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Bombardier Global Express

The Bombardier Global Express is a large cabin, long-range business jet designed and manufactured by Bombardier Aviation.

Announced in October 1991, it first flew in October 1996, received its Canadian type certification in July 1998 and entered service in July 1999.

Initially powered by two BMW/Rolls-Royce BR710s, it shares its fuselage cross section with the Canadair Regional Jet and Challenger 600 with a new wing and tail.

The shorter range Global 5000 is slightly smaller. The XRS is an improved version of the Global Express and the Global 6000 is an upgrade to the XRS that replaces the older avionics. The longer range Global 5500/6500 are powered by new Rolls-Royce Pearl engines with lower fuel burn and were unveiled in May 2018.

The larger and stretched Global 7500/8000 have longer ranges.

Project definition
After acquiring Canadair along with its Challenger 600 business jet in 1986, Bombardier studied a longer range business aircraft in which it aimed to carry eight passengers and four crew over 12,000 km (6,500 nmi) at Mach 0.85. To meet this goal, a joint-definition team was established at the company's Montreal facility in the early 1990s. By 1994, the team comprised 200 engineers, evenly divided between Canadair and various partners, including Japanese company Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Anglo-German engine manufacturer BMW Rolls-Royce.

These partners independently designed their own elements of the aircraft and shared a stake in the program. The choice of suppliers influenced the aircraft design, with its various systems being selected before the detailed design phase. The CATIA CAD software was used for the kinematics, to feed finite-element analysis software for structural design, and computational fluid dynamics software for aerodynamics, the latter being confirmed by wind tunnel testing.

The new aircraft was designed to use the minimum number of components while still ensuring that no single failure would result in a diversion or the inability to dispatch a flight. Bombardier worked towards a 99.5% dispatch reliability goal. As operators sought a level of safety enjoyed by airline aircraft, Bombardier was influenced to use ETOPS design rules, such as the incorporation of a maintenance computer to detect, indicate, and isolate faults, although ETOPS rules were not a design requirement. A conventional mechanical flight control system was selected in the new aircraft design instead of fly-by-wire. This was mainly due to the high development expense and customer apprehension of fly-by-wire.

Launch and flight testing

In October 1991, the Global Express was unveiled at the NBAA convention. In December 1993, the programme was launched. In June 1994, its high-speed configuration was frozen while the low-speed configuration was established in August 1994. By then, most critical design decisions were taken and almost all suppliers had been selected. In January 1995, the definition phase was winding down before detailed design.

By June 1995, the backlog was over 40 aircraft, sold out until 2000, leading to Bombardier to expand its early production plans. At launch, range was extended to 12,000 km to outdo rival Gulfstream. Bombardier guaranteed the empty weight and range to reply to Gulfstream criticism. Around 100 sales were needed to cover the development costs. In October 1995, the first prototype manufacture began. The first sections were expected in December at de Havilland's in Toronto, with final assembly to start in March 1996. By June 1996, the prototype was complete and conducting flight-readiness reviews ahead of its roll-out and first flight.

On 13 October 1996, the first prototype performed its maiden flight from Toronto, one month later than planned, lasting for 2 hours 46 minutes and attaining 11,000 ft (3,350 m) and 210 kn (390 km/h). The flight test programme used four prototypes, accumulating 2,200 flight hours. The Bombardier Flight Test Center in Wichita, Kansas was extended by 9,100 m2 (100,000 ft2) for the test programme. In February 1997, the second prototype made its first flight and the third in May 1997.

In late 1995, type certification was forecast for March 1998. In July 1998, Canadian type certification was granted. European and US approvals followed shortly thereafter. The first 15 aircraft were to be delivered before January 1999. The Global Express entered service in July 1999.

Production
Since 2023, the Global Express has been assembled at the Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga, Ontario, and formerly at Downsview Airport in Toronto.

Since 2012, Japanese aerospace firm Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has built the wing and centre fuselage sections at its Toronto facility located east of the airport on Northwest Drive, and formerly at 2025 Meadowvale Boulevard from 2007 to 2012. Bombardier subsidiaries involved are Canadair as the design leader and nose manufacturer; Short Brothers in Belfast for the engine nacelles design and manufacture, horizontal stabiliser and forward fuselage; and de Havilland Canada for the rear fuselage, vertical tail and final assembly. The landing gear is produced by Dowty, flight controls by Sextant Avionique, the fuel system by Parker Bertea Aerospace, the core avionics by Honeywell, the APU by AlliedSignal, the electrical system by Lucas Aerospace, and the air management system by ABG-Semca.

In May 2015, production was reduced because of lower demand, caused by slowing economy and geopolitics in Latin America, Russia and China markets. By October 2018, Bombardier had a backlog of 202 aircraft valued at C$14.1 billion ($11 billion), including 128 Global Express aircraft: 67 Global 5000/6000 and four Global 5500/6500. The Global Express program cost $800 million.

Design

The Global Express is a high speed business/corporate aircraft with a range of 6500 nmi at 0.80 Mach, a 51,000 ft service ceiling and a 14 hours endurance. The semi monocoque airframe is made of lightweight aluminum alloys and composite materials. It has a low wing, tricycle landing gear and fuselage-mounted engines.

The clean-sheet design draws upon the earlier Canadair CL-600 and Bombardier CRJ. It shares its fuselage cross-section with these aircraft, paired with a new T-tail and wing. The latter is a supercritical airfoil with a 35° wing sweep and winglets. This flexible wing naturally attenuates turbulence. It was initially powered by two BMW-Rolls-Royce BR710 turbofans controlled by FADEC. The flightdeck features a six screen Honeywell Primus 2000XP EFIS suite.

The Global Express was the business jet with the largest cabin, until being surpassed by the later Gulfstream G650. It can accommodate 12 to 16 passengers in three cabin sections: mostly a forward four-chair club section, a central four-seat conference grouping and an aft three-place divan facing two chairs. Most have a forward galley, crew rest chair and crew lavatory. The 10.3-psi cabin pressurization maintains a 4,500-ft. cabin altitude up to FL 450 and 5,680 ft. at the FL 510 ceiling. The cabin has an unobstructed length of 14.6 m while the floor is dropped by 51 mm from the Challenger to increase width at shoulder level, while the windows have been repositioned and enlarged by 25%.

Global 5000

The Global 5000 was announced in October 2001. It was launched in February 2002, with letters of intent for 15 aircraft with a 87,700 lb MTOW, and a 4,800 nmi range at Mach 0.85. The first aircraft flew on 7 March 2003. It was introduced in April 2005. There were 224 in service in 2018. In April 2008, Bombardier lifted its MTOW to 92,500 lb to increase its Mach 0.85 range to 5,200 nmi.

Its cabin is 5.9 ft shorter than the Global 6000 with a 5,800-7,000 lb lower MTOW depending on service bulletins. It has a 5,000-5,400 nmi range at LRC. The spec basic operating weight is 50,350 lb but are actually closer to 51,600 lb. Early models kept the Honeywell Primus 2000XP avionics, updated with the Bombardier Vision flight deck based on the Rockwell Collins Pro Line Fusion avionics since 2012.

It can carry between 8 and 19 passengers. The new seat converts to a full berth. There is an optional private room aft and the galley has room to prepare 16 five-course meals. It was priced at $40M in 2008. It has forward and aft lavatories. The crew rest area was removed, but could be restored. The tail fuel tank was removed and fuel is limited in the wings. Some avionics are rearranged to gain usable cabin length. The interior completions allowance is 3,200 kg.

In 2018, its unit cost was US$50.44 million.

At high-speed cruise, it burns 5,000 lb of fuel in the first hour, then 4,000 lb the second hour and 3,000 lb for the third hour. In 2018, Early models with Honeywell avionics were sold for $10–20 million, while post-2012 aircraft with the modern Cockpit can fetch $22–36 million. A major inspection every 180 months cost $800,000-1.2 million. Two 8,000h engine overhauls can cost $4 million. The cheaper and more efficient Gulfstream G450 or Falcon 900LX are slower, have less range and smaller cabins.

Global Express XRS
The improved Global Express XRS was announced on 6 October 2003 during the NBAA Convention at Orlando, Florida. It replaced the original Global Express and provides greater range at high speed, cabin upgrades, improved takeoff performance, fast fueling capability and the Bombardier Enhanced Vision System (BEVS) as standard equipment. A new forward fuel tank in the wing/body fairing increases the usable fuel capacity by up to 1,486 lbs, allowing it to fly 6,500 nm at Mach 0.82, 6,150 nm at Mach 0.85 or 5,450 nm at Mach 0.87. It provides improved pressurization with a 4,500 ft cabin altitude at 45,000 ft and a 5,700 ft cabin altitude at 51,000 ft; a 25% improvement on the previous Global cabin.

Global 6000

Bombardier rebranded the Global Express XRS and upgraded the avionics from the Honeywell Primus 2000XP to the new Bombarder Vision flight deck, based on the Rockwell Collins Pro Line Fusion avionics suite, to create the Global 6000. The Global 6000 was announced in 2011 and production started in 2012. Its flexible wing and 97.5 lb/sqft wing loading, the highest among its competitors, gives a comfortable ride in turbulence. It has improved acoustical insulation compared to its predecessor. On long trips, its fuel burn during the first hour is 5,000 and 4,000 lb for the second, then for the third 3,000 and 2,500 lb afterwards. A Checks are scheduled every 750 hours, and for C Checks every 30 months. Engine reserves amount to $260 per hour. Over 315 were delivered by March 2019. Its competitors include the more fuel-efficient 6,200 nmi Dassault Falcon 8X, the 6,500 nmi Gulfstream G600 or even the 6,900 nmi G650.

In 2018, its unit cost was US$62.31 million.

Global 5500/6500

In May 2018, Bombardier unveiled the Global 5500 and 6500. It was expected to enter service at the end of 2019. It has an optimized wing for a Mach 0.90 top speed, a revamped cabin inspired by the Global 7500 with its Nuage seat and updated Rolls-Royce BR710 Pearl engines with up to 13% lower fuel burn for better operating costs. It has better hot and high performance and 500 and 600 nmi of additional range for 5,700 and 6,600 nmi, respectively. The engines have 9% more thrust.

By October 2018, 70% of the flight testing hours were completed. The programme involved two flight-test Global 6500s, as the 5500 is a simple 0.8 m shrink. The redesigned wings are built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. By December, the flight-test program was nearly three-quarters complete. By May 2019, 90% of the flight testing was completed by two modified 6000s and one modified 5000.

In September 2019, Bombardier announced the Transport Canada Type Certification of both models, before entry-into-service later in 2019 and FAA/EASA approval. Bombardier announced the Global 6500 entry-into-service on 1 October. EASA Type Certification of both models was announced in October 2019. Shortly after, the Global 5500 range was extended by 200 nmi to 5900 nmi at Mach 0.85.

FAA Type Certification of both variants was announced in December 2019. Bombardier announced the entry-into-service of the Global 5500 in June 2020. The first Global 5500 was delivered in July 2020, to " longtime Bombardier customer Unicorp National Developments, headquartered in Orlando, Florida."

In 2023, the Global 5500 costs $47.4 million, while the Global 6500 costs $58 million.

Military variants

The Global Express has been modified for military missions.
 * GlobalEye multi-role AEW&C, a Global 6000 with the SAAB Erieye's ER AESA radar for the United Arab Emirates Air Force
 * Project Dolphin: Conversion of Global 6000 by Marshall into surveillance aircraft for United Arab Emirates. Two converted.
 * The Raytheon Sentinel is a surveillance aircraft formerly used by the Royal Air Force
 * Saab Swordfish maritime patrol aircraft - built on Global 6000 platform by General Dynamic Mission Systems-Canada and Bombardier Aviation
 * PAL Aerospace P-6 maritime patrol aircraft - built on Global 6500 platform by PAL Aerospace and Bombardier Aviation but evolved from P-4 MPA based on the former Bombardier Q-400 aircraft
 * E-11A, United States Air Force designation for Global aircraft being used as a platform for the Battlefield Airborne Communications Node.

A BD-700 has carried the High-Altitude Lidar Operational Experiment (HALOE) payload, deploying to Africa and Afghanistan to survey large areas rapidly.

In January 2020, the German Federal Ministry of Defence chose the Global 6000 over the unmanned Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton for the “Persistent German Airborne Surveillance System” (PEGASUS) program, to better integrate in the air traffic control.

In March 2019 Turkey's Presidency of Defense Industries, SSB, announced that two green Bombardier Global 6000s had been delivered to the facilities of Turkish Aerospace to undergo modification to the Hava SOJ (air stand-off jammer) configuration.

L3Harris has unveiled a Conformal Airborne Early Warning version as a replacement for the E-3 Sentry used by European NATO countries.

On 12 December 2023, the US Army awarded a firm-fixed-price contract for one Global 6500 with an option for two more, to be used as High Accuracy Detection and Exploitation System (HADES) intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft. Delivery is to be 1 October 2024.

Operators

Most operators fly 450 to 600 hours per year. Fleet operators frequently fly more than 100 hours per month. By February 2015, over 600 aircraft accumulated more than 1.5 million flight hours and 570,000 cycles. In May 2018, 20 years after the type's introduction, more than 750 Globals were in service.

Half the 6000s are registered in North America, mostly in the US. NetJets operates at least six and large corporations like Aetna, Caterpillar, CitiGroup, Limited Brands, McDonald's and Texas Instruments fly the aircraft. Malta-based VistaJet operates twenty eight 6000s, one Global XRS and has confirmed a delivery schedule of multiple Global 7500 throughout 2021. Lisbon-based NetJets Europe flies four 6000s.

A dozen 6000s are registered in the Isle of Man for anonymity, a few are registered in the Cayman Islands. Four are registered in Austria, three in Switzerland, two in France and Denmark, and one each in Finland, Germany, Ireland and Turkey. Three are registered in China, one in Malaysia and one in Hong Kong. Two are based in São Paulo, two are in South Africa and one is in India.

Civil

The aircraft is operated by private individuals, companies, executive charter operators and government agencies, including:
 * ACM Air Charter, Baden-Baden
 * Crystal Luxury Air
 * AirAsia
 * FedEx
 * Flexjet
 * ExecuJet Aviation Group, Zurich
 * Netjets, a Berkshire Hathaway subsidiary
 * Canonical CEO Mark Shuttleworth through HBD Venture Capital
 * TAG Aviation, Switzerland
 * Tiriac Air, Romania
 * Qatar Executive, a business jet subsidiary of Qatar Airways
 * VistaJet, Malta
 * Jet Story, Poland

Transport

 * 1 Global 5000 VIP, operated by the Angolan armed forces
 * 1 Global 5000 VIP, operated by the Angolan armed forces

 * 1 Global 6000 VIP, operated by the Botswana Air Force
 * 1 Global 6000 VIP, operated by the Botswana Air Force

 * 3 Global 5000 for VIP transport operated by the Special Air Mission Wing MoD in Cologne
 * 3 Global 6000 for VIP transport delivered in late 2019.
 * 3 Global 6000 for VIP transport delivered in late 2019.

 * 1 Global 6000 VIP, operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force, assigned to the 2nd Squadron of the 1st Division of the Air Force and is stationed at Kuala Lumpur-Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport.
 * 1 Global 6000 VIP, operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force, assigned to the 2nd Squadron of the 1st Division of the Air Force and is stationed at Kuala Lumpur-Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport.

 * 1 Global jet ordered for the Mexican Air Force
 * 1 Global jet ordered for the Mexican Air Force

Military mission

 * 3 Global 6000, known as Pegasus, for SIGINT missions ordered in 2021, to enter service by 2025 and replace the Eurohawk
 * 3 Global 6000, known as Pegasus, for SIGINT missions ordered in 2021, to enter service by 2025 and replace the Eurohawk

 * 🇮🇳 India
 * 2 Global 5000 SIGINT aircraft made by Elta, stationed at the Palam Air Force Station in Delhi

 * 1 Global 6000 ordered to be converted to EW, ESM, ECM platform as a successor to the DA-20 Falcon, and to be operated by the Pakistani Air Force
 * 1 Global 6000 ordered to be converted to EW, ESM, ECM platform as a successor to the DA-20 Falcon, and to be operated by the Pakistani Air Force

 * 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * 3 Global 6000 for the GlobalEye AEW&C on order + 1 on option, to be delivered by 2027

 * 2 Global 6000 to be transformed into Electronic warfare / jamming platforms for the Turkish Air Force, received in March 2019
 * 2 Global 6000 to be transformed into Electronic warfare / jamming platforms for the Turkish Air Force, received in March 2019

 *  United Arab Emirates
 * 5 Global 6000 for the GlobalEye AEW&C ordered in 2 tranches
 * 2 Project Dolphin ELINT aircraft

 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * US Air Force
 * 7 Global 6000 in service + 4 on order, known as E-11A, used as command and control / battlefield airborne communication node
 * US Army
 * Global 6500 SIGINT / ELINT, successor of the RC-12 Guardrail
 * 1 Global 6500 demonstrator ARES flew in Europe for missions in order to try out the technologies prior to the development of the HADES final variant.

Former operators

 * Royal Air Force (June 2007 – March 2021)
 * No. 5 Squadron RAF - 5 (Bombardier airframe modified as Raytheon Sentinel R1 by Raytheon)
 * No. 5 Squadron RAF - 5 (Bombardier airframe modified as Raytheon Sentinel R1 by Raytheon)

Accidents and incidents
As of 27 January 2020, six Global Express have been damaged beyond repair in hull-loss incidents.

title: Bombardier Global Express


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User:SWAdair/Welcome

Spanish Wikipedia
==Español==

Hola. Yo no hablo español muy bien, y por eso perdóneme. Sabe usted que hay otros Wikipedias? Si usted desea leer y escribir en una enciclopedia (en español), tenemos Wikipedia, La Enciclopedia Libre. Usted esta escribiendo en la version en Ingles. Sus contribuciones seran muy apreciadaas en la otra version. Gracias. ~

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:SWAdair/Welcome


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User:Pladask/monobook.css

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Rotational transition

In quantum mechanics, a rotational transition is an abrupt change in angular momentum. Like all other properties of a quantum particle, angular momentum is quantized, meaning it can only equal certain discrete values, which correspond to different rotational energy states. When a particle loses angular momentum, it is said to have transitioned to a lower rotational energy state. Likewise, when a particle gains angular momentum, a positive rotational transition is said to have occurred.

Rotational transitions are important in physics due to the unique spectral lines that result. Because there is a net gain or loss of energy during a transition, electromagnetic radiation of a particular frequency must be absorbed or emitted. This forms spectral lines at that frequency which can be detected with a spectrometer, as in rotational spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy.

Diatomic molecules
Molecules have rotational energy owing to rotational motion of the nuclei about their center of mass. Due to quantization, these energies can take only certain discrete values. Rotational transition thus corresponds to transition of the molecule from one rotational energy level to the other through gain or loss of a photon. Analysis is simple in the case of diatomic molecules.

Nuclear wave function
Quantum theoretical analysis of a molecule is simplified by use of Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Typically, rotational energies of molecules are smaller than electronic transition energies by a factor of $m/M$ ≈ 10−3–10−5, where $m$ is electronic mass and $M$ is typical nuclear mass. From uncertainty principle, period of motion is of the order of the Planck constant $h$ divided by its energy. Hence nuclear rotational periods are much longer than the electronic periods. So electronic and nuclear motions can be treated separately. In the simple case of a diatomic molecule, the radial part of the Schrödinger Equation for a nuclear wave function $F_{s}(R)$, in an electronic state $s$, is written as (neglecting spin interactions) $$\left[- \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu R^2} \frac{\partial}{\partial R} \left(R^2 \frac{\partial}{\partial R}\right)+ \frac{\langle \Phi_s|N^2|\Phi_s \rangle}{2\mu R^2}+ E_s(R)-E\right]F_s(\mathbf R) = 0 $$ where $μ$ is reduced mass of two nuclei, $R$ is vector joining the two nuclei, $E_{s}(R)$ is energy eigenvalue of electronic wave function $Φ_{s}$ representing electronic state $s$ and $N$ is orbital momentum operator for the relative motion of the two nuclei given by $$ N^2 = -\hbar^2 \left[ \frac{1}{\sin\Theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \Theta}\left(\sin \Theta \frac{\partial}{\partial \Theta}\right)+ \frac{1}{\sin^2\Theta} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \Phi^2} \right] $$ The total wave function for the molecule is $$ \Psi_s = F_s(\mathbf R)\Phi_s(\mathbf R,\mathbf r_1, \mathbf r_2, \dots, \mathbf r_N)$$ where $r_{i}$ are position vectors from center of mass of molecule to $i$th electron. As a consequence of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, the electronic wave functions $Φ_{s}$ is considered to vary very slowly with $R$. Thus the Schrödinger equation for an electronic wave function is first solved to obtain $E_{s}(R)$ for different values of $R$. $E_{s}$ then plays role of a potential well in analysis of nuclear wave functions $F_{s}(R)$.

Rotational energy levels
The first term in the above nuclear wave function equation corresponds to kinetic energy of nuclei due to their radial motion. Term $N$ represents rotational kinetic energy of the two nuclei, about their center of mass, in a given electronic state $R$. Possible values of the same are different rotational energy levels for the molecule.

Orbital angular momentum for the rotational motion of nuclei can be written as $$ \mathbf N = \mathbf J - \mathbf L $$ where $L$ is the total orbital angular momentum of the whole molecule and $J$ is the orbital angular momentum of the electrons. If internuclear vector $R$ is taken along z-axis, component of $\langleΦ_{s}| N^{2} |Φ_{s}\rangle⁄2μR^{2}$ along z-axis – $Φ_{s}$ – becomes zero as $$ \mathbf N = \mathbf R \times \mathbf P $$ Hence $$ J_z = L_z $$ Since molecular wave function Ψs is a simultaneous eigenfunction of $J$ and $L$, $$ J^2 \Psi_s = J(J+1) \hbar^2 \Psi_s $$ where J is called rotational quantum number and $R$ can be a positive integer or zero. $$ J_z \Psi_s = M_j\hbar \Psi_s $$ where $N$.

Also since electronic wave function $N_{z}$ is an eigenfunction of $J^{2}$, $$ L_z \Phi_s = \pm \Lambda\hbar \Phi_s $$ Hence molecular wave function $J_{z}$ is also an eigenfunction of $J$ with eigenvalue $−J ≤ M_{j} ≤ J$. Since $Φ_{s}$ and $L_{z}$ are equal, $Ψ_{s}$ is an eigenfunction of $L_{z}$ with same eigenvalue $±Λħ$. As $L_{z}$, we have $J_{z}$. So possible values of rotational quantum number are $$ J = \Lambda, \Lambda +1, \Lambda+2, \dots $$ Thus molecular wave function $Ψ_{s}$ is simultaneous eigenfunction of $J_{z}$, $±Λħ$ and $|J| ≥ J_{z}$. Since molecule is in eigenstate of

Lz

, expectation value of components perpendicular to the direction of z-axis (internuclear line) is zero. Hence $$ \langle \Psi_s|L_x|\Psi_s\rangle = \langle L_x \rangle = 0 $$ and $$ \langle \Psi_s|L_y|\Psi_s\rangle = \langle L_y \rangle = 0 $$ Thus $$ \langle \mathbf J. \mathbf L \rangle = \langle J_z L_z \rangle = \langle {L_z}^2 \rangle $$

Putting all these results together, $$ \begin{align} \langle \Phi_s |N^2|\Phi_s \rangle F_s(\mathbf R) &= \langle \Phi_s | \left(J^2 + L^2 - 2 \mathbf J \cdot \mathbf L\right) |\Phi_s \rangle F_s(\mathbf R) \\ &= \hbar^2 \left[J(J+1)-\Lambda^2\right] F_s(\mathbf R) + \langle \Phi_s | \left({L_x}^2 + {L_y}^2\right) |\Phi_s \rangle F_s(\mathbf R) \end{align}$$

The Schrödinger equation for the nuclear wave function can now be rewritten as $$- \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu R^2}\left[ \frac{\partial}{\partial R} \left(R^2 \frac{\partial}{\partial R}\right)- J(J+1)\right]F_s(\mathbf R)+[{E'}_s(R)-E]F_s(\mathbf R) = 0 $$ where $$ {E'}_s(R) = E_s(R) - \frac{\Lambda^2 \hbar^2}{2\mu R^2} + \frac{1}{2\mu R^2} \langle \Phi_s |\left({L_x}^2 + {L_y}^2\right)|\Phi_s \rangle $$ E′s now serves as effective potential in radial nuclear wave function equation.

Sigma states
Molecular states in which the total orbital momentum of electrons is zero are called sigma states. In sigma states $J ≥ Λ$. Thus $Ψ_{s}$. As nuclear motion for a stable molecule is generally confined to a small interval around $J^{2}$ where $J_{z}$ corresponds to internuclear distance for minimum value of potential $L_{z}$, rotational energies are given by, $$ E_r = \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu {R_0}^2} J(J+1) = \frac{\hbar^2}{2I_0} J(J+1) = BJ(J+1) $$ with $$ J = \Lambda, \Lambda +1, \Lambda+2, \dots $$ $Λ = 0$ is moment of inertia of the molecule corresponding to equilibrium distance $E′_{s}(R) = E_{s}(R)$ and $R_{0}$ is called rotational constant for a given electronic state $R_{0}$. Since reduced mass $E_{s}(R_{0})$ is much greater than electronic mass, last two terms in the expression of $I_{0}$ are small compared to $R_{0}$. Hence even for states other than sigma states, rotational energy is approximately given by above expression.

Rotational spectrum
When a rotational transition occurs, there is a change in the value of rotational quantum number $B$. Selection rules for rotational transition are, when $Φ_{s}$, $μ$ and when $E′_{s}(R)$, $E_{s}$ as absorbed or emitted photon can make equal and opposite change in total nuclear angular momentum and total electronic angular momentum without changing value of $J$.

The pure rotational spectrum of a diatomic molecule consists of lines in the far infrared or microwave region. The frequency of these lines is given by $$ \hbar \omega = E_r(J+1)-E_r(J) = 2B(J+1) $$ Thus values of $Λ = 0$, $ΔJ = ±1$ and $Λ ≠ 0$ of a substance can be determined from observed rotational spectrum.

title: Rotational transition


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User talk:Sk8r rex

Please add copyright tags to the images Image:Wills.jpg and Image:Will2.jpg, or Wikipedians (including me) will assume that they are copyrighted, and remove them. See Image use policy and Copyrights for more information. -- Jao 08:49, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sk8r rex


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Talk:Reciprocal link

Paragraphs removed from article, not particualarly relevant nor encylopedic (imo):

 * The concept can be described using the following analogy: when Romeo loves Julia AND Julia loves Romeo, there is reciprocity or mutualness in that love. What Romeo gets from Julia, Julia gets from Romeo. What Romeo gives to Julia, Julia gives to Romeo.

 * In a simple diagram you could have two symbols for Romeo and Julia and two arrows between them for the love stream. The fact that there are two identical arrows to and fro two entities completes the reciprocity of that relation.Iainscott 08:51, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Merge
"Automatic link exchange" just looks like a repository of spam links. If anything useful can be merged in, please do so; I will be blanking & redirecting it in a week or two. Eleland 13:11, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reciprocal link


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Esperanto etymology

Esperanto vocabulary and grammatical forms derive primarily from the Romance languages, with substantial contributions from Germanic languages. The language occupies a middle ground between "naturalistic" constructed languages such as Interlingua, which borrow words en masse from their source languages with little internal derivation, and a priori conlangs such as Solresol, in which the words have no historical connection to other languages. In Esperanto, root words are borrowed and retain much of the form of their source language, whether the phonetic form (eks- from international ex-, ŝvebi from German schweben, vualo from French voile) or orthographic form (teamo and boato from English team and boat, soifo from French soif). However, each root can then form dozens of derivations which may bear little resemblance to equivalent words in the source languages, such as registaro (government), which is derived from the Latinate root reg (to rule) but has a morphology closer to German or Russian.

Source languages
Zamenhof took most of his Esperanto root words from languages of the Italic and Germanic families, principally Italian, French, German, Yiddish, and English. A large number are what might be called common European international vocabulary, or generic Romance: Roots common to several languages, such as vir- "man", found in English words such as virile, and okul- "eye", found in oculist. Some appear to be compromises between the primary languages, such as tondri (to thunder), per French tonner, Italian tuonare, German donnern and English thunder.

Romance and Germanic
The main languages contributing to Zamenhof's original vocabulary were French, English, and German/Yiddish, the modern languages most widely learned in schools around the world at the time Esperanto was devised. The result was that about two-thirds of this original vocabulary is Romance, and about one-third Germanic, including a pair of roots from Swedish:
 * Comparative the ju ... des ... (as in "the more the merrier"), from Swedish ju ... desto .... (Cf. German je ... desto ....)

A couple of words, strato (street) and gisto (yeast), are closer to Dutch (straat, gist) than German (Straße, Gest), but this may be a compromise between German and English the way ŝtono (stone) is a compromise between German Stein and English stone. (There's also ronki (to snore), Dutch ronken.) Fajro (fire) matches the pronunciation of English fire, but is also spelled and pronounced as Yiddish פֿײַר fajr. Indeed, much of the supposedly German vocabulary actually appears to be Yiddish, specifically Zamenhof's native Bialystok (Northeastern) dialect, which had formed the basis of his abortive attempt to standardize that language. Words with the digraph ei in German may in Esperanto have either ej (seemingly corresponding to the spelling) or aj (seemingly corresponding to the pronunciation). This pattern is not random, but reflects ei and ī in Old High German, a distinction preserved in Yiddish: hejmo (home: German Heim  but Yiddish הײם hejm), fajfi (whistle: both German pfeifen  and Yiddish פֿײַפֿן fajfn). Zamenhof never admitted to a Yiddish influence in Esperanto, presumably to avoid arousing antisemitic prejudice.

Many of the Latinate roots were given an Italianesque appearance, corresponding to the use of Italian as a model for Esperanto pronunciation, but in form are closer to French, such as ĉemizo (shirt: French chemise, Italian camicia ) and ĉevalo (horse: French cheval , Italian cavallo ). Since Zamenhof's day, a large amount of Latinate vocabulary has been added to the language. In 1987, Mattos calculated that 84% of basic vocabulary was Latinate, 14% Germanic, and 2% Slavic or Greek.

Latin and Greek
Only a few roots were taken directly from the classical languages:

 * Latin: sed (but), tamen (however), post (after), kvankam (although), kvazaŭ (as though), dum (during), nek (nor), aŭ (or), hodiaŭ (today), abio (fir), ardeo (heron), iri (to go—though this form survives in the future tense in French ira), prujno (frost), the adverbial suffix -e, and perhaps the inherent vowels of the past and present tenses, -i- and -a-. Many lexical affixes are common to several languages and thus may not have a clear source, but some such as -inda (worthy of), -ulo (a person), -um- (undefined), and -op- (a number together) may be Latin (e.g. the Latin gerundive -end-, the neuter inflection -um).

 * Classical Greek: kaj (and, from καί kai), pri (about, from περί perí), the plural suffix -j, the accusative case suffix -n, the inceptive prefix ek- (from ἐκ ek), and perhaps the jussive mood suffix -u (if that is not Hebrew).

 * Latin and Greek: the suffix -ido (offspring; from Latin -idēs and Greek -ίδης -ídēs).

As in the examples of ardeo 'heron' and abio 'fir' above, the names of most plants and animals are based on their binomial nomenclature, and so many are Latin or Greek as well.

Slavic and Lithuanian
Surprisingly few roots appear to have come from other modern European languages, even those Zamenhof was most familiar with. What follows is a fairly comprehensive list of such roots that do not also occur in principal languages:

 * Russian: barakti (to flounder, from барахтаться barahtatʹsja), gladi (to iron, from гладить gladitʹ), kartavi (to pronounce a guttural R, from кapтaвить kartavitʹ), deĵori (to be on duty, from дежурить dezhyritʹ), kolbaso (a sausage, from колбаса kolbasa), krom (except, from кроме krome), kruta (steep, from крутой krutoj), nepre (without fail, from непременно nepremenno), vosto (a tail, from хвост hvost), the pet-name suffixes -ĉjo and -njo (from -чка -čka and -нька -nʹka), the augmentative suffix -eg- (from -яга -jaga), and perhaps the collective suffix -aro, if this is not from Latin.

 * Polish: barĉo (borscht, from barszcz), ĉu (whether, from czy, perhaps also Yiddish tsu), eĉ (even, from jeszcze), krado (a grating, from krata), luti (to solder, from lutować), [via] moŝto ([your] highness, from mość), ol (than, possibly from od by analogy with al), pilko (a ball, from piłka), ŝelko (suspenders, from szelki).

 * Russian or Polish: bulko (a bread roll, from bułka / булка bulka), celo (an aim, goal, from cel / цѣль tselʹ, cognates of German Ziel), kaĉo (porridge, from kasza / каша kaša), klopodi (to undertake, from kłopot / хлопотать khlopotatʹ), po (per, from po / по po), pra- (proto-, from pra- / пра- pra-), prava (right [in opinion], from prawy / правый pravyj), svati (to matchmake, from swat / сват svat).

 * Lithuanian: tuj (immediately, from tuoj); possibly also du (two, from dù, if not from Latin duo), the suffix -ope (a number together, cf. dvejopas), and ĝi (it, from ji, jis).

However, although few roots come directly from these languages, Russian exerted a considerable substratum influence on the semantics of Esperanto. An oft-cited example is plena "full, complete", which is Latinate in form (French plein(e), Latin plen- "full"), but has the semantic range of Russian полный polnyi "full, complete", as can be seen in the phrase plena vortaro "a complete dictionary", a usage not possible with the French or Latin words.

Other languages
Other languages were only represented in the original vocabulary in so far as they were cognate with, or as their words had become widespread in, Esperanto's source languages. However, since that time many languages have contributed words for specialized or regional concepts, such as haŝioj (chopsticks) from Japanese and boaco (reindeer) from Saami.

Obscure roots
A few roots are obscure:

 * ĝi (it, s/he), -ujo (suffix for containers), edzo (husband)

Ĝi may possibly derive from the Lithuanian ji (she, it) and jis (he, it), and -ujo from the French étui (case).

Like another indirect German borrowing – fraŭlo (bachelor), which derives from fraŭlino (Miss, from German fräulein) less the feminine suffix -in- – the Esperanto word edzo (husband) appears to be a back-formation of edzino (wife). Zamenhof claimed the latter derives from kronprincedzino (crown princess), borrowed from the German Kronprinzessin, and then internally analyzed as kron- (crown) princ- (prince) edzino (wife). However, Vilborg's Etimologia Vortaro argues that edzino is more likely to have come from Yiddish רביצין rebbetzin (rabbi's wife; Mrs.), reanalysed as rebb-etzin, and that Zamenhof made up the German etymology after the fact to avoid anti-Semitic prejudice against Esperanto. That would mean that edz- ultimately derives from the Slavic feminine suffix -its(a). Regardless, few words have histories this convoluted.

The correlatives, although clearly cognate with European languages (for example, kiel, tiel with French quel (which), tel (such); ĉiu with Italian ciascun (each), and -es with the German genitive -es, etc.), have been analogically leveled to the point that they are often given as examples of Esperanto innovations. This is especially true for the indefinite forms like io (something), which were devised by iconically removing the consonant of the ki- and ti- forms. Likewise, the restriction of the Italian and Greek masculine noun and adjective ending -o to nouns, and the feminine noun and adjective ending -a to adjectives and the article la, is an Esperanto innovation using existing forms.

Some smaller words have been modified to the extent that they're difficult to recognize. For example, Italian a, ad (to) became al (to) under the influence of the Italian contraction al (to the), to better fit the phonotactics of Esperanto, and in a parallel change, Latin ex (out of) and Slavic od (by, than) may have become el (out of) and ol (than), though the latter also has the German parallel als.

Inflections
The Greek origin of the nominal inflections can be seen in the Greek a-declension nouns such as the word for "muse": musa, plural musai, accusative musan, which in Esperanto is muzo, muzoj, muzon. Greek o-declension words such as logos, logoi, logon (word) are similar, as are adjectival declensions such as aksia, aksiai, aksian (worthy). Greek was perhaps also the model of stressed i in Esperanto words like familío (family), which follows the common Greek pattern of aksía (worthy) and oikíai (houses).

Esperanto has a/i/o ablaut for present/past/future tense, which has partial parallels in Latin present amat, perfect amavit, and the corresponding infinitives amare, amavisse. Otto Jespersen said of the ablaut,

 * This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 [sic] had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

There may have been a Volapük influence as well, or the two languages may have shared a common influence from earlier languages. In Volapük, the vowels are present a-, future o-, past perfect i-, as well as imperfect ä- ; Esperanto retained a distinction between preterite -is and imperfect -es until 1887, the year the modern form of the language was published.

Jespersen didn't parse all of the morphology. The ablaut for the five languages is as follows:

 * {|class=wikitable

! !Faiguet (1765) !Rudelle (1858) !Volapük (1880) !Courtonne (1884) !Esperanto (1887) !present ! -a- !future ! -o- !past/preterite ! -i- !imperfect ! old -e- !conditional ! -u- !subjunctive ! -u
 * -a
 * -a
 * -a-
 * -a-
 * -y
 * -o
 * o-
 * -o-
 * -i
 * -i
 * i-
 * (i)
 * -e
 * -e
 * -e-
 * -e-
 * -ju
 * -u-
 * -u-
 * -u-
 * -u
 * -ə-
 * -ə-
 * -ə-
 * }

The infinitive suffix -i may derive from Latin deponent verbs, such as loqui (to speak). With elements like these that are only one or two letters long, it is difficult to know whether resemblances are due to the forms being related, or just coincidence. For example, it is speculated that the jussive -u is from the Hebrew imperative -û, but it could also be from the Greek [u] imperative of deponent verbs such as dekhou (receive!); or perhaps it was inspired by [u] being found in both Hebrew and Greek. Similarly, adverbial -e is found in Latin and Italian (bene) as well as in Russian (after a palatalized consonant); the participle bases -t- and -nt- are found in Latin, Italian, Greek, and German; and the pronominal base -i is found in Italian (-mi, -ti, -vi, -si, -gli for Esperanto mi, ci, vi, si, li) and English (me, we, he, she).

There are other parallels with prior constructed languages, such as ili 'they', the numerals un du tri and the feminine suffix -in, which are identical to Jean Pirro's Universalglot of 1868, but it's difficult to tell if there is a connection or if this is merely coincidence due to using similar source languages.

Technical vocabulary
Modern international vocabulary, much of it Latin or Greek in origin, is of course used as well, but frequently for a family of related words only the root will be borrowed directly, and the rest will be derived from it using Esperanto means of word formation. For example, the computer term 'bit' was borrowed directly as bito, but 'byte' was then derived by compounding bito with the numeral ok (eight), for the uniquely Esperanto word bitoko ('an octet of bits'). Although not a familiar form to speakers of European languages, the transparency of its formation is helpful to those who do not have this advantage. Moreover, even bito has the synonym duumo, based on du (two) and -um- (the affix with undefined meaning).

With the exception of perhaps a hundred common or generic plant and animal names, Esperanto adopts the international binomial nomenclature of living organisms, using suitable orthography, and changing the nominal and adjectival grammatical endings to -o and -a. For example, the binomial for the guineafowl is Numida meleagris. In Esperanto, therefore, a numido would be any bird of the genus Numida, and a meleagra numido the helmeted guineafowl specifically. Likewise, a numidedo is any bird in the guineafowl family Numididæ.

Competing root forms
There is some question over which inflection to use when assimilating Latin and Greek words. Zamenhof generally preferred the oblique stem over the nominative singular form, as in reĝo (king), which follows the Latin oblique forms with reg– (compare English regicide), or floro (flower) as in floral, rather than nominative singular rex and flos. However, European national standards differ in this regard, resulting in debate over the form of later "international" borrowings, such as whether the asteroid Pallas should be Palaso in Esperanto, parallel to French and English names Pallas, or Palado, as in Italian Pallade, Russian Паллада (Palláda), and the English adjective Palladian. In some cases there are three possibilities, as can be seen in the English noun helix (x = [ks]), its plural helices (c = [s]), and its adjective helical (c = [k]). Although the resulting potential for conflict is frequently criticized, it does present an opportunity to disambiguate what would otherwise be homonyms based on culturally specific and often fossilized metaphors. For example, Venuso (the planet Venus) may be distinguished from Venero (the goddess Venus), all three of the forms of Latin helix are found as Esperanto roots, one with the original meaning, and the other two representing old metaphors: helico (a spiral), heliko (a snail), helikso (the incurved rim of the ear).

Normally the Latin or Greek inflectional ending is replaced with the Esperanto inflectional ending −o. However, the original inflection will occasionally be retained, as if it were part of the root, in order to disambiguate from a more common word. For example, a virus (from Latin vir-us) is virus-o instead of the expected *vir-o in order to avoid confusion with vir-o (a man), and the Latin root corp-us is the source of both korp-o (a living body) and korpus-o (a military corps). Similarly, when the sound ĥ is replaced with k, as it commonly is (see Esperanto phonology), the word ĥoro (a chorus) is replaced with koruso to avoid creating a homonym with koro (a heart). The redundant inflection may have been inspired by Lithuanian, which otherwise contributed relatively little to Esperanto: compare fokuso (focus), kokoso (coconut), lotuso (lotus), patoso (pathos), radiuso (radius), sinuso (sine), and viruso (virus), with Lithuanian fokusas, kokosas, lotosas, patosas, radiusas, sinusas, and virusas (virus) vs. vyras (man).

Traces of Proto-Esperanto
Proto-Esperanto had voicing ablaut, traces of which remain in a few pairs of words such as pezi 'to weigh' (to have weight) and pesi 'to weigh' (to measure the weight). Because little of Proto-Esperanto has survived, it is not clear which other aspects of Esperanto etymology might date to this period.

title: Esperanto etymology


text:
Tamara Toumanova

Tamara Toumanova (თამარა თუმანოვა; 2 March 1919 – 29 May 1996) was a Russian-born Georgian-American prima ballerina and actress. A child of exiles in Paris after the Russian Revolution of 1917, she made her debut at the age of 10 at the children's ballet of the Paris Opera.

She became known internationally as one of the Baby Ballerinas of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo after being discovered by her fellow émigré, balletmaster and choreographer George Balanchine. She was featured in numerous ballets in Europe. Balanchine featured her in his productions at Ballet Theatre, New York, making her the star of his performances in the United States. While most of Toumanova's career was dedicated to ballet, she appeared as a ballet dancer in several films, beginning in 1944. She became a naturalized United States citizen in 1943 in Los Angeles, California.

Career
Toumanova was the daughter of Yevgenia (or Eugenia) Dmitrievna Toumanishvili, who was half-Georgian-Armenian on her father's side, and half-Georgian on her mother's side. Her father was Dmitri Toumanov, originally of Georgian Toumanishvili family; her mother was Yelizaveta Chkheidze.

At the time of her daughter's birth, Yevgenia was married to Konstantin Zakharov (a Russian). Both Tamara and her mother used the surname Khassidovitch (Yevgenia's second husband was Vladimir Khassidovitch (akas: Vladimir Khassidovitch-Boretsky/Vladimir Khazidovich-Boretsky) for most of their lives following the end of Yevgenia's first marriage, including on their paperwork for naturalization as citizens of the United States. After moving to Paris, Toumanova was given piano lessons and studied ballet with Olga Preobrajenska, whom she described as her "first and only permanent teacher" and an "immortal friend".

At the age of six, Toumanova was invited by the ballerina Anna Pavlova to perform in one of her gala concerts in 1925. Toumanova danced a polka choreographed by Preobrajenska. Tamara was 10 years old when she made her debut at the Paris Opera as a child étoile in the ballet L'Éventail de Jeanne (for which 10 French composers wrote the music).

In 1931, when Toumanova was 12 years old, George Balanchine saw her in ballet class and engaged her for de Basil's Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, along with Irina Baronova (aged 12) and Tatiana Riabouchinska (aged 14). The three girls were an immediate success, and writer Arnold Haskell dubbed them the "baby ballerinas".

Toumanova became recognised as a young prodigy of immense talent. She came to be called "The Black Pearl of the Russian Ballet", because, as ballet critic A. V. Coton wrote, "she was the loveliest creature in the history of the ballet", with black silky hair, deep brown eyes and pale almond skin. Toumanova was considered the most glamorous of the trio. Throughout her dynamic career, her mother was her devoted companion, nursemaid, dresser, agent and manager – she was always at the helm.

Balanchine created the role of the "Young Girl" for Toumanova in his ballet Cotillon and had her star in his Concurrence and Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. Léonide Massine worked closely with Toumanova in the creation of many of his ballets. She played the part of the Top in his Jeux d'Enfants. Balanchine created a role for her in his Le Palais de Cristal (since re-titled Symphony in C) in 1947 at the Paris Opera.

In 1936, while Toumanova was performing ballet in Chicago, an 18-year-old boy named Burr Tillstrom came to see her perform. Following the ballet, Burr went backstage to meet her. As they talked, Toumanova and Tillstrom became friends. Some time later, Tillstrom showed her a favorite puppet he had made and she, surprised by his revelation, exclaimed "Kukla" (Russian for "puppet"). Burr Tillstrom went on to create a very early (1947) television show for children, titled Kukla, Fran and Ollie.

Chronology

 * 1925: (6 August 1925) First performs before the public in the polka choreographed by Olga Preobrajenska (to Anatoly Liadov), during an Anna Pavlova gala at the Palais du Trocadéro, Paris (Pavlova selected Toumanova from Preobrajenska's school).
 * 1929: Creates first principal role on 4 March, as guest étoile with the Paris Opera Ballet, performing the Valse (to Ibert), the Polka (to Milhaud), the Rondeau (to Auric), and the Kermesse-Valse (to Schmitt), in the Yvonne Franck/Alice Bourgat one-act ballet in 10 parts for students, L'Even-tail de Jeanne.
 * 1929–30: Performs with the Paris Opera Ballet in Monte Carlo, in Brussels, and in Geneva at the League of Nations.
 * 1931: Joins the Blum-de Basil Original Ballet Russe at Balanchine's invitation.
 * 1932: Creates principal roles with the Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo: the Young Girl in Balanchine's Cotillon; The Girl in his La Concurrence; Lucille in his Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme; in the Valse in his Suites de danse; in his Classical Ballet section for the opera-ballet Patrie; the Chinese Woman and a Poppy in his dances for the opera Fay-yen-Fah; a Chinese Porcelain in his dances for the opera Turandot; in his Grand pasclassique for the operetta A Night in Venice; and the Top in Massine's Jeux d'enfants. Recreates the Ballerina in Fokine's Petrushka and the Mazurka and the Valse pas de deux in Les Sylphides. Privately studies the classics and choreographic theory with Balanchine. Seasons in Monte Carlo and Paris and tour of Europe.
 * 1933: Joins the Balanchine-James Les Ballets 1933 at Balanchine's invitation. Creates principal roles: in the Tema con variazioni and finale in his Mozartiana, the Ballerina in his Les Songes, and the Young Girl in his Fastes. Rejoins Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo. Creates principal role in Massine's Choreartium (to Brahms's Fourth Symphony).
 * 1934: Creates with the Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo the Mexican Girl in Massine's Union Pacific and a principal role in Lichine's Les Imaginaires. Recreates the Miller's Wife with Massine in his Le Tricorne and the Tarantella in his La Boutique fantasque; Odette in Swan Lake Act II; and the title role in Fokine's Firebird. Tours of the United States, Canada, Central America, and Europe; seasons in Paris, London, Mexico City, Barcelona, Havana, Montreal, and New York.
 * 1935: Creates with de Basil's Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo the Poor Couple, with Massine, in his Jardin public; a principal role in his Le Bal; and Nijinska's Lezginka for a Covent Garden gala. Adds to her repertory Aurora in Tchaikovsky's Le Mariage d'Aurore and the Girl in Fokine's La Spectre de la rose.

Roles

 * 1934: The Comet (cr) in Les Imaginaires (Lichine), de Basil's Ballets Russes, London Tarantella in La Boutique fantasque (revival; Massine), de Basil's Ballets Russes, London
 * The Miller's Wife in Le Tricorne (Massine), (de Basil's) Monte Carlo Ballet Russe, Chicago
 * The Mexican Girl (cr) in Union Pacific (Massine), (de Basil's) Monte Carlo Ballet Russe, Philadelphia
 * 1935: The Poor Couple (cr) in Jardin public (Massine), (de Basil's) Monte Carlo Ballet Russe, Chicago
 * Principal dancer (cr) in Le Bal (Massine), (de Basil's) Monte Carlo Ballet, Chicago
 * 1936: The Beloved (cr) in Symphonie fantastique (Massine), de Basil's Ballets Russes, London
 * 1938: Title role in Giselle (after Petipa, Coralli, Perrot) (Denham's) Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, London.
 * 1940: Aurore (cr) in Le Mariage d'Aurore (Aurora's Wedding) (Petipa), Original Ballet Russe, Sydney
 * Illusion (cr) in La Lutte eternelle (Schwezoff), Original Ballet Russe, Sydney
 * Swanilda in Coppelia (Obukhov after Petipa, Saint-Leon), Original Ballet Russe, Sydney
 * 1941: Third and Fourth Movements (cr) in Balustrade (Balanchine), Original Ballet Russe, New York
 * Ariadne (cr) in Labyrinth (Massine), Denham's Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, New York
 * The Cakewalk (cr) in Saratoga (Massine), Denham's Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, New York
 * 1944: The Girl (cr) in Moonlight Sonata (Massine), Ballet Theatre, New York
 * Principal dancer (cr) in Harvest Time (Nijinska), Ballet Theatre, New York
 * Kitri in Don Quixote Pas de Deux (Obukhov after Petipa), Ballet Theatre. New York
 * 1944–45: Sugar Plum Fairy in The Nutcracker Pas de deux (Dolin after Ivanov), Ballet Theatre, New York
 * Odile in Black Swan Pas de deux (Swan Lake, Act III; Dolin after Petipa), Ballet Theatre, New York
 * 1947: Second Movement (cr) in Palais de cristal (later called Symphony in C; Balanchine), Paris Opera Ballet, Paris
 * Title role in Giselle (Sergeyev after Petipa, Coralli, Perrot), Paris Opera Ballet, Paris
 * 1949: The Duchess (cr) in Del Amor y de la muerte (Ricarda), Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas, Paris
 * The Infanta (cr) in Le Coeur de diamond (Lichine), Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas, Monte Carlo
 * 1950: Title role (cr) in Phedre (Serge Lifar), Paris Opera Ballet, Paris
 * Principal dancer (cr) in L'Inconnue (Lifar), Paris Opera Ballet, Paris
 * Principal dancer (cr) in La Fee d’Aibee (Aveline), Paris Opera Ballet, Versailles
 * Principal dancer (cr) in La Pierre enchantee (Lifar), Paris Opera Ballet, Paris
 * 1951: Potiphar's Wife (cr) in Leggenda di Giuseppe (The Legend of Joseph; Wallmann), La Scala, Milan
 * Principal dancer (cr) in La Vita dell’uomo (Wallmann), La Scala, Milan
 * 1952: Principal dancer (cr) in Reve (pas de deux; Dolin), London Festival Ballet, London
 * 1956: Principal dancer (cr) in The Seven Deadly Sins (Char- rat), La Scala, Milan
 * The Dance of the Seven Veils (cr) in Salome (opera; mus. Strauss, chor. Toumanova), La Scala, Milan
 * Principal dancer (cr) in Epoque romantique (also chor.), Piccola Scala, Milan
 * The Princess (cr) in Le Fanfare pour le Prince (Taras), Celebration of the Marriage of Prince Rainier and Grace Kelly, Monte Carlo

Toumanova on film
Toumanova appeared in six Hollywood films between 1944 and 1970, always playing dancers. She made her feature film debut in 1944, in Days of Glory, playing a Russian dancer being saved from the invading Germans in 1941 by Soviet partisan leader Gregory Peck (who also made his debut in that film).

In 1953, she played Russian prima ballerina Anna Pavlova in Tonight We Sing, and in 1954, she appeared in the biographical musical Deep in My Heart as the French dancer Gaby Deslys. In 1956, she performed a dance scene with Gene Kelly in Invitation to the Dance. In 1966, she played the odious, unnamed lead ballerina in Alfred Hitchcock's political thriller Torn Curtain. In 1970, she played Russian ballerina Madame Petrova in Billy Wilder's The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes.

Personal life
Some sources indicate that Tamara Toumanova was born Tamara Vladimirovna Khassidovitch   in Siberia, while her mother, Princess Eugenia (later Eugenie) Dmitrievna Toumanova    was fleeing Georgia in search of her husband (Vladimir Khassidovitch),       ).

Toumanova was of partial Georgian,  Armenian      and Polish descent. Singer Lyudmila Lopato, who personally knew Toumanova, wrote that "Tamara was of Armenian-Polish descent, not a Georgian Princess, as many people think". Tamara herself highlighted her Georgian heritage on many occasions – "I think he saw kinship with me, with my tristesse, with my being part Georgian."; "My mother, Evgeniya Toumanova, was a Georgian, a Chkheidze by birth, from Tbilisi. Sometimes she used to speak Georgian to me."; etc. This is further confirmed by her family's official documents in Georgia and the Russian Empire, including that of her uncle (mother's brother) Prince Zachary Dmitrievich Tumanov, whose ethnicity is stated as "Georgian". Tamara's parents were deeply religious. Tamara, her mother and her maternal grandmother, Princess Elizabeth Chkhedize, were Georgian/Russian Orthodox, while Toumanova's maternal grandfather Prince Dmitry Toumanov was a follower of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Toumanova's parents had become separated during the Russian Revolution. She was 18 months old before the family reunited. The family escaped from Russia via Vladivostok.

In 1944, Toumanova married Casey Robinson, whom she met as the producer and screenwriter of Days of Glory, her first film. The union was childless. The couple divorced on 13 October 1955.

Death
Toumanova died in Santa Monica, California, on 29 May 1996, aged 77, from undisclosed causes. Before her death, she gave her Preobrajenska costumes to the Vaganova Choreographic Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. Her funeral was a high mass at the Russian Orthodox Holy Virgin Mary Cathedral, Los Angeles. She was buried next to her mother Princess Eugenie in Hollywood, Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

British choreographer John Gregory described Toumanova as a "remarkable artist – a great personality who never stopped acting. It is impossible to think of Russian ballet without her."

title: Tamara Toumanova


text:
Bob Ellis

Robert James Ellis (10 May 1942 – 3 April 2016) was an Australian writer, journalist, filmmaker, and political commentator. He was a student at the University of Sydney at the same time as other notable Australians including Clive James, Germaine Greer, Les Murray, John Bell, Robert Hughes and Mungo McCallum. He lived in Sydney with the author and screenwriter Anne Brooksbank; they had three children.

Early years
Ellis was raised a Seventh-day Adventist. He says the "seminal moment" of his life happened when he was ten and his 22-year-old sister was killed while crossing the road. He attended Lismore High and then the University of Sydney on a Sir Robert Menzies scholarship. After graduating he had a variety of jobs before being employed by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

Writing career
Ellis was a regular contributor to the Nation Review in the 1970s and subsequently contributed to Fairfax Media newspapers and The National Times.

Ellis became a popular playwright, usually working in collaboration. In 1970 he and Michael Boddy (1934–2014) co-wrote The Legend of King O'Malley, a musical play based on the life of King O'Malley. From 1975 to 1986 he and Brooksbank also owned the Stables Theatre in Kings Cross, Sydney, during which time it became home to the Griffin Theatre Company.  They sold it in 1986 for $200,000.

Ellis wrote several film scripts, often in collaboration with others, notably Newsfront (1978), ...Maybe This Time (1980, with Anne Brooksbank), Fatty Finn (1980) Man of Flowers (1983, with Paul Cox), Goodbye Paradise (1983), Where the Green Ants Dream (Wo die grünen Ameisen träumen) (1984, with Werner Herzog), My First Wife (1984, with Paul Cox), Cactus (1986, with Paul Cox) and The Nostradamus Kid (1992).

In 1980 Ellis signed a contract with the New South Wales Film Corporation to write ten feature film scripts over two years for $7,000 for each script, with a payment of $12,000 for the second draft if they wanted to make the movie. Ellis says he presented them with 33 ideas, they chose five and he chose five.

Ellis also directed several films, including The Nostradamus Kid (1992), Warm Nights on a Slow Moving Train (1988), Unfinished Business (1985) and Run Rabbit, Run (2007).

Ellis's writing for television included the miniseries True Believers (with co-author Matt Carroll) and Infamous Victory: Ben Chifley's Battle for Coal (2008), with co-author Geoff Burton, made for Film Australia.

Awards
Ellis won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Screenplay three times: Newsfront (1978, with Anne Brooksbank and Phillip Noyce), Goodbye Paradise (1982, with Denny Lawrence), and My First Wife (1984, with Paul Cox).

Politics
Ellis, a supporter of the Australian Labor Party, wrote speeches for a number of Labor leaders (such as Bob Carr, Paul Keating and Kim Beazley) and wrote extensively on Labor history.

Regarding Ellis's speech writing, Beazley said on the 7.30 Report that if he had used any of Ellis's speeches he would have been out of politics.

Ellis unsuccessfully contested the Federal seat of Mackellar as an independent candidate against the Liberal Party's Bronwyn Bishop in a by-election in 1994 as the ALP did not field a candidate in that by-election.

Ellis's 2011 book Suddenly, Last Winter – An Election Diary created headlines for its criticism of the Labor Prime Minister, Julia Gillard, and praise for the Liberal Opposition Leader, Tony Abbott. He described Gillard as "not well informed" and "sudden, firm and wrong" in everything she does. He also said "She has no power, no influence, no friends, no learning. There's not much there", while describing Abbott as having "good manners", being "formidable" and possessing a "first-class mind".

Ellis wrote speeches for South Australian Premier Mike Rann for a number of years.

Death
On 18 July 2015, Ellis reported on his blog that he would be attending hospital for what he called "ominous" tests on his liver. The next day he announced "The news is very bad", and that the tests had revealed he had advanced liver cancer with a prognosis that he had months, if not weeks, to live.

Ellis died on 3 April 2016, at his home in Sydney's Northern Beaches.

Controversy
In June 2018, Kate and Rozanna Lilley, daughters of celebrated playwright Dorothy Hewett, alleged that they had engaged in consensual sex at the ages of 15 and 14 with Ellis. Ellis was castigated by feminists including Delaney and Maley.

Writings
Ellis wrote two books, Goodbye Jerusalem and Goodbye Babylon, on his experiences of the Labor Party. The first edition of Goodbye Jerusalem was pulped following a successful defamation case brought by two Liberal cabinet ministers, Tony Abbott and Peter Costello, and their wives. At issue was the single sentence where Ellis quoted politician Rodney Cavalier as having said, "Abbott and Costello...they're both in the Right wing of the Labour [sic] Party till the one woman fucked both of them and married one of them and inducted them into the Young Liberals". The publisher, Random House, accepted that the disputed content was a falsehood and the book was removed from sale. ACT Supreme Court Justice Higgins awarded the two politicians and their wives a total of $277,000 damages. A new edition of the book was published three months later which omitted the defamatory passage.

In 1998 Penguin Books Australia published Ellis's First Abolish the Customer – 202 Arguments Against Economic Rationalism, then Ellis's The Capitalism Delusion – How Global Economics Wrecked Everything and What To Do About It in 2009, One Hundred Days of Summer in 2010, and The Ellis Laws in 2014.

Plays

 * The Legend of King O'Malley (1970) with Michael Boddy
 * Big Brother Dragon (1971) with Michael Boddy
 * Duke of Edinburgh Assassinated or The Vindication of Henry Parkes (1971) with Dick Hall
 * The Francis James Dossier (1973) – later The James Dossier (1975) – musical about Francis James
 * Whitlam Days (1975)
 * Down Under (1976) with Anne Brooksbank
 * A Very Good Year (1980)
 * Man, the musical (1990s) book and lyrics with Denny Lawrence, music by Chris Neal
 * A Local Man: A Play about Ben Chifley (2004) with Robin McLachlan
 * Shakespeare in Italy (2012) with Denny Lawrence
 * Intimate Strangers (unproduced) with Denny Lawrence

Screenplays

 * Newsfront (1978) with Anne Brooksbank
 * Fatty Finn (1980)
 * Maybe This Time (1980) with Anne Brooksbank
 * Goodbye Paradise (1983) with Denny Lawrence
 * Man of Flowers (1983) with Paul Cox
 * The Winds of Jarrah (1983)
 * My First Wife (1984) with Paul Cox
 * Unfinished Business (1985) – also directed
 * Top Kid (1985) (TV) with John Hepworth
 * The Paper Boy (1985) (TV) with John Hepworth
 * Cactus (1986) with Paul Cox
 * The Gillies Republic (1986) (TV)
 * Bullseye (1987)
 * Perhaps Love (1987) (TV)
 * True Believers (1988) (TV)
 * Warm Nights on a Slow Moving Train (1988) – also directed
 * Gillies and Company (1992) (TV)
 * Dreaming of Lords (1993) with Ernie Dingo – also directed
 * The Nostradamus Kid (1993) – also directed
 * Ebbtide (1994)
 * Wildside (1998) Episode 24
 * Bastards from the Bush, A Journey with Bob Ellis and Les Murray (1998) – documentary
 * Infamous Victory: Ben Chifley's Battle for Coal (2008) – documentary

Unmade screenplays

 * The Road to Gundagai (1980) – vehicle for Bert Newton and Gerard Kennedy as soldiers on latrine duty during the bombing of Darwin
 * comedy script about radio actors in the 1940s (circa 1980)
 * adaptation of The Sentimental Bloke for director Maurice Murphy starring Phillip Quast
 * mini-series with James Ricketson about Bea Miles (circa 1980)
 * road film about two girls going north to audition for a cabaret version of Brigadoon in Surfers Paradise (circa 1980)
 * These Remembrances set around the time of the Whitlam Dismissal (circa 1980)
 * The Girl from Kiev about two 40-year-old divorced lawyers travelling near Chernobyl falling for a Russian girl
 * Shakespeare in Italy (2011)
 * Paper Tigers – mini series about the Murdoch family

Novels

 * Mad Dog Morgan (1976) with Anne Brooksbank – based on the Philippe Mora film Mad Dog Morgan
 * Fatty Finn (1980) – based on his film script
 * Top Kid (1985) – novelisation with John Hepworth of his film script
 * The Paper Boy (1985) - novelisation with John Hepworth of his film script
 * The Hewson Tapes : A Secret History, Perhaps, of Our Times (1993) – fiction presented as the diary of John Hewson
 * The Season (1996) – with Roy Masters

Non-fiction

 * The Things We Did Last Summer: An Election Journal – account of the 1983 Australian federal election
 * Two weeks in another country : a journal of the 1983 British election – account of the 1983 United Kingdom general election
 * Letters to the Future (1987) – collection of writings from 1969–87
 * The Inessential Ellis (1992) – collection of writings
 * Goodbye Jerusalem : night thoughts of a Labor outsider (1997) – writings centred on the history of the Australian Labor Party up to the 1996 Australian federal election
 * First abolish the customer: 202 arguments against economic rationalism (1998)
 * So it goes : essays, broadcasts, speeches 1987–1999 (1999)
 * Goodbye Babylon : further journeys in time and politics (2002)
 * Night thoughts in time of war (2004)
 * And so it went: night thoughts in a year of change (2009) – events around the 2007 Australian federal election
 * The capitalism delusion : how global economics wrecked everything and what to do about it (2009)
 * One hundred days of summer : how we got to where we are (2010)
 * Suddenly, last winter : an election diary (2010) – diary of the 2010 Australian federal election
 * The Ellis Laws (2014)

Acting

 * I Own the Racecourse (1985) – film
 * The Human Behan (1995–96) – play
 * Waiting for Godot (2000) – play
 * Man of Flowers (Paul Cox, 1983) - film

title: Bob Ellis


text:
Laurie Chan

Laurie Hok Si Chan (born April 6, 1965) is a politician and diplomat from the Solomon Islands. He served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2002 to 2006 and served in the National Parliament as MP for West Guadalcanal Constituency from 2001 to 2010. In May 2009, he was named Minister of Justice and Legal Affairs in Prime Minister Derek Sikua's government, and was fired from this same position in April 2010.

Chan was first elected to the National Parliament in the December 2001 election and served as Minister for Finance and Treasury from March 30, 2002, until December 8, 2002. He was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs on December 12, 2002, and served in that position until May 5, 2006, when he was removed from office following the resignation of Snyder Rini as Prime Minister on April 26, 2006.

Chan's father, businessman Thomas Koh Chan (陳國強) and leader of the Association of Independent Members party, has been accused of helping bring Rini to power through bribery.

Chan was a member of the Bills and Legislation Committee in Parliament from May 2006 until the end of his term in 2010.

He did not stand as a candidate to defend his seat in the August 2010 general election, standing down from Parliament. Moses Garu succeeded him as MP for West Guadalcanal.

In 2011, he was appointed as ambassador to Taiwan. The Solomons are one of the few countries to recognise the Republic of China rather than the People's Republic of China, and Chan had supported continued relations with Taiwan when he was Minister for Foreign Affairs. He began to serve as ambassador on 21 March 2012.

title: Laurie Chan


text: Category:Letters by script

title: Category:Letters by script


text:
Talk:Politics of Greece

Greece is a Puppet State
Well after signing those policies with IMF, having German observer, being threatened for many things if political parties wont cooperate with what "troika" says, having for president someone who Greeks never voted for and finally currently being told that it is better not to go for elections but better decide for a technocrat government without elections isn't this the definition of a puppet state? Mostly Europe and specifically some high european political and economics figures deal too much with internal affairs of another state. What do you think?

P.S. Not even mentioning many laws that are clearly in opposition with the Constitution of Greece just for the sake of the so called "help". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.218.41.19 (talk) 02:59, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

Totally agree. Today Greece looks like the years of military junta. Its not even a joke comparison. Its exackly how it was back then. No human rights, police is fascist, goverment parties preaching about democracy at the same time they ignore the constitution, immigrants are being tortured or killed and police doesnt act (video exist that actually police torture people), immigration camps look more like concetration camps without food, sometimes without water and without medicines. Media are controlled by the goverment and free journalists are being threatened every day. This is no more a democracy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.94.199.192 (talk) 12:02, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

The "Liberals Party" of the 2004 election results is different from Stephanos Manos's "The Liberals" political party
Stephanos Manos's "The Liberals" and the "Liberals Party" are two distinct political parties with no affiliation to each other. When the 2004 parliamentary elections took place, "The Liberals" had already been dissolved three years ago, and Stephanos Manos was riding the PASOK ticket for election to parliament. Confusing, I know, but that doesn't excuse mixing up political party names on an encyclopaedic entry.

Additionally, I've added some information to the part about private universities.

Caramanlis? Karamanlis? Konstantinos?
In the political parties and leaders, the New Democracy party leader is listed as Konstantinos Karamanlis. Is he Costas Karamanlis, the current prime minister or his father? And also, in the politican leaders list, there is a Costas Karamanlis, but above in the text he appears as Costas Caramanlis. I don't know which one is the correct or more widespread transliteration but for consistency, shouldn't both be spelled the same?--leandros 09:21, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, the late Konstantinos Karamanlis was the uncle of the current Prime Minister of Greece, not the father. Plus, both Konstantinos and Constantinos is popular in use, but it's definately Karamanlis with a K, as in KDE. During the last EU Summit meeting, every european channel had its own spelling of his name. But here's what I'll do: I'll go ahead and change all the Cs in the surname and the first name into Ks, in order to have Konsistancy ;) . Anybody asks, tell them the Cookie Monster ate'em --Project2501a 13:30, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Done -- Project2501a 13:55, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Religion
Greece, this modern country, in the EU and supposedly Democratic, still doesn't have a separation of Church and State and declares that it only has a 2% minority...what a laugh! -  unsigned comment by 68.162.126.118

 * Well, obviously, we don't know how to accomplish such a feat. why don't you come over and help us? Project2501a 20:46, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The "unsigned commentator" criticizes the lack of seperation between Church and State in Greece. I would like to ask him if he thinks that Great Britain faces the same problem, since the Queen leads the English Church. The "unsigned commentator" also critisizes the position of the government that the only important religious minority in Greece in the musulman one (1,5% of the population). I would like to ask him to state the other religious minorities that he thinks the government hides. I would finally answer to The "unsigned commentator" that it is easy to accuse and distort the truth but it is difficult to prove your fake arguments.

Judicial Branch
I rewrited the section "Judicial Branch", because it lacked any real analysis and because even the two short propositions, which existed, were faulse. The names of the courts were wrong, the competence was wrong, the coise of the members was wrong (the Greek President has nothing to do with the choice of the members of the Supreme Courts). I hope that my intervention is going to be received with applause. Respectively, I changed the names of the Supreme COurts in the "politics-politics portal" and I added the Court of Cassation and the Chamber of Accounts, which were not referred, as they should. Yannismarou 21:10, the 25th of March 2006 (UTC)

--If your re-writing of that section is anything like the above post, you need to stay away from Wikipedia's English version!! Errors: rewrote, not rewrited / false, not faulse / choice, not coise /. Jeez... it's TERRIBLE. Leave the English to the experts, mmmkay?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.69.81.2 (talk) 21:11, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Greek ministry of defence apologetics
''Although these figures (GDP consumed in armament spending) seem huge, we must point out, in fairness of the applied policy, that Greece faces certain particular geostrategical challenges. It is the only EU country without any land borders with another EU state (its borders are the external EU borders) and the relations with Turkey remain tense, since the Cyprus dispute is still unresolved. As a result, the devotion of large sums of the budget in armament spending consists an unpleasant but, nevertheless, inescapable reality.''

Bullshit! I've been hearing this excuse for the past 10 years now, and it either comes from Greek nationalists or for Apologetics for the Greek ministry of Defence! "Innescapable reality", my ass! The Greek National bank just bought 45% of the Turkish National bank! Where the heck do you people see all that "tension"? And pardon me, but both Bulgaria and FYROM are gonna be FULL EU MEMBERS in 2007! Fyrom just announced it is abolishing their conscription system in 2007!!! WHAT IS THAT INNESCAPABABLE REALITY, REALLY? Project2501a | ΑΝΥΠΟΤΑΞΙΑ, ΑΠΑΛΛΑΓΗ, Ι-5 11:13, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

(or Project2501a's creative imagination!)
The fact that you do not agree with my edit, it does not mean that you have the right to remove it. My edit does not violate the NPOV, since I expose facts, and I do not understand who gave you the right to delete what I wrote (nobody, of course!). On the other hand, your edit is more closely to a NPOV violation, but I didn't delete it (I respected you; something that you didn't, my friend!)! Hence, I'll restore my edit and do not make the same mistake to delete it, because you cannot imagine how stubborn I am! Now, I do not care about your insults, but, If you really want to know who I am, go to my userpage and learn about me. Finally, I believe that your comments on military service (and the conscription) are inaccurate, totally POV, inappropriate for Wikipedia or any other encyclopedias (encyclopedias are not forums!) and inappropriate for the country you needlessly and unwarily assail. I can explain the reasons I believe all these things, but I'm sure that you don't care and you won't understand. Just make one thing: Go to articles in Wikipedia concerning any other country and, if you find any slandering or offensive comments against these countries like yours against Greece, then come and tell me. Ah! And the Greek National Bank didn't buy the 45% of the Turkish National Bank, but the 46% of the "Finansbank", ranked just 8th in Turkey (see Economist [April 8th-14th, page 76, Turkish Banks by assets]). And if you want to see tension, don't talk to me about the Finansbank! Just go to Imia for fishing! --Yannismarou 11:57, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Which way to the Front?

 * > since I expose facts,

Single-sided, nationalistic, apologetic, facts?
 * > who gave you the right to delete what I wrote

The wiki did.
 * > Hence, I'll restore my edit and do not make the same mistake to delete it, because you cannot imagine how stubborn I am!

Ooh, threat?
 * > I do not care about your insults,

Insults? what insults?
 * > I believe that your comments on military service (and the conscription) are inaccurate, totally POV, inappropriate for Wikipedia or any other encyclopedias

Please! :D go ahead and prove me wrong :D (ΚΑΝΕΝΑΣ ΠΟΙΟ ΠΑΛΙΟΣ ΡΕ;) I'm just mentioning the facts. It's not my fault the facts don't reflect well on Greece. What would you rather have me do? use an επικοινωνιακό κόλπο (translation: Public relations stunt) in order to make the Greek goverment look good?
 * > This user is a jurist and a postgraduate of Public Administration.

OMG! Ένας κρατικοδίαιτος καρεκλοκένταυρος και μελλοντικός βολευτής!!!!!!!1 Μήπως είσαι και σΠΑΣΟΚ; Μήπως και έχεις και το Κυριάκο Μιτσοτάκη βύζμα; Τι άλλο θα δούμε; Τον Δήμο Βερήκιο να κάνει το παπαγαλάκι στη Wikipedia; (Translation: YAY! yet another goverment-fed employee and future-senator-hopeful! Should I cheer for your success, Oh future Ceasar? )
 * > and inappropriate for the country you needlessly and unwarily assail.

Facts are never innapropriate. Shame is brought upon Greece by it's own doings :) It's not my fault I lost 5 line brothers in the Manitsa incident :) Nor that the Sworn-in Deposition conducted by General Karavas was later overturned by the District Attorney. It's not my fault the DA changed the cause of death from "negligence from fault of conscriptees" to Capital Manslaughter. It's not my fault the DA charged the Base Commander and CO on duty with Grand Manslaughter and the Greek Power Company with Accomplice to Murder. :) It's not my fault I lost 2 friends in the C-130 crash 10 years ago. It's not my fault that Hummer jeep was stollen from one of the "best guarded" Marine camp in the country by a convicted fellon nonetheless, nor that that the 6th railroad accident within a span of 6 months happened today. It's not my fault Greece will spend 22 billion euros in the next ten years, (higher than any other country in the mediteranian or its neighbouring countries) in arms purchasing in an attempt to overspend Turkey, while the basic wage has been lingering at 450 euros for 6 years now. It's not my fault industrial workers will recieve 10% increase in their wages ever the next 3 years, while inflation is over 6% each year. It's not my fault that the president of GSEE (Greek Syndicate of Industrial Workers, nothing to do with the IWW), Polizogopoulos is a sellout and that he was beaten up, though it is my personal oponion he deserves to be sent to the hospital one more time. It's not my fault that 5 pimps govern Greece. It's not my fault 45% of the GPD is used for the salaries of goverment employees. It's not my fault that there are over 20 deaths in the Corinth-Patras highway each 6 months. It's not my fault that Christodoulos is a Junta sympathiser.

It's not my fault i'll be paying for the 1980s "Buy of the Century" and the Koskotas scandal for the next 50+ years. (Σήκω Αντρέα για να δείς αν τα τρών καλά τα δις!). It's not my fault Social Security is defunct and broke ever since 1983 and that any funds left, were used in the Greek stock market scandal. It's not my fault that there's a good chance Greek economy might go belly up in 30 years, and sure as hell i don't wanna pay the sins of some Napoleons or some Squealer of Mass Media baron, who uses the media to his own advantage?

Bad management and bad "leadership" on behalf of each and every ruling Greek Goverment for the past 40 years is.

George Kouris vs Kontominas anyone? Celebrity Deathmatch!

I've been hearing that "it's the circumstances!" excuse for 30 years now: it's never in our hand to change things, it's always the circumstances. it's the americans, it's the british, the ethiopians, damn it, the Maori! Those damn Maori, especially, they are conspiring against us, cuz they hate us and our culture!

I'm not attacking any country. No, let me rephrase that. I am attaching Greece. But only as much as Nikos Dimou was and still is. Does that make me anti-Greek? Critisising my own country? The political climate in my own country. No-one was a prophet in their own land: The unfortune of being Greek. Greece, much like Kronos, is eating her own children. I'm tired of playing Estragon. I'm tired of playing the nice guy. My Greek shoulders can bare no weight no more cuz they snapped in two. I'm tired of House Negroes, Negro.

So, let me guess, you gonna go along with the usual show-and-tell show and tell me that if i don't like how things are in Greece, i should get the hell out?

 * > I can explain the reasons I believe all these things, but I'm sure that you don't care and you won't understand.

Please, do go ahead. We'll both put up our degrees: Your degree in public administration (*cough*figurehead*cough), vs my degrees in Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, with minors in Computer Engineering, History and Political Science.
 * > And the Greek National Bank didn't buy the 45% of the Turkish National Bank, but the 46% of the "Finansbank",

OOOH, my bad, my apologies, it's not the 1st largest bank of turkey that the Greek National bank saved from financial peril, it's the 8th. my sincere apologies.

 * > Just go to Imia for fishing!

I did. It's a freaking goat island. It was never about the island. It's all about the oil in the bottom of the Aegian Sea. So, please, stop your flagwaving.

Where's the war? who the heck is shooting at us? Ah, well! Launch missiles! Kill'em all! (But i'm le tired :D )

Project2501a | ΑΝΥΠΟΤΑΞΙΑ, ΑΠΑΛΛΑΓΗ, Ι-5 21:04, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Guys, no need to get your heads hot over this. I tried to mend this piece of the article the Wikipedia way: Citations. Please read the hidden parts of what I wrote in the article (I mean the ones in ) and comment. --Michalis Famelis 21:13, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed. Yannismarou, that paragraph is POV and does not present any citations, especially for the "inescapable reality" bit. bogdan 21:24, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

As you can see, I took away the inesvapable reality comment, which was really a POV and my mistake. But, nothing else was POV. I go along with the new more extended version and I feel happy my position was taken into serious consideration. But, I have to say some things to my friend Project2501a. And I ll tell it in greek, since he answers me in greek:

1)Πρώτα από ολα, όσο και να προσπαθήσεις τα πολιτικά μου πιστεύω δεν πρόκειται να καταλάβεις, διότι δεν αφορούν κανέναν και, ιδίως, τη wikipedia. Οπότε λέγε όσες ασυναρτησίες θες, σχετικά. 2)Οι προσωπικές σου εμπειρίες δε δικαιολογούν τη χρήση της wikipedia ή οποιασδήποτε άλλης εγκυκλοπαίδειας για να βγάζεις προσωπικές πικρίες, δυσαρέσκειες ή στενοχώριες. Βρες άλλους τρόπους. Φτιάξε ένα blog! Βγάλε εφημερίδα! Όσο δίκιο και να έχεις, δε θα πειστώ ποτέ ότι έχεις διαλέξει το σωστό τρόπο, για να εκφραστείς. 3) Τουλάχιστον, εγώ έχω κάποια βιογραφικά και προσωπικά στοιχεία στο user site μου. Να ξέρει ο κόσμος ποιος είμαι. Δε σ' αρέσει; Δεν πειράζει! Εσύ από την άλλη είσαι ένας anti-conscription guy. Αν αυτό σε εκφράζει, μπράβο σου! 4) Κρατικοδίαιτος;! Φίλε, εγώ όπου πέρασα, πέρασα με εξετάσεις και χωρίς να μοu κάνει πλάτες κανείς ούτε να γλείψω κανέναν. Τον Κυριάκο μπορεί να τον έχεις ανάγκη εσύ κάποια στιγμή, αλλά εγώ δεν τον χρειάστηκα και δε θα τον χρειαστώ ποτέ. Μου αρκεί η αξία μου, που παραδόξως περνάει ακόμη πού και πού στην Ελλάδα. 5) Το Δημόσιο με πληρώνει, αλλά δε μου κάνει χάρη. Του τα παίρνω, γιατί έδωσα εξετάσεις και πέταξα απόξω κάμποσα βίσματα που εποφθαλμιούσαν τη θέση μου. Οπότε ούτε ντρέπομαι για τα χρήματα που παίρνω ούτε έχω καμιά υποχρέωση στο δημόσιο. Δε μου χάρισε τίποτε και δεν του χρωστώ καμιά υποχρέωση. 6) Και έγω έκανα στρατό. Και ούτε εγώ τρελάθηκα με τη θητεία. Αλλά τα απωθημένα μου τα κρατάω για εκεί που πρέπει και όχι για άσχετα forum. 7) Και στο κάτω κάτω της γραφής, άντε γεια, γιατί έχω και εξετάσεις τώρα. (Ξέρεις τι είναι αυτό;)--Yannismarou 07:11, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Title of the section is "military spending"
And that has nothing to do with spending on health and education. Project2501, if you want to talk about these matters without inserting your particular anarcho-communist "I don't wanna go to the army" mama's boy bias, you'd better start a new section on health spending. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.251.126.22 (talk • contribs)

 * What's wrong with comparing military spending with health and education spending? and as far as having a portofolio, dude, pot calling kettle black. Project2501a | ΑΝΥΠΟΤΑΞΙΑ, ΑΠΑΛΛΑΓΗ, Ι-5 Project2501a 09:07, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Although I loathe the unsigned comments, I must point out that I absolutely agree with this one. It's popularist and inaccurate to say that "the government spends for the army and that's why nothing goes to the lower classes". Oh, Ok! Hence, in Greece bad politics is congruent with military spending. Yea! That's it! Now, let's get serious. Does anyone really believe that ill-health and ill-education in Greece are due to the military spending?! OK! So, if we abrogate any military spending, does anybody honestly believe that we'll resolve the health and education problem? Does anybody honestly believe that less military spending entails better health? Well, military spending is gradually going down. Did anybody show better health or education because of this very reason? And the gradual improvishment of lower classes is also due to military spending?!! What is that "military service", at last? A huge Lebiathan shadowing everything in Greece or, even better, the reincarnation of Dracula? Yea! It's a new grisly monster, drinking Greece's blood with its huge teeth!!!! And Greece is coddling the monster, since it is riddled with the repurcussions of this bad bad bad bad thing: The uterus of all evils: the awfull (Oh! I do not dare to articulate the word!) "military spending". I have no money to make politics: Have you heard that? It is the easy excuse in Greece. But it's not true. Most of the times, the will lacks not the money. Even if you don't have the adequate money, you can have positive results, if you are effective. Hence, I think it is totally naive and inaccurate to say that "the lower taxes have problems because of the military spending etc." or "bad health is due to the military spending". These are naive excuses for naive minds. Huge deficit, dept and bad management along with some doses of popularism are the reasons for these inaptitudes. Military spending is the easy excuse, the bait some people bite. Well, if there are people who buy such excuses and if they also swallow the popularist cries of the party-affiliated syndicats in Greece, that's their problem. --Yannismarou 10:12, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yanni try to understand that I am not trying to push any agenda here, I am just trying to present in a complete way the political issue of military spending from all its facets. It is not me that's saying that money cut from the defence budget could (or should or would) be directed to healthcare, education or the lower classes. I am just reporting what mainstream politicians have publicly stated (with citations). It is Christodoulakis who speaks of a "peace dividend" and the parties of the left that speak of relieving the lower classes.
 * On the opening paragraph I included the figures regarding the percentage of the GDP Greece spends on healthcare and education. But I only mentioned them in a neutral way, with no judgemental language. And I did so because the article is about the politcal issue. It is not the true needs of the country, but about the political debate around these needs. Therefore the context of the debate must be established.
 * All I tried to do was to describe the debate. And I did it by (1) establishing the context of the debate and (2) providing cited opinions of those involved in the debate. I did not get into judgmental language, I just cold bloodedly reported. And I think this is NPOV.
 * --Michalis Famelis 10:40, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

OK, Michali. That's fine with me.--Yannismarou 12:19, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Most recent edits are pure acts of vandalism. Is there a way to protect the article somehow? Pel thal (talk) 13:26, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of Greece" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

Please check that this country's outline is not in error.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact The Transhumanist.

Thank you.

Why the use of quotes? This is the truth...
""" The Greek Orthodox Church is under the protection of the State, which pays the clergy's salaries, and Orthodox Christianity is the "'prevailing" religion of Greece according to the Constitution. The Greek Orthodox Church is self-governing but under the spiritual guidance of the Ecumenical Patriarch in Constantinople. Freedom of religious beliefs is guaranteed by the Constitution, but "proselytism" is officially illegal. """

I do not understand the quotes on prevailing and proselytism. Can someone elaborate? The word prevailing shows up as-is in the Hellenic Carta Magna, thus, no need of quotes in there. Then, again, under Hellenic law, proselytism is illegal with severe punishment. Why the quotes in there again?

188.77.168.210 (talk) 20:34, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

Official colors
The officials colors of ΣΥ.ΡΙΖ.Α. (Coalition of the Radical Left) are red, green and purple (sometimes pink, also). You cannot color them with yellow. --Το αλλήθωρο οπόσουμ (talk) 19:51, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

There's another mistake: "Popular Orthodox Rally" (Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός), actually means Orthodox Rally of People (I don't actually think they're popular). You know, like you say "People's Republic of China" or "People Republic of North Korea". --Το αλλήθωρο οπόσουμ (talk) 20:26, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Government not Politics
This article appears to be mainly about the government and constitution of Greece rather than its politics, as indicated by the introduction 'The politics of Greece takes place in ....'. For example, there is no list of political parties. Clivemacd (talk) 21:55, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Agree.Bnulat (talk) 14:32, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

Article update
I suggest we delete the last paragraph of section "Maintaining the support of parliament" - 'tis out of date and there is no other section that requires this kind of updatedness. It could just refer to the separate article "Cabinet of Greece". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bnulat (talk • contribs) 14:23, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Politics of Greece


text:
User:Alanbrett

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title: User:Alanbrett


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Animo (0th nomination)

No potential to become encyclopedic. This is a dictionary definition article on a very minor topic. I'm moving it as a note in the main article De La Salle University. --Ronaldo Guevara 09:31, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - not encyclopedic Cutler 09:57, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: not notable. Geogre 13:45, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. This is not just a warcry of one team as the article says, but seems to feature in many others as well. 2850 Google hits for Animo la Salle, 627,000 for Animo on its own. See the talk page. Andrewa 01:18, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Almost all of the hits on Animo La Salle are on websites of students or alumni of the university. 'Animo' is a latin word for 'soul' or to give life to or to animate and can be used by any number of entities to name themselves. As a Lasallian myself, I think it would be best if I move this information to the main article on the university itself, where its context can best be seen. --Ronaldo Guevara 07:42, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - not encyclopedic Ian Maxwell 04:37, 2004 Aug 12 (UTC)
 * Delete. If this information is appropriate to an encyclopedia, it belongs in the article about the university. - Centrx 17:09, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Father Dámaso

Section deleted from article
Irrelevant to the subject of Padre Damaso(Deleted from original):

The writing of the novel cost the author his life. He was executed by firing squad. Civil authorities carried out the execution upon the instigation of the Spanish friars.

The novel and the execution sparked the Philippine Revolution that overthrew Spanish Colonization after 333 years.

What is shocking about the novel were the topics discussed in puritanical polite Philippine society. To this day, prominent Catholic schools like the Ateneo de Manila University still censor parts of the novel.

When Spain ceded the colony to the US in 1899,and the US system of public education was implemented, the priests managed to delete the seduction portion. Evidence of the continued influence of the Catholic church. Up to this day, that portion is deleted. It is only in the progressive University of the Philippines, the premier state university where that episode is discussed.--Jondel 09:34, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Sexual Abuse
This is one of the blatant notorious exposes which was blasphemous in Colonial Catholic Filipino society then. Although Noli Me Tangere is a work of fiction, it reflected real events that occurred during Rizal's times. While people today are shocked about sexual abuse in the Church, it was occurring everywhere and even far back in history. Nothing is new except this abuse was only more recently exposed.--Jondel 06:34, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Censored?!
Hey, I studied at Ateneo de Manila, and we took this book and El Filibusterismo up! We certainly didn't use any censored versions; we used the Filipino translations by Virgilio S. Almario, which can be bought at many bookstores (our editions had red covers). 202.163.241.1 23:31, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe that section on censoring is outdated. I don't know how it is today. Anyway it is not part of the article.--Jondel 12:52, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Nationality
Wasn't he a Spaniard, rather than a Filipino (in the modern sense of the word)? --210.213.187.159 07:09, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well he is a 'Fictional' Spaniard, and at that time, the word 'Filipino' referred to Spaniards in the Philippines. Anyway if we categorize him as Fictional Spaniard, I don't think the Spaniards would recognize him as such. Fictional Foreigners in the Philippines? Hmmm--Jondel 07:19, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Father Dámaso