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Soyuz T-7

Soyuz T-7 (Союз Т-7; code name Dnieper) was the third Soviet space mission to the Salyut 7 space station. Crew member Svetlana Savitskaya was the first woman in space in almost twenty years, since Valentina Tereshkova who flew in 1963 on Vostok 6.

Savitskaya was given the orbital module of Soyuz T-7 for privacy. The Soyuz T-7 crew delivered experiments and mail from home to the Elbrus crew. On August 21 the five cosmonauts traded seat liners between the Soyuz Ts. The Dnieper undocked in Soyuz T-5, leaving the newer Soyuz T-7 spacecraft for the long-duration crew.

Mission highlights
Soyuz T-7 was an early flight to Salyut 7, the Soviet successor to Salyut 6. The crew which launched on Soyuz T-7 remained aboard the station for eight days, as a short-term "visiting crew", accompanying the station's long-term resident crew. The crew exchanged Soyuz vehicles with the resident crew, returning home in the older Soyuz T-5, leaving the fresher Soyuz T-7 available to the resident crew as a return vehicle. This practice had been used several times on Salyut 6.

Savitskaya became the second woman in space, and the first to visit a space station.

Mission parameters

 * Mass: 6,850 kg
 * Perigee: 289 km
 * Apogee: 299 km
 * Inclination: 51.6°
 * Period: 90.3 minutes

title: Soyuz T-7


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List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 19th century

This is a list of monarchs who either lost their thrones through deposition by a coup d'état, by a referendum which abolished their throne, or chose to abdicate during the 19th century.

Afghanistan

 * Zaman Shah, deposed 1801.
 * Mahmud Shah Durrani, deposed 1803, reinstated 1809, redeposed 1818.
 * Shoja Shah, deposed 1809, reinstated 1839
 * Dost Mohammad Khan, deposed 1839, reinstated 1842.
 * Wazir Akbar Khan, retired 1843.
 * Sher Ali Khan, deposed 1866, reinstated 1868.
 * Mohammad Yaqub Khan, deposed 1879
 * Ayub Khan, deposed 1880

Algeria

 * Hussein ben Hassan, dey of Algeria, surrendered to invading French forces on 5 July 1830.

Alt-Leiningen

 * Christian Karl of Alt-Leiningen, Count of Alt-Leiningen 1770–1801. Deposed or abdicated 1801. Died 1803.

amaGaza

 * Mawewe Nxumalo, Nkosi of amaGaza 11 Oct 1858 – 18??, deposed or abdicated 18??, restored 18??, reigned until 1862.
 * Mzila Nxumalo, Nkosi of amaGaza, deposed or abdicated 18??, restored 1862, reigned until August 1884.

Antakarana

 * Tsialana II, King of Antakarana, deposed 1895.

Aremberg

 * Ludwig Engelbert, Duke of Aremberg (Herzog von Aremberg) 1778–1801, deposed or abdicated 1801. Died 1820.
 * Prosper Ludwig, Duke of Aremberg (Herzog von Aremberg) 1802–1810, deposed or abdicated 1810. Died 1861.

Bishopric of Augsburg

 * Klemens Wenzeslaus von Sachsen Prince-Bishop of Augsburg, deposed 1802 upon Augsburg's annexation by Bavaria, died 1812.

Austria

 * Emperor Ferdinand I, abdicated 1848.

Grand Duchy of Baden

 * Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Baden, abdicated 1856

Bahrain

 * Shaikh Muhammad bin Khalifa al-Khalifa, deposed 1868.

Bajini

 * Hashimu bin Ahmed 3 times sultan of Bajini, 18xx–18xx, 18xx–1886, 1889

Baku Khanate

 * Husayn Quli Khan, Khan of Baku, deposed due to Russian annexation, 1806.

Balasinor

 * Nawab Shri Muhammad 'Abid Khan Naver Khan Babi, Nawab Sahib of Balasinor 1820–1822, deposed 1822

Bambao

 * Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome sultan of Bambao reigned 4 times, in the 19th century
 * Abdallah bin Saidi Hamza sultan of Bambao 3 times in the 19th century
 * Mohamed bin Ahmed of Bambao sultan of Bambao for 2 times in the 19th century
 * Mwenye Mji sultan of Bambao for 2 times in the 19th century.
 * Saidi Bakari bin Ahmed sultan of Bambao for 2 times in the 19th century.

Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg

 * Christoph Franz von Buseck, Prince–Bishop of Bamberg (Fürstbishof zu Bamberg), deposed in 1802 due to Bamberg's annexation by Bavaria, died 1805.

Banganapalle

 * Nawab Sayyid Husain Ali II Khan Bahadur, Jagirdar of Banganapalle. Deposed 1832, restored 1848.

Baoni

 * Sahib Jah, Azam ul-Umara, Rashid ul-Mulk, 'Imad ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Mehdi Husain Khan Bahadur, Firuz Jang, Nawab of Baoni 1859–1883, abdicated in favour of his son, died 1895.

Kingdom of Bavaria

 * Ludwig I, King of Bavaria 1825–1848, abdicated 1848, died 1868.

Berg and Cleves

 * Wilhelm, Duke of Berg and Cleves, deposed 1806
 * Joachim Murat, Grand Duke of Berg, abdicated 1808.
 * Napoleon Louis Bonaparte, Grand Duke of Berg 1809–1813, deposed 1813.

Birkenfeld

 * Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld, deposed due to Birkenfeld's annexation by France, 1801

Boina Kingdom

 * Andriantsoly, King of Boina, deposed or abdicated 1832
 * Tsiomeko, Queen of Boina, deposed 1840.

Bora Bora

 * Princess Ari'i-'Otare Teari'i-maeva-rua II, deposed by the French, 19 March 1888.

Barotseland

 * Lubosi I, Litunga of the Lozi and Paramount Chief of Barotseland, deposed 1884, restored 1885, died 1916.
 * Akafuna Tatila, Litunga of the Lozi and Paramount Chief of Barotseland, deposed 1885, died 1887.

Bone state

 * La Mappatunru To' Wappatunru' Paduka Sri Sultan Muhammad Ismail Mukhtaj ud-din (MatinroE-ri Lalang-bata), Arumpone of Bone 1812–1823, deposed or abdicated 1823, d.1825

Empire of Brazil

 * King João VI, lost the crown 1822.
 * Emperor Pedro I, abdicated 1831.
 * Emperor Pedro II, deposed 1889.

Brakna

 * Sidi Mukhtar wuld Sidi Muhammad emir of Brakna 1841–1843, deposed or abdicated 1843.

Brunswick

 * Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, duke of Brunswick 1806–1807, deposed 1807, restored 1813
 * Charles II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, duke of Brunswick 1815–1831, deposed 1831, died 1873

Buganda

 * Mwanga II Kabaka of Buganda 1884–1888 and 1889–1897, died 1897
 * Kalema Kabaka of Buganda 1888–1889, died 1890

Bunyoro

 * Chwa II Kabarega ruler of Bunyoro 1869–1873, died 1898

Burma

 * Bagyidaw, King of Burma, deposed 1837.
 * Pagan Min II, King of Burma, abdicated 1853.
 * Thibaw Min, King of Burma, deposed 1885.

Cambodia

 * Ang Duong II, deposed 1844, reinstated 1845, d.1860.
 * Queen Ba-cong-chua, deposed 1841, reinstated 1844, redeposed 1845.

Chitral

 * Mehtar Sher Afzal, Mehtar of Chitral and Yasin, deposed 1893
 * Mehtar Muhammad Amir ul-Mulk, Mehtar of Chitral and Yasin, deposed 1895

Prince-Bishopric of Constance

 * Karl Theodor Anton Maria Freiherr von Dalberg, Prince-Bishop of Constance, deposed due to annexation by Baden, 1802

Imperial Abbey of Corvey

 * Ferdinand Freiherr von Lüning, Prince-Bishop of Corvey, deposed due to the annexation of the state by the Prince of Orange-Nassau in 1802

Croy-Dülmen

 * August, Count of Croy-Dülmen. Deposed due to the annexation of Croy-Dülmen by Arenberg in 1806

Egypt Eyalet

 * Muhammad 'Ali Pasha Vali of Egypt, abdicated 1848.
 * Ismail Pasha Khedive of Egypt, deposed 1879.

Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt

 * Joseph Graf von Stubenberg, Prince-Bishop of Eichstätt, deposed 1802 when Eichstätt annexed by Bavaria.

Elchingen

 * Robert II Plersch, Abbot of Elchingen. Deposed 1803 following annexation by Bavaria.

Prince-Provostry of Ellwangen

 * Clemens Wenzel of Saxony, Prince-Provost of the College, deposed due to annexation by Württemberg, 1803

Essen Abbey

 * Maria Kunigunde Herzogin von Sachsen, Princess-Abbesse of Essen, deposed due to annexation by Prussia, 1802

Ethiopian Empire

 * Emperor Tekle Giyorgis I (Fakr Sagad), Elect of God and King of Kings of Ethiopia. Succeeded on the deposition of Emperor Iyasu III, 24 April 1788. Deposed for a second time, 26 July 1789. Regained the throne by force of arms, January 1794. Deposed for the third time, 15 April 1795. Restored December 1795. Deposed for the fourth time, 20 May 1796. Restored again, 4 January 1798. Deposed for the fifth time, 20 May 1799. Restored, 24 March 1800 but was deposed for the sixth, and last time.
 * Demetros, installed 1799 and deposed 1800, reinstated 1800, deposed again 1801.
 * Yohannes III, installed 1840, deposed 1841, reinstated and redeposed 1845, rereinstated 1850, and reredeposed 1851.
 * Sahle Dengel, installed 1832, deposed 1840, restored 1841, deposed again 1845, reinstated again 1845, deposed again 1850, reinstated again 1851 and deposed a last time 1855.
 * Emperor Tewodros II, died 1868.
 * Emperor Tekle Giyorgis II was deposed in 1872 by Kassay Merca who was then proclaimed Emperor Yohannes IV.

France

 * Napoleon I, Emperor of the First French Empire, abdicated 1814, reinstated and deposed 1815.
 * Louis XVIII, deposed 1815, reinstated 1815.
 * Napoleon II deposed 1815
 * Charles X, abdicated 1830.
 * Louis XIX, abdicated 1830.
 * Henri V, deposed 1830.
 * Louis Philippe, abdicated 1848.
 * Napoleon III, deposed 1870.

Frankfurt

 * Carl Theodor Reichsfreiherr von Dalberg prince 1806–1810 and Grand Duke 1810–1813 of Frankfurt, deposed or abdicated 1813, died 1817.
 * Prince Eugène-Rose-Napoléon de Beauharnais prince de Venise grand duke of Frankfurt 1813, deposed or abdicated 1813, died 1824.

Prince-Bishopric of Freising

 * Joseph Konrad Graf von Schroffenberg-Mös, Prince-Bishop of Freising, annexed by Bavaria 1803

Freudenberg

 * Benedict Kirchner, Seigneur-Abbot of Freudenberg, annexed by France, 1801

Friedberg in der Wetterau

 * Clemens Augustus Freiherr von Westphalen zu Fürstenberg, Burggraf of Friedberg in der Watterau, lands annexed by Hesse-Darmstadt 1806

Imperial Abbey of Fulda

 * Adalbert III von Herstal, Prince-Bishop of Fulda. Deposed 1802.

Fürstenberg

 * Karl Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg, deposed through the annexation of Fürstenberg by Baden in 1806. Died in 1854.

Gandersheim Abbey

 * Auguste Dorothea Herzogin von Braunschweig, Princess-Abbesse of Gandersheim, deposed in 1802 following the annexation of Gandersheim by the Duchy of Brunswick.

Ganja khanate

 * Javad Khan (1786–1804), deposed through the Russian annexation 1804.

Ghazni

 * Musa Jan Khan of Ghazni emir of Ghazni 1879–1880, deposed or abdicated 1880.

Greece

 * King Otto of Greece, deposed 1862

Guria

 * Vakhtang II Gurieli, Prince of Guria, deposed 1803.
 * David Gurieli, Prince of Guria, deposed 1829.

Gutenzell Abbey

 * Justina von Erolzheim Princess-Abbesse of Gutenzell 1776–1803, deposed through the annexation by Württemberg 1803, died 1809.

Gottschee

 * Wilhelm I of Gottschee 1800–1809 and 1815–1822, lost his domain to Austria-Hungary, restored 1815, died 1822.

Gowa

 * Karaeng Pangkajena Paduka Sri Sultan 'Abdu'l Khalik ibnu Sultan Zain ud-din, Sultan of Gowa, deposed 1814
 * La Oddanriwu Karaeng Katangka Paduka Sri Sultan 'Abdu'l Rahman ibnu Sultan 'Abdu'l Rauf, Sultan of Gowa, installed and deposed 1825, d.1845

Haiti

 * Emperor Faustin I, deposed 1859.

Kingdom of Hanover

 * King George V deposed 1866, died 1878.

Kingdom of Hawaii

 * Queen Liliuokalani deposed 1893.

Emirate of Harar

 * `Abd Allah II ibn `Ali `Abd ash-Shakur, usurper, seized the throne 1884 (or 1885). Deposed by Menelik II in 1887.

Monastic State of the Knights Hospitaller, Heitersheim

 * Ignaz Balthasar Willibald Rink von Baldenstein Prince-General Prior of Heitersheim 1796–1806, deposed through the annexation by Baden.

Herford Abbey

 * Friedrike Charlotte Leopoldine Luise Prinzessin von Brandenburg-Schwedt Princess-Abbesses of Herford 1764–1802, deposed through the annexation by Prussia, died 1808.

Electorate of Hesse

 * Wilhelm IX of Hesse-Kassel, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 1785–1803, then Elector and Sovereign Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 1803–1807, deposed 1807, restored 1813, died 1821.
 * Friedrich Wilhelm I of Hesse Kassel Elector and Sovereign Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 1847–1866, deposed 1866, died 1875.

Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim

 * Franz Egon von Fürstenberg, prince-bishop of Hildesheim 1789–1802, deposed through the annexation by Prussia.

Hohengeroldseck

 * Philipp Franz Wilhelm Ignaz Peter count of Hohengeroldseck 1775–1806, promoted to prince 1806, deposed 1814 died 1829.

Hohenlohe-Langenburg

 * Karl Ludwig of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 1789–1806, deposed through the annexation by Baden 1806.

Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

 * Friedrich Ludwig zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 1796–1806, deposed through the annexation by Bavaria 1806.

Hohenlohe-Bartenstein

 * Ludwig Aloys Joachim of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein prince of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, deposed through the annexation by Bavaria 1806.
 * Karl Joseph of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein prince of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (in Jagstberg) 1798–1806, deposed through the annexation by Bavaria 1806.
 * Eduard of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein prince of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (in Bartenstein), deposed through the annexation by Bavaria 1806.

Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst

 * Karl Albrecht III Philipp Josef prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst 1796–1806, deposed through the annexation by Bavaria 1806.

Hohenzollern-Hechingen

 * Friedrich Wilhelm of Hohenzollern-Hechingen prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen 1838–1850, abdicated 1850, died 1869.

Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

 * Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (Fürst von Hohenzollern zu Sigmaringen) 1831–1848, deposed or abdicated 1848, died 1853.
 * Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (Fürst von Hohenzollern zu Sigmaringen) 1848–1850, abdicated 1850, died 1885.

Holy Roman Empire

 * Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, abdicated 1806

Holland

 * Louis I deposed 1810
 * Louis II deposed 1810, when Holland annexed by France.

Hsamönghkam

 * Maung Shwe E myosa of Hsamönghkam 1825–1834, deposed or abdicated 1834, restored 18xx, reigned until 1847.
 * Maung Me myosa of Hsamönghkam 1834–18xx, deposed or abdicated 18xx, restored 1847, reigned until 1848.
 * Maung Lin myosa of Hsamönghkam 1867, deposed or abdicated 1867, restored 1876, reigned until 18xx.
 * Maung Shwe Min myosa of Hsamönghkam 1848–1867, deposed or abdicated 1867, restored 1885, reigned until 1886.

Hsenwi

 * Sao Hseng Naw Hpa saopha of Hsenwi 1845–1848, deposed or abdicated 1848restored 1853, deposed or abdicated 1855, restored 1867, deposed or abdicated 1869, restored 1874, deposed or abdicated 1875, restored 1876, reigned until 1879.
 * Sao Hpa Mawng Hpa saopha of Hsenwi 1858–1860, deposed or abdicated 1860, restored 1863, deposed or abdicated 1864.

Huahine

 * King Ari'i-mate Te-uru-ra'i of Huahine, deposed 1868.
 * Queen Te-mari'i-a-Teurura'i Ma'i-hara Te-uhe of Huahine, deposed and fled to Tahiti, 1890.
 * Queen Teri'i-na-vaha-roa Teri'ita-ri'a Teha'apapa III of Huahine, deposed on the annexion of Huahine by France, September 1895.

Kingdom of Hungary

 * King Ferdinand V, abdicated 1848.
 * King Francis Joseph I, deposed 1849, restored later that year

County of Isenburg

 * Ernst Kasimir III count of Isenburg 1801–1810, deposed by the French occupation 1810.

Isenburg-Birstein

 * Karl I Friedrich Ludwig Moritz prince of Isenburg-Birstein 1803–1816, deposed 1816, died 1820.

Isenburg-Meerholz

 * Karl Ludwig Wilhelm, Count of Isenburg-Meerholz. Deposed or abdicated 1806.

Isenburg-Wächtersbach

 * Ludwig Maximilian II count of Isenburg-Wächtersbach 1805–1806, deposed 1806.

Itsandra

 * Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu Sultan of Itsandra for 4 times in the 19th century.
 * Tibe Bamba Sultan of Itsandra for 4 times in the 19th century.

Imereti

 * King Solomon II, deposed after his kingdom was annexed by Russia, 20 February 1810.

Italy

 * King Umberto I was killed in 1900.

Jelebu

 * Dato' Mahmud alias Kulup Tunggal, 9th Dato' Mendika Mentri Akhir ul-Zaman and 11th Dato' Penghulu of Jelebu.

Kaisersheim Abbey

 * Franz Xaver Müller prince-abbot of Kaiserheim 1783–1803, deposed through the annexation by Bavaria.

Käppel

 * Marianne Antonia von Donop Princess-abbess of Käppel, deposed through the annexation by Nassau in 1803.

Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti

 * King Giorgi XII, deposed 1800.

Karangasem

 * Sri Paduka Ratu Gusti Gedé Ngurah Agung Langang Paguyangan, Raja of Karangasem, deposed 1828.
 * Sri Paduka Ratu Gusti Ngurah Bagus Pañji Karangasem, Raja of Karangasem, deposed 1838.

Kasanzi

 * Mbumba of Kasanzi, Yaka of Kasanzi ?-1848, deposed or abdicated 1848, restored 1853 and reigned until ?

Kazembe

 * Kazembe IX Lukwesa Mpanga Mwata Kazembe of Kazembe 1872–1883, deposed or abdicated 1883, restored 1885, deposed, abdicated or died 1886.
 * Kazembe X Kanyembo Ntemena Mwata Kazembe of Kazembe 1883–1885, deposed of abdicated 1885, restored 1886, died 1904.

Imperial Ducal Abbey of Kempten
deposed by the annexation by Bavaria.
 * Castolus Reichlin von Meldegg-Amtezell prince-abbot of Kempten 1793–1803

Knyphausen

 * Wilhelm II Gustav Friedrich, Baron of Knyphausen. Deposed or abdicated 1810, restored 1813, re-deposed 1813, restored 1818.
 * Wilhelm III Friedrich Christian Graf von Aldenburg, Baron of Knyphausen. Deposed or abdicated 1854.

Cologne

 * Anton Victor Joseph Johann Raimund Erzherzog von Österreich, archduke of Cologne, deposed 1801, died 1835.

Kyawkku Hsiwan

 * Nga Shwe Maung I Ngwegunhmu of Kyawkku Hsiwan 1844–1852, deposed or abdicated 1852, restored 1856, reigned until 1863.

Laihka

 * Sao Hkam Mawng saopha of Laikha 1860–1862, deposed or abdicated 1862, restored 1868, reigned until 1879.

Lawksawk

 * Sao Waing saopha of Lawksawk 1854–1881, deposed or abdicated 1881, restored 1886, reigned until January 1887.

Lindau Abbey

 * Karl August Fürst von Bretzenheim count of Lindau 1803–1804, deposed 1804.

Loilong

 * Hkun Pu Ngwegunhmu of Loilong 1856–1880, deposed or abdicated 1880, died 1882.

Loimaw

 * Maung Shwe Pyi, Ngwegunhmu of Loimaw. Deposed 1874, restored 1886.

Lombardo-Veneto

 * Ferdinand I, abdicated 1848.
 * Franz Joseph I, lost Lombardy 1859, Venetia 1866 and gave up the title

Lozi

 * Mubukwanu Litunga of the Lozi ?-18th century, deposed in the 18th century.

Lübeck

 * Peter Friedrich Ludwig Herzog von Holstein-Gottorp archbishop (1785–1803) and prince of Lübeck 1803–1806, deposed or abdicated 1806, died 1829.

Kingdom of Madagascar

 * Radama II was murdered in 1863.
 * Ranavalona III queen of Madagascar, deposed by the French 1897.

Archbishopric of Mainz

 * Carl Theodor Reichsfreiherr von Dalberg archbishop of Mainz 1802–1806, deposed or abdicated 1806, died 1817.

Sultanate of the Maldives

 * Sultan Muhammad Mu'in ud-din II, installed 1886, deposed 1888.
 * Sultan Ibrahim Nur ud-din II, installed 1882, deposed 1886, reinstated 1888.
 * Sultan Muhammad 'Imad ud-din V, installed 1892, deposed 1893.
 * Sultan Muhammad Shams ud-din III Iskander, deposed 1893, reinstated 1903, re-deposed 1934.

Mangareva

 * Bernardo Putairi, deposed 1881.

Manyika

 * Cikanga Nyarumwe II mambo of Manyika 1796–1807, deposed or abdicated 1807 restored 1818, reigned until 1822–

Mayotte

 * Andriantsoly of Mayotte sultan of Mayotte 1832–1833, deposed 1833, restored 1836, redeposed 1841, died 1845.

Mergentheim

 * Karl II Ludwig Johann Erzherzog von Österreich Prince-Grand Master of Mergentheim (Fürst und Hoch-und Deutschmeister des Deutschen Ordens in deutschen und wälschen Landen, Administratoren des Hochmeistertums in Preussen, Herrn zu Freudenthal und Eulenberg) 1801–1804, deposed or abdicated 1804, died 1847.
 * Anton Viktor Joseph Raymund Erzherzog von Österreich Prince-Grand master of Mergentheim (Fürst und Hoch-und Deutschmeister des Deutschen Ordens in deutschen und wälschen Landen, Administratoren des Hochmeistertums in Preussen, Herrn zu Freudenthal und Eulenberg) 1804–1809, deposed or abdicated 1809, died 1835.

Mexico

 * Agustín de Iturbide, deposed 1823.
 * Maximilian I of Mexico, deposed in 1867.

Mingrelia

 * Grigol VI Dadiani, deposed 1802, reinstated 1802.
 * Levanti V Dadiani, Duke of Mingrelia, abdicated 1840.
 * Nikolaoz, Duke of Mingrelia, abdicated 1867.

Duchy of Modena

 * Francis IV, Duke of Modena, deposed 1831, restored later that year
 * Francis V, Duke of Modena, deposed 1848, restored 1849, deposed again 1859. His duchy was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860.

Mughal Empire

 * Bahadur Shah II, deposed 1858, dynasty prevails through Prince Mirza Nali

Mosquito Nation

 * George Augustus Frederic II, last King of the Miskito Kingdom, deposed 1860.
 * Andrew Hendy, Hereditary Chief of Mosquitos, abdicated 1889.
 * Robert Henry Clarence, Hereditary Chief of Mosquitos, deposed 12 February 1894.

Mukhrani

 * Constantine IV, deposed on the annexation of his principality by the Tsar of Russia, 1801.

Mwali

 * 1842–67 and 1871–78 Sultan Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane Sultani of Mwali 1842–1867 and 1871–1878

Naning Kingdom

 * Dol Said, deposed 1831

Kingdom of Naples

 * Ferdinand IV, deposed 1806, restored 1815
 * Joseph Bonaparte, abdicated 1808
 * Joachim Murat, deposed 1815

Duchy of Nassau

 * Adolf, Duke of Nassau, deposed 1866

Nassau-Orange-Fulda

 * Prince Willem Frederik, Prince of Orange-Nassau, lost his territories in 1806

Sultanate of Ndzuwani

 * Abdallah II bin Alawi sultan of Ndzuwani 1816–1832, deposed or abdicated 1832, restored 1833, died 1836.
 * Saidi Alawi bin Abdallah sultan of Ndzuwani 1836–1837, deposed or abdicated 1837.

Neu-Leiningen

 * Ferdinand Karl III Wilhelm Leopold count of Neu-Leiningen 1798–1801, deposed or abdicated 1801, died 1813.

Negeri Sembilan

 * Paduka Sri Tuanku Raja Laboh, Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negri Sembilan 1826–1831, deposed 1831

Kingdom of the Netherlands

 * William I, King of the Netherlands, abdicated 1840

Niu'atuputapu

 * Uiliame Latumailangi, 7th Ma'atu of Niu'atuputapu, ceded the island of Niu'atuputapu to King George Tupou I on 4 June 1862, when Niu'atuputapu became an integral part of the Kingdom of Tonga.

Norway

 * Frederick VI, King of Norway, deposed 1814.
 * Christian Frederick, King of Norway, abdicated 1814.

Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück

 * Prince Frederick, Duke of York Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück 1764–1802, deposed as a result of the German Mediatisation, territory was mediated to Hanover.

Ottoman Empire

 * Selim III, deposed 1807.
 * Mustafa IV, executed 1808.
 * Abdulaziz, deposed 1876.
 * Murad V, deposed 1876.

Olbrück

 * Maximilian Friedrich of Olbrück, Baron of Olbrück. Deposed following the annexation of Olbrück by France in 1801.

Oman

 * Salim bin Sultan, Sayyid of Muscat and Oman. Deposed by his brother in 1806.
 * Salim bin Thuwaini, Sultan of Muscat and Oman. Deposed in 1868.

Oran

 * Mustafa Bey al-Manzalah wali of Oran 1802–1805, deposed or abdicated 1805,restored 1807, died 1807.

Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn

 * Franz Egon von Fürstenberg, prince-bishop Paderborn 1789–1802, deposed by the annexation by Prussia.

Papal States

 * Pope Pius VII, deposed as ruler of the Papal States 1809, restored 1814
 * Pope Pius IX, deposed as ruler of the Papal States 1870

Duchy of Parma

 * Charles II, Duke of Parma, deposed 1848, restored later that year, abdicated 1849
 * Robert I, deposed 1859, his duchy annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860

Prince-Bishopric of Passau

 * Leopold Leonhard Raimund II von Thun, Prince-Bishop of Passau, 1796–1803. Deposed following Passau's annexation by Salzburg.

Portugal

 * Pedro IV, abdicated 1826
 * Maria II, deposed 1828, restored 1834
 * Miguel, deposed 1834

Quba Khanate

 * Husayn II Khan, Satyaq Khan of Quba. Deposed following the annexation of Quba by Russia in 1816.

Quedlinburg Abbey

 * Sophie Albertine of Sweden princess-abbes of Quedlinburg 1787–1803, deposed or abdicated 1803, died 1808.

Qusantine

 * Ahmed Bey Ben Abdullah el-Memlouk, Bey of Qusantine, deposed 1818, restored 1820.
 * Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif, Bey of Qusantine, deposed 1848.

Rai'atea

 * Tamatoa-a-tu (Tamatoa V), King of Ra'iatea and Taha'a, deposed on 1871.
 * Te-uru-ra'i Ari'i-mate Tamatoa-Tau-tu Tamatoa VI, King of Ra'iatea and Taha'a, deposed by the annexation of Ra'iatea and Taha'a by France, 16 March 1888.

Reuss-Schleiz

 * Heinrich XLII count of Reuss-Schleiz 1784–1802, deposed or abdicated 1802, died 1818.

Reuss-Lobenstein

 * Heinrich LXXII count of Reuss-Lobenstein, abdicated 1848, died 1853.

Romania

 * Alexandru Ion Cuza, deposed 1866.

Russian Empire

 * Paul I was assassinated in 1801.
 * Alexander II was assassinated in 1881.

Ryukyu Kingdom

 * Sho Tai, deposed and his kingdom abolished in 1879; died 1901.

Kingdom of Sardinia

 * Charles Emmanuel IV, abdicated 1802, died 1819
 * Victor Emmanuel I, abdicated 1821, died 1824
 * Charles Albert, abdicated 1849, died later that year

Saxe-Altenburg

 * Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, abdicated 1848, died 1868

Saxe-Meiningen

 * Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, abdicated 1866, died 1882

Serbia

 * Miloš Obrenović, deposed 1839, restored 1858
 * Michael Obrenović, deposed 1842, restored 1860
 * Alexander Karađorđević, deposed 1858.
 * Milan, abdicated 1889.

Shaki Khanate

 * Mustafa Salim Khan Bashchi of Shakki 1795–1806, deposed or abdicated 1806, died 1819.
 * Isma`il Khan of Shakki Bashchi of Shakki 1815–1819, deposed through the annexation by Russia.

Shewa

 * Haile Melekot, prince of Shewa, deposed 1859.
 * Seyfe Sahle Selassie, prince of Shewa, seized the throne 1859, deposed 1859, restored 1860.
 * Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia, king of Shewa 1855–1856, deposed 1856, restored 1865 as king, terminated the separate state 1889 uniting it to Ethiopia where he ascended as emperor.

Spain

 * Charles IV, deposed 1808, briefly restored later that year before abdicating, died 1819
 * Ferdinand VII, deposed or abdicated 1808, restored 1813, died 1833
 * Joseph Bonaparte, deposed 1813
 * Isabella II, deposed 1868
 * Amadeo I, abdicated 1873

Sri Lanka

 * Sri Wikrama Rajasinghe, the last king in a 2500-year-old monarchy, deposed by the British in 1816. Deported to South India together will all claimants to the throne to extinguish the national royal line. Kept as a prisoner for 17 years where he died at the Vellor Fort at age 52.

Sungai Ujong

 * Dato' Muhammad Yusuf bin Hashim, 13th Undang of Luak of Sungai Ujong 1881–1889, deposed 1889.

Sudan

 * `Abd Allah of Sudan, Khalifa of Sudan, deposed 1898.

Svaneti

 * Constantine Dadeshkeliani, revolted against Russian rule, and was deposed, 11 September 1857.

Sweden

 * Gustav IV Adolf, King of Sweden, deposed 1809

Tahiti

 * Pōmare V, King of Tahiti 1877–1880. Ceded Tahiti to France on 29 June 1880.

Trarza

 * `Umar Salum wuld `Umar, emir of Trarza 1886–1891, deposed or abdicated 1891.

Principality of Trinidad

 * James Harden-Hickey, king of Trinidad 1893–1895, deposed by British then Brazilian, occupation.

Tulsipur

 * "Chauhan" Raja Drig Narayan Singh of House of Tulsipur deposed following the 1857 Mutiny.

Grand Duchy of Tuscany

 * Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, deposed 1801, restored 1814
 * Charles Louis, King of Etruria, deposed 1807
 * Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, deposed 1849, restored later that year, abdicated 1859
 * Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany, deposed 1859, his Grand Duchy was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

 * Francis II of the Two Sicilies, deposed 1860/1861

Viet Nam

 * Cảnh Thịnh, Emperor of the Tây Sơn dynasty, overthrown and executed in 1802
 * Dục Đức, Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, deposed and imprisoned in 1883
 * Hiệp Hòa, Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, deposed and killed in 1883
 * Hàm Nghi, Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, captured and forced into exile in 1888
 * Thành Thái, Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, deposed and forced into exile in 1907
 * Duy Tân, Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, deposed and forced into exile in 1916

Wassulu

 * Samori ibn Lafiya Ture, Fama of Wassulu 1870–1884, Almami of Wassulu 1884–1898. Deposed 29 September 1898.

Prince-Bishopric of Worms

 * Karl Theodor von Dalberg, Prince-Bishop of Worms 1802–1803, deposed following the annexation by Hesse-Darmstadt. Died 1817.

Sultanate of Zanzibar

 * Khalid bin Barghash of Zanzibar, Sultan of Zanzibar, deposed 1896.

Zemio

 * Zangabirou, ruler of Zemio ? -ca. 1855, died ca. 1858

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Luxembourgish euro coins

The page says: As it is the first time that the Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg figures on the coins, his head is turned to the left. Only in the images his head is facing right. Is this a misphrasing, or possibly are earlier coins being referred to? —Muke Tever 17:23, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * If you compare these coins' portrait to the portraits on others, you'll notice they do look in different directions. As with coats of arms, the direction that animals or people on coins or coats are facing is given in reverse, i.e. from their point of view; so on these coins, the Grand Duke is technically facing left. Nightstallion 12:43, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Luxembourgish euro coins


text:
Mary-Kay Wilmers

Mary-Kay Wilmers, Hon. FRSL (born 19 July 1938) is an American editor and journalist. She was the editor of the London Review of Books from 1992 to 2021, and she remains consulting editor. She is a recipient of the Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature.

Family and education
Mary-Kay Wilmers was born in Chicago, Illinois and grew up in New York City. She lived in the United States for the first eight years of her childhood, by the end of which she had lived in 10 different homes and attended eight different schools in America and Europe. Her mother, Cecilia Eitington, was of Russian-Jewish descent, and her father's family were, she said, "very English", but they had come from Germany. For many years Wilmers worked on a book, published in 2009 as The Eitingons: A Twentieth Century Story, recounting the story of her mother's Russian relations, including the psychoanalyst Max Eitingon, as well as her grandfather's cousin Leonid Eitingon, an agent in Joseph Stalin's NKVD who was responsible for masterminding the assassination of Leon Trotsky.

In 1946 Wilmers' parents moved to Europe, spending time in London, Portugal, Belgium, and Switzerland. Her father Charles Wilmers was President of Sofina, a Belgian multinational utilities holding company. Wilmers was educated in Brussels and at boarding school in England. She said that for some time she was happier speaking French than English. Her brother Robert G. Wilmers was an American billionaire and chairman of M&T Bank until his death in 2017.

At Oxford University, where Wilmers read modern languages at St Hugh's College from 1957, she befriended Alan Bennett, later a regular contributor to the London Review of Books. Bennett said about Wilmers's time at university: "Outside the novels of Nancy Mitford or Evelyn Waugh, I had never come across anyone who behaved so confidently or in such a cosmopolitan fashion". For the week of her finals she moved into the Randolph Hotel, staying with her father whose presence was required due to her threat to not sit the exams.

Early career
After her graduation in 1960, she thought about becoming a translator at the United Nations, but instead went to work at the publishers Faber and Faber, employed at first as a secretary. On one occasion she thought she might be sacked for saying "bugger" in front of T. S. Eliot, whose letters she used to type. She later became an editor at Faber and Faber, where she commissioned many books, among them Patriarchal Attitudes by Eva Figes, one of the first works of British feminism. She left Faber aged 29 to become deputy editor of The Listener, edited by Karl Miller, and in the 1970s had a spell at The Times Literary Supplement (TLS).

London Review of Books
In 1979, Wilmers joined Miller in founding London Review of Books (LRB), conceived to fill a gap in the market as a year-long industrial dispute had closed The Times Literary Supplement. The new review was an offshoot of The New York Review of Books, at first appearing folded inside the older publication. The first edition appeared in October 1979.

The New York Review of Books withdrew its support after a few months, and in May 1980, Wilmers made the first of a number of investments of money inherited from her father, establishing an independent London Review of Books and later making herself the majority shareholder. In January 2010, The Times reported that the review was £27 million in debt to the Wilmers family trust. "It's family money and the debts have been rising for many years," Wilmers said. "But I really just look after the commas."

Wilmers became co-editor in 1988 and editor in 1992. Her style was to take a highly interventionist approach: "You want to help readers along. Not discourage them by making them go through a swamp of unnecessary sentences", she said. Her friend Hilary Mantel called Wilmers "a presiding genius", and Andrew O'Hagan explained: "She can’t bear a lazy sentence or secondhand metaphor. She’s tireless in her commitment to the paper". In 2009 the London Review's circulation was 48,000, making it the largest-selling literary publication in Europe. Wilmers stepped down as editor after almost 30 years in 2021, remaining at the magazine as consulting editor.

As an editor, Wilmers has been closely associated with the work of a number of novelists and essayists, including Alan Bennett, John Lanchester, Jenny Diski, Blake Morrison, Alan Hollinghurst, Seamus Heaney, Ian McEwan, Salman Rushdie, Julian Barnes, Craig Raine, Colm Tóibín, Stefan Collini, James Wood, Linda Colley, Jacqueline Rose, Paul Foot, Tariq Ali and Edward Luttwak. Many of these were published prominently when at the beginnings of their careers.

Politically the review is not known for following a consistent party political line, although Wilmers described herself as being "captivated by the left but not of it". Under her editorship the review's treatment of political matters sometimes attracted controversy. In 2006, an article by academics John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt was criticised in some quarters for its claim that the foreign policy of the United States was in the grip of an "Israel lobby". Wilmers has herself said, "I'm unambiguously hostile to Israel because it's a mendacious state", an assessment which has not gone unchallenged. An article by the Cambridge historian Mary Beard, published after the events of September 11, 2001, attracted some attention for suggesting that "America had it coming", and when David Marquand, the political historian and principal of Mansfield College, Oxford, submitted a review praising Tony Blair's handling of the post-11 September period as "impeccable", Wilmers replied saying, "I can't square it with my conscience to praise so wholeheartedly Blair's conduct" and pulled the piece. Marquand announced that he was "utterly shocked".

Honours
A book of tributes to Wilmers, Bad Character, was published privately in June 2008 and distributed as a limited edition.

In 2017 she was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, as well as being honoured with their Benson Medal.

Personal life
In 1968, Wilmers married film director Stephen Frears, with whom she had two sons, Sam and Will. They lived on Gloucester Crescent in Camden Town. Frears left Wilmers while she was pregnant with their second son Will in the early 1970s, and the couple divorced. Nina Stibbe, the live-in nanny that Wilmers hired in the early 1980s, wrote letters home that described the North London "literati" life; these were compiled, published, and adapted into the 2016 TV series Love, Nina.

title: Mary-Kay Wilmers


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Rising (Stargate Atlantis)

"Rising" is the pilot episode for season one of the military science fiction television series Stargate Atlantis, a Canadian-American spin off series of Stargate SG-1. The episode was written by executive producers Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper, and directed by Martin Wood. The episode was the strongest episode of the whole series on Nielsen household ratings. The episode got strong reviews from major media publishers worldwide.

"Rising" is about the establishment of the Atlantis expedition, it follows Major John Sheppard (Joe Flanigan) and Colonel Marshall Sumner (Robert Patrick) and their mission to the Pegasus Galaxy in part one. The second part is about the awakening of the Wraith and freeing prisoners of war from them. The pilot has various guest stars from Stargate SG-1 as for example Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson) and Siler (Dan Shea) among others.

Part 1
The technologically advanced Ancient race from Stargate SG-1 series voyaged to the Pegasus Galaxy from Earth via a colossal starship to spread new life. The city of Atlantis served as a maneuvering station as well as a base of operations. Their mission was unsuccessful and they met a terrible new enemy called the Wraith, the Ancients lost the war with the Wraith and after a long siege Atlantis was submerged under the ocean.

Discovering evidence of the Ancients journey to another galaxy, a large team of scientists and military personnel, led by diplomat Elizabeth Weir (Torri Higginson) examine residual technology in an Antarctic outpost with hopes to travel to Atlantis, thereby discovering any knowledge left behind and unraveling the mystery of the abrupt disappearance of its citizens. With the assistance of Daniel Jackson (Michael Shanks) and Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson) they are able to travel to Atlantis through the Stargate.

Using an Ancient power resource known as the Zero Point Module (ZPM) to supply the energy essential for the unusually extended wormhole, an assembly of volunteer representatives from many different countries joins the Atlantis expedition under the command of Colonel Marshall Sumner (Robert Patrick) of the United States Marine Corps. Shortly after crossing, Dr. Rodney McKay (David Hewlett) determines that because of the immediate depletion of power due to their arrival, the shield protecting the city from the ocean water, will imminently collapse. Without enough energy to return to Earth, a squadron including Colonel Sumner, Major John Sheppard (Joe Flanigan), and Lieutenant Aiden Ford (Rainbow Sun Francks) travels to a random planet for help. The local villagers, led by Teyla Emmagan (Rachel Luttrell), are permitted to breed for generations before being systematically harvested by the Wraith. They assist the strangers, but as Colonel Sumner arranges an exploration of a vacant Ancient settlement, three Wraith starships travel through the Athosian Stargate to begin herding the planet’s human inhabitants.

Part 2
The Wraith starships head toward the village and start attacking. The military personnel start attacking the starships, but are eventually outmaneuvered by the Wraith. Back in Atlantis the shield is getting weaker and the remaining personnel there receive immediate orders to evacuate. Before they are able to press the gate address John Sheppard and the Athosian villagers come through the Stargate. When the shield fails, rather than taking on water, the city rises to the ocean surface. The captured military personnel and Athosian villagers wake up in a Wraith cell, three Wraith start taking out prisoners from the cell, one at the time. After tracking where the Wraith hideout is, Rodney McKay reveals to Sheppard that they can use one of the Ancient spaceships, dubbed "Puddle Jumper" by Sheppard, to get there. In the meantime, Carson Beckett shows Elizabeth Weir what he found out about the Wraith DNA.

Weir authorizes the rescue mission led by Sheppard, and he assembles a team together with Aiden Ford, to go through the Stargate. After leaving the Spacegate (a Stargate placed in Space, or in Orbit around a planet) on the other side, they eventually find the location of the Wraith base on the planet below. Meanwhile, Marshall Sumner is confronted by a Wraith woman (The Keeper). She tells him about their race and then uses her telepathic abilities to find out about Earth which she hopes to use as a new feeding ground for the Wraith. In the meantime Sheppard and Ford infiltrate the Wraith base and trying to locate the survivors from the Wraith attack. They split up, and Sheppard finds Sumner and the Keeper. The Keeper begins to feed on Sumner, and Sheppard shoots him, after witnessing his suffering. After Ford locates and saves the others survivors, he saves Sheppard from being fed upon by the Keeper. Sheppard kills her, but she tells him with her dying breath, that he has awoken them all. Sheppard and Ford witness the Wraith awakening from their hibernation pods, and decide to leave.

The remaining soldiers, protecting the Jumper outside the base are attacked by Wraith Darts. The team is able to escape the planet with the Jumper, but is held up by Wraith Darts blockading the Spacegate. Sheppard eventually manages to maneuver the Jumper to the gate. Back in Atlantis Sheppard, Ford and Weir talk about the situation with the Wraith and Sheppard apologizes because he hasn't made them many friends. However, Weir then shows him the Athosians, and Teyla Emmagan agrees with her, since they will help them find more friends. While the expedition celebrates their arrival in Atlantis, Weir asks Sheppard which members he wants in his team, since they have to go out there to fight the Wraith.

Production
The pilot episode, "Rising (Parts 1 and 2)" was written by Robert C. Cooper and Brad Wright, and directed by Martin Wood. The Pemberton Glacier in British Columbia doubles for Antarctica during the opening flying sequence. The Antarctic scenes in the start of the episode was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The budget for the two-part episode was estimated around $5 million US dollars. Rodney McKay was actually supposed to be African-Canadian under the name Dr. Benjamin Ingram, but when the producers hired Rainbow Sun Francks to the play the young tactical genius, they approached David Hewlett to audition for the role. The producers eventually came to a solution where Ingram would be replaced by McKay from the former Stargate SG-1 series. The character Teyla Emmagan was originally named "Mikala" in the early drafts of the Stargate Atlantis script. At the end of February, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) announced the inclusion of Robert Patrick's character Marshall Sumner. The official announcement said that he would only be featured in part one, but was later extended to both parts one and two. In January 2004 the Stargate producers announced including Jack O'Neill (portrayed by Richard Dean Anderson) and Daniel Jackson (portrayed by Michael Shanks) in the two-hour premiere pilot episode to make it easier for fans to relate to.

Stargate Atlantis was supposed to be set on present day Earth, after Stargate SG-1 was canceled. This cancelation of SG-1 didn't happen and Stargate Atlantis was released while Stargate SG-1 was still airing, so the story arc was set in a new galaxy under the name, Pegasus. The story was set in another galaxy so the two running series would not collide with each other and to stop plot interferences.

Reception
"Rising" is Stargate Atlantis strongest episode of the series, with a 3.2 on the Nielsen ratings. The episode was the most watched episode ever broadcast by Sci Fi Channel gathering over 4 million viewers in the United States according to Variety in 2004, but was beaten by Warehouse 13 in 2009. In the United Kingdom, it was viewed by 1.28 million people, placing it first in the most viewed shows in Sky One for the week. The two-part pilot episode was released on DVD after its initial broadcast on TV. The pilot episode was awarded a Gemini Award in the category Best Visual Effects. The episode was also nominated for an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series", a Leo Award for "Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series", and a Visual Effects Society Award for "Outstanding Visual Effects in a Broadcast Series". The original and first release date of "Rising (Part 1)" was on July 16, 2004 and was released internationally on September 19, 2005. "Rising (Part 2)" was released at the same time as Part 1 in the United States, but was released internationally on September 26, 2006.

David Nusair from Reel Film Reviews said "as a pilot episode, there's no denying that "Rising" gets the job done." IGN reviewer Filip Vukcevic gave the episode, 6 out of 10 and said "while this pilot does have promise, it doesn't appear to deliver anything but average sci-fi fare. Hopefully the series itself has more spice." Dan Heaton from Digitally Obsessed said "Rising provides a strong introduction to an original series that retains the positive aspects of its predecessor but does not simply copy its success," and gave the episode an A. Taylor Brown when reviewing the Rising (Part 1) from GateWorld said "as a pilot episode, "Rising" gives viewers a lot of hope for the series to come," the episode was given 4 out of 5 stars. Virginia Heffernan from The New York Times called the episode "Dull" and further commented that it was a "relic of our own unenlightened time," but said that the show could win fans with its "Lavish special effects".

title: Rising (Stargate Atlantis)


text:
Rice pudding

Rice pudding is a dish made from rice mixed with water or milk and commonly other ingredients such as sweeteners, spices, flavourings and sometimes eggs.

Variants are used for either desserts or dinners. When used as a dessert, it is commonly combined with a sweetener such as sugar. Such desserts are found on many continents, especially Asia where rice is a staple. Some variants are thickened only with the rice starch; others include eggs, making them a kind of custard.

Rice pudding around the world

Rice puddings are found in nearly every area of the world. Recipes can greatly vary even within a single country. The dessert can be boiled or baked. Different types of pudding vary depending on preparation methods and the selected ingredients. The following ingredients are usually found in rice puddings:
 * rice; white rice (usually short-grain, but can also be long-grain, broken rice, basmati, or jasmine rice), brown rice, or black rice
 * milk (whole milk, plant milk, cream, or evaporated)
 * spices (cardamom, nutmeg, cinnamon, ginger, or others)
 * flavorings and toppings (vanilla, orange, lemon, rose water; pistachio, almond, cashew, raisin, walnut, or others)
 * sweetener (sugar, brown sugar, honey, sweetened condensed milk, dates, fruit or syrups)
 * eggs (sometimes)

The following is a list of various rice puddings grouped by place of origin.

West Asia/North Africa

 * Moghli (Lebanese, مغلي) with anise, caraway, and cinnamon
 * Mahalabia (Arabic, مهلبية) with milk, rice flour, sugar, and rosewater
 * Riz au lait (DRC-French) with milk and sugar
 * Fırın sütlaç (Turkish) baked, with milk, eggs, and cinnamon
 * Sütlaç (Turkish), served as cold; often browned in a salamander broiler and garnished with cinnamon. May be sweetened with sugar or pekmez.
 * Riz bi haleeb (Levantine), (lit. 'rice-with-milk') with rosewater and occasionally mastic
 * Roz bel-laban (Egyptian), (lit. 'rice-with-milk')
 * Sholezard (Iranian) made with saffron and rose water. Some variations use butter to improve the texture. It is especially served on Islamic occasions in the months of Muharram and Ramadan.
 * Shir Berenj (Iranian, شیر برنج) made with cardamom
 * Zarda wa haleeb (Iraqi) rice prepared with date syrup served in the same dish as with rice prepared with milk
 * Gatnabour (Armenian, Կաթնապուր), (lit. 'milk pudding')
 * Südlü aş (Azerbaijani), (lit. 'rice dish with milk')

Central and South Asia

 * Dudhapak (Indian [Gujarati]) with slow-boiled milk, sugar, basmati rice, nuts, and saffron
 * Firni (South-Central Asian) with broken rice, cardamom and pistachio, reduced to a paste, and served cold
 * Kheer (Indian Subcontinent) with slow-boiled milk
 * Payasam (South Indian) with slow-boiled milk, sugar/ jaggery, and nuts
 * Paayesh (Bengali) with grounded basmati or parboiled rice, milk, sugar or jaggery, cardamom and pistachio; can be served either hot or cold
 * Pongal, a sweet rice pudding made with brown rice, traditionally found in both South Indian cuisine and Sri Lankan cuisine and eaten for New Year's Day festivities.
 * Kiribath, a traditional dish made from coconut milk and rice in Sri Lankan cuisine.

East Asia

 * Ba bao fan (Chinese) with glutinous rice, red bean paste, lard, sugar syrup, and eight kinds of fruits or nuts; traditionally eaten at the Chinese New Year
 * Put chai ko (Hong Kong) made with white or brown sugar, long-grain rice flour, and a little cornstarch.

Southeast Asia
Many dishes resembling rice pudding can be found in Southeast Asia, many of which have Chinese influences. Owing to Chinese usage, they are almost never referred to as rice pudding by the local populations (whether ethnic Chinese origin or not) but instead called sweet rice porridge.
 * Banana rice pudding (Thailand)
 * Bubur ketan hitam (Indonesia), black glutinous rice porridge
 * Bubur sumsum (Indonesia)
 * Chè (Vietnam), Vietnamese dessert porridges and puddings, many of which utilize glutinous rice
 * Khanom sot sai (Thailand, ขนมสอดไส้)
 * Maja blanca (Philippines), milk-and-rice pudding
 * Pulut hitam (Malaysia/Singapore), similar to ketan hitam, its Indonesian counterpart
 * Tibuktíbuk (Philippines), Pampangan milk-and-rice pudding
 * Tsamporado (Philippines), chocolate rice pudding

Britain and Ireland
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, rice pudding is a traditional dessert typically made with high-starch short-grained rice sold as "pudding rice".

The earliest rice pudding recipes were called whitepot and date from the Tudor period. Rice pudding is traditionally made with pudding rice, milk, cream and sugar and is sometimes flavoured with vanilla, nutmeg, jam and/or cinnamon. It can be made in two ways: in a saucepan or by baking in the oven.

In a saucepan, it is made by gently simmering the milk and rice until tender, and then the sugar is carefully mixed in. Finally, the cream is mixed in, and it can either be left to cool and be served at room temperature, or it can be heated and served hot. It should have a very creamy consistency.

When made in the oven, the pudding rice is placed into a baking dish, and the milk, cream and sugar are mixed in. The dish is then placed in the oven and baked at a low temperature for a few hours, until the rice is tender and the pudding has a creamy consistency. While cooking, the pudding may develop a thick crust, which adds a distinct texture. It is traditional to sprinkle the top with finely grated nutmeg before baking. Using evaporated milk (9% milk fat) instead of whole milk enriches the result and intensifies the caramelised flavour.

An alternative recipe frequently used in the north of England uses butter instead of cream, adds a small pinch of salt, and requires the pudding mixture to stand for an hour or so prior to being cooked. Such puddings tend to set firmly when cooled, enabling slices to be cut and eaten like cake. If eaten hot, the pudding is traditionally served with cream poured on top in wealthy households, and with full fat milk where cream was not available. A spoonful of sweet jam or conserve is also a very popular topping for the pudding. Clotted cream is often used in the West Country.

A specific type of rice is available and widely used for rice pudding, called pudding rice. Similar to Arborio rice, its grain is round and short, and when cooked produces a creamier consistency than savoury rice. However, other short grained rice can be used as a substitute.

Ready-made, pre-cooked rice pudding is widely available in supermarkets and convenience stores, either chilled in pots or ambient in tin cans, which has a long shelf life. A popular brand is Ambrosia. Some brands are made with skimmed (fat free) milk.

European dishes similar to rice pudding

 * Arroz con leche (Spanish) with milk, sugar, cinnamon, lemon zest (whole or grated), sometimes eggs
 * Arroz doce (Portuguese) with sugar, milk, egg yolks, cinnamon sticks and ground cinnamon, lemon peel, vanilla and a pinch of nutmeg can be added. The consistency should be thick, soft and held together.  It is traditional to create a decorative pattern with ground cinnamon using only the fingertips.
 * Arroz-esne (Basque) with sugar and milk; sometimes with cinnamon
 * Budino di riso (Italian) with milk, eggs, raisins and orange peel
 * Grjónagrautur (Icelandic), everyday meal, served with cinnamon, sugar, raisins and lifrarpylsa 'liver sausage'.
 * Milchreis (German) with rice, milk, sugar, cinnamon, and applesauce.
 * Mlečni riž or Rižev puding (Slovene)
 * Mliečna ryža (Slovak)
 * Молочна рисова каша / molochna risova kasha (Ukrainian), also can appear as кутя (kutia) for Christmas (served with dried fruits and nuts)
 * Orez cu lapte (Romanian) with milk and cinnamon
 * Riisipuuro (Finnish), served at Christmas time, often with cinnamon and sugar or prune kissel; additionally used as a filling for the traditional Karelian pasty
 * Rijstebrij (Dutch) or Rijstpap (Flemish)
 * Risengrød (Danish), served with butter, sugar and cinnamon or dark fruit juice at the Christmas table and for dinner during the winter months
 * Risengrynsgrøt/risgrøt/riskrem (Norwegian), served with butter, sugar and cinnamon and especially popular at Christmas, usually eaten on 23 December in a celebration called Lillejulaften 'Little Christmas Eve'
 * Risgrynsgröt (Swedish), served with sugar and cinnamon and milk or fruit juice sauce, at the Christmas table and for breakfast and dinner during the winter months, especially during Christmas time
 * Riža na mlijeku (Croatian)
 * Riz au lait or the moulded riz à l'impératrice (French)
 * Ρυζόγαλο/rizogalo (Greek) stovetop or baked rice pudding, with milk, sugar, vanilla and cinnamon.
 * Ryż na mleku (Polish)
 * Sutlijaš (Bosnian)
 * Sylt(i)jash / qumësht me oriz (Albanian)
 * Сутлијач / Благ ориз (sutliyach, blag oriz) (Macedonian), also Лапа (lapa, ) with black poppy seeds
 * Сутлијаш / sutlijaš (Serbian)
 * Мляко с ориз / mliako s oriz, or Сутляш in certain regions (Bulgarian) with milk and cinnamon
 * Tameloriz (Kosovan Albanian)
 * Tejberizs and rizsfelfújt (Hungarian) often with raisins or golden raisins, cinnamon and/or cocoa powder, sometimes with almonds or walnuts; for dessert or breakfast
 * Teurgoule (Normandy)
 * Рисовая каша / risovaya kasha (Russian), usually eaten for breakfast, sweetened with sugar and served with a knob of butter

Nordic countries
In the Nordic countries, rice porridge is a common breakfast and sometimes lunch dish. It is made as a warm dish from rice cooked in milk. When served, it is commonly sprinkled with cinnamon, sugar (or syrup) and a small knob of butter, and served with milk or fruit juice. In Iceland, it is sometimes served with cold slátur, a type of liver sausage. In different languages it is called risengrød (Danish), risengrynsgrøt or risgrøt/risgraut (Norwegian), risgrynsgröt (Swedish), riisipuuro (Finnish), grjónagrautur, hrísgrautur or hrísgrjónagrautur (Icelandic), and rísgreytur (Faroese).

The rice porridge dinner is used as a basis for rice cream dessert. There are many different variants of this dessert but the basis is the same: cold rice porridge (the dinner variant) is mixed with whipped cream and sweetened. In Sweden, it is sometimes mixed with oranges and is then called apelsinris. Risalamande (Danish, after French riz à l'amande, rice with almonds) is cold risengrød with whipped cream, vanilla, and chopped almond, often served with hot or chilled cherry (or strawberry) sauce. In Norway, the dessert is called riskrem and served with red sauce (usually made from strawberries, raspberries or cherries). Rice cream dessert is called ris à la Malta in Sweden, while what is referred to as risgrynspudding is made with eggs instead of cream.

In Scandinavia, rice pudding has long been a part of Christmas tradition, in some countries referred to as julegröt/julegrøt/julegrød/joulupuuro (Yule porridge) or tomtegröt/nissegrød. The latter name is due to the old tradition of sharing the meal with the guardian of the homestead, called tomte or nisse (see also blót). In Finland, Christmas rice porridge is sometimes eaten with a kissel or compote made of dried prunes.

A particular Christmas tradition often associated with rice pudding or porridge is hiding a whole almond in the porridge. In Sweden and Finland, popular belief has it that the one who eats the almond will be in luck the following year. In Norway, Denmark, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, the one who finds it will get the almond present as a prize. In Denmark and the Faroe Islands, the almond tradition is usually done with risalamande served as dessert at julefrokost (Christmas lunch) or on Christmas Eve. In Norway, it is commonly served as lunch or early dinner on Christmas Eve or the day before, lillejulaften 'Little Christmas Eve'. In Sweden and Finland, it is more commonly done with a rice porridge dinner, sometimes a few days before Christmas Eve.

Canada and the United States
In Canada and the United States, most recipes come from European immigrants. In the latter half of the 20th century, South Asian, Middle Eastern and Latin American recipes have also become more common. In New England, a popular pudding is made with long grain rice, milk, sugar, or in Vermont, maple syrup. This may be combined with nutmeg, cinnamon, and/or raisins. The pudding is usually partially cooked on top of the stove in a double boiler, and then finished in an oven.

Latin America and the Caribbean

 * Arroz con dulce (Puerto Rico) rice pudding in Puerto Rico is typically made with milk, butter, raisins, rum, short grain rice, coconut cream, sugar and a variety of spices. The spices usually include ginger, clove, star anise, nutmeg, cinnamon, and vanilla.
 * Arroz con leche (Dominican Republic) made with milk, cinnamon, raisins, sugar, and nutmeg. Other spices are also often used such as clove, vanilla, star anise and lemon zest.
 * Arroz con leche made to Spanish recipes; popular flavourings include anise seed, star anise, and raisins (Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica), cinnamon, or cajeta or dulce de leche (Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile, Uruguay, Venezuela, Cuba, Panama) or dulce de leche with cinnamon (Argentina). Arroz con leche was brought to Argentina by Spanish colonists, and has been popular and developed many variants since then. It may be served cold or hot, and in addition to the standard dulce de leche and/or cinnamon, it can be served with almonds, fruit, lemon zest, chocolate or cocoa, cream, or even plain with no additional flavors.
 * Arroz con leche (Mexican) with milk, cinnamon, sugar, egg yolk, vanilla, orange peel, raisins (soaked in sherry, rum or tequila); chocolate, butter, nutmeg, or lime zest may also be added.
 * Arroz con leche (Guatemala) with milk, cinnamon, sugar, and vanilla; raisins may also be added.
 * Rice pudding (Jamaican) with milk, egg yolk, allspice, sugar, raisins (soaked in rum), vanilla, butter, sometimes crushed meringue, toasted coconut flakes, cornstarch, and crushed pineapple can be added.
 * Arroz con leche (Colombian) with milk, cream, sugar, coffee, raisins (soaked in rum or red wine), butter, vanilla, cinnamon, and cloves.
 * Arroz con leche (Peruvian) with milk, sugar, orange peel, raisins, cloves, sweetened condensed milk, cinnamon, and vanilla and sometimes shredded coconut and (more rarely) brazil nuts can be added. It is commonly consumed with mazamorra morada (purple corn pudding). When served with mazamorra morada, it is known as clasico.
 * Morocho (Ecuador)
 * Sweet rice (Trinidadian and Guyanese) with coconut milk, nutmeg, cinnamon, raisins, vanilla, and angostura bitter.
 * Arroz-doce or arroz de leite (Brazilian) with milk or occasionally coconut milk, sugar, condensed milk and cinnamon.
 * Arroz con leche (Venezuela) with milk, coconut, sugar, condensed milk and cinnamon.
 * Du riz au lait (Haiti) made with milk, condensed milk, cinnamon, vanilla, sugar, and raisins.

title: Rice pudding


text:
Talk:Mastiff

Shar Pei
Genetic research shows the Shar Pei is not closely related to mastiffs, but instead is related to the spitz breeds. I have removed both Shar Pei breeds as a result. Cavalryman (talk) 20:07, 22 September 2019 (UTC).

 * Good call - the more advanced Parker 2017 shows it sitting in with its cousins the Akita, Siberian husky, Malamute, Greenland sled dog, and the.....Tibetan mastiff that raises another problem.  William Harris Canis lupis track.svg talk Canis lupis track.svg 09:22, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

Proposal:Simplification of list
I propose to simplify the list on this page to simple links to mastiff breed pages, removing the table with all of the photos, countries of origin etc. I believe the list is given too much weight in an article about a dog type, I invite page watchers to give comment on this proposal. Kind regards, Cavalryman (talk) 05:19, 19 May 2020 (UTC).

 * Support - as per other recent WP:DOGS simplification of lists. The introduction could do with a review as well - most of these breeds are 200 years old maximum.  William Harris Canis lupis track.svg talk Canis lupis track.svg 08:59, 19 May 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅--Pierpao (talk) 11:27, 19 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment, not sure about this. As it stands, there isn't really an article about the dog type, and the page should probably just be moved to List of mastiff breeds. If someone's planning to write that article (the zoology, history, literature, iconography, etc of these dogs), then the weight of the list will become relatively less excessive. Another option is simply to split the list(s) from the stub. I was a proponent and then a supporter of the excellent clean-up that's been done at the main list of dog breeds, which was made useless by its unwieldiness; I don't have the same concerns about the lists here, and indeed have made many essentially similar lists myself (of Swiss goat breeds, German horse breeds and so on). That's not to say that either those or the lists here are perfect, but the basic formula of table with name(s) + image + notes seems encyclopaedic and appropriate for a short list of this kind. I think I've already fixed the problems with the display of images in the table. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 15:36, 19 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment - this article has been around since 2004 and hasn't gone anywhere. Little more can be said on this topic, apart from the fact that numerous mastiff breeds exist and that there are some authors who believe that "mastiff-like" dogs existed 3,000 years ago (...based on rock scratchings and dubious artistically-licensed Egyptian drawings...) I support a move to List of mastiff breeds but I am not sure what to do with the earlier text, if anything.  William Harris Canis lupis track.svg talk Canis lupis track.svg 09:00, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

Template: Mastiffs
Shouldn't the extinct breeds be on this template as well as the extant breeds? This should be fixed.Mcfoureyes (talk) 03:40, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

It's been done; thanks for letting me do this.Mcfoureyes (talk) 19:28, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

Adding two breeds
Shouldn't the Continental Bulldog and the St. Bernard be added to the extant breeds section? The first breed is listed in the same section in the Bulldog type article and the second one is related to the Alpine Mastiff.Mcfoureyes (talk) 02:01, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

It's been done; thanks again for letting me do this.Mcfoureyes (talk) 17:03, 21 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Hello, I support the inclusion of Continental bulldog, but not the St. Bernard which is in fact more closely related to the livestock guardian dogs than the mastiffs. The molosser article explains the distinction. Kind regards, Cavalryman (talk) 20:48, 21 March 2021 (UTC).

Thanks for telling me this. I really had no idea.Mcfoureyes (talk) 05:17, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

Though no true Mastiff, the Tibetan Mastiff is the most expensive dog breed, period. I guess thats noteworthy. Pls proof my edits, btw.
I'm adding mention of this- revert if I screw up pls, or better- fix my mistakes. :P Never really worked on references / external links section in detail before. Here goes... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Know Einstein (talk • contribs) 09:19, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mastiff


text:
Scotoma

A scotoma is an area of partial alteration in the field of vision consisting of a partially diminished or entirely degenerated visual acuity that is surrounded by a field of normal – or relatively well-preserved – vision.

Every normal mammalian eye has a scotoma in its field of vision, usually termed its blind spot. This is a location with no photoreceptor cells, where the retinal ganglion cell axons that compose the optic nerve exit the retina. This location is called the optic disc. There is no direct conscious awareness of visual scotomas. They are simply regions of reduced information within the visual field. Rather than recognizing an incomplete image, patients with scotomas report that things "disappear" on them.

The presence of the blind spot scotoma can be demonstrated subjectively by covering one eye, carefully holding fixation with the open eye, and placing an object (such as one's thumb) in the lateral and horizontal visual field, about 15 degrees from fixation (see the blind spot article). The size of the monocular scotoma is 5×7 degrees of visual angle.

A scotoma can be a symptom of damage to any part of the visual system, such as retinal damage from exposure to high-powered lasers, macular degeneration, and brain damage.

The term scotoma is also used metaphorically in several fields. The common theme of all the figurative senses is of a gap not in visual function but in the mind's perception, cognition, or world view. The term is from Greek σκότος/skótos, "darkness."

Signs and symptoms
Symptom-producing, or pathological, scotomata may be due to a wide range of disease processes, affecting any part of the visual system, including the retina (in particular its most sensitive portion, the macula), the optic nerve and even the visual cortex. A pathological scotoma may involve any part of the visual field and may be of any shape or size. A scotoma may include and enlarge the normal blind spot. Even a small scotoma that happens to affect central or macular vision will produce a severe visual disability, whereas a large scotoma in the more peripheral part of a visual field may go unnoticed by the bearer because of the normal reduced optical resolution in the peripheral visual field.

Causes
Common causes of scotomas include demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis (retrobulbar neuritis), damage to nerve fiber layer in the retina (seen as cotton wool spots ) due to hypertension, toxic substances such as methyl alcohol, ethambutol and quinine, nutritional deficiencies, vascular blockages either in the retina or in the optic nerve, stroke or other brain injury, and macular degeneration, often associated with aging. Scintillating scotoma is a common visual aura in migraine. Less common, but important because they are sometimes reversible or curable by surgery, are scotomata due to tumors such as those arising from the pituitary gland, which may compress the optic nerve or interfere with its blood supply.

Rarely, scotomata are bilateral. One important variety of bilateral scotoma may occur when a pituitary tumour begins to compress the optic chiasm (as distinct from a single optic nerve) and produces a bitemporal paracentral scotoma, and later, when the tumor enlarges, the scotomas extend out to the periphery to cause the characteristic bitemporal hemianopsia. This type of visual-field defect tends to be obvious to the person experiencing it but often evades early objective diagnosis, as it is more difficult to detect by cursory clinical examination than the classical or textbook bitemporal peripheral hemianopia and may even elude sophisticated electronic modes of visual-field assessment.

In a pregnant woman, scotomata can present as a symptom of severe pre-eclampsia, a form of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Similarly, scotomata may develop as a result of the increased intracranial pressure that occurs in malignant hypertension.

The scotoma is also caused by the aminoglycoside antibiotics mainly by streptomycin.

Terminology
Beyond its literal sense concerning the visual system, the term scotoma is also used metaphorically in several fields, including neurology, neuropsychology, psychology, philosophy, and politics. The common theme of all the figurative senses is of a gap not in visual function but in the mind's perception, cognition, or world view. Their concrete connection to the literal sense, however, is by the connection between the nervous system and the mind, via the chain of links from sensory input, to nerve conduction, to the brain, to perception (the processing and interpreting of that input) via the brain-mind correlation, to psychological function. Thus there is not only (or not necessarily) a visual inability to see an aspect of reality but also (or instead) a mental inability to conceive even the possibility of seeing that aspect, due to a cognitive schema that lacks any provision for it.

At the most concrete level, there is neuropsychological scotoma. One example is the hemispatial neglect that is sometimes experienced by people who have had strokes. Another type is the phenomenon of reverse or negative phantom limb, in which nerve injuries to the limbs, such as trauma in which a limb's nerves are severed but the limb is spared from amputation, can affect the mind's body schema in such a way that an existing limb seems to its owner like it should not exist, and its presence thus seems uncanny. Neurologist Oliver Sacks, who experienced a reverse phantom leg that later resolved, considered it a form of spatial neglect in the body schema analogous to hemispatial neglect in that the mind could not conceive of the leg as self because it could not conceive that there was any space for the leg to exist in. Sacks and others agreed that the leg thus seemed like someone else's leg, including sometimes a cadaverous one, which was part of the reason for the dysphoria but not the sole explanation. Even for people who intellectually understood that the leg or hand was supposed to be theirs simply could not believe it emotionally and could not completely reconcile reality with schema, prompting great unease. Given how hard this is to comprehend for a person who has not experienced it, people recently experiencing it for the first time consider it both uncanny and ineffable (as Sacks self-reported and found in others ). Sacks also explored the regular type of phantom limb (a positive phantom), which does not produce a neuropsychological scotoma but shares with reverse phantoms the trait that the body schema resists revision despite a person's perfect intellectual awareness and acceptance of the current physical reality (that is, that the amputated limb is gone or that the spared limb is still present). This suggests that aspects of schema in the mind (body schema, world schema) have neurologic bases that cannot be revised by mere intellectual understanding—at least not quickly. Sacks does explore the topic of how people adapt to phantoms over the years and how positive phantom limbs often gradually foreshorten and sometimes disappear; but some remain for the rest of life.

At a higher level of abstraction are what have been called , in which a person's self-perception of his or her own personality is judged by others to have a gap in perceptive ability. Thus, in psychology, scotoma can refer to a person's inability to perceive personality traits in themselves that are obvious to others. And at the highest abstraction level are what have been called intellectual scotomas, in which a person cannot perceive distortions in their world view that are obvious to others. Thus, in philosophy or politics, a person's thoughts or beliefs might be shaped by an inability to appreciate aspects of social interaction or institutional structure.

Detection
• Amsler grid

• Horizontal eccentricity

• Visual field test

Types
• Binasal hemianopsia

• Bitemporal hemianopsia

• Cortical spreading depression

• Scintillating scotoma

title: Scotoma


text: Category:Stargate Atlantis episodes

title: Category:Stargate Atlantis episodes


text:
User talk:TojikZoda

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title: User talk:TojikZoda


text:
County of Derby

County of Derby may refer to:
 * Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom
 * County of Derby (South Australia)
 * County of Derby, Queensland, Australia

title: County of Derby