text:
Talk:Nick.com

Page Picture
This page NEEDS a picture of the website's current page used in May 2007 because it has changed.Urena198 22:43, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Dont worry...i took care of that
i uploaded a screenshot

More information
This page needs more information about Nick.com, and a new screenshot. Or administrators will delete the article. --Macys123 20:18, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Before nominationg for deletion or merging...
There was an RfC for this here. The result of the discussion was almost unanimously split. -phobia don't be afraid to drop a line! 19:02, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Natalie’s Backseat Traveling Web Show?
Why no mention? Tenk you veddy much. --Wack'd Talk to me! • Admire my handiwork! 12:56, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Adding content
I want to add all the games from the website. I think it will help generate more pages about each game. Thoughts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Topherjaynes (talk • contribs) 21:37, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Nick Video Merger Proposal
I propose that Nick Video be merged into Nick.com. I think that the content in the Nick Video article can easily be explained in the context of Nick.com, especially considering the site's recent redesign, and the Nick.com article is of a reasonable size that the merging of Nick Video will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned.Furthermore, Nick Video, the service formerly known as TurboNick is no longer a notable stand-alone brand as online streaming has become much more ubiquitous than when the article was first created. I think keeping the most important meat from the Nick Video page in the section of the Nick.com page will more than suffice and that the programming list on the Nick Video page is outdated and irrelevant, as, stated before, online streaming is now ubiquitous. B6e5rEXagebR9c (talk) 04:22, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

The Club (Nickelodeon) Merger Proposal
I propose that The Club (Nickelodeon) be merged into Nick.com. I think that the content in the The Club (Nickelodeon) article can easily be explained in the context of Nick.com, especially considering the site's recent redesign and discontinuation of "The Club" service, and the Nick.com article is of a reasonable size that the merging of The Club (Nickelodeon) will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned. Now that "The Club" has been discontinued, I believe a brief, concise section on the Nick.com page about the history of the service would suffice. B6e5rEXagebR9c (talk) 04:26, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 6 external links on Nick.com. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.bing.com/search?q=Double%20Dare%202000&form=QBLH&qs=n
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005043/http://www.radioink.com/article.asp?id=2705468&spid=24698 to http://www.radioink.com/article.asp?id=2705468&spid=24698
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/news/recent_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003538925
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103121/http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20070618/NYM09318062007-1.html to http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20070618/NYM09318062007-1.html
 * Added tag to http://www.nick.com/mynick/messageboards/viewthread.jhtml?bID=106244&tID=3293917&mID=15361822&offset=0
 * Added tag to http://www.nick.com/mynick/messageboards/viewthread.jhtml?bID=106244&tID=3291925&mID=15350506&offset=0
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071011172801/http://www.nick.com/all_nick/everything_nick/awards_home.jhtml to http://www.nick.com/all_nick/everything_nick/awards_home.jhtml

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External links modified (February 2018)
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Why did Nickelodeon steal my Nickpoints?
And my Wild Thornberrys trading cards. I miss them. Crypto thieves. >:O --108.20.46.192 (talk) 06:45, 17 April 2019 (UTC)

The Thundermans
I have a suggestion I think you guys should make a reboot of the Thundermans with the same actors and storyline but older with ThunderMan being a grandfather and Phoebe & Max as parents. Respond back to me please at reece@suchgear.com. 2600:387:C:6E14:0:0:0:1 (talk) 20:37, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nick.com


text:
34th Division

34th Division or 34th Infantry Division may refer to:

Infantry divisions

 * 34th Division (German Empire)
 * 34th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
 * 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland
 * 34th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
 * 34th Infantry Division (India), British Indian Army
 * 34th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)
 * 34th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
 * 34th Guards Rifle Division, Soviet Union
 * 34th Motor Rifle Division
 * 34th Division (United Kingdom)
 * 34th Infantry Division (United States)

Armoured divisions

 * 34th Tank Division (Soviet Union)
 * 34th Guards Artillery Division, Soviet Union and Russia

Aviation divisions

 * 34th Transport Aviation Division (People's Liberation Army Air Force)
 * 34th Air Division, United States

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 34th Division


text:
Talk:Jake Hess

Untitled
''This page was listed on Votes for deletion in August 2004. The result of the debate was to keep the article. For an archive of the debate, see Votes for deletion/Jake Hess.''

Fair use rationale for Image:Jake new.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 03:15, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

New Look
I'm a fan. The man deserved something way better than he had. There's a lot of information to be discovered on this guy and I can't add it all. I re-organized the facts that were on the page and split the groups apart that had relevant information attached. Isakill (talk) 13:53, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jake Hess


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Floyd

Originally on CSD but I don't think it fits any of the criteria. The article is fairly unecyclopedic in its current form, however a google search on "John Floyd Stanford University" gets a few hits. Although I say delete for non-notability, I know some people prefer keeping articles on academics, so here it is. Prehaps CSD needs to be expanded to allow speedy deletion of say "Very short biographical articles whose subject gets very few or no google hits"? TPK 06:30, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This: gets even fewer hits and none of them look like the John Floyd described in the article. Not conclusive in itself, but the fact that he is apparently the brother of a fictional scientist from several Arthur C. Clarke novels doesn't exactly convince. Looking at the "What Links Here", there are a large number of other individuals with the same name, maybe this could become a disambig page.--Ianb 08:05, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this, anyway, or make it a disambig.: This page is a description of the fictional brother of the fictional scientist from 2001: A Space Odyssey and 2010.  The whole article is about the fictional guy.  If anyone wants to blank it and start listing the disambigs, that would be a Good Thing. Geogre 12:29, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete fiction disguised as reality. Moderately surprised that Heywood Floyd doesn't go anywhere though. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:58, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge whatever relevant info here into the article on the book; turn this page into a disambig, since there are real people by the name (a governor and a U.S. Congressman from Virginia, an English Jesuit thelogian, and an award-winning American football player, among others). -FZ 16:22, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Chita Rivera

Dolores Conchita Figueroa del Rivero (January 23, 1933 – January 30, 2024), known professionally as Chita Rivera, was an American actress, singer, and dancer. Rivera received numerous accolades including two Tony Awards, two Drama Desk Awards, and a Drama League Award. She was the first Latina and the first Latino American to receive a Kennedy Center Honor in 2002, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. She won the Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2018.

After making her Broadway debut as a dancer in Guys and Dolls (1950), she went on to originate roles in Broadway musicals such as Anita in West Side Story (1957), Velma Kelly in Chicago (1975), and the title role in Kiss of the Spider Woman (1993). She was a ten-time Tony Award nominee, winning the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical twice for her roles in The Rink (1984) and Kiss of the Spider Woman (1993). She was Tony-nominated for her roles in Bye Bye Birdie (1961), Chicago (1975), Bring Back Birdie (1981), Merlin (1983), Jerry's Girls (1986), Nine (2003), Chita Rivera: The Dancer's Life (2005), and The Visit (2015).

Rivera acted in the film Sweet Charity (1969) and appeared in Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978), and Tick, Tick... Boom! (2021). She played Connie Richardson in the CBS sitcom The New Dick Van Dyke Show (1973–1974). She also appeared on television in The Judy Garland Show (1963), The Carol Burnett Show (1971), and Will & Grace (2005). Her autobiography, Chita: A Memoir, was published in 2023.

Early life and education
Dolores Conchita Figueroa del Rivero was born in Washington, D.C. on January 23, 1933, the daughter of Katherine (née Anderson), a government clerk, and Pedro Julio Figueroa del Rivero, a clarinetist and saxophonist for the U.S. Navy Band. Her father was born in Puerto Rico. His family names are of Galician origin. Her mother was of Scottish, Irish, and African-American descent. Rivera was one of five children. Rivera was seven years old when her mother was widowed and went to work at The Pentagon.

In 1944, Rivera's mother enrolled her in the Jones-Haywood School of Ballet (now the Jones Haywood School of Dance). Later, when she was 15, a teacher from George Balanchine's School of American Ballet visited their studio, and Rivera was one of two students picked to audition in New York City; she was accompanied to the audition by Doris Jones, one of the people who ran the Jones-Haywood School. Rivera's audition was successful, and she was accepted into the school and given a scholarship.

1951–1993: Breakthrough and stardom
In 1951, Rivera accompanied a friend to the audition for the touring company of Call Me Madam starring Elaine Stritch and ended up winning the role herself. She followed this by landing roles in other Broadway productions such as Guys and Dolls, Can-Can, Mr. Wonderful starring Sammy Davis, Jr., and Seventh Heaven and dancing on The Maurice Chevalier Special in 1956. In 1957, she was cast as Anita in West Side Story, the role which would make her a Broadway star.

In 1960, Rivera was nominated for a Tony Award for creating the role of Rose in Bye Bye Birdie opposite Dick Van Dyke. She appeared three times on The Ed Sullivan Show and won raves for her performance on Broadway and in London opposite Peter Marshall, but was passed over for the film version where the role was played by Janet Leigh. In 1963, Rivera was a guest on The Judy Garland Show and was cast opposite Alfred Drake in Zenda. The Broadway-bound musical closed on the road but in 1964, Rivera returned to Broadway in Bajour and television in The Outer Limits . After seeing her perform in the musical, music producer Norman Petty approached her in New York and inquired about recording with him. Her first single was released in 1965 on the Dot Records label, with a second single issued in 1966. Making a trip to Petty's studio in Clovis, New Mexico in 1966, she was backed by The Fireballs for a full album of Buddy Holly cover songs, but the project went unreleased.

Among many national tours, Rivera starred most notably in Sweet Charity directed by Bob Fosse, playing the role of Nickie in the film adaptation of Sweet Charity with Shirley MacLaine (1969). Rivera appeared three times on The Hollywood Palace, twice on The Carol Burnett Show (including an episode airing February 22, 1971 ) and between 1973 and 1974, played Connie Richardson on The New Dick Van Dyke Show. In 1975, Rivera was nominated for a Tony Award starring as Velma Kelly opposite Gwen Verdon in the original cast of the musical Chicago, directed by Bob Fosse. In addition to her ballet instructors, Rivera cited Leonard Bernstein and Verdon, with whom she starred in Chicago, as influential to her success. She later made a cameo appearance in the 2002 film version. She appeared as Fastrada in a filmed-for-television version of the musical Pippin in 1981, and was nominated for Tony and Drama Desk awards for Bring Back Birdie (1981) and a Tony Award for Merlin (1983) on Broadway.

In 1984, Rivera starred in the Kander and Ebb musical The Rink with Liza Minnelli and won her first Tony and Drama Desk awards for her role as Anna. In 1986, while earning a Tony Award nomination for her performance in the Jerry Herman musical, Jerry's Girls, Rivera was in a severe accident when her car collided with a taxi on West 86th Street in Manhattan. Injuries sustained included the breaking of her left leg in twelve places, requiring eighteen screws and two braces to mend. After rehabilitation, Rivera continued to perform on stage. Recovered, in 1988, she toured the country in Can-Can and got involved in a restaurant venture in partnership with the novelist Daniel Simone. The eatery, located on 42nd Street between 9th and 10th Avenue, was named "Chita's" after her. It soon became a significant attraction for the after-theater crowds and operated until 1994.

1993–2023: Later career and roles
In 1993, Rivera received Tony and Drama Desk awards for Best Leading Actress in a Musical for her dual portrayal of Aurora and Spider Woman in the musical Kiss of the Spider Woman, written by Kander and Ebb. Rivera later participated in the London edition of Kander and Ebb's long-running revival of Chicago, this time in the role of Roxie Hart. Rivera starred in the Goodman Theatre production of the musical The Visit (also by Kander and Ebb) as Claire Zachanassian in 2001. In 2002, she became a Kennedy Center Honoree. In 2003, Rivera returned to Broadway in the 2003 revival of Nine as Liliane La Fleur and received her eighth career Tony Award nomination (Best Featured Actress in a Musical) and fourth Drama Desk Award nomination (Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical). She appeared with Antonio Banderas. She later appeared on the revival's cast album.

She guest-starred along with Michele Lee in a February 2005 episode of Will & Grace, and in December of that year, Chita Rivera: The Dancer's Life, a retrospective of her career, opened on Broadway. She received another Tony nomination for her self-portrayal. Though she was expected to reprise her role in a Signature Theatre staging of The Visit in autumn of 2007, that was later postponed to the following season. Instead, she performed at New York's Feinstein's at the Regency supper club in New York for two weeks and, in 2008, appeared in a revised production of The Visit at the Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virginia, co-starring George Hearn. Rivera guest-starred on Disney Channel's Johnny and the Sprites as Queen of All Magical Beings. The episode debuted on March 15, 2008. In August 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama presented Rivera the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In the 1960s, Rivera had recorded two albums, Chita Rivera: Get Me To The Church On Time and And Now I Sing. These early 1960s albums were reissued on CD by Stage Door Records in February 2013. In November 2008, Rivera released her third solo album, And Now I Swing. Rivera performed in a staged concert of The Visit as a benefit at the Ambassador Theatre on November 30, 2011. In 2012, Rivera played "Princess Puffer" in the Broadway revival of The Mystery of Edwin Drood at Studio 54. She was the Grand Marshal of the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York City on June 9, 2013.

Rivera returned to Broadway in The Visit, the final musical written by John Kander, Fred Ebb, and Terrence McNally. The musical opened at the Lyceum Theatre on March 26, 2015, and closed on June 14, 2015. Co-starring Roger Rees, the production was directed by John Doyle and choreographed by Graciela Daniele. Rivera received praise for her performance, and was nominated for a Tony Award, Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical and a Drama Desk Award. The Astaire Awards were rebranded The Chita Rivera Awards for Dance and Choreography in 2017. In 2018, she received a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement. In 2019, Time Out New York named her "one of the best Broadway divas of all time."

Rivera had been a frequent guest narrator at Disney's Candlelight Processional at Walt Disney World, most recently appearing in the 2021 and 2022 seasons.

Personal life
On December 1, 1957, Rivera married fellow West Side Story dancer Tony Mordente. They were divorced in 1966. Rivera's performance was so important for the success of the show that the London production of West Side Story was postponed until she gave birth to the couple's daughter Lisa in 1958. Despite the divorce, Rivera and Mordente remained on good terms.

Rivera was a Roman Catholic.

Death
Rivera died in New York following a brief illness on January 30, 2024, aged 91. Her former husband, Tony Mordente died in June 2024, five months after Rivera's death.

Awards and honors
Rivera was nominated for the Tony Award ten times, as either Best Featured Actress in a Musical or Best Actress in a Musical. This is the current record for the most individual Tony Award nominations for a performer, which she shares with Julie Harris and Audra McDonald. In 2009, she was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama. Rivera was honored as The New Jewish Home's Eight Over Eighty Gala 2016 honoree. She was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Florida in 2018.

title: Chita Rivera


text:
Seymour, Victoria

Seymour is a town located in the Southern end of the Goulburn Valley in the Shire of Mitchell, Victoria, Australia and is located 104 km north of Melbourne. At the, Seymour had a population of 6,569. The township services the surrounding agricultural industries (primarily equine, cattle, sheep and wine) as well as the nearby military base of Puckapunyal (population 1,176 ), which is an important training centre for the Australian Army. Other important sectors of employment in Seymour include retail, light engineering, agricultural services support, medical services, and education.

History
The Taungurung people are the traditional owners and inhabitants of the area Seymour now occupies. Specifically, it is the land of the Buthera Balug clan who occupied the area when Europeans first settled the region in the early 1800s. In 1824, Hume and Hovell on their return from Port Phillip, camped by the Goulburn River not far upstream of Seymour. In 1836 Major Thomas Mitchell crossed the Goulburn at Mitchellstown and soon afterwards overlanders and other early settlers began to use this crossing place on the Melbourne–Sydney route (now known as the Hume Highway). The mail service between Melbourne and Sydney had been operating for just a year when it was found that a better route was available using the "New Crossing Place".

The Robert Burns Inn was operating there by the end of 1839. In 1841 the Government decided that the new crossing place was the likely spot for a town. Plans were laid before the Executive Council of NSW and Mitchell proposed the name Seymour which was approved on 21 December 1843. The town was named after Lord Seymour, the son of the 11th Duke of Somerset. The Post Office opened on 1 July 1844. The railway arrived in 1872 along with substantial infrastructure to support it, establishing the town as an important rail hub for the Goulburn Valley, the Melbourne–Sydney railway and North Eastern Victoria. It was one of the first Victorian examples of the railway town phenomenon. In the heyday of the railway it employed 400 men and along with their families comprised one-third of the town population, or 1,500 people. In 1871 the Shire of Seymour was established which also included the towns and localities of Avenel, Mangalore, Tallarook, Whiteheads Creek, Trawool, Hilldene and Northwood. It was proclaimed the Rural City of Seymour in 1993. In 1994, the Rural City of Seymour was abolished and incorporated into the Shire of Mitchell.

Puckapunyal Army base
The Australian Army first established a large training camp 4 km east of the township during the First World War. During the Second World War, the eastern camp diminished in importance and a substantially larger and more permanent military township was established 10 km to the west at Puckapunyal. , Puckapunyal is the centre for the Australian Army's Land Warfare Development Centre (LWDC) and Headquarters Combined Arms Training Centre (HQ CATC), with three of the Army's five Schools located on site. Additionally, there are smaller training centres and facilities as well as the Road Transport Wing of the Army Logistic Training Centre's Army School of Transport based in Puckapunyal. The base is also home to the Royal Australian Armoured Corps Memorial and Army Tank Museum.

Wine
Seymour is located at the southern end of the Goulburn Valley wine region. The main influencing factors in the Goulburn Valley wine region are the hills of the Great Dividing Range and the Goulburn River which mitigates lengthy and warm summers.

Top varieties: Shiraz, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling and Marsanne

Soil types: sandy clay loams, clay loams and gritty, gravelly quartzose sands

There are several wineries in and near the township which include Wine x Sam, Tahbilk, Mitchelton Winery, Fowles Wines, Kensington Wines and several other boutique vineyards Box Grove vineyard, Brave Goose vineyard, Somerset Crossing vineyard, Vitto Oles Wines and Traawool Valley wines.

Each year Tastes of the Goulburn food and wine festival is hosted in Seymour, showcasing the best local produce from the Goulburn Valley. Seymour also hosts the Victorian Wine Show.

Education
Seymour College is the government school, providing classes from Prep to Year 12. The college was created in 2010 through a merger of Seymour Technical High School (STHS), Seymour Primary School (SPS) Seymour East Primary School (SEPS) and Seymour Special School (SSS) located in Loco Street.

St Mary's College is a Foundation to Year 11 Catholic regional college located in High Street. The College welcomed the return to Year 11 in 2024 and sees the return of Year 12 in 2025. St Mary's is an inclusive College with the motto, ‘Protect and Care for Us’ valuing every member of the College community. Catholic education, for the children of Seymour and surrounding districts, has been provided in Seymour since the year 1880. St Mary's College is a Mercy affiliated school and staff and students are guided by the Mercy Values of justice, compassion, respect, hospitality, service and courage, as illustrated in the story of Catherine McAuley, the Founder of the Sisters of Mercy.

The Seymour campus of the Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE, opened in 1998, provides a variety of short courses and vocational education and training.

Transport
Seymour is located adjacent to the junction of the Hume and Goulburn Valley Highway. The Hume Highway crossed the Goulburn River and diverted all Melbourne–Sydney bound traffic though the township for over 100 years until a freeway bypass was opened routing all non-local and interstate traffic around the township in 1982.

Seymour station is served by regular V/Line hourly services to and from Melbourne Southern Cross station as well as services on the Albury and Shepparton lines. The station was once a major freight marshalling location and the home of a significant locomotive depot.

Victoria's electronic ticketing system, Myki, was implemented on rail services between Seymour and Melbourne on 24 June 2013.

Community
Seymour is host to many community and service groups including Freemasonry (established in Seymour in 1883), Rotary, the Lions Club, Scouting, Apex Clubs of Australia and Probus. In addition, local advocacy groups include The Seymour We Want, locally based offices of statewide organisations including Berry Street and Closing The Health Gap (amongst others).

Sport
Seymour is well equipped with sporting facilities that include an indoor multi-purpose sports and aquatic centre, outdoor pool as well as a number of large playing fields for athletics, cricket and football. Seymour has a number of successful and well resourced sporting clubs including Cricket, Tennis, Football, Lawn Bowls, Kick Boxing, Basketball and Netball.

Seymour Cricket Club (est. 1859) has its club rooms and main ground located at Chittick Park, competes in the Seymour and District Cricket Association fielding 2 senior and 1 junior teams in the 2022/23 season

Eastern Hill Cricket Club whose home ground is at Kings Park, compete in the Seymour and District Cricket Association fielding 3 senior and 3 junior teams.

Seymour Football Club compete in the Goulburn Valley Football League.

Seymour has a horse racing club, the Seymour Racing Club, which schedules around twenty race meetings a year including the Seymour Cup meeting in October.

Golfers play at the course of the Seymour Golf Club on Yea Road.

Print

 * Seymour Telegraph
 * North Central Review
 * The Situation

FM

 * 103.9 FM – Seymour-FM (Community Radio for Northern Mitchell Shire & Strathbogie Shire)
 * 88.9 FM – UGFM Upper Goulburn / Murrindindi Radio (Yea translator/repeater)
 * 87.6 FM – HIT RADIO (Youth / Top 40 / Dance / Features)

Shepparton radio heard in Seymour

 * 93.7 FM – STAR FM (Flowerdale/Seymour Re-Transmission Site)
 * 94.5 FM – ABC Triple J
 * 95.3 FM – 3SR FM (3SSR) (Classic Hits – commercial radio)
 * 96.1 FM – ABC Classic FM
 * 96.9 FM – Star FM (Contemporary Hits commercial radio)
 * 97.7 FM – ABC Local Radio (relay of 774 Melbourne)
 * 98.5 FM – ONE FM Community Radio (Poor reception in Seymour)
 * 1260 AM – Sport 927 (Relay of 927 AM Melbourne – Racing)

Melbourne radio heard in Seymour

 * 621 AM – ABC Radio National
 * 693 AM – 3AW (Talkback / Sport)
 * 774 AM – ABC Metropolitan Radio
 * 927 AM – Sport 927 (Racing)

Television
Local free-to-air TV channels in Seymour are available from Shepparton and broadcast from a relay transmitter located south of Seymour on West Falls Road at Meadows Hill. Viewers located on the outskirts of Seymour and nearby towns can receive reception from the Mount Major transmitter east of Shepparton or Bendigo via the Mount Alexander transmitter.

 * ABC (plus ABC HD, ABC TV Plus, ABC Kids, ABC Me & ABC News)
 * SBS (plus SBS HD, SBS Viceland, SBS WorldWatch, SBS World Movies, SBS Food & NITV)
 * Seven (plus 7HD, 7two, 7mate, 7flix & 7Bravo)
 * WIN (plus 9HD, 9Gem, 9Go! & 9Life)
 * Southern Cross 10 (plus 10 HD, 10 Bold, 10 Peach & 10 Shake)

title: Seymour, Victoria


text:
Juno (band)

Juno was an American indie rock band formed in Seattle, Washington in 1995. They released two studio albums, disbanding in 2003.

Career
Juno released their debut album  This Is the Way It Goes and Goes and Goes as a co-release on DeSoto Records and Pacifico Records on March 30, 1999. Their second album A Future Lived in Past Tense was released May 8, 2001, on Desoto Records. The band was critically acclaimed by various local and national music journals, and toured throughout the US, Europe and Japan. The band also released a split EP with The Dismemberment Plan on Desoto Records which included a cover of DJ Shadow's "High Noon".

The band is now officially defunct. Founding member Travis Saunders the bassist left the band in 2000. They had played with and auditioned a few different bassists (including Nate Mendel of Foo Fighters, Sunny Day Real Estate and Nick Harmer of Death Cab for Cutie), but ultimately decided that they were going in different directions artistically.

Currently some of the former members are working on Ghost Wars, a recording project led by Carstens and Eric Fisher.

Juno reunited to play two shows in Seattle on December 9 and 10 2006 for KEXP's annual Yule Benefit.

Albums

 * This Is the Way It Goes and Goes and Goes – (1999, DeSoto Records)
 * A Future Lived in Past Tense – (2001, DeSoto Records)

Singles

 * "Venus on Ninth" / "Flies for Travis" – (1996, Sub Pop Records)
 * "Magnified and Reduced by Inches" / "Pablo y Zelda" – (1997, Jade Tree Records)
 * "All Your Friends Are Comedians" / "The Great Salt Lake" – (1998, Mag Wheel Records)
 * Juno & The Dismemberment Plan – (2000, DeSoto Records)
 * The Dismemberment Plan/Juno Split 7" — (2000, BCore Disc, Spain)

title: Juno (band)


text:
Talk:Type XXIII submarine

Untitled
This page seems very similar to http://uboat.net/types/xxiii.htm ...

 * The matching content is from long-time contributor User:The Epopt, and represented by him as original, so odds are that either he contributed to both places, or that uboat.net lifted from WP. Relative timing suggests the former, but you could always just ask him. Stan 17:04, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

- Can somebody confirmItalic text that range #? My W&W Encyclopedia has it 4800nm@6kt (=8880km). Trekphiler 04:17, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

No operational XXIIIs sunk by Allies?
Regarding the phrase "None of the six operational Type XXIIIs—U-2321, U-2322, U-2324, U-2326, U-2329 and U-2336—were sunk by the Allies":

Some of the individual articles on boats that were sunk don't seem to support their being 'not operational'—U-2323 and U-2342 had been commissioned weeks/months prior to sinking, and U-2323 was sunk 'on her maiden voyage', while U-2342 was sunk while traveling in convoy. U-2359 and U-2338 don't have wiki articles yet, but were apparently both sunk while out with their training flotillas. Clearly none of these were sunk while under construction. Are there sources that support deeming these boats 'not operational'? Maralia (talk) 05:32, 12 January 2008 (UTC)
 * By operational it means on patrol i think. Med (talk) 12:57, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

I believe most naval vessels spend time training between the time they are commissioned and that time they embark on their first operational/war cruise. By 1945 the Allies were able to attack German ships while they were still training or while they were proceeding to what was intended to be their base of operations. I recall Bismarck training for almost a year before its first (and) only operational mission, and that the English decision to commit Prince of Wales against Bismarck in 1941 when shipyard workers were still fitting her out to be the exception rather than the rule. I don't have any cites for you on these points at the moment but some of our resident experts should be able to provide them if they wish. (71.22.47.232 (talk) 08:25, 30 June 2010 (UTC))

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 20:16, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

How many ships sunk?
The article states: "but they sank or damaged five ships for a total of 14,601 tons." However, only four are mentioned: Egholm, Gasray, Sneland and Avondale Park. My source (Rössler) suggests there was only the four for a total of 7392 BRT. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.246.132.178 (talk) 22:18, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

Losses
There seems to be some serious problems with losses section. While the descriptions are somewhat inconsistent and poorly worded in places, I would contest some of the details therein as well. Examples:

U-2351 is claimed to have been paid-off following bomb damage. This cannot be correct, as this boat sailed from Wilhelmshaven to Lisahally in June 1945 and was sunk during Operation Deadlight. Ref: http://uboat.net/fates/deadlight_elektro.htm

U-2367 is claimed to have been rammed by an unidentified U-boat. However, according to Deutsche U-boote 1939-1945, it was scuttled as part of Aktion Regenbogen.

Missing from the list is U-2340, which was sunk in port during a British air-raid. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u2340.htm

I am not an expert, so I cannot say one way or the other, but U-2365 was scuttled in Kattegat. Some sources (e.g. Deutsche U-boote 1939-1945) suggest this action was as a result of severe damage from British aircraft. Other sources (e.g. uboat.net) say that this was not the case.

In any case, I think the losses section is, at the moment, unreliable and needs some serious work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.246.132.178 (talk) 21:25, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Ridiculous claim
I've changed the claim here that the Type XXIII U-boat was "faster than all previous designs worldwide", because it is arrant nonsense. The Type XXIII was operational in 1944 and had a submerged speed of 12.5knots; even the British R-class submarines of 1918 could do 14kn submerged. In WWII the German Type XXI could do 17kn submerged; the  Japanese Ko-hyoteki of 1940 could do 19kn, while the experimental No.71 could do 23kn, and was designed (with DB engines) for 25kn submerged (even the production type STS in 1944 could do 13kn, still better than the Type XXIII. The British HMS Seraph, which was a conventional S-class submarine re-designated as a high-speed underwater target, could match the Type XXI and XXIII performance after a 3 month re-fit. The electroboats were impressive, but the technology was nothing out of the ordinary; they were designed for high underwater speed because they needed it to survive, and the designers made trade-offs accordingly. The Type XXIII was the same size as the Type II of 1938, but whereas the Type II had 3 torpedo tubes, and carried 5 torpedoes, the Type XXIII had room only for 2, loaded externally. The Type XXI, which had the same hitting power as the Type IX, had to be nearly twice the size, to accommodate the extra batteries. So lets not make too big a thing of them, hey? Xyl 54 (talk) 23:45, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

63 near-identical pages?
Looking at the impressive list of submarines, each of these has its own page. And while the content on each page is perfectly fine and looks well-written, the pages appear mostly identical. Only a few specific details differ between the pages, with perhaps a few containing a little more detail in the service history. I see that pretty much all this content is already there over at List of German Type XXIII submarines. Perhaps we should have separate pages just for those submarines which were especially noteworthy? Chumpih. (talk) 08:16, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Type XXIII submarine


text:
Talk:Punched tape

Original text
Below the line is ErikFP's original text. I did my best to salvage any useful information from it and make the article again conform to Wikipedia standards, but it is quite likely I blundered since I don't really know anything about it. Gadykozma 06:39, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

-

The first use of paper tape predates computers, it was Thomas Edison and his Stock Ticker machines also his Repeating Telegraph. These were the forerunners of what became the computer punched paper tape. There were two standards for computer tape. The Baudot which had 5 holes and the ASCII which had 8 holes. The image above shows an 8 hole tape. Teletypes were first used in conjunction with TWX Telex (also Telegrams), they were also adopted by Ham radio RTTY operators before finding their way into service as computer terminals. Back in the late 1960s to early 1970s, the ASR33 was a very popular teletype. It had a built in paper tape reader and tape punch (8 hole ASCII). It could read/punch tape at the blinding speed of 10 characters per second. :-) The ASR33 tape reader was purely mechanical; 8 spring loaded fingers would be thrust into the tape (one character at a time), an amazing assortment of rods and levers would sense how high the finger rose, which told it if there was a hole in the tape at that position. The ASR33 teletype that I worked with was hooked up to an HP minicomputer.  Eventually the school also purchased a High Speed Photo Tape Reader, which consisted of 8 light sensors and could read a tape at the blinding speed of 50 inches per second (a similar photo reader also came with the DEC PDP 15). The two biggest problems with paper tape is that (1) The ASR33 punch was not very reliable.  After making a copy of a tape you would then have to compare hole by hole with the original tape (8k bytes checked by hand!).  (2) The other big problem is rewinding the tape.  You have this streamer that is perhaps 50 feet long and pretty fragile. You have to roll it back up before you can use it again, or store it. We had a modified electric eraser to assist with this. But great care was needed to avoid tearing the tape. Repairing a mispunched or torn tape was a process of gluing a strip of punched tape over the damaged area.
 * ErikFP 12:27, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Merge
Oppose- Paper tape and punch card are completely different media: different shape, thickness, hole size character encoding, readers and writers, history, time frame, etc. The only thing they have in common is paper (and some paper tape was made of mylar). --agr 16:45, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Oppose and comment- While they share some heritage back with weaving looms, cards went for a lot of information on single discrete units, tape went for information spread across one long unit. Ronabop 04:27, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Oppose -- substantially different histories even though they resemble each other technologically. Atlant 12:37, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Oppose- linking to Punch card in See also seems to be much more useful than merging disparate articles. Slark 07:22, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Oppose- They're different media, with different histories and different usages. User:Ray Van De Walker

Character encoding
Which character encoding is used in this image? --Abdull 06:07, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

The image uses regular 7-bit ASCII encoding with the least significant bit on the right as usual, like the original text artwork it replaced. Note the line of smaller holes down the middle are sprocket holes, not '1' bits. Vanessadannenberg 14:52, 19 June 2007 (UTC) (author of said image)

I think that the "I" of the "WIKIPEDIA" example should be 1001001; however, the picture displays 1101001. We almost have the same trouble with the "K": its code ought to start with 100...(b7b6b5...), not 110. The letter W would be right. ¿Do you agree?
 * The text is in lower case except for the first letter "W". So the second and fourth letters are actually an "i", which is indeed 1101001.  Same for "k".  ★NealMcB★ (talk) 19:27, 26 July 2016 (UTC)

Advantages
During a tour of the Titan II Missile Museum south of Tuscon, Arizona, we were told in an oral presentation that the target programming information was stored on paper tape for security. Although outmoded, it is human-readable, allowing easier detection of alterations.17:16, 6 October 2007 (UTC) LorenzoB 17:19, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

And where is TTS?
TTS was the standard six-bit code used in typesetters. It isn't mentioned here and doesn't even have a Wikipedia entry. (03:55, 4 July 2008 68.111.71.197)
 * I added a mention and created a redirect teletypesetter to the teleprinter article which has a paragraph on it. Do you have more info on the code?--agr (talk) 11:47, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * There were a bunch of different codes. They were also used by wire services.  The article isn't quite right when it talks about punch tape operated Linotypes; those punches were not Flexowriters but rather specialized machines that would keep track of how much space had been used on the line (using known character widths) so the operator could insert line end codes at the correct location.  Apart from use for wire service material, punched tape operated Linotype machines were used for efficiency.  The machine could run faster than most operators could type, so you could have several operators punching tape and then feed it into a single machine running flat out.  Need to find a reference for all this. Paul Koning (talk) 20:56, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

Soroban Engineering
This firm, in Melbourne, Fla., made special-purpose wide-format paper tape punches and readers, iirc with as many as 40 channels. Of course, the tape was correspondingly wide. They also made a paper tape punch that could punch at 400 characters per second; the drive shaft ran continuously, and provided timing to the electronics that fed data to the punch.

Burroughs (not Philco?) made a floor-standing paper-tape reader with optical hole sensing that read at 1,000 chars/sec. and could stop the tape on the stop character. Of course, it had free loops between the drive and the storage reels. Tape was stopped by a very fast electromagnetic clamping plate.

Perhaps this info. could be included in the article; I didn't want to assume that it belongs there.

These are personal recollections, and would be difficult to substantiate.

Nikevich (talk) 08:44, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

 * 1000 cps reading, with start/stop at any character position, was done earlier by Electrologica in Holland. 400 cps punch is amazing; it would be good to find a source for that.  I do have an authority for another very fast punch, the Creed 3000 at 300 cps. Paul Koning (talk) 20:54, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

Common dimension of tapes and holes?
Could somebody please add some information on the most common physical dimensions used in paper tape operation, such as width (and maybe thickness) of tape, size and spacing of holes? Thank you! -- 92.231.119.213 (talk) 04:56, 21 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Done.--agr (talk) 13:46, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

Monotype system
What width was the monotype tape and how many holes could it have across a row? Also, this article badly needs references to sources. --TedColes (talk) 10:11, 28 January 2013 (UTC)
 * The Monotype System article says 28 rows. A cross reference would make sense.  Paul Koning (talk) 20:52, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

"Baudot" vs "Murray"
The article repeats the common mistake of referring to paper tape code as "Baudot" instead of "Murray" code. (See the article Murray code) As that article makes clear, the original Baudot code was optimized to minimize operator workload on a chording keyboard. Murray invented (?) the teletype paper tape mechanism and optimised his code to minimize mechanical wear, thus making changes from Baudot's code. Alas, the mistake is frequently propagated. I don't have a ready on-line citation, but when I was a teletype operator in the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals back in the early 1970s, we always referred to the 5-bit teletype code as "Murray code". In the interest of accuracy I think this should be changed in the article. -- AJWM 66.170.252.1 (talk) 19:22, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

✅ — rybec   20:39, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

Cryptanalytic devices
How about adding a section on how it was used extensively used during the second world war for cryptanalytic devices on both sides of the war, in the 30's and 40's. It doesn't seem to be covered in any way within WP. Here is an example: [] This document describes a punched tape some 30cm wide, which was used in experimental devices, by the German Army, as an aid in the breaking of enemy signal intelligence. scope_creep talk 16:02 18 May 2014 (UTC)

Endianness for serial transmission / undulators
The image of a famous (but not necessarily standardized) serialization of punched tape, and my question at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Cryptanalysis_of_the_Lorenz_cipher#How_does_the_undulator_tape_correspond_to_the_5-hole_tape_rows.3F led to my recent edit here on left-vs-right. Clearing all that up would be very helpful and might be a nice illustration of the famously confusing world of endianness. ★NealMcB★ (talk) 21:56, 26 July 2016 (UTC)

Which capacity do punch cards&tapes have?.
--89.21.56.82 (talk) 09:15, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

There is no limit. --TedColes (talk) 13:07, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

== Please advise on primary research for "Claude Seytre" as originator of this method.

title: Talk:Punched tape


text:
Roto

Roto, f. rota, (literally "torn" or "broken") is a term used to refer to Chilean people and in particular to the common Chilean. In Chile, from the start of the 20th century, it was applied with a negative classist connotation to poor city-dwellers. It is also used contemptuously in other Spanish-speaking countries, especially Bolivia and Peru, to refer to Chileans in a derogatory manner. Otherwise, despite its defects, the roto is also considered a figure of national identity and pride in Chile.

Historical usage
The term roto has been used in Peru since the times of the Spanish conquest, when Diego de Almagro's disappointed troops returned to Cuzco (after a failed gold-seeking expedition in Chile) with their torn clothes, due to the extensive and laborious passage on foot through the Atacama desert. In the early days of Santiago its inhabitants were notoriously poorly dressed as result of a lack of food and supplies. Some Spanish came to dress with hides from dogs, cats, sea lions and foxes.

This term became more used after the Chilean campaigns against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation in 1839 —Chilean troops defeated the confederation at the Battle of Yungay on 20 January 1839. In Chile tributes were paid to the victors of Yungay and, in a gesture of recognition, 20 January was declared the Día del Roto Chileno (in Spanish; Day of the Chilean Roto) — and the War of the Pacific (1879–84).

The figure of the Chilean Roto is commemorated by very diverse organisations and actors such as the Chilean Army, ultra-nationalist activists, the Communist Party and local organisations of ordinary citizens. The Army has a particular appreciation to the figure which was regarded as the main hero –a collective and anonymous hero- of some of the most crucial battles in the war against Bolivia and Peru. In this context, the webpage of the Chilean Army states:

title: Roto


text:
Dual gauge

In railway engineering, "gauge" is the transverse distance between the inner surfaces of the heads of two rails, which for the vast majority of railway lines is the number of rails in place. However, it is sometimes necessary for track to carry railway vehicles with wheels matched to two different gauges. Such track is described as dual gauge – achieved either by addition of a third rail, if it will fit, or by two additional rails. Dual-gauge tracks are more expensive to configure with signals and sidings, and to maintain, than two separate single-gauge tracks. It is therefore usual to build dual-gauge or other multi-gauge tracks only when necessitated by lack of space or when tracks of two different gauges meet in marshalling yards or passenger stations. Dual-gauge tracks are by far the most common configuration, but triple-gauge tracks have been built in some situations.

Background
The rail gauge is the most fundamental specification of a railway. Rail tracks and wheelsets are built within engineering tolerances that allow optimum lateral movement of the wheelsets between the rails. Pairs of rails that become too wide or narrow in gauge will cause derailments, especially if in excess of normal gauge-widening on curves.

Given the requirement for gauge to be within very tight limits, when the designed distance between the pair of wheels on a wheelset differs even slightly from that of others on a railway, track must be built to two specific gauges. That is achieved in a variety of ways: most commonly by adding a third rail, more rarely by adding another pair of rails; and rarer still, when three gauges are present, by four rails.

Configurations

Dual-gauge track can consist of three rails, sharing one "common" rail; or four rails, with the rails of the narrower gauge lying between those of the broader gauge. In the three-rail configuration, wear and tear of the common rail is greater than with the two other outer rails. In dual gauge lines, turnouts (railroad switches) are more complex than in single-gauge track, and trains must be safely signalled on both of the gauges. Track circuits and mechanical interlocking must also operate on both gauges.

Multi-gauge track is very often associated with a break-of-gauge station, where rail vehicles or vehicle contents are transferred from one gauge to another. A break of gauge causes delay and increases congestion, especially on single-track lines. Essentially, two trains are required to do what a single train would normally accomplish. When traffic passes mainly in one direction, full wagons taken to the border have to be returned as empties, and a train of empty wagons has to be brought to the break of gauge from the other side to fetch the cargo. Congestion is also caused by unloading and reloading. The problem is worsened when there is a disparity between the capacity of locomotives and vehicles on the two gauges: typically, one broad-gauge trainload needs three narrow-gauge trains to carry.

Three rails

Constructing dual-gauge track with three rails is possible when the two adjacent rails can be separated at the base by at least the space required by rail fastening hardware such as spikes and or rail clips – typically 40 mm. If the two gauges are closer than that, four rails must be used. Depending on the rail fasteners used and the weight of rails (heavy rails are bigger), the practicable difference between the two gauges is in the range 145 mm to 200 mm.

Four rails

In some places, the dimensions of two gauges needing to be collocated are too close to allow a three-rail configuration – for example: In such cases, four rails are needed to provide the dual gauge.
 * and (common in Africa, a legacy respectively of French/Belgian and British railway practice)
 * and (common in South America)
 * and (common where broad-gauge railways of former satellite states of the Soviet Union meet European or Chinese standard gauge).

Four rails might also be installed because of other engineering or operational factors, even though three rails would suffice: an example is on the Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme (Somme Bay railway), which combines standard and metre gauge – 435 mm different, well within the parameters for three rails.

Four rails are necessary where the centre-line of rail vehicles on both tracks must be closely aligned with the centre-line of the track in tunnels or other constricted locations. Such configurations, when they revert back to standard parallel lines as soon as room is available, are termed "gauntlet track" (US: "gantlet track").

Four rails must be placed identically on either side of the central axis of dual-gauge turntables (and six rails on triple-gauge turntables) so that they match the configuration of the fixed rails leading to and from the turntable, regardless of the direction in which the turntable is facing.

Triple gauge

In rare situations, three different gauges may converge on to a rail yard and triple-gauge track is needed to meet the operational needs of the break-of-gauge station – most commonly where there is insufficient space to do otherwise. Construction and operation of triple-gauge track and its signalling, however, involves immense cost and disruption, and is undertaken when no other alternative is available.

The following table shows localities where triple gauge has been necessary.

More than three gauges

Three gauges are the maximum found on operating railway lines and in railway yards, but some rolling stock manufacturers collocate more than three lines in their works, depending on the particular gauges of their customers.

Alternatives

Transfer of freight and passengers between different gauges does not necessarily involve dual-gauge track: there may simply be two tracks that approach either side of a platform without overlapping. In Australia, 13 break-of-gauge stations existed by 1945 as a result of longstanding interstate rivalries: three different gauges had persisted since the 1850s and the five mainland state capitals were not linked by standard gauge until 1995. Huge costs and long delays were imposed by trans-shipment of freight at break-of-gauge stations, whether manually, by gantry crane or by wheelset or bogie exchange. During World War II, breaks of gauge in Australia added immense difficulty to the war effort by needing extra locomotives and rolling stock, and more than 1600 service personnel and a large pool of civilians, at transfer points for an annual average transfer of about 1.8 million tonnes of freight.

To cost and inefficiency was added, in the case of passengers, considerable inconvenience. In 1896, at Albury station on the Sydney–Melbourne railway, famed American writer Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) had to change trains in the middle of a "biting-cold" night in 1896 and there formed his pungent view of "the paralysis of intellect that gave that idea birth".

In some locations, an alternative to building long lengths of dual-gauge track has been to change the wheels on rolling stock, either by dropping and changing wheelsets from four-wheeled vehicles or exchanging bogies (US: trucks) under eight-wheeled vehicles. With this arrangement, a short length of dual-gauge track is only needed within the facility. A benefit is that the contents of fully loaded cars are not disturbed. The scheme was first adopted on the French–Spanish border and in Poland. It introduces delay into transit times compared with dual-gauge operation, but is much quicker than trans-shipping: when introduced in 1962 in Melbourne, Australia, on the route between Sydney and Adelaide, the freight handling time per train dropped from five days to less than two. The process involved disconnecting the brake rigging and bogie centre pins have to be disconnected before the vehicle is lifted and new bogies are wheeled underneath.

In Europe, a similar principle embodies low-profile, small-wheeled transporter wagons, which carry vehicles built for one gauge on a line with a different gauge. A variant is the rollbock (Rollböcke in German), used under two-axle standard-gauge vehicles: each wheelset is carried on a small four-wheeled narrow-gauge trolley. The entire train is converted in minutes at a slow walking pace, each rollbock being automatically matched to its wheelset from underneath.

A further variant is "train on train", in which an entire narrow-gauge train is carried on standard-gauge flatcars on which continuous rail has been fitted.

Differences in gauge are also accommodated by gauge-adjustable wheelsets, which were installed under some passenger vehicles on international links between Spain and France, Sweden and Finland, Poland and Lithuania, and Poland and Ukraine. In Spain, change-over facilities are extensive, since although 1668 mm track predominates, and high-speed lines are laid to standard gauge, there are many lines with narrower gauges (1000 mm and others).

Dual-gauge railways by nation
🇦🇺 In Victoria, there are sections of and  dual-gauge track between Southern Cross station and West Footscray, Sunshine and Newport, Albion and Jacana, North Geelong and Gheringhap, Maryborough and Dunolly, and in various goods yards and industrial sidings. Until 2008, there was a dual-gauge line between Wodonga and Bandiana.
 * Australia

At Albury railway station, New South Wales, a and  dual-gauge line was in place until 2011. A dual-gauge line was within Tocumwal railway station until 1988, when the standard gauge component was put out of use.

In 1900, in South Australia, a three-rail dual-gauge system was proposed in order to avoid a break of gauge. However, designing turnouts was considered to be difficult due to the difference of only 165 mm between the and the   broad gauge. After twenty years of discord, the proposal was abandoned. Much later, the South Australian Railways successfully adopted dual-gauge turnouts.

In Western Australia, and  of double-track dual-gauge extends for 120 km of the main line from East Perth to Northam. Dual-gauge track is also used from the triangle at Woodbridge to Cockburn Junction, then to Kwinana on one branch and North Fremantle on the other. The signalling system detects the gauge of the approaching train and puts the signals to stop if the route is set for the wrong gauge.

In Queensland, there is a section of and  dual-gauge track between the rail freight yards at Acacia Ridge and Park Road station, which is utilised by both passenger and freight trains. Freight trains to the Port of Brisbane utilise the dual gauge Fisherman Islands line that runs parallel to the Cleveland railway line from Park Road to Lindum. Passenger trains use the dual-gauge section of the Beenleigh railway line running parallel to the electric suburban narrow gauge of the Queensland Rail city network over the Merivale Bridge into platforms 2 and 3 at Roma Street Station. This is used by standard gauge interstate New South Wales TrainLink XPT services to Sydney. In 2012, a dual-gauge line was installed between Acacia Ridge and Bromelton to serve a new freight hub at Bromelton.

The 1700 km long Inland Railway, under construction in 2022, will have about 300 km of dual gauge.

The Bangladesh Railway uses three rails to avoid breaks of gauge between its broad-gauge and metre-gauge lines. The Jamuna Bridge and Padma Bridge, which link the east–west and north–south rail systems respectively, have four-rail dual-gauge tracks. Of the 2875 km Bangladseh Railway system, about 1600 km has four-rail dual-gauge.
 * Bangladesh

🇧🇪 Tram tracks in Brussels once combined lines for inter-urban trams and  lines for urban trams in a three-rail layout. In 1991, the interurban trams went out of service and then the network used only standard-gauge track.
 * Belgium

🇧🇬 The Sofia tramway uses a mixture of narrow and standard gauge. A 2.6 km section of track between Krasna polyana depot and Pirotska street is dual-gauge shared by route 22 and  route 11.
 * Bulgaria

🇨🇲 The new port of Kribi may serve 1000mm gauge bauxite traffic as well as 1435mm gauge iron ore traffic.
 * Cameroon

🇨🇿 In the Czech Republic, there is 2 km of dual gauge and  track near Jindřichův Hradec. In 1985, its original four rails were converted to three rails. In 2004, in Jindřichův Hradec at a switch where a dual gauge railway bifurcates, a Junák express from Plzeň to Brno derailed due to a signalling error. The standard gauge train had been switched on to the narrow gauge track.
 * Czech Republic

🇫🇷 The Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme in France is dual gauge between Noyelles-sur-Mer and Saint-Valery-sur-Somme. The line has four rails with metre gauge laid within standard gauge. There are some dual-gauge (standard and Iberian) sidings at Cerbère on the Spanish border.
 * France

🇩🇪 In the 1970s, the Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen tram lines underwent a gauge conversion from gauge to standard gauge. This was part of an upgrade to the Stuttgart Stadtbahn. In 1981, and  dual-gauge track was constructed so that new DT-8 Stadtbahn cars and old trams could share the network. In 2008, a further gauge conversion was completed. The Stuttgart Straßenbahn Museum operates gauge trams on weekends and special occasions.
 * Germany

In Krefeld on Ostwall, tram lines are dual gauge so that standard Rheinbahn U76 Stadtbahn cars and  gauge trams may share the lines. At the north end of the route, at the junction with Rheinstraße, the trams reverse. There, the standard gauge line ends, while the metre gauge lines continue. At the Hauptbahnhof, on Oppumer Straße, dual gauge track continues. At the ends of Oppumer Straße, the two tracks diverge.

In Mülheim there is a similar situation. The Duisburg tram line 901 meets the local line 102. The tram system in Duisburg uses gauge track while the tram route from Witten to Mülheim uses  gauge tracks. Two lines share a tunnel section between the Mülheim (Ruhr) Hauptbahnhof and Schloss Broich then diverge at street level.

The tram network between Werne to Bad Honnef is large with various operators and gauges. The trams in Wuppertal used gauge track on east–west lines and  gauge track on north–south lines. Trams in Duisburg used gauge track on lines south of the Ruhr and  gauge tracks on lines north of the Ruhr. The north lines closed in the 1960s and 1970s. Duisburg's three routes were converted to gauge track.

🇬🇭 Ghana is converting its narrow gauge to standard gauge, and is installing dual-gauge sleepers as an intermediate stage.
 * Ghana

In Greece, the line between Athens and Elefsis (now closed) was dual gauge in order to allow the gauge trains of the Peloponnese rail network to pass. It also allowed standard gauge trains to reach the Elefsis shipyards. In Volos, a short section of track between the main station and the harbour used an unusual triple gauge, to accommodate standard gauge trains from Larissa, metre gauge trains from Kalambaka, and the gauge trains of the Pelion railway.
 * Greece

In 1899, in the Dutch East Indies, dual gauge track was installed between Yogyakarta and Solo. The track was owned by the Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij, a private company, which in 1867 had built the gauge line. The third rail was installed to allow passengers and goods travelling over the   gauge Staatsspoorweg (state railway) a direct connection. At a later date, the government constructed new tracks to allow greater capacity and higher speeds. In 1940, a third rail was installed between Solo and Gundih on the line to Semarang, allowing gauge trains to travel between Semarang, Solo and Yogyakarta via Gambringan, on the line to Surabaya instead of on the original line via Kedungjati.
 * Indonesia

In 1942 and 1943 in Java, under Japanese military occupation, conversion from took place to  on the Brumbung–Kedungjati–Gundih main line and the Kedungjati–Ambarawa branch line.

Until the 1970s, a short section of dual gauge and  line existed in North Sumatra on a joint line of the Deli Railway and the Atjeh Tram.

Some sugar mill railways in Java have dual-gauge sections.

Ireland's Ulster Railway underwent a gauge conversion from 1880mm to the new Irish standard of. The Dublin & Drogheda Railway underwent a gauge conversion because the gauges were too close to allow a dual-gauge line.
 * Ireland

🇮🇹 The Potenza – Avigliano Lucania line in Italy is a dual gauge rail with and  tracks.
 * Italy

🇯🇵 In Japan, the national standard is narrow gauge. Dual gauge is used where the Shinkansen (bullet train) lines join the main network. For example, part of the Ōu Main Line became part of the Akita Shinkansen and was converted to dual gauge in a limited section. The longest (82.1 km) dual gauge section in Japan is near, and in, the Seikan Tunnel. Sections of the Hakone Tozan Line are among a number of other dual-gauge lines.
 * Japan

🇲🇽 Mexico previously had and  dual gauge track.
 * Mexico

🇳🇱 The first railway lines in the Netherlands were constructed with a track gauge of. For the 1939 centennial celebration, an exact replica of the country's first locomotive "De Arend" was built using the original blueprints. Since 1953, the locomotive is housed at the Dutch National Railway Museum, where in recent years, a dual-gauge track has been constructed in the rail yard, allowing for the locomotive to drive back and forth on special occasions.
 * Netherlands

🇵🇱 In Poland, there is 3 km of and  dual-gauge track in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, linking Pleszew with a nearby mainline station. It is served by narrow-gauge passenger trains and standard-gauge freight trains.
 * Poland

🇷🇺 Between 2008 and 2012, a 2 km dual-gauge cross-border track was rebuilt between Khasan, Russia, and Rajin, North Korea; its gauges were the Russian and Korean. Similar arrangements exist on the approach to Kaliningrad, where track extends from the Polish border with some sections of dual gauge.
 * Russia

🇪🇸 In Spain, there is 21.7 km of dual gauge in the AVE line from Zaragoza to Huesca, usable for both standard-gauge high-speed trains and  Spanish network trains. Some dual-gauge sidings are at Port Bou on the French border. In 2009, Adif called for tenders for the installation of a third rail for standard-gauge trains on the 22 km between Castellbisbal and the Can Tunis freight terminal in Barcelona.
 * Spain

🇸🇪 The bridges at the borders of Sweden and Finland, between Haparanda and Tornio have 2 km of dual gauge, and  track. At each end of the dual-gauge section are yards with standard and Finnish gauge areas to allow for trans-shipment. Four rails are used because the gauges are close and the bridge structure is wider than normal to allow for the offset from the centreline of each gauge. A Rafil gauge changer is at the Tornio yard. Between Västervik and Jenny, Sweden, there is a and  dual-gauge line and dual-gauge track in the Västervik station area.
 * Sweden

🇨🇭 In Switzerland, dual-gauge track and  track exists between Lucerne and Horw of the Zentralbahn, between Niederbipp and Oberbipp of the Oberaargau-Jura Railways and between Chur and Domat/Ems of RhB. All three allow narrow-gauge passenger trains and standard-gauge freight trains to operate. A ″non-stop″ scheme (albeit with a pause to change locomotives) on the Montreux-Interlaken route was inaugurated in December 2022. The former Zollikofen-Worblaufen-Deisswil dual gauge was cut back to Papiermühle when the factory in Deisswil closed.
 * Switzerland

🇺🇦 The railway tracks between the border with Slovakia at Solomonovo and the border with Romania at Nevetlenfolu are dual-gauge, and. This is in part due to the Austro-Hungarian heritage of the Zakarpattia Oblast, but also has military and political importance, as it allows standard-gauge trains to run between Romania and Slovakia by bypassing Hungary, otherwise impossible due to the break-of -gauge between the Russian-gauge network of Ukraine and standard-gauge networks of Romania and Slovakia.
 * Ukraine

🇬🇧 The Great Western Railway in Britain was originally built to a broad gauge of 2134 mm (7 ft 0 in), subsequently widened to 2140 mm (7 ft 0$1/2$ in). After a "gauge war", the gauge was converted to. A dual-gauge system was easily installed as the gauges were well separated and the line had wooden sleepers. A short section of broad and standard gauge is at the Great Western Society site at Didcot.
 * United Kingdom

The port authority in Derry, Northern Ireland, used a dual-gauge line in a street-level network to transfer freight. Two of the city's stations were on a narrow gauge. The other two city stations were on broad gauge.

The Fairbourne Railway in Gwynedd, Wales, has a section of dual gauge track from Fairbourne station to Car Park crossing installed in the late 2010s to allow visiting gauge trains to run on part of the line, which was converted to  gauge in 1986, usually as part of special events. 🇺🇸 In Los Angeles, the Los Angeles Railway and  Pacific Electric Railway ran on dual gauge track on some downtown streets.
 * United States

From 1880 to 1902, the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway (standard gauge) and the Burlington and Northwestern Railway (narrow gauge) shared a dual-gauge mainline from Burlington, Iowa, to Mediapolis, 23 km to the north.

The early operational years of the State Belt Railroad in San Francisco featured dual-gauge tracks to accommodate regional railroads of the time, which interchanged via ferry.

Until 1941, the Colorado and Southern Railway used both standard-gauge and narrow-gauge tracks, and had a dual-gauge line between Denver and Golden, Colorado.

Until the 1960s, the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad's Alamosa–Durango Line from Alamosa, Colorado, to Antonito was dual-gauge ( and ).

Previously, in its yard at Mount Union, Pennsylvania, the East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company used dual-gauge tracks.

In Vietnam, near the border with China, there is and  dual-gauge track between Hanoi and Đồng Đăng. Other smaller dual-gauge sections exist elsewhere in the north-east of the country.
 * Vietnam

title: Dual gauge


text:
Bobby

Bobby or Bobbie may refer to:

People

 * Bobby (given name), a list of names
 * Bobby (surname), a list of surnames
 * Bobby (actress), from Bangladesh
 * Bobby (rapper) (born 1995), from South Korea
 * Bobby (screenwriter) (born 1983), Indian screenwriter
 * Bobby, old slang for a constable in British law enforcement
 * Bobby, disused British railway term for a signalman

As a nickname

 * Robert F. Kennedy Jr., an American politician nicknamed Bobby

Events

 * Kidnapping of Bobby Greenlease, a 1953 crime in Kansas City, Missouri
 * Murder of Bobby Äikiä, Swedish boy who was tortured and killed by his mother and stepfather in 2006

Dogs

 * Greyfriars Bobby (1855–1???), legendary 19th century Scottish dog
 * Bobbie (dog), a British regimental dog who survived the Battle of Maiwand
 * Bobbie the Wonder Dog, an American dog that walked 2,551 miles to find its owners

Films

 * Bobby (1973 film), an Indian Bollywood film
 * Bobby (2002 film), an Indian Telugu film
 * Bobby (2006 film), a film about the day Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated

Music

 * BOBBY (band), an American indie-folk-psychedelic music group
 * Bobby  (Bobby album), their eponymous debut album
 * Bobby (Bobby Brown album), 1992
 * Bobby (When People Were Shorter and Lived Near the Water album), 1989
 * Bobby, soundtrack album to the 2006 film
 * "Bobby", a 1957 song by Barbara McNair
 * "Bobby", a 1961 song by Ricky Valance
 * "Bobby", a 1984 song by Prodigal from Electric Eye
 * "Bobby", a 2013 song by GFOTY
 * Golden Bobby, an award given by the Verband Deutscher Tonmeister

Other uses

 * Bobbie (company), American infant formula company
 * Bobby (software), used to validate websites

title: Bobby


text:
Blaine Amendment

The Blaine Amendment was a failed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would have prohibited direct government aid to educational institutions that have a religious affiliation. Most state constitutions already had such provisions, and thirty-eight of the fifty states have clauses that prohibit taxpayer funding of religious entities in their state constitutions.

The measures were designed to deny government aid to parochial schools, especially those operated by the Catholic Church in locations with large immigrant populations. They emerged from a growing consensus among 19th-century U.S. Protestants that public education must be free from "sectarian' or "denominational' control, while it also reflected nativist tendencies hostile to immigrants.

The amendments are generally seen as explicitly anti-Catholic because when they were enacted public schools typically included Protestant prayer, and taught from Protestant bibles, although debates about public funding of sectarian schools predate any significant Catholic immigration to the U.S. Thus, at the time of the Blaine amendments, public schools were not non-sectarian or non-denominational in the modern sense; nor were they completely secular.

Proposed federal amendment
President Ulysses S. Grant (1869–77) in a speech in 1875 to a veterans' meeting, called for a Constitutional amendment that would mandate free public schools and prohibit the use of public money for sectarian schools. He was echoing nativist sentiments that were strong in his Republican Party.

Grant laid out his agenda for "good common school education." He attacked government support for "sectarian schools" run by religious organizations, and called for the defense of public education "unmixed with sectarian, pagan or atheistical dogmas." Grant declared that "Church and State" should be "forever separate". "Religion", he said, "should be left to families, churches, and private schools devoid of public funds."

After Grant's speech, Republican Congressman James G. Blaine proposed the amendment to the federal Constitution. Blaine, who actively sought Catholic votes when he ran for president in 1884, believed that possibility of hurtful agitation on the school question should be ended. In 1875, the proposed amendment passed by a vote of 180 to 7 in the House of Representatives, but failed by four votes to achieve the necessary two-thirds vote in the United States Senate. It never became federal law.

The proposed text was: "No State shall make any law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; and no money raised by taxation in any State for the support of public schools, or derived from any public fund therefor, nor any public lands devoted thereto, shall ever be under the control of any religious sect; nor shall any money so raised or lands so devoted be divided between religious sects or denominations."

Amendments to state constitutions
Supporters of the proposal then turned their attention to state legislatures, where their efforts met with far greater success. Eventually, all but 12 states (Arkansas, Connecticut, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, and West Virginia) passed laws that meet the general criteria for designation as "Blaine amendments", in that they ban the use of public funds to support sectarian private schools. Jonathan A. Greenblatt, chief executive of the Anti-Defamation League, explained in 2017 the purpose of the state constitutional Blaine amendments: "These constitutional provisions serve significant government interests — leaving the support of churches to church members, while also protecting houses of worship against discrimination and interference from the government." In some states the provisions in question were included in newly drafted constitutions, rather than adopted as amendments to an existing constitution.

The state Blaine amendments remained in effect in thirty seven states until June 2020. In 2012, 56% of voters rejected a measure repealing Florida's Blaine amendment. A 60% favorable margin was required for adoption. Voters have also rejected proposals to repeal their state-level Blaine amendments in New York (1967), Michigan (1970), Oregon (1972), Washington state (1975), Alaska (1976), Massachusetts (1986), and Oklahoma (2016).

On April 20, 1974, voters in Louisiana approved a new constitution by a margin of 58 to 42 percent, which repealed the Blaine amendment that was part of that state's 1921 constitution. Louisiana's current 1974 constitution replaced it with a copy of the federal First Amendment's no-establishment and free exercise clauses, in Article 1, Sec. 8 of its Declaration of Rights; in Article 8, Sec. 13(a), it also guarantees the provision of free textbooks and "materials of instruction" to all children attending elementary and secondary schools in Louisiana.

Two other states, South Carolina and Utah, have also watered down their "no-aid to religion" constitutional clauses by removing from them the word "indirect", leaving only a prohibition of direct aid or assistance to religious schools in these states.

On June 30, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue that Montana's no-aid provision in its constitution, a Blaine amendment, had been inappropriately used to block tax-credit scholarship funds for private schooling for being used at a religious school in violation of the Free Exercise Clause. The ruling effectively stated that if the state offered public scholarship funds for a private school, they could not discriminate against religious schools. As a result, it is expected that states that have similar programs with no-aid provisions in their constitutions will be forced to re-evaluate any program restrictions.

title: Blaine Amendment


text: Category:Cape Girardeau County, Missouri


text:
Talk:Chigger (arthropod)

Untitled
This is just a disambig page now; most content is now at the article harvest mite. — Stevey7788 (talk) 06:23, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Now that the content is at harvest mite and chigoe flea, I don't understand why there are two disambig pages. why not jsut move this page back to chigger and merge it with that to look like:

A Chigger can refer to a number of things:

 * Either of two parasitic arthropods with similar behaviors:
 * the chigoe flea (Tunga penetrans)
 * the larva of the harvest mite (Trombicula alfreddugesi).

 * The name originated as a corruption of chigoe, but the harvest mite is what is most commonly called a chigger in North America, due to its similar behavior.

 * A slang term

 * What do you think? This page has the page history, chigger is now just a recently created disambig. - Taxman Talk 16:04, August 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * It was pretty annoying to type chigger and have to go thru two disambiguation pages to get to the info. Consolidate the pages, please. NickelShoe 06:16, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chigger (arthropod)


text:
User:Marco V

kroatiehrvatska link
Marco V, would you please explain what makes this link of yours more worthy of listing than other such pages? The official such page (the one from the tourist board) should suffice. I was not under the impression that Wikipedia was a link repository. --Joy [shallot]   14:49, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This is very easy if you send a question to this web site you always get an answer, the tourist board from Croatia never send you an answer. This is on this way a better promoter for Croatia. --Marco V 09:03, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Marco V


text: Category:Hinds County, Mississippi

title: Category:Hinds County, Mississippi


text:
Denali (band)

Denali was an American indie rock band formed in April 2000 in Richmond, Virginia. The group disbanded in 2004 but reunited in 2008 for several performances.

History
The band was founded by Cam DiNunzio, Jonathan Fuller, Keeley Davis and Maura Davis. They recorded a five-song demo in January 2001, and signed with Jade Tree Records later that year.

Denali released their self-titled debut album in 2002.

In August 2003, they released their second album The Instinct. Shortly after the album's release, Jonathan Fuller and Keeley Davis left the band to focus their attention on Engine Down. Davis was replaced by Stephen Howard and Ryan Rapsys replaced Fuller. However, the new band configuration ultimately led to Denali breaking up in April 2004. In 2006, Lovitt Records released the DVD Pinnacle, featuring a concert from 2003.

In November 2004, Maura Davis, Ryan Rapsys, Stephen Howard and new member Matt Clark formed the band Bella Lea. They later changed their name to Ambulette. Maura & Keeley reunited as band members in Glös. They released their debut album through Lovitt Records in 2007.

Denali performed a reunion show on July 5, 2008 at The National Theater in Richmond, Virginia. This was followed by two further shows in New York and Los Angeles in September. In June 2009, two additional shows were performed in Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. A new song was played at these shows, listed online under the name "Church Hill Bricks."

Studio albums

 * Denali (2002)
 * The Instinct (2003)

Demos

 * Demonstration (2001)

Other appearances

 * Rock Against Bush, Vol. 1 (2004)
 * "Normal Days" from The Instinct (Track 20)

Videography

 * Pinnacle (Concert DVD) (2006)

title: Denali (band)


text:
Alice Tait

Alice Mary Tait, (born 23 May 1986), née Alice Mary Mills, is an Australian former sprint freestyle, butterfly and individual medley swimmer who represented Australia at the 2004 Athens Olympics and the 2008 Beijing Olympics winning two relay gold medals and a bronze.

Career
Trained by her coach Shannon Rollason at the Chandler Sports Complex along with her good friend Jodie Henry, Tait was selected to make her international debut at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England, at the age of 16, where she collected a gold in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay, as well as competing in the finals of the 50 m freestyle and 200 m individual medley. She repeated this at the 2002 Pan Pacific Championships in Yokohama, Japan.

2003 saw a big improvement in Tait's performance on the international swimming stage, when she received two silver medals at the 2003 World Swimming Championships in Barcelona, Spain in the 200 m individual medley and 50 m freestyle, breaking the Commonwealth record in the former and the Australian record in the latter. She also collected a silver and bronze in the 4 × 200 m and 4 × 100 m freestyle relays respectively.

2004 was a somewhat mixed year for Tait. She was beaten into 3rd place at the Australian trials in both the 50 m and 100 m freestyle, meaning that she was forced to watch these events from the stands. However, along with teammates Libby Lenton, Petria Thomas, and Jodie Henry, she won gold with a world record time in the women's 4 × 100 metre relay; 3min 35.94s. Later, she performed much slower than her previous best in the 200 m individual medley, being eliminated in the final. She admitted that she had been distracted by the earlier relay triumph. She also picked up a gold by swimming in the heats for the victorious 4 × 100 m medley relay team.

Tait started 2005 by relocating to the Australian Institute of Sport along with Rollason and Henry. She started the year strongly, winning the 50 m and 100 m freestyle at the Australian championships, both in new personal best times, the former in Commonwealth record time. She also qualified in the 50 m butterfly in second place, and came third in the 100 m butterfly (but was not selected as each country is restricted to two entries, despite being ranked third in the world), all in new personal best times. However, she had a form slump at the 2005 World Swimming Championships in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, swimming much slower than at the selection trials, and missing the medals. She collected a gold medal as part of the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay team.

In 2006, Tait qualified and competed at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. She won bronze in the 50 m and 100 m freestyle behind Libby Lenton and Jodie Henry and in the 50 m butterfly behind Danni Miatke and Jessicah Schipper. She combined with Henry, Lenton and Shayne Reese to claim gold in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay.

In late 2006, Tait missed selection for the 2007 World Aquatics Championships. She was part of the bronze medal-winning Australian team in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

In the 2005 Australia Day Honours, Tait was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for "service to sport as a Gold Medallist at the Athens 2004 Olympic Games".

Tait announced her retirement from sports in June 2012.

Personal life
Tait is married to the former Scottish Olympic swimmer Gregor Tait. Their first child, a boy named Vance Charlie Tait, was born in August 2015. In June 2018, they welcomed a second son, Miller Lee Tait.

title: Alice Tait


text: User talk:68.198.17.208

title: User talk:68.198.17.208


text:
Libby Trickett

Lisbeth Constance Trickett, (Lenton; born 28 January 1985) is an Australian retired competitive swimmer. She was a gold medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics, the 2008 Summer Olympics, and the 2012 Summer Olympics. She was the world record holder in the short-course (25m) 100-metre freestyle.

Personal life
Trickett was educated at Somerville House. She married swimmer Luke Trickett among scenes of tight security at Taronga Zoo on Sydney Harbour on 7 April 2007. The couple entered via a "walking tent", due to the exclusive photo deal the couple had with women's magazine New Idea. The couple revealed later they split the photo profits between three charities. In March 2015, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child, due in September, after suffering a miscarriage in August 2014. She gave birth to a girl on 31 August 2015. Their second daughter was born on 23 February 2018.

She changed to swimming under her married name at the Australian 2008 Olympic selection trials.

On 9 September 2009, she announced that she would take an extended break from swimming and consider retirement. On 14 December 2009, she retired from competitive swimming at the age of 24. In September 2010, she announced that she would be returning to competition.

Career
Trickett emerged on the world scene in March 2003 at the Australian championships, by July she was a medal contender in multiple events at the 2003 World Championships in Barcelona.

At the 2003 World Championships, Trickett picked up her first individual medal on the international level in the 50-metre freestyle capturing the bronze medal, while placing 5th in the 100-metre freestyle, 14th in the 50-metre and 19th over the 100-metre butterfly, her individual inconsistency came to an end when she won another bronze in the 4×100-metre freestyle relay. Her fastest 100-metre freestyle sprint in which she set in the lead off leg in the relay would have captured herself another bronze in the individual 100-metre freestyle.

Trickett is currently employed by Megaport – an Australian dark fibre carrier – as a National Channel and Partner Manager.

2004 Athens Olympics
Trickett was also a bronze medalist in the 50-metre freestyle. She had previously been the holder of the 100-metre freestyle world record (53.66) set at the Olympic swimming trials held in Sydney, Australia on 31 March 2004, but lost this to teammate Jodie Henry (53.52) during the semi-finals of the event at the 2004 Athens Olympics.

2005 World Aquatics Championships
In July 2005, at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Canada, Trickett was one of the form swimmers of the meet. She won the 50-metre freestyle in a time of 24.59 to record her maiden championship at international level. She also achieved a silver medal in the 100-metre butterfly (57.37). She was a member of three relay teams, the 4×100-metre freestyle relay, 4×100-metre medley relay, and the 4×200-metre freestyle relay teams, winning gold (3:37.22), gold (3:57.47) and silver (7:54.00) in the respective events. Fairly new to the 200-metre freestyle event, Trickett got recorded the then fourth fastest time in history clocking 1:57.06 as lead-off swimmer in the final of the 4×200-metre freestyle relay. The time being more than 1.5 seconds faster than the individual gold medallist Solenne Figuès of France (1.58.60). Trickett did not compete in the individual 100-metre freestyle because she placed third in the event at the Australian championship, but her 100-metre freestyle split times were faster than the individual 100-metre freestyle gold medalist and world record holder Jodie Henry, which earned her the honour of swimming in the final of the medley relay. Despite not competing in the individual 100- and 200-metre freestyle, she did finish 2005 ranked number one in the world in both events.

On returning to Australia, Trickett continued her rich vein of form, lowering the 100-metre short course freestyle world record on consecutive nights at the Australian Short Course Championships to 51.70 seconds.

2005 brought a further world record in the short-course 200-metre freestyle at the Sydney, Australia stop of the 2005 FINA World Cup series on 19 November with Trickett recording a time of 1:53.29 to beat the previous record by 0.75 seconds.

However, Trickett regained her 100-metre freestyle world record on 31 January 2006 at the Australian Championships in Melbourne. Her time of 53.42 was 0.1 of a second faster than the previous record held by Henry. On 2 August 2006, German swimmer Britta Steffen broke Trickett's 100-metre freestyle world record at the 2006 European Championships in Budapest, Hungary, with a time of 53.30. Trickett again regained the world record with a time of 52.88 on 27 March 2008 at the 100-metre finals of the Australian Olympic Trials.

2006 Commonwealth Games
At the 2006 Commonwealth Games, she won silver medals in the women's 100-metre butterfly and 200-metre freestyle events. She defeated Henry to claim the 50-metre and 100-metre freestyle, and was a part of the winning 4×200-metre and 4×100-metre freestyle relay teams, as well as breaking the world record in the 4×100-metre medley relay, where her split of 52.87 seconds eclipsed the previous best by Henry. She took 5 of Australia's 12 gold medals in the 2006 Short Course World Championships in Shanghai, being named the leading female swimmer of the meet.

In the latter part of 2006, Trickett won four titles at the Australian Short Course Nationals – both the 50-metre and 100-metre freestyle and butterfly events. More commonly known for her freestyle expertise, she set a new Australian and Commonwealth record in the 50-metre butterfly and a new world record for the 100-metre butterfly.

2007 World Aquatics Championships
On 26 March at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships in Melbourne, Trickett added another gold by winning the 100-metre butterfly in a championship record time – 57.15 seconds – touching the wall just 0.09 seconds ahead of her second-placed teammate Jessicah Schipper and American Natalie Coughlin. Then, on 1 April, she won another gold by nine one-hundredths of a second.

Shortly following the 2007 World Championships, on 3 April, at the biannual Duel in the Pool meet between Australia and the US swimming teams (in Sydney, Australia in 2007), she swam a 100-metre freestyle in 52.99, well under the existing world record of 53.30 by Germany's Britta Steffen, and making her the first woman under 53 seconds in a long-course (50 m) pool. The time was not accepted by FINA as the world record, because the race the time was swum in is not, itself, a recognised FINA event according to the ruling.

Trickett went on to officially break the record in a time of 52.88 seconds on 27 March 2008 in the 100-metre finals of the Australian Olympic Trials. Two days later on 29 March 2008 she broke the world record for the 50-metre freestyle finals in the Australian Olympic Trials with a time of 23.97, taking 0.12 of a second off the previous record and being the first women to be under the 24-second barrier.

2008 Beijing Olympics
At the Beijing Olympics, Trickett's first final was the 4×100-metre freestyle capturing a bronze medal, despite setting a new Australian record. Her next final was the 100-metre butterfly in which she captured Gold setting a new Australian record, making her the second fastest in that event in history. Trickett's next event was the 100-metre freestyle, where she was the world record holder. Trickett was ahead of world record pace in the first 50-metre but was overtaken in the last few metres by rival Britta Steffen who captured the gold. Trickett later contested the 50-metre freestyle (another event she was the world record holder) but did not get on the podium finishing just outside the medals in fourth. In what seemed to be a terrible Olympics for Trickett, things finally turned when her last event was the 4×100-metre medley relay. In what was a competitive race at early on, turned in the Aussies favor down the stretch as they captured gold and a new world record.

After the Olympics Trickett split with Widmar, who had coached her from before she made her debut for Australia. Trickett said that she needed a change to rejuvenate her. She joined the Sopac Swim Club under Grant Stoelwinder in Sydney. Stoelwinder is a sprint coach and currently mentors Eamon Sullivan.

Trickett had a great start to the 2009 World Championships, capturing bronze in the 4×100-metre freestyle relay, setting an Australian record in the lead off. Her next individual performances were somewhat anticlimactic, in the 100-metre freestyle she finished with another bronze and finished 5th in the 50-metre freestyle. and the final night she anchored the medley relay to a silver.

Retirement and comeback
After retiring in December 2009, she announced her return to swimming in September 2010. At the 2012 Olympic Trials she narrowly missed a berth in the 100-metre butterfly finishing 3rd. Later on in the meet she finished 5th in the 100-metre freestyle, booking a spot on the 4×100-metre freestyle relay.

2012 London Olympics
Trickett raced in the heats of the 4×100-metre freestyle relay team. Because Australia went on to win gold in the final, setting a new Olympic record, she won the 4th Olympic gold medal of her career.

Second retirement
In 2013 Trickett retired again due to a wrist injury.

Recognition

 * 2016 – Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductee

title: Libby Trickett