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Talk:Mass spectrometry/Archive 1

Russian version
Would someone be so kind as to translate and incorporate the information in the vastly larger Russian version of this article? --Ardonik 08:15, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

Well, check out the following link--it's a fairly 'functionalist' translation, that gives you a sense of the russion version: http://www.systranbox.com/systran/box?systran_lp=ru_en&systran_id=SystranSoft-en&systran_url=http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&systran_f=1090404300

While it is longer, it's a bit chatty. I don't think it's vastly superior, oddly. I wrote an article once that I can add a few things from in the future.

--Jvraba 08:49, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. (Wikimedia can't handle your URL, so anyone wishing to see the site will have to copy and paste it.)  That's really painful reading, and I suspect it would be even if it were translated perfectly.  But you have to start somewhere.  --Ardonik 10:11, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Here's a better translation than the link above, because I involved a scientific dictionary --Jvraba 18:14, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

English "Translation" of the Russian Version
Mass spectrometry Material from Vikipedii - free encyclopedia.

Mass spectrometry is a physical method, based on the mass measurement of charged particles in a material. It has been used for the analysis of different substances for more than 50 years.

This method, today routine used in thousands of laboratories and enterprises of peace, has in its basis the fundamental knowledge of nature of substance and uses the basic physical principles of phenomena. It was before dismantled, why to whom this method was necessary, briefly (how this is possible) and simply let us pause at how it is realized.

Naturally, the instruments, which are used in this method, mass spectrometers or mass-spectrometric detectors are called. These instruments deal concerning the material substance, which as is known, it consists of the smallest particles - molecules and the atoms. Mass spectrometers install that this for the molecules (i.e., they compose their what atoms, which their moleklyarnaya mass, such as the structure of their arrangement) and that this for the atoms (i.e., them изотопный состав). An essential difference in the mass spectrometry from other analytical physico chemical methods lies in the fact that optical, X-ray and some other methods detect emission either energy absorption by molecules or by atoms, and mass spectrometry deals concerning very particles of substance. Mass spectrometry it is measured their mass, is more accurate mass-ratio to the charge. Are used the laws of the motion of the charged particles of the material in the magnetic or the electrical it fell for this. Mass-spectrum - this is simple the sorting of the charged particles throughout their masses (more precise to the mass ratios to the charge).

Consequently, of the first, that must it made so that it would obtain the mass-spectrum, would convert neutral molecules and atoms, which compose any organic or inorganic matter, into the charged particles - ions. This process is called ionization and in different ways is achieved for the organic and inorganic matter.

In the organic matter of molecule are the determinate structures, formed by atoms. Nature and man created the truly neischislimoye variety of organic compounds. And we today umeyem practically everything of them converted into the ions.

Ionization

The oldest and most widely used in the contemporary mass spectrometry method of the ionization of the molecules of organic compounds - this the so-called electron collision (Ъ, in English EI - Electron Impact). So that would ionize the organic matter of it necessarily first from the condensed phase (liquid, solid body) would transfer by any means into the gas phase, for example, it heated (this, of course, it did not not necessarily make with the gases). Then, them necessarily introduced in the so-called source of the ions, where they undergo the bombardment with the electron beam, which possible obtained heating, for example, the metallic ribbon (cathode). Possible placed substance in the condensed phase into the source of ions and it there evaporated. Electrons - lungs in comparison with the molecules the negatively charged particles - colliding with molecules pull out from the electron shells electrons and convert molecules into the ions. In this case the molecules frequently are pulled down to the charged fragments by the mechanism specific for each connection. Specifically, as a result of this process in the final analysis mass-spectrum is received - you remember, the collection of rassortirovanykh throughout the masses ions - carrying information about the structure of molecule and, frequently, so characteristic for the defined organic compound, that it is called "it is fingerprint", i.e., this individual as figure on the fingers of man. All this must it occurred in the vacuum, otherwise electrons too rapidly zaryadyat the molecules, which compose the components of air, and the ions, which were formed from that connection, which interests us, too rapidly again tyuey prevratyatsya into the neutral molecules.

Another method of ionization - this is the ionization in ionomolecular reactions, called the chemical ionization (CHI, THE CI - Chemical Ionization). With this method the source of ions is filled up with any gas (for example, by methane, by isobutane, by ammonia), which ionizuyetsya all by the same electron collision, and the molecule of the interesting us substance, falling into the source they are converted into the ions due to vzamodeystviya with the already located there charged ion- reagents or with the "slow" electrons. This ionization in the gas phase is "soft", i.e., the formed ions are not pulled down to the small fragments, but they rather remain large pieces either only less than initial molecule or even it is larger it due to the connection of other ions. This method gives less than the information about how the structure of molecule is arranged, then with its aid its molecular weight more easily was determined.

Unfortunately, very many organic matter impossibly it evaporated without the decomposition, i.e., it transferred into the gas phase. But this it is meant, that them cannot it ionized with electron collision. But among such substances almost everything which composes the living tissue (proteins, DNA, etc.), physiologically active materials, polymers, i.e., all that which is today of special interest. Mass spectrometry did not stand on the spot and last years was developed the special methods of the ionization of such organic compounds. Today are used, in essence, two of them - ionization into the the elektrospreye (ESI) or its subtype - chemical ionization for the atmospheric pressure, and also ionization by laser desorption with the assistance of matrix (MALDI). In the first case the liquid (interesting us connections with the solvent) escapes under the pressure from the narrow capillary with the enormous speed and directly in this jet from the shells of molecules electrons are torn away, converting them into the ions. In method MALDI laser beam pulls out from the surface of target, to which it is substituted model with the specially selected matrix, ions.

Until now we described the methods, used for the ionization of relatively "myakikh" connections, that compose organic material. "soft" it means that so that it would transfer the molecules of organic matter into the ions they were necessary to relatively low energy. For the ionization of inorganic materials (metals, alloys, the rocks so forth.) the use of other methods is required. Of energies of atomic bond in the solid tele- much more and considerably more rigid methods necessarily used so that it would tear these connections and ions were obtained. Many methods of ionization was tested and today only several of them adapt in the analytical mass-spectral practice.

First method, most common, ionization in the so-called inductively connected plasma. The inductively connected plasma (ISP [SINGLE-OWNER COMPANY], ICP) it is formed inside the burner, in which burns, usually, argon. Argon, generally speaking, non-burning gas; therefore so that it would force it it would burn in it they pump into energy, placing the burner into the induction coil. When atoms and molecules fall into the plasma of argon burner, they immediately are converted into the ions. So that it would introduce the atoms and the molecules of the material into their plasma interesting they usually dissolve in the water and pulverize into the plasma in the form by the smallest it weighed. Another method lies in the fact that would convert substance into the gas. For example, this they will make with the aid of the powerful laser beam, which burns out crater in the piece of material substituted under it, converting its small part to the gaseous state (laser ablation).

Another method - this the so-called thermoionization or surface ionization. The analyzing substance it is applied to the delay from the refractory metal, on which is passed the current, which heats it to the high temperature. The substituted substance it is evaporated and is ionized due to the high temperature. This method usually is used in изотопной масс-спектрометрии.

Other two methods can it adapted for the ionization of the materials conducting current. These are spark ionization and ionization in the glow discharge. Without stopping on the details of these methods, let us say only that in the first due to the difference of potentials between kosochkom of the investigated material and by another electrode breaks through the spark, which pulls out from the surface of target ions, but the secondly it is occurred also the very, but due to the so-called glow discharge, ignited between the piece of the conducting material and the electrode in an atmosphere of inert gas, find under the very low pressure (the same argon in the majority of the cases).

Must it noted for those, who yet not osoznal of this, that beginning from the ionic source and to the detector the mass spectrometer is vacuum device. Sufficiently high vacuum ensures the free motion of ions inside the mass spectrometer, and ions it is simply scattered with its absence and they recombine (tyuey prevratyatsya back into the uncharged particles).

Mass analyzers

Thus, we received ions. Since these are the charged particles, we can with the aid of the electric field it extended them from that region, where they were formed. Now, begins the second stage of the masses of spectrometric analysis - sorting of ions throughout the masses (more precise according to the mass ratio to the charge, or m/z), strictly that which giv name to this method. This it is occurred in that part of the mass spectrometer, which is called "mass analyzer".

All mass analyzers use physical laws of the motion of the charged particles. Historically by the first mass analyzer, which is remained unsurpassed according to its characteristics and today, byl magnet. The trajectory of the charged particles in the magnetic it fell it is bent according to physical laws, and radius of curvature is dependent on the mass of particles. Specifically, this is used for the mass analysis of ions. , so that it would increase разрешение, on the way of ions was installed even the electrostatic analyzer. Magnetic mass spectrometers have high resolution and can it was used with all forms of ionization.

In spite of the significant advantages of the contemporary magnetic mass analyzers over rest (record sensitivity, the uniqueness of identification, large working mass range), they possess two basic "deficiencies" - these instruments large both according to the sizes and on the cost. , where cannot it managed without them, by them there is no alternative (organic analysis with the high resolution, analysis изотопных соотношений, high-precision element analysis), but in the contemporary peace there are thousands of analytical applications of a mass spectrometry, for many of them godyatsya the instruments also of smaller caliber.

Scientists in the long period searched for alternative to magnet as the mass analyzer. First of the success of dobilsya the professor of the Stanford university Robert Finnigan, who built in 1967 the first commercial chromate-mass- spectrometer with the quadrupole analyzer. Quadrupole is four rods, to which in pairs in the opposite polarity is fed the specific combination constant and radio-frequency alternating voltage. The ions, which fly in parallel to the axis of these rods, fall into the hyperbolic it fell and it, depending on the relationship of their mass (as always, m/z) and frequency, they are passed by this I will fall or they are not passed further. The creation of quadrupole mass analyzers sufficed by revolution in the mass spectrometry. Magnetic mass spectrometers require the use of high voltages (thousand of volts), but quadrupole no, and this simplifies its construction, the smaller dimensions of vacuum part simplify the system of the creation of vacuum. Mass spectrometers decreased in the sizes, they became more simply in the operation and, that most important, is considerably cheaper, which opened the possibility used this analytical method to many thousands of users. (look also TRACE MS, Automass)

Further development of quadrupole analyzers led to the creation of the "ion trap". One pair of rods was twisted into the ring, and the second pair became ball-shaped cups. Now the combination of radio-frequency and constant stresses, applied to the electrodes of the ion trap, sufficed it allowed it retained ions inside it or it ejected from it. The first ion traps, released by firm Finnigan in 1983, lost even ionic source. The ionization of molecules sufficed it was carried out directly inside the trap. Subsequently, true, from this they refused, having again carry ouied the place, where are created ions, beyond the limits of the ion trap, which proved to be more winning (illustration). First, external with respect to the mass analyzer, ionic source is guaranteed the absence of the samokhimicheskoy ionization, which leads to the distortion of the mass-spectra of electron collision, and in the second place, will make instrument much more universal - possible it analyzed the negative ions, which are formed with dissociative capture of electrons, classical direct introduction possible was used and so forth mass spectrometers on the base of the ion trap with the internal source of ions at present continue he was let out by firm Varian, which acquired license for this mass-spectrometric detector in Finnigan in 1991.

Use of the ion traps giv pulse to the development of the systems of tandem mass spectrometry or MS/MS. MS/MS - this when mass analyzers erect consecutively after each other. Why this was required? Let us suppose we imeyem the matter concerning the complex organic molecule (for example, biochemists they almost always deal concerning similar) and after breaking it into the fragments, we nevertheless not imeyem are sufficient inofrmatsii about its structure. From the ions divided in the first mass analyzer possible it selected those, which are for us of interest, such as means forced they it was pulled down to the smaller fragments and it again sorted out that which was received, throughout the masses. This will be made in the second mass analyzer. In the case of using the magnetic and quadrupole mass analyzers this means that to us necessarily it erected their after each other into the line. But indeed those, who deal with the analysis of complex molecules, encountered with the fact that both two and three sequential mass analyzers sometimes it is not sufficient so that it would decipher their structure. Here here ion trap proved to be right on target. As we already spoke in the ion trap possible it retained the ions, which are of interest, and rest "rejected" from it. The ions left in the trap possible it subjected to disintegration (by manager of fragmentation), registered they, those, which are of interest, left in the trap, it rejected rest, subjected to fragmentation, registered and so forth in instrument LCQ DECA so possible entered 10 times and thus we imeyem system MSY0, in chromate-mass- spectrometer POLARISQ - 5 times (system MSSHCH). But here mass spectrometer MAT 900 XP- ladder or MAT 95 XP- ladder has a double focusing during the first stage (magnet and electrostatic sector) and a trap on the second and can rabotati' as MSYY. Another mass spectrometer TSQ Quantum is "classical" MS/MS by system - two quadrupole analyzers stand consecutively after each other (between them one more, but this is not mass analyzer, but the "camera of collisions").

In reality, today's progress v протеомике in many respects is obliged to the tandem systems LCQ, and from other side, the enormous need of this rapidly developing branch of science stimulates the rapid developments of new instruments and methods of the analysis of biomolecules. Today in this region by the most advanced and extended method of the analysis of stal 2dlc-esi-ms/ms, i.e., two-dimensional micro-column highly effective liquid chromatography- ionization into the the elektrospreye - tandem mass spectrometry, and by the most extended instrument - LCQ (Advantage or DECA XP).

Let us return, however, to other types of mass analyzers. Is one additional type of mass analyzer, as if combined of those two previously described - magnetic and ion trap. This the so-called mass analyzer of ion-cyclotron resonance with the Fourier transform. In this analyzer the ions fly into the strong magnetic it fell and they are revolved there along the cyclic orbits (as in the cyclotron, the particle accelerator). This mass analyzer possesses the definite advantages: has very high resolution, the range of the measured masses is very wide, can it analyzed the ions, obtained by all methods. However, for its work it requires strong magnetic field, and it is meant, the use of an enormous magnet with superconductive solenoydom, pm! - - systran dnt_.block open - >.dderzhivayemym at a very low temperature (liquid helium, approximately - 2"0oS). An example of this mass spectrometer is NewStar.

Recently ever greater popularity acquired "overflight time" (Time Of Flight, TOF) mass analyzers. We previously said that the ions are sorted throughout the masses due to laws governing the motion of the charged particles in it fell (magnetic or electrostatic). And this it is not entirely related to the overflight time analyzers, since in them, exactly, the ions are moved in bespolevom space. Ions from the source are accelerated with electrical I will fall, acquiring sufficiently high kinetic energy, and they depart into the bespolevoye space. At the entrance into this space all ions have identical kinetic energy, and if it recalled by all known formlulu, which expresses the value of the kinetic energy through the mass and speed (E=.mv2/2), then, obviously, depending on mass ions will be it moved with the different speeds and, sootvestvenno, they will reach the detector, located at the end of their pipe it flew in the different time. After registering them and after measuring time, possible it calculated their mass. All processes, about which we here speak tyuey proiskhodyat for the millionth it add by pouringed second. I.e., this mass analyzer very "rapid". On the basis of this mass analyzer possible built very rapid (and чувствительный) mass spectrometer, which can it proved to be very winning, especially with the analysis of the organic matter, which are the mixture of the enormous number of individual connections (for example, oil). An example of this instrument is GC/TOF MS TEMPUS. However, earlier analysts used another advantage of this method - with this analyzer was much more simply obtained very wide mass range, i.e., with its aid the masses of very large molecules easily were measured. This is important for many studies, concentrated on the enormous molecules (with masses of ten and hundreds of thousands of atomic units). But the most suitable method of ionization is that described above MALDI. (look MALDI TOF DYNAMO).

We described the processes of obtaining of ions, sorting to their masses (mass analysis), now to us it remained them anything to pomeryat'. Measuring a mass of ions (m/z) and their quantity on each mass (intensity), we will receive the mass-spectrum, which can, for example, it looked like this shown on the pictures.

Detector

Thus, the last element of the simplified mass spectrometer described by us, is the detector of the charged particles. The first mass spectrometers used as the detector photographic plate. Now are used the dynode secondary-electron multipliers, in which the ion, falling on the first dynode, knocks out from it electron beam, which in turn, falling on the following dynode, knock out of it an even larger quantity of electrons and so forth the different version - fotoumnozhiteliregistriruyushchiye the glow, which appears with the ion bombardment of phosphor. Furthermore, are used microchannel multipliers, systems of the type of diode matrices and collectors, which gather all ions, which fell into this point of space (Faraday's collectors). The interested reader can it turned to the details of the detection of ions into the specialized literature, we not budem stopped at this in more detail.

What there are the mass spectrometers

Thus, mass spectrometers are used for the analysis of organic compounds and inorganic.

Organic matter in the majority of the cases are multicomponent it compounded individual components. For example, it is shown that it smelled fried hen they compose 400 components (i.e., 400 individual organic compounds). Task analysts lies in the fact that it would determine how many components they compose organic matter, it learned what this of the component (it identified them) and it learned how much each connection it was contained in it compounded. Ideal the combination with the mass spectrometry is хроматографии for this. Gassing chromatography as is cannot better for combination with the ionic source of mass spectrometer with the ionization by electron collision or the chemical ionization, since in the column of the chromatograph of connection already tyuey nakhodyatsya in the gas phase. The instruments, in which mass-spectrometric detector is combined with the gas chromatograph, are called chromate-mass- spectrometers.

Many organic compounds impossibly it divided into the components with the aid of gas chromatography, but it is possible with the aid of the liquid chromatography. For the combination of liquid chromatography with the mass spectrometry today use the sources of ionization into the the elektrospreye (ESI) and chemical ionization with atmospheric pressure (APCI), and the combination of liquid chromatographs with the mass spectrometers is called ZHKH/MS or LC/MS on English. Camye the powerful systems for the organic analysis, claimed of contemporary proteomikoy, stroyatsya on the basis of superconducting coil electromagnet and work according to the principle of ion-cyclotron resonance. They also nosyat name FT/MS, since in them is used the Fourier transform of signal.

Most of all they are used for the analysis of element composition масс-спектрометры с индуктивно-связанной плазмой. With the aid of this instrument they determine of what atoms comprised substance. The same method of analysis can it showed isotopic composition. But best anything was measured isotopic composition with the aid of the specialized isotopic instruments.

However, before passing to instruments for measuring the isotopic composition, briefly let us pause at what are isotopes.

Natural and artificial isotopy

Atoms it is consisted of nucleus and electron shells. The properties of atoms are determined by the fact, how many protons (the positively charged elementnarnykh particles) it is contained nucleus. Nucleus besides the protons it is contained and neutrons. Nature was ordered so that with an equal quantity of protons the nucleus can it contained a different quantity of neutrons. Atoms with an identical quantity of protons in the nucleus, but with a different quantity of neutrons differ in the mass to one or several atomic mass units (amu.) and they are called isotopes. The majorities of elements have the specific collection of stable isotopes. Radioactive isotopes are not stable and are decomposed with the formation of stable isotopes. Natural isotope abundance for each element is known. Some elements in prirorde are mono-isotopic, i.e., 100 % for natural prevalence it is to one isotope (for example, Al, Sc, Y, Rh, Nb, etc.), and others have many stable isotopes (S, Ca, Ge, Ru, Pd, Cd, Sn, Xe, Nd, Sa, etc.). In the technological activity the people learned it changed the isotopic composition of elements for the purpose of obtaining any specific properties of materials (for example, U235 it has a capability for spontaneous chain reaction can it was used as the fuel for the atomic power plants or the A-bomb) or use of isotopic markers (for example, in medicine).

Since the masses of isotopes differ, and mass spectrometry it is measured mass, naturally, this method is become most convenient for determining the isotopic composition. At the same time information by the isotopic composition helps it identified organic compounds it allows it gave answers to many questions nachianaya from the determination it increased species for geology and ending with the determination of the falsification of many products and establishment of the place of the origin of goods and raw material.

Mass spectrometers for the isotopic analysis

Mass spectrometers for determining the isotopic composition must it was very precise. For the analysis of the isotopic composition of light elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen sulfur, nitrogen so forth.) ionization by electron collision is used. In this case godyatsya all methods of the introduction of gas phase as in the organic mass spectrometers (DELTAPlus, DELTAPlus XL and MAT2SHCHE).

For the analysis of the isotopes of more heavy elements is used the thermoionization (TRITON TI) or ionization in the inductively connected plasma (NEPTUN, ELEMENT2).

In practice magnetic mass analyzers are used in all types of isotopic mass spectrometers.

Characteristics of mass spectrometers and mass-spectrometric detectors

The most important technical characteristics of mass spectrometers are sensitivity, dynamic range, permission, speed.

Rate of scanning. Mass analyzer, as we showed above, passes ions with the specific relationship of mass and charge in the specific time. So that would analyze all ions it it must it would scan, i.e., the parameters of its field must for the zadanyy time interval it passed all values, necessary for the transmission to the detector of all ions interesting. This skrost' of unwinding field is called rate of scanning and must it was as much as possible (respectively, the time of scanning must it was as less as possible), since the mass spectrometer must it had time it measured signal in short time, for example in the time of the output of chromatographic peak, which can it was 1 second. Magnet is the slowest mass analyzer, the minimum time of its scanning without the special loss of sensitivity comprises it add by pouringed second (MAT 95XP). Quadrupole mass analyzer can it turned spectrum for the tenth it add by pouringed second (TSQ 7000, TRACE DSQ), and the ion trap is still more rapid (POLARIS, LCQADVANTAGE, LCQDECA). But the most rapid mass analyzer is overflight time (TEMPUS). It is capable were written mass-spectra with a velocity of 40,000 per second!

Razresheniye.Naglyadno permission (resolution) possible defined as the possibility of analyzer it divided ions with the adjacent masses or, in other words, was determined the precise mass of ion. For the magnetic mass analyzers, for which peak separation of mass-spectrum it is not dependent on the masses of ions, permission is value equal to M/DM. this value, as a rule, it is determined from 10 % heights of peak. So for example, permission 1000 means that peaks with masses of 100.0 amu. and 100.1 amu are separated from each other, i.e., they are not superimposed up to 10 % heights. For analyzers, whose peak separation changes in the working mass range (the greater the mass, the less the distance), such as quadrupole analyzers, the ion traps, overflight time analyzers, storogo speaking, permission makes another sense the permission, defined as M/DM in this case it kharayeterizuyet specific mass. Makes sense were characterized these mass analyzers in the width of peaks, the value, which is remained constant in entire mass range this width of peaks, usually, it was measured to their 50 % heights. The width of peak on the half-height equal to 1 is not bad index and means that for such instruments this mass analyzer is capable it distinguished the nominal masses, which are differed by one practically in entire its operating range. By nominal mass or mass number is called near to the precise mass of ion integer in the scale of the atomic units of mass. For example, the mass of ion of hydrogen N+ is equal to 1.00787 amu, and its mass number to equal 1. But such mass analyzers, which, in essence, measure the nominal masses, they call the analyzers of poor resolution. We wrote "in essence", because today there are such mass analyzers, which formally otnosyatsya to those being low-resolving, but in reality such no longer appear high technology, first of all quite progressive-minded developer Thermo Finnigan, it already today proposed for the market for analytical equipment the high-resolution quadrupole instruments. So for example, newest TSQQuantum easily works with the width of the peak of mass-spectrum on the half-height 0.1 amu. The knowing people can it objected: "but this width of peak possible was obtained on each quadrupole mass spectrometer!" And they will be right really each quadrupole possible built thus far it evened permissions. But which proizoydet in this case with the signal? Upon transfer from the width of peak on the half-height in 1 amu. to 0.1 amu the value of signal on all quadrupoles upadet practically to two orders in the value. But not on TSQQuantum, on it it is decreased in all to two and one-half of times. The ion traps in the narrow mass range can it worked as the mass spectrometers of high resolution, ensuring, as a minimum, the separation of the peaks, which be distant on 1/4 amu behind each other. Double-focusing mass spectrometers (magnetic and electrostatic), ion-cyclotron resonance - instruments of average or high resolution. Permissions into several thousand also possible attained with the use of overflight time mass analyzers.

Permission is tightly connected with another important characteristic - the accuracy of the measurement of mass. Illustrated the value of this characteristic possible on I will stand an example. The masses of the molecular ions of nitrogen and mono-oxide of carbon are 28.00615 amu. and 27.99491 amu, respectively (both they are characterized by one mass number 28). These ions will be it was recorded by mass spectrometer separately with permission 2500, and the precise value of mass will give answer - which of the gases is recorded. The measurement of precise mass is accessible on the instruments with the double focusing and on the tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer TSQQuantum.

Dynamic range. If we analyze the mixture, which contains 99.99 % of one connection or any element and 0.01% any mixed, we must it was assured that we correctly determine both that and, etc., so that it would be confident in the determination of components in this example, necessarily had the range of linearity into 4 orders. Contemporary mass spectrometers for the organic analysis are characterized by dynamic range into 5-6 orders, and mass spectrometers for the element analysis of 9-10 orders. Dynamic range into 10 orders means that the admixture in was opened it wakes visible even when it is 10 milligrams to 10 tons.

Sensitivity. This is one of the most important characteristics of mass spectrometers. Sensitivity this the value, which shows what quantity of substance necessarily it introduced into the mass spectrometer so that it possible it would be it would detect. For simplicity budem were examined the parameter connected with the sensitivity - the minimum determining quantity of substance, or the detection threshold. The typical value of the threshold of detection of a good chromate-mass- spectrometer, used for the analysis of organic compounds, is 1 picogram with the introduction of 1 microliters of liquid. Give let us present to itself that this similar. If we collect by special shpritsom 1 microliter of liquid (one millionth fraction of liter) and I will let out it to the leaf of clean white paper, then with its examination into the magnifier we will see speck, equal according to the sizes it followed from the prick by thin needle. Now let us visualize that we threw 1 gram of substance (for example, one tablet of aspirin) into 1000 tons of water (for example, into this nemalen'kiy pond with a length of 50 meters, with a width of 10 meters and with a depth of 2 meters). Thoroughly peremeshayem water in the pond, let us collect by shpritsom 1 microliter of this water and zakolem into the chromate-mass- spectrometer. As a result of analysis we will receive the mass-spectrum, which we smozhem compared with the library spectrum and the method it was fingerprint it was convinced of the fact that this is the actually acetylsalicylic acid, otherwise called aspirin.

The limit of the detection of inorganic substances, for example, by the method ICP/MS (ELEMENT2) is still below. Here pond already wakes malovat for the preparation of solution with the concentration, which corresponds to the limit of detection. The limit of detection for ELEMENT2 on the row of metals is 1 ppq (one portion to the quadrillion). This it is meant, that the sensitivity of instrument it is sufficient so that would detect 1 kilogram of metal (for example, it would mercurate, lead so forth.) dissolved in dissolved in lake Baykal for its mixing and complete dissolution)!

In the mass spectrometry of isotopes, for example, sufficient 1000 molecules of the dioxide of carbon (SO2, carbon dioxide) so that would be obtained the signal of carbon. So that it would demonstrate, with what accuracy and isotopic sensitivities isotopic mass spectrometry deals, let us resort to the following allegory. I will assume to one thousand completely identical apples, each of which are weighed 100 grams, are come 11 apples, which weigh to 8 % more, i.e., 108 grams. All these apples are assembled in one bag. This example sootvestvuyet to the relationship of the isotopes of carbon in nature - to 1000 atoms of y2S are fallen 11 atoms of yeS. Isotopic mass spectrometry it is measured relationship, i.e., it is capable it distinguished not simply these 11 apples, but it found among many bags those, in which of 1000 stogrammovykh apples not 11 by stovos'mi of gram, but 10 or 12. This example is very light for the isotopic mass spectrometry, in reality such instruments as DELTAPlus, DELTA Plus XL and MAT2SHCHE are capable was determined the difference into one isotope (one stovos'migrammovoye apple) among ten million atoms (ten million apples).

The most important characteristic with the analysis of organic compounds - this is sensitivity. In order to dostignut' largest possible sensitivity with an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio they come running to the detection on the separate selected ions. Gain in the sensitivity and the selectivity in this case colossal, but with the use of instruments of poor resolution is come it brought in it sacrificed another important parameter - authenticity. Indeed if you recorded only one peak of entire characteristic mass-spectrum, by you was still much it worked, so that it would prove that this peak sootvestvuyet precisely to that component, which interests you. But how it did solve this problem? High resolution on the instruments with the double focusing, where possible it attained high it evened authenticities without sacrificing sensitivity, was used. Or was used the tandem mass spectrometry, when each peak, which corresponds to single ion possible confirmed by the mass-spectrum of daughterly ions. Thus, the organic chromate-mass- spectrometer of high resolution with the double focusing is absolute record holder on the sensitivity. Thus, for instance, the certified characteristic MAT 95 xp it is said, that 2,3,7,8-тетрахлоро-п-дибензодиоксин, introduced through the chromatographic column in a quantity of 10 femtograms will give the peak, which is characterized by signal-to-noise ratio = 40: 1. not dostizhimyy not on what other instrument result! According to the characteristic of the combination of sensitivity with the authenticity of the determination of components after the instruments of high resolution go the ion traps. The classical quadrupole instruments of new generation (TRACE DSQ) have the improved characteristics because of a number of the innovations, used in them, for example, to the use of the bent quadrupole preliminary filter, which prevents contact of neutral particles with detector and, therefore, to reduction in noise.

Why the mass spectrometry is necessary

Deep physical laws, foremost scientific and engineering developments, highly technological vacuum systems, high voltages, the best materials, the high quality of their of treatment, sovremenneyshaya moving rapidly numbering and analog electronics and computer technology, inventive software - here from what is complex contemporary mass spectrometer. And for which all this? For the answer to one of the most important questions of universe - from what is folded the material. But this is a question not of high science, but everyday life of man.

For example, the development of new medicines for the rescuing of man from earlier than incurable diseases and the control of the production of medicines, genetic engineering and biochemistry протеомика. Without the mass spectrometry are unthinkable the control over the illegal propagation of narcotic and psychotropic means, the criminological and clinical analysis of toxic preparations, the analysis of explosives.

The explanation of the source of origin is very important for solving the whole series of the questions: for example, the determination of the origin of explosives helps it found terrorists, narcotics - it fought with their propagation and the ways of their traffic overlapped. Economic national safety is more reliable, if customs services can not only it confirmed by analyses in the doubtful cases the country of the origin of goods, but also its sootvestviye to the declared form and to quality. But анализ нефтей и нефтепродуктов it is necessary not only for the optimization of the processes of petroleum refining or to geologists for looked new petroleum fall, but also so that it would determine guilty of the floods petroleum spots in the ocean or on the earth.

In the epoch the "chemicalization of agriculture" by the very important of stal a question about the presence of trace quantities of used chemical means (for example, pesticides) in the foodstuffs. In scanty quantities these substances can it did irreparable damage to human health.

A whole series of technogenic (i.e., not existing in nature, but appeared as a result of industrial human activity) substances they are supers-toxicant (having the toxic, cancerogenic or harmful for human health action in the lowest possible concentrations). An example is well known диоксин.

Existence of nuclear power engineering is unthinkable without the mass spectrometry. With its aid it is determined the degree of the enrichment of the split materials and their cleanliness.

Certainly and medicine it is not managed without mass spectrometry. The isotopic mass spectrometry of carbon atoms it is used for straight medical diagnostics of the infection of man Helicobacter Pylori and is most reliable of all methods of diagnostics.

With difficulty represented the region of the human activity, where the places for mass spectrometry would not be located. Let us be limited simply by the enumeration: biokhimiyaklinicheskaya chemistry, general chemistry and organic chemistry is pharmaceutics, cosmetic perfumery, food industry chemical synthesis, petroleum chemistry and nefteperarabotka environmental monitoring, the production of polymers and plastics medicine and toxicology, criminology dopingovyy control, the inspection of narcotic drugs the control of alcoholic beverages, geochemistry, geology, hydrology petrography, mineralogy geochrony, archaeology, the nuclear industry and power engineering semiconductor industry, metallurgy.

Applications of a mass spectrometry of system V3JX-mass- spectrometer, the Chromate-mass- spectrometers of column for VEZHKH, mass spectrometers for the element and isotopic analysis, liquid chromatography mass spectrometers for the isotopic analysis

--Jvraba 18:14, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Russian mass spectrometrists
Russians really clean English speakers' clock when it comes to mass spectrometry.

Easy to understand version
I thought this would make no sense to a non-chemist, and chemists probably already know how it works, so I added a fairly easy to understand explanation. I think it's worth keeping and expanding.

Page reorganization
This would really benefit from a re-organization. Look at the Wikipedia entry for Quantum Mechanics for an idea of what a good page looks like.

Page is now more organized. Please give input on how to organize even better.

GC-MS vs. GC/MS
Although it may look a bit nitpicking I'ld like to suggest to use the character "/" instead of "-" for the designation of coupled techniques like GC and MS, LC and UV, CE and MS etc. The hyphen is used for a more detailed description, e.g. electrospray-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), chemical ionization-mass spectromery (CI-MS) or time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). The slash indicates different analytical techniques, like GC/MS/MS or LC/APCI-MS. This might clarify the used abbreviation and it is common practice among analytical chemists.

As a technical writer, I concur with the author's dash vs. slash comment (above). See the Wikipedia Manual of Style. -mdf

As a mass spectrometrist I use GC-MS for hyphenated technique (more separation) and GC/MS when dissociation is used to get structural information. This implies: (1) it is always MS/MS. (2)in general it is GC/MS with EI source and GC-MS with soft ionization. In any case TOF-MS should be changed to TOFMS or just TOF. I think these are the official IUPAC rules. Kehrli 18:00, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Definition
I really think the definition is kind of confusing and somewhat misleading. It also leaves out quantitative aspects of mass spectrometry. It could both be simpler and more accurate and more complete. What do you think??

Definition updated. Any input or criticism?

Interpretation
I read the article posted here for Mass spectrometry and use a ESI mass spec, but I am not familiar with the term 'Wilkinson ion'. Could some one please explain what a Wilkinson ion is?

Orbitrap
It was nice to see the addition of the Orbitrap. Could someone expand on this in an Orbitrap article.

Merge with Mass Spectrum????
I disagree. I think the mass spectrum page discusses some important details of a mass spectra that should not be discussed in detail on a subject page such as this (Mass Spectrometry). Mass Spectrometry is a large field and must be addressed in subsections to be most clear and relevant. I would maybe suggest a data types section here breifly touching on and pointing to a larger articles regarding things such as "mass Spectrum", "single ion chromatogram", "mass chromatogram", "Total ion chromatogram", "precursor ion scan", "Contour map", etc. It is not clear to many scientists even that mass spectrometry can produce data other than a mass spectrum.

Don't merge. Mass spectrometry is already too long. There are details in mass spectrum that require a separate page. If anything, mass spectrometer should be exported from mass spectrometry. Kehrli 18:12, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

As someone who works in the industry, I agree with above... The term Mass Spectra or Spectrum should have its own place in the Wiki. The spectra is a result of the technique and as such should be cross referenced. I also agree that Mass Spectrometer should be divided and have we looked to subdivide based on ionization or mass analyzer type? (Ken Weir, Malrboro MA, USA)

Molecules vs. Atoms
The English version of this entry states, "Different molecules have different masses, and this fact is used in a mass spectrometer to determine what molecules are present in a sample." Is mass spectrometry concerned more with atomic masses than molecular masses? I would expect the sentence to read,

"Different atoms have different masses. Atomic mass is what the mass spectrometer measures to determine the atoms present in a sample."

 * By far most modern mass spectrometry is concerned with molecular compounds rather than atoms. Mass spectrometry of whole proteins (which contain thousands of atoms to form giant molecular compounds) is not uncommon today. The nobel prize in chemistry was given for the technologies that enabled large biomolecule mass spectrometry (read electrospray and MALDI for more info). The earliest forms of mass spectrometry and the ones most often taught at the fundamental level were strictly atomic, however this is the exception and not the rule today. Mass spectrometry is also performed on non-covalent complexes (several compounds that are associated but not attached by a covalent chemical bond) which are clearly not atoms and can be a stretch to call them molecules. Even more problematic are some cases of mass spectrometry of whole living organisms such as virii. For simplicity's sake I think molecule is a general enough term that is simple and clear without being entirely inaccurate. Also note that this is in the "layman's" explanation and is an example. In the definition the term ion is used which is more general, inclusive and correct but is less easily understood especially since it does not include how you get said ions in the first place.

 * Sort of unrelated but incorrect is that sodium chloride is used as the example molecule where sodium chloride is not a moleclue but an ionic compound and is less molecular than an atom in my mind. I have therefore changed it from molecule to chemical to be both correct, simple and even more inclusive. An atom is clearly a chemical. I have also changed molecular weight to atomic weight since the example used involves sodium and chloride ions which are atomic ions.

Could the m/q vandal please stop
Look if you want to push m/q do it on the mass-to-charge ratio discussion page. I know you probably have an agenda to correct the entire world but please don't try to redefine convention on wikipedia! In the field of mass spectrometry m/z is used except when dealing with physics where m/q is not uncommon but does not refer to the same thing! m/q is the mass to charge ratio in the true sense not in the MS sense. Yes I know there are some efforts to correct all this but reflect it as an effort and not as convention. Push your agenda in a peer reviewed journal and with IUPAC please but not here.--134.9.228.11 23:51, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Mass Spectrometry / Mass Spectrum / Mass-to-charge Ratio Page Merge Discussion
See Talk:Mass-to-charge_ratio for argument in favor of merging mass-to-charge ratio with mass spectrum and against merging mass spectrum with mass spectrometry.

 * --Kmurray 02:58, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Formatting
I'm not so sure that the reformating of the mass analyzer section was a good idea since the novice reader may not recognize that there are three sections to instrumentation with the mass analyzer section having several subsections. I agree with instrumentation being one super section but there is no sub-sub-section format. Previously we used italics for each mass analyzer subsubsection. Just some thoughts. --Nick Y. 19:31, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Re: Formatting
I was trying to emulate the cricket page, which was an example in the style manual of dealing with large pages (the "for more details.." template is useful). I agree that the instrumentation subsections (source, analyzer, detector) should be parallel. The source/ionization methods and detectors could be split out in the main page or split into subpages and analyzer parts folded into a short paragraph with more detail in subpage. Many sections are getting big enough to split out into stand-alone articles. It's a good time to think about organization.
 * --Kmurray 20:45, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Merge with Mass Spectrum????
I have removed the merge tag as this acticle is really very long. However, I have added modified the Application part and add a link to Mass Spectrum, which will let the readers don't miss anything, anyways. Shrimp wong 03:06, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Nobel Prize Issue
I have removed the section below, because:
 * it is not quite neutral WP:NPOV
 * it is original research WP:OR
 * it is too irrelevant to take up half of the history section
 * it is already discussed in the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization article

" The choice of Tanaka to receive the Nobel Prize for this work over Hillenkamp and Karas is a contentious issue to some people in the field. The two methodologies are remarkably similar yet significantly different. The work of Hillenkamp and Karas is fundamentally the same as the current implementation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization which is now ubiquitous in mass spectrometry. Hillenkamp and Karas also demonstrated exceptionally well the importance of this new technique. The work of Tanaka is similar and even his protein spectrum was published earlier in a poster in Japan, the work of Hillenkamp and Karas specifically was the development of MALDI itself. They worked with aminoacids first and later with proteins publishing several sicentific papers during the MALDI development and a paper showing a protein spectrum the same year of Tanaka. The work of Tanaka on SLD may have never come to prominence or become particularly useful without further improvement. That is why there is controversy about the Nobel 2002 in chemistry. In addition, the German researchers have kept working in the study of the MALDI-ionization process as well in the improvement of the technique. The choice of John Fenn to receive the Nobel Prize is not controversial, however electrospray processes had been studied for most of the twentieth century and the concept of ESI-MS was proposed nearly twenty years earlier by Malcolm Dole. "

 * #1 fine. #2 is bogus dogma too often used to quash valuable content. #3 I disagree, what's more relevant than the conception of the method? #4 fair enough. --Belg4mit 02:46, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Nomenclature
I just added the synonym mass spectroscopy, but would like to see something about the different names. I'd never heard the term "mass spectrometry" until today. I imagine spectrometry is used as it's more accurate to say one is measuring the spectrum than looking at it. --Belg4mit 02:37, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your input. It is an ommision that was a real oversight. I think the term needs to be included as a synonym; however, it is generally considered incorrect and is provisionally deprecated by IUPAC. You are essentially right in your reasoning as to why this is so. Spectroscopy by all definitions I have ever seen specifically refers to the interaction of matter with energy. At one point it was light, then electromagnetic radiation, then electrons and phonons etc. Now it is generally energy, energy into or out of a molecular or atomic system. Mass spectrometry does not fundamentally study such processes. It is a measuring technique not unlike a balance. It measures the change in inertia given a force. --Nick Y. 18:58, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the "(incorrect)" designation is itself incorrect. Deprecated is the proper term, fixed accordingly. --Belg4mit 23:38, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The reference provided deprecates the term because it is fundamentally incorrect. Mass-spec is fundamentally not a form of spectroscopy. Every definition of spectroscopy I have ever seen which is reasonably well accepted specifically excludes mass spectrometry. "Mass Spectrometry Desk Reference (Paperback)by David O. Sparkman" is a less authoritative source that is more emphatic (not avaiable on line). A review of the book here does indicate that the use of the term mass spectroscopy is incorrect. In the book he explains why. The IUPAC document uses this text as a source. The term, however, has a long history of misuse. There is a general concensus that the term is incorrect in the mass spectrometry community. There is continued use of this term primarily is papers where the mass spectrometry is incidental or tangential to the work such as in biology or medical journals. We should recognize its use but it is fundamentally incorrect and officially deprecated by IUPAC for that reason.--Nick Y. 02:01, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Sensitivity
Great article! Very useful.

One thing that seems missing is discussion of how sensitive these things are and what sample size they need.

I was speculating about the recent Alexander Litvinenko poisoning with Polonium-210 and presuming that one could use a Mass Spectrometer to date the age of the Polonium-210 as it decays to Lead-206 with a half-life of only 138 days. One might thereby deduce on which day the Polonium had been created (it's a synthetic isotope). However the question of how big a sample one might need - and how sensitive the results might be came up and I was unable to find an answer.

SteveBaker 14:01, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The issue of sensitivity is complicated by all of the different types of samples and molecules and types of mass spectrometry. It is difficult to make broad limit of detection statements because of this. In other words this is definately an expert topic with details that are very specific to any given situation. Your example would contain a complex matrix (blood/tissue) that might completely destroy any hope of a successful analysis for some approaches. However, because you are interested in an element and not a molecules it might be possible to use an inductively coupled plasma source to break all chemical bonds while ionizing resulting in a simple mixture of C,N,O,H,S,P,Fe,Cu etc. and Po ions. There are mass spectrometers that can essentially count individual atomic ions but are not versatile and can cost millions to repurpose to do an outstanding job for this purpose. The question then becomes what the background is like. Since there is background Po out there a single Po ion doesn't mean anything. In all likelyhood they are using somthing less fancy than I am talking about. The issue of isotope ratios is definately being analyzed by MS. They are certainly getting some of the information you are assuming they are however you need to take into account the initial purity etc. How much lead was created by other processes?? The accuracy of the ratio data may also be an issue depending on the MS being used. The short answer to your question is yes it can be done. We have the technology. Most likely they are using slightly less than optimal approaches that get the job done. A few million dollars and a couple years and they could do an even better job.--Nick Y. 20:40, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Many thanks! That's most illuminating. SteveBaker 23:47, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

SIMS
Regarding the removal of SIMS for the ionization source section: Secondary ionization mass spectrometry consists of two parts that are generally collectively referred to as SIMS. Secondary ionization is always a part of SIMS and does not stand alone. Secondary ionization is a means of ionization and is not related to fragmentation of tandem mass spectrometry and is not "an analysis method to detect fragments of parent compounds". The secondary part come from that the sample is bombarded with heavy ions such as Cs+ which then results in ionization of the sample. This is the first ionization process that the sample sees. Chemical ionization also uses ions to ionize the sample but in a totally different way. They are both means of ionizing samples.--Nick Y. 19:57, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Bainbridge mass spectrometer
Bainbridge mass spectrometer is an orphan article and I'm wondering if it fits into this article.  Squids 'and' Chips  01:35, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually this article would be most appropriately placed in Sector instrument and particularly in the history section. Kenneth Tompkins Bainbridge was an early mass spectrometry innovator in the 1920's and 30's. His collaborator, Alfred Nier probably contributed more to the development of mass spectrometers over time, carrying on the work for many years later into the 1940's. I can not confirm the exact configuration of the instrument described but it sounds reasonable. I am certain that the instrument was a sector type instrument. Most probably it was a single magnetic sector and probably 180 degree ion path. I am not particularly aware of the term "Bainbridge mass spectrometer" however I have more frequently seen "Bainbridge type mass spectrometer" in historical literature which I take not to be a specific name but a reference to Bainbridge's work and to note the similarity. I also think that if this was a common name at one point it has clearly faded into being lumped in with other sector instruments. A merge and redirect of the current article would be appropriate. As I said above I have not taken the time to verify the contents of teh article but I am answering your question. It goes with Sector instrument.--Nick Y. 22:31, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I made this move. Also, should Sector instrument be Sector mass spectromer (I think that the latter is more clear). Also, article needs refs. --Kkmurray 22:43, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Mass spectrometer types section
This section has some issues. The first four entries are simply types of ion sources and are already covered in the ion sources section. The others are a mishmash of what is not covered elsewhere. GC/MS, LC/MS, IMS/MS and MS/MS used to be in a hyphenated techniques section which seemed appropriate, although not really that meaningful. Accelerator mass spectrometry is really a form of sector instrument although it is different enough and unique enough that we need to cover it somehow. I don't really consider LC/MS to be a type of mass spectrometry. It is just a mass spectrometer with an LC on the front. Still very important. I would groups LC/MS and GC/MS together under chromatography combined with MS. IMS/MS might fit in there too since if you call it other separation techniques combined with MS. AMS might fit under applications? But I really don't know what we should do with it. Tandem mass spectrometry is probably deserving of its own section. On the sources perhaps we need an expanded sources section rather than just a list but it could grow really fast. Or for that matter if we star trying to cover every possible combination of source, analyzer, detector, combined with every sort of up front separation technique. What do you think?--Nick Y. 19:09, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I was bold and reorganized along the lines of above. Please discuss. Maybe there is a better solution. I am uncertain about keeping the Specific mass spectrometers section due to consistency/possibility of uncontrolled growth.--Nick Y. 19:16, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I am all for getting rid of the Specific mass spectrometer types section. It's really just some additional applications. The applications section could also use some reorganization. For example 8.4 through 8.9 are biological MS and 8.5 through 8.9 are specifically peptides and proteins. Combining could cut the sub-areas to a half-dozen or so (atomic, bio, imaging, space, environmental). --Kkmurray 15:47, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I like your ideas regarding the applications section but the way the formatting works on wikipedia does not allow for very clear sub-sub-sections. I think the protein sections need to be lumped together somehow though due to much overlap.--Nick Y. 17:15, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes. Lump and cut. Move non-redundant stuff to appropriate sub-pages (where they exist). This opens a lot of worm cans, but it needs to be done --Kkmurray 22:14, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM)
Could someone please describe multiple reaction monitoring and include it on the MS page, or otherwise? All I know is that it is a widely used technique especially in pharmacokinetics, and involves targeting the mass of a small molecule and verifying its presence by the presence of predicted m/z daughter ions. Thanks! 128.187.0.164 16:55, 6 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes it is almost the same as SRM but with several daughter ions being used.--Nick Y. 18:31, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

what to call the new protein MS page
I think we all want to cut and lump the protein applications into a new sub page. But what do we call this page. We can call it protein mass spectrometry which seems to be consistent with some similar types of pages. We could also call it mass spectrometry of proteins which is consistent with other naming conventions. There is a proteomics page but is not the right place for everything here. --Nick Y. 18:29, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Definitely protein mass spectrometry. That parallels Isotope ratio mass spectrometry,secondary ion mass spectrometry, etc. --Kkmurray 12:56, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Done.--Nick Y. 18:33, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Maximum entropy spectral analysis
This article has been requested. Could someone knowledgeable in the field write up a stub? Thanks--Cronholm144 10:50, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Stub started. MOst of the meat is and should remain in principle of maximum entropy.--Nick Y. 18:01, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

why we are doing MS/MS
WHAT IS THE REASON THAT WE ARE DOING MS/MS —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.187.199.78 (talk) 08:02, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * MS/MS is here: Tandem mass spectrometry. See the references and bibliography for more info. Also see WP:TALK for talk page guidelines. --Kkmurray 23:53, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mass spectrometry/Archive 1


text:
Münster (disambiguation)

Münster is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, where the Peace of Westphalia was signed.

Münster or Muenster may also refer to:

Places

 * Münster, Tyrol, a town in the district of Kufstein in Austria
 * Muenster, Saskatchewan, a village in central Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Munster, Haut-Rhin, a commune in the Haut-Rhin department, France
 * Munster, a province in Ireland

Germany

 * Münster (electoral district)
 * Münster (region), a Regierungsbezirk of North Rhine-Westphalia, surrounding the city of Münster
 * Prince-Bishopric of Münster, a former state of the Holy Roman Empire
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Münster, a bishopric
 * Münster, Lower Saxony, a small town in the district of Heidekreis
 * Münster, Hesse, a village in the district of Darmstadt-Dieburg
 * Münster, Bavaria, a town in the district of Donau-Ries
 * FH Münster, a German university in Münster and Steinfurt
 * Neumünster, a town in Schleswig-Holstein
 * University of Münster

Switzerland

 * Münster (Bern), a Swiss Reformed cathedral in Bern
 * Münster, Valais, a village
 * Münster-Geschinen, a former municipality
 * Münster, the German name of Moutier, canton of Bern
 * Münster or Müstair, a village in Val Müstair, Inn, Graubünden

United States

 * Munster, Illinois
 * Munster, Indiana
 * Muenster, Texas

Other uses

 * Münster (surname), German-language surname
 * Münster (church), an honorific title given to particular churches in German-speaking regions
 * Munster cheese, a French cheese
 * Muenster cheese, an American cheese
 * Treaty of Münster (disambiguation), two treaties signed in 1648

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Münster (disambiguation)


text:
Union Square, Manhattan

Union Square is a historic intersection and surrounding neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City, United States, located where Broadway and the former Bowery Road – now Fourth Avenue – came together in the early 19th century. Its name denotes that "here was the union of the two principal thoroughfares of the island". The current Union Square Park is bounded by 14th Street on the south, 17th Street on the north, and Union Square West and Union Square East to the west and east respectively. 17th Street links together Broadway and Park Avenue South on the north end of the park, while Union Square East connects Park Avenue South to Fourth Avenue and the continuation of Broadway on the park's south side. The park is maintained by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.

Adjacent neighborhoods are the Flatiron District to the north, Chelsea to the west, Greenwich Village to the southwest, East Village to the southeast, and Gramercy Park to the east. Many buildings of The New School are near the square, as are several dormitories of New York University. The eastern side of the square is dominated by the four Zeckendorf Towers, and the south side by the full-square-block mixed-use One Union Square South, which contains a wall sculpture and digital clock titled Metronome. Union Square Park also contains an assortment of art, including statues of George Washington, Marquis de Lafayette, Abraham Lincoln, and Mahatma Gandhi.

Union Square is part of Manhattan Community District 5 and its primary ZIP Code is 10003. It is patrolled by the 13th Precinct of the New York City Police Department. The New York City Subway's 14th Street–Union Square station, served by the, is located under Union Square.

Development
Prior to the area's settlement, the area around present-day Union Square was farmland. The western part of the site was owned by Elias Brevoort, who later sold his land to John Smith in 1762; by 1788 it had been sold again to Henry Spingler (or Springler). On the eastern part of the land were farms owned by John Watts and Cornelius Williams. The northwestern corner of the park site contained 1 acre of land owned by the Manhattan Bank, which supposedly was a "refuge" for businesses during New York City's yellow fever epidemics.

When John Randel was surveying the island in preparation for the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, the Bloomingdale Road (now Broadway) angled away from the Bowery at an acute angle. Because it would have been difficult to develop buildings upon this angle, the Commissioners decided to form a square at the union. In 1815, by act of the state legislature, this former potter's field became a public commons for the city, at first named Union Place. Union Place originally was supposed to extend from 10th to 17th Streets. Several city officials objected that Union Place was too large and requested that it be "discontinued", and in 1814, the New York State Legislature acted to downsize the area by making 14th Street the southern boundary.

Residential neighborhood
In 1831, at a time when the city was quickly expanding and the surrounding area was still sparsely developed, Samuel Ruggles, one of the founders of the Bank of Commerce and the developer of Gramercy Park to the northeast, convinced the city to rename the area "Union Square". In doing so, Ruggles also got the city to enlarge the commons to 17th Street on the north and extend the axis of University Place to form the square's west side, thus turning the common from a triangular to a rectangular area. By 1832, the area had been renamed Union Square. Ruggles obtained a fifty-year lease on most of the surrounding lots from 15th to 19th Streets, where he built sidewalks and curbs. In 1834, he convinced the Board of Aldermen to enclose and grade the square, then sold most of his leases and in 1839 built a four-story house facing the east side of the Square. The park at Union Square was completed and opened in July 1839.

A fountain was built in the center of Union Square to receive water from the Croton Aqueduct, completed in October 1842. In 1845, as the square finally began to fill with affluent houses, $116,000 was spent in paving the surrounding streets and planting the square, in part owing to the continued encouragement of Ruggles. The sole survivors of this early phase, though they have been much adapted and rebuilt, are a series of three- and four-story brick rowhouses, 862–866 Broadway, at the turn where Broadway exits the square at 17th Street. The Everett House on the corner of 17th Street and Fourth Avenue (built 1848, demolished 1908) was for decades one of the city's most fashionable hotels. In the early years of the park, a fence surrounded the square's central oval planted with radiating walks lined with trees. In 1872, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were called in to replant the park, as an open glade with clumps of trees.

Initially, the square was largely residential: the Union League Club first occupied a house loaned for the purpose by Henry G. Marquand at the corner of 17th Street and Broadway. After the Civil War the neighborhood became largely commercial, and the square began to lose social cachet at the turn of the twentieth century, with many of the old mansions being demolished. Tiffany & Co., which had moved to the square from Broadway and Broome Street in 1870, left its premises on 15th Street to move uptown to 37th Street in 1905; the silversmiths Gorham Company moved up from 19th Street in 1906. The last of the neighborhood's free-standing private mansions, Peter Goelet's at the northeast corner of 19th Street, made way for a commercial building in 1897.

 The Rialto
The Rialto, New York City's first commercial theater district, was located in and around Union Square beginning in the 1870s. It was named after Venice's Rialto, a commercial district. The first facility to open within the Union Square Rialto was the Academy of Music, which opened at Irving Place in 1854. The theater district gradually relocated northward, into less expensive and undeveloped uptown neighborhoods, and eventually into the current Theater District.

Before the Civil War, theatres in New York City were primarily located along Broadway and the Bowery up to 14th Street, with those on Broadway appealing more to the middle and upper classes and the Bowery theatres attracting immigrant audiences, clerks and the working class. After the war, the development of the Ladies' Mile shopping district along Fifth and Sixth Avenues above 14th Street had the effect of pulling the playhouses uptown, so that a "Rialto" theatrical strip came about on Broadway between 14th and 23rd Streets, between Union Square and Madison Square.

At the same time, a transition from stock companies, in which a resident acting company was based around a star or impresario, to a "combination" system, in which productions were put together on a one-time basis to mount a specific play, expanded the amount of outside support needed to service the theatrical industry. Thus, suppliers of props, costumes, wigs, scenery, and other theatrical necessities grew up around the new theatres. The new system also needed an organized way to engage actors for these one-off productions, so talent brokers and theatrical agents sprang up, as did theatrical boardinghouses, stage photographers, publicity agencies, theatrical printers and play publishers. Along with the hotels and restaurants which serviced the theatregoers and shoppers of the area, the Union Square Rialto was, by the end of the century, a thriving theatrical neighborhood, which would soon nonetheless migrate uptown to what became known as "Broadway" as the Rialto became subsumed into the more vice-oriented Tenderloin entertainment district.

Office and wholesale district
By the first decade of the 20th century, Union Square had grown into a major transportation hub with several elevated and surface railroad lines running nearby, and the New York City Subway's 14th Street–Union Square station having opened in 1904. With the northward relocation of the theater district, Union Square also became a major wholesaling district with several loft buildings, as well as numerous office buildings. The office structures included the Everett Building, erected at the northwest corner of Park Avenue South and 17th Street in 1908; the Germania Life Insurance Company Building, erected at the northeast corner of the same intersection in 1910–1911;  and the Consolidated Edison Building, constructed three blocks south at 14th Street between 1910 and 1914. Existing houses were also converted into stores, including a pair of merchants' houses on the east side of the park at 16th Street in 1916.

During this era, many of the older homes on Union Square were converted into tenements for immigrants and industrial workers. Numerous artists relocated into the attics of the remaining mansions along 14th Street, where they had their studios. The 1939 WPA Guide to New York City said that by the 1920s, the "south side of Fourteenth Street became virtually an ex-tension of Greenwich Village". Further, real estate values around Union Square had declined by the 1920s, with "burlesque houses, shooting galleries, and shoddy businesses" lining the square. Throughout the decade, most buildings on the eastern part of the square were purchased by department stores S. Klein and Ohrbach's. Real estate activity resumed in the late 1920s, and according to a 1928 piece in The New York Times, “several smaller operations are planned or are under way in the neighborhood". By then, at least eight banks had opened locations on the western and eastern sides of the park.

1910s and 1920s renovation

City officials announced in 1910 that they would install a firefighters' memorial near the northern end of the park. The same year, there was a failed proposal to construct a courthouse within the park. As part of the Dual Contracts, workers began constructing the 14th Street–Union Square station, on the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company's Broadway Line, under the park in 1913. The station was built using an open cut method, and a 120 ft strip of land, running diagonally through Union Square Park, was closed and excavated. By late 1913, large portions of Union Square Park had been demolished as part of the construction of the Broadway Line's Union Square station. New York City's parks commissioner promised members of the public that the park would be remodeled after the station was finished. The station had been completed by early 1916, and workers began restoring the section of Union Square Park above the 14th Street station.

The city's park commissioner Francis D. Gallatin proposed relocating the park's Washington, Lincoln, and Lafayette statues in 1922 to bring the Washington statue closer to the center of the park. A group of sculptors approved his proposal the same month. In 1927, the Municipal Art Society approved plans for a renovation of the park, which was to include a covered parking area at the north end of the park.

To make way for a further expansion of the Union Square subway station, the park was raised by about 3 ft as part of a renovation during the late 1920s. The plans, announced in June 1929, also included relocating several statues and building a concert plaza with a bandstand at the park's northern end. There were also plans to relocate the Washington statue to Washington Square Park, although this proposal was opposed. Although the city decided to keep the Washington statue in Union Square Park, the statue was relocated to the southeast corner to make way for a flagpole honoring former Tammany Hall leader Charles F. Murphy. Landscaping of the park was delayed by the construction of the subway mezzanine below it. The park's renovation was nearly completed by mid-1931; the last construction contract, for the bandstand, was awarded that August. After building the bandstand, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation could not afford to landscape the park. As a result, civic groups started landscaping the park for free in June 1932.

Late 20th century
Most of the neighborhood's largest retailers, such as Ohrbach's and Hearn's, had relocated by the 1950s, and the area began to decline. One of the last major retailers on Union Square, S. Klein, closed in 1975. The S. Klein site remained vacant until 1983, when William Zeckendorf leased the site for the Zeckendorf Towers development. The New York Times wrote at the time, "The former S. Klein store, boarded up since 1975, is a melancholy monument to a once-thriving commercial district."

In 1982, a $1.5 million refurbishment of Union Square Park was announced. At the time, the park was frequented by drug users because of its tall hedges, and many of the benches, lights, and statues had been vandalized. The first phase of the renovation, which cost $3.6 million, was completed in May 1985. The renovations included removing hedges, increasing lighting, and erecting new subway entrances. The renovation of Union Square, along with the construction of the Zeckendorf Towers, caused real-estate values in the area to increase. By 1987, there were plans to close off two blocks of the little-used Union Square West to make way for an expansion of the park. This plan was not carried out at the time due to a lack of funds. When the idea of closing Union Square West was again proposed in 1996, local business owners opposed the proposal because the park had become extremely popular, causing vehicular traffic in the neighborhood to increase significantly. Union Square was named a National Historic Landmark in 1997, primarily to honor it as the site of the first Labor Day parade. Mayor Rudy Giuliani announced plans in early 1998 to spend $2.6 million on expanding the park, following advocacy from area residents. The expansion consisted of a pocket park in a traffic island at the southeast corner of Union Square, which was completed in 2000.

21st century
Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, Union Square became a primary public gathering point for mourners. People created spontaneous candle and photograph memorials in the park and vigils were held to honor the victims. At the time, non-emergency vehicles were temporarily banned and pedestrian travel was restricted in Lower Manhattan below 14th Street.

In March 2008, an eighteen-month renovation began on the northern end of the park. The renovation was controversial because of disagreements over whether to place a restaurant in the pavilion at the north end of the park. A New York Supreme Court judge approved the renovation of the park's north end in April 2008 but placed an injunction temporarily banning the city from renovating the pavilion. In early 2009, a judge dismissed the lawsuit against the renovation, allowing a seasonal restaurant in the pavilion. CMS Architecture and Design was hired in 2011 to design the restaurant in the pavilion. The Pavilion restaurant opened in Union Square Park in May 2014, following years of disputes.

In 2021, the Union Square Partnership proposed spending $100 million to overhaul Union Square. The plan entailed closing off adjacent streets to increase the park's size by 33%, as well as adding benches and lighting, improving restrooms, and refurbishing a dog run in the park itself.

Surrounding buildings
There are several notable buildings surrounding Union Square. Clockwise from southwest, they are:
 * Lincoln Building at Union Square West and 14th Street, a city landmark that is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
 * Spingler Building (also Springler Building) at 5–9 Union Square West
 * 15 Union Square West (former Tiffany & Co. Building)
 * Bank of the Metropolis at 31 Union Square West, a city landmark and a NRHP listing
 * Decker Building at 33 Union Square West, a city landmark and a NRHP listing
 * Century Building (Barnes & Noble) at 33 East 17th Street, on the north side of Union Square, a city landmark and a NRHP listing
 * Everett Building at 45 East 17th Street, on the north side of Union Square, a city landmark
 * W New York Union Square (former Germania Life Insurance Company Building) at 50 Union Square East/105 East 17th Street, a city landmark and a NRHP listing
 * 44 Union Square East (former Tammany Hall Building), a city landmark
 * Daryl Roth Theatre (former Union Square Savings Bank) at 20 Union Square East, a city landmark
 * Zeckendorf Towers at 1 Union Square East, a condominium complex on the former site of the bargain-priced department store S. Klein
 * One Union Square South (Davis Brody Bond, 1999), features a kinetic wall sculpture and digital clock expelling bursts of steam, titled Metronome.

In addition, the Consolidated Edison Building is located one block east of the Zeckendorf Towers. The Century Association clubhouse is located on 15th Street between Irving Place and Union Square East.

Art and sculpture
Union Square contains a large equestrian statue of U.S. President George Washington, modeled by Henry Kirke Brown and unveiled in 1856. Located at the south end of the park, it was the first public sculpture erected in New York City since the equestrian statue of George III in 1770, and the first American equestrian sculpture cast in bronze.

The Marquis de Lafayette, at Union Square East and 16th Street, was modeled by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and dedicated in 1876, the 100th anniversary of U.S. independence.

The statue of Abraham Lincoln, modeled by Henry Kirke Brown (1870), is located near the north end of the park.

A statue of Mahatma Gandhi in the southwest corner of the park was added in 1986.

The Union Square Drinking Fountain (1881) near Union Square West, also known as the James Fountain, is a Temperance fountain with the figure of Charity who empties her jug of water, aided by a child. It was donated by Daniel Willis James and sculpted by Adolf Donndorf.

The Charles F. Murphy Memorial Flagpole, also known as the Independence Flagstaff, was cast in 1926 and dedicated in 1930 to mark the 150th anniversary of U.S. independence. It is located in the center of the park.

In October 2023, an outdoor version of the sculpture N.Y.C. Legend by the Swedish artist Alexander Klingspor, featuring a New York sewer alligator, was unveiled in the square by Queen Silvia of Sweden.

A double line of trees is planted along 17th Street, and a corresponding plaque installed nearby, as a monument to victims of the Armenian genocide.

Public markets
In 1976, the Council on the Environment of New York City (now GrowNYC) established the Greenmarket program, which provided regional small-family farmers with opportunities to sell their fruits, vegetables and other farm products at open-air markets in the city. There were originally seven farmers at the first Greenmarket, and their selection sold out by noon. That summer, two more markets opened in New York City. Despite some backlash from local merchants and supermarkets who believed the Greenmarket was cutting into their profits, more markets opened in the city.

Today, the Union Square Greenmarket, the best known of the markets, is held year-round on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays between 8 am and 6 pm. The market is served by a number of regional farmers, as the average distance between farmers and the market is 90 mi. During peak seasons, the Greenmarket serves more than 250,000 customers per week, who purchase more than one thousand varieties of fruits and vegetables can be found at the Greenmarket; and the variety of produce available is much broader than what is found in a conventional supermarket.

Union Square hosts the Union Square Holiday Market every November and December, in which more than 150 vendors sell handcrafts. Around two million people visit the Holiday Market annually. Starting in 2024, UrbanSpace also hosted the Night Market food market in Union Square during the summer.

Businesses
Union Square is a popular meeting place, given its central location in Manhattan and its many nearby subway routes. There are many bars and restaurants on the periphery of the square, and the surrounding streets have some of the city's most renowned (and expensive) restaurants. S. Klein's department store promoted itself in the mid-20th century as an "On the Square" alternative to higher prices uptown, and late in the century several big-box chain stores established a presence, including Barnes & Noble in the Century Building, Babies "R" Us in the former United States Communist Party headquarters, and Staples in the Spingler Building.

The W New York Union Square, part of the W Hotels chain, is located at the park's northeast corner, in the former Guardian Life building. Additionally, the Hyatt Union Square New York hotel is located at the park's southeast corner, in a former post office.

Social and political activism
The park has historically been the start or the end point for many political demonstrations. Although the park was known for its labor union rallies and for the large 1861 gathering in support of Union troops, it was actually named for its location at the "union" of Bloomingdale Road (now Broadway) and the former Bowery Road decades before these gatherings. On April 20, 1861, soon after the fall of Fort Sumter, Major Robert Anderson, who was the commander of Fort Sumter brought the Fort Sumter Flag that flew at the fort to the park. The flag was flown from the George Washington statue, gathering patriotic rally of perhaps a quarter of a million people that is thought to have been the largest public gathering in North America up to that time. The flag was shortly removed after to be used as a patriotic fundraiser by being auctioned across the country repeatedly. In the summer of 1864 the north side of the square was the site of the Metropolitan Fair.

Union Square has been a frequent gathering point for radicals of all stripes to make speeches or demonstrate. In 1865, the recently formed Irish republican Fenian Brotherhood came out publicly and rented Dr. John Moffat's brownstone rowhouse at 32 East 17th Street, next to the Everett House hotel facing the north side of the square, for the capitol of the government-in-exile they declared. On September 5, 1882, in the first Labor Day celebration, a crowd of at least 10,000 workers paraded up Broadway and filed past the reviewing stand at Union Square. On March 28, 1908, an anarchist set off a bomb in Union Square which only killed himself and another man.

In 1893, Emma Goldman took the stage at Union Square to make her "Free Bread" speech to a crowd of overworked garment workers. She also addressed a crowd in 1916 on the need for free access to birth control, which was banned by the Comstock laws. Her visits to Union Square pulled hundreds of followers; some of these rallies resulted in her arrest.

Union Square has been used as a platform to raise awareness about the Black Lives Matter movement, such as during the George Floyd protests in New York City in 2020.

The Square's shopping district saw strikes in the S. Klein and Ohrbach department stores in 1934. White collar workers were among the worst paid in Great Depression-era New York City, with union memberships being highly discouraged by store managers and often seen as fireable offenses. These strikes often involved acts of disobedience by the workers as many of them did not want to lose their jobs. This period saw Union Square as a gathering point for many of the city's socialist and communist groups. The centennial of Union Square was seen as a thinly veiled effort to displace those elements with its draping of the square with flags and police demonstrations of anti protester drills.

Street chess
The Villager, a local newspaper, reported in 2013 that most of the street chess players at Washington Square Park—where Bobby Fischer had played—had moved their games to Union Square because the latter had more foot traffic. Street chess players play fast chess with passers-by for three to five dollars a game, with time controls of five minutes on each side being the most common. Writer Lauren Snetiker at the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation also documents this migration of the historical Washington Square Park chess scene to Union Square, noting the "dozens of chess players [who] sit on crates and bring their own boards... as there are no permanent ones like there are in Washington Square Park".

Freestyle Hip-Hop
Union Square is the site of a regular hip-hop freestyle rap cypher called Legendary Cyphers since 2012. The events draw residents from across the city and tourists and encourage participation in freestyle hip-hop. Notable local hip-hop artists such as Joey Bada$ have attended in the past.

Union Square Partnership
The Union Square Partnership (USP), a business improvement district (BID) and a local development corporation (LDC), was formed in 1984 and became a model for other BIDs in New York City. Jennifer E. Falk became its executive director in January 2007.

The Union Square Partnership provides a free public Wi-Fi network in Union Square.

Education
The Washington Irving Campus at 40 Irving Place between East 16th and 17th Streets, a block east of Union Square Park, was formerly the location of a comprehensive high school, but now houses Gramercy Arts High School, the High School for Language and Diplomacy, the International High School at Union Square, the Union Square Academy for Health Sciences and the Academy for Software Engineering. In 2012, Success Academy Charter Schools announced its plan to open an elementary school in the building, and an elementary school opened there the next year.

title: Union Square, Manhattan


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User:Thesteve/subpage

[large]Great Lakes[/large] States

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From a court deposition:

 * Q. I want to ask you, are you taking any drugs or medications today?
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Steve's subpage: This is only a test

An interesting discussion is here and here

Some pages
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Colours

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The Steve 21:41, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)

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Th e S te ve

Th e S te ve  09:26, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

[Zwölf]

'Flesh Field'

[Interview]

[Dark Entries magazine]

[M'era Luna Festival 2005]

[DAC 2005 number 43]

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title: User:Thesteve/subpage


text:
Mitsubishi Bank

The Mitsubishi Bank, Ltd. (株式会社三菱銀行) was a major Japanese bank that served as the main bank for the Mitsubishi conglomerate/keiretsu. It merged with The Bank of Tokyo in 1996 to form The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi (now MUFG Bank).

The bank's operations date to 1880, when Mitsubishi group founder Yataro Iwasaki established the Mitsubishi Exchange House (三菱為替店) in Tokyo. Mitsubishi acquired the business of the Tokyo, Oita and Hakodate-based 119th National Bank in 1885, and spun this business off to an independent Mitsubishi Bank in 1919. The bank opened branches in London and New York in 1920. During World War II, it was a financier of Japanese interests in Manchuria through its branch in Dalian, opened in 1933.

In 1948, the Mitsubishi conglomerate was dismantled and the bank was renamed Chiyoda Bank (千代田銀行) after the district of the same name in Tokyo. The bank reverted to the Mitsubishi name in 1953 and re-opened its London and New York offices. It became a major financier of the regrouped Mitsubishi keiretsu in the following years.

Mitsubishi and Dai-Ichi Bank, Japan's oldest bank, began preparations for a merger in 1969, which would have led to a major regrouping in the bank-led keiretsu system of the era. The plan met opposition among Dai-Ichi's management and its customers in the Furukawa and Kawasaki groups, who feared that Mitsubishi would dominate the combined bank and that their businesses would be absorbed by the relatively strong Mitsubishi group. As a result, the merger was called off. Two years later, Dai-Ichi merged with Nippon Kangyo Bank to form Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank (now part of Mizuho Bank).

Mitsubishi was known as a very conservative lender and was one of the few Japanese banks to emerge from the Japanese asset price bubble relatively unscathed. It acquired the Nippon Trust Bank in 1994. In 1996, it combined with The Bank of Tokyo to form The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi (now MUFG Bank).

In addition to its home country of Japan, Mitsubishi was also active in California, where it began banking operations in 1972 through Mitsubishi Bank of California. Mitsubishi acquired Bank of California in 1984, which later merged with Bank of Tokyo-controlled Union Bank to form what is now known as MUFG Union Bank.

Notable alumni

 * Zentaro Kosaka, politician and Japanese foreign minister
 * Makoto Usami, Bank of Japan president

title: Mitsubishi Bank