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McMartin preschool trial

The McMartin preschool trial was a day care sexual abuse case in the 1980s, prosecuted by the Los Angeles District Attorney, Ira Reiner. Members of the McMartin family, who operated a preschool in Manhattan Beach, California, were charged with hundreds of acts of sexual abuse of children in their care. Accusations were made in 1983, with arrests and the pretrial investigation taking place from 1984 to 1987 and trials running from 1987 to 1990. The case lasted seven years but resulted in no convictions, and all charges were dropped in 1990. By the case's end, it had become the longest and most expensive series of criminal trials in American history. The case was part of day-care sex-abuse hysteria, a moral panic over alleged Satanic ritual abuse in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Initial allegations
In 1983, Judy Johnson, mother of one of the preschool's young students, reported to the police that her son had been sodomized by her estranged husband and also by McMartin teacher Ray Buckey. Buckey was the grandson of school founder Virginia McMartin and son of administrator Peggy McMartin Buckey. Johnson's belief that her son had been abused began when her son had painful bowel movements. What happened next is still disputed. Some sources state that at that time, Johnson's son denied her suggestion that his preschool teachers had molested him, whereas others say he confirmed the abuse.

In addition, Johnson also made several more accusations, including that people at the daycare had sexual encounters with animals, that "Peggy drilled a child under the arms" and "Ray flew in the air." Buckey was questioned, but was not prosecuted due to lack of evidence. The police then sent a form letter to about 200 parents of students at the McMartin school, stating that their children might have been abused, and asking the parents to question their children. The text of the letter read: September 8, 1983 Dear Parent:

This Department is conducting a criminal investigation involving child molestation (288 P.C.) Ray Buckey, an employee of Virginia McMartin's Pre-School, was arrested September 7, 1983 by this Department.

The following procedure is obviously an unpleasant one, but to protect the rights of your children as well as the rights of the accused, this inquiry is necessary for a complete investigation.

Records indicate that your child has been or is currently a student at the pre-school. We are asking your assistance in this continuing investigation. Please question your child to see if he or she has been a witness to any crime or if he or she has been a victim. Our investigation indicates that possible criminal acts include: oral sex, fondling of genitals, buttock or chest area, and sodomy, possibly committed under the pretense of "taking the child's temperature." Also photos may have been taken of children without their clothing. Any information from your child regarding having ever observed Ray Buckey to leave a classroom alone with a child during any nap period, or if they have ever observed Ray Buckey tie up a child, is important.

Please complete the enclosed information form and return it to this Department in the enclosed stamped return envelope as soon as possible. We will contact you if circumstances dictate same.

We ask you to please keep this investigation strictly confidential because of the nature of the charges and the highly emotional effect it could have on our community. Please do not discuss this investigation with anyone outside your immediate family. Do not contact or discuss the investigation with Raymond Buckey, any member of the accused defendant's family, or employees connected with the McMartin Pre-School.

THERE IS NO EVIDENCE TO INDICATED THAT THE MANAGEMENT OF VIRGINIA MCMARTIN'S PRE-SCHOOL HAD ANY KNOWLEDGE OF THIS SITUATION AND NO DETRIMENTAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE OPERATION OF THE SCHOOL HAS BEEN DISCOVERED DURING THIS INVESTIGATION. ALSO, NO OTHER EMPLOYEE IN THE SCHOOL IS UNDER INVESTIGATION FOR ANY CRIMINAL ACT.

Johnson was diagnosed with and hospitalized for acute paranoid schizophrenia  and, in 1986, was found dead in her home from complications of chronic alcoholism before the preliminary hearing concluded.

Interviewing and examining the children
Several hundred children were then interviewed by the Children's Institute International (CII), a Los Angeles-based abuse therapy clinic run by Kee MacFarlane. The interviewing techniques used during investigations of the allegations were highly suggestive and invited children to pretend or speculate about supposed events. By spring of 1984, it was claimed that 360 children had been abused. Astrid Heppenstall Heger performed medical examinations and took photos of what she believed to be minute scarring, which she stated was caused by anal penetration. Journalist John Earl believed that her findings were based on unsubstantiated medical histories. Later research demonstrated that the methods of questioning used on the children were extremely suggestive, leading to false accusations. Others believe that the questioning itself may have led to false memory syndrome among the children questioned. Only 41 of the original 360 children ultimately testified in the grand jury and pretrial hearings, and fewer than a dozen testified at the actual trials.

Michael P. Maloney, a clinical psychologist and professor of psychiatry, reviewed videotapes of the children's interviews. Maloney, testifying as an expert witness on interviewing children, was highly critical of the techniques used, referring to them as improper, coercive, directive, problematic and adult-directed in a way that forced the children to follow a rigid script. He concluded that "many of the kids' statements in the interviews were generated by the examiner." Transcripts and recordings of the interviews contained far more speech from adults than children and demonstrated that, despite the highly coercive interviewing techniques used, initially the children were resistant to interviewers' attempts to elicit disclosures. The recordings of the interviews were instrumental in the jury's refusal to convict, by demonstrating how children could be coerced to giving vivid and dramatic testimonies without having experienced actual abuse. The techniques used were shown to be contrary to the existing guidelines in California for the investigation of cases involving children and child witnesses.

Bizarre allegations
Some of the accusations were described as "bizarre", overlapping with accusations that mirrored the emerging satanic ritual abuse panic. It was alleged that, in addition to having been sexually abused, they saw witches fly, traveled in a hot-air balloon, and were taken through underground tunnels. When shown a series of photographs by Danny Davis (the McMartins' lawyer), one child identified actor Chuck Norris as one of the abusers.

Some of the abuse was alleged to have occurred in secret tunnels beneath the school. Several excavations turned up evidence of old buildings on the site and other debris from before the school was built, but no evidence of any secret chambers or tunnels was found. There were claims of orgies at car washes and airports, and of children being flushed down toilets to secret rooms where they would be abused, then cleaned up and presented back to their parents. Some child interviewees talked of a game called "naked movie star" and suggested they were forcibly photographed nude. During trial testimony, some children stated that the "naked movie star" game was actually a rhyming taunt used to tease other children—"What you say is what you are, you're a naked movie star"—and had nothing to do with having naked pictures taken.

Judy Johnson, who made the initial allegations, made bizarre and impossible statements about Raymond Buckey, including that he could fly. Though the prosecution asserted Johnson's mental illness was caused by the events of the trial, Johnson had admitted to them that she was mentally ill beforehand. Evidence of Johnson's mental illness was withheld from the defense for three years and, when provided, was in the form of sanitized reports that excluded Johnson's statements, at the order of the prosecution. One of the original prosecutors, Glenn Stevens, left the case in protest and stated that other prosecutors had withheld evidence from the defense, including the information that Johnson's son did not actually identify Ray Buckey in a series of photographs. Stevens also accused Robert Philibosian, the deputy district attorney on the case, of lying and withholding evidence from the court and defense lawyers in order to keep the Buckeys in jail and prevent access to exonerating evidence.

Trials
Two trials were conducted for the McMartin preschool case. The first lasted from July 13, 1987, to January 18, 1990, while the second lasted from May 7, 1990, to July 27, 1990.

Arrests and preliminary hearing
On March 22, 1984, Virginia McMartin, her daughter Peggy McMartin Buckey, her grandchildren Ray and Peggy Ann Buckey, and teachers Mary Ann Jackson, Betty Raidor, and Babette Spitler were charged with 115 counts of child abuse, later expanded to 321 counts of child abuse involving 48 children.

In the 20 months of preliminary hearings, the prosecution, led by attorney Lael Rubin, presented their theory of sexual abuse. The children's testimony during the preliminary hearings was inconsistent. Michelle Smith and Lawrence Pazder, co-authors of the now-discredited Satanic ritual abuse autobiography Michelle Remembers, met with the parents and children involved in the case, and were believed by the initial prosecutor Glenn Stevens to have influenced the children's testimony.

In 1986, a new district attorney, Ira Reiner, called the evidence "incredibly weak" and dropped all charges against Virginia McMartin, Peggy Ann Buckey, Mary Ann Jackson, Betty Raidor and Babette Spitler. Peggy McMartin Buckey and Ray Buckey remained in custody awaiting trial; Peggy McMartin's bail had been set at $1 million and Ray Buckey had been denied bail.

First trial
The first trial opened on July 13, 1987. During the trial, the prosecution presented seven medical witnesses. The defense attempted to rebut them with several witnesses, but the judge limited them to one in order to save time. In their summation, the prosecution argued that they had seven experts on this issue, when the defense only had one.

In 1989, Peggy Anne Buckey's appeal to have her teaching credentials re-instated after their suspension was granted. The judge ruled that there was no credible evidence or corroboration to lead to the license being suspended, and that a review of the videotaped interviews with McMartin children "reveal[ed] a pronounced absence of any evidence implicating [Peggy Ann] in any wrongdoing and ... raises additional doubts of credibility with respect to the children interviewed or with respect to the value of CII interviewing techniques themselves." The following day the state credentialing board in Sacramento endorsed the ruling and restored Buckey's right to teach.

Perjury by confession witness
In October 1987, jailhouse informant George Freeman was called as a witness and testified that Ray Buckey had confessed to him while sharing a cell. Freeman later attempted to flee the country and confessed to perjury in a series of other criminal cases in which he manufactured testimony in exchange for favorable treatment by the prosecution, in several instances fabricating jailhouse confessions of other inmates. In order to guarantee his testimony during the McMartin case, Freeman was given immunity to previous charges of perjury.

Acquittals
On January 18, 1990, after three years of testimony and nine weeks of deliberation by the jury, Peggy McMartin Buckey was acquitted on all counts. Ray Buckey was cleared on 52 of 65 counts, and freed on bail after more than five years in jail. Nine of 11 jurors at a press conference following the trial stated that they believed the children had been molested but the evidence did not allow them to state who had committed the abuse beyond a reasonable doubt. Eleven out of the thirteen jurors who remained by the end of the trial voted to acquit Buckey of the charges; the refusal of the remaining two to vote for a not guilty verdict resulted in the deadlock.

Second trial and dismissal
Ray Buckey was retried later on 6 of the 13 counts of which he was not acquitted in the first trial. The second trial opened on May 7, 1990, and resulted in another hung jury on July 27, 1990. The prosecution then gave up trying to obtain a conviction, and the case was closed with all charges against Ray Buckey dismissed. He had been jailed for five years without ever being convicted of committing any crime.

Media coverage
In 1988, The New York Times reported that the case "attracted national attention when the authorities speculated that hundreds of children might have been molested and subjected to satanic rituals" and "has teetered on the brink of mistrial".

The media coverage was generally skewed towards an uncritical acceptance of the prosecution's viewpoint. David Shaw of the Los Angeles Times wrote a series of articles, which later won the Pulitzer Prize, discussing the flawed and skewed coverage presented by his own paper on the trial. It was only after the case that coverage of the flaws in the evidence and events presented by witnesses and the prosecution were discussed.

Wayne Satz, at the time a reporter for the Los Angeles ABC affiliate television station KABC, reported on the case and the children's allegations. He presented an unchallenged view of the children's and parents' claims. Satz later entered into a romantic relationship with Kee MacFarlane, the social worker at the Children's Institute International, who was interviewing the children. Another instance of media conflict of interest occurred when David Rosenzweig, the editor at the Los Angeles Times overseeing the coverage, became engaged to marry Lael Rubin, the prosecutor.

Legacy
The case lasted seven years and cost $15 million, the longest and most expensive criminal case in the history of the United States legal system, and ultimately resulted in no convictions. The McMartin preschool was closed and the building was dismantled. In 2005, one of the children (as an adult) retracted the allegations of abuse. "Never did anyone do anything to me, and I never saw them doing anything. I said a lot of things that didn't happen. I lied. ... Anytime I would give them an answer that they didn't like, they would ask again and encourage me to give them the answer they were looking for. ... I felt uncomfortable and a little ashamed that I was being dishonest. But at the same time, being the type of person I was, whatever my parents wanted me to do, I would do."

In The Devil in The Nursery, Margaret Talbot for The New York Times summarized the case: "When you once believed something that now strikes you as absurd, even unhinged, it can be almost impossible to summon that feeling of credulity again. Maybe that is why it is easier for most of us to forget, rather than to try and explain, the Satanic-abuse scare that gripped this country in the early 80's – the myth that Devil-worshipers had set up shop in our day-care centers, where their clever adepts were raping and sodomizing children, practicing ritual sacrifice, shedding their clothes, drinking blood and eating feces, all unnoticed by parents, neighbors and the authorities."

Mary A. Fischer in an article in Los Angeles magazine said the case was "simply invented", and transmogrified into a national cause celebre by the misplaced zeal of six people: Judy Johnson, a seriously mentally ill mother who died of alcoholism; Jane Hoag, the detective who investigated the complaints; Kee MacFarlane, the social worker who interviewed the children; Robert Philibosian, the district attorney who was in a losing battle for re-election; Wayne Satz, the television reporter who first reported the case; and Lael Rubin, the prosecutor.

In 1990 Peggy, Ray, and Peggy Ann Buckey spoke to the National Association of State Vocal Organizations about their experiences. Peggy Ann and Ray Buckey attended the 1997 "Day of Contrition" conference in Salem, Massachusetts. They were joined by other victims and experts of the day-care sex-abuse hysteria.

Legal
In many states, laws were passed allowing children to testify on closed-circuit TV so the children would not be traumatized by facing the accused. The arrangement was supported in Maryland v. Craig, in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that closed circuit testimony was permissible where it was limited to circumstances with a likelihood that a minor may be harmed by testifying in open court. The case also influenced how very young children were questioned for evidence in court cases with concerns over their capacity for suggestibility and false memories. The case and others like it also affected the investigation of allegations by young children. Normal police procedure is to record using video, tape or notes in interviews with alleged victims. The initial interviews with children by the CII were recorded, and demonstrated to the jury members in the trial the coercive and suggestive techniques used by CII staff to produce allegations.

These interviews were instrumental in the jury members failing to produce a guilty verdict against Buckey, and several similar trials with similar interviewing techniques produced similar not guilty verdicts when juries were allowed to view the recordings. In response, prosecutors and investigators began "abandoning their tape recorders and notepads" and a manual was produced for investigating child abuse cases that urged prosecutors and investigators not to record their interviews.

Continued allegations of secret tunnels
In 1990, parents who believed their children had been abused at the preschool hired archaeologist E. Gary Stickel to investigate the site. In May 1990, Stickel claimed he found evidence of tunnels, consistent with the children's accounts, under the McMartin Preschool using ground-penetrating radar.

Others have disagreed with Stickel's conclusions. John Earl wrote in 1995 that the concrete slab floor was undisturbed except for a small patch where the sewer line was tapped into. Once the slab was removed, there was no sign of any materials to line or hold up any tunnels, and the concrete floor would have made it impossible for the defendants to fill in any tunnels once the abuse investigation began. The article concluded that disturbed soil under the slab was from the sewer line and construction fill buried under the slab before it was poured. Further, Earl noted that some fill from beneath the concrete slab was dated to the year 1940.

W. Joseph Wyatt's 2002 report concluded that the so-called tunnels under the preschool were more plausibly explained as a series of adjacent rubbish pits used by the owners of the site before the preschool's construction in 1966. Materials found during the excavation included bottles predominantly dated to the 1930s and '40s, as well as tin-can fragments, plywood, inner tubes, professionally-butchered livestock bones, four small containers of trash, and a former owner's old mail box.

Only three small items found near the edge of the concrete slab were dated after 1966. Wyatt suggested one of these – a fragment of a plastic snack bag – was most likely dragged into the pit by rats or other scavengers, just as Stickel himself had suggested likely happened for other debris that did not fit his tunnel theory. The remaining items, per Wyatt, had likely been left by a plumber digging from adjacent to the building to avoid damaging the concrete pad. Moreover, Wyatt speculated that Stickel's conclusions were colored by his collaboration with the parents of the McMartin children.

Effects on child abuse research
Shortly after investigation into the McMartin charges began, the funds to research child sexual abuse greatly increased, notably through the budget allocated for the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN). The agency's budget increased from $1.8 million to $7.2 million between 1983 and 1984, increasing to $15 million in 1985, making it the greatest source of funding for child abuse and neglect prevention in the United States. The majority of this budget went toward studies on sexual abuse with only $5 million going towards physical abuse and neglect.

Federal funding was also used to arrange conferences on ritual abuse, providing an aura of respectability as well as allowing prosecutors to exchange tips on the best means of obtaining convictions. A portion of the funds were used to publish the book Behind the Playground Walls, which used a sample of children drawn from the McMartin families. The book claimed to study the effects of "reported" rather than actual abuse but portrayed all of the McMartin children as actual victims of abuse despite a lack of convictions during the trials and without mentioning questions about the reality of the accusations. Another grant of $173,000 went to David Finkelhor who used the funds to investigate allegations of day care sexual abuse throughout the country, combining the study of verified crimes by admitted pedophiles and unverified accusations of satanic ritual abuse.

Media
In 1995, HBO produced Indictment: The McMartin Trial, a movie based on the trials.

In 2019, Oxygen produced Uncovered: The McMartin Family Trials, a documentary about the events.

title: McMartin preschool trial


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Gildas Molgat

Gildas Laurent Molgat, CD (January 25, 1927 – February 28, 2001) was a Canadian politician. He served as leader of the Manitoba Liberal Party from 1961 to 1969, and was subsequently appointed to the Senate of Canada, where he served as Speaker from 1994 until 2001. He died shortly thereafter.

The son of Louis F. Molgat and Adele Abraham, Molgat was born in Ste. Rose du Lac, Manitoba. He was educated at Ste. Rose School and the University of Manitoba. He worked as a manager for Bethel-Rennie Ltd. United Stores and Advance Credit Corporation, and served as an army captain in the Royal Winnipeg Rifles. He was married to Allison Malcolm.

Molgat was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in 1953, in the francophone riding of Ste. Rose. He was a Liberal-Progressive, and a supporter of Premier Douglas Lloyd Campbell.

The Liberal-Progressives lost the election of 1958, though Molgat was easily re-elected over his Progressive Conservative opponent. This was partly the result of historical francophone voting patterns in the province—most Franco-Manitobans supported the Progressive Party of John Bracken in the 1920s, and continued to support the party after it merged with the Liberals in 1932. Although Dufferin Roblin's Tories made several gains in 1958, the province's francophone ridings continued to elect Liberal-Progressive MLAs.

Molgat was re-elected in 1959, again by a significant margin. When Campbell resigned as Liberal leader in 1961 (the "Progressive" name having been dropped), Molgat was selected to replace him. A protégé of Campbell, he was aligned with the more traditionalist wing of the party. His primary opponent for the party's leadership was Stan Roberts, who represented its modernizing wing. He was the first francophone party leader in Manitoba since 1919, and the first ever in the province's Liberal Party.

As party leader, Molgat prevented the Liberals from falling behind the New Democratic Party for third-party status, but he was never able to pose a serious threat to Roblin's government. The Progressive Conservatives had greater urban support, and were generally regarded as the more "modernizing" party. The Liberals won 13 seats in 1962, and 14 in 1966 (out of 57). Molgat never faced any serious competition in his own riding.

Roblin resigned as Progressive Conservative leader in 1967 and was replaced by the more conservative Walter Weir. After the election of Pierre Trudeau as Prime Minister of Canada in 1968, Weir's government took a number of steps to prevent the establishment of official bilingualism in the province. These measures seemed to be supported by many in Manitoba's anglophone community, and the provincial Liberals were shut out in four crucial by-elections in early 1969. Molgat resigned as party leader soon thereafter, and was replaced by Robert Bend.

This proved to be a poor strategic decision for the Liberals. Bend represented the rural, traditional wing of the party, and had been out of politics for a decade. His campaign fared poorly, and the party was reduced to five members in the general election of 1969 (three of whom were francophone). Molgat was again elected in Ste. Rose without serious difficulty.

The election itself resulted in a temporary stalemale, with Edward Schreyer's New Democrats winning 28 seats out of 57, one shy of a majority. There were negotiations among the Liberal and Conservative parties to form a coalition; one scenario would have seen Molgat serving as Premier. The impasse was ended when a francophone Liberal MLA named Laurent Desjardins announced that he would support the NDP.

Molgat resigned his seat on October 7, 1970, having been appointed on the recommendation of Pierre Trudeau to the Canadian Senate. Now allowed to use the title "The Honourable", he soon became one the Senate's leading figures in the field of constitutional reform, co-chairing a Special Joint Committee on the Constitution of Canada in 1971, and another on Senate Reform in 1983. He also served as president of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1973 until 1976. Later in the 1980s, he would serve as chair of the Senate Committee of the Whole on the Meech Lake Constitutional Accord.

Molgat was elected deputy speaker in 1983 and was re-elected to the position in 1988. From September 30, 1991, to November 11, 1993, he served as deputy opposition leader in the Senate. When the federal Liberals under Jean Chrétien formed government, Molgat became deputy government leader. One year later, when Roméo LeBlanc was appointed Governor General of Canada, Molgat replaced him as Speaker of the Senate of Canada.

Molgat also served as president of the Liberal Party of Canada. He died in hospital on February 28, 2001, following a stroke.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gildas Molgat


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Music for People (album)

Music for People is the second album by the band VAST, released in September 12, 2000 by Elektra Records. It would be VAST's last album on Elektra Records. After the success of VAST's debut album, Music for People could only produce one successful single, "Free", which gained major MTV exposure. However, after the mixed success of the album, VAST and Elektra Records parted ways over disappointing sales and differing views on the future of the band.

Track listing
All songs written by Jon Crosby.
 * 1) "The Last One Alive" – 3:38
 * 2) "Free" – 3:07
 * 3) "I Don't Have Anything" – 3:46
 * 4) "The Gates of Rock 'N' Roll" – 3:24
 * 5) "What Else Do I Need" – 3:37
 * 6) "Blue" – 3:25
 * 7) "Land of Shame" – 3:26
 * 8) "A Better Place" – 3:23
 * 9) "Song Without a Name" – 3:32
 * 10) "We Will Meet Again" – 3:39
 * 11) "My TV and You" – 2:40
 * 12) "Lady of Dreams" – 2:53

Reception
Allmusic gave the album a four out of five, stating the album "is bizarre and beautiful in capturing social apathy." Select gave the album a negative review of one out of five, opining that the album was a "long-winded metal opus" and felt its content was closer to the band Babybird than Metallica or Jane's Addiction.

title: Music for People (album)


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Talk:England expects that every man will do his duty

Merge with Battle of Trafalgar?
This belongs under Battle_of_Trafalgar rather than having a separate article of its own.--82.156.49.1 23:32, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. It's good material, but completely misplaced as a standalone article. It should be part of either the Battle of Trafalgar article or the Nelson one. Unless I'm mistaken, Wikipedia is not an encyclopedia of quotations. -Eric (talk) 15:30, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It's clearly covering much more than the quotation, and is too comprehensive to fit in either the Trafalgar or Nelson article without unbalancing either of them, aside from the fact it would need to be duplicated in both of them as it clearly doesn't belong exclusively in one or the other. Summary style covers it both these articles currently. To cap it off, it is a featured article and merging it would mean losing that status as the merge target is no longer featured. Yomangani talk 16:01, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This is not just a quotation - it is an article about the phrase, how it came about, and subsequent use and national meaning in the UK. It would be too long to be dropped into Battle_of_Trafalgar - putting more detailed information in a daughter article is the essence of Summary style.  What would you do with Ich bin ein Berliner or I Have a Dream or the other contents of Category:Phrases?  -- ALoan (Talk) 16:02, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Yomangani, you wouldn't have to duplicate the piece in both articles, you could just link from one to the other. Aloan, I see your point about the other famous quotations, but I would still expect to find them in an article about the person who said them, not as a separate encyclopedia entry. But from what you both say, it looks like the daughter article concept applies, though it's not how I would structure a reference work. I'm a newcomer to Wikipedia, so maybe I'll warm up to this approach one day. -Eric (talk) 16:30, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, the idea is that each of Battle of Trafalgar and Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (and indeed John Pasco) would discuss the phrase so far as it is relevant to those articles, with a link here, and this one can go on at more length than any of them. Where there is an overlap between articles, and enough to say on each of them, it often makes sense to summarise one in the other, rather than merging them together. -- ALoan (Talk) 16:37, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your willingness to give the approach a try, Eric. The summary style guidance explains this approach, which allows one daughter article to contain all the detail rather than having to keep several articles up to date with the same information, and also means that the more general articles are kept concise and readable Any problems with removing the merge tag now? .. dave souza, talk 19:48, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Without wishing to seem impatient, it seems a bid daft having the tag on a featured article, so I've removed it now. .. dave souza, talk 21:28, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Dave and all. That makes senses to me. Though I don't think we'd have to repeat the piece in multiple articles, I see that if the piece kept being expanded upon, it would become ungainly within the Nelson article.
 * And no, you weren't being impatient--thanks for pulling the tag. I was out watching Comet McNaught. -Eric (talk) 22:46, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Banning
How does one go about recommending a user be banned? 193.51.252.2 has been editing highly visible articles with images of penises, and has done so on this one more than once. Impaciente 00:31, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Timing
Battle_of_Trafalgar says the signal was sent at 11:50. This article says 11:15 am.

I expect a wikipedian, more familiar with this historical event, will perform the edit.Neoncow 21:40, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Noel Coward
Not sure if something like this belongs in the article, but "England expects..." passed into the language to such a degree as to be played on by Noel Coward.

Kiss me Hardy
Kiss me Hardy. Or Kismet? Mintguy (T) 18:19, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * "Kiss me." Three officers present on the quarterdeck at Nelson's death wrote accounts, according to, . The "Kismet" myth arose later. Gdr 22:52, 2004 Aug 31 (UTC)

FARC
No references and too short. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 12:58, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Where can I find the full Popham Code of 3000 words?
Where can I find the full Popham Code of 3000 words?

I can't find it using Google, any ideas? Thanks Pete Wood petewood@pwa.demon.co.uk

Couldn't find it either, but someone must have translated the "England expects..." for Wiki, perhaps that person can provide more info. The Wiki link only shows translation to numerals. Jimaginator 17:36, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

As of today, http://www.scribd.com/doc/14245050/Admiral-Pophams-Telegrap-Signal-Book-1806 is a copy, as is http://3decks.pbworks.com/f/Admiral%2520Home%2520Popham%2520Telegraph%2520signal%2520book%2520Final%2520edition.pdf. --50.0.150.25 (talk) 07:44, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

"Nelson Confides..."
I was previously under the impression that the original version of the signal began 'Nelson Confides' as opposed to 'England Confides', prior to being altered to 'England Expects'. I live quite close to Portsmouth, where the current home of the Victory is, and have visited the ship on various occasions, and I think that on guided tours of the ship/exhibits etc. at the Portsmouth Historic Dorkyards, I have heard/read that the original version was 'Nelson Confides'.

Can anyone else clarify this, as to which version is correct? Tom A Smith 16:21, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems unlikely, since there isn't any Popham code for "Nelson", to my knowledge. So even if it was planned as that, it's not hard to see why it would have been changed to the three-flag code "England".  Slac  speak up!  21:11, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

I have heard the same, and the fact that the Popham code had no predefined code for "Nelson" nor for "Confides" is the reason why it ended up being "England expects". The version is rather credible, it is normal that a leader close to their men as a show of confidence and camaradery bofore a critical battle would consider make the message personal, but then again, the Royal Navy was not famous for camaradery so we might never know.

Plagiarism
I believe its noteworthy to say that one of the greatest admirals Brazil has had, Almirante Barroso, is credited with the sentence "Brazil expects that every man will do his duty", credited to him in 11JUN1867... no coincidence that Brazil´s Navy is built entirely in mimickery of England´s...

Timing
I love the timing of this article feature. . . kudos to whoever had that idea :). Slac  speak up!  21:12, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ...Thanks :) →Raul654 07:51, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Sophocles
What in God's name does this mean: "Sophocles's Antigone contains numerous repetitions of Nelson's message, including several that are deliberately fragmented or misquoted. Nelson, and the statue of him in a Dublin square, were viewed by the Irish as symbols of British oppression"???????

And why does the 'Antigone' bit link to Joyce's Ulysses? Presumably the entire sentence refers to Joyce?

England expects..
I've added a clarification that at the time England commonly meant the UK, and that the other constituent countries contributed: see the claim that Five of Nelson’s 27 captains of the Fleet were Scottish as were almost 30% of the crew, as well as the Ayshford Trafalgar Roll referring to place of recruitment as English (53 per cent), Irish (21 per cent), Scots seven per cent, although many more may have been recruited in England. Roughly similar proportions are reported in Nelson's crew, and the crew list of the Minotaur shows a mix of birthplaces. On a side note, there's a claim that the first Nelson monument was in Scotland. The "not all English" point's probably worth noting on other related articles. ...dave souza, talk 09:35, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

A challenge!
Can anyone rise to the challenge to do an article similar to this one, but on a different famous phrase? Say, He blew with His winds, and they were scattered? (It's the Spanish Armada.) Carcharoth 01:01, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

"England" for "Britain"
This link purports to be Admiral Pophams Telegrap Signal Book 1806. It includes codes "253. England. English." and "1419. Ireland. Irish." but none for "Scotland" or "Britain". This is relevant, so if a citable source can be found it should be added. I wonder when "Britain" was first explicitly coded. jnestorius(talk) 13:06, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

Could have some differences in spelling, because Signal-Book from 1806 was not onboard in 1805.--Gonzosft (talk) 10:37, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

"Moreover, in the alphabet of that time V preceded U" -- really?
The article currently makes the claim that "Moreover, in the alphabet of that time V preceded U." I can find no evidence for this; Noah Webster's spelling book from 1800 has the letters in the normal order: http://www.merrycoz.org/books/spelling/SPELLING.HTM. I assume this is idiosyncratic to the flag code, and will provisionally edit the article on that basis with a citation needed flag. --50.0.150.25 (talk) 07:24, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

Certainly in the Popham code book downloadable from a link in the References the letter V precedes U but if one searches Wiktionary under the letter V (Section 2.1) it does confirm that V did at one time precede U in the English alphabet.[] 79.78.90.93 (talk) 16:18, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

Weighted with lead?
The only reference I can find in the citations for this "weighted with lead" claim about the codebooks is in citation 15, which really does not read like a reliable reference (note that it gets the order of U and V wrong, among other things) -- and what it says is that "The code-book should have been kept in a bag weighted with lead that would be thrown overboard before a ship was captured," which sounds as much like editorializing on what the Royal Navy should have done as it does a reference to what the actual procedures were. (But see http://www.history.navy.mil/library/special/spec2.htm -- it was standard practice for some navies.) --50.0.150.25 (talk) 07:53, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

File:England Expects Signal.svg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:England Expects Signal.svg will be appearing as picture of the day on October 21, 2013. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2013-10-21. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 23:00, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

Incorrect incorrect version
Until I edited it just now, the article said:

 * Almost immediately, the signal began to be misquoted. A number of ships in the fleet recorded the signal as "England expects every man to do his duty," (omitting "that" and replacing "will" with "to"). This version became so prevalent that it is recorded around the base of Nelson's Column and on his tomb in St. Paul's Cathedral.

and cited http://web.archive.org/web/20060928143122/http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavyee.htm, which does say just that.

However, the article also includes a photo File:Pedestal-nelson-column-trafalgar-london-uk.jpg that plainly shows the Nelson's Column inscription with a third version of the wording, using "will" but not "to". Therefore, that this source is dubious. Perhaps it is right for St. Paul's but wrong for Nelson's Column; or perhaps it is wrong for both.

Looking for other online imagery showing the actual inscription at St. Paul's, the only thing I could find is this page http://www.explore-stpauls.net/oct03/textMM/NelsonTombN.htm which shows a photo of the tomb, and a photo depicting Nelson's signal (with incorrect wording). The page appears to say that this image is part of the floor surrounding the tomb, but if it is, you can't tell that from the photo. If it is a true image of the floor of St. Paul's, then the wording at St. Paul's also has "will".

I figure this is a situation where the use of a primary source is appropriate: is anyone reading this in a position to go to St. Paul's and see for themselves what it says there?

Until this is straightened out, I've adjusted the sentence to read:

 * This version became so prevalent that it is recorded on his tomb in St. Paul's Cathedral. The word "that" is also omitted on the version around the base of Nelson's Column, as seen in the photo above.

(with the reference left in place.)

--174.88.135.247 (talk) 17:49, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

timing of signal
I question "... and logs would have been written up after the battle" in the article. I have read the relevant section of the log of HMS Euryalus on a number of occasions, and it certainly looks like something written up during a battle - there is hastily blotted up ink spilt on the page and it is nothing like a fair copy. (Incidentally, from memory Euryalus timed the message at 11:56. After the signal, it goes on to say "At noon light winds.....".) Is there any evidence that some of the log books were written up after the battle? If not, this should be deleted.ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 11:26, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

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Misspelling continued
The picture showing Nelsons message in the mast of "Victory" is missing some letters. I could decode just "England expects every man will do his u" --Gonzosft (talk) 10:45, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

The word famous
Deleting this word needs to be discussed. The case for deleting this word from the article should be different from the case for deleting the word in various places from the article on the Battle of Trafalgar.-- Toddy1 (talk) 06:39, 3 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Support removal of the word. I would support a sentence like "Naval historian X has described the signal as "a famous embodiment of English fighting spirit", or similar. Absent that it, it is an unnecessary characterization. I note it also falls foul of WP:PEACOCK, which specifically calls out "famous" as a word to avoid.

 * In passing I don't support the current edit-warring over it - can everyone with a view please discuss the issue here, or at Talk: Battle of Trafalgar, and lay off the reversions in the articles themselves? -- Euryalus (talk) 06:50, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I think some instances of it could be removed, but WP:PEACOCK only calls it out as a word to _watch_. We know there's not some Horatio Nelson Marketing Department sneaking in to promote him; we do have a cite calling it famous, and (assuming we all have any interest in Napoleonics) we do know it is essentially the only non-routine naval signal anyone can quote. WP articles aren't - and can't be - complete free of any even slightly subjective language, because there's no such thing. We can agree that it's an objective citable fact that it's phenomenally (uniquely, I think) well known as naval signals go and that "famous" is not an unreasonable word to use to describe that state of affairs. Pinkbeast (talk) 08:07, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

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Featured article concerns
I'm looking at this one for WP:URFA/2020. There's a few issues that need addressed for this article to meet the featured article criteria. The background stuff about what was going on with Trafalgar is all dumped in the lead and isn't really in the body - there's just an abrupt start to the article body with no context as to why what is happening is happening. Additionally, there are prose issues, such as referencing an image that is no longer in the article. There's also a small amount of uncited text, and several instances where references in literature and culture and just mentioned and self-sourced without properly explaining the significance of those references. There are also several references that likely don't meet the high-quality RS requirement of the featured article criteria: Wikiquote, a blogspot site, a lineone.net website, and Flags of the World. If these improvements are not made, a featured article review may be necessary. Hog Farm Talk 05:42, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

Confusion over wording?
I question the following (from the lead):

The cited source does not seem to refer to any confusion. The signal is precisely recorded in, for instance, the log book of HMS Euryalus (kept in the Nelson Room at Lloyd's of London). What was the intention of the original editor of this part of the article? It appears to be, quite simply, wrong. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 07:12, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Imgl-loyds-and-nelson-slide15.jpg     ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 07:42, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * To expand on the subject a bit more, the section After the battle states: The cited source for this is a blog run by a group of naval re-enactors. I question their status an an RS (no evidence that they meet the needs of WP:HISTRS). The source suggests that "A number of British ships" recorded the signal wrong. No mention of which ones, or where this information can be verified. A quick internet search for logbooks from the battle only reveals Victory's and Euryalus's logbooks - and an auction notice of transcriptions of a number of logbooks (which is presumably in private hands). Further work needs to be done on whether the ships in the battle made this error. The mistake on Nelson's tomb is easy to verify, as is the rephrasing of the signal to fit the music of a song. Whether these add up to a common misconception is a matter of judgement. Evidence against the misquoting is to be found in any kid's book on the Royal Navy from the days when school atlases showed half the world coloured red - it was an essential part of British education. I am satisfied that there was misquoting of the signal in the 19th century (though not sure what was the predominant form) and that in the early 20th century the correct signal is clearly the most common - but that is simply WP:OR. Hopefully some RS has covered the matter and can be found. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 16:46, 25 June 2021 (UTC)


text:
Bernard Watson

Bernard Watson (born David Weinstein, 1967) is an American singer and guitarist, who was the opening act at the American leg of the Live Aid concert in JFK Stadium, Philadelphia on July 13, 1985.

An 18-year-old from Miami Beach, he had just graduated from high school and had no professional musical experience. After sleeping outside the stadium for a week, he persuaded the concert's producer Bill Graham, in the spirit of charity, to let him perform. Graham relented, and Watson (who took his stage name from Bernard Marx and Helmholz Watson, two characters from Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World") took the stage at 8:51am (EDT).

Watson sang two songs: Bob Dylan's "All I Really Want To Do" and an original composition called "Interview", accompanying himself on guitar and harmonica.

 * One of the strings on my guitar broke, then I dropped the pick and that wasn't very professional. But I felt happy that I got a chance. I'd like to make it in this business. It was the dream of a lifetime. That's what it was. — Bernard Watson

Watson's contribution is not on the official DVD set; supposedly the only known copy of the footage is in the possession of Watson himself, although footage of his performance taken from a WPLG news report is available on YouTube. , Watson was continuing to write music, but was using his birth name rather than his stage name.

title: Bernard Watson


text:
User:Sj/Digest

<< The Wikipedia Digest

Feel free to edit this page.

This page holds the most recent Digest entries. Please remember to prefix any entries with a general category, such as Politics, Business, Science, Arts, &c. This page will then be distributed regularly among topical digest pages.

Please include Digested on 20:48, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC) by +sj+ . at the top of your digest entries.

Technical future: Even further into the future, digest entries will be stored individually in their own database table, will allow more than one 'category', and will be individually searchable. Wait for it.

The Economist vol 372 # 8383, July 10, 2004. US Edition. Cover: The dream ticket? (John Kerry and John Edwards). Digested on 20:48, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC) by +sj +.

Politics
 * Kerry picks Edwards as vice-presidential running mate, collects $34m in campaign funds in June (ntew total: $180m).
 * Freedom Tower construction begins at the WTC site in NYC
 * The Roman Catholic archdiocese in Portland, Oregon declares bankruptcy
 * Mohamed ElBaradei of the IAEA visited Israel, suggesting the middle east should become nuclear-free.
 * Italy's PM Silvio Berlusconi, after removing his finance minister Giulio Tremonti, becomes the FM himself. Soon after, Standard & Poor's downgrades Italy's debt.
 * Turkish Cypriots in Northern Cyprus wanter to endorse a UN reunification plan in April, but Greek Cypriots in southern Cyprus rejected it. The European Commission has offered support and money to the north.
 * Austria's president Thomas Klestil died of sudden heart failure, just before his succession by Heinz Fischer.
 * The chief of staff to Mexican prez Vincente Fox resignd this week.
 * In Venezuela, a recall referendum on prez Hugo Chavez is planned for August. It may be observed by the Organisation of American States and the Carter Center, but under restrictions which those observing orgs may not accept.
 * Leader: Kerry's dream ticket? VP candidates are supposed to be safe bets, who won't steal the limelight, and reliably repeat the main campaign messages.  So why does Kerry's choice of Edwards, a more energetic and differently focused running-mate, seem right?  The positives: an unusual move, grabbing some attention; broadening the campaign's appeal, across class and geography.  The negatives: inexperience, unconvincing on foreign affairs, and unpopular with business.  Edwards seems right in part because of the poor alternatives -- McCain and Hillary said no, leaving Edwards, Tom Vilsack, and Dick Gephardt, who seemed closest to Kerry in the primaries. Choosing Edwards over Gephardt highlights two key facts - 1) Kerry may not get elected simply as the anybody But Bush candidate; and 2) Kerry has yet to say clearly why he should be president or define a strong platform, so Edwards ideas are a help and there is little risk of Edwards contradicting him.

Business
 * Russia's main oil exporter, Yukos, facing an eventual tax bill of $10B, may fold completely if it cannot work out a deal with the government. Mikhail Khodorkovsky, on trial for fraud and tax evasion, offered his shares to offset the bill.
 * Enron's Kenneth Lay was indicted.
 * The EC approved a government loan to the Fr engineering firm alstom to the tune of 2.5B Euros.
 * EasyJet's founder Stelios Haji-Ioannou is planning to take the airline private, following recent drops in the company's shares after a surge in fuel costs.
 * Delta Air Lines claims it must cut $2.5B/yr to avoid bankruptcy; it plans to ask its pilots for concessions worth $1B/yr.
 * Microsoft also plans to cut costs by $1B this year, after expenses outgrew revenues for the third straight year.
 * Wal-Mart has appealed the granting of a class-action sex-discrimination suit that could cost it billions.
 * Apollo Management acquired Borden Chemical from Kohlberg Kravis Roberts for $655M, expanding the diversity of its investments.
 * Russia's Guta Bank added to fears of an impending banking crisis in the country when it announced that it did not have cash to cover certain withdrawals after a recent run on deposits.  Other Russian banks have had liquidity trouble since the Russian Central Bank revoked the licences of Sodbiznesbank and CreditTrust.
 * Arab Bank in Jordan has been sued for $875M by relatives of Americans killed or injured in Palestinian attacks in Israel, who claim the bank laundered money through its New York branch to transfer money to Palestinian militant groups including Hamas and Islamic Jihad.

Sport
 * The Greek soccer team won the Euro 2004 football championship in a surprise upset.

Health
 * Asian bird flu reappears in Thailand, China, and Vietnam.

Science
 * China's space agency chief announced plans for an unmanned mission to the moon in 2007.

Obit
 * Dmitry Dudko - Russian dissident and recanter; died June 28, age 82. A quite from his Easter Sunday sermon, 1977 : We are in the front linees, and this front line is everywhere.  We are surrounded by atheists on all sides.  There is no place where there is no shooting going on.  The press, art, theatre, schools, institutions -- everything ha been occupied by the atheists.  The laws are all directed towards our suffocation...but we are alive!  In 1980, he was arrested for distributing "slanderous materials" to a New York Times contact.  After six months in jail, he appeared on television and nervously recanetd.  In the 1990s, Father Dimitry began to write articles for Zavtra, an ultra-nationalist and anti-western paper, in which he remembered fondly the authoritarian past and revered Stalin as "a man given to us by God".

Military
 * British military - Britain is slated to spend 35 billion pounds on defence in 2005, an issue on which the various parties seem to agree. Since the end of the cold war, when New Labour rejected unilateral nuclear disarmament, defence stopped being a hot political issue.  Nevertheless, it is undergoing great change.  In 1998, the Strategic Defence Review marked a move from preparing for major war to sending forces around the world.  In December 2003, a Defence White Paper was published which revealed essentially nothing; in July 2004 the House of Commons  Defence Committee stated "We are disappointed that an important policy document has been presented with little or no information on the relevant procurement decisions, funding questions or likely changes in force structures."  Bagehot's view : Britain should stick to doing what they do best -- "the roughest end of peace enforcement", boots on the ground.
 * Japanese military - Japan has recently begun to extend its military reach, and prime minister Junichiro Koizumi has presided over a changing view of pacifism in the country. Two landmark events : 1) in December of 2001, Japanese coastguard vessels were given orders to chase down a North Korean spy ship, which had been patrolling just outside Japan's territorial waters.  They sank the ship in the East China Sea, and insisted on their right to salvage it.  2) earlier this year send over 500 troops from its Japan Self-Defense Forces group to help rebuild Iraq, the furst time since WWII that Japan has sent soldiers abroad without an explicit international mandate.  Some american officials think that as Japan gains confidence in its military ability, US-Japan relations will improve and become more flexible.  Voters are uncertain about recent pledges by Japan to take part in peacekeeping forces in Iraq, but the threat of a mischievous and active North Korea right next door provides extra support for these military developments.

The Economist vol 372 # 8384, July 17, 2004. US Edition. Cover: Sincere deceivers (George Bush and Tony Blair). Digested on 2:48, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC) by +sj +.

Politics
 * USA agriculture secterary Ann Veneman ended a policy protecting 60m acres of national forest in the western UN from road construction. Each state will be allowed to submit their own proposals for developing the nature preserves to the federal government.
 * Israel announced it would continue building its security barrier despite the ICJ's issuance of an advisory that this is illegal.
 * Pakistan's US ambassador, Ashraf Qazi, is appointed the new UN special rep to Iraq, replacing Sergio Viera de Mello who was murdered in Iraq in August 2003.
 * Report from Kenya : British envoy says the members of Kibaki's new government eat like gluttons, then vomit all over donors' shoes, adding that the names of honest civil servants would "fit on a postcard, or possibly a postage stamp".
 * EU constitution : France announced it would also hold a referendum on the document, probably next year.
 * Japan's opposition party won partial elections for the upper house of its legislature; the ruling Liberal Democratic Party still maintains a majority in both houses.
 * The Philippines announced withdrawal of its ~50 troops from Iraq a month earlier than expected, after one of its citizens was kidnapped there.
 * Afghanistan's [[electoral commission] has set its upcoming presidential election for October 9, and its elections for local and national assemblies for April, 2005. A poll in the summer of 2004 showed that over 80% of Afghans planned to vote in the election.
 * Thousands of passengers were stranded for two days in Peru when the largest Peruvian airline was grounded after its insurance was cancelled. The cancellation came after the US accused its owner, Fernando Zevallos, of drug-trafficking.
 * Alberta, Canada became Canada's only debt-free province after its Conservative premier, Ralph Klein, announced he woudl pay off its outstanding debt.

Business
 * Diamond giant De Beers agreed to plead guilty to price-fixing and pay $10m to settle charges of conspiracy with General Electric to fix prices for industrial diamonds. This allows De Beers to operate directly in the USA once again.
 * Google chooses to list on NASDAQ, a boost for the exchange.

Culture
 * Hoax of racist attack : the French public were horrified by news of a racist attack on a French train, in which a young woman had swastikas daubed on her body... but it was a hoax.

Books and arts
 * Birds Without Wings, by Louis de Bernieres. Coming out in August 2004.   This is a story of a network of friendhips and relationships in an interconnected community of Turks and Greeks in Ottoman Anatolia, near the end of the Ottoman empire, as war approaches.  The Christian priest and the Muslim hodja and their families get along; a group of Christian and Muslim children spend all their time together and talk of marriage.  When war starts, the Armenians are suddenly exiled or killed, the Muslims are taken off to fight, and the Greek Orthodox Christians are sent into forced labor; after the war, the remaining Christians are sent off to the foreign surroundings of Greece.  The story is presented in a series of first-person accounts, and in part as a history lesson, with an interwoven biography of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk to provide context.  *: Louis de Bernieres was most recently know for his book Captain Corelli's Mandolin.
 * The broad course of this novel is somewhat reminiscent of Dido Sotiriou's brilliant Farewell Anatolia, from the 1960s.
 * Canarino, by Katherine Bucknell. A novel with more than a twist of social commentary, by the beautiful wife of an investment banker, about the investment banker husband of a beautiful wife, who, in the middle of marital turmoil, discovers that his success and wealth of support staff have insulated him from the rest of the world.
 * The Cairo House, by Samia Serageldin. Gigi, A modern woman, born into a traditional Egyptian family, enters adulthood as some in her family are choosing exile rather than live by the rules of the new Nasser regime.  She finds she cannot stand her arranged marriage, and, losing custody of her child, flees herself into exile and a second marriage to a European journalist.  Though she finds a new life with him, she never loses the sorrow of exile.

Obit
 * Paul Klebnikov - A US journalist, editor of Forbes Russia, Klebnikov was fatally shot by gunmen as he left his Moscow office on July 9. He was an idealist who thought that Russia had changed permanently over the past years, that grievances there were no longer settled via contract killing, and that investigative journalism was relatively safe.  However, there have been 15 journalists killed since 2000, and noone has been charged with any of their killings.  The one balanced political talk show, "Freedom of Speech", on the last independent television station, NTV, aired its final episode a few hours before Mr. Klebnikov was killed.  As for motives for his death, the second edition of Forbes Russia, which came uot in May, published a list of Russia's 100 richest people, noting that Moscow had, at 36, more billionaires than any other city in the world.  These hundred and other people about whom Klebnikov wrote could have done without the publicity.  People who he had not yet written stories about might have been worried that he would eventually investigate them.  He also wrote books; his last one, "A Conversation with the Barbarian", appealed to Europe to defend Christian civilization against Islamic extremism, something which must have offended many in Chechnya.

title: User:Sj/Digest


text:
General officer commanding

General officer commanding (GOC) is the usual title given in the armies of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth (and some other nations, such as Ireland) to a general officer who holds a command appointment.

Thus, a general might be the GOC British II Corps (a three-star appointment) or GOC British 7th Armoured Division (a two-star appointment).

GOC-in-C
A general officer heading a particularly large or important command, such as Middle East Command or the Allied Armies in Italy, may be called a general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C). The governor of the Imperial Fortress colony of Bermuda was also appointed commander-in-chief of the disproportionately-large Bermuda Garrison. From 1912, when Lieutenant-General Sir George Mackworth Bullock replaced the late Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick Walter Kitchener, through the Second World War, the military office was titled General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Bermuda. GOC-in-Cs are usually one rank higher than a GOC with GOCs of corps-level formations reporting to them.

Usage in the Indian Army
The army commanders who head the training and operational commands of the Indian Army hold the title of GOC-in-C. There are seven appointments currently:

 * General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Central Command
 * General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command
 * General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command
 * General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command
 * General Officer Commanding-in-Chief South Western Command
 * General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command
 * General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Army Training Command

Equivalent term in other services
The equivalent term for naval officers is flag officer commanding (FOC) and that for air force officers is air officer commanding (AOC). In the case of flag and air officers heading a large or important command, the term is flag officer commanding-in-chief (FOC-in-C) and air officer commanding-in-chief (AOC-in-C).

In the United States Armed Forces, the equivalent is commanding general (CG).

title: General officer commanding


text:
Blackwater Park

Blackwater Park is the fifth studio album by Swedish progressive metal band Opeth. It was released on March 12, 2001, in Europe and a day later in North America through Music for Nations and Koch Records. The album marks the first collaboration between Porcupine Tree frontman Steven Wilson and the band, as Wilson had been brought in to produce the album. This contributed to a shift in Opeth's musical style. The songs "The Drapery Falls" and "Still Day Beneath the Sun" were released as singles.

Although Blackwater Park did not chart in North America or the United Kingdom, it was a commercial breakthrough for the band. Often considered their magnum opus,  the album was highly acclaimed among critics, with Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic stating that the album is "surely the band's coming-of-age album, and therefore, an ideal introduction to its remarkable body of work.” In 2020, Loudwire listed Blackwater Park as the number one progressive metal album of all time. Rolling Stone ranked the album as 55th on their list of 'The 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time.'

Production
Following a few live dates in Europe, Opeth's guitarist and vocalist Mikael Åkerfeldt went to an old friend's house in Stockholm, Sweden, to record some demos and develop ideas for the new album. The album is named after the German progressive rock band of the same name and was the first album for which the group had a title before they started recording.

This album featured heavy input from Porcupine Tree frontman Steven Wilson, whose relationship with Opeth had begun in the past when an interviewer, who was a friend of Åkerfeldt's and knew the latter was a fan of Wilson's work, gave Wilson a copy of Opeth's then-latest release Still Life, which Wilson ended up liking so much that he contacted Åkerfeldt about it. A few months after the making of the demos, Åkerfeldt was having dinner with Wilson in which the two discussed the idea of Wilson producing the next Opeth album. After Åkerfeldt sent Wilson the demos he had recorded, Wilson agreed to produce the album.

Opeth entered Studio Fredman to begin work on Blackwater Park on August 10, 2000. The band had no previous lyrics written and had only rehearsed three times before entering the studio. The band's engineer Fredrik Nordström had arranged for the group to stay in a small room in the studio that had four beds. Opeth stayed there for around two weeks and then later rented out Dark Tranquillity member Mikael Stanne's flat. After recording the basic drums, rhythms, bass and acoustic guitars, Wilson arrived to produce the clean vocals and add some guitar leads. Åkerfeldt wrote that Wilson had an "immense impact on the recording" and after working with him the group entered "a new phase".

Åkerfeldt described the recording of the album as "rather smooth". Soilwork was recording in the studio at the same time as Opeth. Åkerfeldt wrote that Opeth felt like "a bunch of amateurs in comparison. They were working all the time. When they came into the kitchen for a break, we're still there, on the same break we took 3 hours ago. We don't want this to become a 'job', or something you do because you have to. We wanna have a good time, and thus we only work when it feels right."

Release
Blackwater Park was originally released on March 12, 2001, in Europe and a day later in North America. This was the first Opeth album to be released in North America at the same time as it was in the rest of the world. It has been released on compact disc and vinyl record formats. A special edition of Blackwater Park was issued in 2002 with a bonus second disc that included "Still Day Beneath the Sun" and "Patterns in the Ivy II". Those two bonus tracks were released together as a vinyl-only 7-inch EP by Robotic Empire Records in February 2003. The limited edition EP sold out in less than 24 hours and continues to be one of Opeth's most sought-after releases to date. Two singles were also released to promote Blackwater Park. A shortened radio edit version of "The Drapery Falls" was released as a promo single. The bonus track "Still Day Beneath the Sun" was later released as a vinyl only single.

Blackwater Park did not chart in the United States or United Kingdom. As of May 2008, Blackwater Park has sold over 93,000 copies in the United States.

On March 29, 2010, Opeth re-released a Legacy Edition of Blackwater Park which included a live version of "The Leper Affinity" and then a second DVD which is the entire album in 5.0 Surround Sound and a making of documentary. This version was released in North America in April 2012 by The End Records.

Critical reception
Blackwater Park received critical acclaim upon release. Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic wrote that the album was "a work of breathtaking creative breadth" and noted the album's critical praise stating that "not since the release of Tiamat's groundbreaking masterpiece Wildhoney in 1994 had the extreme metal scene witnessed such an overwhelming show of fan enthusiasm and uniform critical praise as that bestowed upon Blackwater Park.” He also said that the album is "surely the band's coming-of-age album, and therefore, an ideal introduction to its remarkable body of work.” Pitchfork praised the album, writing that "Blackwater Park has the reputation it does in large part because none of the songs follow the same songwriting formula, instead looking toward variations within general themes that all build to a dramatic conclusion in the title track." Opeth was compared to critically acclaimed groups from previous eras. The Village Voice wrote in their review of the album, that "Opeth paint on an epic canvas, sounding at times like... metal's answer to '70s King Crimson". CMJ also wrote a very positive review calling the album "Godlike ... a metal fusion of Pink Floyd and the Beatles". The Canadian music magazine Exclaim! wrote that the album "might be the best metal record this year, and it is worth every bit of energy the band has put into the creating of it.”

Decibel wrote that "Blackwater Park’s brilliance is the production. Co-produced by Opeth and Wilson and engineered by Fredrik Nordström, it’s one of the first death metal albums to feel, well, different. Crystal clear, yet resolutely heavy, Blackwater Park is also full of nuance." Similarly, Pitchfork noted that Wilson's "production help and encouragement teased out the band's explorations of acoustic-led arrangements as much as electric ones while further showcasing Åkerfeldt's sweet, clear singing as much as the roars on songs like "The Leper Affinity" and the title track." British magazine Record Collector called Blackwater Park Opeth's finest hour and added that much of the credit "can be attributed to the advanced vision of Steven Wilson."

Loudwire ranked Blackwater Park as the 15th best metal album of all time, claiming the album reflected the group's "70s art-rock influences, supported by consistently intricate, wildly imaginative nine-to-ten-minute epics, each one more awe-inspiring than the last."

A more mixed review came from Alex Silveri of Sputnikmusic, who praised several of the album's songs but wrote negatively about "The Drapery Falls", "Dirge for November" and "The Funeral Portrait", which Silveri referred to as "boring to the point of tears.” However, Sputnikmusic still placed Blackwater Park at No. 39 on its list of the Top 100 Albums of the Decade.

Accolades
In 2020, Loudwire listed Blackwater Park as the number one progressive metal album of all time. It was Metal Storm's number 1 album of 2001 and number 4 on the Top 200 albums of all time. LA Weekly named it the 5th best metal album in history. Rolling Stone ranked Blackwater Park as 55th on their list of 'The 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time.

In 2009, MetalSucks compiled a list of the "21 Best Metal Albums of the 21st Century So Far" based on the opinions of various musicians, managers, publicists, label representatives and writers, where Blackwater Park ranked at No. 3 on the list. Decibel magazine similarly named Blackwater Park the 3rd best metal album of the decade. The album was listed at No. 5 on Terrorizer's best albums of the 2000s.

In June 2015, Rolling Stone ranked Blackwater Park at 28th place for their list of "Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time". TeamRock placed the album at #36 on their "Top 100 Prog Albums of All Time" list.

In 2012, Loudwire listed the title track as the second best metal song of the 21st century. Q magazine included Bleak in its 2004 list of "1010 Songs You Must Own!"

Opeth

 * Mikael Åkerfeldt – vocals, guitar, acoustic guitar
 * Peter Lindgren – guitar
 * Martín Méndez – bass
 * Martin Lopez – drums

Additional musicians

 * Steven Wilson – clean and backing vocals on "Bleak", "Harvest", "The Funeral Portrait", and "The Drapery Falls", piano, additional guitar, record producer, engineering, mixing
 * Markus Lindberg – egg shakers

Production

 * Opeth – production, engineering, mixing, artwork
 * Fredrik Nordström – engineering, mixing
 * Göran Finnberg – mastering

Additional personnel

 * Harry Välimäki – photography
 * Travis Smith – artwork

title: Blackwater Park


text:
Talk:David Foreman

Untitled
Moved from Dave Foreman, which now redirects here.-SV 21:55, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC) Dave Foreman was one of the founders of Earth First!, the radical ecology movement in the United States. Generally, Foreman is a "wilderness" EarthFirst!er, and might not be so inclined to agree with some of the social justice positions that many EF!ers take today.

Since 1989, when Foreman was arrested by the FBI, he has been less active. He claims that he was set up. Foreman's lasting contribution to Earth First! is the creation of a guide to monkey wrenching, which is now in its third edition.

Written Works

 * Confessions of an Eco-Warrior

Time in OCS

 * After graduating from college in 1968, and attending the Officers Candidate School of the US Marine Corps for a mere two and a half months, Foreman's radicalism began to take shape.

Unless I am mistaken, USMC Officer Candidate School is either one 10-week course or two 6-week courses over two summers. Thus, Foreman's "two and a half months" would not be "mere" since that is apporoximately 10 weeks. Perhaps he was in OCS for two and a half weeks? CrypticBacon 23:40, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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2023: Objective obituaries can now be used to make this page balanced
I have long regarded this wikipedia page as unfairly skewed towards Foreman's notoriety born in the 1980s in his Earth First! collaborations. But my own familiarity with him began when he and John Davis spun off from the Earth First! publication and its leaders to create their own science-leaning collaborations with the science of conservation biology — and that collaboration deserves even more attention in this wikipedia entry. That new collaboration began with the launch of the journal Wild Earth. Now that Foreman is dead, there are objective obituaries to use for editing this wikipedia entry. Thus far, I have only edited the first para, for which I cited an Oct 2022 article in the Arizona Daily Star newspaper. I will continue to do more editing in the days ahead, as the current version skews toward his 1980s activism and ignores his strong collaboration with conservation biologists (and thus significant accomplishments) in the final 3 decades of his life.Cbarlow (talk) 17:45, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Foreman


text:
User talk:Remush~enwiki

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title: User talk:Remush~enwiki


text:
1985 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership elections

In 1985, the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party held two leadership elections: one in January, and one in November.

Background
The January convention was held at the CNE Coliseum at Exhibition Place in Toronto to choose a replacement for William Davis, who had served as Ontario PC leader and Premier of Ontario since 1971. Davis had been expected to call an election to seek a further mandate from the voters, but surprised pundits by retiring from political life instead.

Four of Davis's cabinet ministers announced their intentions to seek the leadership: Frank Miller, Dennis Timbrell, Larry Grossman, and Roy McMurtry. Grossman and McMurtry were considered to be Red Tories who would continue in the tradition of moderate government maintained by Davis and his predecessor as leader and premier, John Robarts. Miller was supported by the right wing of the party, who believed that he would take a more aggressive approach to reducing the size of the provincial government. Timbrell was viewed as being a centrist.

In initial candidate debates, few differences in policy emerged. Instead the differences manifested in political outlook. Miller, supported by 27 members of caucus, was viewed as the candidate of small town conservatism. Grossman, with 10 supporting members was the candidate of high-powered urbanity. Timbrell with 18 supporting members was seen more along the lines of the previous leader, aping Davis's pragmatic blandness. McMurtry coming in last with 8 supporting members tried to portray a populist image with links to ethnic communities.

Procedure
The voters at the convention consisted of delegates elected from PC riding associations, delegates elected from other PC associations such as those for women, campuses, youth and business groups, as well as ex-officio delegates such as party members who held elected office, and members of the party's executive bodies.

Convention
During the convention an 'Anybody But Miller' pact was a significant influence. Miller's convention speech was solid, yet unspectacular. If anything it reassured delegates who were concerned over policy gaffes made by Miller before the convention. Miller emerged with a significant lead on the first ballot which he kept through to the final ballot. As each candidate with the fewest votes was dropped after each ballot, he threw his support behind Grossman, which seemed to confirm the 'Anybody But Miller' pact theory. Grossman edged out Timbrell for second place on the second ballot and, facing elimination, demanded a recount which produced the same result. After the second ballot when Timbrell threw his support to Grossman, his supporters were more divided and enough of them voted for Miller to enable him to win the convention.

November Convention
Following the party's poor showing in the 1985 election, the party retained power with only a slim plurality of four seats and lost their government majority status. The opposition Liberals gained the support of the third party, the New Democratic Party. The Liberals and the NDP negotiated an accord whereby the NDP agreed to support the Liberals in a new government provided that they support NDP policy initiatives. On June 26, 1985, the Liberals passed a motion of no confidence and the PCs fell from power for the first time in 44 years. Miller resigned as leader, and a new convention was called, to be held again in Toronto.

Timbrell and Grossman announced their intentions to run, along with Alan Pope, who had been Minister of Natural Resources in the Davis government. This time, Grossman had a clear lead going into the convention. Pope was dropped after the first ballot, and Grossman a narrow victory on the second ballot.

Ballot results
(Held at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, Toronto on November 16, 1985.)

First ballot:

 * GROSSMAN, Larry 752
 * TIMBRELL, Dennis 661
 * POPE, Alan 271

Second ballot:

 * GROSSMAN, Larry 848
 * TIMBRELL, Dennis 829


text: User talk:193.237.19.151

title: User talk:193.237.19.151


text: User talk:208.21.199.93

title: User talk:208.21.199.93


text:
College of Emporia

The College of Emporia was a private college in Emporia, Kansas, from 1882 to 1974, and was associated with the Presbyterian church.

When founded, it was one of two higher education institutions in the city of Emporia, the other at that time was the "Kansas State Normal School" established for teacher training and was later renamed Kansas State Teachers College (KSTC) and reorganized in the mid-to-late 1970s as a state liberal arts college with the name changed to Emporia State University. Since Emporia had two colleges before 1900, the city was sometimes called the "Athens of Kansas."

History
The College of Emporia was founded in 1882. In March 1909, the "Lewis Academy", a Presbyterian school in Wichita, consolidated with the College of Emporia.

Colonel John Byers Anderson of Manhattan, Kansas, donated his personal library to the college in 1888, and he served as president of the board of trustees of the college. Twelve years later, a Carnegie grant provided the funds for the college to build the Anderson Memorial Library, in memory of John B. Anderson, whom Carnegie had known when younger and who later served on the board of trustees of the College of Emporia. The library was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 25, 1987.

The Registrar's office at Emporia State University is the official custodian of the transcripts for the former College of Emporia.

The college campus was purchased by The Way International for $694,000 and was operated as The Way College of Emporia from 1975 until 1989.

Athletics

The College of Emporia (CoE) athletic teams were called the Fighting Presbies. The college was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Heart of America Athletic Conference (HAAC) from 1971–72 to 1973–74. The Fighting Presbies previously competed in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC) from 1933–34 to 1970–71, which they were a member on a previous stint from 1902–03 to 1922–23; as well as in the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (CIC) from 1923–24 to 1932–33.

Football
Football was established in the late 1890s and existed until the college closed its doors in 1974. The team known as the red and white "Fighting Presbies" had a proud tradition—over 70 years of football the college won 14 conference football championships, including an undefeated, untied, and unscored on season in 1928.

In 1955, alumnus Lem Harkey was drafted in the sixth round by the Pittsburgh Steelers. The college's most famous player and honored coach was Homer Woodson Hargiss.

Notable alumni

 * Faculty
 * Football Coaches - Horace Botsford, Henry Brock, Harold Grant, Homer Hargiss, Lem Harkey, Gwinn Henry, Steve Kazor, Wayne McConnell, Walt Newland, Bill Schnebel, Lester Selves, Tom Stromgren

 * Alumni
 * Dale Corson (1914–2012) - eighth president of Cornell University, physics professor at Cornell, author, served on National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
 * William Culbertson (1884–1966) - U.S. Ambassador to Romania and Chile, member of United States International Trade Commission, United States Army Colonel
 * John Dalley (1935-) - violinist, violin bow maker, teaching at Curtis Institute of Music, artist-in-residence at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and University of Maryland
 * Nelson Fuson (1913-2006), physicist, longtime professor at Fisk University, and a Quaker civil rights activist and
 * Kyung-Chik Han (1902–2000) - pastor, church planter, recipient of the 1992 Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion
 * Vic Hurt (1899–1978) - college coach for football / basketball / track, played football at College of Emporia
 * David Hibbard (1868–1966) - missionary, educator, first president of Silliman Institute (now Silliman University) in Philippines
 * Jerry Karr (1936–2019) - Kansas Senator, economics professor at University of Central Missouri, Wilmington College, Njala University
 * Helen Marshall (1898-1988) - nursing historian, history professor at University of New Mexico, Eastern New Mexico University, Illinois State University
 * Carroll Newsom (1904–1990) - eleventh president of New York University, president of publisher Prentice Hall, math professor
 * Vernon Parrington (1871–1929) - literary historian and scholar, Pulitzer Prize winner, English professor at College of Emporia / University of Oklahoma / University of Washington, second head football coach at University of Oklahoma
 * Brock Pemberton (1885–1950) - Broadway theatrical producer, founder and chairman of the Tony Awards
 * Arthur Samuel (1901–1990) - computer scientist, electrical engineering professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, computer science professor at Stanford University
 * Jack Sinagra (1950–2013) - New Jersey State Senator, chairman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
 * William Allen White (1868–1944) - journalist, author, Pulitzer Prize winner, newspaper owner and editor of Emporia Gazette, founding editor of the Book of the Month Club

title: College of Emporia


text:
Sabretooth

Sabretooth or sabertooth may refer to:

Animals

 * Saber-toothed cat, several prehistoric felines
 * Smilodon, a prehistoric genus of cat
 * Sabertooth fish, a deep-sea fish found in the tropics
 * Sabre-toothed blenny, Aspidontus taeniatus, a variety of fish that lives deep underwater in the benthic zone
 * Sabertooth blenny, Plagiotremus azaleus, a species of combtooth blenny in coral reefs in the eastern Pacific Ocean
 * Sabertooth salmon, Oncorhynchus rastrosus, an ancient species of salmon
 * Sabretooth tetra, the Payara, Hydrolycus scomberoides, a species of gamefish in the Orinoco River in Venezuela and in the Amazon basin
 * Saber-toothed predator, several distantly related lineages of synapsids
 * Thylacosmilus, a genus of sabre-toothed metatherian predators from the Miocene period
 * Gorgonopsia, an extinct group of sabre-tooth therapsids from the Middle and Late Permian

Sports

 * Sabretooth (mascot), the mascot for the Buffalo Sabres National Hockey League team

Fiction

 * Sabretooth (character), a Marvel Comics supervillain
 * Sabretooth (film), a 2002 made-for-TV movie
 * Sabre-Tooth, a 1966 book by Peter O'Donnell featuring the character Modesty Blaise
 * Captain Sabertooth, a series of stage plays, theatrical films, and a television series by the Norwegian singer and actor Terje Formoe

Other uses

 * SABERTOOTH, a protein sequence and structure alignment algorithm
 * Sabertooth Games, a now defunct Memphis, Tennessee based game company, founded in 2001

title: Sabretooth


text:
Marcel Lambert

Marcel Joseph Aimé Lambert (August 21, 1919 – September 24, 2000) was a Canadian politician and Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada from 1962 to 1963.

Life and career
Lambert was born in St. Albert, to a French Canadian father and a Belgian mother. He served in the 14th Armoured Regiment (Calgary Regiment) during World War II and participated in (and survived) the Dieppe Raid. He achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel.

After returning to Alberta, he was named a Rhodes Scholar in 1946 and in 1947 he entered Hertford College, Oxford (University of Oxford) to study law.

Lambert was a candidate for the Alberta Progressive Conservatives in the 1952 provincial election, but failed to win a seat in the provincial legislature.

He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) from the riding of Edmonton West in the 1957 election. He was returned in the nine following elections, and remained an MP until his retirement prior to the 1984 election.

Lambert served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of National Defence from 1957 to 1958, and as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of National Revenue until 1962.

Following the defeat of Speaker Roland Michener in the 1962 election, Lambert was nominated to the position of speaker of the House of Commons by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker.

Lambert presided over the House of Commons during a tenuous minority government situation. As speaker, Lambert strove to be very correct in his interpretation of standing orders, ruling opposition questions out of order during Question Period if they were not strict inquiries and strayed at all into argumentation. This displeased the Opposition and led to his rulings being appealed unsuccessfully.

Lambert refused to allow an emergency debate on the issue of Bomarc missiles that the opposition demanded when an American State Department press release was issued contradicting arguments made by the Diefenbaker government against accepting the missiles. Lambert asserted that the matter was not of sufficient urgency to warrant a special debate. Liberal leader Lester Pearson challenged Lambert's decision, and the House overturned Lambert's decision by a vote of 122 to 104.

This incident indicated that the government had lost control of the House. Soon after, the government was defeated on a motion of no confidence on the Bomarc issue. Diefenbaker called an election, and appointed Lambert to Cabinet as minister of Veterans Affairs. While Lambert was re-elected in Edmonton, the Progressive Conservative government lost the election, and Lambert's two-month career as a cabinet minister came to an end.

With the Conservatives in Opposition, Lambert sided with Diefenbaker's critics, and refused to sign a petition declaring loyalty to the Conservative leader in 1966 when Dalton Camp attempted to force a leadership review.

In Opposition, Lambert was a leading critic in the areas of National Defence and Finance. During the short-lived government of Joe Clark, he was chairman of the Miscellaneous Estimates Committee, and led it through a flurry of activity.

After being defeated in a bitter nomination race by his eventual successor, Murray Dorin, Lambert retired from the House of Commons at the 1984 election. He was appointed to the Canadian Transportation Commission by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney following the election.

Archives
There is a Marcel Lambert fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

title: Marcel Lambert