 – Pacific (OR) 2011 – Presentation, Stevenson 2012 – Misericordia 2013 – Hendrix, Berry, Southwestern 2014 – George Fox 2015 – Finlandia 2016 - No new programs added 2017 - University of New England Planned 2018 - Alvernia

 * End section.

This is too detailed for an article about all of D-III sports. Various sports can have sections, I left the football one, but they should be brief and if possible, see also to main articles. CFB and NFL projects will be notified. - Mnnlaxer | talk  | stalk 06:21, 26 November 2017 (UTC)

I-II-III linkbox discussion at WT:CFB
There's a discussion at WikiProject College Football about Template:NCAA divisions, the "I-II-III" linkbox at the top right of this page, and whether it should be replaced with an infobox. All are welcome to join in. ``` t b w i l l i e ` $1.25 ` 21:52, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:NCAA Division III


text:
Date, Fukushima

Date (伊達市) is a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 59,625 in 22,843 households and a population density of 220 persons per km2. The total area of the city was 265.10 km2.

Geography
Date occupies the eastern half of the Fukushima Basin in northern Fukushima prefecture, with Miyagi Prefecture on its northern border. The area was once noted for sericulture but transitioned to fruit cultivation during the Taishō period. It is currently organized into the five former towns of Date, Hobara, Yanagawa, Ryozen, and Tsukidate, each of which retain numerous unique traditions and events. Hobara is the central area, where the municipal government is based.

 * Rivers: Abukuma River, Hirose River

Neighboring municipalities
Fukushima Prefecture Miyagi Prefecture
 * Sōma
 * Fukushima
 * Kunimi
 * Kawamata
 * Koori
 * Iitate
 * Shiroishi
 * Marumori

Climate
Date has a humid climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Date is 12.8 C. The average annual rainfall is 1227 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.5 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.4 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Date has declined over the past 70 years.

History
A whole body skeleton of Paleoparadoxia was excavated in Yanagawa on August 21, 1984. The skeleton is named the “Yanagawa Specimen”. The first humans to live within the bounds of present-day Date City are thought to have arrived during the Paleolithic Period. The area was part of ancient Mutsu Province. Towards the end of the Heian Period, Shinobu-gun (present day Fukushima City) and Date-gun (encompassing not only present day Date, but also Koori Town to the North and Kawamata Town to the South) were awarded to Date Tomomune. Tomomune founded the Date clan in present-day Hobara. The 17th lord of the Date Clan, Date Masamune lost control of the area and went on to found the Sendai Clan and the City of Sendai. The clan continued to rule over the Sendai Domain during the Edo period. However, under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate, most of the area of Date was initially part of Yonezawa Domain, followed by Fukushima Domain and Yanagawa Domain before becoming tenryō territory under direct control of the shogunate. It was not part of the Date Clan's territories. After the Meiji Restoration, the area was organized as part of Nakadōri region of Iwaki Province.

As of 1889, at the time of the establishment of the modern municipalities system, the area consisted of 21 towns and villages. Between the years 1955 and 1960, these were consolidated into the five towns of Date (formerly the villages of Nagaoka and Fushiguro), Hobara (formerly the town of Hobara and the villages of Ooda, Kamihobara, Hashirazawa, and Tominari), Ryōzen (formerly the villages of Ryozen, Kakeda, Oguni, and Ishido), Tsukidate (formerly the villages of Ote and Otegawa), and Yanagawa (formerly the town of Yanagawa and the villages of Awano, Sekimoto, Shirane, Ooeda, Isazawa, Tomino, and Yamafunyuu), which merged to create the modern city of Date on January 1, 2006.

Date is about 60 km north-west of Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, the site of the nuclear accident that followed the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Although outside the nuclear accident exclusion zone, the levels of radiation in the city caused residents, and especially children, to remain indoors.

In 2016 an anime was produced in promotion of the city. Masamune Datenicle (政宗ダテニクル) features a young Date Masamune who meets a dragon deity that gives him the ability to call upon former leaders of the Date Clan.

Government
Date has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 22 members. Date, together with the three municipalities of Date District, collectively contribute three members to the Fukushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Fukushima 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Date is primarily agricultural, with an emphasis on rice and horticulture. The area is noted for its peaches and dried persimmons.

Taiyo Yuden operates a metal power inductor production plant in the Yanagawa Industrial Zone in Date, Fukushima, which also produced CD, DVD and Blu-ray discs in the past.

Peaches
Date City's location in central Fukushima (Nakadōri), in the middle of Fukushima Basin, helps in the cultivation of peaches. The most common varieties grown in the area are Akatsuki, Kawanakajima, and Yuuzora.

Dried Persimmons
As sericulture lost its place in the area during the Taisho period, the former village of Isazawa in Yanagawa replaced it with the production of dried persimmons, among other industries. Dried persimmons had been produced in the area since the Edo Period. However, the addition of sulfur fumigation as was used in the production of raisins in the United States, allowed for a much sweeter product. Whereas traditional dried persimmons, hoshigaki, have a tough skin and are almost black in color, those created with the additional step of sulfur fumigation, called anpogaki or tsurushigaki, are soft and bright orange. Although the production of anpogaki was halted for three years after the 2011 disaster, Date City's persimmon orchards have since been decontaminated and testing machines have been installed, ensuring the safety of the final product.

Education
Date City has fourteen public elementary schools, six public junior high schools, one public high school, and one private high school:

Hobara
Held every year early to mid August, and features the Hobara Yoitoko Dance and Bon dance. Other specifics vary by year, but often include food stands from local vendors, various performances, and the Momo-Olympics where visitors can participate in various games to win prizes.
 * Hobara Summer Festival

Tsukidate
Held around mid-August, this festival feature fireworks, foodstalls and lanterns.
 * Otehime-no-sato Summer Festival

Hobara
Held mid-October, local taiko groups form their own Taiko floats to perform around Jinya Street.
 * Amaterasu Shinmeigu Shrine Autumn Festival

Ryōzen

 * Ryōzen Shrine Fall Festival

Hobara
Begun over 300 years ago, this festival is held every year　at Itsukushima Shrine on the first Sunday of March. The main event is a three-way tug of war by men dressed solely in fundoshi and zori. After the winning team is decided, the men work together to lift and drop the heavy bundle repeatedly. This movement causes the hot mochi rice inside to form mochi, which is then passed out to the audience.
 * Tsutsuko-biki Festival

Railway
East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Tōhoku Main Line AbukumaExpress – Abukuma Express Line
 * Date
 * Takako - Kamihobara - Hobara - Ōizumi - Niida - Nitta - Yanagawa - Yanagawa Kibōnomori Kōen-mae - Tomino - Kabuto

Local attractions

 * Ryōzen Shrine
 * Mount Ryōzen, National Historic Site and National Place of Scenic Beauty
 * Miyawaki temple ruins, National Historic Site
 * Former Kameoka Family Home
 * Takako Ni-juu Kyou
 * site of Takakogaoka Castle, the original home of the Date Clan
 * Takako Lake, one of Takako Ni-juu Kyou
 * site of Yanagawa Castle, constructed by the Date Clan and once home to Date Masamune
 * Yanagawa Hachiman Shrine, where Date Masamune prayed for victory in battle

Notable people from Date

 * Saitou Hikonai (斎藤彦内, 1709-1750) was a farmer and the leader of a peasants' revolt.
 * Seishiro Okazaki (January 28, 1890 – July 12, 1951) was a Japanese American healer, martial artist, and the founder of Danzan-ryū jujitsu. Born in the former village of Kakeda, he immigrated to Hawaii in 1906.
 * Yahei Miura (弥平三浦, 1895-1971) was a long-distance runner and Olympic athlete.

International relations

 * 🇺🇸 - Sister cities with Revere, MA, USA since August, 2016
 * 🇬🇾 - 2020 Tokyo Olympics "Arigatou" Host Town for the Republic of Guyana as of August, 2019

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Date, Fukushima


text:
Kunimi, Fukushima

Kunimi (国見町) is a town located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 8843 and a population density of 250 persons per km². The total area of the town was 37.90 km2.

Geography
Kunimi is located in Date District in the very northern portion Fukushima prefecture, bordering on Miyagi prefecture. Mt. Handa and Mt. Ugasu are near the western end of the town, and a continuous mountain range runs along the northern end of the town, which is also the prefectural border with Miyagi Prefecture. The Abukuma River flows south of the town. The town center, where government offices and various types of transportation are concentrated, is relatively close to the border with the neighboring Koori town.

 * Mountains: Atsukashiyama (289.4m)
 * Rivers: Abukuma River

Neighboring municipalities

 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Date
 * Koori
 * Miyagi Prefecture
 * Shiroishi

Climate
Kunimi has a humid climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Kunimi is 12.5 C. The average annual rainfall is 1250 mm with September being the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.3 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.1 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kunimi has been in decline over the past 70 years.

History
The area of present-day Kunimi was part of ancient Mutsu Province. During the Edo period, it was partly tenryō territory under direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate, and partly under Morioka Domain. The town of Fujita developed as a post station on the Ōshū Kaidō highway. After the Meiji Restoration, it was organized as part of Nakadōri region of Iwaki Province, and Fujita was established as a town on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. The town of Kunimi was formed on March 31, 1954 with the merger of the town of Fujita with the villages of Kosaka, Morieno, Okido, and Oeda, all in Date District. The town hall was destroyed in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.

Economy
The economy of Kunimi is primarily agricultural.

Education
Kunimi has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town does not have a public high school.
 * Kunimi Prefectural Middle School
 * Kunimi Elementary School

Railway
JR East – Tōhoku Main Line
 * Fujita – Kaida

Highway

 * – Kunimi Interchange – Kunimi Service Area

Local attractions

 * Atsukashiyama Barrier, a National Historic Site
 * Ishimotai Memorial Stele, a National Historic Site
 * Ishimotai Castle ruins
 * Kangetsudai Cultural Center

title: Kunimi, Fukushima


text:
Jingle Bells

"Jingle Bells" is one of the most commonly sung songs in the world. It was written in 1850 by James Lord Pierpont at Simpson Tavern in Medford, Massachusetts. It was published under the title "The One Horse Open Sleigh" in September 1857. It has been claimed that it was originally written to be sung by a Sunday school choir for Thanksgiving, or as a drinking song. Although it has no original connection to Christmas, it became associated with winter and Christmas music in the 1860s and 1870s, and it was featured in a variety of parlor song and college anthologies in the 1880s. It was first recorded in 1889 on an Edison cylinder; this recording, believed to be the first Christmas record, is lost, but an 1898 recording - also from Edison Records - survives.

Composition

James Lord Pierpont originally copyrighted the song with the name "The One Horse Open Sleigh" on September 16, 1857. The songwriting credit given was "Song and Chorus written and composed by J. Pierpont." Possibly intended as a drinking song, it didn't become a Christmas song until decades after it was first performed. Pierpont, later a supporter of the Confederacy, dedicated the song to "John P. Ordway, Esq.", an organizer of a blackface minstrel troupe called "Ordway's Aeolians".

It is an unsettled question where and when Pierpont originally composed the song that would become known as "Jingle Bells". A plaque at 19 High Street in the center of Medford Square in Medford, Massachusetts, commemorates the "birthplace" of "Jingle Bells", and claims that Pierpont wrote the song there in 1850, at what was then the Simpson Tavern. Previous local history narratives claim the song was inspired by the town's popular sleigh races during the 19th century.

The song was republished in 1859 by Oliver Ditson and Company, 277 Washington Street, Boston, with the new title "Jingle Bells; or, The One Horse Open Sleigh". Its sheet music cover featured a drawing of sleigh bells around the title. Sleigh bells were strapped across the horse to make the jingle, jangle sound.

"Jingle Bells" was first performed on September 15, 1857, at Ordway Hall in Boston by blackface minstrel performer Johnny Pell. The song was in the then-popular style or genre of "sleighing songs". Pierpont's lyrics are strikingly similar to lines from many other popular sleigh-riding songs of the time; researcher Kyna Hamill argued that this, along with his constant need for money, led him to compose and release the song solely as a financial enterprise: "Everything about the song is churned out and copied from other people and lines from other songs—there's nothing original about it."

By the time the song was released and copyrighted, Pierpont had relocated to Savannah, Georgia, to serve as organist and music director of that city's Unitarian Church (now Unitarian Universalist), where his brother, Rev. John Pierpont Jr., served as minister. In August 1857, Pierpont married Eliza Jane Purse, daughter of the mayor of Savannah. Pierpont remained in Savannah and never returned north.

The double meaning of "upsot" was thought humorous, as a sleigh ride gave an unescorted couple a rare chance to be together, unchaperoned, in distant woods or fields, with all the opportunities that afforded. This "upset", a term Pierpont transposed to "upsot", became the climactic component of a sleigh-ride outing within the sleigh narrative.

Recordings and performances
James Lord Pierpont's 1857 composition "Jingle Bells" became one of the most performed and most recognizable secular holiday songs ever written, not only in the United States, but around the world. In recognition of this achievement, James Lord Pierpont was voted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

"Jingle Bells" was first recorded by banjoist Will Lyle on October 30, 1889 (attested A T E Wangemann Logbook, p. 114), on an Edison cylinder, but no surviving copies are known to exist. The earliest surviving vocal recording was made by the Edison Male Quartette in 1898, also on an Edison cylinder (and 1898 Columbia brown wax 4090), as part of a 'Christmas' medley titled "Sleigh Ride Party". In 1902, the Hayden Quartet recorded "Jingle Bells". The song became a Christmas favorite in the early twentieth century.

In 1935, Benny Goodman and His Orchestra reached No. 18 on the charts with their Swing or big band recording of "Jingle Bells". In 1941, Glenn Miller and His Orchestra with Tex Beneke, Marion Hutton, Ernie Caceres, and the Modernaires on vocals had a No. 5 hit on the Billboard pop singles chart with a big band arrangement of "Jingle Bells" on RCA Victor as Bluebird 11353-A. In 1943, Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters recorded "Jingle Bells" as Decca 23281 which reached No. 19 on the charts and sold over a million copies. In 1951, Les Paul had a No. 10 hit with a multi-tracked version on guitar. In 2001, House of Mouse version, sung by Wayne Allwine, Russi Taylor, and Bill Farmer. In 2006, Kimberley Locke had a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart with a recording of the song.

First song in space
"Jingle Bells" was one of the first songs to broadcast from space, in a Christmas-themed prank by Gemini 6 astronauts Tom Stafford and Wally Schirra. While in space on December 16, 1965, they sent this report to Mission Control: "C6: Gemini VII, this is Gemini VI. We have an object, looks like a satellite going from north to south, probably in a polar orbit. He's in a very low trajectory traveling from north to south and has a very high climbing ratio. It looks like it might even be a ... Very low. Looks like he might be going to reenter soon. Stand by one ... You might just let me try to pick up that thing. (Music – Jingle Bells – from Spacecraft VI) P7: We got the tune, VI. C6: That was live, VII, not tape. CC: You're too much, VI." The astronauts then produced a smuggled harmonica and sleigh bells, and with Schirra on the harmonica and Stafford on the bells, broadcast a rendition of "Jingle Bells". The harmonica, shown to the press upon their return, was a Hohner "Little Lady", a tiny harmonica approximately 1 in long, by 3/8 in wide.

Lyrics
Music historian James Fuld notes that (as opposed to an adjective), "the word jingle in the title and opening phrase is apparently an imperative verb." In the winter in New England in pre-automobile days, it was common to adorn horses' harnesses with straps bearing bells as a way to avoid collisions at blind intersections, since a horse-drawn sleigh in snow produces almost no audible noise. The rhythm of the tune apparently mimics that of a trotting horse's bells; however, "jingle bells" is commonly interpreted to mean a certain kind of bell.

Jingle Bells Dashing through the snow In a one-horse open sleigh O'er the fields we go Laughing all the way Bells on bob tail [sic] ring Making spirits bright What fun it is to ride and sing A sleighing song tonight! Oh!

 * Jingle bells, jingle bells,
 * Jingle all the way.
 * Oh! what fun it is to ride
 * In a one-horse open sleigh. Hey!
 * Jingle bells, jingle bells,
 * Jingle all the way;
 * Oh! what fun it is to ride
 * In a one-horse open sleigh.

Although less well-known than the opening, the remaining verses depict high-speed youthful fun. In the second verse, the narrator takes a ride with a girl and loses control of the sleigh: A day or two ago I thought I'd take a ride And soon, Miss Fanny Bright Was seated by my side, The horse was lean and lank Misfortune seemed his lot He got into a drifted bank And then we got upsot.
 * chorus :|

In the next verse (which is often skipped), he falls out of the sleigh and a rival laughs at him: A day or two ago, The story I must tell I went out on the snow, And on my back I fell; A gent was riding by In a one-horse open sleigh, He laughed as there I sprawling lie, But quickly drove away. Ah!
 * chorus :|

In the last verse, after relating his experience, he gives advice to a friend to pick up some girls, find a faster horse, and take off at full speed: Now the ground is white Go it while you're young, Take the girls tonight and sing this sleighing song; Just get a bobtailed bay Two forty as his speed Hitch him to an open sleigh And crack! you'll take the lead.
 * chorus :|

Notes to lyrics

Original lyrics
The two first stanzas and chorus of the original 1857 lyrics differed slightly from those known today. It is unknown who replaced the words with those of the modern version. Underlined lyrics are the removed lyrics from the original version. Bold lyrics are the new lyrics in the current version. Dashing thro' the snow, In a one-horse open sleigh, O'er the hills (fields) we go, Laughing all the way; Bells on bob tail ring, Making spirits bright, Oh what sport (What fun it is) to ride and sing A sleighing song tonight.

 * chorus :|
 * Jingle bells, jingle bells,
 * Jingle all the way;
 * Oh! what joy (fun) it is to ride
 * In a one-horse open sleigh.

A day or two ago I tho't I'd take a ride And soon Miss Fannie Bright Was seated by my side. The horse was lean and lank Misfortune seemed his lot He got into a drifted bank And we— (then) we got upsot.

Melody
The original 1857 version of "Jingle Bells" featured a substantially different chorus. The progression of descending chords in the original refrain (A♭–E♭/G–Fm–C–D♭–A♭/E♭–E♭7–A♭; in Roman numeral analysis, I–V6–vi–V/vi–IV–I$6 4$–V7–I) bears some resemblance to that of Pachelbel's Canon. The verses, on the other hand, have mostly the same melody (with some minor simplifications) in modern renditions as they did in 1857. The origin of the simpler, modern refrain is unknown, but it dates back at least 1898, when the oldest surviving phonograph recording of the song was released through Edison Records.

The "Jingle Bells" tune is used in French and German songs, although the lyrics are unrelated to the English lyrics. Both songs celebrate winter fun, as in the English version. The French song, titled "Vive le vent" ("Long Live the Wind"), was written by Francis Blanche and contains references to Father Time, Baby New Year, and New Year's Day. There are several German versions of "Jingle Bells", including Roy Black's "Ein kleiner weißer Schneemann".

Parodies and homages
Like many simple, catchy, and popular melodies, "Jingle Bells" is often the subject of parody. "Jingle Bells, Batman Smells" has been a well-known parody since the mid-1960s, with many variations on the lyrics. Bart Simpson sings this version on The Simpsons, the first time being in the episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" (December 17, 1989), which had been often misattributed with creating the parody.

Parodies or novelty versions of "Jingle Bells" have been recorded by many artists, and include Yogi Yorgesson's "Yingle Bells", Da Yoopers' "Rusty Chevrolet", Bucko and Champs' "Aussie Jingle Bells", The Three Stooges' "Jingle Bell Drag", and Jeff Dunham's "Jingle Bombs", performed in his "Achmed the Dead Terrorist" sketch. Another popular spoof of the song is "Pumpkin Bells", a "Pumpkin Carol" which celebrates Halloween and the "Great Pumpkin". It originated in The Peanuts Book of Pumpkin Carols, a booklet based on the Peanuts comic strip and published by Hallmark Cards in the 1960s.

The Australian "Aussie Jingle Bells" written by Colin Buchanan, broadly translates the idea of the original song to the summertime Christmas of the Southern hemisphere:

Aussie Jingle Bells

Dashing through the bush, in a rusty Holden ute, Kicking up the dust, esky in the boot, Kelpie by my side, singing Christmas songs, It's Summer time and I am in my singlet, shorts and thongs

 * Oh! Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way,
 * Christmas in Australia on a scorching summers day, Hey!
 * Jingle bells, jingle bells, Christmas time is beaut!,
 * Oh what fun it is to ride in a rusty Holden ute.

Other verses add further details about what happens when the ute arrives at the family Christmas.

"Jingle Bell Rock" by Bobby Helms pays homage to "Jingle Bells", directly referencing the source song's lyrics, but with a different melody. Originally recorded and released by Helms in a rockabilly style, "Jingle Bell Rock" has itself since become a Christmas standard.

The first notes in the chorus have become a motif that has been inserted into recordings of other Christmas songs, most notably at the beginning and end of Bing Crosby's "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas"; a guitar passage at the end of Nat King Cole's "The Christmas Song"; and Clarence Clemons performing a saxophone solo in the middle of Bruce Springsteen's "Merry Christmas Baby". A piano is also heard playing these notes at the end of Springsteen's version of "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town". A slow version of the chorus opening forms the conclusion of Stan Freberg's 1957 "Green Chri$tma$", interspersed with cash-register noises. Mariah Carey utilizes a bit of the melody in her song "When Christmas Comes". Joni Mitchell's 1971 song "River" begins with a melancholy version of the chorus on piano.

title: Jingle Bells


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Lake Chelan

Lake Chelan is a narrow, 50.5 mi long lake in Chelan County, north-central Washington state, U.S. It is an overdeepened lake and resembles a fjord, with an average width of 1.3 mi. Near its upper end, the lake surface lies more than 6,600 ft below peaks less than 3 mi away. Before 1927, Lake Chelan was the largest natural lake in the state in terms of both surface area and water volume. Upon the completion of Lake Chelan Dam in 1927, the elevation of the lake was increased by 21 ft to its present maximum-capacity elevation of 1100 ft.

With a maximum depth of 1,486 ft, Lake Chelan is the third deepest lake in the United States behind Crater Lake, the deepest, and Lake Tahoe, the second deepest. Because of overdeepening, the sides of this lake drop steeply to its bottom. The deepest part of Lake Chelan lies as much as 436 ft below sea level. In places, the bedrock floor of the valley occupied by Lake Chelan, which is buried by Pleistocene glacial and lacustrine sediments, lies at least 1529 ft below sea level. Two communities lie on the southern end of the lake, and a third sits at the far north end, providing a gateway to the North Cascades National Park.

Hydrology
On an annual basis, an average of 2200 cuft/s flow into the lake. Approximately 75% of the water that flows into the lake comes from two tributaries. The Stehekin River alone contributes 65% of all water to Lake Chelan, averaging 1401 cuft/s annually. The other major tributary, Railroad Creek, averages 202 cuft/s annually. The remaining water is added via a number of smaller tributaries as well as direct rain and snowfall.

With a maximum depth of 1486 ft, Lake Chelan is the third deepest lake in the United States, and the 25th deepest in the world. At its deepest, the lake bottom is 388 ft below sea level. The total watershed of the lake is 924 sqmi More than 90% of the watershed is forested land. The remainder of the basin is composed of the lake itself (5.6%) and agriculture (3.5%).

Geology
The fjord-like topography of the Lake Chelan valley results from repeated glacial erosion and deposition (maybe nine or ten times) during the Pleistocene Period. The last episode of glacial erosion and deposition in the basin occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum about 21,000 years ago. At that time, in the upper Similkameen River valley of British Columbia, the Skagit Lobe split from the Okanogan Lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet and advanced south into the Skagit River drainage. Skagit ice passed through Fisher and Rainy passes, and down Bridge Creek into the Lake Chelan valley. The glacial lobe flowed down the Lake Chelan valley until meeting glacial ice of the main Okanogan Lobe advancing up the valley from the Columbia River drainage near Manson. The deposits of the northwestward advancing Okanagan lobe are characterized by large, basalt glacial erratics. As the Skagit Lobe during the Last Glacial Maximum and glacial lobes during older glaciations flowed to the southeast down the Lake Chelan valley, they excavated the deep glacial trough that is now occupied by Lake Chelan. The depth of the Lucerne Basin and the elevation of glacial till and moraines and glacier-scoured bedrock on the walls of the overdeepened Lake Chelan valley indicates that the thickness of the Skagit Lobe was over 1 mi.

Basins
Lake Chelan is composed of two basins. The lower basin, Wapato, is shallower and approximately a fourth the total length of the lake. The upper basin, Lucerne, is much deeper and extends for the remainder of the length of the lake. The two basins are separated by a sill rising to within 122 ft of the surface, at a point known as the narrows, at which the lake is only 0.35 mi wide.

The lower basin, Wapato, reaches a maximum depth of only 400 ft. About 600 ft of glacial sediment and rockslide deposits rest on top of the bedrock. This section of the lake is 12 mi long, and has an average depth of 190 ft. Due to the relatively modest size of this basin, water resides in this basin for only 0.8 years, compared to 10 for Lucerne Basin. The upper Lucerne basin is 38 mi long with an average depth of 1148 ft and thus by far the larger of the two basins. It is in this part of the lake that the maximum depth of 1486 ft is found. Lucerne basin contains 92% of the water in Lake Chelan and 74% of the surface area, leaving Wapato with only 8% of the total volume of water and 26% of the surface area. The upper basin of Lake Chelan is surrounded by more mountainous terrain, resulting in few beaches along the shoreline. Approximately 50 mi of the shoreline of this basin are in National Forest lands, and 12 mi in National Park lands.

Climate
The climate of Lake Chelan's watershed is varied. From the southern end of the lake in the rain shadow of the Cascade Range, to the northern tip of the lake located in the eastern Cascades, the climate of Lake Chelan's watershed is as diverse as the lake is long. The south end's weather is notably dry, with Chelan averaging only 11.4 in of rain per year, along with 21.8 in of snow. Stehekin receives an average of 35.5 in of rain per year, and 122.5 in of snow. Other than precipitation trends, the climates are remarkably similar. Both locations average around 60 °F for a high, and 40 °F for a low throughout the course of the year.

Etymology
The name Chelan is a Salish Indigenous word, "Tsi - Laan," meaning 'Deep Water'.

Cities
Due to the isolated nature of Lake Chelan, especially at its northern reaches, there is not a large population that resides along the shore. Chelan, which had 4,222 residents at the 2020 census, is currently the only incorporated city situated along the lake shore. The city is located at the southern terminus of the lake, adjacent to the Lake Chelan Dam and the Chelan River outflow. The census-designated place of Manson, which had 1,523 residents in 2020, is also located at the southern end of the lake. The unincorporated community of Stehekin, with approximately 75 residents, is located at the northern terminus of the lake, adjacent to the Stehekin River inflow. At the mouth of the Railroad Creek sits Lucerne, a small community of private cabins served by commercial boats. Lucerne is also the primary gateway to the community of Holden Village, a Lutheran retreat center located 11 mi inland from the lake. With approximately 50 long-term residents, Holden includes one of the few remaining public K-12 two-room schools in the contiguous United States.

Fishing
Fishing is a popular recreating activity on Lake Chelan. The following fish are or were native to the lake: Bull Trout, Westslope cutthroat trout, Largescale sucker, Longnose sucker, Bridgelip sucker, Northern pikeminnow, Peamouth, Redside shiner, Mountain whitefish, Pygmy whitefish.

In addition to these native species, six species have been introduced to the lake, primarily for sport fishing purposes: Yellowstone cutthroat trout, Rainbow trout, Kokanee, Brook trout, Chinook salmon, Lake trout

State records
In 2013, a 35.63 lb Lake Trout was caught, setting the state record.

Winemaking
The Lake Chelan AVA surrounds the southernmost 12 miles of Lake Chelan. A subzone of the larger Columbia Valley AVA, the Lake Chelan AVA is home to 31 tasting rooms.

Protected lands
At the north end of the lake, surrounding the town of Stehekin, is Lake Chelan National Recreation Area (NRA). Bordering the Lake Chelan NRA is the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness. The Wenatchee National Forest surrounds much of the lake on either side. Two state parks are located on the southern edge, not far from the city of Chelan. These state parks are Twenty-Five Mile Creek State Park and Lake Chelan State Park.

In addition to the protected land located directly on the shores of Lake Chelan, Stehekin serves not only as a gateway to the Lake Chelan NRA, but also to the rest of the North Cascades National Park Complex, Stephen Mather Wilderness, and adjacent National Forest Wilderness Areas. Approximately 87% of the Lake Chelan watershed is owned by either federal, state, or local entities, with the rest in private ownership.

title: Lake Chelan


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Yanagawa, Fukushima

Yanagawa (梁川町) is one of five neighborhoods within the city of Date, Fukushima, along with the former towns of Date, Hobara, Ryōzen and Tsukidate (all from Date District). Until 2006, it was an independent castle town located in Date District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 20,626 and a density of 248.72 persons per km2. The total area is 82.93 km2.

History
Yanagawa was under the control of the Date Clan from 1189, when Date Tomomune received the land, until Date Masamune forfeited it to Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1590. In 1598, the entire Fukushima Basin (Shintatsu Plain) became the territory of Uesugi Kagekatsu and Suda Nagayoshi became the lord of Yanagawa Castle.

By 1960, the town of Yanagawa had merged with the villages of Awano, Sekimoto, Shirane, Ooeda, Isazawa, Tomino, and Yamafunyuu. The town's symbol was established in 1965, and in 1983, cherry blossoms, persimmon trees, and wagtails were designated as the town's official flower, tree, and bird, respectively.

A whole body skeleton of Paleoparadoxia was excavated in Yanagawa on August 21, 1984. The skeleton is named the “Yanagawa Specimen”.

In 2006, Yanagawa merged with the towns of Date, Hobara, Ryōzen and Tsukidate, creating Date City.

Railway
AbukumaExpress – Abukuma Express Line

 * Nitta - Yanagawa - Yanagawa Kibōnomori Kōen-mae - Tomino - Kabuto

Yanagawa Castle
Yanagawa Castle was constructed in the Kamakura Period and used as the headquarters of the Date Clan from the time of the 11th lord of the Date Clan, Date Mochimune, through to that of the 14th lord, Date Tanemune. Mochimune's son, the 12th lord, Date Shigemune was influenced by Higashiyama Culture and built the inner garden, including Shinji Pond, which is still visible at the site today. The 17th lord of the Date Clan, Date Masamune stayed at Yanagawa Castle when the last member of the Date Clan to own the castle, Date Tessai Nyuudou resided there.

Summer Festival
Held in August, hundreds of people dress in yukata and parade down the main street, performing the local bon odori dance. This is followed by an address by the mayor, a series of performances, and a fireworks show.

Specialty Products
In 2019, a specialty product of Yanagawa, the "Niku goro to onigiri," was awarded first place among onigiri in the Bento and Prepared Meal Awards (お弁当・お惣菜大賞). It is prepared using local, "Date chicken" and only available at the Machi no Eki Yanagawa, a community center in the center of the town.

title: Yanagawa, Fukushima


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Hobara, Fukushima

Hobara (保原町) is one of five neighborhoods within the city of Date, Fukushima, along with the towns of Date, Yanagawa, Ryozen, and Tsukidate. Until the merger of all five towns in 2006, Hobara was a town located in Date District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

At that time, studies reported the town had an estimated population of 24,491 people and a density of 583.25 persons per km². The total area was 41.99 km².

History
The town's symbol was designed in 1957, mixing the katakana character for "ho," as in "Hobara" and the character for "en" or yen.

In 1960, the town of Hobara and the villages of Ooda, Kamihobara, Hashirazawa, and Tominari merged, retaining the name "Hobara."

In 1979, peach blossoms, the Japanese red pine, and the common cuckoo were designated the town's official flower, tree, and bird, respectively.

On January 1, 2006, Hobara, along with the towns of Date, Ryōzen, Tsukidate and Yanagawa (all from Date District), was merged to create Date City.

Education

 * Hobara High School
 * Shoyo Junior High School
 * Hobara Elementary School
 * Hashirazawa Elementary School
 * Hobara Kindergarten
 * Hobara Nursery School

Railway
AbukumaExpress – Abukuma Express Line

 * Takako - Kamihobara - Hobara - Ōizumi - Niida

Highway

 * National Route 349
 * National Route 399

Tsutsuko-biki Festival
Tsutsuko-biki is a yearly festival that happens in Hobara on the first Sunday in March. Men from upper, lower, and central Hobara pull at three sides of a "tsutsuko" (meaning a "tawara" or straw bag) containing mochi. In the past, when the town market was held on the 5th and 10th of every month, this festival was held on January 24 to decide which section of the town would have the right to host the market.

Local legend states that the festival began when a severe famine broke out during the Kyōhō Era (1716-1736) in the mid-Edo Period. The lord of Yanagawa at that time, Matsudaira Michiharu (later known as Tokugawa Muneharu), gathered the locals and gave them rice seeds that provided a great harvest the following year. The event is a Shinto ritual of Itsukushima Shrine.

Momo Marathon
There is a yearly "Momo Marathon" (Peach Marathon) which passes through Hobara each summer.

Shinkeibo
Shinkeibo (真敬坊) was a Japanese monk who travelled through Hobara during a plague and was able to treat the villagers, saving them from their sickness. Shinkeibo was asked by the villagers to stay in the town permanently, but stories vary as to whether he resumed wandering or spent the rest of his life in Hobara. Shinkeibo is still considered a hero for his help.

Bomaka
Bomaka (ぼまか) is the name of a playful spirit that caused trouble to residents of Hobara for approximately one year. Little is known about him beyond his great power and mischievous nature.

Kamekyo
Kamekyo is the name of a spirit that resides in a local shrine, Itsukushima Shrine (厳島神社) in Hobara. Local legends include tales in which Kamekyo, a childlike spirit, plays with village children or helps villagers in times of famine or poverty.

Mame Kojiru
Mame Kojiru (豆っこ汁) is a kind of bean used in making dango, a dumpling that is eaten both on its own and as an additive (in miso soup broth, for instance). Mame Kojiru is considered to be a creation native to Hobara.

Takako Lake
A short walk from Takako Station, Takako Lake is located in Kamihobara's area of Takako. According to legend, when the area changed hands from the 17th lord of the Date Clan, Date Masamune to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, locals rushed to hide any trace of the local gold smelting works from the incoming rulers by submerging them in the lake. Alleged sightings of medieval millstones and other tools continued on into the Showa Period.

Takako's Twenty Scenic Views
The Takako Twenty Scenic Views (高子二十境 Takako Ni-juu Kyou) are twenty sites chosen and named by three generations of the Kumasaka family, who wrote kanshi poems in commemoration of each of these sites. These poems are inscribed on white land markers at each of the twenty sites. A guided tour of the twenty sites is held annually, featuring detailed explanations of each stop along the two courses offered (8 km and 6 km) as well as performances of local folk songs and a raffle in which anyone who participates may be rewarded with locally grown grapes.

The Twenty Scenic Views include:

 * 1) Tanroban (丹露盤 "Red Rock of Dew")
 * 2) Gyokutogan (玉兎巖 "Moon Hare Rock")
 * 3) Chōshōrei (長嘯嶺 "Recitation Ridge")
 * 4) Ryuusekigan (龍脊巖 "Dragon's Back")
 * 5) Saishigai (彩芝崖 "Herb Gatherer's Cliff")
 * 6) Kiunkutsu (帰雲窟 "Cloud's Cave")
 * 7) Shoukihan (将帰阪 "Home Coming Hill")
 * 8) Rishukō (狸首岡 "Badger Hill")
 * 9) Insen (隠泉 "Hidden Spring")
 * 10) Kōshihi (高子陂 "Takako Lake")
 * 11) Fukiō (不羈拗 "Freedom Basin")
 * 12) Jūsuigai (拾翆崖 "Jade Picker's Cliff")
 * 13) Henshōgen (返照原 "Sundance Meadow")
 * 14) Sōmarei (走馬嶺 "Galloping Horse Ridge")
 * 15) Hakurohō (白鷺峰 "White Heron Peak")
 * 16) Uzan (雩山 "Rain Dance Mountain")
 * 17) Ufuzan (禹父山 "Pioneer's Hill")
 * 18) Gukōkoku (愚公谷 "Old Fool's Valley")
 * 19) Haku'undou (白雲洞 "White Cloud Cave")
 * 20) Koshōkyuu (古樵丘 "Old Logger Hill")

Also referred to as Takakogaoka-kan or "Takakogaoka Hall," Tanroban, the first of the Takako Twenty Scenic Views is also the former site of a castle built by Date Tomomune. This was the first structure built by Tomomune upon arriving in Date. As such, it is considered the founding place of the Date Clan. At the mountain peak is the Kameoka Hachimangu Shrine. The shrine's white torii gate stands at the foot of the site.

Others

 * The Former Kameoka Family Home
 * Hobara History and Culture Museum
 * Hobara Total Park
 * Tōkō Temple
 * Beniya Ridge
 * Chin-chin Train and Winter Illumination

title: Hobara, Fukushima


text:
Ryōzen, Fukushima

Ryōzen (霊山町) is one of the five towns incorporated into Date City, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, along with the former towns of Date, Hobara, Tsukidate, and Yanagawa. It was formerly an independent town located in Date District. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,491 and a density of 108.68 persons per km2. The total area is 87.33 km2.

History
The town of Ryōzen was formed with the January 31, 1955 merger of the town of Kakeda (掛田町) and the villages of Ryōzen (霊山村), Ishido (石戸村) and Shōkoku (小国村). In anticipation of the town's 10th anniversary after the 1955 merger, the town symbol was established in 1964. It includes a representation of the hiragana character "ri" (り), as in "ryouzen," with the image of a mountain in the center. In 1975, the town's official tree, flower, and bird were established as the Japanese red pine, the gentiana scabra, and the varied tit, respectively.

On January 1, 2006, Ryōzen was merged with the former towns of Date, Hobara, Tsukidate, and Yanagawa to create Date City.

Mount Ryozen and Kitabatake Akiie
Mount Ryōzen is a mountain on the border of Soma City that stands at 825 meters. During the Heian Period, the original Ryōzen Temple (or Ryōzen-ji; not to be confused with Ryōzen Shrine, which was founded in 1881) was constructed on Mount Ryōzen, where it flourished as a center of Buddhist learning in the North for hundreds of years. During the War of the Northern and Southern Courts, otherwise known as the Nanboku-cho War, then governor of the province of Mutsu, Kitabatake Akiie had Ryozen Castle constructed within the temple grounds and stayed there for a number of months between military campaigns. Having left Ryōzen to pursue Ashikaga Takauji, Akiie died in battle at the young age of twenty-one. A statue of Akiie stands at the foot of Mount Ryōzen, at one entrance to Ryōzen Shrine, where he is enshrined with his father, Kitabatake Chikafusa.

Mount Chausu and Princess Gozen
Mount Chausu is a mountain standing at 252.5 meters in the former town of Kakeda, that is thought to have been the site of Kakeda Castle. Kakeda Castle was destroyed by Kakeda Yoshimune during the Tenbun Revolt, a civil war within the Date Clan that began in the eleventh year of the Tenbun Era (1542), when the 14th lord of the clan, Date Tanemune had a falling out with his son, Date Harumune, the 15th lord of the Date Clan. One reason for the rebellion was Tanemune's manner of gaining power through the marriage of his children. Tanemune's daughter, Kakeda Gozen, is said to have been in a relation with a retainer by the name of Nakajima Ise. Ise took advantage of the commotion caused by the revolt and brought Princess Gozen away to Kanayama Castle in Miyagi Prefecture's Marumori Town. Princess Gozen is then said to have thrown herself into a well out of grief. A Kan'non Temple on Mount Chausu is dedicated to her memory.

Others

 * Suzutake Shrine
 * Hie Shrine
 * Ryōzen Kōsaikan (a hotel and bathhouse)
 * Ryōzen Children's Village (park)
 * Ryōzen Satoyama School

Ryōzen Taiko Drum Festival
The Ryōzen Taiko Drum Festival (霊山太鼓まつり) or Date na Taiko Drum Festival (だてな太鼓まつり) is an annual two-day festival held in August. While the festival originated in the town of Ryōzen, in recent years it has been held at Hobara Total Park (保原総合公園) in Hobara Town, the central area of Date City. There is usually a comedic performance, among other stage acts, food and activity booths, as well as a battle between teams of taiko drum performers.

title: Ryōzen, Fukushima


text:
Tsukidate, Fukushima

Tsukidate (月舘町) is one of five neighborhoods within the city of Date, Fukushima, along with the former towns of Date, Hobara, Ryozen, and Yanagawa. Until the merger in 2006 it was a town located in Date District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,443, and a density of 101.83 persons per km2. The total area is 43.63 km2.

Tsukidate is primarily known for rice and wasabi cultivation. It is host to a hydrangea festival in Spring.

History
The town symbol was established in 1965. It includes a representation of the kanji "tsuki" (月), with the horizontal lines extended to indicate unlimited progress. In 1985, the golden-rayed lily, Japanese zelkova, and Japanese bush warbler were named the town's official flower, tree, and bird, respectively.

On January 1, 2006, Tsukidate, along with the towns of Date, Hobara, Ryōzen and Yanagawa (all from Date District), was merged to create Date City.

Local attractions

 * Hana Koubo (resort and bathhouse)
 * 16 Rakan Statues
 * Tsukimidate Forest Park

International relations
Since 1994, Tsukidate has been involved in a cultural exchange program with students from Revere, Massachusetts. Every two years, students from Tsukidate travel to the US for a week-long home-stay. On alternate years, those same students from Revere visit Tsukidate and stay in the student's homes. This program was expanded to include all of Date City in 2006. In the summer of 2016, Date City and Revere City became sister cities. The program has been on hiatus since 2017.

title: Tsukidate, Fukushima


text:
Kawamata, Fukushima

Kawamata (川俣町) is a town in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 12917 in 5414 households, and a population density of 110 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 127.7 km2.

Kawamata is known for its production of silk and silk products. In the late 6th century, Ōtomo no Koteko, also known as Otehime, came to this area. According to tradition, she is honored for having encouraged silk farming in the area. The town is also known for the raising of shamo, a special breed of game bird similar to chicken. Shamo ramen is a local speciality.

Kawamata's main annual event is the Cosquín en Japón festival, a three-day celebration of traditional Argentinian music and dance, which is held each year in October.

Geography
The geographic area of Kawamata is approximately 10 km east-to-west and 20 km north-to-south; the total land area is 127.66 km2. It has an altitude of 201.2 m as measured at the site of the municipal office. Kawamata is located at the confluence of two local rivers, the Hirose and the Isazawa, from which the town's name (meaning "river fork") is derived. Several other small rivers and streams run through the town.

There are four designated mountains in Kawamata: Mt. Kōdaishi (863 m), Mt. Hakubaishi (821 m), Mt. Kuchibuto (842 m), and Mt. Hanazuka (918 m).

Surrounding municipalities

 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Fukushima
 * Date
 * Nihonmatsu
 * Iitate
 * Namie

Subdivisions
The central town consists of the Kawamata neighborhood and parts of Tsuruzawa, Kogami, and Iizaka. The remaining areas are outlying neighborhoods:
 * (Central) Kawamata
 * Tsuruzawa
 * Kogami
 * Iizaka
 * Ōtsunagi
 * Kotsunagi
 * Higashi-Fukuzawa
 * Nishi-Fukuzawa
 * Ojima
 * Akiyama (also called Fukuda)
 * Yamakiya

Yamakiya
The former village of Yamakiya (山木屋) is the largest and most sparsely populated region of Kawamata, as well as the most physically isolated. It is located in the mountains to the south-east of the central town; at 37.40 km2, it occupies almost one third of Kawamata's geographic area. Within Kawamata, Yamakiya retains some of its own distinct cultural characteristics. Yamakiya is home to the Yamakiya Taiko Club, an amateur taiko drum performance group made up of young people from the community. In April 2012, several members of the club travelled to Washington, DC in the US for the 100th anniversary of the National Cherry Blossom Festival as part of a cultural exchange initiative.

One of Yamakiya's prominent facilities is the Yamakiya Skating Rink, an outdoor ice rink which is normally open during January and early February. Speed skating competitions are held for local school children every year.

The Yamakiya region was placed under mandatory evacuation (classified as a "planned evacuation zone") due to elevated levels of radiation following the 2011 earthquake and nuclear crisis. As of 10 August 2013, the evacuation status of Yamakiya was reorganized, with the majority of the area being redesignated as "an area readying for the lifting of evacuation orders", and a small area by the Namie border to remain restricted. The actual evacuation status may be lifted in spring of 2016.

Climate
Kawamata has a humid climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Kawamata is 11.4 C. The average annual rainfall is 1271 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.3 C, and lowest in January, at around -0.1 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, like many rural Japanese communities, Kawamata has suffered from a shrinking population over the past few decades. From a high of more than 27,000 in 1950, the population has decreased to only 15,010 in 2012. This has been correlated with a reduction in available services, including the shutting down of the Kawamata Line railway in 1972, and the closing or merging of several schools.

History
The area of present-day Kawamata was part of ancient Mutsu Province. Numerous Jōmon period ruins have been found in the area. During the Edo period, it was tenryō territory under direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate. After the Meiji Restoration, it was organized as part of Adachi District in the Nakadōri region of Iwaki Province with the creation of the modern municipalities system.

The origin of modern Kawamata goes back to 1876, when Kawamata Village was established; the community was subsequently redesignated as Kawamata Town with the establishment of the municipalities system on 1 April 1889. In 1955, seven neighboring villages – Fukuda, Iizaka, Kotsunagi, Ōtsunagi, Ojima, Tomita, and Yamakiya – were merged into Kawamata Town, leading to the current municipal boundaries.

Kawamata's official emblem, a stylized か (ka) hiragana designed to resemble a bird in flight, was adopted in 1965.

2011 Earthquake and Fukushima nuclear disaster
Kawamata was impacted in a number of ways by the March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. As an inland community, the town was not directly affected by the tsunami. However, power outages lasting up to several days (depending on area) occurred. Several buildings, including the municipal office building, suffered significant structural damage and were subsequently evacuated.

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant initially led to the establishment of a 30 km exclusion zone around the power station. Although Kawamata was located outside this region, in April 2011, the Japanese government established additional evacuation areas which included the Yamakiya neighborhood of Kawamata. The evacuation order will be lifted on 31 March 2017. Controls had been relaxed in August 2013 permitting decontamination work to start.

Economy
The traditional industries of Kawamata were historically agriculture and textiles. Rice farming, shamo chicken, and silk goods all remain culturally important. In recent years, the manufacturing of products such as automobile parts has also become prominent.

Education
As of 2012, Kawamata had six public elementary schools and two junior high schools operated by the town government. The town also operates five half-day kindergartens, and one full-day nursery school. The is one public high school operated by the Fukushima Prefectural Board of Education. Since 2011 a number of schools (kindergarten through junior high school) from neighbouring Iitate village have been housed inside temporary facilities in Kawamata.

Kindergartens and nursery schools

 * Kawamata Kindergarten (川俣幼稚園)
 * Kawamata-Minami Kindergarten (川俣南幼稚園)
 * Tomita Kindergarten (富田幼稚園)
 * Fukuda Kindergarten (福田幼稚園)
 * Yamakiya Kindergarten (山木屋幼稚園) (currently sharing facilities with Kawamata-Minami Kindergarten)
 * Sumiyoshi Nursery School (すみよし保育園)

Elementary schools

 * Kawamata Elementary School (川俣小学校)
 * Kawamata-Minami Elementary School (川俣南小学校)
 * Tomita Elementary School (富田小学校)
 * Iizaka Elementary School (飯坂小学校)
 * Fukuda Elementary School (福田小学校)
 * Yamakiya Elementary School (山木屋小学校) (currently housed inside Kawamata-Minami Elementary School)

Kawamata-Minami Elementary School was founded in 1985 from the merger of two former schools: Ōtsunagi Elementary School and Kotsunagi Elementary School. Similarly, Tomita Elementary School was founded in 1989 from the merger of Tsuruzawa and Kogami Elementary Schools.

Two other schools, Ojima Elementary School (小島小学校) and Fukuzawa Elementary School (福沢小学校), were closed down in March 2008 due to declining enrollment. Students from these two schools were moved into Kawamata Elementary School.

Following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, the former Ojima Elementary School building, now a community centre, was temporarily used to house evacuees from several other municipalities close to the damaged Fukushima I nuclear power station.

Junior high schools

 * Kawamata Junior High School (川俣中学校)
 * Yamakiya Junior High School (山木屋中学校) (currently housed inside Kawamata Junior High School)

Originally, various districts of Kawamata had their own junior high schools. In 1974, all except Yamakiya Junior High School were merged into Kawamata Junior High School.

High schools

 * Kawamata Senior High School (川俣高等学校) is located in the Iizaka district of Kawamata; like all public senior high schools in Japan, it is operated by the prefectural government rather than by the municipality.

Railway

 * Kawamata is not served by any passenger train lines. The nearest railway station is Matsukawa Station on the Tōhoku Main Line. Kawamata itself has had no railway service since 1972, when the former Kawamata Line from Matsukawa, operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR), was abolished.

Highways

Bus access is available to and from various surrounding municipalities. In particular, the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) operates buses between Kawamata and Fukushima City.

Events
Kawamata holds various annual events throughout the year. These include:

 * Kawamata Road Race (June)
 * Karariko Festa (August) – a street festival to mark Obon, with dancing, fireworks, and live performances
 * Shamo Matsuri (August) – a two-day exhibition celebrating the local shamo industry
 * Traffic Safety Marching Band Parade (September)
 * Cosquín en Japón (October) – a three-day Argentinian music festival and concert, featuring performers from around Japan and the world
 * Kasuga Shrine Festival (October) – two-day autumn street festival
 * Silk Fair (October) – a two-day open market for silk and other local products

title: Kawamata, Fukushima


text:
Iino, Fukushima

Iino (飯野町) was a town located in Date District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. On July 1, 2008, Iino was merged into the expanded city of Fukushima. As of 2020, the area of the former town had an estimated population of 5,201 and a population density of 270 persons per km².

Iino is famous for UFOs. Japan's first-ever "UFO lab" for study and observation was opened here in 2020. The UFO Fureaikan museum is also located nearby, close to Senganmori mountain.

Geography
Iino is located near the center of Fukushima Prefecture in the northern hills of the Abukuma Highlands. The Abukuma River flows on the Western side of the town. Senganmori mountain, one of the town's symbols Prior to the merger, it was the third smallest municipality in Fukushima after the villages of Yugawa and Nakajima.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Iino has declined steadily since 1955.

title: Iino, Fukushima


text:
Date District, Fukushima

 * List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Iwashiro Province > Date District
 * Japan > Tōhoku region > Fukushima Prefecture > Date District

Date (伊達郡) is a district located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2008, the district has an estimated population of 39,633 and a density of 190 persons per km2. The total area is 208.53 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Kawamata
 * Koori
 * Kunimi

Mergers

 * On January 1, 2006 the towns of Date, Hobara, Ryōzen, Tsukidate and Yanagawa merged to create the city of Date.
 * On July 1, 2008 the town of Iino was annexed by the city of Fukushima (excluding Kawamata).

title: Date District, Fukushima


text:
Title of Record

Title of Record is the second studio album by American rock band Filter, released on August 24, 1999, by Reprise Records. The album's earlier sessions were marred with slow progress due to lineup changes and frontman Richard Patrick's decision to construct his own studio for recording. However, progress improved after solidifying the lineup and bringing in further production help. In support of the album's release, Filter performed on the 1999 Family Values Tour.

Title of Record was a critical and commercial success upon its release, peaking at number 30 on the US Billboard 200. It had sold over 800,000 copies by 2001 and was later certified platinum by the RIAA for shipments of over one million copies. Three singles were released from the album: "Welcome to the Fold", "Take a Picture", and "The Best Things". "Take a Picture" became the band's most successful single, peaking within the top-20 of nine international charts, including the Billboard Hot 100.

Background
The album was created over an exhaustive four-year period. After the release of Filter's 1995 debut Short Bus, which was created entirely by frontman Richard Patrick, Brian Liesegang, and a drum machine, the band toured in support of the album throughout 1996. In order to do this, a live band was recruited, consisting of Geno Lenardo on guitar, Frank Cavanaugh on bass, and Matt Walker on drums.

Reports of working on a second album started to arise in early 1997. Initial plans involved Patrick and Liesegang working together on a second album in a similar manner as their first album. Liesegang initially spoke of traveling across North America and recording on a PowerBook whenever inspiration hit them. He referred to a tentative title as Longbutter, a tentative release date of September 1997, and hinted of moving in a more electronic direction now that the band had established themselves as different from Nine Inch Nails, of which they had both been a part prior to Filter. Prior to formal recording sessions for a new album, the two wrote and released a few songs on movie soundtracks, most notably the electronic rock track "(Can't You) Trip Like I Do" with the Crystal Method, which proved to be a turning-point for the two. The sessions strengthened Liesegang's conviction to move into more of an electronic, Radiohead-type musical direction, whereas it had the opposite effect on Patrick, inspiring him to keep the music heavy and guitar oriented.

With the two both unable to agree on how to proceed, constant arguing and power struggles ensued. Patrick's collaboration with The Crystal Method had also opened his mind to collaborating with different musicians, leading him to start attempting to push Liesegang out of the band. The resulting tensions and fighting led Lenardo, Cavanaugh, and Walker all to leave first. Relations between Patrick and Liesegang continued to deteriorate, and by mid-1997, due to Patrick's "creative dominance", Liesegang quit the band as well, leaving Patrick as the sole member.

Patrick, now on his own, attempted to restart the sessions for the album, but experienced further roadblocks: "'I kind of had to hit rock bottom. I didn't have a band. I didn't have a studio. I had this platinum record that showed up in the mail, and I had nothing except for my own talents. So at some point, I forced myself to play the guitar. I would force myself to write lyrics. I was playing people's demos. I was still into the band. It's just that I didn't have anything." Patrick opted to start over by building his own studio, called "Abyssinian Son"; however, this ended up being far more complicated and time-consuming than he expected, with over two years going into dealing with realtors, property leases, and contractors to get the studio in functioning shape. Once preparations were complete, Patrick met up with, and started early sessions with music producer and sound engineer Rae DiLeo. However, after a month of sessions with just himself and DiLeo's guidance, Patrick decided not to do the entire album himself, and decided to seek out musicians, specifically, the Short Bus touring band.

As several years had passed since members had left, this led to difficulties as well. Walker was unable to return, as he had become the replacement touring drummer for the Smashing Pumpkins to replace drummer Jimmy Chamberlin. Lenardo initially was unable to return, as he had gotten married and had children and was living a life that was contrary to Patrick's requirements for him in the studio. However, after working through it, Patrick became more accommodating to his lifestyle, and Lenardo returned in a desire to provide for his family. Cavanaugh had been touring with Prong, but was able to return, and the band recruited new drummer Steven Gillis to replace Walker.

Writing and recording
With a working band back together, the album's final sessions began. Some tracks, such as "Take a Picture" and "Welcome to the Fold", would still be written entirely by Patrick, while others would entail Lenardo coming up with a rough idea, and Patrick polishing it into its final form. The exception was "It's Gonna Kill Me", where Patrick conceded that Lenardo wrote the entirety of the music of the track. Cavanaugh did not contribute to the writing process other than creating the bass line to the track "Cancer", otherwise just playing as directed by others. Gillis oftentimes had to re-record his drum tracks multiple times due to Lenardo altering the guitar parts of the songs. The band continued to work with Dileo on the album, but also brought in music producer Ben Grosse to assist with the album's production and mixing. Other collaborators included D'Arcy Wretzky, former bassist of the Smashing Pumpkins, who provided vocals for the chorus of the track "Cancer". Eric Remschneider, who had also contributed to the Smashing Pumpkin's song "Disarm" was also brought in to play cello on the opening track "Sand", lead single "Take a Picture" and closing track "Miss Blue".

Described as being "firmly within the industrial-metal tradition", the record expands on the grunge-influenced industrial rock sound of Short Bus with electronic textures and elements from folk, worldbeat and psychedelia.

Release and promotion
The album was released on August 24, 1999, and debuted on the Billboard 200 chart at no. 30. In support of it, the band performed on Family Values Tour 1999. By October 2001, the album had amassed over 800,000 sold, and was eventually certified platinum, indicating over one million units shipped. On August 9, 2019, the band released a 20th Anniversary reissue of the album via Craft Recordings, which compiled a number of b-sides and remixes that had been released separately around the time of the album's release.

Reception
The album was commercially and critically well received. AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the album for its "subtle differences in tension and dynamics that keep it fresh and engaging throughout", albeit "a little out of place within the modern rock world of 1999" (due to the prominence of nu metal) and ultimately "a strong album". Entertainment Weekly's Steven Mirkin regarded the record as "derivative", while noting the band's "attention to melody and craft" to be refreshing. Greg Kot of Rolling Stone thought that the album "rehashes the Jekyll and Hyde dynamics that have become alternative rock's creative downfall." Nevertheless, Kot further stated: "With Short Bus, Filter sounded like the latest and lightest in a long line of industrial-rock bands, but Title of Record expands the possibilities."

The album sold more than 1 million copies, and the hit single "Take a Picture" fared well on several charts. In 2005, Title of Record was ranked number 493 in Rock Hard magazine's book The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.

The album was featured as number 8 on Loudwire's list of "15 Best Hard Rock Albums of 1999".

Personnel
Band
 * Richard Patrick – vocals, guitars, bass, programming
 * Geno Lenardo – guitars, bass, sitar, mandolin, programming
 * Frank Cavanagh – bass
 * Steven Gillis – drums

Additional musicians
 * D'arcy Wretzky – additional vocals on "Cancer"
 * Eric Remschneider – acoustic cello, electric cello
 * Jim McGrath – percussion
 * Elliot Caine – trumpet

Production
 * Richard Patrick – production
 * Geno Lenardo – production
 * Ben Grosse – production, mixing
 * Rae DiLeo – production, programming, digital editing
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering

title: Title of Record


text:
Adachi, Fukushima

Adachi (安達町) was a town located in Adachi District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

On December 1, 2005, Adachi, along with the towns of Iwashiro and Tōwa (all from Adachi District), was merged into the expanded city of Nihonmatsu.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,727 and a population density of 264.42 persons per km2. The total area was 44.35 km2.

title: Adachi, Fukushima


text:
Ōtama, Fukushima

Ōtama (大玉村) is a village located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 8,781, and a population density of 110 persons per km2 in 2896 households. The total area of the village was 79.44 sqkm. In 2016, Ōtama was selected as one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan.

Geography
Ōtama is located in north-central Fukushima prefecture, sandwiched between the cities of Kōriyama and Nihonmatsu.

 * Lakes: Miharu Dam
 * Mountains: Mount Adatara (1728m)
 * Rivers: Abukuma River

Neighboring municipalities

 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Kōriyama
 * Nihonmatsu
 * Motomiya

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōtama peaked around the year 1950 but has remained relatively steady over the past 50 years.

Climate
Ōtama has a humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by mild summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ōtama is 10.8 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1288 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.2 °C.

History
The area of present-day Ōtama was part of ancient Mutsu Province and the area has many burial mounds from the Kofun period. The area formed part of the holdings of Nihonmatsu Domain during the Edo period. After the Meiji Restoration, it was organized as part of Nakadōri region of Iwaki Province, administratively within Adachi District. The villages of Oyama and Tamanoi were established on April 1, 1899 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. Ōtama Village was formed on March 31, 1955 with the merger of the two villages.

Economy
The economy of Ōtama is primarily agricultural.

Education
Ōtama has two public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.
 * Ōtama Middle School
 * Ōtama Oyama Elementary School
 * Ōtama Tamanoi Elementary School

Railway
Ōtama is not served by any passenger railway service, although the Tohoku Main Line passes through the village.

International relations

 * 🇵🇪 - Machu Picchu, Peru, friendship city since December 26, 2015

title: Ōtama, Fukushima


text:
Talk:Suet

Clarification
Most particularly, suet is the fat which envelopes the kidneys of an ox. This is the form used in most food uses of suet, such as fruit pudding. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Retype enwiki (talk • contribs) 02:52, 2004 August 3 (UTC)

Question
Question: is beef dripping suet or tallow? -- John Fader 03:16, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC) Answer: NO. See reply. Dripping is just the fat that has "dripped" off the roast beef as you cook it.Robauz (talk) 10:33, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Another Question
Another Question: If room temperature is 21-23C, how is Suet solid at RoomTemp and still melts at 21C? Empty Book 21:10, 2 July 2006 (UTC) Answer: it is a bit like butter, the hotter it is the softer it is. but it doesn't suddenly turn to liquid at 22 degrees. Its big lumps of beef fat so much the same as that. Robauz (talk) 10:33, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Butter is composed of more than one fat/oil, each with a different melting point, hence butter melts over a wider temperature range than 2 or 3°C (this is my assumption!). Having said that, it also appears to melt over a wider temperature range than it really does, as the whole piece of butter you’re melting doesn’t come to temperature all at once.

 * As far as suet goes (“the fat which envelopes the kidneys of an ox”) – suet is quite hard (certainly harder than butter) at room temperature. It is used by the body as “padding” for vital organs so is not liquid even at body temperature (about 39°C for a cow), so 21°C is a totally unrealistic melting point for it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.105.3.152 (talk) 09:28, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Mold?
Suet is also another form of mold — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.128.127.42 (talk) 23:34, 2006 December 10 (UTC)

 * I've no idea what this means. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Robauz (talk • contribs) 10:33, 2007 December 7 (UTC)

Melting Point
Whats the melting point? 21 or 45 degrees celsius? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.133.245.191 (talk) 19:06, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * 1,200 kJ ?

 *  Typically the energy requirement is in the region of 1,200-1,400 kJ per day for sledge hauling or dog-sled travelling
 * That's about 285 kcal, barely enough for an adult cat at home. 5,000-6,000 kcal is closer. . Editing accordingly. arielCo 21:02, 8 January 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arielco (talk • contribs)

 * The 2nd cited source for the energy requirements literally says that 5000-6000 calories are NOT required and that 3000-4000 is closer to accurate, based on their studies. Can this be corrected in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.183.21.157 (talk) 07:51, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

 * That chart at the bottom of the article (and at the bottom of other fat-related articles) is fabulous. Would someone kindly add coconut oil and palm oil? Both have become quite popular lately. 38.115.185.3 (talk) 16:08, 19 October 2012 (UTC)Fatso

 * Yes please. I want a 'cooking fats' article, with melt and soften points for all cooking fats. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.187.243.156 (talk) 00:59, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

Trade: Century of Suet?
This section reads very superfluous. The "Viceroyalty of Peru" seems really forcibly shoehorned into this article....Probablynoteworthy (talk) 05:37, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Vegetarian Suet
Personally, i think the fact that there is a vegetarian version of it is notable and should be included in this article, another user disagrees- would like to get others input Sethie (talk) 07:24, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Suet


text:
Category talk:Ship types

Talk
Tsk, tsk, no ro-ro ships AlainV 02:52, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think there is an article somewhere - if only somebody had categorized it so it could be found here... Stan 03:56, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hey, there's no LPG carrier mentioned!

organisation
Wouldn't it be better to subcategorise this e.g. according to merchant vessel, naval, yacht, etc, or maybe by means of propulsion or historically? There are about 400 entries!

More importantly, shouldn't the all of the boats be listed under Boat Types? That article already exists and moving them there would be both more appropriateand make this article much less confusing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 214.13.167.252 (talk) 23:13, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Mining ships
I don't see a category for mining ships. One is described in the source for the article on the Australian company Nautilus Minerals Inc., but I don't find a good place to look for other ships of the type. Surely there are other ships that have been built for the purpose of mining resources from subsea environments, even if only the rather pedestrian gravel mining, sand mining, type of mining.

Any help would be appreciated. Cheers. N2e (talk) 19:12, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Ship types


text:
Shirasawa, Fukushima

Shirasawa (白沢村) was a village located in Adachi District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

On January 1, 2007, Shirasawa was merged with the former town of Motomiya (also from Adachi District) to create the city of Motomiya.

Demographics
As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 9,388 as of September 2005 and a density of 191.24 persons per km2. The total area was 48.40 km2.

Shirasawa had an average of 4.36 members per household, which was the highest in Japan.

History
Shirasawa was founded when the villages of Shiraiwa (白岩村;-mura) and Wagisawa (和木沢村;-mura) merged in April 1955.

Education
Public Schools

(Shirasawa Village School District, now Motomiya City School District)
 * Shirasawa Junior High School
 * Nukazawa Elementary School
 * Wada Elementary School
 * Shiraiwa Elementary School

Transportation

 * Fukushima Route 28, Motomiya to Miharu
 * Fukushima Route 40, Iino to Miharu Ishikawa
 * Tohoku Shinkansen tracks run through, though there is no station
 * ~5 km to National Route 4
 * ~5 km to Tohoku JR East Motomiya Station

title: Shirasawa, Fukushima