text:
Talk:Pasadena, California

HISPANIC IS NOT A RACE.
Hispanic is not a race, see the articles Hispanic and Latino Americans, Hispanic, Latino, Mexican American, and Latin Americans for more info. The Pasadena, California article hinted that Hispanic was a race. You know what? When I see misinformation on this website, I actually like to fix it. The US census itself does not recognize Hispanic or Latino (or their origins, like Mexican, Cuban, etc.) as races. Please stop reverting my edits, they are only meant to better the article.--76.95.192.150 (talk) 01:55, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Hello, please see my response on my talk page. BurtAlert (talk) 02:04, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Oops, I added it back in before I saw your response BurtAlert (but I sourced it, as someone had asked). Anyways, I think saying that someone can be white and Hispanic is more redundant than saying Hispanic/Latino isn't a race because the latter statement is more general and all-encompassing, the former statement only tells that some can be white and Hispanic (it doesn't coevr blacks, Amerindians, mixed race people like mestizos, etc.).--76.95.192.150 (talk) 02:28, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The language of these demographic sections is pretty much standard across articles about US places.   Will Beback    talk    02:42, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

What is a race?

Also, the page needs citations. Tortillas fritas4life (talk) 09:03, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109
In many places, the JPL address is listed as: 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109. However, from map of Pasadena that address is just outside the boundary. Not to mention that the shape of Pasadena looks worse than many of the Gerrymander maps currently in the news. Many places, large and small, have their postal city and zip code based on the post office that delivers the mail, and not necessarily their actual city. As well as I know it, historically JPL was within Pasadena, though I don't know which one moved. Gah4 (talk) 06:37, 4 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The Jet Propulsion Lab actually predates the City of La Canada Flintridge; the very first buildings were on the outer edge of Pasadena, with later expansion into what was then unincorporated county land. In the modern day, those original buildings no longer exist and the Pasadena portion of JPL is pretty much just the front of the parking lot. All of the current facilities lie within the borders of La Canada Flintridge; however, JPL has chosen to retain its original Pasadena mailing address and generally refers to itself as being in Pasadena, especially since its parent university is in Pasadena. DesiArcy (talk) 21:15, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, a recent edit reverts mention of JPL, but it looks to me like there are still/already enough mentions of it. Should it be mentioned more? Gah4 (talk) 22:40, 1 October 2022 (UTC)
 * OK, a recent edit reverts mention of JPL, but it looks to me like there are still/already enough mentions of it. Should it be mentioned more? Gah4 (talk) 22:40, 1 October 2022 (UTC)
 * OK, a recent edit reverts mention of JPL, but it looks to me like there are still/already enough mentions of it. Should it be mentioned more? Gah4 (talk) 22:40, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

Etymology of Pasadena
Hi, I came to this page looking for the etymology of Pasadena, which is not given. I found this elsewhere but don't know if it should be somewhere in the body or as a footnote: http://languagehat.com/pasadena/ Kenif (talk) 14:32, 21 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The explanation given by Kenif is what I've always heard, yet the article says this:
 * The original inhabitants of Pasadena (from the Tongva language name "Pasakeg-na")
 * so--wtf??
 * Both explanations have some plausibility, so the article should probably mention both of them, not just glibly toss one of them off as if it's established fact.2600:6C50:800:2787:AC0E:6BE9:7816:69BC (talk) 18:41, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Born and raised in Pasadena and having spent my life reading multiple sources on the city's history, I have only ever seen the Kennif explanation, and while I have seen maps of native villages in the Pasadena area, none of them reference any place calling itself "Pasakeg-na." Samhuddy (talk) 19:34, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
 * "Pasakeg-na" is not backed up by any Tongva language research or lists of known villages. In the Pasadena area, the known nearby villages are places like Hahamongna, Akurangna etc. As far as I can tell, the "Pasakeg-na" story goes back to page 15 of a 2005 book by Enrique Diaz, where it is not given a translation. I don't know where he picked up that idea, possibly it's a local misunderstanding given many place names ending in -na are in fact derived from Tongva villages.
 * On the other hand, there are several historical sources on the founding of the American city of Pasadena (such as the history written by resident Hiram Reid back in 1895) that convey the story of the naming of the town by Americans. They did not consider any names indigenous to the LA area but instead used a Chippewa dialect name because it was local to where one of the founders came from. Deanta91 (talk) 18:32, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

I came here looking for the origin of the name "Pasadena" too and it says it's a Chippewa word. Well, seeing as the Chippewa did not live in California how did a Chippewa word come to be used for the name of the town? Inquiring minds want to know. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.138.89.122 (talk) 01:49, 23 December 2019 (UTC)

Okay I read the article the guy above posted. Interesting but you really should explain in the article how a Chippewa word named the town. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.138.89.122 (talk) 01:53, 23 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Most of the founders of Pasadena came from the states of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, and adopted a name from their former local nation.Samhuddy (talk) 19:34, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

US Census
The first paragraph should be part of the US census Tortillas fritas4life (talk) 09:11, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * That makes no sense. John from Idegon (talk) 09:29, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writing 1 TR Both Classes
— Assignment last updated by ProfHobbit (talk) 17:26, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

Rose Bowl
Shouldn't there be more information about the Rose Bowl? Such as more history, more specific events like the Fourth of July or so on? Jseo16 (talk) 18:08, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * You mean, like at Rose Bowl (stadium), which is linked from this article? There is no need to duplicate the content of the Rose Bowl (stadium) article in this article. Donald Albury 18:15, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pasadena, California


text:
Hantaro Nagaoka

Hantaro Nagaoka (長岡 半太郎) was a Japanese physicist and a pioneer of Japanese physics during the Meiji period.

Life
Nagaoka was born in Nagasaki, Japan on August 19, 1865 and educated at the University of Tokyo. After graduating with a degree in physics in 1887, Nagaoka worked with a visiting Scottish physicist, Cargill Gilston Knott, on early problems in magnetism, namely magnetostriction in liquid nickel. In 1893, Nagaoka traveled to Europe, where he continued his education at the universities of Berlin, Munich, and Vienna, including courses on Saturn's rings and a course with Ludwig Boltzmann on his Kinetic Theory of Gases, two influences which would be reflected in Nagaoka's later work. Nagaoka also attended, in 1900, the First International Congress of Physicists in Paris, where he heard Marie Curie lecture on radioactivity, an event that aroused Nagaoka's interest in atomic physics. Nagaoka returned to Japan in 1901 and served as professor of physics at Tokyo University until 1925. After his retirement from Tokyo University, Nagaoka was appointed a head scientist at RIKEN, and also served as the first president of Osaka University, from 1931 to 1934.

His granddaughter was pianist Nagaoka Nobuko.

Saturnian model of the atom
By 1900 physicists had begun to consider new models for the structure of the atom. The recent discovery by J. J. Thomson of the negatively charged electron implied that a neutral atom must also contain an opposite positive charge. In 1904, Thomson suggested that the atom was a sphere of uniform positive electrification, with electrons scattered through it like plums in a pudding, giving rise to the term plum pudding model.

Nagaoka rejected Thomson's model on the grounds that opposite charges are impenetrable. In 1904, Nagaoka proposed an alternative planetary model of the atom in which a positively charged center is surrounded by a number of revolving electrons, in the manner of Saturn and its rings.

Nagaoka's model made two predictions:
 * a very massive atomic center (in analogy to a very massive planet)
 * electrons revolving around the nucleus, bound by electrostatic forces (in analogy to the rings revolving around Saturn, bound by gravitational forces).

Both predictions were successfully confirmed by Ernest Rutherford, who mentions Nagaoka's model in his 1911 paper in which the atomic nucleus is proposed. However, other details of the model were incorrect. In particular, electrically charged rings would be unstable due to repulsive disruption. Nagaoka himself abandoned his proposed model in 1908.

Rutherford and Niels Bohr would present the more viable Bohr model in 1913.

Other works
Nagaoka later did research in spectroscopy and other fields. In 1909, he published a paper on the inductance of solenoids. In 1924, he achieved the first successful synthesis of gold, produced from mercury by neutron bombardment. In 1929, Nagaoka became the first person to describe meteor burst communications.

Nagoka also did early research on earthquakes, from the 1900s to the 1920s, building upon works published Europe; "One used the principle of elasticity studies against the background of the current that succeeded in France in the first half of the 19th century. The other defined potential functions and explained phenomena from continuous equations of the nature of waves against the background of new currents that emerged in Britain or Germany from the mid-19th century onwards."

Awards and recognition

 * For his lifetime of scientific work, Nagaoka was granted the Order of Culture by the Japanese government in 1937.
 * The Nagaoka crater on the Moon is named after him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hantaro Nagaoka


text:
Battle of Fei

Battle of Fei may refer to:

 * Battle of Fei (233 BC) (肥之戰), fought between the Qin and Zhao states in 233 BC
 * Battle of Fei River (淝水之戰), fought between Former Qin and Eastern Jin Dynasty in AD 383

title: Battle of Fei


text:
John Gayle (Alabama politician)

John Gayle (September 11, 1792 – July 21, 1859) was the 7th Governor of Alabama, a United States representative from Alabama, a justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama and the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama.

Education and career
Born on September 11, 1792, in Sumter County, South Carolina, Gayle pursued classical studies and graduated from South Carolina College (now the University of South Carolina) in 1813 and read law in 1818. He was President of the Clariosophic Society while at South Carolina College. He was admitted to the bar and entered private practice in St. Stephens, Alabama Territory (State of Alabama from December 14, 1819) starting in 1818. He was a member of the Legislative Council for Alabama Territory from 1818 to 1819. He was a solicitor for the First Judicial Circuit of Alabama from 1819 to 1821. He was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1822 to 1823, and again from 1829 to 1830, serving as Speaker in 1829. He was a Judge of the Alabama Circuit Court for the Third Judicial Circuit from 1823 to 1825. He resumed private practice in Greene County, Alabama from 1826 to 1828. He was a justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama from 1828 to 1829. He was Governor of Alabama from 1831 to 1835. He again resumed private practice in Mobile, Alabama from 1835 to 1846. Gayle was mentioned in American Slavery As It Is, an abolitionist book published in 1839. He is given as an example of slavers who disregard marriages of enslaved African Americans. The book reprints a signed advertisement Gayle had placed in a newspaper seeking help capturing an escaped man and suggesting the fugitive could be heading to a neighboring county where the enslaved man's wife lived.

Notable state court case
During his service as a judge, Gayle presided over the Petition for Freedom of Cornelius Sinclair, a young African American child who had been kidnapped and sold into slavery in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

Notable achievements as Governor
During Gayle's term as Governor of Alabama, the state bank was expanded, and the first railroad was completed in Alabama. The Bell Factory, the state's first textile mill, was incorporated in Madison County.

Congressional service
Gayle was elected as a Whig from Alabama's 1st congressional district to the United States House of Representatives of the 30th United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1847, to March 3, 1849. He was Chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims for the 30th United States Congress.

Federal judicial service
Gayle was nominated by President Zachary Taylor on March 12, 1849, to a joint seat on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama and the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama vacated by Judge William Crawford. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 13, 1849, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on July 21, 1859, due to his death in Jacksonville, Alabama. He was interred in Magnolia Cemetery in Mobile.

Family
Gayle was married to Sarah Ann Haynsworth, formerly a resident of South Carolina, from June 11, 1819, until she died in 1835, due to lockjaw (tetanus). They had six children. In 1837, Gayle married Clarissa Stedman Peck at Gaston, Alabama. They had four children. Gayle died of ill health and natural causes on July 21, 1859, aged 66.

During his time on Alabama Supreme Court (1828–29), John Gayle constructed his family home in Greensboro, Alabama, then a part of Greene County, now part of Hale County. There Sarah gave birth to Amelia Gayle Gorgas. She was the wife of Gen. Josiah Gorgas, Chief of Ordnance of the Confederate States of America, mother of William Crawford Gorgas, 22nd United States Surgeon General who freed the Panama Canal Zone of yellow fever.

title: John Gayle (Alabama politician)


text:
Talk:Comma category

So I just expanded this quite a bit - some of the previous phrasing has been incidentally squelched, but everything that was there before is still there now. I'm pretty sure that the new stuff is accurate, but I'm not too happy with the notation: there are far too many different symbols. It could also use a commutative diagram for the most general case. The material on adjoints is currently minimal; I've tried to say just enough to show "look, there's a connection!" without actually going into any details, but perhaps further details are needed. --AlexG 00:44, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Definition of morphisms
I'm new to category theory, so I won't make changes myself here. But I want to suggest the following:

--Itaj Sherman (talk) 23:28, 15 February 2008 (UTC) ’
 * 1) There's no definition of the identity morphism of each object in the comma category.
 * 2) By the given definition of the morphisms, it is not specified but I suppose it must be obvious that the morphisms between two objects are taken uniquely. For example: if there are objects (a,b,f1) (a',b',f1') (a,b,f2) (a',b',f2') in the comma category, then there could be g:a->a' h:b->b' s.t. (g,h) is a morphism both in hom((a,b,f1), (a',b',f1')) and hom((a,b,f2), (a',b',f2')), but these are two separate morphism with the same notation, isn't it so?
 * The identity morphism for (a, b, f) is (ida, idb). You are right that the notation for morphisms is a bit ambiguous.  Normally one thinks of the morphism as being given with its domain and codomain, but sometimes writing a map properly — (g, h) : (a, b, f) → (a’, b’, f’) — requires too much notation.  I found a reference for the identity morphism in Adámek–Herrlich–Strecker, which does not comment on the ambiguity.  It's possible that Mac Lane talks about it, but I don't have my copy handy at the moment. Michael Slone (talk) 01:29, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, I think it should be at least noted that the meaning of the definition is to be exclusive per domain and codomain, whether the books state it or not, this is what they mean. It would be helpful for people who are new to category theory - I was confused and had to go through all the definitions again to understand what was meant there. --Itaj Sherman (talk) 00:00, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * There really shouldn't be any confusion here. Two morphisms with different domains (or codomains) are never equal. This isn't special to comma categories. I agree that the language used in the article is a little loose in this regard, but I think to state it formally would add to the confusion rather than subtract from it. -- Fropuff (talk) 05:53, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

"Common domain"
From the article:
 * The most general comma category construction involves two functors with the same domain. [...]

 * Suppose that $$\mathcal{A}$$, $$\mathcal{B}$$, and $$\mathcal{C}$$ are categories, and $$T$$ and $$S$$ are functors
 * [[Image:CommaCategory-04.png]]
 * [...]

 * The diagram defining morphisms is identical to the diagram which defines the components of a natural transformation (assuming the domains of the two functors agree).

It seems to me that it's the codomains that agree, not the domains. Hairy Dude (talk) 18:27, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Can't that expression be written using maths mode rather than as an embedded image? Compare:
 * [[Image:CommaCategory-04.png]]
 * $$\mathcal A \xrightarrow{\;\; T\;\;} \mathcal C\xleftarrow{\;\; S\;\;} \mathcal B$$

I don't know if the slight rendering differences are significant, but if not maybe it should be switched to the second version, so that the actual maths is present in the source for the article. --Qef (talk) 11:20, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course it can be done, and I just did. The difference in rendering is not meaningful. Selinger (talk) 06:39, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Lax comma category
When forming a comma category over a 2-category and relaxing commutativity of the squares resp. triangles to the existence of a 2-cell, should we then speak of a lax comma category (resp. oplax comma category, if the direction of the 2-cell is against to that of the 1-cells)? --Tillmo (talk) 15:07, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Category of objects under A
The page used to state, in the section "Category of objects under A" and several other places, that if $$T$$ is a constant functor, then "fixing A makes α irrelevant", meaning that the comma category $$(T \downarrow S)$$, where $$T$$ is a constant functor with value $$A$$, is the same as $$(A\downarrow S)$$. This is not so. For example, consider the case of
 * $$\mathcal A \xrightarrow{\;\; T\;\;} \textbf{1}\xleftarrow{\;\; S\;\;} \mathcal B$$

where $$\textbf{1}$$ is the terminal category (say with object $$*$$), and $$T$$ and $$S$$ are the unique (and constant) functors. It is immediately obvious from the definition that in this case the comma category $$(T \downarrow S)$$ is isomorphic to $$\mathcal{A}\times\mathcal{B}$$. This is not at all the same as $$(* \downarrow *)\cong\textbf{1}$$.

I fixed this in today's edit. Did I miss something obvious? Selinger (talk) 06:39, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Definition
I'm currently learning the basic notions of category theory and it took me some time to understand the definition of comma categories, which I partly blame on the notation used.

Actually, if I'm not totally wrong, the set of objects is just the disjoint union over all objects from the source categories $$\mathcal{A}$$ and $$\mathcal{B}$$ of the morphisms from images of objects from $$\mathcal{A}$$ under $$T$$ to images of objects from $$\mathcal{B}$$ under $$S$$:

$$Obj(T \downarrow S) = \biguplus\limits_{(\alpha,\beta) \in Obj(\mathcal{A \times B})} {Mor(T(\alpha), S(\beta))} $$ (writing the pairs of source objects as objects of the product category)

Given that, it's easy to understand that comma categories are about which pairs of morphisms of the target category from images of objects of the first source category to images of objects of the second source category are made commute by the images of which pairs of a morphism of the first source category and a morphism of the second source category. (which pairs of morphisms of $$\mathcal{C}$$ from images of objects of $$\mathcal{A}$$ to images of objects of $$\mathcal{B}$$ are made commute by the images of which pairs of a morphism of $$\mathcal{A}$$ and a morphism of $$\mathcal{B}$$.)

There is no notation for the "tags" of a disjoint union in Disjoint union (I also haven't seen a otation for this outside of programming languages), so it doesn't seem possible to actually use disjoint union in the definition. I still think it would be worth pointing this out so the definition is easier to understand in the first place. Any other opinions on this?

BTW: Wouldn't it be better to use the letters for the functors in alphabetical order, i.e. $$S : \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{C}, T : \mathcal{B} \to \mathcal{C}$$ instead of $$T : \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{C}, S : \mathcal{B} \to \mathcal{C}$$? If the current notations makes sense because of some kind of contravariance or similar, this should be pointed out, too.

-- 132.231.198.153 (talk) 09:05, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

 * (Self-reply)
 * Regarding S and T: S could be associated with "source" and T with "target". Taking into account the definition of slice and coslice category it would make even more sense to switch them, as S is the diagonal functor of the target object of the slice category and T is the diagonal functor of the source category, which seems kind of weird.
 * I will change that because there have been no objections.
 * -- 89.121.178.46 (talk) 09:14, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

Reference
We might include a reference to a physical book, if these are considered more stable than on-line references. In the case of The Joy of Cats, the physical book (in the copy I have) refers the reader to http://katmat.math.uni-bremen.de/acc where the "newest edition of the file of the present book" can be downloaded. Which is the better template to use for cite, "Cite book" or "Cite web"? Model Math (talk) 17:45, 8 April 2017 (UTC)

Discrete Category
I'm wondering why the Comma Category turns into a Discrete Category when using A=B=1. Won't this be 'only' a Discrete Category of two selected objects (the ones selected by S and T)? The text suggests that it is a general Discrete Category with all objects of C.

Unless we could consider a class of functor pairs (S,T) that selects all objects of C. (Varying S and fix T would also do that job if I understand Category Theory right.) Ron van den Burg (talk) 09:19, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Never mind. The objects if the Comma Category are the morphisms from A to B (as stated in the artikel). And there can be many of them. All the morphisms of the Comma Category consist of (id_*, id_*) applied to all the Comma Category Objects, which are their identity morphisms. Ron van den Burg (talk) 11:23, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comma category


text:
Pherecydes of Syros

Pherecydes of Syros (Φερεκύδης ὁ Σύριος; fl. 6th century BCE) was an Ancient Greek mythographer and proto-philosopher from the island of Syros. Little is known about his life and death. Some ancient testimonies counted Pherecydes among the Seven Sages of Greece, although he is generally believed to have lived in the generation after them. Others claim he may have been a teacher of Pythagoras, a student of Pittacus, or a well-traveled autodidact who had studied secret Phoenician books.

Pherecydes wrote a book on cosmogony, known as the "Pentemychos" or "Heptamychos". He was considered the first writer to communicate philosophical ideas in prose as opposed to verse. However, other than a few short fragments preserved in quotations from other ancient philosophers and a long fragment discovered on an Egyptian papyrus, his work is lost. However, it survived into the Hellenistic period and a significant amount of its content can be conjectured indirectly through ancient testimonies. His cosmogony was derived from three divine principles: Zas (Life), Cthonie (Earth), and Chronos (Time). In the narrative, Chronos creates the Classical elements and other gods in cavities within the earth. Later, Zas defeats the dragon Ophion in a battle for supremacy and throws him in Oceanus. Zas marries Chthoniê, who then becomes the recognizable Earth (Gê) with forests and mountains. Chronos retires from the world as creator, and Zas succeeds him as ruler and assigns all beings their place.

Pherecydes' cosmogony forms a bridge between the mythological thought of Hesiod and pre-Socratic Greek philosophy; Aristotle considered him one of the earliest thinkers to abandon traditional mythology in order to arrive at a systematic explanation of the world, although Plutarch, as well as many other writers, still gave him the title of theologus, as opposed to the later physiologoi of the Ionian school. Later hellenistic doxographers also considered him as one of the first thinkers to introduce a doctrine of the transmigration of souls to the Ancient Greek religion, which influenced the metempsychosis of Pythagoreanism, and the theogonies of Orphism. Various legends and miracles were ascribed to him, many of which tie him to the development of Pythagoreanism or Orphism.

Life
Although it is relatively certain the Pherecydes was a native of the island of Syros, and that he lived in the 6th century BCE, almost nothing else is known about his life. There is even some discrepancy in the ancient sources of his life as to when exactly he lived within the 6th century. The Suda places his date of birth during the reign of King Alyattes in Lydia (c. 605-560 BCE), which would place him as a contemporary of the Seven Sages of Greece,, among whose number he was occasionally included. Alternatively, Apollodorus, places his floruit several decades later, in the 59th Olympiad (544–541 BCE), a generation later. Assuming that Pherecydes was born in this later generation, younger than the philosopher Thales (624-545 BC) and thus an older contemporary of Anaximander, he would also be approximately the correct age for the Pythagorean tradition in which he is regarded as a teacher of Pythagoras. Most of the other biographical information is probably fiction, and the ambiguity and contradictions in the surviving testimonies suggest that any reliable biographical data that may have existed was no longer available in the Hellenistic period. The identity of Pherecydes was also unclear in ancient times because there were two authors of that name who both wrote about mythology: Pherecydes of Syros and Pherecydes of Athens (fl. 5th century BC). According to a forged letter attributed to Thales, Pherecydes never traveled but according to other sources he traveled throughout the Greek cultural area, to Delphi, the Peloponnese, Ephesus and Samos. According to Josephus and Byzantine writers, Pherecydes also made a journey to Egypt. Such a journey, however, is a common tale that is also part of other biographies of philosophers. A sun-dial (heliotropion), supposedly made by Pherecydes, was said by Diogenes Laërtius to be "preserved on the island of Syros." Several miraculous deeds were also attributed to Pherecydes; such as that he accurately predicted an earthquake on Syros after drinking from a well, or that he predicted the sinking of a ship that he saw along the coast of Syros, which then proceeded to sink. In Messene he allegedly warned his friend Perilaus that the city would be conquered. Finally, Hercules was said to have visited him in a dream and told him to tell the Spartans not to value silver or gold, and that same night Heracles is said to have told the king of Sparta in his sleep to listen to Pherecydes. Many of those miracles however, were also attributed to other legendary philosophers such as Pythagoras or Epimenides.

There are many conflicting legends that purport to be an account of the death of Pherecydes. According to one story, Pherecydes was killed and skinned as a sacrifice by the Spartans, and their king kept the skin out of respect for Pherecydes' wisdom. However, the same story was also told about Epimenides. Other accounts have the philosopher perishing in a battle between the Ephesians and Magnesians, or throwing himself from Mount Corycus in Delphi, or succumbing to typhoid fever. According to Aelianus typhoid fever was a punishment for his wickedness. The latter story was already known to Aristotle and may have arisen from the idea that wise men did not care about physical care. Other stories connect Pherecydes' death to Pythagoras. However, the historicity of all this is debatable.

Influences
Pherecydes was designated as 'wise' (sophos), but only Servius calls him a philosopher (philosophus). Aristotle places him between theologians and philosophers, because he no longer expressed himself completely mythical in his research. No consistent teacher of Pherecydes was known by name in late antiquity; according to the doxographer Diogenes Laërtius Pherecydes was taught by Pittacus, but according to the Suda he taught himself after he got his hands on 'the secret books of the Phoenicians'.

Although this latter claim is almost certainly fictitious, it may be based on the similarity between Pherecydes' ideas and Eastern religious motifs. For example, in his book he describes an important battle in the earliest times between Kronos and Ophion, and this motif occurs in the Middle East. His father was named Babys, a name that presumably originated from southern Anatolia, based on linguistic evidence. Eternal time as god is also Middle Eastern. In addition, Pherecydes has been associated with Zoroastrianism. Isidore the Gnostic claimed that Pherecydes based his allegorical work on a 'prophecy of Ham'. Ham, as referred to here, may be Zoroaster, who was quite well known in the Greek world of late antiquity. Isidore may have concluded this because the Zoroastrian literature available to him was influenced by Hellenization, or because Pherecydes' work influenced it. There is also a short fragment in which Pherecydes talks about ambrosia of the moon, the potion of the gods. This representation has parallels in the Samaveda, where there the moon is a vessel from which the gods drink soma (god drink) and is important in the reincarnation theory as guardian of heaven.

Writings
Pherecydes wrote a cosmogony (explanatory model for the origin of the universe) that contained a theogony, an explanatory model for the gods and their properties. This work broke with the mythological and theological tradition and shows Eastern influences. Pherecydes, along with Anaximander and Anaximenes, has long been regarded as one of the first Greek writers to compose his work in prose rather than hexameter verse. Martin Litchfield West notes that the subject matter that all of three of these authors wrote on, the nature of the universe and how it came to be, had been written in verse prior to these authors. West speculates based on the word choice that early logographers used ("words I have heard" instead of "I have read") that the original intent of a book written in prose was essentially a "write-up" of a lecture that a person interest in topics such as cosmology gave as a speech or public discourse. The book was known variously under the titles such as Seven niches ( Heptamychos, Ἑπτάμυχος), "Five niches" (Pentemychos, Πεντέμυχος), and Mixing of the Gods (Theokrasia, Θεοκρασία).

In this work, Pherecydes taught his philosophy through the medium of mythic representations. Although it is lost, it was extant in the Hellenistic period, and the fragments and testimony that survive from works that describe it are enough to reconstruct a basic outline. The opening sentence is given by Diogenes Laertius, and two fragments in the middle of the text have also been preserved in fragments from a 3rd century Egyptian papyrus discovered by Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt, which was identified thanks to a comment by Clement of Alexandria about the contents of Pherecydes' book: 'Pherecydes of Syros says: "Zas made a great and beautiful robe, and made the earth and Ogenus on it, and the palace of Ogenus".'

Theogony
Pherecydes developed a unique, syncretistic theogony with a new beginning stage, in which Zas, Chronos, and Chthoniê were the first gods to exist all along. He was probably the first to do this. There is no creation out of nothing (creatio ex nihilo). The cosmogony is justified through etymology, a new understanding of the deity Kronos as Chronos and the insertion of a creator god (demiurge). Also, Pherecydes combined Greek mythology with non-Greek myths and religions. According to Aristotle, he was innovative in his approach, because he broke with the theological tradition and combined mythology with philosophy. Pherecydes' creation story therefore had to be more rational and concrete than Hesiod's Theogony. He wrote that first Chaos came to be (genetos) without explanation, while Zas, Chronos and Chthoniê existed eternally (êsan aeí). The adoption of an eternal principle (arche) for the cosmos was characteristic of Pre-Socratic thinkers.

The sequence of Pherecydes' creation myth is as follows. First, there are the eternal gods Zas (Zeus), Chthoniê (Gaia) and Chronos (Kronos). Then Chronos creates elements in niches in the earth with his seed, from which other gods arise. This is followed by the three-day wedding of Zas and Chthonie. On the third day Zas makes the robe of the world, which he hangs from a winged oak and then presents as a wedding gift to Chthonie, and wraps around her. The "winged oak" in this cosmology has no precedent in Greek tradition. The stories are different but not mutually exclusive, because much is lacking in the fragments, but it seems clear that creation is hindered by chaotic forces. Before the world is ordered, a cosmic battle takes place, with Cronus as the head of one side and Ophion as the leader of the other. Ophion then attacks Kronos, who defeats him and throws him in Ogenos. Sometime after his battle with Ophion, Kronos is succeeded by Zas. This is implied by the fact that Zas/Zeus is ultimately the one who assigns the gods their domain in the world. For example, the Harpies are assigned to guard Tartarus The fact that Kronos disappears into the background is due to his great magnificence. The argument for this is that Aristotle conceives Pherecydes as a semi-philosopher in that he connects the philosophical Good and Beautiful with the first, prevailing principle (arche) of the theologians, and eternity, according to Aristotle, is connected with the good. The three primordial gods are eternal, equal and wholly responsible for the world order.

Etymology
Pherecydes was interested in etymology and word associations. Like Thales, he associated chaos with the primordial elemental water, presumably because he associates the word 'chaos' with the verb 'cheesthai', 'to flow out', and because chaos is an undefined, disorderly state. By that approach he adapted god names, although Pherecydes probably saw his gods as traditional deities. He mentioned Rhea for example Rhê, presumably by association with rhein '(out)streams'. The common names were in the 6th century BC. already traditional. In addition, the names are not a Greek dialect. The reason for deviant forms is to make them resemble other words and to construct an original form.

 * Zas resembles Zeus. One explanation is association with the prefix za- 'very', as in zatheos 'very divine'. An alternative is that the Sky deity is thus connected with the Earth Goddess Gê. Namely, the Cypriot form is Zã. A third interpretation is based on the genitive form Zantos. Pherecydes' father Babys came from Cilicia, where the Luwian god Šanta was known as Sandes and Sandon. The Hittites identified it as the sky god, and the Greeks as Zeus or Heracles. Based on Zeus and Sandon with their associations, Pherecydes constructed a basic form with Zas-Zantos. Zas (Zeus) is comparable with the Orphic Eros in function, as a personification of masculine sexual creativity. According to Proclus, "Pherecydes used to say that Zeus changed into Eros when about to create, for the reason that, having created the world from opposites, he led it into agreement and peace and sowed sameness in all things, and unity that interpenetrates the universe".

 * Chronos as time, the creator god, was unusual and is probably Eastern in origin. Phoenician myths and Zoroastrianism have a deified Time (Zurvan) that also creates without a partner with its seed, but leaves the concrete design of the physical world to another god. The semen (seeds) of Chronos which can probably be considered as a watery chaos was placed in the recesses and composed numerous other offspring of gods. This is described in a fragment preserved in Damascius' On First Principles. In later Greek poetry, Chronos (also called Aiōn) appears as personification. Some Pherecydes fragments say Kronos, not Chronos. The association between the two figures is not traditional but may be correct. According to Hermias and Probus, Pherecydes did connect Chronos with Kronos, perhaps on etymological grounds. After him Pindar and Hellenistic orphism did this too.

 * Chthoniê comes from chthôn 'earth' and chthonios 'in/under the earth'. It concerns the invisible part of the dark, primitive earth mass. Gê, on the other hand, refers to the visible, differentiated Earth's surface. Chthoniê's role is related to myths about Cybele in western Anatolia. Herodotus uses chthoniai theai as a name for Demeter (mother earth) and her daughter Persephone . Pherecydes probably regarded Chthoniê as 'mother of the gods'. Hesiod described Tartaros as being "in a recess (muchos) of broad-wayed earth". Hermann S. Schibli thinks the five muchoi were actually harboured within Chthonie, or at least were so initially when Chronos disposed his seed in the five "nooks". A close relationship is thought to exist between these recesses and Chthonie.

 * Ogenos, Okeanos/Oceanus. This non-Greek name is explained by the Akkadian uginna(circle) because Oceanus encircles the earth, or with the Aramaic ôganâ 'basin' or ôgen 'edge/band/edging'. This Eastern influence has been suggested by assuming that Pherecydes knew of a world map such as the Babylonian world map.  Finally, the non-traditional Greek "abodes of Ogenos" ("Ogenou dómata") are parts of the earth covering Chthoniê, and resemble the regions beyond the ocean on the Babylonian map.

Cosmogony
The sequence of Pherecydes' cosmogony begins with the eternal gods Zas (Zeus), Chthoniê (Gê) and Chronos (Kronos), who "always existed." The first creation is an act of ordering in the cosmos through niches and division of the world. That creation coincides with the dichotomy of eternity-temporality and being-becoming. Chronos must step out of eternity to create, and creation means becoming. Later on Plato also used the distinction between eternal being and temporal genesis. This is opposed to the older cosmogony of Hesiod (8th–7th century BCE) where the initial state of the universe is Chaos, a dark void considered as a divine primordial condition and the creation is ex nihilo (out of nothing).

The titles Penta-/Heptamychos and Theokrasia of the work indicate that niches (mychoi) and mixing are an important part of the creation story. Pherecydes first identified five niches (mychoi). If there were five niches in the story, they correspond to the five parts ( moirai) of the cosmos: the sea, underworld and heaven (the homeric three-part division), plus the earth and Mount Olympus. Therefore Damascius calls the five niches 'five worlds' and the Suda mentions the alternative title Pentamychos. Once Chronos fills them to create the worlds, they turn into the five cosmic regions ("moirai") Uranus ("heaven"), Tartarus, Chaos, Ether/Aer (“sky”) and Nyx (“night”). According to Porphyry, there were all kinds of caves and gates in the world. In classical antiquity caves were associated with sexuality and birth. However, the niches here are not stone caves in mountains, because the world has yet to be shaped. They are cavities in the still primitive, undifferentiated mass of the Earth. At an early stage, Chronos creates with his seed the three elements fire, air (pneuma) and water. The Earth element already existed with Chthoniê. Warmth, humidity and 'airiness' were according to Ancient Greek medicine three properties of seed, and through those principles the embryo developed. The first three concepts are traditional and appear in the Pherecydes fragments (eg fragment DK 7 B4 below). Poets like Probus and Hermias, equated Pherecydes' Zas with Aether because since Zeus is the Greek sky god, he would have had Aether as his domain. The title Heptamychos in the Suda is explained by including Gê and Ogenos (hepta = seven). Pherecydes writes that Tartarus lies below the earth ("gê"), so that gê is therefore considered a separate region that could be seen.

Fire, air and water are placed in the niches by Chronos and mixed (krasis). Mixing elements in five niches only makes sense if those mixtures are in different proportions. Contrary to later philosophy of Anaxagoras, the world is not created from the mixtures, but a second generation of gods (theokrasia), including Ophion. The formed gods derive their characteristics from the dominant element in each mixture and possibly associate them with the five regions. The elements may also be a later, stoic reinterpretation of the text, as the elements, especially air/pneuma, appear anachronistic and fit within Aristotelian and Stoic physiology. That means Chronos' seed will go straight into the niches. This representation is possible, because in a scholium at the Iliad, for example, it says that Chronos smeared two eggs with his seed and gave it to Hera. She had to keep the eggs underground (kata gês) so that Typhon was born, the enemy of Zeus. Typhon is a parallel of Pherecydes' serpent god Ophion.

Marriage between Zas and Chthoniê
It is quite possible that in the course of the theogony the primeval trio changed into the traditional Zeus, Kronos and Hera. Such changes have Orphic parallels: Rhea is Demeter after she becomes Zeus' mother, and Phanes simultaneously becomes Zeus and Eros. In Pherecydes, Chthoniê becomes Gê through marriage, after which she becomes the protector of the marriage, and that was traditionally the domain of Hera. Hera is also associated with the earth in some sources.

The marriage of the gods is a union (hieros gamos) where Zas makes a robe (pharos) depicting Gaia and Ogenos. This is an allegory for the acts of creation (mellonta dêmiourgein). Zas is a demiurge and creates by turning into Eros. The robe is a covering, namely of Chthoniê, the earth's mass, thus taking as its domain the varied surface of the earth and the encircling ocean. Marriage is also etiological, because it explains the origin of the ritual unveiling of the bride (anakalypteria). The cloth makes Chthoniê vivid and alive. She is the base matter, but Gê is the form of it.

The robe hangs on a winged oak. This passage is unique and has several interpretations. The robust oak was traditionally dedicated to Zeus and presumably indicates the solid structure and foundation of the earth. The roots and branches support the earth's surface. Below is Tartarus, and above it, according to Hesiod, grow "the roots of the earth and the barren sea". Pherecydes followed this archaic representation. The wings refer to the broad spreading branches of the oak. Over this hangs the cloth, which as the earth's surface is thus both smooth and varied in shape. The robe as a mythical image for the earth's surface also appears in some Orphic texts. In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Persephone is weaving a rich robe representing the cosmos when she is carried off by Hades to the underworld.Finally, the proverb 'The face of the earth is the garment of Persephone' is in the style of early Pythagoreans, who had sayings like 'tears of Zeus' for rain and 'The sea is the tear of Kronos'.

The mythical images of the tree as an earthly structure and a robe as a gift at marriage have Greek cultic counterparts. In Plataeae, for example, the Daedala festival was celebrated, in which an oak was cut down to make a statue of a girl dressed as a bride. Zeus gave Persephone Sicily or Thebes, while Cadmus gave a robe to Harmonia. Still, the images may be oriental in origin. There are Mesopotamian parallels of the palace with a complex of spaces reserved for the bride and groom is built. There are also myths such as the one in which Anu takes heaven as his portion, whereupon Enlil takes the earth and gives it as a dowry to Ereshkigal, 'mistress of the great deep' (chthoniê).

Theomachy
Pherecydes described a battle between Kronos and Ophion similar to that of Zeus and Typhon in Hesiod's older "Theogony". The stake of the battle is cosmic supremacy and is reminiscent of the Titanomachy and Gigantomachy of traditional theogony, in which the successive conflicts between gods are described with the current world order as a result. In Pherecydes' cosmogony, however, no initial chaos or tyranny is overcome, followed by the establishment of a new order. The creative gods are eternal and co-equal. Their order is temporarily threatened by Ophion, but that threat becomes a (re)affirmation of the divine order, with Kronos as the first king. The battle is also etiological, for it explained the myths about ancient sea monsters in both Greece and Asia Minor and the Middle East. The battle is described by Celsus: "'Pherecydes told the myth that an army was lined up against army, and he mentioned Kronos as leader of one, Ophion of the other, and he related their challenges and struggles, and that they agreed that the one who fell into Ogenos was the loser, while those who cast them out and conquered should possess the sky'." Chronos has become Kronos here. Presumably, as a prominent second creator, Zas also participates in the battle, after which he becomes Zeus. Ophion did not exist from the beginning but was born and had progeny of his own ( Ophionidai). He is serpentine, because his name is derived from ophis 'snake'. Traditionally, Gaia (Gê) was regarded as the mother of Typhon, and Chthoniê/Gê may be the mother of Ophion here. Ophion may also have been produced on her own in Tartarus, the cave under the earth. Typhon also originated in a cave. Otherwise the father may be Chronos, because his seed is the niches of the earth.

Ophion and its brood are often depicted as ruling the birthing cosmos for some time before falling from power. The chaotic forces are eternal and cannot be destroyed; instead they are thrown out from the ordered world and locked away in Tartaros in a kind of "appointment of the spheres", in which the victor (Zeus-Cronus) takes possession of the sky and of space and time. Cronus (or Zeus in the more popularly known version) orders the offspring out from the cosmos to Tartaros. There they are kept behind locked gates, fashioned in iron and bronze. We are told about chaotic beings put into the pentemychos, and we are told that the Darkness has an offspring that is cast into the recesses of Tartaros. No surviving fragment makes the connection, but it is possible that the prison-house in Tartaros and the pentemychos are ways of referring to the essentially same thing. According to Celsus, Pherecydes said that: "Below that portion is the portion of Tartaros; the daughters of Boreas (the north wind), the Harpies and Thuella (Storm), guard it; there Zeus banished any of the gods whenever one behaves with insolence." Thus the identity between Zeus' prison-house and the pentemychos seems likely. Judging from some ancient fragments Ophion is thrown into Oceanus, not into Tartaros. Exactly what entities or forces that were locked away in Pherecydes’ story cannot be known for sure. There may have been five principal figures. Ophion and Typhon are one and the same, and Eurynome fought on the side of Ophion against Cronus. Chthonie is a principal "thing" of the underworld, but whether she is to be counted as one of the five or the five "sum-total" is an open question. Apart from these it is known that Ophion-Typhon mated with Echidna, and that Echidna herself was somehow mysteriously "produced" by Callirhoe. If Pherecydes counted five principal entities in association the pentemychos doctrine, then Ophion, Eurynome, Echidna, Calirrhoe and Chthonie are the main contenders.

Legacy
Pherycydes is seen as a transitional figure between the mythological cosmogonies of Hesiod and the first pre-Socratic philosophers. Aristotle wrote in his Metaphysics that Pherecydes was partially a mythological writer and Plutarch, in his Parallel Lives, instead wrote of him being a theologian. Pherecydes contributed to pre-Socratic philosophy of nature by denying that nothing comes from nothing and describing the mixture of three elements. Mixture (krasis) plays a role in later cosmologies, such as that of Anaxagoras, Plato (Timaeus) and in the Orphic poem Krater attributed to the Pythagorean philosopher Zopyrus of Tarentum.

Pythagoreanism
Out of all of the philosophers who were historical predecessors of Pythagoras, Pherycydes was the philosopher most often linked with him as one of his teachers. Not many prose treatises existed in the 6th century, Pythagoras may have learned of Pherecydes' work and adopted the idea of reincarnation. In Pythagoras' youth, when he still lived on Samos, he is said to have visited Pherecydes on Delos and later buried him. An early variant of this story places this event later in Pythagoras' life when he lived in Croton. His visit to the sick Pherecydes was used to explain his absence during Cylon's rebellion in that city. These stories may have evolved from the story that Pythagoras was a student of Pherecydes. According to Apollonius, Pythagoras imitated Pherecydes in his 'miracles'. The historicity of the connection between the two has been debated, however, because their philosophies are otherwise unrelated, and because Pythagoras has been attributed all kinds of teachers over time. The confusion among later authors about the attribution of the miracles can perhaps be traced back to the poem of Ion of Chios. Aristotle nevertheless stated in the 4th century BC that both were friends, and the story already about their friendship certainly dates back to the 5th century BC. It is believed that both philosophers once met.

Pherecydes' book was thought to have contained a mystical esoteric teaching, treated allegorically. A comparatively large number of sources say Pherecydes was the first to teach the Pythagorean doctrine of metempsychosis, the transmigration of human souls. Both Cicero and Augustine thought of him having given the first teaching of the "immortality of the soul". The Christian Apponius mentioned Pherecydes' belief in metempsychosis in his argument against murder and executions because a good life is rewarded and a bad life is punished in the afterlife. The Middle Platonist Numenius, like Apponius, referred to the idea that the soul enters the body through the seed, and mentions a river in Pherecydes' representation of the underworld. The Neoplatonist Porphyry added 'corners, pits, caves, doors and gates' through which souls travel. Finally, the orator Themistius reported that Pherecydes, like Pythagoras, considered killing a great sin. This suggests that impure deeds in a next life or after death must be expiated. Pherecydes may have regarded the soul as at least an immortal part of the sky or aether. That he was the first to teach such a thing is doubtful, but Schibli concludes that Pherecydes like "included in his book ["Pentemychos"] at least a rudimentary treatment of the immortality of the soul, its wanderings in the underworld, and the reasons for the soul’s incarnations".

Similarities with other cosmogonies
The theogony of Pherecydes also shows similarities with Orphic theogonies such as the Orphic Hymns. Both feature primordial serpents, the weaving of a cosmic robe and eternal Time as god who creates with his own seed by masturbation. Such Orphic aspects also appear in Epimenides' Theogony. Pherecydes probably influenced the early Orphics, or possibly an earlier sect of Orphic practitioners influenced him. The battle between Kronos and Ophion also influenced the Bibliotheca of pseudo-Apollodorus, who drew on several previous theogonies, such as those of Hesiod and the Orphic religion. The story was also a source for the Argonautica by Apollonius of Rhodes, in which Orpheus sings about Ophion and Eurynome who were overthrown by Kronos and Rhea. The association of Kronos with Chronos by the Greeks can probably also be traced back to Pherecydes. There are also many significant parallels between Pherecydes's cosmogony, Orphic theogonies, and the preserved accounts of Zoroastrian, Phoenician and Vedic cosmogonies. According to West, these myths have a common source that originates in the Levant. The basic form is as follows. In the beginning there is no heaven and no earth, but a limitless abyss of water, shrouded in deep darkness. This condition has existed for centuries. Then the hermaphrodite and eternal Time makes love to itself. Thus he produces an egg. From that egg appears a radiant creator god, who made it heaven and earth.

Ancient Testimony
In the Diels-Kranz numbering for testimony and fragments of Pre-Socratic philosophy, Pherecydes of Syros is catalogued as number 7. The most recent edition of this catalogue is

Biography

 * A1.
 * A1a.
 * A2.
 * A2a.
 * A3.
 * A4.
 * A5.
 * A6.
 * A7.
 * A7a.
 * A8.
 * A9.
 * A10.
 * A11.
 * A12.

Fragments

 * B1.
 * B1a.
 * B2.
 * B3.
 * B4.
 * B5.
 * B6.
 * B7.
 * B8.
 * B9.
 * B10.
 * B11.
 * B12.
 * B13.
 * B13a.

title: Pherecydes of Syros


text:
Goldenberg

Goldenberg is a surname of Jewish-Austrian or Jewish Romanian origin. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Billy Goldenberg (1936–2020), American composer
 * Carl Goldenberg (1907–1996), Canadian lawyer & politician
 * Charles Goldenberg (1911–1986), American football player
 * Chelli Goldenberg (born 1954), Israeli actress & writer & blogger
 * Eddie Goldenberg (born 1948), Canadian political advisor
 * Edward Goldenberg Robinson (1893–1973), American film actor (given name Emanuel Goldenberg; became Edward G. Robinson)
 * Efrain Goldenberg (born 1929), Peruvian politician
 * Grigory Goldenberg (1856–1880), Russian revolutionary
 * Isidor Goldenberg (1870-?), Romanian actor & singer
 * Larry Goldenberg (born 1953), Canadian medical researcher
 * Michael Goldenberg (born 1965), American writer
 * Richard Goldenberg (born 1947), French chess master
 * Samuel Goldenberg (actor) (1883/1884–1945), actor in Yiddish theatre
 * Samuel Löb Goldenberg (1807–1846), Austrian Hebraist and editor
 * Suzanne Goldenberg, Canadian-born journalist
 * William Goldenberg (born 1959), film editor

Other:
 * Goldenberg scandal, a political scandal in Kenya involving the Goldenberg International company
 * Goldenberg Candy Company, a subsidiary of the Just Born company

title: Goldenberg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/American NPOV

American NPOV was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Uh, patent nonsense at this time... Evercat 00:46, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this is some sort of anti-American rant...maybe? Delete as nonsensical, rant. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:49, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not a recognized term. Not encyclopedic. Original research. And presents a specific point of view. Dpbsmith 00:59, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC) P. S. As one example of an unsupported statement, the article says that the USA is "The only case of a Western country of wich the inhabitants doesn't know at all the historical backgrounds of the other important countries in the story of mankind." You have got to cite evidence if you're going to say things like this. The U. S. is not the only country with its Colonel Blimps and Nicolas Chauvins. I would offer Massachusetts curriculum framework as evidence that in Massachusetts, the official high school curriculum covers topics such as "WHII.1Describe the growing consolidation of political power in Europe from 1500 to 1800 as manifested in the rise of nation states ruled by monarchs. (H, C, E) A. the rise of the French monarchy, including the policies and influence of Louis XIV B. the Thirty Years War and the Peace of Westphalia C. the growing power of Russian tsars, including the attempts at Westernization by Peter the Great, the growth of serfdom, and Russia’s rise as an important force in Eastern Europe and Asia D. the rise of Prussia E. Poland and Sweden WHII.2 Explain why England was the main exception to the growth of absolutism in royal power in Europe. (H, C) A. the causes and essential events of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 B. the effect of the Glorious Revolution on the development of constitutional government and liberty in England, including the importance of the English Bill of Rights and how it limited the power of the monarch to act without the consent of Parliament WHII.3Summarize the important causes and events of the French Revolution. (H, C, E)"
 * What? --Ardonik 01:42, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this imbecillic rant. The talk page of the creator, User:Bushit, seems to indicate that he's an anti-Bush troll who defaced the George W. Bush article.  I'll view his contributions with suspicion in the future.  I've said it before and I'll say it again: I don't like Bush either, but there are more intelligent ways to debate about that.  --Ardonik 01:39, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Deleted. Forgive me being pre-emptory here, but I blanked the page apart from the VfD notice. The page is so obviously a troll with no encyclopedic merit whatsoever that I'm not sure we even need a debate. And no, I'm not American. Graham 02:00, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Ahem. American Neutral Point of View?  What does this mean?  No, I don't want to know.  Delete.  Exploding Boy 02:21, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've speed deleted it as patent nonsense. It's a total waste of time to debate its merits -- I guess that was the whole point, for User:Bushit. -- Wile E. Heresiarch 03:06, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Any way to delete this guy's user page? That photo is just wrong.  Wonder what he'll say in November when Dubya gets re-elected by a landslide? - Lucky 6.9 04:40, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * There probably is, but I believe he is within his rights to post that picture there - it stands solely as his personal opinion. The problem arises when trying to make an encyclopedia article (which is meant to be objective) with that point of view. Personally, I believe he has a point and there are some disquieting parallels between Bush and Hitler, but so what, WP is not the right place to voice these - the ballot box is. BTW, I'd like to think that despite some degree of evidence to the contrary, the American people are smarter than you suggest ;-) Happy trolling! Graham 05:33, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Trolling? Moi?  Ah, British humour.  :^)) - Lucky 6.9 16:17, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Samuel B. Moore

Samuel B. Moore (1789 – November 7, 1846) was the sixth Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from March 3 to November 26, 1831. He was president of the Alabama Senate when Governor Gabriel Moore was elected to the United States Senate, and so became governor when Gabriel Moore resigned to take the seat.

Biography
Samuel Moore was born in Franklin County, Tennessee, in 1789 but moved to Jackson County, Alabama, when he was still young.

His political career began in 1823 when he was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives and then elected to the Alabama Senate in 1828. He served as president of the Senate in 1831 when he succeeded Gabriel Moore.

Like his predecessor, Samuel Moore continued to survey the Coosa River through The Board of Internal Improvement, build infrastructure, and oppose nullification. Moore strongly supported the Bank of the State of Alabama.

Later, in the 1831 election, Moore was entrenched in a heated election battle against John Gayle, who eventually defeated him. After his defeat, he served as the judge of the Pickens County Court from 1835 to 1841.

He was re-elected to his State Senate post in 1834 and again served as the Senate's president in 1835. He later returned home to Pickens County, Alabama, and served on its county court from 1835 until 1841.

Moore died in 1846 at age 57 and is interred at the city cemetery in Carrollton in Pickens County.

title: Samuel B. Moore


text:
Basin Reserve

The Basin Reserve, also known as the Cello Basin Reserve for sponsorship reasons, and commonly referred to as the Basin, is a cricket ground in Wellington, New Zealand. It is used for Test matches, and is the main home ground of the Wellington Firebirds first-class team. The Basin Reserve is the only cricket ground to have listed status with Heritage New Zealand, in recognition of being the oldest first-class cricket ground in the country. Historically, the ground has also been used for events other than cricket, such as association football matches, concerts and cultural events.

The New Zealand Cricket Museum is located in the Old Grandstand. It houses cricket memorabilia and a reference library. It opened in 1987, and was relaunched in 2021.

Location
The Basin Reserve is two kilometres south of the Wellington CBD at the foot of Mount Victoria. Government House, St Marks Church School, and the Wellington College boys' school are to the south of the Basin, across the street. At the eastern end of the basin is the Mount Victoria Tunnel, which increased the traffic flow around the Basin Reserve when it was built in 1931.

The Basin Reserve is also surrounded by numerous other Wellington landmarks, including Mount Cook Barracks, the National War Memorial, several colleges and high schools, the Caledonian Hotel and the former Dominion Museum. A fire station is located across the street from the ground: traditionally its occupants would watch ongoing matches during their down-time, and would set off the station's siren to mark New Zealand wickets taken or when a batsman reached a milestone like a 50 or century. The Basin Reserve is the intersection point for the Wellington suburbs of Mount Cook, Newtown and Mount Victoria.

Construction history
The area that is now Basin Reserve was originally a lake (known as the Basin Lake), and there were plans to connect it to the sea by a canal to make it an alternative inner city harbour, with major warehouses and factories alongside it. However, the massive 1855 Wairarapa earthquake uplifted the area nearly 1.8 m and turned the lake into a swamp. Due to the colonists' English roots, sport, particularly cricket, was a vital part of the community's way to relax. However, no land had been allocated by the city planners for recreational reserves. Although natural grounds, such as the Te Aro flat, provided a small area for matches, the colonists wanted more recreational land than they had. The matter became dire as buildings began to be erected on these plains, as flat land was hard to find in the mountainous Wellington. So, after the 1855 earthquake, which historians estimate measured magnitude 8, influential citizens seized the chance in 1857 to suggest that the new land be drained and made into a recreational reserve. The Wellington council accepted the proposal and on 3 February 1863 prisoners from the Mount Cook Gaol began to level and drain the new land. The swamp was drained by September and a fence and hedges were placed around the entire area. However, massive population influxes from 1863 to 1866 (caused mostly by the Parliament being situated in Wellington) hampered construction on the Basin Reserve as workers were pulled to other areas.

After a council meeting on 11 December 1866 the Basin Reserve became Wellington's official cricket ground. No cattle or horses were allowed in the ground and only small hedges and shrubs were allowed to be planted so as not to hamper cricket games. Soon after, on 11 January 1868, the first game of cricket was played, although the ground had numerous stones and thistles on it, which the umpire later apologised for as some players got injured from them. Although it was the opening day, no ceremony or music was played, nor was the opening advertised with banners.

Soon after that first event, the Highland Games began to be held at the Basin Reserve. The games were organised by the Wellingtonian Caledonian Society, of which their headquarters, The Caledonian Hotel, still stands towards the south of the Basin Reserve. The society offered up prize money which brought many competitors to the region. Due to their success, the society petitioned to have new grandstands built at the western end of the Basin Reserve. They would measure 44 by and would cost approximately £250–£300. The stands would also hold food stalls and ground keepers. However, for the following years, even up until reportedly 1872, the Basin Reserve grounds were still extremely swampy, with small pools of swamp water and various weeds and shrubs sprouting over the fields. In late 1872, horses were used to level the playing field and this greatly improved the conditions.

In 1882, the William Wakefield Memorial was erected at the Basin Reserve. The monument had been in storage for many years, and it was finally erected to commemorate one of the city's founders, William Wakefield, at the main sports ground.

The pavilion has been a Category II registered Historic Place since 1982, and the entire Basin Reserve has been a registered Historic Area since 1998. The William Wakefield Memorial has a Category I registration.

In 2012 the Museum Stand of the Basin was declared an earthquake risk and closed; a new player's pavilion was opened in December 2018 and renamed in 2020 in honour of the former Test cricketer Ewen Chatfield.

Event history
The first event held at the Basin Reserve was a one-day cricket match on 11 January 1868 between the Wellington Volunteers and the crew of HMS Falcon, which was docked in Wellington. However, the match was hampered by injuries due to the numerous stones and thistles in the grass, which led to the injury of some players. The umpire apologised to the players after the match for the poor condition of the playing surface.

After that first event, local clubs and societies began organising athletic and social meetings at the Basin Reserve. These meetings eventually coalesced into a meeting known locally as the Highland Games, and it was their success which led to the construction of the ground's first grandstand. The events included athletics, racing, dancing and later wood-chopping and cycling. However, the ground was still swampy in some areas. This was finally remedied in late 1872, which allowed the ground's inaugural first-class cricket match, between Wellington and Auckland, to be played on 30 November 1873. Wellington won the match easily. The Basin Reserve reputedly held the first rugby football match in the North Island, between a Wellington team and the crew of HMS Rosario, which the sailors won by a single goal.

The Australasian Athletic Championships were held at the Basin Reserve on 26–27 December 1911. This was a combined Australian and New Zealand championship, at which New Zealanders won all the track events and Australians won all the field events.

Before embarking on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain, the Australian rugby league team stopped in Wellington for an exhibition match at the Basin Reserve.

The first Test match played at the ground was between New Zealand and England, the first day of which was 24 January 1930. One-day international cricket was played at the Basin Reserve until 1999, after which it moved to the larger Wellington Regional Stadium on the other side of the Wellington CBD.

On 13 March 2011 the Basin Reserve was host to "Fill the Basin", a cricket event intended to raise money for victims of the 2011 Canterbury earthquake. The event attracted a crowd of more than 10,000 people, with some spectators sitting between the boundary rope and the fence. This is the biggest crowd at the Basin Reserve in the modern era. Players involved in the match included Shane Warne, Stephen Fleming, Tana Umaga, Richard Hadlee, Martin Crowe, other famous former New Zealand cricketers, rugby union players Richie McCaw and Conrad Smith and actors Russell Crowe and  Ian McKellen. More than $500,000 was raised towards the relief efforts.

In addition to cricket, other sports have also used the Basin Reserve, including rugby union, rugby league, association football and Australian football matches. During the 1950s and 1960s the ground was the main association football (soccer) venue in the Wellington area, and was used for a number of international matches and Chatham Cup finals.

Test matches
There have been 68 Test matches played at the Basin Reserve as of June 2024. The average runs per wicket is 31.42 while the average runs per wicket through New Zealand is 31.27. The average runs per over is 2.85. The ground is more noted as suiting fast bowlers as opposed to spin bowlers. Nine of the top ten wicket takers at the ground are fast bowlers with top wicket taker being Chris Martin with 58 although he only has the 13th best bowling average on the ground.

Brendon McCullum has the highest innings, 302, and is the first Black Cap to pass 300 runs in a test. The previous highest score at the ground and for any NZ test cricketer was the 299 runs by Martin Crowe in 1991 Almost a year later in 2015, Kumar Sangakkara scored his 12000th test runs and his 11th double century there while McCullum dropped three catches and scored a two-ball duck in the first innings. It is also a ground where Trent Boult made the most of his one-handed catches. One of which was the one that removed Sangakkara in 2015. In the same test, Kane Williamson scored his first test double century, with his 6th wicket partner BJ Watling scoring a century in the second innings. Williamson also contributed on the field to help NZ win the test match. His catch also made the top play on Sports Center in America In 2017, this is also the ground where Henry Nicholls scored his maiden test century. Late in that year, Tom Blundell scored his maiden Test century on debut, then walked home while still in uniform as he lives near the ground.

The highest total set by a team here in Test cricket was by the New Zealand national cricket team when they scored 680/8 dec on 14 Feb 2014 against the Indian national cricket team. The most runs scored in this ground have been by Ross Taylor- 1279 runs, Kane Williamson (1137 runs) and Martin Crowe (1123 runs). The most wickets have been taken by Chris Martin- 60 wickets, followed by Daniel Vettori-57 wickets and Richard Hadlee- 53 wickets.

ODI matches
In ODI cricket, the highest total has been set by New Zealand against Pakistan when they scored 315/7 on 6 January 2018. The most runs scored in this ground have been by Martin Crowe (345 runs), Andrew Jones (311 runs) and Nathan Astle (285 runs). The most wickets have been taken by Danny Morrison-16 wickets, Chris Harris-13 wickets and Gavin Larsen-12 wickets. Despite the propensity to score Test centuries, Basin Reserve is not a ground for scoring ODI centuries. Only 4 had ever been scored. The most recent was by Martin Guptill on 19 January 2018 against Pakistan, 43 years since Bevan Congdon done so. The only away batsman to score an ODI century here was Shoaib Mohammad of Pakistan in 1989.

title: Basin Reserve


text:
John Murphy (Alabama politician)

John Murphy (1786 – September 21, 1841) was the fourth Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama, serving two terms from 1825 to 1829.

Early life
John Murphy was born in 1786 in Robeson County, North Carolina. He attended South Carolina College, now the University of South Carolina, where he was a member of the Clariosophic Society. Among his classmates at South Carolina College were John Gayle and James Dellet. Gayle also became Governor of Alabama while Dellet became a U.S. Congressman from Alabama. Murphy graduated in 1808.

Career
He became a clerk at the South Carolina Senate. He was a trustee for the University of South Carolina from 1808 to 1818.

In 1818, he moved to Alabama and was elected to the Alabama House in 1820 and the Alabama Senate in 1822. He was elected Governor of Alabama in 1824, and in 1827 he was elected for a second term. He represented Alabama in the United States House of Representatives from 1833 to 1835.

Personal life
Under the date of April 2, 1834, John Quincy Adams records in his diary that Congressman James Blair "shot himself last evening at his lodgings ... after reading part of an affectionate letter from his wife, to Governor Murphy, of Alabama, who was alone in the chamber with him, and a fellow-lodger at the same house." Diary (New York: Longmans, Green, 1929) p. 434.

Death
He died in 1841 in Clarke County, Alabama. Murphy was buried in Gosport.

title: John Murphy (Alabama politician)


text:
Israel Pickens

Israel Pickens (January 30, 1780 – April 24, 1827) was an American politician and lawyer, third Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama (1821–1825), member of the North Carolina Senate (1808–1810), and United States Congressman from North Carolina in the United States House of Representatives (1811–1817).

Biography
Born in Concord, North Carolina, Pickens graduated from Jefferson College (now Washington & Jefferson College) in 1802, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. Pickens was a native of North Carolina and represented the "North Carolina Faction" in early Alabama politics, like fellow North Carolina Representative William R. King, with whom he served Congress during the early 1810s. The main opposition to the "North Carolina Faction" was the "Georgia Faction", which many new settlers to the state viewed as too aristocratic and elitist. At the same time, Pickens was seen as the "spokesman for the have-nots." Pickens married Martha Lenoir in 1814, the daughter of North Carolina statesman William Lenoir (general). In both 1821 and 1823, Pickens beat Dr. Henry Chambers by a vote of 9,114 to 7,129 and 6,942 to 4,604, respectively.

After serving as governor and being succeeded by his handpicked man John Murphy, Pickens was appointed to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy left by the death of Henry H. Chambers, whom he beat twice for the governorship. He only served from February 17 to November 27, 1826, when the elected successor, John McKinley, took office.

In addition to politics, Pickens participated in the American Colonization Society and was interested in scientific research. He invented a lunar dial.

Pickens died in Matanzas, Cuba, in 1827. He was originally buried in a family graveyard, but his remains were later moved to City Cemetery, Greensboro, Alabama.

title: Israel Pickens


text:
Thomas Bibb

Thomas Bibb (May 8, 1783 – September 20, 1839) was the second governor of the US state of Alabama and served from 1820 to 1821. He was the president of the Alabama Senate when his brother, Governor William Wyatt Bibb, died in office on July 10, 1820, as a result of a fall from a horse. By his senatorial office and under the state constitution, Thomas Bibb took over as governor for the remainder of his brother's term. He did not seek election as governor but later served in the Alabama House of Representatives.

He was born in Amelia County, Virginia, in 1783. He grew up in Georgia before he moved to what later became Alabama. He was married to Parmelia Thompson from 1809 to his death on September 20, 1839.

Bibb owned Belle Mina, a slave-labor farm and plantation house in Belle Mina, Alabama.

title: Thomas Bibb


text: Category:Bhutanese people

title: Category:Bhutanese people


text:
Harold Sakata

Toshiyuki Sakata (坂田 敏行), better known as Harold Sakata, was an American Olympic weightlifter, professional wrestler, and film actor of Japanese descent. He won a silver medal for the United States at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London in weightlifting, and later became a popular professional wrestler under the ring name Tosh Togo, wrestling primarily for various National Wrestling Alliance territories as a tag team with Great Togo. He also wrestled in Japan for the Japanese Wrestling Association between 1955 and 1957. On the basis of his wrestling work, he was cast in the James Bond film Goldfinger (1964) as the villain Oddjob, a role he would be closely associated with for the rest of his life.

Early life
Toshiyuki Sakata was born on July 1, 1920, in Holualoa, Hawaii, to Japanese-American parents who worked at a Kona coffee farm. His father Risaburo was issei (first-generation), and his mother Matsue was nisei. He had ten siblings, six brothers and four sisters. He adopted the more Western name "Harold" as a teenager.

In 1936, Sakata dropped out of school to help work the family's coffee farm. The following year, he started paid employment at a sugar plantation located about 75 miles away from his home, after which he went to the island of Lanai to work on a pineapple plantation. He then moved to Maui to do more agricultural work, and in 1938 he ended up in Honolulu, where he would live for much of his adult life.

During World War II, he served in the U.S. Army with the 1399th Engineer Construction Battalion, and was briefly deployed to Hawaii.

Weightlifting career
At the age of eighteen, Sakata weighed only 113 lb (8 st 1 lb) (51 kg) at a height of 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m). Wishing to "look as good as the other guys", he started lifting weights. Because all YMCA facilities were racially segregated at the time, he trained primarily at the all-Asian Nu'uanu YMCA. Among his lifting partners was future Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) champion Emerick Ishikawa.

After about a year of serious training Sakata had gained about twenty pounds. Inspired by this success he started entering local lifting contests and in 1941 he won the Territorial light-heavyweight championship. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor stopped travel to the mainland but over the next two years Sakata won several more Oahu championships; in June 1943, at 165 pounds, he was pressing 250, snatching 240, and clean and jerking 310, for a total of 800 pounds.

Following his military discharge, Sakata remained in Honolulu, and became de facto leader of a group of local lifters including Richard Tomita.

During a tournament held at the Nuuanu YMCA in November 1946, Sakata set a Hawaiian record in both the snatch and the clean-and-jerk, plus an unofficial world record in the press. The same year he also won the Mr. Hawaii physique title. Henry Koizumi, athletic director of the tournament, suggested that Sakata and his partner Richard Tom organize a weightlifting team. The goal was to place well in the USA Weightlifting National Championships, which were held in Dallas, Texas, in June 1947. Sakata placed first in the 181-pound class with a total lift of 800 pounds. Tom meanwhile placed first in the 123-pound division with a total lift of 610 pounds.

Sakata subsequently qualified for United States' 1948 London Summer Olympic team, lifting a total of 380 kg in the light-heavyweight division and winning a silver medal behind Stanley Stanczyk, whom he later competed against in the US Senior National Championships.

Early years
In 1949, Sakata retired from weightlifting and began training in professional wrestling. His instructors were Tetsuro Higami and Ben Sherman. He initially wrestled as "the Human Tank, Mr. Sakata", drawing on his World War II service and Olympic accolades to play a face, though he later adopted his more well-known heel gimmick of Tosh Togo.

Under the Togo gimmick, Sakata wrestled across Hawaii and later toured mainland America and Canada, mostly on the West Coast and in the Pacific Northwest, which had a large Japanese immigrant population he proved popular with. He briefly formed a tag-team with Frank Stojack during a tour of Washington state, and also tagged with Tor Yamato during a Midwestern tour.

Japan
In July 1951, NWA Hawaii promoter Al Karasick invited Sakata to join a special overseas tour to Japan, sponsored by a Tokyo Shriners chapter as a charity venture for a children's hospital. Sakata and several other wrestlers flew to Tokyo, where they held a series of shows at the Metropolitan Memorial Hall and Ryōgoku Kokugikan. One such show was historically significant for being the professional wrestling debut of Rikidōzan, a Korean-born sumotori who would become one of the most popular and influential figures in Japanese professional wrestling history, nicknamed "the Father of Puroresu".

According to the official website of the city of Minato, Rikidōzan was introduced to professional wrestling while visiting a gym in Shiba where Sakata and his colleague Bobby Bruns were training for an upcoming match. Bruns would become Rikidōzan's first ever opponent. He joined Sakata and Bruns in their tour of Japan, wrestling a series of matches across the country in which Rikidōzan soundly beat his foreign opponents, among them retired heavyweight boxer Joe Louis, helping to establish his popular reputation.

The tour lasted until January 1952, at which point most of the wrestlers returned to America. Sakata remained for another few months, during which time he met and married his wife. He would be granted permanent residency in Japan and live there with his family for some time, but eventually moved back to America due to the constant back-and-forth travel.

Tag-team success
Sakata returned to America in 1952, and had his first televised match on May 26 on a card that included former judoka Masahiko Kimura and Kinji Shibuya. It was during this period that Sakata adopted the ring name Tosh Togo – Tosh was a shortened form of his given name "Toshiyuki" and Togo was derived from early 20th-century Japanese admiral Tōgō Heihachirō.

Sakata was billed as the kayfabe brother of Great Togo, as well as Masutatsu Oyama as "Mas Togo" and judoka Kokichi Endo as "Ko Togo". As a tag team, Sakata and Great Togo held the NWA Canadian Open Tag Team Championship. Sakata also tagged with Rikidōzan (with whom he unsuccessfully challenged for the inaugural All Asia Tag Team Championship against King Kong Czaja and Tiger Joginder Singh) and King Curtis Iaukea (with whom he won the NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship). He also held the NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship, the WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship, and the NWA World Tag Team Championship (with Red Berry).

Acting career
Bond producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli took notice of Sakata because of his heavy build—he stood 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) and weighed 284 lb (129 kg)—which, when coupled with his intimidating gaze, made him the perfect choice for the part of Oddjob. Another story, told by director Guy Hamilton, stated that he'd first seen Sakata wrestling in Australia.

Sakata had never acted before, besides pro wrestling, but the film character was to be mute (other than a few uttered grunts) and would require little theatrical skill. Before Sakata had secured the role of Oddjob, another former wrestler, British actor Milton Reid, had auditioned for the role. Reid allegedly challenged Sakata to a shoot wrestling contest and suggested that the winner ought to get the role. However, given that Reid had been in Dr. No (playing one of the titular villain's guards) and that his character had been killed off, the producers decided to go with Sakata and the wrestling match did not take place.

As Oddjob, he was a bodyguard to Bond villain Auric Goldfinger, and his sharpened, steel-brimmed bowler hat became a famous and much-parodied trademark of the Bond series. While filming Oddjob's death scene, in which the character is electrocuted, Sakata's hand was badly burnt by the effect, but he held on until he heard director Guy Hamilton call "Cut".

Sakata appeared in several other movies in similar roles and took on "Oddjob" as an informal middle name (in the films Mako: The Jaws of Death (1976) and The Happy Hooker Goes to Washington (1977) he was credited as Harold "Oddjob" Sakata).

With time, Sakata's acting skills developed. He co-starred opposite William Shatner in the movie Impulse (1974), in which he played the character Karate Pete. He also guest starred on a Gilligan's Island episode as Rory Calhoun's henchman, and an episode of The Rockford Files. In 1971, Sakata was a regular on the short-lived TV series, Sarge, starring George Kennedy, and Highcliffe Manor in 1979.

He appeared as Oddjob in a series of TV commercials for Vicks Formula 44 cough syrup in the 1970s. The advertisement commonly showed Oddjob with a nasty cough, which results in him demolishing everything around him as his spasms make him inadvertently lash out, frightening his wife as his condition deteriorates. She grabs a bottle of Vicks Formula 44 and gives Oddjob a spoonful of the cough syrup, which cures his cough; the two bow to each other, and then the wife looks past Oddjob to take in the destruction he has caused. This was occasionally followed by an add-on for a cough drop version of the syrup, which Oddjob ingests before he is claimed by a coughing fit in an extremely crowded space. At least one domestic and one outdoor version of this commercial are known. Sakata made an appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on which he parodied the commercial by destroying Carson's set.

Personal life
Sakata had two children, born in 1954 and 1957. He only married once, and divorced his wife due to the strain placed on their relationship by his constant travel.

Death
Sakata died of liver cancer four weeks after his 62nd birthday, on July 29, 1982, in St Francis Hospital, Honolulu, Hawaii. Five months prior, Sakata made one final public appearance at the 54th Academy Awards. Sakata briefly appeared on stage in his Oddjob attire during Sheena Easton's musical performance of "For Your Eyes Only".

Championships and accomplishments

 * 50th State Big Time Wrestling
 * NWA Hawaii Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with King Curtis Iaukea
 * Maple Leaf Wrestling
 * NWA Canadian Open Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Great Togo
 * Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (1 time) – with Ike Eakins
 * NWA Big Time Wrestling
 * NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Hollywood Wrestling
 * NWA International Television Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Wild Red Berry (1) and Great Togo (1)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Los Angeles version) (1 time) – with "Wild" Red Berry
 * NWA Mid-America
 * NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-America version) (1 time) – with John Smith
 * Pacific Northwest Wrestling
 * NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Toi Yamamoto
 * World Wrestling Council
 * WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Feature films

 * Goldfinger (1964) .... Oddjob
 * Balearic Caper (1966) .... Museum Director
 * The Poppy Is Also a Flower (1966) .... Martin
 * Le dix-septième ciel (1966) .... (uncredited)
 * Dimension 5 (1966) .... Big Buddha
 * The Phynx (1970) .... Sakata
 * Impulse (1974) .... Karate Pete
 * The Wrestler (1974) .... Oddjob
 * Broken House (1976) .... (uncredited)
 * Mako: The Jaws Of Death (1976) .... Pete
 * Bao po (1976)
 * The Happy Hooker Goes to Washington (1977) .... Wong
 * Record City (1978) .... Gucci
 * Death Dimension (1978) .... The Pig
 * Goin' Coconuts (1978) .... Ito
 * The Billion Dollar Threat (1979, TV Movie) .... Oriental Man
 * Bruce contre-attaque (also known as Xiong zhong and Ninja Strikes Back) (1982) .... Sakata
 * Safari of No Return aka Horror Safari (Invaders of the Lost Gold) (1982) .... Tobachi (final film role)

Television
Additionally, Japanese professional wrestler Keiji Mutoh plays Sakata in the 2004 film Rikidozan.
 * Kraft Suspense Theatre (1965) Episode: Jungle of Fear .... Ching

title: Harold Sakata


text:
Hamid-Reza Assefi

Hamid Reza Assefi was born in Tehran, Iran. Spokesman, Vice Minister of Parliamentary and Consular Affairs and Communication, and the Special Assistant to the Minister at the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs under President Khatami.

He was an ambassador of Iran during 1994 till 1998. He was also Ambassador of Iran to France during the 1998 World Cup where he gave the Iranian fans flags and posters of the Iranian national football team.

On 12 February 2006, he stated that "I believe the crimes committed by the Zionist regime are greater than the Holocaust. Unfortunately, the Zionist regime is blackmailing the Europeans with the Holocaust."

Speaking about Baghdad bridge stampede that occurred on 31 August 2005 when up to 1,000 people died he said: "[Iran offers its] condolences and sympathy with the Iraqi people and government. Suspicious hands are involved in conspiracies to incite violence and bloodshed among the different Iraqi groups and tribes so that they disturb the security and calm of the Iraqi people"

He was Iran's ambassador to the United Arab Emirates.

title: Hamid-Reza Assefi


text: Category:Mongolian people

title: Category:Mongolian people