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Edward Taylor

Edward Taylor (c. 1642 – June 29, 1729) was a colonial American poet, pastor and physician of English origin. His work remained unpublished for some 200 years but since then has established him as one of the foremost writers of his time. His poetry has been characterized as "American Baroque" as well as Metaphysical.

Life
The son of a nonconformist yeoman farmer, Taylor is thought to have been born in 1642 at Sketchley, Leicestershire. There is conflicting evidence in regard to the dates and locations of events in his early life, but he grew up during the Commonwealth of England and under the influence of his father became a convinced Protestant Dissenter. His childhood was spent on the family farm where he enjoyed the stability of a middle-class upbringing. His later writings are full of influences from his farmhouse childhood, both as regards imagery, and in the occasional use of the Leicestershire dialect.

Taylor's mother and father died in 1657 and 1658, respectively. He continued to develop alone and the extent of his formal education is unknown. For some time he worked as schoolmaster at Bagworth but following the restoration of the monarchy, Taylor refused to sign the Act of Uniformity requiring worship according the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, which cost him his teaching position. It was at this point that he began to write poetry in which he continued to lament the loss of religious freedoms after he emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America in 1668.

Taylor's Atlantic crossing and subsequent years (from April 26, 1668, to July 5, 1671) are chronicled in his now-published Diary. Just two weeks after landing in Boston, he was admitted to Harvard College as a second year student to prepare himself for ordination, studying a variety of topics and languages. Upon graduation in 1671 his first choice was to stay at university and become a resident scholar. But just a week later he accepted the call to serve as pastor and physician at Westfield, on the remote western frontier of Massachusetts, where he remained until his death 58 years later.

As a physician, Taylor was a follower of Parcelsus, as evidenced by the books known to be in his library. He left a hand-written record of remedies in his 'dispensatory'. These included botanicals after the fashion of Nicholas Culpepper and many agents of animal tissue origin, including some derived from mummia, or "The Deade body or flesh." The practice of 'medical cannibalism' has been compared to Puritan attitudes toward the eucharist.

He was twice married: first to Elizabeth Fitch, by whom he had eight children, five of whom died in childhood; and at her death to Ruth Wyllys, who bore him six more children. Taylor died in Westfield on June 29, 1729.

Poetry
Taylor's poems, in leather bindings of his own manufacture, survived him, but he had left explicit instructions that his heirs should never publish any of his writings and the poems remained all but forgotten for more than 200 years. In 1937 Thomas H. Johnson discovered a 7,000-page quarto manuscript of Taylor's poetry in the library of Yale University and published a selection from it in The New England Quarterly. The appearance of these poems, wrote Taylor's biographer Norman S. Grabo, "established [Taylor] almost at once and without quibble as not only America's finest colonial poet, but as one of the most striking writers in the whole range of American literature." His most important poems, the first sections of Preparatory Meditations (1682–1725) and God's Determinations Touching His Elect and the Elects Combat in Their Conversion and Coming up to God in Christ: Together with the Comfortable Effects Thereof (c. 1680), were published shortly after their discovery. His complete poems, however, were not published until 1960, by Donald E. Stanford.

Taylor's poems were an expression of his deeply held religious views, acquired during a strict upbringing and shaped in adulthood by New England Congregationalist Puritans, who during the 1630s and 1640s developed rules far more demanding than those of their co-religionists in England. Alarmed by a perceived lapse in piety of those in his congregation, he concluded that professing belief and leading a scandal-free life were insufficient for full participation in the local assembly. To become communing participants, "halfway members" were required to relate by testimony some personal experience of God's saving grace leading to conversion, thus affirming that they were, in their own opinion and that of the church, assured of salvation. This requirement, expressed in the famous Halfway Covenant of 1662, was readily embraced by Taylor, who became one of its most vocal advocates.

Taylor's poems are marked by a robust spiritual content, conveyed by means of homely and vivid imagery derived from everyday Puritan surroundings and glorifying the Christian experience. Written in conjunction with his sermons, his "Meditations" each explore scriptural themes and passages, often showing Taylor's own deep understanding of doctrine, as well as his struggle with some of the contradictions within strict Puritanism. His poetry is full of his expression of love of God and of his commitment to serve his creator amid the isolation of rural life. "Taylor transcended his frontier circumstances," biographer Grabo observed, "not by leaving them behind, but by transforming them into intellectual, aesthetic, and spiritual universals."

Interpretation
When a first selection of his work was published, he was called simply “A Puritan sacred poet”. Soon after, however, he was being described as “an American metaphysical” and his poetry typified as ‘Colonial Baroque’. In his work appear such typically Baroque elements as acrostic verse, word play and use of conceits, as well as spoken meditations reminiscent of George Herbert. A later study compared his approach to that of such Baroque Poets as Giambattista Marino and Francisco de Quevedo, who in his time were influencing the Spanish-language poets of the New World.

Musical settings
Gerald Finzi made two settings from Taylor's Meditations. The first (op. 27.1) was the final stanza of Meditation 12, “Glorious in his apparel", which was composed as a marriage anthem for his sister-in-law in September 1946. The second (op. 27.2) was a setting of two internal stanzas from Meditation 20, “God is gone up with a triumphant shout”, commissioned for the 1951 St. Cecilia Festival Service at St.Sepulchre’s Church, Holborn.

Two settings have been made of Taylor's poem "Huswifery". That by Richard K. Winslow (b.1918) for chorus and piano was the winner of the American Music Competition of the Sigma Alpha Iota music fraternity in 1950. It was later set for a cappella chorus by Gordon Binkerd in 1970. Binkerd had earlier set “The Ebb and Flow” for a cappella chorus in 1966. In addition, the meditation "What Love Is This" was set as an anthem for four-part chorus and organ by Timothy Hoekman in 1978.

title: Edward Taylor


text: User talk:81.77.139.91

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:81.77.139.91


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Margaret III, Countess of Flanders

Margaret III (13 April 1350 – 16/21 March 1405) was a ruling Countess of Flanders, Countess of Artois, and Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne between 1384 and 1405. She was the last Countess of Flanders of the House of Dampierre.

She was also Duchess of Burgundy by marriage to Philip I, Duke of Burgundy and Philip II, Duke of Burgundy.

Biography
Margaret was the only surviving child and heir of Count Louis II of Flanders (1346–1384) and Margaret of Brabant.

First marriage
In 1355, Margaret of Flanders married Philip of Rouvres, grandson and heir of Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy. Philip was Count of Burgundy and Artois (1347–1361), Duke of Burgundy (1350–1361), and became Count of Auvergne and Boulogne (1360–1361).

Second marriage
Following Philip's death from a riding accident in 1361, Margaret was widowed and had no issue by him. King John II of France then claimed the Duchy of Burgundy for the kingdom of France, by escheat. In 1364, Philip the Bold, King John's youngest son, was granted the duchy, and subsequently married Margaret. Margaret's second marriage to Philip the Bold took place in 1369.

Ruling Countess
When Margaret's father, the Count of Flanders, died in 1384, she and Philip inherited the counties of Artois, Burgundy, Flanders, Nevers, and Rethel. Philip died in 1404, and Margaret died the following year.

With her death, the House of Dampierre came to an end, and the County of Flanders lost its (relative) independence to Burgundy. It came under the rule of her son, John the Fearless, and later to the House of Habsburg.

Issue
Margaret and Philip had the following children:
 * John I of Burgundy, Duke of Burgundy (1371–1419, murdered at Montereau), her eldest son and successor in Flanders, Artois, and Burgundy.
 * Charles of Burgundy (1372–1373)
 * Margaret of Burgundy (October 1374 – March 8, 1441, Le Quesnoy), married William II, Duke of Bavaria.
 * Louis of Burgundy (1377–1378)
 * Catherine of Burgundy (April 1378, Montbard – January 24, 1425, Gray, Haute-Saône), married Leopold IV, Duke of Austria.
 * Bonne of Burgundy (1379–1399, Arras)
 * Mary of Burgundy (September 1380, Dijon – October 2, 1422, Thonon-les-Bains), married Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
 * Antoine of Burgundy, Duke of Brabant (August, 1384 – October 25, 1415, at the Battle of Agincourt.)
 * Philip II, Count of Nevers and Rethel (1389–1415, at the Battle of Agincourt.), as "Philip II".

Legacy
The main line of the House of Dampierre ended with Margaret III. The Dampierres, originally only counts of Flanders, had through a clever marriage policy managed to inherit the counties of Nevers (1280) and Rethel (1328). Through her grandmother, a daughter of King Philip V of France, the counties of Artois and Burgundy (the "Franche Comté") were added to this (1382). These lands were to provide the core of the dominions of the House of Valois-Burgundy, which were, together with the Duchy of Burgundy, to provide them with a power base to challenge the rule of their cousins, the Valois kings of France in the 15th century.

Her eldest son, John the Fearless, succeeded her father Louis as Count of Nevers in 1384, her husband in 1404 as Duke of Burgundy and her as Count of Burgundy, Count of Artois, and Count of Flanders. In 1406 her younger son Anthony inherited Brabant and Limburg. Nevers and Rethel were at first, in her lifetime, given to her eldest sons John (Nevers) and Anthony (Rethel), but after John's accession to the duchy, Nevers went to her youngest son Philip. Rethel was given to Philip in 1402 when it became clear that Anthony would inherit Brabant.

Residences
In Burgundy, the Château de Germolles, offered to Margaret of Flanders by Philip the Bold in 1381, was transformed by the Duchess of Burgundy into a sumptuous country estate. It was a large rectangular building, surrounded by a moat, that enclosed a courtyard. The south and east wings contained the living apartments, while the west wing held the reception rooms. Margaret, being energetic and a country lover, decided to develop at the estate some rustic activities that would create a pleasant environment around this favourite residence of hers, as well as developing local agriculture and providing some income for the maintenance of the domain. Thus, she planted a large rose garden, and the petals were sent to Flanders to be used to make rose water. Largely preserved, the Château is today one of the best examples of the princely residences in France at the end of the Middle Ages.

title: Margaret III, Countess of Flanders


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George Thomson (musician)

George Thomson (1757 – 1851) was a Scottish music publisher and a friend of Robert Burns. He was clerk to the board of trustees in Edinburgh for 60 years. His A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice came out in six volumes between 1793 and 1841, and included contributions from Burns, Lord Byron, Thomas Moore, Walter Scott and Thomas Campbell. Thomson published folksong arrangements by Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ignaz Pleyel, Leopold Kozeluch, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Carl Maria von Weber, Henry Rowley Bishop, and Robert Archibald Smith.

Early life
George Thomson was born in 1757 in Limekilns, Dunfermline. His father was a schoolmaster at Limekilns and had some legal training. In 1780, Thomson gained a clerical appointment with the Board of Manufactures on the recommendation of John Home, and spent the rest of his career with this body, eventually rising to the position of Chief Clerk. He joined the Edinburgh Musical Society, playing the violin in the orchestra and singing in the choir. For 59 years he worked for the Board of Trustees for the Encouragement of Art and Manufactures in Scotland. His daughter Georgina was the wife of editor and music publisher George Hogarth, and his granddaughter Catherine married novelist Charles Dickens.

Collection of Scots songs
Thomson played in the orchestra of the St Cecilia Concerts, enjoying performances of Scots songs by Italian castrati visiting Scotland. This gave him the idea of bringing out a collection of Scots songs with new accompaniments and respectable words. In the summer of 1792 he got Andrew Erskine, younger brother of the composer the Earl of Kellie, to take part in the project, but about fifteen months later Erskine, with gambling debts, ended his life by jumping into the Firth of Forth.

To continue the project Thomson asked Alexander Cunningham for a letter of introduction to Robert Burns and in September 1792 sent it with his letter stating that

Burns was already a contributor to James Johnson's The Scots Musical Museum and agreed to do the work, but indignantly added that "In the honest enthusiasm with which I embark in your undertaking, to talk of money, wages, fee, hire, etc. could be downright Sodomy of Soul! A proof of each of the Songs that I compose or amend, I shall receive as a favour."

Select Scottish Airs
The first part of Thomson's Select Scottish Airs, brought out in June 1793, contained 25 songs by Burns. Thomson sent him a copy and, with the note that "you must suffer me to enclose a small mark of my gratitude, and to repeat it–afterwards when I find it convenient" a five-pound note. Burns responded indignantly

Thomson did not attempt again to make payments until, close to the end of his life, the dying poet desperately begged him for a further five pounds.

Burns gave his congratulations on the elegant appearance of the book, and Thomson soon decided, with the aid of his willing collaborator, to include "every Scottish air and song worth singing".

Burns kept on providing songs until a few days before his death, and became involved in a lot of correspondence with Thomson, responding to editorial suggestions and justifying reasons for altering an old song or writing a new song to a particular tune. This gives a valuable insight into his approach to Scots song. Once Burns had stated his wishes Thomson rarely argued back, but sometimes made alterations without consulting the poet and ignored the request of Burns to return unsuitable songs for Johnson to put into print. Burns made it clear that in giving one edition of his songs he was not giving away his copyright. Alternative English language versions of the songs were provided by John Wolcot under the pen name of "Peter Pindar", but after he withdrew in August 1793 Thomson persuaded Burns to produce the English verses as well as his Scots language lyrics.

Thomson frequently suggested "improvements" which Burns rejected. A particular instance was Scots Wha Hae where Thomson insisted on an alternative to the familiar tune, and had Burns alter his stanzas to suit, but was later forced by public pressure to restore the original version.

Burns wrote:

title: George Thomson (musician)


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Glenn Morris

Glenn Edgar Morris (June 18, 1912 – January 31, 1974) was a U.S. track and field athlete. He won a gold medal in the Olympic decathlon in 1936, setting new world and Olympic records. He attended Colorado A&M — now known as Colorado State University — and played football as well as track and field. He was also an occasional actor, he portrayed Tarzan in Tarzan's Revenge.

Biography
Born on his family's homestead farm near Simla, Colorado, Morris was the second of seven children. A natural athlete whose record in the 220 yd hurdles stood for forty years at his high school, Morris entered Colorado Agricultural College (now Colorado State University) at Fort Collins in 1930, and became a star athlete, excelling in several sports and being named All-American in track and field. Working as an assistant coach and automobile salesman after graduation in 1934 (with degrees in economics and sociology), Morris began training as a decathlon athlete in hopes of competing in the 1936 Olympics.

In the U.S. Olympic track and field trials in 1936, Morris scored a new world record of 7,880 points, earning him Newsweek's sobriquet "the nation's new Iron Man." Morris broke his own world record, and the Olympic record, in the Berlin games, with a decathlon score of 7,900 points. It was said that Adolf Hitler never left his seat while Morris was competing, and that the Germans thereafter offered Morris $50,000 to stay in Germany and appear in sports films, an offer Morris refused.

German filmmaker and documentarian Leni Riefenstahl (1902–2003) claimed in her memoirs that during and after the 1936 Olympics, she had an affair with Morris, which she ended because of a very disparaging report about him that was given to her by a graphologist. Riefenstahl also claimed that the affair began when, after winning the gold medal, he tore off her blouse and kissed her breasts, in front of the audience of 100,000 people. In reality, Morris merely received his medal and laurel from Hitler's mistress Eva Braun in an otherwise standard ceremony. Part two of Riefenstahl's film Olympia included a segment documenting Morris's decathlon triumph.

Morris' success at the 1936 Olympics resulted in a brief flurry of fame, including a New York City ticker-tape parade and a statewide Colorado celebration. He received the 1936 James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States, and he had a short stint as an NBC radio commentator.

In November 1937, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the ten-minute short film Decathlon Champion: The Story of Glenn Morris, depicting how he trained for and won the decathlon event. Morris portrayed himself in the film, before becoming the fourth Olympic athlete to play Tarzan. He appeared in only one Tarzan film, Tarzan's Revenge (1938), an inexpensive independent film produced by Sol Lesser and released by Twentieth Century Fox. Reviews for the film cited both the silliness of the production and the exaggerated acting of the theatrically untrained Morris (though Variety called him "a highly acceptable Tarzan"). After only one minor additional film role, in the 1938 comedy Hold That Co-ed, Morris left the movie business forever.

Morris played four games with the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL) in 1940 before injury curtailed this new career, then worked as an insurance agent.

During World War II, he served as an officer in the U.S. Navy and was stationed in the Pacific, commanding amphibious-assault landing craft. Reportedly wounded, Morris was treated for psychological-trauma issues and spent several months in a naval hospital.

Later life
Following his release from duty, Morris worked for a dozen years in construction and as a steel rigger for the Atomic Energy Commission. Subsequently, he may have worked off and on as a parking lot attendant, and he was rumored to have been an alcoholic. He lived out his last years mostly in Menlo Park, California, and as a patient in veterans hospitals. Too ill to attend his induction into the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame in 1967, where he was proclaimed "the world's greatest athlete," Morris nevertheless donated his Olympic gold medal to the Hall. The medal was subsequently given, along with Morris's other memorabilia, to Simla High School, which gives an annual Glenn Morris Award for athletic and academic excellence; the school, in turn, donated the medal in April 2011 to Colorado State University, the successor to Morris' college alma mater, where it is displayed in the Iris and Michael Smith Alumni Building.

At age 61 in 1974, Morris died of congestive heart failure "and other complications" at the veterans' hospital in Palo Alto, California, and was buried in Skylawn Memorial Park in nearby San Mateo.

He was married from 1937 to 1940 to Charlotte Edwards, whom he had met in college.

Books

 * In 2003, author Mike Chapman wrote “The Gold and The Glory: The Amazing True Story of Glenn Morris, Olympic Champion and Movie Tarzan”. The foreword was written by Bob Mathias, Olympic decathlon champion in 1948 and 1952, and the book has over 120 photos, ranging from Morris's high school days up through college, the Olympics, Hollywood, and his service as a Naval officer in World War II.
 * A 2013 novel Olympic Affair was published by Terry Frei in which he depicts the life of Morris, and Frei imagines what the affair with Leni Riefenstahl was like.

title: Glenn Morris


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Michael Morris, Baron Morris

Michael Morris, Baron Morris and 1st Baron Killanin, (14 November 1826 – 8 September 1901), known as Sir Michael Morris, Bt, from 1885 to 1889, was an Irish lawyer and judge. He was Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench for Ireland from 1887 to 1889 and sat in the House of Lords as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1889 to 1900.

Background and education
Born in Galway, eldest son of Martin Morris and Julia Blake, Morris was educated at Galway College and Trinity College Dublin, graduating BA in 1847. His father was a justice of the peace, and in 1841 became the first Roman Catholic to be High Sheriff of Galway Town, an office his son also held. The Morrises were a long-established merchant family, who were one of the fourteen Tribes of Galway who dominated the town's commercial life. His mother, a doctor's daughter, died of cholera in 1837.

Legal and judicial career
After being called to the Irish bar in 1849, Morris was appointed High Sheriff of Galway Town for 1849–50. Eight years later he was made Recorder of Galway, and in 1863 became one of the country's Queen's Counsels. He was the recognized leader of the Connacht Bar, impressing clients and juries alike with his wit and commonsense. Elected to Parliament in 1865 as Liberal member for Galway, Morris became a Conservative the following year when he took office in Lord Derby's administration as Solicitor-General for Ireland. Though a Roman Catholic he was a staunch supporter of the Act of Union 1800, but it is said that he was not enthusiastic about the Reform Act 1867. In late 1866 he was appointed Attorney-General for Ireland, and the following year became third Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, eventually being made its Chief Justice in 1876. As a judge, he showed the same wit and commonsense which had been his hallmarks at the Bar, and was notably impatient of legal technicalities.

In 1885, Morris was created a Baronet, of Spiddal in the County of Galway, and two years later he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench for Ireland. In 1889, on being made a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, he was given a life peerage as Baron Morris, of Spiddal in the County of Galway, and sworn a member of the Privy Council. He was well regarded by his fellow Law Lords, despite his frequent dissenting judgments.

Eleven years later, on his retirement from office, Lord Morris was made an hereditary peer as Baron Killanin, of Galway in the County of Galway.

Judgements

 * British South Africa Co v Companhia de Moçambique [1893] AC 602 - the House of Lords overturned a Court of Appeal decision and by so doing established the Mozambique rule, a common law rule in private international law that renders actions relating to title in foreign land, the right to possession of foreign land, and trespass to foreign land non-justiciable in common law jurisdictions.
 * Harvey v Facey, 1893

Family
Lord Morris died at Spiddal in September 1901, aged 74, and was buried in the family vault in Bohermore Cemetery at Galway.

He married, in 1860, Anna Hughes, daughter of Henry George Hughes, Baron of the Court of Exchequer and his wife Sarah Isabella l'Estrange. She was the child of a mixed marriage, and had been brought up in the Church of Ireland. They had four sons and six daughters. The eldest son Martin Morris was an MP and succeeded in the barony of Killanin and baronetcy.

Another son was Lt. Col. George Henry Morris, who was the first commanding officer to lead an Irish Guards battalion into battle and was killed in action during the Retreat from Mons in September 1914. George's son Michael went on to serve as the sixth President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 1972 to 1980. He succeeded his uncle Martin as Baron Killanin in 1927.

title: Michael Morris, Baron Morris


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M.I.U. Album

M.I.U. Album is the 22nd studio album by the American rock band the Beach Boys, released on September 25, 1978. Characterized for its easy-listening sound, the album was produced by Al Jardine and touring member Ron Altbach during one of the most acrimonious periods in the band's history. It sold poorly, peaking at number 151 in the U.S, and was met with confused reactions from critics and fans.

The album was created to fulfill contractual obligations to Reprise Records after the group had shelved Adult/Child. It was largely recorded in late 1977 at its namesake: Maharishi International University in Fairfield, Iowa. Only Jardine, Mike Love, and Brian Wilson appear consistently throughout the album, with Carl and Dennis Wilson's contributions confined to a pair of tracks. Brian was credited as "executive producer". It includes the songs "Hey Little Tomboy", the only track salvaged from Adult/Child, and "My Diane", written about Brian's affair with his sister-in-law, as well as cover versions of the 1950s hits "Peggy Sue" and "Come Go with Me".

M.I.U. continues to be widely regarded as one of the worst Beach Boys albums. In 1981, "Come Go with Me" reached number 18 when it was issued as a single from the compilation Ten Years of Harmony. In 1998, several songs that were intended for the unreleased album Merry Christmas from the Beach Boys, which was produced during the M.I.U. sessions, were released on the compilation Ultimate Christmas.

Background
At the beginning of 1977, the Beach Boys had enjoyed their most lucrative concert tours ever, with the band playing in packed stadiums and earning up to $150,000 per show. Early that year, Brian Wilson produced Adult/Child, which would have been their final record on Reprise, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. It was largely recorded by Brian with Dennis and Carl while Al Jardine and Mike Love were preoccupied elsewhere. In Love's case, he had been ensconced at a six-month Transcendental Meditation retreat, called "the TM-Sidhi program", in Vittel, France and Leysin, Switzerland, where he studied levitation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.

Concurrently, the band were the subject of a record company bidding war, as their contract with Warner had been set to expire soon. Band manager and business advisor Stephen Love arranged for the Beach Boys to sign an $8 million deal with CBS Records on March 1. Biographer Steven Gaines writes that Warner "knew of the CBS deal" and were "so disgusted with the band at this point" that the label refused to promote the group's forthcoming album, The Beach Boys Love You. Within weeks of the CBS contract, Stephen was effectively fired by the band, with one of the alleged reasons being that Mike had not permitted Stephen to sign on his behalf while in Switzerland. Mike and Jardine also vetoed the release of Adult/Child due to its bizarre content and the commercial failure of Love You, issued in April.

Stephen's replacement was entertainment business owner Henry Lazarus, who arranged a major European tour for the Beach Boys starting in June. The tour was cancelled prematurely, as Lazarus had failed to complete the necessary paperwork. This resulted in the group being sued by many of the concert promoters, with losses of $200,000 in preliminary expenses and $550,000 in potential revenue. In August, Mike and Jardine persuaded Stephen to return as the group's manager, a decision that Carl and Dennis had strongly opposed. On September 1, the internal wrangling came to a head after a show at Central Park, when the band effectively split into two camps: Dennis and Carl on one side, Mike and Jardine on the other, with Brian remaining neutral. By then, the two opposing contingents within the group – known among their associates as the "free-livers" and the "meditators" – were traveling in different planes, using different hotels, and rarely speaking to each other.

On September 2, Mike, Jardine, and Brian met with Stephen at their hotel in New York and signed the documents necessary to officially appoint him as the Beach Boys' manager. The next day, after completing the final date of a northeastern tour, a confrontation between the "free-livers" and the "meditators" broke out on an airport tarmac during a stopover in Newark. Dennis subsequently declared to a bystanding Rolling Stone journalist that he had left the band. In a follow-up interview, Love denied that the group had broken up, but Dennis maintained, "I can assure you that the group broke up and you witnessed it." However, the group were still legally obligated to deliver one more album to Warner. Two weeks later, on September 17, the band members, their lawyers, and their wives reconvened at Brian's house, where they negotiated a settlement resulting in Mike gaining control of Brian's vote in the group, allowing Mike and Jardine to outvote Carl and Dennis on any matter.

Iowa sessions

To satisfy the terms of their contracts with Warner and CBS, the Beach Boys intended to record two albums – one for Warner and the other for CBS – at Maharishi International University in Fairfield, Iowa. Mike chose this venue to keep members of the band away from their drug suppliers in Los Angeles. At MIU, the group and their family members took residence in the university's circular dorm rooms, and attended meditation classes and meetings. The recording sessions lasted from November 7 to December 4, 1977. AFM documentation indicates that Carl visited on two days, while Dennis, who was busy promoting his solo album Pacific Ocean Blue, played drums on an early session for "She's Got Rhythm".

The album was produced by Al Jardine and, from the group's touring band, keyboardist Ron Altbach. Gaines writes that the atmosphere was similar to when the group recorded their 1973 album Holland, "only worse." According to Love, Carl and Dennis "took the whole experience [...] as a personal affront, and they came and went with little interest in the music. Brian was with us but miserable throughout." Brian's bodyguard Stan Love described the overall proceedings as "torture. Agony. Like being put right in the middle of nowhere, frozen and cold and small, with only one decent restaurant in town. Brian was putting in his time, but he wasn't too happy. He was depressed and on medication. We passed the time playing Ping-Pong." Stan added that Wilson did not want to produce his bandmates because he resented them personally. In particular, "Brian didn't want to write with [Mike] anymore, but of course Mike tried to hang on, doing his arrogant pressure trip on him."

In a 1995 interview, Brian stated that he could not remember making the album, claiming that he had gone through a "mental blank-out" during this period. He was credited as the album's "executive producer", but according to biographer Peter Ames Carlin, the credit was likely for contractual reasons. Carlin characterizes the record as having "a generic easy-listening sound, heavy on the tinkly keyboards and sweeping strings, with nary a trace of Brian's ear for quirky texture." It included the Love You outtake "My Diane", sung by Dennis, and written by Brian as an expression of anguish following the end of his affair with his sister-in-law, Diane Rovell.

Discarded tracks and further recording
Merry Christmas from the Beach Boys was the other album that the band produced at these sessions, consisting of reworkings of tracks that had dated from the early to mid-1970s, as well as alternate Christmas-themed versions of songs from M.I.U.. Biographer Timothy White reported that Winds of Change and California Feeling were both working titles for M.I.U.. According to music historian Andrew Doe, "[F]or the longest time, it was accepted that the band recorded the seasonal set first and when that was (rightly) rejected, they reworked some of the tracks into another album, California Feeling (which evolved into M.I.U. Album), but research into the sessions held at MIU reveals that songs from both albums were recorded in tandem, often at the same session, and that the California Feeling album was assembled at the end of 1977 back in Los Angeles. Confusing, to say the least."

On December 13, 1977, the band held a session – for the vocal to "My Diane" and a Toys for Tots PSA – at Kaye-Smiths Studios in Seattle that was filmed for the television special Our Team. Intermittent sessions for M.I.U. – specifically, for the tracks "My Diane", "Belles of Paris", and "Winds of Change" – continued at Brother Studios and Wally Heider Recording from February 22 to June 28, 1978. The outtakes "Our Team" and "Egypt" (also known as "Why?") were released on the box sets Good Vibrations (1993) and Made in California (2013), respectively. Still-unreleased tracks include "Beach Burlesque", "Go and Get That Girl", "How's About a Little Bit of Your Sweet Lovin'?", "Mike, Come Back to L.A", "Basketball Rock", "Bowling", "I Really Love You", "It Could Be Anything", "Rubles", "Ride Arabian, Ride", "TM Siddhi Program", a demo of "Almost Summer", and other tracks related to the Merry Christmas album.

Release

Music journalist Richard Williams reported, "Love and Jardine tried to offer M.I.U. Album to Epic [sic], as the first delivery under their new deal. That they were turned down, on grounds of quality, is a tribute to Epic's discretion."

Lead single "Peggy Sue" was issued in the U.S. in August and peaked at number 59. M.I.U. was released in September and reached number 151 in the U.S, becoming their first album to miss the UK chart completely since The Beach Boys' Christmas Album (1964). The Jardine-led cover of the Del-Vikings' "Come Go with Me" became a U.S. No. 18 hit in late 1981, when it was released as a single from the Ten Years of Harmony compilation.

Critical reception
M.I.U Album was met with confusion from critics and fans, and continues to be widely regarded as one of the Beach Boys' worst albums. According to music critic Nick Kent, the album was so "dreadful" that its "pitiful content" was ignored by critics. Upon release, Rolling Stone's Tom Carson stated, "M.I.U. Album seems contrived and artificial right from the start. The tracks strive to recapture the dreamy, adolescent innocence of the Beach Boys' earliest hits, and fail not so much because the concepts are dated but because the group can't infuse the new material with the same sense of grandeur that made the old songs such archetypal triumphs. [...] Throughout, the lackluster playing and singing has a melancholy edge, almost as if the Beach Boys are fully aware that they've outgrown this kind of teen fantasy, but can't think of anyplace else to go."

Vivien Goldman of Sounds found the album to be "magic" and added that she "played it non-stop, even if it seemed a baffling sconed adolescence" before concluding, "If there weren't some weirdo psychological reason, how could I get so involved with lyrics that one part of mind is consciously stating: this is moronic drivel?" Richard Williams, who had championed the Beach Boys' work in the 1960s, wrote a negative review which stated, in part,

"How tragic that Brian is saddled with other people's imagination, that he should be reduced to the role of a hack, setting his impassioned melodies and arrangements to laughably juvenile lyrics....those songs of which Brian has sole charge exemplify his dilemma: he is obviously encouraged to deliver the adolescent pap of 'Hey Little Tomboy', so that the dark emotions and warm textures of 'Diane' are thrown into even higher relief. Should you choose to ignore the rest of the album, at least hear 'Diane' and be assured that the spark still glows."

In his 2006 biography of Wilson, Carlin referred to it as "the most cynical, spiritually void work the group ever produced", a "gruesome album", and perhaps "one of the worst records ever made by a great rock band." AllMusic's John Bush stated, "The mainstream late-'70s production techniques are predictable and frequently cloying. M.I.U. Album also included several of the worst Beach Boys songs ever to make it to vinyl. [...] Compared with what had come before, M.I.U. Album was a pathetic attempt at music making; compared with what was to come however, this was a highlight."

Conversely, Jeff Tamarkin, who wrote liner notes for the album's CD reissue, decreed that the album "stands on it's [sic] own as a lovely, unique work." In 1981, Robert Christgau called the album "dumb [...] despite a lot of fairly pleasant music and a few passable songs". Reviewing the album's 2002 reissue, The A.V. Club's Keith Phipps stated, "M.I.U. is competent enough, but it's also the sound of a group buying into its own mythology, a retrograde salute to the pinstripes and sunshine image it had abandoned years before."

Legacy
Reflecting on M.I.U. Album in a 1992 interview, Mike Love opined that "there's some neat gems there but there wasn't a coherence." Asked about the album in a 1979 interview, Dennis Wilson said, "I hope that karma will fuck up Mike Love's meditation forever. That album is an embarrassment to my life. It should self-destruct."

Track listing
Track details per 2000 CD liner notes and the Winter 2023 issue of Endless Summer Quarterly.

Personnel
Credits sourced from Craig Slowinski, John Brode, Will Crerar, Joshilyn Hoisington and David Beard.

The Beach Boys
 * Al Jardine – lead (2, 4, 5, 9, 12) and backing vocals (all but 3), electric (4, 9) and acoustic guitars (2, 8), tack piano (2), bass guitar (2, 3?, 10?), handclaps (1, 2, 5), fingersnaps (2), glockenspiel (2), vocal arrangements
 * Mike Love – lead (1-4, 6, 8, 9, 12) and backing vocals (all but 3), handclaps (1, 5)
 * Brian Wilson – lead (1, 3, 6, 11) and backing vocals (all tracks), piano (1, 6-8, 10, 11), tack piano (3), electric piano (9), electric harpsichord (5), Minimoog (3), handclaps (1, 5), vocal and horn arrangements
 * Carl Wilson – lead (3, 7) and backing vocals (2, 3, 5, 9, 10), 12-string electric guitar (1, 6, 9), electric guitar (3), handclaps (1, 5)
 * Dennis Wilson – lead (10) and backing vocals (3, 10), drums (3, 5, 10), additional drums (1)

Touring musicians

 * Michael Andreas – saxophone (1, 6, 11), flute (1, 12), horn arrangements
 * Ron Altbach – piano (12), electric piano (1, 4, 6-9, 11), accordion (6), ARP Omni (1), vibraphone (3, 4, 10, 11), xylophone (4), trombone (1, 12)
 * Lance Buller – trumpet (12)
 * Gary Griffin – electric piano (4), organ (1, 6, 7, 11), Minimoog (3, 6), tubular bells (1), string arrangements
 * Ed Carter – electric (1, 6, 7, 11) and acoustic guitars (8), bass guitar (3?, 4, 8, 9, 10?)
 * John Foss – trumpet (1, 12), flugelhorn (12)
 * Billy Hinsche – backing vocals (10), electric guitar (10)
 * Mike Kowalski – drums (1, 3, 4, 6-9, 11, 12), congas (1, 11), bongos (1), sleigh bells (1, 3, 4, 6, 9), tambourine (7, 10), shaker (3, 11), guiro (3, 11), wood block (12), tubular bells (8), mark-tree (9, 11)
 * Charles Lloyd – flute (12)
 * Charlie McCarthy – flute (12)
 * Rusty Ford - bass guitar (1, 7, 11)

Additional players
 * Chris Midaugh – steel pedal guitar (4, 9)
 * Marilyn Rovell - backing vocals (6)
 * Diane Rovell - backing vocals (6)
 * Jay Graydon - electric guitars (5)
 * Frank Marocco - accordion (5)
 * Ray Pohlman - bass guitar (5)
 * Ricky Fataar - drums (2)
 * Julius Wechter - sleigh bells (5), vibraphone (5)
 * Matt Jardine - handclaps (2), fingersnaps (2)
 * Michael Sherry - handclaps (2), fingersnaps (2)
 * Richard Hurwitz - trumpet (6)
 * Raymond Brown - trumpet (6)
 * Vincent Fanuele - trombone (6)
 * Steve Douglas - tenor saxophones (5)
 * Jay Migliori - baritone saxophones (5)
 * William Collette - saxophone (6)
 * Bill Green - saxophone (6)
 * Maureen Love - harp (10, 12)
 * Roberleigh Barnhardt – string arrangements
 * Bernard Kundell, Alfred Breuning, Thomas Buffum, Herman Clebanoff, Cynthia Kovacs, Jay Rosen - violins (6, 8, 10, 12)
 * Rollice Dale, Mark Kovacs, Linda Lipsett - violas (6, 8, 10, 12)
 * Marie Fera, Igor Horoshevsky, Victor Sazer - cellos (6, 8, 10, 12)
 * Unknown - saxophones (2), strings (7, 11)

Recording engineering personnel & assistants

 * Al Jardine – producer
 * Ron Altbach – producer
 * Brian Wilson – executive producer
 * Diane Rovell – music coordinator
 * John Hanlon – recording engineer
 * Earle Mankey – recording engineer
 * Stephen Moffitt – recording engineer
 * Jeff Peters – recording engineer, final mixdown producer
 * Bob Rose – recording engineer

Artwork
 * Dean O. Torrence – album design, graphics
 * The Beach Boys – album design, graphics
 * Warren Bolster/Surfer Magazine – front cover photography
 * Guy Webster – back cover photography

title: M.I.U. Album


text:
National Youth Service (Seychelles)

The National Youth Service (NYS) was a youth service program implemented by the government of Seychelles during its time as a one-party state. It was a formerly compulsory service and included traditional educational curriculum, political education and paramilitary training. Criticized by many as an indoctrination scheme, the program was lauded by President France-Albert René as a way to steer disadvantaged youth from bad habits and troubled situations at home and instead forge a body of educated, skilled, and socially-conscious future administrators of Seychelles. The NYS worked closely with the Seychelles People's Progressive Front Youth League.

Educational program
The NYS was founded in 1979 as a mass organization intended to provide education, paramilitary, and sports training for Seychellois youth. Initially intended to be compulsory, the program was almost immediately made voluntary (compulsory attendance deferred to 1984) as a response to youth protests. Education at the facility was intended to provide practical education as well as ideological training, and eventually replace Seychellois College, the closure of which was planned for the mid-1980s. The stated primary goal of the program was to create a new generation of Seychellois youth with a wider variety of skills with which they could contribute to society. Additionally, the program was used to combat youth addiction (particularly alcoholism) and teenage pregnancy, and to encourage healthy habits.

Students in the NYS lived at NYS campuses at Port Launay and Cap Ternay on the northwest coast of Mahé. The campus was made up of houses or dormitories known as "clusters" (where the students lived) and the school area. The campus was divided in two, with male-only and female-only clusters separated. There were nine boys' clusters (from B1 to B9) and nine girls' clusters (from G1 to G9), with each housing approximately 40 students. Education and other activities were mixed-gender. Students wore special brown and beige uniforms with red scarves.

In addition to academic training, the students received practical instruction in gardening, cooking, housekeeping, and livestock raising; one of the aims of the program was to reduce youth unemployment. Academic subjects were often combined with the aforementioned activities to form month-long practicums. Initially, students were expected to produce much of their own food and cook their own meals, though this was impractical and was phased out during the later years of the program. Self-government was practiced through group sessions and committees. After completing their NYS program, students could attend Seychelles Polytechnic (1,600 students in 1991) for preuniversity studies or other training. In 1991 the NYS program was reduced from two years to one year. The total enrollment in that year was 1,394, with roughly equal numbers of boys and girls. Those who left school but did not participate in the NYS could volunteer for a government-administered six-month work program, receiving a training stipend below the minimum wage. The NYS ceased operations in November 1998.

Opposition
From the time the NYS program was instituted in 1981, it was met with heated opposition and remained highly unpopular among opponents of René's regime. The Seychellois opposition opposed the program on the grounds that it allegedly indoctrinated young adults with the ruling Seychelles People's Progressive Front's socialist ideology and that it rarely allowed its participants to visit their families. Pressure from international organizations forced the government to make the program optional. The NYS campuses were located on Ste. Anne Island, and at Port Launay and Cap Ternay on Mahé island (though the Sainte Anne campus was closed later).

During the early years of the program, students spent the entire period away from home, with parental visits permitted only during designated 12-hour periods twice per month. The number of parental visits and home visits were increased in later years. Many considered the quality of education to be inferior, with the indoctrination in the socialist policies of the SPPF part of the core curriculum during the beginnings of the NYS. Nevertheless, failure to attend the NYS made it difficult to proceed to more advanced study.

Due to the perceived inadequacies of the NYS and/or opposition to the ideology of the regime, many wealthier families in Seychelles sent their children abroad to Europe or Australia for education during this period. Nevertheless, the program was deemed particularly effective for students of poorer backgrounds, and provided skills, education, and safety they were not afforded at home.

title: National Youth Service (Seychelles)


text:
Roland S. Morris

Roland Sletor Morris (March 11, 1874 – November 23, 1945) was an American lawyer and diplomat. He was one of the founders of the Philadelphia-based law firm Duane Morris in 1904 and served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 1917 to 1920.

Early life and education
He was born in Olympia, Washington in 1874 and graduated from the Lawrenceville School in 1892. He received his A.B. degree from Princeton University in 1896 and his L.L.B. degree from the same school in 1899.

Career
In 1904, he became a member of the law firm Duane, Morris and Heckscher.

He was appointed United States Ambassador to Japan by Woodrow Wilson on August 1, 1917 and served in that role from October 30, 1917 to May 15, 1920.

On September 20, 1917, a special dinner event was held to honor Morris in his new position as Ambassador to Japan. This event was attended by six hundred guests, including most members of Philadelphia judiciary and other active civic members of the city. The speakers at this diplomatic gathering included: Thomas B. Smith Mayor of Philadelphia, Aimaro Satō Japanese Ambassador to the U.S., Frank Lyon Polk (Counselor for the U.S. Department of State), Alexander Mitchell Palmer (soon to be U.S. Attorney General) and Robert von Moschzisker (Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1909 to 1921 and Chief Justice from 1921 to 1930). Other prominent guests included U.S. Senators Boies Penrose and Philander C. Knox. The event took place at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, in Philadelphia.

Morris conducted a series of negotiations with Kijūrō Shidehara, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States, to address alien land laws which limited the ability of Japanese immigrants to achieve full citizenship in the United States. Morris maintained good relations with Japanese colleagues after his stint as ambassador and welcomed diginitaries such as Tsuneo Matsudaira to present to the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce in 1925.

He collaborated with Thomas Garrigue Masaryk during World War I in a question about the Czechoslovak Legions.

In 1934, he lost the Pennsylvania Democratic U.S. Senate primary to Joseph Guffey, who was subsequently elected.

He was one of the founding partners of the law firm of Duane Morris, in Philadelphia.

He was interred at the Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.

Publications

 * Report of the Honorable Roland S. Morris on Japanese Immigration and Alleged Discriminatory Legislation Against Japanese Residents in the United States, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1921

title: Roland S. Morris


text:
John Morris-Jones

Sir John Morris-Jones (17 October 1864 – 16 April 1929) was a Welsh grammarian, academic and Welsh-language poet.

Morris-Jones was born John Jones, at Trefor in the parish of Llandrygarn, Anglesey the son of Morris Jones first a schoolmaster, then a shopkeeper and his wife Elizabeth. He had a younger brother William Jones. In 1868 the family moved to Llanfairpwllgwyngyll where he received elementary education. In 1876 he entered Friars School, Bangor. In 1879 the headmaster of Friars School, Daniel Lewis Lloyd, was appointed to Christ College, Brecon, and John Jones accompanied him there. In 1883 he attended Jesus College, Oxford, where he graduated with honours in mathematics in 1887.

While at Oxford, Morris-Jones studied Welsh books and manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, and attended lectures by Sir John Rhys (1840–1915), the professor of Celtic. Morris-Jones and Rhys prepared an edition of The Elucidarium and other tracts in Welsh from Llyvyr agkyr Llandewivrevi A.D. 1346 (The Book of the Anchorite of Llanddewi Brefi), a collection of Medieval Welsh manuscripts in Jesus College Library, which they published in 1894. Morris-Jones was one of the original members of  (the Dafydd ap Gwilym Society), which was founded in 1886 and is still a students' society.

In 1889 Morris-Jones was appointed as a lecturer in Welsh at the University College of North Wales, Bangor (now Bangor University) where he was promoted to professor in 1895, a post he held until his death.

Morris-Jones worked to standardise Welsh orthography. His works, Welsh Orthography (1893) and A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative: phonology and accidence (1913), added to the status of the language and thus were well received in Wales. He was also founder and editor of the literary journal, , published between 1911 and 1919. Morris-Jones was knighted in 1918, after which he used the surname Morris-Jones.

Morris-Jones was a commissioner of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales from 1920.

In addition to his own poetry, Morris-Jones published influential translations into Welsh of the German poet Heinrich Heine (1797–1856) and the Persian Omar Khayyam (1048–1131).

In 1897 Morris-Jones married Mary Hughes of Llanfairpwllgwyngyll. They had four daughters. He died in Bangor on 16 April 1929, aged 64.

The Welsh-speaking hall of residence at Bangor University is named Neuadd John Morris-Jones (John Morris-Jones Hall) in his honour.

title: John Morris-Jones


text:
Leyton Midland Road railway station

Leyton Midland Road is a London Overground station in Leyton of the London Borough of Waltham Forest. It is on the Gospel Oak to Barking line, 9 mi down the line from Gospel Oak and situated between Walthamstow Queen's Road and Leytonstone High Road stations in Travelcard Zone 3. It is the closest railway station to Bakers Arms.

History
The station opened on 9 July 1894 as part of the Tottenham and Forest Gate Railway and was originally called "Leyton".

On 17 August 1915, three explosive bombs from the German Zeppelin L.10 landed on or near the station, destroying the ticket office and a billiard hall in the arches under the platform and damaging several houses nearby. Four people were killed.

The station was renamed Leyton Midland Road on 1 May 1949. The goods yard, which was just beyond the station, closed on 6 May 1968. As with Leytonstone High Road and Wanstead Park stations, the booking office was built into the viaduct arch. By the 1980s all the old buildings had been removed and the Greater London Council built a new booking office on Midland Road itself. A few years later that was closed and demolished when, like other stations, Leyton Midland Road became unstaffed.

Station today
Since the takeover by London Overground the station has benefited from a major refit including deep clean, new signing, a ticket machine and additional waiting shelters. The community garden which was started by members of the GOBLIN support group is tended by station staff now, one of whom recently won an award for outstanding service to passengers. The station also contains help points and automatic ticket gates have now been installed. Controversially, the Midland Road entrance is now closed.

Services
All services at Leyton Midland Road are operated by London Overground using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service is four trains per hour in each direction between Gospel Oak and Barking Riverside. During the late evenings, the service is reduced to three trains per hour in each direction.

Connections
London Buses routes 69, 97 and W16 and night route N26 serve the station.

Recent proposals
In common with other stations on the line, usage has greatly increased in recent years, following improvements in train services and the reintroduction of station staff, and peak-hour overcrowding of the two-car diesel trains is now a major issue. Electrification of the line was finally approved after a long campaign and was achieved for 2017. Services from the station were suspended for 8 months (June 2016 – February 2017) whilst the work was carried out.

title: Leyton Midland Road railway station


text:
Ext functor

In mathematics, the Ext functors are the derived functors of the Hom functor. Along with the Tor functor, Ext is one of the core concepts of homological algebra, in which ideas from algebraic topology are used to define invariants of algebraic structures. The cohomology of groups, Lie algebras, and associative algebras can all be defined in terms of Ext. The name comes from the fact that the first Ext group Ext1 classifies extensions of one module by another.

In the special case of abelian groups, Ext was introduced by Reinhold Baer (1934). It was named by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders MacLane (1942), and applied to topology (the universal coefficient theorem for cohomology). For modules over any ring, Ext was defined by Henri Cartan and Eilenberg in their 1956 book Homological Algebra.

Definition
Let R be a ring and let R-Mod be the category of modules over R. (One can take this to mean either left R-modules or right R-modules.) For a fixed R-module A, let T(B) = HomR(A, B) for B in R-Mod. (Here HomR(A, B) is the abelian group of R-linear maps from A to B; this is an R-module if R is commutative.) This is a left exact functor from R-Mod to the category of abelian groups Ab, and so it has right derived functors RiT. The Ext groups are the abelian groups defined by

 * $$\operatorname{Ext}_R^i(A,B)=(R^iT)(B),$$

for an integer i. By definition, this means: take any injective resolution

 * $$0 \to B \to I^0 \to I^1 \to \cdots,$$

remove the term B, and form the cochain complex:

 * $$0 \to \operatorname{Hom}_R(A,I^0) \to \operatorname{Hom}_R(A,I^1) \to \cdots.$$

For each integer i, Ext(A, B) is the cohomology of this complex at position i. It is zero for i negative. For example, Ext(A, B) is the kernel of the map HomR(A, I0) → HomR(A, I1), which is isomorphic to HomR(A, B).

An alternative definition uses the functor G(A)=HomR(A, B), for a fixed R-module B. This is a contravariant functor, which can be viewed as a left exact functor from the opposite category (R-Mod)op to Ab. The Ext groups are defined as the right derived functors RiG:

 * $$\operatorname{Ext}_R^i(A,B)=(R^iG)(A).$$

That is, choose any projective resolution

 * $$\cdots \to P_1 \to P_0 \to A \to 0, $$

remove the term A, and form the cochain complex:

 * $$0\to \operatorname{Hom}_R(P_0,B)\to \operatorname{Hom}_R(P_1,B) \to \cdots.$$

Then Ext(A, B) is the cohomology of this complex at position i.

One may wonder why the choice of resolution has been left vague so far. In fact, Cartan and Eilenberg showed that these constructions are independent of the choice of projective or injective resolution, and that both constructions yield the same Ext groups. Moreover, for a fixed ring R, Ext is a functor in each variable (contravariant in A, covariant in B).

For a commutative ring R and R-modules A and B, Ext(A, B) is an R-module (using that HomR(A, B) is an R-module in this case). For a non-commutative ring R, Ext(A, B) is only an abelian group, in general. If R is an algebra over a ring S (which means in particular that S is commutative), then Ext(A, B) is at least an S-module.

Properties of Ext
Here are some of the basic properties and computations of Ext groups.

 * Ext(A, B) ≅ HomR(A, B) for any R-modules A and B.

 * Ext$i R$(A, B) = 0 for all i > 0 if the R-module A is projective (for example, free) or if B is injective.

 * The converses also hold:
 * If Ext$1 R$(A, B) = 0 for all B, then A is projective (and hence Ext$i R$(A, B) = 0 for all i > 0).
 * If Ext$1 R$(A, B) = 0 for all A, then B is injective (and hence Ext$i R$(A, B) = 0 for all i > 0).

 * $$\operatorname{Ext}^i_{\Z}(A,B) = 0$$ for all i ≥ 2 and all abelian groups A and B.

 * If R is a commutative ring and u in R is not a zero divisor, then
 * $$\operatorname{Ext}_R^i(R/(u),B)\cong\begin{cases} B[u] & i=0\\ B/uB & i=1\\ 0 &\text{otherwise,}\end{cases}$$
 * for any R-module B. Here B[u] denotes the u-torsion subgroup of B, {x ∈ B: ux = 0}. Taking R to be the ring $$\Z$$ of integers, this calculation can be used to compute $$\operatorname{Ext}^1_{\Z}(A,B)$$ for any finitely generated abelian group A.

 * Generalizing the previous example, one can compute Ext groups when the first module is the quotient of a commutative ring by any regular sequence, using the Koszul complex. For example, if R is the polynomial ring k[x1,...,xn] over a field k, then Ext(k,k) is the exterior algebra S over k on n generators in Ext1. Moreover, Ext(k,k) is the polynomial ring R; this is an example of Koszul duality.

 * By the general properties of derived functors, there are two basic exact sequences for Ext. First, a short exact sequence 0 → K → L → M → 0 of R-modules induces a long exact sequence of the form
 * $$0 \to \mathrm{Hom}_R(A,K) \to \mathrm{Hom}_R(A,L) \to \mathrm{Hom}_R(A,M) \to \mathrm{Ext}^1_R(A,K) \to \mathrm{Ext}^1_R(A,L) \to \cdots,$$
 * for any R-module A. Also, a short exact sequence 0 → K → L → M → 0 induces a long exact sequence of the form
 * $$0 \to \mathrm{Hom}_R(M,B) \to \mathrm{Hom}_R(L,B) \to \mathrm{Hom}_R(K,B) \to \mathrm{Ext}^1_R(M,B) \to \mathrm{Ext}^1_R(L,B) \to \cdots,$$
 * for any R-module B.

 * Ext takes direct sums (possibly infinite) in the first variable and products in the second variable to products. That is:
 * $$\begin{align}

\operatorname{Ext}^i_R \left(\bigoplus_\alpha M_\alpha,N \right) &\cong\prod_\alpha \operatorname{Ext}^i_R (M_\alpha,N) \\ \operatorname{Ext}^i_R \left(M,\prod_\alpha N_\alpha \right ) &\cong\prod_\alpha \operatorname{Ext}^i_R (M,N_\alpha) \end{align}$$

 * Let A be a finitely generated module over a commutative Noetherian ring R. Then Ext commutes with localization, in the sense that for every multiplicatively closed set S in R, every R-module B, and every integer i,
 * $$S^{-1} \operatorname{Ext}_R^i(A, B) \cong \operatorname{Ext}_{S^{-1} R}^i \left (S^{-1} A, S^{-1} B \right ).$$

Equivalence of extensions
The Ext groups derive their name from their relation to extensions of modules. Given R-modules A and B, an extension of A by B is a short exact sequence of R-modules

 * $$0\to B\to E\to A\to 0.$$

Two extensions

 * $$0\to B\to E\to A\to 0$$
 * $$0\to B\to E' \to A\to 0$$

are said to be equivalent (as extensions of A by B) if there is a commutative diagram:

 * [[Image:EquivalenceOfExtensions.png]]

Note that the Five lemma implies that the middle arrow is an isomorphism. An extension of A by B is called split if it is equivalent to the trivial extension

 * $$0\to B\to A\oplus B\to A\to 0.$$

There is a one-to-one correspondence between equivalence classes of extensions of A by B and elements of Ext(A, B). The trivial extension corresponds to the zero element of Ext(A, B).

The Baer sum of extensions
The Baer sum is an explicit description of the abelian group structure on Ext(A, B), viewed as the set of equivalence classes of extensions of A by B. Namely, given two extensions

 * $$0\to B\xrightarrow[f]{} E \xrightarrow[g]{} A\to 0$$

and

 * $$0\to B\xrightarrow[f']{} E'\xrightarrow[g']{} A\to 0,$$

first form the pullback over $$A$$,

 * $$\Gamma = \left\{ (e, e') \in E \oplus E' \; | \; g(e) = g'(e')\right\}.$$

Then form the quotient module

 * $$Y = \Gamma / \{(f(b), -f'(b)) \;|\;b \in B\}.$$

The Baer sum of E and E′ is the extension

 * $$0\to B\to Y\to A\to 0,$$

where the first map is $$b \mapsto [(f(b), 0)] = [(0, f'(b))]$$ and the second is $$(e, e') \mapsto g(e) = g'(e')$$.

Up to equivalence of extensions, the Baer sum is commutative and has the trivial extension as identity element. The negative of an extension 0 → B → E → A → 0 is the extension involving the same module E, but with the homomorphism B → E replaced by its negative.

Construction of Ext in abelian categories
Nobuo Yoneda defined the abelian groups Ext$n C$(A, B) for objects A and B in any abelian category C; this agrees with the definition in terms of resolutions if C has enough projectives or enough injectives. First, Ext(A,B) = HomC(A, B). Next, Ext$1 C$(A, B) is the set of equivalence classes of extensions of A by B, forming an abelian group under the Baer sum. Finally, the higher Ext groups Ext$n C$(A, B) are defined as equivalence classes of n-extensions, which are exact sequences

 * $$0\to B\to X_n\to\cdots\to X_1\to A\to 0,$$

under the equivalence relation generated by the relation that identifies two extensions

 * $$\begin{align}

\xi : 0 &\to B\to X_n\to\cdots\to X_1\to A\to 0 \\ \xi': 0 &\to B\to X'_n\to\cdots\to X'_1\to A\to 0 \end{align}$$

if there are maps $$X_m \to X'_m$$ for all m in {1, 2, ..., n} so that every resulting square commutes

that is, if there is a chain map $$\iota\colon \xi \to \xi'$$ which is the identity on A and B.

The Baer sum of two n-extensions as above is formed by letting $$X_1$$ be the pullback of $$X_1$$ and $$X'_1$$ over A, and $$X_n$$ be the pushout of $$X_n$$ and $$X'_n$$ under B. Then the Baer sum of the extensions is

 * $$0\to B\to X_n\to X_{n-1}\oplus X'_{n-1}\to\cdots\to X_2\oplus X'_2\to X_1\to A\to 0.$$

The derived category and the Yoneda product
An important point is that Ext groups in an abelian category C can be viewed as sets of morphisms in a category associated to C, the derived category D(C). The objects of the derived category are complexes of objects in C. Specifically, one has

 * $$\operatorname{Ext}^i_{\mathbf C}(A,B) = \operatorname{Hom}_{D({\mathbf C})}(A,B[i]),$$

where an object of C is viewed as a complex concentrated in degree zero, and [i] means shifting a complex i steps to the left. From this interpretation, there is a bilinear map, sometimes called the Yoneda product:

 * $$\operatorname{Ext}^i_{\mathbf C}(A,B) \times \operatorname{Ext}^j_{\mathbf C}(B,C) \to \operatorname{Ext}^{i+j}_{\mathbf C}(A,C),$$

which is simply the composition of morphisms in the derived category.

The Yoneda product can also be described in more elementary terms. For i = j = 0, the product is the composition of maps in the category C. In general, the product can be defined by splicing together two Yoneda extensions.

Alternatively, the Yoneda product can be defined in terms of resolutions. (This is close to the definition of the derived category.) For example, let R be a ring, with R-modules A, B, C, and let P, Q, and T be projective resolutions of A, B, C. Then Ext(A,B) can be identified with the group of chain homotopy classes of chain maps P → Q[i]. The Yoneda product is given by composing chain maps:

 * $$P\to Q[i]\to T[i+j].$$

By any of these interpretations, the Yoneda product is associative. As a result, $$\operatorname{Ext}^*_R(A,A)$$ is a graded ring, for any R-module A. For example, this gives the ring structure on group cohomology $$H^*(G, \Z),$$ since this can be viewed as $$\operatorname{Ext}^*_{\Z[G]}(\Z,\Z)$$. Also by associativity of the Yoneda product: for any R-modules A and B, $$\operatorname{Ext}^*_R(A,B)$$ is a module over $$\operatorname{Ext}^*_R(A,A)$$.

Important special cases

 * Group cohomology is defined by $$H^*(G,M)=\operatorname{Ext}_{\Z[G]}^*(\Z, M)$$, where G is a group, M is a representation of G over the integers, and $$\Z[G]$$ is the group ring of G.

 * For an algebra A over a field k and an A-bimodule M, Hochschild cohomology is defined by

 * $$HH^*(A,M)=\operatorname{Ext}^*_{A\otimes_k A^{\text{op}}} (A, M).$$

 * Lie algebra cohomology is defined by $$H^*(\mathfrak g,M)=\operatorname{Ext}^*_{U\mathfrak g}(k,M)$$, where $$\mathfrak g$$ is a Lie algebra over a commutative ring k, M is a $$\mathfrak g$$-module, and $$U\mathfrak g$$ is the universal enveloping algebra.

 * For a topological space X, sheaf cohomology can be defined as $$H^*(X, A) = \operatorname{Ext}^*(\Z_X, A).$$ Here Ext is taken in the abelian category of sheaves of abelian groups on X, and $$\Z_X$$ is the sheaf of locally constant $$\Z$$-valued functions.

 * For a commutative Noetherian local ring R with residue field k, $$\operatorname{Ext}^*_R(k,k)$$ is the universal enveloping algebra of a graded Lie algebra π*(R) over k, known as the homotopy Lie algebra of R. (To be precise, when k has characteristic 2, π*(R) has to be viewed as an "adjusted Lie algebra". ) There is a natural homomorphism of graded Lie algebras from the André–Quillen cohomology D*(k/R,k) to π*(R), which is an isomorphism if k has characteristic zero.

title: Ext functor


text:
Talk:Sayyid Qutb

References bias
references are lacking so much bias by author — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.163.215.205 (talk) 01:02, 5 March 2018 (UTC)

Logical fallacies.
One should note the logical fallacies of such men. "American Woman dress.. etc". This is a stereotype, not a religious classicifation. The correct religious term would be "idolater", and not nationalistic. In other words, he is using provocative stereotypes rather than real religious language. In in that sense, is not a muslim.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2a02:fe0:c700:2:c5ee:f180:ae48:49ab (talk) 22:57, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia Talk page is not a forum to spread your own POVs of men nor translations/judgment of their thoughts. Please only use this to enhance the article. --Dr.EbrahimSaadawi (talk) 02:36, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * There is a critiscism section, and if you can find credible sources making suck critiscisms your can add it there. We can't add in original research like our own critiscisms of his thought, as horrendous as it might be. Just like the section on the Nazis simply lists their ideology plainly for the world to see, this must be presented in the same light. It may make many Muslims feel ashamed to read it, that is a good thing, we must realize the mistakes of our coreligionists it we are to avoid repeating them. I'm ashamed of many things Christians have said and done. 2601:140:8900:61D0:1560:97B0:F991:C247 (talk) 18:07, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

'Evolution of thought' bad source
The section 'Events prompting the move from secularism to Islam' claims, citing a poor source, that Qutb moved form secularism to islamism because of an experience on the boat to the United States of America. This is highly doubtful since his work 'Social Justice in Islam' was written before his journey to the US. This book already includes many islamist thoughts like the rejection of any system that doesn't enforce the sharia. While it is disputed how much the journey influenced Qutb, it is clear that he was already shifting more to islamism before. Since the source "an anonymous work (The Lives of Hassan elBanna & Syed Qutb available on Scribd)" is unreliable is argue for deletion of this section.

--Dete-Rakete (talk) 14:37, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Yeah; this article has been whitewashed over the years. TrangaBellam (talk) 19:40, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

Inconsistency
The period between May 1964 and August 1965 is longer than 8 months. Are there reliable sources about this period of his life? 149.132.63.173 (talk) 12:52, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 December 2023
Hi I'd like to add some info about his Indian ancestry, it's in the "Early life" subsection of "Life and public career."

"His father was an Upper Egyptian landowner and the administrator of the family estate, but he was also well known for his political activism, holding weekly meetings to discuss the political events and Qur'anic recitation.[29][30][31]"

And I would add just after that

"According to Qutb, his sixth great-grandfather was an Indian Muslim who settled down in Egypt following his hajj. "

also if agreed to add Qutb in the following category :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Egyptian_people_of_Indian_descent

thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2a02:a03f:64ed:2600:44b7:cf6f:d64b:7ea3 (talk) 12:04, December 2, 2023 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Please provide the verbatim text from the references you've proposed as being used for the source of these claims. You may use the quote parameter of the citation template to accomplish this. When ready to proceed, open a new edit request. Spintendo  23:39, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sayyid Qutb


text:
User:Gdementen

My real name is Gaëtan de Menten. I'm a 25 year old belgian guy. As a belgian, I'm not a native english speaker (my primary language is french). I'm currently finishing my computer science studies at the university of Namur in Belgium. The last thing I must do in order to finish my studies is to write my thesis. It is about Model checking so I'll try to update/add some articles around that topic in the following days. I'm currently creating my first article on Computational tree logic.

If you have any comment, feel free to drop me a line: talk / email

Todo list
This is the list of things I'd like to be done on Wikipedia. I'll probably do it eventually but feel free to do it yourself if you feel like doing so.

 * finish page on CTL
 * add CTL page on Peer review. The page should be checked for:
 * content
 * spelling/grammar/style

 * create a LTL page for redirect to Linear temporal logic
 * this will need the creation of disambiguify (or whatever it is called) page.
 * use

 * ask wether I should create a page for temporal operators and remove them from LTL and CTL pages or not
 * provide another NFA example (the current one is a special case: epsilon-NFA) and create a new page for the epsilon-NFA
 * change image for the "finite state machine" page.
 * it could probably be reused for something else since it's a cool image, but IMHO too complex in this context and not very representative of FSM.

 * clarify/merge or at least link together model checking and formal verification
 * category for formal verification & model checking
 * create page for "linear time logic" -> redirect to LTL
 * add link to YAHODA on modelchecking or formal verif page(s)
 * add a list of my interest on this page

Other info
The list of my contributions so far is here.

title: User:Gdementen


text:
DeLesseps Story Morrison

deLesseps Story "Chep" Morrison Sr. (January 18, 1912 – May 22, 1964), was an American attorney and politician who was the 54th mayor of New Orleans, Louisiana, from 1946 to 1961. He then served as an appointee of U.S. President John F. Kennedy as the United States ambassador to the Organization of American States between 1961 and 1963.

The population of New Orleans peaked during Morrison's mayoralty, when the 1960 Census recorded 627,525 inhabitants, a 10 percent increase from 1950. Morrison ran three primary campaigns for the Louisiana Democratic gubernatorial nomination, but was unsuccessful. Louisiana's African Americans had been effectively disfranchised by the turn of the 20th century; their initial preference for the Republican "Party of Lincoln", coupled with white voters' overwhelming support in the South for the Democratic Party, meant that the Democratic primary was the only competitive election in the state.

Early life and education
Morrison was born to Jacob Haight Morrison, II (1875–1929), a district attorney in Pointe Coupee Parish, and his wife, the former Anita Olivier, a New Orleans socialite, in New Roads, the Pointe Coupee parish seat of government. He was named after deLesseps Story, a respected New Orleans judge to whom he was related on his mother's side; the family was related to Ferdinand de Lesseps and Sidney Story, an alderman for whom the New Orleans area of Storyville was named. Morrison spoke French fluently.

In 1932, Morrison graduated from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. In 1934, he completed his law degree from the Louisiana State University Law Center.

Law and political career
Morrison moved to New Orleans, where he became an attorney with the New Deal agency, the National Recovery Administration. Thereafter, he became a law partner with his brother Jacob Morrison and Thomas Hale Boggs Sr., a future Democratic U.S. Representative and House Majority Leader.

Marriage and family
In 1942, Morrison married Corinne Waterman of New Orleans. They had three children together. Their oldest son, deLesseps Story Morrison Jr., known as "Toni", became a politician like his father and was a Louisiana state representative from 1974 to 1980.

Military service
After graduation from college he was commissioned in the Army Reserve as a Second Lieutenant in 1933. During World War II, Morrison left the state legislature to join the United States Army. He was promoted to the rank of colonel, and became chief of staff of the occupation forces stationed in the city of Bremen, Germany. He received the Bronze Star, the Legion of Merit and also served in England, France, and Belgium. In 1944, both he and Bill Dodd were reelected to the legislature in absentia by their constituents. He served on active duty from 1941 to 1946. He was also decorated with the Legion of Honour and the Belgian Order of Leopold.

After the war, Morrison returned to New Orleans to practice law. Continuing with the U.S. Army Reserve in 1946, he attained the rank of Major General. His reserve career included serving as the commanding general of the 377th Transportation Command and later Deputy Chief of the Transportation Corps within the United States Department of the Army.

Election as mayor
Morrison was approached by a group of Uptown reformers in December 1945 to run for mayor in the election of 1946. The attractive and dynamic young veteran ran a campaign emphasizing the need to clean up the corruption of incumbent Mayor Robert Maestri, who had been affiliated with Huey Long and the Earl Long faction of Louisiana Democratic politics. Maestri's Old Regulars had dominated New Orleans for decades. Morrison pulled a major upset when he defeated Maestri in the first primary. Historian Pamela Tyler notes that outside of New Orleans Morrison's surprise victory was attributed to the role of women. The International Women's Organization, (IWO) under the leadership of July Breazeale Waters (1895–1989), registered voters, became poll watchers, canvassed, distributed literature and signs and got out the vote on election day on behalf of Morrison. One notable event planned by women that moved the electorate was the "March of Brooms" whose theme was, "A Clean Sweep with Morrison." The IWO and the Broom Brigade were key to Morrison's victory, with the Christian Science Monitor stating, "The women of New Orleans elected deLesseps S. Morrison." He was among many returning World War II veterans to gain political office during that period.

Morrison as mayor
As mayor, Morrison put together a strong public relations team, which helped him cultivate an image as a dynamic reformer and of the city as a progressive one. He gained widespread praise in the national press. A later 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Morrison as the sixteenth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993.

Morrison marketed the city effectively, and was instrumental in creating the post-World War II image of New Orleans as a growing and progressive Sun Belt metropolis. His administration attracted significant private investment and welcomed the establishment of numerous oil industry and white-collar corporate offices in downtown New Orleans, as well as several sizable new industrial plants elsewhere. To emphasize his differences from his predecessor, whom he had characterized as dictatorial, Morrison worked to get a law passed to reduce the powers of the mayor. He created a new city planning commission and moved to make administration more efficient by firing many of Maestri's patronage appointments (though some were replaced with Morrison's own supporters).

Morrison downsized city operations by selling off most of the city's public markets. Most were torn down, which was regretted later as costing the city valuable community centers. He addressed a housing crisis by building veterans' housing operated by the Housing Authority of New Orleans, and engaged in more large-scale urban renewal than any other New Orleans mayor. Morrison's administration demolished low-income neighborhoods to build new or expand existing public housing projects, expropriated private property to construct the New Orleans Civic Center, the New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal, and several street-widening projects in the city's downtown.

One of his most popular acts was to create the New Orleans Recreation Department (NORD), which included segregated facilities for whites and blacks (all public facilities were segregated in those years). He began an extensive citywide street improvement program financed though a bond issue, and located funding sufficient to construct numerous street overpasses and underpasses, eliminating most at-grade railway crossings within the city limits. Morrison acquiesced in New Orleans Public Service's dismantling of the city's extensive streetcar network in the 1950s.

A proponent of increased international trade, Morrison lent his support to the construction of the International Trade Mar, a precursor to the city's World Trade Center. He traveled extensively in Latin America to promote trade with New Orleans. He became friends with dictators Rafael Trujillo and Juan Perón. Morrison's wish to reinforce ties with Latin America was expressed in such urban renewal projects as having new central area circulators embellished with monuments to Central and South American historical figures. The widened Basin Street was outfitted with monuments to Simón Bolívar, Benito Juárez, and Francisco Morazán. A statue of Bolívar was prominently sited and still stands at the corner of Canal and Basin streets. A new circulator in Central City was renamed Simon Bolivar Avenue.

Despite running on a platform stressing the elimination of the Old Regular machine, after his election Morrison quickly built his own political organization, the Crescent City Democratic Association. The CCDA began finding its supporters jobs in City Hall and in municipal construction contracts. In October 1946, Morrison broke a garbage collectors' strike by organizing volunteer scab labor to take over the duties of the strikers. Morrison's organization's power quickly eclipsed that of the Old Regulars, and he secured easy re-elections in 1950, 1954, and 1958.

Morrison pushed for a new city charter in 1954, which replaced the at-large council commission system with a legislative city council combining five district-based and two at-large members. The system of municipal government established by the 1954 charter still operates in New Orleans. The charter limited the mayor to two consecutive four-year terms, but did not apply to Morrison, who was exempted by a grandfather clause.

Morrison, crime, and the NOPD
After assuming office in 1946, Morrison appointed Adair Watters superintendent of the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD) in an effort to eliminate corruption. But tensions developed when Watters moved to suppress gambling, prostitution, and other vice too zealously for Morrison's liking. Watters resigned in February 1949 because of Morrison's political interference with NOPD activities. Throughout most of the 1950s, scandals continued to be revealed concerning the involvement of the NOPD in graft and vice. In 1952, the Metropolitan Crime Commission of New Orleans was established as an independent monitor of the NOPD and the Morrison administration's approach to vice. State Police Colonel Francis Grevemberg, later a two-time gubernatorial candidate, led a series of high-profile raids on New Orleans gambling establishments that embarrassed Morrison and the NOPD for its inactivity. Eventually, retired FBI Agent Aaron M. Kohn was sent from Chicago to investigate NOPD involvement in vice. Kohn later recalled:

"After about a year, I began to realize something about the system down here. In Chicago, people were generally on one side of the fence or the other—honest or crooked. But in Louisiana, there just isn't any fence.'"

He soon complained that Morrison was obstructing his efforts. In 1955, Morrison forced the mayor to ask for the resignation of Joseph Schuering, the NOPD superintendent implicated in the scandals.

Morrison and race
Early in his administration, Morrison supported the construction of a suburban-style black neighborhood named Pontchartrain Park, built public housing for low-income blacks, and spent money on street and infrastructure improvements in black neighborhoods. NORD built playgrounds, swimming pools, and recreational centers for African Americans. These actions earned him the enmity of hard-line segregationists. In 1950, he oversaw the NOPD's hiring of its first black policeman since the advent of the Jim Crow era in the late 19th century. These measures aside, Morrison remained committed to segregation and was known to use racial slurs in private conversations. The facilities he built in black neighborhoods were segregated and received inferior funding compared to civic projects in white neighborhoods. Historian Adam Fairclough interprets Morrison's building programs for blacks as a way of "shoring up segregation" by defusing dissatisfaction with inferior facilities. Many black leaders found him sympathetic but unwilling to take more meaningful action to address their concerns. Morrison's approach to race relations increasingly fell behind the times as the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum.

In his 1959 gubernatorial runoff contest, Morrison proclaimed his support for segregation and noted that New Orleans was at that time the least racially mixed of the large southern cities. He boasted that he had been sued by the NAACP over his segregationist policies in the city.

New Orleans gained national attention in the fall of 1960 during the New Orleans school desegregation crisis as the city's school board implemented a federal integration order for its public schools. Four black students entered two white schools, McDonogh No. 19 Elementary School and William Frantz Elementary School, in the city's Ninth Ward, but were greeted outside with mobs of white women and youths screaming racial slurs and throwing bottles and refuse. While Morrison did not join Governor Jimmie Davis' drive to prevent integration by shutting the schools down, he did nothing to prevent the intimidating segregationist demonstrations. The NOPD passively stood by while mobs heckled parents bringing their children to school, but at the same time, police arrested civil rights activists holding lunch counter sit-ins in the city.Citation Needed Morrison's lack of action stemmed from his political need to avoid alienating black supporters while publicly retaining a segregationist stance to satisfy whites. His position resulted in criticism from both sides; black New Orleanians and supporters of civil rights felt he had betrayed them, while hard-line segregationists accused him of supporting integration. Ultimately, his fence-straddling on civil rights contributed significantly to the fatigue and disenchantment with which the citizenry received his administration's actions in its final years – a sharp contrast with the comparatively ebullient 1950s. Morrison's leadership failures on civil rights did much to compromise his earlier achievements. This resulted in New Orleans being more poorly positioned socially and economically for the post-Civil Rights era than its (at that time) peer cities such as Atlanta, Houston, and Dallas.

Gubernatorial election of 1956
The then-lieutenant governor, C.E. "Cap" Barham of Ruston, ran unsuccessfully with Morrison in a bid for a second term in the second-highest state office. The two proposed a "New look" for Louisiana politics. In his stump speeches, Morrison often reminded his listeners that all state programs came from taxes and not everything one might prefer could be adopted. Yet he usually mentioned projects important to local voters.

Gubernatorial election of 1960
Other Morrison ticket candidates lost too, including George W. Shannon for Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry, Fred Columbus Dent Sr., for register of state land, David Wallace Chennault, son of General Claire Chennault, for custodian of voting machines, Mrs. Marion Henderson of Colfax, Grant Parish for state comptroller, and R. W. "Tom" Farrar Jr., for state attorney general.

In an appearance in Shreveport, Country music star Minnie Pearl campaigned for Morrison, rather than fellow entertainer Jimmie Davis. Morrison carried the endorsement of three of the four Louisiana Teamsters Union chapters, with only the Lake Charles branch remaining neutral in the runoff election against Davis.

Declining political fortunes
By his final term as mayor, Morrison's luster had faded somewhat. Some of his ideas, such as the unsuccessful 1959 proposal for a monorail, were met with widespread opposition. He moved surprisingly slowly to construct a more modern terminal for Moisant International Airport; for its first thirteen years of operation New Orleanians departed from a glorified barn, in contrast to its regional economic rivals. Morrison failed to keep the Pelicans minor league baseball team in New Orleans. The energy that had characterized his early years in office seemed thoroughly dissipated. Former political allies such as City Councilman and future Lieutenant Governor James Edward "Jimmy" Fitzmorris Jr., began to express their independence and positioned themselves for a future without Morrison. In the aftermath of the school integration crisis, Morrison's political future was uncertain. He was the first of many New Orleans mayors to try to amend the 1954 city charter to allow a third consecutive term as mayor, but did not succeed.

Seeking a political base from which to stage another run for governor, he approached the John F. Kennedy administration and was appointed Ambassador to the Organization of American States on July 17, 1961. In a further sign of his declining political fortunes, his chosen candidate for mayor in the New Orleans election of 1962 – State Senator Adrian G. Duplantier – lost the Democratic runoff to Victor Schiro.

Death
Four months after his final election defeat, Morrison and his son, Randy, died on May 22, 1964, in a plane crash in Ciudad Victoria, Mexico.

The Morrison family
Morrison married Corinne Waterman on October 3, 1942. Mrs. Morrison (born August 17, 1921) died at the age of thirty-seven on February 26, 1959, just a few months before her husband launched his second gubernatorial bid. The Morrisons' seven-year-old son, John Randolph Waterman "Randy" Morrison (born September 24, 1956), died with his father in the 1964 plane crash. The Morrisons' daughter, Corinne Ann Morrison (born 1947), became an attorney and practiced in New Orleans. Their elder son, deLesseps Story Morrison Jr. (1944–1996), who like his father was elected to the state house, ran unsuccessfully for mayor in 1977. DeLesseps Jr. died of lung cancer on August 21, 1996. Both father and son died at age 52. All four Morrisons are buried at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans.

After his wife's death, Morrison was frequently seen in the company of Hungarian-born actress Zsa Zsa Gabor, who expressed a special fondness for New Orleans, which she considered "the most European" of American cities. Jimmy Fitzmorris, later lieutenant governor of Louisiana, recalled that "The ladies loved him. Chep was sort of an outgoing personality, had a contagious smile, and was able to captivate a lot of people. Most people that met Chep couldn't help but like him." Morrison later dismissed the notion that his interest in Gabor was serious though Jimmie Davis questioned the relationship in the 1959 gubernatorial race. In 1963, Gabor wed businessman Herbert Hutner while Morrison was making his third unsuccessful run for governor a year before his own death. Gabor, who married nine times, lived until 2016.

In 1995, the senior deLesseps Morrison was inducted posthumously into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield, the home base of the Longs.

title: DeLesseps Story Morrison


text:
Pelagon

There are several figures named Pelagon (Ancient Greek: Πελάγων, -ονος) in Greek mythology.

 * Pelagon, king of Phocis and son of Amphidamas. He gave Cadmus the cow that was to guide him to Boeotia.
 * Pelagon, also called Pelasgus, son of the river-god Asopus by the naiad Metope, daughter of the river Ladon. He was brother to Ismenus, Corcyra, Salamis, Aegina, Peirene, Cleone, Thebe, Tanagra, Thespia, Asopis, Sinope, Ornea, Chalcis, Harpina and Ismene. His sisters were abducted by various gods as punishment for their father's deed.
 * Pelagon, one of the suitors of Hippodamia before Pelops.
 * Pelagon, one of the Calydonian hunters.
 * Pelagon or Pelegon, who is given in the Iliad as the father of the Paeonian warrior Asteropaeus, son of the river-god Axius and Periboea, the daughter of Acessamenus. Presumably this Pelagon was the eponymous founder of Pelagonia.
 * Pelagon, a native of Pylos who fought under Nestor in the Trojan War.
 * Pelagon, an "illustrious" companion of the hero Sarpedon during the Trojan War, who removes Tlepolemus' spear from Sarpedon's thigh.

title: Pelagon