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Johannes Fibiger

Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger (23 April 1867 – 30 January 1928) was a Danish physician and professor of anatomical pathology at the University of Copenhagen. He was the recipient of the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma". He demonstrated that the roundworm which he called Spiroptera carcinoma (but is correctly named Gongylonema neoplasticum) could cause stomach cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) in rats and mice. His experimental results were later proven to be a case of mistaken conclusion. Erling Norrby, who had served as the Permanent Secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and Professor and Chairman of Virology at the Karolinska Institute, declared Fibiger's Nobel Prize as "one of the biggest blunders made by the Karolinska Institute."

While working at the Institute of Pathological Anatomy of University of Copenhagen, Fibiger discovered new roundworms in 1907 from wild rats. He suspected that the roundworms were responsible for stomach cancer in those rats. In 1913, he reported that he could experimentally induce cancer in healthy rats using the roundworms. His discovery was considered "the greatest contribution to experimental medicine" at the time. In 1926, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Katsusaburo Yamagiwa, who had experimentally induced carcinoma by painting crude coal tar on the inner surface of rabbits' ears in 1915. However, they were considered undeserving, and the 1926 prize was not given. In the next year Fibiger alone was retrospectively chosen for the 1926 Nobel Prize.

After his death, independent researches proved that G. neoplasticum cannot cause cancer. Tumours and cancer produced by Fibiger were due to vitamin A deficiency. Historical reassessment of Fibiger's data revealed that he had mistaken non-cancerous tumours for cancerous tumours.

His research method on diphtheria is regarded as the origin of an important research methodology in medicine known as controlled clinical trial.

Biography
Fibiger was born in Silkeborg, Midtjylland, Denmark. He was the second son of Christian Ludvig Wilhelm Fibiger and Elfride Fibiger (née Müller). His father was a local physician and his mother, an author. He was named after his uncle, who was a clergyman and a poet. His father died of internal bleeding when he was three years of age, after which the family moved to Copenhagen where his mother earned their living by writing. His mother established there the first cooking school, the Copenhagen Cooking School.

His namesake uncle supported Fibiger for his education. In 1883, at age 16, he passed his matriculation and was enrolled at the University of Copenhagen to study zoology and botany. He self-supported by teaching and working at the laboratories. He graduated in 1883. He continued for a medicine course and earned his medical degree in 1890. For a few months he worked as a physician at different hospitals, and also continued to study under Robert Koch and Emil Adolf von Behring in Berlin. Between 1891 and 1894, he was assistant to C. J. Salomonsen at the Department of Bacteriology of Copenhagen University. From 1894 he joined the Royal Danish Army Medical Corps, where he served till 1897. It was during his army service that he completed his doctoral thesis Research into the bacteriology of diphtheria. The University of Copenhagen awarded him a doctorate degree in 1895. He continued the diphtheria research at Blegdamshospitalet in Copenhagen, working as a Junior Physician. In 1897, he was appointed prosector at the Institute of Pathological Anatomy of University of Copenhagen. He was promoted to full Professor and eventually its Director in 1900. He also served as Principal of the Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology of the Army from 1890 to 1905), and Director of the Central Laboratory of the Army and Consultant Physician to the Army Medical Service in 1905.

Fibiger died of cardiac arrest in Copenhagen on 30 January 1928.

Diphtheria research
Fibiger's doctoral research was on diphtheria. He developed more efficient method of growing bacteria in a laboratory setting. He discovered that there were two different forms (strains) of the diphtheria bacillus (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) that produce two different symptoms, now called nasopharyngeal and cutaneous diphtheria. He also produced a blood serum against the disease. He was known for his methodological system of research. One of his experiments from 1898 in which he tested the blood serum for diphtheria is regarded by some as the first controlled clinical trial. While working as a Junior Physician in Blegdamshospitalet, he tested his diphtheria serum among hundreds (484) patients. As would be in modern clinical trial, he separated serum-treated and untreated patients, and found that more of untreated patients died than the treated ones. According to an article in The British Medical Journal in 1998: "[Fibiger's experiment in 1898] was the first clinical trial in which random allocation was used and emphasised as a pivotal methodological principle. This pioneering improvement in methodology, combined with a large number of patients and rigorous planning, conduct, and reporting, makes the trial a milestone in the history of clinical trials."

Cancer and parasitology research
While studying tuberculosis in lab rats, Fibiger found tumors in some wild rats collected from Dorpat (officially Tartu, now in Estonia) in 1907. Rats having stomach tumour (papilloma) also had nematodes and their eggs. He found that some tumours were metastatic (cancerous). He hypothesised that the nematodes caused the stomach cancer. After years of investigation, he experimentally demonstrated in 1913 that the nematode could induce stomach cancer. He published his discovery in a series of three papers, and also presented them at the Académie Royale des Sciences et des Lettres de Danemark (Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters), and Troisième Conférence Internationale pour l’Étude du Cancer (Third International Conference for Researches in Cancer) at Brussels the same year. He knew that the nematode was a new species, and provisionally named it Spiroptera carcinom  in 1914. With Hjalmar Ditlevsen, of the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, he described it as Spiroptera (Gongylonema) neoplastica in 1914. Ditlevsen revised the description in 1918, and gave the final valid name Gongylonema neoplasticum. But Fibiger never used the formal scientific name, and persistently used Spiroptera carcinoma.

Fibiger's experiment was the first to show that helminth parasites can cause cancer, and that cancer (tumour) can be experimentally induced. His discovery was supported by the experiment of two Japanese scientists Katsusaburo Yamagiwa and Koichi Ichikawa in 1918. Yamagiwa and Ichikawa demonstrated the induction of cancer (carcinoma) in rabbits. They showed that it was relatively easy to produce cancer was by painting coal-tar on the inner surface of the ear. A number independent experiments subsequently confirmed the cancer-inducing effect of coal-tar in mice. With such supporting evidence, Fibiger's work was regarded a milestone in cancer study.

Personal life
Fibiger was married to Mathilde Fibiger (1863–1954). Mathilde was his cousin who came to help her mother's business while he was studying medicine. They got married on 4 August 1894. Fibiger had been suffering from colon cancer, and a month after he received his Nobel Prize, he died of heart attack on 30 January 1928 due to his worsening cancer. He was survived by his wife and two children.

Nomination and selection
Fibiger was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 18 times from 1920. In 1926, he received two nominations along with Katsusaburo Yamagiwa. Folke Henschen and Hilding Bergstrand were appointed by the Nobel Committee as assessors. They disagreed on each other's conclusion. Henschen was in favour of the nomination and concluded that "the experimental carcinoma is worthy of the Nobel Prize. It should therefore be just if the prize would be divided between Johannes Fibiger, the discoverer of the experimental spiroptera carcinoma, and Katsusaburo Yamagiwa, the discoverer of the experimental tar carcinoma." But Bergstrand opposed to it, concluding that "an experimental confirmation of a previously known fact... [referring to the prevalence of cancer among chimney sweeps and factory workers, an already established medical fact at the time ] can, in this case, not be considered... that one cannot, at this point, find much support for the possibility that the work of Fibiger and Yamagiwa will have great importance in the solving of the riddle of cancer. Under such circumstances I do not consider these discoveries worthy of the Nobel Prize." The Nobel Committee could not make the final decision and decided not to give the prize for 1926. In the next year, Fibiger received seven nominations, and Yamagiwa was then excluded. Instead there were two other nominees, Otto Heinrich Warburg and Julius Wagner-Jauregg. In addition to Henschen and Bergstrand, Einar Hammersten was appointed as the third assessor. On Fibiger, Bergstrand was of the same opinion, Hammersten was in favour. Hence the three nominees were recommended for the award. The Nobel Committee decided to give the 1926 prize jointly to Fibiger and Warburg, and the 1927 prize to Wagner-Jauregg. However, the authority at the Karolinska Institute disagreed with the recommendation for Warburg for undisclosed reasons, and Fibiger became the sole winner. (Warburg was eventually awarded the prize in 1931. )

Posthumous criticism and disproof
Fibiger's discovery was unchallenged during his lifetime. The only serious criticism was by F. D. Bullock and G. L. Rohdenburg. In 1918, they argued that the cancerous tumours produced in Fibiger's experiments were similar to non-cancerous tumours. Such tumours easily developed in epithelial cells. Fibiger defended "That these tumors are true carcinomata cannot, thus, be doubted, and the fact that they may occur in younger animals does not diminish our right to range them among the true malignant neoplasms."

It was only after Fibiger's death that the importance of vitamin A in cancer development was fully appreciated. Fibiger had used rats which were fed vitamin A-less diet. It was found that Vitamin A deficiency alone can cause tumours and cancers. The parasites had merely caused the tissue irritation (chronic inflammation) that drove the damaged cells into cancer; any tissue irritation could have induced the tumours. The major challenge came from Richard Douglas Passey, with his colleagues A. Léese, and J.C. Knox. They reported a new finding in 1935 that S. carcinoma do not cause cancer in rats. They concluded that Fibiger probably had mistaken metaplasia (a non-cancerous tumour) with malignant neoplasia (true cancer). In 1937, W. Cramer experimentally showed that Fibiger's tumour were not cancerous. The final disproof was shown by Claude R. Hitchcock and E. T. Bell. In 1952, they repeated Fibiger's experiments using advanced microscopy and histology, and conclusively demonstrated that the tumours due to G. neoplasticum in rats were non-cancerous, and that the tumours were primarily due to vitamin A deficiency.

It is also claimed that exclusion of Yamagiwa was another mistake. Yamagiwa's work has become the primary basis for induction of tumours in cancer research. Because of this, some consider Fibiger's Nobel Prize to be undeserved particularly because Yamagiwa did not receive the prize. Encyclopædia Britannica guide to Nobel Prizes in cancer research mentions Yamagiwa's work as a milestone without mentioning Fibiger.

Although G. neoplasticum is non-carcinogenic, other helminth parasites such as Schistosoma haematobium, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis are now established to cause cancer in humans.

title: Johannes Fibiger


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Lewis R. Bradley

Lewis Rice "Broadhorns" Bradley (February 18, 1805 – March 21, 1879) was an American politician who was the second Governor of Nevada from 1871 to 1879. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Biography
Bradley was born on February 18, 1805, in Orange County, Virginia. When he was thirteen years old, his father died and he quit school and became a mule trader to support his mother and his many younger siblings. He married Virginia Hode Willis and the couple had three children. He moved to Missouri, the mule capital of the nation. His wife, Virginia, died May 11, 1852, in Fayette, Howard County, Missouri.

Career
In 1852, Bradley and his son, John R. Bradley, bought a herd of Texas Longhorn cattle and pushed them west, earning him the nickname "Old Broadhorns", and arriving in the San Joaquin Valley, California, with a 40% loss. He settled in Stockton, California, and drove horses, mules, and sheep in from Missouri. The winter and spring floods of 1861 and 1862 ruined their lands, and the Bradleys moved to Nevada where he worked in the cattle business in Elko County, near Jiggs.

Bradley, running for governor, bought a defunct newspaper, "The Daily Inland Empire", used it as a campaigning tool, then let it go under again. He served two terms as governor, but was narrowly defeated for the third time he ran as governor. Since he was a widower, his daughter, Virginia, acted as his official hostess during his term. In 1959, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

Death
Bradley died on March 21, 1879, in Elko, Nevada, at the age of 74. He is interred at Elko City Cemetery in Elko, Nevada.

title: Lewis R. Bradley


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2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics was held on August 13, 2004 starting at 20:45 EEST (UTC+3) at the Olympic Stadium in Marousi, Greece, a suburb of Athens. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal and ceremonial opening of this international sporting event, including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes, with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. 72,000 spectators (with nearly 50 world leaders) attended the event, with approximately 15,000 athletes from 202 countries participating in the ceremony as well. It marked the first-ever international broadcast of high-definition television, undertaken by the U.S. broadcaster NBC and the Japanese broadcaster NHK. The Games were officially opened by President of the Hellenic Republic Konstantinos Stephanopoulos at 23:46 EEST (UTC+3).

Countdown and Welcome
The opening ceremony began with a 28-second countdown—one second per Olympics held since Athens last hosted the first modern games, paced by the sounds of an amplified heartbeat. At the end of the countdown, fireworks are then set off.

400 percussionists perform the zeimbekiko before walking around the stadium ground. A 50-person strong bouzouki band also performs. It is led by two drummers, one inside the stadium, and one projected on the stadium screen from the ancient stadium of Olympia, the locale of the Olympic games of antiquity. A blazing comet, seemingly coming from the ancient stadium of Olympia on the screen was Petros Kourtis, the drummer who appeared on the big screen of the Olympic Stadium. Nikos Hatzidavitidis, the drummer playing for Petros, and lands on the flooded stadium drawing with its fire the Olympic Rings. The comet symbolizes the fire of the ancients giving life to the modern Olympic movement, thus bridging the past and the present together. According to Dimitris Papaioannou, the event "was a pageant of traditional Greek culture and history harkening back to its mythological beginnings, and viewed through the progression of Greek art."

Next, a young Greek boy Michalis Patsatzis sailed into the stadium on a giant paper boat waving the host nation's flag, symbolizing Greece's maritime tradition and its close connection to the sea. The Hellenic Naval Band then walks into the stadium. The President of the Athens Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (ATHOC), Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, and President of the International Olympic Committee Jacques Rogge walk onto the stadium floor. The Band then performs the Presidential fanfare, where President of the Hellenic Republic Konstantinos Stephanopoulos then also arrives on the stadium floor. The three presidents meet the young boy, before Hymn to Liberty, the Greek national anthem was performed a cappella with the raising of the Greek Flag.

Artistic section
The segments that followed were divided in two main parts. The first part of the main artistic segment of the opening ceremony was called "Allegory." "Allegory" introduced the main conceptual themes and ideals that are going to be omnipresent throughout the entire opening ceremony, such as the confluence of the past and present, love and passion as the progenitors of history, and humanity's attempt to understand itself. The second part, called the "Clepsydra," or "Hourglass," celebrates the themes introduced in the "Allegory" section through a portrayal of Greek history from the ancient to the modern times.

Allegory
The "Allegory" segment begins with a recitation of a verse from Nobel Prize-winning Greek poet George Seferis' poem "Mythistorema 3." As the verse is being recited on the speakers, the spotlights are focused upon a woman clad in a black gown looking out to the water. Holding a marble sculpture head, the woman seems to be entering into a dream. As she looks into the dark water, a centaur appears whose human and animal parts supposedly symbolize the duality of spirit and body. The centaur then walks about and then throws a spear of light into the center of the stadium, from which a giant statue that exemplifies Cycladic art (and thus one of the first depictions of the human form in Greek art) emerges. This Cycladic head also represents one of the first attempts of humanity to understand itself. With the use of lasers, geometrical shapes and other scientific images (such as a stylistic representation of the Solar System) are displayed on the figure's face. The statue then breaks into pieces that float away, and from within it emerges a smaller kouros statue from the Archaic Period of Greek sculpture, which in turn breaks apart to reveal the depiction of man in a sculpture of the classical period, symbolizing the dawn of individuality and extolling human scale, one of the principal themes of the 2004 Olympics. At the end of this sequence, a cube arises from the water, and a man starts slowly balancing himself on the rotating cube while representations of humankind's greatest achievements, contrasted to humanistic representations and images of people of various ethnicities and ages, are projected onto the pieces of broken sculpture, which seem to be floating above the water. This last sequence is meant to symbolize the birth of logical thought, higher learning, and humanity finally making sense of the world in which it lives. After this sequence, the pieces of sculpture descend to the water, meant to symbolize the Greek isles.

Clepsydra
"Generations of people come one after the other; changing like the leaves of the trees." In the next sequence, Eros, the Greek god of love, is introduced flying over a pair of lovers (a man and a woman) frolicking in the pool of water located in the center of the stadium. The young couple along with Eros symbolize the fact that the humanity which creates and shapes history is born out of love and passion. This segment introduces the next part of the ceremony, the "Clepsydra," which highlights the themes of the opening ceremony through a celebration of Greek history. The lovers then lie down in the water, and both fall into a dream state. Throughout the rest of the scenes from history and mythology, Eros flies over the parade, occasionally touching or stepping on the floats moving beneath him, thus reinforcing the theme of love and passion as the source for all history.

The pageantry following the statues and the introduction of Eros continues to portray scenes that show the sequence of Greek civilisation through its art. The scenes start with the Minoan civilisation. The first float features the iconic image of Minoan civilization: that of the fertility goddess clad in a bodice exposing her breasts and clutching serpents in both hands. The subsequent floats then feature scenes of bull-jumping, dolphins, and other elements that harken back to the images in the frescoes of Phaestos. The scenes then proceed to the more stark art of the Mycenean civilisation, followed by representations of the Classical period. A chariot carrying an actor portraying Alexander the Great introduces images from the Hellenistic period, which in turn are followed by representations of Byzantine art, the Greek War of Independence, and lastly of 20th century elements of Greek culture, such as the popular shadow-theatre figure Karagiozis, who is said to be a humorous and self-deprecating depiction (and parody) of Greek mentality.

At the end of the parade, "Eros" lowered enough to help a pregnant woman remove her outer garment. This last part represents the ceremony coming into full circle: the "Clepsydra" segment began with the image of the Minoan fertility goddess and is now ending with a pregnant woman representing the future of all humanity and history. With belly glowing, the woman moves into the lake of water as the stadium's lights dim and lights underneath the pool of water turn on, thus creating an image of stars in a galaxy. According to Greek myth, the stars of the galaxy were born out of the milk of Hera's fertile breasts. In fact, the name for the Milky Way Galaxy, the home to planet Earth, was born out of this myth. Slowly the stars rise around the woman, and move to form a rapidly rotating DNA double helix, which is the basis for all life on the planet. Humanity's attempt to understand itself, a theme that has been omnipresent throughout the entire ceremony beginning with the Cycladic head, is further reinforced by the representation of the DNA double helix, which symbolizes humanity's latest and most recent attempt to understand itself: the late 20th and early 21st centuries witnessed great advances in the field of genetics with the mapping of the human genome.

Finally, all the characters of the parade begin to walk inside the pool, around its center, mixing the past and the present in a single marching beat of the drums. The confluence of the past and the present is another main theme of the opening ceremony. The music begins a crescendo with choruses, when all of a sudden an olive tree is lifted from the center of the pool—symbolizing goddess Athena's preferred gift by the Greeks—land and food—over Poseidon's gift, the horse—a tool of warfare. At the music's climax, all the characters stop and raise their arms as if worshipping the Tree, which is high above, surrounded also by the fragments of the deconstructed statues who resemble a mount.

Parade of Nations
In order to prepare for the entry of the athletes to the stadium, the giant pool of water that had been constructed on the floor of the stadium had to first be drained. 2,162,000 liters of water were drained from the stadium in a time period of three minutes, providing a dry, hard surface for the athletes to march and gather on.

Typically, Greece leads the Parade of Nations in any Olympics, with the host nation entering the stadium last. However, since Greece was the host nation, they went last, sending only their flag with the weightlifter Pyrros Dimas as the flag bearer into the stadium at the beginning of the parade, and the athletes themselves at the end of it.

The debut position was given to Saint Lucia (Αγία Λουκία in Greek), who led the Parade of Nations into the stadium. As the nations entered in Greek alphabetical order, Zimbabwe—which has usually been the penultimate nation, followed only by the host country—appeared in the middle of the parade. Countries such as the United States and Switzerland, which are usually at the rear of the pack, were granted earlier entries as well due to their position in the Greek alphabet.

The entrances of Afghanistan and Iraq were emotional highpoints of the parade. The nation of Kiribati made its debut Olympic appearance at the 2004 Summer Olympics, and East Timor marched under its own flag for the first time. Serbia and Montenegro appeared at the Olympics under the nation's new name for the first and only time since the country was officially renamed in 2003, and prior to the union's dissolution in 2006 (just before the 2008 Summer Olympics); it had previously been known as Yugoslavia.

Due to the unpopularity of the American-led invasion of Iraq among Greeks, it had been expected by the media that audience members would protest against the war during the entrance of the American delegation into the stadium by booing; however, the Americans did receive a warm welcome, much to the pleasant surprise of US news anchors covering the event as well as NBC Sports anchor Bob Costas. NBC's coverage of the Olympics has been praised, and the company was awarded with 6 Emmy Awards for its coverage of the Games and technical production. Additionally, NBC televised all 28 sports in the 2004 Games, becoming the first broadcaster to do so.

Apart from Greece, the Greek crowd reserved some of their loudest cheers for their fellow Greeks from Cyprus, Australia, home to many Greeks and site of the previous Summer Olympics and Mediterranean countries such as France and Italy, as well as for Brazil and Canada. A loud cheer was also given for Djibouti, because it had only one person enter the stadium. The teams from Palestine and Serbia and Montenegro were also very warmly welcomed. Cheers greeted Portugal, the nation that hosted the UEFA Euro 2004, which Greece won beating Portugal in the final match by 1–0.

High-ranking politicians and royalty from all around the world applauded as the teams from their respective countries paraded by. Important guests like U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair, Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, Crown Prince Haakon of Norway (who lit the Cauldron for the 1994 Winter Olympics), and Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark, (among others) each stood and applauded the teams from their countries. Past world leaders, including U.S. President George H. W. Bush, also attended and applauded their national teams during the parade, in which DJ Tiësto played trance music.

Oceania - A Song for the Athletes
Björk then sang her song Oceania. The song was written at the ocean's point of view, from which the singer believes all life emerged, and details the human's evolution, whilst accompanied by a choir. While she sang, her dress slowly covered the athletes with a white sheet. At the end of the song, a projection of the world was shown on the dress. However, technical complications with the sheet meant that the sheet didn't reach all the athletes by the end of the song. If the segment succeeded, it would be a call back to the flags covering all athletes in the Olympic opening ceremonies of 1992 and 2000.

A video from the International Space Station Expedition 9 crew then played, with Russian Commander Gennady Padalka and United States Flight Engineer Michael Fincke welcoming the athletes and stressing the importance for human collaboration between countries for peace.

108 Years of Olympic Games
After introducing the founders of the Modern Olympic Games, Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas and the first games in 1896, runner Giorgos Sabanis carries a flag with an image of an olive branch symbolizing not only peace but Athens itself, lapped around the stadium, symbolically crossing tape dedicated to the previous 27 Olympiads. The runner symbolically stumbles at the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Games which were canceled due to world wars. The runner ended his run at the very center of the stadium, where the olive tree from the artistic section has appeared, symbolizing the Modern Olympic Games journey around the world, and coming back home to Athens.

While not officially part of the Olympic protocol, there has been a recognition of past host cities at some Opening Ceremonies. For the Summer Olympics, a recognition has appeared in the 1992 opening ceremony in Barcelona, 1996 opening ceremony in Atlanta and a reduced version at the 2012 opening ceremony in London. In the Winter Olympics, there has been a recognition in 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, where banners of the previous 18 Winter Olympics entered Rice-Eccles Stadium at the beginning of the ceremony, the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Vancouver and the 2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Beijing.

Opening addresses
Two short speeches were delivered in front of the olive tree, a traditional Greek and Olympic symbol. The first speech came from Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, the President of the Athens Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (ATHOC), and the first female chief organizer of an Olympic Games. Angelopoulos-Daskalaki offered a message of welcome to the Athletes of the World in Greek and English: "Καλως ΗΡΘΑΤΕ"! and "Welcome! Welcome to the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad. Welcome to a unique Olympic Homecoming." She told the athletes in Greek: "Η Ελλάδα είναι εδώ. Είμαστε έτοιμοι." which translates into English as "Greece is here. We're ready" and also stated, "Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες, Καλώς ήρθατε." (in Greek), "Jeux olympiques, bienvenue." (in French), and "Olympic Games, Welcome home!" (in English). She also stated the people of Greece "have waited long for this moment," alluding to the long period between the first modern Olympic Games in Greece and the 2004 Games.

Angelopoulos-Daskalaki was followed by the President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Jacques Rogge, who delivered a speech encouraging participating athletes to resist the urge to use banned performance-enhancing substances and "show us that sport unites by overriding national, political, religious, and language barriers". Rogge speaking in Greek stated, "Έχω τώρα την τιμή να καλέσω τον Πρόεδρο της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας. Να κηρύξει την Έναρξη των Αγώνων." which translate into English as "I have the honor of inviting the President of the Hellenic Republic. To announce the opening of the Games." Rogge then introduced the President of the Hellenic Republic Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, who declared the games officially open. Stephanopoulos was accompanied by the Adjutant to the President of the Hellenic Republic Air Force Colonel Georgios Dritsakos, who spoke in Greek saying, ""Κηρύσσω την έναρξη των Ολυμπιακών Αγώνων της Αθήνας...και τον εορτασμό της 28ης Ολυμπιάδος της σύγχρονης εποχής.""

- Constantinos Stephanopoulos, President of the Hellenic Republic which translates into English as "I declare open the Olympic Games of Athens...and the celebration of the XXVIII Olympiad of the modern era."

The Olympic Flag, Anthem and Oaths
Five bells, each bell representing a continent, then are rung to heralded in the opening the games. The audience also rang their bells given to them. As the bells were rung, children run into the stadium floor holding olive branches. In the midst of their crowd, the Olympic flag made its entrance. It was carried in by eight Greek athletes. They were: They then passed on the flag to the eight sailors of the Hellenic Navy. Then the Olympic flag was hoist and raised while singing of the Olympic Hymn which the Greek choirs sang in Greek was conducted by John Psathas.
 * Petros Galaktopoulos (Greco-Roman wrestling)
 * Ilias Hatzipavlis (sailing)
 * Niki Bakoyianni (athletics)
 * Angelos Basinas (football)
 * Leonidas Kokas (weightlifting)
 * Michalis Mouroutsos (taekwondo)
 * Valerios Leonidis (weightlifting)
 * Dimosthenis Tampakos (gymnastics)

Greek freestyle swimmer Zoi Dimoschaki gave the Athletes Oath on behalf of all athletes in Greek. Greek basketball referee Lazaros Voreadis delivered the officials oath in Greek.

Torch relay and the lighting of the cauldron
The Opening Ceremony culminated at the end of the torch relay, a tradition began when Berlin hosted the games in 1936. This segment preceding the torch's arrival honored the first global torch relay that was begun in Athens. Before the torch came into the stadium, three rings arose from the center of the stadium that simulated a globe. Projections of doves were shown on the globe and on the LED screens as symbol of peace. Then actors, suspended on cables, started rising out of the crowd and ran towards the globe, carrying glowing sticks meant to simulate the Olympic torch. On the globe, the names of the cities which the torch visited were projected, and this segment ended with all the torchbearers floating mid-air coming together at the globe. After this segment ended, the lights were dimmed, and the sound of the heartbeat accompanied by thunderous cheers and applause met the torch's final arrival to the Olympic Stadium.

Torch bearer Nikos Galis, considered to be the greatest Greek basketball player of all time, entered the stadium first. The torch was passed on, in sequential order, to Greek football legend Mimis Domazos, 1992 Hurdles champion Voula Patoulidou, 1996 Olympic weightlifting champion Kakhi Kakhiashvili, and 1996 Olympic gymnastics champion Ioannis Melissanidis.

The torch was finally passed to the 1996 Olympic sailing champion Nikolaos Kaklamanakis, who lit a giant tapered column resembling the Olympic torch — not, as usual, a cauldron — to burn during the duration of the 2004 Summer Olympics. As Kaklamanakis ascended the steps to light the cauldron, the cauldron seemed to bow down to him, symbolizing that despite advance of technology, technology is still a creation and tool of humanity and that it was meant to serve humanity's needs. The ceremony concluded with a breathtaking fireworks display.

Dignitaries in attendance
The ceremony was attended by delegates from 90 countries, which included : 3 kings, 4 princes, 29 presidents and 26 premiers. They included :

Dignitaries from International organizations

 * 🇺🇳 United Nations –
 * President of the United Nations General Assembly Julian Hunte
 * President of Kosovo Ibrahim Rugova
 * UNESCO –
 * Director General of UNESCO Koichiro Matsuura
 * 🇪🇺 European Union –
 * President of the European Commission Romano Prodi
 * Francophonie –
 * Secretary General of Francophonie Boutros Boutros-Ghali
 * Commonwealth of Independent States –
 * Secretary General of CIS Vladimir Rushailo
 * NATO –
 * Secretary General of NATO Jaap de Hoop Scheffer
 * International Olympic Committee –
 * President of the IOC Jacques Rogge and wife Anne Rogge
 * IOC Vice-President Thomas Bach and wife Claudia Bach
 * IOC Vice-President James L. Easton and wife Phyllis Easton
 * IOC Vice-President Vitali Smirnov
 * IOC Member Sergey Bubka and wife Lilia Tutunik
 * predecessor Honorary IOC President for Life Juan Antonio Samaranch
 * and Members of the International Olympic Committee

Host nation dignitaries

 * 🇬🇷 Greece –
 * President of the Hellenic Republic Konstantinos Stephanopoulos
 * Adjutant to the President of the Hellenic Republic Air Force Colonel Georgios Dritsakos
 * ATHOC President Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki and husband Theodore Angelopoulos
 * ATHOC Vice-President and former President of the Hellenic Olympic Committee Lambis Nikolaou and wife Tonia Nikolaou
 * Prime Minister of Greece and Minister for Culture Kostas Karamanlis and wife Natasa Pazaïti
 * Ex-Prime Minister of Greece Costas Simitis
 * Ex-Prime Minister of Greece Konstantinos Mitsotakis
 * President of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement and Leader of the Opposition George Papandreou
 * Speaker of Parliament Anna Benaki-Psarouda
 * Mayor Dora Bakoyannis
 * Minister of Public Order and Citizen Protection of Greece Georgios Voulgarakis
 * Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens
 * and the entire Cabinet of Greece
 * 🇬🇷 Kingdom of Greece –
 * King of the Hellenes Constantine II and wife Former Queen consort of the Hellenes Anne-Marie of Greece
 * children Princess Alexia with her husband Carlos Morales Quintana, Princess Theodora and Prince Phillipos
 * Sister of Queen Sofia Princess Irene

Foreign dignitaries
Those have been listed according to Greek alphabet:

 * 🇱🇨 Saint Lucia –
 * Prime Minister Kenny Anthony and wife Rose-Marie Belle Antoine
 * 🇸🇲 San Marino –
 * Captain Regent Marino Riccardi and Paolo Bollini
 * 🇦🇴 Angola –
 * Prime Minister Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos and wife Maria Tomé Dias dos Santos
 * 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan –
 * President Ilham Aliyev and wife Mehriban Aliyeva
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt –
 * President Hosni Mubarak
 * 🇦🇱 Albania –
 * Prime Minister Fatos Nano wife Xhoana Nano
 * 🇦🇩 Andorra –
 * Prime Minister Marc Forné Molné
 * 🇦🇲 Armenia –
 * President Robert Kocharyan
 * 🇦🇺 Australia –
 * Prime Minister John Howard
 * 🇦🇹 Austria –
 * Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel
 * 🇻🇺 Vanuatu –
 * President Ham Lin̄i
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium –
 * King Albert II and wife Queen Paola
 * Crown Prince Philippe and wife Princess Mathilde
 * Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt
 * 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina –
 * Prime Minister Adnan Terzic
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria –
 * Prime Minister Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and wife Margarita Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil –
 * President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
 * British Virgin Islands –
 * Premier Orlando Smith
 * 🇫🇷 France –
 * President Jacques Chirac
 * Ambassador Patrice Leclerc and wife Marie-Alice Leclerc
 * 🇩🇪 Germany –
 * President Horst Köhler and wife Eva Köhler
 * Georgia –
 * President Mikhail Saakashvili
 * 🇬🇦 Gabon –
 * President Omar Bongo
 * 🇬🇺 Guam –
 * Governor Felix Camacho
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark –
 * Queen of Denmark
 * Prince Joachim of Denmark
 * Crown Prince Frederik and wife Crown Princess Mary
 * Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland –
 * Chancellor Pascal Couchepin
 * Defense Minister Samuel Schmid
 * and former President Adolf Ogi
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia –
 * President Arnold Ruutel and First Lady of Estonia Ingrid Rüütel
 * 🇺🇸 United States –
 * Former President George H. W. Bush (representing the President of the United States of America)
 * former First Lady Barbara Bush
 * granddaughters Jenna Bush and Barbara Pierce Bush
 * Former U.S. Tennis Champion Chris Evert
 * U.S. Ambassador to Greece Thomas Miller
 * Archbishop Demetrios of America
 * Owner and Chairman of A.G. Spanos Companies Alex Spanos and wife Faye Spanos
 * Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board Brent Scowcroft
 * 🇯🇵 Japan –
 * Masahito, Prince Hitachi
 * Deputy Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan –
 * King Abdullah II and Queen Rania
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland –
 * Taoiseach Bertie Ahern
 * 🇮🇸 Iceland –
 * President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson
 * 🇪🇸 Spain –
 * Queen Sofía of Spain (representing the King of Spain)
 * daughters Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo and husband Jaime de Marichalar, Lord of Tejada, and Infanta Cristina of Spain and husband Iñaki Urdangarin
 * 🇮🇱 Israel –
 * Former Prime Minister of Israel Shimon Peres
 * 🇮🇹 Italy –
 * President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan –
 * President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev
 * 🇨🇦 Canada –
 * Foreign Minister of Canada Lloyd Axworthy
 * 🇨🇳 China –
 * Foreign Minister of China Li Zhaoxing
 * 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan –
 * Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan Nikolai Tanayev
 * 🇰🇷 Korea –
 * President Roh Moo-hyun
 * 🇨🇰 Cook Islands –
 * President Christopher Loeak
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia –
 * President Stjepan Mesić
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus –
 * President Tassos Papadopoulos
 * President of the House of Representatives Demetris Christofias
 * 🇱🇸 Lesotho –
 * Deputy Prime Minister of Lesotho Tom Thabane
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia –
 * President Vaira-Vike Freiberga
 * 🇧🇾 Belarus –
 * President Aleksander Lukashenko
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon –
 * Deputy Prime Minister Saad Hariri
 * Libyan Arab Jamahiriya –
 * First Lady Fatiha al-Nuri
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania –
 * Prime Minister Algirdas Brazauskas
 * 🇱🇮 Liechtenstein –
 * Prime Minister Otmar Hasler
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg –
 * Grand Duke Henri
 * 🇲🇹 Malta –
 * President Edward Fenech Adami
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom –
 * Prime Minister Tony Blair and wife Cherie Blair
 * Anne, Princess Royal (representing the Queen of the United Kingdom)
 * 🇫🇲 Micronesia –
 * President Manny Mori
 * 🇲🇩 Moldova –
 * President Vladimir Voronin
 * 🇲🇨 Monaco –
 * Sovereign Prince Albert (representing the Prince of Monaco)
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand –
 * Prime Minister Helen Clark
 * 🇳🇴 Norway –
 * Crown Prince Haakon (representing the King of Norway)
 * Prime Minister of Norway Kjell Magne Bondevik
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa –
 * First Lady Zanele Mbeki
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands –
 * Crown Prince Willem-Alexander (representing the Queen of the Netherlands)
 * Prime Minister of the Netherlands Jan Peter Balkenende
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary –
 * President Ferenc Mádl
 * 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan –
 * President Islam Karimov
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine –
 * Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych
 * Palestine –
 * President Mahmood Abbas
 * 🇵🇱 Poland –
 * President Aleksander Kwaśniewski and First Lady Jolanta Kwaśniewska
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal –
 * President Jorge Sampaio
 * 🇲🇰 Macedonia –
 * Prime Minister Hari Kostov
 * 🇷🇼 Rwanda –
 * President Paul Kagame
 * 🇷🇴 Romania –
 * President Ion Iliescu
 * 🇷🇺 Russia –
 * President Vladimir Putin
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal –
 * Vice President of Senegal Macky Sall
 * Serbia and Montenegro –
 * President of Serbia and Montenegro Svetozar Marović
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia –
 * President Boris Tadić
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegro –
 * President Filip Vujanovic
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia –
 * President Ivan Gašparovič
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia –
 * President Janez Drnovsek
 * 🇸🇧 Solomon –
 * President Allan Kemakeza
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan –
 * President Omar al-Bashir
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden –
 * King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden
 * Prime Minister Goran Persson
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga –
 * Crown Prince Tupoutoʻa
 * 🇹🇬 Togo –
 * President Gnassingbe Eyadema
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey –
 * Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and First Lady Emine Erdogan
 * 🇹🇯 Tajikistan –
 * President Emomali Rahmon
 * 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan –
 * President Saparmurat Niyazov
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic –
 * President Vaclav Klaus
 * 🇫🇮 Finland –
 * President Tarja Halonen

Commentators

 * 🇺🇸 NBC: Bob Costas, Katie Couric

Music performances
During the "Allegory" segment highlighting the conceptual and themes and ideals of the opening ceremony, the chosen music was Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 3 in D Minor: 6. Langsam. The music played during the "Clepsydra" segment highlighting Greek history and mythology was composed by Konstantinos Bita. The songs played were instrumental in nature and many used traditional Greek instruments. Famous Greek artists such as Stavros Xarhakos (whose song "Zeimbekiko" was played), Manos Hadjidakis, Mikis Theodorakis and Konstantinos Bita, were included in the Olympic soundtrack. The whole music project was arranged by composer George Koumendakis, who had worked in the past several times with Papaioannou and was assisted in this project by Maria Metaxaki. The music production team included Marcus Dillistone, Paul Stefanidis, Dick Lewsey and Julian Scott.

New Zealand composer John Psathas (son of Greek immigrant parents) was chosen to compose and arrange music to accompany parts of the opening ceremonies. The most prestigious engagement of his career to date, he joins the ranks of well-known composers, such as John Williams, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Leonard Bernstein and Mikis Theodorakis who have also written music for the Olympics.

Mr Psathas was engaged in 2003 to compose and arrange music for the Games’ opening and closing ceremonies. He has since commuted several times between Wellington and Athens to work on the music and supervise the rehearsal process.

His music includes a number of specially composed fanfares and processionals to accompany the arrival of the IOC President, the lighting of the Olympic cauldron and to precede the Olympic oaths, and he is responsible for the soundtrack to the entire ‘flame sequence’ of the ceremony. John Psathas has also arranged the National Anthem of Greece, the Olympic Hymn, and music by Shostakovich, Debussy and the foremost living Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis to accompany other parts of the ceremony. The fireworks at the Games’ closing ceremony on 29 August will also feature music by the composer.

During the Parade of Nations, Dutchman DJ Tiësto provided the music, becoming the first DJ ever to spin live at the Olympics. During the course of his performance the Dutch athletes started dancing in front of the DJ booth and had to be moved on by officials. Tiësto later released a condensed version of the performance on CD titled Parade of the Athletes. In the liner notes, he noted the IOC requested to him that the music not contain any lyrics as they could be inadvertently misinterpreted.

Björk performed "Oceania", later included on her album Medúlla, immediately after the Parade of Nations ended. While the song was being played, a large piece of fabric (which belonged to Björk's dress) was pulled over the heads of the athletes, who had gathered on the ground in the center of the stadium following their march around the stadium. At the conclusion of Björk's performance, a map of the world was projected on the fabric.

The entrance of the torch on the stadium was surrounded by the "Le Roi Lear Fanfarre", by Claude Debussy; and the cauldron was lighted by the final part of "Pirogov Suite", an epic suite by Dmitri Shostakovich. Both songs were adapted by John Psathas.

Anthems

 * National Anthem of Greece
 * Olympic Hymn (Greek)

Reviews
The ceremony was a source of major acclaim amongst international press and featured never before seen technologies used in a stadium, including a giant pool with slip-proof iridescent fiberglass flooring that drained its water in three minutes, beautiful and innovative lighting, and an ingenious staging system utilizing a complex network of automated cables that lifted, maneuvered, and choreographed the floating pieces of sculpture to follow the music and narrative of the opening ceremony. The costumes, which also drew great international praise, were designed by well-known London-based Greek fashion designer Sophia Kokosalaki. Eleftheria Deco was awarded for her lighting design of the opening ceremony with an Emmy award. NBC, an international television broadcaster of the 2004 Athens Olympics, has also been awarded with 6 Emmy Awards for its coverage of the Games and technical production.

title: 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony


text:
Gottschalk of Orbais

Gottschalk of Orbais (Godescalc, Gotteschalchus) (c. 808 – 30 October 868) was a Saxon theologian, monk and poet. Gottschalk was an early advocate for the doctrine of two-fold predestination, an issue that ripped through both Italy and Francia from 848 into the 850s and 860s. Led by his own interpretation of Augustine's teachings on the matter, he claimed the sinfulness of human nature and the need to turn to God with a humility for salvation. He saw himself as a divine vessel calling all of Christianity to repent for decades of Civil War. His attempts of this new Christianisation of Francia ultimately failed, his doctrine was condemned as heresy at the 848 council of Mainz and 849 council of Quierzy. Following his conviction as a heretic Gottschalk remained stubborn to his ideology disobeying the ecclesiastical hierarchy, making him an "actual heretic in the flesh", for this disobedience Gottschalk was placed in monastic confinement; however the shockwaves his ideology sent around Western Christendom refused to stop reverberating, Gottschalk managed to win over more followers and the threat remained up until his death in 868.

Early life
Gottschalk was a child oblate at the monastery of Fulda under the tutelage of the Abbot Hrabanus Maurus of Mainz, during his time at the monastery he became close friends with Walafrid Strabo and Loup de Ferrières. In June 829, at the synod of Mainz, on the pretext that he had been unduly constrained by his abbot, he sought and obtained his liberty, withdrew first to Corbie.

Priesthood
Between 835 and 840 Gottschalk was ordained priest, without the knowledge of his bishop, by Rigbold, chorepiscopus of Reims. Gottschalk's time at the Monastery of Corbie would have been formative in his development in both intellect and missionary ideology, Corbie being the centre for preparing missionaries. Before 840 Gottschalk deserted his monastery and went to Italy, where he preached his doctrine of twin predestination, and entered into relations with Notting, bishop of Verona, and Eberhard, margrave of Friuli.

He was however driven from Italy through the influence of Hrabanus Maurus, now archbishop of Mainz, who wrote two violent letters to Notting and Eberhard. Gottschalk travelled through Dalmatia, Pannonia and Noricum, while continuing to preach and write.

Gottschalk was at Trpimir I of Croatia's court between 846 and 848, and his work De Trina deitate is an important source of information for Trpimir's reign. Gottschalk was a witness to the battle between Trpimir and Byzantine strategos, probably of Dalmatia, when Trpimir was victorious.

Predestination controversy
Gottschalk returned to Francia after a decade of travels throughout Europe, during this time he had gained reputation for his teachings on predestination. The key foundations of this belief that God had granted grace to a select few while denying it to those destined for Hell. This was a direct split from theological belief that God viewed humans acts with final judgement being based upon a person's nature and willingness to repent for sins, with God being able to deduce sinners and unrepentant. Gottschalk strengthened his ideas throughout the 830s and 840s a period in which the Carolingian Empire was falling continuously into crisis, in this time of uncertainty Gottschalk's teachings were clear wish for atonement, this message grew from the culture of the 820s–830s that saw Louis the Pious perform public penance, also inspired by Augustine. This state of repentance had to be permanent, the daily prayer for sin and confession of sins that was accepted within [monastic] life had clearly not worked, so a constant state of repentance was needed to keep from enticing Gods wrath.

Gottschalk's heretical teachings went unopposed until the 848 synod of Mainz, here his old abbot Hrabanus presided over events now as Archbishop of Mainz, also present was King Louis the German. Gottschalk's libellus to support his theological belief was condemned as heretical. Gottschalk was beaten by those present, before taking an oath never to return to Louis the Germans Kingdom of East Francia. Gottschalk was a priest and monk from the archdiocese of Rheims, so was sent to the Archbishop Hincmar of Rheims for containment. This exposed the diocese of Rheims to the extreme theological issues that Gottschalk brought with him.

Ninth century heresies had largely been foreigners (Spanish or Greek), creating a great other for Carolingian theologians to use to define faith boundaries, the one exception was Gottschalk who continuously refused to renounce his beliefs.

From Gottschalk's position of confinement he managed to gain help from the monks at Orbais, where he had been previously contained. From this position Gottschalk managed to send his doctrine to all forms of ecclesiastical and lay authority. Gottschalk expected this to find support, he did in the scholar Ratramnus who composed ideas on predestination similar to those of Gottschalk.

Council of Quierzy, 849
The Council of Quierzy occurred six months after the Council at Mainz, when he was again questioned about his doctrine in an attempt to break his belief making him accept that the other bishops were correct. Gathered at this meeting were many notable including Archbishop Hincmar and King Charles the Bald the council was determined to prove Gottschalk's ideas incorrect and his readings of Augustine being wrong. Gottschalk allegedly burst into abuse following this refusal to accept the ideology of twin predestination. In response to this Gottschalk was stripped of his priestly status, whipped, and held in custody at the monastery of Hauntvillers in silence. Gottschalk was forced to burn the writings that he had taken to the council, and was 'beaten nearly to death' on the command of lower ranking abbots not those in ecclesiastical office.

Writings
From the 17th century, when the Jansenists exalted Gottschalk, much has been written on him. Two studies are F. Picavet, Les Discussions sur la liberté au temps de Gottschalk, de Raban Maur, d'Hincmar, et de Jean Scot, in ''Comptes rendus de l'acad. des sciences morales et politiques (Paris, 1896); and A. Freystedt, Studien zu Gottschalks Leben und Lehre, in Zeitschrsft für Kirchengeschichte'' (1897), vol. xviii.

For many years he was believed to be the author of the Eclogue of Theodulus (Ecolga Theoduli) because both Theodulus and Gottscalk both mean "servant of God" in their respective languages, and because Gottschalk is believed to have known some Greek and the use of Greek names in the dialogue. This authorship theory was disputed by Karl Strecker in 1924. Strecker showed the writing style (poetic meter) of Theodulus was different. Most scholars now agree that Gottschalk was not the author of the Ecolga.

Legacy
There are multiple parallels with the views of Gottschalk and the Protestant reformers, which is why some see him as a forerunner of Protestantism. His views share most similarities with John Calvin, his similarities include the doctrine of justification by faith alone, which his views seem to have mirrored.

The 17th century Anglican Archbishop James Ussher also sided with Gottschalk for his predestinarian views.

title: Gottschalk of Orbais


text:
Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee

The Lieutenant Governor and Speaker of the Senate of Tennessee is the presiding officer of the Tennessee Senate and first in line in the succession to the office of governor of Tennessee in the event of the death, resignation, or removal from office through impeachment and conviction of the governor of Tennessee.

The current lieutenant governor is Randy McNally, who was elected to the post on January 10, 2017, and is the second (consecutive) Republican to hold the post since Reconstruction. He succeeded Ron Ramsey, who held the post continuously from 2007 to 2017.

Under the Tennessee State Constitution of 1870, the speaker of the Senate is elected by the Tennessee State Senate from among its members. The lieutenant governor as a member of the Tennessee Senate has a four-year term as a senator but is subject to re-election by his peers with each new legislature; as the senators' terms are staggered by class and there could be a 50 percent turnover in membership between one legislature and the next.

Compensation
The job is in theory a part-time one, paying $72,948 per year; the lieutenant governor is a member of the Tennessee General Assembly (the base pay for which is $24,316 per year), which is a legislature limited to 15 organizational days and 90 legislative days with full pay and expenses in each two-year sitting.

Line of succession
Since Tennessee became a state in 1796, four speakers of the Senate have succeeded to the governorship:

 * William Hall, who succeeded upon the resignation of Sam Houston;
 * Dewitt Clinton Senter, who succeeded William G. Brownlow, who resigned to accept election to the U.S. Senate;
 * John I. Cox, who succeeded James B. Frazier, who resigned as governor after arranging his appointment to the unexpired term of U.S. Senator William B. Bate, who had died in office; and
 * Henry Hollis Horton, who succeeded Austin Peay, the only governor of Tennessee to die in office.

Under the Tennessee Constitution, in the event of succession the Speaker does not become "acting governor" or "interim governor," but assumes the title and full powers of the governorship, much as the vice president of the United States becomes president upon the death, resignation or removal from office of the president. An important distinction is that if the speaker becomes governor during the first 18 months of the governor's four-year term, a special election for the balance of the term will be held at the next U.S. general election. If the speaker becomes governor after the first 18 months of the term, the speaker will serve the entire remainder of the term. In either case, any partial term counts toward the limit of two consecutive terms. For example, if the current speaker, Randy McNally, had ascended to the governorship during the second term of Bill Haslam, he would have been eligible to run for a full term in 2018, but would have had to leave office in 2023. However, this provision has not been put into practice since the gubernatorial term was extended to four years in 1953.

The title of lieutenant governor is granted to the speaker by statutory law enacted in 1951 in recognition of the fact that the speaker is the governor's designated successor; such has been the case since the adoption of the first state constitution and Tennessee statehood in 1796.

1870–present
The following is a list of people who have served as Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee (formal title: Lieutenant Governor and Speaker of the Senate) since the current Tennessee State Constitution was adopted in 1870. The title of Lieutenant Governor was formally added in 1951; however, the speaker of the Senate has been the designated successor to the governor of Tennessee since Tennessee achieved statehood in 1796. Lieutenant Governor Ron Ramsey (who served 2007–2017) was the first Republican to hold this office since the adoption of the current constitution, all previous ones having been Democrats.

 * Parties

title: Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee


text:
Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi

Sayyid Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi (, 15 August 1948 – 24 December 2018) was an Iranian-Iraqi Twelver Shia cleric and conservative politician who was the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council from 14 August 2017 until his death on 24 December 2018. He was previously the Chief Justice of Iran from 1999 to 2009.

He was also an Iraqi citizen and a former member of the Islamic Dawa Party. Shahroudi's official English-language biographical information from the Iranian Assembly of Experts' website opens with his education received in Najaf, Iraq from Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, the Islamic Dawa Party's founder, and takes the view that al-Sadr was killed; al-Sadr was executed without trial by Saddam Hussein's regime in April 1980. Hashemi Shahroudi became the leader of the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, which caused objections to his serving as the Head of Iran's Judiciary. He was a member of Iran's Guardian Council.

Upon accepting his position as the Head of Iran's Judiciary, Shahroudi proclaimed: "I have inherited an utter ruin from the previous judiciary," referring to Mohammad Yazdi's 10 years in office. He appointed Saeed Mortazavi, a well known fundamentalist and controversial figure, prosecutor general of Iran. Later when Mortazavi led the judiciary against Khatami's reform movement, Shahroudi was prevented by regime hardliners from stopping Mortazavi's violent acts against dissidents or removing him from power. In July 2011 Shahroudi was appointed by Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei to head an arbitration body to resolve an ongoing dispute between Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and the parliament. He was a favorite as one of the potential successors of Ali Khamenei as Supreme Leader of Iran.

According to one of his former alleged students, Shahroudi was considered among the wealthiest of Shi'i scholars in Iran, having amassed a substantial multi-million dollar revenue generating income from an export-import business. In 2010, he declared himself a Marja'.

Early life
Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi was born in Najaf, Iraq to ethnic Persian parents. His father, Ali Hosseini Shahroudi was a scholar and teacher at the Najaf seminary and Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi completed elementary schooling at Najaf's Alaviye school before going to seminary. Ayatollah Khomeini and Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr were his teachers in Najaf. When he came to Iran following the Iranian Revolution, he taught at Qom and Hassan Nasrallah, current Secretary General of the Lebanese political and paramilitary party Hezbollah, was one of his students.

Before the Iranian Revolution
In 1974, Ayatollah Shahroudi was imprisoned by the Ba'ath Party, due to political activities related to the Dawa Party.

After the Iranian Revolution
After the Iranian Revolution, Shahroudi moved to Iran. Ayatollah Shahroudi helped preserve the relationship between Ayatollah Khomeini and Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr, as well as relaying the messages of Marja in Najaf to Ayatollah Khomeini. He was elected as a member of guardian council in 1995. Then he was appointed the head of the Judiciary in 1999. In July 2011, Shahroudi was appointed by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei to head an arbitration body to resolve an ongoing dispute between president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and the parliament. The five-member body which Shahroudi headed is made up of "hard-liners known for their opposition to any reforms within the ruling system", according to the Associated Press news agency. The appointment was seen as a move to sideline or weaken the past President of Iran Hashemi Rafsanjani who helmed the Expediency Council, a body set up to arbitrate disputes within the ruling system in the Islamic Republic. Rafsanjani had alienated Khamenei and the Islamic establishment with "his tacit support" for opposition to the controversial June 2009 presidential elections results that re-elected president Ahmadinejad.

Shahroudi denounced ISIL as a terrorist organization that commits the worst sins of killing people in the name of jihad. Shahroudi had also denounced ISIL for wrecking the infrastructure of civilizations and countries, and for committing murder.

Career in juridical power
After Ayatollah Khamenei became leader of the Islamic Republic, Ayatollah Yazdi served as the president of the Supreme Court. He remained in the post for many years before being replaced by Ayatollah Shahroudi.

Prosecution of parliament members
In 2001, the judiciary prosecuted several reformist members of parliament for speeches and activities they had carried out in their capacity as MPs. The Iranian constitution grants immunity to members of parliament during their tenure and the courts have no right to put MPs on trial for speeches given in parliament. The incident led to a major conflict between Iranian president Mohammad Khatami and Chief of Judiciary Shahroudi. In a letter, Khatami protested the courts' prosecution of MPs, insisting the act contravened the political immunity which the Iranian Constitution has provided for the deputies. The notice prompted Shahroudi to respond, calling Khatami's letter "a surprise." "Since judges, according to the Constitution and ordinary laws as well as the jurisprudential principles, are independent in their interpretation of the law and issuing verdicts, nobody -- not even the judiciary chief -- has the right to impose its interpretation of the law on judges," Shahroudi said in part of his letter to President Khatami. Shahroudi denounced reformist MPs, stating they weakened parliament by defending "westernized" journalists and other liberals.

Decriminalization Bill
The Decriminalization Bill (Persian: تعيين مجازات‌های جايگزين) refers to a legal bill submitted by the Iranian Judiciary to the parliament. It aims at substituting imprisonment and execution by educational workshops and social penalties. The bill is considered one of the most important legal bills to have been prepared by the Iranian judiciary during Shahroudi's tenure.

According to the bill, for all minor crimes, whose punishment is less than six months of imprisonment, imprisonment will be substituted with social penalties. This category of crimes include crimes related to traffic, environmental, medical, family, cultural and hunting offenses. The bill also demands that criminals undergo an educational or skill training course convened by the judiciary system.

The bill also addresses the crimes conducted by minors in the three age categories 7–12, 12-15 and 15–18 years old. It is reminiscent to the Iranian criminal law of 1925. According to the bill, minors can no longer be executed. The bill is based on several years of continuous discussion with religious scholars at the seminaries.

According to the bill, the crimes conducted by children of 7–12 years old are not punishable. For the 12-15 and 15-18 age ranges, imprisonment is replaced by mandatory training and education programs. For the age category of 15–18, execution is applied for crimes like murders if and only if the judge is confident that the criminals are mentally developed as adults and the crime is intentional and premeditated. However, both teenagers and young adults (older than 18) with low mental development, cannot be sentenced to death.

In 2009, the bill was approved by the judiciary commission of the Iranian parliament. The bill will be ratified after the approval of the parliament and the guardian council.

Shahroudi is most notable in the West for instituting Iran's 2002 moratorium on stoning as a form of capital punishment. The penalty remains on the books however, leaving open the possibility that the moratorium could again be overturned as it was in 2006 and 2007.

2009 Bill on Iran's Bar Association
In 2009, Shahroudi offered a bill to the Iranian parliament that targets the independence of Iran's Bar Association. According to this bill, lawyers will be watched by the Iranian ministry of Intelligence and their credentials depend on the approval of the intelligence service.

Restriction of media
In 2009, Shahroudi issued an order to restrict people's access to Iranian Satellite TV Channels and to prosecute staff of Satellite TV Channels whose opinion is not in line with that of the Islamic Republic. People who support these channels and Internet users who do not act according to the line of the constitution can be punished with up to five years of imprisonment.

Political and social positions

 * Chairman of the Expediency Council
 * Member of the World Assembly of Ahl al-Bayt
 * Member of the World Assembly for the Rapprochement of Islamic Religions
 * Chairman and founder of the Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence on the religion of the Ahl al-Bayt
 * Member and Vice President of the Assembly of Leadership Experts
 * Member and Vice President of the Expediency Council
 * Member of Qom Seminary Teachers Association
 * Member of the jurists of the Guardian Council
 * Head of the Judiciary
 * Chairman of the High Board for Dispute Resolution and Regulation of the relations between the three powers

Illness and death
Shahroudi was admitted to a Tehran hospital in May 2017 due to illness. Some other officials, including the Iranian Supreme leader Ali Khamenei, visited him. Shahroudi's physician indicated that his surgery was for a "fairly common digestive disorder". In January 2018, Shahroudi's son announced that he had traveled abroad to continue the treatment but did not refer to the country in which the further treatment was sought. The Hannoversche Allgemeine newspaper reported on 4 January 2018 that Shahroudi was currently in the International Neuroscience Institute in Hannover, Germany.

The news agencies then confirmed the news, a photo of Shahroudi was published along with Majid Samii, who heads the center. Shahroudi’s presence draw a lot of criticism in Germany. The mass-circulation Bild daily’s front-page headline Monday read: “Death judge in Iran, luxury patient in Germany.” At the same time, many Iranians from Germany resorted to the Neurology Clinic. So from these protests and criticisms made to Samii, a physician and surgeon in the Iranian brain, conducted an interview with the BBC Persian Department, claiming that he was not aware of the policy because of his departure. A poster on Instagram wrote that "Any medicine that treats a patient with sex, race, sexual orientation, politics, or any other component". With the rise of protests, Volker Beck, a Green Party member and former German MP, reportedly sued Shahroudi on charges of "murder" and "crimes against humanity." However, the complaint did not finally come to a close, and Shahroudi left Germany for two days in the territory two days later. He later announced in an interview that he had been insinuing doctors to Germany, and he himself had opposed it. Bild and Hannoversche Allgemeine newspapers have reported that Shahroudi had a brain tumor.

On 23 December 2018, it was reported by some Iranian media outlets that Shahroudi had died. However, the news was not confirmed by his family. His medicine team announced that Shahroudi was in a coma and that there was no hope for his recovery. On 22:04 IST of the following day, his death was announced. He was 70. A state funeral was held on 26 December in Tehran and he was buried at Fatima Masumeh Mosque in Qom.

Criticism
Shahroudi received criticism from a number of Iranian scholars and lawyers. Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad, a well-known Iranian scholar and expert on Islamic law, wrote a letter criticizing Shahroudi in August 2009.

title: Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi


text:
User:Dscos/articlelist

This is how my "article list" looked on 13 August 2004 when I decided to cease updates to it.

Article list
This is a list of every article I've ever contributed to on Wikipedia, whether it be to add a photograph, a paragraph, or just a line or two. The only ones I don't keep track of are articles I delete, and maintenance edits like adding cleanup or VfD tags. The articles in bold are ones of which I'm especially proud.

#
11 July, 15 May, 19 (number), 1915, 1916, 1919 Chicago White Sox, 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption, 24 May, 25 May, 2009, 2600

A
Abell 1835 IR1916, George Ogden Abell, Roman Abramovich, A (Cyrillic), Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, Richard Adams, Afghan, Chinghiz Aitmatov, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Akunin, List of albums, Alençon, Alexandria Aces, Algorithm, Apollo 15, Major Robert Anderson, Andre 3000, Leonid Andreyev, Yuri Andropov, Andy Richter Controls the Universe, Tony Anholt, Animorphs (book series), Antaios, Antenna (album), Aquemini, Corazon Aquino, Arista, Armpit, Arohirohi, Around the Horn, Les Aspin, Robert Askin, Aspendale, A Tenured Professor

B
Isaac Babel, Robert Bacon, Mikhail Bakhtin, Mily Balakirev, Alan Ball, Bantamweight, Barkas, Barremian, Josiah Bartlett, Thomas F. Bayard, Beauchief Abbey, Alexander Beliaev, Vissarion Belinsky, Andrei Bely, Georgi Beregovoi, Boris Berezovsky, Berlaar, Beyne-Heusay, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, Big Boi, Hiram Bingham, Bin Ladin, Maurice Bishop, Jeremiah S. Black, Black Sox scandal, Neil S. Blaisdell, Bleach (album), Bleach (disambiguation), Roy Blunt, Vasily Blyukher, Bode's Galaxy, Johann Elert Bode, Body, Borj-e Milad, Alexander Borodin, Boston, Massachusetts, Brainfuck language, Michael Brecker, Arthur Bremer, Leonid Brezhnev, Isaac Brock (musician), Joseph Brodsky, John Brown (abolitionist), Panama Al Brown, Brown recluse, Ron Brown (U.S. politician), Dianne Brushett, Jeff Buckley, Buffalo Bill, Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Vladimir Bukovsky, Mikhail Bulgakov, Nikolai Bulganin, Kir Bulychev, Ted Bundy, Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin, James F. Byrnes

C
Shirley Caesar, Alexander Calder, Maritza Campos-Rebolledo, Canchim, Canindeyú, Capillary number, Card (professional wrestling), Stokely Carmichael, Carolina Hurricanes, Car safety, Jimmy Carter (boxer), Casshern, Category:Candidates for speedy deletion, Centaurus A Galaxy, Central Baseball League, Marc Chagall, Feodor Chaliapin, Dave Chappelle, Chappelle's Show, Charles II of Savoy, Anton Chekhov, Konstantin Chernenko, Viktor Chernomyrdin, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Chessington, Jennifer Chiba, Chicago Tunnel Company, Chromatik, Anatoly Chubais, Eddie Cicotte, Henry Clay, John Clayton, Bernard Coard, Coat of Arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kurt Cobain, Ryosuke Cohen, Linda Cohn, Bainbridge Colby, Cy Coleman, Bull Connor, Denton Cooley, Chris Cooper (actor), Corrado, Cramfs, William H. Crawford, Crazy Horse (person), César Cui, E. E. Cummings, Cups and balls, Current events, Current sports events, Benjamin Robbins Curtis, George Armstrong Custer, Leon Czolgosz

D
Dagur, Darfur conflict, Daria, Charles G. Dawes, William R. Day, Deadwood, Howard Dean, Antonio Valero de Bernabé, Román Baldorioty de Castro, Eugenio María de Hostos, Juan Ponce de León II, Deliberative body, Delivered At Frontier, Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Devnull, Andy Dick, Dilation (morphology), Rick DiPietro, Sanford B. Dole, DOS/BATCH 11, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Gerard Dou, Dovlatov, Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan, DSN, Dulwich College, Francisco Martin Duran, Durin II, Alexander Dutov, Dvalin, Yanka Dyagileva, Dylan, Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky

E
Lawrence Eagleburger, Eazy-E, Ecclefechan, Educational Institute of Scotland, Boris Efimov, Ivan Efremov, Ilya Ehrenburg, Sergei Eisenstein, Either/Or (album), The City of Elbing, Electronic Privacy Information Center, Elmhurst, Virginia, Aleksandra Ekster, Miguel Enríquez, Omar Epps, Paul Erdös, Sixto Escobar, William M. Evarts, Jason Everman, Everywhere and His Nasty Parlour Tricks

F
Peter Carl Fabergé, Albert B. Fall, Farallon Plate, Frances Farmer, Federal Marriage Amendment, Happy Felsch, Dorothy Fields, Figure eight, Firefox (browser), Gustave Flaubert, Flora, Norway, Florida State University, Fontvieille, Ford Taurus, John Forsyth, Fort Pickens, John W. Foster, Mikhail Fradkov, Franny and Zooey, Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, Mikhail Fridman, From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah, Mikhail Frunze, Fuck

G
Yuri Gagarin, Yegor Gaidar, Category:Galaxies, List of galaxies, Gambetta (Paris Metro), Gametophyte, Chick Gandil, Melinda Gates, General Sherman tree, Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen, Brian Gibson, William Branch Giles, GKS Belchatow, Alexander Glazunov, Kid Gleason, Reinhold Glière, Mikhail Glinka, Globular cluster, Leopold Godowsky, Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Goncharov, Good News for People Who Love Bad News, Google, Mikhail Gorbachev, Maxim Gorky, Tloki Gorzyce, Jeremiah Green, Gremlin, Walter Q. Gresham, Grid (Jotun), Raul Grijalva, Viktor Grishin, Marquis Grissom, Dave Grohl, Andrei Gromyko, Vasily Grossman, Grunge music, Francesco Guccini, Devon Gummersall, Gyeongchun Line, Gylfaginning

H
Hartford Whalers, Haute couture, Stephen Hawking, John Hay, Chick Hearn, Heavier Than Heaven, Hectorfhags, Marg Helgenberger, Hello Darwin, Henry VIII of England, Christian Herter, Wild Bill Hickok, Adolf Hitler, Donald P. Hodel, Holland (disambiguation), Hormoaning, The House of the Dead, Houten, Oliver O. Howard, Steny Hoyer, Charles Evans Hughes

I
IC 10, The Idiot (novel), Ilf and Petrov, Vladimir Ilyushin, Inasa District, Shizuoka, Incesticide, India Today, Instructional capital, Internet Explorer, In Utero, Ishango Bone, Israeli West Bank barrier, Vladimir Ivashko, IWin.com

J
Shoeless Joe Jackson, Hans Janmaat, Dale Jarrett, Jew, Chipper Jones, Roy Jones Jr., Joyboard, Eric Judy

K
Lazar Kaganovich, V. P. Kale, Mikhail Kalinin, Lev Kamenev, Kanagi, Shimane, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Kane, Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky, Kasahara, Gifu, Mikhail Kasyanov, Max Kellerman, Alexander Kerensky, Ruslan Khasbulatov, Velemir Khlebnikov, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Tikhon Khrennikov, Viktor Khristenko, Yevgeny Khrunov, Nikita Khrushchev, Sergei Khrushchev, Kill Rock Stars, Kinetophone, Kira, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Sergei Kiriyenko, Evgeny Kissin, Kitamuro District, Mie, Vladimir Komarov, Kool Moe Dee, Lev Kopelev, Tony Kornheiser, Sergey Korolev, Alfred Korzybski, Aleksei Kosygin, Anna Kournikova, K.R., Peter Krause, Nikolai Krestinsky, Ivan Krylov, Valeri Kubasov, Kuma-Manych Depression, Aleksandr Kuprin, Alexander V. Kuprin, Otto Ville Kuusinen, Vasily Kuznetsov

L
HMAS Lachlan, A. J. Langer, John LaPorta, Nella Larsen, Kenneth Lay, Bob Lazar, Robert Lazar, Alexander Lebed, Platon Lebedev, Henry Lee (criminologist), Left Banke, Vladimir Lenin, Aleksei Leonov, Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolai Leskov, Le Tour de France, Ted Levine, Josef Lhévinne, Yegor Ligachev, Eduard Limonov, Maxim Litvinov, Live, Ron Livingston, Joe Lockhart, Mikhail Lomonosov, The Lonesome Crowded West, Prince Georgy Lvov

M
M-21, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Macula (planetary geology), Nestor Makhno, Georgy Malenkov, Kazimir Malevich, Mamaragan, Sándor Márai, William L. Marcy, Andrey Markov, Thomas R. Marshall, Julius Martov, Matchmaker (TV series), Vladimir Mayakovsky, Jimmy McHugh, Louis McLane, Fred McMullin, Robert McNamara, Medicine bag, Herman Melville, List of Messier objects, Messier 5, Microlitre, Middlebury College, Middle East, Chris Milburn, William Miller, Francis Davis Millet, Pavel Milyukov, Anastas Mikoyan, Modest Mouse, Vyacheslav Molotov, Montecito, The Moon and Antarctica, Mount St. Helens, Mozilla Firefox, MSNBC, Museek, USS Mustin (DDG-89), Dee Dee Myers, My So-Called Life

N
Vladimir Nabokov, Sasaki Naojiro, National Football League Players' Association, National Space Institute, National Women's Football Association, Neil Blaisdell Center, Neil S. Blaisdell Center, Samuel Nelson, NES 2, Nevermind, New General Catalogue, each and every NFL-related article, Category:NGC objects, List of NGC objects, NGC 55, NGC 292, NGC 300, NGC 2237, NGC 2264, NGC 5904, NGC 7742, Nie Rongzhen, Friedrich Nietzsche, Nigger, Leonid Nikolaev, Tatiana Nikolayeva, Nirvana (album), Nirvana (band), Krist Novoselic

O
Observatory of Strasbourg, Yuri Olesha, Richard Olney, Ophiuchus, OutKast, Outcesticide I, Ovid

P
William Paca, Al Pacino, Satchel Paige, Woody Paige, Jesse Palmer, Pardon the Interruption, Parliamentary Copyright, Parliamentary Private Secretary, Party Monster, Boris Pasternak, Dan Patrick, Paudex, Pavonis Mons, Victor Pelevin, Pensacola, Florida, Pensacola Beach, Florida, Pensacola News Journal, Pensacola Pelicans, Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, Phone Booth (movie), Piaggio, Timothy Pickering, Antoni Pixot, Alan Plater, Andrei Platonov, Mikhail Pletnev, Nikolai Podgorny, Pope Benedict XII, Alexander Popov (physicist), Posse (1993 movie), The Possessed, Pravda, Yevgeny Primakov, Projective group, Puck (The Real World), Vladimir Putin

Q
Queen Pen, Queensferry

R
Alexander Radishchev, Radix, Sam Rayburn, Razor, List of record labels, Red Spider Nebula, The Register, Renkum, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Restricted pesticides, Restriction modification system, Charlie Rich, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Rio Grande Valley White Wings, Swede Risberg, Leo Robin, William P. Rogers, Lionel Rose, Rosette Nebula, Andrei Rublev, Dean Rusk, Russians, Category:Russian actors and actresses, Category:Russian artists, List of Russian authors, Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, Category:Presidents of the Russian Federation, Category:Russian footballers, Category:Russian ice hockey players, Category:Russian leaders, Category:Russian musicians, Category:Russian people, Category:Russian philosophers, Russian Plain, Category:Russian poets, Category:Russian politicians, Category:Russian Prime Ministers, Category:Russian Revolution people, Category:Russian scientists, Category:Russian sportspeople, Category:Russian tsars, Category:Russian writers, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Rutskoy, Jack Ryan, Jack Ryan (Senate candidate), Alexei Ivanovich Rykov, Cynthia Rylant

S
Sad Sappy Sucker, Saint Petersburg, Saita, Kagawa, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Charles Schenck, Scots Guards (1862), Stuart Scott, Alexander Scriabin, Sensei's Library, Betty Shabazz, Varlam Shalamov, Maria Sharapova, Ariel Sharon, Vladimir Shatalov, James S. Sherman, Eduard Shevardnadze, Shimojo, Nagano, Alexander Shlyapnikov, Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, Nikolay Shvernik, O. J. Simpson, Sire Records, Skidmore College, Slaughterhouse-Five, Small Magellanic Cloud, Smarty Jones, Pat Smear, Smells Like Teen Spirit, Elliott Smith, Robert Smith (U.S. politician), Snakebite (beer cocktail), Snoop Dogg, Soaps In Depth, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Somerset Township, Pennsylvania, Songwriters' Hall of Fame, Soviet Union, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below, Springfield Ozark Mountain Ducks, Agustín Stahl, Joseph Stalin, Sergei Stepashin, Edward Stettinius, Jr., David Strathairn, Boris and Arkady Strugatsky, Aleksandr Petrovich Sumarokov, Sunset Hills, Missouri, each and every Super Bowl article, Aleksandr Suvorov, Viktor Suvorov, Svartalfheim, Yakov Sverdlov

T
Kuranari Tadashi, Tarantula Nebula, Andrei Tarkovsky, Vladimir Tatlin, T.A.T.u., Lili Taylor, Telephone booth, Template:Did you know, Template:Feature, Template:In the news, This Is a Long Drive for Someone With Nothing to Think About, Throwing Copper, Nikolay Aleksandrovich Tikhonov, Tirich Mir, Thermoplastic, Three links, Thomas Todd, Tatyana Tolstaya, Leo Tolstoy, Daniel D. Tompkins, Mikhail Tomsky, Topeka, Tote board, Trailways Transportation System, Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky, Trifid Nebula, Robert Trimble, Vasily Andreevich Tropinin, Leon Trotsky, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Marina Tsvetaeva, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Ivan Turgenev, TV Globo, Twelfth Night (holiday), TypoScript, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev

U
Jerry Uelsmann, Lyudmila Ulitskaya, United States v. The Amistad, University of Florida, Unplugged in New York, Abel P. Upshur, U.S. fifty dollar bill, U.S. five dollar bill, U.S. hundred dollar bill, U.S.-led occupation of Iraq, U.S. one dollar bill, U.S. ten dollar bill, U.S. twenty dollar bill, U.S. two dollar bill

V
Cyrus Vance, Aleksandr Vasilievsky, Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin, Victor Vekselberg, Marina Vlady, Volcán Barú, Boris Volynov, Josef von Sternberg, Kliment Voroshilov, Andrey Yanuaryevich Vyshinsky, Vladimir Vysotsky

W
Rufus Wainwright, W.G. Walden, Wallace, Michigan, George Wallace, Rodger Ward, Elihu B. Washburne, Wax apple, WEAR, Buck Weaver, Webstacle, Wellesley Island State Park, West Wing, The West Wing, The West Wing (television), List of The West Wing episodes, James Whitmore, Michael Wilbon, Oscar Wilde, Donald E. Williams, Lefty Williams, Cairine Wilson, WinMX, Thomas Wolfe, Pyotr Nikolaevich Wrangel

X
XO (album)

Y
Genrikh Yagoda, Grigory Alexeyevich Yavlinsky, Boris Yefimov, Aleksandr Yegorov, Aleksei Yeliseyev, Boris Yeltsin, Viktor Fyodorovich Yerin, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Nikolai Yezhov, You Know You're Right

Z
Zardoz, Andrei Zhdanov, Georgy Zhukov, Grigory Zinoviev, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Gennady Zyuganov

WikiProjects
WikiProject Astronomical Objects

Wikipedia namespace
Special:Newpages, Special:Recentchanges, Article of the week, Categories for deletion, Cleanup, Copyright problems, Duplicate articles, Featured article candidates, Most wanted articles, Pages needing attention, Reference desk, Requested articles, Requested pictures, Requests for adminship, Tomorrow's featured article, Vandalism in progress, Village Pump, Votes for deletion
 * This is a list of pages in the official Namespace that I contribute to or patrol on a regular basis.

title: User:Dscos/articlelist


text: User talk:62.252.192.4

title: User talk:62.252.192.4


text:
John Hope (meteorologist)

John Raymond Hope (May 14, 1919 – June 13, 2002) was an American meteorologist who specialized in hurricane forecasting and was an on-air personality on The Weather Channel.

Life history
Born in Pennsylvania, Hope served as a flight navigator in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. After returning to civilian life, Hope earned a degree in meteorology from the University of Illinois. In 2002, he died from complications of an open heart surgery.

National Weather Service
Hope worked as a forecaster with the National Weather Service in Memphis, Tennessee, for thirteen years. When astronaut John Glenn made his famous spaceflight in 1962, Hope served on the mission's meteorological team. In 1968, Hope began working for the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida. While at the center, Hope began receiving recognition for his technical achievements in hurricane forecasting. During this time, he developed a theorem commonly known as the John Hope Rule. It consists of two sub-theorems. One, that if a system is not a bona fide tropical storm before crossing the Windward Islands, or the Lesser Antilles, it will not survive the trek across the Eastern Caribbean Sea. If the wave is still present, formation in the Western Caribbean is possible. The second portion is, that if the structure of a wave or storm is good, never discount it or write it off.

The Weather Channel
After retiring from thirty two years with the National Weather Service, John Hope joined The Weather Channel when it was created in 1982. With his calm on-air demeanor, Hope became quickly recognized as The Weather Channel's in-house hurricane expert. In 1989 when Hurricane Hugo struck South Carolina, Hope spent several hours on the air warning the channel's viewers of the approaching hurricane's danger. Some credit Hope with saving lives during the storm due to his tireless on-air efforts. He would continue to appear on-air for the channel's Tropical Updates until his death, by which time full-time duties had passed to Steve Lyons. Hope was interred at Riverside Cemetery in Macon, Georgia.

Source of Camille name on hurricane naming list
In 1969, Hope's daughter Camille graduated from high school. Although "Carol" was assigned to the 1969 list of names, there was concern over reusing the retired name, as papers continued to be published about its 1954 incarnation. Dr. Banner Miller was impressed with Camille Hope's high school project—which involved hurricane research—and asked John to add her name to the list of potential hurricane names that year. They had no way of knowing that the storm named after John Hope's daughter – Camille – would become one of the most powerful and destructive hurricanes to ever hit the United States when it slammed into Mississippi as a Category five hurricane. Camille Hope is married to former U.S. Representative Jim Marshall of Georgia.

title: John Hope (meteorologist)


text:
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Free Muslim Coalition Against Terrorism

Free Muslims Coalition Against Terrorism (FMCAT) is an Islamic organization, with headquarters in Washington, D.C., made up of American Muslims and Arabs dedicated to taking a stand against terrorism. FMCAT is also known by the shorthand name of the "Free Muslims Coalition" or an even shorter name of "Free Muslims". It is dedicated to combating extremism and support for terrorism among extremists.

It was formed in May 2004 by Kamal Nawash, a lawyer and Palestinian immigrant. Nawash has appeared on CNN, Al Jazeera, and the Fox News Channel. He has also appeared on TV shows including O'Reilly Factor, as well as on Al-Arabiya and others.

Antiterrorism focus
In May 2005, the Free Muslims organized the first ever Muslim-led rally against terrorism. The rally was endorsed by more than 80 organizations and received substantial media coverage. Furthering this focus on terrorism, Muslims can report suspicious activity on the FMCAT website.

In June 2005, Nawash's work with the Free Muslims was recognized by the U.S. government when the White House appointed him to represent the U.S. before the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. Nawash addressed leaders of Europe and the former Soviet republics in a speech on tolerance at an international conference in Spain.

In addition, in March 2006 Nawash was invited to Jerusalem to advance an alternative approach to solving the Palestinian/Israeli conflict. In summary, Nawash argued that in light of the passionate claims both Palestinians and Israelis have for the same territory the only solution for them is to become equal citizens in a confederacy rather than splitting the territory into two sovereign states.

In a CNN interview in December 2006, he said: "After 9/11 ... unfortunately, many of the Muslim organizations in [the U.S.], rather than recognize that we have is a problem with extremism and trying to deal with it, since we are the only ones who can deal with it, instead they took the role of victimization and took the role of ... of calling anyone who notices the obvious, that we have a problem with extremism, they accuse that person of being anti-Islam if they mention that. I think human beings in general would rather talk about how the world is against them, as opposed to talk about hey, we need to look inward. We have a problem."

Commenting in June 2009 on the radical Islam that some terrorists practice, Nawash said: "It's a ridiculous form of Islam". He noted that some converts, particularly those who have been incarcerated, practice "the most extreme version of the religion", and have their own personal and political grievances.

In December 2011 the Ariel University Center of Samaria jointly with organization Free Muslims Coalition held a special conference, entitled "Best Plans for a Peaceful Israel/Palestine" conference. The conference, the second of its kind, featured three Israeli and three Arab speakers, each of whom presented his idea for a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Other views
The Free Muslims Coalition has condemned the reaction of American Muslim organizations and Muslim governments to the unfavorable depiction of Muhammad in European newspapers. In contrast to other Muslim organizations, FMCAT maintains a neutral stance, neither pro-Palestine nor pro-Israel. In addition, it supports the dismantling and disarming of Hezbollah.

title: Free Muslim Coalition Against Terrorism


text:
Talk:Alan Moore

"Since his teenage years Moore has had long hair, and since early adulthood has also had a beard."
Is this serious? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:3D08:1480:1701:E94D:4194:82E4:E2D1 (talk) 08:17, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

Yes. Chaheel Riens (talk) 08:33, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:37, 19 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Alan Moore 4.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:52, 25 June 2020 (UTC)
 * الانتقام.jpg

Moore's regrets for encouraging people to vote
I think this should be removed. The article cited is pretty clearly either a parody or a forgery, for reasons including the following: it's in Spanish, Moore writes in English, and no original English version can be found online (although you can find English-language versions with mangled Google Translate grammar). The clearest sign is the last sentence, which cites a number of characters: "Sister Night, Looking Glass, Red Scare" that were created for the Watchmen TV show and are not in the original comic. Anyone who has followed Moore's career knows that he refuses to watch adaptations of his work. He certainly wouldn't be dropping an approving reference to one into an article.

Is Hellblazer a notable work?
Hellblazer has been removed from the "Notable works" section with the rationale that Moore hasn't written it, therefore it isn't notable. I dispute this, as Moore was a creator, so that does make it a notable work, even if he hasn't written for it.

I invite discussion, but also remind Nicknack009 of WP:BRD - bold, revert, discuss. Once a change is reverted, it should be discussed - not simply re-inserted.

So - Please put forward any arguments as to why it isn't notable? Thanks. Chaheel Riens (talk) 07:30, 11 January 2022 (UTC)

 * He created John Constantine as a supporting character in Swamp Thing, but he never wrote the book Hellblazer. Therefore Hellblazer is not a notable work by Alan Moore, because it is't a work by Alan Moore. This isn't complicated. A character is not the same thing as a series. --Nicknack009 (talk) 16:35, 11 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Also, I did not reinsert a disputed change, I removed it. The bold insertion was made by User:Honky Tonkin. I reverted it. You reinserted it. By your own words, you're the one in breach of WP:BRD. --Nicknack009 (talk) 17:42, 11 January 2022 (UTC)

 * OK, it's been 24 hours since my last comment, and no response. I'm going to remove it again. --Nicknack009 (talk) 19:50, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
 * You know, if you'd pointed that out right at the beginning, this could have all been avoided. Why didn't you?  Seems weird.  Incidentally, waiting a mere 24 hours and considering discussion to be over after that is pretty poor behaviour.  Based on that, I agree, and have reverted - despite your above comment which I highly disagree with.  In short - I agree with your assesment, but not how you went about it.
 * To put forward the argument that Hellblazer is notable is because without Contantine, Hellblazer would not exist. That makes the two linked - Hellblazer = John Constantine, and John Constantine = Hellblazer.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 20:53, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you for coming back. But your argument is like claiming that The Force Awakens is a notable work by George Lucas because he created the setting and some of the characters. Or, more relevantly, that Before Watchmen is a notable work by Moore because he created the characters. They're linked, sure, but it's not his work and the article shouldn't claim it is. --Nicknack009 (talk) 21:04, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Hm, valid points. Fair enough - I agree, and won't contest the inclusion any more.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 11:08, 13 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alan Moore


text:
Rebecca Taylor

Rebecca Taylor (born September 5, 1969) is a New Zealand-born fashion designer based in New York City, United States. Her retail outlets include boutiques in Japan. Her company was reported in 2003 as having a US$12 million turnover. Taylor's garments have been worn by celebrities such as Cameron Diaz, Reese Witherspoon, and the casts of 90210 and Sex and the City.

Background
In New Zealand, Taylor attended Wellington High School. She received her initial fashion training as part of Access, a government scheme, training at the Bowerman School of Design. She then went on to study Fashion Design at Wellington Polytechnic (now Massey University). One of her first jobs on the scheme was making clothes for Peter Jackson's Meet the Feebles’ puppet characters. After arriving in New York with $600 to her name, Taylor was eventually hired by fashion designer Cynthia Rowley, under whom she worked for six years.

She débuted at New York Fashion Week as part of the Gen Art Styles competition in the late 1990s, before doing her own catwalk show in 1999.

In 2007, Taylor was inducted into the Massey University College of Creative Arts Hall of Fame.

In 2018, Taylor announced a move to Paris for a year.

Personal life
She is married to Wayne Pate, who was introduced to her via mutual friends. Her younger sister, Victoria Taylor, is a nationally known jewellery designer in Wellington, New Zealand, and débuted her Tory Jewellery Company range at one of Rebecca Taylor's catwalk shows in New York.

Rebecca Taylor Brand
In January 2011, the Rebecca Taylor brand was acquired by Kellwood Company and Sun Capital Partners.

In August 2019, Taylor stepped away from her company to pursue other fashion opportunities.

In November 2019, Rebecca Taylor brand was acquired by Vince, a California-based contemporary label.

In October 2023, CreditRiskMonitor reported that Rebecca Taylor's parent Vince Holding was nearing a potential Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing.

title: Rebecca Taylor