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Buckhead

Buckhead is the uptown commercial and residential district of the city of Atlanta, Georgia, comprising approximately the northernmost fifth of the city. Buckhead is the third largest business district within the Atlanta city limits, behind Downtown and Midtown, and a major commercial and financial center of the Southern U.S.

Buckhead is anchored by a core of high-rise office buildings, hotels, shopping centers, restaurants and condominiums centered around the intersection of Peachtree Road and Piedmont Road near Georgia State Route 400, the Buckhead MARTA station, and Lenox Square.

History
In 1838, Henry Irby purchased 202 1/2 acres surrounding the present intersection of Peachtree, Roswell, and West Paces Ferry roads from Daniel Johnson for $650. Irby subsequently established a general store and tavern at the northwest corner of the intersection. The name "Buckhead" comes from a story that Irby killed a large buck deer and placed the head in a prominent location. Prior to this, the settlement was called Irbyville. By the late 1800s, Buckhead had become a rural vacation spot for wealthy Atlantans. In the 1890s, Buckhead was rechristened Atlanta Heights but by the 1920s it was again "Buckhead".

Buckhead remained dominated by country estates until after World War I, when many of Atlanta's wealthy began building mansions among the area's rolling hills. Simultaneously, a number of Black enclaves began popping up in Buckhead, following events like the 1906 Atlanta race riot and the Great Atlanta fire of 1917, which drove black residents from the city center. Predominantly black neighborhoods within Buckhead included Johnsontown, Piney Grove, Savagetown, and Macedonia Park.

Despite the stock market crash of 1929, lavish mansions were still constructed in Buckhead throughout the Great Depression. In 1930, Henry Aaron Alexander built one of the largest homes on Peachtree Road, a 15,000 sqft house with 33 rooms and 13 bathrooms. During the mid-1940s, Fulton County decided to acquire the land comprising Macedonia Park to build what is now Frankie Allen Park. This process, which entailed both eminent domain and "outright coercion" displaced over 400 families.

During the mid-1940s, Atlanta Mayor William B. Hartsfield sought to annex Buckhead, and a number of other predominantly White suburbs of Atlanta. Fearing that the city's "Negro population is growing by leaps and bounds", and was "taking more white territory inside Atlanta", Hartsfield sought to annex these communities to counteract the threat of increasing political power for the city's Black residents. The annexation of Buckhead was put to a vote in 1947, but it was rejected by Buckhead voters. Atlanta annexed Buckhead and a number of other nearby communities in 1952, following legislature which expanded Atlanta's city boundaries.

In 1956, an estate known as Joyeuse was chosen as the site for a major shopping center to be known as Lenox Square. The mall was designed by Joe Amisano, an architect who designed many of Atlanta's modernist buildings. When Lenox Square opened in 1959, it was one of the first malls in the country, and the largest shopping center in the Southeastern U.S. Office development soon followed with the construction of Tower Place in 1974.

To reverse a downturn in Buckhead Village during the 1980s, minimum parking spot requirements for bars were lifted, which quickly led to it becoming the most dense concentration of bars and clubs in the Atlanta area. Many bars and clubs catered mostly to the black community in the Atlanta area, including Otto's, Cobalt, 112, BAR, World Bar, Lulu's Bait Shack, Mako's, Tongue & Groove, Chaos, John Harvard's Brew House, Paradox, Frequency & Havana Club. The area became renowned as a party spot for Atlanta area rappers and singers, including Outkast, Jazze Pha, Jagged Edge, Usher and Jermaine Dupri, who mentioned the neighborhood's clubs on his song "Welcome to Atlanta."

Following the events of the Ray Lewis murder case in Buckhead on the night of the 2000 Super Bowl (held in Atlanta at the Georgia Dome), as well as a series of murders involving the Black Mafia Family, residents sought to ameliorate crime by taking measures to reduce the community's nightlife and re-establish a more residential character. The Buckhead Coalition's president and former Atlanta Mayor Sam Massell, along with councilwoman Mary Norwood were instrumental in persuading the Atlanta City Council to pass a local ordinance to close bars at 2:30 AM rather than 4 AM, and liquor licenses were made more difficult to obtain. Eventually, most of the Buckhead Village nightlife district was acquired for the "Buckhead Atlanta" multi-use project, and many of the former bars and clubs were razed in 2007.

Proposed secession from Atlanta
In 2008, a newsletter by the Fulton County Taxpayers Foundation began circulating that proposed the secession of Buckhead into its own city after more than 50 years as part of Atlanta. This came on the heels of neighboring Sandy Springs, which finally became a city in late 2005 after a 30-year struggle to incorporate, and which triggered other such incorporations in metro Atlanta's northern suburbs. Like those cities, the argument to create a city of Buckhead is based on the desire for more local control and lower taxes.

Discussions revolving around potential secession from Atlanta were revived in late 2021, with proponents of secession arguing that splitting from Atlanta would enable Buckhead to better tackle crime in the area. In Atlanta's Police Zone 2, which includes Buckhead, Lenox Park, Piedmont Heights, and West Midtown, murder was up 63% in 2021 compared to the previous year, going from 8 cases to 13. However, in the same period crime overall was down by 6%, and according to police chief Rodney Bryant, Zone 2 had only a fraction of the violent crimes seen in other neighborhoods of Atlanta.

Buckhead, one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in Atlanta, would deprive the city of upwards of 40% of its tax revenue if it seceded. Political scientists and journalists have also highlighted that Buckhead is significantly more conservative and white than the rest of Atlanta. Commentators have also noted that this secession attempt is "more serious" than earlier efforts, due to polling data showing 54% to 70% of Buckhead's residents favor the move, and due to pro-secession organizations raising nearly $1,000,000 to promote the split. A referendum did not occur in 2022 or early 2023, as the Georgia General Assembly tabled the bills that would have provided for this referendum during the 2022 legislative session.

During the 2023 session, on April 27, the issue of incorporation was brought to the Georgia State Senate in the form of SB114. The bill prompted a response from governor Brian Kemp on the legality and workability of incorporating Buckhead as a city, but was ultimately rejected 33-23. The against votes consists of all Democrats in the Senate, and ten Republicans who broke rank to join them. Republicans on the for side argued that the citizens of Buckhead were not being represented by their municipal government and that the decision to form their own municipality should be up to the citizens themselves. Additionally, it was noted by the media that there was no Senator from Buckhead in the Senate at the time of the vote. If the bill succeeded, it would have begun the referendum process to secede from Atlanta.

Geography
Buckhead was originally the central area now called "Buckhead Village". The current usage of the term Buckhead roughly covers the interior of the "V" formed by Interstate 85 on the east and Interstate 75 on the west. Buckhead is bordered by Cumberland and Vinings in Cobb County to the northwest, the city of Sandy Springs to the north, Brookhaven and North Druid Hills in DeKalb County to the east, Midtown Atlanta to the south, and West Midtown to the west.

Neighborhoods
Buckhead comprises most of the neighborhoods of Atlanta's north side, 43 in total.

 * Argonne Forest
 * Brandon
 * Brookwood
 * Brookwood Hills
 * Buckhead Forest
 * Buckhead Heights
 * Buckhead Village
 * Castlewood
 * Channing Valley
 * Chastain Park
 * Collier Hills
 * Colonial Homes
 * Cross Creek
 * East Chastain Park
 * Garden Hills
 * Haynes Manor
 * Historic Brookhaven
 * Kingswood
 * Lenox
 * Lindbergh/Morosgo
 * Margaret Mitchell
 * Mount Paran/Northside
 * Memorial Park
 * Mount Paran Parkway
 * North Buckhead
 * Paces
 * Peachtree Battle
 * Peachtree Heights East
 * Peachtree Heights West
 * Peachtree Hills
 * Peachtree Park
 * Pine Hills
 * Pleasant Hill
 * Randall Mill
 * Ridgedale Park
 * Springlake
 * South Tuxedo Park
 * Tuxedo Park
 * Underwood Hills
 * West Paces Ferry/Northside
 * Westminster/Milmar
 * Whitewater Creek
 * Wildwood
 * Woodfield
 * Wyngate

The southernmost area around the Brookwood and Ardmore neighborhoods is sometimes regarded as a separate neighborhood of "South Buckhead".

Demographics
Since at least the 1950s, Buckhead has been known as a district of extreme wealth, with the western and northern neighborhoods being virtually unrivaled in the Southeast. In 2011, The Gadberry Group compiled the list of the 50 wealthiest zip codes in the United States, ranking Buckhead's western zip code (30327) as the second wealthiest zip code in the South (behind Palm Beach's 33480) and the second wealthiest zip code east of California and south of Virginia.

The same group reported the average household income at $280,631, with an average household net worth of $1,353,189. These 2011 figures are up from a similar 2005 study that pegged Buckhead as the wealthiest community in the South and the only settlement south of the Washington D.C. suburb of Great Falls, and east of the Phoenix suburb of Paradise Valley to be among the 50 wealthiest communities in the country. However, according to Forbes magazine, (30327) is the ninth-wealthiest zip code in the nation, with a household income in excess of $341,000.

The Robb Report magazine has consistently ranked Buckhead one of the nation's "10 Top Affluent Communities" due to "the most beautiful mansions, best shopping, and finest restaurants in the Southeastern United States". Due to its wealth, Buckhead is sometimes promoted as the "Beverly Hills of the East" or "Beverly Hills of the South" in reference to Beverly Hills, California, an area to which it is often compared.

Economy

At the heart of Buckhead around the intersections of Lenox, Peachtree and Piedmont Roads, is a shopping district with more than 1,500 retail units where shoppers spend more than $3 billion a year. In addition, Buckhead contains the highest concentration of upscale boutiques in the United States. The majority are located at Lenox Square and Phipps Plaza, sister regional malls located diagonally across from each other at the intersection of Peachtree and Lenox Roads. The malls are home to designer boutiques, mainstream national retailers, as well as six major department stores. This commercial core also has a concentration of "big-box" retailers. The "Buckhead Atlanta" mixed-use development brought even more exclusive boutiques, restaurants, hotels, condos and office space to the heart of Buckhead in 2014. The name of the project was rebranded as 'Buckhead Atlanta'.

Buckhead is also a center for healthcare, and is home both to Piedmont Hospital and the private, catastrophic care hospital Shepherd Center which specializes in spinal cord injury and acquired brain injury. The two hospitals are located adjacent to one another along Peachtree Road. (This location is known as "Cardiac Hill" by runners of the annual Peachtree Road Race. )

Buckhead is also the location of a large share of Atlanta's diplomatic missions. Consulates in Buckhead include the Consulate-General of Australia and the Australian Trade Commission, the Consulate-General of France and the French Trade Commission, the Consulate-General of Brazil, the Consulate-General of Japan, and the Consulate of Greece.

Cityscape
In 1982 the Buckhead Business Association created an official boundary map for Buckhead. The Georgia House of Representatives adopted that boundary, as did the Atlanta Regional Commission.

While much of west and north Buckhead is preserved as single-family homes in forested settings, the Peachtree Road corridor has become a major focus of high-rise construction. The first 400-foot (121 m) office tower, Tower Place, opened in 1974. Park Place, built in 1986, was the first 400+ foot (121+ m) condominium building. 1986 also saw the completion of the 425-foot (129 m), 34-story Atlanta Plaza, then Buckhead's tallest and largest building. In 2000, Park Avenue Condominiums pushed the record to 486 feet (148 m).

Since that time, a wave of development has followed. The 660-foot (201 m) Sovereign and 580-foot (177 m) Mandarin Oriental, now renamed the Waldorf-Astoria, were completed in 2008. Many luxury high-rise apartment buildings have been built recently, including the 26-story Post Alexander High Rise in 2014 and the 26-story SkyHouse Buckhead in 2014. Today, Buckhead has over 50 high-rise buildings, almost one-third of the city's total.

Elementary and secondary schools
Public schools in Buckhead are administered by Atlanta Public Schools.

The following public elementary schools serve Buckhead:
 * Morris Brandon Elementary School
 * Garden Hills Elementary School
 * Warren T. Jackson Elementary School
 * E. Rivers Elementary School
 * Sarah Rawson Smith Elementary School

The area is served by Sutton Middle School and North Atlanta High School.

By 2012, due to overall population increases in Buckhead, many schools became increasingly crowded. Brandon Elementary was at 97% capacity, Garden Hills was at 102% capacity, E. Rivers was at 121% capacity, and Sutton was at 150% capacity. In the round of school zone change proposals in 2012, Ernie Suggs of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution said that the zones of Buckhead "remained pretty much intact."

There is an area charter school, Atlanta Classical Academy.

Local private schools include the Atlanta International School, the Atlanta Speech School, Christ the King School, the Atlanta Girls School, The Galloway School, Holy Spirit Preparatory School, Trinity School, The Lovett School, Pace Academy, and The Westminster Schools.

Colleges and universities
Georgia State University's J. Mack Robinson College of Business' Buckhead Center is located in the heart of Buckhead. This facility houses Georgia State's Executive MBA program. Its "Leadership Speaker Series", which showcases an agenda of executive officers from prestigious, well-known companies is also hosted at their Buckhead Center.[46] The University of Georgia's Terry College of Business Executive Education Center is located in Buckhead. This facility houses the university's executive MBA program and Terry Third Thursday, a lecture series featuring business leaders.

Public libraries
There are two branches of the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System in Buckhead: Northside Branch and Buckhead Branch.

Roadways
The main north–south street of Buckhead is Peachtree Road, which extends south into the heart of the city as Peachtree Street, Atlanta's main street. This name change is significant in that it defines a border between Buckhead and Midtown. The main east–west street is Paces Ferry Road, named for a former ferry that used to cross the Chattahoochee River. Hardy Pace, one of Atlanta's founders, operated the ferry and owned much of what is now Buckhead. In addition to Peachtree and West Paces Ferry Roads, other arterial roads include Piedmont Road (Georgia 237), Roswell Road (Georgia State Route 9), and Northside Parkway.

Mass transit
In the early 1990s, after a bitter fight against GDOT by residents, Buckhead was split in two by Georgia 400, a tolled extension of a freeway connecting I-285 to I-85. However, MARTA's Red Line extension was put in the highway's median, providing additional mass transit to Buckhead and Sandy Springs.

MARTA operates three stations in Buckhead, the southernmost being Lindbergh Center. Just north of there, the Red and Gold lines split, with the Gold Line's Lenox station at the southwest corner of the Lenox Square parking lot, and the Red Line's Buckhead station on the west side of the malls where Peachtree crosses 400. A free circulator bus called "the buc" (Buckhead Uptown Connection) stops at all three stations. The proposed extension of the Atlanta Streetcar to Buckhead (nicknamed the "Peachtree Streetcar" because it would run along Peachtree Street in Downtown Atlanta and Peachtree Road in Buckhead) would provide street-level service with frequent stops all the way to downtown Atlanta, complementing the existing subway-type MARTA train service for the area.

Pedestrians and cycling

 * North Beltline Trail (Under construction)
 * Chastain Park Trail
 * Mountain To River Trail
 * Paces Ferry Trail
 * PATH400, which provides a 5.2 mile pathway throughout the heart of Buckhead that connects different trails and parks. PATH400 connects the people of Buckhead to surrounding neighborhoods, offices, and retail locations.

Bike Share In 2017, the Relay Bike Share program expanded into Buckhead. Three new stations were installed with plans to add more in the future.

Notable residents

 * Julius Erving, Basketball player, sports and business executive, and golf course manager who moved to Buckhead, Atlanta in 2009 and owns a golf and country club
 * Elton John, Singer, songwriter, formerly lived in Buckhead part time
 * Katherine Lee, Delta Air Lines employee known as "Deltalina"
 * Kelly Loeffler former U.S. senator, in Tuxedo Park
 * Will Welch, editor-in-chief of GQ

title: Buckhead


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World Professional Championships

The World Professional Championships may refer to:

 * World Professional Figure Skating Championships
 * World Professional Championships, the 1954–1962 name of the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: World Professional Championships


text: User talk:128.253.187.23

title: User talk:128.253.187.23


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James Litterick

James Litterick (born 15 July 1901; date of death unknown) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada, and was the first member of the Communist Party of Canada to be elected to that province's legislature.

Early life
Litterick was born in Glasgow, Scotland. He received an education at Clydebrooke and Glasgow, and became a member of the British Socialist Party at age sixteen (his father was also a lifelong socialist). He was jailed for his role in a rent riot at Clydebank in 1920, and joined the newly formed Communist Party of Great Britain the same year.

Politics
Litterick moved to Canada in 1925 and initially worked as a miner in Alberta and British Columbia. In 1926, he became the district secretary of the Communist Party of British Columbia. He moved to Montreal in 1930, and became an organizer for the Workers Unity League, a Communist trade union umbrella designed to build a revolutionary trade union movement in Canada. When Communist Party leader Tim Buck was arrested in 1931, Litterick moved to Toronto to take over some of his responsibilities.

He soon moved to Winnipeg. In 1934, Litterick was selected as Provincial Secretary of the Communist Party of Manitoba.

He married Molly Bassin in 1936.

MLA: 1936–40
He was elected to the Manitoba legislature in the provincial election of 1936, during a period of increased popularity for the party. His campaign focused on eliminating the province's 2% wage tax.

In that election, he was very popular among Winnipeg workers. He placed second, behind Independent Socialist Lewis Stubbs, on first-preference votes. Winnipeg at the time elected ten members via Single Transferable Voting. Stubbs was declared elected and on the second count, his surplus votes were transferred away. Litterick received enough votes from him to be declared elected.

Litterick regarded himself as an ally of Stubbs, a popular left-wing judge and Independent Socialist. Litterick's primary support base was in Winnipeg's working-class north end. He received considerable support from the city's Jewish community. (His wife, Molly, was Jewish.)

As MLA, he delivered a speech entitled "Whither Manitoba" in 1937. It was subsequently issued as a pamphlet.

Litterick was not a major figure in the national Communist Party. he did not play a significant public role in the party's national activities.

Because of his loyalty to Moscow, Litterick expressed changing views on Canada's involvement in World War II in late 1939. On 9 September, he urged both Premier John Bracken and Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King to give full support to Poland against Nazi Germany's invasion. Litterick subsequently was required by the party to retract this position, and to oppose the war as an imperialist venture, in light of the Soviet Union's neutrality in the conflict at the time. (Later the CPC put their support behind the war after Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.)

Later life
He was expelled from the Manitoba legislature in 1940, after the Communist Party was declared an illegal organization. He had already gone into hiding, apparently the subject of a Royal Canadian Mounted Police manhunt.

Information about Litterick's whereabouts after 1940 is limited. He appears in a photograph of Canada's wartime Communist Party leaders, apparently taken in Montreal in 1942. He surrendered to the RCMP in Toronto in 1942 and was interned in the Don Jail. In 1943, it was reported that he was working at a garment factory in Toronto.

In his book, Canadian Communism, Norman Penner writes, citing as his source his father Jacob Penner's personal notes, "After the war, Litterick was expelled from the Party for 'cowardice.'"

title: James Litterick


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Coast Guard Unit Commendation

The Coast Guard Unit Commendation is the highest peacetime unit award that may be awarded to military commands of the United States Coast Guard. The decoration was first created in 1963 and is presented to members of any Coast Guard unit that distinguishes itself by valorous or extremely meritorious service, not involving combat, but in support of Coast Guard operations.

It may also be awarded to units and personnel of the other U.S. armed forces, typically when in support of operations where the Coast Guard is the lead service. One example was the award of the commendation with Operational Distinguishing Device to rescue squadrons of the U.S. Air Force and maritime patrol squadrons and helicopter squadrons of the U.S. Navy, when said units assisted the Coast Guard during search and recovery operations following the January 1986 loss of the NASA Space Shuttle Challenger.

Additional awards of the Coast Guard Unit Commendation are denoted by award stars. The Operational Distinguishing Device, a 5/16 inch silver letter "O" centered on the unit of the uniform ribbon, is also authorized for units which are presented the decoration for field operations and conditions.

Prior to 2003, the Coast Guard Unit Commendation was subordinate to the Secretary of Transportation Outstanding Unit Award. With the transfer of the Coast Guard to the Department of Homeland Security, the Secretary of Transportation Outstanding Unit Award became obsolete, making the Coast Guard Unit Commendation the senior peacetime award, but junior to the Joint Meritorious Unit Award and the Presidential Unit Citation.

Admiral Paul Zukunft, Commandant, awarded the Coast Guard Unit Commendation to the Coast Guard Auxiliary on June 23, 2014, for members active from June 24, 2009, to June 23, 2014. "Beyond the day to day, the Auxiliary has been there as part of the Coast Guard's total force in every major disaster," said Coast Guard Commandant ADM Zukunft at the ceremony. "During disasters, the Auxiliary takes action to provide air support, conduct search and rescue, fix aids to navigation, conduct public affairs and augment units at home stations whose responders are deployed." References: ALAUX 011/14; COMDTINST M16790.1G (Auxiliary Manual), Chapter 10; and COMDTINST M1650.25D, Medals and Awards Manual.

On the 80th anniversary of the USCG Auxiliary, On May 16, 2019, the US Coast Guard Auxiliary was awarded the Coast Guard Unit Commendation ribbon to all Auxiliarists by Karl Schultz the Commandant of the Coast Guard.

The Coast Guard Auxiliary has been awarded the Coast Guard Unit Commendation a total of seven times:

 * 1) September 9, 1993—For service period October 1991 through November 1992 while engaged in several massive operations including service during  Hurricanes Andrew, Iniki, Typhoon Omar and instances of serious flooding.
 * 2) August 10, 1999 – 60th Anniversary. For service period June 23, 1939 through June 23, 1999.
 * 3) September 1, 2002 – For service period September 11, 2001 through September 1, 2002 with Operational Distinguishing Device (“O”).
 * 4) June 23, 2009 – 70th Anniversary. For service period June 24, 1999 through June 23, 2009.
 * 5) June 24, 2014 – 75th Anniversary. For service period June 24, 2009 through June 23, 2014.
 * 6) May 16, 2019 – 80th Anniversary. For service period June 24, 2014 through June 23, 2019.
 * 7) May 25, 2024 - 85th Anniversary. For service period June 24, 2019 through June 23, 2024.

title: Coast Guard Unit Commendation


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Bob Guiney

Robert Guiney (born May 8, 1971) is an American television personality and insurance carrier consultant for Lincoln Financial. He was a contestant on the first season of The Bachelorette and later, appeared as the bachelor in the fourth season of The Bachelor. He hosted GSN Live from 2009 until the show's ending in 2012.

Life and career
Guiney was born in Riverview, Michigan. He is a 1989 graduate of Riverview Community High School. In 1993, he graduated from Michigan State University, where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity and a walk-on quarterback for Michigan State University's football team.

He started his own branch of a mortgage company, Allied Home Mortgage, with a childhood friend in 1999.

Personal life
Guiney's first appearance on reality television was as a contestant on The Bachelorette, where he was ultimately eliminated by Trista. Although she failed to give him a rose to advance, the two remained friends, and he was invited to her wedding to the winner Ryan Sutter. His popularity on The Bachelorette led to his being cast in 2003 as the bachelor on the fourth season of The Bachelor. In the finale, Guiney chose Estella Gardinier, a California mortgage broker, but they broke up soon after the show aired.

Only a few months later, in July 2004, Guiney married All My Children actress Rebecca Budig at his family's home in Long Lake, Michigan.

Also from Downriver, Michigan, Grosse Ile native Maria Gladowski, then an employee of Disney Consumer Products, engaged Guiney to participate in the worldwide celebration of Mickey Mouse's 75th birthday by asking him to design a 6 ft tall, 750 lb Mickey Mouse statue along with 74 other notable Disney legends, celebrities and sports figures, including Ben Affleck, Ellen Degeneres, Elton John, Kevin Garnett and Tony Hawk. The statue, which showcases Mickey in a Detroit Tiger's uniform and is titled "Good Catch" as a nod to his days on "The Bachelor," debuted at Walt Disney World and then traveled the country before it was auctioned by Sotheby's in 2005 to benefit the charity of Guiney's choice. The statue was purchased by Olympia Entertainment for $8,000 to benefit Starr Commonwealth. To this day, it is proudly displayed at Detroit's Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers. Joining Guiney in the celebration, Detroit native and film and television producer Jerry Bruckheimer's "Slapstick Mouse" showcased Mickey as a Detroit Red Wing and sold for $11,000 to benefit Ilitch Charities for Children.

On January 13, 2010, People Magazine reported that Guiney and Budig had decided to split. In April 2010, Budig filed for divorce. On Friday, July 23, 2010, the divorce was finalized with neither side requesting spousal support or any other financial assistance. They had no children together.

In 2016 Guiney announced he was getting married for the second time to Jessica Canyon. The wedding took place on November 11, 2016 in Punta Mita, Mexico on his father's birthday. His brother-in-law JD DeMare got ordained to marry Guiney and Canyon.

Prior to The Bachelor, Guiney was in a Lansing, Michigan-based band called "Fat Amy". The band split up in 2000 but reunited as the Bob Guiney Band to record the album 3 Sides, which was released in 2003. The album entered the Nielsen SoundScan album chart at 114 but by November 30, only around 21,000 copies had been sold and by December 7 the album dropped out of the chart's top 200 list.

Guiney published a book in 2003, titled What a Difference a Year Makes: How Life's Unexpected Setbacks Can Lead to Unexpected Joy, describing his life leading up to his appearance on The Bachelorette, and the lessons he learned from his family and friends as he went through a divorce in the previous year.

Guiney also performs with the Band From TV, a band of actors from various American television shows who donate the proceeds of their performances and recordings to charities of their choice. Members of the band include Greg Grunberg, James Denton, Hugh Laurie, Adrian Pasdar, Scott Grimes, Andy Patalan and Jesse Spencer. Guiney currently hosts a real estate makeover show, Date My House for TLC.

title: Bob Guiney


text: User talk:193.253.238.172

title: User talk:193.253.238.172


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Upper Bann (UK Parliament constituency)

Upper Bann is a parliamentary constituency in Northern Ireland, which is represented in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The current MP is Carla Lockhart (DUP)

Constituency profile
Upper Bann includes the post-industrial towns of Portadown, Craigavon, and Lurgan.

Boundaries
1983–1997: The District of Craigavon, and the District of Banbridge wards of Ballydown, Central, Edenderry, Gilford, Laurencetown, Loughbrickland, and Seapatrick.

1997–present: The District of Craigavon, and the District of Banbridge wards of Ballydown, Banbridge West, Edenderry, Fort, Gilford, Lawrencetown, Loughbrickland, Seapatrick, and The Cut.

The seat was created in boundary changes in 1983, as part of an expansion of Northern Ireland's constituencies from 12 to 17, and was predominantly made up from parts of Armagh and South Down. It was barely changed in further revisions in 1995 and covers the entirety of the district of Craigavon as well as part of Banbridge.

In 2005, the Boundary Commission published provisional recommendations for modifying the boundaries of constituencies in Northern Ireland. It proposed transferring two small parts of Upper Bann to South Down and Lagan Valley. Following public consultation, the Commission revised its proposals which were finally passed through Parliament by means of the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Constituencies Order.

History
For the history of the equivalent constituencies prior to 1950 please see Armagh (UK Parliament constituency) and Down (UK Parliament constituency) and from 1950 until 1983, please see also South Down.

The constituency has a unionist majority, though the combined votes for nationalist parties have reached around 35% in elections. The Ulster Unionist Party has traditionally been dominant though it has been supplanted by the Democratic Unionist Party in recent years. The constituency contains Portadown and Drumcree, key locations for the Orange Order and elections to both local councils and the Northern Ireland Assembly have seen independent candidates standing on issues related to Orange Order parades performing well.

In 1990 the sitting MP, Harold McCusker, died and the subsequent by-election was noticeable as for the first time since the early 1970s two major UK political parties stood in a Northern Ireland parliamentary election, the Conservatives and the rump of the Social Democratic Party. However the result was disappointing for the Conservatives, whilst the SDP polled a mere 154 votes. In that by-election David Trimble was elected and five years later he became leader of the Ulster Unionist Party. Trimble's leadership came in for much criticism from the rival Democratic Unionist Party and they strongly targeted the area.

In the 2001 general election there was a strong rumour that the DUP leader Ian Paisley would contest the seat himself, in the hope of unseating Trimble, but in the event he stayed in his North Antrim constituency and the DUP instead nominated David Simpson. The campaign was amongst the most bitter in the entire province, with Trimble coming in for fierce personal attacks. He benefitted, however, from the decision of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland not to contest the seat themselves but instead support them. When the results were counted Simpson was initially ahead and many believed he had won, but Trimble pulled ahead to hold the seat on a narrow majority of 2058.

In the subsequent 2003 assembly election the DUP were only 386 votes behind the UUP. Then in the 2005 general election Trimble was defeated by Simpson. Simpson retained his seat in the 2010 general election, although the UUP vote has remained fairly static. The nationalist vote had continued to grow until the 2019 general election, which could have made this seat a possible battleground between nationalists and unionists.

Members of Parliament
The previous Member of Parliament, since the 2005 general election, was David Simpson of the Democratic Unionist Party. In that election he defeated David Trimble, then leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, who had held the seat since a 1990 by-election. Simpson stood down at the 2019 general election. He was succeeded by Carla Lockhart, also of the DUP.

title: Upper Bann (UK Parliament constituency)


text: User talk:65.204.103.22

title: User talk:65.204.103.22


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William Christie

William Christie may refer to:

 * William Christie (Unitarian) (1748–1823), Scottish Unitarian writer
 * William Harvie Christie (1808–1873), Australian army officer and politician
 * William Christie (dean of Moray, Ross and Caithness) (1816–1885), Scots Episcopal priest and first dean of the United Diocese
 * William Dougal Christie (1816–1874), British Member of Parliament and diplomat
 * William J. Christie (1824–1899), Canadian politician and Hudson's Bay Company employee
 * William Mellis Christie (1829–1900), Scottish-born cookie company founder in Canada
 * William Christie (Conservative politician) (1830–1913), British Member of Parliament for Lewes, 1874–1885
 * William Christie (astronomer) (1845–1922), British astronomer
 * William Christie (dean of Brechin) (1858–1931), Scots Episcopal priest and son of the above Dean of Moray
 * William Christie (Ulster politician) (1913–2008), British politician
 * William Christie (musician) (born 1944), American-born French conductor and harpsichordist

title: William Christie


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Em (Cyrillic)

Em (М м; italics: М м ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

Em commonly represents the bilabial nasal consonant, like the pronunciation of $⟨m⟩$ in "him". Common Glagolitic script is "Ⰿ and Ⱞ"

It is derived from the Greek letter Mu (Μ μ).

Usage
As used in the alphabets of various languages, Em represents the following sounds:
 * bilabial nasal consonant, like the pronunciation of $⟨m⟩$ in "him" or meet
 * palatalized bilabial nasal consonant

The pronunciations shown in the table are the primary ones for each language; for details consult the articles on the languages.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Μ μ: Μ|Greek letter Mu
 * M m: M|Latin letter M
 * Ӎ ӎ: Ӎ|Cyrillic letter Em with tail

title: Em (Cyrillic)


text:
En (Cyrillic)

En (Н н; italics: Н н ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

It commonly represents the dental nasal consonant, like the pronunciation of $⟨n⟩$ in "neat".

History
The Cyrillic letter En was derived from the Greek letter Nu (Ν ν).

The name of En in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (našĭ), meaning "ours".

Form
The capital Cyrillic letter En looks exactly the same as the capital H|Latin letter H but, as with most Cyrillic letters, the lowercase form is simply a smaller version of the uppercase. Rather than from the Greek letter Eta, from which Latin H originated, the Cyrillic letter En $⟨Н⟩$ was derived from the Greek letter Nu. By exception, the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet used N and ɴ, instead of Н and н. The confusion between the two characters forms part of the plot of the Agatha Christie novel Murder on the Orient Express. It is possible that the reason En has a horizontal bar, like H, instead of a diagonal line, is to avoid confusion with the letter И, which looks similar to Nu.

Utilization
The letter "N" is one of the symbols of the movement of supporters of Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Ν ν : Ν|Greek letter Nu
 * N n : N|Latin letter N
 * Њ њ : Њ|Cyrillic letter Nje
 * Η η : Η|Greek letter Eta
 * H h : H|Latin letter H
 * ʜ : ʜ|Latin letter small capital H

title: En (Cyrillic)


text:
Pe (Cyrillic)

Pe (П п; italics: П п ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

It commonly represents the unaspirated voiceless bilabial plosive, like the pronunciation of $⟨p⟩$ in "spin".

History
The Cyrillic letter Pe was derived from the Greek letter Pi (Π π). The name of Pe in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (pokoi), meaning "peaceful state".

In the Cyrillic numeral system, Pe had a value of 80.

Form
The capital Cyrillic letter Pe looks exactly like the Greek capital Pi from which it is derived, and small Pe looks like a smaller version of the same, though with a less prominent horizontal bar (Greek Π π > Cyrillic П п). Pe is not to be confused with the Cyrillic letter El (Л л; italics: Л л ), which has a hook on its left leg in some fonts (in others El resembles the Greek Lambda (Λ)).

In italics and handwriting, capital Pe looks identical to the Greek capital Pi in these forms. The lowercase forms, however, differ among the languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet. Small italic Cyrillic Pe $⟨п⟩$ in the majority of fonts or handwritten styles looks like the small italic Latin N $⟨n⟩$. In handwritten Serbian, however, it appears as a Latin U $⟨u⟩$ with a bar over it $⟨ū⟩$.

Usage
As used in the alphabets of various languages, Pe represents the following sounds:
 * voiceless bilabial plosive, like the pronunciation of $⟨p⟩$ in "pack"
 * palatalized voiceless bilabial plosive

The pronunciations shown in the table are the primary ones for each language; for details consult the articles on the languages.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Π π : Greek letter Pi
 * Ԥ ԥ : Cyrillic letter Pe with descender
 * Ҧ ҧ : Cyrillic letter Pe with middle hook
 * Л л : Cyrillic letter El
 * N n : N|Latin letter N
 * P p : P|Latin letter P
 * Р р : Р|Cyrillic letter Er

title: Pe (Cyrillic)


text:
Beqaa Governorate

Beqaa (البقاع Al-Biqā') is a governorate in Lebanon.

Districts
Since 2014, Beqaa Governorate contains three districts:
 * West Beqaa
 * Rashaya
 * Zahle

A law was passed in 2003 to separate Baalbek District and Hermel District from Beqaa Governorate to form a new governorate, Baalbek-Hermel Governorate. Implementation of Baalbek-Hermel began in 2014 with the appointment of its first governor.

Demographics
According to voter registration data, the governorate is approximately 41% Christian to 52% Muslim to 7% Druze (313505 voters).

In the district (qadaa) of Zahlé (meaning an area much greater than that of the city proper), Christians form a majority of 55% of voters (172555 in total). In the district of West Beqaa-Rashaya (the two are combined as an electoral district), Christians account for 22.22% of voters (140950 in total).

title: Beqaa Governorate


text:
Te (Cyrillic)

Te (Т т; italics: Т т ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiceless alveolar plosive, like the pronunciation of $⟨t⟩$ in "stop". In most cursive writing, lowercase Te looks like the Latin lowercase m.

History
The Cyrillic letter Te was derived from the Greek letter Tau (Τ τ).

The name of Te in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (tvrdo), meaning "hard" or "surly".

In the Cyrillic numeral system, Te has a value of 300.

Form
The capital Cyrillic letter Te (Т т) looks the same as the capital T|Latin letter T (T t) but, as with most Cyrillic letters, the lowercase form is simply a smaller version of the uppercase.

In italic type and cursive, the lowercase form $⟨т⟩$ looks like the italic form of the lowercase Latin M $⟨m⟩$, except in Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian usage where it looks like an inverted lowercase Latin M, with a stroke above to distinguish it from the otherwise identical italic lowercase letter Sha $⟨ш⟩$, which is sometimes written with a stroke below. Compare the 5th letter pair in the 4th row with the last letter pair of the chart.

The cursive form of the capital letter Te can also be seen in the chart following the lower case letter.

In some old materials, the lowercase form $⟨т⟩$ has two variants: on the Trebnik of Metropolitan Peter and the Ostrog Bible this letter has a taller variant looks like number 7 ; on some vernacular Russian publications up to the mid-19th century, this letter have been found as a variant resembling a turned Sha. Both of them were encoded in the Unicode Standard in June 2016 with the release of version 9.0.

Usage
As used in the alphabets of various languages, Te represents the following sounds:
 * voiceless alveolar plosive, like the pronunciation of $⟨t⟩$ in "tick"
 * palatalized voiceless alveolar plosive

The pronunciations shown in the table are the primary ones for each language; for details consult the articles on the languages.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Τ τ : Greek letter Tau
 * T t : T|Latin letter T
 * Ҭ ҭ : Cyrillic letter Ҭ
 * Ԏ ԏ : Cyrillic letter Komi Tje
 * Ћ ћ : Cyrillic Tshe

title: Te (Cyrillic)


text: User talk:205.142.0.75

title: User talk:205.142.0.75


text:
Kha (Cyrillic)

Kha, Khe, Xe or Ha (Х х; italics: Х х ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It looks the same as the X|Latin letter X (X x X x ), in both uppercase and lowercase, both roman and italic forms, and was derived from the Greek letter Chi, which also bears a resemblance to both the Latin X and Kha.

It commonly represents the voiceless velar fricative, similar to how some Scottish speakers pronounce the $⟨ch⟩$ in “loch”, but has different pronunciations in different languages.

Kha is romanised as $⟨kh⟩$ for Russian, Ukrainian, Mongolian, and Tajik, and as $⟨ch⟩$ for Belarusian, while being romanised as $⟨h⟩$ for Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Kazakh. It is also romanised as $⟨j⟩$ for Spanish.

History
The Cyrillic letter Kha was derived from the Greek letter Chi (Χ χ).

The name of Kha in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (xěrŭ).

In the Cyrillic numeral system, Kha has a value of 600.

Russian
Kha is the twenty-third letter of the Russian alphabet. It represents the voiceless velar fricative unless it is before a palatalizing vowel, when it represents.

Ossetian
Kha represents the voiceless uvular fricative in Ossetian. The digraph ⟨хъ⟩ represents the voiceless uvular plosive.

Belarusian
Kha is also an alternative transliteration of the letter خ Ḫāʼ in the Arabic alphabet. This was used in Belarusian Arabic script, corresponding to the above Cyrillic letter.

Ukrainian
Kha is the twenty-sixth letter of the Ukrainian alphabet. It represents the voiceless velar fricative /x/.

Figurative meanings of "хѣръ"

 * Because of the shape of the letter X, its name kher was often used to refer to something cross-shaped: Dahl mentions "the game of kheriki-oniki" (crosses and zeros) and the expression "legs like kher" as the opposite of "bowlegged", "legs like a wheel". From this also comes the word pokherovat (originally, to cross out crosswise; cf. in N. S. Leskov: Vladika crossed out the consistory's decision on the appointment of the investigation with a kher.
 * Being the first letter of the vulgar and obscene word for the male genital organ, the word kher has been actively used as its euphemism since the 19th century. As a result, by the 1990s in the USSR, the word "kher" and its derivatives (e.g., "pokherit") were perceived as taboo by many people, as the original names of Cyrillic letters had been forgotten by the majority of the population. This fact has also affected the use of the word "kher" in the post-Soviet era, despite the change of attitude towards obscene vocabulary. Nevertheless, the portal Gramota.ru notes that "the word kher and all derivatives of it do not belong to obscene words".

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Χ χ : Χ|Greek letter Chi
 * Ξ ξ : Ξ|Greek letter Ksi
 * H h : H|Latin letter H
 * J j : J|Latin letter J
 * X x : X|Latin letter X
 * ﺥ : ﺥ|Arabic or Persian letter Ḫāʾ
 * Һ һ : Һ|Cyrillic letter Ha
 * Ѯ ѯ : Ѯ|Cyrillic letter Ksi
 * ख़ : ख|Devanagari letter Ḵẖa
 * ਖ਼ : Gurumukhi letter Ḵẖa
 * Ⲏ ⲏ : Coptic letter He

title: Kha (Cyrillic)


text:
Rebecca Budig

Rebecca Budig is an American actress and television presenter. Her career began in 1993, and in 1995, she was cast in the role of Michelle Bauer on the CBS soap opera Guiding Light. In 1999, she was cast as Greenlee Smythe on the ABC soap opera All My Children; she held the role off-and-on until the network series finale in 2011. In 2015, she was cast in the role of Hayden Barnes on General Hospital. In 2019, Budig was cast on L.A.'s Finest, as Carlene Hart, a drug-trafficking soccer mom.

Early life and education
Budig was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the daughter of Mary Jo, a homemaker, and George Budig, a businessman. She was raised in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky. She graduated from the Cincinnati Public Schools School for Creative and Performing Arts (SCPA) and later went on to major in zoology at Miami University in Ohio. In 1993, Budig moved to Los Angeles, California, to pursue an acting career. While there, she began studying with acting coaches Howard Fine and Jay Goldenberg at the Howard Fine Acting Studio and at the Young Actors Space, respectively.

Career
Budig's first acting job was in Aerosmith's music video "Livin' on the Edge". She later had a cameo role as a teenage girl saved by Chris O'Donnell's character Dick Grayson in Batman Forever.

In 1995, Budig auditioned for the role of Kelsey Jefferson on All My Children, but received an offer from Guiding Light, where she began her three-year stint as Michelle Bauer from (1995 to 1998).

Budig played the role of Patty in Captain Nuke and the Bomber Boys in 1995. She then portrayed Babsy in the 1996 film God's Lonely Man, followed by James Dean: A Race with Destiny where she played actress Natalie Wood and Bonehead Detectives in the Paleo World where she played Allie. Both films were released in 1997.

Budig's most famous role has been that of the spoiled, rich girl-turned-makeup company executive Greenlee Smythe on All My Children—a role which she originated on August 11, 1999. Greenlee was supposed to be a recurring role, but executives enjoyed Budig and offered her a three-year contract. While on All My Children, Budig garnered accolades from fans and press for her performance on the soap opera, as well as her character's pairing with Josh Duhamel's Leo du Pres. She was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2001 and again in 2003. Her onscreen pairing with Duhamel earned them a Daytime Emmy Award nomination as well, for America's Favorite Couple in 2002. She was often called "Little Budig" by Duhamel, who had given her the nickname. In 2003, Budig won a Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Younger Lead Actress. In November 2005, Budig left the show to relocate to California.

Other notable roles include co-hosting The Sports Illustrated for Kids Show. Budig worked for the World Wrestling Federation as an interviewer for a short time on Sunday Night HEAT in 2000. She has made appearances on Out of Practice, as well as on Hope & Faith. She did a movie called The Perfect Child (2007) featured on Lifetime with the leading role as Sarah Daniels. In addition, Budig has been seen on CSI playing a role as a murdered lap dancer (Season 8, Episodes 9 & 10).

It was confirmed in late 2007 that Budig would be returning to All My Children as Greenlee Smythe, the role she originated. She had been replaced by another actress Sabine Singh earlier that year. She returned to the show in January 2008. However, she signed a limited contract with the show. Later, while rumors circulated of Budig's departure, she confirmed in October 2008 that she would be leaving the series again in February 2009. Budig cited the reason for her departure as wanting to return to the West Coast to be with her husband. Budig returned to 'All My Children in late December 2009 (when the show relocated production to Los Angeles), and remained with the series until its series finale in September 2011.

In 2010, Budig won the first and only season of the ABC show Skating with the Stars. The show paired celebrities with professional ice skaters, who competed each week. Since September 2013, she began co-hosting the syndicated lifestyle television show Better, alongside JD Roberto. In 2012, she appeared with Janeane Garofalo in the comedic movie Bad Parents. In February 2015, it was announced that Budig had been cast on General Hospital in an unknown "killer" role. She debuted the role of Hayden Barnes on March 20, 2015. On June 27, 2017, it was announced that Budig had been let go from General Hospital, with her dismissal cited as a "storyline necessity". On May 9, 2019, it was announced that she would reprise the role of Hayden Barnes on General Hospital. On June 27, 2019, it was announced that Budig would return in July; returning during the final moments of the July 8, 2019, episode. However, on November 20, 2019, Budig's exit was confirmed once more; she made her last appearance on November 27, 2019.

Personal life
Budig is the youngest of eight children. She has five sisters and two brothers. In 2000, Budig married Dr. Daniel Geller; the marriage only lasted several months. She met former Bachelor star Bob Guiney while hosting The Bachelor repeat shows on ABC Family. The two were married on July 3, 2004. On January 13, 2010, People Magazine reported that Budig and Guiney had decided to split, with Budig filing for divorce in April 2010.

Budig became engaged to television marketing executive Michael Benson on Christmas Day in 2010. The pair married in 2012. On May 1, 2014, Budig announced that she was five months pregnant with the couple's first baby. On September 8, 2014, Budig gave birth to a daughter.

title: Rebecca Budig


text:
Che (Cyrillic)

Che, Cha or Chu (Ч ч; italics: Ч ч ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

It commonly represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate, like $⟨tch⟩$ in "switch" or $⟨ch⟩$ in "choice".

In English, it is romanized most often as $⟨ch⟩$ but sometimes as $⟨tch⟩$, like in French. In German, it can be transcribed as $⟨tsch⟩$. In linguistics, it is transcribed as $⟨č⟩$ so "Tchaikovsky" (Чайковский in Russian) may be transcribed as Chaykovskiy or Čajkovskij.

Form
The letter Che (Ч ч) resembles an upside-down lowercase H|Latin H, as well as resembling the digit 4, especially in digital or open-ended form.

History
The name of Che in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (črĭvĭ), meaning "worm".

In the Cyrillic numeral system, Che had a value of 90.

Slavic languages
In all Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet, except Russian, Che represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate.

In Russian, Che usually represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate, like the Mandarin pronunciation of j in pinyin. However, in a few words, it is pronounced as, like in лучше. Ч/ч is also pronounced as in Serbian, as the Serbian letter Ћ/ћ is used for the  sound.

In Russian, in a few words, it represents (like English $⟨sh⟩$  in "shape"): что, чтобы, нарочно.

In China
The 1955 version of Hanyu pinyin contained the Che for the sound [tɕ] (for which later the letter j was used), apparently because of its similarity to the Bopomofo letterㄐ.

The Latin Zhuang alphabet used a modified Hindu-Arabic numeral 4, strongly resembling Che, from 1957 to 1986 to represent the fourth (falling) tone. In 1986, it was replaced by the Latin letter X.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * 4 : 4 - Number that very closely resembles Che, especially in digital or open ended form
 * C c : C|Latin letter C - the same sound in Malay, Indonesian, Italian
 * Č č : Č|Latin letter C with caron
 * Ç ç : Ç|Latin letter C with cedilla - an Albanian, Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Turkish, and Turkmen letter
 * Ĉ ĉ : Ĉ|Latin letter C with circumflex, used in Esperanto language
 * Tx : Digraph Tx, used in Basque and Catalan.
 * Ch : Digraph Ch
 * Cs : Digraph Cs
 * Cz : Digraph Cz
 * Ҷ ҷ : Ҷ|Cyrillic letter Che with descender
 * Ӵ ӵ : Ӵ|Cyrillic letter Che with diaeresis
 * Ҹ ҹ : Ҹ|Cyrillic letter Che with vertical stroke
 * Ꚇ ꚇ : Cyrillic letter Cche
 * Ɥ ɥ : Latin letter turned H
 * Վ վ : Վ|Armenian letter Vev
 * Կ կ : Կ|Armenian letter Ken

Explanatory footnotes
In some varieties of Western Cyrillic, Ҁ was used for 90, and Ч was used for 60 instead of Ѯ.

title: Che (Cyrillic)


text:
Talk:Torsion

Untitled
I removed

torsion
I am quite sure that torsion is T = ((r` x r``) * r```) / ( (r` x r`` )^2 ) So the denominator is square. I don't know mathml so somebody please fix it. (or tell me that I am wrong, but I am not.

arnyek

You are quite right, thank you. It's very embarrassing that mistakes like that survive for months in Wikipedia. I guess it's also a strong argument against math tex mode, templates and similar gimmicks: they significantly increase the hurdle to contribute and fix stuff on the spot. AxelBoldt 20:34, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Disambig
Should we move this page to say, Torsion (Mathematics), and make the Torsion page a diambig? (see the other meanings unrelated to maths at the bottom of the page). Enochlau 03:22, 24 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I separated them into sections. I think they should be on the same page, as they (at least the math and mechanics aspects) are similar in concept. --Apoc2400 00:01, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Torsion in horses
Torsion in horses normally means torsion of the bowel, and is an extremely serious and often fatal condition, see for example. Andrewa (talk) 06:25, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.understanding-horse-nutrition.com/equine-colic.html
 * http://www.liv.ac.uk/equinecolic/volvulus.htm

title: Talk:Torsion


text:
User talk:192.25.140.133

Nomination of PabloDraw for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article PabloDraw is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/PabloDraw& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. HyperAccelerated (talk) 21:41, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:192.25.140.133


text:
Shcha

Shcha (Щ щ; italics: Щ щ ), Shta, Scha, Šče or Sha with descender is a letter of the Cyrillic script. In Russian, it represents the long voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative, similar to the pronunciation of $⟨sh⟩$ in Welsh-sheep. In Ukrainian and Rusyn, it represents the consonant cluster, something like cash-chest. In Bulgarian, it represents the consonant cluster. Most other non-Slavic languages written in Cyrillic use this letter to spell the few loanwords that use it or foreign names; it is usually pronounced, an approximation of the Russian pronunciation of the letter, and is often omitted when teaching those languages.

In English, Russian Shcha is romanized as $⟨shch⟩$, $⟨ŝ⟩$, $⟨šč⟩$ (with háčeks) or occasionally as $⟨sch⟩$, all reflecting the historical Russian pronunciation of the letter (as a combined Ш and Ч). English-speaking learners of Russian are often instructed to pronounce it in this way although it is no longer the standard pronunciation in Russian (it still is in Ukrainian and Rusyn, as above). The letter Щ in Russian and Ukrainian corresponds to ШЧ in related words in Belarusian.

History
The Cyrillic letter Shcha was derived from the Glagolitic letter Shta.

The name in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (šta) and is preserved in modern Bulgarian; it is pronounced штъ.

This letter was also used in Komi (⟨Ч⟩ was & still is used for /t͡ɕ/), which is now represented by the digraph $\langleтш\rangle$.

Form
The form of the letter Shcha is the letter Cyrillic Sha (Ш ш) with a descender. While the letter is considered to be a ligature of the letters Ш and Т, the descender (also used in Ц) has been reinterpreted as a diacritic and used in several letters for non-Slavic languages, such as Ң and Қ.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Ш ш : Ш|Cyrillic letter Sha
 * С́ с́ : Montenegrin Sje
 * Ŝ ŝ : Latin letter Ŝ
 * Ś ś : Latin letter Ś

title: Shcha


text:
O (Cyrillic)

O (О о; italics: О о ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

The letter most commonly represents the sound /ɔ/, like the o in "off". In Russian and Serbo-Croatian, it represents the sound /o/.

History

The Cyrillic letter О was derived from the Greek letter Omicron (Ο ο).

Modern fonts
In modern-style typefaces, the Cyrillic letter O looks exactly like the O|Latin letter O $\langleO o\rangle$ and the Greek letter Omicron $\langleΟ ο\rangle$.

Church Slavonic printed fonts and Slavonic manuscripts
Historical typefaces (like poluustav (semi-uncial), a standard font style for the Church Slavonic typography) and old manuscripts represent several additional glyph variants of Cyrillic O, both for decorative and orthographic (sometimes also "hieroglyphic" ) purposes, namely:
 * broad variant (Ѻ/ѻ), used mostly as a word initial letter (see Broad On for more details);
 * narrow variant, being used now in Synodal Church Slavonic editions as the first element of digraph Oy/oy (see Uk (Cyrillic) for more details), and in the editions of Old Believers for unstressed "o" as well;
 * variant with a cross inside (Crossed O), Ꚛ, used in certain manuscripts as the initial letter of words окрестъ 'around, nearby' (the root of this Slavonic word, крест, means 'cross') and округъ 'district, neighbourhood' with their derivatives;
 * "eyed" variant (Monocular O) with a dot inside (Ꙩ/ꙩ), used in certain manuscripts in spelling of word око 'eye' and its derivatives. In many other texts, including the birchbark letters, the monocular O was not used as a hieroglyph but largely as a synonym of Broad On signalling the word-initial position;
 * "two-eyed" variants (Binocular O) with two dots inside (Ꙫ/ꙫ or Ꙭ/ꙭ), also double "O" without dots inside were used in certain manuscripts in spelling of dual/plural forms of the words with the same root 'eye';
 * "many-eyed" variant (Multiocular O), ꙮ, used in certain manuscripts in spelling of the same root when embedded into word многоочитый 'many-eyed' (an attribute of seraphim).

Usage
In Russian, O is used word-initially, after another vowel, and after non-palatalized consonants. Because of a vowel reduction processes, the Russian phoneme may have a number of pronunciations in unstressed syllables, including  and.

In Macedonian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, the letter represents the sound /ɔ/.

In Tuvan the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel. It's the most common letter in the Russian language.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Ο ο : Ο|Greek letter Omicron
 * O o : O|Latin letter O
 * 0 : Digit Zero
 * Ё ё : Ё|Cyrillic letter Yo
 * Ѻ ѻ : Ѻ|Cyrillic letter Broad On
 * Ӧ ӧ : Ӧ|Cyrillic letter O with diaeresis
 * Ө ө : Ө|Cyrillic letter Oe
 * Ӫ ӫ : Ӫ|Cyrillic letter Oe with diaeresis
 * Ҩ ҩ : Ҩ|Cyrillic letter O-hook

Computing codes
Exotic glyph variants of Cyrillic O are available only in Unicode:
 * broad Ѻ/ѻ:
 * CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ROUND OMEGA: U+047A
 * CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ROUND OMEGA: U+047B
 * narrow ᲂ does not just represent itself, but also used in digraph Oy/oy:
 * CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O: U+1C82
 * CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER UK: U+0478 (deprecated in favor of combination of Cyrillic letters О and у, U+041E U+0443)
 * CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UK: U+0479 (deprecated in favor of combination of Cyrillic letters о and у, U+043E U+0443 or U+1C82 U+0443)
 * with a cross inside (Ꚛ/ꚛ):
 * CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CROSSED O: U+A69A
 * CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CROSSED O: U+A69B
 * doubled Ꚙ/ꚙ:
 * CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DOUBLE O: U+A698
 * CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DOUBLE O: U+A699
 * eyed Ꙩ/ꙩ:
 * CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER MONOCULAR O: U+A668
 * CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER MONOCULAR O: U+A669
 * two-eyed (Ꙫ/ꙫ, Ꙭ/ꙭ):
 * CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BINOCULAR O: U+A66A
 * CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BINOCULAR O: U+A66B
 * CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DOUBLE MONOCULAR O: U+A66C
 * CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DOUBLE MONOCULAR O: U+A66D
 * many-eyed ꙮ:
 * CYRILLIC LETTER MULTIOCULAR O: U+A66E
 * combining O for Church Slavonic abbreviations (as =  '(Holy) Trinity'):
 * COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER O: 2DEA

title: O (Cyrillic)


text:
Mary Cheney

Mary Claire Cheney (born March 14, 1969) is the younger of the two daughters of Dick Cheney, the 46th vice president of the United States and 17th United States secretary of defense, and Lynne Cheney. She is involved with a number of political action committees. She married her wife, Heather Poe, in 2012, and was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case in 2013.

Early life and education
Cheney was born in Madison, Wisconsin. She attended McLean High School in McLean, Virginia, graduating in the class of 1987. Following that, she attended Colorado College, her mother and sister's alma mater, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, and graduated in 1991. She earned a graduate business degree from the University of Denver in 2002.

Career
In 1993, she became one of the first employees of the Colorado Rockies baseball team, working in promotions when the team began playing in Denver; thereafter, she was a public relations manager for the Coors Brewing Company, and worked as a gay outreach coordinator, helping to end a national Coors strike and boycott by gays.

She has been one of her father's top campaign aides and closest confidantes. In July 2003, she became the Director of Vice Presidential Operations for the Bush re-election campaign in 2004.

Cheney was vice president of standards and practices at AOL, leaving in 2007.

Personal life
Mary Cheney has been with her wife, Heather Poe, since 1992.

Cheney has voiced support for same-sex marriage, and has been credited with encouraging her father's approval of it, which he has publicly supported since leaving the vice presidency.

In December 2006, Mary Cheney was reported to be pregnant. She and Poe were said to be "ecstatic" about the baby. "The vice president and Mrs. Cheney are looking forward with eager anticipation to the arrival of their sixth grandchild," spokesperson Lea Anne McBride said on December 5.

On January 31, 2007, in a forum by Glamour Magazine at Barnard College of Columbia University, Mary Cheney stated that: "This is a baby... This is a blessing from God. It is not a political statement. It is not a prop to be used in a debate by people on either side of an issue. It is my child." She gave birth to her first child, a son, in May 2007.

Cynthia Leive, editor in chief of Glamour, asked Cheney if she had anything to say to critics like James Dobson, who has denounced same-sex marriage and LGBT people raising children. Cheney accused Dobson of distorting the research he cited, and added: "Every piece of remotely responsible research that has been done in the last 20 years has shown there is no difference between children raised by same-sex parents and children raised by opposite-sex parents; what matters is being raised in a stable, loving environment." She also said that Dobson was entitled to his opinion, "but he's not someone whose endorsement I have ever drastically sought".

Cheney gave birth to her second child, a daughter, on November 18, 2009. Cheney and Poe were married on June 22, 2012, in Washington, D.C. The family resides in Great Falls, Virginia.

Dispute with Liz Cheney
In 2013, Mary Cheney's older sister Liz, who was running for a Senate seat in Wyoming, stated during an interview on Fox News Sunday that she did not support same-sex marriage. In response, Mary Cheney denounced her sister's remarks, writing in a Facebook post, "Either you think all families should be treated equally or you don't. Liz's position is to treat my family as second-class citizens." Mary subsequently said she would not support her sister's candidacy and would boycott visiting the rest of the Cheney family for Christmas that year.

In 2013, her wife Heather Poe wrote a Facebook post stating, "Liz has been a guest in our home, has spent time and shared holidays with our children, and when Mary and I got married in 2012 – she didn't hesitate to tell us how happy she was for us. To have her now say she doesn't support our right to marry is offensive to say the least."

In 2015, when asked if she and her sister had mended their relationship, Mary Cheney said, "I don't have to answer that." However, in 2021, Liz told 60 Minutes they had reconciled after she admitted to Mary that she had been wrong in her views on same-sex marriage.

2000 presidential campaign
In 2000, the Bush-Cheney presidential campaign freely discussed Liz Cheney's marriage and children, but were silent about Mary Cheney's private life. Nevertheless, Cheney's sexual orientation was publicly known, and some considered her presence during the campaign as bolstering, providing the Republican ticket with a "compassionate conservative" image. During an interview with Lynne Cheney, Cokie Roberts brought up the topic of Mary Cheney's having declared herself gay. Lynne Cheney responded by stating that "Mary has never declared such a thing", and criticized Roberts and the media for their interest in the story.

In 2002, Mary Cheney joined the Republican gay-straight alliance Republican Unity Coalition and said that sexual orientation should be "a non-issue" for the Republican Party. Cheney resigned from the RUC's board and in July 2003 became the director of vice presidential operations for the Bush-Cheney 2004 re-election campaign.

Federal Marriage Amendment
In 2004, public attention focused again on Cheney's sexuality, when the Bush administration supported the Federal Marriage Amendment, a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that would limit marriage to heterosexual couples and ban civil unions and domestic partnership benefits. Cheney did not publicly express her opinion of the amendment at the time. In her 2006 autobiography Now It's My Turn, Cheney stated her opposition to the amendment. However, at the time, she remained silent to support Bush's re-election bid. In August 2004, Dick Cheney reiterated the position he took in the 2000 presidential campaign: that the issue should be handled by individual state governments. He added, though, that President Bush determined his administration's policies, and his policy supported the Federal Marriage Amendment.

2004 presidential re-election campaign
During the 2004 Bush-Cheney presidential re-election campaign, Cheney served as her father's director of vice presidential operations, which led to discussion of her sexual orientation making its way into the media again.

The 2004 presidential election debates included mentions of the same-sex marriage debate and referred, initially indirectly, to Cheney. Both Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry and vice-presidential candidate John Edwards mentioned and praised Cheney's openness with regard to her sexual orientation when questioned regarding LGBT issues.

During the Cheney-Edwards vice-presidential debate, moderator Gwen Ifill directed a question to the Vice President in which his daughter was indirectly mentioned:

"I want to read something you said four years ago at this very setting: 'Freedom means freedom for everybody.' You said it again recently when you were asked about legalizing same-sex unions. And you used your family's experience as a context for your remarks. Can you describe then your administration's support for a constitutional ban on same-sex unions?"

- Gwen Ifill

Cheney reiterated his position of four years prior, stating the issue should be left to the states but that he supports the Bush administration. He did not mention his family nor his daughter in his immediate response to the question. In his response, Edwards said:

"I think the vice president and his wife love their daughter. I think they love her very much. And you can't have anything but respect for the fact that they're willing to talk about the fact that they have a gay daughter, the fact that they embrace her. It's a wonderful thing. And there are millions of parents like that who love their children, who want their children to be happy."

- John Edwards

Although he was given 90 seconds to respond to Edwards' comments, Cheney responded succinctly, "Well, Gwen, let me simply thank the senator for the kind words he said about my family and our daughter. I appreciate that very much." Ifill followed up: "That's it?" Cheney replied, "That's it", effectively ending the discussion of his daughter's sexual orientation. At the end of the debate, Mary Cheney appeared on the podium with her partner and the rest of the family.

During the third and final Bush-Kerry presidential debate, moderator Bob Schieffer asked, "Do you believe homosexuality is a choice?" to which Kerry replied, "If you were to talk to Dick Cheney's daughter, who is a lesbian, she would tell you that she's being who she was, she's being who she was born as." In response, Dick Cheney stated, "You saw a man who will say and do anything in order to get elected. And I am not just speaking as a father here, though I am a pretty angry father."

2010 political work
In 2010, Mary Cheney became involved in a network of politically active nonprofit organizations. The network is illustrated in this reference: According to tax forms filed with the Internal Revenue Service, Cheney is a member of the BKM Strategies consulting firm. In 2010, Cheney and two other Republican consultants, Barry Bennett and Kara Ahern, started two nonprofits in the office of BKM Strategies: The Alliance for Freedom and the Alliance for America's Future. In the same year, Cheney and Kara Ahern established a Super PAC, Partnership for America's Future, which is not currently active.

2014 political work
In 2014, Cheney's consulting firm BKM Strategies was apparently responsible for a writing campaign in support of the controversial Keystone XL pipeline. Of the nearly 125,000 comments filed with the U.S. State Department, at least 98,000 contained similar pro-pipeline language and came from individuals listing BKM Strategies as the originating organization, according to the nonprofit Sunlight Foundation.

2006 autobiography
Mary Cheney left the public spotlight after the 2004 election until May 4, 2006, when she was interviewed by Diane Sawyer for ABC News' Primetime program to promote her autobiography, Now It's My Turn. In the book, published in 2006, Cheney discusses how she came out to her parents, recounting her father's initial reaction: "You know, look, you're my daughter and I love you and I just want you to be happy." She also discusses her relationship with her partner, Heather Poe.

Gay rights advocates criticized her for waiting until after the 2004 election to voice her disapproval of the Bush administration's positions on gay rights. During another appearance by Cheney on May 19, 2006, on the Late Show with David Letterman, David Letterman brought up some of the issues raised by the gay community. He asked Cheney why she had waited two years after the 2004 election to speak publicly about gay marriage and LGBT rights, and asked whether she had any input with the Bush administration regarding gay issues. Cheney responded that she did not, and that it had not been her job to do so.

Vice portrayal
Actress Alison Pill portrayed Mary Cheney in the 2018 film Vice, a biographical film about Dick Cheney in which Mary's sexuality is cited as her father's reason for not running for president, because he is portrayed as wanting to protect her from attacks by his opponents in the Republican primaries. Neither Dick nor Mary Cheney provided comments on whether this or other depictions regarding them in the film were accurate.

title: Mary Cheney


text:
U (Cyrillic)

U (У у; italics: У у ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the close back rounded vowel, somewhat like the pronunciation of $\langleoo\rangle$ in "boot" or "rule". The forms of the Cyrillic letter U are similar to the lowercase of the Latin letter Y (Y y; Y y ), with the lowercase Cyrillic letter U's form being identical to that of small Latin letter Y.

History
Historically, Cyrillic U evolved as a specifically East Slavic short form of the digraph $\langleоу\rangle$ used in ancient Slavic texts to represent. The digraph was itself a direct loan from the Greek alphabet, where the combination $\langleου\rangle$ (omicron-upsilon) was also used to represent. Later, the o was removed, leaving the modern upsilon-only form.

Consequently, the form of the letter is derived from Greek upsilon $\langleΥ υ\rangle$, which was parallelly also taken over into the Cyrillic alphabet in another form, as Izhitsa $\langleѴ\rangle$. (The letter Izhitsa was removed from the Russian alphabet in the orthography reform of 1917/19.)

It is normally romanised as "u", but in Kazakh, it is romanised as "w".

In the Cyrillic numeral system, the Cyrillic letter U had a value of 400.

In other languages
In Tuvan the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel.

In certain languages, U is used to mark labialization.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Υ υ : Υ|Greek letter Upsilon
 * U u : U|Latin letter U
 * Y y : Y|Latin letter Y
 * Ў ў : Ў|Cyrillic letter Short U, used in Belarusian, Dungan, Siberian Eskimo (Yuit), Uzbek
 * Ӯ ӯ : Ӯ|Cyrillic letter U with macron, used in Tajik and Carpatho-Rusyn
 * Ӱ ӱ : Ӱ|Cyrillic letter U with diaeresis, used in Altai (Oyrot), Khakas, Gagauz, Khanty, Mari
 * Ӳ ӳ : Ӳ|Cyrillic letter U with double acute, used in Chuvash
 * Ү ү : Ү|Cyrillic letter straight U, used in Mongolian, Kazakh, Tatar, Bashkir, Dungan and other languages
 * Ұ ұ : Ұ|Cyrillic letter Straight U with stroke, used in Kazakh
 * Ꭹ Ꮍ : The syllables gi and mu of the Cherokee syllabary; Ꭹ (gi) notably appearing in the Cherokee self-designation ᏣᎳᎩ (Tsalagi)
 * ע: The Hebrew letter Ayin
 * У̊: Cyrillic letter U with ring,used in shugnhi orthography.

title: U (Cyrillic)


text:
Yery

Yeru or Eru (Ы ы; italics: Ы ы ), usually called Y in modern Russian or Yery or Ery historically and in modern Church Slavonic, is a letter in the Cyrillic script. It represents the close central unrounded vowel (more rear or upper than i) after non-palatalised (hard) consonants in the Belarusian and Russian alphabets, and after any consonant in most of Rusyn standards, where it represents the unrounded close-mid back unrounded vowel sound.

The letter is usually romanised into English and most other West European languages as $⟨y⟩$: Krylov (family name, Крылов). That spelling matches Polish, which uses $⟨y⟩$ to represent a very similar sound. Russian $⟨ы⟩$ is used to transliterate Polish $⟨y⟩$ into Cyrillic: Maryla (Марыля). However, Latin $⟨y⟩$ may be used for other purposes as well (such as for $⟨й⟩$, or as part of digraphs, e.g. $⟨я⟩$).

In most Turkic languages that use Cyrillic, $⟨ы⟩$ represents the close back unrounded vowel /ɯ/, like in Kazakh, Kyrgyz, etc.

Origin

Like many other Cyrillic letters, it was originally from a ligature (which is represented in Unicode as Yeru with Back Yer), formed from Yer $⟨ъ⟩$ and Dotted I $⟨і⟩$ (formerly written either dotless or with two dots) or Izhe ($⟨и⟩$ which formerly resembled $⟨н⟩$). In Medieval manuscripts, it is almost always found as $⟨ъі⟩$ or $⟨ъи⟩$. The modern form $⟨ы⟩$ first occurred in South Slavic manuscripts following the loss of palatalization of word-final and preconsonantal consonants, so the letters $⟨ъ⟩$ and $⟨ь⟩$ became confused; since the end of the 14th century, $⟨ы⟩$ came to be used in East Slavic manuscripts.

Usage
While vowel letters in the Cyrillic alphabet may be divided into iotated and non-iotated pairs (for example, $⟨о⟩$ and $⟨ё⟩$ both represent, the latter denoting a preceding palatalised consonant), $⟨ы⟩$ is more complicated. It appears only after hard consonants, its phonetic value differs from $⟨и⟩$, and there is some scholarly disagreement as to whether or not $⟨ы⟩$ and $⟨и⟩$ denote different phonemes.

In Russian
There are no native Russian words that begin with $⟨ы⟩$ (except for the specific verb ыкать: "to say the $⟨ы⟩$-sound"), but there are many proper and common nouns of non-Russian origin (including some geographical names in Russia) that begin with it: Kim Jong-un (Ким Чен Ын) and Eulji Mundeok (Ыльчи Мундок), a Korean military leader; and Ytyk-Kyuyol (Ытык-Кюёль), Ygyatta (Ыгыатта), a village and a river in Sakha (Yakutia) Republic respectively.

In Ukrainian
In the Ukrainian alphabet, yery is not used since the language lacks the sound. In the Ukrainian alphabet, yery merged with [i] and was phased out in the second half of the 19th century. According to the Ukrainian academician Hryhoriy Pivtorak, the letter was replaced with so called "Cyrillic i" $⟨и⟩$, which in Ukrainian represents the sound, which appeared by the merger of the earlier sounds [ɨ] and [i]. Ukrainian also had newly developed the sound [i] from various origins, which is represented by $⟨i⟩$ ("Cyrillic dotted i"). Yery could be found in several earlier versions of the Ukrainian writing system that were introduced in the 19th century among which were "Pavlovsky writing system", "Slobda Ukraine (New) writing system", and "Yaryzhka".

In Rusyn
In Rusyn, it denotes a sound that is a bit harder than and similar to the Romanian sound î, which is also written â. In some cases, the letter may occur after palatalised consonants (синьый "blue", which never happens in Russian), and it often follows $⟨к⟩$, $⟨г⟩$, $⟨ґ⟩$ and $⟨х⟩$.

In Turkic languages
The letter $⟨ы⟩$ is also used in Cyrillic-based alphabets of several Turkic and Mongolic languages (see the list) for a darker vowel. The corresponding letter in Latin-based scripts are $⟨ı⟩$ (dotless I), and I with bowl (Ь ь).

In Tuvan, the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * И и : И|Cyrillic letter I
 * Й й : Й|Cyrillic letter Short I
 * Ъ ъ : Ъ|Cyrillic letter Yer
 * Ь ь : Cyrillic letter Soft sign
 * Ҍ ҍ : Ҍ|Cyrillic letter semisoft sign
 * Ѣ ѣ : Cyrillic letter yat
 * I ı : Latin letter Dotless I
 * Ь ь : Latin letter I with bowl
 * Ư ư : Ư|Latin letter U with horn, the 26th letter of the Vietnamese alphabet.
 * Y y : Y|Latin letter Y

title: Yery


text:
File:Colin Pitchfork.jpg

Fair use rationale for Colin Pitchfork

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate a section of the article on the person(s) depicted falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * It is unlikely that a freely-licensed image suitable for illustrating the section of the article describing the subject's arrest and incarceration will be found, owing to the nature of the section (unlikely that there are any freely-licensed images taken during this period). As such, the photograph can be reasonably described as "irreplaceable".
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used.
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright.

title: File:Colin Pitchfork.jpg


text:
E (Cyrillic)

Э э (Э э; italics: Э э; also known as backwards ye, from Russian е оборо́тное, ye oborótnoye, ) is a letter found in three Slavic languages: Russian, Belarusian, and West Polesian. It represents the vowels and, as the e in the word "editor". In other Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic script, the sounds are represented by Ye (Е е), which represents in Russian and Belarusian in initial and postvocalic position or  and palatalizes the preceding consonant. This letter closely resembles and should not be confused with the older Cyrillic letter Ukrainian Ye (Є є), of which Э is a reversed version.

In Cyrillic Moldovan, which was used in the Moldovan SSR during the Soviet Union and is still used in Transnistria, the letter corresponds to ă in the Latin Romanian alphabet, and the phoneme [ə]. It is also used in the Cyrillic alphabets used by Mongolian and many Uralic, Caucasian and Turkic languages of the former Soviet Union.

Origin
The letter $\langle\rangle$ originated in the thirteenth century as a variant of $\langle\rangle$, at first, according to Đorđić in superscripted line-final position, but by the end of the century elsewhere as well. In the following centuries it continued to appear sporadically as an uncommon variant of $\langleє\rangle$, but not later than in the fifteenth century amongst the Eastern Slavs it began to be used to indicate initial (uniotated). According to Yefim Karskiy, "Western Russian ustav knows $\langle\rangle$, e.g. in Miscellany of the 15th c. from the Public Library (manuscr. #391) ( etc.), chronicles of 15th-16th cc., Miscellany of Poznań (16th c.), Statut of 1588... It is difficult to say whether it has been developed here independently or it came from South Slavic manuscripts, where $\langle\rangle$ occurs as early as in 13-14th cc." Although the revision of Meletius Smotrytsky’s grammar published in Moscow in 1648 does not include $\langle\rangle$ in its alphabet, it does consistently write (Etymologia), in contrast to  in the first edition of 1619. It was by no means confined to this function in the period, however, as the prevalent spellings (beside ) for modern Russian реестр, майор demonstrate.

In modern Russian
In the specimens of the civil script presented to Peter I in 1708, forms of $\langleэ\rangle$ were included among forms of $\langle\rangle$, but the latter was deleted by Peter. The former was used in some early 18th-century Russian texts, but some authorities of the period considered it superfluous, like Mikhail Lomonosov, on the grounds that "the letter Е, having several different pronunciations, could serve in the pronoun етотъ and the interjection ей" and that it was inappropriate to introduce letters solely for use in loanwords. However, the inclusion of $\langleЭ\rangle$ in its modern function, in the Russian Academy's Dictionary of 1789–94, marks the point from which it can be considered as an established part of the Russian orthographical standard.

There were still some objections to the letter even as late as 1817, when M. T. Kačenovskij was questioning whether "yet another hard э" was necessary when the language already had "a soft ѣ and a hard е".

In contemporary Russian, $\langleэ\rangle$ is used to represent, in initial position (электричество 'electricity') and postvocalic position (дуэль 'duel'). Among such words are only a few native Russian roots: эт- (это 'this is', этот/эта/это 'this (m./f./n.)', эти 'these', поэтому 'thus' etc.), эк- (экий 'what a'), эдак-/этак- (эдак/этак 'that way', эдакий/этакий 'sort of') and a few interjections like эй 'hey', э 'uh, oh', э-э-э 'uh'.

Even though Russian contains a significant number of loanwords in which occurs after a hard (unpalatalised) consonant, it is still the practice to use the letter $\langleе\rangle$ for, : теннис, сепсис (tennis, sepsis). There are few traditional exceptions to that practice among common noun loanwords:
 * the original list (the first half of the 20th century) contained just three words:
 * мэр 'mayor', from French 'maire'
 * пэр 'peer (a noble)', from French 'pair'
 * сэр 'sir', from English or from Old French 'sieur'
 * two later additions (1950s-1960s):
 * мэтр 'master, skilled artist', from French 'maître'
 * пленэр, from French '(en) plein air'
 * new additions (1980s and later) are more numerous:
 * рэкет 'racket, racketeering', from English
 * рэп 'rap (music)', from English
 * фэнтези 'fantasy (literature)', from English
 * and several others; spelling of new words sometimes varies and dictionaries often give variants or contradict one another (like хетчбэк 'hatchback (car)' in spelling dictionary vs хетчбек/хэтчбек in explanatory dictionary ).

In proper nouns, however, $\langleэ\rangle$ may occur after consonants: Улан-Удэ 'Ulan-Ude' and Блэр 'Blair'. However, many such loanwords are spelled with $\langleе\rangle$: Блерио 'Blériot' (a French aviator). That is the case especially for names that entered the language centuries ago like: Берлин, 'Berlin'. The use of $\langleэ\rangle$ is much more frequent for names from non-European languages: Мао Цзэдун 'Mao Zedong'.

The letter $\langleэ\rangle$ is also used in Russian to render initial œ in foreign words: thus Eure (the river in France) is written Эр. After consonants this is transcribed as $\langleё\rangle$. In the 19th century, some writers used $\langleӭ\rangle$ for that sound in both positions, but that was never accepted as standard orthography. (The letter $\langleӭ\rangle$ was re-invented in the 20th century for Kildin Sami.) It is also used to represent a stressed in languages such as English, which can cause a problem of conflating  with English  (for example, "Addison" and "Edison" would be spelled the same). However, in other positions, Russian also uses $\langleа\rangle$ for and $\langleе\rangle$ for.

In modern Belarusian
Unlike Russian, Belarusian has many native words in which it occurs after a hard consonant. Moreover, its orthography was standardized later than that of Russian (which reached its present form at the beginning of the 20th century), on the basis of the spoken language rather than historical tradition. Consequently, $\langleэ\rangle$ and $\langleе\rangle$ are written in accordance with pronunciation: $\langleэ\rangle$ for initial and after hard consonants, $\langleе\rangle$ for initial and postvocalic  and after soft consonants. That also means that $\langleэ\rangle$ is much more frequent in Belarusian than in Russian.

In other languages
In Tuvan the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel.

In the Tajik language, the letters е and э have the same function, except that э is used at the beginning of a word (ex. Эрон, "Iran").

In Mongolian, э is the standard letter to represent the /ɛ/ phoneme. It is often written doubled to represent the /eː/ phoneme. Е, however, is only used in the few Mongolian words containing it, Russian loanwords and Russian-style transcriptions of foreign names.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Е е : Е|Cyrillic letter Ye
 * Є є : Є|Cyrillic letter Ukrainian Ye
 * Ε ε : Ε|Greek letter Epsilon
 * E e : E|Latin letter E
 * É é : É|Latin letter E with acute
 * Ė ė : Ė|Latin letter E with overdot - a Lithuanian letter
 * ℈ : Scruple (Apothecaries' system)
 * € : Euro Sign

title: E (Cyrillic)


text:
Meritorious Team Commendation

The Meritorious Team Commendation (MTC) is a unit award of the United States Coast Guard. Created on 22 December 1993, the Meritorious Team Commendation is awarded for performance of exceptional actions that would normally warrant a Commandant's Letter of Commendation if recognizing an individual. Recognized groups must also display cohesion and teamwork noticeable to upper echelon commanders. The MTC is awarded to groups or teams that are not identifiable by OPFAC as a United States Coast Guard unit. The MTC may be awarded to military personnel, Coast Guard Auxiliarists, and civilians.

Appearance
The ribbon is primarily scarlet in color, with Old Glory Blue edges 9/64 in wide. In the center there are four white stripes 1/16 in wide, spaced 1/32 in apart.

For civilians there is a lapel pin that is awarded in lieu of a service ribbon. The lapel pin is in the shape of an isosceles triangle 5/8 in wide with a height of 9/16 in. The pin is nickel plated with red and blue enameled surfaces referencing the pattern of the service ribbon.

Additional awards of the Meritorious Team Commendation are denoted by award stars with the award authorized to all Team Coast Guard units. For those Coast Guard commands who are awarded the Meritorious Team Commendation under field operating conditions, the Operational Distinguishing Device is authorized.

title: Meritorious Team Commendation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mary Cheney

On 29 July 2004, Mary Cheney was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was consensus to keep. Rossami 23:41, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - Advert for dearmary.com. Article clearly anti-Cheney, anti-Coors and anything else anti-gay.  There may be an article about her that can be written but this clear advertisement attempting to get people to write to her and "out" her again isn't it. -  Tεx  τ  urε  22:21, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Keep, very good rewrite. - Elf-friend 22:23, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC) (Amended: Elf-friend 07:47, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC))
 * Keep, and  Dunc_Harris|☺ 22:26, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * A very loud Keep. But also a very loud Clean the damn thing up. She's very notable and if these issues with her sexuality and supporting her father can be discussed in an NPOV, then all the better. Mike H 22:27, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Acegikmo1 22:28, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I guess I am bias on this, since I wrote the article. I thought I kept it pretty NPOV, since I personally am quite opposed to dearmary.com and similar efforts to criticize her and 'force' her to do something. Now if anybody wants to 'pull' the POV in the other direction, go for it. However, there should be an article on her and the issue, since basically every major newspaper has written something about. Yardcock 22:43, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree there should be an article on her, but not much of any reference to dearmary, because it's quite obvious that the website creators think she's a "sell-out," and that's not really NPOV. I don't think there will be much work in cleaning it up. I think rewording some sentences and taking out dearmary will do fine. Mike H 22:45, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * I have cleaned up. Note that "dearmary" is the number one google hit for her, and is worth a mention, though I have downplayed it to the relevant level. Please take a look. Given the amount of attention she has garnered, this is an obvious keep. Pcb21| Pete 22:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Cleaned up, it's a good article... might merit some expansion. I think the key here is that the article needs to be edited by somebody with no strong opinion either way... just to keep it encyclopedic in tone. -FZ 23:34, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * keep.--Ianb 00:18, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep: Great cleaning job.  I would suggest, though, that the Dear Mary go back in.  It is the reason she gets a great deal of contemporary interest.  Granted that that information will be less relevant in 4 months, but it's a logical piece of information for this article.  Geogre 00:42, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Gamaliel 08:53, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep now, yup. - TB 09:13, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep interesting and encyclopedic article. --Ardonik 04:06, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Ondina Valla

Trebisonda "Ondina" Valla (20 May 1916 – 16 October 2006) was an Italian female athlete, and the first Italian woman to ever win an Olympic gold medal. She won it in the 80 m hurdles event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, after establishing the new world record during the semi-final.

Biography
Born in Bologna, last after four brothers, she was named Trebisonda – a very unusual name for the country – after the Turkish town of Trabzon (Trebisonda in Italian), which her father considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world. However, she was nicknamed Ondina, meaning "little wave".

Ondina Valla stood out for her personality and her sports talent even as a young girl. She rivalled with Claudia Testoni at the school championships in their hometown, and they would remain opponents for the rest of their careers. Aged 13, Ondina Valla was already considered one of Italy's top athletes. The following year she became national champion and was capped for the national team.

She was a versatile athlete, capable of excellent results in sprint events, hurdles races and jumps. She soon became a favorite with Italian sports fans. For the fascist government she was the ideal icon of the healthy, strong national youth. Media defined her "the sun in a smile".

Her most important achievement was the gold medal of 80 m hurdles race at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. On 5 August she won the semi-final in 11.6, a new world record. On the following day she ran the final. It was a tight race, with four athletes rushing together at the finish line. There were no doubts about Valla's victory, but a photofinish picture was needed to award the silver and bronze medals. Valla's lifelong rival, Claudia Testoni, finished fourth, without a medal. Valla and Testoni were also members of the Italian 4 × 100 m relay team which finished fourth.

The victory of Valla was important for the Fascist regime and the hostility of many leaders for the participation of women in athletic competitions started to decrease. Mussolini used the victory of the Italian athlete for propaganda, as a demonstration of the strength of the Italian race.

After those Olympic Games, Ondina Valla was forced to limit her competitions because of back problems. However, she still continued to compete until the early 1940s.

World record

 * 80 metres hurdles: 11.6 (🇩🇪 Berlin, 5 August 1936)

National titles
Ondina Valla has won the Italian Athletics Championships (individual), 16 times in various specialties.
 * 1 win in 60 metres (1932)
 * 2 wins in 100 metres (1933, 1936)
 * 6 wins in 80 metres hurdles (1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1937)
 * 5 wins in high jump (1930, 1931, 1933, 1937, 1940)
 * 1 win in standing high jump (1930)
 * 1 win in pentathlon (1935)

title: Ondina Valla


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Talk:Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus (Honolulu, Hawaii)

 * St. Theresa of the Child Jesus is named after Teresa of Avila under a nuanced name. --Keevan Daley 22:25, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * And please prevent from linking long, involved formal honorifics — for example the monsignor's name. --Keevan Daley 22:29, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keevan, in deference to the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council's Decree on Bishops (Christus Dominus), I have deleted the term throne.
 * Keevan, as to your first point above, I respectfully disagree for the following reasons: (1) I live in Honolulu and attend the Co-Cathedral's services on a regular basis; (2) I was present at the dedicatory ceremonies when the church was elevated to the dignity of Co-Cathedral; (3) The Ordo (Order of Prayer for the Liturgy of the Hours and the Eucharist) for the metropolitan province of San Francisco, that includes the diocese of Honolulu, lists the patronal feast day of the Cathedral as that for Saint Theresa of Lisieux, aka, Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus, aka Therèse Martin of Alçenon, recently proclaimed as Doctor of the Church by Pope John Paul II in 1997; (4) the main stained-glass window in the choir loft depicts the Little Flower, patroness of the missions dropping a shower of roses on the earth. Please see http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/T/TheresaL.html.  I will respectfully make the necessary edits.

So where is it?
The description "outskirts of Honolulu" not very precise. From this page I get 712 North School Street, 21.32417°N, -157.86083°W in Kapālama but need a reliable source. W Nowicki (talk) 00:53, 26 August 2010 (UTC)