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Texas (TV series)

Texas is an American daytime soap opera that aired on NBC from August 4, 1980 until December 31, 1982, sponsored and produced by Procter and Gamble Productions at NBC Studios in Brooklyn, New York City. It is a spin-off of Another World, co-created by head writers John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington, and executive producer of Another World at the time, Paul Rauch. Rauch held the title of executive producer for the parent series and its spin-off until 1981.

Initial development and debut
The Corringtons' initial concept was for a show set in the antebellum South entitled Reunion, but NBC wanted something more in line with the hugely successful CBS primetime soap Dallas, which was dominating the ratings. Rauch then chose to have the show revolve around the popular Another World character Iris Cory Carrington, played by Beverlee McKinsey. Iris initially set out to visit her grown son Dennis (Jim Poyner), who had relocated from Bay City to Houston. Within a matter of weeks, Iris reconnected and became romantically involved with her first love, Alex Wheeler (Bert Kramer).

A slew of characters debuted on Another World in the months prior to August 1980, in the hope that when they eventually moved over to Texas, they would have made enough impact with viewers so they would watch Texas, too.

The debut episode featured Iris on a plane, leaving Houston after visiting her son Dennis, who had relocated to Texas with his new love to open an art gallery. During her visit, she reconnected with her first love, self-made millionaire Alex Wheeler. Alex is determined not to let the past repeat itself and lose her again. He arranges for the Bay City-bound jet airliner, which Iris is on, to return to Houston.

During the first season of the series, the stories centered around the daily lives of the wealthy Wheelers and Bellmans and the middle-class Marshalls, and their ranching and oil interests.

The 1981 revamp
In November 1981, McKinsey left the show, and the secondary characters seen in the first year were given more story. Texas lost one million viewers upon McKinsey's departure. While Another World, which also lost a million viewers upon her 1980 departure, could afford the drop in ratings, Texas could not, and its days were numbered. To try to appeal to the younger audience, the show rechristened itself Texas: The New Generation.

In the daytime ratings for 1980-1981 season, Texas achieved a 3.8, tied with The Doctors at the 12th position. Its time slot contenders Guiding Light had an 8.2 rating, fourth position in the ratings, as opposed to an 11.4 rating for General Hospital, which was the top-rated serial for the 1980-1981 season. In its second season, the series fell to a 3.6 rating. At the end of its broadcast season, it ended with a 2.7 rating, in the 12th position out of 14 daytime serials. According to A.C. Neilsen, the total viewers for the first two seasons was at 2.8 million, followed by a drop to 2.2 million in the final season.

Simultaneously, Texas aired on CTV in Canada at the 3:00 pm ET slot following Another World, which had also aired on CTV since the early 1970s. The series was immensely popular in Canada, topping the BBM daytime ratings charts for many weeks. Beverlee McKinsey vacationed often in Nova Scotia during her tenure on both shows, according to numerous soap-opera sources. After NBC moved Texas to 11:00 am in April 1982, CTV opted not to follow suit, and continued airing Texas at its original timeslot of 3:00 pm (ET). In addition, Canadian viewers who either lived near the border and had access to NBC terrestrial affiliates or a cable TV subscription had the option of viewing the series mornings or afternoons, respectively.

Hitopah
A popular storyline at the end of 1981 called Hitopah involved numerous characters in adventurous settings and intriguing circumstances to locate Sutars Rock, which nonetheless offered comic relief provided by good friends Ruby and Lurleen. Hitopah was about an ancient Indian artifact called the Fire Compass that was covered with runes and which Ruby's boyfriend Beau Baker opened. The opening of the Fire Compass released a toxic gas that turned Beau instantly into a mummy. Then, following some comedic hijinks with Lurleen and Ruby attempting to get rid of the body and make sense of the situation, Gretchen tried to get part of the Fire Compass back from them, leading to a chase to find the secret underground chambers in Hitopah (which contain a huge quantity of petroleum), towards which the Fire Compass is supposed to guide the owner.

Special guests
Musical artists were featured on Texas to focus and contribute to some of the characters' storyline, such as siblings Elena and Rikki Dekker both venturing into the musical careers, although short-lived. Almost all serials in the 1980s had notable musical artists appearing on their respective shows, with some of the characters playing rising musical artists, and Texas was no exception, The character of Rikki Dekker (played by Randy Hamilton) gave his rendition of Luther Ingram's R&B hit, "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right", and notable country music singers of the 1970s and 1980s such as Johnny Paycheck, Tom T. Hall, and Ray Stevens all made appearances as themselves at venues, mostly at the Coop, on the series.

In addition, politicians also made appearances, such as Oklahoma Governor George Nigh and his wife Donna. They appeared in walk-on roles (playing themselves as governor and first lady of Oklahoma) during the show's first month on the air; cast member Lisby Larson (Paige Marshall) serenaded the couple with a rendition of "Oklahoma!". Also, while he never appeared on the actual series, Texas Lieutenant Governor William P. Hobby, Jr., took a tour of the program's Brooklyn studio, and praised the show's realistic visual feel.

Final episodes
The last episodes featured a Christmas miracle (snow fell in Houston as Long's character Ashley and her unborn baby, who had been presumed dead after a flash flood, returned home to loving husband Justin) and a New Year's series finale where the local TV station was bought out and all the major characters were fired. The final scene was a bittersweet, final toast, "To Texas!". (They weren't the only ones out of work: The Doctors also aired its last episode on this day, ending a nearly-twenty year run.)

NBC replaced Texas with the game shows Wheel of Fortune and Hit Man (the latter of which was cancelled after 13 weeks despite an increase in the network's ratings in the 11:30 am timeslot), as well as reruns of 1970s primetime shows.

Broadcast history
In the run-up to the premiere of Texas in the summer of 1980, a handful of characters was introduced on Another World, in the hope that once Texas began airing on August 4, 1980, the viewers who had become invested would continue watching as Iris Bancroft and these newer characters moved to Texas. The premiere of Texas came at a time when NBC's daytime lineup (consisting of Another World, Days of Our Lives, and The Doctors) had fallen into ratings trouble, after a highly successful period in the early and mid-1970s. Given that the show aired from 3:00-4:00 pm (ET), it caused a small domino effect on the NBC daytime schedule: Another World, which had become daytime's first 90-minute drama 17 months earlier (airing from 2:30-4:00 pm), was scaled back to 60 minutes and aired from 2:00-3:00 pm, and The Doctors, which previously aired from 2:00-2:30 pm, now moved to 12:30-1:00.

Due in no small part to the then-peak success of ABC's General Hospital, Texas remained in the bottom echelon of the daytime serial chart with a 3.8 rating, tying with The Doctors for last place, 12th, in 1980. However, the show's numbers fell gradually after its first year. The struggles of Texas also affected the ratings of its mother show, Another World, in such a way that the latter show was no longer NBC's highest-rated soap. The 1980-1981 season had Another World finish with a 5.1 ratings by comparison to a 7.1 during the previous season (1979-1980). In that same season, Days of our Lives became the highest-rated serial on NBC.

The show had a very difficult task from the beginning in the ratings for NBC; its 3:00 pm timeslot competitors were ABC's General Hospital, then the highest-rated daytime soap opera due in large part to the popularity of the Luke and Laura storyline, and CBS' Guiding Light, which had undergone a ratings resurgence due to popular, more youth-oriented stories and characters created by headwriter Douglas Marland. At that time, NBC was third in the ratings. The serial finished with a 3.8 in the ratings for its first year.

Critics complained that Iris Bancroft (who was known on Another World as being a villainess) had become too tame in her new environment in Houston, and that other roles were poorly cast or suffered from paper-thin writing. In early 1981, the Corringtons were replaced as head writers. Other casting moves were made with little gain, such as hiring away well established and popular General Hospital star Kin Shriner (Scotty Baldwin) in October 1980, at great expense, to be cast as Jeb Hampton, only to give him almost nothing to do except as a supporting role until he finally departed the series in August 1981.

In addition to popular Shriner, veteran actor Jay Hammer, who had a notable credit role as Allan Willis during the 1978–1979 season on the primetime CBS sitcom The Jeffersons, replaced Chandler Hill Harben in February 1981 as Max Dekker. The character was paired off with Carla Borelli's character, Reena Bellman Cook. They both brought charisma to the roles, but their storyline was short-lived, as Hammer's contract ended, and Max was killed off in a fatal explosion.

Gail Kobe and Pam Long
In late 1981, Gail Kobe became executive producer and Pam Long (who appeared on the show as Ashley Linden Marshall) became head writer. The show began to improve in quality, but the ratings remained in the basement due to numerous factors such as losing affiliates due to timeslot rescheduling, contributing to the show's cancellation.

After the show ended, Kobe and Long were hired at Guiding Light in the same roles. Several Texas actors appeared shortly after Long began writing the show; Jay Hammer, James Rebhorn, Harley Jane Kozak, and Michael Woods were all cast in new roles on Guiding Light. Long and Kobe also wooed Beverlee McKinsey back to daytime to portray Baroness Alexandra Spaulding Von Halkein, a role she played until 1992.

Other Texas actors who appeared on Guiding Light after Texas ended included Alexandra Neil, Lisby Larson, and Jerry Lanning. Long had originally wanted Lanning for the role of Billy Lewis; Lanning eventually took on the role of Cain Harris, who befriended and then stalked the character of Reva Shayne.

1982
On April 26, 1982, Texas moved to the 11:00 am timeslot. The serial had been at a critical low point in the ratings, and NBC, as part of a reshuffling of its morning lineup and a last-ditch effort to save the show, opted for this late-morning move, which also resulted in a change of timeslot for the hit game show Wheel of Fortune. As part of this shuffle, NBC moved Wheel of Fortune from 11:00 to 10:30, which subsequently resulted in the termination of Blockbusters and Battlestars.

This move, though, may have exacerbated the ratings problems for Texas; although it no longer had to face General Hospital, it was now directly against CBS' hit game show The Price Is Right. While Wheel of Fortune had given The Price Is Right some competition in the slot, Texas was unable to make even the slightest dent against the long-running CBS game. Therefore, NBC cancelled Texas and the still-struggling The Doctors (which had been bumped up to noon to make room for NBC acquiring CBS' Search for Tomorrow at 12:30) on December 31, 1982. (Many cancelled serials broadcast their final episode on the last day of the year; Somerset, the first spin-off of Another World, had aired its finale on the same date in 1976.)

After initially filling the slot with reruns of CHiPs for a few months, NBC experimented with other programming in the 3:00 timeslot; two 60-minute game shows occupied the slot over a period of nearly two years. The first of these, Fantasy, ran for thirteen months and was replaced by The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour. When the latter ended its run in July 1984, Santa Barbara premiered in the 3:00 timeslot; aside from running for nine years, it achieved better ratings and critical acclaim than Texas ever did. Santa Barbara was also the last network program NBC aired in that slot, as NBC returned the hour to its affiliates after the show ended in 1993.

Shortly after the cancellation of Texas and The Doctors, NBC turned its focus back to game shows and improving the struggling but still higher-rated soaps Days of Our Lives and Another World in early 1983. The daytime block led off with the Jim Perry-helmed revival of Sale of the Century at 10:30 am in January 1983. The 11:00 slot went back to Wheel of Fortune, which Texas had displaced with its move to the mornings, and the 11:30 slot was filled by Hit Man, which introduced audiences to Peter Tomarken. The noon slot, which The Doctors previously occupied, was taken by Just Men!, hosted by Betty White. Of the shows that premiered that day, Sale of the Century lasted until March 1989, but Hit Man and Just Men! each lasted only 13 weeks.

Beverlee McKinsey
Texas was used as a starring vehicle for Daytime Emmy-nominated Beverlee McKinsey, whose Another World character of Iris Carrington, penned in 1972 by Harding Lemay on the mother show as the rich, spoiled daughter of publishing magnate Mackenzie Cory, was made the focal point of the series. The series was retooled from its initial conception to focus on McKinsey's character as its leading lady.

McKinsey was given the distinction of having a starring credit on the opening of the show. Narrator Ken Roberts announced at the end of the theme song, "Texas, starring Beverlee McKinsey," and a still image of McKinsey was shown. However, she left Texas 16 months after its debut.

Texas was also the first daytime soap opera to air hour-long episodes from its inception, as all the other hour-long soaps airing at the time had expanded from 30 minutes. Noteworthy, the multiple Emmy Award-winning Santa Barbara, which took over the former Texas time slot in 1984, also premiered with hour-long episodes. Santa Barbara managed to achieve more critical acclaim and slightly higher ratings during its $8 1/2$-year run.

Repeats
Soon after Texas was cancelled, TBS began airing the show in a weekday morning timeslot in a 30-minute format. These airings were paired with a new half-hour soap, The Catlins, which was one of the few made-for-cable soaps.

In 2006, Procter and Gamble began making several of its soaps available, a few episodes at a time, through America Online's AOL Video service, downloadable free of charge. Reruns of Texas episodes began with the show's first episode from August 4, 1980.

As of January 1, 2009, Procter and Gamble announced that Texas and three other of its cancelled soap operas would no longer be streamed on AOL Video. The notice referred to exploring other options to make the shows available for viewing. The last Texas episode made available through AOL Video was #339, which originally aired on December 4, 1981. Additionally, numerous clips of the show are available on the video-sharing site YouTube.

Five episodes are known to be missing so far:
 * Episode #47 dated October 7, 1980, posted at AOL is the same as episode #24 and it seems to be either missing or was somehow mislabeled.
 * Episode #203 dated May 21, 1981
 * Episode #245 dated July 21, 1981
 * Episode #247 dated July 23, 1981
 * Episode #288 dated September 18, 1981

Episodes 78–163 were once available at AOL, but removed sometime in spring 2008. Although episodes 1–77 are still available through the WMV stream URLs, AOL has completely removed the embedded player pages at the website.

title: Texas (TV series)


text: Category:Baylor County, Texas

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Baylor County, Texas


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User:Logicalexplosion

My true identity is John Grillo, 4th year student in Friends World Program, avid weblogger, and world traveler!

title: User:Logicalexplosion


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Talk:European witchcraft

Archaeological example
I am sorry to barge in here before I haven't got that book back -- but I recently read a nice popular science book on modern archaeology (in German it is called "Den Tod auf der Schippe" or something like that). One chapter was about a professor of archaeology in Plymouth or Exeter (not quite sure which anymore) who had dug up a sort of offering pits literally in her back garden in Cornwall. These shallow pits contained large numbers of wildfowl eggs piled up on a bed of dog or cat skin plus one or two other things. Her only interpretation for these pits was that they had a ritual or magical function (something to do with fertility, presumably). While most of them were dated to the centuries before the Civil War, one or two were from the mid 20th century (!). Local rumour still spoke of the former occupants of that property, a pair of sisters as far as I remember, as "the witches". As this is the only archaeological example I know of of "witchcraft" proper (rather than the many better-known forms of apotropaic magic), as well as of a clandestine continuity of specific rituals, I was wondering whether these wouldn't deserve a mention in this article. Of course I wouldn't add anything before I have the relevant sources. Trigaranus (talk) 15:28, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Sourcing on Gaelic-speaking cultures
I'm not going to add it myself as I'm a co-author. But here's an in-depth article with pretty thorough sourcing that might prove useful: Rowan and Red Thread: Magic and Witchcraft in Gaelic Cultures (PDF) - Slàn, Kathryn NicDhàna  ♫ ♦ ♫ 20:34, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

Proposed merge from Witchcraft
The proposal is to move more material here from Witchcraft, really to make sure that it is all covered here. The secondary aspect is that the whole European witch trial overview should be here, and the coverage in Witchcraft should be further summarized and reduced, so it can be more balanced with respect to its global coverage. Skyerise (talk) 18:43, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

Outline is by period and country
The outline was intended to be by period and country. I have restored it. In particular, I wrote the country sections to be country specific, excluding American variants, intentionally. This is what is considered "witchcraft" in this period in these countries. Any other views or manifestations would simply be included in the narrative, say for example if someone were to report witch hunts in Estonia, the witches being hunted would certainly be neopagan +or Roma+ witches, there not being any others known to exist in the territory of Europe at this time. Skyerise (talk) 22:51, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

References Inadequate
Very few and inadequate references provided I am asking for citations with tags. Peaceful Nature (talk) 01:28, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

 * The article contains over 150 citations. If you're talking about the lede paragraphs, then these do not need to contain citations as the lede summarises referenced text in the main body of the article. The few citations in the lede are just there to cover controversial text. See MOS:LEAD.  Esowteric +  Talk  +  Breadcrumbs   06:38, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, best if you stick to newbie tasks before complaining that an article has only 150 citations. Skyerise (talk) 13:45, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay Skyerise, I will keep it in mind, sorry for disturbing you. Peaceful Nature (talk) 16:52, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * It's hard to judge the state of a robust article unless you read the whole thing.... only then will you know if there are things in the lead not supported in the body... Skyerise (talk) 17:09, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay skyerise, its admit my mistake, thanks for correcting, I will memorise it. Thanks Peaceful Nature (talk) 16:41, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

Possible references to look at
-From Goddess to Hag: The Greek and the Roman Witch in Classical Literature - "Barbette Stanley Spaeth" Note mostly for myself. Possibly interesting perspective on classical/pre-witch-trials European witchcraft. - Darker Dreams (talk) 05:27, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

oddly written introduction
European witchcraft is a multifaceted historical and cultural phenomenon that unfolded over centuries, leaving a mark on the continent's social, religious, and legal landscapes. The roots of European witchcraft trace back to classical antiquity when concepts of magic and religion were closely related, and society closely integrated magic and supernatural beliefs. Ancient Rome, then a pagan society, had laws against harmful magic. In the Middle Ages, accusations of heresy and devil worship grew more prevalent. By the early modern period, major witch hunts began to take place, partly fueled by religious tensions, societal anxieties, and economic upheaval. Witches were often viewed as dangerous sorceresses or sorcerers in a pact with the Devil, capable of causing harm through black magic. A feminist interpretation of the witch trials is that misogynist views of women led to the association of women and malevolent witchcraft.

I have a few problems with the introduction paragraph:

1. the use of the word multifaceted in the first sentence. It needs clarification/expansion, but in its current state seems too metaphorical and vague a word to use. 2. 'Ancient rome, then a pagan society...' then? when? having not actually referenced a date, the sentence does not actually make sense. 3. 'accusations of heresy and devil worship grew more prevalent' - again, from what period to what period? The middle ages is, in my mind anyway, an large portion of vaguely-defined history. 4. fuelled is spelt wrong, but I suppose I could easily fix this. 5. 'a feminist interpretation' - This seems a little unnecessary - is it not fairly obvious that there was some element of misogyny at play due to the fact that men were never accused, and never supposedly sold their souls to the devil? Sebimus (talk) 20:41, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:European witchcraft


text: Template:Cabinet of Canada

title: Template:Cabinet of Canada


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OOPic

The OOPic is an Object Oriented Programmable Integrated Circuit. Created by Savage Innovations, this PIC microcontroller comes with an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that supports programming in syntaxes based on the BASIC, Java and C programming languages.

The last three versions released to market were the OOPic-R, the OOPic-S and the OOPic-C, which is a miniature version of the former. The oldest model is the OOPic I, which uses the A.2 version of the firmware.

Architecture
The OOPic firmware defines numerous built-in "objects," which can provide custom methods and properties. The objects may be wrappers for hardware, such as an external infrared sensor or a built-in LED, or logic helpers, such as dividers or logic gates.

The OOPic also makes use of "virtual circuits," where the programmer can create links between object properties.

Example program
The following is an example piece of code written in the BASIC syntax, which links a built-in clock that cycles every 1 Hz to an LED.

This virtual circuit behaviour gives the programmer considerable control and flexibility, and allows for better reaction to real-time behaviours thanks to "Events". The OOPic actually spends the majority of its time updating the virtual circuits, compared to looping through a user's code, so it's in the programmers best interest to use virtual circuits over traditional programming techniques as often as possible.

Other meanings
OOPIC also refers to Object Oriented Particle In Cell which is an object-oriented implementation, written at Berkeley, of a specific method of plasma physics simulation known as particle in cell.

title: OOPic


text:
Public holidays in Cyprus

 * New Year's Day – 1 January
 * Epiphany – 6 January
 * Clean Monday – date variable
 * Greek Independence Day – 25 March
 * Cyprus National Day – 1 April
 * Good Friday – date variable
 * Holy Saturday – date variable
 * Easter Sunday – date variable
 * Easter Monday – date variable
 * Easter Tuesday – date variable
 * Labour Day – 1 May
 * Pentecost Monday – date variable
 * Dormition of the Theotokos – 15 August
 * Cyprus Independence Day – 1 October
 * Greek National Day – 28 October
 * Christmas Eve – 24 December
 * Christmas Day – 25 December
 * Boxing Day – 26 December

Public transport
On public holidays, buses operate on a Sunday schedule.

title: Public holidays in Cyprus


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George Tooker

George Clair Tooker, Jr. (August 5, 1920 – March 27, 2011) was an American figurative painter. His works are associated with Magic realism, Social realism, Photorealism, and Surrealism. His subjects are depicted naturally as in a photograph, but the images use flat tones, an ambiguous perspective, and alarming juxtapositions to suggest an imagined or dreamed reality. He did not agree with the association of his work with Magic realism or Surrealism, as he said, "I am after painting reality impressed on the mind so hard that it returns as a dream, but I am not after painting dreams as such, or fantasy." In 1968, he was elected to the National Academy of Design and was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Tooker was one of nine recipients of the National Medal of Arts in 2007.

Early life
George Tooker was born on August 5, 1920, in Brooklyn, New York where he spent the first six years of his life. He was raised by his mother, Angela Montejo Roura, who was of English, German and Spanish-Cuban descent and his father George Clair Tooker who was of English and French descent. His religious upbringing was in the Episcopal Church. During the Great Depression, the family resided in Bellport, New York. He had one sister, Mary Tooker Graham.

He took art lessons as a child and spent much of his young adult life at the Fogg Art Museum. He attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard University with an English degree in 1942, after which he enlisted in the Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps), but was discharged for medical reasons.

Influences
Tooker spent the late 1940s and early 1950s in Brooklyn. He studied at the Art Students League of New York under Reginald Marsh from 1943 to 1945. Kenneth Hayes Miller influenced Tooker's work by encouraging the emphasis on form rather than expressive emotion to convey a painting's meaning. Tooker regarded Harry Sternberg a good teacher at the League due to his pointed, challenging questions. Upon reading Daniel V. Thompson's The Practice of Tempera Painting, Tooker began to paint in the traditional Renaissance painting method. Tooker appreciated its slow manner of application in particular.

Tooker acknowledged the need for other art to support his development process. He spent much of his free time reading painting and sculpture books, studying the works of antiquity up to 20th-century art in an effort to augment his artistic vision. He was particularly interested in Classical sculpture, Flemish painting and sculpture, Italian Renaissance painting and sculpture, Dutch Golden Age painting, 17th-century French art, Neue Sachlichkeit art, and Mexican art of the 1920s and 1930s. Some individuals that influenced Tooker include Italian artists Paolo Uccello and Piero della Francesca; American artists Jared French, Edward Hopper, Paul Cadmus, Honoré Desmond Sharrer, and Henry Koerner.

Early in his career, Tooker's work was often compared with painters such as Andrew Wyeth, Edward Hopper, and his close friends Jared French and Paul Cadmus.

Artistic career
His most well-known paintings carry strong social commentary, and are often characterized as his "public" or "political" pieces. Some of these include: The Subway (1950), Government Bureau (1955-1956), The Waiting Room (1956-1957), Lunch (1964), Teller (1967), Waiting Room II (1982), Corporate Decision (1983), and Terminal (1986). These works are particularly influential, because they draw from universal experiences of modern, urban life. Many portray visually literal depictions of social withdrawal and isolation. Modernity's anonymity, mass-production, and fast pace are cast under an unforgiving, bleak, shadow-less light that conveys a sense of foreboding and isolation. The use of many strong straight lines culminates in oppressively ordered, rectilinear architecture. This precise geometric architecture, constructed to serve the subjects, physically dominates them. Tooker saw modern society as behaving in this same way. Modern life becomes a prison of soulless ritual devoid of individuality in Landscape with Figures (1966). Space is often compressed, as in Ward (1970-1971), with patients' beds lined head-to-foot with very little walking space, such that humanity is confined to strictly organized grids. These images convey a sense of overwhelming silence in the lack of control each individual portrayed has over their depicted situation. The people Tooker depicts are rarely overcome by emotion, never strut, and seldom convey individuality. Rather, they shuffle along in heavy, uniform clothing and seem to act not based on individual will, but based on social conditioning. In Supermarket (1973), nondescript shoppers are surrounded by brightly packaged consumables as easily replicated as the people themselves.

While Tooker's "public" imagery is hostile and solemn, his "private" images are often more intimate and positive. Some of these include the ten images of the Windows series (1955-1987), Doors (1953), Guitar (1957), Toilette (1962), and the Mirror series (1962-1971). Many of these images juxtapose beauty and ugliness, youth and age, in the analysis of the female body. The space is often compressed by a curtain or close-up wall, so that the viewer is confronted by the symbolic identity of the protagonist. Paper lanterns are also a common motif in Tooker's "private" works, often being shared amongst individuals, beacons of soft, warm light that present a pleasant mood to the entire scene. See Garden Party (1952), In the Summer House (1958), and Lanterns (1986). Tooker's style of person is notably recognizable. Often they resemble skeletons and seem frozen in time and space, though certainly not flat. See Divers (1952) or Acrobats (1950-1952). Even as the people depicted in these images are more individualized than those of the "public" pieces, people in a single image are often depicted as variations of the same face, with similar hair colors and physical features that unify and highlight commonalities.

Even these "private" images held social commentary. Voices I (1963) depicts two men, physically identical, separated by a thin door yet unable to communicate. He was deeply concerned with the apparent failure to understand and communicate within American society. While Tooker's figures' facial expressions are rarely particularly emotional, these images carry heavy emotional tones, through the gestures, symbolism, and lighting. See Door (1969–70), Man in the Box (1967), and Night I (1963).

He also created religious works. His elaborately painted seven-panel piece The Seven Sacraments is located in his local church in Windsor, Vermont. Supper (1963) depicts a black man praying over a loaf of bread in front of two white men, easily recognizable as a modern update on the Last Supper. Girl Praying (1977), Orant (1977), Lovers (1982), and Embrace II (1984) are uplifting in their portrayal of genuine spiritual connection. The juxtaposition of emotions in these four images suggest the gravity of spirituality and love for Tooker.

Tooker's first exhibition was "Fourteen Americans" at the Museum of Modern Art in 1946. In 1974, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco organized a retrospective called "George Tooker: Paintings, 1947-1973." In 1989, the Marsh Gallery at the University of Richmond held an exhibition dedicated to Tooker. The Addison Gallery of American Art, the National Academy Museum, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Columbus Museum of Art, and the Whitney Museum of American Art all held exhibitions dedicated to George Tooker. The DC Moore Gallery represents his estate.

Thomas H. Garver, who wrote a monograph on the works of George Tooker wrote, "These are powerful pictures that will stay in the public consciousness. Everyone can say, 'Yes, I've been in that faceless situation,' even if it's just standing in line waiting to apply for a driver's license." His works are particularly impactful because they are so simple and relate to everyday experiences in such a way that the viewer is forced to become more critically aware of their existence.

Artistic style
In the late 1940s and 1950s, Tooker's work was widely appreciated, but fell out of the spotlight when Abstract expressionism gained popularity. For several decades, Tooker painted with little recognition, completing one to three paintings each year. In the 1980s, he was rediscovered and celebrated as one of the most unique and mysterious American painters of the 20th century.

His artistic theory is evident in the quote: "I don't really think I'm a creator. I feel that I'm a passive vessel, a receptor or translator...The fascinating thing about painting is the discovery." He methodically mixed his colors by hand, using water, egg yolk, and powdered pigment. Each painting was not only painstakingly executed, but deeply intellectually considered. Tempera is a quick-drying, tedious method of painting that is hard to change after being applied, and this deliberate method suited Tooker's disposition and artistic theory. Tooker spent four to six intensely focused hours each day, six days a week, for roughly four months fine-tuning each piece, slowly and deliberately building up color and dimension.

While the themes of his works are simple, the overall impact of each is ambiguous and enigmatic. His works often reveal eerie situations in a mechanical, distancing, and hostile society. These scenes are overlaid with mythical undertones, poetically capturing sensations of dread and unease. The individuals represented are generalized and stripped of detail, with mask-like faces. They often blend sexual and racial features, so they appear more symbols of human beings than actual, unique human individuals. They appear overwhelmed by their environment and clothing, unable to take control of their existence.

Themes his works focus on include love, death, sex, grief, aging, alienation, and religious faith. He devoted numerous paintings to a single theme, investigating many possible variations to fully express the complex ideas conveyed. Tooker grew up in an affluent family, and his work reflects both his privilege and his empathy for those with less.

Personal life
Tooker was in a relationship with the artist Paul Cadmus from 1944-1949 and was a part of the PaJaMa artists collective during that time. He is featured, often nude, in many of their images from that period. In the mid-1950's Tooker met his long time partner, painter William R. Christopher, and they lived together in New York City. They moved into a house they had built in Hartland, Vermont in 1960. The couple were involved in the Civil Rights Movement and participated in one of the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965. He taught at the Art Students League of New York from 1965 to 1968. He spent his winters in Málaga, Spain. A few years after Christopher's 1973 death, Tooker converted to Catholicism. His faith was very important to him, as he was very much involved with his local church. Tooker died at the age of 90 in his Hartland, Vermont, home due to kidney failure.

title: George Tooker


text:
User talk:Djmutex/old003

Mission: Tübingen accomplished.  -- Someone else 19:42 1 Jun 2003 (UTC)

- Thanks for your interest. All of the text added is mine. I added the entirety of the content in a single edit (accidentally as an anon, having been signed off automatically due to sustained idleness) after having written it on Microsoft Word. As a hideous typist, this is necessary to avoid numerous errors. The serious of edits labeled "copyediting" were all minor afterwards, merely entailing adding brackets for the years and links and searching for mistakes.

I did intend to add content to the other categories, aside from the unification of Germany and the Second Reich. If the article's too long, we could remove my new content and add it to pages detailing separate eras. The Wiki articles on Russia come to mind, which has a paged with links to a series of articles, but no content on the history of Russia page. If you want to move the new content to a page, for example, on the Second Reich, feel free to do so. 172

 * Thanks for your reply. Actually, I'd rather not see any content added to the main History of Germany page; in fact, it was me who moved big chunks of content away from that main page to the various subpages. German history is so complicated that nobody will grasp it if it's a 200-page text. Besides, the page has more than 50 KB now. :-) But if you want to add anything to the subpages, I'm sure your expertise will be greatly appreciated... I am mainly working on Holy Roman Empire still, and other sections such as Nazi Germany are missing content.

 * So I will, as you suggested, move more stuff over from your new texts to German Confederation and German Empire. I know the first one is not entirely correct, but it's the best heading I can think of for the time from 1806--1866. Thanks! djmutex 11:36 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

__________

All right: What is it that makes you translate «Bundestag» and «Bundesrat» with the words you've chosen (e.g. Federal Assembly)? How does «Bundesversammlung» fit in into your scheme?

 * I didn't make those translations. The articles existed before I added stuff to them, and I don't know who came up with these. You might want to ask a native speaker of English what these things are called in English political literature; I wouldn't know, but then again I wouldn't mind using the German terms, as I said. But then such a massive change (there are dozens of pages that link to these two) should only be made after an attempt of discussion on, say, the "Talk:Politics of Germany" page, if you ask me. I'd suggest that you word your suggestions there, and we could mobilize a few competent people what they think. djmutex 21:13 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Discussion continues on Talk:Politics of Germany. djmutex 08:11 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-- Excellent job on the German Confederation and German Empire pages! There are no other history articles laid out so well! 172

-- Thanks for the New York Supreme Court photo. In response to your question, I live in New York City, as my username suggests. Cjmnyc 16:52 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-- Sorry for neglecting the German history articles, which are in excellent shape by and large thanks to your contributions. I hope to start focusing on Germany once again and look at some of the ideas you proposed weeks ago. 172 09:41, 31 Jul 2003 (UTC)

--- I meant to just restore some of the removed content. Later on, I'll restore some of your corrections. Good work overall. 172 03:48, 30 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Wikilegal
Wikilegal-l is a new mailing list dealing with legal issues. You can sign up for it here. Regards,-戴&#30505sv 06:30, 19 Oct 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Djmutex/old003


text:
Category:Scholastic philosophers

Philosophers who practised Scholasticism.

title: Category:Scholastic philosophers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Annie Chapman

Neither article claims notability other than being an unfortunate murder victim (Jack the Ripper). The general consensus has been that is not enuf to warrant an article. The Jack the Ripper article does NOT link the names of his victims (rightly, IMHO), so these would be orphans if someone hadn't linked Annie's name on September 8. I suggest we make both of these redirs to the Ripper article, possibly merging the victim's biographical info into that article. Interestingly, both article claim the subject was the second victim. Niteowlneils 17:47, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Jack the Ripper - based on RickK's comment. Delete - unknown victim - Tεx  τ  urε  20:50, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Jack the Ripper and his victims have an extensive literature, and the victims are pretty well-known.  It's a major historical murder case, and therefore the victims really do rate their own articles.  RickK 21:10, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, for the same reasons as RickK. —Morven 22:15, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. -Sean Curtin 00:05, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: In general, I agree that victims should not get break out articles for being victims, and in general I think non-significant bits should be folded in.  However, I have to agree that these victims have been the subject of intense interest in fictionalized versions of the tales.  They more than likely pass the test of whether general users will search for the information, and more than a stub can be written on each.  Geogre 01:17, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't have guessed it possible for them to be more than stubs from looking at the articles, but I'll take your word for it--that's the main reason I vote to transwiki the non-notable 9/11 victims--in general, I don't think we should have articles that are destined to forever be stubs. So, keep. Also, when I went to link them from the ripper article, I noticed it is already over 40k and complaining about being too big, so keeping them separate makes sense from that angle, as well. I did move Polly Nichols to Mary Ann Nichols, since that's where the ripper article wants it, cleaned up the double-redirs, changed her from second to first, and marked them as stubs. Niteowlneils 03:10, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, or get rid of Laci Peterson et al. Be consistent at least. - Hephaestos|§ 03:12, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:Carbide

Untitled
An acetylene gas lamp is no lime-light. see http://users.chariot.net.au/~rjnoye/Lantern/Lighting.htm#The%20Limelight. for a description was a lime-light is.

Structure
The text in this section refer to WC as exhibiting a "rock-salt" structure (face-centered cubic), yet the data table describes WC as exhibiting a hexagonal close-packed structure. There are incompatible and need attention. 137.53.85.122 (talk) 18:57, 7 February 2008 (UTC)Alex Cranson
 * Agreed. I need to revisit this summary table- it is confusing. If you are confident please take a shot at it - I will put it on my to do list. It all hinges on the packing of the metal atoms in the interstitial which differs from the metal-- perhaps this just unnecessarily complicated - the naming of close packing etc. is confusing for the uninitiated reader - perhaps a simpler list of actual structures without an attempt to summarise would be easier to understand. --Axiosaurus (talk) 10:35, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

What is a carbide
I'm not sure if this article's definion of a carbide is correct. It says it's a polyatomic ion (C2) but I thought that a carbide was simply a salt of carbon combined with a metal. I'm not a chemist, so I don't feel comfortable editing this main part of the article. Does anybody have any input on this? — Brim 07:09, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

"carbide" is not calcium carbide, it's just a short name that people use instead. I work at the last U.S. owned calcium carbide manufacturer (there are only 2 operational calcium carbide furnaces left in the U.S.) and we call it carbide as do most of our customers, but we all know it's really calcium carbide.--68.156.55.2 13:26, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Honestly, this page should not be called Carbide, it should be calcium carbide.--68.156.55.2 13:30, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I came to this page looking to find out what Calcium Carbide is and I found NOTHING. Could someone clean it up so that it provides a bit more information? There is actually a link in the article to Calcium carbide that does nothing but bring you back to this page.

Bathrobe 09:00, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Picture
Is the picture (bluish rock) calcium carbide?HappyVR 14:58, 15 April 2006 (UTC) The calcium carbide that I saw about 1944 was a much darker color, likely due to impurities such as bits of unreacted coke. It looked just like the small size pieces of crushed rock that were commonly used for driveways in that era. The carborundum stone = silicon carbide looked like a flat rectangular solid cut from a larger rock, but possibly it was fine sand with a binder. The tungsten carbide I have seen, looked like metal. I presume all three are hard, strong and brittle, but that may not be true of all the 100 or so carbides. More detail about properties would be helpful.66.177.106.56 (talk) 19:02, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation required?
Nokia (for whom I work for) has a set of software tools called Carbide (please see http://www.forum.nokia.com/carbide). The tools are generally referred to as the Carbide product family, with individual releases denoted by their target technology or use -- for instance, C++ products are called Carbide.c++. Although it doesn't currently exist, I would like to start a page that overviews the product family and points to individual product pages. How should this be resolved?

maahonen 02:43, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Name your hypothetical article something like: Carbide (software)

 * Then, at the top of this (the Carbide) article, place a "disambiguation" line that is similar to this:

 * For the Nokia software toolset, see Carbide (software).

 * Atlant 13:04, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Calcium carbide- still important industrially
While production US, Europe and Japan has reduced significantly production in China is very high, many millions of tons pa. --Axiosaurus (talk) 18:11, 21 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Excellent point. And an important one since making this material is environmental threat but China has lots of coal and few regulations, so they are apparently readopting acetylene-based technologies that were abandoned in the west.  I think that they use the acetylene to make vinyl monomers.  I will get back to the carbide article by the way.--Smokefoot (talk) 20:47, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Li4C3
The link redirects to a different compound, Li2C2, and I can't find a relevant page to link to, so I'm removing the link. Jojofunny123 (talk) 11:22, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

Tin Carbide
The article says "Some metals, such as lead and tin, are believed not to form carbides under any circumstances." How is that possible when tin carbide (SnC) is for sale here: https://www.americanelements.com/tin-carbide? DEm (talk) 12:17, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

Example of what?
Under the headline "Chemical classification of carbides", you can find the words "Examples include". It is very unclear what exactly these examples are examples of!

Right above, there is a list of 4 different classifications of carbides according to chemical bond. Are the examples listed examples of the 4th type, since this is last? 🤷🏻♀ Or are they examples from each type listed above?... Quark538 (talk) 07:31, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carbide


text:
Acoelomorpha

Acoelomorpha is a subphylum of very simple and small soft-bodied animals with planula-like features which live in marine or brackish waters. They usually live between grains of sediment, swimming as plankton, or crawling on other organisms, such as algae and corals. With the exception of two acoel freshwater species, all known acoelomorphs are marine.

Etymology
The term "acoelomorph" derives from the Ancient Greek words, the alpha privative, expressing negation or absence,  , meaning "cavity", and  , meaning "form". This refers to the fact that acoelomorphs have a structure lacking a fluid-filled body cavity.

Classification
The subphylum Acoelomorpha is divided into two classes. There are at least 408 described species, with a majority of these falling within the Crucimusculata infraorder in Acoela.
 * Acoela comprise small flattened worms, classified into a dozen families.
 * Nemertodermatida comprise millimetre-sized, mostly interstitial worms, distributed into two families.

Phylogeny
The soft bodies of acoelomorphs and the lack of some of the key bilaterian traits make them difficult to classify. Traditionally, based on phenotypic features, acoelomorphs were considered to belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes, which was long seen as the sister group to all other bilaterian phyla. However, a series of molecular phylogenetics studies at the hinge between the 20th and 21st centuries demonstrated that they are fast-evolving organisms not closely related to platyhelminthes,   therefore involving the polyphyly of flatworms.

Actually, Acoelomorpha appeared to constitute a separate, deep-branching phylum, kingpin of bilaterian evolution. Yet their evolutionary affinities remain enigmatic as they might be the sister-group either to all other bilateral animals  or to all deuterostomes. Resolving this debate would indicate whether acoelomorphs are simple or simplified. If they are the sister group to Bilateria, it would point to a simple body plan for the first bilaterian. Alternatively, if acoelomorphs are related to deuterostomes, this would imply that their organisation is the result of secondary simplification.

In addition, comparative analyses of morphological, developmental, and molecular characters raised two points.
 * Xenoturbellida is the sister group to acoelomorphs, constituting the so-called Xenacoelomorpha clade. The close evolutionary relationship between Acoelomorpha and Xenoturbella is supported by the morphology (structure of epidermal cilia ), the embryology (direct development without a feeding larval stage ), and the concatenation of hundreds of proteins.
 * The phylogenetic placement of Xenacoelomorpha among bilaterian animals is not yet well defined, despite increased taxon and gene sampling, (re)-analyses of published data sets, and use of more sophisticated models of sequence evolution in phylogenomic studies. There is a conflict between two evolutionary hypotheses, with Xenacoelomorpha being the sister group to Ambulacraria within deuterostomes (i.e., the Xenambulacraria hypothesis) on the one hand, and Xenacoelomorpha as sister group to all other bilaterians (i.e., the Nephrozoa hypothesis) on the other. However, the Nephrozoa hypothesis might reflect methodological errors resulting from model violations in the phylogenomic inference.

Anatomy

Acoelomorphs resemble flatworms in many respects, but have a simpler anatomy, not even having a gut. Like flatworms, they have no circulatory or respiratory systems, but they also lack an excretory system. They lack body cavities (acoelomate structure), a hindgut or an anus.

The epidermal cells of acoelomorphs are unable to proliferate, a feature that is only shared with rhabditophoran flatworms and was for some time considered a strong evidence for the position of Acoelomorpha within Platyhelminthes. In both groups, the epidermis is renewed from mesodermal stem cells.

The nervous system of acoelomorphs is formed by a set of longitudinal nerve bundles beneath the ciliated epidermis. Close to the anterior end, these bundles are united by a ring commissure, but do not form a true brain, although it is hypothesized that such organization was the precursor of the cephalization of the nerve system in more derived bilaterians. After decapitation, such a "brain" (rather, a cerebroid ganglion) regenerates in a few weeks.

The sensory organs include a statocyst – which presumably helps them orient to gravity –, and, in some cases, ancestral pigment-spot ocelli capable of detecting light.

Acoelomorphs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, but have no gonads and no ducts associated with the female reproductive system. Instead, gametes are produced from the mesenchymal cells that fill the body between the epidermis and the digestive vacuole.

title: Acoelomorpha


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Pomeranian Evangelical Church

The Pomeranian Evangelical Church (Pommersche Evangelische Kirche; PEK) was a Protestant regional church in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, serving the citizens living in Hither Pomerania. The Pomeranian Evangelical Church was based on the teachings brought forward by Martin Luther and other Reformators during the Reformation. It combined Lutheran and Reformed traditions (Prussian Union). The seat of the church was Greifswald, the bishop's preaching venue was the former Collegiate Church of St. Nicholas in Greifswald.

In May 2012, the Pomeranian Evangelical Church merged with the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg into the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany. The Pomeranian Evangelical Church was a full member of the Protestant Church in Germany (Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, EKD) between 1950 and 1969 and again from 1991 to 2012, and of the Evangelical Church of the Union between 1950 and 2003, and thereafter of the Union of Evangelical Churches. The church was also a member of the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe. Last bishop was Dr. Hans-Jürgen Abromeit since 2006.

History
At the time of the Reformation Pomerania within the Holy Roman Empire (Duchy of Pomerania) consisted of three separate states, the two branch duchies of Pomerania-Stettin (capital: Stettin, renamed as Szczecin as of 1945) and Pomerania-Wolgast (capital: Wolgast) as well as of the secular principality (capital: Kolberg, renamed as Kołobrzeg as of 1945) ruled by the Prince-Bishops of Cammin, who – in Roman Catholic respect – presided over the exempt Roman Catholic Cammin diocese (seat: Cammin, renamed as Kamień Pomorski as of 1945) comprising all the prince-episcopal state, Pomerania-Stettin, parts of eastern Mecklenburg, the New March and much of Pomerania-Wolgast. The latter's island Rügen formed part of the Roman Catholic diocese of Roskilde, converted to Lutheranism by the Danish king in 1537, the northern mainland area of Pomerania-Wolgast formed part of the Diocese of Schwerin.

Reformation and formation of Lutheran state churches
On 13 December 1534 the Pomeranian Common Diet in Treptow an der Rega voted in favour of the introduction of Lutheranism in the branch duchies, so in the subsequent years most congregations and parishioners in Cammin diocese converted to Lutheranism. Only in Cammin's prince-episcopal state Bishop could defend the Catholic faith. In 1535 the first Lutheran church order (Kirchenordnung; church constitution) for Pomerania was designed by the famous Pomeranian Reformator Johannes Bugenhagen, also called Doctor Pomeranus, but was only implemented in 1563. In 1535 the two Pomeranian branch duchies, Pomerania-Wolgast and Pomerania-Stettin, each appointed its own spiritual leader (called general superintendent as of 1563), seated in Greifswald for Pomerania-Wolgast and in Stettin for western Pomerania-Stettin, and, however, subordinate to Stettin, in Stolp (renamed as Słupsk) as of 1945) with subsidiary competence for the eastern part of Pomerania-Stettin.

In 1544 the Cammin diocesan cathedral chapter elected as successor of Manteuffel, becoming the first Lutheran on the Cammin see, however, not confirmed by the Holy See. Suawe then introduced Lutheranism in the prince-episcopal state. His competence as spiritual Lutheran leader, however, was restricted to the prince-episcopal state (Hochstift), everywhere else in the former Cammin diocesan ambit superintendents, appointed by the respective ducal rulers, had taken Lutheran leadership. Protestantism had since been the prevailing Christian denomination in all of ducal and episcopal Pomerania.

The Lutheran churches in the three states of ducal and prince-episcopal Pomerania ranked as state churches. Temporary partitions without share in the Pomeranian governments, such as Pomerania-Barth (1569–1605; ecclesiastically under the general superintendent in Greifswald) and Pomerania-Rügenwalde (1569–1620; ecclesiastically under the superintendent in Stolp till 1604, then Stettin), had no effect on the structure of the two ducal state churches. The Administrators of Cammin prince-bishopric, elected in 1557 and later, lacked theological skills and did not serve as spiritual leaders of the prince-episcopal Lutheran state church any more, but superintendents (Stiftssuperintendenten; i.e. superintendent of the Hochstift) were appointed since 1558. In the same year the Cammin prince-bishopric also established a Lutheran consistory of its own. In 1556 Pomerania-Wolgast had established its own consistory. Its ambit comprised Pomerania north of the river Randow and west of the rivers Swine and Oder. Between 1575 and 1815 Stralsund, a city in Pomerania-Wolgast, maintained an own consistory for the Lutheran congregations within the city boundary.

During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Pomerania fell under Swedish occupation. In 1625 the Wolgast ducal branch was extinct in the male line and bequeathed to Stettin. With the extinction of the Stettin line too in 1637 the electors of Brandenburg inherited Pomerania, however, inhibited by the Swedish occupants. In 1653, after quarrels and negotiations Sweden and Brandenburg partitioned ducal Pomerania into Swedish Pomerania (comprising former Pomerania-Wolgast and the west of former Pomerania-Stettin), and Brandenburgian Pomerania (comprising the former Cammin prince-bishopric and central and eastern parts of former Pomerania-Stettin).

As to the Lutheran state church of Swedish (Hither) Pomerania it took over the Wolgast-Pomeranian ecclesiastical institutions in Greifswald (consistory and general superintendency), whereas consistory and general superintendency in Stettin were closed down. The Lutheran state church of Brandenburgian (Farther) Pomerania reorganised Cammin's consistory as the (till 1668 aka ) and took over the superintendency in Kolberg, elevated to general superintendency. The Pomeranian and Cammin spiritual Consistory, established as Cammin Consistory in 1558 in Cammin's capital Kolberg, was seated in that city (1558–1668, and again 1683–1686), in Stargard in Pomerania (1668–1683, and again 1686–1738) and afterwards in Stettin. With the Edict of Potsdam (1685) Huguenots founded Calvinist congregations in Stargard (1687), Stolp and Kolberg (1699). Swedish Pomerania did not allow the immigration of Calvinists.

After in 1713 Swedish Pomerania had ceded Stettin, in 1721 Calvinists founded a congregation there too. With the repeated cessions of Swedish Pomeranian territory to Brandenburgian Pomerania in the early 18th century also the ambit of the general superintendency in Greifswald shrank in favour of that for western Brandenburgian Pomerania. In 1738 the Pomeranian and Cammin spiritual Consistory moved to Stettin, however, due to the distance to remote eastern Farther Pomerania (the Hinterkreise; i.e. farther districts) it opened a subsidiary consistory for the east, the Farther Pomeranian Consistory of Köslin (aka ) in 1747. In 1750 the new Superior Consistory in Berlin (Lutherisches Oberconsistorium zu Berlin) became the superior authority for all Lutheran church bodies in Brandenburg-Prussia. The few Reformed (or Calvinist) congregations in Pomerania became subject to the Reformed Church Directorate in Berlin (Reformierte Kirchen-Direction).

Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania within the Prussian Union of churches
In 1815 Swedish Pomerania became a pawn in the hands of the powerful, Sweden ceded it to Denmark which passed it on to Prussia in exchange for Saxe-Lauenburg. Swedish Pomerania was renamed as New Hither Pomerania (Neuvorpommern). In 1817 the supreme governor of the Lutheran State Church and the Reformed State Church in Prussia, Frederick William III, initiated the merger of both churches to form the Evangelical Church in Prussia, avoiding in its name the terms Lutheran or Reformed. This new state church, an administratively united umbrella comprising Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist) and United Protestant congregations, built up regional subdivisions, so-called ecclesiastical provinces (Kirchenprovinzen).

Its Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania, comprising congregations within the borders of the Province of Pomerania, consisted of the Lutheran congregations within the state church of former Swedish Pomerania, of the Lutheran congregations previously subject to the Stettin general superintendent under the Lutheran Superior Consistory in Berlin, and of the Reformed (Calvinist) congregations located in Pomerania and previously subject to the Reformed Church Directorate in Berlin.

The King originally intended the merger of locally established Lutheran and Calvinist congregations into congregations of a United Protestant confession, and the adoption of the Union confession by all local congregations without an existing local partner of the other confession to merge with. His intention, however, failed due to strong Lutheran resistance throughout his monarchy, especially among Lutherans in Pomerania and Silesia.

This fight even caused the schism of the Old Lutherans. A number of Lutheran congregations refrained to join the new umbrella or seceded from it in the 1820s and 1830s, forming the independent Evangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia recognised in 1845, which was why the Evangelical Church in Prussia renamed as Evangelical State Church in Prussia (Evangelische Landeskirche in Preußen), indicating its privileged status. So finally the merger, not including all congregations, materialised as a mere administrative Union, including in Pomerania mostly Lutheran congregations, the traditionally prevailing denomination, and some few Reformed and United Protestant congregations.

Reformed congregations were usually found in cities or newly established or resettled villages in formerly Brandenburgian Pomerania, where Calvinist immigrants ensconced after 1685. United Protestant congregations usually emerged in cities, where Calvinists and Lutherans lived side by side and disliked the denominational split.

The ecclesiastical province had its headquarters, the 1815-founded Royal [or Evangelical (as of 1918)] and general superintendent, domiciling in Stettin, taken over from the Brandenburgian Pomeranian Lutheran Church, the latter's local Köslin Consistory had been dissolved in 1815. The Swedish Pomeranian former Greifswald Consistory and the local were stripped of their competences and dissolved in 1849 and 1815, respectively, the general superintendency in Greifswald was not restaffed after 1824. Since initially the office of general superintendent was not provided as a function in the new Evangelical Church in Prussia at all, the respective offices had not been restaffed when their previous incumbents retired, causing a vacancy. However, since the late 1820s the Evangelical Church in Prussia appointed general superintendents in all its ecclesiastical provinces.

Bismarck's church reforms strengthened the autonomy and self-rule of the state church, which in 1875 renamed as Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces (Evangelische Landeskirche der älteren Provinzen Preußens), since in Prussian provinces annexed since 1866 their regional Protestant church bodies had remained independent of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia. The reform laws strengthened the parishioners' participation through elected presbyteries and provincial synods in matters of the Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania. In 1892 the Consistory of Pomerania Province moved into its new building on Elisabethstraße (today's ulica Kaszubska in Szczecin). With the end of the the church lost its status as state church and assumed independence. With its new church order and name, Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union (as of 1922, Evangelische Kirche der altpreußischen Union; APU), it accounted for these changes.

The parishioners in the congregations elected synodals for their respective provincial synod – the legislative body – which again elected its governing board the provincial church council (Provinzialkirchenrat), which also included members delegated by the Evangelical Consistory of Pomerania Province. The consistory was the provincial administrative body, whose members were appointed by the Evangelical Supreme Church Council in Berlin, the central administrative body of the old-Prussian Union church. The consistory was chaired by the Stettin general superintendent, being the ecclesiastical, and a consistorial president (German: Konsistorialpräsident), being the administrative leader. In 1921 the Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania was divided into two general superintendencies (Westsprengel and Ostsprengel), the western ambit seated again in Greifswald, the eastern ambit in Stettin. The provincial synods and the provincial church councils elected from their midst the Pomeranian synodals for the general synod, the legislative body of the overall Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union. In 1927 the general synod of the old-Prussian Union church legislated in favour of the ordination of women.

With the Nazi-imposed premature reelection of presbyteries and synods within the old-Prussian church in July 1933 the Nazi-submissive Protestant movement of German Christians gained majorities in most Pomeranian presbyteries and the Pomeranian provincial synod, like in most old-Prussian ecclesiastical provinces. In June 1933 the Nazi government of Prussia, ignoring religious autonomy, furloughed the then incumbent general superintendent (western district, seated in Greifswald), whereas his colleague  (eastern district, seated in Stettin) retired in October the same year. This allowed the German Christians, dominating the provincial synod, to install their proponent as provincial bishop (Provinzialbischof), combining the ambits of Westsprengel and Ostsprengel, self-aggrandising as Bishop of Cammin, claiming Führerprinzip-like authority over all the provincial clergy.

Especially among the many Pomeranian rural Pietists the opposition, forming the Confessing Church movement, found considerable support. Due to the Nazi regime's interference causing the violation and de facto abolition of the church order, new bodies emerged such as the provincial bishop (as of 1933) and the provincial ecclesiastical committee (Provinzialkirchenausschuss) since 1935 (dissolved in 1937, presided over by, a member of the Emergency Covenant of Pastors of the Confessing Church), depriving the extremist Thom of his power again in 1936. The provincial ecclesiastical committee provided for the ignoration of Thom, so that the constitutional two general superintendencies could be restaffed. In 1941, following the incorporation of Posen-West Prussia into Pomerania (1938), also the Ecclesiastical Province of Posen-West Prussia was dissolved and its ambit became a part of the Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania. In 1941 about two million of the Pomeranians, then amounting to 2.394 million inhabitants, were parishioners of the Pomeranian ecclesiastical province.

On 22 December 1941 the official new umbrella, the pan-German Evangelical Church, called for suited actions by all Protestant church bodies to withhold baptised non-Aryans from all spheres of Protestant church life. Many German Christian-dominated congregations followed suit, whereas confessing congregations in the Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania dared to hand in lists of signatures in protest against the exclusion of the stigmatised Protestants of Jewish descent.

By the East Pomeranian Offensive, February–April 1945, the Red Army advanced so speedily, that there was hardly a chance to rescue refugees, let alone archives of congregations in Farther Pomerania, as was recorded in a report about the situation in the ecclesiastical provinces (10 March 1945). By the end of the war hundred thousands of parishioners and hundreds of pastors were fleeing westwards. The Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania tried to relocate its Stettin-based institutions, the consistory, general superintendency, and pertaining offices, to Greifswald. Between April and July 1945 the Soviets handed over all of Pomerania on both banks along the Oder and east thereof to Poland. Thus the east district (Ostsprengel) dropped into dissolution. With the simultaneous atrocities against and expulsion of the remaining Pomeranians and the systematic suppression of any kind of their organisations and associations the church life in Polish-annexed Pomerania came to an end. Chattel, such as archives and files of the ecclesiastical province and the congregations, could only be partially rescued to places in the west ambit. In August 1945 the three Allies of Potsdam approved these facts and agreed to house and feed the destitute Pomeranians expelled to their zones of occupation.

On the occasion of the first meeting of representatives of Germany's persisting Protestant church bodies in Treysa (a part of today's Schwalmstadt) on 31 August 1945, the representatives of the six surviving old-Prussian ecclesiastical provinces (March of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Rhineland, Saxony, Silesia, and Westphalia) and the central Evangelical Supreme Church Council took fundamental decisions about the future of the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union. They decided to assume the independent existence of each ecclesiastical province as Landeskirche (Protestant regional church body) and to reform the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union into a mere umbrella organisation ("Neuordnung der Evangelischen Kirche der altpreußischen Union"). In Treysa the representatives of all Protestant church bodies from Germany founded a new umbrella, the Protestant Church in Germany (EKD).

Most of the parishioners remaining in Polish-annexed Pomerania Province were expelled by Poland in the post-war period of expulsion of Germans between 1945 and 1948. With most of the territory, formerly comprised by the eastern ambit (Ostsprengel) of the Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania, transferred to Poland, it expropriated all church property there, parochial and provincial alike, without compensation, with the church buildings mostly taken over by the Roman Catholic Church, and most Protestant cemeteries desecrated and devastated. The provincial church institutions were built up anew in Greifswald, while the Soviets handed over Stettin, the former seat, to Poland in July 1945.

The majority of the 1.5 million fled and expelled Pomeranian parishioners found refuge outside of the remaining territory of the Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania and thus joined congregations within other Protestant regional church bodies, about 70,000 parishioners perished through war, flight and expulsion. But many stranded also in the west ambit (Westsprengel) with its original 500,000 inhabitants. The situation turned severe with a massive shortage of food and lodgement. However, since the Soviets had decided to keep most of Hither Pomerania, which included the Westsprengel, as part of their occupation zone refugees from Hither Pomerania, fled from there from March to May 1945, could return afterwards and congregational and provincial ecclesiastical structures were rebuilt. However, the position of general superintendent remained vacant after 1945. In October 1946 the 20th Pomeranian provincial synod elected Scheven general superintendent, and allowed him to adopt the new title of bishop.

Pomeranian Evangelical Church
The 20th Pomeranian provincial synod, 9–11 October 1946, had also decided to develop a new church order in order to reconstitute the Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania as an independent regional Protestant church body. On 2 June 1950 the Pomeranian provincial synod adopted the prepared new church order and thus established the Pomeranian Evangelical Church, territorially comprising those parts of the former ecclesiastical province located in then East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR). By its new constitution its spiritual leader, titled bishop since late 1946, would continue to use that title. The Pomeranian Evangelical Church became a full member of the Protestant Church in Germany and between 1950 and 2003 was a full member of the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union, now a mere umbrella. Under communist pressure the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union had to skip the term Prussian from its name and renamed as Evangelical Church of the Union (Evangelische Kirche der Union; EKU) on its general synod in December 1953. In 1956 the Pomeranian church counted 720,000 parishioners, about one third of them with refugee background.

Evangelical Church in Greifswald
Following the second constitution of the GDR, enacted on April 9, 1968, and accounting for its de facto transformation into a communist dictatorship, the Council of Ministers of the GDR demoted all church bodies from statutory "Public-law Corporations" (Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts) to mere "Civil Associations". Thus the council could force the Pomeranian Evangelical Church to remove the term Pomerania from its name, because East German propaganda silenced about all terms recalling former German territory annexed by Poland or the Soviet Union. The church body then chose the new name Evangelical Church in Greifswald.

Along with the status as "Public-law Corporation" the new GDR constitution did away with the church tax, automatically collecting parishioners' contributions as a surcharge on the income tax. Now parishioners had to fix the level of their contributions and to transfer them again and again on their own. This together with ongoing discrimination of church members, which let many secede from the church, effectively eroded the adherence of parishioners and the financial situation of the Evangelical Church in Greifswald. In 1969 the church body, like all its East German fellows, seceded from the umbrella Protestant Church in Germany and joined the.

Pomeranian Evangelical Church from 1990 to 2012
In 1990, after the end of the GDR dictatorship, the church body returned to its former name. With the dissolution of the GDR-Federation of Protestant Churches in 1991 the Pomeranian Evangelical Church reentered the EKD and remained its member until the merger in 2012. The blessing of same-sex unions was allowed. The number of parishioners continued to sink and reached 140,000 in 1997, somewhat more than 20% of the Hither Pomeranian population. On 28 March 2009 the synod voted in the merger with the two Lutheran church bodies of Mecklenburg and North Elbia, by 44 out of 58 synodals. The merger took effect on Pentecost, 27 May 2012.

Governors, governing bodies and chairpersons of the church
Historically the church was subdivided into districts (later called Sprengel in German), partially due to different secular rulers reigning different parts of Pomerania, or partially due to the mere extension of the territory. Thus originally these districts territorially resembled the political subdivisions of Pomerania at the time. Each ecclesiastical district had a consistory and a spiritual leader (usually called general superintendent). At times there were additional subordinate consistories and spiritual leaders with regional competence.

Supreme governors (1534–1918)
Between 1534 and 1918 the incumbents of the different Pomeranian thrones were simultaneously Supreme Governors (summus episcopus) of the State Church, like the English monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Since 1532 the ducal House of Griffins was divided into two lines, ruling in partitioned parts of the duchy (Pomerania-Stettin 1532–1637; Pomerania-Wolgast 1532–1620). Furthermore, the third political unit was the Prince-Bishopric of Cammin (1248–1650), a prince-bishopric in parts of Farther Pomerania, ruled by Catholic and later Lutheran bishops of Cammin or by administrators elected by its governing body, the collegial cathedral chapter of Cammin, since the Reformation mostly staffed with Lutheran capitular canons.

Two dependent branch duchies, Pomerania-Barth (1569–1605) and Pomerania-Rügenwalde (1569–1620) were without share in the government, thus also without competence as to the Lutheran state churches. After the extinction of the Griffins in 1637 Pomerania was divided into a Swedish and a Brandenburgian part, where the monarchs of Sweden and the Berlin-based Hohenzollern rulers, respectively, then wielded the summepiscopacy.

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State Church in Pomerania-Wolgast (1534–1648)

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State Church in Pomerania-Stettin (1534–1648)

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State Church in Cammin Prince-bishopric (1544–1650)

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State Church of Swedish Pomerania (1648–1815)

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State Church in Brandenburgian Pomerania (1648–1817)

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Spiritual leaders (1535–2012)
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In Greifswald (1535–1653)

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In Pomerania-Stettin (1535–1653)

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In Kolberg (1544–1650)

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In Greifswald (1658–1810)

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In Kolberg (1653–1668), Stargard (1668–1738), and in Stettin (1738–1826)

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title: Pomeranian Evangelical Church


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Category:Scholasticism

For more information see scholasticism.

title: Category:Scholasticism


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Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg (Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Mecklenburgs; abbreviated ELLM) was a Lutheran church in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, serving the citizens living in Mecklenburg. The seat of the Landesbischof (state bishop) was the state capital Schwerin, with Schwerin Cathedral as the principal church. It is the most important Protestant denomination in this area.

In May 2012, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg merged with the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church and Pomeranian Evangelical Church into the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany.

History
The Lutheran church in Mecklenburg dates to the Reformation in the duchies of Mecklenburg, starting with single protagonists in 1523. In 1549, John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg gained a majority of deputies of the united Landtag of the separate duchies of Mecklenburg (Mecklenburg-Güstrow, -Schwerin and -Strelitz) to officially introduce the Lutheran confession as the state religion in the duchies. Afterwards the dukes of the branch duchies served as supreme governors of the separate Lutheran churches in the duchies, which later merged to two duchies, Schwerin and Strelitz. When the grand dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz abdicated in 1918, the Lutheran state churches became independent. They adopted new church orders providing for a office called state bishop. In 1934, the regional churches merged into the Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Mecklenburg.

The ELLM was a full member of the Protestant Church in Germany, the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany (VELKD), the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe, and the Lutheran World Federation. The church was based on the teachings brought forward by Martin Luther and others during the Reformation.

The ELLM merged with the Pomeranian Evangelical Church and the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany in May 2012.


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Somerset (TV series)

Somerset (sometimes called Another World in Somerset or Another World: Somerset) is an American television soap opera that ran on NBC from March 30, 1970, until December 31, 1976. The show was a spin-off of another NBC serial, Another World. The show was created by Robert Cenedella and was produced by Lyle B Hill.

Overview
Initially, the show revolved around Melissa "Missy" Palmer Matthews (Carol Roux), Lahoma Vane Lucas (Ann Wedgeworth) and Sam Lucas (Jordan Charney) and Missy's young son Ricky Matthews. These were popular characters who were first seen on Another World. They moved to the fictional town of Somerset, not far from the fictional Bay City of Another World, which was supposed to be near Chicago, Illinois.

The first stories on the serial revolved around the trio's progress in starting new friendships and romantic entanglements. In Somerset, the other families of importance were the Davis family, the Buchanans, the Grants and the Delaneys, who ran Somerset's major employer, Delaney Brands. Within six months, Missy was gone and new characters had been added, including a new family, the Kurtzes, and several female characters to act as love interests for Dr. Stan Kurtz and Peter Delaney.

In early 1971, the show changed writers, with Robert Cenedella leaving the show in favor of famed mystery writer Henry Slesar.

Further, Somerset slowly moved away from the traditional soap opera format, and started telling stories that dealt heavily with the Mafia and other types of crime, not unlike CBS's The Edge of Night which Slesar also wrote. After the departure of Slesar, several other writers attempted to bring the show's ratings up with varying mixtures of the two previous formats, each of them slowly removing nearly all of the original characters. One of them, Roy Winsor, was the creator of Search for Tomorrow, Love of Life, and The Secret Storm.

The premiere cast included Jason Bernard (as Ricky Matthews), Douglas Chapin (as Tony Cooper), Ralph Clanton (as Jasper Delaney), Nicolas Coster (as Robert Delaney), Len Gochman (as Peter Delaney), Alice Hirson (as Ellen Matthews), Georgann Johnson (as Ellen Bishop Grant),Ed Kemmer (as attorney Dick Grant), Susan MacDonnell (as Jill Grant Farmer), Ron Martin (as David Grant), Wynne Miller (as singer Sandy Buchanan Delaney), Gary Sandy (as Randy Buchanan), Fred J. Scollay (as Harry Wilson aka Ike Harding) Dorothy Stinnette (as Laura Delaney Cooper), Paul Sparer (as Rex Cooper), Philip Sterling (as Rafe Carter), Pamela Toll (as Pammy Davis) and Marie Wallace (as India Bishop Delaney).

The Somerset County Courthouse in Somerville, New Jersey, was used for exteriors.

Broadcast history
NBC and packager Procter & Gamble Productions first launched Somerset as an extension of the mother show, adding the locales to each program's title. They titled the parent program Another World in Bay City and the new spinoff Another World in Somerset, in the hope that the large loyal following of the mother show, which aired an hour earlier than Somerset at 3:00 p.m./2 Central, would stay tuned for several of their favorite characters to appear in a new storyline. By March 1971, NBC shortened the title to simply Somerset and reverted Another World to its original title, separating the two shows' identities and eventually phasing out the crossover characters by February 1972. Roux and Wedgeworth did not return to Another World; Charney returned to the mother program in July 1973.

Airing in a time slot prone to affiliate pre-exemption (4:00/3:00 Central) caused Somerset to struggle throughout the whole of its 6¾-year history to gain a foothold in the daytime pantheon. ABC's Dark Shadows held the ratings and clearances lead at the time Somerset went on the air, but the unpopular "Leviathan" and "Parallel Time" storylines coincided with the premiere of Somerset. This enabled NBC's new show to push the ratings of Dark Shadows down considerably, and Somerset achieved promising ratings during its first year. Dark Shadows had achieved a rating of 7.3 during the 1969-1970 season, but by the end of the 1970-1971 season, Somerset had a rating of 7.0 and Dark Shadows a rating of 5.3. A successful revival of the game show Password entered ABC's schedule at that slot during the 1970-71 season, and its ratings success cut into the Somerset audience. Ratings did improve somewhat during the Slesar period (CBS' The Secret Storm ended a long run against Somerset), but after the end of a successful murder storyline in late 1971, the show's ratings began to stagnate or decline.

By 1974, the other networks had plugged in surprisingly strong game shows (CBS' Tattletales and ABC's The $10,000 Pyramid) at 4:00 p.m. As a result, numerous affiliates began preempting the program in favor of cartoons, syndicated programming (including game shows, sitcom reruns, variety shows or talk shows), old movies, and sometimes locally-produced content. Perhaps the nail in Somerset's coffin came when ABC acquired The Edge of Night from CBS in December 1975 due to CBS' expansion of As the World Turns to an hour in length, itself a response of sorts to NBC eleven months earlier expanding Another World to a full hour and its NBC sister soap Days of Our Lives likewise three months later, with both expansions being successful. ABC placed The Edge of Night against Somerset in the 4:00 p.m. time slot. Although Somerset's ratings had improved during its final year, under the guidance of new head writer Robert J. Shaw, they were ultimately not enough to save the program from cancellation. NBC announced the cancellation of the program in the fall of 1976, and the show aired for the 1,710th and final time on New Year's Eve. Somerset's place on the NBC daytime schedule was given to The Gong Show, which became a popular-culture phenomenon eventually. The latter series' timeslot, 12:30 p.m. (11:30 a.m. Central), was given to a new Procter and Gamble-packaged soap, Lovers and Friends which would later be retooled into For Richer, For Poorer. Both shows fared worse in the ratings than Somerset.

Somerset, along with ABC's The Best of Everything and A World Apart, marked the last time that more than two American network daytime serials premiered on the same date. Neither of the ABC shows lasted past 1971.

After the final episode aired on December 31, 1976, announcer Bill Woolf read the following message: "With today's episode, Somerset concludes its run on the air. We want to thank all of our viewers for their loyalty these past 6½ years, and wish you all a very Happy New Year."

Cast
More than 150 actors appeared on Somerset over its near-seven-year run.

Other performers in the cast indlude ''

 * Humbert Allen Astredo: Joe Bruno (1970)
 * Bibi Besch: Eve Lawrence (1973–76)
 * Gene Bua: Steve Slade (1976)
 * Joel Crothers: Julian Cannell (1972–76)
 * Ted Danson: Tom Conway (1974–76)
 * Veleka Gray: Victoria Paisley (1975–76)
 * Harriet Hall: Andrea Moore (1972–74)
 * Barry Jenner: Tony Cooper #2 (1974–76)
 * Lois Kibbee: Emily Moore Matson (1972–73)
 * Audrey Landers: Heather Lawrence (1974–76)
 * Michael Nouri: Tom Conway (1976)
 * James O'Sullivan: Dr. Jerry Kane (1974–76)
 * Jameson Parker: Dale Robinson (1976)
 * Christopher Pennock: Dana Moore (1972–73)
 * Jane Rose: Becky Winkle (1974–75)
 * Frank Schofield: Philip Matson (1972–73)
 * Richard Shoberg: Mitch Farmer (1971–72)
 * Tina Sloan: Kate Cannell (1974–76)
 * Lois Smith: Zoe Cannell (1972–73)
 * Sigourney Weaver: Avis Ryan (1976)
 * JoBeth Williams: Carrie Wheeler (1975–76)
 * Meg Wittner: Ginger Kurtz Cooper (1972)
 * Fred J.Scolley: Harry Wilson (aka Ike Harding) (1970–71)

title: Somerset (TV series)