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Hybrid instrument

In the United Kingdom a hybrid bill (which becomes a hybrid instrument or hybrid act) is a government measure which affects a particular individual or organisation in a different manner to other individuals or companies in the same class; it thus bears some resemblance to a private bill. No definitive rules dictate whether a bill is hybrid in substance; the decision is entrusted via the Speaker, to one or more House of Commons officials designated as the 'Examiners of petitions for Private Bills'. It is thus possible that a government unexpectedly finds itself promoting a private measure, upsetting its planned legislative timetable.

The government tends to initiate these on behalf of other bodies and authorities. The default procedure is they are treated like a private bill for the beginning of passage through the Parliament, laid before select committees of both houses empowered to hear petitions from individuals or bodies opposing it. Nevertheless a government can dispense with this additional procedure if it can muster a Commons majority to do so. The bill is then treated as a public bill. It thus proceeds to possible amendment before a select committee in either or in both Houses.

Examples have been those to construct the Channel Tunnel, the Dartford Crossing, Crossrail and High Speed 2.

Acts that were deemed to be hybrid bills include:
 * Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977
 * Channel Tunnel Rail Link Act 1996
 * Crossrail Act 2008
 * High Speed Rail (London–West Midlands) Act 2017
 * High Speed Rail (West Midlands-Crewe) Act 2021

Their use originated as part of British parliamentary procedure, but the procedure is also occasionally used by other parliaments and assemblies set up on a similar vein to Westminster.

Hybrid instruments have found an ideal purpose in legislating on behalf of railway companies and transport agencies to obtain authorisation for major projects voted to be in the national interest and which would affect many private interests significantly.

Statutory instruments can be hybrids. When opposed, such instruments are referred to the Hybrid Instruments Committee to report to the House on whether a select committee should be appointed to consider the petition or petitions against the instrument.

In Canada, they are specifically disallowed by Beauchesne's Rules and Forms of the House of Commons of Canada, which states that "According to Canadian standing orders and practice, there are only two kinds of bills – public and private. The British hybrid bill is not recognized in Canadian practice."

title: Hybrid instrument


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1866 National Union Convention

The National Union Convention (also known as the Loyalist Convention, the Southern Loyalist Convention, the National Loyalists' Loyal Union Convention, or the Arm-In-Arm Convention) was held on August 14–16, 1866, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Convention
The convention was called in Philadelphia before the midterm elections of 1866, in an attempt to encourage political support for US President Andrew Johnson, who was under attack by both moderate and Radical Republicans. Johnson's friends tried to rally support for his lenient pro-South Reconstruction policies. Some hoped to create a new political party, but that goal was not realized. For their part, Republican-aligned newspapers called it the Rebel–Johnson convention, insinuating Johnson's true loyalty was to the Confederacy.

Delegates gathered at a hastily built temporary structure that was designed to accommodate the several thousand people expected to attend. Formally called "the Wigwam," the immense edifice was on Girard Avenue, between 19th and 20th Streets, across from Philadelphia's Girard College.

The convention voted on a resolution supporting black suffrage. Governor Arthur I. Boreman argued against it as "we did not come here to commit suicide" and that passing the resolution would have them "damned to all eternity". Frederick Douglass, attending the convention despite pleas from Oliver P. Morton, was one of two black delegates to the convention and argued for passing the resolution.

About 7000 prominent politicians and activists attended the convention. At its opening, representatives from Massachusetts (General Darius Nash Couch) and South Carolina (Governor James Lawrence Orr) paraded arm-in-arm to symbolize national reconciliation and social equity. The convention was called to order by US Postmaster General Alexander Randall. General (and former New York Governor and Senator) John Adams Dix served as the temporary chairman and Wisconsin Senator James R. Doolittle served as permanent convention president.

In the end, the convention was not successful in unifying the country behind Johnson. He launched a speaking tour (known as the "Swing Around the Circle") hoping to regain public and political support. On the speaking tour, Johnson at times attacked his Republican opponents with crude and abusive language and on several occasions appeared to have had too much to drink. Ultimately, the tour was a disaster for Johnson and emboldened Congress to override him and to impeach him in 1868.

Notable attendees
Notable attendees of the National Union Convention include:
 * Augustus C. Baldwin, U.S. Representative from Michigan
 * John Minor Botts, U.S. Representative from Virginia
 * Augustus Brandegee, U.S. Representative from Connecticut
 * George Briggs, U.S. Representative from New York
 * Ralph P. Buckland, U.S. Representative from Ohio
 * Darius Couch, U.S. Army General
 * John Covode, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
 * Edgar Cowan, U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania
 * James A. Cravens, U.S. Representative from Indiana
 * William Earl Dodge, U.S. Representative from New York
 * James Rood Doolittle, U.S. Senator from Wisconsin
 * William McKee Dunn, U.S. Representative from Indiana
 * Joseph Barton Elam, U.S. Representative from Louisiana
 * James Edward English, U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Connecticut
 * Nathan A. Farwell, U.S. Senator from Maine
 * Thomas W. Ferry, U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Michigan
 * Horace Greeley, publisher and U.S. Representative from New York
 * William S. Groesbeck, state legislator from Ohio
 * Andrew Jackson Hamilton, U.S. Representative from Texas
 * Aaron Harding, U.S. Representative from Kentucky
 * James Harlan, U.S. Senator from Iowa
 * James K. Holland, state legislator from Texas
 * Samuel Hooper, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
 * George S. Houston, U.S. Representative from Alabama
 * Jacob Merritt Howard, U.S. Senator from Michigan
 * Reverdy Johnson, U.S. Senator from Maryland
 * William Lawrence, U.S. Representative from Ohio
 * John Wesley Longyear, U.S. Representative from Michigan
 * Samuel S. Marshall, U.S. Representative from Illinois
 * Horace Maynard, U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * Robert Mallory, U.S. Representative from Kentucky
 * Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson, U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * Richard Oglesby, Governor of Illinois
 * James Lawrence Orr, Governor of South Carolina
 * Halbert E. Paine, U.S. Representative from Wisconsin
 * George Hunt Pendleton, U.S. Senator from Ohio
 * Cyrus L. Pershing, jurist and later candidate for Governor of Pennsylvania
 * Thomas G. Pratt, Governor and U.S. Senator from Maryland
 * Henry Jarvis Raymond, U.S. Representative from New York
 * James S. Rollins, U.S. Representative from Missouri
 * Robert Cumming Schenck, U.S. Representative from Ohio
 * James Speed, U.S. Attorney General
 * John Dodson Stiles, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
 * Byron Gray Stout, U.S. Representative from Michigan
 * John L.N. Stratton, U.S. Representative from New Jersey
 * Lorenzo D.M. Sweat, U.S. Representative from Maine
 * William Barrett Washburn, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
 * Peter Godwin Van Winkle, U.S. Senator from West Virginia
 * Fernando Wood, copperhead Mayor of New York City

Clement Vallandigham, a copperhead from Ohio, was elected to the convention but withdrew to avoid disturbing the harmony of the convention.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1866 National Union Convention


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Eileen Fulton

Eileen Fulton (born Margaret Elizabeth McLarty; September 13, 1933) is an American actress. She is known for her television role as Lisa Grimaldi on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns, which she played almost continuously for 50 years (with two notable interruptions) from May 18, 1960, until the show's ending on September 17, 2010.

As the World Turns
The character of Lisa had a storied history, having been married eight times, divorced three times, and widowed four times (with her most recent marriage annulled), making her full name "Lisa Miller Hughes Eldridge Shea Colman McColl Mitchell Grimaldi Chedwyn".

The character and actress were, in Fulton's first decades on As the World Turns, very popular (to the point where, in the late 1960s, Fulton had to hire a publicist, the first soap actress to do so). The character became hated after a simple sequence where Lisa hired a maid to clean the house and went gallivanting about town. When mother-in-law Nancy complimented Lisa on what a nice home she made for her son Bob, the audience became furious, stopping Fulton on the street and slapping her.

CBS had to hire a bodyguard to escort her to and from the studio. Despite her popularity, Fulton's run has not been without controversy. During the late 1960s, after her onscreen son was aged from age 12 to 19, Fulton insisted it be written into her contract that her character could not become a grandmother. She feared that the perception of her as a grandmother, instead of a glamorous and vital woman, would cause the writers to kill off her character. (This had been done when Barbara Berjer, who was playing one of Lisa's rivals, Claire Shea, became a grandmother.) Fans, believing that the "granny clause" as it became known, was still in effect (which it was not), sent Fulton so much threatening "hate mail" when Lisa's onscreen daughter-in-law, Margo, had a miscarriage in 1986, that she again had to have a bodyguard.

She left the show three times. The first was for several months in 1963, when she was replaced in the role of Lisa by actress Pamela King. She left again in 1965 to bring her Lisa character to her own primetime soap spin-off, Our Private World. This spin-off lasted less than a season, and Fulton took several months off before returning to As the World Turns in early 1966. She left again in 1983 after a contract dispute with executive producer Mary-Ellis Bunim, returning the next year. During Fulton's 1983-1984 absence, the role of Lisa was played by Betsy von Furstenberg. She was also temporarily replaced for a few days by Carmen Duncan in 2004, when she could not appear in several episodes due to illness.

Fulton was prominently featured in a May 2000 show marking costar Don Hastings and her 40th anniversaries on the show, as well as in April 2006, during the show's 50th-anniversary episode; from January 2008 to August 2008, she was seen in at least two episodes per week. Her appearances dropped off after that time, though she was again featured in a two-part tribute episode in May 2010, celebrating her 50th year on the show. She remained on the show through its cancellation, appearing in the final episode in September 2010.

Theatre
While playing Lisa, Fulton performed in the off-Broadway production of The Fantasticks and the Broadway production of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? as Honey in 1963. Fulton would perform her scenes for the live airing of As the World Turns, then be on a Broadway stage for the matinee performance in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (in a 2007 Archives of American Television interview, Fulton explained that there was only a 30-minute window, between the time ATWT concluded its live broadcast at 2:00 pm, and the beginning of the first act of Virginia Woolf, for her to travel from CBS' studios to the Billy Rose Theatre, and get into costume, and that this was only possible because her character did not appear onstage for the first 20 minutes of the play), and by evening she would be back onstage in the off-Broadway musical, The Fantasticks. Her other theatre credits include the off-Broadway production of Abe Lincoln in Illinois with Hal Holbrook in 1963, Many Loves, Summer of the Seventeenth Doll, and Nite Club Confidential.

She also appeared in regional theatre productions, including Plaza Suite, It Had To be You, The Owl and the Pussycat, Goodbye Charlie, and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.

Other work
Fulton has written two memoirs, How My World Turns and As My World Still Turns. She also wrote a mystery novel, called Soap Opera, loosely based on her experiences on As the World Turns and six murder mystery novels, including Take One for Murder, about soap-opera star Nina and her detective boyfriend Dino. Fulton is also a singer, and has performed a number of cabaret and nightclub acts, in addition to her acting.

Personal
Fulton is a 1956 graduate of Greensboro College and was granted an honorary doctorate in 2005, on the 50th anniversary of her college graduation. She was the commencement speaker at Greensboro College's graduation ceremony that year.

In September 1998, she was inducted into the Soap Opera Hall of Fame. Fulton has also appeared in five independent films, which earned her the Achievement in Television and Film Award at the Independent Filmmakers Award ceremony. In 2003, she was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award by the TV Academy during the 31st Annual Daytime Emmy Awards.

Fulton was married three times, all ending in divorce, including to landscape architect Rick McMorrow for three months in 1989.

title: Eileen Fulton


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Battle of Abensberg

The Battle of Abensberg took place on 20 April 1809 between a Franco-German force under the command of Emperor Napoleon I of France and a reinforced Austrian corps led by Feldmarschall-Leutnant Archduke Louis of Austria. As the day wore on, Feldmarschall-Leutnant Johann von Hiller arrived with reinforcements to take command of the three corps that formed the Austrian left wing. The action ended in a complete Franco-German victory. The battlefield was southeast of Abensberg and included clashes at Offenstetten, Biburg-Siegenburg, Rohr in Niederbayern, and Rottenburg an der Laaber. On the same day, the French garrison of Regensburg capitulated.

After Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout's hard-fought victory at Battle of Teugen-Hausen the previous day, Napoleon determined to break through the Austrian defenses behind the Abens River. The emperor assembled a provisional corps consisting of part of Davout's corps plus cavalry and gave Marshal Jean Lannes command over it. Napoleon directed his German allies from the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Württemberg to attack across the Abens from the west, while Lannes thrust from the north toward Rohr. While the Austrians initially held the river line, Lannes' strike force crashed through Louis' defenses farther east. On the left, the Austrians managed to conduct a capable rear guard action, but during the day the French smashed their opponents' right flank and captured thousands of soldiers. The day ended with the Austrians barely holding onto a line behind the Große Laber River.

The next day, Hiller withdrew to Landshut, separating the left wing from the main army under Generalissimo Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen near Regensburg (Ratisbon). The French surrender of Regensburg on 20 April allowed Charles' army a retreat route to the north bank of the Danube. The Battle of Landshut was fought on 21 April.

Operations
Archduke Charles stole a march on Napoleon when his army invaded the Kingdom of Bavaria on 10 April 1809. Even though the Austrian army took six days to slowly march from the Inn River at the frontier to the Isar River, the move placed the army of France and their German allies in grave danger. Napoleon's deputy commander Marshal Louis Alexandre Berthier mismanaged the Grande Armée's concentration, leaving its units scattered across a broad front in a confused state.

The central mass of Archduke Charles' 209,600-man host crossed the Isar at Landshut on 16 April, but the next day Emperor Napoleon arrived at the front from Paris. Desperately trying to wrest the initiative back from the archduke, Napoleon consolidated his forces and ordered Marshal André Masséna's IV Corps and General of Division Nicolas Oudinot's II Corps on the right flank to march on Landshut to cut the Austrian line of communications. He planned for Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre's Bavarian VII Corps to hold in the center at Abensberg while Davout's left flank III Corps withdrew west to escape being trapped between Charles' main body and the Danube.

On 19 April, Charles realized he had an opportunity to destroy Davout. He launched 65,000 troops in three powerful columns northwest as Davout attempted a flank march across his front. Luckily for the French, General of Cavalry Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein's 20,000 troops found no opposition on the Austrian right. In the center, General of Division Louis-Pierre Montbrun's 3,800 cavalry and infantry skilfully held off Feldmarschall-Leutnant Prince Franz Seraph of Rosenberg-Orsini's much stronger IV Armeekorps for most of the day.

On the left flank, Feldmarschall-Leutnant Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen's III Armeekorps crashed into General of Division Louis Vincent Le Blond de Saint-Hilaire's division and a terrific fight blazed up. Both sides fed in reinforcements as the infantry battled over a pair of parallel ridges in the Battle of Teugen-Hausen. Ultimately, Davout brought superior forces to bear in the late afternoon and pushed back the Austrians a short ways. That night, Charles ordered Hohenzollern to withdraw a little to the east, closer to his main body.

On the morning of 19 April, Archduke Charles requested that Hohenzollern provide a link between the III and V Armeekorps. Accordingly, the III Armeekorps commander detached General-Major Ludwig Thierry's 6,000-man infantry brigade to his left. As an additional link between Thierry and III Armeekorps, Hohenzollern detached General-Major Joseph Freiherr von Pfanzelter with a Grenz infantry battalion and two squadrons of hussars, about 1,000 men. While the Battle of Teugen-Hausen raged, Thierry clashed with Bavarian troops near Arnhofen and fell back to Offenstetten.

Austrian deployment
On 20 April, Archduke Charles' main body consisted of the III, IV, and I Reserve Armeekorps. These were arrayed near Dünzling and Eckmühl. Feldzeugmeister Johann Kollowrat's II Armeekorps spent 19 April attacking Regensburg from north of the Danube. While successfully defending the city, Colonel Louis Coutard's 2,000-man 65th Line Infantry Regiment ran dangerously low on small-arms ammunition. General of Cavalry Count Heinrich von Bellegarde's I Armeekorps also remained north of the Danube.

Archduke Louis spread out his V Armeekorps behind the Abens River, facing west. Having detached Feldmarschall-Leutnant Karl Friedrich von Lindenau's division to Liechtenstein, only the divisions of Feldmarschall-Leutnants Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen and Vincenz Freiherr von Schustekh-Herve remained under Louis' command. Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Kienmayer's II Reserve Armeekorps, nominally 7,975-strong, waited in support at Ludmannsdorf. Kienmayer's cuirassier brigade under General-Major Andreas von Schneller was serving with Liechtenstein and four dragoon squadrons were attached to Thierry's brigade. On the evening of the 19th, the bulk of Hiller's VI Armeekorps reached Mainburg to the south. Like V and II Reserve Armeekorps, the VI suffered from detachments. At the beginning of the war, Charles sent the division of Feldmarschall-Leutnant Franz Jellacic to hold Munich, the Bavarian capital, where it remained. Hiller also posted General-Major Armand von Nordmann with a small force at Moosburg an der Isar to watch his south flank. The official returns of Hiller's three corps totalled 75,880 troops, but after detachments, the left wing numbered only 42,000.

French deployment
When Lannes arrived at the front, Napoleon immediately placed him in command of a provisional corps. This ad hoc formation consisted largely of III Corps units that escaped Archduke Charles' trap the day before, namely General of Division Charles Antoine Morand's 1st Division, General of Division Charles-Étienne Gudin de La Sablonnière's 3rd Division, General of Division Raymond-Gaspard de Bonardi de Saint-Sulpice's 2nd Heavy Cavalry Division, and General of Brigade Charles Claude Jacquinot's light cavalry brigade of Montbrun's division. Also added was General of Division Etienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty's 1st Heavy Cavalry Division from the cavalry reserve. One of Saint-Sulpice's brigades was detailed to guard Saal an der Donau, a defile between Lannes and Davout.

On the morning of 20 April, Napoleon mistakenly assumed that the bulk of Archduke Charles' army lay in front of him. Accordingly, he gave orders for a drive southeast in the direction of Landshut. Lannes' mission was to turn the Austrian right flank by pushing south toward Rohr. General of Division Dominique Vandamme would attack Siegenburg with his small Kingdom of Württemberg corps. Lefebvre's other VII Corps divisions, together with General of Division Joseph Laurent Demont's Reserve Division of the III Corps, would link Lannes and Vandamme. Napoleon ordered Masséna's IV Corps to capture Landshut and the Isar River crossings, cutting the Austrian line of communications.

Abensberg
Archduke Charles sent orders to his brother Archduke Louis at 7:30 AM on 20 April. He instructed Louis to fall back to Rottenburg and defend behind the Große Laber. Charles intended Hiller to take position on Louis' left at Pfeffenhausen. Charles erred in sending the orders so late and in not informing Louis of Hohenzollern's withdrawal to the east. The latter move left the V Armeekorps' right flank exposed.

Pfanzelter held Bachl on the extreme right flank. To the west of Bachl, Thierry held Offenstetten with three and one-third battalions. His other two and two-thirds battalions had become separated the previous day and joined General-Major Frederick Bianchi, Duke of Casalanza who had six battalions near Biburg. Louis posted Schustekh with four squadrons of hussars and one and one-third battalions at Rohr. Schustekh's infantry had just rejoined V Armeekorps after marching from Mainburg with General-Major Joseph, Baron von Mesko de Felsö-Kubiny's detachment.

In one account, Lannes' advance guard approached Bachl in the late morning of 20 April, forcing Pfanzelter's small detachment from the Austrian III Armeekorps eastward. The 1st Bavarian Division under Lieutenant General Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria and the 3rd Bavarian Division led by Lieutenant General Bernhard Erasmus von Deroy, together with Demont's III Corps Division advanced on Offenstetten. Around 10:00 AM, they defeated Thierry's brigade, forcing him back on Bachl as Lannes approached from the north. Thierry hastily withdrew to Rohr, which he reached at 2:00 PM.

Historian James R. Arnold offers a different narrative. He writes that Pfanzelter's command was withdrawn on the III Armeekorps commander Hohenzollern's orders, leaving the north–south road through Bachl wide open. Meanwhile, Thierry's attached dragoons discovered that Abensberg and its nearby roads were alive with moving columns of enemy troops. Around 8:00 AM, Thierry fell back on Bachl and found to his dismay that French cavalry already occupied the village. Having become separated from his supporting dragoons, Thierry's men were chased into the woods by Jacquinot's horsemen. From there the Austrians hiked cross-country toward Rohr.

Author Francis Loraine Petre states that Gudin encountered Pfanzelter north of Bachl and brushed him aside about 9:00 AM. The 1st Bavarian division and General-Major Hügel's Württemberg brigade drove Thierry from Offenstetten around 10:00 AM. When the Austrians reached Bachl they stumbled upon Jacquinot who attacked and they "scattered through the woods". Pfanzelter marched east to Langquaid where he rejoined Hohenzollern's corps.

Because he feared that the woods to his left might contain Austrians, Lannes slowed his march so he could scout the terrain to the east. Even so, his column arrived at Rohr before Thierry's infantry. Without Pfanzelter's detachment to warn him, the arrival of Lannes' column surprised Schustekh. The Austrian commander gamely threw four squadrons of hussars at Jacquinot's advance guard. Eventually, Jacquinot got his entire brigade into action and pressed the Austrian hussars back on the supporting battalion and one-third of Grenz infantry south of Rohr. At this time, Thierry's winded infantry appeared on the scene. With the help of Gudin's 17th Light Infantry and a battery of artillery, Jacquinot's chasseurs broke Thierry's foot soldiers and hounded them into the woods again.

To take the pressure off the infantry, Schustekh charged again, just as Thierry's lost dragoons showed up. At first, the attack went well, but then the Austrian horsemen came up against a mass of cuirassiers. The result was a rout of the Habsburg cavalry, who rode through the ranks of their own foot soldiers. The French chasseurs and cuirassiers rode roughshod over the troops of Thierry and Mesko, cutting down the fugitives. Over 3,000 Austrians became prisoners, including Thierry, and four cannon were lost.

The previous evening, Hiller's VI Armeekorps bivouacked at Mainburg. Though a road ran directly from Mainburg to Louis' left flank at Siegenburg, a distance of only 13 kilometers, Hiller elected to join his colleague by a roundabout march via Pfeffenhausen. Once he arrived, Hiller was authorized to take command of all three left wing corps. Hiller personally arrived in Siegenburg to confer with Archduke Louis around midday. Hearing troubling reports from the right flank, he sent Feldmarschall-Leutnant Karl von Vincent toward Rottenburg with the line brigades of Generals-Major Josef Hoffmeister and Nikolaus Weissenwolf, plus four squadrons of the Rosenberg Chevauxlegers Regiment # 6. Petre names the two line infantry brigade commanders.

Archduke Louis posted Prince Reuss and General-Major Joseph Radetzky von Radetz with four battalions and 12 cavalry squadrons at Siegenburg. Bianchi held the east bank of the Abens opposite Biburg. Lieutenant-General Karl Philipp von Wrede probed at Siegenburg but his 2nd Bavarian Division was easily fended off by Radetzky and a battery of 12-pdr cannon. At this time, Louis heard that the French attacked Thierry, so he ordered Radetzky to send two battalions to the right flank and called up Kienmayer's command from Ludmannsdorf.

Wrede moved north to Biburg, where he tried to get across the Abens again. At first he was not successful, but Bianchi withdrew to Kirchdorf, allowing the 2nd Bavarian Division to cross to the east bank of the stream. Meanwhile, General of Division Dominique Vandamme's Württemberg contingent (later known as the VIII Corps) replaced Wrede in front of Siegenburg. Vandamme soon realized that crossing at Siegenburg was futile, so he too marched north, crossed the river at Abensberg and moved south to Kirchdorf. Here the Bavarians and Württembergers found Bianchi with his reinforced brigade and a cavalry squadron. Reuss soon arrived with Radetzky's two battalions. Around 2:00 PM a sharp combat took place after which the Austrians retreated to the southeast. According to one account, General of Division Jean Victor Tharreau's cavalry of the II Corps also became involved at Kirchdorf.

Pressed by Wrede's 7th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, plus two of Hügel's Württemberg battalions, Radetzky conducted an orderly retreat on the Siegenburg road, covered by the grenzers and Kienmayer's grenadiers under General-Major Konstantin Ghilian Karl d'Aspré. He managed to shepherd the V Armeekorps trains safely through Pfeffenhausen before the Bavarians cut him off. Wrede pursued aggressively and scooped up many prisoners but failed to capture the bridge, which the Austrians burned. Even so, the Bavarians kept up the pressure, crossing the shallow Große Laber at 11:00 PM to attack. Radetzky fell back to a hill called the Hornbach where his rear guard skirmished with the Bavarians into the early morning hours.

When Vincent's column neared Rottenburg, he found the road jammed with the III Armeekorps trains. A charge by the Rosenberg Chevauxlegers halted the French cuirassiers long enough for his infantry to gain solid positions on the east side of the Große Laber. Hiller arrived at Rottenburg in the late afternoon and ordered a counterattack at 7:00 PM. Vincent swung his left brigade forward and quickly overran a Bavarian unit, capturing 300 troops. Soon after, the Deutschmeister Infantry Regiment # 4 got into a vicious firefight with Bavarian and French infantry. In the twilight, the Austrians were forced back by superior numbers with 600 casualties, but they had finally stopped their enemies.

Regensburg
On 20 April, the Austrian II Armeekorps continued attacking Colonel Louis Coutard's 65th Line Infantry Regiment at Regensburg. A French convoy sent to replenish the critically low ammunition supply was ambushed by Austrian cavalry at 8:00 AM. The French troops finally ran out of ammunition and Coutard asked Kollowrat for a 24-hour truce after which he promised to surrender if not relieved. The Austrian commander foolishly agreed to the terms.

However, Liechtenstein's column soon appeared from the south. Liechtenstein pointed out that the existing truce did not apply to him and demanded an immediate surrender. Coutard thereupon capitulated at 5:00 PM. The French sappers had found it impossible to demolish the sturdily-built Regensburg bridge. The intact bridge later played a key factor in the escape of Charles' army. In two days of fighting, the French lost 11 officers and about 200 soldiers killed and wounded, plus 1,988 captured. Austrian losses were 73 dead, 220 wounded, and 85 missing for a total of 378 casualties. During the struggle the French captured 75 troops and one color, all of which were recovered.

When Kollowrat finally reported the II Armeekorps available for duty that evening, the headquarters ordered his troops to make an overnight march west to Hemau on the north bank of the Danube. In the morning, the tired troops were recalled to Regensburg from their pointless ramble.

Aftermath
Arnold lists 1,107 Allied casualties, including 746 Bavarians. He gives Austrian losses as 492 killed, 2,219 wounded, and nearly 4,000 captured, or a total of 6,711. The French also captured eight colors and 12 cannons. Digby Smith notes Allied casualties as 34 dead and 438 wounded, but this seems to count only the German allied troops. Austrian total losses are given as 6,872, including 3,000 to 4,000 captured. The 2nd battalion of the Broder Grenz (Mesko's brigade) was annihilated, with 18 officers and 1,040 rank and file counted as lost. Smith gives killed, wounded, captured, and missing, but the numbers only add up to 5,824 so they are not listed. Petre lists 2,710 Austrians killed and wounded, plus about 4,000 captured. Altogether, the 42,000 troops of Hiller's three-corps left wing faced 55,000 French and their German allies. Only about 25,000 Austrians and an equal number of Allies were engaged in action. More recent scholarship by John H. Gill attributes losses of 7,200 men and 12 guns to Austrian forces, and 1,000 to French and French-allied forces.

That evening, as the extent of Thierry and Schustekh's disaster became known, Hiller resolved to pull his three corps behind the Isar at Landshut. In this decision, he was also influenced by Masséna's move against his left rear and unfavorable reports from Archduke Louis. This crucial decision meant that the Austrian left wing would in the near future operate independently from Archduke Charles' main body. Hiller would only reunite with his army commander on 15 May north of Vienna.

While Napoleon savaged his left wing, Archduke Charles remained amazingly inert. At 6:00 AM, the archduke was with Prince Rosenberg and at 7:30 AM he sent orders to Archduke Louis and then wrote a letter to Emperor Francis I of Austria. But from 11:00 AM until 6:30 PM, the Austrian generalissimo failed to issue any orders. He either became obsessed with capturing Regensburg or he had an epileptic seizure during which he is supposed to have locked himself in his quarters. The epileptic attack is probable, but there is a possibility it may be a cover story for Charles' failure to exercise command. What is known is that the Austrian III, IV, and I Reserve Armeekorps did not disturb Davout's remaining three divisions under Generals of Division Louis Friant, Saint-Hilaire, and Montbrun on 20 April.

Despite being outnumbered, Napoleon's 113,000 troops split the 161,000 strung-out Austrians into two forces. Charles five corps, including 48,000 additional troops of the I and II Armeekorps north of Regensburg, lay to the north while Hiller's three corps fell back to Landshut. (Massena and Oudinot's 57,000 soldiers are not counted in Napoleon's total.) Both Austrian forces had to fight a second major battle each. Hiller fought the Battle of Landshut on 21 April, while Charles engaged in the Battle of Eckmühl on the 22nd.

Order of battle
''The following is an abbreviated order of battle. Complete orders of battle are found in the Abensberg 1809 Order of Battle.''

Austrian forces
Left Wing: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Johann von Hiller
 * VI Armeekorps: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Johann von Hiller (35,639) Strength only. Order of battle.
 * Reserve Artillery: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Karl von Rouvroy (24 guns)
 * Division: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Friedrich Kottulinsky
 * Brigade: General-Major Otto Hohenfeld (6 battalions, 8 guns)
 * Brigade: General-Major Nikolaus Weissenwolf (6 battalions, 8 guns)
 * Divisional Artillery: (6 guns)
 * Division: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Franz Jellacic (Jellacic detached at Munich)
 * Brigade: General-Major Konstantin Ettingshausen (6 battalions, 8 guns) (Detached at Munich)
 * Brigade: General-Major Karl Dollmayer von Provenchères (5 battalions, 8 squadrons, 14 guns) (Detached at Munich) Hoffmeister's brigade belonged to Jellacic, but it was exchanged for Dollmayer von Provenchères' brigade of the Light Division at the beginning of the conflict.
 * Divisional Artillery: (6 guns)
 * Light Division: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Karl von Vincent
 * Brigade: General-Major Josef Hoffmeister (6 battalions, 8 guns)
 * Brigade: General-Major Armand von Nordmann (2 battalions, 16 squadrons, 14 guns) (Detached at Moosburg)

 * V Armeekorps: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Archduke Louis (32,266) Strength only
 * Reserve Artillery: Major Adam Pfefferkorn (18 guns)
 * Brigade: General-Major Ludwig Thierry (6 battalions, 8 guns) (Attached from III Armeekorps)
 * Division: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Karl Friedrich von Lindenau (Detached to I Reserve Armeekorps)
 * Brigade: General-Major Anton Mayer von Heldensfeld (6 battalions, 8 guns)
 * Brigade: General-Major Ignaz Buol von Berenburg (6 battalions, 8 guns)
 * Divisional Artillery: (6 guns)
 * Division: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
 * Brigade: General-Major Frederick Bianchi, Duke of Casalanza (6 battalions, 8 guns)
 * Brigade: General-Major Franz Johann Schulz von Rothacker (6 battalions)
 * Divisional Artillery: (6 guns)
 * Light Division: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Emmanuel von Schustekh-Herve
 * Brigade: General-Major Joseph, Baron von Mesko de Felsö-Kubiny (2 battalions, 8 squadrons, 8 guns)
 * Brigade: General-Major Joseph Radetzky von Radetz (2 battalions, 8 squadrons, 6 guns)
 * II Reserve Armeekorps: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Kienmayer (7,975) Strength only Order of battle.
 * Brigade: General-Major Konstantin Ghilian Karl d'Aspré (5 grenadier battalions, 8 guns)
 * Brigade: General-Major Andreas von Schneller (12 squadrons, 6 guns) (Detached to I Reserve Armeekorps)
 * Brigade: General-Major Josef von Clary (12 squadrons, 6 guns) (4 squadrons attached to Thierry)

French-Allied forces
Grande Armée: Napoleon I of France
 * Provisional Corps: Marshal Jean Lannes
 * Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade Charles Claude Jacquinot (9 squadrons) (Attached from Montbrun)
 * 1st Division: General of Division Charles Antoine Morand (11,065) (Attached from III Corps)
 * Brigade: General of Brigade Nicolas Bernard Guiot de Lacour (9 battalions)
 * Brigade: General of Brigade François l'Huillier de Hoff
 * 61st Line Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
 * 65th Line Infantry Regiment (3 battalions) (Regiment detached at Regensburg)
 * Divisional Artillery: (12 guns)
 * 3rd Division: General of Division Charles-Étienne Gudin de La Sablonnière (11,440) (Attached from III Corps)
 * Brigade: General of Brigade Claude Petit (3 battalions)
 * Brigade: General of Brigade Pierre Boyer (6 battalions)
 * Brigade: General of Brigade Jean Duppelin (6 battalions)
 * Divisional Artillery: (12 guns)
 * 1st Heavy Cavalry Division: General of Division Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty (5,337) (Attached from Reserve)
 * Brigade: General of Brigade Jean-Marie Defrance (8 squadrons)
 * Brigade: General of Brigade Jean-Pierre Doumerc (8 squadrons)
 * Brigade: General of Brigade Antoine Louis Decrest de Saint-Germain (8 squadrons)
 * Divisional Artillery: (12 guns)
 * 2nd Heavy Cavalry Division: General of Division Raymond-Gaspard de Bonardi de Saint-Sulpice (3,411) (Attached from III Corps)
 * Brigade: General of Brigade François Marie Clément de la Roncière (8 squadrons) (One brigade guarding Saal) It is not known which brigade was detached.
 * Brigade: General of Brigade Marie Adrien François Guiton (8 squadrons)
 * Divisional Artillery: (6 guns)

 * VII (Bavarian) Corps: Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre
 * Artillery Reserve: Colonel Calonge (18 guns)
 * 1st Bavarian Division: Lieutenant-General Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria
 * Brigade: General-Major Rechberg (5 battalions)
 * Brigade: General-Major Stengel (4 battalions)
 * Cavalry Brigade: General-Major Zandt (6 squadrons)
 * Divisional Artillery: (18 guns)
 * 2nd Bavarian Division: Lieutenant-General Karl Philipp von Wrede
 * Brigade: General-Major Minuzzi (5 battalions)
 * Brigade: General-Major Beckers (4 battalions)
 * Cavalry Brigade: General-Major Preysing (8 squadrons)
 * Divisional Artillery: (18 guns)
 * 3rd Bavarian Division: Lieutenant-General Bernhard Erasmus von Deroy (Not engaged)
 * Brigade: General-Major Siebein (5 battalions)
 * Brigade: General-Major Vincenti (5 battalions)
 * Cavalry Brigade: General-Major Seydewitz (8 squadrons)
 * Divisional Artillery: (18 guns)

 * Württemberg (later VIII) Corps: General of Division Dominique Vandamme
 * Reserve Artillery: Colonel Schnadow (22 guns)
 * Württemberg Division: Lieutenant General Neubronn
 * Brigade: General-Major Friedrich von Franquemont (5 battalions)
 * Brigade: General-Major Scharfenstein (5 battalions)
 * Light Brigade: General-Major Hügel (3 battalions)
 * Württemberg Cavalry Division: Lieutenant General Wöllwarth
 * Brigade: General-Major Roeder (8 squadrons)
 * Brigade: General-Major Stettner (8 squadrons)

title: Battle of Abensberg


text: User talk:134.58.253.130

title: User talk:134.58.253.130


text:
United States color-coded war plans

During the 1920s and 1930s, the United States Armed Forces developed a number of color-coded war plans that outlined potential U.S. strategies for a variety of hypothetical war scenarios. The plans, developed by the Joint Planning Committee (which later became the Joint Chiefs of Staff), were officially withdrawn in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II in favor of five "Rainbow" plans developed to meet the threat of a two-ocean war against multiple enemies.

Colors
The desire for the Army and Navy to utilize the same symbols for their plans gave rise to the use of colors in U.S. war planning. By the end of 1904, the Joint Board had adopted a system of hues, symbols, and shorthand names to represent nations. Many war plans became known by the color of the country to which they were related, a convention that lasted through World War II. As the convention of using colors took root, some were eventually reused, such as Grey, which originally referred to Italy but eventually became a plan for the capture and occupation of Portugal’s Azores. In all the plans the U.S. referred to itself as "Blue".

The plan that received the most consideration was War Plan Orange, a series of contingency plans for fighting a war with Japan alone, outlined unofficially in 1919 and officially in 1924. Orange formed some of the basis for the actual campaign against Japan in World War II and included the huge economic blockade from mainland China and the plans for interning the Japanese-American population.

War Plan Red was a plan for war against the British Empire. British dominions and colonies had war plans of different shades of red: the United Kingdom was "Red", Canada "Crimson", India "Ruby", Australia "Scarlet" and New Zealand "Garnet". Ireland, at the time a free state within the British Empire, was named "Emerald".

War Plan Black was a plan for war with Germany. The best-known version of Black was conceived as a contingency plan during World War I in case France fell and the Germans attempted to seize French possessions in the Caribbean or launch an attack on the eastern seaboard.

Considerations
Many of the war plans were extremely unlikely given the state of international relations in the 1920s and were entirely in keeping with the military planning of other nation-states. Often, junior military officers were given the task of updating each plan to keep them trained and busy (especially in the case of War Plan Crimson, the invasion of Canada). Some of the war plan colors were revised over time, possibly resulting in confusion.

Although the U.S. had fought its most recent war against Germany and would fight another within twenty years, intense domestic pressure emerged for the Army to halt when it became known that the Army was constructing a plan for a war with Germany; isolationists opposed any consideration of involvement in a future European conflict. This may have encouraged the Army to focus on more speculative scenarios for planning exercises.

War Plan Green
During the 1910s, relations between Mexico and the United States were often volatile. In 1912, U.S. President William Howard Taft considered sending an expeditionary force to protect foreign-owned property from damage during the Mexican Revolution. Thus War Plan Green was developed. In 1916, U.S. troops under General John Pershing invaded Mexico in search of Pancho Villa, whose army had attacked Columbus, New Mexico; earlier, American naval forces had bombarded and seized the Mexican port of Veracruz and forced Victoriano Huerta to resign the presidency. In 1917, British intelligence intercepted a telegram from the German foreign ministry to its embassy in Mexico City offering an alliance against the United States and assistance in the Mexican reconquest of the Southwest. Released to American newspapers, the Zimmermann Telegram helped turn American opinion against Germany and further poisoned the atmosphere between the U.S. and Mexico. Relations with Mexico remained tense into the 1920s and 1930s.

Beyond Mexico
Between the American Civil War and World War I, the American military intervened in the affairs of Latin American countries, including Colombia, Panama, Haiti, Cuba and Nicaragua. In doing so, parts of "Gray" and "Purple", plans were considered although never officially activated.

Multilateral war plans
Some plans were expanded to include war against a coalition of hostile powers. The most detailed was War Plan Red-Orange, which detailed a two-front war against Britain and Japan. This was the contingency which most worried U.S. war planners, since it entailed a two-ocean war against major naval powers. Although the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance was terminated by the 1921 Four-Power Treaty, American generals did not rule out the possibility of Britain wanting to seek an alliance with Japan again if war ever broke out. Theories developed in War Plan Red-Orange were useful during World War II, when the United States engaged the Axis powers in both the Atlantic and Pacific simultaneously.

Rainbow plans
Japan took the opportunity afforded by World War I to establish itself as a major strategic power in the Pacific Ocean. Most American officials and planners then considered a war with Japan to be highly likely. The fear lessened when the civilian government of Japan temporarily halted its program of military expansion, but it was resumed in 1931. War Plan Orange was the longest and most detailed of the color-designated plans.

However, following the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and events in Europe in 1938—1940 (the Anschluss, the Munich Agreement, the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and the German invasion of Poland and western Europe), American war planners realized that the United States faced war on multiple fronts against a coalition of enemies. Therefore, the Joint Planning Board developed a new series of "Rainbow" plans —the term being a logical extension of the previous "color" plans.

 * Rainbow 1 was a plan for a defensive war to protect the United States and the Western Hemisphere north of ten degrees [south] latitude. In such a war, the United States was assumed to be without major allies.
 * Rainbow 2 was identical to Rainbow 1, except for assuming that the United States would be allied with France and the United Kingdom.
 * Rainbow 3 was a repetition of the Orange plan, with the provision that the hemisphere defense would first be secured, as provided in Rainbow 1.
 * Rainbow 4 was based on the same assumptions as Rainbow 1 but extended the American mission to include defense of the entire Western hemisphere.
 * Rainbow 5, destined to be the basis for American strategy in World War II, assumed that the United States was allied with Britain and France and provided for offensive operations by American forces in Europe, Africa, or both.

The assumptions and plans for Rainbow 5 were discussed extensively in the Plan Dog memo, which concluded ultimately that the United States would adhere to a Europe first strategy in World War II.

Leak of the Rainbow 5 plan
On December 4, 1941, three days before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Chicago Tribune, with the headline "F.D.R.’s War Plans!", along with The Times Herald of Washington, D.C., published the Rainbow Five plan. The articles, both by the Tribune's Washington correspondent, Chesly Manly, revealed plans to build a 10-million-man Army with a five-million-man expeditionary force to be sent to Europe in 1943 in order to defeat Nazi Germany.

The publication ignited a storm of controversy in the U.S., with isolationist politicians claiming Roosevelt was violating his pledge to keep the country out of the European war, while Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson accused the newspapers of unpatriotic behavior and suggested it would be a dereliction of duty for the War Department not to plan for every contingency. Germany publicly ridiculed the plan the next day, doubting "whether the entire world shipping would be sufficient to transport 5,000,000 troops to Europe, much less supply them there."

Privately, the German general staff saw the publication of the plans as extremely valuable intelligence and used its threat of a five-million-man U.S. force in 1943 to argue for temporarily stalling the faltering invasion of the Soviet Union, and concentrating German forces in the west. Hitler vehemently rejected that idea. Historian Thomas Fleming suggests that Germany might have prevailed against the UK and the U.S. if he had not. The source of the leak has never been determined, with speculation listing several possibilities, including disgruntled or isolationist military officers and even President Roosevelt himself.

List of color plans
According to the public intelligence site, Global Security, the following plans are known to have existed:

 * War Plan Black
 * A plan for war with Germany. The best-known version of Black was conceived as a contingency plan during World War I in case France fell, and the Germans attempted to seize the French West Indies in the Caribbean Sea, or launch an attack on the eastern seaboard.

 * War Plan Gray
 * There were two war plans named Gray. The first dealt with Central America and the Caribbean, and the second dealt with invading the Portuguese Azores.
 * War Plan Brown
 * Dealt with an uprising in the Philippines.

 * War Plan Tan
 * Intervention in Cuba.

 * War Plan Red
 * Plan for the British Empire, with specific subvariants for the British dominions:
 * Crimson: Canada
 * Ruby: India
 * Scarlet: Australia
 * Emerald: Irish Free State

 * War Plan Orange
 * Plan for the Empire of Japan.

 * War Plan Red-Orange
 * Considered a two-front war with the United States (Blue) opposing the Empire of Japan (Orange) and the British Empire (Red) simultaneously (the Anglo-Japanese Alliance). This analysis led to the understanding that the United States did not have the resources to fight a two-front war. As a result, it was decided that one front should be prioritized for offense while the other was to be defensive, for war against British territories in North America and the Atlantic and against Britain and Japan in the Pacific respectively. This decision resulted in the Plan Dog memo during World War II, replacing Britain with Germany and Italy instead.

 * War Plan Yellow
 * Dealt with war in China—specifically, anticipating a repeat of the Boxer Uprising (1899–1901). War Plan Yellow would deploy the U.S. Army in coalition with other imperial forces to suppress indigenous discontent in the Shanghai International Settlement and Beijing Legation Quarter, with chemical weapons if necessary.

 * War Plan Gold
 * Involved war with France, and/or France's Caribbean colonies.

 * War Plan Green
 * Involved war with Mexico or what was known as "Mexican Domestic Intervention" in order to defeat rebel forces and establish a pro-American government. War Plan Green was officially canceled in 1946.

 * War Plan Indigo
 * Involved an occupation of Iceland. In 1941, while Denmark was under German occupation, the U.S. actually did occupy Iceland, relieving British units during the Battle of the Atlantic.

 * War Plan Purple
 * Dealt with invading a South American republic.

 * War Plan Violet
 * Covered Latin America.

 * War Plan White
 * Dealt with a domestic uprising in the U.S. and later evolved to Operation Garden Plot, the general U.S. military plan for civil disturbances and peaceful protests. Parts of War Plan White were used to deal with the Bonus Expeditionary Force in 1932. Communist insurgents were considered the most likely threat by the authors of War Plan White.

 * War Plan Blue
 * Covered defensive plans and preparations that the United States should take in times of peace.

No war plan has been constructed towards the Soviet Union.

title: United States color-coded war plans


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ray Ryan

"Ray Ryan" was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Decision certified and page deleted by User:VampWillow.

Vanity page, substub, and nearly incomprehensible. -FZ 18:12, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * I suspect the Ray Ryan listed here: Evansville, Indiana. Either move info from that page, or delete this one. --Ianb 18:37, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Since the Ray Ryan listed under Evansville does appear to be a legitimately notable person (and dead, for that matter, which rules out this being a vanity page), I'd say keep if someone can expand it. Bearcat 20:02, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - not an article. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:32, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * If the photos on that page are of the same Ray Ryan listed in Evansville, Indiana, then why not turn the thing into an article? I'm curious as to why he was considered so famous.  Keep.  --Ardonik 03:32, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not even sure if Ray Ryan deserves a page (google gave me quite a few hits, but nothing on the first couple pages seems to be him). If someone in the know wants to write an article for him let them give it a shot. But not this tripe. They can start from stratch.-R. fiend 05:35, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * proves the existence of a real Ray Ryan who lived in Evansville, Indiana and who, based on the headlines, was apparently notable. However, this is the only source of verifiable information and it requires a registration - more work than I'm willing to do tonight.  The current article is a sub-stub.    Temporary keep in the hope that someone will do more research. Rossami 04:03, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Thomas W. Ferry

Thomas White Ferry (June 10, 1827 – October 13, 1896), or T.W. Ferry, was a U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, and acting Vice President of the United States from Michigan. He was one of four United States senators from Michigan to have served as president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, and Ferry is the only U.S. senator from Michigan to hold the position for multiple Congresses (44th and 45th).

Birth and early life
Ferry was born in the old Mission House on Mackinac Island in the Territory of Michigan. The community on Mackinac at that time included the military garrison, the main depot of John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company, and the mission. His father, Rev. William Montague Ferry, was a Presbyterian pastor, and his mother was Amanda White Ferry. His parents ran the mission school on the island.

William Ferry also was the pastor of the Protestant church on the island. Thomas moved in 1834 with his parents to Grand Haven, Michigan, attended the public schools. He worked as a store clerk in Elgin, Illinois, for two years from 1843 to 1845 before returning to Michigan. At the age of 21 he was elected clerk of Ottawa County.

In addition to English, Ferry was fluent in Ottawa, Chippewa, and French.

State legislator
Ferry was a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1850 to 1852 and a member of the Michigan State Senate in 1856. On January 26, 1857, Ferry, along with his father, platted the village of Ferrysburg, Michigan.

Years between state and federal office
In 1862 Ferry became a director of the new Grand Haven Union High School and was superintendent for ten years. He went into the lumbering business with his brother, Edward Payson Ferry. Before the Civil War he served on the Republican State Central Committee for eight years and was delegate-at-large and one of the vice presidents of the national convention that nominated Abraham Lincoln. Upon President Abraham Lincoln's death, he was appointed by the U.S. Senate to a committee that accompanied Lincoln's body to Springfield.

United States Representative
He was a delegate to the Loyalist Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. He was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives for the 39th, 40th, and 41st Congresses, serving from March 4, 1865 to March 3, 1871. He was re-elected to the U.S. House for the 42nd Congress in the general election of November 8, 1870. The Michigan Legislature subsequently elected him to the U.S. Senate on January 18, 1871, and Wilder D. Foster was elected in a special election on April 4, 1871, to fill his vacancy in the House.

On April 2, 1868, he testified in the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, having been called as a witness by the prosecution.

One of Ferry's lasting legacies in the house is the clearing of the floor prior to the start of a session. On March 31, 1869, Ferry moved that the House adopt a rule which required the House Doorkeeper to clear the floor of visitors and non-privileged employees ten minutes before the start of a session. The rule was later changed to fifteen minutes.

United States Senator
Ferry was re-elected to the Senate in 1871, and served from March 4, 1871 to March 3, 1883. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1882. Ferry was the first person from Michigan to have served in both houses of the Michigan State Legislature and in both houses of the United States Congress.

During the "Panic of 1873", economic deflation caused serious problems and Ferry became a face of the Republican inflationist movement. Congress hoped inflation would stimulate the economy and passed the Ferry Bill (introduced by Senator Ferry), which became known as the "Inflation Bill" in 1874. Many farmers and workingmen favored the bill, which would have added $64 million in greenbacks to circulation, but some Eastern bankers opposed it because it would have weakened the dollar. The bill passed the Senate and House of Representatives, but was vetoed by President Grant. An override attempt failed 34–30 in the Senate. This is one of the few bills vetoed by a member of the same party as a bills sponsor.

While senator, Ferry was chairman of the Committee on Rules and the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads (46th and 47th Congresses), as well as President pro tempore of the Senate during the 44th and 45th Congresses.

Acting Vice President
Vice President Henry Wilson died on November 22, 1875. Ferry, being President pro tempore of the Senate, was next in the line of presidential succession, and remained so until March 3, 1877. The title of "Acting Vice President" is not defined in the Constitution, but was widely used at the time (including by Ferry himself).

Ferry presided over the 1876 impeachment trial of U.S. Secretary of War William Belknap and the meetings of the Electoral Commission created by Congress to resolve the disputed 1876 presidential election. Still president pro tempore at that time, he would have temporally become the acting president had the Electoral College vote not been certified by March 4, 1877. Congress certified Rutherford B. Hayes as the winner of the Electoral College vote on March 2.

On July 4, 1876, the United States celebrated its 100th anniversary with a ceremony in Philadelphia at Independence Hall. President Grant was supposed to attend and lead the ceremony, but instead sent Ferry (as acting vice president) in his place. While Ferry was officiating, five women, headed by Susan B. Anthony, walked onto the platform and handed their "Declaration of Rights" to Ferry. As they were being taken off the stage, they threw out copies to the crowd. Anthony also read the Declaration to a large crowd and invited everyone to a National Woman Suffrage Association convention nearby.

1882 election
Ferry's 1882 election saw national attention. Political opponent Jay Hubbell, created the "Grand Army Journal" newspaper. This libelous publication was almost universally denounced. Its sole purpose was to defame Senator Ferry. Hubbell sought to take his place in the Senate by throwing slanderous headlines in his "Journal" which he mailed out by the thousands.

Word of this fake publication took its toll on both men. Thousands of Michiganders had read this publication and, though untrue, it had tarnished Ferry's image. Hubbell was despised by many Michiganders for fabricating lies about Michigan's most powerful politician. Hubbell withdrew from the election.

Hubbell was not the only one waging war with Ferry. The Grand Rapids Times published a story labeling Ferry as unfit for office. They accused Ferry of drunkenly insulting patrons of a Washington DC Hotel. There were no first hand accounts that this took place. The Hotel proprietor, staff, and many colleagues on both sides of the aisle disputed the story and claimed Ferry did not drink and had been the perfect guest for the 12 years he had spent there.

It was said in the Chicago Inter-Ocean newspaper that, "A more malignant and unscrupulous campaign has never been conducted against any man, and whether Ferry wins or losses, the effect of this contest will be felt in Michigan for some time to come." The story continues to say, "If Michigan withdraws him and sends a new man, the State will thus surrender its standing on committees in Congress, much of its relative influence there; and what Michigan thus loses other States will gain."

After these personal attacks, Ferry could see his political life coming to an end. He withdrew from the election and advocated for the nomination of close friend Thomas Palmer. Palmer went on to replace Ferry in the Senate, much to the dismay of Ferry's political rivals.

Later life and death
Following his political defeat, Ferry travelled in Europe for three years to recover his mental and physical health. When he returned to Grand Haven in 1886 he worked to manage his businesses and repay his debts.

Ferry had interests in mining, lumber, and iron businesses. Towards the late 1800s the west Michigan lumber Industry had dried up. This along with political foes targeting his Ottawa Iron Works business caused Ferry's companies to declare bankruptcy. Along with liquidating business assets, Ferry spent over $1,250,000($36,000,000 in 2021 dollars) to pay his personal debts.

Ferry never married, but was engaged on multiple occasions. Ferry was considered to be one of Washington's most eligible bachelors. He was described as being wealthy, charismatic, handsome, and powerful. One Philadelphia newspaper called him the "lady-killer" of his day who "never fails to gather a harvest of hearts during their proper season."

Once an immensely wealthy man, Ferry fell into financial disaster following his political defeat. He spent his final years hidden from the national spotlight. Ferry died in Grand Haven, Michigan, at age 69. He is interred in Grand Haven's Lake Forest Cemetery in the Ferry family plot. His epitaph reads, “I have done what I could to extend our commerce over the world for the security of life and property along our seacoast, upon our great inland seas. T.W.F. The Sailors’ and Soldiers’ Friend. For 62 years a citizen of Grand Haven, Mich.”

title: Thomas W. Ferry


text:
Round Grove

Round Grove may refer to:

 * Round Grove, Illinois
 * Round Grove, Indiana
 * Round Grove, Missouri
 * Round Grove Township (disambiguation)

title: Round Grove


text:
Barrick Gold

Barrick Gold Corporation is a mining company that produces gold and copper with 16 operating sites in 13 countries. It is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It has mining operations in Argentina, Canada, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Mali, Papua New Guinea, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, the United States and Zambia. In 2023, it produced 4.05 million ounces of gold at all-in sustaining costs of $1,335/ounce and 420 million pounds of copper at all-in sustaining costs of $3.21/pound. the company had 77 million ounces of proven and probable gold reserves.

Barrick has met or beaten market consensus on its financial and operating results for eleven consecutive quarters as of Q3 2021.

Barrick had been the world's largest gold mining company until Newmont acquired Goldcorp in 2019. Barrick expects to produce between 3.9 and 4.3 million ounces of gold and between 180 and 210 million tonnes of copper in 2024.

Chief executive Mark Bristow said in 2020 that Barrick has debated moving its primary stock listing to the New York Stock Exchange from the Toronto Stock Exchange, broadening its exposure to potential investors.

Barrick Resources
Barrick Gold Corporation evolved from a privately held North American oil and gas company, Barrick Resources. After suffering financial losses in oil and gas, founder Peter Munk (1927–2018) decided to refocus the company on gold. Barrick Resources Corporation became a publicly traded company on May 2, 1983, listing on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

Goldstrike
In the 1980s, Barrick Gold purchased Goldstrike, which was a rapid success making Barrick one of the biggest gold mining companies globally.

American Barrick
Reflecting its identity as a North American producer, distinct from its South African competitors, the company's name was changed to American Barrick Resources in 1986. It was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in February 1987. Its name was changed to Barrick Gold Corporation in 1995.

Barrick Gold Corporation
American Barrick became the third-largest gold mining company in the world when it acquired Lac Minerals in 1994, which owned mining properties in North and South America. Two years later, in 1996, Arequipa Resources, owner of properties including the Pierina mine in Peru, accepted a takeover offer from the renamed Barrick Gold Corporation. A third acquisition followed in early 1999, when Barrick Gold acquired Sutton Resources Ltd., assuming ownership of properties in Tanzania. In 2001, Barrick acquired Homestake Mining Company for $2.3 billion in stock, then one of the oldest mining companies in the United States. The purchase made Barrick the second-largest gold producer in the world.

Placer Dome acquisition
In December 2005, Barrick launched a hostile takeover bid valued at US$9.2 billion for rival Canadian gold miner Placer Dome. The $10.4 billion transaction closed in December 2006. The acquisition of Placer Dome by Barrick made Barrick the operator of the Granny Smith, Osborne, Porgera, South Deep, Bald Mountain, Cortez and Golden Sunlight mines.

African Barrick Gold
In February 2010, Barrick Gold announced plans to create a separate company to hold its assets in Tanzania, called African Barrick Gold. Barrick Gold would retain majority ownership in the new company, after its listing on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). African Barrick Gold was listed on the London Stock Exchange in mid-March 2010, with an IPO valuation at US$3.6 billion. The shares offered on the LSE raised just more than 500 million pounds. In June the company was admitted to the FTSE 100 Index.

Equinox Minerals
In April 2011, Barrick beat a takeover offer for Equinox Minerals by China Minmetals.

Shandong Gold
In 2018, John L. Thornton orchestrated a strategic “trust-based relationship” between Barrick Gold and Shandong Gold Group, a Chinese state-owned enterprise, establishing joint ownership of the Veladero mine to capitalize on Shandong's investor base, capital suppliers, political connections, and regional influence. In the press release announcing the partnership, Thornton said that Barrick and Shandong were looking forward to “sharing... capital in ways that will create added value for our respective owners, and our government and community partners in San Juan province”.

Randgold Resources
In September 2018, Barrick Gold announced an all-stock merger with Randgold Resources in a deal valued at $6.5 billion. Immediately following the announcement of the merger, Randgold shares rose 6% and Barrick shares rose 5.6%. The deal created the world's largest gold producer with the new company listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange. The companies began talking about a combination in 2015 and the deal was orchestrated by Barrick Executive Chairman John L. Thornton and Randgold Founder and CEO Mark Bristow, who became CEO of the merged company.

Newmont Corporation
In February 2019, Barrick Gold announced a hostile $19 billion bid to acquire Newmont. It was estimated that a merger could create $7 billion of value in operational synergies and would result in a 14% rise in Newmont's net asset value per share. The deal would have created a gold mining company with a market value of about $42 billion that some said would be a long-overdue restructuring of the global gold industry. Merging gold companies could make the industry more attractive to general investors as gold reserves are shrinking across the globe so fewer competitors could boost growth prospects. Newmont rejected the takeover offer and instead suggested the two companies' operations in Nevada, USA, be merged with Newmont CEO Gary Goldberg insisting that the joint venture be operated by Newmont with the two companies dividing the ownership equally. A joint venture was subsequently announced in March 2019 with Barrick as the operator owning 61.5% of the business.

Nevada Gold Mines
On July 1, 2019, Barrick and Newmont launched Nevada Gold Mines. The combined operation is the single largest gold mining complex in the world and employs more than 7,000 people. It combined the mines Goldstrike, Cortez, Turquoise Ridge, and Goldrush from Barrick and Newmont's Carlin, Twin Creeks, Phoenix, Long Canyon sites, plus the associated processing plants and infrastructure of both companies. The joint venture was created after Barrick gave up a takeover bid for Newmont in early 2019.

Nevada Gold Mines in total comprises 10 underground and 12 opencast mines, two autoclave facilities, two roasting facilities, four oxide mills, a flotation plant and five heap leach facilities. Barrick owns 61.5% of the joint venture and operates the business, while Newmont owns 38.5%. It was estimated that $500 million could be saved by creating the joint venture in average annual synergies during the first five years of operating the joint venture. After its first year of operation, $35 million in operating and management costs were saved. Over 20 years, it is estimated that $4.7 billion of total savings will be realised.

Reko Diq Project
Pakistan plans to grant Barrick a mining lease, exploration license and surface rights to restart the Reko Diq copper-gold project, it was announced in March 2022. The project when in production has the potential to be one of the top five gold-copper mines in the world. It has the potential to produce 250,000 ounces of gold and 200,000 tons of copper every year for more than half a century and could be in production by 2027. It was estimated that the project site contains up to 42 million ounces of gold and 54 billion pounds of copper in a study done in 2010. The mineral deposit was discovered at the foot of an extinct volcano in the 2000s. Work on the project was stopped in 2011 when a mining license to develop the Reko Diq mine was refused to be granted by Pakistani authorities. Ownership of the mine is to be split evenly between Pakistan and Barrick, which are investing about $10 billion in the project, which is the single largest investment in the country. About 8,000 jobs are expected to be created and about $1 billion will be invested in a new mining technical school along with hospital, schools and roads in the province of Balochistan, which is poor and sparsely populated. Construction of the mine will take place in two phases beginning with a processing plant with the capacity of 40 million tonnes per year and doubling five years after being commissioned.

The federal government of Pakistan and provincial government of Baluchistan have called the agreement with Barrick Gold to develop the Reko Diq copper-gold project the largest investment pact they have ever made. The agreement signed in December 2022 has the province of Baluchistan owning 10% of the project on a free carried basis, 15% on a fully funded basis, 25% by three state-owned enterprises, and 50% by Barrick Gold. Next steps to ramp-up the project include completing the updated feasibility study by the end of 2024 with first production of gold and copper to occur in 2028.

Berkshire Hathaway
Berkshire Hathaway disclosed that it purchased $562 million in shares of Barrick during the second quarter of 2020, immediately making it the eleventh-largest shareholder in the company. The new position is 20.9 million shares, which is 1.2% of the company's outstanding stock. Berkshire CEO Warren Buffett and his key business partner Charlie Munger have a history of dismissing gold as an attractive investment, saying a fine business run by good managers with cash flows and paying dividends is more productive than the precious metal. Buffett has previously said owning shares of quality companies is more valuable than owning gold itself. Buffett later sold his entire stake in the company in 2021.

Mining practices
Environmental and human rights violations have taken place around a number of mining operations that are now closed or were previously operated by a different company, including violence in Papua New Guinea and Tanzania. Forty people were arrested in Chile following a demonstration against the potential environmental impacts of a mining project that has not been built. Executives of Acacia Mining, which had mining operations in Tanzania and was acquired in 2019, had faced charges of bribery, conspiracy, forgery, money-laundering, tax-evasion and environmental damage. There has also been small groups of opposition in the Dominican Republic.

Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights
In 2010, Barrick Gold Corporation became the 18th company to join the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights which provides "guidance to extractives companies on maintaining the security of their operations in a manner that respects human rights and fundamental freedoms." Admission follows an eight step process that requires approval by the Voluntary Principles plenary, the main decision-making body, consisting of all active members, drawn from participating governments, companies and non-governmental organizations. Barrick Gold participates in a number of corporate social responsibility programs, such as the United Nations Global Compact. The company is a signatory to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. It also participates in The Global Reporting Initiative, Business for Social Responsibility and The Global Business Coalition on HIV/Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria. On September 7, 2007, Barrick was added to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. The company is a member of The International Leadership Council (ILC) of The Nature Conservancy. In Papua New Guinea, the Porgera Joint Venture participated in the development of a wildlife conservation area in the Kaijende Highlands.

Environment
Between 2015 and 2017, three separate incidents occurred where processing solution escaped the leach pad area. In September 2015, 1,072m3 of processing solution was released from a faulty valve on a pipe going to the heap leach pad and was not diverted to the tailings storage facility because of a malfunctioning gate. In September 2016, a pipe carrying processing solution was struck by falling ice that had rolled down a slope, and in March 2017, a pipe carrying a mixture of rocks came loose. After the first accident in 2015, local judge Pablo Oritja of Argentina indicted nine employees, and a fine of $9.8 million was levied. Authorities in San Juan province responded with plans to re-engineer some operational and environmental processes at the mine, which were audited by local and international experts. The National Observer obtained court documents with allegations from a former employee that his employment was terminated soon after concerns were raised about health and safety and environmental practices in 2014.

2016 Class Action Lawsuit
A U.S. class-action lawsuit was launched in 2016 accusing the company of fraudulently inflating its market value by concealing problems at Pascua Lama, a South American mine under development. Development of the mine was indefinitely halted on October 31, 2013, and people who purchased shares between May 7, 2009, and November 1, 2013, were part of the class-action lawsuit. Development was halted for a number of issues including cost overruns, environmental concerns and the falling price of gold that would have made the operation less economical. A $140 million settlement was reached two months later with no charges of wrongdoing or liability and the company stating the claims alleged by the lead plaintiffs are unfounded.

Talonbooks
In February 2010, lawyers for Barrick Gold threatened to sue the Canadian publisher Talonbooks for defamation if it proceeded with plans to publish the book Imperial Canada Inc.: Legal Haven of Choice for the World's Mining Industries by Alain Deneault. Publisher Karl Siegler described this as "libel chill," pointing out that since the book had not yet been published, Barrick Gold could not know whether or not its contents actually constituted defamation. Subsequently, Talon decided to publish the work (ISBN 9780889226357) and "issued a statement saying they 'intend to show the complete manuscript to Barrick prior to the book's release, to allow Barrick the opportunity to "correct" any "falsehoods" about how they conduct their business affairs, worldwide, that they feel it may contain.'"

Noir Canada
A 2011 decision in Quebec Superior Court had ruled that Barrick Gold had to pay $143,000 to authors Alain Deneault, Delphine Abadie, William Sacher, and publisher Les Éditions Écosociété Inc to prepare their defense in a "seemingly abusive" strategic lawsuit against public participation. Despite the Québec ruling, a book "Noir Canada" documenting the relationship between Canadian mining corporations, armed conflict, and political actors in Africa was never published as part of a settlement which, according to the authors, was only made for the sole purpose of resolving the three-and-a-half-year legal battle.

Human Rights Abuses
In 2011, Human Rights Watch, a New York City-based international non-governmental organization that conducts research on human rights, found a pattern of abuses perpetrated by private and public law-enforcement personnel in 2009 and 2010 in the Porgera Gold Mine in Papua New Guinea. Human Rights Watch says that violent insecurity is a “chronic problem” around Porgera due to people engaging in illegal mining and continuously raiding various areas of the mining property including the open pit, stockpile areas for rock, waste dumps, and underground tunnels. Human Rights Watch said the government of Papua New Guinea has “consistently failed” to maintain law and order in the area and that responsible government regulation was the one essential component still lacking to manage the unstable social situation in the area. On the same day Human Rights Watch published its report, the company said it had been working with Human Rights Watch for six months on a series of actions in response to the investigation, which included improvements to the security environment, enhanced human rights training, and grievance mechanisms. A “remedy framework” called the Porgera Remedy Framework was set up as an alternative to the local judicial system to deliver compensation packages. In June 2014, Amnesty International reported that local police forced evictions by way of arson from land adjacent to the mine. The report said that community leaders presumed the alleged actions by the police were an effort to prevent illegal mining. Journalist Richard Poplak visited the area around the mine in 2016 and reported that Papua New Guinea could be the most dangerous country in the world to be female and that law and order in the country is lacking. He reported that rumours of sexual violence in the Porgera Valley began in 2005 and by 2011 there were hundreds of allegations. Several victims received compensation through a remediation program that was set up in 2012 but was later criticized as other victims who took legal action instead of participating in the remediation program received higher compensation after reportedly settling out of court for a sum that was higher than offered in the remediation program.

Ownership
Soon after the Human Rights Watch 2011 publication, the mine, which was owned jointly by Barrick, Zijin Mining Group of China, and local landowners through Mineral Resources Enga, was nationalized by the government of Papua New Guinea under Prime Minister James Marape when the government did not renew the mining lease, and it expired in August 2019. The gold mine, which contributes about 10% of Papua New Guinea's total exports, was seen by Prime Minister James Marape as a way for the country to get a greater share of its major natural resource projects. Two new deals forged in 2021 gave the Papua New Guinea government a majority stake in the operations of the Porgera gold mine and an agreement reached in 2023 renewed the special mining lease so that operations could restart that year.

Environmental concerns
At the Porgera Joint Venture in Papua New Guinea, the material that remains after extracting gold from ore is processed into tailings and sent off the mining property. Critics say the tailings disposal method could release harmful materials in a way that would not be allowed under the water quality expectations of a developed country. The Porgera Joint Venture is one of three large mines that dispose of tailings in this way in the country.

Peru
In February 2021, Barrick Gold announced it would sell its Lagunas Norte mine in Peru. The mine is sold to Boroo Pte Ltd. for up to US$81 million.

Water
The BBC reported in September 2012 that one person was killed and at least four more were injured at the Barrick Pierina mine in the northern Ancash region of Peru in clashes between national police and members of a neighboring community who were protesting the mine's alleged over-consumption and contamination of local water sources during a drought. Villagers from the communities of Mareniyoc and San Isidro blocked an access road to the mine and entered the property by forcing open the mine gate. Community members asked that the mine provide the communities with drinking water. Operations at the mine resumed after two days.

Cortez Hills
Through 2009 and into 2010, Barrick Gold's Cortez Hills project was the subject of litigation in Nevada, seeking to block the project. Opponents appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, challenging a ruling in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada, which denied the bid to block the project. The Appeals Court "upheld a federal judge's finding that opponents of the mine failed to prove they were likely to prevail on claims the mine would cause visual harm to Mount Tenabo and create a substantial burden on the tribes' ability to exercise their religion" but ruled the U.S. Bureau of Land Management's previous environmental review of water and air pollution impacts "was inadequate under the National Environmental Policy Act" and ordered the District Court to provide "appropriate" injunctive relief while the Bureau of Land Management conducted further study. In March 2011 the Bureau of Land Management approved a subsequent study on environmental impacts, allowing the mine to operate as originally proposed.

Western Shoshone
In 2008, the company negotiated an agreement with four of five regional Western Shoshone tribes, providing financial resources for education and wellness initiatives, including a long-term scholarship program, allocated at the Tribes' discretion. A former tribal chairman of the Duck Valley Shoshone spoke of the company as "a pretty progressive entity." In British Columbia the Tahltan Nation has thanked the company for encouraging local sustainable development while operating the Eskay Creek mine from 2001 to 2008.

title: Barrick Gold


text:
List of universities in Mexico

This is a list of universities in Mexico.

Federal Universities

 * General Coordination of Technological and Polytechnic Universities (CGUT)
 * Universidad Pedagógica Nacional
 * Instituto Politécnico Nacional
 * National Technological Institute of Mexico
 * Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University
 * Chapingo Autonomous University
 * Metropolitan Autonomous University
 * Open and Distance University of Mexico
 * National Autonomous University of Mexico

Institutes of Technology (Branches of Tecnologico Nacional de México)

 * Instituto Tecnológico de Acapulco
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya (es:Instituto Tecnologico de Celaya)
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Chetumal (ITCH), Chetumal, Quintana Roo
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Chihuahua
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Chihuahua II
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero (ITCM), Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Culiacán, Culiacán, Sinaloa
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Durango (ITD), Durango, Durango
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Ensenada (ITE), Ensenada, Baja California
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Hermosillo (ITH), Hermosillo, Sonora, Torreón, Coahuila
 * Instituto Tecnológico de La Paz (ITLP), La Paz, Baja California Sur
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Mexicali (ITM), Mexicali, Baja California
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia (ITM), Morelia, Michoacán
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca (ITO), Oaxaca, Oaxaca
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Pabellón de Arteaga
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Puebla (ITO), Puebla, Puebla
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro (ITQ), Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo, Saltillo, Coahuila
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic (ITT), Tepic, Nayarit
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana (ITT), Tijuana, Baja California
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca, Toluca
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtepec
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas
 * Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca (ITVO)
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa, Villahermosa, Tabasco
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Zacatepec
 * Instituto Tecnológico El Llano (ITLLANO)
 * Instituto Tecnologico Superior de Acayucan
 * Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Cajeme
 * Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Ciudad Constitución (ITSCC), Ciudad Constitución, B. C. S.
 * Instituto Tecnológico de Minatitlán (ITM) Minatitlán, Veracruz
 * Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Coatzacoalcos (ITESCO), Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz
 * Instituto Tecnologico Superior de Poza Rica (ITSPR), Poza Rica, Veracruz
 * Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Puerto Penasco (ITSPP)
 * Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Zacapoaxtla (ITSZ), Zacapoaxtla, Puebla
 * Instituto Tecnológico Superior del Sur de Guanajuato
 * Instituto Tecnológico Superior Zacatecas Occidente
 * Instituto Tecnológico Superior Zapopan

State Universities

 * Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
 * Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca
 * Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes
 * Universidad Autónoma de Baja California
 * Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur
 * Universidad Autónoma de Campeche
 * Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UNACH)
 * Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua
 * Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez
 * Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México
 * Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila
 * Universidad Autónoma de Durango
 * Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero
 * Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit
 * Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
 * Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
 * Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro
 * Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí
 * Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
 * Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
 * Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala
 * Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán
 * Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas
 * Universidad Autónoma del Carmen
 * Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo
 * Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
 * Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos
 * Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
 * Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas
 * Universidad de Colima
 * Universidad de Guadalajara
 * Universidad de Guanajuato
 * Universidad de Quintana Roo
 * Universidad de Sonora
 * Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco
 * Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango
 * Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
 * Universidad Veracruzana
 * Universidad Popular Autónoma De Veracruz

Research centers
Most of these are related to CONACYT.
 * Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV)
 * Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, CICESE
 * Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, CICATA
 * Centro de Investigacion y Docencia Economicas (CIDE)
 * El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF)
 * El Colegio de México (Colmex)
 * El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (EcoSur)
 * El Colegio de San Luis Potosí (ColSan)
 * El Colegio de Michoacán (ColMich)
 * El Colegio de Postgraduados (ColPos)
 * Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH)
 * Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS)
 * Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de Información Geoespacial (CentroGeo)
 * Centro Nacional de las Artes (CENART)
 * Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT)
 * Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE)
 * Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora (Instituto Mora)
 * Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO Mexico)

Regional Universities

 * Universidad de las Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas
 * Universidad del Mar
 * Universidad del Istmo (Mexico)
 * Universidad de la Cañada
 * Universidad de la Sierra
 * Universidad de la Sierra Juárez
 * Universidad de la Sierra Sur, Oaxaca
 * Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca

Technological Universities

 * Universidad Tecnológica de Aguascalientes
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Netzahualcoyotl
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Tula Tepeji
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Querétaro
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Coahuila
 * Universidad Tecnológica de la Costa Grande
 * Universidad Tecnológica "Emiliano Zapata" del Estado de Morelos
 * Universidad Tecnológica de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Estado de Zacatecas
 * Universidad Tecnológica Fidel Velázquez
 * Universidad Tecnológica General Mariano Escobedo
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Hermosillo
 * Universidad Tecnológica de la Huasteca Hidalguense
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Huejotzingo
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Izúcar de Matamoros
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Jalisco
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Morelia
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Sur de Sonora
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Nogales
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Norte de Aguascalientes
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Norte de Coahuila
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Norte de Guanajuato
 * Universidad Tecnológica Regional del Sur
 * Universidad Tecnológica de San Juan del Río
 * Universidad Tecnológica de San Luis Potosí
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Santa Catarina
 * Universidad Tecnológica de la Selva
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Sur del Estado de México
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Tabasco
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Tamaulipas Norte
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Tecamac
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Tecamachalco
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Tijuana
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Tlaxcala
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Torreon
 * Universidad Tecnológica de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Tulancingo
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Valle del Mezquital
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Campeche
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Cancun
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Chihuahua
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Leon
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Ciudad Juarez
 * Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Matamoros
 * Universidad Tecnológica de la Región Centro de Coahuila
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Nayarit
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Puebla
 * Universidad Tecnológica de la Sierra Hidalguense
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Valle de Toluca
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Xicotepec de Juarez
 * Universidad Tecnológica de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México
 * Universidad Tecnológica de la Costa
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Altamira
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Nuevo Laredo
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Sureste de Veracruz
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Usumacinta
 * Universidad Tecnológica de la Región Norte de Guerrero
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Bahia de Banderas
 * Universidad Tecnológica de la Riviera Maya
 * Universidad Tecnológica del Centro de Veracruz

Universities

 * Centro de Enseñanza Técnica y Superior (CETYS)
 * Centro de Estudios Universitarios Xochicalco, CEUX
 * Centro Universitario Grupo Sol
 * Centro Universitario México, División de Estudios Superiores (now Universidad Marista)
 * Escuela Libre de Derecho
 * Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Odontologia
 * Pontifical University of Mexico, Mexico City
 * Seminario Teológico Juan Calvino, Mexico City
 * TECH Technological University
 * Universidad Anáhuac
 * Universidad Anáhuac del Sur
 * Universidad Anáhuac del Norte
 * Universidad Anáhuac Oaxaca
 * Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (UAG), Guadalajara, Jalisco
 * Universidad Azteca
 * Universidad Casa Blanca
 * Universidad Cristóbal Colón
 * Universidad Cuauhtémoc Plantel Aguascalientes
 * Universidad De La Salle Bajio, Leon, Guanajuato
 * Universidad de Celaya, Celaya, Guanajuato
 * Universidad de las Americas, A.C., Mexico City
 * Universidad de las Américas Puebla (UDLAP), Puebla, Puebla
 * Universidad Modelo, Mérida, Yucatán
 * Universidad de Montemorelos, Montemorelos, Nuevo León
 * Universidad de Monterrey (UDEM)
 * Universidad de Navojoa, Navojoa, Sinaloa
 * Universidad de la Veracruz (UNIVER)
 * Universidad del Claustro de Sor Juana
 * Universidad del Golfo de México (UGM)
 * Universidad del Mar, Huatulco, Oaxaca
 * Universidad del Noreste
 * Universidad del Nuevo Mundo
 * Universidad del Valle de México
 * Universidad España (UNES)
 * Universidad Humanitas
 * Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México
 * Universidad Iberoamericana León
 * Universidad Iberoamericana Puebla
 * Universidad Iberoamericana Torreon
 * Universidad Iberoamericana Tijuana
 * Universidad Intercontinental
 * Universidad Interglobal
 * Universidad La Salle (ULSA)
 * Universidad La Salle Pachuca (ULSA Pachuca)
 * Universidad La Salle Cancun
 * Universidad Latina de América
 * Universidad Latina de Mexico
 * Universidad Latinoamericana
 * Universidad Linda Vista, Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, Chiapas
 * Universidad Loyola del Pacífico
 * Universidad Mexico Internacional
 * Universidad Marista de Guadalajara
 * Universidad Marista Ciudad de Mexico
 * Universidad Marista de Merida
 * Universidad Marista de Queretaro
 * Universidad México-Americana del Norte
 * Universidad Motolinía
 * Universidad Nacional de Ciencias Penales, Administrativas y de La Seguridad
 * Universidad Panamericana Sede Guadalajara
 * Universidad Panamericana Sede México
 * Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP)
 * Universidad Regiomontana
 * Universidad TecMilenio (UTM)
 * Universidad Tecnológica de México (UNITEC)
 * ESCENA Escuela de Animación y Arte Digital (ESCENA)

Technological institutes

 * Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM), Mexico City
 * Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM)
 * Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente (ITESO), Guadalajara, Jalisco
 * Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Tamaulipas (IEST), Tampico, Tamaulipas
 * Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Sinaloa (ITESUS)

Others

 * Alliant International University (AIU), Mexico City
 * Kirjner Business School A.C. (Kirjner Institute), Mexico City
 * Universidad Autónoma Indígena de México, Mochicahui, Sinaloa
 * Instituto Superior Intercultural Ayuuk, Jaltepec de Candayoc, Oaxaca
 * Instituto Superior de Intérpretes y Traductores, Mexico City
 * Centro Universitario Incarnate Word (Incarnate Word University, Mexico City Campus), Mexico City
 * Universidad Incarnate Word (Incarnate Word University, Irapuato Campus), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico

Universidad online

 * Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Las Américas CEAAM, Mexico City

title: List of universities in Mexico


text:
Villahermosa Institute of Technology

The Villahermosa Institute of Technology (in Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa, ITVH) is Mexican public university located in Villahermosa, Tabasco, in the Gulf of Mexico.

History
The Institute was founded on September 12, 1974. On November 20, 1979 it moved to its current location at the Villahermosa Industrial Park.

Academics
The Institute offers:
 * Bachelor's degrees in Information Technology, Management, Computer Systems Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Civil Engineering.
 * Master's degrees in Management, Biochemical engineering and Regional development and business planning.
 * Postgraduate diplomas in Information Technology and Food Quality.

title: Villahermosa Institute of Technology


text:
Talk:Commodity price index

Start
From VfD:

dictionary definition. Blue Mask|Talk 18:16, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki (transwikify?) to the Wiktionary. --Ardonik 03:28, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's pretty pathetic, but I think it's a valid topic. Could be turned into a real article if the uses for such an index were discussed.  Isomorphic 01:18, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Definitely Keep: As an economist, I can tell you this is a very valid topic. It is a widely used economic indicator and can be explained very well. Also, history, structure, and economic uses could be added which would make this not just a dictionary definition. It is pathetic now, but if nobody adds to it, when I am done with the list of articles I am currently editing or creating, I will do it myself. My vote: Please Keep Skyler 19:32, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

end moved dicussion

Mandan
What's a Mandan weight index? --Virgil H. Soule (talk) 05:20, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Commodity price index. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060818161230/http://www.rogersrawmaterials.com/overviewandanalysis.PDF to http://www.rogersrawmaterials.com/overviewandanalysis.PDF

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:42, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commodity price index