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Sid Watkins

Eric Sidney Watkins (6 September 1928 – 12 September 2012), commonly known within the Formula One fraternity as Professor Sid or simply Prof, was an English neurosurgeon. Born in Liverpool, Watkins enrolled at the University of Liverpool where he graduated in 1952. He later served four years in the Royal Army Medical Corps before specialising in neurosurgery in Oxford and later, in London. Watkins also acted as a race track doctor at weekends which he continued at Watkins Glen International when he was appointed a Professor of Neurosurgery at State University of New York Upstate Medical University in Syracuse.

At a meeting with Brabham team boss Bernie Ecclestone, he was offered the role as the FIA Formula One Safety and Medical Delegate, head of the Formula One on-track medical team, and first responder in case of a crash, a role which Watkins performed for 26 years. He helped to save the lives of many drivers including Gerhard Berger, Martin Donnelly, Érik Comas, Rubens Barrichello, Karl Wendlinger, and Mika Häkkinen.

Watkins had two sons, Sid and Alistair and two daughters, Jessica and Martha. He also shared two stepsons, Matthew and Antony with his third wife Susan, a biographer and historian. He died on 12 September 2012 of a heart attack.

Early life
Sidney Watkins was born in Liverpool to Wallace and Jessica Watkins. Wallace was originally a coal miner from Gloucestershire, but had moved to Liverpool during the Great Depression of the 1930s where he started a small business initially repairing bicycles before progressing to motor vehicle repairs. Watkins worked for his father at the garage until he was 25. He had two brothers and a sister. Watkins gained a scholarship at Prescot Grammar School. He told his father that he wanted to become a doctor, an idea of which his father disapproved.

Watkins graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from the University of Liverpool in 1956; during his time there he carried out research on the effects of heat stress on performance, finding that increased heat greatly affected intellectual performance. This research would later prove useful as part of his work in motor racing. Following graduation, he served with the Royal Army Medical Corps in West Africa for four years. There he competed in his only motorsport event, driving a Ford Zephyr Zodiac in the 1955 West African Rally, retiring from the event after the first stage. He returned to the UK in 1958 to specialise in neurosurgery at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, and it was in 1961 when he took up his first motorsport event in a medical capacity at a kart race at the Brands Hatch circuit. During his free time he acted as race doctor at the Silverstone Circuit.

Upon receiving an offer to be a professor of neurosurgery at the State University of New York in 1962, Watkins moved to Syracuse, New York, and continued his interest in motorsport at the Watkins Glen circuit. Watkins took four members to the circuit and his own medical equipment due to the lack of supplies provided by circuit officials. He returned to England in 1970 to act as head of neurosurgery at the London Hospital, and was invited to join the RAC medical panel the same year.

1970s
In 1978, Watkins met Bernie Ecclestone, at the time chief executive of the Formula One Constructors Association, who offered Watkins the position of official Formula One race doctor. Ecclestone had checked in for a medical problem and offered Watkins $35,000 a year for the entire season. Watkins had to pay airfares, hotel bills, rental cars and all incidental expenses. Watkins accepted, and attended his first race at the 1978 Swedish Grand Prix. Outside of the Grand Prix weekends, he remained in his position as a neurosurgeon in London. His first day as the Safety and Medical Delegate, was at Brands Hatch to introduce himself to the drivers. Watkins did not attend private test day sessions due to the large number of sessions held over the course of the year.

Initially, his appointment was met with hostility by some of the racing circuits, who saw his appointment as a way of monitoring their performance. At the time, medical facilities would sometimes consist of nothing more than a tent. At the 1978 Italian Grand Prix, Ronnie Peterson crashed heavily on the first lap, with the car catching fire. Fellow drivers Clay Regazzoni, Patrick Depailler and James Hunt pulled him from the wreckage but by the time Watkins arrived at the scene, Italian police had formed a human wall to prevent people from entering the area. Watkins was initially stopped from assisting with the treatment and there was a long delay of approximately 18 minutes before an ambulance arrived to take Peterson to hospital, where he died the following day. Following the race, Watkins demanded that Ecclestone provide better safety equipment, an anaesthetist, a medical car and a medical helicopter (Medevac). All were provided at the next race in the United States. In addition, it was decided that the medical car containing Watkins would follow the racing cars for the first lap of the race to provide immediate help in the event of a first lap incident. The organisers at Hockenheim had denied Watkins access to race control and Ecclestone threatened to stand in front of the grid and order the drivers out of their cars.

1980s
1981 saw FISA, motorsport's governing body at the time, appoint a Medical Commission, with Watkins elected president. In 1982, at the Belgian Grand Prix, Watkins went with the medical car driven by Roland Bruynseraede as it headed to the scene of Gilles Villeneuve's serious accident and placed a tube into his windpipe for ventilation with his heart in normal condition. Villeneuve was airlifted by helicopter to the Gasthuisberg Hospital in Leuven and Watkins spoke to Villeneuve's wife Joann who was in her home in Monaco when 1979 champion Jody Scheckter informed her of the news. Joann flew to Belgium along with Scheckter's wife Pam to speak with Watkins. Joann and Watkins both accepted the decision to turn off his respirator, and Villeneuve died.

At the Canadian Grand Prix later that year, Watkins had to deal with the fatal accident of Riccardo Paletti on the first lap of the race. Watkins got to Paletti's car 16 seconds after impact and opened the visor of the helmet to see his blown pupils. Then, before any medical attention could be received, Paletti's car caught fire due to the petrol tank having ruptured and ignited. Watkins had suitable clothing to prevent him from suffering serious burns but his hands were affected. After he extinguished the fire, he took off his gloves to put an airway into Paletti's throat but Watkins' boots had melted in the fire. At the British Grand Prix in 1985, Watkins received a silver trophy during the drivers briefing. The trophy reads; "To the Prof, our thanks for your invaluable contribution to Formula 1. Nice to know you're there". In 1986, Watkins had the responsibility for caring for Frank Williams who sustained spinal cord injuries in a car crash on a public road.

In 1987, Nelson Piquet crashed during practice at the San Marino Grand Prix, and was declared unfit to race by Watkins. Despite it being only the second race of the season, Piquet tried to persuade officials to allow him to compete knowing any lost points could lose him the championship (which he ultimately won). In response, Watkins threatened to resign if overruled. The officials opted to support Watkins, and Piquet sat out the race, later admitting that it was the correct decision.

1990s
Watkins founded the Brain and Spine Foundation in 1992, a charity that aims to improve "the prevention, treatment and care of people affected by disorders of the brain and spine". He was a Patron of the foundation.

At the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, Watkins had to attend to his close personal friend, three-time champion Ayrton Senna, following the accident which claimed his life. Watkins had concerns about Senna's mental state following two crashes earlier in the weekend that had injured Senna's countryman and protege Rubens Barrichello and killed Austrian Roland Ratzenberger, suggesting to him that the two leave the track, go fishing, and forget about the race. Early in the race, Senna hit a retaining wall at nearly 140 miles per hour and Watkins was the first to attend to the driver. He reported that based on what he ascertained on arriving at the scene, that there was no chance Senna could have been saved, due to the graveness of the head injury he had suffered. Watkins also said he noticed Senna sighed, and his whole body relaxed, and that, though he was not religious, he felt it was at that moment Senna's "spirit left his body". The FIA Expert Advisory Safety Committee was set up in 1994 following the race and Watkins was appointed as its chairman. Watkins was also responsible for setting up a rally research group and karting research group in 2003. The three groups were brought together in 2004 as the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, with Watkins as president.

For the 1995 European Grand Prix, Rubens Barrichello and Max Papis failed their drug tests after the Saturday qualifying session when both tested positive for ephedrine. Watkins later argued that ephedrine had no effect on a driver's ability and that Formula One should not use exactly the same list as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in any case. At the 1995 Australian Grand Prix, Mika Häkkinen crashed heavily during the Friday qualifying session at the Brewery Bend at high-speed due to a puncture having been sustained by one of his tyres. Häkkinen was immediately rendered unconscious but did not hit his head against the surrounding wall or cockpit. Two volunteer doctors, Jereme Cockings and Steve Lewis, arrived at the scene in 15 seconds and performed an emergency tracheotomy. Watkins arrived last and allowed the doctors to continue, restarting Häkkinen's heart twice.

Watkins was awarded the Mario Andretti Award for Medical Excellence in 1996.

2000s
Watkins acted in the defence for David Vissenga in an inquiry into practices into services of the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, where marshal Graham Beverige died after being struck by a wheel from Jacques Villeneuve's car in the 2001 Australian Grand Prix. In 2002, Watkins was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for recognition of his work in improving the safety of Grand Prix racing.

The University of Liverpool presented him with an honorary doctorate at a ceremony in Liverpool on 8 July 2004. On 26 September 2004, Watkins along with Gary Hartstein were first on the scene when Peter Phillips and three other team members were travelling on the same stretch of road as Watkins and Hartstein when their van collided with another car at high speed. On 12 October 2004, Watkins became the first president of the FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society, and in December of that year he became the first president of the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, both created in honour of the FIA's hundredth anniversary.

Retirement
After his retirement, the FIA recognised Watkins for being largely responsible for the modernisation of medical standards in Formula One. On 20 January 2005, Watkins announced his retirement from his various medical positions in the FIA, but stated his intention to continue as President of the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety. FIA President Max Mosley appointed Watkins's longtime deputy Gary Hartstein as his successor. Following his departure, Mosley remarked that "Professor Watkins has made a unique contribution to improving the standards of safety and medical intervention throughout motor sport." In September 2005, a campaign to knight Watkins was started by a group of supporters.

In July 2008, Watkins was honoured for the award of "Most Outstanding Contribution to the Motorsport Industry" with the award presented by Martin Brundle at the House of Lords. On 8 December 2011 it was announced that Watkins had stepped down as President of the FIA Institute, but would continue in an honorary role. The day after retiring, he received the FIA Academy Gold Medal for Motor Sport at the official FIA Gala prize-giving ceremony in Dubai.

Since 1998, each year the Motorsport Safety Fund organises the Watkins Lecture, which takes place at the Autosport International Show at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham. These lectures usually focus on motorsport safety related matters, and have been delivered by guest speakers such as Max Mosley and Ross Brawn. Watkins himself delivered the inaugural lecture and again in 2007.

Watkins wrote or co-authored a number of books on racing safety, including Life at the Limit: Triumph and Tragedy in Formula One.

Personal life
Watkins had two sons, Sid and Alistair and two daughters, Jessica and Martha. He also shared two stepsons, Matthew and Antony with his third wife Susan, a biographer and historian. He had a passion for smoking cigars, drinking whisky, and fishing. His eldest son Sid, was a Consultant Paediatrician at Southampton General Hospital. His second son, Alastair is a former Media Delegate who worked for the FIA, Kirch Media and was the marketing director for British American Racing. His stepson, Antony, is a consultant neurosurgeon at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Glasgow. Watkins also had nine grandchildren.

Death and legacy
Watkins died on 12 September 2012 at the King Edward VII Hospital in London. His family was at his bedside. Tributes to Watkins were paid by many drivers who have competed in Formula One and other figures within the sport. Watkins was buried in a private ceremony near the border of Scotland on 18 September. This was followed by a memorial service that was held at St Marylebone Parish Church in London on 18 January 2013. The service was attended by 200 people which included figures from within Formula One.

At the Singapore Grand Prix, a one-minute silence was held in his honour and a book of remembrance was available for people to sign their condolences during the weekend. This book was presented to the Watkins family on behalf of the FIA, FIA Institute and the Formula One community. In December 2012, Top Gear magazine named Sid one of "The Men of the Year 2012" for saving lives in Formula One. Richard Hammond said "He was a legend throughout motorsport, and he's still saving lives now he's gone".

A new building bearing Watkins' name was officially opened by Anne, Princess Royal at The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust in Fazakerley, Liverpool on 15 December 2015. Her Royal Highness unveiled a commemorative plaque and a bust of Watkins in honour of his contributions to both motorsport and neurosurgery.

title: Sid Watkins


text:
KGMB

KGMB (channel 5) is a television station in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, serving the Hawaiian Islands as an affiliate of CBS. It is owned by Gray Television alongside dual NBC/Telemundo affiliate KHNL (channel 13) and Kailua-Kona–licensed KFVE (channel 6), which relays KHNL's second and sixth digital subchannels. The stations share studios on Waiakamilo Road in Honolulu's Kapālama neighborhood; KGMB's transmitter is located in Akupu, Hawaii.

History
The station first signed on the air on December 1, 1952, as the second television station in Hawaii. KGMB-TV was originally owned by J. Howard Worrall along with KGMB radio (AM 590, now KSSK) and operated from studios on Kapiolani Boulevard in Honolulu. The station carried programming from three of the four major networks at the time (excluding DuMont), but was a primary CBS affiliate owing to KGMB-AM's long affiliation with CBS Radio. The station lost NBC programming when KONA-TV (channel 2, now KHON-TV) signed on two weeks later, and lost ABC when KULA-TV (channel 4, now KITV) launched in April 1954. In 1973, a partnership led by future Hawaii congressman Cecil Heftel bought KGMB-AM-TV, then turned around and sold the KGMB stations to Lee Enterprises in 1977. Lee sold off the radio station in 1980. In 1982, the station dropped the "-TV" suffix from its call sign.

The real-life KGMB news crew was often featured in one of the longest-running police dramas on CBS in the 1970s, Hawaii Five-O. The station also had ties to the iconic series' reboot, as CBS allowed KGMB to let its viewers preview the season premiere episode early at the Waikiki Shell each September during the rebooted series' run.

In 2000, Lee exited from television broadcasting and sold most of its television holdings (including KGMB) to Emmis Communications. Emmis already owned KHON-TV, so it had to obtain a cross-ownership waiver for the purchase of KGMB from the Federal Communications Commission, to bypass the recently passed duopoly rules that forbid common ownership of two of the four highest-rated stations in a single market. This waiver was renewed several times while Emmis owned both stations. At that time, KHON moved its operations into KGMB's facility, though the two stations maintained separate news departments.

From September 2, 2002, to October 31, 2004, KGMB carried select UPN programming via a secondary affiliation shared with KHON; each station aired programs from that network that the other station did not air. The two stations began carrying UPN programming in September 2002 after KFVE (which had been with UPN since its January 1995 launch) disaffiliated from the network to become a full-time affiliate of The WB (whose programming aired on KFVE in a secondary capacity since December 1998). KIKU, an independent station specializing in Japanese programming, became a secondary UPN affiliate on November 1, 2004, and remained with the network until its closure on September 15, 2006.

Emmis itself prepared to exit the television industry and sold KHON to the Montecito Broadcast Group in 2006. Emmis then announced on February 20, 2007, that KGMB and its satellites had been sold to MCG Capital Corporation for $40 million, resulting in one of the rare instances involving a complete separation of a television station duopoly. The FCC approved the sale in late May and was completed on June 4, 2007. Shortly after MCG Capital Corporation took over, KGMB adopted a logo similar to the one it used in the early 1980s and also rolled out a new graphics package for its newscast and a new website.

For many years, KGMB billed itself as "One of the Good Things About Hawaii" with its rich history of local television programming exclusively in Hawaii, especially in such shows as Skipper Al and Checkers & Pogo (both children's programs; the latter being the most remembered, airing from 1967 to 1982 and featured Morgan White), The Hawaii Moving Company (originally a disco/dance program that transitioned into a general interest show), and the 1982 television special Rap's Hawaii starring Rap Reiplinger. This slogan was made famous by an a cappella jingle which is still heard on KGMB today. At the end of KGMB's morning newscast, Sunrise, it can now be heard leading into CBS Mornings. Later, with an emphasis on weather, the station branded itself "Hawaii's Severe Weather Station".

Channel swap
On August 18, 2009, MCG Capital and Raycom Media (owner of KHNL and, at the time, KFVE) announced a shared services agreement with Raycom as senior partner. As part of the deal, KGMB vacated its longtime studios on Kapiolani Boulevard; the combined operation would be based at KHNL/KFVE's studios on Waiakamilo Road. Though non-news programming would remain in place, news operations of the three stations would be combined into a single entity. The arrangement would also see a channel swap, with KGMB moving from virtual channel 9 (UHF digital channel 23) to channel 5 (UHF digital channel 22) and KFVE move from 5 to 9.

The resulting ownership arrangement of the stations generated some controversy, as it had the effect of Raycom trading KFVE to MCG Capital in return for KGMB. Organizations such as media watchdog group Media Council Hawaii viewed the plan as a way to circumvent FCC rules preventing one company owning two of the four highest-rated stations in the same market—in this case, KGMB and KHNL. However, the FCC only recognizes ownership of facility identifications, which remain attached to their channel numbers, and not ownership of a station's intellectual unit (call letters, programming, network affiliation, etc.). In this case, Raycom kept ownership of Facility ID 34445, now belonging to KGMB, while MCG Capital still owns Facility ID 36917, which now belonged to KFVE; the overall viewership of channel 5, as KFVE, fell outside the criteria that would have otherwise barred a duopoly between KHNL and KGMB if facility IDs were traded as well.

Raycom Media president Paul McTear staunchly defended the SSA, stating it would "preserve three stations that provide important and valuable local, national and international programming to viewers in Hawaii." Further controversy over the SSA grew after a November 7, 2009, report in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin revealed that Raycom would pay MCG Capital Corporation $22 million (according to a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission ) – which, in effect, would constitute a sale of KGMB from MCG Capital to Raycom. Both companies did not mention any monetary exchanges during its August SSA announcement, only "assets". The FCC, in response to Media Council Hawaii's filing of an objection over the SSA, asked Raycom for detailed, unredacted agreements in relation to the SSA.

The SSA and channel swap took effect on October 26, 2009, with KGMB moving from virtual channel 9 to channel 5 and changing its branding from "KGMB 9" to just "KGMB." An estimated 68 positions from a total of 198 between the three stations would be eliminated as part of the agreement. On May 8, 2010, the remaining items and memorabilia that were left at KGMB's former studios were auctioned off, with proceeds going to charity.

Removal from Nielsen ratings
Beginning in 2016, the Hawaii News Now (HNN) group of KGMB, KHNL, and KFVE severed ties to the Nielsen ratings. After the November 25 sweeps, Raycom opted to use other research to track KHNL and KGMB audiences. KFVE, owned by HITV, is affected also. In Hawaii, Nielsen does not use electronic means to track audiences. Recently, only 914 of the printed Nielsen booklets, known as monthly diaries, were completed out of 11,400 diaries. KITV and KHON will continue to use Nielsen ratings.

Sale to Gray Television
On June 25, 2018, Atlanta-based Gray Television announced it had reached an agreement with Raycom to merge their respective broadcasting assets (consisting of Raycom's 63 existing owned-and/or-operated television stations, including KGMB and KHNL), and Gray's 93 television stations) under the former's corporate umbrella. In the cash-and-stock merger transaction, valued at $3.6 billion, Gray shareholders would acquire preferred stock currently held by Raycom. Because Raycom operates three stations in the Honolulu market, the companies were required to sell either KHNL, KGMB or KFVE to another station owner in order to comply with FCC ownership rules.

On November 1, 2018, Nexstar Media Group – which has owned Fox affiliate KHON-TV since January 2017 – announced that it would acquire KFVE and the licenses of satellites KGMD-TV and KGMV from American Spirit Media for $6.5 million. Nexstar concurrently assumed the station's operations through a time brokerage agreement that took effect the day the transaction paperwork was filed with the FCC, under which Raycom forwarded the rights to certain managerial services involving KFVE – not counting certain other services to which Raycom would retain stewardship under the TBA – on a transitional basis. Under the deal, which is expected to receive regulatory approval in the first quarter of 2019, Nexstar also intends to integrate KFVE's operations into KHON's studio facilities at the Hawaiki Tower on Piikoi and Waimanu Streets. However, Raycom will retain rights to the KFVE intellectual unit (call letters, syndicated and local programming), which will be shifted to a digital subchannel of either KHNL or KGMB as will KFVE-DT2's Bounce TV affiliation (which will be moved to KGMB-DT4); the KFVE calls will also be retained by Raycom for branding continuity. As such, Nexstar will likely assign new call letters to the channel 9 license as well as acquire programming to replace that being maintained by Raycom post-acquisition (which may include shifting the programming on KHON's CW-affiliated DT2 feed to the KFVE license, and/or the retention of the MyNetworkTV affiliation, which Raycom did not include in the KFVE intellectual property transaction.)

The sale of KFVE to Nexstar was approved by the FCC on December 17; the Gray-Raycom merger was approved three days later. The sale was completed on January 2, 2019.

Programming
KGMB clears all CBS programming, although it will occasionally preempt prime time shows until the overnight hours in order to broadcast locally produced specials. In its early days, the only major CBS programs KGMB regularly preempted were Captain Kangaroo and the CBS Morning News, due to its morning broadcast of the popular in-house children's program Checkers & Pogo, which also aired in the afternoon. Like most of the other network-affiliated stations in Hawaii, KGMB had to shuffle CBS programs because the shows were flown in via air mail or shipped a week (or several weeks) after the programs aired in the U.S. mainland; the CBS Evening News in particular would often air at 12 midnight or later depending on how late the tape was in arriving from the East Coast.

KGMB airs CBS' daytime programs in a very different order from the main network feed; this is because the station airs the lineup in the order that it arrives from the network, which for unknown reasons is different from that of most CBS affiliates. From September 14, 1998, to the September 18, 2009, conclusion of Guiding Light, air times included The Price Is Right at 10 a.m., The Bold and the Beautiful at 11:30 a.m. (following a half-hour infomercial at 11 a.m.), Guiding Light at noon, The Young and the Restless at 1 p.m., and As the World Turns at 2 p.m. In most other markets, Y&R aired first, followed by B&B, ATWT, and GL. Let's Make a Deal (CBS' replacement for Guiding Light) assumed the noon slot when it debuted on October 5, 2009, while The Talk (which replaced As the World Turns) took over the 2 p.m. time slot on October 18, 2010. The station also airs the weekday edition of CBS Mornings an hour later, from 8 to 10 a.m. local time, due to its morning newscast Sunrise airing until 8 a.m. On weekdays outside of network hours, KGMB airs syndicated first-run shows during the daytime and sitcom reruns overnight. On weekends during the Hawaii Warriors football season, KGMB airs The Nick Rolovich Show, which recaps the last game played and previews the next one.

High definition
KGMB currently broadcasts most of its programming, including CBS network shows and sports events such as NFL and college basketball games, in full 1080i high definition. In the late 2000s, the station upgraded its servers to broadcast timeshifted programming in high definition such as CSI: Miami, The Unit, and the Late Show with David Letterman. The shows, which are received from the U.S. mainland in the afternoon, were previously recorded in standard definition before being rebroadcast in the evening. On January 14, 2008, KGMB's HD feed became available on Oceanic Time Warner Cable digital channel 1007. Prior to that date, it was the only major station in the market not available in HD on Oceanic. A temporary agreement was reached between KGMB and Oceanic Time Warner to carry Super Bowl XLI in high definition. KGMB also broadcasts some local programming in high definition, such as newscasts.

News operation
KGMB presently broadcasts 27 hours, 25 minutes of locally produced newscasts each week (with 5 hours, 5 minutes each weekday, and one hour each on Saturdays and Sundays). For its first 25 years on the air, KGMB was the dominant news station in Hawaii. However, in 1978, rival KHON-TV persuaded sports director Joe Moore to join that station as its lead anchor. Within a few years, KHON had passed KGMB for the lead, and KGMB has placed either second or third in the ratings since then.

From September 2005 to August 2007, KGMB aired the nationally syndicated morning show The Daily Buzz on weekdays from 5 to 7 a.m. Although that program runs three hours, the station only aired the first two hours; during this period, KGMB was the only "Big Three" affiliate in the United States that carried the show. The program was dropped on August 17, 2007, to make room for a new morning newscast titled Sunrise on KGMB 9, which launched on September 17. The Daily Buzz moved to KHON's CW-affiliated second digital subchannel on August 20; ironically, that show competes with KHON's own Hawaii's Morning News. In June 2007, KGMB built new studios and launched an updated website.

In 2008, the station announced plans to upgrade its news production to high definition. However, on December 13 of that year, KGMB announced that those plans had been put on hold due to the possibility of relocating its studio facilities. The station planned to begin producing its newscasts in widescreen standard definition as early as July 2009. With the launch of the Hawaii News Now operation on October 26, 2009, KGMB began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. KGMB and KHNL began to jointly produce and simulcast weeknight 5 and 10 p.m. newscasts, while KHNL moved its 6 p.m. newscast to 5:30. KGMB continues to have its own weeknight 6 p.m. newscast. The only times when KGMB and KHNL do not simulcast news programming are on weekdays during the 7 a.m. hour when KHNL airs NBC's Today, at 5:30 p.m. when KGMB airs the CBS Evening News and at 6 p.m. when KHNL airs NBC Nightly News. Weekday morning and weekend shows are simulcast on the two stations but are subject to preemption on one of the stations due to network obligations. The local news schedule on KFVE remains unchanged. There is no weekday midday news on either station. While the merged operation is based at KHNL's old studio, most of the on-air personalities are holdovers from KGMB; all but four of KHNL's reporters were fired after the merger.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Larry Beil – sports anchor (formerly at ESPN, now at KGO-TV in San Francisco)
 * Carter Evans (now Los Angeles correspondent for CBS News)
 * Neil Everett – sports anchor (now at ESPN)
 * Russ Francis – sports anchor
 * Joe Moore – sports anchor (now at KHON-TV)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Analog-to-digital conversion
KGMB discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 9, on January 15, 2009, the date on which full-power television stations in Hawaii transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts (almost five months earlier than the June 12 transition date for stations on the U.S. mainland). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 23, using virtual channel 9. Following the channel swap with KFVE, the station's digital channel switched to UHF channel 23 and its virtual channel to 5.

At the same time, KGMD's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition VHF channel 8 to its former analog-era VHF channel 9, while KGMV's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 24 (using its former analog channel 3 as its virtual channel) for post-transition digital operations.

Satellite stations
As with other major television stations in Hawaii, KGMB operates multiple satellite stations and translators across the Hawaiian Islands to rebroadcast the station's programming outside of metropolitan Honolulu.

Notes:
 * 1. K28NN-D used the call sign K26CX from 1989 to 1991 and K27DW from 1991 to 2014.

Former satellites
KGMD and KGMV used to simulcast KGMB programming until the 2009 channel swap with KFVE (now KHII-TV). The station was also simulcast on translators K69BZ (channel 69) in Lihue, which had a transmitter northwest of Omao, and K57BI (channel 57) in Waimea, with its transmitter in Kalaheo. As of October 2015, however, K57BI and K69BZ's licenses were canceled by the FCC.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: KGMB


text:
Talk:Islamophobia/Archive 1

In the "Examples of Islamophobia" section of this article, you have Jerry Vines quoted saying "Christianity was founded by the virgin-born Jesus Christ. Islam was founded by Mohammed, a demon-possessed pedophile who had 12 wives, and his last one was a 9-year-old girl."

However, I belive this isn't Islamophobia - "fear or hatred of Muslims or Islamic culture." While Vines may in fact be Islamophobic, this quote isn't. It is merely anti the Islamic religion, not people or culture. These two things are distinct, and should not be confused. I however, will leave this alone and let everyone else do whatever they feel is nessecary.

Thank you.

-

There are people who do genuinely fear Islam. (regardless of whether the fear is actually justified.) These people are usually non-muslims who perceives Islam or Islamic culture as a threat. Should do a list of exact fears. ie. Which part of Islam causes fear. Should do a list of source of fear (media?). --211.28.158.77

Some links that might be of interest to anyone wanting to improve this article are as follows:

 * When Fear is a Crime
 * Interest in Islam mounts after hijacking atrocity

-- Axon

I hope you don't mind but I moved some of your comments to a more appropriate place in the Talk page here, and edited the write-up of Islamaphobia to be more detailed. I'm unsure that islamophobia is derived from homophobia or that it is a relatively new terms, but I believe it may be true unless anyone has any evidence to the otherwise. -- Axon

-

In my opinion this sentence: "Ever since the Muslim expansion in the 8th century Islamophobia has been a part of European culture."

is NPOV and should be altered. --Dante Alighieri 19:17 21 May 2003 (UTC)

TeunSpaans 12:41 7 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * 1) Aside from dantes remark,
 * 2) I wonder why the 'phobia' is supposed to be based on the term 'homophobia'. Other fears like Claustrophobia sound more likely to me.
 * 3) Link to List of phobias

 * Islamaphobia is a relatively new term, certainly the use of the term homophobia preceeds it. It not only refers to 'fear of Islam', but also prejudice against, and is a form of discrimination, akin to Racism of Anti-semitism. Part of the reason homophobia was used to describe anti-homosexual prejudice, is that homosexualism is already a word. Similarly, islamism is already a word, and thus cannot be used to describe anti-islamic sentiment. There are many similarities of use between homophobia and islamaphobia that the link cannot be ignored. --Axon

Rereading this article after a few weeks, I still dont get a NPOV / this article is balanced / this article is complete / feeling about this article.

My feelings may stem from the question if there are any legitimate reasons for fear of Islam. Of course, muslims will say and think there is no fear. But many other people in western societies may feel otherwise. This question is not addressed in the article, and I feel the article should make an attempt to differentiate between phobia and what by many people are considered legitimate concerns.

I have added some links to related concepts - I feel some of them may counterbalance the lack of equilibrium in this article. TeunSpaans 13:51 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I think getting into a discussion of whether there are or are not 'legitimate reasons for fear of Islam' is missing the point, and threatens to turn this article into a see-saw between opposing views. The same thing happened on the homophobia page and turned it into a POV free for all. I think the article should avoid these topics. The term itself, though defining Islmaphobia as hatred of Islam in emotive terms, also describe it merely as a form prejudice,in the same manner as racism. The article only defines what Islamaphobia is. Perhaps attributing these definitions to certain groups would improve the NPOV somewhat, altho I think it won't help the clarity. Similar documents have been subject to this 'NPOV process' and been turned into a reptitious repeats 'they say X', 'they reply Y' and so forth.

From a personal perspective, much of the articles seems balanced to me. Many see the Muslim world as nothing but fanatics and intolerant zealots. However, the majority of Muslims come from the much more peacfeul Sufi movements, or are moderates. I have some Muslim friends and they seem a lot more tolerant and liberal than many of the Christians I know. Similarly, few would disgaree that Islamaphobia has increased after 9/11. --Axon

 * Actually, only about 10% of Muslims worldwide are Sufi. Sufi Muslims, sadly, are hatred by many Shiite and Sunni Muslims. In the USA, no organized Shiite or Sunni group has ever reached out for peaceful relations with the Jewish community; the only outreach has been from the Sufi community. RK 17:40 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * You're probably right, altho I'm not sure anyone can speak with authority and claim 'no organized Shiite or Sunni group has ever reached out for peaceful relations with the Jewish community' - what, ever? For sure? Certainly, in the UK leaders from the various religions regularly meet, and did so in particular after the various wars and disasters in the last couple of years. Otherwise, your edits seem perfectly NPOV - no-one is denying that Islamism is not a part of the Muslim world (although it ought to be made clear that this depends on the part of the world you are in) --Axon

 * Islamaphobia has a number of causes. One of the current causes is the fear of the Islamist movement, a modern puritanical, fundamentalist form of Islam. Many people mistakenly believe that most Muslims are Islamist, when in fact the Islamist movement currently is a minority position. Many people in Western society, as well as many fundamentalist Muslims, see Islam as directly opposed to the enlightenment values, feminism, democracy and capitalism.

On second thoughts, this paragraph is highly POV: it seems to assert that Islamaphobia against all Muslims is somehow justified by the actions of a few members of that religion.

 * The Islamist movement includes millions of Muslims; fear of this movement is one of the big reasons why there has been an upswing of fear towards Muslims. Thus, this cause does need to be addressed in the article. Of course, precisely how this should be discussed is what we are working on. RK

 * Actually, I thought the main reason for the upswing in 'fear towards Muslims' has been the terrorist attacks of the last couple of years. In reality, people fear Muslim terrorism, and I think if you polled most people, 90% would cite this or Muslim fundamentalism, not this 'Islamism'. I don't think many people, particularly outside of America, have even heard of Islamism. Axon

First of all, despite the fact I live in a Western nation that has one of the West's largest Muslim populations, I've never heard of 'Islamism'. It saddens me that people, mainly it seems from America, feel the need to invent terms like 'Islamism' and chuck everyone they don't like into the same box. It's a particularly nasty and pejorative term, chosen, one assumes, for its similarities to Racism and Facism. Its almost as obviously invented as the term 'Islamaphobia' itself, which is, one assumes, why it has been added to this article in the first place, and repeated as much as possible. Why not simply use the term 'muslim fundamentalist'? I suppose Islamism denotes some sort of organisation and collective thinking, feeding nicely into people's prejudices and conspiratorial paranoia. It always seems to me that the fundamentalists are disparate groups that perhaps share common goals, but in truth rarely agree, even amongst themselves. Many are hardly what could be considered organised, or even a single 'movement'.

 * There is a huge difference between the Islamist movement and Islamic fundamentalism. Frankly, almost all practicing Muslims are fundamentalist.  Since The Enlightenment, in Christianity there has been a remarkable flowering of religiously liberal (non-fundamentalist) Protestant groups; in Judaism there has been a similar flowering of religiously liberal (non-fundamentalist) denominations, to the point where most religious Jews are not fundamentalist.  Yet no such mass religious movement has ever occured in Islam.  However, Islamism refers to something quite distinct; Islamist is a political, puritanical, violent movement that also happens to be fundamentalist.  Finally, Muslims themselves see a big difference between Islam and Islamism, and they use this terminology themselves.  Not widely known, millions of Muslims actually believe in a conspiracy theory which claims that American (or "the West") created the Islamist movement as a way to hurt Islam! RK 00:20 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I think the statement that 'almost all practicing Muslims are fundamentalist' is betraying your own, obviously strong bias here. I've spent a lot of time with Muslims, grew up with them, work with them, friends with them. Most muslims are just normal people, who want out of life what the rest of us want, who work boring jobs, etc.. By simply writing all Muslims off as 'mostly fundamentalist' you are de-humanizing them. You're turning them into monsters of the imagination, a vast sea of people who cannot be trusted, should not be trusted. Sounds like a situation that mirrors exactly the Nazi's view of the Jews. For anyone who's actual spent any time with muslims you'd realise the truth is far more complicated. Axon

 * To then claim that Christianity and Judaism are somehow 'more liberal' seems absurd. How exactly do you measure that? Is there a liberal litmus test? You're quite obviously showing a neocon-like bias towards Judaism and strongly against Muslims. Axon

 * First off, that is not precisely what I said. Secondly, do you know what the word fundamentalism means?  The word "fundamentalism" has a precise technical meaning, referring to a way that someone reads their Scriptures. It is not an insult nor an ad homenim attack.  Frankly, your entire set of responses are mis-informed.  You incorrectly assume that they mean something they do not, and they you launch rebuttals towards ideas I do not have. Please read our article on fundamentalism. RK 12:45 19 Jun 2003

 * Are we talking about describing fundamentalists as people who read and interpret the Scripture of their religion literally? If that's the case, then I think I can see where you're coming from. You're saying that most Muslims read and interpret the Qur'an literally, which is true. As a matter of fact, the literal translation of fundamentalist in Arab, Usulliyyah, describes most Muslims. The disagreement we're seeing here, on the other hand, is the fact that fundamentalism isn't often used to just describe a literal reading of the Scriptures. If I got the introductory paragraph of fundamentalism right (and what a mess that Wiki page is), fundamentalism is supposed to be more of a return to an idealized form of the religion itself, not merely just a technical term describing how fundamentalist adherents read their scripture.--T-Boy 17:20, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Ah, the power of definitions and words. Get there first and the world's your oyster. Perhaps I could invent a term for fundamentalist Jewish opposition to Islam? 'Jewism' I suppose? It has an unpleasant ring, I'm sure it will be very popular. Or perhaps I don't want to descend into such a dirty game.

 * There is no fundamentalist Jewish opposition to Islam. I think you don't understand what we mean by the word fundamentalism; it has a very specific meaning, and is not an ad homenim attack.  I a bit concerned about the way you suddenly are launching into a diatribe against the Jews, though. What is this anger towards Jews all about? RK

 * I really beg to differ here, I think there is fundamentalist Jewish opposition to Islam. Any belief that allows Israelis to kill Muslim civilians is fundamentalist in my view. Any belief that allows others to justify such actions is fundamentalism in my view. Any view of belief that allows people to justfy killing is fundamentalism, extremism. And the term fundamentalism is highly POV... I'm sure many people consider the West's adherence to capitalism to be 'fundamentalist'. The term itself has seen alteration and modification - there is no clear way of defining precisely who is and is not a fundamentalist (as is evident from our own disagreement here) and, as a scientist, that makes the term less objective than subjective. Axon

 * Axon, everything you have written is in error; the problem isthat you are not aware of what the word fundamentalism] actually means. You keep mistakenly using the word "fundamentalism" as a hateful ad homenim attack.  It means no such thing. It simply refers to a way that people read their religiou Scripture.  Most fundamentalists are peace-loving people.  By misusing it in this way, you are inadvertantly attacking fundamentalist Muslims, Jews and Chrisitans.  We all must know what a word means before we use it in an encyclopedia. Accuracy is paramount. RK 12:45 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * True Jewish fundamentalists are known as Orthodox Jews. "Islamic fundamentalism" tends to be misused as a synonym for Islamism.  I suspect the poster who enquired about "fundamentalist Jewish opposition to Islam", really meant violent, terroristic extreme Zionism, ie Kahanism.

Anyway, liberal angst and despaired monologue over with. That aside, what are 'enlightenment values'? That's a highly subjective term... I'm sure the 'Islamists' consider themselves to be 'enlightened' as well. Similarly, whilst fundamantalist muslims are generally opposed to capitilism, they are also quite strongly opposed to gay rights, socialism (also popular in many western societies) and communism. They're also commonly thought to be strong on family values, law and order and respecting your elders - aren't these considered by some to be traditional Western values as well? --Axon

 * Enlightenment values are most certainly not a highly subjective term. They are a very specific set of values that most people in Western society have adopted since the Enlightenment, that secular Arabs have adopted, but have not been adopted by most religious Muslims. RK

Some examples of enlightenment values are:
 * The belief that the nation exists to protect the rights of the individual, instead of the other way around.
 * The belief that each individual should be afforded dignity, and should be allowed to live one's life with the maximum amount of personal freedom.
 * The belief in democracy
 * The belief in the equality of all humanity, all races, ethnicities, nationalities and religions.
 * The belief that, in regards to the physical world in which we live. the scientific method is our only ally in helping us discern fact from fiction; further, the belief that science, properly used, is a positive force for the good of all humanity.
 * The belief that all people have a right to free speech and expression, the right to free association, the right to hold to any - or no - religion; the right to elect their own leaders
 * The belief that religious dogma and mystical experiences are inferior to logic and philosophy, and that in fact much classical religious dogma has been harmful to much of humanity.

 * I'm sure 'The Enlightenment' is an actual term that has a set meaning for some people (altho the definition still seems very subjective to me), 'enlightenenment values' perhaps also, but its actual use in this article and its precise context was highly POV, loaded and subjective. Certainly, 'the belief that all people have a right to free speech and expression, the right to free association, the right to hold to any - or no - religion; the right to elect their own leaders' sounds as tho it were taken directly from the American Constitution... odd that. As I stated before, what are actual 'enlightened values' change from individual to individual and many fundmentalists consider themselves to be 'enlightened'. By all means, we should list the commonly held view of Muslims, as opposed to tolerance, equality, democracy, etc, but I think for the sake of NPOV we should leave all talk of 'enlightenment' elsewhere.

 * The term is not loaded, nor is it subjective. You need to spend some time reading up on The Enlightenment. We share much more common ground than you realize. RK 12:45 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * That aside, I think we should leave all this discussion for another page. I can see that you've already been deep in an edit-war on this very topic in the Islamism page, so I'm sure we'd all prefer to keep all discussion of Islamism there and we'll all try to avoid such conflict here. Axon

 * There are many organizations working to end Anti-Muslim bias among Israelis, as well as to end hatred of Jews among Arabs. See the entry on projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs.
 * See also: Anti-Islamism, Dhimmi, persecution of Christians, Islam and anti-Semitism

I'm noticing a theme here. Does the mere mention of discrimanation against Muslims elicit this kind of high-intensity linking to pages describing prejudice on the part of Muslims. Yes, I think the whole world knows that Muslims and Jews do not get on, but do we have to link to all these issues on a page that is supposed to be discussing Islamaphobia and what it means? One or two links is perhaps justified for balance, but this all seems a little excessive and smacks highly of someone, somewhere trying to prove a point. How many of these are actually relevant to the subject at hand? --Axon

Axon writes "I think the statement that 'almost all practicing Muslims are fundamentalist' is betraying your own, obviously strong bias here. I've spent a lot of time with Muslims, grew up with them, work with them, friends with them. Most muslims are just normal people, who want out of life what the rest of us want, who work boring jobs, etc.. By simply writing all Muslims off as 'mostly fundamentalist' you are de-humanizing them."

 * Again, this is a problem. The word fundamentalism is not a hateful attack, nor is it slander. It is a technical religious term which describes a way that people read their Scripture. The way I am using it is absolutely correct and polite, and it is used this way by Muslim religious scholars themselves. Please read the aricle on the subject, Ok?  You are continually rebutting beliefs that I do not have. RK 12:45 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)Like Christianity, fundamentalism is not a word with an owner and it means different things to different people. "Catholic fundamentalist" for example is sometimes used concern approach to church doctrine (ex cathedra papal statements or whatever) not to scripture. Personally I agree with the earlier comments that by the time someone is fundamentalist it makes little different what the religion is. BozMo(talk) 2100 5 April BST

I'll stick to talking here and not mess up your text but I think a working definition of a fundamentalist in comparative religion is someone who believes that it is POSSIBLE to state religious truth absolutely in words rather than someone who accepts that words are an iterative process at best converging toward truth. And I agree with the above that I lived for 3 years in an African Islamic country without ever meeting a fundamentalist: they are not paricularly commoner in Islam just in parts of it.BozMo(talk) 2115 5 April BST

To get back to the article, I've removed the statement about Islamophibia being derived from Homophobia. They almost certainly have the same root (i.e. anything suffixed with phobia) but lots of words predate homophobia, e.g. xenophobia. The smae with 'Islamophobe'. Someone with Xphobia can be called an Xphobe.

Sorry, forgot to sign. DJ Clayworth 20:51, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I might have missed discussion of this, but, isn't anything with a -phobia suffix supposed to be "irrational" or "debilitating" fear as opposed to "moral revulsion", "healthy caution", "historical enmity", "hatred for cause"? Is that made clear enough in the article? Mkmcconn 23:05, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * From the article on phobia:

 * In some cases, a fear or hatred is not considered a phobia in the clinical sense because it is believed to be only a symptom of other psychic problems, or the result of ignorance. These are phobias in a more general, popular sense of the word.

 * This includes the term 'xenophobia'. One might reasonablly use the term 'xenophabia' as the basis for contsructing 'Islamophobia'. -- Khym Chanur 07:10, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

 * I'd disagree that any other xxxphobia was the basis for constructing 'Islamophobia', the word Islam and phobia, the Greek word for fear. Like Agrophobia, Claustrophobia, Arachnophobia.... There are hundreds of xxxphobias, they're not all constructed from each other, they're constructed from words describing the subject of the fear and the suffix phobia. McClade

Should the word "Islamophobia" really be capitalised when it is not at the beginning of a sentence? Is it a proper noun? There seem to be a lot of disjointed sentences in this entry - the result of constant editing. Someone should try and fix it up. M-Henry 09:26, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Isn't the comment about "disproportianate" coverage of "Islamic" terrorism rather un-NPOV? We've been having these attacks since the late 60s, after all. Other terrorist attacks tend not to be aimed at the "West" so it's not surprising they're not covered to the same extent by the WESTERN media. Exile

So, is anyone gonna create an article on Christophobia? *rolls eyes*

title: Talk:Islamophobia/Archive 1


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User talk:Pupps32

Please contribute valuable, encyclopedic information, rather than wasting time on Bobpitch. Thanks. We value any real contributions you want to make. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 16:56, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pupps32


text: User talk:62.237.203.215

title: User talk:62.237.203.215


text: User talk:83.228.110.18

title: User talk:83.228.110.18


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Northfields tube station

Northfields is a London Underground station in Northfields, in the London Borough of Ealing. The station is on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly line, between Boston Manor and South Ealing stations. It is located on Northfield Avenue (B452) and in Travelcard Zone 3.

History
The route through Northfields station was opened by the District Railway (DR, now the District line), on 1 May 1883 on a line to Hounslow Town (located on Hounslow High Street but now closed). The station opened as Northfield (Ealing) on 16 April 1908. The station was renamed Northfields and Little Ealing on 11 December 1911.

The station was rebuilt twice. As a halt, the 1908 station was quite basic and provided only rudimentary shelters for passengers. The first rebuilding took place in the 1910s (possibly in conjunction with the 1911 renaming) and the station was given a proper booking hall on the bridge over the tracks and better platform canopies.

In the early 1930s, a new Northfields station was built in conjunction with the preparations for the introduction of Piccadilly line services on the Hounslow branch and the new Northfields depot that would house its trains. Located on the east side of Northfields Avenue, the new station was designed by Charles Holden in a modern European style using brick, reinforced concrete and glass. Like the stations at Sudbury Town, Sudbury Hill, Acton Town and Oakwood that Holden also designed, Northfields station features a tall block-like ticket hall rising above a low horizontal structure that contains station offices and shops. The brick walls of the ticket hall are punctuated with panels of clerestory windows and the structure is capped with a flat concrete slab roof.

The new station opened on 18 December 1932 with the current name. It has two island platforms serving four sets of tracks (two eastbound and two westbound) and is connected directly to the Northfields depot immediately to the west of the station and south of the tracks. Trains may terminate at Northfields station and then run on to the west to enter the depot. To avoid operational conflicts between the eastbound depot exit track and the westbound running track to Boston Manor, the westbound running track passes under the depot track in a cutting. Trains normally enter and exit service at Northfields although there is also a single track connection from the depot to the westbound running track west of Boston Manor.

Piccadilly line services started running to Northfields from Acton Town on 9 January 1933 and were extended to run to Hounslow West on 13 March 1933. From this date, the branch was operated jointly by both lines until District line services were withdrawn west of Northfields on 9 October 1964 and between Acton Town and Northfields on 10 October 1964.

On 17 May 1994, Northfields station was made a Grade II listed building.

Connections
London Buses routes E2 and E3 and night route N11 serve the station.

title: Northfields tube station


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Pharmacology/Photographs

Overview
This is the image repository for photographs used by the WikiProject on Drugs.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Pharmacology/Structural diagrams

This is a guideline to help authors in creating sufficient chemical structure diagrams to be used in drug-related articles for WikiProject Pharmacology.

How to
Molecular structure diagrams used in drug-related pharmacology articles should be created using a molecule editor program, such as ChemDraw, ChemSketch, or ISIS/Draw (ChemDraw and Isis/draw are commercial software packages, ChemSketch is freeware. Another freeware package that may be used is WinPLT. Some more experienced users may prefer to use markup languages, such as PPCHTeX or XyMTeX.

The carbon backbone of the molecule should be drawn out using lines, with indicated functional groups and heavy atoms drawn in as appropriate. Show stereochemistry as necessary as well (see the Tetrahydrocannibinol example, bottom right).

All images should be saved using Scalable Vector Graphics. PNG format is also acceptable. All structures are being moved to commons, so ideally all new structures should be saved direct to Commons using a PD-chem permission.

Requested images
If you would like to request that a chemical structure diagram be created for an article, please make that request on the WikiProject Pharmacology talk page.


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Digital Chocolate

Digital Chocolate, Inc. was a video game developer and publisher headquartered in San Mateo, California. It was founded in 2003 by Trip Hawkins, the founder of video game companies Electronic Arts and The 3DO Company. The company focused on developing games for Java ME-based mobile phones, iOS, and Microsoft Windows, and made some non-entertainment titles. Its marketing motto was Seize the minute.

The developer was officially closed in 2014. It has sold its games to RockYou, and its website was shut down.

History
Digital Chocolate was founded in 2003 by Hawkins after the failure of The 3DO Company. It had operations in San Mateo, Seattle, St. Petersburg, Bangalore, Helsinki, and Mexicali.

In 2004, Digital Chocolate acquired European developer Sumea, which then became its Helsinki studio.

On August 15, 2011, Digital Chocolate agreed to acquire Sandlot Games, a leading casual game developer and publisher.

In May 2012, Trip Hawkins stepped down as CEO to move to a "consulting and advisory relationship" with the company. The company also announced plans to lay off 180 employees.

Galaxy Life is its most successful title on Facebook to date, ranking at 284th bucket of MAU (Monthly Active Users) as of September 13, 2013. In 2013, Digital Chocolate's Barcelona studio was sold to Ubisoft with the Galaxy Life IP and the Helsinki studio was closed.

In April 2014, Digital Chocolate's four remaining Facebook games — Army Attack, Crazy Penguin Wars, Millionaire City, and Zombie Lane — were licensed to RockYou, along with the hiring of its developers to continue work on the games.

Games

 * 20Q: Celebrity Quiz
 * 20Q: Mind Reader
 * 20Q: Sports Quiz
 * 2D Brick Breaker Revolution
 * 3D Brick Breaker Revolution
 * 3D Rollercoaster Rush
 * 3D Mini Golf Challenge
 * Army Attack
 * Bubble Popper Deluxe
 * Bumper Car City
 * California Gold Rush (2009)
 * California Gold Rush: Bonaza (2009-2010)
 * Chocolate Shop Frenzy
 * Crazy Monkey Spin
 * Crazy Penguin Catapult (2007)
 * Crazy Penguin Catapult 2 (2007-2009)
 * Crazy Penguin Wars
 * Crazy Penguin Assault (2011)
 * Crazy Penguin Party (2009)
 * Crazy Penguin Freezeway (2011)
 * DChoc Cafe Hangman
 * DChoc Cafe Solitaire
 * Extreme Air Snowboarding
 * Foto Quest Fishing
 * Galaxy Life
 * Island God Beta
 * Johnny Crash
 * Johnny Crash Stuntman Does Texas

 * Kamikaze Robots
 * Kings & Warlords
 * Mafia Wars
 * Mafia Wars 2: Scarlottis
 * Mafia Wars 3: Yakuza
 * Millionaire City
 * Minigolf Castles
 * Mini Golf 99 Holes Theme Park
 * MMA Pro Fighter
 * New in Town
 * Nightclub Empire
 * Party Island Bowling
 * Party Island Pool
 * Party Island: Sexy Trivia
 * Petanque: World Tour
 * Pyramid Bloxx (2007)
 * Redbull X Fighters
 * Rollercoaster Rush (2006)
 * Rollercoaster Rush 3D (2007)
 * Rollercoaster Rush New York (2008-2010)
 * Rollercoaster Rush 99 Tracks (2008)
 * Rollercoaster Rush Underground 3D (2010-2011)
 * Racing Fever GT
 * Super Water Bomber
 * Strip Club Manager
 * Tornado Mania! (2007)
 * Tower Bloxx (2005)
 * Tower Bloxx Deluxe  (2008)
 * Tower Bloxx: New York (2009)
 * Tower Bloxx: My City (2010)
 * Tower Bloxx: Revolution (2011-2012)
 * Santa's Tower Bloxx (2006)
 * Super Water Bomber
 * Zombie Lane

Awards
In 2009, the company's game Brick Breaker Revolution won an IGN award for Best Artistic Design.

Mobile Entertainment named the company "best mobile games developer" in 2006 and 2007.

In 2006, Digital Chocolate received nine IGN Game of the Year awards. Its game Tornado Mania! was awarded Wireless Game of the Year with a "perfect 10" score, and the company was named Best Developer.

In 2012, the company's game Army Attack was nominated for the "Social Networking Game of the Year" in the Academy of Interactive Arts & Science's 15th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards.

The company has been included in The Red Herring Global 100.

title: Digital Chocolate


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Leytonstone tube station

Leytonstone is a London Underground station in Leytonstone in the London Borough of Waltham Forest, east London. It is on the Central line, on the boundary of Zones 3 and 4. Towards Central London, the next station is Leyton, while going east from Leytonstone, the line divides into two branches. On the direct route to Woodford and Epping the next stop is Snaresbrook, and on the Hainault loop it is Wanstead. The station is close to Whipps Cross University Hospital. It is a terminus for some services and returns westbound.

History
The railway line from Loughton Branch Junction (on the Lea Valley line between Stratford and Lea Bridge) to Loughton was built by the Eastern Counties Railway and opened on 22 August 1856. A station at Leytonstone was opened on the same day. In turn it became, from 1862, part of the Great Eastern Railway system and then in 1923 part of the London & North Eastern Railway before being transferred to London Transport in 1947. This formed part of the New Works Programme (1935–1940) that was to see major changes at Leytonstone with the station becoming the junction of the existing Loughton-Epping-Ongar line, newly electrified, with the new tube tunnel running under Eastern Avenue towards Newbury Park. This work saw a complete reconstruction of the station along with the removal of the level crossing at Church Lane and its replacement by an underbridge. The work stopped in May 1940 due to wartime priorities; further delays were caused by the station buildings being hit by a German bomb in January 1944. During the war, the new tunnels were used as an aircraft component factory; the part closest to Leytonstone was a public air-raid shelter.

The station was first served by the Central line on 5 May 1947, when it became the temporary terminus of the line, passengers changing to steam shuttle onwards to Epping. This ceased on 14 December 1947 with the extension of Underground services to Woodford and Newbury Park.

Notable events

 * In honour of the centenary of the birth of film director Sir Alfred Hitchcock (born 13 August 1899 in Leytonstone), the London Borough of Waltham Forest commissioned the Greenwich Mural Workshop to create a series of mosaics of Hitchcock's life and works in the tube station. Work was started in June 2000 and the mosaics were unveiled on 3 May 2001.
 * Three people were injured inside the station's ticket hall during the evening of 5 December 2015, with one suffering serious knife injuries. The Metropolitan Police arrested the attacker inside the station after using Tasers against him. Video footage later emerged of the attacker repeatedly shouting "this is for Syria". A remark shouted at the attacker by a witness, "You ain’t no Muslim, bruv", resulted in considerable media comment and was subsequently praised by the then Prime Minister, David Cameron.

Connections
London Buses routes 66, 145, 257, 339, W13, W14, W15, W16 and W19 and night route N8 serve the station and bus station.

title: Leytonstone tube station


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Aurora Bridge

The Aurora Bridge (officially called the George Washington Memorial Bridge) is a cantilever and truss bridge in Seattle, Washington, United States. It carries State Route 99 (Aurora Avenue North) over the west end of Seattle's Lake Union and connects Queen Anne and Fremont. The bridge is located just east of the Fremont Cut, which itself is spanned by the Fremont Bridge.

The Aurora Bridge is owned and operated by the Washington State Department of Transportation. It is 2945 ft long, 70 ft wide, and 167 ft above the water. The bridge was opened to traffic on February 22, 1932, the 200th anniversary of the birth of namesake George Washington. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

The bridge has been the site of numerous fatal incidents over the years. It is a popular location for suicide jumpers and several reports have used the bridge as a case study in fields ranging from suicide prevention to the effects of pre-hospital care on trauma victims. In 1998, a bus driver was shot and killed while driving over the bridge, causing his bus to crash and resulting in the death of one of the passengers. In 2015, five people died and fifty were injured when an amphibious duck tour vehicle crashed into a charter bus on the bridge in an incident that also involved two smaller vehicles.

Design
The bridge is 2945 ft long, 70 ft wide, 167 ft above the water and is owned and operated by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). There are two V-shaped cantilever sections supporting the bridge deck, each 325 ft long and balanced on large concrete pilings at opposite sides of the ship canal which serve as the two main supporting anchors. Some 828 timber piles were driven for the foundation of the south anchor and 684 piles for the north. They range in size from 110 to 120 ft and rest 50 to 55 ft below the surface of the water. Together, the anchors support a load of 8,000 tons. Their construction required a pile driver that was specially designed to work underwater.

A 150 ft long Warren truss suspended span connects the two cantilevers in the middle. The bridge's main span is 475 ft long. At either end of the bridge there are additional Warren truss spans which connect the cantilevered spans to the highway.

History
Construction on the bridge piers began in 1929, with construction of the bridge following shortly afterwards in 1931. The bridge's dedication was held on February 22, 1932, George Washington's 200th birthday; it opened to traffic the same day. A time capsule was installed on the bridge by the widow of Judge Thomas Burke and is planned to be opened in 2032.

The bridge was the final link in what was then called the Pacific Highway (later known as U.S. Route 99), which ran from Canada to Mexico. The bridge crosses the Lake Union section of the Lake Washington Ship Canal and, unlike earlier bridges across the canal, the height of the Aurora Bridge eliminated the need for a drawbridge. In 1930 Seattle City Council voted to build connecting portions of the highway through the Woodland Park Zoo, a decision which generated considerable controversy at the time.

The bridge was designed by the Seattle architectural firm Jacobs & Ober, with Ralph Ober as the lead engineer on the project. Ober died in August 1931, of a brain hemorrhage while it was still under construction. Federal funding programs were not available at the time, so the bridge was funded by Seattle, King County, and the state of Washington.

The bridge was nominated for the National Register of Historic Places on January 2, 1980, on account of its "functional and aesthetic" design qualities and its historical status as the first bridge constructed in the region without streetcar tracks. It was accepted to the National Register on July 16, 1982. The bridge formerly had a set of pedestrian refuge islands in the highway's median that were removed in 1944.

In 1990 the Fremont Troll—a large concrete sculpture of a troll clutching a real-life Volkswagen Beetle—was installed under the bridge's north end. Up to half of the $40,000 cost for the artwork was donated from Seattle's Neighborhood Matching Fund, a local program to raise money for community projects. The Troll was heavily vandalized in the year following its construction, and large floodlights were installed on the bridge to discourage further damage.

Following the collapse of the Minneapolis I-35W arch-truss bridge on August 1, 2007, WSDOT was directed to perform inspections of all steel cantilever bridges in the state that used gusset plates in their design, including the George Washington Memorial Bridge. The bridge had earlier been certified as structurally sound with no serious deficiencies detected. That year, the Federal Highway Administration National Bridge Inventory found the bridge to be "functionally obsolete". The bridge was given a sufficiency rating of 55.2% and evaluated to be "better than minimum adequacy to tolerate being left in place as is". Its foundations and railings met the acceptable standards and no immediate corrective action was needed to improve it.

The George Washington Memorial Bridge underwent extensive seismic retrofitting in 2011 and 2012 at a cost of $5.7 million. During a regular inspection in October 2019, WSDOT structural engineers determined that an outside stringer beam on the southbound side of the bridge had corroded to the point of creating a visible sag in the roadway. Southbound traffic was reduced to two lanes for an emergency repair that cost $500,000 and took seven days (out of a scheduled ten days).

Accidents and incidents
On November 27, 1998, King County Metro driver Mark McLaughlin, the driver of a southbound route 359 Express articulated bus, was shot and killed by a passenger, Silas Cool, while driving across the bridge. Cool then shot himself as the bus veered across two lanes of traffic and plunged off the bridge's eastern side onto the roof of an apartment building below. Herman Liebelt, a passenger on the bus, later died of injuries he sustained in the crash. According to estimates from WSDOT, repairs to the bridge cost over $18,000. Medical claims from the victims against King County amounted to $2.3 million.

A service for McLaughlin was held on December 8, 1998, at KeyArena in Seattle. Numerous state and county officials and over 100 transit drivers attended the service, which included a procession of over eighty Metro buses and vans. Metro retired the number 359 as a route designation and replaced it with route 358 in February 1999, as part of a restructure of service on Aurora Avenue. On February 15, 2014, Route 358 itself was retired, and replaced with the RapidRide E Line.

On September 24, 2015, five people were killed and fifty were injured when an amphibious "duck tour" vehicle crashed into a charter bus on the bridge in a collision that also involved two smaller vehicles. According to a representative from the Chinese consulate, all of the students were foreign-born. The students all attended North Seattle College, and were on their way to Safeco Field for new student orientation. One witness reported that it appeared as though the duck boat veered into the oncoming bus, after crossing the center line. Some blame for the collision was placed on the narrowness of the 57 ft bridge deck, which has 9.5 ft lanes, and the lack of a median barrier to separate the two directions of traffic. There have also been some calls to reduce the number of lanes from six narrow lanes to four wider lanes, although early reports indicated that a mechanical failure of the duck tour vehicles' front axle may have also been a major factor in the crash.

Suicides
The bridge's height and pedestrian access make it a popular location for suicide jumpers. Since construction, there have been over 230 suicides from the bridge, with nearly 50 deaths occurring in the decade 1995–2005. The first suicide occurred on January 20, 1932, when a shoe salesman leapt from the bridge before it was completed. A notable suicide was that of Cheryl Glass, one the first female African-American racing drivers in the United States.

Numerous reports have been written about the high incidence of suicide on the bridge, many of them using the bridge as a case study in fields ranging from suicide prevention to the effects of prehospital care on trauma victims. Despite the force of impact, jumpers occasionally survive the fall from the bridge, though not without sustaining serious injuries.

News sources have referred to the George Washington Memorial Bridge as a suicide bridge. In December 2006, six emergency phones and 18 signs were installed on the bridge to encourage people to seek help instead of jumping. Around that time, a group of community activists and political leaders living near the bridge created the Fremont Individuals and Employees Nonprofit to Decrease Suicides (FRIENDS), their primary focus being the installation of a suicide barrier on the bridge.

In 2007, Washington Governor Christine Gregoire allocated $1.4 million in her supplemental budget for the construction of an 8 ft suicide-prevention fence to help reduce the number of suicides on the bridge. Construction of the fence began in spring 2010 and was completed in February 2011, at a total cost of $4.8 million.

title: Aurora Bridge


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Pharmacology/Photographs/Requested

Drug photographs
(archive)

Please obtain these legally .

New images

 * Curare
 * Ampligen


text:
Guitar Wolf

Guitar Wolf (Japanese: ギ タ ー ウ ル フ) is a Japanese garage rock power trio founded in Tokyo in 1987. They coined the phrase "jet rock 'n' roll", which they use to describe their musical style. The band is signed to Sony Music Japan's Ki/oon Records division.

Guitar Wolf has released thirteen studio albums internationally as well as a live album, numerous singles, and a retrospective compilation called Golden Black. The band members have also been featured in two B-grade science fiction horror films: Wild Zero and Sore Losers. A collection of Guitar Wolf's most popular videos and live performances have been compiled into a limited-edition DVD titled Red Idol.

Formation

Guitarist Seiji was born in Nagasaki Prefecture but moved to nearby Shimane Prefecture while he was still young. Upon graduating high school, he moved to Tokyo, where he became lead vocalist for the band Far East Punch. With a strong desire to play guitar, Seiji dedicated himself to the instrument after coming across a copy of the single "Rumble" by Link Wray & His Ray Men at Tower Records in Shibuya. He has stated that the 1958 instrumental "saved his music life".

Seiji met bassist Billy (Hideaki Sekiguchi) while the two were working in Harajuku. Realizing they shared similar musical tastes, they decided to form a rock band together. After convincing Seiji's coworker Narita to accompany them on drums, Guitar Wolf formed in Harajuku in 1987. Each member adopted a Ramones-style surname reflecting the instrument he played: Seiji became Guitar Wolf, Billy became Bass Wolf, and Narita became Drum Wolf, though Narita would depart the group shortly thereafter. For a brief period, Seiji's younger brother Masaharu filled in on drums before a drummer, Tōru, was found.

In time, the band would come to develop its own unique strain of punk rock music, fusing multiple genres together into what the band described as Jet Rock 'n' Roll. Although Guitar Wolf has cited Joan Jett as an important musical and stylistic influence, contrary to some reports, the term Jet Rock is not derived from Joan Jett's name. The term's origin is, rather, attributed to the sound of a jet plane. In an interview conducted in St. Louis on 5 April 2012, Seiji clarified: "I love jet plane. I love noisy music, too. So...there were records...many records...every record have no big sounds. So...easy to listen. I hate that! So! I add jet sounds. Bwaaaahng! Explosion!" In the same interview, when asked who created the term Jet Rock, Seiji replied, "Me. Yeah, yeah. So we are #1 Japanese Jet Rock Band".

First releases
By 1994, the band had released three albums and a single. Their first album, Wolf Rock!, was recorded in Seiji's basement and released in the US on vinyl by Goner Records. Their second album, Kung Fu Ramone, was released through Bag of Hammers; their third, titled Run Wolf Run, contains a number of re-recorded tracks from Kung Fu Ramone. 1994 also saw the release of their first single, "Somethin' Else b/w Red Rockabilly", again through Bag of Hammers.

Later work

The period between 1994 and 2000 is when Guitar Wolf released much of their best-known material. In 1996, a performance at a New York City record store secured the band a contract with Matador Records, who issued their fourth album, Missile Me!, that same year. Guitar Wolf would continue releasing albums with Matador until 1999's Jet Generation, an album that the company claimed was the loudest ever put to wax, and which included a warning that playing it could potentially damage the listener's audio equipment.

On 24 April 2019, it was announced that Guitar Wolf's latest album, Love & Jett, would be released on Jack White's Third Man Records on 10 May 2019. A US tour with Nashville Pussy was organized to promote the album. In 2022, longtime drummer Toru announced his departure from the band, and his last live performance with Guitar Wolf on 11 March was live-streamed. A drummer named Shingo filled in for a May and June European tour. After the completion of the tour, the band announced Takuro Nagashima as their new drummer.

Film appearances
In 2000, Guitar Wolf starred in the Japanese rock 'n' roll "zombie horror" movie Wild Zero, directed by Tetsuro Takeuchi. The band play themselves as they take on crazed fans, zombies, and an alien invasion. Their music also features heavily in the movie's soundtrack. A sequel, titled Wild Zero 2: The Strongest Blood of Humanity, was announced in July 2019, though no release date has been confirmed as they search for a distributor. The band has also appeared in the documentaries Get Action!! (2014, dir. Jun'ya Kondō) and Garage Rockin' Craze (2017, dir. Mario Cuzic), the former exploring another well-known Japanese garage rock band, Teengenerate, and the latter looking at the formation and evolution of the Tokyo garage punk scene and its de facto founder, DJ Daddy-O-Nov. Both films feature interviews with Seiji and the latter features live footage as well.

Death of Bass Wolf

In 2002, the band made the move to Narnack Records, where they continued to release material until 2005. That year, they released the greatest hits album Golden Black. Later the same year, after completing a U.S. tour, the band returned to Japan, where bassist Billy suffered a fatal heart attack at the age of 38. In September 2005, Guitar Wolf played their first show with a new bassist, U.G, who would go on to play with the band for the next twelve years, departing in 2017. His replacement, Hikaru, remained with Guitar Wolf for less than a year, before being replaced by current bassist, Gotz.

Jet clothing
The band have their own line of clothing, called Jet, consisting of jackets, pants, T-shirts, and belts. The Guitar Wolf motorcycle jacket, a variation of the 613 Perfecto called 613GW, is manufactured by Schott NYC. In 2018, alongside big name Japanese bands The Cro-Magnons, The Bawdies, and Stompin' Riffraffs, Guitar Wolf headlined Wings, Wheels, & Rock 'N' Roll, a show sponsored by British motorcycle jacket maker Lewis Leathers to commemorate the brand opening a Tokyo store. They have since released a model for Guitar Wolf, known as the 723 Memphis.

Band members
Current
 * Seiji – guitar, lead vocals (1987–present)
 * Gotz – bass, backing vocals (2018–present)
 * Takuro – drums (2022–present)

Past
 * Narita – drums (1987)
 * Masaharu – drums (1987–1991)
 * Billy – bass, backing vocals (1987–2005)
 * U.G – bass, backing vocals (2005–2017)
 * Hikaru – bass, backing vocals (2017–2018)
 * Toru – drums (1991–2022)
 * Shingo – drums (2022)

Timeline

Studio albums

 * Wolf Rock! (1993)
 * Kung Fu Ramone (1994)
 * Run Wolf Run (1994)
 * Missile Me! (1995)
 * Planet of the Wolves (1997)
 * Jet Generation (1999)
 * Rock'n'roll Etiquette (2000)
 * UFO Romantics (2002)
 * Loverock (2004)
 * Dead Rock (2007)
 * Mars Twist (2007)
 * Spacebattleshiplove (2010)
 * Beast Vibrator (2013)
 * T-Rex from a Tiny Space Yojouhan (2016)
 * Love & Jett (2019)

EPs

 * Kannana Fever (1998)
 * Kaminari One (1998)
 * Rock De Korose! (1999)
 * GodSpeedYou!! (2000)
 * Jet Satisfaction (2009)

Live albums

 * Live!! (2000)

Compilations

 * Golden Black (2005)

Soundtracks

 * Wild Zero (1999)

Splits

 * Split 7" with the Statics (1997)
 * Aussie Tour Split 7" with Shutdown 66 (1999)
 * Split 7" with Sludgefeast (2005)
 * Ultra Cross Vol. 1 with Lightning Bolt (2006)
 * Ultra Cross Vol. 2 with Struggle for Pride (2006)
 * Ultra Cross Vol. 3 with DJ Baku (2006)

Singles

 * "Somethin' Else" (1995)
 * "Missile Me" (1996)
 * "Satisfaction" (1996)
 * "Can-Nana Fever" (1997)
 * "Bad Reputation" (1997)
 * "Kawasaki Z11 7750 Rock 'N' Roll" (1997)
 * "Kaminari One" (1998)
 * "Murder By Rock!" (1999)
 * "God Speed You" (2000)
 * "I Love You, Ok" (2001)
 * "Jet Satisfaction" (2009)

DVDs

 * Red Idol (2003)
 * Hero the Wolves Movie and Music to Mangle Your Mind (1999)
 * Live at the World Rising of the Wolves (2005)
 * 69 Comeback Special at Hibiya Yagai Dai Ongakudo 2009.4.4 (2005)

Filmography

 * The Sore Losers (1997) as "Mysterious Strangers"
 * Wild Zero (2000) as themselves
 * Guitar Wolf – Red Idol (2003) as themselves
 * Rock 'n Tokyo (2007) as themselves
 * Get Action!! (2014) as themselves
 * Garage Rockin' Craze (2017) as themselves

title: Guitar Wolf


text:
Talk:Macedonian Empire

History
Macedonian Empire seems to be a text on the history of the Macedonian empire only, needs lots of work and more information on the empire itself, also after Alexander the Great, it jumps to the conclusion and ends the empire, it needs serious formatting, is copied/pasted from here (http://members.fortunecity.com/fstav1/macedon.html) although it could be written by the user himself. -- Leandros, 18:33, 20 Jul 2004

If it's a copyright violation, then it needs to be removed. In any case, it might be duplicate with Macedon. --Shallot 17:03, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

In fact I believe that Macedon and Macedonian Empire really ought to exist as separate articles, and they are not duplicate, and not copied from the same webpage. I do suspect though that this page was written by the same user who wrote the Macedonian Empire article. Would this still count as copyvio? Anyway, someone really into the subject has better rewrite the article. --leandros 10:06, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Empire

 * Do not insert "Macedonian Empire". This is a view held my a minority of historians in Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia and it is otherwise given Undue weight. Mr. Neutron 16:02, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * So? The purpose of Wikipedia is to present all views about the subject, so I do see valid reason for your censorship here. Besides, I would not say that it is view of "minority of historians" because it is view of all historians from former Yugoslavia while opposite view that it was Bulgarian Empire is just a view of historians in Bulgaria. Who is majority and who is minority here is the question for long discussion. PANONIAN  16:42, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, and I corrected it this way. Btw this is not Former Yugoslavia vs. Bulgaria, it is Former Yugoslavia vs Western scholarship, and it is very evident that the former Yugoslav historians are in minority on this matter. It will also be nice if you can provide some source for this usage. Mr. Neutron 17:00, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * And interesting question - are Asparukh of Bulgaria and Krum of Bulgaria, who were leaders of the First Bulgarian empire considered "Macedonians" in Yugoslavia? Mr. Neutron 17:06, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The problem with western scholarship is that Bulgarians were simply more aggresive to impose their own view to western scholarship which does not mean that this view is 100% correct (it is just more aggresively presented). Regarding sources for usage of this name, here are some:, , (You can find more by google search: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&btnG=Search ). Regarding Asparuh and Krum, no they were not considered Macedonians (no matter that their names were simply Asparuh and Krum without "of Bulgaria" sufix). In Yugoslavia, Macedonians were Slavic inhabitants of Slavic empire centered in Macedonia during rule of Samuil - linguistics proved that Macedonian language is unic language different from both, Bulgarian and Serbian and fact is that Slavic inhabitants that lived in that area in that time also spoke that same language, which confirm that they were different from Bulgarians.  PANONIAN  18:05, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I see nothing but pseudohistory. Mr. Neutron 18:08, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * "In Yugoslavia, Macedonians were Slavic inhabitants of Slavic empire centered in Macedonia during rule of Samuil - linguistics proved that Macedonian language is unic language different from both, Bulgarian and Serbian and fact is that Slavic inhabitants that lived in that area in that time also spoke that same language, which confirm that they were different from Bulgarians." - Wow, and what a surprise it was Yugoslavian authors who "discovered" this. As I have said before read the Samuil of Bulgaria article before imposing such non-sense. -- L a v e o l  T 18:18, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * But, even you agree that Yugoslav authors have this point of view, so I have to remind you that purpose of Wikipedia is to present all points of view about one subject, not to present one point and to ommit another. Regarding "Samuil of Bulgaria", he was indeed known as Samuil in historical sources, while sufix "of Bulgaria" is just a construction invented on English Wikipedia by Greater Bulgarian nationalists - even Bulgarian Wikipedia use simply "Samuil": http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Самуил PANONIAN  15:56, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * To add and conclude, history (at least Bulgarian and Western) is not built on "aggresiveness" and "imposition of views", it is built on facts and evidence. In this case the Yugoslav side has very little of both. Mr. Neutron 18:38, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * No, it is not - it is based on Greater Bulgarian nationalism that want to occupy Republic of Macedonia. You cannot deny to Macedonians to speak about themselves and their country. PANONIAN  15:56, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Too bad you do not any sources to support this statement and it is shameless you utter it. See Macedonism. Mr. Neutron 16:28, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * O, but I have many sources that support my claims, just see: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=makedonsko+carstvo&btnG=Google+Search And please, just do not claim that you see there does not exist - every man should trust to his own eyes. PANONIAN  16:04, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * You dont have sources, but google queries which do not mean anything. Mr. Neutron 16:10, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe it do not mean anything to you, but it mean much for Wikipedia and most of its users. PANONIAN  09:42, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * He was always knows as Tsar Samuil. Not “Samuil of Bulgaria”Alexander the great1 20:31, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Sure, just like Peter I of Serbia was known as Tsar Peter and King Zog of Albania was known as King Zog. Should I add Napoleon I of France? Mr. Neutron 20:37, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * So Mr.Neutron then you agree that Alexander of Macedonia was Macedonian, following what you have said that would mean that he was indeed Macedonian and not Greek. Like you said "Peter I of Serbia", "King Zog of Albania" all follow the same concept, then “Alexander of Macedonia” is the same. Following what you have said there should be no reason for there to be a conflict over his ethnicity as it is clear that he was Macedonian. Alexander the great1 01:21, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * There there son, try this one Alexander of Macedon. Mr. Neutron 01:23, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * See again Bulgarian Wikipedia, it is simply Samuil: http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Самуил And "Peter I of Serbia" is also not written as "of Serbia" on Serbian Wikipedia: http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Краљ_Петар_I_Карађорђевић These "of something" sufixes were invented by some English Wikipedia users and therefore they reflect original research and should be changed. PANONIAN  15:56, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * So? This is the English wikipedia and naming conventions differ. Mr. Neutron 17:51, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Differ from what? If you read the namimg conventions page you would see that they in fact differ from opinion that you want to impose here. PANONIAN  16:07, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * For the n-th time, make your case at Napoleon I of France and King Zog of Albania, also try Peter I of Yugoslavia, which you should be more concerned about anyways. Mr. Neutron 16:09, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Alexander the Great(Alexander III) the one everyone knows about, the one that is known throughout the world as Alexander of Macedonia.Alexander the great1 01:31, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Not at all. He is known as Alexander the Great. Mr. Neutron 17:51, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

For the last time: Macedon ≠ Macedonia (country) and Macedonians (ethnic group) ≠ Ancient Macedonians. Period. NikoSilver 01:44, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * see http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A3352286Alexander the great1 02:03, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Stop spamming nonsense, and see my first reply in Talk:Alexander the Great. NikoSilver 02:13, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not spam it's a link that has to do with the Macedonian empire.Alexander the great1 02:15, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Regarding term itself, here are manz sources that refer to Samuil's empire as "Macedonian Empire": http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=macedonian+empire+samuil&btnG=Search PANONIAN  16:01, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * And can you point out which exactly sources (google itself is not a source) is Reliable? Mr. Neutron 16:28, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Response in another place where this was posted: NikoSilver 16:38, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It is not fair the ignore the fact that several countries have come to the accord that Tsar Samuil was Macedonian and that his empire was a Macedonian one. Alexander the great1 17:24, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes it is, per WP:FRINGE. And again it is not countries, but views of historians. Even for Serbia there are internal disputes. Mr. Neutron 17:46, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * How is it a fringe theory if it is the official view of a country?72.140.254.76 17:54, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It is fringe because it is 1. unsupported by evidence, 2. rejected by more than 99% of scholars. Mr. Neutron 17:56, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * What evidence does the Bulgarian theory have other then the “Voden Inscription” http://www.gate.net/~mango/Bulgarian_falsification.html Alexander the great1 18:07, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I not answering any more of your trolling. Read Samuil of Bulgaria and Bitola inscription. Mr. Neutron 18:09, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Presenting facts is not “trolling”Alexander the great1 18:13, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * All I hear is "several countries have come to the accord that Tsar Samuil was Macedonian", but I see no freakin' source for that. Do you have a governmental site? A governmental publication? A schoolbook? A governmental academic? Any academic at all? I asked before, so if you do, please list them here. NikoSilver 18:39, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The educational system in Serbia use the term "Macedonian Empire" in all of its publications - I simply never saw any Serbian source that use term "Bulgarian Empire" for this state. In another words, when I say all sources I refer to both, academic and non-academic sources (including history books for elementary school). And what governmental site you ask for? There are many various Serbian and Croatian sites on google search that use this name: http://www.google.com/search?q=makedonsko+carstvo+samuilo&hl=en&safe=off&start=10&sa=N PANONIAN  16:00, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * And here are sources in English as well: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=macedonian+empire+samuil&btnG=Search PANONIAN  16:05, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * For the n-th time, stop posting some random google queries. Post titles! Mr. Neutron 16:07, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Why? You are not stupid that you cannot find these titles in google page that I showed to you, are you? PANONIAN  16:09, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * You are claiming there are sources - state them as a list. Make sure thay are reliable. It is your duty to present them. You cannot use google itself as a source. Mr. Neutron 16:11, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * These google hits are enough for anybody who want to see whether this term is used or not. If you refuse to accept what you see that is your own problem. PANONIAN  09:41, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Wow, Panonian, and the fact that you get 800 hits (all of them from .mk sites) surely makes you happy. But why didn't you try it out with Bulgarian + Samuil + empire - I just got 14100 hits. This is not a prove itself for anything just a counter to your views. All proves can be found on the Samuil of Bulgaria article (as I have said a number of times already). There is something about Wikipedia, you know, all the articles have links between each other (you must have seen it by now) - you cannot go and write stuff in one article that is totally opposite to another. So, you cannot just say that he was a Macedonian king in this article when the article about himself makes it totally clear what kind of Empire he ruled. Sorry for the sarcasm, but this starts to get really disruptive. L a v e o l   T''' 18:25, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but even you recognized right here that there are 800 hits for term Macedonian Empire, so you also recognize that name is used and that is my whole point. I do not propose that we change name of article "First Bulgarian Empire" into "Macedonian Empire", but I say that if other name is used in sources that should be reflected in Wikipedia especially on this page and especially in articles dealing with Republic of Macedonia and Serbia to reflect the view of historiographies in these countries. I do not see what could be disruptive in presenting these different opinions to Wikipedia readers - I do not propose that we simply replace term "Bulgarian" with term "Macedonian", but to use term "Macedonian" TOGETHER with term "Bulgarian" and also written AFTER it in parenthesis or something like that, which is indeed compromise that in fact support your view that main term used for it is "Bulgarian Empire". Therefore, your refusal to accept any compromise and to present only one point of view is in fact disruptive and if I ask some admins to help solving this dispute you will not be very happy about end result. PANONIAN  09:41, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Oh, and one more thing - just why do you think that the STATE sponsored schoolbooks in the Republic and in former Yugoslavia show Samuil as a hmmm, no, I'm not gonna say it ... king? And the rest of the world sees him as Bulgarian? All sources from this period have him as Bulgarian, all western scholars from the XIX, XX and XXI century have him as Bulgarian and just Republic of macedonia's let's say academic circles have him as something else (and to some extend Yugoslavian/Serbian scholars) and with no evidence or logic behind it. Sounds like some sort of a state policy, doesn't it? -- L a v e o l  T 18:25, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * We do not duscuss here whether he "really" was Bulgarian or Macedonian ruler - we duscuss one and simple thing: whether term "Macedonian Empire" is also used in some sources for that empire and I already proved that it is used by simple google search. Therefore, Wikipedia that aim to collect all human knowledge simply have to reflect this fact that other term is used as well. PANONIAN  09:41, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * 99% of the time "Macedonian Empire" is used to refer to "Macedon", so I am reverting to Niko. If you have changes, make them in Macedonian Empire (disambiguation), and do not add Double redirect!!!!Mr. Neutron 16:02, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * But nothing links to page Macedonian Empire (disambiguation). as a compromise I did tried to redirect "Macedonian Empire" to Macedon article and to writte there a note: ""Macedonian Empire" redirects here. For other uses of the term, see: Macedonian Empire (disambiguation).", but the Greek user deleted it: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macedon&diff=140981834&oldid=140965787 So, what you suggest that we do now? - link to page Macedonian Empire (disambiguation) must be placed somewhere. PANONIAN  10:30, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Macedonian Empire