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Julie

Julie may refer to:

 * Julie (given name), a list of people and fictional characters with the name

Film and television

 * Julie (1956 film), an American film noir starring Doris Day
 * Julie (1975 film), a Hindi film by K. S. Sethumadhavan featuring Lakshmi
 * Julie (1998 film), a British public information film about seatbelt use
 * Julie (2004 film), a Hindi film starring Neha Dhupia
 * Julie 2, its 2016 sequel starring Raai Laxmi
 * Julie (2006 film), a Kannada film starring Ramya
 * Julie (TV series), a 1992 American sitcom starring Julie Andrews

Literature

 * Julie; or, The New Heloise, a 1761 novel by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 * Julie (George novel), a 1994 novel, the second book of a trilogy, by Jean Craighead George
 * Julie, a 1985 novel by Cora Taylor

Music

 * Julie (opera), a 2005 opera by Philippe Boesmans

Albums

 * Julie (album), by Julie London, 1957
 * Julie (EP) or the title song, by Jens Lekman, 2004

Songs

 * "Julie", by Doris Day, 1956
 * "Julie", by Daniel Popović, 1983
 * "Julie", by David Bowie, the B-side of "Day-In Day-Out", 1987
 * "Julie", by Levellers from Levellers, 1993
 * "Julie", by Damian Marley from Mr. Marley, 1996
 * "Julie", by Prism from Prism, 1977
 * "Julie", by Take That from The Circus, 2008
 * "Julie", by Ali Zafar, 2017
 * "Oh Julie", by Shakin Stevens, 1982

Other uses

 * Julie (mango), a mango cultivar
 * Julidochromis or julies, a genus of cichlid fish
 * Julie, an interactive doll created by Worlds of Wonder

title: Julie


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Ellef Ringnes

Ellef Ringnes (25 October 1842 – 15 March 1929) was a Norwegian brewer and patron.

He was born at the Ringnes farm in Krødsherad, Buskerud to farmer Anders Knudsen Ringnes (1813–75) and his wife Maren Amundsdatter (1815–76). His father left the farm in 1855, and Ellef was employed as travelling salesman for Christiania Bryggeri at the age of 18. In 1876, he founded Ringnes & Compani brewery with his brother Amund Ringnes and the businessman Axel Heiberg. It was the eighth brewery in Christiania (now Oslo), and later had its name changed to Ringnes Bryggeri.

The Ringnes brewery became successful, and Ellef Ringnes and his brother became patrons in Christiania. They invested in the construction of the Holmenkollen Line and sanatoriums in the Holmenkollen area. From 1896 to 1906, Ellef Ringnes was a member of the board of the Holmenkolbanen light rail company, which built and operated the Holmenkollen Line. Ellef and Amund Ringnes sponsored Fridtjof Nansen's Fram expedition, which they in a short period of time led together with businessman Axel Heiberg and shipowner Thomas Fearnley. They also sponsored explorer Otto Sverdrup's 1898–1902 Fram expedition; as a compensation Sverdrup named two discovered islands after them: Ellef Ringnes Island and Amund Ringnes Island.

On 30 June 1869, Ringnes married Karen Tonette ("Kaja") Maartmann (1851–1933) with whom he had 14 children. His father-in-law was Knud Geelmuyden Fleischer Maartmann. In 1896, Ringnes became a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In the same year, he bought Ringnes farm from his brother Amund, who earlier had inherited it from his father. Many parties were arranged at the farm house, to which both royal personages and prominent society members were invited. His residence at St. Hanshaugen Park, dubbed "Cairo" and "Ringnes Castle", was likewise the scene of many parties in his lifetime. In 1901, Ringnes was succeeded by his brother-in-law Harald Sigvart Maartmann as managing director of Ringnes brewery. Maartman was in turn succeeded by his son Knud Maartmann Ringnes (1875–1945) in 1920.

Ringnes was decorated as Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1896, and upgraded to Commander of the First Class in 1908. He was also a Commander of the Legion of Honour. Ringnes was an honorary member of the Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish brewery associations. In 1930, a bust of him was erected at Holmenkollen. Ringnes died in Oslo on 15 March 1929, aged 86.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ellef Ringnes


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Talk:Kuzari

I'm sorry, I don't know how to format this type of post properly, but nowhere on the page does it say when the Kuzari was actually written, although in the Influence of the Kuzari section it mentions, during that time period. Can someone find out when that was? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.116.209.221 (talk) 05:41, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Zero, please note that there are two separate Kuzari principles, not just one. Only one argument is rejected as circular, the other is not circular. However the second argument is rejected as over-simplifed in so many ways as to make it unreliable (as described in the body of the article.) I did not mean to imply that both arguments were circular. RK 19:27, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)

Please read the three sources linked at the bottom of the page. You are quite mistaken about this. --Zero 03:57, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Mistaken about which of the two different arguments mentioned? I am quite sure that the Reform & Conservative rabbis I spoke to view one of these arguments as circular. In fact, it is logically circular. The Orthodox view is that stories about the history of other people's revelations from their gods are falible and not perfect; Orthodox Jews hold that only other people have religious literature which is prone to embellishment and exaggeration. In contrast, Orthodox Jews hold that the entire Torah has been continuously accepted as fact by the Jewish community as far back as any historical record can carry us. They believe that this is a historical fact . The Kuzari accepts this as fact, and argues that this proves that the Torah is true; after all, the Torah states that three million Israelites witnessed the revelation at Mount Sinai, and their record of this revelation - the Torah itself - has never changed.  Here is where it becomes circular: We cannot actually draw this conclusion, because in fact we do not know that three million Israelites saw any such thing. The only way that anyone can believe this is by assuming that it is true. But that is precisely what the Kuzari is trying to prove. This is circular by definition, and is recognized as such by many rabbis and laypeople I have spoken to. What about this specific argument do you not find circular? RK 01:33, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * What you say about orthodox belief is true, but it isn't the Kuzari Argument. The KA does not assume there was a continuous belief in (say) Torah miSinai; rather it claims to prove it by a logical argument. Roughly speaking, the argument is that there must have been continuous belief because otherwise the first generation in which the claim was made would know that it wasn't true. (People would ask "if that is so, why didn't our parents know of it?", etc..)  It is precisely because the KA does not require the listener to accept basic orthodox assumptions in advance that it is popular amongst kiruv organizations who target Jews who aren't frum enough.  The main problem with KA is not one of simple logic.  The main problem is that it assumes a model of how popular beliefs arise that does not correspond to reality. --Zero 03:42, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I think there should be a seperate article the Kuzari Proof I didn't delete the problems raised with the kuzari proof, but they are flawed. It suggests the that the events in the torah may not have been known about or may not have been understood literally by the Jews. That is ridiculous. There are many commandments in the Torah itself which the Jews practice adding to the Kuzari proof's strength. To refute the proof, you would also have to explain how all of these practices were adopted by the Jews. Some examples: The commandments to "tell about the exodos" to "tell it to your son" to "remember the day you left egypt" etc.

All the Jewish Holidays and the Sabbath recall the exodus

Teffilin and Mezuzos both contain passages recalling the exodus.

etc.

This clearly refutes the first two objections.

The third argument shows a lack of knowlege about the proof. It doesn't claim any public miracle must be true, just one performed in front of all of the ansectors of a nation, in front of more than tens of thousands of people. No other nation claims all of their thousands of ansectors witnessed a miracle.

The fourth argument also couldn't explain ...

Seperation of articles
Any thoughts on seperating Kuzari into two articles - Kuzari and Kuzari Argument?

The former would incorporate discussion of BOOKS II-V of which the article is weak. It would also have links to the philosphic issues. While the latter on the Kuzari arguement can have a full discussion of these outreach arguments and their evaluation.--Jayrav 20:31, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

I set up the seperate article - Kuzari Principle --Jayrav 00:19, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Date of book
When did Halevi write this book? This seems very important to include, especially since Halevi had a long and eventful life. 24.233.254.29 (talk) 23:10, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, I got the date of 1140 from another site and added it. 24.233.254.29 (talk) 23:29, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Plagiarism
Most of this text is plagiarized from the Jewish Encyclopedia. [] 24.233.254.29 (talk) 23:16, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

 * That isn't plagiarism since JE is out of copyright. However, the fact should be acknowledged in the article. Zerotalk 08:27, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Title of article
Isn't this book usually known in English by the title "Book of the Khazars"? 24.233.254.29 (talk) 23:29, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Historical Backround
There's been some editing and undoing regarding the historical backround section. I've expanded the section, now with a more neutral tone to reflect the controversy over the conversion. I hope this will satisfy everyone. Thank you. Tkttkt (talk) 04:20, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kuzari


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Amund Ringnes (brewery owner, 1840)

Amund Ringnes (7 October 1840 – 13 January 1907) was a Norwegian businessman, brewery owner and patron.

He was born in Krødsherad, Buskerud, the son of Anders Knudsen Ringnes (1813–75), farmer, and his wife Maren Amundsdatter (1815–76). He grew up at the Ringnes farm, and commenced working at Akers Mekaniske Verksted in 1860. He left Akers Mek. Verksted in 1865, and was employed by the brewery Christiania Bryggeri. In 1876, he founded Ringnes & Compani brewery with his brother Ellef Ringnes and the businessman Axel Heiberg. It was the eighth brewery in Christiania (now Oslo), and later had its name changed to Ringnes Bryggeri.

The Ringnes brewery became successful, and Amund Ringnes and his brother became benefactors in Christiania. They invested in the construction of the Holmenkollen Line and sanatoriums in the Holmenkollen area. They also sponsored Fridtjof Nansen's Fram expedition, which they at one point led together with businessman Axel Heiberg and shipowner Thomas Fearnley. The explorer Otto Sverdrup's 1898–1902 Fram expedition also received financial support from the two brothers; he named two discovered islands after them: Amund Ringnes Island and Ellef Ringnes Island.

On 19 September 1870, Ringnes married Laura Jensen (1850–1902). In 1896, his brother Ellef bought the Ringnes farm from him, which he earlier had inherited from his father. He said to his brother: "Ellef, you have 14 children, and I have only six, so it is most correct that you own the farm". Amund Ringnes was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1898. He was upgraded to Commander, Second Class in 1902. In 1899, he built the country house Ringartun in Buskerud, where he maintained a hospitable home. He died on 13 January 1907 in Kristiania, aged 66. His grandson, Amund Ringnes (1905–80), became also a brewery owner at Ringnes brewery.

title: Amund Ringnes (brewery owner, 1840)


text: Category:Jordanian people

title: Category:Jordanian people


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Amund Ringnes Island

Amund Ringnes Island is an uninhabited island and one of the Sverdrup Islands and Queen Elizabeth Islands in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in the Arctic Ocean, between 78 and 79 degrees of latitude. It lies east of Ellef Ringnes Island, west of Axel Heiberg Island. Hassel Sound separates Amund Ringnes Island from Ellef Ringnes Island. Hendriksen Strait is to the south, as is Cornwall Island. Norwegian Bay is to the east, as is Haig-Thomas Island. To the north lies Peary Channel.

The island has an area of 5255 km2 in size, making it the 111th largest island in the world, and Canada's 25th largest island.

The island was named by Otto Sverdrup for Oslo brewer Amund Ringnes, one of the sponsors of his expedition. He first sighted it in 1900. The island was claimed by Norway from 1902 until the claim was relinquished in 1930.

External sources

 * Amund Ringnes Island at The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000.
 * The Ringnes Islands University of Guelph

title: Amund Ringnes Island


text: Category:Italian painters

title: Category:Italian painters


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Navy Reserve Merchant Marine Insignia

Naval Reserve Merchant Marine Insignia was a breast insignia of officers in the United States Merchant Marine who also served in the United States Navy or United States Navy Reserve. The insignia was replaced by the Strategic Sealift Officer Warfare Insignia (SSOWI) in June 2011, per OPNAVINST 1534.1D.

The Merchant Marine Reserve had its beginnings in 1913 when it was called the Naval Auxiliary Reserve. The original merchant marine insignia was prescribed in "Changes in Uniform Regulations, United States Navy, 1913 No. 10." Uniforms for the entire Naval Reserve were authorized by Congress on 31 March 1915 as the possibility of U.S. involvement in World War I increased.

The Naval Auxiliary Reserve, comprising officers and unlicensed seamen, was the beginning of the present Merchant Marine Reserve Program. Merchant marine officers at that time wore their steamship line or company uniform with the Naval Auxiliary Reserve device on the collar of the military coat, or on the lapels of the box coat. The Naval Auxiliary Reserve device was a miniature of the commissioned officers cap device.

History
In 1925, the Naval Auxiliary Reserve was renamed the Merchant Marine Naval Reserve. The name was changed to the Merchant Marine Reserve in 1938 and later the Strategic Sealift Officer Program. The breast insignia of the present Merchant Marine Reserve, U. S. Naval Reserve (Eagle and Scroll) was approved for wear on merchant marine uniforms on 7 April 1938, by Secretary of the Navy, Claude A. Swanson. It replaced the miniature cap device. The authorization for the insignia was the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, which states:

"Licensed officers who are members of the United States Naval Reserve shall wear on their uniforms such special distinguishing insignia as may be approved by the Secretary of the Navy."

In April 1938, at a conference chaired by Captain Chester W. Nimitz, U.S. Navy, Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, the new insignia was presented to the four heads of the state maritime school ships. The insignia was accepted at this meeting along with the inclusion of naval subjects in the regular course of instruction at the schools. This was the beginning of the Naval Science Departments at the maritime academies.

Regulations require the insignia to be a "gold embroidered or bronze gold plated metal pin consisting of a spread eagle surcharged with crossed anchors and shield." It is underset with a scroll bearing the letters "U.S." on one side of the shield and "N.R." on the other side. Originally, this insignia was to be worn on the merchant marine uniform.

The eagle design is based on the original eagle carved into the stern of the USS Constitution, which reflected the country's determination to remain free. The scroll pattern was often found on the sterns of ships and contained the ships' names. The shield has 13 stars and stripes with crossed anchors and was taken from the U.S. Navy officer's cap device which was first authorized in 1869. Following the design of the cap device, the original merchant marine insignia had the eagle looking to its own left. In 1941, Secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox decreed that all Navy insignia bearing eagles were to have the heads facing to their own right.

Beginning in 1942, Merchant Marine Academy midshipman were authorized wear of the Navy Reserve Merchant Marine Insignia and could automatically display this badge on U.S. Navy uniforms upon acceptance of a commission as a reserve naval officer. By the 1990s, especially in light of the somewhat rigorous training requirements for the Surface Warfare Badge, the badge had drawn a negative connotation and was often referred to as the "Sea Chicken". The Surface Warfare Officers School (SWOS) prohibited display of the badge by its students in 1998 and in 2011 the Navy discontinued the badge all together.

Afterwards, the new Strategic Sealift Officer Warfare Insignia was issued for merchant marine naval reserve officers, with this badge having qualification standards more identical with the standard surface warfare training pipeline.

Current usage
Beginning in 1942 the Secretary of the Navy authorized all US naval reserve midshipmen who were enrolled at the United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) to wear the USNR/MMR warfare pin. However, this rule was rescinded in 2011 when the final qualification for designation as a Navy Strategic Sealift Officer was changed. Presently, all US Navy Reserve Midshipmen at the United States Merchant Marine Academy wear the modified device of the former USNR/MMR insignia that no longer has the "USNR" letters on it. The new SSOP rules do not allow Strategic Sealift midshipmen to wear the SSOP insignia until after final qualification following graduation.

According to U.S. Navy Instructions, in order to qualify for the new SSOWI, candidates shall:
 * Obtain a commission as an officer in the U.S. Navy or Navy Reserve at a minimum rank of ensign through one of the following sources:
 * Graduation from the USMMA at Kings Point, NY or one of the state maritime academies in Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Texas, California, or at the Great Lakes Maritime Academy.
 * Successfully complete the Naval Science curriculum while serving under a training and service agreement.
 * Direct appointment of officers, under standards established by the Commander, Navy Recruiting Command, who possess an active U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) unlimited officer credential at the minimum level of a chief mate or first assistant engineer with current standards of training, certificate and watchkeeping (STCW) endorsement and are employed in a position deemed mission useful by the Strategic Sealift Officer Program Manager (SSOPM).
 * Via a change of designator by Navy Reserve officers originally commissioned through other programs, or inter-service transfer of officers from other reserve components who possess at a minimum that of an active USCG second mate or second assistant engineer unlimited tonnage and horsepower officer credential with current STCW endorsement, and are employed in a position deemed mission useful by the SSOPM.
 * Obtain and maintain an unlimited tonnage and/or horsepower USCG Merchant Mariner credential.
 * Complete formal Navy training as required by Commander, Military Sealift Command and the Strategic Sealift Officer Program sponsor, as prescribed by the SSOPM.
 * An example of this training is completing the Naval Science curriculum at the USMMA.

title: Navy Reserve Merchant Marine Insignia


text:
Talk:Orz (Star Control)

I removed the line where it analyses the ships to say its unlikely the Orz beet the Androsin in ship to ship Combat. That kind of logic isn't in the game

 Fwiffo- What really happened to the Androsynth in sc2?  In regards to the Androsynth: They were snagged by the entity who/which projected its fingers into our dimension (which looked to us as the Orz.)

This is a quote from a chat log where Fwiffo is Paul Reiche III and Fred Ford answering questions. I can't be bothered to figure out which one it is at the time. At any rate, this proves that it is not just a theory. Andre 19:33, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The page with their bios states that Fwiffo is Reiche. Not that important, but, there you have it... :-)   — Frecklefoot | Talk 20:22, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * The log suggests that it's both of them using Paul's computer, that's why I'm not sure who said that particular quote. It's a moot point anyway. Andre 20:58, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, like I said, I *know* that is true - because, like you, I'm a fan of the game, have read chat logs with the authors, and such. But isn't that a BIG spoiler for someone who's trying to find out about the game? I don't know... I think all of these pages should be revised, separating spoilers from non-spoilers... and marking the former as such. Dehumanizer 21:55, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll add spoiler warnings to pages that need them, then. Good thought. Andre 22:09, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Anyone know if this is true, and should it be added to the page?

 * http://www.boingboing.net/2005/02/07/all_about_orz.html

Not sure if anyone still updates this, but what were the revelations about the Orz revealed in SC3? I played that game and enjoyed it (of course, I hadn't yet played SC2) but it was a long time ago and even if I could remember I was probably too young to grasp it. Just because fans don't like it, I don't think we should pretend it doesn't exist. RentACop 05:59, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Orz were "revealed" to be the thralls of the Eternal Ones, abandoning their hinted origin for "Precursors/Eternal1s did it!", the game's answer to everything. --Kizor 17:04, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

How is the Nemesis supposed to work? I try it in Super Melee (SC2), but all it seems to do is 3 crew damage per shot! What is it supposed to really do?
 * Its main power are the marines, which are launched by pressing both fire buttons. The turret can rotate too. --Kizor 09:08, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Language section
I made some changes to the language section since I felt that the example phrase was too long an uninformative. These are the only Orz-terminologies that I found that have some clear importance to the game or the Orz themselves (the latter seem to be detailed at the other sections). If someone feels I missed an important term go ahead and add it, but the list shouldn't be too long either way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.248.122.134 (talk • contribs) 04:16, October 31, 2005

I think that the Orz language is of special interest. Therefore, a long list is tolerable. 84.108.130.242 12:38, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't Wikipedia's notability requirements come into play here? --GargoyleMT 02:28, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Orz fingers
I have understood that rather than constituting a single higher dimensional being, the Orz share a common consciousness. If there is no evidence to the contrary, I'll edit the article. 84.108.130.242 12:38, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It's a distinct possibility, but do we have much evidence one way or the other? The main thing we have to go on is a developer IRC interview where he refers to Orz with "who/which." Come to think of it, that shows pretty clearly that it doesn't work quite the same way as beings do in here. There's discussion about this below. --Kizor 15:08, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * If you find evidence from a good source, it deserves to be in the article. "No evidence to the contrary" doesn't seem to obey the principle of citing your sources. --GargoyleMT 02:28, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Are they evil?
I've been thinking: if the Orz are *fingers*, what if there are *toes* too, and they caused the Androsynth's disappearence? And perhaps the Orz *frumple* if we mention the Androsynth because they want us not to *smell* the *smelly* *toes*? ;) Frigo 22:31, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Quotes
I added the second quote. this is the greeting that they give from star control III. when you leave them, they also say "yes. we do. goodbye is the *GAME*. hello! i am only joke! it is funny enough! do not forget to *ENJOY THE SAUCE*", but i dont want to add too many big quotes. also, the grammar of the quotes maybe slightly off, as i have not played that game in a long time. i just remember those quotes somehow... -cmnamost

OR
I really like Star Control 2, but this article (as others of the races seem to be) is filled with WP:OR. Does anyone feel strongly on the subject? Is anyone else willing to do cleanup? --GargoyleMT 18:08, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

spoilers of course, but..
An article about the orz needs to contain spoilers somewhere, but this article is labeled spoilers from the start. It should have "spoiler-free" and "spoiler" zones told apart.

many bubbles
I was under the impression that the *many bubbles* referred to atoms. It would make sense that the Orz are not made of atoms as they hinted that they don't have the same kind of material presence as other creatures. Something like, "You think you *see* Orz but Orz is not *many bubbles* *light reflections*." I could be wrong, I might have to check. -gigacannon
 * Not that exactly, but I was under the same impression. In any case, there's reasonable doubt and no clear evidence. --Kizor 18:08, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Atoms?! Come on, what could they be other than cells? I am many bubbles. Before I came to existence I was first one bubble. When another bubble met the one bubble, they were Two Bubbles. And then they got on multiplying and are now definitely Many Bubbles. When I was Many Enough Bubbles, I was born. The Orz are not material in the strict sense we are used to, hence they are not composed of cells (bubbles), like all life on earth is. -- Dakkus January 20, 2008, 16:57:52 (CET) —Preceding comment was added at 15:57, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

a single higher-dimensional object can be separate objects in a lower-dimensonal space

 * In Star Control 2, however, the Orz board the Earth starbase and move about around using exo-skeletons; this seems to show that they are in fact individuals and conflicts with the way in which they are presented in Star Control 3.

There is no conflict. Imagine a trident (a single 3-d object) penetrating a 2-d plane (with the forked end). On the plane the trident will appear as 3 separate circles, not a single object. The fact that the Orz are separate entities in our space has no implication that they cannot be a single object in a higher dimensional space. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Romanpoet (talk • contribs) 16:40, 9 May 2007 (UTC).

 * In any case, the article isn't supposed to contain unverifiable information (i.e. speculation). I think your edits to clear up the subject are solid.  --GargoyleMT 17:29, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that it is very important that we clarify this issue. I understand that the Orz are able to be these beings that you are describing, and that the way in which presented in SC3 can lead one to agree with your speculation, but it is still merely speculation and should not be admitted into the entry at all.  What you are doing is using speculation to reconcile the conflict, but that does not change that there still is a conflict in the orz presented physiology between Star Control 2 and Star Control 3; speculating to reconcile this issue does not change the fact that the conflict still exists.  The game does not lay out this grand theory that you have to explain this conflict. The orz in SC2 are presented as individuals and in SC3 they are presented as these "fingers" of a single being.  I am merely listing the said conflict and the reason for it.  What if we introduce sub-headings in the physiology section that explain the Orz as presented in SC2 and a separate section to explain SC3?  This could also be included as one of the many reasons that the creators of SC2 don't consider SC3 an "official" sequel.Kazon 21:32, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The interactions with the Orz are so cryptic in SC2 (and intentionally so!) that I think drawing any conclusion from them is folly. I played both II and III and saw no contradiction in the portrayal of Orz.  --GargoyleMT 16:01, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

In the chat log, a SC2 creator uses "who/which" about the Orz; it's not supposed to be clear whether or not the Orz are single or separate entities, or whether the concept makes sense where they come from. --Kizor 23:26, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * May I ask you to check the Ultronomicon before making such claims? Check http://uqm.stack.nl/wiki/Dimension. Dimensions in Star Control aren't the dimensions in real-life physics, i.e. height, width, length. They are realms of existence. Valaggar 18:33, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Who are you addressing with that comment? --Kizor 18:40, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Valagaar, How does that prove that in SC2 the Orz are a single consciousness. I am not following your point.  Please be more clear and reference where in SC2 it says that they are a single consciousness.  The use of the term "fingers" does not prove that they are a single consciousness, that is again still speculation.  If there is more specific and conclusive evidence that we have missed please share it, because I am unaware of any such evidence.Kazon 05:50, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Valagaar, you are fully correct that a dimension in star control is not the same as a spatial dimension, but the analogy does/should still hold. If you had a single entity that spanned multiple dimensions (in the SC2 sense), pieces of this single object can very well appear as multiple distinct objects if you're looking at it from within a single SC2 dimension. The trident analogy works just fine here.  Romanpoet 17:04, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Kazon - "were snagged by the entity who/which projected its fingers into our dimension (which looked to us as the Orz.)" - i.e. it is a single entity, not a hive mind. Don't forget the Orz quote: "I am Orz. I am one with many *fingers*" - "one".
 * Romanpoet - Yes, it is not a bad analogy, but it's not an analogy suitable for an article, plus you didn't explain that it is just an analogy. Especially because you used "pan-dimensional", which means "spanning multiple dimensions", a thing that, while true, can be confusing. Valaggar 17:35, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Note to myself for when the revolution comes: This can gain some of the much-vaunted (do I know what vaunted means?) out-of-universe perspective by noting the scary aspect, referencing the Orz's development from what the authors say in the chat log. --Kizor 07:24, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Orz.nemesis.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:16, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Orz.png
Image:Orz.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:16, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orz (Star Control)


text:
Talk:New World Order (professional wrestling)

nWo Japan
There is very little information on nWo Japan in this article maybe we should add some or make a seprate article, it was a very large angle in NJPW so I think a brief history up until it turned into team 2000 should be added. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.128.18.30 (talk) 01:05, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Sting
Wasnt Sting originaly booked as the third man for the nWo, but Hogan politiced his way in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.91.102.145 (talk • contribs) 20:15, 18 March 2008

 * Sting was the back-up plan, if Bischoff couldn't find anyone else. Hogan suggested it, and Bischoff loved it. He had suggested Hogan would go heel before hand, but he refused. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.143.116.28 (talk) 20:22, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Thats all in his book about what happened with sting joining. Hogan took forever to decide whether or not to do it —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.181.154.115 (talk) 07:59, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

plagerized
Hey everyone, the nWo article has been discovered to be plagerized form the refernces (a complete replica, except for the "formation" section as i started to un plagerize it. So feel free to help with the article-- Tr U cO 93 11  21:29, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:NWo logo.jpg
Image:NWo logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 01:02, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:NWo logo.jpg
Image:NWo logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:33, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

POV/Non-POV
This article switches between POV and non-POV, sometimes mid-sentence, with talk about wrestlers that were on hiatus or taken off television right next to talk of wrestlers betraying their partners by hitting them with garbage cans, with no regard for the fact that the former is a real-life situation and the latter is a scripted part of the show. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.113.128.177 (talk) 05:14, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Disco Inferno and Curt Hennig
Some kind of proof should be placed that he was ever actually a member of the nwo wolfpac or elite. It seems to me that he was not ever really a member as he was never respected by the other members as a member. With all do respect Neither Curt Hennig nor Disco where members. This is like saying that Mike Tyson was an actual member of DX. How did those situations turn out? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.84.73.217 (talk) 17:18, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Not sure about Disco, but Hennig was a full member (he after the nWo reunion in 1999 he was relegated to the "B-Team" and then kicked out in late January 1999, shortly after he started the West Texas Rednecks group).  TJ   Spyke   22:51, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Disco was a member. He came out to an nWo Wolfpac version of this theme song; the Disco theme beginning with a wolf howl, and "N. W. O." spoken periodically throughout it. He also took over Konnan's place as The Outsiders' "little buddy" as he always appeared with them during promos until the nWo's disolving. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.19.63.97 (talk) 04:48, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

TNA
Whatever they end up being called, this group in TNA is NOT the nWo and never will be. Notice how they never once said "nWo" or "New World Order"? That's because WWE owns the name and stuff associated with it. They may or may not form a group similar to the nWo (it's too soon to tell), but it will never be the nWo.  TJ   Spyke   22:51, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * What about the Team 3D section of the Dudley Boyz article or the VKM section of the New Age Outlaws page? Tony2Times (talk) 07:40, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * It is obviously a take on the NWO, and as such it should be noted here as well.-- Will C  08:07, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Nah, it's more of a take on the Outsiders. So the Outsiders profile, Scott Hall and Kevin Nash (with Syxx) should be called the band. NOT the nWo, Syxx was in the Outsiders. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.122.49.199 (talk) 03:16, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

It's a take on the nWo we know that, but it shouldn't be shown in the article as if it is directly related to it. If that's the case then the Kings of Wrestling should be listed since that included the Outsiders and Jeff Jarrett. All three men were in the nWo. The article acts as if the nWo and The Band are directly related which they aren't. It should be noted in the article that it's a similar group to the nWo, not a reincarnation of it. TheGary (talk) 00:37, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

If we are counting TNA versions of the NWO, why not mention the half dozen or so other rip-off incarnations of this group TNA has tried, most of which featured former WCW era NWO members in their ranks, such as the Kings of Wrestling with Hall, Nash, and Jarrett, or the Main Event Mafia of which every member sans Kurt Angle and the valets had at one time or another been a member of the NWO in the past. Just a thought. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.69.100.31 (talk) 09:56, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

Exactly. Why not put the Voodoo Kin Mafia in the DX section too because the Outlaws were in the group? TheGary (talk) 00:31, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

In-universe style
We don't put up with it in Star Trek articles, nor should we here. Real-life events need to be kept separate from fictional storyline events, and it needs to be made clear that fictional storyline events are fictional. I will be going through this article and doing a major rewrite. Provisionally, I plan to split it into two major sections: the real-life history of the franchise, and a history of the fictional events. I'm pretty busy of late, so I expect this to take a couple of months. Anybody is welcome to contribute to this effort. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Superiority (talk • contribs) 07:11, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Themes
IS there a list of thems that each portion the nWo used? Most wrestling pages have them should we list them for the nWo. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.7.201.91 (talk) 01:44, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

Why is "The Band" included in this article?
Am I missing something? The Band has sweet FA to do with nWo. They have not once been billed as "nWo". It's an entirely different stable which includes some of the same guys. If this is being presented as a continuation of the nWo, the Hogan/Savage tag team of the 1980s should be billed as the original incarnation of the nWo. The nWo and all its trademarks are owned by WWE and locked away in a vault, therefore presenting The Band as the nWo renders this article a wealth of misinformation, crystalizing the reason why Wikipedia is viewed by so many as totally unreliable. The Band should have its own article, which can be linked from this article. Jplarkin (talk) 12:04, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

True. It actually creates brand confusion seeing as how the nWo copyright is owned by WWE. You don't see Twinkies sharing a page with all of the similar knock-off products produced by other companies. Also if The Band is listed in this article then the Kings of Wrestling would have to be since it included Kevin Nash, Scott Hall and Jeff Jarrett (all former nWo members). TheGary (talk) 05:06, 11 August 2010 (UTC)
 * This. The copyright issue overrides everything. WWE owns the nWo, therefore The Band absolutely cannot be the nWo. أنا أحبك (talk) 05:33, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

The question will always be, however, who declares the connection? The members and the company claimed as best they could legally that it is indeed the nWo, but obviously they can't just say it. If it's the wrestler members that can claim the nWo's rebirth, then The Band IS the nWo. Otherwise, this is all just debate. As for the new wolfpac team, they haven't claimed they are a continuation of the nWo, so I do think they should not be listed here... yet. (The wolfpac team to clarify is: Kevin Nash, Sting, and "The Pope" D'angelo Dinero). Srsrox (talk) 18:41, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

 * At best, "The Band" deserves a mention due to the similarities or the intention to carry out its legacy but should not be considered the actual nWo. NJZombie (talk) 23:37, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

TNA and NWO Similarities or differences
I don't think that ANYTHING that has to do with NWO should be included, said, or referrenced in ANY way when it comes to TNA and current or previous members of its roster. As referred to on here already, WWE owns all of that WCW/NWO logos, gear, etc. I would hope that The Band, and the TNA wolfpac section would be taken off of this article asap. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Terrisman69 (talk • contribs) 16:23, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Please continue this discussion in the other topics on this page because this subject has been brought up a lot of times under different topic names. The debate has already started in these other topics. Srsrox (talk) 19:52, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

nWo 2000
Just wondering why things leave off at the end of the nWo "reunion"/"elite" and pick up in WCW.

The "nWo 2000" or "black & silver" took place with Bret Hart, Nash, Scott Steiner and Jarrett. Then later, Jarrett and The Harris Brothers carried it on briefly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.29.168.73 (talk) 17:06, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Sean Waltman
I just thought that Sean Waltman was in nWo — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wweguy213 (talk • contribs) 15:07, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

TnWo?
I'm a little confused by the semi recently added "The" to the title, and I'm also puzzled as to why it wasn't discussed here.-- Sexy Kick  09:39, 12 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Agreed. There's no reason to include the "the" here. See WP:THE. oknazevad (talk) 01:20, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

Had it moved back as an undiscussed move. oknazevad (talk) 00:47, 24 January 2015 (UTC)

Split proposed
This has been argued for seven years so I think it's finally time to pull the trigger and remove the TNA section. TNA aping off popular concepts doesn't make Fortune the Four Horsemen nor Immortal or The Band New World Order. The Band had some success on their own, so they're probably worthy of an article by themselves. REEEEEbbon Salminen  (talk''')  11:45, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

 * AGREE & SUPPORT MOVE I never agreed with The Band being on the nWo article. The Band should have its own article. Chris "WarMachineWildThing"  Talk to me 13:01, 28 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Support I recently split TNA Impact!'s move to Monday nights from Monday Night Wars and this is the same idea. It always irked me that these TNA concepts shared articles with the more successful WCW doppelgangers and it's time we fix it. This should be like The Club (professional wrestling) not being part of Bullet Club.LM2000 (talk) 00:47, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and made the split. REEEEEbbon Salminen   (talk''')  20:04, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

There's way too many big chunks of quotes
I think this article is breaking guidelines about how much of an article can be allowed to be in full quotes. There's entire promo conversations in here.★Trekker (talk) 12:56, 30 August 2017 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:23, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * NWo logo (wrestling).png


text:
Talk:NWo Hollywood

Could someone please merge this article into nWo? — マイケル ₪  19:39, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've completely re-written the nWo Hollywood article to NPOV it. Given, however, nWo Hollywood and nWo Wolfpac were stables on their own, I believe they do deserve their own articles (covering each in more depth), with nWo being an article on the WCW vs nWo angle overall. - user:AmishThrasher

title: Talk:NWo Hollywood


text:
Talk:Melnorme

See Talk:Mael-Num for information on the Mael-Num's relation to the Melnorme. Andre 19:39, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Melnorme/Torme?
Is the name 'Melnorme' supposed to reference 'Mel Torme' the singer?
 * I sincerely doubt it myself, but only the game designers do. --Kizor 4 July 2005 04:09 (UTC)
 * Aaaaand I checked the chat logs . Yes. Yes it is. --Kizor 6 July 2005 04:31 (UTC)

The colours, the colours!
As my experiences are just the opposite - that there is no new option gained at reaching the absurd amount of credits if that's even possible, and the Melnorme text/speech files contain no such explanation - I've moved this bit of the article here. If I'm wrong, slap me with a wet fish and correct it. --Kizor 4 July 2005 04:09 (UTC)

"Being as secretive as they are the Melnorme will not reveal the reason why their background changes its colour when they begin to trade. Given the player can scuffle the necessary credits it is revealed that the Melnorme back-colour is in fact reflected from the monitor in front of them (just outside the picture), when they switch the computer to trade-mode it changes colour and so does their background (apparently one species did pay for this information and got very angry, the Melnorme could not understand why)."

Melnorme Trader

 * Crew Number: N/A
 * Battery Power: N/A
 * Recharge Rate: N/A
 * Speed: N/A
 * Turn Rate: N/A
 * Primary Weapon: Charge Beam
 * Secondary Weapon: N/A

--Arima 03:55, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Melnorme


text:
Category:Soap opera characters

This category is for characters who are prominently featured on soap operas. This category does include pairs of soap opera characters.

title: Category:Soap opera characters


text:
Disko

Disko may refer to:

 * Disko Island or Qeqertarsuaq, in Baffin Bay, Greenland
 * Disko, Indiana, a small town in the United States
 * The character Disko Troop in the book Captains Courageous
 * Disk'O, a type of amusement ride manufactured by Zamperla
 * Disko (song), a song by Last Pizza Slice that was the Slovenian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022

title: Disko


text:
Zürich Altstetten railway station

Zürich Altstetten railway station (Bahnhof Zürich Altstetten) is a railway station in the Altstetten quarter of the Swiss city of Zürich. The station is located on the Zürich to Olten main line and is the junction for the Zürich to Zug via Affoltern am Albis line.

The station is served by lines, , , , , and of the Zürich S-Bahn. It is also a calling point for the hourly InterRegio services that link Basel to Zurich Airport via Zürich Hauptbahnhof, and Bern to Zürich via Olten.

The station is well connected to the ZVV network, with bus and tram stops on both sides of the station. Since 2022 the station also serves as the eastern terminus of the Limmattal light rail line.

History
The first station on the site was built by the Swiss Northern Railway in 1847, as part of their pioneering line from Zürich to Baden, and hence was one of the first railway stations in Switzerland. Over time, this line became today's Zürich to Olten main line and the principal rail route between Zürich and northern and western Switzerland. The Zürich to Zug via Affoltern am Albis line opened in 1864, making Altstetten into a junction station. In 1907, the Swiss Federal Railways, who had taken over both lines, opened a workshop near the station.

Layout
The station has one side platform and two island platforms, served by five tracks, and has station buildings and entrances on both the north and south sides of the station. The platforms and entrances are connected by a pair of pedestrian subways. The tracks are numbered 2–4 and 6–7.

There are two stations with tram and bus services. ''Bhf. Altstetten Nord is located north to the railway station, while Bahnhof Altstetten'' is situated south of the station. Route 4 of the Zürich tram system serves the ''Bhf. Altstetten Nord station, whilst route 31 of the Zürich trolleybus system passes the south side of the station (Bahnhof Altstetten''). Zürich bus routes 35, 78, 80, 83, 89 and 485 also serve the south side of the station, whilst routes 304 and 307 both terminate at ''Bhf. Altstetten Nord''.

Since December 2022, the Limmattal light rail line (route 20) terminates at Bahnhof Altstetten station. The light rail line has its own platforms, across the station plaza from platform two of the S-Bahn services. This service, operated by AVA, runs through the Limmat Valley region and connects to the Zürich tram network at Farbhof, just to the west of Altstetten station.

Rail
the following rail services stop at Zürich Altstetten:

 * InterRegio:
 * : hourly service between Bern and Chur via Olten.
 * : hourly service between Basel SBB and Zurich Airport.
 * Zürich S-Bahn:
 * / : two trains per hour between Affoltern am Albis and Wetzikon and hourly service to Zug and Pfäffikon SZ.
 * : half-hourly service between Aarau and Winterthur; hourly service to Seuzach or Sennhof-Kyburg; rush-hour service to Wila.
 * : half-hourly service between Brugg AG and Winterthur; hourly service to Schaffhausen or Wil.
 * : hourly service to Koblenz via Baden (during peak hours), half-hourly to Effretikon (during peak hours to Pfäffikon ZH) via Zürich HB.
 * : peak-hour service between Muri AG and Zürich HB.
 * : on Friday and Saturday night, hourly service between Aarau and Winterthur.
 * : on Friday and Saturday night, hourly service between Knonau and Pfäffikon SZ.

Local tram and bus services
Summary of tram and bus services:
 * Bahnhof Altstetten to the south of the station, via both western and eastern underpass, AVA light rail line, VBZ trolley bus line , VBZ bus lines , , , , , and VBG line.
 * Bhf. Altstetten Nord to the north, via the eastern underpass, VBZ tram line, VBZ bus lines and.

title: Zürich Altstetten railway station


text:
Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow

Zosimus the Bearded (Зосима Брадатый'; died 1494) was Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' from 1490 to 1494. He was the fifth metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as had been the norm. For the first time in Russian history, Zosimus was appointed metropolitan by the decision of the council of the Russian bishops by order of the Grand Prince Ivan III.

He was the author of the Third Rome conception. He had been archimandrite of the Simonovskii Monastery in Moscow when he was picked to replace Metropolitan Gerontii some six months after Gerontii's death.

Archbishop Gennady of Novgorod had uncovered the Heresy of the Judaizers in 1487 and Zosimus's entire metropolitanate was overshadowed by this crisis. Gennady wrote a letter in 1490 to Zosimus and other bishops in the Russian church demanding a council be convened and the heresy be dealt with. The council convened less than a month after Zosimus' elevation to the metropolitan throne and condemned the heresy. Gennady demanded that the heretics be severely punished - hanged and burned - and not merely incarcerated, but Zosimus and Grand Prince Ivan III opposed these harsher methods. Zosimus was eventually accused of being a secret heretic and, on 17 May 1494, he was removed from the metropolitan throne on charges of heresy and sodomy. He died before any trial was held.

Zosimus is known for having compiled a list of banned books and written an epistle against heretics.

title: Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow


text:
Lars Lagerbäck

Lars Edvin "Lasse" Lagerbäck (born 16 July 1948) is a Swedish football manager and former player.

Lagerbäck has managed a number of national teams prior to his current position. He managed the Swedish national team from 1998 until 2009, leading Sweden to five consecutive tournaments. He resigned as manager in 2009, after Sweden's failure to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. After a short stint as manager of Nigeria, he led Iceland to unprecedented success as they qualified for their first finals competition, UEFA Euro 2016, and reached the quarter-finals, beating England in the last 16. Apart from his coaching duties, Lagerbäck has in recent years been a pundit for Premier League and UEFA Champions League broadcasting on Swedish television. He currently holds the record for managing a team in the finals of the European Championships with four appearances.

Playing career
Born in Katrineholm and raised in Ovansjö, Medelpad, in his youth, Lagerbäck played for Alby FF. When he was 13 years old, he began playing for their P16 team.

After completing his upper secondary school studies at the end of the 1960s, Lagerbäck studied political science and economics at Umeå University in northern Sweden. On the side of his studies, he also played football for Gimonäs CK under the guidance of Calle Lindelöf. He continued to play there until 1974 and worked as a club clerk from 1970. Over the course of the following years, he played twice for the club in the qualifying rounds to division two in the Swedish League without success. Lagerbäck himself played midfielder, but was often an unused substitute.

In 1974, he attended the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, where he was a classmate of current assistant coach Roland Andersson.

Club-level
In 1977, he was called up to the senior team. It was former teammate Kjell Pettersson that recommended him to Kilafors. He coached the Division IV team until 1982. In 1983, he moved to Arbrå IK until 1985. In 1987, he took over Hudiksvall ABK but left in 1989.

Sweden
In 1990, Lagerbäck took a job with the Swedish Football Association. He began as a coach for the junior levels which included Freddie Ljungberg. He helped Tommy Svensson and Tord Grip with the Swedish national team.

In 1996, Lagerbäck took over the Sweden B national team, until 1997. In 1998, Tommy Söderberg chose him to be the assistant coach for the Swedish national team. In 2000, he was promoted to dual-coach, a responsibility he shared with Söderberg until 2004. Under their guidance, the Swedish national team qualified for UEFA Euro 2000 but was eliminated in the group stages.

In 2002, they led Sweden to the 2002 FIFA World Cup, where Sweden were drawn in the 'group of death', together with England, Argentina and Nigeria. Sweden won the group but subsequently lost against Senegal in the first knockout round. In 2004, Sweden qualified for their third straight championship. At UEFA Euro 2004, Sweden made it to the quarter-finals where they lost to the Netherlands. That same year, Tommy Söderberg left the Swedish national team to coach the U21 team.

After the departure of Söderberg, Lagerbäck appointed Roland Andersson as assistant coach. In 2006, Lagerbäck took Sweden to their fourth consecutive championship, the first time in Swedish history. He led Sweden to the 2006 FIFA World Cup, losing against Germany 2–0 in the knockout stage. Under Lagerbäck, Sweden also qualified for UEFA Euro 2008, however they were eliminated in the group stage after losing 2–0 against Russia. The team's early dismissal from the tournament led sport columnists to ask Lagerbäck to be sacked. Despite this, he signed an extension, which kept him until the end of the 2010 FIFA World Cup campaign. After Sweden's unsuccessful qualification campaign, Lagerbäck resigned and was replaced by Erik Hamrén.

Iceland
On 4 October 2011, KSÍ's chief executive Geir Þorsteinsson reported that talks had begun over the appointment of Lagerbäck as the new manager of the Icelandic national team. The appointment was then confirmed ten days later. Under Lagerbäck, Iceland qualified for the play-off stage of the qualification tournament for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, but Croatia were the victors over two legs. Shortly thereafter Lagerbäck signed a new contract, this time as joint manager with his former Iceland assistant Heimir Hallgrímsson, who took over as sole manager with Lagerbäck's retirement following UEFA Euro 2016, where Iceland famously reached the quarter-finals, beating England in the last 16. They went out to France in the quarter-finals. Lagerbäck won 30 votes as a write-in candidate in the 2016 Icelandic presidential election.

He was later (2020-2021) the technical advisor of the Iceland national football team.

Norway
On 1 February 2017, Lagerbäck was announced as the new manager for Norway, signing a contract lasting until the end of 2019. On 26 March, Lagerbäck took charge of his first game as manager of Norway, which resulted in a 2–0 defeat to Northern Ireland in Belfast. His tenure as manager was considered somewhat mixed in terms of success. In December 2020, Lagerbäck was fired from his role as national team manager, being replaced by Ståle Solbakken.

Managerial statistics
As of 18 November 2020

🇸🇪 Sweden

🇳🇬 Nigeria

🇮🇸 Iceland

🇳🇴 Norway

Manager
Sweden U21
 * UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1992 Runners-up

Sweden
 * King's Cup: 2001, 2003

Nigeria
 * WAFU Nations Cup: 2010

title: Lars Lagerbäck


text: Category:Sudanese people

title: Category:Sudanese people


text:
List of rulers of the Akan state of Assin Apimenem

This is a list of rulers of the Akan state of Assin Apimenem.


text:
Saxicola

Saxicola (Latin: saxum, rock + incola, dwelling in ), the stonechats or chats, is a genus of 15 species of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World. They are insectivores occurring in open scrubland and grassland with scattered small shrubs.

Taxonomy
The genus was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1802. The type species was subsequently designated as the European stonechat. The name Saxicola is from Latin saxum, saxi "stone" and -cola "dweller".

The genus was formerly included in the thrush family Turdidae, but as with several other related genera, has now been shown to be correctly classified in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, in which it is most closely related to the genera Oenanthe (wheatears) and Campicoloides.

Genetic and behavioural evidence has also resulted in several new species being accepted in the genus in recent years, most notably the splitting of the former broad "species" common stonechat Saxicola torquatus into five species, a change now widely though not yet universally accepted. With addition of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence and nDNA fingerprinting data, it was confirmed that not only the Fuerteventura and Réunion stonechats are distinct species, but that in addition, the African, Madagascar, European, Siberian and Amur stonechats are also all separate species. Due to confusion of subspecies allocation, the name S. torquatus was briefly used for the European species, with the African stonechat being incorrectly listed as S. axillaris.

Owing to misunderstandings of Latin syntax, several species have in the past been widely but incorrectly cited with feminine name endings ("S. torquata, S. maura, S. leucura, S. ferrea", etc.).

Species
The following 15 species are currently accepted in Saxicola:
 * Whinchat, Saxicola rubetra
 * White-browed bush chat, Saxicola macrorhynchus
 * White-throated bush chat, Saxicola insignis
 * Canary Islands stonechat, Saxicola dacotiae
 * European stonechat, Saxicola rubicola
 * Siberian stonechat, Saxicola maurus
 * Amur stonechat, Saxicola stejnegeri
 * African stonechat, Saxicola torquatus
 * Madagascar stonechat, Saxicola sibilla
 * Reunion stonechat, Saxicola tectes
 * White-tailed stonechat, Saxicola leucurus
 * Pied bush chat, Saxicola caprata
 * Jerdon's bush chat, Saxicola jerdoni
 * Grey bush chat, Saxicola ferreus
 * White-bellied bush chat, Saxicola gutturalis

Formerly included in the genus Saxicola, but now treated in a separate genus:
 * Splendid fairywren, as Saxicola splendens
 * Buff-streaked chat, as Saxicola bifasciatus

Fossil record

 * Saxicola lambrechti (Late Miocene of Polgardi, Hungary)
 * Saxicola baranensis (Pliocene of Beremend, Hungary)
 * Saxicola parva (Pliocene of Csarnota, Hungary)
 * Saxicola magna (Pliocene of Beremend, Hungary)

title: Saxicola


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dissemination (0th nomination)

Dissemination was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Transwiki to Wiktionary if not already there.

Pretty sure this is too much of a dictionary definition. I found it through "Deadend Pages." --April kathleen 19:47, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for dictdef. The external links here are interesting, but quite esoteric. Geogre 20:38, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Someone who actually knows something (ie. not me) should contribute something originial to this.  I agree it is rather much like a dictionary entry.  Doesn't Wikipedia have a dictionary project?? Jaberwocky6669 22:53, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * So you're voting transwiki to Wiktionary? I thought of that, but the Wiktionary folks don't have a VfD page, themselves.  If we transwiki, it just goes in.  I didn't vote for a transwiki, myself, because this term is very common, and they are almost certain to have an entry already. Geogre 00:12, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't even know what transwiki is! You make a good point about them having it already though. Jaberwocky6669 01:58, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * transwiki to wiktionary, or merge there, etc. -- Jmabel 03:47, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Scale (zoology)

This article doesn't seem to cover the scales found on swordfish, which (as far as I know) do not fit into the normal categories of fish scales.

 * "Ichthyologists recognize four types of fish scale. The kosher variety of scales are cycloid (round) and ctenoid (comblike). The ganoid scale found on sturgeon, or the placoid scale of the shark are specifically excluded from the Biblical term kaskeses since they are not 'removable' scales without tearing the skin from the flesh. Even an educated layman would not see any similarity between the heavy bony plates of the sturgeon or the needle-like projections on the shark skin and the classic kosher scale of the whitefish or carp.
 * "In Fishery leaflet #531, U.S. Dept. of Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Wash. D.C., it states 'swordfish during early juvenile stage of life (up to 8 inches long), have "scales" that are markedly specialized and rather unique. They are in the form of bony tubercules or expanded compressed platelike bodies. These scales are rough, having spinous projections at the surface and they do not overlap one another as the scales in most fish do. With growth the scales disappear and the adult fish including those sold commercially have no scales.'
 * Excerpted from a Jewish article on the kosher status of swordfish.
 * Why swordfish in unclean

Expand please!
This page has so little information that I'd consider it a stub. If anyone could expand the definition of the types of scale, add references, and something on the function and Homology (biology) of scales that would be great. Ewjw 07:57, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

More articles on Reptile Scales, please!
The snake scales article is great, but I want to know about lizard scales and crocadillian scales, for example. IceDragon64 23:16, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Evolution of scales
I heard recently from a paleonthology teacher that tooth in fish evolved originally from scales and became later internalized in the mouth. Does somebody have sources for this? Dentren |  Ta lk  18:00, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Missing types
Which type are the bony scales on sturgeon?

What about bird scales (on legs and feet)? Presumably these are similar to reptile scales? Richard New Forest (talk) 10:08, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Mammalian and Bird Scales?
I see Fish, Reptile, and Arthropod scales on this list, but I see nothing about scales on birds and mammals. Many birds have scales on their feet, and some mammals (e.g, the Pangolin, armadillo, the scaly tails of rats, etc. --TangoFett (talk) 07:38, 7 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Be bold. Add it! Its a work under progress. AshLin (talk) 12:57, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scale (zoology)


text:
Identity (social science)

Identity is the set of qualities, beliefs, personality traits, appearance, and/or expressions that characterize a person or a group.

Identity emerges during childhood as children start to comprehend their self-concept, and it remains a consistent aspect throughout different stages of life. Identity is shaped by social and cultural factors and how others perceive and acknowledge one's characteristics. The etymology of the term "identity" from the Latin noun identitas emphasizes an individual's mental image of themselves and their "sameness with others". Identity encompasses various aspects such as occupational, religious, national, ethnic or racial, gender, educational, generational, and political identities, among others.

Identity serves multiple functions, acting as a "self-regulatory structure" that provides meaning, direction, and a sense of self-control. It fosters internal harmony and serves as a behavioral compass, enabling individuals to orient themselves towards the future and establish long-term goals. As an active process, it profoundly influences an individual's capacity to adapt to life events and achieve a state of well-being. However, identity originates from traits or attributes that individuals may have little or no control over, such as their family background or ethnicity.

In sociology, emphasis is placed by sociologists on collective identity, in which an individual's identity is strongly associated with role-behavior or the collection of group memberships that define them. According to Peter Burke, "Identities tell us who we are and they announce to others who we are." Identities subsequently guide behavior, leading "fathers" to behave like "fathers" and "nurses" to act like "nurses".

In psychology, the term "identity" is most commonly used to describe personal identity, or the distinctive qualities or traits that make an individual unique. Identities are strongly associated with self-concept, self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Individuals' identities are situated, but also contextual, situationally adaptive and changing. Despite their fluid character, identities often feel as if they are stable ubiquitous categories defining an individual, because of their grounding in the sense of personal identity (the sense of being a continuous and persistent self).

Usage
Mark Mazower noted in 1998: "At some point in the 1970s this term ["identity"] was borrowed from social psychology and applied with abandon to societies, nations and groups."

In psychology
Erik Erikson (1902–94) became one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity. An essential feature of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development was the idea of the ego identity (often referred to as the self), which is described as an individual's personal sense of continuity. He suggested that people can attain this feeling throughout their lives as they develop and is meant to be an ongoing process. The ego-identity consists of two main features: one's personal characteristics and development, and the culmination of social and cultural factors and roles that impact one's identity. In Erikson's theory, he describes eight distinct stages across the lifespan that are each characterized by a conflict between the inner, personal world and the outer, social world of an individual. Erikson identified the conflict of identity as occurring primarily during adolescence and described potential outcomes that depend on how one deals with this conflict. Those who do not manage a resynthesis of childhood identifications are seen as being in a state of 'identity diffusion' whereas those who retain their given identities unquestioned have 'foreclosed' identities. On some readings of Erikson, the development of a strong ego identity, along with the proper integration into a stable society and culture, lead to a stronger sense of identity in general. Accordingly, a deficiency in either of these factors may increase the chance of an identity crisis or confusion.

The "Neo-Eriksonian" identity status paradigm emerged in 1966, driven largely by the work of James Marcia. This model focuses on the concepts of exploration and commitment. The central idea is that an individual's sense of identity is determined in large part by the degrees to which a person has made certain explorations and the extent to which they have commitments to those explorations or a particular identity. A person may display either relative weakness or strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, there were four possible results: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person avoids or refuses both exploration and making a commitment. Foreclosure occurs when a person does make a commitment to a particular identity but neglected to explore other options. Identity moratorium is when a person avoids or postpones making a commitment but is still actively exploring their options and different identities. Lastly, identity achievement is when a person has both explored many possibilities and has committed to their identity.

Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained. From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the "I"), and the actual content of the schemata which compose the self-concept (the "Me"). In the latter field, theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to self-esteem, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing self-knowledge, and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information.

Weinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to resolve all their conflicted identifications with others; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm – highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused, and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive. Weinreich applies the identity variant in a framework which also allows for the transition from one to another by way of biographical experiences and resolution of conflicted identifications situated in various contexts – for example, an adolescent going through family break-up may be in one state, whereas later in a stable marriage with a secure professional role may be in another. Hence, though there is continuity, there is also development and change.

Laing's definition of identity closely follows Erikson's, in emphasising the past, present and future components of the experienced self. He also develops the concept of the "metaperspective of self", i.e. the self's perception of the other's view of self, which has been found to be extremely important in clinical contexts such as anorexia nervosa. Harré also conceptualises components of self/identity – the "person" (the unique being I am to myself and others) along with aspects of self (including a totality of attributes including beliefs about one's characteristics including life history), and the personal characteristics displayed to others.

In social psychology
At a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of "psychological" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's actions within a group in terms of mental events and states. However, some "sociological" social psychology theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual cognition and of collective behaviour.

Collective identity
Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favour those they consider a part of their "in-group" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive attention by researchers working in the social identity tradition. For example, in work relating to social identity theory, it has been shown that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others.

Different social situations also compel people to attach themselves to different self-identities which may cause some to feel marginalized, switch between different groups and self-identifications, or reinterpret certain identity components. These different selves lead to constructed images dichotomized between what people want to be (the ideal self) and how others see them (the limited self). Educational background and occupational status and roles significantly influence identity formation in this regard.

Identity formation strategies
Another issue of interest in social psychology is related to the notion that there are certain identity formation strategies which a person may use to adapt to the social world. Cote and Levine developed a typology which investigated the different manners of behavior that individuals may have. Their typology includes: Kenneth Gergen formulated additional classifications, which include the strategic manipulator, the pastiche personality, and the relational self. The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises, and who gradually becomes alienated from their social self. The pastiche personality abandons all aspirations toward a true or "essential" identity, instead viewing social interactions as opportunities to play out, and hence become, the roles they play. Finally, the relational self is a perspective by which persons abandon all sense of exclusive self, and view all sense of identity in terms of social engagement with others. For Gergen, these strategies follow one another in phases, and they are linked to the increase in popularity of postmodern culture and the rise of telecommunications technology.

In social anthropology
Anthropologists have most frequently employed the term identity to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely Eriksonian way properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropologists with the emergence of modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970s. This was reinforced by an appreciation, following the trend in sociological thought, of the manner in which the individual is affected by and contributes to the overall social context. At the same time, the Eriksonian approach to identity remained in force, with the result that identity has continued until recently to be used in a largely socio-historical way to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others and to a particular group of people.

The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and ethnicity. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today.

These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis. Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely. Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Stuart Hall for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity.

Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstrating how identity works. In the same way as Barth, in his approach to ethnicity, advocated the critical focus for investigation as being "the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses", social anthropologists such as Cohen and Bray have shifted the focus of analytical study from identity to the boundaries that are used for purposes of identification. If identity is a kind of virtual site in which the dynamic processes and markers used for identification are made apparent, boundaries provide the framework on which this virtual site is built. They concentrated on how the idea of community belonging is differently constructed by individual members and how individuals within the group conceive ethnic boundaries.

As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool, the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people's experiences of the self in society. While identity is a volatile, flexible and abstract 'thing', its manifestations and the ways in which it is exercised are often open to view. Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as language, dress, behaviour and choice of space, whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings. Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers, their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning. In a social context, misunderstandings can arise due to a misinterpretation of the significance of specific markers. Equally, an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity.

Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from the person. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer's language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates themself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer's language and so see their marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether they themself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not.

In religion
A religious identity is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual, involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals and study of ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, mythology, and faith and mystical experience. Religious identity refers to the personal practices related to communal faith along with rituals and communication stemming from such conviction. This identity formation begins with an association in the parents' religious contacts, and individuation requires that the person chooses the same or different religious identity than that of their parents.

The Parable of the Lost Sheep is one of the parables of Jesus. it is about a shepherd who leaves his flock of ninety-nine sheep in order to find the one which is lost. The parable of the lost sheep is an example of the rediscovery of identity. Its aim is to lay bare the nature of the divine response to the recovery of the lost, with the lost sheep representing a lost human being.

Christian meditation is a specific form of personality formation, though often used only by certain practitioners to describe various forms of prayer and the process of knowing the contemplation of God.

In Western culture, personal and secular identity are deeply influenced by the formation of Christianity,   throughout history, various Western thinkers who contributed to the development of European identity were influenced by classical cultures and incorporated elements of Greek culture as well as Jewish culture, leading to some movements such as Philhellenism and Philosemitism.

Implications
Due to the multiple functions of identity which include self regulation, self-concept, personal control, meaning and direction, its implications are woven into many aspects of life.

Contexts Influencing Identity Changes
Identity transformations can occur in various contexts, some of which include:

 * 1) Career Change: When individuals undergo significant shifts in their career paths or occupational identities, they face the challenge of redefining themselves within a new professional context.
 * 2) Gender Identity Transition: Individuals experiencing gender dysphoria may embark on a journey to align their lives with their true gender identity. This process involves profound personal and social changes to establish an authentic sense of self.
 * 3) National Immigration: Relocating to a new country necessitates adaptation to unfamiliar societal norms, leading to adjustments in cultural, social, and occupational identities.
 * 4) Identity Change due to Climate Migration: In the face of environmental challenges and forced displacement, individuals may experience shifts in their identity as they adapt to new geographical locations and cultural contexts.
 * 5) Adoption: Adoption entails exploring alternative familial features and reconciling with the experience of being adopted, which can significantly impact an individual's self-identity.
 * 6) Illness Diagnosis: The diagnosis of an illness can provoke an identity shift, altering an individual's self-perception and influencing how they navigate life. Additionally, illnesses may result in changes in abilities, which can affect occupational identity and require adaptations.

Immigration and identity
Immigration and acculturation often lead to shifts in social identity. The extent of this change depends on the disparities between the individual's heritage culture and the culture of the host country, as well as the level of adoption of the new culture versus the retention of the heritage culture. However, the effects of immigration and acculturation on identity can be moderated if the person possesses a strong personal identity. This established personal identity can serve as an "anchor" and play a "protective role" during the process of social and cultural identity transformations that occur.

Occupational identity
Identity is an ongoing and dynamic process that impacts an individual's ability to navigate life's challenges and cultivate a fulfilling existence. Within this process, occupation emerges as a significant factor that allows individuals to express and maintain their identity. Occupation encompasses not only careers or jobs but also activities such as travel, volunteering, sports, or caregiving. However, when individuals face limitations in their ability to participate or engage in meaningful activities, such as due to illness, it poses a threat to the active process and continued development of identity. Feeling socially unproductive can have detrimental effects on one's social identity. Importantly, the relationship between occupation and identity is bidirectional; occupation contributes to the formation of identity, while identity shapes decisions regarding occupational choices. Furthermore, individuals inherently seek a sense of control over their chosen occupation and strive to avoid stigmatizing labels that may undermine their occupational identity.

Navigating stigma and occupational identity
In the realm of occupational identity, individuals make choices regarding employment based on the stigma associated with certain jobs. Likewise, those already working in stigmatized occupations may employ personal rationalization to justify their career path. Factors such as workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life play significant roles in these decisions. Individuals in such jobs face the challenge of forging an identity that aligns with their values and beliefs. Crafting a positive self-concept becomes more arduous when societal standards label their work as "dirty" or undesirable. Consequently, some individuals opt not to define themselves solely by their occupation but strive for a holistic identity that encompasses all aspects of their lives, beyond their job or work. On the other hand, individuals whose identity strongly hinges on their occupation may experience a crisis if they become unable to perform their chosen work. Therefore, occupational identity necessitates an active and adaptable process that ensures both adaptation and continuity amid shifting circumstances.

Factors shaping the concept of identity
The modern notion of personal identity as a distinct and unique characteristic of individuals has evolved relatively recently in history beginning with the first passports in the early 1900s and later becoming more popular as a social science term in the 1950s. Several factors have influenced its evolution, including:

 * 1) Protestant Influence: In Western societies, the Protestant tradition has underscored individuals' responsibility for their own soul or spiritual well-being, contributing to a heightened focus on personal identity.
 * 2) Development of Psychology: The emergence of psychology as a separate field of knowledge and study starting in the 19th century has played a significant role in shaping our understanding of identity.
 * 3) Rise of Privacy: The Renaissance era witnessed a growing sense of privacy, leading to increased attention and importance placed on individual identities.
 * 4) Specialization in Work: The industrial period brought about a shift from undifferentiated roles in feudal systems to specialized worker roles. This change impacted how individuals identified themselves in relation to their occupations.
 * 5) Occupation and Identity: The concept of occupation as a crucial aspect of identity was introduced by Christiansen in 1999, highlighting the influence of employment and work roles on an individual's sense of self.
 * 6) Focus on Gender Identity: There has been an increased emphasis on gender identity, including issues related to gender dysphoria and transgender experiences. These discussions have contributed to a broader understanding of diverse identities.
 * 7) Relevance of Identity in Personality Pathology: Understanding and assessing personality pathology has highlighted the significance of identity problems in comprehending individuals' psychological well-being.

title: Identity (social science)