text:
U.S. Route 522

U.S. Route 522 (US 522) is a spur route of US 22 in the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. The U.S. Highway travels in a north-south direction, and runs 308.59 mi from US 60 near Powhatan, Virginia, to its northern terminus at US 11 and US 15 near Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania. US 522 serves many small cities and towns in the Piedmont, Blue Ridge Mountains, and northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. The highway serves the Virginia communities of Goochland, Mineral, Culpeper, the town of Washington, and Front Royal and the independent city of Winchester. US 522 then follows the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians north and then east through the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia, a 2 mi stretch of Western Maryland, and South Central Pennsylvania to its terminus in the Susquehanna Valley. The highway serves Berkeley Springs, West Virginia; Hancock, Maryland; and the Pennsylvania communities of McConnellsburg, Mount Union, Lewistown, and Middleburg.

Route description

 * VA
 * 159.26 mi
 * WV
 * 18.74 mi
 * MD
 * 2.35 mi
 * PA
 * 128.237 mi
 * Total
 * 308.59 mi
 * }
 * 128.237 mi
 * Total
 * 308.59 mi
 * }
 * }
 * }

US 522 contains several segments that are part of the National Highway System. The U.S. highway is part of the main system from Virginia State Route 37 (SR 37) near Winchester to Interstate 70 (I-70) at Warfordsburg, Pennsylvania. US 522 is also part of the main system from the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76) at Fort Littleton to Pennsylvania Route 35 (PA 35) at Shade Gap and from the south end of its concurrency with US 22 at Mount Union to its northern terminus near Selinsgrove. US 522 is a National Highway System principal arterial in four places in Virginia, including its concurrencies with SR 3 and US 15 Bus. in Culpeper, on its concurrency with US 211 between Sperryville and Massies Corner, from its southern junction with SR 55 to I-66 in Front Royal, and from the south end of its concurrency with US 11 in Winchester to SR 37 near Winchester. The highway is also a principal arterial from PA 35 at Shade Gap to US 22 at Mount Union. US 522's other junctions with highways part of the National Highway System along its 159.26 mi course through Virginia include I-64 near Gum Spring; US 15 and US 29 in Culpeper; US 340 in Front Royal; and I-81, US 17, US 50, and SR 7 in Winchester. Other major junctions include one with West Virginia Route 9 (WV 9) in Berkeley Springs along its 18.74 mi in West Virginia; I-68, I-70, and US 40 in Hancock during its 2.35 mi streak across Maryland; and US 30 in McConnellsburg and US 22 and US 322 in Lewistown during its 128.237 mi route through Pennsylvania.

Powhatan to Culpeper
US 522 begins at a four-legged intersection with US 60 (Anderson Highway) on the western edge of the unincorporated village of Powhatan, the county seat of Powhatan County. The roadway continues on the south side of the intersection as SR 1002 (Emmanuel Church Road), which passes the eponymous church before it connects with SR 13. US 522 heads north as Maidens Road, which heads through the community of Jefferson, the site of the historic home Elmington. North of Michaux, the highway meets the east end of SR 313 (Beaumont Road), which leads to the Beaumont Learning Center, before it crosses the William Walthall Michaux Bridge over the James River into Goochland County. US 522 crosses over CSX's James River Subdivision rail line and joins SR 6 (River Road) at Maidens. The two highways meet the east end of SR 329, which leads to the Virginia Correctional Center for Women, opposite the historic home Brightly. US 522 and SR 6 continue through Goochland, where the highways pass the Goochland County Court Square. The highways meet the west end of SR 396 (Dickenson Road), which leads to the Goochland campus of J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, before the two highways diverge at the north end of the county seat.

US 522 continues north on Sandy Hook Road, which passes through the eponymous hamlet before entering Louisa County at the village of Gum Spring. There, the U.S. Highway intersects US 250 (Broad Street Road) and has a diamond interchange with I-64. US 522 continues on Cross County Road, which passes through Shelfar and Orchid and crosses the South Anna River at Southanna. The route continues through Apple Grove to Cuckoo, where the highway joins US 33 (Jefferson Highway) in front of the eponymous historic estate. After a brief concurrency with US 33, US 522 splits north onto Pendleton Road through Pendleton, where the highway parallels CSX's Piedmont Subdivision rail line into the town of Mineral, where the route follows Mineral Avenue and passes through its namesake historic district. At the intersection of Mineral Avenue and First Street, US 522 meets SR 208 and SR 22, the latter of which has its eastern terminus at the intersection. SR 208 and SR 22 head north and west on Mineral Avenue toward the county seat of Louisa; US 522 and SR 208 turn east onto First Street, intersect the rail line at grade, and turn north onto Louisa Avenue.

US 522 and SR 208 follow Zachary Taylor Highway away from Mineral. North of Contrary Creek, the two routes diverge at Wares Crossroads. SR 208 splits east onto New Bridge Road toward Spotsylvania Courthouse, and US 522 continues northwest along the presidential-named highway. The U.S. Highway crosses the mainstem of Lake Anna, the North Anna River, to cross the western corner of Spotsylvania County. US 522 crosses Pamunkey Creek as it enters Orange County. After leaving the Lake Anna area, the U.S. Highway heads straight north to Unionville, where the route intersects SR 20 (Constitution Highway). US 522 crosses Mill Run and Mountain Run and follows Raccoon Branch as the route curves northwest and crosses the Rapidan River into Culpeper County. At Winston, US 522 curves northeast and joins Rapidan Road on a tangent and begins to parallel Norfolk Southern Railway's Washington District rail line. The U.S. Highway veers away from the rail line, crosses Sumerduck Creek, and expands to a four-lane divided highway as passes the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center and approaches Germanna Highway, which carries SR 3, southeast of Culpeper.

Culpeper to Front Royal
US 522 and SR 3 head northwest along four-lane divided Germanna Highway. The highways meet US 15 and US 29 (James Madison Highway) at a diamond interchange and enter the town of Culpeper, where the divided highway narrows to a two-lane road and crosses over the Norfolk Southern rail line. SR 3 has its western terminus at Orange Road, which heads south carrying US 15 Bus.; US 15 Bus. joins US 522 on Germanna Highway west one block to US 29 Bus., where US 522 and US 15 Bus. turn north and join US 29 Bus. on Main Street. The three highways pass by the historic Burgandine House, at Main Street's oblique intersection with Orange Road, and to the west of the South East Street Historic District, which contains the Hill Mansion and Culpeper National Cemetery. The U.S. Highway and the two business routes continue through the Culpeper Historic District, where they pass the Pitts Theatre, the A. P. Hill Boyhood Home, and the Lord Culpeper Hotel and pass to the west of the Culpeper railroad station. North of downtown, US 522 diverges from US 15 Bus. and US 29 Bus. when it turns west onto Evans Street, which crosses Mountain Run and passes Fairview Cemetery on its way out of the town of Culpeper.

US 522 heads northwest into the foothills of the Blue Ridge in western Culpeper County as Sperryville Pike. The U.S. highway passes through the hamlets of Norman and Griffinsburg and crosses Devils Run and the Hazel River south of their confluence. US 522 passes through the village of Boston, the site of the historic home Elmwood, before it enters Rappahannock County. The highway crosses Blackwater Creek between Round Hill and Scrabble and follows the stream through the gap between Butler Mountain and Bessie Bell Mountain to Woodville. US 522 crosses White Walnut Run and Beaverdam Creek south of its junction with SR 231 (F.T. Valley Road). The U.S. Highway continues to Sperryville, where the highway passes through the village's namesake historic district. US 522 crosses the Thornton River immediately before its junction with US 211 (Lee Highway) east of US 211's ascent of the Blue Ridge and access to Shenandoah National Park at Thornton Gap.

US 522 runs concurrently with US 211 northeast along four-lane divided Lee Highway. The routes cross the Piney River near Sperryville and the Covington River at Rediviva. South of the Rappahannock county seat of Washington, US 211 Bus. and unsigned US 522 Bus. split north onto Main Street to serve the county seat directly. The mainline U.S. Highways pass southeast of the town and reconnect with the entirely concurrent business routes, which exit town on Warren Street, next to the Calvert Mill. US 522 and US 211 cross Battle Run just west of Massies Corner, where US 211 continues east toward Warrenton while US 522 heads north on two-lane Zachary Taylor Highway. US 522 passes through Flint Hill, site of the eponymous Baptist church. The highway crosses the Jordan River and three of its tributaries—Wilson Branch, Hittles Mill Stream, and Indian Run—between Flint Hill and Huntly. From Huntly, US 522 ascends the Blue Ridge to Chester Gap, where the highway intersects the Appalachian Trail next to the headwaters of the Rappahannock River and the Rappahannock–Warren–Fauquier county tripoint.

Front Royal to Winchester
US 522 enters Warren County and descends to the town of Front Royal along Remount Road, which passes the historic Mountain Home along its descent along Happy Creek. The U.S. Highway expands to a four-lane divided highway and its name changes to Commerce Avenue at SR 55, which heads west along South Street and east as John Marshall Highway. US 522 passes to the east of the Front Royal Historic District. In the northern part of the town, the highway curves west to Commerce Avenue's terminus at Royal Avenue, which carries US 340 and SR 55. The three highways follow four-lane Royal Avenue north to a right-angle curve where the three routes curve onto 14th Street and then turn north onto four-lane divided Shenandoah Street. US 522, US 340, and SR 55 cross Norfolk Southern's Hagerstown District rail line and the South Fork Shenandoah River into the Riverton area of Front Royal, where SR 55 splits to the west onto Strasburg Road. The two U.S. Highways then cross the North Fork Shenandoah River and Norfolk Southern Railway's B-Line just west of the confluence of the two Shenandoah River forks. US 522 and US 340 cross Crooked Run and have a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-66 as they leave the town of Front Royal.

US 522 and US 340 head north along four-lane divided Winchester Road. The highways pass through Cedarville, the site of the Virginia Inland Port, and through Nineveh, the site of the historic estate Erin. North of Nineveh, the routes follow the Warren–Frederick county line and briefly enter Clarke County, where the road is named Stonewall Jackson Highway. US 522 and US 340 diverge at a four-legged intersection at Double Tollgate. US 340 heads east along Lord Fairfax Highway; the west leg of the junction is SR 277 (Fairfax Pike), which heads toward Stephens City. US 522 continues into Frederick County as Front Royal Pike, which passes through Armel at Wrights Run and Parkins Mills at Opequon Creek. The highway passes to the west of Winchester Regional Airport before reaching Millwood Pike, which carries US 17 and US 50. The north leg of the junction is the ramps to and from northbound I-81. US 522 turns west onto Millwood Pike, and the three U.S. Highways enter the independent city of Winchester within the southbound side of the partial cloverleaf interchange.

US 522, US 17, and US 50 follow four-lane divided Millwood Avenue along the south side of the campus of Shenandoah University. West of Abrams Creek, the four-lane divided highway continues west as Jubal Early Drive; the three U.S. Highways turn northwest onto a two-lane continuation of Millwood Avenue. The routes cross Town Run and have an oblique grade crossing of CSX's Shenandoah Subdivision rail line. At Gerrard Street, which carries US 11, all four U.S. Highways turn north onto two-lane Cameron Street. US 522, US 11, US 17, and US 50 head north into the Winchester Historic District. At Cork Street, US 17 reaches its northern terminus and US 50 turns west. US 522 and US 11 continue north along the east edge of the downtown area. North of downtown, US 11 and US 522 diverge when the latter highway turns west onto Commercial Street. US 522 intersects the Winchester and Western Railroad immediately before it turns north onto Fairmount Avenue, which the highway follows out of the city of Winchester and back into Frederick County.

Winchester to Hancock
US 522 curves northwest and expands to a four-lane divided highway as North Frederick Pike at it leaves Winchester to a diamond interchange with SR 37 (Winchester Bypass). The highway passes by Albin and Nain, between which the route crosses North Mountain and crosses Babbs Run east of Hunting Ridge. The route crosses Hogue Creek and Back Creek on either side of Gainesboro, where the route briefly parallels the Winchester and Western Railroad. US 522 crosses Isaacs Creek and Little Isaacs Creek on either side of Cross Junction, north of which the highway meets the east end of SR 127 (Bloomery Pike). The highway passes through Reynolds Store, crosses Timber Ridge, and descends into the valley of Sleepy Creek before reaching the Virginia–West Virginia state line near the northernmost point in Virginia.

Just after entering Morgan County, West Virginia, US 522 reduces from a four-lane divided highway to a two-lane undivided road, Valley Road, which follows the east flank of Warm Spring Ridge north. The highway crosses Breakneck Run and passes a fish hatchery at Ridge, passes the entrance to Cacapon Resort State Park at Omps, and crosses Rock Gap Run at Rock Gap. US 522 passes by the headwaters of Warm Spring Run and follows the stream through Berryville to the town of Berkeley Springs, the county seat of Morgan County. The highway enters town on Washington Street and intersects Martinsburg Road, from which the highway runs concurrently through the Town of Bath Historic District with WV 9. In the center of town, US 522 and WV 9 pass by Berkeley Springs State Park and the Morgan County Courthouse. In the northern part of town, WV 9 splits west onto Union Street to cross Warm Spring Ridge, and the U.S. Highway continues north and passes the historic Berkeley Springs Train Depot. US 522 heads north from Berkeley Springs on Hancock Road, which parallels Warm Spring Run and a CSX rail spur through North Berkeley, Jimtown, and Burnt Factory. North of Burnt Factory, the highway descends into the narrow valley of the Potomac River; southbound US 522 has a climbing lane.

US 522's bridge across the Potomac River begins just north of River Road; the highway crosses over CSX's Cumberland Subdivision's Hancock rail yard and, on the bridge itself, has its last junction in West Virginia, with Airport Road, which leads to Potomac Airpark in the West Virginia hamlet of Hancock. The bridge crosses into Washington County, Maryland and the town of Hancock at a narrow channel of the Potomac, crosses an island, then crosses the main channel of the river, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Berm Road, the Western Maryland Rail Trail, and South Street before the bridge lands on the Maryland side of the river. US 522, named Warfordsburg Road, meets a two-way ramp from Maryland Route 144 (Main Street) before the highway bridges MD 144, Little Tonoloway Creek, and Limestone Road, which is MD 894. US 522 becomes a divided highway just south of its right-in/right-out junction with High Street, which leads to MD 144 via Virginia Avenue. Southbound US 522 has an exit ramp to Limestone Road used to access MD 144. US 522 meets I-70 and US 40 (Eisenhower Memorial Highway) at a three-level directional-T interchange where US 522 becomes concurrent with the two highways. Immediately to the north, I-70 and US 522 meet the eastern terminus of I-68 (National Freeway) at another three-level directional interchange, where westbound US 40 leaves I-70 and goes onto I-68. Southbound US 522 exits I-70 via a left exit prior to US 40 joining eastbound I-70, so southbound US 522 does not have a concurrency with US 40. I-70 and US 522 continue north as a four-lane freeway that leaves the town of Hancock and crosses the Maryland–Pennsylvania state line.

Hancock to Mount Union
US 522 enters Pennsylvania concurrent with I-70 (Eisenhower Memorial Highway) in Bethel Township in Fulton County. The Interstate and the U.S. Highway split in Warfordsburg at Exit 168, a diamond interchange where I-70 curves northwest toward Breezewood while US 522 heads north on Great Cove Road. Great Cove Road continues a short distance west of the interchange to PA 484 (Buck Valley Road). US 522 crosses Little Tonoloway Creek at Great Cove and passes through a gap in Tonoloway Ridge on its way to a junction with PA 643 (Flickersville Road) in the hamlet of Dott. The U.S. highway continues northeast around the northern edge of Tonoloway Ridge at the Belfast Township village of Needmore, where the highway has a brief concurrency with PA 655, which heads south as Thompson Road and north as Pleasant Valley Road. US 522 curves to the east, crosses Tonoloway Creek, ascends Timber Ridge, and descends the ridge to cross Licking Creek at Gem. The U.S. highway climbs over Scrub Ridge and curves to the northeast at the village of Big Cove Tannery in Ayr Township, where the highway intersects PA 928 (Big Cove Tannery Road) and crosses Big Cove Creek.

US 522 passes around the northern end of Dickeys Mountain and enters the broad valley of Big Cove Creek between Meadow Grounds Mountain to the west and Tuscarora Mountain to the east. Near the northern end of the valley, the highway passes through the borough of McConnellsburg. US 522 follows Second Street through the county seat, which passes by the Fulton House and through the McConnellsburg Historic District. In the center of the borough, the U.S. Highway intersects Lincoln Way, which heads east as PA 16; Lincoln Way was part of the original Lincoln Highway. US 522 heads north out of the borough into Todd Township, once again named Great Cove Road, and meets US 30 (Lincoln Highway) at a diamond interchange. The highway heads by the headwaters of Cove Creek and through the narrow valley between Little Scrub Ridge to the west and Cove Mountain to the east. At Knobsville, the U.S. Highway follows Licking Creek through a gap in the former mountain into Dublin Township, where the highway intersects PA 475 (Waterfall Road) and meets I-76 (Pennsylvania Turnpike) at Exit 180, the Fort Littleton interchange. US 522 parallels the turnpike through the valley of Little Aughwick Creek northeast through Fort Littleton to the village of Burnt Cabins, Pennsylvania just north of Sidneys Knob. Here the U.S. Highway turns north into Huntingdon County.

US 522 heads north as Croghan Pike through Dublin Township on the east side of Shade Mountain. After intersecting PA 35 and PA 641 (Neelyton Road) in the village of Shade Gap, the U.S. Highway follows Shade Creek by the Shade Gap Feed and Flour Mill and through a gap in Shade Mountain into the Locke Valley in Cromwell Township. US 522 follows Shade Creek north, passing by the St. Mary's Covered Bridge, to Blacklog, then the highway curves west and follows Blacklog Creek through a gap in Blacklog Mountain. The highway becomes Ridgely Street in the borough of Orbisonia, where the highway intersects PA 994 (Elliot Street). US 522 parallels the East Broad Top Railroad and Aughwick Creek north into Shirley Township. The highway passes through the borough of Shirleysburg, crosses Aughwick Creek and the East Broad Top Railroad, and passes by the village of Aughwick Mills, where the route diverges from the creek. US 522 continues along the railroad to Allenport, where the highway meets the southern end of PA 103. The highway parallels the Juniata River north along the eastern edge of the borough of Mount Union. US 522 passes under Water Street and Norfolk Southern Railway's Pittsburgh Line (the former Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad) before crossing the river to an intersection with US 22 (William Penn Highway) in Mifflin County.

Mount Union to Selinsgrove
US 522 joins US 22 in a concurrency that heads northeast between Jacks Mountain to the northwest and the Juniata River to the southeast. The two highways follow Long Hollow Creek north through Wayne Township to Atkinson Mills, where the routes cross Beaverdam Run and enter the valley of Musser Run. US 522 and US 22 follow Musser Run into Oliver Township to the borough of McVeytown, north of which the highways briefly follow the Juniata River. The U.S. Highways cross Wakefield Run and cross Strodes Run at Strodes Mills into Granville Township. There, US 522 and US 22 expand to a four-lane freeway, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Highway. US 22 Bus. splits from the mainline highways at a trumpet interchange, and the two U.S. Highways pass to the north side of Big Ridge opposite the business route. Shortly after entering Derry Township, US 522 and US 22 meet US 322 (28th Division Highway) at a directional-T interchange. The interchange includes partial cloverleaf interchange ramps with Ort Valley Road and the main street of unincorporated Highland Park, Electric Avenue.

US 522, US 22, and US 322 run concurrently south along Kishacoquillas Creek into the borough of Lewistown. East of downtown, US 522 diverges from the other two U.S. Highways, which continue along the freeway southeast toward Harrisburg. Westbound US 22 and US 322 interact with US 522 via a half diamond interchange; access between the southbound U.S. Highways and US 522 is via Logan Street and Walnut Street. Two-lane US 522 crosses Kishacoquillas Creek, leaves Lewistown, and passes the Lewistown Armory. The route continues northeast through Derry Township in the valley of Jacks Creek between Jacks Mountain to the north and Shade Mountain to the south, a valley that has several short ridges itself. US 522 passes the Old Hoopes School north of Maitland. The U.S. Highway continues into Decatur Township, where the route crosses Meadow Creek at Alfarata, Jacks Creek at Soradoville, and Wagner Run at Wagner.

US 522 continues into Snyder County, where the route passes through the valley of Middle Creek. The highway immediately passes through the West Beaver Township borough of McClure, where the highway follows the South Branch of Middle Creek through a gap in a short ridge and follows Beaver Creek from its headwaters. US 522 follows that creek into Spring Township to Beaver Springs, where the U.S. Highway runs concurrently with PA 235. The highway crosses Beaver Township and through the borough of Beavertown, through which the route follows Market Street. US 522 crosses Middle Creek shortly after entering Franklin Township and passes through the county seat of Middleburg along Market Street and Main Street. Part of the route's course on Main Street is a concurrency with PA 104, with which the highway crosses Middle Creek a second time. US 522 crosses the creek for the last time in the Middle Creek Township community of Kreamer. The U.S. Highway enters Penn Township and passes through the northern fringe of the borough of Selinsgrove, where the route meets the southern end of PA 204. US 522 leaves Selinsgrove at its intersection with the north end of Market Street. The U.S. Highway veers northeast and crosses Penns Creek on a truss bridge into Monroe Township. US 522 expands to a four-lane divided highway named Susquehanna Trail and passes to the south of Penn Valley Airport before reaching its northern terminus at a partially completed, partial cloverleaf interchange with US 11 and US 15, which head south on the Selinsgrove Bypass and north along Susquehanna Trail, a short distance west of the Susquehanna River.

History
US 522 was created in 1926 and signed from Lewistown to Selinsgrove in Pennsylvania. A year later, US 522 was extended south to Hancock, Maryland, along its current alignment. The portion from U.S. Route 40 in Hancock to U.S. Route 22 in Mount Union, Pennsylvania, was previously U.S. Route 622 from 1926 to 1927. The designation, shown on the 1926 U.S. Highway System plan, may not have been signed.

Through Maryland, Warfordsburg Road from Main Street at the west end of Hancock north to the Pennsylvania state line was paved in 1920. When the first number designations in the U.S. Highway System were released in 1926, US 622 was proposed for the highway between Hancock and Mount Union, Pennsylvania. Another proposed number for the highway may have been US 11W, which appears marked on Warfordsburg Road on official Maryland maps in 1927 and 1928. By 1930, the highway was marked as US 522. The March 1936 flooding of the Potomac River destroyed the pre-existing bridge over the river at Church Street. A temporary timber trestle was constructed while a new bridge was planned at the western edge of the town of Hancock. The new bridge and approach roads were completed in 1939. US 522 was extended south of Hancock by 1946. US 522 was moved from Warfordsburg Road to a concurrency with I-70 when the Interstate highway and the associated directional interchanges were completed in 1965.

Future
The West Virginia Division of Highways (WVDOH) has now selected a Preferred Alternative for the US 522 project. In general terms, the route runs parallel to—and east of—the existing Route 522 for approximately 22 mi from the Maryland state line to the Virginia state line. It will be, for most of its length, within 50 ft of the current 522. In the vicinity of the proposed Ridge Historic District, however, the alignment extends farther away to avoid impacting either that site or the adjacent fish hatchery. Also, immediately south of Berkeley Springs, the projected route would veer further east to avoid the downtown area.

Auxiliary routes

 * US 522A was the designation for the unnamed 0.40 mi left exit ramp from eastbound I-70 to southbound US 522 within I-70 Exit 1. The ramp is marked as Exit 1B. The designation was retired in 2013 and is now inventoried as part of mainline US 522.
 * US 522B is the designation for the unnamed 0.14 mi two-way ramp between MD 144 and US 522 at the south end of the bridge over the Potomac River. All movements are allowed at the intersection with MD 144.  Left turns are prohibited at the ramp's intersection with US 522, so the ramp functions more like a right-in/right-out interchange for southbound US 522.  The ramp also provides access to a hotel.
 * US 522C is the designation for a 0.20 mi section of north–south Virginia Avenue and east–west High Street between MD 144 and a right-in/right-out interchange with northbound US 522.

title: U.S. Route 522


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Magerøya

or is a large island in Finnmark county, in the extreme northern part of Norway. The island lies along the Barents Sea in Nordkapp Municipality, just north of the Porsanger Peninsula. The mouth of Porsangerfjorden lies off the east coast of the island.

Magerøya has an area of 436.6 km2 and the highest elevation on the island is the 417 m mountain Gråkallfjellet. The most northern point on the island is also the northernmost point in Norway outside Svalbard: Knivskjellodden. The island features a bleak, barren, tundra-covered landscape devoid of any trees (except for a few small pockets of mountain birch), with steep cliffs along the coast, and dramatic mountainscapes in the interior. On southern Magerøya, archaeologists have found evidence of settlements dating back 10,000 years.

Due to its location inside the Arctic Circle, the Sun does not set from mid May to late July and does not rise from mid November to late January.

Places on Magerøya
The main population centre on the island is the town of Honningsvåg. Other smaller places include the fishing villages of Gjesvær, Skarsvåg, Nordvågen, and Kamøyvær. North Cape is a very popular tourist attraction on the northern shore of the island.

Transportation
Magerøya's main claim to fame is the North Cape, a steep cliff cape on the northern coast that is a major tourist attraction. To accommodate the large numbers of tourists that visit the island, a subsea tunnel was built from 1993 to 1999. The North Cape Tunnel is part of the European route E69 highway and it is 6.87 km long and reaches a depth of 212 m below sea level. For a time, it was one of the longest and deepest subsea tunnels in the world. Fog or ice may occur inside the tunnel, even in summer.

Norway's Hurtigruten ferry service stops at the town of Honningsvåg on Magerøya since the waters around the island remain ice-free all year round due to the warm North Atlantic drift. Honningsvåg Airport is located on the eastern part of the island.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Magerøya


text:
Talk:SHACAL

Below are a few links on cryptanalysis of shacal. I (or anybody!) need to work them in to the article, but I have no time right now.

[] [] []

What I also find strange, is that the design requirements for a compression function for a hash functions are quite different than those for a block cihper. This is especially strange in light of the fact that no information on the design process of sha is availlable. I wonder if some reputable source out there raises these questions as well?

Sander123 20:55, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

According to Dan Boneh's cryptography class on Coursera (https://www.coursera.org/learn/crypto), SHA-2 is based on SHACAL-2 and not the other way around.

68.33.18.33 (talk) 01:32, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:SHACAL


text:
User:Dsmdgold/Manuscript References

Manuscript References

 * *Alexander,J. J. G. Insular manuscripts, 6th to the 9th century. Survey of manuscripts illuminated in the British Isles; v. 1 	 London : H. Miller, 1978.
 * *Bologna, Giulia. Illuminated Manuscripts: The Book before Gutenberg. New York: Crescent Books, 1995.
 * *Calkins, Robert G. Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1983.
 * *Crinelli, Lorenzo. Treasures from Italy's Great Libraries. New York, The Vendome Press, 1997.
 * *De Hamel, Christopher. A History of Illuminated Manuscripts. Boston: David R. Godine, 1986.
 * *Meehan, Bernard; The Book of Kells: an illustrated introduction to the manuscript in Trinity College Dublin. London: Thames and Hudson, 1994.
 * *Weitzmann, Kurt. Late Antique and Early Christin Book Illumination. New York: George Braziller, 1977.
 * *Williams, John. The Illustrated Beatus: A Corpus of the Illustrations of the Commentary on the Apocalypse, Volume 1, Introduction. London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 1994.
 * *Williams, John, Early Spanish Manuscript Illumination (New York: 1977).
 * *Wilson, David M.  Anglo-Saxon art : from the seventh century to the Norman conquest. Woodstock, N.Y. : Overlook Press, 1984.

General

 * Addison, Julia de Wolf Gibbs: Arts and crafts in the Middle Ages; a description of mediaeval workmanship in several of the departments of applied art, together with some account of special artisans in the early renaissance
 * Alexander, J. J. G.: The decorated letter
 * Alexander, J. J. G.: Medieval illuminators and their methods of work
 * Backhouse, Janet: The illuminated manuscript
 * Berenson, Bernard: Studies in medieval painting
 * Bland, David: A history of book illustration: the illuminated manuscript and the printed book.
 * Bologna, Giulia. Illuminated Manuscripts: The Book before Gutenberg. New York: Crescent Books, 1995.
 * Bradley, John William: A dictionary of miniaturists, illuminators, calligraphers, and copyists, with references to their works, and notices of their patrons, from the establishment of Christianity to the eighteenth century.
 * Brown, Michelle: Understanding illuminated manuscripts: a guide to technical terms
 * Calkins, Robert G. Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1983.
 * Camille, Michael.: Image on the edge: the margins of medieval art
 * D'Ancona, Paolo.; Aeschlimann, E.: The art of illumination: an anthology of manuscripts from the sixth to the sixteenth century
 * De Hamel, Christopher. A History of Illuminated Manuscripts. Boston: David R. Godine, 1986.
 * De Hamel, Christopher: Scribes and illuminators
 * Diringer, David: The illuminated book: its history and production
 * Formaggio, Dino.; Basso, Carlo: A book of miniatures
 * Gutmann, Joseph: The Temple of Solomon: archaeological fact and medieval tradition in Christian, Islamic, and Jewish art
 * Herbert, J. A. Illuminated manuscripts. London: Methuen, 1911.
 * Johnston, Edward: Writing & illuminating, & lettering
 * Kendrick, Laura: Animating the letter: the figurative embodiment of writing from late antiquity to the Renaissance
 * Lejard, André: The Art of the French book from early manuscripts to the present time
 * Loomis, Roger Sherman; Loomis, Laura Alandis Hibbard: Arthurian legends in medieval art
 * MacKinney, Loren Carey: Medical illustrations in medieval manuscripts
 * Mitchell, Sabrina: Medieval manuscript painting
 * Moé, Emile-A. van. The decorated letter from the VIIIth to the XIIth century
 * Myers, Robin.; Harris, Michael: A millennium of the book: production, design & illustration in manuscript & print, 900-1900
 * Nordenfalk, Carl. Color of the Middle ages A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts. Pittsburg: University Art Gallery, 1976.
 * Olson, Mary C.: Fair and varied forms: visual textuality in medieval illuminated manuscripts
 * Pächt, Otto: Book illumination in the Middle Ages: an introduction
 * Palladino, Pia: Treasures of a lost art : Italian manuscript painting of the Middle Ages and Renaissance
 * Porcher, Jean: Medieval French miniatures
 * Randall, Lilian M. C.: Images in the margins of Gothic manuscripts
 * Randall, Lilian M. C.; Oliver, Judith: Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts in the Walters Art Museum
 * Robb, David M: The art of the illuminated manuscript. Cranbury, NJ: A. S. Barnes, 1973.
 * Ross, Leslie: Text, image, message: saints in medieval manuscript illustrations
 * Valentine, Lucia N.: Ornament in medieval manuscripts; a glossary
 * Watson, Rowan: Illuminated manuscripts and their makers
 * Whitley, Kathleen P.: The gilded page: the history and technique of manuscript gilding
 * Wieck, Roger S.: Painted prayers: the book of hours in medieval and Renaissance art
 * Wieck, Roger S.: Time sanctified: the Book of hours in medieval art and life
 * Williams, John: Imaging the early medieval Bible
 * Wilson, Elizabeth B.: Bibles and bestiaries: a guide to illuminated manuscripts
 * Wormald, Francis.; Alexander, J. J. G.; Brown, T. Julian, and others: Collected writings

Catalogs

 * Backhouse, Janet: The illuminated page: ten centuries of manuscript painting in the British Library
 * Crinelli, Lorenzo. Treasures from Italy's Great Libraries. New York, The Vendome Press, 1997.
 * Delaissé, L. M. J.: Medieval miniatures from the Department of Manuscripts (formerly the "Library of Burgundy") the Royal Library of Belgium
 * Hassall, A. G.; Hassall, W. O.: Treasures from the Bodleian Library
 * Kren, Thomas: Masterpieces of the J. Paul Getty Museum. Illuminated manuscripts
 * Miner, Dorothy Eugenia: Illuminated books of the Middle Ages and Renaissance: an exhibition held at the Baltimore Museum of Art, January 27-March 13
 * Pächt, Otto; Alexander, J. J. G.: Illuminated manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Oxford
 * Rosati, Tony.:Vision of a collector: the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection in the Library of Congress
 * Rothe, Edith: Mediaeval book illumination in Europe; the collections of the German Democratic Republic
 * Tanis, James; Jennifer A Thompson: Leaves of gold: manuscript illumination from Philadelphia collections
 * Unterkircher, Franz: A treasury of illuminated manuscripts; a selection of miniatures from manuscripts in the Austrian National Library

Paleography

 * Boyle, Leonard E.: Medieval Latin palaeography: a bibliographical introduction
 * John, James. "Latin Paleography" in Medieval Studies, ed. J. M. Powell, pp 1-68. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1976.
 * Lovett, Patricia: Calligraphy & illumination: a history and practical guide
 * Lowe, E. A. Handwriting, Our Medieval Legacy. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Lettratura, 1969.

Late Antique and Early Christian

 * Gameson, Richard. The Early medieval Bible : its production, decoration, and use
 * Weitzmann, Kurt. Ancient book illumination
 * Weitzmann, Kurt. Illustrations in roll and codex; a study of the origin and method of text illustration. Studies in Manuscript Illumination 2. 2d ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970.
 * Weitzmann, Kurt. Late Antique and Early Christin Book Illumination. New York: George Braziller, 1977.

Byzantine

 * Folda, Jaroslav: Crusader manuscript illumination at Saint-Jean d'Acre, 1275-1291
 * Galavaris, George: The illustrations of the liturgical homilies of Gregory Nazianzenus
 * Pelekanides, Stylianos M.: The treasures of Mount Athos: illuminated manuscripts, miniatures-headpieces-initial letters
 * Weitzmann, Kurt,; Vikan, Gary: Illuminated Greek manuscripts from American collections; an exhibition in honor of Kurt Weitzmann
 * Weitzmann, Kurt: The Place of book illumination in Byzantine art
 * Weitzmann, Kurt: Studies in classical and Byzantine manuscript illumination

Insular

 * Henderson, George: From Durrow to Kells: the Insular Gospel-books, 650-800
 * Meehan, Bernard; The Book of Kells: an illustrated introduction to the manuscript in Trinity College Dublin. London: Thames and Hudson, 1994.
 * Nordenfalk, Carl Adam Johan: Celtic and Anglo-Saxon painting: book illumination in the British Isles, 600-800

Carolingian

 * Kessler, Herbert L.: The Illustrated Bibles from Tours
 * Mütherich, Florentine.; Gaehde, Joachim E.: Carolingian Painting

Anglo-Saxon

 * Dodwell, C. R.: The Canterbury school of illumination, 1066-1200
 * Temple, Elzbieta: Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts, 900-1066

Early Spanish

 * Williams, John, Early Spanish Manuscript Illumination. New York: 1977.
 * Williams, John. The Illustrated Beatus: A Corpus of the Illustrations of the Commentary on the Apocalypse, Volume 1, Introduction. London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 1994.

Romanesque

 * Alexander, J. J. G.: Norman illumination at Mont St. Michel, 966-1100
 * Cahn, Walter: Romanesque Bible illumination
 * Pächt, Otto: The rise of pictorial narrative in twelfth-century England

Gothic

 * Avril, François.: Manuscript painting at the court of France: the fourteenth century, 1310-1380
 * Branner, Robert: Manuscript painting in Paris during the reign of Saint Louis: a study of styles
 * Coen Pirani, Emma: Gothic illuminated manuscripts
 * Defoer, H. L. M.; Korteweg, A. S.: The Golden age of Dutch manuscript painting
 * Delaissé, L. M. J.: A century of Dutch manuscript illumination
 * Harthan, John P.: The book of hours
 * Hindman, Sandra: Sealed in parchment: rereadings of knighthood in the illuminated manuscripts of Chrétien de Troyes
 * Marks, Richard; Morgan, Nigel J.: The golden age of English manuscript painting, 1200-1500
 * Meiss, Millard: French painting in the time of Jean De Berry: the late Fourteenth century and the patronage of the Duke
 * Meiss, Millard.; Smith, Sharon Off Dunlap,; Beatson, Elizabeth H.: French painting in the time of Jean de Berry: the Limbourgs and their contemporaries
 * Morgan, Nigel J.: Early Gothic manuscripts
 * Sandler, Lucy Freeman: Gothic manuscripts, 1285-1385
 * Thomas, Marcel: The golden age: manuscript painting at the time of Jean, Duke of Berry
 * Weiss, Daniel H.: Art and Crusade in the age of Saint Louis
 * Wilson, Adrian.; Wilson, Joyce Lancaster: A medieval mirror : Speculum humanae salvationis, 1324-1500

Renaissance

 * Alexander, J. J. G.: Italian Renaissance illuminations
 * Alexander, J. J. G.: The Painted page: Italian Renaissance book illumination, 1450-1550
 * Kanter, Laurence B. Painting and illumination in early Renaissance Florence, 1300-1450
 * Kren, Thomas: Illuminating the Renaissance: the triumph of Flemish manuscript painting in Europe
 * Kren, Thomas; Backhouse, Janet: Renaissance painting in manuscripts: treasures from the British Library
 * Smeyers, Maurits,; Stock, Jan van der.: Flemish illuminated manuscripts, 1475-1550

Eastern European

 * Popova, Ol’ga Sigismundovna: Russian illuminated manuscripts
 * UNESCO: Czechoslovakia: Romanesque and Gothic illuminated manuscripts

Armenian

 * Narkiss, Bezalel.; Stone, Michael E.: Armenian art treasures of Jerusalem

Ethiopian

 * Leroy, Jules: Ethiopian painting, in the late Middle Ages and during the Gondar dynasty
 * Mercier, Jacques: Ethiopian magic scrolls
 * Wright, Stephen: Ethiopia; illuminated manuscripts

Islamic

 * UNESCO: Turkey: ancient miniatures

Hebrew
--71.71.58.176 (talk) 23:39, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Gold, Leonard Singer: A Sign and a witness: 2,000 years of Hebrew books and illuminated manuscripts
 * Gutmann, Joseph: Hebrew manuscript painting
 * Metzger, Thérèse.; Metzger, Mendel: Jewish life in the Middle Ages: illuminated Hebrew manuscripts of the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries
 * Narkiss, Bezalel: Hebrew illuminated manuscripts

title: User:Dsmdgold/Manuscript References


text:
Aer Rianta International

Aer Rianta International cpt (ARI) is an airport and retail holding and management company, registered in Dublin and with its head office at Dublin Airport. ARI is a subsidiary of Ireland's state-owned DAA.

The company was established in 1988 as part of Aer Rianta (now daa). The airport division holds a 20% stake in Düsseldorf Airport. It formerly held stakes in Hamburg Airport, which it sold in December 2006 and Birmingham Airport, which it sold in September 2007. The airport retail division designs, manages and operates duty free and duty paid airport retail outlets in Europe, the Middle East, India, New Zealand and the Americas.

ARI has stores in Barbados, Bahrain, Canada, Cyprus, India, Lebanon, New Zealand, Montenegro, Qatar, Indonesia and Oman and also operates retail outlets under the brand: "The Loop" at Dublin Airport and Cork Airport. It has a managed turnover of over $1 billion and employs over 3,000 people worldwide.

In March 2007, Aer Rianta International and Barbados-based Caribbean Airways announced a new joint venture retail business named CaribbeanAri Inc. The venture is to be debuted in Barbados' Grantley Adams International Airport. The business will feature a Runway brand of luggage, cosmetics, clothing, chocolates, liquor and tobacco stores.

In 2012, the company had sales of €1.2 billion.

In February 2018, John Heffernan resigned from the ARI board. In May, Jack McGowan left the position of chief executive. In July, Ray Hernan was appointed chief executive of ARI and Anthony Kenny was appointed deputy CEO and chief financial officer.

title: Aer Rianta International


text:
U.S. Route 123

U.S. Route 123 (US 123) is a spur of US 23 in the U.S. states of Georgia and South Carolina. The U.S. Highway runs 75.12 mi from US 23, US 441, SR 15 and SR 365 near Clarkesville, Georgia, north and east to Interstate 385 Business (I-385 Business) in Greenville, South Carolina. US 123 parallels I-85 to the north as it connects the Northeast Georgia cities of Clarkesville and Toccoa with the western Upstate South Carolina communities of Westminster, Seneca, Clemson, Easley, and Greenville.

Route description
US 123 has a length of 17.70 mi in Georgia and 57.42 mi in South Carolina. The U.S. Highway runs concurrently with SR 365 for its entire length in Georgia. US 123 is part of the National Highway System from its southern terminus to SR 17 and SR 184 near Toccoa and from US 76 and SC 28 in Clemson to SC 183 in Greenville.

Clarkesville to Seneca
US 123 begins at a partial interchange with US 23, US 441, SR 15 and SR 365 east of Clarkesville. The interchange provides access between US 123 and those highways in the direction of Cornelia, Gainesville, and Atlanta. Access to northbound US 23, US 441, and SR 15 is provided via SR 17 (Toccoa Highway), which US 123 meets at its next intersection and with which the highway begins to run concurrently. US 123 and SR 17 head east along a four-lane divided highway through Chattahoochee National Forest. The highways cross the Habersham–Stephens county line and pass over Norfolk Southern Railway's Greenville District while passing along the north side of Currahee Mountain. At their intersection with SR 184 (Dicks Hill Parkway), SR 17 continues southeast along the divided highway toward Lavonia while US 123 turns north and joins SR 184 on Curahee Street, which forms the border of the national forest until the highways reach the city limits of Toccoa.

US 123 and SR 184 gain a center turn lane and cross a Norfolk Southern rail line as they approach the downtown area. In the center of town, the highway begins to parallel the Greenville District rail line and intersects Broad Street, which carries SR 63 and SR 106 south of the intersection and SR 184 to the north. US 123 passes the Toccoa Amtrak station and intersects SR 17 Alternate (Big A Road), where the center turn lane ends. The highway passes Toccoa Airport and veers away from the railroad on the eastern edge of the city. US 123 passes by the historic site Travelers Rest before crossing the Tugaloo River branch of Lake Hartwell into Oconee County, South Carolina. From outside of Toccoa until its meeting with US 76 in Westminster, US 123 is a peaceful two-lane road with light traffic passing through mostly forest. The highway parallels the left bank of the lake to the mouth of the Chauga River, then curves north and crosses over the Greenville District before entering the town of Westminster, where the highway intersects US 76 (North Avenue).

US 123 and US 76 head east on Windsor Street, meet the western end of SC 183 (Westminster Highway), and temporarily expand to a four-lane divided highway as they pass under the rail line. The U.S. Highways reduce to two lanes to pass through downtown Westminster, which includes the historic Southern Railway Passenger Station. At the east end of downtown, US 123 and US 76 veer onto Main Street, which becomes a four-lane road with center turn lane. The highways meet the northern end of SC 24 (West Oak Highway) in the eastern part of town. The U.S. Highways' name changes to Sandifer Boulevard as they leave Westminster and expand to a four-lane divided highway. The highways have a partial cloverleaf interchange with SC 11 (Cherokee Foothills Scenic Highway) and cross to the north side of the railroad, then become a four-lane road with center turn lane as they enter the town of Seneca. US 123 and US 76 intersect SC 28 (Blue Ridge Boulevard) and SC 59 (1st North Street), which head north and south, respectively, from the intersection. US 123, US 76, and SC 28 head east concurrently along the north side of Seneca south of Lake Keowee. The highways have a partial cloverleaf interchange with Pine Street before intersecting SC 130, which heads southwest along 1st North Street and northeast along Rochester Highway.

Seneca to Greenville
US 123, US 76, and SC 28 cross the railroad and continue east from Seneca as Clemson Boulevard, a four-lane divided highway. The highways begin to closely parallel the railroad shortly before they meet the western end of SC 93 (Pendleton Road), which provides access to Clemson University. The highways continue as Tiger Boulevard and, after crossing the Keowee River branch of Lake Hartwell into Pickens County, Calhoun Memorial Highway. In the town of Clemson, the three highways intersect SC 133 (College Avenue) before US 76 and SC 28 turn south onto Anderson Highway. US 123 veers away from the railroad and becomes a freeway at its diamond interchange with SC 93 (Old Greenville Highway). The U.S. Highway has diamond interchanges at Issaqueena Trail, at 18 Mile Road on the edge of the town of Central, and at Ruhamah Road (identified as ROAD 17 on directional signs), US 178 (Moorefield Memorial Highway), and Cartee Road around the town of Liberty. US 123 enters the city of Easley and has a partial interchange with US 123 Connector (Ross Avenue), which leads west to SC 93; there is no access from northbound US 123 to the westbound connector route. The freeway ends at the highway's diamond interchange with SC 135 (Pendleton Street), which leads to SC 8.

US 123 continues east as a four-lane road with center turn lane to its directional intersection with the eastern end of SC 93 (Greenville Road), where the U.S. Highway becomes a divided highway again and briefly parallels the Greenville District rail line. The highway has a trumpet interchange with SC 153 on the eastern edge of Easley. US 123 has a directional intersection with the western end of SC 124 (Old Easley Highway) at Greenville-Pickens Speedway before the highway crosses the Saluda River into Greenville County. The U.S. Highway continues as New Easley Road along the edge of the Greenville suburb of Parker, then becomes Easley Bridge Road at its diamond interchange with US 25 (White Horse Road). US 123 reduces to a four-lane undivided highway, crosses over CSX's Belton Subdivision, and enters the city of Greenville just west of its intersection with SC 124 (Pendleton Street) and becomes Academy Street. The highway has a grade crossing with a Norfolk Southern rail line and crosses over the Reedy River and the Swamp Rabbit Trail (formerly Greenville and Northern Railway) on the western edge of downtown Greenville. US 123 intersects both directions of SC 183—Buncombe Street eastbound and College Street westbound—adjacent to the Greenville County Museum of Art before curving east to intersect Main Street and US 29 (Church Street). The highway then curves south and reaches its northern terminus at I-385 Business (North Street) a short distance west of the northern terminus of I-385 adjacent to the Bon Secours Wellness Arena.

National Highway System
The entire length of US 123 is part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense.

History
US 123 replaced all of SC 13 in 1946. SC 13 was SC 17 before 1928.

SC 13's Greenville alternate route
South Carolina Highway 13 Alternate (SC 13 Alt.) was an alternate route for the original SC 13 (that was replaced by US 123). It existed in Greenville, South Carolina. It was formed around 1940 from SC 250 (now US 25) to SC 13. Approximately 1950, SC 13 Alt. was decommissioned, and US 123 replaced its path.

Seneca business loop
U.S. Route 123 Business (US 123 Bus) was established in 1958 as a renumbering of mainline US 123 through downtown Seneca, via North 1st Street. It was decommissioned in 2000, renumbered as part of SC 59 and SC 130.

Easley business loop
U.S. Route 123 Business (US 123 Bus) was established in 1958 as a renumbering of mainline US 123 through downtown Easley, via Liberty Drive and Main Street. It was decommissioned in 1963 when mainline US 123 was rerouted further south along new freeway; the alignment was renumbered as part of SC 93.

Easley connector route
U.S. Route 123 Connector (US 123 Conn.) is a 0.740 mi connector route in the west-central part of Easley that connects SC 93 (Greenville Highway / Liberty Drive) with US 123 (Calhoun Memorial Highway). The connector route is not signed along SC 93 or US 123, but there is signage along its actual path. The entire length is known as Ross Avenue.

US 123 Conn. and Ross Avenue begin at an intersection with SC 93 mainline and travel to the east. Immediately, they curve to the southeast. They curve back to the east just before reaching their eastern terminus, an intersection with US 123.

title: U.S. Route 123


text:
Hand transplantation

Hand transplantation, or simply a hand transplant, is a surgical procedure to transplant a hand from one human to another. The donor hand, usually from a brain-dead donor, is transplanted to a recipient amputee. Most hand transplants to date have been performed on below-elbow amputees, although above-elbow transplants are gaining popularity. Hand transplants were the first of a new category of transplants where multiple organs are transplanted as a single functional unit, now termed vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA).

The operation is quite extensive and typically lasts from 8 to 12 hours. In comparison, a typical heart transplant operation lasts 6 to 8 hours. Surgeons usually connect the bones first, followed by tendons, arteries, nerves, veins, and skin.

Use of immunosuppressive drugs afterward
For a hand transplant to succeed the recipient is required to take immunosuppressive drugs, as in other organ transplants such as kidney or liver, to minimize rejection, or risk destruction of the hand by the recipient's natural immune system. These drugs risk weakening the recipient's immune system, which may increase the risk of infections and some cancers. Many recent advances in solid organ transplantation have made these medications more tolerable.

A period of extensive hand therapy/rehabilitation after transplantation helps the recipient gain function of the transplanted hand. Compliance with immunosuppressive medications and intensive physical therapy after hand transplants is associated with significant success in regaining the function of the new hands/arms.

History
A hand transplant was performed in Ecuador in 1964, but the patient experienced transplant rejection after only two weeks due to the primitive nature of the immune-suppressing medications at that time.

September 23, 1998 hand transplant
The first short-term success in human hand transplant surgery occurred with Clint Hallam, from New Zealand. Hallam lost his hand in an accident while in prison. The operation was performed on September 23, 1998, in Lyon, France, by a team assembled from different countries around the world led by French Professor Jean-Michel Dubernard, including Professor Nadey Hakim, from the UK.

A microsurgeon on the team, Earl Owen from Australia, was privy to the detailed basic research, much of it unpublished, that had been carefully gathered by the team in Louisville. After the operation, Hallam wasn't comfortable with the idea of his transplanted hand and failed to follow the prescribed post-operative drug and physiotherapy regime. His inaccurate expectations became a vivid example of the necessity of a fully committed team of caregivers, including psychologists, who can correctly select and prepare the potential transplant recipients for the lengthy and difficult recovery and for the modest functional restoration of a transplanted hand to be expected.

Hallam's transplanted hand was removed at his request by the transplant surgeon Nadey Hakim on February 2, 2001, following another episode of rejection that was, at least in part, caused by his stopping the anti-rejection medication.

Other hand transplantation surgeries
The first hand transplant to achieve prolonged success was directed by a team of Kleinert Kutz Hand Care surgeons including Warren C. Breidenbach, Tsu-Min Tsai, Luis Scheker, Steven McCabe, Amitava Gupta, Russell Shatford, William O'Neill, Martin Favetto and Michael Moskal in cooperation with the Christine M. Kleinert Institute, Jewish Hospital and the University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky. The procedure was performed on New Jersey native Matthew Scott on January 14, 1999. Scott had lost his hand in a fireworks accident at age 24. Later in 1999, the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team asked him to do the honors of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch. The Louisville group went on to perform the first five hand transplants in the United States and have performed 12 hand transplants in ten recipients as of 2016.

In contrast to the earlier attempts at hand transplantation, the Louisville group had performed extensive basic science research and feasibility studies for many years before their first clinical procedure (for example, Shirbacheh et al., 1998). There was also considerable transparency and institutional review board oversight involved in the screening and selection of prospective patients.

In March 2000, a team of surgeons at the University of Innsbruck in Austria began a series of three bilateral hand transplants over six years. The first was an Austrian police officer who had lost both hands attempting to defuse a bomb. He has completed an around-the-world solo motorcycle trip using his transplanted hands.

University of Louisville doctors also performed a successful hand transplant on Michigan native Jerry Fisher in February 2001, and Michigan resident David Savage in 2006.

On 14 January 2004, the team of Professor Jean-Michel Dubernard (Edouard-Herriot Hospital, France) declared a five-year-old double hand transplant a success. The lessons learned in this case, and in the 26 other hand transplants (6 double) which occurred between 2000 and 2005, encouraged other transplant operations of such organs as the face, abdominal wall, and larynx.

On 4 May 2009 Jeff Kepner, a 57-year-old Augusta, Georgia resident underwent the first double hand transplant in the United States at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center by a team led by W.P. Andrew Lee, who also had been performing careful basic research on such transplants for many years. A CNN story on his follow up demonstrated the limited functional restoration to be expected, particularly following bilateral transplantation.

On 18 February 2010, the first female in the United States underwent hand transplantation at Wilford Hall Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas. The procedure was performed by surgeons from The Hand Center of San Antonio and US Air Force.

On 22 June 2010, a Polish soldier received two new hands from a female donor, after losing them three years earlier while saving a young recruit from a bomb.

On 8 March 2011, 26-year-old Emily Fennell underwent an 18-hour surgery to attach a right hand. This was performed in the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center.

On 12 March 2011 Linda Lu became the recipient of a hand transplant, performed at Emory University Hospital, from a donor Leslie Sullivent.

In the fall of 2011, 28-year-old Lindsay Ess received a double hand transplant at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in an 11 1/2 hour surgery.

On 27 December 2012, 51-year-old Mark Cahill received a right hand transplant at Leeds General Infirmary in the UK. The recipient's hand was removed during the same 8 hour operation, reportedly allowing very accurate restoration of nerve structures, believed to be an international first.

On 27 February 2013, 38-year-old Eskandar Moghaddami received hand transplant surgery by the 15th of Khordad Hospital plastic surgery team in Tehran, Iran.

On 13 January 2015, doctors at the Kochi-based Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre (AIMS) successfully conducted India's first hand transplant. A 30-year-old man, who had lost both his hands in a train accident, received the hands of a 24-year-old accident victim.

On 28 July 2015, doctors at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia performed the first successful bilateral hand transplant on a child. At the age of 2, Zion Harvey lost his hands and feet to a life-threatening infection. Six years later, at age 8, he had both of his hands replaced in a double hand transplant.

On 2 August 2016, the reconstructive transplantation team at the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, performed the first intergender hand transplantation in India on a 16-year-old boy who had lost both his hands in an electrocution injury. The donor was a 54-year-old lady who was brain dead following a road traffic accident.

On 26 October 2016, the Director of hand transplantation at UCLA, Dr. Kodi Azari, and his team, performed a hand transplant on 51-year-old entertainment executive from Los Angeles, Jonathan Koch at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center. Koch underwent a 17-hour procedure to replace his left hand, which he lost to a mysterious, life-threatening illness that struck him in January 2015. On June 23, 2015, Koch had the amputation surgery, also performed by Dr. Kodi Azari, which was designed to prep him to receive a transplanted limb. This included severing the left hand closer to the wrist than the elbow. Azari kept all the nerves and tendons long and extended, which would give him plenty to work with later. Then he sutured them together and attached them to the stump of bone to keep them from retracting. This is the first known hand transplant case in which the hand was amputated in preparation for a hand transplant, as opposed to previous hand transplant patients who have undergone typical amputation surgeries. Azari's theory about prepping the hand for a transplant during the initial amputation surgery would later be supported by Koch when he was able to move his thumb only two hours after he woke up from the 17-hour transplant surgery and move his entire hand only two days after surgery.

On 15 January 2021, Icelander Guðmundur Felix Grétarsson underwent the first double-arm and double-shoulder transplant from doctors in France. The transplant was deemed successful.

Long-term functionality
The long-term functionality varies patient to patient and is affected by several factors including level of amputation and transplant and participation in occupational therapy post hand transplant surgery. Hand transplant recipient Jonathan Koch was able to pick up a napkin and a tennis ball with his newly transplanted hand 7 days after his 17-hour surgery and by day 9, he was able to pick up a bottle of water and take a drink. 3 months after surgery, Koch was able to use his transplanted hand to tie his shoe.

Survival rates
Although the one-year survival rate of transplanted hands has been excellent at institutions that are fully committed to the procedure, the number of hand transplants performed after 2008 has been small due to drug-related side effects, uncertain long-term outcome, and the high costs of surgery, rehabilitation and immunosuppression.

United States
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Hand and Arm Transplant Program was approved by the Johns Hopkins Medicine Institutional Review Board in July 2011. This is one of only two programs in the United States approved to perform hand/arm transplants using an immunomodulatory protocol, which enables patients to take one drug (instead of three) after the transplant to maintain the hand or arm. The program is funded by the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (MRMC) Armed Forces Institute of Regenerative Medicine (AFIRM) to transplant up to six Wounded Warriors or civilians who have a hand or arm amputation on one or both sides.

The Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Hand Transplant Program is located in Springfield, Illinois. The program was officially launched in January 2014 after receiving IRB approval and grant funding to transplant five patients, unilateral or bilateral, at minimal cost to the patients.

The UCLA Hand Transplant Program, located in Los Angeles, California, was launched July 28, 2010. At the time, it was the only one on the West Coast and one of only four in the country.

United Kingdom
In 2016, it was announced that NHS patients in England were to become some of the first in the world to benefit from publicly funded pioneering hand and upper arm transplants delivered by a specialist team at Leeds General Infirmary.

title: Hand transplantation


text:
.223 Remington

The .223 Remington (designated 223 Remington by SAAMI and 223 Rem. by the C.I.P. ) is a rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire intermediate cartridge. It was developed in 1957 by Remington Arms and Fairchild Industries for the U.S. Continental Army Command of the United States Army as part of a project to create a small-caliber, high-velocity firearm. The .223 Remington is considered one of the most popular common-use cartridges and is used by a wide range of semi-automatic and manual-action rifles.

History
 The development of the cartridge, which eventually became the .223 Remington, was linked to the development of a new lightweight combat rifle. The cartridge and rifle were developed by Fairchild Industries, Remington Arms, and several engineers working toward a goal developed by U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC). Development began in 1957. A project to create a small-caliber, high-velocity (SCHV) firearm was created. Eugene Stoner of ArmaLite was also invited to scale down the AR-10 (7.62×51mm NATO) design. Winchester was also invited to participate.

CONARC ordered rifles to test. Stoner and Sierra Bullet's Frank Snow began work on the .222 Remington cartridge. Using a ballistic calculator, they determined that a 55-grain bullet would have to be fired at 3,300 ft/s to achieve the 500-yard performance necessary.

Robert Hutton (technical editor of Guns and Ammo magazine) started the development of a powder load to reach the 3,300 ft/s goal. He used DuPont IMR4198, IMR3031, and an Olin powder to work up loads. Testing was done with a Remington 722 rifle with a 22" Apex barrel. During a public demonstration, the round successfully penetrated the US steel helmet as required, but testing also showed chamber pressures to be too high.

Stoner contacted both Winchester and Remington about increasing the case capacity. Remington created a larger cartridge called the .222 Special. This cartridge is loaded with DuPont IMR4475 powder. During parallel testing of the T44E4 (future M14) and the ArmaLite AR-15 in 1958, the T44E4 experienced 16 failures per 1,000 rounds fired compared to 6.1 for the ArmaLite AR-15. Because of several different .222 caliber cartridges that were being developed for the SCHV project, the .222 Special was renamed .223 Remington. In May 1959, a report was produced stating that five- to seven-man squads armed with ArmaLite AR-15 rifles have a higher hit probability than 11-man squads armed with the M-14 rifle. At an Independence Day picnic, Air Force General Curtis Le May tested the ArmaLite AR-15 and was very impressed with it. He ordered a number of them to replace M2 carbines that were in use by the Air Force. In November of that year, testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground showed the ArmaLite AR-15 failure rate had declined to 2.5/1,000, resulting in the ArmaLite AR-15 being approved for more extensive trials.

In 1961, marksmanship testing compared the AR-15 and M-14; 43% of ArmaLite AR-15 shooters achieved Expert, while only 22% of M-14 rifle shooters did. Le May ordered 80,000 rifles. In July 1962, operational testing ended with a recommendation for the adoption of the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle chambered in .223 Remington. In September 1963, the .223 Remington cartridge was officially accepted and named "Cartridge, 5.56 mm ball, M193". The following year, the ArmaLite AR-15 was adopted by the United States Army as the M16 rifle, and it would later become the standard U.S. military rifle. The specification included a Remington-designed bullet and the use of IMR4475 powder, which resulted in a muzzle velocity of 3,250 ft/s and a chamber pressure of 52,000 psi.

In the spring of 1962, Remington submitted the specifications of the .223 Remington to the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI). In December 1963, Remington introduced its first rifle chambered for .223 Remington a Model 760 rifle.

Cartridge dimensions
The .223 Remington has a 28.8-grain H2O (1.87 ml) cartridge case capacity.

.223 Remington maximum CIP cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).

Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 23 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305 mm (1 in 12 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands = 5.56 mm, Ø grooves = 5.69 mm, land width = 1.88 mm and the primer type is small rifle.

According to the official CIP rulings, the .223 Remington can handle up to 430.00 MPa Pmax piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries, every rifle cartridge combination has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .223 Remington chambered arms in CIP-regulated countries are proof tested at 537.50 MPa PE piezo pressure. This is equal to the NATO maximum service pressure guideline for the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge.

The SAAMI pressure limit for the .223 Remington is set at 379.212 MPa, piezo pressure. Remington submitted .223 Remington specifications to SAAMI in 1964.

.223 Remington vs. 5.56×45mm NATO
In 1980, the .223 Remington was transformed into a new cartridge and designated 5.56×45mm NATO (SS109 or M855).

Dimensions
The external dimensional specifications of .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO brass cases are nearly identical. The cases tend to have similar case capacity when measured (case capacities have been observed to vary by as much as 2.6 grains (0.17 ml)), although the shoulder profile and neck length are not the same and 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge cases tend be slightly thicker to accommodate higher chamber pressures. When hand-loaded, care is taken to look for pressure signs as 5.56×45mm NATO cases may produce higher pressures with the same type of powder and bullet as compared to .223 Remington cases. Sierra provides separate loading sections for .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO and also recommends different loads for bolt-action rifles as compared to semiautomatic rifles.

Pressures
Remington submitted the specifications for the .223 Remington cartridge in 1964 to SAAMI. The original pressure for the .223 Remington was 52,000 psi with DuPont IMR Powder. A higher pressure of 55000 psi resulted from the change from IMR to Olin Ball powder. The official name for .223 Remington in the US Army is cartridge 5.56 x 45mm ball, M193. If a 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge is loaded into a chamber intended to use .223 Remington, the bullet will be in contact with the rifling and the forcing cone is very tight. This generates a much higher pressure than .223 Remington chambers are designed for. NATO chose a 178-mm (1-in-7) rifling twist rate for the 5.56×45mm NATO chambering. The SS109/M855 5.56×45mm NATO ball cartridge requires a 228 mm (1-in-9) twist rate, while adequately stabilizing the longer NATO L110/M856 5.56×45mm NATO tracer projectile requires an even faster 178 mm (1-in-7) twist rate.

Chambers
The .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO barrel chamberings are not the same. While the cartridges are identical other than powder load, bullet weight, and chamber pressure, a significant difference is in the barrel of the rifle to be used, not in the cartridge. The 5.56×45mm NATO chambers are dimensionally larger in certain critical areas than .223 Remington chambers. As the chambers differ accordingly the head space gauges used for the two chamberings differ.

By observation, 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition is not as accurate as .223 Remington in many of the AR-type rifles extant, even with the same bullet weight. The .223 Wylde chamber specification developed by Bill Wylde solves this problem by using the external dimensions and lead angle as found in the military 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge and the 0.224 inch freebore diameter as found in the civilian SAAMI .223 Remington cartridge. It was designed to increase the accuracy of 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition to that of .223 Remington. Other companies also have chamber designs that increase 5.56×45mm NATO accuracy.

Comparisons
The table contains some estimated pressures based on normal proofing practice and on the known increases in pressure caused by bullet setback (which is a similar occurrence with regard to pressure). The proof pressure of M197 is 70,000 psi.

The following table shows the differences in nomenclature, rifling, throating, and normal, maximum, and safe pressures:

Beside the NATO EPVAT testing pressure testing protocols the other employed peak pressure measurement methodology or methodologies to correlate this table remain unknown.

Effects of barrel length on velocity
Barrel length helps determine a specific cartridge's muzzle velocity. A longer barrel typically yields a greater muzzle velocity, while a shorter barrel yields a lower one. The first AR-15 rifles used a barrel length of 20". In the case of the 223 Remington (M193), ammunition loses or gains about 25.7 ft/sec for each inch of barrel length, while 5.56×45 mm NATO (M855) loses or gains 30.3 ft/sec per inch of barrel length.

Usage and commercial offerings
The .223 Remington has become one of the most popular cartridges and is currently used in a wide range of semiautomatic and manual-action rifles and even handguns, such as the Colt AR-15, Ruger Mini-14, Remington Model 700. The popularity of .223 Remington is so great, that in the US it virtually eliminated all other similar .22 caliber center-fire varmint rifle cartridges.

It is commercially loaded with 0.224-inch (5.7 mm) diameter jacketed bullets, with weights ranging from 35 to 85 grains (2.27 to 5.8 g), with the most common loading by far being 55 gr (3.6 g). Ninety-grain and 95-grain Sierra Matchking bullets are available for reloaders.

title: .223 Remington


text:
Redline

Redline refers to the maximum engine speed at which an internal combustion engine or traction motor and its components are designed to operate without causing damage to the components themselves or other parts of the engine. The redline of an engine depends on various factors such as stroke, mass of the components, displacement, composition of components, and balance of components.

The word is also used as a verb, meaning to ride or drive an automotive vehicle above the redline. The actual term redline comes from the red bars that are displayed on tachometers in cars starting at the rpm that denotes the redline for the specific engine. Operating an engine in this area is known as redlining. Straying into this area usually does not mean instant engine failure, but may increase the chances of damaging the engine.

Variation of redline
The acceleration, or rate of change in piston velocity, is the limiting factor. The piston acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of the G-forces experienced by the piston-connecting rod assembly. As long as the G-forces acting on the piston-connecting rod assembly multiplied by their own mass is less than the compressive and tensile strengths of the materials they are constructed from and as long as it does not exceed the bearing load limits, the engine can safely rev without succumbing to physical or structural failure.

Redlines vary anywhere from a few hundred revolutions per minute (rpm) (in very large engines such as those in trains and generators) to more than 10,000 rpm (in smaller, usually high-performance engines such as motorcycles, some sports cars, and pistonless rotary engines). Diesel engines normally have lower redlines than comparably sized gasoline engines, largely because of fuel-atomization limitations; even a small diesel engine, such as a Yanmar 2GM20 found on a sailboat, has a redline of 3400 RPM continuous, with a maximum 1-hour rating of 3600 RPM. Gasoline automobile engines typically will have a redline at around 5500 to 7000 rpm. The Gordon Murray Automotive T.50 has the highest redline of a piston-engine road car rated at 12,100 rpm. The Renesis in the Mazda RX-8 has the highest redline of a production wankel rotary-engine road car rated at 9000 rpm.

In contrast, some older OHV (pushrod) engines had redlines as low as 4800 rpm, mostly due to the engines being designed and built for low-end power and economy during the late 1960s all the way to the early 1990s. One main reason OHV engines have lower redlines is valve float. At high speeds, the valve spring simply cannot keep the tappet or roller on the camshaft. After the valve opens, the valve spring does not have enough force to push the mass of the rocker arm, pushrod, and lifter down on the cam before the next combustion cycle. Flathead engines can have even lower redlines; for example, the Universal Atomic 4, commonly used as auxiliary power on sailboats from the 1950s to the 1980s, has a redline of just 3500 RPM. Overhead cam engines eliminate many of the components and moving mass, used on OHV engines. Lower redlines, however, do not necessarily mean low performance.

Motorcycle engines can have even higher redlines because of their comparatively lower reciprocating mass. For example, the 1986–1996 Honda CBR250RR has a redline of about 19,000 rpm. Higher yet have been the redlines of some Formula One cars, with engine speeds reaching over 20,000 rpm on the Cosworth and Renault 2.4-liter V8 engines during the 2006 season.

Rev-limiter and implementation
Most modern cars have computer systems that prevent the engine from straying too far into the redline by cutting fuel flow through the fuel injectors/fuel rail (in a direct-injected engine)/carburetor or by disabling the ignition system until the engine drops to a safer operating speed. This device is known as a rev-limiter and is usually set to an RPM value at redline or a few hundred RPM above. Most Electronic Control Units (ECUs) of automatic transmission cars will upshift before the engine hits the redline even with maximum acceleration (The ECU in a sports car's automatic transmission will allow the engine to go nearer the redline or hit the redline before upshifting). If manual override is used, the engine may go past redline for a brief amount of time before the ECU will cut power to pull it back or auto-upshift. When the car is in top gear and the engine is in redline (due to high speed), the ECU will cut fuel to the engine, forcing it to decelerate until the engine begins operating below the redline at which point it will release fuel back to the engine, allowing it to operate once again.

However, even with these electronic protection systems, a car is not prevented from redlining through inadvertent gear engagement. If a driver accidentally selects a lower gear when trying to shift up or selects a lower gear than intended while shifting down (as in a motorbike sequential manual transmission), the engine will be forced to rapidly rev-up to match the speed of the drivetrain. If this happens while the engine is at high RPMs, it may dramatically exceed the redline. For example, if the operator is driving close to redline in 3rd gear and attempts to shift to 4th gear but unintentionally puts the car in 2nd by mistake, the transmission will be spinning much faster than the engine, and when the clutch is released the engine's rpm will increase rapidly. It will lead to a rough and very noticeable engine braking, and likely engine damage. This is often known as a "money shift" because of the likelihood of engine damage and the expense of fixing the engine.

Redlining in a diesel engine can be caused by the engine receiving fuel from an unintended source, such as flammable vapour in the intake air, or a broken oil seal in a turbocharger. This is known as diesel engine runaway, and can be stopped by blocking the air intake, or opening the decompression valve.

title: Redline


text:
F. O. Matthiessen

Francis Otto Matthiessen (February 19, 1902 – April 1, 1950) was an educator, scholar and literary critic influential in the fields of American literature and American studies. His best known work, American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman, celebrated the achievements of several 19th-century American authors and had a profound impact on a generation of scholars. It also established American Renaissance as the common term to refer to American literature of the mid-nineteenth century. Matthiessen was known for his support of liberal causes and progressive politics. His contributions to the Harvard University community have been memorialized in several ways, including an endowed visiting professorship.

Early life and education
Francis Otto Matthiessen was born in Pasadena, California on February 19, 1902. He was the fourth of four children born to Frederick William Matthiessen (1868–1948) and Lucy Orne Pratt (1866). His grandfather, Frederick William Matthiessen, was an industrial leader in zinc production and a successful manufacturer of clocks and machine tools; and also served as mayor of LaSalle, Illinois for ten years. Francis' three older siblings were Frederick William (born 1894), George Dwight (born 1897) and Lucy Orne (born 1898).

In Pasadena Francis was a student at Polytechnic School. Following the separation of his parents, he relocated with his mother to his paternal grandparents' home in LaSalle. He completed his secondary education at Hackley School, in Tarrytown, New York.

In 1923, he graduated from Yale University, where he was managing editor of the Yale Daily News, editor of the Yale Literary Magazine and a member of Skull and Bones. As the recipient of the university's DeForest Prize, he titled his oration, "Servants of the Devil", in which he proclaimed Yale's administration to be an "autocracy, ruled by a Corporation out of touch with college life and allied with big business". In his final year as a Yale undergraduate, he received the Alpheus Henry Snow Prize, awarded to the senior "who through the combination of intellectual achievement, character and personality, shall be adjudged by the faculty to have done the most for Yale by inspiring in classmates an admiration and love for the best traditions of high scholarship".

He studied at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, earning a B.Litt. in 1925. At Harvard University, he quickly completed his M.A. in 1926 and Ph.D. degree in 1927. He then returned to Yale to teach for two years, before beginning a distinguished teaching career at Harvard.

Scholarly work
Matthiessen was an American studies scholar and literary critic at Harvard University, and chaired its undergraduate program in history and literature. He wrote and edited landmark works of scholarship on T. S. Eliot, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the James family (Alice James, Henry James, Henry James Sr., and William James), Sarah Orne Jewett, Sinclair Lewis, Herman Melville, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman. His best-known book, American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman (1941), discusses the flowering of literary culture in the middle of the American 19th century, with Emerson, Thoreau, Melville, Whitman and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Its focus was the period roughly from 1850 to 1855 in which all these writers but Emerson published what would, by Matthiessen's time, come to be thought of as their masterpieces: Melville's Moby-Dick, multiple editions of Whitman's Leaves of Grass, Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables, and Thoreau's Walden. The mid-19th century in American literature is commonly called the American Renaissance because of the influence of this work on later literary history and criticism. In 2003 The New York Times said that the book "virtually created the field of American literature." Originally Matthiessen planned to include Edgar Allan Poe in the book, but found that Poe did not fit in the scheme of the book. He wrote the chapter on Poe for the Literary History of the United States (LHUS, 1948), but "some of the editors missed the usual Matthiessen touch of brilliance and subtlety." Kermit Vanderbilt suggests that because Matthiessen was "not able to pull together the related strands" between Poe and the writers of American Renaissance, the chapter is "markedly old-fashioned." Matthiessen edited The Oxford Book of American Verse, published in 1950, an anthology of American poetry of major importance which contributed significantly to the propagation of American modernist poetry in the 1950s and 1960s.

Matthiessen was one of earliest scholars associated with the Salzburg Global Seminar. In July 1947, he gave the inaugural lecture, stating: "Our age has had no escape from an awareness of history. Much of that history has been hard and full of suffering. But now we have the luxury of an historical awareness of another sort, of an occasion not of anxiety but of promise.  We may speak without exaggeration of this occasion as historic, since we have come here to enact anew the chief function of culture and humanism, to bring man again into communication with man." Along with John Crowe Ransom and Lionel Trilling, in 1948, Matthiessen was one of the founders of the Kenyon School of English.

Politics
Matthiessen's politics were left-wing and socialist. Already financially secure, he donated an inheritance he received in the late 1940s to his friend, Marxist economist Paul Sweezy. Sweezy used the money, totalling almost $15,000, to found a new journal, which became the Monthly Review. On the Harvard campus, Matthiessen was a visible and active supporter of progressive causes. In May 1940 he was elected president of the Harvard Teachers Union, an affiliate of the American Federation of Labor. The Harvard Crimson reported his inaugural address in which Matthiessen quoted the campus union's constitution: "In affiliating with the organized labor movement, we express our desire to contribute to and receive support from this powerful progressive force; to reduce the segregation of teachers from the rest of the workers ...and increase thereby the sense of common purpose among them; and in particular to cooperate in this field in the advancement of education and resistance to all reaction."

Matthiessen seconded the nomination of the Progressive Party presidential candidate, Henry Wallace, at the party's convention in Philadelphia in 1948. Reflective of the emerging McCarthyism surveillance of left-wing university academics, he was mentioned as an activist in Boston area so-called "Communist front groups" by Herbert Philbrick.

Personal life
Matthiessen was known to his friends as "Matty". As a gay man in the 1930s and 1940s, he chose to remain in the closet throughout his professional career, if not in his personal life – although traces of homoerotic concern are apparent in his writings. In 2009, a statement from Harvard University said that Matthiessen "stands out as an unusual example of a gay man who lived his sexuality as an 'open secret' in the mid-20th century."

He had a two-decade-long romantic relationship with the painter Russell Cheney, twenty years his senior. Like Matthiessen's family, Cheney's was prominent in business, being among America's leading silk producers. In a 1925 letter to Cheney, Matthiessen wrote about trusting friends with the knowledge of their relationship, rather than the world at large; in planning to spend his life with Cheney, Matthiessen went as far as asking his cohort in the Yale secret society Skull and Bones to approve of their partnership. With Cheney having encouraged Matthiessen's interest in Whitman, it has been argued that American Renaissance was "the ultimate expression of Matthiessen's love for Cheney and a secret celebration of the gay artist." Throughout his teaching career at Harvard, Matthiessen maintained a residence in either Cambridge or Boston. However, the couple often retreated to their shared cottage in Kittery, Maine. Russell Cheney died in July 1945.

A compilation of letters between Matthiessen and Cheney was published in 1978 under the title Rat & the Devil: journal letters of F. O. Matthiessen and Russell Cheney. The title alludes to the pseudonyms by which the two refer to one another: Matthiessen is "Devil" and Cheney is "Rat". In 1992 the collection was adapted as a stage play, titled Devil & Rat in Love, written and directed by Michael Bonacci. The play was also a tribute to Bonacci's partner, who had died the previous year.

Death
Matthiessen committed suicide in 1950 by jumping from a 12th floor window of the Hotel Manger in Boston. He had been hospitalized once for a nervous breakdown in 1938–39. He also continued to be deeply affected by Russell Cheney's death, which was caused by a heart attack. He spent the evening before his death at the home of his friend and colleague, Kenneth Murdock, Harvard's Higginson Professor of English Literature.

In a note left in the hotel room, Matthiessen wrote, "I am depressed over world conditions. I am a Christian and a Socialist. I am against any order which interferes with that objective." Commentators have speculated on the impact of the escalating Red Scare on his state of mind. He was being targeted by anti-communist forces that would soon be exploited by Senator Joseph McCarthy, and inquiries by the House Un-American Activities Committee into his politics may have been a contributing factor in his suicide. In an article subsection titled "Dupes and Fellow Travelers Dress Up Communist Fronts" in the April 4, 1949 edition of Life magazine, he had been pictured among fifty prominent academics, scientists, clergy and writers, who also included Albert Einstein, Arthur Miller, Lillian Hellman, Langston Hughes, Norman Mailer and fellow Harvard professors, Kirtley Mather, Corliss Lamont and Ralph Barton Perry. Writing in 1958, Eric Jacobsen referred to Matthiessen's death as "hastened by forces whose activities earned for themselves the sobriquet un-American which they sought so assiduously to fasten on others". However, in 1978, Harry Levin was more skeptical, saying only that "spokesmen for the Communist Party, to which he had never belonged, loudly signalized his suicide as a political gesture".

Matthiessen was buried at Springfield Cemetery in Springfield, Massachusetts.

Legacy
Matthiessen's contribution to the critical celebration of 19th-century American literature is considered formative and enduring. Along with several other scholars, he is regarded as a contributor to the creation of American studies as a recognized academic discipline. His personal story, academic contributions, political activism and early death had a lasting impact on a circle of scholars and writers. Their sense of loss and struggle to understand his suicide can be found in two novels with central figures inspired by Matthiessen, May Sarton's Faithful are the Wounds (1955) and Mark Merlis's American Studies (1994).

His stature and legacy as a member of the Harvard community has been memorialized in several ways by the university. He was the first Senior Tutor at Eliot House, one of Harvard College's undergraduate residential houses. More than seventy years after his death, Matthiessen's suite at Eliot House remains preserved as the F. O. Matthiessen Room, housing personal manuscripts and 1700 volumes of his library available for scholarly research by permission. Eliot House also hosts an annual Matthiessen Dinner with a guest speaker.

In 2009, Harvard established an endowed chair in LGBT studies called the F. O. Matthiessen Visiting Professorship of Gender and Sexuality. Believing the post to be "the first professorship of its kind in the country", Harvard President Drew Faust called it "an important milestone". It is funded by a $1.5 million gift from the members and supporters of the Harvard Gender and Sexuality Caucus.

Holders of the chair have included:

 * 2013: Henry D. Abelove
 * 2014: Gayle Rubin
 * 2016: Robert Reid-Pharr
 * 2018: Omise'eke Natasha Tinsley
 * 2020: Mel Y. Chen
 * 2023: C. Riley Snorton

Several generations after Matthiessen's death, this visiting professorship reaffirms the university's appreciation for his continuing legacy as a storied scholar and teacher.

title: F. O. Matthiessen


text:
AviAlliance

AviAlliance is an airport management company headquartered in Düsseldorf, Germany. The company was founded in 1997 as Hochtief AirPort, a subsidiary of the international construction service provider Hochtief. Since 27 September 2013, the company has been owned by a subsidiary of the Public Sector Pension Investment Board.

Airports
AviAlliance acquires interests in privatized airports and operates them – together with the other shareholders – as independent commercial enterprises. AviAlliance supports the operational and economic management of airport holdings.

As of 06 June 2024, AviAlliance holds shares in the following airports:
 * Athens International Airport, >50%
 * Düsseldorf Airport, 30%
 * Hamburg Airport, 49%
 * San Juan Airport, 40%

Competitors
Rival businesses in the international airport management sector include Frankfurt based Fraport, the Spanish Ferrovial and the French Aéroports de Paris and Vinci.

title: AviAlliance


text:
Talk:Volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Points for a loss?
NBC's website is awarding 1 point rather than 0 for a loss in traditional volleyball. What gives?

I understand that you can award points as either 2-1 or 1-0 for games like volleyball and basketball, where there are no draws. Both methods have their advantages and hindrances. With 1-0 you can see quickly how many games were played, but 2-1 is useful when determining league standings given an unequal number of games played by each team. Given that at the Olympics there are only groups of six, I'd favor 1-0. Silvermane

reply to Silvermane
I did try to find out which scoring tables the IOC were using for all of the particular sports when I set all of the pages up but could not find the info anywhere. So I used what I thought made sense until I could find out and nobody else has questioned it yet. Since reading your comments I have checked the BBC website tables and they give them as you stated with two points for the win and one point for the draw for both Volleyball and Beach Volleyball. Feel free to change them over, if you are not going to change them, say so in a comment here so that myself or someone else will know they need changing. many thanks for pointing out one my errors, with so much work to do on the Olympics pages mistakes are inevitable.Scraggy4 21:27, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

You're not in error. The above scoring systems can exhibit a regional or even per newspaper preference and there is no argument that either one is more valid. It just boils down to what you want to emphasize, I suppose.

Since I'm not going to meddle with the Olympics pages, please create the standings any way you wish. Silvermane

Volleyball history
Hi. I was wondering why the list of past Olympic champions is on this page, which is supposed to be devoted to Volleyball at the 2004 Games. Isn't there an specific article on Volleyball (and Beach Volleyball) that covers that (perhaps even an article that deals with Volleyball in the Olympic Games — as a whole)? In addition, no other articles about any given modality at any given edition lists champions from past editions, I guess because that contradicts the whole point of an article about a modality as it unfolded at one particular edition of the Olympics. I believe that the list is out of place and should be removed from this particular article. Redux 01:48, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Don't know what the hell a modality is but I put it there as I thought it would be something to look at rather than a blank page when the volleyball pages became too big and needed splitting until some of the medallists were known which is why I also added a couple of sentences regarding when each of the volleyball events came into the Olympic fold. Ypu could say that isn't relevant either really as it doesn't relate to this year. Feel free to do with it as you would like. I really won't shed any tears over it. But take out the previous winners and accompanying sentences and there is nothing left to read.Scraggy4 02:47, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Modality = Event, but it's not used in the US. Try googling it, you should have no problems finding websites that mention it.  I'm not involved with this page, and it would appear that the people who are do not mind having the list here, so unless others share my view, I will not edit this article.  As a suggestion, the article could be expanded with an overview of the events, such as who are the main contenders, major upsets, etc.  That could function as a historical of the Volleyball events at the 2004 Olympics. Redux 03:17, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

John Child
There is no article about John Child the volleyball player and the link is to another John Child.

Incorrect Information for Volleyball Olympics page. China was the winner of th 1984 gold medal women's game.
Greetings, a great site of olympics volleyball. But there is one mistake. The 1984 Olympics currently list "Italy" as the gold medallist for women volleyball. That is incorrect. The actual gold medal winner was China for women volleyball. If you don't beleive me, check out this page: http://volleyperu.webstrikesolutions.com/volleyball/VBarchives1a.stm#Los%20Angeles%201984 and this page: http://volleyperu.webstrikesolutions.com/volleyball/evolution80s.stm or from the offical FIVB website: http://www.fivb.org/OlympicsFrontpage.asp Please edit and correct the 1984 entry for women gold medallist from "Italy" to "China". Thanks!

External links modified
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