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Axoplasm

Axoplasm is the cytoplasm within the axon of a neuron (nerve cell). For some neuronal types this can be more than 99% of the total cytoplasm.

Axoplasm has a different composition of organelles and other materials than that found in the neuron's cell body (soma) or dendrites. In axonal transport (also known as axoplasmic transport) materials are carried through the axoplasm to or from the soma.

The electrical resistance of the axoplasm, called axoplasmic resistance, is one aspect of a neuron's cable properties, because it affects the rate of travel of an action potential down an axon. If the axoplasm contains many molecules that are not electrically conductive, it will slow the travel of the potential because it will cause more ions to flow across the axolemma (the axon's membrane) than through the axoplasm.

Structure
Axoplasm is composed of various organelles and cytoskeletal elements. The axoplasm contains a high concentration of elongated mitochondria, microfilaments, and microtubules. Axoplasm lacks much of the cellular machinery (ribosomes and nucleus) required to transcribe and translate complex proteins. As a result, most enzymes and large proteins are transported from the soma through the axoplasm. Axonal transport occurs either by fast or slow transport. Fast transport involves vesicular contents (like organelles) being moved along microtubules by motor proteins at a rate of 50–400mm per day. Slow axoplasmic transport involves the movement of cytosolic soluble proteins and cytoskeletal elements at a much slower rate of 0.02-0.1mm/d. The precise mechanism of slow axonal transport remains unknown but recent studies have proposed that it may function by means of transient association with the fast axonal transport vesicles. Though axonal transport is responsible for most organelles and complex proteins present in the axoplasm, recent studies have shown that some translation does occur in axoplasm. This axoplasmic translation is possible due to the presence of localized translationally silent mRNA and ribonuclear protein complexes.

Signal transduction
Axoplasm is integral to the overall function of neurons in propagating action potential through the axon. The amount of axoplasm in the axon is important to the cable like properties of the axon in cable theory. In regards to cable theory, the axoplasmic content determines the resistance of the axon to a potential change. The composing cytoskeletal elements of axoplasm, neural filaments, and microtubules provide the framework for axonal transport which allows for neurotransmitters to reach the synapse. Furthermore, axoplasm contains the pre-synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitter which are eventually released into the synaptic cleft.

Damage detection and regeneration
Axoplasm contains both the mRNA and ribonuclearprotein required for axonal protein synthesis. Axonal protein synthesis has been shown to be integral in both neural regeneration and in localized responses to axon damage. When an axon is damaged, both axonal translation and retrograde axonal transport are required to propagate a signal to the soma that the cell is damaged.

History
Axoplasm was not a main focus for neurological research until after many years of learning of the functions and properties of squid giant axons. Axons in general were very difficult to study due to their narrow structure and in close proximity to glial cells. To solve this problem squid axons were used as an animal model due to the relatively vast sized axons compared to humans or other mammals. These axons were mainly studied to understand action potential, and axoplasm was soon understood to be important in membrane potential. The axoplasm was at first just thought to be very similar to cytoplasm, but axoplasm plays an important role in transference of nutrients and electrical potential that is generated by neurons.

It actually proves quite difficult to isolate axons from the myelin that surrounds it, so the squid giant axon is the focus for many studies that touch on axoplasm. As more knowledge formed from studying the signalling that occurs in neurons, transfer of nutrients and materials became an important topic to research. The mechanisms for the proliferation and sustained electrical potentials were affected by the fast axonal transport system. The fast axonal transport system uses the axoplasm for movement, and contains many non-conductive molecules that change the rate of these electrical potentials across the axon, but the opposite influence does not occur. The fast axonal transport system is able to function without an axolemma, implying that the electrical potential does not influence the transport of materials through the axon. This understanding of the relationship of axoplasm regarding transport and electrical potential is critical in the understanding of the overall brain functions.

With this knowledge, axoplasm has become a model for studying varying cell signaling and functions for the research of neurological diseases like Alzheimer's, and Huntington's. Fast axonal transport is a crucial mechanism when examining these diseases and determining how a lack of materials and nutrients can influence the progression of neurological disorders.

title: Axoplasm


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Persianate society

A Persianate society is a society that is based on or strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature, art and/or identity.

The term "Persianate" is a neologism credited to Marshall Hodgson. In his 1974 book, The Venture of Islam: The expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods, he defined it thus: "The rise of Persian had more than purely literary consequences: it served to carry a new overall cultural orientation within Islamdom.... Most of the more local languages of high culture that later emerged among Muslims... depended upon Persian wholly or in part for their prime literary inspiration. We may call all these cultural traditions, carried in Persian or reflecting Persian inspiration, 'Persianate' by extension."

The term designates ethnic Persians but also societies that may not have been predominantly ethnically Persian but whose linguistic, material or artistic cultural activities were influenced by or based on Persianate culture. Examples of pre-19th-century Persianate societies were the Seljuq,  Timurid, Mughal, and Ottoman dynasties.

Western: Central Asia to West Asia

 * Samanid Empire (819–999)
 * Saffarid (861–1003)
 * Abbasid Caliphate (750-1517)
 * Rustamid dynasty(777–909)
 * Tahirid dynasty(821–873)
 * Shirvanshahs(861–1538)
 * Alavid (864–928)
 * Sajid (889–929)
 * Sallarid (919–1062)
 * Ziyarid (931–1090)
 * Ilyasid (932–968)
 * Buyid (934–1062)
 * Shaddadid (951–1199)
 * Ravadid (955–1070/1116)
 * Kakuyid (1008–1141)
 * Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)
 * Sultanate of Rum (1077–1308)
 * Khwarazmian Empire (1077–1231)
 * Nizari Ismaili state (1090–1273)
 * Mihrabanid (1236–1537)

 * Il Khanate (1256–1335)
 * Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)
 * Muzaffarid (1314–1393)
 * Jalairid (1335–1432)
 * Injuid (1335–1357)
 * Sarbadari (1337–1381)
 * Chobanid (1338–1357)
 * Afrasiyab (1349–1504)
 * Marashiyan (1359–1596)
 * Timurid (1370–1507)
 * Qara Qoyunlu (1374–1468)
 * Sufid (1361–1379)
 * Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1503)
 * Crimean Khanate (1441–1783)
 * Kazakh Khanate (1465–1847)
 * Siberian Khanate (1468–1598)

 * Safavid Iran (1501–1736)
 * Khiva Khanate (1511–1920)
 * Afsharid Iran (1736–1796)
 * Zand (1751–1794)
 * Qajar Iran (1789–1925)
 * Pahlavi Iran (1925–1979)

Eastern: Central Asia to South Asia

 * Ghurid (before 786–1215)
 * Qarakhanid (840–1212)
 * Ghaznavid (977–1186)
 * Sindh Sultanate (1010–1593) and (1701–1843)
 * Delhi Sultanate (1207–1526)
 * Chagatai Khanate (1226–1705)
 * Kartid (1244–1381)
 * Kashmir Sultanate (1320–1589)
 * Madurai Sultanate (1335–1378)
 * Bahamani Sultanate (1347–1527)
 * Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
 * Khandesh Sultanate (1382–1601)
 * Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562)
 * Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479)
 * Gujarat Sultanate (1394–1573)
 * Langah Sultanate (1445–1540)
 * Malerkotla (1454–1948)
 * Berar Sultanate (1490–1572)
 * Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636)
 * Janjira (1489–1948)
 * Bijapur Sultanate (1490–1686)
 * Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619)
 * Bukhara Khanate (1501–1785)
 * Golconda Sultanate (1518–1687)
 * Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
 * Sur Empire (1538–1556)
 * Kalat Khanate (1666–1955)
 * Bhopal (1708–1949)
 * Kokanad Khanate (1709–1876)
 * Hotak (1709–1738)
 * Carnatic Sultanate (1710–1855)
 * Rohilkhand (1721–1774)
 * Hyderabad (1724–1948)
 * Rampur (1774–1947)
 * Junagadh (1730–1948)
 * Oudh (1732–1856)
 * Afghan Empire (1747–1863)
 * Bahawalpur (1748–1955)
 * Mysore Kingdom (1761–1799)
 * Bukhara Emirate (1785–1920)
 * Sachin (1791–1948)
 * Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
 * Tonk (1806–1949)
 * Barakzai Afghanistan (1818–1973)
 * Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1952)
 * Khairpur (1853–1955)

History
Persianate culture flourished for nearly fourteen centuries. It was a mixture of Persian and Islamic cultures that eventually underwent Persification and became the dominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of Greater Iran, Asia Minor, and South Asia.

When the peoples of Greater Iran were conquered by Islamic forces in the 7th and 8th centuries, they became part of an empire much larger than any previous one under Persian rule. While the Islamic conquest led to the Arabization of language and culture in the former Byzantine territories, this did not happen in Persia. Rather, the new Islamic culture evolving there was largely based on pre-Islamic Persian traditions of the area, as well as on the Islamic customs that were introduced to the region by the Arab conquerors.

Persianate culture, especially among the elite classes, spread across the Muslim territories in western, central, and south Asia, although populations across this vast region had conflicting allegiances (sectarian, local, tribal, and ethnic) and spoke many different languages. It was spread by poets, artists, architects, artisans, jurists, and scholars, who maintained relations among their peers in the far-flung cities of the Persianate world, from Anatolia to India.

Persianate culture involved modes of consciousness, ethos, and religious practices that have persisted in the Iranian world against hegemonic Arab Muslim (Sunni) cultural constructs. This formed a calcified Persianate structure of thought and experience of the sacred, entrenched for generations, which later informed history, historical memory, and identity among Alid loyalists and heterodox groups labeled by sharia-minded authorities as ghulāt. In a way, along with investing the notion of heteroglossia, Persianate culture embodies the Iranian past and ways in which this past blended with the Islamic present or became transmuted. The historical change was largely on the basis of a binary model: a struggle between the religious landscapes of late Iranian antiquity and a monotheist paradigm provided by the new religion, Islam.

This duality is symbolically expressed in the Shiite tradition that Husayn ibn Ali, the third Shi'ite Imam, had married Shahrbanu, daughter of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid king of Iran. This genealogy makes the later imams, descended from Husayn and Shahrbanu, the inheritors of both the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and of the pre-Islamic Sassanid kings.

Origins
After the Arab Muslim conquest of Iran, Pahlavi, the language of Pre-Islamic Iran, continued to be widely used well into the second Islamic century (8th century) as a medium of administration in the eastern lands of the Caliphate. Despite the Islamization of public affairs, the Iranians retained much of their pre-Islamic outlook and way of life, adjusted to fit the demands of Islam. Towards the end of the 7th century, the population began resenting the cost of sustaining the Arab caliphs, the Umayyads, and in the 8th century, a general Iranian uprising—led by Abu Muslim Khorrasani—brought another Arab family, the Abbasids, to the Caliph's throne.

Under the Abbasids, the capital shifted from Syria to Iraq, which had once been part of the Sassanid Empire and was still considered to be part of the Iranian cultural domain. Persian culture, and the customs of the Persian Barmakid viziers, became the style of the ruling elite. Politically, the Abbasids soon started losing their control over Iranians. The governors of Khurasan, the Tahirids, though appointed by the caliph, were effectively independent. When the Persian Saffarids from Sistan freed the eastern lands, the Buyyids, the Ziyarids and the Samanids in Western Iran, Mazandaran and the north-east respectively, declared their independence.

The separation of the eastern territories from Baghdad was expressed in a distinctive Persianate culture that became dominant in west, central, and south Asia, and was the source of innovations elsewhere in the Islamic world. The Persianate culture was marked by the use of the New Persian language as a medium of administration and intellectual discourse, by the rise of Persianised-Turks to military control, by the new political importance of non-Arab ulama and by the development of an ethnically composite Islamic society.

Pahlavi was the lingua franca of the Sassanian Empire before the Arab invasion, but towards the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 8th century Arabic became a medium of literary expression. In the 9th century, a New Persian language emerged as the idiom of administration and literature. The Tahirid and Saffarid dynasties continued using Persian as an informal language, although for them Arabic was the "language for recording anything worthwhile, from poetry to science", but the Samanids made Persian a language of learning and formal discourse. The language that appeared in the 9th and 10th centuries was a new form of Persian, derivative of the Middle-Persian of pre-Islamic times, but enriched amply by Arabic vocabulary and written in the Arabic script.

The Persian language, according to Marshall Hodgson in his The Venture of Islam, was to form the chief model for the rise of still other languages to the literary level. Like Turkish, most of the more local languages of high culture that later emerged among Muslims were heavily influenced by Persian (Urdu being a prime example). One may call these traditions, carried in Persian or reflecting Persian inspiration, ‘Persianate’ by extension. This seems to be the origin of the term Persianate.

Spread
The Iranian dynasty of the Samanids began recording its court affairs in Persian as well as Arabic, and the earliest great poetry in New Persian was written for the Samanid court. The Samanids encouraged translation of religious works from Arabic into Persian. In addition, the learned authorities of Islam, the ulama, began using the Persian lingua franca in public. The crowning literary achievement in the early New Persian language was the Shahnameh (Book of Kings), presented by its author Ferdowsi to the court of Mahmud of Ghazni (998–1030). This was a kind of Iranian nationalistic resurrection: Ferdowsi galvanized Persian nationalistic sentiment by invoking pre-Islamic Persian heroic imagery and enshrined in literary form the most treasured folk stories.

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh enjoyed a special status in Iranian courtly culture as a historical narrative as well as a mythical one. The powerful effect that this text came to have on the poets of this period is partly due to the value that was attached to it as a legitimizing force, especially for new rulers in the Eastern Islamic world:

"In the Persianate tradition the Shahnameh was viewed as more than literature. It was also a political treatise, as it addressed deeply rooted conceptions of honor, morality, and legitimacy. Illustrated versions of it were considered desirable as expressions of the aspirations and politics of ruling elites in the Iranian world."

The Persianate culture that emerged under the Samanids in Greater Khorasan, in northeast Persia and the borderlands of Turkistan exposed the Turks to Persianate culture; The incorporation of the Turks into the main body of the Middle Eastern Islamic civilization, which was followed by the Ghaznavids, thus began in Khorasan; "not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (11th and 12th centuries), the Timurids (14th and 15th centuries), and the Qajars (19th and 20th centuries).

The Ghaznavids, the rivals and future successors of the Samanids, ruled over the southeastern extremities of Samanid territories from the city of Ghazni. Persian scholars and artists flocked to their court, and the Ghaznavids became patrons of Persianate culture. The Ghaznavids took with them Persianate culture as they subjugated Western and Southern Asia. Apart from Ferdowsi, Rumi, Abu Ali Sina, Al-Biruni, Unsuri Balkhi, Farrukhi Sistani, Sanayi Ghaznawi and Abu Sahl Testari were among the great Iranian scientists and poets of the period under Ghaznavid patronage.

Persianate culture was carried by successive dynasties into Western and Southern Asia, particularly by the Persianized Seljuqs (1040–1118) and their successor states, who presided over Iran, Syria, and Anatolia until the 13th century, and by the Ghaznavids, who in the same period dominated Greater Khorasan and parts of India. These two dynasties together drew the centers of the Islamic world eastward. The institutions stabilized Islamic society into a form that would persist, at least in Western Asia, until the 20th century.

The Ghaznavids moved their capital from Ghazni to Lahore in modern Pakistan, which they turned into another center of Islamic culture. Under their patronage, poets and scholars from Kashgar, Bukhara, Samarkand, Baghdad, Nishapur, Amol and Ghazni congregated in Lahore. Thus, the Persian language and Persianate culture was brought deep into India and carried further in the 13th century. The Seljuqs won a decisive victory over the Ghaznavids and swept into Khorasan; they brought Persianate culture westward into western Persia, Iraq, Anatolia, and Syria. Iran proper along with Central Asia became the heartland of Persian language and culture.

As the Seljuqs came to dominate western Asia, their courts were Persianized as far west as the Mediterranean Sea. Under their rule, many pre-Islamic Iranian traditional arts like Sassanid architecture were resurrected, and great Iranian scholars were patronized. At the same time, the Islamic religious institutions became more organized and Sunni orthodoxy became more codified.

The Persian jurist and theologian Al-Ghazali was among the scholars at the Seljuq court who proposed a synthesis of Sufism and Sharia, which became the basis for a richer Islamic theology. Formulating the Sunni concept of division between temporal and religious authorities, he provided a theological basis for the existence of the Sultanate, a temporal office alongside the Caliphate, which at that time was merely a religious office. The main institutional means of establishing a consensus of the ulama on these dogmatic issues was the Nezamiyeh, better known as the madrasas, named after its founder Nizam al-Mulk, a Persian vizier of the Seljuqs. These schools became the means of uniting Sunni ulama, who legitimized the rule of the Sultans. The bureaucracies were staffed by graduates of the madrasas, so both the ulama and the bureaucracies were under the influence of esteemed professors at the madrasas.

Shahnameh's impact and affirmation of Persianate culture
As the result of the impacts of Persian literature as well as to further political ambitions, it became a custom for rulers in the Persianate lands to not only commission a copy of the Shahnameh, but also to have his own epic, allowing court poets to attempt to reach the level of Ferdowsi:

"Thus, as with any piece of historical writing, the Shahnameh can be evaluated as a historical source on two levels: firstly, for its contribution to the store of basic factual knowledge of a period, and secondly, for the light it sheds, intentionally or otherwise, on contemporary thought and politics."

Iranian and Persianate poets received the Shahnameh and modeled themselves after it. Murtazavi formulates three categories of such works too: poets who took up material not covered in the epic, poets who eulogized their patrons and their ancestors in masnavi form for monetary reward, and poets who wrote poems for rulers who saw themselves as heroes in the Shahnameh, echoing the earlier Samanid trend of patronizing the Shahnameh for legitimizing texts.

First, Persian poets attempted to continue the chronology to a later period, such as the Zafarnamah of the Ilkhanid historian Hamdollah Mostowfi (d. 1334 or 1335), which deals with Iranian history from the Arab conquest to the Mongols and is longer than Ferdowsi's work. The literary value of these works must be considered on an individual basis as Jan Rypka cautions: "all these numerous epics cannot be assessed very highly, to say nothing of those works that were substantially (or literally) copies of Ferdowsi. There are however exceptions, such as the Zafar-Nameh of Hamdu'llah Mustaufi a historically valuable continuation of the Shah-nama" and the Shahanshahnamah (or Changiznamah) of Ahmad Tabrizi in 1337–38, which is a history of the Mongols written for Abu Sa'id.

Second, poets versified the history of a contemporary ruler for reward, such as the Ghazannameh written in 1361–62 by Nur al-Din ibn Shams al-Din. Third, heroes not treated in the Shahnameh and those having minor roles in it became the subjects of their own epics, such as the 11th-century Garshāspnāmeh by Asadi Tusi. This tradition, chiefly a Timurid one, resulted in the creation of Islamic epics of conquests as discussed by Marjan Molé. Also see the classification employed by Z. Safa for epics: milli (national, those inspired by Ferdowsi's epic), tarikhi (historical, those written in imitation of Nizami's Iskandarnamah) and dini for religious works. The other source of inspiration for Persianate culture was another Persian poet, Nizami, a most admired, illustrated and imitated writer of romantic masnavis.

Along with Ferdowsi's and Nizami's works, Amir Khusraw Dehlavi's khamseh came to enjoy tremendous prestige, and multiple copies of it were produced at Persianized courts. Seyller has a useful catalog of all known copies of this text.

Distinction
In the 16th century, Persianate culture became sharply distinct from the Arab world to the west, the dividing zone falling along the Euphrates. Socially the Persianate world was marked by a system of ethnologically defined elite statuses: the rulers and their soldiery were non-Iranians in origin, but the administrative cadres and literati were Iranians. Cultural affairs were marked by a characteristic pattern of language use: New Persian was the language of state affairs, scholarship and literature and Arabic the language of religion.

Safavids and the resurrection of Iranianhood in West Asia
The Safavid dynasty ascended to predominance in Iran in the 16th century—the first native Iranian dynasty since the Buyyids. The Safavids, who were of mixed Kurdish, Turkic, Georgian, Circassian and Pontic Greek ancestry, moved to the Ardabil region in the 11th century. They re-asserted the Persian identity over many parts of West Asia and Central Asia, establishing an independent Persian state, and patronizing Persian culture They made Iran the spiritual bastion of Shi’ism against the onslaughts of orthodox Sunni Islam, and a repository of Persian cultural traditions and self-awareness of Persian identity.

The founder of the dynasty, Shah Isma'il, adopted the title of Persian Emperor Pādišah-ī Īrān, with its implicit notion of an Iranian state stretching from Afghanistan as far as the Euphrates and the North Caucasus, and from the Oxus to the southern territories of the Persian Gulf. Shah Isma'il's successors went further and adopted the title of Shāhanshāh (king of kings). The Safavid kings considered themselves, like their predecessors the Sassanid Emperors, the khudāygān (the shadow of God on earth). They revived Sassanid architecture, build grand mosques and elegant charbagh gardens, collected books (one Safavid ruler had a library of 3,000 volumes), and patronized "Men of the Pen"  The Safavids introduced Shiism into Persia to distinguish Persian society from the Ottomans, their Sunni archrivals to the west.

Ottomans
At the beginning of the 14th century, the Ottomans rose to predominance in Asia Minor. The Ottomans patronized Persian literature for five and a half centuries and attracted great numbers of writers and artists, especially in the 16th century. One of the most renowned Persian poets in the Ottoman court was Fethullah Arifi Çelebi, also a painter and historian, and the author of the Süleymanname (or Suleyman-nama), a biography of Süleyman the Magnificent. At the end of the 17th century, they gave up Persian as the court and administrative language, using Turkish instead; a decision that shocked the highly Persianized Mughals in India. The Ottoman Sultan Suleyman wrote an entire divan in Persian language. According to Hodgson:

"The rise of Persian (the language) had more than purely literary consequence: it served to carry a new overall cultural orientation within Islamdom. Henceforth while Arabic held its own as the primary language of the religious disciplines and even, largely, of natural science and philosophy, Persian became, in an increasingly part of Islamdom, the language of polite culture; it even invaded the realm of scholarship with increasing effects. It was to form the chief model of the rise of still other languages. Gradually a third "classical" tongue emerged, Turkish, whose literature was based on Persian tradition."

Toynbee's assessment of the role of the Persian language is worth quoting in more detail, from A Study of History:

"In the Iranian world, before it began to succumb to the process of Westernization, the New Persian language, which had been fashioned into literary form in mighty works of art...gained a currency as a lingua franca; and at its widest, about the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of the Christian Era, its range in this role extended, without a break, across the face of South-Eastern Europe and South-Western Asia from the Ottoman pashalyq of Buda, which had been erected out of the wreckage of the Western Christian Kingdom of Hungary after the Ottoman victory at Mohacz in A.D. 1526, to the Muslim "successor-states" which had been carved, after the victory of the Deccanese Muslim princes at Talikota in A.D. 1565, out of the carcass of the slaughtered Hindu Empire of Vijayanagar. For this vast cultural empire the New Persian language was indebted to the arms of Turkish-speaking empire-builders, reared in the Iranian tradition and therefore captivated by the spell of the New Persian literature, whose military and political destiny it had been to provide one universal state for Orthodox Christendom in the shape of the Ottoman Empire and another for the Hindu World in the shape of the Timurid Mughal Raj. These two universal states of Iranian construction on Orthodox Christian and on Hindu ground were duly annexed, in accordance with their builders' own cultural affinities, to the original domain of the New Persian language in the homelands of the Iranian Civilization on the Iranian plateau and in the Basin of the Oxus and the Jaxartes; and in the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of literae humaniores by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers."

E. J. W. Gibb is the author of the standard A Literary History of Ottoman Poetry in six volumes, whose name has lived on in an important series of publications of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish texts, the Gibb Memorial Series. Gibb classifies Ottoman poetry between the "Old School", from the 14th century to about the middle of the 19th century, during which time Persian influence was dominant; and the "Modern School", which came into being as a result of the Western impact. According to Gibb in the introduction (Volume I):

"the Turks very early appropriated the entire Persian literary system down to its minute detail, and that in the same unquestioning and wholehearted fashion in which they had already accepted Islam."

The Saljuqs had, in the words of the same author:

"attained a very considerable degree of culture, thanks entirely to Persian tutorage. About the middle of the eleventh century they [that is, the Saljuqs] had overrun Persia, when, as so often happened, the Barbarian conquerors adopted the culture of their civilized subjects. Rapidly the Seljuq Turks pushed their conquest westward, ever carrying with them Persian culture...[s]o, when some hundred and fifty years later Sulayman's son [the leader of the Ottomans]... penetrated into Asia Minor, they [the Ottomans] found that although Seljuq Turkish was the everyday speech of the people, Persian was the language of the court, while Persian literature and Persian culture reigned supreme. It is to the Seljuqs with whom they were thus fused, that the Ottomans, strictly so called, owe their literary education; this therefore was of necessity Persian as the Seljuqs knew no other. The Turks were not content with learning from the Persians how to express thought; they went to them to learn what to think and in what way to think. In practical matters, in the affairs of everyday life and in the business of government, they preferred their own ideas; but in the sphere of science and literature they went to school with the Persian, intent not merely on acquiring his method, but on entering into his spirit, thinking his thought and feeling his feelings. And in this school they continued so long as there was a master to teach them; for the step thus taken at the outset developed into a practice; it became the rule with the Turkish poets to look ever Persia-ward for guidance and to follow whatever fashion might prevail there. Thus it comes about that for centuries Ottoman poetry continued to reflect as in a glass the several phases through which that of Persia passed...[s]o the first Ottoman poets, and their successors through many a generation, strove with all their strength to write what is little else than Persian poetry in Turkish words. But such was not consciously their aim; of national feeling in poetry they dreamed not; poetry was to them one and indivisible, the language in which it was written merely an unimportant accident."

Persianate culture of South Asia
In general, from its earliest days, Persian culture was brought into the Subcontinent (or South Asia) by various Persianised Turkic and Afghan dynasties. South Asian society was enriched by the influx of Persian-speaking and Islamic scholars, historians, architects, musicians, and other specialists of high Persianate culture who fled the Mongol devastation. The sultans of Delhi, who were of Turko-Afghan origin, modeled their lifestyles after the Persian upper classes. They patronized Persian literature and music, but became especially notable for their architecture, because their builders drew from Irano-Islamic architecture, combining it with Indian traditions to produce a profusion of mosques, palaces, and tombs unmatched in any other Islamic country. The speculative thought of the times at the Mughal court, as in other Persianate courts, leaned towards the eclectic gnostic dimension of Sufi Islam, having similarities with Hindu Vedantism, indigenous Bhakti and popular theosophy.

The Mughals, who were of Turco-Mongol descent, strengthened the Indo-Persian culture, in South Asia. For centuries, Iranian scholar-officials had immigrated to the region where their expertise in Persianate culture and administration secured them honored service within the Mughal Empire. Networks of learned masters and madrasas taught generations of young South Asian men Persian language and literature in addition to Islamic values and sciences. Furthermore, educational institutions such as Farangi Mahall and Delhi College developed innovative and integrated curricula for modernizing Persian-speaking South Asians. They cultivated Persian art, enticing to their courts artists and architects from Bukhara, Tabriz, Herat, Shiraz, and other cities of Greater Iran. The Taj Mahal and its Charbagh were commissioned by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan for his Iranian bride.

Iranian poets, such as Sa’di, Hafez, Rumi and Nizami, who were great masters of Sufi mysticism from the Persianate world, were the favorite poets of the Mughals. Their works were present in Mughal libraries and counted among the emperors’ prized possessions, which they gave to each other; Akbar and Jahangir often quoted from them, signifying that they had imbibed them to a great extent. An autographed note of both Jahangir and Shah Jahan on a copy of Sa’di's Gulestān states that it was their most precious possession. A gift of a Gulestān was made by Shah Jahan to Jahanara Begum, an incident which is recorded by her with her signature. Shah Jahan also considered the same work worthy enough to be sent as a gift to the king of England in 1628, which is presently in the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin. The emperor often took out auguries from a copy of the diwan of Hafez belonging to his grandfather, Humayun. One such incident is recorded in his own handwriting in the margins of a copy of the diwan, presently in the Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library, Patna. The court poets Naziri, ‘Urfi, Faizi, Khan-i Khanan, Zuhuri, Sanai, Qodsi, Talib-i Amuli and Abu Talib Kalim were all masters imbued with a similar Sufi spirit, thus following the norms of any Persianate court.

The tendency towards Sufi mysticism through Persianate culture in Mughal court circles is also testified by the inventory of books that were kept in Akbar's library, and are especially mentioned by his historian, Abu'l Fazl, in the Ā’in-ī Akbarī. Some of the books that were read out continually to the emperor include the masnavis of Nizami, the works of Amir Khusrow, Sharaf Manayri and Jami, the Masnavi i-manavi of Rumi, the Jām-i Jam of Awhadi Maraghai, the Hakika o Sanā’i, the Qabusnameh of Keikavus, Sa’di's Gulestān and Būstān, and the diwans of Khaqani and Anvari.

This intellectual symmetry continued until the end of the 19th century, when a Persian newspaper, Miftah al-Zafar (1897), campaigned for the formation of Anjuman-i Ma’arif, an academy devoted to the strengthening of Persian language as a scientific language.

Persian poetry (Sufi poetry)
From about the 12th century, Persian lyric poetry was enriched with a spirituality and devotional depth not to be found in earlier works. This development was due to the pervasive spread of mystical experience within Islam. Sufism developed in all Muslim lands, including the sphere of Persian cultural influence. As a counterpoise to the rigidity of formal Islamic theology and law, Islamic mysticism sought to approach the divine through acts of devotion and love rather than through mere rituals and observance. Love of God being the focus of the Sufis' religious sentiments, it was only natural for them to express it in lyrical terms, and Persian Sufis, often of exceptional sensibility and endowed with poetic verve, did not hesitate to do so. The famous 11th-century Sufi, Abu Sa'id of Mehna frequently used his own love quatrains (as well as others) to express his spiritual yearnings, and with mystic poets such as Attar and Iraqi, mysticism became a legitimate, even fashionable subject of lyric poems among the Persianate societies. Furthermore, as Sufi orders and centers (Khaneghah) spread throughout Persian societies, Persian mystic poetic thought gradually became so much a part of common culture that even poets who did not share Sufi experiences ventured to express mystical ideas and imagery in their work.

Conclusion
As the broad cultural region remained politically divided, the sharp antagonisms between empires stimulated the appearance of variations of Persianate culture. After 1500, the Iranian culture developed distinct features of its own, with interposition of strong pre-Islamic and Shiite Islamic culture. Iran's ancient cultural relationship with Southern Iraq (Sumer/Babylonia) remained strong and endured in spite of the loss of Mesopotamia to the Ottomans. Its ancient cultural and historical relationship with the Caucasus endured until the loss of Azerbaijan, Armenia, eastern Georgia and parts of the North Caucasus to Imperial Russia following the Russo-Persian Wars in the course of the 19th century. The culture of peoples of the eastern Mediterranean in Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt developed somewhat independently; India developed a vibrant and completely distinct South Asian style with little to no remnants of the once patronized Indo-Persian culture by the Mughals.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Persianate society


text:
MacFarlane

MacFarlane may refer to:
 * MacFarlane (surname), a surname
 * Macfarlane Burnet, Australian virologist
 * MacFarlane Lang, a biscuit firm which merged with McVitie & Price to form United Biscuits
 * Macfarlane Group, a packaging and label company headquartered in Glasgow, Scotland
 * Macfarlane, Queensland, a locality in the Blackall-Tambo Region, Australia

title: MacFarlane


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AG I

This page depends on Esperanto etymology. It can be used as an anchor to the etymological explanation of the words coming from the indo-european radical - AG. This can later be expanded to other languages than English or Esperanto. One interest of etymology is to understand the relationship between different languages.

It would be nice to have a link to them from the message :
 * 1) Who decides what pages are candidates for deletion?
 * 2) Who votes against deletion?
 * 3) What are the criteria for deletion?
 * 4) Where are the deletion guidelines?

"This page has been listed on Wikipedia:Votes for deletion. Please see its entry on that page for justifications and discussion. If you don't want the page deleted, please read the deletion guidelines and vote against its deletion there; please do not remove this notice or blank this page while the question is being considered." Thanks.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AG I


text:
Curcuma zedoaria

Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary /ˈzɛdəʊərɪ/, white turmeric, or temu putih) is a perennial herb and member of the genus Curcuma, family Zingiberaceae. The plant is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia but is now naturalized in other places including the US state of Florida. Zedoary was one of the ancient food plants of the Austronesian peoples. They were spread during prehistoric times to the Pacific Islands and Madagascar during the Austronesian expansion (c. 5,000 BP). Its use as a spice in the West today is extremely rare, having been replaced by ginger, and to a lesser extent, yellow turmeric.

Etymology
The name zedoary derives from Persian via Arabic and Latin.

Characteristics
Zedoary grows in tropical and subtropical wet forest regions. The fragrant plant bears yellow flowers with red and green bracts and the underground stem section, a rhizome, is large and tuberous with numerous branches. The leaf shoots of the zedoary are large and can reach 1 meter (3 feet) in height.

Food
The edible rhizome of zedoary has a white interior and a fragrance reminiscent of mango. However, its flavour is more similar to ginger, except with a very bitter aftertaste. In Indonesia, it is ground to a powder and added to make white curry pastes, whereas in India, it tends to be used fresh or in pickling. In Thai cuisine it is used raw and cut in thin strips in certain Thai salads. It can also be served cut into thin slices together with other herbs and vegetables with certain types of nam phrik (Thai chilli pastes). It is also used in India to flavour dals and chutneys.

Houseplant
The showy C. zedoaria is occasionally used as a houseplant.

In traditional medicine
The plant is used traditionally to treat inflammation, pain, and a variety of skin ailments including wounds, as well as menstrual irregularities and ulcers.

Others
The essential oil produced from the dried rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria is used in perfumery and soap fabrication, as well as an ingredient in bitter tonics. The curcuminoid 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one, and the sesquiterpenes and epiprocurcumenol can be found in C. zedoaria.

title: Curcuma zedoaria


text:
Talk:Edinburgh Waverley railway station

rail services
I don't know very much about rail services eastward from Waverley. I'd appreciate it if someone who does know would add that in. Thanks. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 22:50, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I've done this - Newcraighall and North Berwick are the only ones I can think of, please correct if there are more. Cal T 17:22, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

controversial
Why was it locally controversial? -- User:Colin Angus Mackay ''moved here from the article by User:Finlay McWalter

 * If memory serves, some people thought "The Balmoral Hotel" was a silly name, given that it has nothing whatever to do with Balmoral. They couldn't call it The Waverley Hotel (I think there's one across the road called that), and I suspect Forte's marketroids figured "North British" had too much of a flat-caps-and-whippets sound to it.  Still, it wasn't very controversial (which is why I didn't bother explaining in the article), so I'd be okay if we did any of the following:

 * nuked "controversial" altogether (it's no great loss), or
 * we said "under the name The Balmoral Hotel (this despite the hotel being XX miles from Balmoral Castle)", or even
 * we said "under the name The Balmoral Hotel (in what has proved to be an astute marketing move, despite the hotel being XX miles from Balmoral Castle)"

 * Oh, and thanks to KF for fixing my spelling of this my most oft-mispelled word. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 22:31, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I put the last of the three options in. Mapquest says it's about 115 miles. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 23:14, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks.... And I must remember about these talk pages --Colin Angus Mackay 23:41, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Capitalisation
We need to standardise the capitalisation of Waverley Station in this article, as the S is sometimes capitalised and sometimes not. (For example, the title of the article has a lowercase S, while the lead text has it in uppercase.) My feeling is that it should be uppercase. Has there been any discussion of this issue elsewhere in the talk or Wikipedia namespace? —User:Caesura(t) 10:09, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

move article?
Should this article be moved to Edinburgh Waverley station, for similar reasons that Central Station, Glasgow was moved to Glasgow Central station? The city name should always come first to remove any ambiguity. Our Phellap 17:30, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

The naming standard for rail-transport stations in Great Britain is very clear: Note: There is no consensus (AFAIK) on whether tram stops need an article, but any of the above also served by trams use Footown station (e.g. East Croydon station). None of the Glasgow subway stations appear to have articles.

This shows to me that this article should be at Edinburgh Waverley railway station (until the (poposed?) tram system is up and running and serving the station). Thryduulf 21:07, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * My first instinct on seeing this proposal was to oppose it--when I lived in Edinburgh everyone referred to this station as just Waverley station, and the wikipedia naming conventions prefer the most common usage. However, browsing through the timetables of the companies that provide rail service to Waverley I noticed that none of them even mention the word Waverley, instead they just call the station Edinburgh. So I am now wondering if in my time away (I've been out of the UK for five years) the common usage has changed. Going by the rail companies it seems that this article ought to be moved to Edinburgh railway station or Edinburgh station (both of these options should at the very least be redirects). JeremyA 06:15, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Edinburgh station and Edinburgh railway station should definately be redirects. Thryduulf 09:10, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The station nameboard and National Rail both use "Edinburgh Waverley" Our Phellap 19:55, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Although timetables – National Rail Enquiries, Network Rail (via RailPlanner / HAFAS), GNER, ScotRail, Virgin – use just "Edinburgh". -- Picapica 08:43, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Edinburgh railway station should be a disambig (for Waverley, Haymarket, Newcraighall, and Edinburgh Park) and Edinburgh station a redirect to it. I've no problem with this article being called "Edinburgh Waverley railway station", and I don't think the tram will make any difference to that (as presumably the stops on it will be called "metro stops" or "tram stops" or something). Anyway, by the time that's finished, Wikipedia will have become artificially intelligent, and will be responsible itself for article naming issues :) -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 20:05, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Moved. — Nightstallion (?) 07:48, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Princes Street Station
There doesn't seem to be an article for Princes Street Station. I think we need one.

But there is no Princes Street Station - it closed in 1965. It should pehaps be covered in the article on the Caledonian Railway.

 * I am currently working my way around Scotland with Historical Railway lines, which is included the relevant stations (including the Closed ones). In due course, I will reach the Caledonian Railway article, and cover the closed stations. This will be a big piece of work - look at the route at the RAILSCOT map and the similar work that has been carried out on Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway --Stewart 21:27, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Platform numbering
I was thinking I might add a section explaining the station's unusual platform numbering scheme, but then thought some people might see it as a bit frivolous. What do you think? Ian27 14:49, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It could merit a brief mention: it's a consequence of most of the platforms at the east end being removed some years ago. --RFBailey 15:12, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Platform numbering has been revised over the 2006/07 Christmas/New Year period as a result of the new platform construction. --Stewart 21:14, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Number of Platforms
One particular editor appears to be insistent that there are twenty platforms at the station. Network Rail's station plan show 18 platforms in the final arrangement. There are no platforms 4 and 5. Two of the west end platforms are also out of service as part of the ongoing major reconstruction of the station. User:Signalhead has the current up-to-date information on the progress on this construction, and I would suggest to others that before changing the number of platforms in the article, they should discuss here as this is a moving target. --Stewart (talk) 07:41, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Further to this, the platforms are numbered 1 to 20, but there are no platforms 5 or 6. Platforms 10 and 11 are currently out of use while track remodelling takes place, and will remain so until 19 November 2007. Would users please refrain from editing unless they are certain of the facts. Signalhead 12:12, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Opening date
I feel hurt that Waverley opened in 1868. It did not. I can prove you. It says 1846 in the 'History of Scotland' book. It was classified in railway stations that opened that year. Do not change it. Tharnton345 (talk) 10:21, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Please don't be hurt. North Bridge Station was opened in 1846, along with the adjacent Canal Street Station. In 1868, the North British Railway bought out their competitors, and demolished both stations. The new station became known as Waverley. So you see both dates are, in fact, correct, as Waverley as it is now was opened 1868, but there has been a station on the site since 1846. So no, I'm not going to change it. Regards, Jonathan Oldenbuck (talk) 11:02, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I have revised the infobox - taking the info form the history section of the article to identify the three original stations which were on the site to be replaced by Waverley. This shows all the various dates and is consistent with the main body of the article. --Stewart (talk) 11:54, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Could we have a layout plan please
Whilst the description of the layout in words is good, a map would say it all much more comprehensively. Ender's Shadow Snr (talk) 20:47, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

 * This is already available via the Station Information link in the infobox. --Stewart  ( talk |  edits ) 21:39, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Done. G-13114 (talk) 16:45, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

Name change?
Network Rail refers to the station as just Edinburgh; should the article be renamed to reflect that? 5.80.26.231 (talk) 21:20, 10 May 2017 (UTC)
 * The article already says: Edinburgh Waverley railway station (also known simply as Edinburgh or as Waverley) So there's no obvious need to change the article name. G-13114 (talk) 16:47, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * But I don't understand why the article was named Edinburgh Waverley to begin with, since that's not its official name. 31.48.66.213 (talk) 17:12, 12 May 2017 (UTC)
 * What do the signs on the platforms say? -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 06:49, 13 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Probably to differentiate it from other stations in the city, such as Haymarket and Edinburgh Gateway, etc. --TBM10 (talk) 08:21, 13 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Since photographic evidence (right) shows "Edinburgh Waverley", then per WP:NCUKSTATIONS, the article should be named Edinburgh Waverley railway station. Which it is already. So no action is required. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 19:44, 13 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Here the station is named only Edinburgh, also the .pdf timetables show the name Edinburgh, so there are 2 possibilities: 1) when the station Edinburgh Waverly was renamed Edinburgh in the 1966 the old name indication remained and the return to the old name mentioned in the template not been there; 2) both who realized the station website on National Rail website and who write the timetables have mistakenly forgotten to indicate it. However, the second possibility is less probable than the first. I would not change the name to the page, but I would remove the "? renamed Edinburgh Waverly" from the end of the template because it is uncertain that the last change of name has taken place. DelvecchioSimone12 5 96 (talk) 20:36, 2 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I absolutely agree with you. Waverley is its common name, but I believe it is indeed officially Edinburgh, according to National Rail and (as far as I know, it may have changed) railway ticket machines. I have also read this in Britain's Railways From The Air (2009, authored by John Glover) although this is obviously a less reliable source than genuine industry documentation. Juniper334 (talk) 17:51, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

Borders Railway
The article states that "the recently reopened Borders Railway" - what is 'recently'? It also states in the services section that Scotrail serves all stations in Scotland apart from Lockerbie - this is either wrong or poorly worded. Scotrail, as a TOC, do serve every railway station in Scotland, but they don't do so from Edinburgh (for example, you can't travel direct to Oban from Edinburgh). Ccw34 (talk) 18:25, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

Adjacent Buildings section
Per WP:BRD, I deleted this section on the basis that it has absolutely no relevance to the article (hence my link to WP:COATRACK) and was reverted. We can have "Location" sections (e.g., Ashford International railway station, etc), but I felt that this was completely irrelevant to the subject of the article - the station itself. I would welcome the opinions of other editors as to whether this was a welcome or a bad move on my part. Courtesy ping of who reverted me. Mattdaviesfsic (talk) 20:15, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

 * The second half of the section is in my opinion irrelevant, you were right to remove it. However the hotel, as a railway-built hotel run by the railway company is worthy of mention and linking-to - see London's St Pancras as notable example and perhaps Paddington as a lesser example. For the meantime I have cut the crap and stripped it to bare facts pending further discussion. 10mmsocket (talk) 20:43, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ - removed second paragraph (as well as some random unsourced bits besides). Mattdaviesfsic (talk) 20:46, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I tweaked your tweak because I think the current name is relevant. So now, while we are at it, the whole "Past layout" section is unsourced original research and has been tagged as such for a while now. I'd side with removing the whole section. 10mmsocket (talk) 21:00, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that.
 * Past layout section removal is now also ✅ Mattdaviesfsic (talk) 21:06, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I think the (intrusive) image of the hotel can also be removed. Grieg2 (talk) 03:50, 18 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Indeed, a short mention of the NB hotel and Waverley Market is relevant for the page, because their development is tied to the construction of the station. For the market, a few referenced sentences about this relation could be added. Grieg2 (talk) 03:35, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edinburgh Waverley railway station


text:
Internal and external forum

In the canon law of the Catholic Church, a distinction is made between the internal forum, where an act of governance is made without publicity, and the external forum, where the act is public and verifiable. In canon law, internal forum, the realm of conscience, is contrasted with the external or outward forum; thus, a marriage might be null and void in the internal forum, but binding outwardly, i.e., in the external forum, for want of judicial proof to the contrary.

Etymology
The judicial jurisdiction of the Catholic Church is expressed by the word Forum, the Latin designation for a place containing a tribunal of justice.

Theoretical basis
As the Church is a perfect society, she possesses within herself all the powers necessary to direct her members to the end for which she was instituted and she has a correlative right to be obeyed by those subject to her. This right is called jurisdiction, and it is the source of all the Church's action that is not derived from the power of Sacred orders. It is this jurisdiction which is the foundation of ecclesiastical law, both externally and internally binding, and from Apostolic times it has been put into practice by the Church's rulers. Just as the civil State has the legitimate jurisdiction over its subjects to guide them to the end for which it is instituted, because it is a perfect society, so likewise the Church, being constituted by Christ as a perfect society, possesses within itself all the powers necessary for lawfully and effectively attaining the end for which it was established.

Internal forum vs external forum
As the power of the Church extends not only to its individual members but also to the whole corporate body, not only to questions concerning the conscience but also to the public actions of its subjects, ecclesiastical jurisdiction is distinguished into that of the internal and external forum. It may so chance that circumstances may bring about a conflict between the internal and external forum. Thus, for example, a marriage may be null and void in the forum of conscience, but binding in the external forum for want of judicial proofs to the contrary, and vice versa.

Internal forum
The jurisdiction of the internal forum deals with questions concerning the welfare of individual Christians and with their relation to God. Hence it is called the forum of conscience (Forum conscientiae). It is also denominated the forum of Heaven (forum poli) because it guides the soul on the path to God. The internal forum is subdivided into the sacramental or penitential, which is exercised in the tribunal of penance or at least is connected with it, and the extra penitential forum. Causes concerning the private and secret needs of the faithful can often be expedited outside the sacramental confession. Thus, vows may be dispensed, secret censures may be absolved, occult impediments of matrimony may be dispensed outside of the tribunal of penance. The internal forum deals therefore directly with the spiritual welfare of the individual faithful. It has reference to the corporate body only secondarily, in as much as the good of the whole organization is promoted by that of the individual members. Owing to the nature of the civil state and the end for which it was instituted, it has no jurisdiction corresponding to the ecclesiastical forum of conscience.

Sacramental and non-sacramental internal forum
Within the internal forum a distinction is made between the sacramental internal forum and the non-sacramental (penitential) internal forum, according as matters are decided in the sacrament of Penance, and thus additionally protected by the Seal of the Confessional, or outside of the sacrament.

Thus the name of the parties in a marriage contracted in the external forum are noted in a public register, but a marriage celebrated secretly is to be noted instead in a special register kept in the secret archive of the diocesan curia.

Sometimes power of governance is given for the sacramental forum only: in each diocese a priest is to be appointed who has the faculty, which he cannot delegate to others, of "absolving in the sacramental forum outsiders within the diocese and members of the diocese even outside the territory of the diocese from undeclared latae sententiae censures not reserved to the Apostolic See".

In the Roman Curia, the Apostolic Penitentiary has jurisdiction for matters of the internal forum, both sacramental and non-sacramental, but in some instances its decisions hold also in the external forum, as when, unless it states otherwise, a dispensation that it grants in the non-sacramental internal forum from an occult impediment to marriage, is sufficient even if the occult impediment later becomes public.

External forum
The Church's jurisdiction in the external forum has reference to matters touching the public and social good of the corporate body. It corresponds, consequently, very closely to the powers exercised by civil magistrates in affairs belonging to their competence. While the external forum may busy itself with the concerns of individuals, it does so only in as far as these affect the public good. Thus the absolution of sins belongs to the internal forum, but the concession of the faculty for performing such absolution is an act of the external forum. The jurisdiction of the external forum is subdivided into voluntary and necessary. Voluntary, or extrajudicial, is that which a superior can exercise towards those who invoke his power, or even against those who are unwilling, but without his using the formalities prescribed in law. Necessary or contentious jurisdiction is that which the judge employs in punishing crimes or deciding disputes according to prescribed forms. In general, the acts of jurisdiction of the external forum are the decision of disputes concerning faith, morals or discipline, the making and enforcing of laws, the punishment of transgressors of ecclesiastical statutes, and the like.

Competency
The competence of the ecclesiastical forum arises either from the persons or the cause to be judged. As to persons, all clerics are subject to its judgments both in civil and criminal causes (see clerical immunities). As to causes: they may be purely civil, or ecclesiastical, or they may be mixed. Purely civil causes would not of themselves properly belong to the Church's forum, as she recognizes the full competence of the state in such matters. Accidentally, however, such causes might be brought before the ecclesiastical judge. This supposes, however, the practical recognition of the Church's forum by the civil power. Ecclesiastical causes themselves are called civil when they concern either spiritual things, as the sacraments, or matters connected with them, as church property, the right of patronage, etc. They are called criminal when they involve the dealing with delinquents guilty of simony, apostasy, schism and the like. They are called mixed causes when they are subjects proper for decision by either the ecclesiastical or civil forum, as usurious contracts, concubinage, violations of the Church's peace, etc. Causes are likewise called mixed when they have both a spiritual and temporal end. Thus matrimony, in its sacramental nature as to validity or nullity, belongs to the Church; in its temporal aspect, as to the property of married persons and similar things, it may be dealt with by the civil tribunals. To this class of mixed causes can also be reduced the suppression of heresy, where Church and State cooperate with each other for the maintenance of the integrity or the faith and the preservation of the civil peace. Finally, many causes, of their nature civil, are accounted mixed by canonists, either because the State relinquished them to the Church's tribunals or custom gradually caused them to be relegated to the ecclesiastical forum, such as the recognition of last wills and testaments, the care of the poor, etc.

Punishments
The punishments which may be inflicted by the external ecclesiastical forum are not only spiritual as excommunication, but also temporal or corporal.

As regards the infliction of the death penalty, canonists generally held that ecclesiastical law forbids inferior church tribunals to decree this punishment directly, but that the pope or a general council has the power, at least indirectly, in as much as they can demand that a Catholic state inflict this punishment when the good of the Church requires it. Finally, they held that there is no valid argument to prove that the direct exercise of this power does not fall within the competence of the ecclesiastical forum, although it was the custom of the latter to hand over the criminal to the secular arm for the infliction of the death penalty. However, death penalty was officially repudiated as a legitimate penalty by the Catholic Church in 2018.

The encroachments of the civil power on the Church's jurisdiction have in our days, practically though unwarrantly, restricted the ecclesiastical forum to spiritual causes only.

Oriental and Latin canon law
The distinction between the internal forum and the external forum is recognized in canon 980 §1 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, which states "The power of governance is exercised in the external forum or in the internal sacramental or non-sacramental forum." and in canon 130 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, which states "Of itself, the power of governance is exercised for the external forum; sometimes, however, it is exercised for the internal forum alone, so that the effects which its exercise is meant to have for the external forum are not recognized there, except insofar as the law establishes it in determined cases."

"Internal forum solution"
The term "internal forum" is sometimes used in connection with the controversial so-called "internal forum solution" claimed to justify reception of Holy Communion by someone who is convinced that a former marriage was invalid, but who cannot prove this externally so as to obtain a declaration of nullity. This is not a canonical solution.

title: Internal and external forum


text:
TS Queen Mary

TS Queen Mary is a Clyde steamer launched in 1933 at the William Denny shipyard, Dumbarton, for Williamson-Buchanan Steamers. She is currently being restored as a museum ship, in Glasgow.

Design and construction
TS Queen Mary originally measured 871 gross registered tons and was powered by three direct drive steam turbines built by Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company. The vessel held a passenger certificate for 2,086 passengers, although later reduced to 1,820.

Following the completion of her trials during which a maximum speed of 19.7 kn was achieved on the Skelmorlie measured mile, she joined Williamson-Buchanan's fleet on 20 May 1933.

Service history
Williamson-Buchanan based TS Queen Mary at Glasgow's Bridge Wharf, where she carried approximately 13,000 passengers each week.

TS Queen Mary sailed during the summer season for the Arran coast, or for the Kyles of Bute.

In 1935, Cunard Line asked Williamson-Buchanan to change the name of TS Queen Mary to TS Queen Mary II, in order to make the name available for their new flagship liner, which was due to be launched by Queen Mary. The owners of Williamson-Buchanan duly agreed and in exchange, Cunard Line presented them with a portrait of Her Majesty to hang in the forward lounge of the steamer.

In 1936, the entire Williamson-Buchanan fleet, including TS Queen Mary II, passed into the ownership of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway Company. Later that same year she joined Williamson-Buchanan Steamers (1936) Ltd.

During World War II she provided a mail and passenger service to the Scottish Islands.

She was refitted and repainted in LMS colours after the war and returned to her normal passenger service. In 1948, nationalisation of the railways brought all the remaining passenger ships under the ownership of the Caledonian Steam Packet Company.

Over the winter of 1956-1957, Barclay Curle changed the fuelling of the propulsion system from coal to oil. This necessitated removing the two original Scotch boilers and replacing them with one new single ended boiler and the installation of one large, futuristic funnel in place of the original two. In addition, a new mainmast was added so that TS Queen Mary II now had the requisite two required to meet the new regulations for ship lighting. After all of this work was completed, the vessel's tonnage increased to 1014 GRT.

In the 1960s, there was a decline in passenger sailings on the Firth of Clyde, but TS Queen Mary II continued in service and was refitted for cruises from Gourock to Inveraray, Brodick and Campbeltown. Regular sailings from Glasgow ended on 15 September 1969, with the Caledonian Steam Packet Company preferring to have her sail out of Gourock.

From 1969 onwards, TS Queen Mary II was placed on almost all of the cruise rosters, and she sailed regularly to Inveraray, Campbeltown, Ailsa Craig, Bute and to Stranraer. However, in order that she could continue to undertake sailings from Bridge Wharf, her masts were shortened to fit under the newly constructed Kingston Bridge although subsequently Bridge Wharf closed prior to the bridge opening.

The Caledonian Steam Packet Company gradually had been merging with the West Highland ferry company David MacBrayne, and in 1973, the company became Caledonian MacBrayne.

In 1976, following the removal of RMS Queen Mary from Lloyd's Register in a special ceremony on 4 May 1976, TS Queen Mary II was once again formally registered as TS Queen Mary.

Whilst TS Queen Mary remained very popular in the charter market, nonetheless she was over 40 years old and it was becoming apparent that some major work would be required to keep her in service. The decision was taken to retire the vessel from service and on 27 September 1977, TS Queen Mary undertook her final public sailing, before being laid up in the East India Harbour, Greenock.

Retirement (1977–2009)
In 1978, TS Queen Mary was sold to Glasgow District Council, which planned to convert her to a museum. The Council, however, was unable to commit the necessary funding and so sold her on to Euroyachts (1980). In 1981 TS Queen Mary again was sold, this time to Tesright Limited.

Tesright relocated the ship to London, and she departed under the tow of the tug Pellmell Delta on 29 January 1981, arriving in London four days later.

In 1987, Queen Mary was sold to Bass PLC. She underwent a £2.5M refurbishment and was moored at Victoria Embankment. Facilities included two bars and two function rooms, whilst the top deck of the ship was used as an open-air venue with bar facilities.

In November 2009, TS Queen Mary was towed to Tilbury, to be prepared for a new life at La Rochelle. She had been purchased by Samuel Boudon, who planned to renovate her as a floating restaurant and fitness centre. However, by 2011, the venture had fallen through and she remained moored in Tilbury Docks, with an uncertain future

2009 – 2015
TS Queen Mary was auctioned by Capital Marine Services on 24 August 2011, and sold to Ranjan Chowdhury. He planned to restore the vessel to her 1930s glory. In 2012, the charity Friends of the TS Queen Mary was formed, with the clear goal of returning TS Queen Mary to a permanent berth in Glasgow.

In February 2015, TS Queen Mary was served with a prohibition notice by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, preventing her from leaving the Port of Tilbury until made seaworthy. Later that year, TS Queen Mary was arrested by the Port of Tilbury Limited due to the non-payment of berthing dues by the owner, and once again faced the threat of being scrapped.

Eventually the Port of Tilbury put the vessel up for auction, with Friends of TS Queen Mary's bid which was funded by Jim McColl being accepted, the purchase being finalised in October 2015.

Return to Scotland
A campaign to undertake essential repairs was launched in December 2015, spearheaded by Robbie Coltrane and supported by the Sunday Mail. Donations flooded in from across the UK and by March 2016 all of the funding required (£120,000) was in place. The repairs contract was awarded to Dales Marine (Garvel Clyde), and work started in April 2016.

Following a survey by the MCA, TS Queen Mary received a Loadline Exemption Certificate and was able to be towed from Tilbury back home to Scotland. On 15 May, the vessel arrived back on the Clyde and was berthed in James Watt Dock throughout the summer of 2016. On 1 September 2016, following a campaign to raise £350,000, TS Queen Mary was towed into Garvel Drydock for renovation works. On 1 October 2016, TS Queen Mary returned to James Watt Dock and on 9 November 2016, she left under tow for Glasgow on what would be her first visit to the city since 1977. She is now berthed at the entrance of Princes' Dock, at Glasgow Science Centre where she is undergoing a major refit to become a permanent heritage destination and education centre.

On 11 March 2022, the ship's royal patron, the Princess Royal, announced that the refit would now be extended to allow Queen Mary to return to passenger cruising in 2024. The plans would now require re-engining.

title: TS Queen Mary


text:
User talk:Xulin~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Meelar (talk • contribs) at 06:56, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

:O
It seems that he barely got to do anything on Wikipedia... --Oº°‘¨ |{¡Ð £v¡l ¹ ¨‘°ºO 00:47, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * He primarly edited the French Wikipedia, see here. - Face 19:27, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Xulin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Xulin~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:57, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:39, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xulin~enwiki


text:
Oodaaq

Oodaaq or Oodap Qeqertaa is a bank of gravel and silt northeast of Greenland that has been considered by some to be the northernmost point of land on Earth, though a number of other places have also been given that title since its discovery. It may have been created by the impact of an iceberg in a shallow sea. However, the area of ice in which it appears does not move from year to year. If it was created by an iceberg, then it must have happened long ago.

Location
Oodaaq lies at 83° 40′ North and 30° 40′ West, only 705 km south of the North Pole and 1,360 m north of Kaffeklubben Island, lying near the northeast tip of Greenland. When discovered it measured a mere 15 by.

History
It was discovered in 1978 when a Danish survey team led by Uffe Petersen landed a helicopter on Kaffeklubben Island to confirm that it did indeed lie further north than the tip of Greenland. Having confirmed the fact, a member of the team noticed a dark spot 1300 m northeast of Kaffeklubben Island. The survey team landed on the island in a helicopter and later named it Oodaaq after the Inuk who accompanied Robert Peary on his journey to the North Pole.

Debate
Gravel banks such as this are generally considered not to qualify for the title of the world's northernmost point of land as they are rarely permanent. In fact, several subsequent expeditions have claimed that Oodaaq has now disappeared beneath the ocean.

In July 1998, during an aerial reconnaissance flight, Peter Skafte photographed a small island farther north than any previously observed. In July 2003, Peter Skafte, Mara Boland, and Dennis Schmitt, and three others walked across the melting sea ice to the new island. It is located about 3 km north of Kaffeklubben Island, at about 83°42'N. Snow and ice had melted to reveal a 35 m bank of rocks and sand at a height of about 4 m. Later Ken Zerbst failed to locate the island in 2008 while using a helicopter.

In July 2001, the Return to the Top of the World Expedition came to the conclusion that the previously-discovered island and permanent land feature ATOW1996 was the northernmost point of land on Earth.

Several possible explanations exist for the failure to locate the island in 2008.

 * The island may not be a permanent land feature connected to the bottom of the sea.

 * Seasonal and yearly accumulation of snow and ice has rendered the island invisible.

 * The island was discovered in a belt of multiyear fast ice, but global warming has eroded this layer of ice along the Greenland coast. Perhaps the island has been exposed to the force of the drift ice and 'bulldozed' away.

 * The GPS coordinates for the island's location are most likely inaccurate. GPS satellites are low on the horizon near the North Pole, which may cause GPS to yield inaccurate results.

In late 2004, the Eighth Edition of the National Geographic World Atlas was released. It clearly shows Oodaaq as the northernmost landmass on Earth. In August 2005 and 2006, Peter Skafte, Allen Deforest (satellite engineer), and Paul Lommen (physicist) conducted a search for new islands north of Greenland, using high-resolution satellite images.

Two sets of images were obtained, one year apart, to determine if any of the new islands had moved. One island was 64 m in diameter and visible on a satellite image, even without magnification. The team named it "Skafte Island" and posted it on a website. They also sent two reports about their findings to Hauge Anderson at the Danish Polar Center, one in 2005 and another in 2006. Dennis Schmitt was shown an image of "Skafte Island" before his departure with a group of people to North Greenland in 2007. He visited the island and made the claim that he had discovered a new northernmost island.

A number of other locations have since been called the northernmost point. In July 2021, scientists visited what they thought was Oodaaq, later discovering they had actually landed on a previously unknown island 780 m north-west of Oodaaq. The island measures approximately 60 ×, with a maximum elevation of around 3 m. The scientists proposed the island be called "Qeqertaq Avannarleq", Greenlandic for "the northernmost island". Rene Forsberg, head of geodynamics at the National Space Institute in Denmark, said Qeqertaq Avannarleq is not a true island, likely rock on ice, as are all the other islets north of Kaffeklubben.

title: Oodaaq


text:
Boston, Texas

Boston is an unincorporated community in, and the county seat of, Bowie County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 200 in 2000. It is part of the Texarkana metropolitan area.

History
In the mid-1880s, as the population of (Old) Boston declined, citizens of Texarkana successfully moved the county seat to their city in the extreme east of the county. Within five years, citizens of central and western Bowie County successfully proposed moving the county seat closer to the geographic center of the county. The new community began in 1890 with the construction of the County Courthouse, one mile south of New Boston and three miles north of the original Boston. The county seat was required to have a post office. After the first three proposed names, Center, Hood, and Glass were rejected as already in use, Boston's post office (including its name) was relocated to the new county seat, while the original was relabeled "Old Boston". In the 1980s, a new courthouse was built in New Boston, but Boston remained the county seat. Its population was recorded at 200 in 2000. Its population was also recorded as 175 from 1896 through the early 1990s. It had only two operating businesses in 1982.

The Bowie County jail in the community is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
Boston is located off U.S. Highway 82 and the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 22 mi west of Texarkana in central Bowie County.

Education
Boston is served by the New Boston Independent School District.

Notable people

 * Jeff D. Leach, businessman and microbiome researcher, was born in Boston.
 * William Lee Estes, United States federal judge, was born in Boston.
 * Howell Washington Runnels Sr. was a store clerk in Boston.

In popular culture
The movie Christmas on Mars was filmed in Boston.

title: Boston, Texas


text:
Ervin Johnson

Ervin Johnson Jr. (born December 21, 1967) is an American former professional basketball player who is a community ambassador for the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played in the NBA for the Seattle SuperSonics, Denver Nuggets, Milwaukee Bucks and Minnesota Timberwolves as a center from 1993 to 2006.

Early life
Johnson attended Block High School in Jonesville, Louisiana, where he played basketball until he quit in the 10th grade. Three years removed from high school, he worked in a Baton Rouge supermarket and had grown 8 inches when a friend suggested that he should try-out for the New Orleans Privateers, who did not have a big man. Privateers head coach Tim Floyd offered Johnson a scholarship on sight despite the fact he had not played basketball in years.

College career
UNO recorded 87 victories during Johnson's time in the program. They earned two NCAA tournament bids and one NIT tournament appearance. When he finished, he was the second all-time leading scorer in UNO history (1,608 points), first all-time in field goal percentage (59%), first all-time in double-doubles with 55, first all-time in rebounds with 1,287 (10.5 per game), third all-time in double-figure scoring games (81), eighth all-time in steals (109), second all-time in games played (123) and first all-time in blocks (294). Johnson was named All-American South Conference for the 1990–1991 season, All-Sun Belt Conference for the 1991–1992 season, and the 1992–1993 Sun Belt Conference Player of the Year.

Johnson completed his degree in general studies from the University of New Orleans during the 1996–97 NBA season, and was commencement speaker at graduation ceremonies.

Honors
Johnson was named Basketball Times 2nd Team All-American for 1992–93 and 3rd Team All-American by Basketball Weekly and United Press International. He was named Honorable Mention All-American for the same season by the Associated Press.

Johnson was named MVP of the NABC All-America Game in 1993.

On December 29, 1997, his Privateer jersey (40) was retired at Lakefront Arena.

In 2005, Johnson was named to the All-Time Men's Basketball Team for the Sun Belt Conference in celebration of the conference's 30th basketball season.

Professional career
A 6'11", 245-pound center from the University of New Orleans, Johnson was selected 23rd overall by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1993 NBA draft, and played for the Sonics, Denver Nuggets, Minnesota Timberwolves and Milwaukee Bucks.

On February 14, 1996, Johnson scored a career-high 28 points, alongside grabbing 12 rebounds, in a win against the Timberwolves. Johnson and the Sonics would make it to the Finals that postseason, before losing to the Bulls.

The following season, after signing with the Nuggets, Johnson scored 19 points, grabbed 20 rebounds and blocked 5 shots on December 20 in a win against the Vancouver Grizzlies. That year, Johnson led the league in total defensive rebounds, with 682.

During the 1997 offseason, Johnson was traded to the Bucks for Danny Fortson, Johnny Newman, and Joe Wolf. On April 11, 1998, Johnson scored 24 points and grabbed 15 rebounds in a loss against the New Jersey Nets.

Johnson played a key role on the 2000–01 Bucks, grabbing a playoff career-high 17 rebounds on May 15 against the Charlotte Hornets, and playing in every game of their playoff run leading up to their Game 7 loss (in which he started and played 42 minutes) in the Eastern Conference Finals against the 76ers.

Three years later, now in Minnesota and 36 years old, Johnson played an important role on another team's deep playoff run. This time, he averaged 20 minutes a game in the playoffs, but still started most games en route to a Western Conference Finals loss to the Lakers.

Johnson returned to the Bucks for one season, and retired after the end of the 2006 NBA playoffs.

NBA career statistics
Source

Post-playing career
Johnson was a community ambassador for the Denver Nuggets. He also hosts clinics to teach basketball fundamentals to children in Colorado.

title: Ervin Johnson


text:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York

The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (in case citations, E.D.N.Y.) is the federal district court whose territorial jurisdiction spans five counties in New York State: the four Long Island counties of Nassau, Suffolk, Kings (Brooklyn), and Queens, as well as Richmond (Staten Island), the latter three being among New York City's five boroughs. The court also has concurrent jurisdiction with the Southern District of New York over the waters of New York (Manhattan) and Bronx Counties (including New York Harbor and the East River). Its courthouses are located in Brooklyn and Central Islip.

Appeals from the Eastern District of New York are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of New York represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. The United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York since October 2021 is Breon Peace. The U.S. Marshal for the court is Vincent F. DeMarco.

Courthouses
The main location is the Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse at 225 Cadman Plaza East in the civic center of Brooklyn. The 15-story building was designed by Cesar Pelli. The courthouse was designed in 1995 but did not open until 2006 following redesign requirements in the wake of the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11 attacks. It replaced the six story Emanuel Celler Federal Building (built in 1962 and located next door and connected via glass atrium). In 2008 it was renamed for Theodore Roosevelt. The building was originally to be renamed in honor of former New York Governor Hugh Carey but politicians backed off because Carey was alive at the time. The associated prison is the Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn.

The Divisional office is in the Alfonse M. D'Amato United States Courthouse in Central Islip, New York. The courthouse designed by Richard Meier opened in 2000 and is the largest building on Long Island. The 12-story building has 870000 sqft, 23 courtrooms and 24 judges' chambers. It is the third largest federal courthouse in the United States (after the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse and Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse).


text:
Gabby Logan

Gabrielle Nicole Logan (née Yorath; born 24 April 1973) is a Welsh  television and radio presenter, and a former rhythmic gymnast who represented Wales and Great Britain. She hosted Final Score for BBC Sport from 2009 until 2013. She has also presented live sports events for the BBC, including a revived episode of Superstars in December 2012 and the London Marathon since 2015. Since 2013, she has co-hosted Sports Personality of the Year for the BBC and she presented the second series of The Edge in 2015.

Early life
Gabrielle Nicole Yorath was born on 24 April 1973 in Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire to former Wales international footballer and manager Terry Yorath, who was playing for Leeds United at the time, and his wife, Christine. The family moved frequently because her father played for a number of British teams as well as in Canada with the Vancouver Whitecaps. She attended Cardinal Heenan High School and Notre Dame Sixth Form College in Leeds. She played netball at school and at university and also competed in the high jump, but the peak of her sporting career was when she placed 11th in rhythmic gymnastics representing Wales at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland. She became interested in football during her regular attendances at her father's matches. Her mother went out of a "sense of duty". Along with her brother and sister, she was in the crowd at Valley Parade on 11 May 1985, the day of the Bradford City stadium fire. She had left the stand only moments before the fire took hold and watched the unfolding disaster.

Her debut TV appearance was when she was chosen as the Leeds Rose for the 1991 Rose of Tralee competition.

Early career
After studying law at Durham University, Logan began presenting on Metro Radio in Newcastle, and on Tyne Tees Television on their Tonight programme, from where she was offered a job as a presenter on Sky Sports in 1996. She worked there until 1998, when she joined the ITV TV network.

ITV
Logan's career came to notice when she fronted On the Ball. Logan was one of a small number of female sports presenters to have made the transition to terrestrial television. After ITV lost the terrestrial rights to the Premier League, she presented their UEFA Champions League coverage, including the 2005 and 2006 finals, between A.C. Milan and Liverpool, and Arsenal and Barcelona, respectively. Logan left ITV for BBC Sport in December 2006, In 2003, she reported on the Rugby World Cup. Also that year, Logan presented a programme called Britain's Brilliant Prodigies featuring a young Jessie J.

Logan stepped in for Melanie Sykes on 6 July 2004 when she went on maternity leave partway through the third series of game show The Vault.

She co-hosted the celebrity diving show Splash! on ITV, alongside Vernon Kay and Olympic diver Tom Daley from 2013 until 2014.

In 2015, Logan returned to ITV for reality series Flockstars, a show she later said was her "biggest disappointment".

BBC
Logan started presenting for BBC Sport on 27 January 2007, presenting coverage of the FA Cup fourth round tie between Luton Town and Blackburn Rovers. She continues to regularly present and report on live football for the BBC and Logan also deputises for Gary Lineker on Match of the Day. Logan hosted Final Score from 2009 until 2013. She reported from the England Camp for the 2010 World Cup, Euro 2012 and World Cup 2014 while also being a pitchside reporter at England matches.

In 2008 Logan replaced Craig Doyle as host of the BBC's Six Nations Championship coverage. She had previously reported on the 2003 Rugby World Cup for ITV.

Logan became the main host of athletics for BBC Sport. She has hosted live coverage of the World Athletics Championships in 2013, and the European Athletics Championships and Commonwealth Games in 2014. She has also hosted the annual IAAF Diamond League competition.

Logan has hosted BBC Olympic Games coverage at Beijing 2008, London 2012, Rio 2016, Tokyo 2021. She has also hosted live coverage of other sporting events such as the 2013 Aquatics World Championships

Since 2009, Logan has been a frequent stand-in presenter on The One Show on BBC One. Logan stated that she was once criticised by a BBC executive for wearing "too sexy boots".

In August 2013, Logan began hosting the BBC One series I Love My Country, featuring team captains Micky Flanagan and Frank Skinner on Saturday evenings. In October 2013, the programme was axed due to largely negative press reviews and poor viewing figures.

In September 2013, the BBC announced that, as of 2013, Logan would replace Sue Barker as one of the presenters for the annual BBC Sports Personality of the Year.

In March 2015, Logan hosted Let's Play Darts for Comic Relief for BBC Two. The show returned for a second series in February 2016.

She presented live coverage of the 2015 London Marathon, broadcast on BBC One on 26 April, the 2016 London Marathon on 24 April and the 2017 London Marathon on 23 April. In August 2015, she was the main presenter for BBC's coverage of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics from Beijing.

Logan presented the second series of the BBC game show The Edge in 2015. She replaced Mark Benton who hosted series 1.

In 2016, Logan was part of the presenting team for The Invictus Games on BBC One. She was also a part of the media team during the BBC's coverage of the 2016 UEFA European Championship in France.

In 2017 she hosted the BBC IAAF coverage in London.

In 2022 Logan hosted coverage of the Women's Six Nations Championship.

Channel 5
In June 2011, while still presenting the sports results shows for BBC One on Saturdays, Logan joined Channel 5 to present a discussion and magazine show following The Wright Stuff at 11:10 am each weekday initially called The Wright Stuff Extra, and later renamed as Live with Gabby. On 5 April 2012, the show tweeted to confirm that Logan was leaving the programme.

Guest appearances

 * Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (2002, 2010, 2021)
 * Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes (2002)
 * All Star Family Fortunes (2006)
 * 8 Out of 10 Cats (2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016)
 * Would I Lie to You? (2008, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2019)
 * Never Mind the Buzzcocks (2009, 2015)
 * They Think It's All Over: Comic Relief Special (2011)
 * Wall of Fame (2011)
 * Shooting Stars (2011)
 * Room 101 (2012, 2017)
 * The Angelos Epithemiou Show (2012)
 * The Big Fat Quiz of the Year (2012)
 * All Star Mr & Mrs (2013)
 * The Last Leg (2013)
 * Was It Something I Said? (2013)
 * Have I Got News for You (2013)
 * That Puppet Game Show (2014)
 * Through the Keyhole (2014)
 * Pointless Celebrities (2015, 2016)
 * Celebrity Squares (2015)
 * Alan Carr's 12 Stars of Christmas (2016)
 * Insert Name Here (2017)
 * Jack Dee's Inauguration Helpdesk (2017)
 * Don't Ask Me Ask Britain (2017)
 * Britain's Favourite Dogs: Top 100 (2018)
 * Richard Osman's House of Games (2021)
 * The Wheel (2021, 2024)
 * Blankety Blank (2022)
 * The John Bishop Show (2023)
 * Celebrity Catchphrase (2023)

 * The Great Celebrity Bake Off for Stand Up To Cancer (2024)

Radio
Logan has worked on BBC Radio 5 Live, where she presented a lunchtime show from January 2010. Her previous Sunday morning was taken over by Kate Silverton.

In light of the move of BBC Radio 5 Live from London to MediaCityUK in Salford, Logan left her weekday show in April 2011 due to other BBC work and family commitments. She was replaced by Shelagh Fogarty.

On 12 April 2009, she presented the BBC Radio 4 Appeal on behalf of St John's Catholic School for the Deaf.

Political views
In August 2014, Logan was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

Other work
In December 2012, Logan was appointed as a non-executive director of Perform Group.

In 2014, Logan helped launch Tesco's Farm to Fork initiative.

Logan is the voice-over for the MegaRed heart health commercial advertisements.

In April 2022, Logan announced that her memoir, The First Half, would be published in the autumn.

Honours, awards and recognition
Logan has won "Sports Presenter of the Year" four times at the Television and Radio Industries Club Awards in 2000, 2002, 2004, and in 2014, while also being nominated a further three times in 2007, 2008, and in 2010. Gabby Logan was crowned "Tesco Celebrity Mum of the Year" in March 2012. Logan received a longlist nomination for "Most Popular Entertainment Presenter" at the 2014 National Television Awards She was also nominated for "Sports Presenter, Commentator or Pundit" at the 2014 Royal Television Society Awards, losing out to Gary Neville but did win "Sports Programme" as part of the BBC Athletics team.

Upon becoming one of the first female sports anchors to break into terrestrial television in the 1990s, Logan has received praise from many of her fellow professionals such as Terry Venables, Ally McCoist and Des Lynam. Her natural style of broadcasting, combined with her relaxed demeanor and ability to banter with whichever ex-pro whom she is working alongside, has made Logan a hugely popular figure on TV.

Logan, along with Clare Balding, received praise for their commentary during the coverage of the 2012 Summer Olympics. Politician Boris Johnson praised Logan's contribution during the BBC's coverage of the London Games, also saying that his favourite part of coverage was the late-night summary with Gabby Logan.

Logan was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to sports broadcasting and the promotion of women in sport.

Personal life
In 1992, Logan's 15-year-old brother Daniel collapsed and died from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Logan has actively appealed for the Daniel Yorath Appeal, which raises funds for the treatment and detection of the condition.

Her brother Jordan Yorath (born 1986) played football for England Universities in 2008, and for Sheffield Wednesday, Halifax Town and Wakefield F.C. Logan's sister, Louise (born 1974), was a performer in Cirque Du Soleil's Zumanity show.

Logan married former Scotland international rugby union player Kenny Logan on 19 July 2001. She has said that meeting her husband was a motivation to exercise regularly again. The couple live in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire.

On 28 July 2005, after undergoing IVF treatment, Logan gave birth to twins, a son named Reuben, and a daughter named Lois.

In June 2012, Logan was named by The Times newspaper as one of several people to have put money into a film and tax avoidance scheme.

In January 2013, Logan was named the first Chancellor of Leeds Trinity University. In November 2017 it was announced that Logan would step down from this role in January 2018 after five years.

Logan runs and plays golf. She is a supporter of Newcastle United, dating back to her time at Durham University, when her boyfriend was a fan. She remembers her first match as Newcastle's 1–0 Premier League victory over Everton on 25 August 1993 and made visits by air or rail to St James' Park throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, including Newcastle's 5–0 win over Manchester United on 20 October 1996.

Charity
Logan is currently a patron of The Disabilities Trust, The Prince's Trust, St John's Catholic School for the Deaf, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Newcastle United Foundation. She was named the President of Muscular Dystrophy UK in 2018. She and her husband Kenny Logan are past presidents of the children's charity Sparks.

title: Gabby Logan


text: Category:Bowie County, Texas

title: Category:Bowie County, Texas


text:
Talk:Middelburg

Untitled
This disambiguation page was originally located at Middelburg. I've moved it to Middelburg (disambiguation), and made Middelburg into a redirect to Middelburg, Netherlands.

There were at the time of this move (excepting links from the disambiguation page): Eugene van der Pijll 22:48, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 4 links to Middelburg, Netherlands
 * 1 link to Middelburg, Belgium
 * 1 link to Middelburg, South-Africa
 * about 30 links to the disambiguation page, all about Middelburg, the Netherlands

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Middelburg which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:01, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Middelburg