text:
José Burgos

José Apolonio Burgos y García (February 9, 1837 – February 17, 1872) was a Filipino Catholic priest, accused of mutiny by the Spanish colonial authorities in the Philippines in the 19th century. He was tried and executed in Manila along with two other clergymen, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, who are collectively known as the Gomburza.

Early life
José Burgos, baptized José Apolonio Burgos y García, was born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur on February 9, 1837, to a Spanish officer, Don José Tiburcio Burgos y Calderón, and a Filipino mestiza mother named Florencia García. He obtained three undergraduate degrees with honors, two master's degrees and two doctorate degrees from the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and from the University of Santo Tomas. He conducted his first mass in Intramuros.

Contributions
Burgos' nationalist views, codified in editorial essays, championing political and ecclesiastic reforms in favor of empowering more native clergymen, made him a target of opposition to civil authorities.

In 1864, an anonymous pamphlet was published in Manila, criticizing the prejudice in the Church, and providing rebuttals against several canards against the native clergy. Although the document was unsigned, historians believe the author to be Burgos, based on its style and content. Burgos also penned several signed articles later in his life, in response to a series of anonymous written attacks on the Filipino clergy. Though Burgos offered few new ideas, his name caught the attention of Spanish authorities, who would report that the native clergy was becoming separatist.

In 1869, Felipé Buencamino, a young student and an acquaintance of Burgos, was charged with spreading nationalist propaganda in the form of leaflets scattered throughout his school's campus, demanding academic freedom. This accusation was given credence by a protest he staged several months prior in opposition to being required to speak Latin in classes. Consequently, Buencamino and some of his associates were sent to jail. With the aid of Burgos, Buencamino was freed four months later, only to be told that having missed school for four months, he would have to find a tutor who would help him make up for the classes he missed. Buencamino chose Burgos.

By this time, Burgos had established a reputation as a defender of the native clergy. His debates over the rights of native priests had extended to include questions of race and nationalism. This reputation would eventually cause him to be implicated in a mutiny in Cavite.

Secret Society of Reformers
José Burgos was a member of a confraternity, which met in the Santa Cruz home of Padre Mariano. It was presided over by José María Basa, and included Agustín Mendoza, Máximo Paterno, and Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. The group's goal was to seek reforms, listed in Eco de Filipinas, which was published in Madrid.

Death
After the Cavite Mutiny on January 20, 1872, the trial of mutineer sergeant Bonifacio Octavo revealed that a man named Zaldua had been recruiting people for an uprising. Octavo testified that this man claimed to be under the orders of Burgos, but inconsistent details during Octavo's cross-examinations called into question the validity of his testimony. Nevertheless, governor-general Rafael Izquierdo reported to Madrid that the testimony had confirmed his suspicions, and pinned the blame on Burgos and two other priests, Jacinto Zamora and Mariano Gomez, for sedition.

On February 17, 1872, they were garroted in the middle of Bagumbayan field (now Luneta Park).

Influence
Burgos was a close friend and associate of Paciano Rizal, José Rizal's older brother and mentor. Burgos's execution - along with Gómez's and Zamora's - deeply affected José, who was inspired to write his second novel, El Filibusterismo.

Several towns in the Philippines were named in his honor. These include:
 * Burgos, Ilocos Norte
 * Burgos, Ilocos Sur
 * Burgos, Isabela
 * Burgos, La Union
 * Burgos, Pangasinan
 * Padre Burgos, Quezon
 * Padre Burgos, Southern Leyte
 * Burgos, Surigao del Norte

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Toby Alejar in an episode of Bayani in 1996.
 * Portrayed by Paolo Paraiso in the official music video of GMA Network's production of Lupang Hinirang in 2010.
 * Portrayed by Isko Moreno in the 2014 film, Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo.
 * Portrayed by Cedrick Juan in the 2023 film, GomBurZa.

title: José Burgos


text:
Jönssonligan och Dynamit-Harry

Jönssonligan och Dynamit-Harry (1982) (The Johnson Gang & Dynamite-Harry - International: English title) is a Swedish film about the gang Jönssonligan, based on the Danish film The Olsen Gang Goes Crazy.

This is the second film in the series, and the first to feature Dynamit-Harry, who would replace Rocky in all the following films in the series.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jönssonligan och Dynamit-Harry


text: User talk:170.148.92.18

title: User talk:170.148.92.18


text:
Jönssonligan dyker upp igen

Jönssonligan dyker upp igen (English: The Johnson Gang Resurface or The Return of the Johnson Gang) is a 1986 Swedish comedy film, one of a series of films made about Jönssonligan, a gang of criminals.

This was the first Swedish film in the series with an original script, not based on an original Olsen-banden film.

title: Jönssonligan dyker upp igen


text:
Jönssonligan på Mallorca

Jönssonligan på Mallorca (The Johnson Gang in Mallorca - International: English title) is a Swedish film made in 1989, and is one of a series about a criminal gang called Jönssonligan.

This was the last film in the series where Gösta Ekman played the part of Sickan.

title: Jönssonligan på Mallorca


text:
Talk:Andy Rantzen

Comment, unsigned
Andy Rantzen very on the edge of notability/vanity: neither AMG nor Ultimate Band List knew of him; has recorded; links might be for puffery. If no one can add more to this in a few weeks, it should go VfD.

Untitled

 * he is real and a member of notable oz band, Itch-E and Scratch-E along with Paul Mac. amg tends to be biased towards uk/us artists as many australian artists often aren't released in the us, they won't appear in amazon/amg searches.  i have added some more material, i agree there are probably too many ext. links clarkk
 * i have now reduced number of ext links clarkk 08:44, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Andy Rantzen


text:
Yevgeny Petrov (writer)

Yevgeny Petrovich Petrov, also named Evgeny or Yevgeni, (Евгений Петрович Петров, born Katayev (Катаев); December 13 1902 in Odessa – July 2, 1942) was a popular Soviet author in the 1920s and 1930s. He often worked in collaboration with Ilya Ilf. As Ilf and Petrov, they wrote The Twelve Chairs, released in 1928, and its sequel, The Little Golden Calf, released in 1931.

Biography
Following Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Petrov became a war correspondent. He was killed in a plane crash while returning from besieged Sevastopol. The short film Envelope was dedicated to him.

He was the brother of Valentin Kataev.

title: Yevgeny Petrov (writer)


text:
Talk:Denizli

Thanks
Katilan herkese teşekkürler

Thanks for everybody to your contributions! :-)))

Welcome
Rica ederim - beni çok mutlu etti. You're welcome - it was a pleasure. Gerry Lynch 10:20, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:27, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Denizli Belediyesi.png

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:08, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Denizli city stad.jpg

title: Talk:Denizli


text:
Jönssonligan och den svarta diamanten

Jönssonligan & den svarta diamanten (English: The Johnson Gang & the Black Diamond) is a Swedish film about the gang Jönssonligan made in 1992. It's the first film not to feature the original gang leader Sickan played by Gösta Ekman. The famous theme of the previous films is also replaced by a new theme to mark the absence of Sickan. The original theme only plays briefly in a single scene.

The film is loosely inspired by the film The Testament of Dr. Mabuse.

Plot
Ragnar Vanheden and Harry "Dynamit-Harry" Kruth find themselves hooked up with a confused doctor M.A. Busé in a scheme to steal the Romanov family's black diamond.

title: Jönssonligan och den svarta diamanten


text:
The Jönsson Gang's Greatest Robbery

The Jönsson Gang's Greatest Robbery (Swedish: Jönssonligan största kupp) is a Swedish film about the gang Jönssonligan, screened in theaters in Sweden on 3 February 1995.

title: The Jönsson Gang's Greatest Robbery


text:
Maritsa

Maritsa or Maritza (Марица ), also known as Evros and Meriç (Meriç ), is a river that runs through the Balkans in Southeast Europe. With a length of 480 km, it is the longest river that runs solely in the interior of the Balkan peninsula, and one of the largest in Europe by discharge. It flows through Bulgaria in its upper and middle reaches, while its lower course forms much of the border between Greece and Turkey. Its drainage area is about 53000 km2, of which 66.2% is in Bulgaria, 27.5% in Turkey, and 6.3% in Greece. It is the main river of the historical region of Thrace, most of which lies in its drainage basin.

It has its origin in the Rila Mountains in Western Bulgaria, its source being the Marichini Lakes. The Maritsa flows east-southeast between the Balkan and Rhodope Mountains, past Plovdiv and Dimitrovgrad in Bulgaria to Edirne in Turkey. East of Svilengrad, Bulgaria, the river flows eastwards, forming the border between Bulgaria (on the north bank) and Greece (on the south bank), and then between Turkey and Greece. At Edirne, the river meets it two chief tributaries Tundzha and Arda, and flows through Turkish territory on both banks. It then turns towards the south and forms the border between Greece on the west bank and Turkey on the east bank all the way to the Aegean Sea, which it enters near Enez, forming a river delta. The upper Maritsa valley is a principal east–west route in Bulgaria. The unnavigable river is used for hydroelectric power generation and irrigation.

Names
The earliest known name of the river is Εύρος (Euros, Alcman, 7th–6th century BC). Proto-Indo-European *h₁wérus and Ancient Greek εὐρύς meant "wide". The Proto-Indo-European consonant cluster *-wr- shifted in Thracian to -br-, creating the Thracian name Ebros. Thereafter, the river began to be known as Ἕβρος (Hébros) in Greek and Hebrus in Latin. Rather than an origin as 'wide river', an alternative hypothesis is that is borrowed from Thracian ebros meaning 'splasher'.

While the name Ἕβρος (Hébros) was used in Ancient Greek, the name Μαρίτσα (Maritsa) had become standard before the ancient form Ἕβρος was restituted in Modern Greek as Έβρος (now: Évros). The name Maritsa may derive from a mountain near the mouth of the river known in antiquity as Μηρισός or Μήριζος, Latinized as Merit(h)us.

History
In 1371, the river was the site of the Battle of Maritsa, also known as the battle of Chernomen, an Ottoman victory over the Serbian rulers Vukašin Mrnjavčević and Jovan Uglješa, who died in the battle.

After 1923, the river gained political significance as the modern border between Greece and Turkey. This was further bolstered by Greece joining the European Union in 1981 (and then the Schengen area), marking the river as an external boundary of the EU.

Since the 1990s, the river, as a natural barrier on the border between Turkey and Greece, has become a major route for migrants from a variety of countries attempting to enter the EU irregularly. Between 2000 and 2019, 398 bodies were found on the Greek side of the Maritsa/Evros river. Up until that time, drowning in the river was the leading cause of death among migrants trying to enter Greece.

In February 2020, Turkey unilaterally opened its borders to Greece to allow refugees and migrants seeking refuge to reach the European Union, leading to the 2020 Greek–Turkish border crisis. In May 2020, news emerged that Turkish forces occupied 16 acres of Greek territory, Melissokomeio, as shown on maps of 1923, following a change in the flow of the river. These crises passed following the improvement in Greek-Turkish relations in 2023, however, illegal migration is still a major issue.

Tributaries
Starting from the river's source, significant tributaries of Maritsa include:
 * Left tributaries:
 * Topolnitsa (flows into Maritsa near Pazardzhik)
 * Luda Yana (near Ognyanovo)
 * Stryama (near Sadovo)
 * Sazliyka (near Simeonovgrad)
 * Tundzha/Tunca (in Edirne)
 * Ergene (near İpsala)
 * Right tributaries:
 * Chepinska reka (near Septemvri)
 * Vacha (near Stamboliyski)
 * Chepelarska reka (near Sadovo)
 * Harmanliyska reka (near Harmanli)
 * Arda/Ardas (near Edirne)
 * Erythropotamos/Luda reka (near Didymoteicho)

Floods
The lower course of the river Maritsa, where it forms the border between Greece and Turkey, is very vulnerable to flooding. For about 4 months every year, the low lands around the river are flooded. This causes significant economic damage (loss of agricultural production and damage to infrastructure), which is estimated at several hundreds million Euro.

Recent large floods have taken place in 2006, 2007, 2014, with the largest flood taking place in 2021. Several causes have been proposed, including more rainfall due to climate change, deforestation in the Bulgarian part of the catchment area, increased land use in the flood plains and difficult communication between the three countries.

Trivia
Maritsa Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Maritsa River.

La Maritza is also a 1968 song written by Jean Renard and Pierre Delanoë and interpreted by Sylvie Vartan.

Hebrus Valles on Mars is named after this river.

The Bulgarian Maritsa motorway, which roughly follows the course of the river from Chirpan (where it branches out of the Trakia motorway) to the Turkish border at Kapitan Andreevo, is also named in honour of the river.

title: Maritsa


text:
Nazim Hussain Siddiqui

Nazim Hussain Siddiqui (Urdu: ; 30 June 1940 – 15 January 2022) a Pakistani jurist who served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, from 31 December 2003 to 29 June 2005.

Life and career
Siddiqui was born on 30 June 1940. His father was Late Mukarram Hussain Siddiqui. He did his BA, LLB from the University of Hyderabad and LLM from the University of Karachi. He was the uncle of veteran Pakistani comedian and actor, Ayaz Khan.

He practised at Hyderabad from 1961 to 1967. During his career, Justice Siddiqui served as civil judge, senior civil judge, additional district and sessions judge, district and sessions judge at Sukkur and Dadu, registrar of the SHC twice, customs judge thrice, special judge anti-corruption, special judge Banking Court, chairman Commercial Court and Drug Court, member Appellate Insurance Tribunal, presiding officer Labour Court, member Supreme Appellate Court/Tribunal, chairman Institute of Business Administration (IBA), Karachi, and member Board of Governors of Indus Valley School of Karachi.

He was also serving as chairman Central Zakat Council of Pakistan, Member, Board of Governors of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi; Member, Selection Board of the Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.

Justice Nazim Hussain Siddiqui took oath as the new Chief Justice of Pakistan soon after President Pervez Musharraf's Constitutional Amendment which came to be known as the Seventeenth Amendment. Ten judges of the superior courts stood retired, including Supreme Court Chief Justice Sheikh Riaz Ahmad, who was replaced by Justice Nazim Hussain Siddiqui.

The president named Justice Nazim Hussain Siddiqui as the Chief Justice of Pakistan for being the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and administered oath to him at the presidential camp office in Rawalpindi. The oath-taking ceremony was also attended by the then Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali besides federal ministers, services chiefs, members of Parliament, judges of the Supreme Court and senior lawyers.

Justice Siddiqui, who belonged to Sindh, was appointed judge of the Sindh High Court (SHC) in March 1992 and became chief justice of the Sindh High Court (SHC) in 1999. He was elevated as a judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan on 4 February 2000.

He died in Karachi on 15 January 2022, at the age of 81.

Case against Pervez Musharraf
As chief justice Siddiqui dismissed the constitutional petitions against General Pervez Musharraf's uniform saying that the reasons for the decision would be told in the detailed judgment. Later Supreme Court of Pakistan announced a detailed judgement in 6 constitutional petitions regarding Seventeenth Amendment and said that this court must have due regard for the democratic mandate given to Parliament by the people. The full bench of the Apex Court heard the case and announced short orders on 13 April 2005 after hearing the case for six days. However, it did say,
 * It is not for this court to substitute its views for those expressed by legislators or strike down statutes on consideration of what it deems good for the people. This court is and always has been the judge of what is constitutional but not of what is wise or good. The latter is the business of Parliament, which is accountable to the people.

Former Chief Justice of Pakistan Nasim Hasan Shah giving his remarks in a TV program said that,
 * The military holds the rifle and the court cannot go against the rifle.

Responding to that, Chief Justice Nazim Hussain Siddiqui remarked that personal opinion of an individual could not be attributed to the whole judiciary.

Shahbaaz Sharif's return to Lahore
As chief justice Siddiqui took the petition of former Punjab chief minister regarding permission to return to Pakistan. The court had issued notices to the federal government, the Punjab government and the director immigration for their comments on two petitions filed by Shahbaz Sharif. The short orders read,
 * "For reasons to be recorded later on, both these petitions are dismissed with an observation that the petitioner may come back from abroad subject to the law of the country."

The order also observed,
 * "During the course of argument, the learned counsel for the petitioner submitted that the petitioner is ready to face the cases registered against him. He also stated that the petitioner will not mind even if he is arrested at the airport."

Chief Justice Nazim Hussain Siddiqui said that the petitioner, being a citizen of Pakistan, has a natural and inherent right to enter and return to the country, which is guaranteed under Article 15 of the Constitution. Under Article 4 of the Constitution, he has a right to be dealt with in accordance with law and is entitled to enjoy the equal protection of law. However, Shahbaz Sharif was eventually not allowed to leave the Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore by the government citing National Security issues and was boarded in a plane to leave Pakistan.

Asif Ali Zardari
Asif Ali Zardari had previously been granted bail in all but one of the cases outstanding against him, including conspiring to murder Benazir Bhutto's brother, Mir Murtaza, in 1996. Pakistan's Supreme Court granted bail of 1m rupees ($16,700) in the final corruption case against him - the alleged evasion of import duties on a car (BMW).

Mukhtaran Mai rape case
Mukhtaran Mai had attracted international attention when her name was put on the Exit Control List (ECL) and her passport was seized to discourage her from visiting the US on the invitation of the Asian-American Network Against Abuse of Human Rights (ANAA). She challenged a Lahore High Court order acquitting the 12 men accused of raping her on the orders of a tribal council. The Punjab government had also appealed the judgement in the apex court.

On 14 March 2005, the Supreme Court had intervened to end an inter-court controversy in the case by staying separate orders of the Lahore High Court and the Federal Shariat Court (FSC) and deciding to hold its own hearing. The Supreme Court took up the issue when the FSC suspended the high court's acquittal of the convicts, saying this was without jurisdiction.

Taking notice of the case, Chief Justice Nazim Hussain Siddiqui had summoned the entire record of the case from the high court and the FSC, while notices were served on Punjab Advocate General Aftab Iqbal and Mukhtaran Mai. Bailable arrest warrants were also issued against the accused who have been rearrested on the directions of Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz. Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf said that he ordered that Mukhtaran be prevented from leaving as he didn't want the country's image tarnished.

Other services
Siddiqui served as the Chairman of Law & Justice Commission of Pakistan, Islamabad;The Federal Judicial Academy, Islamabad; National Judicial, (Policy making) Committee;Al-Mizan Foundation.

He also visited France twice in connection with meetings of the Agha Khan University at Paris.

He represented Pakistan in the 1st UK-Pakistan Judicial Conference on Child and Family Laws held at London from 15 to 17 January 2003.

He participated in the 2nd UK-Pakistan Judicial Conference on Child and Family Laws held at Islamabad from 21 to 24 September 2003.

He hosted and chaired the 7th SAARC Chief Justices Conferences held at Karachi on 21 February 2004. He is the only one in Pakistan and India who had started his journey from civil judge and ended his journey as Chief Justice of Pakistan.

He retired from service on 29 June 2005.

title: Nazim Hussain Siddiqui


text:
Talk:Footwear

General note
Keep an eye out for spam links and subtle forms of advertising. - Reconsider !  02:54, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

Counterfort
The link sends you to an architectural structure. Why? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.211.157.43 (talk) 21:48, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

Materials section
The materials section needs improvement. I added a bit of conversion to prose, but not a lot. I just gave some of the roots. Please just help a bit more? Qwertyxp2000 (talk | contribs) 10:40, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

Excessive sentence trimmed from lead
The following was trimmed from the bottom of the (long) first paragraph of the lead: In these cases the use of footwear categorically indicates the exercise of power as against being devoid of footwear, evidently indicating inferiority. I think this is excessive and unnecessary in the lead context (sociology is not the main topic here), but if others disagree, feel free to restore. — MaxEnt 00:39, 18 September 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Information Literacy and Scholarly Discourse
— Assignment last updated by Mlclark1 (talk) 13:23, 10 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Ah. That would explain the grammar issues and disorganization in the History section.

 * Thanks for helping out but kindly do work a bit harder on quality control for the kids' effort. — Llywelyn II   22:05, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

WP:ERA
This edit established the usage of the page as BC/AD. Kindly maintain it consistently pending a new consensus to the contrary. — Llywelyn II   22:05, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

Sources for future article expansion
This is just a Blogspot post but might be used to find more reliable sources and expand some of the historical treatment. Things they describe as the common Dark Age footwear, though, currently have zero representation on Wiki. Might be an oversight on our part because the usual Wiki editor isn't as interested in fashion, let alone fashion history, or might just be nonsense or slightly misspelled names.

It'd be nice to have something about the "Compo Shoe Process" but they lost their trademark almost immediately, the court documents suggest the commercially successful shoe cement might've been developed by the Germans, and the Compo Shoe Machinery Corporation seems to have completely dissolved, turning into the Compo Industrial chemical company in the '60s, getting merged into Ausimont Compo who Montedison at some point somehow sold it off to Solvay Solexis... one of which have an article and leaving completely unclear if the shoe related part of the company completely disappeared decades ago or where it went or even where the rest of the company is now, given that all the American subsidiaries seem to be separately incorporated under other names. — Llywelyn II   13:02, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

Fashion
Fashion industry is very mutlidoller clothes are designed and made by themselves and everyone needs it but the clothes are sold. A business person buys, manufactures and sells clothing and is a customer retailer. Purchase from retailers. Marketing operates the wholesale and retail. companies that do not sell their products at wholesale prices in hands of retailers as boutique department store and online sales company. The fashion show and saler the sample product to find the cloth between the manufacturing product and the retailers. Product retailer are primely concerned the matching to their own customer base. At the wholesale and retail level marketing also involved the promotional activities as a print and other media advertising establishing the brand. Recognition at estably brand's. Quality as a low price and trendiness. Maximum sale and profability consumer to buy clothes fashion industry are reported for national economies and expressed in terms of the industry’s. Textile and clothing brand office of the oldest industries in India. According to the Indian Brand Foundation (IBEF), “The close of the textile industry to agriculture (for raw materials such as cotton) and the  culture and traditions of the country in terms of textiles make the Indian textiles  unique the industries of other countries”.

Fashion Industry Statistics India General data Population:	1,324 million Labor force:	497 million Unemployment rate:	7% GDP per capita (PPS):	1,586 Dollar Textile and clothing industry Textiles and clothing sector is one of the oldest industries in India. According to the Indian Brand Foundation (IBEF), "The textile industry's close relationship with agriculture for raw materials like cotton and the country's ancient culture and tradition in textiles make the Indian textile industry unique in comparison. The Indian textile industry is 108 billion dollar and expected to reach 223 billion dollar by 2021. The industry employs the allover 45 million people directly  60 million people indirectly. The Indian Textile Industry contributes  5 per cent to India’s gross domestic product (GDP), and 14 per  to overall Index of Industrial Production (IIP). The textile industry is  one of the largest contributor to India’s export with approximately 13.5 percent of total export 42.24 billion dollars1 103.86.69.197 (talk) 05:47, 5 October 2023 (UTC)
 * What? — Llywelyn II   11:52, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

History of footwear
user:LlywelynII, user:Ehrenkater I suggest that given the extensive content which the history section has now, that a separate 'History of footwear' article should be created. There is already a page of that name which is a redirect to the 'Footwear' one- it would be simple enough to remove the redirect and add the content. I think two or three paragraphs would suffice for the history section of the 'Footwear' article. What does everyone think?RickyBennison (talk) 18:15, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I think two or three paragraphs would be (vastly) insufficient, although a separate History of footwear article could easily be built and some content streamlined here. — Llywelyn II   11:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Footwear


text:
Category:Avon (county)

This category refers to the disbanded county of Avon.

title: Category:Avon (county)


text:
ZSD Nysa

The Nysa van was produced in the town of Nysa, Poland, from 1958 until 1994. The Nysa was based on the same chassis as the angular shaped Żuk van, but had rounded body lines, especially the two-part rounded windshield, and was considered more comfortable and a better fit for carrying people. The basic body variant was a universal van, for cargo or persons, with sliding doors on the right or conventional doors (marked with a letter T - towos). At the rear, most variants had a single door opening to the left side.

A few variants existed: a cargo van (letter F - furgon), a minibus (letter M) and an ambulance (letter S), and some others. A rare variant was made in the form of a light truck. At the time, the Nysa was practically the only van-size ambulance used in Poland. Many vans were sold to the Militia, which was the only form of police during the Communist era in Poland; blue Nysa vans became a kind of "trademark" of the Militia (Militia variants had slide doors on both sides, most had also a two-part door at the rear). The peak of its popularity was in the 1970s, with 18,200 made in 1978. In the 1980s the production decreased. When Poland became a democracy again in 1989 the future was bleak for the Nysa. Development work had been minimal for the past 20 years. Most customers, including the Police, chose more modern, faster and safer vans of Western manufacturers, that became widely imported instead. The production was closed in 1994, after manufacturing 380,575 vehicles.

Both Nysa and its sibling Żuk van were heavily based on the Warszawa, itself a licensed version of the Soviet GAZ-M20 Pobeda. Among others, it had the same wheelbase and engine. Its transmission and suspension were modified. Early variants of the Nysa were powered by the M20 petrol engine (R4 flathead, 2.12 L, 36.8 kW), most common was the newer S21 petrol engine (R4 OHV, 2.12l, 51.5 kW), used from 1964 onward. A big part of production was exported (in some years, 70%), mostly to Eastern Bloc countries, especially Bulgaria, Russia and Hungary, but also to West Germany and some Asian and African countries.

In Hungary Nysa vans were almost exclusively used as ambulance cars; 777 of them were in use in 1987.

In 1968 the front end styling was changed, and the most numerous model 521/522 entered production, which remained in a largely unchanged form until the end. Nysa models included: N57 (1958), N58 (1958), N59, N60, N61, N63 (not produced), 501 (1964), 503 (not produced) and 521/522 (1968).

title: ZSD Nysa


text:
Pacific Missile Range Facility

The Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Sands is a U.S. naval facility and airport located five nautical miles (9 km) northwest of the central business district of Kekaha, in Kauai County, Hawaii, United States.

PMRF is the world's largest instrumented, multi-dimensional testing and training missile range. The US military and its contractors favor its relative isolation, ideal year-round tropical climate and encroachment-free environment (see "PMRF Agriculture Preservation Initiative" below). It is the only range in the world where submarines, surface ships, aircraft and space vehicles can operate and be tracked simultaneously. There are over 1100 sqmi of instrumented underwater range and over 42000 sqmi of controlled airspace. The base itself covers roughly 2385 acre.

The base includes a 6000 ft runway with operations and maintenance facilities. It has roughly 70 housing units and various recreational facilities for those who can access the base.

The base has support facilities at Port Allen, Makaha Ridge, and Koke'e State Park. The base also uses a portion of the nearby island of Niihau for a remotely operated APS-134 surveillance radar, an 1100 acre Test Vehicle Recovery Site, the Perch Electronic Warfare site, multiple EW Portable Simulator sites, and a Helicopter Terrain Flight training course.

History
In 1921, the land area known as the Barking Sands was acquired by the Kekaha Sugar Company and became a runway for private planes. In 1928 Charles Kingsford Smith, a record-setting Australian aviator, took off with his four-man crew from a sandy runway here to fly non-stop to Fiji. They had arrived in Hawaii at Wheeler Army Airfield, but left from Barking Sands as Wheeler was not long enough to take off with their heavy load. The U.S. Army acquired the land in 1940, named it Mana Airport, and paved the runway. Additional land acquired in 1941 expanded the facility to 2058 acre. Private airlines frequently utilized the airport, and World War II incurred a great deal of military flight operations. The base was officially designated Bonham Air Force Base in 1954. U.S. Navy operations at Bonham began in 1956, with testing of the Regulus I missile. In 1958, the Pacific Missile Range Facility was established to support the growing demand of the Navy at Bonham. In 1964, the Pacific Missile Range Facility and Bonham was transferred to the Navy, becoming Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Sands.

Missile tests
In 1962, the U.S. military conducted the Frigate Bird Test of the Operation Dominic program near PMRF. The military launched an operational ballistic missile with a live warhead from the USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608), which was situated near PMRF. The nuclear warhead flew toward Christmas Island and detonated in an air burst at 11000 ft.

The Navy is currently using PMRF to test "hit to kill" technology using direct collision of the anti-ballistic missile with its target. This destroys the target by using only kinetic energy from the force of the collision. The two Missile Defense Agency programs that currently utilize the range at PMRF are the Navy's Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System and the Army's Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System, or THAAD. The THAAD program relocated their testing operations from the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico and conducted its first demonstration at PMRF on 26 January 2007.

On 27 April 2007, the U.S. military's sea-based missile defense system, the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System, showed it could intercept two targets simultaneously when it destroyed a cruise missile and a short-range ballistic missile during a test off the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The test marked eight out of ten times the Missile Defense Agency and U.S. Navy's Aegis missile defense system successfully intercepted its target, but was the first time the system knocked out two targets at the same time.

PMRF Agriculture Preservation Initiative
The Navy is currently working with the State of Hawaii and Kauai County to ensure the long-term viability of PMRF. For many decades, the land adjacent to PMRF was used for sugarcane fields, which was wholly compatible with operations at PMRF. Since Kekaha Sugar's closure, the Navy has become wary of "encroachment", incompatible developments, that might occur on the land next to the base. In order to ensure that PMRF can continue to safely conduct important research and training operations in the future, the Navy and some citizens of Kauai are seeking to permanently preserve the land adjacent to PMRF for agricultural purposes. Under the PMRF Agriculture Preservation Initiative the Navy would have the roughly 6000 acre of land adjacent to PMRF preserved solely for agricultural use. Although the Navy has stated that it would like to lease about 300 acre of land, it has also stated that its main goal is not to purchase more land but to merely ensure the land continues to be used for agricultural purposes.

Operational deployment of THAAD
When North Korea threatened to launch Taepodong-2 ICBMs toward Hawaii in 2009, the US temporarily deployed a THAAD missile unit to the facility.

Range Programs
The range hosted the following programs:

 * Able III & IV
 * ADTS
 * Atlas
 * Bullpup (A) & (B)
 * Caleb Satellite
 * Centaur
 * Composite Radiation Satellite
 * Corvus I
 * Courier
 * Discoverer
 * Dyna-Soar
 * Eagle
 * Falcon
 * Hawk
 * Hummingbird
 * Hydra
 * Hyperjet
 * Jaguar (Probe)
 * Mach 2 Expendable Target
 * Mach 2 Recoverable Target
 * Mercury
 * Midas
 * Minuteman
 * MORT (Fleet Training)
 * NERV
 * Nike-Zeus
 * NORT (Fleet Training)
 * Ozarc
 * Pershing
 * Phoenix
 * Regulus I
 * Rella
 * Samos-Atlas
 * Scout
 * Sergeant
 * Sidewinder
 * Sparrow III
 * Sunflare
 * Talos
 * Tartar
 * Tepee
 * Terrier I
 * Thor
 * Tiros
 * Titan
 * Tophat
 * Transit
 * Tumbleweed
 * Typhon

title: Pacific Missile Range Facility


text: User talk:69.240.157.251

title: User talk:69.240.157.251


text:
Esperanza Aguirre

Esperanza Aguirre y Gil de Biedma (born 3 January 1952) is a Spanish politician. As member of the People's Party (PP), she served as President of the Senate between 1999 and 2002 (becoming the first female politician to have held the post), as President of the Community of Madrid between 2003 and 2012 and as Minister of Education and Culture (1996–1999). She also chaired the People's Party of the Community of Madrid between 2004 and 2016.

Early life
Aguirre was born in Madrid on 3 January 1952 being the eldest daughter of José Luis Aguirre Borrell, a noted lawyer, and Piedad Gil de Biedma Vega de Seoane, the sister of the poet Jaime Gil de Biedma. She is also second cousin of the photographer Ouka Leele. She studied in the La Asunción School and in the British Council School of Madrid and earned a degree in Law at the Complutense University of Madrid in 1974. Aside from Spanish, she is reportedly fluent in English and French, has basic notions of Italian and "understands" Catalan.

In 1974, Aguirre married Fernando Ramírez de Haro, 15th Count of Murillo, 16th Count of Bornos (Grandee of Spain), whom with she has had two sons: Fernando (born 1976) and Álvaro (born 1980).

In 1976 Aguirre became a civil servant, as member of the Corps of Information of Tourism's Technicians. She was head of the Department of Publicity and Tourism, where she remained until 1979. Subsequently, she had many different jobs in the Ministry of Culture, serving several Ministers during the Democratic Centre Union governments; especially designated by the Prime Minister himself. In 1979, she was chief of staff of the General Director of Literature and Cinematography. She was appointed Deputy General Director of Studies of the Technical General Secretariat of the Ministry of Culture in 1980. In 1981, she was appointed Deputy General Director in the Advisory Staff of the Secretary of State of Culture. Her last position with the Administration was as Deputy General Director of Cultural Associations.

First spell in local politics
Since her early years Aguirre had been a member of the Club Liberal of Madrid, which was presided over by Pedro Schwartz. Schwartz reportedly played an important role in the beginnings of Aguirre's political career: in 1983, he was the one to convince her, by then a civil servant; to stand as candidate in the Madrid local elections running in the list of the political alliance between Schwartz's Liberal Union, the People's Alliance and the People's Democratic Party. She was elected as became a municipal councillor. While in opposition, she was a member of the Standing Committee of the Madrid City Council, a CP spokeswoman on the areas of Culture, Education, Youth and Sports Affairs, and the Moncloa-Aravaca district. When the Liberal Union merged with the Liberal Party in December 1984, she held different positions in the National Executive and the Political Council of José Antonio Segurado's Liberal Party.

In 1987 she left the Liberal Party and joined Popular Alliance, which later, in 1989, was refounded as the People's Party (PP). She was subsequently re-elected to the city council and continued in opposition until 1989, when a successful vote of no confidence ousted the PSOE mayor Juan Barranco, which allowed the PP and Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) to govern Madrid for the first time since the restoration of competitive municipal elections in 1979, under the Mayorship of Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún (CDS). In the new local executive, she was designated head of the Department of the Environment.

The PP won a council majority in the 1991 election and José María Álvarez del Manzano was subsequently invested as new mayor, with Aguirre remaining in the municipal government board. Two years later, in 1993, in the reshuffle that followed the fall from grace of firebrand councillor Ángel Matanzo, she assumed additional competences becoming Councillor of Environment, Education, Culture and Sports. In June 1995, after the May election, she became the municipal spokeswoman of the PP and first deputy mayor. Soon after, she was also appointed by the City Council to the Caja Madrid Board of Governors.

Minister of Education, Culture and Sports
In the general election of 1996 she was the candidate for the Senate for Madrid of the People's Party, after her designation as a member of the National Executive Committee of the Party; and she became a senator. The then new President, José María Aznar, appointed her to be Minister of Education, Culture and Sports. She was succeeded in those posts in 1999 by Mariano Rajoy.

President of the Senate
Aguirre, a Senator since 1996, was elected President of the Senate in February 1999, the first woman to do so. In March 2000, she was re-elected Senator for Madrid, becoming the top-voted candidate in Spain with 1.55 million votes and 50.7% of the popular vote, a percentage record still unbroken. She resigned in 2002 to run for the Presidency of the Autonomous Community of Madrid in the regional Assembly elections of 2003. She was substituted as President of the Senate by Juan José Lucas.

Tamayazo
When the regional elections took place in May 2003, the People's Party won a plurality of seats. The People's Party won 55 seats in the Madrid Assembly, being the only party of the right in the Assembly. On the left, PSOE won 47 seats and United Left won 9 seats, thus making it possible for a coalition of PSOE and IU to rule. However, the election of a leftist coalition was not possible due to two dissenting deputies of the PSOE, Eduardo Tamayo and María Teresa Sáez, who refused to obey the party whip in the first two votes, the election of the speaker and the election of the president.

Presidency of the Community of Madrid
In October 2003, following the scandal of the dissenting deputies, the regional elections were rerun. The People's Party won a qualified majority of seats, which enabled Aguirre's investiture as President of the Community of Madrid. Aguirre's most important stated achievements in those years were the reduction of surgery waiting times, the building of eight new hospitals and 87 new state schools (most of them bilingual), an increase in the investment for several scholarships of education, and the expansion of the Underground to suburban areas such as Pozuelo de Alarcón. The period included the peak of the Spanish construction bubble, and many of her associates would later end up indicted for corruption.

On 27 November 2008, she survived without injury the 2008 Mumbai attacks when shooting began in the Oberoi Trident while she was checking in.

Aguirre announced her retirement as president on 17 September 2012, citing health issues, and that she would return to her career as a civil servant at the Ministry of Tourism.

Activity after her resignation as regional president
Aguirre remained as President of the People's Party of the Community of Madrid. On 13 January 2013 the Seeliger and Conde Foundation, an executive search firm, announced the appointment of Esperanza Aguirre as Chairwoman of its Advisory Council, an office compatible with the role of Chairwoman of the People's Party of the Community of Madrid.

Comeback to local politics
Designated in 2015 by Mariano Rajoy as the PP's Mayoral candidate for the municipality of Madrid, she subsequently ran first in the PP's list for the May 2015 Madrid municipal election. The PP's list obtained a simple majority of 20 seats out of a total 57, short of the qualified majority needed to remain in government without support from other political parties. She then unsuccessfully pressed to reach a three-way deal between the PP, Citizens and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) to avoid the investiture as Mayor's of the candidate of the left-wing Ahora Madrid, Manuela Carmena, with the support of the PSOE's municipal councillors. Soon after the investiture of Carmena as Mayor on 13 June 2015, Aguirre unsuccessfully proposed again another deal with Citizens and the PSOE to oust Carmena.

In 2016, Aguirre resigned from her position as regional party president, ostensibly due to the many corruption cases in the Madrilenian PP under her watch. She retained her position of opposition leader in the Madrid municipal government, and the overall maneuver was widely interpreted as a broadside against her party rival, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy.

On 24 April 2017, she resigned as municipal councillor (and from all relating offices) after the imprisonment of her former right-hand man, Ignacio González (also her successor as regional president) for misappropriation of public funds in the Lezo corruption scandal. She was replaced as spokesperson of the PP municipal group by José Luis Martínez-Almeida.

Life after retirement and judicial case
After her retirement, she divided her spare time between the dedication to her 6 grandchildren and her passion for golf. Following an August 2019 request filed by the Prosecution service of the Audiencia Nacional before the instructing judge Manuel García-Castellón, the former charged Aguirre (along with her successors in the presidency of the Madrid region, Ignacio González and Cristina Cifuentes) with alleged crimes of illicit funding, diversion of public money and document forgery on 2 September 2019 in the proceedings of the Púnica corruption case. García-Castellón, pointed out on a tentative basis the alleged "decisive and essential" role of Aguirre in the PP's illegal funding scheme, through which more than 6 million euros were subtracted from 8 regional ministries and agencies.

On 19 March 2020 alongside her husband, Aguirre was admitted to the hospital after being tested positive for COVID-19 during coronavirus pandemic in Spain.

Positions and ideology
Esperanza Aguirre self-defines as a "liberal". Known by her professed anglophilia, she has cited her admiration for the figure of Margaret Thatcher. According to Jorge del Palacio, Aguirre aimed to develop a Spanish version of the uneasy union between conservatism and the liberalism inspired by Friederich Hayek. She has often been regarded as a leading figure of the most conservative wing of the PP, and, having reportedly held political differences and an uneasy personal relationship with PP's leader Mariano Rajoy, she personally asked the latter for a change in the leadership of the party before the June 2016 general election.

Decorations

 * ESP Charles III Order GC.svg Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III (22 January 1999).
 * ESP Isabella Catholic Order GC.svg Grand Cross of the Royal and American Order of Isabella the Catholic (23 January 2004).
 * Order of Civil Merit (Spain) GC.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (23 April 2004).
 * ESP Alfonso X Order GC.svg Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X the Wise (26 December 2014)
 * Orden del Dos de Mayo.gif Gold Medal of the Community of Madrid (20 April 2012).
 * Foreign
 * PER Order of the Sun of Peru - Grand Cross BAR.png Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru (8 June 2004)
 * Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.svg Honorary Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (4 February 2004).
 * Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg Officer of the Legion of Honour.

 * Scholastic
 * Honorary Doctorate, Alfonso X El Sabio University (16 April 2013).

title: Esperanza Aguirre


text:
Scottish Church College

Scottish Church College is a college affiliated by Calcutta University, India. It offers selective co-educational undergraduate and postgraduate studies and is the oldest continuously running Christian liberal arts and sciences college in Asia. It has been rated (A) by the Indian National Assessment and Accreditation Council. Students and alumni call themselves "Caledonians" in the name of the college festival, "Caledonia". The Scottish Church College has been embellished as GRADE-I Heritage Building on 8th November, 2023.

Foundation
The origins are traceable to the life of Alexander Duff (1806–1878), the first overseas missionary of the Church of Scotland, to India. Known initially as the General Assembly's Institution, it was founded on 13 July 1830. Alexander Duff was born on 25 April 1806, in Moulin, Perthshire, located in the Scottish countryside. He attended the University of St Andrews where after graduation, he opted for a missionary life. Subsequently, he undertook his evangelical mission to India. In a voyage that involved two shipwrecks (first on the ship Lady Holland off Dassen Island, near Cape Town, and later on the ship Moira, near the Ganges delta) and the loss of his personal library consisting of 800 volumes (of which 40 survived), and college prizes, he arrived in Calcutta on 27 May 1830.

Supported by the Governor-General of India Lord William Bentinck, Rev. Alexander Duff opened his institution in Feringhi Kamal Bose's house, located in upper Chitpore Road, near Jorasanko. In 1836 the institution was moved to Gorachand Bysack's house at Garanhatta. Mr. MacFarlane, the Chief-Magistrate of Calcutta, laid the foundation stone on 23 February 1837. Mr. John Gray, elected by Messrs. Burn & Co. and superintended by Captain John Thomson of the East India Company designed the building. It is possible that he may have been inspired by the facade of the Holy House of Mercy in Macau, which reflects the influence of Portuguese ⁰. Traces of English Palladianism are also evident in the design of the college. The construction of the building was completed in 1839.

Historical context
In the early 1800s, under the regime of the East India Company, English education and Missionary activities were initially suspect. While the East India Company supported Orientalist instruction in the vernacular languages like Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit, and helped to establish institutions like Calcutta Madrasah College, and Sanskrit College, in general, colonial administrative policy discouraged the dissemination of knowledge in their language, that is in English. The general apathy of the Company towards the cause of education and improvement of natives is in many ways, the background for the agency of missionaries like Duff.

Inspired by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, Reverend Alexander Duff, then a young missionary, arrived in India's colonial capital to set up an English-medium institution. Though Bengalis had shown some interest in the spread of Western education from the beginning of the 19th century, both the local church and government officers were skeptical about the high-caste Bengali's response to the idea of an English-medium institution. While Orientalists like James Prinsep were supportive of the idea of vernacular education, Duff and prominent Indians like Raja Ram Mohan Roy supported the use of English as a medium of instruction. His emphasis on the use of English on Indian soil was prophetic: "The English language, I repeat it, is the lever which, as the instrument of conveying the entire range of knowledge, is destined to move all Hindustan."

Raja Ram Mohan Roy helped Duff by organizing the venue and bringing in the first batch of students. He also assured the guardians that reading the King James's Bible did not necessarily imply religious conversion, unless that was based on inner spiritual conviction. Imbibing the tenets of the Scottish educational system that shaped his ideals, Duff was, unlike the missionaries and scholars at the Serampore College, wholeheartedly committed to the cause of instruction in the English language, as that facilitated the advanced study of European religion, literature and science. By carefully selecting teachers, European and Indian, who brought out the best of Christian and secular understandings, and by emphasizing advanced pedagogical techniques that emphasized the Socratic method of classroom debate, inquiry, and rational thinking, Duff and his followers established an educational system, whose impact in spreading progressive values in contemporary Bengal would be profound. Although his ultimate aim was the spread of English education, Duff was aware that a foreign language could not be mastered without command of the native language. Hence in his General Assembly's Institution (as later in his Free Church Institution), teaching and learning in the dominant vernacular Bengali language was also emphasized. Duff and his successors also underscored the necessity of sports among his students. When he introduced political economy as a subject in the curricula, his faced his church's criticism.

In 1840, Duff returned to India. At the Disruption of 1843, Duff sided with the Free Church. He gave up the college buildings, with all their effects and established a new institution, called the Free Church Institution. He had the support of Sir James Outram and Sir Henry Lawrence, and the encouragement of seeing a new band of converts, including several young men born of high caste. In 1844, governor-general Viscount Hardinge opened government appointments to all who had studied in institutions similar to Duff's institution. In the same year, Duff co-founded the Calcutta Review, of which he served as editor from 1845 to 1849. In 1857, when the University of Calcutta was established, the Free Church Institution was one of its earliest affiliates, and Duff would also serve in the university's first senate. These two institutions founded by Duff, i.e., the General Assembly's Institution and the Free Church Institution would be merged later to form the Scottish Churches College. After the unification of the Church of Scotland in 1929, the institution would be known as Scottish Church College.

Along with Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the great social reformer often called the father of modern India, Dr. Duff supported Lord Macaulay in drafting his influential Minute for the introduction of English education in India. Eminent contemporary and successive missionary scholars from Scotland, notably Dr. Ogilvie, Dr. Hastie, Dr. Macdonald, Dr. Stephen, Dr. Watt, and William Spence Urquhart contributed in spreading liberal Western education. The institutions founded by Duff have been coterminous with other contemporary institutions like the Serampore College, and the Hindu College in ushering the spirit of intellectual inquiry and a general acceptance of the ideals of the Enlightenment among Bengali Hindus, the then dominant indigenous ethno-linguistic group in the Company administered Indian territories. This exchange of ideas and ideals, and adoption of progressive values that would eventually influence many social reform movements in South Asia, has been widely regarded by historians specializing in nineteenth century India, as the epochs of the Young Bengal Movement and later, the Bengal Renaissance.

Duff's contemporaries included Reverend Mackay, Reverend Ewart and Reverend Thomas Smith. Till the early 20th century the norm was to bring teachers from Scotland, and this brought forth scholars like William Spence Urquhart, Henry Stephen, H.M. Percival etc. Indian scholars were also engaged as teachers by the college authorities, and the notable faculty includes names like Surendranath Banerjee, Kalicharan Bandyopadhyay, Jnan Chandra Ghosh, Gouri Shankar Dey, Adhar Chandra Mukhopadhyay, Sushil Chandra Dutta, Mohimohan Basu, Sudhir Kumar Dasgupta, Nirmal Chandra Bhattacharya, Bholanath Mukhopadhyay and Kalidas Nag, all of whom had all contributed to enhancing the academic standards of the college.

The college authorities played a pioneering role in promoting gender equality by emphasizing the significance of women's education. During much of the nineteenth century, the college remained the only institution of its kind in the city of Calcutta (and indeed in the country) to promote the cause of co-education. Female students comprise half the present roll strength of the college. With the added interest of the missionaries in educational work and social welfare, the college stands as a monument to Indo-Scottish co-operation.

Postage stamp
On 27 September 1980, the Indian Postal Service released a commemorative stamp of the college.

Buildings
The main building houses the economics, history, political science, philosophy, zoology, botany, mathematics, English, Sanskrit and Bengali departments. A separate Science annex building houses the departments of physics and chemistry. Situated in the main campus, the central library of the college is computerized. The biological science departments are in possession of a museum and a 'poly-house'. The college is encompassed by a garden and a lawn. Many medicinal plants are grown in the garden under the care of the botany department. There are rare and non-native plants in the garden as well. The Scottish Church College campus is a 'green' campus with solar lighting. A separate building houses the department of teacher education.

Halls of residence
The college presently has four hostels for its students, all of which are situated near the college. Previously, another hostel, Students' Residence (for Girls) was present. They have recreational common rooms with audio-visual equipment.

 * Lady Jane Dundas Hostel (For-Girls only): 71/1 Bidhan Sarani, Kolkata-6.
 * Duff Hostel: 32/8, Abhedananda Road, Kolkata-6.(Beadon Street)
 * Ogilvie Hostel: 31/2, Hurtaki Bagan Lane, Kolkata-6.
 * Wann Hostel: 32/8 Abhendananda Road, Kolkata-6. (Beadon Street)

College publications
The college publications are annual and consists of contributions from students and staffs.
 * The Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, a refereed international academic journal with an interdisciplinary approach which publishes research articles written by both experienced and young scholars all over the world, is annually published by the college. The journal discusses issues from points of view such as liberalism, empiricism, positivism, Marxism, structuralism, psychoanalysis, postmodernism, deconstruction, feminism, subaltern studies school and postcolonialism. The advisory board consists of personalities such as Amartya Sen, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Partha Chatterjee, Dipesh Chakrabarty and Amiya Kumar Bagchi.
 * Sanket, a short magazine, is published annually by the Scottish Church College Literary society. It was first published in 2015.

National Service Scheme
Four faculty members and three library staff are involved with social work at an informal level in their neighbourhood. The NSS Unit organised several environment/health/hygiene-related programmes in the college in collaboration with the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia and the college's department of Teacher Education. The volunteers of the college NSS unit participated in North-East Youth Festival, held at Arunachal Pradesh in 2012 and NSS Mega Camp held at Assam in 2013. Some of them also took part in Rock Climbing and Adventure camp at Balasore, Odisha (India) and were awarded the title of "Basic Mountaineer".

The college received four awards from the University of Calcutta for its activities in NSS. Prof. U.N. Nandi became the Best Program Officer in 2009. Parag Chatterjee, a student of Computer Science and the NSS student leader (2011–2013), was awarded "Best Volunteer" by the university.

Awards and recognition
In 2006, the University Grants Commission (India) accepted the recommendations of the University of Calcutta to regard the college as "College with Potential for Excellence".

Status and initiatives

 * Until 1953, administrative control over the college was exercised by the Foreign Mission Committee of the Church of Scotland. This was exercised by a local council consisting of representatives of the Church of Scotland and the United Church of Northern India. Later the Foreign Mission Committee of Church of Scotland relinquished its authority to the United Church of Northern India, and in 1970, the United Church of Northern India joined the Church of North India as a constituent body. This made the Church of North India the de facto and de jure successor (to the Church of Scotland) in running the administration of the college. As the college was founded on Christian (Protestant and Presbyterian) foundations, it derives its legal authority and status as a religious minority institution as defined by the scope of Article 30 of the Constitution of India.
 * On 27 September 1980, the Indian Postal Service released a commemorative stamp on the college.
 * In 2003, the college buildings and premises underwent renovation, with the financial support of the alumni and well-wishers.
 * In 2004, the general section of the college was awarded grade 'A' after accreditation by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council. The same grade was awarded upon reaccreditation in 2014.
 * Since 2004, the college has been a member of the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia and is a participant in that organization's Asian University Leadership Program.
 * In 2011, the Scottish Government instituted a Centre of Tagore Studies in Edinburgh's Napier University, to facilitate integrated research on Rabindranath Tagore's works and philosophy. In Calcutta, this scholarly initiative (with student exchange programs) was extended to the college, involving the departments of English, Bengali and philosophy.
 * The University Grants Commission sponsors the construction of the Quarto Sept Centennial Jubilee Building project of the college. The building plan has been approved by the Heritage Committee of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation for necessary approval. The construction of the new building has been completed with modern equipments and audio-visual system worth for having special lectures which can also be broadcast to other colleges through online. The building was Inaugurated by the Members of college administrative body (College Rector Dr.J.Abraham and Principal alongside)
 * Scottish Church College celebrated its 184th Foundation Day and its first Alexander Duff Memorial Lecture on 13 July 2013. Dr. S. C. Jamir, the Honorable Governor of Odisha and an alumnus of the college, delivered the first Alexander Duff Memorial Lecture.

In fiction

 * Satyajit Ray's fictional scientist-cum-investigator Professor Shonku started his career as a professor of physics at the Scottish Church College.
 * Satyajit Ray's fictional private investigator Feluda was a student of the Scottish Church College.
 * Samaresh Majumdar's bestselling novel Kalbela, which explores Calcutta's culture, politics and society in the aftermath of the 1970s Naxalite movement, won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1984. It featured the college as a backdrop in the storyline.
 * Samaresh Majumdar's Animesh quartet, a series of four novels (Uttoradhikar, Kalbela and Kalpurush, and Mousholkal), revolves around the life and experiences of Animesh Mitra, an alumnus, who witnesses the tumultuous socio-political transformations in post-independence West Bengal.

In non-fiction

 * Kaalbela: Calcutta My Love, a 2009 Bengali film directed by Goutam Ghose on the events of the 1970s Naxalite movement, had scenes which were shot at the college.
 * Egaro: The Immortal Eleven was a 2011 sports film in Bengali directed by Arun Roy, that was based on the Mohun Bagan Athletic Club's victory over the East Yorkshire Regiment in the finals of the 1911 IFA Shield. Three members of the winning team were students of the college. The film also showed the college as a background.
 * Natoker Moto was a 2015 biographical Bengali language film, which was roughly based on the life and tragic death of Keya Chakraborty, an alumna, who subsequently became a prominent theatre personality. The character based on her is called Kheya in the film.

title: Scottish Church College


text:
SWX

SWX may refer to:

 * SIX Swiss Exchange (SWX Swiss Exchange) Zurich, Switzerland stock exchange (SWX)
 * SWX Europe, crossborder trading platform
 * SWX Group, conglomerate behind the SWX stock exchange
 * SWX Right Now, sports TV channel for varsity and collegiate sports
 * .swx, file format and file extension for Adobe Flash
 * Shakawe Airport (IATA airport code: SWX, ICAO airport code: FBSW) airport in Shakawe, Botswana
 * Swazi Express Airways (IATA airline code: Q4, ICAO airline code: SWX) defunct airline of Swaziland
 * Zuruahá language (ISO 639 language code: swx) Suruahá
 * Saidanwala rail station (rail code: SWX) see Ludhiana–Fazilka line
 * Southwest Gas (NYSE stock ticker: SWX) Las Vegas natural gas utility company

title: SWX


text:
Enoyl CoA isomerase

Enoyl-CoA-(∆) isomerase (, also known as dodecenoyl-CoA-(∆) isomerase, 3,2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase, ∆3(cis),∆2(trans)-enoyl-CoA isomerase, or acetylene-allene isomerase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cis- or trans-double bonds of coenzyme A (CoA) bound fatty acids at gamma-carbon (position 3) to trans double bonds at beta-carbon (position 2) as below:

This enzyme has an important role in the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids in beta oxidation.

Mechanism

Enoyl-CoA isomerase is involved in the beta-oxidation, one of the most frequently used pathways in fatty acid degradation, of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds at odd-numbered carbon positions. It does so by shifting the position of the double bonds in the acyl-CoA intermediates and converting 3-cis or trans-enoyl-CoA to 2-trans-enoyl-CoA. Since the key step in the degradation of fatty acids with double bonds at even-numbered carbon positions also produces 3-trans-enoyl-CoA in mammals and yeasts, enoyl-CoA isomerase is technically required for their metabolism as well. The reaction mechanism is detailed in figure 1, and the base that initiates the isomerization and NH groups that stabilize the intermediate are located on the active site of enoyl-coA isomerase.

As it functions in the step immediately preceding the actual beta-oxidation and forms a double bond extending from the beta-carbon (position 2), enoyl-CoA isomerase is involved in both the NADPH-dependent and NADPH-independent pathways of beta-oxidation. The double bond serves as the target of oxidation and carbon-to-carbon bond cleavage, thereby shortening the fatty acid chain.

Sub-classification
Enoyl-CoA isomerases can be categorized into three classes: The monofunctional mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzymes are found in the mitochondria and peroxisomes of eukaryotes, respectively. The multifunctional enzymes are found in bacteria and in the peroxisomes of some eukaryotes, but they serve two functions: the N-terminal domain works the same as the other classes of enoyl-CoA isomerases and the C-terminal domain works as a dehydrogenase, specifically, to 3-hydroxyactyl-CoA. There are two divisions among the mitochondrial enoyl Co-A isomerase: short-chain and long-chain [4]. In an immunoblot, antibodies were run against all enoyl CoA isomerase. However, two of these isomerases had antibody attachment: the short chain isomerase and the peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme. There was one enzyme which did not have binding specificity to this antibody: mitochondrial long-chain isomerase. Long-chain isomerase was found when it eluted at a lower potassium phosphate concentration in the gradient. Thus, the discovery of three sub-classes of enoyl CoA isomerase was made.
 * monofunctional mitochondrial
 * monofunctional peroxisomal
 * multifunctional

Although all three classes of enzymes have the same function, there is little overlap among their amino acid sequences. For example, only 40 out of 302 amino acid sequences (13%) are the same between monofunctional peroxisomal and mitochondrial enzymes in humans. In fact, in mammals, the peroxisomal enzyme has an extra N-terminal domain that is not present in the mitochondrial counterpart. Also, it has been found to be a subunit of the peroxisomal trifunctional enzyme (pTFE) and contributes only to minor cleavages of the fatty acid chain. In that sense, for many higher organisms, the mitochondrial enzyme is essential for deriving maximum energy from lipids and fueling muscles.

Mitochondria (both short- and long-chain) of rat liver contain more than one enoyl Co-A isomerase. To further support the idea that short- and long-chain isomerases elute at different concentration of potassium phosphate concentration, they do not share similar primary polypeptide structure, hence they must not be evolutionarily related. Peroxisomes of plants and of rat liver are very different in the way they operate. Despite their primary structure similarities, there are differences among the different specimen. To begin with, the peroxisomes of rat liver are a multifunctional enzyme including enoyl-CoA isomerase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and L-(−)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Three different enzymes reside on this entity (multifunctional protein) allowing this enzyme to perform isomerization, hydration, and dehydration. Isomerase activity on the multifunctional enzyme occurs at the amino-terminal catalytic half of the protein along with the hydratase activity. The dehydrogenase activity of enoyl-CoA occurs in the carboxyl-terminal. Upon further investigation of the CoA binding site on the amino-terminal half of the multifunctional protein, the CoA substrate is not transferred through the aqueous phase from the isomerization phase to the site of hydration or does not have a bulk phase. This removes the need for a substrate transferring enzyme. On the other hand, the cotyledons convert long-chain 3-trans-enoyl-CoA, long-chain 3-cis-enoyl-CoA, and short-chain 3-cis-enoyl-CoA species into their 2- trans-enoyl-CoA respective forms. As previously mentioned, plant enoyl-CoA isomerase exclusively forms the 2-trans isomer as product. It does not act on 4-cis-enoyl-CoA species or 2-trans- 4-trans-dienoyl-CoA species. In comparing the products of the plant peroxisome and the multifunctional enzyme of rat liver, the plant has no hydratase activity. The Plant form did not form a 2-cis-isomer (from enoyl-CoA hydratase) or D- or L- 3 hydroxy derivative (L-(−)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase): products of multifunctional enzyme of rat liver. The turnover rates of these the two sub divisions of peroxisomes are very different. The Kcat/Km ratio in cotyledons is 10^6 M-1s-1 which outperforms the ratio .07 * 10^6 M-1s-1. Due to a high turnover rate, the plant peroxisomes contain a lesser amount of enoyl-CoA isomerase than their counterparts in the rat liver.

In rat liver, mitochondrial enoyl CoA isomerase and peroxisomal enoyl CoA isomerase embedded in the multifunctional enzyme have similarities in the primary structure sequence. When comparing the amino-terminal half of E. coli against the amino-terminal half of rat liver, there were primary and secondary structure similarities towards the middle of the amino-terminal end. This conserved region must be important for structure and function of this specific enzyme since showing equally in both E. coli and rat liver.

Structure
All classes of enoyl-CoA isomerases belong to a family of enzymes, the hydratase/isomerase or crotonase superfamily, and when examined with x-ray crystallography, exhibit a common structural feature of the family, the N-terminal core with a spiral fold composed of four turns, each turn consisting of two beta-sheets and one alpha-helix.

In enoyl-CoA isomerase, the two beta-sheets are part of the catalytic site, since the NH groups of residues following the beta-sheets attach to the carbonyl oxygen of the acyl-CoA intermediate. The formation of this oxyanion hole stabilizes the transition state of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

Moreover, a glutamate residue located next to body cavities filled with water molecules and lined with hydrophobic or apolar side chains has also been identified as a part of the catalytic site. In its deprotonated form, the glutamate can act as a base and remove a proton from the acyl-CoA intermediate. The body cavities aid in rearranging the glutamate side chain to retain the proton and later deliver it back to the acyl-CoA, on a different carbon position.

The NH-containing residues have been identified as Ala70 and Leu126 and the glutamate as Glu158 in peroxisomal enzymes in a yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Their relative locations on the enzyme can be compared in figure 2.

The enzymes of the hydratase/isomerase or crotonase superfamily are typically trimeric disks dimerized into hexamers. The wide range of their substrate-enzyme specificity derives from the variations in the distances between the trimeric disks and their orientation. However, the human mitochondrial enoyl-CoA isomerase is a trimer and orients the fatty acid tail in a completely different direction from that seen in the hexamers. The trimeric disk of peroxisomal enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is displayed in figure 3.

History
Enoyl-CoA isomerase was first identified and purified from rat liver mitochondria in the 1960s and 1970s via gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Since then, all classes of enoyl-CoA isomerase, mitochondrial, peroxisomal and multifunctional, have been identified in different organisms, including more mammals, plants, and unicellular organisms.

By 1994, using the rat enoyl-CoA isomerase cDNA as a hybridization probe, human enoyl-CoA isomerase cDNA could be sequenced and cloned. In the same year, the protein itself was isolated, not by affinity to rat antibody or cDNA probes, but by copurification with a transferase, human glutathione S-transferases.

In the attempts to examine the human enoyl-CoA isomerase in detail, the mitochondrial enzyme in the mammalian liver was identified as a potential biological marker for metabolic diseases due to its elevated levels in defective cells, and linked defects in fatty acid beta-oxidation to human diseases, to be specified in the next section.

Clinical significance
In humans, defects in the beta-oxidation mechanism result in hypoketotic hyperglycemia, a symptom of starvation, due to the inefficient utilization of fatty acids as a primary source of energy. The metabolic disease was found to be on a genetic level: rats without the genes for enoyl-CoA isomerase also displayed high blood glucose level. Moreover, a biological marker for this condition may have been identified as the urine of these rats included high concentrations of medium chain unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, a condition called dicarboxylic aciduria.

More recent studies link hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection to defects in fatty acid degradation, specifically, to that in enoyl-CoA isomerase. HCV is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, and more than 180 million people are affected globally. Due to the prolonged latency of the virus and no existing cures to rid the virus specifically, HCV is a serious problem that is causing more deaths than HIV/AIDS in the United States, but its threat still do not receive adequate attention. The need for a HCV-specific treatment is essential, and according to John Ward, the director of the CDC Hepatitis Division, it can save up to 120,000 lives.

According to protein profiling in the human liver biopsies of HCV patients, a correlation was initially discovered between dysfunctional mitochondrial processes, which include beta-oxidation, and HCV. As a matter of fact, lipids play an important role in the replication cycle of HCV, and in the "in vivo" samples from HCV patients, many lipids were found in abundance to aid HCV in virus uptake, RNA replication, and secretion from host cells. Enzymes that regulate fatty acid metabolism, including enoyl-CoA isomerase, were also similarly upregulated. Gene silencing techniques revealed that enoyl-CoA isomerase is essential in HCV RNA replication, and opened ways to stop HCV infection on an intracellular level.

title: Enoyl CoA isomerase


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Guy Barnett

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 * Guy Barnett (British politician) (1928–1986), Labour Party Member of Parliament

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