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Sempron

Sempron has been the marketing name used by AMD for several different budget desktop CPUs, using several different technologies and CPU socket formats. The Sempron replaced the AMD Duron processor and competed against Intel's Celeron series of processors. AMD coined the name from the Latin semper, which means "always", to suggest the Sempron is suitable for "daily use, practical, and part of everyday life". The last Semprons were launched in April 2014. The brand was retired with the launch of the AMD A-Series APUs.

History and features
The first Sempron CPUs were based on the Athlon XP architecture using the Thoroughbred or Thorton core. These models were equipped with the Socket A interface, 256 KiB L2 cache and 166 MHz Front side bus (FSB 333). Thoroughbred cores natively had 256 KiB L2 cache, but Thortons had 512 KiB L2 cache, half of which was disabled and could sometimes be reactivated with a slight physical modification to the chip. Later, AMD introduced the Sempron 3000+ CPU, based on the Barton core with 512 KiB L2 cache. From a hardware and user standpoint, the Socket A Sempron CPUs were essentially identical to Athlon XP desktop CPUs with a new brand name. AMD has ceased production of all Socket A Sempron CPUs.

The second generation (Paris/Palermo core) was based on the architecture of the Socket 754 Athlon 64. Some differences from Athlon 64 processors include a reduced cache size (either 128 or 256 KiB L2), and the absence of AMD64 support in earlier models. Apart from these differences, the Socket 754 Sempron CPUs share most features with the more powerful Athlon 64, including an integrated (on-die) memory controller, the HyperTransport link, and AMD's "NX bit" feature.

In the second half of 2005, AMD added 64-bit support (AMD64) to the Sempron line. Some journalists (but not AMD) often refer to this revision of chips as "Sempron 64" to distinguish it from the previous revision. AMD's intent in releasing 64-bit entry-level processors was to extend the market for 64-bit processors, which at the time of Sempron 64's first release, was a niche market.

In 2006, AMD announced the Socket AM2 and Socket S1 line of Sempron processors. These are functionally equivalent to the previous generation, except they have a dual-channel DDR2 SDRAM memory controller which replaces the single-channel DDR SDRAM version. The TDP of the standard version remains at 62 W (watts), while the new "Energy Efficient Small Form Factor" version has a reduced 35 W TDP. The Socket AM2 version also does not require a minimum voltage of 1.1 volts to operate, whereas all socket 754 Semprons with Cool'n'Quiet did. In 2006, AMD was selling both Socket 754 and Socket AM2 Sempron CPUs concurrently. In the middle of 2007 AMD appears to have dropped the 754 line and is shipping AM2 and S1 Semprons.

Thoroughbred B/Thorton (130 nm)

 * L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
 * L2-Cache: 256 KiB, full speed
 * MMX, 3DNow!, SSE
 * Socket A (EV6)
 * Front side bus: 166 MHz (FSB 333)
 * VCore: 1.6 V
 * First release: July 28, 2004
 * Clockrate: 1500 MHz – 2000 MHz (2200+ to 2800+)

Barton (130 nm)

 * L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
 * L2-Cache: 512 KiB, full speed
 * MMX, 3DNow!, SSE
 * Socket A (EV6)
 * Front side bus: 166 MHz – 200 MHz (FSB 333 – 400)
 * VCore: 1.6 – 1.65 V
 * First release: September 17, 2004
 * Clockrate: 2000–2200 MHz (Sempron 3000+, Sempron 3300+)

Paris (130 nm SOI)

 * L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
 * L2-Cache: 256 KiB, full speed
 * MMX, 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2
 * Enhanced Virus Protection (NX bit)
 * Integrated 72-bit (Single channel, ECC capable) DDR memory controller
 * Socket 754, 800 MHz HyperTransport
 * VCore: 1.4 V
 * First release: July 28, 2004
 * Clockrate: 1800 MHz (3100+)
 * Stepping: CG (Part No.: *AX)

Palermo (90 nm SOI)

 * Early models (stepping D0) are downlabeled "Oakville" mobile Athlon64
 * L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
 * L2-Cache: 128/256 KiB, full speed
 * MMX, 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2
 * SSE3 support on E3 and E6 steppings
 * AMD64 on E6 stepping
 * Cool'n'Quiet (Sempron 3000+ and higher)
 * Enhanced Virus Protection (NX bit)
 * Integrated 72-bit (Single channel, ECC capable) DDR memory controller
 * Socket 754, 800 MHz HyperTransport
 * VCore: 1.4 V
 * First release: February 2005
 * Clockrate: 1400–2000 MHz
 * 128 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron 2600+, 3000+, 3300+)
 * 256 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron 2500+, 2800+, 3100+, 3400+)
 * Steppings: D0 (Part No.: *BA), E3 (Part No.: *BO), E6 (Part No.: *BX)

Palermo (90 nm SOI)

 * L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
 * L2-Cache: 128/256 KiB, full speed
 * MMX, 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64 (E6 Steppings Only), Cool'n'Quiet, NX bit
 * Integrated 144-bit (Dual channel, ECC capable) DDR memory controller
 * Socket 939, 800 MHz HyperTransport
 * VCore: 1.35/1.4 V
 * First release: October 2005
 * Clockrate: 1800–2000 MHz
 * 128 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron 3000+, 3400+)
 * 256 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron 3200+, 3500+)
 * Steppings: E3 (Part No.: *BP), E6 (Part No.: *BW)

Manila (90 nm SOI)

 * L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
 * L2-Cache: 128/256 KiB, full speed
 * MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX bit
 * Integrated 128-bit (Dual channel) DDR2 memory controller
 * Socket AM2, 800 MHz HyperTransport
 * VCore: 1.25/1.35/1.40 V (1.20/1.25 V for Energy Efficient SFF version)
 * First release: May 23, 2006
 * Clockrate: 1600–2200 MHz
 * 128 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron 2800+, 3200+, 3500+)
 * 256 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron 3000+, 3400+, 3600+, 3800+)
 * Stepping: F2 (Part No.: *CN, *CW)

Sparta (65 nm SOI)

 * L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
 * L2-Cache: 256/512 KiB, full speed
 * MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX bit
 * Integrated 128-bit (Dual channel) DDR2 memory controller
 * Socket AM2, 800 MHz HyperTransport
 * VCore: 1.20/1.40 V
 * First release: August 20, 2007
 * Clockrate: 1900–2300 MHz
 * 256 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron LE-1100, LE-1150)
 * 512 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron LE-1200, LE-1250, LE-1300)
 * Stepping: G1 (Part No.: *DE), G2 (Part No.: *DP)

Sargas (45 nm SOI)

 * Chip harvests from Regor with one core disabled
 * Core Speed (MHz) – 2600–2900
 * Max Temps (C): 	63
 * VCore:      1.35 V
 * TDP: 	45 W
 * L1 Cache Size (KB) 	128
 * L2 Cache Size (KB) 	1024
 * CPU Arch : 1 CPU – 1 Cores – 1 Threads
 * CPU EXT : MMX(+) 3DNow!(+) SSE SSE2 SSE3 SSE4A x86-64 AMD-V, Cool'n'Quiet, NX bit
 * Integrated 128-bit (Dual Channel) DDR2 + DDR3 Memory Controller
 * Socket AM3, 2000 MHz HyperTransport
 * Steppings: C2, C3

Keene (90 nm SOI)

 * L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
 * L2-Cache: 256 or 512 KiB, full speed
 * MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX bit
 * Integrated 128-bit (Dual channel) DDR2 memory controller
 * Socket S1, 800 MHz HyperTransport
 * VCore: 0.950-1.25 V
 * First release: May 17, 2006
 * Clockrate: 1000–2000 MHz
 * 256 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron 2100+, 3400+)
 * 512 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron 3200+, 3500+, 3600+)
 * Stepping: F2 (Part No.: *CM)

Sable (65 nm SOI)

 * L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
 * L2-Cache: 512 KiB, full speed
 * MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX bit
 * Integrated 128-bit (Dual channel) DDR2 memory controller
 * Socket S1, 1600 MHz HyperTransport
 * VCore: 0.950-1.25 V
 * First release: January 8, 2009
 * Clockrate: 2000–2100 MHz 25w
 * 512 KiB L2-Cache

Huron (65 nm SOI)

 * L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
 * L2-Cache: 256 KiB, full speed
 * MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX bit
 * Integrated 128-bit (Dual channel) DDR2 memory controller
 * ASB1 package, 800 MHz HyperTransport
 * VCore: ?
 * First release: January 8, 2009
 * Clockrate: 1000–1500 MHz
 * 256 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron 200U) 1000 MHz TDP 8 W
 * 256 KiB L2-Cache (Sempron 210U) 1500 MHz TDP 15 W
 * Stepping: ? (Part No.: *DV)

FM2/FM2+ Semprons

 * Model 240, 3.3 GHz/2.9 GHz, 1MB cache, 65W
 * Model 250, 3.6 GHz/3.2 GHz, 1MB cache, 65W, Piledriver microarchitecture, Richland core

Semprons without Cool'n'Quiet
AMD has released some Sempron processors without Cool'n'Quiet support. The following table describes those processors lacking Cool'n'Quiet.

title: Sempron


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Shirley, West Midlands

Shirley is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull, in the West Midlands, England. Historically part of Warwickshire, neighbouring districts include Shirley Heath, Sharmans Cross, Solihull Lodge, Monkspath, Cheswick Green, Cranmore and the Hall Green district of Birmingham.

History
The earliest known settlement in the area was at Berry Mound in Solihull Lodge, part of West Shirley, which was the site of an Iron Age Hill Fort, a fortified village protected by earth banks, dating back to the 1st century BC and which covered approximately 11 acre. The earth works can still be seen from the North Worcestershire Path which commences in Aqueduct Road, Major's Green.

Shirley was part of the Manor of Ulverlei (now Olton) until the establishment of Solihull in the 12th or 13th century after which it became part of the parish of Solihull. Shirley developed slowly as a small village on Stratford Road, called Shirley Street through the settlement. Between 1725 and 1872, Stratford Road was a turnpike road, and the ease of travel along this from Birmingham and Shirley's remoteness attracted sporting activity in the form of bull baiting cockfighting (reputedly at the Plume of Feathers pub) and pugilism. These activities encouraged the church authorities to start building St James Church in 1831, subsequently enlarged in 1882. Finally, in 1893, Shirley became its own ecclesiastical parish. Shirley School which was in School Road until the 1970s was built in 1833.

Shirley grew rapidly in the late 19th century and early 20th century, as people moved out of Birmingham, helped by the opening of the railway in 1908 as a Great Western route from Snow Hill railway station to Stratford upon Avon and on to Cheltenham. For a hundred years from the mid-19th century, Shirley had a racecourse, and this was supplemented by a public lido in Sansome Road, the Odeon Cinema on Stratford Road and the public library in Church Road, all in the 1930s.

The expansion of Shirley resumed after the Second World War and has continued apace in the recent time.

Shirley also had its own council and council house. However, with the rise of Solihull, it became managed underneath the Solihull Council, becoming two district wards: Shirley and Shirley South; the council house has since been demolished.

Shirley was struck by an F0/T1 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day. The tornado later moved out over Solihull town centre.

In the north of Shirley is a district known as Robin Hood. Contrary to popular local belief, this is not believed by historians to be due to a connection with the English folk hero Robin Hood, but is instead due to a misreading of the original name of the area 'Robin's Wood'. The misread name was adopted by a local public house, and eventually other landmarks in the area such as a farm, a traffic island, a golf course and the Robin Hood Cemetery, eventually becoming the official name for the area.

Retail
There are many shops and businesses in the area, mainly centred along the A34 Stratford Road. Shirley has a high proportion of independent retailers and charity stores.

Along Stratford Road, there are many restaurants and other eateries. Pedestrianisation of the high street encouraged the local eateries to have outside dining.

There are also many well-known supermarkets that are accessible down Stratford Road. An application to build a seven-story retirement home on the site was rejected by planners in April 2022.

The 'New Heart for Shirley' was opened in May 2015. Building work on further residential properties are still continuing. Parkgate is advertised as a Mixed-use Development and offers various shops, restaurants and other services such as a gym and the local library.

To the south of the high street (Stratford Road, A34), there are two retail parks; one of which is listed as 'Solihull Gate Retail Park'. Cranmore Retail/Business Park is mainly DIY and tool hire. Along the A34 there are many car dealerships.

There are also plans to develop a large industrial park on Blackford Road side of Dog Kennel Lane, occupying the TRW site.

Education
The only secondary school physically in Shirley is Light Hall School. However Tudor Grange Academy, Alderbrook School, St Peter's School in Solihull and Langley School in Olton have catchment areas that cover parts of Shirley. Tudor Grange became an academy in 2011 and now has a Sixth Form, joining St Peter's Sixth Form. Additionally, the Sixth Form College, Solihull and Solihull College are also major local centres for further education as well as Stratford-upon-Avon College via rail links.

Mill Lodge, Shirley Heath, Hasluck's Green, Peterbrook, Sharman's Cross, Woodlands, Streetsbrook, Blossomfield, Burman, Tudor Grange Primary Academy (Previously named St James's C:E) and Our Lady of the Wayside R.C. are all local primary and infant schools that serve pupils in the Shirley area.

Leisure
Shirley has a public library and park, and some small patches of woodland at Bills Wood and Palmers Rough. There is also the nearby Stratford-upon-Avon Canal which provides a walking route into the Warwickshire countryside. There are several pubs in the area, the most prominent being the Saracens Head and the Plume of Feathers, in the centre of Shirley. Others close by include the Colebrook, the Red Lion, the Pump House, the Woodmans Rest, along with two micro pubs the Shaking Hand & the Craft Inn. Shirley has an active Round Table which organises community events such as the annual beer festival and the donkey derby.

Solihull town centre is a 15-minute walk and bus ride away.

Religion
Our Lady of the Wayside RC church contains one of Elisabeth Frink's Risen Christ sculptures as well as brick relief art by Walter Ritchie.

St James Church is the Church of England parish church for the town.

Also on Stratford Road (A34) is Shirley Baptist and Shirley Methodist Churches.

Transport
There are train services to Birmingham Moor Street, Birmingham Snow Hill and on to Stourbridge Junction in one direction and to Henley-in-Arden and Stratford-upon-Avon in the other direction from Shirley railway station, which is located in Haslucks Green Road.

The North Warwickshire Line from Shirley railway station currently only runs as far as Stratford upon Avon railway station; however, the line was a mainline continuing via Honeybourne railway station (which is on the Cotswold Line) as the Honeybourne Line to Cheltenham Spa.

The Stratford-upon-Avon Canal skirts the western edge of Shirley, and it is possible to walk along this to Kings Norton 4 mi away, or Stratford upon Avon, further in the other direction.

Shirley is also served by several bus routes, including the 4A, 5, 6, 49, and 76, all operated by National Express West Midlands which all stop on the Stratford Road in the town centre. Other services that operate in Shirley include the A4, A5 (operated by Landflight) and X20 (operated by Stagecoach Midlands.

Notable people
Ernest Henry "Chinese" Wilson, the notable plant collector and writer, was brought up in Shirley where his parents ran a floristry business.

Mandy Rice-Davies lived in Blenheim Road, Shirley, and attended Sharmans Cross Junior School during the 1950s before moving to London prior to the Profumo affair.

Martin Johnson England RFU Manager, Captain of the England 2003 Rugby Union World Cup Team, lived in Solihull Road and attended Sharmans Cross Junior School.

Richard Hammond BBC Top Gear and TV presenter / journalist, attended Sharmans Cross Junior School.

Ossie Wheatley, cricketer (Glamorgan and England), lived in Shirley in the 1950s while attending first Shirley College, a small private boys preparatory school at the end of Bills Lane Shirley, and then King Edward's School, Birmingham.

Paul Farbrace, former cricketer (Kent and Middlesex) and England assistant coach, now Warwickshire Sport Director lives in Shirley.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shirley, West Midlands


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Birchfield (car)

Birchfield Motor Company of Rockingham, Western Australia was a small Australian specialty car manufacturer, making replicas of the 1937 SS Jaguar model on individual orders. Birchfield is the continuation of earlier British Shapecraft that is known to have built 18 replicas.

After production from the Shapecraft factory ceased in the UK, a Shapecraft employee emigrated to Australia taking with him the Birchfield drawings and the last production car (#18) to use as a pattern. In 2004, at least two cars had been completed in Australia and two more were in production.

title: Birchfield (car)


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Derry (Stephen King)

Derry is a fictional town in the U.S. state of Maine that has served as the setting for a number of Stephen King's novels, novellas, and short stories, notably It. Derry first appeared in King's 1981 short story "The Bird and the Album" and has reappeared as recently as his 2011 novel 11/22/63.

Derry is said to be near Bangor, but King explicitly told his biographer, Tony Magistrale, that Derry is actually his portrayal of Bangor. A map on King's official website, though, places Derry in the vicinity of the town of Etna.

King, a native of Durham, Maine, created a trinity of fictional Maine towns—Derry, Castle Rock and Jerusalem's Lot—as central settings in more than one work.

Overview
The town of Derry was first mentioned in Stephen King's 1981 short story "The Bird and the Album". While the town would be mentioned in various other stories, it was not until King's 1986 novel It when the town was used as a fully rendered setting.

Besides the oft-used trinity of Derry, Castle Rock, and Jerusalem's Lot, King has created other fictional Maine towns, including Haven in The Tommyknockers, Little Tall Island in Dolores Claiborne and Storm of the Century, and Chester's Mill in Under the Dome.

In 2016, it was announced that a new adaptation of It would split the novel into a two-part motion picture. During production, the producers of the 2017 film adaptation and its 2019 sequel needed a small town in which to film, and Port Hope, Ontario, was used for much of the exterior work for both movies. Some scenes said to be in Derry were shot elsewhere. The synagogue appearing in It Chapter Two was actually the Congregation Knesseth Israel in Toronto, while the Derry High school exteriors were filmed at the Mount Mary Retreat Centre in Ancaster, Ontario. Other Chapter 2 filming locations included the Scottish Rite Club in Hamilton, Ontario, Audley Park in Ajax, Ontario, and Rouge Park in Scarborough, Toronto (as The Barrens). So-called "horror house" exteriors were built for the movies; both were located on the same property in Oshawa, Ontario.

The house on 29 Neibolt Street
On several occasions in It, "the Losers Club" find themselves at 29 Neibolt Street, a run-down, abandoned house near the trainyard. It is here where Eddie Kaspbrak first encounters It, which shows itself as a mix between a homeless leper and its familiar Pennywise form. Later, after Eddie tells them his story, Bill and Richie go to investigate the house and are chased off by It, the creature having taken the form of a werewolf in Richie's mind, and Pennywise in Bill's mind.

Soon after these incidents, the Losers Club goes back to the house in hopes of confronting It. However, soon after they confront It, the creature disappears into the sewers through a toilet pipe. They, therefore, decide to enter the sewers for their first showdown with It.

During It's 1985 killing spree, the bodies of two children are discovered at the house. One is found across the street from the house, and the other is found underneath the porch with no legs.

In the 2017 adaptation and its sequel, 29 Neibolt Street acts as the primary entrance to It's lair and the scene of the Losers Club's first real confrontation with It. The house is built on the location of Derry's old well house where 91 settlers disappeared when Derry was first settled, as well as a central hub for the town's sewer system. At the end of the second movie, the house collapses along with It's lair when the Losers Club kills It.

The Barrens
The Barrens are a small tract of land still heavily covered in trees and plant life. Derry's landfill is located here, as is a gravel pit and several sewer pump stations. The Barrens play the most prominent role in It, as the Losers adopt them as their home away from home, even building an underground clubhouse there. Most of the Losers have their first meeting here while trying to build a small dam in the Kenduskeag Stream, which runs through the Barrens, and next to Derry.

In It Chapter Two, after being thrown into a well, Henry Bowers is washed out of the sewer system into the Barrens by a flash flood.

In 11/22/63, Jake Epping has a conversation with young Richie Tozier and Beverly Marsh from the novel It near the Barrens in September 1958, shortly after The Losers defeated It for the first time.

The Canal
A section of the Kenduskeag that runs through downtown Derry. The Canal goes through a tunnel under the streets for a short way and comes out in Bassey Park. In January 1958, a young Ben Hanscom first encounters It walking on top of the frozen surface. A few months later, Eddie Corcoran is decapitated here by It in the form of the Gill-man.

Derry Civic Center
The Derry Civic Center is a recent structure built after the old civic center was destroyed in the 1985 flood. It was designed by famed architect (and one-time Derry resident) Ben Hanscom. It plays an important role in the events of the novel Insomnia. The Crimson King, the supervillain of King's Dark Tower series, planned to use Ed Deepneau to fly into the Civic Center on a kamikaze mission, using a small plane armed with C4 explosives. The aim of this mission was not to kill the people inside the Center but to kill a child named Patrick Danville, who plays a key role in the Dark Tower story. Following an encounter with the Crimson King himself, Ralph Roberts and Lois Chasse force Deepneau to crash the plane in the Center's parking lot. Several people are killed, but Danville is ultimately saved.

Kitchener Ironworks
The Kitchener Ironworks was an ironworks outside of Derry. In 1906, despite every machine in the works having been shut completely down, the Ironworks inexplicably exploded, killing a group of 88 children and 102 total people who were participating in an Easter egg hunt. The tragedy was caused by It sabotaging the equipment, presumed to be responsible for eight missing bodies. This marked the beginning of the creature's 27-year hibernation period. It is at the ruins of the Kitchener Ironworks where a young Mike Hanlon first encounters It in the form of a giant bird in 1958.

In the 2017 adaptation, Ben Hanscom first encounters It in the form of a headless child that was among the victims of the Kitchener Ironworks incident.

In 11/22/63, at the Kitchener Works in October 1958, Jake Epping encounters the monstrous It from the novel It. Jake finds a pile of gnawed bones and a tiny chewed collar with a bell on it inside a fallen chimney. From deep inside a large pipe, something moved and shuffled. It whispered in Jake's head, attempting to lure him inside.

The Standpipe
The Standpipe was a large water tower in Derry, very similar to the Thomas Hill Standpipe. In its earlier days, it remained unlocked so that patrons of an adjoining park could climb a spiral staircase around the tank to look out over Derry from the top. The Standpipe was closed to the public after several children drowned in the tank, most likely the fault of It. The Standpipe is where Stan Uris first encounters It, which takes the form of drowned children.

After the grown-up Losers Club kills It in the second Ritual Of Chüd in 1985, a huge storm ensues, destroying many buildings and landmarks in Derry, including the Standpipe. In Dreamcatcher, Mr. Gray drives to Derry to find the Standpipe, only to discover a memorial featuring a cast-bronze statue of two children and a plaque underneath, dedicated to the victims of the 1985 flood and of It. The plaque has been vandalized with graffiti reading "PENNYWISE LIVES". In 11/22/63, Jake Epping buys a pillow with a picture of the Standpipe on it. He hides a gun in it, the gun he uses to kill Frank Dunning.

Tracker Brothers Shipping
According to It, the Tracker Brothers were two men who owned a trucking depot on Kansas Street during It's 1958 killing spree. The brothers maintained a baseball field behind the depot for children to play on. In Dreamcatcher, Jonesy, the Beav, Henry, and Pete first meet Duddits in the depot's parking lot in 1978 (at which time the depot has closed), saving him from a gang of bullies. In 1985, while visiting the abandoned depot, Eddie Kaspbrak encounters Pennywise for the first time since his childhood. The depot was destroyed in the same 1985 storm that destroyed the Standpipe.

Voigt Field
In The Running Man, a Richard Bachman novella set in a dystopian future, Derry is home to a large airport consisting of acres of parking lots, a huge "Northern States Terminal", several runways with the capacity to support large widebody aircraft, and a large fuel tank farm. Ben Richards, the novella's protagonist, arrives here by car and is allowed to board a "Lockheed GA/Superbird" by bluffing that he has enough plastic explosive with him to blow up the entire complex.

Literary works set in Derry

 * It (1986)
 * Secret Window, Secret Garden (1990)
 * Insomnia (1994)
 * Bag of Bones (1998) (partial)
 * "The Road Virus Heads North" (1999) (partial) (short story from Everything's Eventual)
 * Dreamcatcher (2001)
 * "Fair Extension" (2010)
 * 11/22/63 (partial) (2011)

Works that refer to Derry

 * The Running Man (1982)
 * "The Body" (1982) (novella from Different Seasons)
 * Pet Sematary (1983)
 * "Uncle Otto's Truck" (1983) (short story from Skeleton Crew)
 * "Mrs. Todd's Shortcut" (1984) (short story from Skeleton Crew)
 * The Tommyknockers (1987)
 * Misery (1987)
 * "The Night Flier" (1988)
 * "Secret Window, Secret Garden" (1990) (novella from Four Past Midnight)
 * Needful Things (1991)
 * Gerald's Game (1992)
 * "Autopsy Room Four" (1997)
 * Hearts in Atlantis (1999)
 * Storm of the Century (1999)
 * Dreamcatcher (2001)
 * The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower (2004)
 * Lisey's Story (2006)
 * "Mute" (2007)
 * Under the Dome (2009)
 * Full Dark, No Stars (2010)
 * 11/22/63 (2011)
 * It (2017)
 * Pet Sematary (2019)
 * It Chapter Two (2019)
 * Gwendy’s Final Task (2022)
 * Welcome to Derry (2024)
 * You Like It Darker (2024)

In other media

 * In the 1993 novel One on One, author Tabitha King, who is King's wife, refers to Derry. In an afterword, she thanks "another novelist who was kind enough to allow me" to use the town's name.
 * In the 2010 television series Haven, loosely adapted from King's novel The Colorado Kid, the town of Derry is mentioned.
 * In the 2010 novel Horns, author Joe Hill, who is King's oldest son, writes of the real city of Derry, New Hampshire. In his 2013 novel NOS4A2, Hill includes the fictional Derry, Maine on a map and a list of supernatural places.
 * In the crime drama Criminal Minds, the 10th season episode "Mr. Scratch" cites Derry as the location of a murder induced by hallucination. The victim of the murder was named "Tabitha", after King's wife.
 * The 2019 film adaptation of Pet Sematary shows a road sign referring to Derry as 20 miles away in one scene.
 * The 2020 film Run refers to Derry as an example of a location to look up when the protagonist contacts 4-1-1.

title: Derry (Stephen King)


text:
Saints Faith, Hope and Charity

Saints Faith, Hope, and Charity (Fides, Spes et Caritas), are a group of Christian martyred saints who are venerated together with their mother, Sophia ("Wisdom").

Although earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology commemorated Saints Faith, Hope and Charity on 1 August and their mother Sophia on 30 September, the present text of this official but professedly incomplete catalogue of saints of the Roman Catholic Church has no feast dedicated to the three saints or their mother: the only Sophia included is an early Christian virgin martyr of Picenum in Italy, commemorated with her companion Vissia on 12 April; another early Christian martyr, Saint Faith (Fides), of Aquitania (southern France), is celebrated on 6 October, a Saint Hope (Spes), an abbot of Nursia who died in about 517, is commemorated on 23 May, and saint Charity (Caritas) is included, although saints with somewhat similar names, Carissa and Carissima, are given, respectively under 16 April and 7 September. Their feast day of August 1 was not entered in the General Roman Calendar, and they have since been removed from the Roman Martyrology.

References of the time of Gregory the Great suggest two groups of martyrs, mother and daughters, one buried on the Aurelian Way and the other on the Via Appia. According to the Passio, Sophia was a widow of Milan who gave away her possessions and moved to Rome with her daughters. Her daughters were martyred before her and she buried them at Via Appia. She died a natural death three days later while praying at the grave of her daughters. The oldest version of the Passio is BHL 2966. Caesar Baronius introduced the saints to the Roman Martyrology in the late 16th century.

Their tomb in a crypt beneath the church afterwards erected to Saint Pancratius was long a place of resort for pilgrims, as detailed in various documents of the seventh century, such as an Itinerarium (or guide to the holy places of Rome compiled for the use of pilgrims) still preserved at Salzburg, the list, preserved in the cathedral archives of Monza, of the oils gathered from the tombs of the martyrs and sent to Queen Theodelinda in the time of Gregory the Great, etc.

Saxer (2000) notes that early Christians from the 4th century indeed often took in baptism mystical names indicative of Christian virtues, and Sophia, Sapientia, Fides are attested as names of Christian women in Catacomb inscriptions. The veneration of the three saints named for the three theological virtues probably arose in the 6th century based on such inscriptions. Critical scholarship is unanimous in assuming that the hagiographical tradition is spurious, likely inspired by Latin inscriptions referring to the theological either to concepts of Holy Wisdom, Faith, Hope and Charity. Her veneration is first recorded in the late 6th century, her being mentioned in the inventory of holy chrisms collected on behalf of Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards.

The veneration of Sophia of Milan became indistinguishable from that of Sophia of Rome in the medieval period. Relics either of her or of Sophia of Rome were transferred to the women's convent at Eschau in Alsace in 778 from where her cult spread to Germany. She is the patroness saint of widows. A 14th-century fresco of the saints is in St. Agnes chapel in Cologne Cathedral.

title: Saints Faith, Hope and Charity


text:
Shoranur

Shoranur is a town and a municipality located in the Palakkad district, in the Indian state of Kerala, located on the banks of the Bharathapuzha River. The town covers an area of 32.28 km2.

Geography
Shoranur is located at 10.77°N, 76.28°W. It has an average elevation of 49 metres (160 feet).

History
This place was originally a part of the Nedunganad Swaroopam dynasty, which ruled over the present-day Pattambi and Ottapalam Taluks. By the end of the 15th century CE, Nedunganad came under the Zamorin of Calicut. The Chieftains of Shoranur known as the Kavalappara Moopil Nair maintained his territory as a buffer zone between the Zamorin and the Rajas of kochi often taking sides keeping in mind his personal interests of the time. With the annexation of Malabar by the British Kavalappara became part of Walluvanad Taluk of Malabar District, with the Taluk headquarters at Perinthalmanna.

Politics
Shoranur became a municipality in 1978 and is divided into 33 electoral wards. It is a part of Shoranur Legislative Assembly Constituency and Palakkad Parliamentary Constituency. Shoranur assembly constituency was formed in 2011. Before that Shoranur municipality was under Pattambi assembly constituency.

Transport
Shoranur well connected by road to the nearest cities of Thrissur and Palakkad. SH 22 which is also called the Shoranur - Kodungallur road passes through Thrissur, while the Ponnani - Palakkad road passes through Kulappully.

There are regular bus services to Ottapalam,Thrissur, Chelakkara,Pattambi and Cherpulassery from shoranur. Kulappully serves buses from Palakkad and Guruvayur.

Shoranur Junction is the largest railway station in Kerala and it handle trains to almost all parts of the country. The most popular daily express in Kerala the Venad Express runs between Shoranur and Trivandrum.

Educational institutions

 * Institute Of Printing Technology & Government Polytechnic College, Shoranur
 * Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences, Kavalapara, Shoranur
 * Vishnu Ayurveda College, Kulapully, Shoranur
 * MPMMSN Trust College, Shoranur
 * Carmel CMI School, Shoranur
 * Al Ameen Engineering College
 * Jyoti engineering college, Cheruthuruthy
 * National Research Institute for Panchakarma, Cheruthuruthy

Notable people

 * Balan K. Nair, actor
 * Meghanathan, actor
 * A. K. Lohithadas, film director

Villages

 * Mavundirikadavu

title: Shoranur


text:
Children's Ward

Children's Ward (retitled The Ward from 1995 to 1998) is a British children's television drama series produced by Granada Television and broadcast on the ITV network as part of its Children's ITV strand on weekday afternoons. The programme was set – as the title suggests – in Ward B1, the children's ward of the fictitious South Park Hospital (known as Sparky's), and told the stories of the young patients and the staff present there.

Aimed at older children and teenagers, Children's Ward was a long-lived series for a children's drama, starting life in 1988 as a contribution to the Dramarama anthology strand, "Blackbird Singing In The Dead of Night", then first broadcast as a series in 1989 and running from then until 2000.

Production history
The series was conceived by Granada staff writers Paul Abbott and Kay Mellor, both of whom went on to enjoy successful careers as award-winning writers of adult television drama. At the time, they were both working on the soap opera Coronation Street, and had recently collaborated on a script for Dramarama.

Abbott, who had been through a troubled childhood himself, had initially wanted to set the series in a children's care home rather than a hospital, but this was vetoed by Granada executives. During the course of its run, however, Children's Ward won many plaudits for covering difficult issues such as cancer, alcoholism, drug addiction and child abuse in a sensitive manner. The programme won many awards, including in 1997 a BAFTA Children's Award for Best Drama, won by an episode in which a serial killer lures children to him via the internet and is – highly unusually for children's television – not eventually caught.

Welsh television producer Russell T Davies was the show's producer, and writer of several episodes, from 1992 to 1995.

The decision to end Children's Ward came in mid-2000, after transmission of the final series, and ironically came as the sole original cast member Rita May – who played Auxiliary Nurse Mags – said she had no plans to leave the show.

On 5 and 6 January 2013, the show was repeated as part of CITV's Old Skool Weekend, which celebrated thirty years of the children's strand. This was also the first time the programme was seen on the CITV Channel.

Filming location
Filmed at Bolton General Hospital (now the Royal Bolton Hospital), in Bolton, Greater Manchester. Some exterior shots (such as the exterior entrance to the children's hospital) were filmed outside the now demolished Maternity Hospital entrance at the former Withington Hospital, South Manchester.

"30 Years of CITV", which aired on ITV (CITV) on 29 December 2012, revealed that interior sets for the hospital were filmed next door to some of the Coronation Street interiors.

Characters
These are the original main characters from the first three series. Some lasted several years and appeared in subsequent series.

Patients
Actors to go on to other theatre and television work include Chris Bisson, Tina O'Brien, Samia Ghadie, Adele Silva, Alan Halsall, Stephen Graham, Steven Arnold, Danny Dyer, Jeff Hordley, Nikki Sanderson, Andrew Lee Potts, Vicky Binns, Ralf Little, Anthony Lewis, Tim Vincent, Kieran O'Brien, Ben Sowden, William Ash, Maxine Peake and Jane Danson.

Script book

 * Exact title unknown, possibly Children's Ward. Edited by Lawrence Till (contains selected scripts from the series by Paul Abbott, Kay Mellor and John Chambers), published by Heinemann Plays/Oxford in 1992.

DVD releases
Unlike many UK shows, Children's Ward has not been available in other English-speaking countries such as Australia or the U.S.A. prior to the U.K.. In May 2011, a U.K. DVD release was announced for release in July 2011 for the first series from Network DVD. Series 2 followed in October 2011, and Series 3 in January 2012. Series 4 was originally scheduled June 2013, but as yet has not been released.

Streaming Services
The first series of Children's Ward is available on Britbox in the UK.

title: Children's Ward


text:
Operation Tanne Ost

Operation Tanne Ost ("Fir East") was a German operation during World War II to capture the island Suursaari (Swedish: Hogland, Russian: Gogland) in the Gulf of Finland before it could fall into Soviet hands. Suursaari was especially important because it worked as a lock in the Finnish Gulf guarding the minefields keeping the Soviet Baltic Fleet in Kronstadt.

Background
Finnish preparations to separately conclude the war against the Soviet Union prompted Germans to prepare for such an eventuality. Furthermore, as the situation became critical in mid-June 1944 during the initial successes of the Soviet Vyborg-Petrozavodsk Operation Germans placed the forces prepared for the operation into full readiness. German plans for both of the Tanne operations were planned alongside the Operation Birke, the German 20th Mountain Army's evacuation and on 5 July 1944, the Tanne operations were assigned solely to the Kriegsmarine.

On 2 September 1944, Finland officially informed Germany of the coming cease-fire between Finland and the Soviet Union, which led to Hitler's orders to confiscate all Finnish shipping and to prepare for Operation Tanne Ost. While the confiscation order was rescinded in order to facilitate the material transport related to Operation Birke, as Finnish authorities had prevented any ships from sailing from Finland to Germany, plans for capturing Gogland were kept in motion. The operation was initially planned with another operation to capture Åland (Tanne West), which was not carried out both because the units reserved for the operation were already deployed to the Eastern Front and because Sweden had warned against operations in Åland.

Battle
On 14 September 1944 a first wave of 1,400 men from both the Wehrmacht and the Kriegsmarine were loaded on ships in Tallinn. Before the assault the German commander tried to negotiate with the Finnish commander on Suursaari, as he had been led to believe from intelligence reports that the Finns might leave without resistance. At midnight, when a pair of Finnish VMV-class patrol boats were preparing to leave to transport a stranded German radio unit, a German minesweeper arrived at the docks on the eastern side of the island and demanded that the island surrender. When the demand was refused the Germans started to land troops which led to Finnish forces opening fire at 00:55 on 15 September 1944. German landing craft arrived at the docks forcing Finnish security force at the location to withdraw but not before torching the two trapped Finnish patrol boats (VMV 10 and VMV 14).

German forces made further landings at the northern part of the island as well as at a beach south from the docks on the eastern side of the island. Finnish troops were able to contain the landings and even prevent further landing attempts on the island's western side. Finnish Navy reacted by dispatching several motor torpedo boats (Taisto class motor torpedo boats T-3, T-5, T-6 and G-5 class motor torpedo boats V-2 and V-3) to Hogland which started their attacks against German ships supporting the landing effort at 0330. While several explosions were witnessed from the initial attacks made under cover of darkness the later attacks made at dawn provided no further results. Several German vessels were struck with torpedo hits, but only the motor minesweeper R-29 sank, since the old torpedoes used by the Finns did not have enough yield to sink the larger minesweepers.

Finnish efforts forced German naval forces to start moving to the more protected western side of the island leaving the landing forces without effective artillery support. While the operation was underway 36 Soviet aircraft attacked the German forces destroying at least a landing craft. This made the Germans withhold the deployment of the force of three destroyers and two large torpedo boats which were being kept at readiness. Instead, German naval forces started a gradual withdrawal to Tallinn, leaving several landing craft and barges on the island when no contact with the landing force could be made. This prevented further waves of troops from landing. The operation ended in a complete failure, with the Finns capturing 1,231 German prisoners (of which 175 were wounded) in addition to 153 Germans killed in action with Finns losing 36 KIA, 67 WIA and 8 MIA.

Consequences
This operation marked the beginning of hostilities between German and Finnish troops, known as the Lapland War. The Finns benefitted from the operation since it showed the Soviets that the Finns were prepared to use force against the Germans. It further damaged the German efforts in northern Finland since Finns ordered all shipping, including that leased to Germans, immediately to sail for Finnish or Swedish ports.

Finnish order of battle
Finnish forces consisted of Coastal Artillery Regiment 12 (RTR 12). Defence was organized into four sections as follows.

Northern section, 1st Battalion (strength 340 men)
 * 10th Coastal Defence Company
 * 1st Section/201st Light Artillery Battery
 * 24th Heavy AA-Battery
 * 5th Light Coastal AA-Battery
 * 1st Platoon/Heavy mortar Company

Mountain section, 2nd Battalion (strength 475 men)
 * HQ-Company/Coastal Artillery Regiment 12
 * Section/9th Motorised Heavy Artillery Battery
 * 2nd Platoon/Heavy Mortar Company
 * 1st Platoon/1st Coastal Engineer Company
 * 8th Coastal Defence Company

Middle section, Coastal Infantry Battalion 7 (strength 295 men)
 * 7th Coastal Defence Company
 * 9th Coastal Defence Company
 * 34th Heavy AA-Battery
 * Training Company

Southern section, 3rd Battalion (strength 418 men)
 * 2nd Company/Coastal Battalion 7
 * 3rd Company/Coastal Battalion 7
 * 3rd Platoon/Heavy Mortar Company
 * 2nd Section/201st Light Artillery Battery

title: Operation Tanne Ost


text:
Ralph Metcalfe

Ralph Harold Metcalfe Sr. (May 29, 1910 – October 10, 1978) was an American track and field sprinter and politician. He jointly held the world record in the 100-meter dash and placed second in that event in two Olympics, first to Eddie Tolan in 1932 at Los Angeles and then to Jesse Owens at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany. Metcalfe won four Olympic medals and was regarded as the world's fastest human in 1934 and 1935.

He later went into politics in the city of Chicago and served in the United States Congress for four terms in the 1970s as a Democrat from Illinois.

Track and field career
Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Metcalfe grew up in Chicago and graduated high school from Tilden Tech in 1930.

He accepted a track scholarship to Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and equaled the record of 10.3 seconds in the 100 m on a number of occasions, as well as equaling the 200 m record of 20.6 seconds. He became the first man to win the NCAA 200 m title three times consecutively.

At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, he virtually dead-heated with his rival Eddie Tolan, with the gold medal awarded to Tolan only after extended study of the photograph; both recorded a time of 10.38 seconds in the 100 meters. Metcalfe also earned a bronze medal at these games, in the 200 meters.

He competed again at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, and again took silver in the 100 meters, this time behind four-time gold medalist Owens. They won gold in the 4×100 meter relay with Foy Draper and Frank Wykoff; the U.S. won by 1.1 seconds over runner-up Italy, and Germany took bronze. Fierce rivals on the track, Metcalfe and Owens became lifelong friends.

1932
Metcalfe was convinced to the end of his life that the 100 m should have been awarded as a tie between him and Eddie Tolan: "I have never been convinced I was defeated. It should have been a tie" Film evidence and that of observers of the race seem to support Metcalfe's verdict. The AAU later changed their rules to have the winner being the first athlete to cross the line not merely breast the tape. It was the latter that Tolan was judged to have done first. The AAU went further and awarded the race as a tie but the International Olympic Committee has never agreed to this change. They maintain the result stands because the judges decided in line with the rules at the time that Eddie Tolan's entire torso had passed the finish line on the ground before Metcalfe's. In addition, even though credited with same time as Tolan, 10.3 s, a time that equaled the then world record, Metcalfe's time was never ratified as a world record.

In the 200 m, Metcalfe was embroiled in further controversy. Observers at the time claimed the marking for his starting holes were 3–4 feet behind where they should have been. Others claimed this discrepancy was the result of an optical illusion because George Simpson in the lane outside cut his holes on the outside of his lane whilst Metcalfe used the inside of his. In any case, Metcalfe was offered a re-run but refused because he feared the United States would not be able to repeat its 1–2–3.

1936
In the sprint relay, Metcalfe became involved in a controversy not of his own making. Originally the United States chose for the relay the athletes who had come 4th to 7th in the trials. Two of these athletes, Sam Stoller and Marty Glickman, were replaced with Metcalfe and Jesse Owens allegedly because the former were Jewish. Metcalfe and Owens were undoubtedly the superior sprinters but they had not done the relay baton practice and the switch went against established practice.

Whilst all world attention was on Jesse Owens winning the gold in the 100m it is often ignored that Metcalfe won the silver in an equally outstanding performance.

United States Championships
Metcalfe was United States Champion at 100 m between 1932 and 1934 (and was 2nd in 1935–36) and at 200 m between 1932 and 1936.

In all he won 16 national titles at the AAU Championships, NCAA Championships and Final Olympic Trials.

World records
Metcalfe 16 times broke or equaled world record times at various distances. However, only 5 of these were ever officially ratified by the athletics governing body, the IAAF. The ratified times were:
 * equaled the world record for 100 m of 10.3 s on:
 * August 12, 1933 in Budapest, Hungary.
 * September 15, 1934 in Nishinomiya, Japan.
 * September 23, 1934 in Darien, Japan.
 * equaled the world record for 200 m (straight course) of 20.6 s on August 12, 1933 in Budapest, Hungary.
 * broke the world record for the 4 × 100 m relay with 39.8 s on August 9, 1936 (United States 1936 Olympics team of Jesse Owens-Metcalfe-Foy Draper-Frank Wykoff).

Military and political career
After earning his bachelor's degree at Marquette in 1936, Metcalfe completed a master's degree at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles in 1939. Metcalfe taught political science and coached track at Xavier University in New Orleans, recruiting athletes to the university like Jimmie McDaniel and Herb Douglas. He served in the transportation corps of U.S. Army in World War II, rising to the rank of first lieutenant and awarded the Legion of Merit medal. After the war, he moved back to Chicago and later headed the state's athletic commission.

In 1955, Metcalfe won the first of four elections as an alderman representing the South Side of Chicago. He ran for an open seat in Congress in 1970 as a Democrat and was easily elected from Illinois' first district. The seat had been filled for 28 years by William L. Dawson, who was retiring at age 84 due to poor health and then died less than a week after the 1970 election. Metcalfe was a co-founder of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) in 1971 and later was noted for breaking ranks with Chicago mayor Richard Daley after incidents of police brutality.

Death

While running for re-election in 1978, Metcalfe died from a heart attack at his South Side apartment on October 10, at the age of 68. He had previously had a heart attack in 1967.

Personal life
Metcalfe married Gertrude Eva Pemberton on June 9, 1937, at St. Peter the Apostle Catholic Church in Dallas, Texas. They divorced in Los Angeles, California in 1943. Metcalfe married Madalynne Fay Young in 1947, and they had one son, Ralph Metcalfe Jr., a blues music historian.

Metcalfe was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, Alpha Sigma Nu honor society, the Knights of Peter Claver, and Corpus Christi Catholic Church in Chicago's Bronzeville neighborhood. He had converted to Catholicism in 1932, while an undergraduate at Marquette.

Legacy
A federal office building in Chicago (at 77 W. Jackson Blvd.) was named for Metcalfe upon its completion in 1991.

Metcalfe was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1975 and named a member of the President's Commission on Olympic Sports.

In 2016, the 1936 Olympic journey of the eighteen Black American athletes, including interviews with Metcalfe's son, was documented in the film Olympic Pride, American Prejudice.

title: Ralph Metcalfe


text:
Talk:G-spot

why the first image about g-spot doesn't use the orgin
the description below the first pic is wrong and why he/she doesn't use the original pic WhiteHat018 (talk) 02:01, 7 December 2019 (UTC)

Stimualtion
What about mentioning that the glans of the penis can also stimulate the G-spot very well? Mankind would be extinct if women were not stimulated by the penetration of the penis at the G-spot. It can't be that in the evolution of man the G-spot developed so that women would buy sex toys in 2020. Why not mention the positions in which it works, instead of mentioning one position, in which it sometimes doesn't, although that is not true for everyone. Sciencia58 (talk) 19:54, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

It has been my experience that (the existence of) the g-spot is located by feeling (with my fingertip) a distinctly puffy region in the identified area of the anterior vagina wall. By rubbing the puffy area causes obvious arousal. In women who don't appear to have this puffy area, there is no obvious arousal noted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.178.136.86 (talk • contribs)
 * We need reliable medical sources to make any changes. Crossroads -talk- 18:04, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

"also called the Gräfenberg spot"
..no it isn't? No one colloquially refers to the G-spot as the Gräfenberg spot. Of course it isn't at all inaccurate to report that it's named after him, but it's inaccurate to imply that people actually call it that outside of niche medical reports and funny college papers. Maybe a bad romcom novel-turned-movie about two doctors. Dunno.

Recommend changing the language to "scientifically known as the Gräfenberg spot." Aiviphoria (talk) 23:27, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

Short desc
I disagree with using "factitious" in the short desc. Factitious = "artificially created or developed." That doesn't sound NPOV to me. - UtherSRG (talk) 11:51, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:G-spot


text:
User:Pascal666

=Wikipedia tools I find useful (and you may too!)=
 * Navigation popups
 * AutoWikiBrowser
 * Vandal Fighter
 * VandalProof
 * Lupin's anti-vandal tool
 * Lightdarkness's ARV

=Other good deeds= In addition to Wikipedia I also contribute to:
 * Wikimedia Commons my contributions
 * Open Source Novell NetMail Agents
 * The Freenet Project
 * Experts-Exchange my user page

I used to contribute to and now really miss TV Tome.

I participate in a few distributed projects:
 * BOINC
 * DIMES
 * Muguito
 * Mugu Marauder

From November 2005 to May 2006 I ran the largest node on the Tor network.

If you know of any other projects that could use some bandwidth, please let me know.

=Current project=

The problem
Many templates put tags around categories so that the template itself does not get categorized. When users subst these templates into articles instead of including them the article looks like it is tagged correctly, but since it does not get placed in the category it does not get the attention it needs (such as articles that were speedied years ago and never actually got deleted). Templates also use tags for their own categories, notes, and languages. When users subst these templates the article gets placed into a template category and gets incorrect language links. The most common templates users subst that they should not are stubs (by far), disambig, npov, prod, db, incomplete list, and cleanup.

The solution
Certain keywords should never be found in the main namespace. These keywords are only found in templates that should never be subst'd. I am currently using database dumps to touchup all articles in the main namespace that contain any of the keywords:

If you know of any other keywords that I should be searching for at the same time please let me know.

The problem with the solution
Since the goal is not to simply remove these tags but to actually replace them and the text around them with the correct template, this is a tedious manual process. A bot would be able to remove to tags, but would not be able to put the correct template in their place. Like all other humans, I make mistakes. If the error is in the edit summary, to my knowledge I have no way to fix it (please let me know if there is a way). I often catch my own errors in the article itself, but I'm sure some slip through. Please let me apologize in advance for any of my errors that you have to fix.

A large thank you to all the stub sorters out there. I am dumping a lot of articles in their laps that previously were labeled stubs but were not actually showing up in the stub categories. I try to categorize them correctly, but I miss a lot.

Please note that I am not actually reading any of the articles, just the text that I am replacing. Please do not ask me why I added a NPOV, prod, cleanup, etc template to an article, when I simply replaced the text of the template with the template itself. Instead please review the article history to find out who originally added the message to the article. When you ask the user why they originally added the message, it would be nice if you also mentioned to them that their message would have gotten attention much faster had they not subst'd it.

The permanent fix
Subst needs to check if a template contains noinclude or includeonly, and if so refuse to subst it. If you have any idea how to do this, please let me know. Thanks!

title: User:Pascal666


text:
The English Intelligencer

The English Intelligencer was a mid-1960s little magazine devoted to poetry and letters founded and edited by poets Andrew Crozier and Peter Riley. It played a key role in the emergence of many of the poets associated with the British Poetry Revival, and was conceived as providing a forum for exchange and building a sense of community among scattered British avant-garde poets who were in contact with and responding to the New American Poets, especially Charles Olson.

History
The English Intelligencer's name is likely to have been influenced by the Cambridge Intelligencer, a political newspaper published from 1793 to 1803, which included works by radical poets. In 2009, Elaine Feinstein recalled that Charles Olson's work had been a major shared influence among contributors to the Intelligencer.

The Intelligencer was circulated to a mailing list of British poets; the number of correspondents varied between 25 and 65, with a constant core of about a dozen. It was mimeographed and appeared roughly every three weeks, with the total run amounting to 36 issues between January 1966 and April 1968. It was delivered for free to its contributors. The first and second issues were edited by Cozier and Riley respectively. The magazine was produced at little cost using J. H. Prynne's access to a Xerox machine at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Aside from the editors, the poets and writers who contributed and/or corresponded with the Intelligencer included Jim Burns, David Chaloner, Feinstein, John Hall, Lee Harwood, John James, Barry MacSweeney, Jeff Nuttall, Douglas Oliver, Tom Pickard, Prynne, Tom Raworth, John Riley, C. H. Sisson, Chris Torrance and Gael Turnbull.

Many of the poets who corresponded in the Intelligencer met face-to-face for the first time at the Sparty Lea Festival at MacSweeney's home in 1967.

Throughout the publication's history, participants disagreed over its orientation toward questions of land and nation. In December 1966, amid disputes over the value of the Intelligencer and its future, Prynne wrote that he had lost trust in the project's "shared language". The following month, Riley wrote to reaffirm the necessity of communication and communality. In May 1967, MacSweeney submitted a letter criticising what he perceived as the journal's hermeticism and undue emphasis on Olson's influence. The journal dissolved in acrimonious circumstances in 1968.

Influence
Daniel Eltringham argues that the Intelligencer influenced later modernist landscape poetry in the United Kingdom by drawing attention to histories of commons and enclosure. Eltringham also suggests, however, that the publication's small circulation limited its political efficacy, and notes that its mailing list included only four women.

title: The English Intelligencer


text:
Castle Bromwich

The Rectory The Rectory in Castle Bromwich is a beautiful Grade II listed building with an interesting history. The 5th Earl of Bradford who resided at Castle Bromwich Hall commissioned the works for a new building by the well known father and son Birmingham architects. The architects lived over the road at Rectory Lane. It was constructed in 1910 by the Birmingham architect C. E. Bateman in a version of the Queen Anne style. The building features red brick, stone dressings, and a tiled roof. Its symmetrical front includes a central porch. The construction of circular windows was another interesting feature for the time. the 5th Earl of Bradford gifted the Rectory to the Church and it stayed in within the church and serving the community until 2003. The Rectory is now in private hands and is on a private road named Rectory Lane. In 1911 the Rectory was featured in the Country Life magazine as one of four English smaller mansions that were rectories.

The Rectory was first listed on the 22-July-1976 and the list entry number is 1076759.

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1076759

Castle Bromwich is a large suburban village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull in the West Midlands, England. It borders the rest of the borough to the south east, Sutton Coldfield to the east and north east, Shard End to the south west, Castle Vale, Erdington and Minworth to the north and Hodge Hill to the west.

It had a population of 11,857 according to the 2001 census, falling to 11,217 at the 2011 census. The population has remained quite stable since then; the 2017 population estimate was 12,309. It was a civil parish within the Meriden Rural District of Warwickshire until the Local Government Act 1972 came into force in 1974, when it became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull.

In 1861, the population was 613. This rose to just over 1,000 in the 1920s, when half of the original parish was ceded to the City of Birmingham for the construction of overspill estates. This caused a drop to 678 (almost the 1861 level). Post Second World War estate building in Castle Bromwich increased the population to 4,356 in 1951, 9,205 in 1961 and 15,941 in 1971. The parish was then split into two, resulting in the lower 2001 figures.

History
Castle Bromwich was originally a Warwickshire village. There has been a settlement here since before Stone Age times. There is evidence that the area was first settled some 5,000 years ago. Romans, Saxons and Normans have also settled on this raised piece of land close to a natural ford across the River Tame. The Chester Road which runs through the village follows the line of a drovers' road called the Welsh Road, whose origins probably lie as an ancient trackway from the pre-Roman era. Bromwich is not named in the Domesday Book in 1086 yet was located within the ancient hundred of Coleshill. Bromwich comes from the old words 'brom' for the yellow flowering broom which grows here and 'wich' an ancient name for a dwelling or settlement. The motte (called the Pimple Hill locally) is some 40 metres in diameter and appears to be a natural feature that was probably heightened by Iron Age settlers, then by the later Normans and once again during the developed of the 1970s to make way for the A452 "Collector Road", which by-passed Castle Bromwich to the north.

The "Pimple" commanded the important crossing place of the River Tame. It still remains today, somewhat reduced, sandwiched between the M6 and the Collector Road (Castle Bromwich & Chelmsley Wood bypass). There was an extensive archaeological dig of the area prior to the development of the Pimple site, and discoveries were made that confirmed folk tales of the area. The Pimple was the highest point of an iron-age fortification that encompassed most of Castle Bromwich. The land between the Pimple and Kyters Lane was particularly well defended by several ridge and furrow workings; indeed, Kyters Lane and Rectory Lane were built within ditches. Other ditches were excavated between Kyters Lane and the Pimple but nothing of consequence was found. The name "Pimple" was commonly used from about the year 1915 onwards, and the story that the hill was a Saxon burial ground appeared around 1935, when the spread of dwellings from Washwood Heath began to appear over Hodge Hill. Modern houses now occupy the site and overlook the graveyard. The ridge and furrows have been obliterated.

There is a good view over Castle Vale (formerly Castle Bromwich Aerodrome) and the Tame valley from the top of the hill.

During the 18th century Castle Bromwich was an important place at the junction of two turnpike roads. Chester Road, an old Roman way which ran from London to Chester, joined the Birmingham to Coleshill road near Castle Bromwich Hall. There was a toll gate at the junction of Chester Road, School Lane and Old Croft Lane, near the village green. The toll house still exists, although the massive 14 ft wide toll gate has been lost. In the 1780s stagecoaches travelling from Holyhead to London stopped in the village, as did a horse-drawn bus from Birmingham to Coleshill. There were several coaching inns and two survive today. The Midland Railway arrived in 1842 and Castle Bromwich Station was rebuilt in 1901. Boy Scouts used to arrive here and trek the four miles (6 km) to their major camp at Yorkswood in Kingshurst. The station closed in 1965 and was part-demolished in 1975.

Until 1894, the village was a hamlet in the large parish of Aston. Castle Bromwich has had historic ties with both Erdington and Water Orton through administration, governance and land ownership whilst being part of the Parish. The Local Government Act 1894 created a parish of Castle Bromwich from part of the Aston parish not in either Birmingham or Aston Manor urban district. It was part of the Castle Bromwich Rural District from 1894 until 1912, when it became part of the Meriden Rural District.

During the 18th, and especially during the 19th centuries wealthy Birmingham businessmen built large houses in Castle Bromwich.

Castle Bromwich has a village green. The land for this, called Seven Acre Green, was given to the village by Viscount Newport in 1895. The War Memorial was erected in 1920 on a small island nearby. There is also another green called Whateley Green. Whateley is derived from the Anglo-Saxon for wheatfield clearing. This was the site of the village's stray animal pounds and a smithy. It had two pounds, stocks and a whipping post. Whateley Hall was nearby. The ancient duck pond was filled in during the late 1950s.

In 1931, a portion of Castle Bromwich land was sold and ceded to the City of Birmingham who built the overspill Chipperfield Road development during 1937–8. This halved the area of the parish of Castle Bromwich, from 2742 acre to 1239 acre.

During World War II, the occupants of Chipperfield Road pulled down an ancient white-washed farm house thinking it would deny German bomber crews a marker to the aerodrome and the adjoining factories. The Firs Estate (as it was then known, and including Chipperfield Road, Oakdale Road, Millington Road and Ermington Crescent) were private semi-detached houses that briefly enjoyed the benefit of the farmland and golf links. In the late 1950s further development took place. The new council housing was built adjacent to Chipperfield Road and as far as the Newport Road. The name "Firs Estate" now points to the council estate and the name originated from the fir trees that stood near a large house between Chipperfield Road and Hodge Hill Common.

The council housing was also extended up what was known locally as "The Golf Links" to meet the Stables, now known as the Comet.

Castle Bromwich Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in the 1890s. The club and course closed at the onset of World War II.

Churches
There are two from the Church of England, and a Methodist and a Baptist nearby. St Mary and St Margaret's Parish Church is the original church and is in the west of the village. It is unusual as it is a "church within a church". A small stone chapel was known on the site before 1165. It was replaced in the 15th century by a large half-timbered structure. The church was extensively altered between 1726 and 1731 by Sir John Bridgeman and the old timber one was encased in brick and plaster. The massive oak timbers can be seen now in the roof. It is considered to have outstanding architectural and historic merit.

St Clement's Church is in the east and was built in 1967, when the original parish was split into two.

Castle Bromwich Hall
Castle Bromwich Hall is a Jacobean mansion that was built in 1599 by Sir Edward Devereux, the first MP for Tamworth in Staffordshire. It was a single storey with a plain entrance. It was bought by Sir Orlando Bridgeman (keeper of The Great Seal) in 1657, for his son Sir John Bridgeman I. Sir John extended and improved the property in 1672, adding the second floor and a large front porch. His son, Sir John Bridgeman II, inherited it in 1710. He extended the Hall and rebuilt it in local hand-made bricks of clay. The Bridgmans were created Barons of Bradford in 1792, and Earls of Bradford in 1851. A marriage also brought Weston Park into their possession, which the family gave to the National Trust in 1986. The Hall was then rented out or used for other family members to live in. It is famous for having twelve windows (one for each Apostle) and four dormers above (one for each Of the four Gospels).

The garden door passed through a grapevine which was always trimmed into the form of a cross. The last family member, Lady Ida Bridgeman, Dowager Countess Bradford left the Hall in 1936. It then was used for storage during World War II. Post-war it was leased out as an apprentice training centre for the GEC, and then used as offices while the outbuildings are used by other small companies. The conservation area is centred on the Hall. The Hall is falsely reported as having tunnels linking to the former vicarage and former public house nearby.

Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens
Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens which surround the Hall is the only surviving example of an 18th-century English formal garden, having escaped the attentions of Capability Brown. Sir John Bridgeman II originally laid out the Hall's gardens in the style to which they have now been restored by the Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens Trust. They commenced the restoration of the 10 acre in 1985. The Gardens are open to the public and are a tourist attraction.

The Rectory The Rectory Castle Bromwich was commissioned by the owner of the Castle Bromwich Hall The 5th Earl of Bradford. The 5th Earl of Bradford enjoyed having tea at the Rectory.

Other places of interest
Many of the old buildings have now been demolished and farms have disappeared to make way for new housing and roads.

Park Hall was bought by Henry de Ardern in 1373. The 'Park Hall Manor House' was supposedly haunted and was demolished in the early 1970s during construction of the M6 motorway. The hall was first mentioned in 1265, but this could have been a nearby moated timbered dwelling. Remnants of the hall, farm house and adjacent buildings, orchard and pond are still visible at the 'Park Hall Wildlife Reserve managed by the Birmingham & Black Country Wildlife Trust.' The name lives on in 'Park Hall School', which is on the other side of the road, and is the largest secondary school in the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull.

'Castle Bromwich Post Office' was the first to have a telephone outside London so that Benjamin Disraeli could keep in touch with the government. He frequently visited Castle Bromwich Hall in the 1870s, possibly to court Lady Chesterfield and Lady Bradford. Later, Queen Mary made use of the telephone when visiting Lady Ida (Lady of the Queen's Bed Chamber) at the Hall. The Post Office closed in 2004 and is now a hairdressing salon.

A drawing of 1726 shows a large structure called the 'Old Castle Hall' next to the old castle earthworks.

Chester Road used to climb up a steep hill from the river to the church, called 'Mill Hill'. Towards the bottom of the hill was a brick structure surrounding the 'Holy Well of St Lawrence'. This has now been covered by the roundabout for junction 5 of the M6.

'Castle Bromwich Mill' stood on the southern bank of the River Tame, close to the bottom of 'Mill Hill'. It was still grinding corn in 1895 and possibly later. It then became an artist's studio until it was demolished in 1956. The M6 now covers the site, which is near to 'The Firs' estate. There were several other mills in the area, some also drawing water from the Tame.

Two of the old coaching inns still exist. 'The Bradford Arms' was built in 1723 on the site of an earlier pub called 'The White Lion'. The high doors to the coach houses can still be seen. Law courts and Catholic services have been held here. It is the oldest pub in the village. 'The Coach and Horses' dated from the 18th century and stood in the front drive of the present public house. This was built in the 1920s and re-roofed in 1938 when the thatched roof caught fire. Additionally, 'The Castle' dates to the early 18th century and was the village alehouse. Later it became a general stores and then a private residence. The 17th century Georgian style 'The Bridgeman Arms Inn' is now also a private residence.

Adjacent to 'The Bridgeman Arms Inn' were several cottages, used for servants, and an estate office for the Earl of Bradford who then owned much of the land in Castle Bromwich. The first Police Station was also established here under Pc Charlie Whale, before moving to a specialist house and lock up near to the Coach and Horses. When the Kingshurst estate was built policing was from a two-man unit there, this closed down when the new Chelmsley Wood station opened. Part of the Inn was destroyed by a bomb in World War II, when two platoons of the Home Guard were based there. A 17th-century well was found in the courtyard of the cottages. The cottages and office have now been replaced by a service road and new houses.

St Mary and St Margaret's Church of England Primary School – was built in the 19th century and demolished in 1968 when the move was complete to larger premises with playing fields. Private housing now covers the site.

Harvey's Drapery Shop – was a single storey extension to the main house. Originally it was a druggist's (the only one between Birmingham and Coleshill). The visiting doctor from Coleshill arrived on horseback to take his surgery in a room in the house. Later it became a two-storey extension to the house and the extended house was the home of the village electrician. It is now a private residence.

The village smithy was amongst the old cottages on the southern edge of the village green. A disused car sales site which was on the southern edge of The Green, that was being used as a drive through car wash, was demolished in September 2011 and 14 homes are currently being built on the site. The Show Home is to be opened on 14 January 2012.

Green Lane was the oldest trackway through the village. One of the ancient Ridgeways of England, it ran from the castle to Grimstock Hill Romano-British settlement at Coleshill. It is now mostly underneath Chelmsley Wood and the M6.

The following houses have all disappeared; some are remembered on road signs:
 * ‘Camden House' – dated to the 17th century and was a gardeners’ cottage for the Hall.
 * ‘The Cedars' – was built in 1897 by Alderman Thomas Clayton JP. It was a large country residence with its own generating plant.
 * ‘Eldon House' – dated from the middle of the 18th century and used as a farm and the rectory.
 * ‘The Elms'
 * ‘The Firs' – was a large house near Castle Bromwich Hall. It was usually occupied by the estate bailiff to the Hall. The site is now a post World War II housing estate of the same name.
 * 'The Gables' – dating from 1800, but it was a mock half timbered 16th-century manor house.
 * 'The Granary' – dated to the early 18th century was the village malt house. It is now a private residence. The upstairs room was once used for Church meetings and the adjoining building was an early bowling alley. This adjoining building has been demolished and a private house erected upon the site.
 * 'Hawkesford'
 * 'The Hawthorns'
 * 'The Hollies'
 * 'Rainbow Cottages' – a group of cottages opposite the Post Office.
 * 'The Southfields' – dated to the middle of the 19th century. In 1908, it was occupied by Edward Randall who owned the first motor car in the village. During the Second World War, it became a secret plastics factory. The house is now part of the Remembrance Club.
 * 'The Sycamores' – later known as Poplar Farm
 * 'Timberley House' – was built in the late 18th century as a farmhouse. It was demolished in the 1930s and a cinema was built on the site. Before fitting out it was used a store in the Second World War. This was demolished in 1962 and a small supermarket now exists there.
 * 'Westeria'
 * 'Whateley Hall' – probably built in the 18th century in classical style, but there is evidence of a moated structure from the 14th century. The Hall was surrounded by considerable wooded grounds and was the second largest house in the village, after Castle Bromwich Hall. The Knight family was in residence from the 1860s until 1935 when it was sold and demolished. The Hall was owned by the William Newton II before this, and his sons Canon Horace Newton and Goodwin Newton, before they moved to Barrells Hall.

and farms such as:
 * 'Beechcroft' – now a housing estate.
 * 'The Firs' – now a housing estate within the City of Birmingham.
 * 'Green Lanes' – now part of a Chelmsley Wood housing area.
 * 'Hob'
 * 'Park Hall' – remains still visible on the Park Hall Wildlife Reserve
 * 'Poplar' – now a small housing estate.
 * 'Rawlins' – only the farm house remains as a modernised "half timbered" private residence, the rest is a housing estate.

Castle Bromwich Aerodrome
A large piece of Warwickshire grassland (Castle Bromwich Playing Fields) became the Castle Bromwich private aerodrome, when Alfred P. Maxwell flew the first aeroplane in the Birmingham area in September 1909. It became a stopping place during early air races. The War Office requisitioned it for use by the Royal Flying Corps and flying schools in 1914, when proper roads and buildings were established. The British Industries Fair (the pre runner to the National Exhibition Centre) was a large complex of buildings built on land adjacent to the aerodrome and Castle Bromwich railway station in 1920. In the inter war years the aerodrome had a military and civilian function. In these early days it was the busiest airport in the area due to its combined passenger, post and railway air business. During the late 1920s and early 1930s the aerodrome was also a checking-in point for the infamous 'Contact Races' held in the Midlands, which were organised by and between various civil flying clubs in the area.

In 1934, the Air Ministry stated that Castle Bromwich could not be used for civil purposes indefinitely, so a new airport was constructed at Elmdon (some five miles (8 km) away), just outside the Birmingham City boundary. It opened in 1939 and is now Birmingham Airport. In 1937, more hangars and a Squadron Headquarters were built for the Royal Air Force. In 1939, it was extended further to become a fighter station and a base for other units. It was visited by Winston Churchill during World War II.

In 1936, the Air Ministry had purchased a parcel of land opposite the Castle Bromwich Aerodrome. On this site they built the Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory (CBAF). This huge 'shadow factory' was part of a larger plan to disperse production and move vital resources that lay within easy range of German bombers (Vickers Supermarine's original factory at Southampton was devastated by enemy bombers just as Castle Bromwich came into production in 1940.). The CBAF factory was first managed by the Nuffield Organization to manufacture Spitfires and (later) Lancaster bomber aircraft. The theory was that the local skills and production techniques used in the manufacture of motor vehicles could be transferred to aircraft production. However production proved impossible without help from the professionals from Vickers-Supermarine. The CBAF went on to become the largest and most successful plant of its type during the 1939–45 conflict.

Aircraft and sub-assemblies were taken across the Chester Road to the airfield, Castle Bromwich Aerodrome though early plans included an aerial bridge from E block to the airfield. Very large hangar-like buildings were erected on the east side of the airfield which were referred to as 'Erecting Sheds', where aircraft were prepared for flight testing. This was the largest Spitfire factory in the UK, building over half of the approximately 20,000 built. After failing to get initial production underway, the mercurial Air Minister, Lord Beaverbrook, ordered the Nuffield Organization to relinquish control of the CBAF to Vickers. From May 1940, the CBAF's most productive years were overseen by Vickers Armstrong (Vickers having purchased Supermarine in 1936).

The CBAF's chief test pilot was Alex Henshaw MBE, who managed a team of pilots who had the job of testing the aircraft. The ATA (Air Transport Auxiliary) were responsible for dispersing tested machines to the M.U.'s (Maintenance Units) around the country. As any build-up of machines on the airfield would be vulnerable to aerial attack, testing was carried out in any weather.

After the war, the CBAF became a car body factory. It is now the Castle Bromwich Assembly plant of Jaguar Cars. Its first post war owners were Fisher and Ludlow (themselves having been bombed out of their inner city factory). This company was the sub-contractor for most of the now defunct BMC and British Leyland marques, the last being Jaguar, who took over outright control of the factory in 1977. Various units used the airfield post war and there was an annual display to mark the anniversary of the Battle of Britain. Civilian flights returned, including the first scheduled helicopter service from London. Such activities were to prove short-lived.

The airfield closed in 1958 and in 1960 the site and that of the British Industries Fair, and nearby farmland was sold for housing. The runway was broken up, many of the buildings were demolished and in 1963 construction work began on a new Birmingham overspill estate – Castle Vale – which was completed in 1969. The erecting sheds survived as storage units until 2004. All that remains now is a memorial, a stained glass window in the estate's church, streets and housing blocks with aviation names, a row of ex-RAF houses along the Chester Road, and a new Spitfire Memorial. This is a large steel sculpture called Sentinel designed by Tim Tolkien which was erected on the roundabout where the road to the estate joins the Chester Road in 2000. This was inaugurated by the CBAF's wartime Chief Test Pilot, Alex Henshaw.

The roundabout was subsequently renamed "Spitfire Island". Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the CBAF were held on 15 July 1998, which included a fly-by flown by Ray Hanna in his ex-CBAF Spitfire MkIX, MH434. Amongst the dignitaries attending was Dr. Gordon Mitchell, son of the Spitfire's designer, R.J. Mitchell. Alex Henshaw also unveiled a memorial plaque just inside the old factory's main gate onto the Kingsbury Road. Its principal inscription reads; 'Here, swords of freedom were forged'.

Modern Castle Bromwich
Castle Bromwich retains some of its village character and it is very active. There is a well used multi-function village hall called Arden Hall. The office of Castle Bromwich Parish Council is situated there, as is the local police office of the West Midlands Police. Castle Bromwich has its own dedicated Neighbourhood Policing Team consisting of a sergeant, four police constables and a community support officer. The playing fields, adjacent to Arden Hall, have a sports centre which supports cricket, football, golf and tennis clubs and is now home to Bromford Lions Football Club. There are three primary schools, one special school and one secondary school (Park Hall Academy). There are two main shopping areas, several smaller ones and numerous small businesses.

Public transport is provided in the form of bus routes by National Express West Midlands, connecting Castle Bromwich with Birmingham, Sutton Coldfield, Solihull and Birmingham Airport.

The Castle Bromwich Assembly factory owned by Jaguar Land Rover, employs 2,500 people (or 2,700 according to other sources) in Jaguar automobile manufacturing. News reports in early July 2019 indicated that the company planned to build an electric version of the Jaguar XJ saloon, replacing the manufacturing of the conventional XJ at this plant, after investing billions of pounds in upgrades to the facility by autumn 2019. A BBC report indicated that the plant "also produces the Jaguar XF, XE and F-Type", but the XJ was critical to the success of the facility. Without the new plan, the Castle Bromwich plant would "effectively be dead", according to David Bailey (economist), a professor of business economics at Birmingham Business School.

Notable people

 * John Jones Bateman (1817–1903), architect, lived at Hawkesford House (since demolished and replaced by an apartment block of the same name)
 * Tom Clarke, lead singer of UK indie band The Enemy used to live in Wasperton Close in the village.
 * Tushar Makwana radio DJ, lived and was murdered in Wasperton Close in Castle Bromwich.
 * Sir (Edwin) Cooper Perry Vice-Chancellor, University of London (1917–1919)
 * Roger Taylor drummer of Duran Duran, used to live in Hawthorne Road where he taught himself to play drums Trevor Francis used to live a few doors away when Roger was a child. Roger formed his first band with schoolmates whilst at Park Hall.
 * Barry Austin (1968-2021), widely reputed to be the heaviest man in the United Kingdom.

title: Castle Bromwich


text:
Active Template Library

The Active Template Library (ATL) is a set of template-based C++ classes developed by Microsoft, intended to simplify the programming of Component Object Model (COM) objects. The COM support in Microsoft Visual C++ allows developers to create a variety of COM objects, OLE Automation servers, and ActiveX controls. ATL includes an object wizard that sets up primary structure of the objects quickly with a minimum of hand coding. On the COM client side ATL provides smart pointers that deal with COM reference counting. The library makes heavy use of the curiously recurring template pattern.

History
COM objects can also be created with Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), but this leads to larger binaries that require support DLLs. ATL, on the other hand, is a more lightweight alternative in situations where the graphical user interface parts of MFC are not required.

In ATL version 7 (Visual Studio 2003), which directly succeeded version 3 (Visual Studio 6.0), a number of MFC classes like CString were made available in ATL, or more precisely moved to an ATLMFC common layer which is shared by both libraries. ATL version 7 also introduced attributes in C++ in an attempt to provide something similar to CLI attributes, however these have not been particularly successful, and have been deemphasized in ATL version 8 (Visual Studio 2005); the various wizards no longer generate them by default. Version 7 also introduced new string conversion classes.

On July 28, 2009, Microsoft released a patch to ATL to fix a bug that could allow ActiveX controls created using ATL to be vulnerable to a remote code execution security flaw.

Since Visual Studio 2013, ATL code in Visual C++ 2013 is static, eliminating the DLL.

Support classes
ATL includes many RAII classes to simplify management of COM types. The most commonly used classes include:

 * general-purpose smart-pointer,
 * BSTR wrapper,
 * VARIANT wrapper, and
 * SAFEARRAY wrapper.

Compiler COM support
Although not formally part of ATL, Microsoft Visual C++ also includes additional C++ RAII classes to simplify management of COM types. These compiler COM support classes can be used as replacement for or in combination with ATL, and includes:

Note that as of Visual Studio 2012, the compiler COM support classes does not include a SAFEARRAY wrapper.
 * smart-pointer that decorates the COM interface name with a "Ptr" suffix,
 * BSTR wrapper,
 * VARIANT wrapper, and
 * HRESULT wrapper.

title: Active Template Library


text: Category:Norwegian writers

title: Category:Norwegian writers


text:
Citroën Ami

The Citroën Ami is a four-door, front-wheel drive economy (B-segment) family car, manufactured and marketed by Citroën from 1961 to 1978.

The Ami was offered in saloon and estate/wagon/break body styles over two generations, the Ami 6 and the Ami 8. The later Ami 8 fastback saloon featured a steeply raked rear window, in contrast to the earlier reverse-raked rear window of the Ami 6 notchback.

Over 1,840,396 units were manufactured over the entire production run. The Ami and Citroën Dyane were replaced by the Citroën Visa and Citroën Axel.

Name
Ami is the French word for friend. With its 602 cc engine capacity fractionally above the limit for 2 CV designation, the Ami was nicknamed the 3CV, differentiating it from the long established Citroën 2CV.

3CV stands for Trois chevaux, or "three horses" — CV originally being the initials for "chevaux-vapeur" (horsepower – literally 'steam horses'), but used here for "chevaux fiscaux". The "cheval fiscal" was a French fiscal unit based on engine size with the smaller CV designating economy cars.

Overview

The Citroën Ami had its formal French launch on 25 April 1961, four months ahead of the August introduction of the widely anticipated Renault 4. Both the Renault 4 and the Citroën Ami responded to a perceived market need for a vehicle slightly larger and less rustic than the 2CV. The Ami is a rebodied 2CV with certain mechanical upgrades (particularly a larger engine than the 1950s 2CV), to compensate for the added weight. At launch all the cars were powered by an air cooled 602 cc two-cylinder flat engine which would also be offered at extra cost in the 2CV from 1970.

The platform chassis and suspension is similar to the 2CV, being independent all round using leading and trailing arms and coil springs interconnected front to rear. For a detailed suspension description see Citroën 2CV.

The Ami's seats were easily removable. Sales pitches of the Ami included photographs of the seats being used as picnic chairs.

Technical innovation
The Ami and the Ford Taunus P3 were the first cars with rectangular or lozenge-shaped (non-round) headlights. This technical innovation was developed by lighting manufacturers Hella (Taunus) and Cibie (Ami). Soon this innovation found its way to the exclusive coach built Maserati 5000 GT.

Initial sales
The car went on sale in France in April 1961, though Citroën implemented some simple upgrades in time for the Paris Motor Show only six months later. The most visible change involved the replacement of the fixed windows on the rear doors with two-part horizontal sliding windows, similar to those already fitted on the front doors. Sales initially were not as good as those of the older 2CV; the Ami's first full year of production was 1962, during which only 85,358 of the cars were sold, while the thirteen-year-old 2CV managed 144,759 sales during the same period. Although the Ami had a modern body, it shared the aggressively minimalist underpinnings of the older car, and this made it hard to justify a starting price for the Ami which, at the end of 1961, was 35% higher.

Versions
The 1961 Ami 6 sedan is distinguished by an unusual reverse-raked notchback rear window, similar in style to the 1959 Ford Anglia 105E in Great Britain. A similar design feature was used on the first generation three-door Citroën C4. This design feature first appeared on the US 1953 Packard Balboa-X show car. It was first put into production on the 1957 Mercury Turnpike Cruiser and 1958-1960 Lincoln Continentals. In the American cars the rear window could be opened as an aid to ventilation before air conditioning became standardised, and in the American fashion was given a name, the "Breezeway Window".

The later Ami 8 saloon has a fastback rear window. It was redesigned by the French car design and bodywork company, Heuliez. Most notable changes were the front part and bonnet and the sloping, rather than inverted, rear window on the saloon. The estate version of the Ami 8, the 'Break' had a similar general appearance to that of the Ami 6 although the later car's taillights were integrated into the rear wings.

The Ami Super, sometimes also called Ami 10, was a flat-4 variant powered by the engine of the GS and produced between 1973 and 1976.

The Ami Super was offered in the same three trim levels as the Ami 8, Luxe, Confort and Club on Saloon and Luxe and Confort on the 'Break' versions. These trim differences were fairly minor with Luxe models having bench front and rear seats and vinyl floor matting. Confort trim offered reclining front seats in place of the front bench. The Club models can be considered the Pallas of the Ami range featured sound proofing pads on the floor and bulkhead, carpet including boot lining, stainless steel trim on the window frames and side rubbing strips on the doors and rear wings. Club trim was only available up to the end of the 1973 model year, after that point Ami 8 and Ami super were only available in Luxe and Confort specification.

From 1974 Ami super models were revamped to feature a double line graphic along the exterior of the body sides, either in black or silver depending on body colour, with slotted wheels and double line detailing on the hubcaps. The rear window also featured a graphic in white proclaiming "Ami Super 1015cm³"

As the Ami Super looked very much like an Ami 8, and could surprise many by demonstrating its dramatic performance advantage compared to the Ami 8 (55 hp compared to 32 hp). Quoted by Autocar magazine in the UK as a "Q car par excellence" sadly in France its 5CV tax rating made little sense in a small car and as a result sales were low compared to the Ami 8. In the UK however where no such tax penalties existed the Ami Super attracted healthy sales although is now a rare sight due to poor corrosion resistance, a feature suffered by many vehicles of this era.

The Ami Super production reached close to 42,000 in sedan and station wagon by February 1976. Production of the Ami 8 continued until early 1979 and reached in the region of 722,000 cars produced.

A small series of prototype coupés, the M35 were produced as test vehicles for loyal customers — testing the single-rotor Comotor Wankel engine, as also seen in the NSU Spider. A twin-rotor version of this engine reached production form with the NSU Ro 80 and GS Birotor.

Production
The Ami 6 was the first model manufactured at the new Citroën plant in Rennes opened in 1961, where later the Dyane and GS were manufactured.

The Ami 6 & Ami 8 were also built by Citroën Hispania in Vigo (Spain) from 1967 to 1978, but they were never called "Ami" because of a legal problem with that name. The equivalences with French-built models are: Beside Spain, in Europe Ami was also built in Yugoslavia, in Slovenian factory Cimos where many other Citroën models were produced for the Yugoslav market.
 * Spain
 * Ami 6 berline: never built in Spain.
 * Ami 6 estate old model (M4 type engine): Citroën Estate 3cv.
 * Ami 6 estate new model (M28 type engine): Citroën Dynam.
 * Ami 8 berline: Citroën 8 or C-8.
 * Ami 8 estate: Citroën 8 Familiar (or just Citroën Familiar).
 * Yugoslavia

Out of Europe, the Ami 8 was made until 1978 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Only in the estate version, with the "Club" & "Elysee" trims, was exported to Uruguay, Paraguay and in CKD kits to Arica, Chile from 1976 where it was assembled until it was shut down in favour of the production of the Citroën CX in early 1978.
 * Argentina

Performance
An Ami 6 tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1962 had a top speed of 65.3 mph and could accelerate from 0-50 mph in 30.3 seconds. A fuel consumption of 53 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £823 including taxes on the UK market.

Model changes in detail
The following table summarises information to distinguish Ami Models.

Production figures and history
Total production of the Ami models (except M35) reached 1,840,121 units according to the manufacturer's data. It is divided between the models as follows:

title: Citroën Ami


text:
Naftali Temu

Nabiba Naftali Temu (20 April 1945 – 10 March 2003) was a Kenyan long-distance runner. He became Kenya's first gold medalist when he won the 10,000 metres race at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

Biography
Temu started systematic training in long-distance running at the age of 14. After completing school education, he served at the Kenyan Army. At the 1964 Olympics he was 49th in the marathon and failed to finish his 10,000 m race.

He won the silver medal in 5,000 m at the inaugural All-Africa Games in 1965, behind compatriot Kipchoge Keino. At the 1966 Commonwealth Games in Kingston, Jamaica, he beat the world record holder Ron Clarke to win the six mile race. Two days later, Temu finished fourth in the three miles.

At the Mexico Olympics, in the 10,000 m final, only Mamo Wolde from Ethiopia could keep to Temu's pace. Mamo Wolde went to lead at the bell, but Temu passed him with 50 m remaining to win the gold. Four days later, he won a bronze medal in the 5,000 m, narrowly beaten by Mohammed Gammoudi from Tunisia and fellow countryman Kipchoge Keino. Temu also competed against Mamo Wolde in the marathon, but Mamo Wolde broke away after the 30 km mark, while Temu finished 19th.

Temu's career went downhill after 1968. He finished nineteenth in the 10,000 m at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, and was eliminated in the 10,000 m heats at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He retired in 1973 to run a farm in North Mugirango, which was a gift from president Jomo Kenyatta. On 10 March 2003, he died of prostate cancer at the Kenyatta National Hospital, aged 57.

title: Naftali Temu