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User:Dent/myskin.css

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title: User:Dent/myskin.css


text:
Talk:Achewood

tiger?
Lyle does not look like a tiger. Where does Onstad say Lyle is a tiger? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.163.0.42 (talk) 14:36, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

See here: http://achewood.com/index.php?date=08152008 144.173.238.33 (talk) 09:33, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

"Surreal"?
I don't know about the opening paragraph. I don't think the humour is really 'surreal'. 194.247.239.180 14:01, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I disagree. There are enough elements of magical realism and absurdity to definitely qualify surreal humour. Case in point, Ray and Bensington's trip to Cabo. http://achewood.com/index.php?date=09282006. Fateddy 23:48, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

hmmm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.134.11.125 (talk) 18:27, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

However, describing the visual punchline of the the first strip as "surprising" is woefully inaccurate. Panel 2 has Teodor saying "Philippe is standing on it." Panel 3 shows an individual, who the reader now knows is Philippe, standing on the manual. Not a surprise; in fact, the very opposite. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.40.203.224 (talk) 11:26, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Images
This article definately needs some sort of image, two or three would be nice, since its about something so visual. Anything thats definately fair use, or do we have to talk to Chris about this? — siro χ  o  17:27, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * It's clearly copyrighted. I don't know much about fair use laws though.  I would say just ask.  He seems nice.  :-) - Omegatron 20:28, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I asked:
 * "We would like to use some (copyrighted) images from your strip in an encyclopedia article about it."
 * He replied:
 * "That's a very interesting article, thank you. Yes, you may use clipped art from the strips."
 * - Omegatron 19:03, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)

So uh... What images do you want to use? I am imagining one full strip (which one is most "accessible" to newcomers?) and then small portraits of each character. too much? - Omegatron 17:23, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know about you, but the "What we need more of is science" logo seems essential. You could also use the portraits from the blogs-- that should be pretty easy.siafu 06:52, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Really? I don't know about the logo.  I don't want to clutter it up with hella images.  I am uploading the portraits from the blogs right now.  :-) - Omegatron 15:49, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Do we have any desire to add pictures for the minor characters? Also, if we want a logo we could use one of the smaller strips. I found a couple. Here, here, or here. I think I'll look for more later if we want one still. Shploo 18:14, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

I uploaded portraits for all the main characters. A link to the Wikipedia article has been posted on the strip, so we're getting a lot of anons today. - Omegatron 22:54, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

I added some information on the geography of Achewood and its relation to Palo Alto. - Scenque, July 29, 2024 (UTC)
 * I added links to the appropriate strip and a Google Maps link showing the relationship between the two, in response to the request for citation. Fourmica 17:08, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

What's the source for Roast Beef having been born intersexed? I don't remember this. john k 18:00, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I know they put Roast Beef on his door in heaven and he thought that was neat because his real name was cassandra which he doesn't like because they thought he was a girl. - Omegatron 22:56, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, but that doesn't necessarily mean he was intersexed, does it? john k 00:24, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, I just looked at the "Roast Beef in Heaven 1" section. There is a bit where he notices that the door says C. "Roast Beef" Kazentzakis, and thinks it's cool that they knew he didn't like his real first name.  But that strip doesn't even say what his real first name is. Still looking through, though. john k 00:28, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * "An intersexual or intersex person (or animal of any unisexual species) is one who is born with genitalia and/or secondary sexual characteristics of indeterminate sex" - Omegatron 01:28, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe it's found in Ray and Beef's road trip arc, the same one where Beef raps as Notorious L.I.N.C.O.L.N. -- Antaeus Feldspar 00:43, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Antaeus is correct - the strip is December 2, 2002. Roast Beefs line is "When I was born, I wasn't really developed all the way.  They couldn't tell if I was gonna be a man or a lady." -- curious_jp

Sunday Strips
Should we add something about the Sunday Strips no longer being available on Serializer? I know he stopped updating it regularly, but I looked recently and found that even the archives were gone from Serializer. And the Achewood forum was deleted.
 * Agreed JD79 04:11, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

heyhey, it's back online Jmlk17 15:16, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Chris Onstad
I notice that the query 'Chris Onstad' is a redirect to this entry. This article offers absolutely no biographical information about him. I'm still a novice, could some kind soul un-redirect Chris?
 * Done. — siro χ  o  07:27, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

Onstad and freezepop
married to the singer from freezepop? this sounds kind of like random speculation, although im currently researching... it'd be nice if someone would cite their source for it.

 * On a google search for "Chris Onstad" and "Freezepop", the first hit includes the text "thanks Liz and Chris Onstad!" There are a number of hits for this search term. Ipsenaut 03:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The first hit seems to be the only one that might imply they are married, and it still seems like it could go either way. the rest of the bonks are from the freezepop song about phillipe. I guess i'd just like more solid evidence, but i suppose there no solid evidence against either. shrug. Syynapse 06:43, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You're 100% right, I should have a source to cite. Unfortunately, I only heard this anecdotally. The famous-- even the tangentially internet-famous-- often keep their business away from their family lives, I suppose. Ipsenaut 13:02, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, i've fixed it up a bit to better reflect the reality of the situation. Hope its to your liking Syynapse 18:54, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I find this claim extremely unlikely, given that a) Freezepop are based in Boston, while Onstad lives in California, and also that b) the lead singer of Freezepop isn't actually named Liz. Ms. Gamache's homepage seems to suggest that she currently lives in Massachusetts, and that she does not use her pseudonym in everyday life.  Branwell, 02:58, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Haha. This article has been downgraded from "Explained" to "Explained, sort of" on the link from achewood.  — Omegatron 03:53, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Criticisms of Achewood
I love Achewood. Bunches. But no comic is perfect. In the spirit of NPOV, would it make sense to link to anything that criticizes Achewood? Anecdotally I know of people saying that the arcs are too long or you have to read from the beginning to understand things, etc. JUST AN IDEA! JD79 03:48, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Linking to a criticism of an ideology is acceptable practice, but this is wikipedia. It is here to state objective facts, not review art. I believe criticisms would be unnecessary. Ipsenaut 04:32, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I suppose so, though some of the pages on Religion and Political Thought have links to specific criticisms. However, I will concede the point that criticisms of things like Christianity, Nihilism, and Socialism are all widely-studied fields in and of themselves, whereas criticism of Achewood rests solely with people that just don't like fun. JD79 01:47, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I don't think that "criticisms of an online comic" are a notable subject for wikipedia. Plus, Achewood is awesome. john k 04:14, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Confirming this. Ashibaka tock 04:53, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * claiming that all things need a criticisms sections when not all things are criticized in the same manner is POV. 71.60.151.41 23:36, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

-Criticisms of art and entertainment is really reserved on wikipedia for items that are in the mainstream and viewed as particularly divisice or controversial. Achewood doesn't really fit into that.

–The whole idea that 'Achewood is awesome' and thus doesn't need criticism seems particularly POV. If there is criticism, it should have a least a brief summation. 65.24.75.114 (talk) 06:07, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

For the record: 76.3.36.226 (talk) 20:29, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

those div tags
Recent edits removed some of the

 markup, calling it "bogus HTML". To see what those tags were for, try viewing the page while making the text size extremely small; you'll see that the floating pictures for Pat and Teodor now bump into the following sections in an ugly way. If you removed the tags in a section that has less text, like Lyle's, the problem would be apparent at a normal text size. Not "bogus", just a useful precaution when you have text wrapped around pictures - so please don't remove the rest of the tags. ←Hob 21:08, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Just use clear. — Omegatron 22:10, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Those tags are exactly what's in the

template. If you type

you'll get the same thing (and it's really not a great idea to use templates without "subst" for minor formatting like that, as it makes the server do extra work). Regardless, there's no reason to remove valid HTML without checking what it does first. ←Hob 22:57, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Btw, I don't mean to sound too huffy - just a difference of opinion. But, see Template substitution; if you don't use subst for these, Bluebot may end up doing it for you. ←Hob 23:15, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I know all about that stuff. — Omegatron 23:59, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Uncle Culpepper
In one strip, Uncle Culpepper's name appears to be "Marion," but in another strip (when the real Culpepper shows up), the letter looks more like an "l." Can anyone with a hardcopy of the books or a reliable source clear this up?

 * Sometimes the 'l's and 'i's look like each other. Onstad says it's my screen resolution; I say it's his font anti-aliasing. — Omegatron 15:25, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Etymology
"Chris Onstad has since admitted during an interview that achewater was never actually a psychedelic drink." I took this out, since what authority does he have in the section? The exact same section states that the drink actually IS psychedelic. Jmlk17 03:47, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Um. His authority is that he made it up.  It's an imaginary drink and an imaginary plant that he made up. — Omegatron 16:01, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * But where does he say that? WhisperToMe (talk) 04:38, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Updates
Changing the box in the upper-right from 2-5 to 3-5. Yes, I know I'm nit-picking, but when has it only been two, unless maybe the first week he had his kid. JD79 13:10, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Eh, he does go through some pretty decent time where almost a week passes between his updates. It has currently been 5 days right now, and has been that way a few times. Could you go for 2-4? Jmlk17 08:58, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Why are people so uptight about the update frequency? I see some anon IP just changed it to 2-4. MKV

Roast Beef's WiFi
Roast Beef's biography in the article currently reads One shooting lodged a bullet in his spine, which grants him permanent wireless Internet access (though this has never been mentioned since, and he still uses physical computers to access the net; one possible reason for this is that, according to the mouseover in the strip where this happened, his internet connection is only 9600 baud, which would considered extremely slow by anyone, especially the internet-savvy Roast Beef) however, the actual alt-text for that comic states that Ray is 9600 baud. I'm not really sure how to phrase the necessary change within the article, so would just removing that bit work? --Redstormpopcorn 19:19, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Just made changes to this dude - have a look and see if you approve. --Ggiles77 00:00, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Books
OK, I made the change once and got the smarmy "thanks for testing out wikipedia, your changes have been reverted." template message, but I'm changing the article to reflect that Nice Pete and Roast Beef are, in the Achewood world, the authors of their respective books. EVEN THOUGH everyone knows that Onstad wrote them, they are purported to be written by the characters the same way the blogs are by the characters. -66.226.105.42 20:33, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Minor characters
Somebody should cull the list of minor characters, because it's getting kind of ridiculous. I think only characters who have appeared in multiple story arcs should be included (and who weren't the primary subject of the arcs they were in), i.e. the Tenmen, Nice Pete, Todd, Little Nephew, the robots, and so on. Also Molly should be considered a minor character. 132.236.113.119 19:04, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Molly is definitely a major character, IMO. She's at least as prominent these days as, say, Pat. I say the eight major characters should stay as is.
 * I count 30 minor characters on the list (counting collective entries like The Tenmen as one each). I'd say start by culling it to 25. I nominate these characters for deletion:
 * Andy (least prominent robot character; never even has a spoken line AFAIK)
 * Barry Bass
 * Leo Fontanette (I wrote most of his bit, so I'd be sort of sad to see him go, but he wasn't around for long)
 * Magreaux dog (doesn't even deserve to be listed, much less have his own article)
 * Milklin Honniker
 * All pretty peripheral characters. Hardly regulars, and never played a role in a major story arc.--BigglesTh9 08:40, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed, get rid of those five —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 76.22.42.204 (talk) 13:22, 15 March 2007 (UTC).

 * Why don't we start a List of characters in Achewood article? john k 10:09, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * List of characters in Achewood article is a good idea, actually. You could include as many characters as you wanted in that. And maybe separate articles for major characters, though we'd have to come to an agreement on what a "major character" is. Keep the present eight "major characters"?--BigglesTh9 10:51, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Vlad/Polish?
Where is it stated Vlad is Polish?

 * Vlad's not a Polish name, I'll say that much - it'd be "Wlad" if it were polish. Looks Russian to me. john k 10:17, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It is never directly stated that Vlad is Polish, but in a comic that appears in the paid archive and also in the back of book 2 as a bonus comic, he mentions that "In Poland ... the women are paying as much as 50 Zloty to sleep with man with basic Hotmail account."  Because of the paid archive thing, I can't link it, but it's the best we've got. Coldfrog 20:00, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Early in Achewood history, Chris Onstad held an AOL Instant Messenger chat for fans of Achewood. The conversation turned to talks of any animated Achewood.  Onstad said he had no definite plans, but said it was an amusing idea.  When one chatter proffered his voice for Vlad, Onstad declined, saying he enjoyed doing a cheesy Russian accent himself.  It's probably not worth the effort to debate much about the outlying characters. Rabbidpanda 17:33, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

"Censorship Controversy"
Onstad has already sent out replies to questioning e-mails stating that he removed the image of Pat's penis because he "did not like having a big animal erection in the strip as much as I originally thought I would." There's no censorship at work here.

Let's wait until this is more than two days old before we get our dork on and create a new section of the article, shall we?

Pronunciation of Achewood
Does anyone know to properly pronounce Achewood? I think this is important information to have in the article.

I read somewhere that Chris's official answer is that it's pronounced "Aik-wood" like "headache". I've always said "ash-wood". I don't want to email him with such an insipid question and I figure someone already has a reference for this.

It's definitely (head) ache-wood. Ash-wood makes no sense. Achewood is what you get if you drink Achewater. And it's sort of a pun on Oakwood.

Ahem; from the "about" link at the top of Achewood.com's main page:

"Achewood," like wormwood, was used by antebellum slaves in the production of "achewater," a long- since outmoded and outlawed Southern beverage.

Drinkers of achewater experienced hallucinations and euphoria, but the after-effects of the liquor produced a deep and lasting melancholy (hence its name).

Modern science has confirmed that achewood oil, the active ingredient in achewater, is a powerful depressant which causes irreversible neurological damage.

So in other words, it's pronounced like "aches and pains", and you don't get a painful hard-on from drinking it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.218.210.14 (talk) 06:54, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Deletion?
Why was this article suggested for deletion? I'm curious as to what the story is here. Rmj12345 18:39, 19 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Many on Wikipedia feel that webcomics are not relevant to Wikipedia or notable in the real world, and hence should be removed. This is not limited to webcomics, but happens on articles about fictional materials of all sorts. The thing is, in this case, I agree with them. This article is nothing more than a synopsis of Achewood, and while this article is astounding in that it gives every detail of the comic characters' in-universe in-character history with references, all those references are to the Achewood site and the whole thing looks like a fanboyish FAQ one might find posted on a forum about Achewood. All the text in this article could easily be removed and replaced with a single link to Achewood's homepage without fear of omitting any of the article's content. And when an article can be so simplified, it does not belong on Wikipedia. After all, that is what Google is for.
 * It never should have been. Jmlk17 09:57, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
 * popular webcomics in which books have been published and the author is well-known should be subject to inclusion. IE Achewood has several books, a product line, "characters" write for publications, etc. Now, stuff like the works of David Willis(who, despite his constant wikipedia editing saying otherwise, is NOT famous) should be purged. The author is not famous(he has 1 book and no other work whatsoever, unlike Onstad- clarified above- or the Cyanide & Happiness authors, who have done TV commercials), nor is the strip notable. If David Willis is classified as "famous" just because he says so(his only claim to fame being his ego), then anyone who draws a webcomic online could make such a claim, regardless of readership or other works which would make them famous. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.162.204.6 (talk) 12:43, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Just as an FYI, Achewood is certainly notable now that TIME magazine covered it. WhisperToMe (talk) 19:58, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Crispin Glover?
Check out Crispin Glover's website: www.crispinglover.com Reading his descriptions of his books and such, I was reminded of Nice Pete. Could the latter be based on the former? It would make sense.

Ray is a Tit man
Ray is no longer pleased by the female rump, because all chicks got one. Ray is pleased by big fat titties.--Natjo1986 08:00, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * That he is...that he is. Jmlk17 09:57, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

orginal research tag
The facts or descriptions in that part of the article are extremely date based. The setting the scene is true, and the description of the humor is well described. Despite Onstad never actually giving his own description of the type of humor or the first strip, those are verifiable and not personal opinion/research. If there are other issues? What are they? Please ammend this talk page with concerns. M.manary 19:55, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
 * likely a thinly-veiled Palo Alto, California is speculative and currently unsubstantiated. The maps in the footnote make it look even more like original research.  That claim definitely needs a reference.  —johndburger 18:29, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Absurd versus Surreal
Seriously, the opening paragraph that describes Achewood as "commonly surreal" is just plain false. Over the last couple of years, there have been on a few story arcs that could be described as surreal. Achewood's humor more commonly relies on the absurd. I made a change to the opening paragraph. I hope it sticks. --Dogbreathcanada 20:09, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The currrent wording is fine for now, though such a description is best if attributed. --Dragonfiend 04:01, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It is often pretty odd and surreal as well though :). Jmlk  1  7  04:02, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * But is it absurdy surreal or surreally absurd? Rather than us try to describe what type of humor we think it is, we should just document how Onstad and reputable critics describe it. I'll see if I can find the Comics Journal review referenced in the article, for example. --Dragonfiend 04:12, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Lol, it's a bit of both sometimes! Good idea on the source however.  Jmlk  1  7  04:50, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 11:24, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Fixing up the references
Hi all! Just letting you know, that over the past week I have written several scripts to fix up Achewood's references to be proper references, with the name and date of each strip. If you have any queries, please feel free to contact me on my talk page. Foxy Loxy Pounce! 07:37, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Furry?
I've already contacted Miranda regarding her tagging of this article to be included in WikiProject Furry, but I'm opening another space to talk about it here. I can't really see how Achewood falls under that project. Anyone else questioning? —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 04:05, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It obviously doesn't, unless consensus has formed that any fictional depiction of anthropomorphic animals counts as furry fandom now (which is hasn't). Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 09:23, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, that was more or less Miranda's logic in it. I think I'm just going to remove the tag. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 14:38, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

most Achewood strips contain some reference to food and drink
They really do. I've just gone back and re-read the last 2 months of strips, and only in 2 of them is there no reference to food or drink.

Sometimes the references are pretty arcane. But they're in there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Undertoad (talk • contribs) 22:33, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Wow, you're right. (I'm the one who originally changed the word to "many.") I just did my own (hasty) count and came up with three strips in the last two months that don't mention food or drink. That definitely justifies "most." On the other hand, two months of strips is a pretty small sample size for a comic with such an irregular update schedule.

 * Still, I'm good with your wording. "Many" still strikes me as the better choice, since a claim like "most strips contain food or drink" seems strong enough to warrant a citation to back it up -- or at least a thorough combing of the archives -- but I'm okay with either choice. --Axaxaxas (talk) 05:07, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Leaving it "many" now as edit warring over this is too difficult. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Undertoad (talk • contribs) 14:15, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Are most of the references about bacon? I love bacon..... CG —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.75.232.32 (talk) 04:54, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Merge from Chris Onstad
I have boldly merged Chris Onstad into an Author section, since there is nothing reported about him in outside sources that isn't directly related to Achewood himself. I figured it would be better for it to be a section in this article than a stand-alone stub-length article. He doesn't fail notability guidelines, so we can always split it back into his own article again if the content expands later. —Akrabbimtalk 03:43, 19 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Good call! Thanks, Starblueheather (talk) 04:37, 19 February 2010 (UTC)
 * There's a bit related to Onstad's love of cooking and opinions about words, but beyond that, I am not sure we have enough to make a separate article on him. WhisperToMe (talk) 04:36, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Ray's speech
Ray (currently calling himself 'Theo Freedom' after his near-death case of the DTs) curiously drops his hip-hop culture speech patterns when under the effects of sodium pentothal and adopts a slightly more educated tone, though his syntax can still be a little odd at times. This suggests that at least some of Ray's "hip-hop record mogul" behavior is an affectation. (The truth serum incident occurred at the Dude & Catastrophe and is covered in Cornelius' blog.) Atypicaloracle (talk) 12:37, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:Achewood


text:
User talk:Martclau

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Angela. 17:28, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Martclau


text:
Talk:Peter Crampton (politician)

Untitled
Please note that there are two individuals by the name of "Peter Crampton." One of them is a Member of the European Parliament for Hull, representing the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. The other appears to be a recent college graduate. Only the description of the former is appropriate for Wikipedia articles. The latter's description has been nominated for deletion on the basis of being a vanity article. To the author of that article: Please consider logging in and getting an account at Wikipedia. As a registered user, you will have a personal page upon which you can outline personal details. However, Wikipedia articles are reserved for persons and cultural items that are notable. If there is a claim to be made for the notability of the younger Peter Crampton, please establsih it, and Wikipedia can disambiguate between the two figures. Geogre 17:28, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Okay, I'm totally dumb. I was thinking this was Peter Frampton and was really shocked to find something different. Do you think people could confuse the two that easily? Mike H 23:26, Aug 30, 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Peter Crampton (politician)


text:
Talk:Charleston (dance move)

The old article was actually the description of Charleston, and I moved the whole of it there. It remains to describe here what is called "Charleston" as a dance move in other dances.

To Do
Into and Out Of Kick Throughs: Two timings. From Charleston and from Frankie Manning.

Hacksaw Charleston: Two kicks forward, two kick back.

Walking Charleston: Keep walking. Back and forth.

Walking Charleston: Tap the foot at end of direction, 3 times or 5 times.

Mikkalai 17:33, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

20s charleston
PlainJane 11:32, 5 April 2006 (UTC) solo and partner - range of steps therein - music

title: Talk:Charleston (dance move)


text:
Comarcas of Asturias

Asturias, an autonomous community in Spain, is divided into eight comarcas (cotarros in Asturian). These comarcas are not an administrative division of the autonomous community, and are only used as a system to homogenize the statistical data made by the Principality of Asturias.

The comarcas in Spain are a grouping of municipalities that are encouraged (but not required) to work together to achieve objectives. Comarca is a Spanish word roughly equivalent to the English word county.

List
The comarcas of Asturias are listed here, each with its Spanish-language name first, followed by its Asturian-language name if that differs:

title: Comarcas of Asturias


text:
MoneyGram

MoneyGram International, Inc. is an American interstate and international peer-to-peer payments and money transfer company headquartered in Dallas, Texas. It has an operations center in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, and regional and local offices around the world.

On June 1, 2023, Madison Dearborn Partners completed the acquisition of MoneyGram.

Overview
MoneyGram businesses are divided into two categories: Global Funds Transfers and Financial Paper Products. The company provides its services to individuals and businesses through a network of agents and financial institutions.

In 2014, it was the second largest provider of money transfers in the world. MoneyGram operates in more than 200 countries and territories with a global network of about 347,000 agent offices.

History
MoneyGram International was formed when two businesses merged: Minneapolis-based Travelers Express and Denver-based Integrated Payment Systems Inc.

MoneyGram was first established as a subsidiary of Integrated Payment Systems and afterwards became an independent company before it was acquired by Travelers in 1998. In 2004, Travelers Express became what is known today as MoneyGram International.

Travelers Express (1940–1997)
The Minneapolis-based Travelers Express Co. Inc. was founded in 1940. In 1965, Travelers Express was acquired by The Greyhound Corporation (now known as Viad Corp) and became the nation's largest provider of money orders before initiating a company reorganization plan in 1993.

MoneyGram Systems (1988–1997)
MoneyGram was formed in 1988 as a subsidiary of Integrated Payment Systems Inc. Integrated Payment Systems was a subsidiary of First Data Corporation, which was itself a subsidiary of American Express. In 1992, First Data was spun off from American Express and publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange. First Data Corporation later merged with First Financial, the owners of rival Western Union. In order to approve the merger, the Federal Trade Commission forced First Data to sell Integrated Payment Systems.

Thomas Cook Global Foreign Exchange, under the stewardship of John Bavister, launched a re-engineered money transfer service in 1994. Branded as MoneyGram, the venture saw the partnering of the global travel giant with First Data Corp.

In 1996, Integrated Payment Systems, the nation's second largest non-bank consumer money transfer business, became its own publicly traded company and was renamed MoneyGram Payment Systems Inc. In 1997, James F. Calvano, former president of Western Union, became MoneyGram Payment Systems CEO. By the late 1990s, MoneyGram Payment Systems had served customers at over 22,000 locations in 100 countries.

MoneyGram International Ltd. was established in 1997 by MoneyGram Payment Systems Inc. and Thomas Cook, a year after the company had gone public. At the time when MoneyGram International was established, MoneyGram Payment Systems owned 51 percent of the company, while the other 49 percent was owned by the Thomas Cook Group.

MoneyGram International (1998–present)
In April 1998, Viad Corp acquired MoneyGram Payment Systems Inc. for $287 million. MoneyGram was then folded into Viad's Travelers Express in Minneapolis. In November 2000, the MoneyGram brand and business was sold to Travelex as part of its acquisition of Thomas Cook Financial Services for £400m. In 2003, Travelers Express gained full ownership of the MoneyGram network, including MoneyGram International. Later that year, Viad spun off Travelers Express as an independent company. In January 2004 Travelers Express was renamed to MoneyGram International Inc. In June 2004, Viad sold MoneyGram and it became a publicly traded, individual entity.

By 2006, MoneyGram International had expanded internationally to include over 96,000 agents in regions such as the Asian-Pacific, Eastern Europe, and Central America. The company had also introduced additional services such as bill payment and online money transfers.

During the financial crisis of 2007–2008, MoneyGram's shares fell 96 percent from 2007 to 2009. It lost more than $1.6 billion from investments in securities backed by risky mortgages in 2008, and the losses led the company to sell a majority stake to Thomas H. Lee Partners and Goldman Sachs in exchange for a cash infusion. During the drop, U.S. Bancorp shifted its money transfer services to Western Union. The company became profitable again in 2009.

Amid MoneyGram's turnaround, Pamela Patsley became the executive chairwoman of the company in January 2009 and was later named CEO in September of that year. In November 2010, MoneyGram officially relocated its global headquarters to the city of Dallas, Texas. The company continues to maintain global operations and information technology centers in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

In 2013, MoneyGram began considering a sale. In 2014, MoneyGram lost a relationship with Wal-Mart Stores and then began restructuring to cut costs. From their peak in 2013 until late 2015, shares fell about 70%. MoneyGram closed a call center in Lakewood, Colorado resulting in over 500 layoffs. Furthermore, MoneyGram closed its 376-person Brooklyn Center operation in 2015. MoneyGram has moved numerous positions to Warsaw, Poland from its Colorado and Minnesota locations to cut costs further. In 2015, the company's agent network in Africa reached 25,000 locations, including an agreement with the Mauritius Post Office.

Between late October 2016 and January 2017, MoneyGram's shares doubled in value. On January 26, 2017, Ant Financial Services Group announced a deal to acquire MoneyGram International for $880 million; the deal subsequently collapsed after it was rejected by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States.

On June 17, 2019, MoneyGram announced they were partnering with Ripple to utilize the digital asset XRP for cross-border remittance.

In July 2020, Digital Financial Services LLC and MoneyGram have collaborated to provide overseas remittance services in the UAE. Through this partnership, eWallet consumers will enable real-time foreign money transfers to friends and families in more than 200 countries and territories around the world through a network of mobile wallet providers, bank account deposit facilities, and more than 350,000 walk-in locations.

In February 2021 MoneyGram announced it will end its partnership with Ripple after the US Securities and Exchange Commission sued Ripple for violating investor protection laws and later that year announced a new partnership with Ripple's competitor Stellar to facilitate cross-border blockchain transactions settled in the USDC stablecoin.

In February 2022, MoneyGram agreed to be acquired for $1 billion in cash by Madison Dearborn Partners, a private equity firm. The acquisition was completed in June 2023.

Money transfers

 * MoneyGram Money Transfer
 * MoneyGram Bill Payments Services - allowing consumers to make urgent payments or pay routine bills to certain creditors.
 * MoneyGram as a Service – enables enterprise customers to leverage the company's core capabilities as productized service offerings to meet their various business needs and add services and scale.

Financial paper

 * Money Orders - MoneyGram is the second largest money order supplier.
 * Official Checks - MoneyGram offers official check outsourcing services which are available to financial institutions in the United States. Official Checks are used by consumers where a payee requires a check drawn on a bank and by financial institutions to pay their own obligations.

Cryptocurrency

 * Cryptocurrency Cash Network – Through a relationship with Coinme, consumers can purchase or exchange bitcoin for U.S. dollars at select MoneyGram retail locations.

Legal cases
In November 2012, MoneyGram International admitted to anti-money laundering and wire fraud violations. MoneyGram services were used by unrelated parties involved in mass marketing and consumer phishing scams that defrauded thousands of victims in the United States.

As a part of the settlement, it created a $100 million victim compensation fund. MoneyGram also retained a corporate monitor who will report regularly to the United States Department of Justice for a five-year trial period. If MoneyGram fulfills its obligations under the settlement, prosecutors will seek dismissal of the charges of aiding and abetting wire fraud.

The company also terminated any agents complicit in the 2009 scams and invested more than $84 million in improvements to the company's consumer anti-fraud systems and consumer awareness education. In February 2015, MoneyGram assisted a Houston reporter in shutting down a fraud scam after discovering a scheme that utilized an account with the company.

In February 2016, it agreed it would pay $13 million to end a probe stemming from customer complaints that scam artists duped them into wiring funds via the money transfer service. The settlement, with attorneys general in 49 states and Washington, D.C., includes $9 million for a nationwide fund that will facilitate the return of money to some MoneyGram customers and $4 million to cover states' costs and fees, according to numerous announcements by state attorneys general.

In April 2022, the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and New York Attorney General Letitia James filed a complaint against MoneyGram for its repeated violations of the law, ignoring customer complaints and government warnings. The complaint states that the company has repeatedly "stranded" recipients waiting for their money, gave senders inaccurate information about when transfers would be completed and failed to address customer complaints in accordance with the 2013 rule.

The lawsuit is CFPB’s fifth remittance-related case since 2019, which seeks unspecified refunds, restitution, and civil damages. The case is Consumer Financial Protection Bureau et al v MoneyGram International Inc et al, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, No. 22-03256.

Philanthropy and marketing
MoneyGram launched the MoneyGram Foundation in 2013, which focuses on distributing grants internationally to support education. The MoneyGram Foundation distributed grants in 19 countries in its first year of operations. The Foundation gets the bulk of its funding from MoneyGram International, and builds on MoneyGram's previous Global Giving Program.

Through MoneyGram, Global Giving made a donation of $100,000 to World Vision International for education and school supplies, and another donation of $30,000 for the Girls Exploring Math and Science program in Dallas.

MoneyGram participated in relief aid following the 2010 Haiti earthquake by reducing their fees to only $1 for any transactions to Haiti along with a $10,000 grant to Pan American Development Foundation and American Red Cross. In 2012, MoneyGram contributed to Hurricane Sandy relief efforts by pledging to donate $1 per transaction up to $200,000 to the American Red Cross.

The foundation has also contributed to other relief efforts following events such as Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. The company has also participated in the One Laptop per Child initiative and Habitat for Humanity through the MoneyGram Foundation.

On October 20, 2022, MoneyGram announced a multi-year title sponsorship deal with Haas F1 Team (with the team renamed as MoneyGram Haas F1 Team) for the 2023 Formula One season onwards.

title: MoneyGram


text:
User:LobStar

I´m from Sweden and writes more in the Swedish wiki Susning.nu than here. I excuse any language errors.

 * http://www.geocities.com/arvidheden
 * arvidheden an-a-with-a-ring yahoo dot com

title: User:LobStar


text:
Martial Asselin

Joseph Ferdinand Martial Asselin (February 3, 1924 – January 25, 2013) was a Canadian politician and the 25th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (1990–1996).

Life and career
Born in La Malbaie, Quebec, the son of Ferdinand Asselin and Eugénie Tremblay, he was called to the Bar of Quebec in 1951. He became a Queen's Counsel in 1967. From 1957 to 1963, he was the mayor of La Malbaie.

Asselin was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1958 election as a Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament in the Diefenbaker sweep. He represented the riding of Charlevoix.

Asselin was defeated in the 1962 election. Despite no longer having a seat, Diefenbaker appointed Asselin to the position of Minister of Forestry in 1963, in the hope that he and the Tories would both win the upcoming 1963 election. He served for only a month until the defeat of the Conservatives and Asselin's failure to regain his seat.

He returned to the House of Commons in the 1965 election, and he was re-elected in the 1968 election.

Prior to the 1972 election, he accepted an appointment to the Senate of Canada. He sat in the Senate until 1990, when he was appointed as lieutenant governor by the Governor General, on the advice of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. Asselin was in office during the 1995 Quebec Referendum for sovereignty. In 1996, he was made an officer of the Order of Canada.

In 1992, he was given the right to use the honorific style of "The Right Honourable", which is granted for life and to very few eminent Canadians. On January 25, 2013, Asselin died at the Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus de Québec in Quebec City. He was 88 years old.

title: Martial Asselin


text:
Kilsbergen

Kilsbergen is a low mountainous ridge that separates Närke from Värmland. It is the southernmost extension of the taiga in Scandinavia and shows a flora and fauna that are unusual for the latitude. There are several skiing and hiking facilities in Kilsbergen. Kilsbergen is especially known for its elk population. It was awarded the 1998 Elk Protection medal by Hans Hoffberg in 1993 and these magnificent beasts continue to thrive in the area. The highest elevation is at Tomasbodahöjden, 298 m above sea level and the highest point of the province of Närke. The administrative region of Örebro County has higher slopes further to the north.

Climate
Being located in the slope formation, the Suttarboda weather station has a humid continental climate. The area has frequent orographic lift and temperature inversion during nights compared to the surrounding plains where the nearest town Örebro is located. The diurnal temperature variation is also often low, courtesy of daytime air cooling at the higher elevation in the slope. SMHI have hosted a weather station since August 1995, leading to records being confined to a shorter timespan than other Swedish stations. Still, during that timeframe, Örebro's airport station has recorded several degrees both warmer and colder extremes than Kilsbergen.

title: Kilsbergen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Finished mathematics

This page has been discussed on two user pages (copied below) and nobody seems to have heard about this notion. This kind of discussion really belong here, whatever the outcome. Gadykozma 17:40, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

- Copied from Michael Hardy's talk page (a copy exists in Paul August's talk page too): -

Hi Michael, have you ever heard of this term before? Does it have wide usage? Paul August 22:03, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * I have not frequently (if ever) encountered it other than in this Wikipedia article. It seems the first 20 or so Google hits on it come from that article as well.  So if it's frequently used, I'd guess it's only within a relatively small philosophy-of-mathematics community. Michael Hardy 01:39, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I've never heard of it either. It was created by the same guy who created Folk mathematics, and who both may be User:JRR Trollkien.  I'm wondering if this is a made up term.  Paul August 06:54, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

- Copied from Charles Matthews's talk page. -

Hi Charles, have you ever heard of this term before? Does it have wide usage? Paul August 22:08, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

As far as I know, this is someone's personal sociological term. Charles Matthews 09:14, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Never heard of it either. VfD? Gadykozma 18:19, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) --
 * Delete: idiosyncratic term. Also delete redirects mainstream mathematics, accepted mathematics, and published mathematics. Wile E. Heresiarch 18:34, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, the two conversations seem justification enough. --Golbez 21:22, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. Some guy trying to push his personal ideas about mathematics.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:29, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Boy, that's annoying; I just looked at this the other day and thought it was something actual. Floorsheim 22:30, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. never heard the expression. regards, High on a tree 03:52, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Pages refering to it can simply be made to refer to Peer review. Gadykozma 05:07, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur- redirect the whole mess to Peer review. -FZ 18:04, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, for reasons described above. Andris 09:23, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and also delete redirects as mentioned above. Paul August 14:38, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC) I've changed my mind see below. Paul August 05:25, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * The term is perhaps idiosyncratic. Although I see no great need for this page, I don't find it objectionable either.  In certain contexts, the term would be understood without explicit explanation to mean just what the articles says it means (or said, last time I looked). Michael Hardy 21:15, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this kind of article gives wikipedia a bad image. It was one of the first pages I saw on wikipedia, since the title looked so enticing, and I was really disappointed to see that how unenlightening it was. A link into a page called "finished mathematics" which leads to this kind of content is just a trap for readers. Dead links and links into useless contents waste readers time. Gadykozma 21:31, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * In it's current incarnation, I don't have any objections to the content of the article either. But shouldn't it be deleted precisely be cause it is (probably) idiosyncratic?  It seems to me that an encyclopedia (unlike a textbook for example) should not be the originator of terminology. Paul August 21:45, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Isn't it interesting how long it has survived, with repsectable edits, and little of the original left? Rich Farmbrough 23:43, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Google search

 * It appears to me that this is a keep, would be nice if you reviewed the supplied google links and think again, , (another version of former quote ),  ,   ,   it looks like the expression is used in our own Philosophy of mathematics. This is the search I did. I went through 34 of 59 hits, there are probably more relevant hits. Judging from those I have supplied I think it is a valid and not invented subject, and the current content also seem to reflect what is meant by it. --Dittaeva 21:08, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Ok, after looking at the links above I agree that it looks like this is a real term, so I'm rescinding my vote to delete. When I did my own google, after first wondering about this, all I got were bunches of references to wikipedia. I wasn't as smart as you to add "-wikipedia" and "-encyclopedia" to my search, thanks for being more thorough than I was. - also I had noticed the usage in philosophy of mathematics but it looked like to me that the user who added the term to that article (142.177.10.33) might be the same person who created the term in the first place. Paul August 05:25, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Dittaeva, first of all, thanks for doing the google search and supplying these links! However, after reading them carefully I mostly disagree that they are a proof that finished mathematics is a term rather than just a combination of two words that make sense together. In none of them is finished mathematics quoted or italicized or put in a context in which it is clear that the author is discussing some known object. For example, the last link you gave refers to it as "finished" mathematics, i.e. only the word finished is in quotes, actually proving that it is not a term. I keep my delete vote. Gadykozma 08:32, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It true that they are not italicize or anything similar, but as I have understood the texts, they are infact referring to a term.--Dittaeva 09:39, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

-
 * Delete. Whether it's real or not, it should be merged into mathematics or philosophy of mathematics. - Centrx 23:21, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Why not merge and redirect then? --Dittaeva 23:58, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The question whether it is real is important. If its real, it should be merged and redirected. Only if its phony should it be actually deleted. Gadykozma 08:32, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was "plan B". It think it should be deleted, but if the consensus somehow turns out that it's real, it should still be merged rather than retained as a separate article. - Centrx 18:27, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

So I guess this article was deleted. Was its content incorporated into some other article? Paul August 18:40, Aug 24, 2004 (UTC)

Is there any way to see the original content? Paul August 18:47, Aug 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've copied it from google cache to one of my user pages. Please let me know if you use it for anything. I suppose it can also restored by voting for it on votes for undeletion. This is the problem with the current deletion system btw, its not very wiki. --Dittaeva 23:07, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks Dittaeva, I've copied this text to one of my user page, for possible incorporation into other articles. Paul August 20:04, Aug 26, 2004 (UTC) I will let you know if I do anything else with it. Paul August 20:08, Aug 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * This text seems like the one that was deleted, so I think there is no reason to undelete for the purpose of seeing the original text (there may be other reasons, of course). Gadykozma 18:00, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * As far as I can remember, this seems like the most recent version of the article - so, for my purposes - possible incorporation into other articles, I agree there is no reason to undelete. Paul August 20:04, Aug 26, 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Isomorphic/Minions of the Church

This page survived vfd. Ignoring the votes of a veritable army of sockpuppets, there was no consensus to delete. See: Votes for deletion/Minions -- Wile E. Heresiarch 04:55, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I really highly doubt that User:EventHorizon is Mike Church. The writing styles are very different, as are the personalities (though that can be forged, online) and while EH is opinionated, he's not confrontational the way Mike was. 205.188.116.135 20:45, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:Zef Hemel

Zef Hemel

Website: http://www.zefhemel.com

title: User:Zef Hemel


text:
U.S. Route 195

U.S. Route 195 (US 195) is a north–south United States Highway, of which all but 0.65 miles of its 94.02 miles (1.05 of 151.95 km) are within the state of Washington. The highway starts in rural Idaho north of the city of Lewiston as a state highway in an interchange with US 95. As the road crosses into Washington it becomes a state highway that connects communities in the Palouse region of Eastern Washington. US 195 travels north, serving the cities of Pullman, Colfax and Rosalia in Whitman County before continuing into Spokane County to its terminus in the city of Spokane at an interchange with Interstate 90 (I-90).

The first section of US 195 designated as part of Washington's state highway system was codified in 1913 from Colfax to Spokane as the Inland Empire Highway and from the Idaho state line to Pullman as the Second Division of the Eastern Route of the Inland Empire Highway. The two highways were included as part of State Road 3 in 1923 and US 195 during the creation of the US Highway System on November 11, 1926. Originally, the northern terminus of the highway was at US 95 in Sandpoint, but was truncated to Spokane after US 2 was extended west from Bonners Ferry in 1946.

US 195 was cosigned with Primary State Highway 3 (PSH 3) from US 95 to Spokane and PSH 6 from Spokane to Newport from the creation of the primary and secondary state highways in 1937 until the 1964 highway renumbering. US 195 was extended south into Idaho after the relocation of US 95, designated as the North and South Highway in 1916, onto its present freeway in 1975. Bypasses of Pullman, Rosalia, and Plaza were completed during the early 1970s, converting portions of US 195 into a divided highway.

Route description
US 195 runs 94.02 mi in Idaho and Washington and is listed in its entirety as part of the National Highway System, a system of roads crucial to the nation's economy, defense and mobility. As a state highway in both states, the roadway is maintained by the Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) and Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT).

Idaho
US 195 travels within Idaho for 0.577 mi from an interchange with US 95 to the Washington state line, entirely north of Lewiston atop the Lewiston Hill in unincorporated Nez Perce County. ITD surveys the roads under its control on a regular basis to measure the amount of traffic using the state's highways. These traffic counts are expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), a calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway. A July 2011 survey reported average daily traffic of 6,761 vehicles being served the US 95 interchange.

Administratively, US 195 does not exist in Idaho. According to ITD's milepoint log, both carriageways are officially US 95 ramps into Washington state.

Washington
US 195 travels 93.37 mi north through the Palouse region of Eastern Washington, from the Idaho state line north to Spokane. The highway serves as an important link between Pullman and Spokane as well as part of the Palouse Scenic Byway and a main north–south route in the region alongside State Route 27 (SR 27). US 195 enters Washington north of Clarkston in unincorporated Whitman County and travels west to an intersection with its 0.61 mi spur route, providing a connection to US 95 northbound towards Moscow. The highway continues northwest through farmland and the towns of Uniontown and Colton along Union Flat Creek towards Pullman. US 195 intersects SR 27, also part of the Palouse Scenic Byway, and travels west of Pullman on a highway bypass of the city. The bypass travels through the termini of SR 194 and SR 270 as it leaves the Pullman area heading north towards Colfax along the South Fork Palouse River. US 195 becomes Main Street within Colfax and travels through the town along a WSDOT rail line to the eastern terminus of SR 272 and SR 26. The highway continues north along Pine Creek and the WSDOT rail line past the northern terminus of SR 271, a diamond interchange south of Rosalia, before leaving the Palouse Scenic Byway at the Spokane County border. The roadway heads north through a diamond interchange in Plaza and along Spangle Creek past the community of Spangle. US 195 enters the city of Spokane as a four-lane highway along Hangman Creek and ends at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-90, cosigned with US 2 and US 395.

US 195 is defined by the Washington State Legislature as SR 195. Every year, WSDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume. This is expressed in terms of AADT, which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. In 2012, WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of US 195 within Washington was in Hangman Valley before the I-90 interchange in Spokane, serving 19,000 vehicles, while the least busiest section was between Pullman and Colfax, serving 3,100 vehicles. The entire route of US 195 is designated as a Highway of Statewide Significance by WSDOT, which includes highways that connect major communities in the state of Washington.

History
The Inland Empire Highway was originally a collection of gravel county roads that have existed since 1898 in the Spokane area and 1905 in the Pullman area. These roads roughly followed an early territorial highway built in the 1870s between Colfax and Spokane. The highway was added to the state highway system in 1913, traveling within the Palouse region between Colfax and Spokane. The Second Division of the Eastern Route of the Inland Empire Highway was also established in 1913, traveling northwest from Sampson Trail Y at the Idaho–Washington state line to Pullman. The Idaho portion of US 195 became part of the North and South Highway in 1916 and was not numbered under Idaho's state highway system in 1953. The gap in the Second Division between Pullman and Colfax was named by Whitman County as a highway of importance the following year and was not built until 1925 as part of State Road 3. State Road 23, connecting Spokane to Newport, was designated in 1915 before it was renamed to the Pend O'Reille Highway and renumbered to State Road 6 in 1923. The Inland Empire Highway was numbered as State Road 3 in 1923 and retained the designation as PSH 3 in 1937, while State Road 6 became PSH 6.

The United States Highway System was established on November 11, 1926, during its adoption by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) and included US 195, traveling north from US 95 within Washington through Pullman and Spokane before ending at US 95 in Sandpoint, Idaho. The present four-lane divided highway along Hangman Creek in Spokane was constructed in 1939 as part of general improvements to Eastern Washington highways, relocating the route of the creek and a nearby Northern Pacific Railway line. The section of US 195 between Spokane and Sandpoint became co-signed with an extension of US 2 from Bonners Ferry, Idaho to Everett, Washington in 1946, and the highway was truncated to US 10 and US 395 in 1969. During the 1964 highway renumbering, Washington converted its highways to the present state route system, to take effect in 1970. US 195 replaced PSH 3 and its branches along its present route, with its southern terminus at US 95 atop Lewiston Hill in Idaho and its northern terminus at I-90 in Spokane at an interchange that was opened in December 1965, along with a new 7.2 mi segment between Thornton and Rosalia.

Between 1973 and 1975, State Department of Highways completed construction of three highway bypasses around Pullman, Rosalia, and Plaza. Funds that were originally intended for the canceled Bay Freeway project in Seattle were instead redirected to the bypasses earlier in the decade. A four-lane bypass of Colfax was approved for construction in 1971, but deferred indefinitely due to a lack of funding. The western bypass of Pullman was completed in 1974 at a cost of $1.04 million.

US 95 was relocated onto its present freeway, bypassing Washington state, in 1977 and US 195 was extended south into Idaho to the new interchange with a spur route traveling towards northbound US 95. The highway between Uniontown and Rosalia was designated as part of the Palouse Scenic Byway on December 19, 2002, as part of the Washington State Scenic and Recreational Highways program. In 2002, WSDOT adopted a long range plan to upgrade US 195 within the Hangman Valley in Spokane to limited-access standards by constructing new interchanges at four intersections. One of the interchanges, at Cheney–Spokane Road, was completed in 2014 at a cost of $9.4 million. Funding for the remaining interchange projects, estimated to cost $106 million in 2002 dollars, was not allocated and WSDOT is instead considering lower-cost improvements to the intersections. Increased traffic congestion on US 195 in Spokane lead to a development moratorium in place until capacity improvements are made to the highway. The first ramp meter in the Spokane area was installed at US 195's interchange with I-90 in 2019.

Spur route
US 195 has a 0.54 mi spur route near its southern terminus on the Washington–Idaho state line that travels east from US 195 to serve US 95 northbound atop Lewiston Hill. The unsigned highway, also known as the Genesee Spur, was established in 1979 on the former alignment of US 95 as it passed briefly through Washington before it was moved onto its present alignment. WSDOT included the road in its annual AADT survey in 2012 and calculated that 100 vehicles per day used the spur route. ITD designates the spur route as US-95 Spur in their milepoint log.

title: U.S. Route 195


text: Category:Anglo-Dutch Wars

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Klarälven

Klarälven ("The clear river" in Swedish ) is a river flowing through Norway and Sweden. Together with Göta älv, which it is called as the river has passed through the lake Vänern, thus regarded as an entity, Göta älv—Klarälven is the longest river in Scandinavia and in the Nordic countries and its Swedish part the longest river of Sweden. These two rivers also have the largest drainage basin in the same areas, 50229 km2 including all the rivers that run into Vänern, of which 42468 km2 is located in Sweden and 7761 km2 in Norway.

It emanates at the northeast side of Mount Brändstöten and flows through a couple of smaller lakes down to Lake Rogen in Härjedalen, Sweden, and then passes through the Norwegian Hedmark, where it flows through the lake Femunden. There it is known as Femundelva and Trysilelva. The rest of the river, the longest part, flows through Värmland to ultimately discharge in a delta into Vänern at Karlstad.

In its turn, Vänern drains then into Göta älv, reaching the sea at Gothenburg.

The river has historically provided significant economic benefits, providing a suitable transport route for log driving, and currently is internationally recognized as excellent sport fishing waters.

Geography and geology
The watershed of Klarälven is commonly referred to as Klarälvdalen (the Klarälv basin), where it accumulates much of its water on its journey to Vänern. Other important sources of water are the snowy mountains in the northern areas of the watershed area, providing substantial flows in the spring when the snow melts; annual floods are common.

The straight river course north of Edebäck has been classified by Sten De Geer as a "tectonic valley" as it follows the Protogine Zone—a bedrock weakness zone of Precambrian age. During deglaciation of Scandinavia about 10,000 years before present the glacier ice retreated unevenly with the valley of Klarälven hosting a protruding ice tongue while the surrounding uplands were ice-free. The retreat of the ice left dead ice buried in the glacifluvial sediments of the valley. The river course north of Edebäck formed an ancient fjord after it became free of glacier ice and before the post-glacial rebound definitely raised the valley bottom above the sea. The river course south of Edebäck is possibly a Quaternary deflection caused by the accumulation of glacial deposits.

Since the end of the last ice age, the mouth of Klarälven has moved southward from Forshaga to its current position at Karlstad, and is still moving, albeit for different reasons, as the river carries substantial quantities of sand, cut from the outer edges of its meandering curves, causing the shoreline of Vänern to constantly move southward.

The heavy meandering of Klarälven results in numerous oxbow lakes, formed as a result of a too sharp curve, eventually causing the river to create a new, shorter path. An artificial islet, Gubbholmen found in central Karlstad has also been created as a result of the accumulation of 5000 t of sand transported each day during the spring flood.

Entering the Karlstad region, the river delta splits into two main parts and eight smaller parts. The east part splits into two further main branches after passing Gubbholmen (eventually three branches). The west part splits into five branches.

In the first half of the 20th century the geography and Quaternary geology Klarälven was studied by various Swedish researchers including Alfred Elis Törnebohm, Sten De Geer and Lennart von Post. This last Quaternary geologist died in 1951 leaving his research unfinished, despite this Klarälven was by 1956 the most studied river in Sweden. Åke Sundborg's 1956 outstanding PhD thesis and publication on the geomorphology and hydrology of Klarälven is considered a major reference work for river studies in Sweden.

Economic importance
There are some hydroelectric power plants in the river. These are the hydroelectric power plants from south to north.

 * 1) Forshaga power plant in Forshaga,
 * 2) Dejefors power plant in Deje, 20 MW
 * 3) Munkfors power plant in Munkfors, 33 MW,
 * 4) Skymnäsforsen power plant in Skymnäsfors, 17 MW,
 * 5) Forshult power plant in Forshult, 20 MW,
 * 6) Krakerud power plant in Krakerud, 22 MW,
 * 7) Skogaforsen power plant in Skogafors 15 MW,
 * 8) Edsforsen power plant in Edsfors 9 MW
 * 9) Höljes power plant in Höljes, 130 MW.

Fishing
In recent years, the sport fishing of Klarälven has gained an international recognition for its Atlantic salmon and brown trout fisheries; these two species of fish are sought after by fly fishers. Competition for use of areas rich in the popular species is vigorous, and at high season the price of fishing licenses may be as high as 500 Swedish krona (US$68) per day. Other measures are taken to ensure the survival of the fishery, including strict rules on the minimum sizes and quantities of fish allowed to be taken, as well as the requirement that unwanted fish, such as the northern pike, be killed when caught.

Although the river was a busy log driving route, it has been reported that the fish populations of Klarälven has not suffered from the heavy activity, underwater life benefited from it, especially the grayling population. When the log driving stopped in 1991, it was later reported that the beneficial effects were slowly disappearing as shore vegetation grew denser, providing a less favourable environment for the fish.

As of 1997, an upper secondary school specializing in sport fishing education was established to meet the demands for skilled professionals to guide fishing tourism.

Other tourism
Klarälven has clean and fresh water, suitable for bathing, although caution must be taken if bathing at a point before the river reaches its delta, as the currents can be treacherous.

Modern day tourist attractions in addition to sport fishing include canoeing, as well as rafting from Branäs to Edebäck.

Log driving
Log driving has been traced back to the 17th century, although log driving increased to a significant level at the beginning of the 20th century, when the paper industry started to expand. Log driving was accomplished by dumping the harvested logs into the river, there they floated until the separation point at Forshaga. They were then held up by a floating structure resembling a fence until loggers could move out on the logs, identify them and guide them to their designated areas using special hooks. After grouping logs with the same company marks together, the logs would then be towed to their destinations.

As many as 1,500 people were working seasonally, employed by the local log drivers' society, paid by the paper mills and forest owners. Although a risky job, the personnel were skilled and only one drowning incident was reported in the last 30 years of operation. Out of the 19 Lusten boats used to tow the logs to their final destinations, only one remains in working condition today; Lusten 8, serving as a tourist attraction.

After the shutdown of the log driving industry in 1991, the remaining equipment was auctioned off, most was sold to the Forshaga Municipality, who used the equipment to found the log driving museum, using the old buildings used for the operations as its main building. Upon the shutdown of the flood driving in Klarälven, the practice of log driving in Sweden had officially come to its end.

title: Klarälven


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Saturniidae

Saturniidae, members of which are commonly named the saturniids, is a family of Lepidoptera with an estimated 2,300 described species. The family contains some of the largest species of moths in the world. Notable members include the emperor moths, royal moths, and giant silk moths (or wild silk moths).

Adults are characterized by large, lobed wings, heavy bodies covered in hair-like scales, and reduced mouthparts. They lack a frenulum, but the hindwings overlap the forewings to produce the effect of an unbroken wing surface. Saturniids are sometimes brightly colored and often have translucent eyespots or "windows" on their wings. Sexual dimorphism varies by species, but males can generally be distinguished by their larger, broader antennae.

Most adults have wingspans between 1 –, but some tropical species such as the Atlas moth (Attacus atlas) may have wingspans up to 12 in. Together with certain Noctuidae, Saturniidae contains the largest Lepidoptera and some of the largest extant insects.

Distribution
The majority of saturniid species occur in wooded tropical or subtropical regions, with the greatest diversity in the New World tropics and Mexico, though they are found all over the world. About 12 described species live in Europe, one of which, the emperor moth, occurs in the British Isles, and 68 described species live in North America, 42 of which reside north of Mexico and Southern California.

Life cycle
Some saturniids are strictly univoltine, producing only one generation a year, whereas others are multivoltine, producing more than one brood a year. Spring and summer broods eclose in a matter of weeks; autumn broods enter a state known as diapause and emerge the following spring. How the pupae know when to eclose early or hibernate is not yet fully understood, though research suggests day length during the fifth larval instar plays a major role, as well as cooling temperatures. Longer days may prompt pupae to develop early, while shorter days result in pupal diapause. The number of broods is flexible, and a single female may produce both fast-developing and slow-developing individuals, or they may produce different numbers of broods in different years or parts of the range. In some species, the spring and summer broods look different from each other; for example, the two Saturniinae species Actias luna (the Luna moth) and Callosamia securifera both have certain genes which may or may not be activated depending upon differences in environmental conditions.

Eggs
Depending on the moth, a single female may lay up to 200 eggs on a chosen host plant. Others are laid singly or in small groups. They are round, slightly flattened, smooth, and translucent or whitish.

Larvae
Saturniid caterpillars are large (50 to 100 mm in the final instar), stout, and cylindrical. Most have tubercules that are often also spiny or hairy. Many are cryptic in coloration, with countershading or disruptive coloration to reduce detection, but some are more colorful. Some have urticating hairs. A few species have been noted to produce clicking sounds with the larval mandibles when disturbed. Examples: Luna moth (Actias luna) and Polyphemus moth (Antheraea polyphemus). The clicks may serve as aposematic warning signals to a regurgitation defense.

Most are solitary feeders, but some are gregarious. The Hemileucinae are gregarious when young and have stinging hairs, and those of Lonomia contain a poison that may kill a human. Arsenura armida is another well-known example and is infamous for its large conspicuous masses during the day. Their coloration is not cryptic, instead exhibiting aposematism.

The other caterpillars in this size range are almost universally Sphingidae, which are seldom hairy and tend to have diagonal stripes on their sides. Many Sphingidae caterpillars bear a single curved horn on their hind end. These are actually not dangerous, but large-haired caterpillars should generally not be touched except by experts.

Most saturniid larvae feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs. A few, particularly Hemileucinae such as Automeris louisiana, A. patagonensis, and Hemileuca oliviae, feed on grasses. They moult at regular intervals, usually four to six times before entering the pupal stage. Prior to pupation, a wandering stage occurs, and the caterpillar may change color, becoming more cryptic just before this stage.

Pupae
Most larvae spin a silken cocoon in the leaves of a preferred host plant or in leaf litter on the ground, or crevices in rocks and logs. While only moderately close relatives to the silkworm (Bombyx mori) among the Lepidoptera, the cocoons of larger saturniids can be gathered and used to make silk fabric. However, larvae of some species – typically Ceratocampinae, like the regal moth (Citheronia regalis) and the imperial moth (Eacles imperialis), burrow and pupate in a small chamber beneath the soil. This is common in the Ceratocampinae and Hemileucinae. Unlike most silk moths, those that pupate underground do not use much silk in the construction. Once enclosed in the cocoon, the caterpillar sheds the larval skin and becomes a pupa, and the pupa undergoes metamorphosis for about 14 days, at which point it either emerges or goes into diapause. During metamorphosis, the respiratory system will stay intact, the digestive system will dissolve, and reproductive organs will take form.

Adults
Adult females emerge with a complete set of mature ova and "call" males by emitting pheromones (specific "calling" times vary by species). Males can detect these chemical signals up to a mile away with help from sensitive receptors located on the tips of their feather-like antennae. The males fly several miles in one night to locate a female and mate with her; females generally will not fly until after they have mated.

Since the mouthparts of adult saturniids are vestigial and digestive tracts are absent, adults subsist on stored lipids acquired during the larval stage. As such, adult behavior is devoted almost entirely to reproduction, but the end result (due to lack of feeding) is a lifespan of a week or less once emerged from the pupa.

One specific species in the family Saturniidae with a special mating pattern is Callosamia promethea (promethea silkmoth). Females will mate with multiple males and males will mate with multiple females. Females that mate with more than one male will produce 10% more eggs.

Importance to humans
A few species are important defoliator pests, including the orange-striped oakworm moth (Anisota senatoria) on oaks, the pandora pinemoth (Coloradia pandora) on pines and Hemileuca oliviae on range grasses.

Other species are of major commercial importance in tussah and wild silk production. These notably include the Chinese tussah moth (Antheraea pernyi), its hybridogenic descendant Antheraea × proylei, and the ailanthus silkmoth (Samia cynthia). Mopane worm (Gonimbrasia belina), Gonimbrasia zambesina, the cabbage tree emperor moth (Bunaea alcinoe), Gynanisa maia, Imbrasia epimethea, Imbrasia oyemensis, Melanocera menippe, Microgone cana, Urota sinope and the pallid emperor moth (Cirina forda).

Some species of Saturniidae such as the mopane worm (Gonimbrasia belina) are used as a food source.

Most Saturniidae are harmless animals at least as adults, and in many cases at all stages of their lives. Thus, some of the more spectacular species – in particular Antheraea – can be raised by children or school classes as educational pets. The soft, silken cocoons make an interesting keepsake for pupils.

Some, including the genus Automeris, have urticating spines that sting.

Caterpillars of the genus Lonomia produce a deadly toxin injected into the victim when it is touched.

Systematics and evolution
In terms of absolute numbers of species, the Saturniidae are most diverse in the Neotropics. Also, their most ancient subfamilies occur only in the Americas. Only the very "modern" Saturniidae are widely distributed across most parts of the world. Thus, it is quite safe to assume – even in the absence of a comprehensive fossil record – that the first Saturniidae originated in the Neotropical region. Note that at least two of the subfamilies included below are commonly treated as separate families (Oxyteninae and Cercophaninae).

The following list arranges the subfamilies in the presumed phylogenetic sequence, from the most ancient to the most advanced.

 * Subfamily Oxyteninae (3 genera, 35 species)
 * Subfamily Cercophaninae (4 genera, 10 species)
 * Subfamily Arsenurinae (10 genera, 60 species, Neotropics)
 * Subfamily Ceratocampinae (27 genera, 170 species, Americas)
 * Subfamily Hemileucinae (51 genera, 630 species, Americas)
 * Subfamily Agliinae (1 genus, 3 species)
 * Subfamily Ludiinae (disputed) (8 genera, Africa)
 * Subfamily Salassinae (1 genus, 12 species, tropics)
 * Subfamily Saturniinae (59 genera, 480 species, tropical and temperate regions worldwide)

title: Saturniidae


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User talk:Austin~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Angela. 17:43, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Austin~enwiki


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U.S. Route 199

U.S. Route 199 (US 199) is a U.S. Highway in the states of California and Oregon. The highway was established in 1926 as a spur of US 99, which has since been replaced by Interstate 5 (I-5). US 199 stretches 80 mi from US 101 near Crescent City, California northeast to I-5 in Grants Pass, Oregon. The highway is the northern portion of the Redwood Highway. In Oregon, US 199 is officially known as Redwood Highway No. 25. The majority of the road in California is the Smith River Scenic Byway, a National Forest Scenic Byway. The first roadway, a plank road, from Crescent City was established in May 1858, and before the US 199 designation was applied to the highway, the roadway was designated Highway 25 (in Oregon) and Route 1 (in California).

Route description
US 199 begins at a partial interchange with US 101 northeast of Crescent City; Elk Valley Cross Road (County Route D2) connects the two routes just to the north for full access. The highway quickly enters the Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, climbs over a ridge, crosses the Smith River, and meets State Route 197 (SR 197), which heads northwest to US 101 via the Smith River. US 199 follows the banks of the river and its Middle Fork as it takes a steady but curvy climb through the Smith River National Recreation Area in the Six Rivers National Forest, passing the settlements of Hiouchi, Gasquet and Patrick Creek Lodge. As it approaches the summit, the Middle Fork Smith River turns east, but US 199 continues northeast, following Griffin Creek to near its source (where there is a rest area), and passing under Hazel View Summit, the border between the Smith River NRA and the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, in the 1963 Collier Tunnel (elevation about 2100 ft). (The old curving route over the summit still exists as Oregon Mountain Road.) Upon leaving the tunnel, US 199 descends alongside the small Broken Kettle Creek into the Elk Valley and crosses into Oregon.

US 199 leaves the national forest as it enters Oregon and descends into the Illinois Valley, passing O'Brien and the west end of OR 46 in Cave Junction. North of Cave Junction, US 199 leaves the Illinois River, which curves west towards the ocean, and follows several small creeks past Selma to Hayes Hill Summit (elevation about 1700 ft). The highway descends from the summit alongside Slate Creek past Wonder and Wilderville and ends up in the Rogue River Valley, where it enters Grants Pass.

South of downtown Grants Pass, US 199 meets Oregon Route 99 (OR 99) and OR 238 and splits at a partial interchange. The main Redwood Highway turns north with OR 99, passing through downtown and ending at exit 58 on I-5, while the Redwood Spur No. 482, locally known as Grants Pass Parkway, continues straight, bypassing downtown to end at I-5 exit 55. Both of these are signed in both directions as US 199, while signage on US 199 itself at the split only shows "OR 99 north" for the mainline through downtown and "to I-5" for the bypass. On I-5, exit 55 is marked as "US 199", but exit 58 is "OR 99 to US 199". The Oregon Transportation Commission's defined routing of US 199 takes it along the main Redwood Highway through downtown, and the OTC calls the spur to exit 55 "US 199 Spur", but, consistent with signs on I-5 (but not on the surface), the Oregon Department of Transportation calls the spur US 199 and the downtown route OR 99 only.

The older route through downtown is a one-way pair on Sixth (southbound) and Seventh (northbound) streets, entirely overlapping OR 99 to I-5 exit 58, where OR 99 continues with I-5 to the north. The Caveman Bridge, a concrete through arch bridge built in 1927, carries Sixth Street over the Rogue River, while the parallel Seventh Street Bridge is a utilitarian bridge from 1960. The Grants Pass Parkway (Redwood Spur) also crosses the river on a four-lane bridge built in 1990; before that bypass was completed, the spur began downtown on E (southbound) and F (northbound) streets. Soon after the old and new routes join, the spur ends at a trumpet interchange with I-5 (exit 55).

US 199 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. US 199 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation.

History
By 1854, when it was incorporated, Crescent City had a population of 800 but no road leading inland. The Crescent City and Yreka Plank and Turnpike Company was incorporated at a meeting on June 10, and a survey was completed in October, but work stopped with the Panic of 1855. The corporation was revived in December 1856 as the Crescent City Plank Road and Turnpike Company, began construction of a plank road in 1857, and opened the road in May 1858. This road, shown on USGS topographic maps as Wimer Road, led northeast from Crescent City to the Smith River, where there was a toll booth, and then took a generally northerly route to near the state line, where it turned east, crossing back and forth between the states, to Oregon Mountain. There it turned northeast, following the Illinois River and branches past O'Brien and Waldo to north of Kerby. The final stretch ran easterly to Jacksonville via Wilderville, along the present US 199, Fish Hatchery Road, and OR 238.

A second road in California was built by Horace Gasquet, who acquired a stand of trees at the present site of Gasquet, California — where the North and Middle Forks of the Smith River converge — in 1857. In 1881, he began to build a corduroy road from what had become Gasquet Flats to the plank road at the state line near Oregon Mountain, shown as Old Gasquet Toll Road on USGS maps. Tolls were charged starting in 1882, and in 1887 the road was completed. Gasquet also built a free road from Gasquet Flats along the Smith River to the mouth of the South Fork, including a suspension bridge across that waterway, and Del Norte County extended it along the Smith River and Mill Creek and over Howland Summit to the Crescent City Plank Road just east of Crescent City.

As part of Oregon's initial state highway system, the road from Grants Pass southwest to Wilderville and then along the Crescent City Plank Road to the state line was named the Grants Pass-Crescent City Highway No. 25 in November 1917. At the time, the Grants Pass-Crescent City route, via the Gasquet Toll Road, was a narrow, winding unpaved mountain road with long grades and some remaining plank road in California. California added its portion to the state highway system in 1919, for the state's third highway bond issue, as an extension of Legislative Route 1. By 1924, the road was part of the Redwood Highway, which continued south to Sausalito, but was still completely unimproved between Crescent City and Waldo, Oregon. (Oregon changed the Grants Pass-Crescent City Highway name to Redwood Highway in May 1924. ) A new highway between Gasquet and Kerby was completed by the two states in September 1926, and in June 1929 the new Hiouchi Bridge over the Smith River was dedicated, bypassing the remainder of the old road over Howland Hill. In 1948, US 199 became part of the Winnemucca to the Sea Highway, organized to promote the route that has largely become Nevada State Route 140 and Oregon Route 140 from I-80 at Winnemucca, Nevada to Crescent City. One major improvement to the highway's alignment was made after 1929: the Collier Tunnel replaced the winding route over Hazel View Summit in California on July 20, 1963.

Neither of the early designations — Highway 25 and Route 1 – was marked (signs posted by the California State Automobile Association used the Redwood Highway name), but in 1926 it became U.S. Route 199, a branch of US 99 from Grants Pass to US 101 in Crescent City. Oregon moved the Pacific Highway No. 1 from present OR 99 to I-5, which bypassed Grants Pass, in 1959, and the Redwood Highway No. 25 was extended north through downtown Grants Pass to I-5. A proposed branch on M Street to I-5 east of downtown was also included in Highway 25, but this was moved to the E and F Streets one-way pair in 1961. (I-5 here was built in the early 1960s, but US 99 remained on the old alignment. ) On the California side of the state line, US 199 was added to the California Freeway and Expressway System in 1959 and the State Scenic Highway System in 1963; in the 1964 renumbering the Route 1 designation was dropped, making Route 199 the legislative number. Although US 299 and US 399 became state routes in 1964, the shorter US 199, which crossed a state line, remained. US 99 has since become Oregon Route 99 through Grants Pass, and US 199 now ends at I-5. The spur east from downtown Grants Pass to I-5 was built at the same time as I-5, and in 1991 it was moved from E and F Streets to bypass downtown on the new Grants Pass Parkway.

title: U.S. Route 199