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Death Valley Days

Death Valley Days is an American Western anthology series featuring true accounts of the American Old West, particularly the Death Valley country of southeastern California. Created in 1930 by Ruth Woodman, the program was broadcast on radio until 1945. From 1952 to 1970, it became a syndicated television series, with reruns (updated with new narrations) continuing through August 1, 1975. The radio and television versions combined to make the show "one of the longest-running Western programs in broadcast history."

The series was sponsored by the Pacific Coast Borax Company, makers of 20 Mule Team Borax and Boraxo, and hosted by Stanley Andrews ("The Old Ranger") (1952–1964), Ronald Reagan (1964–1966), Robert Taylor (1966–1969), and Dale Robertson (1969–1970). Hosting the series was Reagan's final work as an actor; he left the series in 1966 to run for Governor of California.

The television series was conceived by Pacific Coast Borax Company's advertising agency McCann-Erickson through company executive Dorothy McCann and Mitchell J. Hamilburg, who represented Gene Autry's Flying A Productions.

Synopsis
Death Valley Days is one of the first anthology series to appear on television, featuring different characters and stories each episode. The stories were based in fact, all within the legends and lore of California's Death Valley. Style varied by episode, with some being drama and others comedy. Most were human-interest stories of miners and homesteaders in Death Valley, where borax was mined.

Advertisements for the company's best-known products, 20 Mule Team Borax, a laundry additive, Borateem, a laundry detergent, and Boraxo, a powdered hand soap, were often done by the program's host.

As the series continued on the air, episodes began to focus on nearly any portion of the American West, not just the Death Valley country. Most episodes portrayed events in the late 19th century, the heyday of the "Old West". Some, however, were set in much earlier times, especially the Spanish colonial era, and a few recounted stories from the early 20th century.

Cast
Each of the 452 television episodes was introduced by a host. The longest running was "The Old Ranger," a character played by veteran actor Stanley Andrews from 1952 to 1964.

Following the departure of Andrews, all subsequent hosts appeared under their own names, starting with Ronald Reagan, the former host of CBS's General Electric Theater. Reagan appeared in 21 episodes of Death Valley Days, including the 1965 segment "A City Is Born" in which he played mining developer Charles Poston, the "Father of Arizona".

When Reagan left to run for Governor of California, he was succeeded by Robert Taylor. Like Reagan, Taylor appeared as a character in some of the shows, including "The Day All Marriages Were Cancelled" (1966), also based on the career of Charles Poston. He portrayed Horace Bell in another 1967 episode, "Major Horace Bell." That same year in the episode "Shanghai Kelly's Birthday Party," Taylor played James Kelly of San Francisco. After playing Porter Stockton in another 1967 episode "Halo for a Badman", he would portray Texas John Slaughter, a role most associated with Tom Tryon, in the 1968 episode "A Short Cut through Tombstone".

Taylor became gravely ill in 1969, and after 69 episodes was succeeded by Dale Robertson, former star of two other Western series, Tales of Wells Fargo and Iron Horse. Robertson served as host and occasional actor for 23 episodes until production of new episodes ceased in 1970. In 1975, the show briefly returned in reruns, with singer Merle Haggard providing narration for some previously produced episodes.

The commercial spokesperson for the show was Rosemary DeCamp. When the show began in 1952, Dorothy McCann gave DeCamp a long-term contract to have DeCamp and her daughters appear in the commercials. She also appeared in four episodes.

While the series followed the anthology format, with all new stories and characters in each episode, the series utilized many character actors over its 18-year run. Some, (such as Don Haggerty, John Pickard, Gregg Barton, Michael Vallon, James Seay, Guy Wilkerson and Roy Engel) appeared in multiple episodes over the entire run of the series.

Development
In 1930, the Pacific Coast Borax Company was looking for ways to market their products, including 20 Mule Team Borax. Working with their New York advertising agency, McCann-Erickson, they settled on creating a radio program to highlight Death Valley, the obscure location of much of the company's borax mining operations. McCann copywriter Ruth Woodman, who had experience with radio copywriting, was selected to write the show. As a long-time New Yorker, Woodman had never been to Death Valley and the initial story of the discovery of borax was written entirely from reference books. Woodman eventually decided to visit Death Valley, and eventually made several trips there to research story material for the show, which eventually became a radio hit.

In 1945, the radio show was dropped in favor of other material, but after nearly eight years, the show was re-developed for television as the Pacific Coast Borax Company sought to develop material for the new medium. Originally, McCann was interested in one minute advertising spots on television, but found so few available that full program sponsorship was more feasible. With more than 750 scripts from 14 years of radio programs, they already had the content to adapt.

For its first two years, the series was produced by Gene Autry's Flying A Productions. In 1954, Dorrell and Stuart McGowan left Autry's Flying A to form McGowan Productions, bringing Death Valley Days along with them. Filmaster Productions, Inc., which produced the first several seasons of Gunsmoke, Have Gun – Will Travel, and Playhouse 90 for CBS Television, took over production of the series in 1959, specifically noting that production company president Robert Stabler had a reputation for producing shows on-time and under budget. Production was later handled by Madison Productions.

Writing
Ruth Woodman had previously researched and written all of the scripts for the show's radio run. When the show was re-worked for television, she continued to write all scripts for the first five years of production, at which time she became the show's story editor. The series required historical accuracy for its stories, breaking out of the standard Western genre plotlines, instead focusing on actual pioneer events.

Casting
As an anthology, the cast changed with each episode. When Filmaster took over production in 1959, one of their immediate changes was to use bigger name Hollywood actors.

Filming
Although parts of the series were filmed in Kanab, Utah and Apacheland Studio in Arizona, the series was primarily filmed in Death Valley National Park,   Segments were done on location, and shot on short, three-day schedules. Filming would take place approximately six times per year, and while on location, the cast and crew would stay at the Pacific Coast Borax Company's Death Valley resort, the Furnace Creek Inn. Host segments for the final cut were filmed in studio.

Under the production of Filmaster, the production schedule was to complete two half-hour episodes per week, with final cut host segments shot at Producers Studios in Hollywood.

Ownership
Under the Death Valley Days title, the program was sponsored by the Pacific Coast Borax Company, which during the program's run changed its name to U.S. Borax Company following a merger. The "20-Mule Team Borax" consumer products division of U.S. Borax was eventually bought out by the Dial Corporation, which as of 2014, as a division of the German consumer products concern Henkel, still manufactures and markets them. Rio Tinto Group absorbed the U.S. Borax mining operations in 1968 and now owns the TV series.

Although Rio Tinto still has a financial stake in this show because copyrights are still held by U.S. Borax, the major rights are now held by Element 5 Media, LLC for the broadcast rights and home video rights.

Restoration
Paul Korver's company Cinelicious in Hollywood was part of the restoration of the TV series Death Valley Days, restoring 458 half-hour film episodes. Cinelicious worked with U.S. Borax Film Archives and Rio Tinto Group in preserving the TV series. The 16mm, and 35 mm film of Death Valley Days was scanned at 4K resolution for film preservation on a Scanity starting in 2013.

Broadcast
Beginning in 1952, the series began by using unconventional methods. First, the show was syndicated to local markets rather than released nationally. Second, they aired new programs every other week, rather than weekly. At the time, the conventional approach was exactly the opposite - national release on a weekly schedule in order to achieve a consistent audience. However, McCann-Erickson felt that the previous popularity of the radio program would overcome those obstacles, a theory that was proven in their first season of high Nielsen ratings.

McCann achieved success marketing the show directly to local stations, starting with 64 in the first season, expanding to 73 in the second, their only general difficulty being one and two-station markets.

Rebroadcasts
During the latter years of the series, some new episodes were still being made while older episodes were already in syndication. In some markets, new episodes could even be running in competition with older ones. To make it easier for viewers to distinguish between old and new, some blocks of syndicated Death Valley Days episodes were shown under other series names and with different hosts. This was common practice at the time among syndicated series because it was easy to reshoot the hosting portions of an episode without affecting the main content.

Some of these episodes were re-run with different sponsorship under the title The Pioneers with host Will Rogers, Jr. Similar rebroadcasts were done under the names Call of the West hosted by John Payne, Frontier Adventure hosted by Dale Robertson, Trails West hosted by Ray Milland, and Western Star Theatre hosted by Rory Calhoun. Little had to be changed other than the 20 mule team and the bugle call.

The restored TV series continues to be rebroadcast on channels such as the Encore Westerns Channel and GRIT.

Home media
Shout! Factory (on behalf of Element 5 Media LLC and Rio Tinto), has released the first two seasons on DVD in Region 1. Both seasons were released as Walmart exclusives. The third season was released on March 21, 2017 The thirteenth season was released on July 31, 2017, as a Walmart exclusive. Then, on Tuesday, October 3, 2017, the title "went wide" with a general retail release. The fourteenth season was released on January 2, 2018.

Reception
Starting from the first season of the television series, McCann-Erickson noted that they saw a rise in sales of 20 Mule Team Borax. They also noted an increase in visitors to the Furnace Creek Inn, a Death Valley resort owned by show sponsor Pacific Coast Borax.

title: Death Valley Days


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Subverts

Subverts was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Of dubious value. I assume the Subverts are/were a band, though it doesn't actually say so. Deb 11:29, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete: They were a band. Seems like someone was working on Minor Threat & decided to break out all influences.  In this case, nothing is learned. Geogre 13:31, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - no context. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:08, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Spaghetti junction

Spaghetti junction is a nickname sometimes given to a complex or massively intertwined road traffic interchange that is said to resemble a plate of spaghetti. Such interchanges may incorporate a variety of interchange design elements in order to maximize connectivity.

Etymology
The term was originally used to refer to the Gravelly Hill Interchange on the M6 motorway in Birmingham, United Kingdom. In an article published in the Birmingham Evening Mail on 1 June 1965 the journalist Roy Smith described plans for the junction as "like a cross between a plate of spaghetti and an unsuccessful attempt at a Staffordshire knot", with the headline above the article on the newspaper's front page, written by sub-editor Alan Eaglesfield, reading "Spaghetti Junction". Since then many complex interchanges around the world have acquired the nickname.

Throughout North America, this type of interchange is widely referred to as a spaghetti junction, mixing bowl, knot, or maze, often including the name of the freeway, city, or notable landmark near enough to the interchange.

New South Wales

 * Light Horse Interchange, at the junction of the M4 and M7 in Eastern Creek, Sydney.
 * Rozelle Interchange, at the intersection of City West Link, Victoria Road and the Western Distributor in Rozelle, Sydney

Victoria

 * Springvale Junction at the intersection of Dandenong, Springvale, Police and Centre roads in Melbourne

Queensland

 * The interchange at the junction of M3 Inner City Bypass, M7 Clem Jones Tunnel, and M7 Airport Link in Bowen Hills, Brisbane

Botswana

 * Thapama Interchange at the junction of A1 / Blue Jacket Street and A3 in Francistown.

Alberta

 * The interchange of Deerfoot Trail, Bow Bottom Trail, Anderson Road and 15 Street SE in Calgary. Maps were published in local newspapers to assist drivers with navigating the complex interchange when it opened in 1982.

Ontario

 * The interchange between Bloor Street, Dundas Street, and Kipling Avenue in Toronto's west end, officially known as the Six Points Interchange, but often referred to as the "Spaghetti Junction". This interchange was demolished and reconfigured between 2019 and 2021 to become at-grade junctions.
 * The interchange between Highway 427 and the Queen Elizabeth Way and Gardiner Expressway has been referred to as a "messy spaghetti junction" by UrbanToronto.

Quebec

 * The Turcot Interchange, the largest interchange in the province of Quebec, and the third busiest in Montréal. It contains Autoroute 15 and Autoroute 20
 * The Décarie Interchange, One of the oldest intersections in Montréal, Quebec. It contains Autoroute 40 and Autoroute 15

China

 * Huangjuewan interchange
 * Guiyang Qianchun interchange

Germany

 * The Kreuz Kaiserberg interchange between the A3, which runs from the Dutch border near Elten via Oberhausen and Frankfurt am Main to the Austrian border south of Passau, and the A40 (Ruhrschnellweg) from Venlo to Dortmund.

Indonesia

 * The interchange between Waru-Juanda Toll Road, Surabaya–Gempol Toll Road, and Surabaya–Mojokerto Toll Road in border of Surabaya and Sidoarjo, East Java.

Malaysia

 * The Penchala Interchange between Damansara-Shah Alam Elevated Expressway (DASH), Damansara-Puchong Expressway (LDP) and Sprint Expressway (Penchala Link). The interchange also links to local roads to Damansara Perdana, Mutiara Damansara and Kampung Penchala.

New Zealand

 * Central Motorway Junction, the intersection of New Zealand State Highway 1 and Highway 16, as well as several separate on-and off-ramp clusters, south of the city centre of Auckland.

South Africa

 * EB Cloete Interchange, the intersection of the N2 and N3 freeways in Durban.

United Kingdom

 * Gravelly Hill Interchange, which the phrase "Spaghetti Junction" originated from, is the five-level intersection of the M6 motorway (Junction 6), A38(M) motorway, A38 road and A5127 road above a railway line, three canals and a river in Birmingham. The phrase comes from the birds-eye view of the road, with the roads interconnecting.
 * Worsley Braided Interchange, between the M60 (formerly M62), M61, A580 and A666(M), between Manchester and Bolton, which opened in 1970.

Alabama

 * Downtown Birmingham

California

 * MacArthur Maze, in Oakland, also called the "Distribution Structure", connects I-80 west, I-80 east / I-580 west, I-580 east to SR-24 / I-980, and I-880 south.

Florida

 * Golden Glades Interchange, in Miami Gardens and North Miami Beach, connects U.S. Route 441 (US 441), Florida's Turnpike, the Palmetto Expressway (signed State Road 826), SR 9, North Miami Beach Boulevard (NW 167th Street) and Interstate 95 (I-95).

Georgia

 * Tom Moreland Interchange, the interchange of I-85 and I-285 as well as US 23/SR 13 (Buford Highway), Chamblee-Tucker Road and Northcrest Road in DeKalb County just outside Atlanta.

Illinois

 * Jane Byrne Interchange, locally known as "the spaghetti bowl", is the intersection of the Kennedy Expressway, the Dan Ryan Expressway, the Eisenhower Expressway, and Ida B. Wells Drive just southwest of downtown Chicago.

Indiana

 * The concurrency between Interstate 65 and Interstate 70 in Indianapolis, particularly at the "North Split."

Kentucky

 * Kennedy Interchange, the intersection of I-64, I-65, and I-71 at the northeastern edge of Downtown Louisville.

Massachusetts

 * The South Bay Interchange between I-90 (Massachusetts Turnpike) and I-93/US 1/MA 3 in Boston.

Minnesota

 * The intersection of I-94, I-35, US 12, US 52 and MN-55 at the southeastern edge of Downtown Minneapolis.
 * The "Can of Worms" interchange in Duluth, between I-35 and US 53/I-535.

Missouri

 * The Downtown Loop interchange of 23 exits, four Interstate Highways, four U.S. Highways and numerous city streets in downtown Kansas City, Missouri.

Nevada

 * Henderson Spaghetti Bowl (or the "Hender-Bender") in Henderson (I-11/US 93/US 95, I-215, Lake Mead Parkway)
 * Las Vegas Spaghetti Bowl, the interchange of I-15, I-11, US 93 and US 95 in Downtown Las Vegas, which also includes access to/from Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard.
 * Reno Spaghetti Bowl, the interchange of I-80, I-580 and US 395 in Reno, which also includes access to/from Battle Born Way (formerly Kietzke Lane) and East 4th Street and Prater Way in Sparks.

New Jersey

 * Exit 53 on I-80 where the highway meets with US 46 and Route 23

Pennsylvania

 * The intersection of I-81 and Route 22

Tennessee

 * Malfunction Junction, the interchange between I-275 (formerly I-75) and I-40 in Knoxville, Tennessee
 * The interchange between I-65 and I-440 in Nashville.

Texas

 * Spaghetti Bowl, where I-45, Allen Parkway, Memorial Drive, Houston Avenue, McKinney Street, Dallas Street, and Pierce Street meet in Downtown Houston.
 * Spaghetti Bowl, where I-10, I-110, and US 54 meet just east of Downtown El Paso, Texas.

Utah

 * Spaghetti Bowl, where I-15, I-80, and State Route 201 meet in the cities of Salt Lake City and South Salt Lake. This interchange also has access to 2100 South and 900 West.

title: Spaghetti junction


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User:Tkhobbes~enwiki

Thomas Keller, born 1975 in Basel/Switzerland, now working for a large IT-company.

I am just another one of those that intend to do something on Wikipedia sometimes - perhaps in the future... I like the idea of Wikipedia, though... :)

My main interests are computers (history, technology, services, games), Internet (history, webpage-design in HTML and PHP), media philosophy (list of important philosophers to follow...), movies (science fiction, fantasy, comedies), books (Tolkien, thrillers), myths (King Arthur, Greek mythology).

title: User:Tkhobbes~enwiki


text:
Foo-foo

Foo-Foo may refer to:

 * Foo-Foo, a fictional poodle belonging to Miss Piggy on The Muppet Show
 * Foo Foo, a fictional poodle belonging to Walter the Softy in the Beano
 * "Foo Foo", a song by Santana from their album Shaman
 * Foo-foo band, a nautical term meaning an impromptu musical band on a ship
 * Foo Foo, a television animation series by Halas and Batchelor Cartoon Films, 1959-1960
 * Foo Foo Lammar, a British drag queen and nightclub owner
 * Fufu, a staple food in much of Africa
 * Fufu (dog) (1998–2015), the former pet poodle of the Thai Crown Prince

title: Foo-foo


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Visual User Environment

Visual User Environment (VUE or HP VUE) is a discontinued desktop environment developed by Hewlett-Packard, intended for use on Unix workstations. VUE is based on the Motif widget toolkit and targets the X Window System.

VUE is a precursor to Common Desktop Environment (CDE), which was also based on Motif.

History

Work began on VUE in 1988 at Apollo Computer for use with Domain/OS, as an alternative to Apollo's standard DM and wmgr.

Shortly later, HP acquired Apollo, where they released the first version of VUE for Domain/OS, and then went on to modify VUE for use with HP-UX.

 * VUE 1.0 – Released with Domain/OS SR10.4
 * VUE 1.1
 * VUE 2.0 – Released for HP-UX
 * VUE 2.0.1
 * VUE 3.0 – Released with HP-UX 9.0 in 1992

According to an article published in the Hewlett-Packard Journal, the look and feel of HP-VUE was used when developing the Common Desktop Environment (CDE):

"HP is one of four sponsor companies that contributed key technologies and helped to develop CDE (Common Desktop Environment). CDE's consistent look and feel is based on HP's proven and accepted HP VUE technology."

After its release, HP endorsed CDE as the new standard desktop for Unix, and provided documentation and software for migrating VUE customizations to CDE.

title: Visual User Environment


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Effigies

Effigies was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE THEN RECREATE AS REDIRECT

Reasoning as above for Subverts. Deb 11:33, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete: Two ep's and no indication of influence.  Too obscure and minor. Geogre 18:27, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Effigy. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:09, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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User:Dave souza

 * What we won't do is pretend that the work of lunatic charlatans is the equivalent of "true scientific discourse." It isn't.

Bio
dave was a fairly upright character, generally well respected as a local authority architect whose designs were well liked and who was tactful with contractors, including the odd one who gave cowboys a bad name. He retired and for diversion bought a laptop to begin browsing the internets. This was kept reasonably in check, but then a friend requested information on kilts and he incautiously looked up the History of Scotland.

He fell prey to the Demon Wikipedia...
 * cue The Kinks "old demon alcohol"

Irked by a slight to his Votadini nationalism he wrote of them and their other guise as the Gododdin, then put together pages on prehistoric Scotland and related minor articles. Soon he was off on the PS Waverley and other steamboats including the fabled Vital Spark, and dabbling in Jacobitism. Flattered by well meaning compliments on Doune castle and the visit of King George IV to Scotland as well as the buzz of cheap vanity publishing, his condition worsened.

Irritated by something in the Charles Darwin article which didn't fit with his memory of a library book, he borrowed the book and was soon involved in extensive revisions of the page and adding related articles. Nine months later he was still renewing the book and distilling its goodness into offshoots like the "the Devil's Chaplain" while frantically editing related texts like Radicalism. He strayed into the history of creationism leading to an unhealthy fascination with the great intelligent design con. Soon he was spending sunny days when he should have been out mowing the lawn hunched over his laptop, as each edit spawned innumerable corrections to other articles or new red links demanding to be fed.

 * cue Ry Cooder "I'm drinking again"

Things took a turn for the worse when a "sysop" who had befriended him in the early days offered to nominate him as an admin. Flattered, he acceded to the request, even vowing to spend more time on much needed janny duties. Incautiously, he revived someone's old nomination of Charles Darwin as a featured article candidate, and was shocked to find that his repeated cropping had left a staccato style that was little liked. Fortunately a wizard from Oz began helping to edit Communicative musicality into the blighted text. While many favoured his move to admin, others mercilessly pointed out his flaws.

In the heat of the gruelling RfA process he'd promised to spend more time on fighting back the ravening hordes with nothing better to do than splatter graffiti over articles or try to reinvent history. A wise guru cautioned, assuring him that there was a place for admins as a background resource who didn't get bogged down in doing day to day mopping. So, heeding this, he instead used his experience of contractual hassles to try to calm such ferocious battlegrounds as the British Isles. After indulging in a digital camera he took far too many pics around Gourock, foraying further afield to Mackintosh's Ruchill Church Hall and the redoubtable Kate Cranston's tearooms, as well as Bud Neill's monumental two-legged equestrian statue. The Tiktaalik news spawned the famous fishapods image, and awoke the living fossil Bishapod!!!

Well, after more than a year of dave being made an admin, a couple of kindly souls prodded him to get Charles Darwin up to scratch, and did an enormous amount of work getting everything (and more) fully referenced using an amazing new inline citation standard. Harvard style, which presumably means blazers, baggy trousers and crewcuts. And it worked! Charles Darwin is much improved, and now has a wee gold star!

 * don't miss the next exciting episode (if dave can find time to edit this)

disclaimer: dave did nothing to edit The Kinks, Ry Cooder or Flying Spaghetti Monsterism, but likes them anyway

Barnstars
Nice work! —Pengo 06:39, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Re: this comment - It made me laugh so hard, I'm giving you one of the most sought-after award on Wikipedia - Raul's Brick 'O Common Sense Raul654 (talk) 19:18, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Links
sco, meta rfc
 * Welcoming committee
 * List of policies
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Boilerplate request for permission
 * Boilerplate text
 * Brilliant prose
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Policy Library
 * Only make links that are relevant to the context
 * Footnotes
 * Cite your sources,
 * Citation templates,
 * Template:Citation, Harvnb, Template:Sfn
 * Finding sources online

 * Template:Convert
 * Welcome template table, wm
 * Template messages/All
 * Template messages
 * Vandalism
 * Template:TestTemplates
 * Verifiability
 * Village pump
 * Wikiquette, Grey's law
 * Administrator Code of Conduct
 * Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents
 * Scottish Wikipedians' notice board/New articles
 * Suspected sock puppet report or possibly a Request for checkuser.
 * Nixon on climate change September 1969

Policies
User:Antandrus/observations on Wikipedia behavior

Did you know/Darwin Day 2009

Plinian Society

William A.F. Browne

User:dave souza/John Brodie Innes

User:dave souza/Reception of the Origin

User:dave souza/Sandbox/Fertilisation of Orchids

User:dave souza/Sandbox/Fertilisation of Orchids quality restoration

User:dave souza/Great Hippocampus Question

User:dave souza/Fort Matilda

User:dave souza/History of the science GW / ACC

User:dave souza/HSC

title: User:Dave souza


text:
Category talk:Air forces

shouldn't all these subcategories just be articles in this category?? Alex.tan 11:41, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Discussion from CfD
This is an old discussion from Categories for deletion. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah ")]] 23:01, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Airforce categories
Many of the categories are unnecessary and should be deleted until they do become necessary. (deleted list of deleted categories) There are probably a few more of these I didn't get to. Some of the "Military of ..." categories may be questionable due to the small number of articles, but I left them and only went for the sure bets.

 * C'mon, there are plenty more articles to come on the world-renowned Bangladesh Air Force... ; ) Postdlf 04:02, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * World-renowned what? :-)  —Mike 04:52, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, eventually we should have a List of aircraft of the Bangladesh Air Force, to parallel the other inventory lists we have, as well as squadron articles. But I guess the category can wait till they appear... --Rlandmann 04:35, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Still I think it takes more than two articles to make a subcategory! —Mike 04:52, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

I guess I'm an eventualist when it comes to categorisation. Even the smallest air forces have the potential for several articles. Category:Bangladesh Air Force should eventually hold (at least): 3 current bases (and maybe other historic ones) Other facilities, eg: Squadrons (just the ones I could easily find on-line - this implies at least 19 more...)
 * List of aircraft of the Bangladesh Air Force
 * Bashar AB
 * Matiur Rahman AB
 * Zahurul Haque AB
 * Bangladesh Air Force Academy
 * No. 5 Squadron Bangladesh Air Force
 * No. 21 Squadron Bangladesh Air Force

--Rlandmann 05:24, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Well hell. Keep, in that case.  I agree, categories should be kept if they will eventually be filled—it looks like I need to be even more careful in my assumptions about what has the potential.  Postdlf 06:11, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm responsible for creating many of the Military of categories. My thinking at the time was that eventually they would have to be created in an ideal world, and that they are a standard part of the article structure for country articles. David Newton 08:59, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't really have much of a complaint with the military categories. However some countries only have the single air force article, and that's not much to create a new category.  But I could see a lot of room for expansion in this area.
 * Because Category:Air forces is a member of Category:Militaries along with all the "Military of..." categories, I just don't see a great need for some of the air force categories at this time. When people eventually get around to writing the additional articles then they might be needed. —Mike 21:46, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Up until yesterday, air forces were organized in a consistent and logical manner as subcategories of "Category:Air forces" and of their relevant "Category:Military of XYZ" Now we've got some in their own category and some in their parent "Military" category. I preferred it when "Category:Air forces" listed all air forces in the same alphabetical list. --Rlandmann 08:42, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The parent articles of the Category:Air forces subcategories should be included in that category as well as their own subcategory, which would put them all in the same list. Postdlf 19:06, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I suggest we kill the subcategories for now but put the outlines of your consistent and logical scheme into the talk page for the master category(ies), or even onto that page or those pages themselves, to alert later editors so that if and when enough articles were later created to truly merit a new subcategory, it could be created consistently with the system. That way, the system survives, but without premature category clutter.--Gary D 19:45, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

OK, so what's the minimum number of articles needed to keep these categories? I'll be happy to contribute them. --Rlandmann 22:20, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I would say ten to fifteen articles is a good category justification. --Gary D 19:45, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I would say 3 or 4 articles are enough to justify a subcategory, especially if the parent category is cluttered. I endorse the delete but document proposal. A link to any categorization scheme guidelines should probably be added to Categorization projects (current) and possibly an appropriate WikiProject. -- Beland 01:00, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

usefulness of category
This category is useful is someone is reading and wants to read about different air forces. Quite a few air forces were missing so I added the category to several national air force articles. Archtransit 21:28, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Air forces


text:
Xploding Plastix

Xploding Plastix is a Norwegian electronic music duo, consisting of Jens Petter Nilsen and Hallvard Wennersberg Hagen.

Biography
Jens Petter Nilsen and Hallvard Wennersberg Hagen (formerly in Norwegian black metal band Kvist) formed the group in early 1999, and submitted their first demotape in 2000. Their song, "Treat Me Mean, I need the Reputation" became an instant classic when it was released as a 7" on Beatservice Records in 2000. It was later re-released in 2002 on Hospital Records and championed by LTJ Bukem, Coldcut, and Grooverider. Their first album, Amateur Girlfriends Go Proskirt Agents, was released in 2001 on Beatservice, and re-issued in 2004 by Palm Pictures.

Since the release of The Donca Matic Singalongs album in 2003, they have been busy working with music for short films, movies, and TV- and radio-productions. They have also collaborated with the Kronos Quartet who have performed their three movement composition, The Order on Things: Music for the Kronos Quartet. They have also worked in the collaboration project Piston Ltd who released the album Domestic Engine in 2007. They also have a side project, The Electones.

Xploding Plastix released a new album in September 2008 entitled Treated Timber Resists Rot on Beatservice Records. This was accompanied by a revisited re-release of The Donca Matic Singalongs which was not originally distributed outside of Scandinavia, and a new EP called Devious Dan featuring tracks from previous music videos.

Honors

 * 2003: Spellemannprisen in the category Elektronika, for the album The Benevolent Volume Lurkings

Discography

 * Albums
 * 2001: Amateur Girlfriends Go Proskirt Agents, CD/LP (Beatservice Records)
 * 2003: The Donca Matic Singalongs, CD/LP (Columbia Records)
 * 2004: Amateur Girlfriends, CD/LP (Palm Beats)
 * 2008: Treated Timber Resists Rot, CD/LP (Beatservice Records)
 * 2009: The Donca Matic Singalongs Revisited, CD/LP (Beatservice Records)
 * 2023: This Is Accurate, CD/LP (Beatservice Records)

 * Singles and EPs
 * 2000: Treat me mean, I need the reputation, 7" (Beatservice Records)
 * 2001: Doubletalk, EP 12" (Beatservice Records)
 * 2001: Behind the Eightball, EP (Beatservice Records)
 * 2002: Plastic Surgery LP 3 Sampler side A, 12" (Hospital Records NHS42)
 * 2003: The Benevolent Volume Lurkings, EP (Columbia Records)
 * 2003: Geigerteller, Single (Sony Music Entertainment, Norway)
 * 2004: The Rebop By Proxy EP, EP (Palm Beats)
 * 2010: Devious Dan EP, EP (Beatservice Records)
 * 2023: Frugality Inertia, Single (Beatservice Records)
 * 2023: Average Agreeableness, Single (Beatservice Records)
 * 2023: Optimal Meat To Bread Ratio, Single (Beatservice Records)
 * 2023: More Espresso, Less Depresso, Single (Beatservice Records)
 * 2024: I Would Prefer Not To, Single (Beatservice Records)

title: Xploding Plastix


text:
Talk:FSC

Note that 'samochod' means 'vehicle', not car. In English, car (or carriage) has generally been used to describe passenger carrying vehicles, other vehicles have their own specific vocab such as 'truck', 'van', 'wagon' etc. :-)

title: Talk:FSC


text:
Hawkesley

Hawkesley is an area of Birmingham, England. It is part of 'The Three Estates', the housing estates Hawkesley, Pool Farm, and Primrose. These are to the south of (and effectively sub-areas of) Kings Norton. The Ordnance Survey grid reference is SP0477.

Historically in Worcestershire, Hawkesley was an important area of action during the English Civil War particularly around Hawkesley Farm which is situated further towards Longbridge site of the famous motor works.

Wast Hill Tunnel, on the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, passes beneath the area.

The Three Estates New Deal for Communities in place since 2001 has encouraged urban regeneration.

UK artists Gavin Wade and Alec Finlay working with poet Paul Conneally were commissioned to make public art in Hawkesley and as part of the work organised community Renga workshops across the Three Estates making a unique piece that forms part of Wade's huge Strategic Questions piece. The piece being co-funded by the Three Estates New Deal for Communities and Birmingham City Council.

title: Hawkesley


text:
Flash drama

Flash drama is a type of theatrical play that does not exceed ten minutes in duration, hence the name. Groups of four to six flash drama plays are popular with school, university and community drama companies since they offer a wide variety of roles and situations in a single performance.

There are no set rules for flash plays but the typical play has certain characteristics, such as:
 * Consisting of one act
 * Utilising one to three characters
 * Simple, if any, set design

title: Flash drama


text:
Ravnedalen

Ravnedalen may refer to:

 * Ravnedalen, Kristiansand is a park in Kristiansand, Norway
 * Ravnedalen on the island Bornholm, Denmark

title: Ravnedalen


text: Category:Marshall County, Minnesota

title: Category:Marshall County, Minnesota


text:
Letty Aronson

Ellen Letty Aronson (née Konigsberg; born November 30, 1943) is an American film producer. She is the younger sister of writer and director Woody Allen.

Personal life
Aronson was born Ellen Letty Konigsberg in 1943 in New York City, to Nettie (née Cherry) and Martin Königsberg, and was raised in Midwood, Brooklyn, New York. Her older brother is writer and director Woody Allen. Aronson comes from a Jewish family; her grandparents were from Lithuania and Austria. She was educated at Brooklyn College and New York University. Aronson was married to Sidney Aronson, an elementary school principal in Brooklyn who died in 2002. They had three children together, Christopher, Erika, and Alexa.

Career
She has produced many of her brother Woody Allen's films including Bullets over Broadway (1994), Mighty Aphrodite (1995), Deconstructing Harry (1997), Celebrity (1998), The Curse of the Jade Scorpion (2001), Anything Else (2003), Melinda and Melinda (2004), Match Point (2005), Scoop (2006), Cassandra's Dream (2007), Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008), Whatever Works (2009), You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger (2010), Midnight in Paris (2011), To Rome with Love (2012), and Blue Jasmine (2013).

title: Letty Aronson


text:
Category:Universities in Singapore

This category is for universities in Singapore.

title: Category:Universities in Singapore


text:
Degree

Degree may refer to:

As a unit of measurement

 * Degree (angle), a unit of angle measurement
 * Degree of geographical latitude
 * Degree of geographical longitude
 * Degree symbol (°), a notation used in science, engineering, and mathematics
 * Degree (temperature), any of various units of temperature measurement
 * Degree API, a measure of density in the petroleum industry
 * Degree Baumé, a pair of density scales
 * Degree Brix, a measure of sugar concentration
 * Degree Gay-Lussac, a measure of the alcohol content of a liquid by volume, ranging from 0° to 100°
 * Degree proof, or simply proof, the alcohol content of a liquid, ranging from 0° to 175° in the UK, and from 0° to 200° in the U.S.
 * Degree of curvature, a unit of curvature measurement, used in civil engineering
 * Degrees of freedom (mechanics), the number of displacements or rotations needed to define the position and orientation of a body
 * Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry), a concept describing dependence on a countable set of parameters
 * Degree of frost, a unit of temperature measurement
 * Degrees Lintner, a measure of enzymatic activity
 * Degrees Lovibond, a measure of transparency
 * Degree of unsaturation, in organic chemistry, also known as the index of hydrogen deficiency or rings plus double bonds
 * dGH, degrees of general hardness of water
 * Degree of carbonate hardness of water (degree KH)

In mathematics

 * Degree of a polynomial, the exponent of its term with the highest exponent
 * Degree of a field extension
 * Degree of an algebraic number field, its degree as a field extension of the rational numbers
 * Degree of an algebraic variety
 * Degree (graph theory), or valency, the number of edges incident to a vertex of a graph
 * Degree of a continuous mapping, a generalization of winding number
 * Degrees of freedom, the number of parameters of a system that may vary independently
 * Degree of a character in representation theory
 * Degree of unsolvability in recursion theory
 * Degree of a central simple algebra
 * Degree of a permutation group, the number of elements that are permuted
 * Degree of a differential equation, the power of the highest derivative therein
 * Degree of a $n$th root

In education
Academic degree, an academic rank, title or award
 * Substantive degree ranks from lowest to highest
 * Foundation degree
 * Associate's degree
 * Bachelor's degree
 * Master's degree
 * Doctorate
 * Particular degrees (focus or method)
 * Engineer's degree
 * Specialist degree
 * Lambeth degree
 * External degree
 * Microdegree
 * Honorary degrees
 * Ad eundem degree
 * Honorary degree

Vocational degree, an award in vocational education

Other measures

 * Degree (music), identification of a note in a scale by its relation to the tonic
 * Degree of inventiveness in inventions and patents
 * Degree of separation in connectivity between groups (first degree is closest)
 * Degree of relationship, in kinship between individuals (first degree is closest)
 * Consanguinity, or level of kinship
 * Comparison (grammar) - degrees of comparison include positive, comparative, and superlative (e.g. "good", "better", and "best", respectively)
 * The severity of a crime, e.g., first degree murder (first degree is worst)
 * The intensity of a burn (the higher the worse)
 * A level of initiation, often used in fraternal organizations
 * A ranking of black belt, in certain martial arts

People

 * Asha Jaquilla Degree (born 1990), an American child who went missing in 2000

Brands

 * Da Degrees, Canadian record label and hip hop collective
 * Degree (deodorant), a brand of antiperspirant

Other uses

 * Degree (freemasonry)
 * Degree of Knights Templar (Freemasonry), a special case of a degree in freemasonry

title: Degree


text:
Scorzonera

Scorzonera is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.

Species of the genus are found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Its center of diversity is in the Mediterranean.

Scorzonera is recorded as a food plant for the larva of the nutmeg, a species of moth.

Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Scorzonera:

 * Scorzonera adilii A.Duran
 * Scorzonera alaica Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera alba R.R.Stewart
 * Scorzonera albertoregelia C.Winkl.
 * Scorzonera albicaulis Bunge
 * Scorzonera alborzensis S.R.Safavi & Amini Rad
 * Scorzonera alpigena (K.Koch) Grossh.
 * Scorzonera angustifolia L.
 * Scorzonera aniana N.Kilian
 * Scorzonera argyrea Boiss.
 * Scorzonera aristata Ramond ex DC.
 * Scorzonera armeniaca (Boiss. & A.Huet) Boiss.
 * Scorzonera bicolor Freyn & Sint.
 * Scorzonera boissieri Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera bracteosa C.Winkl.
 * Scorzonera bungei Krasch. & Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera bupleurifolia Pouzolz ex Timb.-Lagr. & Jeanb.
 * Scorzonera calcitrapifolia Vahl
 * Scorzonera cana (C.A.Mey.) Hoffm.
 * Scorzonera charadzae Papava
 * Scorzonera coriacea A.Duran & Aksoy
 * Scorzonera crassicaulis Rech.f.
 * Scorzonera curvata (Popl.) Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera deliciosa Guss. ex DC.
 * Scorzonera dianthoides (Lipsch. & Krasch.) Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera drarii V.Tackh.
 * Scorzonera ekimii A.Duran
 * Scorzonera ferganica Krasch.
 * Scorzonera fistulosa Brot.
 * Scorzonera flaccida Rech.f.
 * Scorzonera franchetii Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera gageoides Boiss.
 * Scorzonera glabra Rupr.
 * Scorzonera gokcheoglui Ünal & Göktürk
 * Scorzonera gorovanica Nazarova
 * Scorzonera grigoraschvilii (Sosn.) Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera grossheimii Lipsch. & Vassilcz.
 * Scorzonera grubovii Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera helodes Rech.f.
 * Scorzonera hondae Kitam.
 * Scorzonera humilis L.
 * Scorzonera idae (Sosn.) Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera iliensis Krasch.
 * Scorzonera isophylla Post
 * Scorzonera ispahanica Boiss.
 * Scorzonera joharchii S.R.Safavi
 * Scorzonera karabelensis Parolly & N.Kilian
 * Scorzonera karkasensis Safavi
 * Scorzonera kirpicznikovii Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera kozlowskyi Sosn. ex Grossh.
 * Scorzonera kurtii Yıld.
 * Scorzonera lacera Boiss. & Balansa
 * Scorzonera lachnostegia (Woronow) Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera laciniata L.
 * Scorzonera limnophila Boiss.
 * Scorzonera lindbergii Rech.f.
 * Scorzonera luntaiensis C.Shih
 * Scorzonera mariovoensis Micevski
 * Scorzonera meshhedensis (Rech.f.) Rech.f.
 * Scorzonera meyeri (K.Koch) Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera microcalathia (Rech.f.) Rech.f.
 * Scorzonera nivalis Boiss. & Hausskn.
 * Scorzonera pacis Güzel, Kayıkçı & S.Yıldız
 * Scorzonera pamirica C.Shih
 * Scorzonera paradoxa Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex DC.
 * Scorzonera parviflora Jacq.
 * Scorzonera persepolitana Boiss.
 * Scorzonera persica Boiss. & Buhse
 * Scorzonera petrovii Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera pratorum (Krasch.) Stankov
 * Scorzonera pulchra Lomak.
 * Scorzonera purpurea L.
 * Scorzonera racemosa Franch.
 * Scorzonera radiata Fisch. ex Ledeb.
 * Scorzonera radicosa Boiss.
 * Scorzonera renzii Rech.f.
 * Scorzonera rosea Waldst. & Kit.
 * Scorzonera rupicola Hausskn.
 * Scorzonera safievii Grossh.
 * Scorzonera schischkinii Lipsch. & Vassilcz.
 * Scorzonera schweinfurthii Boiss.
 * Scorzonera scopariiformis Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera scyria M.A.Gust. & Snogerup
 * Scorzonera sericeolanata (Bunge) Krasch. & Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera serpentinica Rech.f.
 * Scorzonera sinensis (Lipsch. & Krasch.) Nakai
 * Scorzonera songorica (Kar. & Kir.) Lipsch. & Vassilcz.
 * Scorzonera subaphylla Boiss.
 * Scorzonera sublanata Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera tadshikorum Krasch. & Lipsch.
 * Scorzonera taiwanensis S.S.Ying
 * Scorzonera tragopogonoides Regel & Schmalh.
 * Scorzonera transiliensis Popov
 * Scorzonera tuberculata J.Thiébaut
 * Scorzonera tunicata Rech.f. & Köie
 * Scorzonera turkestanica Franch.
 * Scorzonera tuzgoluensis A.Duran, B.Doğan & Makbul
 * Scorzonera vavilovii Kult.
 * Scorzonera veratrifolia Fenzl
 * Scorzonera verrucosa Boiss.
 * Scorzonera virgata DC.
 * Scorzonera wendelboi Rech.f.
 * Scorzonera xylobasis Rech.f.
 * Scorzonera yemensis Podlech
 * Scorzonera yildirimlii A.Duran & Hamzaoğlu
 * Scorzonera zorkunensis Coșkunç. & Makbul

Etymology
One possible origin of the genus name is the French scorzonère ("viper's grass").

Secondary metabolites
Some Scorzonera species contain lactones, including members of the guaianolide class of sesquiterpene lactones. Flavonoids found in Scorzonera include apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin. Other secondary metabolites reported from the genus include caffeoylquinic acids, coumarins, lignans, stilbenoids, and triterpenoids. One unique class of stilbenoid derivative was first isolated from Scorzonera humilis. They were named the tyrolobibenzyls after Tyrol in the eastern Alps, where the plant was collected.

title: Scorzonera


text: User talk:80.129.164.142

title: User talk:80.129.164.142


text: Category:Martin County, Minnesota

title: Category:Martin County, Minnesota


text:
Cryptocoryne

Cryptocoryne is a genus of aquatic plants from the family Araceae. The genus is naturally distributed in tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia and New Guinea.

The typical habitats of Cryptocoryne are mostly streams and rivers with not too rapidly flowing water, in the lowland forest. They also live in seasonally inundated forest pools or on river banks submerged only at high water. The English common name "water trumpet" refers to their inflorescence, a spadix enclosed by a spathe (typical for the whole family), which resembles a trumpet. The genus is commonly referred to as to as Crypts by aquarium hobbyists.

Taxonomic history
The first Cryptocoryne species was described in 1779 as Arum spirale by Retzius. The genus was described by Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer in 1828. However, the scientific classification of Cryptocoryne species remains controversial.

Relationship with other genera of Araceae
Lagenandra is another genus closely related to the genus Cryptocoryne. The two can be easily told apart since the leaves of Cryptocoryne species exhibit convolute vernation whereas Lagenandra species exhibit involute vernation.

Etymology
The name Cryptocoryne is derived from the Greek crypto, hidden, and koryne, meaning club. The common name (water trumpet) refers to the shape of its inflorescence, which is typical of the Araceae family.

Cultivation and uses
Some Cryptocoryne are popular commercially cultivated aquarium plants. Submerged plants reproduce vegetatively, emerse plants may flower and reproduce sexually. Many species are cultivated only by dedicated experts and are very hard to grow, or are not present in a culture at all. Some species are endangered because their natural habitats are disappearing. On the other hand, some water trumpets (e.g. Cryptocoryne beckettii) are very hardy aquarium plants, easy to grow to the point that they have become an invasive species after being introduced in Florida in North America.

Cryptocoryne is either found in peat bogs or on limestone; the latter do well in most aquaria, the former must have soft water to survive and need decomposing beech leaf litter to do well. C. striolata, while found primarily in peat bogs, has also been found growing on limestone. Borneo is home to many endemic crypts previously thought to grow only in tea-colored soft acid water emulating peat bogs but exploration of habitats from 2005 to 2010 showed about half grew on limestone as well. These hardwater Cryptocorynes are generally the easier ones to keep (in fact, some species, such as Cryptocoryne wendtii are said to be among the most versatile of aquarium plants); they tolerate low or bright light but grow faster in more intense light. This water plant's range is around 12 to 33 °C, and slightly alkaline to neutral pH.

Plants of the genus Cryptocoryne, which range from India to New Guinea are found in very diverse conditions. Some are true acid loving plants such as C. pallidnerva, found in peat bogs in Borneo, while others such as ''C. crispatula var. balansae and C. pontiderifolia'' are found in streams with limestone beds—hard alkaline water. One species, C. ciliata is even found in semi-brackish water in some areas. It is one of the few aquarium plants that tolerates salt concentrations.

Cryptocoryne plants have been in cultivation in the aquarium hobby since the late 18th century, although it was not until the 1960s that more than a handful of species was known and became more common in the hobby. New species still regularly crop up as interest in these plants widens and more collecting expeditions by private parties are carried out.

Crypt Melt
A phenomenon often encountered when planting new crypts in an aquarium is commonly called Crypt melt, whereby the plant loses all its leaves. There seem to be two possible causes for this.

Rapid environmental change is thought to trigger this, as these plants do not seem to adapt well to transplantion, and may need 30 days or so to become established and for the leaves to regrow. Experienced growers report that it is better to plant crypts in aquariums that have been established for at least three months.

In the wild, crypts can grow fully submerged underwater, but in some plant nurseries they are often grown emersed and crypt melt could then be triggered by the change from emerse to submerse conditions.

There is lately a trend for such nurseries to send crypts as just a rootstock (i.e. without the leaves) to reduce shipping costs and because the leaves will be lost anyway once planted in an aquarium.

Other reports emphasise the need to change the aquarium water regularly to prevent the buildup of nitrates which are thought to trigger this condition (often referred to as a disease).

Species

 * 1) Cryptocoryne affinis N.E.Br. in J.D.Hooker - Thailand, Malaysia
 * 2) Cryptocoryne alba de Wit - Sri Lanka
 * 3) Cryptocoryne albida R.Parker - southern China, eastern India, Bangladesh, Indochina
 * 4) Cryptocoryne annamica Serebryanyi - Vietnam
 * 5) Cryptocoryne aponogetifolia Merr. - Philippines
 * 6) Cryptocoryne aura  - West kalimantan
 * 7) Cryptocoryne auriculata Engl. - Sarawak, Philippines
 * 8) Cryptocoryne bangkaensis Bastm. - Sumatra
 * 9) Cryptocoryne beckettii Thuill. ex Trim. - Sri Lanka; naturalized in Texas
 * 10) Cryptocoryne bogneri Rataj - Sri Lanka
 * 11) Cryptocoryne bullosa Becc. - Sarawak
 * 12) Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) Schott - India, Bangladesh, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines
 * 13) Cryptocoryne cognata Schott - India
 * 14) Cryptocoryne consobrina Schott - India
 * 15) Cryptocoryne cordata var. cordata Griff. - Malaysia
 * 16) Cryptocoryne cordata var. siamensis Griff. - Thai
 * 17) Cryptocoryne cordata var. diderici Griff. - Sumatra
 * 18) Cryptocoryne cordata var. grandis Ridl. - Northeast Borneo
 * 19) Cryptocoryne cordata var. grabowskii Engl. - South Kalimantan
 * 20) Cryptocoryne cordata var. zonata de Wit. - Sri Aman
 * 21) Cryptocoryne coronata Bastm. & Wijng. - Philippines
 * 22) Cryptocoryne crispatula var. crispatula Engl. - Southeast Asia
 * 23) Cryptocoryne cruddasiana Prain - Myanmar
 * 24) Cryptocoryne decus-silvae de Wit - Johor
 * 25) Cryptocoryne dewitii N.Jacobsen - Papua New Guinea
 * 26) Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar. edithiae de Wit  - South Kalimantan
 * 27) Cryptocoryne elliptica N.E.Br. - Malaysia
 * 28) Cryptocoryne ferruginea Engl. - Sarawak
 * 29) Cryptocoryne fusca de Wit - Borneo
 * 30) Cryptocoryne griffithii Schott - Kalimantan, Peninsular Malaysia
 * 31) Cryptocoryne hudoroi Bogner & N.Jacobsen - Kalimantan
 * 32) Cryptocoryne ideii Budianto - Kalimantan
 * 33) Cryptocoryne jacobsenii de Wit - Sumatra
 * 34) Cryptocoryne joshanii Naive & Villanueva - Philippines
 * 35) Cryptocoryne keei N.Jacobsen - Sarawak
 * 36) Cryptocoryne lingua Becc. ex Engl - Sarawak
 * 37) Cryptocoryne loeiensis  Bastm., T.Idei & N.Jacobsen - Laos, Thailand
 * 38) Cryptocoryne longicauda Becc. ex Engl. - Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra
 * 39) Cryptocoryne mekongensis T.Idei, Bastm. & N.Jacobsen - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand
 * 40) Cryptocoryne minima Ridl. - Malaysia, Sumatra
 * 41) Cryptocoryne moehlmannii de Wit - Sumatra
 * 42) Cryptocoryne nevillii Trimen - Sri Lanka
 * 43) Cryptocoryne noritoi Wongso - Kalimantan
 * 44) Cryptocoryne nurii var. nurii Furtado - Peninsular Malaysia
 * 45) Cryptocoryne nurii var. raubensis N.Jacobsen - Peninsular Malaysia
 * 46) Cryptocoryne pallidinervia Engl. - Borneo
 * 47) Cryptocoryne parva de Wit - Sri Lanka
 * 48) Cryptocoryne pontederiifolia Schott - Sumatra
 * 49) Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar. purpurea Ridl. - Peninsular Malaysia
 * 50) Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar. sarawakensis Yosuke Kobayashi - sarawak
 * 51) Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar. borneoensis  N.Jacobsen, Bastm. - Central Kalimantan
 * 52) Cryptocoryne pygmaea Merr. - Philippines
 * 53) Cryptocoryne retrospiralis  (Roxb.) Kunth - Bangladesh, India, Myanmar
 * 54) Cryptocoryne schulzei de Wit - Johor
 * 55) Cryptocoryne scurrilis de Wit - Sumatra
 * 56) Cryptocoryne sivadasanii Bogner - southern India
 * 57) Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz.) Fisch. ex Wydler - Bangladesh, India
 * 58) Cryptocoryne striolata Engl. - Borneo
 * 59) Cryptocoryne thwaitesii Schott - Sri Lanka
 * 60) Cryptocoryne timahensis Bastm. - Singapore   (C. cordata × C. nurii)
 * 61) Cryptocoryne uenoi Yuji Sasaki - Sarawak
 * 62) Cryptocoryne undulata Wendt - Sri Lanka
 * 63) Cryptocoryne usteriana Engl.  - Philippines
 * 64) Cryptocoryne versteegii Engl. - New Guinea
 * 65) Cryptocoryne vietnamensis I.Hertel & H.Mühlberg - Vietnam
 * 66) Cryptocoryne villosa N.Jacobsen - Sumatra
 * 67) Cryptocoryne walkeri Schott - Sri Lanka
 * 68) Cryptocoryne wendtii de Wit - Sri Lanka
 * 69) Cryptocoryne × willisii Reitz - Sri Lanka   (C. parva × C. walkeri)
 * 70) Cryptocoryne yujii Bastm. - Sarawak
 * 71) Cryptocoryne zaidiana Ipor & Tawan - Sarawak
 * 72) Cryptocoryne zukalii Rataj - Peninsular Malaysia

title: Cryptocoryne


text:
Bharti Lok Lehar Party

Bharti Lok Lehar Party, political party in the Indian state of Punjab. The party was founded in February 2004, as a break-away from the Bahujan Samaj Party. The founders of BLLP had been leaders of the Democratic Bahujan Samaj Morcha, which had merged with BSP. The party works for the interests of dalits. The party leader is Manohar Lal Mahey.

title: Bharti Lok Lehar Party


text:
Littleton Waller Tazewell

Littleton Waller Tazewell (December 17, 1774 – May 6, 1860) was a Virginia lawyer, plantation owner, and politician who served as U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator and the 26th Governor of Virginia, as well as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates.

Early and family life
Tazewell, son of Henry Tazewell (1753-1799) and his wife Dorothy Elizabeth Waller (1754–77), was born in Williamsburg in the Colony of Virginia shortly before Christmas, 1774. His father was a clerk of the revolutionary conventions during the next two years. Although his mother died when he was a child, his maternal grandfather, lawyer Benjamin Waller, taught him Latin. Tazewell was privately tutored by John Wickham; he later graduated from the College of William and Mary at Williamsburg in 1791. He married Ann Stratton Nivison Tazewell (1785-1858), and they had at least six daughters and two sons, although only four daughters would survive their mother.

Career
After studying law, Tazewell was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1796 and commenced practice in James City County, Virginia. He was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates (a part-time position) representing James City County from 1798 to 1800, when he resigned to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Marshall in the Sixth United States Congress, serving in the federal legislature from November 26, 1800, to March 4, 1801. Politically, Tazewell was a Jeffersonian Republican, and upon the fissure of that party he associated with the Jacksonian Democrats.

Tazewell moved to Norfolk, Virginia in 1802. He represented Norfolk Borough in the General Assemblies of 1804–1805 and 1805–1806 but was replaced by William Newsum, Jr. in the Assembly of 1806-1806. Nonetheless, on July 5, 1807, he defused the impressment crisis involving the British HMS Leopard in Norfolk harbor and the USS Chesapeake and Norfolk mayor Richard E. Lee. Tazewell again represented James City County in the House of Delegates from 1809 until 1812. Norfolk voters elected him to represent the Borough again in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1816 to 1817. After the War of 1812, Tazewell, General Taylor, George Newton, and others also formed the Roanoke Commercial Company, designed to expand traffic through the Dismal Swamp Canal and allow goods from as far away as mountainous Bedford County to ship through Norfolk. Tazewell also served as one of the commissioners of claims under the treaty with Spain, which ceded Florida in 1821.

Virginia legislators elected Tazewell in 1824 to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John Taylor. Re-elected in 1829, he served from December 7, 1824, to July 16, 1832, when he resigned to become Virginia's governor, as discussed below. While in the Senate, Tazewell was President pro tempore of the Senate during the Twenty-second United States Congress and chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. His principal published work is Review of the Negotiations between the United States and Great Britain Respecting the Commerce of the Two Countries (1829).

Tazewell served as Norfolk's delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention in 1829–1830.

When the Whigs secured majorities in the Virginia Assembly for six years, they first elected the Old Republican as a Whig governor 1834–36. However, he resigned a year before his term ended. During his two years as governor, Tazewell had to address abolitionism. However, Nat Turner's revolt had occurred in 1831 while Tazewell was home from Washington (and caused him to neglect his plantations). He became an advocate of wholesale colonization and, as Governor, asked Virginia's legislature to formally request that Northern states suppress abolitionist groups and also asked Congress to suppress delivery of such literature through the U.S. Post Office. Tazewell's governorship was also marked by an expansion of the James River Canal, which was to connect to the Kanawha Canal and thus the Ohio River. Under his leadership, the Assembly instructed Virginia's U.S. Senators to support internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a national bank supporting Henry Clay's American System.

Following his term as governor, Tazewell retired from public life but received 11 electoral votes for vice-president in the election of 1840.

Tazewell owned plantations and enslaved persons in the Hampton Roads area. In the 1830 U.S. Federal Census, his Norfolk household included nine free white people (5 his children) and a dozen enslaved people. Although Virginia state slave censuses are not available online, and several federal census returns appear either missing or digitally misindexed, by 1860, his household included nine enslaved people (3 men, 5 women, and one 2-year-old boy) in Norfolk, and over 100 enslaved people across the Chesapeake Bay in Northampton County, Virginia (inherited through his wife).

Death and legacy
Governor Tazewell died a widower in Norfolk, Virginia, on May 6, 1860. Initially interred with his wife on his estate on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, he was re-interred in 1866 at Elmwood Cemetery in Norfolk.

Tazewell, Virginia, Tazewell County, Virginia and Tazewell County, Illinois are named in his honor and his father's honor, as are the cities of Tazewell and New Tazewell, Tennessee. A plaque remembering him stands at the corner of Tazewell and Granby streets in Norfolk, near the Tazewell Hotel and Suites, where his two-story house was located. His house, known as the Boush-Tazewell House, was completely dismantled and re-erected in its present location about three miles from its original site around 1902. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

Tazewell was the maternal grandfather of Littleton Waller Tazewell Bradford (1848–1918), a prominent Virginia politician and a founder of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity.

A building at the College of William and Mary is named in Tazewell's honor.

title: Littleton Waller Tazewell


text: User talk:194.27.49.1

title: User talk:194.27.49.1


text:
Lowsider

The lowsider or lowside is a type of motorcycle or bicycle crash usually occurring in a turn. It is caused when either the front or rear wheel slides out as a result of either too much braking into the corner, too much acceleration through or out of the corner, or too much speed carried into or through the corner for the available grip. It may also be caused by unexpected slippery or loose material (such as oil, water, dirt, gravel or leaves) on the road surface.

In the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and Australia it is referred to as a "lowside" rather than a "lowsider".

Causes of lowsider crashes
All horizontal forces occurring between the motorcycle and the road (such as accelerating, decelerating and steering) are transmitted by friction in the contact patches. There is a limited amount of force each contact patch can transmit before the tire begins to slide. Typically, the maximum force once sliding is slightly less than before sliding.

When travelling in a curve, the tires provide the centripetal force needed for the acceleration towards the center of the curve. The capsizing moment provided by gravity acting on the motorcycle's center of mass when leaning into a corner is balanced by a righting moment generated by centripetal forces in the contact patches when all is working correctly. If, having reached a given lean angle, the centripetal forces are reduced then the motorcycle increases its angle of lean until it touches the road surface, usually unseating the rider in the process.

Lowsiders are caused by exceeding the lateral friction limit or by exceeding the combined lateral/longitudinal friction limit in one or more of the following ways:

 * Braking force plus turning force exceeds friction available on either tire
 * Turning forces exceed the friction available on either tire
 * Acceleration force exceeds friction on the rear tire
 * Bodywork or peg hitting a road surface lifts the bike causing less friction on either wheel
 * Rapid deflation of one of the tires causes grip levels to reduce

Lowsider crashes are not usually caused by braking in a straight line in dry conditions. It is more likely that the rider will go over the handlebars through too much front wheel brake force or will lock the rear wheel resulting in a straight skid. The name derives from the fact that it is the low side of the motorcycle that hits the ground.

Injury risks
Riders are usually advised to do a lowsider rather than a highsider if neither can be avoided. The lowsider has the advantage of the motorcycle sliding before the rider, thus not threatening to crush them. Also, a lowsider tends to send the rider sliding across the road whereas a highsider is considered more severe as it violently throws the rider from the motorcycle with a higher probability of broken bones.

The main injury risks are:

 * Gravel rash due to sliding across the road surface at speed
 * Hitting traffic coming in the opposing lane
 * Impact injuries on the side the rider goes down (usually an elbow, shoulder or hip contusion, but the bike landing on an ankle can cause injuries, too)
 * Hitting static objects on the side of the road such as street furniture or signage

authors: The less mind, the more like-minded ones around

title: Lowsider


text:
Kitts Green

Kitts Green is an area of Birmingham, England, approximately 5 miles east of the city centre and on the borders of Tile Cross, Lea Village, Lea Hall, and Garretts Green. Historically in Worcestershire, close to the border with Warwickshire, Kitts Green dates back to when it was first mentioned in 1495 whereas Lea Village is first documented in 1275.

Kitts Green is served by services 14 (Birmingham to Chelmsley Wood via Alum Rock), service A9 from Kingshurst and Ilshaw Heath and service 72 from Chelmsley Wood to Solihull and service 97 from Birmingham to Chelmsley Wood via Bordesley Green. Services 14, 72 and 97 are operated by National Express West Midlands. Service A9 is operated by Stagecoach Midlands.

Roy Wood, co-founder of bands The Move, Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) and Wizzard, was born in Kitts Green in 1946.

Kitts Green was the site of BSA's research facility where David Garside developed the Norton Wankel rotary-engined motorcycles, such as the Norton Classic.

title: Kitts Green


text:
Chalazion

A chalazion (plural chalazia or chalazions) or meibomian cyst is not a cyst but a granuloma in the eyelid that results from a blocked meibomian gland. It typically occurs in the middle of the eyelid, red, and not painful. They tend to come on gradually over a few weeks.

A chalazion may occur following a stye or from hardened oils blocking the gland. The blocked gland is usually the meibomian gland, but can also be the gland of Zeis.

A stye and cellulitis may appear similar. A stye, however, is usually more sudden in onset, painful, and occurs at the edge of the eyelid. Cellulitis is also typically painful.

Treatment is initiated with warm compresses. In addition, antibiotic/corticosteroid eyedrops or ointment may be used. If this is not effective, injecting corticosteroids into the lesion may be tried. If large, incision and drainage may be recommended. While relatively common, the frequency of the condition is unknown. It is most common in people 30–50 years of age, and equally common in males and females. The term is from the Greek khalazion meaning "small hailstone".

Signs and symptoms

 * Painless swelling on the eyelid
 * Eyelid tenderness typically none-to-mild
 * Increased tearing
 * Heaviness of the eyelid
 * Redness of conjunctiva

Complications
A large chalazion can cause astigmatism due to pressure on the cornea.

As laser eye surgery involves shaping the cornea by burning parts of it away, weakening its structure, post-operation people can be left predisposed to deformation of the cornea from small chalazia.

Complications of corticosteroid injection include hypopigmentation and fat atrophy which is less likely to occur in conjunctival approach of injection.

A chalazion that reoccurs in the same area may rarely be a symptom of sebaceous carcinoma.

Diagnosis
A chalazion or meibomian cyst can sometimes be mistaken for a stye.

Differential diagnosis

 * Sebaceous gland adenoma
 * Sebaceous gland carcinoma
 * Sarcoid granuloma
 * Foreign body granuloma

General treatment
Chalazia will often disappear without further treatment within a few months, and virtually all will resorb within two years.

Healing can be facilitated by applying a moist warm compress to the affected eye for approximately 10–15 minutes, 4 times per day. This promotes opening, drainage, and healing by softening the hardened oil that is occluding the duct. In addition, it is helpful to scrub the lid margin (at the base of the eyelashes) with a washcloth and mild (baby) shampoo, which removes oily debris.

Topical antibiotic eye drops or ointment (e.g., chloramphenicol or fusidic acid) are sometimes used for the initial acute infection, but are otherwise of little value in treating a chalazion.

If they continue to enlarge or fail to settle within a few months, smaller lesions can be injected with a corticosteroid.

Larger ones can be surgically removed using local anesthesia. This is usually done from underneath the eyelid to avoid a scar on the skin. If the chalazion is located directly under the eyelid's outer tissue, however, an excision from above may be more advisable so as not to inflict any unnecessary damage on the lid itself. Eyelid epidermis usually mends well, without leaving any visible scar. Depending on the chalazion's texture, the excision procedure varies: while fluid matter can easily be removed under minimal invasion, by merely puncturing the chalazion and exerting pressure upon the surrounding tissue, hardened matter usually necessitates a larger incision, through which it can be scraped out. Any residual matter should be metabolized in the course of the subsequent healing process, generally aided by regular appliance of dry heat. The excision of larger chalazia may result in visible hematoma around the lid, which will wear off within three or four days, whereas the swelling may persist for longer. Chalazion excision is an ambulant treatment and normally does not take longer than fifteen minutes. Nevertheless, owing to the risks of infection and severe damage to the eyelid, such procedures should only be performed by a medical professional.

Chalazia may recur, and they will usually be biopsied to rule out the possibility of a tumour.

Antibiotic/corticosteroid eyedrops or ointment
A limited course of topical antibiotic/corticosteroid combination eyedrops or ointment such as tobramycin/dexamethasone may be effective in treating a chalazion.

Surgery

Chalazion surgery is a simple procedure that is generally performed as a day operation, and the person does not need to remain in the hospital for further medical care. The eyelid is injected with a local anesthetic, a clamp is put on the eyelid, then the eyelid is turned over, an incision is made on the inside of the eyelid, and the chalazion is drained and scraped out with a curette. A scar on the upper lid can cause discomfort as some people feel the scar as they blink. As surgery damages healthy tissue (e.g., by scarring tissue or possibly even causing blepharitis), given other options, less invasive treatment is preferable.

Chalazion removal surgery is performed under local or general anesthesia. Commonly, general anesthesia is administered in children to make sure they stay still and no injury to the eye occurs. Local anesthesia is used in adults and it is applied with a small injection into the eyelid. The discomfort of the injection is minimized with the help of an anesthetic cream, which is applied locally.

The chalazion can be removed in two ways, depending on the size of cyst. Relatively small chalazia are removed through a small cut at the back of the eyelid. The surgeon lifts the eyelid to access the back of its surface and makes an incision of approximately 3mm just on top of the chalazion. The lump is then removed, and pressure is applied for a few minutes to stop any oozing of blood that may occur because of the operation. Surgery of small chalazia does not require stitches, as the cut is at the back of the eyelid and therefore the cut cannot be seen, and the cosmetic result is excellent.

Larger chalazia are removed through an incision in front of the eyelid. Larger chalazia usually push on the skin of the eyelid, and this is the main reason why doctors prefer removing them this way. The incision is not usually larger than 3mm and it is made on top of the chalazion. The lump is removed and then pressure is applied to the incision to prevent oozing. This type of surgery is closed with very fine stitches. They are hardly visible and are usually removed within a week after the surgery has been performed. Although chalazia are rarely dangerous, it is common to send the chalazion or part of it to a laboratory to screen for cancer.

When surgery for a chalazion is considered, people who take aspirin or any other blood-thinning medications are advised to stop taking them one week prior to the procedure as they may lead to uncontrollable bleeding.

In rare cases, people are kept overnight in the hospital after chalazion surgery. This includes cases in which complications occurred and the person needs to be closely monitored. In most cases, however, people are able to go home after the operation has ended.

The recovery process is easy and quite fast. Most people with chalazion experience some very minor discomfort in the eye, which can be easily controlled by taking painkilling medication. People are, however, recommended to avoid getting water in the eye for up to 10 days after surgery. They may wash, bathe, or shower, but they must be careful to keep the area dry and clean. Makeup may be worn after at least one month post-operatively. People are recommended to not wear contact lenses in the affected eye for at least eight weeks to prevent infections and potential complications.

Commonly, people receive eye drops to prevent infection and swelling in the eye and pain medication to help them cope with the pain and discomfort in the eyelid and eye. One can use paracetamol (acetominophen) rather than aspirin to control the pain. Also, after surgery, a pad and protective plastic shield are used to apply pressure on the eye in order to prevent leakage of blood after the operation; this may be removed 6 to 8 hours after the procedure.

People who undergo chalazion surgery are normally asked to visit their eye surgeon for post-op follow-up three to four weeks after surgery has been performed.

Chalazion surgery is a safe procedure and complications seldom occur. Serious complications that require another operation are also very rare. Among potential complications, there are infection, bleeding, or the recurrence of the chalazion.

Steroid injection
Because the inflammatory cells of chalazia are sensitive to steroids, intralesional or subcutaneous injection of soluble steroids, commonly 0.1 to 0.2 ml of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) into the lesion's center one or two times, is one option. The success rate is in the 77% to 93% range. It carries a quite small risk of central retinal artery obstruction, focal depigmentation in dark-skinned patients, and inadvertent ocular penetration. It is considered a simple and effective treatment option, one with high success rates. It may give the same results as surgical treatment (I&C). Larger, long-standing lesions are best treated surgically. Considering the surgical risks, steroid injection is believed to be a safer procedure in marginal lesions and lesions close to lacrimal punctum.

One injection alone has a success rate of about 80%; if requested, a second injection can be given 1–2 weeks later.

Carbon dioxide laser
Chalazion excision using a CO2 laser is also a safer procedure, with minimal bleeding and no eye patching required.

title: Chalazion


text:
User talk:Roseba

Hey there, and welcome to wikipedia. I saw you made a neat little button at Image:Clark-sm.gif, however it's in GIF format and not PNG which yields the best compression and quaility for such images. See the Image use policy for more info. Anyway, welcome, if you feel lost there is the Tutorial you can go through or you can check out one of th open tasks:

Have fun, -- Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason   12:09, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)

Clark Democrats

 * Moved to User talk:Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason

License tagging for Image:Wes.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 12:06, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Roseba


text:
Category talk:Ophthalmology

2004 comment
Populated the category today. Alex.tan 12:13, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Possible subcategories
Looking at all the articles I can see a couple possible subcategories that could be implemented by those more knowledgeable than I: Category:Ophthalmological afflictions, Category:Ophthalmological treatments. --Hooperbloob 06:17, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm. Maybe. Looking at the article titles, it looks like most of them deal with various ophthalmological conditions. There are a few that deal with treatments, but just about as many deal with ophthalmological equipment (slit lamp, goggles, etc) and some deal with tests that ophthalmologists might use (electroretinogram, for instance). For the time being, I am fine leaving things the way they are, but if it grows too much more (i.e. gets a second page) then I would probably add subcats - if somebody doesn't beat me to it.

 * I think Category:Eye should be left to articles that deal with the anatomy of the eye and associated structures. --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 23:20, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I would agree with Barista, I've moved Meibomian gland, Chalazion and Uveitis accordingly. David Rubentalk 00:51, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

OK, now we have almost 200 articles, I think we can reconsider migrating some of them to subcategories. Category:Ophthalmological equipment ?--Hooperbloob 03:12, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Ophthalmology


text:
University of Antwerp

The University of Antwerp (Universiteit Antwerpen) is a major Belgian university located in the city of Antwerp. The official abbreviation is UAntwerp. The University of Antwerp has about 20,000 students, which makes it the third-largest university in Flanders. The University of Antwerp is characterised by its high standards in education, internationally competitive research and entrepreneurial approach. It was founded in 2003 after the merger of three smaller universities.

In September 2020, the University of Antwerp chose to start the new academic year with stricter coronavirus measures than those recommended by the government.

Origins
The university's roots go back to Sint-Ignatius Handelshogeschool (Saint-Ignatius School for Higher Education in Commerce) founded by the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) in Antwerp in 1852. This was one of the first European business schools to offer formal university degrees. It later opened a Faculty of Literature and Philosophy (including Law) and a Faculty of Political and Social Sciences. It was renamed Universitaire Faculteiten Sint-Ignatius Antwerpen (UFSIA) in the 1960s when the Belgian government granted it university status. In the early 1970s UFSIA joined into a confederation with "Rijksuniversitair Centrum Antwerpen" (RUCA) and "Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen" (UIA), public institutions.

Merger
In 2003 UFSIA, RUCA, and UIA merged into the University of Antwerp to become the first explicitly pluralistic university in Belgium, offering philosophical, ethical, and spiritual discourse and openness towards religion and intercultural dialogue. It soon became the third largest university in Flanders with 20,000 students. In order to face the challenges posed by the internationalization of European education and research, the university is part of the Antwerp University Association (AUHA). The Catholic influence that the Jesuits had at UFSIA continues through the Saint Ignatius University Centre (UCSIA), Antwerp, founded in 2003.

Faculties
The University of Antwerp has 34 academic bachelor programmes, 83 master programmes, 26 master-after-master programmes and 21 postgraduates. In addition, there are 26 programmes completely taught in English (1 bachelor, 16 master, 6 master-after-master and 3 postgraduate programmes). All of these programmes are divided into 9 faculties.

 * Business and Economics
 * Pharmaceutical, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
 * Medicine and Health Sciences
 * Arts
 * Design Sciences (including architecture and conservation)
 * Social Sciences
 * Law
 * Applied Engineering Sciences
 * Science

The Institute of Development Policy and Management (IOB) has an autonomous faculty-like UAntwerp status and Antwerp Management School is an autonomous school within the University of Antwerp.

Campuses
The six campuses are located all over the city of Antwerp, from the historic city centre to the green belt to the south of the city.
 * Stadscampus: Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen
 * Campus Mutsaard: Mutsaardstraat 31, 2000 Antwerpen
 * Campus Paardenmarkt: Paardenmarkt 92, 2000 Antwerpen
 * Campus Drie Eiken: Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk (Antwerpen)
 * Campus Middelheim: Middelheimlaan 1, 2020 Antwerpen
 * Campus Groenenborger: Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen

Academic ranking
In the 2010 QS World University Rankings the University of Antwerp was ranked 179th overall in the world. On the 2009 THE–QS World University Rankings list (in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings), University of Antwerp was ranked on a shared 177th place. An overview of the THE-QS World University Rankings up to 2011:

Times Higher Education World University Ranking:

Economics

 * Marcia De Wachter (1953–), director of the National Bank of Belgium
 * Patrick Janssens (1956–), politician (Flemish MP, former mayor of Antwerp)
 * Mimi Lamote (1964–), CEO Mayerline
 * Philippe Muyters (1961–), politician (Flemish minister)

History

 * Bart De Wever, (1970-), politician (representative, floor leader New Flemish Alliance party and mayor of Antwerp)
 * Marie-Rose Morel, politician

Law

 * Gerolf Annemans (1958–), politician (representative, floor leader Vlaams Belang party)
 * Peter Van Den Bossche (1959-), professor and member of the WTO Appellate Body
 * Cathy Berx (1969–), jurist and politician (governor of the province of Antwerp)
 * Jan Grauls (1948–), diplomat (ambassador)
 * Mieke Offeciers-Van De Wiele (1952–), politician (former minister)
 * Kris Peeters (1962–), politician (Minister-President of Flanders)
 * Herman Portocarero (1952–), author and diplomat
 * Matthias Storme (1959–), lawyer and politician
 * Rudi Thomaes (1952–2018), former CEO of the Federation of Belgian Enterprises
 * Bruno Valkeniers, businessman and politician (party leader of Vlaams Belang)
 * Staf Van Reet, businessman

Medicine

 * Paul Stoffels (1962–), cofounder of Tibotec and Virco
 * Manto Tshabalala-Msimang (1940–2009), South African politician

Linguistics and Literature & Philosophy

 * Clara Cleymans (1989–), actress, voice actress and musical theatre singer
 * Jan Huyghebaert (1945–), banker
 * Jan Leyers (1958–), author, musician and presenter
 * Hugo Matthysen (1956–), author, musician and presenter
 * Bart Peeters (1959–), musician and presenter
 * Matthias Storme (1959–), lawyer and politician

Political and Social Sciences

 * Jos Geysels, former politician and chairman 11.11.11
 * Patrick Janssens (1956–), politician (Flemish MP, mayor of Antwerp)
 * Marthe Wandou (1963–), Cameroonian activist
 * Peter Mertens (1969–), politician
 * Johan Vande Lanotte (1955–), politician (minister, MP, senator)
 * Johan Van Hecke (1954–), member of the European Parliament
 * Mieke Vogels (1954–), politician (former minister, Flemish MP)

Sciences

 * Dries Buytaert (1978–), author of Drupal
 * Didier de Chaffoy de Courcelles (1953–), vice-president R&D of Janssen Pharmaceutica
 * Peter Piot (1949–), microbiologist, head of UNAIDS
 * Vincent Timmerman, molecular biologist
 * Christine Van Broeckhoven (1953–), scientist and politician
 * Rosa Rademakers (1978-), neurobiologist
 * Anthony Liekens (1975–), informaticists, biologist, inventor and educator

Notable faculty

 * Marc Bossuyt, law
 * Fernand Deschamps (1868–1957), philosophy
 * Rudy Martens, management
 * Bence Nanay, philosophy
 * Christine Van Broeckhoven, molecular biologist
 * Christine Van Den Wyngaert, law
 * Frank Vandenbroucke, Applied Economics and Social Sciences

Sports
The University of Antwerp has a long tradition in organizing international student championships. The following FISU, EUSA and IFIUS events have been organized:
 * 1978: FISU World University Cycling Championship
 * 1982: FISU World University Cross Country Championship
 * 1992: FISU World University Chess Championship
 * 2004: IFIUS World Interuniversity Games
 * 2006: FISU World University Cycling Championship
 * 2007: EUSA European University Bridge Championship

Student organisations
At the University of Antwerp there are faculty clubs, regional clubs and political clubs. Faculty bound clubs are governed by VUAS which consists of Unifac and ASK-Stuwer. Political and philosophical clubs are governed by PFK-Antwerpen. The student newspaper is called "Dwars".

title: University of Antwerp


text:
Antioch, Tennessee

Antioch is a neighborhood of Nashville located approximately 12 mi southeast of Downtown Nashville. It is served by the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County.

History
The community known as Antioch began at the convergence of Antioch Pike, Hickory Hollow Parkway, Blue Hole Road, and Mt. View Road. The original town of Antioch began with a church located at Mill Creek in 1810. Antioch was a commuter town because workers traveled to and from downtown Nashville. From the beginning, the town provided immediate services like a post office and general store. For planning purposes, the community was given the name Antioch–Priest Lake because the study area encompassed areas near J. Percy Priest Lake and the neighborhoods that grew from the heart of Antioch in the early 19th century.

In 1810, the First Baptist Church was organized in the area near Mill Creek. Then in 1820, a large landowner by the name of Charles Hays donated land for the church to build on, and began referring to it as the "Church at Antioch," giving the village its name. Hays based the name change on a biblical passage, Acts 11:26 (KJV), which states "... and the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." Thus, the village was known as Antioch from 1820 onward. For a short time in the 1870s and 1880s, the post office designation for the village was Oneyville, named after the post master of that time, Dr. J. H. Oney. However, it was later changed back to Antioch.

Now a town featuring a post office, Antioch began to grow, covering an area of one to two miles in either direction. The Antioch mail route itself also covered additional areas outside of those communities. Beyond that initial two-mile boundary were the communities of Una, Mt. View, Cane Ridge, Tusculum, and Bakertown.

Much of the land in the town of Antioch was owned by Charles Hays, and he remained the largest land owner through the first few decades of Antioch's existence. By the end of the 1840s, however, road construction had begun on Mill Creek Valley Pike (now known as Antioch Pike), and the road opened for use in 1846. Construction also began on a railroad that would change the face of the community.

The railroad built near the town of Antioch was vital for mail delivery and those workers who had jobs in the "big city" of Nashville. Even in those times, the commute to Downtown Nashville was a chore, requiring riding a horse to Nolensville Road, followed by a trolley that took a half day to get to Downtown. The first train helped workers get to and from Nashville quickly. In its heyday, approximately 18 passengers were taking the train to and from the city of Nashville per workday.

Over the years, there were four trains that ran both north and south that stopped at various station locations in Antioch. The first station was situated southwest of present day Una-Antioch Pike. The book With Good Will and Affection ... for Antioch states that this may be in the spot where Hickory Hollow Parkway runs today. In 1891, the train station would move to its second location near the terminus of Blue Hole Road at Antioch Pike. This was the final location prior to the arrival of the automobile. In later years, because of the increasing usage of the automobile, the railroad would remain in operation, but primarily for mail delivery.

Even though railroad usage was declining, the town of Antioch continued to grow through its local commerce. By the 1880s, the village consisted of a railroad station, one church, one store, a blacksmith shop, and a few residences. In the 1930s, an automobile repair shop and, later, a village pub would replace the blacksmith shop. Also in the area, local music teachers taught lessons out of a home on Mill Creek Valley Pike (Antioch Pike), and a two-story grocery store was owned and operated by a bachelor, Mr. Harris, who lived on the second floor of the premises. The post office remained as a community staple in the area and existed as part of the local grocery stores in subsequent years.

Over time, as Antioch continued to grow through suburbanization, it became more difficult to pinpoint where exactly Antioch was located. Having never formed as an incorporated city, the town of Antioch was mostly defined by its postal address. Identifying the community this way also proved difficult because the mail route was not confined to the small area around Blue Hole Road. A 1993 Nashville Scene magazine article titled "An Antioch State of Mind" reported that the Antioch post office grew to serve 14 rural routes and 11 urban routes. Despite the confusion about where Antioch started and stopped, people continued to be drawn to the area, and it saw significant growth in subsequent years.

In the 1970s, Antioch experienced explosive growth, largely due to the expansion of the Nashville sewer system to the area and the availability of large amounts of former farmland, which made possible the construction of many low-rise apartment complexes. The area continues to experience some of the highest growth rates in the Metropolitan Area of Nashville and Davidson County.

Economy
The most important business concentration in Antioch is around the Commons at the Crossings, formerly Hickory Hollow Mall, which opened in 1978. As Hickory Hollow Mall, it was a regional shopping mall with a gross leasing area of 1107476 sqft, more than 140 stores, and 5,795 parking spaces.

In 2014, Oldacre McDonald LLC, co-developer of Nashville West, purchased 300 acre of land in addition to the former 15 acre Target site with plans to redevelop into a mixed-use space. Conn's HomePlus and Floor & Decor opened in the former Target location as the first retail tenants in the massive mixed-use project. Oldacre McDonald started work early in 2017, redeveloping the former Shoney's property to house a medical office and retail building. This location is considered a gateway property to the 300 acre Century Farms mixed-use development. Plans are being made to improve Hickory Hollow Parkway exit off I-24 to connect to the newly added Cane Ridge Parkway in the Oldacre development off Old Franklin Road.

Recently, there has been a fierce resurgence as the area redevelops to become Nashville's second largest employment center. Community Health Systems is building a shared service center to employ over 2,000 people on part of a 300 acre tract developed by Oldacre, McDonald LLC. Asurion, HCA Data Center, Drake Software, Tri-Star Physicians Plaza, Mac Papers, Brand Imaging Group, Calvary Logistics. Auto parts distributor LKQ Corp. (Nasdaq: LKQ) plans to invest $25 million in building a 100000 sqft expanded regional office building in the Crossings Business District of Antioch in 2018. The duo of McArthur VanOsdale and Juan Vallarino, through their Nashville company V2 Capital, have paid $2.26 million for 19 acre of land in Antioch primed for development that would include some combination of office buildings, a hotel and retail stores.

The former Hickory Hollow Mall Mall has been redeveloped and rebranded as the Commons at the Crossings. A combined state of the art 30000 sqft library and 55000 sqft recreation center now occupies the former JCPenney section of the mall. Nashville State Community College opened a southeast satellite campus at the former Dillard's building. The community college now has grown to over 3,000 students. The community college partners with Middle Tennessee State University to offer simultaneous enrollment and degree-completion programs. The Nashville Predators chose the former Antioch mall location to construct its first regional ice hockey facility. The Ford Ice Center is home to the Olympic gold medalist Scott Hamilton's Ice Skating Academy in addition to youth hockey play. Ford Ice Center has been operating at full capacity since its inception, making it one of the busiest rinks in North America. In addition to serving as a practice rink for the NHL Predators, the center also hosts collegiate hockey teams from Vanderbilt, David Lipscomb and MTSU. Most recently, Bridgestone North America moved to the redeveloped mall location housing its IT service center in the former Sears building and fully renovated the interior and updated the exterior. The struggling Global Mall at the Crossings occupies the interior of the old Hickory Hollow space. The State of Tennessee Department of Motor Vehicles placed a full-service driver license-testing station in Antioch. Metro greenway projects run along Mill Creek and plans are underway for a massive 600 acre park space on land that had been purchased by the Metro Parks department near Cane Ridge High School.

Starwood Amphitheatre, Nashville's former primary outdoor music venue, was located in Antioch, operating from 1986 to 2006. The amphitheatre closed prior to the 2007 season, and has been demolished. Plans are in progress for a $100 million redevelopment project on the former Starwood site.

Antioch is the site of the denominational headquarters of the National Association of Free Will Baptists.

Media
Antioch is served by Nashville's major media outlets including the daily newspaper, The Tennessean, and multiple radio and television stations.

Notable residents

 * Casey Atwood (born 1980), racing driver
 * Coty Clarke (born 1992), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Brandon Miller, NBA player
 * Dave Ramsey (born 1960), personal finance personality, radio show host, author, and businessman
 * Jelly Roll, country artist and rapper
 * Yelawolf, rapper spent most of childhood split between Antioch and Gadsden, Alabama

title: Antioch, Tennessee