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Ruth Paine

Ruth Hyde Paine (born September 3, 1932) was a former friend of Marina Oswald, who was living with her at the time of the JFK assassination. According to official government investigations, including the Warren Commission, Lee Harvey Oswald stored the 6.5 mm caliber Carcano rifle used to shoot U.S. President John F. Kennedy in Ruth Paine's garage, unbeknownst to her and her husband, Michael Paine.

Ruth Paine answered more than 5,000 questions for the Warren Commission. There were over 500 witnesses for the Warren Commission, and the average number of questions asked for each witness was less than 300. Furthermore, Ruth Paine has given more interviews than any other Warren Commission witness, always consistent with her Warren Commission testimony.

Early life
Paine was born Ruth Avery Hyde in New York City, to William A. and Carol E. Hyde. She went to Antioch College in Ohio and became a Quaker. Through her interest in folk dancing and music she met her future husband Michael Paine. Though not a Quaker himself, Michael attended meetings with Ruth. They married on December 28, 1957.

In 1959 Michael Paine got a job with Bell Helicopter in Fort Worth, Texas, 30 miles from Dallas, and the Paines moved into a house in the suburb of Irving (Michael Paine's step-father, Arthur M. Young, designed the first Bell Helicopter). As liberals in Dallas, the Paines were isolated, and Ruth Paine was quite lonely.

Ruth Paine had been studying Russian since 1957. In the late 1950s she participated in Quaker pen pal programs and the East-West Contact Committee, which sponsored visits by three Soviets to the US. In 1963 she signed up to teach a summer class in Russian at St. Mark's School in Dallas, but only one student signed up (William Hootkins, who became an actor and had a minor role in the movie Star Wars as X-wing pilot Jek Porkins).

Ruth Paine met the Oswalds through her interest in the Russian language. She had learned to read Russian, but she had difficulty with conversational Russian. Also, she and Michael Paine were separated at this time. A mutual friend from their Madrigal singing group, Everett Glover, invited her to a party at his apartment on February 22, 1963, because he thought she would be interested in meeting two interesting people who spoke Russian.

The attendance of the couple, Lee and Marina Oswald, was arranged by Oswald's friend, 51-year-old White Russian émigré aristocrat George de Mohrenschildt, a well-educated petroleum geologist with intelligence connections.

Involvement with Oswald family
Ruth Paine drove Marina Oswald to New Orleans when the Oswalds moved there in May 1963 and back to Dallas when they moved again in September 1963. When the Oswalds resettled in the Dallas area, Marina and her child with Lee, June, moved in with Ruth Paine in the suburb of Irving, Texas, while Lee stayed in a boarding house under the name O.H. Lee. The second Oswald child was born after Marina moved in. Marina helped with the housework and Ruth's Russian studies while Lee visited on weekends. Michael and Ruth had long been separated, but remained on good terms. Michael was a frequent visitor and cared for his children deeply. At the suggestion of a neighbor, Linnie Mae Randle, Ruth Paine told Lee Oswald about a job opportunity at the Texas School Book Depository.

Lee Harvey Oswald stayed at the Paine home with Marina and his children unannounced on Thursday night, November 21, 1963—the night before President Kennedy was assassinated. When Oswald left for work on the morning of November 22, he brought a large package that he had kept in the Paine's garage with him to work at the Texas School Book Depository. Oswald's coworker and friend, Wesley Frazier testified that Oswald told him the bag contained curtain rods. The Warren Commission later concluded that the package actually contained the rifle used by Oswald in the assassination.

Eight days after the assassination of President Kennedy, on November 30, 1963, Ruth Paine inadvertently discovered evidence possibly linking him to an attempted assassination of General Edwin Walker. Among the letters that Ruth Paine reportedly sent to Marina was a thick book of household advice in Russian. The book contained an undated note left by Lee for Marina on April 10, 1963 (the day of the Walker assassination attempt) that Marina later testified she had concealed. Before the Kennedy assassination, Dallas police had no suspects in the Walker shooting.

Aftermath of assassination
Ruth Paine testified before the Warren Commission. She said she would not use the word "mister" as it was "contrary to Quaker practice" though she later called Guy Mamantov as "Mr. Mamantov". She described an "Impression of the Impression" routine, with Michael and Lee Oswald: "It has to be my impression of his impressions. I don't recall the evening too well, the evening of the second. I do recall we certainly had dinner together. I can't recall what the predominant language was. Lee and Michael, of course, talked in English. Not wanting to exclude her entirely from the conversation, I made opportunity to talk with her in Russian after the meal was over. She and I did the dishes and talked in Russian, and we were in the kitchen while Michael was talking to Lee in English in the living room, so I do not know what was said then between the two of them."

Paine has been interviewed by a number of authors, including Priscilla Johnson McMillan, William Manchester, Thomas Mallon, and Gerald Posner. She also testified in Jim Garrison's trial of Clay Shaw. Paine was not called to testify before the House Select Committee on Assassinations. She even testified at a 1986 mock trial of Lee Harvey Oswald.

After the assassination, Marina and Lee Oswald's mother Marguerite briefly stayed with Ruth Paine until Marina was taken into custody by the Secret Service. Marguerite and Lee's brother Robert did not like Ruth Paine, which may have influenced Marina Oswald. They thought Paine sought attention for herself, an opinion Marina would later express before the Warren Commission. When Marina testified in the Shaw trial, she said she had been "advised by the Secret Service not to be connected with (Ruth Paine)…She was sympathizing with the CIA." Ruth wrote to Marina incessantly, with letters that took an almost desperate tone, but received no response except for a Christmas card. They met briefly in 1964 but have not seen each other since. Paine heard news about Marina through author Priscilla Johnson McMillan until McMillan's relationship with Marina broke off in the early 1980s.

Ruth Paine returned to Pennsylvania and became principal of a Quaker school, the Greene Street Friends School located in Germantown. She soon moved to St. Petersburg, Florida and earned a master's degree in psychology from the University of South Florida. After working for the school system in Franklin County in the Florida Panhandle, she returned to St. Petersburg and worked for the Hillsborough County, Florida school system until her retirement. She is active in Quaker and liberal charities and organizations and lives in Santa Rosa, California.

The City of Irving bought the former Paine home on W. 5th St. in 2009 to restore it to its 1963 condition and turn into a museum in time for the 50th anniversary of the Kennedy assassination on November 22, 2013.

Author and researcher Sylvia Meagher wrote:

"Ruth Paine…is a complex personality, despite her rather passive façade…Some examples from her testimony show a predisposition against Oswald and a real or pretended friendliness toward the FBI and other Establishment institutions, which should not be overlooked in evaluating her role in the case…Mrs. Paine is sometimes a devious person, and her testimony must be evaluated in that light."

Paine has expressed her belief in the official conclusion that Oswald acted alone and has denied conspiracy theorists suggestions to connect her and Michael to their relatives and ancestors holding important government and business positions, such as her sister, Sylvia Hyde Hoke, being listed as an employee of CIA.

In Oliver Stone's JFK, the Paines are depicted as the highly suspect Bill and Janet Williams, played by Gary Carter and Gail Cronauer. While most names in the movie JFK were not changed, the Paines were renamed to avoid potential legal action. (The name Janet Williams was used again in the 1993 TV movie Fatal Deception: Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald, in which the role was played by Quenby Bakke.) The 2022 documentary The Assassination & Mrs. Paine explores the Paines and their connections to the assassination.

title: Ruth Paine


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User:Jimbo Wales/Boston/Quiz - Spelling

This was the third round of the quiz held at the Boston Wikipedia Meetup in 2004.
 * >Fourth round
 * >Answers to all rounds

According to the article American and British English differences, the following words are spelt differently in American and British English. But where does the article on each of these words live? (And no move wars when you finish the quiz...)

 * 1) Anemia or Anaemia
 * 2) Dialog or Dialogue
 * 3) Fiber or Fibre
 * 4) Flavor or Flavour
 * 5) Gray or Grey
 * 6) Humor or Humour
 * 7) Jewelry or Jewellery
 * 8) Judgment or Judgement
 * 9) Pajamas or Pyjamas
 * 10) Theater or Theatre

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jimbo Wales/Boston/Quiz - Spelling


text:
File:Dreamtime Return original.jpg

Summary
Cover of the original 1988 release of the Steve Roach album Dreamtime Return.

title: File:Dreamtime Return original.jpg


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User:Jimbo Wales/Boston/Quiz - Wikipedia and Boston

This was the fourth round of the quiz held at the Boston Wikipedia Meetup in 2004.
 * >Fifth round
 * >Answers to all rounds

 * 1) How many times does the word Wikipedia appear in Google?
 * 2) In which year was the Boston Molasses Disaster?
 * 3) How many edits were there to the Wikipedia article in June 2004? (The point goes to the closest guess)
 * 4) Boston, Massachusetts is named after the town of Boston in which county of England?
 * 5) The monkeypox article is used in an example of what in another Wikipedia article?
 * 6) Which famous event took place in Boston on December 16, 1773
 * 7) Which Linux distribution are Wikimedia's web servers currently running on?
 * 8) According to Rambot (or the United States Census Bureau) what percentage of Boston is water? Approx 25%, 50% or 75%?
 * 9) Name two awards Wikipedia won in 2004 that are mentioned in the Wikipedia article.
 * 10) A smoot is a unit of distance used for measuring which Boston bridge?


text:
User talk:Dairiki

Catahoula photo
I see that you haven't been on here in quite a while, but I hope you drop by and check your messages, because you have a beautiful photo (of a very handsome dog, I might add) at Image:Lucypic.jpg. We're trying to make sure that all photos are identified as to their source (e.g., who took the photo) and whether it's distributable under some kind of license, such as the commonly used GFDL. Could you let me know so that we can cheerfully & guilt-freeily (?) continue using that photo? Thanks! Elf | Talk 23:39, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * ''Hey Elf, I just noticed your note. (As you can tell, I haven't been active here for quite some time.)   The problem now is, apparently I've forgotten my password.  And since there's no email address attached to my account, it appears I'm out of luck.  Maybe if I sleep on it for a couple of days I'll remember the password.  (Was there a time, long ago, when wikipedia did have the ability to associate e-mail addresses with accounts?   Other than that, I can't imagine why I wouldn't have entered my email address at the time.)
 * Anyhow, I took the photo myself, Lucy is my dog, and we'd be happy to release the photo under whatever the currently suggested license is.  Jeff Dairiki (talk) 04:57, 20 August 2009 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.64.242.22 (talk)
 * Woohoo! I remembered my password.   Actually I remembered it all along.  I swear I tried it several times.  Anyhow, I'm in.
 * I've updated the licensing information on Lucy's photo. (I'm not sure whether I did it correctly.  If not, let me know.) Dairiki (talk) 06:20, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I hardly ever come by here any more if I can help it. Too addictive. Thanks; you did great! Elf | Talk 00:27, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Barn Hunt
Hello Dairiki,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Barn Hunt for deletion, because it seems to be copied from another source, probably infringing copyright.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to rewrite it in your own words, you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=&action=edit&section=new&preload=Template:Hangon_preload&preloadtitle=This+page+should+not+be+speedy+deleted+because...+ contest this deletion], but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions.

CapitalSasha ~ talk 03:13, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

Draft:Barn Hunt concern
Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Barn Hunt, a page you created, has not been edited in 5 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.

If your submission is not edited soon, it could be nominated for deletion. If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it.

You may request Userfication of the content if it meets requirements.

If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available at WP:REFUND/G13.

Thank you for your attention. HasteurBot (talk) 01:37, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Barn Hunt

Hello, Dairiki. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Barn Hunt".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. HasteurBot (talk) 06:01, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dairiki


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User:Jimbo Wales/Boston/Quiz - User pages

This was the fifth and final round of the quiz held at the Boston Wikipedia Meetup in 2004.
 * >Answers to all rounds

'''Match these statements to the user. Each comes from someone's user page.'''

I work as a writer and designer of online courses, primarily dealing with real estate. Since I write mostly for a lay audience, hopefully my experience helps me use an appropriate writing style for Wikipedia. I am a lawyer by training, which gives me a perspective on the problem of balancing opposing positions.

Disclaimer: although I am one of Wikipedia's developers and sysops, anything I post is strictly on my own behalf. I am not an employee of Bomis and I do not officially represent either that company or the Wikipedia project. If I tell you to do something or not do something, it's just friendly advice, not an order from on high.

Like the fox. I read too much Kevin and Kell, it seems. My homepage is hosted off my laptop, but that's offline for the summer. I am currently Wikipedia's registered contact with Freenode. That means if you want an IRC user cloak you need to ask me.

Wikipedia is THE reason the Internet was created! The vast knowledge stored here is just incredible, and should be taken seriously. It's why I hang out on the "Votes for Deletion" page quite a bit. Vanity page writers, beware my wrath!

I am a computer programmer in my late twenties living in Louisville, Kentucky. I'm a Buddhist, a vegetarian, and a post-Libertarian. I was recently granted the position of a Wikipedia custodian (with a nod to Moink).


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John Carroll (soldier)

John Carroll, VC (16 August 1891 – 4 October 1971) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was also known as Jack Carroll.

Early life
Born in Brisbane, Queensland to Irish parents, Carroll moved to Western Australia while still a child. He worked as a labourer and railway guard before enlisting in the Australian Imperial Force as a private in April 1916.

Military career
Joining the Australian 3rd Division, Carroll was originally a reinforcement for the Western Australian 44th Battalion before moving to the New South Wales 33rd Battalion in November 1916.

On 7–12 June 1917 at St. Yves, Belgium, during the Battle of Messines, Private Carroll rushed the enemy's trench and bayoneted four of the occupants. He then noticed a comrade in difficulty and went to his assistance, killing another of the enemy. Next, he single-handedly attacked a machine-gun team, killing three of them and capturing the gun. Later, two of his comrades were buried by a shell; in spite of heavy shelling and machine-gun fire, he managed to rescue them.

Carroll was later severely wounded at Passchendaele in October 1917. His rehabilitation was successful but after briefly returning to his unit, the Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes, then in England, arranged for furlough to Australia for Victoria Cross recipients to help recruiting in Australia.

It has been claimed that Carroll failed on three occasions to appear at Buckingham Palace for his Victoria Cross award ceremony and when he did turn up on the fourth occasion he took advantage of one of the entitlements of VC recipients to call out the Palace Guard. These stories first appeared in the Perth Daily News on 2 November 1927, and the source of the story would seem to be Carroll himself. He related the story while he was in hospital after an industrial accident in which one of his feet was amputated. Just out of surgery and presumably still in pain, he was interviewed by a reporter who does not seem to have checked the veracity of the stories.

In addition to the Victoria Cross, Carroll was awarded the British War Medal and the Victory Medal.

Later life
Carroll died on 4 October 1971, at the age of 80, and is buried in Karrakatta Cemetery, Perth, Western Australia. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.

Legacy
The John Carroll ward at the former Repatriation General Hospital, Hollywood is named in his honour. In addition, a street in the suburb of Hughes in Canberra, the capital of Australia, is named after Private Carroll (the suburb being named after Prime Minister Billy Hughes). On Anzac Day 2018, Carroll and fellow VC recipient Thomas Axford, were honoured with a paver on the Walk of Fame in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.

title: John Carroll (soldier)


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James Brindley Nicolson

James Brindley Eric Nicolson, (29 April 1917 – 2 May 1945) was a fighter pilot and wing commander in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. He was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces, for his actions in August 1940 during the Battle of Britain.

Early life
James Brindley Eric Nicolson was born in Hampstead, London, on 29 April 1917. He studied at the Yardley Court and Tonbridge School. In 1935, Nicolson began his career as an engineer at Ricardo Engines. In 1936, he joined the Royal Air Force, with the service number 39329. After his training, he joined No. 72 Squadron in 1937 and later moved to No. 249 Squadron in 1940.

Second World War
Nicolson was 23 years old and a flight lieutenant in No. 249 Squadron during the Second World War when he was awarded the Victoria Cross. On 16 August 1940 having taken off from RAF Boscombe Down near Salisbury, Nicolson's Hawker Hurricane was almost certainly fired on by the Messerschmitt Bf 109 of Heinz Bretnütz of II./JG 53, who returned to base with claims for two Hurricanes following this action. Nicolson's engine was damaged and the petrol tank set alight. As he struggled to leave the blazing machine, he saw another Messerschmitt, managed to get back into the bucket seat, pressed the firing button, and continued firing until the enemy plane dived away to destruction. He was able to open his parachute in time to land safely in a field. On his descent, he was fired on by members of the Home Guard, who ignored his cry of being a RAF pilot.

Victoria Cross citation
The announcement and accompanying citation for the decoration was published in supplement to the London Gazette on 15 November 1940, reading

"Air Ministry, 15 November 1940.

The KING has been graciously pleased to confer the Victoria Cross on the undermentioned officer in recognition of most conspicuous bravery : –

Flight Lieutenant James Brindley NICOLSON (39329) – No. 249 Squadron.

During an engagement with the enemy near Southampton on 16th August 1940, Flight Lieutenant Nicolson's aircraft was hit by four cannon shells, two of which wounded him whilst another set fire to the gravity tank. When about to abandon his aircraft owing to flames in the cockpit he sighted an enemy fighter. This he attacked and shot down, although as a result of staying in his burning aircraft he sustained serious burns to his hands, face, neck and legs. Flight Lieutenant Nicolson has always displayed great enthusiasm for air fighting and this incident shows that he possesses courage and determination of a high order. By continuing to engage the enemy after he had been wounded and his aircraft set on fire, he displayed exceptional gallantry and disregard for the safety of his own life."

Fully recovered by September 1941, Nicolson was posted to India in 1942. Between August 1943 and August 1944, he was a squadron leader and commanding officer of No. 27 Squadron, flying Bristol Beaufighters over Burma. During this time, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.

As a wing commander, Nicolson was killed on 2 May 1945 when a RAF B-24 Liberator from No. 355 Squadron, in which he was flying as an observer, caught fire and crashed into the Bay of Bengal. His body was not recovered. He is commemorated on the Singapore Memorial.

Nicolson was the only Battle of Britain pilot and the only pilot of RAF Fighter Command to be awarded the Victoria Cross during the Second World War. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Air Force Museum, Hendon, England.

Commemoration

In 2015, the RAF repainted a modern Eurofighter Typhoon jet, ZK349, in Second World War colours, and applied Nicolson's squadron number, GN-A, to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Britain.

title: James Brindley Nicolson


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Marxist–Leninist Struggle League

Marxist-Leninistiska Kampförbundet (MLK; Marxist-Leninist Struggle League), full name Marxist-leninistiska kampförbundet för Sveriges kommunistiska parti (m-l; "Marxist-Leninist Struggle League for the Communist Party of Sweden"), was a communist political organization in Sweden formed in 1970 by Vänsterns Ungdomsförbund (Left Youth League), the youth organization of VPK. Within VUF several ultraleftist tendencies had surged during the 1960s, orientating it toward Maoism. VUF broke with VPK in 1968, and in 1970 they formed MLK. MLK was ideologically almost identical with the larger KFML/SKP, with Marxism–Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought as the ideological backbone. MLK supported KFML/SKP in elections.

Notable former members include later Left Party leader Gudrun Schyman.

MLK suffered a major split in 1972 when a group under leadership of Anders Carlberg (had been the chairman of VUF) left MLK and formed Förbundet KOMMUNIST (League COMMUNIST).

MLK published Stormklockan, Kommunistisk Tidskrift för marxistisk-leninistisk teori och praktik and Suomalainen Stormklockan (in Finnish). The two latter ones were published between 1971 and 1978. Between 1980 and 1982 MLK and Kommunistisk Ungdom, the new VPK youth organisation, were involved in a legal dispute over the right to publish newspapers using the name Stormklockan, with MLK winning the dispute in the Court of Appeal for Western Sweden.

MLK maintained four bookstores, named after Set Persson, in Stockholm, Trollhättan, Sundsvall and Kiruna.

In 1981 MLK unified itself with Röd Ungdom, the youth organization of SKP.

title: Marxist–Leninist Struggle League


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1944 in India

Events in the year 1944 in India.

Incumbents

 * Emperor of India – George VI
 * Viceroy of India – The Viscount Wavell

Events

 * National income - ₹76,509 million
 * 8 March – 3 July - Battle of Imphal against Operation U-Go.
 * 20-26 March – Battle of Sangshak
 * 4 April – 22 June - Battle of Kohima
 * 14 April - INA hoisted the Indian tricolor for the first time on mainland India at Moirang in Manipur.
 * 14 April – Bombay Explosion (1944)
 * 25 April - Birth of Vinod Duggal S/O Shri Hussan Lal and Shrimati Sushila Duggal
 * 5 May – Mohandas Gandhi released
 * 7 November - Lakshmikanthan murder case and ensuing arrest of various prominent figures from Tamil cinema.

Dates unknown

 * March to June – Operation U-Go; Japanese defeated in Manipur.
 * April - National Conference under the leadership of Sheikh Abdullah submits a memorandum named Naya Kashmir before Hari Singh.

Law

 * Public Debt Act
 * Cocoanut Committee Act
 * Central Excises and Salt Act

Births

 * 11 January
 * Shibu Soren, politician and Chief Minister of Jharkhand.
 * Jagdish Tytler, politician.
 * 18 February - Gurmeet Bawa, folk singer (died 2021)
 * 23 February - J. C. Diwakar Reddy, politician and member of parliament from Anantapur.
 * 9 April – Ronen Sen, diplomat and ambassador to the United States of America.
 * 1 May – Suresh Kalmadi, politician and businessman.
 * 10 May – Antonette Mendes, singer and actress (died 2024)
 * 1 June - Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy, politician and former member of parliament from Nellore.
 * 20 August – Rajiv Gandhi, politician, 6th Prime Minister of India (died 1991)
 * 23 August – Saira Banu, actress.
 * 1 September – C. M. Gupta, scientist.
 * 3 November – Debasis Mitra, mathematician.
 * 8 December – Sharmila Tagore, actress.

Deaths

 * 22 February – Kasturba Gandhi, wife of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (born 1869).
 * 9 November – C. N. Lakshmikanthan, Tamil film journalist

title: 1944 in India


text:
Wikipedia talk:Meetup/Boston1

What a flattering picture of me, "Raul". Ack!

H'm, should I add the pictures I took here or elsewhere?

Acegikmo1 23:55, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Go ahead and add them here if you like. And about the pic - I didn't think it was so bad - it's downright cute. I kept the unflattering ones to myself (for blackmail purposes, of course) :) →Raul654 23:58, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * You mean you have something worse of me than Image:Group7.jpg? That's frightening. moink 00:09, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Jonathan, if it makes you feel better, there's now a more serious (but slightly fuzzy) picture of you here. Moink, there's a new one of you too. →Raul654 06:11, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've been away from my computer since Saturday -- I'll upload any decent photos I took (if there are any) later today... BCorr | Брайен
 * Darn -- they're all blurry! *%@*#%^! low light auto-focus shutter speed digital camera. BCorr | Брайен 19:57, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Presence of female
You guys got to meet a woman!

Congratulations!

title: Wikipedia talk:Meetup/Boston1


text:
User:Jimbo Wales/Boston/Quiz answers

Answers to round one

 * What is today's featured article? : Gender role at the time. See the Main Page for today's correct answer.
 * Two people were recently elected to the Wikimedia foundation board. What are their Wikipedia usernames? : Angela and Anthere
 * The arbitration committee is having an election soon. Besides User:Raul654, name one person who is running. : 172, Snowspinner, Ambi, Sam Spade, David Gerard, Jwrosenzweig, Lir, or Misterrick
 * One featured article was so controversial, that after being put on the main page it quickly generated an edit war and had to be replaced (by Go). What article was that? : Zionism
 * Of the large Wikipedias (10+ admins), which language Wikipedia has the highest ratio of Admins/user? : Swedish
 * Which language Wikipedia has the highest ratio of articles/native speaker? : Polish
 * What artificial-language Wikipedia has the tlh abbreviation? : Klingon
 * Wikipedia was started to complement Nupedia, which has since shut down. In what month of what year did Nupedia shut down? : September, 2003
 * Who wrote the first Wiki software? : Ward Cunningham

Answers to round two
Committees:
 * Harmonious editing club: Andrewa
 * Association of Members' Advocates : Lord Emsworth
 * Welcoming committee : Isomorphic
 * Mediation Committee : sannse
 * Arbitration Committee : Delirium

Real names:

 * Corey Burger is Burgundavia
 * Daniel Mayer is Maveric149
 * Erik Möller is Eloquence
 * Gary Curtis is Gaz
 * Jussi-Ville Heiskanen is Cimon avaro
 * Stacey Robert Greenstein is UtherSRG

Photos:

(see for a copy in case this image is deleted) Hyacinth, Elf, Nohat Seth Ilys, Adam Carr, Tim Starling

Answers to round three

 * 1) Anemia or Anaemia
 * 2) Dialog or Dialogue
 * 3) Fiber or Fibre
 * 4) Flavor or Flavour
 * 5) Gray or Grey (Neither! It's a disambiguation page at both variants)
 * 6) Humor or Humour
 * 7) Jewelry or Jewellery
 * 8) Judgment or Judgement
 * 9) Pajamas or Pyjamas
 * 10) Theater or Theatre

Answers to round four

 * How many times does the word Wikipedia appear in Google? : Approx. 11,400,000. See Wikipedia for today's correct answer. (23,300,000 by February 10, 2005)
 * In which year was the Boston Molasses Disaster? : 1919
 * How many edits were there to the Wikipedia article in June 2004? : 91
 * Boston, Massachusetts is named after the town of Boston in which county of England? : Lincolnshire
 * The monkeypox article is used in an example of what in the Wikipedia article? : Vandalism (Sarah Lane vandalised the monkeypox article live on air in June 2003 by writing "Sarah Lane is the coolest! But she doesn't have monkeypox.")
 * Which famous event took place in Boston on December 16, 1773? : Boston Tea Party
 * Which Linux distribution are Wikimedia's web servers currently running on? : Fedora Core
 * According to Rambot (or the United States Census Bureau) what percentage of Boston is water? : 50% (Actual: 45.98%)
 * Name two awards Wikipedia won in 2004 that are mentioned in the Wikipedia article. : The Prix Ars Electronica and The Webby Awards
 * A smoot is a unit of distance used for measuring which Boston bridge? : Harvard Bridge

Answers to round five

 * 1) Michael Snow
 * 2) Brion Vibber
 * 3) Fennec
 * 4) Lucky 6.9
 * 5) Quadell

title: User:Jimbo Wales/Boston/Quiz answers


text:
Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion

The Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion (also known as HUC, HUC-JIR, and The College-Institute) is a Jewish seminary with three locations in the United States and one location in Jerusalem. It is the oldest extant Jewish seminary in the Americas and the main seminary for training rabbis, cantors, educators and communal workers in Reform Judaism. HUC-JIR has campuses in Cincinnati, Ohio, New York City, Los Angeles, and Jerusalem. The Jerusalem campus is the only seminary in Israel for training Reform Jewish clergy.

History
HUC was founded in Cincinnati in 1875 under the leadership of Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise. Jacob Ezekiel was Secretary of the Board, registrar, and treasurer from the College's inception until just before his death in 1899. The first rabbinical class graduated in 1883. The graduation banquet for this class became known as the Trefa Banquet because it included food that was not kosher, such as clams, soft-shell crabs, shrimp, frogs' legs and dairy products served immediately after meat. At the time, Reform rabbis were split over the question of whether the Jewish dietary restrictions were still applicable. Some of the more traditionalist Reform rabbis thought the banquet menu went too far, and were compelled to find an alternative between Reform Judaism and Orthodox Judaism. This was a major cause of the founding of American Conservative Judaism.

In 1950, HUC gained a second campus when it merged with the rival Reform Jewish Institute of Religion (JIR) in New York. JIR was previously affiliated with the Stephen Wise Free Synagogue next door. Additional campuses were added in Los Angeles in 1954, and in Jerusalem in 1963.

In 1979, HUC moved its New York campus from the original JIR building to 1 West Fourth Stereet in Greenwich Village. The Jewish Association for Services for the Aged took over the building until 1997, when the Ramaz School, in an expansion deal for itself and York Prep School, bought the building and traded it with York for their prior campus on the block of Ramaz.

As of 2009, the Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion is an international seminary and university of graduate studies offering a wide variety of academic and professional programs. In addition to its Rabbinical School, the College-Institute includes Schools of Graduate Studies, Education, Jewish Non-Profit Management, sacred music, Biblical archaeology and an Israeli rabbinical program.

The Los Angeles campus operates many of its programs and degrees in cooperation with the neighboring University of Southern California, a partnership that has lasted over 35 years. Their productive relationship includes the creation of the Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement, an interfaith think tank through the partnership of HUC, USC and Omar Foundation. CMJE holds religious text-study programs across Los Angeles.

Rabbi Alfred Gottschalk was appointed as HUC's sixth president, following the death of Nelson Glueck. As president, Gottschalk oversaw the growth and expansion of the HUC campuses, the ordination of Sally Priesand as the first female rabbi in the United States, the investiture of Reform Judaism's first female hazzan and the ordination of Naamah Kelman as the first female rabbi to be ordained in Israel.

In 1996, Rabbi Sheldon Zimmerman was appointed as the 7th President of the College-Institute. He was succeeded in 2000 by Rabbi David Ellenson as the 8th President. The 9th president of HUC-JIR, elected in 2014, was Rabbi Aaron D. Panken, Ph.D. A noted authority on rabbinic and Second Temple literature, with research interests in the historical development of legal concepts and terms, Rabbi Panken was killed in a plane crash on May 5, 2018, while piloting a single-engine Aeronca 7AC over New York's Hudson Valley.

Andrew Rehfeld was elected the 10th president on December 18, 2018, and inaugurated at Plum Street Temple in Cincinnati on October 27, 2019.

On April 11, 2022, the Board of Governors at HUC voted to shutter the residential rabbinical program in Cincinnati by 2026 due to financial troubles and falling enrollment.

The Debbie Friedman School of Sacred Music
The cantorial school of the Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion was founded in 1947. The school is located on the New York campus of HUC-JIR at One West Fourth Street. It offers a five-year graduate program, conferring the degree of Master of Sacred Music in the fourth year and ordination as cantor in the fifth year.

Cantorial School at HUC-JIR begins in Jerusalem and continues for the next four years in New York. While in Israel, students study Hebrew, and Jewish music, and get to know Israel. Cantorial students study alongside Rabbinical and Education students. In New York, the program includes professional learning opportunities as a student-cantor, in which students serve congregations within and outside of the NY area.

The curriculum includes liturgical music classes covering traditional Shabbat, High Holiday and Festival nusach, Chorus, Musicology, Reform Liturgy and Composition; Judaica and text classes such as Bible, Midrash and History; and professional development. Each student is assigned practica (mini-recitals) during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year of school culminating with a Senior Recital (based on a thesis) during the 5th year.

Rabbi David Ellenson, then president of Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion, announced on January 27, 2011, that the School of Sacred Music would be renamed the Debbie Friedman School of Sacred Music in honor of Debbie Friedman. The renaming officially occurred on December 7, 2011.

Gender equality
HUC has both male and female students in all its programs, including rabbinic and cantorial studies. Julia Ettlinger (1863-1890) became its first female student in 1875. As of January 2022, it has 839 women rabbinical graduates. (See Women rabbis). The first female rabbi to be ordained by HUC was Sally Priesand, ordained in 1972, the only woman in a class with 35 men. The first female cantor to be invested by HUC was Barbara Ostfeld in 1975.

After four years of deliberation, HUC decided to give women a choice of wording on their ordination certificates beginning in 2016, including the option to have the same wording as men. Up until then, male candidates' certificates identified them by the Reform movement's traditional "morenu harav," or "our teacher the rabbi," while female candidates' certificates only used the term "rav u’morah," or "rabbi and teacher." Sally Priesand herself was unaware that her certificate referred to her any differently than her male colleagues until it was brought to her attention years later. Rabbi Mary Zamore, executive director of the Reform movement's Women's Rabbinic Network, explained that the HUC was uncomfortable with giving women the same title as men. In 2012 she wrote to Rabbi David Ellenson, HUC's then president, requesting that he address the discrepancy, which she said was "smacking of gender inequality."

In 2021, following new reports about sexual abuse by former HUC president Sheldon Zimmerman and recently-deceased professor Michael Cook, three separate Reform organizations began internal investigations of sexual harassment and other forms of discrimination. HUC retained the law firm Morgan Lewis, who conducted 170 interviews addressing incidents beginning in the 1970s. The report described the culture at the school's campuses as a "good old boys" mindset demonstrating favoritism towards cisgender men, particularly at the Cincinnati and Jerusalem campuses. It found that students and administration were reluctant to confront professors over repeated incidents of harassment and discrimination, as many of the perpetrators are or were revered scholars in their field, and complaints were often swept under the rug. Former professors Steven M. Cohen, Michael Cook, and Stephen Passamaneck, Director of Litiurgical Arts and Music Bonia Shur, and former presidents Alfred Gottschalk and Sheldon Zimmerman were reported to be the subject of repeated credible allegations of sexual harassment. The report recommended renaming or removing endowed chairs, scholarships, statues, and buildings that honor the wrongdoers. The school's current president and board both stated that they would make teshuvah (repent), work to prevent such incidents, and revise policies for handling misconduct complaints.

Resources
The HUC library system contains one of the most extensive Jewish collections in the world. Each campus has its own library:
 * Klau Library in Cincinnati, the main research library. This library is the second-largest collection of printed Jewish material in the world (the National Library of Israel in Jerusalem is the first). The library states it has 700,000 volumes, including 150 incunabula and over 2,000 manuscript codices.
 * Klau Library in New York—130,000 volumes.
 * S. Zalman and Ayala Abramov Library in Jerusalem—100,000 volumes.
 * Frances-Henry Library in Los Angeles—100,000 volumes.

The three U.S. campuses share a catalog, but the Jerusalem collection is separately cataloged.

Publications
Hebrew Union College operates Hebrew Union College Press, a university press, through which it releases Jewish Studies-related publications.

Museum
The Dr. Bernard Heller Museum at Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion in New York presents exhibitions highlighting Jewish history, culture, and contemporary creativity.

Since its founding in 1983 as the Joseph Gallery, the museum has grown physically to encompass 5000 sqft of exhibition space, expanding to include the Petrie Great Hall, Klingenstein Gallery, Heller Gallery and Backman Gallery.

The Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion also manages the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles and Skirball Museum in Jerusalem.

Jewish Language Project
The Jewish Language Project (JLP), run by Professor Sarah Bunin Benor at HUC–JIR, is a research program dedicated to the preservation of Jewish diasporic languages. The project also seeks to raise awareness among Jewish communities about Jewish languages around the world, both those that are endangered and those that are emerging. The JLP was launched in 2020 and its activities include convening organizations and scholars to document endangered Jewish languages and created collaborative dictionaries for emerging Jewish languages. JLP's initiatives include the creation of a comprehensive resource on Jewish languages in the form of a series on online dictionaries, with information on over 30 different languages, including their history, grammar, vocabulary, and cultural significance. Most prominent is the Jewish English Lexicon, an online dictionary of words derived from various Jewish languages that Jews use when they are speaking English. Other initiatives concern endangered Jewish languages and feature documentation to preserve terms and phrases.

Notable faculty
Notable faculty members have included Judah Magnes, who was also the founding chancellor and president of Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rabbi Abraham Cronbach, Rabbi Tamara Cohn Eskenazi, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Leo Baeck, Nelson Glueck, Moses Buttenweiser, Eugene Borowitz, Jacob Z. Lauterbach, Lawrence A. Hoffman, Louis Grossmann, Moses Mielziner, Julian Morgenstern, Rabbi Alvin J. Reines, Debbie Friedman, Rachel Adler and Carole B. Balin, as well as Sami Rohr Choicie Award for Jewish Literature and National Jewish Book Award recipient Sarah Bunin Benor.

Notable alumni

 * Israel Aaron, rabbi and published scholar, (1859 – 1912)

 * Carole B. Balin, M.A. Hebrew letters, 1989; rabbinic ordination, 1991
 * Henry Berkowitz, rabbi, D.D., 1887
 * Joshua Bloch, rabbi and librarian
 * Reeve Robert Brenner, rabbi, inventor, and author
 * Barnett R. Brickner, rabbi
 * Angela Warnick Buchdahl (born 1972), first Asian-American to be ordained as a rabbi, and first Asian-American to be ordained as a hazzan (cantor) in the world
 * Abraham Cronbach, rabbi and teacher
 * Maurice Davis, rabbi and activist
 * Abraham J. Feldman (1893–1977), rabbi
 * Morris M. Feuerlicht, rabbi
 * Samuel H. Goldenson, rabbi
 * Moses J. Gries, rabbi
 * Louis Grossmann, rabbi and HUC professor
 * Hugo Gryn, British rabbi and BBC radio broadcaster
 * Adolf Guttmacher, rabbi
 * James G. Heller, rabbi and composer
 * Maximilian Heller, rabbi
 * Ammiel Hirsch, rabbi, lawyer, and former executive director of the Association of Reform Zionists of America/World Union for Progressive Judaism, North America
 * Richard Jacobs (rabbi), rabbi, president of the Union for Reform Judaism
 * Gilad Kariv, first Reform rabbi to be elected to the Israeli Knesset, Executive Director of the Israel Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism
 * Joseph Krauskopf, founder of the National Farm School (now Delaware Valley University).
 * Elliot Kukla, came out as transgender six months before his ordination in 2006, and was the first openly transgender person to be ordained by HUC-JIR
 * Ruth Langer, Professor of Theology at Boston College
 * Emil W. Leipziger, rabbi
 * Helen Levinthal, first American woman to complete the entire course of study in a rabbinical school
 * Felix A. Levy, rabbi
 * Jack P. Lewis, professor in Harding School of Theology (Enrollment in Hebrew Union College is open to non-Jews.)
 * Judah Leon Magnes, rabbi, Chancellor/President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1925–1948
 * Jennie Mannheimer, speech and drama teacher, elocutionist
 * Jacqueline Mates-Muchin, first Chinese-American rabbi in the world
 * Martin A. Meyer, rabbi
 * Julian Morgenstern, rabbi, HUC professor, and HUC president
 * Morris Newfield, rabbi
 * Sally Priesand, America's first female rabbi ordained by a rabbinical seminary, and the second formally ordained female rabbi in Jewish history, after Regina Jonas
 * Aaron D. Panken, 12th president of HUC-JIR, 2014–2018
 * Michael Robinson, rabbi and civil rights activist
 * Jonathan Rosenbaum, scholar
 * A. James Rudin, rabbi
 * Norbert M. Samuelson, professor of Jewish philosophy at Arizona State University
 * Julie Schwartz, who was ordained by HUC-JIR and later founded HUC-JIR's course of study in pastoral counseling for rabbinical students
 * Seymour Schwartzman, opera singer and cantor
 * Abram Simon, rabbi
 * Alysa Stanton, world's first black female rabbi
 * Lance J. Sussman, scholar
 * Joseph Stolz, rabbi
 * Moses Cyrus Weiler, rabbi and founder of Reform Judaism in South Africa
 * Amy Weiss, American Reform rabbi, and non-profit founder
 * Louis Wolsey, rabbi
 * Eric Yoffie, rabbi, president of the Union for Reform Judaism
 * Rabbi Dr. Walter Zanger, tour guide and television personality
 * Isaiah Zeldin (1920-2018) rabbi
 * Reuben Zellman, first openly transgender person accepted to HUC-JIR in 2003; he was ordained by HUC-JIR in 2010
 * George Zepin (1878–1963), rabbi
 * Martin Zielonka, rabbi


text:
Blues shouter

A blues shouter is a blues singer, often male, capable of singing unamplified with a band.

Notable blues shouters include:
 * Piney Brown
 * Walter Brown, of the Jay McShann orchestra
 * H-Bomb Ferguson
 * Wynonie Harris
 * Screamin' Jay Hawkins
 * Duke Henderson, who operated mainly in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
 * Jimmy Rushing, blues shouter with Count Basie.
 * Big Joe Turner – his style hardly changed at all between 1938's "Roll 'Em Pete", and 1954's "Shake, Rattle and Roll". AllMusic called Turner "the premier blues shouter of the postwar era".
 * Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, an unusual combination of blues shouter and bebop alto saxophone player.
 * Big Joe Williams
 * Jimmy Witherspoon, who also appeared with Jay McShann.
 * Billy Wright
 * Howlin' Wolf (Chester Burnett)

title: Blues shouter


text:
Jewish Institute of Religion

The Jewish Institute of Religion was an educational establishment created by Rabbi Stephen S. Wise in 1922 in New York City. While generally incorporating Reform Judaism, it was separate from the previously established Hebrew Union College. It sought to train rabbis "for the Jewish ministry, research, and community service." Students were to serve either Reform or traditional pulpits.

Wise's early support for Zionism, and his dispute with Reform hierarchy over the "question whether the pulpit shall be free or whether the pulpit shall not be free, and, by reason of its loss of freedom, reft of its power for good", led to the establishment of his Free Synagogue in 1907. Wise remained president until 1948, and housed JIR next to his Free Synagogue on West 68th Street. He hoped that its graduates would generate other Free Synagogues "animated by the same spirit of free inquiry, of warm Jewish feeling, and of devotion to the cause of social regeneration." JIR from the start inclined to Zionism, in contrast to HUC, which at the time did not favor Jewish nationalism.

In 1939 Helen Levinthal became the first American woman to complete the entire course of study in a rabbinical school, which she did at JIR. However, she only received a Master of Hebrew Letters (and a certificate recognizing her accomplishment) upon graduation, rather than a Master of Hebrew Letters and ordination as the men received, since the faculty felt it was not yet time for women's ordination as rabbis.

Motivated largely by budgetary difficulties, Wise accepted the prospect of JIR's merger with HUC once the biblical archaeologist Nelson Glueck assumed the presidency. Negotiations were completed in 1948 and in 1950 the two schools merged. In 1954 a school in Los Angeles was chartered and, in 1963, primarily as a result of Glueck's efforts, a Jerusalem campus, initially devoted to archaeology, was opened.

title: Jewish Institute of Religion


text:
Bedford Modern School

Bedford Modern School (often called BMS or simply Modern) is a Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference independent school in Bedford, England. The school has its origins in The Harpur Trust, born from the endowments left by Sir William Harpur in the sixteenth century. BMS comprises a junior school (ages 6–11) and a senior school (ages 11–18).

The school has had four names. In 1873 the school became Bedford Modern School to reflect its modern curriculum, providing an education for the professions. BMS provided education not only for the locality but also for colonial and military personnel abroad, seeking good education for their young families.

History
Bedford Modern School has its origins in The Harpur Trust, born from the endowments left by Sir William Harpur in the sixteenth century. Since the separation of Bedford School and BMS in 1764, the School has had four names: the Writing School, the English School, the Commercial School and finally Bedford Modern School, the last change being made in 1873 to reflect the School's modern curriculum, providing an education for the professions.

BMS provided education not only for the locality but also for colonial and military personnel seeking good education for their young families. In 1834 BMS moved from its original premises in St Paul's Square to buildings designed by Edward Blore in Harpur Square, Bedford.

The ‘Long Swim’ was established under Robert Poole (headmaster of BMS from 1877 to 1900), a ‘free-for-all’ swimming race in the River Great Ouse from Bedford town bridge to the ‘Suspension Bridge’. The gruelling event was stopped in 1957 due to river pollution. Up to 2010 an annual compulsory steeplechase was still taking place at the school for each year group.

During World War II, the inventors Cecil Vandepeer Clarke and Stuart Macrae took a prototype of their limpet mine to Bedford Modern School swimming baths, which were closed for such occasions. Clarke was an excellent swimmer and was able to propel himself through the water with a prototype bomb attached to a keeper plate on webbing around his waist.

Dame Alice Owen's School was evacuated to BMS for the entire duration of World War II.

The school’s Prichard Museum, a collection of artefacts sent back to the school mainly from old boys around the world, became Bedford Museum. George Witt was a major benefactor to the school's museum.

The successful growth of the school meant that the buildings became increasingly cramped and in 1974 the school moved to new premises in Bedford. The Foundation Stone for the new building was laid by Margaret Thatcher. On 11 May 1976, Queen Elizabeth II unveiled a commemorative panel at the new school building during her visit with Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

BMS became a coeducational day school in 2003. In 2014, BMS celebrated the 250th anniversary of its separation from Bedford School. David Scott Daniell wrote about his schooldays at BMS in his first novel, Young English.

School houses
Following a tradition of over a hundred years the Senior School Houses of BMS were: North, South, East, West, County and United Boarders. United Boarders comprised the combined boarding houses: Culver, Shakespeare, and School House. The day boy houses often, though not always, reflected the parts of the town or county from which the boys hailed and were mentioned in the chorus of the school song.

A decision was made in October 1997 for the house system to play a more central role in the school and to reinvigorate internal competition whilst upholding its traditions. Six heads of house were appointed from the staff under the direction of a senior head of house, with the brief to establish a modern house system to be integrated into a new school structure and working week, beginning in September 1998. A competition was launched to establish the new house names. The houses were named in honour of six Old Bedford Modernians who had gained national or international recognition in their field.

Each house has its own tie which consists of stripes of the three school colours and their own house colour. Inter-house sports cover all major and minor sports run by the school, at both junior and senior level, and range from rugby and hockey (major sports) to shooting and fencing (minor sports). There are also non-sporting events such as quizzes and Music and Drama competitions. Students take leadership roles as house captain or house deputies.

Monitors
Monitors are selected, following a written application process, from students in the upper sixth. Each team of monitors works with a specific year group, and are led by two senior monitors, appointed by the head master. Senior monitors, along with the heads of school, are entitled to wear a red trim on their blazer.

Coeducation
Until 2003, BMS was a day and boarding school for boys. Following 12 years of discussions, Bedford Modern School closed its boarding houses and became coeducational in September 2003. In 2013, BMS celebrated 10 years of coeducation, with a play written by Mark Burgess commissioned to celebrate the event.

Sport
BMS competes against Bedford School, Berkhamsted School, Bishop's Stortford College, Eton College, Hampton School, Harrow School, Kimbolton School, Haileybury, Merchant Taylors, Oakham School, Oundle School, St Albans School, Stowe School and Stamford School in rugby union or rowing. Other sports include cricket, hockey, athletics, fencing, Rugby fives, football, swimming, table tennis, tennis and water polo.

The school has extensive sports facilities including: Boat House (rowing), Rugby, Football, Hockey, Rounders and Cricket pitches, Tennis, Badminton, Netball and Basketball Courts, Swimming Pool, Climbing wall, Fencing Gym, Fives Court building, Strength and Conditioning Gym, Athletics track (Summer only) with long jump pits and high jump. The shooting range was closed and demolished to make space for the new science faculty in 2014.

Bedford Modern has had former students going on to compete at national and international levels including two former captains of the England national rugby union team and a former captain of the England cricket team.

 * Olympians: Charles Foulkes (field hockey bronze), John Yallop (rowing silver), Tim Foster (rowing gold), Thomas Hammond (track and field), Sir Sidney Abrahams (long jump), Hamilton Milton (swimming), Peter Knapp (rowing), John Yallop (rowing), Neil Keron (rowing), Rod Chisholm (rowing)
 * Paralympian: Julie Rogers
 * England rugby caps: Horace Finlinson, WB Thomson, Edgar Mobbs (captain), Arthur Gilbert Bull, Dick Stafford, Harold Day, Dickie Jeeps (captain) and Lionel Edward Weston
 * England cricketers: Arthur Jones (captain), Geoff Millman, Monty Panesar.   A.O. Jones invented the cricket position of gully
 * Football: James Oswald Anderson played football for Argentina in its first ever official national game against Uruguay in 1902
 * Boat Race oarsmen: Sir Archibald Dennis Flower, William Poole, Sir George Godber, David Leadley, Joseph Dominic Kinsella, JD Hughes, Tim Foster, David Gillard, Kenelm Richardson (Cambridge cox)
 * Rugby fives British champion: Matt Cavanagh (2004 and 2006)

The school was selected as an official training site for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.

Performance arts
Each year, the school puts on two productions, normally musicals, with full orchestra and set, in its 300-seat auditorium. It also hosts its own Shakespeare Festival, in which local schools are invited to take part. The sixth form has its own theatre company, Theatre in Transit, which puts on a piece of theatre each year at professional venues. In September 2014, the Chamber Choir performed The Armed Man at the Royal Albert Hall as part of Sing UK's 'A Mass for Peace'.

 Combined Cadet Force

BMS Combined Cadet Force was established in 1900 and comprises three sections: the Royal Navy, the Army and the Royal Air Force. The Royal Marines section was closed in 2018.

Eagle magazine
The school has several of its own publications, the most prominent of which is named The Eagle.

The Eagle has been published mostly biannually since 1881 and doubles as an archive of life at the school during that year. The Eagle is predominantly designed and edited by sixth form students, and since 2000 is printed as a glossy magazine with around 48 pages. It often also includes feature articles and interviews with former students.

In addition to The Eagle, other publications include The Eaglet, which, until recently, was included as part of the main magazine, and includes articles from the Junior School. Another publication is the Eagle News, which is published for the benefit of OBMs. It includes School news, and follow-up articles of former pupils. In 1906, the mathematician Eric Temple Bell reported news of an earthquake in San Francisco, where he was resident at the time.

The school is still known for this magazine in the Bedford area, where extra copies were often distributed. However, distribution externally is now limited.

List of headmasters
The following have been Headmasters of Bedford Modern School. • 1764–1765 John Whitehouse

• 1765-1799 George Jackson

• 1799-1809 John Whitehouse

• 1809-1814 James Ruffhead

• 1814-1820 William Massey

• 1821-1831 William Henry White

• 1831-1860 John Moore

• 1860-1877 Wilkinson Finlinson

• 1877-1900 Robert Burton Poole

• 1901-1916 Cecil William Kaye

• 1917-1922 Arnold Powell

• 1922-1946 Henry Weddell Liddle

• 1946-1965 John Edward Taylor

• 1965-1977 Brian Kemball-Cook

• 1977-1996 Peter John Squire

• 1996-2009 Stephen Smith

• 2010-2017 Michael Hall

• 2017-2023 Alex Tate

• 2023-Present David Payne

Notable staff

 * Thomas Blyth (1844–1913), later author and commissary to the Archbishop of Ottawa and Bishops of Niagara
 * William Hillhouse (1850–1910), first professor of botany at the University of Birmingham
 * Edward Mann Langley (1851–1933), founder of the Mathematical Gazette and creator of Langley’s Adventitious Angles
 * Sir Percy Nunn (1870–1944), educationalist
 * Ronald Welch (1909-1982), author
 * Allan Towell (1925-1997), England Rugby International
 * John Moore (born 1943), footballer, 1st team football coach
 * David Davies (born 1957) author and historian, former history master
 * Mark Burgess (born 1960), actor and playwright, Head of Speech and Drama
 * Rob Hardwick (born 1969), England Rugby International
 * Chris Willmott (born 1977), football coach and retired English footballer
 * Rochelle Clark (born 1981), member of the England women's national rugby union team

Old Bedford Modernians
Former pupils of the school are known as Old Bedford Modernians or OBMs.

title: Bedford Modern School


text:
Talk:Vienna Award

The reasons for the title of this article
This imposed title is a bad title. Before the "award" there was an "arbitration" (or "diktat") that had the "award" as a result. --Vasile 00:35, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Protocol concerning the Arbitral Award establishing the Czechoslovak

 * http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/woja/woja19.htm#cim1

Second Vienna Award
Do I understand correctly that HunTomy and Juro have agreed to move details out of here and to Second Vienna Award? If so, fine with me. -- Jmabel | Talk 02:21, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Extremist vandalism of anon 81.182.108.116& 81.182.20.159
This extremist vandal who comes from Hungary, Szombathely. He was warned to stop. Otherwise he will be blocked. User:Bonaparte

Comparative census numbers
I think something like the above might be better for allowing the numbers to be compared than the prose currently in the article. What do others think? -- Jmabel | Talk 08:12, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * My opinion is that the prose should be taken out FROM HERE, because it is also found in the Second Vienna Award article. I wrote this "prose" some 2-3 weeks ago, HERE, but then Juro moved it to the Second Vienna Award article - which i think it was a good thing, as this page is intended to be just a short introduction, and the two sections were becoming disproportionated in length and detail. Then last week Bonaparte reverted some edits of HunTomy and by doing this he also reverted Juro's edit and thus we arrived to the present situation. On the other way, I do not see at all the reason for having just a table here, for the sake of clarity - it is very confusing to have the data without any explanation. I suggest then to revert the page to Juro's edit on 20:45, 27 November 2005. And maybe the table could go into the Second Vienna Award article, to replace the phrase which ennumerates the data from the two censuses. Algos 14:37, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. The table and prose should be moved to Second Vienna A. and commented properly. There is no reason to discuss the same numbers twice in two articles. Jmabel is good at these things and knows Romanian history, so I invite him to do so, if nobody else will do so. Juro 17:59, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * As I'd remarked earlier, I'm perfectly glad to cut the discussion of the Second Vienna Award to a couple of sentences here and handle it at Second Vienna Award. Since both articles are protected right now, I can't proceed on this. So are we basically in agreement, though, that this sea of numbers is better understood from a table, and better off at Second Vienna Award? -- Jmabel | Talk 01:52, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Protected
The article is now protected. Please engage in a constructive dialog to describe the controvery around this subject in a manner that is consistent with Neutral Point of View. When you have arrived to consensus on how to proceed, make a request to unprotect at WP:RFPP ≈ jossi fresco ≈ t • @ 18:15, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure I even see what is disputed here. There seems to be something close to consensus to cut the section on the Second Vienna Award down to a couple of sentences, and to handle the matter at Second Vienna Award (which is itself protected at the moment, but which, in any event, seems to contain all of this). Unless someone objects in the next 48 hours, I plan to unprotect this article and simply cut that part down to a 2-sentence summary and a link. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:55, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Since HunTomy (the "revertor", who actually has brought us into this situation) does not react here and has not expressed his consent, I recommend to re-protect this article immediately after you have done that to prevent further edit wars and thereby save all of us further wasting of time. Juro 02:50, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I support Juro's proposal. Please do so Joe. -- Bonaparte  talk  11:28, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * If no one has objected within the 48 hours, or if HunTomy explicitly agrees, please ping me on my talk page and I will deal with this next time I log on. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:29, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

"Arbitrals" --- Should be "Dictate"
Searching Google for "'Viennese Arbitrals' -wikipedia" gives all of 14 distinct pages, and most of those appear to be just Wikipedia mirrors that failed to credit Wikipedia. So... is there any citation for any citable source using this name? I'd really like to drop it from the list at the start of the article, because as it stands it seems to me that we are endorsing a neologism. - Jmabel | Talk 03:09, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

YES, Wikipedia endorses a neologism without any discussion and on totally unlegal grounds. Award has the english meaning of a prize, recompensation for a positive deed. We speak here of a territorial gain obtained under the mediation of two dictators: Hitler and Mussolini. Its name in history is "Diktat", and it has the clear message that it was a decision forced by two dictators during the war, without a base in international law. Playing with words in this context is utterly irresponsible, since Wikipedia helps spread the impression that there is a legality behind this decision, other than the one of power, or even worse, it spreads the concept that all war decisions are likely controversed - no matter if it is a legal treaty of peace signed in consistence with existence international law, or something like the Ribentrop-Molotov peace, or the Vienna Diktat.

There is no trace of discussion, how this neologism entered Wikipedia. Even worse, I know people who say "Vienna Award is a proper denomination, you can find it in Wikipedia!", and thus endorse exactly the error I mentioned above. But Joe M. asks why Wiki is endorsing the word. Is there anyone repsonsible here, or should I just replace Award by Diktat, in order to have a reaction and engage a discussion? This is not my preferate way to act, but if within a week I see no discussion, I will think of something in that direction, based on historical sources.PredaMi (talk) 21:08, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * A short search in Google Books shows, that this is not the case. A huge number of renown historians who published their books in renown publishing houses used the term long before Wikipedia existed. Just try a little search and see for yourself:
 * "Second Vienna Award" has 12.800 hits in Google Books
 * "Second Vienna Arbitrage" has only two hits in Google Books
 * "Second Vienna Dictate" has only three hits in Google Books
 * The term "Vienna dictate" hence is in deed also known in academic historical literature, but is less often used. Interestingly almost all hits in Google Books with "dictate" refer to the Transylvanian case between Hungary and Romania, while the First Vienna Award between Hungary and Slowakia ist not called like that, although there is no real difference in the two cases (both were as plausible with ethnic self-determination, or as unjust and extorted, depending on the point of view of the involved sides). There is no doubt, that the Second Vienna Award was an extortion or dictate towards the Romanian side, but still, the juridic term "Vienna Award" ist far more often used in literature. --El bes (talk) 18:25, 27 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The term "Vienna dictate" hence is in deed also known in academic historical literature, but is less often used. Interestingly almost all hits in Google Books with "dictate" refer to the Transylvanian case between Hungary and Romania, while the First Vienna Award between Hungary and Slowakia ist not called like that, although there is no real difference in the two cases (both were as plausible with ethnic self-determination, or as unjust and extorted, depending on the point of view of the involved sides). There is no doubt, that the Second Vienna Award was an extortion or dictate towards the Romanian side, but still, the juridic term "Vienna Award" ist far more often used in literature. --El bes (talk) 18:25, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vienna Award


text:
6th Army (Wehrmacht)

The 6th Army (6. Armee) was a field army of the German Army during World War II. It is widely known for its defeat by and subsequent surrender to the Red Army at the Battle of Stalingrad on 2 February 1943. It committed war crimes at Babi Yar while under the command of Field Marshal Walther von Reichenau during Operation Barbarossa.

The 6th Army was reformed in March 1943, and participated in fighting in Ukraine and later Romania, before being almost completely destroyed in the Second Jassy-Kishinev Offensive in August 1944. Following this it would fight in Hungary, attempting to relieve Budapest, and subsequently retreating into Austria in the Spring of 1945. 6th Army surrendered to US Army forces on 9 May 1945.

Western campaigns
The 6th Army was formed on 10 October 1939 with General Walther von Reichenau in command through the redesignation of the 10th Army that had fought during the Invasion of Poland.

During the invasion of the Low Countries the 6th Army saw active service linking up with paratroopers and destroying fortifications at Eben Emael, Liège, and Namur during the Battle of Belgium. The 6th Army was then involved in the breakthrough of the Paris defences on 12 June 1940, before acting as a northern flank for German forces along the Normandy coast during the closing stages of the Battle of France.

Eastern Front, 1941–43
The 6th Army took part in Operation Barbarossa as the spearhead of Army Group South. Reichenau died in an aircraft accident while being transported to a hospital after a heart attack in January 1942. He was succeeded by his former chief of staff, General Friedrich Paulus. Paulus led the 6th Army to a major victory at the Second Battle of Kharkov during the spring of 1942.

Case Blue

On 28 June 1942, Army Group South launched Case Blue, the German Army's summer offensive into southern Russia. The goals of the operation were to secure both the oil fields at Baku, Azerbaijan, and the city of Stalingrad on the river Volga to protect the forces advancing into the Caucasus.

Battle of Stalingrad
Two months after the beginning of Case Blue, the 6th Army reached the outskirts of Stalingrad on 23 August. On the same day, over 1,000 aircraft of the Luftflotte 4 bombed the city, killing many civilians.

Stalingrad was defended by the 62nd Army (Soviet Union) under the command of General Vasily Chuikov. Despite German air superiority over Stalingrad, and with more artillery pieces than the Red Army, progress was reduced to no more than several meters a day. Eventually, by mid November, the 62nd Army had been pushed to the banks of the Volga, but the 6th Army was unable to eliminate the remaining Soviet troops.

On 19 November the Stavka launched Operation Uranus, a major offensive by Soviet forces on the flanks of the German army. The first pincer attacked far to the west of the Don, with the second thrust beginning a day later attacking far to the south of Stalingrad. The 6th Army's flanks were protected by Romanian troops, who were quickly routed, and on 23 November, the pincers met at Kalach-na-Donu, thereby encircling the 6th Army. A relief attempt was launched on 12 December by Hermann Hoth's 4th Panzer Army, codenamed Operation Winter Storm. Despite initial progress, capturing the town of Verkhne-Kumsky and reaching the river Myshkova, the 4th Panzer Army was eventually halted and later forced to withdraw due to the threat posed to its rear by Operation Little Saturn. Also contributing to Winter Storm's failure was Adolf Hitler's refusal to approve of Operation Thunderclap, a planned breakout attempt by the 6th Army, to occur simultaneously.

The 6th Army surrendered between 31 January and 2 February 1943. German casualties were 147,200 killed and wounded and over 91,000 captured, the latter including Field Marshal Paulus, 24 generals and 2,500 officers of lesser rank. Only 5,000 would survive Soviet internment and return to Germany after the war.

Redeployment
A new 6th Army was deployed by renaming Armee-Abteilung Hollidt on 5 March 1943 under the command of General Karl-Adolf Hollidt.

This new 6th Army later fought in Ukraine and Romania as part of Army Group South until transferred to Army Group A (later renamed to Army Group South Ukraine). In May 1944, the 6th Army became part of Army Group Dumitrescu, commanded by the Romanian general Petre Dumitrescu. The Army Group also included the Romanian 3rd Army. This instance marked the first time in the war when German commanders came under the actual (instead of nominal) command of their foreign allies. This came one month after Dumitrescu became the 5th non-German recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (4 April 1944). The 6th army was encircled and almost entirely destroyed during the Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive carried out by the Soviets.

In October 1944, under the command of General Maximilian Fretter-Pico, the 6th Army encircled and destroyed three Soviet corps of Mobile Group Pliyev under the command of Issa Pliyev in the Battle of Debrecen. During this time, the 6th Army had the Hungarian Second Army placed under its command, and it was known as "Army Group Fretter-Pico" (Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico).

Command passed to General Hermann Balck on 23 December 1944. In December 1944, one of the 6th Army's subordinate units, the IX SS Mountain Corps, was encircled in Budapest. IV SS Panzer Corps was transferred to the 6th Army's command and a series of relief attempts, codenamed Operation Konrad, was launched during the 46-day-long Siege of Budapest.

After the failure of Konrad III, the 6th Army was made part of "Army Group Balck" (Armeegruppe Balck). This army group fell back to the area near Lake Balaton. Several units, including the III Panzer Corps, took part in Operation Spring Awakening, while the rest of the Sixth Army provided defence for the left flank of the offensive, in the region west of Székesfehérvár. After the failure of the offensive, the army held the line until the Soviet Vienna Offensive on 16 March 1945. This offensive tore a gap in the 6th Army between the IV SS Panzer Corps and the 3rd Hungarian Army (subordinated to Balck's command), shattering the formation. By the end of March 1945, the 6th Army was retreating towards Vienna. It surrendered to the U.S. Army on 9 May 1945.

Structure (as of October 1944)

 * IV Panzer Corps
 * LXXII Army Corps
 * III Panzer Corps
 * Hungarian II Army Corps
 * Hungarian Group Flnta
 * Army Reserve

Bila Tserkva massacre
Soon after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the Sixth Army's surgeon, the staff doctor Gerhart Panning, learned about captured Russian expanding bullets by using Jewish POWs. To determine the effects of this type of ammunition on German soldiers, he decided to test them on other human beings after asking SD member and SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel for some "guinea pigs" (Jewish POWs).

In July 1941 while conducting operations in Right-bank Ukraine, the Sixth Army bloodlessly captured the Ukrainian town of Bila Tserkva. Immediately after the town's capitulation, Sixth Army police units separated the Jewish population of the town into a ghetto and required that they wear the Star of David as identification. Two weeks after the occupation, members of Einsatzgruppen marched the Jews out of the town, 800 men and women in all, to be shot. The Sixth Army provided logistical support for this massacre, providing drivers, guards, weapons and ammunition. Afterwards ninety children aged twelve and under were left, their parents having been killed the night before. A staff officer with the division that made the town their headquarters wrote of their conditions:

Groscurth himself sought out the district commander and insisted that the execution must be stopped. Sixth Army headquarters was faced with a decision on what to do with the children left behind now that their parents had been murdered. The division commander passed the decision up to Walter von Reichenau, then commander of the Sixth Army, who personally authorized the massacre. All the children were murdered by Sixth Army regulars. Groscurth, appalled by the murders, wrote to his wife that "We cannot and should not be allowed to win this war".

Severity Order
The army's commander, Walther von Reichenau, a committed, fanatical Nazi, had this to say about the expected conduct of soldiers under his command. The order said, in part

— Conduct of Troops in Eastern Territories

Immediately after this order was issued, Sixth Army records show a dramatic increase in shootings, rapes and massacres committed by Sixth Army constituent units. The BBC upon examining the now released records of the Sixth Army, stated that there were "so many executions, and so many victims that it was impossible to keep them a secret."

The Sixth Army confiscated large quantities of food to be used by its troops, creating acute food shortages in Ukraine. By January 1942, around one-third of the Kharkov's 300,000 remaining inhabitants suffered from starvation. Many would die in the cold winter months. Civilians survived the famine by making stews out of boiled leather and sawdust, and making omelets out of coagulated blood. Survivors bitterly remembered these "meals" for the rest of their lives.

Commanders

 * Commanding officers

 * Chief of staff

title: 6th Army (Wehrmacht)


text: File:JohnLennon-albums-shavedfish.jpg

title: File:JohnLennon-albums-shavedfish.jpg


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Communist Party of Sweden

The name Communist Party of Sweden (Sveriges Kommunistiska Parti, abbreviated SKP) has been used by several political parties in Sweden:

 * Left Party (Sweden), known as the Communist Party of Sweden (SKP) from 1921 to 1967
 * Communist Party of Sweden (1924), led by Zeth Höglund, split off from the main SKP in 1924 and later merged with the Social Democrats in 1926
 * Socialist Party (Sweden, 1929) (Kilbohmarna), split off from the main SKP in 1929 and was expelled from the Communist International the same year, dissolved in 1948
 * Communist Party of Sweden (1967) (KFML), a Maoist party called the Communist Party of Sweden between 1973 and 1987
 * Communist Party (Sweden) (Kommunistiska Partiet), an anti-revisionist party founded in 1970
 * Communist Workers' Party of Sweden (SKA), an anti-Deng Xiaoping party formed in 1980 and dissolved in 1993
 * Communist Party in Sweden (KPS), a pro-Albanian dissenter group formed in 1982 and dissolved in 1993
 * Communist Party of Sweden (1995), a group previously known as The Workers' Party – The Communists (APK)
 * Marxist–Leninist Struggle League for the Communist Party of Sweden (M–L), formed in 1970 by Vänsterns Ungdomsförbund, the youth organization of the VPK

title: Communist Party of Sweden


text:
Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo

Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (Duque de Ciudad Rodrigo) is a hereditary title in the Peerage of Spain, accompanied by the dignity of Grandee. It was conferred by Ferdinand VII on the British General Arthur Wellesley, then 1st Viscount Wellington, later 1st Duke of Wellington in 1812, after his important victory at the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo that same year, as a victory title. As [[List of dukes in the peerage of Spain| all dukedoms but one

in the peerage of Spain]], it has Grandeeship attached.

History
Historically, this Spanish dukedom is held by the successors of the 1st Duke of Wellington holding the title of Duke of Wellington, although this has not always been the case because of different succession laws. Traditionally, when titles were created, the first holder could determine how their title would pass: in the United Kingdom, almost all ducal titles were created with agnatic primogeniture, while Spanish titles usually passed either by male primogeniture or by agnatic primogeniture. This would later change with the 2006 reform to Spanish nobility succession, which enforced succession by absolute primogeniture to all titles.

In 1943, Anne Rhys (née Wellesley), the only daughter and eldest child of Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington, inherited the Spanish dukedom while having no rights to the British title of her family which passed to her uncle, after her younger brother was killed in action during the Second World War. In 1949 Anne renounced to the title in favor of her uncle Gerald Wellesley, 7th Duke of Wellington.

In 2010, The 8th Duke of Wellington & 9th Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo ceded the Spanish dukedom to his eldest child, Charles Wellesley, Marquess of Douro, and in accordance with Spanish procedure, the Marquess made formal claim to the title with the Spanish authorities on 10 March 2010. King Juan Carlos of Spain, through his minister, granted the succession of the dukedom to the Marquess of Douro by Royal Decree of 21 May 2010, as confirmed by the notice in the Official State Gazette of 12 June 2010. The new Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo succeeded his father as Duke of Wellington in 2014.

Dukes of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812–present)

 * Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (1769–1852) from 1812
 * Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (1807–1884) from 1852
 * Henry Wellesley, 3rd Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (1846–1900) from 1884
 * Arthur Wellesley, 4th Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (1849–1934) from 1900
 * Arthur (Charlie) Wellesley, 5th Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (1876–1941) from 1934
 * Henry (Morney) Wellesley, 6th Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (1912–1943) from 1941. Upon his death in 1943, the title went to his sister Anne.
 * Anne Rhys, 7th Duchess of Ciudad Rodrigo (1910–1998) from 1943, ceded the title to her uncle in 1949
 * Gerald (Gerry) Wellesley, 8th Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (1885–1972) from 1949, ceded the title to his son 1968
 * Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 9th Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (1915–2014) from 1972, ceded the title to his son 2010
 * Arthur Charles Wellesley, 10th Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (b. 1945) since 2010

Order of succession
The current heir apparent to the Dukedom of Ciudad Rodrigo is the 10th Duke's eldest child, Arthur Wellesley, Earl of Mornington. Lord Mornington has fraternal twins, a first-born daughter, Lady Mae Madeleine Wellesley, and a second-born son, Arthur Darcy Wellesley, Viscount Wellesley. Lady Mae Madeleine is Lord Mornington's heir apparent to the Spanish dukedom as the eldest child, while Viscount Wellesley is the heir to the British dukedom as the eldest male, which could lead to a separation of these titles.

title: Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo


text:
User:Helpful Dave/National bias research

I stole User:Secretlondon's idea to take a random sample of articles and note which countries they related to (User:Secretlondon/Survey).

Sample of 50 pages on 1st Aug 2004
Method: Special:Randompage.

Findings:

 * 17 articles: international
 * 9 articles: US
 * 6 articles: UK
 * 2 articles: France, Japan, Italy, Europe in general
 * 1 article:  Hong Kong, Australia, Yemen, Israel, Russia, Germany, Iceland, Cuba, Bosnia, Muslim world in general.

Conclusion:
We can be glad that US bias seems to be waning.

Sample of 50 pages on 23rd Oct 2004
Method: as above.

Findings:

 * 22 articles: USA
 * 10 articles: international
 * 6 articles: UK
 * 2 articles: France, Germany, Japan, Spain
 * 1 article: Australia, Canada, Iraq, Sweden

Conclusion:
This casts some doubt on the claim that US bias is waning. Gdr 23:25, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)

Sample of 50 pages on 8th Jan 2005
Method: as above. N.B. disambiguation pages are only counted if they are all about one country, or all international.

Findings:

 * 12 articles: USA
 * 10 articles: UK
 * 9 articles: international
 * 4 articles: Canada
 * 2 articles: France, Russia/USSR
 * 1 article: The Netherlands, Germany, Turkey/Phrygia, Nigeria, Italy, New Zealand/Niue, Jamaica, Egypt, Norway, Romania, South Africa.

Conclusion:
Still US bias. Some UK bias too. Chamaeleon 23:50, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)


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Oatman, Arizona

Oatman is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Black Mountains of Mohave County, Arizona, United States, at an elevation of 2710 ft. In 1915, it began as a small mining camp when two prospectors struck US$10 million (equivalent to $ in ) in gold, though the vicinity had already been settled for several years. Oatman's population grew to more than 3,500 in one year. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was 102.

The town is now a Wild West tourist attraction, known for the wild burros that wander the streets.

History
The name Oatman was chosen in honor of Olive Oatman, a young Illinois girl who was captured and enslaved by Indians, probably from the Tolkepayas tribe, during her pioneer family's massacre while on their journey westward in 1851. She was later sold or traded to the Mohave people, who adopted her and tattooed her face in the custom of the tribe. She was released in 1856 at Fort Yuma.

In 1863, prospector John Thomas Moss discovered gold in the Black Mountains and staked several claims, one named the Moss after himself and another after Olive Oatman, whose story was well known. For the next half-century, mining waxed and waned in the remote district until new technology, reduced transportation costs, and new gold discoveries brought prosperity to Oatman in the early 20th century. The opening of the Tom Reed mine, followed by the discovery of a rich ore body in the nearby United Eastern Mining Company's property in 1915, brought one of the desert's last gold rushes. The boom of 1915–1917 gave Oatman all the characters and characteristics of any gold rush boomtown. For about one decade, the mines of Oatman were among the largest gold producers in the American West.

In 1921, a fire burned down many of Oatman's smaller buildings, but spared the Oatman Hotel built in 1902. It remains the oldest two-story adobe structure in Mohave County and is a Mohave County historical landmark. One of the hotel's major attractions is a room designated as the suite where Clark Gable and Carole Lombard supposedly spent their honeymoon after their 1939 wedding in Kingman, Arizona. In actuality, Gable and Lombard returned directly to Los Angeles after their wedding for a press conference the next morning and did not take a honeymoon until much later in Baja California.

In 1924, the town's main employer, United Eastern Mines, permanently shut down its operations after producing US$13.6 million (equivalent to $ in ) worth of gold at the government-controlled market value of $20 per ounce. The district had produced US$40 million (equivalent to $ in ) in gold by 1941, when the remainder of the town's gold mining operations were ordered shut down by the government as part of the country's war effort, because other metals were needed. Oatman was fortunate it was located on busy U.S. Route 66 and catered to travelers driving between Kingman, Arizona, and Needles, California. Yet even that advantage was short-lived, because the town was completely bypassed in 1953 when a new route was built between Kingman and Needles. By the 1960s, Oatman was all but abandoned.

The town survives as a nostalgic Route 66 stop with a Wild West feel down to the wooden sidewalks, staged shootouts, and wild burros wandering the streets. The federal government rounds up areawide wild burros using helicopters and said, "Oatman is a very particular case because that town's basically all about burros."

title: Oatman, Arizona


text:
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Manitoba)

The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Manitoba) (CCF), known informally as the Manitoba CCF, was a provincial branch of the national Canadian party by the same name. The national CCF was the dominant social-democratic party in Canada from the 1930s to the early 1960s, when it merged with the labour movement to become the New Democratic Party. The Manitoba CCF, created in 1932, played the same role at the provincial level.

It was initially a small organization, and was supported by members of the Independent Labour Party, which had existed in the province since 1920. The ILP and CCF were brought into a formal alliance in 1933, despite misgivings from some in the former party.

The ILP was the leading social-democratic party in Manitoba prior to the CCF's formation. It had a reliable support base in Winnipeg and other urban areas, but had virtually no organization in the countryside. The CCF was formed to bring labour and farm groups into the same political camp. Some ILP members saw this as diluting their party's integrity.

The provincial CCF had become stronger by 1936, and the ILP's candidates in that year's provincial election were referred to as "ILP-CCF". After the election, some disgruntled ILP members succeeded in temporarily disaffiliating the parties. Pressure from David Lewis and J. S. Woodsworth brought about a quick realignment, but relations remained strained.

At the start of World War II, the ILP and CCF were again in disagreement: the ILP supported an all-out war effort, whereas the CCF supported the conscription of "wealth rather than men".

This controversy contributed to the defeat of federal CCF MP Abraham Albert Heaps in the election of 1940.

The CCF eventually gained control of the ILP's internal organization, and the two parties were effectively one after 1941. The ILP formally disbanded in 1943.

In late 1940, the ILP-CCF accepted an offer by Manitoba Premier John Bracken to become part of an all-party "unity government". This decision was opposed by some national leaders (including David Lewis), but was supported by local figures such as Seymour Farmer, who had led the ILP parliamentary group since 1935. On November 4, 1940, Farmer became the first socialist politician in Canadian history to attain cabinet rank, having been sworn in as Minister of Labour.

The CCF's experience in the coalition government was a disappointment to the party. The party leaders had hoped to use their influence to promote progressive labour legislation; instead, Bracken's government forced Farmer to seek "free votes" on his ministry's initiatives (these soon became party votes, with the CCF invariably losing). Farmer resigned from government in December 1942, and the CCF formally left the coalition in 1943. The CCF's time in government demoralized its membership, and hindered its electoral fortunes - voters elected only three CCF MLAs in 1941.

For the next few years, the CCF's primary concern was preventing infiltration from Communists (then officially represented by the Labour Progressive Party). Some figures in the LPP favoured cooperation with the CCF; the CCF leadership was fully opposed to this, and suspended two prominent Manitoba MLAs when they advocated formal cooperation. Accusations of being "Communist sympathizers" would hinder the party's fortunes for years to come.

In 1944, the national party was performing well in the polls and a CCF government was elected in neighbouring Saskatchewan. The Manitoba CCF hoped to repeat this success the following year, but won only 10 seats out of 55. This failure was due in part to the province's outdated electoral boundaries, which favoured rural ridings at the expense of the cities.

Farmer resigned as party leader in 1947, and was replaced the following year by Edwin Hansford. The party won only seven seats in the election of 1949, amid a period of generally poor fortunes for left-wing parties in Canada. Hansford resigned as leader in 1952, replaced by Scottie Bryce.

The selection of Bryce was somewhat unusual, in that he was a federal MP without experience in the provincial house. He was apparently chosen as party leader due to fears that his federal seat would be eliminated by redistribution. Bryce ultimately decided against joining provincial politics, and was replaced by Lloyd Stinson before the 1953 election.

Stinson was probably the most adept of the Manitoba CCF's leaders, but he was unable to translate his personal popularity and charisma into victory at the polls. The party fell to five seats in 1953, during the first election to be held after the province's Liberal-Conservative coalition dissolved amid acrimony.

The Liberal government of Douglas Campbell became increasingly unpopular in the mid-1950s, and the CCF was able to tap into some of the public's discontent. Stinson was relatively popular among the province's "centre-left" voters, and the CCF increased its seat total to eleven in 1958.

The primary benefactors of Campbell's unpopularity, however, were the Progressive Conservatives under Dufferin Roblin, who won 26 seats out of 57. The Campbell government initially attempted to stay in power through an alliance with the CCF, which turned down this offer (perhaps due to the disappointment of 1940–43). Roblin was sworn in as Premier later in the year.

Roblin's government put the CCF in a paradoxical situation. Roblin had staked out a position well to Campbell's left in opposition. As the new Premier, he initiated long-overdue progressive legislation and outflanked the CCF in a bid for centre-left voters. The CCF was forced to lend support to Roblin's initiatives, thereby providing his ministry with the legislative record it needed to win a majority the following year. The Tories won 38 seats the following year, with the CCF dropping to 10. Stinson resigned as party leader in 1960, and was replaced by Russ Paulley.

The national CCF had fallen to eight seats in 1958, losing much of its support to John Diefenbaker's Tories. When the national party "reinvented" itself in 1961 as the New Democratic Party (via an alliance with the Canadian Labour Congress), the provincial CCF followed suit.

The "New Party" in Manitoba affiliated with the Manitoba Federation of Labour, and Paulley became the first provincial NDP leader later in 1961.

The CCF ceased to exist, having been superseded by the New Democratic Party of Manitoba in much the same way as it had previously superseded the ILP.

Party leaders

 * 1. Seymour Farmer 1936-1947
 * 2. Edwin Hansford 1948-1952
 * 3. William Bryce 1952
 * 4. Lloyd Stinson 1952-1960 (house leader until 1953)
 * 5. Russell Paulley 1960-1961

All party leaders were elected to their position without opposition.

Election results
* Ran as the ILP-CCF in 1932, seats compared to the Independent Labour Party's 5 seats in the previous election.