text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Avigad Berman

Originally from Talk:Avigad Berman, slightly reformatted:
 * Article of dubious encyclopedic relevance about a fictional character, with a picture added of an unknown person. -- The Anome 18:29, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * stop deleting this page! this is not the hebrew wikipedia! the is no reason to delete it! a stupid person from the hebrew wikipedia makes problems there and here.-user 1
 * To all the English users of Wikipedia: The person that wrote this was banned from the Hebrew Wikipedia because of vandalising, and his article about Avigad Berman was totally deleted. He also linked this article to its sequel, knowing there is no such. my advise, as a hebrew sysop and one of those that banned the vandaliser (he subscribed 4 times!), is that you bann him too, and delete this article.--user 2
 * Please, anyone with a lock, do something - lock it and ban that user. he's bnothing but trouble. this is a bogus entry. Eranb 14:57, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * To the submitter: please justify the creation of this article, which appears to exist to insult someone that it states is fictitious, and then adds what claims to be a picture of that person. You have repeatedly removed speedy deletion tags from this page without providing reasons why. Google hits for the name "Avigad Berman": two. -- The Anome 17:10, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Avigad is a Israeli man - search in Google "אביגד ברמן" and you will see his article and his picture. He is not a real man - He is very important repoter, he wortes in the most famous Hebrew web site (walla - וואלה) and you can see it on Google. He is also appearing on google by english ("Avigad Berman") on the first result (see his photo by clicking "his photo" link on "walla photo" topic)
 * Okay, you say "he is not a real man" and yet "He is very important repoter", and "you will see his article and his picture". If he's a fictional character, who is the picture of? -- The Anome 17:39, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * i don't know from where is the picture but is not a real man - this is a very famous character in Israel.
 * Right, so let's start by deleting the picture: unknown source, of an unknown person. -- The Anome 17:47, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * the picture has as a source - (by Walla!) see the external links
 * And its copyright status is what exactly? -- The Anome 17:57, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * the photo belongs to Walla, thy shouldn't have problem that it will published in wikipedia they are using this photo all the time
 * Until you get explicit permission from the copyright owners to use the photo we cannot use it. I'm going to remove it from the page. (but not actually delete it yet theresa knott 18:12, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * now that you remove the picture (i'll ask for permission...) can you remove it form the deletion category?
 * OK, I'll move the page from speedy deletion to votes for deletion, where it can be discussed further, and I'll unprotect it. -- The Anome 18:23, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

i've got a permission from Walla to use the picture (support@walla.co.il)
 * Avigad Berman isn't important at all. I live in Israel, I am part of the Hebrew Wikipedia and sysop. If we got to the conclusion that this article is unimportant, even as people that this man is known to us, there is no reason that you don't delete it. This person is fictionall and unimportant. The person that wrote the article is a consistent vandaliser, which was banned 4 times. I don't see any reason for the English wikipedia to have this unimportant stub.

 * This is too silly for words. Delete. -- The Anome 19:46, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Q:What is the biggest site in Israel?
 * A:Walla!
 * Q:Who is Walla! most famous reporter?
 * A:Avigad Berman

Do Not Delete

 * Delete. But if it's kept, PLEASE delete the photo.  It's impossible to have a photo of a fictional character.  Reminds me of the book version of MASH, where they were selling autographed photographs of Jesus on the cross.  RickK 20:00, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Rick, I don't believe that VfD is the place to make arguments about religion, implied or otherwise. --Slowking Man 22:04, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * My comment had nothing to do with religion, and all to do with false photographs. You DO understand that photography didn't exist at the time of the crucifixion, right?  RickK 22:06, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm quite aware of that, but your two sentences, when coupled together, appeared to be a thinly disguised attack implying that Jesus is a fictional character. Thank you for clarifying. --Slowking Man 23:30, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll give you that walla.co.il appears to be the highest-traffic Hebrew-language website, with 3 month average Alexa traffic rank around 452. But what about this apparently fictional reporter? I agree with Rick about the picture, by the way. -- The Anome 20:04, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Avigad is an A-C-T-O-R and he has a picture, this is the photo behind the man who act him - "Avigad Berman" is an fictional name that Walla made up. Please bring his photo back.
 * A reporter has an actor? How can a real reporter be a character played by an actor? -- The Anome 21:16, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * To say "I don't get it" would be an understatement. Delete unless someone can write an article about this guy which makes sense to English speakers. Rhobite 21:19, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * What the hell? Delete. --Slowking Man 22:04, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * This is the kind of article which benefits from deletion and possibly a later rewrite from scratch from someone who knows about the subject and can write lucidly for this Wikipedia version's primary linguistic audience. --Ianb 22:05, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Looks like a bunch of crap to me.   — Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 22:33, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, looks like a bunch of patent nonsense to me. Type 2 patent nonsense, to be correct, or "number 2" for short. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:14, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Article as it stands makes no sense and doesn't belong in an encyclopedia. If it deserves to be included then someone needs to give it a full rewrite. Delete. — Trilobite 01:18, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: Um, ok, if I can figure this out (I got an A- in reading), this is a fictional columnist for an Israeli IT magazine. The magazine has a fictional, joke character who fits the typical nerd profile.  It's a humor/tech column, I think.  This joke figure is appreciated by readers of the magazine.  Now, having parsed all that from this untranslated article and its non-fluent language, it's a pure delete.  The figure is not notable for our readers.  Geogre 02:30, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm from Israel, and you are totally right, except for one thing: This joke figure is appreciated by readers of the magazine - even if it was true, this isn't a reason to have this pathetic article. If even the Isreali Wikipedia deleted this thing, so are we gonna have this thing?! No Way. And by the way, the guy that wrote the article said he got permission to use the picture - if they really banned him from the Heb. Wikipedia 4 times, I wouldn't count on his word...Delete now

 * Delete, delete, delete. - UtherSRG 04:02, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * delete it plese as soon as possible. this is fictional character

 * Don't delete!!!--Wweewq 13:32, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't delete, there is 300000 articles here i see no reason to delete Avigad--Israhell 13:35, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm a bit suspicious of Israhell being a sockpuppet. Anyway, not notable. Delete. Johnleemk | Talk 14:45, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Wweewq too. Two and three edits, respectively. Johnleemk | Talk 14:46, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - if that character is non-notable for the hebrew wikipedia, it is even more so for the english one. And the current state of the article isn't worth keeping even if it were a notable character. andy 14:50, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep it - Avigad is notable enough!!!--Wiki2600 15:03, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: sock puppet --Ianb 18:29, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 *
 * Don't Delete!!! --0n1y0n3 16:55, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: sock puppet --Ianb 18:29, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 *
 * IF this isn't a completely made up article, and IF this is as well known in Israel as some say it is, and IF this is completely rewritten so it makes sense, THEN maybe keep. It seems this guy may be some sort of Ali G like character or something -- a character played by an actor who does some "journalism" for entertainment purposes -- but right now I can't tell what the deal is with him. There are alot of pretty unnoteworthy characters, both fictional and real, who have their own articles. Still, delete if the criteria I just mentioned are not met.-R. fiend 17:25, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * You got it right Avigad Berman is the Israeli "Ali G". it would be a crime to delete this article! if you wann'a you can rewirte it. Don't Delete! --Wikiwikiwiki 18:22, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: sock puppet --Ianb 18:29, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 *
 * The amount of energy used in the article's defense in this debate is amazing. If that energy had been used on improving the article to make it understandable then maybe it would be a keeper (If it really is worthy of inclusion). Delete. Thue | talk 19:10, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * KEEP IT! DO NOT DELETE AND REMOVE THE VfD!!! --Public Enemy 20:56, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 *
 * Why doesn't someone who defends this page at least take the trouble to put it into understandable English? As it is, it looks like it was written by an illiterate 7-year-old.  On that basis alone it should be an automatic delete. Hayford Peirce 20:59, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see any spelling mistakes or problems with the grammar - if you see some fix them (after the page will be unprotected)... --Public Enemy 21:07, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Sockpuppet above (3 contributions, all on this VFD page)

delete with extreme predjudice. This is too ridiculous for words.

 * This is insanity. Delete with extreme prejudice, ban sockpuppets because I utterly loathe them  and reformat all Wikipedia servers.  Or at least delete this as patent nonsense.  Did I mention that I loathe sockpuppets? - Lucky 6.9 23:12, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If this is, indeed, worth keeping, would the guy with six hands please remove a sockpuppet and go edit the article? Which is to say, I'm hearing a bit here that suggests there is an article worth having on this topic, but that someone is wasting his/her time (and a lot of other people's) by disingenuously defending a poor article instead of turning it into one worth keeping. -- Jmabel 01:00, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment: Right on.  Stop sockpuppeteering, start fixing.  I should point out that my pathetic attempt at sarcasm has generated a hilarious discourse on my talk page. - Lucky 6.9 01:32, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm with the "stop sockpuppeteering, start fixing" guys here. The mere fact that someone feels obliged to take on such measures to defend the article might just be evidence enough that we don't need it. Well, apart from that, I think I would have voted merge with Walla, an article that would have better chances of surviving – if someone could write it in understandable English. -- Jao 06:33, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well he couldn't fix it whilst it was protected. Perhaps it will be fixed now. theresa knott 23:33, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. And by the way, I don't know who is on that picture, but it's not Avigad Berman. I searched the Hebrew name on Google, and found this picture on . Pathetic. This proves there is no such person as Avigad Berman, and as an Israeli and one of those who banned this vandaliser from the Hebrew Wikipedia (see above), I can tell you that this person isn't important at all. I'll say this again: if we found this person unimportant, why should you have it? Whoever wrote the Avigad Berman page is a well-known vandaliser on the Heb. Wikipedia, uses sockpuppets, lier (he said he got permission to use the picture from Walla, but they don't even have the copyrights), and he also did some sort of vandalising in this Wikipedia as well: he did an interwiki to Hebrew, knowing there is no such article in Hebrew anymore. Delete now.
 * Unadulterated unmitigated crapola. Delete. -- Stevietheman 13:14, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * uglypeople.com took the picture from walla.co.il! in Walla! you can see his shoulders but in the uglypeople website  you can't. Conclusion: The picture belongs to Walla! KEEP IT!!  --80.16.106.83 14:43, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Even if the picture really does belong to Walla, which I dought, there are many other reasons to delete (sockpuppet, vandalising, Hebrew vandalising, Hebrew finding it uninportant etc.)
 * i dont care about the hebrew wiki... this his not the hebrew wiki and there is no vandalising related to this article! Keep! - im also from Israel and i found him very important. i can rewrite the article (after it will be unprotected and removed from VFD. i've a lot to add about it. Keep it up! --80.230.40.125 18:09, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I've unprotected the page to give you a chance to improve the article now. Perhaps if it is rewritten people may change their votes from delete to keep. theresa knott 23:33, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

'''KEEP! Don't Delete'''! --Qwerty1234 18:45, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Delete please. Quite a limp article. Fire Star 14:11, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, and ban sockpuppeteer. -Sean Curtin 20:04, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * sockpuppeteer??? i dont think so... --Qwerty1234 23:00, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you could explain why you think the page should be kept? theresa knott 23:33, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No encyclopedic value. Eranb 16:58, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep! can i remove the VFD now? there is a majority to keep this article... --83.130.212.58 23:59, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * "there is a majority to keep this article." !!!
 * No, there's not; count the votes, noting that anon users and sockpuppets do not count towards the vote, and that you can only have your vote counted once. -- The Anome 00:06, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've counted, and there is no majority for keeping: 20 (including myselfe) said delete, there are 6 proven sockpuppeteers, and only 1 that said to keep and wasn't proven sockpuppeteer, though it was suggested that he was. Unregistered votes weren't counted. Those that said delete unless improved have been counted as voting delete, since the article wasn't improved. This is just to show that the claim above that there is a majority for keeping is totally rubbish.--Roy 11:47, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Trans Am

Trans Am may refer to:

 * Pontiac Firebird Trans Am, an automobile model
 * Trans Am (band), an American post-rock band
 * Trans Am (album), their 1996 debut album
 * Trans Am (1996 song), their eponymous song from the eponymous album, see Trans Am (album)
 * "Trans Am" (song), a 2015 song by Thompson Square
 * Trans-Am Series, an American automobile racing series
 * Trans Am Bike Race, an annual cycling race across the United States
 * Tranz Am, a 1983 video game
 * "Trans Am", a song by Neil Young from the album Sleeps with Angels
 * Trans Am (EP), an extended play by The Network

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trans Am


text:
Category talk:Presidents of Iceland

Note to potential editors -- while this category looks a little odd, listing the presidents in firstname order, this is indeed consistent with Icelandic practice (see the Icelandic telephone directory!) since surnames change with each generation. -- Arwel 18:35, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Presidents of Iceland


text:
Decretal

Decretals (litterae decretales) are letters of a pope that formulate decisions in ecclesiastical law of the Catholic Church.

They are generally given in answer to consultations but are sometimes given due to the initiative of the pope himself. These furnish, with the canons of the councils, the chief source of the legislation of the church, and formed the greater part of the Corpus Iuris Canonici before they were formally replaced by the Codex Iuris Canonici of 1917. However, Cardinal Pietro Gasparri led the papal commission for the revision of canon law and later on published a guide to the fontes (sources) used in the 1917 code. Many canons in this code can easily be retraced in their relationship to and dependency on medieval decretals as well as Roman law.

In themselves, the medieval decretals form a very special source which throws light on medieval conflicts and the approaches to their solution. They are sometimes concerned with very important issues touching on many aspects of medieval life, for example: marriage or legal procedure.

Definition and early history
In a wider sense, the Latin term decretalis (in full: epistola decretalis) signifies a pontifical letter containing a decretum, or pontifical decision.

In a narrower sense, it denotes a decision on a matter of discipline.

In the strictest sense of the word, it means a papal rescript (rescriptum), an answer of the pope when he has been appealed to or his advice has been sought on a matter of discipline.

Papal decretals are therefore not necessarily general laws of the church, but frequently the pope ordered the recipient of his letter to communicate the papal answer to the ecclesiastical authorities of the district to which he belonged; and it was their duty then to act in conformity with that decree when analogous cases arose. It is generally stated that the most ancient decretal is the letter of Pope Siricius (384–398) to Himerius, Bishop of Tarragona in Spain, dating from 385; but it would seem that the document of the fourth century known as Canones Romanorum ad Gallos episcopos is simply an epistola decretalis of his predecessor, Pope Damasus (366–384), addressed to the bishops of Gaul. The decretals ought to be carefully distinguished from the canons of the councils; from pontifical documents touching on Catholic doctrine, from the constitutiones, or pontifical documents given motu proprio (documents issued by the pope without being asked or being consulted upon a subject).

Finally, under the name "decretals" are known certain collections, containing especially, but not exclusively, pontifical decretals. These are the canonical collections of a later date than the Decretum of Gratian (about 1150). The commentators on these collections are named decretalists, in contradistinction to the decretists, or those who commented upon the "Decretum" of Gratian. Eventually some of these collections received official recognition; they form what is now known as the Corpus Juris Canonici. An account follows of the collections of decretals, particularly of those of Pope Gregory IX.

Decretals are known by the first two Latin words that begin the letter, called the incipit.

Decretal collections
The early collections of decretals were not commissioned by the popes. A number of bishops collected decretals and tried to organize them into collections. Burchard of Worms and Ivo of Chartres made influential collections. From the Collectio Francofurtana (around 1180) onwards, collections get a more systematic character, and a school appears, the decretalists, who compile, organise and study the decretals as the basis of canon law. In quick succession, four so-called compilationes appeared between 1191 and 1226, as a sign of the growing importance of papal decretals. The fifth compilation, the Compilatio Quinta, was made by the canonist Tancred (d. about 1235) for Honorius III in 1226, who sent it immediately to the University of Bologna. It was organized into five books.

Pope Gregory IX commissioned the Dominican Raymund of Peñafort to edit a comprehensive collection of papal decretals. This collection of nearly 2,000 decretals appeared in 1234 as the Decretales Gregorii IX, also known as the Liber Extra, which was also immediately sent to the universities of Bologna and Paris. In 1298, Pope Boniface VIII published the next major collection of decretals. He entrusted three canonists with its redaction. This collection is known as the Liber Sextus. In the 14th century, a few small collections followed: the Constitutiones Clementinae or Clementines (1317), edited by Anastasius Germonius and published by pope John XXII, and the Extravagantes Johannes XXII (1325–1327).

Collections are known as systematic or primitive, the chief distinguishing characteristic being the use of headings to organize the work. This organizational scheme makes a collection systematic.

Quinque Compilationes Antiquae Decretalium

The Decretum of Gratian was considered in the middle of the 12th century as a corpus juris canonici, i. e. a code of the ecclesiastical laws then in force. As such however, it was incomplete and many new laws were made by succeeding popes; hence the necessity of new collections. Five of these collections exhibited pontifical legislation from the "Decretum" of Gratian to the pontificate of Gregory IX (1150–1227). These are known as the "Quinque compilationes antiquæ". On account of their importance they were made the text of canonical instruction at the University of Bologna and, like the "Decretum" of Gratian, were glossed (notes bearing on the explanation and interpretation of the text were added to the manuscripts). The first collection, the "Breviarium extravagantium" or summary of the decretals not contained in the "Decretum" of Gratian (vagantes extra Decretum), was compiled by Bernardus Papiensis in 1187–1191. It contains papal decretals to the pontificate of Clement III inclusive (1187–1191). The compilation known as the third (Compilatio tertia), written however prior to the second collection (Compilatio secunda), contains the documents of the first twelve years of the pontificate of Innocent III (8 January 1198—7 January 1210), which are of a later date than those of the second compilation, the latter containing especially the decretals of Clement III and Celestine III (1191–1198). The "Compilatio tertia" is the oldest official collection of the legislation of the Roman Church; for it was composed by Cardinal Petrus Collivacinus of Benevento by order of Innocent III (1198–1216), by whom it was approved in the Bull "Devotioni vestræ" of 28 December 1210.

The second compilation, also called "Decretales mediæ" or "Decretales intermediæ", was the work of a private individual, the Englishman John of Wales (Johannes de Walesio, Walensis or Galensis). Around 1216, an unknown writer formed the "Compilatio quarta", the fourth collection, containing the decretals of the pontificate of Innocent III which are of a later date than 7 January 1210 and the canons of the Fourth Lateran Council held in 1215. Finally, the fifth compilation is, like the third, an official code, compiled by order of Honorius III (1216–1227) and approved by this pope in the Bull "Novæ causarum" (1226 or 1227). Several of these collections contain decretals anterior to the time of Gratian, but not inserted by him in the "Decretum". Bernard of Pavia divided his collection into five books arranged in titles and chapters. The first book treats of persons possessing jurisdiction (judex), the second of the civil legal processes (judicium), the third of clerics and regulars (clerus), the fourth of marriage (connubium), the fifth of delinquencies and of criminal procedure (crimen). In the four other collections the same logical division of the subject-matter was adopted.

Decretales Gregorii IX
Pope Gregory IX ordered in 1230 his chaplain and confessor, Raymond of Peñaforte (Pennafort), a Dominican, to form a new canonical collection destined to replace all former collections.

Later collections
The decretals of the successors of Gregory IX were also arranged in collections, of which several were official, notably those of popes Innocent IV, Gregory X and Nicholas III, who ordered their decretals to be inserted among those of Gregory IX. In addition to these, several unofficial collections were drawn up. The inconveniences which Gregory IX had wished to remedy presented themselves again. For this reason, Boniface VIII made a new collection of decretals which he promulgated by the Papal Bull "Sacrosanctæ" of 3 March 1298. This is the "Sextus Liber Decretalium"; it has a value similar to that of the Decretals of Gregory IX. Boniface VIII abrogated all the decretals of the popes subsequent to the appearance of the Decretals of Gregory IX which were not included or maintained in force by the new collection; but as this collection later than that of Gregory IX, it modifies those decisions of the latter collection which are irreconcilable with its own.

Clement V also undertook to make an official collection, but death prevented him from perfecting this work. His collection was published by John XXII on 25 October 1317, under the title of "Liber Septimus Decretalium", but it is better known under the name of "Constitutiones Clementis V" or "Clementinæ". This is the last official collection of decretals. The two following collections, the last in the Corpus Juris Canonici, are the work of private individuals. They are called "Extravagantes", because they are not included in the official collections. The first contains twenty Constitutions of John XXII, and is named "Extravagantes Joannis XXII"; the second is called "Extravagantes communes" and contains the decretals of different popes commonly met with in the manuscripts and editions. They were brought to their modern form by Jean Chappuis in 1500 and 1503.

Extravagantes
This term (Latin Extra 'outside' + vagari 'to wander') is employed to designate some papal decretals not contained in certain canonical collections, which possess a special authority: they are not found in the Decree of Gratian or the three official collections of the Corpus Juris (the Decretals of Gregory IX, the Sixth Book of the Decretals and the Clementines). The term was first applied to those papal documents which Gratian had not inserted in his "Decree" (about 1140), but yet were obligatory upon the whole church, also to other decretals of a later date, and possessed of the same authority. Bernardus Papiensis designated under the name of "Breviarium Extravagantium" or Digest of the "Extravagantes", the collection of papal documents which he compiled between 1187 and 1191. Even the Decretals of Gregory IX (published 1234) were long known as the "Liber" or "Collectio Extra", i.e. the collection of the canonical laws not contained in the "Decree" of Gratian. This term is now applied to the collections known as the "Extravagantes Joannis XXII" and the "Extravagantes communes", both of which are found in all editions of the Corpus Juris Canonici. When Pope John XXII (1316–1334) published the decretals known as the Clementines, there already existed some pontifical documents, obligatory upon the whole church but not included in the "Corpus Juris". This is why these Decretals were called "Extravagantes". Their number was increased by the inclusion of all the pontifical laws of later date, added to the manuscripts of the "Corpus Juris", or gathered into separate collections.

In 1325, Zenselinus de Cassanis added a gloss to twenty constitutions of Pope John XXII, and named this collection "Viginti Extravagantes pap Joannis XXII". The others were known as "Extravagantes communes", a title given to the collection by Jean Chappuis in the Paris edition of the "Corpus Juris" (1499 1505). He adopted the systematic order of the official collections of canon law and classified in a similar way the "Extravagantes" commonly met with (hence "Extravagantes communes") in the manuscripts and editions of the "Corpus Juris". This collection contains decretals of the popes Martin IV, Boniface VIII (notably the celebrated Bull Unam Sanctam), Benedict XI, Clement V, John XXII, Benedict XII, Clement VI, Urban V, Martin V, Eugene IV, Callistus III, Paul II and Sixtus IV (1281–1484). Chappuis also classified the "Extravagantes" of John XXII under fourteen titles, containing in all twenty chapters. These two collections are of lesser value than the three others which form the "Corpus Juris Canonici"; they possess no official value, nor has custom bestowed such on them. On the other hand, many of the decretals comprised in them contain legislation obligatory upon the whole church such as the Constitution of Paul II, "Ambitios", which forbade the alienation of ecclesiastical goods. This is however not true of all of them; some had even been formally abrogated at the time when Chappuis made his collection; three decretals of John XXII are reproduced in both collections. Both the collections were printed in the official (1582) edition of the "Corpus Juris Canonici". This explains the favour they enjoyed among canonists. For a critical text of these collections, see Friedberg, "Corpus Juris Canonici" (Leipzig, 1879, 1881), II.

False Decretals
The Pseudo-Isidorean Decretals (or False Decretals) are a set of extensive and influential medieval forgeries, written by a scholar or group of scholars known as Pseudo-Isidore. They aimed to defend the position of bishops against metropolitans and secular authorities by creating false documents purportedly authored by early popes, together with interpolated conciliar documents.

title: Decretal


text: Category:Islands of Iceland

title: Category:Islands of Iceland


text:
Talk:Manuel Chaves (politician)

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title: Talk:Manuel Chaves (politician)


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User talk:Zzzzzz~enwiki

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Zzzzzz. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Zzzzzz~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:36, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:58, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zzzzzz~enwiki


text:
Explosive Ordnance Disposal Badge

The Explosive Ordnance Disposal Badge is a military badge of the United States Armed Forces which recognizes those service members, qualified as explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) technicians, who are specially trained to deal with the construction, deployment, disarmament, and disposal of high explosive munitions including other types of ordnance such as nuclear, biological and chemical weapons along with improvised explosive devices (IED) and improvised nuclear devices (IND). Also known as the “EOD Badge” or "Crab", the decoration is issued by the United States Army, Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps. The EOD Badge is the only occupational badge awarded to all five services under the United States Department of Defense.

First created in the 1950s, the EOD Badge is issued in three levels and is identical for all branches of service. Although each service has its own requirements the basic EOD badge is issued upon completion of explosive handling training and/or between 18–24 months of on-the-job field training. The Senior EOD Badge is issued after 3–5 years as an explosive ordnance specialist and the Master Explosive Ordnance Disposal Badge is issued after 7–15 years of service in a senior supervisory position.

The Meaning of the EOD Badge
The "crab", as it is commonly known, is the only joint service badge and can only be earned upon successful completion of the 42-week course at the Naval School of Explosive Ordnance Disposal (NAVSCOLEOD) located at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Prior to attending NAVSCOLEOD, Navy service members attend Naval Diving and Salvage Training Center (NDSTC) in Panama City, FL for a 9 week EOD Diver Course. Additionally the Naval students will attend the maritime ordnance section known as "Area 8" followed by Underwater division. After NAVSCOLEOD, Navy service members attend a 3-4 week course to earn "jump wings" at the Army's Ft. Moore, GA. Army service members will attend a course at Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia for 7 weeks before attending NAVSCOLEOD.

The Wreath Symbolic of the achievements and laurels gained minimizing accident potentials through the ingenuity and devotion to duty of its members. It is in memory of those EOD personnel who gave their lives while performing EOD duties.

The Bomb Copied from the design of the World War II Bomb Disposal Badge, the bomb represents the historic and major objective of the EOD attack, the unexploded bomb. The three fins represent the major areas of nuclear, conventional and chemical/biological interest.

Lightning Bolts Symbolize the potential destructive power of the bomb and the courage and professionalism of EOD personnel in their endeavors to reduce hazards as well as to render explosive ordnance harmless.

The Shield Represents the EOD mission – to prevent a detonation and protect the surrounding area and property to the utmost.

Navy designation and warfare qualification
Prior to 1 June 2006, enlisted members of United States Navy that qualified as an Explosive Ordnance Disposal Warfare Specialist were authorized to wear the warfare qualification as well as have (EOD) listed after their rating designator. For example, if Bob Jones was a Hull Technician First Class Petty Officer (Explosive Ordnance Disposal Warfare Specialist), then his title would be HT1 (EOD) Bob Jones.

As of 1 June 2006 for E6-E9 and 1 October 2006 for E1-E5, U.S. Navy EOD Technicians have become their own rating within the Navy. Only after being qualified as a Senior EOD Technician, is the technician designated as an EOD Warfare Specialist. An example would be: Petty Officer First Class Bob Jones, who is a Senior EOD Technician, would have his title read EOD1 (EWS) Bob Jones.

In 2007, the Special Operations Officer Community was rechristened "Explosive Ordnance Disposal," a change which the Navy felt also needed to be reflected in the EOD Officer warfare device as well. The new officer insignia is identical to the Master EOD warfare device, but is gold in color.

title: Explosive Ordnance Disposal Badge


text: Category:North Iceland

title: Category:North Iceland


text:
Mickey Finn (percussionist)

Michael Norman Finn (3 June 1947 – 11 January 2003) was an English musician. He was best known as the percussionist and sideman to Marc Bolan in his band Tyrannosaurus Rex (on one album, A Beard of Stars) and later the 1970s glam rock group T. Rex. After Bolan's death and T. Rex's demise, he worked as a session musician for The Blow Monkeys and The Soup Dragons.

Career
Finn was born in Thornton Heath, Surrey. After he joined Tyrannosaurus Rex in late 1969, it was rumoured that Bolan had hired Finn for his good looks, and because he admired his motorcycle, rather than for his musical ability. Finn was unable to recreate the complex rhythmical patterns of his predecessor, Steve Peregrin Took, and was effectively hired as much for a visual foil for Bolan as for his drumming. The BBC news commented on this, saying "Marc Bolan was supposed to have said of Finn: 'He can't sing... but he looks superb.

Mickey Finn stated, on a radio show in Denmark on which he and Marc Bolan were appearing as guest DJs, that his big influence in percussion was the prolific Master Henry Gibson from Curtis Mayfield's band. In 1969–1971, Finn's contribution to Bolan's music, as bongocero, backing vocalist and occasional bass guitarist, was essential, because T. Rex started off as Tyrannosaurus Rex, a duo and Marc needed a replacement for Took. Something of a character both on and off stage, Finn was often to be seen wearing a hat (including a green bowler), a trademark that was adopted by a significant proportion of T. Rex fans.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Finn made a handful of guest appearances with the West London rock band, Checkpoint Charlie, fronted by Mick Lexington.

In 1991, he joined the Croydon R&B band, WD40, which had a fluid line-up based around his old friend, drummer Stewart Childs, Colin Goody (harp, vocals), and Pete Robins (guitar, vocals). The band then added guitarists, percussionists, etc. as required, but Finn was forced to retire after about 12 months due to failing health. A couple of live tracks survive from this line up. Finn was also invited to play at the Marc Bolan 50th Anniversary gig organized by Mick Gray (ex-T. Rex tour manager and roadie), to celebrate what would have been Bolan's 50th birthday at the Cambridge Corn Exchange on 30 September 1997.

Finn returned to the mainstream music scene in 1997, fronting Mickey Finn's T. Rex with Paul Fenton and Jack Green, playing old T. Rex songs until his death. He played on one live album by the band, Renaissance (2002).

Death
Finn died in Croydon, Surrey, on 11 January 2003, aged 55. His manager, Barry Newby commented that it was likely that Finn's illness and death were due to liver and kidney problems but it was not confirmed at the time of the interview. In 2020, Finn was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of T. Rex with Bolan, Steve Currie and Bill Legend.

title: Mickey Finn (percussionist)


text: Category:Valleys of Iceland

title: Category:Valleys of Iceland


text:
User:Omnibus

Omnibus (adj.): of or relating to many things Omnibus (Latin): for all

Omnibus is me, and I have been a Wikipedia editor for 20 years. I tend to iterate and refactor my edits many times for days on end. This annoys some people, but I can't seem to get it to read well any other way.

I, sometimes under the old name Uris, contributed the original attempts (mostly in 2004/2005) at articles for Birmingham-Southern College; Nebraska Wesleyan University; University of Texas of the Permian Basin; Amos G. Throop; Canadian Unity Flag; Cavalier Marching Band; Charles T. Pepper; David Berman; Executive Education; Frank Beamer; Grand Strand; kettle corn; Kiplinger's Personal Finance; Manhattan Municipal Building; Men's Journal; National Aquarium in Washington, D.C.; Ralph Sampson; ribbon eel; Scott Stadium; South's Oldest Rivalry; slot canyon; state income tax; and U.S. presidential election, 2000, in Florida (the last of which was later merged and deleted, only to be brought back years later).

title: User:Omnibus


text: Category:Southern Region (Iceland)

title: Category:Southern Region (Iceland)


text:
Talk:List of Roman battles

Confrontation at Jaxartes
I'm wondering, does anyone have information regarding a curious battle: a confrontation at the river Jaxartes in Parthia of Roman and Chinese expeditionary forces, the only such clash in history? It was in the middle of the II century AD, I think, and as far as I remember, the Chinese were victorious.

Silencer

Yes, I heard about it, although I think there are differnt version on whom was victorious. As far as I know the remnant of Crassus campaign against Parthia, all POW at that time were made military units to fight in the East and encountered the Chinese (whose empire went far more west at these times into the Fergana valley). This is no battle of the Roman military as they were Parthian troops fighting the Chinese. Ask the Chinese military history task force more about it. Wandalstouring 22:56, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

grouping by wars
while in articles we usually have battles grouped by wars or camapigns we should also indicate to which chain of events these belonged here. Wandalstouring 22:57, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

I disagree, I think grouping by date on this list, and then grouping by war on the article is a good format. However, I do think we could adjust the format of this list, see my topic below. Andersao (talk) 03:20, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Campaign in Judea
Why, in AD 69, is the defeat of Jewish rebels that led to the destruction of the Temple not mentioned? I recall a certain Titus building his reputation on that campaign, as well as the Roman mint striking coins commemorating the defeat and renaming of the region to Palestinia. Is this inconvenient? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.236.149.246 (talk) 04:15, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Creating new list for sieges and naval battles?
I think it might be useful to seperate Roman battles from Roman sieges, and possibly even those from Roman naval battles. So, instead of one long list of Roman battles, we could shorten it, and have three three lists: Roman battles, Roman sieges, and Roman naval battles. What do people think? Or perhaps a better question, do people think anyone would be willing to do the extensive editing of this page and the creation of two new lists that this proposition involves? Andersao (talk) 22:49, 18 December 2010 (UTC) and hello ladies im smart !

Greek Battles
Why are there some greek battles with out any roman involvement? I want to get rid of them but I feel like I should not just delete them — Preceding unsigned comment added by ImVeryAwesome (talk • contribs) 00:07, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I think this list should be merged with List of wars involving Rome, in a way that each battle has a context and not just date and location. E.g.: Please let me know what you think. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lophostrix (talk • contribs) 18:50, 16 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Third Punic War (149-146 BC)
 * Battle of the Port of Carthage (147 BC)
 * Battle of Nepheris (147 BC)
 * Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)
 * Yuck! Seconded! Let's get this done! --Akhenaten0 (talk) 19:10, 16 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I started doing the merge in my sandbox. User:Lophostrix/sandbox is an example of a final section. Help is very welcome.. Lophostrix (talk) 19:46, 22 September 2015 (UTC)
 * First, I don't know if the hidden descriptions are the best. It compresses space, but the [show] buttons are awfully hard to notice. Also, do we need the descriptions, as this is mostly a list page? Finally, what are we to do with the battles that aren't collected in a war? Perhaps a heading like "Gallic Battles" for the 4rd century BC? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Akhenaten0 (talk • contribs) 17:21, 23 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree that the [show] buttons are hard to see, but I still think it's much better than having the non-collapsed list, which is awfully long... You are welcome to try removing the "hidden" template from the Second Punic War and see what happens... I would much prefer if the [show] buttons would be more to the left, but I don't know how to do it or if it's technically feasible. I am open to suggestions how to do it better, but I do think we must collapse it, otherwise it would be extremely difficult to read.
 * I don't think we need descriptions, or just minimal ones (e.g. Battle of Allia River (390 BC) - Gauls sack Rome), however I'm trying to make minimal changes from the original list, and removing only truly redundant text at this stage. I would prefer finishing the merge first, and then removing much of the text from the new article, as I wouldn't like the merge reverted on this ground. I especially don't like descriptions such as "Etruscan resistance is finally crushed" which would even be considered POV if they weren't ancient history...
 * I will try to fit most of the battles into wars, however I see no problem with having some "isolated" ones like the battle of Allia.Lophostrix (talk) 19:50, 23 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Correction Seems like moving the [show] button to the left was easier than I thought.. I think it's much better, you are welcome to have a look (corrected only the 3rd century BC). Lophostrix (talk) 19:57, 23 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh man yeah--much better! I'll see if I can do the rest. --Akhenaten0 (talk) 15:19, 24 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Actually, have you tried it on the right instead of the left? I noticed that setting the titlewidth to a percentage makes text overlap, especially as the window size changes. I'll try the right side for the 3rd century to show the comparison. --Akhenaten0 (talk) 15:31, 24 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Well.. I still prefer the [show] buttons on the right, with width 35%, it seems better (having them on the left of the text really bothers reading). Seems like we're making progress :) Please have a look at Germanic wars, it's a very comprehensive list, but way out of scope (I didn't know Muhammad was either Roman, or Germanic...). Lophostrix (talk) 21:27, 24 September 2015 (UTC)
 * While I like the lack of collapsing (in a list page, I'd rather have long and obvious rather than short but obscure), and I especially like the maps, I agree that Germanic Wars seems to have a bunch of stuff that involves neither Germanic tribes nor Wars. Why is "A Roman emperor died of natural causes" on the list? --Akhenaten0 (talk) 17:02, 25 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I consider the draft good enough to replace List of wars involving Rome. Any subsequent changes and additions can be made after the merger, and more people may have a say on the collapsed/non-collapsed list issue. Since there are many missing battles in the list (that weren't on the original list either), it may be better to add them first, and also clean-up the text of the list, before revisiting this issue in a few months. Should I complete the merger? Lophostrix (talk) 13:01, 26 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Nobody else seems to care, so sure. I second. Motion passed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Akhenaten0 (talk • contribs) 22:13, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Roman battles


text:
Juan de Torquemada (cardinal)

Juan de Torquemada (Ecclesiastical Latin: Johannes de Turre cremata, various spellings) O.P. (1388 – 26 September 1468), Spanish ecclesiastic, defender of Jewish conversos, has been described as the most articulate papal apologist of the fifteenth century. He was an uncle of Tomás de Torquemada, afterwards notorious as the persecuting Grand Inquisitor.

Life
Juan de Torquemada was born in Valladolid, Spain. “There is a general historical consensus that the family were former Jews“. Though those converso origins are very often stated without providing any source, they are “based primarily on Hernando del Pulgar’s statement that Juan de Torquemada’s abuelos were converts from the Jewish faith“. As a converso, Pulgar is considered to have made this assertion out of hate for Juan de Torquemada’s nephew, Tomás de Torquemada. However, a study of all of Juan de Torquemada’s ancestors found no Jewish converts in his family. At an early age he joined the Dominican Order, and soon distinguished himself for learning and devotion. In 1415 he accompanied the general of his order to the Council of Constance. Thereafter he proceeded to the University of Paris to study and took his doctorate degree in theology in 1423. After teaching for some time in Paris, he became prior of the Dominican house in Valladolid, and then in Toledo.

Torquemada attended the Council of Basel (1431–1449) as a representative of his order and of the King of Castile. At the Council of Basel, he was one of the ablest supporters of the viewpoint of pope Eugene IV and the Roman curia. He was rewarded with the office of Master of the Sacred Palace (4 March 1435), and later with a cardinal's hat in 1439. Torquemada participated in the Council of Florence, speaking on theological issues involving the eastern churches and defending papal primacy in a debate with Cardinal Giuliano Cesarini. He also worked on behalf of Pope Eugene on missions to Germany and France before settling in the Roman Curia. As Cardinal of San Sisto, Torquemada supported papal Crusade policy in opposition to the Ottoman Turks.

In 1449 Toledo an unpopular tax law caused an insurrection against a weak government, during which a mob burned the house of a "new Christian" tax collector. (These "new Christians", or conversos, were persons of Jewish descent professing Christianity; their sincerity was doubted by some.) A faction led by one Pedro Sarmiento imposed a law that deprived conversos of government and church posts and disqualified them from testifying in legal proceedings. The legal status of conversos thus came into question. The dispute spread outside Castile and came to the attention of Pope Nicholas V. On the urging of Torquemada the Pope issued a bull condemning discrimination against conversos; he excommunicated Sarmiento and some of his followers. In 1450 Torquemada published a tract — a "sharp and relentless" theological attack — in which he labelled Sarmiento and his followers as Midianites and Ishmaelites, the biblical enemies of the Israelite people, comparing them to the evil persecutor Haman. Torquemada's defence of conversos was successful in Rome, but not eventually in Castile. (Juan de Torquemada was an uncle of the Inquisitor, Tomás de Torquemada. It has been argued that the latter's persecution of crypto-Jews was motivated by a sense of insecurity about his own origins.)

Torquemada has been described as the most articulate papal apologist of the fifteenth century. The medieval papacy's supremacy was challenged both by Hussites (early Protestants) and by conciliarists (who held that an ecumenical council of the Church had more authority than a pope). The Council of Basel had attempted to depose Pope Eugenius IV. Torquemada attacked both these positions in his Summa de ecclesia (1453).

Torquemada promoted reform of religious houses of his order and of monasteries. In 1456, the new Pope Callixtus III, aka Alfonso de Borja, gave him, in commendam, the position of Abbot of the monastery of Santa Scolastica in Subiaco. This connection may explain his interest in the importation of printing into Rome. The cardinal wrote extensively on behalf of papal primacy. Most notably, his Summa de ecclesia defended the Church against the Hussites and the Roman pontiff against conciliarism.

Torquemada became cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1446–1460), then cardinal bishop of Palestrina (1460–1463), and last cardinal bishop of Sabina (1463–1468). He participated in four papal elections, casting the deciding vote in the election of Pope Nicholas V (1447–1455). He died at Rome in 1468 and was buried at Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

A painting by Antoniazzo Romano showing the Annunciation has in its background Torquemada presenting girls who received dowry funds from a guild he founded to the Virgin Mary. (At an earlier age he was painted by Fra Angelico in a Crucifixion scene now at Harvard University's Fogg Museum.)

Works

Torquemada's principal works are:

The Summa de ecclesia has the following topical books:
 * Meditationes, seu Contemplationes devotissimae (Rome, 1467)
 * In Gratiani Decretum commentarii (4 vols., Venice, 1578)
 * Expositio brevis et utilis super toto psalterio (Mainz, 1474)
 * Quaestiones spirituales super evangelia totius anni (Brixen, 1498)
 * ''Symbolum pro informatione Manichaeorum (El bogomilismo en Bosnia) (Publicaciones del Seminario Metropolitano de Burgos. Serie B)
 * Tractatus contra Madianitas et Ismaelitas: defensa de los judíos conversos, (Publicaciones del Seminario Metropolitano de Burgos. Serie B, v. 2) (Burgos, 1957).
 * Summa ecclesiastica (Salamanca, 1550) [or Summa de ecclesiastica potestate] or "Summa de ecclesia (Summa de Ecclesia una cum eiusdem apparatu nunc primum in lucem edito, super decreto Papae Eugenii IIII in concilio Florentino de Unione Graecorum - Venetiis [Venice]: apud Michaelem Tramezinum, 1561).6}
 * 1) De universa ecclesia
 * 2) De Ecclesia romana et pontificis primatu
 * 3) De universalibus conciliis
 * 4) De schismaticis et haereticis (divided into two parts, on schism & on heresy).

His De conceptione deiparae Mariae, libri viii. (Rome, 1547), was edited with preface and notes by E. B. Pusey (London, 1869 seq.) in opposition to Pope Pius IX's definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception.

Other works include polemical tracts and sermons.

Torquemada's Meditationes was the first illustrated book published in Italy. The first edition of the book was published in 1467 in Rome by Ulrich Han.

title: Juan de Torquemada (cardinal)


text: File:TheCableGuy.jpg

title: File:TheCableGuy.jpg


title: Category:1790s


text:
User:Lampiasis

Alias of Jack Peters (b.1980)

title: User:Lampiasis


text: Category:Geysers

title: Category:Geysers


text:
IBM 1400 series

The IBM 1400 series are second-generation (transistor) mid-range business decimal computers that IBM marketed in the early 1960s. The computers were offered to replace tabulating machines like the IBM 407. The 1400-series machines stored information in magnetic cores as variable-length character strings separated on the left by a special bit, called a "wordmark," and on the right by a "record mark." Arithmetic was performed digit-by-digit. Input and output support included punched card, magnetic tape, and high-speed line printers. Disk storage was also available.

Many members of the series could be used as independent systems, as extensions to IBM punched-card equipment, or as auxiliary equipment to other computer systems. Some, however, were intended for specific applications or were economical only as independent systems.

History
The 1401, announced on October 5, 1959, is the first member of the IBM 1400 series. It was the first computer to deploy over 10,000 units. The IBM 1410 has a similar design, but with a larger address space. The IBM 1460 is logically, but not physically, identical to a 1401 with all of the options, with 16,000 characters of memory, and twice as fast. The 1240 is a banking system, equivalent to the 1440 system with MICR support. The IBM 7010 is logically, but not physically, identical to a 1410, and twice as fast.

Members of the 1400 series include:

 * IBM 1240 - 1963 banking system
 * IBM 1401 - 1959
 * IBM 1410 - 1960
 * IBM 1420 - 1962 high-speed bank transit system
 * IBM 1440 - 1962
 * IBM 1450 - 1968 Bank Data Processing System for small banks
 * IBM 1460 - 1963
 * IBM 7010 - 1962

Peripherals used with 1400 series machines included:

 * Card reader/punches: IBM 1402, IBM 1442, IBM 1444
 * Printers: IBM 1403, IBM 1404, IBM 1443, IBM 1445
 * 7-track tape drives: IBM 729, IBM 7330, IBM 7335
 * Disk drives: IBM 1301, IBM 1311, IBM 1405 RAMAC
 * Check processing IBM 1210
 * Paper tape input/output
 * Console typewriter IBM 1407, IBM 1447

Compatible systems
IBM provided several models compatible (or nearly so) with the 1401.
 * 1460 is twice as fast, and many special features of 1401 were standard.
 * 1440 was a popular lower-cost alternative, although not fully compatible with the 1401.
 * 1240, 1420, 1450 are systems specially designed for banking.
 * 1410 is a much faster system in the same spirit as 1401, but with significant differences, such as larger memory (up to 100,000 characters), more index registers (fifteen), and additional instructions. A remarkable feature in the pre-microprogramming era was a "compatibility mode" switch that allows it to run 1401 programs without change.
 * 7010 is a faster and exactly compatible version of 1410.
 * The IBM System/360 Model 30 could be ordered with a 1401 compatibility microprogram feature. Several 1400 series peripherals were adapted for use with System/360.

Honeywell's Honeywell 200 provided approximate 1401 compatibility through a combination of architectural similarity and software support.

Field and character coding
With the 1400 series, the smallest addressable unit in core-storage is called a character. The 1400 stores alphameric characters internally in binary-coded decimal (BCD) form, spanning six bits called BA8421. When the character is an operation code or is the first character in a field, another bit, called the "word mark", is included. An odd parity bit, called "C", is also included.

Arithmetic is 10-based with the one's position at the high- and the most-significant decimal digit at the low-address end of a multi-digit field, thus of ″big-endian″ style. This pertains for both, the (possibly indexed) address calculation for the access of operands and for the various operands of the arithmetic instructions. Whereas an address field in an instruction, designating an operand, is of fixed length (which depends on the size of the storage), the numeric operands of arithmetic instructions may be of arbitrary (positive) length. The word mark approach allows the 1410 to access a field (depending on the instruction to be performed) at either end, so that the most efficient access can be chosen. This way, the compiler of a higher-level programming language has to take care of the initial increment of the operand address (by operand length minus 1) for example, for add, subtract, or multiply instructions.

Programming languages
Programming languages for the 1400 series included Symbolic Programming System (SPS, an assembly language), Autocoder (a more fully featured assembly language), COBOL, FORTRAN, Report Program Generator (RPG), and FARGO.

Retirement
The 1400 series was replaced by System/360 and, later, by low-end machines like the IBM System/3, System/32, System/34, System/36, System/38, and AS/400.

The 1400s were officially withdrawn in the early 1970s, however some 1400-series peripherals were still marketed with third-generation systems.

Two 1401 computers have been restored to full operational status at the Computer History Museum.

title: IBM 1400 series


text:
Alamo (disambiguation)

The Battle of the Alamo was a battle fought during the Texas Revolution.

Alamo or The Alamo may also refer to:

Places
San Antonio, Texas]]
 * Álamo, Veracruz, Mexico
 * Alamo, California
 * Alamo, Georgia
 * Alamo, Indiana
 * Alamo Township, Michigan
 * Alamo, Nevada
 * Alamo, New Mexico
 * Alamo, North Dakota
 * Alamo, Tennessee
 * Alamo, Texas
 * Alamo Heights, Texas, a suburb of San Antonio
 * Alamo Mission, a historic Spanish mission in [[San Antonio|
 * Alamo River, a river in California

Films

 * The Alamo: Shrine of Texas Liberty, a 1936 film
 * The Alamo (1960 film), a film starring John Wayne
 * The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory, a 1987 film
 * Alamo: The Price of Freedom, a 1988 IMAX film shown exclusively at San Antonio's Rivercenter Mall Imax theatre
 * The Alamo (2004 film)

Other uses

 * Alamo (sculpture), in New York City
 * Alamo Rent a Car
 * Alamo Drafthouse Cinema
 * AA-10 Alamo or Vympel R-27, an air-to-air missile
 * USS Alamo (LSD-33), a U.S. Navy amphibious assault warship
 * "Alamo", a song by Tori Amos used as a b-side on "Talula"
 * Alamo Game Engine, software from Petroglyph Games

People with the name

 * Antonio Alamo, Jr., American physician and Nevada gaming official
 * Susan Alamo, American religious figure
 * Tony Alamo (evangelist), American preacher, singer, entrepreneur, religious evangelist, and convicted child sex offender
 * Yomar Álamo, Puerto Rican professional boxer

title: Alamo (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Alamo (disambiguation)

Move
The disambiguation pages of The Alamo and Alamo should refer to the same page, in which case the page Alamo would be the logical choice in my opinion. The Alamo should then redirect to Alamo. Basten (talk) 03:41, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I concur. 76.183.217.188 (talk) 03:33, 21 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Ditto. --EEMIV (talk) 16:20, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Ditto, but isn't Battle of the Alamo the primary topic? I.e., Alamo and The Alamo should both redirect to Battle of the Alamo, and the combined disambiguation page should be at Alamo (disambiguation).--Kotniski (talk) 18:06, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * No objections, so I'm going to do this.--Kotniski (talk) 12:37, 29 November 2008 (UTC)✅

title: Talk:Alamo (disambiguation)


text: Category:Highlands of Iceland

title: Category:Highlands of Iceland


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AMD K5

The K5 is AMD's first x86 processor to be developed entirely in-house. Introduced in March 1996, its primary competition was Intel's Pentium microprocessor. The K5 was an ambitious design, closer to a Pentium Pro than a Pentium regarding technical solutions and internal architecture. However, the final product was closer to the Pentium regarding performance, although faster clock-for-clock compared to the Pentium.

Technical details
The K5 was based upon an internal highly parallel RISC processor architecture with an x86 decoding front-end. The K5 offered good x86 compatibility and the in-house-developed test suite proved invaluable on later projects. All models had 4.3 million transistors, with five integer units that could process instructions out of order and one floating-point unit. The branch target buffer was four times the size of the Pentium's and register renaming helped overcome register dependencies. The chip's speculative execution of instructions reduced pipeline stalls. It had a 16 KB four-way set-associative instruction cache and an 8 KB data cache. The floating-point divide and square-root microcode were mechanically proven. The floating-point transcendental instructions were implemented in hardware and were faithful to true mathematical results for all operands.

Performance
The K5 project represented an early chance for AMD to take technical leadership from Intel. Although the chip addressed the right design concepts, the actual engineering implementation had its issues. The low clock rates were, in part, due to AMD's limitations as a "cutting edge" manufacturing company at the time, and in part due to the design itself, which had many levels of logic for the process technology of the day, hampering clock scaling. Additionally, while the K5's floating-point performance was regarded as superior to that of the Cyrix 6x86, it was slower than that of the Pentium, although offering more reliable transcendental function results. Because it was late to market and did not meet performance expectations, the K5 never gained the acceptance among large computer manufacturers that the earlier Am486 and later AMD K6 enjoyed.

Models
There were two revisions of the K5 architecture, internally called the SSA/5 and the 5k86, both released with the K5 label. The original set of "SSA/5" CPUs had its branch prediction unit disabled and additional internal waitstates added; these issues were remedied with the "5k86", resulting in up to 30% better performance clock for clock. The "SSA/5" line ran from 75 to 100 MHz; the "5k86" line ran from 90 to 133 MHz. However, AMD used what it called a PR rating, or performance rating, to label the chips according to their suggested equivalence in integer performance to a Pentium of that clock speed. Thus, a 116 MHz chip from the second line was marketed as the "K5 PR166". Manufacturing delays caused the PR200's arrival to nearly align with the release of K6. Since AMD did not want the two chips competing, the K5-PR200 only arrived in small numbers.

SSA/5

 * Sold as 5K86 P75 to P100, later as K5 PR75 to PR100
 * 4.3 million transistors in 500 or 350 nm
 * L1-Cache: 8 + 16 KB (data + instructions)
 * Socket 5 and Socket 7
 * VCore: 3.52 V
 * Front side bus: 50 (PR75), 60 (PR90), 66 MHz (PR100)
 * First release: March 27, 1996
 * Clockrate: 75, 90, 100 MHz

5k86

 * Sold as K5 PR120 to PR166; later PR200
 * 4.3 million transistors in 350 nm
 * L1-Cache: 8 + 16 KB (data + instructions)
 * Socket 5 and Socket 7
 * VCore: 3.52 V
 * Front side bus: 60 (PR120/150), 66 MHz
 * First release: October 7, 1996
 * Clockrate: 90 (PR120), 100 (PR133), 105 (PR150), 116.6 (PR166), 133 MHz (PR200)

title: AMD K5


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title: Template:Infobox game


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title: Category:Western Region (Iceland)


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George Cassander

George Cassander (or Cassant) (1513 – 3 February 1566) was a Flemish Catholic theologian and humanist.

Life
Born at Pittem near Bruges, he went at an early age to Leuven, where he was graduated in 1533. In 1541 he was appointed professor of belles-lettres at Bruges, but resigned two years later, partly from a natural desire to travel for instruction, and partly in consequence of the opposition aroused by his pro-Reformation views.

On his journeys, which were undertaken in the company, and at the expense of his friend, Cornelius Wouters, he visited Rome, and in 1544 came to Cologne, where he settled permanently in the summer of 1549. He soon abandoned the classics for the study of the Bible and ecclesiastical questions, and had already published several classical, Biblical, and patristic treatises, when in 1556 he commenced a series of liturgical works. After a profound study of the points of difference between the Catholic and reformed churches, he devoted himself to the project of reunion, thus anticipating the efforts of Gottfried Leibniz.

Jacques Auguste de Thou described Cassander as "...modest, void of arrogance; and he was as ardent in his wishes for a religious union, and made as many concessions for the accomplishment for this object, as could be expected from a person who continued in the Catholic communion."

He died at Cologne on 3 February 1566. The collected edition of his works was published in 1616 at Paris.

Works
Cassander's activity in promoting religious peace between Catholics and Protestants began in 1561 with the publication of his anonymous book: De officio pii viri in hoc religionis dissidio. This work, written at the request of the jurist, François Baudouin, and submitted by him to the Colloquy of Poissy (Sept., 1561), gave offence to both sides. While holding that no one, on account of abuses, has a right utterly to subvert the Church, Cassander does not disguise his dislike of those who exaggerated the papal claims. He takes his standpoint on Scripture explained by tradition and the fathers of the first six centuries. He did not expect full reconciliation but proposed that Churches agree on "the elements of Apostolic doctrine".

At a time when controversy drowned the voice of reason, such a book pleased neither party; but as some of the German princes thought that he could heal the breach, the emperor Ferdinand asked him to publish his Consultatio de Articulis Fidei lute, Catholicos et Protestantes Controversis (1565), in which, like Newman at a later date, he tried to put a Catholic interpretation upon the Augsburg Confession. Cassander proposed basing belief on Scripture as interpreted by the Fathers of the first six centuries where necessary in the case of doubtful texts.

In 1564, Cassander went to Duisburg at the Emperor's request to address the question of infant baptism and the Anabaptists.

While never attacking dogma, and even favoring the Roman church on the ground of authority, he criticizes the papal power and makes reflections on practices. The work, attacked violently by the Leuven theologians on one side, and by Calvin and Beza on the other, was put on the Roman Index in 1617.

title: George Cassander


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Heterozygote advantage

A heterozygote advantage describes the case in which the heterozygous genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype. Loci exhibiting heterozygote advantage are a small minority of loci. The specific case of heterozygote advantage due to a single locus is known as overdominance. Overdominance is a rare condition in genetics where the phenotype of the heterozygote lies outside of the phenotypical range of both homozygote parents, and heterozygous individuals have a higher fitness than homozygous individuals.

Polymorphism can be maintained by selection favoring the heterozygote, and this mechanism is used to explain the occurrence of some kinds of genetic variability. A common example is the case where the heterozygote conveys both advantages and disadvantages, while both homozygotes convey a disadvantage. A well-established case of heterozygote advantage is that of the gene involved in sickle cell anaemia.

Often, the advantages and disadvantages conveyed are rather complicated, because more than one gene may influence a given trait or morph. Major genes almost always have multiple effects (pleiotropism), which can simultaneously convey separate advantageous traits and disadvantageous traits upon the same organism. In this instance, the state of the organism's environment will provide selection, with a net effect either favoring or working in opposition to the gene, until an environmentally determined equilibrium is reached.

Heterozygote advantage is a major underlying mechanism for heterosis, or "hybrid vigor", which is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. Previous research, comparing measures of dominance, overdominance and epistasis (mostly in plants), found that the majority of cases of heterozygote advantage were due to complementation (or dominance), the masking of deleterious recessive alleles by wild-type alleles, as discussed in the articles Heterosis and Complementation (genetics), but there were also findings of overdominance, especially in rice. More recent research, however, has established that there is also an epigenetic contribution to heterozygote advantage, primarily as determined in plants, though also reported in mice.

In theory
When two populations of any sexual organism are separated and kept isolated from each other, the frequencies of deleterious mutations in the two populations will differ over time, by genetic drift. It is highly unlikely, however, that the same deleterious mutations will be common in both populations after a long period of separation. Since loss-of-function mutations tend to be recessive (given that dominant mutations of this type generally prevent the organism from reproducing and thereby passing the gene on to the next generation), the result of any cross between the two populations will be fitter than the parent.

This article deals with the specific case of fitness overdominance, where the fitness advantage of the cross is caused by being heterozygous at one specific locus alone.

Experimental confirmation
Cases of both homozygote and heterozygote advantage have been demonstrated in several organisms, including humans. The first experimental confirmation of heterozygote advantage was with Drosophila melanogaster, a fruit fly that has been a model organism for genetic research. In a classic study on the ebony mutation, Kalmus demonstrated how polymorphism can persist in a population through heterozygote advantage.

If weakness were the only effect of the mutant allele, so it conveyed only disadvantages, natural selection would weed out this version of the gene until it became extinct from the population. However, the same mutation also conveyed advantages, providing improved viability for heterozygous individuals. The heterozygote expressed none of the disadvantages of homozygotes, yet gained improved viability. The homozygote wild type was perfectly healthy, but did not possess the improved viability of the heterozygote, and was thus at a disadvantage compared to the heterozygote in survival and reproduction.

This mutation, which at first glance appeared to be harmful, conferred enough of an advantage to heterozygotes to make it beneficial, so that it remained at dynamic equilibrium in the gene pool. Kalmus introduced flies with the ebony mutation to a wild-type population. The ebony allele persisted through many generations of flies in the study, at genotype frequencies that varied from 8% to 30%. In experimental populations, the ebony allele was more prevalent and therefore advantageous when flies were raised at low, dry temperatures, but less so in warm, moist environments.

Heterozygote disadvantage occurs when "a heterozygote has a lower overall fitness than either homozygote." Heterozygote disadvantage occurs in mammals, birds, and insects.

Sickle-cell anemia
Sickle-cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of two incompletely recessive alleles. When a sufferer's red blood cells are exposed to low-oxygen conditions, the cells lose their healthy round shape and become sickle-shaped. This deformation of the cells can cause them to become lodged in capillaries, depriving other parts of the body of sufficient oxygen. When untreated, a person with SCA may suffer from painful periodic bouts, often causing damage to internal organs, strokes, or anemia. Typically, the disease results in premature death.

Because the genetic disorder is incompletely recessive, a person with only one SCA allele and one unaffected allele will have a "mixed" phenotype: The sufferer will not experience the ill effects of the disease, yet will still possess a sickle cell trait, whereby some of the red blood cells undergo benign effects of SCA, but nothing severe enough to be harmful. Those afflicted with sickle-cell trait are also known as carriers: If two carriers have a child, there is a 25% chance their child will have SCA, a 50% chance their child will be a carrier, and a 25% chance that the child will neither have SCA nor be a carrier. Were the presence of the SCA allele to confer only negative traits, its allele frequency would be expected to decrease generation after generation, until its presence were eliminated by selection and by chance.

However, convincing evidence indicates, in areas with persistent malaria outbreaks, individuals with the heterozygous state have a distinct advantage (and this is why individuals with heterozygous alleles are far more common in these areas). Those with the benign sickle trait possess a resistance to malarial infection. The pathogen that causes the disease spends part of its cycle in the red blood cells and triggers an abnormal drop in oxygen levels in the cell. In carriers, this drop is sufficient to trigger the full sickle-cell reaction, which leads to infected cells being rapidly removed from circulation and strongly limiting the infection's progress. These individuals have a great resistance to infection and have a greater chance of surviving outbreaks. However, those with two alleles for SCA may survive malaria, but will typically die from their genetic disease unless they have access to advanced medical care. Those of the homozygous "normal" or wild-type case will have a greater chance of passing on their genes successfully, in that there is no chance of their offspring's suffering from SCA; yet, they are more susceptible to dying from malarial infection before they have a chance to pass on their genes.

This resistance to infection is the main reason the SCA allele and SCA disease still exist. It is found in greatest frequency in populations where malaria was and often still is a serious problem. Approximately one in 10 African Americans is a carrier, as their recent ancestry is from malaria-stricken regions. Other populations in Africa, India, the Mediterranean and the Middle East have higher allele frequencies, as well. As effective antimalarial treatment becomes increasingly available to malaria-stricken populations, the allele frequency for SCA is expected to decrease, so long as SCA treatments are unavailable or only partially effective. If effective sickle-cell anemia treatments become available to the same degree, allele frequencies should remain at their present levels in these populations. In this context, 'treatment effectiveness' refers to the reproductive fitness it grants, rather than the degree of suffering alleviation.

Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive hereditary monogenic disease of the lungs, sweat glands and digestive system. The disorder is caused by the malfunction of the CFTR protein, which controls intermembrane transport of chloride ions, which is vital to maintaining equilibrium of water in the body. The malfunctioning protein causes viscous mucus to form in the lungs and intestinal tract. Before modern times, children born with CF would have a life expectancy of only a few years, but modern medicine has made it possible for these people to live into adulthood. However, even in these individuals, CF typically causes male infertility. It is the most common genetic disease among people of European descent.

The presence of a single CF mutation may influence survival of people affected by diseases involving loss of body fluid, typically due to diarrhea. The most common of these maladies is cholera, which only began killing Europeans millennia after the CF mutation frequency was already established in the population. Another such disease that CF may protect against is typhoid. Those with cholera would often die of dehydration due to intestinal water losses. A mouse model of CF was used to study resistance to cholera, and the results were published in Science in 1994 (Gabriel, et al.). The heterozygote (carrier) mouse had less secretory diarrhea than normal, noncarrier mice. Thus, it appeared for a time that resistance to cholera explained the selective advantage to being a carrier for CF and why the carrier state was so frequent.

This theory has been called into question. Hogenauer, et al. have challenged this popular theory with a human study. Prior data were based solely on mouse experiments. These authors found the heterozygote state was indistinguishable from the noncarrier state.

Another theory for the prevalence of the CF mutation is that it provides resistance to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis was responsible for 20% of all European deaths between 1600 and 1900, so even partial protection against the disease could account for the current gene frequency.

The most recent hypothesis, published in the Journal of Theoretical Biology, proposed having a single CF mutation granted respiratory advantage for early Europeans migrating north into the dusty wasteland left by the Last Glacial Maximum.

As of 2016, the selective pressure for the high gene prevalence of CF mutations is still uncertain, and may be due to an unbiased genetic drift rather than a selective advantage. Approximately one in 25 persons of European descent is a carrier of the disease, and one in 2500 to 3000 children born is affected by Cystic fibrosis.

Triosephosphate isomerase
Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) is a central enzyme of glycolysis, the main pathway for cells to obtain energy by metabolizing sugars. In humans, certain mutations within this enzyme, which affect the dimerisation of this protein, are causal for a rare disease, triosephosphate isomerase deficiency. Other mutations, which inactivate the enzyme (= null alleles) are lethal when inherited homozygously (two defective copies of the TPI gene), but have no obvious effect in heterozygotes (one defective and one normal copy). However, the frequency of heterozygous null alleles is much higher than expected, indicating a heterozygous advantage for TPI null alleles. The reason is unknown; however, new scientific results are suggesting cells having reduced TPI activity are more resistant against oxidative stress. PlosOne, December 2006

Resistance to hepatitis C virus infection
There is evidence that genetic heterozygosity in humans provides increased resistance to certain viral infections. A significantly lower proportion of HLA-DRB1 heterozygosity exists among HCV-infected cases than uninfected cases. The differences were more pronounced with alleles represented as functional supertypes (P = 1.05 × 10−6) than those represented as low-resolution genotypes (P = 1.99 × 10−3). These findings constitute evidence that heterozygosity provides an advantage among carriers of different supertype HLA-DRB1 alleles against HCV infection progression to end-stage liver disease in a large-scale, long-term study population.

MHC heterozygosity and human scent preferences
Multiple studies have shown, in double-blind experiments, females prefer the scent of males who are heterozygous at all three MHC loci. The reasons proposed for these findings are speculative; however, it has been argued that heterozygosity at MHC loci results in more alleles to fight against a wider variety of diseases, possibly increasing survival rates against a wider range of infectious diseases. The latter claim has been tested in an experiment, which showed outbreeding mice to exhibit MHC heterozygosity enhanced their health and survival rates against multiple-strain infections.

BAFF and autoimmune disease
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a cytokine encoded by the TNFSF13B gene. A variant of the gene containing a deletion (GCTGT—>A) renders a shorter mRNA transcript that escapes degradation by microRNA, thus increasing expression of BAFF, which consequently up-regulates the humoral immune response. This variant is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis, but heterozygote carriers of the variant have decreased susceptibility to malaria infection.

Cardiometabolic disease
Variants of the kinase-related MAP3K5 are associated with lifespan. In a study among Japanese-Americans, homozygous individuals have a longer lifespan than heterozygous individuals, indicating a homozygote advantage.

title: Heterozygote advantage


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Galiano Island

Galiano Island (Hul'qumi'num: Swiikw) is one of the Southern Gulf Islands located between Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. Located on the west side of the Strait of Georgia, the island is bordered by Mayne Island to the southeast, Salt Spring Island to the west and Valdes Island to the northwest. Galiano is part of the Capital Regional District Electoral Area G, and has a permanent population of 1,396 inhabitants as of 2021.

Galiano takes its name from Spanish explorer Dionisio Alcalá Galiano, who explored the area in 1792.

History

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Galiano Island was long inhabited by Indigenous peoples from the Penelakut First Nation as well as other Coast Salish peoples. Midden pits at Montague Harbour suggest at least 3,000 years of habitation, with one study dating the earliest signs of permanent occupation in the island's proximities to over 5000 years ago. A complex culture, heavily reliant on the native Cedar trees, flourished on the island. In the late 1770s, the smallpox epidemic reached the Coast Salish region, reducing the region's population by as much as 30%. Subsequent outbreaks would reduce the First Nations population even further. By the time Captain Galiano arrived in the area in the late 18th century, the First Nations population had been greatly reduced.

By the 19th Century, with European colonization of North America well under way, the area around Galiano remained relatively undisturbed. However, when news of the discovery of gold on the British Columbia mainland reached San Francisco in 1858, nearby Victoria became an important port for miners on their way to the Fraser Canyon gold fields. Due to increased interest and in the area from white settlers, the Royal Navy hydrographer Captain George Henry Richards was tasked with mapping the Southern Gulf Islands in 1859, and decided to name the island in honour of the Spanish navigator who had visited the region 67 years prior.

In the early years of European settlement the island's primary industries were fishing and logging. Poor soil on the island limited the development of widespread agriculture found on other Gulf Islands, such as nearby Salt Spring. Early settlement included a pioneer farming community on the shores of “Plumper Pass” (later renamed Active Pass). Other settlers, such as Scotty Georgeson (a Shetland Islander), also held land and had family on Galiano in this period.

Beginning in the 1870s a small number of Asian immigrants, particularly Japanese, also decided to settle the area for its abundance of fish stock and timber. These Japanese immigrants, primarily from Wakayama Prefecture, brought with them methods of charcoal production, whose evidence can still be found on the island today. Many of these Japanese settlers continued to operate salteries on the north end of the island until the outbreak of war with Japan.

Following confederation of British Columbia into Canada in 1871 and the subsequent the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1885, the nearby Lower Mainland exploded in population. By 1928 this had spilled over, and the small community on Galiano had grown large enough to construct the Galiano Community hall, which is still in use today. In the 1960s logging rights for much of the island were given to MacMillan Bloedel for resource extraction. Many environmentally conscious residents objected to the widespread logging, leading to many disputes including MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. v. Galiano Island Trust Committee in 1995. Environmentalism and the 1960s counter-culture continue to heavily influence the culture of the island to this day. In 2011, the riding of Saanich—Gulf Islands, to which Galiano is a part, elected Canada's first Green member of parliament, Elizabeth May.

As of the 21st century, the logging industry has all but halted on the island, replaced by industries such as tourism and a local art scene.

Geography

Located on the western edge of the Salish Sea, Galiano is a long, narrow island, 27.5 km in length and 1.6 km at its narrowest point.

Mount Galiano is Galiano's highest point, rising 314 m above sea level. The summit provides hikers with views over the Gulf Islands, the United States San Juan Islands and the distant mainland mountains as well. Just west of Mount Galiano is Sutil Mountain, an Ecological Reserve 290 m above sea level, named after Captain Galiano's flagship.

The western coast of the island (facing Trincomali Channel) is characterized by its unique sandstone formations and caves.

The northern end of the island is home to Porlier Pass, dividing Galiano and Valdez Island. One of the more dangerous passes in the Gulf Islands, currents can reach up to 10 knot at maximum flood, and many whirlpools and overfalls are known to form.

Climate
The climate of Galiano Island is classified as warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb) under the Köppen climate classification system, characterized by cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. Similar to the other Gulf Islands, the rain shadow effect of the Olympic and Vancouver Island mountains, and the moderating effects of the ocean, are the dominant influences on the climate of Galiano Island. Galiano Island experiences an annual moisture deficit from mid-June to early October due to the combined effects of seasonal dry, sunny and warm weather. This deficit can often reach drought conditions in areas of recent clearcuts and can result in an extreme forest fire hazard in the summer months.

Ecology

Due to its mild climate and position in a confluence between two different tidal systems, Galiano Island is home to a large variety of fauna and flora, which have been heavily sampled by science. In a 2022 article published as the first volume in a 5-part overview of the island's biodiversity, researchers reported "over 4000 taxa recorded to date, including avian, freshwater, marine and terrestrial species".

In a major flight path for migrating birds, Galiano has hundreds of bird species, such as bald eagles, herons and cormorants. Off its shores are resident and transient populations of orca whales, seals, otters, and sea lions, as well as many other varieties of sea life, including at least 214 species of molluscs, 86 species of crustaceans, 82 species of ray-finned or cartilagenous fish, 41 species of echinoderms, 40 species of sea sponges, 77 species of cnidarians, six species of ribbon worms and four species of ctenophores. The island is also home to a large population of deer.

Of the 19 reef complexes mapped throughout the Salish Sea, the waters off Galiano Island are home to one of the most extensive ones, with large populations of cloud sponges and Heterochone calyx being recorded, as well as a high diversity of marine animal species.

Many native tree species such as arbutus trees, western red cedar and Coast Douglas-fir thrive on the island and can be found in abundance. While most of the island has been logged in the years since European settlement, limited old-growth forests still exist, for example on the southern side of Bluffs Park.

Transportation
Galiano Island is accessible by vehicle via the BC Ferries terminal at Sturdies Bay, located on Active Pass. Vehicle and passenger ferry service runs from Tsawwassen (Vancouver) on the mainland and Swartz Bay (Victoria) on Vancouver Island most days of the year. Additionally, there are numerous inter-island ferries that connect the Gulf Islands, which are scheduled less frequently.

Moorage is available at several public wharves for boat traffic: Sturdies Bay, (walking distance to the village), Montague Harbour, Whalers Bay, Retreat Cove, and Spanish Hills. Private moorage is available at Montague Harbour Marina and the Galiano Oceanfront Inn (Sturdies Bay). Limited water taxi service to nearby islands like Salt Spring is also available out of Sturdies Bay and Montague Harbour. In the summer, a foot passenger ferry service called Aqualink, takes people from Galiano's Sturdies Bay (beside the Village) dock to Saltspring island for the Saturday Market in Ganges.

Daily, regularly scheduled floatplane service is offered from the Vancouver International Water Airport through Seair Seaplanes to Montague Harbour. There is charter service floatplane service from Seattle through Kenmore Air, either through Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, Kenmore Air Harbor and Seattle Lake Union.

Once on the island, most areas can be accessed by paved road, however some logging roads remain in use in the less traveled sections of the island.

Parks
Galiano is home to many popular public parks like Montague Harbour and Dionisio as well as privately owned parks such as Tapovan Peace Park.

 * Montague Harbour Marine Provincial Park is one of the most popular parks in the Gulf Islands. Its Shell Beach is a west-facing beach with worn shells covering the whole expanse of the beach instead of sand. For thousands of years, it was the location of a midden used by Coast Salish people. Montague Harbour is popular with the recreational boating community; the harbour is often crowded with yachts and sailboats during the warmer months of June, July, and August. The park's mooring buoys are in limited supply and cannot be reserved, but the harbour is well sheltered if one chooses to anchor. A marina with moorage, gas dock, several small stores, and a restaurant (summer only) is located at the southern end of the harbour. A public dock is near the marina.
 * Dionisio Point Provincial Park is a marine access only, rugged natural park at the north end of the island with beaches that the local islanders call Coon Bay. It has a shoreline with sandstone formations, a sandy beach for swimming, tidal pools, colourful wildflowers, and forests.
 * Bellhouse Provincial Park is notable for spring wildflowers and its views of marine life and snow-capped mountains.
 * Bluffs Park is Galiano's oldest wilderness park, established by community subscription in 1948. With 130 ha, it extends far inland into virgin forest, as well having high cliffs and a long sandy beach. It inspired Caroline Shaw to compose "The Evergreen", “One day in January 2020, I took a walk in an evergreen forest on Swiikw (Galiano Island), British Columbia, Canada. I found myself slowing down. My steps were shorter, less frequent. I stopped trying to get to my destination with any real intention or speed. Eventually I stopped moving altogether. I looked, and listened, and felt and smelled and breathed. Like a thousand thousand creatures before me there, some of them also human, I paused and wondered and thought, "There is wisdom in these trees." It's been said before, in ways more eloquent and complex than my little story here. Still.”
 * Mount Galiano is Galiano's highest point. It rises 314 m above sea level. The top provides hikers with views over the Gulf Islands, the U.S. San Juan Islands, and the distant mainland mountains.
 * Mount Sutil, in the southeastern part of the island, is an Ecological Reserve 290 m above sea level, named after Captain Galiano's flagship.
 * Collinson Point Provincial Park is the shoreline of Mount Galiano, and is important in protecting the marine life of the approaches to Active Pass.
 * Bodega Ridge Provincial Park consists of a ridge that rises over 240 m above sea level, with views over many of the Gulf Islands' hundreds of islands and islets and beyond to the mountains of the Olympic Peninsula. High cliffs are home to raptors like peregrine falcons and bald eagles, as well as trees like cedars and Douglas fir.
 * Tapovan, Sri Chinmoy Peace Park is a 200-acre privately owned park, opened in 2013, honouring Sri Chinmoy (1931-2007). It features many hiking trails named by the word "peace", each in a different language, and a stairway ascending the high cliff.
 * Matthews Point Park is a 25 ha Capital Regional District Park that preserves over a kilometre of waterfront on Active Pass, of which 300 metres are broad sandy beach. It was named after a pioneer family whose descendants in England later contributed towards the Park purchase. There is also a hiking loop along the clifftops. It adjoins and is connected to Bluffs Park.
 * The Trincomali Nature Sanctuary is an area of sheer cliffs that has been set aside by the Islands Trust for the preservation of Double-crested cormorants and Peregrine Falcons, among other species.

Government
Government bodies that oversee the island include Federal, Provincial and the Capital Regional District as well as the Islands Trust whose mandate is to establish land-use bylaws to "preserve and protect" the island, most notably in terms of development. For most of the 20th century roughly half of the land on Galiano was owned by the logging firm MacMillan Bloedel. As a result, Galiano was not as extensively developed as neighbouring islands. When the firm sold its holdings on Galiano, debate about development issues sharpened, and the Islands Trust set minimum lot sizes to limit development.

Local elections are held every three years to determine who will be the island's two Trustees.

There is one Indian reserve on the island, Galiano Indian Reserve No. 9, located at the northern tip of the island operating under Penelakut administration.

Tourism
Due to the minimal development of Galiano, tourism on the island has remained limited and sustainable. There are two proper hotels and several cabin resorts, as well as cottage rentals, or camping at one of two parks, the Montague and Dionisio (water access only) Provincial Park Campsites. Known as the "Foodie Island", there are many restaurants to choose from year-round. Activities on Galiano Island include hiking, boating, spa treatments, kayaking, visiting art galleries, golfing, exploring beaches, watching Orca whales from shore, as well as frequent musical events and island festivals. Information can be found at the Galiano Chamber of Commerce website www.galianoisland.com.

Infrastructure
The powerline HVDC Vancouver Island crosses Galiano Island in a southwesterly direction as overhead powerline section, which ends at a cable terminal on Parker Island.

Notable people

 * Brett Gaylor, documentary filmmaker
 * Iona Campagnolo, former Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia
 * Jane Rule, American born Canadian writer
 * Audrey Thomas, novelist and short story writer
 * Marie Clements, Métis playwright, performer, director, producer and screenwriter

title: Galiano Island