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Talk:Hawaii/Archive 1

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Initial text
I live in Hawaii. Happy to work on it. Marshman 17:48 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Map
The "state locator" map really does not tell us anything useful about the location of the state, since it is squirrelled off in a little box. Would it be helpful to prepare a non-standard state locator map, with Hawaii in its actual location relative to the mainland? - Montréalais 06:33, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * So I went ahead and did it. - Montréalais 05:39, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I like that better! Thanks! - Marshman 17:35, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Valuable map, but IMO one locating it relative to at least Polynesia and preferrably to the whole N Pacific rim would be nearly as, and more, important, respectively. I doubt any detail on the US Pacific coast matters, as long as borders are shown, as currently. One such map may suffice, but if not, WP is not paper, and IMO we can afford the bandwidth for both "HI as a neighbor of the 48" and "HI's own nbrhood, if that's what it takes. --Jerzy 20:52, 2004 Feb 13 (UTC)

Settler Revolution
I have put in the second paragraph a brief mention of how Hawaii was established as a State. This was in the history section but i thought it was important to put it at the front. We should not whitewash history -- the US forcibly annexed Hawaii, and that should be told.

 * Sadly or fortunately, history whitewashes itself; while there's a lot to your concern, it's a very, very small part of what Hawai'i is about in 2004. I'll check to see if there's anything new in your edit, after reverting to the previous version, but your resentment is not the top story, and 'graph 2 is not the place for it.  Thanks for your contribution; our collaborative editing process should be able to figure out how to use it. --Jerzy 05:24, 2004 Feb 13 (UTC)

 * I agree with Jerzy and I live in Hawai'i and work on Hawaiian issues. But putting the history/politics of the annexation at the top of the page has nothing to do with whitewashing anything - it is just being POV, implying this is some kind of over-riding issue in Hawai'i. It is not. Important, serious, yes, but not at all appropriate in the "introduction" to the state -- Marshman 19:31, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Marquesan Settlement
Hawaii now has
 * The Hawaiian islands were first populated by Polynesians some 2500 years ago.

It used to have (until last month) what History of Hawaii does,
 * The islands were first settled by Polynesians, probably from the Marquesas, sometime between 200 and 600 AD.

(Is this a reflection of the new DNA-analysis research? If so, IMO noting the refinement and the old number would be valuable.)

Unless someone acknowledges one as their typo or clerical error, IMO we need at least one supporting reference in both of the two talk pages, and of course at least one edit to harmonize or admit uncertainty. --Jerzy 20:38, 2004 Feb 13 (UTC)

 * The dates are based on archeological reasearch and dating of settlement sites. 2500 ybp is probably pushing things back a bit and not necessarily woidely accepted.  Perhaps 2000 is a better number. I'll get some references to back up, or change to best accepted value. - Marshman 06:35, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hawaii history
Marshman and folks, I've added the controversial part of Hawaii's history up front in graf two, and it is unusual. However, given the rest of the top of the page, which talks about US statehood, state flag, US census, etc., it is not unreasonable to at least highlight the anomalous way it became part of the United States. Congress apologized for the illegal overthrow of the government, so this is not a fringe separatist statement. Fuzheado 01:23, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Read History of Hawaii (Facts from elsewhere are noted as they appear.):
 * The apology was for
 * The unauthorized actions of two agents of US government, both of whom were punished. (One at least lost his post living at gov't expense in an tropical island paradise, and presumably had the rest of his career blighted by the fact; the other had his career abruptly terminated.) And for
 * The actions of private citizens living abroad. Embarassing, yes, but what is the meaning of apologizing about it? "Mr. Heado, my third cousin shouldn't have busted your nose, and stomped you when you hit the ground, breaking a third of your ribs and bruising internal organs! Please accept my sincerest apology."
 * (Not in that article, but in WP:) "What's that kind of apology mean?" Glad you asked: There is roughly one US Senator for every 3 million people in the US. There is one US Senator from HI for every 600,000 HIans.  When a bunch of HIans are nurturing an ancient resentment, as a rule of thumb, it's 20 times more effective, in terms of influence in the Senate, to kiss their a_es until they're soda-cracker white, than to expend the same effort on the same number of Californians.  Especially when it doesn't cost anything.
 * There was already an apology at the time, by the commission and by the Pres., for that. Cleveland said the damage should be repaired.  Well, all the king's horses can't repair things like that, and it's naive to assume that McKinley's imperialistic outlook necessarily made any difference.  I'd prefer if Cleveland had gotten a chance to try, but it could easily have had to be a futile exercise of going thru the motions.  (Unless you think US should have invaded to remove Dole?)
 * No one has apologized for US govt taking control of HI 5 years later. (Rest of this graph not from article.) It may already have been, by the time the US started taking action on HI, a moral necessity for the US to take responsibility, by whatever means were politically feasible, for the fate of HI in a very dangerous world. (A world, e.g., in which the cuddly-helmeted German Empire was the colonial power in Micronesia.  Of course the US could have let the Kaiser provide HI another monarch, instead of forcing a territorial legislature and delegates in the US House of Reps on them.)  Now, i absolutely agree with what i expect you think but haven't bothered mentioning, that there'd be lots of satisfaction and a certain amount of justice in expropriating from the Dole family and their pineapple-company stockholders, but there was no way for that to take place, so it didn't.
 * (This graph not from article.) You speak of the "anomalous way it became part of the United States." I don't know if you are ignorant, or just intellectually dishonest for the sake of your pet resentment. I haven't looked at all at the article Filibuster (settler), but if it's a decent article, you'll see that HI is more a typical history than it is an exception.  Read about the Republic of Texas, the success story of a filibuster revolution fought to prevent the emancipation of slaves.  (Again, Americans, not US government.) I can't be sure whether it's the private citizens or gov't action that you resent, but in most other states you'll find plenty of political sins, and a lot more sins of genocide than in HI, committed by private citizens and gov't officials.  Not to mention treatment of countries to the south, even tho they, like HI & TX, had internationally recognized gov'ts. What you propose for HI logically requires every US state article have a second 'graph, before its history, of breast-beating.  And something else: i'm looking forward to repeating this process (of laying the counterpoint that will have to go into your 'graph to achieve NPoV) for the Norman Conquest, the genocide against the Neanderthals, the consolidation of China, the expansion and contraction of the Ottoman Empire, the sack of Carthage....what fun!

--Jerzy 03:51, 2004 Feb 14 (UTC)

 * I agree with Jerzy and object to what seems to be a pet peave of Fuzheado: Why would you (Fuzheado) have such an interest in putting this one aspect of history — hardly unique in the world — as some kind of badge for the Hawai'i State site to wear? It is part of our history, and it is not being denied; but it is not a lesson, just a reality. Every State in the Union, every province in Canada, every state in Mexico, every state in every country of Central and South America, has a similar story to be told.  To start each  article with that story is childish. I do not see that kind of effort being made on the Hong Kong page where the history is in the history section. If the behaviour of the Chinese, Brits, and Hong Kong chinese in the politics of that colony is so exemplary, then put THAT lesson right up there in the Hong Kong introduction. Blow your own horn.  Here, you are just pushing a POV that you really know little about. - Marshman 06:31, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)

In my work today on the history section, my concern was to fix the three new links, which by virtue of redirects pointed to only one other page. An important element of my solution was adding subsections to the history section, so that the reader has a clear pointer to History of Hawai'i, where the dynasties are documented in detail.

As to the Sandwich Islands link, it is hard to imagine that topic ever deserving a page separate from the three names (currently two pages) linked by the new dab Hawai'i. If i simply lack imagination, there's no harm and some benefit in waiting until someone proves me wrong by turning that redir into an article.
 * I agree, there need not be such a link. I think it was just bolded, last time I looked? Anyway, no explain is needed for dropping links that really do not go anywhere. When they actual;ly do go somewhere, they can be reinstated. I frequently edit out mopst red links in arrticles that I copy edit. - Marshman 05:09, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I made an entry here, tho, mainly not to make minor changes, that the summary allowed to little space to comment on, without making comment that others might see as needed. I reverted some 'okinas in "Hawai'i'", according to the following, which i find consistent with previous discussion that i can't at the moment locate:
 * 1) Hawaii is the name of the state, and pending demonstration to the contrary should IMO be assumed to have been the official name applied by the US government ever since it took charge.
 * 2) Hawai'i is the Hawaiian name of the islands, and was thus the name applied by its rulers during independence.  It does not interfere with understanding, and has found advocates among monolingual English speakers (who are so numerous compared to HIan speakers that the ignorance typical among them does not permit ignoring them), so even tho it's not typical English, Hawai'i is a pretty good name for the Kingdom, and the islands of that and earlier periods.
 * 3) The islands as a place or region, not as a unit of government, could arguably fit under either spelling.  I ensured the article had "Hawaii" rather than "Hawai'i" in the few cases where i thought geography was the subject, reasoning that even tho each has its justification, "Hawai'i" is far from standard English still, and the present looms much larger in people's minds than the period when "Hawai'i" case was at its strongest.

 * This is obviously a tough one. While I agree, Hawaii/Hawai'i in the name of any private entity is to be rendered however that entity really does it, I do not agree that Hawai'i is the old name and Hawaii is the modern name as you seem to be suggesting. Hawai'i is the way it is spelled in Hawai'i, including by the State government. It is interesting to note in this regard that USGS maps, since the mid-1990's, use local spellings for place names, including O'ahu; but not yet Hawai'i for the state. USGS web sites are starting to use Hawai'i for the place. I think it is clear from here (mainland ignorance aside) that "Hawai'i" is becoming the "English" spelling of both the place and the state. The fact that Hawai'i is a U.S. state and not a nation state seems beside the point (the respect of using the correct name seems less problematical to Wikipedians for nation states - check out Kiribati which is Gilberts in "English"). If Detroit officially decided it wanted to be called "Motown" in all official and non-official dealings with the rest of the U.S., it might take an act of Congress for the feds to accomplish the changeover, but the rest of us should probably go with the language as used by the people who live there and make the decisions and not the "official" federal government position (Wikipedia is fortunately independent of the U.S. government). To do otherwise is really simply to be conservative in the semse of "being behind the times". Your Point #3 seems particularly in error. Hawai'i is certainly the geographic place (not Hawaii), if not the official U.S. government spelling. My own position is to use Hawai'i simply 1) for consistency, 2) respect of the people of that place, and 3) as advancing cultural education. There may be cases where "Hawaii" is more appropriate (was it Republic of Hawaii or Republic of Hawai'i?) and these can be decided as persons with the historical knowledge weigh in. - Marshman 05:46, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

My newspapers (Honolulu Star Bulletin and Honolulu Advertiser) are English language papers (100%)—they use Hawai‘i. This is not a Hawaiian language vs English issue. Hawai‘i is the official spelling of the State according to state law. Also followed by the Counties. The USGS is converting its maps over to use Hawaiian spellings of place names, and federal websites are presently a mix of both spellings. Clearly the trend within the US is to use "Hawai‘i" and not "Hawaii". You can be ignorant of this issue and change things back to Hawaii for all kinds of reasons. We have kept the article name Hawaii to help out the search engines, but quite frankly I'm thinking now it is probably time to change that to Hawai'i, which would work just fine. In one, or two, or ten years, "Hawaii" will be just plain wrong. I suppose the Wikipedia trolls will, by then, just move on to other hassles - Marshman 17:02, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Who are you calling a "Wikipedia troll" here? "Hawaii" will be just plain wrong the moment the name is officially changed, which as of yet it hasn't been. The informal use of Hawai‘i notwithstanding, the constitution still speaks of the "State of Hawaii", and I don't see an ‘okina on the state seal either. Gzornenplatz 17:43, Jul 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Not you, You've not been a "problem" long enough to earn that vaulted status. 8^) Like I've said, you will find both spellings in all sorts of places. There are lots of reasons for that. Given that fact, it is difficult to declare either way as the "wrong" way. I'm trying to make the point that Wikipedia is not a place where we wait for this or that government agency to declare something "official"; we look at the facts and try to be progressive and act accordingly. Does the US constitution include British spellings for words? If not, does that make "colour" and "groyne" wrong? The idea that there is one way to say or spell something that is "Wikipedia correct" is an argument that both has no merit and is dragged out by persons who really know little about a subject they are involved with. For example, there is no "rule" that spelling on a page must match the article spelling.  Hawai‘i is accepted by the "authorities" I listed above (and many more). The trend in English is to utilize local spellings of place names (check out Tabuaeran—in English, Fanning Island—which is not an "ancient" Gilbertese (now Kiribati) word for the place; the E Kiribati knew nothing of the place before the 20th Century).  I am saying Hawai‘i is the name of that place tourists, mainlanders, and others that have never really been there think of as "Hawaii". Why should not Wikipedia be a place of learning instead of a place that steadfastly promotes old ideas? Using Hawai‘i is not some radical idea that departs from the norm. It is the norm (well almost) or certainly will become the norm at some point in the not too distant future. - Marshman 20:18, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * No, we try to be neutral, not progressive - we don't predict what may be in 10 years, we reflect the facts as they are at present and make changes as they occur in the real world. In this case, this would have to be an official act of changing the name of the state, just as, for example, "Porto Rico" was renamed "Puerto Rico" exactly on May 17, 1932. Even if "Puerto Rico" was used informally before, it was not the official name until that date, and the same goes for "Hawai‘i". Of course, regardless of the legal status, it would also be acceptable for us to use Hawai‘i if most English speakers would use it, but that is not (yet) the case. I'm not sure what point you're trying to make with the U.S. constitution, but "colour" is OK here because this is the English Wikipedia, not a U.S. Wikipedia, so both British and American English are acceptable. And if there's no explicit rule that article spelling should match the title, then that's because it's self-evident. The only exception to this rule is if the proper spelling involves special characters that cannot be used in the title for technical reasons. That's true for the ‘okina, but it could still be approximated by an apostrophe. If we were to use Hawai‘i consistently within the article, we should move the article itself to Hawai'i (on my screen the two characters look exactly the same anyway at the standard font size). Gzornenplatz 21:27, Jul 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * On that latter point, I would agree and Hawai'i does work as an article name. I just do not see a requirement that the article name and the subsequent usage of the word match, as long as there is an explanation up front. I'm unsure what the neutral position is here. Clearly, it is one requiring mention of both forms. The problem, as I see it, is that although Hawaii is the most common (if numbers are being counted) form used by English speakers, commoness should not be a criterion for place names (indeed, is not, as many examples show).  British and English are accomodated despite the fact that only American is correct if number of speakers is the basis for a determination. Those Wikipedians living in or familiar with Hawai‘i, will continue to see Hawaii as just plain incorrect, although there are many instances where "Hawaii" is, even as a place name, just as correct as Hawai‘i. If Jerzy is going to raise this to a POV issue, then the only neutral position seems to be this: "Hawaii (Hawai‘i) - Marshman 21:50, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

‘Okina
I have changed all the simple apostrophies in the article to ‘okina, formatted as &lsquo;. It is the correct formatting of the letter adhering to the Hawaiian language standard, and is thus NPOV. - Gilgamesh 21:14, 23 June 2004 (UTC)

History Section Label
I labelled the last history subsection " U. S. possession " and then "Incorporation into U. S." but i would rejoice to see someone replace it with a better choice, or perhaps subdivide more finely. --Jerzy(t) 02:21, 2004 Jun 12 (UTC)

About that flag

 * (1) Hawaii entry says "The state flag combines elements of the Union Jack, French tricolor, and United States flag in recognition of the great powers in the Pacific at the time of the consolidation of the Hawaiian monarchy."

 * (2) Flag of Hawaii entry says "Unlike the U.S. flag, the stripes on the Hawaiian flag are red, white and blue, and there are eight stripes for the eight major inhabitable islands of Hawaii: Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Niihau, and Kahoolawe".

 * (3) History of Hawaii entry says "Hawaii ........ adopted a flag similar to its present flag, with the Union Jack in the canton (top quarter next to the flagpole) and eight horizontal stripes (alternating white, red and blue from the top), representing the eight islands of Hawaii, which it has since retained"

What to do?. Moriori 03:03, Feb 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I do not see that much conflict, really. The flag does (very strongly) combine the elements as in (1).  (2) therefore may also be correct (unlike the US in color in honor of the french flag), eight stripe for each of the major islands. (3) is already the same as (2). I see no conflicts - Marshman 00:24, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I fear we are perpetuating or even embellishing urban legend here. I contacted the state library of Hawaii and was directed to two official state sites. Neither mentioned French or US influence on the design of the flag.  "Hawaii's state flag resembles the Union Jack of Great Britain because many of King Kamehameha's advisors were British and the islands were once placed under England's protection.  The flag consists of eight horizontal stripes, representing the eight major islands, and the British Union Jack. It has served as the flag of the kingdom, republic, territory, and the state of Hawaii". That's from http://www.state.hi.us/about/symbolsandmonuments.htm. Moriori 01:41, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Who knows. I certainly would NOT rely on a State website as an authoratative source of information on this subject. They (websites) are put together by the newest hires, who may or may not be knowledgeable about anything. The library must have wanted to get rid of you to refer to such a source as meaningful. Surely they have better resoiurces in the stacks. The flag "includes the Union Jack because...", it does not "resemble" the Union Jack in any meaningful way (first dumb statement ~ not yours ;^). It also very much "resembles" the U.S. flag (how many other flags have that design of a quarter field in the upper left and stripes elsewhere?), and has the three colors in the stripes for some reason. I see no problem with any of the descriptions on Wikipedia in the present absence of any authoratiative source.  Hardly an "urban legend" by any definition. The only thing I might question is the part about the colors. Were the French really even special to the Hawaiian Kingdom when the flag was designed?  They certainly were in the South Pacific. Would the Hawaiians have considered them a power to appease?  Why not the Russians or the Germans?  Obviously, the article "embellishments" as you call them need to be attributed; beyond that where do you think there exists a problem? - Marshman 04:39, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * The very real and patently obvious problem exists that no-one has been able to provide EVIDENCE that the flag design recognises France or US influences. I would rely on an official state recommended website over NO evidence any day . I would hope wikipedia would do the same. If you cannot provide evidence for the claims that the flag incorporates elements of the "French tricolor, and United States flag" then you wouldn't object to me amending the entry. Would you?. Moriori 06:20, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Not at all. The need to document is always important, and restoration of text as appropriate could follow upon documentation. I did not make up any of those stories about "influences" and do not know if someone else did or there is documentation available but just not stated here. I have read the one about British influence many places. I think the one about the US flag is fairly obvious by appearance (but I presently have no source), and the French influence on colors much less so - Marshman 17:52, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Non-continental?
What continent is Alaska in? In what way is it "non-continental"? I am perhaps unfamilar with common US-usage but it would be better were Alaska and Hawaii described as non-contiguous. Paul Beardsell 22:16, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Not sure what you are reading, but of course, both states are what U.S.ers call non-contiguous. Non-continental (made up term?) could refer to Hawaii, but certainly not Alaska - Marshman 00:11, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Famous Island People list: Guidelines?
Aloha all,

I was looking at the list of Famous People and was doing some research on Google so I could at least write stubs for each of the people on the list. I'm finding a couple of things: (1) that there's a dearth of information on some of the people listed (Kawaipuna Prejean, for instance; I'm having trouble finding his exact dates), and (2) for a few, it's not really clear to me that they're really "from Hawaii" (looking up Claus Spreckels, for instance, it's clear that he made his fortune from Hawaii sugar, but it's not clear to me that he ever intended to reside in Hawaii permanently; he seems to be better known in California than here).

So I was wondering whether there was any consensus as to what should qualify someone to be listed on the Famous People from Hawaii list. I'm thinking that, at minimum, they should have resided in Hawaii on at least a semi-permanent basis, if they weren't born or raised here. Also, how well-known should they be to be included? I'd never heard of Jean Erdman, Kawaipuna Prejean, George Lathrop, or Merlin Tuttle before Wikipedia, let alone know that they were from (or lived in) Hawaii.

Any thoughts? Mahalo, KeithH 07:24, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with what you are saying Keith. I've not heard of some of the people either, and it seems that the first requesite of entry should be life-long (or at least adult life) residency in Hawai'i. To me the only point of such a list (beyond some chest beating) is to say "look how Hawaii influenced the lives of these people that (may) have influenced you".  Having said that, it does become difficult to decise who stays and who goes.  Of the list you are having trouble with, maybe Claus is better off the list. The other 4 — I've heard of 2: Prejean and Tuttle. Do not kow who Prejean is and (although I am a biologist in Hawaii) did not know Tuttle was "famous" - Marshman 17:10, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps Tuttle could be dropped too, as he lived in the islands only until he was about 5. (His specialty was bats.)  I'm not sure if I'd require "life-long" residency in Hawaii, though.  I recognize that a lot of folks had to leave the Islands to become famous (Benny Agbayani, for instance, or Tia Carrere).  That's why I qualified my statement with "...if they weren't born or raised here."  On the other hand, a lot of folks became well known here after coming here from somewhere else.  So as far as residency goes, it should be for a substantial part of one's childhood, adolescence, or adult life, long enough to develop a tie.  But I guess in the end, the best test would be whether Kimo Q. Islander would claim that person as being theirs, and whether James Q. Mainlander would even be interested.  What do you think?  KeithH 02:17, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I see what you mean. I was thinking more of people NOT born here. Yes, someone that was born in Hawaii and grew up here, even though they moved away and became famous - hey, they're from Hawaii! People that moved here as a child and stayed long enough to become famous here - they're from Hawaii! A person born elsewhere, that really spent little of their adult life here, well they would probably be claimed by their native place anyway - off the list! Born elsewhere (like me), lived most all of my adult life in Hawaii, my native state Colorado has no real reason to claim me as a product of it's anything (left at 6 mos age). I'm most comfortable being a famous (infamous) or not famous Hawaiian. - Marshman 03:00, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The list seems to be getting really long. I think we should list only the most notable Hawaii residents and link to a longer list which may include those less major celebrities like Jean Erdman, Jasmine Trias and what not. --Gerald Farinas 23:53, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd agree with that. I think Hawaii is justifiably proud of Jasmine, but there might be a test of time criterion for the "front page" list - Marshman 00:29, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Important Urbanized Areas
I always hate to delete material that someone has added in good faith, but the section titled "Important Urbanized Areas" recently added was redundant in that all of the discussion and list are given better elsewhere in the article (town listings are given under each county). Improving these existing parts of the text would be preferred, unless the new approach was somehow superior. It was not. Indeed, it listed Kailua on Oahu as having a population >100,000 (it is closer to 35,000) and did not list many larger towns on Oahu in the greater >10,000 column, while including many small towns that are pretty insignificant by comparison. The tabel added was:

Sorry. Not trying to be overbearing here. Just saw lots of work to try and fix something that is already included in the articles on Hawai'i - Marshman 17:16, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Extensive revision of Hawaiian history section
The Hawaiian history section struck me as too short and rather biased towards Hawaiian sovereignty issues. I spent some time this morning redoing it. I think it's still less-than-neutral on some issues and may go back to it to tone it down. If anyone else can do so in a graceful way, it would be appreciated.

I wrote it in a white heat without checking any references. Exact dates of missionary arrival, French annexation, Lord Paulet's visit, etc. to be inserted later. Possibly also something re the Great Mahele and a list of Hawaiian monarchs.

-- Zora
 * Your additions look good. But do not miss the link to History of Hawaii. The subsection here should just reflect the basic course of history. There aree several "deeper" articles for the details. - Marshman 16:42, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with Marshman here. Perhaps some of the additions here can be off-loaded to History of Hawaii...right now the History subsection is longer than the "main article" itself, or so it seems.  :) - KeithH 00:14, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I've looked at it briefly. What needs to be done is to move it whole hog to the various sub articles, but leave behind just a summary—more than an outline, but not much more that that. Details should go in the History of Hawaii article or appropriate sub-articles under History of Hawaii - Marshman 00:27, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * OK guys. It hurts less when I perform major surgery on myself, so I did. The history section on the main Hawaii page is now amputated. I'll put the missing limbs in the various Hawaiian history articles. Sigh. Zora 04:37, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * And looks like a good job. Now we can smooth out the History section here (which is a proper length), and details can be expanded in the other articles. Thanks Zora - Marshman 16:39, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

"Doing Well"
I cut out this:
 * It is often said of the American missionaries that "they came to do good and they stayed to do well". While this may not be completely true of the original missionaries, it is certainly true of their children.

It doesn't impress me as being more than glib; the same is said of Quakers in America (even tho there were a lot of rich British Quakers). --Jerzy(t) 03:25, 2004 Jun 3 (UTC)

Agitated
Re restoration of word "agitated": I don't claim to know what kind of political activity took place, but the opinion (however humbly expressed) that "agitated" implies "violent protest" is not only an opinion (PoV) but also utter nonsense, while the accepted meaning is a fact. To lobby is to visit a politician and say "you should adopt this policy because it would have good results" or "... because your doing so would win you votes, bribes, influence, or other selfish benefits." To agitate, in the two most relevant senses of my Third International, means which is not inherantly violent, and far from being necessarily an incitement to violence, and quite different from lobbying.
 * "to stir up public discussion of [...]"
 * "to attempt to arouse public feeling [e.g.] "

"Agitated" may not capture everything worth saying about this political activity, but that bad understanding of the word "agitated" is untenable as a reason for changing it. --Jerzy(t) 13:52, 2004 Jun 13 (UTC)

 * Keith. I think Jerzy is right. "Agitated" (in my understanding) means or implies "to lobby or stir things up in a public way", NOT a violent way - Marshman 16:53, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I accept those arguments. It's probably just the picture I have in my mind of the word "agitate" (to be honest, the first impression I have of "agitate" is the water in my washing machine...LOL).  I'm pretty sure that the activity was not that much different from the political process today...both meeting with politicians and gathering public support.  I'm willing to let "agitated" stand, but I still feel that there's a better word out there.  I'd offer, "They launched a grass-roots effort..." but perhaps that's too idiomatic...  Anyone got a copy of Roget's sitting around?  KeithH 05:46, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * No doubt there is another word, perhaps several; but that does not mean there are "better" words. I think it is just the context you are used to vs. what others may be used to. Thus, this term conjurs up a different image for you. But anyone actively promoting an idea through a political process is agitating for that idea. Really no violence implied. - Marshman 17:18, 19 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Why I Added the Business Subsection
Many businesses got their start in Hawaii or had a longtime presence here (e.g., the Long's drugstore chain). It certainly wasn't my intention to promote Hawaiian Sun but there was no entry for that company so when I started the business subsection I mentioned Hawaiian Sun, and I intended to list other major businesses, such as C. Brewer (which, as far as I know, has no Wikipedia page). I hope this clears things up. BKH2007, Mon. July 12, 2004
 * It was not I who deleted your entry. I saw it, and thought it was close to the "line", mainly because it did seem to be heading toward a Hawaiian Sun promotional article; but I left it alone because the intent was not entirely clear. However, for now, I would say use the link I put in there to develop such articles on businesses in Hawaii. You are right, there is a need to expand on the Big Five discussion and articles, but companies like Longs are not unique to Hawaii and did not start in Hawaii (Longs started in California, I believe). Others, like Hawaiian Sun, may have started here, but that list would be endless. However, "list endlessness" is no reason to avoid doing articles on these subjects. I think the text, at that level, just needs to be somewhere other than on the Hawaii page; and it is in that respect that I agreed with User:Zora. - Marshman 19:16, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for Adding the Category: Hawaii Business
Note: I was BKH2007 but I lost my password so I signed in as BKHal2007.

--BKHal2007 19:19, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)BKHal2007

Spelling and pronouncing Hawaiian words
Just an afterthought to the whole Hawaii/Hawai'i thing. I find it utterly charming the way most local folks pronounce Hawaiian place and street names correctly, even if they're only familiar with kahako and 'okina-less spellings. They say Kai-mu-KII, with the emphasis on the long vowel at the end, instead of Kai-MU-ki.
 * You chose a bad example there. That is one of those almost mangled place names: it is Ka-imu-Kī – the oven (of) stone, but mispronounced by just about everyone, except emphasis is still on last syllable. - Marshman 23:40, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

They put 'okinas in Kapi'olani and Ke'eaumoku. I usually don't notice it unless I'm dealing with a malihini -- someone stumbling over Kalanianaole makes me realize how it trips off the tongue for others.

I've always heard locals SAY Hawai'i. With the glottal stop.

Of course a few words are commonly mangled. Muumuu for one. People will often pronounce that as if it had two kahakos, instead of two 'okinas. (Mu'umu'u.)

And then there's that pesky 'okole word. Since I found out that it really means "asshole" in Hawaiian I can't use it for "bottom" any longer. Loss of a useful pidgin word, but I don't want to offend real Hawaiian speakers. Zora 23:17, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes if you call someone an 'okole, it could well mean that or "butthole" or similar, but it is still a perfectly good word for the buttocks or the bottom of some things: "Ehh Brah, I broke my 'okole fo get fo you." - Marshman 23:32, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hawaii/Archive 1


text:
Vishnu Sahasranama

The Vishnu Sahasranama (विष्णुसहस्रनाम), is a Sanskrit hymn containing a list of the 1,000 names of Vishnu, one of the main deities in Hinduism and the Supreme God in Vaishnavism. It is one of the most sacred and popular stotras in Hinduism. The most popular version of the Vishnu Sahasranama is featured in the Anushasana Parva of the epic Mahabharata. Other versions exist in the Padma Purana, the Skanda Purana, and the Garuda Purana. There is also a Sikh version of the Vishnu Sahasranama found in the work Sundar Gutka.

Etymology
In Sanskrit, means 'thousand'. The meaning of sahasra is situation dependent. (nominative, the stem is ) means 'name'. The compound is of the Bahuvrihi type and may be translated as 'having a thousand names'. In modern Hindi pronunciation, nāma is pronounced [na:m]. It is also pronounced in South India.

The phalashruti (meritorious verse) of the hymn says that one who reads the text every day with full devotion achieves name, fame, wealth and knowledge in his life.

Interpretations
The Vishnu Sahasranama is popular among Hindus, and a major part of prayer for devout Vaishnavas, or followers of Vishnu. While Vaishanvas venerate other deities, they believe that the universe, including the other divinities such as Shiva and Devi, are ultimately a manifestation of the Supreme Vishnu. Despite the existence of other sahasranamas of other gods, referring a sahasranama as "The Sahasranama," generally refers to the Vishnu Sahasranama alone, thereby indicating its wide popularity and use.

Two of the names in Vishnu Sahasranama that refer to Shiva are "Shiva" (names # 27 and # 600 in Advaitin Adi Shankara's commentary) itself, "Shambhu" (name # 38), "Ishanah" (name #6 4), and "Rudra" (name # 114). Adi Sankara of Advaita Vedanta asserts that the deity Vishnu is Brahman itself (not just an aspect of Brahman). Again, he notes that "only Hari (Vishnu) is eulogized by names such as Shiva", a position consistent with interpretations of the Srivaishnavite commentator Parasara Bhattar. Parasara Bhattar had interpreted Shiva to mean a quality of Vishnu, such as "One who bestows auspiciousness".

However, this interpretation of the name Shiva has been challenged by Swami Tapasyananda's translation of Shankara's commentary on the Vishnu Sahasranama. He translates the 27th name, Shiva to mean:"One who is not affected by the three Gunas of Prakrti, Sattva, Rajas,and Tamas; The Kaivalaya Upanishad says, "He is both Brahma and Shiva." In the light of this statement of non-difference between Shiva and Vishnu, it is Vishnu Himself Who Is exalted by the praise and worship of Shiva." Based on this commonly held Advaitan point of view which has been adopted by Smartas, Vishnu and Shiva are viewed as one and the same God, being different aspects of preservation and destruction respectively. As many Sanskrit words have multiple meanings, it is possible that both Vishnu and Shiva share names in this instance, e.g., the name Shiva itself means "auspicious" which could also apply to Vishnu. The Deities Ananthapadmanabha and Shankaranarayana are worshipped by Hindus, as is Panduranga Vitthala, a form of Krishna with a Shiva Linga on his crown, signifying the oneness of both deities.

In other Vaishnava traditions too, the Vishnu Sahasranama is considered an important text. Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Vallabha sampradaya, Nimbarka sampradaya and among Ramanandis, the chanting of the names of Krishna and Rama are considered to be superior to that of Vishnu. Based on another verse in the Padma Purana which says that the benefit of chanting the one thousand names of Vishnu can be derived from chanting one name of Rama, and a verse in the Brahma Vaivarta Purana equating the benefit of chanting three names of Rama with one name of Krishna. However, it is important to realize that those verses in those puranas are not to be interpreted literally, as many believe that there is no difference between Vishnu and Krishna and Rama. This theological difference can be expressed as follows: Many Vaishnava groups recognize Krishna and Rama as an Avatar of Vishnu, while others, instead, consider Him (Krishna) to be svayam bhagavan, or the original form of the Lord. Yet these verses can be interpreted as it is more important to have pure bhakti or devotion than merely repeating the many names of God without emotion. Indeed, Shri Krishna Himself said, "Arjuna, One may be desirous of praising by reciting the thousand names. But, on my part, I feel praised by one shloka. There is no doubt about it.”

 * Interpretations alluding to the power of God in controlling karma

Many names in the Vishnusahasranama, the thousand names of Vishnu allude to the power of God in controlling karma. For example, the 135th name of Vishnu, Dharmadhyaksha, in Sankara's interpretation means, "One who directly sees the merits (Dharma) and demerits (Adharma), of beings by bestowing their due rewards on them."

Other names of Vishnu alluding to this nature of God are Bhavanah, the 32nd name, Vidhata, the 44th name, Apramattah, the 325th name, Sthanadah, the 387th name and Srivibhavanah, the 609th name. Bhavanah, according to Sankara's interpretation, means "One who generates the fruits of Karmas of all Jivas for them to enjoy." The Brahma Sutra (3.2.28) "Phalmatah upapatteh" speaks of the Lord's function as the bestower of the fruits of all actions of the jivas.

 * General thoughts

Sections from Swami Tapasyananda's translation of the concluding verses of Vishnu Sahasranama, state the following: "Nothing evil or inauspicious will befall a man here or hereafter who daily hears or repeats these names." That comment is noteworthy. King Nahusha, a once righteous king, ancestor of Yudhishthira, after performing a hundred Ashwamedha sacrifices, became king of devas, but was later expelled from Svarga or heaven due to a curse by the great sage Agastya due to his pride and arrogance and became a python for thousands of years. In the commentary to this sloka Sankara states that a fall akin to that of king Nahusha will not happen to that devotee who recites Vishnu Sahasranama daily.

Commentaries
The Vishnu Sahasranama has been the subject of numerous commentaries:
 * Parasara Bhattar, a follower of Ramanuja, wrote a commentary in the 12th century, detailing the names of Vishnu from a Vishishtadvaita perspective, in the book titled Bhagavath Guna Dharpanam (or Bhagavad Guna Dharpana, meaning reflections of the Lord's qualities).
 * Vidyadhiraja Tirtha (died 1392) (disciple of Jayatirtha) of Dvaita Vedanta wrote a commentary on Vishnu Sahasranama called.
 * Satyanidhi Tirtha (died 1660) of Dvaita Vedanta wrote Vishnu Sahasranama Vyakhyana, a commentary on Vishnu Sahasranama.
 * Satyasandha Tirtha (died 1794) of Dvaita Vedanta wrote Viṣṇusahasranāmabhāṣya, a commentary on Vishnu Sahasranama.
 * Baladeva Vidyabhushana (18th Century) of Acintya-bhedābheda school of Vedānta wrote Nāmārtha-sudhā, a commentary on Viṣṇu-sahasra-nāma.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vishnu Sahasranama


text:
Talk:Maumoon Abdul Gayoom

Genealogy
What's the point in having his genealogy up there? It's not detailed and is, essentially, not really that important to the article overall.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.68.18.244 (talk) 17:06, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

Maumoon is one big dictator who has opressed his people for over 27 years. His cabinet has the World record for having the most family members and friends in a goverment cabinet. He knows how to decive poeple, including the Maldivians and the World.

Opposition and Neutrality
After all the back and forth and the endless revertings, we should put in some "neutrality" without oppressing the oppositional viewpoints. As a quite trustable source the AI Article should be a good starting point. Tom m 08:31, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Dictator to leave to Qatar tomorrow
Male' - Sources in Golhaabo's government have confirmed that the ailing Dictator will do a runner tomorrow to Qatar and avoid facing the public on Tuesday. Gayyoom's plans to create violence and chaos in Male' over the coming weeks is apparently not going to deter the resolve of the reformists and MDP members who are set to demonstrate on Tuesday. Golhaabo is too scared to face the public and in recent months he has opted to remain out of the country when situation is tense in Maldives.

Golhaboa
Perhaps it is about time that we mention the pejorative "Golhaaboa" (transliteration to be determined), as it has become somewhat of a popular culture. However, I believe that we must only include it if we can trace the exact meaning and origin of the word. As far as I know, it is used to refer to a dishonest person, historically (in myth or fact?) an islander who used to steal toddy (whose collecting device resembled a form of marine snail-like creature [Golhaa] when viewed from underneath the coconut palm). He was eventually caught by the islanders and as a punishment got derogatorily termed Golhaaboa, literally meaning toddy drinker. After many years of verbal abuse, this man had (reportedly) lashed out in front of the president's office accusing him of being a bigger thief, thereby deserving the term more than him. This event caught the public's attention, and was eventually assigned to Gayoom. Think we can include a summary of this in the criticim section? It would sure help deter the constant derogatory vandal efforts to include it. --Fizan 04:34, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It may be difficult to determine (i.e. include it with reference) who exactly assigned Golhaboa to Gayoom. However we can say the term was popularized by Ahmed Shafeeq Ibrahim Moosa when he started publishing internet articles in late 2003. More recently the term has been used by weekly magazines and printed on the front pages. --Oblivious 04:44, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * References are almost non-existant right now.--Fizan 05:15, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Added golhaabo to page, if you need to expand golhaabo and golhaa, perhaps they should be on a seperate page, since the origin of the term doesn't have any direct links with MAG --[[User:N3m6|N3m6]
 * This guy seems to concur, but I am not sure this suffices to be a reference (Read under notes at the end). Warning: Profane language. --Fizan 09:12, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

GolhaaBoa!
"Golhaa Boa" is the popular name being used to describe the present president (dictator) of Maldives. Golhaa literrally is a species of shell crustacean that lives off rocky shores of Maldives. They are small and have little meat inside but very tasty. To refer tot he president as one is just to say that he is as lay as one. It is a reference to the mental degradation of the president. (Hamxa K.K) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.1.192.5 (talk • contribs) ===

Picture
Anybody got a CC licensed pic ? 05:00, 15 March 2008 (UTC) -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by n3m6 (talk • contribs)

Moumoon Is a good man wthout him no maldives —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.176.31.124 (talk) 23:25, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

This needs more
Loads of this page is lacking. The guy may/or may not be a dictator but unsourced ranting innuendo does not help anyone understand anything. I feel I know less about the guy after reading the article. --Alchemist Jack (talk) 23:28, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

merge
I have suggested that A Man for All Islands be merged here as the book is not notable enough for a Wikipedia article on its own. -- Mikeblas (talk) 17:52, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Ballot, past tense & beware of PR professionals
There was a sentence I changed as it did not make sense: There were 4 people at a ballot but 27 voted.? Furthermore, [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maumoon_Abdul_Gayoom&diff=408374020&oldid=408373628 as his presidency is over I changed some parts in the criticism paragraph into past tense. I am however not sure whether the information that the media was under his control is still true.?] It may be worthwhile considering whether this article was influenced by editors with a conflict of interest. The PR firm Hill & Knowlton - best known internationally for spreading the lie about Kuwaiti babies thrown out of incubators in order to sell the Gulf war to the US public - was hired by the notorious former Madivian government of Gayoom in order to improve its reputation and was found to manipulate wikipedia articles as reported here:. As this edit reveals, the IP 194.242.55.7 that edited the article Politics of the Maldives as well as the one about Ahmed Shafeeq Ibrahim Moosa is still in use by Niallcook, according to his user page "worldwide director of marketing technology for communications firm Hill & Knowlton". Using the wiki-tool of a whois search, one can find that all IPs in the range of 194.242.55.0 - 194.242.55.255 belong to Hill & Knowlton. Although none of the IPs used for this article are in that range, there may be accounts that were used to influence this article or related ones. Knopffabrik (talk) 11:19, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Deleted paragraph
The following unsourced paragraph has been deleted: "Anti-government riots broke out in the country in September 2003 following a prison shooting incident. Opposition to the president came in the form of the Maldivian Democratic Party. Political prisoners are often banished to remote atolls. Gayoom was also the defense minister and finance minister of Maldives for a long time, but gave up these positions on September 1, 2004." Any references for this? Knopffabrik (talk) 20:20, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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"is a family man"
This is one of those expressions whose meaning is far from obvious. If it simply means he's married and has children, is such information even worth stating? Most people in the world do - big deal. If it means he devotes an exceptional amount of time and energy to his family, again so what? To me it sounds as if it's meant to make readers feel good about him (and so distract attention from his clearly less endearing sides), like saying he's "a good husband and father" - something no-one can, frankly, judge. It surely has no place in a Wikipedia article.188.230.240.75 (talk) 12:04, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Maumoon Abdul Gayoom The President Of Maldives 41 Years Ago" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Maumoon Abdul Gayoom The President Of Maldives 41 Years Ago. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. L EPRICAVARK ( talk ) 02:30, 14 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maumoon Abdul Gayoom


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anthony Rayson

Someone else nominated this but didn't fill in the discussion page. For the record, this guy is the founder of South Chicago ABC Zine Distro which is also up for a delete vote. - Lucky 6.9 17:51, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC) Re: Anthony Rayson Del this 17-word stub, with a dead link (and both of its specific links dead 6 hrs from now: voting is 5-0 to delete the target of the 2nd); apparent self-promotion by figure whose only obvious significance is writing or "distributing" obscure literature locally. Informally proposed for VfD by the following 2 entries on Votes for deletion/South Chicago ABC Zine Distro:
 * Yeah, well, i grind slowly, but i grind exceeding fine:
 * A branch of the Anarchist Black Cross Network. Not notable. Anthony Rayson should probably go as well. Delete. Ianb 09:06, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Delete Anthony Rayson too. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:05, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Delete Anthony Rayson too. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:05, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

By tomorrow, only link to it will be from List of anarchists, to which it was added in the same 9 minutes in which the user adding it also created the two VfDed articles already mentioned. --Jerzy(t) 18:26, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)
 * Delete: The ABC 'zine delete mentioned this one, too.  The utility of a list of anarchists is questionable, but, in any case, this appears to be minor. Geogre 18:34, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. 200 hits on google.  This page is at least cogent.  Don't see the harm of having an entry on this guy.  Vaguely notable. - Nat Krause 04:12, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete self-promotion. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:48, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Jerome Loisel

Welcome to this talk page. To start a new topic, simply use this link (graciously pointed out to me by Tεx  τ  urε ). To reply to someone within a topic, simply edit the topic and indent your text. Remember to sign if you want me to more easily know who is talking.

Username change
Welcome! I have deleted the "Jerome Loisel" from article space as you requested. I have also redirected User:Jloisel to User:Jerome Loisel since it was then directed to a deleted article. Let me know if you need any help. Have fun! - Tεx  τ  urε  17:52, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much! (Jerome Loisel 20:20, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC))

You're welcome. BTW, I noticed you added an intro to your talk page. You can also tell them they can add a new section by using this link. - Tεx  τ  urε  20:29, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks again. Yes, your talk page is the only one I have seen so far which seems useful and well-structured (I am sure there are others, I have not done a lot of digging around). This is much nicer than treating it as a normal wiki.
 * By the way, I had put a small notice about my problem on the wiki for username changes. I altered it to ask the admins to just merge my history if possible. But I notice some comments there are months old. Is there a point in me leaving that there, or should I just remove it? (Jerome Loisel 20:39, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC))

There is nothing wrong with leaving it there. However it can be moved to this use account by request. (I assume you made that request.) - Tεx  τ  urε  21:02, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Edit attribution
Hi Jerome. You made a request on Changing username to reattribute edits from User:Jloisel to your new username. If you still want this to be done, can you make an edit to that page from the old username to confirm that both accounts are yours? Thanks  — Kate Turner | Talk 10:13, 2004 Sep 5 (UTC)

 * Hello, Kate. Don't know if you're watching this page. I just wanted to let you know that I confirmed the request for attribution. Thanks very much for the help. -- Jerome Loisel 17:01, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi - yes, sorry, I did see your request, but I've been a little busy fixing some things on cy: today. I will get around to doing this soon (probably tomorrow).  Regards   — Kate Turner | Talk 17:25, 2004 Sep 6 (UTC)

 * Thanks, and don't worry about it too much. I appreciate it, but the current situation really is in no way a threat to national security. So... take your time. -- Jerome Loisel 20:03, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

OK, not quite tomorrow - sorry. However, this is now done. Regards  — Kate Turner | Talk 22:54, 2004 Oct 13 (UTC)

 * Not a problem. Thanks very much! -- Jerome Loisel 14:53, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jerome Loisel


text:
MEI Conlux

MEI Conlux (formerly known as Mars Electronics International) is a manufacturer of electronic banknote validators, coin acceptors and changers. MEI was spun off to private investment interests in July 2006. In December 2012, it was sold to Crane Co., which also manufactures vending machines. A new division was created inside the company by merging former CPS (Crane Payment Solutions) and MEI into CPI (Crane Payment Innovations).

The firm began operations in Great Britain in 1965 and expanded to the United States in 1967. The firm invented the electronic vending machine and is one of the largest manufacturers of vending machines in the world. As of 2011, the company operated in over one hundred countries and processed over two billion transactions per week.

It has had a co-educational relationship with the Mechanical Engineering department of the Imperial College, London.

In 1996, the firm signed a deal with DigiCash, one of the first digital currencies. This led to the widespread integration of smart card technology in vending machines.

Since 2000, the company has been the sole manufacturer of bill handling units (a form of automated cash handling) for the Federal Transit Administration.

title: MEI Conlux


text: User talk:4.41.59.51

title: User talk:4.41.59.51


text:
Revolutionary Socialist League (U.S.)

The Revolutionary Socialist League (RSL) was a Trotskyist group in the United States established in 1973 and disbanded in 1989.

History
The RSL originated in the Revolutionary Tendency within the International Socialists (U.S.) (IS) led by Sy Landy and Ron Tabor. They had three principal differences with the IS: they believed that the IS had abandoned strict adherence to Trotskyism; they felt that the emphasis on the day-to-day work within the trade unions diminished propagating the revolutionary objectives outlined in the Fourth International's transitional program; and they felt that the USSR and the other Communist states were state capitalist, rather than bureaucratic collectivist.

While the RT at first seemed to have the upper hand, with Landy elected national secretary in 1972, by the next year Landy and his faction had been expelled. At the time of the split, the RSL took 100 of the IS's 300 members. The expelled group, now styling itself the Revolutionary Socialist League, adopted generally orthodox Trotskyist positions based on the transitional program including permanent revolution, opposition to popular fronts and the need for a Fourth International. This last position cost them unity with the Class Struggle League, who advocated a Fifth International. Landy wrote "To preserve the program is to preserve the number and out right to it". Despite this the RSL never joined any existing Trotskyist international or attempted to organize a new one. Its sole international organizational tie was with the Revolutionary Marxist League of Jamaica.

The RSL was active within a few unions, particularly United Auto Workers (UAW) and USW and among Hispanic workers in the Los Angeles ILGWU. Within the UAW they organized a "Revolutionary Action Caucus". Outside of organized labor they participated in anti-apartheid and anti-racist movements and developed a prisoner support network.

The RSL was one of the left groups most active in the pre-AIDS gay movement. Rick Miles considered this area "particularly important" because he believed that much of the left suffered from the same homophobia as the rest of society, and because the "gay question" had a direct bearing on their concept of socialism as a "free society" run directly by workers and oppressed people, rather than an authoritarian society run by a state capitalist class. It also emphasized the oppressive nature of the Stalinist countries where homosexuals were repressed. The RSL recruited a minority tendency of the Red Flag Union, a gay socialist collective, to its state capitalist characterization, and they merged into the League in 1977. (A majority of the RFU joined the Spartacist League. ) In New York, the RSL was active in the Gay Activists Alliance, its members and sympathizers participating in a polarizing split that proved the end of that organization. RSL members also participated in gay coalitions such as Lavender Left and Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee.

The RSL had its share of organizational difficulties. In early 1974, it suffered its first split. The origins of this split went back to a group called the Communist faction within the Socialist Workers Party that left to SWP to enter IS, and subsequently the RSL. Within the RSL it formed the "Soviet Defensist Minority" before leaving to form the Trotskyist Organization of the United States. Another tendency had left in 1975 to form the Revolutionary Marxist Caucus, which later fused with the Socialist Workers Party. Finally a group led by Sy Landy left in 1976 to form the League for the Revolutionary Party, in part because they disagreed with the RSL's call for the formation of a Labor Party in the US. They also alleged that the leadership of the RSL was acting in a bureaucratic fashion.

Over time, the RSL moved closer to anarchism. In 1985 they released a statement What we stand for that proclaimed their adherence to the ideas of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Trotsky but emphasized the theoretical contributions of Marx and Engels, Trotsky's fight against Stalinism and Lenin's "conception of the party, stress on the importance of national liberation struggles and the anti-statism shown in the State and Revolution". It also identified "with the best of anarchism, particularly its libertarian spirit". Their move away from Leninism is documented in a book by RSL leader Ron Tabor titled A Look at Leninism (ISBN 0-939073-36-6), which collected together a series of articles questioning the fundamentals of Leninism that had appeared as a serial series in The Torch newspaper.

The RSL disbanded in 1989, with about twenty of its remaining members helping in the formation of Love and Rage Network, a revolutionary anarchist newspaper and organization. The RSL met to disband the day before the founding conference of Love and Rage. When Love and Rage disbanded in 1998, the remaining former RSL members, including Ron Tabor, began publishing The Utopian. Some time later they entered the platformist anarchist federation North Eastern Federation of Anarchist Communists.

League for the Revolutionary Party
The League for the Revolutionary Party is a Trotskyist organisation in the United States.

The group was founded by a faction of the now defunct Revolutionary Socialist League in 1976. The RSL had in turn split from the International Socialists in 1973.

The LRP took from the RSL a strong stress on the need for a Leninist party and coupled this with an emphasis on the general strike tactic. They also developed their own version of what is called "state capitalist theory" to explain the class nature of the USSR and similar states. In later years they abandoned use of the term "state capitalist" in favor of the term "statified capitalism, arguing the difference between Stalinist and traditional capitalist countries is in the form that the ruling class holds its property, and that the proletariat is still exploited and surplus value created in the same way. The LRP views the state in Stalinist countries as a weaker form of the capitalist state, less capable of exploiting the workers but still ruling in the interest of the bureaucracy. This form of state is seen as a compromise by the ruling class, sacrificing a portion of profits to pacify the workers and prevent proletarian revolutions. As such, the LRP viewed the collapse of the Soviet Union as a defeat for the workers not because the workers lost control of the state, as many Trotskyists believe, but because of the increased rate of exploitation and destruction of social welfare programs that accompanied the collapse.

The group is based in New York City with a branch in Chicago. It also organizes a group of international co-thinkers called the Communist Organisation for a Fourth International. They publish a journal called Proletarian Revolution, formerly Socialist Voice, to which the late Sy Landy and Walter Daum have been notable contributors.

Publications

 * The Torch/La Antorcha Vol. 1], no. 1 (September 1973)-; Ceased in 1989? Published in Highland Park, Michigan from 1973–1977; thereafter in New York
 * Revolutionary Party Tendency reply to "Political" Committee charges [New York? : The League?, 1973
 * The fight of the revolutionary tendency within the centrist I.S.-USA: documents of struggle : notes on women's liberation [United States? : Revolutionary Socialist League, A Revolutionary Socialist League educational publication #5 1973
 * Documents of Struggle: Manifesto of the RSL and Statement of the Revolutionary Tendency of the IS. New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1973
 * Political Resolution of the Founding Convention: World Crisis and the Fight for Revolutionary Leadership New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1973
 * The Big Swindle: The Story behind Productivity Drives and How to Fight against the Bosses' Offensive Highland Park, Mich: Revolutionary Socialist League, 1973
 * Permanent Revolution: Black Liberation and the American Revolution New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1973
 * The road to revolution in Britain [United States] : Revolutionary Socialist League Pub. Co., 1974 (Torch pamphlet #4)
 * Chile, never again: The Story behind Productivity Drives and How to Fight against the Bosses' Offensive Highland Park, Mich: Revolutionary Socialist League Pub. Co., 1974 (Torch pamphlet)
 * China's Foreign Policy: A Reactionary Line. New York: Revolutionary Socialist League Publishing Co., 1976 (Torch pamphlet #3)
 * Maoism and the Soviet Union: how the RU (RCP) supports state capitalism Chicago : Haymarket, 1976 (Torch pamphlet #4)
 * The rise of state capitalism: how the Russian revolution was smashed by Ron Tabor New York: Revolutionary Socialist League Publishing Co., 1976
 * The Russian Revolution (with the Revolutionary Marxist League of Jamaica) New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1978 (Revolutionary Socialist Educational Series, #1)
 * Imperialism, National Liberation & Socialist Revolution (with the Revolutionary Marxist League of Jamaica) New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1979 (Revolutionary Socialist Educational Series, #2)
 * Torch supplement on gay liberation, June 1979:Gay liberation through socialist revolution! New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1979
 * Energy, Environment and the Economic Crisis: The Contributions and Contradictions of Barry Commoner New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1980
 * Toward a Fighting Student Movement: RSL Position Paper for Kent State Student Conference New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1980
 * Which Way Forward for the Anti-Klan Movement: A Position Paper by the Revolutionary Socialist League New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1980
 * Proposals to the National Anti-Klan Network for a "Spring Offensive." New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1981
 * Toward a fighting anti-draft movement New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1981
 * Polish Workers Fight for Freedom; Socialism vs. State Capitalism Detroit: Revolutionary Socialist League, 1981
 * Socialism and the fight for lesbian and gay liberation by Paul Carson New York: Revolutionary Socialist League, 1982
 * Black people in the U.S.: the fight for freedom New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1984
 * The struggle for workers' power in Poland: Solidarity's unfinished revolution New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1984
 * Socialism or state capitalism?: the crisis of Trotskyist theory by Ron Tabor and Rod Miller New York : Revolutionary Socialist League, 1984

title: Revolutionary Socialist League (U.S.)


text:
Revolutionary Socialist League

Revolutionary Socialist League may refer to:

 * Revolutionary Socialist League (UK)
 * Revolutionary Socialist League (UK, 1938)
 * Revolutionary Socialist League (UK, 1957)
 * Revolutionary Socialist League (US) (1972–1989)
 * Revolutionary Socialist League (Germany) (1994–2016)
 * Revolutionary Socialist League (Kenya)

title: Revolutionary Socialist League


text:
Dodge Stratus

The Dodge Stratus is a mid-size car that was introduced by Dodge in December 1994 and was based on the 4-door sedan Chrysler JA platform. The Stratus, Plymouth Breeze, and Chrysler Cirrus were all on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1996 and 1997. It received critical acclaim at launch, but ratings fell over time. An updated version of the Stratus was introduced for 2001, with the Cirrus being renamed as the Chrysler Sebring, and a coupé model was also added to the range. Production ended in early 2006 at the Sterling Heights Assembly Plant after building 1,308,123 Stratus and Sebrings since 2000.

The Dodge Avenger replaced the Stratus nameplate in early 2007 for the 2008 model year.

After the discontinuation of the Stratus sedan in 2006, the assembly line and tooling were sold to the Russian concern, GAZ, which manufactured 9,000 units of a very slightly modified Stratus from 2008 through 2010 called the Volga Siber.

First generation (1995–2000)
The Dodge Stratus was the middle entry of the JA platform (with the Cirrus being the higher-end model and the Breeze being the lower-end model). Introduced in 1995, the Stratus had two models, the base (later renamed SE in 2000), which came standard with the 2.0 L straight-4 and had the SOHC 2.4 L as optional, and the ES, which came standard with the a 2.0 L from 1995 to 1997, and had a DOHC 2.4 L and a 2.5 L V6 as optional. In 1998 the DOHC 2.4 L was standard and the 2.5 L V6 was optional on the ES, and from 1999 to 2000, the 2.5 L V6 was the only engine on the ES model.

The Stratus directly replaced the high-volume Spirit and Dynasty (United States only) to favorable reviews, but lower sales. The Stratus was often compared to other small mid-sizes such as the Chevrolet Malibu, and judged roomier than the 1995 Ford Contour by many magazines such as Consumer Reports.

The Stratus, Cirrus, and Breeze had many parts that were interchangeable between each model. The exteriors of these three cars were very similar, with the front fascia, rear bumper, taillights, and wheels being the main differences. The interiors had little variation between the three models; being almost identical, save for the name on the steering wheel, and a few available options. The fascias of each JA car resembled each brand's minivan offering, sharing headlights and grill designs.

All three variants of the platform were available with most of the same standard features and available options, such as the following: a four-speed automatic transmission and an optional semi-automatic dubbed "Autostick" (not available on the Plymouth Breeze), anti-lock brakes, four-wheel independent suspension (double wishbone in the front with a multilink rear), tilt steering wheel, cruise control, power windows, power door locks, power driver's seat, leather seats (Cirrus only), power antenna, a six-CD changer, sunroof, remote keyless entry, anti-theft system, etc. A five-speed manual was available with the 2.0 L. The 2.4 L was not offered in a manual because of its high torque and difficult drivability issues, mainly due to wheel spinning.

International markets
In 2000, the Stratus was available for its last year of sales in Canada, with the Chrysler Sebring taking over as the company's only lower mid-size sedan - Dodge did not sell the equivalent version in Canada.

A turbocharged version of the Stratus was sold in Mexico, with the 2.4 L DOHC 4-cylinder engine and a 4-speed automatic transmission with AutoStick. This engine produced 168 hp at 5200 rpm and 216 lb·ft of torque at 2200 rpm. The 2.4 L turbo engines were only available for the Mexican market.

The Stratus was sold in Europe, with the 2.0 L and the V6 engines, as the Chrysler Stratus (the Dodge name was not used in Europe, except for commercial vehicles). Its styling was similar to that of Chrysler's Cirrus (which featured chrome accent moldings along the doors and bumpers), with the exception of the rear taillights, which were the same as Dodge's Stratus, and a Dodge grille, which differed from that of the Chrysler Cirrus and Plymouth Breeze. The Chrysler Stratus competed in the Swedish Touring Car Championship; the Dodge branded model also competed in North American Touring Car Championship as one of few truly professional teams to compete in the short-lived championship, with David Donohue winning the 1997 season using a Stratus.

For Brazil, the Stratus was marketed as the Chrysler Stratus, the equivalent Chrysler Cirrus being unavailable. It had the same engines as the North American version but a higher ground clearance for the Brazilian road conditions.

In Argentina, it was marketed as the Chrysler Stratus, and it was raced in the category "Superturismo Sudamericano" (Copa de las Naciones), driven by Ernesto Bessone and Pablo Peon.

In several countries and U.S. jurisdictions, the Stratus and Cirrus were used as police vehicles.

Second generation (2001–2006)
In 2000, the Stratus became the last of the "Cloud Cars" when the Cirrus was renamed as the Sebring, and the Breeze was discontinued (along with the Plymouth brand). This generation of the Dodge Stratus was not sold in Canada, although 1999 was the last year for Dodge Stratus sales in Canada. The 2002 models no longer had the "DODGE" badges on the front doors.

The Stratus and Sebring sedans for the second generation used a revised version of the Chrysler JA platform named JR. The coupé models with the same names were entirely different cars; they were actually based on the Mitsubishi Eclipse.

During this time, sales declined as its ratings by consumer and auto magazines fell among competing mid-size cars. At the same time sedan market had shifted with the larger Intrepid and later Charger achieving record sales. The 2004 model year included styling revisions, but this did not improve sales. The Stratus was discontinued in May 2006 (the Sebring name was continued).

International markets
In Mexico, the Stratus R/T came in a turbocharged version. The Stratus R/T's turbocharged 2.4 L engine included improvements in 2001 with output increasing to 215 hp. This version would later be used in the U.S. in the Dodge SRT-4 and PT Cruiser GT. Stratus R/T engines built from March 2004 were had 225 hp at 5200 rpm and 235 lbft of torque at 4200 rpm. Stratus R/T models with the turbocharged engine featured a "Turbo" badge on the rear.

Engines

 * 2.4 L EDZ I4
 * 2.4 L EDV/EDT I4
 * 2.7 L EER V6

Stratus coupé

For 2001, Dodge introduced the Stratus coupé, replacing the discontinued Avenger. This model along with the Chrysler Sebring coupé were built at the former Diamond Star Motors plant by Mitsubishi, using the ST-22 platform. Like its Chrysler counterpart, the coupé models shared very little other than the name and a few exterior styling cues with sedan and convertible models. The Stratus coupé was restyled for the 2003 model year. The coupé was discontinued after 2005, one year before the sedan. The next midsize Dodge which replaced the Stratus, the Avenger, did not include a coupé version.

Engines

 * 2.4 L 4G64 I4
 * 3.0 L 6G72 V6

Safety
The first generation Dodge Stratus received a "Poor" rating in the IIHS frontal crash test. It was actually a Chrysler Cirrus that was tested, but the results also apply to the Stratus, and also the Plymouth Breeze. The second generation Stratus and its twin, the Chrysler Sebring, received an overall "Acceptable" rating in the IIHS frontal test due to a possible injury to the right leg. On the side test, the Stratus receives a "Poor" rating without optional side airbags due to a serious neck injury, a weak side structure, possible rib fractures, and high forces on the shoulder and pelvis. Its seats and head restraints earn an overall "Acceptable" rating from the IIHS.

Licensed production in Russia

The license and production facilities for the second generation Dodge Stratus and Chrysler Sebring sedans were sold in April 2006 to Russian billionaire Oleg Deripaska, owner of the GAZ company in Nizhny Novgorod, which builds the Volga automobile. The price for the production line and rights was approximately US$151 million (€124 million). The models were built by GAZ in Russia from late 2007 through 2010 as the Volga Siber. The production facilities were planned to build up to 65,000 cars of both models yearly. Four-cylinder engines were to be purchased from Chrysler and made in Mexico.

The Siber was introduced at the start of the Global Economic Crisis of 2008, and through an annual production of 40,000 vehicles had been planned, sales were not as expected and around 9,000 had been manufactured by the time the Siber was discontinued after the 2010 model year.

title: Dodge Stratus


text:
Norman H. Bangerter

Norman Howard Bangerter (January 4, 1933 – April 14, 2015) was an American politician and businessman who served as the 13th governor of Utah from 1985 to 1993. He was the first Republican elected to the position since 1960, and the first to hold the office since 1965.

Early life
Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah (now West Valley City) to William Henry Bangerter and Isabelle Bawden. His older brother, William Grant Bangerter, served as a General Authority of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Career
Prior to his election, Bangerter founded a successful construction firm which specialized in building homes. He served in the Utah House of Representatives from 1975 to 1985 and as speaker of that body from 1981 until 1985.

During his tenure as governor, Bangerter dealt with the flooding of the Great Salt Lake and its tributaries by approving the construction of large, US$60 million pumps to channel excess water from the Great Salt Lake onto the Bonneville Salt Flats. This was initially successful, yet caused some controversy when the lake's water level fell in later years, and some regarded the idle pumps as wasteful.

Bangerter's "foremost interest was improving the state's educational system".

After his retirement as governor, Bangerter returned to his construction firm and served for three years as president of the South Africa Johannesburg Mission of the LDS Church from 1996 to 1999.

The Bangerter Highway (SR-154), which opened in 1998, was named after the former governor, who had long supported such a road.

In 2008, Bangerter was appointed to the Governing Board for the national children's charity Operation Kids.

Personal life
Bangerter married his wife, the former Colleen Monson, in 1953. The two had six children and one foster son.

On April 14, 2015, Bangerter suffered a stroke and later died at the age of 82.

title: Norman H. Bangerter


text:
William Carroll (Tennessee politician)

William Carroll (March 3, 1788 – March 22, 1844) was an American politician who served as the fifth Governor of Tennessee twice, from 1821 to 1827 and again from 1829 to 1835. He held the office longer than any other person, including the state's only other six-term governor, John Sevier. He is considered one of the state's most popular political figures of the 1820s, and is credited with initiating numerous legal and tax reforms.

Carroll joined the Tennessee militia as a captain in 1812, and quickly rose through the ranks. He participated in several engagements during the Creek War, and, as a major-general, commanded Andrew Jackson's center at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815.

Early life
Like two of his predecessors, Archibald Roane and Joseph McMinn, Carroll was a native of Pennsylvania, having been born near Pittsburgh.

His father, Thomas Carroll, was a business associate of Albert Gallatin, and had established a successful chain of hardware stores in the Pittsburgh area. William Carroll had little formal education as a child, but acquired practical learning from working in his father's business.

He moved to Nashville in 1808 and established a branch store in the city. He presented himself to Andrew Jackson with a letter of introduction from Gallatin.

War of 1812 and Creek War
At the outbreak of the War of 1812, Carroll was appointed captain of the Nashville Uniform Volunteers, and joined Andrew Jackson's Creek campaign. Within a few months, he had been promoted to major, and took part in the Battle of Talladega in November 1813. For his actions in this battle, he was promoted to colonel. He fought at the Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek in January 1814, and was wounded at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814.

In 1813, Carroll became involved in a quarrel with another Jackson subordinate, Jesse Benton, that culminated in a duel on June 14 of that year. Jackson initially tried to defuse the quarrel, but, unsuccessful, he agreed to be Carroll's second. In the duel, Carroll lost part of his thumb, and Benton was shot through the hip, but both survived. Benton's older brother, Thomas Hart Benton, was enraged after hearing Jackson had supported Carroll, and would later injure Jackson in a brawl in Nashville over the incident.

After the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Carroll returned to Nashville to recruit troops for the defense of New Orleans. After Jackson resigned from the militia to accept a commission in the federal army, Carroll was elected major-general of the Tennessee militia. Traveling via the Cumberland, Ohio and Mississippi rivers, his new troops arrived in New Orleans just prior to the British invasion. At the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, Carroll's troops fought near the center of Jackson's line, where some of the most intense fighting occurred.

Politics
Following the war, Carroll resumed his business career in Nashville. In 1818, he became part owner of the New Orleans steamboat, the General Jackson. On March 11, 1819, after a treacherous journey up the Mississippi, Ohio and Cumberland rivers, the General Jackson became the first steamboat to reach Nashville. During the Panic of 1819, Carroll's business failed, and he was forced into bankruptcy.

In 1821, Carroll, still immensely popular from his War of 1812 endeavors, ran for governor. Although his opponent, Edward Ward, was backed by the state's political elite, including Andrew Jackson, Hugh Lawson White and Joseph McMinn, Carroll gained the support of Jackson foes John Williams and Davy Crockett, and was able to harness the anti-establishment sentiment that had arisen in the wake of the financial crisis. He easily defeated Ward on election day, 32,290 votes to 7,294. He immediately set out to reform the state's tax laws, but his call for a constitutional convention was defeated by the legislature.

As Tennessee's economy improved, Carroll's popularity soared. He ran unopposed for reelection in 1823 and 1825.

In 1827, at the end of his third two-year term, constitutional term limits prevented him from serving a fourth consecutive term. He was succeeded by Sam Houston.

After he was passed over for a U. S. Senate seat, he became wary of the Jacksonites, and ran against Houston in 1829. Houston resigned following a scandal shortly after Carroll announced his campaign, however, and William Hall, as Speaker of the Senate, succeeded him. Hall refused to run for reelection, and Carroll was easily elected.

Carroll successfully sought the office again in 1831 and 1833, and was elected without opposition.

Carrol's governorship was noted for the establishment of a more progressive (for the era) Penal Code, which replaced corporal punishment with a state prison system, as well as the establishment of an insane asylum and the establishment of a Chancery Court.

He also persistently advocated for government-funded internal improvements, which helped the state's businesses. During his final term, the state constitution of 1796 was supplanted by a new one which gave more executive power to the governor; although this document was technically superseded by the current one in 1870, that document carries over very many of the provisions of the 1834 constitution, upon which it was largely based.

Popular provisions in the new constitution included an equitable land tax (which benefited small farmers) and the requirement that county officials be popularly elected, rather than appointed.

Carroll claimed that the new constitution allowed him to seek a fourth consecutive term. He was doomed by rising Whig sentiment in the state, however, and lost the gubernatorial election to Newton Cannon by a vote of 41,970 to 31,205. He persistently campaigned for one of the state's U. S. Senate seats in subsequent years, but was never successful.

Carroll served as governor of Tennessee longer than anyone else has to this point, even fellow six-term governor Sevier. Sevier's first term was unusually short due to the time of year of the admission of Tennessee into the Union. Carroll's gubernatorial service totaled twelve years and twelve days.

Death
Carroll lived quietly after his terms as governor ended. He died on March 22, 1844, and is interred at Nashville City Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee.

Legacy
Carroll County, Tennessee, is named in his honor.

Carroll County, Arkansas, although disputed, is believed by some historians to be named in his honor. As support for this theory, historians point to the fact that a large percentage of the Carroll County, Arkansas population is reported to have emigrated from Overton County, Tennessee during his popular governorship.

Carrollton, New Orleans, Louisiana, is named in his honor.

Family life
He was married to Cecilia Bradford, and they raised four children. One of their sons was Confederate Brigadier General William Henry Carroll.

title: William Carroll (Tennessee politician)


text:
User talk:Jalexstark

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title: User talk:Jalexstark


text:
Call-by-push-value

In programming language theory, call-by-push-value (CBPV) is an intermediate language that embeds the call-by-value (CBV) and call-by-name (CBN) evaluation strategies. CBPV is structured as a polarized λ-calculus with two main types, "values" (+) and "computations" (-). Restrictions on interactions between the two types enforce a controlled order of evaluation, similar to monads or CPS. The calculus can embed computational effects, such as nontermination, mutable state, or nondeterminism. There are natural semantics-preserving translations from CBV and CBN into CBPV. This means that giving a CBPV semantics and proving its properties implicitly establishes CBV and CBN semantics and properties as well. Paul Blain Levy formulated and developed CBPV in several papers and his doctoral thesis.

Definition
The CBPV paradigm is based on the slogan "a value is, a computation does". One complication in the presentation is distinguishing type variables ranging over value types from those ranging over computation types. This article follows Levy in using underlines to denote computations, so $$B$$ is an (arbitrary) value type but $$\underline{B}$$ is a computation type. Some authors use other conventions, such as distinct sets of letters.

The exact set of constructs varies by author and desired use for the calculus, but the following constructs are typical:

 * Lambdas  are computations of type $$A \to \underline{B}$$, where $$x : A$$ and $$M : \underline{B}$$. A lambda application   or   is a computation of type $$\underline{B}$$, where $$V : A$$ and $$F : A \to \underline{B}$$. The let-binding construct   binds values   to values , of matching types $$A_1$$, inside a computation   : $$\underline{B}$$.
 * A thunk  is a value of type $$U \underline{A}$$ constructed from a computation   of type $$\underline{A}$$. Forcing a thunk is a computation,   : $$\underline{A}$$ for a thunk   : $$U \underline{A}$$.
 * It is also possible to wrap a value  of type $$A$$ as a computation   : $$F A$$. Such a computation can be used inside another computation as   : $$\underline{B}$$, where   : $$F A$$, and   : $$\underline{B}$$ is a computation.
 * Values can also include algebraic data types constructed from a tag and zero or more sub-values, while computations include a deconstructing pattern-match . Depending on presentation, ADTs may be limited to binary sums and products, Booleans only, or be omitted altogether.

A program is a closed computation of type $$F A$$, where $$A$$ is a ground ADT type.

Complex values
Expressions such as  make sense denotationally. But, following the rules above,  can only be encoded using pattern-matching, which would make it a computation, and therefore the overall expression must also be a computation, giving. Similarly, there is no way to obtain  from   without constructing a computation. When modelling CBPV in the equational or category theory, such constructs are indispensable. Levy therefore defines an extended IR, "CBPV with complex values". This IR extends let-binding to bind values within a value expression, and also to pattern-match a value with each clause returning a value expression. Besides modelling, such constructs also make writing programs in CBPV more natural.

Complex values complicate the operational semantics, in particular requiring an arbitrary decision of when to evaluate the complex value. Such a decision has no semantic significance because evaluating complex values has no side effects. Also, it is possible to syntactically convert any computation or closed expression to one of the same type and denotation without complex values. Therefore, many presentations omit complex values.

Translation
The CBV translation produces CBPV values for each expression. A CBV function  : $$A \to_v B$$ is translated to   : $$U (A^v \to F B^v)$$. A CBV application  : $$A$$ is translated to a computation   of type $$F A$$, making the order of evaluation explicit. A pattern match  is translated as. Values are wrapped with  when necessary, but otherwise remain unmodified. In some translations, sequencing may be required, such as translating  to.

The CBN translation produces CBPV computations for each expression. A CBN function  : $$A \to B$$ translates unaltered,   : $$(U A^n) \to X^n$$. A CBN application  : $$C$$ is translated to a computation   of type $$C^n$$. A pattern match  is translated similarly to CBN as. ADT values are wrapped with, but   and   are also necessary on internal structure. Levy's translation assumes that, which does indeed hold.

It is also possible to extend CBPV to model call-by-need, by introducing a  construct that allows visible sharing. This construct has semantics similar to, except that with the   construct, the thunk of   is evaluated at most once.

Modifications
Some authors have noted that CBPV can be simplified, by removing either the U type constructor (thunks) or the F type constructor (computations returning values). Egger and Mogelberg justify omitting U on the grounds of streamlined syntax and avoiding the clutter of inferable conversions from computations to values. This choice makes computation types a subset of value types, and it is then natural to expand function types to a full function space between values. They term their calculus the "Enriched Effects Calculus". This modified calculus is equivalent to a superset of CBPV via a bidirectional semantics-preserving translation. Ehrhard in contrast omits the F type constructor, making values a subset of computations. Ehrhard renames computations to "general types" to better reflect their semantics. This modified calculus, the "half-polarized lambda calculus", has close connections to linear logic. It can be translated bidirectionally to a subset of a fully-polarized variant of CBPV.

title: Call-by-push-value