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Talk:1812 Overture

1812 Overture in Popular Culture
The overture also is used in the cartoon "Two Stupid Dogs", as part of a recurring gag. Red sings a part of the overture whenever she is to crash into something. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.173.226.152 (talk) 08:19, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

Patriotic American holidays
Why is this song played for patriotic American holidays? What do the Russians and French think of this?
 * I assume the main reason is that it's a rousing, martial piece in keeping with the holidays, not any particular affinity for Imperial Russia (although the US was neutral in regards to the Napoleonic wars, we were essentially on the side of the French by fighting Britain -- making our affection for the piece even more incongruous). Also, the cannon fire makes it really popular with kids, perfect for outdoors pops concerts. I'm sure that lots of people think it's a celebration of American victory, though. (Note that the British think they won because we failed to steal away Canada!) --Dhartung | Talk 23:25, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Dhartung raises an interesting point... It is strange that Americans use such a rousing piece of music to celebrate a military defeat, rather than something more lamentous. In fact, it's unusual that they celebrate it at all! Does anyone know of any other cases where a nation celebrates their defeat in such a manner? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.107.182.109 (talk) 12:34, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

"In 1974, lamenting the declining audiences attending the Boston Pops concerts at the Hatch Memorial Shell on the picturesque Charles River Esplanade - a tradition dating back to 1929 - Boston businessman, David Mugar and the legendary Boston Pops conductor, Arthur Fiedler, hatched a plan to enliven the concert. The crowd responded so enthusiastically to the revitalized program, the pair made it an annual event. The enthusiasm was due in no small part to the concert's featuring the "1812 Overture." The musical program featured booming cannons, ringing church bells, patriotic sing-alongs, and a grand fireworks finale. The Boston event became the first to play the overture as part of a Fourth of July celebration. The innovation has since been duplicated in countless cities around the country." Copyright © Dave Lampson, 1996-9. from http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/works/tchaikov/1812.html Could someone more Wiki proficient add this to the main page, please? Burningchrome 22:01, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

The War of 1812 was by no means a defeat for the United States. Every grievance that they had was corrected (impressment of sailors by the Royal Navy, inability to trade neutrally with Europe, Indian raiders armed by the British, etc.) either directly or indirectly through the course of war, and the high material cost of the war has to be balanced with the surge of patriotism after the Battle of New Orleans and the subsequent "Era of Good Feelings". On the other hand, Britain was primarily involved in stopping Napoleon, did not gain anything from the War of 1812, and the only claim they have to victory is that the Americans did not succeed in annexing Canada, which was not a war goal. Chaparral2J (talk) 19:04, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
 * This is a bit of a sidetrack to the main article, but I think you'll find that annexing land was a war goal of the US campaign of 1812. They failed in that regard. I've never heard anyone claim the US won anything in the Anglo-American war of 1812 - the general consensus is status quo - but there are also strong arguments that the US were defeated as their primary aim (land grab) was thwarted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.107.183.201 (talk) 12:47, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Once again the point must be restated. America held New Orleans against the British. And the stagnation of the UK persisted (to this day), as the ascent of the US continued. As to Canada, yes, the US did not make territorial gains, but neither did Britain. And one must look past this time to see Americas continued growth in strength and size while Britain began to lose ground across the entire globe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.95.241.57 (talk) 05:44, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

There is simply no way that the War of 1812 can be considered a US "defeat" -- the main problem facing Madison was that the Brits were interfering with US shipping in the Atlantic, which was the backbone of the early US economy. Check the wiki article for other reasons -- kidnapping US sailors, Brits siding with various native American nations, etc. Upon signing of the peace accords, those issues were resolved favorably for the US. Still, the Brits did torch the White House, so I guess the war can't be considered an unqualifed victory. I've always thought of it as more of a fight to tie up the loose ends from the Revolution, which it did.

I also disagree with this business of most Americans not knowing that the Overture was based on Napoleon's pyrrhic victory at Borodino. I grew up in rural Virginia and upon hearing it as a child, knew that it had to do with Napoleon and Moscow, but I admit I was little fuzzy as to why. The simple reason that it's so popular with US audiences (and everywhere else I bet) is that it's a sonic tour de force, perfect for family-oriented concerts, especially those big outdoor performances. IvyGold (talk) 22:05, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

"While this piece has little connection with United States history..." It would be more accurate to state that the piece has NO connection with US history. 24.69.71.254 (talk) 20:54, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

This has nothing to do with America. The USA has much to recommend it, but stealing a work of Tchaikovsky is an insult to European culture. Guv2006 (talk) 18:54, 15 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Tchaikovsky "stole" the French national anthem for part of this work. :) ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 19:03, 15 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The piece makes a deliberate quotation from La Marseillaise, for an obvious reason given the meaning of the piece. Only the ignorant would consider this "theft", it is not as if Tchaikovsky is pretending he wrote the French national anthem!  And this has nothing to do with issue at hand here.  24.69.71.254 (talk) 03:58, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Likewise, only the ignorant would consider it "theft" that Americans like to hear this tune on July 4th. Last I knew, the overture was in the public domain. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 04:04, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Good grief, everyone! The Americans sing the Red Flag every Christmas... albeit to slightly different words.  (Note the irony in my words...)  Anyway, the piece is rousing and uplifting: exactly what you need for a day such as Independence Day.  The coincidental fact that the Americans were fighting us Brits in 1812 is probably one reason that the piece is used; but I honestly think it is more to do with tradition and rousing the hearts of the Nation etc than some sort of weird analogy with Napoleon vs the Tzar --Jubilee♫ clipman  04:17, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I've heard that some foreign musicians like to play "The Stars and Stripes Forever", too, not because they necessarily love Americans, but because it's a great piece of music. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 04:29, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I haven't heard any non-American musicians playing "The Stars and Stripes Forever", just some redneck American country singers when rabble rousing at Republican Party benefits, or in the lead up to an election. Maybe you could share a few links with us? Guv2006 (talk) 13:14, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Baseball Bugs, I am not the one who made the claim that the USA "stole" a work of Tchaikovsky; I think that is that person's own problem. The issue is whether or not the piece has any connection with US history: it has none.  It gets played on the 4th of July, all fine and dandy, but let's not pretend Tchaikovsky had the US in mind 24.69.71.254 (talk) 18:47, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

I don't have any "problem" if you are referring to me. I merely stated that Tchaikovsky's work ought not to be hijacked and used out of context by a country unconnected to Russia (and which for many decades has actually had an anti-Russian stance), when Tchaikovsky wrote it as a patriotic piece for his homeland. Guv2006 (talk) 13:14, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Whether or not the Americans have "hijacked" this piece is irrelevant. The fact is that US bands play it on various important occasions and that fact is properly sourced and included in this article.  Therefore this discussion has nothing whatsoever to do with the contents of this article and any changes that may or may not need to be made to it.  Talk page guidelines: "The purpose of a Wikipedia talk page (accessible via the discussion tab) is to provide space for editors to discuss changes to its associated article or project page. Article talk pages should not be used by editors as platforms for their personal views on a subject."  If we are to continue talking about this, we need to go to the reference desk or off-Wiki really.  Cheers  --Jubilee♫ clipman  00:53, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

Between all that talk going on regarding the 1812 War (USA), I really don't feel that there should be such large sections dedicated to the performances on July 4th in the US and so on. The piece is performed on various occasions all over the world and I think it's okay (citing the Wikipedia NPOV Guideline) to delete these sections. red (talk) 02:36, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

See also Talk:1812 Overture/Archive 1. --  Jack of Oz    ... speak! ...   09:40, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Why do you refer to this as a "song" rather than a "piece", if it has no lyrics or vocals, Dhartung? Purely instrumental works should not be called "songs", but rather "pieces" --Fandelasketchup (talk) 19:36, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Both the Marseillaise and the Great Russian Hymn are songs which have words. Just because the 1812 doesn't have lyrics doesn't detract from it being crafted out of two songs. You don't usually get up and dance to Strauss, but there's no denying it's still dance music. To say nothing of Mendelssohn's Songs Without Words Nuttyskin (talk) 21:09, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

Most used version
There seems to be one recording most used on TV and radio, one I've heard a thousand times (I know it's the same one I am remembering). It's the version used at the end of V for Vendetta [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8fI-dGWT74&feature=related ] and has artificial bells and big drums for the cannons (rather than real cannon sounds). Does anyone know which recording this is? It would be notable given it's frequent referencing. 86.7.211.128 (talk) 01:32, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

Sound files
Is there any especially pressing reason for retaining the 43 seconds of Perschbacher's organ performance? On the one hand, the work is quite often arranged for organ and thus used by organists as a showpiece; on the other, there is no mention of this fact at all in the article (and the snippet hardly uses the most flashy nor even the most famous moment). Was the snippet included in lieu of a full orchestral version being included (much like MIDI files are often used where no legally available recording is available)? Personally, I would tend to exclude any arrangement of a work from its article unless there is a strong reason for retaining that arrangement. I would certainly also tend towards removing any "added sound sample" where someone has gone on to "add audio of the whole thing" thus appearing to make the first version superfluous. (I am aware, of course, that even the precise orchestral arrangement of "the whole thing"—with or without full choir and "real" cannons—is debatable and varies from performance to performance but that's for another day, perhaps.) Any one have any other thoughts on this? --Jubilee♫ clipman 16:22, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I should add that I was asked about this on my talkpage by who also feels that the organ version could be removed though for slightly different reasons  --Jubilee♫ clipman  16:29, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Jubilee's summed it up nicely, so I don't have much else to say.  Bramble  claw  x   16:54, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.byzantines.net/epiphany/christsavior.htm
 * In 1812 Overture on 2011-05-25 02:02:19, 404 Not Found
 * In 1812 Overture on 2011-06-01 22:33:49, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 22:34, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.telarc.com/gscripts/title.asp?gsku=0541&mscssid=6KBMEGSXS4R08G1M8XRPBB7KL83C60DC
 * In 1812 Overture on 2011-05-25 02:02:21, 404 Not Found
 * In 1812 Overture on 2011-06-01 22:33:59, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 22:34, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Changed link to point to an archive.org copy using  parameter. TheFeds 08:19, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

1812 Overture in Popular Culture
This would be a good classical piece to have a section showing its place in popular culture; I glanced over the article and only saw the reference to V for Vendetta, but it has been in plenty more movies and TV shows than just that one. The one that I remember best is a commercial for the Quaker cereals Puffed Wheat and Puffed Rice that showed cereal being shot from cannons; there was even a lyric in the commercial that was sung along with the piece: "This is the cereal that's shot from guns!" Shocking Blue (talk) 12:25, 20 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Late reply here, but what can you do about slow-moving articles. "In popular culture" sections have become frowned upon as a whole in Wikipedia.  i kan reed (talk) 14:29, 21 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree. Another Vendetta addition edit just appeared - in the lead section. I can't believe that use of the music in films (if not in advertisements) is of no interest. Ken Russell's 1970 The Music Lovers immediately springs to mind: . Martinevans123 (talk) 21:03, 7 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm surprised the list of references does not include one of the longest running and most familiar radio programs in history, The Lone Ranger. That program was my introduction to many MANY classical pieces.  The excerpt they used begins at m. 250. Lbyler (talk) 01:55, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

Different Antal Dorati recording
http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=525136 Mercury records catalog SRI75142. "Performed by the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra and the University of Minnesota Brass Band conducted by Antal Dorati, this recording also features the Bells of the Harness Memorial Tower in Yale University, two 6 pound bronze cannon and a 12 pound howitzer" It also includes a recording of Wellington's Victory featuring "a brace of French muskets and cannon". No mention of a narration track and more firepower than a single shot dubbed in sixteen times. Bizzybody (talk) 05:54, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

Original Research and bald opinion
There are gobs of original research and opinions littered throughout the article. Some of them could possibly be cured by adding references, if there are any. I'll concentrate here on just one paragraph in the Musical Structure section, starting with a single, illustrative, fragment:

...the score calls for five Russian cannon shots confronting a boastfully repetitive fragment of La Marseillaise.

Oh, really? boastfully repetitive? This, and most of this entire paragraph was added in version 117039718 of 22 March 2007 06:54, by user 70.224.78.161. I'm amazed that this has lasted six years with no challenge, as it is utterly unsubstantiated, as is most of the rest of the section. (There are two references, #5 and #6 at this writing, in that section, one of which is a link to some U of T Lecture slides that does give an analysis of the piece, but the claims made in the article are not substantiated by that reference. The other footnote is a music reference.)

This section, and others added by this author (and others) should be referenced, or thrown out:

 * Sixteen cannon shots are written into the score of the Overture. Beginning with the plaintive hymn “God Preserve Thy People,” the piece moves through a mixture of pastoral and militant themes portraying the increasing distress of the Russian people at the hands of the invading French. At the turning point of the invasion – the Battle of Borodino – the score calls for five Russian cannon shots confronting a boastfully repetitive fragment of the Marseillaise. A descending string passage represents the subsequent attrition of the French forces, followed by victory bells and a triumphant repetition of “God Preserve Thy People” as Moscow burns to deny winter quarters to the French. A musical chase scene appears, out of which emerges the anthem “God Save the Czar,” thundering with eleven more precisely scored shots. Logistics of safety and precision in placement of the shots – now as well as in 1880 -- require the use of sixteen pieces of muzzle loading artillery, since any reloading schemes to attain the sixteen shots or even a semblance of them in the two minute time span involved would yield neither safety nor precision. Time lag alone precludes implementation of cues for the shots.

Mathglot (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:14, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Reliable source?
I'm not sure about www.Tchaikovsky-research.net. It says, "This on-going project is the product of collaboration of Tchaikovsky scholars and enthusiasts worldwide...." I'm going to remove it, because the scholars seem to be anonymous, and I am unenthusiastic about the enthusiasm of enthusiasts. But it's probably okay in the external links section.Anythingyouwant (talk) 20:16, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

How long is it?
How long is the overture? Are there "standard" shortenings? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.71.125.114 (talk) 23:04, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * The interactive version I had (which contained both the audio track and an interactive explanation of each section) was 15 minutes 25 seconds I think, or something like that. Close to 15 minutes 30 seconds. By "interactive explanation" I mean that it was actually a software program which explained each section while the music played on a player above the explanatory text window. --Fandelasketchup (talk) 18:40, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

Cincinatti Pops Recording
I believe the Cincinatti Pops (w/ Erich Kunzel) Recording deserves mention in this article. Not only because it is an extraordinary performance but also for the details. The 12" Vinyl print goes way beyond the specs in terms of dynamics. That virtually makes the recording the Benchmark piece for High-End Recordplayers and Stereos. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.53.11.142 (talk) 19:37, 27 August 2014 (UTC) It has also been remastered and printed on SACD and DVD-A 78.53.11.142 (talk) 19:40, 27 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Alas your personal preferences and beliefs have no weight here. If you could find a reliable source which agrees that this was "an extraordinary performance" and/or that the recording "goes way beyond the specs in terms of dynamics", there would be no question. Having said that, I don't see there would be any real problem in mentioning it in the "Recording history" section, if there is at least mention of it by a reliable third party, like a reviewer. Many similar articles have a section for "Notable performances/ recordings". I'm surprised there is not one here. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:56, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

Confronting a boastfully repetitive fragment?
What does this mean? After reading the comment section and seeing another editor has called the phrase out it still seems highly POV. I am substituting it for, "to counter a fragment of" If anyone feels differently can we at least discuss what "boastfully repetitive fragment" even means before reverting it back? Cheers! Xenomorph erotica (talk) 16:57, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

Adding the US Independence Day
Hi all. this was me. I've read the past discussion and some have decried any mention at all of the 1812's use in the 4th of July as American-centric, but V for Vendetta isn't far more oddly impertinent than that? I find it baffling that 1812's role in V for Vendetta is mentioned but that its most popular association among the majority of the English-speaking world is not. The whole reason it's used in V for Vendetta is that the connotative meaning of the Overture has been somewhat usurped to a message of freedom over ostensibly unfair tyranny.

It's not as if there's any shortage of sources attesting to the notability of the 1812 Overture's use as a 4th of July hymn. I just pulled the first three sources on a google search that looked reasonable. I'm expecting to hear the same people responsible for keeping this off the article objecting to my addition here, so if you have objections, please discuss. Thank you.--Louiedog (talk) 04:42, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I've never heard of its association with 4 July. But then, I'm not an American. Nuttyskin (talk) 21:00, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

DRM/Copyright Free Recording
I have a copy of the performance of the 1812 Overture, with actual cannon, performed by the United States Military Academy Band at West Point. Choral parts were sung by the US Army Chorus, in the original Russian. The recording was made by the Band, live as performed (I attended the performance), and hence includes crowd noise and applause at the end.

Is this something that would enhance this page? If so, I would be happy to upload it.

Also, perhaps a section should be included in the main page that lists periodic public performances of this piece. I believe the Boston Pops does it every 4th of July. The West Point Band does it every Labor Day weekend. I am certain those are not the only two performances. It would be useful to list if cannon are used or not. BTCG 16:34, 29 December 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by BTCG (talk • contribs)

Significance to audiophiles
Because of the huge disparity in volume between cannons and cellos (and other orchestral instruments), the live reproduction of Tchaikovsky's written score can result in some of the greatest dynamic range (difference between the loudest and softest sounds) of any live music - even more so than the rock family of genres, which are well known for ear-damaging sound pressure levels. But for recording technicians and audio enthusiasts, the attraction to the 1812 Overture is capturing and reproducing a recording of a live performance, and specifically maintaining the highest level of dynamism possible considering the limitations of a given recording and reproduction technology. In fact, a particular recording by Telarc Records to LP (Long Play) is well known amongst audiophiles as the test of the entire playback chain from phonograph stylus to speakers. An example of audio enthusiasts discussing the abilities of various high-end products to reproduce with fidelity is posted here: http://forums.stevehoffman.tv/threads/the-telarc-1812-test.477436/ An interview with Stan Ricker describing the unique technique required to master such enormous dynamic range is found here (search for 1812): http://www.positive-feedback.com/Issue2/ricker2.htm The grooves carved into the vinyl by the SPLs (Sound Pressure Levels) of cannon explosions deviate so wildly from that of a typical classical orchestra that the spacing between tracks must be increased inordinately. This not only results in a more rapid depletion of the space available on an LP, but also in grooves that can be easily discerned from the surrounding untouched vinyl by the unaided eye as in this photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/41002268@N03/5903358408 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Noiseiron (talk • contribs) 20:37, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

 * In about the 1980s-early 90s, there was a recording using electronic cannon, which I found most impressive, even compared to a live performance with real cannon, which I have heard. It seems to me the uniqueness of this recording would give it notability. So far I haven't been able to track it down. Anyone recall it?D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 22:36, 20 August 2017 (UTC)

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I'm confused....
How come this article contains the full audio of the concerned piece as opposed to just a 30-second sample from it? Wasn't it made clear that audio clips should be no more than 30 seconds long? --Fandelasketchup (talk) 19:31, 8 June 2018 (UTC)
 * The 30-second rule has to do with copyright. The idea being that having a longer sample would be a violation. However, this work is in the public domain and so the restriction doesn't apply. Sorry for the delay in response. Ebe  123  → report 19:24, 11 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Are all versions, by all orchestras, since orchestral recordings began, fully in the public domain? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:29, 11 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, they are, Martinevans123, since the DMCA (the current US copyright law) was created in 1976 and this piece, as its title suggests, was written in 1812. --Fandelasketchup (talk) 00:07, 16 November 2018 (UTC)
 * There is a separate copyright for the music and for the recording of a performance of that music. While the music is public domain, recordings would by default be subject to copyright. This recording indicates that the performers have released it into the public domain.--Trystan (talk) 01:07, 16 November 2018 (UTC)
 * No, the piece was not "written in 1812," it's about Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812, as is stated in the lede  of the  article. It was written near the end of 1880. JDZeff (talk) 02:03, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

No time to reload cannons?
I have to wonder as to this assertion that 16 cannon, preloaded, must be used, there being no time to reload cannons.

Back in the days of muzzle-loading cannon, naval (and other?) salutes were fired at 5 second intervals between shots. Often two cannon could be used, alternating rounds.

Indeed, special saluting cannon of small-bore were developed to facilitate the process. And for ceremonial use survived well past the introduction of breech-loading artillery.

The use of carbide cannon or some aerosol propellant (e.g. hair spray) fueled cannon would also alter this consideration. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mds1110 (talk • contribs) 06:23, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

Oveture to what?
That's what I want to know. Why is this piece called an overture? Is it common for composers to write overtures that are not followed by a full performance? Is it meant to be an 'overture' to the celebrations? — Preceding unsigned comment added by A. Christopher (talk • contribs) 19:21, 13 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I would have sworn that this article addressed that question, that it's a free-standing piece and not a preview or a collection of themes. Maybe this was edited. Or maybe I'm a doofus!!! PurpleChez (talk) 21:13, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

West Point
I once heard a bit on public radio about the recording made at West Point. The folks at the record company were initially very sheepish about approaching the commandant about something so seemingly far-removed from military matters as an orchestral recording -- but it turned out that he was thrilled to have an excuse to fire the cannon (which they had a museum piece) and was an enthusiastic participant in the process. I'll see if I can verify.PurpleChez (talk) 21:17, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Commemorating the successful Russian defense against Napoleon's Army
In the opening paragraph makes the following claim with no citation to follow.

Year 1812 Solemn Overture, Op. 49, popularly known as the 1812 Overture, is a concert overture in E♭ major written in 1880 by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to commemorate the successful Russian defense against Napoleon's invading Grande Armée in 1812.

After some cursory research, I wasn't able to find a reputable source that validates this claim. Should it be removed? Ceryliae (talk) 19:27, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

Cannon vs cannons
The consensus at WP:RD/L seems to be that the article should use the word "cannons" throughout. Any comments? Martinevans123 (talk) 21:02, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:1812 Overture


text:
Gu-Edin

Gu-Edin (also transcribed "Gu'edena" or "Guedena") was a fertile plain in Sumer, in modern-day Iraq. It lay between Umma and Lagash, and claims made on it by each side were a cause of the Umma-Lagash war. Argument over the territory continued for around 150 years.

Early history
According to a peace between Umma and Lagash mediated by Mesilim, king of Kish had determined where the boundary lay and the terms of use of a canal used to irrigate the land. The terms of that agreement were recorded on a stone monument called a stele, but Umma continued to feel that Lagash were unfairly advantaged by it.

Reign of Eannatum
It is recorded on the Stele of the Vultures that Gu-Edin was pillaged by a later (énsi) of Umma, who ruled that city on behalf of its god Shara, and whose name, according to the Cone of Enmetena, was Ush. Gu-Edin had been claimed by the énsi of Lagash, Eannatum – author of the Stele of Vultures – as the property of Lagash's god, Ninĝirsu, and the pillaging precipitated a war between the two cities.

Eannatum attacked back and Umma was heavily defeated. By the time peace was re-established, Ush was either dead or deposed.

Treaty
A peace treaty was agreed between his successor, Enakalli, and Eannatum which established Gu-Edin as the property of Ninĝirsu. A deep canal was dug to mark the freshly agreed border and two stone monuments were put in place: the Stele of Mesilim, which had been there before, and a newly carved one. Leonard William King, writing in 1910, suggested that the second stele may have had much the same text as the Stele of the Vultures, but that the latter would not have been on the boundary itself.

The treaty, which was sealed with oaths and the erection of temples, also included the establishment of an 'ownerless' tract of land intended as a buffer, and treated any barley Umma grew in that area of Gu-Edin to which it had access as a loan from Lagash, with resulting interest. That area of land, then, could be used by Umma but only by paying rent. However, Umma did not reliably pay up.

Later events
Gu-Edin was invaded by Umma at least twice during the reign of Eannatum's son, Entemena: once by Ur-Lumma and once by his successor Illi. The first attack was defeated soundly, according to Entemena's account, and the second was not lastingly successful.

Lagash finally fell to Lugalzagesi, king of Umma, circa 2350 BCE, ending the First Dynasty of Lagash. Tablets of lamentation have been found, recording the fall of Lagash to Lugalzagesi, during the rule of Urukagina. Lugalzagesi went on to conquer the whole of Sumer, until he was himself vanquished by Sargon of Akkad.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gu-Edin


text:
Rick Nowels

Richard Wright Nowels Jr. (born March 16, 1960) is an American songwriter, record producer, multi-instrumentalist and arranger. He has co-written and co-produced over 90 hit singles with multiple artists and albums his songs have appeared on have sold over 250 million copies. In 2020, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Career
In 1985, Stevie Nicks recorded Nowels' song "I Can't Wait" in Los Angeles, giving Nowels his first major songwriting and production credit. He was later asked to co-produce Nicks' album Rock a Little alongside Jimmy Iovine. The album was released in 1986 and featured five songs produced by Nowels. "I Can't Wait" peaked at number sixteen for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and is one of only four of Nicks' singles to enter the Dance Club Songs chart.

In 1987, Nowels produced Belinda Carlisle's album Heaven on Earth. The album also featured four songs written by Nowels, including "Heaven Is a Place on Earth" and "Circle in the Sand", which went to number one and number seven, respectively, on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 1989, Nowels produced Carlisle's third album, Runaway Horses. Nowels wrote six of the ten songs, including "Leave a Light On", which went to number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and to number four in the UK.

Nowels co-wrote the title track from Celine Dion's album Falling into You, which won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1997.

Nowels co-wrote and co-produced the hit single "The Game of Love", performed by Santana and Michelle Branch, which won ASCAP Song of the Year in 2003. He also co-wrote the global hit single "White Flag" for Dido, which won the 2004 Ivor Novello Award for International Hit of the Year.

In 2013. Nowels collaborated with Adele on the song "Why Do You Love Me?", released as part of the deluxe version of her album 25. Nowels co-wrote and co-produced the hit single "Out of Love" with Alessia Cara from her sophomore album, The Pains of Growing. In collaboration with R&B singer-songwriter Miguel, Nowels co-wrote the hit single "Lost in Your Light" for Dua Lipa's self-titled debut album. Nowels has been a longtime collaborator of Swedish singer-songwriter Lykke Li. He has co-written songs on 3 of her albums—Wounded Rhymes, I Never Learn, and So Sad So Sexy—including the international hit single, "I Follow Rivers". Nowels co-wrote the hit single "Loud Places" from In Colour, the solo debut album of Jamie xx.

In 2016, Nowels co-wrote and co-produced the British artist FKA Twigs' single, "Good to Love". The same year, Nowels co-wrote five songs for Tom Odell's third album, Wrong Crowd, along with the hit single, "Magnetized". In 2021, Odell released "Monster", the title track for his fourth album, which was co-written with Nowels.

Madonna
While Nowels was in New York for the Grammy Awards in 1997, he met Madonna during a shopping expedition at Barneys. She later booked two weeks worth of writing time with Nowels in his Hollywood Hills studio. Together, they wrote "The Power of Good-Bye", "Little Star" and "To Have and Not to Hold", all featured on Madonna's seventh studio album, Ray of Light.

Ray of Light won Best Pop Album at the 1999 Grammy Awards, where Madonna thanked Nowels from the stage during her acceptance speech. The album also won Best Recording Package, Best Dance Recording, and Best Short Form Music Video.

In 2014, Nowels and Madonna collaborated again on a song, "Beautiful Scars", from her thirteenth studio album, Rebel Heart.

Dido
Nowels met Dido in 1999 during the recording sessions for her debut album, No Angel, under Cheeky Records, an independent label in London. Nowels co-produced three songs on the album, including "Here with Me", "Hunter" and "All You Want", all which were released as singles to promote the album. "Here with Me" became Dido's debut single as an artist, peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart. No Angel went on to sell 15 million copies worldwide and made Dido an international superstar.

In 2002, Nowels and Dido collaborated again to produce her second album Life for Rent. Nowels wrote five songs featured on the album, including singles "White Flag" and "Sand in My Shoes". The album became the seventh best-selling album of the 2000s in the UK, was nominated for a Grammy, won the award for "Best Single" at the 2004 Brit Awards, won "International Hit of the Year" at the 2004 Ivor Novello Awards, and other accolades.

The pair went on to collaborate on Dido's Safe Trip Home album in 2008, her Girl Who Got Away album in 2013, and her 2019 album Still on My Mind.

Lana Del Rey
Nowels met Lana Del Rey in the spring of 2011 and has collaborated with her on multiple albums since.

In a three-day writing session they composed "Summertime Sadness", "Dark Paradise", "Lucky Ones", and "TV in Black & White". The first three songs were released on Del Rey's 2012 Born to Die album, peaking at number one in the UK in 2012. The album sold 77,000 copies in the US within the first week and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, just behind Adele's album, 21. It received gold certification in 2013 and became the fifth best-selling album of 2012, selling 3.4 million copies.

In November 2012, Del Rey released the Paradise Edition of the Born to Die album with three new songs written and produced by Nowels and Del Rey—"Body Electric", "American" and "Cola".

In 2013, Nowels and Del Rey's song, "Young and Beautiful", was featured in Baz Luhrmann's film, The Great Gatsby. The song was featured throughout the film and incorporated into the score by Craig Armstrong. "Young and Beautiful" was released in April 2013. By June 2013 it rose to number three on the charts and has sold over a million copies since its release.

In 2015, Del Rey released her fourth studio album, Honeymoon. The entire album was co-written by Del Rey and Nowels with the exception of the cover, "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood". Del Rey and Nowels' singles include "High by the Beach", as well as "Music to Watch Boys To". Honeymoon debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 and reached number one in Australia, Greece, Ireland, and number two in the UK.

In 2017, Del Rey released her fifth studio album, Lust for Life. Del Rey and Nowels co-wrote 14 of the songs for the album including the 3 singles, "Love", "Lust for Life" (featuring the Weeknd), and "White Mustang". The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, as well as the UK Albums Chart.

Dua Lipa
Nowels co-wrote "Lost in Your Light", recorded by Dua Lipa featuring Miguel, which was released on 21 April 2017 as the sixth single from the former's self-titled debut studio album.

Notable works

 * "Out of Love" by Alessia Cara
 * "Hunt You Down" by Kesha
 * "Lost in Your Light" by Dua Lipa
 * "To Be Human" by Sia
 * "Wrong Crowd" by Tom Odell
 * "Magnetized" by Tom Odell
 * "Loud Places" by Jamie xx
 * "Silver Line" by Lykke Li
 * "In God's Hands" by Nelly Furtado
 * "Bubblegum Bitch" by Marina and the Diamonds
 * "The World as I See It" by Jason Mraz
 * "I Follow Rivers" by Lykke Li
 * "Cry Baby" by CeeLo Green
 * "Fallin' for You" by Colbie Caillat
 * "Green Light" by John Legend
 * "White Flag" by Dido
 * "Sand in My Shoes" by Dido
 * "Everybody Finds Out" by Fleetwood Mac
 * "The Game of Love" by Santana
 * "Here with Me" by Dido
 * "Hunter" by Dido
 * "Northern Star" by Melanie C
 * "I Turn to You" by Mel C
 * "The Power of Good-Bye" by Madonna
 * "To Have and Not to Hold" by Madonna
 * "Little Star" by Madonna
 * "You Get What You Give" by New Radicals
 * "Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)" by NSYNC
 * "Falling into You" by Celine Dion
 * "Body and Soul" by Anita Baker
 * "Live Your Life Be Free" by Belinda Carlisle
 * "Do You Feel Like I Feel?" by Belinda Carlisle
 * "Leave a Light On" by Belinda Carlisle
 * "La Luna" by Belinda Carlisle
 * "Rooms on Fire" by Stevie Nicks
 * "Long Way to Go" by Stevie Nicks
 * "Heaven Is a Place on Earth" by Belinda Carlisle
 * "Circle in the Sand" by Belinda Carlisle
 * "Runaway Horses" by Belinda Carlisle
 * "(We Want) The Same Thing" by Belinda Carlisle
 * "In Too Deep" by Belinda Carlisle
 * "I Can't Wait" by Stevie Nicks
 * "Take You Home" by Dido
 * "Summertime Sadness" by Lana Del Rey
 * "High by the Beach" by Lana Del Rey
 * "West Coast" by Lana Del Rey
 * "Young and Beautiful" by Lana Del Rey
 * "Heroin" by Lana Del Rey
 * "Art Deco" by Lana Del Rey

Personal life
Nowels married singer-songwriter, Maria Vidal, in 1990. Vidal attended New York University and is known for writing the hit dance song, "Body Rock", charting on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The couple have a son, Tommy, born in 1993. Nowels is a supporter of TreePeople Los Angeles, The Sierra Club, and the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC).

Awards and nominations

 * 2014
 * "Young and Beautiful" by Lana Del Rey
 * Satellite Award for Best Original Song
 * Won
 * Co-writer
 * 2004
 * White Flag
 * Ivor Novello Award for International Hit of the Year
 * Won
 * Co-writer
 * Won
 * Co-writer

ASCAP Pop Music Awards

 * 2014
 * "The Game of Love" by Santana ft. Michelle Branch
 * Song of the Year
 * Won
 * Co-writer
 * Co-writer

Grammy Awards
!Ref.
 * 2013
 * "Young and Beautiful"
 * Best Song Written for Visual Media
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |
 * 2003
 * "Love One Another"
 * Best Dance Recording
 * Nominated
 * 1997
 * Falling into You
 * Album of the Year
 * Won
 * 1994
 * "Body and Soul"
 * Best R&B Song
 * Nominated
 * 1994
 * "Body and Soul"
 * Best R&B Song
 * Nominated

title: Rick Nowels


text:
Great Stand on the Ugra River

The Great Stand on the Ugra River (Великое стояние на Угре) or the Standing on the Ugra River, also known as the Battle of the Ugra, was a standoff in 1480 on the banks of the Ugra River between the forces of Akhmat Khan of the Great Horde, and Grand Prince Ivan III of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

After Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Horde, Akhmat Khan led an army towards Moscow, leading to a standoff between the two armies on the banks of the river. Akhmat Khan waited for his Lithuanian reinforcements to arrive, but they never did, with one Mongol attempt to cross the river failing due to Russian fire, leading to Akhmat Khan to retreat. Both armies departed after little fighting.

In Russian historiography, it has been interpreted as the end of the "Tatar yoke" in Russia, though some historians believe that the event itself was insignificant and did not change Russo-Tatar relations. Nevertheless, the event is usually regarded as the end of nominal Tatar suzerainty over Russia.

Background
The main Russian defence line ran along the Oka River from Kaluga east toward Nizhny Novgorod. At Kaluga the Oka bends sharply from north to east and the defense line was extended westward along the Ugra River. The land west and south of Kaluga was claimed by Lithuania. At this time Ivan III was uniting the lands north of the Oka. At the same time the Golden Horde was breaking up and the steppe remnant came to be called the Great Horde. Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland-Lithuania was allied with the Great Horde, while Muscovy was allied with the Crimean Khanate against the Horde. In 1472 Akhmed of the Great Horde raided the Oka at Aleksin but was driven off. In 1476 Russia officially stopped paying tribute to the Tatars. In late 1479 Ivan quarreled with his brothers, Andrey Bolshoy and Boris of Volotsk, who began intriguing with Casimir. This internal conflict may have influenced Akhmed's decision to attack.

Campaign
In late May news of the pending invasion reached Moscow. Nesin (2015) says it was the largest Tatar army in the fifteenth century. One faction wanted to flee north, but was overruled. In June Ivan sent troops south to the Oka: to Serpukhov under his son Ivan the Young, to Tarusa under his brother Andrey the Less, and under Ivan himself to Kolomna. Tatar scouting parties soon appeared south of the Oka. Russian outposts reported that Akhmed was tending northwest so Russian troops were moved west toward Kaluga. Forces from Tver moved toward the Ugra. Around 30 September Ivan returned to Moscow to meet with his bishops and boyars and major decisions were made. The quarrel with his brothers was settled and their troops began moving toward the Oka. The state treasury and royal family were moved north to Beloozero, and some cities were evacuated. Vasily Nozdrovaty and the exiled Crimean khan Nur Devlet were sent east down the Oka and Volga to attack Akhmed in the rear. Meanwhile, Akhmed had moved northward between the upper Don and Oka and at an uncertain date made camp at Vorotynsk just south of the Ugra-Oka junction on the west bank of the Oka. Here he waited for Casimir, who never came. Casimir was tied down fighting the Crimeans in Podolia, but he may have had other reasons for not coming. On 3 October Ivan moved to Kremenskoye (then called 'Kremenets' to watch the front. Nesin (2015) gives the Russian front as 60 versts (kilometers), but does not specify its start and end points.

On 6–8 October Akhmed moved his troops up to the Ugra. Fighting began at one o'clock on the eighth and continued for almost four days. Attempts to cross the river failed, largely because of Russian fire, and because the river was wide enough to make Tatar arrows ineffective. The battlefield extended five kilometers along the Ugra from its mouth westward. Akhmed withdrew two versts (kilometers) south to a place called Luza. He then tried to secretly move his troops to a place called 'Opakhov', but his movement was detected and the crossing blocked. Ivan began negotiations with Akhmed, which led nowhere, but gave Ivan time to bring up more troops. Both sides spent the next month watching each other across the river.

It was getting late in the season and both sides knew that once the river froze solid it would no longer be a barrier. Akhmed could concentrate his forces and break the thin Russian line at any point. Ivan's best plan was to pull back and concentrate his force. On 26 October Ivan began moving troops from the Ugra northeast to Kremenskoye and then east to Borovsk. Here he had a good defensive position to protect Moscow and could strike in any direction if Akhmed chose to advance. Akhmed expected Casimir IV Jagiellon to join him with Lithuanian reinforcements, but Casimir faced a revolt at home and never showed up. Instead of advancing, on 8 November Akhmed began to withdraw. News of the retreat reached Ivan on 11 November. In his retreat, Akhmed raided twelve Lithuanian towns, including Mtsensk. His son Murtaza raided some villages south of the Oka until the Russians drove him off. On 28 November Ivan returned to Moscow. In January 1481 Akhmed was killed by Ibak Khan.

Reasons for Akhmed's withdrawal
Nikolay Karamzin wrote: "It should have been an odd image: two armies ran away from each other, not pursued by anyone", but it is now clear that the two withdrawals were independent. Ivan's motive is clear, but Akhmed's motives are a matter of guesswork. Casimir's failure to appear was clearly important. Nesin thinks that a major factor was the end of Ivan's quarrel with his brothers and the resulting additional troops. The impending Russian winter was a consideration. The longer the standoff lasted, the more troops Ivan could bring up, while Akhmed's reserves were few and far away. The Tatar horses, and the sheep they drove with them for food, gradually consumed the local fodder. There are reports of disease in his army. Akhmed may have thought Ivan's withdrawal was a ruse to draw him into an ambush, a common steppe tactic. Even if there were no ambush, he would have to fight an army in a prepared position, or try to bypass it. The Tatars preferred hit-and-run raids and Akhmed may not have wished to attack a concentrated army. The sources do not explain why he did not try to outflank the Russian line by moving west. His wise, but seemingly cowardly, withdrawal probably contributed to his death a few months later.

Aftermath
On 6 January 1481, Akhmat Khan was killed in a clash with the Nogais under Ibak Khan, a princeling from the Khanate of Sibir. In 1502, Crimea destroyed the Great Horde as an organization, thereby removing the buffer between Russia and Crimea and leading to a series of Russo-Crimean wars that lasted until 1784.

For the next century, relations between the Russians and Mongols continued to rapidly change, with both launching incursions and attacks against each other. In 1521, the Crimean Khanate plundered southern Russia and almost reached Moscow. Both Russia and Lithuania allied with different khanates before moving to another.

Legacy
According to Russian historiography, the event marked the end of Russian dependency on Tatar overlords. On the other hand, some modern historians regard the confrontation as indecisive, and not having a significant effect on Muscovite–Tatar relations. Charles Halperin mentioned that "Moscow had probably ceased paying tribute to the Great Horde sometime in the 1470s" yet continued formal relations for 20 more years and continued to pay tribute of some sort to other khanates at times. Janet Martin dismissed the significance of the standoff as "embellished". However, one significant change was that no Russian prince needed to ask for permission again from a Tatar khan to rule.

Some of the earliest Russian sources mentioning the event include:
 * The Epistle to the Ugra (Послание на Угру), written by Vassian Patrikeyev, bishop of Rostov and confidant of Ivan III.
 * The anonymous Epistle to Ivan IV (dated c. 1550s), attributed to Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow or the priest Sylvester.
 * The anonymous Kazan Chronicle (Казанская летопись) alias Kazan History (Казанская история) (dated c. 1560s).

title: Great Stand on the Ugra River


text:
Quax

Quax may refer to:
 * Dick Quax (1948–2018), Dutch-born New Zealand athlete and politician
 * Karl "Quax" Schnörrer (1919–1979), German fighter pilot
 * Otto "Quax" Groschenbügel, fictional pilot created by Hermann Grote (aviator), title character of two film adaptations:
 * Quax the Crash Pilot (1941)
 * Quax in Africa (1947)

title: Quax


text:
Yōsuke Akimoto

Yōsuke Akimoto (秋元 羊介) is a Japanese actor and voice actor from Tokyo. He is attached to Office PAC. He is a graduate of the Hosei University business school.

Animation
• Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket as Steiner Hardie

• Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory as Dick Allen

• Stratos 4 as Robert Reynolds

• The Silent Service as Saburō Akagaki, Mihairu Marenkofu

• Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: The Last Blitz of Zeon as Dick Allen

• Perfect Blue as Tejima

• Pocket Monsters: Mewtwo Strikes Back as Professor

• Touch 2: Sayonara no Okurimono as Uemura

• Touch 3: Kimi ga Tōri Sugita Ato ni as Sumi

• Kishidou Club

• Super Robot Red Baron (1973) as Iron Alliance Commander

• Touch (1985) as Kamimura

• Machine Robo: Revenge of Cronos (1986) as Garudi

• City Hunter (1987) as Tomomura

• Metal Armor Dragonar (1987) as Roy

• Legend of the Galactic Heroes (1988) as Hirudesuhaimu, Leader of the PKC

• Akira (1988) as Harukiya Bartender

• Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack (1988) as Captain Musaka

• Tatakae!! Ramenman (1988) as Shōkokurō Kensō

• Lupin III: Bye Bye Liberty Crisis (1989) as Taxi driver

• Magical Angel Sweet Mint (1990) as Subittsu, Announcer, Kantoku, Borisuman

• Mystery of the Hemingway Papers (1990) as Carlos

• Giant Robo (1992) as Alberto

• Mobile Fighter G Gundam (1994) as Master Asia, Stalker

• Saint Tail (1995) as Ōkura

• Slayers NEXT (1996) as Seigram

• Detective Conan (1996) as Tōru Imai's husband, Benzō Kadowaki, Kazuyuki Kawai, Shin'ichi Takeda, Ryūtarō

• Denji Sentai Megaranger (1997) as Lizard Nejilar

• Gasaraki (1998) as Sorachi Genjyo

• Noir (2001) as Kanora

• Kiddy Grade (2002) as Deuxiem

• Mobile Suit Gundam SEED (2002) as Siegel Clyne

• Crayon Shin-chan (2003) as Kenta Musashino's father

• Last Exile (2003) as De Vido Madosein

• Planetes (2003) as Roland

• Pokémon Advanced Generation (2003) as Hagi

• Stratos 4 (2003) as Robert Reynolds

• Uninhabited Planet Survive! (2003) as Principal

• Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (2004) as Rūsā

• Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo (2004) as Gerard de Villefort Procureur-général

• Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG (2004) as The Minister of Home Affairs

• Monster (2004) as Maurā

• Naruto (2004) as Wasabi Jirochō

• Ragnarok the Animation (2004) as Dark Lord

• Sgt. Frog (2004) as Elite Commanding Officer

• Tactics (2004) as Kitahara

• Gallery Fake (2005) as Bill Toravāsu

• He Is My Master (2005) as Nakabayashi Yoshitaka's father

• Angel Heart (2006) as Director

• Fist of the Blue Sky (2006) as Huáng Xī-Fēi

• Inukami! (2006) as Doctor Ru

• Utawarerumono (2006) as Niue

• Otogi-Jushi Akazukin (2006) as Rabbi

• Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kai (2007) as Principal Kaieda

• Juken Sentai Gekiranger (2007) as Confrontation Beast Pangolin-Fist Muzankose

• Kimi ga Aruji de Shitsuji ga Ore de (2008) as Taijiri Yasushi

• Strike Witches (2008) as General Trevor Maloney

• The Sacred Blacksmith (2009) as Hannibal Quasar

• Samurai Sentai Shinkenger (2009) as Ikusazure

• SD Gundam Sangokuden Brave Battle Warriors (2010) as Enshou Bawoo

• Naruto Shippuden (2011) as Lightning Daimyo

• Nurarihyon no Mago (2011) as Hidemoto Keikain 27th

• Buddy Complex (2014) as Viktor Ryazan

• Hamatora (2014) as Gasuke

• Nobunaga Concerto (2014) as Saitō Dōsan

• Tenkai Knights (2014) as Vilius

• Gunslinger Stratos: The Animation (2015) as Makabe Mondo

• Ninja Slayer (2015) as Dragon Gendoso

• Shuriken Sentai Ninninger (2015) as Super Advanced Yokai Shuten Douji

• Maho Girls PreCure! (2016) as Dokuroxy

• Tada Never Falls in Love (2018) as Reinbō Shōgun

• Blade of the Immortal -Immortal- (2019) as Saburō Anotsu

• Uzaki-chan Wants to Hang Out! (2020) as Master

• Arte (2020) as Ubertino

• Black Summoner (2022) as Geral

• My Daughter Left the Nest and Returned an S-Rank Adventurer (2023) as Dortos

Video games
• Super Robot Wars series as Master Asia, Stalker, Steiner Hardie, Alberto the Impact, Garudi, Zanscare Soldier)

• Psychic Force (1995) as Rokudo Genma

• Tail Concerto (1998) as Russell Ryebread, King Hound III

• Radiant Silvergun (1998) as Secretary Igarashi

• Daraku Tenshi - The Fallen Angels (1998) as Torao Onigawara

• Power Stone (1999) as Gunrock

• Power Stone 2 (2000) as Gunrock, Pride

• Max Payne (2001) as Alfred Woden

• Magic Pengel (2002) as Devil

• Muv-Luv Alternative (2003) as Tadokoro

• Way of the Samurai 2 (2003) as Kurohai Tetsuo

• Tears to Tiara (2005) as Ogam

• Cowboy Bebop: Tsuioku no Serenade (2005) as Kurt Meyer

• Kingdom Hearts II (2005) as Xaldin

• Crash Boom Bang! (2006) as Doctor Neo Cortex

• Elsword (2007) as Horatio

• Fable II (2008) as Barnum

• Fallout 3 (2008) as John Henry Eden

• Tales of Hearts (2008) as Chen

• Aoi Shiro (2008) as Suzuki Yukokoroyo

• MagnaCarta II (2009) as Huaren Jass

• Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days (2009) as Xaldin

• Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep (2009) as Dilan

• White Knight Chronicles (2009) as Belcitane

• Ougon Musou Kyoku (2010) as Goat

• Alan Wake (2010) as Odin Anderson

• Black Rock Shooter: The Game (2011) as SAHA

• Final Fantasy XII (2011) as Judge Bergan

• Final Fantasy Type-0 (2011) as Narrator

• Chaos Rings II (2012) as Bachs/Amon

• Phantasy Star Online 2 (2012) as Jean

• Killer Is Dead (2013) as Hamada-Yama

• Shin Megami Tensei IV (2013) as K

• Master Detective Archives: Rain Code (2023) as Zange Eraser

title: Yōsuke Akimoto


text:
Talk:Victor Value

Contributor
Original article entered by anonymous user:195.93.33.11 included byline: "Tom Lees 2004 tomlees@pennmoore.co.uk"

-Rholton 02:08, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

C2D?
"It was well represented in what one might call the C2D areas." What is C2D? 86.140.69.123 (talk) 14:31, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the original editor meant "working class" http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pAgOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=C2D+social+class . Feel free to update the article.  --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 11:17, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victor Value


text:
Talk:Furniture

Somebody consider editing first paragraph.
SUGGESTION: Furniture refers to movable objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating and/or working with an item (tables), storing items (cabinets), and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks). Imperator Romanii (talk) 08:05, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Furniture


text:
Talk:Cocoa butter

african americans
The statement about it being commonly used by African Americans is vague and wierd. Where does this fact come from, and to what end do they apply the butter, and why African Americans specifically? Perhaps black people in general or do you mean actual African people who live in africa? In any case, this statement should really be clarified and cited! The scort 07:54, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm curious about this too. African-american friends of mine have told me that "all black people need to use cocoa butter or they get "ashy"" ... I have no idea what they could mean by this, as certainly Africans who don't have a cent to their name or anything to eat but sticks still have beautiful skin. What's "ashy"? Why does it occur? Wikipedia needs to know this.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.21.221 (talk) 02:18, 6 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I presume it means dry skin. vlad§inger  tlk  17:44, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps they only need it to avoid dry skin in non-tropical countries, which have lower humidity? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.70.113 (talk) 23:25, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

cocoa butter where does it come from?
1251252 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.211.121.61 (talk • contribs) 16:19, 4 May 2006
 * See the article. —Ben FrantzDale 13:59, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

i found a "push up" tube of 100% cocoa butter from the dollar general store !!! for only a .25 cents !!! i use it while tanning and it does smooth out discolorations in my skin AND most importantly it has made my wrinkles around my eyes and forehead less pronounced. I think it might have something to do with how the underlying skin layer absorbs and retains water. Troyleenall 18:33, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Chemistry
Could someone find the chemical formula for cocoa butter? Obviously it's a fat. I assume it's fairly saturated and has fairly long chains. I'm curious what its crystal phases look like atomically and why it is so tempramental (or should I say temper-mental?) —Ben FrantzDale 13:59, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I remember reading that cocoa butter is almost homogenous in its composition; it's primarily a triglyceride of stearate, palmitate, and oleate (not sure which order on the glycerol though). Frankg 17:24, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Cocoa Butter is also suppose to get rid of scars/stretchmarks O.o I have seen proof of this, for my lil sister had bug bite scars all on her legs, and used dollar store cocoa butter regularly on them and they completely dissappeared o.o. I would like to know why cocoa butter has this miraculous healing ability! What's in it that makes it fade scars, and why does this property make them fade? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.90.59.90 (talk) 06:06, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

"I have seen proof of this" That does not actually constitute proof. -Reticuli 66.178.144.115 (talk) 21:02, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

I hate to burst anyone's bubble with this but here's a nytimes article and a PubMed citation for a double blind study finding it does not get rid of stretchmarks. It's still good for your skin though! Hegpetz (talk) 00:01, 16 May 2016 (UTC)

does cocoa butter have caffeine?
I have been everywhere online trying to locate the answer to whether cocoa butter has caffeine. Would be good to see a mention of it somewhere. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Goodyosef (talk • contribs) 01:50, 19 December 2006 (UTC).

Trace amounts, apparently. Beckett's The Science of Chocolate, table 11.7 lists trace amounts of caffeine in 50g of white chocolate - compared to 22.0mg for 'plain' chocolate, 10.0mg for milk chocolate. Figures probably differ if cocoa butter is 'deodorized', and depending on extracting technique used. Danielharan (talk) 13:13, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

Cocoa Butter on Toast
Can you put cocoa butter on toast for a tasty treat? Gutch220 16:01, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Cocoa "butter"
Can you please confirm that there is no dairy in cocoa butter

194.75.128.200 16:23, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * There's no dairy in pure cocoa butter, as it comes from the cacao bean. Of course, there might be dairy in products made from cocoa butter (like milk chocolate). A good place to ask questions like this is the Wikipedia Reference Desk. --Grace 13:13, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Have you noticed
I had heard that hershey's chocolate no longer contains cocoa butter.. Not only that but Breyer's changed their Brownie Mudpie Ice Cream to longer contain brownies, now it contains chocolate covered almonds and chocolatey pieces that contain "No Cocoa Butter"..

I think we should maintain a list below here that annotates all the products that no longer contain cocoa butter in their chocolate. (Kiernan) 23:55, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Cocoa butter cannot be used to make cocoa powder
I believe the second sentence contains a serious error: "Cocoa butter is extracted from the cacao beans and can be used to make chocolate, cocoa powder, pharmaceuticals, ointments, and toiletries.[1]"

Cacao beans can be processed into two components: cocoa powder and cocoa butter. Cocoa butter cannot be used to make cocoa powder any more than cream can be used to make skim milk.

Frappyjohn (talk) 07:47, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes indeed. Corrected. vlad§inger  tlk  17:49, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

What is nutritional breakdown for Cocoa Butter?
The type of information that would be great to see included in this article: * How much good/bad cholesterol is in an ounce of Cocoa Butter? * How many calories? * In what sitiuations is it a viable substitute for dairy butter? Baking? If so, what conversion rate should be used? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.107.0.86 (talk) 21:18, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Seriously? Cholesterol? It's made from a plant, not an animal! Plants don't have cholesterol in them. Can't believe no one commented on this! Sigh... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.152.153.87 (talk) 14:36, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

DONT USE WATER
Why does it say 'DONT USE WATER' next to 'Fat content' on the right side of the page? CarVac (talk) 04:35, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Shelf life
From the article: "Cocoa butter is one of the most stable fats known, containing natural antioxidants that prevent rancidity and give it a storage life of two to five years [...]" On the German-language page, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaobutter on the other hand, it says: "[...] ist die Haltbarkeit von Kakaobutter begrenzt, d. h. Kakaobutter altert ähnlich schnell, wie Leinöl, wird also ranzig." my off-the-cuff translation: "...the shelf life of cocoa butter is limited, i.e, it ages about as fast as linseed oil, that is, it goes rancid". So, which is it? -- CRConrad (talk) 08:15, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

I work with pure cocoa at a factory and ti makes me itch, and break out in hives, does anybody know why???? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.37.61.243 (talk) 22:24, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Errr...
"Cocoa butter has a mild chocolate flavor and aroma."

That sounds a little weird, doesn't it...? I mean, chocolate tastes the way it does BECAUSE of the cocoa butter. That's like saying oranges taste like orange juice. It should be the other way around. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.212.90.181 (talk) 01:05, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

Chocolate get most of the taste from the Cocoa solids, the stuff that get separated out when making cocoa butter(and Cocoa solids).--90.129.52.91 (talk) 14:13, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

What are the health effects on cholesterol and insulin levels?
What are the health effects on cholesterol and insulin levels? Are there other health effects? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ocdnctx (talk • contribs) 23:14, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

Stearic acid does not raise serum cholesterol
Much of the fat in cocoa butter is stearic acid, which appears to be neutral as to levels of blood cholesterol.

Grundy SM.

Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Dec;60(6 Suppl):986S-990S.

Influence of stearic acid on cholesterol metabolism relative to other long-chain fatty acids.

Free full text http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7977157

Abstract

Stearic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid. However, in contrast with other saturated fatty acids, stearic acid apparently does not raise serum cholesterol concentrations. Studies carried out three decades ago provided strong suggestive evidence that this was the case. More recent investigations that specifically compared stearic acid with other fatty acids in human studies have confirmed that stearic acid is not hypercholesterolemic. Stearic acid was shown not to raise low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol relative to oleic acid, which is known to be neutral in its effects on cholesterol concentrations. In contrast, palmitic acid, another long-chain saturated fatty acid, definitely raises cholesterol concentrations. For this reason, fats rich in stearic acid might be used in place of those high in palmitic acid in cholesterol-lowering diets.

Free full text http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7977157

Source

Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.

Ocdnctx (talk) 15:52, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Cocoa butter, rich in saturated fat including stearic acid, raises serum cholesterol and LDL less than expected from its total saturated fat content
Denke MA.

Effects of cocoa butter on serum lipids in humans: historical highlights.

Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Dec;60(6 Suppl):1014S-1016S.

Free full text http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7977142

Abstract

It has been known for some time that cocoa butter, although rich in saturated fatty acids, does not raise total serum cholesterol concentrations as much as expected from its total saturated fatty acid content. Whether the effect of cocoa butter feeding on low-density-lipoprotein- (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations was also less than predicted by its total saturated fatty acid content needed to be tested. In a recent experiment cocoa butter did not raise LDL cholesterol as much as predicted by its total saturated fatty acid content. However, because of its significant palmitic acid content, cocoa butter did raise LDL-cholesterol concentrations more than do most liquid vegetable oils.

Free full text http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7977142

 * "Gas chromatography showed that cocoa butter has an unusual fatty acid composition: > 33% of the saturated fatty acids are stearic acid, a c- 18 saturate that typically accounts for only I -3% of the fatty acids in other fats. This unusual composition suggested that the reduced cholesterol-raising potential of cocoa butter might be attributed to its stearic acid content or other factors in the unsaponifiable fraction of cocoa butter."

Source

Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-9052. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ocdnctx (talk • contribs) 16:42, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Sugar?
Does anybody know if cocoa butter has sugar in it? 174.54.194.188 (talk) 23:15, 22 March 2012 (UTC)Me
 * No it does notPlantsurfer (talk) 23:28, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

Cocoa butter fatty acid composition does not contain palmitic acid.....
In the diagram notes, it is stated that it is composed mainly of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. While in the right side the fat composition information presented no palmitic acid. There must be an error somewhere — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.21.15.62 (talk) 03:45, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

Fat Composition
I can't get the figures to add up! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.24.207.61 (talk) 22:05, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Composition and extraction and chemistry
The chemistry aspects of this article are poorly written, and from what I gather from some other posts here, unnecessarily confusing. The three main fatty acids present in in cocoa butter typically in near equal amounts are stearic (S), oleic (O), and palmitic (P). Some of the ranges for fatty acid compositions are way off, and I'm correcting them to typical literature ranges. The structure diagram is incorrect. The main triacylglycerol (TAG) of cocoa butter is composed of S, O, and P, but the O is at the sn-2 position (the middle position of the glycerol).In fact, the strong preference for O at the 2-position (> 90%) in all the TAGs is one feature that gives cocoa butter and chocolate its unique physical properties. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.14.1.106 (talk) 02:46, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

Citation for Cocoa butter is increasingly expensive
http://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/choc-horror-cocoa-shortage-rising-prices-threaten-chocolate-bars-f8C11418435 I don't know how to add this but it explains why it's getting more expensive. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.83.26.147 (talk) 18:10, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

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Market Section - Plagiarism
The market section is worded weirdly, with an a dollar signed used as a word. It turns out this sentence "Demand for cocoa butter is expected to soar exponentially and is projected to create an absolute $ opportunity of around US$ 2.5 Bn during forecast period 2019 – 2028." is directly taken from this press release without qoutes: https://www.factmr.com/media-release/1247/global-cocoa-butter-market

I don't know if the sentence and reference should be removed completely because of the source or reworded to be a quote. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.11.109.191 (talk) 00:59, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

OK. Every word from the market section is lifted from the press release. I just deleted that section, as it was all speculative on the growth potential. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.11.109.191 (talk) 01:08, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cocoa butter


text: Category:Archery

title: Category:Archery


text:
Mirwais Ahmadzaï

Mirwais Ahmadzaï (born 23 October 1960), known mononymously as Mirwais, is a French electronic dance music record producer and songwriter. Born in Switzerland to an Afghan father and an Italian mother, Ahmadzaï was a member of the defunct 1980s group Taxi Girl. He met Madonna in the late 1990s, when he submitted a demo to her then record label, Maverick Records.

Early life
Mirwais Ahmadzaï was born in Lausanne, Switzerland to an Afghan father and an Italian mother. The family lived in Kabul, Afghanistan for a while before relocating to Paris.

Taxi Girl and Juliette et les indépendants
Resultantly becoming known in France for this reason for the better part of two decades, Mirwais was a guitarist in the punk group Taxi Girl for eight years, before forming the acoustic outfit "Juliette et les Indépendants" with his then-girlfriend Juliette. Taxi Girl's first EP, "(S.O.S Mannequin)", was released in early 1980 on Pathé Marconi/EMI. "For a teenager, the late 70s were a strange mixture of disco music and punk, and it was okay to like them all," he says. Taxi Girl captured the punk rock power of The Stooges, the techno futurism of Kraftwerk and the disco euphoria of Giorgio Moroder and molded the diametrically opposed styles into an electrifying new-wave sound that entertained and inspired a generation of listeners bored by the complacency of 80s French pop. Even the current darlings of the French electronic music scene, such as Daft Punk and Air, continue to namecheck Taxi Girl as a major influence on their artistic directions.

Solo career
In 1990, Mirwais released his eponymous debut solo album Mirwais which contained nine tracks and was performed by Mirwais exclusively in French; he had not yet learned English.

In 1998, he signed to French independent record label Naïve Records and released the single "Disco Science". This single was a success as a club dance hit and appeared in the soundtrack for the Guy Ritchie film, Snatch and the 2006 Luc Besson film Arthur and the Invisibles. In August 2000, he released the album Production, which included the single "Paradise (Not For Me)" made in collaboration with Madonna. It also included two minor chart hits in the UK Singles Chart: "Disco Science" (2000, #68) and "Naive Song" (2000, #50).

Naive Song went to number 2 on the US Dance Club Charts in 2001.

Madonna
Madonna recruited him for writing and production collaboration on four of her studio albums: Music (2000), American Life (2003), Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005), and Madame X (2019). He also co-wrote a song that would later appear on her greatest hits album Celebration as a previously unreleased track.

Mirwais contributed the following tracks to the Madonna albums:
 * Music: "Music", "Impressive Instant", "Nobody's Perfect", "Paradise (Not For Me)", "Don't Tell Me", "I Deserve It".
 * American Life: Co-produced the entire record and co-wrote all songs with Madonna, with the exception of "Nothing Fails", "X-Static Process" and "Easy Ride".
 * Confessions on a Dance Floor: "Future Lovers", "Let It Will Be", bonus tracks "Fighting Spirit" and "Super Pop", and the deleted tracks "Triggering" and "Keep the Trance".
 * Celebration (2009 "greatest hits" compilation): iTunes bonus track "It's So Cool", a previously unreleased track from American Life.
 * Madame X: "Medellín", "Dark Ballet", "God Control", "Batuka", "Killers Who Are Partying", "I Don't Search I Find", deluxe edition track "Extreme Occident", and box set-exclusive tracks "Funana" and "Ciao Bella".

The Music album was nominated for three Grammy Awards including Record of the Year. "Music" won several MTV Europe awards. He was also involved in the writing and production of the title track to the movie Die Another Day, co-written and performed by Madonna. The song was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Original Song in 2003.

Fischerspooner
Mirwais also co-produced two tracks "Cloud" and "Never Win" on Fischerspooner's second studio album Odyssey, released in 2005.

Y.A.S.
He worked on a project called Y.A.S. The official website stated: "YAS is the name of Mirwais' new project with the singer and composer Yasmine Hamdan. The album was released in France on 8 June 2009. All songs are performed by her. It is 'Arabic Avant-Garde Music'".

In an interview on 13 January 2007 published on lecourrier.ch, Mirwais said, "At the moment I work with Yasmine Hamdan (one half of Lebanon electro-duo Soapkills). The idea is that today, in Western culture, we hear about Arabs everyday – in a bad way, because of terrorism, etc – but we lack of cultural representations coming from those countries that could mix with the western culture, whereas this youth is eager to. I don't want to do world music, but a good western production with a real Arab identity."

Y.A.S.' album, "Arabology" was released in May 2009, with the first single, "Get It Right", following in June that year.

Uffie
After remixing "Pop the Glock", Mirwais became one of the producers of Uffie's album Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans, for which he produced four songs "ADD SUV", "Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans", "Illusion of Love" and "Hong Kong Garden", one of which featured Pharrell Williams ("ADD SUV") and one which featured Mattie Safer ("Illusion of Love").

The Retrofuture
Mirwais announced in early January 2021 via his Instagram page that the release of his third album The Retrofuture would take place in 2021.

The music video of the first single, "2016 – My Generation", premiered on Nowness on 19 April 2021. The music video was directed by Ludovic Houplain/ H5paris, based on an original idea by Ahmadzaï. "2016 – My Generation" was then released through all DSP platforms on 21 April 2021, making it the first single Ahmadzaï released in 20 years. He described it as "the description of a world that is already there, but in an accumulated form".

The Retrofuture is a concept album that focuses on dematerialisation and falsification. Each song is preceded by the name of a year, as in the title of "2016 – My Generation".

Taxi-Girl

 * Seppuku (1981, Virgin France)

Studio albums

 * Mirwais (1990, Productions 50 50)
 * Production (2000, Naïve Records)

Film music
Songs that Ahmadzaï composed and wrote that are featured in films:
 * Quelque Chose d'Organique (1996) – directed by Bertrand Bonello
 * Snatch (2000) – directed by Guy Ritchie
 * Die Another Day (2002) – title track of the 20th James Bond film, performed by Madonna
 * Pardonnez-moi (2006) – directed by Maiween
 * GHB (2014) – directed by Laetitia Masson

Remixes
Remixes that Ahmadzaï contributed:
 * Jean Jacques Smoothie – "Two People" (2001)
 * Fischerspooner – "Never Win" (2005)
 * The Slips – "Superbeat" (2007)
 * Shortwave Set – "Til' 69" (2008)
 * Sonny J – "Can't Stop Moving" (2008)
 * Mika – "We Are Golden" (2009)
 * Uffie – "Pop the Glock" (2009)
 * Madonna – "It's So Cool" (2009)
 * Moebius – "Light My Fire" (2009)
 * Richard Ashcroft – "Hold On" (2009)
 * Richard Ashcroft – "Out of My Body" (2009)

Videography

 * "Disco Science"
 * "I Can't Wait"
 * "Naïve Song"
 * "V.I. (The Last Words She Said Before Leaving)"
 * "Miss You"
 * 2016 – My Generation

title: Mirwais Ahmadzaï


text:
Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1795, with the French in an increasingly strong position as members of the First Coalition made separate peaces. Austria and Great Britain were the main remaining members of the coalition. The rebellion in the Vendée was also finally terminated by General Hoche.

Mignet's History of the French Revolution states:

 * "The directory found the Rhine open towards Mainz, the war of La Vendée rekindled; the coasts of France and Holland threatened with a descent from England; lastly, the army of Italy destitute of everything, and merely maintaining the defensive under Schérer and Kellermann. Carnot prepared a new plan of campaign, which was to carry the armies of the republic to the very heart of the hostile states. Bonaparte, appointed general of the interior after the events of Vendémiaire, was placed at the head of the army of Italy; Jourdan retained the command of the army of the Sambre-et-Meuse, and Moreau had that of the army of the Rhine, in place of Pichegru. The latter, whose treason was suspected by the directory, though not proved, was offered the embassy to Sweden, which he refused, and retired to Arbois, his native place. The three great armies, placed under the orders of Bonaparte, Jourdan, and Moreau, were to attack the Austrian monarchy through Italy and Germany, combine at the entrance of the Tyrol and march upon Vienna, in echelon. The generals prepared to execute this vast movement, the success of which would make the republic mistress of the headquarters of the coalition on the continent."

Italy
Bonaparte left Paris on 11 March for Nice to take over the weak and poorly supplied Army of Italy, arriving on 26 March. The army was already being reorganised and supplied when he arrived, and he found that the situation was rapidly improving. He was soon able to carry out the plan for the invasion of Italy that he had been advocating for years, which provided for an advance over the Apennines near Altare to attack the enemy position of Ceva.

The Montenotte Campaign opened after Johann Beaulieu's Austrian forces attacked the extreme French eastern flank near Genoa on 10 April. Bonaparte countered by attacking and crushing the isolated right wing of the allied armies at the Battle of Montenotte on 12 April. The next day he defeated an Austro-Sardinian force at the Battle of Millesimo. He then won a victory at the Second Battle of Dego, driving the Austrians northeast, away from their Piedmontese allies. Satisfied that the Austrians were temporarily inert, Bonaparte harried Michelangelo Colli's Piedmontese at Ceva and San Michele Mondovi before whipping them at the Battle of Mondovì. A week later, on 28 April, the Piedmontese signed an armistice at Cherasco, withdrawing from the hostilities. On 18 May they signed a peace treaty at Paris, ceding Savoy and Nice and allowing the French bases to be used against Austria.

After a short pause, Bonaparte carried out a brilliant flanking manoeuvre, and crossed the Po at Piacenza, nearly cutting the Austrian line of retreat. The Austrians escaped after the Battle of Fombio, but had their rear-guard mauled at Lodi on 10 May, after which the French took Milan. Bonaparte then advanced eastwards again, drove off the Austrians in the Battle of Borghetto and in June began the Siege of Mantua. Mantua was the strongest Austrian base in Italy. Meanwhile, the Austrians retreated north into the foothills of the Tyrol.

During July and August, Austria sent a fresh army into Italy under Dagobert Wurmser. Wurmser attacked toward Mantua along the east side of Lake Garda, sending Peter Quasdanovich down the west side in an effort to envelop Bonaparte. Bonaparte exploited the Austrian mistake of dividing their forces to defeat them in detail, but in so doing, he abandoned the siege of Mantua, which held out for another six months (Carl von Clauswitz mentioned in On War that the siege might have been able to be kept up if Bonaparte had circumvallated the city ). Quasdanovich was overcome at Lonato on 3 August and Wurmser at Castiglione on 5 August. Wurmser retreated to the Tyrol, and Bonaparte resumed the siege.

In September, Bonaparte marched north against Trento in Tyrol, but Wurmser had already marched toward Mantua by the Brenta River valley, leaving Paul Davidovich's force to hold off the French. Bonaparte overran the holding force at the Battle of Rovereto. Then he followed Wurmser down the Brenta valley, to fall upon and defeat the Austrians at the Battle of Bassano on 8 September. Wurmser elected to march for Mantua with a large portion of his surviving troops. The Austrians evaded Bonaparte's attempts to intercept them but were driven into the city after a pitched battle on 15 September. This left nearly 30,000 Austrians trapped in the fortress. This number rapidly diminished due to disease, combat losses, and hunger.

The Austrians sent yet another army under József Alvinczi against Bonaparte in November. Again the Austrians divided their effort, sending Davidovich's corps from the north while Alvinczi's main body attacked from the east. At first they proved victorious over the French at Bassano, Calliano, and Caldiero. But Bonaparte ultimately defeated Alvinczi in the Battle of Arcole southeast of Verona. The French then turned on Davidovich in great strength and chased him into the Tyrol. Wurmser's only sortie was late and ineffectual.

Germany
Meanwhile, Moreau and Jourdan crossed the Rhine and invaded Germany. Moreau was at first completely successful, and having crossed the Rhine and defeated the Austrian forces there, he advanced into Bavaria and fought the Archduke to an inconclusive draw at Neresheim. Advancing to the edge of the Tyrol, he took Ulm and Augsburg, but Jourdan became separated from Moreau and was defeated by the Archduke Charles of Austria at Amberg and Würzburg, and both armies were forced to retreat separately across the Rhine by September (including the Battle of Theiningen), ending with the Battle of Emmendingen in October and the same territorial conditions as the campaign had begun.

At sea
Spain signed the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso with France on 19 August 1796, entering the war against Britain on the side of France in return for concessions in Italy. In response, Britain withdrew from Corsica in order to concentrate the Mediterranean fleet at Gibraltar against the combined threat.


text:
Talk:Ram Jam

Untitled
Suggest removing the top half, or moving it below the band. Possible removal for non-notability.

I have commented out the demoscene section. It seems both non-notable and vanity. 82.6.10.139 08:17, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The nonrelated energy beverage should be on a disambiguation page, not on the band's page.

 * Agreed - since it was not sourced, I removed the one-sentence description of the drink. If it's an encyclopedic subject, it would require its own article. B.Wind 20:43, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

I removed the following sentence: "The second album is a hard rockin’ heavy metal collector’s favorite" because it was not an appropriate tone nor was it a sourced quote. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joshmattson (talk • contribs) 16:11, August 25, 2007 (UTC)

Origin
Where did this band originate? 67.188.45.27 (talk) 18:36, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Later & Post
Needs to be combined or have one removed since they contain the same information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.34.43.192 (talk) 03:21, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

needs sources
"Later in life Bill Bartlett decided to leave Ram Jam and go onto a career in interpretive dance." This search (http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=%22Bill+Bartlett%22+%22interpretive+dance%22&ei=UTF-8&fr=moz35) only resulted in a handful of hits containing copy/paste from this article. I don't know anything about this musician, but I could see how this could be vandalism. This should be removed until someone can verify the claim. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.153.5.230 (talk) 18:51, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Myke Scavone
Didn't this band have a member named Myke Scavone?

75.68.82.58 (talk) 14:57, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

picture is incorrectly labeled
I believe the picture shown is a picture of Bill Bartlett, not Myke Scavone. And the picture here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myke_Scavone

is incorrect. Compare this interview of Myke Scavone:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E49dcTfAaZ8

with the person singing in the song "Black Betty" at exactly 2 minutes and 9 seconds, it's the same person.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_2D8Eo15wE

Myke Scavone did not play guitar in that song. It was Bill Bartlett (in the red and blue shirt) playing lead guitar and singing lead vocals.

In the start of the song, you can see Myke Scavone behind Bill Bartlett with the open shirt and white pants clapping his hands. nicolasfox (talk) 20:53, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

Timeline
Is the timeline really necessary for a band that existed for two years?ItsRainingCatsAndDogsAndMen (talk) 06:17, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ram Jam


text:
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Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Templemore

Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Templemore (8 January 1797 – 26 September 1837) was a British soldier, politician and courtier.

Early life
Chichester was born in Westminster, London, the eldest, and only surviving, son of Lord Spencer Chichester of Dunbrody Park (himself the third son of the 1st Marquess of Donegall) and Lady Anne Harriet Stewart (a daughter of the 7th Earl of Galloway).

He was educated in England at Harrow School from 1808 to 1813 before matriculating at Brasenose College, Oxford in 1815.

Career
He entered the British Army, serving with the 2nd Life Guards and eventually attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1827.

In 1826 Chichester was elected Whig Member of Parliament for Milborne Port, a seat he held for four years before becoming representative for County Wexford in 1830.

The following year, on the occasion of the coronation of William IV, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Templemore, of Templemore in the County of Donegal ("Templemore" refers to the civil parish in the city of Derry, Northern Ireland). He was also made a Gentleman of the Bedchamber in 1835, and in 1837 succeeded this appointment as a Lord in Waiting.

Personal life
On 27 July 1820, Chichester married Lady Augusta Paget, daughter of Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey and Lady Caroline Elizabeth Villiers. Together, they had five sons and two daughters, including:

 * Harry Spencer Chichester, 2nd Baron Templemore (1821–1906), who married his first cousin once removed Laura Caroline Jane Paget, daughter of Rt. Hon. Sir Arthur Paget and Lady Augusta Fane (a daughter of 10th Earl of Westmorland), in 1842. After her death, he married Lady Victoria Elizabeth Ashley-Cooper, daughter of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury and Lady Emily Cowper (a daughter of 5th Earl Cowper), in 1873.
 * Hon. Augustus George Charles Chichester (1822–1896), a Lt.-Gen. in the 77th Foot who married Jane Townend, daughter of William Townend, in 1868.
 * Hon. Frederick Arthur Henry Chichester (1824–1863), Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod; he married Frances Tighe, daughter of Daniel Bunbury-Tighe and Hon. Frances Crofton (a daughter of Sir Edward Crofton, 3rd Baronet), in 1852.
 * Hon. Adolphus William Chichester (1825–1855), who died unmarried.
 * Hon. Francis Algernon James Chichester (1829–1885), a Capt. in the 7th Hussars who married Elizabeth Ann Dixon, daughter of George Dixon, in 1855. After her death, he married Lady Emily Stewart, daughter of the Randolph Stewart, 9th Earl of Galloway and Lady Harriett Somerset (a daughter of 6th Duke of Beaufort), in 1875.
 * Hon. Augusta Chichester (1831–1873), who married Robert King, 7th Earl of Kingston, son of Robert King, 6th Earl of Kingston, in 1854. After his death, she married Alfred Henry Caulfeild, son of Francis St. George Caulfeild, in 1872.
 * Hon. Caroline Georgiana Chichester (d. 1892), who married Sir Charles Lennox Peel, son of Laurence Peel and Lady Jane Lennox (a daughter of the 4th Duke of Richmond), in 1848.

Lord Templemore died after a short illness on 26 September 1837, aged 40, at his home of Coombe Bank, Kent, and was buried at nearby Sundridge. His wife outlived him by thirty-five years, dying in 1872.

title: Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Templemore


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Meritocracy

The Meritocracy was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

As nearly as I can tell, this is just a user community for the online game NationStates. The article already gives this "meritocracy" as much treatment as it deserves--a single external link. A google search for "NationStates meritocracy" returns ~1000 hits, the first of which is the Wikipedia's NationStates article. --Ardonik 02:22, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Don't delete. There are numerous examples of electronic communities that are maintained on this site.
 * Don't delete. Meritocrats are in the process of accumulating more information on the subject. Besides, the region of European Affairs has an entry which has not been deleted. CommiE 02:46, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. That said, don't be discouraged; this just isn't what we're looking for. For a better idea of what should be included, take a look at What Wikipedia is not, along with some other deletion debates. In fact, I feel that the other region should probably be deleted as well. Best, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 03:44, 2004 Jul 31 (UTC)
 * Delete it and others of its ilk. Postdlf 05:42, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Also, if there is one on the region of European Affairs, it, too, would need deletion.  This is not a personal bias, but rather a case that reality takes precedence over fiction and flesh over electronic life.  The notability barrier for fictional and e- life should be higher than that for reality/3D.  Small cantons in reality are therefore above even very large e-communities. Geogre 13:32, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The only material in the article that couldn't be found simply by clicking on a few links from the Meritocracy site is the short overview at the beginning.  A more proper place for this information might be a History section on the Jennifer Government: NationStates article. Goobergunch 18:15, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Ugh, delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:55, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Send to Cleanup and rename. This article is garbage, but a google search for "meritocracy" would imply that it's a legitimate topic outside of NationStates. Ambi 11:08, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that would be meritocracy. The Meritocracy contains nothing that can add to that article—cleanup would be inappropriate.  Postdlf 12:26, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Gack, silly me for not checking. Delete or redirect. Ambi 12:28, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like an article worthy of my 'Gallery of the Doomed' - added Darksun 12:24, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. On merit. DJ Clayworth 18:16, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
American Muslim Council

The American Muslim Council (AMC) is an Islamic organization and registered charity in the United States. Its headquarters is located in Chicago, Illinois.

An earlier organization with the same name was founded in 1990 by Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi with the support of the Muslim Brotherhood. (Al-Amoudi is also the former leader of the Islamic Society of Boston.)

The AMC later reorganized itself under a new name and moved its national headquarters from Washington, D.C. to Chicago. The organization currently using the name "The American Muslim Council" is different from the AMC founded by al-Amoudi; it is much more moderate.

AMC took part in the defense of South Florida Professor and Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader Sami Al-Arian and questioned the US government's allegation that the professor took part in terrorist activities. AMC produced a pamphlet in which it said that "the FBI has a history of harassing and harming minority and immigrant communities". On March 2, 2006, Al-Arian entered a guilty plea to a charge of conspiracy to help the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, a "specially designated terrorist" organization. Al-Arian was sentenced to 57 months in prison, and ordered deported following his prison term.

AMC is also a member of the American Muslim Political Coordination Council (AMPCC), along with the American Muslim Alliance (AMA), Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), and Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC). AMPCC's primary concern is to coordinate the member organizations on activism and lobbying.

title: American Muslim Council


text:
Mirwais

Mirwais is a first name of Pashto origin. Notable people with the name include:

 * Mirwais Ahmadzaï (born 1960), known as Mirwais, Paris-based record producer and songwriter
 * Mirwais Azizi founder and owner of Azizi Bank
 * Mirwais Ashraf (born 1980), member of the Afghanistan national cricket team
 * Mirwais Hotak (1673-1715), Emir of Afghanistan
 * Mirwais Jalil (1969-1994), journalist
 * Mirwais Naziri, member of the Afghanistan national cricket team
 * Mirwais Sadiq (1973-2004), Civil Aviation minister of Afghanistan
 * Mirwais Yasini (born 1962), member of the Lower House of the Afghan Parliament

title: Mirwais