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Order of the Iron Crown (Kingdom of Italy)

The Order of the Iron Crown (Ordine della Corona Ferrea) was an order of merit that was established on 5 June 1805 in the Kingdom of Italy by Napoleon Bonaparte under his title of Napoleon I, King of Italy.

The order took its name from the ancient Iron Crown of Lombardy, a medieval jewel with what was thought to be an iron ring, later shown to be of silver, forged from what was supposed to be a nail from the True Cross as a band on the inside. This crown also gave its name to the Order of the Crown of Italy, which was established in 1868.

After the fall of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1814, the order was re-established in 1815 by the Emperor of Austria, Francis I, as the Austrian Imperial Order of the Iron Crown.

Significance of the Iron Crown
The Iron Crown of Lombardy was allegedly made for Roman emperor Constantine and crafted from the iron of one of the nails in the True Cross used in the Crucifixion of Jesus. Thus came the term of “Iron Crown”. It was allegedly gifted by Pope Gregory I to Theodelinda, Queen of the Lombards, who donated it to the Church upon her death in 628. Afterwards, the crown would have been used for the coronation of the Lombard kings and of Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne, when he took the throne of Lombardy in 774.

Regardless of origin, the crown is crafted of six hinged plates of gold, set with precious gems, and held together with a circlet structure of white metal underneath. It was most probably a votive crown and the white metal band within has proven to be crafted of silver rather than iron. From the 14th c. onwards, the crown was seen as the most prominent insignia of the Italian kingship. It was therefore used during the coronation of later Holy Roman Emperors as kings of Italy.

It is now kept in the treasury of the Cathedral of Monza.

Establishment of the order
During his continued expansion of power, Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Italy in much the same manner as Charlemagne. As a symbolic gesture, he had himself crowned as King of Italy using the Iron Crown of Lombardy for the coronation, which occurred on 26 May 1805.

Soon after, Napoleon founded the Order of the Iron Crown on 5 June 1805. The order was divided into three classes, with an allowance of up to 20 grand cross knights, 100 commander knights, and 500 ordinary knights.

With the eventual end of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, the original order ceased to exist. However, the Emperor of Austria, Francis I, re-established the order in 1815 as the Austrian Imperial Order of the Iron Crown.

Insignia
The ribbon colors of the order were gold and green, with the badge of the order being an imperial eagle set upon a representation of the Iron Crown of Lombardy.

 * Knights wore a traditional military-style medal on the left chest.
 * Commanders wore a traditional military-style medal on the left chest, with the addition of a rosette in the center of the ribbon to distinguish them from ordinary knights.
 * Holders of the Grand Cross wore a sash over the right shoulder and a neck badge, along with a six-pointed breast star (that featured the Iron Crown at its center) on the left breast.

Master of the order

 * 1805–1814: Napoleon I, Emperor of the French and King of Italy


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Economic order quantity

Economic order quantity (EOQ), also known as financial purchase quantity or economic buying quantity, is the order quantity that minimizes the total holding costs and ordering costs in inventory management. It is one of the oldest classical production scheduling models. The model was developed by Ford W. Harris in 1913, but the consultant R. H. Wilson applied it extensively, and he and K. Andler are given credit for their in-depth analysis.

Overview
EOQ applies only when demand for a product is constant over a period of time (such as a year) and each new order is delivered in full when inventory reaches zero. There is a fixed cost for each order placed, regardless of the quantity of items ordered; an order is assumed to contain only one type of inventory item. There is also a cost for each unit held in storage, commonly known as holding cost, sometimes expressed as a percentage of the purchase cost of the item. Although the EOQ formulation is straightforward, factors such as transportation rates and quantity discounts factor into its real-world application.

The EOQ indicates the optimal number of units to order to minimize the total cost associated with the purchase, delivery, and storage of the product.

The required parameters to the solution are the total demand for the year, the purchase cost for each item, the fixed cost to place the order for a single item and the storage cost for each item per year. Note that the number of times an order is placed will also affect the total cost, though this number can be determined from the other parameters.

Variables

 * $$T$$ = total annual inventory cost
 * $$P$$ = purchase unit price, unit production cost
 * $$Q$$ = order quantity
 * $$Q^*$$ = optimal order quantity
 * $$D$$ = annual demand quantity
 * $$K$$ = fixed cost per order, setup cost (not per unit, typically cost of ordering and shipping and handling. This is not the cost of goods)
 * $$h$$ = annual holding cost per unit, also known as carrying cost or storage cost (capital cost, warehouse space, refrigeration, insurance, opportunity cost (price x interest), etc. usually not related to the unit production cost)

Total cost function and derivation of EOQ formula
The single-item EOQ formula finds the minimum point of the following cost function:

Total Cost = purchase cost or production cost + ordering cost + holding cost

Where:

 * Purchase cost: This is the variable cost of goods: purchase unit price × annual demand quantity. This is P × D
 * Ordering cost: This is the cost of placing orders: each order has a fixed cost K, and we need to order D/Q times per year. This is K × D/Q
 * Holding cost: the average quantity in stock (between fully replenished and empty) is Q/2, so this cost is h × Q/2

 * $$T = PD + K {\frac{D}{Q}} + h {\frac{Q}{2}}$$.

To determine the minimum point of the total cost curve, calculate the derivative of the total cost with respect to Q (assume all other variables are constant) and set it equal to 0:

 * $${0} = -{\frac{DK}{Q^2}}+{\frac{h}{2}}$$

Solving for Q gives Q* (the optimal order quantity):

 * $$Q^{*2}={\frac{2DK}{h}}$$

Therefore:

Q* is independent of P; it is a function of only K, D, h.

The optimal value Q* may also be found by recognizing that

 * $$T = {\frac{DK}{Q}} + {\frac{hQ}{2}} + PD ={\frac{h}{2Q}}(Q - \sqrt{2DK/h})^2 + \sqrt{2hDK} +PD,  $$

where the non-negative quadratic term disappears for $Q = \sqrt{2DK/h}, $ which provides the cost minimum $$T_{min} =  \sqrt{2hDK} + PD.  $$

Example

 * Annual requirement quantity (D) = 10000 units
 * Cost per order (K) = 40
 * Cost per unit (P)= 50
 * Yearly carrying cost per unit = 4
 * Market interest = 2%

Economic order quantity = $$ \sqrt{\frac{2D\cdot K}{h}} $$ $$ = \sqrt{\frac{2\cdot 10000\cdot 40}{4 + 50 \cdot 2\%}} = \sqrt{\frac{2\cdot 10000 \cdot 40}{5}}$$ = 400 units

Number of orders per year (based on EOQ) $$ = {\frac{10000}{400}} = 25 $$

Total cost $$ = P\cdot D + K (D/EOQ) + h (EOQ/2) $$

Total cost $$ = 50\cdot 10000 + 40\cdot (10000/400) + 5\cdot (400/2) = 502000 $$

If we check the total cost for any order quantity other than 400(=EOQ), we will see that the cost is higher. For instance, supposing 500 units per order, then

Total cost $$ = 50\cdot 10000 + 40\cdot (10000/500) + 5\cdot (500/2) = 502050 $$

Similarly, if we choose 300 for the order quantity, then

Total cost $$ = 50\cdot 10000 + 40\cdot (10000/300) + 5\cdot (300/2) = 502083.33 $$

This illustrates that the economic order quantity is always in the best interests of the firm.

Quantity discounts
An important extension to the EOQ model is to accommodate quantity discounts. There are two main types of quantity discounts: (1) all-units and (2) incremental. Here is a numerical example:
 * Incremental unit discount: Units 1–100 cost $30 each; Units 101–199 cost $28 each; Units 200 and up cost $26 each. So when 150 units are ordered, the total cost is $30*100 + $28*50.
 * All units discount: an order of 1–1000 units costs $50 each; an order of 1001–5000 units costs $45 each; an order of more than 5000 units costs $40 each. So when 1500 units are ordered, the total cost is $45*1500.

In order to find the optimal order quantity under different quantity discount schemes, one should use algorithms; these algorithms are developed under the assumption that the EOQ policy is still optimal with quantity discounts. Perera et al. (2017) establish this optimality and fully characterize the (s,S) optimality within the EOQ setting under general cost structures.

Design of optimal quantity discount schedules
In presence of a strategic customer, who responds optimally to discount schedules, the design of an optimal quantity discount scheme by the supplier is complex and has to be done carefully. This is particularly so when the demand at the customer is itself uncertain. An interesting effect called the "reverse bullwhip" takes place where an increase in consumer demand uncertainty actually reduces order quantity uncertainty at the supplier.

Backordering costs and multiple items
Several extensions can be made to the EOQ model, including backordering costs and multiple items. In the case backorders are permitted, the inventory carrying costs per cycle are:

 * $$IC \int\limits_{0}^{T_1}(Q-s-\lambda t)\,dt = \frac{IC}{2 \lambda} (Q-s)^2,$$

where s is the number of backorders when order quantity Q is delivered and $$\lambda$$ is the rate of demand. The backorder cost per cycle is:

 * $$\pi s + \hat{\pi} \int\limits_{0}^{T_2}\lambda t dt =\pi s +\frac{1}{2} \hat{\pi} \lambda T^{2}_{2} = \pi s + \frac{ \hat{\pi} s^{2}}{2\lambda},$$

where $$\pi$$ and $$\hat{\pi}$$ are backorder costs, $$T_{2}=T-T_{1}$$, T being the cycle length and $$T_{1}=(Q-s) / \lambda$$. The average annual variable cost is the sum of order costs, holding inventory costs and backorder costs:

 * $$\mathcal{K} = \frac{\lambda}{Q} A+\frac{1}{2Q} IC (Q-s)^2+\frac{1} {Q} [ \pi \lambda s+ \frac{1}{2} \hat{\pi} s^{2}]$$

To minimize $$\mathcal{K}$$ impose the partial derivatives equal to zero:

 * $$\frac{\partial \mathcal{K}}{\partial Q} =- \frac{1}{Q^2} \left[ {\lambda} A+\frac{1}{2} IC (Q-s)^2+\pi \lambda s+ \frac{1}{2} \hat{\pi} s^{2} \right]+\frac{IC}{Q}(Q-s)=0$$
 * $$\frac{\partial \mathcal{K}}{\partial s} =-\frac{IC}{Q}(Q-s) + \frac{1}{Q}  \pi \lambda  + \frac{1}{Q} \hat{\pi} s =0$$

Substituting the second equation into the first gives the following quadratic equation:

 * $$[\hat{\pi} ^{2} + \hat{\pi} IC] s^2 +2\pi \hat{\pi} \lambda s+(\pi \lambda) ^2 -2 \lambda A IC=0$$

If $$\hat{\pi}=0$$ either s=0 or $$s=\infty$$ is optimal. In the first case the optimal lot is given by the classic EOQ formula, in the second case an order is never placed and minimum yearly cost is given by $$\pi \lambda$$. If $$\pi > \sqrt{\frac{2AIC}{\lambda}} =\delta$$ or $$\pi \lambda > K_{w}$$ $$s^*=0$$ is optimal, if $$\pi<\delta$$ then there shouldn't be any inventory system. If $$\hat{\pi}\ne0$$ solving the preceding quadratic equation yields:

 * $$s^* = [\hat {\pi} + IC] ^{-1} \left ( -\pi \lambda + \left [ (2\lambda AIC) \left ( 1 + \frac{IC} {\hat{\pi}} \right)- \frac{IC}{\hat{\pi}}(\pi \lambda )^{2} \right]^{1/2} \right ) $$
 * $$Q^* = \left [ \frac{\hat{\pi}+IC}{ \hat{\pi}} \right]^{1/2} \left [ \frac{2 \lambda A}{IC} -\frac{(\pi \lambda)^2}{IC(\hat{\pi}+IC)} \right]^{1/2}$$

If there are backorders, the reorder point is: $$r^*_{h} = \mu - mQ^* - s^*$$; with m being the largest integer $$m \leq \frac{\tau}{T}$$ and μ the lead time demand.

Additionally, the economic order interval can be determined from the EOQ and the economic production quantity model (which determines the optimal production quantity) can be determined in a similar fashion.

A version of the model, the Baumol-Tobin model, has also been used to determine the money demand function, where a person's holdings of money balances can be seen in a way parallel to a firm's holdings of inventory.

Malakooti (2013) has introduced the multi-criteria EOQ models where the criteria could be minimizing the total cost, Order quantity (inventory), and Shortages.

A version taking the time-value of money into account was developed by Trippi and Lewin.

Imperfect quality
Another important extension of the EOQ model is to consider items with imperfect quality. Salameh and Jaber (2000) were the first to study the imperfect items in an EOQ model very thoroughly. They consider an inventory problem in which the demand is deterministic and there is a fraction of imperfect items in the lot and are screened by the buyer and sold by them at the end of the circle at discount price.

Criticisms
The EOQ model and its sister, the economic production quantity model (EPQ), have been criticised for "their restrictive set[s] of assumptions. Guga and Musa make use of the model for an Albanian business case study and conclude that the model is "perfect theoretically, but not very suitable from the practical perspective of this firm". However, James Cargal notes that the formula was developed when business calculations were undertaken "by hand", or using logarithmic tables or a slide rule. Use of spreadsheets and specialist software allows for more versatility in the use of the formula and adoption of "assumptions which are more realistic" than in the original model.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Economic order quantity


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Family Life (Amish magazine)

Family Life is a magazine published by, and primarily for, the Old Order Amish. The publisher is Pathway Publishers of Aylmer, Ontario, Canada. Unlike some Amish publications, Family Life is printed entirely in English rather than Pennsylvania Dutch or German.

The magazine was founded in 1968 and is published monthly. It contains articles, poetry, recipes, and drawings submitted by readers. It also has several regular columns on subjects such as health, nature, and religion. Like its primary readership, Family Life magazine stresses simplicity, basic Christian doctrine, and an agricultural lifestyle.

Exact circulation figures are unavailable. The magazine does have some non-Amish readership, including Mennonites. It is used as a reference by some scholars, sociologists, and anthropologists who study the Amish. In addition to Family Life, Pathway produces two companion publications: Blackboard Bulletin, concerning schooling and education, and Young Companion, focusing on youth issues.

title: Family Life (Amish magazine)


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Soyuz T-3

Soyuz T-3 was a Soviet spaceflight, launched on 27 November 1980 to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the first Soyuz spacecraft to carry three cosmonauts following the fatal Soyuz 11 disaster in 1971.

The mission was both an early flight of the new Soyuz-T variant craft, as well as one of the later flights to the Salyut 6 station, which had successfully received several crews and visiting craft in recent years. Unlike previous habitations of the station, the crew of Soyuz T-3 did not receive any visitors, and thus did not exchange Soyuz craft with other crews for a return journey, a common practice.

Mission summary
Although the main objective of the crew's mission was to refurbish Salyut 6, part of their mission also involved testing their spacecraft. During their brief stay on Salyut 6, the crew performed experiments using the Splav and Kristall units, and studied biological material which had been carried aboard their Soyuz using the Svetoblok and Oazis units. Much of their time, however, was devoted to station maintenance.

On 2 December they began conducting the Mikroklimat experiment to assess the station's living conditions, and began work on the thermal control system. They installed a new hydraulic unit with four pumps. On 4 December, they replaced electronics in the station's telemetry system. 5 December saw them repairing electrical system faults. Other repairs included replacement of a program and timing device in the onboard control system and replacement of a power supply unit for the compressor in the refueling system. The Salyut 6 Principal Expedition 4 crew in TsUP provided the crew with advice as they made their repairs. On 8 December, Progress 11 carried out an orbital correction for the complex.

Upon leaving the station the craft's orbital module was left attached to Salyut 6 for a few hours, while its descent and service modules completed procedures for re-entry. This procedure was also used during the undocking of Soyuz T-4. Soyuz T-3 returned to Earth on 11 December 1980, landing 130 km west of Dzhezkazgan, Kazakh SSR.

title: Soyuz T-3


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Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique

The Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois regnes de la nature was an illustrated encyclopedia of plants, animals and minerals, notable for including the first scientific descriptions of many species, and for its attractive engravings. It was published in Paris by Charles Joseph Panckoucke, from 1788 on. Although its several volumes can be considered a part of the greater Encyclopédie méthodique, they were titled and issued separately.

Contributors:

 * Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (plants, taxonomy)
 * Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre (cetaceans, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects)
 * Louis Pierre Vieillot (birds, second volume)
 * Jean Guillaume Bruguière (invertebrates)

Individual prints from this work today can sell for hundreds of dollars (US) apiece.

title: Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique


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User talk:Danielsoar

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Hello Danielsoar! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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title: User talk:Danielsoar


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Soyuz T-4

Soyuz T-4 was a Soviet space mission which launched the crew of Salyut 6 EO-6, the sixth and final long-duration crew of the Salyut 6 space station. It was launched on 12 March 1981 and docked with the station the next day. During their stay, the EO-6 crew was visited by Soyuz 39 and Soyuz 40. Soyuz T-4 returned to Earth on 26 May 1981; its crew were the last to have inhabited Salyut 6.

Mission parameters

 * Mass: 6850 kg
 * Perigee: 201 km
 * Apogee: 250 km
 * Inclination: 51.6°
 * Period: 88.7 minutes

Mission highlights
The docking with Salyut 6 was delayed after the Soyuz's onboard Argon computer determined it would occur outside radio range with the TsUP. Despite this, the docking occurred successfully on 13 March 1981. The Progress 12 spacecraft was already docked to the station by the time the crew arrived, and they spent several days unloading the Progress before its undocking on 19 March. This freed the remaining docking port for the arrival of the Soyuz 39/EP-9 crew on 22 March.

In mid-May, Kovalyonok and Savinykh replaced the spacecraft's probe with a Salyut drogue. This may have been an experiment to see if a Soyuz-T docked to a space station could act as a rescue vehicle in the event that an approaching Soyuz-T equipped with a probe experienced docking difficulties and could not return to Earth.

The EO-6 crew undocked from Salyut 6 on 26 May, leaving behind the Soyuz's orbital module. Soyuz T-4 landed over three hours later, touching down 125 km east of Dzhezkazgan, Kazakh SSR.

title: Soyuz T-4


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User:Morwen/dabs

need to dab County of Derby✅ County of Leicester County of Nottingham County of Southampton County of York

obselete terms but unambigous County of Bedford County of Buckingham✅ County of Cambridge County of Chester County of Gloucester County of Hereford County of Hertford County of Huntingdon County of Lancaster County of Lincoln County of Northampton County of Oxford County of Stafford County of Worcester

obselelete names Devonshire Dorsetshire Salop Somersetshire Southamptonshire

County of Devonshire County of Dorsetshire County of Salop County of Somersetshire County of Southamptonshire

county of CountyName County of Avon County of Bedfordshire County of Berkshire County of Buckinghamshire County of Cambridgeshire County of Cheshire County of Cleveland County of Cornwall County of Cumbria County of Cumberland County of Derbyshire County of Devon County of Dorset County of Durham County of Essex County of East Sussex County of Gloucestershire County of Greater London County of Greater Manchester County of Hampshire County of Herefordshire County of Hertfordshire County of Humberside County of Huntingdonshire County of Isle of Wight County of Kent County of Lancashire County of Leicestershire County of Lincolnshire County of London County of Merseyside County of Middlesex County of Norfolk County of Northamptonshire County of Northumberland County of North Yorkshire County of Nottinghamshire County of Oxfordshire County of Rutland County of Shropshire County of Somerset County of South Yorkshire County of Staffordshire County of Suffolk County of Surrey County of Sussex County of Tyne and Wear County of Warwick County of Warwickshire County of Westmorland County of West Midlands County of West Sussex County of West Yorkshire County of Wiltshire County of Worcestershire County of Yorkshire

City & County of Bristol City and County of Bristol

City & County of London City and County of London

unitaries County of Bath and North East Somerset County of Blackpool County of Blackburn with Darwen County of Bournemouth County of Brighton and Hove County of Bristol County of Darlington County of East Riding of Yorkshire County of Halton County of Hartlepool County of Hull County of Luton County of Kingston upon Hull County of Medway County of Middlesbrough County of Milton Keynes County of North Lincolnshire County of North East Lincolnshire County of North Somerset County of Peterborough County of Poole County of Portsmouth County of Plymouth County of Redcar and Cleveland County of South Gloucestershire County of Southend-on-Sea County of Stockton-on-Tees County of Stoke-on-Trent County of Swindon County of Telford and Wrekin County of Thurrock County of Torbay County of Warrington

title: User:Morwen/dabs


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Teller

Teller or telling may refer to:

People

 * Teller (surname)
 * Teller (magician), one half of the duo Penn & Teller

Places

 * Teller, Alaska, United States
 * Teller Airport
 * Teller County, Colorado, United States

Other uses

 * 5006 Teller, a minor planet
 * Bank teller
 * Automated teller machine
 * Teller (elections), a person who counts the votes in a vote
 * Teller Amendment, a 1898 amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress
 * Teller House, a historic hotel in Central City, Colorado
 * Teller mine, a German-made antitank mine common in World War II
 * Teller Peak, Antarctica
 * The Tellers, a Belgian rock group
 * The Telling, a 2000 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin
 * Being an informant or snitch
 * All pages with titles containing teller
 * All pages with titles containing telling

title: Teller


text:
Talk:John Michell

1911 Text
The text I restored on 22 July 2004 is from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica, a well known (on Wikipedia) public domain source. I think it had been unintentionally removed with some copyvio text Gwimpey 16:28, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)

Confusion between two John Michells
I have added another entry (John Michell (writer)) for the living English writer of the same name and corrected a number of links which were clearly intended to refer to him, not to the 18th century scientist covered by this entry. I may have missed some incorrect links.Rodparkes 10:30, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I would like to know if "Michell" is pronounced as "Mishell" or "Mitchell"? Thanks Melamed katz 21:41, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It is pronounced "meshell" or "mis-shell" and the family name is originally from Brittanny. My pleasure. Please note that many of his books, previously out of print, are being reissued, notably "Megalithamania".  User:SageMab, 23 October 2007

 * The above comment on "Megalithomania" is obviously intended to refer to the other John Michell - see John Michell (writer). Rodparkes 13:36, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Schwarzschild Radius
Classically, for a particle of mass m a distance r from a much larger mass M is to escape its gravitational field its total energy equal to the sum of its kinetic energy and its potential energy must be greater than zero or,
 * $$E=T+V=\frac{1}{2}m v^2 - \frac{GMm}{r}\ge 0$$.

Solving for r and setting the intial velocity equal to the speed of light, c, one gets,
 * $$ r \ge \frac{2GM}{c^2}$$

which is the Schwarzchild radius. See The value of GM for a star can be found if it has another body in orbit about it and the semimajor axis and period of the orbit are known. The gravitational constant G is only needed to determine the mass of a body. --Jbergquist (talk) 04:05, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

About his complexion
It's written He was described by a contemporary as "a little short man, of black complexion, and fat". Which is surprising for that era considering the racialism and global negative prejudices towards black people. Please provide the source. And no "Cosmos" from Fox TV is not a source, and a contemporary is not enough. Who is that contemporary, and again what's the source? Thanks :-) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.63.151.109 (talk) 05:28, 19 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes neither of these citations are primary sources! Who was this contemporary and where is the quotation from? Gymnophoria (talk) 20:12, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

 * It is most likely that a description as being "of black complexion" in 18th-century England would have referred to the colour of a person's hair, not the skin. We would need a much more direct reference to his skin colour before interpreting the description as referring to that. TowardsTheLight (talk) 21:33, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

 * I seem to recall the "wanted" notices for Charles II described him as being "a tall, black man". DuncanHill (talk) 21:43, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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'Dark stars'
Hello. I've edited the section on black holes because I can find no instance of Michell using the term 'dark stars', (which the section attributed to him). The attribution of this phrase to Michell seems to be implied in this secondary source (cited in the wiki page): https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200911/physicshistory.cfm. But if read carefully, it seems unclear whether the author intends this. They are using quotation marks in an ambiguous way. I can find no mention of the phrase in any available version of Michell's 1783-4 paper. 213.225.227.175 (talk) 14:38, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Michell


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Bond convexity

In finance, bond convexity is a measure of the non-linear relationship of bond prices to changes in interest rates, and is defined as the second derivative of the price of the bond with respect to interest rates (duration is the first derivative). In general, the higher the duration, the more sensitive the bond price is to the change in interest rates. Bond convexity is one of the most basic and widely used forms of convexity in finance. Convexity was based on the work of Hon-Fei Lai and popularized by Stanley Diller.

Calculation of convexity
Duration is a linear measure or 1st derivative of how the price of a bond changes in response to interest rate changes. As interest rates change, the price is not likely to change linearly, but instead it would change over some curved function of interest rates. The more curved the price function of the bond is, the more inaccurate duration is as a measure of the interest rate sensitivity.

Convexity is a measure of the curvature or 2nd derivative of how the price of a bond varies with interest rate, i.e. how the duration of a bond changes as the interest rate changes. Specifically, one assumes that the interest rate is constant across the life of the bond and that changes in interest rates occur evenly. Using these assumptions, duration can be formulated as the first derivative of the price function of the bond with respect to the interest rate in question. Then the convexity would be the second derivative of the price function with respect to the interest rate.

Convexity does not assume the relationship between Bond value and interest rates to be linear. In actual markets, the assumption of constant interest rates and even changes is not correct, and more complex models are needed to actually price bonds. However, these simplifying assumptions allow one to quickly and easily calculate factors which describe the sensitivity of the bond prices to interest rate changes.

Why bond convexities may differ
The price sensitivity to parallel changes in the term structure of interest rates is highest with a zero-coupon bond and lowest with an amortizing bond (where the payments are front-loaded). Although the amortizing bond and the zero-coupon bond have different sensitivities at the same maturity, if their final maturities differ so that they have identical bond durations then they will have identical sensitivities. That is, their prices will be affected equally by small, first-order, (and parallel) yield curve shifts. They will, however, start to change by different amounts with each further incremental parallel rate shift due to their differing payment dates and amounts.

For two bonds with the same par value, coupon, and maturity, convexity may differ depending on what point on the price yield curve they are located.

Mathematical definition
If the flat floating interest rate is r and the bond price is $B$, then the convexity $C$ is defined as

 * $$C = \frac{1}{B} \frac{d^2\left(B(r)\right)}{dr^2}. $$

Another way of expressing $C$ is in terms of the modified duration $D$:

 * $$ \frac{d}{dr} B (r) = -DB.$$

Therefore,

 * $$CB = \frac{d(-DB)}{dr} = (-D)(-DB) + \left(-\frac{dD}{dr}\right)(B),$$

leaving

 * $$C = D^2 - \frac{dD}{dr}.$$

Where $D$ is a Modified Duration

How bond duration changes with a changing interest rate
Return to the standard definition of modified duration:

 * $$ D = \frac {1}{1+r}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac {P(i)t(i)}{B} $$

where $P(i)$ is the present value of coupon $i$, and $t(i)$ is the future payment date.

As the interest rate increases, the present value of longer-dated payments declines in relation to earlier coupons (by the discount factor between the early and late payments). However, bond price also declines when interest rate increases, but changes in the present value of sum of each coupons times timing (the numerator in the summation) are larger than changes in the bond price (the denominator in the summation). Therefore, increases in $r$ must decrease the duration (or, in the case of zero-coupon bonds, leave the unmodified duration constant). Note that the modified duration $D$ differs from the regular duration by the factor one over $1 + r$ (shown above), which also decreases as $r$ is increased.

 * $$\frac{dD}{dr} \leq 0$$

Given the relation between convexity and duration above, conventional bond convexities must always be positive.

The positivity of convexity can also be proven analytically for basic interest rate securities. For example, under the assumption of a flat yield curve one can write the value of a coupon-bearing bond as $$B (r) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} c_i e^{-r t_i} $$, where $C_{i}$ stands for the coupon paid at time $t_{i}$. Then it is easy to see that

 * $$\frac{d^2B}{dr^2} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} c_i e^{-r t_i} t_i^2 \geq 0$$

Note that this conversely implies the negativity of the derivative of duration by differentiating $$dB / dr = - D B $$.

Application of convexity

 * 1) Convexity is a risk management figure, used similarly to the way 'gamma' is used in derivatives risks management; it is a number used to manage the market risk a bond portfolio is exposed to. If the combined convexity and duration of a trading book is high, so is the risk. However, if the combined convexity and duration are low, the book is hedged, and little money will be lost even if fairly substantial interest movements occur. (Parallel in the yield curve)
 * 2) The second-order approximation of bond price movements due to rate changes uses the convexity:

 * $$\Delta B = B\left[\frac{C}{2}(\Delta r)^2 - D\Delta r\right].$$

Effective convexity
For a bond with an embedded option, a yield to maturity based calculation of convexity (and of duration) does not consider how changes in the yield curve will alter the cash flows due to option exercise. To address this, an effective convexity must be calculated numerically. Effective convexity is a discrete approximation of the second derivative of the bond's value as a function of the interest rate:

 * $$\text{Effective convexity} = \frac {V_{-\Delta y} -2V +V_{+\Delta y}}{(V_0)\Delta y^2} $$

where $$V$$  is the bond value as calculated using an option pricing model, $$\Delta y$$ is the amount that yield changes, and  $$V_{-\Delta y}\text{ and } V_{+\Delta y} $$  are the values that the bond will take if the yield falls by $$y$$ or rises by $$y$$, respectively (a parallel shift).

These values are typically found using a tree-based model, built for the entire yield curve, and therefore capturing exercise behavior at each point in the option's life as a function of both time and interest rates; see.

title: Bond convexity


text:
User talk:BoD

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:BoD


text: Category:British journalists

title: Category:British journalists


text:
Soyuz 39

Soyuz 39 was a 1981 Soviet crewed space flight to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the fifteenth expedition, and carried the eighth international crew to the orbiting facility. The crew visited Vladimir Kovalyonok and Viktor Savinykh, who had reached Salyut-6 ten days prior.

The flight carried Vladimir Dzhanibekov and Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa into space. With this mission, Gürragchaa became the first Mongolian, and second Asian cosmonaut.

The Mongolian contribution for this mission had begun in 1967, when the president of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences Bazaryn Shirendev attended a conference of scientists from socialist countries in Moscow, where the Intercosmos project was announced. Dzhanibekov and Gürragchaa performed about thirty experiments during the course of the mission.

Mission parameters

 * Mass: 6800 kg
 * Perigee: 197.5 km
 * Apogee: 282.8 km
 * Inclination: 51.6°
 * Period: 89.01 minutes

Mission highlights
Soyuz 39 docked with the first Mongolian cosmonaut aboard. The resident EO-6 crew assisted the Intercosmos crew with station equipment and oriented the station according to the needs of the visiting crew's experiments.

On 24 March, the cosmonauts installed cosmic ray detectors in the station's work and transfer compartments. On 26 March the cosmonauts performed the Illuminator ("viewing port") experiment, which studied the degradation of the station's viewports. On 27 March, Vladimir Kovalyonok and Viktor Savinykh of the resident crew used the Gologramma ("hologram") apparatus to image a viewing port damaged by micrometeoroids. They repeated this experiment the next day, when they also collected samples of the station's air and microflora and removed the cosmic ray detectors for return to Earth. 28–29 March were largely devoted to studies of Mongolia from space. The visiting crew also checked out their spacecraft on 29 March

The Soviet news service TASS noted that by 29 March, Salyut 6 had conducted 20,140 revolutions of Earth.

title: Soyuz 39


text:
Talk:Client-side

Removed text
Removed:

Types of clients * Macintosh machines * Windows machines * Unix machines * Linux machines

Non-comprehensive and doesn't really contribute to the reader's understanding of the concept.

Types of selections client-side scripting client-side validation client-side events

"Selections" isn't clear, and again, I don't think that saying that these things can happen client-side contributes to the reader's understanding of this concept or those. I put a better link to client-side scripting in the "See also" section, and consequently removed HTML scripting from it.

The server "serves" data Client-side. Servers trascieve information and data to the Client-side (and vice-versa). A Client-side operation are done by the local machine, pending the user's selections on a client system. When resources that contains operations (ex. imagemap) that are to be executed locally, that resources is running "Client-Side", as opposed to "Server-Side". Simply, it is operations done on your computer. It is the basis of the human and machine interface. All interationcs are handeled locally, rather than by the server. Client-side scripts usually run quickly because the user's machine doesn't have to transcieve information to the server. Inaddition, some users ultilize different client "browsers" [ex. Netscape, Internet Explorer, Mozilla, Opera]. The different combinations of client adhere to client-side code format (klnaone as "mark-up") that internetwork wide standards (see  W3C).

This explanation is more appropriate for client-server, and it's also confusing and not entirely accurate. I've tried to rewrite the important parts. Triskaideka 16:36, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)Removed:

Types of clients * Macintosh machines * Windows machines * Unix machines * Linux machines

Non-comprehensive and doesn't really contribute to the reader's understanding of the concept.

Types of selections client-side scripting client-side validation client-side events

"Selections" isn't clear, and again, I don't think that saying that these things can happen client-side contributes to the reader's understanding of this concept or those. I put a better link to client-side scripting in the "See also" section, and consequently removed HTML scripting from it.

The server "serves" data Client-side. Servers trascieve information and data to the Client-side (and vice-versa). A Client-side operation are done by the local machine, pending the user's selections on a client system. When resources that contains operations (ex. imagemap) that are to be executed locally, that resources is running "Client-Side", as opposed to "Server-Side". Simply, it is operations done on your computer. It is the basis of the human and machine interface. All interationcs are handeled locally, rather than by the server. Client-side scripts usually run quickly because the user's machine doesn't have to transcieve information to the server. Inaddition, some users ultilize different client "browsers" [ex. Netscape, Internet Explorer, Mozilla, Opera]. The different combinations of client adhere to client-side code format (klnaone as "mark-up") that internetwork wide standards (see  W3C). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.40.156.252 (talk) 14:54, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

This explanation is more appropriate for client-server, and it's also confusing and not entirely accurate. I've tried to rewrite the important parts. Triskaideka 16:36, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Merge
Sugestion: to merge Server-side and Client-side into a "web client-server description", the Web system architectures page (see web template system architectures). --Krauss (talk) 10:55, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * @Krauss xxx 2601:5C3:300:68C0:AC5A:12C4:9838:A2A4 (talk) 14:47, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

Change article title from adj to noun phrase
Nouns and noun phrases are preferred over adjectives for article titles, per WP:NOUN. Move to Client side? Similarly for Server-side. Nurg (talk) 23:59, 8 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Client-side


text:
Orlando Cabrera

Orlando Luis Cabrera Ramírez (born November 2, 1974), nicknamed "O-Cab" and "the OC", is a Colombian-American former baseball infielder.

He won the 2004 World Series championship with the Boston Red Sox. He also played for the Montreal Expos, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Chicago White Sox, Oakland Athletics, Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians and San Francisco Giants. Cabrera is the younger brother of former major leaguer Jolbert Cabrera.

Cabrera won the Gold Glove Award in 2001 and in 2007. He announced his retirement before the 2012 season.

Montreal Expos (1997–2004)
Cabrera signed with the Expos as a non-drafted free agent in 1993. He made his major league debut on September 3, 1997 against the Boston Red Sox, entering as a defensive replacement for Mark Grudzielanek at shortstop and finishing the game 0-for-2. Cabrera recorded his first major league hit, a single, off New York Mets pitcher Rick Reed on September 11. On July 18, 1999, Cabrera popped up to end David Cone's perfect game.

In 2002, he led all major league ballplayers in errors, totaling 29.

In 2003, Cabrera finished second among the league shortstops in batting average (.297), slugging percentage (.415), runs batted in (80), and stolen base percentage (24-to-26). In addition, he was one of four Expos players to have played all 162 games in a season, and the first to do it twice. Also, his 17 home runs that season were the most ever by a shortstop in Expos history.

Since the Expos traded Cabrera to the Red Sox in 2004, he appeared in six of the seven MLB postseasons, and at least once with every team he spent the end of the season with (2004 with Boston, 2005 and 2007 with Los Angeles, 2008 with Chicago, 2009 with Minnesota, and 2010 with Cincinnati).

Boston Red Sox (2004)
Cabrera was traded to the Boston Red Sox on July 31, 2004 as part of a four-team trade. Cabrera batted .294 with six home runs and 31 RBIs in 58 games with the Red Sox. He also brought stability to the shortstop position. The trade, which also netted first baseman Doug Mientkiewicz from the Twins, shored up Boston's infield defense and energized the team, which went 42–19 after the deal to win the American League's wild card (56–45 before the trade). "He is a game-changer in the field for me", Curt Schilling said. He hit a home run on his first at-bat with the Red Sox on August 1, becoming the eighth Boston player to accomplish the feat. In Game 2 of the 2004 ALDS, he hit a bases-clearing double, helping the Red Sox sweep the Anaheim Angels. Boston went on to win its first World Series title since 1918 with a four-game sweep of the St. Louis Cardinals.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2005–07)
Following his 2004 World Series victory with the Red Sox, Cabrera agreed to a four-year, $32 million contract as a free agent with the Anaheim Angels (later renamed Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim) on December 20, 2004. He replaced David Eckstein at shortstop. Also reuniting him with his former Expos teammate Vladimir Guerrero.

In 2007, Cabrera led qualified AL shortstops with a .983 fielding percentage and a league-low 11 errors, earning him the American League Gold Glove for shortstop, the first by an Angel shortstop since Jim Fregosi in 1967. Also, he stole 20 bases for the third straight year and the fifth time overall.

Cabrera had a 63-game on-base streak in early-through-mid-2006, which was the sixth-longest streak of all time. Ted Williams holds the Major League record with 84 straight games reaching base. Cabrera also had a straight steal of home plate on July 2, 2006, the first such time it had been accomplished by an Angels player since 1997. Cabrera scored without a throw.

Chicago White Sox (2008)
On November 19, 2007, Cabrera was traded to the Chicago White Sox along with cash considerations for Jon Garland. Cabrera's one season with White Sox was marred with controversy: arguing with manager Ozzie Guillén, leaving the clubhouse early to avoid the media, calling the press box to have errors overturned, questioning his team's attitude, and kicking dirt at Tampa Bay Rays pitcher Grant Balfour during an at-bat in Game 1 of the AL Divisional Series.

Oakland Athletics (2009)
On March 6, 2009, Cabrera signed a one-year deal and played middle infield with the Oakland Athletics. In 101 games with the A's, he batted .280 with four home runs and 41 RBI in 101 games.

Minnesota Twins (2009)
On July 31, 2009, Cabrera was traded to the Minnesota Twins with cash considerations for shortstop Tyler Ladendorf.

In 2009, Cabrera led all major league players in errors, with 25. He had a solid offensive year, finishing the season batting .284, with 186 hits (fourth among all shortstops), nine home runs and 77 RBI (first among AL shortstops and fourth out of all shortstops) in 160 games. His seventh-inning, two-run home run in the American League Central Division's tiebreaker game on October 6, 2009, kept the Twins in the game, which they later won, 6–5, in the 12th inning, to advance to post-season play.

Cincinnati Reds (2010)
On February 1, 2010, Cabrera signed a one-year contract with the Cincinnati Reds that included a mutual option for 2011. Cabrera spent the season as the Reds shortstop and posted a .263 average with four home runs, 42 RBI, and a .303 on-base percentage. Cabrera played in only 123 games due to a strained oblique muscle that kept him on the DL from August 3 to September 3. The injury continued to bother him in September and into the playoffs, culminating with Dusty Baker giving him the start in Game 3 of the NLDS despite Cabrera mentioning pain. In the first inning, Cabrera made a high throw to first that allowed a run to score. While on the disabled list, Cabrera spent one game in full batboy uniform, bringing balls to the umpire and collecting bats.

The Reds declined the option for 2011 on his contract with a $1 million buyout. Reds general manager Walt Jocketty expressed that he wanted to bring back Cabrera at a price lower than the $4 million option.

Cleveland Indians (2011)
On February 10, 2011, Cabrera signed a one-year contract with the Cleveland Indians. With Asdrúbal Cabrera in place at shortstop, Cabrera switched to playing second base. On June 12, 2011, Cabrera got his 2,000th hit in Yankee Stadium off of pitcher Freddy García.

On July 21, Jason Kipnis was called up to share duties with Cabrera, who had hit .172 in the month of July and .244/.275/.323 for the season.

San Francisco Giants (2011)
On July 30, 2011, Cabrera was traded to the San Francisco Giants for minor league outfielder Thomas Neal. He was originally given the number 6, but opted to wear number 43, out of respect for J. T. Snow.

Retirement
On January 18, 2012, Cabrera announced his retirement on a radio show in his native home country of Colombia. In November of the same year, his brother Jolbert said Orlando could have come out of retirement and played for the Colombia national baseball team if they had advanced to the final round of the 2013 World Baseball Classic.

Personal life
Cabrera became a naturalized U.S. citizen on May 19, 2011, in South Carolina. Cabrera, a Colombian national, had faced extra scrutiny when traveling through customs due to Colombia's reputation for drug trafficking. , he lives in Windham, New Hampshire, with his wife Katie Cabrera

title: Orlando Cabrera


text:
Slow match

Slow match, also called match cord, is the slow-burning cord or twine fuse used by early gunpowder musketeers, artillerymen, and soldiers to ignite matchlock muskets, cannons, shells, and petards. Slow matches were most suitable for use around black-powder weapons because a slow match could be roughly handled without going out, and only presented a small glowing tip instead of a large flame that risked igniting nearby gunpowder. Slow match of various types was one of the first kinds of artillery fuse.

Slow matches were also used in the drilling and blasting of rock to ignite charges of gunpowder.

Design and use
The slow match attached to the lock of the matchlock gun was usually a length of hemp or flax cord that had been chemically treated to make it burn slowly and consistently for an extended period. In Japan, however, match cord was made from braiding together strands of bark from the Japanese cypress. The rate of burning was approximately 1 ft (305mm) per hour. The British Army estimated that a single soldier on guard duty, for one year, could use an entire mile's worth of match cord. In practical use on a matchlock, both ends of the match cord were often ignited, as the flash of gunpowder in the flash pan could often extinguish one end of the match cord, and the remaining end could then be used to reignite the firing end of the cord upon reloading the matchlock musket. To prevent dragging the match cord on the wet ground, a linstock, a forked wooden support inserted into the ground and used for holding the end of the match cord farthest removed from the matchlock, was often carried and used.

Many formulas for match cord exist, providing varying burn rates. The predominant chemical used was potassium nitrate, although sodium nitrate, and lead(II) acetate also appear to have been used. Potassium nitrate had an advantage over sodium nitrate, being less likely to absorb atmospheric moisture.

Match cord was often used from the 15th century until about 1630, when the flintlock started its rise to prominence. (The arrival of the snaplock after 1540 had only limited impact on match cord use, snaplocks generally being considered a peasant's weapon.) Match cord remained in use with limited numbers of matchlocks in Europe until approximately 1730, and in Japan until the early 1900s. Even once it became obsolete for small arms use, some artillery users (notably the Royal Navy) continued to deploy it as a backup until the end of the flintlock era.

Historic England published a well illustrated account of the investigation of conservation work on a slow match pouch found in the intertidal zone at Medmerry, West Sussex, now in the collection of the National Museum of the Royal Navy.

Modern use and replacements
Modern-day slow match (used with replica matchlock firearms) is sometimes made of cotton cord, instead of hemp, due to legalities associated with growing hemp plants.

For faster burning and modern-day applications such as for igniting fireworks, either tubed black match (sometimes termed quick match) or punk are generally used instead of slow match.

title: Slow match


text:
Soyuz 40

The Soyuz 40 mission was a 1981 Soviet crewed spaceflight and the final flight of the Soyuz 7K-T spacecraft. It was a collaboration between the Soviet Union and Romania.

Mission parameters

 * Mass: 6800 kg
 * Perigee: 198.1 km
 * Apogee: 287 km
 * Inclination: 51.6°
 * Period: 89.06 minutes

Mission highlights
Soyuz 40 was the 16th expedition to Salyut 6 and carried the ninth international crew. It also ended the first phase of the Intercosmos program by carrying Romanian cosmonaut Dumitru Prunariu and Soviet cosmonaut Leonid Popov to the station. In all, nine Intercosmos missions were launched between 1978 and 1981.

Soyuz 40 was the last of the original Soyuz spacecraft (due to its replacement by the Soyuz-T) and the last Soyuz spacecraft to dock with Salyut 6. During the crew's stay, Prunariu studied the Earth's magnetic field. Earth observations had to be delayed until the last day of the flight, when Salyut 6 passed over Romania in daylight. During this time the crew also tested the station's orientation system.

title: Soyuz 40


text:
Bruguière

Bruguière is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Barthélemy Bruguière (1792-1835), first Apostolic Vicar of Korea
 * Jean-Louis Bruguière (born 1943), French judge
 * Jean Guillaume Bruguière (1749 or 1750–1798), French physician, zoologist, diplomat
 * Francis Bruguière (1879-1944), American photographer

title: Bruguière


text:
MIVEC

MIVEC (Mitsubishi Innovative Valve timing Electronic Control system) is the brand name of a variable valve timing (VVT) engine technology developed by Mitsubishi Motors. MIVEC, as with other similar systems, varies the timing of the intake and exhaust camshafts which increases the power and torque output over a broad engine speed range while also being able to help spool a turbocharger more quickly and accurately.

MIVEC was first introduced in 1992 in their 4G92 powerplant, a 1,597 cc naturally aspirated DOHC 16 valve straight-4. At the time, the first generation of the system was named Mitsubishi Innovative Valve timing and lift Electronic Control. The first cars to use this were the Mitsubishi Mirage hatchback and the Mitsubishi Lancer sedan. While the conventional 4G92 engine provided 145 PS at 7000 rpm, the MIVEC-equipped engine could achieve 175 PS at 7500 rpm. Similar improvements were seen when the technology was applied to the 1994 Mitsubishi FTO, whose top-spec GPX variant had a 6A12 1997 cc DOHC 24 valve V6 with peak power of 200 PS at 7500 rpm. The GR model, whose otherwise identical powerplant was not MIVEC-equipped, produced 170 PS at 7000 rpm by comparison.

Although initially designed to enhance performance, the system has subsequently been developed to improve economy and emissions, and has been introduced across Mitsubishi's range of vehicles, from the i kei car to the high-performance Lancer Evolution sedan to the Mirage/Space Star global economy car.

Newest developments have led to MIVEC system being evolved into a continuous variable valve timing and also being the first VVT system to be used into a passenger car diesel engine.

Operation
Variable valve control systems optimize more power and torque by varying valve opening times and/or duration. Some of these valve control systems optimize performance at low and mid-range engine speeds, while others focus on enhancing only high-rpm power. The MIVEC system provides both of these benefits by controlling valve timing and lift. The basic operation of the MIVEC system is altering the cam profiles and thus tailoring engine performance in response to driver input.

In essence, MIVEC serves the same function as "swapping cams", something that car racers might do when modifying older-design engines to produce more power. However, such swaps come with a compromise - generally yielding either greater low-end torque or more high-end horsepower, but not both. MIVEC achieves both goals. With MIVEC, the "cam swap" occurs automatically at a fixed engine speed. The Cam Switch operation is transparent to the driver, who is simply rewarded with a smooth flow of power.

Two distinct cam profiles are used to provide two engine modes: a low-speed mode, consisting of low-lift cam profiles; and a high-speed mode. The low-lift cams and rocker arms - which drive separate intake valves - are positioned on either side of a centrally located high-lift cam. Each of the intake valves is operated by a low-lift cam and rocker arm, while placing a T-lever between them allows the valves to follow the action of the high-lift cam.

At low speeds, The T-lever's wing section floats freely, enabling the low-lift cams to operate the valves. The intake rocker arms contain internal pistons, which are retained by springs in a lowered position while the engine speed is below the MIVEC switchover point, to avoid contacting the high-lift T-shaped levers. At high speeds, hydraulic pressure elevates the hydraulic pistons, causing the T-lever to push against the rocker arm, which in turn makes the high-lift cam operate the valves.

MIVEC switches to the higher cam profile as engine speed increases, and drops back to the lower cam profile as engine speed decreases. The reduced valve overlap in low-speed mode provides stable idling, while accelerated timing of the intake valve's closing reduces backflow to improve volumetric efficiency, which helps increase engine output as well as reduce lift friction. High-speed mode takes advantage of the pulsating intake effect created by the mode's high lift and retarded timing of intake valve closure. The resulting reduced pumping loss of the larger valve overlap yields higher power output and a reduction in friction. The low- and high-speed modes overlap for a brief period, boosting torque.

From the 4B1 engine family onward, MIVEC has evolved into a continuous variable valve timing (CVVT) system (dual VVT on intake and exhaust valves). Many older implementations only vary the valve timing (the amount of time per engine revolution that the intake port is open) and not the lift. Timing is continuously independently controlled to provide four optimized engine-operating modes:
 * Under most conditions, to ensure highest fuel efficiency, valve overlap is increased to reduce pumping losses. The exhaust valve opening timing is retarded for higher expansion ratio, enhancing fuel economy.
 * When maximum power is demanded (high engine speed and load), intake valve closing timing is retarded to synchronize the intake air pulsations for larger air volume.
 * Under low-speed, high load, MIVEC ensures optimal torque delivery with the intake valve closing timing advanced to ensure sufficient air volume. At the same time, the exhaust valve opening timing is retarded to provide a higher expansion ratio and improved efficiency.
 * At idle, valve overlap is eliminated to stabilize combustion.

Mitsubishi's 4N1 engine family is the world's first to feature a variable valve timing system applied to passenger car diesel engines.

MIVEC-MD
In the early years of developing its MIVEC technology, Mitsubishi also introduced a variant dubbed MIVEC-MD (Modulated Displacement), a form of variable displacement. Under a light throttle load, the intake and exhaust valves in two of the cylinders would remain closed, and the reduced pumping losses gave a claimed 10–20 percent improvement in fuel economy. Modulated Displacement was dropped around 1996.

title: MIVEC


text:
Talk:Cubic plane curve

Misc. comments
The recent edit replacing Weierstrass form by elliptic functions actually is over-specific (assumes base field is the complex numbers); it misses out cases of importance, e.g. over a finite field in cryptology. Charles Matthews 16:48, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Not sure about the inflection points being 9, over a field of characteristic 3. Charles Matthews 20:41, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

"It is easily proved that a plane curve of the third degree (or cubic) possesses nine points of inflexion, ...", "Space and Time" by Emile Borel, p. 90 --JKSellers (talk) 08:09, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Cuspidal cubic
Cuspidal cubic redirects here but the word "cuspidal" is never mentioned. 130.236.62.69 (talk) 11:28, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

Locus of a point
Why does the article repeatedly use the term "locus of a point X [satisfying a condition] "? Should it be the locus of points such that for a point X a condition holds, or is there a usage history of this form? ᛭ LokiClock (talk) 11:03, 22 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I have added a wikilink for "locus". Nevertheless there remain two qiestions
 * The article uses "locus of a point ..." where I would write "locus of the points ...", because there are many points in a locus. I am not sure of the correct formulation.
 * Locus (mathematics) defines "locus" as a synonymous of "set of points such that ...". Here it is used for "closure of the set of the points such that ..." or, equivalently, "set of points such that, generically, ...". In fact, there may be some points on the cubic that do not satisfy the condition, when the method of construction degenerates. I believe that, in modern mathematics, this is the second meaning that is commonly used, but some verification is needed.
 * In any case, the whole section "Cubic curves in the plane of a triangle" deserve a complete rewriting as being too technical and insufficiently wikilinked and sourced. D.Lazard (talk) 13:09, 22 September 2013 (UTC)

History
There should be a section entitled "History" here. The cissoid of Diocles seems to have been a cubic curve. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.77.128.149 (talk) 10:38, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cubic plane curve


text:
National Lubricating Grease Institute

The National Lubricating Grease Institute is an international trade association that serves the grease and gear lubricant industry. It exists to promote research and development of lubrication technology. It also publishes industry standards for greases.

History
The NLGI was incorporated by a small number of U.S. companies in 1933 to create a code for the National Recovery Act. The original name of the organization was the National Association of Lubricating Grease Manufacturers, Inc. The name was changed in 1937 as the industry recognized the need for a joint development and standards association and membership grew.

The NLGI is a not-for-profit corporation whose membership includes grease manufacturers and sales organizations, associated equipment manufacturers, industry suppliers, service organizations, research and educational groups. Membership is open to corporations and individuals.

According to information posted by the NLGI in 2004, the institute has member organizations in 26 countries, while subscriptions to its journal, the NLGI Spokesman, represent 50 countries.

Standards
In cooperation with ASTM International and SAE International, the NLGI has developed the categorisation of lubricating greases specified in standard ASTM D4950 “standard classification and specification for automotive service greases”, reproduced in standard SAE J310 “automotive lubricating greases”. The NLGI retains jurisdiction over the designation and definition of the categories, which it publishes in its “chassis and wheel bearing service classification system”. The NLGI has also created a symbol, the NLGI Certification Mark, which can be used on containers of greases to advertise their ASTM D4950 category.

The measure of the consistency of a lubricating grease is commonly expressed by its NLGI consistency number, defined by the NLGI in the “standard classification of lubricating grease”. The NLGI consistency number is used in several standards: ASTM D4950, SAE J310 and ISO 6743-9 “lubricants, industrial oils and related products (class L) — classification — part 9: family X (greases)”.

The NLGI also administers a professional certification program. Individuals passing an examination designed to test their knowledge in the field of lubricating grease obtain the Certified Lubricating Grease Specialist (CLGS) certification.

title: National Lubricating Grease Institute


text:
User:LeeHunter

I was once an active editor on Wikipedia but I'm now completely burned out.

My final quixotic adventure was trying to save George Vithoulkas from deletion but the arguments are just too pointless and irritating for me.

Life is too short.

title: User:LeeHunter


text:
Category:Metallurgists

People who practice Metallurgy

title: Category:Metallurgists


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USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.

USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (DD-850) is a former United States Navy Gearing-class destroyer. The ship was named after Lieutenant Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., a naval aviator, son of the former U.S. Ambassador to Britain, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., and older brother of future President John F. Kennedy. Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. served, with interruptions for modernization, until 1973. Among the highlights of her service are the blockade of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the afloat recovery teams for Gemini 6 and Gemini 7. Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. is on display as a museum ship in Battleship Cove, Fall River, Massachusetts. She was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989 as one of a small number of surviving Gearing-class destroyers.

1945–1950
USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. was built by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation's Fore River Shipyard at Quincy, Massachusetts, launched on 26 July 1945, sponsored by Miss Jean Kennedy, sister of Lieutenant Kennedy. Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. was commissioned at Boston on 15 December 1945.

The new destroyer sailed on 4 February 1946 for shakedown training in the Caribbean. Robert F. Kennedy, Joseph's brother, then 20 years old, sailed on this cruise as an apprentice seaman. Kennedy was discharged from the navy on 30 May 1946.

Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. returned to her homeport, Newport, in April 1946, and was occupied for the next few months in Naval Reserve Training. Arriving Norfolk on 8 October, the ship joined Admiral William D. Leahy's flagship, USS Wisconsin (BB-64), and other units for a cruise to Chile and Venezuela. She transited the Panama Canal twice on this voyage, and was reviewed by the President of Venezuela on 25 November 1946. Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. returned to her home port on 14 December 1946.

During 1947 the destroyer operated on the East Coast and in the Caribbean. She sailed for fleet maneuvers off Puerto Rico on 9 February and upon completion steamed eastward to join the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. During this period of great unrest in Europe, the fleet carried out the important role of peacekeeper and stabilizer. Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. visited various Mediterranean ports before arriving Newport on 26 June 1948. The remainder of the year was spent in antisubmarine warfare (ASW) exercises, and the first half of 1949 saw her make two training cruises to the Caribbean.

The ship sailed on 23 August 1949 for 6th Fleet duty as flagship of Destroyer Squadron 18 (DESRON 18), returning on 27 January 1950.

1950–1960
With the advent of war in Korea, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. carried out reserve training during July 1950, followed by bombardment and convoy exercises to prepare for action defending South Korea from Communist aggression. Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. sailed for Japan on 3 January 1951 by way of the Panama Canal, Pearl Harbor, and Midway Atoll. At Sasebo she loaded ammunition and, exactly one month after departure from Newport, joined Task Force 77 (TF 77) off Korea. From February to April she screened the attack carriers as they pounded enemy positions and supply lines. She departed on 8 April for the Formosa Patrol, helping to prevent further hostilities across the volatile Taiwan Straits. Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., then returned to Korea arriving off Wonsan on 20 May to take up bombardment station in support of the Allied siege and occupation of harbor islands. This duty continued until 13 June, a period of almost constant bombardment of great importance to the operation, after which the ship steamed to Sasebo.

Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. did not return to the West Coast immediately upon the termination of this combat duty, but instead steamed westward to complete a circumnavigation of the globe. With other units of Destroyer Squadron 8, she visited Singapore, Bahrain, Port Said, Naples, and Gibraltar before returning to Newport on 9 August 1951. Until January 1953 she conducted battle practice and served as school ship for the Fleet Training School at Newport. She sailed on 7 January for another 6th Fleet cruise, returning to Newport on 18 May 1953. Antisubmarine training exercises and another Mediterranean cruise January – May 1954 comprised her duty through most of 1955, and she sailed on 5 November for Arctic maneuvers off northern Europe. The ship visited Oslo, Norway, and Bremerhaven, West Germany, carrying out tactical exercises with units of the 6th Fleet before returning to Newport on 5 March 1956.

In June 1956, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. arrived at Annapolis with battleships USS Iowa (BB-61) and USS New Jersey (BB-62) to embark United States Naval Academy midshipmen for a training cruise. Upon returning from Northern Europe on 1 August, the ship took part in training operations until 6 May 1957, when she sailed once more for 6th Fleet duty. The Jordanian crisis had just passed with the strong support of the fleet, and Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. took part in carrier operations until September, when she steamed to the coast of Norway for NATO joint maneuvers. She returned to Newport on 22 October 1957. Again in 1958 the ship sailed to the Mediterranean, and on this cruise spent April in the Persian Gulf with the Middle East Force before arriving back to Newport on 1 July 1958.

After a needed period of overhaul at Boston, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., arrived at Annapolis once more on 3 June 1959 for midshipman training. Along with other ships of the task group, she entered the St. Lawrence River and represented the Navy at the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway on 26 June 1959. Following the ceremonies, in which both President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II took part, the destroyer entered the Seaway and steamed to Chicago on 2 July. The ship visited various ports before returning to the Atlantic on 6 August. In 1960 she returned to the Mediterranean with USS Forrestal (CVA-59) and USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CVB-42), returning to Newport on 15 October.

1961–1964
In January 1961 Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., steamed to Washington, D.C. for the inauguration of John F. Kennedy, brother of her namesake. During February and April of that year she took part in space shots in the Project Mercury series. She then arrived New York City on 1 July 1961 for a Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) overhaul in the New York Naval Shipyard. During this period she received the latest in antisubmarine gear, a new helicopter flight deck and hangar aft, and numerous other modifications designed to increase her useful life. After emerging in her new dress in late May 1962, she underwent exhaustive shakedown out of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, returning on 26 August 1962.

Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., with other ships of the fleet, reacted quickly to the threat of Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba, and President Kennedy's quarantine order. Sailing on 22 October, the ship took an active part in the blockade that forced an easing of the Cuban Missile Crisis, and on 26 October under the command of Commander Nicholas S. Mikhalevsky sent a boarding party to the Lebanese Liberty ship Marucla After participating in this graphic demonstration of the power and mobility of the US Navy, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. remained on patrol in the Caribbean until returning to Newport on 7 December 1962.

During 1963 the veteran destroyer carried out training operations off the Virginia Capes and Nova Scotia. She departed Newport on 29 April 1964 for another Med cruise until 26 August, and in October was underway for Operation Steel Pike I, one of the largest amphibious operations since World War II. During the passage of the task force to the Spanish coast, she acted as antisubmarine screening ship. Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. returned to Newport on 19 November 1964.

1965–1967
Late in January 1965, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., put to sea for Port Canaveral, Florida, where she helped qualify two newly constructed Polaris submarines for patrol overseas. There followed a regular 3-month overhaul in the Boston Naval Shipyard. Commander J. W. Hayes took over command of Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. from Captain J. V. Peters on 14 July; the next day, a 2-month period of refresher training commenced as the ship set sail for Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

The US crewed space program was one of Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.'s more recent commitments; leaving Newport on 27 November 1965, the ship took station 1200 nmi southeast of Bermuda as part of the afloat recovery team for Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 on a 14-day orbital and rendezvous mission in space. The shots a success and her duty done, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. returned to Newport on 21 December to prepare for another deployment in the Mediterranean.

Assigned to DESRON 10, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. departed Newport on 15 February 1966 for duty with the 6th Fleet. After arriving at Gibraltar on 24 February, she participated during the next four months in AAW and ASW operations and ranged the Mediterranean from the North African coast to Turkey. She completed her peace-keeping patrols late in June and returned to Newport on 8 July.

During the remainder of the year she conducted destroyer exercises and carrier screening operations off the eastern seaboard. In mid-November she participated in recovery operations following the successful 4-day flight of Gemini 12. On 1 March 1967 Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. again sailed for duty with the 6th Fleet. She cruised the Mediterranean until late April, and then transited the Suez Canal for the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Late in June she departed the Gulf of Aden for the United States. Steaming via the Cape of Good Hope and South America, she arrived Newport the following month. There she resumed readiness training.

End of career
As part of the Navy drawdown resulting from the end of US involvement in Vietnam, the Kennedy was decommissioned in early 1973 and was stricken from the Navy Register on 1 July the same year. Due to her famous namesake and close association with the Kennedy family, plans were soon made for her preservation.

Museum ship
After decommissioning, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 July 1973 and removed to Fall River, Massachusetts, as a unit of the Battleship Cove Museum. , she is open to the public as the official memorial to Massachusetts citizens who gave their lives during the Korean and Vietnam Wars. She is also home to the Admiral Arleigh Burke National Destroyermen's Museum.

In the spring of 2000, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. was brought to Rhode Island Sound for the movie Thirteen Days, portraying both herself and USS John R. Pierce (DD-753). The ship was crewed by active duty Navy and Naval Reservists in period uniforms, and some systems (radar antennae, gun mounts, and ASW torpedo tubes) were made semi-operational for action scenes, with the ship being towed by a tugboat that was kept out of frame during filming.

Awards
Note – The Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. displays the ribbon of the Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal at Battleship Cove in Fall River; however, the vessel was not in the area of eligibility for this medal during the appropriate time period.

title: USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.


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1864 in art

Events from the year 1864 in art.

Events

 * January 30 – National Gallery of Ireland opens to the public in Dublin in a building designed by Francis Fowke based on early plans by Charles Lanyon.
 * February 20 – Painter George Frederic Watts marries his 16-year-old model, the actress Ellen Terry, 30 years his junior, in London. She elopes less than a year later.
 * December 28 – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Mulhouse established.
 * December 30 – Julia Margaret Cameron sends John Herschel an album of her first year's photography including her iconic portrait of him.
 * The Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center is established as the Vassar College Art Gallery on the women's college campus in Poughkeepsie, New York (in the Hudson Valley) including the Magoon Collection of Hudson River School paintings donated by Matthew Vassar.
 * Stanisław Chlebowski takes up a post as master painter to Sultan Abdülaziz in Istanbul.
 * The National Gallery in London acquires the 15th century altarpiece The Annunciation, with Saint Emidius from Lord Taunton.

Awards

 * Prix de Rome (for sculpture) – Louis-Ernest Barrias

Works

 * Ramon Martí Alsina – The Great Day of Girona
 * Frédéric Bazille – The Pink Dress (approximate date)
 * François Bocion – Steamer on Lake Geneva – Evening Effect
 * Ford Madox Brown
 * Elijah and the Widow's Son (full-size oil version)
 * King René's Honeymoon
 * Francis Bicknell Carpenter – First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln
 * Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot – Souvenir de Mortefontaine
 * Richard Dadd – The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke
 * Honoré Daumier – The Third-Class Carriage (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
 * Thomas Farrell – Memorial statue to John McNeil Boyd (St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin)
 * Anselm Feuerbach – Paolo and Francesca
 * Konstantin Flavitsky – Princess Tarakanova
 * William Holman Hunt – London Bridge on the Night of the Marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales
 * Sir Edwin Landseer – Man Proposes, God Disposes
 * Henri Fantin-Latour
 * Homage to Delacroix
 * White Cup and Saucer
 * Frederic Leighton – The Painter's Honeymoon
 * John Frederick Lewis – Captive Dove, Cairo
 * Daniel Maclise – The Death of Nelson (wall painting for Palace of Westminster and oil study)
 * Édouard Manet
 * Les Anges au tombeau du Christ, Le Christ mort aux anges ("The Angels at Christ's Tomb") (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
 * The Battle of the Kearsarge and the Alabama (Philadelphia Museum of Art)
 * Branch of White Peonies and Pruning Shears (Musée d'Orsay, Paris)
 * Peonies (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
 * The Dead Toreador (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.)
 * Women at the Races (Cincinnati Art Museum)
 * Jan Matejko
 * Kazanie Skargi
 * Polonia
 * Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier – 1814: The Campaign in France (Musée d'Orsay, Paris)
 * Jean-François Millet – Shepherdess with Her Flock (Musée d'Orsay, Paris)
 * Gustave Moreau – Oedipus and the Sphinx
 * Erskine Nicol – Irish Emigrants Waiting for a Train
 * Val Prinsep – My Lady Betty
 * William Blake Richmond – The Sisters
 * Frederick Sandys – Morgan le Fay
 * Emil Jakob Schindler – A Forest Blacksmith
 * Simeon Solomon – Sappho and Erinna in a Garden at Mytilene
 * G. F. Watts – Choosing
 * James McNeill Whistler
 * Caprice in Purple and Gold: The Golden Screen
 * Symphony in White, No. 2: The Little White Girl
 * Wapping
 * Franz Xaver Winterhalter
 * Carlota of Belgium
 * Madame Barbe de Rimsky-Korsakov (Musée d'Orsay, Paris)

Births

 * January 3 – Ernst Klimt, Austrian mural painter (died 1892)
 * February 1 – Albert Julius Olsson, English marine painter (died 1942)
 * March 10 – Ādams Alksnis, Latvian painter (died 1897)
 * March 19 – Charles Marion Russell, American "cowboy artist" (died 1926)
 * March 29 – Paul Ranson, French painter and writer (died 1909)
 * April 9 – Archibald Knox, Manx designer (died 1933)
 * May 15 – Vilhelm Hammershøi, Danish painter (died 1916)
 * May 22 – Willy Stöwer, German marine artist (died 1931)
 * July 8 – F. Holland Day, American photographer (died 1933)
 * October 7 – Harrington Mann, Scottish-born portrait painter and decorative artist (died 1937)
 * November 24 – Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (died 1901)
 * December 3 – Anna Boberg, Swedish painter (died 1935)
 * December 8 – Camille Claudel, French sculptor and graphic artist (died 1943)
 * December 13 – John Quinton Pringle, Scottish painter (died 1925)
 * December 30 – Marko Murat, Serbian painter (died 1944)
 * date unknown
 * Alexander Fisher, English silversmith and enamel painter (died 1936)
 * J. Laurie Wallace, Irish American portrait painter, photographer and model (died 1953)

Deaths

 * January 3 – William Behnes, English sculptor (born 1795)
 * January 6 – James Frothingham, American painter (born 1786)
 * January 27 – Leo von Klenze, German neoclassicist architect, painter and writer (born 1784)
 * January 29 – William Cowen, English landscape painter (born 1791)
 * February 10 – William Henry Hunt, English watercolor painter (born 1790)
 * February 14 – William Dyce, British painter (born 1806)
 * March 2 – Jean Alaux, French history painter and Director of the French Academy in Rome (born 1786)
 * March 19 – Alexandre Calame, Swiss painter (born 1810)
 * March 21 – Jean-Hippolyte Flandrin, French painter (born 1809)
 * June 1 – John Watson Gordon, Scottish painter (born 1788)
 * June 2 – Caroline Bardua, German painter (born 1781)
 * June 8 – Stephen Poyntz Denning, English portraitist, artist and curator (born 1795-1798)
 * July 27 – Joseph Patrick Haverty, Irish painter (born 1794)
 * August 7 – Johann Pucher (Janez Puhar), Slovene painter and photographer (born 1814)
 * August 10 – Thomas Baker "of Leamington", English landscape painter (born 1809)
 * November 15 – Abel Dimier, French sculptor (born 1794)
 * November 20 – Albert Newsam, American graphic artist (born 1809)
 * November 25 – David Roberts, Scottish painter (born 1796)
 * December 24 – Demeter Laccataris, Austro-Hungarian portrait painter of Greek origin (born 1798)
 * date unknown
 * Carlo Restallino, Italian-born painter and engraver (born 1776)
 * William Guy Wall, Irish-born painter working in the United States (born 1792)

title: 1864 in art