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Babylon 5: The Gathering

Babylon 5: The Gathering is the test pilot movie of the science fiction television series Babylon 5, aired on February 22, 1993. It is also the first of six feature-length films in the Babylon 5 media franchise.

The Gathering covers events which take place roughly one year before those of the first-season episode "Midnight on the Firing Line," providing a framework of backstories, political agendas, and personal relationships for some of the series' major characters.

Following the success of the movie, Warner Bros. Television commissioned the series for production in May 1993, as part of its Prime Time Entertainment Network (PTEN); the first season would premiere in the United States nearly a year later, on January 26, 1994.

Synopsis
In the Earth year 2257, a multitude of humans and non-humans gather deep in neutral space at a new station, Babylon 5, which has recently become operational. Babylon 5 was built as a neutral venue for discussing and resolving issues between the five major spacefaring races of the galaxy, the humans, Narn, Centauri, Minbari, and Vorlons. Commander Jeffrey Sinclair is in overall charge of the station.

As the crew awaits the arrival of the fourth and final alien ambassador, Ambassador Kosh from the Vorlon Empire, a transport ship arrives from Earth, bearing Lyta Alexander, a human telepath who joins the station crew, and Del Varner, a civilian. Ambassador Kosh arrives two days ahead of schedule, and is on board the station less than a minute when he suddenly falls ill, apparently from poisoning. Babylon 5 chief medical officer, Dr. Kyle, conducts a medical investigation and seeks to prevent Kosh's death, while Security Chief Michael Garibaldi conducts a security investigation. Worried that, if Kosh dies, the Vorlons will attack and destroy the station, Dr. Kyle and Lt. Cmdr. Takashima persuade Lyta to perform an unauthorized mind scan on the unconscious Kosh. As she conducts the scan, Lyta sees Commander Sinclair poisoning the Ambassador. Lyta accuses Sinclair of attempted murder. A meeting of Babylon 5's Council, made up of delegates from all five races, resolves to extradite the Commander to the Vorlon homeworld for trial. Sinclair is told that he will be deported in twelve hours.

Garibaldi comes to suspect Del Varner might have been involved in Kosh's poisoning. When he enters Varner's quarters, however, he discovers Varner dead in a fish tank. Lyta enters the medical lab, where she begins adjusting some of the settings that are keeping Kosh alive; when Dr. Kyle realizes what she's doing, he tries to stop her, and she attacks him. At that moment, the real Lyta Alexander enters the room; her double escapes.

Upon further investigation in Varner's quarters, Garibaldi learns that Varner had been smuggling illegal items between systems, and that he most recently had gone to the Antares sector to acquire a changeling net: a device that can make an individual appear to look like somebody else. The crew realizes that Kosh had not been poisoned by Sinclair when he arrived at the station, but by someone using the changeling net to imitate Sinclair. Since the use of such a device would put out a lot of energy, Takashima uses the station's scanners to pinpoint an area of the station with a high concentration of unidentified energy use. Sinclair and Garibaldi head for that part of the station, just as a Vorlon squadron arrives in the vicinity of the station to pick up Sinclair for his voyage to the Vorlon homeworld.

Sinclair and Garibaldi confront the mysterious assailant. Garibaldi is injured in the firefight and Sinclair faces the assassin himself. The changeling net is disabled, revealing the assailant to be a Minbari assassin. The assassin is a member of the Minbari warrior caste and wanted to discredit Sinclair as retribution for Sinclair's role in the Earth–Minbari War ten years earlier. Sinclair asks the assassin why he did it; the assassin replies simply, "There is a hole in your mind." Sinclair, being informed that the assassin has triggered an explosive charge, manages to get away just before an explosion rips a hole in the station's hull, throwing the station off its axis and beginning to tear it apart from the inside. Takashima uses the station's stabilizers to reestablish its axis.

The Vorlon delegation, now satisfied that Sinclair is innocent, drops all charges against him. In the station's garden, Sinclair reveals to Delenn what the Minbari assassin had said about the "hole" in Sinclair's mind. Delenn claims that it is just an old Minbari insult. Sinclair, however, tells her that he had fought in the climactic battle of the Earth–Minbari War, and that there is a twenty-four-hour period in the climactic battle, just before the Minbari surrendered, which he can't account for.

Takashima declares Babylon 5 open and operational.

Cast

 * Michael O'Hare - Cmdr. Jeffrey Sinclair
 * Tamlyn Tomita - Lt. Cmdr. Laurel Takashima
 * Jerry Doyle - Michael Garibaldi
 * Mira Furlan - Delenn
 * Blaire Baron - Carolyn Sykes
 * John Fleck - Del Varner
 * Paul Hampton - The Senator
 * Peter Jurasik - Londo Mollari
 * Andreas Katsulas - G'Kar
 * Johnny Sekka - Dr. Benjamin Kyle
 * Patricia Tallman - Lyta Alexander
 * Steven R. Barnett - Eric Hazeltine
 * Billy Hayes - Traveler (as William Hayes)
 * Linda Hoffman - Dome Tech #2
 * Robert Jason Jackson - Dome Tech #3
 * F. William Parker - Business Man #1
 * Ed Wasser - Guerra

Versions
There are two versions of The Gathering. The original version was a TV movie aired in 1993 on the Prime Time Entertainment Network as a pilot for the series. After a four-year run on PTEN, Babylon 5 moved to Turner Network Television (TNT) for its fifth and final season in 1998. Series creator and executive producer J. Michael Straczynski supervised a special edition of Babylon 5: The Gathering, which aired on TNT immediately following the new TV movie, Babylon 5: In the Beginning. Scenes were edited to move at a faster pace, allowing the restoration of 14 minutes of footage adding exposition and character development. Among the notable additions is a prophetic line spoken by Kosh when he first meets Sinclair. Lost in the special edition is a trip through the station's alien sector that some viewers felt looked too much like a zoo. Tamlyn Tomita's lines had originally been completely redubbed as the studio thought she sounded too "harsh"; the new edition restored her original performance. The original music, composed by Stewart Copeland, is also replaced with a score by Christopher Franke, who composed music for the rest of the series, played by the Berliner Symphoniker.

The special edition is included in the Warner Home Video DVD releases Babylon 5: The Gathering/In the Beginning and Babylon 5: The Movie Collection. The original version was previously available on AOL's now-defunct In2TV service, and Hulu, but is no longer available on either as of April 2014. The iTunes Store appears to carry the special edition as part of its Season 1 bundle, but not the original, despite being listed with the original air date. The original is available for streaming on Amazon.

The original version was released on DVD by Warner Home Video in Region 2. In Germany, it had the title "Spacecenter Babylon 5 - Die Zusammenkunft." It is also included in the "Complete Collection" and "Ultimate Collection" box sets (released in the UK only).

Changes between pilot and series
Many elements of the pilot were changed when the series began, giving the pilot a different feel than the rest of the series. This was most evident in the prosthetics, sets, music, and cast members. Patricia Tallman played Lyta Alexander – she was replaced by Andrea Thompson as Talia Winters – but Tallman (as Alexander) would return later in the series, first as a recurring character and then as a regular. The medical officer was Dr. Benjamin Kyle (played by Johnny Sekka), rather than Richard Biggs as Stephen Franklin. The explanation used for these cast changes is that these two characters saw Kosh outside his encounter suit and thus had to be removed from duty – Kosh's secrecy is a running theme in the show.

The first officer was Laurel Takashima (played by Tamlyn Tomita), replaced for the series by Claudia Christian as Susan Ivanova. The alien characters – such as Delenn and G'Kar – appeared slightly different because the prosthetics were different for the pilot than the series. Also, Delenn was originally supposed to be a male character destined to become female at the end of season 1, but since they could not make Mira Furlan's voice male enough, they decided to play her as female throughout the series.

Ed Wasser, who played Morden in the series, appears in the pilot as Earth Alliance technician Guerra.

The duty uniforms and rank insignia were altered between the pilot and the series, as were the handheld weapons.

Sinclair's love interest (Carolyn Sykes) is replaced by Catherine Sakai.

title: Babylon 5: The Gathering


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Bibimbap

Bibimbap, sometimes romanized as bi bim bap or bi bim bop, is a Korean rice dish.

The term bibim means "mixing" and bap is cooked rice. It is served as a bowl of warm white rice topped with namul (sautéed or blanched seasoned vegetables) and gochujang (chili pepper paste). Egg and sliced meat (usually beef) are common additions, stirred together thoroughly just before eating.

In South Korea, Jeonju, Jinju, and Tongyeong are especially famous for their versions of bibimbap. In 2017, the dish was listed at number 40 on the World's 50 most delicious foods readers' poll compiled by CNN Travel.

Etymologies
Bibimbap has gone by a number of names over time.

Its earliest names appear in Korean hanja texts. Its first name was  (混沌飯). This name appeared in the Yeokjogumun portion of the book Historical Notes of Gijae, which was written by Bak Dongnyang  around 1590. In the Diary of Cheongdae by another Joseon scholar Gwon Sang-il (1679–1760), it was recorded as goldong-ban (骨董飯). The dish was also recorded in Complete Works of Seongho by Yi Ik (1681–1764) as goldong (骨董), in Complete Works of Cheongjanggwan by Yi deok-mu (1741–1793) as goldong-ban (汨董飯), and in Works of Nakhasaeng by Yi Hak-gyu (1770–1835) as both goldong-ban (骨董飯) and goldong (骨董).

The hangul transcription (브뷔음) first appears in the 1810 encyclopedia Mongyupyeon by Jang Hon. The 1870 encyclopedia  states that the dish name is written as  (骨董飯) in hanja but is read as  (捊排飯), a probable transcription of the native Korean  (부빔밥). Another name is (브뷔음밥). The hanja dictionary indeed contained " (부뷔다)" or " (부뷔움), Dong (董)" in hanja, which meant "mix" or "" in Korean.

By the late 19th century, it went by a number of names in hangul: (부뷔움밥),  (부비음밥),  (부뷤밥),  (부븸밥),  (부뷘밥), and  (부빔밥) (捊排飯) and  (骨董飯). Other names in hanja include (骨董飯, 汨董飯),  (混沌飯), and  (捊排飯) and also  (盤遊飯).

History
The exact origin of bibimbap is unknown. People could have started mixing bap (rice) with banchan (side dishes) after the outdoor jesa (rites), such as sansinje (rite for mountain gods) or dongsinje (rite for village gods), where they needed to "eat with the god" but did not have as many cooking pots and items of crockery to hand as they would normally have at home. Jeonju Bibimbap is an old-fashioned dish. Some scholars assert that bibimbap originates from the traditional practice of mixing all the food offerings made at an jesa (ancestral rite) in a bowl before partaking of it.

Ordinary people ate bibimbap on the eve of the lunar new year as the people at that time felt that they had to get rid of all of the leftover side dishes before the new year. The solution to this problem was to put all of the leftovers in a bowl of rice and to mix them together. Farmers ate bibimbap during farming season as it was the easiest way to make food for a large number of people. Bibimbap was served to the king, usually as a lunch or a between-meal snack. There was more than vegetables in this bibimbap.

In Collected Works of Oju written by Yi Gyu-gyeong (1788–1856), recorded varieties of bibimbap, such as vegetable bibimbap, miscellany bibimbap, hoe bibimbap, shad bibimbap, prawn bibimbap, salted shrimp bibimbap, shrimp roe bibimbap, marinated crab bibimbap, wild chive bibimbap, fresh cucumber bibimbap, gim flake bibimbap, gochujang bibimbap, soybean sprout bibimbap, and also stated that bibimbap was a local specialty of Pyongyang, along with naengmyeon and gamhongno.

The first known recipe for bibimbap is found in the Siuijeonseo, an anonymous cookbook from the late 19th century.

The late 20th century brought about the globalization of the Korean culture, traditions, and food to many areas of the world with many restaurant chains being opened up in various international airports that encourage the sale of bibimbap.

Culture
Bibimbap is an extensively customizable food with a variety of ingredients that can be used in its creation. It has existed in Korea for centuries and even has a place in society today. It came from early rural Koreans taking leftover vegetables, sometimes having meat, with rice and mixing them in a bowl. This was cheap and did not require all of the time and space of a traditional meal.

There are two separate ancient writings that suggest the original reasoning behind the creation and use of bibimbap. The first one, "People's Unofficial Story of Jeonju" (全州野史), tells of Jeonju bibimbap being used in occasions such as parties that included government officials of provincial offices. The second being, "Lannokgi" (蘭綠記), which told of bibimbap being made by the wives, of farmers, who had no time to prepare meals the traditional way with many side dishes, and instead they were able to throw most of the ingredients in a bowl sometimes adding whatever they happened to be cultivating. Although bibimbap was originally rarely mentioned and mostly only in hanja records, it began to be more frequently referenced and in Hangul (Korean alphabets) records as well upon the creation of Hangul by the King Sejong the Great to improve the state's literacy.

The division of Korea in the 20th century caused a cultural divide in the creation of bibimbap with two types related to both North and South Korea. The most famous regions for traditional bibimbap happen to be Pyongyang for its vegetable bibimbap in the North and Jeonju for its Jeonju bibimbap.

In the late 20th century, bibimbap started to become widespread in many countries in the West, due to its simplicity, cheap cost, and delicious taste. Many airlines connecting to South Korea via Incheon International Airport began to serve it, and it was accepted more globally as a popular Korean dish. Bibimbap has also been described as a symbol of the Korean culture to non-Koreans due to Korea becoming more acceptable to foreigners and multicultural traditions.

Preparation
Bibimbap can be various kinds of bibimbap depending on the ingredients. Vegetables commonly used in bibimbap include julienned oi (cucumber), aehobak (courgette/zucchini), mu (radish), mushrooms, doraji (bellflower root), and gim, as well as spinach, soybean sprouts, and gosari (bracken fern stems). Dubu (tofu), either plain or sautéed, or a leaf of lettuce may be added, or chicken or seafood may be substituted for beef. For visual appeal, the vegetables are often placed so adjacent colors complement each other. In the South Korean version, sesame oil, red pepper paste (gochujang), and sesame seeds are added.

Jeonju
Jeonju is a South Korean province known for its long standing food preparation style, which has been praised and passed down throughout thousands of years. Jeonju is the most famous place for Bibimbap. Jeonju bibimbap along with kongnamul-gukbap (bean sprout and rice soup) are signature dishes of Jeonju. Jeonju bibimbap is one of the most popular dishes in Korea and around the world. It is usually topped with quality Jeonju soy bean sprouts, hwangpo-muk, gochujang, jeopjang, and seasoned raw beef and served with kongnamul-gukbap. The rice of Jeonju bibimbap is specially prepared by being cooked in beef shank broth for flavor and finished with sesame oil for flavor and nutrients. Jeonju also holds a Jeonju Bibimbap Festival every year.

Hot stone pot (dolsot bibimbap, 돌솥 비빔밥)
Hot stone pot bibimbap (dolsot-bibimbap, 돌솥 비빔밥) is a variation of bibimbap served in a very hot dolsot (stone pot) in which a raw egg is cooked against the sides of the bowl. The bowl is so hot that anything that touches it sizzles for minutes. Before the rice is placed in the bowl, the bottom of the bowl is coated with sesame oil, making the layer of the rice touching the bowl cook to a crisp, golden brown known as nurungji (누릉지). This variation of bibimbap is typically served to order, with the egg and other ingredients mixed in the pot just prior to consumption.

Yakcho (약초비빔밥)
Yakcho-bibimbap (약초비빔밥) is from Jecheon. Yak (약) is a historical term for medicinal. Jecheon is a great place for medicinal herbs to grow. People could get a thicker root and more medicinal herb than other areas. The combination of the medicinal herbs and popular bibimbap made it one of the most popular foods in Jecheon.

Hoedeopbap (회덮밥)
Hoedeopbap (회덮밥) is a bibimbap with a variety of raw seafood, such as tilapia, salmon, tuna or sometimes octopus, but each bowl of rice usually contains only one variety of seafood. The term hoe in the word means raw fish. The dish is popular along the coasts of Korea where fish are abundant.

Other

 * Beef tartare (yukhoe)
 * Freshwater snail soybean paste (ureong-doenjang)
 * Roe (albap)
 * Spicy pork (jeyuk)
 * Sprout (saessak)
 * Tongyeong, served with seafood
 * Wild vegetables (sanchae)
 * Wild herbs
 * Brass bowl

Symbolism
Some people attach symbolism to the ingredients of bibimbap. Black or dark colours represent north and the kidneys – for instance, shiitake mushrooms, bracken ferns or nori seaweed. Red or orange represents south and the heart, with chilli, carrots, and jujube dates. Green represents east and the liver, with cucumber and spinach. White is west or the lungs, with foods such as bean sprouts, radish, and rice. Yellow represents the centre, or stomach. Foods include pumpkin, potato or egg.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bibimbap


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Summit Tunnel

Summit Tunnel in England is one of the world's oldest railway tunnels. It was constructed between 1838 and 1841 by the Manchester and Leeds Railway Company to provide a direct line between Leeds and Manchester. When built, Summit Tunnel was the longest railway tunnel in the world.

The tunnel, between Littleborough and Walsden near Todmorden, was bored beneath the Pennines, a natural obstruction to most forms of traffic. The tunnel is just over 1.6 mi long and carries two standard-gauge tracks in a single horseshoe-shaped tube, approximately 7.2 m wide and 6.6 m high. Summit Tunnel was designed by Thomas Longridge Gooch, assisted by Barnard Dickinson. Progress on its construction was slower than anticipated, largely because excavation was more difficult than anticipated. On 1 March 1841, Summit Tunnel was opened by Sir John Frederick Sigismund Smith; it had cost of £251,000 and 41 workers had died.

On 20 December 1984, the Summit Tunnel fire occurred. There were no deaths and five months later, the tunnel reopened after repairs. The tunnel has remained in continuous use with little interruption since it opened.

Development
Summit Tunnel, between Littleborough and Todmorden is the highest section of the 82 km long Manchester and Leeds Railway, which was built parallel to the Rochdale Canal. When built, it was the world's longest railway tunnel and a critical element of the first trans-Pennine line.

The tunnel was designed by the civil engineer Thomas Longridge Gooch, a collaborator of George Stephenson and his son Robert Stephenson on several railway schemes. Between spring 1835 and 1844, Gooch was the engineer for the Manchester and Leeds Railway on behalf of George Stephenson, who was working on other projects. In September 1837, during Gooch's tenure, work commenced boring the tunnel. Gooch was assisted by Barnard Dickinson. When speaking about the tunnel, Dickinson exclaimed: "This tunnel will defy the rage of tempest, fire, war or wasting age".

The tunnel is 1 mi long and 6.6 m tall; the horseshoe-shaped bore is 7.9 m wide and accommodates a pair of tracks. The tunnel falls on a gradient of 1-in-330 southwards (towards Littleborough). It was driven by hand through shale, coal and sandstone, after which the walls were lined with six courses of brick, using more than 23 million bricks. The bricks were handmade locally and up to 60,000 were laid in a single day. Mortar, commonly referred to as Roman cement, was used for its impermeability to water. It has been estimated that about 8,100 tonnes (dry weight) of cement was transported to the tunnel from Hull. During August 1838, James Wood, the chairman of the Manchester and Leeds Railway, laid the first brick in a ceremony.

The original contractors were Evans, Stewart and Copeland. At the peak of construction, a workforce of between 800 and 1,250 men and boys was active, aided by about 100 horses and 13 stationary steam engines, which were used to remove material from the shafts. The bedrock was hewn using physical strength and hand tools, illuminated only by candlelight. At an early stage of track laying, the rails were laid directly onto excavated rock, but conventional wooden sleepers were also used. The spoil was used for other purposes, including in the construction of Blackpool Promenade.

Alignment of the tunnel was achieved by drilling 14 vertical shafts to provide survey points. When the tunnel was complete, two shafts were sealed and the remaining 12 were retained as ventilation. The ventilation shafts were up to 28 to 94 m deep. During the tunnel's service life, No.6 was sealed after rock falls.

Progress on construction was slower than expected; the bedrock and blue shale through which it was bored proved to be harder to excavate than anticipated. In March 1839, because of slow progress, the original contractors were dismissed and George Stephenson took over, after which the pace of work increased until a strike of the bricklayers occurred in March 1840. The last brick was laid on 9 December 1840.

Summit Tunnel should have opened on New Year's Eve 1840; but the opening was delayed after the discovery of a defective invert, 0.8 km from one end which had displaced the central track drain. After repairs, the tunnel was officially opened by Sir John Frederick Sigismund Smith, the government inspector of railways on 1 March 1841. Summit Tunnel cost £251,000 and the loss of 41 lives. The cost was far greater than the railway company expected.

The southern portal of the tunnel was grade II listed in 1986.

Incidents

The tunnel closed for the first eight months of 1985 following a fire that generated sufficient heat to vitrify sections of its outer brickwork. The build up of heat in the surrounding ground led to a 'false spring'; many plants produced flowers and buds as the warm soil triggered new growth. Damage to the tunnel lining was minimal which was attributed to heated gases from the fire escaping through the ventilation shafts. Restoration involved replacing 500 m of track and sleepers before it re-opened to traffic on 19 August 1985.

On 28 December 2010, a passenger train travelling from Manchester to Leeds was derailed when it struck ice that had fallen onto the tracks from one of the ventilation shafts. The ice had built up during exceptionally cold weather and fell into the tunnel when it started to thaw. The train was the first to use the tunnel in three days as a result of a temporary break in services around Christmas. It collided with the tunnel wall, but remained upright and no injuries were reported.

title: Summit Tunnel


text: Category:Elections in Fiji

title: Category:Elections in Fiji


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Talk:Ferrimagnetism

Does the author of this page really mean "ferromagnetism," not "ferrimagnetism?" 136.142.109.122 22:06, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * No. ferromagnetism is a separate property - Omegatron 13:40, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

What is the origin of the prefixes ferro- and ferri-? - Omegatron 13:40, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * From Latin ferrum which means iron; ferri- may have something to do with ferrite (though ferrite is ferromagnetic). Icek 21:42, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Curie vs. Neel temperature?
Both of my solid-state texbooks (Kittel and Ashcroft/Mermin) call the critical temperature at which a ferrimagnet ceases to have a spontaneous magnetization the "Curie temperature", just as for ferromagnets. The term "Neel" temperature is reserved for antiferromagnets with zero magnetic moment in their ordered phase. —Steven G. Johnson 02:04, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed, Neel is for antiferromagnetic materials, and Curie for ferro- and ferrimagnets. -A nanotechnology student

 * Considering ferrimagnets contain two sublattices of opposing magnetisation directions they bear more in similarity with a antiferromagnet as opposed to a ferromagnet and hence the describing it using a Neel temperature (which arises in the treatment of two sublattices) is more appropriate. - A Physics student.

 * That may be your opinion, but Wikipedia only reports standard usage.  —Steven G. Johnson

 * Should the second figure not be corrected then: (1) --> (2) is the Curie temperature; (2) --> (3) is the Néel temperature ? - N.

Ferro- Ferri- and All Kinds of Magnetism
Ferro -- pure parallel coupling of spins + coupling energy beyond critical value + particle not too small --> pure ferromagnet in which DOMAINS not spins independently respond to applied fields; spontaneous magnetization at zero applied field; hysteresis, coercive force exist

Super-Paramagnetic -- a would-be ferro, but coupling constant too small (or temperature too high) or particle too small (sub-domain)

Ferri -- two mechanisms, but the the most common are two lattices one with parallel coupling (ferro) and one with antiparallel coupling (antiferro); magnetite Fe3O4 is a case where Fe3+ ions are in octahedral and tetrahedral sites -- and they couple antiferromagnetically; but Fe2+ ions are in half the octahedral sites too and these Fe2+ couple ferromagnetically; Ferri is just usually weaker form of ferromagnet -- all the same phenomenology though

PLEASE E-MAIL ME and I can send you "all" of magnetism explained in two tables: (1) the observed phenomenology for each kind of magnetism  and  (2) the microscopic mechanism giving rise to each

My e-mail is this:  Mark.Weiss@bep.treas.gov     199.196.144.11 21:32, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Feel free to contribute this information to the article magnet or magnetism; I'm not entirely sure whom you are addressing or why e-mail is necessary. -- Beland 04:11, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Diagram request
It would be useful to illustrate how the phenomenon arises and how it is different from ferromagnetism. -- Beland 04:07, 1 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Existing diagrams apper to fulfil request. Reqdiagram removed. Egmason (talk) 05:01, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

KInds of Magnetism in Tables
to "Beland": I wish I knew your e-mail, that way you can see my  "all the kinds of magnetism in two tables". They are MS-Word tables -- but way too formatted to put into Wikipedia. The "e-mail" is for anybody who wants me to I will e-mail the two tables. One gives all the kinds of magnetism in the OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA each kind exhibits; the other table gives the (microscopic) mechanism for how those phenomena come to exist. e-mail Mark.Weiss@bep.treas.gov and I'll send you the tables. Last thing: while I have read Wikipidea I am not expert at modifying its content. All I know are these discussion pages. Mostly I want you to see my tables. How can I get them into Wikipedia -- even as pictures (I can make bitmaps out of my Word tables if absolutely necessary). The tables are way too formatted, scrunching fonting to fit, etc. for any "plain text" to work. Anyway, glad you liked (or seemed to like) the content. I didn't get any "it's crap" comments. My tables are a synthesis -- in an orderly way! -- of many many books on magnetism.

to anyone else: if you want two tables that neatly categorize all kinds of magnetism -- ferro- ferri- super-para- para- antiferro- and dia- magnetism, just ask me & I'll e-mail you the two MS-Word tables. e-mail: Mark.Weiss@bep.treas.gov —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 199.196.144.11 (talk) 14:47, 23 April 2007 (UTC).

wtf?
I wish this article was written so that a real human being could understand it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.110.61.99 (talk) 01:28, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ferrimagnetism


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adminisphere

Adminisphere was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

A dicdef for a neologism. Gets ~1,600 Google hits, but still, is it encyclopedic? Mindspillage 22:07, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete & send to Wiktionary to let them decide if they want it. The term is certainly in use.  It's either Dilbert-derived or Dilbert-inspired, and it has gotten a fair amount of play.  Were it perfect it still wouldn't be here, of course. Geogre 01:17, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete; not encyclopedic. As an aside, do obscure neologisms really belong in the Wiktionary?  I'm new there (even more so than here) and I don't know there is a VfD system in place to weed out nonsense words.  --Ardonik 03:24, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * If that's the case, just delete it. It's slang, and it's getting usage, but I would want to force this on Wiktionary, which sounds like what we'd be doing. Geogre 21:12, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete slang neologism dicdef. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:15, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Elections in Lesotho

title: Category:Elections in Lesotho


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Public holidays in Slovenia

There are two kinds of public holidays in Slovenia – state holidays and work-free days. State holidays are those celebrated by the state. These include official functions and flying the national flag. The latter are actually Catholic religious holidays, which are equivalent to any Sunday: companies and schools are closed, but there is no official celebration.

9 of 14 state holiday days are work-free, and there are additional 6 work-free days in Slovenia. Two of them always fall on Sunday, thus, there are effectively at most 13 work-free days in Slovenia.

State holidays that are work-free are shown in pale green, while work-free days that are not state holidays (coinciding with Catholic religious holidays) are shown in blue.

Other holidays
In addition to these, several other holidays are traditionally and popularly celebrated by the people of Slovenia, although not being work-free. The best known are:
 * Carnival (pust, date varies),
 * Slovenian Maritime Day, 7 March
 * International Women's Day, 8 March
 * St. George's Day (jurjevanje, the welcoming of spring; 23 April),
 * St. Martin's Day (martinovanje, changing of must into wine; 11 November)
 * Saint Nicholas Day (miklavž, when children receive presents; 6 December)
 * Insurrection Day (dan vstaje, 22 July, work-free until 1991)

title: Public holidays in Slovenia


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Comic Party

Comic Party (こみっくパーティー), sometimes abbreviated to ComiPa, is a dating sim video game by the Japanese game studio Leaf. It was first released on May 28, 1999, for Windows with adult content, but re-released with it removed for the Dreamcast, Windows, and PSP. The main focus of the game is the creation of various dōjinshi by the player's character, during which there are varied opportunities to interact with a cast of girls.

Comic Party is inspired from the real world event of Comiket (Comic Market) held in Tokyo each summer and winter. This is a convention where various artists gather together to share both parody, homage, and original work. Since the series was inspired by Comiket, it comes as no surprise that the "Comic Party" convention also takes place in the same building as Comiket, the Tokyo Big Sight convention center near Ariake, Tokyo.

Comic Party has spawned both a manga (illustrated by Sekihiko Inui) and an anime series since its inception, as well as a Dreamcast version of the original PC game which added a new character (Subaru) and removed the pornographic elements (reverse-ported to Windows, that version is called "Comic Party DCE"). Many artbooks, figures, and fan-made homages have been produced for it.

The anime series was licensed in North America by The Right Stuf International and the Sekihiko Inui's manga is licensed by Tokyopop. Comic Party Anthology Comic, a related manga originally published by Ohzora Publishing, is published by CPM under the title "Comic Party: Party Time", which is a series of doujinshi anthologies featuring stories by independent manga artists set in the Comic Party universe. Diverging frequently from Comic Party canon, this offshoot manga series includes more yaoi elements than the original materials. A sequel anime series, Comic Party Revolution, came out in 2003.

The game was ported to the PlayStation Portable (PSP) as Comic Party Portable on December 29, 2005. Promotional videos show that the Comic Party Revolution character designs are used, rather than the original designs from the Windows and Dreamcast games and the first anime series. Characters from Comic Party are featured as partner characters Aquapazza: Aquaplus Dream Match, a fighting game developed by Aquaplus with characters from various Leaf games.

Gameplay
Comic Party is a point-and-click first person perspective dating sim game. It is the player's task to decide the schedule of the main protagonist, Kazuki Sendō, as he prepares for the Comic Party convention that takes place once a month. How fast Kazuki can complete his dōjinshi, how many copies he can sell at each convention, and what girl he is able to date depends on the player's choices. Only one action can be chosen on each weekday because Kazuki must attend college during the day, and two actions can be chosen on Saturday and Sunday. It is only on the weekend where the player is given the choice to leave the house and contact the girl the player wishes to pursue.

During the course of game, the protagonist will come in contact with other characters. These meetings composes mostly of text of the dialogue and actions that happen during the interactions. At certain points of the conversation, the player will be asked to choose between two or more actions that can affect the feelings of that person you are interacting with and can lead to other events.

The game begins on April 1 and ends on March 31 the next year. The ending depends on whether the player succeeds in winning a girl's heart. Although the player does not have to win a girl's heart to reach the end of the game, if the player fails at completing their monthly dōjinshi before the deadline, the game will end early.

Plot
Early April, Kazuki Sendō is invited by his friend, Taishi Kuhonbutsu, to come with him to Tokyo Big Sight. He is surprised to see thousands of people waiting in line to get in. Apparently they are at Comic Party, a giant dōjinshi convention. Once inside, Kazuki meets some of the dōjinshi artists and is surprised to find himself enjoying their work. Taishi convinces Kazuki to draw dōjinshi after their visit because he recognizes Kazuki's skill as an artist, but Kazuki's childhood friend Mizuki tries to talk him out of it because she believes otakus are smelly, dirty, and disgusting. Her reasoning does not help because Kazuki already made up his mind and begins to draw his first dōjinshi.

Brother 2/Two Brothers

 * Kazuki Sendō (千堂 和樹（せんどう かずき/せんどーかずき）)
 * Masami Kikuchi (Japanese), Sam Riegel (CP English), Leraldo Anzaldua (CPR English)
 * The protagonist of this title. Throughout high school, Kazuki Sendō coasted entirely on his natural talent for art, only to get a reality check when he failed to get into art school. Left with a lingering feeling that he could have done better if there were a more competitive environment for him to hone his artwork in, Taishi introduces him to the world of dōjinshi where he finds exactly what he was looking for. Together, they form the dōjinshi circle "Brother 2". Often spends so much time on drawing that he forgets to buy food or do his school assignments. In the anime, the character is reworked into a high school student and his backstory is trimmed down.

 * Taishi Kuhonbutsu (九品仏 大志（くほんぶつ たいし）)
 * Kōichi Tōchika (Japanese), Liam O'Brien (CP English), Josh Grelle (CPR English)
 * The other half of "Brother 2", he is a typical otaku who sees the dōjinshi concept as the leading pop-culture format of the 21st century. Grandiose in the expressions of his dreams, he takes charge of the logistical aspects of the partnership (paying registration fees, arranging printers, etc.), leaving the actual artwork to Kazuki.

Main heroines

 * Mizuki Takase (高瀬 瑞希（たかせ みずき）)
 * Riko Sayama (Japanese), Rachael Lillis (CP English), Luci Christian (CPR English)
 * Mizuki Takase is the protagonist's friend since the first year of high school and eventually end up in the same college together. She is energetic and athletic with long red hair in a side ponytail. She's hostile and skeptical towards otaku and dōjinshi, and is initially opposed to Kazuki's new activity. However, she's also torn by Kazuki's expressions of satisfaction with the dōjinshi process, and worries that it leaves less time for them together. As the game goes on, she slowly becomes interested in otaku culture, even trying cosplay and purchasing expensive DVD sets.

 * Yū Inagawa (猪名川 由宇（いながわ ゆう）)
 * Kaoru Morota (Japanese), Georgette Reilly (CP English), Tiffany Grant (CPR English)
 * Yū Inagawa is a Kansai-speaking, passionate dōjinshi enthusiast. She is from Kobe, but comes to Tokyo often for Comic Party. Her parents own a Japanese inn and hot-springs resort that she will inherit when she is older. Yū is the sole member of the circle "Karamitei". She teaches Kazuki about dōjinshi publishing and comics exhibition. She is nicknamed "Hot springs Panda" (Panda Onseniko) by Eimi because she owns a hot springs and she has large circle glasses that is similar to the dark patches around the panda's eyes. In the anime, she's a transfer student at Kazuki's high school.

 * Eimi Ohba (大庭 詠美（おおば えいみ）)
 * Shizuka Ishikawa (Japanese), Jessica Calvello (CP English), Larissa Wolcott (CPR English)
 * Eimi Ohba is an egoistic dōjin artist who self-proclaims the title of "Queen of ComiPa". She is the sole member of a popular dōjin circle called: "CAT OR FISH?!". She is fiercely competitive and believes the value of the dōjinshi is based on how many its sold. Although a savant at drawing dōjinshi, her poor academic performance leaves her on the verge of failing to graduate from high school.

 * Aya Hasebe (長谷部 彩（はせべ あや）)
 * Mie Sonozaki (Japanese), Carol Jacobanis (CP English), Kim Prause (CPR English)
 * Aya Hasebe is a timid third-year high school girl who draws original dōjinshi. She usually gets Kazuki's attention by pulling on his shirt rather than calling out to him. Aya's circle is called "Jamming Book Store". Her dōjinshi does not sell well because she has a hard time attracting customers even though it has good artwork and costs only 200 yen. Kazuki admires her artwork and creative story so he tries to help her sell whenever he can.

 * Minami Makimura (牧村 南)
 * Miho Yamada (Japanese), Lisa Ortiz (CP English), Allison Sumrall (CPR English)
 * Minami Makimura is the head staff of the Comic Party conventions. During the conventions, she is seen patrolling the grounds. She always checks Kazuki's dōjinshi to see if it's acceptable to be sold there.

 * Chisa Tsukamoto (塚本 千紗（つかもと ちさ）)
 * Sumie Baba (Japanese), Lisa Ortiz (CP English), Kim-Ly Nguyen (CPR English)
 * Chisa Tsukamoto is the daughter of the printing shop where Kazuki gets his dōjinshi printed. She is hardworking and looks after the business when her parents go out of town, but she is clumsy and scatterbrained and makes mistakes with the printing process. She is often seen chasing a runaway cart. In the anime, she's a junior student at Kazuki's school.

 * Reiko Haga (芳賀 玲子（はが れいこ）)
 * Akiko Muta (Japanese), Sara Van Buskirk (CP English), Laurie Gallardo (CPR English)
 * A member of Team Ikkatsu, a four-girl dōjinshi circle who draw fighting game-based yaoi dōjinshi. A hardcore fan of the Fighters' Breaker series, she works part-time at the local arcade to keep an eye out for anyone playing her favorite character and fanatical obsession, Sho Kusakabe (a parody of Kyo Kusanagi from the King of Fighters). She's always enthusiastic to show her love of fighting game characters, be it through cosplay or dōjinshi. Due to a misunderstanding, mistakes Kazuki as a rare male fan of yaoi and decides to fan his interest in the hobby. Attends the same university as Kazuki and Mizuki. In the anime, her obsession with yaoi and fighting games is removed and replaced with more emphasis on cosplay, moving her part-time job to a cosplay cafe.

Other heroines

 * Asahi Sakurai (桜井 あさひ（さくらい あさひ）)
 * Satomi Koorogi (Japanese), Kerry Grant (CP English), Jessica Boone (CPR English)
 * Asahi Sakurai is anime and manga fan by day and a famous idol by night. She is the voice actress of Card Master Peach, the main character of the popular anime in the Comic Party world (and a double parody, of Wedding Peach and Cardcaptor Sakura). Even though she is an idol, she is nervous around people so she often stutters and forgets what she was going to say. Asahi disguises herself with eyeglasses and a hat when she wants to enjoy the public without a crowd around her which quickly forms when her identity is revealed. In the original PC version of the game, she's treated as a secret heroine, going by the alias "Momo-chan" until she develops a bond with Kazuki. Because of this, Asahi's role in the first Comic Party anime adaption is limited and she does not interact with the main protagonist. Instead, she is only heard on the radio and briefly seen singing at a concert. Later ports of the game openly advertise her alongside the other heroines.

 * Subaru Mikage (御影 すばる（みかげ すばる）)
 * Masayo Kurata (Japanese), Jenny Larson (CPR English)
 * Miko fighter obsessed with hero stories, but terrible at creating dōjinshi. Her group is "Sin-jyusyokakutei." A new character added for the Dreamcast release of the game. She doesn't appear in the original PC version of the game or the original anime series.

 * Ikumi Tachikawa (立川 郁美（たちかわ いくみ）)
 * Kimiko Koyama (Japanese), Kerry Grant (CP English), Cynthia Martinez (CPR English)
 * A mysterious anonymous benefactor known only as "Tachikawa-san" who communicates with Kazuki entirely through e-mail. She first took notice of Kazuki's talent at a high school art exhibition and became his first fan, encouraging him to push his talents to new heights. Despite frequently sending Kazuki expensive gifts and having the carrier leave personal gifts on his tables at events, she chooses to keep her true identity hidden. Treated as a secret heroine in all releases up until the PSP port. In the original anime, she instead plays the role of Kazuki's first customer, meeting him in person at Comic Party events. Tachikawa is not used in the manga adaption.

Minor heroines

 * Miho Hoshino (星野 美穂（ほしの みほ）), Mayu Yumeji (夢路 まゆ（ゆめじ まゆ）), and Yuka Tsukishiro (月城 夕香（つきしろ ゆか）)
 * The other three members of Reiko's dōjinshi circle. The girls are united in their love for fighting games, cosplay, and yaoi. Like Reiko, they attend the same university as Kazuki. The three of them were given a minor romance option in the Dreamcast version of the game, where they're pursued as a group.

 * Suzuka Kazami (風見 鈴香（かざみ すずか）)
 * A courier driver who delivers packages to Kazuki. Went unnamed in the original PC version of the game, but was given a short romance story of her in own in the Dreamcast version. Dreams of saving up enough money to buy her own motorcycle.

 * Makiko Sawada (澤田 真紀子（さわだ まきこ）)
 * Chief editor of Comic Z Comics division. Known as the Demon of Comic Z, Sawada is known for her harsh critiquing skills. She often attends Comic Party events to scout for new talent. Was a member of a dōjinshi circle in her youth, before deciding to go into the business side of the hobby. Was given a minor romance option in the Dreamcast version of the game.

Other characters

 * Tsuruko Juuouji (縦王子 鶴彦（じゅうおうじ つるひこ）)/Tate Otoko (たて男)/Tate
 * The tall thin man in the otaku duo that frequenly attends Comic Party events. His glasses are capable of detecting opponent's abilities. Always speaks in olden Japanese. Has an eye open for unknown dōjinshi artists, in hopes that their early works will someday become valuable.

 * Ouzouin Hetamaro (横蔵院 蔕麿（おうぞういん へたまろ）)/Yoko Otoko (よこ男)
 * The short, fat man in the otaku duo that frequenly attends Comic Party events. Always stutters when he talks. Will frequently begin talking about Asahi Sakurai unprovoked. He's one of the only people capable of recognizing her in disguise. Despite his perverse nature, he can very insightful when it comes to doujinshi.

 * Tachikawa Yūzō (立川 雄蔵（たちかわ ゆうぞう）)
 * A mysterious man who often harasses Kazuki at Comic Party events. Later revealed to be Ikumi's brother. His chest has a six-star pattern resembles the Big Dipper pattern on Kenshiro Kasumi from Fist of the North Star.

 * Momo (モモ)/Card Master Peach (カードマスターピーチ)
 * The fictional main character of Card Master Peach, voiced by Asahi Sakurai. As Card Master Peach, she carries a wand resembles Sakura Kinomoto's second wand in Cardcaptor Sakura. Mizuki is able to replicate the character's costume, attacks, and transformation sequence. This character can only be seen during Asahi's route, when the player is given the option to watch episodes of the series, played out as chibi sequences.

 * Hemo-Hemo
 * Card Master Peach's pet guardian. Resembles the smaller version of Kero in Cardcaptor Sakura, but with black tiger stripes.

 * Yoshio
 * A blue penguin who acts as Comic Party's mascot character. An angrier variant called Baron Yoshio also appears on the Game Over screen.

Anime-exclusive characters

 * Rena Tsuchiya (槌谷 麗奈（つちや れな）)
 * One of Mizuki's high school frineds in the original Comic Party anime.

 * Chinami Tomono (友野 ちなみ（ともの ちなみ）)
 * One of Mizuki's high school frineds in the original Comic Party anime.

 * Mr. Chou (長（ちょう）さん)
 * A comic magazine editor. During Sendo and Mizuki's tour, he led them to check on the company's comic artists and making business deals. According to the DVD booklet, this character's full name is Nagase Chou, making him a member of the recurring "Nagase Clan" who appear throughout Leaf's games.

 * Coach
 * A sports instructior from Comic Party Revolution who only appears in Mizuki's flashbacks. It's ambiguous whether or not he actually exists.

 * Dark Mizuki (黒瑞希（くろみずき）)
 * A version of Mizuki Takase in Comic Party Revolution, appeared after Sendo becomes a wall circle doujin artist, but unable to draw anything for the first Comic Party convention as wall circle artist. She tried to lure Sendo to abandon comics and do oil paintings, but was defeated by Mizuki as Card Master Peach. During the succeeding convention, she went to Sendo's booth as a paying customer when the real Mizuki was absent.

Anime
The Comic Party anime adaptation first aired in Japan on April 1, 2001, on UHF stations. Thirteen episodes and four ten minute specials were produced by Oriental Light and Magic and KSS and directed by Norihiko Sudo. The anime focuses on the dōjinshi creation part of the game rather than the dating aspect and the specials are an original story involving the cast of Comic Party taking a vacation to a hot spring resort.

Comic Party was licensed in North America by The Right Stuf International and first announced at the Illinois anime convention, Anime Central, on April 20, 2002. It was released on four DVD volumes between March 30, 2004, and July 27, 2004. A number of rewrites and cultural changes were made to the English dub. Some examples include converting the Japanese yen to dollars in the script (although the original coins are still seen), kimono to Versace summer dress, and replacing the "Panda Onseniko" or "Hot Springs Panda" that Eimi calls Yuu with "Stupid Panda". Dōjinshi is also referred to throughout the series as "fan comics". The changes were not made to the subtitles as they are correct translations of the original Japanese script. On September 4, 2014, North American anime licensor Discotek Media announced that they have acquired the series and will re-release it on DVD in January 2015.

Comic Party Revolution is a thirteen episode sequel. The first four episodes are directed by Junichi Sakata and animated by produced by Chaos Project. The first episode was released on DVD on December 22, 2003, as the first part of a two episode OVA which was later extended to four episodes. These episodes were used as the first four episodes of the TV series that first aired on April 4, 2005, and ended on June 27, 2005. The OVAs were edited and cut in length to make the episodes fit in a normal television timeslot. Episodes five to thirteen was directed by Mitsuhiro Tōgō and produced by Radix Ace Entertainment. In Comic Party Revolution, Kazuki and Mizuki are now attending college and many of the events that take place in the game are hinted to have happened. Characters that were absent from the original series like Subaru Mikage and Asahi Sakurai make their debut. Kazuki is no longer the main focus in Revolution. Instead, the female cast roles are more equally distributed and some of them are given the spotlight in certain episodes.

Comic Party Revolution was licensed in North America by ADV Films for $30,336 which they announced at Metrocon 2006. ADV used their own voice talent for the English dub so the cast is different from the original series. Cultural changes were not made to the dub like the dub from Right Stuf.

Theme songs
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Comic Party, Comic Party Special, Comic Party DC themes
Opening theme: "Kimi no Mama de" (君のままで)
 * Vocals by: Emi Motoda
 * Lyrics by: Naoka Suya
 * Music by: Kazuhide Nakagami
 * Arrangement by: Sho Mameda

Ending theme: "Katachi no Nai Machi wo Mezashite" (形のない街を目指して)
 * Vocals by: Kaya
 * Lyrics and music by: Hiroshi Koyama
 * Arrangement by: Sho Mameda
 * valign=top|

Comic Party Revolution themes
Opening theme: "Fly"
 * Vocals by: Arisa Nakayama
 * Lyrics by: Naoka Suya
 * Music by: Junya Matsuoka
 * Arrangement by: Junya Matsuoka and Michio Kinugasa

Ending theme: "Issho ni Kurasou" (一緒に暮らそう)
 * Vocals by: Emi Motoda
 * Lyrics, music, and arrangement by: Susumu Mameda
 * }

Manga and anthologies
A manga adaption of Comic Party was written and illustrated by Sekihiko Inui, who is also a dōjinshi artist and continues to draw dōjinshi under the dōjin circle called Mix-ism. It made its debut in the January 2001 issue of the Japanese monthly manga magazine Dengeki Daioh and continued until the March 2005 issue. The chapters was compiled into five tankōbon volumes and published by Dengeki Comics. Comic Party manga is licensed in North America by Tokyopop. All five volumes was released between June 4, 2004, and January 31, 2006. In the first episode of the original series, Kazuki has a dream set in the world of To Heart, arguably AQUAPLUS' most famous franchise. Kazuki is cast in the role of Hiroyuki, and a number of other familiar characters appear, including Akari Kamigishi and LEAF mascot Multi.

Anthologies of short pieces by independent artists was published by various parties including Ichijinsha, Ohzora Publishing, Square Enix, Rapport, Enterbrain and Sony Magazines. One anthology series called Comic Party Anthology Comic that is published by Ohzora Publishing is licensed in North America by Central Park Media. It was renamed to Comic Party and the first volume was released on April 14, 2004. Out of the nine volumes of the series, only three was published by CPM.

title: Comic Party


text: Category:Elections in Gabon

title: Category:Elections in Gabon


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Remote-control vehicle

A remote-control vehicle, is defined as any vehicle that is teleoperated by a means that does not restrict its motion with an origin external to the device. This is often a radio-control device, a cable between the controller and the vehicle, or an infrared controller.

Scientific
Remote-control vehicles have various scientific uses, including operating in hazardous environments, working in the deep ocean, and space exploration.

Space probes
The majority of probes to other planets in the Solar System have been remote-control vehicles, although some of the more recent ones were partially autonomous. The sophistication of these devices has prompted greater debate on the need for crewed spaceflight and exploration. The Voyager I spacecraft is the first craft of any kind to leave the Solar System. The explorers Spirit and Opportunity have provided continuous data about the surface of Mars since January 3, 2004.

Submarines
Jason is the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's deep water explorer and can withstand depths of up to 6,500 feet.

The Scorpio ROV is a British submersible that rescued the crew of the Russian AS-28 on August 7, 2005.

Military and law enforcement
Military usage of remotely-controlled vehicles dates back to the first half of 20th century. John Hays Hammond, Jr., invented and patented methods for wireless control of ships starting in 1910. The Soviet Red Army used remotely-controlled teletanks during the 1930s in the Winter War and early stage of World War II. There were also remotely-controlled cutters and experimental remotely-controlled planes in the Red Army.

Remote-control vehicles are used in law enforcement and military engagements for some of the same reasons. Hazard exposure is mitigated for the operator of the vehicle, who controls it from a location of relative safety. Remote-controlled vehicles are also used for bomb disposal.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have undergone a significant evolution in capability in the past decade. Early UAVs were capable of reconnaissance missions alone and then only with a limited range. Current UAVs can hover around possible targets until they are positively identified before releasing their payload of weaponry. Backpack-sized UAVs will provide ground troops with over-the-horizon surveillance capabilities.

Recreation and hobby
Small-scale remote-control vehicles have long been popular among hobbyists. These remote-controlled vehicles span a wide range in terms of price and sophistication. There are many types of radio-controlled vehicles; these include on-road cars, off-road trucks, boats, submarines, airplanes, and helicopters. The "robots" now popular in television shows such as Robot Wars are a recent extension of this hobby.

Radio control is the most popular choice, as the vehicle's range is not limited by the length of a cable, nor does it require direct line-of-sight with the controller, which is the case with infrared control.

title: Remote-control vehicle


text: Category:Elections in Ghana

title: Category:Elections in Ghana


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Back walkover

A back walkover is an acrobatic maneuver in which a person transitions from a standing position to a back bridge and then back to a standing position again, undergoing a complete revolution of the body in the process. Back walkovers are commonly performed in a variety of athletic activities, including acro dance, cheerleading, and rhythmic gymnastics. In artistic gymnastics, back walkovers are performed in floor exercises and on the balance beam.

Technique
The back walkover performer begins in a standing position. The back is increasingly arched and abdominal muscles are stretched until the hands touch the floor and all hands and feet are flat on the floor, thus forming a gymnastic back bridge. While in the bridge position, one leg (the leading leg) is rapidly raised from the floor so as to impart momentum to the lower body. This momentum lifts the trailing leg from the floor so that only the hands are left touching the floor. Both hands remain on the floor while the body revolves backward through a handstand position, until the foot of the leading leg, followed by the foot of the trailing leg, reach the floor. When both feet are on the floor, the performer returns to an erect standing position.

Variations

 * In a one-handed walkover, only one hand is placed on the floor.
 * A valdez is a back walkover that begins in a sitting position.
 * A backwards kickover or bridge kickover is a back walkover with a pause in the bridge position.

title: Back walkover


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Rectory Road railway station

Rectory Road is a London Overground station on the Lea Valley lines in the West Hackney area of the London Borough of Hackney, east London.

It is 3 mi down the line from London Liverpool Street and is between Hackney Downs and Stoke Newington stations. Its three-letter station code is REC and it is in Travelcard zone 2.

Trains run south to Liverpool Street and north to either Cheshunt or Enfield Town.

The ticket office, street buildings, staircases and platform shelters were all built in the mid-1980s in works funded by the Greater London Council (along with other stations in the "Tube-less" borough of Hackney). These elaborate structures were very different from the low-maintenance changes further up the line at the same time, and feature the British Rail logo worked into the brickwork at street-level.

In 2015 the station and all services that call there were transferred from Abellio Greater Anglia operation to London Overground. The station was also added to the Tube map.

Services
All services at Rectory Road are operated by London Overground using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 4 tph to London Liverpool Street
 * 2 tph to Cheshunt
 * 2 tph to Enfield Town

Additional services call at the station during the peak hours.

title: Rectory Road railway station


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Public holidays in Italy

Public holidays in Italy are established by the Italian parliament and, with the exception of city or community patronal days, apply nationwide. These include a mix of national, religious and local observances. As for Whit Monday, there is an exception for South Tyrol. In Italy there are also State commemoration days, which are not public holidays.

Overview

Italy's National Day, the Festa della Repubblica (Republic Day), is celebrated on 2 June each year, with the main celebration taking place in Rome, and commemorates the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946. The ceremony of the event organized in Rome includes the deposition of a laurel wreath as a tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier at the Altare della Patria by the President of the Italian Republic and a military parade along Via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome.

Liberation Day is a national holiday in Italy that takes place on 25 April commemorating the victory of the Italian resistance movement against Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic, puppet state of the Nazis and rump state of the fascists, in the Italian Civil War, a civil war in Italy fought during World War II. The date was chosen by convention, as it was the day of the year in 1945 when the National Liberation Committee of Upper Italy (CLNAI) officially proclaimed the insurgency in a radio announcement, propounding the seizure of power by the CLNAI and proclaiming the death sentence for all fascist leaders (including Benito Mussolini, who was shot three days later).

17 March was proclaimed a national holiday in 1911, the 50th Anniversary of the Unification of Italy, in 1961, the 100th anniversary of the Unification of Italy, and in 2011, the 150th anniversary of the Unification of Italy. The law no. 222 of 23 November 2012 the Giornata dell'Unità nazionale, della Costituzione, dell'inno e della bandiera ("Day of National Unity, the Constitution, the anthem and the flag") was established to be celebrated on 17 March of each year, on the day of the proclamation of the Unification of Italy in 1861, however it is not to be considered a festive day.

Until 1977 the following were also considered public holidays in Italy for civil purposes:

 * 19 March, Saint Joseph Day;
 * 40 days after Easter, Ascension of Jesus;
 * 60 days after Easter, Corpus Christi;
 * 29 June, Saints Peter and Paul, patron saints of Rome (it remained a public holiday only in the municipality of Rome);
 * 4 November, National Unity and Armed Forces Day.

These public holidays were suppressed, during the austerity caused by the 1973 oil crisis, on the basis of the law n. 54 of 5 March 1977. In particular, in 1977 National Unity and Armed Forces Day became a moveable feast, and celebrations occurred every first Sunday of November. National Unity and Armed Forces Day is an Italian national day since 1919 which commemorates the victory in World War I, a war event considered the completion of the process of unification of Italy. It is celebrated every 4 November, which is the anniversary of the armistice of Villa Giusti becoming effective in 1918 declaring Austria-Hungary's surrender. Italy entered World War I in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity and for this reason, the Italian intervention in World War I is also considered the Fourth Italian War of Independence, in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the unification of Italy, whose military actions began during the revolutions of 1848 with the First Italian War of Independence.

In addition to the 12 national holidays, each city or town celebrates a public holiday on the occasion of the festival of the local patron saint. For example, Rome on 29 June (Saints Peter and Paul), Milan on 7 December (Saint Ambrose), Naples on 19 September (Saint Januarius), Venice on 25 April (Saint Mark the Evangelist) and Florence on 24 June (Saint John the Baptist). In South Tyrol, the holiday is instead on Whit Monday. This makes the total public holidays in Italy 13.

The Italian national patronal day, on 4 October, celebrates Saints Francis and Catherine. Notable patronal festivals in Italy are the Festival of Saint Agatha in Catania, the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul in Rome, the Feast of San Gennaro in Naples and Little Italy, New York and the Feast of Our Lady of the Hens in Pagani.

This number does not correspond to the number of days off work as public holidays falling on weekends are not transferred. When a holiday falls on a Tuesday or a Thursday it is common practice to make a ponte (pl. ponti. English: "bridge") in order to have a long weekend. Schools are usually closed.

Christmas in Italy (in Italian: Natale) begins on 8 December, with the feast of the Immaculate Conception, the day on which traditionally the Christmas tree is mounted and ends on 6 January, of the following year with the Epiphany (in Italian: Epifania). The term "Natale" derives from the Latin natalis, which literally means "birth". Easter in Italy (Pasqua) is one of that country's major holidays. Easter in Italy enters Holy Week with Palm Sunday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday, concluding with Easter Day and Easter Monday. Each day has a special significance.

During the Italian public holidays, peaks of tourist flows in Italy are recorded, particularly in winter due to the Christmas and New Year's Day holidays, in spring, due to the Easter holidays, and in summer, due to the favourable climate. For internal tourism, peaks of tourist flows are also recorded on the occasion of the three national civil holidays, Liberation Day (25 April), International Workers' Day (1 May) and the Festa della Repubblica (2 June), as well as for three religious holidays, the Ferragosto (15 August), All Saints' Day (1 November) and the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (8 December), especially in the presence of ponti.

Current holidays
Current holidays in Italy are:

State commemorations
The following days are not public holidays, but are nevertheless official State commemorations.

title: Public holidays in Italy


text:
List of alternative country names

Most sovereign states have alternative names. Some countries have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons. This article attempts to give all known alternative names and initialisms for all nations, countries, and sovereign states, in English and any predominant or official languages of the country in question.

Countries are listed alphabetically by their description, the most common name or term that is politically neutral and unambiguous. This may be followed by a note as to the status of the description used.

a = (common, English)

title: List of alternative country names


text:
Public holidays in Canada

Public holidays in Canada (Jours fériés au Canada), known as statutory holidays, stat holidays, or simply stats (jours fériés), consist of a variety of cultural, nationalistic, and religious holidays that are legislated in Canada at the federal or provincial and territorial levels. While many of these holidays are honoured and acknowledged nationwide, provincial and territorial legislation varies in regard to which are officially recognized.

There are five nationwide statutory holidays and six additional holidays for federal employees. Each of the 13 provinces and territories observes a number of holidays in addition to the nationwide days, but each varies in regard to which are legislated as either statutory, optional, or not at all.

Many public and private employers, as well as school systems, provide additional days off around the end of December, often including at least a full or half-day on December 24 (Christmas Eve) or December 31 (New Year's Eve) or in some cases, the entire week between Christmas and New Year. While not officially legislated in any capacity, internationally notable cultural holidays such as Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's Day, Halloween, Mother's Day, and Father's Day are traditionally observed by Canadians as part of Canadian culture.

Statutory holidays
A statutory holiday (also known as "stats" or "general" or "public" holiday) in Canada is legislated either through the federal government or a provincial or territorial government. Most workers, public and private, are entitled to take the day off with regular pay. However, some employers may require employees to work on such a holiday, but the employee must either receive a day off in lieu of the holiday or must be paid at a premium rate – usually $1 1/2$ (known as "time and a half") or twice (known as "double time") the regular pay for their time worked that day, in addition to the holiday pay. In most provinces, when a statutory holiday falls on a normal day off (generally a weekend), the following workday is considered a statutory holiday. Statistics Canada shows an average of 11 paid statutory holidays per year in regard to all firms and corporations operating within the province.

Federal statutory holidays, also observed in some provinces
In addition to the nationwide holidays listed above, the following holidays are mandated by federal legislation for federally regulated employees. All banks and post offices commemorate these holidays, and they are statutory in some provinces and territories.

One-off holidays
Governments in Canada have declared one-off holidays on certain occasions, such as the death of a Canadian monarch. A one-off holiday was declared after the death of George VI on February 15, 1952, and after the death of Elizabeth II on September 19, 2022.

September 19 was named a national day of mourning (Jour de deuil national) to commemorate Elizabeth II as Canada's head of state. The day was a holiday for federal government employees. The provinces of British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island also enacted provincial equivalents for the federal holiday. The provinces of Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Quebec did not enact any holiday.

Provincial and territorial holidays
Provinces and territories generally adopt the same holidays as the federal government with some variations.

Alberta
Five nationwide statutory holidays, four provincial holidays as well as three "optional holidays".

Provincial statutory

 * Alberta Family Day – third Monday in February
 * Victoria Day – last Monday preceding May 25
 * Thanksgiving – second Monday in October
 * Remembrance Day – November 11

Optional

 * Easter Monday – optional holiday, variable date between March 23 and April 26
 * Heritage Day – optional holiday, first Monday of August
 * National Day for Truth and Reconciliation – optional holiday, September 30
 * Boxing Day – optional holiday, December 26

British Columbia
Five nationwide and six provincial statutory holidays.

Provincial statutory

 * Family Day – third Monday of February
 * Victoria Day – last Monday preceding May 25
 * British Columbia Day – first Monday of August
 * National Day for Truth and Reconciliation – September 30
 * Thanksgiving – second Monday of October
 * Remembrance Day – November 11

Manitoba
Five nationwide and three provincial statutory holidays, as well as two optional holidays. Remembrance Day and Boxing Day are not statutory holidays.

Provincial statutory

 * Louis Riel Day – third Monday in February
 * Victoria Day – last Monday preceding May 25
 * Thanksgiving – second Monday in October

Optional

 * Terry Fox Day (Civic Holiday) – first Monday in August; not a statutory holiday.
 * Remembrance Day – an "official day of observance", not a statutory holiday.

New Brunswick
Five nationwide and five provincial statutory holidays. Although prescribed as public holidays, Victoria Day, Thanksgiving, and Boxing Day are not paid public holidays.

Provincial statutory

 * Family Day – third Monday in February (since 2018)
 * New Brunswick Day – first Monday in August
 * Remembrance Day – November 11

Optional

 * Victoria Day
 * Thanksgiving
 * Boxing Day

Newfoundland and Labrador
Five nationwide and one provincial statutory holiday. Thanksgiving is not a statutory holiday. Canada Day is not a statutory holiday as July 1 is Memorial Day.

Provincial statutory

 * Memorial Day (July 1)
 * Armistice Day (Remembrance Day) (November 11)

Optional

The following is a list of designated paid holidays for government employees.
 * Saint Patrick's Day (March 17)
 * Saint George's Day (April 23)
 * Victoria Day (Monday preceding May 25)
 * June Holiday (temporary name - formerly known as Discovery Day until 2020 ) (Monday closest to June 24)
 * Orangemen's Day (Monday closest to July 12)
 * National Day for Truth and Reconciliation (September 30)
 * Thanksgiving (Second Monday in October)
 * Boxing Day (December 26)
 * One (1) additional day in each year that, in the opinion of the Permanent Head, is recognized to be a civic holiday in the area in which the employee is employed. If no civic holiday is provided, the employee shall be granted an additional day at a time to be determined by the Permanent Head.

These have not been observed as statutory holidays since 1992. They are, however, observed by the provincial government. Unlike most other provinces, there is no province-wide holiday on the first Monday in August. It may be seen as redundant due to the Royal St. John's Regatta, which is observed as a civic holiday in St. John's on the first Wednesday in August (or, in case of poor weather, the next suitable day thereafter). Harbour Grace and Labrador City have a similar holiday for their regatta in late July. All other municipalities are entitled to designate one day a year as a civic holiday; however, many do not take advantage of this.

Northwest Territories
Five nationwide holidays and five territorial statutory holidays.

Territorial statutory

 * Victoria Day – Monday preceding May 25
 * National Aboriginal Day – June 21
 * Civic Holiday – first Monday in August
 * Remembrance Day – November 11
 * Thanksgiving – second Monday of October

Nova Scotia
Five nationwide holidays plus two provincial holidays. Victoria Day, Thanksgiving, and Boxing Day are not statutory holidays but most businesses and retail are closed Boxing Day. Most statutory holidays can be substituted for a mutually agreeable alternative paid day off in lieu or employers can require employees to work at a premium rate of pay. Several types of employment, including workplaces covered by a collective agreement, are exempt from provincial rules governing statutory holidays.

Provincial statutory

 * Heritage Day – This holiday is held on the third Monday of February since 2015, and celebrates notable people, events and locations from the province's history. In 2015, Heritage Day celebrated Black Nova Scotian civil rights activist and businesswoman Viola Desmond.
 * Remembrance Day – November 11; this holiday has been governed separately from all other public holidays in Nova Scotia since 1981: it is illegal for any person to offer any goods or real property for sale on this date, or to accept or offer employment in exchange for gain or reward. There are special exemptions for workers who are employed in certain categories but an alternative day off with pay must be offered in lieu.

Optional

 * Natal Day – first Monday in August; not a statutory holiday but a common day off in Halifax Regional Municipality.

Nunavut
Five nationwide and four territorial statutory holidays. Boxing Day is not a statutory holiday.

Territorial statutory

 * Victoria Day – Monday preceding May 25
 * Civic Holiday – first Monday in August
 * Truth and Reconciliation – September 30
 * Thanksgiving – second Monday in October
 * Remembrance Day – November 11
 * Nunavut Day – July 9, originated as a paid holiday for Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated and regional Inuit associations. It became a half-day holiday for government employees in 1999 and a full day in 2001. Most employers give the day off with the notable exceptions being the federal government and the North West Company. Not a statutory holiday.

Ontario
Five nationwide and four provincial statutory holidays. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was officially recognized in Toronto in 2018 and has also been in Ottawa, though not as a paid holiday.

Provincial statutory

 * Family Day – third Monday in February
 * Victoria Day – Monday preceding May 25
 * Thanksgiving Day – second Monday of October
 * Boxing Day – December 26

Optional

 * Civic Holiday – first Monday in August; not a statutory holiday.
 * Remembrance Day – November 11; not a statutory holiday.

Prince Edward Island
Five nationwide and three provincial statutory holidays.

Provincial statutory

 * Islander Day – third Monday in February (originally second)
 * Truth and Reconciliation Day – September 30
 * Remembrance Day – November 11

Optional

 * Gold Cup Parade Day - Third Friday in August. Celebrated in the capital city of Charlottetown marking the end of the Provincial Exhibition and the Gold Cup and Saucer race at the Charlottetown Driving Park. The day is observed as a holiday by some businesses in the central and eastern areas of the province.

Quebec
In Quebec, there are five nationwide and three provincial statutory holidays. Remembrance Day and Boxing Day are not statutory holidays, and there is no civic holiday in August. Many details of employment law are different in Quebec. The official statutory holidays are:
 * January 1 (New Year’s Day)
 * Good Friday or Easter Monday at the employer’s choice
 * Monday preceding May 25 (National Patriots' Day)
 * June 24 (Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day)
 * July 1. If this date falls on a Sunday: July 2 (Canada Day)
 * First Monday in September (Labour Day)
 * Second Monday in October (Thanksgiving Day)
 * December 25 (Christmas Day).

Optional

 * Construction Holiday (Vacances de la construction) takes place during the last two weeks of July and also the last two weeks of December for Christmas holidays. While it applies officially only to the construction industry, many other Quebecers arrange to take their vacations during these two weeks.

Saskatchewan
Five nationwide and five provincial statutory holidays.

Provincial statutory

 * Family Day – third Monday in February
 * Victoria Day – Monday preceding May 25
 * Saskatchewan Day – first Monday in August. Celebration of Saskatchewan history and culture similar to Canada Day.
 * Thanksgiving Day – second Monday in October
 * Remembrance Day – November 11

Yukon
Five nationwide and four territorial statutory holidays. In addition, Easter Monday, Boxing Day, and Heritage Day are statutory for public service workers. Many employers give their employees days off that may not be statutory holidays in the particular province, particularly Boxing Day.

Territorial statutory

 * Victoria Day – Monday preceding May 25
 * Discovery Day – third Monday in August
 * Thanksgiving Day – second Monday in October
 * Remembrance Day – November 11
 * National Aboriginal Day – June 21 since 2017

Optional

The following days are not Yukon statutory holidays:
 * Heritage Day – Friday preceding the last Sunday in February – optional for non-public service workers
 * Easter Monday
 * Boxing Day

Municipal holidays
Some municipalities also have local statutory holidays. For instance, the morning of the Stampede Parade is often given as a half-day holiday in the city of Calgary. In Ontario, the August Civic Holiday is not defined provincially, but by each municipality.

Civic holidays
In Canada, there are two definitions of the term "civic holiday":

Legal definition
By law, a civic holiday is defined as any holiday which is legally recognized and for which employers are obliged to offer holiday pay.

August Civic Holiday
In parts of Canada, the term "Civic Holiday" is a generic name referring to the annual holiday on the first Monday of August. However, this definition is far from uniform nationwide as Quebec, Newfoundland, and Yukon do not recognize it at all (in the Yukon, a civic holiday is celebrated instead on the third Monday of August as Discovery Day). Five other provinces (Ontario, Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island) do not oblige employers to offer holiday pay on this day, thus not making it a civic holiday in the legal sense. No universal name is recognized for this holiday – the official name varies between the provinces and even between municipalities within Ontario. In Saskatchewan, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, it is a statutory holiday.

The Civic Holiday is meant to replace a city's birthday, also known as Natal Day. Instead of each city and town having a separate birthday celebration and day off, the Civic Holiday is observed. For example, the Halifax Regional Municipality is made up of the former cities of Halifax and Dartmouth and the town of Bedford. Each of these places used to hold civic birthday celebrations on different days. Many people lived in one jurisdiction but worked in another. This meant significant confusion arose as to which day a person would be excused from work.

This holiday is commonly referred to as "August Long Weekend" but this is not a government term.

Proposed holidays
The other leading candidate for a new holiday is a weekend in February to celebrate the anniversary of the Canadian flag, or more likely a general "Heritage Day". February 15 is already designated as Flag Day, but this is simply a day of commemoration, not a statutory holiday.

In April 2014, a private member's bill to make Remembrance Day a legal holiday and give it the same status as Canada Day was introduced to the House of Commons. Bill C-597 passed second reading in the House of Commons by a margin of 258 to 2; however, it did not become law.

In 2001, members of the 14th Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories passed the National Aboriginal Day Act, making it the first jurisdiction in Canada to recognize this day as a formal statutory holiday.

Holidays occurring on non-work days
For federally regulated workers, if a holiday occurs on a day that is normally not worked, then "another day off with pay will be provided".

When New Year's Day, Canada Day, Remembrance Day, Christmas Day or Boxing Day falls on a Saturday or Sunday which a federally regulated worker would not normally work, they are entitled to a holiday with pay on the working day immediately before or after the holiday. If one of the other holidays falls on a weekend, then the employer must add a holiday with pay to their employees’ annual vacation or give them a paid day off at another mutually convenient time.

Other observances

 * Raoul Wallenberg Day, January 17
 * Groundhog Day, February 2
 * Valentine's Day, February 14
 * National Flag of Canada Day, February 15
 * International Women's Day, March 8
 * Commonwealth Day, the second Monday in March. This has been observed as a holiday in some Commonwealth countries.
 * Saint Patrick's Day, March 17
 * April Fool's Day, April 1
 * Tartan Day, April 6
 * Earth Day, April 22
 * Victory in Europe Day, May 8
 * Mother's Day, second Sunday of May
 * Father's Day, third Sunday of June
 * Loyalist Day, June 19, celebrating Canada's Loyalist heritage, particularly in Ontario and New Brunswick (also the day Upper Canada was created, now Ontario)
 * National Indigenous Peoples Day, June 21 as part of the Celebrate Canada series
 * Canadian Multiculturalism Day, June 27 as part of the Celebrate Canada series
 * National Peacekeepers' Day, August 9 observed on the closest Sunday
 * National Grandparents' Day, second Sunday in September
 * National Family Week, week preceding Thanksgiving
 * Halloween, October 31
 * National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women, December 6

title: Public holidays in Canada


text:
Talk:Daniel Inouye

Slander Removed
Unsourced accusation of corpse-looting removed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * FYI: The original author of the corpse-looting accusation has reinstated the accusation. Harvard yarrd —The preceding  signed but undated.

This is hardly slander. I'll look for a citation but the facts are widely known. He did steal from dead civilians. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.95.189.237 (talk) 07:29, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

Plenty of people believe that pizzagate is a fact and "widely known." However, a claim of such nature would definitely require you to get sources first before introducing to any Wikipedia article. Saledomo (talk) 00:36, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

Appearance in the Ken Burns "War" Documentary
Daniel Inouye is one of the soldiers recounting their actions in World War II during the Ken Burns documentary, "The War".

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Inouye's service in Pearl Harbor
I read somewhere that within hours of the attack on Pearl Harbor, teenage Inouye volunteered at the scene and stayed for eight days. Does anybody have a source for that? SnappingTurtle (talk) 18:13, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniel Inouye