text:
List of deputies of the 12th National Assembly of France

List in alphabetical order of the deputies of the 12th French National Assembly (2002–2007).

A

 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Abelin, UDF, Vienne
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Abrioux, UMP, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Mr. Bernard Accoyer, UMP, Haute-Savoie
 * Ms. Patricia Adam, socialist, Finistère
 * Mr. Manuel Aeschlimann, UMP, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Mr. Damien Alary, socialist, Gard
 * Mr. Pierre Albertini, associated with UDF, Seine-Maritime
 * Mr. Alfred Almont, UMP, Martinique
 * Mr. Jean-Paul Anciaux, UMP, Saône-et-Loire
 * Mr. René André, UMP, Manche
 * Ms. Sylvie Andrieux-Bacquet, socialist, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Gilles Artigues, UDF, Loire
 * Mr. François Asensi, communist, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Mr. Philippe Auberger, UMP, Yonne
 * Mr. François d'Aubert, UMP, Mayenne
 * Mr. Jean-Marie Aubron, socialist, Moselle
 * Mr. Jean Auclair, UMP, Creuse
 * Mr. Bertho Audifax, UMP, Réunion
 * Ms. Martine Aurillac, UMP, Paris
 * Mr. Jean-Marc Ayrault, socialist, Loire-Atlantique

B

 * Mr. Jean-Paul Bacquet, socialist, Puy-de-Dôme
 * Mr. Pierre-Christophe Baguet, UDF, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Mr. Patrick Balkany, independent, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Mr. Édouard Balladur, UMP, Paris
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Balligand, socialist, Aisne
 * Mr. Gérard Bapt, socialist, Haute-Garonne
 * Mr. Jean Bardet, UMP, Val-d'Oise
 * Ms. Brigitte Barèges, UMP, Tarn-et-Garonne
 * Mr. François Baroin, UMP, Aube
 * Mr. Jacques Barrot, UMP, Haute-Loire
 * Mr. Claude Bartolone, socialist, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Mr. Jacques Bascou, socialist, Aude
 * Ms. Sylvia Bassot, UMP, Orne
 * Mr. Christian Bataille, socialist, Nord
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Bateux, socialist, Seine-Maritime
 * Mr. François Bayrou, UDF, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Beauchaud, socialist, Charente
 * Mr. Patrick Beaudouin, UMP, Val-de-Marne
 * Mr. Joël Beaugendre, UMP, Guadeloupe
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Beaulieu, UMP, Charente-Maritime
 * Ms. Huguette Bello, independent, Réunion
 * Mr. Jacques-Alain Bénisti, UMP, Val-de-Marne
 * Mr. Jean-Louis Bernard, UMP, Loiret
 * Mr. Marc Bernier, UMP, Mayenne
 * Mr. André Berthol, UMP, Moselle
 * Mr. Jean-Michel Bertrand, UMP, Ain
 * Mr. Xavier Bertrand, UMP, Aisne
 * Mr. Jean-Yves Besselat, UMP, Seine-Maritime
 * Mr. Éric Besson, socialist, Drôme
 * Mr. Jean Besson, UMP, Rhône
 * Mr. Gabriel Biancheri, UMP, Drôme
 * Mr. Jean-Louis Bianco, socialist, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
 * Mr. Gilbert Biessy, communist, Isère
 * Mr. Jérôme Bignon, UMP, Somme
 * Ms. Martine Billard, independent, Paris
 * Mr. Jean-Marie Binetruy, UMP, Doubs
 * Mr. Claude Birraux, UMP, Haute-Savoie
 * Mr. Christian Blanc, associated with UDF, Yvelines
 * Mr. Étienne Blanc, UMP, Ain
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Blazy, socialist, Val-d'Oise
 * Mr. Émile Blessig, UMP, Bas-Rhin
 * Mr. Serge Blisko, socialist, Paris
 * Mr. Patrick Bloche, socialist, Paris
 * Mr. Roland Blum, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Jacques Bobe, UMP, Charente
 * Mr. Alain Bocquet, communist, Nord
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Bois, socialist, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Yves Boisseau, UMP, Calvados
 * Mr. Daniel Boisserie, socialist, Haute-Vienne
 * Mr. Marcel Bonnot, UMP, Doubs
 * Mr. Maxime Bono, socialist, Charente-Maritime
 * Mr. Augustin Bonrepaux, socialist, Ariège
 * Mr. Bernard Bosson, UDF, Haute-Savoie
 * Mr. Jean-Michel Boucheron, socialist, Ille-et-Vilaine
 * Mr. René Bouin, UMP, Maine-et-Loire
 * Mr. Roger Boullonnois, UMP, Seine-et-Marne
 * Mr. Gilles Bourdouleix, UMP, Maine-et-Loire
 * Mr. Bruno Bourg-Broc, UMP, Marne
 * Mr. Pierre Bourguignon, socialist, Seine-Maritime
 * Ms. Chantal Bourragué, UMP, Gironde
 * Ms. Danielle Bousquet, socialist, Côtes-d'Armor
 * Ms. Christine Boutin, UMP, Yvelines
 * Mr. Loïc Bouvard, UMP, Morbihan
 * Mr. Michel Bouvard, UMP, Savoie
 * Mr. Patrick Braouezec, communist, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Mr. Ghislain Bray, UMP, Seine-et-Marne
 * Mr. Philippe Briand, UMP, Indre-et-Loire
 * Mr. Jacques Briat, UMP, Tarn-et-Garonne
 * Ms. Maryvonne Briot, UMP, Haute-Saône
 * Mr. Bernard Brochand, UMP, Alpes-Maritimes
 * Mr. François Brottes, socialist, Isère
 * Ms. Chantal Brunel, UMP, Seine-et-Marne
 * Mr. Jacques Brunhes, communist, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Ms. Marie-George Buffet, communist, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Mr. Michel Buillard, UMP, French Polynesia
 * Mr. Yves Bur, UMP, Bas-Rhin

C

 * Mr. Christian Cabal, UMP, Loire
 * Mr. Marcel Cabiddu, socialist, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Dominique Caillaud, UMP, Vendée
 * Mr. François Calvet, UMP, Pyrénées-Orientales
 * Mr. Jean-Christophe Cambadélis, socialist, Paris
 * Mr. Bernard Carayon, UMP, Tarn
 * Mr. Thierry Carcenac, socialist, Tarn
 * Mr. Pierre Cardo, UMP, Yvelines
 * Mr. Christophe Caresche, socialist, Paris
 * Mr. Antoine Carré, UMP, Loiret
 * Mr. Gilles Carrez, UMP, Val-de-Marne
 * Ms. Martine Carrillon-Couvreur, socialist, Nièvre
 * Mr. Laurent Cathala, socialist, Val-de-Marne
 * Mr. Richard Cazenave, UMP, Isère
 * Ms. Joëlle Ceccaldi-Raynaud, UMP, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Mr. Yves Censi, UMP, Aveyron
 * Mr. Jean-Yves Chamard, UMP, Vienne
 * Mr. Jean-Paul Chanteguet, socialist, Indre
 * Mr. Gérard Charasse, independent, Allier
 * Mr. Hervé de Charette, UMP, Maine-et-Loire
 * Mr. Jean-Paul Charié, UMP, Loiret
 * Mr. Jean Charroppin, UMP, Jura
 * Mr. Jérôme Chartier, UMP, Val-d'Oise
 * Mr. Michel Charzat, socialist, Paris
 * Mr. André Chassaigne, communist, Puy-de-Dôme
 * Mr. Roland Chassain, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Luc-Marie Chatel, UMP, Haute-Marne
 * Mr. Jean-Marc Chavanne, UMP, Haute-Savoie
 * Mr. Gérard Cherpion, UMP, Vosges
 * Mr. Jean-François Chossy, UMP, Loire
 * Mr. Jean-Louis Christ, UMP, Haut-Rhin
 * Mr. Dino Cinieri, UMP, Loire
 * Mr. Alain Claeys, socialist, Vienne
 * Mr. Pascal Clément, UMP, Loire
 * Ms. Marie-Françoise Clergeau, socialist, Loire-Atlantique
 * Mr. Philippe Cochet, UMP, Rhône
 * Mr. Yves Cochet, independent, Paris
 * Mr. Gilles Cocquempot, socialist, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Pierre Cohen, socialist, Haute-Garonne
 * Mr. Georges Colombier, UMP, Isère
 * Ms. Geneviève Colot, UMP, Essonne
 * Ms. Anne-Marie Comparini, UDF, Rhône
 * Mr. François Cornut-Gentille, UMP, Haute-Marne
 * Mr. Louis Cosyns, UMP, Cher
 * Mr. René Couanau, UMP, Ille-et-Vilaine
 * Mr. Charles de Courson, UDF, Marne
 * Mr. Édouard Courtial, UMP, Oise
 * Mr. Alain Cousin, UMP, Manche
 * Mr. Jean-Yves Cousin, UMP, Calvados
 * Mr. Yves Coussain, UMP, Cantal
 * Mr. Jean-Michel Couve, UMP, Var
 * Mr. Charles Cova, UMP, Seine-et-Marne
 * Mr. Paul-Henri Cugnenc, UMP, Hérault
 * Mr. Henri Cuq, UMP, Yvelines

D

 * Ms. Claude Darciaux, socialist, Côte-d'Or
 * Mr. Olivier Dassault, UMP, Oise
 * Mr. Michel Dasseux, socialist, Dordogne
 * Mr. Marc-Philippe Daubresse, UMP, Nord
 * Ms. Martine David, socialist, Rhône
 * Mr. Jean-Louis Debré, UMP, Eure
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Decagny, UMP, Nord
 * Mr. Christian Decocq, UMP, Nord
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Decool, associated with UMP, Nord
 * Mr. Bernard Deflesselles, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Defontaine, associated with socialist, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Lucien Degauchy, UMP, Oise
 * Mr. Marcel Dehoux, socialist, Nord
 * Mr. Francis Delattre, UMP, Val-d'Oise
 * Mr. Michel Delebarre, socialist, Nord
 * Mr. Richard Dell'Agnola, UMP, Val-de-Marne
 * Mr. Patrick Delnatte, UMP, Nord
 * Mr. Jean Delobel, socialist, Nord
 * Mr. Jean-Marie Demange, UMP, Moselle
 * Mr. Stéphane Demilly, UDF, Somme
 * Mr. Yves Deniaud, UMP, Orne
 * Mr. Bernard Depierre, UMP, Côte-d'Or
 * Mr. Léonce Deprez, UMP, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Bernard Derosier, socialist, Nord
 * Ms. Marie-Hélène des Esgaulx, UMP, Gironde
 * Mr. Jacques Desallangre, communist, Aisne
 * Mr. Jean-Jacques Descamps, UMP, Indre-et-Loire
 * Mr. Michel Destot, socialist, Isère
 * Mr. Éric Diard, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Jean Diébold, UMP, Haute-Garonne
 * Mr. Michel Diefenbacher, UMP, Lot-et-Garonne
 * Mr. Jean Dionis du Séjour, UDF, Lot-et-Garonne
 * Mr. Marc Dolez, socialist, Nord
 * Mr. Jacques Domergue, UMP, Hérault
 * Mr. Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres, UMP, Indre-et-Loire
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Door, UMP, Loiret
 * Mr. Dominique Dord, UMP, Savoie
 * Mr. François Dosé, socialist, Meuse
 * Mr. René Dosière, socialist, Aisne
 * Mr. Philippe Douste-Blazy, UMP, Haute-Garonne
 * Mr. Julien Dray, socialist, Essonne
 * Mr. Tony Dreyfus, socialist, Paris
 * Mr. Guy Drut, UMP, Seine-et-Marne
 * Mr. Jean-Michel Dubernard, UMP, Rhône
 * Mr. Philippe Dubourg, UMP, Gironde
 * Mr. Gérard Dubrac, UMP, Gers
 * Mr. Pierre Ducout, socialist, Gironde
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Dufau, socialist, Landes
 * Mr. Jean-Louis Dumont, socialist, Meuse
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Dupont, UMP, Corrèze
 * Mr. Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, UMP, Essonne
 * Mr. Jean-Paul Dupré, socialist, Aude
 * Mr. Yves Durand, socialist, Nord
 * Mr. Frédéric Dutoit, communist, Bouches-du-Rhône

E

 * Mr. Henri Emmanuelli, socialist, Landes
 * Mr. Christian Estrosi, UMP, Alpes-Maritimes
 * Mr. Claude Evin, socialist, Loire-Atlantique

F

 * Mr. Laurent Fabius, socialist, Seine-Maritime
 * Mr. Albert Facon, socialist, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Pierre-Louis Fagniez, UMP, Val-de-Marne
 * Mr. Francis Falala, UMP, Marne
 * Mr. Yannick Favennec, UMP, Mayenne
 * Mr. Georges Fenech, UMP, Rhône
 * Mr. Jean-Michel Ferrand, UMP, Vaucluse
 * Mr. Alain Ferry, associated with UMP, Bas-Rhin
 * Mr. Daniel Fidelin, UMP, Seine-Maritime
 * Mr. André Flajolet, UMP, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Jacques Floch, socialist, Loire-Atlantique
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Flory, UMP, Ardèche
 * Mr. Philippe Folliot, associated with UDF, Tarn
 * Mr. Pierre Forgues, socialist, Hautes-Pyrénées
 * Mr. Nicolas Forissier, UMP, Indre
 * Mr. Jean-Michel Fourgous, UMP, Yvelines
 * Mr. Michel Françaix, socialist, Oise
 * Ms. Arlette Franco, UMP, Pyrénées-Orientales
 * Ms. Jacqueline Fraysse, communist, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Mr. Pierre Frogier, UMP, New Caledonia
 * Mr. Yves Fromion, UMP, Cher

G

 * Mr. Claude Gaillard, UMP, Meurthe-et-Moselle
 * Ms. Cécile Gallez, associated with UMP, Nord
 * Mr. René Galy-Dejean, UMP, Paris
 * Mr. Gilbert Gantier, UDF, Paris
 * Mr. Daniel Gard, UMP, Aisne
 * Mr. Jean-Paul Garraud, UMP, Gironde
 * Mr. Daniel Garrigue, UMP, Dordogne
 * Mr. Claude Gatignol, UMP, Manche
 * Mr. Jean Gaubert, socialist, Côtes-d'Armor
 * Mr. Jean de Gaulle, UMP, Paris
 * Mr. Jean-Jacques Gaultier, UMP, Vosges
 * Ms. Nathalie Gautier, socialist, Rhône
 * Ms. Catherine Génisson, socialist, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Guy Geoffroy, UMP, Seine-et-Marne
 * Mr. André Gerin, communist, Rhône
 * Mr. Alain Gest, UMP, Somme
 * Mr. Jean-Marie Geveaux, UMP, Sarthe
 * Mr. Paul Giacobbi, associated with socialist, Haute-Corse
 * Mr. Franck Gilard, UMP, Eure
 * Mr. Bruno Gilles, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Georges Ginesta, UMP, Var
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Giran, UMP, Var
 * Mr. Claude Girard, UMP, Doubs
 * Mr. Joël Giraud, associated with socialist, Hautes-Alpes
 * Mr. Maurice Giro, UMP, Vaucluse
 * Mr. Louis Giscard d'Estaing, UMP, Puy-de-Dôme
 * Mr. Jean Glavany, socialist, Hautes-Pyrénées
 * Mr. Claude Goasguen, UMP, Paris
 * Mr. Jacques Godfrain, UMP, Aveyron
 * Mr. Pierre Goldberg, communist, Allier
 * Mr. François-Michel Gonnot, UMP, Oise
 * Mr. Gaëtan Gorce, socialist, Nièvre
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Gorges, UMP, Eure-et-Loir
 * Mr. François Goulard, UMP, Morbihan
 * Mr. Alain Gouriou, socialist, Côtes-d'Armor
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Grand, UMP, Hérault
 * Ms. Claude Greff, UMP, Indre-et-Loire
 * Mr. Maxime Gremetz, communist, Somme
 * Mr. Jean Grenet, UMP, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
 * Mr. Gérard Grignon, associated with UMP, Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
 * Mr. François Grosdidier, UMP, Moselle
 * Ms. Arlette Grosskost, UMP, Haut-Rhin
 * Mr. Serge Grouard, UMP, Loiret
 * Mr. Louis Guédon, UMP, Vendée
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Guibal, UMP, Alpes-Maritimes
 * Mr. Lucien Guichon, UMP, Ain
 * Ms. Élisabeth Guigou, socialist, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Mr. François Guillaume, UMP, Meurthe-et-Moselle
 * Mr. Jean-Jacques Guillet, UMP, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Ms. Paulette Guinchard-Kunstler, socialist, Doubs

H

 * Mr. David Habib, socialist, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
 * Mr. Georges Hage, communist, Nord
 * Mr. Gérard Hamel, UMP, Eure-et-Loir
 * Mr. Emmanuel Hamelin, UMP, Rhône
 * Mr. Joël Hart, UMP, Somme
 * Mr. Michel Heinrich, UMP, Vosges
 * Mr. Pierre Hellier, UMP, Sarthe
 * Mr. Laurent Hénart, UMP, Meurthe-et-Moselle
 * Mr. Michel Herbillon, UMP, Val-de-Marne
 * Mr. Pierre Hériaud, UMP, Loire-Atlantique
 * Mr. Patrick Herr, UMP, Seine-Maritime
 * Mr. Antoine Herth, associated with UMP, Bas-Rhin
 * Mr. Francis Hillmeyer, UDF, Haut-Rhin
 * Ms. Danièle Hoffman-Rispal, socialist, Paris
 * Mr. François Hollande, socialist, Corrèze
 * Mr. Philippe Houillon, UMP, Val-d'Oise
 * Mr. Jean-Yves Hugon, UMP, Indre
 * Mr. Michel Hunault, UMP, Loire-Atlantique
 * Mr. Sébastien Huyghe, UMP, Nord

I

 * Mr. Jean-Louis Idiart, socialist, Haute-Garonne
 * Ms. Françoise Imbert, socialist, Haute-Garonne

J

 * Ms. Muguette Jacquaint, communist, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Mr. Denis Jacquat, UMP, Moselle
 * Mr. Édouard Jacque, UMP, Meurthe-et-Moselle
 * Mr. Éric Jalton, independent, Guadeloupe
 * Ms. Janine Jambu, communist, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Mr. Serge Janquin, socialist, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Olivier Jardé, UDF, Somme
 * Mr. Christian Jeanjean, UMP, Hérault
 * Mr. Yves Jego, UMP, Seine-et-Marne
 * Ms. Maryse Joissains-Masini, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Marc Joulaud, UMP, Sarthe
 * Mr. Alain Joyandet, UMP, Haute-Saône
 * Mr. Dominique Juillot, UMP, Saône-et-Loire
 * Mr. Didier Julia, UMP, Seine-et-Marne
 * Mr. Armand Jung, socialist, Bas-Rhin
 * Mr. Alain Juppé, UMP, Gironde

K

 * Mr. Mansour Kamardine, UMP, Mayotte
 * Mr. Aimé Kergueris, UMP, Morbihan
 * Mr. Christian Kert, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Ms. Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, UMP, Essonne
 * Mr. Jacques Kossowski, UMP, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Kucheida, socialist, Pas-de-Calais

L

 * Mr. Patrick Labaune, UMP, Drôme
 * Mr. Yvan Lachaud, UDF, Gard
 * Ms. Conchita Lacuey, socialist, Gironde
 * Mr. Marc Laffineur, UMP, Maine-et-Loire
 * Mr. Jacques Lafleur, UMP, New Caledonia
 * Mr. Jean-Christophe Lagarde, UDF, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Mr. Jérôme Lambert, socialist, Charente
 * Ms. Marguerite Lamour, UMP, Finistère
 * Mr. François Lamy, socialist, Essonne
 * Mr. Robert Lamy, UMP, Rhône
 * Mr. Édouard Landrain, UMP, Loire-Atlantique
 * Mr. Jack Lang, socialist, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Pierre Lang, UMP, Moselle
 * Mr. Pierre Lasbordes, UMP, Essonne
 * Mr. Jean Lassalle, UDF, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
 * Mr. Jean Launay, socialist, Lot
 * Mr. Thierry Lazaro, UMP, Nord
 * Mr. Jean-Yves Le Bouillonnec, socialist, Val-de-Marne
 * Ms. Marylise Lebranchu, socialist, Finistère
 * Ms. Brigitte Le Brethon, UMP, Calvados
 * Mr. Gilbert Le Bris, socialist, Finistère
 * Mr. Robert Lecou, UMP, Hérault
 * Mr. Jean-Yves Le Déaut, socialist, Meurthe-et-Moselle
 * Mr. Jean-Yves Le Drian, socialist, Morbihan
 * Mr. Michel Lefait, socialist, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Lefort, communist, Val-de-Marne
 * Mr. Jean-Marc Lefranc, UMP, Calvados
 * Mr. Marc Le Fur, UMP, Côtes-d'Armor
 * Mr. Jean Le Garrec, socialist, Nord
 * Mr. Jacques Le Guen, UMP, Finistère
 * Mr. Jean-Marie Le Guen, socialist, Paris
 * Mr. Michel Lejeune, UMP, Seine-Maritime
 * Mr. Pierre Lellouche, UMP, Paris
 * Mr. Patrick Lemasle, socialist, Haute-Garonne
 * Mr. Dominique Le Mèner, UMP, Sarthe
 * Mr. Jean Lemière, UMP, Manche
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Lemoine, UMP, Manche
 * Mr. Jacques Le Nay, UMP, Morbihan
 * Mr. Guy Lengagne, socialist, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Lenoir, UMP, Orne
 * Mr. Gérard Léonard, UMP, Meurthe-et-Moselle
 * Mr. Jean-Louis Léonard, UMP, Charente-Maritime
 * Mr. Jean Leonetti, UMP, Alpes-Maritimes
 * Mr. Arnaud Lepercq, UMP, Vienne
 * Ms. Annick Lepetit, independent, Paris
 * Mr. Pierre Lequiller, UMP, Yvelines
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Le Ridant, UMP, Loire-Atlantique
 * Mr. Bruno Le Roux, socialist, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Leroy, socialist, Pas-de-Calais
 * Mr. Maurice Leroy, UDF, Loir-et-Cher
 * Mr. Claude Leteurtre, UDF, Calvados
 * Mr. Céleste Lett, UMP, Moselle
 * Mr. Édouard Leveau, UMP, Seine-Maritime
 * Ms. Geneviève Levy, UMP, Var
 * Mr. François Liberti, communist, Hérault
 * Mr. Michel Liebgott, socialist, Moselle
 * Ms. Martine Lignières-Cassou, socialist, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
 * Mr. François Loncle, socialist, Eure
 * Mr. Gérard Lorgeoux, UMP, Morbihan
 * Ms. Gabrielle Louis-Carabin, UMP, Guadeloupe
 * Mr. Lionnel Luca, UMP, Alpes-Maritimes
 * Mr. Victorin Lurel, socialist, Guadeloupe

M

 * Mr. Daniel Mach, UMP, Pyrénées-Orientales
 * Mr. Alain Madelin, UMP, Ille-et-Vilaine
 * Mr. Bernard Madrelle, socialist, Gironde
 * Mr. Richard Mallié, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Noël Mamère, independent, Gironde
 * Mr. Jean-François Mancel, UMP, Oise
 * Mr. Louis-Joseph Manscour, socialist, Martinique
 * Mr. Thierry Mariani, UMP, Vaucluse
 * Mr. Alfred Marie-Jeanne, independent, Martinique
 * Mr. Hervé Mariton, UMP, Drôme
 * Ms. Muriel Marland-Militello, UMP, Alpes-Maritimes
 * Mr. Alain Marleix, UMP, Cantal
 * Mr. Franck Marlin, associated with UMP, Essonne
 * Mr. Alain Marsaud, UMP, Haute-Vienne
 * Mr. Jean Marsaudon, UMP, Essonne
 * Mr. Philippe Martin, socialist, Gers
 * Mr. Philippe Armand Martin, UMP, Marne
 * Ms. Henriette Martinez, UMP, Hautes-Alpes
 * Mr. Patrice Martin-Lalande, UMP, Loir-et-Cher
 * Mr. Alain Marty, UMP, Moselle
 * Mr. Jacques Masdeu-Arus, UMP, Yvelines
 * Mr. Christophe Masse, socialist, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Mathis, UMP, Aube
 * Mr. Didier Mathus, socialist, Saône-et-Loire
 * Mr. Pierre Méhaignerie, UMP, Ille-et-Vilaine
 * Mr. Christian Ménard, UMP, Finistère
 * Mr. Alain Merly, UMP, Lot-et-Garonne
 * Mr. Denis Merville, UMP, Seine-Maritime
 * Mr. Damien Meslot, UMP, Territoire de Belfort
 * Mr. Kléber Mesquida, socialist, Hérault
 * Mr. Gilbert Meyer, UMP, Haut-Rhin
 * Mr. Pierre Micaux, UMP, Aube
 * Mr. Jean Michel, socialist, Puy-de-Dôme
 * Mr. Didier Migaud, socialist, Isère
 * Ms. Hélène Mignon, socialist, Haute-Garonne
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Mignon, UMP, Seine-et-Marne
 * Ms. Marie-Anne Montchamp, UMP, Val-de-Marne
 * Mr. Arnaud Montebourg, socialist, Saône-et-Loire
 * Mr. Pierre Morange, UMP, Yvelines
 * Ms. Nadine Morano, UMP, Meurthe-et-Moselle
 * Mr. Pierre Morel-A-L'Huissier, UMP, Lozère
 * Mr. Hervé Morin, UDF, Eure
 * Mr. Jean-Marie Morisset, UMP, Deux-Sèvres
 * Mr. Georges Mothron, independent, Val-d'Oise
 * Mr. Étienne Mourrut, UMP, Gard
 * Mr. Alain Moyne-Bressand, UMP, Isère
 * Mr. Jacques Myard, UMP, Yvelines

N

 * Mr. Henri Nayrou, socialist, Ariège
 * Mr. Alain Néri, socialist, Puy-de-Dôme
 * Mr. Jean-Marc Nesme, UMP, Saône-et-Loire
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Nicolas, UMP, Eure
 * Mr. Yves Nicolin, UMP, Loire
 * Mr. Hervé Novelli, UMP, Indre-et-Loire
 * Mr. Jean-Marc Nudant, UMP, Côte-d'Or

O

 * Ms. Marie-Renée Oget, socialist, Côtes-d'Armor
 * Mr. Patrick Ollier, UMP, Hauts-de-Seine

P

 * Mr. Dominique Paillé, UMP, Deux-Sèvres
 * Mr. Michel Pajon, socialist, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Ms. Françoise de Panafieu, UMP, Paris
 * Mr. Robert Pandraud, UMP, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Mr. Christian Paul, socialist, Nièvre
 * Mr. Daniel Paul, communist, Seine-Maritime
 * Ms. Béatrice Pavy, UMP, Sarthe
 * Mr. Christophe Payet, socialist, Réunion
 * Ms. Valérie Pécresse, UMP, Yvelines
 * Mr. Germinal Peiro, socialist, Dordogne
 * Mr. Jacques Pélissard, UMP, Jura
 * Mr. Philippe Pemezec, UMP, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Perez, socialist, Aude
 * Mr. Pierre-André Périssol, UMP, Allier
 * Ms. Marie-Françoise Pérol-Dumont, socialist, Haute-Vienne
 * Ms. Geneviève Perrin-Gaillard, socialist, Deux-Sèvres
 * Mr. Nicolas Perruchot, UDF, Loir-et-Cher
 * Mr. Bernard Perrut, UMP, Rhône
 * Mr. Christian Philip, UMP, Rhône
 * Mr. Étienne Pinte, UMP, Yvelines
 * Mr. Michel Piron, UMP, Maine-et-Loire
 * Mr. Serge Poignant, UMP, Loire-Atlantique
 * Ms. Bérengère Poletti, UMP, Ardennes
 * Mr. Axel Poniatowski, UMP, Val-d'Oise
 * Ms. Josette Pons, UMP, Var
 * Mr. Daniel Poulou, UMP, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
 * Mr. Jean-Luc Préel, UDF, Vendée
 * Mr. Daniel Prévost, UMP, Ille-et-Vilaine
 * Mr. Christophe Priou, UMP, Loire-Atlantique
 * Mr. Jean Proriol, UMP, Haute-Loire

Q

 * Mr. Didier Quentin, UMP, Charente-Maritime
 * Mr. Jean-Jack Queyranne, socialist, Rhône
 * Mr. Paul Quilès, socialist, Tarn

R

 * Mr. Michel Raison, UMP, Haute-Saône
 * Ms. Marcelle Ramonet, UMP, Finistère
 * Mr. Éric Raoult, UMP, Seine-Saint-Denis
 * Mr. Jean-François Régère, UMP, Gironde
 * Mr. Frédéric Reiss, UMP, Bas-Rhin
 * Mr. Jean-Luc Reitzer, UMP, Haut-Rhin
 * Mr. Jacques Remiller, UMP, Isère
 * Mr. Simon Renucci, associated with socialist, Corse-du-Sud
 * Mr. Marc Reymann, UMP, Bas-Rhin
 * Mr. Dominique Richard, UMP, Maine-et-Loire
 * Ms. Juliana Rimane, UMP, Guyane
 * Mr. Jérôme Rivière, UMP, Alpes-Maritimes
 * Mr. Jean Roatta, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Ms. Chantal Robin-Rodrigo, associated with socialist, Hautes-Pyrénées
 * Mr. Camille de Rocca Serra, UMP, Corse-du-Sud
 * Mr. François Rochebloine, UDF, Loire
 * Mr. Alain Rodet, socialist, Haute-Vienne
 * Ms. Marie-Josée Roig, UMP, Vaucluse
 * Mr. Vincent Rolland, UMP, Savoie
 * Mr. Jean-Marie Rolland, UMP, Yonne
 * Mr. Bernard Roman, socialist, Nord
 * Mr. Serge Roques, UMP, Aveyron
 * Mr. Philippe Rouault, UMP, Ille-et-Vilaine
 * Mr. Jean-Marc Roubaud, UMP, Gard
 * Mr. Michel Roumegoux, UMP, Lot
 * Mr. René Rouquet, socialist, Val-de-Marne
 * Mr. Max Roustan, UMP, Gard
 * Mr. Xavier de Roux, UMP, Charente-Maritime
 * Mr. Patrick Roy, socialist, Nord
 * Ms. Ségolène Royal, socialist, Deux-Sèvres

S

 * Mr. Martial Saddier, UMP, Haute-Savoie
 * Mr. Michel Sainte-Marie, socialist, Gironde
 * Mr. Francis Saint-Léger, UMP, Lozère
 * Mr. Frédéric de Saint-Sernin, UMP, Dordogne
 * Mr. Rudy Salles, UDF, Alpes-Maritimes
 * Mr. André Samitier, associated with UMP, Yvelines
 * Mr. Pierre-Jean Samot, independent, Martinique
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Sandrier, communist, Cher
 * Mr. André Santini, UDF, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Mr. Joël Sarlot, independent, Vendée
 * Ms. Odile Saugues, socialist, Puy-de-Dôme
 * Mr. François Sauvadet, UDF, Côte-d'Or
 * Mr. François Scellier, UMP, Val-d'Oise
 * Mr. André Schneider, UMP, Bas-Rhin
 * Mr. Bernard Schreiner, UMP, Bas-Rhin
 * Mr. Roger-Gérard Schwartzenberg, associated with socialist, Val-de-Marne
 * Mr. Jean-Marie Sermier, UMP, Jura
 * Mr. Henri Sicre, socialist, Pyrénées-Orientales
 * Mr. Georges Siffredi, UMP, Hauts-de-Seine
 * Mr. Yves Simon, associated with UMP, Allier
 * Mr. Jean-Pierre Soisson, UMP, Yonne
 * Mr. Michel Sordi, UMP, Haut-Rhin
 * Mr. Frédéric Soulier, UMP, Corrèze
 * Mr. Daniel Spagnou, UMP, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
 * Mr. Dominique Strauss-Kahn, socialist, Val-d'Oise
 * Mr. Alain Suguenot, UMP, Côte-d'Or

T

 * Ms. Michèle Tabarot, UMP, Alpes-Maritimes
 * Ms. Hélène Tanguy, UMP, Finistère
 * Ms. Christiane Taubira, associated with socialist, Guyane
 * Mr. Jean-Charles Taugourdeau, UMP, Maine-et-Loire
 * Mr. Guy Teissier, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Pascal Terrasse, socialist, Ardèche
 * Mr. Michel Terrot, UMP, Rhône
 * Ms. Irène Tharin, UMP, Doubs
 * Mr. André Thien Ah Koon, associated with UMP, Réunion
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Thomas, UMP, Marne
 * Mr. Rodolphe Thomas, UDF, Calvados
 * Mr. Dominique Tian, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Jean Tiberi, UMP, Paris
 * Mr. Philippe Tourtelier, socialist, Ille-et-Vilaine
 * Mr. Alfred Trassy-Paillogues, UMP, Seine-Maritime
 * Mr. Georges Tron, UMP, Essonne

U

 * Mr. Jean Ueberschlag, UMP, Haut-Rhin

V

 * Mr. Léon Vachet, UMP, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Daniel Vaillant, socialist, Paris
 * Mr. André Vallini, socialist, Isère
 * Mr. Manuel Valls, socialist, Essonne
 * Mr. Christian Vanneste, UMP, Nord
 * Mr. François Vannson, associated with UMP, Vosges
 * Ms. Catherine Vautrin, UMP, Marne
 * Mr. Michel Vaxès, communist, Bouches-du-Rhône
 * Mr. Alain Venot, UMP, Eure-et-Loir
 * Mr. Francis Vercamer, UDF, Nord
 * Mr. Michel Vergnier, socialist, Creuse
 * Ms. Béatrice Vernaudon, UMP, French Polynesia
 * Mr. Jean-Sébastien Vialatte, UMP, Var
 * Mr. René-Paul Victoria, UMP, Réunion
 * Mr. Alain Vidalies, socialist, Landes
 * Mr. Gérard Vignoble, UDF, Nord
 * Mr. François-Xavier Villain, independent, Nord
 * Mr. Philippe de Villiers, independent, Vendée
 * Mr. Jean-Claude Viollet, socialist, Charente
 * Mr. Philippe Vitel, UMP, Var
 * Mr. Gérard Voisin, UMP, Saône-et-Loire
 * Mr. Michel Voisin, UMP, Ain
 * Mr. Philippe Vuilque, socialist, Ardennes

W

 * Mr. Jean-Luc Warsmann, UMP, Ardennes
 * Mr. Gérard Weber, UMP, Ardèche
 * Mr. Éric Woerth, UMP, Oise

Z

 * Ms. Marie-Jo Zimmermann, UMP, Moselle
 * Mr. Émile Zuccarelli, independent, Haute-Corse
 * Mr. Michel Zumkeller, UMP, Territoire de Belfort


text:
User talk:Kornholio33

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Kornholio33


text:
All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries

All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries was formed in 1967 as a splinter group of Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)), seeing its participation in the United Front government in West Bengal as a betrayal. Initially the group was known as AICCR of the CPI(M), and partially functioned as an inner-party fraction.

AICCCR claimed that the Indian political situation was ripe for armed revolution and denounced participation in the Electoral Politics. The leaders of AICCCR were Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal.

The first meeting if AICCCR in November 1967 was attended by the following persons:
 * Shiv Kumar Mishra (Uttar Pradesh)
 * S. N. Tiwari (Uttar Pradesh)
 * Satyanarayan Singh (Bihar)
 * Lakshman Singh (Bihar)
 * Appu (Madras)
 * Sambhunathan (Madras)
 * Babu (Mysore)
 * Kunnikkal Narayan (Kerala)
 * Philip Prasad (Kerala)
 * Rabi Das (Orissa)
 * Radha Mohan Das (Orissa)
 * Charu Majumdar (West Bengal)
 * Sushital Roy Chowdhury (West Bengal)
 * Saroj Dutta (West Bengal)
 * Asit Sen (West Bengal)
 * Pramod Ranjan Sengupta (West Bengal)
 * Parimal Das Gupta (West Bengal)

After the Burdwan plenum of CPI(M) in April 1968 the group changed its name to just AICCCR.

At the second meeting of AICCCR in May 1968 there Punjab was also represented.

In August 1968 Parimal Das Gupta broke away from AICCCR.

In September 1968 Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries joined AICCCR.

In February 1969 the Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries was expelled from AICCCR. Rapidly after the expulsion of APCCCR, AICCCR organized an Andhra State Coordination Committee with Tejeshwara Rao as the convenor. AICCCR mainly drew its support from the Srikakulam district.

On 22 April 1969 AICCCR formed the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist).


text:
Merism

Merism (merismus, μερισμός) is a rhetorical device (or figure of speech) in which a combination of two contrasting parts of the whole refer to the whole.

For example, in order to say that someone "searched everywhere", one could use the merism "searched high and low". Another example is the sword-and-sandal movie genre, a loose term for a genre of movies made principally in Italy in the 1950s and 1960s set in classical antiquity.

Merisms are common in the Old Testament. For example, in Genesis 1:1, when God creates את השמים ואת הארץ (Modern pronunciation: et hashamaim ve-et haarets) "the heavens and the earth" (New Revised Standard Version), the two parts (heavens and earth) do not refer only to the heavens and the earth. Rather, they refer to the heavens, the earth and everything between them: God created the entire world, the whole universe. Other famous examples of Biblical merisms are Genesis 1:5 in which "evening" and "morning" refer to "one day" (including noon, afternoon etc.) and Psalm 139 in which the psalmist declares that God knows "my downsitting and my uprising": God knows all of the psalmist's actions.

Etymology
The term entered English in 1894 in the biological sense but had appeared earlier in rhetorical contexts in which it denoted "'synecdoche in which totality is expressed by contrasting parts' (such as high and low, young and old)". It derives from Modern Latin merismus, from Greek μερισμός merismos 'a dividing or partitioning', ultimately from merizein 'to divide', from meros 'part, share'.

Biological usage
In biology, a merism is a repetition of similar parts in the structure of an organism (Bateson 1894). Such features are called meristic characters, and the study of such characters is called meristics. An example is in flowers in considering the number of parts in each whorl of organs from which they are constructed.

Legal usage
Merisms frequently figure in the writing of lawyers and are a hallmark of legal style. The two parts of the legal merism "Last Will and Testament" at one time referred to two documents, which were enforced in two separate courts. The will disposed of a decedent's real property, and the testament disposed of chattels. It became customary to combine the instruments in a single dispositive document, and the name has continued long after the doctrines that had required its use became obsolete in common law.

A lawyer who writes a will typically includes a residuary clause that disposes of any property not covered by a prior section. The weight of tradition is such that the lawyer writing such a document will often phrase it something like this:

"I bequeath, convey, and devise the rest, residue, and remainder of my property, whether real or personal, and wheresoever it may be situated, to..."

Traditionally, a gift of real property was called a "devise", and a gift of other property was a "bequest". Nowadays, the words "bequeath" and "devise" are synonymous in most jurisdictions and so "I bequeath the rest of my property to..." is enough in both law and logic to achieve the same result. Many deeds frequently contain a traditional clause that says that the grantee is "to have and to hold" the property conveyed. That usage goes back to the days in which the instruments were drawn up in Latin, and is sometimes called a "habendam et tenendam" clause. The use of legal merisms seldom, if ever, adds legal effect to the documents that contain them, but it frequently increases their reading difficulty. However, the weight of tradition and the fear of a deviation from the established formula having unintended legal consequences make lawyers reluctant to revise the traditional formulae, and their clients, seeing them, at least draw the satisfaction of knowing that their documents appear to be written by a lawyer.

In some cases, the doubling (or even tripling) of constituent parts in the meristic constructions arose as a result of the transition of legal discourse from Latin to French and then from French to English. During such periods, key terms were paired with synonyms from multiple languages in an attempt to prevent ambiguity and ensure hermeneutic consistency.

title: Merism


text:
User talk:Nondualist

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Nondualist


text:
Exotic meson

[[Image:Exotic mesons.svg|thumb|right|300px|Identities and classification of possible [[tetraquark]] mesons, where $I$ denotes isospin.

The vertical axis is the mass.]]

In particle physics, exotic mesons are mesons that have quantum numbers not possible in the quark model; some proposals for non-standard quark model mesons could be:
 * glueballs or gluonium: Glueballs have no valence quarks at all.
 * tetraquarks: Tetraquarks have two valence quark–antiquark pairs.
 * hybrid mesons: Hybrid mesons contain a valence quark–antiquark pair and one or more gluons.

All exotic mesons are classed as mesons because they are hadrons and carry zero baryon number. Of these, glueballs must be flavor singlets – that is, must have zero isospin, strangeness, charm, bottomness, and topness. Like all particle states, exotic mesons are specified by the quantum numbers which label representations of the Poincaré symmetry, q.e., by the mass (enclosed in parentheses), and by $I = 0$, where $J$ is the angular momentum, $P$ is the intrinsic parity, and $C$ is the charge conjugation parity; One also often specifies the isospin $I$ of the meson. Typically, every quark model meson comes in SU(3) flavor nonet: an octet and an associated flavor singlet. A glueball shows up as an extra (supernumerary) particle outside the nonet.

In spite of such seemingly simple counting, the assignment of any given state as a glueball, tetraquark, or hybrid remains tentative even today, hence the preference for the more generic term exotic meson. Even when there is agreement that one of several states is one of these non-quark model mesons, the degree of mixing, and the precise assignment is fraught with uncertainties. There is also the considerable experimental labor of assigning quantum numbers to each state and crosschecking them in other experiments. As a result, all assignments outside the quark model are tentative. The remainder of this article outlines the situation as it stood at the end of 2004.

Lattice predictions
Lattice QCD predictions for glueballs are now fairly settled, at least when virtual quarks are neglected. The two lowest states are
 * 0++ with mass of $1.611 GeV/c2$ and
 * 2++ with mass of $2.232 GeV/c2$

The 0−+ and exotic glueballs such as 0−− are all expected to lie above $2 GeV/c2$. Glueballs are necessarily isoscalar (both for strong isospin, and trivially, weak isospin), with $I = 1/2$.

The ground state hybrid mesons 0−+, 1−+, 1−−, and 2−+ all lie a little below $2 GeV/c2$. The hybrid with exotic quantum numbers 1−+ is at $1.9 GeV/c2$. The best lattice computations to date are made in the quenched approximation, which neglects virtual quarks loops. As a result, these computations miss mixing with meson states.

0++ states
The data show five isoscalar resonances: $I = 1$$0$(500), $JPC$$0$(980), $I = T = 0$$0$(1370), $f$$0$(1500), and $f$$0$(1710). Of these the $f$$0$(500) is usually identified with the $σ$ of chiral models. The decays and production of $f$$0$(1710) give strong evidence that it is also a meson.

Glueball candidate
The $f$$0$(1370) and $f$$0$(1500) cannot both be a quark model meson, because one is supernumerary. The production of the higher mass state in two photon reactions such as $f$ or $f$ reactions is highly suppressed. The decays also give some evidence that one of these could be a glueball.

Tetraquark candidate
The $f$$0$(980) has been identified by some authors as a tetraquark meson, along with the $I$ = 1 states $2γ → 2π$$0$(980) and $2γ → 2K$$0$(800). Two long-lived (narrow in the jargon of particle spectroscopy) states: the scalar (0$++$) state (2317) and the vector (1$+$) meson (2460), observed at CLEO and BaBar, have also been tentatively identified as tetraquark states. However, for these, other explanations are possible.

2$++$ states
Two isoscalar states are definitely identified: $f$$2$(1270) and the $a$$2$′(1525). No other states have been consistently identified by all experiments. Hence it is difficult to say more about these states.

1$−+$ and other states
The two isovector exotics $κ$1(1400) and $f$1(1600) seem to be well established experimentally. A recent coupled-channel analysis has shown these states, which were initially considered separate, are consistent with a single pole. A second exotic state is disfavored. The assignment of these states as hybrids is favored. Lattice QCD calculations show the lightest $f$$PC$ with 1$−+$ quantum numbers has strong overlap with operators featuring gluonic construction.

The $π$(1800) 0$−$, $π$(1900) 1$−$ and the $π$$−$(1870) 2$+$ are fairly well identified states, which have been tentatively identified as hybrids by some authors. If this identification is correct, then it is a remarkable agreement with lattice computations, which place several hybrids in this range of masses.

title: Exotic meson


text:
User talk:Stupid girl

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Welcome. Thanks for fixing the spelling mistake. Josh Cogliati. Jrincayc 01:56, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Chess opening
Thanks for fixing the Ruy Lopez diagram in chess opening. You would think that I might have looked at the diagrams after adding them.... Quale 14:57, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

May 2013
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=555463701 your edit] to Pelobatoidea may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 ""s. If you have, don't worry, just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20-%20&section=new my operator's talk page].

Disambiguation link notification for May 20
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Pelobatoidea, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Western Spadefoot (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 00:29, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

Higher plant taxa in taxoboxes
Hi, welcome to Wikipedia! You're right that there's a lot of inconsistency in the use of higher taxon names in plant taxoboxes. For angiosperms, we are, I think, consistent, in going from Kingdom Plantae to Unranked Angiosperms, but for other groups we aren't. However, this just reflects the literature – there simply is no universally agreed on classification or set of clade names at present. If reliable sources are inconsistent, we mustn't try to create a synthetic consistency (this is WP:SYNTH or WP:OR in Wikipedia). Peter coxhead (talk) 14:37, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree completely. The inconsistency I'm trying to help with is that some taxoboxes show the direct parent taxon while others don't. E.g. Flowering plant (Angiosperm) showed "Spermatophyta" but Pinophyta didn't. Both Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta (Angosperm) were listed in the subdivisions of Spermatophyta. As far as I see there is no scientific disagreement that both are Spermatophyta. I don't even have a strong opinion about which parent taxa should be shown. I do have a strong opinion that it should be handled consistently in nearly related cases. I stumbled over it because I had copied the data out of the taxoboxes into my own diagram and arrived at two different hierarchies: Archaeplastida/Streptophytina/Embryophyta/Spermatophyta/Flowering plant vs Archaeplastida/Plant/Pinophyta. Hello? The flowering plants are no plants, and on what level are they related to the Pinophyta? You could go down from Plantae to Angiosperm but if you tried to go up, you missed the Plantae. I added the Plant to the Streptophytina taxobox and the Spermatophyta to the Pinophyta taxobox and am happy now. Things look smoother. Archaeplastida/Plant/Streptophytina/Embryophyta/Spermatophyta/Flowering plant and Archaeplastida/Plant/Streptophytina/Embryophyta/Spermatophyta/Pinophyta. Do you think I smoothed over something important? Stupid girl (talk) 19:20, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Part of the issue is, I think, that there's no consensus as to what "Plantae" means. The full hierarchy you give above forces it to mean the clade Viridiplantae, whereas just Archaeplastida/Plant/Pinophyta allows "Plantae" to be ambiguous between this and the Embryophyta, which is another meaning of "Plantae". When the full hierarchy is given, personally I'd be inclined to avoid "Plantae". Are there sources that support the name sequence you give? Peter coxhead (talk) 21:52, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I did get one thing wrong. I didn't remember one of my changes. I also changed the "Flowering plant" taxobox to show the direct parent "Spermatophyta". The "Flowerig plant" taxobox only had shown "Embryophyta" before, but Embryophyta showed in its subdivisions that "Magnoliophyta" (Flowering plant) was a child of "Spermatophyta". Stupid girl (talk) 08:52, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Things get interesting. First of all: I'm no scientist, I have some experience handling systematic zoology and its ever-changing eternal truths in Wikipedia and Wikispecies, but am green with plants. I didn't consult any sources outside Wikipedia, and in my understanding don't need to. I didn't create the name sequence, I just duplicated what already was shown in related taxoboxes. I do not have a preference which taxonomy is "right". I do not have a preference which way to show parent taxa in taxoboxes is "right". I think it's OK when we show the direct parent taxon in a taxobox. I think it's also OK when we don't show the direct parent taxon in a taxobox. I think it's not good when we show the direct parent taxon with some of the children of the same parent but leave it out with others just by accident. If there is a scientific controversy involved, and the leaving out of the parent in the taxobox has been done with a purpose, it should be at least mentioned somewhere. To get into details, let's look at those first two cases separately: Stupid girl (talk) 08:33, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

1. Pinophyta shows parent taxon Spermatophyta
I hope this one is uncontroversial. The same relation between Pinophyta and Spermatophyta was shown in the subdivisions of the direct parent taxobox "Spermatophyta", and in the more extensive subdivisions of the ancestral taxobox "Plantae". The parent taxobox "Plantae" had already been shown with Pinophyta. I did not invent that. The article "Pinophyta" does not mention anything regarding its external taxonomy that's why I guessed there is no controversy. Do you agree? Stupid girl (talk) 08:33, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, we (i.e. Wikipedia) describe "Plantae" as a "Kingdom", and "Pinophyta" as a "Division". This is a clear, but perhaps now rather old-fashioned classification. The problem comes when you interpose "Spermophyta" as unranked and then look for a source that supports this. Some that include the three levels Plantae–Spermophyta–Pinophyta use Division Spermophyta–Class Pinopsida. Other sources use much lower ranks, such as Chase & Reveal (2009) who have Subclass Pinidae. Personally I'd omit "Spermophyta". But I'm not arguing for changing back, just noting that it can be regarded as problematic. Peter coxhead (talk) 10:29, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Okay, let's start with the easy case. I am still open about the outcome. You are the expert. You decide what the scientific consensus is. I reserve the right to be anal about Wikipedia-internal consistency. I try to find a common base first.
 * (a) In general, the Wikipedia taxoboxes should show the scientific consensus position.
 * (b) In cases where the Wikipedia taxoboxes don't show the consensus it should at least be sourced, better still explained.
 * (c) If there is scientific consensus that taxon A is a child taxon of B, it can safely be inferred that there is also consensus that B is a parent taxon of A.
 * Do we agree so far? Now the observations I drew my conclusions from:
 * (d) The Spermatophyta taxobox shows the Division Pinophyta as a child.
 * (e) The Embryophyta taxobox shows Pinophyta as a child of "Seed plants (spermatophytes)", albeit below division level.
 * (f) The Plantae taxobox shows Pinophyta as a child of "Seed plants (spermatophytes)", again below division level.
 * Questions to the expert:
 * (g) Is there scientific consensus that Spermatophyta is a valid taxon?
 * (h) Is there scientific consensus that Pinophyta is a child taxon of Spermatophyta?
 * (i) Can we assume that the Pinophyta taxobox reflects an earlier time when there was consensus to rank it Division?
 * (j) In the time when Pinophyta was assumed to be a Division, how would its parent taxon Spermatophyta be ranked? Superdivision? Unranked? Anything else? Stupid girl (talk) 16:48, 20 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately I don't think that your (c) is correct, and this rather undermines your beautiful step by step logic. It's possible that all of those who use taxon A agree that taxon B is its child, but that many more don't use taxon A at all, so the majority of those who use taxon B don't use taxon A as its parent. This implies that the article about taxon A will correctly show taxon B as a child in the taxobox, but that the article about taxon B won't show taxon A as a parent. This is why trying to connect taxoboxes into a complete chain doesn't work at present.
 * Ideally, different classifications by cited sources should be discussed in the text, and then one of these should be chosen for the taxobox – trying to pick one with reasonable consensus if possible. Often the best compromise in the taxobox where sources differ seems to me to use only a few key levels – the taxobox is meant as a summary. Taxoboxes in different articles then may or may not "connect up". Peter coxhead (talk) 22:43, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

2. Streptophytina shows parent taxon Plant(ae)
I'm not sure if I got this one right. I have been aware, and tried to leave ambiguous, the debate what Plantae means. The situation before my change was: Both Angiosperm (Flowering plant) and Pinophyta show Kingdom Plantae in their taxobox. Angiosperm shows the direct parent Spermatophyta, but Pinophyta shows no intermediate levels below Plantae. If you click your way up from Spermatophyta you never reach Kingdom Plantae. You get the sequence Spermatophyta-Embryophyta-Streptophyt(in)a, and Streptophytina does not show Kingdom Plantae, but Kingdom Archaeplastida. Both Spermatophyta and Embryophta show Kingdom Plantae but Streptophytina doesn't. That may be a case of scientific debate, and in that case I should not have changed it. But: The Archaeplastida article knows nothing about its elevation to Kingdom. It shows itself "(unranked)", and it shows with intended ambiguity the subgroup "Plantae or Viridiplantae". So, to make my case: The child taxobox "Embryophyta" (and the generations below) showed the relation that Streptophyta was a child of Plantae. The parent taxobox "Archaeplastida" showed that Plantae was a child of Archaeplastida. The parent taxobox "Plantae" does not show Streptophyt(in)a at all, and the article explains the different meanings. Do you think it would be more correct to leave out Kingdom Plantae in the Embryophyta taxobox and revert Streptophytina to what it was before? On the other hand, from a practical point of view, the Plant article explains the controversy, while the Streptophytina article is just a bunch of unexplained lists. And everything below has Kingdom Plantae. I still can understand and like my decision :) Ehm, should we go to the Streptophytina talk page to discuss this in public? Stupid girl (talk) 08:33, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The Streptophytina article is a whole can of worms! Firstly, Streptophyta redirects there, but the two formal terms (as opposed to the informal "streptophyte") are not, as far as I can tell, always synonyms. There seem to be two main uses for "streptophyte". The first is as per the first cladogram at Embryophyte:
 * Viridiplantae
 * chlorophytes = Chlorophyta
 * various groups of chlorophyte algae
 * streptophytes = Streptophyta
 * various groups of algae, here called streptophyte algae, including charophytes
 * embryophytes
 * The second is as per Lewis & McCourt (2004) and Adl et al. (2012) at Streptophytina
 * Viridiplantae
 * chlorophytes = Chlorophyta
 * various groups of chlorophyte algae
 * charophytes (some algae and embryophytes) = Charophyta
 * various groups of algae, here called charophyte algae
 * streptophytes = Streptophytina = Streptophyta
 * charophytes
 * embryophytes
 * "Streptophytina" is more logically used in the second sense where it's a subtaxon of Charophyta; "Streptophyta" is more logically used in the first sense as a primary division (small d) of Viridiplantae = Plantae.
 * Explaining this better has been on my to-do list for ages, but I'd hoped that there would be some more recent literature that clarified usage. I haven't found any! So I've no idea what is the best solution. Peter coxhead (talk) 11:04, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

So funny
Really?? That is your username? Kitty 56 (talk) 16:08, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for April 28
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited List of mammals of Italy, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Mus. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 10:09, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stupid girl


text:
Astronomy Picture of the Day

Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) is a website provided by NASA and Michigan Technological University (MTU). It reads: "Each day a different image or photograph of our universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer." The photograph does not necessarily correspond to a celestial event on the exact day that it is displayed, and images are sometimes repeated. These often relate to current events in astronomy and space exploration. The text has several hyperlinks to more pictures and websites for more information. The images are either visible spectrum photographs, images taken at non-visible wavelengths and displayed in false color, video footage, animations, artist's conceptions, or micrographs that relate to space or cosmology.

Past images are stored in the APOD Archive, with the first image appearing on June 16, 1995. This initiative has received support from NASA, the National Science Foundation, and MTU. The images are sometimes authored by people or organizations outside NASA, and therefore APOD images are often copyrighted, unlike many other NASA image galleries.

When the APOD website was created, it received a total of 14 page views on its first day. , the APOD website has received over a billion image views throughout its lifetime. APOD is also translated into 21 languages daily.

APOD was presented at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in 1996. Its practice of using hypertext was analyzed in a paper in 2000. It received a Scientific American Sci/Tech Web Award in 2001. In 2002, the website was featured in an interview with Nemiroff on CNN Saturday Morning News. In 2003, the two authors published a book titled The Universe: 365 Days from Harry N. Abrams, which is a collection of the best images from APOD as a hardcover "coffee table" style book. APOD was the Featured Collection in the November 2004 issue of D-Lib Magazine.

During the United States federal government shutdown of 2013, APOD continued its service on mirror sites.

Robert J. Nemiroff and Jerry T. Bonnell were awarded the 2015 Klumpke-Roberts Award by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific "for outstanding contributions to public understanding and appreciation of astronomy" for their work on APOD. The site was awarded the International Astronomical Union's 2022 Astronomy Outreach Prize.

title: Astronomy Picture of the Day


text:
User talk:Kartooner

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Non-free use disputed for Image:Melonpool-comic.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Melonpool-comic.png. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:24, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Willybeamish.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Willybeamish.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. --Geniac (talk) 13:38, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Neverhood-screencap.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Neverhood-screencap.jpg. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in.
 * That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 05:01, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Dott-screenshot.png
 Thanks for uploading File:Dott-screenshot.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude2 (talk) 04:07, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kartooner


text:
Antica

Antica may refer to:

 * Ostia Antica, an archaeological site that is the location of the harbour city of ancient Rome
 * Via Appia Antica (Appian Way), one of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic
 * Carpano Antica Formula, a brand of sweet vermouth
 * A fictional location in the Star Trek episode Lonely Among Us

title: Antica


text: File:Willybeamish.jpg

title: File:Willybeamish.jpg


text:
Theodore Enslin

Theodore Vernon Enslin (March 25, 1925 – November 21, 2011) was an American poet associated with Cid Corman's Origin and press. He is widely regarded as one of the most musical of American avant-garde poets.

Enslin was born in Chester, Pennsylvania. His father was a biblical scholar and his mother a Latin scholar. He studied musical composition at Cambridge, Massachusetts. His teacher, Nadia Boulanger, was the first person to recognize his ability as a writer and encouraged him to pursue his interest in poetry. He has said "I like to be considered as a composer who happens to use words instead of notes." His first book, The Work Proposed, was published by Origin in 1958.

Enslin moved to Maine in 1960 and had lived in Washington County ever since, working at odd jobs and making and selling handmade walking sticks. The Maine landscape forms an integral part of his poetry, as does its isolation, both geographic and in terms of distance from literary fashion and the academy, on the physical margin of the United States. Ranger 1978 is one of the key American long poems of the second half of the 20th century. A bibliographical checklist of Enslin's works was prepared by Robert J. Bertholf and published in 2017.

He died in Milbridge, Maine on November 21, 2011.

Publications

 * The Work Proposed (1958)
 * The Place Where I Am Standing: Poems (1964)
 * This Do (1966)
 * To Come, To Have Become: Poems 1961-66 (1966)
 * New Sharon's Prospect & Journals (1966/1967)
 * The Four Temperaments (1966)
 * Characters in Certain Places (1967)
 * The Diabelli Variations, and Other Poems (1967)
 * Agreement and Back: Sequences (1969)
 * Forms 1-5 (1970–1974)
 * Views 1-7 Berkeley, CA:  Maya (1970
 * The Country of Our Consciousness (1971)
 * Etudes (1972)
 * Sitio (1973)
 * The Swamp Fox (1973)
 * Views (1973)
 * With Light Reflected: Poems 1970-1972 (1973)
 * The Mornings (1974)
 * Fever Poems (1974)
 * Of East Dennis: The Highlands in Sorrow (exact year not known: 197-?)
 * Mahler (1975)
 * Ländler (1975)
 * The Median Flow: Poems 1943-1973 (1975)
 * Synthesis 1-24 (1975)
 * The July Book (1976)
 * The Further Regions (1976)
 * Carmina (1976)
 * Papers (1976)
 * Assensions (1977)
 * Ranger CXXII & CXXVIII (1977)
 * Circles (1977)
 * Concentrations (1977)
 * Ranger (2 vols. 1978 corrected edition 1980)
 * Tailings (1978)
 * Occurrence: An Issue of Theodore Enslin (1978)
 * 16 Blossoms in February (1978)
 * May Fault (1979)
 * Opus 31, no. 3 (1979)
 * 2 Plus 12 (1979)
 * The Fifth Direction (1980)
 * The Flare of Beginning Is in November (1980)
 * Star Anise (1980)
 * Two Geese: Two Poems (1980)
 * Madrigal (ca. 1980)
 * In Duo Concertante (1981)
 * Axes 52 (1981)
 * Markings (1981)
 * Processionals (1981)
 * September’s Bonfire (1981)
 * “F. P.” (1982)
 * Meditations on Varied Grounds (1982)
 * A Man in Stir (1983)
 * Gray Days (1984)
 * Songs w/out Words (1984)
 * The Weather Within (1985)
 * For Mr. Walters: Master Mechanic (1985)
 * Music For Several Occasions (1985)
 * The Path Between (1986)
 * The Waking of the Eye (1986)
 * Case Book (1987)
 * Six Pavannes (1987)
 * Love and Science (1990)
 * Little Wandering Flake of Snow (1991)
 * Mad Songs (1995)
 * Conversations (1998)
 * Sequentiae (1999)
 * Then and Now: Selected Poems, 1943-1993 (1999)
 * The Roads Around Jenkins (2000)
 * In Tandem (2003)
 * Nine (2004)

Archival Collection
The Theordore Enslin Papers are housed in the Fales Library at New York University.

title: Theodore Enslin


text:
User talk:JeffVaughan

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:JeffVaughan


text:
Risca

Risca (Rhisga) is a town in the Caerphilly County Borough and the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire in south-east Wales. Risca has a railway station, re-opened on the Ebbw Valley Railway in February 2008, after a gap of 46 years. It is split into two communities; Risca East and Risca West. It has a population of 11,700. Cardiff the capital of Wales can be reached in under 28 minutes from the nearby railway station of Risca and Pontymister station which reopened in 2008 after a gap of nearly 60 years.

The town lies at the south-eastern edge of the South Wales Coalfield and the town has been shaped by mining, together with other heavy industries, for many centuries.

Risca is home to Ty-Sign, which is a large housing estate built in the early 1960s as a satellite village for the then new Llanwern steelworks. Risca has a rural aspect and is surrounded to the east and west by several extensively wooded hills including Mynydd Machen (1,188 ft) and Twmbarlwm (1,375 ft) which attract tourists for the hillwalking and mountain bikers to Cwmcarn Forest Drive.

History
There is evidence of human habitation in the Risca area going back thousands of years, such as the Silures hillfort on nearby Twmbarlwm, however the area was rural and sparsely populated until the nineteenth century. As local industries expanded and transport links improved with the building of the canal and railways, the population rapidly increased.

Several arguments have been put forward for the derivation of the name Risca/Rhisga including that it comes from the Welsh yr is cae meaning "the lower field" or yr hesg cae meaning "field or rushes" or rhisgl meaning oak bark.

The earliest known official use of the name Risca for the place was in 1476 when two men from Risca were charged at the Newport Assizes although there are also ecclesiastical documents which go as far back as 1146 which include a man called Kadmore de Risca.

From 1540, Risca is found regularly in land transactions involving the Tredegar estates and in 1747 John Wesley recorded a visit in his diary.

Rapid population increase started around 1820 with the opening of the mines.

Note: Until the 1990s, these figures include the population of the nearby villages of Crosskeys and Pontymister but since the reorganisation of wards only includes the population of Risca East and Risca West wards.

Industrial Heritage
From the early nineteenth century, the area around Risca has been dominated by coal mining and transport systems to access the mines, although there is also evidence that lead and coal were being extracted much earlier.

The first large scale mine was known as the Black Vein colliery and it was located near to the boundary between Risca and what is now Cross Keys and closed in 1921. The New Risca Colliery, which was between what is now Wattsville and Cross Keys, operated until 1967.

The Black Vein coal seam was very explosive and the mines working it experienced a series of serious mine accidents. In 1846, 35 miners were killed in an explosion at the Black Vein Colliery, and in 1860 more than 140 miners were killed at the same mine. In 1860, an explosion at the New Risca colliery, which was working the same seam of coal, killed 120 men.

In addition to its coal mines, brickworks, quarries, and copper, tin, and iron works also developed in and around Risca through the nineteenth century.

Risca was served by the Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company lines to the north from Tredegar (via the Sirhowy Railway) and Ebbw Vale towards Newport to the south, including passenger facilities at the original Risca railway station.

Twentieth century
The dominance of coal in the local economy meant that mine closures in the 1930s and 1940s caused severe unemployment in Risca. Some charitable relief was sent by the Mayor of Oxford's Mining Distress Committee. In 1931, this included - with the help of a grant from the Educational Settlements Association - the founding of the Educational Settlement at Oxford House, Risca. The first wardens of the settlement were a couple, Mr and Mrs Wills. David Wills was a UK pioneer of psychiatric social work, a holder of a William Straight Fellowship at the New York School of Social Work at Columbia University. Oxford House, Risca was founded at Hillside, moving in 1937 to The Grove. Oxford House is now an adult education centre operated by Caerphilly Borough Council.

By the end of the 1970s, most of the local coalmines had closed and the majority of the population were working in other industries.

The town is now part of the Cardiff Capital Region which has a combined population of 1,543,293.

Governance
In the UK Parliament, Risca is part of the constituency of Islwyn, a Labour Party stronghold represented since the 2010 general election by Chris Evans. Don Touhig previously represented the constituency following a by-election in 1995, but did not stand for re-election in 2010. The seat and its predecessor was formerly represented for 25 years by the former Labour leader Neil Kinnock.

In the Senedd, Risca is part of the constituency of Islwyn, represented since 2003 by Labour's Irene James. At the first Assembly elections in 1999 Brian Hancock, Plaid Cymru, won the seat in a major upset and one of 17 seats in the National Assembly of Wales for Plaid Cymru. The constituency falls within the electoral region of South Wales East, whose four AMs are Conservatives Mohammad Asghar and William Graham, Plaid Cymru's Jocelyn Davies, and Liberal Democrat Veronica German.

Notable landmarks and buildings
Twmbarlwm, has the remains of an Iron Age hill fort near its summit, and this is believed to have been built by the Silures, the Celtic tribe that inhabited the area before and during Roman times.

The Welsh Oak, a pub on the outskirts of Pontymister, was the meeting place for the Chartists before they marched on Newport during the Newport Rising of 1839.

The local Church in Wales church is dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin. The St Mary and St Mercurius Coptic Orthodox Church in St Mary Street is a grade II listed building and is the first Coptic Orthodox Church in Wales. It was a former Wesleyan Methodist church, founded in 1837, rebuilt on the same site in 1852 and was dedicated to St John. The architect is unknown. The church was designed to seat 600 people. It was later known as "Trinity Methodist Church".

The park 'Tredegar Grounds' was donated to the people of Risca in 1897 by Lord Tredegar to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee and in return the 'Jubilee' statue was erected by public subscription 'in recognition of Lord Tredegar's generosity to the neighbourhood.' A small bronze statuette of Samson, a bearded figure dressed in a loincloth, stands on a circular stone plinth on a square stepped base.

The town is served by Risca and Pontymister railway station which is served by direct trains between and. The Monmouthshire canal passes through the town.

Culture and Education
The town currently has four schools: Risca Primary School, Ty-Sign Primary School, Ty Isaf Infants School and Risca Community Comprehensive School. Risca Community Comprehensive School is the only secondary school in Risca and was opened by Elizabeth II in 1977. It is located on the same site as the town's leisure centre and has approximately 1000 pupils.

Risca also has an award-winning male voice choir.

Sport and Leisure
Risca United F.C. play in the Cymru South and are managed by Simon Berry. The club used to play their home games at Ty-Isaf Park.

Risca RFC (The Cuckoos) play in the Welsh Rugby Union Division 1 East, at Stores Field, Risca. An active mini-rugby & junior section with age groups from 6 to 16, provide a steady stream of players, some of them having progressed to the early stages of professional rugby with the Newport Gwent Dragons.

There are some extensive mountain bike trails on the wooded hills just to the north of the town, at Cwmcarn, which are receiving increasing popularity.

Notable people

 * See Category:People from Risca

Former Lecturer Fine Art.
 * Sprint athlete Jamie Baulch was raised in Risca before going on to compete for his country at the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games and various other Championships.
 * Harold Edwards (rugby league) (1909–1993), Welsh rugby league footballer
 * Henry Williams, [Landscape Artist] (b- 1963)

title: Risca


text:
Talk:Theodore Enslin

Untitled
This article is part of WikiProject Poetry. See that page for guidelines.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Theodore Enslin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040627040904/http://www.cla.sc.edu/engl/LitCheck/enslin.htm to http://www.cla.sc.edu/engl/LitCheck/enslin.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:01, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theodore Enslin


text: Category:Simtex games

title: Category:Simtex games


text:
New Oscott

New Oscott is an area of Birmingham, England.

It was named after the Oscott area of Birmingham, when St. Mary's College, the Roman Catholic seminary, moved from that site to the new one. The original then became known as Old Oscott.

The only pub in New Oscott is the Beggars Bush. The area also hosts the Princess Alice Retail Park and adjacent Tesco Extra superstore.

Princess Alice Retail Park was the site of a large and well known children's home from the late 19th century. When the site was sold for redevelopment in the 1980s the home was demolished leaving Brampton Hall which was a Community Centre serving the local area. Brampton Hall offered a range of classes and interest groups to the community and was a popular venue for parties and children's birthday parties. In recent years, this hall got knocked down and turned into a fast food chain, Frankie and Bennie's, which has since been turned into a Burger King.

The area near The Beggars Bush used to be home to a traffic island which was removed and a new double traffic light system was put into place.

The name Beggar's Bush derives from a thorn bush that was located in the middle of the Chester Road and was encircled by iron railings. At an unknown date, it is said that a beggar died after sheltering under the bush, and as the bush marked the boundary of the parish, there was debate over who should pay for the burial of the man. The bush was destroyed by road workers in the mid-1930s to the disapproval of locals.

Bus services in New Oscott are operated by National Express West Midlands and Diamond Bus providing links to Birmingham, Sutton Coldfield, Erdington and Walsall. The nearest railway station is Wylde Green  although more convenient for connecting bus services to New Oscott is  Sutton Coldfield.

title: New Oscott


text:
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)

The Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (CPI (ML)) was an Indian communist party formed by the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR) at a congress in Calcutta in 1969. The foundation of the party was declared by Kanu Sanyal at a mass meeting in Calcutta on 22 April, Vladimir Lenin's birthday. Later the CPI(ML) party splintered into several Naxalite groups.

Origin
The CPI (ML) was formed by the radicals within the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) who grew concerned by the increasingly parliamentary character of its politics. A debate ensued where the radicals accused the CPM leadership of turning towards revisionism. Finally, the party purged the radicals, who went to form the CPI (ML). The CPI (ML) advocated armed revolution and denounced participation in the electoral process. Its leaders were Charu Majumdar and Saroj Dutta, both of whom had belonged to the left-wing within the CPM in northern West Bengal. Sanyal, Jongol Santhal and his followers had mobilised a revolutionary peasants movement in Naxalbari, which evolved into an armed uprising of the mostly Santhal tribal inhabitants. CPI (ML) saw Naxalbari as the spark that would start a new Indian revolution, and the movement came to be known as "naxalites". In several parts of India, for example Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, other parts of West Bengal, and in Srikakulam in northern Andhra Pradesh, the CPI (ML) organised guerrilla units. The party got moral support from China, which actively encouraged the attempts of CPI (ML) to launch revolution.

According to Pradip Basu in his book Towards Naxalbari (1953-1967): An Account of Inner-Party Ideological Struggle:

"'There were two nuclei of radicals in the party organisation in West Bengal. One 'theorist' section around Parimal Das Gupta in Calcutta, which wanted to persuade the party leadership to correct revisionist mistakes through inner-party debate, and one 'actionist' section led by Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal in North Bengal. The 'actionists' were impatient, and strived to organize armed uprisings. According to Basu, due to the prevailing political climate of youth and student rebellion it was the 'actionists' which came to dominate the new Maoist movement in India, instead of the more theoretically advanced sections.'"

Naxalbari uprising
It occurred in Naxalbari of Siliguri subdivision, Darjeeling district under the leadership of communist leaders like Charu Majumdar and others who later became the part of CPI (ML).

Srikakulam peasant uprising
In the Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh, communist leaders aligned themselves with the then formed AICCCR and launched peasant upsurge in Srikakulam which continued for almost 5 years in late 1960s and early 1970s.

After 1970
The first party congress was held in Calcutta 1970. A Central Committee was elected. As a result of both external repression and a failure to maintain internal unity, the movement did however degenerate into extreme sectarianism. Instead of popular armed struggle in the countryside, individual terrorism in Calcutta became a principal method of struggle. In 1971 Satyanarayan Singh revolted against the leadership, "individual killing of people branded as class enemy" and sectarianism of Majumdar. The result became that the party was split into two, one CPI (ML) led by Satyanarayan Singh and one CPI (ML) led by Majumdar. In 1972, frail and broken Majumdar died of multiple diseases in police custody; after his death a series of splits took place during the major part of the 1970s. The naxalite movement suffered a period of extremely harsh repression that rivalled the Dirty Wars of South America at the same time that the movement got all more fragmented.

After Majumdar's death the CPI (ML) central committee split into pro- and anti-Majumdar factions. In December 1972 the Central Committee of the pro-Charu Majumdar CPI (ML) led by Sharma and Mahadev Mukherjee adopted resolution to follow the line of Charu Majumdar unconditionally which others did not agree to. The pro-Charu Majumdar CPI (ML) later split into pro- and anti-Lin Biao factions. The pro-Lin Biao faction became known as Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee) and the anti-Lin Biao-group later became known as Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation and was led by Jauhar, Vinod Mishra, Swadesh Bhattacharya.

Legacy
Today, there exist a large number of political organisations whose roots are in the AICCCR/CPI (ML). Only C.P.I (M-L) faction led by Mahadev Mukherjee follows Charu Majumdar's concept of armed revolution and annihilation, whereas others have condemned the excesses of the sectarian epoch. All the organisations belonging to the later category have established legal overground structures (trade unions, student groups, peasant organisations, etc.) and started participating in elections.

Splinter Groups
Current parties and organisations with origins in CPI (ML) include
 * Communist Party of India (Maoist)
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation led by Dipankar Bhattacharya
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star led by K.N. Ramchandran
 * Marxist-Leninist Party of India (Red Flag) led by P.C. Unnichekkan
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Class Struggle
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) New Democracy led by Yatendra Kumar
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's Liberation
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Somnath led by Somnath Chatterjee Ukhra and Pradip Banerjee
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Shantipal
 * Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
 * Communist Party of United States of India led by Veeranna
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Janashakti - Koora Rajanna led by Koora Rajanna
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Janashakti - Ranadheer led by Ranadheer
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Janashakti - Chandra Pulla Reddy led by Chandra Pulla Reddy
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee) led by Mahadev Mukherjee
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Praja Pantha
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Jan Samvad
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Nai Pahal
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Proletarian
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Maharashtra
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Bhaijee
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Prajashakti
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Prathighatana
 * Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Praja Pratighatana


text:
Amiga Fast File System

The Amiga Fast File System (abbreviated AFFS, or more commonly historically as FFS) is a file system used on the Amiga personal computer. The previous Amiga filesystem was never given a specific name and known originally simply as "DOS" or AmigaDOS. Upon the release of FFS, the original filesystem became known as Amiga Old File System (OFS). OFS, which was primarily designed for use with floppy disks, had been proving slow to keep up with hard drives of the era. FFS was designed as a full replacement for the original Amiga filesystem. FFS differs from its predecessor mainly in the removal of redundant information. Data blocks contain nothing but data, allowing the filesystem to manage the transfer of large chunks of data directly from the host adapter to the final destination.

Characteristics
OFS was the predecessor to FFS. Before FFS was released, AmigaOS had a single filesystem simply called AmigaDOS: this uses 24 bytes per sector for redundancy data, providing for reconstructing structural data on less reliable media such as floppy disks. When higher-speed media (i.e. hard disks) became more available to the Amiga, this redundant data posed a bottleneck as all data needed to be realigned to be passed to the application. The redundancy was removed with FFS and the data read in from media are passed to the application directly. The previous filesystem, AmigaDOS, was renamed OFS, Old File System, to differentiate between it and FFS. FFS was backward-compatible and could access devices formatted with OFS.

Given these advantages, FFS was rapidly adopted as the most common filesystem used by almost all Amiga users, although OFS continued to be widely used on floppy disks from third-party software vendors. (This was purely for compatibility with pre-AmigaOS 2 systems in games and applications that did not actually require AmigaOS 2+, as machines running earlier versions of the OS without FFS in the ROM could not boot from these floppies, although they could still read them if they had FFS installed.)

Amiga FFS is simple and efficient, and when introduced was more than adequate, and had many advantages compared to the file systems of other platforms. However, as OFS had done before it, it aged; as drives became larger and the number of files on them increased, its use as a day-to-day filesystem became more problematic in terms of difficulty of maintenance and competitiveness of general performance. Despite this, it is still used on AmigaOS systems and shipped with both MorphOS and AmigaOS 4.

By the last Commodore release of AmigaOS, 3.1, FFS was still the only filesystem shipped as standard with the Amiga, but it was already showing its age as technology advanced. FFS (and OFS) stores a "bitmap" of the filesystem in a single sector. On write, this is first marked as invalid, then the write is completed, then the bitmap is updated and marked as valid. If a write operation is interrupted by a crash or disk removal, this then allows the 'disk-validator' program to undo the damage. This resembled a very simple form of filesystem journaling. To allow the disk to be used again with an invalidated OFS or FFS filesystem, the entire disk has to be completely scanned and the bitmap rebuilt, but only the data being modified during the write would be lost. During this scanning the disk cannot be written to (except by the disk-validator as it performs its function), and read access is very slow.

AmigaOS originally included a disk-validator on every bootable disk, which was prone to being replaced by viruses to allow themselves to spread (for example the "Saddam Hussein" virus). Later it became part of the ROM from Kickstart 2.x onwards, protecting it from malicious replacement. The disk-validator attempted to repair the bitmap on an invalidated drive by write-protecting the drive and scanning it; this could take a long time and made it very slow to access the disk until it was finished, especially on slower media. As hard drives got larger and contained more files, the validation process could take many hours. In addition, files and directories could feasibly be lost (often without the user being notified or even aware) during the process if their data hashes were corrupted. In some cases the validator could fail and leave the disk in a non-validated state, requiring the user to use a third-party disk tool like DiskSalv to make the volume writable again, or simply save the files by copying them to a fresh partition—a very slow process.

FFS was also originally limited to 32-bit addressing and therefore about 4 GB drives, or at least the first 4 GB on a larger drive. Attempting to use FFS partitions beyond this limit caused serious data corruption all through the drive. FFS belatedly got some third-party 64-bit patches and then official (but non-Commodore) updates to allow it to circumvent these limitations. The latter were supplied with AmigaOS 3.5 and 3.9, from Haage & Partner. The former often were supplied with third-party disk controllers, such as those from Phase5, where the ability to use large-capacity disks was a selling point. The two systems were not mutually compatible.

In terms of support tools, although Commodore itself only shipped with an application called DiskDoctor (and later removed it from AmigaOS disks), FFS had a small selection of third-party tools—most notably DiskSalv—to maintain the file system and repair and validate it, undelete files, or reverse "quick formats" (filesystem initializations). An OFS or FFS volume had to be locked to defragment or convert to different FFS modes to prevent corruption and this made it inaccessible to everything but the tool defragmenting it. Most of these tools were not updated when FFS became capable of 64-bit addressing and could only operate on partitions smaller than 4 GB; they could not read partitions bigger than 4 GB, and would generally corrupt partitions "beyond" the 4 GB boundary. When hard drives in use by Amiga users were reaching 4 GB in size, this became a problem.

For all of these reasons, FFS was often replaced by users in the mid-1990s with more up-to-date alternatives such as Smart File System (SFS) and Professional File System (PFS), which did not have these limitations and were considered safer, faster and more efficient. SFS in particular continued to be developed and is now as close to a generic AmigaOS filesystem as FFS, and is the default filesystem for AROS.

History
FFS was introduced with version 1.3 of AmigaOS in 1988, and replaced both the Kickstart ROM (or Kickstart floppy for A1000s) and Workbench floppy with updated software. It carried the version number of v34, like the rest of the AmigaOS 1.3 components.

Kickstart 1.3 provided autobooting support so that the machine could now be booted from hard disk or reset-proof RAM disk ("RAD:"), whereas earlier Kickstart releases could only be booted from floppy disk. Workbench 1.3 provided the FFS filesystem device driver on disk, which could be copied into the Rigid Disk Block (RDB) on hard disks. Compliant block devices would then load and install the filesystem driver before filesystems were mounted and thus make it possible to use loadable filesystems on hard disks. Kickstart 1.2 could boot Workbench 1.3 from floppy (and vice versa), but it needed both Kickstart and Workbench 1.3 to autoboot FFS-formatted hard disks.

FFS support was merged into the ROM-based filesystem from Kickstart 2.0 onwards, and so it was no longer necessary to install FFS in the RDB. The ability to load filesystems from the RDB still remained available in case one wished to fix ROM bugs, get new FFS features, or use a third-party filesystem.

Floppies are unpartitioned devices without a RDB and also do not use the autobooting mechanism, so were only bootable if the disk's dostype was one the ROM-based filesystem understood. As a result, FFS-formatted floppies were not bootable until the release of Kickstart 2.0, and mounting them under Workbench 1.3 involved some ugly unsupported hacks. Similarly, "Directory Cache" variants were not bootable or supported until Kickstart 3.0.

The various FFS flavours did not have any compatibility problems with Amiga software, even ones that were considered "system-unfriendly". Software would either use the system calls and thus work with any filesystem, or be "trackloaders" and not use a filesystem at all.

FFS operated in several modes, defined by "dostypes". AmigaOS filesystems are identified by a four letter descriptor which is specified either in the RDB or a mountlist or dosdriver; alternatively (as was the case in trackdisk-like devices like floppy disks), the disk itself could be formatted in any dostype specified.

FFS dostypes were as follows:

DOS\0: The original Amiga filesystem (OFS). This was left in for compatibility purposes, and the majority floppy disks shipped by software companies or as magazine coverdisks used this dostype so that they would boot on pre-2.x machines like the Amiga 500. It also meant that users with existing OFS-formatted drives could read them once they had installed FFS to the RDB.

DOS\1: The new filesystem, FFS. The first, disk-based releases of FFS did not have any additional modes.

AmigaOS 2.04 made FFS (now v37) part of the Kickstart ROM and introduced new modes for handling international characters in filenames, and for an on-disk directory cache. Each new mode was available with both OFS and FFS dostypes. This odd system was for parity: OFS modes apart from DOS\0 were almost never used but were available nonetheless. (Although OFS, they were still not compatible with Amiga systems without FFS).

The four new dostypes introduced with v37 of FFS:

DOS\2: "International" (OFS-INTL) mode allows OFS to handle filenames with "international characters" - i.e. those not found in English (Latin character set), such as ä and ê.

DOS\3: International mode, for FFS (FFS-INTL). This was the most commonly used FFS mode. (All higher dostypes have international mode always enabled.)

DOS\4: "Directory Cache" (OFS-DC) mode enabled to primitive cache by creating dedicated directory lists instead of having to pick up the linked directory/file entries that lie scattered over the disk. A certain (small) amount of disk space to store the directory data is allocated. The DirCache option improved directory reading speed drastically but creating, deleting and renaming files became slower. It did not increase the speed of reading individual files.

It became a popular choice on Amiga hard drives, but according to Olaf Barthel, author of FFS2, the use of dircache modes was probably better for floppy disks than it was for hard drives, where it would cause an overall degradation in performance compared to lack of dircache. Despite this it was rarely used on floppies, particularly because of the cache eating precious space, and because of the limited space preventing a large number of files to cache in the first place. The dircache mode lacks a "garbage collection" mechanism, which means that partly filled cache blocks are never consolidated and will keep taking up space.

DOS\5: Directory caching with FFS (FFS-DC). Both dircache modes were not backwards compatible with earlier versions of FFS.

Version 40.1 was the last version of FFS released by Commodore, and came with AmigaOS 3.1, both on the OS disks and in the ROM. After this, several Unofficial patches appeared which allowed its use on drives after the first 2 GB of a hard disk using a 64-bit addressing system called TrackDisk64 or TD64 (although the 2 GB limit on file size and the 127 GB limit on partition sizes remained, as it was a limitation of AmigaOS dos.library and all then-current Amiga software) and carried the version number of v44. The version of FFS that came with AmigaOS 3.5 and 3.9 was v45 and differed in that it used a different 64-bit addressing system, New Style Device or NSD.

More recently (from 2003), MorphOS and AmigaOS 4 have introduced support for a slightly updated "FFS2", by Olaf Barthel (FFS v46, v50 respectively). This is compatible with the older FFS. It is PowerPC native, and introduced two more dostypes (which are not capable of being read by the older FFS):

DOS\6: "Long Filename" (OFS-LNFS). This allowed files to have a longer filename (up to 107 characters) than the usual Amiga limit, which was 31 characters.

DOS\7: Long filenames for FFS (FFS-LNFS).

There were no directory caching modes available for LNFS dostypes, and International Mode was always enabled.

Despite the ability to use the long filenames, by this time FFS compared very poorly to other available filesystems on the platforms it was available for. Apart from these extra dostypes, there are little or no functional difference between FFS and FFS2 (although some older non-specified bugs may have been dealt with) and should still not be used except for legacy purposes. Disk validation is still necessary in FFS2 (and may still result in data loss) just as it was on FFS, despite early beliefs to the contrary.

In September 2018, Hyperion Entertainment released Amiga OS 3.1.4 from the Amiga OS 3.1 source. It included an updated FastFileSystem V46 in the Kickstart ROM. The V46 FFS natively supported the APIs for TD_64, NSD, and/or the classic 32-bit TD_ storage calls. This lets the Amiga OS v3.x use and boot from large media (>4GB) natively, and support >2GB partition sizes. In July 2019, an additional file-based update to FFS was contained in the 3.1.4.1 update. In May 2021, an updated Amiga OS 3.2 was released and provided a matching ROM-based V47 FFS update which gained a few minor features and fixes.

Other implementations
There were few other implementations which are able to read FFS filesystems, which would normally require an Amiga emulator and a copy of the operating system ROMs to be read. Most notably, support for affs (Amiga Fast File System) can be compiled into Linux kernels, and offers full read, write and format support on FFS and OFS partitions of all dostypes except DOS\6 and DOS\7 (which are probably incredibly rare).

On the Amiga, the freeware application xfs could, among many filesystems, read and write to devices formatted in OFS or FFS, and was probably the sole Amiga filesystem apart from FFS/FFS2 itself to do so. It did not support DOS\6 or DOS\7, which it predates, or formatting of devices.

title: Amiga Fast File System


text:
User talk:Multiman2

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Multiman2