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Servette FC

Servette FC is a Swiss professional football club based in Geneva, founded in March 1890 with rugby as its first sporting activity, and named after the Geneva district of the same name. The football section was created on 17 January 1900. They play in the Swiss Super League.

Servette is one of Switzerland's most successful clubs and the most successful Romandy club, winning 17 national titles, as well as 8 Swiss cups. Founded in 1890, the team has spent the majority of its history in the top flight of Swiss football, regularly contesting for the title. They are rivals with FC Lausanne-Sport and FC Sion.

However, after their last league title in 1999, Servette began experiencing financial problems, which led to a turbulent decade. The club was relegated to the third division in 2004–05 due to a bankruptcy, but achieved promotion to the Swiss Challenge League after the 2005–06 season, where the club remained until 2011. Servette earned promotion to the Swiss Super League after defeating Bellinzona in a relegation/promotion playoff on 31 May 2011. The club finished fourth in its first season back in the top flight, thereby gaining entrance to the Europa League second round qualification round for the 2012–13 season. However, they were relegated at the end of the 2013 season. They returned to the Swiss first tier in 2019, being promoted as Challenge League champions with a 15 points lead in front of the 2nd ranked FC Aarau.

Early years to bankruptcy
Founded in 1890, Servette are one of the most prolific Swiss football clubs, having won 17 Swiss league championships and seven Swiss cups. Servette was also the winner of the Torneo Internazionale Stampa Sportiva, one of the first international football competitions in the world, in 1908. In 1930, Servette organized the Coupe des Nations, predecessor of the UEFA Champions League.

The club was originally founded as the "Football Club de la Servette", a rugby football team based in the Genevan neighbourhood of the same name. Due to the dwindling popularity of this sport in Switzerland, a football section of the club was created, leading to its integration in the Swiss Football Association in 1900.

Led by Umberto Barberis and Claude "Didi" Andrey, in 1978–1979 the club won all of the competitions it entered – with the exception of the European Cup Winners' Cup where they were eliminated in the quarter-finals on away goals by Fortuna Düsseldorf, that year's finalist. Barberis later became French champion in 1982 with AS Monaco.

Until its bankruptcy, Servette was the only Swiss club to have remained in the top league since its creation in 1890. Servette remained the only club to have never been relegated for sporting reasons, until they finished last in the 2012–2013 season.

Bankruptcy and revival
On 4 February 2005, the parent company of the club was declared bankrupt. It had run debts of over 10 million Swiss francs, having not paid the players since the previous November, and consequently the club suffered an exodus of players looking for paying clubs. As a consequence of the bankruptcy Servette Under 21s took over the club name playing two divisions below the original Servette team in 1. Liga, a fate already experienced by regional rivals Lausanne Sports in 2003, and continued to play at the Stade de Geneve in front of smaller crowds.

In the 2005–06 season, a rejuvenated Servette secured promotion to the Challenge League, the second highest division in Switzerland.

In the 2010–11 season, Servette finished 2nd in the Challenge League, thereby qualifying for a relegation/promotion play-off against Super League team AC Bellinzona. Servette lost the initial match in Bellinzona 1–0, but won the return match 3–1 and winning the tie 3–2 on aggregate, securing promotion to the Swiss Super League.

2011 to 2018
During the Summer 2011 transfer window, Servette FC made very few signings, considering the club had been promoted from the second division to the Super League. Barroca, Issaga Diallo, Carlos Saleiro and Abdoulaye Fall (the latter failed to receive a work permit) were signed as permanent transfers, in addition to Ishmael Yartey and Roderick Miranda joining the club on loan from Benfica. Costinha, a former Portugal international and Champions League winner with FC Porto, was appointed as the club's Sporting Director, after he had been previously fired by Lisbon-based Sporting CP. With a largely unchanged squad from their previous season in the second division, Servette achieved very impressive results in the first half of the season, including victories over FC Zurich, BSC Young Boys, Neuchatel Xamax, FC Lucerne, local rivals FC Lausanne-Sport and a 4–0 away win over arch-rivals FC Sion. Despite achieving overall impressive results in the first half of the season, manager João Alves was fired, and was replaced by his compatriot João Pereira, to the disappointment of many of Servette's supporters.

In December 2011, reports surfaced that Servette was unable to pay players' salaries, in addition to other expenses. In January 2012, one of the club's star performers and leading goalscorers, Matías Vitkieviez, was sold to Young Boys for only 150,000 CHF. In February 2012, Servette filed for bankruptcy a second time. On 12 March 2012, chairman Majid Pishyar sold the club to a consortium headed by Hugh Quennec, president of the city's hockey club, Genève-Servette HC. The club was initially given one month to secure the funding necessary to come out of bankruptcy proceedings, and was successful in doing so. Pishyar remained as "honorary president" through the end of the 2011–12 season.

In April 2012, the decision was made to reinstate manager João Alves, who had achieved promotion and impressive results in the first half of the season, and to fire his replacement João Pereira, who had failed to improve the club's results. Alves' return immediately led to improved results, and the club finished the season's final five matches with four wins and one draw. This included a 2–1 victory over FC Basel on the final day of the season, which ended a run of 17 consecutive losses against FC Basel dating back to 2001, as well as ending Basel's 26 match unbeaten streak. The victory also meant that Servette secured fourth place in their first season back in Switzerland's top flight, granting Servette entry into the second round of qualifying for the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. The season ended with further good news, as on 24 May 2012, the Swiss Football League granted Servette its license for the 2012–13 season, thus marking the end of Servette's financial worries for the time being.

Servette announced that it would be preparing for the 2012–13 season with friendly matches against Thun, Shakhtar Donetsk, Yverdon-Sport, Étoile Carouge, Lausanne-Sport and Porto. In the transfer market, Servette sold Stéphane Nater and Carlos Saleiro, while Ishmael Yartey and Roderick Miranda were recalled to Benfica from their loan spells. Servette bolstered its ranks by signing Geoffrey Tréand, Alexandre Pasche, Christopher Mfuyi, Kevin Gissi, Simone Grippo, Mike Gomes, and Samir Ramizi. Servette also brought in Genséric Kusunga, Steven Lang, and Kelvin on loan for the season.

On 12 July 2012, it was confirmed that Servette would face Gandzasar FC in the second round of qualifying for the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. The club won the tie 5–1, progressing to face Rosenborg BK in the third qualifier round, against whom they were eliminated on away goals. Servette's league campaign, meanwhile, went poorly, and the club was relegated (for sporting reasons) for the first time in its 113-year history in May 2013, following a 3–0 away defeat by relegation rivals FC Lausanne-Sport.

On 14 July 2013, Servette began the 2013–14 season in the Swiss Challenge League with a 2–1 win at FC Wohlen.

After finishing 2nd in the 2014–15 Swiss Challenge League, the Swiss Football League refused Servette FC a Challenge League licence meaning that Servette would play in the 1st Promotion League (third tier) during 2015–16. In June 2015 the club held a press conference where it was revealed that Servette FC had new owners – 1890 Foundation – holding 100% of the capital stock of SFC SA. At the same press conference it was declared that 1890 Foundation was a private foundation subject to scrutiny by the public supervisory authority.

While Kevin Cooper stayed on as coach, many players left. On 3 November 2015, Servette FC announced that Kevin Cooper had left the club and William Niederhauser and Thierry Cotting would be temporarily in charge of first team affairs. In January 2016 the club announced that Anthony Braizat had taken charge of first team affairs.

2018 to present
In 2018, Servette hired Alain Geiger as its manager and achieved promotion back to the Swiss Super League as the 2018–2019 Challenge League champions, with a 15-point lead in front of 2nd ranked FC Aarau. For the first time in more than 15 years, the club has since enjoyed relative stability at the financial, managerial and sport levels, achieving a 4th-place finish in the 2019–2020 Super League, a 3rd place in 2020–2021, a 6th place in 2021–2022 and even a 2nd place in 2022–2023, giving it for the first time a shot for the Champions League.

On 20 March 2023, Servette announced that the current season would be Geiger's last, with René Weiler being chosen to take over for the 2023–2024 season. Weiler led Servette to their first Swiss Cup final since 2001. On 2 June 2024, Servette won the cup final after a penalty shoot-out against FC Lugano, winning their first title in 23 years.

On 10 June 2024, the club announced a new organizational structure, with Weiler stepping down as head coach and instead taking over as sporting director. He is replaced by Thomas Häberli as head coach. Hervé Boch will be the new chairman.

Stadium
The home ground of Servette is the Stade de Genève. It was inaugurated on 16 March 2003 after three years of construction. The opening match was played between Servette and Young Boys. With an all-seater capacity of 30,084, the Stade de Genève is the third largest stadium in Switzerland, and hosted three group matches in the 2008 European Football Championship.

Servette moved to the Stade de Genève from their old ground, the Stade des Charmilles, in 2003. The Charmilles was inaugurated on 28 June 1930, with the first game drawing a crowd of 14,000 on the first match of the Coupe des Nations. The official capacity peaked at 30,000, but a record 40,000 spectators managed to squeeze in for the international game between Switzerland and France on 14 October 1951. Flood lights were installed in 1977 and the stands were entirely covered in 1983. The capacity gradually diminished from the 1980s onward, first to 20,000 in 1985 and then to 9,250 in 1998 when the stadium became an all-seater.

Plans for a new stadium were first launched in 1984, in response to the Charmilles becoming increasingly outdated and run down. A project committee was established in 1992, which proposed to either rebuild the stadium over the course of four years or construct a new stadium elsewhere in Geneva. Meanwhile, with more substantial plans failing to materialize, the poor state of the old stadium became apparent when the main stand, the Tribune A, was declared unsafe in 1995 and closed off. A renovation project began the following year, which saw the main stand re-opened and seats eventually being installed throughout the stadium. Servette would secure another Swiss Championship and a Cup trophy while playing at the Charmilles, before construction on the new Stade de Genève finally commenced in 2000. The last match was played on 8 December 2002 in front of a capacity crowd.

Notable former players
• Lucien Favre

•  Alain Geiger

•  Jean-Philippe Karlen

•  Denis Zakaria

•  Claude Mariétan

•  Anthony Sauthier

•  Philippe Senderos

•  François Moubandje

•  Alexander Frei

•  Kastriot Imeri

•  Kevin Mbabu

•  David Sesa

•  Julian Esteban

•  Alexandre Jankewitz

•  François Moubandje

•  Marco Grassi

•  Alen Škoro

•  Aleksandar Bratić

•  Martin Petrov

•  Martin Chivers

•  Christian Karembeu

•  Gaël Clichy

•  Grejohn Kyei

•  Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

•  Oliver Neuville

•  Alex Schalk

•  Diogo Monteiro

•  Jorge Valdivia

•  Hilton

•  Sonny Anderson

•  Eudis

•  Boris Céspedes

•  Jean-Pierre Nsame

•  Wilson Oruma

•  Christopher Mfuyi

Staff
Sporting director
 * René Weiler

Head coach
 * Thomas Häberli

Assistant Coach
 * Bojan Dimic

Attacking Coach
 * Alexander Alfonso

Goalkeeper Coach
 * Daniel Blanco

Honours

 * Swiss Super League
 * Winners (17): 1906–07, 1917–18, 1921–22, 1924–25, 1925–26, 1929–30, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1939–40, 1945–46, 1949–50, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1978–79, 1984–85, 1993–94, 1998–99
 * Runners-up (17): 1905–06, 1909–10, 1914–15, 1918–19, 1919–20, 1934–35, 1943–44, 1965–66, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1987–88, 1997–98, 2022–23
 * Swiss Cup
 * Winners (8): 1927–28, 1948–49, 1970–71, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1983–84, 2000–01, 2023–24
 * Runners-up (12): 1933–34, 1935–36, 1937–38, 1940–41, 1958–59, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1975–76, 1982–83, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1995–96
 * Swiss League Cup
 * Winners (3): 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80 (Record)
 * Swiss Challenge League
 * Winners (1): 2018–19,
 * Runners-up (2): 2010–11, 2014–15
 * 1. Liga Promotion
 * Winners (1): 2015–16
 * Torneo Internazionale Stampa Sportiva
 * Winners (1): 1908
 * Tournoi du Nouvel An du Stade Français et Club Français
 * Winners (1): 1925
 * Swiss Super League Fair Play Trophy: 2022–23

European Record

 * European Cup Winners' Cup
 * Quarter-final: 1966–67, 1978–79
 * UEFA Conference League
 * Round of 16: 2023–24

By competition
Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against. Defunct competitions indicated in italics.

UEFA Team ranking
'''As of June 2023.

Managers
Source: • 🏴 Teddy Duckworth (1919–29)

• 🏴 Frido Barth (1929)

• 🏴 Teddy Duckworth (1930)

• 🇦🇹 Karl Rappan (1932–35)

• 🇭🇺 (1935–36)

• 🇨🇭 R. Pache / 🇨🇭 A. Guinchard (1936–37)

• 🇦🇹 Otto Höss (1937)

• 🇨🇭 André Abegglen (1937–42)

• 🇨🇭 Léo Wionsowski (1942–43)

• 🇨🇭 Fernand Jaccard (1943–48)

• 🇦🇹 Karl Rappan (1948–53)

• 🇨🇭 Albert Châtelain (1953–54)

• 🇦🇹 K. Rappan / 🇨🇭 A. Châtelain (1954–55)

• 🇦🇹 K. Rappan / 🇦🇹 T. Brinek (1955–56)

• 🇦🇹 Karl Rappan (1956–57)

• 🇭🇺 Jenő Vincze (1957–58)

• 🇨🇭 Frank Séchehaye (1958–59)

• 🇫🇷 Jean Snella (1959–63)

• 🇫🇷 Lucien Leduc (1963–66)

• 🇨🇭 Roger Vonlanthen (1966)

• 🇭🇺 🇦🇹 Béla Guttmann (1966–67)

• 🇨🇭 Gilbert Dutoît (1967)

• 🇫🇷 Jean Snella (1967–71)

• 🇨🇭 Henri Gillet (1971–72)

• 🇩🇪 Jürgen Sundermann (1972–76)

• 🇭🇺 Péter Pázmándy (1976–82)

• 🇨🇭 Guy Mathez (1982–85)

• 🇫🇷 Jean-Marc Guillou (1985–86)

• 🇨🇭 Thierry De Choudens (1986–88)

• 🇨🇭 Jean-Claude Donzé (1988–89)

• 🇭🇺 Péter Pázmándy (1989–90)

• 🇳🇱 Ruud Krol (March 1990 – June 90)

• 🇫🇷 Gilbert Gress (July 1990 – June 91)

• 🇧🇪 Jean Thissen (1991)

• 🇨🇭 B. Mocellin / J. Barlie / 🇨🇭 H. Hermann (1991)

• 🇧🇪 Michel Renquin (July 1991 – June 93)

• 🇷🇸 Ilija Petković (March 1994 – April 95)

• 🇨🇭 Bernard Challandes (April 1995 – October 95)

• 🇨🇭 Umberto Barberis (October 1995 – May 96)

• 🇷🇸 Vujadin Boškov (July 1996 – December 96)

• 🇨🇭 Guy Mathez (1997)

• 🇨🇭 Gérard Castella (July 1997 – October 99)

• 🇲🇰 Boško Đurovski (1999)

• 🇫🇷 René Exbrayat (1999–00)

• 🇨🇭 Lucien Favre (July 2000 – June 2002)

• 🇨🇭 Roberto Morinini (July 2002 – 3 March 03)

• 🇷🇴 Adrian Ursea (interim) (March 2003 – 3 June 04)

• 🇨🇭 Marco Schällibaum (July 2003 – 4 Aug 04)

• 🇷🇴 A. Ursea / 🇨🇭 🇮🇹 S. Ceccaroni (interim) (August 2004 – 4 Oct 04)

• 🇨🇭 Diego Sessolo (2004–05)

• 🇨🇭 Jean-Michel Aeby (July 2006 – 8 May 08)

• 🇨🇭 Michel Sauthier (July 2008 – 8 Sep 08)

• 🇨🇭 Gérard Castella (September 2008 – 9 April 09)

• 🇨🇭 William Niederhauser (April 2009 – 9 Oct 09)

• 🇵🇹 João Alves (October 2009 – 11 Nov 11)

• 🇵🇹 João Pereira (November 2011 – 12 April 12)

• 🇵🇹 João Alves (April 2012 – 12 Sep 12)

• 🇨🇭 Sébastien Fournier (September 2012 – July 2013)

• 🇨🇭 Jean-Michel Aeby (August 2013 – 14 April 2014)

• 🇨🇭 Mario Cantaluppi (April 2014 – 14 Jun 14)

• 🏴 Kevin Cooper (July 2014 – 15 Nov 15)

• 🇨🇭 William Niederhauser / 🇨🇭 Thierry Cotting (15 Nov 2015 – 16 Jan 16)

• 🇫🇷 Anthony Braizat (16 Jan 2016 – 16 Dec)

• Meho Kodro (Dec 2016 – 18 Mar)

• 🇨🇭 Alain Geiger (May 2018 – 23 May)

• 🇨🇭 René Weiler (June 2023 – June 2024)

• 🇨🇭 Thomas Häberli (June 2024 – Present)

title: Servette FC


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Tour Saint-Jacques

The Tour Saint-Jacques (, 'Saint James's Tower') is a monument located in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, France, at the intersection of Rue de Rivoli with Rue Nicolas Flamel. This 52 m Flamboyant Gothic tower is all that remains of the former 16th-century Church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie ("Saint James of the butchers"), which was demolished in 1797, during the French Revolution, leaving only the tower.

What remains of the destroyed church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie is now considered a national historic landmark.

The Way of St. James
The tower's rich decoration reflects the wealth of its patrons, the wholesale butchers of the nearby Les Halles market. The masons in charge were Jean de Felin, Julien Ménart and Jean de Revier. It was built in 1509 to 1523, during the reign of King Francis I. With a dedication to Saint James the Greater, the ancient church and its landmark tower welcomed pilgrims setting out on the road that led to Tours and headed for the Way of St James, which led to the major pilgrimage destination of Santiago de Compostela. A relic of the saint preserved in the church linked it the more strongly and in modern times occasioned its listing in 1998 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO among the sites and structures marking the chemins de Compostelle, the pilgrimage routes in France that led like tributaries of a great stream headed towards Santiago in the northwest of Spain.

Nineteenth century

The church, with the exception of the tower, was demolished in 1793; preservation of the tower was a condition of the contract by which the church was bought for the value of its building materials. In 1824 it was being used as a shot tower to make small shot. It was repurchased by the City of Paris in 1836 and declared a Monument Historique in 1862. A statue of the saint was installed on the top of the tower during the 19th century.

During the Second Empire, the architect Théodore Ballu restored the tower, placing it on a pedestal and designing a small city park around it. This coincided with the construction of the rue de Rivoli and the avenue Victoria nearby, requiring huge quantities of earth to be removed to ensure the rue de Rivoli a smooth flat path. The pedestal allowed the tower to retain its original elevation: nowadays, the change in ground level can best be appreciated in rue St-Bon, just northeast of the tower, where a staircase leads up to the original street level at rue de la Verrerie.

A statue of Blaise Pascal is located at the base of the tower, commemorating the experiments on atmospheric pressure, though it is debated whether they were performed here or at the church of Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas. A meteorological laboratory is also installed at the top of the tower.

The tower inspired Alexandre Dumas to write the play La tour Saint-Jacques-de-la-boucherie in 1856.

Nicolas Flamel, reputedly an alchemist and a patron of the church, was buried under its floor.

Modern restoration
The tower was surrounded by scaffolding and obscured by sheeting for some years as surveyors investigated the condition of the stone. Recent findings show that most of the stone and its ornamentation originates from the late-medieval era of the tower's construction, and was not added by the 19th-century restorers. Unfortunately, the survey also indicates serious cracking. The top three quarters of sheeting were taken down in March 2008, revealing a renovated upper section of the tower. From October 2008 to February 2009, the scaffolds and sheeting were completely removed and the surrounding park's landscaping was being restored. Finally, on 18 April 2009, the park was re-opened to the public.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tour Saint-Jacques


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Core (group theory)

In group theory, a branch of mathematics, a core is any of certain special normal subgroups of a group. The two most common types are the normal core of a subgroup and the p-core of a group.

Definition
For a group G, the normal core or normal interior of a subgroup H is the largest normal subgroup of G that is contained in H (or equivalently, the intersection of the conjugates of H). More generally, the core of H with respect to a subset S ⊆ G is the intersection of the conjugates of H under S, i.e.
 * $$\mathrm{Core}_S(H) := \bigcap_{s \in S}{s^{-1}Hs}.$$

Under this more general definition, the normal core is the core with respect to S = G. The normal core of any normal subgroup is the subgroup itself.

Significance
Normal cores are important in the context of group actions on sets, where the normal core of the isotropy subgroup of any point acts as the identity on its entire orbit. Thus, in case the action is transitive, the normal core of any isotropy subgroup is precisely the kernel of the action.

A core-free subgroup is a subgroup whose normal core is the trivial subgroup. Equivalently, it is a subgroup that occurs as the isotropy subgroup of a transitive, faithful group action.

The solution for the hidden subgroup problem in the abelian case generalizes to finding the normal core in case of subgroups of arbitrary groups.

The p-core
In this section G will denote a finite group, though some aspects generalize to locally finite groups and to profinite groups.

Definition
For a prime p, the p-core of a finite group is defined to be its largest normal p-subgroup. It is the normal core of every Sylow p-subgroup of the group. The p-core of G is often denoted $$O_p(G)$$, and in particular appears in one of the definitions of the Fitting subgroup of a finite group. Similarly, the p′-core is the largest normal subgroup of G whose order is coprime to p and is denoted $$O_{p'}(G)$$. In the area of finite insoluble groups, including the classification of finite simple groups, the 2′-core is often called simply the core and denoted $$O(G)$$. This causes only a small amount of confusion, because one can usually distinguish between the core of a group and the core of a subgroup within a group. The p′,p-core, denoted $$O_{p',p}(G)$$ is defined by $$O_{p',p}(G)/O_{p'}(G) = O_p(G/O_{p'}(G))$$. For a finite group, the p′,p-core is the unique largest normal p-nilpotent subgroup.

The p-core can also be defined as the unique largest subnormal p-subgroup; the p′-core as the unique largest subnormal p′-subgroup; and the p′,p-core as the unique largest subnormal p-nilpotent subgroup.

The p′ and p′,p-core begin the upper p-series. For sets π1, π2, ..., πn+1 of primes, one defines subgroups Oπ 1, π2, ..., πn+1 (G) by:
 * $$O_{\pi_1,\pi_2,\dots,\pi_{n+1}}(G)/O_{\pi_1,\pi_2,\dots,\pi_{n}}(G) = O_{\pi_{n+1}}( G/O_{\pi_1,\pi_2,\dots,\pi_{n}}(G) )$$

The upper p-series is formed by taking π2i−1 = p′ and π2i = p; there is also a lower p-series. A finite group is said to be p-nilpotent if and only if it is equal to its own p′,p-core. A finite group is said to be p-soluble if and only if it is equal to some term of its upper p-series; its p-length is the length of its upper p-series. A finite group G is said to be p-constrained for a prime p if $$C_G(O_{p',p}(G)/O_{p'}(G)) \subseteq O_{p',p}(G)$$.

Every nilpotent group is p-nilpotent, and every p-nilpotent group is p-soluble. Every soluble group is p-soluble, and every p-soluble group is p-constrained. A group is p-nilpotent if and only if it has a normal p-complement, which is just its p′-core.

Significance
Just as normal cores are important for group actions on sets, p-cores and p′-cores are important in modular representation theory, which studies the actions of groups on vector spaces. The p-core of a finite group is the intersection of the kernels of the irreducible representations over any field of characteristic p. For a finite group, the p′-core is the intersection of the kernels of the ordinary (complex) irreducible representations that lie in the principal p-block. For a finite group, the p′,p-core is the intersection of the kernels of the irreducible representations in the principal p-block over any field of characteristic p. Also, for a finite group, the p′,p-core is the intersection of the centralizers of the abelian chief factors whose order is divisible by p (all of which are irreducible representations over a field of size p lying in the principal block). For a finite, p-constrained group, an irreducible module over a field of characteristic p lies in the principal block if and only if the p′-core of the group is contained in the kernel of the representation.

Solvable radicals
A related subgroup in concept and notation is the solvable radical. The solvable radical is defined to be the largest solvable normal subgroup, and is denoted $$O_\infty(G)$$. There is some variance in the literature in defining the p′-core of G. A few authors in only a few papers (for instance John G. Thompson's N-group papers, but not his later work) define the p′-core of an insoluble group G as the p′-core of its solvable radical in order to better mimic properties of the 2′-core.

title: Core (group theory)


text:
Ordre des traducteurs, terminologues et interprètes agréés du Québec

The Ordre des traducteurs, terminologues et interprètes agréés du Québec (OTTIAQ) is a professional order representing translators, terminologists and interpreters in Quebec. As a professional order, the OTTIAQ provides its members with a "reserved title": Certified Translator (C. Tr.), or, in French, traducteur agréé (trad. a.); Certified Terminologist (C. Term.), or, in French, terminologue agréé (term. a.); and Certified Interpreter (C. Int.), or, in French, interprète agréé (int. a.).

OTTIAQ's goals include providing information and training for members, and thereby promoting the advancement and raising the profile of the three professions of its members.

History
OTTIAQ can trace its history back to 1940, when the Société des traducteurs du Québec (STQ) was founded (letters patent granted in 1943), making it the oldest association of its type in the province.

In 1968 the STQ merged with the Cercle des traducteurs and the Corporation des traducteurs professionnels du Québec. On April 1, 1992 the STQ became the Corporation professionnelle des traducteurs et interprètes agréés du Québec (CPTIAQ) and on October 15, 1994, in compliance with the Act to amend the Professional Code and other Acts respecting the professions, the Corporation changed its name to the Ordre des traducteurs et interprètes agréés du Québec (OTIAQ).

On July 12, 2000 the National Assembly of Quebec unanimously approved the addition of the title "terminologues" to its name and OTIAQ officially became the Ordre des traducteurs, terminologues et interprètes agréés du Québec. On September 11, 2000 the Board adopted a resolution approving the modified acronym, OTTIAQ.

On June 11, 2012, OTTIAQ withdrew from the Canadian Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters Council.


text: Category:Advice columnists

title: Category:Advice columnists


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Ecclesiastical new moon

An ecclesiastical new moon is the first day of a lunar month (an ecclesiastical moon) in an ecclesiastical lunar calendar. Such months have a whole number of days, 29 or 30, whereas true synodic months can vary from about 29.27 to 29.83 days in length. Medieval authors equated the ecclesiastical new moon with a new crescent moon, but it is not a phase of the true moon. If the ecclesiastical lunar calendar is accurate, the ecclesiastical new moon can be any day from the day of the astronomical new moon or dark moon to two days later (see table). The ecclesiastical calendar valid for the Julian and Gregorian calendar are described in detail by Grotefend, Ginzel and in the Explanatory Supplement to The Astronomical Ephemeris.

The ecclesiastical new moon which falls on or next after March 8 is of special importance, since it is the paschal new moon that begins the paschal lunar month (see table). The fourteenth day of the same lunar month is the first of the calendar year to occur on or next after March 21. This fourteenth day was called the paschal full moon by medieval computists. Easter is the following Sunday.

Calendar pages in medieval liturgical books indicated the ecclesiastical new moons by writing the Golden Number to the left of the day of the month on which the ecclesiastical new moon would occur in the year of that Golden Number. In some places the age of the moon was announced daily in the office of Prime at the reading of the  martyrology.

When in the 13th century Roger Bacon complained about the discrepancy between the ecclesiastical moon and the observed lunar phases, he specifically mentioned the discrepancy involving the ecclesiastical new moon Quilibet computista novit quod fallit primatio per tres dies vel quatuor his temporibus; et quilibet rusticus potest in coelo hunc errorem contemplari. (Any computist knows that the prime [of the moon] is off by three or four days in our time; and any rustic can see this error in the sky.) These complaints were finally addressed by the construction of the Gregorian calendar.

A check can be made on the difference between the astronomical new moon and the ecclesiastical new moon. The following table gives a comparison for 2010. All times are Greenwich Mean Time. Coordinated Universal Time is the same with a tolerance of 0.9 seconds either way.

The long term accuracy of the Gregorian ecclesiastical lunar calendar is remarkable. It will be in error by one day in about 73 500 years while the error with respect to the tropical year will be one day in about 3320 years.

The following table gives the ecclesiastical new moon used for determining Easter (in the Gregorian system) for a range of years.

title: Ecclesiastical new moon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tssf

Vanity. Redirects Mathew Valente and TSSF should be deleted too, of course. Fredrik | talk 21:58, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. --Ianb 22:55, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * "Even maintains a profesional LiveJournal." Gee wiz! Thanks for sharing! Delete. Neutrality 00:18, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity and all its tentacles. Geogre 00:50, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --Vik-Thor 02:44, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep national band "The Starting Line" on MCA has thanked him on thier C.D. setting him apart from average promoters. - 67.38.242.22 19:55:13, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I was the one who added the page, not Mathew Valente himself, I added the 'vanity' in there and I recently removed it. However, Mathew Valente has made meaningful contributions to Final Fantasy remakes and is very well known within the Nobuo Uematsu's fan community for his contributions in the form of Soundfonts and other music to help others. This should be enough to keep (please remove my previous vote declaration because this one explains a bit more of my reasoning). Furthermore, his work on the Chrono Trigger ressurection project should be enough. - User: 66.93.247.62
 * Delete: nonnotable. Wile E. Heresiarch 14:54, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - UtherSRG 15:19, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I didn't add it but I see it as being fair. - mvtssf 11:30, 12 Aug 2004 (Likely sock puppet - first and only posting)
 * keep, EZD (Likely sock puppet - first and only posting)
 * Delete - vanity - Tεx  τ  urε  20:47, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, with vanity removed and I think that Mathew Valente is notable enough to be posted here.--TME 857309 20:54, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) (Likely sock puppet - first and only posting)
 * Delete, not notable + sockpuppets. -Sean Curtin 21:59, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. tssf is a very well known musician on several internet communities. Someone may wish to look up his name here to find out more about him without personally asking him, if this is kept. Also, whats the harm in leaving it here? - AaAA (Likely sock puppet - second posting - after one other VfD)
 * Delete. I'm quite sure he's a very nice guy, but being a nice guy or gal doesn't get you inclusion in an encyclopedia. Or everyone would be listing their mums. Don't take it as any kind of punishment, it's simply not a valid function of Wikipedia to make note of everyone who rocks or is otherwise nice. Aris Katsaris 02:33, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Vanity. Non-notable. "Known on several internet communities" doesn't count for much—the same could be said for me and I know I don't merit an article. Delete.  — Gwalla | Talk 03:41, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, if only to discourage this sockpuppet crap. Why can't these people would spend as much time actually researching something of importance and writing about it...? -- Jmabel 17:50, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)

Discussion follows:

 * They have other game musicians listed, why is there any exception here? - User: 66.93.247.62
 * I personally removed the vanity references, and I don't agree that Mathew Valente is "nonnotable" especially to the thousands who were recently brought aware of his work through Chrono Trigger: Resurrection, which was linked from Slashdot and Game Review pages for people to freely download his remakes. To the Fans of any Squaresoft game this person is genuinely worth keeping. - User: 66.93.247.62
 * You need to keep Tssf in here, he is a great person and deserves this right. He has done alot for the music community midi-wise and should take this honor. -kokiri_boy
 * Why delete him? He's a great guy who's really talented. Besides that, you list other game music musicians, why not him? It doesn't make sense to me... Keep him in. - walnut100
 * Keep tssf in here. He is a great musician, and a nice guy. And like others have said, you list other game music musicians, so why delete him and not the others?
 * Dont delete him!!! He rocks!!! - Nebetsu: The Slayer Of Weasels
 * Dont Delete TSSF he's a nice guy and his music rocks too!! - Easy D
 * Keep him, what's the harm of not doing so? He's done tons of work for many forums, people, etc... He's arranged tons of Zelda remakes and custom songs for me personally (for my fangames and custom games). Mathew has done great things for many communities and the least that you can do is let him keep his account. - Scrappersa
 * It's not an "account", it's an encyclopedia entry. -Sean Curtin 22:03, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It puts the lotion on its skin, or else it gets the hose again. - Mamoruanime
 * keep him because his name is 4 letters long, i mean what the hell, its only four letters! psshht - pâpÈr mÃçhË pÛppËt
 * How many potential "Sock Puppets" never post to Wiki at all until they see something that interests them 66.93.247.62 22:01, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * People use it as reference and find that there is no need to post anything, but as soon as soon as they try to defend something they believe in, you call them "sock puppets". I personally don't care if you guys delete this or not, as far as I'm concerned it's all about who's notable or who's not. I believe I've done enough for both the fan-gaming, and the game music scenes that it's not like I don't deserve a notable listing here. A lot of you call it vanity, but most of you don't even realize that I did not post this of myself. Someone else did. So if you're going to accuse me of self-promotion, then fine. Delete the damn thing. A lot of you don't know the whole story so you vote vanity, I bet it makes you feel powerful. I don't care anymore. -Mathew Valente 69.193.14.149 22:12, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Think of Wikipedia as a community. Some people live here (citizens). We edit, we collaborate, we register our identity, we join the community. Some people don't live here, but are still a part of the community, in some lesser sense (visitors) - they read some articles, and they might edit anonymously. I don't know any community that allows visitors to have voting rights. If these sock puppets wish to be full members of the community, they need to register their identities and participate *before* voting, not so that they can have voting rights, but because they care about the community and not about any one specific article. - UtherSRG 22:38, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

You don't get it. We KNOW which of these supposed edits are by sock puppets, and we KNOW that they don't get counted. There's no point in your continuing this nonsense, as only the votes of editors with a significant amount of contribution to the Wikipedia database will be considered. RickK 23:27, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

I vote for "tssf" to stay. It's totally true,not spam.

My vote for him is to stay. He has given many valuable contributions to the community that many of you simply might not understand. Hes activly involved with the community and an honor to have. Requesting he be removed is like requesting Miss Spears be removed from publicity. Don't let said talent go unrecognized, embrace it : ) - PKGINGO

 * Did you even bother to read what I wrote just one paragraph above you? RickK 04:07, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * RickK, this is clearly a wooly-footed centipede we're dealing with: a creature of at least 100 socks. Geogre 22:04, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * LOL! - UtherSRG 22:12, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I second that! In fact, I was looking for a sock in my dryer just this morning, one which I was sure I'd put in, but alas, 'twas gone.  That incident in turn made me think of this gentle discussion with its various and sundry versions of talking hosiery.  Then, it really hit me:  We may have finally discovered where all those lost socks really go!  Ren and Stimpy, eat your hearts out.  By the way, I found my sock.  It was in the washer.  It did not abandon me to become yet another sockpuppet.  Since I feel bad for punishing the sock needlessly, I must vote delete.  Since I have, in fact, voted once or twice on this page, I felt it was proper to allow my sock to type this particular vote.  Trouble is, all I got was dD&YR)TJsfig87348hnkaau&^$#*.  It is, after all, merely a sock. - Lucky 6.9 00:43, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: The name "Nebetsu: The Slayer Of Weasels" deserves points for originality.  I may have to steal that one! - Lucky 6.9 00:47, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment comment: I ran "dD&YR)TJsfig87348hnkaau&^$#*" through Rot-13 and it came back "B-Movie Bandit."  Thought you should know. - Lucky 6.9 00:50, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete musical vanity/self-promotion. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:18, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tssf


text:
User:Crukis

I love Wikipedia, both as a project and as a source of information and inspiration.

--Crukis 21:59, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Just realized that it's a great feature when commonly misspelled words are redirected to the page with the right spelling. I tried to find information about "bogenvilla", without any luck. After some searching on the web I finally realized it is spelled "bougainvillea", although there is a lot of mention about bogenvillas on the net. I will make a redirect page so that the next person with this problem don't have to do all the searching that I had to do.

ToK (talk)

title: User:Crukis


text:
Talk:Duck Family Tree

From VfD:

Content is already covered in Donald Duck and Carl Barks. If some isn't, it can be added to those two articles. supadawg 22:01, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, but needs major cleanup/expansion. Ideally, the article would need a graphical representation of the family tree, but I fear all available images are copyrighted -- Ferkelparade 22:07, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Addendum: It might be a step in the right direction if the article actually focussed on the intricacies of the Duck family tree as it can be reconstructed from the comics instead of rehashing information on Barks and Rosa that is covered elsewhere. I'd volunteer to rewrite the article, but it might be at least two weeks until I have sufficient time to do the necessary research -- Ferkelparade 22:17, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Thanks very much. supadawg 22:18, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur- this is something a researcher might actually want to look up for reference, and it is a bizarrely complicated family tree for very well-known characters. Clean & keep. -FZ 12:54, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * As others have said, keep and expand. Aris Katsaris 02:21, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand, with careful distinctions between the animated cartoons and writing by Barks and Rosa. Jallan 23:03, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Duck Family Tree


text:
Nissan 300ZX

The Nissan 300ZX is a sports car that was produced across two different generations. As with all other versions of the Z, the 300ZX was sold within the Japanese domestic market under the name Fairlady Z.

It was sold in Japan from 1983 to 2000 and in the United States from 1984 to 1996, the 300ZX name followed the numerical convention initiated with the original Z car, the Nissan Fairlady Z (S30), which was marketed in the U.S. as the 240Z. The addition of the "X" to the car's name was a carryover from its predecessor, the 280ZX, to signify the presence of more luxury and comfort oriented features. The first generation 300ZX known as the Z31 model was produced from 1983 through 1989 and was a sales success becoming the highest volume Z-car for Nissan.

To become even more competitive in the sports car market, the second generation 300ZX was driven up-market. It was redesigned to be faster and to feature more advanced technology, but came with a higher price than its predecessor, with consecutive price increases each model year of availability. As such, sales dwindled each year, a trend in the higher end sports car market at the time, and Nissan placed a hiatus on selling new Nissan Z-Cars to the US after the 1996 model year, though the car would continue to be sold in the Japan domestic market until 2001 in low production numbers.

Car and Driver placed the Z32 on its Ten Best list for seven consecutive years, each model year of its availability in the United States. Motor Trend awarded it as the 1990 Import Car of the Year. The Nissan 350Z, officially the Z33 generation Z-Car, succeeded the 300ZX in 2003.

Z31
The Z31 chassis designation was first introduced in Japan on September 16, 1983, as the Fairlady Z. Designed by Kazumasu Takagi and his team of developers, the Z31 improved aerodynamics and increased power when compared to its predecessor, the 280ZX. The newer Z-car had a drag coefficient of 0.30 and was powered by Japan's first mass-produced V6 engine instead of the inline-sixes of the previous Z-cars. According to Nissan, the new V6 engine was intended to uphold the sporty, six-cylinder spirit of the original Fairlady Z, but in a more compact and efficient package.

Unlike its predecessors, the Z31 primarily featured the new "VG" V6 engine, which was Japan's first 60 degree V6. This engine was found in the 200Z/ZS/ZG, 300ZX and 300ZR trims, from 2.0L to 3.0L. However, there was one more model available, which would be the last Z-car to use a inline-six cylinder engine; the Fairlady Z 200ZR, of which roughly 8,283 were produced between 1985 and 1988. 200ZR's came in two trims; 200ZR-I (base model with the 'slicktop roof,' crank windows, A/C, base model creature comforts, and only with a manual transmission), and 200ZR-II (t-top roof, more electronic options, and available with an optional automatic transmission). 200ZR models also came standard with the R200 limited slip differential, white faced gauges, and ZR specific cloth upholstery. There were five engine options in total: A turbocharged dual overhead cam 2.0 L straight-six (RB20DET (NICS), used in the 200ZR), a turbocharged single overhead cam 2.0 L V6 (VG20ET, found in the Japanese domestic market 200Z/ZS/ZG), a naturally aspirated single overhead cam 3.0 L V6 (VG30E, found in 300ZX), a turbocharged single overhead cam 3.0 L V6 (VG30ET, used in 300ZX Turbo) and a naturally aspirated dual overhead cam 3.0 L V6 (VG30DE, used in 300ZR). The Z31 had electronic fuel injection (EFI), and was rear wheel drive. The VG30 engine was either a type A or type B sub-designation from 1984 to March 1987, while models from April 1987 to 1989 had a W sub-designation. The W-series engines featured redesigned water jackets for additional cooling, and fully floating piston wrist pins. Finally, these engines were equipped with self-adjusting hydraulic valve lifters.

The transmissions were a 5-speed manual or an optional 4-speed automatic (all Z31 automatics were the E4N71B equipped with torque-converter lockup including turbo models). All Z31s were equipped with a Nissan R200 rear differential, April 1987 and later turbo models received an R200 clutch limited-slip differential except 1988 Shiro Specials which had a Viscous-type limited slip.

As with some other Nissan models of the period, the new Z31s were equipped with a "Voice Warning System". The Voice Warning System used the vehicle's radio and driver's door speaker to mute the radio and provide a vocal warning whenever the left or right door was ajar, the exterior lights were left on after the vehicle was turned off, parking brake was left on while trying to operate the car, or the fuel level was low. This system was dropped for the 1987 model year.

Other technological features in the 300ZX included a "Body Sonic" audio system (which utilized a separate amplifier and speakers in the vehicle's front seats that allowed bass from music to be felt by the vehicle's occupants), analog gauges, stereo and climate control, or an optional digital gauge cluster, digital stereo with equalizer and an optional fully digital climate control system.

Chassis
The Z31 chassis was based on the 280ZX. Although the newer chassis had the same wheelbase and MacPherson strut/semi-trailing arm independent suspension, it handled and accelerated better than the 280ZX it replaced. Turbocharged models, except for the Shiro Special edition, lower trim 200Z models, and the 200ZR-I, had 3-way electronically adjustable shock absorbers. The Z31 was available in either left or right hand drive.

Style and evolution
The Z31 body was slightly restyled in 1986 with the addition of side skirts, flared fenders, and sixteen inch wheels (turbo models only). Many black plastic trim pieces were also painted to match the body color, and the hood scoop was removed. The car was given a final makeover in 1987 that included more aerodynamic bumpers, fog lamps within the front air dam, and 9004 bulb-based headlamps that replaced the outdated sealed beam headlights. The 300ZX-titled reflector in the rear was updated to a narrow set of tail lights running the entire width of the car and an LED third brake light on top of the rear hatch. This was the first car in history to have the central brake light with LED, in 1987 model year, made by Stanley Electric. The Z31 continued selling until 1989, more than any other Z-Car at the time. Cars produced from 1984 to 1985 are referred to as "Zenki" or "Zenki-gata" models, while cars produced from 1987 to 1989 are known as "Kouki" or "Kouki-gata" models. The 1986 models are unique due to sharing some major features from both. They are sometimes referred to as "Chuki" models, but are usually grouped with the Zenki models because of the head and tail lights.

North American market
North America was the main market for the 300ZX, as for previous generations of the Z-car. It was introduced to the United States in October 1983, along with the remainder of Nissan's 1984 model year lineup. By now the "Datsun" nameplate had been completely retired in North America. Over 70,000 units were sold in North America in 1985 alone. There were three trim models available: SF, GL, and GLL. The SF model was only available in Canada. The new V6 (2960 cc) Single overhead cam engine was available as a naturally aspirated VG30E or a turbocharged VG30ET producing 160 hp and 200 hp respectively. The 1984 to 1987 turbo models featured a Garrett T3 turbocharger with a 7.8:1 compression ratio, whereas 1988 to 1989 models featured a low inertia T25 turbocharger with an increased 8.3:1 compression ratio and slightly more power — 165 hp naturally aspirated and 205 hp turbocharged.

For the 1986 model year, the base two-seater model was made available without the T-bars, creating a lower cost entry-level version.

Special editions
Two Special Edition versions of the Z31 generation model were produced by Nissan; a 50th Anniversary Edition celebrated the company's semi-centennial in 1984 and offered additional luxury features, and a "Shiro Special", released four years later, with performance-oriented upgrades.

The 1984 300ZX 50th Anniversary Edition, released to celebrate the automaker's half-century, was a turbocharged coupé (two-seater) model with a Light Pewter/Thunder Black color scheme. All 50th Anniversary Editions came equipped with a digital dash and ancillary gauges including average mileage, G-force, and compass readouts, in-car electronic adjustable shocks, Bodysonic speakers in the seats, cruise and radio controls in the steering wheel, mirrored t-tops, embroidered leather seats, embroidered floor mats, sixteen-inch (406 mm) aluminum wheels, rear fender flares, flared front fenders, a 50th AE logo badge on the driver's side front fender, and grey cloth indoor car cover with 50AE printing. The only option available to the 50th Anniversary Edition was the choice between an automatic or a 5-speed manual transmission. 5,148 AE models were produced for the U.S. market and 300 for the Canadian market. A non-turbo 2+2 model was also available with 50AE badging in the Australian market.

In 1988, the turbocharged Shiro Special debuted with pearl white paint, stiffer springs and matched shocks, heavy-duty anti-sway bars, a unique front air dam, paint matched wheels, Recaro seats with matching door panels, painted bumperettes, white painted door handles and a viscous limited-slip differential. No options were available for the Shiro. It was the fastest car out of Japan, capable of 153 mi/h speeds, as tested by Motor Trend with the electronic speed limiter disabled. A total of 1,002 Shiro Special Z31s were produced for the U.S. market between January and March 1988.

Japanese market
In Japan, the Z31 was marketed as the Fairlady Z and was originally only available with two turbocharged engines: the 170 PS VG20ET in the regular Fairlady Z and the 230 PS VG30ET in the Fairlady Z 300ZX. Both outputs are JIS Gross and both engines use the Garrett AiResearch T03 turbocharger. The 300ZX, unencumbered by Japanese Government dimension regulations restricting overall width to less than 1700 mm was somewhat wider than the 2-liter models, at 1725 mm. Japanese 300ZX buyers were liable for additional yearly taxes that affected sales. As originally introduced, all Japanese market Fairlady Z's were slicktops, but the T-top option was made available in February 1984.

The 2-liter models later gained the 200Z, 200ZG, or 200ZS monikers to help differentiate from the larger, three-liter models. They all used the VG20ET engine while the 200ZR came with the RB20DET. The 300ZX came with the VG30ET, with similar specifications to the USDM model. The only Fairlady Z variant to use the VG30DE engine, and the only Japanese-market model with a naturally aspirated engine, was the 300ZR. It continued to be marketed as a companion fastback to the more formal appearance of the Nissan Skyline-based Nissan Leopard coupé at Nissan Store Japanese dealerships.

The 200ZR model was introduced in October 1985 featuring the RB20DET NICS with the worlds ceramic turbocharger, which was a joint project between Nissan and NGK. Maximum power output is 180 PS Net. The 200ZR was offered on both wheelbases and as a slicktop (200ZR-I ) or as a T-top (200ZR-II ). 1986 model year 200ZR's feature a prominent central hood scoop. This was made much smaller with the October 1986 facelift, which generally made for a smoother appearance overall. With the facelift, claimed power of the turbocharged 300ZX dropped to 195 PS as Nissan changed from Gross to Net ratings, and the VG20-powered models were discontinued. This was also when the DOHC, naturally aspirated, 300ZR model was added to the lineup, with 190 PS, making for three differently engined models with nearly the same performance. The 300ZR was positioned as a sportier alternative to the 300ZX Turbo, with tighter suspension settings, while the turbocharged 300ZX was now only offered with an automatic transmission, and the 200ZR was a budget alternative as it fit into a lower tax and insurance category thanks to its smaller engine. Additionally, the smaller engine in the 200ZR dropped the cars weight by 170kg (roughly 375lbs) compared to cars equipped with the VG30ET.

"ZR" models all featured R200 limited slip differentials with lower gearing rations compared to North American models, and could be optioned with Recaro seats in facelifted examples, in either 2+0 or 2+2 configurations.

European models
The European turbo models, as well as those sold in other markets unencumbered by strict emissions regulations, produce 228 PS due to higher lift and higher duration on the camshaft profile, also known outside of Europe as the Nismo camshafts. The two-seater model was not available in mainland Europe but was available in the United Kingdom. Some models were also equipped without catalytic converters. All European turbocharged models received a different front lower spoiler as well, with 84-86 models being unique and 87-89 production having the same spoiler as the USDM 1988 Shiro Special model.

Swedish- and Swiss-market models (as well as those sold in Australia) received exhaust gas recirculation control systems to meet those countries particular emissions regulations.

Australian models
All Australian model Z31 300ZXs were 2+2 T-top body, with an engine offering of either the 3.0L V6 N/A VG30E, or the 3.0L V6 Turbo Charged VG30ET. The cars sold in 1984 and '85 were all naturally aspirated with no catalytic converter, while the turbocharged version was the only model available from 1986 to 1988. There was only one trim level in Australia, with the digital dashboard and climate control being an optional upgrade package, and leather seats only available in the redesigned series 3 "Californian" models. The Australian factory service manual provides camshaft measurements which do not match any of the known USDM or EDM camshaft profiles, the FSM states the exhaust valve has an open duration of 252 degrees, but the specified opening and closing angles add up to 258 degrees. All Australian publication content express that N/A versions possess 166 hp, along with the turbocharged versions as 208 hp. The Australian 50th Anniversary Edition was more basic than the U.S. version, the 50th AE was a normal n/a 300ZX with the digital dash package, a black interior, black velour seats, and a 50th AE badge on the exterior. The exterior badge was fixed to the cars by dealerships, so the position of the badge is not the same on all models. There was no Shiro Special in Australia, and no models featured the adjustable shock absorbers.

Z32
The Z32 was a new design, approved in final form by Nissan management on October 1, 1986, and designed by Isao Sono and Toshio Yamashita. The body was wider with a rounder profile and fewer hard edges. It had a marginally increased drag coefficient of .31 compared to the Z31's .30. Unchanged from the previous generation 300ZX was the displacement of the 2960 cc VG30 V6 engine, now with DOHC and variable valve timing (N-VCT), producing 222 bhp at 6,400 rpm and 198 lbft at 4,800 rpm in naturally aspirated (NA) form. The twin turbocharged (TT) variant was upgraded with Garrett AiResearch parallel twin-turbochargers and dual intercoolers producing 300 bhp at 6,400 rpm and 283 lbft of torque at 3,600 rpm. Benefiting from Project 901, the Z32 was the first car to be marketed following the introduction of the 280 PS power ceiling imposed by JAMA that remained until 2004. Performance varied from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) times of 5.0-6.0 seconds depending on the source, and a governed top speed of 155 mph. Twin Turbocharged Z32s also featured adjustable two mode suspension and the four-wheel steering systems called "Super HICAS" (High Capacity Actively Controlled Steering), first introduced on the R31 Nissan Skyline. Nissan utilized the Cray-2 supercomputer to design the new Z32 with a form of CAD software making it one of the first production cars to utilize this tool.

Like previous generations, Nissan offered a 4-seater (2+2) model with the Z32. Most Z32s now featured T-tops as standard. A hardtop (Slicktop) model was available in North America, only in Naturally Aspirated guise, and in Japan was available as Naturally Aspirated as well as an extremely rare Twin Turbo model (Japan-only). All “Slicktops” were 2 seaters (2+0). In 1992, a 2-seat convertible version (produced by ASC ) was introduced for the first time, in response to aftermarket conversions.

In 1990, Motorsports International of Waco, Texas collaborated with Japanese tuning company HKS to create the SR-71 Z32. The cars were upgraded with larger Garrett turbochargers, HKS electronics and a Kaminari body kit designed for the SR-71 by Pete Brock. The SR-71 was California CARB certified and was to be sold through a select dealer network and Japanese performance tuning shops located within the United States. It was planned to build 500 cars per year through 1993. One hundred orders were already in hand. The exact number is not known. The SR-71 claimed the title of the third fastest production car in the world in 1990 for a fraction of the price of a Lamborghini Diablo and Ferrari F40 according to the designer Randy Ball. The base price was $65,000 for the Z32 and SR-71 conversion.

In 1995 and 1996, Steve Millen Motorsports (Stillen), developed a SMZ model with Nissan North America that were sold throughout the U.S. and Canada through designated Nissan dealerships. The performance upgrades were covered by the factory warranty. These performance upgrades included: Skyline Group N/GT-R Brakes, which were cross drilled and axially vented rotors with larger calipers and pistons and upgraded HI-Metal front and rear brake pads; a high flow intake system, which added horsepower and allowed the engine to run more efficiently; an aluminized steel free flow exhaust system, which extended from the catalytic converter and increased rear wheel horsepower; and a turbocharger boost pressure increase, bringing the total increase to 365 brake horsepower. Each vehicle was numbered in the engine bay and interior. A total of 104 SMZs were produced at $14,000 more than the standard Nissan Z32 Twin Turbo.

American Z-car sales reached one million sales during the 1990 model year, making it at that time the best selling sports car. In America the 300ZX faced the same fate of many Japanese sports cars of the time. While the 1989 300ZX was priced at around $30,000, its final model year price increased to about $50,000. The mid-1990s marketplace trends toward SUVs and the rising Yen:Dollar ratio contributed to the end of North American 300ZX sales in 1996 with over 80,000 in sales. A Commemorative Edition for the final 300 units shipped to America included decals and certificates of authenticity.

In the UK & Europe, all Z32s offered were in 2+2 TT form between 1990 and 1996 (1990-1994 for UK). They were sold through dealerships in the UK, France, Germany, Belgium and Italy.

In Australia, all Z32s offered were in 2+2 NA form between 1990 and 1995.

In Japan, the 300ZX continued until August 2000. The Japanese Domestic Market was offered a number of variants unavailable to the international market such as the "Version S" (Spec Model), “Version R” (Ready Model) and Slicktop Twin Turbo (the most expensive trim option only available in Version S guise).

Version S was a base grade specification that includes all necessary road trim and items as standard, such as stereo and A/C. It could be ordered with various options separately. Options were available separately by order only, and include:

• 2+0 SWB 2-Seater T-Top trim • 2+0 SWB 2-Seater solid roof (slicktop) trim • 2+2 LWB 4-Seater T-Top trim • Automatic Climate Control • Cruise Control • 8 Way Power Drivers Seat • 4 Way Power Passengers Seat • Recaro Seats • BOSE Audio • VG30DE Naturally Aspirated Engine • VG30DETT Twin Turbo Engine • Super HICAS (only available on TT option) • Anti-Lock Brake System • Drivers Side Airbag • Suede / Tweed / Cloth / Leather Seating • All other available “Altia” options from order guide

Version R:

Available only on 2+2 LWB 4-Seater with the only major options being in N/A or Twin Turbo configuration, with automatic or manual transmissions, this trim came with preset options from the factory at a reduced (combined) cost, giving customers a “ready” model by which to order if they did not feel like ordering options one by one. This presented buyers with an easier choice selection and a “base model” car by which to settle for.

Standard features (for 1998) included:

• Recaro Seats • Sideskirts • Rear Spoiler • Drivers Side Airbag • Cloth Seats • Anti-Lock Brakes • Xenon HID Headlamps • Cruise Control • Automatic Climate Control

The only options were:

• Carbon / Marble Interior Trim • Audio Equipment Package with EQ. • Automatic or Manual Transmission • VG30DE or VG30DETT

The aforementioned facelift of late 1998 featured a new front fascia, tail lights, optional Xenon HID headlights, optional rear spoiler, optional BBS mesh wheels, orange rear corner lights and an instrument cluster with white dials as well as other minor changes.

Early model Z32s (made pre-1994) and sold in Japan did not have Exhaust Gas Recirculation systems nor Air Injection Valve systems. All JDM Z32s used a front rebar system made out of fiberglass rather than steel (like their American Market counterparts), and also had different exhaust systems with lighter weight Catalytic Converters (with only one set on the JDM Twin Turbo model vs. two sets on the USDM Twin Turbo models). Given the lack of these regulatory items, JDM Z32s often weighed 100+lbs (45+kg) less than their American specification counterparts.

Style and evolution
The Z32 chassis underwent some changes during its production run between 1989 and 2000 (Japan) and 1990 to 1996 (US). The Z32's extended model year sales in 1990 reached 39,290 units. 1991
 * Manual climate controls discontinued (except convertible models)
 * New electronic climate controls allowed control over air flow direction, but the ambient temperature gauge was discontinued
 * Air conditioner evaporator valve changed from aluminum to steel to reduce noise
 * Driver-side airbag available as an option
 * CD player option was added for both the TT and NA (previously only available in the NA), while the Bose stereo head unit changed
 * Front brake rotors on NA models were changed to TT units (previous front rotors were 4 mm thinner)
 * Brake master cylinder was changed to a new unit (February 1991)
 * Nissan logo appears on front nose panel instead of a decal on the front fascia
 * Hardtop coupe available mid-year (NA only)
 * Floor mat logo changed from "300ZX" to "Z"
 * Keyhole on driver's door and interior light illuminates green when door handle is pulled (similar to Z31)
 * US Sales: 17,652 units

1992
 * Driver-side airbag made standard
 * Dashboard and door complementary material changed from fabric to suede
 * Separate mirror heater switch eliminated (combined with rear defroster switch)
 * Power adjustable driver's seat standard on T-top models
 * Mirror heaters made standard, and are activated with front windshield defrost button
 * US Sales: 6,708 units

1993
 * Turbo oil line insulation changed
 * Convertible option added
 * Brake caliper material changed from aluminum to iron
 * New style fuel injectors for the non-turbo, (except convertible)
 * Upgraded Bose stereo made standard
 * Air injection valve (AIV) system eliminated
 * Non-turbo model, (except convertible), ECUs changed from 8-bit to 16-bit by Japan Electronic Control System Co.
 * US Sales: 11,599 units

1994
 * Rear spoiler design changed to a taller, pedestal-type
 * Seat belts redesigned; attachment points moved from door mounts to pillar mounts
 * Super HICAS system changed from hydraulic to electrical actuation (previously power steering actuated)
 * New style fuel injectors for the convertible
 * Passenger-side airbag introduced and made standard
 * Keyless entry added
 * Titanium keys discontinued in November 1994
 * 'Reset' button removed from clock
 * Off-white 'Pearl' color is dropped. Future 'Pearls' are more of a semi-metallic white
 * US Sales: 5,320 units

1995
 * New style fuel injectors for the twin-turbo (Less prone to failure from modern ethanol blended gasoline)
 * Front fascia became body colored instead of gray strip
 * Twin-turbo model ECUs changed from 8-bit to 16-bit (in late-1994 model year)
 * Special 25th Anniversary gold paint available
 * Version S trim level made available (Japan only)
 * 16-inch BBS mesh wheels made available as an option (Japan only)
 * US Sales: 3,135 units
 * Australian market received 40 only 25th Anniversary Editions with body enhancements including Front lower bar spoiler, grille fascia, High mount rear spoiler, rear bar lower lip, tailgate garnish, wheels and "25th Anniversary" decals.

1996
 * Variable cam timing (NVTC) dropped due to emission regulations
 * OBD II electronics introduced
 * Driver's seat back rest no longer included adjustable side bolsters
 * Sales: 2,929 units - the last 300 of which are the "Commemorative Edition"

MY1997-1998 (Japan only)

 * Twin-turbo front fascia adopted by all models, presumably to lower production costs
 * Lift-style window switches
 * Version R trim level made available
 * T-top option dropped from 2+0 models
 * Automatic transmission option dropped from 2+0 models

MY1999-2000 (Japan only)

 * Convertible chassis dropped
 * Revised manual transmission using stronger synchronizers to combat a common "soft-synchro" problem that had become apparent on earlier Z32s.
 * Instrument cluster with white dials
 * New front fascia
 * Xenon HID headlights
 * New taillights (featuring clear turn signal lenses, chrome housings and black pinstriping)
 * New taillight centre panel ("300ZX" lettering in red instead of silver)
 * New rear spoiler (standard on TT models, option for NA models)
 * New side-skirts (Version R only)
 * Door locking mechanism of convertible adopted (all models)
 * Steering member bracket and support stay of convertible added to 2+2 models
 * Thickness of floor panels and structural members increased for greater rigidity (all models)
 * Large central cross member added for greater rigidity (Version R only)

Advertising
Nissan aired a commercial during Super Bowl XXIV in 1990 advertising the new Nissan 300ZX Twin Turbo. The 60-second commercial was directed by Ridley Scott and only aired once. Executives at Nissan pulled the commercial after the initial airing when they became concerned the commercial would promote street racing since the commercial features the 300ZX being faster than a sport bike, a Formula One car and a fighter jet.

Another memorable 300ZX commercial is "Toys" from 1996. Inspired by the film Toy Story, the commercial is set to Van Halen's cover of "You Really Got Me" and depicts a G. I. Joe-like action figure coming to life, getting behind the wheel of a red 300ZX radio-controlled car and picking up a Barbie-like doll for a date, stealing her away from her husband, who resembles Ken. They then drive around the feet of Mr K, a caricature of former Nissan executive Yutaka Katayama acted by Dale Ishimoto, who smiles as he watches them go by. Toy manufacturer Mattel filed a lawsuit against Nissan in 1997, claiming the ad's use of dolls that resemble G. I. Joe, Barbie and Ken amounted to "trademark and copyright infringement" and caused "irreparable injury to Mattel's name, business reputation and goodwill." Mattel sought unspecified damages and an injunction that would pull the ad off the air. Nissan defended the ad, claiming that the dolls were named "Roxanne", "Nick" and "Tad" and that they were modeled after celebrities. Mattel and Nissan eventually settled the lawsuit out of court and observers noted that the lawsuit ultimately just gave Nissan and the advertisement further exposure and publicity.

Motorsports

The 300ZX was campaigned during 1984 and 1985 in showroom stock racing. The car scored a Trans Am win in 1986 at Lime Rock by Paul Newman for Bob Sharp Racing. This would be the only Trans Am win by a 300ZX.

From 1985 to 1987, the Electramotive-developed GTP ZX-Turbo was raced in the IMSA GT Championship's GTP class and also the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship, badged as a Fairlady Z, using a Lola T810 chassis and a VG30ET engine. Following development through 1987, the car would become dominant in IMSA GT in 1988. Additional factory endorsement, combined with a new chassis, transmission and more reliable Goodyear tires contributed to the team's success. The SOHC VG30ET was making upwards of 1000 hp, with a power band that extended from 4,000 to 9,000 rpm on a single turbo. From 1990 to 1995, Steve Millen drove the twin turbo 300ZX for Clayton Cunningham Racing. The car dominated the IMSA in its GTO, then later GTS categories due to its newly designed chassis and engine. Millen would rank as the #1 Factory Driver for Nissan for 7 years and earn two IMSA GTS Driving Championships and two IMSA GTS Manufacturer's Championships. The biggest triumph for the Z32 racecar was the victory in the 1994 24 Hours of Daytona. In the 1994 24 Hours of Le Mans, the 300ZX ranked first in the GTS-1 class and 5th overall. In an attempt to level the playing field in the GTS-1 class by reducing the allowable horsepower, the IMSA declared the twin turbo VG engine ineligible for the 1995 season. The 1995 GTS 300ZX car would debut with the V8 Nissan VH engine at Daytona and would place first in the GTS-1 class at the 12 Hours of Sebring and Moosehead Grand Prix in Halifax.

The JUN-BLITZ Bonneville Z32 holds the E/BMS class land speed record of 260.87 mph (419.84 km/h) set at the 1995 Bonneville Speed Trial. The vehicle was built as a partnership between JUN Auto and BLITZ. In 1990, JUN's first Z32 went 210.78 mph (339.2 km/h) at their Yatabe test course and hit 231.78 mph (373 km/h) after some tuning at Bonneville.

Awards and recognition

 * 1990: The 1990 300ZX Turbo is named Motor Trend 's "Import Car of the Year". Motor Trend also names it, "One of the Top Ten Performance Cars". Automobile magazine named the 300ZX Turbo to its "All Stars" list. Road & Track picked the 300ZX Turbo as "One of the Ten Best Cars in the World". Car and Driver included the 300ZX Turbo in their list "One of the 10 Best Cars"
 * 1991: The 300ZX Turbo is listed in Car and Driver's 10Best, and is again one of Automobile magazine 's "All-Stars"
 * 1992: Car and Driver includes the 300ZX Turbo in its "10 Best", and Automobile magazine names it to its "All-Stars" list
 * 1993: The 300ZX Turbo is included in Car and Driver's 10Best, and one of Automobile magazine 's "All-Stars".
 * 1994: The 300ZX Turbo is listed on the Car and Driver's 10Best and on the "All Stars" list by Automobile magazine
 * 1995: The 300ZX Turbo is included in the "10 Best" list by Car and Driver
 * 1996: For the seventh straight year the 300ZX Turbo is on Car and Driver's 10Best list, this is also the final year of U.S. sales
 * 2004: Automobile lists the Z32 as one of the 100 greatest cars of all time
 * 2006: Automobile lists the Z32 on both the "20 Greatest Cars of the Past 20 years" and the "25 Most Beautiful Cars in History"
 * 2010: GQ Magazine lists the Z32 as one of the most stylish cars over the past 50 years

From the year it was introduced, the Z32 has also won many comparison tests against similar sports cars such as the Mitsubishi 3000GT/Dodge Stealth, Mazda RX-7, Chevrolet Corvette, Toyota Supra, Dodge Viper, and the Porsche 968.

Safety
In Australia, the 1990 to 1995 Nissan 300ZX was assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings brochure as providing "average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash.

In the US, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) gave the 1991-1993 300ZX 3 out of 5 stars in front driver collision crash test ratings.

Trivia
From 1999–2001, the Nissan 300ZX (Z32)'s headlights were also used, under license, on the Lamborghini Diablo, replacing its original pop-up lights.

title: Nissan 300ZX


text:
User:Foobar/Test

welcome to WikiProject Drugs infobox testing zone

title: User:Foobar/Test


text:
Rokal

ROKAL is an acronym for RObert KAhrmann Lobberich, a manufacturer of metal castings that produced a line of model railway equipment in TT scale from 1947 to 1969, based in Lobberich 80 km north of Cologne, Germany at the Dutch border.

The Rokal product line was sold to Willy Ade of Röwa. Röwa issued at least one catalog that included items from the Rokal product line, but apparently only sold existing inventory from the Rokal purchase rather than manufacturing these items. Ade later sold his company to Roco of Salzburg, Austria and the Rokal TT line was not issued again.

The Rokal product line was of slightly different proportions from other TT scale lines. In later years of production, Rokal worked in joint venture with firms located in the former country of East Germany. The products of these companies were offered by Rokal with the Rokal style coupler and offered in their own product line with their proprietary coupler. These companies apparently used the same set of manufacturing tooling, marketing these items under names such as Zeuke, Zeuke & Wegworth, Berliner TT-Bahnen (now Tillig) and possibly others.

title: Rokal


text:
Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.

Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. (מכבי פתח תקווה; Full name: "Maccabi Avshalom Ironi Petah Tikva F.C., מועדון ספורט מכבי אבשלום עירוני פתח תקווה) is an Israeli football club based in the city of Petah Tikva. It is part of the Maccabi World Union for international Jewish sports clubs.

They are the current Israel State Cup holders, having beaten Hapoel Be'er Sheva 1–0 in the final for their third title.

1912: First steps in blue & white
The club was founded in 1912 by a group of Jewish students from Petah Tikva, who were studying in the Ottoman city of Constantinople (many of them would later serve in the Ottoman army during World War I), making it the second oldest Jewish football club in Israel after Maccabi Tel Aviv, which was formed in 1906.

1920s: Pre-independence
In 1921, after the death of founder member Avshalom Gissin during the 1921 Palestine riots, the club added his name to the club's name, and the club was named "Maccabi Avshalom Petah Tikva". In 1927, the club moved to the Maccabi Petah Tikva Ground, where they would play until the 1970s.

1930s: First major title
In 1935 they won their first piece of silverware, beating Hakoah Tel Aviv 1–0 in the cup final. In 1939 they reached the final again, but lost 2–1 to Hapoel Tel Aviv. The following year they won the Haaretz tournament.

1950s: Second major title and goals galore
The club was included in the new Israeli League in 1949, and finished fifth in the inaugural post-independence league table. In the next season (1951–52, there was no 1950–51 edition) they finished as runners-up to champions Maccabi Tel Aviv and also won the State Cup, beating Maccabi Tel Aviv 1–0. In 1953–54 (1952–53 was also not played) they also finished second with Eliezer Spiegel finishing as the league's top goalscorer on 16 goals from 22 matches.

1960s: The dark times
After several seasons of mid-table finishes, Maccabi finished bottom of the table in 1962–63 (a season in which the club were deducted 3 points due to suspicions of bribery during a game with Maccabi Jaffa) and were due to be relegated to Liga Alef. However, the Israel Football Association decided to expand the league from 12 to 15 clubs and they were spared demotion. However, the club was relegated for the first time at the end of the 1965–66 season after finishing second from bottom.

After two seasons in Liga Alef (one of which – 1966–68 Liga Leumit – lasted for two years) the club won won the Liga Alef Super Cup and returned to the top division in 1968–69 as Liga Alef champions for the first time.

1970s: We will be back!
At the end of the 1970–71 season the club was relegated again after finishing second from bottom, but made an immediate return as Liga Alef champions (1971–72) for the second time.

At the beginning of 1972–73 season, the IFA organized a third-tier stand-alone cup competition (considered below the league and the state cup) to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence. The cup was won by Maccabi Petah Tikva, who had beaten Maccabi Haifa 4–2 on penalties (1–1 a.e.t.) in the final.

In 1974–75 season, although Maccabi finished bottom, they were again reprieved from relegation due to league expansion. However, after a repeated performance in 1976–77 they did relegated for the third time. Following another immediate return to the top flight through a second place promotion (1977-78), the club maintained several mid-table finishes and have remained in top division for 10 seasons.

1980s: Mediocrity at its finest
At the beginning of 1982-83 season the IFA established Lilian Cup, a season opening tournament for the top 4 clubs in Liga Leumit the year before, considered a third-tier league cup tournament (in parallel to the Israel Super Cup, which was played at the end of the season, and the Toto Cup, which was played throughout the season, mostly on weekdays). Maccabi finished 1984–85 season in fourth place and gained a place in the 1985 Lilian Cup edition. The club reached the final, losing 3–1 (a.e.t.) to Beitar Jerusalem.

The club finished 1987–88 season at the bottom of the table and relegated for the fourth time. In 1989–90 and 1990–91 the club won the Toto Cup. After 3 seasons the club won the second-tier league championship for the third time (1990–91) and returned to the top division, remaining there for 21 seasons.

1990s: First steps in Europe
In 1991–92 season Maccabi finished seventh place, qualifying for the Intertoto Cup group for the first time (due to Hapoel Petah Tikva qualification for the Cup Winners' Cup). The club played in the Group stage with Czech side Slavia Prague, German top-club Bayer Leverkusen and the Israeli Maccabi Netanya. The whole stage was scheduled for July with Maccabi playing its first two matches in Petah Tikva Municipal Stadium, losing 1–3 against Slavia and winning 3–2 against Leverkusen. The next two games were against Netanya, Maccabi drew 0–0 in Netanya Stadium and 2–2 at home ground. At the following matches Maccabi was defeated 0–3 by Slavia in Stadion Eden and drew 1–1 against Leverkusen in Ulrich-Haberland-Stadion. However, the club finished only third place in the group with five points.

In 1994-95 season the club reached the top division's Toto Cup final for the first time, beating 2–1 Maccabi Tel Aviv in Ramat Gan Stadium.

In 1996–97 season Maccabi finished fourth place, qualifying for the Intertoto Cup group stage for the second time. The whole stage was scheduled for June-July, with Maccabi losing 1–3 to German side Köln in Ramat Gan and deafeting the Austrian side Aarau 1–0 in Stadion Brügglifeld. The club also drew 0–0 twice, first against the Irish Cork City in Kiryat Eliezer Stadium and then against the Belgian giants Standard Liège in Stade Maurice Dufrasne. Eventually, the club finished second place in the group with five points and failed to advance for the semi-finals.

2000s: Europe's glory nights
In 2000-01 season the club made a 3–2 (a.e.t) sensational win over Maccabi Haifa and reached the cup final for the first time in 49 years (fourth time overall), losing 3–0 to Maccabi Tel Aviv.

The 2004–05 season marked the first time the club competed in UEFA Cup qualifiers after finishing third place of the league in the previous season. Maccabi began its way in the second qualifying round against Cyprus side AEK Larnaca, losing the first-leg 0–3 in GSP Stadium. Two weeks later, the club enjoyed a moment of glory in Europe, winning the second-leg 4–0 in Ramat Gan Stadium and advancing to the UEFA Cup first round after 4–3 on aggregate. However, the first-leg of the tie against Dutch side SC Heerenveen in Israel was cancelled by UEFA due to a baggage handlers strike, and the club lost the second-leg 5–0 (also on aggregate) in Abe Lenstra Stadion.

Maccabi's most significant achievement of the decade came in the 2004–05 season when the club finished second in the league and reached the group stage of the 2005–06 UEFA Cup. In the second qualifying round the club defeated Macedonian side FK Baskimi 5–0 in Skopje stadium and 6–0 in Ramat Gan, advancing to the first round after 11–0 on aggregate.

Maccabi entered as an unseeded team due to low coefficient rating (7.218), and drawn a seeded team such as Partizan Belgrade with much higher coefficient rating (30.012). The Serbian side won the first-leg 2–0 in Ramat Gan. Two weeks later, at the second-leg in Partizan Stadium, Maccabi made the impossible. In contrary to all assessments and expectations, with a lot off faith and ability above all, they won 5–2 and 5–4 on aggregate. In a sensational comeback with striker Omer Golan scoring a hat-trick (21', 44', 48').

The victory sent Maccabi to be a member of Group B, along with Palermo, Brøndby, Lokomotiv Moscow and Espanyol. However, these elite clubs proved to be too much for Maccabi to handle, and they lost all four of group stage matches, scoring just 1 goal while conceding 9.

2020s: It's been 72 years...
After a defeat to Hapoel Beer Sheva in the 2020 cup final, the club reached the final again during the Israel State Cup campaign. Once more facing Hapoel Beer Sheva, the club managed to lift the trophy, securing their third cup win after 72-years drought.

Current squad

 * As of 1 June 2024

Retired numbers

 * 4 🇷🇺 – Murad Magomedov, Center back, Played in club 1995–2013.

Stadium
The club played at the Maccabi Petah Tikva ground between 1926 and the 1970s. Since they left the old Maccabi Petah Tikva ground they shared the 6,768-capacity Petah Tikva Municipal Stadium with city rivals Hapoel. At the end of 2011, the club moved to HaMoshava Stadium.

Notable coaches

 * 🇮🇱 Eliezer Spiegel (1955 – 1957)
 * Jack Fairbrother (1958 – 1959)
 * 🇷🇴🇮🇱 Alexander Vogel (1959 – 1960)
 * 🇮🇱 Eliezer Spiegel (1960 – 1961)
 * 🇮🇱 Eli Fuchs (1961 – 1962)
 * 🇮🇱 Emmanuel Scheffer (1962 – 1963)
 * 🇮🇱 Dror Kashtan (1991 – 1992)
 * 🇮🇱 Yehoshua Feigenbaum (1994 – 1995)
 * 🇮🇱 Moshe Sinai (1 June 1997 – 1 Feb 1998)
 * 🇮🇱 Eyal Lahman (1998 – 1999)
 * 🇮🇱 Yossi Mizrahi (1 July 1999 – 30 June 2001)
 * 🇮🇱 Eli Ohana (1 Jan – 30 June 2001)
 * 🇮🇱 Guy Luzon (1 Jan 2002 – 30 June 2007)
 * 🇮🇱 Yossi Mizrahi (1 July – 5 Nov 2007)
 * 🇮🇱 Guy Luzon (16 Jan – 30 April 2008)
 * 🇮🇱 Guy Azouri (21 Aug – 23 Dec 2008)
 * 🇮🇱 Roni Levi (22 Dec 2008 – 21 Nov 2009)
 * 🇮🇱 Freddy David (22 Nov 2009 – 8 May 2011)
 * 🇮🇱 Marco Balbul (28 May – 17 Oct 2011)
 * 🇮🇱 Eyal Lahman (18 Oct 2011 – 21 Jan 2012)
 * 🇮🇱 Moshe Sinai (22 Jan 2012 – 24 Nov 2013)
 * 🇮🇱 Yitav Luzon (24 Nov 2013 – 14)
 * 🇮🇱 Kobi Refua (19 Dec 2013 – 14)
 * 🇮🇱 Ran Ben Shimon (11 June 2014 – 29 Feb 2016)
 * 🇮🇱 Dani Golan (2 Mar – 16 May 2016)
 * 🇮🇱 Kobi Refua (31 May 2016 – 17 September 2017)
 * 🇮🇱 Sharon Mimer (17 September 2017 – 2018)
 * 🇮🇱 Elisha Levy (23 May 2018 – 6 January 2019)
 * 🇮🇱 Guy Luzon (20 January 2019 – 28 December 2021)
 * 🇮🇱 Benyamin Lam (26 December 2022 – 2 January 2024)
 * 🇮🇱 Ran Kojok (4 January – 2 June 2024)
 * 🇮🇱 Dan Roman (3 June 2024 – )

League

 * Israeli Premier League
 * Runners-up (3): 1951–52, 1953–54, 2003–04
 * Liga Leumit (level II)
 * Champions (6): 1968–69, 1971–72, 1990–91, 2012–13, 2019–20, 2022–23
 * ''Runners-up (1): 1977–78

Cups

 * State Cup
 * Winners (3): 1935, 1951–52, 2023–24
 * Runners-up (3): 1939, 2000–01, 2019–20
 * Toto Cup
 * Winners (4): 1994–95, 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2015–16
 * Runners-up (1): 2010–11
 * Toto Cup Artzit (level II)
 * Winners (2): 1989–90, 1990–91
 * Israeli Super Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 2024
 * Israeli Super Cup Liga Alef (level II)
 * Winners (1): 1968–69
 * League Cup
 * Winners (1): 1973 (25th Anniversary Cup)
 * Runners-up (1): 1985 (Lilian Cup)

European competitions

 * UEFA Cup
 * Group Stage: 2005–06
 * First Round: 2004–05
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup
 * Runners-up: 2006 (joint)
 * Group stage: 1992, 1997

Other

 * Magen Shimshon
 * Runners-up: 1925
 * Magen Ha'aretz
 * Winners: 1941

Youth Division

 * Israeli Youth Premier League
 * Winners (2): 2018–19, 2023–24
 * Runners-up (2): 2020–21, 2021–22
 * Israeli Youth State Cup
 * Winners (2): 1975–76, 2003–04
 * Runners-up (3): 1987–88, 2020–21, 2021–22
 * UEFA Youth League
 * Second Round: 2019–20

European record

 * Key:
 * P = preliminary round
 * Q = qualification round
 * R = round
 * PO = Play-off round
 * KOPO = Knockout round play-off

By competitions

 * Correct as of 02 June 2024

title: Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.


text: Category:South African Air Force bases

title: Category:South African Air Force bases


text:
User:Chalst

 * This page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Chalst

I'm Charles Stewart, a copy-editor and logician based in Berlin, who is specifically interested in proof theory, modal logic, applications of logic to computer science, philosophical logic, and mathematical structures for semantics, and increasingly, history of logic. Some of my home pages can be found listed below:
 * User pages at wikimedia sites: wikimedia commons, de.wikipedia.org, wikisource, and meta-wiki;
 * User pages at other wikis: Proof and Counterexample, CLiki, c2.com, and The Scheme Wiliki (schemewiki.org);

 * ORCID page

I've been fairly inactive since November 2022 when I was treated for brain cancer. While the cancer is gone, the effects of the life-saving surgery will take a long time to fix. My editing speed, while improving, is much lower than before.

I was quite active in both the article deletion process, participating in XfDs and deletion reviews, and the article creation process where I was a reviewer of AfC drafts. Since hospitalisation, I have not been active in either processs.

Interests
I'm a participant in the excellent Wikiproject for mathematics, the WikiProject Mathematics. I'm also a participant in the rather less successful WikiProject Philosophy, and a cofounder of the near-defunct WikiProject Logic.

I have a sort of to-do list on User:Chalst/tasks.

Logic
Most of my editing activity has been to do with logic, and an idea of what I count to be logic can be found at User:Chalst/logic-watchlist.

Mathematics
I've edited many mathematics pages, but I'm most interested in linear algebra.

Mindfulness
I'm interested in improved states of consciousness. While I am not a Buddhist, I think that the Buddhist analysis of the mind has been very fruitful and the concept of mindfulness is crucial to this analysis.

I've edited several pages on Buddhist philosophy and applications of mindfulness.

Creating and deleting pages
I'm intermittently active at AfD and DRV. I used to be involved with AfC, but do not edit often enough since my cancer treatment (cf. my edits currently in draftspace).

Resources
I started to put together an annotated bibliography which someday might be of use to other editors in these areas at User:Chalst/bib.

I have a list of userfied drafts.

Attitude to policy and practice
There are two main activities that editors must carry out well to best support Wikipedia: content creation and quality control (or maintenance). In the early days enthusiasm and lax policy outstripped the ability of the maintainers to toilet train the encyclopedia and so guidelines and the power of maintainers had to grow. The success of the encyclopedia attracted problematic editors, those who had strong "tribal" biases and those with conflicts of interest serving SEO efforts. The guidelines have evolved to meet the needs of maintainers of articles in these "battlefield" domains, but outside those areas, the legalism of those policies have a chilling effect on content creation; the Wikipedia enterprise needs to better nurture content creation if its content coverage is to grow and it is not to keep losing content creators.

Expert editors

 * Relevant pages: Perennial proposals, Common knowledge

I think the encyclopedia, for a mix of historical and policy enforcement reasons, effectively undervalues expert contributions to its great detriment. Quite a few editors are too suspicious of how experts make assertions in passing that non-experts regard as nonobvious. From the expert point of view such steps may be intuitive, regarded as common knowledge ("So-and-so and so-and-so said as much at this recent conference") and too obvious to be worthy of publication. But when such contributions are challenged by the overly skeptical, current practice effectively favours ignorance and devalues expertise.

Recommendation: Application of the core policy of verifiability should recognise that when experts who lack conflicts of interest maintain that claims are obvious to experts, then some justification of the claim has been made. Common law deriving from the British tradition is the evolving consensus governing the interpretation of law, it recognises "obvious to experts" as a class of evidence, and it has rules for its applicability. Wikipedia should have the same.

It is fair to insist that the expert editor ensures the claim is made in clear and accessible language, and the editor should be able to name another expert who they have confidence will agree with them. It is fair also to disregard claims to obviousness above the level of the casually interested amateur on "battlefield" topics. But I would like the implementation of verifiability policy to accept some tag indicating the desirability of finding a source (perhaps ) as adequate with claims asserted as obvious by experts.

I've generally not had problems making my own contributions within my domains of expertise - "obvious to experts" has sort of been the rule in many of the areas I have created most content - but I have seen other experts suffer from this excessive skepticism and become demoralised.

Source reliability and deletion practice
Encyclopedia maintenance requires both scrutiny of sources to ensure they adequately justify content and a deletion policy that keeps standards high by excluding articles that contain no valuable content and are likely to be a maintenance problem in the future. However, the use of venue as a proxy for quality of sourcing both greenlights problematic content and excludes worthwhile material out of hand. Likewise, the criteria for notability is often not a good proxy for the actual interest of the topic. Outside of excluding original research and entirely promotional material, Wikipedia's deletion process is, in my opinion, far too deletionist.

Recommendation: We should regard a source for a claim as reliable if it refutes reasonable doubt about the claim. Bias in sources can be handled by good NPOV authoring practice, and venue only suggests what kind of review claims have had, it does not eliminate the need for editors to evaluate the material.

Recommendation: Articles should be regarded as notable based on an assessment of general interest in the topic.

I'd like to see the idea that venues can accumulate notability through bringing several notable works to the public; this view is unpopular, cf. discussion at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability/Archive_67#Cumulative_venue_notability

Editor support
On a positive note, Wikipedia provides excellent facilities to support not just maintenance but also content creation. I particularly appreciate the Wikipedia Library Card Platform.

title: User:Chalst