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First Baptist Church in America

The First Baptist Meetinghouse, also known as the First Baptist Church in America is the oldest Baptist church congregation in the United States. The Church was founded in 1638 by Roger Williams in Providence, Rhode Island. The present church building was erected between 1774 and 1775 and held its first meetings in May 1775. It is located at 75 North Main Street in Providence's College Hill neighborhood. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960. It is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA.

History
Roger Williams had been holding religious services in his home for nearly a year before he converted his congregation into a Baptist church in 1638. This followed his founding of Providence in 1636. For the next sixty years, the congregation met in congregants' homes, or outdoors in pleasant weather. Baptists in Rhode Island through most of the 17th century declined to erect meetinghouses because they felt such buildings reflected vanity. Eventually, however, they came to see the utility of some gathering place, and they erected severely plain-style meetinghouses like those of the Quakers.

Roger Williams was a Calvinist, but within a few years of its founding, the congregation became more Arminian, and was clearly a General Six-Principle Baptist church by 1652. It remained a General Baptist church until it migrated back to a variety of Calvinism under the leadership of James Manning in the 1770s. Following Williams as pastor of the church was Chad Brown, founder of the famous Brown family of Rhode Island. A number of the streets in Providence bear the names of pastors of First Baptist Church, including Williams, Brown, Gregory Dexter, Thomas Olney, William Wickenden, Manning, and Stephen Gano. In 1700, Pardon Tillinghast built the first church building, a 400 sqft structure, near the corner of Smith and North Main Streets. In 1711 he donated the building and land to the church in a deed describing the church as General Six-Principle Baptist in theology. In 1736 the congregation built its second meetinghouse on an adjoining lot at the corner of Smith and North Main Streets. This building was about 40 × 40 feet square (i.e.1600 sqft).

When it was built in 1774–75, the current meetinghouse represented a dramatic departure from the traditional Baptist meetinghouse style. It was the first Baptist meetinghouse to have a steeple and bell, making it more like Anglican and Congregational church buildings. The builders were part of a movement among Baptists in the urban centers of Boston, Newport, New York, and Philadelphia to bring respectability and recognition to Baptists.

Association with Brown University
Central to the movement for greater recognition and growth was the creation of an educated ministry and the founding of a college. The Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches sent Dr. James Manning to Rhode Island to found the college in the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (later renamed Brown University) in 1764. Beginning in Warren, the college then relocated to Providence in 1770. The college president, Manning, was also called to be the pastor of the Providence church in 1771. During his ministry the present Meeting House was erected "for the publick worship of Almighty God and also for holding commencement in." Subsequent Brown presidents Jonathan Maxcy and Francis Wayland also served as ministers at the church.

The Brown family that soon gave its name to the university were prominent members of the church, and descendants of its founders and those of the Rhode Island Colony (the second pastor of the congregation after Roger Williams was Chad Brown). Although the university is now secular, in honor of its history and tradition, the meetinghouse continues to be used, as it has been since 1776, as the site of Brown University's undergraduate commencement.

Construction, alterations and designations
Construction of the church began in the summer of 1774; at the time, the project was the largest building project ever attempted in New England. Due to the closure of the Massachusetts ports by the British as punishment for the Boston Tea Party, out-of-work ship builders and carpenters came to Providence to work on the meetinghouse. The main portion of the meetinghouse was dedicated in mid-May 1775, and the steeple erected in three and a half days in the first week of June.

Notable additions to the meetinghouse have included a Waterford crystal chandelier given by Hope Brown Ives (1792), a large pipe organ given by her brother Nicholas Brown Jr., the younger (1834); the addition of rooms for Sunday school, a fellowship hall, and offices on the lower level (1819–59), and an addition to the east end of the meetinghouse to accommodate an indoor baptistery (1884). The 1884 addition included a large stained glass window that was soon deemed inappropriate and shuttered over.

In 1957, John D. Rockefeller Jr. funded a restoration effort that removed Victorian additions to the building, returning much of the church's interior to its original appearance.

Notably absent from the interior is a gallery originally constructed on the church's western side for use by slaves and free black residents of Providence.

The building was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

Architecture
The building was designed by astronomer and amateur architect Joseph Brown. Brown's design borrowed significantly from the designs English architect James Gibbs published in his 1728 Book of Architecture. The church's steeple, for example, is an exact execution of one of three unbuilt designs for the spire of St Martin-in-the-Fields.

Today
In addition to weekly worship services, the Meeting House hosts concerts, talks, and lectures by world-renowned artists, performers, academics, and elected officials. Brown University holds commencement services of its undergraduate college at the meetinghouse.

In 2001, History professor J. Stanley Lemons wrote a history of the church, entitled First: The History of the First Baptist Church in America

Affiliations
The First Baptist Church in America is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches of Rhode Island (ABCORI) and the American Baptist Churches USA (ABCUSA). The church actively supports the Rhode Island State Council of Churches, the National Council of Churches, the Baptist World Alliance, and the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty. Many members have served in various denominational, academic, and divinity school positions, including the presidency of Brown University.

Settled ministers (sometimes simultaneous pastorships)

 * Roger Williams, 1638–39
 * Chad Brown, 1639 – before 1650
 * Thomas Olney, 1639–1652
 * William Wickenden, 1642–1670
 * Gregory Dexter, 1654–1700
 * Pardon Tillinghast, 1681–1718
 * Ebenezer Jenckes 1719–1726
 * James Colvin 1725–1755
 * James Brown 1726–1732
 * Samuel Winsor, 1733–1758
 * Thomas Burlingame 1733–1764
 * Samuel Winsor Jr, 1759–1771
 * James Manning, 1771–1791
 * John Stanford, 1788–1789
 * Jonathan Maxcy, 1791–1792
 * Stephen Gano MD, 1792–1828
 * Robert Pattison, 1830–36
 * William Hague, 1837–40
 * Robert Pattison, 1840–1842
 * James Granger, 1842–1857

 * Francis Wayland, 1857–1858
 * Samuel Caldwell, 1858–1873
 * Edward G. Taylor, 1875–1881
 * Thomas Edwin Brown, 1882–1890
 * Henry Melville King, 1891–1906
 * Elijah Abraham Hanley, 1907–1911
 * John F. Vichert, 1912–1916
 * Albert B. Cohoe, 1916–1920
 * Arthur W. Cleaves, 1922–1940
 * Albert C. Thomas, 1941–1954
 * Homer L. Trickett, 1955–1970
 * Robert G. Withers, 1971–1975
 * Richard D. Bausman, 1976–1982
 * Orland L. Tibbetts, 1983–1986
 * Dwight M. Lundgren, 1983–1996
 * Kate Harvey Penfield, 1987–1995
 * Clifford R. Hockensmith, 1997–1999
 * James C. Miller, 2000–2005
 * Dan Ivins, 2006–2014
 * Jamie P. Washam, 2015–

title: First Baptist Church in America


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Argenta, Emilia–Romagna

Argenta (Argentano: Arzènta) is a town and comune in the province of Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna. It is located about 30 km southeast of Ferrara, and midway between Ferrara and Ravenna.

Geography
Argenta is situated in a flat agricultural region near the Valli di Comacchio lagoon wetlands. Much of the latter is today a wildlife sanctuary and Argenta is home to the Marsh Museum which offers many facilities for ornithology.

History
The town was founded by the Romans. In 1295 it was the seat of a convention of the main Ghibelline leaders of Romagna to decide the course of the war against the Papal forces.

In 1923 a Fascist squad murdered a Catholic priest, don Giovanni Minzoni, an anti-fascist and the voice of the poor farmers in Romagna, as well as a friend of several socialist politicians like Natale Galba.

During World War II the area was part of the German Gothic Line. In April 1945, in the Allied advance of Operation Roast, it was the location of the Battle of the Argenta Gap.

Twin towns
Argenta is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Castelnau-le-Lez, France, since 2003

Main sights

 * Pieve di San Giorgio, a Palaeo-Christian church on the Reno River.
 * Museum of the Valleys of Argenta
 * Museo della Bonifica ("Museum of Land Reclamation")
 * Duomo di San Nicolò
 * San Domenico

Transportation
Argenta is located on the SS16 Adriatica state highway, which connects it to Ferrara and Ravenna. It has a station on the Ferrara-Ravenna-Rimini railroad.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Argenta, Emilia–Romagna


text:
Finger wave

A finger wave is a method of setting hair into waves (curls) that was popular in the 1920s and early 1930s and again in the late 1990s in North America and Europe. Silver screen actresses such as Josephine Baker and Esther Phillips are credited with the original popularity of finger waves. In their return in the 1990s, the style was popularized by pop stars like Madonna, and hip-hop stars of the time, such as Missy Elliott. The popularity of finger waves in the 1990s was aided by a movement toward shorter, more natural hair in the African-American community. This also was a common hairstyle worn by slaves back in 1802 through generations to 1889 and only began to take effect of popularity when Bette Davis danced on Sugar be mine live television.

The process involved pinching the hair between the fingers and combing the hair in alternating directions to make an "S" shape wave. A waving lotion was applied to the hair to help it retain its shape. The lotion was traditionally made using karaya gum, but more modern styles often use liquid styling gels or hairspray. Over the years, the use of clips (and later tape) also became popular to hold the heavy damp waves until the gel dried. According to "Techniques of the 1920s and 1930s":

Finger waves were developed in the 1920s to add style to, and soften the hard appearance of, the bobbed hairstyles that became very popular during the flapper period

Many Hollywood movie stars wore the latest finger waves which contributed to the popularity and evolution of this style

Finger waving is the shaping or moulding of hair while wet into "s"-shaped curved undulations with the fingers and comb. These waves, when dried without being disturbed, will fall into deep waves. Finger waving differs from marcel waving in that there are no heated irons used on the hair. Not only naturally curly or permanently waved hair can be finger waved, but it is equally successful on straight hair.

Finger waves are similar to the marcel wave in appearance and are easily confused. Unlike finger waves, the marcel wave is made with a hot curling iron, and is more permanent than finger waves. Another hairstyle often confused with finger waves is the croquignole method of curling hair used to create a permanent wave. In this method the hair is curled using heated curlers and then shaped into the waves.

The popularity of the hairstyle led to the invention of an improved comb by Paul Compan for hairdressers to more efficiently create the waves.

When casually wearing finger waves, it is common to soften the style by brushing out the waves. For a more dramatic effect the waves are left in the original shape. Some examples of modern finger waves can be seen in the 2016 runway shows for Marc Jacobs, Prada, Jason Wu, Stella McCartney, and Salvatore Ferragamo.

title: Finger wave


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Earth 2 (TV series)

Earth 2 is an American science fiction television series that aired on NBC from November 6, 1994, to June 4, 1995. The show was canceled after one season of 21 episodes. It follows the journey and settlement of a small expeditionary group called the Eden Project, with the intent to journey to an Earth-like planet called G889 in an attempt to find a cure to an illness called "the syndrome". The series was created by Billy Ray, Michael Duggan, Carol Flint, and Mark Levin, produced by Amblin Entertainment and Universal Television, and filmed primarily in northern New Mexico around the Santa Fe area. The series' music was composed by David Bergeaud, and the executive producers were Duggan, Levin, and Flint.

The show had a successful premiere, reaching eighth place for the week; however, ratings dropped off quickly as the Nielsen ratings share had dropped from 23% to 9%. During its run, it had been nominated for a Primetime Emmy, Saturn, and other awards. In 2005, the entire series was released on DVD in a four-disc set.

Plot
In 2192, most of the human population has fled Earth to live on large orbiting space stations. Only a small number of humans remain on the Earth's surface as the Earth has become mostly uninhabitable.

Billionaire Devon Adair's eight-year-old son, Ulysses Adair, has contracted a rare, fatal disease called "the syndrome", a condition whose existence is not acknowledged by the government and medical community. It is theorized that this disease, which affects only children, is somehow caused by the lack of an Earth-like environment. Most children who are born with the disease do not live past the age of nine.

Desperate to save her son, Devon puts together a group who will pioneer the effort to settle a planet 22 light-years away from Earth, on which other families with members thus afflicted can settle. The eventual colonization of the planet, however, is opposed by the government. Secret monitoring and agent infiltration threaten the creation of the colony of New Pacifica. Hours before Adair's group intends to leave, a bomb is discovered, set to explode the hour the ship would leave. The Eden Project leaves immediately, jettisoning the bomb before detonation. In "The Church of Morgan", it is revealed this bomb was planted by the Council to stop the ship from leaving.

Twenty-two years later, the ship arrives at G889, but it crash lands a great distance from the planned landing site. With her group scattered on the planet and supplies missing, Devon marshals what survivors she can find and begins heading west to the planned site of New Pacifica.

During their travels, Adair and her companions slowly learn to cope with life on the alien world, which at first seems superficially Earth-like but which is gradually revealed to have a very different ecology, including at least two different native sentient and humanoid species—a short and stout race at the level of development of hunter-gatherers, with a propensity towards kleptomania, known as "Grendlers" and the much taller and lankier "Terrians", who are capable of telepathic communication, can tear rents and tunnels in the earth through a pseudo-psychic process and whose well-being is somehow linked to that of the planet. The survivors also learn that the Council—a government group that seems to wield most of the power on the space stations—wants to gain control of G889 for resettlement. Through their various experiments, they have learned that they cannot remove the Terrians without killing the planet. This complicates matters, because Devon's son, who has been healed by the Terrians and begun to exhibit some of their unique characteristics, has become the key to the Council's plan for the planet.

Main

 * Debrah Farentino as Devon Adair
 * Joey Zimmerman as Ulysses Adair
 * Clancy Brown as John Danziger
 * J. Madison Wright as True Danziger
 * Sullivan Walker as Yale
 * Jessica Steen as Dr. Julia Heller
 * Rebecca Gayheart as Bess Martin
 * John Gegenhuber as Morgan Martin
 * Antonio Sabàto, Jr. as Alonzo Solace

Recurring and guest stars

 * Richard Bradford as Commander Broderick O'Neill
 * Terry O'Quinn as Reilly
 * Tim Curry as Gaal
 * Jeff Kober as Z.E.D.
 * Marjean Holden as Danica
 * Rockmond Dunbar as Baines
 * Roy Dotrice as The Elder
 * Virginia Madsen as Alonzo Solace's Dance Partner
 * Kelli Williams as Mary
 * Walter Norman as Walman
 * Marcia Magus as Magus
 * Tierre Turner as Zero
 * Kirk Trutner as Cameron

Characters
The interactions among the original crew, the convicts, the government and the local aliens and their planet forms the basis of many of the story's plot lines, as the colonists learn more about their new home while trying to avoid detection by the Council.
 * Devon Adair: The leader of the expedition whose own son is afflicted with the Syndrome. As the leader, she attempts to balance directing the group as obstacles are encountered while confronting the possibility that her son may not survive his sickness.
 * Ulysses Adair: Nicknamed "Uly", he is the eight-year-old son of the expedition's leader, Devon Adair. He was born with the Syndrome, an illness which convinced his mother that he could be cured if raised on a planet with access to fresh air, clean water and sunshine. His arrival on G889 and eventual connection to the Terrians is one of the keys to the colonization of the world and a recurring plot theme.
 * John Danziger: Previously an indentured worker aboard the space station from which the group leaves. His daughter is most important to him, but he also assumes the role of protector of the group.
 * True Danziger: The ten-year-old daughter of John Danziger, and also previously an indentured worker on the space station from which the expedition departed. She forms a bond with Uly, initially one of jealousy and dislike, but eventually a close friendship.
 * Yale: A former convict and cyborg whose memory has been erased and behavior altered under a government program for the purpose of becoming a tutor for the children of wealthy families. He later recovers some of his memories and learns he did not commit a violent crime but instead defied the Council.
 * Dr. Julia Heller: A genetically modified junior physician the colonists later learn is an agent for the Council.
 * Morgan Martin: A government official supervising the Eden Project, husband to Bess Martin.
 * Bess Martin: Wife of Morgan Martin, who grew up in the mines of Earth.
 * Alonzo Solace: A cold sleep pilot far older than he looks, and eventually a love interest of Dr. Heller.
 * Reilly: Julia Heller's contact on the council, who eventually is revealed to be a computer program. In "All About Eve", the creator of the EVE program reveals that Reilly is part of the same program.
 * Zero: The crew's bipedal worker droid capable of multiple tasks.
 * Commander Broderick O’Neill: Second in command, he is stung by a Koba which puts him into a coma that the colonists mistake for death. He is found, but is suspicious of Gaal and begins hunting for clue to his history. He is murdered by Grendlers in at the end of the second episode.

Life on G889
The landscape and climate of the new planet where the ship crashed seems very much like that of harsher climates on Earth, such as the southwestern United States. Water is scarce and scrub grows out of rock formations. In this area, three different species of life are discovered by Devon Adair and her group.
 * : Soon after arrival the colonists come into contact with a semi-intelligent race of traders and scavengers named Grendlers. In "A Memory Play", it is revealed that a grendler's saliva is a cure for virtually any disease.
 * : Exploring further, the group encounters an intelligent subterranean indigenous species named the Terrians, who seem to have a symbiotic relationship with the planet and can only communicate with the colonists through a dreamscape that few of them understand.
 * Kobas: Small monkey-like creatures with a leather-like skin and large eyes. Kobas possess sharp claws, which they use like darts to incapacitate their intended food source. Once struck by a Koba-claw, a victim falls into a near-death coma for two to three days, but awakens with no permanent damage. Kobas have a great talent for mimicry. They are friendly toward those who are friendly to them, but are quick to defend themselves against possible predators.
 * Humans: During the series the colonists learn they are not the only humans on the planet; it had previously been used as a penal colony so the government could learn more about how to colonize the planet.

Notable aspects of the series
Earth 2 broke new ground by placing Devon Adair as one of the first female commanders in a science fiction television show, preceding the much better-known Captain Kathryn Janeway of Star Trek: Voyager by more than two months.

The overarching plot of the show and various individual elements helped explore the Gaia hypothesis, mainly through the Syndrome, its effects on many children, and the subsequent healing of the illness after the Eden Project arrives on G889.

During the show, various political and social themes were addressed as well. Throughout the series aspects of the relation of Terrians to the planet and to the colonists reflect the history of colonies with native populations and slavery. In "The Enemy Within", Julia is left behind by the group because of her treachery, addressing briefly what punishments are moral or even inhumane. Another aspect of this issue is addressed in "The Man Who Fell to Earth (Two)", when the group meets a man named Gaal who claims to be an astronaut but is revealed as a marooned criminal; when it is revealed that G889 had been used for many years as a penal colony, questions arise as to the motivations of the Council and their right to do so. In "Redemption", the group encounters a genetically enhanced killer called Z.E.D., who was left on the planet to dispose of all the humans he finds, who at the time had been criminals.

Filming locations
Exterior shots filmed in New Mexico locations such as Kasha Katuwe Tent Rocks and Diablo Canyon, provided the setting for the series.

Episodes
(Note: Due to presentation choices of the network, some episodes of this series were aired out of narrative sequence. The table below includes the episode numbering of most recent home media release of the series. )

Broadcast
The series premiered on November 6, 1994, with a two-hour pilot episode ("Earth 2: First Contact") that ran from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. EST (including advertisements—it was later split into two episodes for syndication). The following week it moved to a regular time slot. On April 23, 1995, two individual episodes were aired back-to-back from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. EST.

It was also aired in Austria, Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom, later in 1995 Greece and Egypt in the fall of 1997, and in Turkey and Norway in 1998. In 2011 it aired on TV4 Science Fiction in Sweden.

DVD release and online streaming
The complete series, comprising 21 episodes including the two-hour pilot, was released on DVD on July 19, 2005, in the United States in Region 1 format, on four dual-sided discs. The two parts of "First Contact" originally aired as the pilot in one feature-length 90-minute episode (95 minutes and 30 seconds on the Region 4 DVD).

The set includes all 21 episodes in order according to the air date—not the production order—resulting in two episodes ("Natural Born Grendlers" and "Flower Child") being ordered after the final episode, "All About Eve". These two were originally not aired until after the planned season finale had been aired and it was then known that the series had been cancelled; with the series not renewed the season finale became the series finale. In the order of production, and more importantly of the story line, the episode "Natural Born Grendlers" should have followed "Life Lessons". (Clue: Alonzo has a cut on his forehead in "Promises" which he got in "Natural Born Grendlers". However, most people place it after "Promises, Promises" because the three Gaal episodes were shown as a group. ) The episode "The Boy Who Would Be Terrian King" (day 104 on the planet) takes place before "After the Thaw" (day 109 on the planet), and "Flower Child" should have followed "Survival of the Fittest". In addition to the episodes, the set includes eight deleted and extended scenes, and out-takes.

Another DVD set titled Earth 2: The Complete Series was released on May 28, 2012, for Region 2. It corrected the above-mentioned episode order problem by placing them in narrative order, and included a card explaining that the trailers attached to the end of some episodes would not match the corrected play order.

Netflix in the United States streamed the episodes in production order.

Novels
Three Earth 2 novels were published between December 1994 and May 1995. The first was a novelization of the two-part premiere. The remaining two were original stories.
 * Earth 2: A Novel (Melissa Crandall, December 1994) ISBN 0-441-00146-7
 * Puzzle (Sean Dalton, February 1995) ISBN 0-441-00148-3
 * Leather Wings (John Vornholt, May 1995) ISBN 0-441-00198-X

title: Earth 2 (TV series)


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Jan Wouters

Jan Jacobus Wouters (born 17 July 1960) is a Dutch professional football coach and former player. He played as a defensive midfielder and was Dutch Footballer of the Year in 1990.

Career
Wouters played for several clubs including PSV, Utrecht, Bayern Munich and Ajax. He was also a Netherlands international team member (70 caps, four goals) and was hugely influential in 1988 when the Netherlands won the European Football Championship.

He was a coach of Scottish Premier League club Rangers under Dick Advocaat and then Alex McLeish. He left Rangers at the end of the 2005–06 season, along with McLeish and Andy Watson.

Wouters is infamous to England supporters after elbowing Paul Gascoigne and fracturing his cheekbone during a World Cup qualifier in 1993 at Wembley Stadium. Gascoigne was forced to wear a Phantom of the Opera style facemask to protect his fractured cheekbone until his injury healed. The following day, the Daily Mirror labelled Wouters a "Dutch thug". The match was drawn 2–2 and damaged England's hopes of qualifying for the 1994 World Cup finals in the United States, despite England leading the match 2–0.

Honours
Utrecht
 * KNVB Cup: 1984–85

Ajax
 * Eredivisie: 1989–90
 * KNVB Cup: 1986–87
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1986–87
 * UEFA Cup: 1991–92

Bayern Munich
 * Bundesliga: 1993–94

PSV
 * KNVB Cup: 1995–96

Netherlands
 * UEFA European Championship: 1988

Individual
 * Dutch Footballer of the Year: 1989–90
 * UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1988
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1992–93

In popular culture
Wouters was repeatedly referenced in a Saturday Night Live sketch on 4 February 2023 featuring James Austin Johnson as a British rapper named Milly Pounds.

title: Jan Wouters


text:
Talk:Belle Île

I'm unsure about the English name : is it Belle Île (as in French) or Belle Isle ? The first one has more Google hits than the second, hence my move, but... _R_ 22:15, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Most sources that I've seen in Acadian history call it "Belle Isle," but I suspect that's because the circumflex in "Île" is hard to type without a computer. --Michael K. Smith (talk) 21:44, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Madame de pompadour links here, saying she "supported it" but neither page explains what that means.

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title: Talk:Belle Île


text:
Air International

AIR International is a British aviation magazine covering current defence aerospace and civil aviation topics. It has been in publication since 1971 and is currently published by Key Publishing Ltd.

History and profile
The magazine was first published in June 1971 with the name Air Enthusiast. In January 1974 its title was changed to Air Enthusiast International and finally to Air International in July 1974.

Air International is published by Key Publishing Limited. The magazine has its headquarters in Stamford, Lincolnshire. Sister publications include Air Forces Monthly, Airliner World, Airports International and FlyPast.

title: Air International


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Cacomistle

The cacomistle ({{IPAc-en|"|k|{|k|@|%|m|I|s|@l}}; Bassariscus sumichrasti), also spelled cacomixtle,  is a primarily nocturnal, arboreal, omnivorous member of the carnivoran family Procyonidae (coatis, kinkajous and raccoons). Depending on the location, its preferred habitats are humid and tropical evergreen jungle and montane cloud forests; seasonally, it may venture into drier, deciduous forests.

Although its total population is listed as being of "least concern" (i.e., stable), the cacomistle is still a highly cryptic, secretive animal, and generally an uncommon sight throughout much of its range (from southern México to western Panamá); this fact is especially true in Costa Rica, where it inhabits only a very small area. Additionally, the species is completely dependent on trees and dense vegetation for habitat, making it particularly susceptible to deforestation.

The name cacomistle comes from the Nahuatl language (tlahcomiztli) and means "half-cat" or "half-puma"; the same name is also given, by some, to the North American Bassariscus astutus, more commonly known as the ringtail (or, semi-inaccurately, ringtail 'cat'). This "sister species" of the cacomistle inhabits a much more northerly and less tropical range, from arid Northern Mexico into the Southwestern United States.

Taxonomy
The cacomistle is one of two extant species in the genus Bassariscus, along with its close relative, the North American ringtail (Bassariscus astutus). Together, they form the Procyoninae, a subfamily of the greater Procyonidae of the Carnivora order, thus placing them with raccoons, coatis, olingos and kinkajous.

Currently, six regional subspecies of Bassariscus sumichrasti are recognized:

 * Campeche cacomistle (Bassariscus sumichrasti campechensis)

 * Central American cacomistle (B. s. sumichrasti)

 * Guerrero cacomistle (B. s. latrans)

 * Northern Central American cacomistle (B. s. variabilis)

 * Oaxaca cacomistle (B. s. oaxacensis)

 * Panamá cacomistle (B. s. notinus)

Description
This species of cacomistle's body is 38–47 cm in length, which is attached to a tail of approximately the same length, if not longer (typically 39–53 cm long). The male cacomistle is often slightly longer than its female counterpart, however both male and female have approximately the same weight, usually between 1 and 1.5 kg. Their body consists of dark brown and grey fur, which stands as a stark contrast to the black and white striped tail. The tail stripes are the most defined near the animal's posterior end and gradually fade to a solid black at the end of the tail. The cacomistle is often confused with its close relative the Ring-tailed cat (Scientific name: Bassariscus astutus) because of the similarity of their appearance, but unlike the ring-tail cat the cacomistle does not have retractable claws. The cacomistle can also be identified by its faded tail and the observation of ears that come to a point.

Distribution and habitat
The cacomistle inhabits the tropical forests of North America and Central America, from south-central Mexico to Panama. These animals are quite solitary and thus spread themselves out, with each cacomistle having a home range of at least 20 hectares (an area equivalent to 20 sports fields) and are typically seen in the middle and upper levels of the canopy. Throughout their broad range this species is found to inhabit a wide variety of different forest ecosystems. In Mexico, the cacomistle tends to avoid oak forests, secondary forest, and overgrown pastures, but in Costa Rica, the cacomistle has been shown to favor those exact habitats.

Diet
Cacomistles are considered generalist feeders, because they can survive on a wide variety of different foods. The diet of this species consists primarily of fruits, insects, small vertebrates such as reptiles, amphibians, and rodents, the specificity of these food options depends on what is available in the particular habitat in which an individual dwells. The bromeliad is an excellent reservoir for food in the southern edge of the cacomistle's range, as these plants naturally collect water, insects and small animals found high in the canopy.

Reproduction
Mating season is the only time cacomistles interact with each other, and it is only briefly as the female is only receptive to male approaches for one day. After mating, the female cacomistle undergoes a gestation period of approximately two months before giving birth to a single offspring. When the cub is three months old it is weaned, and then taught hunting and survival skills by its mother before going off to develop its own territory.

title: Cacomistle


text:
User talk:Gubbubu

Az angol wikipédia nem ismeri a hosszú ő betűt, legalábbis címben nem szerepelhet. --grin ✎ 22:23, 2004 Aug 7 (UTC)

Kösz, már tájékoztattak. Gubbubu 22:25, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi. You uploaded Image:D-500.JPG but did not list any source and/or copyright information on the image description page. Please mark it either as GFDL or public domain. See Image_copyright_tags for more info. Please note that images without copyright information may be deleted in the future. Thanks. RedWolf 18:36, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

It's my own picture, and I allow its fair use without objections/exceptions. It has been taken on a flight show (Nemzetközi Repülőnap in Budaörs, Budapest, Hungary, about in 1990). I'm dead above copyright, law expressions and so ont (I'm "a legal analphabet" and hate dealing with it - and maybe the picture is not good enough to take the trouble over its license), but if it is so important, I try to do something. Gubbubu

Your post on my talk page
Hi Gubbubu,

On my talk page you posted the following:
 * I think you've seriously misunderstood some crucial principles of Wikipedia. First of all, principles are not rules or laws, if it is reasonable, we can and we must not respect them. For example, if secondary resources are obsolate and off-to-date. It's not original research. Please if you don't know enough on a topic, don't intervene. Thanks: Gubbubu 16:43, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

If this comment was indeed directed at me, may I ask you to explain it a little? I wrote the part about original research in response to Antifinnugors comment to Mustafaa that 'paper is patient'; it should be considered in its own context. From my earlier discussions with Antifinnugor, it should be clear that I do not consider everything he writes to be original research; in fact, I am the one who has pointed him to the few relevant academic sources (see this diff), thereby gathering the requested evidence of notability for him. (Regardless, I do consider the criticism leveled to be rather shallow from a linguistic point of view; and I do consider Antifinnugor's admitted political agenda and his uncritical endorsement of other politically motivated semi-linguistic positions doubtful, if not harmful.)  — mark ✎ 15:02, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Af maybe is quite radical in style and behaviour, but the content of his criticism is right in generally. My biggest problem reading your comments on that page was that you said criticism of finno-ugric theory was POV and has political basis. This is only one side of the truth: finno-ugrism has a lot of political relevancy and basis, too. It became the "one and only theory" in Hungary only cause it's opponents have been supressed with out-of-science instruments (almost like Trofirm Denisovic Lisenko's opponents). Gubbubu 20:45, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Gubbubu, you seem like a serious editor, and I am prepared to listen to what you have to say. But I think you are going a little too far now. I know that afu has accused me of defamation and similar things. In my opinion, without any basis. I.e. I argue that afu is himself defaming me by saying that I did things which I have not done at all. Now, you seem to believe him. But could you not tell me what exactly I am supposed to have done? If it turns out I have done something inappropriate, I will naturally apologize without delay. In the case at hand, I do think it is reasonable to suspect sockpuppetry when two users' only edits are in supporting afu in votes, as other editors beside myself have also observed. I think your comparing me to the inquisition because of this is very far out of line, and I would ask you to explain yourself. regards, dab (ᛏ) 19:57, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I haven't appreciated your style of accusing someone. I tried to explain, but my english is not to good. I asked Nyenyec to translate it, I think you can read it there. I think you will understand what I've said. Your message to Af was preconcepcious a bit - if you could prove Balf is a sockpuppet, it is wrong to AF, but if not, well, you would think he is a sock even if you can't prove. Maybe you have the facts in your mind . You got the truth, no matter what the truth is. Yess! I like your attitude! :-)) Gubbubu 20:50, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I see. I think I understand how my comment has distressed you, and I apologize. However, I think you misunderstood. I was trying to say: If these editors refuse to explain how they are connected with afu, just like Dhanak did, it will appear obvious that afu has somehow drummed them up. But this is a big if. If these editors chose to explain how they appeared on WP just to support afu, or if afu chose to explain how he knows these people, it would be very different. I agree that it is unfair to condemn somebody regardless of what he does. But I do think we gave afu every chance to improve his manners (and he could still improve them now, if he wanted). I hope this helps to reassure you that my intentions are sincere. dab (ᛏ) 21:12, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

2.
Yes, I'm more peaceful with your intentions now. :-)) Gubbubu 21:21, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, but I find it hard to decide whether this is sarcasm. Since you are defending afu, please provide links to the edits you are talking about. So far I have seen not a single inappropriate edit of afu's critics. dab (ᛏ) 10:21, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * No, in the present case that isn't. Gubbubu 12:31, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * re, the "academia" argument: You are very welcome to come to Talk:Finno-Ugric languages and discuss things, civilly (i.e. no accusations of 'defaming' or 'KGB'). I think it is perfectly possible that Hungarians are genetically related to Turkish tribes, but as you say, this is a question of genetics and archaeology, about which I know nothing. Note that the FU article is purely linguistics. I.e. if linguists say that Finnic and Ugric are related, they are not denying at all that Hungarians may be related to Turks genetically. They simply do not consider the question at all, because it is a wholly different subject, maybe best treated on Hungary:_Pre-History_and_Early_History (this is an article to which I have never made a single edit, because I have not done any research about it at all). dab (ᛏ) 10:32, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, someone of them consider with gwenetical questions. I know about at last three finno-ugrist theories (Don't seem to be fit): hungarians genetically are related to slavs (the standard view) or not (J. Pusztay or Szabó János Mihály). Sorry, but linguistics alone can't solve this problem. If academists have their own theories, it's nice, untill they don't want me to accept it as "one and only scientific" theory. I don't know any material evidences they produced, so finno-ugrism is only a theory then. But genetics and archeology is something (more) material. I like your insist on your professors' teachings, but please look out, there are a lot of science, not only linguistic. If I count that mathematically that in hte centre of Universe there's a black hole, but astronomist prove there is not, I don't throw out reality, i throw out mathematics. Really, I don't throww it out, but not state that it's the one and olny theory. Finno-ugrists have suppose some facts (Uralian ancient Home, etc.), what they can't prove materially. This question is interdisciplinar, for example that is a false statement "genetics and linguistic are total independent" - not, they are related. If genetics and linguistic clashes, I want to know why, and as I know finno-ugrists are totally unable to explain this. They say "well ,maybe a change happened between languages", but they can't give any concrete'' evidence where it happened, when it happened, why it happened, how it happened, with whom it happened. So their theories are only more or less probably theories, wether they are academists or not. And we - not like them - should treat these like this. So with a lot of critics. Gubbubu 12:31, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * you seem to be unaware that linguistics and genetics are unrelated. far from stating the 'one and only theory', we tried to include the ongoing disputes into the article, including Angela Marcantonio who believes that the Finno-Ugric grouping is nonsense. Look at the article before you accuse its editors of censorship.
 * I haven't accused editors with censorship. Please write here where I did, else I won't know what you are talking about. Gubbubu
 * as to the 'numbered links' on the rfc page, there are none. This is impossible. I ask you to provide a link like this: when you talk about a user's edit, otherwise we will not understand what you are talking about. dab (ᛏ) 13:38, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I made links to it now.

 * 1)
 * 2).
 * 3)
 * 4)
 * 5)

en:
hi Gubbubu -- I hope you realize that nobody is blaming you for your English. In fact, that you are a learner was pointed out in your favour on my Talk page. I.e. people have given you more credit than they would have given a native speaker, to allow for misunderstandings. I do think, however, that you should consider that there may be a misunderstanding on your side, because of the language, before you start making accusations. As for the linguistic discussion, yes, it is frustrating, for me also. But it's very easy: a claim is not a proof. We will include all opinions of experts. I am sure there is enough literature in English (which was never censored by the Soviets or anybody), and all you have to do is to give a reference, and it will be included. But you will understand that we cannot treat random webpages on the same level with peer-reviewed specialist literature. dab (ᛏ) 09:16, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

diff 1
Please see and read this diff link (I mean read it from its start to its end, from letter to letter, interpreting it slowly from word to word, from sentence to sentence), what could be found at the top of the RFC-page (so I did't thought why I should had to copy it again and again) :

As you did, you would read that (fatting from me):

Thanks to your adding the NPOV warning, the article on Finno-Ugric languages now reads: "The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see its talk page." This is completely false. This page has been under attack for the past few weeks by a troll, who knows nothing about this subject and whose only source is something published on the Web by a crackpot named "Dr. László Marácz" (I bothered to read it and, as a seasoned historical linguist, I guarantee you it has no scientific basis whatsoever). There is absolutely no serious scientific dispute about the status of the Finno-Ugric language family. You have done a disservice to the Wikipedia by elevating this troll to such high status. Pasquale 21:31, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

So Pasquale said Af is troll (have you read this text from word to word, or should I sign his words with coloured divs?) and said, more ""guaranteed" Af nothing knows 'bout the subject. So he said Af is '1incomoetent''. He started to state this, and then Af replied. The same thing with Hippo. Gubbubu 14:36, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

So you on the RFC page said Af blames everyone with incompeteny. But the truth is that he only "blames back", replies.

And P. abused Maracz too, despite of that he really doesn't know anything about him.

diff 2
The diff link is above, you see it's there. You can read on that page - but tell me please if i'm not right:

- Mr. Maracz link - Finnish-Hungarian ground word list - The text of the critic. It is short, but true. What you do is blind terror. Are you really [<-- question!!!!!!!!!!!!!!] that primitive, and without arguing, you just eliminate others work;
 * Hippo, please stop your terror
 * Hippo, please do not delete:

ín is not vein in Hungarian. Please stop including erroneous words. Or correct the English word and the others also. Your list is simply wrong.

Here the deletion caused Af's angry style. But he constructively please and ask Hippo to not do something, and give alternatives for him, not only condemn ( ... or correct ... ...).

Az angol wikipédia nem ismeri a hosszú ő betűt, legalábbis címben nem szerepelhet. --grin ✎ 22:23, 2004 Aug 7 (UTC)

Kösz, már tájékoztattak. Gubbubu 22:25, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Greetings.
Hello. I was image tagging, when I came across Image:Graz-birdsight.JPG and Image:Graz-catsight.JPG. Did you take these pictures? If not, where did they come from? Thanks, – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 22:49, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I have taken these. I visited Graz as I remember in 1998, and I enjoyed it so :-))). It was cool. I would like to declare these pictures as „freeware” but I don't know what should I write to their pages. Gubbubu 07:53, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll take care of it. Thanks! – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 13:10, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Thank you very much. Gubbubu 18:06, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright

 * Is Image:Annus0.jpg licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License? --Ellmist 21:12, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately I have no idea. I uploaded it when I was new editor, and didn't know much about licences. Unfortunately, I haven't became a lawyer since then. It's a scan from a newspaper, but I remastered it with some photo editor filters, so I think it's my picture. But if you were a lawyer and didn't agree with me, surely you would be right. I think digitaly remastering makes a new artwork (I now digitalization not makes, but radical remastering maybe), but really don't know. If I'm right, I declare this picture as freeware, if not, you can delete it. Gubbubu

 * As the image contains parts of a copyrighted work it is still owned by the creator of the original work, sorry. I have deleted it. Thue | talk 13:10, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Hungarian Soviet Republic
Too pov I'm afraid! and yer spelling bad while your at it .. You are to edit out your pov "in a minute"? There has been no discussion since march - max rspct 22:42, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Then correct it and don't revert please. If you can tell me what sentences are pov, I think we should reach a consense. Copy - please don't cut - to its talkpage those sentences what are pov and give me advices how could we correct them. Gubbubu

Hungarian Wikipedia
Hi. Your talk page seems partly duplicated, so I hope I'm putting this in the right place.

As far as I can tell, your user name isn't currently blocked at hu, but there was an autoblock that might have been affecting you, so I've removed that. Let me know if you're still blocked. It's hard to tell since the log there doesn't include expiry times.

I didn't understand your question about "relaying Nyenyec". What does that mean?

Has there been any community discussion of the 3 revert rule on the Hungarian Wikipedia? Just because it's policy on English doesn't mean it has to be one there as well, and it wouldn't seem fair to block someone for it if there is no consensus on that policy or if the people involved were not warned about the rule.
 * As I know, there wasn't (the discussion started after Nyenyec banned IGe :-(. But I'm not sure. Gubbubu

Even if the user you are edit warring is a troll, it is generally better to ask others to get involved than to revert more than 3 times yourself, even if there wasn't a policy against it, since that makes it clearer whether there is community agreement on it rather than it looking like just a fight between 2 users.

Angela. 08:55, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Thanx. Gubbubu

JDM
Üdv! Most látom csak, hogy javitottál a Fönök életrajzán, köszönöm. --Marcuspater 29 June 2005 10:35 (UTC)

Ééén? Kién? Gubbubu 29 June 2005 19:28 (UTC)

(Oh, I wrote in the Rudolph Steiner article, I see. Thank you for thankink me). Gubbubu 30 June 2005 11:04 (UTC)

… nemzetközivééééé lesz… :-)
Szia!

Láttam, hogy Erdős Pált átnevezted itt az angol Wikiben Paul Erdősről Pál Erdősre. Ez első látásra kétségkívül hazafias, derék ötletnek tűnhet – második látásra viszont már kevésbé.

Hadd ajánljam figyelmedbe Mr. Vörös Posztó egyik megállapítását, miszerint a nemzetközi ismertség (ami Erdős Pált minden kétséget kizáróan megillet) gyakran összhangban áll a név nemzetköziesítésével.
 * Nos, rá kár volt hivatkoznod :-)) Gubbubu

Az angol Wikipédia például nem San Tommaso d'Aquinóról beszél a cikkében, hanem Thomas Aquinasról, akit mi sem olasz nevén emlegetünk, hanem ''Aquinói Szt. Tamás''nak hívunk: ezzel is utalva arra, hogy az illető ember az olasz kultúrán túlmenően a nemzetközi kultúra és köztudat része lett. Tommaso d'Aquino a magyar nyelvben (!) lehetne egy szicíliai városka polgármesterének vagy egy kalábriai kis falu focistájának neve, de ha már az lett belőle, aki, kár lenne az eredeti olasz nevét erőltetnünk: a magyar nyelvben az ő nevének hagyománya alakult ki, a hagyomány pedig nem a nemzetrontó erők földalatti ténykedésének, hanem jó pár évszázad kulturális hatásának köszönhető.
 * Hogy átmozgattam, annak fő oka a következetesség volt. Legtöbb matematikusunk, aki szerepel a Hungarian mathematicians oldalon, saját magyaros nevén szerepel, és maguk az angolok is át szokták az angolos vagy hunglish neveket javítani (Janos-ról Jánosra stb.). Kivétel a tartósan amerikában élőek (Neumann). Gubbubu
 * Ideológiai és nemzeti jellegű motivációk kivételesen nem vezettek. Ennélfogva ha szabatosabbnak vagy helyesebbnek gondolod a Paul alakot, nyugodtan állítsd vissza (a redirekt úgyis meglesz a PÁlról, ahogy most is megvan a Paulról, úgyhogy ha valaki Paul néven keresi, vsz. megtalálja). Gubbubu

Merészebb példával élve, Yehoshua, Yoshua vagy Yeshua szócikket sem fogsz találni az angol Wikipédiában, mivel viselőjük Jézus, angolul Jesus néven lett közismert: kilépett az újgörög-héber provincialitásból, és a világszintű ismertség részeként és folyományaként nyelvről nyelvre más-más néven ismert.

Na most ha úgy gondoluk, hogy Erdős Pál személye és jelentősége túlmutat a kúnfajta, nagyszemű legényeken és a híres magyar Hortobágyon (márpedig efelől talán nincs vita köztünk), akkor azt is csak üdvözölhetjük, ha más-más nyelvbe más-más helyi alakban vonul be és válik közismertté. Amint azt Aquinói Szt. Tamás és Jézus példája is mutatja, épp az válik egy személy (vagy éppen helynév) elismertségének fokmérőjévé, mennyire simul bele nevük más nyelvekbe s ezáltal az ezeket beszélő kultúrák tudatába. Ezért én pont Erdős Pál jelentőségére, hírnevére tekintettel javasolnám a Paul Erdős alak megőrzését.
 * Jó, nekem mindegy. Gubbubu 30 June 2005 06:20 (UTC)

Ui. A magyar Wikipédiában feltett kérdésedre a számítástechnika és az informatika viszonyáról egyelőre nem találtam kielégítő és egyértelmű választ, azért nem jelentkeztem; a források (az MTA ad hoc véleményét is beleértve) részben ellentmondanak. De hamarosan összeszedem eddigi eredményeimet, és tanácsot kérek egy igen precíz és rendkívül ügyes, szó szerint találékony könyvtáros barátomtól. Adam78 30 June 2005 00:02 (UTC)
 * OK, kösz, hogy utánanéztél. Mellesleg az ellentmondásos források is érnek valamit. Gubbubu 30 June 2005 06:20 (UTC)

 * egyébként is félmunkát végeztél, Gubb, akkor legyen már Erdős Pál, és tanulják meg a hülye angolok, hogy ez a sorrend a helyes :) Alensha 2 July 2005 13:21 (UTC)
 * Nem jó ötlet, mert az összes matematikus neve fordítva szerepel a kategóriákban, tehát nem lenne következetes intézkedés. Gubbubu 2 July 2005 15:41 (UTC)

Consensual
Hi! Is the Hungarian Horthy article consensual? (Well, I think so, as only our beloved User:Math made some remarks, which have already been investigated.) And in that case why is its neutrality argued? Mathae 7 July 2005 15:06 (UTC)

I think yes, Math not argued its neutrality, only said we shouldn't write about Horthy's aims and motivations, because its not lexikon-like. But it seems to be inavoidable. I think we should wait a few day, then we can ask Alensha for translate the hungarian content into the english page, where it is necessary; or you can start it too, if you want. Gubbubu 7 July 2005 15:18 (UTC)

Re: Sumerian
Why are you telling me this? I have absolutely nothing to do with that discussion about Sumerian origin on Talk:Magyars. Some anonymous wrote that comment. --Joy [shallot]   21:18, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

User catagorization
You were listed in the Wikipedians/Hungary page as living in or being associated with Hungary. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Hungary for instructions. JesseW 22:15, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Thankˇyou, I've done. Gubbubu 12:42, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:Aristatue.jpg
Hi. Could you consider adding a license tag to this image? // Fred-Chess 10:39, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Budapest
Budapest lakosainak száma 1 695 000, a vandálunk kivételesen helyesen javította ki 1,7 millióra (és még így is túlzunk, mert nem több 1,7 milliónál, mint ahogy a cikk állítja). 15 év alatt 400 ezerrel lett kevesebb a lakosság. Egyébként az angol wikiben is vissza lehet állítani az anon módosításokat vagy vigyázni kell a 3 visszaállításos szabályra? -nagytibi ! ? 20:23, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Akkor jó; kösz, hogy visszaállítottad. Az interrogációdat az anonim editek revertjéről negligálnom kell: fogalmam sincs, és az angol help szisztéma oly komplikált, hogy koncepcióm sincs, hol kell megcsekkolni. Gubbubu 09:58, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Mathematics
I replied on my talk page. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 10:47, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
I think it's much better now. I wasn't too woried about specialists, for we all have our well formed opinions. I was more concerned about nonspecialists who based on this article conclude something that is highly debatable. Thanks again. Logic2go

Jesus
Check out the Jesus article and edit it to keep it focused on Jesus and a biographical account of Him. Watch the Jesus page to keep it focused on Him. Thank you. Scifiintel 21:59, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Collaboration
Azért írok neked, és még két-három magyar wikipédiásnak, mert szeretnék vmi szervezkedést elindítani a magyar történelemmel illetve a határon túli magyarsággal kapcsolatos oldalak ügyében. Úgy látszik, apró eredmények eléréséért is nagy harcokat kell vívni a szomszédainkkal, akik rendszerint sokkal jobban szervezettek, felkészültebbek és öntudatosabbak nálunk, így a történelmünket érintő cikkek vagy gyatra minőségűek vagy elfogultak vagy egyszerűen elhallgatják a nekünk kedvező tényeket. Kicsit fáradt vagyok már az állandó magányos csatározástól (bár a legérzékenyebb témákat eddig elkerültem) és jól jönne néha a segítség. A wikipedia azon az elven működik, hogy a sok-sok szerző egymást állandóan javítva, korrigálva, egymással vitatkozva jobbítja a cikkeket. Úgy tűnik, mi túl kevesen vagyunk ahhoz, hogy ez természetes módon, tudatos szervezkedés nélkül működjön. Ha van vmi ötleted vagy csak néha benéznél egy-egy felforrósodó topikba, előre is köszi! Üdv. Zello 02:58, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

A vitalapodon válaszolok. Gubbubu

Userbox
nem kérsz még néhányat? pl., ezeket én csináltam és még csak én használom, szegények nem valami népszerűek :( – Alensha 13:01, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Nyugodtan rakj az itteni userlapomra bármit, ha van kedved; amit odavalónak tartasz, ami nem tetszik, azt majd törlöm. A magyar userlapomra nem akarok fidesz-sablont, sem hasonlót [az angolra jöhet] - képzeld el, miket mondanának rám az andrási árpádok meg mathok - már így is mondanak elég mindent). ha nem akarod felrakni, akkor csak mondd meg, hol vannak. Gubbubu 17:26, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Gubb, hát én honnan tudjam, milyen userbox illik rád (milyen oprendszert használsz, szereted-e Busht, a Föderáció állampolgára vagy-e, fiúnak vagy lánynak érzed magad :-D stb. Válogass az enyémek közül, vagy innen: Userboxes, itt baromi sok van.
 * Az a vicces, hogy folyton módosítgatják őket (eltűnt a sarló-kalapácsom, most vörös zászló van helyette…)
 * A fideszesbe nem köthet bele senki, az van rajta, hogy „Ez a felhasználó fideszes vagy csak szereti a narancsot”. Már valami külföldi is kirakta :-) Ki köthet bele abba, hogy szereted a narancsot? Legfeljebb az ananásztermelők, amiért nem ananászt veszel helyette.
 * –Alensha 17:53, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

♥ ♥ ♥  Gubb   ✍  00:25, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Béla Kun
Thank you. I was glad to do it: the article is extremely interesting. Dahn 13:42, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikiethics
Hi,

We started a proposal Wikiethics to state the existing policies coherently and make suggestions on improving the editorial standards in Wiki. I thought you might be interested in contributing to that proposal.

Unfortunately, a pro-porn and pro-offense lobby is trying to make this proposal a failure. They unilaterally started an approval poll although almost no one including me believe that it is time for a vote, simply because the policy is not ready. It is not even written completely.

Editors who thinks that the policy needs to be improved rather than killed by an unfair poll at the beginning of the proposal, started another poll ('Do we really need a poll at this stage?') at the same time. The poll is vandalized for a while but it is stable now. A NO vote on this ('Do we really need a poll now?') poll will strengthen the position of the editors who are willing to improve the ethics policy further.

If you have concerns about the ethics and editorial standards in Wiki, please visit the page Wikiethics with your suggestions on the policy. We have two subpages: Arguments and Sections. You might want to consider reviewing these pages as well...

Thanks in advance. Resid Gulerdem 00:51, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

I would love your help.
I know you are interested in christianity, and I recently started a new wiki over at wikicities which is on the subject of christianity. Christian Knowledge Base is the site.

The goal is to have a knowledgebase on christianity from a distinctly "C(hristian)POV" rather than the NPOV. It is not meant to be a mere Christian Encyclopedia, but to foster a real sense of community. I'd like to include things like current events, news, stories, and anything that would add to both an understanding of Christianity, but also its enjoyment. I'm looking for help to build a resource that could really enrich the lives of Christians.

I know you are busy but I am actively seeking new sysops/admins to help me build this site up, and I would be positively thrilled if you could contribute in any capacity whatsoever. nsandwich 05:51, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Re: Hunlit
jó, majd megcsinálom :) aláírásoddal nincs kedved csinálni valamit? az nem baj, hogy egy egész sort elfoglal, de user talk helyett user vitára linkel, az meg itt nincs :) Alensha 15:25, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Kedvem lenne, ha időm is. A vitakérdést is mindjárt megoldom(?). ♥ ♥ ♥ Gubb   ✍  16:27, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Were you contacted by anyone to vote in the TRACS AfD?
Hello, I am curious if anyone contacted you to vote/ particpate in the TRACS school list AfD? I asked because the last AfD you voted in was almost two weeks ago and you made a keep vote along with other people who have admitted being sent there by someone. Thank you for honesty. Arbusto 20:06, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Signature
I don't think there's any specific policy on signatures, but taking up a whole line on the page is kind of over the top. Perhaps you might consider changing it? Isopropyl 23:35, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Done, it was a syntactic mystake.

Slovakization
Take a look at the Slovakization article. At first Juro proposed its deletion, seeing that it failed he turned into an absurd parody. Zello 22:10, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks. I put it on my watchlist. ♥ ♥ ♥ : Gubb   ✍  2006. August 24 07:33 (CEST) 07:33, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

It seems better now but look up its former state in the history. I'm sure that after the 48 hours block of Juro expired my contributions will be deleted, and the edit war begins again. Zello 12:03, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Protests
Hi Gubb,

I was correcting minor mistakes in your last edit in the anti-Gyurcsány article :) and couldn't find out what did you mean by "amongst damns". what was that supposed to mean? – Alensha   talk  16:12, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Survey Q
Have you ever been to the Southern Hemisphere? Reply here. Deadline for entries is December 15th, PST.AstroBoy 04:00, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Red Terror
Moved to Talk:Red Terror. `'Miikka 16:59, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

valaki, valamiről
Ha a turkoman azaz turanoid elméletet erősíteni akarod, akkor a cigány magyar rokonságot is propagálnod kell! Hiszen a cigányság genetikailag félig indiai félig török eredetű. És mi a helyzet Törökországgal ami perzsa-görög keverék, és nem azonos az eredeti török népekkel ami félig színesbőrű (mongolid) volt. Jó az nekünk ha erőltetjük a színesbőrűekkel való rokonságot? Nem okozott elég gyűlöletet utálatot a magyarság iránt ez az elmélet? Ráadásul ellentétes a genetikával, amit vezető laborokban írtak. Ja van bennünk kevés mongolid vér, ez azóta nem meglepő mióta fél NY-európa tudomásul vette hogy szintén van benne native-american azaz mongoloid gén. Miért kell a jelentéktelenségeket felnagyítva tuiranoid elméleteket gyártani. Akkora baromság ez, mint maga a finnugor elmélet.

olvass kicsit: http://comdig.com/annual_pdf/COMDIG_2000_ANNUAL_EDITION.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.223.192.8 (talk) 15:52, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Őszinte lehetek? Európa le van sz..., ha a jelenlegi tendenciák folytatódnak, akkor nem adok már neki sok időt. Az indoeuropidok (az ún. dicsőséges "fehér faj") jobbára csak szenvedést okoztak a világnak (mondom ezt annak ellenére, hogy jász, azaz állítólag indoeuropid identitású népség vagyok magam is), és mintha vérükben lenne a többi ember (ide értve őket magukat is, még egymást is irtották, akár a komcsik) gyarmatosítása, szolgasorba hajtása. Úgyhogy akkor inkább szívesebben lennék színesbőrű: különösen indián v. japán ... úgyhogy ha olyan sötét, a rasszizmust az anyatejjel magukba szívó hordák, mint a szláv, román, francia, angolszász v. akár egyes közel-keletiek, gyűlölnek minket (noha alaptalanul), azt köszönettel írom a magyar dicsőséglistára és az ő hülyeséglistájukra. Visszatérve Európára: Európa csak addig ért valamit, amíg valamennyire, amennyire tőle telt, keresztény volt (a "sötét középkor" volt szvsz az egyik legvilágosabb kor a történelemben, persze a jobbágyság ott is megvolt, mert azért csak az indoeuropidok domináltak), de ma már ennek is kb. vége, legalábbis ideiglenesen. Gubbubu (talk) 12:01, 15 March 2008 (UTC)
 * P.S. nem kell minden soromat komolyan venni, természetesen túlzok. de azért látható, hogy milyen alapokról indulok ki. Gubbubu (talk) 12:09, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Bolyai-grafika.JPG
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File:Kodolányi grafika1.jpeg listed for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Gubbubu


title: Category:2004


text:
Kearsney College

Kearsney College is a private boarding, English medium high school for boys in Botha's Hill, a small town between the provincial capital of Pietermaritzburg and Durban, in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa.

History
Kearsney College was founded by Sir Liege Hulett in 1921. Hulett founded what would become Tongaat Hulett Sugar. Sir Liege Hulett cherished the idea of establishing a boys' school for Methodist ministers and their sons and those of the families of the free churches. Kearsney took its name from Kearsney, Kent where Sir Liege Hulett had moved to where his father established St Martin's Academy.

He considered Kearsney House, the house he originally built for his family to be ideally suited for this purpose. On 29 November 1920, a contract was signed with the Wesleyan Church for the use of Kearsney House as a school. This was the birth of Kearsney College and remains a living memorial to Sir Liege. The school opened with 11 boys. Kearsney College remained at the Kearsney Estate until June 1939 when it moved to its present site at Botha's Hill between Pietermaritzburg and Durban. The decision to move the school was based on the reluctance of parents to send their sons to a school on the north coast that suffered many cases of malaria in the 1930s, although none were reported at Kearsney. On hearing of this, Clement Stott of Botha’s Hill donated 25 acre of land. At the same time, J.J. Crookes offered to build a boarding house. The move was completed a month before the beginning of World War II. The new Kearsney College opened with 196 boys.

Kearsney's badge was designed by the then-headmaster, R.H. Matterson, and the chaplain, the Rev. W.H. Irving, in about 1923. The greyhound is taken from the arms of the founder, Sir James Liege Hulett The scallop shells and the dividing chevron are from the arms of the founder of Methodism, John Wesley. The pheon, or arrowhead, is taken from the badge of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where Matterson studied. The motto Carpe Diem, traditionally at Kearsney translated "Seize the Day," comes from the Roman poet Horace.

Headmasters

 * D. Pyne Mercier (1921–1922)
 * R.H. Matterson (1923–1946)
 * S.G. Osler (1947–1964)
 * J.H. Hopkins (1965–1974)
 * E.W. Silcock (1975–1990)
 * O.J. Roberts (1991–2000)
 * E.D. van den Aardweg (2001 -2022)

Boarding Houses
There are five boarding establishments - four senior houses and one junior house. They are Finningley (blue), Gillingham (red), Pembroke (green), Sheffield (yellow) and Haley (house for student's first year of boarding). Finningley is named after the town of Finningley in South Yorkshire, England. Gillingham is named after Gillingham, Kent, England Where Sir Liege Hulett lived as a young man Pembroke is named after the town of Pembroke, Pembrokeshire, Wales. Sheffield is named after Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England where Sir Liege Hulett moved to following his time in Gillingham.

Academics
The School offers the following subject choices for Grades 10,11,12 : English; Afrikaans or isiZulu; Mathematics or Mathematical Literacy; Life Orientation; Accounting, Business Studies, Dramatic Art; Engineering Graphics and Design; Geography; History; Information Technology; Life Sciences (Biology); Music; Science; Mandarin and Visual Arts.

In 2020, Kearsney had a 100% pass rate and a 100% Bachelor Degree pass rate.

Clubs and Cultural Activities
Clubs offered range from academic extension (12 Club; History Club) to personal enrichment (SCA; Dale Carnegie Course; Chess) to creative (Photographic Club; Video Editing Club; Enviro Club) to the physical (Surfing; Survival Club; Mountain Bike Club) and to the just plain fun (Board Games Club). Finally, boys are coached in the skills of public speaking through their membership of the Speakers’ Circle and Inner Circle Speakers’ Club.

Sports
Sports facilities include several rugby fields, several cricket ovals, an artificial turf for field hockey and two swimming pools. Included is the SportZone, an indoor training facility that holds several cricket nets, two indoor and two outdoor basketball courts, and a gymnasium.

Sports on offer at the College include:
 * Basketball
 * Canoeing
 * Cricket
 * Cross country
 * Golf
 * Hockey
 * Indoor hockey
 * Rugby
 * Rugby sevens
 * Soccer
 * Squash
 * Swimming
 * Tennis
 * Water polo

Kearsney has been the host of the Kearsney Easter Rugby Festival since 2008. This school's rugby tournament regularly attracts top South African schools teams. Previous festival players that have achieved higher honours include : Handré Pollard, Warrick Gelant, Jan Serfontein, RG Snyman, Dan du Preez, Jean-Luc du Preez, JJ van der Mescht, [James Hall]

Exchange Programme
Kearsney has an international exchange programme with several schools. Schools that Kearsney pupils spend time at include: Catholic University School in Dublin, Ireland, Mount St Mary’s College, Derbyshire, England, Rossall School in Rossall and Canberra Grammar School in Red Hill, Australia.

Authors

 * Douglas Livingstone (poet) (1949)

Politicians

 * Tony Leon (1974) - founder of South Africa's Democratic Alliance

Businessmen

 * Luke Bailes - Owner of Singita Game Reserve
 * David Polkinghorne – CEO of Grindrod Bank
 * Nick Sloane (salvage expert) - Salvage master for Costa Concordia
 * Gordon Schachat - Property, private equity and investment banking
 * A.B. Theunissen - CEO of VW South Africa and of Total Oil SA.

Medical

 * Henry Markram - Founder and Director of the Blue Brain Project.
 * Jonathan Pons (1980) - ophthalmologist
 * Dr Michael A. Belfort - World’s First Use of Thulium Laser-Assisted Fetal Cardiac Surgery
 * Professor Nigel Clement Halley Stott - professor of general practice in the Cardiff Medical School, awarded a CBE for services to primary care and general practice medicine

Other

 * Ian McGregor (1952) - director of the Smithsonian
 * Terence Reis - Guitarist Dire Straits
 * Professor David Hall - United Nations advisor, Leader in alternative energy
 * Alan Dell - BBC radio broadcaster
 * Kendrew Lascelles - actor, performer and writer
 * HRH Prince Shlobosenkosi Zulu of the Zulu royal family
 * King Ndamase Ndamase sixth King of Western Pondoland

Cricket

 * Andrew Hudson (1982) - South African national team cricket player
 * Kyle Abbott - South African national team cricket player and best first-class figures in more than 60 years
 * David Polkinghorne – first-class cricketer

Hockey

 * Jonathan Lowe 1968 - South African Hockey
 * Paul Logan 1985 - South African Hockey
 * Greg Pilling 1992 - South African Hockey
 * Justin King 1995 - South African Hockey
 * Greg Last 2013 - South African Hockey
 * Wayne Madsen 2004 - South African Hockey
 * Lloyd Madsen 2007 - South African Hockey
 * Nqobile Ntuli 2017 - South African Hockey
 * Siphesihle 'Sihle' Ntuli, South Africa 2020 Summer Olympics he assistant coached the South Africa men's national field hockey team and coach South Africa men Junior World Cup

Rugby

 * Harry Newton-Walker (1945) - Springbok rugby player - Cap 311
 * Mike Halliday - USA rugby player
 * Giovanni 'John' Antoni Italy Rugby
 * Francois Viljoen - USA rugby player
 * Ayron Schramm - Germany Rugby
 * Trevor Halstead (1994) - Springbok rugby player - Cap 720
 * Etienne Fynn (2001) - Springbok rugby player - Cap 710
 * Matt Stevens (2001) - England and British & Irish Lions rugby player
 * Brad Barritt (2004) - England rugby player
 * Jean-Luc du Preez (2013) - Springbok rugby player - Cap 881
 * Dan du Preez (2013) - Springbok rugby player - Cap 889
 * Robert du Preez (2012) - Springbok rugby player - Cap 904

Other

 * Myles Brown - Rio Olympic Games – Swimming
 * Troy Prinsloo

title: Kearsney College


text:
Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure

Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure (27 November 1829 – 20 February 1905) was a Swiss mineralogist and entomologist specialising in studies of  Hymenoptera and Orthopteroid insects. He also was a prolific taxonomist.

Biography
Saussure's elementary education was at Alphonse Briquet's then, as an adolescent, at the Hofwyl school run by Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg. At the University of Geneva he was taught by François Jules Pictet de la Rive, who introduced him to entomology. After several years of study in Paris he received the degree of licentiate of the Faculty of Paris and obtained the degree of Doctor from the University of Giessen.

He worked mainly on Hymenoptera and Orthoptera. His first paper, in 1852, was on solitary wasps.

In 1854 he traveled to the West Indies, then to Mexico and the United States of America. There he met Louis Agassiz.

He returned to Switzerland in 1856 with collections of American insects, myriapods, crustaceans, birds and mammals. Also interested in geography, geology and ethnology, he co-founded the Geographical Society of Geneva in 1858.

He was also a member of the managing committee of the Natural History Museum of Geneva, ensuring that its collections of Hymenoptera and Orthoptera became one of the best in the world. In 1872 he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Entomological Society of London. In 1873, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

He had nine children including the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857), who was his eldest son; Horace (c 1859); Albertine Adèle (1861), named for Henri's aunt and sister-in-law; Elisabeth "Dora" Théodora (1863); Léopold (1866); René de Saussure (1868); Jeanne (c 1869); Louis Octave (1871); and Maximilien (1873).

Hymenoptera
-Mélanges hyménoptérologiques. Extrait du Tome XIV des "mémoires de la Société de Physique etc. Genève, Cherbuliez, Paris, Masson. 1854.
 * Études sur la Famille des Vespides. 1. Monographie des Guêpes solitaires, ou de la Tribu des Euméniens, comprenant la Classification et la Description de toutes les Espèces connues jusqu'à ce Jour, et servant de complément au Manuel de Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau. Paris : Masson pp. 1–128 pls ii-v, vii, x, xiv (1852).
 * Note sur la tribu des Masariens et principalement sur le Masaris vespiformis. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (3)1: xvii-xxi (1853).
 * Études sur la Famille des Vespides. 2. Monographie des Guêpes Sociales, ou de la Tribu des Vespiens, ouvrage faisant suite à la Monographies des Guêpes Solitaires. Paris : Masson pp. 1–96 pls 2-8, 13 (1853).
 * Études sur la Famille des Vespides. Troisième Partie comprenant la Monographie des Masariens et un Supplément à la Monographie des Eumeniens. Paris : Masson pp. 1–48 pls i-v (1854).
 * Études sur la Famille des Vespides. 2. Monographie des Guêpes Sociales, ou de la Tribu des Vespiens, ouvrage faisant suite à la Monographies des Guêpes Solitaires. Paris : Masson pp. 97–256 pls 9-12, 14-18, 20-24, 27-33 (1854).
 * Études sur la Famille des Vespides. Troisième Partie comprenant la Monographie des Masariens et un Supplément à la Monographie des Eumeniens. Paris : Masson pp. 49–288 pls vi-xiv (1855).
 * Études sur la Famille des Vespides. Troisième Partie comprenant la Monographie des Masariens et un Supplément à la Monographie des Eumeniens. Paris : Masson pp. 289–352 pls xv-xvi (1856).
 * Mélanges hyménoptérologiques. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 17: 171-244 (1863).
 * Hymenoptera. In, Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 den unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Wien : K-K Hof- und Staatsdrückerei Vol. 2(1a). 138 pp. (1867).

Orthoptera

 * Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 2(13):128 (1861)
 * Essai d'un système des Mantides. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 3: 49-73 (1869).
 * Additions au système des Mantides. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 3: 221-244 (1870).
 * Mélanges Orthoptérologiques. Fasc. 3. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21(1): 1-214 (1871).
 * Mélanges Orthoptérologiques. Fasc. 3. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21(1): 1-214 (1871).
 * Mélanges Orthoptérologiques. Supplément au IIIme Fascicule. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21(1): 239-336 (1871).
 * Mélanges Orthoptérologiques. Fasc. 4. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 23: 1-160 (1872).
 * with Auguste Bormans, comte de, Lawrence Bruner;  Frederick Du Cane Godman,  Osbert Salvin,  Albert P Morse,  Alphonse Pictet,  Robert Walter, Campbell Shelford,  Leo Zehntner Biologia centrali-americana. Insecta. Orthoptera London, Published for the editors by R.H. Porter 1893-1909.
 * Saussure, H. de & Zehntner, L. Histoire naturelle des Blattides et Mantides. pp. 147–244 in *Grandidier. A. (ed.) Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Paris : Librairie Hachette et Cie Vol. 23 Orthoptères (1895).

title: Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure


title: Category:2000s


text:
Barron

Barron may refer to:

United States

 * Barron County, Wisconsin
 * Barron, Wisconsin, a city
 * Barron (town), Wisconsin, a town
 * Barron River, Everglades City, Florida
 * Barron Creek, Santa Clara County, California
 * Barron Field, an airfield in Everman, Texas

Elsewhere

 * Barron, Queensland, Australia, a suburb of Cairns
 * Barron River (Queensland)
 * Barron Lake, Labrador, Canada
 * Barron River (Ontario), Canada
 * Barrón, Spain, a village

People

 * Barron (surname), a list of people
 * Barron (given name), a list of people
 * Barron Clan, a sept of the Scots Clan Rose

Other uses

 * Barron v. Baltimore, an 1833 United States Supreme Court case regarding states' rights
 * Barron's Educational Series, an American publisher
 * Barron's (newspaper), a financial weekly
 * Barron baronets, an extinct title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
 * Barron (horse), an Olympic show jumping horse
 * Barron Stadium, Rome, Georgia, United States, a football and track and field stadium

title: Barron


text:
Alvord Desert

The Alvord Desert is a desert located in Harney County, in southeastern Oregon in the Western United States. It is roughly southeast of Steens Mountain. The Alvord Desert is a 12 by dry lake bed and averages 7 in of rain a year. Two mountain ranges separate it from the Pacific Ocean—the Coast Range, and the Cascade Mountains. Along with Steens Mountain, these topographical features create a rain shadow. The Alvord Desert lies at an elevation of approximately 4000 ft.

During the dry season the surface is sufficiently flat for driving or landing small aircraft. Vehicle driving attempts to score land speed records are performed on the dry lake bed. The women's world land speed record was set in 1976 by Kitty O'Neil at 512 mph, later surpassed in 2019 by Jessi Combs at 522.783 mph, although the latter died in the process because of a crash.

The nearest community is Fields, Oregon.

Name
The desert is named after General Benjamin Alvord, who served as commander of the U.S. Army's Department of Oregon during the American Civil War.

Climate
The Alvord Desert experiences a cold desert climate (Köppen BWk). The area receives very little rainfall throughout the year due to the rain shadow created by the Coast and Cascade mountain ranges as well the adjacent Steens Mountain. Some eastern areas of the desert may receive as little as 5 in of rain annually.

Winter
Winter temperatures in the Alvord Basin are moderated through airflow from the south that stops the temperature from dropping too heavily. While many areas in the Oregon High Desert frequently dip below 0 F through the winter months, the Alvord Desert rarely sees these frigid temperatures. On average, highs will commonly reach between 40 and 50 F, with a few rare instances where the temperature fails to break 32 F. At night, the temperature falls to between 20 and 30 F, but will not normally fall much further unless Arctic air masses arrive. The basin sees a moderate amount of its rainfall in the winter months from storms coming off the Pacific Ocean while the strong winter jet stream is aimed at the Pacific Northwest. Storms that are strong enough to bring moisture to the Southeastern area of Oregon are usually related to tropical storms feeding from the Hawaiian Islands. Snow does sometimes occur in the rare instances when cold air from the Arctic to the north meets a strong flow of moisture from the Pacific to the West.

Spring
Spring is when the bulk of precipitation falls from thunderstorms. These storms are attributed to the rainfall in April, May, and June that form in the south and move their way north across the desert and surrounding sagebrush plains. Clear nights continue to bring cold overnight temperatures which commonly drop to between 30 and 45 F, but afternoon warming raises temperatures to between 50 and 60 F in early spring and 70 and 80 F in late spring. This warming can help trigger thunderstorms in combination with the unstable spring atmosphere. Extremes in temperature can still be seen at this time of year where temperatures have fallen to 0 to 10 F in March, and climbed to over 100 F in early June. Rainfall turns the playa into a small lake, and for a short time, makes travel across it difficult.

Summer
Summer in the Alvord Desert has some of the hottest temperatures in the state of Oregon. High pressure sets in over the Pacific Northwest and the jet stream pushes north into Canada. This high pressure means very little precipitation, averaging less than 1 in throughout the summer months. Late day heat begins to set in by late June where highs reach between 85 and 90 F. In July the temperature commonly climbs to between 90 and 100 F. Night-time lows vary, with overnight temperatures dropping down between 60 and 65 F throughout much of the basin. In some locations temperatures will only drop to between 65 and 70 F. August remains hot with highs ranging between 90 and 100 F and lows between 50 and 60 F, though dropping towards the end of the month.

Fall
Fall is moderate with high temperatures ranging between 60 and 80 F and lows between 40 and 50 F. Fall is also one of the driest times of the year.

Geology
Three primary geothermal areas are along the western edge as well as cold springs following NE to SW trending normal faults. On the western edge of the desert is Alvord Hot Springs (42.544°N, -118.534°W). At the north is Mickey Hot Springs (42.6781°N, -118.3467°W): an assortment of bubbling mud, pools and, the occasional geyser. At the south is Borax Lake (42.3269°N, -118.6028°W) which is a thermal spring complex. To the east is an unnamed natural hot spring, one of 40 or more along 25 mi of the Alvord fault. To the southwest is seasonal alkali Alvord Lake which once extended 100 mi north and south—covering the desert. Several of the geothermal features in Alvord Desert Basin have been examined by a team of scientists and geologists from the University of Idaho, Boise State University, and Idaho State University.

Fauna
Despite the barren nature of the playa, some opportunities for wildlife observation exist. Wild horses sometimes drink from the springs on the eastern edge of the desert. In areas where natural hot springs flow into the playa, especially around the Alvord Hot Springs, one can usually find nesting long-billed curlew. Further out into the playa proper are numerous killdeer and snowy plover, along with the occasional American avocet. The outlet waters from the springs typically flow roughly one mile into the desert, and their reach roughly delineates the bird habitat. The nearby Steens Mountain Wilderness contains populations of bighorn sheep, mule deer, elk, and pronghorn. Further west is the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, which is popular for birding.

Land speed record
The previous women's Land Speed Record was set at Alvord Desert by Kitty O'Neil, in the jet-powered SMI Motivator, in 1976. O'Neil reached 512.710 mph.

On August 27, 2019, Jessi Combs died while making back and forth runs at Alvord Desert in an attempt to break O'Neil's record, and in June 2020, Guinness World Records recognized Combs' runs on that date as the official new world record of 522.783 mph.

title: Alvord Desert


text:
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam

The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam is a compilation of lectures delivered by Muhammad Iqbal on Islamic philosophy which got published in 1930. These lectures were delivered by Iqbal in Madras, Hyderabad, and Aligarh. The last chapter, "Is Religion Possible", was added to the book from the 1934 Oxford Edition onwards.

In Reconstruction, Iqbal called for a re-examination of the intellectual foundations of Islamic philosophy. The book is a major work of modern Islamic thought. It was a major influence on Iranian sociologist Ali Shariati and other contemporary Muslim reformers, including Tariq Ramadan.

Chapters

 * Knowledge and Religious Experience
 * The Philosophical Test of the Revelations of Religious Experience
 * The Conception of God and the Meaning of Prayer
 * The Human Ego – His Freedom and Immortality
 * The Spirit of Muslim Culture
 * The Principle of Movement in the Structure of Islam
 * Is Religion Possible?

Reviews
D.S. Margoliouth, an orientalist and a professor of Arabic at the University of Oxford, wrote "From the Qur'anic law of inheritance which makes the share of the male equal to that of two females the superiority of the male over the female has been inferred; such an assumption would, Sir M.Iqbal observes, be controversial to the spirit of Islam."The Qur'an says: And for women are rights over men similar to those for men over women." William Owen Carver (1898-1943) observed "His [Iqbal's] aim was "to reconstruct Muslim religious philosophy with due regard to the philosophical traditions of Islam and the more recent developments of human knowledge." Edward Hulmes noted "One of the author’s [Iqbal's] motives was to encourage his fellow countrymen to explore their own cultural roots after years of British colonial rule. But his aim was also to transcend the limited boundaries of national identity in order to ‘build bridges’ between peoples of different cultures and religious traditions."

Editions

 * Iqbal, Muhammad. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Kitab Bhavan, 2000. ISBN 81-7151-081-7.


text:
Bassariscus

Bassariscus is a genus in the family Procyonidae. There are two extant species in the genus: the ringtail or ring-tailed cat (B. astutus) and the cacomistle (B. sumichrasti). Genetic studies have indicated that the closest relatives of Bassariscus are raccoons,  from which they diverged about 10 million years ago in the Tortonian Age of the Miocene. The two lineages of Bassariscus are thought to have separated after only another two million years, making it the extant procyonid genus with the earliest diversification. Later diversification in the genus in the Pliocene and Pleistocene saw the emergence of two extinct species, Bassariscus casei and Bassariscus sonoitensis, respectively. Due to the more digitigrade stance of their legs compared to the plantigrade stance of other members of Procyonidae, some taxonomies place the genus as a separate family, Bassaricidae.. The name is a Greek word for fox ("bassaris") with a Latinized diminutive ending ("-iscus"). The genus was named by Elliott Coues in 1887, having previously been described by Lichtenstein in 1830 under the name Bassaris. Coues proposed the word "bassarisk" as the English term for animals in this genus. Its habitat includes semi-arid areas in the southwestern United States, the whole of Mexico, as well as moist tropical forests in Central America.

title: Bassariscus


text:
Sensory processing sensitivity

Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is a temperamental or personality trait involving "an increased sensitivity of the central nervous system and a deeper cognitive processing of physical, social, and emotional stimuli". The trait is characterized by "a tendency to 'pause to check' in novel situations, greater sensitivity to subtle stimuli, and the engagement of deeper cognitive processing strategies for employing coping actions, all of which is driven by heightened emotional reactivity, both positive and negative".

A human with a particularly high measure of SPS is considered to have "hypersensitivity", or be a highly sensitive person (HSP). The terms SPS and HSP were coined in the mid-1990s by psychologists Elaine Aron and her husband Arthur Aron, who developed the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS) questionnaire by which SPS is measured. Other researchers have applied various other terms to denote this responsiveness to stimuli that is seen in humans and other species.

According to the Arons and colleagues, people with high SPS make up about 15–20% of the population. Although some researchers consistently related high SPS to negative outcomes, other researchers have associated it with increased responsiveness to both positive and negative influences. Aron and colleagues state that the high-SPS personality trait is not a disorder.

Origin and development of the terms
Elaine Aron's book The Highly Sensitive Person was published in 1996. In 1997 Elaine and Arthur Aron formally identified sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) as the defining trait of highly sensitive persons (HSPs). The popular terms hypersensitivity (not to be confused with the medical term hypersensitivity) or highly sensitive are popular synonyms for the scientific concept of SPS. By way of definition, Aron and Aron (1997) wrote that sensory processing here refers not to the sense organs themselves, but to what occurs as sensory information is transmitted to or processed in the brain. They assert that the trait is not a disorder but an innate survival strategy that has both advantages and disadvantages.

Elaine Aron's academic journal articles as well as self-help publications for the lay reader have focused on distinguishing high SPS from socially reticent behavior and disorders with which high SPS can be confused; overcoming the social unacceptability that can cause low self-esteem; and emphasizing the advantages of high SPS to balance the disadvantages emphasized by others.

In 2015, journalist Elizabeth Bernstein wrote in The Wall Street Journal that HSPs were "having a moment," noting that several hundred research studies had been conducted on topics related to HSPs' high sensitivity. The First International Scientific Conference on High Sensitivity or Sensory Processing Sensitivity was held at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. By 2015, more than a million copies of The Highly Sensitive Person had been sold.

Earlier research
Research pre-dating the Arons' coining of the term "high sensitivity" includes that of German medicine professor Wolfgang Klages, who argued in the 1970s that the phenomenon of sensitive and highly sensitive humans is "biologically anchored" and that the "stimulus threshold of the thalamus" is much lower in these persons. As a result, said Klages, there is a higher permeability for incoming signals from afferent nerve fibers so that they pass "unfiltered" to the cerebral cortex.

The Arons (1997) recognized psychologist Albert Mehrabian's (1976, 1980, 1991) concept of filtering the "irrelevant", but wrote that the concept implied that the inability of HSPs' (Mehrabian's "low screeners") to filter out what is irrelevant would imply that what is relevant is determined from the perspective of non-HSPs ("high screeners").

Attributes, characteristics and prevalence
Boterberg et al. (2016) describe high SPS as a "temperamental or personality trait which is present in some individuals and reflects an increased sensitivity of the central nervous system and a deeper cognitive processing of physical, social and emotional stimuli."

People with high SPS report having a heightened response to stimuli such as pain, caffeine, hunger, and loud noises. According to Boterberg et al., these individuals are "believed to be easily overstimulated by external stimuli because they have a lower perceptual threshold and process stimuli cognitively deeper than most other people." This deeper processing may result in increased reaction time as more time is spent responding to cues in the environment, and might also contribute to cautious behavior and low risk-taking.

The HSP Scale, initially (1997) a questionnaire designed to measure SPS on a unidimensional scale, was subsequently decomposed into two, three, or four factors or sub-scales. Most components have been associated with traditionally accepted negative psychological outcomes including high stress levels, being easily overwhelmed, increased rates of depression, anxiety, and  sleep problems, as well as autistic traits; the diathesis–stress model focused on increased vulnerability to negative influences. However, the differential susceptibility theory (DST) and biological sensitivity to context theory (BSCT) and sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) suggest increased plasticity in terms of responsiveness to both positive and negative influences; and the vantage sensitivity (VS) concept emphasizes increased responsiveness to positive experiences. Researchers such as Smolewska et al. (2006) said positive outcomes were more common in individuals with high aesthetic sensitivity, who tend to experience heightened positive emotions in response to rewarding stimuli and more likely to score high on "openness" on the Big Five factors model.

Research in evolutionary biology provides evidence that the trait of SPS can be observed, under various terms, in over 100 nonhuman species, Aron writing that the SPS trait is meant to encompass what personality psychologists have described under various other names. Conversely, Aron has distinguished SPS from what she considers it is not, explicitly distinguishing high SPS from possibly similar-appearing traits or disorders (such as shyness, sensation-seeking, sensory processing disorder, and autism ), and further, that SPS may be a basic variable that may underlie multiple other trait differences (such as introversion versus extraversion ). Contrary to common misconception, according to Aron HSPs include both introverts and extroverts, and may be simultaneously high-sensation seeking and cautious.

In humans and other species, responsive and unresponsive individuals coexist and consistently display different levels of responsiveness to environmental stimuli, the different levels of responsiveness having corresponding evolutionary costs and benefits. This observation parallels Aron's assertion that high SPS is not a disorder, but rather a personality trait with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Accordingly, Aron cautions medical professionals against prescribing psychoactive medications to "cure" the trait, which may or may not coexist with an actual disorder.

By 2015 the trait had been documented at various levels of study, including temperament and behavior psychology, brain function and neuronal sensitization, and genetics. For example, genetic studies provide evidence that higher levels of SPS are linked to the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR short/short genotype, polymorphisms in dopamine neurotransmitter genes, and the ADRA2b norepinephrine-related gene variant.

A 2015 longitudinal study based on army medical records of Swedish men showed a correlation between low resting heart rate and violence and criminality, with the authors theorising that lower sensitivity to stimulation resulted in increased likelihood of risk-taking and sensation-seeking behaviour – effectively a low sensitivity counterpart to SPS.

HSP Scale score patterns in adults were thought to be distributed as a dichotomous categorical variable with a break point between 10% and 35%, with Aron choosing a cut-off of the highest-scoring 20% of individuals to define the HSP category. A 2019 review article stated that findings suggest people fall into three sensitivity groups along a normal distribution sensitivity continuum.

title: Sensory processing sensitivity


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title: Category:21st century


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title: Country codes: J–K


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