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Rodolphe Adada

Rodolphe Adada (born 24 April 1946) is a Congolese politician and diplomat. During the single-party rule of the Congolese Labour Party (PCT), he served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Mines and Energy from 1977 to 1984, as Minister of Mines and Oil from 1984 to 1989, and as Minister of Secondary and Higher Education from 1989 to 1991. Later, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Denis Sassou Nguesso from 1997 to 2007 and Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the African Union for Darfur from 2007 to 2009. He returned to the government of Congo-Brazzaville in 2009, serving as Minister of State for Industrial Development from 2009 to 2012, and as Minister of State for Transport from 2012 to 2016. He has been Ambassador to France since 2016.

Political career
Adada, an ethnic Mbochi, was born in Gamboma, French Congo on 24 April 1946. He obtained a doctorate in mathematics from France in the early 1970s. He was a mathematician by profession and elected to the Central Committee of the PCT in 1972. In January 1976, he became the head of the newly created scientific research department and member of the state council, with the rank of cabinet minister. Under Joachim Yhombi-Opango, he was appointed as Minister of Mines and Energy in the government named on 5 April 1977. He remained in the government under Sassou Nguesso, who took power in 1979. He remained in his post as Minister of Mines and Energy until 1984, when he was instead appointed as Minister of Mines and Oil. In the government named on 13 August 1989, he was moved to the position of Minister of Secondary and Higher Education, in charge of Scientific Research; he remained in that position until 1991. With the fall of Sassou Nguesso regime, he went into exile in France in 1992 and returned in 1997.

After Sassou Nguesso returned to power in October 1997, he appointed Adada as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation on 2 November 1997. In the May 2002 parliamentary election, Adada was elected to the National Assembly as the PCT candidate in the first constituency of Ouenzé, the fifth arrondissement of Brazzaville; he won the seat in the first round with 67.46% of the vote. After the election, he retained his post as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation, and La Francophonie in the government appointed on 18 August 2002.

In March 2003, Adada visited Bangui in the wake of François Bozizé's seizure of power in the Central African Republic. He met with Bozizé and effectively endorsed the takeover, saying that Bozizé was trustworthy because he had expressed a "vision" of "openness" and "reconciliation". In doing so, Adada ignored the African Union's official condemnation of the takeover.

Adada was to visit the People's Republic of China on behalf of Congo-Brazzaville, as announced by the Chinese government on their Ministry of Foreign Affairs website on 16 March 2004. He was promoted to the rank of Minister of State for Foreign Affairs in the government named on 7 January 2005.

On 8 May 2007, Adada was named Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the African Union for Darfur, in which capacity he was in charge of the peacekeeping mission there. On 31 May, Basile Ikouébé was appointed to replace him as Foreign Minister.

Speaking to the United Nations Security Council on 27 April 2009, Adada said the violence in Darfur had been reduced to the point that the conflict there was "low-intensity". This claim outraged many of those involved in the Darfur situation.

The United Nations–African Union peacekeeping mission, UNAMID, announced on 25 August 2009 that Adada was resigning from his post and that his resignation would take effect on 31 August. UNAMID's deployment was characterized as "slow and difficult", and Adada had faced some criticism from diplomats who argued he was not effective. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon praised Adada, writing to him that he had "led UNAMID with distinction during its most challenging initial deployment phase and in an environment of unprecedented difficulty." Speaking to Agence France-Presse in an interview, Adada argued that he had been successful in his mission because massacres no were no longer occurring: "I would like to be judged, for UNAMID to be judged, on the number of deaths in Darfur." He said that he resigned as a matter of "personal choice". He reiterated his view that "there is no more fighting on the ground" and that continued violence was due to crime, not warfare. Adada also said that the Sudanese government had not fully cooperated with UNAMID, but that he had no choice but to work with the government, and he criticized the international community for not sending helicopters to UNAMID. Before he departed Sudan, he was awarded the Order of the Two Niles by Sudanese President Omar el-Bashir on 7 September 2009.

Shortly after Adada left his post in Darfur, Sassou Nguesso reappointed him to the Congolese government as Minister of State for Industrial Development and the Promotion of the Private Sector on 15 September 2009. At the PCT's Sixth Extraordinary Congress, held in July 2011, Adada was elected to the PCT's 51-member Political Bureau.

Following the July–August 2012 parliamentary election, Adada was moved to the post of Minister of State for Transport, Civil Aviation, and the Merchant Marine on 25 September 2012. While Adada was serving in that post, a plane crash occurred at the Maya-Maya Airport in Brazzaville on the evening of 30 November 2012, killing 32 people. Adada visited the scene on the morning after the crash. At an official tribute to the victims held on 10 December 2012, he said that the cause of the crash was being investigated. Adada was believed to be "completely marginalized" by 2013, with matters falling under his ministerial portfolio effectively controlled by Jean-Jacques Bouya.

During the campaign for the September 2014 local elections, Adada was dispatched to Niari Department to campaign for the PCT's candidates there.

After Sassou Nguesso's victory in the March 2016 presidential election, Adada was dismissed from the government on 30 April 2016. He was appointed as Ambassador to France in July 2016, replacing Henri Lopes, and presented his credentials to French President François Hollande on 9 November 2016.

title: Rodolphe Adada


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John Bennet Lawes

Sir John Bennet Lawes, 1st Baronet, FRS (28 December 1814 – 31 August 1900) was an English entrepreneur and agricultural scientist. He founded an experimental farm at his home at Rothamsted Manor that eventually became Rothamsted Research, where he developed a superphosphate that would mark the beginnings of the chemical fertilizer industry.

Life
John Bennet Lawes was born at Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, on 28 December 1814, the only son of John Bennet Lawes, owner of the Rothamsted estate and lord of the manor of Rothamsted. His father died when he was eight years old, so he was brought up mostly by his mother Marianne. He was educated at Eton College and Brasenose College, Oxford, although he didn't graduate. In 1822, his father died and Lawes inherited Rothamsted.

Before leaving Oxford in 1832, Lawes had begun to interest himself in growing various medicinal plants on the Estates and started to experiment on the effects of various manures on plants growing in pots. A year or two later the experiments were extended to crops in the field in order to free farmers from relying on animals to produce fertilizer. In 1839, an ostrich belonging to him escaped Rothamsted and caused a bit of property damage, although the only person it hurt was the first one to try and capture it.

In 1842, he patented a manure formed by treating phosphates with sulphuric acid, and thus initiated the artificial manure industry. In the succeeding year he enlisted the services of Joseph Henry Gilbert, with whom he experimented for more than half a century in raising crops and feeding animals, activities which have rendered Rothamsted famous to scientific agriculturists. In 1854, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, which in 1867 bestowed a Royal Medal on Lawes and Gilbert jointly, and in 1882 he was awarded the title of baronet. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1883.

Lawes died on 31 August 1900 and Rothamsted Manor and Estates passed to his son Charles. He was buried in the churchyard of St Nicholas Church, Harpenden with his wife Caroline (née Fountaine), who predeceased him (1822- 29 November 1895). They had two children, Caroline Lawes & Charles Bennet Lawes (3 October 1843 - 6 October 1911) Charles married Maria Amelia Rose Fountaine (related?) on 8 April 1869 at St George's Church, Hanover Square, London. He became Sir Charles Bennet Lawes-Wittewronge 2nd Bt on the death of his father in 1900 (the name Witteronge was his grandmother's maiden name)

Legacy
In 1889, Lawes took measures to ensure the continued existence of the Rothamsted experimental farm by setting aside money solely for that purpose and so established The Lawes Agricultural Trust. Rothamsted Experimental Station is the oldest agricultural research facility in the world.

Sir John Lawes School in Harpenden, Herts is named after him.

The locality of Lawes, Queensland, in Australia is named after him. The main feature of that locality is the University of Queensland Gatton Campus which specialises in agriculture.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Bennet Lawes


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User:Woolysock

Hi. I am a sockpuppet. I was created for the sole purpose of commenting on sockpuppet issues. I do not deign to vote anywhere, since my kind are sockingly excluded from being counted.

Articles I created: To Do: Fill in all red links
 * List of mythical creatures that pretend to be human
 * List of works featuring a main character named Bob (thanks to User:Triskaideka here for the idea!)

 * The Order of the Stick
 * BrettspielWelt
 * Alles bob!

title: User:Woolysock


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Rogatien Biaou

Rogatien Biaou (born 19 May 1952, in Savé) is a Beninese politician and diplomat. Biaou was the Foreign Minister of Benin from June 12, 2003 to February 16, 2006.

Rogatien Biaou has held several positions outside of public office, including in the United Nations Diplomatic Corps. Mr. Biaou served as Chairman for the Group of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Nordic and African States, Honorary President for the UN Security Council (2005), Non-Permanent Member of the UN Security Council (2004-2005), Chairman of the Ministerial Group of Emerging Markets of the United Nations (2003-2006), Knight of the National Order, Republic of Benin.

Current
Rogatien Biaou continues to advocate the principles of environmental, social, and corporate governance for economic and social justice around the world. As a founding member of Alliance Patriotique Nouvel Espoir Mr. Biaou continues advocating for the release of political prisoners and for free, fair and democratic elections in Benin.

title: Rogatien Biaou


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R. K. Laxman

Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Laxman (24 October 1921 – 26 January 2015) was an Indian cartoonist, illustrator, and humorist. He was best known for his creation The Common Man and for his daily cartoon strip, You Said It in The Times of India, which started in 1951.

R. K. Laxman started his career as a part-time cartoonist, working mostly for local newspapers and magazines. While as a college student, he illustrated his older brother R. K. Narayan's stories in The Hindu. His first full-time job was as a political cartoonist for The Free Press Journal in Mumbai. Later, he joined The Times of India, and became famous for The Common Man character, which turned out to be the turning point in Laxman's life.

Birth and childhood
R. K. Laxman was born in Mysore in 1921 in a Tamil Hindu brahmin family. His father was a headmaster and Laxman was the youngest of eight children: six sons and two daughters. His elder brother was renowned novelist R.K. Narayan. Laxman was known as "Pied Piper of Delhi".

Laxman was fascinated by the illustrations in magazines such as The Strand, Punch, Bystander, Wide World and Tit-Bits, before he had even begun to read. Soon he was drawing on his own, on the floors, walls and doors of his house and doodling caricatures of his teachers at school; praised by a teacher for his drawing of a peepal leaf, he began to think of himself as an artist in the making. Another early influence on Laxman was the work of the world-renowned British cartoonist, Sir David Low (whose signature he misread as "cow" for a long time) that appeared now and then in The Hindu. Laxman notes in his autobiography, The Tunnel of Time: "I drew objects that caught my eye outside the window of my room – the dry twigs, leaves and lizard-like creatures crawling about, the servant chopping firewood and, of course, and number of crows in various postures on the rooftops of the buildings opposite" Laxman was the captain of his local "Rough and Tough and Jolly" cricket team and his antics inspired the stories "Dodu the Money Maker" and "The Regal Cricket Club" written by his brother, Narayan. Laxman's idyllic childhood was shaken for a while when his father suffered a paralytic stroke and died around a year later, but the elders at home bore most of the increased responsibility, while Laxman continued with his schooling.

After high school Maharaja's Govt. High School, Mysore, Laxman applied to the Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art hoping to concentrate on his lifelong interests of drawing and painting, but the dean of the school wrote to him that his drawings lacked "the kind of talent to qualify for enrolment in our institution as a student", and refused admission. He finally graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Mysore. In the meantime he continued his freelance artistic activities and contributed cartoons to Swarajya and an animated film based on the mythological character Narada.

Beginning
R.K Laxman's earliest work was for newspapers Rohan and magazines including Swarajya and Blitz. While still at the Maharaja College of Mysore, he began to illustrate his elder brother R. K. Narayan's stories in The Hindu, and he drew political cartoons for the local newspapers and for the Swatantra. Laxman also drew cartoons for the Kannada humour magazine, Koravanji which was founded in 1942 by M. Shivaram who had a clinic in the Majestic area of Bangalore. He started this monthly magazine, dedicating it to humorous and satirical articles and cartoons. Shivaram himself was an eminent humourist in Kannada. He encouraged Laxman. Laxman held a summer job at the Gemini Studios, Madras. His first full-time job was as a political cartoonist for The Free Press Journal in Mumbai, where Bal Thackeray was his cartoonist colleague. In 1951, Laxman joined The Times of India, Mumbai, beginning a career that spanned over fifty years. His "Common Man" character, featured in his pocket cartoons, is portrayed as a witness to the making of democracy. Anthropologist Ritu G. Khanduri notes, "R. K. Laxman structures his cartoon-news through a plot about corruption and a set of characters. This news is visualized and circulates through the recurring figures of the mantri (minister), the Common Man and the trope of modernity symbolized by the airplane (2012: 304)."

Other creations
Laxman also created a popular mascot for the Asian Paints Ltd group called "Gattu" in 1954. He also wrote a few novels, the first one of which was titled The Hotel Riviera. His cartoons have appeared in Hindi films such as Mr. & Mrs. '55 and a Tamil film Kamaraj. His creations also include the sketches drawn for the television adaptation of Malgudi Days which was written by his elder brother R. K. Narayan, directed by Shankar Nag, and a Konkan coast based Hindi sitcom, Wagle Ki Duniya. Laxman also drew caricatures of David Low, T. S. Eliot, Dr. Rajkumar, Bertrand Russell, J. B. Priestley and Graham Greene.

Personal life
Laxman was first married to Kumari Kamala, a Bharatanatyam dancer and film actress who began her film career as a child actress named "Baby Kamala" and graduated into adult roles under the name "Kumari Kamala" ("Miss Kamala"). They had no children and after their divorce in 1960 Laxman married his niece whose first name was again Kamala. She was the author and children's book writer- Kamala Laxman. In a cartoon series named "The star I never met" in film magazine Filmfare he painted a cartoon of Kamala Laxman, with the title "The star I only met!" The couple's son Srinivas Laxman is a Mumbai-based freelance space journalist who has contributed regularly to The Times of India.

In September 2003, Laxman suffered a stroke that left him paralysed on his left side. He recovered from it partially. On the evening of 20 June 2010, Laxman was admitted to Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai after being transported by an air ambulance from Pune.

Death

Laxman died in Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital in Pune on India's Republic Day in 2015 at the age of 93. He was hospitalised three days earlier for a urinary tract infection and chest problems that ultimately led to multiple organ failure. He had reportedly suffered multiple strokes since 2010. A cartoon that Laxman had made following the successful landing of Mangalyaan on Mars was posted by the Indian Space Research Organisation on its Facebook and Twitter pages on 27 January. Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis announced that Laxman would be accorded a state funeral and a memorial would be built in his honour. Laxman's body was kept at the Symbiosis Institute's Pune premises near the "Common Man" statue and his body was cremated at the Vaikunth crematorium.

Awards and recognition

 * Padma Bhushan – Govt. of India – 1973
 * Padma Vibhushan – Govt. of India – 2005
 * Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts – 1984
 * Karnataka Rajyotsava Award – Government of Karnataka – 1983
 * Lifetime Achievement Award for Journalism – CNN IBN TV18 – 29 January 2008
 * Pune Pandit Award (Scholar of Pune Award) by the Art & Music Foundation for excellence in 'Creative Communication' – 2012
 * Honorary Doctorate from the University of Mysore – 2004

There is a chair named after R. K. Laxman at Symbiosis International University.

Exhibitions by IIC
Exhibitions of Laxman's cartoons organised by Indian Institute of Cartoonists at Indian Cartoon Gallery.

Legacy

 * R K Laxman Museum: R. K. Laxman Museum in Pune houses over 35000 illustrations of R. K. Laxman. The exhibits have been displayed in several galleries. An entire gallery is dedicated to the life of Laxman. It houses rare photos of his childhood and also displays photos of his elder brother the famous novelist R. K. Narayan. The museum also has a light and sound show.

Popular culture

 * Actor Asif Ali Beg portrayed R.K.Laxman in Scam 1992, a Sony LIV's original web series based on 1992 Indian stock market scam of Harshad Mehta, where he was shown to be interacting with journalist Sucheta Dalal while working for the Times of India, Mumbai.
 * On 24 October 2015, Google featured Laxman on a Google Doodle to honour him on the occasion of his 94th birthday.

Multimedia

 * India Through The Eyes of R. K. Laxman – Then To Now (CD-ROM).
 * R K Laxman Ki Duniya, a television show on SAB TV.
 * Wagle Ki Duniya, a television show on DD National.

title: R. K. Laxman


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Ilinka Mitreva

Ilinka Mitreva (Илинка Митрева; 11 February 1950 – 1 August 2022) was a Macedonian politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2001 and from 2002 to 2006.

Personal life
Mitreva was born in Skopje in 1950. Her education after graduating from the Faculty of Philology in Skopje, a group of Romanian philology in 1973, she received her master's degree from the Faculty of Philology in Belgrade and then received her Doctorate from the Faculty of Philology in Skopje.

From 1974 to 2001 she worked as a junior assistant, associate professor and head of the Department of Romanian Languages and Literature at the Faculty of Philology in Skopje. Mitreva was professor of French literature at the Department of Romanian Languages and Literature from 23 November 2001 to 31 October 2002. She was the author of several professional and scientific papers.

Political career
Mitreva was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Macedonia in two different terms. She was first appointed to that position in May 2001, but resigned in November 2001. However, she was reappointed in November 2002, and held the position until August 2006, when a new government took office after parliamentary elections.

title: Ilinka Mitreva


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Harry Potter fandom

The Harry Potter fandom is the community of fans of the Harry Potter books and films who participate in entertainment activities that revolve around the series, such as reading and writing fan fiction, creating and soliciting fan art, engaging in role-playing games, socialising on Harry Potter-based forums, and more. The fandom interacts online as well as offline through activities such as fan conventions, participating in cosplay, tours of iconic landmarks relevant to the books and production of the films, and parties held for the midnight release of each book and film.

By the fourth Harry Potter book, the legions of fans had grown so large that considerable security measures were taken to ensure that no copy of book was leaked before the official release date. Harry Potter is considered one of the few four-quadrant, multi-generation spanning franchises that exist today, despite Rowling's original marketing of the books to tweens and teens.

Pottermania
Pottermania is an informal term first used around 1999 describing the craze Harry Potter fans have had over the series. Fans held midnight parties to celebrate the release of the final four books at bookstores which stayed open on the night leading into the date of the release. In 2005, Entertainment Weekly listed the midnight release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire as one of "Entertainment's Top Moments" of the previous 25 years.

Diehard fans of the series are called "Potterheads". Some even theme their weddings around Harry Potter. A Bridal Guide featured two real weddings soon before the release of the final film, which quickly spread through the fandom via Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr. The craze over the series was referenced in Lauren Weisberger's 2003 novel The Devil Wears Prada as well as its 2006 film adaptation. In the story, the protagonist Andrea Sachs is ordered to retrieve two copies of the next instalment in the series for her boss's twins before they are published so that they can be privately flown to France, where the twins and their mother are on holiday.

Some celebrity fans of Harry Potter include Lily Allen, Guillermo del Toro, Ariana Grande, Stephen King, Keira Knightley, Jennifer Lawrence, Evanna Lynch, Barack Obama, Simon Pegg, ASAP Rocky, Seth Rogen, and Matt Smith.

Fan sites
There are many fan web sites about Harry Potter on the Internet, the oldest ones dating to about 1997 or 1998. One of the most famous sites allows fans of the book an opportunity to be sorted into a house themselves. J. K. Rowling has an open relationship with her fan base, and since 2004 periodically hands out a "fan site award" on her official web site. The first site to receive the award was Immeritus, a fan site mostly devoted to Sirius Black, and about which Rowling wrote, "I am so proud of the fact that a character, whom I always liked very much, though he never appeared as much more than a brooding presence in the books, has gained a passionate fan-club."

In 2004, after Immeritus, Rowling bestowed the honour upon four sites. The first was Godric's Hollow; for some time however, the site's domain name was occupied by advertisers and its content was lost and there is no further record on Rowling's site that Godric's Hollow ever received the award, although in 2010 the website came back online again albeit with a lot of content missing. The next site was the Harry Potter Lexicon, an online encyclopedia Rowling has admitted to visiting while writing away from home rather than buying a copy of her books in a store. She called it "for the dangerously obsessive; my natural home." The third site of 2004 was MuggleNet, a web site featuring the latest news in the Potter world, among editorials, forums, and a podcast. Rowling wrote when giving the award, "It's high time I paid homage to the mighty MuggleNet," and listed all the features she loved, including "the pretty-much-exhaustive information on all books and films." The last site was HPANA, the first fan site Rowling ever visited, "faster off the mark with Harry Potter news than any other site" Rowling knows, and "fantastically user-friendly."

In 2005, only The Leaky Cauldron was honoured. In Rowling's words, "it is about the worst kept secret on this website that I am a huge fan of The Leaky Cauldron," which she calls a "wonderfully well designed mine of accurate information on all things Harry Potter." On another occasion, Rowling has called the Leaky Cauldron her "favourite fan site." In 2006, the Brazilian website Potterish was the only site honoured, in recognition of its "style, [its] Potter-expertise and [its] responsible reporting."

In May 2007, Harry Potter Fan Zone received the award. Rowling recognised the insightful editorials as well as praised the site for its young and dedicated staff. In December 2007, the award went to The Harry Potter Alliance, a campaign that seeks to end discrimination, genocide, poverty, AIDS, global warming, and other "real-world Dark Arts", relating these problems to the books. Rowling called the project "extraordinary" and "most inspirational", and paralleled its mission to "the values for which Dumbledore's Army fought in the books". In an article about her in Time magazine, Rowling expressed her gratefulness at the site's successful work raising awareness and sign-up levels among anti-genocide coalitions.

At one time, Warner Bros., which owns the rights to Harry Potter and its affiliates, tried to shut down the sites. The unsuccessful attempt eventually led to their inviting the webmasters of the top sites to premieres of the films and tours of the film sets, because of their close connection with the fans. Warner Bros. executives have acknowledged that many fans are disappointed that certain elements of the books are left out, but not trying to avoid criticism, "bringing the fan sites into the process is what we feel is really important."

These fan sites contain news updates into the world of the books, films, and film cast members through the use of forums, image galleries, or video galleries. They also host user-submitted creations, such as fan art or fan fiction.

Podcasts
The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular, often weekly, insight to the latest discussion in the fandom. Apple Inc. has featured two of the podcasts, MuggleCast and PotterCast. Both have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favorite podcasts. At the 2006 Podcast Awards, when MuggleCast and PotterCast each received two nominations for the same two categories, the two podcasts teamed up and requested listeners vote for PotterCast in the Best Entertainment category and MuggleCast in the People's Choice category. Both podcasts won these respective categories.

MuggleCast, hosted by MuggleNet staffers, was created in August 2005, not long after the release of Half-Blood Prince. Topics of the first show focused on Horcruxes, "R.A.B.", the Goblet of Fire film, which was due for release two months later, and the website DumbledoreIsNotDead.com. Since then, MuggleCast has held chapter-by-chapter discussions, character analyses, and a discussion on a "theory of the week". MuggleCast has also added humour to their podcast with segments like "Spy on Spartz," where the hosts would call MuggleNet webmaster Emerson Spartz and reveal his current location or activity with the listening audience. British staff member Jamie Lawrence tells a British joke of the week, and host Andrew Sims reads an email sent to MuggleNet with a strange request or incoherent talk (dubbed "Huh?! Email of the Week"). MuggleCast is currently the highest-rated Harry Potter podcast on the Internet. The MuggleCast website will continue to serve as a resource for other Harry Potter fans who want to rediscover the franchise

PotterCast was released less than two weeks after MuggleCast's first episode. Produced by The Leaky Cauldron, it differed from MuggleCast with a more structured program, including various segments and involvement of more people on the Leaky Cauldron staff compared to MuggleCast. It also was the first Potter podcast to produce regular interviews with people directly involved with the books and films. The first show featured interviews with Stuart Craig, art director of the films, as well as Bonnie Wright, who plays Ginny Weasley. PotterCast has also interviewed Matthew Lewis (the actor who portrays Neville Longbottom), Evanna Lynch (Luna Lovegood), Jamie Waylett (Vincent Crabbe), Rupert Grint (Ron Weasley), Chris Columbus, Alfonso Cuarón, Mike Newell (directors of the first four films), Arthur A. Levine and Cheryl Klein (editors of the books at Scholastic), and Rowling herself.

The two sites are friendly rivals and have aired several combined episodes, which they call "The Leaky Mug", a separate podcast released on a separate feed from time to time. Live joint podcasts have been held in New York City, Las Vegas, and California. From time to time, hosts on one podcast will appear on their counterpart.

Other notable Harry Potter podcasts include:
 * Harry Potter and the Sacred Text, in which the books are read as if they were a religious text;
 * Witch Please, which looks at the books through a feminist lens;
 * Potterotica, in which actors read Harry Potter fan fiction aloud;
 * Potterless, a comedy podcast in which an adult man reads the books for the first time and tries to predict future plot points;

Fan fiction
Rowling has backed fan fiction stories on the Internet, stories written by fans that involve Harry Potter or other characters in the books. A March 2007 study showed that "Harry Potter" is the most searched-for fan fiction subject online. Some fans will use canon established in the books to write stories of past and future events in the Harry Potter world; others write stories that have little relation to the books other than the characters' names and the settings in which the fan fiction takes place. On FanFiction.Net, there are over 834,000, while Archive of Our Own has over 300,000 fan fictions on Harry Potter. There are numerous websites devoted solely to Harry Potter fan fiction. Of these, according to rankings on Alexa.com, HarryPotterFanfiction.com has grown to be the most popular.

A well-known work of fan fiction is The Shoebox Project, created by two LiveJournal users. Over 8500 people subscribe to the story so that they are alerted when new posts update the story. The authors' works, including this project, were featured in an article in The Wall Street Journal discussing the growth in popularity of fandoms.

The current most reviewed piece of fanfiction, with over 32,000 reviews, is All The Young Dudes by someone using the pseudonym of MsKingBean89.

In 2006, the "popular 'bad' fanfic" My Immortal was posted on FanFiction.Net by user "Tara Gilesbie". It was deleted by the site's administrators in 2008, but not before amassing over eight thousand negative reviews. It spawned a number of YouTube spoofs and a number of imitators created "sequels" claiming to be the original Tara.

In 2007, a web-based novel, James Potter and the Hall of Elders' Crossing, was written by a computer animator named George Lippert. The book was written as a supplement to fill the void after Deathly Hallows, and received eventual approval from Rowling herself.

Rowling has said, "I find it very flattering that people love the characters that much." She has adopted a positive position on fan fiction, unlike authors such as Anne McCaffrey or Anne Rice who discourage fans from writing about their books and have asked sites like FanFiction.Net to remove all stories of their works, requests honored by the site. However, Rowling has been "alarmed by pornographic or sexually explicit material clearly not meant for kids," according to Neil Blair, an attorney for her publisher. The attorneys have sent cease and desist letters to sites that host adult material.

Potter fan fiction also has a large following in the slash fiction genre, stories which feature sexual relationships that do not exist in the books (shipping), often portraying homosexual pairings. Famous pairings include Harry with Draco Malfoy or Cedric Diggory, and Remus Lupin with Sirius Black. Harry Potter slash has eroded some of the antipathy towards underage sexuality in the wider slash fandom.

Tracey "T" Proctor, a moderator of FictionAlley.org, a Harry Potter fan fiction website, said 'I don't really get into the children's aspect of it, but rather the teachers, the adult characters. I read someone once who said, "If she didn't want us fantasizing about her characters, she needs to stop having these handsome men portraying them." And that's the truth: It's very hard not to look at Alan Rickman [Professor Severus Snape] and Jason Isaacs [Lucius Malfoy] and not get erotic thoughts. I have some fan fiction at Fiction Alley. You want to write stories about the characters that J.K. is not writing, about their love lives that you don't see in the book.'

In November 2006, Jason Isaacs, who played Lucius Malfoy in the Potter films, said that he had read fan fiction about his character and gets "a huge kick out of the more far-out stuff."

Discussion
Prior to the publication of Deathly Hallows, much of the energy of the Potter fandom was devoted to speculation and debate about upcoming plot and character developments. To this end, clues from the earlier books and deliberate hints from J. K. Rowling (in interviews and on her website) were heavily scrutinised by fans. In particular, fan essays were published on websites such as Mugglenet (the "world famous editorials"), the Harry Potter Lexicon and The Leaky Cauldron (Scribbulus project) among others: offering theories, comment and analysis on all aspects of the series. The Yahoo discussion list Harry Potter for Grown Ups (founded in 1999) is also noteworthy for its detailed criticism and discussion of the Harry Potter books.

Speculation intensified with the July 2005 publication of Half-Blood Prince and the detailed post-publication interview given by Rowling to Mugglenet and The Leaky Cauldron. Notably, DumbledoreIsNotDead.com sought to understand the events of the sixth book in a different way. (Rowling later confirmed, however – on 2 August 2006 – that Dumbledore was, in fact, dead, humorously apologising to the website as she did so.) A collection of essays, ''Who Killed Albus Dumbledore?: What Really Happened in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince? Six Expert Harry Potter Detectives Examine the Evidence'', was published by Zossima Press in November 2006. Contributors included the Christian author John Granger and Joyce Odell of Red Hen Publications, whose own website contains numerous essays on the Potterverse and fandom itself.

In 2006, in advance of the arrival of the seventh Potter novel, five MuggleNet staff members co-authored the reference book Mugglenet.Com's What Will Happen in Harry Potter 7: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Falls in Love and How Will the Adventure Finally End, an anthology of unofficial fan predictions; while early in 2007, Leaky launched HarryPotterSeven.com, featuring "roundups and predictions from some of the most knowledgeable fans online" (including Steve Vander Ark of the Lexicon). Late additions to the fan scene (prior to the publication of Deathly Hallows) included BeyondHogwarts.com (the successor to DumbledoreIsNotDead.com), which billed itself as "the only ongoing online Harry Potter fan conference", as well as Book7.co.uk, which offered a hypothetical "evidence-based synopsis" of the seventh novel. To this day, debate and reaction to the novels and films continues on web forums (including Mugglenet's Chamber of Secrets community and TLC's Leaky Lounge).

Fan film and television
A 2018 Italian fan-made prequel to the series, Voldemort: Origins of the Heir, depicts the story of Tom Riddle's rise to power. The teaser trailer was released on in June 2017, receiving exceeded thirty million views in less than 48 hours on Facebook. The full movie was later released on YouTube on 13 January 2018, receiving over twelve million views in ten days.

Hermione Granger and the Quarter Life Crisis is an online TV series focused on Hermione Granger's life after Hogwarts. In the show, Granger, cast as a black woman played by Ashley Romans, has broken up with Ron Weasley and moved to Los Angeles to reevaluate her life and choices.

A 2020 Vulture Works' fan-made film, James Potter and the Heir of the Sword, starts with the epilogue of Deathly Hallows. Jealous of the relationship between Scorpius Malfoy and Albus Severus Potter, Albus' brother James is in conflict with Scorpius to be the best brother, while the prophecy of King Arthur's Monster, which occurs every 100 years, hits Hogwarts.

Conventions
Fan conventions have been another way that the fandom has congregated. Conventions such as Prophecy, LeakyCon, Infinitus, Azkatraz, and Ascendio have maintained an academic emphasis, hosting professional keynote speakers as well as keeping the atmosphere playful and friendly. They have featured prominent members of the fandom such as Jennie Levine, owner of SugarQuill.net (Phoenix Rising, 2007); Melissa Anelli, current webmaster of The Leaky Cauldron (Phoenix Rising, 2007; Leakycon, 2009/2011/2012); Sue Upton, former Senior Editor of the Leaky Cauldron (Prophecy, 2007); Heidi Tandy, founder of Fiction Alley (Prophecy, 2007), Paul and Joe DeGeorge of the wizard rock band Harry and the Potters (along with several other more well-known Wizard Rock bands such as The Remus Lupins, The Parselmouths, Ministry of Magic, and The Whomping Willows) (see below) (Prophecy, 2007; Leakycon, 2009/2011/2012), Andrew Slack, founder of The Harry Potter Alliance, and StarKid, the cast of the fan made musicals "A Very Potter Musical", "A Very Potter Sequel", and "A Very Potter Senior Year".

Still, the conventions try to attract the fandom with other fun-filled Potter-centric activities, often more interactive, such as wizarding chess, water Quidditch, a showing of the Harry Potter films, or local cultural immersions. Live podcasts are often recorded during these events, and live Wizard Rock shows have become a fairly large part of recent conventions. Members of the Harry Potter cast have been brought in for the conferences; actors such as Evanna Lynch (Luna Lovegood) and Christopher Rankin (Percy Weasley), along with several others, have appeared to give live Q&A sessions and keynote presentations about the series.

In addition to fandom-specific programming, LeakyCon 2011 and 2012 have hosted LitDays (as well as incorporating the many fandoms Harry Potter fans have branched into since the ending of the series). LitDays are full of programming with authors, agents, and editors. A few key examples are John Green, author of the young adult novels The Fault in Our Stars and Looking for Alaska; Scott Westerfeld, author of the Uglies series and Leviathan; and David Levithan, author of Nick & Norah's Infinite Playlist and The Lover's Dictionary.

These conventions are now incorporating the recently opened theme park The Wizarding World of Harry Potter into their itinerary, built inside Universal's Island of Adventure in Orlando, Florida. At the Harry Potter fan conventions Infinitus 2010, LeakyCon 2011, and Ascendio 2012, special events were held at the theme park dedicated to the series. These are after-hours events for convention attendees who purchased tickets to experience and explore the park by themselves. The event included talks given by creators of the park, free food and butterbeer, and live wizard rock shows inside the park.

Festivals
In addition to conventions, Harry Potter fandom has further expanded to town festivals, including the Chestertown Harry Potter Festival (Maryland), the Chestnut Hill Harry Potter Festival (Philadelphia), Edgerton's Harry Potter Festival (Wisconsin), and the Spellbound Festival (Michigan, 2016; Ontario, 2018; New York, 2019), among others. The Chestnut Hill event had been held annually for seven years until 2018 when it was rebranded under a more general "Witches and Wizards" theme, following a cease and desist letter from Warner Bros.

"Ship debates"
In the fandom, the word "ship" and its derivatives like "shipping" or "shipper" are commonly used as shorthand for the word "relationship". The Harry Potter series generated ship debates with supporters of the prospective relationship between Harry Potter and his close female friend Hermione Granger at odds with supporters of Hermione ending up instead with Ron Weasley, close friend of both, as well as supporters of Harry ending up with Ginny Weasley, Ron's younger sister.

An interview with Rowling conducted by fansite webmasters Emerson Spartz (MuggleNet) and Melissa Anelli (The Leaky Cauldron) shortly after the book's release proved to be controversial. During the interview, Spartz commented that Harry/Hermione shippers were "delusional", to which Rowling chuckled, though making it clear that she did not share the sentiment and that the Harry/Hermione fans were "still valued members of her readership". This incident resulted in an uproar among Harry/Hermione shippers. The uproar was loud enough to merit an article in the San Francisco Chronicle.

Rowling's attitude towards the shipping phenomenon has varied between amused and bewildered to frustrated, as she revealed in that interview. She explained:"Well, you see, I'm a relative newcomer to the world of shipping, because for a long time, I didn't go on the net and look up Harry Potter. A long time. Occasionally I had to, because there were weird news stories or something that I would have to go and check, because I was supposed to have said something I hadn't said. I had never gone and looked at fan sites, and then one day I did and oh - my - god. Five hours later or something, I get up from the computer shaking slightly [all laugh]. 'What is going on?' And it was during that first mammoth session that I met the shippers, and it was a most extraordinary thing. I had no idea there was this huge underworld seething beneath me."

In a later posting on MuggleNet, Spartz explained:"My comments weren't directed at the shippers who acknowledged that Harry/Hermione was a long shot but loved the idea of them together. It was directed at the 'militant' shippers who insisted that there was overwhelming canon proof and that everyone else was too blind to see it. You were delusional; you saw what you wanted to see and you have no one to blame for that but yourselves."

Rowling has continued to make references, less humorous and more, to the severity of the shipper conflicts. In one instance she has joked about trying to think of ways of proving to Emerson, when inviting him for the aforementioned interview, that it was really her and not "some angry Harry/Hermione shipper trying to lure him down a dark alleyway";

Rowling stated in a 2014 interview with Wonderland magazine that she thought that realistically Ron and Hermione had "too much fundamental incompatibility." She stated that Ron and Hermione were written together "as a form of wish fulfillment" as way to reconcile a relationship she herself was once in. She went on to say that perhaps with marriage counselling Ron and Hermione would have been all right. She also went on to say in a talk at Exeter University that Harry's love for Ginny is true, thereby denying any potential canon relationship between Harry and Hermione.

Other relationships
On a less intense scale, other relationships have been doted upon in the fandom from suggestive hints or explicit statements throughout canon, such as those between Draco Malfoy and Pansy Parkinson, Harry's parents James Potter and Lily Evans, Rubeus Hagrid and Olympe Maxime, or Percy Weasley and Penelope Clearwater, or Rose Granger-Weasley and Scorpius Malfoy. A potential relationship between Neville Longbottom and Luna Lovegood was originally dispelled by Rowling, though she later retracted this and said she noticed a slight attraction between them in Deathly Hallows.

Some couples, besides Harry and Ginny and Ron and Hermione, have been explicitly stated in the series: Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour are married in Deathly Hallows after dating throughout Half-Blood Prince. In Half-Blood Prince, Nymphadora Tonks keeps her feelings for Remus Lupin to herself, but remains depressed when he refuses her advances; he feels that his being a werewolf would not create a safe relationship. Tonks professes her love for him at the end of the book, and she and Lupin have been married by the beginning of Deathly Hallows and have a son 'Teddy' later in the book. Other couples, such as Harry and Draco or Lupin and Sirius Black, are favourites among fans who read fan fiction about them. There is also debate about Lily and Severus vs. James.

Roleplaying games
Roleplaying is a central feature of the Harry Potter fandom. There are two primary forms: internet-based roleplay and live-action roleplay, or LARP.

LARPing often involves re-enacting or creating an original Quidditch team. Match rules and style of play vary among fandom events, but they are generally kept as close as possible to the sport envisioned by Rowling. The 2006 Lumos symposium included a Quidditch tournament played in water. More common are ground-based games such as the handball style developed by USA Team Handball and featured at the MuggleNet-sponsored Spellbound event, as well as the Muggle Quidditch style played intramurally at Millikin University (at left). This version of quidditch has grown past intramural play, is far from LARPing, and has an international governing body, the IQA.

Internet-based roleplay tries to simulate the Hogwarts experience. Many sites are forum-based, emphasizing taking classes taught by staff members in order for the players to earn points for their respective houses. Some internet-based roleplay sites go more in depth into canon and storylines, and do not specifically rely on posting as the only method for gaining house points while others have expanded to include activities such as Quidditch, dueling, and board-wide plots. Hogwarts-school.net (est. 2000), for example, is a forum-based roleplaying game which allows players to take classes, engage in extracurriculars, and also has many options for adult characters in St. Mungos, the Daily Prophet, and the Ministry of Magic.

2007 saw the launch of World of Hogwarts, a completely free MMORPG Harry Potter roleplaying game in Second Life, set ten years after the Battle of Hogwarts. Here, roleplayers can create an avatar and interact with other students, attend lessons organized by other roleplayers, play Quidditch, sit for their exams, earn and lose points for their house, visit Hogsmeade, Diagon Alley and the Forbidden Forest, get a job at the Ministry of Magic, explore several secret passages within the castle, and even immerse themselves into intricate and well-composed storyline plots that have, through time, grown into the canon rules of the game.

A website created by ISO Interactive, called the Chamber of Chat is a free online interactive virtual world under a MMO format. Although not a full MMORPG format, Chamber of Chat is set up with 3D virtual chatrooms and avatars where fans can socially interact with each other in Pictionary and Harry Potter Trivial games or participate in discussion groups about Harry Potter or Film media or perform plays as a theater group to other fans as audience. They hold special community event such as Harry Potters Birthday or Halloween and have seasonal house competitions. Fans are able to create their own avatars, collect or be rewarded coins to purchase furniture items for their own "clubhouse". However, the website emphasizes more social interaction between fans' avatars to stimulate the Hogwarts student experience. "Chamber of Chat is a graphical Social Virtual World with a few Facebook plug-ins. The Harry Potter Virtual World is designed for fans. This give users the feeling that they are interacting in the actual 3D world. You can hang out with other students, relax in the common room, mingle at the pub, play games like Pictionary and even download cool looking wallpapers."

On 19 April 2007, Chamber of Chat was awarded Adobe Site of the day. Chamber of chat has also been awarded a place among the SmartFoxServer Showcase. "Chamber of Chat is an MMO community inspired to the magic worlds of the Harry Potter saga. The application is a great example of integration between Director/Shockwave (client) and SmartFoxServer PRO.". Chamber of Chat has been a long time associated branch of The Leaky network and although as part of the network with The Leaky Cauldron, Pottercast and "Ask Peeves" search engine, it was ranked number two behind Indiana Jones's TheRaider.Net out of 25 essential fansites of "The Best of the Web" by Entertainment Weekly in December 2007.

Other sites use modified versions of phpBB that allow for a certain level of interactive roleplaying and are what is commonly referred to as "forum-based roleplaying". Interactive gaming can include player versus player features, a form of currency for making purchases in stores, and non-player characters such as monsters that must be fought to gain levels and experience points. However, these features are more prevalent in games that are not forum-based. Advancement in such games is usually dependent on live chat, multiplayer cooperation, and fighting as opposed to taking classes or simply posting to earn points for one's "house"; like at Hogwarts, players in forum-based games are sometimes sorted into a different group distinguishing different values within a person.

Landmarks tours
Some travel agencies have organised a subdivision to create tours specifically highlighting iconic landmarks in the world of Harry Potter. HP Fan Trips, offered by Beyond Boundaries Travel since 2004 in conjunction with fan site HPANA, was designed by and for fans of the series, and tours noteworthy Potter-related locations in the United Kingdom. Since 2004, they have exclusively chartered steam locomotive #5972 Olton Hall, the locomotive used in the films as the Hogwarts Express, as well as the carriages labeled as such and seen in the movies. The travel agency Your Man in Europe began hosting Magical Tours in 2006, in conjunction with fan site MuggleNet. They offer four different tours through England and Scotland.

These tours primarily feature locations used for shooting in the films, though some trips include a Chinese restaurant in Edinburgh, which was once Nicholson's Cafe, where Rowling wrote much of the manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, and Edinburgh Castle, where Rowling read from the sixth book on the night of its release to an audience of children. Filming locations visited include Alnwick Castle, where some exterior locations of Hogwarts are shot, places in Fort William, Scotland; Glen Nevis, Scotland; the Glenfinnan viaduct; Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford and the Cloisters located within New College, Oxford.

Wizard rock
Wizard music (sometimes shorthanded as Wrock) is a musical movement dating from 2000 in Massachusetts with Harry and the Potters, though it has grown internationally and has expanded to at least 750 bands. Wrock bands mostly consist of young musicians that write and perform songs about the Harry Potter universe, and these songs are often written from the point of view of a particular character in the books, usually the character who features in the band's name. If they are performing live, they may also cosplay, or dress as, that character.

In contrast to mainstream bands that have some songs incorporating literary references among a wider repertoire of music (notably Led Zeppelin to The Lord of the Rings), wizard rock bands take their inspiration entirely from the Harry Potter universe. In preserving the promotion of reading, too, bands like to perform in libraries, bookstores, and schools. The bands have also performed at the fan conventions.

We Are Wizards
We Are Wizards is a feature-length documentary by Josh Koury about the Harry Potter fandom. It features Wizard rock bands Harry and the Potters, Draco and the Malfoys, The Hungarian Horntails, and The Whomping Willows. The film also features Heather Lawver, Melissa Anelli, and Brad Neely. We Are Wizards had its World Premiere at the SXSW film festival in 2008, then traveled to 20 film festivals worldwide. The film opened theatrically in 5 cities on 14 November 2008. The film can be seen on Hulu.com, and DVD.

The Fandom Fan Diaries: Wizard's Gone W!ld
The Fandom Fan Diaries: Wizard's Gone W!ld is a documentary web series that is based on fandom submissions. The producers Miranda Marshall and Amy Henderson starting accepting video submissions in early March 2009 and plan to accept them through 2013. WiZarDs Gone W!LD is affiliated with The Fan Book of HP Fans, yet another fandom project based on submissions that has recently extended its submission deadline date.

The Wizard Rockumentary
The Wizard Rockumentary: A Movie about Rocking and Rowling is a feature documentary chronicling the rise of Harry Potter tribute bands. Producers Megan and Mallory Schuyler travelled around the United States compiling interviews and concert footage of bands including Harry and the Potters, Draco and the Malfoys, The Remus Lupins, The Whomping Willow, The Moaning Myrtles, Roonil Wazlib, Snidget, and The Hermione Crookshanks Experience. The film was released in April 2008 and has screened in libraries around the country. The producers are currently negotiating broadcast and home video rights.

Proyecto Patronus
Project Patronus: Magic of a Generation (Proyecto Patronus: la magia de una generación) is a Spanish documentary based on the Harry Potter franchise. It covers the franchise's influence on a generation of young people, and deals with the multiple values, such as friendship, love, courage and respect, which are reflected in the books. Numerous professionals in psychology and pedagogy who have studied the significance of the franchise appear. The film was released in 2016 and has screened in film festivals around Spain.

Health
In 2003, Dr. Howard J. Bennett coined the term "Hogwarts headache" in a letter to the New England Journal of Medicine shortly after the release of the longest book in the series, Order of the Phoenix. He described it as a mild condition, a tension headache possibly accompanied by neck or wrist pains, caused by unhealthily long reading sessions of Harry Potter. The symptoms resolved themselves within days of finishing the book. His prescription of taking reading breaks was rejected by two of the patients on which he discovered this headache.

Researchers at John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford found in 2005 that the admission rate of children with traumatic injuries to the city's ERs plummeted on the publication weekends of both Order of the Phoenix and Half-Blood Prince. This was due to the volume of children reading Harry Potter rather than engaging in riskier outdoor activities, such as riding of bicycles and scooters, climbing trees or playing sports. The study was led by Dr. Stephen Gwilym whose paper "hypothesized that there is a place for a committee of safety-conscious, talented writers who could produce high quality books for the purpose of injury prevention," noting a potential problem with this strategy: "Obviously, if children are always in reading books and not outside getting exercise, there is a long-term risk of obesity, rickets and lack of sunlight."

title: Harry Potter fandom


text:
Nl (Unix)

nl is a Unix utility for numbering lines, either from a file or from standard input, reproducing output on standard output.

History
nl is part of the X/Open Portability Guide since issue 2 of 1987. It was inherited into the first version of POSIX.1 and the Single Unix Specification. It first appeared in System V release 2.

The version of  bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Scott Bartram and David MacKenzie.

The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities.

Syntax
The command has a number of switches:

 * a - number all lines
 * t - number lines with printable text only
 * n - no line numbering
 * string - number only those lines containing the regular expression defined in the string supplied.

The default applied switch is t.

nl also supports some command line options.

Example
The following example numbers only the lines that begin with a capital letter A (matching on the regular expression /^A/). filename is optional. It can be useful as an alternative to grep -n:

title: Nl (Unix)


text:
Talk:Dick Dale

{{Archive box|search=yes| }}
 * Archive 1 (August 2004 – October 2013}

Missing Data
1. Movie role - "Rick", surf shop owner in the film "Local Boys" released in 2002. Verified by watching the film and IMDb website cast and crew list. I'm watching the film while I write this email and I recognized him immediately.

2. Verfied by IMDb. He does have more film roles than listed on your website. Your film listing for film credits is incomplete.

3. Dick was well known for owning two tiger cubs that he drove around in his Mercedes and took them with him everywhere. See newspaper articles, photos in the OC Register newspaper (Santa Ana, California based newspaper. OCRegister.com) and ask people who knew him. You will have to use the OC Register morgue or ask the old reporters who covered Dick to verify since this was prior to the Internet and the stories are not online. Anyone who knew Dick during that time saw him with his tiger cubs. I don't know what became of the tigers. I never asked him.

4. Dick was a private pilot and owned his own airplane that he kept at John Wayne Airport in Santa Ana, California. He kept his plane at (Eddie) Martin Aviation at John Wayne Airport in Santa Ana, California. He was a well known personality in the aviation community. His pilot's license can be verified with the FAA and pilots who knew him. Former employees of Martin Aviation can verify he kept his plane with them and brought his tiger cubs to the airport.

5. 1996 he headlined the Doheny Blues Festival with The Monkees at Doheny Beach in Dana Point, California. His young son played the drums. You can verify with Omega Events, the organizers of the Doheny Blues Festival every year. I was there. I saw him play. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anja Dee (talk • contribs) 00:48, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I would encourage you to add the information yourself as you have the sources at your disposal. It's not a hard task and would give you some experience in this area that you may find rewarding. There are folks here who can help out if you have questions and Wikipedia has good help resources also.THX1136 (talk) 15:17, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Which amp?
In the last paragraph of the article it mentions Dale used both the Dual Showman and the Showman amp. These are two different amps circuit-wise and their cabinets would be different also. While these differences are important to primarily guitar players and others into Fender amp minutia, it would be nice for clarity to know if he used both. It would be also nice to know which he currently uses. Thanks!THX1136 (talk) 15:14, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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External links modified
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Horrible article on Dick Dale
This Article has so many inconsistencies and false facts that it is impossible to even begin. This paragraph has false, misleading and vague information: "Dale was born Richard Anthony Mansour in Boston, Massachusetts, on May 4, 1937. He is of Lebanese descent from his father and Polish-Belarusian descent from his mother.[3] His grandparents farmed in Whitman, Massachusetts." Dick Dale was born in Berut, Lebanon according to all pre-internet archival information dating back to the 1960's. What grandparents farmed in Whitman, Massachusetts? What were their names? If they were his fathers parents then they would have farmed somewhere in Lebanon. If they were his mothers parents they would probably have been shoveling snow in Poland, not farming in Whitman.

" It was in Southern California that he learned to surf at the age of 17.[10] He soon learned to play the drums and the trumpet." Yet previously Dick Dale was quoted in the article as saying ""I first was given a trumpet when I was in seventh grade" and later quoted as saying "When I was 18 at the Santa Ana River Jetty is where I put my first board in the water that I ever got from Joe Quigg." The article just keeps disintegrating as it goes further along with some fake quotes and some paragraphs that look like quotes but are just opinions of some horrible editor.

The article just goes on and on and on with a bunch of garbage. This article could be a couple paragraphs long. It should read something like this: "Dick Dale is a surf guitarist born in 1937 in Berut Lebanon. He moved with his family to Southern California as a child and began playing guitar as a teenager. He developed his unique picking style combining middle eastern melodies and sounds inspired from his own surfing experience. Dick Dale found success with his surf music in 1962. Dick Dale is still playing shows as of 2018 and still plays many of the same songs he played in the early 1960's." Thats it folks, quit destroying wikipedia with all this fake garbage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.239.55.219 (talk) 07:08, 16 June 2018 (UTC)

 * As once put it, "Start with an article that looks like shit and reads like it was written by a high-school dropout. A hundred edits later, take another look at the article – and it still looks and reads like shit. That's because the intervening edits did useful things like replace m-dashes with n-dashes, capitalized the first letters of template names, added interwiki links, vandalized and reverted the vandalism, made sure that bold text was being used as laid down in the manual of style, removed extraneous blank lines and miscellaneous other actions which did not, in any fundamental way, improve the article. This is the problem with eventualism: it assumes that, somewhere along the way, someone's actually going to fix the real problems and not just niggle around the edges." Ritchie333 (talk)  (cont)  11:25, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Dick Dale himself says in this interview that he was born in the USA: https://biptunia.com/?p=5291 ElizaBarrington (talk) 18:39, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

Death rumors
I've semi-protected the page until the death reports are confirmed by reliable sources. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆 𝄐𝄇 19:33, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I've unprotected; there's a decent source now. Someone better at references now could please stick in https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/dick-dale-surf-guitar-king-dead-obituary-809294/ thanks! --jpgordon𝄢𝄆 𝄐𝄇 21:18, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

How old?
Dick Dale was actually 81 when he died. He would have been 82, if he had lived until his birthday. 203.196.41.161 (talk) 21:10, 17 March 2019 (UTC) Editrite!

First instrument?
In the 'Early life' section it says Dale began playing piano, immediately followed by a quote in which he says he was "given a trumpet in 7th grade" and the article then starts talking about him playing ukulele in kindergarten! So, which WAS his first instrument? JezGrove (talk) 23:17, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I've started cleaning up the article by removing the blockquotes, but haven't got as far as checking for factual accuracy yet. The whole article might as well be rewritten from the ground up. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  11:05, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

Parents
Did he have parents and how come "Due to his Lebanese heritage"? 80.151.9.187 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 09:12, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I believe most, if not all, human beings have parents. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  11:14, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dick Dale


text:
Jennifer Parilla

Jennifer Parilla (born January 9, 1981) is an American trampolinist who was born in Newport Beach, California. She was the first and only American to qualify to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney as a trampolinist when the sport debuted; and finished in 9th place. She competed for the US at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics.

She was on the national team for eleven years from 1993 to 2004; her favorite event was trampoline but she also competed successfully on the double mini. She was the National Champion in 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, and 2004 on the trampoline, and on the double mini in 1998 and 1999. She earned national titles in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1998 in synchronized trampoline, bringing her total national title count to twelve.

She was inducted into the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2010.

Personal life
Jennifer's hometown is Lake Forest, California but she now resides in Newport Beach. She trained with Team Everybody gymnastics club and was coached by Lionel Rangel. Jennifer attended Orange Coast College and California State Polytechnic University in Pomona.

Jennifer is one of two children to Paul and Jan Parilla; she has an older brother named Steve. She is currently the Trampoline and Tumbling Director at National Gymnastics Training Center in Aliso Viejo, California.

International competition

 * 2003 World Championships, Hannover, GER; 16th-Trampoline
 * 2003 World Cup, Prague, CZE; 4th-Trampoline
 * 2003 World Cup, Ostend, BEL; 18th-Trampoline
 * 2003 Canada Cup, Oakville, O.N., CAN; 8th-Trampoline
 * 2002 World Cup, Mykolayiv, UKR; 11th – Trampoline
 * 2001 World Championships, Odense, DEN; 19th – Trampoline
 * 2000 Summer Olympics, Sydney, AUS; 9th-Trampoline
 * 2000 World Cup, Sydney, AUS; 6th – Trampoline (4th vs. Olympic Field)
 * 2000 Olympic Test Event, Sydney, AUS; 6th – Trampoline (4th vs. Olympic Field)
 * 1999 Olympic Selection; 9th – Trampoline
 * 1999 World Championships, Sun City, RSA; 7th – Synchro, 17th – Trampoline
 * 1999 French Nationals, Toulouse, FRA; 1st – Synchro
 * 1998 World Championships, Sydney, AUS; 2nd – Double Mini, 3rd – Team Double Mini
 * 1997 Trampoline World cup final, Frankfurt, GER; 5th – Trampoline
 * 1997 Indo-Pacific Championships, Durban, RSA; 3rd – Double mini
 * 1997 Trampoline World Cup Final, Sydney, AUS; 4th – Trampoline
 * 1996 Trampoline World Cup, Frankfurt, GER; 2nd Trampoline
 * 1996 World Championships, Vancouver, CAN; 6th – Synchro, 7th – Trampoline
 * 1995 Trampoline World Cup, Vancouver, CAN; 7th – Trampoline
 * 1994 World Championships, Porto, POR; 1st – Team Double Mini
 * 1994 World Age Group Games, Vila De Conde, POR; 1st - Trampoline 2nd – Double Mini

National Competition

 * 2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials, San Jose, Calif.; 1st - Trampoline
 * 2004 Visa U.S. Championships, Nashville, Tenn.; 1st - Trampoline
 * 2003 U.S. Championships, Sacramento, Calif.; 1st – Trampoline
 * 2003 Winter Classic, Tampa, Fla.; 2nd - Trampoline
 * 2002 National Championships, Cleveland, Ohio; 1st – Trampoline
 * 2002 U.S. Elite Challenge, Indianapolis, Ind.; 1st – Trampoline
 * 2002 Winter Classic, Indianapolis, Ind.; 4th – Trampoline
 * 2001 National Championships, San Antonio, Texas; 11th - Trampoline
 * 2000 National Championships, St. Louis, Mo.; 1st – Trampoline
 * 1999 U.S. World Team Trials, Sacramento, Calif.; 1st – Trampoline, 1st – Synchro - 2nd Double Mini
 * 1999 U.S. World Team Trials, Knoxville, Tenn.; 1st – trampoline, 1st – Double Mini, 1st - Synchro
 * 1999 National Championships, Anaheim, Calif. ; 1st – Double Mini
 * 1998 National Championships, St. Paul, Minn.; 1st – Trampoline, 1st – Synchro, 1st – Double Mini
 * 1996 National Championships, Phoenix Ariz.; 1st – Synchro, 3rd – Trampoline
 * 1995 National Championships, Denver, Colo.; 1st – Synchro, 2nd – Trampoline, 3rd – Double Mini
 * 1994 National Championships, Nashville, Tenn.; 1st - Synchro, 4th – Double Mini
 * 1993 National Championships; San Diego, Calif.; 1st - Synchro

title: Jennifer Parilla


text:
Pieris marginalis

Pieris marginalis (margined white) is a butterfly species seen across the coast of Western North America as indicated by data collected by eButterfly.

Life History Traits
Pieris marginalis (margined white) is a canopy generalist who feeds on the plant family of Brassiceae. The species is unique as it has been seen near and away from disturbed habitat; indicating an adaptation for habitat generalization.

title: Pieris marginalis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Age of the Spirit

Probably copyvio, religious preaching, lots of bible references. TPK 07:36, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Rather incoherent, inherently POV. Delete. -- Ferkelparade π 07:53, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - insane religious gibberings. - TB 07:57, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * religion is ok for some..............Selphie 08:01, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Either copyvio or original rambling. Delete. Average Earthman 08:49, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, incoherent and non-encyclopedic. —Stormie 10:15, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Part of a tract. It is not encyclopedic or NPOV. Geogre 13:55, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: anything of value here could be added instead to Holy Spirit. Smerdis of Tlön 16:03, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or wipe and rewrite. Not in and of itself an unencyclopedic topic, but considering that this article doesn't even attempt to define it or in fact even mention it... Some of the material might be worth incorporating into other articles, if it can be established that it's not a copyvio. Aranel 16:10, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Probable copyvio: structure looks like some sort of church hand-out. Incoherent, incurably POV.   — Gwalla | Talk 16:55, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Some bits might be salvageable and sent to Holy Spirit or perhaps another page or two, but most of it is crying out for deletion. -R. fiend 17:25, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * If only that much enthusiasm could be turned to the neutral side of the force... Seriously, I'm sure it is a lovely article for people who are interested in such a POV but it isn't encyclopaedic in the least. Delete. Fire Star 20:51, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Rambling. delete. Age of the Spirit is a valid theological concept, but it doesn't deserve to have this in its history. DJ Clayworth 18:12, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:American gymnasts

title: Category:American gymnasts


text:
Kuafu

Kuafu is a giant in Chinese mythology who wished to capture the Sun. He was a grandson of Houtu.

Story
One day, Kuafu decided to chase and catch the Sun. He followed the Sun from the East to the West, draining the Yellow River and the Wei River (all rivers and lakes crossing his path) to quench his burning thirst. However, the big rivers were also unable to quench his thirst, and as he searched for more water, he eventually died of dehydration. The wooden club he was carrying grew into a vast forest of peach trees called the Deng Forest (鄧林).

In one version, Kuafu turns into a mountain range. This mountain range and the peach forest are said to be located in present day Lingbao.

In modern Chinese usage, the story of Kuafu chasing the Sun is used to describe a person who is brave and optimistic and willing to overcome all the obstacles to reach the goal.

Tribe
"Kuafu" can also be taken to refer to his people, the Kuafu-shi (夸父氏) or "Clan of Kuafu". Since "shi" can mean both "clan" and "maiden name", as well as serving as a masculine honorific like "mister" or "sir", it is sometimes used in reference to his people or the individual.

During the battle of Banquan, Chi You's tribes allied themselves with the Kuafu tribe and the Sanmiao (三苗) tribe and attacked the Yan Emperor's tribe, driving them into the lands of the Yellow Emperor.

title: Kuafu


text:
John Fisher Burns

John Fisher Burns (born 4 October 1944) is a British journalist, and the winner of two Pulitzer Prizes. He was the London bureau chief for The New York Times, where he covered international issues until March 2015. Burns also frequently appears on PBS. He has been called "the dean of American foreign correspondents."

Life and career
From 1998 to 1999, he was a visiting fellow at King's College, Cambridge, studying Islamic history and culture. He also speaks French and German. His father was a South African who served in the Royal Air Force.

In the early 1970s, Burns wrote for The Globe and Mail of Canada, as a local and later parliamentary reporter. During this stint, Burns completed a master's in political science at McGill University. He was sent to China in 1971 to be one of a few Western journalists in China during the Cultural Revolution, after a confusion that led to his brief ban from the precincts of the Parliament of Canada by the Commons Speaker. Burns joined The New York Times in 1975, reporting, at first, for the paper's metropolitan section, and has written ever since for the newspaper in various capacities.

He has been assigned to and headed several of the Times foreign bureaus. He and fellow Times journalists John Darnton and Michael T. Kaufman won the 1978 George Polk Award for foreign reporting for coverage of Africa. Burns was the Times bureau chief in Moscow from 1981 to 1984. In 1986, while chief of the Times Beijing bureau, Burns was incarcerated on suspicion of espionage by the Chinese government. Charges were dropped after an investigation, but Burns was subsequently expelled from the country.

Burns was awarded the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting citing "his courageous and thorough coverage of the destruction of Sarajevo and the barbarous killings in the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina".

In the early to mid-1990s, Burns headed the New York Times' bureau in New Delhi, with responsibility for the Indian Subcontinent and adjoining regions, from Afghanistan to Burma. He and his family resided in New Delhi though Burns was frequently on the road, travelling regularly to Kabul, Islamabad, Dhaka, Colombo and Kathmandu. He actively covered events in Afghanistan, which led to his second Pulitzer in 1997, this time "For his courageous and insightful coverage of the harrowing regime imposed on Afghanistan by the Taliban". Burns was based in Baghdad during the lead up to the Iraq war in 2003 and has written extensively on the war and the subsequent occupation. In July 2007, Burns succeeded Alan Cowell as bureau chief in London. On 30 September 2007, Burns received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College.

In an October 2008 interview with the Russian Ambassador to Afghanistan, Zamir Kabulov, Burns accused Kabulov of being a KGB operative.

Burns is a frequent contributor to PBS, including a number of appearances on the Charlie Rose show and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer via satellite from Afghanistan and Iraq. In a January 2009 interview, Michael Barone called Burns "one of the great foreign correspondents of our time". In an August 2010 interview with Charlie Rose, Christopher Hitchens, while recounting a tour of Sarajevo guided by Burns in which they were fired upon, called Burns "the greatest war correspondent of our time".

On 26 March 2015, The New York Times announced that an article about the burial of Richard III would conclude Burns's career at the New York Times.

Personal life
Burns married Jane Peque Gnat in 1972. The couple divorced in 1989. In 1991, Burns married Jane Scott-Long, who manages the New York Times Baghdad bureau. Burns has two children from his first marriage, Jamie and Emily, and one stepchild, Toby, from his second marriage.

title: John Fisher Burns