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Darwin Day

Darwin Day is a celebration to commemorate the birthday of Charles Darwin on 12 February 1809. The day is used to highlight Darwin's contributions to science and to promote science in general. Darwin Day is celebrated around the world.

History
The celebration of Darwin's work and tributes to his life have been organised sporadically since his death on 19 April 1882, at age 73. Events took place at Down House, in Downe on the southern outskirts of London where Darwin and members of his family lived from 1842 until the death of his wife, Emma Darwin, in 1896.

In 1909, more than 400 scientists and dignitaries from 167 countries met in Cambridge to honour Darwin's contributions and to discuss vigorously the recent discoveries and related theories contesting for acceptance. This was a widely reported event of public interest. Also in 1909, on 12 February, the 100th birth anniversary of Darwin and the 50th anniversary of the publication of On The Origin of Species were celebrated by the New York Academy of Sciences at the American Museum of Natural History. A bronze bust of Darwin was unveiled. On 2 June 1909 the Royal Society of New Zealand held a "Darwin Celebration". "There was a very large attendance."

On 24–28 November 1959, The University of Chicago held a major celebration of Darwin and the publication of On the Origin of Species, the largest event of the Darwin Centennial Celebration. Scientists and academics sometimes celebrated 12 February with "Phylum Feast" events—a meal with foods from as many different phyla as they could manage, at least as early as 1972, 1974, and 1989 in Canada. In the United States, Salem State College in Massachusetts has held a "Darwin Festival" annually since 1980, and in 2005, registered "Darwin Festival" as a service mark with the US Patent and Trademark Office.

The Humanist Community of Palo Alto, California, was motivated by Dr. Robert Stephens in late 1993 to begin planning for an annual Darwin Day celebration. Its first public Darwin Day event was a lecture by Dr. Donald Johanson (discoverer of the early hominid "Lucy"), sponsored by the Stanford Humanists student group and the Humanist Community on 22 April 1995. The Humanist Community continues its annual celebration.

Independently, in 1997, Professor Massimo Pigliucci initiated an annual Darwin Day event at the University of Tennessee. The event included public lectures and activities as well as a teachers' workshop meant to help elementary and secondary school teachers better understand evolution and how to communicate it to their students, as well as how to deal with the pressures often placed on them by the creationism movement.

2009
2009 was the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth and it also marked the 150th anniversary of the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Events were planned, with the most prominent celebrations in Shrewsbury, the University of Cambridge and at the Natural History Museum in London.

Darwin's alma mater, Christ's College, Cambridge, commemorated the bicentenary with the unveiling of a life-sized bronze statue of the Young Darwin, sculpted by their graduate Anthony Smith. Prince Philip (then-Chancellor of the University) unveiled the statue and it was later shortlisted for the Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture 2009. The same year, two well known evolutionary biologists, Richard Dawkins and Jerry Coyne, published book length treatments covering the evidence for evolution.

The Perth Mint, Australia launched a 2009 dated commemorative 1-ounce silver legal tender coin depicting Darwin, young and old; HMS Beagle; and Darwin's signature.

The bicentenary was also celebrated by the release of a Darwin biopic,  Creation, directed by Jon Amiel and starring Paul Bettany and Jennifer Connelly.

Later
On 9 February 2011, California Representative Pete Stark introduced H. Res 81 to Congress designating 12 February 2011 as Darwin Day, calling Darwin "a worthy symbol of scientific advancement... and around which to build a global celebration of science and humanity." The resolution was a culmination of collaboration between Stark and the American Humanist Association, which had awarded Stark the Humanist of the Year award in 2008. In a statement on the House floor, Rep. Stark said, "Darwin's birthday is a good time for us to reflect on the important role of science in our society." In a press release from the American Humanist Association, executive director Roy Speckhardt said, "Stark's Darwin Day resolution is a thrilling step forward for the secular movement. Not only is this an opportunity to bring the scientific impact of Charles Darwin to the forefront, but this also signifies the potential for greater respect for scientific reasoning on Capitol Hill."

On 22 January 2013, New Jersey Representative Rush D. Holt, Jr., a Quaker Christian and nuclear physicist, introduced a resolution to the United States Congress designating 12 February 2013 (Charles Darwin's 204th birthday) as "Darwin Day" to recognise "the importance of sciences in the betterment of humanity". In 2015, Delaware's governor Jack Markell declared 12 February "Charles Darwin Day", making Delaware the first state in America to formally mark the occasion. House Resolution 67, introduced by Representative Jim Himes in the United States House of Representatives on 2 February 2015 would designate 12 February as Darwin Day in the United States. It would recognise Darwin as "a worthy symbol on which to focus...a global celebration of science and humanity."

Darwin Day Program and Darwin Day Celebration
In the late 1990s, two Darwin enthusiasts, Amanda Chesworth and Robert Stephens, co-founded an unofficial effort to promote Darwin Day. In 2001, Chesworth moved to New Mexico and incorporated the "Darwin Day Program". Stephens became chairman of the board and President of this nonprofit corporation with Massimo Pigliucci as Vice-President and Amanda Chesworth as member of the Board, Secretary, and Executive Director. Stephens presented the objectives of the organisation in an article titled "Darwin Day An International Celebration."

In 2002, Chesworth compiled and edited a substantial book entitled Darwin Day Collection One: the Single Best Idea, Ever. The objectives of the book were to show the multidisciplinary reach of Charles Darwin and to meld academic work with popular culture.

In 2004, the New Mexico corporation was dissolved and all its assets assigned to the "Darwin Day Celebration", a non-profit organisation incorporated in California in 2004 by Dr. Robert Stephens and others and the Mission Statement was expanded.

Darwin Day Celebration redesigned the website, from a static presentation of information about the Darwin Day Program to a combination of education about Darwin and the Darwin Day Celebration organisation, including automated registration and publication of planned and past celebratory Events and the automated registration of people who want to receive emailings or make public declaration of support for Darwin Day. The website is now operated by the International Darwin Day Foundation, an autonomous program of the American Humanist Association.

Darwin Day is also celebrated by the University of Georgia. The event is co-sponsored by the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, Division of Biological Sciences, Odum School of Ecology and the departments of cellular biology, plant biology, and genetics. Mark Farmer, a professor and division chair of biological sciences and organiser of Darwin Day at UGA. Farmer said he got the idea from the International Darwin Day Foundation and brought the event to UGA in 2009 in time for the 150th anniversary of the publication of "Origin of Species" and the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth. The University celebrates the impact that Darwin's work had on the scientific community through a series of lectures around campus.

The Ethical Humanist Society of Long Island celebrates with programs that appeal to children and adults both. The Clergy Letter Project encourages evolution-affirming churches to participate in Evolution Weekend, on the Sunday closest to this date, to learn about and discuss evolution.

Darwin Day and Darwin week is also celebrated at Southern Illinois University, and has been celebrated annually since 2006 when it commenced with a talk by Tim Berra.

Events
Various events are conducted on Darwin Day around the world. They have included dinner parties with special recipes for primordial soup and other inventive dishes, protests with school boards and other governmental bodies, workshops and symposia, distribution of information by people in ape costumes, lectures and debates, essay and art competitions, concerts, poetry readings, plays, artwork, comedy routines, re-enactments of the Scopes Trial and of the debate between Thomas H. Huxley and Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, library displays, museum exhibits, travel and educational tours, recreations of the journey of HMS Beagle, church sermons, movie nights, outreach, and nature hikes. The Darwin Day Celebration Web site offers free registration and display of all Darwin Day events. Some celebrants also combine Darwin Day with a celebration of Abraham Lincoln's Birthday (February 12th). Still others celebrate the many noted individuals that influenced or were influenced by Darwin's work, such as Thomas H. Huxley, Charles Lyell, Alfred Russel Wallace, Carl Sagan, and Ernst Mayr.

Supporters
Support for Darwin Day comes from both secular and religious organisations. Many Christians who support the concept of evolutionary creation, such as the Biologos Foundation and GC Science, celebrate Darwin Day, believing that evolution was a tool used by God in the creation process. Some free-thought organisations that support Darwin Day include Council for Secular Humanism, The Freedom from Religion Foundation, the Humanist Association of Canada the Center for Inquiry and the American Humanist Association in the United States, as well as the British Humanist Association in the UK, have helped to spread awareness about Darwin Day. In 1999, the Campus Freethought Alliance and the Alliance for Secular Humanist Societies began promoting Darwin Day among members. Humanist and sceptic groups welcomed the event and an increase in celebrations on or around 12 February spread across the US and in several other countries. The organizers behind this effort included the International Humanist and Ethical Union, Massimo Pigliucci, Amanda Chesworth, and Joann Mooney.

D. J. Grothe continues to champion this effort among groups associated with the Center for Inquiry. The Center's branches across the world also organise Darwin Day events. Free Inquiry magazine, the flagship publication of the Council for Secular Humanism, and Skeptical Inquirer, the flagship publication of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, advertised the event and attracted further individuals and groups. The Secular Student Alliance, and other organisations committed to reason and rationality also participate in the annual celebration.

With Robert Stephens, a scientist, as its President, Darwin Day Celebration has received support from scientists and science enthusiasts across the globe. Educators began to participate by offering special lessons to their students on or around 12 February. Darwin Day Celebration has joined COPUS, the Coalition on the Public Understanding of Science, reflecting an increased emphasis on science education and appreciation.

Public relations emails to major publications led to coverage by media such as The Guardian in the UK, Scientific American, New Scientist, the Discovery Channel. In 2006 Darwin Day was covered by major news syndicates such as Associated Press, Knight-Ridder, and The New York Times. Over 150 articles appeared in major newspapers across the world and helped to attract more participants.

Scientific organisations such as the National Center for Science Education, and the Linnaean Society, have endorsed the holiday. Scientists, philosophers, historians, and physicians lent their names in support of the effort, including Daniel Dennett, Steven Pinker, Eugenie Scott, Steven Jones, Elliott Sober, Sir John Maddox, Helena Cronin, William Calvin, John Rennie, Paul Kurtz, Carl Zimmer, Edward O. Wilson, Michael Shermer, Susan Blackmore, Michael Ruse, Richard Leakey, Niles Eldridge, and Colin Tudge. Musicians and entertainers such as Richard Miller and Stephen Baird also participated.

In 2004, Michael Zimmerman, a professor of biology and dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Butler University, founded the Clergy Letter Project in which over 11,100 clergy, as of 18 April 2008, have signed a declaration that a person of faith does not have to choose either belief in God or belief in evolution. In 2006 Zimmerman developed the Evolution Sunday movement. In 2007 lectures and sermons were presented to roughly 618 congregations across the United States and five other countries, on Darwin's birthday. Evolution Sunday is intended to show that faith and evolutionary science are compatible in many religious traditions. In 2008, Evolution Sunday was expanded to an Evolution Weekend to incorporate a wider range of faith traditions and 814 congregations from nine countries participated.

title: Darwin Day


text:
Posy Simmonds

Rosemary Elizabeth "Posy" Simmonds MBE, FRSL (born 9 August 1945) is a British newspaper cartoonist, and writer and illustrator of both children's books and graphic novels. She is best known for her long association with The Guardian, for which she drew the series Gemma Bovery (2000) and Tamara Drewe (2005–06), both later published as books. Her style gently satirises the English middle classes and in particular those of a literary bent. Both Gemma Bovery and Tamara Drew feature a "doomed heroine", much in the style of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gothic romantic novel, to which they often allude, but with an ironic, modernist slant.

Early life
Posy Simmonds was born in Berkshire on 9 August 1945, the daughter of Reginald A. C. Simmonds and Betty Cahusac. Her brother is the Conservative politician Richard Simmonds. She was educated at Queen Anne's School, Caversham. She studied at the Sorbonne before returning to London to attend Central School of Art & Design, where she received a BA in Art and Design. In 1974, she married Richard Graham Hollis.

Career
Simmonds started her newspaper career drawing a daily cartoon, "Bear", for The Sun in 1969. She contributed humorous illustrations to The Times from 1968 to 1970. She also contributed to Cosmopolitan, and a satirical cartoon to Tariq Ali's Black Dwarf magazine. She moved to The Guardian as an illustrator in 1972.

In May 1977 she started drawing a weekly comic strip for The Guardian, initially titled The Silent Three of St Botolph's as a tribute to the 1950s strip The Silent Three by Evelyn Flinders. It began as a silly parody of girls' adventure stories making satirical comments about contemporary life. The strip soon focused on three 1950s schoolfriends in their later, middle-class and nearly middle-aged lives: Wendy Weber, a former nurse married to polytechnic sociology lecturer George with a large brood of children; Jo Heep, married to whisky salesman Edmund with two rebellious teenagers; and Trish Wright, married to philandering advertising executive Stanhope and with a young baby. The strip, which was latterly untitled and usually known just as "Posy", ran until the late 1980s. It was collected into a number of books: Mrs Weber's Diary, Pick of Posy, Very Posy and Pure Posy, and one original book featuring the same characters, True Love. Her later cartoons for The Guardian and The Spectator were collected as Mustn't Grumble in 1993.

In 1981, Simmonds was named Cartoonist of the Year in the British Press Awards. In 1982 and 1983 she contributed a regular full-page strip to Harper's Magazine in America. In 1987 Simmonds turned her hand to writing, as well as illustrating, children's books. Fred, the story of a cat with a secret life, was later filmed as Famous Fred and nominated for the Academy Award for Animated Short Film and several BAFTAs. Her other children's books include Lulu and the Flying Babies, The Chocolate Wedding and Lavender.

In the late 1990s Simmonds returned to the pages of The Guardian with Gemma Bovery, which reworked the story of Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary into a satirical tale of English expatriates in France. It was published as a graphic novel in 1999 and was made into a feature film of the same name (Gemma Bovery), directed by Anne Fontaine, in 2014, and starring Gemma Arterton. The Literary Life series of cartoons appeared in The Guardian's "Review" section on Saturdays from November 2002 until December 2004, and was published in book form in 2003 (Literary Life) and, in an expanded version, in 2017 (Literary Life Revisited).

Simmond's 2005-6 Guardian series, Tamara Drewe, which echoes Thomas Hardy's novel Far From the Madding Crowd, made its début in the Review section on 17 September 2005, in the first Saturday paper after the Guardian's relaunch in the Berliner format. It ended, with episode 109 and an epilogue, on 2 December 2006 and was published as a book in 2007. In 2010 the story was adapted as a feature film of the same name, directed by Stephen Frears from a screenplay by Moira Buffini, again starring Gemma Arterton.

Simmonds' third, critically acclaimed graphic novel, Cassandra Darke, was published in 2018. It is loosely based on Charles Dickens' novella A Christmas Carol; although the story unfolds in 2016-17, its eponymous protagonist is in some respects a female version of Ebenezer Scrooge, and also undergoes a profound (though more subtle and ambiguous) moral transformation.

Simmonds drew the illustrations for the opening titles of the BBC's 2007 production of Elizabeth Gaskell's Cranford, and for Midsummer Nights, a volume of opera-related short stories by prominent writers published in 2009 to mark the 75th anniversary of the Glyndebourne Opera Festival. She was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 2002 for services to the newspaper industry. After being nominated already in 2001 for Gemma Bovery, Simmonds won the 2009 Prix de la critique of the French Association of comics critics and journalists for Tamara Drewe. In 2022 she was awarded the Grand Prix Töpffer (named after Rodolphe Töpffer, the author of the earliest comic strips) by the city of Geneva, Switzerland. In 2024 she was awarded the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême, being the first British cartoonist to do so.

Selected bibliography

 * The Posy Simmonds Bear Book (1969)
 * Bear (1974)
 * More Bear (1975)
 * Mrs Weber's Diary (1979)
 * True Love (1981)
 * Pick of Posy (1982)
 * Very Posy (1985)
 * Pure Posy (1987)
 * Mustn't Grumble (1993)
 * Gemma Bovery (1999)
 * Literary Life (2003)
 * Tamara Drewe (2007)
 * Cassandra Darke (2018)

Children's books

 * Fred (1987)
 * Lulu and the Flying Babies (1988)
 * The Chocolate Wedding (1990)
 * Matilda: Who Told Lies and Was Burned To Death (1991)
 * Bouncing Buffalo (1994)
 * F-Freezing ABC (1996)
 * Cautionary Tales And Other Verses (1997)
 * Mr Frost (2001, in Little Litt #2)
 * Lavender (2003)
 * Baker Cat (2004)

Television/film scripts

 * The Frog Prince (1984)
 * Tresoddit for Easter (1991)
 * Famous Fred (1996)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Posy Simmonds


text:
Talk:Scope (computer science)

Misleading lead text.
In my experience, the concept of "scope" pertains exclusively to identifiers and declarations; and indeed, most of the article is only about scope insofar as it pertains to identifiers and declarations. (Though, maybe that's not saying much: most of the article is only about variable-names, and obviously lots of other things can also have scope.) The lead text, however, seems to downplay that aspect of scope; the word "identifier" hardly appears, and instead we get text about "values and expressions", and about how scopes can "contain statements and/or expressions which define an executable algorithm or part thereof" and can "nest or be nested" (which I think are really supposed to be statements about blocks, in block-structured languages, rather than about scopes per se).

So, I think the lead text should be completely rewritten.

Before I proceed — does anyone disagree?

—Ruakh TALK 04:36, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

 * ✅ —Ruakh TALK 15:20, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

"variables in C can be accessed outside their scope"
removed the statement that

> Outside of its scope, a declaration or identifier effectively does not exist.

describing it as a "false claim" because "variables in C can be accessed outside their scope".

I think 's mistaken, but edit-summaries aren't the place to carry out this argument, so: Diego Moya, can you explain what you mean? For example, can you give an example of valid C code where a variable-name is accessed outside of its scope?

—Ruakh TALK 16:12, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * As I further edited, some compilers in some languages allow the programmer to access the variable outside their official scope and the result will be compiler-dependent and not portable. For example, a loop variable has only a language-defined value inside the loop, but in some compilers and languages (I don't remember if this was Turbo C++ or Turbo Pascal) you can still access its value outside the loop block after it terminated. Given that the behaviour is undefined, the result is outside the language official semantics, but some programs will still be coded in this way and have its running behavior dependent of this "undocumented feature". Diego (talk) 17:55, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I disagree with your assessment. I think it would be more accurate to say that in some compilers and languages, a variable-name has a wider scope than is immediately obvious, or than is provided for by the language specification. —Ruakh TALK 18:03, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * No, the scope of the variable is defined by the language semantics, not the compiler implementation (this is why we say the behaviour is "undefined", not "defined by the compiler"). In this compiler the variable is used outside the scope.
 * In C in particular, you can also access the memory space of a local variable through a pointer after the scope has finished. This is another instance of the variable "existing outside its scope".
 * Your version of the lead is better than the previous existing one; but I wanted to first 1) clarify this point, and 2) avoid that the scope definition mainly depends on the definition of "bound", which it was before. Explaining what happens to the variable when it's outside its scope is a good way to understand what happens when it's inside it. Diego (talk) 18:15, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Re: first paragraph: I think you're talking out of both sides of your mouth. Either what's relevant is the de jure language semantics, in which case the variable-name does not exist outside of its scope (because it doesn't exist outside its official scope), or what's relevant is the de facto language semantics implemented by the compiler, in which case the variable-name does not exist outside of its scope (because its scope is wider than its official scope). It's perfectly valid to discuss, and contrast, both of these, but we shouldn't try to blur them by making statements that refer partly to each and are true of neither. (And by the way, if you have any evidence that referring to a variable outside of its scope is "undefined behavior" in any language other than C and C++, I'd be glad to see it.)
 * Re: second paragraph: That's completely irrelevant to this discussion, which is about whether a declaration or identifier exists outside of its scope. The statement "the variable exists outside of its scope, and can be accessed via a pointer" is true for one sense of "variable", but the statement "the variable-name exists outside of its scope, and can be accessed via a pointer" would be false. The latter is what's relevant to a discussion of identifiers. (Don't get me wrong, I think the former is absolutely worth mentioning; but it doesn't justify removing a correct statement about identifiers.)
 * Re: third paragraph: I'm not the one who introduced the word "bound". I tried to avoid it initially when I rewrote the lead text, but when you restored it, I had to admit that your version was less awkward than "the context within which a[n …] identifier identifies what it identifies", so I left it be.
 * —Ruakh TALK 18:38, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I've reviewed my edits, and with your comments now I see where you're coming from. A variable is actually comprised of two parts, a name and a data storage location. My sentences make sense if you think of the "storage" part, which still exists outside the scope of the "name" part.
 * I was confused by your use of "variable-*dash*-name", which is a non-standard way to write it and not used in the target article Variable (computer science); thus it isn't clear what its meaning is in the lead. I did not understand that you were referring only to the name in the rest of the paragraph; my sentences were referring to the variable as a whole, and the data storage location in particular. Note that when talking only about the variable name you're describing a particular form of identifier, so it's redundant with the other assertions about identifiers.
 * Now can we edit the lead so that distinction between the scope of the variable name and the access to the variable storage is clear? Diego (talk) 22:11, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Re: your first paragraph: I still don't think your sentences made sense, because although the term "variable" is genuinely ambiguous between {name} and {name + storage}, the term "identifier" does not share that ambiguity. A variable's storage can indeed exist while its name is out of scope, but you used that fact to justify removing a sentence that didn't even mention variables! But if we're on the same page now, then I don't suppose it matters.
 * Re: first part of your second paragraph: I'm surprised that you find "variable-name" confusing, but by all means, we can change it to "variable name".
 * Re: "when talking only about the variable name you're describing a particular form of identifier": yes, exactly; re: "so it's redundant with the other assertions about identifiers": not at all. I was perfectly aware that variable-names are one kind of identifier, and therefore avoided such redundancy. Sometimes I made a statement about identifiers in general; sometimes I made a statement only about variable-names (when it didn't seem worth elaborating on how it applied to other identifiers); and sometimes I made a statement about variable-names, followed by a mention of "other identifiers".
 * Re: your last paragraph: yes, certainly, if you wish. I've never objected to that.
 * —Ruakh TALK 01:43, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Understanding Lexical/Dynamic Scoping
So I came here following some link trying to find out what exactly the difference between Lexical/Dynamic Scoping is. I read through the page for a few minutes and actually still hadn't much of a clue. Then I went to this page: http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?DynamicScoping

It's very easy to understand from these two paragraphs:

"In lexical scoping (and if you're the interpreter), you search in the local function (the function which is running now), then you search in the function (or scope) in which that function was defined, then you search in the function (scope) in which that function was defined, and so forth. "Lexical" here refers to text, in that you can find out what variable is being referred to by looking at the nesting of scopes in the program text.

In dynamic scoping, by contrast, you search in the local function first, then you search in the function that called the local function, then you search in the function that called that function, and so on, up the call stack. "Dynamic" refers to change, in that the call stack can be different every time a given function is called, and so the function might hit different variables depending on where it is called from."

In contrast to this the text here goes:

"In lexical scoping (or lexical scope; also called static scoping or static scope), if a variable name's scope is a certain function, then its scope is the program text of the function definition: within that text, the variable name exists, and is bound to its variable, but outside that text, the variable name does not exist. By contrast, in dynamic scoping (or dynamic scope), if a variable name's scope is a certain function, then its scope is the time-period during which the function is executing: while the function is running, the variable name exists, and is bound to its variable, but after the function returns, the variable name does not exist. "

I don't know, but this doesn't make much sense to me. I'm trying to understand what it tries to express but it isn't easy, even though I know from the above explanation what the whole thing tries to express.

--Birgitschrange (talk) 10:55, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Your information is very helpful to me. I've developed the habit, when consulting WP, of going right to the talk pages, due to the (in my amateur opinion) unclear expositions I often find in articles (I nevertheless have benefitted greatly from WP and am grateful to all those who have worked on it). Actually, I have the same problem on the internet in general - it's hard to find good explanations. The explanation you have here seems to draw a very clear distinction. ---lifeform (talk) 00:43, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

Omission of Basic programming language
I was hoping to find references to the history of variable scoping in the Basic programming language. Was Microsoft Visual Basic the first to implement this feature/concept? Linhartr22 (talk) 16:51, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

A few background points about the history of variable scoping. Variable scoping or lexical scoping was first used in Algol 60 in the 1960s [I was working on computers in the late 1960s. Algol 60 was the second language I learned after Fortran.] There is I think little doubt that this is the correctly stated origin of scoping; in fact the wikipedia article on Algol 60 says so more or less. Visual Basic was introduced as a new name in the early 1990s. The original "Basic" (without Visual) dates back to the early 1960s, but had no lexical scoping. From the 1970s onwards, following the success of Algol60, a majority of general purpose programming languages used Algol-style scoping. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SamLinscho (talk • contribs) 21:36, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

Wrong reference to code
File scope ends with a reference to C code that does not exist in the text. However, perhaps the author was referring to the Python code above (because of the function name)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Polariseke (talk • contribs) 04:24, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

Visual Editor 'invented' additional changes
In this diff https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scope_%28computer_science%29&type=revision&diff=762080509&oldid=753892005 I am only responsible for the change in the perl code example. The Visual Editor invented all the other changes. 93.232.43.102 (talk) 14:56, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

BLOCK and BEGIN
Fortran has BLOCK which in addition to the usual scope nesting, allows variables to be allocated. More specifically, arrays can be allocated with dimension based on values when entering the BLOCK. PL/I BEGIN blocks also do this, I believe inherited from ALGOL's BEGIN. There is no mention of Fortran, BLOCK, PL/I, and its BEGIN. As well as I know it, the lexical scope in C doesn't do allocation such that variables are still allocated at function entry. Gah4 (talk) 17:41, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

Perl example at Block scope section is obscure
The text and the code sample for the last Perl example simply do not match. The code is a closure factory, the text describes a single function closing over one variable. IMHO, a simpler code sample would be a better match for this article.

The code behaves like this (Perl v5.28.2):

I changed (judging from browsing through the page history, it's probably a simple revert to some previous state) the code example to match the textual explanation:

This does what's described.

2A02:AB88:1541:8C00:5810:A015:AC18:6016 (talk) 13:25, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

Macro Expansion section
In general, in C or C++, it is good form to parenthesize every parameter to a macro in its definition, as well as the entire definition. For example:

I'm not making the edit myself, because I'm not sure if it would add unnecessary complexity to the article. The example given does not have any actual bugs. To understand why this convention exists, please consider the following examples:

Having two different language constructs (function-like macros and actual functions) with the same syntax and different semantics invites error, but that's what C and C++ are like. Augmenting the language's actual definition with this convention makes the semantics of function-like macros more similar to those of functions at the point of use (though they are still not identical).

Duplicated Lexical vs. Dynamic sections
The page has two "Lexical scope vs. dynamic scope" sections. Need to eliminate one of them! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.119.15.14 (talk) 14:38, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scope (computer science)


text:
List of World Tag Team Champions (WWE)

The World Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling world tag team championship contested in WWE on the Raw brand. Introduced as the WWE Tag Team Championship, it was WWE's third world tag team title, and sixth tag team title overall. After WWE bought the promotions of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and unified the WCW Tag Team Championship into its own title at Survivor Series 2001, it split its roster into two brands, Raw and SmackDown. As WWE's original World Tag Team Championship was designated exclusive to the Raw brand, SmackDown introduced the WWE Tag Team Championship as its own championship.

In 2007, after the initiation of the ECW brand, the title was shared between the SmackDown and ECW brands, thus inter-brand matches could take place for the title. In 2009, the title was unified with the original World Tag Team Championship by The Colóns (Carlito and Primo) at WrestleMania XXV and became recognized as the "Unified WWE Tag Team Championship" until August 2010 when the World Tag Team Championship was decommissioned in favor of continuing the lineage of the WWE Tag Team Championship. In 2016, WWE reintroduced its brand split and the championship became exclusive to Raw. It was subsequently renamed to Raw Tag Team Championship after SmackDown introduced the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. From May 2022 to April 2024, both the Raw and SmackDown titles were held and defended together as the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship while maintaining their individual lineages. They were split at WrestleMania XL in April 2024 and the Raw championship was subsequently renamed as the World Tag Team Championship.

The championship is generally contested in professional wrestling matches, in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition. The inaugural champions were Kurt Angle and Chris Benoit, who won the title in a tournament final at No Mercy on October 20, 2002. The current champions are The Judgment Day (Finn Bálor and JD McDonagh). Individually, this is the first reign for McDonagh and third for Bálor, and while it is their first time holding the title as a team, it is the third overall reign for Judgment Day. They won the title by defeating The Awesome Truth (The Miz and R-Truth) on the June 24, 2024, episode of Raw in Indianapolis, Indiana.

As of July 29, 2024, there have been 94 reigns between 72 teams composed of 103 individual champions and one vacancy. The team of Cesaro and Sheamus and The New Day (Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods) have the most reigns as a team at four, while individually, Kingston and Seth Rollins have the most with six. The New Day's second reign is also the longest reign at 483 days and they are the only team to hold the championship for over one consecutive year—Big E is also credited for this reign as during New Day's first two reigns, Big E, Kingston, and Woods were all recognized as champion under the Freebird Rule (Big E was split from the team in the 2020 WWE Draft). John Cena and The Miz's sole reign as a team is the shortest reign at 9 minutes, due to The Corre invoking their rematch clause immediately after losing the title. As a team, The New Day (across its two different variants of team members) also have the longest combined reign at 627 days, while Kingston individually has the longest combined reign at 912 days (910 days as recognized by WWE). Nicholas is the youngest champion at 10 years old (also making him the youngest champion in WWE history), while R-Truth is the oldest champion at age 52.

Reigns
As of July 29, 2024.

Combined reigns
As of July 29, 2024.

title: List of World Tag Team Champions (WWE)


text:
Talk:Sveriges Radio

I plan to contribute articles corresponding to the various programme links in due course -- Picapica 13:46, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

SR International / Syriac=Aramaic?
Is "Syriac" correct english for the language they mean? http://www.sr.se/international/ use the language name "Aramaic" (in english), "Assyriska-Syrianska" (in swedish), and "ܣܿܘܪܝܵܝܵܐ" (in the language itself). I suspect "Syriac" should be changed to "Aramaic" on this page. David A se (talk) 18:04, 11 February 2010 (UTC)
 * According to List_of_ISO_639-2_codes "ܣܿܘܪܝܵܝܵܐ" is "Syriac (Northeastern Neo-Aramaic)". Now I suspect the page is okay as it is. David A se (talk) 20:46, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Sveriges Riksradio / Swedish National Radio
I have reverted the changes made by an anonymous user at 86.13.149.40 on 22/02/15, because even though Sveriges – literally translated – does mean Sweden's, it is the usual practice internationally, and in the case of Swedish organizations' own translations of their names into English, to render Sveriges as Swedish. Thus: etc. etc.
 * Sveriges Advokatsamfund = The Swedish Bar Association
 * Sveriges Järnvägsmuseum = Swedish Railway Museum
 * Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet = The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
 * Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut = Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
 * Sveriges Riksbank = Swedish National Bank

See also, for example, the English-language homepage of Sveriges Utbildningsradio, which terms itself "Swedish Educational Broadcasting".

This works both ways, incidentally. For instance, the British Army and the British Grand Prix become Storbritanniens armé and Storbritanniens Grand Prix ("Great Britain's Grand Prix") in Swedish -- Picapica (talk) 13:21, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090723083641/http://www.sr.se:80/cgi-bin/International/nyhetssidor/artikel.asp?ProgramID=2054 to http://www.sr.se/cgi-bin/International/nyhetssidor/artikel.asp?ProgramID=2054&Format=1&artikel=3562645
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090723083641/http://www.sr.se:80/cgi-bin/International/nyhetssidor/artikel.asp?ProgramID=2054 to http://www.sr.se/cgi-bin/International/nyhetssidor/artikel.asp?ProgramID=2054&Format=1&artikel=3562645

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120716115450/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=3756&artikel=3649665 to http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=3756&artikel=3649665

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SR as reliable source
Is http://sverigesradio.se/ coonsidered WP:RS, for instance the news program Dagens Eko? AadaamS (talk) 07:37, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sveriges Radio


text:
ISO 15919

ISO 15919 (Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters) is one of a series of international standards for romanization by the International Organization for Standardization. It was published in 2001 and uses diacritics to map the much larger set of consonants and vowels in Brahmic and Nastaliq scripts to the Latin script.

Relation to other systems
ISO 15919 is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts, which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India" and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products."

Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts.

The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for the transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts.

As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ, while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in the table below.

Comparison with UNRSGN and IAST
The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration.

Font support
Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḑ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ.

There is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method.

title: ISO 15919


text:
Robert Yates (politician)

Robert Yates (January 27, 1738 – September 9, 1801) was an American politician, attorney, jurist, and surveyor. As a delegate representing New York at the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Yates is considered a Founding Father of the United States. Best known as a leader of the Anti-Federalist movement, he was the presumed author of political essays published in 1787-1788 under the pseudonyms "Brutus" and "Sydney". The essays opposed the Constitution based on the scope of the national government and the diminished sovereignty of the states. Yates also served as chief justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1790 to 1798.

Early life
Robert Yates was born January 27, 1738, in Schenectady, New York, the oldest of twelve children of merchant Joseph Yates and Maria (née Dunbar) Yates. Among his large family was uncle Abraham Yates Jr., who served as mayor of Albany in the 1790s and cousin Peter Waldron Yates, who was a Continental Congressman and New York State Assemblyman. His paternal grandparents were Christoffel Yates, a prosperous farmer and blacksmith, and (née Winne) Yates. He learned the craft of the surveyor and then decided to pursue a career in law. After clerking for William Livingston in New York City, in 1760 he was licensed to practice on his own.

Career
Surveying supplemented Yates' attorney's income as he made a number of important land maps during the 1760s. He drew the first civilian map of Albany in 1770. He also relied on patronage from the Albany Corporation through his uncle, alderman Abraham Yates Jr. In 1771, he was elected to the Common Council as an alderman for the second ward. In those years he served on a number of committees, provided legal advice, and stepped forward to compile and issue the first published version of the "Laws and Ordinances of the City of Albany" in 1773.

Revolutionary War
From the beginning of the struggle for American independence, although he did not sign the Albany Sons of Liberty constitution of 1766, he was prominent in the local resistance to the Stamp Act. By 1774, he had joined the Albany Committee of Correspondence and stood among its first members when the committee's activities became public in 1775. At that time, he was still a member of the Albany common council – although its activities were being replaced by the extra-legal Committee of Correspondence, Safety and Protection. He represented the second ward on the committee and was in close contact with it from his subsequent offices until it ceased operations in 1778. At the same time, he also served as secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners – a post that required him to travel to the frontier.

Beginning in the spring of 1775, Yates was elected to represent Albany in each of the four New York Provincial Congresses. The first three met in New York, while the last one, convened after the Declaration of Independence, met under duress in locations throughout the Hudson Valley. In 1776–77, he served on the committee that drafted the first New York State Constitution and also was a member of the "Secret Committee for Obstructing Navigation of the Hudson."

On May 8, 1777, Yates was appointed to the New York Supreme Court.

Later years
After the war ended, although principally an associate justice of the state Supreme Court, Yates maintained a modest legal practice and continued surveying as well. During the 1780s, his political star continued to rise in the "party" of Governor George Clinton as he spoke in opposition to the expansion of the scope of a national government. In 1787, he was appointed with John Lansing Jr. and Alexander Hamilton to represent New York at the Philadelphia Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. Arriving in Philadelphia in May 1787, Yates and Lansing felt the mood of the convention to produce an entirely new form of government was beyond their authority. For this reason, Yates and Lansing departed the Convention in July 1787. In 2021, researchers discovered that Robert Yates attempted to return to the Convention, but arrived too late. En route from Albany to Philadelphia in September, Yates learned that the Convention had "risen." It is likely that Yates attempted to return to Philadelphia to counteract Alexander Hamilton. In December 1787, Yates and John Lansing wrote a letter to Governor Clinton urging opposition to the new Constitution. Yates's personal notes from the Philadelphia convention were published in 1821. Alexander Hamilton was the sole delegate from New York to sign the Constitution.

In 1788, Yates was elected as an anti-federalist delegate to the New York State ratifying convention at Poughkeepsie, and worked against adoption of the Constitution. Among the leading anti-federalists who attended the Poughkeepsie Convention, he was the most vocal delegate in support of protecting individual liberties. After the Poughkeepsie Convention ratified the Constitution with an accompanying request for amendments to protect individual liberties, Yates pledged his support as a matter of patriotic duty.

In 1789, he ran for governor against George Clinton with the support of the Anti-Federalists, who viewed him as a reasonable, potentially kindred spirit who was not from a wealthy family. He was defeated by Governor Clinton. Approached by the Federalists again in 1792, Yates refused to run citing the financial drain caused by past politicking. In the gubernatorial campaign of 1795, considerable sentiment existed for Yates's candidacy as he was firmly established in the center of the former Anti-Federal party. John Jay defeated him in a close election, effectively ending Yates's political career. By then, he already had devoted himself to the law.

In September 1790, Yates was chosen Chief Justice of the New York State Supreme Court. He served until the mandatory retirement age of sixty in 1798. Unlike many "new men of the Revolution," he did not attain great wealth and retired to his middling Albany home.

Personal life
In 1765, he married Jannatte "Jane" Van Ness (1741–1818) and settled in Albany, New York. Jane was a sister of Judge Peter Van Ness of Kinderhook. Among her extended family was nephews John Peter Van Ness, William P. Van Ness, and Cornelius P. Van Ness. The couple had six children, including:

 * John Van Ness Yates (1779–1839), who served as the Secretary of State of New York from 1818 to 1826.

He died in Albany, New York, on September 9, 1801, at age 63. He was originally buried at St. Peter's Cemetery, and later reinterred at Albany Rural Cemetery.

title: Robert Yates (politician)


text:
Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve

Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve is 2000 acre of coastal state park in San Diego, California, off North Torrey Pines Road. Although it is located within San Diego city limits, it remains one of the wildest stretches of land (8 km²) on the Southern California coast. It is bordered immediately on the south by Torrey Pines Golf Course and on the north by the city of Del Mar. The reserve was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1977.

The reserve consists of a plateau with cliffs that overlook Torrey Pines State Beach, and a lagoon that is vital to migrating seabirds. Many different kinds of wildlife and flora are found within the reserve, including bobcat, fox, skunk, raccoon, coyote, rabbit, cacti, coastal chaparral, and the rare Torrey pine. During whale migration, it is sometimes possible to see several species of whale from the cliffs, including humpback whale and gray whale.

The 8 mi of trails within the park offer an attraction for hikers and beach-goers and a small museum sits at the top of the hill. From the cliffs or many places along the beach, it is possible to see La Jolla to the south and Del Mar to the north. At the southern end of the beach is a large rock that projects into the ocean, called Flat Rock. South of the rock is San Diego's unofficial nude beach, Black's Beach.

Establishment
The area is home to the Kumeyaay, Payómkawichum, Kuupiaxchem, and Cahuilla peoples. George Marston persuaded the San Diego City Council in 1899 to pass an ordinance preserving 364 acre of the pueblo land as a park. Later between 1908 and 1911, newspaperwoman and philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps bought additional land and donated it to the city. In 1916, Guy Fleming visited the park and after examining the current condition, pushed for preservation of the park and eventually became the District Superintendent for the Southern California State Park System. The Torrey Pines Lodge was completed in 1923 and a year later, more lands were added to the park. Now consisting of over 1000 acre of cliffs, beach, and more, the park became open to the public.

In 1956, it was decided that the park be handed over to the State of California for higher protection because it is a state reserve. In 1970, 197 acres and 1,500 trees were added due to fear of human expansion. Later in 1975, the Torrey Pines Docent Society was started to help promote preservation of the park, in addition to the Visitors Center. In 2007, the park's name was changed to Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve. The park size is now over 2000 acres. The official Torrey Pines website provides more detail on the establishment of the Torrey Pines Reserve.

Torrey Pine
The Pinus torreyana torreyana, also known as the Torrey pine, is the rarest pine in North America. The plant has vanished over time due to the drying period over the last 10 years and has an intricate root system that helps attach it to the overbearing bluffs. Torrey Pines is the sole location worldwide where this subspecies grows (including a small coastal strip immediately north of the Reserve in Del Mar. A closely related subspecies occurs on Santa Rosa Island.

Other species, climate
While chiefly known as habitat to this extremely rare and endangered species, the Torrey Pine Reserve also is home to a wide variety of vegetation and wildlife. The Torrey Pines Reserve has a rather unusual climate due to the Santa Ana winds causing the vegetation to be drier. Plants such as Coastal sage scrub, Coastal Strand, and Salt marsh also thrive at Torrey Pines. More information on the different plants that grow at this park is provided on the official Torrey Pines website.

Trails
The Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve offers 8 trails to hikers that vary in terms of length, difficulty, and scenery. San Diego Tourism Authority says that three popular trails at the park are Guy Fleming Trail, Razor Point Trail, and Beach Trail. The Guy Fleming Trail is 0.7 mi and is the easiest trail at the park. The trail provides diverse scenery from Peñasquitos Marsh to views of La Jolla and is well known for whale sightings in the winter. The Razor Point Trail is a 1.4 mi loop that provides hikers with a view of ravines and badlands while overlooking the ocean. The Beach Trail is a 3/4 mi walk that leads one down to the Torrey Pines State Beach. Although it is the least scenic trail, it is very popular due to taking hikers straight to the wide-open beach. Other trails at the park are the Parry Grove Trail, Yucca Point Trail, High Point Trail, Broken Hill Trail, and Discovery Trail. The official Torrey Pines website provides more information on the other trails.

Accidents
In 2008, a 57-year-old tourist from Henderson, Nevada died from a cliff that gave way. The man was struck on the head by basketball-sized boulders, and after the victim was dug out of the debris, a crew performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation to try to save his life. The man died hours later. Torrey Pines is known for its sandy, unstable cliffs and this was not the first time a cliff had collapsed. On January 18, 2014, a 65-year-old hiker fell about 0.5 mi down a trail at Torrey Pines and broke his ankle. The injury was so drastic that the man needed a cliff rescue.

title: Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve


text:
III. Städtischer Friedhof Stubenrauchstraße

Städtischer Friedhof III is a cemetery in the Friedenau district of the borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg in Berlin, Germany. Buried here are Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924), Marlene Dietrich (1901–1992) and Helmut Newton (1920–2004).


text:
Charles Lwanga

Charles Lwanga (Luganda: Kaloli Lwanga; 1 January 1860 –3 June 1886) was a Ugandan convert to the Catholic Church who was martyred with a group of his peers and is revered as a saint by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion.

A member of the Baganda tribe, Lwanga was born in the Kingdom of Buganda, the central and southern part of modern Uganda, and served as chief of the royal pages and later major-domo in the court of King Mwanga II of Buganda. He was baptised by Pere Giraud on 15 November 1885.

In fear of losing the overbearing power he had on his subjects to a Christian worldview, King Mwanga II insisted that Christian converts abandon their new faith and executed many Anglicans and Catholics between 1885 and 1887, including Lwanga and other officials in the royal court.

Martyrdom
The persecution started after Mwanga, ordered a massacre of Anglican missionaries, including Bishop James Hannington who was the leader of the Anglican community. Joseph Mukasa Balikuddembe, the Catholic servant of the court and a lay catechist, reproached the king for the killings, against which he had counseled him. Mwanga had Balikuddembe beheaded and arrested all of his followers on 15 November 1885. The king then ordered that Lwanga, who was chief page at that time, take up Balikuddembe's duties. That same day, Lwanga and other pages under his protection sought baptism as Catholics by a missionary priest of the White Fathers; some hundred catechumens were baptized. Lwanga often protected boys in his charge from the king's sexual advances.

On 25 May 1886, Mwanga ordered a general assembly of the court while they were settled at Munyonyo, where he condemned two of the pages to death. The following morning, Lwanga secretly baptized those of his charges who were still only catechumens. Later that day, the king called a court assembly in which he interrogated all present to see if any would renounce Christianity. Led by Lwanga, the royal pages declared their fidelity to their religion, upon which the king condemned them to death, directing that they be marched to the traditional place of execution. Three of the prisoners, Pontian Ngondwe, Athanasius Bazzekuketta, and Gonzaga Gonza, were murdered on the march there.

When preparations were completed and the day had come for the execution on 3 June 1886, Lwanga was separated from the others by the Guardian of the Sacred Flame for private execution, in keeping with custom. As he was being burnt, Lwanga said to the Guardian, "It is as if you are pouring water on me. Please repent and become a Christian like me."

Twelve Catholic boys and men and nine Anglicans were then burnt alive. Another Catholic, Mbaga Tuzinde, was clubbed to death for refusing to renounce Christianity, and his body was thrown into the furnace to be burned along with those of Lwanga and the others. The fury of the king was particularly inflamed against the Christians because they refused to participate in sexual acts with him. Lwanga, in particular, had protected the pages. The executions were also motivated by Mwanga's broader efforts to avoid foreign threats to his power. According to Assa Okoth, Mwanga's overriding preoccupation was for the "integrity of his kingdom", and perceived that men such as Lwanga were working with foreigners in "poisoning the very roots of his kingdom". Not to have taken any action could have led to suggestions that he was a weak sovereign.

Veneration
Lwanga senior and the other Catholics who accompanied him in death were canonized on 18 October 1964 by Pope Paul VI during the Second Vatican Council. "To honor these African saints, Paul VI became the first reigning pope to visit sub-Saharan Africa when he toured Uganda in July 1969, a visit that included a pilgrimage to the site of the martyrdom at Namugongo."

The Basilica of the Uganda Martyrs was built at the site of the executions and serves as their shrine. The Brothers of St. Charles Lwanga senior (Luganda: Bannakaroli Brothers) were founded in 1927 as an indigenous religious congregation of Ugandan men committed to providing education to the disadvantaged youth of their country.

In the United States, Lwanga is honored by St. Charles Anglican Cathedral in the Diocese of Cascadia. In 2013, St. Cecilia Parish in Detroit, Michigan merged with St. Leo Parish and was renamed as St. Charles Lwanga Parish to represent the African American community in the inner-city of Detroit and continue Lwanga's legacy.

title: Charles Lwanga


text:
Jean-Baptiste Bagaza

Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (29 August 1946 –4 May 2016) was a Burundian army officer and politician who ruled Burundi as president and de facto military dictator from November 1976 to September 1987.

Born into the Tutsi ethnic group in 1946, Bagaza served in the Burundian military and rose through the ranks under the rule of Michel Micombero after his rise to power in 1966. Bagaza deposed Micombero in a bloodless coup d'état in 1976 and took power himself as head of the ruling Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progrès national, UPRONA). Despite having participated in the genocidal killings of 1972, he introduced various reforms which modernised the state and made concessions to the country's ethnic Hutu majority. His regime became increasingly repressive after it became consolidated in 1984, especially targeting the powerful Catholic Church. His rule lasted until 1987 when his regime was overthrown in a further coup d'état and he was forced into exile. He returned to Burundi in 1994 and became involved in national politics as the leader of the Party for National Recovery (Parti pour le Redressement National, PARENA). He died in 2016.

Early life and military career
Bagaza was born in Rutovu, Bururi Province in Belgian-ruled Ruanda-Urundi on 29 August 1946. His family were ethnic Hima, part of the wider Tutsi ethnic group. After studying in Catholic schools in Bujumbura, he enlisted in the army of the newly independent Kingdom of Burundi. He was sent to Belgium in 1966 where he studied at the Royal Military Academy in Brussels until 1971. He earned a sociology degree. He returned to Burundi in 1972. Bagaza was involved in President Michel Micombero's genocidal killings of ethnic Hutu in 1972, though the "extent or nature of his involvement" remain unclear. In May he was, at the rank of captain, appointed adjunct chief of staff of the Burundian military in charge of logistics—largely because of his family's connections to the Micombero, replacing purged Hutu officer Martin Ndayahoze. In November he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and made chief of the general staff. In May 1975 he was appointed to the Chamber of Accounts under the Supreme Court.

Dictatorship
Bagaza overthrew Micombero in a military coup on 1 November 1976. The constitution was temporarily suspended by a military junta, the 30-member Supreme Revolutionary Council, which declared Bagaza president on 10 November 1976. He was thirty at the time. Bagaza initiated a number of reforms after taking power, attacking corruption and making modest reforms to improve conditions for Hutus who had been targeted under the Micombero regime. He reformed taxation and the administration. He earned respect for his work ethic, as he "drove himself to work at 7:30 a.m. each day" instead of travelling in large cavalcades as most regional politicians did at the time. Some Hutu refugees were allowed to return from exile in Zaire and Tanzania where they had fled during the genocide. Bagaza granted a few government posts to Hutu, appointing two Hutu ministers in his first cabinet. Burundi's feudal system of land tenure, known as the Ubugererwa, was abolished in 1977. Some Tutsi-held land was transferred to Hutu farmers. The end of the Ubugererwa as well as the abolition of the ikori poll tax earned Bagaza much goodwill among Hutus.

Officially, Bagaza attempted to address the country's ethnic tensions by banning all mention of ethnicity, declaring that everyone was just Burundian or, more broadly, African. Researcher Nigel Watt argued that this move was just disguising the continued dominance of the Tutsi elite. Bagaza ensured that the Tutsi remained economically and politically dominant. In fact, the marginalization of Hutus in the economy and education increased during Bagaza's rule. This resulted in the emergence of the radical PALIPEHUTU party and militant group.

Under Bagaza, a programme of economic modernization was begun to allow the emergence of small-scale capitalist agriculture, involving the construction of two new hydroelectric dams which still form the basis for Burundi's energy infrastructure. He also initiated road building programs, expanded the availability of drinking water, and developed a port on Lake Tanganyika. His infrastructure investments helped to shape Burundi's export ecenomy which came to rely on coffee, tea and sugar. Internationally, Bagaza successfully maneuvered between different political factions, securing economic aid from the Western Bloc, the Eastern Bloc, China, and the Arab world. He expelled the large Congolese migrant community from Burundi, claiming that they had just decided to leave on their own.

Bagaza's regime introduced a new national constitution in 1981 which consolidated Burundi as a one-party dictatorship under the Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progrès national, UPRONA), which he re-organised under his own leadership. In the election of 1984, he was re-elected president with 99.6 percent of the national vote. After the election, Bagaza organized a military operation against the Catholic Church in Burundi, regarding it as a threat to his power. The Church was increasingly targeted as the regime became increasingly repressive. Foreign missionaries were expelled and attempts were made to break its influence over the public and education. Bagaza banned Catholic media and church services, closed Church-run literacy centers, nationalized Church-run schools, and ordered the arrest and torture of Church figures. He ordered the closure of 87 churches, including Gitega Cathedral. Protestant media was also targeted. He also tried to implement other "eccentricities" such as restricting bar openings and officially limiting the time as well as money Burundians were allowed to spend for traditional betrothal and mourning ceremonies. Bob Krueger argued that these policies ultimately alienated too many Burundians and led to Bagaza's deposition, a view shared by Watt.

Deposition and involvement in democratic politics
A military coup broke out in September 1987, led by Major Pierre Buyoya, while Bagaza was abroad in Quebec, Canada. Buyoya successfully deposed Bagaza's regime and established himself as president. Bagaza himself went into exile in neighbouring Uganda and later in Libya where he lived until 1993. Opposed to the empowerment of Hutu through the 1993 elections, he reportedly played a major part in the coup d'état against Melchior Ndadaye, Burundi's first democratically elected president. The putschists killed Ndadaye, but failed to maintain control. Power was consequently returned to a civilian, democratic government. Bagaza subsequently denied any involvement in the putsch. Despite the coup's failure, he returned to Burundi where he founded the Party for National Recovery (Parti pour le Redressement National, PARENA). PARENA was described as a Tutsi "extremist party". He was a senator for life as a former head of state. At the time, Bagaza was known for his extreme views, including general opposition to any power-sharing agreements with Hutu factions such as the Front for Democracy in Burundi (Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi, FRODEBU). He eventually began to advocate the division of Burundi into a "Tutsiland" and a "Hutuland".

On 18 January 1997, Bagaza was placed under house arrest for gathering weapons for a plot against President Buyoya. Two months later, the house arrest was changed into a prison sentence, though he was quickly released. Bagaza was subsequently involved in the peace talks which were supposed to end the Burundian Civil War. As he and PARENA as a whole tended to be opposed to the implementation of power-sharing deals with the Hutu rebels, the government placed Bagaza under house arrest and banned PARENA from November 2002 to May 2003. In 2005, there were rumours that radical followers of Bagaza were organising a rebel group known as "Justice and Liberity United Front". Tensions abated when PARENA accepted ministerial position in the newly formed coalition government. Bagaza ran as PARENA's candidate for the 2010 presidential election, but withdrew when the Burundian opposition boycotted the elections. He stepped down as head of PARENA in March 2014, and was succeeded by Zénon Nimbona. He remained the main opposition leader in the Burundian Senate, and joined the opposition boycott of the 2015 elections. When major unrest erupted in the country in the period leading up to the 2015 election, Bagaza and the other three still-living ex-presidents called for an international intervention.

Bagaza died in Brussels, Belgium on 4 May 2016 at the age of 69 of natural causes and was buried in Bujumbura on 17 May 2016. He was survived by his wife Fausta and four daughters.

title: Jean-Baptiste Bagaza


text:
Flex Ltd.

Flex Ltd. (previously known as Flextronics International Ltd. or Flextronics) is an American headquartered multinational diversified manufacturing company. It is the third largest global electronics manufacturing services (EMS), original design manufacturer (ODM) company by revenue, behind only Pegatron for what concerns original equipment manufacturers. Flex's U.S. corporate headquarters are located in Austin, Texas. The company has manufacturing operations in over 30 countries, totaling about 172,000 employees.

History

The company was founded in 1969 as Flextronics, Inc.

In 1990, the company was renamed Flextronics International, Ltd. and registered in Singapore. In 1993, the company received venture capital funding through Sequoia Capital, and became a publicly held company again in 1994. In 2000, the company ranked third on "100 Best-Managed Companies" by IndustryWeek. In 2006 Flextronics took over a part of the production of Lego, but in 2009 Lego decided to end relations with Flextronics and purchase the production facilities in Mexico and Hungary. On 4 June 2007, Flextronics offered to purchase Solectron for US$3.6 billion and thus making Solectron a subsidiary of Flextronics. The acquisition of Solectron was completed by end of October 2007, earlier than anticipated.

On 18 March 2009, Flextronics was invited to ring the NASDAQ stock market opening bell, signifying the day's start of trading and celebrated 15-year NASDAQ-listed anniversary. Mike McNamara (then-CEO) and a group of top executives represented the company at the ringing of the bell. On 25 August 2009, Flextronics announced that it was chosen by LG Electronics (LGE), a global provider of advanced digital products and applied technologies, to manufacture 19, 22, 26, 32, and 37-inch LCD television receivers at its Ciudad Juárez, Mexico facility for distribution to the North and South American markets. On 2 September 2009, Flextronics announced that Multek received Danaher Test and Measurement's 2009 Outstanding Supplier Award. The award was given based on quality, delivery performance, engineering support and cost for work with two of Danaher's business units, Tektronix and Fluke.

On 15 September 2010, Flextronics announced that it had been chosen by Brammo, Inc., former producer of electric traction motors and traction batteries, to be its manufacturing partner for the production and distribution of plug-in electric motorcycles and components. In 2010, the company signed an agreement with Lenovo to provide manufacturing for Europe. That same year, Flextronics also signed an agreement with Brammo to provide acquisition and manufacturing in North America, Asia and Europe.

In 2012, Flextronics incubated Elementum, a start-up supply chain management (SCM) company based in Mountain View, California. In 2014, Elementum was spun off from Flextronics as its own separate entity.

In 2014, Flextronics was named as the manufacturer of the Fitbit Force by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission in the context of a complete recall of the product due to rashes developing on the wrists of its users.

In July 2015 the company announced it changed the company name from Flextronics to Flex.

In September 2015, Flex acquired Nextracker, one of the leading solar tracker companies, for $330 million.

In November 2015, Flex, acquired Wink smart home platform to bring the Intelligence of Things "Home". Flex has been a strategic partner to Wink, serving as their primary supplier of hardware and firmware, including the Wink Hub and Wink Relay, which include core intellectual property developed within Flex. In July 2017, Flex sold Wink to i.am+ for $38.7 million.

On 31 December 2018, Michael M. McNamara resigned as the company's Chief Executive Officer. On 11 February 2019, Flex announced Revathi Advaithi as CEO. Prior to Flex, Advaithi was president and chief operating officer for the Electrical Sector business for Eaton Corporation.

Breach of contracts
Flextronics was sued in what was apparent in breach of contract with Beckman Coulter Inc., a maker of medical devices. The case dates from 1997, when Beckman Coulter entered into an agreement with Dovatron, a unit of the Dii Group, to provide circuit boards for a Beckman blood analyser. Flextronics acquired the Dii Group in 1999 and, according to Beckman, shortly thereafter Flextronics refused to provide the circuit boards unless it bought other electronic components from the company.

Beckman filed suit in early 2001, seeking $2.2 million in damages, which were cited as the costs incurred in having to retool one of its plants to manufacture the circuit boards in-house. At the end of the trial, Flextronics paid $23 million for the damages.

Leak of USB charger confidential shipment data
A former Flextronics executive pleaded guilty to committing wire fraud and security fraud by providing confidential information related to USB charger shipment data used for U.S. based iPhones and iPods in 2009.

Seizure of Huawei goods over tariff war
According to a 2019 report, Flex produced smartphone and 5G base stations for Huawei, and when the US added Huawei to its Entity List on May 16, Flex kept Huawei's assets at its factory in Zhuhai.

This included production equipment, raw materials, and half-made products worth approximately 700 million yuan ($101.85 million). These goods were held up for over a month, however Huawei was able to retrieve some of the goods worth 400 million yuan through third-party channels in June 2019.

title: Flex Ltd.


text:
Talk:Lawsuit

Confusion in the first sentence (definition)
Isn't something seriously wrong with the definition of lawsuit in the first sentence? It doesn't make much sense, and I'm not even sure if it is a valid sentence as such. Could somebody correct this soon, as this is an important article? (Jurusie (talk) 12:45, 3 July 2009 (UTC))

Litigation redirects to lawsuit—should the former be mentioned in the definition at the top of the latter? Daniel Brockman 14:11, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)

Responsibility for service of process
The page says "The clerk of court then issues a summons, or serves process, upon the defendants, together with a copy of the complaint." In all cases I'm familiar with, the plaintiff is responsible for service of process, not the court. Lippard (talk) 20:20, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

You're right. Article changed. See Rule 4(b) and 4(c), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (civil actions in federal court). Famspear (talk) 21:31, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Litigious society
I don't have anything like the knowledge of flaw to create it, but I was thinking that a Litigious society article would be an interesting addition. It is mentioned briefly in lawsuit (Some countries, especially the USA suffer from a very large number of lawsuits per capita per year, while people in many other cuhltures (most notably Japan) tend to avoid bringing their disputes to the courthouse) but I'm sure there must be more to be said. Perhaps mentioning landmark cases (some about people suing tobacco and fast food companies, perhaps) and the constant "accident claim" adverts. Apologies if this is covered elsewhere - I've not come across anything yet. violet/riga (t) 21:41, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Requested articles. Derrick Coetzee 23:03, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for trying to be helpful but there was a reason I posted here. I was trying to ascertain if there was already an article with similar content and if people thought that it would be a worthwhile addition with enough potential to become a decent article. I also wanted to write some 8of description rather than just post a link. violet/riga (t) 07:52, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Personally, I think such an article would be needlessly POV. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 19:23, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's a widely used term and doesn't have to be POV at all, imo. violet/riga (t) 11:52, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I haven't found any place that includes criticisms of any particular legal system. Maybe a 'litigous society' article could do that.  Nowhere in this article do I see the terms "coersion," "revenge," "financially crippling settlements," etc., despite the fact that many such criticisms have hhbeen made.  It's not POV to state:  "critics have suggested that..."  From my viewpoint, this article and others like it are written from a legalistic POV.  "Lawyers negotiated a settlement for cogmpensation based on law"  and "revenge was attained via coersion using a legal establishment based on power" can be equivalent POV depending on what you believe in.24.64.223.203 01:43, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Even the sentence above, "the USA suffer[s] from a very large number of lawsuits per capita" is riddled with POV. It is an equally valid position that the United States and other countries "benefit" from solving problems in court, rather than having citizens "deal with it" themselves. An article on "Litigious society" would just become a sociological debate, and is not necessary from the encyclopedic goals of Wikipedia, in my opinion. Treko (talk) 14:50, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * It's valid to say "suffers" because many lawsuits by their nature are adversarial, competitive, hostile, imbalanced due to wealth differences, settled in coercive out-of-court settlements, prone to judicial ego and prejudice, and based on the guesswork termed a "balance of probabilities." Nor does "dealing with it themselves" have to be abusive. It's a fact that solutions involving true communication, humility, and compassion can eliminate many of the aforementioned problems and reduce the number of lawsuits. 216.232.242.7 (talk) 06:40, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Perhaps also add a link when searching for 'Litigation Society'

.

Should the Definition of Lawsuit be Restricted to Civil Cases?
For the definition of "lawsuit," Black's Law Dictionary says: "SEE SUIT."

For the definition of "suit," Black's Law Dictionary says: "Any proceeding by a party or parties against another in a court of law; CASE(1)." Note in this definition the use of the word "any" along with the inclusion of a synonymn, "CASE," printed in small caps per guideline 12 in the dictionary's Guide to the Dictionary (p. xxiii). The "(1)" following CASE in the definition specifies that the synonymous reference is to definition 1 of "case" given elsewhere in the dictionary.

For definition 1 of "case," Black's Law Dictionary says: "A civil or criminal proceeding, action, suit or controvery at law or in equity."

All of this suggests to me that, strictly speaking, the definition of "lawsuit" should include criminal as well as civil proceedings, notwithstanding the frequent colloquial use of "lawsuit" to mean civil proceedings. 66.171.197.53 18:57, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

"direct-action lawsuit"
There are several articles in WP that link to a non-article titled direct-action lawsuit. Would someone care to fill in that page? Alternatively, perhaps there should be a redirect to the Lawsuit article, with a definition of "direct-action lawsuit" added to the Lawsuit article. Third-alternatively, perhaps the term "direct-action lawsuit" is incorrect, and the articles that use the term should be edited. KarlBunker 18:42, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

December 28 Revert
I reverted to the October 10 version by SimonP. No one had caught the "Linda and Jeff" vandalism on November 3. Most of the edits since then had been vandalism and reverts; I put back in the two useful ones by Martpol and Mmmbeer.

If others could keep and eye out in case the "Linda and Jeff" vandal comes back? 24.64.223.203 11:26, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

RIM/Blackberry
I believe that the suit was solved, but idk.

no picture
i believe this pageneeds a picture of some sort. It obviously lacks a picture. If a real picture of a case where there is a judge, a jury, etc. and the case is about someone being sued could be added i believe it would be very good. I suggest one of the case Apple vs. Microsoft. or the one that is mentioned in the Technologie lawsuits about napster.

Class Action?
I came here looking for enlightenment of Class Action lawsuits, which I would have thought would be an essential subsection of an article on lawsuits....?--207.81.127.107 15:35, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * There is a separate article on class actions. But you are probably correct that there should be a link in the Lawsuit article. --Coolcaesar 17:45, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Defendants
I've added defendants to the lead of the article. I've been both a plaintiff and a defendant, but I'm not an attorney. Those with more knowledge might want to look at my edit. Lou Sander 16:23, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Makes sense, although the defendant article itself could use a little attention. dr.ef.tymac 14:28, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Should "litigation" redirect here?
As of now, "litigation" redirects here. Does that make sense? I'm tempted to say no, because a criminal prosecution is a form of litigation but it is not a lawsuit. And really, litigation refers to any law practice happening in court rather than transactionally. As a lawyer, I can think of a lot of things that are "litigation" but that I would not call "lawsuits." Thoughts? CoramVobis 04:57, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * This article, along with legal proceedings and criminal procedure and trial (law) are all subject to reconsideration for article titles as well as classification. I attempted to at least partially address the matter by changing legal proceedings into a disambiguation page. Perhaps a link to 'litigation' (with provisional disclaimer) can also be put on that page. It appears there is a little "lumping together" in some of the law articles, for areas with overlapping terms that do not necessarily mean the same thing. This problem of "partial synonyms" is futher exacerbated by the need to remember "non US" jurisdictions and usage, to reflect the international scope of Wikipedia. For example, the Template:Civil procedure (United States) seems to assume FRCP, no coverage for states, let alone non-US jurisdictions. dr.ef.tymac 05:46, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Follow Up: CivPro actually does have non-US coverage (in some articles anyway). Perhaps refinements to the CivPro template, as well as to associated disambiguation pages is enough to resolve the nuances of articles and categories. dr.ef.tymac 05:56, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * As written, this article is essentially about US law. There is nothing wrong with that, but it seems wrong in principle that "civil action" and "litigation" should point here, at something which is really about the US. The phrase "law suit" (for example) is hardly ever used in my jurisdiction (and we have plenty of law) and never by legal professionals. That may not always have been the position, but it is now. The structure of civil procedure needs a considerable rethink. We have really very different (and increasingly alien) rules of civil procedure to the rest of the common law world. Francis Davey (talk) 11:37, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

In Canada?
I'm a bit of a newb on the subject, but someone I knew, who had two lawyers for parents, said that you can't sue people in Canada, only press charges. At least, suing in how Americans sometimes sue (for ridiculous reasons and idiocy, like the woman suing McDonalds for spilling coffee in her lap). Could anyone confirm this, or at least put it in laymans terms? Thanks. Disinclination 00:08, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, you can sue in Canada, though Americans tend to sue more often. And the McDonald's lawsuit was not so ridiculous as it might seem.  Check out Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants. Roger 02:37, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Family Guy reference
Is this really necessary? I don't think it's appropriate in the context of a serious article. EightyOne 10:14, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Types of Litigation
My mom works as a nurse for HCA and tells me that medical litigation is the most common type in the US. I'd want to find some other sources than my mom though (having trouble), and I'd rather it include other types of litigation. I believe the particulars would be suited for their own pages though. What does everyone else think?--24.61.183.36 06:53, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

History of lawsuits
I removed the following: Individuals have been subject to lawsuits from at least the 7th century, as Muhammad who acted as an adjudicator stated:You bring me lawsuits to decide, and perhaps one of you is more skilled in (presenting) his plea than another, and so I judge in his favor according to what I hear. He to whom I give in judgment something that is his brother's right, let him not take it--for I but give him a piece of the fire. The most important objection I have to this recent addition is that it presents a single very isolated datapoint in the history of lawsuits. All it substantively asserts is that there were disputes which were judged in C7. Since we know that there were judges for centuries (millennia?) before that and have been since, that is an almost useless quotation except in the context of a very detailed history of legal disputes which would have to have its own article. In this case I do not believe something is better than nothing. It also suffers because it is essentially a quotation of a primary source without any proper interpretation. I cannot tell from the quotation what the nature of Muhammad's adjudications were. I suspect (though of course I do not know) that they were in context rather unlike what we would conventionally think of as a law suit. I may well be wrong about that of course, but its not a particularly useful way to present information. Francis Davey (talk) 08:03, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Age?
I've heard cases that have had 13 and 12-year olds as plaintiffs. What is a certain age at which a lawsuit can be held? Does it differ between countries? Should it be stated in the article? 142.68.195.149 (talk) 11:15, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

It depends on how angry the plaintiff is. In countries where lawsuits run rampant, the age can be even lower. 205.250.243.241 (talk) 08:04, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

 * In England and Wales anyone under 18 is classed as a "child" and if they sue must have a litigation friend who brings the claim on their behalf. Clearly a child can suffer damage (say from negligence) so there would be nothing surprising in a 2 year old being the claimant. Francis Davey (talk) 10:20, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Question
What are the consequences for filing a fake lawsuit for copyright? Can you counter sue someone for filing a fake lawsuit against you for emotional trauma? AyshBB (talk) 19:57, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

Canonical lawsuit
Within the context of canon law, it is possible to file lawsuits in certain exceptional cases. Therefore, it might be a useful addition if there were a specific entry dealing with the legal topic of canonical lawsuits. ADM (talk) 08:11, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

The red links in the See also section are based on the following....
--222.67.214.52 (talk) 12:07, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
 * http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&newwindow=1&q=Bean+Curd+brand+Wangzhihe+lawsuit&btnG=Search&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=
 * http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&newwindow=1&q=Beancurd+brand+Wangzhihe+lawsuit&btnG=Search&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=

Derivative litigation
Would anyone who is "in the know" (which rules me out!) fancy adding some info. re "Derivative Litigation"?

It's a phrase used in this many articles.

Thanks, Trafford09 (talk) 15:38, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

 * No need. The article on derivative suit already covers the subject. --Coolcaesar (talk) 08:25, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

Why this article needs an expert in Law
This article needs an expert in law to help globalize the subject outside the United States of America. Actually, it might need more than just one expert, it may need a few. I'm pretty sure the concept of a lawsuit only exists in the US, so we may need experts from various places to really help globalize this. --Mr. Guye (talk) 20:13, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Update: added some non-USA English-speaking countries as needing experts. --Mr. Guye (talk) 20:27, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Disagree. The concept of the lawsuit in modern civil procedure is unique to the United States. Other countries have moved away from it as too arcane and use the term "claim" instead. What needs to happen (but won't because no one has the time or energy to do it) is that the current redirect of Claim (legal) to cause of action needs to be canceled and an article should be developed there on the concept of the "claim" outside the United States.  For example, in several countries, the equivalent of the American "complaint" is the "statement of claim," and what Americans call allegations are called "particulars of claim."  What is very confusing is that Americans instead use "claim" to refer to a single count or cause of action within a lawsuit. --Coolcaesar (talk) 09:58, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Enforcement
"Indigent judgment-proof defendants are no longer imprisoned; debtor's prisons have been outlawed by statute, constitutional amendment, or international human rights treaties in the vast majority of common law jurisdictions"...is this part of the section necessary for the content and understanding of this section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Coolread (talk • contribs) 20:38, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

The entire lead section is a disastrous mess
It needs to be torn up and rewritten from scratch, but I don't have the three hours that would take right now nor the interest in undertaking that project. Right now it reads like it was written by five separate people of whom at least one is not a native speaker of English and three of which are not law-trained. --Coolcaesar (talk) 19:51, 25 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I just took care of this. Seven years later. The rest of the article is still a mess, though. --Coolcaesar (talk) 17:34, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

History
No mention of the History or origins of Lawsuit? Come on wiki I thought you knew better then that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.3.197.223 (talk) 15:36, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

"Civil court" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Civil court and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 February 2 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. -- Tamzin  [ cetacean needed ] (she/they) 11:16, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

"Civil Court" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Civil Court and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 March 30 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. ev iolite  (talk)  17:25, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

worldwide view?
is the word "Lawsuit" applies in worldwide? because there is a banner that such word only applies to united states context, and therefore unable to know the difference is other countries regarding the word "Lawsuit". i hope anyone can find any underlying problem related to word "lawsuit" that had not seen worldwide. correct me if i am wrong. 2404:8000:1027:85F6:1193:21A2:D1B3:FBAD (talk) 11:05, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

Two etymology sections
why are there two etymology sections? 50.117.138.19 (talk) 02:55, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

Etymology Etymollgy
The heading Etymology appears twice with differing content. 76.131.229.171 (talk) 01:39, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lawsuit