text:
Plot twist

A plot twist is a literary technique that introduces a radical change in the direction or expected outcome of the plot in a work of fiction. When it happens near the end of a story, it is known as a twist ending or surprise ending. It may change the audience's perception of the preceding events, or introduce a new conflict that places it in a different context. A plot twist may be foreshadowed, to prepare the audience to accept it, but it usually comes with some element of surprise. There are various methods used to execute a plot twist, such as withholding information from the audience, or misleading them with ambiguous or false information. Not every plot has a twist, but some have multiple lesser ones, and some are defined by a single major twist.

Since the effectiveness of a plot twist usually relies on the audience's not having expected it, revealing a plot twist to readers or viewers in advance is commonly regarded as a spoiler. Even revealing the fact that a work contains plot twists – especially at the ending – can also be controversial, as it changes the audience's expectations. However, at least one study suggests that this does not affect the enjoyment of a work.

Early examples
An early example of the romance genre with multiple twists was the Arabian Nights tale "The Three Apples". It begins with a fisherman discovering a locked chest. The first twist occurs when the chest is broken open and a corpse is found inside. The initial search for the murderer fails, and a twist occurs when two men appear, separately claiming to be the murderer. A complex chain of events finally reveals the murderer to be the investigator's own slave.

Mechanics
Literary analysts have identified several common categories of plot twists, based on how they are executed.

Anagnorisis
Anagnorisis, or discovery, is the protagonist's sudden recognition of his or her own or another character's true identity or nature. Through this technique, previously unforeseen character information is revealed. A notable example of anagnorisis occurs in Oedipus Rex: Oedipus kills his father and marries his mother in ignorance, learning the truth only toward the climax of the play. The earliest use of this device as a twist ending in a murder mystery was in "The Three Apples", a medieval Arabian Nights tale, where the protagonist Ja'far ibn Yahya discovers by chance a key item towards the end of the story that reveals the culprit behind the murder to have been his own slave all along.

Flashback
Flashback, or analepsis, a sudden, vivid reversion to a past event, surprises the reader with previously unknown information that solves a mystery, places a character in a different light, or reveals the reason for a previously inexplicable action. The Alfred Hitchcock film Marnie employed this type of surprise ending. Sometimes this is combined with the above category, as the flashback may reveal the true identity of one of the characters, or that the protagonist is related to one of the villain's past victims, as Sergio Leone did with Charles Bronson's character in Once Upon a Time in the West or Frederick Forsyth's The Odessa File.

Cliffhanger
A cliffhanger or cliffhanger ending, is a plot device in fiction which features a main character in a precarious or difficult dilemma or confronted with a shocking revelation at the end of an episode of serialized fiction. A cliffhanger is hoped to incentivize the audience to return to see how the characters resolve the dilemma. A notable example is in the 1980 Star Wars film The Empire Strikes Back where protagonist Luke Skywalker who initially believed that the antagonist Darth Vader had killed his father, Anakin after Obi-Wan Kenobi told it to him in A New Hope is shocked and horrified when the latter tells him that he himself is his father Anakin, with the revelation eventually being fully dealt with and resolved in Return of the Jedi (1983).

Unreliable narrator
An unreliable narrator twists the ending by revealing, almost always at the end of the narrative, that the narrator has manipulated or fabricated the preceding story, thus forcing the reader to question his or her prior assumptions about the text. This motif is often used within noir fiction and films, notably in the film The Usual Suspects. An unreliable narrator motif was employed by Agatha Christie in The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, a novel that generated much controversy due to critics' contention that it was unfair to trick the reader in such a manipulative manner. Another example of unreliable narration is a character who has been revealed to be insane and thus causes the audience to question the previous narrative; notable examples of this are in the Terry Gilliam film Brazil, Chuck Palahniuk's Fight Club (and David Fincher's film adaptation), Gene Wolfe's novel Book of the New Sun, the second episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Premonition, the 1920 German silent horror film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Iain Pears's An Instance of the Fingerpost, Shutter Island and Kim Newman's Life's Lottery. The term "unreliable narrator" is sometimes applied to films (such as the aforementioned Brazil and Shutter Island) which do not feature any voice-over narration in a conventional sense, but whose protagonists are still considered "narrators" in the sense that the film is presented from their perspective and the audience mainly encounters the narrative and diegesis through that character's point of view.

Peripeteia
Peripeteia is a sudden reversal of the protagonist's fortune, whether for good or ill, that emerges naturally from the character's circumstances. Unlike the deus ex machina device, peripeteia must be logical within the frame of the story. An example of a reversal for ill would be Agamemnon's sudden murder at the hands of his wife Clytemnestra in Aeschylus' The Oresteia or the inescapable situation Kate Hudson's character finds herself in at the end of The Skeleton Key. This type of ending was a common twist ending utilised by The Twilight Zone, most effectively in the episode "Time Enough at Last" where Burgess Meredith's character is robbed of all his hope by a simple but devastating accident with his eyeglasses. A positive reversal of fortune would be Nicholas Van Orton's suicide attempt after mistakenly believing himself to have accidentally killed his brother, only to land safely in the midst of his own birthday party, in the film The Game.

Deus ex machina
Deus ex machina is a Latin term meaning "god from the machine." It refers to an unexpected, artificial or improbable character, device or event introduced suddenly in a work of fiction to resolve a situation or untangle a plot. In Ancient Greek theater, the "deus ex machina" ('ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός') was the character of a Greek god literally brought onto the stage via a crane (μηχανῆς—mechanes), after which a seemingly insoluble problem is brought to a satisfactory resolution by the god's will. The term is now used pejoratively for any improbable or unexpected contrivance by which an author resolves the complications of the plot in a play or novel, and which has not been convincingly prepared for in the preceding action; the discovery of a lost will was a favorite resort of Victorian novelists.

Red herring
A red herring is a false clue intended to lead investigators toward an incorrect solution. This device usually appears in detective novels and mystery fiction. The red herring is a type of misdirection, a device intended to distract the protagonist, and by extension the reader, away from the correct answer or from the site of pertinent clues or action. The Indian murder mystery film Gupt: The Hidden Truth cast many veteran actors who had usually played villainous roles in previous Indian films as red herrings in this film to deceive the audience into suspecting them.

In the bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code, the misdeeds of a key character named "Bishop Aringarosa" draw attention away from the true master villain ("Aringarosa" literally translates as "pink herring"). In the William Diehl novel Primal Fear (also adapted into a film), a defendant named Aaron Stampler is accused of brutally murdering the Archbishop of Chicago. He is revealed to have a dissociative identity disorder, and is not executed on plea of insanity. Near the end, Aaron's lawyer discovers that he feigned his insanity to avoid the death penalty. Agatha Christie's classic And Then There Were None is another famous example and includes the term as well in a murder ploy where the intended victims are made to guess that one of them will be killed through an act of treachery.

The complete second timeline of the sixth season of the television series Lost is a red herring: initially, this second timeline seems to be an alternate timeline in which Oceanic 815 never crashes (the main timeline revolves around the crashing of such plane on an island). However, one of the last scenes reveals that this timeline is "a place" where the characters of the series meet after they have died, similar to the Bardo or Limbo concept. A red herring can also be used as a form of false foreshadowing.

False protagonist
A false protagonist is a character presented at the start of the story as the main character, but then disposed of, usually killed to emphasize that they will not return. An example is Psycho's Marion Crane (portrayed by Janet Leigh), who is brutally murdered about halfway through the film. Another instance is the film Executive Decision, in which the special-forces team leader, played by highly-billed action star Steven Seagal, is killed shortly after the mission begins. The character of Casey Becker (played by then A-list actress Drew Barrymore) in Scream is killed in the first fifteen minutes. An example in literature and television is Ned Stark in the Game of Thrones franchise, who is killed before the end of the first book/season, despite receiving the most focus of the ensemble of characters.

Non-linear narrative
A non-linear narrative works by revealing plot and character in non-chronological order. This technique requires the reader to attempt to piece together the timeline in order to fully understand the story. A twist ending can occur as the result of information that is held until the climax and which places characters or events in a different perspective. Some of the earliest known uses of non-linear story telling occur in The Odyssey, a work that is largely told in flashback via the narrator Odysseus. The Aeneid, another epic poem, uses a similar approach; it begins with the main protagonist, Aeneas, telling stories about the end of the Trojan War and the first half of his journey to Dido, queen of Carthage. The nonlinear approach has been used in works such as the films Mulholland Drive, Sin City, Saw IV, Premonition, Arrival, Pulp Fiction, Memento, Babel, the television shows Lost, How to Get Away with Murder, How I Met Your Mother (especially in many episodes in the later seasons), Heroes, Westworld, the book Catch-22, and WandaVision.

Reverse chronology
Reverse chronology works by revealing the plot in reverse order, i.e., from final event to initial event. Unlike chronological storylines, which progress through causes before reaching a final effect, reverse chronological storylines reveal the final effect before tracing the causes leading up to it; therefore, the initial cause represents a "twist ending". Examples employing this technique include the films Irréversible, Memento, Happy End and 5x2, the play Betrayal by Harold Pinter, and Martin Amis' Time's Arrow. Stephen Sondheim and George Furth's Merrily We Roll Along and the 1934 Kaufman and Hart play that inspired it both tell the story of the main characters in reverse order.

title: Plot twist


text:
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship

The All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC) (Craobh Shinsir Peile na hÉireann) is the premier inter-county competition in Gaelic football. County teams compete against each other and the winner is declared All-Ireland Champions.

Organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), the championship has been contested every year except one since 1887.

The final is played by the 35th Sunday of the year at Croke Park in Dublin, with the winning team receiving the Sam Maguire Cup. For the majority of its existence, the All-Ireland Championship has been played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team loses they are eliminated from the championship. In more recent years, the qualification procedures for the championship have changed several times. Currently, qualification is limited to teams competing in 6 feeder competitions; the finalists of the 4 provincial championships: Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster, the Tailteann Cup holders and the best non-qualified National Football League teams to make the 16 team group stage.

Thirty three teams currently participate in the All-Ireland Championship, with Kerry, Dublin, Galway and Cavan being the most successful teams in their respective provinces.

The title has been won by 19 different counties, 17 of whom have won the title more than once. The all-time record-holders are Kerry, who have won the championship on 38 occasions. Dublin are the current title holders, defeating Kerry by 1–15 to 1–13 in the 2023 final.

History
The first Championship to be held featured club teams who represented their respective counties after their county championship. The 21 a-side final was between Commercials of Limerick and Young Irelands of Louth. The final was played in Beech Hill, Donnybrook (not Bird Avenue) on 29 April 1888 with Commercials winning by 1–4 to 0–3. Unlike later All-Ireland competitions, there were no provincial championships, and the result was an open draw.

The second Championship was unfinished owing to the American Invasion Tour. The 1888 provincial championships had been completed (Tipperary, Kilkenny and Monaghan winning them; no Connacht teams entered) but after the Invasion tour returned, the All-Ireland semi-final and final were not played. English team London reached the final four times in the early years of the competition (1900–1903).

In 1892, inter-county teams were introduced to the All-Ireland Championship. Congress granted permission for the winning club to use players from other clubs in the county, thus the inter-county teams came into being. The rules of hurling and football were also altered: goals were made equal to five points, and teams were reduced from 21 to 17 a-side.

The 1903 Championship brought Kerry's first All-Ireland title. They went on to become the most successful football team in the history of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship.

Unlike in other European countries, such as neighbouring England, where annual sports events were cancelled during the twentieth century due to the First and Second World Wars, the All-Ireland Championship has been running continuously since 1887, with the final running since 1889 (the 1888 competition was played but no final was held due to the Invasion mentioned above). The competition continued even in spite of the effects on the country of the Civil War and the Second World War (the National Football League was not held during the latter). In 1941, the All-Ireland Championship was disrupted by an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease but the postponed Leinster final were later rescheduled.

The duration of certain championship matches increased from 60 to 80 minutes during the 1970s. They were settled at 70 minutes after five seasons of this in 1975. This applied only to the provincial finals, All-Ireland semi-finals and finals.

The first half of the twentieth century brought the rise of several teams who won two or more All-Ireland titles in that period, such as Kildare, Mayo, Cavan, Wexford and Roscommon. In the 1990s, a significant sea change took place, as the All-Ireland was claimed by an Ulster team in four consecutive years (1991–1994). Since then Ulster has produced more All-Ireland winning teams than any other province.

The All-Ireland Qualifiers were introduced in 2001. Later that year, the 2001 final brought victory for Galway who became the first football team to win an All-Ireland by springing through "the back door." In 2013, Hawk-Eye was introduced for Championship matches at Croke Park. It was first used to confirm that Offaly substitute Peter Cunningham's attempted point had gone wide 10 minutes into the second half of a game against Kildare. 2013 also brought the first Friday night game in the history of the Championship – a first round qualifier between Carlow and Laois.

In recent years further changes have been made to the structure of the championship. In 2018 the Super 8s were introduced, where the four provincial champions and the four-round 4 qualifier winners would be split into two groups of four teams. Each team plays their group rivals once, with the top two teams progressing to the All-Ireland Semi-Finals. In 2022 a two-tier format will be adopted for the championship. Division 3 and 4 teams from the National Football League that fail to reach a provincial final will not proceed to the All-Ireland qualifiers and will instead play in the Tailteann Cup.

Historic format (1888–2000)
For the first All-Ireland championship in 1887, the competition was played on an open draw knockout basis. From 1888, the provincial system was introduced, whereby the counties in each of Ireland's four provinces would play each other on a knockout basis to find provincial champions. These four champions would meet in the All-Ireland semi-finals. The structure outlined above was adopted in 2001 to allow more games to be played, but still retain provincial championships and the knockout structure, resulting in every game continuing to be a meaningful fixture, with no dead-rubber league format matches being played out.

Quarter-finals format (2001–2017)
From 2001 to 2017, the Championship was played using the Quarter-finals format. Under this format, Provincial matches would take place during the months of May, June and July. The winners of each of the four Provincial Championships would earn a place in the All-Ireland Quarter-Finals, which would take place in the month of August. Replays would be played for all drawn matches, not just drawn Provincial Finals and drawn All-Ireland Finals. Extra-time would only be used for Replays and Qualifier Matches. If the teams were still level after extra time, the qualifier match would go to a replay or in the case of replays, another replay would take place.

The qualifiers series (also referred to as the "back door") for teams that did not win their provincial championships would take place in the months of June and July with the winning four teams of Round 4 playing the four Provincial Champions in the All-Ireland Quarter Finals.

 * All-Ireland Quarter-Finals: The four Provincial Champions would be drawn against the winning four teams from Round 4 of the All-Ireland Qualifiers. If a match finished with both teams level, a replay would take place. The four winning teams qualify for the All-Ireland Semi-Finals.
 * All-Ireland Semi-Finals: The All-Ireland Semi-Finals would take place in August and be contested by the four winners of the All-Ireland Quarter Finals. If a match ended with both teams level, a replay would take place. The two winning teams qualify for the All-Ireland Final.
 * All-Ireland Final: The two remaining teams would meet in the All-Ireland Final, usually on the third Sunday in September. The winning team is crowned All-Ireland Champions.

Single-tier championship format (2018–2019)
This championship was identical to the format above, though with no second-tier championship all teams who failed to win their provincial final were eligible to play in the qualifiers. The qualifiers took place over four rounds rather than two, and the four winners of the fourth round proceeded to the All-Ireland Super 8s. As in the format above, the further a team progressed in their provincial championships the later the round they entered the qualifiers. The All-Ireland Super 8s were a round-robin group stage, featuring four teams placed into two groups. The two-highest ranked teams from each group were drawn into an All-Ireland Semi-final, which was followed by the All-Ireland Final.

Return to single-elimination format (2020–2022)
Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 and 2021 championships returned to the historic single-elimination format. Teams that were eliminated in their provincial championships did not access the qualifiers, which were cancelled, and the "Super 8's" were removed in favour of a straight-knockout semi-final and final. In 2022 a smaller back door system took place then Knockout (2001–2017) or Super 8 (2018–2019).

Integration with the league and Tailteann Cup (2023–)
In 2023, the format of the championship was again altered. Under this system, approved at a Special Congress of the GAA in February 2022, the results in the National Football League (held in January through to March of each year) would have an impact on counties' progression in the championship. After the conclusion of the four provincial championships, whose structures remain unaltered, there would be a round-robin competition for 16 teams, split evenly into four. The groups would be made up of the four provincial champions and four runners-up, joined by a further eight teams based on their overall ranking from the league. The four group winners would automatically qualify for the All-Ireland Quarter Finals, and the four remaining spots in the quarter-finals are determined by playoff-matches between the second and third placed teams. The quarter finals, semi-finals and final are then played under the traditional single-elimination format. Furthermore, the 16 teams that fail to qualify for the round-robin stage would compete in the second-tier Tailteann Cup, which is also played via round-robin groups and single-elimination finals.

Counties
The county is a geographical region in Ireland, and each of the thirty-two counties in Ireland organise their own Gaelic games affairs through a County Board. The county teams play in their respective Provincial Championships (reflective of the four Irish provinces) in Connacht (which also includes teams from London and New York), Leinster, Munster, and Ulster. Kilkenny is currently unique among the 32 Irish county associations in not participating in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. The Provincial Championships operate through a knock-out cup competition format.

Connacht Championship (Seven teams)
Quarter-finals (3 matches): These are three matches between the first six teams drawn – the other team receive a bye. Three teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the semi-finals. London and New York City games go into rotation of every 5th year.

Semi-finals (2 matches): The winners of the three quarter-finals join the other team to make up the semi-final pairings. Two teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the final and qualify for the All-Ireland group stage.

Final (1 match): The winners of the two semi-finals contest this game. The Connacht champions and runners-up advance directly to the All-Ireland group stage as first seeds and second seeds respectively.

Leinster Championship (Eleven teams)
Preliminary round (3 matches): These are three matches between the first six teams drawn – the other five teams receive a bye. Three teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the quarter-finals.

Quarter-finals (4 matches): The winners of the three preliminary round matches join the other five teams to make up the quarter-final pairings. Four teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the semi-finals.

Semi-finals (2 matches): The winners of the four quarter-finals make up the semi-final pairings. Two teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the final and qualify for the All-Ireland group stage.

Final (1 match): The winners of the two semi-finals contest this game. The Leinster champions and runners-up advance directly to the All-Ireland group stage as first seeds and second seeds respectively.

Munster Championship (Six teams)
Quarter-finals (2 matches): These are two matches between the first four teams drawn – the other two teams receive a bye. Two teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the semi-finals.

Semi-finals (2 matches): The winners of the two quarter-finals join the other two teams to make up the semi-final pairings. Two teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the final and qualify for the All-Ireland group stage.

Final (1 match): The winners of the two semi-finals contest this game. The Munster champions and runners-up advance directly to the All-Ireland group stage as first seeds and second seeds respectively.

Ulster Championship (Nine teams)
Preliminary round (1 match): This is one match between the first two teams drawn – the other seven teams receive a bye. One team is eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the quarter-finals.

Quarter-finals (4 matches): The winners of the preliminary round join the other seven teams to make up the quarter-final pairings. Four teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the semi-finals.

Semi-finals (2 matches): The winners of the four quarter-finals make up the semi-final pairings. Two teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the final and qualify for the All-Ireland group stage.

Final (1 match): The winners of the two semi-finals contest this game. The Ulster champions and runners-up advance directly to the All-Ireland group stage as first seeds and second seeds respectively.

Group stage (Sixteen teams remaining)
Group stage (24 matches): The 8 provincial finalists, the Tailteann Cup holders and the next 7 highest ranked counties in the National Football League make up the group stage teams. Teams are divided into four groups of four. The group winners advance to the quarter-finals and the group runners-up and group third placed teams advance to the preliminary quarter-finals. Four teams are eliminated at this stage while twelve teams advance to the All-Ireland knockout-stage.

Preliminary quarter-finals (12 teams remaining)
Preliminary quarter-finals (4 matches): The second-placed teams from the group stage play the third-placed teams from the group stage. Teams who met in the provincial finals are kept apart in separate quarter-finals and provincial champions are kept apart where possible. Four teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the quarter-finals.

Quarter-finals (Eight teams remaining)
Quarter-finals (4 matches): The winners of the preliminary quarter-finals join the first placed teams in the group stage. Teams who met in the provincial finals are kept apart in separate quarter-finals and provincial champions are kept apart where possible. Four teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the semi-finals.

Semi-finals (Four teams remaining)
Semi-finals (2 matches): The winners of the quarter-finals make up the semi-final pairings. Teams who met in the provincial finals are kept apart in separate semi-finals. Two teams are eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the final.

Final
Final (1 match): The two winners of the semi-finals contest this game. Winning team are declared All-Ireland champions.

Inter county championship pyramid
Teams from the first two levels are eligible for the All-Ireland series in that year. Teams from tiers 3 to 5 may reach tiers 1 and 2 through promotion.

2024 Championship
Thirty three counties competed in the 2024 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship: seven teams in the Connacht Senior Football Championship, eleven teams in the Leinster Senior Football Championship, six teams in the Munster Senior Football Championship and nine teams in the Ulster Senior Football Championship.

List of finals
Typically, over the four Sundays of September, All-Ireland Finals in men's football, ladies' football, hurling and camogie take place at Croke Park, the national stadium of the GAA. Two grades are played on each final day, the senior team and the minor team (consisting of younger players, under the age of 18, who have participated in that year's All-Ireland Minor Football Championship). Guests who attend these events include the President of Ireland, the Taoiseach and other important dignitaries. The football final is considered the pinnacle event of this period.

The final game of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship takes place on the third Sunday of September. The men's decider regularly attracts crowds of over 80,000. The winning team captain receives the Sam Maguire Cup. The current champions are Kerry.

Due to COVID-19 and the related State restrictions, the 2020 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was staged on Saturday, 19 December, two weeks after the semi-finals.

For the first time since 2000, the football championship was a sudden-death scenario, while the hurling championship – completed on Sunday, 13 December – contained a backdoor format.

Performance by county
a. London received a bye to the final in five seasons.

Roll of honour statistics

 * Although Wexford were the first county to win four consecutive All-Ireland Senior Football Finals (1915–18), historically Kerry has been the most successful football team in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. As of 2023, Kerry has won the competition on 38 occasions, winning in four consecutive years twice (1929–1932 and 1978–1981) and also for three consecutive years twice (1939–1941 and 1984–1986). Dublin follows Kerry on the competition roll of honour with 31 wins, although up to the 1950s much of the success of Dublin teams was based on teams who had many non-Dublin born players playing.
 * Dublin joined the four in a row club in 2018 by winning the competition consecutively since 2015. As of 2019, Dublin became the first team to win the competition five times in a row. And in 2020, Dublin won a sixth consecutive title. Galway were the first team from the western province of Connacht to win an All-Ireland title, doing so in 1925. The 1933 final brought victory for Cavan, who became the first team from the northern province of Ulster to win an All-Ireland title.
 * Two teams have won the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship as part of a double with that year's All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, namely Cork (1890 and 1990) and Tipperary (1895 and 1900). The championship has never been won by a team from outside Ireland, though London have played in five finals.
 * Dublin are the reigning champions, winning their thirty-first title, having defeated Kerry in the 2023 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final.

Legend

 * – Champions
 * – Runners-up
 * – Semi-finals
 * – Quarter-finals/Preliminary quarter-finals
 * – Round 2/Round 1/Group stage
 * TC – Tailteann Cup

For each year, the number of teams (in brackets) are shown.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Work

Category
I THINK ITS TIME FOR JACK TO LET ER RIP

Labour
The third definition of "Work" currently links to Labour. However, not only is this a disambiguation page, but also that page appears to have no further link for Labour in this context. Hello everybody thus be directed elsewhere and, if so, where? Will => talk 23:49, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wage labour
Could we add a link to Wage labour here? Sundiiiiii 15:52, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Categories of work
surely there should be a definition of the word work here linking off to the more detailed definitions of types of work that exist???

There should be a broader category of work as organizational work, which would include project management as well as other types of work.71.178.137.246 14:31, 28 May 2007 (UTC)parveson

Arbeit
I was directed here looking for 'Arbeit' which is a band. :P Why does Arbeit link here? Shouldn't there be some links to, say, Arbeit Macht Frei if it directs here?Avnas Ishtaroth (talk) 10:21, 10 June 2008 (UTC) "Arbeit is the German word for "Work" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.168.208.75 (talk) 13:14, 3 June 2009 (UTC)
 * EDIT: Added a redirect at top.Avnas Ishtaroth (talk) 10:27, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Types of work
I'd like to expand this article from other sources but not sure how these copyrights laws works. Please advice  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:24D5:84D9:46B:4155:BBE:2722 (talk) 12:15, 25 December 2013 (UTC)

Ironically, the type of "work" that you are doing when you edit a Wikipedia article doesn't fall into any of the categories of work listed on this page.

It's not paid, so it doesn't fall under Employment, or Labor (economics), or Wage labor. It's obviously not House work, or Working the system, and it's not really appropriate to call it Manual labor either, even though it is technical physical in that it involves some typing. It wouldn't really be accurate to file it under Work (project management), because even though Wikipedia is a project, there are no managers.

I bring it up to point out a larger omission: it seems there should be some article covering the "work" you do on any hobby project where there is no expectation of selling the product, i.e. it's for your own personal enjoyment. For example:

building a train set for your kids

building a gingerbread house (believe me, this is a LOT of work)

painting a mural on the ceiling of your own home for your own enjoyment — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.86.191.119 (talk) 17:12, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

Upgrade to Article?
After looking into it more (and in line with some of the comments here), I think the absence of a general Work article might be a large gap in the encyclopedia. This disambiguation page & the immediate links require some hopping to find topics like piece-work, the informal economy, the social aspects of unpaid domestic work, or the self-employed. And those are just immediate things that come to mind for the current US/UK context.

I can take care of prepping this page & all the redirects, then moving what's here to the explicit disambiguation title. I should also be able to start the stub article here with sections & maybe fill out some bits too (though I don't have access to a library with strong sources right now). I'll draft everything first so the actual move & replace is smooth, but I wanted to give a heads-up first. Zar2gar1 (talk) 19:39, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 19 July 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. If reproposing, would suggest separate RMs for "work" and "labour", since the arguments differ. --  JHunterJ (talk) 18:11, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

Drafted an article for human work/labor; move disabled on current page. Zar2gar1 (talk) 13:26, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Work (human activity) → Work
 * Work → Work (disambiguation)
 * Labour → Labour (disambiguation)

 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). --  Dane talk  16:21, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * I think we should stop automatically listing contested technical requests, they don't give the proposer the chance to update the rationale. Anyways, this request is about turning Work into a broad article about work as a human activity, Zar2gar1 has already written that page. Zar2gar1 also suggested that Labour should be a primary redirect to this suggested broad article on Work, I have merged these two requests into one since the move of the Labour disambiguation page wouldn't make sense unless the Work disambiguation page were also moved. – Thjarkur (talk) 16:36, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * My view is that it would be preferable to keep both Work and Labour as disambiguation pages. These disambiguation pages are quite popular (Work with 4,000 views/month and Labour 4,600 views/month) and both have several common meanings that a reader is likely to be looking for: Work (physics) has 30,000 views/month, Manual labour 6,000 views/month, Wage labour 6,000 views/month, Childbirth 35,000 views/month. The "general human productive activity" meaning is a good contender for the primary topic, though. – Thjarkur (talk) 16:55, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

Thanks, Thjarkur, it took me a little bit to adjust the talk-page so I just put in a manual link to this discussion.

For the moves themselves, I'm really not that picky; my main concern was just to fill the coverage gap with an article. But here's my thinking for giving it an unqualified title in line with WP:PLA:
 * Almost all the other meanings of work and labor seem to stem from analogies to this common, day-to-day meaning.
 * I imagine most people looking for those more specific meanings are aware of the analogy too.
 * Childbirth may be an exception (I don't know how far back the etymology goes), but even then, it's in a very specific context.
 * A lot of the other terms are also unique to a specialty (physics) or the English-speaking world (e.g. Labour Party)
 * Since this meaning is universal to human society though, you might say it's more in line with WP:NWFCTM too.
 * The French wiki already uses this convention for the primary article: Travail.
 * The German and Spanish ones do use a qualified title like "work (sociology)" though.
 * We can always give individual hatnotes for very popular meanings.

Now as you already mentioned, the physics versions of work may get a lot of traffic, even if they're derived terms. With that in mind, maybe we keep "Work" as a disambiguation page but move the article to "Labor/Labour"? AFAICT childbirth is the only meaning that isn't a clear reference to day-to-day work ("wage labour", "labor day", "labour party", etc.), plus "labour" is the go-to word for any economics context.

I've never fiddled around with traffic statistics here that much, but if we want to use clicks as a metric, does the data show the path people take to get to each article? I'm fine with leaving the article where it is if both disambiguation pages are funneling people to where they want to go. If we can check though and it turns out one of them is being bypassed for the most part, maybe that's the one to usurp? Zar2gar1 (talk) 17:31, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment – work could easily be referred to Work (physics). Is work, aka labor, the primary topic for work? cookie monster  (2020)  755  04:10, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I suppose that's what we're trying to come to consensus on. For the reasons above, I don't think it would be crazy to say it is. But honestly, after typing it out & thinking it through, I'm leaning towards keeping "Work" as a dab page and making the article primary for "Labor". I just mostly used "work" in the article as a stylistic choice. Zar2gar1 (talk) 22:27, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment – I'm just worried about the fact that Childbirth (labor) is a prominent meaning which "labo(u)r" could easily refer to as well — as well as Work (physics) for "work", but a bit less so. Not sure. Paintspot Infez (talk) 19:50, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, the childbirth meaning is important, plus I've never looked into it but wouldn't be surprised if it's actually the older one. Not that it would make a huge difference to the move request, but I guess it adds a little perspective. Zar2gar1 (talk) 22:49, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to oppose both, more strongly opposed to changing labo(u)r -- there are a number of very prominent uses of the term: organized labor (unions), political parties in several large English-speaking countries, childbirth, as well as physical effort. I think there is also enough ambiguity in the term "work" to not expect one sense to be primary. older ≠ wiser 20:18, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I can respect that, though as I mentioned above, I'm not sure how much labor unions and labor parties would need disambiguation by default. They derive from this meaning, plus their full names already qualify them. I don't know if this changes anyone's opinion, but I realized I forgot to give the full context for what led me to create the article to begin with: [RfC at Vital Articles].
 * Sorry about that; writing the article gave me a bit of tunnel-vision (plus it's sort of crazy IRL right now so my mind bounces around some). Anyways, I think it's an unwritten rule that vital articles have unqualified titles, but unless that changes things or someone comes with a new reason, I'd say the consensus is just to keep everything as is for now. Zar2gar1 (talk) 22:49, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose both. There are multiple, popular articles for both words and no clear primary topics. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 16:39, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Work (human activity) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:33, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Work (human activity) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 19:48, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Work (human activity) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 02:18, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Work


text:
List of lava flows in Arizona

There are three lava flow areas in the American state of Arizona:

 * Bonito Lava Flow - (Map). The basalt lava flow extruded from the base of Sunset Crater around 1180. The flow surface consists of pahoehoe.
 * Kana-a Lava Flow - (Map)
 * Pinacate Lava Flow - (Map)

title: List of lava flows in Arizona


text:
Hosius of Corduba

Hosius of Corduba (c. 256–359), also known as Osius or Ossius, was a bishop of Corduba (now Córdoba, Spain) and an important and prominent advocate for Homoousion Christianity in the Arian controversy that divided the early Christianity.

He probably presided at the First Council of Nicaea and also presided at the Council of Serdica.

After Lactantius, he was the closest Christian advisor to Emperor Constantine the Great and guided the content of public utterances, such as Constantine's Oration to the Saints, addressed to the assembled bishops.

Life
He was born in Corduba in Hispania, a province of the Roman Empire. Elected to the see of Corduba about 295, he narrowly escaped martyrdom in the persecution of Maximian. In 300 or 301 he attended the provincial Synod of Elvira (his name appearing second in the list of those present), and upheld its severe canons concerning such points of discipline as questions concerning clerical marriage, and the treatment of those who had abjured their faith during the recent persecutions. The Council appears to have had Novatianist tendencies and held a strict view that refused readmission to those baptized Christians who had denied their faith or performed the formalities of a ritual sacrifice to the pagan gods under pressures of persecution.

In 313 he appears at the court of Constantine the Great, mentioned by name in a constitution directed by the emperor to Caecilianus of Carthage in that year. He is not listed among the attendees of the Synod of Arles of 314, but may have been in attendance upon the emperor, who was engaged in his first war with Licinius in Pannonia. As early as 320 or 321 Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria, convoked a council at Alexandria at which more than one hundred bishops from Egypt and Libya anathematized Arius, his deacon. In autumn 324 Hosius was the bearer of Constantine's letter to Bishop Alexander and Arius, in which he urged them to reconcile. After the Synod in Alexandria, Hosius led another synod in Antioch probably on the occasion of the election of Eustathius, after the death of Philogonius on November 324. In this synod, bishops supporting Arius were suspended and a general synod was announced which would be held in Ancyra. Emperor Constantine eventually moved the convocation to the First Council of Nicaea which opened on 20 May 325. Hosius probably presided over it, as his name appears first on the list of participants. Hosius ostensibly supported Alexander of Alexandria against Arius. After the Council, Hosius returned to his diocese in Spain.

For nearly 50 years Hosius was one of the foremost bishops of his time. He was held in universal esteem and exercised great influence. After Constantine's death in 337, Eusebius of Nicomedia, an Arian and friend of the Imperial family, was named to the see of Constantinople. In his new role as patriarch, Eusebius and his supporters brought pressure to bear upon Constantius II to expel Athanasius of Alexandria, a staunch anti-Arian, for a second time from his diocese. Eusebius urged the emperor to have Hosius, a supporter of Athanasius, summoned to Milan, where the Bishop of Cordoba declined to condemn Athanasius. Hosius so impressed the emperor that he was authorized to return home.

Hosius had a prominent role to play at the Council of Serdica, which began in the summer, or, at latest, in the autumn of 343, proved by the fact that he was the first to sign the Acts of this council.

Continued pressure from Eusebius led to Constantius' writing a letter demanding whether Hosius alone was going to remain obstinate in his support of Athanasius. In reply, Hosius sent his courageous letter of protest against imperial interference in Church affairs (353), preserved by Athanasius which led to Hosius' exile in 355 to Sirmium, an imperial center in Pannonia (in modern Serbia). From his exile he wrote to Constantius II his only extant composition, a letter justly characterized by the French historian Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont as displaying gravity, dignity, gentleness, wisdom, generosity and in fact all the qualities of a great soul and a great bishop.

Subjected to continual pressure from the Eusebian party, Hosius signed the homoean formula adopted by the Third Council of Sirmium in 357, which involved communion with the homoeans (Acacians) but not the condemnation of Athanasius. He was then permitted to return to his Hispanic diocese, where he died in 359.

There is a letter from Pope Liberius to him (ca. 353).

title: Hosius of Corduba


text:
Listeriosis

Listeriosis is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by Listeria monocytogenes, although L. ivanovii and L. grayi have been reported in certain cases. Listeriosis can cause severe illness, including severe sepsis, meningitis, or encephalitis, sometimes resulting in lifelong harm and even death. Those at risk of severe illness are the elderly, fetuses, newborns and those who are immunocompromised. In pregnant women it may cause stillbirth or spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth is common. Listeriosis may cause mild, self-limiting gastroenteritis and fever in anyone.

Listeria is ubiquitous and is primarily transmitted via the oral route after ingestion of contaminated food products, after which the bacteria penetrates the intestinal tract to cause systemic infections. The diagnosis of listeriosis requires the isolation of the causative bacteria from the blood and/or the cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment includes prolonged administration of antibiotics, primarily ampicillin and gentamicin, to which the organism is usually susceptible.

Signs and symptoms
The disease primarily affects older adults, persons with weakened immune systems, pregnant women, and newborns. Rarely, people without these risk factors can also be affected. A person with listeriosis usually has fever and muscle aches, often preceded by diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. Almost everyone who is diagnosed with listeriosis has invasive infection, meaning that the bacteria spread from their intestines to their bloodstream or other body sites. Disease may occur as long as two months after eating contaminated food.

The symptoms vary with the infected person:
 * High-risk people other than pregnant women: Symptoms can include fever, muscle aches, headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, and convulsions.
 * Pregnant women: Pregnant women typically experience only a mild, flu-like illness. However, infections during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, or life-threatening infection of the newborn.
 * Previously healthy people: People who were previously healthy but were exposed to a very large dose of Listeria can develop a noninvasive illness in which the bacteria do not spread into their bloodstream or other body sites. Symptoms can include diarrhea and fever.

If an animal has eaten food contaminated with Listeria and does not have any symptoms, most experts believe that no tests or treatment are needed, even for people at high risk for listeriosis.

Cause
Listeria monocytogenes is ubiquitous in the environment. The main route of acquisition of Listeria is through the ingestion of contaminated food products. Listeria has been isolated from raw meat, dairy products, vegetables, fruit and seafood. Soft cheeses, unpasteurized milk and unpasteurised pâté are potential dangers; however, some outbreaks involving post-pasteurized milk have been reported.

Rarely listeriosis may present as cutaneous listeriosis. This infection occurs after direct exposure to L. monocytogenes by intact skin and is largely confined to veterinarians who are handling diseased animals, most often after a listerial abortion.

It can be more common in patients with hemochromatosis.

L. monocytogenes is believed to enter the host cells once it reaches the gastrointestinal tract within the human body. The pathogen recognizes eukaryotic receptors on the surface of a host cell and enters the cell through phagocytosis. The pathogen then resides in phagocytic vacuoles, or phagosomes, until it enters the cytoplasm by disrupting the phagosome membrane. Within the cytoplasm, the bacteria replicate then initiates what is called an actin propulsion system, or host cell actin polymerization to penetrate neighboring host cells. This system allows the bacteria to utilize actin from the host cell to adhere to the cell surface, protrude through the cell surface forming a pseudopod, and penetrate the neighboring cells. This penetrating pseudopod is taken up into the neighboring cell through phagocytosis, a transient double-membrane phagosome is formed around it, then the bacteria escapes from the phagosome and begins the cycle again. It is at this stage that the patient may experience febrile gastroenteritis. As the disease continues to escalate, bacteremia occurs when the L. monocytogenes that entered host cells within the gastrointestinal tract enter the blood stream and translocate to other major organs of the body. In healthy individuals, L. monocytogenes bacterium in the blood stream are taken up by macrophages and eliminated from the body, however in immunocompromised individuals the pathogen permeates through the body, inducing numerous conditions leading to the fatal nature of listeriosis infection. In the liver this condition causes subclinical pyogranulomatous hepatitis, in the central nervous system this causes meningoencephalitis, in pregnancy individuals this causes placentitis, and the state of bacteremia escalates to septicemia.

L. monocytogenes is classified in the phylum Actinobacteria and is of the order Bacillales with other gram-positive, low GC content and facultative anaerobic bacteria. Besides the genus Listeria, the genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus also exist in this order, indicating that species within these genera are closely related. These genera contain other severe disease-causing bacterium such as Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Diagnosis
In CNS infection cases, L. monocytogenes can often be cultured from the blood or from the CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid).

Prevention
The main means of prevention is through the promotion of safe handling, cooking and consumption of food. This includes washing raw vegetables and cooking raw food thoroughly, as well as reheating leftover or ready-to-eat foods like hot dogs until steaming hot.

Another aspect of prevention is advising high-risk groups such as pregnant women and immunocompromised patients to avoid unpasteurized pâtés and foods such as soft cheeses like feta, Brie, Camembert cheese, and bleu. Cream cheeses, yogurt, and cottage cheese are considered safe. In the United Kingdom, advice along these lines from the Chief Medical Officer posted in maternity clinics led to a sharp decline in cases of listeriosis in pregnancy in the late 1980s.

Another method of controlling the presence of the Listeriosis causing pathogen L. monocytogenes is by spraying foods with the additive product LISTEX P100 bacteriophage. P100 is a bacteriophage that infects specific pathogen and kills the cells through what is called the lytic cycle, eliminating that pathogen from the food. Many food production companies spray their products with this bacteriophage before packaging because it kills strains of L. monocytogenes without altering the flavor, color, or quality of the food. Studies have shown that LISTEX P100 is successful at eliminating L. monocytogenes from raw salmon fillet tissue, catfish fillets, fruit, surface-ripened soft cheese, hot dogs, cooked and slices turkey breast meat, smoked salmon, mixed seafood, chocolate milk, mozzarella cheese brine, iceberg lettuce, cabbage, and sausage. In addition, no genetic resistance to P100 phage has been reported from present studies on Listeria isolates.

Treatment
Bacteremia should be treated for 2 weeks, meningitis for 3 weeks, and brain abscess for at least 6 weeks. Ampicillin generally is considered antibiotic of choice; gentamicin is added frequently for its synergistic effects. Overall mortality rate is 20–30%; of all pregnancy-related cases, 22% resulted in fetal loss or neonatal death, but mothers usually survive.

Epidemiology
Incidence in 2004–2005 was 2.5–3 cases per million population a year in the United States, where pregnant women accounted for 30% of all cases. Of all nonperinatal infections, 70% occur in immunocompromised patients. Incidence in the U.S. has been falling since the 1990s, in contrast to Europe where changes in eating habits have led to an increase during the same time. In the EU, it has stabilized at around 5 cases per annum per million population, although the rate in each country contributing data to EFSA/ECDC varies greatly.

There are four distinct clinical syndromes:
 * Infection in pregnancy: Listeria can proliferate asymptomatically in the vagina and uterus. If the mother becomes symptomatic, it is usually in the third trimester. Symptoms include fever, myalgias, arthralgias and headache. Miscarriage, stillbirth and preterm labor are complications of this infection. Symptoms last 7–10 days.
 * Neonatal infection (granulomatosis infantiseptica): There are two forms. One, an early-onset sepsis, with Listeria acquired in utero, results in premature birth. Listeria can be isolated in the placenta, blood, meconium, nose, ears, and throat. Another, late-onset meningitis is acquired through vaginal transmission, although it also has been reported with caesarean deliveries.
 * Central nervous system (CNS) infection (neurolisteriosis): Listeria has a predilection for the brain parenchyma, especially the brain stem, and the meninges. It can cause cranial nerve palsies, encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis and abscesses. Mental status changes are common. Seizures occur in at least 25% of patients.
 * Gastroenteritis: L. monocytogenes can produce food-borne diarrheal disease, which typically is noninvasive. The median incubation period is 21 days, with diarrhea lasting anywhere from 1–3 days. Affected people present with fever, muscle aches, gastrointestinal nausea or diarrhea, headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, or convulsions.

Listeria has also been reported to colonize the hearts of some patients. The overall incidence of cardiac infections caused by Listeria is relatively low, with 7–10% of case reports indicating some form of heart involvement. There is some evidence that small subpopulations of clinical isolates are more capable of colonizing the heart throughout the course of infection, but cardiac manifestations are usually sporadic and may rely on a combination of bacterial factors and host predispositions, as they do with other strains of cardiotropic bacteria.

Recent outbreaks
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) there are about 1,600 cases of listeriosis annually in the United States. Compared to 1996–1998, the incidence of listeriosis had declined by about 38% by 2003. However, illnesses and deaths continue to occur. On average from 1998 to 2008, 2.4 outbreaks per year were reported to the CDC. Some notable ones are listed below.

2002 United States outbreak
A large outbreak occurred in 2002, when 54 illnesses, 8 deaths, and 3 fetal deaths in 9 states were found to be associated with consumption of contaminated turkey deli meat.

2008 Canadian listeriosis outbreak
An outbreak of listeriosis in Canada linked to a Maple Leaf Foods plant in Toronto, Ontario killed 22 people.

2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
On September 14, 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warned consumers not to eat cantaloupes shipped by Jensen Farms from Granada, Colorado due to a potential link to a multi-state outbreak of listeriosis. At that time Jensen Farms voluntarily recalled cantaloupes shipped from July 29 through September 10, and distributed to at least 17 states with possible further distribution.

On September 26, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that a total of 72 persons had been infected with the four outbreak-associated strains of Listeria monocytogenes which had been reported to the CDC from 18 states. All illnesses started on or after July 31, 2011.

On September 30, 2011, a random sample of romaine lettuce taken by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration tested positive for listeria on lettuce shipped on September 12 and 13 by an Oregon distributor to at least two other states—Washington and Idaho.

By October 18, the CDC reported that 12 states were linked to listeria in cantaloupe and that 123 people had been sickened. A final count on December 8 put the death toll at 30: Colorado (8), Indiana (1), Kansas (3), Louisiana (2), Maryland (1), Missouri (3), Nebraska (1), New Mexico (5), New York (2), Oklahoma (1), Texas (2), and Wyoming (1). Among persons who died, ages ranged from 48 to 96 years, with a median age of 82.5 years. In addition, one woman pregnant at the time of illness had a miscarriage.

2015 United States listeriosis outbreak
On March 13, 2015, the CDC announced that state and local health officials, CDC, and Food and Drug Administration were collaborating to investigate an outbreak of listeriosis in Kansas. The joint investigation found that certain Blue Bell Creameries ice cream products, including bars, scoops and cookies, were the likely source for some or all of these illnesses. Upon further investigation the CDC said Blue Bell ice cream had evidence of Listeria bacteria in its Oklahoma manufacturing plant as far back as March 2013. The outbreak led to 3 deaths in Kansas.

Blue Bell was the nation's third most popular ice cream brand. The items came from the company's production facility in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma. The CDC stated that all five of the sickened individuals, including the three older people who died, were receiving treatment at the same Kansas hospital before developing the listeriosis, suggesting their infections with the Listeria bacteria were nosocomial (acquired, while eating the products, in the hospital). Their pre-existing weakened conditions might help to explain the higher mortality rate in these cases (60%, versus the more normal 20–30%).

On April 20, 2015, Blue Bell issued a voluntary recall of all its products, citing further internal testing that found Listeria monocytogenes in an additional half gallon of ice cream from the Brenham facility.

2015–18 European listeriosis outbreak
On 5 July 2018 the Manchester Evening News reported that at least four major supermarket retailers had issued major product recalls as a result of a large supplier confirming possible contamination of frozen vegetables sourced from Hungary. The supplier, Greenyard Frozen UK, reported to the UK's Food Standards Agency that the factory in which the food was processed had been shut down by the Hungarian Food Chain Safety Office, after which the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control issued updates stating that at least five EU member states (UK, Austria, Denmark, Finland and Sweden) were affected. Between June 2015 and July 2018, 9 people had reportedly died as a result of listeriosis, of a total of 47 confirmed cases.

In an update on the EFSA website, it was stated that the contamination had supposedly been present since at least 2015, and as a result the Hungarian Food Chain Safety Office had prohibited the marketing of all affected frozen vegetables and frozen vegetable packs produced by the plant in Baja between August 2016 and June 2018. This followed a previous study that found the majority of L. monocytogenes isolates had been found in a 2017 sample of various frozen vegetables, with a minority found in a 2016 sample and a small number found in a 2018 sample. The study suggested that the strain identified (L. monocytogenes serogroup IVb, multi-locus sequence type 6 (ST6)) was likely persisting through standard cleaning operations and disinfection procedures, and that since common production lines were in operation, cross-contamination was an additional concern.

2017–18 South African listeriosis outbreak
In early December 2017 an outbreak of listeriosis was reported by the South African Department of Health. As of 4 March 2018, with 967 people infected and 180 deaths, this was the largest listeriosis outbreak in history. The source was traced to processed meat products produced at a Tiger Brands Enterprise plant in Polokwane.

2018 Australia listeriosis outbreaks
On 2 March 2018 the New South Wales Food Authority confirmed that investigations into a listeriosis outbreak in rockmelons (cantaloupes) began in January. The cantaloupes had infected people from Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales and Tasmania, after being grown on a farm in the Riverina region of NSW.

As of 2 March 2018, 13 of 15 cases had been confirmed as originating from listeria infected cantaloupes, and of the 15 people infected, 3 had died. Later victims included a fourth person on 7 March and a Victorian man in his 80s on 16 March. A miscarriage was also linked to listeriosis. Seventeen cases had been confirmed as of 7 March.

In July 2018, a number of countries, including Australia, issued recalls of frozen vegetables due to Listeria.

2019 Spain listeriosis outbreak
In August 2019, an outbreak was declared in several provinces in Andalusia, southern Spain, as a result of consumption of a contaminated batch of processed-meat products. As of 19 August 2019, 80 people had been diagnosed and 56 were hospitalized (43 of them in the province of Seville), As of 20 August, 114 people were diagnosed, and 18 pregnant woman in hospital, and the first confirmed death (a 90-year-old woman); although the total figure of hospitalised reduced to 53. In addition, eight miscarriages have been related to the outbreak. Spanish Minister of Health María Luisa Carcedo declared that the outbreak had expanded out of the Andalusian Autonomous Community, with one confirmed case in Extremadura and five suspected cases in Extremadura and Madrid. The Minister specified that, although new cases could appear as a consequence of the long incubation period, the contaminated product had been withdrawn. As of 21 August 2019, 132 people were diagnosed and 23 pregnant woman in hospital. On 22 August an international alert was declared.

2022 United States listeriosis outbreak
On November 9, 2022, the CDC announced that Listeria in deli meats and cheeses had been linked to at least 16 cases of listeriosis, including 13 hospitalizations and 1 death. Cases were known from Maryland, New York, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey and California.

2024 Canadian listeriosis outbreak
In July 2024 Listeriosis was found in contaminated Silk brand and Walmart Great Value brand nut milks and a mandatory recall was issued. On July 17, 2024, the Ontario Ministry of health announced that Listeria in production of nut milk products had been linked to at least 12 cases of listeriosis, including 2 deaths between August 2023 and July 2024.

title: Listeriosis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sword edge and sharpening

Two reasons: 1) Not currently an article, less than a substub because no complete sentences, 2) Even if the article was written, it would more than likely have to be transwiki'd to WikiBooks Salasks 23:08, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Has no point. Delete. --Slowking Man 22:08, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete substub.   — Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 22:37, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Let me be blunt: delete. -Sean Curtin 00:16, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Looks like the kind of notes I took in college: "Industrial revolution process end go canals." It was very meaningful to me for about :50.  Delete for being nonsensically titled and not written. Geogre 01:46, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The delete key is mightier than the sword. --Ianb 02:20, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. I'll fix it up. Stargoat 14:35, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Ananke group

The Ananke group is a group of retrograde irregular satellites of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Ananke and are thought to have a common origin.

Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 19.2 and 21.8 Gm, their orbital inclinations between 144.3° and 155.5°, and their orbital eccentricities between 0.09 and 0.30.

The members of the Ananke group are:

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names ending in -e for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.

Origin
The Ananke group is believed to have been formed when an asteroid was captured by Jupiter and subsequently fragmented by a collision. This belief is founded on the fact that the dispersion of the mean orbital parameters of the core members is very small and can be accounted for by a small velocity impulse (15 < δV < 80 m/s), compatible with a single collision and breakup.

Based on the sizes of the satellites, the original asteroid may have been about 28 km in diameter. Since this value is near the approximate diameter of Ananke itself, it is likely the parent body was not heavily disrupted.

Available photometric studies put this in doubt, however, and suggest that secular resonance has mixed the Ananke and Pasiphae groups: three of the moons of the former family (Harpalyke, Praxidike and Iocaste) display similar grey colours (average colour indices: B−V = 0.77 and V−R = 0.42) while Ananke itself is on the boundary between grey and light red.

title: Ananke group


text:
Talk:Joseph Ellis

Needs expansion
With its focus on controversies, this is like a People magazine article. Ellis has had a long and respected career of solid history writing. That needs more attention.--Parkwells (talk) 15:09, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Long? yes. Respected, NO! not a chance. Passionate sage, american sphinxand founding brothers for starters should be reclassified as historical fiction because much of what ellis tells the reader is make believe. His books are worse than tabloid because he wraps them in the respect that most people ( many times wrongly) attribute to respected colleges.

what a hoax on the reader and the truth. What is disappointments is that those professors who could have spoken up did not they just kept quiet. Notice that no scholars gie peer reviews on ellis that is because they would put themselves in his catagory. What Winkipedia needs to do ( if they are actually on the level and not in the pocket of the publishers is to start a running list of historians who lie and allow others to really tell the truth about these fictional history books) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.72.27.233 (talk) 09:34, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

I would take these criticisms a little more seriously if they came from someone with basic writing and grammatical skills.

2601:643:8104:730:3D21:7D57:C2A2:E4D8 (talk) 08:08, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

 * So, someone has to be an expert in grammar to make a valid point in your opinion? As wiki is home to much spurious information and poor grammar, one wonders why you're even here.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Joseph Ellis. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060502081313/http://www.pbs.org:80/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec98/jefferson_11-2.html to http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec98/jefferson_11-2.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060621123107/http://www.mtholyoke.edu:80/offices/comm/news/ellisdecision.shtml to http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/ellisdecision.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:19, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Joseph Ellis. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071107102417/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/misc/profile/15435.shtml to http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/misc/profile/15435.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:21, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Joseph Ellis. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121011213551/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/052005/chairs.shtml to http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/052005/chairs.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121011213551/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/052005/chairs.shtml to http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/052005/chairs.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:21, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joseph Ellis


text:
User:Cygnosis

Just another guy who created a Wiki account.

Some of my interests

 * Blacksmithing
 * Vegetarianism
 * Computer programming

title: User:Cygnosis


text:
Bounce

Bounce or The Bounce may refer to:

 * Deflection (physics), the event where an object collides with and bounces against a plane surface

Books

 * Mr. Bounce, a character from the Mr. Men series of children's books

Broadcasting, film and TV

 * Bounce (film), 2000 film starring Gwyneth Paltrow and Ben Affleck

Radio

 * WMGC-FM (105.1 The Bounce), a radio station in Detroit, Michigan
 * KZCE (101.1 The Bounce), a radio station in Phoenix, Arizona
 * Bounce (radio network), an adult hits radio network in Canada
 * CHBN-FM, a radio station in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, known as 91.7 The Bounce from 2005 - 2017
 * CJCH-FM, a radio station in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, known as 101.3 The Bounce from 2008 - 2016

Stage productions

 * Bounce (musical), the original title of Road Show, a musical by Stephen Sondheim and John Weidman

Networks

 * Bounce TV, a U.S. television network with programming mainly aimed at African Americans

Series

 * Bounce (Australian TV series), an Australian sports show airing since 2007, formerly known as Before the Bounce and After the Bounce
 * Hit the Floor (TV series), a 2013-2016 VH1 series
 * The Bounce (TV series), a 2010 Australian sports show

Episodes

 * "Bounce" (NCIS), an episode of NCIS

Games

 * Bounces (video game), a 1985 sports/fighting game
 * Bounce (mobile game), a mobile game series from Nokia

Music and dance

 * Bounce music, a style of hip hop music that originated in New Orleans
 * Bouncy techno or bounce, a style of UK rave hardcore dance music

Albums

 * Bounce (Bon Jovi album) or the title song (see below), 2002
 * Bounce (Terence Blanchard album) or the title song, 2003
 * Bounce, by The Beat featuring Ranking Roger, 2016
 * Bounce, an EP by JJ Project, or the title song, 2012

Songs

 * "Bounce" (Bon Jovi song), 2002
 * "Bounce" (Calvin Harris song), 2011
 * "Bounce" (Iggy Azalea song), 2013
 * "Bounce" (JJ Project song), 2012
 * "Bounce" (Samantha Jade song), 2019
 * "Bounce" (Sarah Connor song), 2003
 * "Bounce" (Tarkan song), 2005
 * "Bounce" (Timbaland song), 2008
 * "Bounce", by 2 Chainz from ColleGrove
 * "Bounce", by Aaron Carter from Aaron's Party (Come Get It)
 * "Bounce", by the Cab from Whisper War
 * "Bounce", by Charli XCX from XCX World
 * "Bounce", by Cho Yong-pil
 * "Bounce", by Danko Jones from My Love Is Bold
 * "Bounce", by Emphatic
 * "Bounce", by Hadouken! from Not Here to Please You
 * "Bounce", by the Jonas Brothers
 * "Bounce", by Katchafire
 * "Bounce", by LMFAO from Party Rock
 * "Bounce", by Marshmello from Joytime
 * "Bounce", by MSTRKRFT from Fist of God
 * "Bounce", by Run–D.M.C. from The Beavis and Butt-head Experience
 * "Bounce", by System of a Down from Toxicity
 * "Bounce", by Thousand Foot Krutch from Phenomenon
 * "Bounce", by Toya from Toya
 * "The Bounce", by Jay-Z from The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse
 * "Bouncy", by Rocket Punch
 * "Bouncy", by Shenseea from Alpha, 2022

Sports

 * Bounce (golf), a term referring to the shape of the head on certain golf clubs
 * Bounce (jump), a type of fence in equestrian events
 * Ball-up, or bounce, a method of restarting play in Australian rules football
 * Running bounce, a skill in Australian rules
 * The Bouncy, a sports celebration particularly associated with Rangers F.C.
 * Bouncing ball, which is of interest to many ball sports
 * Stone skipping, competitors bounce stones along the surface of water

Technology

 * Bounce (network), an internet networking term for masking connections, or sometimes a synonym for reset when applied as a verb to an internet server
 * Bounce message, an automated message sent when e-mail delivery fails
 * Bounce rate, the percentage of visitors who enter a website and "bounce" (leave the site) rather than continue viewing other pages within the same site
 * Contact bounce, a common problem with mechanical switches and relays
 * Ping pong recording technique, or bouncing, a method used in sound recording

Other uses

 * Bounce (banking), to tender a check for which one has non-sufficient funds, or the return of such a check
 * Bounce (fabric softener), an American brand of fabric softener and other laundry sheets produced by Procter & Gamble
 * Bounce, a dog owned by Alexander Pope
 * Bounce, a slang for twerking

title: Bounce


text:
Jean Hardouin

Jean Hardouin (John Hardwin; Johannes Harduinus; 23 December 1646 – 3 September 1729), was a French priest and classical scholar who was well known during his lifetime for his editions of ancient authors, and for writing a history of the ecumenical councils. However, he is best remembered now as the originator of a variety of unorthodox theories, especially his opinion that a 14th Century conspiracy forged practically all literature traditionally believed to have been written before that era. He also denied the genuineness of most ancient works of art, coins, and inscriptions. Hardouin's eccentric ideas led to the placement of a number of his works on the Index of Forbidden Books.

Although Hardouin has been called "pathological" and "mad," he was only an extreme example of a general critical trend of his time, following authors like Baruch Spinoza, Thomas Hobbes or Jean Daillé, who had started to identify and discard mistaken attributions or datings of medieval documents or Church writings.

Biography
He was born at Quimper in Brittany. Having acquired a taste for literature in his father's book-shop, he sought and obtained admission into the order of the Jesuits in around 1662 (when he was 16). In Paris, where he went to study theology. He ultimately became librarian of the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1683, and he died there.

His first published work was an edition of Themistius (1684), which included no fewer than thirteen new orations. On the advice of Jean Garnier (1612–1681) he undertook to edit the Natural History of Pliny for the Dauphin series, a task which he completed in five years. Aside from editorial work, he became interested in numismatics, and published several learned works on this subject, all marked by a determination to be different from other interpreters. When a fellow Jesuit once spoke to Hardouin about the shock his "paradoxes and absurdities" had given to the public, Hardouin brusquely replied, "do you think I would have got up at 4 AM all my life just to say what others have already said before me?" His works on this topic include: Nummi antiqui populorum et urbium illustrati (1684), Antirrheticus de nummis antiquis coloniarum et municipiorum (1689), and Chronologia Veteris Testamenti ad vulgatam versionem exacta et nummis illustrata (1696).

Hardouin was appointed by the ecclesiastical authorities to supervise the Conciliorum collectio regia maxima (1715); but he was accused of suppressing important documents and including apocryphal ones, and by the order of the parlement of Paris (then in conflict with the Jesuits) the publication of the work was delayed. After his death, a collection of works Opera varia appeared in Amsterdam in 1733. René-Joseph de Tournemine remarked in a review of this volume that if the anonymous editors had truly loved Hardouin, they would have left these works unpublished, and that that is what Hardouin's friend Pierre Daniel Huet would have done, who once said that Hardouin had laboured for forty years to ruin his own reputation without being able to accomplish it.

Concept of atheism
In 17th Century France, the term "atheism" was frequently applied in a broad sense not only to those who denied or questioned the existence of God, but also to those who entertained erroneous ideas of the nature of God, denied God's providential government of the world or the existence of an afterlife with rewards and punishments, rejected Christianity, rejected sound Christian theology, or led immoral lives. The most noteworthy work which appeared in the 1733 Opera varia was Hardouin's Athei detecti (The Atheists Exposed), in which the atheists in question were Cornelius Jansen, André Martin, Louis Thomassin, Nicolas Malebranche, Pasquier Quesnel, Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, René Descartes, Antoine Le Grand, and Pierre-Sylvain Régis. According to Hardouin, classical philosophical theology which identified God with transcendentals such as "being" and "truth," or as "infinitely perfect being," was atheistic. The Athei detecti was followed by an afterword titled Réfléxions importantes in which Hardouin undertook to demonstrate that atheism and Cartesianism are one and the same.

Biblical theories
Contrary to the received view that the Latin Vulgate edition of the New Testament was translated from the extant Greek text, Hardouin argued that all the books of the New Testament were originally written in Latin, or at least were translated into Latin with the approval of the authors from Hebrew or Greek originals which have been lost. Hardouin also argued that Jesus Christ himself spoke Latin on a daily basis, interpreting passages in the Gospels where Jesus' very words are recorded in Aramaic to indicate that this was not the language which he usually spoke.

In an essay published in 1708, later reprinted as an appendix to his commentary on the New Testament, Hardouin explained his interpretation of the incident at Antioch. According to the Gospels, Jesus gave his disciple Simon son of Jonah a new name given in Aramaic and Greek versions as "Cephas" and "Peter." Paul the Apostle writes in the Epistle to the Galatians of a time when "Cephas" came to Antioch, and Paul rebuked him to his face. Most ancient and modern commentators on this passage have taken for granted that the man who was rebuked is the Cephas who was one of the twelve disciples and is also called Peter. However, motivated by Protestant and Jansenist polemicists' use of the incident at Antioch as an objection against the supremacy and infallibility of Peter (and therefore of the pope as Peter's successor), Hardouin defends the opinion expressed by a few ancient authors that Paul rebuked another man who happened to also be named Cephas. Albert Pighius had earlier defended the same position. In the fifth and sixth chapters of his essay, Hardouin went so far as to assert that if one grants that Peter was rebuked by Paul, it would follow that Peter was guilty of heresy, and all faith in the sacred scriptures would be upset. This excess of zeal led to the placement of the commentary on the Index.

Jacques Boileau argued against Hardouin's thesis. Augustin Calmet, O.S.B., agreed with Boileau, and Francesco Antonio Zaccaria cites several other Catholic and Protestant authors who wrote against Hardouin, one of whom branded Hardouin's opinion with the theological censures of "error, temerity, insipidity, childishness, and imprudence." Most Catholic theologians of the 18th and 19th centuries followed Pighius and Hardouin. This position had fallen out of favour among Catholic exegetes by the 20th Century, but has been defended by Clemens M. Henze, C.Ss.R., as recently as 1958.

Most recent critical scholarship on the New Testament has remained dismissive of a distinction between Peter and Cephas. Bart Ehrman defended the opinion that Peter and Cephas were different people in a 1990 article, which was rebutted by Dale Allison. Ehrman has more recently expressed doubts about the opinion he defended in his article, especially because of Allison's point that it is improbable that two prominent figures in the early Christian community both had the name Peter/Cephas, as there is only one recorded instance of the use of Cephas as a personal name, and no evidence of the use of Peter as a personal name, prior to the Christian tradition of Jesus' assignment of this name to Simon.

Views on ancient and medieval literature
Hardouin recalled that in August 1690, he began to suspect some of the works of St Augustine of Hippo and his contemporaries of being inauthentic, and by May 1692 he had "uncovered everything." Hardouin came to believe that for the first thirteen hundred years of Christianity, Christian doctrine had been handed down by an unwritten oral tradition, and books on theology had not been written; in the 14th century, all of the works of the Church Fathers as well as the medieval Scholastics had been counterfeited by "atheist" monks under the direction of a certain "Severus Archontius" for the sake of introducing heresy into the Church.

Accordingly, Hardouin believed the entire history of the Church from Pope Linus to the invention of the printing press to be fictitious; when Pierre Le Brun asked Hardouin why he had written his history of the ecumenical councils despite believing that none of the councils prior to the Council of Trent had taken place, he replied, "God and I only know."

Hardouin also believed that nearly all ancient secular literature was likewise manufactured to support the fraud, as he first publicly intimated in his work On the Coins of the Herods, writing, "let me propose here the conjecture of a man who has always been no silly inventor of conjectures, yet now perhaps is more suspicious than is reasonable and too greatly indulging his own cleverness. Let everyone take it for what he will. He has discovered—as he lately was whispering to me—that a band of certain men existed I know not how many centuries ago, who took up the task of composing ancient history as we now have it, because none of it existed then; he knows well what their era and their workshop were; and for this affair they had the help of Cicero, Pliny the Elder, Virgil's Georgics, and Horace' Satires and Epistles; for he thinks that these, as I fear he will persuade no-one, are the only authentic monuments out of Latin antiquity, except for a very few inscriptions, and some of the fasti." According to Hardouin, all other pre-modern literature was written in the same style of Greek or of Latin, far inferior to the style of the few genuine classical authors, which proved that all these works were composed in the same era, and he took any factual contradictions with the works he admitted as genuine as proof of the forgers' ignorance.

Tournemine composed a work titled Twelve Impossibilities of Father Hardouin's System which is now lost. In 1707, Michel Le Tellier (Jesuit) launched an investigation into Hardouin's system at the behest of the Jesuit Superior General, Michelangelo Tamburini. Nearly a dozen Jesuits wrote to Tamburini, all opining that Hardouin's ideas were so dangerous to the Society of Jesus and the Catholic Church as to warrant their suppression.

Maturin Veyssière La Croze, a Protestant author, assailed Hardouin's system in a work written in French, and then another printed in Latin. La Croze interpreted Hardouin's "Severus Archontius" as a thinly veiled reference to Frederick II. Hardouin's Opera selecta published at Amsterdam in 1708 presented his system to the public in its clearest form yet.

The publication of the Opera selecta forced Hardouin's superiors to make their disapproval of his system public. In February 1709, a "Declaration" appeared in the Mémoires pour l'Histoire des Sciences & des beaux-Arts (generally known as the Journal de Trévoux) signed by Le Tellier and the superiors of the Jesuit houses in Paris, and attesting to Tamburini's approval of the statement as well, in which they said that the Amsterdam edition contained works they wished had never seen the light of day or would fall into oblivion. In particular, the signers wrote, "we reject as pernicious the paradox of the inauthenticity of the Greek text of Scripture, of the works of the Greek Fathers and of the Latin Fathers, and of other ecclesiastical monuments commonly recognised in the Church as genuine." They also regarded Hardouin's ideas on the dating of secular works of literature as "an unsustainable chimera," and especially condemned Hardouin's denial of the antiquity of secular works which were quoted by the Church Fathers. The declaration was followed by a statement signed by Hardouin himself, writing, "I sincerely subscribe to the whole content of the above declaration; in good faith, I condemn in my works what it condemns in them; and in particular, what I had said about an impious faction which some centuries ago had fabricated most ecclesiastical or secular works, which had passed up to now as ancient." Hardouin promised never to say anything either by spoken word or in writing which would be either directly or indirectly contrary to the retraction.

The Amsterdam edition was afterwards printed with an added "protestation" by Hardouin to the effect that the edition was unauthorised and unrevised by him; Hardouin also stressed La Croze' concession that Hardouin had not yet "explicitly proposed" that the Greek and Latin Fathers were inauthentic, and accused La Croze of attacking "not what he saw in my books, but what he believed himself to see there." Hardouin protested that he believed nothing about either the Greek or the Latin Fathers but what "the Roman Church, the most learned critics, and the ablest Catholic theologians" believed, and as for secular authors, he only believed, as the best critics do, that among authors who are authentically ancient there are some whose date one can reasonably doubt, but if Hardouin's thoughts had been peculiar, he says it would be a flagrant injustice to attribute them to the Society of Jesus as a group. Hardouin's protestation was followed by a reply from the printer insisting that he had faithfully printed these works as they came to him, and while he had offered to supplement the edition with any retraction or correction Hardouin wished to add, or sell the edition to another printer for the cost of his expenses, he would not alter the text as it stood, because his sales would be harmed if readers perceived the edition to be incomplete.

Despite Hardouin's public retraction, it is evident that Hardouin continued to hold the same ideas, as he expounded them further in his Ad censuram scriptorum veterum prolegomena which were certainly written after 1714, judging by their references to an episcopal pastoral letter of 1712 and to Hardouin's own Conciliorum collectio. In the Prolegomena, Hardouin also admits the authenticity of Plautus and of Virgil's Eclogues, and identifies the only extant works of ancient Greek literature as the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the histories of Herodotus, but strikes Cicero from his list, saying that his works also were composed by the conspirators. Upon their publication in 1766, the Prolegomena were savagely reviewed by Christian Adolph Klotz, who sarcastically wrote that his own time was so lacking in bad books and foolish men that it had proven necessary to wipe off the dust in which Hardouin's manuscript deservingly laid and deliver it to men who had never asked or looked for it.

Though admitting the authenticity of Virgil's Georgics and Eclogues, Hardouin devoted a special treatise to discrediting the authenticity of the Aeneid. Likewise, though Hardouin admitted the authenticity of Horace' Epistles and Satires, he composed a work purportedly demonstrating the spuriousness of the Odes, the Epodes, the Carmen saeculare, and the Ars poetica.

In a four-volume manuscript critical discussion of the Summa theologiae, Hardouin denied St Thomas Aquinas' authorship of the work, which he said was written by an atheist, and questioned the existence of Aquinas himself. Hardouin perceived anachronisms and heterodoxy in the Divine Comedy, which he believed had been falsely attributed to Dante Alighieri by its true author, a follower of John Wycliffe. Hardouin also detected heresy in the putative works of one of the most respected Jesuit theologians, St Robert Bellarmine; Hardouin declared Bellarmine's commentary on the Psalms the work of a godless man, and believed it was a work of Severus Archontius' monks which remained unpublished before Bellarmine was tricked into allowing it to be published under his name. Hardouin ascribed a similar origin to Bellarmine's devotional works On the Eternal Felicity of the Saints, The Groaning of the Dove, The Mind's Ascent to God, The Seven Words of the Lord, and The Art of Dying Well, as well as the hymn Pater superni luminis, and he also denied the authenticity of Bellarmine's Controversies on the Sacraments.

In the 1713–4 Boyle Lectures, Benjamin Ibbot cited Hardouin's belief in the spuriousness of nearly all ancient literature as an example to demonstrate that the opinion of one prestigious author in the face of an otherwise universal consensus did not lend credibility to such patently absurd ideas.

The historian Isaac-Joseph Berruyer had his Histoire du peuple de Dieu condemned for having followed this theory, which has a modern heir in the Russian mathematician Anatoly Timofeevich Fomenko, whose conclusions being based on proprietary methods of statistical textual analysis and computational astronomy are even more radical, but considered to be pseudoscientific.

Works
contains a complete list of Hardouin's publications.

 * English translation:
 * English translation:
 * English translation:
 * English translation:
 * English translation:
 * English translation:
 * English translation:
 * English translation:

title: Jean Hardouin


text:
User talk:Ajs238

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Ajs238


text:
User talk:Cygnosis

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Tips on reliable source
Thanks for trying to improve The Second Coming (poem), sorry I had to revert your edit. See user-generated content and WP:Reliable sources/Perennial sources to learn about sources. When you cite a source in an article, it needs to be to a reliable source. If you're not sure whether a source is reliable, you can ask other editors or at WP:TEAHOUSE or WP:Help desk or Reliable sources noticeboard. Schazjmd  (talk)  23:36, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cygnosis


text:
Category talk:Profanity

Are these really all profane?
There are several words here that I wouldn't consider profane (faggot and dick for a start). By whose definition are we judging these words profane? — OwenBlacker 15:46, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * I used the arbitrary standard of whether I would say them in church or in front of my grandparents. Feel free to edit if you want. -- Tregoweth 04:36, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)]]
 * Ass isn't often considered curse word when you are referring to buttocks. But yeah, I agree, perhaps make a category called "Non-curse words sometimes considered bad"? Asshole should stay here though, as it's always rude to call someone an asshole. TheBlazikenMaster 18:30, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * A lot of curse words are not so in some contexts. I'd say that is a bad reason to exclude certain words. --Ivandh (talk) 05:25, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Ass is a curse word! It is just the least worst cuss! User:Jackninja5 —Preceding undated comment added 13:26, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Where's frig/friggin
Where can I find info on the origin of Frig/Friggin? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.34.177.229 (talk) 03:37, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * That's not a swear word! User:Jackninja5

Missing cusses
There a hell lot more cusses than this (examples include: whore, bastard and tit) User:Jackninja5

"CAT:PROFANITY" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect CAT:PROFANITY and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 January 16 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. TartarTorte 17:11, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Profanity


text:
Hackettstown

Hackettstown or Hacketstown may refer to:

 * Hackettstown, New Jersey, a town in New Jersey, USA
 * Hacketstown, a village in County Carlow, Ireland

title: Hackettstown


text:
John Hazard Reynolds

John Hazard Reynolds (June 21, 1819 –September 24, 1875) was an American attorney and politician from New York. He was most notable for his service as a United States representative from New York, serving one term from 1859 to 1861.

Early life
John H. Reynolds was born in Moreau, New York on June 21, 1819, the fourth child of Luthena (Potter) Reynolds farmer and lumberman George Reynolds. He attended the public schools of Sandy Hill, New York (now Hudson Falls) and Bennington, Vermont. Reynolds engaged in civil engineering and took part in the construction of the Saratoga and Whitehall Railroad and Boston and Albany Railroad. He then returned to school at the Kinderhook Academy, from which he graduated in 1840. Reynolds studied law with attorney William H. Tobey of Kinderhook, was admitted to the bar, and began to practice as Tobey's partner in 1843.

Career
Reynolds moved to Albany in 1851, where he practiced law in partnership with John V. L. Pruyn. In 1854, he began a partnership with Clark B. Cochrane and Hamilton Harris.

Congress
Reynolds was a Democrat opposed to the expansion of slavery. During the Bleeding Kansas controversy, Reynolds ran successfully for a seat in the United States House of Representatives as an Anti-Lecompton Democrat. He served in the 36th Congress, March 4, 1859 to March 3, 1861. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1860.

Later career
After leaving Congress, Reynolds resumed practicing law in Albany. After Cochrane's 1867 death, Reynolds and Harris continued to practice as partners. In 1873, Reynolds was appointed a commissioner of the New York Court of Appeals.

Death and burial
Reynolds died in Kinderhook on September 24, 1875. He was buried at Kinderhook Cemetery in Kinderhook.

Family
In 1843, Reynolds married Margaret Ann Whiting. They were the parents of six children: Charles Whiting: William H. Tobey; George; John H. Jr.; James Adger; and Margaret Whiting.

title: John Hazard Reynolds