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Giovanni Battista Riccioli

Giovanni Battista Riccioli, SJ (17 April 1598 – 25 June 1671) was an Italian astronomer and a Catholic priest in the Jesuit order. He is known, among other things, for his experiments with pendulums and with falling bodies, for his discussion of 126 arguments concerning the motion of the Earth, and for introducing the current scheme of lunar nomenclature. He is also widely known for discovering the first double star. He argued that the rotation of the Earth should reveal itself because on a rotating Earth, the ground moves at different speeds at different times.

Biography

Riccioli was born in Ferrara. He entered the Society of Jesus on 6 October 1614. After completing his novitiate, he began to study humanities in 1616, pursuing those studies first at Ferrara, and then at Piacenza.

From 1620 to 1628 he studied philosophy and theology at the College of Parma. Parma Jesuits had developed a strong program of experimentation, such as with falling bodies. One of the most famous Italian Jesuits of the time, Giuseppe Biancani (1565–1624), was teaching at Parma when Riccioli arrived there. Biancani accepted new astronomical ideas, such as the existence of lunar mountains and the fluid nature of the heavens, and collaborated with the Jesuit astronomer Christoph Scheiner (1573–1650) on sunspot observations. Riccioli mentions him with gratitude and admiration.

By 1628 Riccioli's studies were complete and he was ordained. He requested missionary work, but that request was turned down. Instead, he was assigned to teach at Parma. There he taught logic, physics, and metaphysics from 1629 to 1632, and engaged in some experiments with falling bodies and pendulums. In 1632 he became a member of a group charged with the formation of younger Jesuits, among whom Daniello Bartoli. He spent the 1633–1634 academic year in Mantua, where he collaborated with Niccolò Cabeo (1576–1650) in further pendulum studies. In 1635 he was back at Parma, where he taught theology and also carried out his first important observation of the Moon. In 1636 he was sent to Bologna to serve as Professor of theology.

Riccioli described himself as a theologian, but one with a strong and ongoing interest in astronomy since his student days, when he studied under Biancani. He said that many Jesuits were theologians, but few were astronomers. He said that once the enthusiasm for astronomy arose within him he could never extinguish it, and so he became more committed to astronomy than theology. Eventually his superiors in the Jesuit order officially assigned him to the task of astronomical research. However, he also continued to write on theology (see below).

Riccioli built an astronomical observatory in Bologna at the College of St. Lucia, equipped with many instruments for astronomical observations, including telescopes, quadrants, sextants, and other traditional instruments. Riccioli dealt not only with astronomy in his research, but also with physics, arithmetic, geometry, optics, gnomonics, geography, and chronology. He collaborated with others in his work, including other Jesuits, most notably Francesco Maria Grimaldi (1618–1663) at Bologna, and he kept up a voluminous correspondence with others who shared his interests, including Hevelius, Huygens, Cassini, and Kircher.

He was awarded a prize by Louis XIV in recognition of his activities and their relevance to contemporary culture.

Riccioli continued to publish on both astronomy and theology up to his death. He died in Bologna at 73 years of age.

Almagestum Novum
One of Riccioli's most significant works was his 1651 Almagestum Novum (New Almagest), an encyclopedic work consisting of over 1500 folio pages (38 cm x 25 cm) densely packed with text, tables, and illustrations. It became a standard technical reference book for astronomers all over Europe: John Flamsteed (1646–1719), the first English astronomer royal, a Copernican and a Protestant, used it for his Gresham lectures; Jérôme Lalande (1732–1807) of the Paris Observatory cited it extensively even though it was an old book at that point; the 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia calls it the most important literary work of the Jesuits during the seventeenth century. Within its two volumes were ten "books" covering every subject within astronomy and related to astronomy at the time:
 * 1) the celestial sphere and subjects such as celestial motions, the equator, ecliptic, zodiac, etc.
 * 2) the Earth and its size, gravity and pendulum motion, etc.
 * 3) the Sun, its size and distance, its motion, observations involving it, etc.
 * 4) the Moon, its phases, its size and distance, etc. (detailed maps of the Moon as seen through a telescope were included)
 * 5) lunar and solar eclipses
 * 6) the fixed stars
 * 7) the planets and their motions, etc. (representations of each as seen with a telescope were included);
 * 8) comets and novae ("new stars")
 * 9) the structure of the universe—the heliocentric and geocentric theories, etc.
 * 10) calculations related to astronomy.

Riccioli envisioned that the New Almagest would have three volumes, but only the first (with its 1500 pages split into two parts) was completed.

Pendulums and falling bodies
Riccioli is credited with being the first person to precisely measure the acceleration due to gravity of falling bodies. Books 2 and 9 of the New Almagest Riccioli included a significant discussion of and extensive experimental reports on the motions of falling bodies and pendulums.

He was interested in the pendulum as a device for precisely measuring time. By counting the number of pendulum swings that elapsed between transits of certain stars, Riccioli was able to experimentally verify that the period of a pendulum swinging with small amplitude is constant to within two swings out of 3212 (0.062%). He also reported that a pendulum's period increases if the amplitude of its swing is increased to 40 degrees. He sought to develop a pendulum whose period was precisely one second – such a pendulum would complete 86,400 swings in a 24-hour period. This he directly tested, twice, by using stars to mark time and recruiting a team of nine fellow Jesuits to count swings and maintain the amplitude of swing for 24 hours. The results were pendulums with periods within 1.85%, and then 0.69%, of the desired value; and Riccioli even sought to improve on the latter value. The seconds pendulum was then used as a standard for calibrating pendulums with different periods. Riccioli said that for measuring time a pendulum was not a perfectly reliable tool, but in comparison with other methods it was an exceedingly reliable tool.

With pendulums to keep time (sometimes augmented by a chorus of Jesuits chanting in time with a pendulum to provide an audible timer) and a tall structure in the form of Bologna's Torre de Asinelli from which to drop objects, Riccioli was able to engage in precise experiments with falling bodies. He verified that falling bodies followed Galileo's "odd-number" rule so that the distance travelled by a falling body increases in proportion to the square of the time of fall, indicative of constant acceleration. According to Riccioli, a falling body released from rest travels 15 Roman feet (4.44 m) in one second, 60 feet (17.76 m) in two seconds, 135 feet (39.96 m) in three seconds, etc. Other Jesuits such as the above-mentioned Cabeo had argued that this rule had not been rigorously demonstrated. His results showed that, while falling bodies generally showed constant acceleration, there were differences determined by weight and size and density. Riccioli said that if two heavy objects of differing weight are dropped simultaneously from the same height, the heavier one descends more quickly so long as it is of equal or greater density; if both objects are of equal weight the denser one descends more quickly.

For example, in dropping balls of wood and lead that both weighed 2.5 ounces, Riccioli found that upon the leaden ball having traversed 280 Roman feet the wooden ball had traversed only 240 feet (a table in the New Almagest contains data on twenty one such paired drops). He attributed such differences to the air, and noted that air density had to be considered when dealing with falling bodies. He illustrated the reliability of his experiments by providing detailed descriptions of how they were carried out, so that anyone could reproduce them, complete with diagrams of the Torre de Asinelli that showed heights, drop locations, etc.

Riccioli noted that while these differences did contradict Galileo's claim that balls of differing weight would fall at the same rate, it was possible Galileo observed the fall of bodies made of the same material but of differing sizes, for in that case the difference in fall time between the two balls is much smaller than if the balls are of same size but differing materials, or of the same weight but differing sizes, etc., and that difference is not apparent unless the balls are released from a very great height. At the time, various people had expressed concern with Galileo's ideas about falling bodies, arguing that it would be impossible to discern the small differences in time and distance needed to adequately test Galileo's ideas, or reporting that experiments had not agreed with Galileo's predictions, or complaining that suitably tall buildings with clear paths of fall were not available to thoroughly test Galileo's ideas. By contrast, Riccioli was able to show that he had carried out repeated, consistent, precise experiments in an ideal location. Thus as D. B. Meli notes, Riccioli's accurate experiments were widely known during the second half of the [seventeenth] century and helped forge a consensus on the empirical adequacy of some aspects of Galileo's work, especially the odd-number rule and the notion that heavy bodies fall with similar accelerations and speed is not proportional to weight. His limited agreement with Galileo was significant, coming as it did from an unsympathetic reader who had gone so far as to include the text of Galileo's condemnation in his own publications.

Work concerning the Moon

Riccioli and Grimaldi extensively studied the Moon, of which Grimaldi drew maps. This material was included in Book 4 of the New Almagest. Grimaldi's maps were based on earlier work by Johannes Hevelius and Michael van Langren. On one of these maps, Riccioli provided names for lunar features—names that are the basis for the nomenclature of lunar features still in use today. For example, Mare Tranquillitatis (The Sea of Tranquility, site of the Apollo 11 landing in 1969), received its name from Riccioli. Riccioli named large lunar areas for weather. He named craters for significant astronomers, grouping them by philosophies and time periods. Although Riccioli rejected the Copernican theory, he named a prominent lunar crater "Copernicus", and he named other important craters after other proponents of the Copernican theory such as Kepler, Galileo and Lansbergius. Because craters that he and Grimaldi named after themselves are in the same general vicinity as these, while craters named for some other Jesuit astronomers are in a different part of the Moon, near the very prominent crater named for Tycho Brahe, Riccioli's lunar nomenclature has at times been considered to be a tacit expression of sympathy for a Copernican theory that, as a Jesuit, he could not publicly support. However, Riccioli said he put the Copernicans all in stormy waters (the Oceanus Procellarum). Another noteworthy feature of the map is that Riccioli included on it a direct statement that the Moon is not inhabited. This ran counter to speculations about an inhabited Moon that had been present in the works of Nicholas of Cusa, Giordano Bruno, and even Kepler, and which would continue on in works of later writers such as Bernard de Fontenelle and William Herschel.

Arguments concerning the motion of the Earth

A substantial portion of the New Almagest (Book 9, consisting of 343 pages) is devoted to an analysis of the world system question: Is the universe geocentric or heliocentric? Does the Earth move or is it immobile? The historian of science Edward Grant has described Book 9 as being the "probably the lengthiest, most penetrating, and authoritative" analysis of this question made by "any author of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries", in his opinion apparently superseding even Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems — Ptolemaic and Copernican. Indeed, one writer has recently described Book 9 as "the book Galileo was supposed to write". Within Book 9 Riccioli discusses 126 arguments concerning Earth's motion — 49 for and 77 against. To Riccioli the question was not between the geocentric world system of Ptolemy and the heliocentric world system of Copernicus, for the telescope had unseated the Ptolemaic system; it was between the geo-heliocentric world system developed by Tycho Brahe in the 1570s (in which the Sun, Moon, and stars circle an immobile Earth, while the planets circle the Sun – sometimes called a "geo-heliocentric" or "hybrid" system) and that of Copernicus. As the frontispiece of the New Almagest illustrates (see figure at right), Riccioli favoured a modified version of Tycho Brahe's system; here is how he described the system that "came to [his] mind" when he was in Parma : "it shares everything with the Tychonian system, except the orbits of Saturn and Jupiter; for [me] their center was not the Sun, but Earth itself".

Many writers make references to Riccioli's analysis and the 126 arguments. However, translations of arguments of the New Almagest, and discussions of the arguments to any extent by more modern writers are rare: only for three arguments of the 126 are such translations and discussions readily available. These are, first, an argument Riccioli called the "physico-mathematical argument", which was related to one of Galileo's conjectures; second, an argument based on what today is known as the "Coriolis effect"; third, an argument based on the appearance of stars as seen through the telescopes of the time.

The "physico-mathematical" argument
Riccioli discusses the physico-mathematical argument in regard to arguments both for and against Earth's motion. Galileo offered a conjecture in his 1632 Dialogue that the apparent linear acceleration of a stone falling from a tower was the result of two uniform circular motions acting in combination – the daily rotation of Earth, and a second uniform circular motion belonging to the stone and acquired from being carried along by the tower. Galileo says that "[T]he true and real motion of the stone is never accelerated at all, but is always equable and uniform.... So we need not look for any other causes of acceleration or any other motions, for the moving body, whether remaining on the tower or falling, moves always in the same manner; that is, circularly, with the same rapidity, and with the same uniformity.... if the line described by a falling body is not exactly this, it is very near to it... [and] according to these considerations, straight motion goes entirely out the window and nature never makes any use of it at all." Riccioli explained that this conjecture could not work: It could not apply to the fall of bodies near the Earth's poles, where there would be little or no circular motion caused by Earth's rotation; and even at the equator where there would be more motion caused by Earth's rotation, the rate of fall predicted by Galileo's idea was too slow. Riccioli argued that the problems with Galileo's conjecture were a mark against the Copernican world system, but modern writers differ in regards to Riccioli's reasoning on this.

The "coriolis effect" argument
Riccioli also argued that the rotation of the Earth should reveal itself in the flight of artillery projectiles, because on a rotating Earth the ground moves at different speeds at different latitudes. He wrote that "If a ball is fired along a Meridian toward the pole (rather than toward the East or West), diurnal motion will cause the ball to be carried off [that is, the trajectory of the ball will be deflected], all things being equal: for on parallels of latitude nearer the poles, the ground moves more slowly, whereas on parallels nearer the equator, the ground moves more rapidly." Therefore, were a cannon, aimed directly at a target to the north, to fire a ball, that ball would strike slightly to the east (right) of the target, thanks to the Earth's rotation. But, if the cannon were fired to the east there would be no deflection, as both cannon and target would move the same distance in the same direction. Riccioli said that the best of cannoneers could fire a ball right into the mouth of an enemy's cannon; if this deflection effect existed in northward shots they would have detected it. Riccioli argued that the absence of this effect indicated that the Earth does not rotate. He was correct in his reasoning in that the effect he describes actually does occur. It is known today as the Coriolis effect after the nineteenth-century physicist Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis (1792–1843). However, the rightward deflection actually occurs regardless of the direction the cannon is pointed (a much more developed understanding of physics than what was available in Riccioli's time is required to explain this). At any rate, the effect would have been too small for cannoneers of the time to detect.

The star size argument
Riccioli also used telescopic observations of stars to argue against the Copernican theory. Viewed through the small telescopes of his time, stars appeared as small but distinct disks. These disks were spurious – caused by the diffraction of waves of light entering the telescope. Today they are known as Airy disks, after the nineteenth-century astronomer George Biddell Airy (1801–1892). The real disks of stars are generally too tiny to be seen even with the best of modern telescopes. But during most of the seventeenth century it was thought that these disks seen in a telescope were the actual bodies of stars. In the Copernican theory, the stars had to lie at vast distances from Earth in order to explain why no annual parallax was seen among them. Riccioli and Grimaldi made numerous measurements of star disks using a telescope, providing a detailed description of their procedure so that anyone who wanted could replicate it. Riccioli then calculated the physical sizes that the measured stars would need to have in order for them both to be as far away as was required in the Copernican theory to show no parallax, and to have the sizes seen with the telescope. The result in all cases was that the stars were huge – dwarfing the sun. In some scenarios one single star would exceed the size of the entire universe as estimated by a geocentrist like Tycho Brahe. This problem that the appearance of stars in the telescope posed for the Copernican theory had been noted as early as 1614 by Simon Marius, who said telescopic observations of the disks of stars supported the Tychonic theory. The problem was acknowledged by Copernicans such as Martin van den Hove (1605–1639), who also measured the disks of stars and acknowledged that the issue of vast star sizes might lead people to reject the Copernican theory.

Other arguments
The other arguments Riccioli presents in Book 9 of the New Almagest were diverse. There were arguments concerning: whether buildings could stand or birds could fly if Earth rotated; what sorts of motions were natural to heavy objects; what constitutes the more simple and elegant celestial arrangement; whether the heavens or the Earth was the more suited for motion and the more easily and economically moved; whether the center of the universe was a more or less noble position; and many others. Many of the anti-Copernican arguments in the New Almagest had roots in the anti-Copernican arguments of Tycho Brahe. Riccioli argued vigorously against the Copernican system, and even characterized certain arguments for terrestrial immobility as unanswerable. However, he also rebutted certain anti-Copernican arguments, siding with the Copernicans in his assertions that rotation of the Earth would not necessarily be felt, and that it would not ruin buildings or leave birds behind. Some authors have suggested that Riccioli may have been a secret Copernican, required due to his position as a Jesuit to pretend to oppose the theory.

The Astronomia Reformata (Reformed Astronomy)
Another prominent astronomical publication of Riccioli's was his 1665 Astronomia Reformata (Reformed Astronomy)—another large volume, although only half the length of the New Almagest. The contents of the two significantly overlap; the Reformed Astronomy might be thought of as a condensed and updated version of the New Almagest.

The Reformed Astronomy contains an extensive report on the changing appearance of Saturn. Included in the section on Jupiter is an apparent record of a very early (if not the earliest) observation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot, made by Leander Bandtius, Abbot of Dunisburgh and owner of a particularly fine telescope, in late 1632. Also in that section Riccioli includes reports of Jovian cloud belts appearing and disappearing over time.

The appearance of the physico-mathematical argument in the Reformed Astronomy was the occasion for Stefano degli Angeli (1623–1697) to launch an "unexpected, somewhat disrespectful and sometimes flippant attack" on Riccioli and the argument. James Gregory published a report in England in 1668 on the resulting public and personal dispute on the matter of falling objects. This was a prelude to Robert Hooke's (1635–1703) invitation to Isaac Newton (1642–1727) to resume his scientific correspondence with the Royal Society, and to their ensuing discussion about the trajectory of falling bodies "that turned Newton's mind away from 'other business' and back to the study of terrestrial and celestial mechanics." The Reformed Astronomy featured an adaptation to the accumulating observational evidence in favor of Johannes Kepler's elliptical celestial mechanics: it incorporated elliptical orbits into the geo-heliocentric Tychonic theory. Riccioli accepted Kepler's ideas, but remained opposed to the heliocentric theory. Indeed, following the dispute with Angeli, Riccioli's attitude toward heliocentrism hardened.

Other work
Between 1644 and 1656, Riccioli was occupied by topographical measurements, working with Grimaldi, determining values for the circumference of Earth and the ratio of water to land. Defects of method, however, gave a less accurate value for degrees of arc of the meridian than Snellius had achieved a few years earlier. Snellius had been mistaken by approximately 4,000 meters; but Riccioli was more than 10,000 meters in error. Riccioli had come up with 373,000 pedes despite the fact that references to a Roman degree in antiquity had always been 75 milliaria or 375,000 pedes.

He is often credited with being one of the first to telescopically observe the star Mizar and note that it was a double star; however, Castelli and Galileo observed it much earlier.

In the words of Alfredo Dinis, "Riccioli enjoyed great prestige and great opposition, both in Italy and abroad, not only as a man of encyclopedic knowledge but also as someone who could understand and discuss all the relevant issues in cosmology, observational astronomy, and geography of the time."

Selected works
Riccioli's works are in Latin.

Astronomy

 * Geographicae crucis fabrica et usus ad repraesentandam ... omnem dierum noctiumque ortuum solis et occasum (Ferroni: 1643) (Map of the world from Gallica)
 * Almagestum novum astronomiam veterem novamque complectens observationibus aliorum et propriis novisque theorematibus, problematibus ac tabulis promotam (Vol. I–III, 1651) (Or: Volume 1 : ; )
 * , Bologna, 1661
 * . 2nd ed., Venice, 1672. 695 p.
 * Astronomia reformata (Vol. I–II, 1665)
 * : Observations, hypotheses and explanations
 * : Directions for use, and the 102 tables
 * Vindiciae calendarii Gregoriani adversus Franciscum Leveram (1666)
 * Apologia R.P. Io. Bapt. Riccioli Societatis Iesu pro argumento physicomathematico contra systema Copernicanum (1669)
 * Chronologiae reformatae et ad certas conclusiones redactae ... (Vol. I–IV, 1669)
 * , 404 p.
 * , 236 p.
 * 161p. & tomus quartus 324 p,
 * Tabula latitudinum et longitudinum (1689)
 * 161p. & tomus quartus 324 p,
 * Tabula latitudinum et longitudinum (1689)

Theology

 * . Bologna, 1667, 466 p.
 * Immunitas ab errore tam speculativo quam practico definitionum s. Sedis apostolicae in canonizatione sanctorum, in festorum ecclesiasticorum institutione et in decisione dogmatum, quae in verbo Dei scripto, traditove implicite tantum continentur, aut ex alterutro sufficienter deducuntur, Bologna, 1668 (Listed in the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1669 )
 * De distinctionibus entium in Deo et in creaturis tractatus philosophicus ac theologicus (1669)

Selected editions of Riccioli's books about prosody
Riccioli's books about prosody were revised many times and underwent many editions.
 * Prosodia Bonnoniensis reformata .... Bologne, 1655
 * . Padua, 1714 (the two volumes merged into one)

title: Giovanni Battista Riccioli


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Talk:Aloha Tower

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Gallery
A gallery is used in this article per the reasons described in Guide_to_layout. Please read that section to understand why it is poor form to squeeze images (or infoboxes) between text, and how galleries are used to solve this problem. Since this style is supported by a guideline, I would ask for any reverting editor to discuss this issue prior to this change. Thanks. Viriditas (talk) 09:20, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

This is not a lighthouse
I have checked against NOAA charts (in this case, Chart 19357, and this building is not a lighthouse; nor can I find any evidence that it ever functioned as a lighthouse. Mangoe (talk) 01:27, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

 * yeah, it isn't a lighthouse. it is a clock tower with an observation deck. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.171.131.186 (talk) 06:24, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

Coordinate error
The coordinates need the following fixes: 23.118222, -157.853403, as is currently shown, is about 200km north of the Aloha Tower! These coords are much closer: 21.30709°N, -157.86594°W

Tedhieron (talk) 17:36, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Who wrote this?
Hardy encyclopedic, but then it is wikipedia. Here is an example: "Today, Hawaii Pacific University has purchased and is continuing to redevelop the space." When exactly was today? We were there last week and the university is in operation so it wasn't today - oh wait, what about tomorrow, will it be then? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.171.131.186 (talk) 06:26, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

Immigration?
"Just as the Statue of Liberty greeted hundreds of thousands of immigrants each year to New York City, the Aloha Tower greeted hundreds of thousands of immigrants to Honolulu." This seems like a pretty bold comparison that should have some hard numeric data and a citation behind it. And, immigrants definitely shouldn't be conflated with tourists... which seems to be the case as the line appears to be misquoted from here.

2600:1700:6A96:60:49E1:113A:2176:5CDE (talk) 09:25, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Aloha Tower


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Category:Virtue

Articles relating to virtue, moral excellence. A virtue is a trait or quality that is deemed to be morally good and thus is valued as a foundation of principle and good moral being. Personal virtues are characteristics valued as promoting collective and individual greatness. In other words, it is a behavior that shows high moral standards. Doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong. The opposite of virtue is vice, another example of this notion is merit in Asian traditions and De (Chinese 德).

title: Category:Virtue


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User talk:Verymerryj

MICROSOFT WORD WORKS PROCESSOR HAS DELETED MY MIDTERM FOR MY MA

CLASS 3 TIMES!!!! I AM DEPRESSED.

MY PROFESSOR HAS TOLD ME THAT SINCE IT IS LATE I WILL RECEIVE A POOR GRADE3 ON IT.

THE MESSAGE COMES UP SAYING, "WE ARE SORRY, MICROSOFT WORKS WORD PROCESSOR HAS CREATED AN

ERROR. YOUR DOCUMENT MAY BE LOST. AND IT DISAPPEARS IMMEDIATELY BEFORE I VCAN BLINK.'''Bold

I HAVE SPENT DAYS TRYING TO FIND IT AND THEN I REWROTE IT 2X!!

title: User talk:Verymerryj


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List of rulers of Aq Qoyunlu

The Bayandurids or the Tur-'Alids ruled over the Aq Qoyunlu confederation, that was founded by Tur Ali bin Pehlwan (1340-1360 C.E.), and was followed by his son Qutlugh bin Tur Ali (1360-1378/79 C.E.) and his grandson Uthman Beg respectively, the founder of Aq Qoyunlu state. The dynasty originated around Diyarbakır and ruled the territory now part of present-day Turkey, Iraq and Iran. Their capital was the city of Tabriz after 1471-1472. They gained international significance under Uzun Hasan who became their greatest leader. He conquered the Qara Qoyunlu and defeated the Timurid Empire, thus adding significant portions of Iran to his kingdom. He eventually lost to the Ottoman Empire, weakening his kingdom. The kingdom was eventually absorbed into Safavid Iran.

Aq Qoyunlu rulers

 * In letters from the Ottoman Sultans, when addressing the kings of Aq Qoyunlu, such titles as ملك الملوك الأيرانية "Iranian King of Kings", سلطان السلاطين الإيرانية "Iranian Sultan of Sultans", Shåhanshåh Irån Khadiv Ajam "Shahanshah of Iran and Ruler of Persia", Jamshid shawkat va Fereydun råyat va Dårå deråyat "Powerful like Jamshid, flag of Fereydun and wise like Darius" have been used. Uzun Hassan also held the title Padishah-i Iran "Padishah of Iran", which was re-adopted again in the Safavid times through his grandson Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty.

 * Yellow Shaded rows signify Progenitors of Aq Qoyunlu dynasty.
 * Blue Shaded row signifies Nominal rule.

title: List of rulers of Aq Qoyunlu


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User talk:Freethings~enwiki

Hoş Geldiniz

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Talk:What the Bleep Do We Know!?

References to use

 * Please add to the list references that can be used for the film article.

removal of individuals in movie
These are the individuals who speak in the movie. The movie is the definitive source for those in the movie. If you want to remove unsourced content about these individuals and that information is not in the movie fine, but removing the section when the definitive source is the movie doesn't make sense. Whatever the opinion is of the movie if its a Wikipedia artcile we have to describe it properly. (Littleolive oil (talk) 16:10, 13 April 2016 (UTC))
 * Only one of them had a reliable source. Most had no source at all. One is a completely non-notable chiroquacktor, apparently listed as part of his practice- building. Remember, this is a movie packed from beginning to end with bullshit, and those included in the movie roughly divide into three: cranks, charlatans, and people whose words are edited tot he point of being misleading. So why did you revert unsourced puffery back in? Guy (Help!) 23:03, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

 * We have to note who spoke in the movie. Very simple. Our opinion of them has nothing to do with whether they were speakers in the movie. To remove them as puffery is a POV. I don't care who they were or are, they spoke in the movie and the movie is the definitive source for whether they were part of this movie or not. Let's not confuse an article on a movie and an opinion of the movie. I agree as I implied above, that if content about those "speakers" is not present in the movie it should be sourced or removed per BLP.(Littleolive oil (talk) 23:39, 13 April 2016 (UTC))
 * No we don't (WP:IINFO), and if we do discuss any of them then we should rely exclusively on those who are considered significant by reliable independent sources. Unsourced material can and should be removed form articles if challenged. I am challenging it. Demonstrate significance, do this by reference to independent sources, easy. Guy (Help!) 07:02, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * This is kind of strange. They speak in the movie; how more significant can you get. Feel free to challenge and even delete. Its hard to discuss when the policies are being skewed as you are skewing them and when logic is being tossed out the door. (Littleolive oil (talk) 13:23, 14 April 2016 (UTC))

07:02, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Movie content and synopsis does not require independent sourcing. I believe this is covered by WP:FILMPLOT and WP:FILMCAST.  Grammar'sLittleHelper (talk) 15:57, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Everything requires sourcing, if it's likely to be challenged. Local agreement of editors with a common interest does not trump WP:5P. Guy (Help!) 09:56, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I think that there's merit in mentioning some of the people in the article, but with several caveats. First the people mentioned as featured should be limited to those with articles on Wikipedia, as this is fairly standard with many documentary-style film articles. Secondly, the people should really only be listed if they were extensively featured in the film. If they were only mentioned once for about 1-2 minutes, there's really not a whole lot of reason to heavily feature them in the article. Thirdly, the aforementioned people should be mentioned in the synopsis section, where their contributions can be placed into context. I can see where concerns of puffery came into play, as the featured section goes into the persons' backgrounds and largely doesn't mention how that background is important to the film. Someone could have an extensive and impressive background, but that doesn't always mean that their statements are being made based on their backgrounds, if that makes any sense. To put it in a better explanation, let's say that former President Bill Clinton participated in a documentary about cats and talked about himself as a cat owner (Socks the cat). It's worthwhile to somewhat extensively talk about him being a President in this case since he had Socks while he was in the White House. However at the same time former President George Bush talks about his cat, which he acquired in the last 2-3 years. Him being a President is irrelevant to his cat ownership and while we could put down the term President in front of his name, his being a President does not directly pertain to his opinion on cats. An example taken directly from the article itself would be Fred Alan Wolf, as there's little need to mention his recent book, his film, and each place he's taught - especially since Spirit Space was released four years after WtBDWK. Not only is this redundant to his article (and potentially irrelevant) but it does come across as a little promotional. So basically my recommendation is to merge the list to the synopsis section and only mention their background as it would pertain to the film. It could be done in list format, but it should be something like this:
 * Fred Alan Wolf, a theoretical physicist, who spoke about (insert topic here). (I would recommend being more specific on the type of physicist, as like what I've put here.)
 * Dean Radin, Senior Scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences, was interviewed on the topic of (insert topic here).
 * JZ Knight, a spiritual teacher who is also identified in the narrative portions as the spirit "Ramtha" that Knight is allegedly channelling. (This is ideally how all interviewees should be listed.)
 * Another benefit of this is that if any of the interviewed persons later claimed that their statements were taken out of context, this would be an excellent place to include those claims. If they stood by their statements, this could be included as well. However a separate section is somewhat problematic, especially with the way that their pedigrees are presented, since it could potentially be construed as someone trying to make the film appear less controversial. But especially I have to emphasize that there should be a mention of what they discuss to give context. Ideally though, I'd say that it'd be best if the list could be whittled down even further to only include the names of people specifically highlighted in secondary RS about the film, to keep the section from being too lengthy. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)  08:26, 15 April 2016 (UTC)
 * That's fine. My problem is with the resume-padding effect of a list of people some of whom are cranks who look like legitimate researchers (e.g. Radin) and some who are legitimate but misrepresented. Context is everything, your proposal includes context, hence no problem. Guy (Help!) 09:58, 15 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree per my cmt above,"I agree as I implied above, that if content about those "speakers" is not present in the movie it should be sourced or removed per BLP.(Littleolive oil (talk) 13:19, 15 April 2016 (UTC))

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Revert
The claim of is a conspiracy theory in itself. tgeorgescu (talk) 17:51, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:What the Bleep Do We Know!?


text:
User:Zocky/FA Tomorrow new

This page lists the article that has been selected by the Featured article dictator to appear on the Main page at 05:00 UTC.

This is the last chance to tweak the article before it goes live on the Main page, so please help us put the finishing touches on it. Major rewrites are not a good idea at this point.

If a given article is unsuitable for the main page, lodge your objection. However, given that the featured articles represent the best Wikipedia has to offer, objections should be very, very rare (Around one or two a year). Should a serious objection be lodged, the dictator may (at his discretion) replace the current listing with a new prospective article.

The featured article for tomorrow: article1

title: User:Zocky/FA Tomorrow new


text:
Mickey Welch

Michael Francis Welch (July 4, 1859 – July 30, 1941), nicknamed "Smiling Mickey", was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. He stood 5 ft tall and weighed 160 lb. He was the third pitcher to accumulate 300 career victories. Welch was born in Brooklyn, New York, and played 13 seasons in the major leagues, three with the Troy Trojans, and 10 with the New York Gothams/Giants. He was very successful with an effective curveball, a change of pace, and a version of the screwball. During his 13 major league seasons, he posted 20 or more wins nine times, seven in succession.

Early life
Welch was born Michael Francis Walsh in the 18th Ward of Brooklyn, New York, to Irish immigrant parents John and Mary Walsh. He later adopted the last name Welch, perhaps spurred by a sportswriter's mistaken recording of his name in a box score, and to distinguish himself from the many men in Brooklyn at the time named Michael Walsh. Off the baseball field, Welch used his birth name throughout his life. Welch's nickname of "Smiling Mickey" derived from his cheerful disposition.

When he was growing up in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, baseball was the popular sport among Irish children. Welch recalled that he had to learn different baseball skills because of his small size. He depended on strong control of his pitches, a good curveball and change-of-pace, and a studious approach to opposing batters.

Early career
Welch's earliest professional baseball engagement was in Poughkeepsie, New York, as an outfielder-pitcher for the Volunteers baseball club in 1877, and in the following year he would briefly play for a club in Auburn before joining the Holyoke Shamrocks of the National Association. During the 1879 season with the Shamrocks, his pitching would be credited to their 23–14 record, during which he was supported by the likes of later MLB players Roger Connor, Larry Corcoran, Jerry Dorgan, Peter Gillespie, and Fergy Malone. In 1880, Welch made his major league debut in 1880. His first game was not very successful, as Troy was defeated 13–1 by the Worcester Ruby Legs. However, he won 34 games for the Troy Trojans, teaming up with Tim Keefe to give Troy a devastating two-man starting rotation. On July 6, 1880, he pitched a one-hitter against the Cleveland Blues. Welch's totals dipped during the following two seasons, when Keefe, who also went on to win more than 300 games, began getting a greater share of the starts. The duo would only enjoy moderate success over the course of three seasons with the Trojans, a team that never finished higher than fourth in the National League during its four-season run.

After the Trojans disbanded after the 1882 season, the New York Gothams replaced them, taking many of the Troy players, including Welch. He resumed a heavy workload in 1883, throwing 426 innings in 54 games. This time he split pitching duties with John Montgomery Ward in what turned out to be Ward's final season as a regular pitcher. In 1884, he went 39–21 with 345 strikeouts (a franchise record) and a 2.50 ERA.

Strikeout record
Welch holds the record for most consecutive batters struck out to begin a game, with nine, set on August 28, 1884. The record was not recognized for many years because of confusion over a dropped third strike. In the third inning of that game, a third strike was dropped by New York catcher Bill Loughran. As a result, that batter safely reached first base. Though modern scorekeeping credits a pitcher with a strikeout in this situation, such an event was not always recorded as a strikeout by sportswriters of that era. Baseball historian Harry Simmons helped Welch to receive official recognition of the feat in the 1940s.

Only three pitchers in the National League and two in the American League have come close to matching Mickey Welch's record nine strikeouts. In the National League, Germán Márquez of the Colorado Rockies on September 26, 2018, Jacob deGrom of the New York Mets in 2014, and Jim Deshaies of the Houston Astros in 1986 struck out the first eight batters they faced. In the American League, Carlos Rodón of the Chicago White Sox in 2016 and Joe Cowley of the Chicago White Sox in 1986 struck out the first seven batters they faced. Tom Seaver struck out 10 consecutive batters in 1970, though not at the beginning of the game.

Middle career
In 1885, he went 44–11 with 258 strikeouts and a 1.66 ERA. In the 1885 season, Welch and Keefe reunited as a two-man pitching rotation, with Keefe having a 32–13 win–loss record. The team, now called the Giants, had an incredible record of 85–27, with Welch winning 17 consecutive games at one point, but finished second to the Chicago White Stockings, who finished with a record of 87–25.

Welch had negotiated a clause in his contract, beginning in 1884, that prevented the team from pitching him more than every other day. After the 1885 season, Welch was one of nine Giants players to form baseball's first union, which was known as the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players. The players were upset about the way they had been treated by baseball owners. The reserve clause, which restricted player movement and tempered increases in player salaries, had been instituted in 1880. The union spent the next several years recruiting new members and talking about the cause of player salaries. Though Welch was still an active player, he began saving money with the goal of opening a hotel.

In 1886, Welch won 33 games, which was second on the Giants to Keefe's 44 victories. Despite this win total from Welch and Keefe, the team fell to third place in the league. Though they enjoyed a 47–12 record at the Polo Grounds, they were 28–32 while on the road that year. As Keefe and Welch were so overworked by 1887, the Giants picked up young pitchers Bill George and Ledell Titcomb, but both of them struggled and the Giants finished fourth.

Later career
Some credit Welch with becoming the first pinch hitter in major league history when he batted for Hank O'Day and struck out on September 10, 1889. However, a rule allowing pinch hitters in non-injury situations was not instituted until 1892. The first pinch-hitter under that rule is generally agreed to be Jack Doyle‚ on June 7‚ 1892.

The Giants won the 1889 World Series, but morale was low on the club. Relationships had become strained between players and owners across the league. The league was planning to implement a system of player ratings which would be used to determine player salaries. Welch and the other members of the Brotherhood were outraged by such a system and they began to plan a new baseball league, inviting players to join even if they were not Brotherhood members. The new eight-team league became known as the Players' League.

Before the Players' League began its season in 1890, Welch realized that he was coming to the end of his playing career. Saying that he was in baseball to earn money, Welch agreed to re-sign with the Giants on a three-year contract. Welch said that he had been willing to accept $2,000 less to play in the Players' League, but that deal fell through when the league could only guarantee one year of salary. He met with sharp criticism from Jim O'Rourke and other Brotherhood members, but the Players' League lasted only one season.

On April 24, 1890, with the score tied at 2 in the 7th inning between his Giants and the Boston Beaneaters‚ Welch got into an argument with umpire McDermott, an argument that resulted in the umpire declaring the game forfeited to host Boston. With Welch and Keefe still on the same club, the 1891 New York Giants had two 300-game winners. Until the 1980s, this was the only time that a major league team featured two pitchers with 300 wins each.

After one start in the 1892 season, Welch was sent to the minor leagues, earning a 16–14 record and a 0.87 ERA for the Eastern League's Troy Trojans. He retired from baseball after the season, having compiled 307 victories, 210 losses, 1850 strikeouts and a career 2.71 ERA. As of 2015, Welch ranks third on the all-time list of career wild pitches. He had unique hitting skills for a pitcher, finishing his career with a .224 batting average, 93 doubles, 16 triples and 12 home runs. In addition to his 607 games pitched, Welch made 59 career appearances as an outfielder.

Welch attributed his durability to his ability to get hitters out with slower pitches. His main offerings to hitters were a curveball and a screwball.

Personal life
Author David Fleitz writes that Welch did not swear, smoke or drink hard liquor. Welch liked beer enough that he would write poems about it, reciting them for sportswriters or for fans on the carriage ride to the ballpark on game days. Sometimes his poetry also advertised local bars and restaurants. He did not drink nearly as much as many of his contemporary ballplayers. Giants bat boy Fred Engle speculated that this was because Welch had seen too many ballplayers fall prey to alcoholism.

Welch and his wife Mary had nine children, two of which died in infancy. Mary died in 1936. During his career, Welch, along with most of his Giants teammates, lived at New York's Broadway Central Hotel.

After baseball
After retiring as a player, Welch lived in Holyoke, Massachusetts. He joined an Elks lodge and remained in the organization for more than 50 years. He owned a saloon for a while and after he sold it, he went into the dairy business with one of his sons. Welch spent summers in New York. He worked as an attendant at the Polo Grounds. In a 1911 book on baseball history, Welch was described as the owner of a hotel in Troy, New York. In 1912, he returned to New York, serving as an usher at the Polo Grounds and captivating fans with tales of his playing days.

Welch and Keefe remained friends long after they retired from baseball. In July 1941, Welch had been staying with his grandson in Nashua when he had to be taken to a Concord hospital with complications of gangrene of the foot. He died there on July 30 at the age of 82 and was interred in Section 4, Range 17, Plot 2, Grave 6 of the Calvary Cemetery in Woodside, Queens, New York, under his birth name of Walsh.

Welch was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1973. He was represented at the Hall of Fame induction ceremony by his elderly daughter, Julia Weiss.

title: Mickey Welch


text:
GNU arch

GNU arch software is a distributed revision control system that is part of the GNU Project and licensed under the GNU General Public License. It is used to keep track of the changes made to a source tree and to help programmers combine and otherwise manipulate changes made by multiple people or at different times.

As of 2009, GNU arch's official status is deprecation, and only security fixes are applied. Bazaar (or 'bzr') has since also been made an official GNU project and can thus be considered the replacement for GNU arch. It is not a fork of arch.

Features
Being a distributed, decentralized versioning system, each revision stored using arch is uniquely globally identifiable; such identifier can be used in a distributed setting to easily merge or "cherry-pick" changes from completely disparate sources.

Being decentralized means that there is no need for a central server for which developers have to be authorized in order to contribute. As with other systems, a full read-only copy of a project is made accessible in an "official" repository via HTTP, FTP, or SFTP; but then, contributors are encouraged to make modifications and publish them in a public archive (repository) of their own, so that the head developer may manually merge changesets into the official repository.

To simulate the behavior of centralized revision control systems, the head developer could allow shell access (SSH) or write access (FTP, SFTP, WebDAV) to a server, allowing authorized users to commit to a central server. More often, GNU arch-managed projects have a lead benevolent dictator that merges changes from contributors.

GNU arch has several other features:

 * Atomic commits : Commits are all-or-nothing. The tree must be in proper condition before the commit begins, and commits are not visible to the world until complete.  If the commit is interrupted before this, it remains invisible and must be rolled back before the next commit.  This avoids corruption of the archive and other users' checked-out copies.
 * Changeset oriented : Instead of tracking individual files (as in CVS), GNU arch tracks changesets, which are akin to patches. Each changeset is a description of the difference between one source tree and another, and so a changeset can be used to produce one revision from another revision.  Authors are encouraged to use one commit per feature or bugfix.
 * Easy branching : Branching is efficient and can span archives. A branch (or 'tag') simply declares the ancestor revision, and development continues from there.
 * Advanced merging : Due to the permanent record of all ancestors and merged revisions, merging can take into account which branch contains which patch, and can do three-way merging based on a shared ancestor revision.
 * Cryptographic signatures : Every changeset is stored with a hash to prevent accidental corruption. Using an external file signing program (such as GnuPG or another PGP client), these hashes can also optionally be signed, preventing unauthorized modification if the archive is compromised.
 * Renaming : All files and directories can be easily renamed. These are tracked by a unique ID rather than by name, so history is preserved, and patches to files are properly merged even if filenames differ across branches.
 * Metadata tracking : The permissions of all files are tracked. Symbolic links are supported and are tracked the same way as files and directories.

GNU arch version 1 and tla
The original author and maintainer of GNU arch was Thomas Lord who started the project in 2001. The command used to manipulate GNU arch repositories is tla, an initialism for Tom Lord's Arch. Lord started GNU arch as a collection of shell scripts to provide an alternative to CVS. In 2003, arch became part of the GNU project.

The GNU arch project forked several times, resulting in both Canonical Ltd.'s now abandoned Baz fork and Walter Landry's ArX project. Both forks provoked a hostile reaction: the ArX fork was due to a serious dispute in direction and Lord was strongly critical of Canonical's approach to announcing the Baz project.

In August 2005 Lord announced that he was resigning as the maintainer of GNU arch and recommended that Baz become the main GNU arch project. However, this did not happen: the Baz fork was abandoned by Canonical in favour of the separate Bazaar project, with the 1.5 release of Baz being scrapped in 2006. In October, 2005, Andy Tai announced that Lord and the Free Software Foundation had accepted his offer to be the maintainer of GNU arch. Tai subsequently merged many features from Baz back into tla, but in March 2008 indicated that tla was no longer under active development and was no longer competitive with other version control systems.

revc
revc was a prototype revision control project by Thomas Lord that he intended to become GNU arch 2.0, designed to be a radical departure from tla and to draw many ideas from the Git revision control system. It was announced in June 2005, the first pre-release was in July and the last in August, just prior to Lord's resignation as maintainer. revc only had 10 core commands and Lord intended to eliminate restrictive namespaces, complicated file naming conventions and increase the speed.

As of 2008 the last pre-release, 0.0x2, of revc is still available and Lord was still interested in some of the ideas in GNU arch but did not have the resources to resume development of revc. Thomas Lord died in June 2022.

Criticism
Perhaps the most common criticism of GNU arch is that it is difficult to learn, even for users who have experience with other SCM systems. In particular, GNU arch has a large number of commands, which can be intimidating for new users and some design elements arguably too strongly enforce Lord's taste in version control practices.

Some also criticize GNU arch for using very unusual file naming conventions, which can create difficulties for using it in scripts, some shells, and in porting it to non-Unix operating systems. GNU arch has been criticised for having a slow running time as part of a design decision to lessen internal code complexity.

title: GNU arch


text:
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Class Struggle

Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) is a communist party in India. The party is one of many working under the name of CPI (ML). The party general secretary was Kanu Sanyal. The name of the party is identical to the original Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) formed in 1969, of which Sanyal was also a key leader, but Sanyal has stated that his party is not the same as this party.

History
The present party was formed through a merger of Sanyal's Communist Organization of India (Marxist–Leninist) and Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Unity Initiative in June 2003. In November 2003 Communist Party of Indian Union (Marxist–Leninist) merged with the party. The strength of the party is mainly concentrated to Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

The party central organ is Class Struggle.

In the elections 2004 CPI (ML) launched five candidates to the Lok Sabha and one to the Andhra Pradesh assembly.

Results from the Lok Sabha elections:
 * Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh: Uooyaka Mutyalu 13895 votes (2.1%)
 * Jhargram, West Bengal: Leba Chand Tudu 9422 votes (1,18%)
 * Ranchi, Jharkhand: Anjani Kumar Pandey 2044 votes (0,29%)
 * Darjeeling, West Bengal: Raju Bhatta 11112 votes (1,25%)

Ahead of the Lok Sabha elections 2004 the party and the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Flag had taken the initiative to form a united front of communist group. The two parties agreed to merge at a unity conference in late January 2005. Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red flag split before the merger and one section of that party merge with CPI (ML).

Just ahead of the 2006 West Bengal legislative election two regional party leaders, Somnath Chatterjee (not to be confused with the Lok Sabha speaker Somnath Chatterjee) from Ukhra and Pradip Banerjee from Kolkata, broke away from the party.

In 2009 January CPI (ML) Red flag faction split from the CPI (ML) and formed its own group. 2010 March 23 Kanu Sanyal expired and Viswam was elected as General Secretary of CPI (ML). In 2011, All India convention of Trade Unions called at Visakapattanam and formed All India Federation of Trade Unions (New).(AIFTU-New). In 2011, All India convention Peasants called at Sreekakulam and formed All India Khet Mazdoor Kisan Saba.(AIKMKS). In 2013, CPI (ML) and CPI (ML) Jansakthi merged and elected Viswam as General Secretary. Class Struggle is CC CPI (ML) organ in English.


text:
List of South-East European Jews

Many of the Jews expelled from the Iberian Peninsula during the Spanish Inquisition settled in the Ottoman Empire, leaving behind, at the wake of Empire, large Sephardic communities in South-East Europe: mainly in Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * Kalmi Baruh, writer and philosopher
 * Emerik Blum, businessman, founder of Energoinvest, former Mayor of Sarajevo
 * Ivan Ceresnjes, architect-researcher, former president of the Jewish community in Bosnia and Herzegovina and vice-chairman of the Yugoslav Federation of Jewish Communities, 1992–1996
 * Oskar Danon, composer and conductor
 * David Elazar, Israeli general and Chief of Staff of Israel Defense Forces
 * Jakob Finci, politician, ambassador of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Switzerland
 * Daniel Kabiljo, painter
 * Daniel Ozmo, painter
 * Isaac Pardo, rabbi of Sarajevo
 * Robert Rothbart, basketball player (Jewish mother)
 * Isak Samokovlija, writer

Bulgaria

 * Albert Aftalion, Bulgarian-born French economist
 * Binyamin Arditi
 * Aron Aronov, tenor
 * Mira Aroyo, member of the band Ladytron
 * Gabi Ashkenazi
 * Michael Bar-Zohar
 * Maxim Behar, president of M3 Communications Group
 * Shimon Bejarano
 * Alexander Bozhkov, vice-premier (Jewish mother)
 * Elias Canetti, author and Nobel Prize winner
 * Carl Djerassi
 * Itzhak Fintzi, dramatist
 * Pini Gershon
 * Moshe Gueron
 * Shlomo Kalo
 * Nikolay Kaufman, musicologist and composer
 * Yehezkel Lazarov
 * Moshe Leon
 * Milcho Leviev, jazz composer (Jewish father)
 * Raphael Mechoulam
 * Moni Moshonov
 * Ya'akov Nehushtan
 * Ya'akov Nitzani
 * Jules Pascin, artist (Jewish father)
 * Isaac Passy, philosopher
 * Solomon Passy, foreign minister, son of Isaac Passy
 * Valeri Petrov
 * Georgi Pirinski, Jr.
 * David Primo
 * Sarah-Theodora
 * Victor Shem-Tov
 * Maxim Staviski
 * Angel Wagenstein, author & screenwriter
 * Alexis Weissenberg, pianist
 * Jaime Yankelevich
 * Emanuel Zisman

Croatia

 * Viktor Axmann, architect
 * Slavko Brill, sculptor and ceramics artist
 * Julio Deutsch, architect
 * Hugo Ehrlich, architect
 * Ignjat Fischer, architect
 * Josip Frank, Croatian politician
 * Stjepan Gomboš, architect
 * Branko Grünbaum, mathematician
 * Leo Hönigsberg, architect
 * Rikard Lang, prominent Croatian university professor, lawyer and economist, UN's expert
 * Slobodan Lang, physician, politician, humanitarian
 * Slavko Löwy, architect
 * Rudolf Lubinski, architect
 * Branko Lustig, film producer and winner of two Academy Awards
 * Blessed Ivan Merz, beatified in 2003
 * Oscar Nemon, sculptor
 * Vladimir Šterk, architect
 * Ivo Stern, founder of the "Zagreb Radiostation"
 * Karlo Weissmann, physician and founder of the first sanatorium in Osijek
 * Dragutin Wolf, industrialist, founder of the food company Koestlin in Bjelovar

Cyprus

 * Aristobulus of Britannia (converted to Christianity)
 * Barnabas (mentioned in the New Testament)
 * Mike Brant, French-based singer (Cyprus-born)
 * Epiphanius of Salamis (converted to Christianity)
 * John the Merciful
 * Arie Zeev Raskin, rabbi

Greece

 * Albert Bourla
 * Hank Azaria
 * Sid Ganis
 * Anna Rezan

Montenegro

 * Jelena Đurović, writer, politician and journalist

North Macedonia

 * Haim Estreya Ovadya, Yugoslav partisan
 * Rafael Moshe Kamhi
 * Žamila Kolonomos, Sephardi Jewish partisan, writer, academic, and political activist

Serbia

 * David Albahari, writer
 * David Albala, military officer, physician, diplomat, and Jewish community leader
 * Oskar Danon, composer
 * Oskar Davičo, poet
 * Filip David, playwright and columnist
 * Predrag Ejdus, actor
 * Vanja Ejdus, actress
 * Rahela Ferari, actress
 * Ivan Ivanji, writer
 * Enriko Josif, composer
 * Danilo Kiš, writer
 * Marko Kon, pop singer
 * Shaul Ladany, Holocaust survivor, racewalker and two-time Olympian
 * Tommy Lapid, former Israeli politician of Hungarian descent, born in Novi Sad
 * Paulina Lebl-Albala, feminist, translator, literary critic, literature theoretician, and professor of literature in Belgrade
 * Sonja Licht, political activist
 * Izidor Papo, cardiac surgeon, general-colonel of the Yugoslav Army medical unit
 * Moša Pijade, politician, painter, art critic and publicist
 * Eva Ras, actress
 * Seka Sablić, actress
 * Erich Šlomović, art collector
 * Aleksandar Tišma, writer

Slovenia

 * Katja Boh, politician
 * Berta Bojetu, author
 * Israel Isserlin, Medieval rabbi
 * Lev Kreft, sociologist and politician
 * Dušan Šarotar, author and editor

title: List of South-East European Jews


text:
Category:Microcomputers

"Microcomputer" is a small, relatively inexpensive computer having a central processing unit (CPU) made out of a microprocessor. The computer also includes memory and input/output (I/O) circuitry together mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB). Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 1980s and predecessors to these computers were mainframes and minicomputers.

es:Categoría:Computadoras

title: Category:Microcomputers


text:
User talk:Jcfrickpa

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Jcfrickpa


text:
Daman

Daman may refer to:

Places

 * Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, a union territory in India
 * Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)
 * Daman and Diu, former union territory of India, now part of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
 * Goa, Daman and Diu, former union territory of India, divided into Goa and Daman and Diu
 * Daman district, India
 * Daman, India, a city in India
 * Daman District, Afghanistan
 * Daman, Afghanistan, a village
 * Daman, Nepal, a village
 * Dammam, a city in Saudi Arabia
 * Damaan Valley (Daman valley), a valley in Pakistan

People

 * Saint Daman, Irish Christian saint
 * Damara people, also known as the Daman, an ethnic group in Namibia
 * Heshana Khan (died 619), personal name Ashina Daman, a khan of the Western Turkic Khaganate
 * Daman Hongren (601-674), Chinese Buddhist patriarch
 * Rick Daman, Dutch sprint canoer
 * Ustad Daman (1911-1984), real name Chiragh Deen, Punjabi poet and mystic
 * William Daman (died 1591), musician in England

Other uses

 * Daman Indo-Portuguese language, spoken in Daman, India
 * Daaman, an Indian TV series
 * Daman (2001 film), Indian Hindi-language film starring Raveena Tandon
 * Daman (2022 film), Indian Odia-language film starring Babushaan Mohanty and Dipanwit Dashmohapatra
 * Daman, National Health Insurance Company, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
 * Battle of Dasman Palace, also called the Battle of Daman, fought on August 2–3, 1990, during the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
 * Cyclone Daman, December 2007
 * Daman, a term used in some Bible translations for the rock hyrax

title: Daman


text:
Breach of the peace

Breach of the peace or disturbing the peace, is a legal term used in constitutional law in English-speaking countries and in a public order sense in the several jurisdictions of the United Kingdom. It is a form of disorderly conduct.

England, Wales and Northern Ireland
In England and Wales, theoretically all criminal offences cognizable by English law involve "a breach of the King's peace", and all indictments formerly concluded "against the peace of our Lord the King, his crown and dignity" before the passage of the Indictments Act 1915 and the Rules that formed that Act's first schedule. The conclusion has also found its way into constitutional law in many United States state constitutions, which mandate that indictments within the state end in a similar manner to the above, usually omitting the "crown" part or substituting "government". For example, New Jersey's is "against the peace of this State, the government and dignity of the same".

Historically that concluding phrase, now legally superfluous, represents the last trace of the process by which the royal courts assume jurisdiction over all offences, and gradually eroded the jurisdiction of the sheriff and of lords of manor and franchises, making crime a matter of national concern as distinguished from civil wrongs or infractions of the rights of local magnates. The Peace of the King was sworn on his accession or full recognition, and the jurisdiction of his courts to punish all violations of that peace was gradually asserted. The completion of this process is marked by the institution of the office of Justice of the Peace.

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, breach of the peace is descended from the Justices of the Peace Act 1361, which refers to riotous and barratous behaviour that disturbs the peace of the King. More modern authority defines a breach of the peace as "when a person reasonably believes harm will be caused, or is likely to be caused, to a person or in his presence to his property, or a person is in fear of being harmed through an assault, affray, riot, unlawful assembly, or some other form of disturbance".

The breach of the peace power of arrest is provided by the common law and therefore an 'any person' power of arrest and entry both within the same definition.

Section 17(5) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) abolished all powers of a Constable to enter under the common law with the specific exception (subsection 6) when dealing with or preventing a common law breach of the peace. This "offence" definition and power of arrest are contained under the common law definition of "breach of the peace". Breach of the peace powers are unusual in the fact they originate from the laws Alfred the Great consolidated into the common law approximately 1,000 years before the modern constable was thought up. The first legislative reference to the common law breach of the peace was under the Justice of the Peace Act 1361.

In England and Wales, breach of the peace is a civil proceeding (rather than a criminal offence), although the case must be proved to the criminal standard of proof, 'beyond reasonable doubt', rather than the civil standard of proof, 'on the balance of probabilities'. Sometimes the Crown Prosecution Service conduct the case on behalf of the police, but the police service is liable for any costs awarded in favour or against the prosecutor. Breach of the peace is not an offence, in the sense that it is not punishable either by a fine or imprisonment either at statute or common law and nor do proceedings for breach of the peace give rise to any conviction. In England and Wales, constables (or other persons) are permitted to arrest a person to "prevent a further breach of the peace" which allows for the police or the public to arrest a person before a breach of the peace has occurred. This is permitted when it is reasonable to believe should the person remain, that they would continue with their course of conduct and that a breach of the peace would occur.

The only immediate sanction that can be imposed by a court for breach of the peace is to bind over the offender to keep the peace: that is, justices of the peace can require a person to enter into a recognizance to keep the peace. Any punishment (in the sense of a loss of freedom or permanent financial penalty) takes the form of loss of the surety if the defendant fails to keep the peace or be of good behaviour during the period for which he is bound over. The binding over itself does not amount to a conviction (but any following behaviour causing loss of the surety might well result in conviction for an associated offence). A failure to enter into a recognizance may of itself lead to a person being committed to custody under s.115(3) Magistrates' Courts Act 1980.

Nowadays a person causing a public disturbance may be arrested for, and/or charged with, causing harassment, alarm or distress contrary to the Public Order Act 1986.

Scotland
There are major differences between English law and Scots law with respect to dealing with breach of the peace; unlike England and Wales where criminal penalties apply to the behaviour leading to or liable to cause a breach of the peace, it is a specific criminal offence in Scotland which is prosecuted daily in the sheriff courts and due to its common law definition it can be applied to a number of scenarios. The maximum punishment if a case is remitted to the High Court remains imprisonment for life although such severe punishment is now rarely applied, usually being associated with breaches of licence during an existing life sentence.

Breach of the peace consists of "conduct severe enough to cause alarm to ordinary people and threaten serious disturbance to the community".

A constable may arrest any person, without warrant, who commits a breach of the peace. A member of the public may not arrest a person for behaviour which amounts to no more than a breach of the peace (i.e. an arrest is not always for the offence for which someone is eventually prosecuted but can be for a more serious crime that appears to be occurring).

Breach of the peace can include, but is not limited to, any riotous behaviours (which includes "rowdiness" or "brawling") and any disorderly behaviour. This behaviour need not be noisy but still of a nature that would cause concern to other people. Examples include persistently following someone, delivering threatening letters and "streaking" or "mooning".

One of the leading cases in Scots law is that of Smith v Donnelly, a case concerning a Faslane protester.

Section 38 of the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 created an offence of behaving in a threatening or abusive manner in a way likely to cause a reasonable person to suffer fear or alarm, similar to the Section 5 Public Order act in England and Wales. This subsists alongside breach of the peace.

United States
In the United States, prosecutions for breach of the peace are subject to constitutional constraints. In Terminiello v. City of Chicago (1949), the United States Supreme Court held that an ordinance of the City of Chicago that banned speech which "stirs the public to anger, invites dispute, brings about a condition of unrest, or creates a disturbance" was unconstitutional under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Justice Douglas stated: "Accordingly a function of free speech under our system of government is to invite dispute. It may indeed best serve its high purpose when it induces a condition of unrest, creates dissatisfaction with conditions as they are, or even stirs people to anger. Speech is often provocative and challenging. It may strike at prejudices and preconceptions and have profound unsettling effects as it presses for acceptance of an idea."

In Cox v. Louisiana (1965), the Supreme Court held that a Louisiana statute criminalizing breaches of the peace was unconstitutionally vague and overbroad because it would allow persons to be prosecuted for expressing unpopular views. The statute read in part:

"Whoever with intent to provoke a breach of the peace, or under circumstances such that a breach of the peace may be occasioned thereby ... crowds or congregates with others ... in or upon ... a public street or public highway, or upon a public sidewalk, or any other public place or building ... and who fails or refuses to disperse and move on ... when ordered so to do by any law enforcement officer of any municipality, or parish, in which such act or acts are committed, or by any law enforcement officer of the state of Louisiana, or any other authorized person ... shall be guilty of disturbing the peace."

On the state level, at least one court has reasoned that the essence of a breach of the peace was the potential to cause a disruption in tranquility or to promote the threat of violence, stating that a breach of the peace was that which "disturbs or threatens to disturb the tranquility enjoyed by the citizens".

title: Breach of the peace


text:
Andhra Pradesh Federation of Trade Unions

Andhra Pradesh Federation of Trade Unions (in Telugu: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదెౕశ్ కార్మిక సంఘాల సమాఖ్య), trade union organization in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, related to Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist). The organization held its first conference on 23–24 March 2004 in Hyderabad. APFTU publishes Kaarmika Shakthi (Workers' Power). In other states the cadre of CPI(ML) are engaged in other trade unions.


text:
Talk:Luoshu Square

m: edit
+changed 'pa kua chang' in image caption to Pinyin version, added Chinese characters. +changed factual inacuracy: ('feng shui is the chinese art of geomancy')

3x3 -> 9x9

question: Can you find 27 subsquares (nxn cells in n rows and n columns; values must not be consecutive) where the sum of the new diagonals, the sum of the new raws and the sum of the new columns is the identical for that particular subsquare? generates:

question: Can you find 27 subsquares (nxn cells in n rows and n columns; values must not be consecutive) where the sum of the new diagonals, the sum of the new raws and the sum of the new columns is the identical for that particular subsquare? See: Meta:User:Gangleri/tests/4x4 type square/examples – Best regards Gangleri | [ Th] | T 13:10, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Characters
Just want to point out, 掌 zhang3, means palm 長 zhang3, means grow, sprout

baguazhang is actually a martial art, based on the bagua

I don't see where the zhang comes from in this example. there is a word, zhang1 張, which means "sheet", which might be appropriate, but I think the zhang doesn't need to be there at all

Date
What is a source for the date 2800 B.C.? I have never seen such an early date in any scholarly work. Zaslav 02:08, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I found one on the Internet: http://www.pbs.org/teachersource/recommended/math/lk_basiccomputation.shtm

Giftlite 04:01, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Source dates for Fu Hsi are given in Chinese texts as 3500, and for Yellow Emerpors as 2500 to 2000 BC The Sum of Things by Paul Martyn-Smith, Morrigan Books, 2006. Karen Solvig 16:04, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Content removed from article
I've removed the following two paragraphs from the article:

 * The flood story found in many ancient cultures has many cultural references to an inundation of the "Great Waters", a reference continually used in the I Ching refers to the universal waters surrounding the earth (this flood idea of a celestial indunation appears in various ancient texts, including the Shu Ching). The inundation of celestial waters (sent down by the power of Heaven or God) also has a Biblical reference, to a time of darkness in which the sun moved backwards, and the planets changed their courses, as put forward by Guy Crammer, rather than a flood on earth. All historic references to a world-wide flood thereby is seen to have a greater symbolic universal meaning, as the workings of the Lo Shu in the Chinese texts is connected both to the control of rivers at a time of flood, and a celestial value of the 360 day year, and of the Equinoxal Precession.

 * In the I Ching the universal waters are ruled over by the Moon, as the ancient 360 day year seems to have been put in place in order to refer to the same division of values as found in the 360 degrees of heaven's movment (as 8640 = the hours in a 360 day year, and 8640 + 4320 = 12,960). A quarter of the a 360 day year in hours = 2160 as does the years in 1 aeon, and the total hours of 8460 if taken as = 10 becomes 12,960 when = 15, as 15 is the central value of the Ho Tu and Lo Shu. When all the values of Heaven and Earth (Original Trigrams) are placed into the Ho Tu to form an 8 x 8 square in each of its directions, a central 5th square is formed, and it is the central values of the 5th square that is used in the workings of the Lo Shu. There are 8 central squares in the Ho Tu, so the amount of hexagrams or stars = 8 x 8 x 8 gives a value to the Lo Shu of 6,480 in all diagonals. The total values of the Lo Shu thereby gives all value of 12,960 light years and 12,960 dark years as the map is devised of light and dark (yang or Yin) numbers, so in total this is the exact number of years taken by Heaven to rise and fall in Precession (these values are taken from general astromonical information). The Lo Shu has a second magic square of diagonal numbers = amounts of 27 in each diagonal, as a number that has a further link to the constellations or periods of Manu (Manu was the Hindu Noah), which make up the "Year of Brahma" (Professor Muir's 'Original Sanskrit Texts', and the Riga veda) or "Great Year" as referred to by Plato.

 * The workings of the Maps are based on the coming together of opposite light and dark values, as mentioned above of the Yin and Yang, as the light numbers are odd integers, and the dark are even integers. The values of the two River Maps flow from the multiples of integers from 1 to 10 that go on to produce 40 light and 40 dark numbers - and these vales can be obtained by anyone who wishes to multiple the values of 1 to 10 into the lines of 'Original Trigrams' of Ch'ien and K'un. All quotes from The Sum of Things, Paul Martyn-Smith, Morrigan Books 2006

Despite having asked for citations for this material, non have been provided. While some of what is written is purely calculation, there are many claims made that do require a source. Without citations, it is original research. Here are some examples:
 * "The flood story found in many ancient cultures now seems to refer to an inundation of the "Great Waters" therefore they mean the universal waters rather than a flood on earth (all historic references thereby have a greater symbolic universal meaning)."
 * "The universal waters are ruled over by the Moon, as the Lunar Year of 360 days seems to have been put in place in order to refer to the same division of values as is found in Precession or the 360 degrees of heaven's movment."
 * "... 12,960 light and 12,960 dark, which is the exact number of years taken by Heaven to rise and fall."

The last sentence of the first paragraph, "a number that has a further link to the constellations or periods of Manu (Manu was the Hindu Noah), which make up the "Year of Brahma" (Professor Muir and Riga veda) "Great Year" as referred to by Plato," does have a reference (Professor Muir), but does not conform to the Wikipedia guideline for citations.

My final comment is that the style of writing is very detailed and not clear, at least not to me. I am willing to help with this, but first, let's get some sources. Sunray 19:59, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The recent changes to the above passages are an improvement, IMO. However, the first paragraph is very long and detailed, and should be edited for readability.  I can work on that with you.  Thanks for including more information on the Muir citation.  Here's how it would look in a "References" section:

 * Muir, J. 1967. Original Sanskrit texts on the origin and history of the people of India: their religion and institutions. Amsterdam: Oriental Press.

 * The preferred format is to place notes in the text for each citation. I can do that if you give me the citations, in the above format. Sunray 19:40, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've started to do a bit of editing, but the meaning of the last sentence of the first paragraph is not clear to me. Also do you have a citation for Crammer? Sunray 20:04, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I see that you added Crammer's first name to the text. This is insufficient for a reference.  The minimum needed for the citation is: (Author/Date).  Usually a page number is necessary if it is a direct quote or paraphrase.  The complete reference would also need to be given in a "References" section, in the format I have given above for Muir.  Have you read the guidelines on citiation?  It would be a good idea to do that. Sunray 19:54, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Geomancy
The Feng Shui article says the following:

"It is erroneously identified as geomancy, an unfortunate misnomer courtesy of 19th-century Christian missionaries." but this article says: "is an important part of Feng Shui, the ancient Chinese art of geomancy."

Which is correct?
 * Feng Shui is commonly known as geomancy. The definition expanded over time so it's not really an error (now). Machine Elf 1735 (talk) 00:05, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

The Components of Hexcagrams section in the I Ching article has a rather different corrsepondence of the numbers and the trigrams than the image shown in this article. Which is correct?
 * I've edited the article. I believe the numbers previously given where a mistake. Perhaps it was based on using 0 and 1 to represent the trigrams in binary but even then, the positions didn't match and 1001 wouldn't be a valid trigram representation. It's difficult to find a good citation - even the external link uses Wikipedia as a source. I'll see what I can find.

 * The numbers given in I Ching reflect a sequence rather than a numerological association.

 * BTW, The Lo shu info in the magic square article is very confusing and I can't follow what it says. I have doubts about it though (it's described as a "hexadecimal progression"). I think Sunray may have removed similar info from this article. I'll take a closer look. Machine Elf 1735 (talk) 00:05, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Historical image
AnonMoos (talk) 21:21, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Which river?
I thought it was Luo River (Henan) but that gives 洛河 rather than 洛水. Is this just a simplified/traditional thing or are these different? It would be nice to have a link in the article!

CRGreathouse (t | c) 21:03, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

↑“洛水”is the ancient name of that river in Henan（Luo River (Henan)，in nowadays, it is called of“洛河”）.In ancient Chinese, almost every river has adifferent character to express.Such as “湘、沅、渭、泾......”.Similarly, the “河” is the name of Yellow River in ancient Chinese, but this character “河” become to express any rivers.（“江”is a same example, it express Yangtze at start，and become to express any rivers lately. If you ask what different between “江”and“河”. It's that “江”usually express rivers in Southern China；“河”express the rivers in Northern China ）So，“江”and“河”replace “水（its original mean is “water”）” to express river in Morden Chinese. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.70.111.106 (talk) 13:47, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Luoshu Square


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tamara Dunstan

Tamara Dunstan was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Non-notable murder victim. RickK 20:01, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete - Kenwarren 20:04, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, all of one Google News hit, does not even meet the very generous standard of 5 Google news hits established in the Sarah_Marple-Cantrell case . - SimonP 20:05, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I can say that this was big news here in the area, but I don't know whether there was much or any national coverage. Nor am I sure that matters, if it's major news in a city of significant size and the surrounding area. Everyking 20:25, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * delete, Wikipedia is not a news archive. Ianb 20:33, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * But news coverage is a measure of notability, obviously. Everyking 20:39, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * yes, but there's a lot of news coverage about - where do you draw the line? How many murder victims are there in the USA alone each year? Do we want coverage of say, fatal freeway accidents too? Ianb 20:55, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fried Rice

 * I'm assuming you mean Fried rice? Keep.  RickK 20:02, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * I removed the recipe section, which should make it okay. It's a perfectly legitimate article, although a stub. Keep. Mike Storm 22:05, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, although the stub certainly needs expanding. Any volunteers? Ha. Kaelus 06:54, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Redirect to "fried rice". WhisperToMe 07:32, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Fratton

Fratton is a residential and formerly industrial area of Portsmouth in Hampshire, England. Victorian style terraced houses are dominant in the area, typical of most residential areas of Portsmouth. Fratton has many discount shops and "greasy spoon" cafes, as well as the Bridge Centre shopping centre containing an Asda.

History
The name Fratton was once Froddington, a Saxon name which originally meant "Frodda's Farm" or "Frodda's village". A pub on Fratton Road is still named "The Froddington Arms".

There is a commemorative plaque by the petrol station near Fratton Asda, marking where a bomb shelter was hit by a bomb on 10 January 1941, killing 80 people.

Goldsmith's Farm and Fratton Common were part of the original small rural village originally called Froddington, the only visible evidence of this being the presence of a public house, "The Froddington Arms" on the western side of Fratton Road. Froddington was one of the three small settlements on Portsea Island mentioned in the Domesday Book. Due to developments during the industrial age, more of the surrounding land was absorbed by Portsmouth in the 1870s and 1880s, principally by new housing developments.

Politics
In the UK Parliament, Fratton is represented as part of the Portsmouth South constituency. Since 2017, Stephen Morgan of the Labour Party has been the member of parliament for Portsmouth South. In local government, Fratton is a Portsmouth City Council ward. It was formed for the 2002 Portsmouth City Council election as the successor to the pre-2002 Fratton ward.

indicates seat up for election.

Trivia

 * Fratton has been adopted in navy and local slang as a euphemism for the withdrawal method of contraception, "getting off at Fratton", due to Fratton railway station being the last stop before Portsmouth's busiest and largest station - Portsmouth & Southsea railway station. However, Royal Naval personnel most commonly use Portsmouth Harbour railway station, which is the end of the line and a short walk from the entrance to the Royal Naval Dockyard.
 * Despite its well known name, Portsmouth F.C.'s Fratton Park stadium is not built in the Fratton district of Portsmouth, it was actually built between 1898 and 1899 on farmland around the (then) village of Milton on the eastern side of Portsea Island. The Fratton Park stadium is still within the neighbouring Milton district of Portsmouth, shown by the Portsmouth FC postal code, "PO4 8RA" which has a "PO4" prefix Milton district postal code, not a Fratton (and Portsmouth city centre) "PO1" prefixed code. The streets and houses immediately around Fratton Park are officially designated as being within the "Milton Ward" district for local and national governmental elections. The boundary line between Fratton and Milton is marked along the Portsmouth Direct Line railway line. Fratton Park is located south of the railway line and is therefore within the Milton district.
 * Fratton Park's name was deliberately (and misleadingly) chosen in 1899 to persuade users of Fratton railway and tram station that Portsmouth FC's football ground was nearer to convenient transport links than it actually was. Fratton railway station is approximately one mile away from Fratton Park, about a ten-minute walk along Goldsmith Avenue.

title: Fratton


text:
Vaska Ilieva

Vaska Ilieva (Васка Илиева; February 21, 1923 – May 4, 2001) was a legendary Macedonian leading folk singer from Yugoslavia and North Macedonia.

Career
She started her career as a dancer and singer in the State Ensemble Tanec in the early 1950s. Her style of singing and the songs she sang brought her wide popularity throughout Macedonia, the rest of the former Yugoslavia, the Balkans and throughout the worldwide Macedonian diaspora. She was referred to as the "Queen" of traditional Macedonian music.

Ilieva was awarded various honours from many European countries and toured Europe the Americas and Australia, where there is a large Macedonian community. Her repertoire of over 800 songs earned her a reputation as one of the most versatile and popular Macedonian female artists. Since the mid-1980s, Ilieva focused on interpreting patriotic songs, reflecting popular opinion and preceding the independence of the Republic of Macedonia.

She died on 4 May 2001 in her native Skopje at the age of 77, leaving behind a rich cultural and spiritual heritage. In her honor, and on the occasion of 10 years since her death, a concert was organised and held at the Macedonian Opera and Ballet, featuring famous musical names, as well as her successor Susana Spasovska.

title: Vaska Ilieva


text:
Category:Early microcomputers

The category of early microcomputers encompasses the microprocessor-based development system/hobbyist microcomputers being made and sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s, before the advent of the later, simpler to operate, significantly hotter-selling home computers (listed in its own category). Most early micros came without keyboards or displays, which had to be provided by the user, usually at great expense. RAM was typically 4–16 KB.

title: Category:Early microcomputers