text:
Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3

The five nested vital article Levels are meant to give direction to the prioritization of improvements of English Wikipedia articles (e.g. which articles to bring to WP:GA and WP:FA status), to provide a measurement of quality of overall English Wikipedia (e.g. what proportion of the most important articles are at GA and FA status), and to serve as a centralized watchlist of English Wikipedia's most important articles. Unlike the list of articles every Wikipedia should have, they are tailored to the English Wikipedia and are actively maintained by the dedicated WikiProject Vital Articles. This page contains the 1,000 articles of the Level 3 list.

Any modification to this list should ONLY BE MADE after a discussion on the Level 3 talk page.

Level 1 (10 articles) < Level 2 (100 articles) < Level 3 (1,000 articles) < Level 4 (10,000 articles) < Level 5 (50,000 articles)

Current total
Last updated by  starship .paint  (RUN) 06:40, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

The following table summarizes the quality of the articles on this list. It is updated daily by Cewbot.

Total 999 articles.

=Level 3 vital articles=

Leaders and politicians

 * Hammurabi
 * Ramesses II
 * Cyrus the Great
 * Alexander the Great
 * Ashoka
 * Qin Shi Huang
 * Julius Caesar
 * Cleopatra
 * Augustus
 * Charlemagne
 * Genghis Khan
 * Mansa Musa
 * Timur
 * Joan of Arc
 * Suleiman the Magnificent
 * Akbar
 * Elizabeth I
 * Catherine the Great
 * George Washington
 * Napoleon
 * Simón Bolívar
 * Abraham Lincoln
 * Mahatma Gandhi
 * Joseph Stalin
 * Adolf Hitler
 * Mao Zedong
 * Nelson Mandela

Explorers

 * Marco Polo
 * Zheng He
 * Christopher Columbus
 * Vasco da Gama
 * Ferdinand Magellan
 * James Cook
 * Roald Amundsen

Artists

 * Leonardo da Vinci
 * Michelangelo
 * Rembrandt
 * Hokusai
 * Pablo Picasso
 * Vincent van Gogh

Philosophers and social scientists

 * Confucius
 * Laozi
 * Herodotus
 * Socrates
 * Plato
 * Aristotle
 * Cicero
 * Thomas Aquinas
 * Ibn Khaldun
 * Niccolò Machiavelli
 * René Descartes
 * John Locke
 * Adam Smith
 * Immanuel Kant
 * Mary Wollstonecraft
 * Karl Marx
 * Friedrich Nietzsche
 * Sigmund Freud

Writers

 * Homer
 * Virgil
 * Li Bai
 * Murasaki Shikibu
 * Rumi
 * Dante Alighieri
 * Miguel de Cervantes
 * William Shakespeare
 * Voltaire
 * Leo Tolstoy
 * Rabindranath Tagore

Musicians

 * Johann Sebastian Bach
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Louis Armstrong
 * The Beatles
 * Michael Jackson

Filmmakers

 * Charlie Chaplin
 * Walt Disney

Scientists and inventors

 * Hippocrates
 * Avicenna
 * Shen Kuo
 * Johannes Gutenberg
 * Nicolaus Copernicus
 * Galileo Galilei
 * Isaac Newton
 * Carl Linnaeus
 * Antoine Lavoisier
 * Michael Faraday
 * Charles Darwin
 * Florence Nightingale
 * Louis Pasteur
 * James Clerk Maxwell
 * Dmitri Mendeleev
 * Thomas Edison
 * Nikola Tesla
 * Marie Curie
 * Albert Einstein

Mathematicians

 * Archimedes
 * Euclid
 * Al-Khwarizmi
 * Leonhard Euler
 * Carl Friedrich Gauss
 * Emmy Noether
 * Kurt Gödel
 * Alan Turing

Religious figures

 * The Buddha
 * Jesus
 * Paul the Apostle
 * Muhammad
 * Ali
 * Adi Shankara
 * Martin Luther

Businesspeople

 * Henry Ford

History: General

 * History (Level 2)
 * Human history (Level 1)
 * Civilization (Level 2)
 * Archaeology

History by region

 * History of Africa
 * History of Asia
 * History of East Asia
 * History of India
 * History of the Middle East
 * History of Europe
 * History of North America
 * History of Oceania
 * History of South America

History by subject

 * History of science (Level 2)
 * History of art
 * History of agriculture
 * History of architecture
 * History of film
 * History of literature
 * History of mathematics
 * History of medicine
 * History of music
 * History of philosophy
 * History of technology
 * Military history

Prehistory

 * Prehistory (Level 2)
 * Stone Age
 * Early human migrations
 * Neolithic Revolution

Ancient history

 * Ancient history (Level 2)
 * Bronze Age
 * Ancient Egypt
 * Indus Valley Civilisation
 * Mesopotamia
 * Sumer
 * Phoenicia
 * Iron Age
 * Ancient Greece
 * Ancient Rome
 * Achaemenid Empire
 * Gupta Empire
 * Han dynasty
 * Silk Road
 * Pre-Columbian era
 * Andean civilizations
 * Mesoamerica
 * Maya civilization

Post-classical history

 * Post-classical history (Level 2)
 * Aztecs
 * Inca Empire
 * Islamic Golden Age
 * Middle Ages
 * Black Death
 * Byzantine Empire
 * Crusades
 * Holy Roman Empire
 * Viking Age
 * Mongol Empire
 * Ottoman Empire
 * Tang dynasty

Modern history

 * Early modern period (Level 2)
 * Renaissance
 * Age of Discovery
 * European colonization of the Americas
 * Western imperialism in Asia
 * Spanish Empire
 * Reformation
 * Mughal Empire
 * Scientific Revolution
 * Age of Enlightenment
 * Modern era (Level 2)
 * British Empire
 * American Revolution
 * French Revolution
 * Industrial Revolution
 * Scramble for Africa
 * World War I
 * Soviet Union
 * Great Depression
 * World War II
 * Contemporary history
 * Decolonization
 * Cold War
 * Information Age

Geography: General

 * Geography (Level 2)

Continents and regions

 * Continent
 * Africa (Level 2)
 * Antarctica
 * Asia (Level 2)
 * Europe (Level 2)
 * North America (Level 2)
 * South America (Level 2)
 * Geographical regions
 * Arctic
 * Caribbean
 * Middle East
 * Oceania (Level 2)

Terrestrial features

 * Land (Level 2)
 * Desert
 * Sahara
 * Forest
 * Amazon rainforest
 * Grassland
 * Island
 * Mountain
 * Alps
 * Andes
 * Himalayas
 * Rocky Mountains

Hydrological features

 * Sea (Level 2)
 * Arctic Ocean
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * Mediterranean Sea
 * Indian Ocean
 * Pacific Ocean
 * Great Barrier Reef
 * Southern Ocean
 * Lake
 * Caspian Sea
 * Great Lakes
 * Lake Victoria
 * River
 * Amazon River
 * Ganges
 * Mississippi River
 * Nile
 * Yangtze
 * Glacier

Countries

 * Country (Level 2)
 * Africa
 * Algeria
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Egypt
 * Ethiopia
 * Kenya
 * Nigeria
 * South Africa
 * Tanzania
 * Asia
 * South Asia
 * Bangladesh
 * India
 * Pakistan
 * East Asia
 * China
 * Japan
 * South Korea
 * Taiwan
 * Southeast Asia
 * Indonesia
 * Malaysia
 * Myanmar
 * Philippines
 * Thailand
 * Vietnam
 * West Asia
 * Iran
 * Israel
 * Saudi Arabia
 * Turkey
 * United Arab Emirates
 * Europe
 * France
 * Germany
 * Italy
 * Netherlands
 * Poland
 * Russia
 * Spain
 * Ukraine
 * United Kingdom
 * North America
 * Canada
 * Mexico
 * United States
 * Oceania
 * Australia
 * South America
 * Argentina
 * Brazil
 * Colombia

Cities

 * City (Level 2)
 * Africa
 * Cairo
 * Lagos
 * Asia
 * East Asia
 * Beijing
 * Hong Kong
 * Tokyo
 * Southeast Asia
 * Jakarta
 * Singapore
 * South Asia (India)
 * Delhi
 * Mumbai
 * West Asia (Middle East)
 * Istanbul
 * Jerusalem
 * Mecca
 * Europe
 * London
 * Moscow
 * Paris
 * Rome
 * North America
 * Mexico City
 * New York City
 * South America
 * São Paulo

Arts: General

 * The arts (Level 1)
 * Art
 * Prehistoric art
 * Fashion
 * Museum

Artistic movements

 * Abstract art
 * Modernism
 * Realism
 * Romanticism

Architecture

 * Architecture (Level 2)
 * Great Pyramid of Giza
 * Great Wall of China

Literature

 * Literature (Level 2)
 * English literature
 * Fiction
 * Novel
 * Short story
 * Fairy tale
 * Poetry
 * Epic poetry

Music

 * Music (Level 2)
 * Musical instrument
 * Singing
 * Musical genres
 * Classical music
 * Folk music
 * Jazz
 * Pop music
 * Rock music

Performing arts

 * Performing arts (Level 2)
 * Dance
 * Opera
 * Orchestra
 * Theatre

Visual arts

 * Visual arts (Level 2)
 * Film
 * Animation
 * Comics
 * Design
 * Drawing
 * Painting
 * Photography
 * Pottery
 * Sculpture

Philosophy: General

 * Philosophy (Level 1)
 * Philosophy of science

Philosophical branches and concepts

 * Aesthetics
 * Epistemology
 * Knowledge (Level 2)
 * Belief
 * Reason
 * Truth
 * Ethics (Level 2)
 * Good and evil
 * Logic (Level 2)
 * Metaphysics
 * Free will
 * Ontology

Philosophy by region and period

 * Eastern philosophy
 * Confucianism
 * Western philosophy

Mythology

 * Myth
 * Greek mythology

Religion

 * Religion (Level 2)
 * Afterlife
 * Deity (Level 2)
 * God
 * Meditation
 * New religious movement
 * Prayer
 * Ritual
 * Shamanism
 * Soul
 * Spirituality
 * Secularism
 * Atheism

Abrahamic religions

 * Abraham
 * Christianity
 * Bible
 * Catholic Church
 * Eastern Orthodox Church
 * Protestantism
 * Islam
 * Shia Islam
 * Sunni Islam
 * Quran
 * Judaism
 * Talmud
 * Moses

East Asian religions

 * Chinese folk religion
 * Shinto
 * Taoism

Indian religions

 * Buddhism
 * Mahayana
 * Theravada
 * Hinduism
 * Vedas
 * Bhagavad Gita
 * Jainism
 * Sikhism

Other religions

 * Traditional African religions

Everyday life: General

 * Clothing (Level 2)
 * Home (Level 2)
 * Furniture
 * Jewellery

Family and kinship

 * Ethnicity (Level 2)
 * Family (Level 2)
 * Adult
 * Adolescence
 * Child
 * Infant
 * Marriage
 * Old age
 * Parenting
 * Friendship

Sexuality and gender

 * Human sexuality (Level 2)
 * Sexual intercourse
 * Sexual orientation
 * Gender
 * Man
 * Woman

Food and drink

 * Cooking
 * Food (Level 2)
 * Bread
 * Cereal
 * Wheat
 * Maize
 * Rice
 * Cheese
 * Fruit
 * Meat
 * Salt
 * Spice
 * Sugar
 * Vegetable
 * Potato
 * Soybean
 * Drink
 * Alcoholic beverage
 * Coffee
 * Drinking water
 * Milk
 * Tea

Recreation and entertainment

 * Entertainment (Level 2)
 * Play (activity)
 * Game
 * Board game
 * Card game
 * Gambling
 * Video game
 * Sport (Level 2)
 * Association football
 * Sport of athletics
 * Olympic Games
 * Toy
 * Martial arts
 * Swimming
 * Tourism

Society and social sciences: General

 * Culture (Level 2)
 * Folklore (Level 2)
 * Festival
 * Oral tradition
 * Popular culture
 * Society (Level 1)
 * Community
 * Power (social and political)
 * Social class
 * Communication (Level 2)
 * Social science
 * Anthropology
 * Sociology

Politics and government

 * Politics (Level 2)
 * Political party
 * Political science
 * Colonialism
 * Imperialism
 * Government (Level 2)
 * Democracy
 * Dictatorship
 * Monarchy
 * Ideology
 * Anarchism
 * Capitalism
 * Communism
 * Conservatism
 * Fascism
 * Liberalism
 * Nationalism
 * Socialism
 * State
 * Diplomacy
 * Military
 * International organizations
 * European Union
 * International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
 * NATO
 * United Nations

Conflict

 * War (Level 2)
 * Genocide
 * Peace
 * Terrorism

Education

 * Education (Level 2)
 * School
 * Library
 * University

Business and economics

 * Business (Level 2)
 * Corporation
 * Management
 * Marketing
 * Retail
 * Trade union
 * Economics (Level 2)
 * Trade (Level 2)
 * Supply and demand
 * Employment
 * Finance
 * Bank
 * Money
 * Insurance
 * Tax
 * Economy
 * Agriculture (Level 2)
 * Manufacturing (Level 2)
 * Construction
 * Fishing
 * Hunting
 * Mining

Social issues

 * Abortion
 * Disability
 * Discrimination
 * Racism
 * Sexism
 * Environmentalism
 * Pollution
 * Famine
 * Feminism
 * Globalization
 * Human migration
 * Human rights
 * Liberty
 * Privacy
 * Slavery
 * Social equality
 * Suffrage
 * Indigenous peoples
 * Poverty
 * Violence
 * Welfare

Law

 * Law (Level 2)
 * Crime
 * Constitution
 * Justice
 * Police
 * Property

Psychology

 * Psychology (Level 2)
 * Emotion (Level 2)
 * Anger
 * Fear
 * Happiness
 * Humour
 * Love
 * Mind (Level 2)
 * Consciousness
 * Dream
 * Memory
 * Thought
 * Human behavior
 * Intelligence
 * Learning
 * Personality

Language

 * Language (Level 2)
 * Indo-European languages
 * Bengali
 * English
 * French
 * German
 * Greek
 * Hindustani
 * Latin
 * Portuguese
 * Russian
 * Spanish
 * Other languages
 * Arabic
 * Chinese
 * Japanese
 * Malay
 * Swahili
 * Linguistics
 * Grammar
 * Word
 * Personal name
 * Speech
 * Writing (Level 2)
 * Alphabet
 * Arabic script
 * Brahmic scripts
 * Cyrillic script
 * Greek alphabet
 * Latin script
 * Arabic numerals
 * Chinese characters

Media

 * Mass media (Level 2)
 * Broadcasting
 * News
 * Publishing

Illness and injury

 * Disease (Level 2)
 * Allergy
 * Asthma
 * Cancer
 * Cardiovascular disease
 * Stroke
 * Diabetes
 * Gastroenteritis
 * Infection
 * Common cold
 * Influenza
 * Malaria
 * Pneumonia
 * Sexually transmitted infection
 * HIV/AIDS
 * Smallpox
 * Tuberculosis
 * Mental disorder
 * Injury

Health, fitness, and medicine

 * Medicine (Level 2)
 * Dentistry
 * Hospital
 * Nursing
 * Surgery
 * Ageing
 * Exercise
 * Health
 * Mental health
 * Hygiene
 * Sanitation
 * Nutrition
 * Obesity

Drugs and medication

 * Drug
 * Medication
 * Anesthesia
 * Antibiotic
 * Birth control
 * Vaccine
 * Addiction
 * Alcoholism
 * Smoking

Science: General

 * Science (Level 1)
 * Scientific method
 * Measurement
 * International System of Units
 * Nature

Astronomy

 * Astronomy (Level 2)
 * Universe (Level 2)
 * Solar System (Level 2)
 * Sun (Level 2)
 * Mercury
 * Venus
 * Earth (Level 1)
 * Moon (Level 2)
 * Mars
 * Jupiter
 * Saturn
 * Uranus
 * Neptune
 * Asteroid
 * Big Bang
 * Black hole
 * Comet
 * Galaxy
 * Milky Way
 * Natural satellite
 * Orbit
 * Outer space
 * Physical cosmology
 * Planet
 * Star
 * Supernova

Physics

 * Physics (Level 2)
 * Energy (Level 2)
 * Time (Level 2)
 * Day
 * Year
 * Classical mechanics
 * Mass
 * Momentum
 * Motion
 * Newton's laws of motion
 * Force
 * Electromagnetism
 * Gravity
 * Strong interaction
 * Weak interaction
 * Magnetism
 * Matter
 * State of matter
 * Atom (Level 2)
 * Particle physics
 * Standard Model
 * Subatomic particle
 * Electron
 * Neutron
 * Photon
 * Proton
 * Quantum mechanics
 * Radioactive decay
 * Space
 * Vacuum
 * Thermodynamics
 * Heat
 * Temperature
 * Theory of relativity
 * Speed of light
 * Wave
 * Electromagnetic radiation
 * Light
 * Color
 * Optics
 * Sound

Biology

 * Biology (Level 2)
 * Molecular biology
 * Life (Level 1)
 * Cell (Level 2)
 * Death (Level 2)
 * Suicide
 * Abiogenesis
 * Ecology (Level 2)
 * Biodiversity
 * Ecosystem
 * Extinction
 * Evolution (Level 2)
 * Human evolution
 * Natural selection
 * Organism
 * Archaea
 * Bacteria
 * Eukaryote
 * Animal (Level 2)
 * Zoology
 * Amphibian
 * Arthropod
 * Crustacean
 * Insect
 * Bird
 * Chicken
 * Fish
 * Mammal
 * Cat
 * Cattle
 * Dog
 * Horse
 * Pig
 * Primate
 * Human (Level 1)
 * Rodent
 * Sheep
 * Mollusca
 * Reptile
 * Dinosaur
 * Plant (Level 2)
 * Algae
 * Botany
 * Flower
 * Seed
 * Tree
 * Fungus
 * Virus
 * Anatomy
 * Human body
 * Circulatory system
 * Blood
 * Heart
 * Lung
 * Immune system
 * Liver
 * Nervous system
 * Brain
 * Ear
 * Eye
 * Sense
 * Skeletal muscle
 * Skeleton
 * Bone
 * Skin
 * Physiology
 * Digestion
 * Metabolism
 * Photosynthesis
 * Reproduction
 * Egg
 * Sex
 * Pregnancy
 * Sleep
 * Genetics
 * Gene
 * Heredity
 * Paleontology
 * Taxonomy
 * Species

Chemistry

 * Chemistry (Level 2)
 * Biochemistry
 * Carbohydrate
 * DNA
 * Hormone
 * Lipid
 * Protein
 * RNA
 * Inorganic chemistry
 * Organic chemistry
 * Physical chemistry
 * Chemical element (Level 2)
 * Periodic table
 * Aluminium
 * Carbon
 * Copper
 * Gold
 * Hydrogen
 * Iron
 * Nitrogen
 * Oxygen
 * Phosphorus
 * Silicon
 * Silver
 * Sulfur
 * Chemical compound
 * Water (Level 2)
 * Carbon dioxide
 * Chemical bond
 * Molecule
 * Chemical reaction
 * Acid–base reaction
 * Catalysis
 * Redox
 * Metal
 * Alloy
 * Bronze
 * Steel

Earth science

 * Earth science
 * History of Earth
 * Atmosphere of Earth
 * Internal structure of Earth
 * Season
 * Flood
 * Climate (Level 2)
 * Climate change
 * Weather
 * Cloud
 * Rain
 * Snow
 * Tornado
 * Tropical cyclone
 * Wind
 * Geology (Level 2)
 * Earthquake
 * Erosion
 * Mineral
 * Plate tectonics
 * Rock
 * Soil
 * Volcano

Technology: General

 * Technology (Level 1)
 * Engineering (Level 2)
 * Civil engineering
 * Mechanical engineering

Energy

 * Electricity (Level 2)
 * Electric battery
 * Fire (Level 2)
 * Explosive
 * Gunpowder
 * Fossil fuel
 * Coal
 * Natural gas
 * Petroleum
 * Nuclear power
 * Renewable energy
 * Hydropower
 * Solar energy
 * Wind power

Food and health

 * Animal husbandry
 * Domestication
 * Biotechnology
 * Genetic engineering
 * Fertilizer
 * Food preservation
 * Garden
 * Medical imaging
 * Oven
 * Refrigeration

Weapons

 * Weapon
 * Armour
 * Bomb
 * Bow and arrow
 * Firearm
 * Knife

Tools and machinery

 * Tool (Level 2)
 * Simple machine
 * Wheel
 * Engine
 * Electric motor
 * Internal combustion engine
 * Steam engine
 * Robotics

Media and communication

 * Printing
 * Book (Level 2)
 * Mail
 * Telecommunications
 * Internet
 * Radio
 * Telephone
 * Mobile phone
 * Television

Computing and information technology

 * Computer science
 * Computer (Level 2)
 * Artificial intelligence
 * Cryptography

Electronics

 * Electronics
 * Electric light
 * Integrated circuit
 * Semiconductor device

Space

 * Rocket
 * Satellite
 * Space exploration
 * Spaceflight
 * Space station

Transportation

 * Transport (Level 2)
 * Aircraft
 * Bicycle
 * Bridge
 * Canal
 * Car
 * Road
 * Ship
 * Train

Navigation and timekeeping

 * Navigation
 * Compass
 * Map
 * Radar
 * Calendar
 * Clock

Structures

 * Fortification
 * Infrastructure
 * Building
 * Dam

Materials

 * Concrete
 * Glass
 * Masonry
 * Metallurgy
 * Natural rubber
 * Paper
 * Plastic
 * Textile
 * Cotton
 * Wood

Optical

 * Camera
 * Laser
 * Lens
 * Microscope
 * Telescope

Mathematics: General

 * Mathematics (Level 1)
 * Algorithm
 * Mathematical proof
 * Set
 * Function

Counting and numbers

 * Number (Level 2)
 * Real number
 * $e$
 * $\pi$
 * Fraction
 * Integer
 * 0
 * Natural number
 * Prime number
 * Complex number
 * Number theory

Algebra

 * Algebra
 * Equation
 * Variable
 * Linear algebra

Analysis

 * Mathematical analysis
 * Calculus
 * Infinity
 * Limit
 * Series

Arithmetic

 * Arithmetic (Level 2)
 * Exponentiation
 * Logarithm
 * nth root

Geometry and topology

 * Geometry (Level 2)
 * Angle
 * Trigonometry
 * Area
 * Circle
 * Line
 * Polygon
 * Triangle
 * Three-dimensional space
 * Volume
 * Topology

Probability and statistics

 * Probability
 * Statistics (Level 2)

title: Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3


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Pathfinder (RAF)

The Pathfinders were target-marking squadrons in RAF Bomber Command during World War II. They located and marked targets with flares, at which a main bomber force could aim, increasing the accuracy of their bombing. The Pathfinders were normally the first to receive new blind-bombing aids such as Gee, Oboe and the H2S radar.

The early Pathfinder Force (PFF) squadrons were expanded to become a group, No. 8 (Pathfinder Force) Group, in January 1943. The initial Pathfinder Force was five squadrons, whilst No 8 Group ultimately grew to a strength of 19 squadrons. Whereas the majority of Pathfinder squadrons and personnel were from the Royal Air Force, the group also included No 405 Squadron of the Royal Canadian Air Force as well as many individual airmen from the air forces of other Commonwealth countries.

Background
At the start of the Second World War in September 1939 the doctrine of RAF Bomber Command was based on tight formations of heavily armed bombers attacking during daylight and fending off attacks by fighters with their guns. In early missions over France and the Low Countries there was no clear outcome regarding the success of the bombers’ guns: the Luftwaffe lacked widespread radar so their interception efforts were disorganised. On 18 December 1939 a raid by three squadrons of Vickers Wellington against ships in the Heligoland Bight was detected on an experimental Freya radar long before it reached the target area. The British bomber force was met by German fighters that shot down 10 of the 22 bombers, with another two crashing in the sea and three more written off on landing. The Luftwaffe lost only two fighters in return.

Although the causes for this disaster were debated it became clear that bomber forces could not defend themselves. Either bombing raids needed to have fighter escort, which was difficult given the limited range of the fighters, or attacks had to be made at night when the opponent's fighters could not see them. In the era before the widespread use of radar and the techniques needed to guide fighters to their targets with radar, night bombing would render the bombers vulnerable only if they were picked up by searchlights, a relatively rare occurrence. Offsetting the advantages of night bombing was the understanding that identifying the targets and attacking them accurately would be much more difficult. This meant a night bomber force was useful only against very large targets such as cities and was one of the reasons daylight bombing was considered.

The Germans had also studied this problem and had invested considerable effort in radio navigation techniques to address it, demonstrating a standard of bombing accuracy during the night raids that daylight forces found difficult. The RAF lacked similar navigation systems, having ignored their development for a number of years and relied almost entirely on dead reckoning and optical instruments such as the Course Setting Bomb Sight. In limited visibility or when the target did not have a clearly distinguishing landmark, accurate bombing was very difficult. Bomber Command pressed ahead with a night bombing campaign starting in 1940. Bomber crews reported good results, turning for home if they lost their way or could not find the target because of the weather and pressing on only if they felt confident they could identify the target with certainty. However it was not long before reports started reaching the UK from observers on the ground that the bombers were never even heard over the targets let alone dropping their bombs nearby. At first these reports were dismissed but as other branches of the UK armed forces complained a report was commissioned.

The result was the Butt Report of 18 August 1941, which noted that by the time the aircraft reached the Ruhr only one in 10 ever flew within five miles of its target. Half of all the bombs carried into combat and dropped—many returned—fell in open country. Only one per cent of all the bombs were even in the vicinity of the target. Clearly something had to be done to address this or, as the other forces suggested, the strategic campaign should simply be dropped. Around this time Frederick Lindemann wrote an infamous report on dehousing, suggesting that the bomber force be directed against German urban areas, destroying as many houses as possible and thus rendering the German workforce unable to work well. Accepting the recommendations of Lindemann's report after intense debate, the British began planning a major offensive starting in the spring of 1942 with the aim of destroying German cities. By 1940 the British had started development of a number of night navigation aids and were already testing the Gee hyperbolic navigation system on operations. These would be available in quantity in early 1942, just as the heavy bombers, the Avro Lancaster and Handley Page Halifax, would be arriving in quantity. These technological developments dovetailed with the policy changes influenced by Lindemann's report.

Formation
Faced with the same navigation problems as the RAF, the Luftwaffe had developed radio aids that were widely used during their bombing campaign, the Blitz of 1940–1941. Lacking enough equipment to install in all their aircraft, an experimental group, Kampfgruppe 100 (KGr 100), was given all available receivers and trained extensively on their use. KGr 100 would fly over their target using these systems and drop flares, at which the following aircraft would then aim their bombs. On rare occasions KGr 100 was used as a pure bombing force, demonstrating the ability to drop bombs within 150 yards of their targets in any weather. The KGr 100 unit itself would, in mid-December 1941, be renamed I.Gruppe/Kampfgeschwader 100, as the basis for a new Luftwaffe bomber wing or Kampfgeschwader (battle formation) that bore the same unit number.

The British, who had developed similar navigation aids, faced the same problem of quantity. Bomber Command expected to have only 300 Gee sets available by January 1942, all of them hand-built. Mass-produced models were not expected until May. As it turned out, both predictions proved optimistic. An obvious solution to Bomber Command's problems would be simply to copy the German technique of placing all available sets in a lead force. This was first proposed by Group Captain Sidney Bufton. Bomber Command's commander-in-chief Arthur "Bomber" Harris argued against the idea, with the backing of the majority of his Group commanders. His view was that an elite group would breed rivalry and envy and have an adverse effect on morale. Adding fuel to his argument was his dislike for Bufton. His idea for improving accuracy was to hold competitions within groups to deliver improved bombing. In rebuttal, Sir Henry Tizard, adviser and one of the chief scientists supporting the war effort, responded, "I do not think the formation of a first XV at rugby union makes little boys play any less enthusiastically.”

Studying the German results, notably reports by R. V. Jones, the Air Ministry decided that the technique was sound and they overrode Harris' objections and forced the issue. Harris responded by suggesting the pathfinders be distributed among the squadrons but again his objections were overruled, since it would not produce the desired result of having the targets clearly marked in advance of the arrival of the main force. A specialist force was formed in August 1942 by transferring existing squadrons from the Bomber Command groups to make up the Path Finder Force (PFF).

The PFF began with five squadrons: one from each of the operational Bomber Command Groups, 1 Group contributed No. 156 Squadron RAF (equipped with the Wellington medium bomber), 2 Group No. 109 Squadron RAF—then "special duties"—(Wellingtons and Mosquitoes), 3 Group No. 7 Squadron RAF (Short Stirling heavy bombers), 4 Group No. 35 Squadron RAF (Halifax) and 5 Group No. 83 Squadron RAF (Lancaster). The PFF was commanded by Australian officer Air Vice-Marshal Don Bennett, who was to be the youngest officer promoted to RAF Air Vice Marshal, at the age of 33, in 1943. Bennett was not the Air Ministry's first choice: Harris opposed the first choice, Basil Embry, the leader of 2 Group. The squadrons were located on adjacent airfields within 3 Group at Oakington, Graveley, Wyton and Warboys with a headquarters at RAF Wyton; 3 Group was responsible for the Force administratively though it was under the direct command of Harris.

Early action
The PFF was first put into action on the night of 18/19 August 1942, when 118 Bomber Command aircraft attacked Flensburg. PFF bombers were the first 31 aircraft of the raid, including Stirlings, Halifaxes, Lancasters and Wellingtons – from 7, 35, 83 and 156 squadrons. Flensburg, on an inlet of the Baltic, was in theory an easy target for the PFF on their first operation but the winds shifted and the bomber force drifted north of the target to a part of Denmark where the coast also had many inlets. Sixteen PFF crews claimed to have marked the target area and 78 Main Force crews claimed to have bombed it. Reports from Flensburg stated that the town had not been hit but a Danish report showed that the towns of Sønderborg and Abenra and a large area of Denmark up to 25 miles north of Flensburg were hit by scattered bombing. 26 houses were destroyed and 660 were damaged but only four Danish people were injured. The raid was a dismal failure, much to the delight of both Harris and other detractors of the strategic force as a whole.

The PFF's second mission was against Frankfurt on the night of 24/25 August. The group once again had great difficulty identifying its target in cloudy conditions and most of the bombs fell in open country north and west of the city. Local reports stated that some bombs fell in the city, causing 17 large and 53 small fires and moderate property damage. Five people were killed, including two anti-aircraft gunners, and 95 people were injured. The outlying villages of Schwalbach and Eschborn were heavily bombed. Six Lancasters, five Wellingtons, four Stirlings and one Halifax were lost, 7.1 per cent of the force. Five Pathfinder aircraft, including that of the commanding officer of 7 Squadron, were among the losses.

The PFF finally proved itself on the night of 27/28 August 1942 against Kassel. There was little cloud over the city and the Pathfinders were able to illuminate the area well. Widespread damage was caused, particularly in the south-western parts of the city. Kassel reported that 144 buildings were destroyed and 317 seriously damaged. Several military establishments were hit and 28 soldiers were killed, more than the civilian toll of 15, with 187 civilians and 64 soldiers injured. Among the buildings severely damaged were all three of the factories of the Henschel aircraft company. Of the 306 aircraft attacking the target, 31 were lost, 10.1 per cent of the force.

The next night the PFF operated against Nuremberg as part of a force of 159 aircraft. Crews were ordered to attack Nuremberg at low altitude and the PFF used new target illuminators adapted from 250 lb bomb casings. Photographs showed that these were placed with great accuracy and the crews of the Main Force claimed to have carried out a good attack. A report from Nuremberg stated that some bombs were dropped as far away as the town of Erlangen, nearly 10 miles to the north, and four people were killed there. In Nuremberg. the number of bombs recorded would indicate that approximately 50 aircraft hit the town. 137 people were killed, 126 civilians and 11 foreigners. 23 bombers were shot down, 14.5 per cent of the force. Most of these were Wellingtons, which lost 34 per cent of their number.

On 1/2 September 1942 the PFF illuminated Saarbrücken as part of a 231-aircraft force, but post-raid analysis showed this to be Saarlouis, 13 miles to the north and situated on a similar bend in the river. The next night a force of 200 bombers was led by accurate marking in Karlsruhe, and the raid was considered a great success, with an estimated 200 fires seen burning. Reconnaissance photographs showed much residential and some industrial damage. A very short report from Karlsruhe says only that 73 people were killed and that three public buildings in the city centre were hit.

Improved technique
As the PFF gained experience new problems appeared. Many bombers in the Main Force lost their way to the target and either bombed randomly or turned for home. Another problem was that the illuminators would go out before the raid was complete, leaving the following aircraft to bomb on visible fires, if there were any. This led to the problem of "creepback", when the newly arriving bombers would drop their bombs on the near side of the fire so they could turn for home earlier. This led to subsequent bombs slowly walking backward along the attack vector, away from the target.

To address these problems the PFF adopted new techniques. Their force was split into three groups for each raid. The 'illuminators' would drop white target illuminators at points along the attack vector, allowing aircraft to follow these markers over long distances and thus avoid getting lost en route. The 'visual markers' would drop coloured target indicators on the target, but only if they were sure it had been identified. Finally the 'backers-up' or 'fire starters' used the visual markers' flares as the aim point for their own incendiary bombs to light fires in the proper location, which would burn longer than the flares.

The new technique was first employed on 4/5 September 1942 on a raid of 251 aircraft against Bremen. The weather was clear and the PFF marked the target correctly, with the majority of the following Main Force finding the target and bombing it. The post-raid analysis showed that 460 houses had been destroyed, 1,361 seriously damaged and 7,592 lightly damaged. Added to this list were hundreds of light and medium industrial buildings, including the Weser aircraft works and the Atlas shipyard and associated warehouses. The raid was a complete success.

Another improvement was the introduction of larger bomb casings for the target indicators, starting with the 'Pink Pansy' in an adapted 4,000 lb casing. Using these for the first time on the night of 10/11 September 479 aircraft attacked Düsseldorf and caused enormous damage. In addition to thousands of houses destroyed or heavily damaged, 39 industrial firms in Düsseldorf and 13 in Neuss were damaged so much that all production ceased, and 19,427 people were bombed out.

German counterefforts
The Germans were well aware of the RAF's target marking and quickly deduced the basic strategy was a copy of their own from 1940/41. German intelligence reports from later in the war show a wealth of information on the PFF. On the night of 15/16 October 1942 on a raid by 289 aircraft against Cologne, the Germans lit a decoy target indicator that deceived the majority of the Main Force's bombs. Only one 4,000 lb, three smaller General Purpose and 210 incendiary bombs hit the city out of a force of almost 70,000 bombs in total.

Follow-up efforts during October and November were mostly small raids, including a number against cities in Italy. Weather and operational problems meant that raids during this period were limited and of greatly varied results.

New systems, increasing tempo
On 20/21 December 1942 H. E. Bufton personally led a force of six de Havilland Mosquitos on a raid against a power station at Lutterade, a small town in the Netherlands. Led entirely by the new Oboe navigation system, several bombs fell within 2 km of the target. The test was considered a success. A follow-up under more realistic conditions was carried out on the night of 31 December 1942/1 January 1943 against Düsseldorf, with two Mosquitos leading a force of eight Lancasters. Only one of the Oboes worked but that was enough for the following heavies to bomb on and hit a number of industrial buildings. Another mission by three Mosquitos attacked the German night-fighter control room at Florennes airfield in Belgium, but there was complete cloud cover and the results were not known. It was clear by this point, after less than six months, that the PFF concept was a great advance.

Picked crews from the bomber groups were allowed to transfer and the PFF soon expanded into a completely new Group—designated No 8 Group (PFF)—in January 1943. In April 1943 the group's strength was increased by two squadrons, with No 405 (RCAF) Squadron, flying Halifaxes, and No 97 Squadron, flying Lancasters. In June the Pathfinders gained two more squadrons—No 105 and 139 Squadrons—both of which were flying Mosquitos from RAF Marham. Later in the month Pathfinder HQ moved from RAF Wyton to Castle Hill House in Huntingdon. When new aircraft such as the de Havilland Mosquito became available, the PFF got the first examples and then equipped them with ever more sophisticated electronic equipment, such as Oboe, the radio navigation and bombing aid.

By January the pace of Bomber Command missions had dramatically increased, with major raids being carried out almost every night. On 11/12 February 1943 against Wilhelmshaven, the PFF used their H2S radar for the first time, dropping parachute flares above the heavy cloud cover in a technique known as ‘sky marking’. The follow-up force observed an incredible event, a huge explosion seen through the complete cloud cover that lingered for 10 minutes. It was later learned this was the explosion of the naval ammunition depot at Mariensiel, which destroyed 120 acre. Mission size continued to grow throughout, and although many missions continued to mark the wrong targets or fail for other reasons the damage caused continued to increase. On one particularly successful raid against Essen on 5/6 March 1943 160 acres of land were destroyed, with 53 separate buildings within the Krupp factories hit by bombs.

Master bomber
On the night of 20/21 June 1943 another change in technique was tested by 60 Lancasters (mostly from 5 Group) against Zeppelin works at Friedrichshafen, which were believed to be making radar. In this raid one of the Lancasters was equipped with new high-frequency radio equipment that allowed it to communicate with the other bombers in the attack force. The follow-up force consisted of several groups, including PFF aircraft, who marked the target based on radio instructions from what would become known as ‘the Master Bomber’. Another group of aircraft were to attempt a new technique, bombing at a specific time after passing a ground feature, in this case the shores of Lake Constance. Nearly 10 per cent of the bombs hit the factory in what was considered a great success.

A combination of these techniques was first used on a large raid to great success on the night of 17/18 August 1943 in Operation Hydra against German rocket research at Peenemünde. 596 aircraft were led by a Master Bomber to a series of target indicators dropped at several locations around the target area. By dropping different-coloured indicators and calling aircraft to attack each one in turn, the entire area was heavily bombed. The aircraft from No 5 Group used their time-from-landmark technique again. The estimate has appeared in many sources that this raid set back the V-2 experimental programme by at least two months and reduced the scale of the eventual rocket attack. The V-2 team had to move their testing facilities hastily elsewhere. The Master Bomber became a common feature of large raids.

The United States Army Air Forces operated a similar force within the Eighth Air Force for ‘blind-bombing’ through overcast on daylight missions using H2X radar-equipped bombers, for which it also used the terms Pathfinder, PFF and master bomber.

Rivalry in Bomber Command
Although the AOCs of the Groups had been mixed in their enthusiasm for the Pathfinder Force, they generally supported it. AVM Roderic Carr (4 Group) was opposed to its creation but had identified Bennett (10 Squadron was in his group) as the sort of person suitable for the job and passed over a squadron of Halifax heavy bombers. AVM Coryton had been a greater opponent but supplied a squadron of the new Avro Lancasters. There was rivalry between 8 Group and 5 Group, driven by the rivalry between Bennett and the commander of 5 Group, Sir Ralph Cochrane. Through the CO of 617 Squadron Leonard Cheshire, Cochrane was an advocate of precision low-level marking and lobbied to be allowed to prove the theory and for 5 Group to attempt targets and techniques that 8 Group would not.

Cheshire marked targets using the fast Mosquito bomber, then later a Mustang fighter bomber. 617 Squadron achieved high levels of accuracy using the Stabilizing Automatic Bomb Sight; with the necessary accuracy of only 94 yd at the V weapon launch site at Abbeville. 5 Group also invented various techniques, such as the "5 Group corkscrew" to evade enemy fighters, and the "quick landing system".

Light Night Striking Force
The Light Night Striking Force (LNSF) was a development of the Pathfinder Force's use of the fast and long-ranged Mosquito bomber, which could carry a sizeable bomb load. Under 8 Group, the number of Mosquito squadrons was built up and used for harassing raids on Germany. To the two (Oboe-equipped) Mosquito squadrons already in the Pathfinder Force, 139 Squadron was added in June 1943, which Bennett intended to use for diversionary raids to draw the German night fighters away from the main force. In February 1944 a raid made entirely by Mosquitos was mounted against Düsseldorf. It was formed of the usual marker aircraft from 105 Squadron and 692 Squadron Mosquitos, each carrying a 4,000 lb "cookie" and backup aircraft with 500 lb delayed action bombs. With Harris' support, Bennett formed more Mosquito squadrons to expand the LNSF, giving him nine bomber squadrons, as well as the Oboe-equipped markers and 8 Group's meteorological Mosquitos. The LNSF achieved 27,239 sorties, their best month being March 1945 with nearly 3,000 sorties. The LNSF suffered the loss of just under 200 aircraft on operations or "damaged beyond repair". The Pathfinder Force flew a total of 50,490 sorties against some 3,440 targets and at least 3,727 members were killed on operations.

Tactics
The proportion of Pathfinder aircraft to Main Force bombers could vary according to the difficulty and location of the target; 1 to 15 was common, though it could be as low as 1 to 3. By the start of 1944, the bulk of Bomber Command was bombing within 3 miles of the PFF indicators, an appreciable improvement in accuracy since 1942. The success or failure of a raid now largely depended on the Pathfinders' marker placement and the success of further correction marking.

Individual tasks
PFF crews found themselves given ever increasingly sophisticated and complex jobs that were constantly modified and developed tactically during the bombing campaign from 1943 until the end of the war. Some of the more usual tasks were as:

"Finders"; these were 8 Group aircraft tasked with dropping sticks of illuminating flares, firstly at critical points along the bombing route to aid navigation and keep the bomber stream compact and then across the approximate target area. If conditions were cloudy then these were dropped "blind" using H2S navigational radar.

"Illuminators"; were PFF aircraft flying in front of the main force who would drop markers or target indicators (TIs) onto the designated 'aiming point' already illuminated by the "Finders". Again, if conditions were cloudy H2S navigational radar was used. These TIs were designed to burn with various and varying colours to prevent the German defenses lighting decoy fires. Various TI's were dubbed "Pink Pansies", "Red Spots", and "Smoke Puffs". "Illuminators" could include Mosquitoes equipped with "Oboe" if the target was within the range of this bombing aid.

"Markers"; would then drop incendiaries onto the TIs just prior to the Main Force arrival. Further "Markers" called "Backers-Up" or "Supporters" would be distributed at points within the main bomber stream to remark or reinforce the original TIs as required.

As the war wore on, the role of "Master Bomber" was introduced. This was an idea that had been used by Guy Gibson in the Dam Busters raid. Bennett wanted to lead raids but was denied operational flying as Harris was not prepared to risk losing him. The appointed Pathfinder (usually an experienced senior officer) circled the target, broadcasting radio instructions to both Pathfinders and Main Force aircraft, correcting aiming points and generally co-ordinating the attack. In September 1944, Gibson himself died in a Mosquito after performing as "master bomber" for a raid on Germany.

Types of marking
Three types of target marking were developed by the Pathfinders. These were known by the codenames Parramatta, Wanganui and Newhaven – the names coming from locations in Australia, New Zealand and the UK which had links with Pathfinder staff. If the Oboe system was used to determine the release point then the word "Musical" was used as a prefix, e.g. "Musical Parramatta".

 * Parramatta
 * Parramatta used navigation aids such as H2S radar or Oboe radio signals to drop the markers.

 * Newhaven
 * Newhaven used illumination flares dropped above the target area to light it up sufficiently for a visual marking by the Pathfinder aircraft.

 * Wanganui
 * Wanganui was used when the target was obscured by cloud, industrial haze, or a smoke screen. Oboe or H2S was used to release the markers over the unseen target. The target indicators used were on parachutes to give an aiming point that could be seen by the main force. This was also known as "sky marking".

In all cases, further target Indicators would be dropped in the course of the raid to reinforce the marking and to compensate for earlier TIs either burning out or being extinguished by the bombing.

Equipment
For marking the Pathfinders used a number of special "Target Indicator" (TI) markers and bombs. These ejected coloured flares or illuminated the target.
 * Candle Aircraft, TI, Bomb, Type H
 * the candle was the basic indicator. About 2 feet long and about 2 inches in diameter, it sequentially ejected flare pellets that burned for 15 seconds each. The type H was filled with alternately coloured pellets (red/yellow or red/green or yellow/green), and illuminated for about 5 1/2 minutes in total

Candles and other pyrotechnics were used as the fillings for the various Target Indicator bombs.
 * No. 1 Mk 1 TI Bomb
 * No. 7 Mk 1 Multi-flash Bomb
 * No. 8 Mk 1 Spotfire Bomb

Squadrons and stations
Between 1942 and 1945
 * No. 7 Squadron RAF - Stirling, then Lancaster
 * No. 35 Squadron RAF - Halifax, then Lancaster
 * No. 83 Squadron RAF - Lancaster
 * No. 97 Squadron RAF - Lancaster
 * No. 105 Squadron RAF - Mosquito
 * No. 109 Squadron RAF - Wellington, then Mosquito - Oboe
 * No. 128 Squadron RAF - Mosquito formed 1944
 * No. 139 Squadron RAF - Mosquito
 * No. 142 Squadron RAF - Mosquito formed 1944
 * No. 156 Squadron RAF - Wellington, then Lancaster
 * No. 162 Squadron RAF - Mosquito formed 1944
 * No. 163 Squadron RAF - Mosquito formed 1945
 * No. 405 Squadron RCAF - Halifax, then Lancaster
 * No. 571 Squadron RAF - Mosquito formed 1944
 * No. 582 Squadron RAF - Lancaster formed 1944
 * No. 608 Squadron RAF - Mosquito formed 1944
 * No. 627 Squadron RAF - Mosquito formed 1943
 * No. 635 Squadron RAF - Lancaster formed 1944
 * No. 692 Squadron RAF - Mosquito formed 1944

83, 97 and 627 Squadrons passed to 5 Group in April 1944

 * Stations
 * RAF Bourn
 * RAF Downham Market
 * RAF Graveley
 * RAF Gransden Lodge
 * RAF Little Staughton
 * RAF Marham
 * RAF Oakington
 * RAF Upwood
 * RAF Warboys
 * RAF Wyton

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pathfinder (RAF)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wakaba

Addon module for an image messageboard software (idlechan, which may or may not be notable enough to deserve an article). I don't think Wikipedia should list individual addon modules for every software package in the world -- Ferkelparade 15:21, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and Delete. In agreement with the above statement, I believe this is not notable enough to have it own entry. Any notability could be merged into an article regarding the original software. Skyler 21:21, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Vote Against This is not some minor addon for existing software, but an entirely separate program. unsigned vote by anon User:24.42.73.51, creator of the article
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not Freshmeat, and there's no evidence of notability. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:12, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wakaba


text:
Tag rugby

Tag rugby, Flag rugby or Rippa rugby is a non-contact team game in which each player wears a belt that has two velcro tags attached to it, or shorts with velcro patches. The mode of play is based on rugby league with many similarities to touch football, although tag rugby is often deemed a closer simulation of full contact rugby league than touch. Attacking players attempt to dodge, evade and pass a rugby ball while defenders attempt to prevent them scoring by "tagging" – pulling a velcro attached tag from the ball carrier, rather than a full contact tackle. Tag rugby is used in development and training by both rugby league and rugby union communities.

Tag rugby comes in several forms with OzTag, Try Tag Rugby (UK) and Mini Tag being some of the better known variations. Tag rugby has the highest participation levels in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

History
According to sportswriter Terry Godwin, writing in 1983, tag rugby was first developed in Gibraltar by the Gibraltar Rugby Football Union. Due to the lack of grass pitches, an alternative variant to rugby union was developed. A 10 in cord was tucked into the waistband, and its removal by an opponent with a shout of "tag", was classed as a 'tackle'. If the attacking team had failed to score by the fourth 'tackle' the defending team were given possession of the ball.

The codified version of tag rugby was created and pioneered by physical education teacher Nick Leonard in England in 1990 following an idea given to by a former serviceman called Barry Johns. He are described to Nick how navy servicemen on board ship or whilst playing on hard grounds overseas played the Gibraltar variant of rugby. Leonard then devised a set of rules suitable for children using belts and coloured ribbons attached by Velcro and organised the first ever schools Tag Rugby festival at UCP Marjons, Plymouth in 1991. This annual event celebrated its 20th festival in 2011.

OzTag
OzTag is a non-contact form of rugby league, and can be seen as a variation of British tag rugby. Cronulla Sharks and St George Dragons halfback Perry Haddock introduced the sport in Australia while coaching the 1992 St George Jersey Flegg side. Together with Chris Parkes, the two took the sport to fields across Australia. Today, it is played by over 200,000 players in organised leagues across the country.

Games are usually played over 20 minutes a half. The normal dimensions of the field are 70×50 metres. Eight players in each team are allowed on the field at a time.

The attacking team has five plays or tags to try to score a try or take the ball down field as close to the line as possible. Like most versions of tag rugby, a tackle is made when one of two velcro stripes, known as tags, is removed from the ball carrier's shorts.

Players can pass and kick the ball and tries are worth one point and there are no conversions. Kicking in general play is allowed but it must be below shoulder height of the referee and on zero count with no play-the-ball (from playing a knock-on advantage for instance) or after the fourth tag.

For mixed gender games, there is a maximum of four male players per team on the field and a try scored by a female player is worth two points, compared to one point for male players.

Mini Tag
The rules of under-7s Mini Tag possess some rugby union features, like an unlimited tackle count. It does not have an equivalent of the six tags law and instead tackled players must off-load the ball. Under-8s Mini Tag on the other hand, retains a six tag law (RFU Continuum 3.5.g) which requires that on the 7th tag the referee will stop the game and give the ball to the other side. The restart is with a free pass. For the full set of rules of Mini Tag see the Mini Tag Rulebook.

Mini Tag is currently the only form of rugby permitted by the English RFU for under-7 and under-8 age groups. Mini Tag requires the use of a size 3 rugby ball and does not allow scrums, line-outs or kicking.

Australia
Since its beginnings in 1992, OzTag (or Walla Tag) has grown in popularity across Australia in urban and rural areas. Twenty-eight teams participated in the first season in summer 1992–1993 playing in the Cronulla and St George areas of Sydney. Today, 150,000 players take part in OzTag competitions nationally

There are Oztag competitions running all over Australia, with the largest areas located in Sydney, Brisbane and Canberra. Competing teams are in six divisions: women's open, mixed, men's open and men's over-30s, 35s, and 40s.

England and Great Britain
In 2003–04, the English Rugby Football Union introduced Mini Tag into its junior development program called The Three Stages of the Rugby Continuum, replacing touch rugby.

Tag rugby also developed via IMBRL (Inter Message Board Rugby League) where message boards representing clubs took part in tournaments and friendly matches. Some developed into full-contact teams, others became tag teams and others folded. In 2008, a Tag Merit League was established based on the RL Merit League format. The league was developed with the intention to encourage new clubs outside the older IMBRL circuit to play tag rugby league. The Merit League operates on normal rugby league laws with tags taking the place of tackles.

In 2009 Try Tag Rugby began running adult tag rugby competitions throughout London using OzTag rules. By the summer of 2011, over 1,000 players were regularly taking part in week night evening leagues across London at locations such as Finsbury Park, Gladstone Park, Wandsworth Town, Tooting Bec, Richmond, Shoreditch, Highbury and Southwark Park. The number of competitions continues to expand with over 240 teams competing across venues in London and Reading in the summer of 2014. Try Tag Rugby also host the annual London Tag Rugby Championships which attracts teams from across the UK and Europe. 42 teams registered for the event in 2013, playing 136 matches under 17 referees across nine pitches; a UK record for an adult Tag Rugby tournament. In September 2014 the Rugby Football League and Try Tag Rugby announced that they would be forming a partnership to increase participation in the sport across England. In early 2015 Try Tag Rugby announced they were expanding to Yorkshire, with leagues set to begin in April 2015. Try Tag Rugby have continued to grow the game substantially in 2016 with 507 teams competing in early summer leagues.

Try Tag Rugby are the UK's official delegates of the European Tag Federation (ETF) and the International Tag Football Federation (ITFF). The Great Britain Tag Rugby Team has hosted inbound tours from Australia in 2011 and 2014, and the Tongan over 30s Men's team in 2013. The Great Britain mixed open and men's teams also competed in the 2012 Tag Rugby World Cup in Auckland, New Zealand, while 2013 saw the first annual Britain and Irish Cup. In 2016 Ireland won British & Irish Cup for a third time, by defeating Great Britain 4 - 2 across a record six categories. In 2017 Great Britain competed against Ireland in Cork across six categories once again, with Ireland retaining the cup winning the Mixed Open, Mixed Seniors, Women's Open and Women's Seniors divisions to take a 4-2 Victory.

In 2018, Great Britain played Ireland at the British & Irish Cup in Dublin, in preparation for the ITF Tag World Cup held in Coffs Harbour Australia in November 2018. The tournament was reduced to four categories and Ireland again retained the cup for a fifth consecutive time narrowly defeating Great Britain by 26-22 competition points with the Great Britain Men's Open and Men's Seniors teams picking up victories.

At the 2018 ITF Tag World Cup, Great Britain came away with three medals, including a silver medal in the Men's Seniors division, a bronze medal in the Women's Seniors and a Men's Open victory in the Plate competition, whilst the Mixed Open side lost in the Plate Semi-Finals to New Zealand.

In 2019 off the back of great momentum from the 2018 World Cup, Great Britain won the British & Irish Cup for the first time, defeating Ireland 4–2 in London, winning the Women's Seniors, Women's Open, Men's Open and Mixed Seniors categories, with the tournament once again expanded to six categories.

Ireland
The Irish Tag Rugby Association (ITRA) introduced adult tag rugby to Ireland in 2000 in association with the Irish Rugby Football Union when the first ever league was run for 36 teams. Their league is known as Volvic Tag. The Irish Rugby Football Union Tag Rugby began to run its own tag rugby leagues in 2007 following a split with ITRA.

The sport has become particularly popular in Ireland and in 2007, over 28,000 players in the two programmes making up more than 1,700 teams took part in tag rugby at 50 venues all over the country. This increased in 2008 and 2009.

There are four major types of tag rugby played there. They include men-only leagues, women-only leagues, mixed leagues (in which a minimum of one player must be female with no more than four male players on the pitch), and vets league (over-35s). Each type is usually played in four different ability categories ranging from A league (the most competitive) through B, C, and beginners league (the most inexperienced and usually the least competitive). Veterans leagues comprise teams of players all over 35 yrs old.

Many companies pay for or sponsor company teams as a method of recreation hence this format of rugby's popularity and its non-contact nature makes it playable for mixed sex and age teams and inter-office competitions.

The Pig 'n' Porter Festival is held each July in Old Crescent RFC, Limerick. It is the largest single Tag Rugby tournament in the world with up to 150 tag teams taking part each year for the top prize. The tournament regularly attracts teams from England, Scotland, France and the Netherlands.

In 2014 the ITRA introduced Rep rules which aligned their laws with the International Tag Federation. Players have the opportunity of playing for their Regional Teams (Cork, Dublin, Galway, Limerick, Clare and Kildare) from which players can play in the Tag World Cup representing Ireland.

Hong Kong
HKTag developed in direct association with Hong Kong Rugby League (HKRL), itself established in 2015. Leveraging the official rules of OzTag, tag rugby first appeared at the inaugural 2015 HKRL Nines, as a minimal contact, mixed format alternative to rugby league, and brought together more than 100 male and female players.

The growth of HKTag was the HKRL standout success of 2016. HKTag became the official governing body of Tag Rugby in Hong Kong and launched two more domestic competitions - Battle of Origin and HKTag Super League. This year also saw the introduction of regular social tag rugby sessions throughout spring and summer, which today continue all year round.

HKTag today has a solid community of members, participating in weekly Tag for All sessions, beginners' workshops, summer beach tag and seasonal competitions. The 2018 HKTag Challenge saw its highest ever participation, involving 12 teams and more than 140 players from all over the world.

In November 2018, Hong Kong sent a squad to the Tag World Cup in Coffs Harbour representing the mixed open and male open divisions.

New Zealand
In the Summer of 1993-4 tag was introduced to New Zealand by John Ackland a development officer with the Auckland Rugby League who had been to Sydney and met with the founder of Oztag Perry Haddock from Oztag Australia to expand the game in Auckland New Zealand. The First Kiwitag module was launched and run by Ackland from Fowlds Park in Auckland on Monday nights for 8–10 weeks. From this tag would begin its growth and development in Auckland and Porirua Wellington. The Otahuhu Tag Module and Wellington would be recognised partners to Oztag in New Zealand. Unfortunately, The game was to implode politically and become fragmented for the next 8 years. The Otahuhu and Porirua based NZTag body led by Wally Tooman and Hilda Harawera gained control of the game at international level, with the rest of the tag modules at the time from Howick, Northcote, Mt Albert, Waitemata Pakuranga and Ellerslie excluded and left to fend for themselves with no assistance from Otahuhu-based NZTag or the Auckland Rugby League.

It was not until the summer of 2000 that a meeting initiated by Stan Martin and William Halligan of the ARL was held at Carlaw Park between all the exiled tag modules to bring everyone together under one umbrella in the Auckland region. This would result in the formation of Auckland Kiwitag Inc with the Otahuhu NZtag Module declining to join the organisation.

Oztag Australia's Perry Haddock would eventually reach out to the Chairman of Auckland Kiwitag Mr Claude Iusitini to play New Zealand teams selected from players outside of the Otahuhu Module for the first time and continue to do so to this day. Auckland Kiwitag would continue to administer the game of tag from 2004 to 2009 in amalgamation with Porirua Tag in Wellington then in September 2009 would rebrand and relaunch itself as New Zealand Tag Football Incorporated which has now been the recognised National body for all things tag football in New Zealand for over 10 years.

In 2003 the New Zealand Rugby Union established "Rippa rugby" – a variant of tag football – as a developmental tool and game for young children, and for primary school tournaments.

A split in the Auckland Kiwitag Board would see the launch of another version of tag called Tag20 Rugby a hybrid version of tag in New Zealand which was led by Gary Bauer and Todd Price in partnership with Australia-based Steve 'Chief' Lyons.

Tonga
Tonga National Tag Team is the Tonga national tag team also known as Laione Hau or Tonga Tag. Established in October 2011, The first official national Tonga Tag team participated in the Pacific Cup hosted by New Zealand in February 2012. All variants of Tag Rugby and Flag Football are played in Tonga.

Samoa
Samoan Tag Incorporated is the National Tag Sports body in Samoa. Established in 2018, The first official Tag tournament was held in Apia on 3 February 2018.

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Oztag, which is based in Australia and was established in 2015, participated in its first official tournament in 2015, the Emerging Nations Tournament before competing at the 2015 World Cup. In 2016, Sri Lanka Oztag won the Emerging Nations Tournament and will be competing in the 2018 World Cup.

United States
A tag game known as EagleTag, or non contact rugby league or flag rugby, is played in the United States using the same rules as Oz Tag. Another tag game based on the laws of rugby union, known as American flag rugby, takes place in a league every Saturday morning in July in Morris County, New Jersey.

International tag rugby league festivals
The Rochdale Swarm International Mixed Tag Rugby League Festival returned for its 7th year on 1 August 2015. Teams from France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales regularly participate alongside teams drawn from Rochdale, including Fijians and the local Asian Community, plus Kiwi and Aussie exiles. This is complemented by teams from all across England. The festival is a non-contact, mixed gender 7-a-side competition, where at least 2 of the 7 are female.

The Pig 'n' Porter Tag Rugby festival, the largest in the world, is held each July on the grounds of Old Crescent Rugby Club, Limerick, Ireland. Over 120 teams take part in the weekend event. The popularity of the event can also be attributed to the après-tag festivities which include a hog roast and live music.

The Malta International Tag Rugby Festival was launched in 2011 with teams having contested the festival in its first two seasons from England, Scotland, France and the Maltese islands of Malta and Gozo. The festival is a partner event of the Malta Rugby League (MRL). London's Try Tag Rugby All-Stars have been a regular feature at the festival every year since its inception and the festival is becoming known as 'the hottest tag rugby festival in Europe'. Winners of the Malta International Tag Rugby Festival have been Try Tag Rugby All-Stars - UK (2011), Try Tag Rugby All-Stars - UK (2012) and Tumeke - UK (2013).

In December 2015 Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia hosted the Tag Rugby World Cup. In November 2018, the Tag Rugby World Cup will be held in Coffs Harbour, Australia.

title: Tag rugby


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User:FirstPrinciples

''' I was once a regular contributor to Wikipedia. I have since lost almost all interest. If you need to contact me, good luck. '''

title: User:FirstPrinciples


text:
Enerflex

Enerflex Ltd. is a worldwide supplier of products and services to the global power generation and gas production industry, based in Calgary, Alberta.

Profile
Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Enerflex has approximately 2,200 employees and provides natural gas compression, oil and gas processing equipment for sale or lease, refrigeration systems, power generation equipment and field maintenance and contracting. Enerflex, it subsidiaries, interests in affiliates and joint-ventures, operate in Canada, the United States, Argentina, Colombia, Brasil, Mexico, Australia, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, and Indonesia.

title: Enerflex


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User talk:FirstPrinciples

 ''' Welcome to my talk page! '''
 * Please add new sections to the bottom of this page. ([ Click here to start a new talk topic]'')
 * Please sign and date your comments by inserting  -- ~  at the end.
 * I reserve the right to remove any content which I find offensive, irritating or silly.

Archived talk:
 * Archive 1 (Aug 2004 - Dec 2004)
 * Archive 2 (Dec 2004 - May 2005)
 * Archive 3 (May 2005 - July 2006)

Hi FirstPrinciples

I saw your name on the peer review page of Concentration. I teach Phys Chem and was rather dismayed at what NIST is doing to our definitions. I added a comment to Talk:Concentration that you might be interested in nl:Gebruiker:Jcwf
 * Whoops, I haven't logged in for a few weeks so I didn't get your comment until today. Thanks - I will head over to concentration and check it out. -- FirstPrinciples 08:25, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot
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Thanks for the welcome, can I talk to you outside wikipedia somehow?
Thanks for the welcome, and thanks for cleaning up that article I marked yesterday, your work looked like night and day compared to what it was yesterday, I can't believe how well it came out, great job. --Tim Thorpe 00:32, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Tim, thanks very much for the message. If you want to email me you can click the "email this user" link on my talk page, but usually it is OK to leave messages directly on the talk page. Cheers! -- FP (talk)(edits) 08:25, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Self-rating bio articles
Hello! You asked if it was okay to self-rate articles-- my rule of thumb on that is that it's okay to self-rate to (and including) B (but if someone comes along later and says its really a Start, you need to be ok with that). A's should be given by a non-involved editor though (and of course GA and FA have their own process) --plange 01:29, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks Plange, now I know how to handle future biographical articles... cheers! -- FP (talk)(edits) 06:43, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Knox College
Knox College has an identity completely indepemdemt from other university halls. It should not be merged --125.238.33.117 13:03, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with you — I am a Knox exie myself! I am still deciding how to deal with the other merge proposals, presuming someone else doesn't beat me to it. -- FP (talk)(edits) 13:08, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Byford Dolphin
Hi FP, I just had a look at the Byford Dolphin article today & noticed you had posted some comments. Thanks for your help with editing this article, from the very start. Could I ask you where you found the, "An Explosive Decompression Accident", J.C. Giertsen et al., American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 9(2):94-101, 1988. online? from which you scetched the pic. -- Mark
 * Hi Mark, I will look at my files and get back to you tomorrow. Cheers -- FP (talk)(edits) 23:06, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi again. I didn't get the article online, but photocopied it from the original journal in my local medical library. I don't think it is available online anywhere. Cheers, FP (talk)(edits) 12:34, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Reverting vandalism
Thanks for correcting the vandalism on the Jesse James article. See the article Help:Reverting for the best way to do a reversion. Dabarkey 04:00, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I know how to fix vandalism. The problem was that there were several anonymous vandal edits in a row, and I missed one of them when reverting. Thanks very much for catching that! -- FP (talk)(edits) 08:06, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Frank James Burke
Hello FirstPrinciples. Could you please help clean up the Frank James Burke article and WP:CITE sources? If you need any assistance, please let me know, I'd be glad to help. Thank you, Can't sleep, clown will eat me 12:25, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I will take a look if anything still needs to be done. -- FP (talk)(edits) 00:49, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

List of pubs
As someone who has contributed to the talk page discussion on List of publications in philosophy and/or that article's previous deletion debate, I thought you might be interested in participating in its new nomination for deletion which can be found here. Thanks. - KSchutte 17:20, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Looks like it has now gone. -- FP (talk)(edits) 00:49, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Hormesis: possible explanations
The page on hormesis has a possible explanations seciton that you contirbuted to significantly. In February of this year, some fact tags were added. I'm informing you because I think the seciton needs cleaning up and you seem like an interested editor. Pdbailey 17:27, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks, I will take a look now. -- FP (talk)(edits) 00:49, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:BabyIllustration.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:BabyIllustration.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 23:58, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh jeez.
 * The reason this has not been put in an article yet is because I have listed it for a review and obviously I don't want to go to the bother of integrating it into the article if it can't actually be used.
 * You say that the image description says it "may only be used under a claim of fair use." Actually that is not what it says at all. What the image tag says is, "anyone can use this image for any purpose." Now, I might be wrong in my use of the tag, but in the meantime, prima facie, you are wrong to say that fair use restrictions apply. -- FP (talk)(edits) 10:19, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Well I deleted the image anyway because I can't be bothered arguing over it. -- FP (talk)(edits) 10:24, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi. The statement "[Wikipedia] shall not license, transfer, or sell the Image or any copies of the Image to any person or entity." makes this image a "non-free" image for purposes of Wikipedia.  (Free as in speech, not as in pizza.) With the exception of images being used under a claim of fair use, Wikipedia only accepts images where the author explicitly grants permission for anyone to use or build upon the work for any purpose - commercial or otherwise.  Any restrictions incompatible with the GFDL are not permitted. -- B  04:34, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * You're right, I should never have uploaded the image. Please forgive my brusqueness but the rules are not always easy to interpret. I'll try to create a truly free version myself when I have the time. Many thanks -- FP (talk)(edits) 11:42, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Byford Dolphin.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Byford Dolphin.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the image description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use image by finding a freely licensed image of its subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or a similar) image under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that fair use images which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 7 days after this notification, per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. — Carl (CBM · talk) 17:53, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

GUCT
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article GUCT, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add  to the top of GUCT. Bearian (talk) 16:23, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Info
Noticed ure into pharmacology. What r the negative side effects of testosterone use for body building? I want to build muscles faster. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.203.102.79 (talk) 02:21, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Nz100.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Nz100.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this image under "fair use" may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the image description page and add or clarify the reason why the image qualifies for fair use. Adding and completing one of the templates available from Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy. Please be aware that a fair use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for images used under the fair use policy require both a copyright tag and a fair use rationale.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it might be deleted by adminstrator within a few days in accordance with our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 14:35, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I did not upload the image. If I recall correctly, I merely took the existing image, straightened it and improved the colour balance. The original uploader was Wikiphreak. However being a photo of NZ currency it seems to meet fair use criteria; see the rules at Template:NZ-Currency. -- FP (talk)(edits) 02:53, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

$100 Image
Hey there. I noticed this was deleted, so I asked the deleting admin to restore it. Unfortunately, the rationale template kind of needs a source. Do you remember where you got this picture? Confusing Manifestation (Say hi!) 22:55, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I did not upload the image. If I recall correctly, I merely took the existing image, straightened it and improved the colour balance. The original uploader was Wikiphreak (who has a slightly disturbing user page). Being a photo of NZ currency the image seems to meet all the criteria; see the full rules at The Reserve Bank.
 * In this specific case, I think you will agree it is kind of weird to require a source. Can I just say "this is a widely available public image with multiple copies, one of which was scanned by someone?" Thanks for raising the question and have a good weekend. -- FP (talk)(edits) 03:05, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know, unfortunately. I've uploaded another version, mainly so that I actually know who the source is. It's also a better quality image, not that that means much for fair use. Confusing Manifestation (Say hi!) 02:30, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Byford Dolphin
I want to know how to change the entry for the Byford Dolphin.

I have a copy of the official police report which was not available to the Inquiry Commission headed by Vice Admiral Reider Godø.

I have also spoken to all of the personnel who were onboard at the time and the families of the divers who were killed and am in contact with the diver who was severely injured on the outside of teh bell.

I have posted a video of the actual bell on the site www.nsda.no

If you check out the site I can be contact via that

Thank you for your help.

Tom Wingen —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.149.190.202 (talk) 21:41, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:Fred Olsen Logo.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:Fred Olsen Logo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:54, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

File:Sodium fluoroacetate.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Sodium fluoroacetate.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 16:56, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Proposed Image Deletion
A deletion discussion has just been created at Category talk:Unclassified Chemical Structures, which may involve one or more orphaned chemical structures, that has you user name in the upload history. Please feel free to add your comments.  Ron h jones (Talk) 22:52, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:NimrodFortress.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:NimrodFortress.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

If you are the copyright holder for this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-en@wikimedia.org, stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add OTRS pending to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to permissions-en@wikimedia.org.

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as non-free fair use or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 17:37, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

we miss u bby
come ba ck — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.252.42.233 (talk) 21:31, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

File:NimrodFortress.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:NimrodFortress.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Kelly hi! 09:02, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:48, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Frank James Burke for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Frank James Burke is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Frank James Burke until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Rogermx (talk) 15:09, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

Invitation to an in-person meetup in Mohua / Golden Bay
Thinking about your summer break? Think about joining other Wikipedians and Wikimedians in Golden Bay / Mohua! Details are on the meetup page. There's heaps of interesting stuff to work on e.g. the oldest extant waka or New Zealand's oldest ongoing legal case. Or you may spend your time taking photos and then upload them.

Golden Bay is hard to get to and the airline flying into Tākaka uses small planes, so we are holding some seats from and to Wellington and we are offering attendees a $200 travel subsidy to help with costs.

Be in touch with Schwede66 if this event interests you and you'd like to discuss logistics.  Schwede 66  09:14, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:FirstPrinciples