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Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)

Silas Weir Mitchell (February 15, 1829 – January 4, 1914) was an American physician, scientist, novelist, and poet. He is considered the father of medical neurology, and he discovered causalgia (complex regional pain syndrome) and erythromelalgia, and pioneered the rest cure.

Early life
Silas Weir Mitchell was born on February 15, 1829, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to prominent physician and writer John Kearsley Mitchell (1792–1858) and Sarah Henry Mitchell (1800–1872).

He studied at Philadelphia's renowned University of Pennsylvania and later earned the degree of MD at the city's Jefferson Medical College in 1850.

Career
During the Civil War, he was director of treatment of nervous injuries and maladies at Turner's Lane Hospital, Philadelphia, and at the close of the war became a specialist in neurology. In this field Mitchell pioneered the rest cure for diseases now termed "psychiatric", particularly neurasthenia and hysteria, subsequently taken up by the medical world. The treatment consisted primarily in isolation, confinement to bed, dieting, electrotherapy and massage; and was popularly known as 'Dr Diet and Dr Quiet'. Mitchell advocated a high-fat diet to his patients. He believed that a diet rich in fat would "fatten and redden" his patients, leading to a cure. To achieve this, large quantities of milk were prescribed. He requested his patients to consume two quarts or more milk a day.

His medical texts include Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences (1872) and Fat and Blood (1877). Mitchell's disease (erythromelalgia) is named after him. He also coined the term phantom limb during his study of an amputee. Mitchell discovered and treated causalgia (today known as CRPS/RSD), a condition most often encountered by hand surgeons. Mitchell is considered the father of medical neurology and a pioneer of "evidence-based" or "scientific" medicine. He was a founding member of the American Anthropometric Society whose purpose was to collect the brains of eminent scientists to further brain science. He was also a psychiatrist, toxicologist, author, poet, and celebrity in Europe as well as America. His contemporaries considered him a genius no less than Benjamin Franklin.

In 1866, he published a short story in the Atlantic Monthly resting upon both somatic and psychological insights entitled "The Case of George Dedlow". From that point onward, Mitchell divided his attention between scientific and literary pursuits. In the former field, he produced monographs on rattlesnake venom, intellectual hygiene, injuries to the nerves, neurasthenia, nervous diseases of women, the effects of gunshot wounds upon the nervous system, and relations between nurse, physician, and patient; in the latter, he wrote juvenile stories, several volumes of respectable verse (The Hill of Stones and Other Poems was published in 1883 by Houghton, Mifflin and Co.), and prose fiction of varying merit, which earned him a leading place among American authors at the close of the 19th century. His historical novels in particular, notably Hugh Wynne (1897), The Adventures of François (1898), The Youth of Washington (1904), and The Red City (1909), are among the best of their genre.

Prominent patients
Although Silas Weir Mitchell was considered the most prominent doctor of the time, his female patients often suffered under his care. There was even a death due to his treatment that was not revealed to the public.

He was Charlotte Perkins Gilman's doctor and his use of a rest cure on her provided the idea for "The Yellow Wallpaper", a short story in which the narrator is driven insane by this treatment.

His treatment was also used on Virginia Woolf, who wrote a savage satire of it in her novel Mrs. Dalloway (1925): "you invoke proportion; order rest in bed; rest in solitude; silence and rest; rest without friends, without books, without messages; six months rest; until a man who went in weighing seven stone six comes out weighing twelve".

Influence on Freud
Sigmund Freud reviewed Mitchell's book on The Treatment of Certain Forms of Neurasthenia and Hysteria in 1887; and used electrotherapy in his work into the 1890s.

Freud also adopted Mitchell's use of physical relaxation as an adjunct to therapy, which arguably led to the institutionalization of the psychoanalytic couch.

Honors and recognition
Mitchell's eminence in science and letters was recognized by honorary degrees conferred upon him by several universities at home and abroad and by membership, honorary or active, in many American and foreign learned societies. In 1887 he was president of the Association of American Physicians and in 1908–09 president of the American Neurological Association.

He was a trustee of the Carnegie Institution from 1902 until he died in 1914. In 1912 he was honored by the Guggenheim Honor Cup of the Penn Club of New York.

The American Academy of Neurology award for young researchers, the S. Weir Mitchell Award, is named for him.

Crotalus mitchellii, the speckled rattlesnake, was named after Mitchell.

Personal life
Mitchell was twice married. His first marriage was to Mary Middleton Elwyn (1838–1862), a daughter of Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn of Philadelphia. Before her death, they were the parents of two children:

 * John Kearsley Mitchell (1859–1917), a neurologist who married Anne Keppele Williams in 1890.
 * Langdon Elwyn Mitchell (1862–1935), a playwright who married actress Marion Lea in 1891.

On June 23, 1875, Mitchell was married to Mary Cadwalader (1835–1914), who was from one of Philadelphia's most prestigious families. She was a daughter of Thomas McCall Cadwalader and Maria Charlotte Gouverneur (niece of Elizabeth Kortright, who had married U.S. President James Monroe). The marriage "propelled him to one of the city's highest social circles and he became a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania the following year." Together, they were the parents of a daughter:

 * Marie Gouverneur Cadwalader Mitchell (1876–1898), who died unmarried.

Mitchell died on January 4, 1914, in Philadelphia and is interred at The Woodlands Cemetery. His widow died a week after his funeral.

Cultural Club Founder
Mitchell and 8 other members of the University Club at Penn founded The Franklin Inn Club in 1902.

Art patron
He was a friend and patron of the artist Thomas Eakins, and owned the painting Whistling for Plover. The Philadelphia Chippendale chairs seen in several Eakins paintings – such as William Rush Carving his Allegorical Figure of Schuylkill River (1877) and the bas-relief Knitting (1883) – were borrowed from Mitchell. Following Eakins's 1886 forced resignation from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Mitchell may have recommended the artist's trip to the Badlands of South Dakota.

The artist John Singer Sargent painted two portraits of Mitchell: one is in the collection of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia; the other, commissioned by the Mutual Assurance Company of Philadelphia in 1902, was recently sold (see External Links, below).

The sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens modeled an 1884 bronze portrait plaque of Mitchell. Mitchell commissioned Saint-Gaudens to create a monument to his deceased daughter Maria: The Angel of Purity, a white marble version of the sculptor's Amor Caritas. Originally installed in Saint Stephen's Church, Philadelphia, it is now at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

Ghost story
Some time during the late 1800s, a ghost story was published about Dr. Mitchell that he was never able to lay to rest. The story tells how a very young girl in rags and threadbare shawl came to his door in bad weather and begged him to come take care of her sick mother. The girl guided Mitchell to the sick woman, who turned out to be a former house servant of his who was suffering from pneumonia. Mitchell helped the woman, then congratulated her on having such a fine daughter, but the woman told him her daughter died a month earlier. In a cupboard, Mitchell found the shawl the girl had been wearing; it had not been worn out that night.

A 2011 study determined that the ghost story was likely originally told by Mitchell himself as entertainment at a medical meeting, then took on a life of its own. In his 1910 book "Characteristics," Mitchell wrote about a man who told a story "about a little dead child who rang up a doctor one night, and took him to see her dying mother;" the man was then constantly bothered by believers and disbelievers, and unable to stop the story. In context, it seems that Mitchell was referring to himself.

"The Yellow Wallpaper"
Charlotte Perkins Gilman would claim her short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" was directed at Weir Mitchell that he might reconsider the rest cure or change his treatments. Although she has claimed to have sent a copy of the story, Weir Mitchell never acknowledged his connection to the infamous story or that he ever received a copy. Perkins Gilman also claimed that Weir Mitchell altered his Rest Cure treatment after reading "The Yellow Wallpaper," but there is no evidence that Weir Mitchell ever changed or altered the Rest Cure.

Terms

 * Weir Mitchell skin – a red, glossy, perspiring skin seen in cases of incomplete irritative lesion of a nerve
 * Weir Mitchell treatment – a method of treating neurasthenia, hysteria, etc., by absolute bed rest (aka a rest cure), frequent and abundant feeding, and the systematic use of massage and electricity
 * Mitchell's disease – erythromelalgia
 * Dorland's Medical Dictionary (1938)

Selected publications

 * Rest in the Treatment of Nervous Disease (1875)
 * Fat and Blood: And How to Make Them (1877)
 * Fat and Blood: An Essay on the Treatment of Certain Forms of Neurasthenia and Hysteria (1884)
 * Mitchell, S. Weir and Edward T. Reichert. 1886. Researches upon the Venoms of Poisonous Serpents. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Number 647. The Smithsonian Institution. Washington, District of Columbia. 179 pp.
 * "Characteristics" by S. Weir Mitchell, 1910 The Century Co., New York, NY, USA.
 * "Circumstance" by S. Weir Mitchell, MD. LL.D. Harvard and Edinburgh. Published 1902 by The Century Co.
 * The Autobiography of a Quack and other stories by S. Weir Mitchell, M.D. printed 1903

title: Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)


text:
American Electric (1899 automobile)

The American Electric was an American automobile manufactured in Chicago from 1899 to 1902 and Hoboken, New Jersey, in 1902. The company was incorporated by Clinton Edgar Woods in 1895 as American Electric Vehicle Co. Chicago, and merged with Indiana Bicycle Co. to become Waverly in 1898 and later Pope-Waverley.

The company built a wide range of electric carriages - some bodied as high, ungainly-looking dos-a-dos four-seaters - these were claimed to be capable of running from 35 mi to 50 mi. Perhaps optimistically, the manufacturer claimed that "very few private carriages would ever be subjected to such a test". The company moved to New Jersey in 1902, according to a company statement, “to find more wealthy customers,” but they shutdown operations within the year.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: American Electric (1899 automobile)


text:
American Electric (1913 automobile)

American Electric was a short-lived American automobile manufacturer that built cars from 1913 to 1914. It was an amalgamation of three electric car companies: Argo Electric, Borland Electric, and Broc Electric.

title: American Electric (1913 automobile)


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Sky News Australia

Sky News Australia is an Australian conservative news channel owned by News Corp Australia. Originally launched on 19 February 1996, it broadcasts rolling news coverage throughout the day, while its prime time lineup is dedicated to opinion-based programs featuring a line-up of conservative commentators.

Sky News Australia is distributed on pay television in Australia and New Zealand, while a free-to-air version of the service, Sky News Regional (which features programming from Sky News Australia and Fox Sports News) is distributed on digital terrestrial television by Southern Cross Austereo and selected WIN Television stations. The channel also operates two spin-off services, Sky News Weather Channel, and public affairs service Sky News Extra (formerly A-PAC).

The channel was originally a joint venture between British broadcaster BSkyB (thus making it a spin-off of the Sky News channel in the United Kingdom), Seven Media Group, and Nine Entertainment Co., as Australian News Channel Pty Ltd. The company was acquired by News Corp Australia in 2016; with the subsequent sale of Murdoch's remaining shares in Sky UK to Comcast, Sky News Australia no longer has any direct ties to its UK counterpart, despite still using the Sky News brand.

Especially since the acquisition of the channel by News Corp Australia, Sky News Australia has faced scrutiny from the press over its increased focus on opinion programming. Comparisons were drawn to Rupert Murdoch's American news channel Fox News, and there have been accusations that the channel's opinion programming has promoted misinformation and untrue conspiracy theories.

History
Sky News Channel's parent company, Australian News Channel (ANC), was owned equally by British Sky Broadcasting (now Sky Limited; which is now a division of Comcast), Seven Media Group and Nine Entertainment Co., each with a 33% stake in the company from its founding until December 2016, when it was acquired by News Corp Australia.

Sky News Australia launched at 5 pm on 19 February 1996, as the first Australian-produced television news channel. The channel aired its 50,000th unique newscast on 23 April 2003 at 11 am. Sky News was added to Austar on 1 April 2000.

In 2004, Sky News began broadcasting Sky News Active, its on-demand interactive TV news service. In 2008, Sky News launched the Sky News Business Channel, and on 20 January 2009, Sky News launched Australian Public Affairs Channel (A-PAC). It began widescreen broadcasting on 17 May 2009. Sky News Australia began broadcasting in high definition on 1 December 2015. A fourth spin-off channel, Sky News Election Channel, was launched on 1 May 2016.

In 2013, Sky News Australia was granted A$20 million in funding from its parent company to be used over three years.

In mid-2019, the channel began expanding its digital operations. This included a content partnership with YouTube, Microsoft News, Facebook and Taboola. That led to new, opinion-focused videos being uploaded more frequently and across News Corp platforms, after having previously not uploaded any videos from February 2017 to April 2019. In February 2018, Sky News Australia launched a digital-first brand and content platform called 2600. The online political newsletter is sent out daily with breaking news from Canberra.

In November 2018, Sky News terminated the contract of former Liberal Party MP and late-night presenter Ross Cameron for using racist language to describe Chinese people.

Programming
Sky News programming consists of a mix of live news bulletins, live broadcasts from events (such as Parliament Question Time and selected press conferences), original commentary panel programs and simulcasts of international sister station Sky News UK. Sky News has broadcast every sitting of Question Time from the House of Representatives since its launch in 1996.

Sky News Australia increased its primetime programming offerings, particularly its political-themed shows, significantly in 2013, when it made more obvious its right-leaning ideology, ahead of the 2013 federal election, cancelling almost entirely the slot's rolling news block News Night. It would then regain most of its runtime in 2014. Sky News Australia rebranded itself on 19 January 2015 as "Sky News Live", dropping the "Sky News National" branding.

On weekdays, throughout most of the day, rolling news coverage is presented from one of Sky News Australia's studios. From 5 pm (AEST/AEDT), commentary programs begin, and continue through primetime until 11 pm AEST/AEDT. Most of these programs are presented by conservative commentators discussing the news of the day, often with a panel of other commentators, and feature a news update at the beginning of the program (and sometimes further updates during the program). Rolling news continues from 11 pm AEST/AEDT before coverage switches to an overnight simulcast of Sky News UK at 1 am AEST/AEDT.

In 2007, Sky News aired local breakaway programming for New Zealand viewers in primetime, filmed at Prime NZ's Auckland studios. One of these programs, Prime News – First at 5:30, was also simulcast to Australian viewers. The debut of Sky News NZ Evening News was watched by just 1,500 viewers and panned by critics. As of 2015, no local New Zealand programs are produced or broadcast following the loss of a production contract with Prime NZ. However the channel debuted New Zealand Agenda on 16 June 2018, hosted by New Zealand bureau chief James O'Doherty from Wellington, New Zealand, focusing on NZ politics.

Current programs
Daytime
 * First Edition with Peter Stefanovic (Monday to Friday)
 * Weekend Edition (Saturday to Sunday)
 * Sky News Breakfast with Jaynie Seal and Samatha Chiari (Only on Sky News Regional & Sky News Weather) (Monday to Friday)
 * AM Agenda with Laura Jayes (Monday to Friday)
 * Outsiders with Rowan Dean, Rita Panahi, and James Morrow (Sundays)
 * Business Weekend with Ross Greenwood (Sundays)
 * NewsDay with Tom Connell and Ashleigh Gillon (Monday to Friday)
 * Weekend Live (Saturday to Sunday)
 * Afternoon Agenda with Kieran Gilbert (Monday to Friday)
 * Business Now with Ross Greenwood (Monday to Friday)
 * Sharri with Sharri Markson (Monday to Thursday)

Nighttime
 * Credlin with Peta Credlin (Monday to Friday)
 * The Bolt Report with Andrew Bolt (Monday to Thursday)
 * Bernardi with Cory Bernardi (Sundays)
 * Erin with Erin Molan (Fridays)
 * The Sunday Showdown (Sundays)
 * The US Report with James Morrow (Fridays)
 * The Media Show with Jack Houghton (Fridays)
 * Chris Kenny Tonight with Chris Kenny (Monday to Thursday)
 * Paul Murray Live with Paul Murray (Sunday to Thursday)
 * The U.S Report with James Morrow (Fridays)
 * The Rita Panahi Show with Rita Panahi (Fridays)
 * The Late Debate with James Macpherson, Liz Storer and Caleb Bond (Monday to Thursday)
 * The Late Debate: The Papers with James Macpherson, Liz Storer and Caleb Bond (Monday to Thursday)
 * Piers Morgan Uncensored with Piers Morgan (Tuesday to Friday)
 * NewsNight (Monday to Sunday)

News presenters

 * Peter Stefanovic
 * Jaynie Seal
 * Laura Jayes
 * Tom Connell
 * Ashleigh Gillon
 * Kieran Gilbert
 * Tim Gilbert
 * Danica De Giorgio
 * Kristie Lloyd
 * Ortenzia Borre

Program presenters

 * Rowan Dean
 * Rita Panahi
 * James Morrow
 * Ross Greenwood
 * Chris Kenny
 * Peta Credlin
 * Andrew Bolt
 * Cory Bernardi
 * Erin Molan
 * Paul Murray
 * Piers Morgan
 * Jack Houghton
 * Jenna Clarke
 * James Macpherson
 * Sharri Markson
 * Laura Jayes
 * Kieran Gilbert
 * Cheng Lei

Reporters

 * Kenny Heatley, Julia Bradley, Fiona Willan, Caroline Marcus and Brent O’Halloran – Sydney
 * Holly Edwards-Smith, Georgia Simpson, Holly Stearnes and Simon Love – Melbourne
 * Trudy McIntosh, Olivia Caisley and Cameron Reddin – Canberra
 * Kaiser Shields and Harry Clarke – Brisbane
 * Lauren Forbes - Gold Coast
 * Monique Van Der Hayden - Adelaide
 * Crystal Wu - Perth
 * Matt Cunningham – Darwin
 * Jack Nyhof – Wellington, New Zealand
 * Staś Butler – Taipei, Taiwan
 * Annelise Nielsen – Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Senior reporter

 * Caroline Marcus

Former presenters and reporters

 * John Gatfield 1996–2008 now with Sky Racing. Co-anchored the first bulletin on 19 February 1996 with Juanita Phillips
 * Samantha Armytage
 * Dan Bourchier (now with ABC News)
 * Ross Cameron
 * Brooke Corte (now with Nine Radio)
 * Helen Dalley
 * Craig Emerson (resigned in protest over Blair Cottrell interview)
 * Georgie Gardner (now with Nine News)
 * Amy Greenbank (now with ABC News)
 * Stan Grant
 * Leigh Hatcher
 * Patricia Karvelas (now with ABC News)
 * Kristina Keneally (former Premier of New South Wales and Former Senator for New South Wales)
 * Chris Kohler (now with Nine News)
 * David Koch (now with Sunrise on the Seven Network)
 * Mark Latham (now a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council)
 * Prue Lewarne
 * Samantha Maiden (resigned whilst suspended. Now with news.com.au)
 * John Mangos
 * Sharon McKenzie
 * Melanie McLaughlin (now with Seven News)
 * Jim Middleton (now a Media Advisor for Climate 200)
 * Kelly Nestor
 * Janine Perrett
 * Juanita Phillips (now with ABC News)
 * Cameron Price (now with Seven News)
 * Chris Roe
 * Celina Edmonds (now with ABC News)
 * Vanessa Grimm
 * Nina Stevens (now with Seven News)
 * Amber Sherlock (now with Nine News)
 * David Speers (now with Insiders)
 * Greg Thomson (resigned whilst suspended)
 * Karen Tso (now with CNBC)
 * Jacinta Tynan
 * Peter van Onselen
 * Terry Willesee
 * Michael Willesee, Jr.
 * Ahron Young
 * Craig Norenbergs
 * James Bracey (now with Nine News)
 * Ticky Fullerton(now CEO of the Australian British Chamber of Commerce)
 * Peter Gleeson

Bureaus
Sky News Australia has a bureau in every capital city in Australia, completing this with the opening of its Hobart studio in 2013. In 2016, it opened a bureau in Cairns, making it the first non-capital city bureau. In 2017, a Gold Coast bureau was opened marking the third non-capital city studio after Cairns and Geelong.

The base of Sky News Australia is in the Sydney suburb of Macquarie Park, from which the majority of its news and programming is broadcast. Its Melbourne studio was upgraded in 2014, allowing it to be used as a secondary broadcast studio. Hinch Live became the first regular program to be broadcast from Melbourne.

The third major bureau is in Parliament House, Canberra, opened in 2000. Lyndal Curtis became Bureau Chief of in October 2015. Additionally, Sky News has a small office in the Channel Seven building in Martin Place, which includes a small street-level single camera studio which looks onto Elizabeth Street, Sydney.

Internationally, Sky News's only foreign bureau is in Wellington, New Zealand, opened in 2015.

Resources
Apart from its own resources, at launch Sky News Australia used the news resources of its former parent companies Seven News, Nine News and Sky News UK, as well as sister networks Sky News UK and Fox News Channel. ABC America and CBS were founding international partners of Sky News Australia.

In 2010 it had agreements with CCTV China, ABC America, CBS, Reuters, APTN, Bloomberg, Dow Jones and Newshub, when it signed a four-year partnership deal with CNN International, commencing on 1 January 2011.

Content
In 2017, Denis Muller, a senior research fellow at the University of Melbourne's Centre for Advancing Journalism, described the channel as having a "split personality," running straight news bulletins and reporting during the day with professional and independent journalists and presenters, while moving towards "right-leaning punditry" in prime time.

In February 2021, Muller, commenting on former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's statement that Sky News was following a pattern laid down by Fox News, described the nighttime programming of Sky News as including "the unconstrained peddling of extreme right-wing propaganda, lies, disinformation, crude distortion of fact and baseless assertions."

Political alignment and views
Sky News Australia is considered by commentators to have a conservative, right-wing bias. Much of its coverage is frequently critical of Australia's main progressive political parties, Labor and the Greens, while being supportive of right-wing parties such as the Liberal-National Coalition and One Nation. Presenter Paul Murray has stated that "Sky News at night is a Liberal echo chamber". Drawing a strong comparison to Fox News, the network began moving towards panel-based programming from 2010, with most of its highest profile prime time commentators being conservative. Hosts Andrew Bolt and Paul Murray have been compared to Fox News presenters Bill O'Reilly and Sean Hannity respectively.

As many of the channel's primetime contributors are conservatives - many with clear career links to the Liberal Party - the Australian Labor Party and its figureheads Victorian premier Daniel Andrews, Queensland premier Annastacia Palaszczuk and Western Australian premier Mark McGowan are frequently critiqued whilst the policies of the Liberal Party and its coalition partner the Nationals are often endorsed and promoted. During the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in the year 2020, some Sky News commentators referred to Andrews as a 'dictator' and a 'chairman', drawing a comparison to socialist and communist regimes when criticising Andrews' frequent use of pandemic lockdowns and public health orders.

Sky News Australia has been a frequent critic of US President Joe Biden ever since he took office on 20 January 2021. Some commentators such as Andrew Bolt and Alan Jones have frequently spread unfounded claims about Biden's mental health, claiming it was declining, that Biden is unfit to be the President and suggesting he was suffering from dementia.

Misinformation and conspiracy theories
On 13 December 2020, Rowan Dean promoted the Great Reset conspiracy theory on Sky News Australia, claiming that "This Great Reset is as serious and dangerous a threat to our prosperity – to your prosperity and your freedom – as we have faced in decades".

As of February 2021, American far-right conspiracy theorist Alex Jones uses segments from Sky News Australia to back up his claims.

In July 2021, Alan Jones and Craig Kelly falsely claimed that United Kingdom data proved that getting vaccinated against COVID-19 would increase the likelihood of death due to COVID-19. The claim originated in The Daily Exposé, a British website known for promoting COVID-19 and anti-vaccine misinformation. The Daily Exposé 's claim was debunked by the BBC, Full Fact and Reuters. Sky News Australia subsequently removed the broadcast and issued a correction on its website.

On 1 August 2021, YouTube barred Sky News Australia from uploading new content onto their channel for a week for breaking YouTube's rules on posting videos containing COVID-19 misinformation. Upon the channel's return to the platform, Sky News Australia published a piece titled "Uncancelled: Sky News Australia Set Free" wherein Digital Editor Jack Houghton claimed the channel's temporary banning was the result of Silicon Valley and left-wing media attempting to stifle free speech.

A 2022 analysis by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, a British think tank, found that Sky News Australia was a major source for climate change misinformation. Sky News Australia rejected the findings of the analysis, saying that they would "continue to encourage debate" on climate change. In 2022, Sky News Australia promoted a now retracted journal article from the European Physical Journal that claimed to have found no evidence of climate change in two video segments. The two segments were viewed more than 500 000 times.

Ratings
The highest rating broadcast on Sky News Australia was an episode of Paul Murray Live on 26 June 2013 (following the 2013 Labor leadership spill), averaging 197,000 viewers across a special two-hour broadcast. The highest audience share Sky News Australia has achieved was during coverage of the 2009 Victorian bushfires.

On 15 December 2014 during the Sydney Lindt café siege, coverage of the unfolding incident took 16 of the 20 most watched programs on the Foxtel platform. The 7 pm (AEST) hour was the highest rated at 109,000 viewers. Sky News achieved a day time share of 2.6% (behind ABC News 24's 3.8%) and a primetime share of 1.5% (behind ABC News 24's 2.5%).

Sky News Live rated 56,000 viewers for early evening coverage of the 2015 Queensland state election, and 83,000 viewers for later coverage, beaten by ABC News 24's coverage which was watched by 195,000 viewers nationally. For its coverage of the failed Liberal leadership spill on 9 February 2015 between 9 am and 10 am, Sky News Live was the second most watched subscription channel and the coverage was the third most watched program of the day with 69,000 viewers.

Sky News Live reached a total audience of 700,000 viewers on 14 September 2015 (including simulcast on Sky News Business) during the 2015 Liberal leadership spill. It was the most watched subscription television channel for the evening and outrated all free-to-air television channels between 11 pm and midnight AEST. The highest rated hour of coverage was from 10pm, achieving 190,000 viewers, the second highest ratings since the 2013 Labor Party spill.

A March 2016 article in The Guardian Australia reported Sky News averages 12,000 national viewers between 6 pm and midnight, with a peak of 18,000 between 8 pm and 10 pm, although the report did not specify what days or dates this average refers to.

During the 2016 federal election, Sky News averaged 96,000 viewers, an increase of 46% from the 2013 election.

In July 2018, Sky News claimed to have achieved its highest ratings on record, with viewership up 9% overall and its weeknight primetime (6pm–11pm) viewership 25% higher on the same period last year, according to OzTAM figures.

In August 2018, coverage of the Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, 2018 saw Sky News gain its highest Tuesday primetime audience ever with a 4.2% audience share. Speers, Credlin and Jones & Co all had their highest-rated episodes on record.

Criticism
In August 2018, Sky News was heavily criticised for providing a platform to Blair Cottrell, leader of the far-right, Neo-Nazi organisation United Patriots Front in a one-to-one discussion about immigration on The Adam Giles Show. Sky News presenter Laura Jayes and ABC journalist David Speers were among those critical (both on-air and off-air) of his appearance on the programme due to the fact that he has expressed admiration for Adolf Hitler and claimed to have manipulated women "using violence and terror." Sky News commentator and former Labor Party minister Craig Emerson resigned in protest after the interview was broadcast, stating that "My father fought Nazis in WWII and was interred in a German POW camp", and that the decision to give Cottrell a platform on Sky News was "another step in a journey to normalising racism & bigotry in our country". The activist group Sleeping Giants Oz called on advertisers to pull advertising campaigns off Sky News in the wake of the channel's interview with Cottrell.

In the aftermath of the Christchurch mosque shootings in March 2019, Sky News Australia was temporarily removed from Sky New Zealand's satellite platform, amid concerns over how the channel's coverage could potentially affect the investigation into the attack; Fox Sports News was added to the platform as a replacement. Sky News Australia was restored to Sky New Zealand on 21 March, six days after the attack.

Several high-profile figures have criticised Sky News, including former prime minister Kevin Rudd, who told a media inquiry in February 2021 that it was following the "template" of Fox News in becoming a "legitimising echo-chamber for this increasingly far-right, extremist worldview". In December 2023, former Victorian premier Daniel Andrews, who was a frequent target of scorn from Sky News pundits during his premiership, referred to the channel's after dark coverage as "bullshit" and "the worst of American politics imported into ours".

Broadcast
Sky News began broadcasting in widescreen, along with its sister channels on 17 May 2009. Sky News Australia only provides closed captioning between 4 pm and 5 pm (AEST/AEDT) each day.

Sky News began broadcasting in high definition on 1 December 2015.

Sky News Multiview
With the roll-out of Foxtel Digital, Sky News Australia launched the Sky News Active interactive news service based on the Sky News UK service with the same name. The service offered a choice of eight news screens, some with original content not seen on the main channel they vary depending on the days news or events and include the latest news, business, sport, showbiz and weather in text. Other features included interactive polling and the latest news headlines via text. On 15 November 2009 Sky News active re-launched with a new look as well as 5 additional local screens (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.

Sky News Now (mobile service)
Sky News Now was a mobile service available on Vodafone, Telstra and 3. It offered a wide variety of news in both video and text. As of 2015, the service was no longer available.

Sky News Alerts
Sky News Alerts is a SMS and MMS breaking news service available on all mobile phones inside Australia. Breaking news alerts are sent to a subscriber via SMS or MMS at a cost per message.

Qantas
In November 2014, Sky News Australia was contracted to provide Qantas with in-flight news bulletins replacing a longstanding contract with the Nine Network.

Radio and Podcasting
In Australia, since June 2023, Sky News partners with Nova Entertainment to offer an audio simulcast of its television channel via the free Nova Player app. Various programs podcasts including First Business, Market Day, Showbiz, Agenda, Australian News Week, Credlin and The Rita Panahi Show are also available on the app. Previously, it was on IHeartRadio from March 2020 until June 2023, as part of a deal with ARN.

Sky News Regional
Sky News Regional (formerly Sky News on WIN) is a free-to-air version of Sky News Australia, which was launched on 2 September 2018. The channel features Sky News Australia and Fox Sports News programming, as well as the morning newscast Sky News Breakfast commissioned for this channel that also airs on Sky News Weather. The channel was originally established as part of a partnership with WIN Television. In 2021, WIN's contracts with both Network 10 and Sky News expired; with WIN returning to its previous Nine Network affiliation on 1 July 2021, and Sky News's contract expiring on 1 August 2021 (the allotments were, in turn, used for 9Life). Sky News reached a new agreement with Southern Cross Austereo to distribute the channel on their now Network 10-affiliated stations, now known as Sky News Regional.

In its first two weeks on the air, the channel averaged 10,000 viewers in primetime and 4,000 viewers in daytime, with Richo the highest rated program at 24,000 viewers.

The channel is available on digital channel 56 across Southern Cross Austereo's regional markets in Regional QLD, Southern NSW & ACT and Regional VIC, and on WIN digital channel 53 in Northern NSW and the Gold Coast. It is not available in Broken Hill/Spencer Gulf, Tasmania, Mildura, Darwin, Remote & Central Australia and Regional WA. Mildura, Tasmania, and Regional Western Australia previously broadcast the channel as Sky News on WIN on the WIN network until August 2021 when it switched to 9Life's feed. The channel was previously on WIN digital channels 83 and 85, prior to the rebrand as Sky News Regional on 1 August 2021.

Sky News Regional ended its broadcast on channel 53 in Griffith and South-East South Australia on 30 June 2024 after an unsuccessful renewal of the affiliation agreement with WIN.

Sky News Now (TV channel)
Linear channel Sky News Now launched on the Samsung TV Plus platform in Australia on 23 March 2023.

title: Sky News Australia


text:
Deer Island (New Brunswick)

Deer Island is one of the Fundy Islands in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. It is at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay. The island was first settled by colonists around 1770.

Local government was provided by the West Isles Local Service District, which is within the Southwest NB Regional Service Commission.

At 45 km2, it is the largest island in the West Isles Parish CSD, which had a 2021 population of 718. It has three communities: Fairhaven, Leonardville, and Lords Cove. There is a primary school on the island, while older pupils attend Fundy High School on the mainland.

The economy is primarily fishing and aquaculture based although tourism is growing. The Old Sow, the largest tidal whirlpool in the western hemisphere can be viewed from Deer Island Point Park.

The major route is New Brunswick Route 772. The year round L'Etete to Deer Island Ferries run by the government, Deer Island Princess II and Abnaki II, connect Deer Island with L'Etete, New Brunswick on the mainland. During the summer, privately operated ferries, through East Coast Ferries Ltd, operate the Cummings Cove to Welshpool Ferry, Hopper II, to Campobello Island. The Cummings Cove to Eastport Ferry, Fundy Trail II to Maine, has been defunct since 2014. There are two lighthouses on Deer Island. One is in Leonardville and the second is located on Deer island point.

title: Deer Island (New Brunswick)


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American Simplex

The American Simplex was an American automobile manufactured in Mishawaka, Indiana, from 1906 to 1915 by the Simplex Motor Car Company; the company shortened its product's name to Amplex in 1910 to avoid confusion with the better-known, New York-based Simplex car, made by the Simplex Automobile Company. This change also coincided with a reorganization of the company. Originally the company manufactured a two-stroke four-cylinder 50hp model, later upsized to 6.8 liters and still rated at 50 hp. In 1910, three open-roof models and two enclosed models were offered, costing up to $5,400; the newly introduced 30/50 hp Toy Tonneau, a long, sleek four-door touring car, sold for $4,300. The Amplex's most distinctive feature was its valveless motor, which the company claimed would offer more continuous pulling power and greater reliability. The 1910 models also offered self-starting, a feature that would not be available from major competitors, such as Cadillac, for another year or two.

They were expensive cars, a limousine being offered at as much as $5,600. Yet the firm kept using the two-stroke engine after it had become obsolete; a four-stroke was offered unsuccessfully in 1913. Gillette Motor Co took over the Amplex manufacturing facilities in 1916, but refused to manufacture conventional engine-valving, persisting with a rotary sleeve valve engine.

title: American Simplex


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Smith Mills

Smith Mills or Smiths Mills may refer to:

 * Smith Mills, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Henderson County
 * Smith Mills, Massachusetts, a CDP in Dartmouth, Bristol County
 * Smiths Mill, Minnesota, an unincorporated community in Blue Earth and Waseca counties
 * Smith Mills, New York, a hamlet of Hanover

title: Smith Mills


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American Steam Car

The American Steam Car was a product of the American Steam Automobile Co, West Newton, Massachusetts, from 1924 to 1948. It was built by Thomas S. Derr, a former faculty member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Derr specialized in servicing, modifications and improvements of Stanley steam cars. He went on to develop his own engine and boiler and offered for sale a number of cars as models of the American Steam Car, catering largely to former Stanley Steamer owners. The cars were largely conversions, the chassis, bodies, and basic components were from Hudson cars, but the hubcaps and condenser emblem bore the American name. Thomas Derr died in 1948.

title: American Steam Car


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Sogdian alphabet

The Sogdian alphabet was originally used for the Sogdian language, a language in the Iranian family used by the people of Sogdia. The alphabet is derived from Syriac, a descendant script of the Aramaic alphabet. The Sogdian alphabet is one of three scripts used to write the Sogdian language, the others being the Manichaean alphabet and the Syriac alphabet. It was used throughout Central Asia, from the edge of Iran in the west, to China in the east, from approximately 100–1200 A.D.

Structure
Like the writing systems from which it is descended, the Sogdian writing system can be described as an abjad, but it also displays tendencies towards an alphabet. The script consists of 17 consonants, many of which have alternative forms for initial, middle, and final position. As in the Aramaic alphabet, long vowels were commonly written with matres lectionis, the consonants aleph, yodh and waw. However, unlike Aramaic and most abjads, these consonant signs would also sometimes serve to express the short vowels (which could also sometimes be left unexpressed as in the parent systems). To disambiguate long vowels from short ones, an additional aleph could be written before the sign denoting the long vowel. The alphabet also includes several diacritics, which were used inconsistently. It is written from right to left, but by the time it had evolved into its child system, the Old Uyghur alphabet, it had been rotated 90 degrees, written vertically in columns from left to right. Voiced and voiceless fricatives are consistently not distinguished in the script.

Aramaic logograms also appear in the script, remnants of adapting the Aramaic alphabet to the Sogdian language. These logograms are used mainly for functional words such as pronouns, articles, prepositions, and conjunctions.

Alphabetisation
The Sogdian alphabet was found inscribed in Panjakent, so we can suppose alphabetisation rules – they are the same as in the Aramaic alphabet, but the letter Lāmadh is repeated at the end of the alphabet for values ð, θ.

* not used.

Varieties
Three main varieties of the Sogdian alphabet developed over time: Early Sogdian, a Hindu-Buddhist archaic non-cursive type; the sutra script, a calligraphic script used in Sogdian Buddhist scriptures; and the so-called "Uyghur" cursive script (not to be confused with the Old Uyghur alphabet). Early Sogdian dates to the early fourth century C.E., and is characterized by distinct, separated graphemes. The sutra script appears around 500 C.E., while the cursive script develops approximately a century later. The cursive script is thus named because its letters are connected with a base line. Since many letters in the cursive script are extremely similar in form, to the point of being indistinguishable, it is the most difficult to read of the three varieties. As the Sogdian alphabet became more cursive and more stylized, some letters became more difficult to distinguish, or were distinguished only in final position, e.g. n and z.

Source materials
The Sogdian script is known from religious texts of Buddhism, Manichaeism, and Christianity, as well as from secular sources such as letters, coins, and legal documents. The oldest known Sogdian documents are 5 letters known as the Ancient Letters, found in 1907 by Sir Aurel Stein in a watchtower near Dunhuang, China. These letters date to approximately 312–313 C.E. and are written in Early Sogdian.

The Sogdian Buddhist texts, written in the sutra script, are younger, dating to approximately the sixth to eighth or ninth century. They were found during the first two decades of the twentieth century in one of the caves of the Thousand Buddhas in the Chinese province of Gansu. The bulk of these manuscripts reside in the British Library, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, and the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Another important discovery was of the Mug Documents in 1933 by Soviet scholars. These documents were found in the remains of a fortress on Mount Mug in northern Tajikistan. The documents, numbering over 76, were written on many different types of materials, such as paper, silk, wood, and skin. According to the dates on the documents, they date to the eighth century C.E. The majority of them were written using the Sogdian cursive script.

Child writing systems
The "Uyghur" cursive script eventually developed into the Old Uyghur alphabet, which was used to write the Old Uyghur language. This child script was, however, rotated 90 degrees, written in a vertical direction from top to bottom, but with the first vertical line starting from the left side, not from the right as in Chinese, most probably because the right-to-left direction was used in horizontal writing. The Traditional Mongolian alphabet, being an adaptation of the Old Uyghur alphabet, still uses this kind of vertical writing, as does its more remote descendant Manchu.

Unicode
In Syriac script, three additional characters were used to represent sounds of Sogdian that were not present in the Syriac language. These were included in Unicode in 2002.
 * 074D ݍ  Syriac Letter Sogdian Zhain (compare 0719  ܙ  Syriac Letter Zain)
 * 074E ݎ  Syriac Letter Sogdian Khaph (versus 071F  ܟ  Syriac Letter Kaph) – compare initial forms ݎ and ܟ
 * 074F ݏ  Syriac Letter Sogdian Fe (compare 0726  ܦ  Syriac Letter Pe)

Old Sogdian and Sogdian were added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2018 with the release of version 11.0.

Blocks
The Unicode block for Old Sogdian is U+10F00–U+10F2F and contains 40 characters:

The Unicode block for Sogdian is U+10F30–U+10F6F and contains 42 characters:

Font
There are fonts encoding Sogdian alphabets in Unicode – Noto Sans Old Sogdian and Noto Sans Sogdian.

title: Sogdian alphabet


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User:DcoetzeeBot~enwiki

DcoetzeeBot is a bot used by Dcoetzee, currently only for disambiguation, but possibly for other purposes in the future. Please list any complaints on my talk page.

title: User:DcoetzeeBot~enwiki


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User talk:Raph Levien

The best place to read what I have to say is Raph Levien's blog.

Hi and thanks
Thanks for getting involved in the VfD; it looks like it's not going anywhere. I've put up a list of advogatans at User:Chalst/advogato, which might be worth moving to Wikipedia:Advogato, and might be interesting for you. I though about your patent activity and involvement with proof software when arguing the case on the VfD, but didn't come up with a forceful enough sounding way of putting it. --- Charles Stewart 09:37, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Too modest Raph. Everyone at advogato who is anyone knows your interest in fonts is long standing via interviewing giants in the early field such as Knuth as well as your development and/or maintenance of ghostscript. One of these days I am going to start playing around with Chinese icons or American Space Dollars with graven images which are used for reminders or encryption keys rather than worship if the chips fall right. I am glad you found Wikipedia worthy of your time and expertise. As you may know I think we have some political structure problems which can probably be remedied locally or via the oft allegedly impending "Freepedia.org" fork. Sincerely: User:mirwin Advogato Journeyer.

Euler´s Spiral
(Not on the subject of Wikipedia. I was looking at your PhD draft and the diagram on the first page of the chapter; does it improve the visual clarity (typological beauty) if you shrink the line-width as the curve closes in on itself? (So that the apparent weight remains the same).  —Sladen (talk) 13:53, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think it would. The main reason I haven't is just that I'm using raw PostScript to make most of my figures, and PostScript only has the uniform line width stroke operator. To make one with gradually varying line thickness, I'd have to compute the offset curve myself. And this is potentially relevant to the Wikipedia, because I'm more than happy for people to adapt that text to articles here. Thanks for the feedback! Raph Levien (talk) 14:50, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:JenkinsOneAtATime-3.png

The file File:JenkinsOneAtATime-3.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unused, superseded by File:JenkinsOneAtATime-3.svg."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 01:43, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raph Levien


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Fox Footy Channel

The Fox Footy Channel was a channel exclusively dedicated to Australian rules football. It was owned by Foxtel and operated out of their Melbourne-based studios. From 2002 to 2006 it was available on Foxtel, Austar, Optus Television, TransTV and Neighbourhood Cable until transmission ceased on 1 October 2006. The channel was revived as Fox Footy for the 2012 AFL season after a new broadcast agreement was reached between Fox Sports and the AFL.

History
The channel was created in 2002 after News Limited won the television broadcast rights to the AFL for the 2002 to 2006 seasons. It granted free to air rights to the Nine Network and Network Ten and granted the subscription rights to Foxtel. Fox Footy was originally offered by Foxtel for an additional subscription during the first two seasons of the rights agreement; however, it was moved to the Basic package in February 2004, making it available to all Foxtel subscribers without additional charge for the balance of its life.

Due to broadcasting rights, each state had a separate version of the channel to allow free-to-air right holders exclusive live coverage. For example, if Channel Nine or Channel Ten broadcast a match between the Adelaide Crows and Sydney Swans live in Adelaide, Fox Footy would have been prevented from showing the match live, whereas if Nine or Ten didn't broadcast it in Melbourne, Fox Footy would be allowed to show it live there. Fox Footy typically repeated all matches after they were played, although often with the commentary of the free-to-air network that presented it live originally. Fox Footy only broadcast the AFL and not any state football leagues such as SANFL, WAFL or VFL.

End of the channel
The future of the channel was placed in doubt after the Seven Network and Network Ten were awarded the AFL rights from 2007 to 2011. On 23 August 2006, Foxtel announced the Fox Footy Channel would cease broadcasting at the conclusion of the current AFL season and be replaced with Fox Sports 3. Foxtel CEO Kim Williams stated "It's not financially viable to continue operating a 24-hour-a-day (Australian rules) football channel when we can only get three live games a week and not on the terms we have sought." The channel ended after a replay of the 2006 AFL Grand Final at 4.00am. Seven and Ten later came to terms with Foxtel and four games per round will be shown on pay-TV through the Fox Sports channels.

Revival
It was announced on 28 April 2011 that the channel will be revived for the 2012 AFL season. The channel returned exclusively on Foxtel and its broadcasting partners, under the proposed new name of Fox Sports AFL, which was later changed back to its original name Fox Footy. The channel relaunched on Friday 17 February 2012 with the first NAB Cup round-robin match between Hawthorn, Richmond and North Melbourne broadcast that night. Fox Footy broadcasts all NAB Challenge games exclusively, all home and away matches and all finals matches (except for the Grand Final which screens exclusively on Seven). All matches are broadcast live to air in both Standard and High Definition with no commercial breaks during play. When two live matches are being played simultaneously, Fox Sports 1 broadcasts one of the matches. Football personalities and commentators who signed or re-signed to be a part of the relaunched channel included Eddie McGuire (who commentates one non-Collingwood match a week and hosts his own talk show), Gerard Healy, Paul Roos, Jason Dunstall, Dwayne Russell, Brad Johnson, Alastair Lynch, Tony Shaw, Liam Pickering, David King, Danny Frawley, Mark Ricciuto, Glen Jakovich, Anthony Hudson and Dermott Brereton.

Former 2002–2006 commentary team

 * Clinton Grybas
 * Matthew Campbell
 * Jason Bennett
 * Kevin Bartlett
 * Gerard Healy
 * Jason Dunstall
 * Wayne Schwass
 * Mark Aiston (Saturday Adelaide Games Only)
 * Kym Dillon (Sunday Adelaide Games Only)
 * Chris McDermott (special comments) (Adelaide Games Only)
 * Tim Gossage (Saturday Perth Games Only)
 * Peter Wilson (special comments) (Perth Games Only)
 * Alastair Lynch (special comments)
 * Tony Shaw (special comments)
 * Wayne Carey (special comments)
 * Scott Cummings (boundary rider)
 * Tiffany Cherry (boundary rider)
 * Glenn Manton (boundary rider)
 * Richard Osborne (boundary rider)

The Sunday afternoon game covered by Fox Footy usually had the combination of Grybas, Carey and Healy; Saturday afternoon saw Bennett, Schwass, Lynch or Shaw; while Bartlett and Campbell were among the Saturday night match commentators.

Programming
Fox Footy produced and aired shows, including:

 * White Line Fever
 * Saturday Central
 * On the Couch
 * Living With Footballers
 * AFL Lovematch
 * The Gospel
 * Grumpy Old Men
 * Classic Quarters
 * The Fox Footy Archive
 * Fox League Teams
 * Fox Footy Feature
 * From The FOX Footy Vault
 * Footy Flashbacks
 * Auskick'n Around - Featuring "The Lynch Mob"

title: Fox Footy Channel


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American Steamer

The American Steamer was an American steam car manufactured by the American Steam Truck Co. of Elgin, Illinois, from 1922 to 1924.

The American Steamer was typical of the steam cars which flooded the market in the early 1920s. It featured a twin-cylinder compound double-acting motor deemed capable of at least 60 mi/h. The company offered a touring car, a roadster, a coupe, and a sedan. Between 16 and 20 were built. The prototype was tested as early as 1918, but the company went bankrupt shortly thereafter.

title: American Steamer


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Airport railway line, Brisbane

Airtrain (also known as the Airport railway line) is the privately owned commuter railway line that extends 13.0 km northeast from Brisbane (15.9 km from Central station by rail), the state capital of Queensland, to Brisbane Airport (BNE) at both its separate International and Domestic terminals. It was opened in 2001.

The line is carried on an elevated prestressed concrete viaduct for its entire 8.5 km length after branching off from the Queensland Rail Citytrain network at Eagle Junction railway station.

Airtrain Citylink will pass ownership of the line to Queensland Rail in 2036.

Ownership and business
The Airtrain service is a private enterprise. The line is owned and operated by Airtrain Citylink Limited, with financial backing from Transfield Services, Macquarie Bank, Colonial First State and ABN AMRO. The first service ran on 5 May 2001. Airtrain Citylink has a licence from Queensland Transport under a BOOT scheme – build, own, operate and transfer – to build the rail line, to own and operate it, and hand entire infrastructure over to the Queensland Government after 35 years when the company will then cease to exist.

The line connects seamlessly with the Queensland Rail City network and services use City network rolling stock in a commercial agreement with QR. While City network rolling stock is used, Airtrain does not form part of the Translink integrated public transport scheme, and therefore fares are not subsidised by the government. As a result, travel between the airport and City network stations in the Brisbane central business district costs $19.80 one way and $37.60 return (as of December 2022; cheaper on-line). Travel on Airtrain services between ordinary City network stations, not involving airport travel, is charged at the normal Translink rate, including concession (pensioner) rates.

In 2008, Brisbane's Airtrain ran an operating profit of $4.8 million, allowing Airtrain to pay dividends of $1.95 to its shareholders. Airtain is not subsidised by the Queensland Government, and its $220 million construction cost was entirely privately financed. This makes it one of a few known profitable public transport systems.

In late 2012, UK pension fund Universities Superannuation Scheme bought Airtrain for A$110 million.

In 2024, the Queensland Government announced half-price tickets to Brisbane Airport for a 6-month period after negotiating a temporary subsidy deal with Airtrain.

Patronage
Initial passenger numbers on the service were well below expectations and the company nearly faced voluntary administration in 2003. However, in May 2005, Airtrain operated at a profit for the first time due to significant passenger growth – 1.12 million passengers in the 2004–2005 financial year, an increase of 40% – and a complex company restructure that cut costs by nearly half.

Passenger numbers on the service have also steadily increased, now close to two million passengers each year. In 2008, 6% of visitors to the airport used an Airtrain service. This figure rose to 8% in 2011.

Line guide and services
Commencing at the Domestic Terminal, all services stop at the International Terminal and then all stations though the Brisbane CBD to at least Roma Street. The typical travel time between Domestic Terminal and Brisbane City is approximately 22 minutes (to Central). This travel time results in an average train speed of 43 kph.

Airport line services run every fifteen minutes during the morning and afternoon weekday peak hours, and every half hour during the off-peak. Most services continue as Gold Coast line services.

Passengers for/from the Doomben, Caboolture, Shorncliffe and Redcliffe Peninsula lines change at Eagle Junction, Ferny Grove and Nambour and Gympie North lines at Bowen Hills, and all other lines at Central.

Proposed Skygate station
Brisbane Airport Corporation has proposed a new station at its Skygate retail park at the south-western edge of the airport. Discussions have taken place with Airtrain Holdings Limited and the Queensland Government.

Criticism
Brisbane Airtrain has been criticised in the media for its perceived high fares, monopoly and exclusivity rights over public transport access to Brisbane Airport, services not operating late enough into the evening, and operating significantly fewer services (632 per week) when compared against Perth's Airport train line (1019 per week).

title: Airport railway line, Brisbane


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Category:Robotics

Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer science that deals with design, construction, and as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. Articles on classes/types of robots, as well as on specific serially-produced and one-of-a-kind robots, is to be found in Category:Robots.

title: Category:Robotics


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Song poem

Song poems are songs with lyrics by usually non-professional writers that have been set to music by commercial companies for a fee. This practice, which has long been disparaged in the established music industry, was also known as song sharking and was conducted by several businesses throughout the 20th century in North America.

Production and promotion
From the early 20th century, the business of recording song poems was promoted through small display ads in popular magazines, comic books, tabloids, men's adventure journals, and similar publications, soliciting lyrics for songs. Those who sent their poetry to one of the production companies usually received notice by mail that their work was worthy of recording by professional musicians, along with a proposal to do so in exchange for a fee. The early 20th century versions of this business involved setting the words to music and printing up sheet music from inexpensively engraved plates.

In producing the recordings, musicians often recorded dozens of songs per recording session using minimal resources. Using a method called "sight-singing," they wrote the music as they read the lyrics and played along, sometimes finishing a song in just one take. Some of the companies recorded new vocals over pre-recorded music backing tracks, using the same music tracks hundreds of times. The recordings were then duplicated on 45 RPM vinyl singles or on individual cassette tapes, or released on compilation LPs with other song poems. Copies of the recording were sent to the customer; promises that they would also be sent to radio stations or music industry executives were rarely, if ever, kept.

Song poem writers
Noted examples of those who have used the song poem approach include:

 * Rodd Keith (born Rodney Keith Eskelin, 1937–1974), a prolific composer and performer of song poems who has been described as the "Mozart" of the genre. Several compilations of his song poem recordings have been released on CD with liner notes by his son, avant-garde jazz saxophonist Ellery Eskelin.

 * Caglar Juan Singletary, (born 1972) who featured in the 2003 documentary Off The Charts: The Song-Poem Story. His most famous composition is "Annie Oakley", music written by artist David Fox.

 * Norridge Mayhams (1903–1988), also known as Norris the Troubadour, who issued a succession of records between the 1930s and 1980s, many produced by song-poem professionals.

 * Thomas J. Guygax Sr. (1921–1999), of Springfield, Missouri, a lyricist noted for his unconventional approach to word order and syntax.

 * John Trubee (born 1957), whose song "Peace & Love" (commonly known as "Blind Man's Penis"), written to test whether or not a song-poem firm would accept "the most ridiculous, stupid, vile, obscene" lyrics he could write, was recorded by country singer Ramsey Kearney; it has been described as "the most famous song-poem recording of all time". The original lyrics referred to "Stevie Wonder's penis", but Kearney replaced all references to Wonder with the generic phrase "a blind man".

In media
In 2003, the documentary Off The Charts: The Song-Poem Story was aired on PBS. Gene Merlino, who claims to have sung on more than 10,000 song poems, was featured in the documentary. It has since been released on DVD, and the soundtrack was released on CD.

The 2007 Craig Zobel drama Great World of Sound depicts a modern-day version of "song sharking," and featured scenes where real unsigned musicians audition for the actors portraying the ersatz music producers; these artists ultimately had their songs properly licensed and featured in the finished film.

Tom Ardolino of NRBQ curated an LP and several compilation CDs of material taken from his personal collection (The Beat of The Traps, The Makers of Smooth Music, The Human Breakdown of Absurdity, & I'm Just The Other Woman). His work, along with the efforts of others such as Phil Milstein, musicologist Irwin Chusid of WFMU radio, Mark Mothersbaugh of Devo, Bob Purse, James Lindbloom, and Penn Jillette, has allowed song poems to reach a level of notoriety unthinkable in their own time.

Discography

 * Hollywood Gold, various artists (Rainbow Records) (one single, one cassette, 22 LPs)
 * MSR Madness series:
 * The Beat of The Traps, Various artists (Carnage Press, LP only)
 * The Makers of Smooth Music, Various artists (Carnage Press)
 * The Human Breakdown of Absurdity, Various artists (Carnage Press)
 * I'm Just The Other Woman, Various artists (Carnage Press)
 * The American Song Poem Anthology: Do You Know The Difference Between Big Wood and Brush?, Various artists (Bar/None)
 * The American Song Poem Christmas: Daddy, Is Santa Really Six Foot Four?, Various artists (Bar/None)
 * I Died Today, Rodd Keith (Tzadik)
 * Ecstacy To Frenzy, Rodd Keith (Tzadik)
 * Saucers in the Sky, Rodd Keith (Roaratorio)
 * My Pipe-Yellow Dream, Rodd Keith (Roaratorio)
 * Black Phoenix Blues, Rodd Keith (Roaratorio)
 * Off The Charts: The Song Poem Story, Various artists (Red Rock Records - film soundtrack)
 * Song Poem Hits of 2007, David Dubowski One Man Band (Crazy Dave Records)
 * Song Poem Hits of 2007 Vol. 2, David Dubowski One Man Band (Crazy Dave Records)
 * Song Poem Hits of 2009, David Dubowski One Man Band (Crazy Dave Records)

title: Song poem


text:
American Underslung

The American Underslung was an American automobile, the brainchild of Harry Stutz and designer Fred Tone, manufactured in Indianapolis from 1905 to 1914 by American Motor Car Company.

Design
The American Underslung's chassis design and huge 40 in wheels gave it a distinctive appearance and it was noticeably lower than other cars from the same era. The chassis was hung below the axles rather than set atop them, with the engine and transmission mass moved closer to the ground lowering the center of gravity and giving sports car appearance and handling. The design mounted the engine and body within the frame rails rather than on the top as with other cars of the era. Developed in collaboration with Harry Stutz, the 1905 Underslung "was one of the most significant, if unsung, automobiles of this century's first decade."

The automobiles were marketed at the upper price range of the market. Prices for the American Underslung ranged from US$1,250 to $4,000. The cars came with Teetor-Harley 6.4 L straight-4 engines producing 40 hp, as measured by an old system, and starting in 1908 a 7.8 L with  50 hp became available. Additionally, a 9.34 L six-cylinder engine was capable of 60 hp, one of the strongest cars of its time.

Versions
The American Underslung came in several versions:
 * A two door sports version, called the "Scout Roadster".
 * Around 1909, American introduced a four-passenger Underslung dubbed "The Traveler." An example of this car, chassis #1687, is on display at the Simeone Foundation Automotive Museum in Philadelphia, PA, USA.
 * The car was also available from 1905 to 1908 with a conventional chassis design; this model was called the "American Tourist". It came in another version, a two door sports version, called the Scout Roadster.

Updates:
 * In 1910, the horsepower rating for the engine was increased to 60 hp by enlarging the cylinder bore and adding pressurized lubrication.
 * In 1913, electric starters and lights became available on the Underslungs.

Closure
The American Underslung marketing slogan was "The Car For The Discriminating Few" and apparently there were few buyers. Although new models were introduced for 1914 and the company continued to boast the American Underslung was "America’s Most Luxurious Car", the end came when the firm was put into receivership in November 1913.

title: American Underslung


text:
MTV (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)

MTV was a 24-hour general entertainment channel specialising in music and youth culture programming which serves Australia and New Zealand. Paramount Networks UK & Australia headquartered in London with a local office at Network 10's headquarters in Sydney is responsible for marketing and advertising in Australia and New Zealand. The channel was replaced by MTV Global in August 2023.

MTV on the Nine Network
The "MTV" brand was launched in Australia during April 1987 as a music program that aired late on Friday and Saturday nights for its full six-year run on the free-to-air Nine Network. The program was hosted by Richard Wilkins and Joy Smithers with music news from Alison Drower. Its competitors at the time were ABC TV's Rage (which also started in April 1987) and Network Ten's Video Hits (which started in February 1987).

MTV Australia's focus was predominantly on Australian, British, Canadian and American artists and the program rarely played other forms of rock and pop music. The program presented a mixture of music videos, interviews and segments, and depended heavily on imported US content. In its early years it also showed the MTV USA game show Remote Control.

The program was discontinued in 1993 when Nine chose not to renew the licence with Viacom. Nine said the axing was due to high production and licensing costs. Saul Shtein brought MTV to Australia with Richard Wilkins.

ARC Music Television
"ARC Music Television", owned by Austereo, was launched three years after MTV ended on the Nine Network on 14 June 1996 in a joint venture with, then, music giant Austereo and Village Roadshow through Optus Television to become a twenty-four-hour music channel playing pop music and airing original programming. After a year on the air the network was approached by MTV Networks in the US and through a deal once again with Austereo, Village Roadshow Entertainment and Optus vision ARC was re-branded as MTV Australia.

Re-launch and expansion
Five months after the initial announcement of ARC's re-branding, MTV Australia was officially re-launched on Optus Television on 20 March 1997. The channel originally produced local programmes but due to cost cutting the channel aired mostly American content.

In December 2002 MTV was added to the Foxtel platform and was added in 2004 to the Austar platform. In the same year the channel set up MTV Networks Australia, which began work on launching its own original programming with the launch of the Australian version of the hit American show TRL on 10 September 2004 with host Kyle Sandilands from 2day fm. MTV Networks Australia launched sister channel Vh1 on 14 March 2004 when cable company Foxtel launched its digital network. In 2005 MTV premiered more original programming with MTV Full Tank and on 3 March MTV launched the first inaugural MTV Australia Video Music Awards at Luna Park's Big Top with hosts The Osbournes. In April 2006 SelecTV began carrying the channel. At the end of 2006 it was announced that MTV would premiere its latest original show, MTV's The Lair which premiered on 26 January 2007 and is aired live every Thursday at The Metro Theatre. In the mid to late 2000s MTV Network took ownership of the channel from Optus. At the beginning of 2007 MTV re-located its head office from Ryde to Yurong St in East Sydney. In April MTV Networks Australia launched TMF Australia on the Optus Cable Service. In February 2010 it was announced that MTV would replace sister channel VH1 with MTV Classic which launched on 1 May 2010. On the eve of the launch for MTV Classic a spokesperson for MTV Australia announced that a third channel would be launched later in 2010. It was later revealed on 20 September 2010 that MTV would launch three new channels in Australia; MTV Hits, MTVN Live and MTVN Live HD. MTV Hits will play music 24 hours a day and MTVN Live will have concerts and festivals from around the world as well as documentaries. The channel's are set to launch on 1 November 2010. As part of expanding its local programming, MTV Australia announced its first reality series Freshwater Blue which follows the lives of twelve Australian teenagers in the Northern Beaches suburb of Freshwater.

2010–present
In June 2010 the channel became available on the new FetchTV service. In 2010 the MTV Australia and MTV New Zealand feeds were merged and the combined MTV Australia and New Zealand began broadcasting out of the network's Sydney offices.

As of Autumn 2013, Viacom International Media Networks in Sydney has relocated its MTV (for Australia and New Zealand) and Comedy Central (New Zealand) channels to VIMN in London. The channels advertising department will remain in Sydney for the time being.

In February 2018, MTV Australia was made available in HD (720p) on Fetch TV, becoming the first and only provider in Australia to do so. Sky also broadcasts the channel in HD.

On 17 September 2019, it was reported that sister channel Network 10 would launch a free-to-air MTV Australia in the coming months. A further announcement was made in May 2020 regarding a fourth multichannel from Network 10, which is expected to feature content from the back catalogue of ViacomCBS properties such as MTV and Nickelodeon. This was confirmed by the network on 13 July 2020, with the new channel launching as 10 Shake in September 2020. It will air kids content, primarily from Nickelodeon, from 6am to 6pm, with MTV, Comedy Central and CBS programming targeting young adults and adolescents airing from 6pm onwards.

On 1 August 2023, MTV was removed from Foxtel (alongside Nick and Nick Jr.), coinciding with the relaunch of 10 Shake as a free-to-air version of Nickelodeon. At the same time, a suite of MTV-branded Pluto TV FAST channels were made available on Paramount-owned BVOD service 10Play. MTV Australia and New Zealand was replaced by MTV Global in August 2023. The decision to change the feed to the international channel was confirmed by Paramount Global in October 2023. The decision to axe Australian music and programming was criticised by the music industry in Australia. MTV will continue to operate country specific content through its Australian themed social media.

Past VJs

 * Richard Wilkins
 * Joy Smithers
 * Darren McMullen (2007–08) - joined in January 2007 as host of the live music show The Lair.
 * Erin McNaught (2009–10) - former Miss Universe Australia, joined MTV Australia as a guest presenter in September 2009, before becoming a full-time member in December.
 * Ruby Rose (2007–11) - hired through the 2007 VJ search.
 * Jason Dundas - hired through the 2003 VJ search. In 2007 he left the channel and joined the show Getaway on the Nine Network.
 * Mike Fitzpatrick. Radio host of the Triple M breakfast show The Cage. In 1999 he hosted the Australian version of Video Clichés. Was also the host of Pepsi Taste of Summer in 2000 and fill in host of MTV Most Wanted.
 * Christine and Sharon Muscat. Hosted Australia Top 30 Show.
 * Kyle Sandilands. Radio host for the Austereo network. Originally joined in 2005 for TRL Australia. Later left the channel when he became a judge for Australian Idol.
 * Lyndsey Rodrigues (2005–07) - joined MTV Australia in 2005. She left Australia in summer 2007 to temporary co-host the States’ version TRL. She was the permanent co-host of the USA version along with Damien Fahey.
 * Ian Rogerson
 * Lisa Hamilton (MTV News, MTV TRL, Teen Mom Australia Reunion Special)
 * Kate Peck (MTV It Girls, MTV News, MTV Top 20)
 * Keiynan Lonsdale (MTV News Australia)

Programming and schedule
Most of the channel's programming is sourced from MTV USA, MTV Europe and from other content providers within the Viacom/MTV Networks family. This includes entertainment programs popular in the US such as Pimp My Ride, Life of Ryan, Laguna Beach/The Hills, and Room Raiders. Frequently the channel features themed programme blocks and "marathons" on weekends, featuring an entire season of a particular show played over several hours.

Imported programmes

 * 16 and Pregnant
 * Are You the One?
 * Audrina
 * Brothers Green: Eats!
 * Catfish: The TV Show
 * The City
 * Disaster Date
 * Ex on the Beach
 * Friendzone
 * Geordie Shore
 * Jersey Shore
 * Laguna Beach
 * #mtvitgirls
 * MTV's Bugging Out
 * Pimp My Ride US
 * Punk'd
 * Ridiculousness
 * Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory
 * Teen Mom OG
 * Teen Mom 2

Defunct Local shows

 * Fan vs. Band
 * MTV News
 * MTV's Official Motorola ARIA Chart Show
 * MTV's The Lair
 * My Pix
 * Live @ the Chapel for Carlton Cold
 * Vodafone Live at the Chapel
 * Digital Lili
 * MTV Full Tank (MTV New Zealand)
 * MTV Mobbed
 * MTV Most Wanted
 * Scrambled Megs
 * The Rock Chart
 * TRL Australia
 * Verushka's Closet

Availability
MTV Australia was originally only available through the Optus Television service (previously Optus Vision). This exclusivity deal was dropped in late 2002 and in 2003 MTV became available in a premium package on the Foxtel subscription TV platform. Around this time the channel also became available on the Austar platform.

Currently MTV is carried by all English-language pay TV providers. It is available as a basic channel on Foxtel, Austar, TransTV, Neighbourhood Cable and Fetch. On Optus Television the channel is available in add-on tiers. It was formerly available on SelecTV until the closure of its English service in late 2010.

MTV Australia Awards
In 2005 MTV Australia launched the first ever MTV Australia Video Music Awards (Now known as the MTV Australia Awards), based on the VMA awards format used in Europe and the US. It was held at Luna Park in Sydney. Following suit with the location, the AVMAs had a circus theme and was hosted by various members of the Osbourne family. The awards ceremony included many international and local guests. In 2010 it was announced that MTV Networks Australia will launch MTV Classic. As part of the launch MTV will have a music event that will replace the annual awards ceremony for 2010.

Optus ONE80PROJECT
In a joint venture with Sony Ericsson and Optus, MTV launched the Optus ONE80PROJECT which was a competition for young writers, directors and producers to create a three-minute pilot and script to be aired on TV, mobile phone and internet. The prize was an opportunity to work with the MTV production team to create full-length dramas to air on the MTV Network. The entries opened on 11 September 2006 and closed on 24 November 2006 and the voting then commenced on 1 December 2006 and closed on 26 January 2007. The voting consisted of Viewers Choice and Judges Choice. The winners were announced on 7 February 2007 with The Viewers Choice going to Ben Briand for Hammer Bay and the Judges Choice going to Karl Mather and Zenon Kohler for Takoyaki City. In 2007 the competition ran again with the winners announced on 28 January 2008 at the ONE80PROJECT festival screening at Harmony Park in Surry Hills. The Viewers Choice Award went to Kade Robinson for Generation When and the Judges Choice went to Sarah Daggar-Nickson and Scott Otto Anderson for their co-production Dream Life. The 2008 competition is currently underway with winners to be announced early 2009.

"Vote for Snoop" campaign
In 2007 rapper Snoop Dogg was to attend the MTV Australia Video Music Awards 2007 as a co-host on 29 April but a few days prior to the event it was announced that Immigration Minister Kevin Andrews would not grant him a Visa into the country because of past criminal convictions overseas. In response MTV Australia organised the "Vote for Snoop" campaign through MySpace which contained videos talking about how much he wants to become an Australian citizen in different situations.

Links with free-to-air television
Occasionally Australian free to air television stations look at the success of shows on MTV before purchasing them for broadcast. In particular, Network Ten who purchased broadcast rights to The Osbournes from MTV Networks. Ten was required to wait until the show had aired on MTV Australia before broadcasting on their own channel. Later Ten purchased rights to Jackass, Pimp My Ride (but as of 2012, is being shown on 7mate) and Laguna Beach.

Public broadcaster ABC also purchased the rights to animation Daria, which formerly aired during its children's programming slot, edited for content. As of September 2016, Daria is airing on SBS Viceland.

As of 2009 programmes from MTV Networks are being screened on the Nine Network Channel GO!. The Hills is currently being broadcast on the channel.

In late 2011, Network Ten bought the rights to air Geordie Shore on its channel for free to air television. It started airing on its digital channel "Eleven" in 2012 and continues to air as of 2013.

As of December 2019, Network 10 is now a sister operation to MTV, following the 2019 merger of CBS and Viacom.

Website
The MTV Australia website has had a turbulent past. It was originally hosted without a domain name by Village Roadshow. It gained a domain name in 1998 as mtv.com.au. The website was very basic and only included information about MTV Unplugged and the American VMAs. In 1999 the website seemed to have been abandoned completely. In 2000 the website simply redirected to the American MTV site before the domain expired and was locked by a holding company. With MTV's expansion in 2003 the site was revived but pointed towards the MTV Asia Awards. A proper MTV Australia website was launched in 2004 and has since gone through several redesigns. Mini sites for TRL Australia and the AVMAs were also set up.

The site was redesigned in 2007 and free broadband video channel MTV Overdrive launched on 19 April 2007 to coincide with the MTV Australia Video Music Awards 2007, which the Overdrive Channel is only available throughout the territory.

In 2009 the website was re-designed and now mimics mtv.com

Spin Off Channels
Current channels: CMT Australia, Comedy Central Australia, MTV 80s, Club MTV, MTV Hits, Nickelodeon, Nick Jr., NickMusic, Ten Network Holdings

Defunct/rebranded channels: MTV Live HD, MTV Dance (relaunched as Club MTV), MTV Music, (relaunched as MTV Hits), VH1 (replaced by MTV Classic), MTV Classic (replaced by MTV 80s)


text:
Alderley railway station, Brisbane

Alderley railway station is located on the Ferny Grove line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the Brisbane suburb of Alderley.

History
It opened on 5 February 1899 at the same time as the line. A shelter for passengers was built on the outbound side in 1897, which has since been demolished. In 1921 a duplication of the track occurred. The shelter shed on the outbound platform was built in 1926, while the station building on the inbound platform was constructed circa 1950-52. The station has been a Local Heritage Place since January 2004, due to It contributing to the development of the suburb, while providing the provision of railway services to the local area in the early to mid-20th century. In 2017, the station received many upgrades. In 2020, deterioration forced the closure of the timber bridge over the rail line at Frederick Street in Alderley.

Services
Alderley station is served by all stops Ferny Grove line services from Ferny Grove to Roma Street, Park Road, Coopers Plains and Beenleigh.

title: Alderley railway station, Brisbane


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