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User:Dpbsmith/Billion

In most English-speaking countries today, one billion equals 1,000,000,000, or 109: a one followed by nine zeros. (This is also the meaning of the word when used in Wikipedia, though it is preferable to avoid the term altogether, for reasons given below.) One billion (American usage) is thus equal to one thousand millions, or one thousandth of a trillion (American usage). For a list of occurrences of numbers of this magnitude, see the article 1 E9.

In most other countries, a word similar to "billion" indicates 1,000,000,000,000, or 1012, or one million millions. For example: Norwegian, Dutch biljoen, German, French billion, Spanish billón, Italian bilione and Swedish billion or biljon. The value 109 is called something similar to the English word "milliard" in these countries. For example, French and Norwegian milliard, Dutch miljard, German Milliarde, Spanish millardo, Italian miliardo, Polish miliard and Swedish miljard or milliard. (Spanish commonly uses "thousand million": mil millones.) See also False friends.

Origin late 17th century: From French, prefix bi- (twice) and -illion (from million). In imitation of one million million. Trillion: one million million million and so on.

Britain and Australia traditionally employed the international usage of 1012, but have recently largely switched to the U.S. version of 109.

Some non-English speaking countries are exceptions to the above rule and match the U.S. usage. A Brazilian Portuguese dictionary indicates 1012 = trilhão, 109 = bilhão. Similarly, transliterating from Greek, 1012 = trisekatommyrio, 109 = disekatommyrio (see myriad).

History

 * In 1475, Jehan Adam recorded the words "bymillion" and "trimillion" (for 1012 and 1018).
 * In 1484 the French mathematician Nicolas Chuquet in his article "Triparty en la science de nombres" used the words byllion, tryllion, quadrillion, quyllion, sixlion, septyllion, ottyllion, and nonyllion. Although Chuquet is often cited as defining these words to mean powers of a million, Robert Munafo has pointed out  that this is incorrect. Oddly enough, there is one passage in the work where they clearly refer to 1012, 1018, etc.  and another passage in which he is clearly using them to mean 109, 1012.
 * Au lieu de dire mille milliers, on dira million, au lieu de dire mille millions, on dira byllion, etc..., et tryllion, quadrilion ... octylion, nonyllion, et ainsi des autres si plus oultre on voulait proceder. French: "Instead of saying one thousand thousand, one may say million; instead of saying one thousand million, one may say billion, — and trillion, quadrillion, ... octillion, nonillion, and others as well, as far as you wish to go."

Chuquet's work had little direct influence because his work was not published until the 1870s, but most of it was copied (without attribution) by Estienne de la Roche for a portion of his 1520 book, Larismetique.
 * Around 1550 Pelletier used the system based on powers of 106, adding the term "milliard" for 109. This system was used in England and Germany and part of the rest of Europe, but in France and in the USA a different system became established where the term billion signifies 109.
 * In 1926, H. W. Fowler's Modern English Usage noted "It should be remembered that this word does not mean in American use (which follows the French) what it means in British. For to us it means the second power of a million, i.e. a million millions (1,000,000,000,000); for Americans it means a thousand multiplied by itself twice, or a thousand millions (1,000,000,000), what we call a milliard. Since billion in our sense is useless except to astronomers, it is a pity that we do not conform."
 * 1948 the "Conférence des Poids et des Mesures" proposed to use the original Pelletier system in France.
 * 1961 the "Journal Officiel" (the French official gazette) decided in favor of this proposal.
 * Some dictionaries recommend: "The terms billion, trillion, quintillion, quatrillion, quintillion and sextillion are to be avoided because of the ambiguity"
 * In 1974 British prime minister Harold Wilson abandoned the use of billion for 1012, by explaining before the House of Commons the fact that "billion" from now on in British government statistics has the American use i.e. means 109.

But there seems still to be uncertainty about this:

On one side, Graham Dane, a native English speaker, writes in the forum of the Online-vocabolary LEO.org:
 * The term milliard is very rare in British English. Billion has meant thousand million in financial writings for many years now, and is almost universal in other fields. Anyone using billion to mean million million is likely to be misunderstood.

On the other side, in the FAQs of alt.usage.english (the part by Ken Moore) states:
 * Despite this, the U.S. meaning is still rare outside journalism and finance, its introduction having served merely to create confusion. Throughout the U.K., a common response to the question "What do you understand by 'a billion'?" would be: "Well, I mean a million million, but I often don't know what other people mean." Few schoolchildren are confident of the meaning, though, again, 1012 seems to be preferred.

One alternative approach is to use SI prefixes, that is, "Giga" for 109 and "Tera" for 1012. However, this alternative is often only used with specific units that commonly have such magnitudes. An additional problem is that if the unit is a computing term, the term may be interpreted as being a power of 2 instead of a power of 10 (see Binary prefix for more information on one approach to avoiding this).

History

 * In 1475, Jehan Adam recorded the words "bymillion" and "trimillion" (for 1012 and 1018).
 * In 1484 the French mathematician Nicolas Chuquet in his article "Triparty en la science de nombres" used the words byllion, tryllion, quadrillion, quyllion, sixlion, septyllion, ottyllion, and nonyllion. Robert Munafo now affirms (without any proof ! ) that, there were one passage in which Chuquet was using them to mean 109, 1012, etc.  But the original writing clearly refers to 1012, 1018, etc. Chuquet's work had little direct influence because his work was not published until the 1870s, but most of it was copied (without attribution) by Estienne de la Roche for a portion of his 1520 book, Larismetique.
 * Around 1550 Pelletier while maintaining the system of the great scale of Chuquet, proposed to call the traditional "thousands of millions" now "milliards". This system was largely adopted in England and Germany and the rest of Europe.
 * Early 17th Century, in France and Italy a minority of scientists would change the sens of billion to be now 109.
 * Middle 18th Century, this reformed meaning of the term "billion" was brought to the New-England colonies.
 * Early 19th Century the first attested schoolbooks teaching the system of the short scale in the USA.
 * In 1926, H. W. Fowler's Modern English Usage noted "It should be remembered that this word does not mean in American use (which follows the French) what it means in British. For to us it means the second power of a million, i.e. a million millions (1,000,000,000,000); for Americans it means a thousand multiplied by itself twice, or a thousand millions (1,000,000,000), what we call a milliard. Since billion in our sense is useless except to astronomers, it is a pity that we do not conform."
 * 1948: the "International Conférence des Poids et des Mesures" proposed to use the original Adam-Chuquet-Pelletier system.
 * 1961: the "Journal Officiel" (the French official gazette) confirms the system of long scale.
 * Some dictionaries recommend: "The terms billion, trillion, quatrillion, quintillion and sextillion are to be avoided because of the ambiguity"
 * In 1974 British prime minister Harold Wilson abandoned the use of billion for 1012, by explaining before the House of Commons the fact that "billion" from now on in British government statistics has the American use i.e. means 109.
 * In 1994 the Italian government too confirms officially the international use of the term "billion" (.pdf  page 12)

Confusing use
Conclusion: The confusing use exists only in English language (USA) and Portuguese language (Brazil). On one side, Graham Dane, a native English speaker, writes in the forum of the online dictionary LEO.org:
 * The term milliard is very rare in British English. Billion has meant thousand million in financial writings for many years now, and is almost universal in other fields. Anyone using billion to mean million million is likely to be misunderstood.

On the other side, in the FAQs of alt.usage.english (the part by Ken Moore) states:
 * Despite this, the U.S. meaning is still rare outside journalism and finance, its introduction having served merely to create confusion. Throughout the U.K., a common response to the question "What do you understand by 'a billion'?" would be: "Well, I mean a million million, but I often don't know what other people mean." Few schoolchildren are confident of the meaning, though, again, 1012 seems to be preferred.

Alternative approaches
One alternative approach is to use SI prefixes, that is, "Giga" for 109 and "Tera" for 1012. However, this alternative is often only used with specific units that commonly have such magnitudes. An additional problem is that if the unit is a computing term, the term may be interpreted as being a power of 2 instead of a power of 10 (see Binary prefix for more information on one approach to avoiding this).

title: User:Dpbsmith/Billion


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Operating expense

An operating expense is an ongoing cost for running a product, business, or system. Its counterpart, a capital expenditure (capex), is the cost of developing or providing non-consumable parts for the product or system. For example, the purchase of a photocopier involves capex, and the annual paper, toner, power and maintenance costs represents opex. For larger systems like businesses, opex may also include the cost of workers and facility expenses such as rent and utilities.

Overview
In business, an operating expense is a day-to-day expense such as sales and administration, or research & development, as opposed to production, costs, and pricing. In short, this is the money the business spends in order to turn inventory into throughput.

On an income statement, "operating expenses" is the sum of a business's operating expenses for a period of time, such as a month or year.

In throughput accounting, the cost accounting aspect of the theory of constraints (TOC), operating expense is the money spent turning inventory into throughput. In TOC, operating expense is limited to costs that vary strictly with the quantity produced, like raw materials and purchased components. Everything else is a fixed cost, including labour (unless there is a regular and significant chance that workers will not work a full-time week when they report on their first day).

In a real estate context, operating expenses include costs associated with the operation and maintenance of an income-producing property.

Operating expenses include:
 * salary and wages
 * accounting expenses
 * license fees
 * maintenance and repairs, such as snow removal, trash removal, janitorial service, pest control, and lawn care
 * advertising
 * office expenses
 * supplies
 * attorney fees and legal fees
 * utilities, such as telephone
 * insurance
 * property management, including a resident manager
 * property taxes
 * travel and vehicle expenses
 * Travel expenses are defined as those incurred in the event of travel required for professional purposes.
 * For this purpose, “travel” is defined as the simultaneous absence from the residence and from the regular place of employment. It is prompted by professional or company purposes and likely does not concern the traveler’s private life, or concerns it only to a small degree. Travel expenses include travel costs and fares, accommodation expenses, and so-called additional expenses for meals.

 * leasing commissions

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Operating expense


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Haws

Haws is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * John Henry Hobart Haws (1809–1858), United States Representative from New York
 * Kurt Haws (born 1969), former American football tight end
 * Larry Haws (1940–2012), U.S. politician from Minnesota
 * Tyler Haws (born 1991), American basketball player

title: Haws


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User:Beland

About me
My first logged-in edit to Wikipedia was on 6 April, 2004. I was made a Wikipedia administrator on 4 September, 2005. I use admin tools somewhat rarely, mostly just deleting unneeded pages or fixing pages most people can't edit.

My current Wikipedia programming project is Typo Team/moss, which aims to spell-check, grammar-check, and style-check all of the English Wikipedia. Previously I worked on Pearle Wisebot, which has been offline for a few years. I'm also using JWB to do a cleanup for WP:INFONAT. (These projects are why I have made hundreds of thousands of edits; actually sitting down and writing or re-writing content takes a lot more time per edit, but is often more interesting.)

I have some training and experience in journalism, science, engineering, software, public policy, STS, and photography. With moss and RETF, I fix typos and find certain types of bad content systematically; I'm also in the habit of fact-checking or tagging problematic content as come across it. It's a nice day when I can add something new and informative to the project, which happens on a lot of random topics I probably heard about on NPR or came up in a book. I occasionally upload a photo or edit an existing image.

I'm a bit concerned about the growing backlog of work for editors, as well as editor retention, civility, and diversity, and productivity. Sometimes I can use software to solve problems in these areas, but sometimes they just need to be tackled one at a time as they are encountered.

Subpages

 * User:Beland/Tools - includes links to backlogs and fixup projects you can help with
 * User talk:Beland/Praise
 * User:Beland/Pages to remember
 * User:Beland/Todo

=Copyright information=

title: User:Beland


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Herb Dhaliwal

Harbance Singh (Herb) Dhaliwal, PC (born 12 December 1952) is a Canadian politician and businessman.

He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1993 election as the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Vancouver South.

Prime Minister Jean Chrétien recommended Dhaliwal's appointment to Cabinet (the first Indian-Canadian to become a federal cabinet minister) in 1997 as Minister of Revenue. In 1999, he became Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, and in 2002 he was appointed Minister of Natural Resources and Minister with political responsibility for British Columbia.

Dhaliwal was a firm supporter of Chrétien against Paul Martin's attempt to force the Liberal leader to retire. As a result, Martin's campaign team targeted Dhaliwal and successfully took over his riding association. Dhaliwal publicly denounced Martin's campaign team for this and criticized them for restricting access to Liberal Party membership forms. When Chrétien announced his resignation, Dhaliwal briefly considered running in the 2003 Liberal leadership campaign, but decided against it. Several months later, he endorsed Martin for leader and said he would be willing to serve in a Martin cabinet. However, on 3 December 2003, he announced that he would not be running for re-election.

Business
After graduating from the University of British Columbia with a Bachelor of Commerce degree, he started a maintenance company out of his basement. He is a top level executive of Dynamic Facility Services Ltd. He became a self-made millionaire with diversified business interests including transportation, maintenance and real estate development.

Dhaliwal is chairman of National Green Biomed Ltd., a medical marijuana producer that donated $1 million in 2015 for health research into medical cannabis at the University of British Columbia. He spoke about decriminalization of cannabis by the Justin Trudeau federal government.

Personal life
Born in India at Chaheru, Distt. Kapurthala Punjab in 1952, Dhaliwal's family emigrated to Vancouver when he was six. He attended John Oliver Secondary School, graduating in 1972.

Dhaliwal is married to one Amrit Kaur. He has two daughters and a son.

title: Herb Dhaliwal


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Hardy Cross

Hardy Cross (1885–1959) was an American structural engineer and the developer of the moment distribution method for structural analysis of statically indeterminate structures. The method was in general use from c. 1935 until c. 1960 when it was gradually superseded by other methods.

Early life
Cross was born in Nansemond County, Virginia, to Virginia planter Thomas Hardy Cross and his wife Eleanor Elizabeth Wright. He had an elder brother, Tom Peete Cross, who would later become a Celtic studies scholar. Both studied at Norfolk Academy. Then he attended Hampden-Sydney College where he earned both B.A. and B.S. degrees. He obtained a BS in civil engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1908, and then joined the bridge department of the Missouri Pacific Railroad in St. Louis, where he remained for a year, after which he returned to Norfolk Academy in 1909. After a year of graduate study at Harvard he was awarded the MCE degree in 1911. Hardy Cross developed the moment distribution method while working at University of Illinois.

Career
Cross next became an assistant professor of civil engineering at Brown University, where he taught for seven years. After a brief return to general engineering practice, he accepted a position as professor of structural engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in 1921. At the University of Illinois Hardy Cross developed his moment distribution method. He left Illinois in 1937 to become the chair of the civil engineering department at Yale University, a position from which he retired in 1953.

Accurate structural analysis of statically indeterminate beams and frames could be performed by hand using the moment distribution method. In this method, the fixed-end moments in the framing members are gradually distributed to adjacent members in a number of steps such that the system eventually reaches its natural equilibrium configuration. However the method was still an approximation but it could be solved to be very close to the actual solution.

The Hardy Cross method is essentially the Jacobi iterative scheme applied to the displacement formulation of structural analysis.

Today the "moment distribution" method is no longer commonly used because computers have changed the way engineers evaluate structures, and moment distribution programs are seldom created nowadays. Today's structural analysis software is based on the flexibility method, direct stiffness method or finite element methods (FEM).

Another Hardy Cross method is also famous for modeling flows in complex water supply networks. Until recent decades, it was the most common method for solving such problems.

He received numerous honors. Among these were an honorary Master of Arts degree from Yale University, the Lamme Medal of the American Society for Engineering Education (1944), the Wason Medal for Most Meritorious Paper of the American Concrete Institute (1935), and the Gold Medal of the Institution of Structural Engineers of Great Britain (1959).

Hardy Cross Method
Hardy Cross's description of his method follows: "Moment Distribution. The method of moment distribution is this: [Cross 1949:2]
 * 1) Imagine all joints in the structure held so that they cannot rotate and compute the moments at the ends of the members for this condition;
 * 2) at each joint distribute the unbalanced fixed-end moment among the connecting members in proportion to the constant for each member defined as "stiffness";
 * 3) multiply the moment distributed to each member at a joint by the carry-over factor at the end of the member and set this product at the other end of the member;
 * 4) distribute these moments just "carried over";
 * 5) repeat the process until the moments to be carried over are small enough to be neglected; and
 * 6) add all moments – fixed-end moments, distributed moments, moments carried over – at each end of each member to obtain the true moment at the end."

title: Hardy Cross


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Culture of Cambodia

Throughout Cambodia's long history, religion has been a major source of cultural inspiration. Over nearly two millennia, Cambodians have developed a unique Cambodian culture and belief system from the syncreticism of indigenous animistic beliefs and the Indian religions of Buddhism and Hinduism. Cambodia's achievements in art, architectures, music, and dance from the 9th and 14th century have had a great influence on many neighboring kingdoms, namely Thailand and Laos. The effect of Khmer culture can still be seen today in those countries, as they share many close characteristics with current-day Cambodia Many cultures are inspired by our neighbors, especially Thailand. As someone who once ruled the ancient Khmer

History
The Golden age of Cambodia was between the 9th and 14th century, during the Angkor period, during which it was a powerful and prosperous empire that flourished and dominated almost all of inland Southeast Asia. Angkor eventually collapsed after much intensive in-fighting between royalty and constant warring with its increasingly powerful neighbors, notably Siam and Dai Viet. Many temples from this period like Bayon and Angkor Wat still remain today, scattered throughout Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam as a reminder of the grandeur of Khmer arts and culture.

Architecture and housing
The Angkorian architects and sculptors created temples that mapped the cosmic world in stone. Khmer decorations drew inspiration from religion, and mythical creatures from Hinduism and Buddhism were carved on walls. Temples were built in accordance to the rule of ancient Khmer architecture that dictated that a basic temple layout include a central shrine, a courtyard, an enclosing wall, and a moat. Khmer motifs use many creatures from Buddhist and Hindu mythology, like the Royal Palace in Phnom Penh, use motifs such as the garuda, a mythical bird in Hinduism.

The architecture of Cambodia developed in stages under the Khmer Empire from the 9th to the 15th century, preserved in many buildings of the Angkor temple. The remains of secular architecture from this time are rare, as only religious buildings were made of stone. The architecture of the Angkor period used specific structural features and styles, which are one of the main methods used to date the temples, along with inscriptions.

In modern rural Cambodia, the nuclear family typically lives in a rectangular house that may vary in size from four by six meters to six by ten meters. It is constructed of a wooden frame with gabled thatch roof and walls of woven bamboo. Khmer houses are typically raised as much as three meters on stilts for protection from annual floods. Two ladders or wooden staircases provide access to the house.

A steep thatch roof overhanging the house walls protects the interior from rain. Typically a house contains three rooms separated by partitions of woven bamboo. The front room serves as a living room used to receive visitors, the next room is the parents' bedroom, and the third is for unmarried daughters. Sons sleep anywhere they can find space. Family members and neighbors work together to build the house, and a house-raising ceremony is held upon its completion.

The houses of poorer persons may contain only a single large room. Food is prepared in a separate kitchen located near the house but usually behind it. Toilet facilities consist of simple pits in the ground, located away from the house, that are covered up when filled. Any livestock is kept below the house. Chinese and Vietnamese houses in Cambodian towns and villages are typically built directly on the ground and have earthen, cement, or tile floors, depending upon the economic status of the owner. Urban housing and commercial buildings may be of brick, masonry, or wood.

Religion
Cambodia is predominantly Buddhist with 80% of the population being Theravada Buddhist, 1% Christian and the majority of the remaining population follow Islam, atheism, or animism.

Buddhism has existed in Cambodia since at least the 5th century CE. Theravada Buddhism has been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century CE (excepting the Khmer Rouge period), and is currently estimated to be the faith of 90% of the population. A smaller number of Cambodians, mostly of Vietnamese and Chinese descent, practice Mahayana Buddhism. The main orders of Buddhism practiced in Cambodia are Dhammayuttika Nikaya and Maha Nikaya.

Islam is the religion of a majority of the Cham and Malay ethnic minorities (both also known under the umbrella term "Khmer Islam") in Cambodia. According to Po Dharma, there were 150,000 to 200,000 Muslims in Cambodia as late as 1975. Persecution under the Khmer Rouge eroded their numbers, however, and by the late 1980s they probably had not regained their former strength. All of the Cham Muslims are Sunnis of the Shafi'i school. Po Dharma divides the Muslim Cham in Cambodia into a traditionalist branch and an orthodox branch.

Christianity was introduced into Cambodia by Roman Catholic missionaries in 1660. It made little headway at first, particularly among Khmer Buddhists. In 1972 there were probably about 20,000 Christians in Cambodia, most of whom were Roman Catholics. According to Vatican statistics, in 1953, members of the Roman Catholic Church in Cambodia numbered 120,000, making it at that time the second largest religion in the country.

In April 1970, just before repatriation, estimates indicate that about 50,000 Catholics were Vietnamese. Many of the Catholics remaining in Cambodia in 1972 were Europeans—chiefly French. American Protestant missionary activity increased in Cambodia, especially among some of the hill tribes and among the Cham, after the establishment of the Khmer Republic. The 1962 census, which reported 2,000 Protestants in Cambodia, remains the most recent statistic for the group.

Observers reported that in 1980 there were more registered Khmer Christians among the refugees in camps in Thailand than in all of Cambodia before 1970. Kiernan notes that, until June 1980, five weekly Protestant services were held in Phnom Penh by a Khmer pastor, but that they had been reduced to a single weekly service after police harassment. There are around 21,300 Catholics in Cambodia which represents only 0.15% of the total population. There are no dioceses, but there are three territorial jurisdictions - one Apostolic Vicariate and two Apostolic Prefectures.

Highland tribal groups, most with their own local religious systems, probably number fewer than 100,000 persons. The Khmer Loeu have been loosely described as animists, but most tribal groups have their own pantheon of local spirits. In general they see their world filled with various invisible spirits (often called yang), some benevolent, others malevolent. They associate spirits with rice, soil, water, fire, stones, paths, and so forth. Sorcerers or specialists in each village contact these spirits and prescribe ways to appease them.

In times of crisis or change, animal sacrifices may be made to placate the anger of the spirits. Illness is often believed to be caused by evil spirits or sorcerers. Some tribes have special medicine men or shamans who treat the sick. In addition to belief in spirits, villagers believe in taboos on many objects or practices. Among the Khmer Loeu, the Rhade and Jarai groups have a well-developed hierarchy of spirits with a supreme ruler at its head.

Birth and death rituals
The birth of a child is a happy event for the family. According to traditional beliefs, however, confinement and childbirth expose the family, and especially the mother and the child to harm from the spirit world. A woman who dies in childbirth—crosses the river (chhlâng tónlé) in Khmer is believed to become an evil spirit. In traditional Khmer society, a pregnant woman respects a number of food taboos and avoids certain situations. These traditions remain in practice in rural Cambodia, but they have become weakened in urban areas.

Death is not viewed with the great outpouring of grief common to Western society; it is viewed as the end of one life and as the beginning of another life that one hopes will be better. Buddhist Khmer usually are cremated, and their ashes are deposited in a stupa in the temple compound. A corpse is washed, dressed, and placed in a coffin, which may be decorated with flowers and with a photograph of the deceased. White pennant-shaped flags, called "white crocodile flags," outside a house indicate that someone in that household has died.

A funeral procession consisting of an achar, Buddhist monks, members of the family, and other mourners accompanies the coffin to the crematorium. The spouse and the children show mourning by shaving their heads and by wearing white clothing. Relics such as teeth or pieces of bone are prized by the survivors, and they are often worn on gold chains as amulets.

Childhood and adolescence

A Cambodian child may be nursed until two to four years of age. Up to the age of three or four, the child is given considerable physical affection and freedom. Children around five years of age also may be expected to help look after younger siblings. Children's games emphasize socialization or skill rather than winning and losing.

Normally, children start school when they reach the age of 6 years old. By the time they reach this age, they are familiar with the society's norms of politeness, obedience, and respect toward their elders and toward Buddhist monks. The father at this time begins his permanent retreat into a relatively remote, authoritarian role. By age ten, a girl is expected to help her mother in basic household tasks; a boy knows how to care for the family's livestock and can do farm work under the supervision of older males. Adolescent children usually play with members of the same sex. During his teens, a boy may become a temple servant and go on to serve a time as a novice monk, which is a great honor for the parents.

In pre-communist days, parents exerted complete authority over their children until the children were married, and the parents continued to maintain some control well into the marriage. Age difference is strictly recognized with polite vocabulary and special generational terms for "you".

Courtship, marriage, and divorce
In Cambodia, premarital sex is deplored. The choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male, and it may involve not only his parents and his friends, as well as those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker and a haora (a Khmer "fortuneteller" versed in Indian astrology). In theory, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen for her. Courtship patterns differ between rural and urban Khmer; marriage as a culmination of romantic love is a notion that exists to a much greater extent in larger cities.

A man usually marries between the ages of nineteen and twenty-five, a girl between the ages of sixteen and twenty-two. After a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying into a good family. In rural areas, there is a form of bride-service; that is, the young man may take a vow to serve his prospective father-in-law for a period of time. By tradition, the youngest daughter and her spouse are expected to live with and care for her ageing parents and their land.

The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, but in the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and recite prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union. After the wedding, a banquet is held. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may live with them up to a year, until they can build a new house nearby.

The majority of married Cambodian couples do not obtain legal marriage documents. Marriage is seen more as a social institution, regulated by societal pressures, expectations and norms, than a legal matter. This practice continues today. All that is necessary for a couple to be considered married by the community is to have a ceremony, after which a party is often held for family, friends and well-wishers to celebrate. This is how the overwhelming majority of Cambodian couples marry. Whether these traditional marriages are considered legal contracts by the government and courts is unclear. Therefore, when a couple separate, they likewise need not obtain divorce documents.

Divorce is legal and relatively easy to obtain, but not common. Divorced persons are viewed with some disapproval. Each spouse retains whatever property he or she brought into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is divided equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but the woman must wait 300 days according to article 9 of Marriage and Family Law. Custody of minor children is usually given to the mother, and both parents continue to have an obligation to contribute financially toward the rearing and education of the child. The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry.

The consequences of the social upheaval caused by the Cambodian Civil War is still being felt. At present there is variation in tradition from province to province. In Siem Reap, it is widely understood, for example, that the man takes the first-born child upon separation. Men who leave their families typically do not support their other children, especially when they leave one woman for another woman. The new woman and her family will not accept children from a previous relationship. This is also an important source of the 70% or so of non orphans living in fake orphanages around cities in Cambodia which are tourist focal points.

Social organization
Khmer culture is very hierarchical. The greater a person's age, the greater the level of respect that must be granted to them. Cambodians are addressed with a hierarchical title corresponding to their seniority before the name. When a married couple becomes too old to support themselves, they may invite the youngest child's family to move in and to take over running the household. At this stage in their lives, they enjoy a position of high status.

The individual Khmer is surrounded by a small inner circle of family and friends who constitute his or her closest associates, those he would approach first for help. The nuclear family, consisting of a husband and a wife and their unmarried children, is the most important kin group. Within this unit are the strongest emotional ties, the assurance of aid in the event of trouble, economic cooperation in labor, sharing of produce and income, and contribution as a unit to ceremonial obligations. In rural communities, neighbors—who are often also kin—may be important, too.

Fictive child-parent, sibling, and close friend relationships Cambodia transcend kinship boundaries and serve to strengthen interpersonal and interfamily ties. Beyond this close circle are more distant relatives and casual friends. In rural Cambodia, the strongest ties a Khmer may develop—besides those to the nuclear family and to close friends—are those to other members of the local community. A strong feeling of pride—for the village, for the district, and province—usually characterizes Cambodian community life.

Legally, the husband is the head of the Khmer family, but the wife has considerable authority, especially in family economics. The husband is responsible for providing shelter and food for his family; the wife is generally in charge of the family budget, and she serves as the major ethical and religious model for the children, especially the daughters. Both husbands and wives are responsible for domestic economic tasks.

Customs
In Khmer culture a person's head is believed to contain the person's soul—therefore making it taboo to touch or point one's feet at it. It is also considered to be extremely disrespectful to use the feet to point out a person, or to sit or sleep with the soles of the feet pointing at a person, as the feet are the lowest part of the body and are considered to be impure.

When greeting people or to show respect in Cambodia people do the "sampeah" gesture, identical to the Indian namaste and Thai wai.

Customary Cambodian teachings are laid out in verse form in long works from the 14th to 18th centuries collectively called Chhbap ("rules" or "codes"). These were traditionally learned by rote. Works such as the Chhbap Pros ("Boy's Code"), Chhbap Srey ("Girl's Code") and Chhbap Peak Chas ("Code of Ancient Words") gave such advice as: a person that does not wake up before sunrise is lazy; a child must tell parents or elders where they go and what time they will return home; always close doors gently, otherwise a bad temper will be assumed; sit in a chair with the legs straight down and not crossed (crossing the legs is a mark of an impolite person); and always let the other person do more talking.

In Cambodia it is not polite to make eye contact with someone who is older or someone who is considered a superior.

Clothing
Clothing in Cambodia is one of the most important aspects of the culture. Cambodian fashion differs according to ethnic group and social class. Khmer people traditionally wear a checkered scarf called a Krama. The "krama" is what distinctly separates the Khmer (Cambodians) from their neighbors the Thai, the Vietnamese, and the Laotians. The scarf is used for many purposes including for style, protection from the sun, an aid (for the feet) when climbing trees, a hammock for infants, a towel, or as a "sarong". A "krama" can also be easily shaped into a small child's doll for play. Under the Khmer Rouge, krama of various patterns were part of standard clothing.

The long-popular traditional garment known as the Sampot, is an Indian-influenced costume which Cambodians have worn since the Funan era. Historically, Khmer clothing has changed depending on the time period and religion. From the Funan era to the Angkor Era, there was a strong Hindu influence in Cambodian fashion which favored wearing Sampots over the lower body and oftentimes nothing from the waist up except jewelry including bracelets and collars such as the Sarong Kor, a symbol of Hinduism.

As Buddhism began to replace Hinduism, Khmer people started wearing the blouse, shirt and trousers of Khmer style. Khmer people, both common and royal, stopped wearing the Hindu-style collars and began to adopt beautiful decorated shawls such as Sbai instead. This new clothing style was popular in the Udong period. In fact, a Khmer lady habitually chooses the right colour for her Sampot or blouse, both to please herself and to follow the costume of good luck.

Some Cambodians still wear a religious style of clothing. Some Khmer men and women wear a Buddha pendant on a necklace. There are different pendants for different uses; some are meant for protection from evil spirits, some are meant to bring good luck. Otherwise, in the notable class people in Cambodia, especially the royal caste, have adapted a well known dress as well as expensive fashion style. Sampot is still well recognized among the royalty. Since the Udong period, most royalty have retained their dressing habits. Female royalty created the most attractive fashion. The lady always wears a traditional cape called sbai or rabai kanorng, which is draped over the left shoulder, leaving the right shoulder bare. Rarely was the cape worn over the right shoulder. The sbai or rabai kanorng would have been sumptuously fashioned in the old days in threads of genuine gold or silver. The cape in the old days would have hung down to the hem of the Sampot.

Dancers wear a collar known as Sarong Kor around their necks. Importantly, they wear a unique skirt called Sampot sara-bhap (lamé), made from silk inter-woven with gold or silver threads, forming elaborate and intricate designs that shimmer as the dancers move. This is held in place with a bejewelled belt. A multitude of jewellery is also worn by the female dancers. These include earrings, several pairs of bangles, a garland of flowers in the form of a bracelet, bracelets, anklets and an armlet that is worn on the right. Several body chains cross over the body like a sash. A circular or diamond-shaped pendant is worn around the neck.

There are several different types of worn by female royalty. The typical that are worn are much similar to those of male royalty. Some crowns are just like tiaras where at the back of the hair is let loose, cascading down the back. Other have a few accessories such as earpieces that would sit above the ear and help hold the  in place while a comb at the back is just an added accessory. Flowers are also worn on the in the same style, but the hanging garlands of flowers are worn on the left and the bouquet is worn on the right. The best example of these royal clothes is illustrated by Khmer classical dance costumes, which are an adaptation of the royalty costume.

Cuisine

Due to the sustained historic interaction and shared influences, Cambodian cuisine has many similarities with its neighbouring Southeast Asian cuisines of Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Cambodian cuisine is known for using fish sauce in soups, stir-fried cuisine, and as dippings. The Chinese influence can be noted in the common chha (ឆារ, Stir frying) and in the use of many variations of rice noodles. In Chinese-Cambodian cuisine, a popular dish is a "pork broth rice noodle soup", called kuy tieu (គុយទាវ). Indian influenced dishes include many types of curry known as kari (ការី) that call for dried spices such as star anise, cardamom, cinnamon, nutmeg and fennel as well as local ingredients like lemongrass, garlic, kaffir lime leaves, shallots and galangal that give dishes a distinctive Cambodian flavor. Banh chaew (នំបាញ់ឆែវ), the Khmer version of the Vietnamese bánh xèo, is also a popular dish.

Khmer cuisine is noted for the use of prahok (ប្រហុក), a type of fermented fish paste, in many dishes as a distinctive flavoring. When prahok is not used, it is likely to be kapǐ (កាពិ) instead, a kind of fermented shrimp paste. Coconut milk is the main ingredient of many Khmer curries and desserts. Cambodians prefer either jasmine rice or sticky (glutinous) rice. The latter is used more in dessert dishes with fruits such as durian while jasmine rice is eaten with meals. Almost every meal is eaten with a bowl of rice. Typically, Cambodians eat their meals with at least three or four separate dishes.

Regional Cambodian cuisine offers some unique dishes influenced by the traditions of local ethnic groups. In Kampot and Kep, known for its Stir-fried crab with Kampot peppercorn (ក្តាមឆាម្រេចខ្ជី, kdam chha mrech Kampot). This dish is prepared with a local crab fried with the black pepper from area pepper fields. Kula people, an ethnic group of Pailin Province, originated Kola noodles (មីកុឡា, mee Kola), a vegetarian rice stick noodle dish. In southeastern Cambodia, the influence of Vietnamese cuisine are strong, evidenced by bánh tráng which is ubiquitous in southeastern Cambodia but virtually unknown elsewhere. The region between Siem Reap and Kampong Thom, an area with many Chinese Cambodians, displays Khmer versions of many Chinese dishes.

Visual arts
The history of visual arts in Cambodia stretches back centuries to ancient crafts; Khmer art reached its peak during the Angkor period. Traditional Cambodian arts and crafts include textiles, non-textile weaving such as Cambodian mats, silversmithing, stone carving, lacquerware, ceramics, wat murals, and kite-making. Beginning in the mid-20th century, a tradition of modern art began in Cambodia, though in the later 20th century both traditional and modern arts declined for several reasons, including the killing of artists by the Khmer Rouge. The country has experienced a recent artistic revival due to increased support from governments, NGOs, and foreign tourists.

Music

Especially in the 60s and 70s, the 'big two' duet of Sinn Sisamouth and Ros Serey Sothea had been a large hit in the country. However, after their deaths, new music stars have tried to bring back the music. Cambodian music has undergone heavy Westernization.

The Cambodian pinpeat ensemble is traditionally heard on feast days in the pagodas. It is also a court ensemble used to accompany classical dance for ritual occasions or theatrical events. The pinpeat is primarily made up of percussion instruments: the roneat ek (lead xylophone), roneat thung (low bamboo xylophone), kong vong touch and kong vong thom (small and large sets of tuned gongs), sampho (two-sided drum), skor thom (two large drums), and sralai (quadruple-reed instrument).

Dance
Cambodian dance can be divided into three main categories: classical dance, folk dances, and vernacular dances. Khmer classical dance is a form of Cambodian dance originally performed only for royalty. The dances have many elements in common with Thai classical dance. During the mid-20th century, it was introduced to the public, where it now remains a celebrated icon of Khmer culture, often being performed during public events, holidays, and for tourists visiting Cambodia. Khmer classical dance is famous for its use of the hands and feet to express emotion; there are 4,000 different gestures in this type of dance. Khmer classical dance, also known as the royal ballet of Cambodia, has been selected as one of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Khmer folk dances, which are performed for audiences, are fast-paced. The movements and gestures are not as stylized as Khmer classical dance. Folk dancers wear clothes of the people they are portraying such as Chams, hill tribes, farmers, and peasants. The folk dance music is played by a mahori orchestra. A popular folk dance is the Cambodian coconut dance which is a dance performance involving coconuts with male and female dancers. The dance originated around 1960 from Romeas Haek District in Svay Rieng Province.

Cambodian vernacular dances (or social dances) are those danced at social gatherings. Such dances include Romvong, Rom Kbach, Rom Saravan, and Lam Leav. Some of these dances have been influenced by the traditional dances of Laos. Other dances, such as Rom Kbach, borrow heavily from the classical dance of the royal court. Other social dances from around the world have influenced Cambodian social culture including the cha-cha, the bolero and the Madison.

Literature
A testimony of the antiquity of the Khmer language are the multitude of epigraphic inscriptions on stone. The first written proof that has allowed the history of the Khmer Kingdom to be reconstructed are those inscriptions. These writings on columns, stelae and walls throw light on the royal lineages, religious edicts, territorial conquests and internal organization of the kingdom.

Following the stone inscriptions, some of the oldest Khmer documents are translations and commentaries of the Pali Buddhist texts of the Tripitaka. They were written by the monks on palmyra palm leaves and kept in various monasteries throughout the country.

The Reamker (រាមកេរ្តិ៍, "Rama's Fame") is the Cambodian version of the Ramayana, the famous Indian epic. The Reamker is composed in rhymed verses and is staged in sections that are adapted to dance movements interpreted by Khmer artists. The Reamker is the most ubiquitous form of traditional Cambodian theatre.

Cambodia had a rich and varied traditional oral literature. There are many legends, tales and songs of very ancient origin that were not put into writing until the arrival of the Europeans. One of the most representative of these tales was the story of Vorvong and Sorvong (Vorvong and Saurivong), a long story about two Khmer princes that was first put into writing by Auguste Pavie. This French civil servant claimed that he had obtained the story from old Uncle Nip in Somrontong District. This story was put into writing in Battambang. In 2006 the Vorvong and Sorvong story was enacted in dance form by the Royal Ballet of Cambodia.

Tum Teav, which has been compared to Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, is probably the most well-known indigenous story, based on a poem first written by a Khmer monk named Sam. A tragic love story set during the Lovek era, it has been told throughout Cambodia since at least the middle of the 19th century. The story has been portrayed in many forms including oral, historical, literary, theatre, and film adaptions. Tum Teav also has played a role in Cambodia's education, appearing as a topic for the 12th-grade Khmer language examination several times. Although a translation into French had already been made by Étienne Aymonier in 1880, Tum Teav was popularized abroad when writer George Chigas translated the 1915 literary version by the venerable Buddhist monk Preah Botumthera Som or Padumatthera Som, known also as Som, one of the best writers in the Khmer language.

Some talented members of Khmer royalty such as King Ang Duong (1841–1860) and King Thommaracha II (1629–1634) have produced lasting works of literature as well. King Thomaracha wrote a highly esteemed poem for younger Cambodians. The prolific King Ang Duong is most famous for his novel Kakey, inspired from a Jataka tale about an unfaithful woman. While not written as a work of instruction, Kakey is often used as an example to teach young Khmer girls about the importance of fidelity.

Shadow Theatre
Nang Sbek (shadow theatre) (or Lakhaon Nang Sbek; Khmer) is closely related to the Nang Yai of Thailand, Wayang and Indonesia like the islands of Java and Bali, thus implying that Nang Sbek may have an Indonesian origin many centuries ago. Nang Sbek is also a dying art form and may disappear because of the decline in popularity due to the introduction of modern entertainment. Before the spread of modern entertainment such as movies, videos and television the Khmer enjoyed and watched shadow theatre apart from the other sources of entertainment available during that time. There are three kinds of shadow theatre in Cambodia:

 * Nang Sbek Thom is an art that involves mime, song, music as well as dance and narration to the accompaniment of the Pinpeat orchestra. It most often features the Reamker.
 * Nang Sbek Toch also called Nang Kalun and sometimes called Ayang (small shadow theatre) uses smaller puppets and a wide range of stories.
 * Sbek Paor (coloured puppet theatre) uses coloured leather puppets.

Film
Cinema in Cambodia began in the 1950s; King Norodom Sihanouk himself was an avid film enthusiast. Many films were being screened in theaters throughout the country by the 1960s, which are regarded as the "golden age". After a decline during the Khmer Rouge regime, competition from video and television has meant that the Cambodian film industry is relatively weak today.

Sports and Games
Cambodia has increasingly become involved in sports over the last 30 years. Football is popular as are martial arts, pradal serey (Khmer kick boxing), volleyball, dragon boat racing and Khmer traditional wrestling. Many sports are celebrated during holidays.

Bokator is a traditional Cambodian martial art that dates back over a thousand years. It involves a variety of strikes, kicks, throws, and ground fighting techniques, often inspired by animal movements. It has been added to UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list in 2022.

Dragon boat racing is a popular sport in Cambodia. The largest sporting event in the country is the boat races at the Bon Om Touk festival.

Pradal serey, or traditional Khmer kickboxing, is a popular sport in Cambodia. It is a combat sport involving clinching and striking. Matches are between young athletic people.

Khmer traditional wrestling is yet another popular Cambodian sport. A wrestling match consists of three rounds, which may be won by forcing an opponent to his back. Traditional matches are held during the Khmer New Year and other Cambodian holidays.

Ox cart racing is a sport in Cambodia that takes place during the Khmer New Year. It is done to preserve Cambodian culture.

Football was brought to Cambodia by the French. The Cambodian Football Federation is the governing body of football in Cambodia, controlling the Cambodian national football team. It was founded in 1933, and has been a member of FIFA since 1953, and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) since 1957. The Cambodian League is the highest level of professional football in the country.

Cambodians play a local version of chess called Ouk Chatrang. Another version of chess called Ouk-Khmer (Hill's version) was thought to have been played in Cambodia.

title: Culture of Cambodia


text:
Nautical almanac

A nautical almanac is a publication describing the positions of a selection of celestial bodies for the purpose of enabling navigators to use celestial navigation to determine the position of their ship while at sea. The Almanac specifies for each whole hour of the year the position on the Earth's surface (in declination and Greenwich hour angle) at which the Sun, Moon, planets, and First Point of Aries is directly overhead. The positions of 57 selected stars are specified relative to the First Point of Aries.

In Great Britain, The Nautical Almanac has been published annually by HM Nautical Almanac Office, ever since the first edition was published in 1767. In the United States, a nautical almanac has been published annually by the US Naval Observatory since 1852. It was originally titled American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. Since 1958, the USNO and HMNAO have jointly published a unified nautical almanac, The Astronomical Almanac for use by the navies of both countries. Almanac data is now available online from the US Naval Observatory.

Also commercial almanacs were produced that combined other information. A good example would be Brown's, which commenced in 1877, and is still produced annually, its early 20th-century subtitle being "Harbour and Dock Guide and Advertiser and Daily Tide Tables". This combination of trade advertising, and information "by permission... of the Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty" provided a useful compendium of information. More recent editions have kept up with the changes in technology: the 1924 edition, for instance, had extensive advertisements for coaling stations. Meanwhile, the Reeds Nautical Almanac, published by Adlard Coles Nautical, has been in print since 1932, and in 1944 was used by landing craft involved in the Normandy landings.

The "Air Almanac" of the United States and Great Britain tabulates celestial coordinates for 10-minute intervals for use in aerial navigation. The Sokkia Corporation's annual "Celestial Observation Handbook and Ephemeris" tabulated daily celestial coordinates (to a tenth of an arcsecond) for the Sun and nine stars; it was last published for 2008.

To find the position of a ship or aircraft by celestial navigation, the navigator measures with a sextant the apparent height of a celestial body above the horizon, and notes the time from a marine chronometer. That height is compared with the height predicted for a trial position; the arcminutes of height difference is how many nautical miles the position line is from the trial position.

title: Nautical almanac


text:
Talk:Admiral Piett

Photo
We need to get Piett's picture.-B-101 23:40, August 13, 2004

Try to get a photo of Piett. And also, who keeps turning "super star destroyer" into "star dreadnought"? The Executor is a super-star destroyer, not a star dreadnought.- B-101 11:29, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The entire rebel fleet didn't take down the Executor. The domes that are on the bridge towers are the shield generators. Some think they are sensor domes, but they protect the ship. It is said in the "Illustrated Guide to Weapons and Technology". The two A-wings disabled the shields which allowed that guy to plow into the bridge.- B-101 11:36, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I can't see the photo on this or any other Wikipedia page while using Firefox. What gives? - may 29, 2005

A-wings and Star Dreadnoughts
Admiral Ackbar ordered the fleet to "Concentrate all fire on that Super Star Destroyer." The rebel fleet then quickly brought down the Exector's shields. The 2 A-wings took advantage of the shield failure to strafe the sensor globe. Destroying the sensor globe reduced the accuracy of the Executor's weapons, which allowed the kamikaze A-wing to ram the bridge before the crew could get the shields back up.

The claims of poorly researched books like the "Illustrated Guide to Weapons and Technology" are irrelevant. There are 8 globes clearly visible near the bridge on the model, so even if they were shield generators, only losing one wouldn't do much anyway.

"Super Star Destroyer" is at best a slang term. Star Dreadnought is the proper designation for ships of the Executor's size as explicitly established in "Inside the Worlds of the Star Wars Trilogy", published on August 1, 2004. - Vermilion 04:58, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Is there any particular reason to consider "Inside the Worlds ..." more canonical than "Illustrated Guide ...", or indeed, the various and several SW computer games (which I play far more often than I watch the films), which clearly establish both that it's a Super Star Destroyer and that the globes are shield generators. Does it have some sort of "this is official truth and the rest of all that expanded universe stuff is a pack of lies" foreword from that nice Mr Lucas or something? Bth (Can't quite believe I'm getting involved in this, but never mind.)

 * Generally, more recent books override older books when there's a contradiction. Most SW books and games just mindlessly repeat obviously incorrect information from WEG's RPG. The two series of books recently published by DK ("Incredible Cross Sections" and "Inside the Worlds"), are correcting many of the old WEG mistakes such as the length of the Executor and the sizes of the Death Stars.

 * The overall stories of the games are canon but the games themselves are not canon. For example, in TIE Fighter, it would be canon that Grand Admiral Zarin developed the TIE Defender and tried to take over the Empire, but the exact events shown in each mission would not be canon. As another example, in X-wing Alliance, the Azzameen family joining the Rebellion would be canon, but obviously Ace Azzameen did not pilot the Falcon at Endor. - Vermilion 05:25, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Well according to this Wookipedia article it's both a star dreadnought and therefore a super star destroyer: http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Super_Star_Destroyer

 * I suggest using super star destroyer in the article. That's the term people will recognise seeing as Admiral Ackbar called it that. Bombot 12:21, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Shield globes
Maybe the globes on the bridge tower are designated for shield duties, like the one the A-wings blew up. Maybe the ones that are seen throughout the model are the sensor globes.

And also, even if the sensors weren't down, it would still be hard for the Executor's turbolasers to hit an A-wing. Those things are pretty darn fast.- B-101 13:36, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

New book
I honestly didn't know they had a new book about the original trilogy.- B-101 14:47, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I went out and bought a copy of the new book. It really clears up what you were saying.- B-101 22:09, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Shields again
The new guide to weapons and technology says that the domes are the shield generators. I would like to change it again.- B-101 00:23, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It would be better to call them shield projectors, rather than generators. Vermilion 19:33, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * So, would it be okay to change that the statement that the Rebels fleet took down the shields to the two A-wings that blew up the domes?- B-101 23:53, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Edit whatever you want, you don't need to ask permisson for anything. I mainly take issue with saying the A-wings alone brought down the shield. The domes themselves would be protected by the shield, so it would have to be taken down first for the A-wings to be able to hit them. That's what the fleet did. Vermilion 20:25, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I put in that the fleet disabled the shields for the projectors and the A-wings destroyed the bridge's projector. This should be a common agreement for us.- B-101 18:09, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, that looks good. Vermilion 20:19, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hopefully, this is the last time I have to ask this. Get Piett's picture, please.- B-101 22:03, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Lightsabers?
What would be the point of Vader training Piett to use a lightsaber?Kuralyov 17:41, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Possibly discipline? I'd imagine the training would help Piett keep focused and whatnot.--Kross 01:27, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Also if you look at General Grievous he's not a sith but he was trained to use lightsabers.

Speculation
Piett was probably married and "Sarkli" was his wife's maiden name.

Er...why is this believed? I haven't read any Star Wars Extended Universe stuff, so I am just going from the text of the article on this, but if it is explained that Sarkli is his wife's maiden name, then it's not "probably." If it is not explained, I don't see why this is any more likely than any other explanation of a nephew with a different last name than his uncle, of which there are numerous possibilities - the son of Piett's sister, the son of Piett's half-brother, the son of Piett's wife's sister, the son of Piett's step-brother or sister... john k 07:41, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I understand the speculation. There really isn't much on Captain Sarkli. The only info on him is from his Star Wars trading card which says he is Piett's nephew and that he is an Imperial spy.- B-101 15:39, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Lightsabers Deuce
Where is this lightsaber reference coming from? It seems rather absurd.

-Zertz, 14/08/05

"one of only two Imperial officers to appear in two Star Wars films..."
who was the other? Streamless 19:13, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Tarkin appears briefly in Episode III Ken S. 20:20, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I've always thought the chap on the Executor who Piett grumbles to about bounty hunters ("We don't need their scum!") in The Empire Strikes Back is the same chap sitting at the console on the Executor when Darth Vader asks Piett where the shuttle Tyderium is going in Return of the Jedi. Is this wrong?  Can anybody confirm or deny this?  Wavy G 01:38, 3 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Commander Gherant was also in two. Lankiveil 05:42, 25 February 2006 (UTC).

Sitchei?
The name of the tall Imperial with Piett on the bridge is actually Commander Gherant, I thought? Kooshmeister

I did a quick check using Google and I even tried theforcet.net's encyclopedia, and I can find no mention of this Sitchei fellow anywhere but here on Wikipedia. I've changed the mention of Sitchei to Gherant. Kooshmeister

Redirect
I have redirected this uncited collection of plot summary to the appropriate Star Wars character list. --EEMIV (talk) 13:29, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

 * User:Fastily has undone the redirect. If s/he or any other editor can provide citations to third-party sources establishing this character's notability within ~a week, great. Otherwise, I will restore the redirect and/or take the article to AfD. The fact that this "article" contains more "biographical" data on Piett than the redirect target is not sufficient reason for this article to exist; see WP:WAF, WP:RS. --EEMIV (talk) 10:48, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Assertion of notability
Hi, I've opened a discussion at the Star Wars WikiProject regarding articles having few or no citations asserting notability, and I invite any interested editors to participate and help rectify this issue. - Cukie Gherkin (talk) 20:29, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Admiral Piett


text: File:Star Wars Phantom Menace poster.jpg


text:
Talk:Jarome Iginla

Conn Smythe
I've removed the puzzling reference to Iginla being a favourite for the Conn Smythe Trophy in 2002 -- the Flames didn't make the playoffs and so any reference to the Conn Smythe is irrelevant. Perhaps the originating author meant another trophy (Hart? I don't remembember...) cucumberslumber 23:41, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Black Winter Olympic Gold Medal winners
I would want to do some (unoriginal) research before putting this in the main article— but I think Iginla is the first Black to win a gold medal in the Olympic Winter Games, when he led the Canadian team in 2002. There have been some noteable figure and speed skaters of color, but I think he was the first to win the gold. The article for Shani Davis, the American speed skater, says Davis was the first Black to win an individual gold medal in 2006, and the fifth to win any medal. Timothy Horrigan (talk) 02:50, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

i changed the "lead the nhl goals" to "lead the nhl in goals" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.242.183.27 (talk) 03:52, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Iginla the first black captain??
Oh, what about Dirk Graham? he had Afro bloodlines. GoodDay (talk) 00:22, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Comments
I'm providing a review of this article at the request of User:Resolute.
 * The lead says he's the NHL's first black captain, but the body says that Dirk Graham may have been.
 * I think it comes down to definition more than anything. I'll have to consider this statement before FAC

 * I think the second paragraph of the lead makes rather too great a leap in going straight from his junior stardom to his winning the NHL's scoring race. Perhaps some of the stuff in the first paragraph about his being drafted by the Stars and traded to the Flames could go there?
 * Hmmm, good point. Moved

 * I've rearranged the whole bit about race (I thought it was important to talk about his admiration for Fuhr before mentioning that he'd started off in net), and in so doing removed a quote that was hard to fit in and which I didn't think added much.
 * No worries, thanks!

More later. Sarcasticidealist (talk) 20:41, 6 March 2009 (UTC)
 * "...as being similar to "putting on the [Montreal] Canadiens'." I'm not clear on what this means.
 * He was referring to the tradition of winning Kamloops had at the time being similar to that of Montreal. I will consider how to clarify.

 * "...entering the 1999–00 season." There's probably something about it in the MOS (I'm not checking; there be demons), but "1999-2000" seems much more natural to me.
 * This is a personal pet peeve of mine. There is a very silly belief out there that while everyone understands what 1998-99 means, and what 2000-01 means, everyone somehow figures that 1999-00 means "1999-1900".  I tend to give people a lot more credit than this argument does, however since it is going to come up again, I will reword the statement to exclude the two-year season format so as not to make it out of line with every other season link.

 * "...he purchased his own insurance..." I assume this has something to do with insuring himself for lost earnings in the event of an injury (when normally he'd continue earning a paycheque if he was under contract), but it needs some elaboration.
 * you are correct, and I will elaborate.

More later. Sarcasticidealist (talk) 02:58, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Resolute 04:37, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

Hart Controversy details
So I happen to have a book that mentions Iginla losing the Hart in 2002. I'll let Resolute add it however he sees fit, but I'll give the details and source here:
 * Both Iginla and Theodore were tied in voting points with 434.
 * Theodore won based on first-place votes; he had 26, Iginla, 23.
 * It was rumoured at least one writer left Iginla off the ballot. Obviously had he been on it, Iginla would have won. (All these are on page 20)

 * Not related, but in this book as well and worth noting: it was Elvis who suggested that Jarome donate money for every goal he scored. (p. 29)

The book information:

Harris, Cecil. Breaking the Ice: The Black Experience in Professional Hockey. Toronto: Insomniac Press (2003). ISBN=1-894663-58-6. Kaiser matias (talk) 04:52, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, and the rumour is that a Montreal writer left him off, creating an obvious conspiracy theory. I think this article is ready for FAC, but this small tidbit is one of the things I want to add.  I'll be checking the book out tomorrow, thanks! Resolute 18:58, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

2010 Olympics
I believe Iginla's hat-trick was taken away, vs Norway. GoodDay (talk) 16:44, 17 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It seems everybody but Olympic officials know that Iginla tipped that goal in for the hat trick, but the official might still read two goals. For the most part, I am just going to let everyone edit the section as desired, then perform any necessary cleanup after the games are over.

 * after reviews of the goal he was given the hat trick —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.210.7.234 (talk) 23:31, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

ART ROSS TROPHY 2002
Iginla did not win the Art Ross in 2002. As a matter of fact, he's never won an Art Ross Trophy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.244.51.17 (talk) 17:30, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes he did. Maybe your thinking of the Hart, but check for yourself if you don't believe me. Art Ross Trophy winners till 2008 on NHL.com--Mo Rock...Monstrous (leech44) 17:47, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

suggestion for when describing Iginla's feats (milestones), we try to keep consistant details to describe the event, example if so and so scored his which ever milestone goal, we add who against (team goalie), result of game. -Samcat — Preceding unsigned comment added by Samsamcat (talk • contribs) 08:27, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

Vandalism
This arcticle needs more protection for the following reason A: It is unprotected so anyone can vandilize it B: Because of A, it is an easy target for racism Calgaryivan (talk) 20:22, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Padlock-dash2.svg Not done: requests for changes to the page protection level should be made at Requests for page protection. Nici  Vampire  Heart  20:37, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

 * The article is well watched, and despite getting 30,000 pageviews a month during the season, actually suffers very little vandalism. We watch for that stuff, and revert or delete fairly quickly.  But thank you for your conern. Resolute 20:41, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

Changes due to Trade
Now that Iginla has been traded to the Penguins, a few lines need to be altered. For example, in the third paragraph, it states that "He was selected 11th overall by the Dallas Stars in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft, but was later traded to Calgary and has played his entire professional career with the Flames." This should be changed to, for example, "He was selected 11th overall by the Dallas Stars in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft, but was later traded to Calgary where he played the first 17 seasons of his career." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Michael Boutros (talk • contribs) 17:42, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Move to Penguins
Why is the sentence about Iginla moving to the Pens better suited to Milestones than NHL career, where it was originally added? All the milestones are about stats. Platypusjones (talk) 17:57, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

It's all part of the chronological order, both Captaincy and Milestones are subdivisions of the NHL career section. For instance the first line of the "Milestones" section states "The Flames struggled in 2009–10, failing to qualify for the playoffs for the first time since 2003" which has nothing to do with a Milestone. The last year discussed before the subdivision sections in NHL Career is 2002-03. Eventually a subsection called Pittsburgh Penguins or Post-Flames (depending on what happens after this season) will probably be added. One sentence does not need it's own section.--Mo Rock...Monstrous (leech44) 18:57, 28 March 2013 (UTC)
 * No, but I will be starting a new subsection for all that transpired, so give me a little bit of time, Platypusjones! Resolute 21:57, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

this whole article seems pretty biased to the point of being written by unabashed fans, hopefully in the trade section some mention is made of the controversy and the fact that there are questions of where the dishonesty took place and by whom — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.17.191.117 (talk) 05:05, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

also, there at least appears to be some that think that tampering is a possibility to consider, read this article about Don Cherry's comments... http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/story/2013/03/30/sp-nhl-coachs-corner-hockey-night.html

. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.17.191.117 (talk) 05:09, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

Category:Canadian people of African-American descent
I changed this to Category:Canadian people of American descent because there is no indication of African-American heritage; his father is from Nigeria and his mother is white from Oregon. ... disco spinster   talk  00:55, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jarome Iginla


text:
Talk:Monaco

21st Century
I do not have anything to do with the Principality except watch the Grand Prix.

One thing came to mind during the 2023 GP is "Where do these people get their power?". Open the page here, searched for Energy; IAEA... useless. Searched for Power; Prince Albert... really? Searched for Electricity; SFA. I mean we are in the 21st century and one of the thing that is quite important in our societies... Energy... not a peep.

Punched Google... Wait a Minute! It sends me back to WP, to a page named "Energy in Monaco". But! There are no link to it.

Energy_in_Monaco

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Monaco

Puny war or something?

Thank you. Netweezurd (talk) 20:33, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

Bias
This article reads like an ad from the monégasque tourism ministry. Adding the colaboration of the Grimmaldi familly during the war or the limited freedom of speech in the country might help with that. Ophelia (talk) 09:58, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't know enough about the claims you present, but I don't particularly see this article as being tourism brochure-y at all. Criticism about the country is present in the lede and in the article, I don't see how this is something that can be POV-tagged like this. If you think something is missing, do add it with reliable sources, but I will be removing the POV-tag as of now. Uness232 (talk) 10:57, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

Contraction
Monaco is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Liguria,

but then

The principality is about 15 km (9.3 mi) from the border with Italy.

15 km is not a few kms.

GeneThomas2 (talk) 07:17, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

Ascari's "lucky escape"
The article mentions how Alberto Ascari was lucky to escape from his harbour plunge on 22nd May, 1955, but fails to mention that 4 days later, he'd be dead anyway from a completely unrelated accident in Monza. 194.207.183.182 (talk) 01:11, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 May 2024
2.08 sq km is equal to 1.29 sq mi (0.80 sq mi) is incorrect in two places on this page 98.206.13.248 (talk) 22:12, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
 * 2.08 sq km is 0.80 sq miles, not 1.29 sq miles.  One sq mile is 2.59 sq km RudolfRed (talk) 01:54, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 July 2024
Change "the International Atomic Energy Agency Environment Labs, the only marine laboratory in the UN structure." to "the International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories, the only marine laboratories in the UN structure." Elliemac30 (talk) 15:00, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ — hako9 (talk) 16:46, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monaco


text: File:Jumanji poster.jpg

title: File:Jumanji poster.jpg


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Truss (medicine)

In medicine, a truss is a kind of surgical appliance, particularly one used for hernia patients. A truss provides support for the herniated area, using a pad and belt arrangement to hold it in the correct position, just when it is put on before moving from bed.

Of historical interest, a variety of trusses are listed in the Snowden & Brother's catalog of the American Civil War era.

Early versions of the hernia truss were daunting contraptions made from leather and steel with metal springs. The 19th century Eggleston's Truss from Chicago was described as follows:

"Eggleston's Truss has a pad different from all others. It is cup-shaped, with a self-adjusting ball in the centre, and adapts itself to all positions of the body, while the ball in the cup presses back the intestines just as a person does with the finger. With light pressure the hernia is held securely day and night, and a radical cure is certain. It is easy, durable and cheap."

Later developments resulted in the Cluthe truss, described in Cluthe's Advice to the Ruptured, first published in 1912. This book also describes dozens of hernia cases which appeared to be cured by this relatively primitive truss. Such testimonials are no longer considered to be scientific evidence.

Currently most doctors and surgeons do not prescribe trusses. Even some of today's trusses use metal springs to apply pressure to the hernia, via a pad which can be quite hard, and usually bulges into the hernia. This inward bulging prevents the edges of the hernia from coming together and could, in theory, enlarge the hernia. Many trusses also do not fit well. It is difficult to design a truss which keeps the pad permanently in contact with the hernia. Unless a truss can achieve this purpose, the hernia may continue to enlarge.

External devices such as a truss to maintain reduction of the hernia without repairing the underlying defect can be used to avoid surgical risks, mainly chronic pain risk.

title: Truss (medicine)


text:
File:Deep Impact poster.jpg

A film poster for "Deep Impact", contended as fair use.

title: File:Deep Impact poster.jpg


text:
Cissoid

[[File:Allgemeine zissoide_english.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|

{{legend|black|Pole $O$}}]]

In geometry, a cissoid is a plane curve generated from two given curves $C1$, $C2$ and a point $O$ (the pole). Let $L$ be a variable line passing through $O$ and intersecting $C1$ at $C2$ and $C1$ at $P1$. Let $P$ be the point on $L$ so that $$\overline{OP} = \overline{P_1 P_2}.$$ (There are actually two such points but $P$ is chosen so that $P$ is in the same direction from $O$ as $C2$ is from $P2$.) Then the locus of such points $P$ is defined to be the cissoid of the curves $P2$, $P1$ relative to $O$.

Slightly different but essentially equivalent definitions are used by different authors. For example, $P$ may be defined to be the point so that $$\overline{OP} = \overline{OP_1} + \overline{OP_2}.$$ This is equivalent to the other definition if $C1$ is replaced by its reflection through $O$. Or $P$ may be defined as the midpoint of $C2$ and $C1$; this produces the curve generated by the previous curve scaled by a factor of 1/2.

Equations
If $P1$ and $P2$ are given in polar coordinates by $$r=f_1(\theta)$$ and $$r=f_2(\theta)$$ respectively, then the equation $$r=f_2(\theta)-f_1(\theta)$$ describes the cissoid of $C1$ and $C2$ relative to the origin. However, because a point may be represented in multiple ways in polar coordinates, there may be other branches of the cissoid which have a different equation. Specifically, $C1$ is also given by
 * $$ \begin{align}

& r=-f_1(\theta+\pi) \\ & r=-f_1(\theta-\pi) \\ & r=f_1(\theta+2\pi) \\ & r=f_1(\theta-2\pi) \\ & \qquad \qquad \vdots \end{align}$$ So the cissoid is actually the union of the curves given by the equations
 * $$\begin{align}

& r=f_2(\theta)-f_1(\theta) \\ & r=f_2(\theta)+f_1(\theta+\pi) \\ &r=f_2(\theta)+f_1(\theta-\pi) \\ & r=f_2(\theta)-f_1(\theta+2\pi) \\ & r=f_2(\theta)-f_1(\theta-2\pi) \\ & \qquad \qquad \vdots \end{align}$$ It can be determined on an individual basis depending on the periods of $C2$ and $C1$, which of these equations can be eliminated due to duplication.

For example, let $f1$ and $f2$ both be the ellipse
 * $$r=\frac{1}{2-\cos \theta}.$$

The first branch of the cissoid is given by
 * $$r=\frac{1}{2-\cos \theta}-\frac{1}{2-\cos \theta}=0,$$

which is simply the origin. The ellipse is also given by
 * $$r=\frac{-1}{2+\cos \theta},$$

so a second branch of the cissoid is given by
 * $$r=\frac{1}{2-\cos \theta}+\frac{1}{2+\cos \theta}$$

which is an oval shaped curve.

If each $C1$ and $C2$ are given by the parametric equations
 * $$x = f_1(p),\ y = px$$

and
 * $$x = f_2(p),\ y = px,$$

then the cissoid relative to the origin is given by
 * $$x = f_2(p)-f_1(p),\ y = px.$$

Specific cases
When $C1$ is a circle with center $O$ then the cissoid is conchoid of $C2$.

When $C1$ and $C2$ are parallel lines then the cissoid is a third line parallel to the given lines.

Hyperbolas
Let $C1$ and $C2$ be two non-parallel lines and let $O$ be the origin. Let the polar equations of $C1$ and $C2$ be
 * $$r=\frac{a_1}{\cos (\theta-\alpha_1)}$$

and
 * $$r=\frac{a_2}{\cos (\theta-\alpha_2)}.$$

By rotation through angle $$\tfrac{\alpha_1-\alpha_2}{2},$$ we can assume that $$\alpha_1 = \alpha,\ \alpha_2 = -\alpha.$$ Then the cissoid of $C1$ and $C2$ relative to the origin is given by
 * $$\begin{align}

r & = \frac{a_2}{\cos (\theta+\alpha)} - \frac{a_1}{\cos (\theta-\alpha)} \\ & =\frac{a_2\cos (\theta-\alpha)-a_1\cos (\theta+\alpha)}{\cos (\theta+\alpha)\cos (\theta-\alpha)} \\ & =\frac{(a_2\cos\alpha-a_1\cos\alpha)\cos\theta-(a_2\sin\alpha+a_1\sin\alpha)\sin\theta}{\cos^2\alpha\ \cos^2\theta-\sin^2\alpha\ \sin^2\theta}. \end{align}$$ Combining constants gives
 * $$r=\frac{b\cos\theta+c\sin\theta}{\cos^2\theta-m^2\sin^2\theta}$$

which in Cartesian coordinates is
 * $$x^2-m^2y^2=bx+cy.$$

This is a hyperbola passing through the origin. So the cissoid of two non-parallel lines is a hyperbola containing the pole. A similar derivation show that, conversely, any hyperbola is the cissoid of two non-parallel lines relative to any point on it.

Cissoids of Zahradnik
A cissoid of Zahradnik (named after Karel Zahradnik) is defined as the cissoid of a conic section and a line relative to any point on the conic. This is a broad family of rational cubic curves containing several well-known examples. Specifically:
 * The Trisectrix of Maclaurin given by
 * $$2x(x^2+y^2)=a(3x^2-y^2)$$
 * is the cissoid of the circle $$(x+a)^2+y^2 = a^2$$ and the line $$x=-\tfrac{a}{2}$$ relative to the origin.

 * The right strophoid
 * $$y^2(a+x) = x^2(a-x)$$
 * is the cissoid of the circle $$(x+a)^2+y^2 = a^2$$ and the line $$x=-a$$ relative to the origin.

 * The cissoid of Diocles
 * $$x(x^2+y^2)+2ay^2=0$$
 * is the cissoid of the circle $$(x+a)^2+y^2 = a^2$$ and the line $$x=-2a$$ relative to the origin. This is, in fact, the curve for which the family is named and some authors refer to this as simply as cissoid.

 * The cissoid of the circle $$(x+a)^2+y^2 = a^2$$ and the line $$x=ka,$$ where $k$ is a parameter, is called a Conchoid of de Sluze. (These curves are not actually conchoids.) This family includes the previous examples.
 * The folium of Descartes
 * $$x^3+y^3=3axy$$
 * is the cissoid of the ellipse $$x^2-xy+y^2 = -a(x+y)$$ and the line $$x+y=-a$$ relative to the origin. To see this, note that the line can be written
 * $$x=-\frac{a}{1+p},\ y=px$$
 * and the ellipse can be written
 * $$x=-\frac{a(1+p)}{1-p+p^2},\ y=px.$$
 * So the cissoid is given by
 * $$x=-\frac{a}{1+p}+\frac{a(1+p)}{1-p+p^2} = \frac{3ap}{1+p^3},\ y=px$$
 * which is a parametric form of the folium.

title: Cissoid


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Household Cyclopedia - Cultivating beans

Household Cyclopedia - Cultivating beans was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki to Wikisource. As of 17:18, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC), this article was still in the queue to be moved. Rossami (talk)

Useless Household Cyclopedia junk with no hope of improvement. Guanaco 23:51, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * this is a 19th century How-to. Delete. --Ianb 01:23, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to Wikisource. --Slowking Man 02:41, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikisource and delete: I do dig these old things, but this can't possess interest other than historical. Geogre 04:38, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree, transwiki to Wikisource. RickK 19:41, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Robert Harth

Untitled
Robert James Harth born June 13, 1956 Louisville KY died New York NY January 30, 2004

title: Talk:Robert Harth


text: File:Galaxy Quest poster.jpg

title: File:Galaxy Quest poster.jpg


text:
Riding association

An electoral district association (association de circonscription enregistrée), commonly known as a riding association (association de comté) or constituency association, is the basic unit of a political party at the level of the electoral district ("riding") in Canadian politics. Major political parties attempt to have a riding association in each constituency, although usually these associations are more active in ridings where the party has an elected Member of Parliament or has a reasonable chance of electing an MP in the future, and less active in ridings where the party's prospects have historically been poor.

Most riding associations have an elected executive and attempt to have activities for local party members at regular intervals. At a minimum, riding associations hold an annual general meeting to elect the executive and meetings to elect delegates to national and regional party policy conventions. Riding associations are most active during election campaigns when they participate, along with the party's national or regional campaign teams, in organizing the riding's election campaign. In addition, the party constitution usually allows each riding association to hold a nomination meeting, which selects the party's local candidate. However, some party constitutions allow the leader to bypass the riding association and appoint a candidate of his or her choosing, although virtually all parties maintain limits on the number of ridings where the leader may do so.

The other time when riding associations are most active are in the lead up to leadership conventions. Riding associations were more important in this aspect in the past, when they would elect supporters of a particular leadership candidate to participate as delegates at a leadership convention. Many parties, however, have moved away from the delegated system of electing a leader to a one member, one vote system in which all party members vote by ballot.

However, as the riding association remains the prime point of contact between members and the party they remain important for leadership candidates in their attempt to gain support, and prospective leadership candidates will often attempt to win control of a riding association's executive when it is elected at the annual general meeting even if a leadership election is not anticipated for several years.

Riding associations also exist at the provincial level and operate in the same manner.

title: Riding association


text:
Retained earnings

The retained earnings (also known as plowback ) of a corporation is the accumulated net income of the corporation that is retained by the corporation at a particular point of time, such as at the end of the reporting period. At the end of that period, the net income (or net loss) at that point is transferred from the Profit and Loss Account to the retained earnings account. If the balance of the retained earnings account is negative it may be called accumulated losses, retained losses or accumulated deficit, or similar terminology.

Any part of a credit balance in the account can be capitalised, by the issue of bonus shares, and the balance is available for distribution of dividends to shareholders, and the residue is carried forward into the next period. Some laws, including those of most states in the United States require that dividends be only paid out of the positive balance of the retained earnings account at the time that payment is to be made. This protects creditors from a company being liquidated through dividends. A few states, however, allow payment of dividends to continue to increase a corporation’s accumulated deficit. This is known as a liquidating dividend or liquidating cash dividend.

In accounting, the retained earnings at the end of one accounting period is the opening retained earnings in the next period, to which is added the net income or net loss for that period and from which is deducted the bonus shares issued in the year and dividends paid in that period.

If a company is publicly held, the balance of retained earnings account that is negatively referred to as "accumulated deficit" may appear in the Accountant's Opinion in what is called the "Ongoing Concern" statement located at the end of required SEC financial reporting at the end of each quarter.

Retained earnings are reported in the shareholders' equity section of the corporation's balance sheet. Corporations with net accumulated losses may refer to negative shareholders' equity as positive shareholders' deficit. A report of the movements in retained earnings are presented along with other comprehensive income and changes in share capital in the statement of changes in equity.

Due to the nature of double-entry accrual accounting, retained earnings do not represent surplus cash available to a company. Rather, they represent how the company has managed its profits (i.e. whether it has distributed them as dividends or reinvested them in the business). When reinvested, those retained earnings are reflected as increases to assets (which could include cash) or reductions to liabilities on the balance sheet.

Stockholders' equity
When total assets are greater than total liabilities, stockholders have a positive equity (positive book value). Conversely, when total liabilities are greater than total assets, stockholders have a negative stockholders' equity (negative book value) — also sometimes called stockholders' deficit. A stockholders' deficit does not mean that stockholders owe money to the corporation as they own only its net assets and are not accountable for its liabilities, though it is one of the definitions of insolvency. It means that the value of the assets of the company must rise above its liabilities before the stockholders hold positive equity value in the company.

 * Retained earnings = opening retained earnings + current year net profit from p&l a/c - dividends paid in current year

Tax implications
A company is normally subject to a company tax on the net income of the company in a financial year. The amount added to retained earnings is generally the after tax net income. In most cases in most jurisdictions no tax is payable on the accumulated earnings retained by a company. However, this creates a potential for tax avoidance, because the corporate tax rate is usually lower than the higher marginal rates for some individual taxpayers. Higher income taxpayers could "park" income inside a private company instead of being paid out as a dividend and then taxed at the individual rates. To remove this tax benefit, some jurisdictions impose an "undistributed profits tax" on retained earnings of private companies, usually at the highest individual marginal tax rate.

The issue of bonus shares, even if funded out of retained earnings, will in most jurisdictions not be treated as a dividend distribution and not taxed in the hands of the shareholder.

Retaining earnings by a company increases the company's shareholder equity, which increases the value of each shareholder's shareholding. This increases the share price, which may result in a capital gains tax liability when the shares are disposed.

The decision of whether a corporation should retain net income or have it paid out as dividends depends on several factors including, but not limited to:

 * Tax treatment of dividends, and
 * Funds required for reinvestment in the corporation (called retention).

A number of factors affect the decision of the amount of profit that a corporation should retain, including:
 * Quantum of net profit.
 * Age of the business enterprise
 * Dividend policy of the corporation
 * Future plan regarding modernization and expansion.

title: Retained earnings


text:
Talk:Cyaxares

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 January 2019 and 12 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): KKlim1996.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:53, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
From stub "Cyaxeres": Cyaxeres is the name of an ancient king of the kingdom of medea, which existed in the western parts of modern day Iran. Cyaxeres was the third emperor of the medean nation. He was monarch during the medean war with the kingdom of Lydia which is mentioned by Herodutus in his Histories. He was also sovereign during the 25 year occupation of medea by the Scythians.

Incorporate into this entry as you see fit. Wetman 00:02, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

" 1 babilo Assyria historia erceier Jra Cjro Kejsara clottur sine Astacjis prza licleal wartra Skopcirz cderllcloar (tu data:)

2 Darius łocj Mandaner ... Haliatris Keisara San^ Cyaxeres "

Names
Is this the ancient source for these names : "Caesar" ,"Khosrow","Gheysar" ,"castle","ghasr" and "kasra" ?????178.173.141.8 (talk) 22:45, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Page move
This was brought to my attention - there was no discussion and a search on Google books showed only a handful of hits on "Cyaxares the Great" - and a couple of those were 'great' as in 'great-grandfather'. Google scholar only showed 2 hits and they were both "Cyaxares, the great-grandfather of...". Dougweller (talk) 19:58, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

Impossible timeline should check references
The article says that sometime in 625 BC is when Cyaxares I invited the Scythians to the banquet. Knowing that Astyages went up against Cyrus in 550, and with Herodotus giving 35 and 40 years to Astyages and Cyaxares I respectively, 625 would have been the year that the Scythians defeated the Medes according to Herodotus.

All I'm saying is that I don't think it very likely that an author would have said that the Scythians we're slain in 625 BC, so I am guessing that there is a discrepancy between the source cited and what is writen in the article. All we can know is that Cyaxares ended their rule sometime between 625 and 614. The references should be checked and other references should be consulted because I am quite sure the article is in error. 2600:1004:B065:F1BD:BC36:CCAB:15E9:4B4A (talk) 20:47, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cyaxares