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User talk:Game

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Game


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Julian Stanczak

Julian Stanczak (Stańczak ; November 5, 1928 – March 25, 2017) was a Polish-born American painter and printmaker who is considered a central figure of the Op art movement in the U.S. during the 1960s and 1970s. Described as an artist whose work "evinced a tremendous geometric inventiveness", Stanczak is primarily known for his large-scale polychromatic abstract compositions made using acrylic paint on canvas in which he explored the perceptual dimensions of color.

Born in 1928 in Borownica, Poland, Stanczak survived a Siberian labor camp during World War II where he lost the use of his right arm. He retrained himself to paint left-handed and emigrated to the United States in 1950, where he eventually became a citizen. In 1956, Stanczak received an M.F.A. from Yale University, where he studied with Josef Albers and Conrad Marca-Relli, and was roommates with fellow abstract painter Richard Anuszkiewicz. The term "Op art", since used to describe a short-lived movement of 1960s and 1970s, originated from Stanczak's work when the Minimalist artist and sculptor Donald Judd used it in his critical review of the 1964 exhibition titled Julian Stanczak: Optical Paintings at Martha Jackson Gallery in New York. Stanczak achieved broader commercial recognition after being featured in the landmark 1965 exhibition The Responsive Eye at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

As the popularity of Op art diminished in the late 1970s, Stanczak remained active as a painter and continued to exhibit his work, but became progressively separated from mainstream contemporary art in the U.S. In addition to being a practicing artist, Stanczak served as a faculty member at the Art Academy of Cincinnati from 1957 to 1964 and, later, as Professor of Painting at the Cleveland Institute of Art from 1964 to 1995. In 2013, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Case Western Reserve University in Ohio. Stanczak lived and worked in Seven Hills, Ohio with his wife, the sculptor Barbara Stanczak, until his death in 2017. His work is included in permanent collections of museums in North America and Europe.

Early life and education (1928-1950)
Julian Stanczak (Polish: Stańczak) was born in Borownica, Poland in 1928. In 1940, at the beginning of World War II, Stanczak and his family were forced into a Soviet labor camp in Perm, Siberia, where his right arm is seriously injured; he had been right-handed. In 1942, Stanczak and his family managed to escape the camp. Aged sixteen, Stanczak decided to join the Polish Armed Forces in the West to receive food rations and medical help, becoming separated from his parents, sister, and brother. Realizing that he would permanently lose use of his right arm, Stanczak deserted.

He then traveled to a refugee camp in Tehran where he joined his mother and siblings; his father had by that time gone missing. The family was then transported to a Polish refugee camp in Masindi, British Uganda. Stanczak remained there for six years. He received his first art lessons during that period from another Polish refugee named Henryk Frudist. Stanczak would later state that the time in Uganda had an important visual and artistic influence on his work; in particular, he found inspiration in geometric patterns of local textiles used by Ugandan women to make clothing, indigenous music, and East African fauna and flora, which he described as "dazzling display". In 1948, Stanczak and his family moved to England where he enrolled at the Borough Polytechnic to study art.

Immigration to the United States (1950)
The Stanczaks eventually immigrated to the United States in 1950 and permanently relocated to Cleveland, Ohio, where Stanczak would spend the rest of his life and career. Stanczak received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Cleveland Institute of Art, Cleveland Ohio in 1954, and then trained under Josef Albers and Conrad Marca-Relli at the Yale University, where he was roommates with Richard Anuszkiewicz who would later become one of the key artists associated with Op Art. Stanczak was a student of Albers for two years and was awarded a Master of Fine Arts from Yale University in 1956.

Albers, who had formerly served as a faculty member at the Bauhaus and taught classes in color theory, served as an important influence for Stanczak and his "work modeled the perceptual practices" of Stanczak. According to the American scholar Joe Houston, the investigation of color became the primary interest of Stanczak and Anuszkiewicz while at Yale. In particular, Stanczak was inspired by the 1954 book by Rudolf Arnheim, a German Gestalt theorist with strong connections to the Bauhaus, titled Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye, which the artist translated into Polish. Writing in 1992, the Artforum critic Elizabeth Licata said that Stanczak's precise linear systems operate within the visual rigor and limits set out by Albers who, according to Stanczak, "taught by confrontation anxiety". In 1955, Stanczak's paintings of "an abstracted linear pattern" were included in an annual exhibition of new art at the Cleveland Museum of Art, where he was awarded an honorary mention. He became a United States citizen in 1957 and taught at the Art Academy of Cincinnati for 7 years.

Op-art movement (1964-1970s)
The term op art was first coined by the American Minimalist artist Donald Judd in a review for Arts Magazine of Julian Stanczak: Optical Paintings held at the Martha Jackson Gallery in New York in 1964. Judd described his paintings as "primarily fields of narrow, vibrating stripes" and compared them to the work of the British artist Bridget Riley before stating that optical effects "are one thing, a narrow phenomenon, and color effects are another, a wide range. Op art". Critic Burton Wasserman would later describe the exhibition as a "demonstration of lean plastic purity". In 1965, Stanczak's work was included in the Museum of Modern Art's landmark exhibition The Responsive Eye curated by William C. Seitz. Although the show was poorly received by the critics, it proved popular with the general public and helped establish Op art as a distinct art movement, while many participating artists received substantial market recognition. According to art critic Christopher Bedford, "the egalitarian address of Op art to our basic optical faculties serves Stanczak well, making his paintings as generous conceptually as they are experientially demanding". Stanczak, however, preferred to call his style "perceptual art" rather than "optical".

In 1966 he was named a "New Talent" by Art in America magazine. In 1973, Stanczak designed a mural for a 12-story residential building in Cleveland called Carter Manor, which would subsequently become badly damaged due to the contractor's decision to use enamel paint. The mural was eventually restored in 2018 by artists participating in that year's FRONT Triennial exhibition in Cleveland. As the popularity of Op art began to diminish in the late 1970s, superseded by such movements as Minimalism and later Postminimalism, Stanczak's work became progressively separated from mainstream American art. He continued to exhibit frequently until the end of his life, primarily in the Midwest. Some critics have noted that Stanczak's medium of acrylic paint and his visual vocabulary had remained largely unchanged since the 1960s, consisting primarily of parallel lines, straight or curved, various grids, and basic geometric shapes such as circles or squares.

Later career (1980s-2017)
During the early 1990s, Stanczak work was said to have influenced a new generation of artists including Peter Halley and Philip Taaffe. In addition to being an artist, Stanczak was also a teacher, having worked at the Art Academy of Cincinnati from 1957 to 1964 and as Professor of Painting, at the Cleveland Institute of Art, 1964-1995. He was named "Outstanding American Educator" by the Educators of America in 1970.

In 2007, Stanczak was interviewed by Brian Sherwin for Myartspace Blog. During the interview, Stanczak recalled his experiences with war and the loss of his right arm and how both influenced his art. Stanczak explained: "The transition from using my left hand as my right, main hand, was very difficult. My youthful experiences with the atrocities of the Second World War are with me, but I wanted to forget them and live a 'normal' life and adapt into society more fully. In the search for art, you have to separate what is emotional and what is logical. (...) I looked for anonymity of actions through non-referential, abstract art". In 2008, Stanczak designed a 364-foot mural made of painted metal rods for the exterior of a corporate building in downtown Cincinnati. In 2013, Stanczak was awarded an honorary doctorate from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. For most of his life, he lived and worked in Seven Hills, Ohio with his wife, sculptor Barbara Stanczak. He died at home on March 25, 2017 at the age of 88 following a short illness.

Select museum collections
Julian Stanczak's works are held in permanent collections of museums in North America, Central and South America, and Europe. These include:
 * Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York
 * Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada
 * Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York
 * Cleveland Institute of Art, Cleveland, Ohio
 * Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio
 * Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, Arkansas
 * Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas
 * Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
 * Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California
 * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY
 * Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * Museo Rufino Tamayo, Museo de Arte Contemporaneo, Mexico City, Mexico
 * Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York
 * National Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
 * New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California

title: Julian Stanczak


text: Category:Battles of the Fronde

title: Category:Battles of the Fronde


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Northern Territory News

The Northern Territory News (also known and branded as the NT News) is a morning tabloid newspaper based in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Owned by News Corp Australia, it is published every week from Monday to Saturday. It primarily serves Darwin and the rest of the Northern Territory and it covers local, national, and world news as well as sports and business. The paper currently has a Monday to Friday readership average of 44,000, reaching an average of 32,000 on Saturdays.

News Corp Australia also publishes its local Sunday counterpart, The Sunday Territorian, which is also available throughout Darwin and the Northern Territory, its online regional NT newspaper, the Centralian Advocate, as well as free weekly community newspapers (since December 2008) under the banner of Sun Newspapers (delivered in Darwin, Palmerston, and Litchfield).

The paper has become well known around Australia for its front-page headlines, with then-Deputy Editor Paul Dyer winning a Walkley Award for his contributions in 2012.

History
Prior to the formation of the Northern Territory News, the Federal Government was concerned about the perceived 'pro-communist' bias from The Northern Standard, a newspaper which was owned by the North Australian Workers' Union. In 1949, they approached a Canberra-based journalist, Don Whitington, to establish a rival newspaper, to act as a counterbalance from the bias perceived by the Federal Government from The Northern Standard. Whitington formed Northern Territory News Services Pty Ltd, aided by Eric White and local printer John Coleman.

The first edition of the Northern Territory News was published on 8 February 1952 as a weekly newspaper, later being published on a bi-weekly basis. Its office and print room were originally located from the former site of the English, Scottish and Australian Bank in Smith Street, nicknamed the 'Tin Bank'. Originally, the paper was quite politically active being a noted advocate of greater self-governance powers for the Northern Territory as well as being vocal on a number of other local issues. However, the paper gradually lapsed into the current apolitical stance it maintains presently with its most noted feature being its unique headlines and front pages.

In 1960, News Limited bought the Northern Territory News, and it became a weekday newspaper in 1964. The Saturday edition was introduced in 1966, increasing its publishing schedule to six days a week, reverting to five days a week in 1975, before restarting its Saturday edition in 1979.

In 1967, its office moved to Mitchell Street, opposite Hotel Darwin. On 25 December 1974, the building was destroyed, along with much of Darwin and its surrounds, by Cyclone Tracy, although the NT News was still able to print emergency editions during the crisis.

Its Sunday counterpart, the Sunday Territorian, was introduced on 7 October 1984. In 1985, the NT News relocated to its present location in Printers Place in Darwin City.

In September 2010 the newspaper took delivery of the four-colour KBA Comet printing press which allows it to produce 64 pages in full colour. The Comet replaced the Uniman 2/2 machine on the floor, which increased its capacity to allow the plant to produce each Sunday to Friday edition in a single run, and to produce the Saturday edition in three runs instead of five runs.

On 30 July 2019, the Northern Territory News was resized from its original 405 millimetre high size, down to 350 millimetres from 12 August, with print editions of the Sunday Territorian and the Centralian Advocate following suit, being the first Australian newspaper to implement this format. The size is similar to the dimensions used by other international News Corp tabloids, most notably the New York Post. On 29 June 2020, the Centralian Advocate moved to a digital-only format, along with numerous other News Corp-owned regional newspapers across Australia.

title: Northern Territory News


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Talk:Schrödinger method

Final formula - should show the n-th derivative, I guess. Charles Matthews 16:09, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion
The proposal by User:Fermiboson to delete this article said: "It makes no effort to define the problem it wishes to tackle," But the second paragraph of the article says: "We seek the probability of some event A defined in terms of these order statistics. For example, we might seek the probability that in a certain seven-day period there were at most two days in on which only one phone call was received, given that the number of phone calls during that time was 20." That is the effort to define the problem. The notations standard in the mathematical theory of probability, and the allegation that "the text contradicts the equations" could bear some specificity. I cannot tell what is meant by that. My source for this is course notes by John Guidi in a course at MIT talk by Gian-Carlo Rota. Michael Hardy (talk) 03:52, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Could you point me to the notes in question? I will admit that I proposed the deletion (and the strong wording within) before checking the author, thinking it to be some random 20-edit account. I would have posted to the talk page first had I checked.
 * With regard to the specific text - the Xis mentioned at the start of the article do not reappear, A is not defined in terms of them, and I forgot what I meant by the text contradicting the equations, but I certainly cannot at all follow the flow of logic. I was on a bit of a hoax patrol spree and was overaggressive with the trigger, so apologies for that, but the article definitely needs rewriting. I would also doubt the notability of the article, since searches on Scholar, JSTOR, etc produced a grand total of zero results. I would be glad to learn more about this, however. Fermiboson (talk) 08:17, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Schrödinger method


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Smithy

Smithy may refer to:
 * Forge, also called a smithy, the workplace of a smith or a blacksmith
 * Smithy (1924 film), a silent American film starring Stan Laurel
 * Smithy (1933 film), a British comedy-drama film starring Edmund Gwenn
 * Smithy (1946 film), an Australian film based on Sir Charles Kingsford Smith's flight across the Pacific Ocean
 * Smithy (Mario), the main villain of the video game Super Mario RPG

Smithy is also a documented nickname for a number of notable people and fictional characters:
 * Sir Charles Kingsford Smith (1897–1935), Australian pioneer aviator
 * Ian Smith (1919–2007), Prime Minister of Rhodesia and World War II Royal Air Force pilot
 * W. G. G. Duncan Smith (1914–1996), World War II flying ace
 * Mike Smith (broadcaster) (1955–2014), British television and radio presenter, racing driver, pilot and businessman
 * Dale Smith (The Bill), a fictional character on the television series The Bill
 * Neil "Smithy" Smith, fictional character on the television series Gavin & Stacey played by actor James Corden

title: Smithy


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Yuffie Kisaragi

Yuffie Kisaragi (ユフィ・キサラギ) is a character from Square Enix's Final Fantasy series. She is designed by Tetsuya Nomura, and was first introduced in the 1997 role-playing video game Final Fantasy VII as a young female ninja princess and thief. She is an optional party member, and can be recruited through a sidequest. Yuffie reappears in the Compilation of Final Fantasy VII series, which expands on her background and shows her after the events of the original game.

Yuffie has been featured in other Square Enix games, most notably the Kingdom Hearts series, and is voiced in Japanese by Yumi Kakazu. She is voiced in English by Christy Carlson Romano in Kingdom Hearts and Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children, Mae Whitman in Kingdom Hearts II, Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII and Kingdom Hearts III Re Mind, and Suzie Yeung in Final Fantasy VII Remake Intergrade and Final Fantasy VII Rebirth. Yuffie is popular in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, but her reception in Western media has been more mixed.

Concept and design
During early development of Final Fantasy VII, Yuffie was envisioned as a 25-year-old ex-SOLDIER now working as a bounty hunter, seeking both the game's protagonist Cloud Strife and its antagonist Sephiroth, while having a bounty on her. Her job class was originally listed as "ninja (assassin)" and she was intended to be a daughter of the long-deceased Kasumi Kisaragi. The Wutai sidequest present in the final incarnation of the game was significantly different. Her age and description was different for each of the several wanted posters, with her appearance and level being determined by the last wanted poster viewed. She would encounter the party in a random encounter or attack Cloud when he is sleeping in an inn. The Wutai scenario required Yuffie to be recruited to complete it.

Having a close attachment to Yuffie's character, Final Fantasy VII event planner Jun Akiyama was responsible for most cutscenes featuring her and her actions during fights. Regarding the use of Japanese pronouns, Yuffie uses atashi "as opposed to the other female characters who use watashi, perhaps to make her sound more cute or youthful, as she is younger than the others". Mae Whitman, who voiced Yuffie in the English versions of Kingdom Hearts II and Dirge of Cerberus, said she was not "aware of the extent to which people were familiar with her character already". In a 2012 interview, Whitman recalled Yuffie as "bubbly and bright and nice. But still super cool!" Yuffie's design in Kingdom Hearts was partially based on the original appearance of Rikku from Final Fantasy X. Suzie Yeung voiced her at Final Fantasy VII Remake Intergrade. Yeung said: "I was actually surprised because I didn't know to what degree Yuffie was loved and looked forward to, honestly, by the fan community. So, I actually watched some reaction videos to some of them. And it was so wholesome because you can really tell how much fans loved her. I was nervous, but also excited for them to meet her". During the interview of the developers Naoki Hamaguchi and Motomu Toriyama on Yuffie's Moogle hood and role in Final Fantasy VII Remake Intergrade, Toriyama said that Yuffie wears the hood as a reference to when it was used in Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII. In addition, he stated that she wears it whenever she is on a covert mission, while her role is the same as in the original game. Toriyama also said that he chose to give Yuffie her own story DLC over Vincent, stating that "Yuffie, the heroine of Episode Intermission was not guaranteed to join your party in the original game, but that actually made her a character that we had more freedom to expand on the backstory for". Square Enix changed Yuffie's original design to include more realistic details while preserving its ninja aspects and Japanese style. The company shared that, while the tissue physics in its model run in real time, Yuffie's legwarmers are individually adjusted so they do not fall off. In Final Fantasy VII Rebirth, Hamaguchi expressed a desire to leverage the new gameplay and battle mechanics introduced in the downloadable content (DLC) episode INTERmission, such as team-up attacks performed by Yuffie and Sonon Kusakabe, in the next game, as he felt they made for a "different feel in battle strategy".

Final Fantasy VII
Yuffie appears in the 1997 role-playing video game Final Fantasy VII as one of two optional party members along with Vincent. She is a 16-year-old ninja and thief who wields shurikens that she can throw like a boomerang. She is a fiercely patriotic daughter of Godo Kisaragi (ゴドー・キサラギ), the leader of Wutai (ウータイ), which is based on East Asia; Yuffie feels her country has lost its former glory and become nothing more than a resort town. After losing the war against Shinra Electric Power Company, Godo began to turn Wutai into a tourist attraction. This did not suit Yuffie, who began running off, stealing Materia from travelers in hopes of someday becoming strong enough to change this situation. Yuffie is sneaky and arrogant and has a tomboyish and charismatic personality and obsessively steals and collects Materia. She also tends to be short-tempered and is prone to motion sickness. Gameplay-wise, Yuffie possesses the special Materia "Throw", enabling her to throw most items from the player's inventory at enemies during combat. When leveled up, she unlocks the ability "Coin", allowing her to throw the party's Gil currency at the enemy.

Yuffie is introduced when she ambushes the protagonist Cloud Strife and his allies in a random encounter in a forest biome, appearing as "Mystery Ninja". If the player defeats her in combat and then chooses the correct series of dialogue choices, she introduces herself and joins the player's party as one of the player characters. However, once in Wutai Village, Yuffie steals the party's Materia and hides, but is kidnapped by a Midgar crime lord, the lecherous Don Corneo. Once the group rescues Yuffie, she returns the stolen Materia and continues working with them. In another sidequest, she proves herself by fighting the bosses of Wutai's five-story pagoda, the last of these battles being against Godo. These fights, and the subsequent sequence of conversations, enable her and Godo to understand each other and come to a mutual respect. At Godo's request, Cloud officially takes Yuffie, who obtains her level 4 Limit Break "All Creation", with him on his quest.

If Yuffie is present at the end of disc one when Aerith Gainsborough is murdered by Sephiroth, she shows an uncharacteristic display of emotion, as she breaks down in Cloud's arms after failing to control her emotions. Yuffie's loyalty to the team is called into question after Cloud temporarily disbands his party ahead of their final confrontation with Sephiroth; when Yuffie is the last to return, Barret Wallace suspects her of abandoning the team in light of her earlier treachery at Wutai. When Yuffie returns to the group, she subsequently rebukes Barrett for his judgement.

Yuffie is featured in Final Fantasy VII Remake Intergrade, appearing as the sole playable character in its bonus Intermission storyline, which occurs parallel to the story of the main game. She and her partner Sonon Kasukabe infiltrate Midgar to steal the "Ultimate Materia" from Shinra. When the mission goes wrong, Sonon sacrifices himself to save Yuffie, and she resolves to gather allies to take down Shinra. She returns as a party member in the sequel, Final Fantasy VII Rebirth.

Compilation of Final Fantasy VII
In the 2005 animated film Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children, Yuffie reunites with her allies to fight against the summon creature Bahamut SIN. In the On the Way to a Smile novella "Case of Yuffie", which is set between the end of Final Fantasy VII and the beginning of Advent Children, the disease Geostigma spreads to Wutai, and Yuffie sets out to find a cure.

In the 2004 action role-playing game Before Crisis, which is set six years before Final Fantasy VII, Yuffie encounters Shinra's agents called the Turks in Wutai and unknowingly works with them against the eco-terrorist group AVALANCHE. In the 2006 third-person shooter game Dirge of Cerberus, which is set one year after Advent Children, Yuffie leaves home and joins the World Regenesis Organization, where she is placed in charge of espionage and intelligence gathering.

A nine-year-old Yuffie makes brief appearances in the 2007 prequel action role-playing game Crisis Core, where she fights against Shinra following their invasion and takeover of Wutai. After meeting Zack Fair, she enlists his help to find treasures in several side missions.

Other appearances
Outside the Final Fantasy series, Yuffie has also been featured in the Kingdom Hearts series since 2002. In the first Kingdom Hearts, a younger Yuffie acts as a supporting character in Traverse Town, helping to defeat the Heartless who destroyed her world. Yuffie also appears in 2004's Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories as a projection from Sora's memories in Traverse Town. In 2005's Kingdom Hearts II, she aids Leon and the others as part of the Hollow Bastion Restoration Committee, and appears in her Advent Children attire. In Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II, Yuffie is featured as an opponent in the Olympus Coliseum, while 2008's Kingdom Hearts coded features a virtual simulation of her. She also appears in the DLC expansion "Re:Mind" of Kingdom Hearts III.

Yuffie is an unlockable playable character in the PlayStation version of the 1998 fighting game Ehrgeiz: God Bless the Ring, appearing alongside other characters from Final Fantasy VII. She is also one of the playable characters in the 2006 board video game Itadaki Street Portable for the PlayStation Portable, in a chibi-style design similar to her model during the exploration gameplay mode of Final Fantasy VII, and in the 2013 action puzzle mobile game Pictlogica Final Fantasy, also in a chibi form. She was the first DLC character released for the 2014 rhythm game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy: Curtain Call. Yuffie also appears as a playable character in the free-to-play role-playing video games Final Fantasy Record Keeper (2014) and Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera Omnia (2017).

Yuffie also makes appearances in some video games as a non-playable character. In the 2008 action role-playing / fighting game hybrid Dissidia Final Fantasy, she appears as a tutor of the in-game manuals and an unlockable friend card. She is a "Legend" type assist character in the 2012 social role-playing mobile game Final Fantasy Airborne Brigade. Yuffie also appears in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate as a spirit.

Reception
Yuffie Kisaragi has received a notably positive reception in Japan and overseas, being described as one of the best ninja and overall video game characters. Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) included "seeing Yuffie once again" as one of the greatest moments of Kingdom Hearts while giving it their Role-Playing Game of the Year 2002 award. David Smith from IGN included her on their top ten Final Fantasy VII characters, stating that she "belongs in the Wacky Sidekicks wing of the RPG hall of fame"; although commenting that Yuffie can sometimes be "a pain in the neck", Smith said that she became such an appealing sidekick character that Square would go on to use the "Yuffie formula" with Rikku for Final Fantasy X.

Final Fantasy VII director Yoshinori Kitase asked EGM "why American gamers love Yuffie so much". They were unable to come with a clear answer. According to Edge, Yuffie, being one of characters that are "brands in and of themselves", created a new anime stereotype, as giddy girl ninja. WomanGamers.com gave the character an overall score of 7.0/10, opining that while "a 16 year old ninja girl was a nice refreshing change [...] it would have been nice if her character had matured and developed through this story". Jef Rouner of the Houston Press described Yuffie's reaction to Aerith's death as one of the five most "heartbreaking" missable scenes in the Final Fantasy franchise, which he felt rivaled the emotional impact of anything found in the main narrative. In his review for Advent Children, James Mielke of 1UP.com called her "as cutely jailbait as ever"; the film itself was called "Ogling Legal-Age Yuffie" by Geson Hatchett of Hardcore Gamer.

However, some of the reception was more negative. In her character profile, IGN called her "both impressively useful and incredibly annoying". GameFan editor The 6th Man compared himself to Yuffie, as "in one word—annoying" but also having "that innocent, naive qualify". In 2010, Scott Sharkey of 1UP.com deecribed her in the category as "The Perky Idiot" alongside Rikku and Selphie while discussing the top five character types in the Final Fantasy series. That same year, GamesRadar's Mikel Reparaz called her as "hyper-annoying". In 2013, Kyle Lowe of Complex called her as the fifth most annoying classic video game character. Joe Juba of Game Informer included her among "Final Fantasy's particular breed of annoying companions, like Selphie and Vaan". Lisa Foiles of The Escapist included her in their "crazy, hyperactive teenager" on her top five annoying princesses in video games, calling her "just a definition of annoying". As a result of calling her an unimportant character in Final Fantasy VII due to how difficult is to get her, Paste regarded Yuffie's portrayal in the remake as far more entertaining take on Yuffie due to her role in the narrative, while Kotaku praised and said that she's "irresistibly charming as Yuffie".

title: Yuffie Kisaragi


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Aerith Gainsborough

Aerith Gainsborough (エアリス・ゲインズブール), transliterated as Aeris Gainsborough in the English releases of Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy Tactics, is a character in Square's (now Square Enix) role-playing video game Final Fantasy VII. She was designed by Tetsuya Nomura with influence from Yoshinori Kitase, Hironobu Sakaguchi and Yoshitaka Amano.

She is one of the main characters of Final Fantasy VII, a young woman allied with the eco-terrorist organization AVALANCHE. Over the course of the story, AVALANCHE begin to pursue the game's antagonist Sephiroth, and the player learns that she is the last surviving Cetra, or "Ancient", one of the planet's oldest races. She is ultimately murdered by Sephiroth. She has also appeared in the Compilation of Final Fantasy VII and Kingdom Hearts series.

She is voiced in Japanese by Maaya Sakamoto. In English, she is voiced by Mandy Moore in Kingdom Hearts, Mena Suvari in Kingdom Hearts II and Final Fantasy VII Advent Children, Andrea Bowen in Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII and the Re Mind DLC of Kingdom Hearts III, and Briana White in Final Fantasy VII Remake, Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII Reunion and Final Fantasy VII Rebirth. Aerith and the events surrounding her death in Final Fantasy VII have been met with overall positive reception from critics and fans.

Concept and creation
Aerith was designed by Tetsuya Nomura, with influence from director and scenario writer Yoshinori Kitase and Hironobu Sakaguchi, whilst Yoshitaka Amano created conceptual artwork which helped to influence her design. She has green eyes and long brown hair tied in a braid with a pink ribbon. She wears a long pink dress, a bolero jacket, and brown hiking boots. The long dress was designed to appear ladylike and contrast with Tifa Lockhart's miniskirt. During development, Aerith was supposed to be Sephiroth's sister, as their designs resembled each other. However, they were made former lovers, with Aerith remembering Sephiroth when meeting Cloud as both are ex-SOLDIERS. Late during development, Aerith's first love was changed to Zack Fair.

Her green eyes were meant to symbolize nature and contrast with Tifa's brown eyes. Nomura did not change much of Aerith's design for Advent Children, but her design was updated in Kingdom Hearts with the removal of her bolero jacket, which made her attire resemble how Amano had originally drawn her. Other changes included the addition of bracelets and a belt. Nomura modified her dress in Before Crisis, adding white and green colors; this version was also used as the basis for her design in Kingdom Hearts II.

Aerith's original Japanese name is. This was transliterated to "Aeris" in Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy Tactics and "Aerith" in later products. Both transliterations have basis, as the Japanese "su" (ス) is used when transcribing "s" and "th"  to Japanese. However, official Japanese material uses the spelling "Aerith",  and developers stated that "Aerith" is a near-anagram of "Earth".

In early planning stages of Final Fantasy VII, Aerith was to be one of only three protagonists alongside Cloud and Barret. During a phone call to Kitase, it was suggested that at some point in the game, one of the main characters should die, and after much discussion as to whether it should be Barret or Aerith, the producers chose Aerith. Nomura stated in a 2005 Electronic Gaming Monthly interview: "Cloud's the main character, so you can't really kill him. And Barrett... [sic] well, that's maybe too obvious". While designing Final Fantasy VII, Nomura was frustrated with the "perennial cliché where the protagonist loves someone very much and so has to sacrifice himself and die in a dramatic fashion to express that love". He found this trope appeared in both films and video games from North America and Japan, and asked "Is it right to set such an example to people?" Kitase concluded: "In the real world things are very different. You just need to look around you. Nobody wants to die that way. People die of disease and accident. Death comes suddenly and there is no notion of good or bad. It leaves, not a dramatic feeling but great emptiness. When you lose someone you loved very much you feel this big empty space and think, 'If I had known this was coming I would have done things differently'. These are the feelings I wanted to arouse in the players with Aerith's death relatively early in the game. Feelings of reality and not Hollywood".

According to Nomura, "death should be something sudden and unexpected, and Aerith's death seemed more natural and realistic". He said: "When I reflect on Final Fantasy VII, the fact that fans were so offended by her sudden death probably means that we were successful with her character. If fans had simply accepted her death, that would have meant she wasn't an effective character". From the original release of the game, rumors have circulated that Aerith can be resurrected in or that the original plan was to have her come back, but this was scrapped in development. Nomura has categorically stated that neither of these rumors were ever true, as he said that "the world was expecting us to bring her back to life, as this is the classic convention". A lengthy petition asking for Aerith's revival by Japanese players was sent to Kitase, but he dismissed it, pointing out that "there are many meanings in Aerith's death and [her revival] could never happen". Mena Suvari explained that for Advent Children, Aerith was given a mothering feel with an ephemeral presence, and expressed joy for her role.

In Remake,Briana White studied Sakamoto's acting to appeal to fans.

Musical theme

A leitmotif associated with Aerith is played several times throughout Final Fantasy VII, and was composed by Final Fantasy composer Nobuo Uematsu. it is first heard during the flashback scenes with Aerith's mother at her house, and also plays as she is killed by Sephiroth. The piece "Flowers Blooming in the Church" is based on it.

"Aerith's Theme" is very popular among Final Fantasy fans, and has inspired an orchestral version, a piano version, and a vocal version performed by the artist Rikki, who also performed "Suteki Da Ne" for Final Fantasy X. A piano arrangement of the theme appears twice in Advent Children, and the track "Water" shares similarities with it. The opening phrase of "Aerith's Theme" appears prior to the climax of the track "Divinity II", which also includes as its final line the Latin phrase "Sola Dea fatum novit" ("Only the goddess knows fate"), and is also featured during the end credits of the film. It has been reinterpreted on the OverClocked ReMix Final Fantasy VII compilation Voices of the Lifestream. In 2013, "Aerith's Theme" achieved the third place in the Classic FM Hall of Fame.

Final Fantasy VII
Aerith Gainsborough is first introduced as a flower seller, when she briefly converses with Cloud Strife, a mercenary working for the anti-government group AVALANCHE, who are fleeing from the bombing of a Mako reactor. The two later meet in Aerith's church in the Sector 5 slums, where she is faced with the possibility of capture by the Turks. Aerith asks Cloud to be her bodyguard for the cost of a date. She is eventually apprehended, but is ultimately rescued by Cloud and his allies. Aerith then joins them in the pursuit of Sephiroth, while also embarking on her own journey of self-discovery.

After a failed attempt to foil Sephiroth's theft of the Black Materia, Aerith ventures alone into the Forgotten City. Cloud and his companions pursue her and eventually find her praying at an altar. As Aerith looks up to smile at Cloud, Sephiroth appears and kills her by impaling her through the torso. Cloud carries Aerith's body out into a lake in the Forgotten City and releases her back to the Planet. Reeve Tuesti, the head of Shinra Urban and Development, brings the news of her death to Elmyra Gainsborough, Aerith's adoptive mother. The party later learns why Aerith was in the Forgotten City; through her White Materia, Aerith was able to summon Holy, the only force capable of repelling the ultimate destructive magic, Meteor, which Sephiroth has summoned. Although Aerith successfully cast Holy before her death, it is being held back by the power of Sephiroth's will. When Sephiroth is finally defeated and Holy is released, it appears that it is too late to function effectively, as Meteor is approaching the Planet's surface. While Holy clashes with Meteor and attempts to prevent its impact, the gravity of both Meteor and the Planet pulling on Holy in opposite directions weakens it. Aerith is seen praying whilst urging the Lifestream to defend the planet. The Planet's Lifestream then flows forth, intervening between Holy and Meteor and aiding in the destruction of Meteor.

Compilation of Final Fantasy VII
In Before Crisis, which is set several years prior to the events of Final Fantasy VII, Aerith becomes the target of the original incarnation of AVALANCHE, led by Elfé, who seek to prevent Shinra from acquiring the last surviving Cetra. Instead, AVALANCHE intend to use her to learn the whereabouts of the Promised Land for their own purposes, although a member of the Turks tries to protect her.

Aerith makes several appearances in the CGI film Advent Children as Cloud's spiritual guide, urging him to move on with his life and forgive himself for the tragedies that were beyond his control, telling him that she never blamed him for her death. During their spiritual reunion, Aerith speaks to Cloud in an open meadow laden with flowers, poking fun at how he needlessly burdens himself with the past, but she acknowledges his suffering and offers kind words of support. One of Aerith's interactions with Cloud comes when each member of the original game's party helps in Cloud's final attack against Bahamut SIN; she appears as the last party member to assist Cloud. She appears again in the final scene of the film, along with Zack Fair, where she gives Cloud more words of encouragement before she and Zack walk into the light. Near the end of the film, it is discovered that water mixed with the Lifestream flows beneath the flowerbed in Aerith's church, which manifests itself as a cure for Geostigma.

The On the Way to a Smile novella "Case of the Lifestream – Black & White" focuses on Aerith and Sephiroth's respective journeys through the Lifestream after the end of the game but before the events of the film. The "Black" section deals with Sephiroth, and the "White" with Aerith.

Aerith appears in the prequel game Crisis Core, where she is 16 years old. She meets Zack, whom she develops feelings for during his stay in Midgar. Aerith and Zack develop a romantic relationship, but Zack is killed after escaping from being held in a Mako chamber for four years in the Shinra Mansion basement and defending Cloud from Shinra soldiers. During those years, Aerith helped her adopted mother earn a living by growing and selling flowers, a job that results in her meeting Cloud at the beginning of Final Fantasy VII.

Aerith is featured prominently in Final Fantasy VII Remake, which covers the Midgar portion of the original game. Unlike in the original localization, the remake gives her name as the more widely-accepted Aerith rather than Aeris.

Other appearances
Aerith's character has appeared in several games outside of the Final Fantasy VII continuity. In Final Fantasy Tactics, she appears as a flower girl; when a group of criminals harasses her, Cloud appears and the player engages in battle with the group, letting her escape. Itadaki Street Special features a playable version of Aerith, as well as other Final Fantasy VII characters Tifa Lockhart, Cloud Strife, and Sephiroth. She also appears in Itadaki Street Portable with the same characters from Special, with the addition of Yuffie Kisaragi. Aerith appears in the fighting game Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy as an assistant character. She is also featured in the rhythm game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy as a sub-character representing Final Fantasy VII. In LittleBigPlanet 2, Aerith is featured as a downloadable character model. Aerith also appears as a Mii costume and Spirit in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.

Aerith appears in the Kingdom Hearts series as a member of a group dedicated to defeating the Heartless, which includes fellow Final Fantasy VII characters Yuffie and Cid, and Leon of Final Fantasy VIII. In the plot of Kingdom Hearts, Aerith suggests a method for defeating the Heartless to protagonists Donald Duck, Goofy and Sora, and gives advice to the player throughout the game. She also appears in Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories as a perceptive figment of Sora's memories. Aerith returns in Kingdom Hearts II, wearing a modified version of her dress from Before Crisis. She, Leon, Cid and Yuffie run a restoration committee for the town of Hollow Bastion. Aerith and the restoration committee return in the Kingdom Hearts III Re Mind expansion, helping Riku search for the missing Sora.

Hoshi o Meguru Otome, a novella written by Benny Matsuyama which appears in the Final Fantasy VII Ultimania Ω guide, follows Aerith's journey through the Lifestream following her death in Final Fantasy VII. Aerith is mentioned on a graffiti in a subway station early in the animated film Wreck-It Ralph, which reads "Aerith Lives".

Reception
Aerith has received an overall positive reception from critics. GamesTM referred to her as a "gaming legend". RPGamer's Stuart Hoggan opined that although Aerith "represented the token damsel in distress", she "broke the mould in terms of personality", possessing "an admirable pluck that was not brassy nor off-putting". In a This American Life episode, titled "Save the Girl", reporter Lina Misitzis described the character as one-dimensional and lacking in personality. She and Kotaku writer Mike Fahey conclude that had the character been anything other than a pretty girl she would have needed much more development in order to elicit an emotional response from the player. Aerith's romantic relationship with Cloud was also praised though some sites noted there were arguments between fans about whether or not Tifa was more suitable to be Cloud's love interest. In a retrospective, Polygon analyzed several arguments fans have made about Cloud's preferred partner and how each side misrepresents the other's chosen heroine. Polygon concludes that there is no winning couple as, after killing Sephiroth, Cloud has a vision of Aerith when Tifa tries to help him and the duo agrees to meet her again. In contrast to this, Aerith's relationship with Zack Fair was noted to be a more impactful based on her role in Crisis Core. Cloud is also seen as a Messiah with Tifa and Aerith being one of his main supporters to help progress and defeat Sephiroth, though the end of the narrative has Cloud appreciating the victory thanks to his "pillars".

Aerith's death in Final Fantasy VII has received a great deal of attention. According to GamesTM, her death helped establish the popularity of Final Fantasy VII. Players commented on message boards and blogs about the emotional impact the scene held. Fans submitted a petition to Yoshinori Kitase requesting her return. Tom's Games called the scene "one of the most powerful and memorable scenes of the Final Fantasy series—or any other game, for that matter". Edge called her death the "dramatic highpoint" of Final Fantasy VII, and suggested that reintroducing her through the Compilation of Final Fantasy VII titles "arguably undermines this great moment". Said death has also been cited as the defining moment of a star-crossed love story, between her and main character Cloud Strife. Brian Taylor, writing for Kill Screen, described a cottage industry of fan theories for how to return Aerith to life or prevent her death. He compared these efforts to the letter-writing campaign to convince Charles Dickens not to let Nell, the endearing protagonist of The Old Curiosity Shop, die at the end of the book. Taylor affirmed that the acts of discussing these fan theories and dissecting the game code to test them comprise a valid and important part of the experience of the game. In A Feeling of Wrongness: Pessimistic Rhetoric on the Fringes of Popular Culture, Aerith is seen a highly developed character due to Cloud visiting her mother and how often the protagonist and the heroine often talk. As Aerith plays a more active role in combat, her death is also noted to affect the gamer as a result of how useful she is. Benjamin Banasik from Heidelberg University noted the impact of Aerith's death is mostly seen in Cloud's characterization in Advent Children as he seeks redemption for her, leading him to his transformation into a heroic leader in the process. In The World of Final Fantasy VII: Essays on the Game and Its Legacy, Aerith's death is described as a disastrous traumatic reminder of the eventual war. Game journalist Mike Fahey expressed concern in regards to this event being repeated in the Remake chronology as he saw the original Aerith as the least developed heroine in the game.

The character's traits in the remake were praised by Siliconera due to how caring she is and how developed she becomes across the narrative. Despite criticizing for not doing wrong things that balance her, Siliconera still enjoyed the scene where she volunteers for Don Corneo. Nevertheless, the site enjoyed how enigmatic she is for the way she interacts with the members from the cast. The Escapist noted that while the player primarily controls Cloud, Aerith remains as the actual hero of the game. Despite being seen as a damsel in distress at first, Aerith proves herself to be capable of showing notable strength which made a massive impact in the gamer when Sephiroth kills her. As a result, when the Remake was released, gamers wondered if in this game it was possible to save her. In the International Association for the Fantastic in the Arts, Aerith's role in Remake and comments in the ending are noted to build up the apparent message of the installment in regards to how the same narrative should not be repeated with Aerith's quote "boundless, terrifying freedom" which is made in response to Sephiroth's values. Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences also wrote about Aerith's characterization in Remake and its comparisons with the original one; Aerith's specter that interacts with a confused Cloud about their potential relationship was noted to stand out in the game as the former tells the latter not to fall in love with him as if Square Enix is reacting to the player's constricted conditions, potential desires, and narrative expectations when compared with the original Final Fantasy VII where the player could have dates with most of the early characters.

In "More Than Just a Flower Girl: A Personal Thank You to Aerith Gainsborough", Alana Hagues from RPGFan expresses multiple feelings involving her Aerith's characterization; Despite being initially bothered by the idea of Aerith by a "girl" or weak, Hagues' noticed that she saw the character in a different light upon deciding to fully complete Final Fantasy VII. Rather than being a damsel in distress, Aerith appeared to challenge gender stereotypes as while faces too many problems in life like dealing with the death of Zack or being the final Cetra, she manages to deal with them and remains strong enough to appreciate life. This is highly notable when Aerith interacts with Cloud or Barret and expresses comfort to them or she lives inside the dangerous areas from Midgar. Aerith also serves as a major contrast to the first three playable characters: Cloud, Barret and Tifa and manages to fit. Aerith's death at the hands of Sephiroth hit the writer further when Cloud says ""Aerith will no longer talk, no longer laugh, cry…or get angry…". From this point, Hagues started having several thoughts about Aerith, how she would no longer assist Cloud and contrast the other love interest Tifa. She realized Aerith was further stronger in Final Fantasy VII over Kingdom Hearts and Crisis Core which delighted her when seeing her again in Remake as it "understands her spirit in the original, but it also does one better, giving her more agency and power throughout".

When it comes to Rebirth, Digital Trend wrote "In defense of Final Fantasy 7 Rebirth’s polarizing ending" where Cloud's failures to save Aerith in the story comes across dealing with trauma; The returning player find a possible way to stop Aerith's death like Cloud attempts and instead ends in tragedy again. As Remake ends with Zack surviving his death while going to Midgar, Aerith appears to also be able to challenge her fate. In penultimate chapter, Aerith's fate begins to feel more inevitable; Rebirth starts feeling like a role-playing game based on An American in Paris due to the surrealism employed in the alternate timeline where Cloud tries to make Aerith survive but it is impossible in his world. Eventually, Aerith tells Cloud that she is going to die just like Zack dies in the original timeline and it is her choice. This scene helps Cloud not feel the event to feel like a personal failure and that he can improve himself.

title: Aerith Gainsborough


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Ilsington

Ilsington is a village and civil parish situated on the eastern edge of Dartmoor, Devon, England. It is one of the largest parishes in the county, and includes the villages of Ilsington, Haytor Vale, Liverton and South Knighton. The parish is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of Bovey Tracey, Teigngrace (a short border only), Newton Abbot, Ogwell (another short border), Bickington, Ashburton, Widecombe-in-the-Moor and Manaton. In 2001 the population of the parish was 2,444, greatly increased from the 886 residents recorded in 1901. The parish is represented in parliament by Mel Stride, as part of the Central Devon constituency.

History
The village is believed to be an ancient settlement – probably existing 200 to 300 years before the Norman Conquest. It is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Ilestintona, and there is known to have been a church there since at least the 11th century. St. Michael's parish church, as seen today, dates back to the 15th century. It was the site of an incident which has passed into local folklore: in 1639 the schoolroom, which was above the west lychgate of the church, collapsed into the street and churchyard. Apart from its agricultural history, Ilsington's industrial archaeology reflects the mining of the 18th and 19th centuries. The Atlas tin mine and the Smallacombe iron mine were major local enterprises – with the cottages at Lewthorne Cross being built for William Grose, the mine captain and mine workers. Nearby, at Haytor, granite was quarried and carried down to the Stover Canal at Ventiford, Teigngrace, on the Haytor Granite Tramway, the route of which is now commemorated in the Templer Way footpath. Haytor granite was used in the building of many civic structures including London Bridge, over the Thames in London.

Through the centuries, Ilsington village appears to have been largely self-supporting. Census returns and church records show a variety of rural occupations among the local community including farmers, blacksmiths, carpenters, thatchers and stone workers. It had an ancient manor house which fell into ruin after occupation ceased in about 1825. The village's most famous resident was the playwright John Ford, who was born at Bagtor House.

Today
Today, the village has a pub (The Carpenters Arms) a hotel (The Ilsington Hotel) and a village shop (Ilsington Village Shop), a non-profit shop where the villagers work voluntary shifts throughout the week. Nearby Haytor Vale has the Rock Inn, and Liverton has The Star and The Welcome Stranger. There are two schools in the parish: Blackpool School and Ilsington Primary School. Comedian Josh Widdicombe attended the latter after his family relocated from London.

The Book of Ilsington: A Photographic History of the Parish was written by Dick Wills who lived in the parish all his life, and was the 14th generation of the Wills family to live and farm at Narracombe. He died shortly after the publication of his book in 2000.

Liverton United F.C. play in Division 3 South Devon Football League, and Ilsington Villa A.F.C. play in the Premier Division South Devon Football League.

Governance
Ilsington is governed locally by the Ilsington Parish Council. It also has representation on the Teignbridge District Council.

title: Ilsington


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User:MilchFlasche

 * From Taiwan
 * Majoring in history
 * Fond of languages
 * Enthusiastic about football!
 * My blog: "Smile, Languages, History" (Mandarin)

zh:User:MilchFlasche fr:User:MilchFlasche

title: User:MilchFlasche


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Anna Murdoch Mann

Anna Maria dePeyster (née Torv; formerly Murdoch and Mann; born 30 June 1944) is a British and Australian journalist and novelist.

Early life
Anna Maria Torv was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1944 to Jakob Tõrv (anglicised Jacob Torv), an Estonian merchant seaman, and Sylvia Iris Bodfish, a Scottish drycleaner's shop assistant. Her parents had a drycleaning business in Glasgow, until they emigrated to Australia. When they opened a picnic park outside Sydney and it went bankrupt, her mother left the family household. She has two brothers, Jaan and Hans Arvid, and one sister Karin Elisabeth. Raised Catholic, she attended Our Lady of Mercy College, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia.

Career
Torv started her journalistic career at the age of 18, working on Sydney's Daily Mirror, and also worked as a journalist for the Sydney Daily Telegraph. She later served on the board of directors of News Corporation.

She has written three books. Her first novel, In Her Own Image, is about two sisters who fall in love with the same man on a sheep station close to the Murrumbidgee River.

Personal life
Torv was married to Rupert Murdoch from 1967 to 1999. They had three children:
 * Elisabeth Murdoch (born 1968)
 * Lachlan Murdoch (born 1971)
 * James Murdoch (born 1972)

When they divorced on 8 June 1999, she reportedly received $1.7 billion (including $110 million in cash) from the settlement. She remarried six months later, to William Mann, a financier. They remained married until his death in August 2017. They resided in the Hamptons, in a house formerly owned by the philanthropist Yasmin Aga Khan. After Mann’s death, she married again in April 2019 to Ashton dePeyster.

According to The Independent, the kidnappers and killers of Muriel McKay, wife of Murdoch's deputy Alick McKay, had originally intended to kidnap Anna Murdoch instead, and confusion arose when the McKays had made use of one of Murdoch's vehicles.

In 1998, she was made a Dame of the Order of St. Gregory the Great.

title: Anna Murdoch Mann


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User:Chriscih

Hi, my name is Chris Hughes. I am mostly involved in development for the Nintendo NES, and portablisation of such consoles. My Contributions have been: Super_Joy_3/3.5 My Contact Details are: Site: [] Email: mailto:hughescih@hotmail.com IRC: EFnet as QB- or QB_ Nationality: I'm Canadian (and i'm proud of it!)

title: User:Chriscih


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Talk:G Senjō Heaven's Door

Archive
For an August 2004 deletion debate over this page see: Votes for deletion/G Senjou Heaven's Door

Changes
Hello, Endless 0_o, I liked your page. After it got listed on Votes for Deletion, I edited it a bit to make it more like a standard Wikipedia article, hoping that that would make the vote a "keep". These are my reasons for the changes I've made:

I removed your signature, because Wikipedia articles are never signed. This is because they're collaborative.

I started the first sentence with the article title in bold - another Wikipedia principle.

I rewrote your text from a Neutral Point of View, the most important Wikipedia principle. NPOV means that the article is not supposed be a review about what you like about this manga, it has to be factual and neutral. (I tried to get around that somewhat by saying that "fans think" instead of "I think".) Unfortunately, NPOV also meant deleting what you said about liking the clean and thin art, and about wanting to see Tetsuo's eyes. I thought they were interesting remarks, and didn't want to remove them - I would rather have NPOV'd them by explaining them, but I didn't know how. I think it would improve the article if you put those things back, with explanations. Your original text isn't lost, you can find it under the "history" tab.

But I'm sorry to tell you that the vote will probably be a "delete", anyway, simply because I don't think G Senjou Heaven's Door is famous enough as an example of manga. If you want to argue this point, go to your article's entry on VfD (link for this on article page) and write a comment. If you want to vote, you need to first register as a Wikipedia user - anonymous votes don't count - but anybody can comment. Best wishes, Bishonen 16:22, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Later
The vote is looking like a "keep"! I have added info about the scanlation. Before, I thought it would be against Wikipedia policy to even mention it (scanlations are technically copyright violations), but after reading the Scanlation entry I changed my mind. Also put in an attempted version of Endless 0_o's point about the clean and thin art, but it would be better if s/he returned and did it. Bishonen 10:23, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:G Senjō Heaven's Door


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South Norwood Country Park

South Norwood Country Park is a park in South Norwood, close to Elmers End and Birkbeck train stations. The historic Kent-Surrey border runs through the site, and since 1965 it has been located wholly in the London Borough of Croydon. It is a 47 hectare (116 acre) green space which opened in 1989. The park is a mix of countryside and parkland, and land formerly used for sewage farms serving the growing London population.

Croydon Sports Arena, the home of Croydon F.C., is on the south-eastern edge of the park. There is also a car park and visitor centre, and a duck pond similar to the one at South Norwood Lake.

History
The site that is now known as South Norwood Country Park has undergone many changes in its long and chequered history, from the days of the Great North Wood to ancient moated house, sewage farm, farming, the war years, civil defence, allotments, wasteland, highways, refuse dump and now the Country Park.

La Motes medieval moated site
The Park was the location of a medieval moated manor, the site of which is a Scheduled Ancient Monument. An archaeological excavation was carried out in 1972 by Lillian Thornhill on behalf of the Croydon Natural History & Scientific Society in an attempt to ascertain the age of the double-sided moat shown on the Thomas Morley estate map of 1736 with the name La Motes. On an earlier estate map of Peter Burrell, the land is indicated as adjoining Sturts Land and is given the name Lame Oates which is obviously a phonetic corruption of La Motes.

Deeds of 1467 relate to a mortgage transaction at Leweland between Richard at Cherte and Stephan and John Fabian of London. At an earlier date, there is documentary evidence of a 13th- or 14th-century manor house of some importance on the site. The principal owner was Robert de Retford, one of the King's itinerant judges, active between 1295 and 1318. The low-lying position of the land, with streams flowing through it, raises the possibility of natural phenomena, such as the floods of 1315 to 1317, having played a part in the house's disappearance.

Most of the moated earthworks were filled in during the period when the site was used as a sewage farm. The site is formed of two concentric moats, in the middle of which is a square platform where the manor house once stood. The site is now heavily overgrown, though it can be made out on old aerial photographs.

Sewage farm
From about 1862 the land was acquired by Croydon Corporation for use as a sewage farm. This was largely unsuccessful because of the heavy London Clay subsoil that makes up the majority of the site. A series of concrete channels (some of which are still visible today) were constructed to direct the sewage over the numerous lagoons but these were a failure as the lagoons would remain flooded for months without draining away.

In the 1920s a new method for the treatment of sewage had to be found so the farm was largely abandoned and a new sewage treatment works was built on the area now used for the pitch and putt course. This was shut down in 1962 and the area was left mostly undisturbed until the creation of the Country Park in 1988–99. It is still often referred to as 'the Sewage Farm' by the older local residents, however, despite not having been used as such for several decades. The manager of the farm was Albert David Prior.

War years
The years leading up to World War II brought about even more dramatic changes, with the armed forces using the area for training. During the war, the site became an A.R.P. (Air Raid Precaution) centre and the civil defence unit was also based here until the 1950s; there was even a ruined house that was specially constructed for the rescue services to practise in.

During the blitz, when hundreds of buildings were destroyed in Croydon (a heavily targeted town) and surrounding areas, much of the spoils were dumped on the land. This rubble eventually mounted up to form what is now the large hill behind the sports arena today. It is the principal viewpoint in the park and from the top of it you can see the London Docklands, Shirley Hills, Crystal Palace, Croydon, and as far east as Bromley.

It is the southern terminus of a cycling route from Greenwich, called the Waterlink Way.

Playground
The playground at South Norwood Country Park has been rebuilt since it was shut down in 2006 due to health and safety issues. During 2008 Croydon Council constructed a lottery-funded playground in a large space which was formerly part of the pitch and putt course. The equipment is intended for children aged 4 to 14.

Wildlife
With a wide range of different habitats, the country park is a haven for wildlife and an important site for nature conservation. It is a Local Nature Reserve.

Many wetlands and ponds in Britain have become polluted or have disappeared, leaving the plants and animals that like wet conditions with fewer places to live. The Dragonfly Pond was built to encourage dragonflies and damselflies, and many other plants and animals such as frogs, toads and newts can be found there too. In the summer months the blue and green Emperor Dragonfly, the largest dragonfly in Britain, can be found there.

South Norwood Country Park has an excellent bird record with over 100 different species being sighted each year. The large wetlands in particular attract a wide variety of birds.

title: South Norwood Country Park


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Palace Amusements

Palace Amusements was a historical indoor amusement park in Asbury Park, New Jersey. It was built in 1888 and expanded several times over its history; but after a worsening economic situation in both Asbury and the country in the mid-1980s, it went out of business in 1988.

Several efforts were made to save the structure, including its hand-carved carousel, murals and decorations, but in 2004, after an independent structural inspection, the building was deemed unsafe (it had already been damaged in several areas) and was ordered demolished. A local grassroots organization was able to save several pieces from the building, including the famed Tillie mural.

Bruce Springsteen
The Palace is mentioned in 1974 Bruce Springsteen hit "Born to Run" in the lines "Beyond the Palace, hemi-powered drones / Scream down the boulevard".

title: Palace Amusements


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Samson Abramsky

Samson Abramsky (born 12 March 1953) is Professor of Computer Science at University College London. He was previously the Christopher Strachey Professor of Computing at Wolfson College, Oxford, from 2000 to 2021.

Abramsky's early work included profound contributions to domain theory and the connections thereof with geometric logic. Since then, his work has covered the lazy lambda calculus, strictness analysis, concurrency theory, interaction categories and geometry of interaction, game semantics and quantum computing. Notably, he co-pioneered categorical quantum mechanics. More recently, he has been applying methods from categorical semantics to finite model theory, with applications to descriptive complexity.

Education
Abramsky was educated at Hasmonean Grammar School for Boys, Hendon and at King's College, Cambridge (BA 1975, MA Philosophy 1979, Diploma in Computer Science) and Queen Mary, University of London (PhD Computer Science 1988, supervised by Richard Bornat).

Career and research
Since 2021, Abramsky has been Professor of Computer Science at University College London. He has been a Fellow of the Royal Society since 2004. His research includes the development of game semantics, domain theory in logical form, and categorical quantum mechanics.

His earlier positions include:

 * Programmer, GEC Computers Limited, 1976–1978
 * Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and Statistics, QMUL, 1980–1983
 * Lecturer, 1983–1988, reader, 1988–1990, professor, 1990–1995, Department of Computing, Imperial College London
 * Professor of Theoretical Computer Science, University of Edinburgh, 1996–2000
 * Christopher Strachey Professor of Computing, University of Oxford, 2000–2021

Abramsky has played a leading role in the development of game semantics, and its applications to the semantics of programming languages. Other notable contributions include his work on domain theory in logical form, the lazy lambda calculus, strictness analysis, concurrency theory, interaction categories, and geometry of interaction. He has recently been working on high-level methods for quantum computation and information.

Selected publications
Samson Abramsky co-edited 6 Volumes Handbook of Logic in Computer Science with Dov Gabbay and Tom Maibaum:
 * 1992. Volume 1: Background: Mathematical Structures.
 * 1992. Volume 2: Background: Computational Structures.
 * 1995. Volume 3: Semantic Structures.
 * 1995. Volume 4: Semantic Modelling.
 * 2001. Volume 5: Logic and Algebraic Methods.
 * Volume 6: Logical methods in computer science.

Abramsky has published over two hundred publications and his h-index was 57 as of October 2019.
 * 1986. Strictness analysis for higher-order functions. (with GL Burn, C Hankin). Science of Computer Programming.
 * 1990. The Lazy Lambda Calculus. Research Topics in Functional Programming.
 * 1993. Computational Interpretations of Linear logic. in Theoretical Computer Science 111
 * 1994. Domain Theory. (with A Jung). in Handbook of Logic in Computer Science 3.
 * 1996. Interaction categories and the foundations of typed concurrent programming. (with S Gay and R Nagarajan). NATO ASI SERIES F COMPUTER AND SYSTEMS SCIENCES 152
 * 1997. Specifying interaction categories. (with D Pavlović). Category Theory and Computer Science
 * 2002. Geometry of interaction and linear combinatory algebras. (with E Haghverdi and P Scott). Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 12 (5)
 * 2003. Sequentiality vs. concurrency in games and logic. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 13 (4)

Some of the later works of Abramsky include:
 * 2010. Introduction to categories and categorical logic. (with N. Tzevelekos). In New Structures for Physics. Springer.
 * 2012. Logical Bell Inequalities. (with Lucien Hardy). In Physical Review A. Vol. 85. No. ARTN 062114.
 * 2013. Robust Constraint Satisfaction and Local Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics. (with G. Gottlob and P. Kolaitis). IJCAI.

Awards and honours
Abramsky is a Fellow of the Royal Society (2004), a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2000), and a Member of Academia Europaea (1993). He is a member of the editorial boards of the North Holland Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, and of the Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science. He was general chair of LiCS 2000–2003, and is a member of the LiCS Organizing Committee.

 * He was elected Fellow of ACM (2014) For contributions to domains in logical form, game semantics, categorical quantum mechanics, and contextual semantics.
 * He was awarded the BCS Lovelace Medal in 2013
 * His paper "Domain theory in Logical Form" won the LiCS Test-of-Time award (a 20-year retrospective) for 1987. The award was presented at LiCS 2007.
 * He was awarded an EPSRC Senior Research Fellowship on Foundational Structures and Methods for Quantum Informatics in 2007.
 * Fellow of the Royal Society (2004)
 * Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2000)

Abramsky's nomination for the Royal Society reads:

"Samson Abramsky is distinguished for seminal contributions to the mathematical foundations of computation. His outstanding achievement is his development of Game Semantics as a theory of computational processes which exposes the mathematical structure of the information flow between them. This has led to powerful applications in the study of programming languages, offering decisive new insights into the nature of sequentiality, state, control, and many other computational features. It is now leading in turn to new developments in computer-assisted program analysis and verification. An important strand, which also stands as a contribution to logic, is a generalisation of Girard's Geometry of Interaction, leading to a new genre of full completeness theorems, which characterise the 'space of proofs' of a logic. Previously, Abramsky made important contributions to abstract interpretation, domain theory, lambda calculus and concurrency. He continues to shed light over a broad range of topics by sharp and creative insights, breaking new ground, and bringing order and unity to existing work."

title: Samson Abramsky


text:
Tony Maimone

Tony Maimone (born September 27, 1952) is a bass guitarist, producer, and recording engineer, who lives in Brooklyn, New York.

He was a member of Pere Ubu from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, often playing with the drummer Scott Krauss. They were dubbed by a critic "one of the great unheralded rhythm sections in all of rock". He is known as one of the former members of They Might Be Giants from 1992 until 1996.

Maimone has also worked with Bob Mould, Frank Black, The Mekons and Jon Langford.

Maimone currently resides in Brooklyn, New York, where he owns and operates Studio G Brooklyn, a recording studio with Joel Hamilton. He has produced and/or engineered/played on albums for artists including No Grave Like The Sea, The Book of Knots, Ani DiFranco, The Dixons and The Shondes, Felili, Destronauts, Laura Brennemen, Will James, Bob Kidney, Lord Ward, Peg Simone, Gachupin, Jon Langford, Cock Lorge, Sam Johnson, Steve Northeast, Shark?, Golem, Revel Switch, Mike Watt, Megan Reilly, Zigitros, Fai Baba and CC Carana.

Currently, he is playing with Megan Reilly, Home and Garden, Book Of Knots, CC Carana, Sasha Dobson, and No Grave Like The Sea.

Selected LP discography

 * Pere Ubu, The Modern Dance (1978)
 * Pere Ubu, Dub Housing (1978)
 * Pere Ubu, New Picnic Time (1979)
 * Pere Ubu, The Art of Walking (1980)
 * Pere Ubu, 390 Degrees of Simulated Stereo. Ubu Live: Volume One (1981)
 * Pere Ubu, Song of the Bailing Man (1982)
 * Home and Garden, History and Geography (1984)
 * David Thomas and the Pedestrians, More Places Forever (1985)
 * David Thomas and the Wooden Birds, Blame the Messenger (1987)
 * Pere Ubu, The Tenement Year (1988)
 * Bob Mould, Workbook (1989)
 * Pere Ubu, One Man Drives While the Other Man Screams (1989)
 * Pere Ubu, Cloudland (1989)
 * Bob Mould, Black Sheets of Rain (1990)
 * Pere Ubu, Worlds in Collision (1990)
 * Pere Ubu, Story of My Life (1993)
 * The Killer Shrews, ST (1993)
 * Drumhead, ST (1998)
 * The Book Of Knots, ST (2004)
 * Battle of Mice, A Day of Nights (2006)
 * The Book of Knots, Traineater (2007)
 * The Book Of Knots, Garden of Fainting Stars (2011)
 * MRT, ST (2019)

title: Tony Maimone


text: User talk:24.129.45.123

title: User talk:24.129.45.123


text:
Spielmann

Spielmann or Spielman is a German occupational surname, which means "jester", from the Middle High German spilære. The name may refer to:

 * Amanda Spielman (born 1961), British Chief Inspector of Schools
 * Andrew Spielman (1930–2006), American medical researcher
 * Chris Spielman (born 1965), American football player
 * Christian Spielmann (born 1963), German physicist
 * Dan Spielman (born 1979), Australian actor
 * Daniel Spielman (born 1970), American computer scientist
 * David Spielman (born 1950), American photographer
 * Dean Spielmann (born 1962), Luxembourg judge
 * Francisc Spielmann (1916–1974), Romanian footballer
 * Fritz Spielmann, aka Fred Spielman (1906-1987), Austrian composer and cabaret artist
 * Götz Spielmann (born 1961), Austrian film director
 * Isidore Spielmann (1854–1925), British engineer & art-connoisseur
 * Lori Nelson Spielman (born 1961), American author
 * Marion Harry Spielmann (1858–1948), British art critic
 * Peter James Spielmann (born 1952), American journalist
 * Rick Spielman (born 1962), American football manager
 * Rudolf Spielmann (1883–1942), Austrian chess player

title: Spielmann


text:
Essential thrombocythemia

In hematology, essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a rare chronic blood cancer (myeloproliferative neoplasm) characterised by the overproduction of platelets (thrombocytes) by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. It may, albeit rarely, develop into acute myeloid leukemia or myelofibrosis. It is one of the blood cancers wherein the bone marrow produces too many white or red blood cells, or platelets.

Signs and symptoms
Most people with essential thrombocythemia are without symptoms at the time of diagnosis, which is usually made after noting an elevated platelet level on a routine complete blood count (CBC). The most common symptoms are bleeding (due to dysfunctional platelets), blood clots (e.g., deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism), fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, visual disturbances, dizziness, fainting, and numbness in the extremities; the most common signs are increased white blood cell count, reduced red blood cell count, and an enlarged spleen.

Cause
In ET, megakaryocytes are more sensitive to growth factors. Platelets derived from the abnormal megakaryocytes are activated, which, along with the elevated platelet count, contributes to the likelihood of forming blood clots. The increased possibility of bleeding when the platelet count is over 1 million is due to von Willebrand factor (vWF) sequestration by the increased mass of platelets, leaving insufficient vWF for platelet adhesion. A mutation in the JAK2 kinase (V617F) is present in 40–50% of cases and is diagnostic if present. JAK2 is a member of the Janus kinase family.

In 2013, two groups detected calreticulin mutations in a majority of JAK2-negative/MPL-negative patients with essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, which makes CALR mutations the second most common in myeloproliferative neoplasms. All mutations (insertions or deletions) affected the last exon, generating a reading frame shift of the resulting protein, that creates a novel terminal peptide and causes a loss of endoplasmic reticulum KDEL retention signal.

There are three known genetic mutations that cause ET. The most common genetic mutation is a JAK2 mutation. Roughly 50% of the population of ET patients have this mutation. The JAK 2 gene signals a protein that promotes the growth of cells. The protein is part of a signaling pathway called the JAK/STAT pathway. The JAK2 protein controls the production of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells which are located in the bone marrow and can eventually become platelets, red blood cells or white blood cells. Specifically in ET, a JAK2 mutation is acquired rather than inherited. The most common JAK2 mutation is V617F which is the replacement of a valine amino acid with phenylalanine amino acid at the 617 position, hence the name V617F. This mutation results in the JAK2 protein constantly being turned on, which leads to the overproduction of abnormal blood cells, in ET it is platelets or megakaryocytes. There is also another JAK2 mutation found in exon 12, however much less common.

There is also a small number of people who have a different mutation called CALR, which is abbreviated from calreticulin. CALR is a protein found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Its purpose is to maintain calcium homeostasis and control protein folding. There are three parts to CALR including an amino acid domain, a proline rich P-domain, and a carboxyl domain. All of these parts facilitate the function of CALR. CALR mutation is caused by insertions or deletions of amino acids in exon 9 that cause a reading shift, which then leads to the formation of a novel C terminus. There are two common types of CALR mutations, type 1 and type 2. Type 1 mutations are a 52-bp deletion and type 2 mutations are a 5-bp insertion. In type 1 mutations, the negativle charged amino acids in the CALR C terminus are completely eliminated, and in the type 2 mutations, roughly half are eliminated. There are other mutations involving CALR, however these two are the most common.

Lastly, the least common mutation found in patients with ET are MPL mutations. The MPL gene is responsible for making thrombopoeitin receptor proteins which promote the growth and division of cells. This receptor protein is vital in producing platelets. There are various MPL mutations, but most typical are point mutations that cause amino acid changes. The MPL mutation activates the thrombopoeitin receptor despite the absence of the ligand. This causes the constant proliferation of cells.

Diagnosis
The following revised diagnostic criteria for essential thrombocythemia were proposed in 2005. The diagnosis requires the presence of both A criteria together with B3 to B6, or of criterion A1 together with B1 to B6. The criteria are as follows:
 * A1. Platelet count > 400 × 103/μL for at least 2 months.
 * A2. Acquired V617F JAK2 mutation present
 * B1. No cause for a reactive thrombocytosis
 * normal inflammatory indices
 * B2. No evidence of iron deficiency
 * stainable iron in the bone marrow or normal red cell mean corpuscular volume
 * B3. No evidence of polycythemia vera
 * hematocrit < midpoint of normal range or normal red cell mass in presence of normal iron stores
 * B4. No evidence of chronic myeloid leukemia
 * But the Philadelphia chromosome may be present in up to 10% of cases. Patients with the Philadelphia chromosome have a potential for the development of acute leukemia, especially acute lymphocytic leukemia.
 * B5. No evidence of myelofibrosis
 * no collagen fibrosis and ≤ grade 2 reticulin fibrosis (using 0–4 scale)
 * B6. No evidence of a myelodysplastic syndrome
 * no significant dysplasia
 * no cytogenetic abnormalities suggestive of myelodysplasia

Indications
Not all those affected will require treatment at presentation. Patients are usually designated as having a low or high risk of bleeding or developing blood clots based on their age, medical history, blood counts and their lifestyles. Low risk individuals are usually treated with aspirin, whereas those at high risk are treated with hydroxycarbamide, interferon-α or anagrelide).   Currently unapproved but in late-stage clinical trials (NCT04254978) are agents that lower platelets such as bomedemstat.

Agents
Hydroxycarbamide, interferon-α and anagrelide can lower the platelet count. Low-dose aspirin is used to reduce the risk of blood clot formation unless the platelet count is very high, where there is a risk of bleeding from the disease, and hence this measure would be counter-productive as aspirin-use increases the risk of bleeding.

The PT1 study compared hydroxyurea plus aspirin to anagrelide plus aspirin as initial therapy for ET. Hydroxyurea treated patients had a lower incidence of arterial thrombosis, lower incidence of severe bleeding and lower incidence of transformation to myelofibrosis, but the risk of venous thrombosis was higher with hydroxycarbamide than with anagrelide. It is unknown whether the results are applicable to all ET patients. In people with symptomatic ET and extremely high platelet counts (exceeding 1 million), plateletpheresis can be used to remove platelets from the blood to reduce the risk of thrombosis.

Prognosis
Essential thrombocythemia is sometimes described as a slowly progressive disorder with long asymptomatic periods punctuated by thrombotic or hemorrhagic events. However, well-documented medical regimens can reduce and control the number of platelets, which reduces the risk of these thrombotic or hemorrhagic events. The lifespan of a well-controlled ET person is well within the expected range for a person of similar age but without ET. ET is the myeloproliferative neoplasm least likely to progress to acute myeloid leukemia.

Epidemiology
The incidence of ET is 0.6-2.5/100,000 per year, the median age at onset is 65–70 years and it is more frequent in females than in males. The incidence in children is 0.09/100,000 per year.

Pregnancy
Hydroxycarbamide and anagrelide are contraindicated during pregnancy and nursing. Essential thrombocythemia can be linked with a three-fold increase in risk of miscarriage. Throughout pregnancy, close monitoring of the mother and fetus is recommended. Low-dose low molecular weight heparin (e.g. enoxaparin) may be used. For life-threatening complications, the platelet count can be reduced rapidly using plateletpheresis, a procedure that removes platelets from the blood and returns the remainder to the patient.

In popular culture
Jill Kaplan, the female protagonist of The Pajama Diaries comic strip was diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia.

title: Essential thrombocythemia


text:
Society of Graphical and Allied Trades

The Society of Graphical and Allied Trades (SOGAT) was a British trade union in the printing industry.

History
SOGAT was formed in 1966 by the National Union of Printing, Bookbinding and Paper Workers and the National Society of Operative Printers and Assistants (NATSOPA). The National Union of Printing, Bookbinding and Paper Workers became the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades Division A and NATSOPA became the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades Division 1. The aim was to achieve a complete merger over time, but differences led to in-fighting and in 1970 the two divisions split, Division A retaining the name Society of Graphical and Allied Trades and Division 1 becoming the National Society of Operative Printers, Graphical and Media Personnel (but retaining the NATSOPA acronym).

In 1975, SOGAT officially became the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades 1975 (SOGAT '75) after amalgamation with the Scottish Graphical Association. In 1982, SOGAT '75 and NATSOPA finally amalgamated to become the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades 1982 (SOGAT '82). In 1991, SOGAT '82 merged with the National Graphical Association to form the Graphical, Paper and Media Union, which subsequently merged with Amicus to become that union's Graphical, Paper and Media industrial sector.

Election results
The union did not initially sponsor Parliamentary candidates, but shortly after the 1979 general election, it changed its policy. It sponsored Bob Litherland's successful candidacy in the 1979 Manchester Central by-election, and also began sponsoring Ron Leighton, who was already a sitting Member of Parliament.

General Secretaries

 * 1966: Tom Smith
 * 1970: Vincent Flynn
 * 1975: Bill Keys
 * 1982: Bill Keys and Owen O'Brien
 * 1985: Brenda Dean

Presidents

 * 1966: John McKenzie
 * 1967: Vincent Flynn
 * 1970: Bill Keys
 * 1975: Albert Powell
 * 1983: Brenda Dean
 * 1985: Danny Sergeant

title: Society of Graphical and Allied Trades


text: Talk:Culture of Tajikistan

title: Talk:Culture of Tajikistan


text:
Jalal Al-e-Ahmad

Seyyed Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad (December 2, 1923 – September 9, 1969) was a prominent Iranian novelist, short-story writer, translator, philosopher, socio-political critic, sociologist, as well as an anthropologist who was "one of the earliest and most prominent of contemporary Iranian ethnographers". He popularized the term gharbzadegi – variously translated in English as "westernstruck", "westoxification", and "Occidentosis" – producing a holistic ideological critique of the West "which combined strong themes of Frantz Fanon and Marx".

Personal life
Jalal was born in Tehran, into a religious family – his father was a cleric – "originally from the village of Aurazan in the Taliqan district bordering Mazandaran in northern Iran, and in due time Jalal was to travel there, exerting himself actively for the welfare of the villagers and devoting to them the first of his anthropological monographs". He was a cousin of Mahmoud Taleghani. After elementary school Al-e-Ahmad was sent to earn a living in the Tehran bazaar, but also attended Marvi Madreseh for a religious education, and without his father's permission, night classes at the Dar ul-Fonun. He went to Seminary of Najaf in 1944 but returned home very quickly. He became "acquainted with the speech and words of Ahmad Kasravi" and was unable to commit to the clerical career his father and brother had hoped he would take, describing it as "a snare in the shape of a cloak and an aba." He describes his family as a religious family in the autobiographical sketch that published after his death in 1967.

In 1946 he earned an M.A. in Persian literature from Tehran Teachers College and became a teacher, at the same time making a sharp break with his religious family that left him "completely on his own resources." He pursued academic studies further and enrolled in a doctoral program of Persian literature at Tehran University but quit before he had defended his dissertation in 1951. In 1950, he married Simin Daneshvar, a well-known Persian novelist. Jalal and Simin were infertile, a topic that was reflected in some of Jalal's works.

He died in Asalem, a rural region in the north of Iran, inside a cottage which was built almost entirely by himself. He was buried in Firouzabadi mosque in Ray, Iran. Commons and his wife, Simin, believe he was poisoned by SAVAK.

In 2010, the Tehran Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts Department bought the house in which both Jalal Al-e Ahmad and his brother Shams were born and lived.

Gharbzadegi: "Westoxification"
Al-e-Ahmad is perhaps most famous for using the term Gharbzadegi, originally coined by Ahmad Fardid and variously translated in English as weststruckness, westoxification and occidentosis - in a book by the same name Occidentosis: A Plague from the West, self-published by Al-e Ahmad in Iran in 1962. In the book Al-e-Ahmad developed a "stinging critique of Western technology and by implication of Western `civilization` itself". He argued that the decline of traditional Iranian industries such as carpet weaving was the beginning of Western "economic and existential victories over the East." His criticism of Western technology and mechanization was influenced, through Ahmad Fardid, by Heidegger, and he also considered Jean-Paul Sartre as another seminal philosophical influence. There was also Ernst Jünger, to whom Jalal ascribes a major part in the genealogy of his famous book, and he goes on to say "Junger and I were both exploring more or less the same subject, but from two viewpoints. We were addressing the same question, but in two languages." Throughout the twelve chapters of the essay, Al-e Ahmad defines gharbzadegi as a contagious disease, lists its initial symptoms and details its etiology, diagnoses local patients, offers a prognosis for patients in other localities, and consults with other specialists to suggest a rather hazy antidote.

His message was embraced by the Ayatollah Khomeini, who wrote in 1971 that "'The poisonous culture of imperialism [is] penetrating to the depths of towns and villages throughout the Muslim world, displacing the culture of the Qur'an, recruiting our youth en masse to the service of foreigners and imperialists...'"

and became part of the ideology of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which emphasized nationalization of industry, independence in all areas of life from both the Soviet and the Western world, and "self-sufficiency" in economics. He was also one of the main influences of Ahmadinejad.

Discourse of authenticity
Ali Mirsepasi believes that Al-e Ahmad is concerned with the discourse of authenticity along with Shariati. According to Mirsepasi, Jalal extended his critiques of the hegemonic power of the West. The critique is centered on the concept of westoxication. Al-e Ahmad attacks secular intellectuals with the concept. He believes that the intellectuals could not construct effectively an authentically Iranian modernity. On this occasion, he posed the concept of “return” to an Islamic culture which is authentic at the same time. Al-e Ahmad believed that to avoid the homogenizing and alienating forces of modernity, it is necessary to return to the roots of Islamic culture. In fact, Al Ahmad wanted to reimagine modernity with Iranian-Islamic tradition.

Political activism
Al-e-Ahmad joined the communist Tudeh Party along with his mentor Khalil Maleki shortly after World War II. They "were too independent for the party" and resigned in protest over the lack of democracy and the "nakedly pro-Soviet" support for Soviet demands for oil concession and occupation of Iranian Azerbaijan. They formed an alternative party the Socialist Society of the Iranian Masses in January 1948 but disbanded it a few days later when Radio Moscow attacked it, unwilling to publicly oppose "what they considered the world's most progressive nations." Nonetheless, the dissent of Al-e-Ahmad and Maleki marked "the end of the near hegemony of the party over intellectual life."

He later helped found the pro-Mossadegh Tudeh Party, one of the component parties of the National Front, and then in 1952 a new party called the Third Force. Following the 1953 Iranian coup d'état Al-e-Ahmad was imprisoned for several years and "so completely lost faith in party politics" that he signed a letter of repentance published in an Iranian newspaper declaring that he had "resigned from the Third Force, and completely abandoned politics." However, he remained a part of the Third Force political group, attending its meetings, and continuing to follow the political mentorship of Khalil Maleki until their deaths in 1969. In 1963, visited Israel for two weeks, and in his account of his trip stated that the fusion of the religious and the secular he discerned in Israel afforded a potential model for the state of Iran. Despite his relationship with the secular Third Force group, Al-e-Ahmad became more sympathetic to the need for religious leadership in the transformation of Iranian politics, especially after the rise of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1963.

Literary life
Al-e-Ahmad used a colloquial style in prose. In this sense, he is a follower of avant-garde Persian novelists like Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh. Since the subjects of his works (novels, essays, travelogues, and ethnographic monographs) are usually cultural, social, and political issues, symbolic representations and sarcastic expressions are regular patterns in his books. A distinct characteristic of his writings is his honest examination of subjects, regardless of possible reactions from political, social, or religious powers.

On the invitation of Richard Nelson Frye, Al-e-Ahmad spent a summer at Harvard University, as part of a Distinguished Visiting Fellowship program established by Henry Kissinger for supporting promising Iranian intellectuals.

Al-e-Ahmad rigorously supported Nima Yushij (father of modern Persian poetry) and had an important role in the acceptance of Nima's revolutionary style.

In "a short but prolific career", his writings "came to fill over thirty-five volumes."

Novels and novellas

 * The School Principal
 * By the Pen
 * The Tale of Beehives
 * The Cursing of the Land
 * A Stone upon a Grave

Many of his novels, including the first two in the list above, have been translated into English.

Short stories

 * "The setar"
 * "Of our suffering"
 * "Someone else's child"
 * "Pink nail-polish"
 * "The Chinese flower pot"
 * "The postman"
 * "The treasure"
 * "The Pilgrimage"
 * "Sin"

Critical essays

 * "Seven essays"
 * "Hurried investigations"
 * "Plagued by the West" (Gharbzadegi)

Monographs
Jalal traveled to far-off, usually poor, regions of Iran and tried to document their life, culture, and problems. Some of these monographs are:
 * "Owrazan"
 * "Tat people of Block-e-Zahra"
 * "Kharg Island, the unique pearl of the Persian Gulf"

Travelogues

 * A Straw in Mecca
 * A Journey to Russia
 * A Journey to Europe
 * A Journey to the Land of Israel ("The land of Azrael" )
 * A Journey to America

Translations

 * The Gambler by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
 * L'Etranger by Albert Camus
 * Les mains sales by Jean-Paul Sartre
 * Return from the U.S.S.R. by André Gide
 * Rhinoceros by Eugène Ionesco

Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Award
The Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Award is an Iranian literary award presented yearly since 2008. Every year, an award is given to the best Iranian authors on the birthday of the renowned Persian writer Jalal Al-e Ahmad. The top winner receives 110 Bahar Azadi gold coins (about $33,000), making it Iran's most lucrative literary award. In some years there is no top winner, other notables receive up to 25 gold coins. Categories include "Novel", "Short story", "Literary criticism" and "History and documentations". The award was confirmed by the Supreme Cultural Revolution Council in 2005, the first award was presented in 2008.

title: Jalal Al-e-Ahmad