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Electrical impedance tomography

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive type of medical imaging in which the electrical conductivity, permittivity, and impedance of a part of the body is inferred from surface electrode measurements and used to form a tomographic image of that part. Electrical conductivity varies considerably among various biological tissues (absolute EIT) or the movement of fluids and gases within tissues (difference EIT). The majority of EIT systems apply small alternating currents at a single frequency, however, some EIT systems use multiple frequencies to better differentiate between normal and suspected abnormal tissue within the same organ (multifrequency-EIT or electrical impedance spectroscopy).

Typically, conducting surface electrodes are attached to the skin around the body part being examined. Small alternating currents will be applied to some or all of the electrodes, the resulting equi-potentials being recorded from the other electrodes (figures 1 and 2). This process will then be repeated for numerous different electrode configurations and finally result in a two-dimensional tomogram according to the image reconstruction algorithms incorporated.

Since free ion content determines tissue and fluid conductivity, muscle and blood will conduct the applied currents better than fat, bone or lung tissue. This property can be used to reconstruct static images by morphological or absolute EIT (a-EIT). However, in contrast to linear x-rays used in Computed Tomography, electric currents travel three dimensionally along all the paths simultaneously, weighted by their conductivity (thus primarily along the path of least resistivity, but not exclusively). This means, that a part of the electric current leaves the transverse plane and results in an impedance transfer. This and other factors are the reason why image reconstruction in absolute EIT is so hard, since there is usually more than just one solution for image reconstruction of a three-dimensional area projected onto a two-dimensional plane.

Mathematically, the problem of recovering conductivity from surface measurements of current and potential is a non-linear inverse problem and is severely ill-posed. The mathematical formulation of the problem is due to Alberto Calderón, and in the mathematical literature of inverse problems it is often referred to as "Calderón's inverse problem" or the "Calderón problem". There is extensive mathematical research on the problem of uniqueness of solution and numerical algorithms for this problem.

Compared to the tissue conductivities of most other soft tissues within the human thorax, lung tissue conductivity is approximately five-fold lower, resulting in high absolute contrast. This characteristic may partially explain the amount of research conducted in EIT lung imaging. Furthermore, lung conductivity fluctuates intensely during the breath cycle which accounts for the immense interest of the research community to use EIT as a bedside method to visualize inhomogeneity of lung ventilation in mechanically ventilated patients. EIT measurements between two or more physiological states, e.g. between inspiration and expiration, are therefore referred to as time difference EIT (td-EIT).

Time difference EIT (td-EIT) has one major advantage over absolute EIT (a-EIT): inaccuracies resulting from interindividual anatomy, insufficient skin contact of surface electrodes or impedance transfer can be dismissed because most artifacts will eliminate themselves due to simple image subtraction in f-EIT. This is most likely the reason why, as of today, the greatest progress of EIT research has been achieved with difference EIT.

Further EIT applications proposed include detection/location of cancer in skin, breast, or cervix, localization of epileptic foci, imaging of brain activity. as well as a diagnostic tool for impaired gastric emptying. Attempts to detect or localize tissue pathology within normal tissue usually rely on multifrequency EIT (MF-EIT), also termed Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and are based on differences in conductance patterns at varying frequencies.

History
The invention of EIT as a medical imaging technique is usually attributed to John G. Webster and a publication in 1978, although the first practical realization of a medical EIT system was detailed in 1984 due to the work of David C. Barber and Brian H. Brown. Together, Brown and Barber published the first Electrical Impedance Tomogram in 1983, visualizing the cross section of a human forearm by absolute EIT. Even though there has been substantial progress in the meantime, most a-EIT applications are still considered experimental. However, two commercial f-EIT devices for monitoring lung function in intensive care patients have been introduced just recently.

A technique similar to EIT is used in geophysics and industrial process monitoring – electrical resistivity tomography. In analogy to EIT, surface electrodes are being placed on the earth, within bore holes, or within a vessel or pipe in order to locate resistivity anomalies or monitor mixtures of conductive fluids. Setup and reconstruction techniques are comparable to EIT. In geophysics, the idea dates from the 1930s. Electrical resistivity tomography has also been proposed for mapping the electrical properties of substrates and thin films for electronic applications.

Theory
Electrical conductivity and permittivity vary among biological tissue types and depend on their free ion content. Further factors affecting conductivity include temperature and other physiological factors, e.g. the respiratory cycle between in- and expiration when lung tissue becomes more conductive due to lower content of insulating air within its alveoli.

After positioning surface electrodes through adhesive electrodes, an electrode belt or a conductive electrode vest around the body part of interest, alternating currents of typically a few milliamperes at a frequency of 10–100 kHz will be applied across two or more drive electrodes. The remaining electrodes will be used to measure the resulting voltage. The procedure will then be repeated for numerous "stimulation patterns", e.g. successive pairs of adjacent electrodes until an entire circle has been completed and image reconstruction can be carried out and displayed by a digital workstation that incorporates complex mathematical algorithms and a priori data.

The current itself is applied using current sources, either a single current source switched between electrodes using a multiplexer or a system of voltage-to-current converters, one for each electrode, each controlled by a digital-to-analog converter. The measurements again may be taken either by a single voltage measurement circuit multiplexed over the electrodes or a separate circuit for each electrode. Earlier EIT systems still used an analog demodulation circuit to convert the alternating voltage to a direct current level before running it through an analog-to-digital converter. Newer systems convert the alternating signal directly before performing digital demodulation. Depending on indication, some EIT systems are capable of working at multiple frequencies and measuring both magnitude and phase of the voltage. Voltages measured are passed on to a computer to perform image reconstruction and display. The choice of current (or voltage) patterns affects the signal-to-noise ratio significantly. With devices capable of feeding currents from all electrodes simultaneously (such as ACT3 ) it is possible to adaptively determine optimal current patterns.

If images are to be displayed in real time a typical approach is the application of some form of regularized inverse of a linearization of the forward problem or a fast version of a direct reconstruction method such as the D-bar method. Most practical systems used in the medical environment generate a 'difference image', i.e. differences in voltage between two time points are left-multiplied by the regularized inverse to calculate an approximate difference between permittivity and conductivity images. Another approach is to construct a finite element model of the body and adjust the conductivities (for example using a variant of Levenburg–Marquart method) to fit the measured data. This is more challenging as it requires an accurate body shape and the exact position of the electrodes.

Much of the fundamental work underpinning Electrical Impedance was done at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute starting in the 1980s. See also the work published in 1992 from the Glenfield Hospital Project (reference missing).

Absolute EIT approaches are targeted at digital reconstruction of static images, i.e. two-dimensional representations of the anatomy within the body part of interest. As mentioned above and unlike linear x-rays in Computed Tomography, electric currents travel three-dimensionally along the path of least resistivity (figure 1), which results in partial loss of the electric current applied (impedance transfer, e.g. due to blood flow through the transverse plane). This is one of the reasons why image reconstruction in absolute EIT is so complex, since there is usually more than just one solution for image reconstruction of a three-dimensional area projected onto a two-dimensional plane. Another difficulty is that given the number of electrodes and the measurement precision at each electrode, only objects bigger than a given size can be distinguished. This explains the necessity of highly sophisticated mathematical algorithms that will address the inverse problem and its ill-posedness.

Further difficulties in absolute EIT arise from inter- and intra-individual differences of electrode conductivity with associated image distortion and artifacts. It is also important to bear in mind that the body part of interest is rarely precisely rotund and that inter-individual anatomy varies, e.g. thorax shape, affecting individual electrode spacing. A priori data accounting for age-, height- and gender-typical anatomy can reduce sensitivity to artifacts and image distortion. Improving the signal-to-noise ratio, e.g. by using active surface electrodes, further reduces imaging errors. Some of the latest EIT systems with active electrodes monitor electrode performance through an extra channel and are able to compensate for insufficient skin contact by removing them from the measurements. Another potential solution to problem with electrode-skin contact is contactless EIT technique which uses voltage excitation and capacitive coupling instead of direct contact with the skin. Capacitively coupled electrodes are more comfortable for the patient but maintaining a constant and equal coupling capacitance for all electrodes is challenging in real measurements.

Time difference EIT bypasses most of these issues by recording measurements in the same individual between two or more physiological states associated with linear conductivity changes. One of the best examples for this approach is lung tissue during breathing due to linear conductivity changes between inspiration and expiration which are caused by varying contents of insulating air during each breath cycle. This permits digital subtraction of recorded measurements obtained during the breath cycle and results in functional images of lung ventilation. One major advantage is that relative changes of conductivity remain comparable between measurements even if one of the recording electrodes is less conductive than the others, thereby reducing most artifacts and image distortions. However, incorporating a priori data sets or meshes in difference EIT is still useful in order to project images onto the most likely organ morphology, which depends on weight, height, gender, and other individual factors.

The open source project EIDORS provides a suite of programs (written in Matlab / GNU Octave) for data reconstruction and display under the GNU GPL license. The direct nonlinear D-bar method for nonlinear EIT reconstruction is available in Matlab code at.

The Open Innovation EIT Research Initiative is aimed at advancing the development of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in general and to ultimately accelerate its clinical adoption. A plug-and-play EIT hardware and software package is available through Swisstom and can be acquired at net cost price. Image reconstruction and processing of raw data obtained with this set can be carried out without any limitations by the software tools provided through EIDORS.

Properties
In contrast to most other tomographic imaging techniques, EIT does not apply any kind of ionizing radiation. Currents typically applied in EIT are relatively small and certainly below the threshold at which they would cause significant nerve stimulation. The frequency of the alternating current is sufficiently high not to give rise to electrolytic effects in the body and the Ohmic power dissipated is sufficiently small and diffused over the body to be easily handled by the body's thermoregulatory system. These properties qualify EIT to be continuously applied in humans, e.g. during mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit (ICU). Because the equipment needed in order to perform EIT is much smaller and less costly than in conventional tomography, EIT qualifies for continuous real time visualization of lung ventilation right at the bedside. EIT's major disadvantage versus conventional tomography is its lower maximum spatial resolution (approximately 15% of electrode array diameter in EIT compared to 1 mm in CT and MRI). However, resolution can be improved using 32 instead of 16 electrodes. Image quality can be further improved by constructing an EIT system with active surface electrodes, which significantly reduce signal loss, artifacts, and interferences associated with cables as well as cable length and handling. In contrast to spatial resolution, temporal resolution of EIT (0.1 milliseconds) is much higher than in CT or MRI (0.1 seconds).

Lung (a-EIT, td-EIT)
EIT is particularly useful for monitoring lung function because lung tissue resistivity is five times higher than most other soft tissues in the thorax. This results in high absolute contrast of the lungs. In addition, lung resistivity increases and decreases several-fold between inspiration and expiration which explains why monitoring ventilation is currently the most promising clinical application of EIT since mechanical ventilation frequently results in ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI). The feasibility of EIT for lung imaging was first demonstrated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1990 using the NOSER algorithm. Time difference EIT can resolve the changes in the distribution of lung volumes between dependent and non-dependent lung regions and assist in adjusting ventilator settings to provide lung protective ventilation to patients during critical illness or anesthesia.

Most EIT studies have focused on monitoring regional lung function using the information determined by time difference EIT (td-EIT). However absolute EIT (a-EIT) also has the potential to become a clinically useful tool for lung imaging, as this approach would allow one to directly distinguish between lung conditions which result from regions with lower resistivity (e.g. hemothorax, pleural effusion, atelectasis, lung edema) and those with higher resistivity (e.g. pneumothorax, emphysema).

The above image shows an EIT study of a 10-day-old baby breathing normally with 16 adhesive electrodes applied to the chest.

Image reconstruction from absolute impedance measurements requires consideration of the exact dimensions and shape of a body as well as the precise electrode location since simplified assumptions would lead to major reconstruction artifacts. While initial studies assessing aspects of absolute EIT have been published, this area of research has not yet reached the level of maturity which would make it suitable for clinical use.

In contrast, time difference EIT determines relative impedance changes that may be caused by either ventilation or changes of end-expiratory lung volume. These relative changes are referred to a baseline level, which is typically defined by the intra-thoracic impedance distribution at the end of expiration. Time difference EIT images can be generated continuously and right at the bedside. These attributes make regional lung function monitoring particularly useful whenever there is a need to improve oxygenation or CO2 elimination and when therapy changes are intended to achieve a more homogenous gas distribution in mechanically ventilated patients. EIT lung imaging can resolve the changes in the regional distribution of lung volumes between e.g. dependent and non-dependent lung regions as ventilator parameters are changed. Thus, EIT measurements may be used to guide specific ventilator settings to maintain lung protective ventilation for each patient.

Besides the applicability of EIT in the ICU, first studies with spontaneously breathing patients reveal further promising applications. The high temporal resolution of EIT allows regional assessment of common dynamic parameters used in pulmonary function testing (e.g. forced expiratory volume in 1 second). Additionally, specially developed image fusion methods overlaying functional EIT-data with morphological patient data (e.g. CT or MRI images) may be used to get a comprehensive insight into the pathophysiology of the lungs, which might be useful for patients with obstructive lung diseases (e.g. COPD, CF).

After many years of lung EIT research with provisional EIT equipment or series models manufactured in very small numbers, three commercial systems for lung EIT have entered in the medical technology market: Timpel Medical - ENLIGHT 2100, Dräger's PulmoVista® 500 and Swisstom AG's Swisstom BB2. The models are currently being installed in intensive care units and are already used as aides in decision-making processes related to the treatment of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

The increasing availability of commercial EIT systems in ICUs will show whether the promising body of evidence obtained from animal models will apply to humans as well (EIT-guided lung recruitment, selection of optimum PEEP levels, pneumothorax detection, prevention of ventilator associated lung injury (VALI), etc.). This would be highly desirable, given that recent studies suggest that 15% of mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU will develop acute lung injury (ALI) with attendant progressive lung collapse and which is associated with a reportedly high mortality of 39%. Just recently, the first prospective animal trial on EIT-guided mechanical ventilation and outcome could demonstrate significant benefits in regard to respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, and histological signs of ventilator-associated lung injury.

In addition to visual information (e.g. regional distribution of tidal volume), EIT measurements provide raw data sets that can be used to calculate other helpful information (e.g. changes of intrathoracal gas volume during critical illness) – however, such parameters still require careful evaluation and validation.

Another interesting aspect of thoracic EIT is its ability to record and filter pulsatile signals of perfusion. Although promising studies have been published on this topic, this technology is still at its beginnings. A breakthrough would allow simultaneous visualization of both regional blood flow and regional ventilation – enabling clinicians to locate and react upon physiological shunts caused by regional mismatches of lung ventilation and perfusion with associated hypoxemia.

Breast (MF-EIT)
EIT is being investigated in the field of breast imaging as an alternative/complementary technique to mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for breast cancer detection. The low specificity of mammography and of MRI result in a relatively high rate of false positive screenings, with high distress for patients and cost for healthcare structures. Development of alternative imaging techniques for this indication would be desirable due to the shortcomings of the existing methods: ionizing radiation in mammography and the risk of inducing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with decreased renal function by administering the contrast agent used in breast MRI, Gadolinium.

Literature shows that the electrical properties differ between normal and malignant breast tissues, setting the stage for cancer detection through determination of electrical properties.

An early commercial development of non-tomographic electrical impedance imaging was the T-Scan device which was reported to improve sensitivity and specificity when used as an adjunct to screening mammography. A report to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) describes a study involving 504 subjects where the sensitivity of mammography was 82%, 62% for the T-Scan alone, and 88% for the two combined. The specificity was 39% for mammography, 47% for the T-Scan alone, and 51% for the two combined.

Several research groups across the world are actively developing the technique. A frequency sweep seems to be an effective technique for detecting breast cancer using EIT.

United States Patent US 8,200,309 B2 combines electrical impedance scanning with magnetic resonance low frequency current density imaging in a clinically acceptable configuration not requiring the use of gadolinium chelate enhancement in magnetic resonance mammography.

Cervix (MF-EIT)
In addition to his pioneering role in the development of the first EIT systems in Sheffield professor Brian H. Brown is currently active in the research and development of an electrical impedance spectroscope based on MF-EIT. According to a study published by Brown in 2000, MF-EIT is able to predict [Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia] (CIN) grades 2 and 3 according to Pap smear with a sensitivity and specificity of 92% each. Whether cervical MF-EIT is going to be introduced as an adjunct or an alternative to the Pap smear has yet to be decided. Brown is academic founder of Zilico Limited which distributes the spectroscope (ZedScan I). The device received EC certification from its Notified Body in 2013 and is currently being introduced into a number of clinics in the UK and healthcare systems across the globe.

Brain (a-EIT, td-EIT, mf-EIT)
EIT has been suggested as a basis for brain imaging to enable detection and monitoring of cerebral ischemia, haemorrhage, and other morphological pathologies associated with impedance changes due to neuronal cell swelling, i.e. cerebral hypoxemia and hypoglycemia.

While EIT's maximum spatial resolution of approximately 15% of the electrode array diameter is significantly lower than that of cerebral CT or MRI (about one millimeter), temporal resolution of EIT is much higher than in CT or MRI (0.1 milliseconds compared to 0.1 seconds). This makes EIT also interesting for monitoring normal brain function and neuronal activity in intensive care units or the preoperative setting for localization of epileptic foci by telemetric recordings.

Holder was able to demonstrate in 1992 that changes of intracerebral impedance can be detected noninvasively through the cranium by surface electrode measurements. Animal models of experimental stroke or seizure showed increases of impedance of up to 100% and 10%, respectively. More recent EIT systems offer the option to apply alternating currents from non-adjacent drive electrodes. So far, cerebral EIT has not yet reached the maturity to be adopted in clinical routine, yet clinical studies are currently being performed on stroke and epilepsy.

In this use EIT depends upon applying low frequency currents above the skull that are around <100 Hz since during neuronal rest at this frequency these currents remain in the extracellular space and therefore unable to enter the intracellular space within neurons. However, when a neuron generates an action potential or is about to be depolarized, resistance of its membrane preventing this will be reduced by eighty-fold. Whenever this happens in a larger numbers of neurons, resistivity changes of about 0.06–1.7 % will result. These changes in resistivity provide a means of detecting coherent neuronal activity across larger numbers of neurons and so the tomographic imaging of neural brain activity.

Unfortunately while such changes are detectable "they are just too small to support reliable production of images." The prospects of using this technique for this indication will depend upon improved signal processing or recording.

A study reported in June 2011 that Functional Electrical Impedance Tomography by Evoke Response (fEITER) has been used to image changes in brain activity after injection of an anaesthetic. One of the benefits of the technique is that the equipment required is small enough and easy enough to transport so that it can be used for monitoring depth of anesthesia in operating theatres.

Perfusion (td-EIT)
Due to its relatively high conductivity, blood may be used for functional imaging of perfusion in tissues and organs characterized by lower conductivities, e.g. to visualize regional lung perfusion. Background of this approach is that pulsatile tissue impedance changes according to differences in the filling of blood vessels between systole and diastole, particularly when injecting saline as contrasting agent.

Sports medicine / home care (a-EIT, td-EIT)
Electrical impedance measurements may also be used to calculate abstract parameters, i.e. nonvisual information. Recent advances in EIT technology as well as the lower number of electrodes required for recording global instead of regional parameters in healthy individuals can be used for non-invasive determination of e.g. VO2 or arterial blood pressure in sports medicine or home care.

a-EIT and td-EIT
Even though medical EIT systems had not been used broadly until recently, several medical equipment manufacturers have been supplying commercial versions of lung imaging systems developed by university research groups. The first such system is produced by Maltron International who distribute the Sheffield Mark 3.5 system with 16 electrodes. Similar systems are the Goe MF II system developed by the University of Göttingen, Germany and distributed through CareFusion (16 electrodes) as well as the Enlight 1800 developed at the University of São Paulo School of Medicine and the Polytechnic Institute of the University of São Paulo, Brazil which is distributed by Timpel SA (Adult Belt Reusable - 32 electrodes; Pediatric Belt Reusable - 24 electrodes; Neonatal Belt Disposable - 16 electrodes). Timpel Medical has now released their second generation ENLIGHT 2100 and is the only FDA cleared electrical impedance tomography device commercially available in the United States. These systems typically comply with medical safety legislation and have been primarily employed by clinical research groups in hospitals, most of them in critical care.

The first EIT device for lung function monitoring designed for everyday clinical use in the critical care environment has been made available by Dräger Medical in 2011 – the PulmoVista® 500 (16-electrode system). Another commercial EIT system designed for monitoring lung function in the ICU setting is based on 32 active electrodes and was first presented at 2013's annual ESICM congress – the Swisstom BB2. In the meantime, Swisstom AG's Swisstom’s BB2 has been released to the market at 2014's International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine (ISICEM) and will be distributed in Western Europe through a partnership between Swisstom and Maquet.

Timpel Medical
New strategies in artificial ventilation began to be developed through a research project, led by Marcelo Amato MD, PhD, University of São Paulo pulmonologist, between 2002 and 2008. These new ventilation strategies drove the need for innovation that would allow real-time visualization of ventilation and the individualization of treatment at the bedside. With this objective in mind, Timpel was created in 2004. In the same year, Dr Amato and his Team published the article “Imbalances in Regional Lung Ventilation: A Validation Study on Electrical Impedance Tomography” in the renowned ATS Journal, the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine otherwise known as the Blue Journal. This was just the beginning of the journey. Amato’s research Team published more than 30 articles about EIT from 2004 to 2023. This research has contributed to the many tools available with EIT today. Because of the tremendous interest in EIT and the value the technology brings to the bedside, researchers around the world have contributed to the body of evidence with more than 250 peer reviewed publications in press by 2022. Timpel's name is derived from the technology (Electric Impedance Tomography) written in reverse. El – electrical; Imp – impedance; T-tomography. Timpel is passionate and motivated: to make EIT a valuable adjunctive tool for lung protective strategies contributing to the next generation methodology of treating critically ill patients at the bedside. With Timpel’s ENLIGHT, electrical impedance tomography device each patient’s care is individualized based on their lung disease. ENLIGHT gives the Clinicians visibility of the ventilation disease profile in real time, at the bedside without the added risk of transportation.

MF-EIT
Multifrequency-EIT (MF-EIT) or electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) systems are typically designed to detect or locate abnormal tissue, e.g. precancerous lesions or cancer. Impedance Medical Technologies manufacture systems based on designs by the Research Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Science in Moscow, that are aimed especially at breast cancer detection. Texas-based Mirabel Medical Systems, Inc. develops a similar solution for non-invasive detection of breast cancer and offers the T-Scan 2000ED. Zilico Limited distributes an electrical impedance spectroscope named ZedScan I as a medical device supposed to aid cervical intraepithelial neoplasia location/diagnosis. The device just received EC certification in 2013.

V5R
The v5r is a high performance device, based upon a voltage-voltage measurement technique, designed to improve process control. The high frame rate of the v5r (over 650 frames per second) means that it can be used to monitor rapidly evolving processes or dynamic flow conditions. The data it provides can be used to determine the flow profile of complex multiphase processes; allowing engineers to discriminate between laminar flow, plug flow and other important flow conditions for deeper understanding and improved process control.

When used for concentration measurements, the ability to measure full impedance across a wide range of phase ratios means the v5r is able to deliver considerable accuracy across a wider conductivity range compared to other devices.

title: Electrical impedance tomography


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Talk:China Burma India theater

SEAC
I am not sure that Stilwell was under the command of SEAC (Mountbatten) but as it started in India that is likley. If you know bette please correct his page and fix the mention of the Ledo Road on the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II and Burma Campaign pages. Philip Baird Shearer 11:16, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Philip, the point of my change was this: if a unit was part of CBI, it doesn't automatically mean it was part of SEAC; i.e. the US command (CBI) overlapped two separate Allied commands: SEAC and China. No-one could have persuaded Chiang to take orders from an India/SEAC CinC. Which is probably why Stilwell had his secondary role as Chiang's Chief of Staff -- having a US general as CoS both preserved Chiang's dignity, gave him a direct link to the White House, and gave the western Allies some influence (but not much, since Chiang apparently was more pre-occupied with stockpiling arms for a future war against Mao, as he was with fighting Japan.) As this article points out, the anomaly of the CBI overlap was eventually addressed by the separation of the US forces into USFBIT and USFCT. And whether or not USFCT was actually part of SEAC is another issue again. Grant65 (Talk) 00:01, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

Here we are. A US Army official history says: "The American air commander in the CBI had a status comparable to that of Stilwell, who also wore quite a number of hats. Part of Stratemeyer's command, the Tenth Air Force, had been integrated with the RAF in India in December and was operating under Mountbatten. Another part of it, the Fourteenth Air Force in China, was at least technically under the jurisdiction of Chiang as theater commander."The Second Front and the Secondary War The CBI: January-May 1944 Grant65 (Talk) 12:08, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep there is some ambiguity about it. I came across a letter to from Chennault to FDR (26/1/1944) where he says:
 * ''Unfortunately, since the abandonment of the plan for a major campaign in Burma, the China program appears to consist exclusively of the Matterhorn Project, for long range bombing of Japan. No additions to the program seem likely. The Chinese leaders, while I am sure they will approve and cooperate in the operations which I suggest, are too preoccupied with domestic and financial problems to take the initiative. I am glad to say that I was recently able to explain the potentialities of an attack on Japanese shipping and air power to Lord Louis Mountbatten and General Wedemeyer. They immediately grasped its importance, and have promised to support the plan in the appropriate quarters. But they are in no position to do over-all planning for China, and an over-all plan is required.

 * Why would he be asking Mountbatten and General Wedemeyer "to do over-all planning for China" if his forces were not under SEAC? We know for certain that the strategic bomber forces in Asia and the Pacific were not under theatre command, just as they were not in Europe or the Med either, so we can say that the Twentieth Air Force was not under SEAC. However there are a number of stages in US tactical air forces in China.
 * Tigers before the start of WWII
 * Tigers after the start of WWII and during the fall of Rangoon. -- when did CBI start?
 * 14th Air Force before SEAC
 * 14th Air Force during SEAC before the loss of Airfields in China (1944)
 * 14the Air Force during the last year of the war
 * Some of the 14th were definatly under SEAC, eg No. 490 Bomb Squadron USAAF.
 * I think that we need to establish a time line and a battle order before developing the idea on the CBI page. I would be a good idea to do the same thing for the Tenth Air Force as well.--Philip Baird Shearer 13:23, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Before I saw this I finished a major re-write. Apart from anything else there were numerous typos and fragmentary sentences. See what you think.Grant65 (Talk) 14:10, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Better, but I have done a re-write on the first section. I have left a lot of things ambigious until the facts can be nailed down. Here is a reference which might helps a little: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/wwii/WCP/enchApxB4.html

 * One of the things to rember about the CBI is that only ground combat troops the US had in theater were the 3000 of Merrill's Marauders, and they nearly ended up as part of the Chindits so it is not supprising that the official US Army view of the Burma campaign was that it was only being fought to aid the construction of airbases in China. This is not the British view! But which ever way it is cut if the Japanese had captured Dimapur on the Northeast Indian Railways during World War II then supplies to the Hump and the the Ledo Road would have been cut. You might find Ledo Road about it interesting. Philip Baird Shearer 20:10, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Why move from CBI Theater WWII
The problem with the word theater is that it has more than one meaning. Philip Baird Shearer 10:06, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Is there a theatrical theatre called the "China Burma India Theatre"? :-) Grant65 (Talk) 11:22, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

Not that I know of, but south east Asian theatre turned up a number of hits on Google! So far all the "theatres " end in World War II and "theaters of operations" do not ( "European Theatre of World War II", "South East Theater of World War II") As this was a theater and not a "theater of operations" I would like to keep the original name so that there is no future ambiguity, with someone wanting to stick a See ....(disambiguation) at the top. As I created the original article and name I would like to claim squaters rights on it, so unless you have strong feeling about it I would like to move the page back and keep a redirect from "China Burma India Theater".

An examples of what I mean are Digger (which I sorted out when sorting out levellers), and stormtrooper which listed links to Sturmabteilung-brown shirts, Imperial Stormtroopers-Star wars, and Sturmtruppen-Italian commic with the total explanation of the word as "Regular army assault/shock troops. From the German Sturmtruppen."

PS. I spoke too soon looking at the "levellers" link someone had altered it link to the levellers(disambiguation) page (Sigh!) Philip Baird Shearer 13:19, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If you do not reply within 24 hours, I'll assume that you do not mind if the page is moved back to its original name. Philip Baird Shearer 16:27, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hmmm...don't think its 24 hours. I really don't think there is any room for confusion, I mean what else is the "CBI" conjunction used for? It's far, far less common than even (e.g.) "south west pacific area" which does turn up some non-WW2-related travel/tourism sites on Google (I think).Grant65 (Talk) 15:49, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

Woops moved at 13:28:41, Sorry it seemed like a lot longer than 24 hours since I posted the above. Why do you want to move it? Philip Baird Shearer 22:13, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I know where you're coming from, I recently started Air raids on Darwin, February 19, 1942 and there have already been suggestions it should be moved to "Attack on Darwin", "Air raid on Darwin", etc. My reasoning was that people will do web searches for "china burma india theater" and find it, so the "wwii" was superfluous. It doesn't really matter though. Grant65 (Talk) 01:13, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

Task forces
I have just moved the tags for the British-task-force, Chinese-task-force, Indian-task-force, and Japanese-task-force to South-East Asian theater of World War II, which is the general article on the theatre as a whole in 1941-45. CBI was basically US technical jargon for a US supply area. Grant65 | Talk 06:08, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Not a theater of operations
See China Burma India Theater of World War II
 * The US forces in the CBI theater were grouped together for administrative purposes under the command of General Joseph "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell, but unlike the other theaters in the war, for example the European Theater of Operations, it was never a "theater of operations" and did not have an overall operational command.

The theater of operations was the South-East Asian theatre of World War II --Philip Baird Shearer (talk) 00:59, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * According to the Center of Military History for the United States Army, published a document called Burma, 1942 (CMH Pub 72-21) which states:

 * "Even as Stilwell assembled his staff in Washington and began the long journey to the China-Burma-India (CBI) Theater of Operations, the situation in Burma was deteriorating rapidly"

 * "As Stilwell prepared for his new assignment, the 10th U.S. Air Force was activated in Ohio and slated for deployment to the CBI Theater of Operations."

 * There are references of both as a theater and theater of operations which are published and documented by the United States Military. -Signaleer (talk) 15:37, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

If it was a Theatre of Operations then what was the operational command for the theater? --Philip Baird Shearer (talk) 15:56, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * That's a question that should be directed towards the Center of Military History in Washington, D.C. -Signaleer (talk) 11:34, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the problem we run into here is problems of semantics. It took me some time but I found in the copy of the Official History. The following
 * "In the absence of further, conflicting evidence, it must be assumed that both the War Department and General Stilwell regarded the Department's 22 June radio as sufficient authority for the establishment of an American theater of operations in China, Burma, and India." (p. 193 United States Army in World War II China-Burma-India Theater, Stillwell's Mission to China by Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland)
 * It is hardly a ringing endorsement of the claim in the U.S Army Official History! --Philip Baird Shearer (talk) 00:23, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The United States Army's Center of Military History is a reliable and credible source of information, considering that they are responsible for the history of the United States Army, more so than yourself. -Signaleer (talk) 12:07, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll toss in my 2 cents. All of the contemporary literature and documents, and the official histories later based on them, show that the "CBI" was an often-mentioned area of the world, but a composite description of two U.S. theaters (whether or not these "theaters" met anyone's "official" definition): the India-Burma theater, and the China theater. At some future date a brief section might put all these notions together without any need to be "definitive". Such "loose" descriptions occurred throughout WWII. All this posturing, esp. the negatives tossed in, is a waste of energy.--Reedmalloy (talk) 17:29, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Narrative
The article is full of useful information but lacks a narrative, which I am adding. It is based on the material I wrote (alone) for Citizendium in 2008, and found at Citizendium Rjensen (talk) 14:24, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

This has got to go
''In 1941 and 1942, Japan was overextended. Its naval base could not defend its conquests, and its industrial base could not beef up the navy. To cut off China from Allied aid, it went into Burma, captured Rangoon on March 8, 1942, cutting the Burma Road lifeline to China. Moving north the Japanese took Tounggoo, Burma, then captured Lashio in upper Burma on April 29. The British, primarily concerned with India, looked to Burma as the main theater of action against Japan and wanted Chinese troops to fight there.[5] The United States conjured up visions of millions of Chinese soldiers who would hold the Japanese then throw them back, while providing close-in airbases for a systematic firebombing of Japanese cities. The overland supply route from India to China had to go through Burma. Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek realized it was all fantasy. On the other hand, there were vast sums of American dollars available if he collaborated. He did so and managed to feed his starving soldiers, but they were so poorly equipped and led that offensive operations against the Japanese in China were impossible. However, Chiang did release two Chinese armies for action in Burma under Stilwell. They were smashed by the Japanese and Stilwell, on foot, barely escaped to India; the recovery of Burma and construction of the Ledo Road to supply China via Burma became an obsession for Stilwell.[6]''

I will do some copyediting but I hope others will join in.....this writing does not belong in wikipedia. DMorpheus2 (talk) 14:05, 29 December 2016 (UTC)

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Army Air Forces, India-Burma Theater
Some stub data for this new article, from Craven & Cate --p449-- The majority of the American troops in the theater were AAF, and the principal function of ASF troops had been support of air operations. The approaching ground offensive in Burma could be expected to alter this situation, however, and Stilwell's emphasis on the importance of the Ledo Road caused apprehension among AAF leaders that the air effort might suffer from diversions to that project. Accordingly, it seemed to them advisable that a high-ranking AAF officer should be placed on Stilwell's staff.63 For different reasons, Stilwell himself had made a similar suggestion as early as March 1943. Anticipating an effort to gain for Chennault the command of all CBI air forces, he had suggested the appointment of some other officer as theater air commander.64 It is altogether possible that this suggestion had some effect on the decision to send General Stratemeyer on a special mission to the Far East in the spring, and that even this early Marshall and Arnold had him in mind for the proposed command. In any case, Stratemeyer, following his return to Washington early in June, possessed firsthand information regarding the problems of CBI which made of him a logical choice. On 28 June 1943 the President informed the Generalissimo that General Stratemeyer would be sent with a small staff of air officers to straighten out the movement of personnel and supplies through India and Burma to China.65
 * "    It was evident enough that the American military organization in Asia, shaped partially by the exigencies of war and partly by political necessity, was not ideal. All U.S. Army forces in CBI were under the command of Stilwell, who maintained a forward echelon headquarters at Chungking, where he spent most of his time, and a rear echelon at New Delhi. The Tenth Air Force, operating from Assam and Bengal, had headquarters at New Delhi. The Fourteenth's headquarters was at Kunming, some distance from Chungking. The India-China Wing of ATC had its headquarters at Chabua.

As senior air officer in the theater, it was to be expected that Stratemeyer would have command control over the Tenth and Fourteenth Air Forces. The Generalissimo had previously objected to such an arrangement, however, and the President's communication of 28 June gave assurance that the new commander would be instructed not to interfere with the special relations between Chennault and Chiang. Stilwell quickly protested the concession to Chiang, asking permission of Marshall to withhold the President's message from the Generalissimo until the whole question could be reconsidered.66 But General Marshall informed Stilwell on 1 July that the question had already been discussed with the Generalissimo by Dr. Soong, and that the condition stated in the President's letter represented the only one upon which Stratemeyer could be appointed.67 Stratemeyer would have only advisory authority over the Fourteenth Air Force. This decision led to a division of the AAF in CBI into the India-Burma Sector (IBS) and the China Sector, with Stratemeyer given little more than control of the Tenth Air Force. Taking advantage of the organizational changes pending in CBI, the Generalissimo also sought to end the Chennault-

--450--

Bissell friction by requesting on 17 July that the latter be removed by the President.68 Three days later the decision was made to replace Bissell, and on 20 July, Davidson was appointed commanding general of the Tenth Air Force. Davidson assumed command on 19 August, and the next day Stratemeyer assumed command of Headquarters, USAAF IBS, CBI.69

Patience and tact were of the highest importance in the ticklish position Stratemeyer assumed. The Air Adjutant General on 28 July had authorized activation of "The Headquarters of the Commanding General, Army Air Force Units, India-Burma Theater and Air Adviser to the Asiatic Theater Commander," and directed that it be activated at the earliest possible moment by the commanding general of the United States Army Forces in China-Burma-India. The letter did nothing to clarify the situation, for at that time there was neither an "India-Burma Theater" nor an "Asiatic Theater"; nor was Stratemeyer to be vested with command of all air force units in the CBI. Nevertheless, on authority of the above letter, Stilwell announced on 20 August 1943 the activation of Headquarters, United States Army Air Forces, India-Burma Sector, China-Burma-India, under the command of Stratemeyer.70 At the same time Stilwell announced activation of Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, China-Burma-India Air Service Command (Prov.) and asked authority to inactivate the X and XIV Air Service Commands, the latter of which had been activated on 19 May. He notified the War Department that the Karachi American Air Base Command, which since early 1943 had engaged in the training of Chinese pilots, was to be inactivated and announced the activation of Headquarters, China-Burma-India Air Forces Training Unit (Prov.) at Karachi under Brig. Gen. Julian Haddon. Thus training of the Chinese-American air units, control of which theretofore had been exercised indirectly by Chennault, passed to the theater air adviser.* Stilwell also announced that the headquarters of the Tenth Air Force would be moved to Calcutta as soon as possible, at which time the India Air Task Force would be inactivated. Meanwhile, the following units were assigned to Stratemeyer's command: Tenth Air Force; Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, China-Burma-India Air Service Command (Prov.); China-Burma-India Air Forces Training Unit; 10th Weather Squadron; 10th AAC Squadron; and 22d

* See below, p. 529.

--451--

Statistical Control Unit. Included with these, of course, was the air base command in Assam.71

Stratemeyer's duties, then, included direct control of the Tenth Air Force and the CBI Air Service Command. Furthermore, he was responsible for the supply and maintenance of the Fourteenth Air Force in China and for protection of the Hump route. In addition, he was expected to coordinate activities of the India-China Wing, ATC with theater operations, assist Stilwell in over-all planning for air warfare, and supervise the air training of Chinese personnel at Karachi.72

Because of geographical and political considerations it was contemplated that Stratemeyer's headquarters should be small and highly mobile.73 Consequently, on 21 August 1943 a selected group of officers reported for duty, and on 23 August were given their new assignments. These included: Col. Charles B. Stone, III, Chief of Staff; Col. Edward P. Streeter, Deputy Chief of Staff; Col. Alvin R. Luedecke, Assistant Chief of Staff, Plans, Operations, Training, and Intelligence; Col. James H. Higgs, Assistant Chief of Staff, Administration; Col. W. Frank DeWitt, Surgeon; Lt. Col. Joseph S. Clark, Jr., Management Control; Lt. Col. Frank R. Schneider, Deputy Chief of Management Control. Personnel of the Tenth Air Force and X Air Service Command were used to round out the staff.74

Despite this economical utilization of personnel, it soon became evident that an organization different from that originally contemplated was required. Lack of adequate communications and the necessity for Stratemeyer to have ready access to various administrative and policymaking agencies with which he had to work were important considerations. The location at New Delhi of British and Indian authorities, of the U.S. Services of Supply, of Stilwell's rear echelon, of the British army's GHQ, and of Air Headquarters, India Command, RAF made this the only logical location for Stratemeyer's staff. Plans for a mobile group had to be abandoned in favor of a permanently located headquarters, and hope for establishing the headquarters in a forward area near the actual scene of combat was given up. After it was seen that mobility of headquarters was impracticable and that doing double duty was working hardships on officers serving in dual capacities, Stratemeyer asked that allotment of personnel for his headquarters be increased.75 On 1 October 1943 approval was granted for 302 officers, 16 warrant officers, and 1,004 enlisted men; but even this substantial increase represented only 75 per cent of the personnel requested.76

--452--

Almost simultaneously with these changes in the American military organization came plans determined upon at the QUADRANT conference, meeting at Quebec in August 1943, for even more far-reaching organizational changes in Asia. As the time for offensive action in Burma approached, the need for closer cooperation between the Allies became more acute. The creation of a unified command with a supreme allied commander was an obvious procedure, but selection of a commander acceptable to the United States, Great Britain, and China, not to mention the fixing of geographical limits for such a command, presented almost insuperable obstacles. A British commander for the entire theater would not be acceptable to the Chinese. An American commander might satisfy the Chinese, but the British could not agree to such a plan because of the necessity for bolstering the Empire's prestige. A Chinese commander was not seriously considered.

Once more the political situation was the governing force which led to further confusion of an already complicated organizational setup. At Quebec the Southeast Asia Command (SEAC) was established, and Lord Louis Mountbatten was designated Supreme Allied Commander-in-Chief, with Stilwell as Deputy Supreme Allied Commander. From the operational sphere of SEAC, however, China, Indo-China, and India were excluded.77 Mountbatten would have no control over American-trained Chinese ground forces except through Stilwell in his capacity as chief of staff of the Chinese army, which meant, of course, that ultimate authority rested with the Generalissimo. Although SEAC did not include India, the major part of its assigned forces would have to be based there. Mountbatten's command did not include the large Indian army.

Meanwhile, Stilwell continued in his capacity as commanding general of United States Army Forces in China-Burma-India and as such was in direct command of all American troops, whether in India, Burma, or China. The position to be occupied by Stratemeyer in this new organization was not immediately clear. It was contemplated, however, that he would be in command of all AAF units assigned to SEAC. The difficulties were recognized, and on 28 August 1943, General Arnold wrote letters to Stilwell, Stratemeyer, and Chennault, asking each to do his best to make the unwieldy organization function." -Craven & Cate, 449-453, "Army Air Forces in World War II Vol. IV The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan August 1942 to July 1944", Chap 12, at HyperWar, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/IV/AAF-IV-13.html

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Asiatic-Pacific Theater which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:02, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

CBI, service
My father, Staff Sergeant Ross, served at the CBI. I'm interested in the stories. 97.121.145.234 (talk) 22:44, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:China Burma India theater


text:
David Baldacci

David Baldacci, known by his pseudonym David Baldacci Ford (born August 5, 1960) is an American novelist. An attorney by education, Baldacci writes mainly suspense novels and legal thrillers.

Early life and education
David Baldacci was born and raised in Richmond, Virginia. He graduated from Henrico High School and earned a B.A. in political science from Virginia Commonwealth University and a Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law, after which he practiced law for nine years in Washington, D.C.

Career

Baldacci began writing stories as a child, when his mother gave him a notebook in which to record them. He wrote for more than two decades, penning short stories and later screenplays without much success.

While practicing law, he turned to novel writing, taking three years to write Absolute Power. Published in 1996, it was sold internationally. To date, Baldacci has published 46 novels for adults as well as seven novels for younger readers.

Personal life and philanthropy
Baldacci resides in Fairfax County, Virginia, with his family. He has a daughter and a son.

Baldacci and his wife, Michelle, are the co-founders of the Wish You Well Foundation, which works to combat illiteracy in the United States by funding adult literacy programs. Baldacci became involved with the National Multiple Sclerosis Society after his sister, author Sharon Baldacci, was diagnosed with MS.

Baldacci has served for more than a decade on the board of trustees of the Mark Twain House & Museum in Hartford, Connecticut. In 2019, he donated $1 million to the home.

Works
Baldacci's first novel, Absolute Power, tells the story of a fictional American president and his Secret Service agents who are willing to commit murder in order to cover up the accidental death of a woman with whom the President was having an affair. It was adapted as a film, Absolute Power (1997), starring Clint Eastwood and Gene Hackman.

Baldacci wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of his novel Wish You Well; the movie was shot on location in southwest Virginia with Academy Award winner Ellen Burstyn, Josh Lucas, and Mackenzie Foy in the lead roles.

Baldacci was a consulting producer on King & Maxwell, a TNT television series based on his characters Sean King and Michelle Maxwell. Jon Tenney and Rebecca Romijn starred.

The Christmas Train, Baldacci's eighth novel, was adapted in 2017 by Hallmark Channel as a Hallmark Hall of Fame feature presentation. The TV movie starred Dermot Mulroney, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, Danny Glover and Joan Cusack and was directed by Ron Oliver.

Baldacci's novel One Summer was adapted in 2021 for Hallmark Movies & Mysteries and starred Sam Page, Sarah Drew and Amanda Schull.

Baldacci's novels have been published in over 45 languages and in more than 80 countries, with over 130 million worldwide sales as of 2018.

Sean King and Michelle Maxwell series

 * Split Second (2003)
 * Hour Game (2004)
 * Simple Genius (2007)
 * First Family (2009)
 * The Sixth Man (2011)
 * King and Maxwell (2013)

The Camel Club series

 * The Camel Club (2005)
 * The Collectors (2006)
 * Stone Cold (2007)
 * Divine Justice (2008)
 * Hell's Corner (2010)

A. Shaw and Katie James series

 * The Whole Truth (2008)
 * Deliver Us From Evil (2010)

John Puller series

 * Zero Day (2011)
 * The Forgotten (2012)
 * The Escape (2014)
 * No Man's Land (2016)
 * John Puller guests in the Atlee Pine thriller Daylight (2020)

Will Robie series

 * The Innocent (2012)
 * The Hit (2013)
 * The Target (2014)
 * The Guilty (2015)
 * End Game (2017)

Amos Decker series

 * Memory Man (2015)
 * The Last Mile (2016)
 * The Fix (2017)
 * The Fallen (2018)
 * Redemption (2019)
 * Walk The Wire (2020)
 * Long Shadows (2022)

Atlee Pine series

 * Long Road to Mercy (2018)
 * A Minute to Midnight (2019)
 * Daylight (2020, John Puller crossover)
 * Mercy (2021)

Aloysius Archer series

 * One Good Deed (2019)
 * A Gambling Man (2021)
 * Dream Town (2022)

Travis Devine series

 * The 6:20 Man (2022)
 * The Edge (2023)

Mickey Gibson series

 * Simply Lies (2023)

Stand-alone novels

 * Absolute Power (1996)
 * Total Control (1997)
 * The Winner (1998)
 * The Simple Truth (1998)
 * Saving Faith (1999)
 * Wish You Well (2001)
 * Last Man Standing (2001)
 * The Christmas Train (2003)
 * True Blue (2009)
 * One Summer (2011)
 * A Calamity of Souls (2024)

Short stories and novellas

 * Waiting for Santa (short story) (2002)
 * No Time Left (short story) (2012)
 * Bullseye (short story) Will Robie / Camel Club (2014)
 * The Mighty Johns also known as The Final Play (novella) (2021)

Freddy and the French Fries series

 * Freddy and the French Fries: Fries Alive! (Little, Brown and Company, 2005), Baldacci's debut novel for young readers
 * Freddy and the French Fries: The Mystery of Silas Finklebean (Little, Brown and Company, 2006)

The 39 Clues series

 * Day of Doom (Scholastic Publishing, 2013), Book 6 in the "Cahills vs. Vespers" series of The 39 Clues books

Vega Jane series

 * The Finisher (Scholastic Press, 2014), published in the U.K. as The Secrets of Sorcery
 * The Keeper (Scholastic Press, 2015), published in the U.K. as The Maze of Monsters
 * The Width of the World (Scholastic Press, 2017), published in the U.K. as The Rebels' Revolt
 * The Stars Below (Scholastic Press, 2019), published in the U.K. as The End of Time

Adaptations

 * Absolute Power (1997 film), starring Clint Eastwood, Gene Hackman, and Ed Harris
 * King & Maxwell (2013 TV series), starring Jon Tenney and Rebecca Romijn
 * Wish You Well (2013 film), starring Mackenzie Foy, Josh Lucas, and Ellen Burstyn
 * The Christmas Train (2017 film), starring Dermot Mulroney, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, Danny Glover and Joan Cusack
 * One Summer (2021 film), starring Sam Page, Sarah Drew and Amanda Schull

Interviews

 * Profile in Newsweek, March 2009
 * Modern Signed Books BlogTalkRadio Interview with Rodger Nichols about No Man's Land October 2016
 * Modern Signed Books interviews David Baldacci, May 2018

title: David Baldacci


text:
Talk:Whakaata Māori

I'm not impressed with the addition about unrest and discontent at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Maori_Television&diff=4554008&oldid=4554004 - can it be backed up with documentation? Robin Patterson 11:26, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Could somebody translate the phrase "má rátou má mátou má koutou má tátou" in the logo? Just idle curiosity... edd 17:59, 15 Jul 2006 (UTC)
 * Translation of mā rātou mā mātou mā koutou mā tātou: for them, for us, for you, for all of us. Kahuroa 03:41, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Māori Television Logo.png
Image:Māori Television Logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:59, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

This article reads like a pamphlet or advertisement. Wikification neccesary!

--- jryfle —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.72.16.25 (talk) 01:51, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

84% of NZ believe Maori TV should be permanent? Really?
The citation for this is dodgy as hell - it references a quote from the chairman of the board of Maori Television, which is hardly objective.

The citation structures this information in a misleading way - BERL reported solely on economic data. The audience survey appears to be the one that Maori Television quote in their annual reports. This is performed by TNS, and appears to survey only regular Maori Television viewers.

Given the "84 percent" figure is dubious at best, and at worst, based on incredibly flawed methodology (i.e. not 84 percent of the general population), I suggest this be removed from the article, as it's hardly novel that 84% of viewers think the channel should continue permanently.

Samrussellnz (talk) 22:37, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

This article needs tidying up
It's great that this article has all the detail is does, thanks to everyone who's worked on it so far. But it's clearly been pruned and patched quite a bit - not unusual for an article on a somewhat controversial topic - and is in need of some tidying up. There is a lot of history spread through the various sections. Might be good to pull all that into the History section, and update the remaining sections to make them as generic as possible, or at least reflecting the current state of play in 2024. 103.24.136.117 (talk) 12:18, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whakaata Māori


text:
Talk:Mary Decker

Moscow Incident
There is no mention in this article of the Moscow Incident in 1974, during which Decker threw a baton at a Russian. I don't have much information on it. Could an editor please add it in?

Mary Decker did not run 2:26 for 1000m ever and certainly not when she was running 2:01.8
Mary Decker did not run 2:26 for 1000m ever and certainly not when she was running 2:01.8 perhaps 2:36 but I did not know where to look for this info.

CoachDale 74.123.230.98 20:16, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

The current women's record for the 1,000 meters is: 1000 meters 2:28.98 Svetlana Masterkova (Russia) 23Aug96 Brussels —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.249.209.109 (talk) 03:42, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

The budd Incident
It is not fair or accurate to portray the Budd-Decker incident as being Budd's fault. If you look at it on youtube you can see clearly that Budd did not know what she was doing. I have also heard her saying in interview that she could not see Decker. If you look at the incident the problem is more about Decker being unable to deal with being in that tight spot - which she later admitted - than Budd's actions. To start portraying Budd as the villain of the piece is pretty biased and very much slanted in the american woman's favour. These type of incidents happen all the time in track. To be quite honest, Decker's behaviour was pretty poor, crying like a spoilt child on the side, publicly blaming Budd after the race and never apologising. Bad sportsmanship. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.16.198.119 (talk) 10:26, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Please read about original research and reliable sources. Also this is an encyclopedia.. there should not be inline youtube clips. --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 13:01, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

 * that quote is biased and it is being included? Fair enough I won't put in youtube, tho I thought anyone interested in the race would find it useful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.125.76.41 (talk) 13:18, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Read the second pillar here - Five pillars of Wikipedia. I'm not saying that there's not other original reserach already in there, but I was examining the new content. --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 13:37, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The long quotation should be edited out or at least cropped. It's blatantly biased and aiming to convince readers that Budd was the guilty one. Paper sports journalism in general is often about creating heroes and villains, catering to what the readers are supposed to wish to hear, plus it's often very charged with emotions and wishful thinking, and so it should be very cautiously used as a source of knowledge. I saw that race and while they qere close, Budd was clearly not forcing Decker out to the rail or unduly impeding her running. / Strausszek (talk) 13:23, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

I saw that race too... and live at the time. There was much tension leading up to it, and specifically between Budd and Decker. This was perhaps Ms. Decker's signature length, or at least one of them, and a chance to finally win an Olympic Gold in it. During the race, and with the resultant fall, I was startled, not knowing precisely what to make of Decker's claim. The covering network however then scanned around, to different camera angles, and -- though I do not know if the film exists anymore -- but one angle seemed to incontrovertibly support Decker's initial claim of a trip. (It was more of a 'straight-on' view, with the athletes running toward the camera: an unusual perspective.) I therefore support the Wiki article as it presently stands. (John G. Lewis (talk) 19:49, 17 June 2015 (UTC))

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 23:34, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Ref for future use
Long Reuters article, just published --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 12:22, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

Sports Reference reports she was born in Flemington, New Jersey. Bunnvale red links and doesn't even show within the country, no mention. I don't know New Jersey. Does this place exist? Is there a hospital for her to be born in there? Would Flemington be more accurate? Trackinfo (talk) 10:23, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

1000 meters
I see this subject was opened above with no resolution.

I placed the dubious marker next to the 2:26.7 time for 1000 meters. Granted this is old and has been repeated many times by other sources but, lets look at some facts: Decker was a 2:02+ 800 metres runner at the time. To run an extra 200 metres in 24 seconds? The mark does not show up in the IAAF youth bests, no marks for the event do. I have not found actual race results. Lets get an actual newspaper account from the day. Many of Deckers records were set indoors on Imperial tracks. Most of her 800 marks were converted from 880 yards. 1000 yards would be much more likely a distance to have run and practical to have run in 2:26.7 at her level of the time. Trackinfo (talk) 20:18, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

"Stood on"?
In the section on the 1984 Olympics Incident is the phrase "Decker stood on Budd...". I don't know too much about this incident, but this seems such an odd wording choice. One does not "stand on" things while running. Certainly "stepped on" would make more sense, and a more detailed description (e.g., something like "Decker's right foot hit Budd's left calf") would be even better. If someone more familiar with this incident could at least change "stood" to something more accurate, that would be awesome. Cheers! Doctormatt (talk) 20:45, 16 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree that "stood on" doesn't seem to make sense. I wasn't able to find a running term by that name, and since no one has objected to your request, I have removed the term altogether.Chillowack (talk) 20:12, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mary Decker


text: User talk:210.54.199.38

title: User talk:210.54.199.38


text:
Wormleybury

Wormleybury is an 18th-century house surrounded by a landscaped park of 57 ha (140 acres) near Wormley in Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, England, a few miles north of Greater London. The house was rebuilt in the 1770s from an earlier house built in 1734. The house is a Grade I listed building. The garden is well known for its historic rare plant collection. There is a crescent shaped lake in the grounds, bordered by woods on three sides.

History
The estate of Wormleybury, originally known as Wormley Bury, was one of several estates which King Harold endowed and granted to the Canons of Waltham Abbey (Waltham Holy Cross). In 1220 the Canons of Waltham constructed a conduit for carrying water from Wormley to the monastery.

A house was built on the site in 1525, just north of the present building. The first house's owner was Edward Sharnebrook. Wormley Bury was in the Abbey's possession until the Dissolution of the Monasteries, between 1536 and 1541. Afterwards, the estate was granted to Edward North and his heirs. North, Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations, at once alienated it to William Woodliffe or Woodcliffe, mercer of London. He died in 1548, and one half came to one of his two daughters, Ann, who married John Purvey. North sold the other half of the manor to Elizabeth Woodcliffe. The house was subsequently bequeathed to William Woodcliffe. John Purvey was succeeded by a son, William Purvey, who appears to have been in possession of the reunited manor in 1597. It then passed to the Tookes, descendants of the other sister, until it was sold to Richard Woollaston, who died in 1691. Richard Woollaston conveyed the manor to William Fellowes, whose eldest son, Coulston Fellowes, was the possessor in 1728.

From the latter, the manor passed in 1733 by sale to John Deane.. The sixteenth century house was replaced by a new house built in 1734 by John Deane who sold it in 1739 to Alexander Hume (1693–1765).

Sir Abraham Hume, 1st Baronet (1703–1772), inherited the estate from his brother Alexander when he died in 1765. Architect, Robert Mylne supervised the house remodel from 1767 to 1769, and from 1781 to 1782, after Abraham's son, Sir Abraham Hume, 2nd Baronet (1749–1838) inherited the estate after his father's death in 1772. The interior decoration of the house was supervised by Robert Adam from 1777 to 1779. Adam also designed the garden buildings for the estate. The drawing room has painted roundels by Angelica Kauffman.

In 1838, after the 2nd baronet died without male issue, the Wormleybury estate passed to the male children of his daughter Sophia, Lady Brownlow, the wife of Brownlow Cust, 1st Baron Brownlow (1744–1807) (Viscount Alford and the Hon. Charles Henry Cust). They sold it in 1853 to Henry John Grant, on whose death it passed to his widow, Mary Grant. In 1880, Under the will of H. J. Grant, the manor passed to his cousin, Henry Jeffreys Bushby, and then to his son, Mr. Henry North Grant Bushby. The late Sir Whittaker Ellis took a lease of the property, and did a good deal! to modernise the house. On his death, this long lease was purchased by Mr. Albert Pam.

The estate then passed through several owners, and is currently divided into flats. The house is a Grade I listed building.

Park and garden
The 2nd baronet and his wife Lady Amelia (1751–1809) were well known among leading horticulturalists during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, both in England and abroad. With the help of their gardener, James Mean, they established many exotic plant species in the gardens and greenhouses at Wormleybury. They introduced into England, between 1785 and 1825, a large collection of rare plants, primarily from India and the Far East. In 1793 British botanist James Sowerby made some of his observations of exotic mushrooms in the hothouses and greenhouses of Wormleybury as detailed in his 1796 illustrated book 'Coloured figures of English fungi or mushrooms.' The tropical species Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, commonly known as the plantpot dapperling, was observed growing here and was likely introduced along with these exotic plant species. Botanist James Edward Smith, along with other notable botanists at the time, discussed the Humes's contribution to English horticulture in their publications. Many new plant species were first cultivated at Wormleybury after they arrived in England. According to Smith, in his volume, Exotic Botany, "Dr. Roxburgh ... has sent Lady Hume a fine young tree of this species, Dellinia speciosa, Malabar, which is now in a very thriving state. It is presumed to be the first ever brought alive to Europe". The Humes introduced the first white pomegranate (Punica granatum fl. Alba) in England in 1796, and the 'Maiden's Blush' (Camellia japonica) and the large Mandarin orange (Citrus nobilis) in 1805. The Hume's most important introduction, the first Tea Rose from China, 'Hume's Blush Tea Scented China Rose' (Rosa odorata) was planted at Wormleybury in 1810''.

Wormleybury is listed Grade II in the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

title: Wormleybury


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User:Noirdame

A noir dame is, in short, the kind of female anti-heroine discovered in 20th century detective novels. She could also be seen in 1940s and 1950s pulp films like "Double Indemnity" - good when she's bad, bad when she's good, etc. In the 1920s, this stereotype was usually called a "vamp," and the French "Nouvelle Vague" film critics of the 1960s raved about the "femme fatale".

But in this case it refers to a female "night owl", writer and business owner, formerly seen sniffing around the streets Chandler walked in La Jolla. She writes about science fiction, fantasy, noir, mystery, history, and whatever else twitches her fancy, and will hopefully help out at Wikipedia as it continues to grow.

Partners in crime - real and imagined - include a tortoiseshell cat named Ivanova, and a fluffy grey and white kitty, known as "His Girl Friday," or simply "Friday" when she wants "Just the Facts".

As an actual writer and editor (though no Teresa Nielsen Hayden), she's happy to pitch in. Please feel free to contact her through the Noirdame:discussion page if you need help with an article, and she'll see what she can do.

title: User:Noirdame