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Talk:Hair weave

Weaves can last a few months however can cause damage to your hair. If you are looking for a damage-free option then look into temporary wired extensions by Flip-In Hair. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.69.11.132 (talk) 11:57, 13 July 2018 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at University of Toronto supported by WikiProject Wikipedia and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Q1 term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 14:56, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Untitled
I am editing this page along with 2 fellow students for a University of Toronto school project so would appreciate if people do not delete what we have written just until March 29th 2012 so we can submit what we did at least. Thank you in advance for your cooperation we will try our best to improve this page. Kuteyiay (talk) 03:14, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

Hair isn't just collected from the floors of Indian temples. A lot of the hair that you see on weaves is "virgin" Indian hair from tonsuring. Tonsure is a common practice at Hindu temples, like Tirupati, and pilgrims donate their hair to the temple as a sacrifice. People practice tonsure at many points in their life, including young age. Any time really. Temples sell the hair to outside buyers, who sell it to people in the west （WRONG THEY SELL THE HAIR ALL OVER THE WORLD). It's the main source of money for running a huge temple like Tirupati.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.110.38.2 (talk) 23:45, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Yuk! This article needs some major house cleaning. I did my best. But its like cleaning up dog poo with a single napkin: you can only do so well.... THIS POST IS TERRIBLY HORRIBLE. & SOUNDS RACEIST.

--Hcatlin 22:30, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Define Virgin Hair
Can we define "virgin hair"? I assume we aren't actually talking about hair that exclusively comes from women who are virgins. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.232.15.8 (talk) 13:48, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Beauty Wired.... www.beautywired.com defines virgin hair as follows: hair that hasn't been chemically treated such as dyed,permed,bleached,nor straightened. It comes from a single donor,cuticles are intact, running in same direction.In most cases the hair hasn't been blow-dried,nor exposed to cigarette smoke,drugs or harsh agents. The most popular countries of people that donate virgin hair include, Indian virgin hair, Malaysian virgin hair, Russian virgin hair, and other European and Asian countries. (WRONG AGAIN: THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS MALAYSIAN HAIR. MALAYSIA IS A MULICULTURAL COUNTRY THAT HAS MULTIPLE ETHNICITY FROM MULTIPLE COUNTRIES. MALAYSIA IS MAINLY MADE UP OF Malays (from Indonesia with a small percentage of native Malaysians) CHINESE AND INDIANS PEOPLE. ALL HAIR IS INDIAN HAIR. INDIA IS THE ONLY COUNTRY THAT HAS TEMPLES FOR MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDEN OF ALL AGES TO GO AND GET THEIR HAIR SHAVED BECAUSE ITS SYMBOLIZE PURITY AND ITS A SPIRITUAL COMMITMENT TO THEIR GOD.) The most popular usage of virgin hair is to construct the highest quality lace wigs,lace front wigs, closure pieces, and hair extensions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.114.248.151 (talk) 23:24, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

I did some revising but...
Heh, I rewrote it from the original, basically. You should go read it. I think someone may have written it as a joke, but watching it change from what it began as to what it is now (still bad but better in every way) is heartening. I was willing to make sense of what was there before but I don't think I have the interest to do research into hair weaves. Ignignot 13:51, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC) hatter luv weave —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.97.122.188 (talk) 02:03, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

I got it covered
I made it informative, fleshed out, and ready to go! :) :)

I will clean this article in the near future. I am in the business of buying and selling high quality human hair and I can tell you, much of what was reported here was based on hearsay, not fact. I started making revisions but soon decided that a major overhaul is necessary.

" . . . obtained by shaving off the cuticles or the ends . . . " This makes sense? "Cuticle" is not a synonym for "ends".

the statementabout Europeans not selling their hair seems is stated as an abosolute truth which I highly doubt is true

---Can weave be noticible at sight. or does it always look like natural ?

A picture (or several!) would greatly clear up parts of this article. I suspect more than a few of us know someone who would be able to offer themselves as a subject. ;) 72.131.11.47 06:50, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Deleted the following statement for it's inadequate and unnecessary nature: "How creative the wearer wants to be is up to him or her." It's a no-brainer. Totally stupid. --24.107.9.33 18:09, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Sources??
Please use them---this is NOT common knowledge. Kemet 21:55, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

What?!?
This article makes very little sense. It is hard to follow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.110.194.224 (talk) 05:45, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

The hair weave
Hair weave is the best hair product to do especially for the black and half black nation white people just use it for show and extensions black people. There are plenty of natural styles that are equally suitable. It is also not the best style for all people of African descent. Mizunori (talk) 15:59, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Removed obvious advertisement by IP: 98.114.248.151. Ella Plantagenet (talk) 18:01, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Photos
It would be nice to have photo examples of different techniques or styles of hair weave. Ignignot (talk) 13:46, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

Removed obvious advertisement by IP: 98.114.248.151. Ella Plantagenet (talk) 18:00, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Hair Extensions - Safer Way
Human Hair Extensions are very popular amongst celebrities such as Cheryl Cole and Victoria Beckham.

There are many methods in which hair extensions can be applied to your natural hair. One of those methods is hair weaving. Hair weaving is one of the far safer methods of applying hair extensions. When applying a hair weave many types of hair can be used for example, non-Remy hair, synthetic hair, and Remy Hair. The best type of hair to use is Remy Hair. This type of hair is cuticle correct so it ensures that there is no tangling. Synthetic hair can be difficult to manage and as not all synthetic types of hair are good with heat, synthetic hair can easily burn when using straighteners.

Hair Weave can be used to add length, colour or volume to one’s natural hair. For some people it can make a huge difference and unlike glued in extensions if you have weaker thinner hair you will not end up with less hair then you started off with. Hair weave is also great when you’re in that in-between transition from growing out of a bob. They’re perfect as you can avoid having to wait and your hair will grow with the hair weave. The time taken to apply a hair weave is far less than other methods of attaching human hair extensions. With some companies like Weave Got Style you can have a full head in under an hour. Removal is easy, there are no chemicals involved, therefore no damage and again you don’t have to sit there for hours. To achieve a great weave it is important that the hair is positioned and blended in so it looks as natural as possible. The quality of the hair is very important for example, poor quality hair is very difficult to wash which means your hair weave would not last very long. With the correct quality hair and great positioning the hair weave can be life changing. The human hair extensions are securely attached so unlike the clip-ins there is very little chance of them falling out. With hair weave maintenance is very easy; the hair extensions simply grow with your hair, as the hair weave grows out you can come back and have it re-tied. The best way of having your hair weave re-tied is to have it completely removed and refitted. Some companies try and rethread the same hair this does not help it to last much longer and will only be a temporary fix. Also it is very important the stylist repositions the hair in another area slightly above or below the place where your original human hair extension were attached. Not only can you wash this hair but you can also give this hair a break.

Many people completely forget that human hair extensions are dead hair. Unlike your own hair which is nourished through the food you eat and also oils are produced for it. The dead hair is not given any nourishment in this way. It’s very important to apply oil such as olive oil from mid length to ends and leave it in overnight, this helps to replenish and revitalise the hair. It keeps the hair in good condition so that your hair weave will last longer. This will stop the hair from becoming dry and brittle. It is very important not to apply the olive oil into the roots of your own hair, not only will it make your roots very greasy but it may be impossible to remove, and it may take several washes before the olive oil is completely gone. A great way of removing the natural oils from the roots of your hair is to use dry hair shampoo or a small amount of talcum powder, as over washing your hair weave can lead it to loosen quicker. If you prefer washing it you can just section of the roots and wash the top bit of your hair daily and wash the rest of the weave once a week. When washing the hair weave it is very important to remember not to vigorously rub your hair. It is important to stroke the shampoo into your hair gently. Once the human hair extensions are rinsed off it is vital to apply a very good quality conditioner from mid length to ends and to leave it in for 15 minutes before rinsing it off. This ensures that the hair weave will stay soft and manageable.

A typical hair weave lasts 4-8 weeks depending on how you look after it. If you spend time on maintaining it well the hair weave will last longer, also the hair attached will stay in good condition. If you keep your hair in longer then this you will find that the hair grown out will start to tangle, so it is important to have your hair removed and re-tied regularly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by WGSLondon (talk • contribs) 12:44, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hair weave


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John B. Weller

John B. Weller (February 22, 1812 – August 17, 1875) was the fifth governor of California from January 8, 1858, to January 9, 1860, who earlier had served as a congressman from Ohio and a U.S. senator from California, and minister to Mexico.

Life and career
Weller was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, and attended the public schools and Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar and practiced in Butler County, Ohio. He was prosecuting attorney of Butler County from 1833 until 1836.

He 1838 he was elected as a Democrat from Ohio to the 26th Congress. He was reelected to the 27th and 28th Congresses, serving from 1839 until 1845.

He served in the 1st Regiment of Ohio Volunteers as a Lieutenant Colonel during Mexican–American War from 1846 until 1847, and then was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor of Ohio in 1848, a bitterly fought campaign, and the only disputed election for Ohio Governor of the 19th century. A select joint committee of the Ohio General Assembly finally established January 22, 1849, that Weller lost by 311 votes to Whig Seabury Ford.

In 1849 and 1850, he was a member of the commission to establish the boundary line between California and Mexico. He was replaced by President Zachary Taylor, a Whig, who first named John C. Frémont. After Frémont resigned without beginning his duties, Taylor appointed John Russell Bartlett.

Weller then settled in California and practiced law. When Frémont's term as a U.S. Senator expired on March 3, 1851, the state legislature failed to elect a replacement for the term that started on March 4, so the position remained vacant. In January 1852, the legislature elected Weller, and he served from January 30, 1852, to March 3, 1857. During the 34th Congress he was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Military Affairs.

After running unsuccessfully for reelection to the Senate, in 1857 he was elected Governor of California and he served from 1858 to 1860. As Governor, he intended to make California an independent republic if the North and South divided over slavery, and he personally led an assault on San Quentin Prison to take possession from a commercial contractor. Weller also sanctioned the genocide of the Yuki Tribe through the granting of a State Commission to Walter S. Jarboe, who was later hired by Weller after US Army Generals refused to join his campaign against the Yuki. Jarboe's band, 'The Eel River Rangers' massacred at least 283 men (Jarboe did not list women and children he killed), presenting the State with a bill for $11,143. According to Benjamin Madley, Weller 'officially sanctioned Genocide'.

After leaving the governorship, he was appointed Ambassador to Mexico near the end of 1860 by the lame-duck Buchanan administration. He presented his credentials in 1861, but was soon recalled by the new Lincoln Administration. He moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1867, where he continued the practice of law and served as a U.S. Commissioner.

Death and burial
He died in New Orleans in 1875. Original interment was at Girod Street Cemetery in New Orleans. That burying ground was destroyed in 1959 and unclaimed remains were commingled with 15,000 others and deposited beneath Hope Mausoleum, St. John's Cemetery, New Orleans.

Family
Weller's first wife was Ann E. Ryan, who died in 1836. In 1840, he married Cornelia A. Bryan, who died in 1842. He married Susan McDowell Taylor in 1845, and she died in 1848; she was a daughter of William Taylor, niece of Thomas Hart Benton, and cousin of Jessie Benton Frémont. In 1854, he married Elizabeth Brockelbank Stanton.

Weller's father-in-law, John A. Bryan, was a U.S. diplomat. His brother-in-law, Charles Henry Bryan, was a California State Senator.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John B. Weller


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Alert state

An alert state or state of alert is an indication of the state of readiness of the armed forces for military action or a state against natural disasters, terrorism or military attack. The term frequently used is "on high alert". Examples scales indicating alert state are the DEFCON levels of the US military, South Korea's "Jindogae" system, and the UK Threat Levels. High alert states are synonymous with "red alert".

title: Alert state


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BIKINI state

The Bikini state was an alert state indicator previously used by the UK Ministry of Defence to warn of non-specific forms of threat, including civil disorder, terrorism or war. Signs giving the current alert state were displayed at the entrance to government buildings and military installations. It was established on 19 May 1970. According to the Ministry of Defence, the word "bikini" was randomly selected by a computer.

Whilst similar to the DEFCON (defence readiness condition) alert states used in the United States, the Bikini levels were defined by the section of the military or organisation rather than UK-wide, and as a result, countermeasures and reactions to differing states may differ as acutely as from building to building. The highest levels of alert, Red and Amber, were only intended to be maintained for limited times. The White state has rarely been used, and is only known to have been used for periods between the Good Friday Agreement and 11 September 2001.

The system was illustrated in the British television drama Threads, produced by the BBC in 1984.

It was replaced by a more general and public terrorism alert status, the UK Threat Levels, an alert state system in use by the British government since 1 August 2006.

NATO military alert state
In addition to Bikini alerts that applied to individual installation NATO had a "Counter-Surprise" Military Alert System to mobilise its military forces.

title: BIKINI state


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Colville Indian Reservation

The Colville Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation in the Northwestern United States, in north central Washington, inhabited and managed by the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, which are federally recognized.

Established in 1872, the reservation currently consists of 2825000 acre, located primarily in the southeastern section of Okanogan County and the southern half of Ferry County. It also includes other pieces of trust land in eastern Washington, including in Chelan County, just to the northwest of the city of Chelan. The reservation's name is adapted from that of Fort Colville, which was named by British colonists for Andrew Colville, a London governor of the Hudson's Bay Company.

The Confederated Tribes have 8,700 descendants from twelve aboriginal tribes. The tribes are known in English as: the Colville, Nespelem, Sanpoil, Lakes (after the Arrow Lakes of British Columbia, or Sinixt), Palus, Wenatchi, Chelan, Entiat, Methow, southern Okanagan, Sinkiuse-Columbia, and Nez Perce of Chief Joseph's Band. Some members of the Spokane tribe also settled the Colville reservation after it was established.

The most common of the indigenous languages spoken on the reservation is Colville-Okanagan, a Salishan language. Other tribes speak other Salishan languages, with the exception of the Nez Perce and Palus, who speak Sahaptian languages.

History
Before the influx of British and Americans in the mid-1850s, the ancestors of the 12 aboriginal tribes followed seasonal cycles to gather their food sources. They moved to the rivers for salmon and other fish runs, mountain meadows for berries and deer, or the plateau for roots. Their traditional territories were grouped primarily around waterways, such as the Columbia, San Poil, Nespelem, Okanogan, Snake, and Wallowa rivers.

Many tribal ancestors ranged throughout their aboriginal territories and other areas in the Northwest (including British Columbia), gathering with other native peoples for traditional activities such as food harvesting, feasting, trading, and celebrations that included sports and gambling. Their lives were tied to the cycles of nature, both spiritually and traditionally.

In the mid-19th century, when European-American settlers began competing for trade with the indigenous native peoples, many tribes began to migrate westward. Trading and its goods became a bigger part of their lives.

For a while, Great Britain and the United States disputed the territory of what the latter called the Oregon Country and the former the Columbia District. Both claimed the territory until they agreed on the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which established United States title south of the 49th Parallel. They did not consider any of the indigenous peoples living in those territories to be citizens or entitled to the lands by their own national claims. However, according to the religions and traditions of the indigenous peoples, this territory had been their home land since the time of creation. A succession of indigenous cultures had occupied this region for more than 10,000 years.

President Fillmore signed a bill creating the Washington Territory, and he appointed as Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Major Isaac Stevens of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, to meet with the Indians during his exploration for railroad routes. Stevens wrote a report recommending the creation of "reservations" for the people in the Washington Territory. The report said, "contrary to natural rights and usage," the United States should grant lands that would become reservations to the Indians without purchasing from them.

In 1854, negotiations were conducted "particularly in the vicinity of white settlements, toward extinguishment of the Indian claims to the lands and the concentration of the tribes and fragments of tribes on a few reservations naturally suited to the requirement of the Indians, and located, so far as practicable, so as not to interfere with the settlement of the country."

During this time, continued American settlement created conflicts and competition for resources with the native tribes. It resulted in the Yakima War, which was fought from 1856 to 1859. Negotiations were unsuccessful until 1865. Superintendent McKenny then commented:

From this report, the necessity of trading with these Indians can scarcely fail to be obvious. They now occupy the best agricultural lands in the whole country and they claim an undisputed right to these lands. White squatters are constantly making claims in their territory and not infrequently invading the actual improvements of the Indians. The state of things cannot but prove disastrous to the peace of the country unless forestalled by a treaty fixing the rights of the Indians and limiting the aggressions of the white man. The fact that a portion of the Indians refused all gratuitous presents shows a determination to hold possession of the country here until the government makes satisfactory overtures to open the way of actual purchase.[7]

Seeking to improve relations with the Native Americans, President Grant issued an Executive Order on April 9, 1872, to create an "Indian Reservation" consisting of several million acres of land, containing rivers, streams, timbered forests, grass lands, minerals, plants and animals. People from 11 tribes (the Colville, the Nespelem, the San Poil, Lakes (Sinixt), Palus, Wenatchi, Chelan, Entiat, Methow, southern Okanogan, and the Moses Columbia) were designated to live on a new Colville Indian Reservation.

That original reservation was west of the Columbia River. Less than three months later, the President issued another executive order on July 2, moving the reservation further west, to reach from the Columbia River on the east and south, to the Okanogan River on the west, and the Canada–U.S. border to the north. The new reservation was smaller, at 2,852,000 acres. The Tribes' historic native lands of the Okanogan River, Methow Valley, and other large areas along the Columbia and Pend d'Oreille rivers, along with the Colville Valley, were excluded. The areas removed from the reservation were some of the richest in terms of fertility of land and available natural resources.

Twenty years later, the United States changed government policy, intending to dissolve Indian reservations throughout the United States and make allotments of land to individual households in order to encourage subsistence farming. (This would also "free" land declared excess to tribal needs to be sold to non-Native Americans.) Under the General Allotment Act (Dawes Act) of 1887, the members of the tribes at the Colville reservation were registered and land allotted. An 1892 act of Congress removed the north half of the reservation, north of Township 34 (now known as the Old North Half), from tribal control, with allotments made to Indians then living on it, and the rest opened up for settlement by others. In 1891, the tribes had entered into an agreement with the federal government to vacate the Old North Half, in exchange for $1.5 million ($1 per acre) and continued hunting and fishing rights, but the 1892 act was based only loosely on that agreement. The government did not complete payments for the land for 14 years. But the tribes retained their hunting and fishing rights to their former reservation land (superior to those of non-members). As was customary then in reservation allotments, individual Indians living on the Old North Half who refused to move to the remaining south half were allotted only 80 acres of land, rather than the 160 acres they would have received within the southern reservation boundaries.

The remainder of the communal reservation land was allotted to households, in the same 80-acre amounts, and tribal authority ended, by act of Congress in 1906. The government declared the land not allotted to be excess to tribal needs and opened it for settlement in 1916 by Presidential proclamation. The allotment act was based on an agreement negotiated between the tribes and Indian agent James McLaughlin, signed by 2/3 of the adult male Indians then living on the reservation (of whom there were approximately 600). The Dawes Act enacted a US policy of terminating reservations and tribal government, and did not require any consent by or compensation to Indians. Agreements that Indians did sign were not entirely mutual. They were concerned more with the details of the allotment than the fact of it.

In the face of loss of lands and considerable social distress, President Franklin D. Roosevelt changed federal policy toward the tribes. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 reversed the policy of dissolution of reservations and immediately halted the transfer of reservation land to private ownership. Tribes were encouraged to re-establish their tribal governments and establish constitutions based on democratic electoral models.

In 1956, Congress restored tribal control to the Colville Tribes over all land in the south half that was not yet privately owned. In the time since then, the tribe has gradually purchased private land on the reservation and had it placed back into trust status as tribal land. Since the late 20th century, they have received some of the funds for this from the federal government, pursuant to lawsuits, as compensation for the government's mismanagement of the trust lands and insufficient compensation to Indians for former reservation land. In addition, President Barack Obama established a Buy-Back Program.

Columbia River contamination
The lands of the Colville Indian Reservation along the Columbia River, are downstream from the Teck Cominco smelter in Trail, British Columbia, Canada. For decades the historic smelter deposited slag from its plant into the river which flows into Roosevelt Lake. In 2004, when it was revealed that the contamination included mercury, lead, and zinc, two members of the Colville Confederated Tribes filed a citizen lawsuit against Teck Cominco in Pakootas v. Teck Cominco Metals. Fish from the Columbia River is the traditional food of the Colville people who value the fish "for subsistence, cultural and spiritual reasons".

Description
The reservation encompasses 1,400,000 acres of land, consisting of: tribally owned lands held in federal trust status for the Colville Confederated Tribes, land owned by individual Colville tribal members (most of which is also held in federal trust status), and land owned by other tribal or non-tribal entities.

7,587 people live on the reservation (2000 census), including both Colville tribe members and non-tribe members. Most live either in small communities or in rural settings. Approximately half of the Confederated Tribes' enrolled members live on or near the reservation. According to the Tribes records in 2015, they have 9,500 enrolled members.

Major towns and cities within the reservation include Omak (part), Nespelem, Inchelium, Keller, and Coulee Dam (part).

In 1997 and 1998, the Colville Confederated Tribes commemorated the 125th anniversary of the signing of the Executive Order that created the reservation.

Communities

 * Coulee Dam (part, population 915)
 * Disautel
 * Elmer City
 * Inchelium
 * Keller
 * Nespelem
 * Nespelem Community (Agency area)
 * North Omak
 * Okanogan (a small part, population 2)
 * Omak (part, population 742)
 * Twin Lakes

Government
The Confederated Tribes and the Colville Indian Reservation are governed by the Colville Business Council. From its administrative headquarters located at the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Agency at Nespelem, the Colville Business Council oversees a diverse, multi-million-dollar administration that employs from 800 to 1,200 individuals in permanent, part-time, and seasonal positions.

Members of the Colville Business Council are elected to a renewable two-year term of office. Four council members are elected from each legislative district noted above, except for the lesser-populated Keller District, which elects two. Each year, half of the Business Council seats in each district are up for election. Elections are held mid-June, with votes cast in person at polling sites at a predesignated location (usually the local community center) or by absentee ballot.

Legislative districts
The tribe is governed by a Chairman and the Colville Business Council, the latter consisting of members elected from tribal legislative districts. These are as follows.

 * Omak District: The largest district by population, this consists of the northwestern portion of the reservation: the Okanogan Valley and the eastern portion of the city of Omak. The Okanogan River is the western border of the reservation and delimits the reservation portion of Omak.
 * Nespelem District: The west-central portion of the reservation, including the Nespelem Valley and part of the city of Coulee Dam. The Reservation Headquarters is located in the district on the Bureau of Indian Affairs Agency campus near the town of Nespelem. In Coulee Dam, the Columbia River also serves as a reservation border within the town limits.
 * Keller District: This is the east-central region of the reservation, namely the San Poil Valley to the mouth of the Columbia River, along a tributary, the San Poil River, and the edge of the man-made Lake Roosevelt.
 * Inchelium District: The north-east part of the reservation.

Judicial Branch
The Colville Tribal Court is a separate branch of government consisting of the Colville Tribal Court of Appeals and the Colville Trial Court. It is the duty of the Courts to interpret and enforce the laws of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation. The Chief Judge of the Colville Trial Court is appointed to a six year term by the business counsel and is subject to a vote of confidence by the general membership three years after appointment.

Economy
Colville Tribal Federal Corporation (CTFC) has responsibility for managing economic development. It manages 13 enterprises that "include gaming, recreation and tourism, retail, construction and wood products." CTFC is an economic leader in northeastern Washington. "The corporation employs over 800 people" and generates more than $120 million annually in revenues.

After three years in development, in 2013 the tribes opened the Chief Joseph Hatchery for salmon fishery enhancement below the Chief Joseph Dam, in an effort to aid restoration of the salmon run on the Columbia River. In the first year, they released 1.9 million smolts. In 2017, at full production, they expect to release 2.9 million. Typically, only one percent return as adults.

At the First Salmon Ceremony in May 2016, there was a special celebration as these tribes and members of others from both sides of the 49th parallel commemorated the return of salmon to the river, and the first jacks to return to the hatchery. When adult salmon return in 2017, they will be ready for harvest. Members of the United Columbia Upriver Tribes Committee are collaborating on ways to restore runs above the Chief Joseph and Grand Coulee dams, using new technology that eases the passage of fish.

Education
The Keller school district serves students from Kindergarten-6. Colville Tribes students have the choices of attending junior and senior high school at relatively nearby Wilbur High School, Lake Roosevelt High School or Republic High School. Due to historically negative perceptions about Native Americans, students from Keller seldom attend the school in the predominantly European-American town of Republic, Washington. Students sometimes encounter discrimination and poor perceptions also in Wilbur, Coulee Dam, and other towns neighboring the reservation.

Pascal Sherman Indian School, located outside Omak at St. Mary's Mission, is the only Native American residential school on the reservation currently serving grades pre-K-to-9. Inchelium School district and Lake Roosevelt High School are the only public K-12 schools within the physical boundaries of the reservation.

Students have few options to pursue a post-secondary education on the reservation, as the Tribes have not established their own college. Spokane Tribal College and Salish Kootenai College have a joint venture on Nespelem's Agency Campus. The public Community Colleges of Spokane have an outreach campus in Inchelium. Wenatchee Valley College North Campus is located in Omak.

Many students from the reservation typically attend four-year college in the state, at such institutions as Eastern Washington University, Washington State University, Central Washington University, Gonzaga University (a Catholic university founded to serve Native Americans), or University of Washington. Heritage College also offers some courses and degrees in Omak at the Wenatchee Valley College-North Campus building.

Legends

 * Coyote and the Buffalo (why buffalo don't live near Kettle Falls)
 * Coyote quarrels with mole (coyote fighting with his wife)
 * Spirit chief names the animal people (about the naming of the "Chip-chap-tiqulk)
 * Turtle and the eagle (about turtle beating eagle in a race)

title: Colville Indian Reservation


text:
Magia (Shakira album)

Magia (Magic, ) is the debut studio album by Colombian singer and songwriter Shakira. It was released in June 1991 by Sony Music Colombia, with whom she signed a three-album recording contract. The record is a collection of pop ballads Shakira wrote since she was eight years old, with themes inspired from the experience hanging out with boys, adventure stories, and dreams of living on the coast.

The album's live performances helped Shakira receive attention on Colombian media. However, it was not a commercial success, with sales estimated at between 1,000 and 1,200 copies. By Shakira's request, Magia and its follow-up Peligro (1993) were removed from music markets. "Magia" was released as promotional single in 1991.

Development and composition
Born in Barranquilla, Colombia, Shakira began writing songs at the age of eight years, her first one being "Tus Gafas Oscuras". Her performances at local competitions led to a meeting with local theater producer Monica Ariza, who later held an audition for her in Bogotá. She performed three songs for executives of Sony Music Colombia, who were impressed enough to sign her, at the age of 13, to record three albums, which were Magia, Peligro and Pies Descalzos.

The low-budget Magia was put in almost three months of pre-production, which involved choreography of live performances for the album, singing lessons for Shakira, and arranging the songs. The concept of the music still reflected her personality, despite the fact that it was managed by the record label. The tracks deal with emotions of a person's first time falling in love, and range from a love poem ("Sueños") to a celebration of dance ("Esta noche voy contigo"). These were influenced from experiences with males such as her ex-boyfriend Oscar Pardo, stories told by her father, and dreams of living on the coast. In the book Shakira: Woman Full of Grace, Ximena Diego wrote that the album "demonstrated her [Shakira's] indisputable potential."

Magia is a collection of songs written by Shakira between the ages of 8 and 12, and mainly consists of pop ballads. It was produced by Miguel E. Cubillos and Pablo Tedeschi, and recorded at Aga Studios in Bogotá, when Shakira was 13. A Sony Music Colombia representative said that the recording process was simple and went perfectly fine; however, for Shakira, the process was problematic, as she had no ability to decide which tracks would be included and no input into the rhythmic structure or artistic production of the songs.

Release and promotion
To promote the launch of the album, as a suggestion from Shakira, live performances were held in locations such as Teatro Amira de la Rosa, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Riohacha, Medellín, Cali, Bogotá, and other various theaters and events, all of which received print, radio and television coverage. The performances featured additional dancers and background vocalists such as César Navarro, Guillermo Gómez, Mauricio Pinilla, and Richard Ricardo. A music video was done for "Magia", which Navarro also starred in. Navarro found working with Shakira enjoyable and relaxing, and recalled her as sensitive and energetic: "She was a tireless worker, but more than anything, she was a total blast." The choreography for the performances was done by Gary Julio and Ray Silva. The album won an award at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in 1991, although Shakira was not able to attend the ceremony as she was less than 16. Despite the live performances and the amount of media coverage, the LP did not fare well commercially; between 1,000 and 1,200 copies were sold in her home country.

Initially, Shakira refused to allow the re-release of both Magia and her next album, Peligro, because of their "immaturity."

Personnel
Credits from liner notes:
 * Shakira – songwriter, vocals
 * Sergio Solano – acoustic and electric guitars
 * Antonio "Toño" Arnedo – saxophone
 * Miguel Enrique Cubillos N. – producer, songwriter, music direction, artistic arrangement, vocal direction, chorus
 * Ana Maria Gónzalez-Liliana Avila – chorus
 * Juanita Loboguerrero – songwriter
 * Miguel E. Cubillos – producer, songwriter, music direction, artistic arrangement, vocal direction
 * Pablo Tedeschi – producer, songwriter, musical direction, arrangement, computer programming, synthesizer programming, drum programming
 * Alvaro Eduardo Ortiz Q – design
 * Gabriel Muñoz – general coordination
 * Luis Miguel Olivar – sound engineer, mixing engineer
 * Leo Erazzo – album artwork

title: Magia (Shakira album)


text:
Gabriela Zapolska

Maria Gabriela Stefania Korwin-Piotrowska (1857–1921), known as Gabriela Zapolska, was a Polish novelist, playwright, naturalist writer, feuilletonist, theatre critic and stage actress. Zapolska wrote 41 plays, 23 novels, 177 short stories, 252 works of journalism, one film script, and over 1,500 letters.

Zapolska received most recognition for her socio-satirical comedies. Among them, The Morality of Mrs. Dulska – a tragic-farce about petty-bourgeois – is considered the most famous internationally. It is regarded as a landmark of early modernist Polish drama. Her stage plays were translated into foreign languages, and performed at Polish and European theatres, as well as adapted for radio and film. Zapolska herself acted on stage in over 200 plays in Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Lwów, Saint Petersburg and Paris.

Life

Zapolska was born on 30 March 1857 in Podhajce in Galicia, to a wealthy family of Polish landed gentry. At that time, as a result of the Third Partition of Poland, this territory was annexed by Austria-Hungary. Her father, Wincenty Kazimierz Jan Korwin-Piotrowski, was a marshal of Volhynian szlachta. Her mother - Józefa Karska, a former ballet dancer. Zapolska studied at the Sacré Coeur Institute and in the Institute of Education and Science in Lwów. In 1876 she was forced by her family to marry a Polish lieutenant in the Tsarist guard, Konstanty Śnieżko-Błocki, but soon left him and divorced in 1888. During the years of 1879–1880 she lived in Warsaw, where she acted in an amateur theatre ran by the Philanthropy Society. In 1881 Zapolska became pregnant by an out-of-wedlock relationship and left her family. The same year she made her own short story debut by Jeden dzień z życia róży (One Day in the Life of a Rose). The following year, in 1882, she became a professional actress in the Kraków theatre, and assumed the pseudonym of Gabriela Zapolska. She also acted in Poznań, and in travelling troupes throughout the Congress Poland. In October 1888 she reportedly made a suicide attempt.

In 1889 Zapolska moved to Paris in hopes of an artistic career. There, she played minor roles in boulevard theatres, Théâtre Libre and Théâtre de l'Œuvre. She played in a stage adaptation of Intérieur (Interior) by Maurice Maeterlinck in Théâtre de l'Oeuvre. In Paris, Zapolska established contacts within the artistic milieu as well as with Polish socialist emigrants, which influenced her social views.

After coming back to her country, she settled in Kraków and acted in garden theatres, travelling troupes, and then in Kraków Juliusz Słowacki Theatre directed by Tadeusz Pawlikowski. Her defiant, suffragist nature led to conflicts with theatre principals. Following Pawlikowski's departure, in 1900 she abandoned her contract. After that, Zapolska set up her own stage which was active time-by-time. In 1902 Zapolska ran a drama school in Kraków and the Gabriela Zapolska Independent Theatre was founded later. Her experiences in Paris let her to produce two Maeterlinck stage adaptations – Princess Maleine, and L'Intruse (The Intruder), both produced in 1902.

In 1904 she moved to Lwów and married a painter, Stanisław Janowski. She became a patron of the travelling theatre named after her (Gabriela Zapolska Theatre) which during the years of 1907–1908 toured Galicia. She divorced her second husband in 1910. In the years of 1912–1913 Zapolska was a literary director of Teatr Premier. As a feuilletonist and theatre critic she collaborated with Gazeta Krakowska, Słowo Polskie, Nowa Reforma, Ilustracja Polska and Wiek Nowy. In 1915, after Lwów was captured by the Russian Army, she ran a small confectionery. Zapolska died on 17 December 1921 in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) and buried at the Lychakivskiy Cemetery there.

Style and themes
Gabriela Zapolska's works were dominated by naturalism – a literary movement seeking to replicate everyday reality. She was mainly influenced by Émile Zola, a French naturalist writer. Her output has a journalistic and didactic tone. She portrayed the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable people including proletarians, Jews, servants, prostitutes, etc.

Characters in Zapolska's works are mostly of ordinary type. She tends to skip psychological analysis as it was specific for the Young Poland writers. She also brought up controversial subjects, such as prostitution and venereal disease (O czym się mówi, O czym się nawet myśleć nie chce).

Zapolska created acrimonious and embittered literary characters, such as those in her best-known works, Moralność pani Dulskiej, Żabusia, ''Ich czworo. Tragedia ludzi głupich, Sezonowa miłość, and Panna Maliczewska''.

Prose
Gabriela Zapolska made her own short story debut in 1881 by Jeden dzień z życia róży. Many of her early works was published in parts in Lwów and then, in Warsaw press, mainly in Przegląd Tygodniowy. She collected her early short stories in the volume of Z dziejów boleści (1890). Her novels and short stories were translated into many languages, including English, Russian, German, Swedish, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Ukrainian. Zapolska was criticized by conservatives for the more naturalist aspects of her works, such as perceived immorality, squalor, taboo subjects, etc. Notable Zapolska prose works include:
 * Jeden dzień z życia róży (One Day in the Life of a Rose,  1881)
 * Małaszka (1883)
 * Kaśka Kariatyda (Cathy the Caryatid, 1885–1886)
 * Przedpiekle (1889)
 * Menażeria ludzka (1893)
 * Janka (1895)
 * Fin-de-sièclistka (Fin-de-siècle-ist, 1897)
 * Zaszumi las (1899)
 * Sezonowa miłość (1904)
 * Córka Tuśki (1907)
 * Pani Dulska przed sądem (1908)
 * O czym się nie mówi (1909)
 * Śmierć Felicjana Dulskiego (Death of Felicjan Dulski, 1911)
 * Kobieta bez skazy (1913)
 * O czym się nawet myśleć nie chce (1914)

Dramas
Zapolska is best known for her dramas, socio-satirical comedies and tragicomedy works. Her Moralność pani Dulskiej, a 'petty-bourgeois tragic-farce', is considered by her most-known work and regarded as a landmark of early modernist Polish drama. The story of Moralność pani Dulskiej was continued in two short stories—Pani Dulska przed sądem and Śmierć Felicjana Dulskiego. Her dramas were translated into other languages, played at the Polish and European stages, and adapted into radio and film. Notable Zapolska dramas include:
 * Żabusia (Froggie, 1897)
 * Małka Szwarcenkopf (1897)
 * Jojne Firułkes (1898)
 * The Morality of Mrs. Dulska, (1906)
 * Ich czworo. Tragedia ludzi głupich (1907)
 * Skiz (1908)
 * Panna Maliczewska (Miss Maliczewska, 1910)

Film adaptations
Movies based on Zapolska novels or dramas include:
 * Carewicz (1918) – directed by Marian Fuks
 * Tamten (1921) – by Władysław Lenczewski
 * The Unspeakable (1924) – by Edward Puchalski
 * Policmajster Tagiejew (1929) – by Juliusz Gardan
 * Moralność pani Dulskiej (1930) – by Boleslaw Newolin; the first Polish movie with sound recorded on a gramophone record
 * O czym się nie mówi (1939) – by Mieczysław Krawicz
 * Morálka paní Dulské (adaption of Moralność pani Dulskiej, 1958) – by Jiří Krejčík; a Czechoslovakian movie

title: Gabriela Zapolska


text:
Sun cross

A sun cross, solar cross, or wheel cross is a solar symbol consisting of an equilateral cross inside a circle.

The design is frequently found in the symbolism of prehistoric cultures, particularly during the Neolithic to Bronze Age periods of European prehistory. The symbol's ubiquity and apparent importance in prehistoric religion have given rise to its interpretation as a solar symbol, whence the modern English term "sun cross" (a calque of Sonnenkreuz). The symbol means village in Ancient Egyptian (Gardiner symbol O49).

The same symbol is in use as a modern astronomical symbol representing the Earth rather than the Sun. In pharmacy, sun cross symbol represents various/miscellaneous drugs.

After World War II, variants of the symbol became associated with neo-Nazi and white supremacist movements.

Interpretation as solar symbol

The interpretation of the simple equilateral cross as a solar symbol in Bronze Age religion was widespread in 19th-century scholarship. The cross-in-a-circle was interpreted as a solar symbol derived from the interpretation of the disc of the Sun as the wheel of the chariot of the Sun god. Wieseler (1881) postulated an (unattested) Gothic rune hvel ("wheel") representing the solar deity by the "wheel" symbol of a cross-in-a-circle, reflected by the Gothic letter hwair (𐍈).

The English term "Sun-Cross", on the other hand, is comparatively recent, apparently loaned from German Sonnenkreuz and used in the 1955 translation of Rudolf Koch's Book of Signs ("The Sun-Cross or Cross of Wotan", p. 94).

The German term Sonnenkreuz was used in 19th-century scholarly literature of any cross symbol interpreted as a solar symbol, an equilateral cross either with or without a circle, or an oblique cross (saltire). Sonnenkreuz was used of the flag design of the Paneuropean Union in the 1920s. In the 1930s, a version of the symbol with broken arms (resembling a curved swastika, illustrated below) was popular as a link between Christianity and Germanic paganism in the völkisch German Faith Movement.

Bronze Age
In the prehistoric religion of Bronze Age Europe, crosses in circles appear frequently on artifacts identified as cult items, for example the "miniature standard" with an amber inlay that shows a cross shape when held against the light, dating to the Nordic Bronze Age, held at the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen. The Bronze Age symbol has also been connected with the four-spoked chariot wheel, which is attested in Bronze Age Scandinavia, Central Europe and Greece (compare the Linear B ideogram 243 "wheel" 𐃏). In the context of a culture that celebrated the sun chariot, it may thus have had a "solar" connotation (compare the Trundholm sun chariot).

Astronomy
The same symbol represents the Earth in astronomical symbols, while the Sun is represented by a circle with a center point.

Commerce
The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad emblem was a cross in a circle with the words "Santa Fe" across the horizontal bar. In this case, the lines making up the cross were much wider than the circle.

Ethnography
The Sacred Hoop aka Medicine Wheel is a similar symbol in widespread use by Native Americans including Plains Indians and previously by Hopewell cultures. Other indigenous peoples also use or used the solar cross on their symbolism and as decoration practices.

Politics
The Sassanian Empire in Persia used a similar solar cross on their banner, called the Derafsh Kaviani symbol.

The Norwegian fascist party Nasjonal Samling used a golden sun cross on a red background as an official symbol from 1933 to 1945. The cross with the circle was associated with Olaf II of Norway, patron saint of Norway, and the colors were the coat of arms of Norway.

The Paneuropean Union, a European unification movement, uses this symbol as central element of its flag.

A square cross interlocking with or surrounded by a circle is one of the most popular symbols used by individuals and organisations to represent white nationalism, white supremacy, Neo-Nazism, and white pride. In its Celtic cross form, it is used as the logo for white nationalist website Stormfront. This stems from the use of a circled cross by Norwegian Nazis during World War II. In New Zealand, the Odin's cross was one of the symbols used by on Brenton Tarrant in the Christchurch mosque shootings.

In Germany, a "stylized" circled cross was adopted by a prohibited political party (VSBD/PdA), leading to a ban of the symbol if used within a context of promoting racism (see Strafgesetzbuch section 86a). Although there were doubts on the constitutionality of the ban, it was upheld in a decision of the supreme court.

In Italy, there is a similar ban based on Legge Mancino (the "Mancino Law", from the Minister of Interior who enacted the law), although there are some examples of the use of the circled cross as a Roman Catholic symbol in Northern Italy.

Tools
A similar glyph is used in tool sets to denote Phillips-head screws and screwdrivers.

Unicode
There is no formal code point in Unicode for this symbol, though other symbols representing the sun are included. Symbols designed for other purposes, such as, and , and  are similar.

title: Sun cross


text:
Talk:Steam engine

Duty and efficiency
The article should either explain how these two are related or delete all reference to duty. (I'd delete duty - it's entirely obsolete in that formulation, and belongs only in a 'James Watt (etc.)' article. Efficiency is easy to understand).

86.181.114.173 (talk) 23:45, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, duty is mostly what was reported in the early years. This is primarily due to the engine's use in pumping.  As I explained in Engine efficiency, this measures the combined efficiency of the engine, pump and boiler.  Duty was published monthly for the larger Cornish mines starting 1811, with a competition of sorts to see who had the most efficient engine leading to the superior efficiency of those engines at the time.  Duty lingered on with steam pumping engines through the end of the 19th century.  Pounds of coal per horsepower hour and pounds of steam per horsepower hour were also used, especially for mill engines.  With the latter we also need to know the steam pressure and temperature or amount of superheat.Phmoreno (talk) 21:34, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I deleted the implication that burning fuel was the only source of heat and the "citation needed" from an explanation of process. Embarwhen (talk) 17:07, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs
 * The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs

 * Smeaton, not Watt 2A00:23C7:D280:D301:89A0:D360:5D9E:E847 (talk) 02:25, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

Spurious citation requests
Have some pity on the poor reader, who wants to be draw in by the smooth flow of our Brilliant Prose ( Wiki TM) and doesn't want a bell run in her ear for every sentence. We don't footnote the whole world of knowledge in every article. --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:45, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

1765 Watt
You've got 1764 here, but 1765 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watt#Early_experiments_with_steam (Watt's critical insight, arrived at in May 1765) for Watt's (design) invention. MBG02 (talk) 03:25, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steam engine


text:
List of people killed in duels

This is a list of people killed in duels by date:

14th century

 * Jacques le Gris, by Jean de Carrouges in a wooden arena outside the Abbey of Saint-Martin-des-Champs in Paris – 1386

16th century

 * Cadeguala, Mapuche toqui, by Alonso García de Ramón at Purén, Chile – 1585
 * Sir William Drury, English politician and soldier, by Sir John Borough, died from wound received in duel in France – 1590
 * Gabriel Spenser, Elizabethan actor, by Ben Jonson on Hoxton Fields, London – 1598

17th century

 * Sir John Townshend, English politician, by Sir Matthew Browne on Hounslow Heath, London – 1603. Browne himself was killed on the spot by Townshend, who in turn died of his wounds the following day.
 * Peter Legh, English politician, by Valentine Browne – 1640
 * Armand d'Athos, inspiration for the Alexandre Dumas character of the same name – 1643
 * Charles Price, English politician, by Capt. Robert Sandys at Presteigne – 1645
 * Sir Henry Bellasis (heir of John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse), by Thomas Porter (dramatist) at Covent Garden, London – 1667
 * Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury, by the Duke of Buckingham – 1668
 * Walter Norborne, English politician, by an Irishman at the fountain at Middle Temple, London – 1684
 * Major Sharington Talbot, Member of Parliament for Chippenham, at the White Hart Inn, Glastonbury, by Captain Love, a fellow-officer of the Wiltshire Militia – 8 July 1685
 * John Talbot, brother of the Earl of Shrewsbury, by Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Grafton – 1686
 * Sir Henry Hobart, English politician, by Oliver Le Neve on Cawston Heath, Norfolk – 1698

18th century

 * Sir John Hanmer, 3rd Baronet, English politician – 1701
 * Charles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun, perennial duellist and James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, in Hyde Park, London. The Hamilton–Mohun Duel – 1712
 * Peder Tordenskjold, Norwegian naval officer, by Jakob Axel Staël von Holstein – 1720
 * George Lockhart, Scottish politician and writer, Jacobite spy – 1731
 * Richard Nugent, Lord Delvin, by Capt. George Reilly at Marlborough Bowling Green, Dublin – 1761
 * Button Gwinnett, signer of the Declaration of Independence by Lachlan McIntosh near Savannah, Georgia – 1777
 * Sir Barry Denny, 2nd Baronet – 1794

19th century

 * Philip Hamilton, son of former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, by George I. Eacker, in Weehawken, New Jersey – 1801
 * Richard Dobbs Spaight, delegate to the Continental Congress and Governor of North Carolina, by John Stanly – 1802
 * Peter Lawrence Van Allen, lawyer, by William Harris Crawford, future U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, at Fort Charlotte in South Carolina – 1802
 * Alexander Hamilton, former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, by U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr, in Weehawken, New Jersey – 1804
 * Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford, English peer and naval officer, by his friend Thomas Best near Holland House, London – 1804
 * Charles Dickinson, by future U.S. President Andrew Jackson – 1806
 * Robert Case, naval officer, by naval surgeon William Bland at Cross Island, Bombay – 1813
 * Charles Lucas, legislator in Missouri Territory, by U.S. Senator Thomas Hart Benton – 1817
 * Armistead Thomson Mason, U.S. Senator from Virginia – 1819
 * Stephen Decatur, American naval hero, by James Barron – 1820
 * John Scott, founder and editor of the London Magazine – 1821
 * Joshua Barton, first Missouri Secretary of State – 1823
 * Henry Wharton Conway, Arkansas politician – 1827
 * Thomas Biddle & Spencer Darwin Pettis (both killed in the same duel) - 1831
 * Évariste Galois, mathematician – 1832
 * Robert Lyon, last Canadian duelling fatality – 1833
 * Aleksandr Pushkin, Russian poet and writer of the Romantic era, by Georges d'Anthès – 1837
 * Jonathan Cilley, U.S. Representative from Maine, by William J. Graves – 1838
 * Mikhail Lermontov, Russian poet and writer of the Romantic era – 1841
 * George A. Waggaman, U.S. Senator from Louisiana – 1843
 * James Alexander Seton, the last British person to die in a duel in the United Kingdom –  1845
 * John Hampden Pleasants, American newspaper editor – 1846
 * Edward Gilbert, U.S. newspaper editor, by James W. Denver near Sacramento – 1852
 * Frédéric Constant Cournet, French revolutionary. Killed by Frenchman, Emmanuel Barthélemy in the last duel in the United Kingdom – 1852
 * David C. Broderick, U.S. Senator from California – 1859
 * Lucius M. Walker, Confederate Civil War general – 1863
 * Ferdinand Lassalle, German socialist leader – 1864
 * Manuel Corchado y Juarbe, Puerto Rican poet, journalist and politician – 1884
 * Felice Cavallotti, Italian radical leader – 1898

title: List of people killed in duels


text:
User:AlexG/monobook.css

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Sayh al Uhaymir 169

Sayh al Uhaymir 169 (SaU 169) is a 206 gram lunar meteorite found in the Sayh al Uhaymir region of the Sultanate of Oman in January 2002.

This stone is an impact-melt breccia with exceedingly high concentrations of thorium and other incompatible elements; phosphorus, rare-earth elements, and the three most important naturally occurring radioactive elements, potassium, thorium, and uranium, have been segregated in the liquid phase when the lunar minerals crystallized. The impact that eventually sent this stone to the Earth is dated at 3.9 billion years and could be the Imbrium impact. It collided with the Earth less than 9,700 years ago.

It is complete, a light gray-greenish rounded stone, dimensions 70 × and mass 206 g, found on January 16, 2002, in the central desert of Oman at 20° 34.391' N and 57° 19.400' E.

According to geologist Edwin Gnos and coworkers, the meteorite's origin can be pinpointed to the vicinity of the Lalande impact crater; isotopic analysis shows a complex history of four distinct lunar impacts: "Crystallization of the impact melt occurred at 3909 ± 13 Ma, followed by exhumation by a second impact at 2800 Ma, which raised the sample to a regolith position at unconstrained depth. A third impact at 200 Ma moved the material closer to the lunar surface, where it mixed with solar-wind–containing regolith.  It was launched into space by a fourth impact at <0.34 Ma".

title: Sayh al Uhaymir 169


text:
James Budd

James Herbert Budd (May 18, 1851 – July 30, 1908) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician. Involved in federal and state politics, Budd was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for the 2nd California district from 1883 to 1885, and served as the 19th Governor of California from 1895 until 1899.

Biography
Budd was born on May 18, 1851, in Janesville, Wisconsin, to Joseph H. and Lucinda (Ash) Budd. While in Wisconsin, Joseph was a lawyer and ran Western Novelty Works, a company which put out farm machinery. When Budd was seven years old, he and his family emigrated to the West, settling in Stockton, California, in 1858. Budd attended local grammar and high schools before attending the University of California, Berkeley, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, graduating in 1873. Following his graduation, Budd returned to Stockton to study law, being admitted to the California Bar the following year. His public career in the courts began after being appointed the San Joaquin County deputy district attorney.

During the 1884 elections, the Democratic Party nominated Budd as its candidate for the 2nd California district in the U.S. House of Representatives. His campaign for the House was based on fighting railroad corruption, going as far as to refuse any travel on railroads altogether during the campaign, earning Budd the nickname "Buckboard Jim." Budd won the election, becoming the first Democrat to win the district since the Civil War.

Once in the U.S. Congress, Budd was influential in gaining enough congressional support for appropriating federal money to fund the dredging of the Stockton Channel, assisting shipping into the Port of Stockton along the San Joaquin River. Budd served a single term in the U.S. House of Representatives, refusing the Democratic Party nomination for the 1886 elections.

For the 1894 state general elections, Budd was nominated by the state Democratic convention as the party's nominee for the governorship. During the campaign, Budd targeted the growing influence of the Southern Pacific Railroad and rail monopolies in general, proposing that the "only solution to the railroad question was that the [state] government own a line" with slight nationalization, as well as reducing railroad fares by 25%. Budd also advocated a property assessment ceiling cap of 45 cents per $100 in order to save state expenditures with the looming Long Depression.

During the often bitter campaign for the governorship, Budd faced serious allegations brought forth by Republican-sympathizing newspapers that he had raped a teenage maid, Nancy Neff, in 1876. The papers alleged that Neff had become pregnant, giving birth to a child that shortly died afterwards. After giving birth, Neff was alleged to have contracted smallpox and sent by Budd to a hospice to die, but not before Budd had forced her to relinquish all her property to him. Budd fully denied all the allegations, branding his betrayal of Neff as an "infamous falsehood" imagined by Republican party machines. Budd did not deny he knew Neff, yet claimed instead that he had always acted as a brother to Neff and in no way harmed her.

Despite the serious charges, Budd's campaign remained largely successful. He gained favorable attention during the campaign by personally quieting a runaway team of horses, as well as helping extinguish a fire in Willows.

In the final results, Budd edged out Republican Party challenger Morris M. Estee by 0.4%, or roughly 1,200 votes. The strong third place showing of Jonathan V. Webster of the People's Party at 18% helped tip the vote balance in Budd's favor. It was the first gubernatorial election where the Australian ballot was used in California.

Due in part to his narrow electoral victory, Republicans alleged Budd had engaged in voter fraud. The California State Assembly investigated these claims through a special committee. The Assembly committee's findings concluded that no evidence of vote wrongdoing could be found.

Governorship
Budd became the 19th Governor of California on January 11, 1895. In the early stage of his governorship, Budd encouraged improvements to the Australian ballot, consolidating or eliminating superfluous state departments and positions to save revenue, and amend the Constitution of California in order to create stricter qualification requirements for State Railroad Commission members. Budd desired a Railroad Commission substantially less influenced by the Southern Pacific and other rail monopolies.

During his governorship, Budd pushed legislation through the California State Legislature in 1895 to create the Bureau of Highways, an agency to construct and manage maintenance to the state's growing road network. The Bureau of Highways would later evolve into the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). The following year, Budd authorized the purchase of the Lake Tahoe Wagon Road, making it the first state highway.

Budd's push for future legislation, however, was slowed by the Legislature, which was controlled by an increasingly hostile Republican majority. Although Budd was able to reduce state expenditures gradually, including closing down the State Printing Office, his reform program for increased railroad oversight was halted by the opposition, limiting his ability to make any long-term political reforms.

With his health failing, Budd decided not to seek re-election in 1898. Budd would be the last Democrat to occupy the Governor's Office until Culbert Olson in 1939.

Post governorship
Following the end of his first and only term, Budd relocated to San Francisco, opening a law practice in the city. He served as an attorney to the Board of State Harbor Commissioners. In 1900, Budd was appointed by Governor Henry Gage as a member of the Regents of the University of California.

Budd died at the age of 57 on July 30, 1908, in Stockton, and is buried in the city's Rural Cemetery.

Legacy
The Budd Center and Budd Shops at San Joaquin Delta College in Stockton are named after the governor. Budd Lake in Yosemite National Park was named for him.

title: James Budd


text:
Lahontan Dam

The Lahontan Dam is a dam situated on the Carson River in the Carson Desert between Carson City, Nevada and Fallon, Nevada in the United States. Its impoundment is known as the Lahontan Reservoir or Lake Lahontan. It is currently operated by the Truckee-Carson Irrigation District.

The Lahontan Dam was built by the Bureau of Reclamation as part of the Newlands Project. It is an earthen structure, 162 ft high by 1700 ft long and contains 733000 cuyd of fill. When it was completed in 1915, it was the largest earth-fill dam in the United States. The reservoir receives water from an area of 1450 mi2 and provides a storage capacity of 295500 acre feet at spillway crest. An additional 23900 acre feet can be stored by raising the gates, bringing the total capacity to 319400 acre feet.

The primary purpose of the dam is to impound water for irrigation use. The site also includes hydroelectric generators with a total capacity of 4,000 kilowatts.

History
Construction began as part of the Truckee-Carson Project in 1911 and Lahontan City, Nevada, a company town, was built for the workers. Water distribution for irrigation began in 1916 and in the same year the project was renamed to the Newlands Project.

title: Lahontan Dam


text:
James Gillett

James Norris Gillett (September 20, 1860 – April 20, 1937) was an American lawyer and politician. A Republican involved in federal and state politics, Gillett was elected both a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California from March 4, 1903, to November 4, 1906, and as the 22nd governor of California from January 9, 1907, to January 3, 1911.

Biography
James Gillett was born in Viroqua, Wisconsin, on September 20, 1860. As a young child, Gillett moved with his parents to Sparta, Wisconsin, at the age of five. He remained in Sparta for nearly fifteen years, attending the town's grammar and high school. In 1881, Gillett was admitted to the Wisconsin Bar and began a law practice in Sparta shortly afterwards. In the early 1880s, Gillett permanently relocated out of his native Wisconsin for the West, living briefly in both the Montana Territory and Washington Territory before moving to California. He settled in Eureka in 1884.

Once in Eureka, Gillett joined the state militia as a private in the Eureka Guard Company in 1885. Based primarily in Santa Cruz, Gillett's unit would be called into active military service only once, assisting Humboldt County sheriffs in protecting a local town jail during the height of Sinophobic riots in Eureka. Following the end of his state military service, Gillett quickly resumed his career as a lawyer. In 1890, Gillett became the Eureka City Attorney, holding the position until 1895.

By the mid-1890s, Gillett had become interested in state politics. Running as a Republican, Gillett was elected to the California State Senate in the 1896 general elections. After serving a single term in the State Senate, Gillett successfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in the 1902 House elections. He successfully defended his seat again in the 1904 elections.

Gillett's success in Washington was noticed by state Republicans and lobbyists for the Southern Pacific Railroad, who saw Gillett's politics as supporting their own corporate interests. Attending the state Republican convention in Santa Cruz in 1906, party machine boss Abe Ruef sought to replace incumbent Governor George Pardee with Gillett for the Republican gubernatorial nomination. Pardee, a physician and staunch Progressive and conservationist politician, openly opposed the Southern Pacific's monopoly over cargo and transportation, believing its business influence harmful to the state's economy and politics. In backroom deals, Southern Pacific lobbyists, including Ruef and Southern Pacific political bureau chief William Herrin, persuaded the attending Republican delegates to refuse Pardee renomination, instead handing the nomination to the railroad-friendly Gillett. In response to their support, Gillett promised the Southern Pacific waterfront patronage.

The denying of Pardee's renomination caused immediate controversy and outrage. Pardee, due to his efficient bureaucracy and direction of the state government's response to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, remained an enormously popular politician. His replacement by Gillett, a Railroad Republican, caused anger both in the press and within political circles. The San Francisco Call printed a photograph taken at the convention's end of Gillett among top party bosses entitled "the Shame of California." Gillett's nomination by special interests would fuel calls for a direct primary law in the state.

Despite his highly controversial nomination, Gillett would win the governorship in the 1906 general elections, defeating Democrat Theodore A. Bell, Socialist Austin Lewis, Prohibitionist James H. Blanchard, and William Langdon of the Independence League. Langdon's strong third-place showing of 14.4% sapped votes away from both the popular contenders Gillett and Bell, yet enough to tip the balance in Gillett's favor.

Following his successful election, Gillett resigned from his U.S. House seat.

Governorship
Inaugurated on January 9, 1907, as the 22nd governor of California, Gillett's agenda included the construction of more transcontinental railroads between California and the East. In addition, Gillett, like his predecessor Pardee, encouraged the California State Legislature to debate the direct primary, though remained vague on his support for any such law. Gillett also included within his agenda the expansion of harbors, especially in the case of the Port of San Francisco following the 1906 firestorm, to keep up with the state's expanding commerce and ongoing population boom. Gillett also pushed bills through the Legislature to create state measures assisting federal food safety laws, particularly for the expanding fruit and California wine industries.

During his governorship, Gillett encouraged and signed laws to reform state parole guidelines, assisting prisoners to more quickly reform themselves and return as productive members of society. In 1907, he signed landmark amendments to the state's Poison Act prohibiting the sale of opium and cocaine except by a doctor's prescription, setting the stage for the state Board of Pharmacy to launch an aggressive crackdown on narcotics and Chinese smoking opium seven years before the Harrison Act. In 1909, Gillett passed the state's first eugenics law, making it legal for state officials to sterilize mental patients considered clinically insane, prisoners exhibiting sexual or moral perversions, and anyone with more than three criminal convictions. The law was passed unanimously in the Assembly, and had one dissenting vote in the Senate. Some 19,000 people were sterilized between 1909 and 1950, when eugenics became generally disfavored by the medical profession due to its connections with Nazi Germany.

As automobiles became more common along California's roads, Gillett agreed with the Legislature to pass the State Highway Bond Act of 1909. The act, which created a bond worth $18 million, effectively established the California state highway system. The system would collectively organize state roads, numbering them sequentially, and provide greater funds for maintenance and expansion.

Gillett's governorship, however, remained continually marred with controversy due to his Republican nomination by party machine business interests. Writing in The Los Angeles Examiner, influential cartoonist George Herriman continually depicted Governor Gillett as a mule for Southern Pacific interests. Indeed, while in office, Gillett appealed to the railroads to not levy excessive charges on shipping companies and municipalities, yet still warmly welcomed their economic and political presence in the state. His warm relations with the Southern Pacific led in part to rising Progressive anger within state Republican ranks, culminating in the election of Hiram Johnson and a large number of like-minded Progressive state legislators in the 1910 elections.

By 1910, Gillett was falling quickly into financial trouble, and decided not to seek re-election. Privately, however, it is believed that his wife, Isabella, did not want Gillett to continue the governorship.

Post governorship
Following his departure from the Governor's Office, Gillett opened a law practice in San Francisco. From 1916 to 1920, Gillett worked in Washington, D.C., as an attorney and lobbyist for the San Francisco-based Associated Oil Company and the Oil Industry Association. Gillett's lobbying in the U.S. Congress helped secure passage of the Oil Leasing Bill in 1920, which pertained to leases in the naval petroleum reserves. Gillett would go on to represent many oil industry companies and individuals in oil lease matters. Throughout the 1920s Gillett completed over twenty years' work in obtaining compensation for the owners and crews of sailing vessels seized by the U.S. federal government in the Bering Sea between 1886 and 1894.

Gillett retired from the law practice in 1929, only to begin a new practice in 1934 in Oakland with his son, James Gillett Jr.

Gillett died April 20, 1937, in Berkeley at the age of 76.

title: James Gillett


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Last meal

A condemned prisoner's last meal is a customary ritual preceding execution. In many countries, the prisoner may, within reason, select what the last meal will be.

Contemporary restrictions in the United States
Contrary to the common belief that all last meal requests, regardless of their complexity, must be fulfilled, various restrictions are in place over what can be requested.

In the United States, most states give the meal a day or two before execution and use the euphemism "special meal". Alcohol and tobacco are usually, but not always, denied. Unorthodox or unavailable requests are replaced with similar substitutes. Some states place tight restrictions. Sometimes, a prisoner asks to share the last meal with another inmate (as Francis Crowley did with John Resko in 1932) or has the meal distributed among other inmates (as requested by Raymond Fernandez in 1951).

In Florida, the food for the last meal must be purchased locally and the cost is limited to $40. In Oklahoma, the cost is limited to $25. In Louisiana, the prison warden traditionally joins the condemned prisoner for the last meal. On one occasion, the warden paid for an inmate's lobster dinner.

In Texas, the tradition of customized last meals is thought to have been established around 1924. However, in September 2011, the state of Texas abolished all special meal requests after condemned prisoner Lawrence Russell Brewer requested a large and expensive last meal. Brewer did not eat any of it, stating that he was not hungry. Since then, the prisoner's last meal is whatever is being served in the Huntsville Unit cafeteria on the day of execution.

Documented last meal requests
This represents the items requested, as reported, but does not in all cases represent what the prisoner actually received.

Texas
After Texas abolished last meal requests in 2011, all death row inmates in Texas have been served regular prison food.

title: Last meal


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Clone (computing)

In computing, a clone is hardware or software that is designed to function in exactly the same way as another system. A specific subset of clones are remakes (or remades), which are revivals of old, obsolete, or discontinued products.

Motivation
Clones and remakes are created for reasons including competition, standardization, availability across platforms, and as homage. Compatibility with the original system is usually the explicit purpose of cloning hardware or low-level software such as operating systems (e.g. AROS and MorphOS are intended to be compatible with AmigaOS). Application software is cloned by providing the same functionality.

Commercially-motivated clones are made often during a competitor product's initial successful commercial run, intentionally competing with the original and trying to participate in their success.

Hardware clones
When IBM announced the IBM PC in 1981, other companies such as Compaq decided to offer clones of the PC as a legal reimplementation from the PC's documentation or reverse engineering. Because most of the components, except the PC's BIOS, were publicly available, all Compaq had to do was reverse-engineer the BIOS. The result was a machine with similar performance and lower price than the machines cloned. The use of the term "PC clone" to describe IBM PC compatible computers fell out of use in the 1990s; the class of machines it now describes are simply called PCs, but the early use of the term "clone" usually implied a higher level of compatibility with the original IBM PC than "PC-Compatible", with (often Taiwanese) clones of the original circuit (and possibly ROMs) the most compatible (in terms of software they would run and hardware tests they would pass), while "legitimate" new designs such as the Sanyo MBC-550 and Data General/One, while not infringing on copyrights and adding innovations, tended to fail some compatibility tests strongly dependent upon detailed hardware compatibility (such as ability to run Microsoft Flight Simulator, or any software that bypassed the standard software interrupts and directly accessed hardware at the expected pre-defined locations, or—in the case of the MBC-550 for example—wrote diskettes which could not be directly interchanged with standard IBM PCs).

While the term has mostly fallen into commercial disuse, the term clone for PCs still applies to a PC made to entry-level or above standard (at the time it was made) which bears no commercial branding (e.g., Acer, Dell, HP, IBM). This includes, but is not limited to, PCs assembled by home users or corporate IT departments. (See also White box (computer hardware).)

There were many Nintendo Entertainment System hardware clones due to the popularity and longevity of the Nintendo Entertainment System.

Hardware remakes
Examples for hardware remakes include recent home computer remakes.

A special kind of hardware remakes are emulators which implement the hardware functionality completely in software. For instance, the WinUAE emulator software tries to behave exactly like a physical Amiga.

Software
Software can be cloned by reverse engineering or legal reimplementation from documentation or other sources, or by observing a program's appearance and behavior. The reasons for software cloning may include circumventing undesirable licensing fees, acquiring knowledge about the features of the system or creating an interoperable alternative for an unsupported platform. GNU, a clone of UNIX, was motivated by a need of the free software movement for an operating system composed of entirely free software.

In the United States, the case of Lotus v. Borland allows the functionality of a program to be cloned so long as copyright in the code and interface is not infringed.

Yet, the public interface may also be subject to copyright to the extent that it contains expression (such as the appearance of an icon). For example, in August 2012, Electronic Arts, via its Maxis division, put forth a lawsuit against Zynga, claiming that its Facebook game, The Ville, was a direct clone of EA's own Facebook game, The Sims Social. The lawsuit challenges that The Ville not only copies the gameplay mechanics of The Sims Social, but also uses art and visual interface aspects that appear to be inspired by The Sims Social. The two companies settled out of court on undisclosed terms in February 2013.

Examples of software cloning include the ReactOS project which tries to clone Microsoft Windows, and GNU Octave, which treats incompatibility with MathWorks MATLAB as a bug.

Video games
Since the start of the video game industry, clones of successful concepts and games have been common. The first influential first-person shooter, Doom, led in the 1990s to the creation of a new genre dubbed as Doom clones. In the 2000s, the open world action-adventure Grand Theft Auto inspired the creation of many Grand Theft Auto clones.

Software remakes
Remakes of software are revivals of old, obsolete, or discontinued software.

A good share of software remakes are fangames of computer games and game engine recreation made by the fan community as part of retrogaming, to address e.g. compatibility issues or non-availability of the original, e.g. a shutdown server gets substituted with a server emulator.

Since the 2000s there has been an increasing number of commercial remakes of classical games by the original developer or publisher for current platforms as the digital distribution lowers the investment risk for niche releases. When enhanced in some way (audio, graphics, etc.) new releases might be called "high definition" release or "special edition"; an example is The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition.

Databases
A database clone is a complete and separate copy of a database system that includes the business data, the database management system software and any other application tiers that make up the environment. Cloning is a different kind of operation to replicate and backup, in that the cloned environment is both fully functional and separate in its own right. Additionally, the cloned environment may be modified at its inception due to configuration changes or data subsetting.

Desktop
Since 2010, clone computing, in the sense of replicating a session on a host computer in a virtual instance in the cloud, has been introduced. This allows the user to have access to a copy of their PC's desktop on any other computing device such as a tablet computer, a personal computer running any operating system, WebOS, smartphones, etc.

The clone computer replicates, runs, and is always available through a series of cloud servers. Unlike remote management software, clone computing has no dependency on the host computer.

Disk cloning software
Disk cloning is the process of copying the contents of one computer hard drive to another disk or to an "image" file. Typically, the contents of the first disk are written to an image file as an intermediate step, and the second disk is loaded with the contents of the image. A cloned drive can replace the original, rather than simply containing backup copies of files.

Cloning software replicates the operating system, drives, software and patches of one computer for a variety of purposes, including setting up multiple computers, hard drive upgrades, and system recovery in the event of disk failure or corruption.

Programming
In computer programming, particularly object-oriented programming, cloning refers to object copying by a method or copy factory function, often called  or , as opposed to by a copy constructor. Cloning is polymorphic, in that the type of the object being cloned need not be specified, in contrast to using a copy constructor, which requires specifying the type (in the constructor call).

title: Clone (computing)


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Montreal Machine

The Montreal Machine were the sole Canadian (and non-U.S. based North American) team in the World League of American Football (WLAF), a springtime developmental professional league set up by the National Football League (NFL) that played in 1991 and 1992. There were also three European teams and six United States-based teams. Like all WLAF teams, the Machine played American rules football, 11 players per side on a 100-yard long/53 1/3-yard wide field, rather than Canadian rules football of 12 players per side on a 110-yard long/65-yard wide field.

The Machine filled a void created by the folding of the Canadian Football League's Montreal Alouettes in 1987. It was the first American football team in Canada since the Montreal Beavers, Toronto Rifles and Victoria Steelers, which all played in the Continental Football League in 1967. The NFL had also played two international preseason games in Montreal in 1988 and 1990 during the Alouettes' absence.

After two years, the Machine, and the entire WLAF, were put on "hiatus" by the NFL. In 1995, the three European-based franchises (and three more) were reconstituted as the World League (later known as NFL Europe); the North American teams were folded, thus becoming a purely European league. The Machine played their home games at Olympic Stadium in Montreal, which also hosted what would be the WLAF's last game in its original incarnation, World Bowl '92. A crowd of 43,789 watched the Sacramento Surge defeat the Orlando Thunder, 21–17.

The Machine's average game attendance was 31,888 in their first year of play, well above the league average and above expectations. It dropped to 25,254 in their second (and final) year, still in line with league average.

The end of the WLAF's North American operations was soon followed by the CFL commencing its own U.S. expansion experiment, which lasted for three seasons. The subsequent demise of the CFL's U.S. teams coincided with pro football's return to Montreal in 1996 when the third and current incarnation of the Montreal Alouettes commenced play. The Alouettes had been revived by the owners of the Baltimore Stallions, the most successful of the CFL's American franchises, who upon shuttering their U.S.-based team relocated their football organization to Montreal.

Results

 * Week 1: San Antonio Riders 17, Montreal 16
 * Week 2: Montreal 31, Orlando Thunder 29
 * Week 3: Sacramento Surge 14, Montreal 7
 * Week 4: Montreal 31, Ohio Glory 20
 * Week 5: Orlando Thunder 16, Montreal 8
 * Week 6: New York/New Jersey Knights 34, Montreal 11
 * Week 7: Sacramento Surge 35, Montreal 21
 * Week 8: Birmingham Fire 23, Montreal 16 (OT)
 * Week 9: London Monarchs 45, Montreal 13
 * Week 10: New York/New Jersey Knights 41, Montreal 21

title: Montreal Machine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brian Kelley

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Article already deleted. Joyous 23:36, Jan 22, 2005 (UTC)

Brian Kelley
Old vfd nomination:

Reads like vanity / ad for the director of a non-notable company. --Ianb 22:47, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pure vanity. --Benc 02:13, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's on clean-up as well, whenever this goes through. Lyellin 14:18, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - vanity - else I get to list my name and company too... :) - Tεx  τ  urε  17:36, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, as long as New Life Network has an entry, its CEO might as well also. Salasks 20:32, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 18:22, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Andris 10:26, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete vanity --Jiang 10:53, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I was going to Wikify this one but then I deduced from the history that it's been deleted before (see above), and I think this looks like vanity, at least I dont see why this is an encylopedic entry. IrishMist 22:44, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deleted as the THIRD recreation of a previously-deleted via VFD process article. RickK 23:18, Jan 16, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Gareth Payne

Gareth Webb Payne (8 September 1935 – 2 July 2004) was an international rugby union player. He played club rugby for Pontypridd RFC and after joining the Royal Engineers he also represented the Army.

title: Gareth Payne


text:
Tina Sinatra

Christina "Tina" Sinatra (born June 20, 1948) is an American businesswoman, producer, talent agent, actress, singer and author. She is the daughter of Frank Sinatra.

Early life
Christina Sinatra was born on June 20, 1948, in Los Angeles, California, the youngest child of American singer and actor Frank Sinatra and his first wife, Nancy Barbato Sinatra. She has two siblings, Nancy and Frank Jr.. Her parents divorced when she was three years old.

Career
Sinatra never wished to be a singer like her father and siblings, but she took acting classes with Jeff Corey and appeared with Hampton Fancher in the 1969 television miniseries Romeo und Julia 70 in Germany, where she lived for several years. After returning to the United States, she took more classes with Corey, and appeared in episodes of Adam-12, It Takes a Thief, McCloud, and Mannix.

Despite her hesitance to sing, Sinatra appeared on the album The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas with her father and siblings in 1968. She contributed to five tracks on the album, including "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" and a duet on "O Bambino (One Cold and Blessed Winter)", with her sister. Tina also appeared with her siblings on an episode of Dean Martin's television show with Martin's children. She was present at many of her father's recording sessions, including the session for the hit "My Way".

In her memoir, she wrote of her acting career that she lacked the ambition and confidence to become an actress. Sinatra remained in the entertainment industry, becoming a theatrical agent under Arnold Stiefel, and once represented Robert Blake. At her father’s request, in the 1970s, she began to take charge of parts of the elder Sinatra’s career. Upon her father's death, Tina took control of Frank Sinatra's film and music legacy.

An occasional film producer, she also appeared in the television movie Fantasy Island (1977), which became the pilot for the long-running TV series of the same title. She was executive producer of the 1992 television miniseries Sinatra. She was also a producer of the 2004 remake of her father's 1962 film The Manchurian Candidate. A lead actor in The Manchurian Candidate, Frank Sinatra owned the film's legal distribution rights until his death.

Sinatra published the memoir My Father's Daughter in 2000, co-written with Jeff Coplon.

Personal life
In June 1970, Sinatra announced her engagement to actor Robert Wagner. They called off the engagement in January 1972.

On January 26, 1974, Sinatra married musician Wes Farrell at her father's apartment at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. They divorced on September 3, 1976.

On January 30, 1981, Sinatra married Richard M Cohen. They divorced on January 11, 1983.

She started a petition in favor of the construction of the Beverly Hills Community Dog Park in Beverly Hills, California, in 2015.

title: Tina Sinatra


text:
Robert Waterman

Robert Waterman may refer to:
 * Robert Waterman (bishop) (1894–1984), Anglican bishop in Canada
 * Robert Waterman (governor) (1826–1891), governor of California
 * Robert Waterman (sea captain) (1808–1884), clipper ship captain
 * Robert H. Waterman Jr., author and expert on management practices

title: Robert Waterman


text:
José Pastoriza

José Omar Pastoriza (23 May 1942 – 2 August 2004) was a football player and manager. A midfielder, he played for Independiente, AS Monaco, and the Argentina national team. As a manager, he managed the Venezuela national team among other teams.

Playing career
El Pato ("The Duck") Pastoriza was born in Rosario, and started his career in Rosario Central, but gained renown with Colón de Santa Fe. He moved to Racing Club, but was transferred to rival Independiente after 53 matches due to a poor team performance and the precarious economic situation. He stayed six years with Independiente, winning three first division tournaments and a Copa Libertadores. In 1971, he was awarded the Olimpia de Oro, which is given to the Argentine footballer of the year.

After the 1972 season he transferred to Ligue 1 AS Monaco, where he retired as a player.

Coaching career
Having good relations with players, El Pato Patoriza coached the a number of clubs in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia and Spain, as well as the El Salvador and Venezuela national teams. Pastoriza began his managerial career in 1976 with Independiente, the club where he won another three national leagues, another Libertadores Cup and the Intercontinental Cup in 1984. He also worked as the manager of Talleres de Córdoba on many occasions. He had a single stint as manager of several Argentine clubs such as Racing Club, Boca Juniors and Argentinos Juniors.

Pastoriza's first foreign appointment was in 1982, at the Colombian Club Deportivo Los Millonarios. He was manager of Brazilian team Fluminense (1985) before returning to Argentina.

In 1992, he worked as manager of the Spanish Atlético Madrid, and in 1994 he worked with Bolivian Club Bolívar. Pastoriza served as the coach of the El Salvador national team between 1995 and 1996 and as the coach of Venezuela between 1998 and 2000.

In 2004, he died in Buenos Aires during his fifth stint as manager of Independiente. He had a heart attack at his apartment, and the emergency doctors could not save him. Pastoriza had a history of health problems, but kept smoking anyway. The funeral was performed at the Independiente headquarters.

Jairo Castillo, player of Independiente, was repeatedly booked by the referee in later games for removing his shirt to reveal tributes to Pastoriza. As a result, it was decided to add Pastoriza's nickname "Pato" to the official Independiente kit in 2004.

Player
Independiente
 * Argentine Primera División: Nacional 1967, Metropolitano 1970, Metropolitano 1971
 * Copa Libertadores: 1972

Individual
 * Footballer of the Year of Argentina: 1971

Manager
Independiente
 * Argentine Primera División: Nacional 1977, Nacional 1978, Metropolitano 1983
 * Copa Libertadores: 1984
 * Intercontinental Cup: 1984

title: José Pastoriza


text:
Henry Markham

Henry Harrison Markham (November 16, 1840 – October 9, 1923) was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He was the 18th governor of California (1891–1895), and represented California's 6th congressional district during the 49th United States Congress (1885–1887). Earlier in life, he served as a Union Army officer in the American Civil War.

Early life
On November 16, 1840, Markham was born in Wilmington, New York.

Career
During the Civil War, Markham enlisted as a private in Company G, 32nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment; he was promoted to second lieutenant. Markham was part of General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864. He was wounded at the Battle of Rivers' Bridge in 1865, and discharged.

After the war Markham returned to Wisconsin and settled in Milwaukee, where he studied law and passed the bar in 1867. He practiced law in Milwaukee in the state and federal courts. In 1879, Markham continued to practice law in Pasadena.

In 1890, Markham was elected as governor of California and inaugurated in January 1891.

In Pasadena Markham was on the school board and was one of the founders of the Pasadena public library. He was also part of the Calico Union Mining Company. During his run for governor he was referred to as "the dashing colonel from Pasadena." He was a long time member of the Pasadena Republican Club.

Personal life
On May 17, 1876, Markham married Mary A. Dana (1853–1934) in Waukesha, Wisconsin. Markham purchased a 23-acre ranch in Pasadena, California. In 1879, Markham and his family moved to Pasadena, California. They have five daughters, Marie, Alice, Gertrude, Genevieve, and Hildreth. The Markham house was located at 703 S. Pasadena Ave. After elected as governor in 1891, Markham and his family moved to Sacramento, California. On October 9, 1923, Markham died in his home in Pasadena, California. Markham was 82 years old. Markham is interred in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena.

title: Henry Markham