text:
Talk:Battle of Atlanta

Work in Progress
As of September 26, 2023, revisions to this article are a work in progress. Expansion and additions to text, citations and sources have been made; others are being worked on in a sandbox or offline. Some sections may be expanded, revised or cleaned up before others. See also GA Reassessment section below. I will remove this entry when work is finished or if it the work becomes delayed for a prolonged period of time. Donner60 (talk) 10:16, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Some changes have been made to the article but most edits and additions are now being prepared in a sandbox. The changes and additions will be extensive and I think it is better at this point not to add them piecemeal. Donner60 (talk) 02:27, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

Strength
Normally, the strength is given by a number. Here, it is just referred to the armies, and if you go there, still, no numbers.

So, how many soldiers fought on each side? Formerly very active, now only occasional editor (talk) 14:48, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

 * This practice is a crutch for editors who have not located the actual numbers in secondary sources. Those figures are actually difficult to nail down sometimes. It's arguably better than omitting the data entirely. Hal Jespersen (talk) 22:31, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes. Very good. Those figures are very often difficult, or even impossible, to nail down. If you look at the articles for old battles, they very often has spans or ranges for it. I just say, someone need to insert the spans and ranges here. Formerly very active, now only occasional editor (talk) 13:07, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, in Wikipedia, the "someone" could be you. Hal Jespersen (talk) 16:21, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

The Strengths listed here have to be wrong. Sherman starts with 98,500-12,000, but is someehow down to 34,863 by the battle of Atlanta? Hood outnumbers Sherman with 40,438 in Southern territory, but somehow loses and has to abandon Atlanta? Sherman consistently had more troops than Johnston or Hood or else he wouldn't have gotten anywhere. These numbers are implausible. Are they a mistake? BobEvil (talk) 02:09, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Nine years later, but for the record, these numbers are estimates of the numbers for the units involved in the battle. Most of the Union troops were too far from the locations of the battle and were not engaged. The Confederates used a larger percentage of their total force. More detail and citations are now being added to the article; the entire work may take some time yet to complete. From: McMurry, Richard M. Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy. Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-8032-3212-9. p. 151: "By a mixture of boldness and good luck Hood had brought a superior force to the point of battle." Donner60 (talk) 07:15, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

Battle of Decatur
In this edit, I removed unreferenced information claiming that the Battle of Atlanta was also called the Battle of Decatur. I'm starting to think that whoever added the information confused it with the Battle of Decatur of late-October 1864. If anyone can prove that the Battle of Atlanta was actually called the Battle of Decatur, please do re-add the information with a reference. Guoguo12 --Talk--  20:39, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

 * One part of the overall battle on this date included an engagement at Decatur separated by a few miles from the other part of the battle. Bonds, Russell S. War Like the Thunderbolt: The Battle and Burning of Atlanta. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-1-59416-100-1. p. 161 refers to this part of the battle as the "so-called Battle of Decatur." In his new book, Hess, Earl J. July 22: The Civil War Battle of Atlanta. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2023. ISBN 978-0-7006-3396-8, Earl J. Hess has a chapter "Decatur and the Rest of July 22", which starts at p. 208: "The great battle at Sugar Creek and along the earthwork line at Bald Hill and the Georgia Railroad overshadowed a much smaller fight at Decatur on the afternoon of July 22. Although marginal, it was an important struggle...." In the Order of Battle appendix, at page 327, Hess lists the units engaged at Decatur under the caption: "Battle of Decatur, July 22." Dyer's Compendium lists, for July 22, 1864: "Engagement at Decatur" separately from "Battle of Atlanta." Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971.  has the following in the entry for July 22, 1864, at page 544: "At the fringes of the gigantic battle, fighting occurred near Decatur, at Beachtown, and along the Chattahoochee River." Other citations are probably available. There is no confusion with the later battle by noting this separate action as part of the overall battle(s) on July 22. The citations here show historians have referred to this separate action as the Battle of Decatur. However, I think the distinction between the two Decatur actions should probably be noted in a footnote or in the article to avoid any possible confusion of the later action with the separate phase of the Battle of Atlanta at Decatur. Donner60 (talk) 07:42, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

B-review
The lead should be expanded more; I expanded the lead to include the political ramifications since that was easy, but it still needs to do more on the background and siege. Also, there were a number of duplicated refs in the paragraphs - the style these days seems to be you don't have to repeat references on successive sentences.

You should include some kind of the strength numbers in the infobox and the text - the text refers to the Confederacy being out numbered repeatedly, and it should be easy to find since this is an important battle. Good luck on your GA review! Kirk (talk) 13:42, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'll see if I can spruce up the lead and I'll look over the references. Thanks for reviewing! Guoguo12  --Talk--  13:44, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * A quick browse of Cox's Sherman's battle for Atlanta on Google books reveals appendices with the approximate sizes for each side during the campaign. Kirk (talk) 13:52, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I can seem to get to it. It says "You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book". Guoguo12  --Talk--  13:59, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Its in our library - I'll see if I can find it. Kirk (talk) 15:00, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I added references for the approximate strength of the confederate army from Cox, but I had to use a weblink for the Union strength; I'm not sure those web articles about the campaign are going to hold up as authoritative sources. Kirk (talk) 15:35, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll see what I can find through my local library. Guoguo12  --Talk--  17:57, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

It was always unclear to me how Sherman got to Atlanta in the first place. A larger map of the initial advance would be helpful as the smaller maps only cover the Atlanta area. A link might be sufficient if there is one, unless I overlooked it.

Who commanded
In the lead you state "Union commander James McPherson" and mention that he was killed, a great tragedy for the Union army as he was an outstanding army commander. Later on in that same paragraph you state "Union commander William Sherman."

As you know (you make this distinction later in the article) Sherman had overall command of this campaign while McPherson was the commander of the Army of the Tennessee, one of the Union armies in this campaign and present at Atlanta. I suggest you rework the paragraph so that visitors understand this. As it appears now, those unfamiliar with the War of the Rebellion might come away with the idea that Sherman rose to command after McPherson was killed.

I recommend this as I have been told, by other editors, that the lead is the only thing some people read.

Just as an aside, I read your last section on the rapid rebuilding of Atlanta after the war. During that time Memphis, Tennessee was often referred to as the "Queen City of the South." However, after the 1878 yellow fever epidemic hit Memphis particularly hard, her prominence declined and Atlanta became more important culturally, economically, etc.

Good luck with this article. Thomas R. Fasulo (talk) 21:52, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Will see what I can do. Guoguo12  --Talk--  22:30, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

18:29, 9 March 2015 (UTC)It was Logan who rose to command of the Army of the Tennessee and actually commanded the Union forces in the field at the Battle of Atlanta. Despite winning a great victory, Logan was demoted back to command of the XV Corps, and replaced by O.O. Howard, a terrible general who had done nothing to deserve the promotion. This led to ill-feelings by many in the army. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.228.128.35 (talk)

Aftermath section
I think some alternate history is good for encyclopedia articles - make it clear what was at stake - but I don't like this passage in Aftermath:

"The fall of Atlanta was especially noteworthy for its political ramifications. In the 1864 election, former Union General George B. McClellan, a Democrat, ran against President Lincoln on a peace platform calling for truce with the Confederacy, although McCellan himself advocated continuing the war until the defeat of the Confederacy. Had this truce been achieved, it is highly unlikely that the war could ever have been restarted. However, the capture of Atlanta and Hood's burning of military facilities as he evacuated were extensively covered by Northern newspapers, and significantly increased Northern morale. Lincoln was reelected by a comfortable margin, with 212 out of 233 electoral votes.[8]"

How much of this is really cited to Boyer? Just the result? Is the first part original research / author's opinion / opinion of someone else? At best, I'd want it to be "According to historian Boyer, XYZ." But the current phrasing strongly connects the Battle to the re-election ("however") when I'd argue that it was more the general Georgia campaign that raised Union spirits, and furthermore seems to imply that had the CSA won the battle, then this truce might have had the CSA win the war. Which, IMHO, is quite wrong; the South had already lost by 1864, McClellan lost by a lot of votes, and even if McClellan had won he'd *probably* have continued prosecuting the war. The passage goes even further and notes "it is highly unlikely the war could ever have been restarted;" this requires way too much knowledge of the terms of the hypothetical truce to judge. A truce that came about due to crippling Northern losses would probably have ended the war, yes. But otherwise, the country was still a tinderbox with none of the problems fixed and no compromises likely. President McClellan might want to deal, but on what terms? The CSA wanted independence and McClellan was a Unionist, and the North would still have had a winning hand in 1865 even if the Georgia campaign somehow stalled out. That's no reason to offer a truce without terms the South would be unwilling to accept. The only thing that would have ended the war was a clear loss by one side or the other.

I'm not asking my opinions on Civil War alternate history be included, of course, but I'd ask that the ones currently in the article be either cited to a specific historian or removed. SnowFire (talk) 01:11, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

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You know they burned Atlanta right?
So far as I can see the only reference to Sherman burning down Atlanta when he left on November 15th is in the caption to a photo. 2601:602:9000:6700:E5C7:9994:3C82:D789 (talk) 05:40, 8 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I have added further information links in the "Aftermath" section to Burning of Atlanta and Atlanta campaign. Please note from the opening paragraph: "Despite the implication of finality in its name, the battle occurred midway through the Atlanta campaign, and the city did not fall until September 2, 1864, after a Union siege and various attempts to seize railroads and supply lines leading to Atlanta." The reference to the burning of Atlanta, via the photo, is in the "Aftermath" section. It is not directly related to this battle and further mention, other than the added links, is not really needed in this article. It is somewhat complicated, a whole article being written about it, and can not be summarized briefly. The links should suffice. Donner60 (talk) 06:56, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Atlanta


text:
Talk:Wiley Post

Eye Patch
His photos usualy show one. Why not on Wiki? 12.201.7.2 (talk) 03:39, 15 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Two of them do. EEng 03:56, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

Something that's been on my mind
Ok, guys, there's something that's been on my mind for some time now. I recall many, many years back (1997 or thereabouts) listening to Paul Harvey's The Rest of the Story. In this program, about Wiley Post, it was suggested that Wiley Post in fact intentionally flew an unairworthy aircraft, basically (although not explicitlly stating such) that his death and the death of Will Rogers can in fact be said to be a murder/suicide. I recall the radio program mentioning an "Edward Kennedy" or some such as a witness/mechanic for the flight. I however cannot find any other references and the only (poor) citation I have is this vague memory of Paul Harvey's radio show, so rather than just editing in an uncited fact that would very much be damaging to a very well respected history figure (one who, as an aviator myself has my respect) I've decided to just go ahead and include it in the comments section. Maybe someone else can verify or deverify this and confirm whether or not I just need my memory screwed on straight - 24.9.10.235 04:04, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

I have never heard that story, and I doubt that it is true. Wiley certainly made a mistake putting together the parts of two different airplanes. There was never a thorough investigation of the crash, so we'll never know. --Unsinkablerob 19:06, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

This is complete nonsense, what possible motive could Wiley have had to murder Will Rogers and kill himself at the same time as well?! Even if he did, why go to all that trouble putting together an "intentionally fuck" plane and then flying it halfway around the world before crashing it on purpose?! Why not just crash it as soon as no one could see it?! I say that Paul Harvey and Ted Kennedy were deliberately trying to slander Wiley for whatever reasons of their own, and that you should not listen to what they say unless someone else can back up their statements. But you to you for asking about it instead of just putting this BS into the article. I can tell by this that you're a smart and decent person, just a little too gullible. So here's a tip for you and all the others on how to spot a nonsense conspiracy theory: you can tell right away that it's bogus if there's no wikipedia motive given or if the motive doesn't make sense (as is the case here). Clear skies to you, and have a good day.

146.74.226.94 (talk) 22:31, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

First solo flight?
This article says that Post made the first solo circumnavigation (1933). However, circumnavigation lists Walter von Gronau as the first in 1932, and several web sites about Post make no mention of him being first. Which is true? — Johan the Ghost seance 13:22, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Fixed it — it was Wolfgang von Gronau, and he wasn't solo. — Johan the Ghost seance 15:29, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Streets and Roads named Wiley Post
Is it worth mentioning that in Anchorage, Los Angeles, and locations in TX, NJ, OK, MA, there are streets named after him?

Nose-Heavy
I've slightly amended the description of the aircraft's weight-and-balance. The clear consensus was that the hybrid aircraft was intrinsically nosy-heavy, and that the pontoons fitted exacerbated that characteristic. I've left in place, however, the previously extant notation that at least one source evidently disagreed as to the floats fitted, and I've also placed the appropriate references in place.

Airtime
This page says the flight was 7d 19h; this site says 8d 15h 51m. Which is it? And which is the flying time? TREKphiler  hit me ♠  15:27, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

8 day flight in 1931 was flown by Wiley Post with Harold Gatty as navigator. Shorter flight in 1933 was solo. I believe flight time indicated is from wheels up to wheels down. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Unsinkablerob (talk • contribs) 13:38, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Airscrew?
Why is the word airscrew used rather than the more modern and broadly understood 'propeller'? By sheer numbers on a Google search it is evident that airscrew is uncommon. Propeller 122,000,000 results, airscrew 324,000 and finally airplane propeller 1,790,000 results.JascalX (talk) 03:48, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Jet stream discovery
There is a dispute over who discovered a jet stream first. See the Discovery section of the jet stream article.    ←   ZScarpia  12:11, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

Early flying caeer - why deleted?
Why was this deleted without discussion? I found it interesting and informative. Sections shouldn't be deleted just because they are not yet fully cited. I intend reinstating it unless I hear within about one week. Dendrotek 19:02, 18 September 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dendrotek (talk • contribs)

 * I concur, references can always be found. FWiW Bzuk (talk) 21:03, 18 September 2013 (UTC) Note the removal was pure vandalism. FWiW  Bzuk (talk) 22:02, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

Thanks for this. I thought it might be vandalism because around the same time the word "woman" appeared strangely out of context. I tried to delete that but someone else was messing with the page at the same time. Dendrotek 19:14, 19 September 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dendrotek (talk • contribs)

Article classification change
This article satisfies the requirements for Class C. I have made this change for WP:Oklahoma and WP:Biography. Bruin2 (talk) 15:44, 16 July 2016 (UTC)

Wiley Post is missing from the List of Aviation Pioneers on Wiki
I've also made a note of this issue on the Talk page for the List of Aviation Pioneers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aviation_pioneers. I don't know how to attempt to add a row to the complex table on that page, but perhaps someone interested in this article might like to take up the challenge of adding Wiley Post and his achievements to that list. Jbo9995 (talk) 13:55, 4 July 2017 (UTC)

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He was white
It says his mother was only mixed Cherokee while his father was pure white. That means he was atleaat 75% white. Why put he is Native American or if Cherokee descent when he is mostly European descent? 149.62.208.8 (talk) 13:06, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

Loss of eye caused by playful negligence?
Listening to a 1988 interview of Jack McNiece who was born in Wiley Post's hometown of Mayfield, OK. McNiece had the follow to say of the eye accident: "They sent [Wiley Post] off to the big house for a few ... for a short period of time. Then he came back out of that and went to work in the oil fields down in Oklahoma City. And he was kind of a nut, and he took a bunch of explosives and stuff that they used out in the field, and took 'em home. He's was experimenting, foolin' around with 'em, and he let it get away from him, and blew up. And that's how he lost that eye - blew his eye out.  Well, he was smart enough to convince them that it had happened out on the job, you know, and that they were negligent and this and that. And he sued 'em and got quite a bit of money out of it." Todd. "Interview with Jake McNiece 3/2/1988" YouTube, uploaded by Oklahoma Historical Society Audio Archives, uploaded 6 January 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Zyxh0gvdGA Rowboat17 (talk) 15:42, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Wiley Post


text:
Talk:Automaton

GDC
another one that could be quoted for contemporary automata : the German Dead Chickens (www.deadchickens.de), currently (2004) viewable in the streets of Lille, France.

The animated figures stand Adorning every public street And seem to breathe in stone, or   move their marble feet. ... ___________________________ -where does that quote come from?i have looked at numerous translations and none of them have this version —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.49.147.144 (talk) 18:27, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

biomechanical
Is biomechanical really an appropriate word to use.

"Automata" is a more general term than this (e.g. it's use in math and computing science).

if you think that autmatons are cool check out the book The Making of Hugo Cabret its awsome! but it has over 200 pages of pictures, so if you dont like to read its awsome too! M20 23:17, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Ancient Automatta
When I read this title, what comes to mind is the greek goddess' mechanical owl. Should that be mentioned?
 * Was there really a mechanical owl or is that just from the Clash of the Titans movie? Though I know there are stories of statues coming to life, and of Hephaestus creating gold and silver robot helpers.Rglong 02:20, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Help me out here
If the word means that something is self driven, why is it commonly used to describe mindless followers? Is it just to compare them to robots? This has always confused me.Rglong 02:21, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Automata repeat the same performance, over and over, without thought, never changing. A mindless follower repeats the same performance over and ......  tooold 06:45, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Definition
The article does not make clear where to use 'automaton' instead of 'robot' or 'droid'. The context of the article however implies that automata are purely mechanical devices without the use of electronics or informatics technology (which would produce 'cybernetics').

The 'Examples' section should need some cleanup. Someone had added the cyborg characters from Mortal Kombat series, and his logic eludes me. I think that sci-fi references should be removed, since those cases are robotic. Pictureuploader (talk) 10:56, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Commercial links
Are commercial links allowed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.163.218.79 (talk) 02:34, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * See External Links for guidelines. Normally commercial links should be avoided but there are circumstances where they are reasonable. Dmcq (talk) 10:14, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Programmability
There's a bit of conflict in that the article says Al-Jazari is credited with making the first programmable automaton whereas Hero described a programmable cart. Perhaps the second 'automaton' means a humanlike one? Dmcq (talk) 10:04, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Regiomontanus
The link to http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech for Regiomontanus' two purported automata doesn't work, and I can't find any citation there that has the information. The wooden eagle and iron fly also appear on the Regiomontanus article and had been flagged as needing a citation. A search for Hakewill at the Wisconsin site yields one page with nothing useful on automata. I have removed this information on both here and at Regiomantus, but restoring it may be just a matter of finding a replacement for the link http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech000900240221&isize=L. Bob Burkhardt (talk) 13:14, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Misuse of sources
is one of the main contributors to Wikipedia (over 67,000 edits; he's ranked 198 in the number of edits), and practically all of his edits have to do with Islamic science, technology and philosophy. This editor has persistently misused sources here over several years. This editor's contributions are always well provided with citations, but examination of these sources often reveals either a blatant misrepresentation of those sources or a selective interpretation, going beyond any reasonable interpretation of the authors' intent. Please see: Requests for comment/Jagged 85. I searched the page history, and found 18 edits by Jagged 85 (for example, see this series of edits). Tobby72 (talk) 18:54, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes. I've heard and read about this case, that was kind of "resolved" today resolved in April 2010. There are other cases of long term desinformation such as mysterious recurring star names with doubtful etymology. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 09:07, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Verify credibility
The source muslimheritage.com was marked with a, but a shallow reading thru of NYT: Edward Rothstein's Article and muslimheritage.com's rebuttal seems to indicate that the NYT criticism is sweepingly bonking muslimheritage.com for presenting allegations about possible muslim scientific influences and presenting an image of general muslim science influence on early western science, while muslimheritage.com annoyedly shouts "we said 'may have'". This sounds like a typical historicians debate. Muslimheritage.com should IMHO be regarded as credible when it presents facts, and as speculative when it presents speculations.

The link marked as occurred in section Automata from the 13th to 19th centuries, that says that
 * Al-Jazari described complex programmable humanoid automata amongst other machines he designed and constructed in the “Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices” in 1206.

The link provided, exhibits images from the book of Al-Jazari, what better proofs are there??

If dislike, first read thru the above links and make your own statement here! Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 08:55, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Odd division of the history
The section "ancient automata" includes lots of medieval stuff from Baghdad etc. - well after the end of classical antiquity. I think it would make more sense to have "ancient automata" cover the Greek/Hellenistic and Chinese stuff, the legendary material about Solomon, etc.; have a "medieval automata" section with the Islamic, Villard de Honnecourt, Yuan Dynasty stuff; and put the rest of the historical stuff under "Renaissance and Early Modern automata" or something. Also, "other historic automata" seems an unnecessary section; Archytas' dove and the ancient Chinese birds should go under "ancient automata", and the Smithsonian monk should go under the Renaissance/Early modern section. Vultur (talk) 00:39, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Next time perhaps you would like to wait for someone to reply to your posts, or give it a good few days with no replies, before major changes? Chaosdruid (talk) 18:47, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

Numerous automatas in European late medieval Clocktowers.
It need some references to numerous late-medieval automatons in the clocktowers around Europe. For example St Mark's Clocktower, Torre del Mangia in Italy, but they are also very numerous in Switzerland.

People
I mentioned these in the see also section, but perhaps they're best just mentioned in the text.
 * Theo Jansen
 * Andrew Chase
 * Kirsty Boyle
 * Giles Walker
 * Christian Ristow
 * Thomas Edison's talking doll — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.159.99 (talk) 10:17, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

What is an Automaton?
If a human operates a machine, it is a manual machine. If a machine is self-operating it is an automatic machine. Thus, given this articles definition, "An automaton is a self-operating machine", all automatic machines are automatons, right? 76.103.213.6 (talk) 07:34, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

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Abstract automatons
This article is mostly about physical machines, however it contains a number of "see also" links that are more relevant to the abstract notion of an automaton, and the article doesn't really cover the abstract notion. I'm thinking a disambiguation between physical and abstract automatons would be helpful to clean up some of this noise. How about creating an article Automaton (abstract machine)? 75.139.254.117 (talk) 18:29, 29 December 2016 (UTC)

Pushkin automaton
Does File:Alexander Pushkin automaton android by François Junod.JPG have a place in this article? There have been a few promotional edits pushing it along with a paragraph about it being "the most complex android automaton ever made to date", and when that was reverted, just adding the image into the lede or the article body as "an important example of modern automata". Is it a useful image to include, when the article itself says nothing about automata after the 19th century? The photo shows no internal workings - that modern techniques can make a realistic human shell for an automaton does not seem very remarkable in itself. --McGeddon (talk) 10:08, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

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Pianola
Can a [player piano] be considered an automaton? George Rodney Maruri Game (talk) 23:15, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

Robot definition overlaps with Automaton
The article [automaton] has a similar definition. Can anyone improve both articles to make the difference more evident? Additionally, the definition must also include robots that can be programmed with other kinds of systems such as analog circuits and not only digital ones. Simple robots do not even have a computer onboard (the definition remarks the use of computers) and Robotics textbooks have lots of really basic robots to prove it. George Rodney Maruri Game (talk) 23:28, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Automaton


text:
Foyle

Foyle may refer to:

 * The River Foyle in Ireland
 * Lough Foyle, an estuary of the River Foyle

Entities named for the River Foyle

 * BBC Radio Foyle, local radio station
 * Foyle (Assembly constituency)
 * Foyle (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency)
 * Foyle (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Foyle and Londonderry College, a grammar school in Derry
 * Foyle Film Festival
 * Ulsterbus Foyle, the Derry-based bus operator

Arts and entertainment

 * Kitty Foyle (film), a 1940 film
 * Detective Chief Superintendent Christopher Foyle, the protagonist of the TV series Foyle's War
 * Foyle, a partner of Bonehead in the film Detectives on the Edge of a Nervous Breakdown

Other uses

 * Foyle (surname), a list of notable people with this surname
 * Foyles, a bookshop in London
 * HMS Foyle (T48), a Mersey Class trawler built for the Royal Navy

title: Foyle


text: Talk:Foyle

title: Talk:Foyle


text:
Talk:Rural sociology

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 12 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Crod333, Juanvz12.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:27, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

NPOV and other issues
This article sounds like it describes a particular school of rural sociology, which seems to have a pessimistic assessment without exception.

Aren't there positive developments in some places, such as environmental restoration made possible by population shrinkage? Types of rural communities is a partial list of how certain rural communities can prosper economically, and there are others, including focusing on niche crops (specialty organics, biofuel, crops for export, etc.). Farm productivity is high and rising, and so on; some people think that's a good thing, and that the economic dislocation of small farmers is a temporary burden and that the process is good for the economy and good for consumers (including rural consumers) in the long run. New methods for regenerating renewable natural resources are being used in some places (fish farming instead of fishing natural stocks, sustainable forest management, etc.).

Issues of globalization, the newfound ease with which "digital" can move to low cost-of-living areas, and government subsidies for agriculture are not mentioned. These topics seem to be intimately related to the economics of rural sociology, and represent mixed positive and negative prospects.

Under the section "Economic trends", it says: "Net cash farm income was projected at US$ 53.7 billion for 1999." This is not a trend; this is a single data point. Is this higher or lower than the previous years, and what is the trend over many years?

Under the section, "Issues in Rural America", it says: 'Fred Buttel asks, "Will we witness a further erosion of commitment to improving the livelihoods of the rural poor?"' This seems like a fairly biased political statement that assumes that the government (whatever government that might be; it's not clear) or voters have an insufficient commitment to the welfare of rural citizens. Many would say that rural Americans in particular have undue influence over national politics, due to the structure of the Electoral College.

Aren't there also non-economic aspects to rural sociology, like culture and religion?

If this article is supposed to represent a certain school of thought about rural sociology, it should be labelled as such. If it's supposed to be a general article about the field, it feels like it should reflect a greater diversity of perspectives and opinion.

Perhaps the original author can explain where the material for this article came from, and perhaps others closer to the field can identify the major competing schools of thought so their ideas can be better represented.

The articles listed under "Key topics" seem to have been written in a similar way. --Beland 08:57, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Rewrites have since addressed these concerns; thanks to everyone who helped. -- Beland (talk) 17:48, 29 July 2021 (UTC)

"Sociology of the village"?
I've never heard Rural Sociology referred to as such. Is this someone's idea of a joke? Thanks, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 14:20, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

 * i never heard it either--it's now erased. I added a bibliography but confess I'm a rural historian--that field is doing quite well. Rjensen (talk) 14:26, 5 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Internationally, my perception is that rural sociology is doing very well; in the US, more or less holding its own, but with declining institutional support. Kind regards, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 16:18, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

Scope of rural sociology
In my experience, there are quite a few Rural sociologists who also work in the areas of Development studies, Community studies and Community development. Kind regards, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 14:22, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

 * In the US, another area that has been a long-term, steady focus of rural sociology is the important role of women. This relates to the extension aspect of rural sociology: being seen as a 'conveyor belt' of scientific information from the academy to rural households, both in farming and, for example, safe home food preservation. In more recent decades this has branched out and developed into an array of emphases, including leadership development, women-led community development and more. Regards, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 10:15, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

concept of rural sociology nd its development
notes 2409:4052:D8B:BC68:0:0:408A:C304 (talk) 06:59, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rural sociology


text:
Talk:John Davies

 * For a previous deletion debate on this article, see Votes for deletion/John Davies

Could someone who knows a bit about these people, disambiguate some of the links to this page? I'm particularly confused about John Davies (poet) and Dr John Davies (historian); One page link I saw was in List of Poets, where there was a listing as Dr John Davies (historian), but had the same birth/death years as John Davies (poet). As there isn't an article about John Davies (historian), it is possible they may be the same person?

I also don't know how many politicians there are by the name - I don't know for sure that the political pages mentioning John Davies are meant for Ernest Albert John Davies (politician), John Quentin Davies, or possibly another John Davies! -- Chuq 08:46, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * There's also List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge; it refers to one who served in that capacity in 1725, which doesn't fit the dates of anyone here. Lim Bo Seng refers to a "Captain John Davies" who was active in India in 1942; he might or might not be one of the ones listed here. Tualha 00:20, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I found the one from 1942: John Paton Davies, American diplomat, victim of McCarthyism. Researching an article for him now. Tualha 01:12, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Davies


text:
User:Mwng

Hi. Here's a list of some of the articles I've worked on:

Giuseppe Acerbi · Boyd Alexander · William Allen (admiral) · Dean Amadon · John Bachman · Thomas Conrad von Baldenstein · Jacques Barraband · Ferdinand Bauer · Rollo Beck · John Berkenhout · Edward Turner Bennett · Gabriel Bibron · Heinrich Boie · Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus · Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen · Jules Bourcier · Samuel Botsford Buckley · William John Burchell · George Caley · Andrea Cesalpino · Frank Chapman · James Graham Cooper · Henry Boardman Conover · John Cranch · William Curtis · Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest · Ernst Dieffenbach · André Marie Constant Duméril · Auguste Duméril · Georges Louis Duvernoy · Louis Fraser · Frederick William Frohawk · Luca Ghini · John Gilbert (naturalist) · Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger · Andrew Jackson Grayson · Edward Griffith · Johann Ernst Gunnerus · Carl Wilhelm Hahn · Thomas Hardwicke · Richard Harlan · Carl Edward Hellmayr · Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst · Johann Hermann · Alexander von Homeyer · Eliot Howard · George Vernon Hudson · Hermann von Ihering · Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger · Jan Ingenhousz · Feliks Pawel Jarocki · Alexander Koenig · Charles Konig · Ray Lankester · François Leguat · Johann Philipp Achilles Leisler · Juan Lembeye · François Le Vaillant · Percy Lowe · Richard Lydekker · Anna Massena, Duchess of Rivoli · Francois Victor Massena, 2nd Duke of Rivoli · Francis Masson · Paul Matschie · Carl Maximowicz · Robert McCormick (explorer) · Blasius Merrem · Samuel Latham Mitchill · Philipp Ludwig Statius Muller · William Ogilby · Sydney Parkinson · Wilhelm Peters · Felipe Poey · Ludwig Reichenbach · Louis Claude Richard · Henry Nicholas Ridley · Charles Rothschild · Miriam Rothschild · Felix Santschi · Howard Saunders · Pierre Sonnerat · Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr · Oldfield Thomas · Abraham Trembley · Henry Baker Tristram · Johann Jakob von Tschudi · George Robert Waterhouse · Alexander Wetmore

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Mwng


text:
Delibes (surname)

Delibes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alicia Delibes (born 1950), Spanish politician and teacher
 * François Delibes (1873–?), French fencer
 * Léo Delibes (1836–1891), French composer
 * Miguel Delibes (1920–2010), Spanish novelist, journalist, and newspaper editor

title: Delibes (surname)


text:
Talk:CPU cache

Merger
There was an apparent merger with the L1, L2, and L3 caches of a CPU. I would like it if there were sections depicting each or at least a section that explains them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Laboye (talk • contribs) 14:49, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Image:Cache,associative-read.png
I find it confusing that the same word (index) denotes both tags in the Tag SRAM and words in the Data SRAM. Index often denotes the part of address used for selecting the whole cache line (Addr[10:6]), which is not the same as the part used for addressing the Data SRAM (Addr[10:2]) as shown in the image.

Usually people draw the index field connected to a decoder which selects the line. The relevant portion of the line is finally extracted by an additional decoder, which is addressed by the offset field of the address.

The detached organization in the image is also fine, but the words "index" in each line seem redundand and confusing.

Perhaps you could attribute Data SRAM entries as word 0, word 1, etc, and the Tag SRAM entries as tag 0, tag 1, etc? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.53.65.130 (talk • contribs) 10:47, 17 November 2008 (UTC

Scratchpad memory is not cache
A scratchpad memory is working memory for a component of a computing system, and is not a cache or similar to a cache in its role. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 01:07, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

Other caches??
37.205.108.123 (talk) 14:09, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * L0 - on slides of AMD's RDNA3 architecture
 * K cache - on slides of AMD's RDNA3 architecture
 * RB cache- on slides of AMD's RDNA3 architecture
 * Write cache
 * 3D cache / stacked cache
 * V-Cache  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Setenzatsu.2 (talk • contribs) 17:50, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Are "3D caches"/"stacked caches"/"vertical caches"/etc. just different packaging/interconnects for CPU caches? Guy Harris (talk) 18:15, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:CPU cache


text:
West Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency)

West Tyrone is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The current MP is Órfhlaith Begley, a member of Sinn Fein, since the 2024 United Kingdom general election.

Constituency profile
The seat is rural and includes the towns of Strabane and Omagh.

Boundaries
Since the constituency's creation in 1997, it has consisted of the territory of the former Districts of Omagh and Strabane. There were major local government boundary changes in 2015, but the constituency boundaries remained unchanged.

The seat was created in a boundary review conducted in 1995 and was predominantly made out of the western half of the old Mid Ulster constituency – indeed it contains more of the old Mid Ulster than the current seat of that name. It also contains parts of the old Foyle constituency.

Although the Boundary Commission altered several Northern Ireland constituencies for the 2010 general election, West Tyrone was left unchanged.

History
For the history of the equivalent seat prior to 1997, see Mid Ulster.

The seat is overwhelmingly nationalist, as evidenced by the election results in which nationalist parties have always won over 50% of the vote since the seat was created. However, the nationalist vote has traditionally been split between the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and Sinn Féin, whilst the unionist parties have been more willing to make pacts to increase their chances of victory.

When the seat was created it was nominally held by the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), based on mapping the 1992 general election results onto the new boundaries, but this was because the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) had not contested the equivalent area. In the 1996 Forum elections the UUP outpolled the DUP and it was agreed that the DUP would not contest the seat. As a result, William Thompson of the UUP won in 1997 with a narrow majority over the SDLP, with Sinn Féin coming third on a large vote.

During the Parliament that followed, the Omagh bombing took place in the constituency, killing 29 people.

In the 2001 general election the SDLP and Sinn Féin both targeted the constituency heavily, in the hope that a shift in the vote from one nationalist party to the other would enable them to outpoll the Ulster Unionists. In the event Sinn Féin's Pat Doherty won.

In 1998 both Sinn Féin and the SDLP won two seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly, with the UUP and DUP winning one each. However, there was much speculation that an increase in Sinn Féin's vote at the SDLP's expense would result in Sinn Féin taking a seat from its nationalist rival at the next assembly election. However, the election was complicated by the intervention of the independent candidate Dr. Kieran Deeny, campaigning on the sole issue of the retention of the hospital in Omagh. In a result that shocked commentators he took one of the SDLP's assembly seats.

Deeny stood again in the 2005 general election and asked most parties to withdraw to support him. Many local activists and voters appeared to agree with this, with some making their support public, but in the end the UUP, DUP and SDLP all fielded candidates. Doherty held the seat for Sinn Féin, but with Deeny polling strongly in second place.

Members of Parliament
The Member of Parliament since the 2017 general election was Barry McElduff of Sinn Féin. Between 2001 and 2017, the MP was Pat Doherty of Sinn Féin, and the MP between 1997 and 2001 was William Thompson of the Ulster Unionist Party.

On 15 January 2018, McElduff announced his resignation as MP following a video he posted on Twitter that appeared to mock victims of the Kingsmill massacre.


text:
Talk:Role homogeneity

Untitled
The definition given for "role homogeneity" seems really strange. It seems unlikely that the author of this definition would have gotten it wrong, but could someone please give an example or examples of it being used in practice?

The article makes the claim: "Sociologists have demonstrated that in areas of strong homogeneity, there is a general tendency to repress controversy."

This seems like an exceedingly strong claim about a complex phenomenon over which there should be considerable disagreement. Can anyone give a reference to a study or a book that makes this claim? Aren't there any practitioners in the field that doubt it? Are there any concrete examples of this? Aren't there any concrete counterexamples?

-- Beland 09:03, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

weird definition
Hey this article is really weird. I don't see what censored news has to do with role homogeneity. If someone knows of a better way to write this please do.

Guy who couldn't get a username (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:48, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Role homogeneity


text:
Greenstone belt

Greenstone belts are zones of variably metamorphosed mafic to ultramafic volcanic sequences with associated sedimentary rocks that occur within Archaean and Proterozoic cratons between granite and gneiss bodies.

The name comes from the green hue imparted by the colour of the metamorphic minerals within the mafic rocks: the typical green minerals are chlorite, actinolite, and other green amphiboles. Greenstone belts also often contain ore deposits of gold, silver, copper, zinc and lead.

A greenstone belt is typically several dozens to several thousand kilometres long. Typically, a greenstone belt within the greater volume of otherwise homogeneous granite-gneiss within a craton contains a significantly larger degree of heterogeneity and complications and forms a tectonic marker far more distinct than the much more voluminous and homogeneous granites. Additionally, a greenstone belt contains far more information on tectonic and metamorphic events, deformations, and paleogeologic conditions than the granite and gneiss events, because the vast majority of greenstones are interpreted as altered basalts and other volcanic or sedimentary rocks. As such, understanding the nature and origin of greenstone belts is the most fruitful way of studying Archaean geological history.

Nature and formation
Greenstone belts have been interpreted as having formed at ancient oceanic spreading centers and island arc terranes.

Greenstone belts are primarily formed of volcanic rocks, dominated by basalt, with minor sedimentary rocks inter-leaving the volcanic formations. Through time, the degree of sediment contained within greenstone belts has risen, and the amount of ultramafic rock (either as layered intrusions or as volcanic komatiite) has decreased.

There is also a change in the structure and relationship of greenstone belts to their basements between the Archaean where there is little clear relationship, if any, between basalt-peridotite sheets of a greenstone belt and the granites they abut, and the Proterozoic where greenstone belts sit upon granite-gneiss basements and/or other greenstone belts, and the Phanerozoic where clear examples of island arc volcanism, arc sedimentation and ophiolite sequences become more dominant.

This change in nature is interpreted as a response to the maturity of the plate tectonics processes throughout the Earth's geological history. Archaean plate tectonics did not take place on mature crust and as such the presence of thrust-in allochthonous greenstone belts is expected. By the Proterozoic, magmatism was occurring around cratons and with established sedimentary sources, with little recycling of the crust, allowing preservation of more sediments. By the Phanerozoic, extensive continental cover and lower heat flow from the mantle has seen greater preservation of sediments and greater influence of continental masses.

Greenstones, aside from containing basalts, also give rise to several types of metamorphic rocks which are used synonymously with 'metabasalt' et cetera; greenschist, whiteschist and blueschist are all terms spawned from the study of greenstone belts.

The West African early Proterozoic greenstone belts are similar to the Archean greenstone belts. These similarities include a decrease in the amount of ultramafic and mafic rocks as you move up the stratigraphic column, in addition to an increase in pyroclastics, felsic and/or andesite rocks. Also, the rock successions tend to have clastics in the upper portion and tholeiitic suites in the lower. Calc-alkaline dikes are common in these suites.

Distribution

Archaean greenstones are found in the Slave craton, northern Canada, Pilbara craton and Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, Gawler Craton in South Australia, and in the Wyoming Craton in the US. Examples are found in South and Eastern Africa, namely the Kaapvaal craton and also in the cratonic core of Madagascar, as well as West Africa and Brazil, northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula (see Baltic Shield).

Proterozoic greenstones occur sandwiched between the Pilbara and Yilgarn cratons in Australia, and adjoining the Gawler Craton and within the extensive Proterozoic mobile belts of Australia, within West Africa, throughout the metamorphic complexes surrounding the Archaean core of Madagascar; the eastern United States, northern Canada and northern Scandinavia. The Abitibi greenstone belt in Ontario and Quebec is one of the largest Archean greenstone belts in the world.

In Antarctica, the Fisher Massif, of Proterozoic age, closely resembles the composition and structure of a greenstone belt.

One of the best known greenstone belts in the world is the South African Barberton greenstone belt, where gold was first discovered in South Africa. The Barberton Greenstone belt was first uniquely identified by Prof Annhauser at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. His work in mapping and detailing the characteristics of the Barberton Greenstone belt has been used as a primer for other greenstone belts around the world. He noted the existence of pillow lavas, indicating a lava being rapidly cooled in water, as well as the spinifex textures created by crystals formed under rapidly cooling environments, namely water.

Africa

 * Barberton greenstone belt (South Africa)
 * Giyani greenstone belt (South Africa)
 * Pietersberg greenstone belt (South Africa)
 * Gwanda Greenstone Belt (Zimbabwe)
 * Kilimafedha Greenstone Belt (East Africa)
 * Lake Victoria Greenstone Belt (East Africa)
 * Boromo-Goren Greenstone Belt (West Africa)
 * Hounde Greenstone Belt (Burkina Faso)
 * Boromo Greenstone Belt (Burkina Faso)

Asia

 * Taishan greenstone belt (East Asia)
 * Ramagiri-Hungund greenstone belt (Dharwar Craton), India
 * Babina greenstone belt (Bundelkhand craton), India
 * Mauranipur greenstone belt (Bundelkhand craton), India
 * Iron Ore Group, East Indian Shield, India

Europe

 * Kostomuksha greenstone belt (Russia)
 * Central Lapland Greenstone Belt (Lapland, Finland)
 * Kuhmo-Suomussalmi Greenstone Belt, Finland
 * Mauken greenstone belt (Norway)

North America

 * Abitibi greenstone belt (Quebec/Ontario, Canada)
 * Bird River greenstone belt (Manitoba, Canada)
 * Elmers Rock greenstone belt (Wyoming, USA)
 * Flin Flon greenstone belt (Manitoba/Saskatchewan, Canada)
 * Hope Bay greenstone belt (in the western portion of Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada)
 * Hunt River greenstone belt (Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada)
 * Isua greenstone belt (Southwestern Greenland)
 * Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt (Quebec, Canada)
 * Pecos greenstone belt (New Mexico, USA)
 * Rattlesnake Hills greenstone belt (Wyoming, USA)
 * Seminoe Mountains greenstone belt (Wyoming, USA)
 * South Pass greenstone belt (Wyoming, USA)
 * Temagami Greenstone Belt (Ontario, Canada)
 * Yellowknife greenstone belt (Northwest Territories, Canada)

South America

 * Rio-das-Velhas greenstone belt (Minas Gerais, Brazil)
 * Piumhi greenstone belt (Minas Gerais, Brazil)
 * Rio-Itapicuru greenstone belt (Bahia, Brazil)
 * Mundo Novo greenstone belt (Bahia, Brazil)
 * Umburanas greenstone belt (Bahia, Brazil)
 * Crixás greenstone belt (Goiás, Brazil)
 * Faina greenstone belt (Goiás, Brazil)
 * Guarinos greenstone belt (Goiás, Brazil)
 * Pilar-de-Goiás greenstone belt (Goiás, Brazil)
 * Northern Guiana Shield greenstone belt (Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana)

Oceania

 * Harris greenstone belt (Australia)
 * Jack Hills greenstone belt (Australia)
 * Norseman-Wiluna greenstone belt (Australia)
 * Southern Cross greenstone belt (Australia)
 * Yandal Greenstone Belt (Australia)
 * Yalgoo-Singleton greenstone belt (Australia)

title: Greenstone belt


text:
Qualicum Beach

Qualicum Beach is a town located on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. In the 2021 census, it had a population of 9,303. It is situated at the foot of Mount Arrowsmith, along the Strait of Georgia on Vancouver Island's northeastern coast.

Qualicum Beach's natural environment and proximity to Victoria and Vancouver have made it a tourist destination, with cottages along the coast. The community is mostly of retirement age, with the oldest average population in Canada with a median age of 65.9 in 2016.

Qualicum Beach is served by the coast-spanning Island Highway, the Island Rail Corridor, a local airport, and a nearby ferry to Lasqueti Island.

Etymology
The name "Qualicum" comes from a Pentlatch term that means "Where the dog salmon (chum salmon) run."

Qualicum First Nation
Qualicum Beach is located within the traditional territory of the Qualicum First Nation.

People from all over would come to the Qualicum area to gather camas flowers in the spring and chum salmon in the fall. Camas bulbs are sweet tasting and were traded as a delicacy. The traditional diet of the Qualicum First Nation includes clams, including geoducks, butter clams, and horse clams. Pentlatch is the language that was spoken in this area. A large portion of the Qualicum First Nation population was lost due to small pox and war, leading to a loss of the Pentlatch language. Small pox was brought to what is now Canada by French settlers in the 17th century. Additionally, the loss of the Pentlatch language may also be contributed to the residential school system.

European Settlers
In May 1856, Hudson's Bay Company explorer Adam Grant Horne, with a group of aboriginal guides, found a route across Vancouver Island from the Qualicum River to the Alberni Inlet. Horne Lake is named after him.

In 1864, the botanist and explorer Robert Brown led the Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition through the area. He found the area deserted as a result of the small pox epidemic of 1862. The first settlers arrived in the 1880s.

A road was built from Nanaimo to Parksville in 1886 and extended to Qualicum in 1894.

The 20th century
A school house was built in 1912. The school served as an elementary and secondary school until 1952. The school house was later converted into an arts centre.

A train station was built in 1913. The E&N Railway reached Qualicum in 1914.

H.E. Beasley, a railway official, sponsored the creation of The Merchants Trust and Trading Company which organised the original layout of the town and built the golf links and the Qualicum Beach Hotel in 1913. The Qualicum Beach Hotel was managed by Noel Money. During World War 1 the hotel was used as a hospital, which was visited by the Prince of Wales in 1918. Visitors to the hotel included Shirley Temple, Bing Crosby, and the King of Thailand. The hotel was eventually torn down in 1969. The golf course (Memorial Golf Course) remains and is preserved by the Town of Qualicum Beach.

In 1914, the residence of Noel Money, the Crown Mansion, was built. The Crown Mansion overlooks the town's first golf course, the Memorial Golf Course, and is built in a Georgian Revival style. The Crown Mansion is now protected by the Brown Preservation Society and operates as a hotel.

In the 1920s, Giuseppe Roat, also known as the Hermit of Qualicum Beach, moved to the area. He opened the first museum in Qualicum Beach, called the Crystal Springs Museum of Nature Art. Alongside the museum, Roat also had a spring called Crystal Spring. Visitors could drink from the spring for 25 cents. Roat purchased 75 lots in the area of Qualicum Beach, totalling 44 acres. This land is now what is known as the Hermitage Park subdivision.

In the 1930s, Alexander Duncan McRae and his wife Blaunche built an upscale family retreat, known as Eaglecrest, in Qualicum Beach. Visitors included Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh in 1951. In the late 1960s, Eaglecrest was converted into a resort. A fire in 1969 burnt down the main house. In 1972, the new owners replicated the original house and opened a golf course. In 1981 a fire once again destroyed Eaglecrest. A private boys' residential school, the Qualicum College, was established in 1935 by Robert Ivan Knight. The school grew through the 1960s, however, attendance diminished with the school closing in 1970. The structure was operated as a hotel for a number of years, however, the college has now been demolished. Its playing fields have been turned into a housing subdivision.

St. Andrews Lodge, a hotel built in a Tudor style, was built in 1938 by Sam Little. The Lodge was especially popular during World War 2 with members of the Canadian armed forces.

Qualicum Beach was officially incorporated as a village on May 5, 1942, and was changed to town status on January 7, 1983.

The 21st century
In 2002, the town's primary grocery store, Qualicum Foods, was destroyed by a fire. In 2003 a new Qualicum Foods was built. In 2021, Qualicum Beach councillor Teunis Westbroek was sued for allegedly suggesting that the owners of Qualicum Foods burnt down their own store in 2002. In 2023 Westbroek agreed to pay $130,000 to settle the defamation suit and issued a public apology in the local newspaper. Ultimately, Westbroek only paid $2,839 personally. The rest of the settlement was covered by the Town's liability insurance and the Town paid a $10,000 deductible.

In 2007, the Gardens, a long-term care facility, was built in Qualicum Beach. Another retirement home, Berwick, opened in 2019. There are currently 5 retirement homes in Qualicum Beach.

Trains stopped operating in 2011. The station is now used as an office space.

St. Andrews Lodge was purchased by the Town of Qualicum Beach in 2018 with hopes to transform the land into a waterfront park. The Town considered demolishing the Lodge. In late 2020 The St. Andrew Lodge Cultural and Historical Society was formed by local residents, with the goal of saving the Lodge from demolition. They succeeded in this goal, and the Lodge and park is currently being renovated. Qualicum First Nation gifted the new name of "Saahtlam" for the park.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Qualicum Beach had a population of 9,303 living in 4,435 of its 4,763 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 8,943. With a land area of 17.98 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Age
The majority (56.3% in 2021) of residents are 65 years of age or older. The median age in 2021 was 67.5 and the average age was 61.2.

Education
The majority (92.8% in 2021) of citizens aged 25 to 64 have obtained a high school diploma or equivalency certificate. 64% of citizens have obtained a postsecondary certificate, diploma, or degree.

According to the 2021 census, the most common major fields of study of citizens in Qualicum Beach included:

 * Business, management, and public administration (1,130 persons or 37.6%)
 * Architecture, engineering, and related trades (895 persons or 29.8%)
 * Health and related fields (855 persons or 28.5%)
 * Education (635 persons or 21.1%)
 * Social and behavioural sciences and law (475 persons or 15.8%)

Occupation and Income
The median total income of households in 2020 was $76,500.

Of the labour force, 55% work as permanent employees and 32% are self-employed. The remaining hold casual, seasonal, temporary, short-term, or fixed (1 year or more) term positions. As of 2021, 7.7% of the population is unemployed. The majority (65.5% in 2021) of the population is not in the labour force.

According to the 2021 census, the most common occupational categories in Qualicum Beach included:

 * Sales and service (705 persons or 25.5%)
 * Business, finance, and administration (515 persons or 18.6%)
 * Trades, transport, and equipment operators (485 persons or 17.5%)
 * Education, law and social, community and government services (300 persons or 10.8%)
 * Health (255 persons or 9.2%)
 * Natural and applied sciences (210 persons or 7.6%)

Ethnicity
According to the 2021 census, the ethnic or cultural origin of citizens in Qualicum Beach included:
 * English (3,315 persons or 37.8%)
 * Irish (1,955 persons or 22.3%)
 * Scottish (2,115 persons or 24.1%)
 * German (1,040 persons or 11.9%)
 * French (770 persons or 8.8%)
 * Canadian (735 persons or 8.4%)
 * Ukrainian (515 persons or 5.9%)
 * Dutch (415 persons or 4.7%)

Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Qualicum Beach included:
 * Irreligion (4,615 persons or 52.6%)
 * Christianity (4,015 persons or 45.7%)
 * Judaism (30 persons or 0.3%)
 * Buddhism (20 persons or 0.2%)
 * Islam (20 persons or 0.2%)
 * Other (65 persons or 0.7%)

Politics and government
Municipal government of the Town of Qualicum Beach has a council-manager form of government. It is headed by a mayor (who also represents Qualicum Beach on the governing board of the Regional District of Nanaimo) and a four-member council. These positions are filled by at-large elections every four years, as provided by British Columbia law. As of October 2022, the current mayor of Qualicum Beach is Teunis Westbroek. Voter turnout in the 2022 election was 52.53%.

School board trustees, for representation on School District 69 Qualicum, are also elected by residents of the town, the City of Parksville and the surrounding area. The town funds a volunteer fire department, which serves the town and nearby rural communities. The town has a local ambulance station. The nearest full hospital is Nanaimo Regional General Hospital in Nanaimo.

Qualicum Beach is part of the Parksville-Qualicum provincial electoral district. Qualicum Beach is represented by Independent Adam Walker. Walker was dismissed from his position as a parliamentary secretary and removed from the BC NDP caucus following an internal investigation. Federally, Qualicum Beach, in the Courtenay—Alberni riding, is represented in the House of Commons of Canada by NDP Member of Parliament Gord Johns, who was first elected in 2015.

Transportation
Highway 19A, runs the length of the town along the shoreline of the Strait of Georgia. Highway 19 includes a junction with Highway 4, which runs through Cathedral Grove to Port Alberni and Tofino, Ucluelet, Bamfield and the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve on the south-west coast of the Island. Scenic, flight training and charter flights are offered by Qualicum Flight Center. The town has no marina or harbour, however, there is a boat launch for trailered boats. French Creek Harbour is 5 km south-east on Highway 19A.

Via Rail's Malahat service served Qualicum Beach station from 1979 until 2011. In 2011, service was suspended indefinitely due to track replacement work. As of 2015, service has not yet resumed.

Geography
The town has an approximate area of 12.45 km2.

Qualicum Beach is on the Nanaimo lowlands, a narrow plain which lies between the Georgia Basin to the northeast and the Beaufort Range (one of the Vancouver Island Ranges) to the south-west. Landforms were significantly changed by the most recent advance of glacial ice about 18,000 to 19,000 years ago.

Marshall-Stevenson Wildlife Sanctuary, in the west end of Qualicum Beach, is a tidal wetlands at the mouth of the Little Qualicum River.

Wildlife include: black-tailed deer, Roosevelt elk, black bear, and cougar. With the presence of human population, deer, raccoons and rodents persist.

Soil types in the area, mostly classified as Orthic Dystric Brunisols and Duric Dystric Brunisols, vary from marginal to unsuitable for agriculture. They tend to be loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand. Their fertility is low and they are strongly acidic except in near-shore areas where Native American shell middens provide abundant calcium and organic matter. However, they are suitable for development.

Climate
The climate is a Mediterranean Climate. The town has cool, wet winters with 80 to 85% of the year's precipitation between October and April. The average annual precipitation is 131 cm. Mean daily temperature ranges from 1 to 3 C in January, with cloud and rain from north Pacific air masses dominating the winter weather. High pressure ridges over the mainland can produce easterly air flows, bringing snow and freezing temperatures during winter but do not persist, as moist westerly winds bring above-freezing temperatures. North Pacific high pressure cells influence summer weather, making it warm and dry. July and August have an average precipitation of 27 mm and average maximum temperatures of 23 °C.

With the longest freeze-free period in Canada, at 180 days per year, the Nanaimo lowlands area is favourable for agriculture. The area is within the small Coastal Douglas Fir bio-geographic zone, which is considered the mildest climate in Canada. The Vancouver Island Ranges, which includes nearby Mount Arrowsmith, shadows rainfall. This bio-geographic area can also support Garry Oak and Arbutus.

Education
Qualicum Beach is part of School District 69. There are two elementary schools in Qualicum Beach and one high school. Students in the district can also enroll in distance education through CEAP (Collaborative Education Alternative Program).

Kwalikum Secondary School
Kwalikum Secondary School (KSS) is the only high school located in Qualicum Beach. Approximately 700 students are enrolled. The school offers programmes such as ROAMS, a leadership programme featuring outdoor guide training; Golf Academy, a year long training programme that covers golf swing instruction, golf etiquette, and course management; a music programme, and athletics. In the past, the school has faced potential closure due to fears of decreasing enrolment.

Qualicum Beach Elementary School
Qualicum Beach Elementary School is one of two elementary school in Qualicum Beach and has approximately 400 students enrolled. The school offers programmes such as the Mountain Bike Club, featuring weekly treks through woodlands; a Musical Theatre Club, putting on several performances each year; and the STREAM programme, a programme focused on technology and innovation.

Arrowview Elementary School
Arrowview Elementary School is an elementary school in Qualicum Beach. The school has approximately 300 students.

Farmers Market
The Farmers Market takes place every Saturday and is year round. All products must adhere to a "Make it, Bake it, Grow it" policy, meaning that all products are locally made, grown, or baked by the vendors. The first Qualicum Beach Farmers Market took place in 1997, with approximately 20 regular vendors in its first year. The market currently takes place on Veterans Way and features approximately 100 vendors and sees approximately 2,500 visitors each Saturday.

Canada Day
Each year on July 1, the town of Qualicum Beach and the Royal Canadian Legion hold a Pancake Breakfast, parade, and activities around town. The parade usually starts at the Civic Centre goes down Second Avenue. The event was cancelled for two years during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Family Day
Family Day is an annual event taking place on the last Sunday of May in Qualicum Beach, with each year featuring a unique theme. Activities include a pancake breakfast, a parade, music and other live entertainment.

Brant Wildlife Festival
The Brant Wildlife Festival is an annual 4 week long event that celebrates nature, in particular the Brant goose. Activities include counting Brant geese, estuary and field station tours, and a film festival.

Show & Shine
The Seaside Cruizers Car Club hosts an annual Father's day Show 'n Shine day, where vintage and collectible cars are featured. Over 30,000 spectators come to Qualicum Beach per year for the event. Trophies and prizes are handed out, such as "Best Truck", "Best Import", and "People's Choice".

Seedy Saturday
Seedy Saturday is an annual gardening event in Qualicum Beach run by volunteers. Visitors may swap or purchase seeds and plants, receive gardening advice, and socialise at the Seedy Cafe. The first Seedy Saturday in Qualicum Beach was organised by Joy Smith in 2002. In 2018, the event saw approximately 2700 visitors.

Moonlight Madness
Moonlight Madness is an annual event that takes place in November. The event features late-night shopping, live music, photos with Santa Claus, and carolers. The event promotes shopping local.

Ocean Mile Swim
The Ocean Mile Swim is an annual swimming event that has taken place for over 60 years. Prizes are awarded under varying categories such as fastest swimmer and youngest swimmer.

Fire and Ice Festival (defunct)
The Fire and Ice Festival was an annual event that took place each year in Qualicum Beach. The event featured, concurrently, a chili cook-off contest (the fire) and an ice sculpture contest (the ice). The event took place for 25 years, but was cancelled in 2018 due to a lack of volunteers.

The Old School House Arts Centre
The Old School House (TOSH) is an arts centre located centrally in Qualicum Beach. Originally built as a school in 1912, the school served as an elementary and secondary school until 1952. The building was then used by the Board of Education until 1985. Threatened by demolition, a group of citizens formed a non-profit cultural association to save the building. The building was restored and re-opened in February 1988 as an arts centre. The mission of TOSH Arts Centre is to "foster a vibrants arts centre that promotes and encourages the development of multi-dimensional artists and musicians for the enjoyment of all ages, residents and visitors alike, in Qualicum Beach and throughout central Vancouver Island". TOSH offers workshops, classes, and features several galleries and resident artists.

Village Theatre
The Village Theatre was originally built in 1948 as a movie house, but is currently used for live theatre performances. ECHO Players is a non-profit society that was founded in 1934 and has been active for over 45 years in the Village Theatre. ECHO Players is composed of more than 240 members and produces four main stage shows per season.

Qualicum Beach Museum
The Qualicum Beach Museum was founded in 1982 by Elizabeth Little and is located in a former power generating station. The museum features both permanent as well as temporary exhibits, documenting the history of the town of Qualicum Beach.

Milner Gardens
Milner Gardens is a 70-acre estate that was previously owned by H.R. Milner. Member of the royal family have visited twice; Prince Charles and Princess Diana visited the gardens in 1986. Prince Philip and Queen Elizabeth stayed in 1987. Vancouver Island University acquired the estate in 1996 and converted the private gardens to a public garden. The gardens feature old growth Douglas firs, cedar trees, and rare rhododendrons.

Memorial Golf Course
Memorial Golf Course is a public golf course that was opened in 1913. It is the fourth oldest golf course in British Columbia. The course is open year-round.

Little Qualicum Falls
Little Qualicum Falls is a provincial park and campground near Qualicum Beach. The falls are surrounded by old growth forests. Visitors can walk the trails, swim, and camp at this provincial park.

Parks and other spaces
Qualicum Beach has 280 hectares (15% of the town) of Town-owned green spaces and parks:

Beach Front Park
The park is located along Island Highway 19A and is popular for walking and sunbathing. The park has picnic tables, benches, shade trees, public washrooms, a public boat ramp, and a concession stand.

Brant Viewing area
The park is located along Island Highway 19A, in the west end of Qualicum Beach. There is a viewing platform that is popular with birdwatchers and photographers. The park has picnic tables and benches.

Christleton Park
The park is located in the Qualicum Woods neighbourhood. The park has mature native trees, benches, and a children's playground.

Community Park
The park is located in the west side of downtown Qualicum Beach, by the Ravensong Aquatic Centre and the Civic Centre. The park is over 38 hectares and has a skateboard park, 7 baseball diamonds, a cricket pitch, a children's playground, a BMX track, soccer pitches, an off-leash dog park, walking trails, and public washrooms.

Taylor Road Trail
The trail is located inside Eagle Ridge Place. There are benches and a nature trail.

General Money Park
The park is located between Harlech Road and Sunningdale Road West. The Qualicum Beach Train Station is located within the park, as well as a church and steam locomotive. There are benches, flower gardens, a community garden, and fruit trees.

Glassford Square
The square is located centrally in the town, next to the Public Library and Town Hall. The square features an artisan sculpted marble fountain, benches, and an information kiosk.

Grandon Creek
The park is located in the west part of Qualicum Beach. The park is heavily forested and features a ravine with fish ladders. There are nature trails and benches. The Qualicum Beach Streamkeepers count smolt annually in Grandon Creek and work to improve the habitat.

Heritage Forest
Heritage Forest is a 50-acre forest in Qualicum Beach that features pockets of old growth coastal Douglas fir, western red cedar, grand fir, Sitka spruce, and hemlock. Heritage Forest is situated within the Coastal Douglas fir biogeoclimatic zone. This zone is the most biologically diverse forest type in British Columbia. The land was previously owned by General Noel Money and later the Brown Family Trust.

In 1996, plans were in place to subdivide the land into 110 building lots. Anne and Leo Klees and others formed the Brown Property Preservation Society to raise funds to purchase the land and save it from development. In 2004, the group was able to purchase the forest with help from the town of Qualicum Beach. The Heritage Forest represents 20% of all coastal Douglas fir protected forest in British Columbia.

Jubilee Park
The park is located on Island Highway 19A, along the waterfront. The park features benches and picnic tables.

Miraloma Park
The park is located on Bennett Road. The park is a third of a hectare and features nature trails.

Seacrest Park
The park is located on Seacrest Place. It functions as a beach access and has benches.

Spirit Square
The square is located on Memorial Avenue. The square is next to the Community Hall and has sitting areas. The square is often used for events.

Yambury Park
The park is located on Yambury Road. The park is partially forested and has nature trails. It is a popular spot for dog walking.

Heritage sites
Qualicum Beach has a number of places on the Canadian Register of Historic Places.

In popular culture
The Hallmark TV series Chesapeake Shores was primarily filmed in Qualicum Beach. The Thrall Residence (also known as the Leigh House) was used as Sally's Café, a frequent filming location throughout the series.

Notable people

 * Noel Ernest Money, a British Canadian brigadier-general.
 * Coral Eswyn (née Ellinor) Lyster, a British Canadian war bride author who lived in Qualicum Beach.
 * Alexander Duncan McRae, a Canadian Politician.
 * Horatio Ray Milner, Canadian lawyer and businessman.
 * Herbert John Welch, former mayor and politician.
 * Harrison Houde, Canadian singer and actor.

Freedom of the Town
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Town of Qualicum Beach.

People

 * Margaret Little in 1998
 * James Robert Storey in 2006
 * Anna Maria Klees in 2011
 * Arthur Norman Skipsey in 2011
 * John E. Collins in 2011
 * Leo Klees in 2011

Military Units

 * 19 Mission Support Squadron, RCAF: 7 May 2022.

HMS Qualicum was a ship in the Royal Navy named for the community.

Serval Escape
On October 2, 2022, a pair of Servals escaped from a private residence in Qualicum Beach. A neighbour's pet cat was killed by one of the escaped servals. The first serval was found on October 3, while the second roamed free, killing several ducks, until it was captured on October 9. The incident, among others, prompted the BC SPCA to request a provincial ban on serval cats as pets.

Town Crier
Since 1999, the town's official Town crier is Leonard Mustard.

title: Qualicum Beach


text:
Notes from Underground

Notes from Underground ( pre-reform Russian: Записки изъ подполья; post-reform Russian: Записки из подполья; also translated as Notes from the Underground or Letters from the Underworld) is a novella by Fyodor Dostoevsky first published in the journal Epoch in 1864. It is a first-person narrative in the form of a "confession". The work was originally announced by Dostoevsky in Epoch under the title "A Confession".

The novella presents itself as an excerpt from the memoirs of a bitter, isolated, unnamed narrator (generally referred to by critics as the Underground Man), who is a retired civil servant living in St. Petersburg. Although the first part of the novella has the form of a monologue, the narrator's form of address to his reader is acutely dialogized. According to Mikhail Bakhtin, in the Underground Man's confession "there is literally not a single monologically firm, undissociated word". The Underground Man's every word anticipates the words of an other, with whom he enters into an obsessive internal polemic.

The Underground Man attacks contemporary Russian philosophy, especially Nikolay Chernyshevsky's What Is to Be Done? More generally, the work can be viewed as an attack on and rebellion against determinism : the idea that everything, including the human personality and will, can be reduced to the laws of nature, science and mathematics.

Plot summary
The novella is divided into two parts. The title of the first part—"Underground"—is itself given a footnoted introduction by Dostoevsky in which the character of the 'author' of the Notes and the nature of the 'excerpts' are discussed.

Part 1: "Underground"
The first part of Notes from Underground has eleven sections:

 * Section I propounds a number of riddles whose meanings are further developed as the narration continues.
 * Sections 2, 3, & 4 deal with suffering and the irrational pleasure of suffering.
 * Sections 5 & 6 discuss the moral and intellectual fluctuation that the narrator feels along with his conscious insecurities regarding "inertia"—inaction.
 * Sections 7, 8, & 9 cover theories of reason and logic, closing with the last two sections as a summary and transition into Part 2.

The narrator observes that utopian society removes suffering and pain, but man desires both things and needs them in order to be happy. He argues that removing pain and suffering in society takes away a man's freedom. He says that the cruelty of society makes human beings moan about pain only to spread their suffering to others.

Unlike most people, who typically act out of revenge because they believe justice is the end, the Underground Man is conscious of his problems and feels the desire for revenge, but he does not find it virtuous; the incongruity leads to spite towards the act itself with its concomitant circumstances. He feels that others like him exist, but he continuously concentrates on his spitefulness instead of on actions that would help him avoid the problems that torment him. The main issue for the Underground Man is that he has reached a point of ennui (boredom) and inactivity. He even admits that he would rather be inactive out of laziness.

The first part also gives a harsh criticism of determinism, as well as of intellectual attempts at dictating human action and behavior by logic, which the Underground Man discusses in terms of the simple math problem: two times two makes four (cf. necessitarianism). He argues that despite humanity's attempt to create a utopia where everyone lives in harmony (symbolized by The Crystal Palace in Nikolai Chernyshevsky's What Is to Be Done?), one cannot avoid the simple fact that anyone, at any time, can decide to act in a way that might not be considered to be in their own self-interest; some will do so simply to validate their existence and to protest and confirm that they exist as individuals. The Underground Man ridicules the type of enlightened self-interest that Chernyshevsky proposes as the foundation of Utopian society. The idea of cultural and legislative systems relying on this rational egoism is what the protagonist despises. The Underground Man embraces this ideal in praxis, and seems to blame it for his current state of unhappiness.

Part 2: "Apropos of the Wet Snow"
The title of Part 2 is an allusion to the critic Pavel Annenkov's observation that "damp showers and wet snow" were indispensable to writers of the Natural School in Petersburg. Following the title there is an epigraph containing the opening lines from Nekrasov's poem "When from the darkness of delusion..." about a woman driven to prostitution by poverty. The quotation is interrupted by an ellipsis and the words "Etc., etc., etc."

Part 2 consists of ten sections covering some events from the narrator's life. While he continues in his self-conscious, polemical style, the themes of his confession are now developed anecdotally.

The first section tells of the Underground Man's obsession with an officer who once insulted him in a pub. This officer frequently passes him by on the street, seemingly without noticing his existence. He sees the officer on the street and thinks of ways to take revenge, eventually borrowing money to buy an expensive overcoat and intentionally bumping into the officer to assert his equality. To the Underground Man's surprise, however, the officer does not seem to notice that it even happened.

Sections II to V focus on a going-away dinner party with some old school friends to bid farewell to one of these friends—Zverkov—who is being transferred out of the city. The Underground Man hated them when he was younger, but after a random visit to Simonov's, he decides to meet them at the appointed location. They fail to tell him that the time has been changed to six instead of five, so he arrives early. He gets into an argument with the four of them after a short time, declaring to all his hatred of society and using them as the symbol of it. At the end, they go off without him to a secret brothel, and, in his rage, the underground man follows them there to confront Zverkov once and for all, regardless if he is beaten or not. He arrives at the brothel to find Zverkov and the others already retired with prostitutes to other rooms. He then encounters Liza, a young prostitute.

The remaining sections deal with his encounter with Liza and its repercussions. The story cuts to Liza and the Underground Man lying silently in the dark together. The Underground Man confronts Liza with an image of her future, by which she is unmoved at first, but after challenging her individual utopian dreams (similar to his ridicule of the Crystal Palace in Part 1), she eventually realizes the plight of her position and how she will slowly become useless and will descend more and more, until she is no longer wanted by anyone. The thought of dying such a terribly disgraceful death brings her to realize her position, and she then finds herself enthralled by the Underground Man's seemingly poignant grasp of the destructive nature of society. He gives her his address and leaves.

He is subsequently overcome by the fear of her actually arriving at his dilapidated apartment after appearing such a "hero" to her and, in the middle of an argument with his servant, she arrives. He then curses her and takes back everything he said to her, saying he was, in fact, laughing at her and reiterates the truth of her miserable position. Near the end of his painful rage he wells up in tears after saying that he was only seeking to have power over her and a desire to humiliate her. He begins to criticize himself and states that he is in fact horrified by his own poverty and embarrassed by his situation. Liza realizes how pitiful he is and tenderly embraces him. The Underground Man cries out "They—they won't let me—I—I can't be good!"

After all this, he still acts terribly toward her, and, before she leaves, he stuffs a five ruble note into her hand, which she throws onto the table (it is implied that the Underground Man had sex with Liza and that the note is payment). He tries to catch her as she goes out to the street, but he cannot find her and never hears from her again. He tries to stop the pain in his heart by "fantasizing.""And isn't it better, won't it be better?… Insult—after all, it's a purification; it's the most caustic, painful consciousness! Only tomorrow I would have defiled her soul and wearied her heart. But now the insult will never ever die within her, and however repulsive the filth that awaits her, the insult will elevate her, it will cleanse her…"He recalls this moment as making him unhappy whenever he thinks of it, yet again proving the fact from the first section that his spite for society and his inability to act makes him no better than those he supposedly despises.

The concluding sentences recall some of the themes explored in the first part, and he tells the reader directly, "I have merely carried to an extreme in my life what you have not dared to carry even halfway.”

At the end of Part 2, a further editorial note is added by Dostoevsky, indicating that the 'author' couldn't help himself and kept writing, but that "it seems to us that we might as well stop here".

Themes and context
The narration by the Underground Man is laden with ideological allusions and complex conversations regarding the political climate of the period. Using his fiction as a weapon of ideological discourse, Dostoevsky challenges the ideologies of his time, mainly nihilism and rational egoism. The novel rejects the rationalist assumptions which underlie Jeremy Bentham's utilitarian social philosophy.

In Part 2, the rant that the Underground Man directs at Liza as they sit in the dark, and her response to it, is an example of such discourse. Liza believes she can survive and rise up through the ranks of her brothel as a means of achieving her dreams of functioning successfully in society. However, as the Underground Man points out in his rant, such dreams are based on a utopian trust of not only the societal systems in place, but also humanity's ability to avoid corruption and irrationality in general. The points made in Part 1 about the Underground Man's pleasure in being rude and refusing to seek medical help are his examples of how idealised rationality is inherently flawed for not accounting for the darker and more irrational side of humanity.

The Stone Wall is one of the symbols in the novella and represents all the barriers of the laws of nature that stand against man and his freedom. Put simply, the rule that two plus two equals four angers the Underground Man because he wants the freedom to say two plus two equals five, but that the Stone Wall of nature's laws stands in front of him and his free will.

Political climate
In the 1860s, Russia was beginning to absorb the ideas and culture of Western Europe at an accelerated pace, nurturing an unstable local climate. There was especially a growth in revolutionary activity accompanying a general restructuring of tsardom where liberal reforms, enacted by an unwieldy autocracy, only induced a greater sense of tension in both politics and civil society. Many of Russia's intellectuals were engaged in a debate with the Westernizers on one hand, and the Slavophiles on the other, concerned with favoring importation of Western reforms or promoting pan-Slavic traditions to address Russia's particular social reality. Although Tsar Alexander emancipated the serfs in 1861, Russia was still very much a post-medieval, traditional peasant society.

When Notes from Underground was written, there was an intellectual ferment on discussions regarding religious philosophy and various 'enlightened' utopian ideas. The work is a challenge to, and a method of understanding, the larger implications of the ideological drive toward a utopian society. Utopianism largely pertains to a society's collective dream, but what troubles the Underground Man is this very idea of collectivism. The point the Underground Man makes is that individuals will ultimately always rebel against a collectively imposed idea of paradise; a utopian image such as The Crystal Palace will always fail because of the underlying irrationality of humanity.

Writing style
Although the novella is written in first-person narrative, the "I" is never really discovered. The syntax can at times seem "multi-layered"; the subject and the verb are often at the very beginning of the sentence before the object goes into the depths of the narrator's thoughts. The narrator repeats many of his concepts.

In chapter 11, the narrator refers to his inferiority to everyone around him and describes listening to people as like "listening through a crack under the floor." The word "underground" actually comes from a bad translation into English. A better translation would be a crawl space: a space under the floor that is not big enough for a human, but where rodents and bugs live. According to Russian folklore, it is also a place where evil spirits live.

Legacy
The challenge posed by the Underground Man towards the idea of an "enlightened" society laid the groundwork for later writing. The work has been described as "probably the most important single source of the modern dystopia."

Notes from Underground has had an impact on various authors and works in the fields of philosophy, literature, and film, including:

 * the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche
 * The Metamorphosis (1915), a novella by Franz Kafka
 * Invisible Man (1952), by Ralph Ellison
 * Taxi Driver (1976), directed by Martin Scorsese
 * Notes from Underground (1995), a film adaptation of Dostoevsky's novella, directed by Gary Walkow, with Henry Czerny and Sheryl Lee in the leading roles.
 * Yeraltı (2012), directed by Zeki Demirkubuz
 * Notes from Underground (2014), by Roger Scruton

English translations
Since Notes from Underground was first published in Russian, there have been a number of translations into English over the years, including:
 * 1913. C. J. Hogarth. Letters from the Underworld.
 * 1918. Constance Garnett.
 * Revised by Ralph E. Matlaw, 1960.
 * 1955. David Magarshack. Notes from the Underground.
 * 1961. Andrew R. MacAndrew.
 * 1969. Serge Shishkoff.
 * 1972. Jessie Coulson.
 * 1974. Mirra Ginsburg.
 * 1989. Michael R. Katz.
 * 1991. Jane Kentish. Notes from the Underground.
 * 1994. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky.
 * 2009. Ronald Wilks
 * 2009. Boris Jakim.
 * 2010. Kyril Zinovieff and Jenny Hughes.
 * 2014. Kirsten Lodge. Notes from the Underground.

title: Notes from Underground


text:
Bronze wool

Bronze wool is a bundle of very fine bronze filaments, used in finishing and repair work to polish wood or metal objects. Bronze wool is similar to steel wool, but is used in its place to avoid some problems associated with broken filaments: steel rusts quickly, especially in a marine environment. Furthermore, steel is magnetic and can affect the operation of marine equipment, such as a compass. Steel can also discolor some materials, such as oak. This discoloration results from a reaction between the tannates in the oak and the iron in the steel, forming iron tannate, a black compound.

Bronze wool also has uses for filter elements, again when rusting would be a problem.

The main US retail supplier of bronze wool is Homax Group, under their Rhodes American brand.

Bronze wool has largely been replaced for cost reasons, by plastic mesh abrasives from makers such as Webrax and 3M Scotch-Brite. These use grains of aluminium oxide or silicon carbide, bonded to a non-woven web of nylon fibres. Like bronze wool, they avoid rust problems.

title: Bronze wool