text:
User talk:Deh

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The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Highest Point in Austin
I've been misinformed! What is the highest point in Austin??? - Thanks Nv8200p 18:20, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Puppy-destroying
YOU ARE A DESTROYER OF PUPPIES (please don't delete comments that you disagree with) 203.112.19.195 04:18, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You forgot to mention that I kick cats and eat babies. Deh 14:17, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thx for the heads-up about the anon deleting talk page comments. I was out of town for a couple days but I've reverted his vandalism. I'll continue to do so as long as necessary.—chris.lawson (talk) 23:50, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Williamson County
Messing up that link was purely accidental. I cannot even figure out how I did it. I corrected it. -Sorry Nv8200p talk 15:25, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I must have been editing your previous version and saved that accidently. That's the only thing I can figure. -Nv8200p talk 15:28, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

River Oaks, TX
I remember seeing Pflugerville ISD mentioned in River Oaks' website. Let me check again. WhisperToMe 23:13, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

EDIT: Yes, it's Castleberry. I must have been confused... WhisperToMe 23:17, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

NRHP listing for the Cathedral Church of Saint Matthew
Hello, and thanks for the compliment! Writing an article is much more difficult than I had thought when I began this project! I love the dear old cathedral. It is a great place.

The category I chose was Registered Historic Places in Texas. When I found that category, I did not see the distinction that this is for national listings only. For example, Lubbock High School is listed there, so I assumed this category was for any kind of historic registry. The cathedral is listed on the Texas Historical Commission - not the national. Here is the Texas link:

http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/common/viewform.asp?atlas_num=5113006861

Could you clarify for me, then, if Registered Historic Places in Texas is strictly for national listings for Texas places? If so, certainly let's edit the article accordingly.

Speaking of categories, I have a question for you, if you don't mind. Oher Wiki folks delete some categories. The way I have found categories is to look at other articles and see how they are categorised. If I feel my article fits that category, I add it to my article. I identified all of these categories:

Category:Cathedrals in the United States Category:Episcopal cathedrals of the United States Category:Anglican cathedrals Category:Cathedrals Category:Episcopal churches in the United States Category:Churches in Texas Category: Dallas landmarks Category:Registered Historic Places in Texas Category:List of Registered Historic Places in Texas Category:Religion in Texas

So given that people are deleting the categories, how do I determine if there is a fit or not? Is there an explanation for each category somewhere, or do we just go by the title? If the title, then I don't understand the deletions. I would be grateful for your guidance on this. Is there a limit to the number of categories one should have?

Thank you for the clean-up edits, especially the link to the THC. I couldn't figure out how to get it to go exactly there.

I appreciate your help very much! I'll make a small article for the Diocese of Dallas (see that nice little red link on the cathedral page) and I hope you will look at it as well.

Sarum blue 15:03, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you very kindly again! Yes, it would be fantastic if, at your convenience, you would construct and populate a list of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks from the THC Atlas. I am enjoying Wikipedia and learning more about it every day. It is just amazing. Sarum blue 13:36, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for closing the link! I wrote an article for the Episcopal Diocese of Dallas today. It's rather short. Take a look if you wish...and maybe look at the Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth. It has some very ugly text I think. Sarum blue 14:50, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Smackbot Suggestion
Thanks so much for the suggestion about using Smackbot to add 'US' to the census articles. I have been in touch with the robot's owner and he's going to do it. Your suggestion has saved me much time. Thank you! Henry Maustrauser 11:20, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Hell's Angels are Trolls - not teenagers...
Interestingly enough most teenagers who's parents have recently moved into a new neighborhood fit the description of a "troll" by being "someone who comes into an established community..." and makes "...inflammatory, rude or offensive..." remarks "...designed to annoy and antagonize the existing members [of the community] or disrupt the flow of discussion..." traffic or anything else that is in their way. Please be mindful that in the majority of cases such behavior is simply the result of making the transition from one community into another and is relatively temporary and therefore does not fit into the same catagory as when the Hell's Angels ride through town. -- PCE 00:49, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, but what are you talking about? Deh 01:01, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

FM and RM
I didn't realize the RM roads were using the same infobox, I've re-added the variables. I ought to assume, since they are sharing an info/succession box, that there is no number shared by an FM road and an RM road? If there's even one such case, I'd recommend a separate prev/next system. — May. 26, '06  [05:05] < [ freak]|[ talk] >
 * Nevermind. That question has already been answered at Template talk:TxFMBox. — May. 26, '06  [05:11] < [ freak]|[ talk] >

RE: Anderson Mill
Thanks for the tip on the differences between the Anderson Mill CDP and the Anderson Mill listed in the Handbook of Texas. You're right about the sometimes misleading double nature of CDP names and Wikipedia's shortcomings in dealing with those -- I ran into that with Canyon Lake, Texas (the CDP) and Canyon Lake (Texas) (the lake). At any rate, I'll double check before making the CDP/HoT connection from now on. Thanks again, and take care. --JFreeman 04:03, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

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James Wilson
I think you should leave Wikipedia; this edit shows you have far too much common sense to be of use here. Please leave it to the pimple-faced ones and the cranks. +ILike2BeAnonymous 05:35, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup tag on Texas 45
A new system is being implemented to replace cleanup-txsh using the to-do list and a parameter in the WikiProject banner on the talk page due to heavy views against custom cleanup templates. Therefore, please do not use cleanup-txsh from this point. Thank you.  master son T - C 15:13, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Ah, I see. I saw the changes on the talk page, but it wasn't clear to me from your article edit summary that it was a replacement. Thank you for explaining. Deh 18:15, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

TfD nomination of All USRD Clean-up Templates
All of the USRD Clean-up Templates have been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you.  master son T - C 16:43, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Deh


text:
Army Officer Selection Board

Army Officer Selection Board (AOSB) is an assessment centre used by the British Army as part of the officer selection process for the regular army and Army Reserve and related scholarship schemes. The board is based at Leighton House, Westbury in Wiltshire, England in a dedicated camp. It is commanded by the President AOSB, a colonel in the British Army, supported by a number of vice-presidents.

AOSB is an equivalent of the Navy's Admiralty Interview Board and the Officer and Aircrew Selection Centre of the Royal Air Force.

History
The AOSB has its roots in the War Office Selection Boards (WOSBs), created by Army psychiatrists in 1942 during World War II. They involved candidates taking a three-day stay in a country house, where tests were administered including written tests of mental ability, questionnaires, leaderless group tests and interviews. Psychiatrists and some psychological components of the WOSBs were removed from the Boards after the war. The Army Officer Selection Board was known as the Regular Commissions Board (RCB). In 1949, the RCB moved from Sussex to its current facilities at Leighton House in Westbury, Wiltshire. Both Regular and Army Reserve officers are screened here.

Application process
Applicants for the British Army undergo initial suitability assessments, through computer-based tests and interviews, along a number of routes. All officer candidates will be required to attend AOSB at a point determined by the type of entry. Candidates for scholarship and professionally qualified officers will attend only one board; other entrants will be required to attend both a briefing board and a main board.

Candidates will usually have undertaken insight or familiarisation visits to appropriate units prior to attendance at the board.

Board structure
Candidates are divided into groups of six to eight, each supervised by a group leader who is a major or captain and who runs the activities and records evidence.

A board consists of one or two groups and is presided over by a president or vice-president, with Professionally Qualified Officer boards supervised by an officer of the appropriate specialisation. Each group is assessed by a deputy president, who is a lieutenant colonel; their group leader; and an education advisor, who is a serving or retired officer of the AGC (ETS).

Up to three boards can be run concurrently.

AOSB briefing
This takes place over two days and must be attended prior to being able to proceed to the main board. It is an opportunity for candidates to learn some of the techniques that will be tested at the main board, and for the AOSB assessors to offer advice and guidance to those attending about how prepared they are to attempt the much more challenging main board. It is designed to give potential officers an idea of what is required and expected at the main board. Candidates will participate in a number of assessments, including physical and intellectual ones. The results will be used by AOSB assessors when feeding back to candidates.

After attending AOSB briefing, candidates will be assigned a category based on the evidence available to the assessors. This will be:
 * 1) Allowed to proceed to the main board as soon as desired.
 * 2) Required to delay for between 3 and 24 months (often awarded to younger candidates with potential ability but insufficient maturity, or for remedial purposes such as to improve upon physical fitness)
 * 3) The candidate is thought unlikely to pass the Main Board based on the evidence presented at briefing. However, they are not prevented from attempting the Main Board if, after further consideration, they believe they can achieve the required standard.
 * 4) The candidate is not considered suitable for commissioned service based on the evidence available.  This may be as a result of a number of issues, including their personality or their ability to apply their intellect. Candidates who receive a Category 4 at the briefing may appeal against this result if they believe that their performance was not representative. If successful (strong cases must be made) the candidate may be allowed to attend a Main Board.

AOSB main board
This is a four-day selection event that consists of a number of different but inter-linked intellectual, physical, mental and aptitude tests. It is designed to put candidates for both the Regular Army and Army Reserve under pressure whilst fostering their team spirit and competitiveness.

The Boards normally run from Tuesday until Friday but a small number each year take place from Thursday until Sunday.

On arrival, candidates are allocated a number (used instead of their name) and placed into groups. As candidates are assessed against a standard and not against each other's performance, strong groups may see a large proportion of their members meet the standard.

On the last night of the course a formal dinner is held for the candidates. The staff are at pains to point out that the meal is not an assessment, and no directing staff are present at the event.

The details of the physical tasks, command tasks, interviews and academic tests are not made public. It is known that the assessment consists of a physical fitness assessment, an individual obstacle course, two multiple-choice tests on current affairs and general knowledge (in the past a third test covered military knowledge), three interviews, a group discussion and essay on current and moral affairs, a 5-minute lecture, individual planning exercise, and both leaderless team tasks and a series of command tasks where a team member commands the rest. There are also group races where each group gets an opportunity to test themselves against the other groups undergoing selection at the time.

Candidates are only permitted to make two attempts to pass the board, which must be separated by a minimum of eight months.

CFCB (Cadet Forces) Board
The Cadet Forces Commissions Board is used to select officers for the Army Cadet Force. Run over a weekend, the course is broadly similar to the AOSB Main Board, without physical tests. There is no set quota for selection and candidates are assessed against a standard, not each other.

Following completion of CFCB, a candidate is awarded one of four possible results:

 * 1) Selected – The candidate has been successful at the board and is recommended for an Army Cadet Force commission.
 * 2) Not Selected (Encourage) – The candidate has not been successful, however it has been recognised that they have potential and are encouraged to attempt the board again at a later date.
 * 3) Not Selected – The candidate has not been successful. If they wish, they can attempt the board again at a later date.
 * 4) Not Selected (Discourage) – The candidate has not been successful and is deemed to be unsuitable for a commission. The candidate cannot normally attend for another attempt, however in extenuating circumstances their county commandant can appeal to the President CFCB for an exception to be made.

If a candidate has not been successful at the board, they must wait at least a year before a second attempt. If the second attempt is unsuccessful, they must wait a minimum of five years for a third attempt.

Army Scholarship Board
The Army runs two Scholarship Boards each year for boys and girls aged between 16 and 17. The board is similar in many ways to the Main Board, with a fitness test, interviews, planning exercise and leadership tasks. The process takes 24 hours, and is tailored to suit candidates in this age range. The Board is designed to identify intelligence and leadership at a young age. Successful candidates are then subject to further scrutiny by Recruiting Group prior to potentially receiving a financial award whilst at sixth form, and then a subsequent annual award for each year whilst studying at university. They are also awarded a final lump sum on completion of the 44-week Commissioning Course after university. By passing the Board, scholars have a guaranteed place at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, and they do not need to pass the AOSB Main Board to enter that establishment.

Physical fitness requirements
Following the roll-out of new standardised fitness tests across the entire army in April 2019, the general fitness requirements for both regular and reserve officer entrants consists of the Role Fitness Test (Entry):

 * Reach 8.7 on a bleep test
 * Throw a 4 kg medicine ball 3.1 metres from a seated position
 * Lift 76 kg in a mid-thigh pull

Standards are the same for male and female candidates.

Former Presidents

 * Major General V.H.B. Majendie, CB, DSO, 1943–1946
 * Major General Hubert Essame, CBE, DSO, MC, 1946-1949
 * Major General F.R.G. Matthews, CB, DSO, 1949-1950
 * Field Marshal Sir F.W. Festing, GCB, KBE, DSO, DL, 1950-1951
 * Major General G.E. Prior-Palmer, CB, DSO, 1956-1957
 * Lt General Sir W.F.R. Turner, KBE, CB, DSO, 1959–1961
 * Major General R.G.S. Hobbs, CB, DSO, OBE, 1961–1962
 * Major General N.L. Foster, CB, DSO, 1962-1965
 * Major General Sir J.A. d'Avigdor-Goldsmid, Bart, CB, OBE, MC, 1965
 * Major General R.E.T. St John, CB, MC, 1965-196?
 * Major General D.L. Lloyd Owen, CB, DSO, OBE, MC, 1969–1972

Leighton House
The estate on which Leighton House stands belonged to the Phipps family, a prominent family in Westbury's cloth industry who first leased a house there in the early 18th century, and bought the property from the Earl of Abingdon in 1791. In 1800 Thomas Henry Hele Phipps, father of coffee merchants and politicians John Lewis and Charles Paul Phipps, built a new neoclassical box house, naming it Leighton House.

William Laverton (d.1925), who ran a wool mill inherited from his uncle Abraham Laverton, bought out the entire estate in 1888. He employed Bristol architect Sir Frank Wills to alter and extend the house, and planted trees, including a row of Araucaria araucana (Chilean pine) which still stands there today. Laverton ran his own in-house cricket team which played at W. H. Laverton's Ground, across the road from the house (now part of Wiltshire Council's Leighton Recreation Centre).

The estate and its farmland were sold off by Laverton in 1921. The house was briefly used by a prep school, Victoria College, before the War Office bought the estate in 1939. It previously housed a selection board for National Service. Since 1949 the Regular Commissions Board, later Army Officer Selection Board, has been based there.

The 40 acre estate comprises a 19th-century manor house (Leighton House itself), a trout lake and an assault course where potential officers are put through their paces.

In 1978 Leighton House was designated as Grade II listed for its architectural significance, as it features designs from two periods.

Future
In March 2016, the Ministry of Defence announced that the Westbury site was one of ten to be sold in order to reduce the size of the Defence estate. In November 2016 the estimated date of disposal of the site was given as 2024, with the Selection Board due to move to Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Berkshire. In 2021, this decision was reversed under the Future Soldier reforms and the board will remain in place.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Army Officer Selection Board


text:
Talk:Balkan sprachbund

This article is a Joke
--- nah, it's incomplete. Not a joke. It's mostly true. (Think that I've been a Romanian for so many years, learnt other languages including Romance (Latin-originated) languages and never thought about the Balkans being the reason why we don't use infinitive anymore (other than some official-sounding legalese texts copied from French) and that we have the definite article at the end. Or that Bulgarian sounds like an older Russian (at least for us and Russians, not sure how it sounds for Bulgarians) but the -ta at the end clearly diferentiates it (and guess what, it was the definite article all along). At least now we know another way of tapping into the inner ancestors (Thracians / Dacians / Ilyrs) who lived here before the invaders of the last 2000 years. 24.203.68.10 (talk) 03:11, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

This article is joke.It may fool some Americans that never left US and have no idea of where the balkans are, but for everyone knowing the realities of the region it can be treated only as a joke.If such union exists, it goes as far as to the point that Serbian and Croat are essentially the same language as (Slavo)-Macedonian are more or less a dialect of Bulgarian. This is more of a propaganda article than anything else.Actually it must be noted that despite the fact that all these nations lived under a common ruler (Turks) they kept their native languages intact.

The syncretism examples are a joke, because anyone that knows the slightest of Greek knows that EVERYTHING goes into sycretism.

The loan words is another joke, because for example English, has much more greek words than any balkan language.The same word " sycretism" is a loan (συγκρητισμός!).

Τhe loss of the infinite in Greek is not complete.It's a lie.

Bare subjunctive constructions & Future tense formation- God, do your comparisons with other languages e.g scandinavian.Are they belonging to the Balkan Bund too?

Clitic pronouns - Again the example applied for Greek is wrong.

I wonder with the insistence of making something out of nothing.

Αργύρης Φωτόπουλος (Argyris Fotopoulos)

Is there any reason why the table of contents is aligned to the right in this article? It seems incongruous with the rest of Wikipedia. -Alexanderj 18:52, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Why don't you include a section about phonetics, as well? I mean mostly the middle "schwa" vowel.

 * Thank you for the idea.
 * But I will need an example in Bulgarian where an unstressed /a/ (from Old Bulgarian or common Slavic) is transformed into the schwa. Bogdan | Talk 16:50, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

What is "Serbian Torlak" in this article, by the way? Vassili Nikolaev 22:18, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It's a Serbian dialect. See Serbo-Croatian dialects. Bogdan | Talk 09:02, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This dialect of Serbian is peculiar exactly because of its fitting into the Sprachbund. It should probably get its own page one of these days and be explained in more detail. --Joy [shallot]   09:03, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'm not much of a linguistic buff (don't know what the different terms mean), but I added the sentences in Albanian. Some of them could have slightly different forms depending on the context in which you are using them, so if you want to make sure I'd have to know the version in language other than english (say italian or french). If you need any other sentences let me know. Dori | Talk 18:25, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey Whoever translated the phrase: Vedo George, I see George, in Albanian "I shikoj Gjergjin" doesn't make sense, apo e kam gabim o Doro? Vedo is shoh, guardo is shikoj. And I shikoj is utterly wrong.

Xhamlliku 03:41, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * ci ho dato il libro a Maria.
 * e' il libro di Maria.
 * voglio scrivere.
 * vedo George.

Bogdan | Talk 19:19, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

in Bulgarian "къща" ъ is stressed and I doubt it should be called shwa. It is just specific bulgarian vowel, often stressed. Vassili Nikolaev 02:28, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Some comments on the Bulgarian examples. I'm not a specialist, just an user.

 * the merging of genitive and dative is not really important in Bulgarian since all cases are almost extinct
 * I really don't know how to form future tense with "to want"/"to wish" in Bulgarian

--Nk 16:19, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Nk, Bulgarian sample shows that the same preposition is used in genitive and dative constructions, which is merging of genitive and dative in sense of surface structure, not morphological cases. Compare to English prepositions: Dadoh knigata na Mariya - I gave a book to Maria. Knigata e na Mariya - The book is of Maria. Vassili Nikolaev 19:26, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Latin Table
The Classical Latin word for "table" (Romanian masǎ) was mensa, not "mesa": the form given here is incorrect. Though such a form would probably be found in Vulgar Latin. Alexander 007 10:25, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Greek
The Greek examples are wrong, and honestly, I believe that this 'Language Union' is more of a political idea than scientific. There are very few things linking Greek to any of the Slavic languages, linguistically speaking. Thanks, -=vyruss=- 14:10, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * If the Greek examples are wrong, could you correct them or at least tell us what is wrong with them ? The idea of a Balkan sprachbund is supported by a consensus among the linguists: I never saw any article that would claim it does not exist. If you want to see some scientific works on the Balkan linguistic union, please look at the reference section. Bogdan | Talk 16:42, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the correction shows what is wrong (replacement of ancient Greek dative with accusative and not genitive - from τη, Μαρία (ti Maria with dative ti (eta (η) with cedille), to εις τη Μαρία (eis ti Maria), to στη Μαρία (sti Maria)). And besides, the article you refer to says specifically that Greek is quite peripheral to the Balkan "sprachbund" and is not really part of it. -=vyruss=- 20:35, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

It is not true that the greek is not part of this union. There are many similar features in both slavic (macedonian, bulgarian) and greek language. You need to be smart and have a basic knowledge og linguistics to understand and see them. They're all around..

 * I'm reviving this section after a long hiatus;no doubt or objection from me about the balkan sprachbund but of these examples Έδωσα το βιβλίο στην Μαρία.[édhosa to vivlío stin María] or Έδωσα το βιβλίο της Μαρίας. [édhosa to vivlío tis Marías] only the first is correct or at least commonly used;this is a very bad example -at least as far as I know and about present day common Greek dialects- of the dative/genitive merge.If there are or were dialects with this feauture please source it otherwise delete it...Verbs with indirect objects don't ,as far as I know and I can think of, use the genitive for the indirect object in such a case(I guess because it would lead to a huge ambiguity);they only use it in the second case, when a personal pronoun is used for the indirect object and only in the "Southern" (e.g. Athenian) dialects;in "Northern" dialects (e.g. Thessalonikian) the accusative is used both for the direct and indirect object.See here (though this states that genitive is used with indirect object nouns also;will be commenting there shortly to see what others might have to add to this)...Thanatos|talk 15:26, 25 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Just for the record, my response is at Talk:Modern Greek grammar ([//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Modern_Greek_grammar&diff=509104504&oldid=509102346]). Fut.Perf. ☼ 16:06, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

References...
Batzarov, Zdravko, Lindstedt, J., Du Nay, André, Grey Thomason, Joseph, Brian D., Kopitar, Jernej K., Rosetti, Alexandru, Russu, Ion, Tomić, Olga Mišeska, Winford, Donald

You call that a Neutral POV? Ancient greek have nothing in common with the slavic languages. Slavs came in the region later. Where are the greek references? I also agree that this 'Union' is more of a political idea than scientific, as it comes in the end, from the article. Have funm making up the history :) Kassianos

Torlakian
By the way, about serbocroattian-torlak, I know that dialect well, and I am not sure they use any article at all?? Never heard a word with an article in this dialect, but in contrary, they use one "general" case, which corresponds to all 7 "normal" cases in serbocroatian language.. Thanks;
 * AFAIK it's not universal in all subdialects but it exists :
 * Balkanizmi nisu svagdje podjednako uobičajeni; timočko-lužnički dijalekt najbalkaniziraniji je, pa ima i postpozitivni član, dok su prizrensko-južnomoravski i karaševsko-svinjički dijalekt najmanje balkanizirani.
 * I invite you to ammend Torlakian dialect if you're more familiar with it than I am; accidentally, I wrote a large part of that article although I belong to ones who needed subtitles in Zona Zamfirova :-). Duja 09:23, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Cao Dujo; Hvala za poziv da napisem nesto o torlackom dijalektu. Ja sam poreklom iz Makedonije i sreo sam mnogo ljudi (na faksu) iz Juzne Srbije, koji su govorili taj dijalekat. Mozda bih i mogao napisati nesto. Anyway, interesiraju me jezici i volim citati o tim temama. Cheers;

Conlang
Has anyone attempted a kind of Balkanto, a conlang mixing features from the Balkan languages?

Balkansprachbund
Can anyone explain why the term "Balkansprachbund" is used in the intro? Is this a common term for the BLU? If so, why? Nothing in the article explains its significance. --Bletch 18:20, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Balkan linguistic union is the exact English translation of German "Balkansprachbund", which is commonly used because many of the earliest reports on this subject were in German and the term stuck. bogdan 18:45, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I'll add that to the article, because that is an interesting tidbit. --Bletch 21:33, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Is "Balkan linguistic union" actually used very commonly? I've always heard it referred to as the "Balkan Sprachbund" in English. User:Angr 15:54, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I actually was going to ask the same question as Angr. Sprachbund is the only term I've encountered in English. When I first saw "linguistic union", I thought this was a formal organization like the Latin Union or La Francophonie. I tend to feel that this translation pushes the Use English principle a bit too far. Q·L·1968 ☿ 14:29, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

WP policy says we use the most common name used in English. This is not necessarily an English-language name, for example, we have croissant, not "crescent roll"; calque, not "loan-translation"; dachshund, not "badger-dog"; and so on. So I did a few Google tests -- as usual, not definitive, but certainly suggestive:
 * Sorted by descending median percentage.
 * For plain and .edu Google search, I restricted to English-language pages not containing the word "wikipedia"; for other searches, Google doesn't offer limitation by language -- most of the hits for Balkansprachbund (one word) were in German. I considered excluding some common German words which don't exist in English (und, der, das), but that would exclude English-language articles with German titles in the footnotes/references.

So it seems that the conclusion is pretty clear. The article should be renamed to "Balkan sprachbund". Discussion? --Macrakis 17:44, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Moving to Balkan Sprachbund or Balkan sprachbund would certainly seem the correct thing to do. - Francis Tyers · 18:33, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Bare subjunctive in Serbian
Millosh, I think that "Serbian (mainly Torlak)" more accurately reflects the usage; it doesn't say that it's incorrect in standard language, but that it's more frequent in Torlak dialect. You will seldom hear bare subjunctive in the north and west; imperative (yes, I'm aware of the difference) is more often used in similar contexts. On the other hand, it is true that the construct exceeds the borders of Torlakian dialects. For example: while semantics of the three are not identical, I'd estimate that #1 will be heard further south, while #2 will be preferred in north; #3 might be heard as well, but it more resembles western (Croatian/Bosnian) usage in my ears. Duja 12:09, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) da dođeš pa da popijemo (bare subjunctive + bare subjunctive)
 * 2) dođi pa da popijemo (imperative + bare subjunctive)
 * 3) dođi pa ćemo popiti (imperative + future)

Admirative mood
There's a fine section in Grammatical mood article which suggests that this, originally Turkish, mood has influenced Albanian, Macedonian and/or Bulgarian. It looks like a Balkansprachbund issue, and if so, it should be mentioned in this article as well. (I'm not sure whether renarrative mood is the same thing, so I put the merge tag). Duja 15:13, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Loanwords
I corrected γομάρι < γομάριον and λ(ε)ιβάδι < λιβάδιον < λιβάς < *λιψ < λείβω. Now from the table it looks like greek words are from ancient greek only but ofcourse this is not true. greek have many words from other languages, mainly from turkish, venetian, italian, french, albanian and latin (english words are very recent in the vocabulary). I tried for more than an hour to find a slavic word but I failed (I dont say there are no slavic words, I say I cant find any. (the only I found is πούτσος and even that disputed) --Lucinos 02:43, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Loanwords aren't really directly relevant to the Balkan sprachbund, and the vast majority of words which are common among the Balkan languages are common loans from Turkish (with a few from Italian and more recently French and English), but here are a few loanwords from Slavic into Greek (found in Ανδριώτης, Ετυμολογικό Λεξικό της Κοινής Νεοελληνικής): by far the most common I can find is ρούχο/α 'clothes'; the others are very obscure: τσάσκα 'cup', μπάρα 'swamp', οβορός 'court'. --Macrakis 18:54, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Reference
Hi, in trying to look up this reference I've had some difficulty... Is the reference to a paper in the book described by ISBN 9042013222 ? If so, it should be noted that the editors are: Dicky Gilbers, John Nerbonne, Jos Schaeken.

 * 1) ↑  Lindstedt, J. et al. (2000) Languages in Contact; Rodopi ISBN 9042013222

should probably be something like:

 * 1) Lindstedt, J. et al. (2000) " " in Gilbers, D. et al. (eds.) Languages in Contact; (Amsterdam : Rodopi) ISBN 9042013222

I'm really trying to find the paper and am having some difficulty.... - FrancisTyers 14:39, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, here is the real reference:

 * Lindstedt, J. (2000) Linguistic Balkanization: Contact-induced change by mutual reinforcement. Pp. 231–246 in D. G. Gilbers & al. (eds.), Languages in Contact. Amsterdam & Atlanta, GA, 2000: Rodopi. (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics, 28.)

magar and mesa
the Latin word mensa, mesa should be removed. it is inherited in Romanian, which would make its appearance in Bulgarian and Macedonian a borrowing from Romanian.

the word magar in the brief vocabulary chart should be removed as well. it does not come from Thracian/Illyrian (which are most certainly not related languages!). instead, the word is borrowed in all the languages ultimately from Albanian magar "ass, donkey", with many dialectal variants including margaç, magjar, gomar, gumar. this word is believed to come from an earlier hypothetical *margar, from *margë, borrowed from Germanic marh "horse" (cf. E mare, OHG marh "horse", marha "mare", etc.).

Flibjib8 23:59, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Vowel harmony does not, as far as I know, exist in Balkan Greek (it has been reported in strongly turcified Greek dialects of pre-1922 Anatolia, but that is beside the point).

Bulgarian infinitive
Source - "Съвременен български език, Задачи и текстове за упражнения" издателство "Наука и изкуство", Петър Пашов, Венче Попова, Христо Първев, pages 182 and 183. The examples in this book are from Bulgarian authors, there are many examples I will cite only a few: I will try and find out not only the authors but also the names of the works. It is understandable why these forms sound weird to you (and to me also). They are dialectical and I wanted to include them to illustrate that this infinitive form does not always coincide with the past aorist tense. Arath 09:51, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Имало в градът Ви някоя госпожица, която била свършила английска школа. Можетели ми да някои сведения за нея, ако Ви е възможно да ги получите там? (Ив. Вазов).
 * 2) Той хлаба не може я от клисавина и ризите не може позна от синкавина (Ив. Богоров).
 * 3) Да бъде тъй неделя още, неделя пек и мирно време, олекна-ще и тежко бреме, на мъките ни края до-ще. (П. К. Яворов)
 * 4) Додето сили има, селяк без отдих труд се труди... Почивка - ей я, би-ще зима... (П. К. Яворов)

 * Thanks for the examples! I see what you mean, but I think this article should emphasize the literary language, not forms that are so archaic and dialectical. I mean, you can find all kinds of strange things in authors from Vazov's, Bogorov's and Yavorov's time - look at this "би-ще зима", a Serbian-like future tense construction that is totally un-Bulgarian today, so we don't include it as an example of Bulgarian future tense. My point is that in the modern language, the "infinitive" forms tend to coincide with the aorist, and those that don't coincide simply aren't used a lot, and are hardly part of the language any longer. I'd expect to hear "стига яде" (or indeed "стига си ял") in modern colloquial Bulgarian, but not "стига я". Don't bother to find the names of the works; it's more important to check precisely what the authors of grammars say about them, and whether they regard them as part of the modern language. --91.148.159.4 12:40, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Along the lines in this conversation, please make it a little more clear that some of these forms, especially "nedei ya" and "nedei zna" are not only dialectal, but archaic and of no frequent usage, and thus of interest only to historical linguists. There are more current examples, and I can contribute some if you'd like me to (I'm a native Bulgarian speaker, particularly of eastern dialects). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.232.31.177 (talk) 01:36, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

Layout
Features should IMHO be mentioned early: brief in the intro, and directly after the intro as a short list. It is not too easy to read a long history and statistics of various degrees of "belongingness", and much later hear what features constitutes the sprachbund. ... said: Rursus (bork²) 21:41, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

"Albanian and Bulgarian: back vowels are fronted before i in the following syllable."
Examples would be nice.

Updated the table about the word "the woman"
In modern Romanian, "femeie" is the word, not "muiere" (this latter one would logically mean woman, but in a degrading or redneckish way, like "broad" in English, so don't use) 24.203.68.10 (talk) 03:11, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

 * The pejorative meaning of "muiere" is limited to an area of Romania. The central and Western parts use this word in non-pejorative way. Aristeus01 (talk) 11:03, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

I wondering How albanian word for teacher "mësues" is connected with source word "διδάσκαλος (didáskalos)"? in the table for Loan words. Other question for there is why not all words on greek do not have some phonetical explain? Николов (talk) 07:36, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Dubious
I was browsing through this article and it is very odd to see many features in Romanian compared to the Balkan languages, as they would be exclusive to the languages in this part of Europe. For example „locative and directional expressions”: „in Greece and into Greece” both translate in Romanian as „în Grecia”, but what makes this different from Italian „andiamo in Grecia”/„siamo in Grecia? Then the „bare subjunctive constructions”, like „să te duci”: in what is that different to Spanish „que te largas”, that also has imperative meaning? Or for the grades of comparation of the adjectives: in what is „bun, mai bun, cel mai bun” different from „bueno, mas bueno, el mas bueno” (Spanish) or „buono, più buono, il più buono„ (Italian)? Then the analytic perfect tense, „am promis”, in what is that different to Italian „ho promesso" or Spanish „he prometido”? Moreover, we can build past in Romanian in a simple way „promisei” (Romanian)-„prometí” (Spanish), „noi terminarăm” (Romanian)/-„noi terminammo” (Italian). Of course similar features can be found in Balkan lanauges (as they can be found in English or German also), but my feeling is that this article is meant to promote this features as Balkan features, while they are (at least in Romanian) inherited from Vulgar Latin as they were inherited in Italian, Spanish, French or Portuguese.--Danutz (talk) 18:35, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree. The line doesn't have any reference either. Aristeus01 (talk) 11:02, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

Bulgarian Turkish
"isterim yazayım" 	In Standard Turkish in Turkey this is "yazmak istiyorum" where "yazmak" is the infinitive.

In Azerbaijani Turkish, you can say: istəyirəm yazım. Azerbaijan is located in Caucasia. --85.102.184.166 (talk) 06:53, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

Maria's book
Έδωσα το βιβλίο της Μαρίας.

that really means: I gave Maria's book (to "someone", left unspecified)

anyway most of the article is just wrong. And I mean really, badly messed up. it should be tagged and re-written. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.131.71.250 (talk) 04:24, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

rewrite referenced

 * This article should be either rewritten and supported by references or nominated for deletion! -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/85.125.157.26 (talk) 01:05, 15 December 2010 (UTC) -- Comment signed by Kndimov (talk) 02:50, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

Linguistic map
According to the Balkan Languages Evolution map, most of Dobruja from the 14th to 18th century was Romanian speaking. But is this really true? As far as I know (I may be wrong), Dobruja in that time period was inhabited by Turks, Tatars, Bulgarians, and Romanians, with none forming a majority.--Frglz (talk) 07:38, 30 March 2014 (UTC)
 * It does not look plausible, to be frank. I haven't seen that image before, but it also strikes me as using pretty crappy English. It don't think it merits a place in the article. -- L a v e o l  T 21:34, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

old albanian
this must be joke. there is no mention of albanians before michail ataliota, dechani hrisovulji and turkish defters. also genetically they don't belong to balkans since their main haplogroup is the north african E1b1b. the german linguist Gustav Meyer has found that albanian language has about 400 words of it's own. the rest of the words are mostly vlach, than slavic, than turkish. whoever is pushing this idea i would recommend the eupedia haplogroups research. lay off of that 19th century national-romanticism.89.205.2.27 (talk) 00:20, 29 March 2015 (UTC)

 * The "Old Albanian" section is 100% copied from a 2008 project presentation. So I have removed it as plagiarism/copyvio. Moreover, this work has not been published in any scholarly journal (even now, 7 years after the project presentation), so does not meet our criteria for a reliable source. --Macrakis (talk) 21:33, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Maybe you should google albanian genetics again. It's not E1b1b. If Albanians don't "belong to balkans" - then a lot other "don't belong to balkans too", for example greeks, south italians etc. But you were also claiming other ridiculous stuff. Your comment should have been deleted. Get your facts RIGHT pls.

However, here's THE REAL SOURCE: ■ "Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language", Strasbourg 1891 - Gustav Meyer [from 1891. >>>A LOT happnd since 1891.]

■ And here is a QUICK UPDATE: "... in this Dictionary, the first of its kund for Albanian, he analyzed >>5140 WORDS and ASSERTED that only 400 OF THEM were of DIRECT INDO-EUROPEAN ORIGIN, THE REST being LOANWORDS or of UNKNOWN ORIGIN. By stressing the Latin influence in Albanian he came to CONCLUSION that Albanian was a SEMI-ROMANCE language, >>A HYPOTHESIS THAT IS NOE GENERALLY REJECTED."<<

Pls quote from a trustful source and make sure you quote correctly. Bc Gustav Meyer did not analyze "ALL" albanian words or the entire albanian language - but 5140 albanian words. Albanian vocabulary is HUGE. Despite the fact that his Hypothesis is generally rejected. Albanology moved a little bit further since then. Stop spreading such albanaphobic claims. Remember that arvanitika and gheg is also a thing. If you want to judge albanian language - then learn and study it - like linguists do. If not - don't feel free to come up with such lies and insults. Thanks! ILYHDRAB (talk) 13:33, 3 August 2017 (UTC)

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Postposed article
In the section with this heading we read:
 * With the exception of Greek, Serbo-Croatian, and Romani, all languages in the union have their definite article attached to the end of the noun, instead of before it. None of the related languages (like other Romance languages or Slavic languages) share this feature and it is thought to be an innovation created and spread in the Balkans.

It has been pointed out that there are postposed articles in Northern Russian dialects, and so the second sentence is not entirely accurate. It struck me that, since the feature is found only in some of the Slavic languages of the Balkan sprachbund and in Romanian, geographically close to Bulgarian, and in Albanian, geographically close to Macedonian, this might be a specifically Slavic feature which has found its way into Romanian and Albanian. I have no special knowledge of the history of the Slavic languages. Can anyone more knowledgeable tell us whether this feature was at one time more widespread in them? Or has the feature arisen independently at the northern and southern extremes of their range? LynwoodF (talk) 20:59, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I have added a brief proviso to the sentence. LynwoodF (talk) 21:42, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I have now been looking to see if I can answer my own question. In particular, I came across this article, which discusses suffixed articles in the Balkans and Scandinavia. Also, I find that the suffixed definite article first appeared in Bulgarian round about the 13th century. It crossed my mind that perhaps the suffixed article in Northern Russian dialects was borrowed from the Scandinavian languages. If so, its development would be quite independent of the similar phenomenon found in the Balkans. LynwoodF (talk) 22:31, 9 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Here are the credentials of the author of the paper mentioned above: J.K. Kusmenko. LynwoodF (talk) 09:41, 10 June 2018 (UTC)

Greek - ripening
"For example, the word "ripen" (as in fruit) is constructed in Albanian, Romanian and (rarely) in Greek (piqem, a (se) coace, ψήνομαι)"

I have never heard this use of the word ψήνομαι ever, and am quite sure it is completely off base. As others have mentioned, many of the Greek examples are quite frankly wrong. This entry requires thorough re-examination in all the cases Greek is mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Atmilios (talk • contribs) 14:25, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

Should Serbo-Croatian be included in the sprachbund?
We should definitely leave the Prizren-Timok or Torlakian dialects in the sprachbund, but I don't see how Shtokavian/'Serbo-Croatians' significantly relates to the sprachbund apart from some vocabulary. --Beat of the tapan (talk) 06:05, 11 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Only Prizren-Timok dialect, which is more closely releted to Bulgaro-Macedonian East South Slavic diasystem. Jingiby (talk) 06:53, 11 August 2019 (UTC)

 * If that's the case, maybe both Serbo-Croatian and Torlakian (in general) should be dropped from the sparchbund. We should leave sparchbund features of Serbo-Croatian and Torlakian which have been already stated, but I don't think they carry enough of such features that they should be considered part of the sprachbund. Even mentioning terms such as Balkan Slavic maybe too broad Beat of the tapan (talk) 11:43, 11 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Torlakian is part from the Sprachbund. Read article Balkan Slavic. Jingiby (talk) 13:01, 11 August 2019 (UTC)

Dubious statement in "Clitic pronouns" section
In section 4.1.4.3 Clitic pronouns There is a paragraph which ends thusly:

→"Southwest Macedonia appears to be the location of innovation."

The lack of citation for this statement combined with its use of weasel words makes it feel very dubious to me. Can anyone provide a citation for this? If not I'll delete it in a few days. --Skoulikomirmigotripa (talk) 13:05, 2 April 2020 (UTC)
 * As the tag at the top of the article states, the article lacks inline citations even though there are many references listed in the article. I would discourage dropping the statement (which I would not categorize as "weasel") until we are confident that it is unrelated to the references provided. --Beat of the tapan (talk) 06:32, 3 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I suppose that's a good point. In that case, I won't be deleting the statement, though I do think it should remain flagged in some way. Claims of origin that lack evidence (particularly when origin is not central to the discussion) do not belong in any article and, I would argue, should be flagged (if not removed) until evidence is cited. Without a citation, this claim (which feels tacked on to me) doesn't add any value to the section and arguably adds to the article's controversy. I'm going to go ahead and reinstate the "dubious" tag while we continue this discussion but, given that the article does have many sources which simply aren't being cited, I won't delete anything! --Skoulikomirmigotripa (talk) 12:35, 4 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Sure. I agree. Beat of the tapan (talk) 07:02, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

Greek distinguishes direction with προς
It's really wrong that Greek doesn't distinguish direction. It absolutely does. Προς is equivalent of "towards" and σε is equivalent of "to". I'm not sure if I should correct it and leave it there or if it should be trashed entirely, it's a bad example LightningLighting (talk) 16:23, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Who invented the term?
According to the current version: "The term "Balkan language area" was coined by the Romanian linguist Alexandru Rosetti in 1958..."

The current version does not specify the source of the information. Although according to other sources, the term was coined as early as 1923 by the Russian linguist Nikolai Trubetzkoy. At that time, it was only in Russian (языковой союз), but it was translated into German for a linguistic conference in 1928, when the term Sprachbund was created. So how could Rosetti have invented it if it existed 30 years before him? Or are we talking about a different term?

sources:

- Trubetzkoy, Nikolai S, Vavilonskaja bašnja i smešenie jazykov. Evrazijskij Vremennik, (1923)

- Trubetzkoy, Nikolai S. (1930), "Proposition 16. Über den Sprachbund", Actes du premier congrès international des linguistes à la Haye, du 10-15 avril 1928, Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, p. 17-18 (1930)

- Viacheslav A. Chirikba - The problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund p. 25-94 (2008)

- Oliver Winistörfer - A multi-variate approach to the ‘prototypical’ case of language contact p. 1 (2020) Enlightenment1685 (talk) 07:53, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

Loanwords
Why is διδάσκαλος designated as Byzantine Greek word? After all it is an ancient Greek word, used by e.g. Plato (in the Protagoras, in the Alcibiades, in the Gorgias and other dialogues) and Lysias with the same meaning, i.e. teacher. Clearly a word used in classical ancient Greek. I understand that λιβάδιον could be considered Byzantine, although it is used by Plutarch, because its meaning has shifted; Plutarch uses the word not to mean meadow but a small stream. But there's no such shift in meaning of διδάσκαλος. So is there a reason it isn't desiganted ancient Greek that I have missed? 89.160.209.172 (talk) 11:01, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Balkan sprachbund


text:
User talk:Rob cowie

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Kukhri
Hi Rob, thanks for the article on Kukhri. There is already an article kukri, I guess it's the same thing with a different spelling? Anyway I moved the contents of this article kukhri to the kukri page and added a redirect to kukhri. Hope it's OK. Please feel free to edit the "kukri" page if you're not happy with the way I moved it. --DannyWilde 14:06, 5 October 2005 (UTC) \

Easy Cheese
I uploaded a picture, check it out. actually these cheese is alright, except for the pizza kind, stay away from that. --NeverLogic 6:58 ET, 6 December 2005

Adam's ale
Hi, I put a wi tag over your entry for "Adam's ale" because in my opinion it's just a phrase, not something you can write an encyclopedia article about, so it belong in wiktionary not here. Feel free to revert if you think I'm wrong. Kappa 23:18, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Sumela Monastery
You wrote:
 * From User talk:Howcheng: I feel that I ought to point out that it was not I who made a mistake with the naming of this article. I simply responded to a request to improve/merge the two articles. As for the reasoning behind not deleting misspelt articles.. perhaps you could explain why the current policy is a good one? I'm amazed.
 * From Talk:Sumela Monastrey: Anyway, if we are to use redirects as a method of preventing spelling mistakes, should I set to and start creating redirects for all spelling permutations of every article on the site? I think not.

My apologies for saying that it was your mistake. I don't think there's an official policy per se for redirects from misspellings, but the precedent certainly exists (see WP:RDR). I also don't think you or anyone else needs to go and create redirects for likely misspellings; we just handle them as they come up. We keep them, though, because people make mistakes and having the redirects improves the user experience in that they will be able to find what they were (most likely) looking for without have to search again. Also if they don't realize they're misspelling the title, they might end up thinking, "Why doesn't Wikipedia have an article on [topic]?" when in fact we do. Note that, however, WP:CSD does provide a criterion for deleting redirects that are unlikely typos. HTH.  howch e  ng   {chat} 17:24, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

I have absolutely no idea if such a feature is being developed (or even being considered for development) or if WP will be moving to a different wiki software, as I don't take part in those discussions. I kind of doubt the latter, however, as there have been considerable man-hours devoted to developing the MediaWiki software.  howch e  ng   {chat} 07:38, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

St George's Minster, Doncaster
I am afraid Wikipedia is not a repository of useful information, as you mentioned here. Just because some information is useful does not mean it should make its way to Wikipedia. Adding contact details in an article is not appropriate. Please see Wikipedia is not a directory. Thanks a lot. --Edcolins (talk) 20:25, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

That (Wikipedia is not a directory) page is interesting. It seems a shame that an effort presumably to stop the proliferation of pages of dubious merit has resulted in a diminishing of the amount and type of information which can be conveyed. I'm consistently amazed at the determination to constrain wikipedia to the model of a traditional 'paper' encyclopaedia. It could be (and is in certain ways) much more than that. Still, what the majority wants, the majority usually gets, so I'll do my best to stick the rules.

Disambiguation link notification for September 8
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Nomination of Poacher's Relish for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Poacher's Relish is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Poacher's Relish until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Beeblebrox (talk) 19:18, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

Hello Rob cowie,

I've just been updating the Supacat entry which I see you created some time ago - quite a while ago in fact... Not sure if you know this, but Supacat Limited no longer exists, as following a re-brand that entity is now SC Group. Supacat is now the part of SC Group that looks after defence products. Other parts of SC Group now do the other bits and bobs that Supacat Limited once covered. It's all in the updates I've done.

You've not done anything to the entry since you created it (unless I missed something...), but I'm opting to follow Wiki guidelines and contact you re my propasl to rename the entry SC Group, given that it covers all products of the former Supacat and now SC Group.

Look forward to your thoughts/comments.UndateableOne (talk) 16:23, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

A page you started (Hodroyd Hall) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Hodroyd Hall.

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Copyright problem on Hodroyd Hall
Content you included in the above article appears to have been copied from https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1227514 and https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/family/galway/familyseats.aspx. Copying text directly from a source is a violation of Wikipedia's copyright policy. Unfortunately, for copyright reasons, some content had to be removed. Content you add to Wikipedia should be written in your own words. Please leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions. — Diannaa 🍁 (talk) 16:38, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rob cowie


text: Category:590s BC

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lochap

please dont delete this, it is for a website, which has a big forum community. I see no reason to delete this page

 * this web site is not big at all. it doesn't seem like an appropriate encyclopedia topic.possible selfpromotion? delete - Mattingly23 16:24, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This article is only a few minutes old, and is the user's first contribution. I'm explaining to the author why articles about their friends is not a good idea. To the author - please read your talk page, and discuss this issue there. DJ Clayworth 16:27, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Might be best to delet this, lochap.com isn't very important nor very big. Im gona have to agree with the other people, this really should be deleated. Sorry for the inconvience. -jjrh (site admin of lochap.com)

ok, sorry sereal, just tryin something new, lol

 * Feel free to stick around, guys. We can be pretty fast on listing things on Votes for Deletion.  Take a few minutes to get familiar with the policies, set up an account, and please keep contributing, within policy bounds.  You can also list personal information, including favorite research sites and the like, on your user page, once you set up here.  Don't get discouraged, and welcome to Wikipedia. (Delete the entry, though, for being a web review/guide.)  Geogre 17:28, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment jjrh, thanks for not squawking. Now that you have seen how easy it is to create and edit Wikipedia articles, we hope you'll stick around and try your hand at doing more. We don't really mind new people trying things out just to see how they work, even though we prefer that they do their experiments in the sandbox. I really don't think lochap.com is notable enough for an article, so I'm not encouraging you to expand this one. I think it would be a frustrating waste of effort. But, just so you know the rules... it's perfectly all right to edit and improve an article while it's under discussion in Votes for Deletion and quite a few articles end up with "Keep in present form." But the consensus on this article will probably depend much more on the notability of the website than on the quality of the article. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:44, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Might be a website; might be a forum; but it's tiny and unencyclopedic. 17 registered members. Atlantium has them beat by over 40x. ;) --Golbez 19:49, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. nonnotable --Jiang 23:04, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia isn't a webguide. Average Earthman 10:16, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable enough. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:44, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete more web forum vanity. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:45, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lochap


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Rubus caesius

Rubus caesius is a Eurasian species of dewberry, known as the European dewberry. Like other dewberries, it is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, related to the blackberry and raspberry. It is widely distributed across much of Europe and Asia from Ireland and Portugal as far east as Xinjiang Province in western China. It has also become sparingly naturalized in scattered locations in Argentina, Canada, and the United States.

Description
Rubus caesius is similar to and often confused with forms of Rubus fruticosus. It is a small shrub growing up to 2 m tall with biennial stems which die after fruiting in their second year. It sends out long runners which root at the tip to form new plants. The stems are bluish-grey and sometimes prickly. The alternate leaves are hairy above and below. They are stalked and the leaf blades are palmate in shape, either consisting of three oval leaflets with serrated margins and acute points or just being three-lobed. The inflorescence is a loose cluster of several white flowers about 2.5 cm in diameter. The calyx has five sepals and the corolla is composed of five spreading petals with finely toothed margins. There is a boss of stamens in the centre and there are several pistils. The fruit is an aggregate of several black, fleshy drupes with a bluish waxy bloom. The dewberry flowers from June to September.

Distribution and habitat
Rubus caesius most often inhabits areas with rocky, basic soil and light shade. It is often found in forest margins, coppices, rocky broadleaf woods and waterside thickets. The dewberry can hybridise with the raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and the stone bramble (Rubus saxatilis).

Genome
Alice et al., 2001 find R. caesius is a tetraploid blackberry which hybridises especially with R. idaeus and others of the genus. Sochor et al., 2015 finds this species has produced many new European blackberry species by speciation by hybridisation with R. idaeus. Carter et al., 2019 find maternal descent is probably from Rubus subg. Rubus.

title: Rubus caesius


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Mount of the Holy Cross

Mount of the Holy Cross is a high and prominent mountain summit in the northern Sawatch Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 4270.5 m fourteener is located in the Holy Cross Wilderness of White River National Forest, 10.7 km west-southwest (bearing 244°) of the Town of Red Cliff in Eagle County, Colorado, United States. The summit of Mount of the Holy Cross is the highest point in Eagle County and the northern Sawatch Range.

Mountain
Mount of the Holy Cross was named for the distinctive cross-shaped snowfield on its northeast face. On May 11, 1929. President Herbert Hoover designated the area surrounding the mountain as Holy Cross National Monument under United States Forest Service administration. The monument was transferred to the National Park Service in 1933. The mountain's remote location made visitor visits difficult, and on August 3, 1950, President Harry Truman signed an act abolishing the national monument and returning the area to White River National Forest. The former national monument is now a part of the Holy Cross Wilderness.

This mountain has been the subject of painters, photographers and even a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, ("The Cross of Snow"). The first publicly available photograph was published in National Geographic magazine. Thomas Moran depicted the mountain in an oil painting, which now is part of the collection of the Museum of the American West, part of the Autry National Center in Los Angeles, California. It is still much photographed but it is not as well known today as it was in the past.

Nearby features include Bowl of Tears Lake, directly under the east face of the peak, Tuhare Lakes, in a cirque that lies south of a significant subpeak, and several other lakes. Notable locations within 35 mi include the Dotsero volcano (near Interstate 70), Vail and Aspen. US 24 runs near the peak through Gilman.

The first recorded ascent of Holy Cross was in 1873, by F. V. Hayden and photographer W. H. Jackson during one of Hayden's geographical surveys. However, the peak may well have been ascended previously by miners or American Indians. The first winter ascent of the peak was made in 1943 by Russel Keene and Howard Freedman of the 10th Mountain Division, then stationed at Camp Hale.

The mining town of Holy Cross City was established in 1880 to serve the growing mining operations around the region. In 1883, the Holy Cross City Trail was built to the town, but the town was depopulated from a peak of 600 people the next year. Holy Cross can be climbed by at least four different routes, with the easiest and most common route being the North Ridge, which involves 5000 ft of vertical gain over 11.5 mi and is rated YDS Class 2 for moderate scrambling. The Cross Couloir route forms the vertical portion of the famous cross feature, and provides an advanced snow climb or extreme ski descent. Mount of the Holy Cross has a history of endangering the lives of many hikers. Although the summit on Mount of the Holy Cross is frequently reached on a long day hike, hikers have become stranded or lost through missing the right turn down the ridgeline, heading straight down and into the wilderness; research and planning of the route is important to prevent tragedies. Efforts to improve safety have been made by the Colorado Fourteeners Initiative.

Mount of the Holy Cross is accessible from Tigiwon Road, south of Minturn, Colorado. The Half Moon Pass Trail is the standard route to the summit of Mount of the Holy Cross via the North Ridge. Following the Fall Creek Trail to an ascent of Notch Mountain Trail provides the best view of the Holy Cross snow feature from Notch Mountain Ridge.

Historical names

 * Mount Holy Cross
 * Mount of the Holy Cross – 1947

title: Mount of the Holy Cross


text:
Clock DVA

Clock DVA are a musical group from Sheffield, England, whose style has touched on industrial, post-punk, and EBM. They formed in 1978 by Adi Newton (born Gary Coates) and Steven "Judd" Turner. Along with contemporaries Heaven 17, Clock DVA's name was inspired by the Russian-influenced Nadsat language of Anthony Burgess's novel A Clockwork Orange. Dva is Russian for "two".

1978–1981: White Souls in Black Suits and Thirst
Newton had previously worked with members of Cabaret Voltaire in a collective called The Studs and with Ian Craig Marsh and Martyn Ware in a band called The Future. He formed the first lineup of Clock DVA in 1978 with Judd Turner (bass), David J. Hammond (guitar), Roger Quail (drums) and Charlie Collins (saxophone, clarinet) (born 26 September 1958, Sheffield).

Clock DVA was originally known for making a form of experimental electronic music involving treated tape loops and synthesizers such as the EMS Synthi E. Clock DVA became associated with industrial music with the 1980 release of their cassette album White Souls in Black Suits on Throbbing Gristle's Industrial Records.

Paul Widger joined on guitar. The LP Thirst, released on Fetish Records, followed in 1981 to a favourable critical reaction, knocking Adam and the Ants' Dirk Wears White Sox from the top of the NME Indie Charts, by which time the band had combined musique concrète techniques with standard rock instrumentation. "4 Hours", the single from Thirst, was later covered by former Bauhaus bassist David J on his 1985 solo EP Blue Moods Turning Tail.

The band split up in 1981, with the non-original members of the band — Quail, Collins, and Widger — going on to form The Box.

Turner died in September 1981 due to an accidental drug overdose.

1982–1984: Advantage
In 1982, Newton formed a new version of the band that included future Siouxsie and the Banshees guitarist John Valentine Carruthers and signed a deal with the major label Polydor Records. The single "High Holy Disco Mass" (which was released under the name DVA) and the EP Passions Still Aflame were released in 1982, preceding the release of the album Advantage (with singles "Resistance" and "Breakdown") in 1983. Trouser Press characterized Advantage as "their strongest, most powerful LP, a funky concoction of intense dance-powered bass/drums drive with splatters of feedback, angst-ridden vocals by Newton, tape interruptions and dollops of white-noise sax and trumpet."

After a European tour in 1983, however, the band split acrimoniously. Adi Newton went on to form The Anti-Group or T.A.G.C. They released several albums continuing in a similar vein to the early Clock DVA, yet more experimental.

1987–1994: Buried Dreams, Man-Amplified and Sign
In 1987, Newton reactivated DVA and invited Dean Dennis and Paul Browse back into the fold to aid Newton's use of computer aided sampling techniques which he had been developing in The Anti Group. They released Buried Dreams (1989), an electronic album which (along with its single "The Hacker") received critical acclaim as a pioneering work in the cyberpunk genre. It is also rumored to have been the CD found in Jeffrey Dahmer's stereo at the time of his arrest, according to a 1990s piece published by Alternative Press.

Browse left the group in 1989 and was replaced by Robert E. Baker. The album Man-Amplified (1992), an exploration of cybernetics, was the next release. Digital Soundtracks (1992), an instrumental album, followed.

Following Dennis's departure from the group, Newton and Baker produced the album Sign (1993).

1995–2007: Hiatus
After the release of Sign and related singles, Clock DVA toured Europe (line-up: Newton & Baker with Andrew McKenzie and Ari Newton) and Newton relocated to Italy. However, their Italian record label at the time, Contempo, folded which caused a number of problems.

Collective, an anthology album and a box set was released in 1994. Newton began working on new material with Brian Williams, Graeme Revell (from SPK) and Paul Haslinger but continued problems with record labels eventually caused Newton and Clock DVA take a long break from the music scene.

In 1998, Czech record label Nextera released a reissue of Buried Dreams, sanctioned by Dean Dennis and Paul Browse but not by Newton.

2008–present: Reactivation
Adi Newton reactivated Clock DVA, along with his creative partner Jane Radion Newton, in 2008.

Since 2011, Clock DVA has performed at several electronic music festivals and venues throughout Europe  with a new line-up consisting of Newton, Maurizio "TeZ" Martinucci and Shara Vasilenko.

In November 2011, a new Clock DVA track "Phase IV" was featured on Wroclaw Industrial Festival compilation album.

In January 2012, German record label Vinyl on Demand announced Horology, a vinyl box set compilation of early (1978–1980) Clock DVA material. Later on, the demo recordings included in this box set, namely Lomticks of Time, 2nd, Sex Works Beyond Entanglement, Deep Floor and Fragment, were reissued separately early 2016.

A historical overview exhibition of Clock DVA (photographs, video and audio) took place at the Melkweg cultural centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands in February/March 2012.

In July 2013, a new Clock DVA album called Post-Sign was released on Anterior Research. It was produced and composed by Adi Newton in 1994–95 as an instrumental companion album to Sign, though it remained unreleased at that time due to problems with record labels.

According to Adi Newton, Mute Records were set to re-release the eight Clock DVA albums remastered in a box set in 2012.

In 2013, Clock DVA played at the Incubate festival in Tilburg, the Netherlands.

In 2014, Clock DVA released the album Clock 2 on a USB drive through their label Anterior Research. This limited edition release consists of 3 new studio tracks and various remixes of them, in addition to 4 video files. A 12" called Re-Konstructor / Re-Kabaret 13 was released shortly after. A version of the release was also made available on streaming sites and for digital download. A further EP, Neo Post Sign, containing tracks recorded 1995–96 but omitted from the Post-Sign album, was released early 2015.

Also in 2014, members of Clock DVA and fellow Sheffield band In the Nursery joined former Cabaret Voltaire vocalist Stephen Mallinder in a performance under the name IBBERSON. The performance took place at the newly built John Pemberton Lecture Theatres in the School of Health and Related Research at the University of Sheffield, which was constructed in the approximate location of the original Western Works studio where the earliest Clock DVA recordings were made. The name "IBBERSON" is a reference to a sign which used to hang outside the studio building.

In July 2015, another vinyl box set of early material was released on Vinyl on Demand. Horology 2 - Clockdva, The Future & Radiophonic Dvations features recordings made in late 1977/1978 period by Adi Newton prior to and during the formative period of development of Clock DVA, including the original The Future recordings made by the trio of Adi Newton, Martyn Ware, and Ian Craig Marsh before The Future developed into The Human League and Clock DVA.

In September 2016, Clock DVA performed a series of live dates in the United States.

Albums

 * 1980 – White Souls in Black Suits (Industrial Records)
 * 1981 – Thirst (Fetish Records)
 * 1983 – Advantage (Polydor Records)
 * 1989 – Buried Dreams (Interfisch Records)
 * 1990 – Transitional Voices (live) (Interfisch Records)
 * 1992 – Man-Amplified (Contempo)
 * 1992 – Digital Soundtracks (Contempo)
 * 1993 – Sign (Contempo)
 * 1994 – Collective (anthology) (Cleopatra) / 3xCD boxset (Hyperium/Sub-Mission)
 * 2012 – Horology – DVAtion 78/79/80 6xLP boxset (Vinyl On Demand)
 * 2013 – Post-Sign (Anterior Research Media Comm)
 * 2014 – Clock 2 (Anterior Research Media Comm) - 4GB USB Device
 * 2015 – Horology 2 - Clockdva, The Future & Radiophonic Dvations 5xLP boxset (Vinyl On Demand)
 * 2016 – Lomticks of Time LP (Vinyl On Demand)
 * 2016 – 2nd 2xLP (Vinyl On Demand)
 * 2016 – Sex Works Beyond Entanglement LP (Vinyl On Demand)
 * 2016 – Deep Floor LP (Vinyl On Demand)
 * 2016 – Fragment LP (Vinyl On Demand)
 * 2019 – Horology 3 4xLP boxset (Vinyl On Demand)
 * 2023 – Noesis LP (ARMComm/Rizosfera Europe)

Singles & EPs

 * 1978 – Lomticks of Time (not on label)
 * 1978 – 2nd (Dvation)
 * 1979 – Deep Floor (Dvation)
 * 1979 – Fragment (Dvation)
 * 1979 – Group Fragments (Dvation)
 * 1981 – 4 Hours (Fetish Records)
 * 1982 – Passions Still Aflame (Polydor)
 * 1982 – High Holy Disco Mass (Polydor)
 * 1983 – Resistance (Polydor)
 * 1983 – Breakdown (Polydor)
 * 1988 – The Hacker (Interfisch)
 * 1988 – The Act (Interfisch)
 * 1988 – Hacker/Hacked (Interfisch)
 * 1989 – Sound Mirror (Interfisch)
 * 1991 – Final Program (Contempo)
 * 1992 – Bitstream (Contempo)
 * 1992 – Black Words on White Paper (Contempo)
 * 1992 – Virtual Reality Handbook (Minus Habens)
 * 1993 – Voice Recognition Test (Contempo)
 * 1993 – Eternity (Contempo)
 * 2014 – Re-Konstructor / Re-Kabaret 13 (Anterior Research Media Comm)
 * 2015 – Neo Post Sign (Anterior Research Media Comm)
 * 2016 – Neoteric (Anterior Research Media Comm)
 * 2019 – Neoteric RMX4 12" (Anterior Research Media Comm)
 * 2020 – Horology IV 2x7" with book (Vinyl On Demand)

Video

 * 1993 – Kinetic Engineering (Contempo)

title: Clock DVA


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Marcus Bentley

Marcus Bentley (born 4 October 1967) is a British actor, broadcaster and voice-over artist. Bentley is most known for narrating the UK version of the Dutch reality television programme Big Brother since its inception in 2000. He also did other continuity announcements for Channel 4 until he left in July 2011 to continue narrating the revived Big Brother on Channel 5. Bentley's voice-over work and distinctive Geordie accent has led to him becoming one of Britain's most recognised voices.

Bentley has also appeared on stage and in London's Burning. Although he rarely makes public appearances, his public profile has been raised since Big Brother's revival on Channel 5.

Early life
Bentley was born in Gateshead, and brought up in Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham. He attended East 15 Acting School.

Big Brother
Bentley was selected as the narrator of the Channel 4 (2000–2010),Channel 5 (2011–2018) and ITV2 (2023–) reality television programme Big Brother, which originated in the Netherlands, and this remains his best-known work. The producers of Big Brother gave him the job of narrator because they liked the way he said "Chickens". His most notable catchphrase is "Day [x] (in the Big Brother house...)". Bentley has narrated all twenty series of the show to date, as well as the spin-off shows Celebrity Big Brother, Teen Big Brother, Celebrity Hijack and Ultimate Big Brother.

Other work
Before Big Brother, Bentley starred in several TV adaptations of Catherine Cookson's novels where he honed his now familiar Tyne and Wear accent. He also starred in several TV commercials as well as minor parts in feature films, such as Mad Dogs and Englishmen, which starred Joss Ackland, C. Thomas Howell, and Elizabeth Hurley.

Aside from Big Brother, Bentley could be heard on Channel 4 as a continuity announcer until he left after ten years, when he reprised his Big Brother narrator role on the revived Channel 5 series.

Another of Bentley's roles is the unseen question master on Sky One quiz show, Dirty Money.

Channel 5
From December 2011, Bentley began doing continuity links on Channel 5, complementing his role as narrator of Big Brother on the same channel.

Personal life
Bentley married his wife Jools in 1997. The couple have three children, and live in Kent.

title: Marcus Bentley


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Sphere (novel)

Sphere is a 1987 novel by Michael Crichton, his sixth novel under his own name and his sixteenth overall. It was adapted into the film Sphere in 1998.

The story follows Norman Johnson, a psychologist engaged by the United States Navy, who joins a team of scientists assembled to examine a spacecraft of unknown origin discovered on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. The novel begins as a science fiction story but quickly transforms into a psychological thriller, developing into an exploration of the nature of the human imagination.

Plot summary
A group of scientists (namely psychologist Norman Johnson, mathematician Harry Adams, zoologist Beth Halpern, astrophysicist Ted Fielding, and marine biologist Arthur Levine), along with U.S. Navy personnel, travel to a deep sea habitat at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, where an enormous spacecraft has been discovered.

During the descent, Levine becomes claustrophobic and is returned to the surface. The other scientists arrive safely at Habitat DH-8. After their arrival and subsequent pressurization to the habitat's exotic-gas environment, the Navy sends a robot to enter the spacecraft first, which locates and opens a panel near the spacecraft door.

As the robot's cameras focus on the opened panel, labels in English indicate the spacecraft is actually a U.S. spacecraft constructed in the future and sent through time, appearing on the seabed at least 350 years before its creation. The robot is unable to open a hatch leading further inside, forcing the team to don pressure suits and explore the spacecraft. In a large cargo hold, the team discovers a mysterious spherical object that is clearly of extra-terrestrial origin.

Reasoning the ship's future builders were apparently unaware that it had already been found in their past, Adams becomes convinced that the team will not survive to report their discovery. Remaining behind after the rest of the team returns to the habitat, Adams succeeds in opening and entering the sphere. Meanwhile, on the surface, a Pacific cyclone forces the supporting Naval ships to evacuate, trapping and isolating the scientists on the ocean floor for five days. Adams is found and returned to the DH-8 Habitat where he awakens with a terrible headache and little-to-no memory of how he opened the sphere or what occurred while he was inside. Immediately afterwards, the team is contacted by an intelligent, seemingly friendly alien entity that calls itself "Jerry".

At first, Jerry communicates with the scientists using a numeric code transmitted to the habitat's computer. While the team struggles to communicate with Jerry, increasingly bizarre and deadly events occur, including the appearance of impossible sea creatures that Halpern claims cannot exist (such as shrimp with no digestive organs), confirmed when Jerry informs them he is "manifesting" the creatures.

At this point, members of the team start to die in various attacks by giant squid, and the dwindling band of survivors struggle in their dealings with the unthinkably powerful, childlike, and temperamental alien entity. Johnson realizes he must use psychology to keep the remaining survivors (Johnson, Adams, and Halpern) alive.

After re-translating the original code, Johnson realizes by transposition the entity's name is "Harry". Johnson hypothesizes that the sphere is an object which allows a person's subconscious thoughts to manifest in reality, and Harry Adams has acquired the power through entering it. This is confirmed by his childhood fear of squid, especially the giant squid in the novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas, manifested in the form of a vast number of small squid and later a giant squid that attacks the DH-8 Habitat.

Johnson and Halpern sedate Adams and wait for contact to be re-established with the surface, but the manifestations continue. Halpern accuses Johnson of having entered the sphere and gaining access to the power. While unable to recall this incident, Johnson comes close to yielding, until he watches a security video of Halpern entering the sphere herself. Rejecting the notion, Halpern decides that Johnson is an imminent threat and defends herself by planting potent explosives around the spacecraft and habitat, and then attempts to suffocate Johnson by manipulating the habitat's life-support system.

Escaping from the habitat, Johnson goes to the spacecraft and enters the presence of the sphere, then the sphere itself. Inside the sphere, he finds a large sea of translucent "foam," and has a conversation in his thoughts with some sort of entity that speaks in cryptic riddles, who eventually tells Johnson that the greatest power humans possess is the ability to imagine things. After leaving the sphere, Johnson decides to escape using the submarine docked at Habitat DH-7, a nearby habitat for Navy personnel, but cannot abandon the other survivors. Now empowered in the same way as Adams and Halpern, Johnson returns to DH-8, and using the submarine, the trio escape before the explosives set by Halpern count down and destroy the spaceship, research habitat, and surrounding site.

On the surface, confined to a decompression chamber, the trio ponder on what version of their story to tell the Navy. Realizing they could not control the power granted them by the sphere, they decide its knowledge to be too dangerous to be communicated, and resolve to use its power to remove it from themselves and alter their memories, replacing the fantastical experiences with more mundane memories of a technical failure, though it is hinted that Halpern did not do the same.

Main characters

 * Norman Johnson—the protagonist and a psychologist who, years earlier, was responsible for defining the operational procedures should the US ever come into contact with alien life, although he admits that he treated the request to do so as a joke at the time. These procedures were outlined in a report entitled Recommendations for the Human Contact Team to Interact With Unknown Life Forms, often abbreviated ULF. Despite being the least physically fit team member in the context of an underwater habitat, he is arguably the most level-headed of the group. Nonetheless, Johnson takes time and trouble to convince the group to collaborate.

 * Harold "Harry" Adams—a young, intelligent, African-American mathematician. While intellectually gifted and professionally secure, he is arrogant, unsympathetic, disdainful, and often uncooperative with the others, as a legacy of growing up as a mathematical prodigy who was often picked on as a child because of his lack of athletic talent.

 * Elizabeth Halpern—a biochemist who is muscular, yet sometimes gentle and caring while simultaneously fierce, combative, and confrontational. She perceives herself as being dominated by the male scientists.

 * Theodore Fielding—an astrophysicist and an enthusiastic opportunist, whose pretensions tend to cause conflict in his relationships with the others, despite his good intentions. It is later revealed his ambition is driven by anxiety and a conviction that he has to achieve fame and do so fast, as he believes that the time for him to do so is running out.

 * Arthur Levine—a marine biologist and the sole member of the team not chosen by Norman. He is also the only team member who does not make the descent to the crash site.

 * Harold C. Barnes—a retired Navy captain who has charge of the underwater scientific investigation. He is brusque, impatient, and distrustful, possibly as a result of his military background. This leads to conflicts with the other main characters. He withholds crucial information from the team and his crew, following his own agenda at the expense of the others with tragic consequences.

 * Alice "Teeny" Fletcher—a Navy chief petty officer in charge of maintaining the habitat. She is friendly and competent, despite Norman's initial skepticism. It is not specifically explained how she dies, but the survivors find a trail of blood and one of her shoes after the second giant squid attack.

 * Tina Chan—a Navy petty officer and electronics technician who is in charge of communications. She develops a friendship with Halpern, and is one of the longest surviving Navy personnel killed by the manifestations.

 * Rose Levy—a Navy seaman who serves as the habitat's cook.

 * Jane Edmunds—a Navy petty officer and data processing technician who serves as the operation's archivist. She is responsible for recording events and transferring the tapes to the submarine at DH-7, which is pre-programmed to return to the surface if not reset before a failsafe 12-hour countdown reaches 0, intended to ensure that at the very least a partial record will survive in case of catastrophe.

Background
Crichton began writing the novel in 1967 as a companion piece to The Andromeda Strain. His initial storyline began with American scientists discovering a 300-year-old spaceship underwater with stenciled markings in English. However, Crichton later realized that he "didn't know where to go with it" and put off completing the book until a later date.

"The idea of doing a story about contact with superior intelligence, a time-honored theme, is that it's very hard if you stop and think about it. Most writers evade the issue by making the aliens recognizably human. It's 9 feet tall with spiky teeth and it wants to eat you. Or its 3 feet tall and it wants to hug you. In either case its humanlike... What's more likely about first contact with an extraterrestrial is that the alien wouldn't look humanlike at all. You might not even be able to see it or detect it. And its behavior would be absolutely inexplicable. Trouble is, it gets hard to dream up a story where at the center there is something inexplicable."

Film
The book was made into the film Sphere (1998), directed by Barry Levinson, with a cast including Dustin Hoffman (Norman Johnson, renamed Norman Goodman), Samuel L. Jackson (Harry Adams), Peter Coyote (Harold Barnes), Liev Schreiber (Ted Fielding), and Sharon Stone (Beth Halpern, renamed Beth Halperin).

The film largely follows the novel, although there are differences. The film received negative reviews from critics and has been described as having "bombed" at the box office. It was rated 12% by Rotten Tomatoes with the consensus opinion: "Sphere features an A-level cast working with B-grade material, with a story seen previously in superior science-fiction films". Film critic Roger Ebert described Sphere as "a watered-down take on the sci-fi classic Solaris by Stanislaw Lem, which was made into an immeasurably better film by Andrei Tarkovsky".

Planned television series
In August 2020, Entertainment Weekly reported that HBO would be developing a television series based on the novel.

Reception
Reviews were mostly positive for the novel in contrast to its film adaptation. For example, The New York Times' Robin McKinley wrote, "Part of the fun of Sphere is that it keeps you going even when you're pretty sure of what will happen next."

title: Sphere (novel)


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