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Supermanifold

In physics and mathematics, supermanifolds are generalizations of the manifold concept based on ideas coming from supersymmetry. Several definitions are in use, some of which are described below.

Informal definition
An informal definition is commonly used in physics textbooks and introductory lectures. It defines a supermanifold as a manifold with both bosonic and fermionic coordinates. Locally, it is composed of coordinate charts that make it look like a "flat", "Euclidean" superspace. These local coordinates are often denoted by

 * $$(x,\theta,\bar{\theta})$$

where x is the (real-number-valued) spacetime coordinate, and $$\theta\,$$ and $$\bar{\theta}$$ are Grassmann-valued spatial "directions".

The physical interpretation of the Grassmann-valued coordinates are the subject of debate; explicit experimental searches for supersymmetry have not yielded any positive results. However, the use of Grassmann variables allow for the tremendous simplification of a number of important mathematical results. This includes, among other things a compact definition of functional integrals, the proper treatment of ghosts in BRST quantization, the cancellation of infinities in quantum field theory, Witten's work on the Atiyah-Singer index theorem, and more recent applications to mirror symmetry.

The use of Grassmann-valued coordinates has spawned the field of supermathematics, wherein large portions of geometry can be generalized to super-equivalents, including much of Riemannian geometry and most of the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras (such as Lie superalgebras, etc.) However, issues remain, including the proper extension of de Rham cohomology to supermanifolds.

Definition
Three different definitions of supermanifolds are in use. One definition is as a sheaf over a ringed space; this is sometimes called the "algebro-geometric approach". This approach has a mathematical elegance, but can be problematic in various calculations and intuitive understanding. A second approach can be called a "concrete approach", as it is capable of simply and naturally generalizing a broad class of concepts from ordinary mathematics. It requires the use of an infinite number of supersymmetric generators in its definition; however, all but a finite number of these generators carry no content, as the concrete approach requires the use of a coarse topology that renders almost all of them equivalent. Surprisingly, these two definitions, one with a finite number of supersymmetric generators, and one with an infinite number of generators, are equivalent.

A third approach describes a supermanifold as a base topos of a superpoint. This approach remains the topic of active research.

Algebro-geometric: as a sheaf
Although supermanifolds are special cases of noncommutative manifolds, their local structure makes them better suited to study with the tools of standard differential geometry and locally ringed spaces.

A supermanifold M of dimension (p,q) is a topological space M with a sheaf of superalgebras, usually denoted OM or C∞(M), that is locally isomorphic to $$C^\infty(\mathbb{R}^p)\otimes\Lambda^\bullet(\xi_1,\dots\xi_q)$$, where the latter is a Grassmann (Exterior) algebra on q generators.

A supermanifold M of dimension (1,1) is sometimes called a super-Riemann surface.

Historically, this approach is associated with Felix Berezin, Dimitry Leites, and Bertram Kostant.

Concrete: as a smooth manifold
A different definition describes a supermanifold in a fashion that is similar to that of a smooth manifold, except that the model space $$\mathbb{R}^p$$ has been replaced by the model superspace $$\mathbb{R}^p_c\times\mathbb{R}^q_a$$.

To correctly define this, it is necessary to explain what $$\mathbb{R}_c$$ and $$\mathbb{R}_a$$ are. These are given as the even and odd real subspaces of the one-dimensional space of Grassmann numbers, which, by convention, are generated by a countably infinite number of anti-commuting variables: i.e. the one-dimensional space is given by $$\mathbb{C}\otimes\Lambda(V),$$ where V is infinite-dimensional. An element z is termed real if $$z=z^*$$; real elements consisting of only an even number of Grassmann generators form the space $$\mathbb{R}_c$$ of c-numbers, while real elements consisting of only an odd number of Grassmann generators form the space  $$\mathbb{R}_a$$ of a-numbers. Note that c-numbers commute, while a-numbers anti-commute. The spaces $$\mathbb{R}^p_c$$ and $$\mathbb{R}^q_a$$ are then defined as the p-fold and q-fold Cartesian products of $$\mathbb{R}_c$$ and $$\mathbb{R}_a$$.

Just as in the case of an ordinary manifold, the supermanifold is then defined as a collection of charts glued together with differentiable transition functions. This definition in terms of charts requires that the transition functions have a smooth structure and a non-vanishing Jacobian. This can only be accomplished if the individual charts use a topology that is considerably coarser than the vector-space topology on the Grassmann algebra. This topology is obtained by projecting $$\mathbb{R}^p_c$$ down to $$\mathbb{R}^p$$ and then using the natural topology on that. The resulting topology is not Hausdorff, but may be termed "projectively Hausdorff".

That this definition is equivalent to the first one is not at all obvious; however, it is the use of the coarse topology that makes it so, by rendering most of the "points" identical. That is, $$\mathbb{R}^p_c\times\mathbb{R}^q_a$$ with the coarse topology is essentially isomorphic to $$\mathbb{R}^p\otimes\Lambda^\bullet(\xi_1,\dots\xi_q)$$

Properties
Unlike a regular manifold, a supermanifold is not entirely composed of a set of points. Instead, one takes the dual point of view that the structure of a supermanifold M is contained in its sheaf OM of "smooth functions". In the dual point of view, an injective map corresponds to a surjection of sheaves, and a surjective map corresponds to an injection of sheaves.

An alternative approach to the dual point of view is to use the functor of points.

If M is a supermanifold of dimension (p,q), then the underlying space M inherits the structure of a differentiable manifold whose sheaf of smooth functions is OM/I, where I is the ideal generated by all odd functions. Thus M is called the underlying space, or the body, of M. The quotient map OM → OM/I corresponds to an injective map M → M; thus M is a submanifold of M.

Examples

 * Let M be a manifold. The odd tangent bundle ΠTM is a supermanifold given by the sheaf Ω(M) of differential forms on M.
 * More generally, let E → M be a vector bundle. Then ΠE is a supermanifold given by the sheaf Γ(ΛE*).  In fact, Π is a functor from the category of vector bundles to the category of supermanifolds.
 * Lie supergroups are examples of supermanifolds.

Batchelor's theorem
Batchelor's theorem states that every supermanifold is noncanonically isomorphic to a supermanifold of the form ΠE. The word "noncanonically" prevents one from concluding that supermanifolds are simply glorified vector bundles; although the functor Π maps surjectively onto the isomorphism classes of supermanifolds, it is not an equivalence of categories. It was published by Marjorie Batchelor in 1979.

The proof of Batchelor's theorem relies in an essential way on the existence of a partition of unity, so it does not hold for complex or real-analytic supermanifolds.

Odd symplectic form
In many physical and geometric applications, a supermanifold comes equipped with an Grassmann-odd symplectic structure. All natural geometric objects on a supermanifold are graded. In particular, the bundle of two-forms is equipped with a grading. An odd symplectic form ω on a supermanifold is a closed, odd form, inducing a non-degenerate pairing on TM. Such a supermanifold is called a P-manifold. Its graded dimension is necessarily (n,n), because the odd symplectic form induces a pairing of odd and even variables. There is a version of the Darboux theorem for P-manifolds, which allows one to equip a P-manifold locally with a set of coordinates where the odd symplectic form ω is written as
 * $$\omega = \sum_{i} d\xi_i \wedge dx_i, $$

where $$x_i$$ are even coordinates, and $$\xi_i$$ odd coordinates. (An odd symplectic form should not be confused with a Grassmann-even symplectic form on a supermanifold. In contrast, the Darboux version of an even symplectic form is
 * $$\sum_i dp_i \wedge dq_i+\sum_j \frac{\varepsilon_j}{2}(d\xi_j)^2, $$

where $$p_i,q_i$$ are even coordinates, $$\xi_i$$ odd coordinates and $$\varepsilon_j$$ are either +1 or −1.)

Antibracket
Given an odd symplectic 2-form ω one may define a Poisson bracket known as the antibracket of any two functions F and G on a supermanifold by

 * $$\{F,G\}=\frac{\partial_rF}{\partial z^i}\omega^{ij}(z)\frac{\partial_lG}{\partial z^j}.$$

Here $$\partial_r$$ and $$\partial_l$$ are the right and left derivatives respectively and z are the coordinates of the supermanifold. Equipped with this bracket, the algebra of functions on a supermanifold becomes an antibracket algebra.

A coordinate transformation that preserves the antibracket is called a P-transformation. If the Berezinian of a P-transformation is equal to one then it is called an SP-transformation.

P and SP-manifolds
Using the Darboux theorem for odd symplectic forms one can show that P-manifolds are constructed from open sets of superspaces $${\mathcal{R}}^{n|n}$$ glued together by P-transformations. A manifold is said to be an SP-manifold if these transition functions can be chosen to be SP-transformations. Equivalently one may define an SP-manifold as a supermanifold with a nondegenerate odd 2-form ω and a density function ρ such that on each coordinate patch there exist Darboux coordinates in which ρ is identically equal to one.

Laplacian
One may define a Laplacian operator Δ on an SP-manifold as the operator which takes a function H to one half of the divergence of the corresponding Hamiltonian vector field. Explicitly one defines

 * $$\Delta H=\frac{1}{2\rho}\frac{\partial_r}{\partial z^a}\left(\rho\omega^{ij}(z)\frac{\partial_l H}{\partial z^j}\right)$$.

In Darboux coordinates this definition reduces to
 * $$\Delta=\frac{\partial_r}{\partial x^a}\frac{\partial_l}{\partial \theta_a}$$

where xa and θa are even and odd coordinates such that

 * $$\omega=dx^a\wedge d\theta_a$$.

The Laplacian is odd and nilpotent

 * $$\Delta^2=0$$.

One may define the cohomology of functions H with respect to the Laplacian. In Geometry of Batalin-Vilkovisky quantization, Albert Schwarz has proven that the integral of a function H over a Lagrangian submanifold L depends only on the cohomology class of H and on the homology class of the body of L in the body of the ambient supermanifold.

SUSY
A pre-SUSY-structure on a supermanifold of dimension (n,m) is an odd m-dimensional distribution $$P \subset TM$$. With such a distribution one associates its Frobenius tensor $$S^2 P \mapsto TM/P$$ (since P is odd, the skew-symmetric Frobenius tensor is a symmetric operation). If this tensor is non-degenerate, e.g. lies in an open orbit of $$GL(P) \times GL(TM/P)$$, M is called a SUSY-manifold. SUSY-structure in dimension (1, k) is the same as odd contact structure.

title: Supermanifold


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Talk:Archie Goodwin

Disambguation page needed for the late comic book editor Archie Goodwin.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Archie Goodwin


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List of Acadians

This is a list of notable Acadians, and people of Acadia origins.

To be included in this list, the person must have a Wikipedia article showing they are Acadian or must have references showing they are Acadian and are notable.

Actors

 * Matthew Steven LeBlanc – actor, known for TV show Friends. Both of his father's parents are of Acadian ancestry. Descendant of Daniel LeBlanc.
 * Robert Maillet – actor, professional wrestler from Sainte-Marie-de-Kent, New Brunswick
 * Patricia McKenzie – actress born in Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine (Painchaud family)
 * Philip Bourneuf – actor born in Somerville, Massachusetts. His parents, Ambrose Bourneuf and Josephine Comeau, are of Acadian ancestry. His mother was born in Clare, Nova Scotia as were his paternal grandparents.
 * Ryan Doucette – actor from Clare, Nova Scotia

Law and politics

 * Aubin-Edmond Arsenault – former Premier of Prince Edward Island (1917–1919)
 * Joseph-Octave Arsenault – first Acadian Prince Edward Island member of the Canadian Senate
 * Télésphore Arsenault – Canadian politician, business manager and farmer
 * Marcel Arsenault – Philanthropist Billionaire, donated all his wealth to charity
 * Guy Arseneault – Provincial MLA and Former Member of the House of Commons of Canada (1988–1997)
 * Michel Bastarache – Supreme Court of Canada (1997–2008)
 * Léopold Belliveau – first Acadian mayor of Moncton, New Brunswick
 * Edmond Blanchard – chief justice of the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada, former politician
 * Gérald Clavette – New Brunswick politician
 * Ambroise-Hilaire Comeau – first Acadian from Nova Scotia to be a member of the Canadian Senate
 * Gerald Comeau – former member of the Canadian Senate
 * Chris d'Entremont – Nova Scotia MLA, Minister of Health and Acadian Affairs

 * Ray Frenette – former Premier of New Brunswick (1997–1998)
 * Brian Gallant – former Premier of New Brunswick (2014–2018)
 * Arthur J. LeBlanc – former Justice of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia (1998–2017) and Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia (2017)
 * Dominic LeBlanc — Canadian MP and cabinet minister (son of Roméo LeBlanc)
 * Neil LeBlanc – Consul General to Boston, Massachusetts, and former Nova Scotia MLA, Minister of Finance
 * Roméo LeBlanc – politician and journalist, former Governor-General of Canada (1995–1999)
 * Viola Léger – former senator and actress
 * Pascal Poirier – first Acadian member of the Canadian Senate (1885–1933)
 * Louis Robichaud – former Premier of New Brunswick (1960–1970)
 * Camille Thériault – former Premier of New Brunswick (1998–1999)
 * Robert Thibault – Canadian Liberal MP
 * Peter J. Veniot – former Premier of New Brunswick (1923–1925)

Military veterans

 * Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste
 * Alexandre Bourg
 * Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil)
 * Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour
 * Bernard-Anselme d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin
 * Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin
 * Joseph d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin
 * François Dupont Duvivier
 * Joseph-Nicolas Gautier and his wife
 * Joseph Godin dit Bellefontaine, Sieur de Beauséjour – Commander of the Acadian Militia of the St-John River valley (St. John River Campaign)
 * William Johnson (Guillaume Jeanson) – Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)
 * Bernard Marres 'Marc' dit La Sonde – fought the British at Canso, Nova Scotia (1718)
 * Abel LeBlanc – Petit de Grat, NS, West Nova Scotia Regiment, wounded while in combat in Italy.
 * Joseph LeBlanc, dit Le Maigre
 * Charles Raymond
 * Pierre II Surette
 * Joseph Winniett – supported the British; grandchild of Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste

Musicians

 * Angèle Arsenault – singer-songwriter, media host
 * Marcel Aymar – singer
 * Édith Butler – singer-songwriter
 * Zachary Richard – singer-songwriter
 * Julie Doiron – singer-songwriter
 * Patsy Gallant – singer and actress
 * Boozoo Chavis – singer-songwriter
 * Wilfred Le Bouthillier – singer
 * Lisa LeBlanc – singer-songwriter
 * Anna Malenfant – contralto and composer
 * Natasha St-Pier – singer
 * Radio Radio – hip hop group; Jacques Doucet, Alexandre Bilodeau, Gabriel Malenfant
 * Fayo – singer-songwriter
 * Yvette Tollar – jazz singer, composer
 * Roch Voisine – singer-songwriter
 * P'tit Belliveau – singer-songwriter, guitarist, composer
 * [Herman Pierre Daigle] – singer, guitarist
 * Clarence White – guitarist

Sports

 * Louis Cyr – weightlifter, "Strongest Man in the World"
 * Eric Cyr – MLB player
 * Paul Cyr – NHL player
 * Jean Béliveau – Hockey Hall of Fame, Montreal Canadiens
 * Luc Bourdon – NHL player
 * Leo Burke (Leonce Cormier) – wrestler
 * Jean-Louis Cormier (Rudy Kay) – wrestler
 * Rhéal Cormier – Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Yvon Cormier (The Beast) – wrestler
 * René Duprée – wrestler
 * Yvon Durelle – boxer
 * Suzanne Gaudet – curler
 * Ron Guidry – Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Lance Cormier – Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Bobby Hebert – NFL Quarterback New Orleans Saints
 * Camille Henry – NHL player, winner of the Lady Byng Trophy and the Calder Memorial Trophy
 * Bobby Kay (Romeo Cormier) – wrestler
 * Jacques LeBlanc – boxer
 * Robert Maillet – wrestler
 * Roland Melanson – NHL goalie
 * Chad Ogea – Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Dustin Poirier – Mixed martial arts fighter
 * Henri Richard – Hockey Hall of Fame, Montreal Canadiens
 * Maurice Richard – Hockey Hall of Fame, Montreal Canadiens
 * Ryan Theriot – Major League Baseball infielder

Visual artists

 * Anne-Marie Sirois – artist

Writers

 * Gilbert Buote – educator, publisher and author
 * Anselme Chiasson – Catholic priest, educator, writer
 * Herménégilde Chiasson – writer, ex-lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick
 * Joey Comeau – writer, comic creator
 * France Daigle – writer and playwright
 * Andrea Doucet – sociologist and writer
 * Clive Doucet – writer
 * Placide Gaudet – historian, educator, genealogist and journalist. His research and papers play an important role in the preservation of the Acadian history.
 * Valentin Landry – journalist and educator
 * Émilie Leblanc – Acadian activist and educator
 * Gérald Leblanc – poet
 * Louis Haché – writer, translator, historian
 * Antonine Maillet – writer and playwright; Prix Goncourt 1979
 * Alden Nowlan – poet, novelist, and playwright
 * Marie-Colombe Robichaud – writer and playwright

Media

 * Phil Comeau – film and television director; 92 film awards, Order of Canada, Order of New Brunswick
 * Lyse Doucet – news correspondent and presenter, BBC World

Pre-deportation

 * David Basset – trader and privateer
 * Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil)
 * Noel Doiron – leader of the Acadians; died in the single greatest tragedy of the Expulsion, the sinking of the Duke William
 * Joseph-Nicolas Gautier – merchant trader and Acadian militia leader
 * Daniel LeBlanc – immigrant and progenitor of the LeBlanc family, the largest Acadian family at the time of the deportation
 * Pierre LeBlanc – early settler of Pointe-de-l'Église, Nova Scotia
 * Bernard Marot (fl. 1590–1650) – French surgeon and ship's captain.
 * Philippe Mius d'Entremont – Lieutenant-major under Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour, who, in 1653, awarded him the first fief in Acadia, the Barony of Pobomcoup (currently Pubnico, Nova Scotia ). He later became the King's Attorney in Acadia.
 * Joseph d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin – military officer and Abenaki chief
 * Pierre II Surette – Acadian resistance leader and co-founder of Ste. Anne du Ruisseau, Nova Scotia
 * Jeanne Dugas – wife of Pierre Bois, one of the co-founders of Chéticamp, Nova Scotia

title: List of Acadians


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Poisson supermanifold

In differential geometry a Poisson supermanifold is a differential supermanifold M such that the supercommutative algebra of smooth functions over it (to clarify this: M is not a point set space and so, doesn't "really" exist, and really, this algebra is all we have), $$C^\infty(M)$$ is equipped with a bilinear map called the Poisson superbracket turning it into a Poisson superalgebra.

Every symplectic supermanifold is a Poisson supermanifold but not vice versa.

title: Poisson supermanifold


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User:Grice

Small Handful of Articles I've Edited:

 * SDF-1 Macross
 * Gothic rock
 * Pocahontas
 * Goth
 * Christian Death
 * Joy Division
 * Incarnations of Immortality
 * Femme fatale
 * Andrew Eldritch
 * The Super Dimension Fortress Macross
 * Lynn Minmay
 * The Sisters of Mercy
 * Ostrogoth
 * Center for Media and Democracy
 * Epic of Gilgamesh

title: User:Grice


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Antoni Słonimski

Antoni Słonimski (15 November 1895 – 4 July 1976) was a Polish poet, artist, journalist, playwright and prose writer, president of the Union of Polish Writers in 1956–1959 during the Polish October, known for his devotion to social justice.

Słonimski was the grandson of Hayyim Selig Slonimski, the founder of "ha-Tsefirah"- the first Hebrew weekly with an emphasis on the sciences. His father, an ophthalmologist, converted to Christianity when he married a Catholic woman. Słonimski was born in Warsaw and baptized and raised as a Christian. Słonimski studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. In 1919 he co-founded the Skamander group of experimental poets with Julian Tuwim and Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz. In 1924 he travelled to Palestine and Brasil and in 1932 to the Soviet Union.

Słonimski spent the war years in exile in England and France, returning to Poland in 1951. He worked as contributor to popular periodicals: Nowa Kultura (1950–1962), Szpilki (1953–73) and Przegląd Kulturalny. He was an active anti-Stalinist and supporter of liberalization. In 1964 he was one of the signatories and the main author of the so-called Letter of 34 to Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz regarding freedom of culture. Słonimski died on 4 July 1976 in a car accident in Warsaw.

Works
Science Fiction
 * Sonety (1918)
 * Parada (1920)
 * Godzina poezji (1923)
 * Torpeda czasu (Time Torpedo, 1926), a science fiction novel influenced by H. G. Wells
 * Droga na wschód (Road to the East; 1924), a collection of poems inspired by his travels to Palestine and Brazil
 * Z dalekiej podróży (1926)
 * Rodzina (Family; 1933), a comedy about two brothers: a communist, and a fascist
 * Okno bez krat (1935)
 * Dwa końce świata (Two Ends of the World; 1937), a novel predicting Warsaw's destruction by a Nazi dictator
 * Alarm (1940)
 * Wiek klęski (1945)
 * Nowe wiersze (1959)
 * Wiersze 1958–1963 (1963)
 * 138 wierszy (1973)
 * Torpeda czasu (1924) Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Ignis" (E. Wende i S-ka); drukowana odcinkach w drugiej połowie 1923 roku na łamach Kuriera Polskiego (nr 281–352), powojenne wydanie Warszawa: Czytelnik, 1967 (z przedmową Stanisława Lema)
 * Dwa końce świata (1937) Warszawa: J. Przeworski, powojenne wydanie Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza, 1991

title: Antoni Słonimski


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Geri

Geri or GERI may refer to:

Villages in Iran

 * Geri, Iran
 * Deraz Geri
 * Geri Doveji
 * Khvajeh Geri

Elsewhere

 * Geri, Cyprus, a village
 * Geri, Georgia, a village in Georgia
 * Geri route, a set of streets in Chandigarh, India

People with the name

 * Geri (given name)
 * Geri (surname)

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Geri, a wolf in Norse mythology from the story "Geri and Freki"
 * Geri Reig, a 1980 album by German band Der Plan
 * Geri's Game, a 1997 short film by Pixar

Other uses

 * Geri, a Somali word for giraffe
 * Geri's Hamburgers, a defunct fast food restaurant chain in the United States
 * Mawashi geri, a kick in Japanese martial arts

title: Geri


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Gere

Gere may refer to:
 * Gere (surname)

Other uses

 * Gere, Aragon, Spain
 * Gere and Freke, alternative spelling of Geri and Freki in Norse mythology
 * Guere language, a Kru language of Ivory Coast

title: Gere


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Freke

Freke is a surname, and may refer to:

 * John Freke (disambiguation)
 * Nathan Freke (born 1983), British Formula Ford champion
 * Percy Freke, Irish politician
 * Percy Freke (politician) (died 1707), Irish politician
 * Percy Evans Freke (1844–1931), Irish ornithologist and entomologist
 * Timothy Freke (born 1959), British author of books on religion and mysticism
 * Freke baronets, descended from Percy Freke

title: Freke


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Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)

Arjun Singh (5 November 1930 – 4 March 2011) was an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress, who served twice as the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh in the 1980s. He also served twice as the Union Minister of Human Resource Development, in the Manmohan Singh and P. V. Narasimha Rao ministries.

He is widely remembered for introducing 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes in educational institutions including IITs, NITs, IIMs, AIIMS and IISc, with the 93rd Constitutional Amendment and Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006.

Early life
Arjun Singh was born on 5 November 1930 into a Rajput family as the son of Shiv Bahadur Singh, a jagirdar and the 26th Rao of Churhat thikana, and an INC politician. He received his Bachelor of Laws from Rewa Darbar College, where he was the student union president in 1953.

Career
Arjun Singh was first elected to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1957 from Majholi as an independent candidate. He joined the Indian National Congress in 1960. He was re-elected from Majholi in 1962 and became a minister in the INC government of Dwarka Prasad Mishra.

In 1967, he lost the election from Churhat due to a fallout with the then chief minister Dwarka Prasad Mishra. However, he won a bypoll in the same year from Umaria. He was elected from Sidhi in 1972 and became a minister in the INC government of Prakash Chandra Sethi.

In 1977, he was elected from Churhat and became the Leader of Opposition in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly. In 1980, when INC achieved a simple majority in the assembly, he won from Churhat and became the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, despite the presence of strong contenders such as Sethi, Vidya Charan Shukla and Shiv Bhanu Singh Solanki.

His five year term was marked by the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

He led the INC to victory in 1985, yet again winning from Churhat, but was forced to resign as Chief Minister after just one day due to differences with Sriniwas Tiwari. Motilal Vora succeeded him as Chief Minister.

He resigned his Madhya Pradesh assembly seat and was appointed Governor of Punjab in 1985. He worked for the implementation of the Rajiv-Longowal Accord for peace in Punjab. However, after eight months, he resigned as Governor and became Minister of Commerce in the Rajiv Gandhi cabinet. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from South Delhi in a bypoll in 1985, necessitated by the assassination of the sitting MP Lalit Maken. He was appointed as First Vice-President of Indian National Congress by Rajiv Gandhi.

In 1986, he resigned the Commerce ministry and was appointed Minister of Communications. He held this post till 1988 when he returned to the Government of Madhya Pradesh and again became Chief Minister of the state. He resigned his Lok Sabha seat and won a bypoll to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Kharsia in 1988. However, he resigned as Chief Minister in 1989 owing to the Churhat lottery scam, and was succeeded by Motilal Vora. He won in 1990 from Churhat.

In 1991, he won from Satna. He resigned his assembly seat and harboured ambitions of becoming Prime Minister after the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.

However, P. V. Narasimha Rao became Prime Minister and Singh was appointed the Minister of Human Resource Development. He publicly expressed discontent with the Prime Minister PV Narasimha Rao after the Babri Masjid demolition. He resigned as Minister of Human Resource Development in 1994.

In 1996, he rebelled against the INC leadership and formed the All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) along with Narayan Dutt Tiwari. However, he lost in 1996 from Satna.

Later, he returned to INC after the emergence of Sonia Gandhi. He lost in 1998 from Hoshangabad.

He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 2000 from Madhya Pradesh and was re-elected in 2006. He was awarded the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award in 2000. He served as Minister of Human Resource Development from 2004 to 2009 in the Manmohan Singh cabinet.

Arjun Singh promised to implement 27% reservation for OBCs in institutes of higher education (twenty central universities, the IITs, NITs, IIMs, AIIMS and IISc) after the State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, Assam and West Bengal, in accordance with the 93rd Constitutional Amendment which was passed unanimously by both Houses of Parliament. This amendment enabled provision of reservation (27%) for Other Backward Class (OBCs) in government as well as private educational institutions.

This decision of government lead to the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests. On 10 April 2008, the Supreme Court upheld the law for the provision of 27% quota for candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes in IITs, NITs, IIMs, AIIMS, IISc and other premier educational institutions. But it directed the government to exclude the "creamy layer", families whose annual salary in more than ₹4,50,000, among the OBCs while implementing the law. However, the "creamy layer" exclusion would not be applied to the SC/STs.

Bhopal Incident
Arjun Singh was the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh when the deadly gas leak from the Union Carbide factory occurred. It is widely alleged that on the fateful night between 2 and 3 December 1984, when the gas leak occurred, Arjun Singh fled to his Kerwa Dam Palace (outside Bhopal) to save himself from deadly effects of leaked gas and was not available to manage the crisis or lead the administration.

Subsequently, the Arjun Singh government's mishandling was criticised by the court in the verdict on the Bhopal disaster as pronounced by the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Bhopal on 7 June 2010. The media raised serious questions about his role in the release of Warren Anderson.

In particular, the pilot of the aircraft in which Warren Anderson flew out of India after the gas leak, has recorded that the final sanction to permit the flight came from Arjun Singh's office.

Churhat Lottery case and Kerwa Dam palace
While Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Singh was involved in the scandal known as the Churhat Lottery case. The Churhat Children Welfare Society was floated in 1982 by relatives of Singh, and permitted to raise funds via lottery, and also given tax relief as a charity. However, there were widespread allegations that substantial sums of money were siphoned off from donations and used to construct the lavish Kerwa Dam Palace near Bhopal. The donations to the society included a Rs 150,000 donation from Union Carbide, whose chief Warren Anderson was permitted to leave the country after the gas leak, allegedly by Arjun Singh's office.

At a public litigation hearing, the Madhya Pradesh High Court observed that "Arjun Singh owed an explanation to the nation about the costs and sources of construction of the palatial mansion in Bhopal". While Singh had claimed the value of the palace was Rs 1.8 million, the IT Department estimated the cost at above Rs one crore. However, a one-judge commission investigating the scandal gave a clean chit to Arjun Singh. The case was re-opened however, after the Jain Hawala case, and Singh was asked to submit fresh re-estimates of the palace cost. In court, the case was argued by Kapil Sibal and the order for re-examination was squashed on the grounds that it had been issued in a haste and "had not applied his mind".

Reservation for Other Backward Class(OBCs) in educational institutions
After the State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, Assam and West Bengal, Arjun Singh promised to reserve 27% seats for Other Backward Classes in All India Institutes of Medical Sciences, Indian Institutes of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Indian Institutes of Management, and other central universities. The Constitution (93rd Amendment) Act 2005 that was introduced by the First Manmohan Singh ministry, granted a 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes in all Central Government institutions.

The 93rd Amendment Act of 2005 to the Indian Constitution added clause (5) in Article 15 which enables the government to make any special provision for the development of any socially and educationally backward classes of people, or scheduled castes or scheduled tribes, with regard to their enrolment in educational institutions, which would include private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the government, but apart from minority educational institutions. After the 93rd Amendment Act, the Central Educational Institutions (reservation in admission) Act was enacted by the Union Parliament in the year 2006.

This led to widespread anti-reservation protests where students engaged in street protests across India. Later on, students took legal action against the Act by filing Public Interest Litigation, claiming that it violated the Basic Structure of the Constitution of India. The case Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India challenged the government decision. In March 2007, the Supreme Court of India granted an injunction to suspension of OBC reservations.

In April 2008, a 5-member constitutional bench of the Supreme Court upheld the Constitution (93rd Amendment) Act, and reinstated the Act in a judgement delivered by Chief Justice India K. G. Balakrishnan, with Justices Arijit Pasayat, C K Thakker, R V Raveendran and Dalveer Bhandari. OBC reservations were implemented in all central universities and institutions, but the government was required to exclude the creamy layer from the OBC, but not SC/ST.

Other controversies
After the Mumbai train bombings of 2006, he reportedly quoted at a Cabinet meeting the statements of a former judge of the Maharashtra High Court that an earlier attempt on the headquarters of the Hindu revivalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in Nagpur had been a plot set into motion by the Sangh itself. This followed his denouncement of the Ekal Vidyalayas, one-teacher schools run for the benefit of the tribals of India by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, as communal.

A case under the Anti-Dowry Act was registered against Arjun Singh in 2007. The then Uttar Pradesh government had decided to seek CBI inquiry into dowry harassment case.

Arjun Singh was accused of irregularities and corruption in the grant of "Deemed University" status to private for-profit educational institutions which did not meet requisite educational standards, during his tenure as Minister for Human Resources Development. The Government of India initiated proceedings to repeal the "Deemed University" status of 44 such institutions in January 2010.

Death
Singh died on 4 March 2011, at the age of 80. He had been admitted in Delhi's All India Institute of Medical Sciences with chest pain and neurological problems, and died of a heart attack. He was cremated at his home town of Churhat.

Family
Arjun Singh's son Ajay Singh aka Rahul Bhaiya is an INC politician and former Leader of Opposition in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly. His grandson is Arunoday Singh, a Bollywood actor.

Another grandson of his, Yuvaraja Aishwarya Singh of Singrauli is married to Devyani Rana, great-granddaughter of Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, the last Shree Teen Maharaja of Nepal. Devyani’s father- His Highness Shree Teen Maharaja Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana is the titular Shree Teen Maharaja of Nepal.

Positions held

 * 1957 - 1985 Member, Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
 * 1963 - 1967 Minister of State for Agriculture, General Administration Department (GAD) and Information & Public Relations, Government of Madhya Pradesh
 * 1967 Minister of Planning and Development, Government of Madhya Pradesh
 * 1972 - 1977 Minister of Education, Government of Madhya Pradesh
 * 1977 - 1980 Leader of Opposition, Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
 * 1980 - 1985 Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh
 * 1985 - 1985 Governor of Punjab
 * 1985 - 1988 Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
 * 1985 - 1986 Minister of Commerce, Government of India
 * 1986 - 1988 Minister of Communications, Government of India
 * 1988 - 1991 Member, Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
 * 1988 - 1989 Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh
 * 1991 - 1996 Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
 * 1991 - 1994 Minister of Human Resource Development, Government of India
 * 2000 - 2011 Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
 * 2000 - 2004 Member, Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Home Affairs
 * 2001 - 2004 Member, Committee on Rules
 * 2002 - 2004 Chairman, Parliamentary Standing Committee on Purposes Committee
 * 2004 - 2009 Minister of Human Resource Development, Government of India

Elections contested

 * 1957 - Won from Majholi (IND)
 * 1962 - Won from Majholi (INC)
 * 1967 - Lost from Churhat (INC)
 * 1967 - Won Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly bypoll from Umaria (INC)
 * 1972 - Won from Sidhi (INC)
 * 1977 - Won from Churhat (INC)
 * 1980 - Won from Churhat (INC)
 * 1985 - Won from Churhat (INC)
 * 1985 - Won Lok Sabha bypoll from South Delhi (IND)
 * 1988 - Won Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly bypoll from Kharsia (INC)
 * 1990 - Won from Churhat (INC)
 * 1991 - Won from Satna (INC)
 * 1996 - Lost from Satna (AIICT)
 * 1998 - Lost from Hoshangabad (INC)
 * 2000 - Won Rajya Sabha election from Madhya Pradesh (INC)
 * 2006 - Won Rajya Sabha election from Madhya Pradesh (INC)

title: Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)


text:
User:Cxarli

Hello!
My name is Charlie Galvin, and you can find out more about me on my home page. While I don't think of myself as a major contributor to Wikipedia, I have been a Wikipedian since November of 2003, and have made contributions in English and Esperanto. The only articles that I recall starting are the ones on the poet George Sterling and Magnolia Thunderpussy. Charlie GALVIN 17:08, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Cxarli


text:
Yamaha XG

Yamaha XG (EXtended General MIDI) is an extension to the General MIDI standard, created by Yamaha. It is similar in purpose to the Roland GS standard.

Features
Relative to General MIDI, XG gained popularity by increasing the number of available instruments from 128 to 480 (361 in some interpretations) with additional 11 drum kit sounds, and introduced a large set of standard controllers and parameters that composers could employ to achieve greater subtlety and realism in their compositions. The XG also has a synthesizer that provides a 32/64 note polyphonic feature which is shared through the supported 16 MIDI channels. XG has a wide range of sounds to form such complex chords and produces a vast variety of lower synthesizer sounds to choose from.

History
In 1994, Yamaha released the first XG-based product: Yamaha MU80 Tone Generator. In 1995, Yamaha released the first XG-based product for PC users, the DB50XG daughterboard, a Creative Wave Blaster competitor. In 1996, Yamaha released MU10 external module, basically, a DB50XG in a case and later the SW60XG ISA PC card and the DB51XG a smaller version of the DB50XG daughterboard. Coupled with their tone generator, these devices included an onboard 4MB sound bank chip of sampled instruments and became highly desirable among MIDI fans due to their crisp, high-quality sounds similar to the newer models of Roland Sound Canvas. These devices feature an effects processing system with individual stereo reverb and chorus effects on any of 16 channels, the ability to route any of the channels through an additional 'insertion' effect, and even guitar amp and wah-wah pedal simulations. Yamaha's in-house songwriters often utilized these tools to demonstrate the power of the XG format, notably recreating Jimi Hendrix leads complete with feedback, flamenco guitar with distinct pick/hammered notes and finger slides, growling saxophones, and even a very convincing sitar.

Discontinued products
The DB50XG, DB51XG, SW60XG and SW1000XG are all discontinued.

The SW1000XG was popular in the professional music industry, and many of Yamaha's amateur and professional keyboards implement either XG or a subset, known as "XGlite". Many notebooks include the Yamaha YMF7xx chipset which has a scaled-down XG-compatible MIDI synth. The DB60XG, a DB50XG with an analog input, is available only in Japan. .Most XG standard tone generators can switch itself into TG300B mode, which is an emulation of the competing Roland GS standard that allows adequate playback of musical data bearing the GS logo.

The XG-compatible Yamaha S-YXG50 SoftSynthesizer, which is discontinued, is an entirely software-based MIDI synth. It used a 2 MB or 4 MB wavetable sound set, and was common among non-professional users who needed a cheap, high-quality MIDI synthesizer for purposes such as playing games that rely on MIDI to produce music and sound effects.

Korg compatibility
Korg, due to its close relationship with Yamaha, released three instruments with XG compatibility:

 * the NS5R, which offered XG compatibility through an add-in daughterboard;
 * the NX5R, electronically similar to the NS5R, except that the daughterboard is part of the instrument;
 * the N-series of keyboards and modules, which also offered support for Roland's GS and GM2 standards as well.

Korg was the only manufacturer outside of Yamaha to produce XG-certified instruments.

title: Yamaha XG