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Talk:Chavacano

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Untitled
/summary-This is a bare-bones summary for use in translating to other languages. Please do not expand. Please feel free to enter essential only data.--Jondel 07:28, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Untitled2
You are invited to vote on selecting between the names Chavacano and Chabacano, in the Languages of the Philippines page.--Jondel 01:17, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Chabacano in Manila
There is no evidence that suggests Chabacano in Ermita were mostly spoken only by the Filipino-Chinese and that which makes it distinctive to other Spanish-speakers in the area. Chabacano-speakers in Ermita, were not monopolized by the Filipino-Chinese, nor is there any evidence that says it distinctively spoken by this particular group at that time. It is spoken by many people in Ermita regardless of ethnic background. I think there is a Filipino-Chinese elitist here editing contents for his own agenda. Can we maintain neutrality and objectivism here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.108.216.10 (talk) 10:59, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

A hundred
A hundred in spanish is CIEN not CIENTO. could someone correct that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.54.219.63 (talk) 08:33, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

I just did it myself —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.54.219.63 (talk) 08:34, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

"Ciento" means a hundred in Spanish too but in a different way: to say 120 we say "Ciento veinte", 130 is "Ciento treinta" etc...but 100 is "cien".--88.23.26.124 (talk) 12:35, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Many of those false friends are NOT
For one thing, the use of the word "Ya" can also be used in regular Spanish as you Filipinos use it in your creole. It can also mean past tense, it just depends on how you use it.

 * I agree. The word "ya" in Spanish and the word "ya" in Chabacano are not really false friends. They both denote an occurrence in the past (already in Spanish) or something has occurred or has completed in the past (implying the present perfect tense in Chabacano). Consider the following in Chabacano (Zamboangueño): Lavao el maga ropa. (The clothes are washed.) Lavao ya el maga ropa o el maga ropa lavao ya. (The clothes have been washed.) Ya - as it is used to imply the present perfect tense in Chabacano denotes the same meaning as "already" in Spanish. Hence they are not false friends. --Weekeejames 20:18, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

I think you Filipinos need to read this article to understand why certain Spanish words and the way they've changed in the Philippines does not necessarily mean that it's incorrect or a "false friend":

 * "Neutral Spanish" is irrelevant to the Chabacano article. Chabacano is NOT Spanish; it is only rich in Spanish vocabulary and influenced by a lot of Castillian words; some archaic (eg. the word "chico" in Chabacano means small; not a small boy nor chiquito (modern Spanish for small). Its vocabulary is also rich in Mexican-Spanish words due to the historical fact that the Philippines was administered indirectly by Spain and directly by Mexico. Chabacano is not in dilemma of choosing which translation variety to use because the point of reference of its vocabulary will always be standard Castillian Spanish (unlike Latin American Spanish) - especially in writing where the formal mode is to be used as a rule. "Neutral Chavacano" (as a counterpart, in this context) is not about the "terms best suited to a multinational and multicultural target audience". Because in Chavacano, there is a rule to always use the "formal" mode (predominantly Spanish) regardless whether it is being understood by the ordinary people out in the street or the educated ones in the academics, for example. --Weekeejames 20:18, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Forty-Fourth Edition - Neutral Spanish - What is it?

Neutral Spanish is not new. It is a recurring theme, one that has been brought front and center recently by the Internet and global communications. Translation services are offering it and clients are requesting it. But what is “Neutral Spanish”? I think most will agree that “Neutral Spanish” is not a language. In this writer’s opinion, it is the name given to the process that translators go through to select the term or terms best suited to a multinational and multicultural target audience.

Spanish, like any other widely spoken language, is not “vanilla” or standard. Each place, region, country, community where Spanish is spoken has added its own flavor to the language - they have adopted different words, grammatical constructs and distinct accents. For example, when Argentines dive into a swimming pool, they dive into a “pileta”. However, in Uruguay, where swimming pool is “piscina”, they would be jumping head-first into the “kitchen sink” (Ouch!). (Something you definitely need to keep in mind if you are in the resort or swimming pool business.) On the other hand, “swimming pool” in Mexico is “alberca”, which means “reservoir” in Spain, a “sink” (for washing clothes) in Colombia and a “trough” (comedero) in Bolivia and Perú. OK, you get the idea...

Now let's assume that we are working on a translation project that includes the term “swimming pool”, and our target audience is all the Spanish speaking population of the world. According to the rules, we can only select one term for “swimming pool” and our choices are: “pileta”, “piscina” and “alberca”. Which one would make our translation more “neutral”? I would select “piscina”. But, is this the right choice?

A quick check in Google (google.es) reveals the following (What a marvelous tool, the Internet!):

 * “Piscina” gets 3,570,000 hits, including some hits to U.S. sites referring to “swimming pool safety”.
 * “Pileta” gets only 108,000 hits, including some where the meaning is “kitchen sink” or “bathroom sink”.
 * “Alberca” gets 235,000 hits, including some hits on sites in Spain, where the meaning is not “swimming pool”.

No, we don't suggest that you select “neutral” terms in Spanish by consulting Google. This method was only used for purposes of illustration for this newsletter. The decision should be based on your best assessment of which term is most appropriate for the target audience, based on your experience and after careful research. The operative word is “best assessment”, since, as far as I know, there is not a dictionary for “Neutral Spanish”.

Technical text tends to be more neutral and many terms are shared by Spanish speakers worldwide. For example, “reflectómetro de dominio frecuencial” (frequency-domain reflectometer) will be understood by Spanish-speaking professionals everywhere with knowledge of the subject. The same applies to “microquímica” (microchemistry), “MRI (imágenes por resonancia magnética)” (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and other such terms. Of course, there are exceptions. For example, a computer is “una computadora” in Latin America, but “un ordenador” in Spain. Therefore, to keep it “neutral” we suggest using “equipo”, “equipo informático”, or another “neutral” term that properly conveys the intended meaning. Avoid using “computadora” or “ordenador”.

If you are dealing with the spoken language, as in the case of an interpreter, in addition to choice of words, you need to go through the process of selecting the appropriate accent (inflection, tone, rhythm) for your target audience. I recently read an article in the Washington Post Telemundo, a U.S. Spanish-language television network, and how they have been able to reduce the significant competitive edge of their major competitor, Univision, who is the leading Spanish-language television network in the U.S. Among other changes, Telemundo decided to train the actors of their telenovelas (prime time soap operas) to speak like Mexicans, specifically, like Mexican television news anchors. Anyone aspiring to become an actor in a Telemundo telenovela must be able to speak in a well-paced, accent free rhythm, whether they are originally from Cuba, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Perú or Chile. Univision also encourages accent-free Spanish among its actors, but it does not enforce it like Telemundo does. And another interesting fact: Both presidential campaigns in the recent elections used “neutralized” Spanish in their Spanish-language television ads targeting Hispanic voters.

According to Telemundo, this “neutralized” Spanish is the middle ground between Colombian Spanish, that they consider too fast and terse, and some Caribbean accents that are, in their opinion, too slow and imprecise. For Telemundo executives, Mexican Spanish is “the broadest-appeal, easiest-to-understand Spanish”. Needless to say, not everyone agrees, particularly Colombian television and cultural critics. Many Colombians believe that their version of Spanish is the purest spoken. But the article also mentions that about eighty percent of Telemundo's potential audience -- households whose viewing habits are monitored by Nielsen -- is Mexican. Could it be that Telemundo is merely providing good customer service and localizing their message to the requirements of their largest audience? The bottom line is that Telemundo is doing better against their major competitor, so they must be doing something right.

The “neutralization” process should also include paying attention to variations in grammatical constructs, such as pronoun to verb correspondences. An example, is the “voseo” that consists in the use of the pronoun “vos” instead of “tú”, followed by the corresponding form of the verb - “vos sabés” instead of “tú sabes” (you know). The “voseo” is common in Argentina, but used also in other Latin American countries. It should not be confused with “Vosotros sabéis”, the form used in Spain, but not in Latin America. Other examples are “tú sabés” (instead of “tú sabes”) used in Uruguay, for instance; and forms like “tú tenís” (you have) – a variation on “vosotros tenéis” and “tú tienes” – used in Chile. “Neutral Spanish” uses “ustedes” instead of “vosotros” for the second person plural and “usted” for the second person singular. Therefore “you know” (where “you” is singular) is “usted sabe” and the plural form is “ustedes saben”.

A complete analysis of the Spanish language is most definitely beyond the scope of this newsletter, so I will leave it at this. Hopefully, I have succeeded in explaining why “Neutral Spanish” does not consist in creating a new language, or coining new terms, but in carefully selecting words that will convey your message so it will be understood, to varying degrees, by most of your targeted audience and, hopefully, misunderstood by none.

 * Your discussion on "Neutral Spanish" on the discussion page for Chabacano is irrelevant. Chabacano is NOT Spanish. It is not in a dilemma to choose words that are to be understood by every Chabacano speakers because in Chabacano writing, the formal mode is used. Also, please register and sign your username with four tildes ~ . --Weekeejames 01:12, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

(Off-topic: Why is it that in every language talk page there's a section about false friends? What';s the deal with this? -- Howard  the   Duck  10:34, 5 February 2007 (UTC))

 * I don't know why it should be a topic in every language article. Perhaps Chris (who specializes in articles relating to linguistics) can explain what's the deal with it. But I think the false friend section is relevant to the Chavacano article or any article on a creole. It is also significant especially on the point of view of both Chavacano and Spanish speakers. In fact, Jondel was asking if a Chavacano speaker can understand Spanish and/or vice-versa. A little knowledge about false friends can help us understand why at a certain point, a word familiar to both has different meanings for both

Viceversa yes, I do it(except thing like maga or mga.--AleG2 20:53, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Chabacano not Chavacano
In accordance to discussion at talk page of Languages of the Philippines--Jondel 12:13, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Chavacano is chabacano, and chabacano can be Chavacano, no hay duda. Weekeejames

both are correct depending on the regional area it is being used from. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.108.216.10 (talk) 11:16, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

Speakers in Sabah
Ethnologue says there are speakers in Sabah? --Jondel 08:53, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * There could be chavacano speakers in Sabah. In fact, it is not surprising to find chavacano speakers among the Muslim Tausog tribe who live in Zamboanga City and travel from Zamboanga City to Jolo and Tawi-Tawi in Sulu, and vice-versa. Also, Sabah is not too far from Zamboanga City - which used to be the center and prime city of the southern Philippine moroland. Remember, Sabah of the northern Borneo island belonged to the Sultanate of Jolo, historically. Chavacano speakers in Sabah are probably of Zamboangeño origins and from the Sulu provinces who migrated and settled in this northern part of Borneo. Weekejames

Chavacano:False Friend
Cantus,

Please do your research before editing. This is the meaning of False Friend from Wikipedia.

False friends are pairs of words in two languages that look or sound similar but differ in meaning. Such words can cause difficulty for students learning a foreign language, particularly one that is related to their native language, because the students are likely to misidentify the words due to Language interference.

In answer to your question, >>'False Friends'? Can you find a more appropriate wording? 'False Friends' is the most appropriate wording. Thank you and best regards,--Jondel 00:21, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Census Figures: Accurate?
Just read regarding the census figures in this article. I doubt that the speakers of Caviteño and Ternateño is 210,000. Ethnologue's figures are more like 31,000. There needs to be a clarification in the article. There are over 200,000 speakers of Zamboangueño alone, so if Caviteño and Ternateño speakers number 210,000, then Chabacano should have more than 400,000 speakers?

I looked at the Philippine census and Chabacano basically refers to Zamboangueño. According to the census, Caviteño is an "ethnic group" according to the results but I doubt if most people who checked the term can actually speak Caviteño. Zamboangueño remains as the lingua franca of Zamboanga City and is the most common of the Chabacano dialects (are they mutually intelligible considering that Chabacano in the Southern Philippines has been influenced by Cebuano while those in the North are influenced by Tagalog?). Given the size of Zamboanga City, there are probably 500,000 who can speak the language, of which 292,000 speak them at home (which is how the census was conducted). However, almost all speakers of Caviteño and Ternateño can speak Tagalog and there's doubt whether people who refer themselves as Caviteño used language as a criterion.

--wng

can Spaniards or Mexicans understand this language at all? or is too different from Spanish?

Yes if spoken slowly. Different in that the grammar is very bad compared to proper spanish grammar.--Jondel 04:56, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I seem to understand it, being a Spanish-speaker myself and having been to the Chabacano Wikipedia and having Zamboangueño acquaintances myself. But I need some work figuring out the finer points of its grammar, and I cannot write nor speak the language properly. The next thing I need to do is try having a conversation with my Zamboangueño friends, them speaking Chabacano and me Spanish and see if our conversation will make sense.

Chavacano y chabacano
Now the article looks better than ever! I'll try to improve it more. Muchisimas Gracias! -Weekeejames

Chabacano on Wikipedia incubator
Please improve this! I am very happy for the implementors!

 * Thank you. We need more Chabacano contributors. Jondel and I have been the only ones working on it. Seems like I'm the only native Chabacano registered user here and alas, I don't have enough time right now to fully implement it and my 'puter at home is sick. :( But at least we've started it and it will slowly and surely see the break of dawn from the incubator to a fully implemented Chavacano Wikipedia. Gracias. --Weekeejames 20:28, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Austronesian language
It seems to me that Zamboangueño is not a creole but an Austronesian-grammar language using Spanish vocabulary. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 210.213.172.51 (talk) 14:09, 3 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Thanks, but your impression is mistaken; it is indeed a creole. --Chris S. 23:03, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

DEFINITELY A CREOLE language... Chavacano language is an iberian language, a spanish creole that derived and or evolved from spanish with influences from european, native mexican-indian languages family, and philippines astronesian as for its grammatical structure.

European: italian and etc

Astronesian: tagalog, bisaya, ilongo, yakan, tausug, subanon, yakan and sama.

Mexican-indian languages family: mexican-indian, nahaut'l, quebec and etc.

but its lexicon are from spanish.... and its all orthograpy are spelled as it is in spanish orthograpy with reduce of the letter "r" and also sometimes with the letter "d"

example: beber - bebe agarrar - agarra anunciar - anuncia tomar - toma caminar - camina aprubado - aprubado/aprubao abogado - abogao/abogado delicado - delicao/delicado dedicado - dedicao/dedicado

but for sure... we used the same alphabet of latin and of spanish...

it is clear that we use these letters: ch, ñ, ll, or rr examples: chancla, leña, llama, arregla, chinelas, llantos, llanta, compañero... Chavacano language doesnt spell the words as to how it is spell it filipino... Chavcano language has its rules, grammar, syntax (verb-conjugation) and orthograpy.--Acer Cyle (talk) 10:19, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Deleted external link
The document about a study of the word 'amo' in Chavacano de Zamboanga http://gamp.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~ueda/varilex/art/v10a4.pdf Doesn't exist anymore.

Why is this part of Wikiproject Spain when it's spoken in the Philippines?
I think it needs to be changed Jcdizon 00:53, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I've put it within the scope of Tambayan Philippines. --Chris S. 02:24, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Zamboanga Chabacano Future Tense
In this wikipedia article it states that 'hay' is used in front of the verb to indicate future tense.

Eg: Hay aprende yo Chavacano.

In this link: http://www.zamboanga.com/chavacano/ it says that 'el' is used to indicate the future.

Eg: El aprende yo Chavacano.

So, which one is it?! Hay or El, or both??? Vlag (talk) 14:07, 2 March 2008 (UTC)Vlag

 * "El" is an article (that usually precedes a noun) while "hay" is a helping/linking verb that precedes the main verb to imply the future tense, especially in simple future tense. However, "el" can also be used in place of "hay" for the same purpose, especially in the subjuntive mood. For example: "Si el canta el pajaro, hay camina mi maga hermano." (If the bird would sing, my brothers would walk.) Chavacano is very fluid, is generally a spoken language, and needs to be "standardized" as a writing language. I hope that answers your question. --Weekeejames (talk) 22:04, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Weekeejames, in the context you used it that does not indicate future, but rather it is a conditional, it indicates a hypothetical condition that is currently not true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.169.206.254 (talk) 01:03, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Concierne para todos
para a todos concierne y especialmente contigo jondel..

perdoname que ya move y ya revisa yo sin permiso contigo o aqui.. ya pone gale yo alla abajo na trivia acerca con mal oida chavacano descripcion "aquel, chavacano quiere decir na diccionnario de castellano como vulgar". sino na premer estanza y frasas ya cambia yo su descripciones... que asegun conmigo ta lee yo o otros gente como mas bonito na vista na cada y uno wikipediano...

i include several influences, through reading i do agree that there are really words that come from those languages... since, most of the spanish speaking soldiers were from latin america or belong to the Native American Language. lastly, tu y vosotros ya cuidao para arregla otra vez o pone na cada respectivo lugar.--Acer Cyle (talk) 13:01, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Chavacano Possessive Pronouns
Hi can the possessive pronouns be put up please. Thanks.86.42.128.5 (talk) 11:00, 17 March 2008 (UTC)Si Lapu Lapu

RESPUESTO
sure... but let me disccus first to my fellow writers,researchers, o authors.

for the meantime...

 possesive

mi - mio,mia -mine

tu - tuyo -your

Nuestro(a) -our

de aton/ato(inclusive) -our

de amon/amon(exclusive) -our

--Acer Cyle (talk) 03:14, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

El/Ele He/She
Why does it say:

Ele ya andá na escuela.

Means:

He/she went to school.. ???

It is confusing.. It says further down 'El' is 'He' and 'Ele' is 'She'. Why does the translation say 'He/She' when it says 'Ele' only. 86.42.128.5 (talk) 13:12, 18 March 2008 (UTC)Confuzzled As Hell

it goes like this...

the word ele chavacano for either he or she.

ejemplos:

ele ya anda na escuela ayer.

he went to school yesterday.

she went to school yesterday.

meaning, in english translation it cud be masculine or feminine. depending the writer or speakers if he is refering to a man or woman.

while the word "le or ele" are the same..

ya anda le aqui. -he went here.

ya anda ele aqui. -he went here.

while, "el" can either be used in refering to masculine and feminine. ex.:

el hombre ya mori. -the man died.

el mujer ya mori. -the woman died.

pls. see in the grammar explation and illustration outside this discussion page... you'll see the word "el" and its usage.--Acer Cyle (talk) 05:55, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Discuss first
Please discuss first in this page before making any major changes to the article. That way, our efforts are not wasted and there will be no edit wars. Thanks. --Weekeejames (talk) 18:33, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Hola!

Buenos Dias!

que tal james?

OH AGAIN... im always forget to discuss! but anyway, i dont have any bad intentions... ok, i'm sorry agian!

anyway, i like its definition... that idea came into my mind when i read the "Roots and route of Chavacano."

perdon otra vez,--Acer Cyle (talk) 00:29, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Formal, Familiar, Common.. Confuzzled???
I find this site quite good: http://www.zamboanga.com/chavacano/ for learning some basic Chavacano but it is often too confusing. The talk section of Chavacano here in Wikipedia is the only place online I know of where someone can help me.

If you just go to this link http://www.zamboanga.com/chavacano/ then click on 'Chavacano SPEAK!' on the left-hand side and then scroll down to the bottom.. There's a section where there are 3 headings: Formal, Familiar, Common... Then it lists all these pronouns but without much explanation as to what those pronouns actually mean in English!!! Like, what are the differences of 'Con el, con ellos, de ellos, con ele, etc..' and so on. It's just confusing. And also, that site seems like it has been abandoned for eons.. No-one's updating it or improving it.

Please all you Zambo speakers, can you explain?? 193.1.172.163 (talk) 12:22, 27 March 2008 (UTC)RazzleDazzle

those words are on third person possessive form..them/their in the form con ellos, de ellos for /their/their

example: ya dale yo se con ellos. -i gave it to them. no se mio, de ellos ese. -its not mine, thats theirs.

while ele/le could either be mean he/she and him'her. example: ya dale yo con ele. -i gave it to him. ele aquel ya dale conmigo. -he's the one who gave that to me. ele ya dale conmigo un golpe. -he/she gave me a punch.

the word 'ya/ta/hay before the verb denottes its mode wether past/present/future. while the word 'ya' after verb it denotes for 'already. example: ya dale ya yo aquel con ele. -i already gave that to him/her. ya dale yo aquel con ele. -i gave that to him/her.

ellos is the formal form from the word sila chavacano for they but then it can also become 'them'

ejemplos:

ellos eres el quien ensiguidas ta hace senti duele conmigo. -they are the one who's hurting me.

yo se ya dale con ellos.

de ellos esos mana camisa alli.

-thats their clothes there. -those clothes there are from them.

-i gave it to them.--Acer Cyle (talk) 10:09, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * It isn't very easy.... I'll try to explain it with the second singular person: Tu is a neutral or semi-polite "you" [2nd sing. person] ("Mom, you are the best", "You can't break Wikipedia. Anything can be fixed or improved later."), Uste is a polite "you" ("Mr. Smith, how are you?") and vos is a derogatory ("Are you crazy, f...... stupid?") or very close "you" ("Bubba, you are my best good friend"-Forrest Gump). Bye. Lin linao (talk) 14:49, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

>its quite easy... second person singular..

evos -you(informal)this often use by most speakers regardles of showing anger or not. but it isnt always bad in addressing it to the other person if the speaker is older than the receiver.gets? but lastly, this is actually rude if you used this with high tone or voice or with anger..its demoralizing. vos -you(common)same explaination with the above mention.example: donde vos anda? -saan ka pupunta? tu -you(familiar)this is the neutral. it cn be used to both circimstances to youger or older at age... this is already the second highest form of respect.. if its in tagalo it is express as example: donde tu anda? -saan po kayo pupunta? usted -you(formal) it is consider as the highest form of respect..usually used in adressing an older person, person in the gov't. and our God and Christ.example: donde usted anda? -saan po kayo ginoo/binibini ay pupunta?

Note: this is only for the Zamboangueño Dialect. for the other dialects, they have other rules too. BUENOS DIAS CON USTED COMPAÑERO!=)--Acer Cyle (talk) 20:08, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Sentence You Might Like To Consider Editing...
In the introduction to the Chavacano language, there is a line that states and I quote,

"It is the only language in the Philippines which is not a member of the Austronesian family."

I found that line pretty dubious. Their clearly are other non-Austronesian languages in the Philippines such as Chinese languages, namely the Minnan and Yue families. If that sentence was meant to say that Chavacano is the only language to have developed in the Philippines that is NOT an Austronesian language, then that I understand. Vlag (talk) 19:25, 26 March 2008 (UTC)Pedantic

answer
its actually correct.. why?

its because chinese, englis and etc.. is not a filipino languages... wheen you say filipino languages, these are mostly belong to the malayo-polynesian or a polynesian a branch of austronesian....ryt?if you have read the philippines history there you'll know, who are really the ancient people of the luzon,visayas and mindanao islands.there were no chinese and etc.. it is only now they are here because of migration. but language dont consider as part of the PHILIPPINE LANGUAGES.. which there are about 157 languages.. 2 are extinct..

and why i say CHAVACANO is the only language w/c is not part of the philippine austronesian languages but then stil one or part of the filipino languages? because chavacano is actuaally, was born here in zamboanga city, mindanao, philippines on 1635. a spanish-based creole with influences from european, philippine astronesian(grammatical structure) and native-american langauges family(taino, quechua,mexican-indian and etc .--125.60.235.211 (talk) 04:42, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * To:Mr 125.60.235.211 Guy.. You actually misunderstood what was being explained.. It says

 * "Chavacano...the only NON-AUSTRONESIAN language IN THE PHILIPPINES.."

 * The point is not about which languages are 'FILIPINO' or 'NON-FILIPINO' but rather, the point was that the article states that Chavacano is the ONLY language IN THE philippines that is NOT AUSTRONESIAN and NOT: Chavacano is the only Filipino language that is not Austronesian. There's a huge difference between languages FROM the Philippines and languages SPOKEN IN the Philippines. So, the implication that 'Chavacano is the only language in the Philippines that is not Austronesian' is misleading because other non-Austronesian languages are in the Philippines such as Chinese, Spanish and Arabic.

Good day! Si lapu lapu (talk) 11:48, 1 April 2008 (UTC)Si Lapu Lapu

 * I understand. It is indeed misleading. Thanks for pointing that out. Let me edit. --Weekeejames (talk) 10:34, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

misleading too
philippines languages or Filipino languages...

if you have search on the list of the philippines langauges, you will know...

filipino languages or native filipino langauges such tagalo, cebuano, ilocano aeta, subanon, kinaray-a, aklanon, capiznon, tiruray, manobo, bagobo, tiboli and etc... which all belong to the malayo-polynesian and part of the "Filipino languages" except for chavacano languages (part or one of the Filipino langauges but doesnt belong to Austronesian languages Familiy). while foriegn languages such as chinese, english and etc doesnt belong as part of the "Filipino langauges".. so, its quite right to say that "chavacano is the only language in the philippines langauges which is not a member of the "philippines Austronesian family"

and its really stated that there are 157 languages or native or Filipino languages... Note:english. chinese, niponggo, etc are not included...--125.60.235.211 (talk) 04:38, 2 April 2008 (UTC)Acer_Cyle... "mi lenguaje es mi identidad"

sobre el palabra 'deslizar'
its actually correct... but why did you erase the previous word "rezbalasa"?

rezbalasa literraly means for "silde, to slide" while deslizar means "tu brazaro estas balbado por causa ya rezbalasa tu"

although same in meaning but their usage is different... just like when you "save the life" and save the file" in Chavacano... "salva el vida" y "guarda el archivo o documento"

pero muchas gracias siempre por tu contribucion aqui.. Lo Aprobaron amigo!--Acer Cyle (talk) 12:10, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

POR EL CAMBIO DEL "MAGA" PARA "MGA"'
QUIEN TALPULANO YA ANDA CAMBIA? PORQUE USTED YA ANDA CAMBIA? QUE HORROR! NUNCA SE YA QUEDA "MGA" SINO "MAGA o MANA" GAT ESE... ARREGLA PERO NO DESARREGLA... PRECURA NOSOTROS TODO MEJORA ESTE PAGINA Y NO PARA DESTROSA! GRACIAS!!!--Acer Cyle (talk) 11:57, 17 January 2009 (UTC) --Acer Cyle (talk) 11:57, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Page needs cleanup, sources
Hello to all,

This article is extremely confusing, additionally 0 sources are cited. I'll try to sort things out some but I don't think I can do it alone. Chavacano is beautiful and deserves to have an equally beautiful article about it. --ಠ_ಠ node.ue ಠ_ಠ (talk) 16:26, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

>>>citation<<< for this -nd also derived from the word chavano which was coined by the people of Zamboanga[citation needed]

pls see this link http://www.zamboanga.com/history/ http://www.zamboanga.com/z/index.php?title=Chavacano

Sir/Madam, quilaya ba ta pone citation shorcut just right after the sentence? and all the citatiion and proves are all written just below the last page called as "Referecnes, Extenal Links" please try to read those documents.

confusing if not fully understand about the subject.. why? coz in that page, it doesn't only explain about one Dialects of Chavacano but with all the six(6) dialects of Chavacano. If we really try to read carefully and kinly, then we can even observe that these six dialects totally have different grammar system and even in spelling. and aside from that, their origin didn't came in just one place. like for example for CC, it originates in Cavite alone. TC from Ternate and ZC originate in Zamboanga City (then a Republic of Zamboanga).

and i think, thats what the author is trying to do now is to give to give the full idea and knowledge by expanding and gives intensive details to each Dialects. although for the case of CC, TC and EC, they shared the same spelling, grammar and pronunciation. while for the Cot.C, ZC and Castellano Abakay also shared the same spelling and grammar.. except for the Castellano Abakay (Davaoeño Zamboangueño) bcoz this dialect still has 2 sub-dialects and has inlfuences from japanese and chines.

the only reason why the Zamboangueño Language dominates in this article is becuase due ti its number of speakers or considering the most spoken dialect in the Philippines, the Lingua Franca of Zamboanga City and also Zamboanga City is the Birthplace of this said dialect called-Zamboangueño o Chavacano de Zamboanga. and also cosidered as Recognized Minority Language in Semporna, Sabbah-Malaysia.

Sir/Madam, i hope, i was able to explain well. thank you so much..;-)--46.42.73.2 (talk) 09:37, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Number of speakers
I deleted the 359,000 estimate of Chavacano speakers. It was attributed to Ethnologue. Ethnologue online does seem to imply that that figure applies to the entirety of Chavacano. But Ethnologue's source, Rubino 2008, clearly refers only to Zamboangueño, a subset of Chavacano. [anon.]

 * I'll add a comment to that effect so your change does not get reverted. — kwami (talk) 22:04, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Visayan languages which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 03:44, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 27 July 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Jenks24 (talk) 07:20, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

Chavacano language → Chavacano – WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, WP:COMMONNAME,WP:CONCISE, WP:NCLANG states that if the ethnicity article has a different title then the "language" suffix can be dropped. Chavacano redirects here. Shhhhwwww!! (talk) 05:22, 27 July 2015 (UTC) --Relisted. George Ho (talk) 05:43, 3 August 2015 (UTC) --Relisted. Alakzi (talk) 00:52, 11 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Support. At least now you understand the exception clause in NCLANG works only for languages with no ambiguity with an ethnic group. Chavacano is only a language spoken by Zamboangueño people, Caviteños/Ermitaños/Manileños (Tagalog people), Basileños (Yakan people), Suluanos (Tausug people), Cotabateños/Davaoeños (Visayan people) and other mestizo groups. Add But i still hope you make yourself useful by actually writing and creating articles instead of dabbling in the administrative work and time suck activities like this.--RioHondo (talk) 05:38, 27 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Are there 29 or 30 letters--is  a letter?
Sources I know that sources for the language are sparse: can anyone find something definitive? —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 05:06, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

30 Letters are there in the Chavacano Alphabet
There are 30 letters in the Chavacano. this is the standard Abecedario for us Zamboangueño Ethnic whose mother tongue is Zamboangueño Chavacano. A B C CH D E F G H I J K L LL M N Ñ O P Q R RR S T U V W X Y Z Soy Un Orgulloso Latino Zamboangueño 21:13, 13 February 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Acer Cyle (talk • contribs)

External links modified
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Reverted
Why was this removed? What fact do you have that would justify you to delete this? It is a fact that the word "chavacano" is not a Spanish word". You can check any spanish dictionary and the word does not exist.

"The word Chavacano is not a spanish word. The people of Zamboanga "coined" the word. The people of Zambaonga, being a proud bunch of people, who just helped the spaniards build the fort (June 23, 1635) and in the process developed the dialect, wanted to "own" this unique new language and hence baptized it as CHAVACANO. The word chabacano was derogatory. The people of Zamboanga were proud of their new language, the language of Chavacano."
 * Sorry, your good faith editions do not match well with the rest of the page, it's basically an opinion, you should familiarize yourself first with the kind of writing used in Wikipedia. About the name, chabacano is indeed a Spanish word, you can find it in any dictionary, and the difference b/v is not really relevant in Spanish, there is no change in pronunciation, it's just a spelling question. Anyway, if you have any source (book, newspaper, etc.) explaining the origin of the language's name, that would help a lot. --Jotamar (talk) 18:19, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

na
Where is the explation of the word "na" that I found here before? It was found I think in Portuguese Jumark27 (talk) 02:51, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chavacano


text: Template:John Grisham

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:John Grisham


text:
Category:Hasbro subsidiaries

This category is intended for subsidiaries of Hasbro.

title: Category:Hasbro subsidiaries


text: User talk:203.167.236.26

title: User talk:203.167.236.26


text:
WTO (disambiguation)

WTO or World Trade Organization is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade.

WTO may also refer to:
 * Warsaw Treaty Organization or Warsaw Pact
 * Westona railway station, Melbourne
 * World Toilet Organization, a non-profit organisation based in Singapore
 * World Tourism Organization
 * WTO (Deus Ex), a fictional organization in Deus Ex: Invisible War
 * "WTO", a song by Pennywise from Land of the Free?

title: WTO (disambiguation)


text:
War of the Fourth Coalition

The War of the Fourth Coalition (Guerre de la Quatrième Coalition) was a war spanning 1806–1807 that saw a multinational coalition fight against Napoleon's French Empire, subsequently being defeated. The main coalition partners were Prussia and Russia with Saxony, Sweden, and Great Britain also contributing. Excluding Prussia, some members of the coalition had previously been fighting France as part of the Third Coalition, and there was no intervening period of general peace. On 9 October 1806, Prussia declared war on France and joined a renewed coalition, fearing the rise in French power after the defeat of Austria and establishment of the French-sponsored Confederation of the Rhine in addition to having learned of French plans to cede Prussian-desired Hanover to Britain in exchange for peace. Prussia and Russia mobilized for a fresh campaign with France, massing troops in Saxony.

Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians in an expeditious campaign that culminated at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt on 14 October 1806. French forces under Napoleon occupied Prussia, pursued the remnants of the shattered Prussian Army, and captured Berlin. They then advanced all the way to East Prussia, Poland and the Russian frontier, where they fought an inconclusive battle against the Russians at the Battle of Eylau on 7–8 February 1807. Napoleon's advance on the Russian frontier was briefly checked during the spring as he revitalized his army with fresh supplies. Russian forces were finally crushed by the French at the Battle of Friedland on 14 June 1807, and three days later Russia asked for a truce.

Through the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, France made peace with Russia, which agreed to join the Continental System. The treaty was particularly harsh on Prussia, however, as Napoleon demanded much of the Prussian territory along the lower Rhine west of the Elbe and in what was part of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Respectively, these acquisitions were incorporated into the new Kingdom of Westphalia, led by his brother Jérôme Bonaparte and into the new Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish client state, ruled by his new ally the king of Saxony. At the end of the war, there was peace on Continental Europe with Napoleon as master of almost all of western and central continental Europe, except for Spain, Portugal, Austria and several other smaller states.

Despite the end of the Fourth Coalition, Britain remained at war with France. War would return to Continental Europe later in 1807, when Napoleon decided to invade Portugal in order to compel Portugal to join the Continental System. A joint Franco-Spanish force invaded Britain's ally Portugal, beginning the Peninsular War where Napoleon would also invade Spain as well. A further Fifth Coalition would be assembled when Austria re-joined the conflict in 1809.

Origins
The Fourth Coalition (1806–1807) of Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Saxony, and  Sweden formed against France within months of the collapse of the previous coalition. Following his triumph at the Battle of Austerlitz and the subsequent demise of the Third Coalition, Napoleon looked forward to achieving a general peace in Europe, especially with his two main remaining antagonists, Britain and Russia. Meanwhile, he sought to isolate Prussia from the influence of these two powers by offering a tentative alliance, while also seeking to curb Prussia's political and military influence among the German states.

Despite the death of William Pitt in January 1806, Britain and the new Whig administration remained committed to checking the growing power of France. Peace overtures between the two nations early in the new year proved ineffectual due to the still unresolved issues that had led to the breakdown of the Peace of Amiens. One point of contention was the fate of Hanover, a German state in personal union with the British monarchy that had been occupied by France since 1803. Dispute over this state would eventually become a casus belli for both Britain and Prussia against France. This issue also dragged Sweden into the war, whose forces had been deployed there as part of the effort to liberate Hanover during the war of the previous coalition. The path to war seemed inevitable after French forces ejected the Swedish troops in April 1806.

Apart from some naval clashes and the peripheral Battle of Maida in southern Italy in July 1806 (though these actions are considered part of the tail end of the War of the Third Coalition), the main conflicts between Britain and France during the Fourth Coalition would involve no direct general military confrontation. Rather, there was an escalation in the ongoing economic warfare between the two powers. With Britain still retaining its dominance of the seas, Napoleon looked to break this dominance (after his defeat of Prussia) with his issuance of the Berlin Decree and the beginnings of his Continental System. Britain retaliated with its Orders in Council several months later.

In the meantime, Russia spent most of 1806 recovering from defeats from the previous year's campaign. Napoleon had hoped to establish peace with Russia and a tentative peace treaty was signed in July 1806, but this was vetoed by Tsar Alexander I and the two powers remained at war. Though nominally an ally in the coalition, Russia remained a dormant entity for much of the year (giving virtually no military aid to Prussia in the main battles that October, as Russian armies were still mobilising). Russian forces would not fully come into play in the war until late 1806 when Napoleon entered Poland.

Finally, Prussia had remained at peace with France the previous year, though it did come close to joining the Allies in the Third Coalition. A French corps led by Marshal Bernadotte had illegally violated the neutrality of Ansbach in Prussian territory on their march to face the Austrians and Russians. Anger by Prussia at this trespass was quickly tempered by the results of Austerlitz, and a convention of continued peace with France was signed two weeks after that battle at Schönbrunn. This convention was modified in a formal treaty two months later, with one clause in effect promising to give Hanover to Prussia in exchange for Ansbach's being awarded to France's ally Bavaria. In addition, on 15 March 1806 Napoleon elevated his brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat to become ruler of the Grand Duchy of Berg and Duchy of Cleves (acquired from Bavaria in return for its receiving Ansbach). Murat exacerbated Prussian enmity by tactlessly ejecting a Prussian garrison that was stationed in his newly acquired realm, prompting a stern rebuke from Napoleon. Relations between France and Prussia quickly soured when Prussia eventually discovered that Napoleon had secretly promised to return sovereignty of Hanover back to Britain during his abortive peace negotiations with the British. This duplicity by the French would be one of the main causes for Prussia declaring war that autumn.

Another cause was Napoleon's formation in July 1806 of the Confederation of the Rhine out of the various German states which constituted the Rhineland and other parts of western Germany. A virtual satellite of the French Empire with Napoleon as its "Protector", the Confederation was intended to act as a buffer state from any future aggressions from Austria, Russia or Prussia against France (a policy that was an heir of the French revolutionary doctrine of maintaining France's "natural frontiers"). The formation of the Confederation was the final nail in the coffin of the moribund Holy Roman Empire and subsequently its last Habsburg emperor, Francis II, formally abolished the empire. Napoleon consolidated the various smaller states of the former Holy Roman Empire which had allied with France into larger electorates, duchies and kingdoms to make the governance of non-Prussian and Austrian Germany more efficient. He also elevated the electors of the two largest Confederation states, his allies Württemberg and Bavaria, to the status of kings.

The Confederation was above all a military alliance: in return for continued French protection, member states were compelled to supply France with large numbers of their own military personnel (mainly to serve as auxiliaries to the Grande Armée), as well as contribute much of the resources needed to support the French armies still occupying western and southern Germany. Understandably, Prussia was indignant at this increasing French meddling in the affairs of Germany (without its involvement or even consultation) and viewed it as a threat. Napoleon had previously attempted to ameliorate Prussian anxieties by assuring Prussia he was not averse to its heading a North German Confederation, but his duplicity regarding Hanover dashed this. A final spark leading to war was the summary arrest and execution of German nationalist Johann Philipp Palm in August 1806 for publishing a pamphlet which strongly attacked Napoleon and the conduct of his army occupying Germany. After giving Napoleon an ultimatum on 1 October 1806, Prussia (supported by Saxony) finally decided to contend militarily with the French Emperor.

Prussian campaign
In August 1806, the Prussian king Frederick William III made the decision to go to war independently of any other great power, save the distant Russia, influenced by his wife Queen Louise and the war party in Berlin. Another course of action might have involved openly declaring war the previous year and joining Austria and Russia in the Third Coalition. In fact, the Tsar had visited the Prussian king and queen at the tomb of Frederick the Great in Potsdam that very autumn, and the monarchs secretly swore to make common cause against Napoleon. Had Prussian forces been engaged against the French in 1805, this might have contained Napoleon and prevented the eventual Allied disaster at Austerlitz. In any event, Prussia vacillated in the face of the swift French invasion of Austria and then hastily professed neutrality once the Third Coalition was crushed. When Prussia did declare war against France in 1806, its main ally the Russians still remained far away remobilising. The Electorate of Saxony would be Prussia's sole German ally. Napoleon could scarcely believe Prussia would be so foolish to take him on in a straight fight with hardly any allies at hand on its side, especially since most of his Grande Armée was still in the heart of Germany close to the Prussian border. He drummed up support from his soldiers by declaring that Prussia's bellicose actions had delayed their phased withdrawal back home to France to enjoy praise for the previous year's victories.

The initial military manoeuvres began in September 1806. In a letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase le bataillon-carré ("square battalion"). In the bataillon-carré system, the various corps of the Grande Armée would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help. Napoleon unleashed all French forces east of the Rhine, deploying the corps of the Grande Armée along the frontier of southern Saxony. In a preemptive strike to catch the Prussians unaware, the Emperor had the Grande Armée march as a massive bataillon carré (battalion square) in three parallel columns through the Franconian Forest in southern Thuringia. Each corps would be in mutual supporting distance of each other, both within the column and laterally to the other columns (once through the difficult passage of the forest), thus allowing the Grande Armée to meet the enemy at any contingency. This strategy was adopted due to Napoleon's lack of intelligence regarding the Prussian main army's whereabouts and uncertainty over his enemy's puzzling manoeuvres in their march to face him. The reason for this stemmed mainly from the mutual mistrust within the Prussian high command that had resulted in division among the Prussian commanders over which plan of action for the war would be adopted. Despite the deficiency in pinpointing the main Prussian army's exact position, Napoleon correctly surmised their probable concentration in the vicinity of Erfurt-Weimar and formulated a general plan of a thrust down the Saale valley towards Gera and Leipzig, then wheeling westward in order to envelop the left flank of where he believed the Prussians were located and thus cut off their communications and line of retreat to Berlin. On 8 October 1806, after a cavalry skirmish at Saalburg, a Prussian division was brushed aside in the Battle of Schleiz on 9 October. The following day, Marshal Lannes, debouching from the passage of the forest, crushed a Prussian division at Battle of Saalfeld, where the popular Prince Louis Ferdinand was killed.

At the double Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on 14 October, Napoleon smashed a Prussian army led by Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen and Ernst von Rüchel at Jena, while his Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout routed Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick's main army at Auerstedt. At Jena, Napoleon fought only a contingent of the Prussian army. At Auerstedt a single French corps defeated the bulk of the Prussian army, despite being heavily outnumbered. Victory at Auerstedt was all but secured once the Duke of Brunswick (as well as fellow commander Friedrich Wilhelm Carl von Schmettau) were mortally wounded, and the Prussian command devolved to the less able King Fredrick William who believed he was facing Napoleon himself. Matters worsened once the vanquished remnants of the Prussian army from Jena stumbled onto the clash at Auerstedt, further plunging the Prussians' morale and triggering their precipitous retreat. For this conspicuous victory, Marshal Davout was later created the Duke of Auerstedt by Napoleon.

During the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte had marched from Naumburg to Dornburg and arrived at Apolda late in the day due to the poor state of the roads. Apolda sits on strategically important heights between Auerstedt to the North and Jena to the South, and Napoleon had ordered Bernadotte to move to Dornburg and seize Apolda; upon establishing his artillery on the heights, Bernadotte compelled the Prussians to withdraw from Jena and Auerstedt. Napoleon, believing Bernadotte to be a coward due to his absence in either battle, nearly court-martialed him. On 17 October, Bernadotte mauled Eugene Frederick Henry, Duke of Württemberg's previously untouched Reserve corps at the Battle of Halle and chased it across the Elbe river, this redeeming himself in Napoleon's eyes.

Some 160,000 French soldiers fought against Prussia increasing in number as the campaign went on, with reinforcements arriving across the Wesel bridgehead from the peripheral theatre surrounding the recently formed Kingdom of Holland, advancing with such speed that Napoleon was able to destroy as an effective military force the entire quarter of a million-strong Prussian army. The Prussians sustained 65,000 casualties including the deaths of two members of the royal family lost a further 150,000 prisoners, over 4,000 artillery pieces, and over 100,000 muskets stockpiled in Berlin. The French suffered around 15,000 casualties for the whole campaign. Napoleon entered Berlin on 27 October 1806 and visited the tomb of Frederick the Great, telling his marshals to show their respect, saying, "If he were alive we wouldn't be here today".

In total, Napoleon and the Grande Armée had taken only 19 days from the commencement of the invasion of Prussia until essentially knocking it out of the war with the capture of Berlin and the destruction of its principal armies at Jena and Auerstedt. Most of the shattered remnants of the Prussian army and the displaced royal family escaped to refuge in East Prussia near Königsberg, eventually to link up with the approaching Russians and continue the fight. Meanwhile, on 11 December 1806 the Treaty of Posen elevated Saxony to a kingdom upon allying with France and joining the Confederation of the Rhine, thereby leaving the Allied Coalition.

On 21 November 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree to bring into effect the Continental System. This policy aimed to control the trade of all European countries without consulting their governments. The ostensible goal was to weaken the British economy by closing French-controlled territory to its trade, but British merchants smuggled in many goods and the Continental System was not a powerful weapon of economic war.

Polish, Russian and Swedish campaigns
Towards the end of 1806, the French entered Poland and Napoleon created a new Duchy of Warsaw, to be ruled by his new ally Frederick Augustus I of Saxony. The area of the duchy had already been liberated by a popular uprising that had escalated from anti-conscription rioting. Napoleon then turned north to confront the approaching Russian armies and to attempt to capture the temporary Prussian capital at Königsberg. In pursuit of this aim, twice his attempts to entrap and defeat Bennigsen's Russian 1st Army at Pultusk and in the vicinity of Heilsberg during the turn of the year were thwarted. A tactical and bloody draw at Eylau (7–8 February) forced the Russians to withdraw further north. After spending much of the spring recuperating his forces, Napoleon finally routed the Russian army at Friedland (14 June). Following this defeat, Alexander sued for peace with Napoleon at Tilsit (7 July 1807).

Meanwhile, Swedish involvement was primarily concerned with protecting Swedish Pomerania. Despite being defeated at Lübeck, the Swedes successfully defended the fort of Stralsund and pushed the French forces out of Swedish Pomerania in early April, 1807. On 18 April, France and Sweden agreed to a ceasefire. However, Swedish refusal to join the Continental System led to a second invasion of Swedish Pomerania led by Marshal Brune. Stralsund fell on 24 August after a siege and the Swedish army abandoned Rügen, thus leaving France in control over Swedish Pomerania; the resulting armistice, agreed by Marshal Brune and Swedish general Johan Christopher Toll, had allowed the Swedish army to withdraw with all its munitions of war.

Results
Following the Treaties of Tilsit, Britain and Sweden remained the only two major coalition members still at war with France. Russia soon declared war against Britain and after a British attack on Copenhagen, Denmark–Norway joined the war on the side of Napoleon (Gunboat War), opening a second front against Sweden. A short British expedition under Sir John Moore was sent to Sweden (May 1808) to protect against any possible Franco-Danish invasion.

At the Congress of Erfurt (September–October 1808) Napoleon and Alexander agreed that Russia should force Sweden to join the Continental System, which led to the Finnish War of 1808–1809 (meaning Sweden played no role in the next coalition against Napoleon) and to the division of Sweden into two parts separated by the Gulf of Bothnia. The eastern part became the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland. Due to the Continental System, Britain was yet again still at war with Napoleon and was not affected by the peace treaty.

In negotiations with captured Swedes after the Battle of Lübeck, Marshal Bernadotte first came to the attention of the Swedish authorities. This would set in motion a chain of events that eventually led to him being elected heir to the Swedish throne, and later King Charles XIV John of Sweden.

As for the French, after the Treaty of Tilsit, the Empire was seemingly at its zenith. Flush with triumph and deeming France free from any immediate obligations in Central and Eastern Europe, Napoleon decided to capture the Iberian ports of Britain's long-time ally Portugal. His main aim was to close off another strip of the European coast and a major source for British trade.

On 27 October 1807, Spain's Prime Minister Manuel de Godoy signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau with France, by which in return for the alliance and passage of French armies through its realm, Spain would receive Portuguese territory. In November 1807, after the refusal of Prince Regent John of Portugal to join the Continental System, Napoleon sent an army into Spain under General Jean-Andoche Junot with the aim of invading Portugal (as well as the secret task of being the vanguard for the eventual French occupation of Spain). Napoleon soon embroiled himself and France in Spain's internal power struggles within its royal family, eventually leading to the Spanish populace turning on the French occupiers and the beginning of the Peninsular War.

title: War of the Fourth Coalition


text: Category:The King's Regiment

title: Category:The King's Regiment


text:
Michel Butor

Michel Butor (14 September 1926 – 24 August 2016) was a French poet, novelist, teacher, essayist, art critic and translator.

Life and work
Michel Marie François Butor was born in Mons-en-Barœul, a suburb of Lille, the third of seven children. His parents were Émile Butor (1891–1960), a railroad inspector and Anna ( Brajeux, 1896–1972). He studied philosophy at the Sorbonne, graduating in 1947.

In 1950–51, he taught French in Minya, Egypt, followed by teaching assignments in Manchester (1951–53), Thessaloniki (1954–55) and Geneva (1956–57). In 1958, he married Marie-Josèphe (née Mas); they had four daughters.

His first novel, Passage de Milan, was published in 1954, followed by L'Emploi du temps (1956), which won the Prix Fénéon, and by La Modification in 1957, which won the Prix Renaudot. His final novel, Degrés, was published in 1960.

In 1960, he was a visiting professor at Bryn Mawr College and Middlebury College. His travels around the United States at this time resulted in his first experimental book, Mobile, published in 1962 to a controversial reception.

In the following years, he wrote in a variety of forms, from essays to poetry to artist's books. For artist's books he collaborated with artists like Gérard Serée. Literature, painting and travel were subjects particularly dear to Butor. Part of the fascination of his writing is the way it combines the rigorous symmetries that led Roland Barthes to praise him as an epitome of structuralism (exemplified, for instance, by the architectural scheme of Passage de Milan or the calendrical structure of L'emploi du temps) with a lyrical sensibility more akin to Baudelaire than to Robbe-Grillet.

Journalists and critics have associated his novels with the nouveau roman, but Butor himself long resisted that association. The main point of similarity is a very general one, not much beyond that; like exponents of the nouveau roman, he can be described as an experimental writer. His best-known novel, La Modification, for instance, is written entirely in the second person. In his 1967 La critique et l'invention, he famously said that even the most literal quotation is already a kind of parody because of its "trans-contextualization."

After meeting in 1977, Butor became a friend of Elinor S. Miller, a French professor at Rollins College at the time. They worked collaboratively on translations, catalogues and lectures. In 2002, Miller published a book on Butor entitled Prisms and Rainbows: Michel Butor's Collaborations with Jacques Monory, Jiri Kolar, and Pierre Alechinsky.

In an interview in the Museum of Modern Art, New York, conducted in 2006, the poet John Ashbery described how he wanted to sit next to Michel Butor at a dinner in New York.

In 2013, Butor was awarded the Grand prix de littérature de l'Académie française. He died on 24 August 2016 in southeastern France.

Michel Butor was a foundational member of The Raymond Roussel Society, established in 2016 alongside notable contemporaries including John Ashbery, Miquel Barceló, Joan Bofill-Amargós, Thor Halvorssen, and Hermes Salceda. The society, dedicated to celebrating and studying the works of the innovative and enigmatic writer Raymond Roussel, brought together a group of intellectuals and artists with a shared passion for Roussel's literary legacy. Through this collaboration, Butor's influence and expertise contributed significantly to the society's mission of exploring Roussel's unique literary techniques and promoting a deeper understanding of his innovative contributions to the world of literature.

Selected bibliography
This bibliography is organized according to categories suggested by Jean Duffy's guide to Michel Butor.

Novels

 * Passage de Milan (Les Editions de Minuit, 1954). Chapters VII-X, trans. Guy Daniels in The Award Avant-Garde Reader (1965). Chapters XI-XII in The Carleton Miscellany (1963).
 * L'Emploi du temps (Les Editions de Minuit, 1956). Passing Time, trans. Jean Stewart (Simon & Schuster, 1960; Faber and Faber, 1961; Pariah Press, 2021).
 * La Modification (Les Editions de Minuit, 1957). Trans. Jean Stewart as Second Thoughts (Faber and Faber, 1958), A Change of Heart (Simon & Schuster, 1959) and Changing Track (Calder, 2017; revised).
 * Degrés (Gallimard, 1960). Degrees, trans. Richard Howard (Simon & Schuster, 1961; Methuen, 1962; Dalkey Archive, 2005).

Experimental texts

 * Mobile : étude pour une représentation des États-Unis (Gallimard, 1962). Mobile: Study for a Representation of the United States, trans. Richard Howard (Simon & Schuster, 1963; Dalkey Archive, 2004).
 * Réseau aérien : texte radiophonique (Gallimard, 1962). Commissioned by RTF and broadcast on 16 June 1962.
 * Description de San Marco (Gallimard, 1963). Description of San Marco, trans. Barbara Mason (York Press, 1983).
 * 6 810 000 litres d'eau par seconde : étude stéréophonique (Gallimard, 1965). Niagara: A Stereophonic Novel, trans. Elinor S. Miller (Regnery, 1969). Also adapted as an English-language broadcast for BBC Home Service on 1 December 1965, translated by Rayner Heppenstall.
 * Intervalle : anecdote en expansion (Gallimard, 1973)

Essays

 * Répertoire [I–V] (1960; 1964; 1968; 1974; 1982)
 * Histoire extraordinaire : essai sur un rêve de Baudelaire (1961). Histoire extraordinaire: Essay on a Dream of Baudelaire's, trans. Richard Howard (Cape, 1969).
 * Essais sur les modernes (1964)
 * Essais sur Les Essaies (1968)
 * Essais sur le roman (1969). A selection of 13 essays from Répertoire and Répertoire II.
 * Improvisations sur Flaubert (1984)
 * Improvisations sur Henri Michaux (1985)
 * Improvisations sur Rimbaud (1989)
 * Improvisations sur Michel Butor : l'écriture en transformation (1993). Improvisations on Butor: Transformation of Writing, trans. Elinor S. Miller (University Press of Florida, 1996).
 * L'Utilité poétique (1995)
 * Improvisations sur Balzac [I–III] (1998)

Other

 * Le Génie du lieu [1-5] (1958–96):
 * Le Génie du lieu (1958). The Spirit of Mediterranean Places, trans. Lydia Davis (Marlboro Press, 1986).
 * Où : le Génie du lieu, 2 (1971)
 * Boomerang : le Génie du lieu, 3 (1978). Letters from the Antipodes, partial trans. Michael Spencer (University of Queensland Press, 1981).
 * Transit : le Génie du lieu, 4 (1992)
 * Gyroscope : autrement dit le Génie du lieu, 5 et dernier (1996)
 * Hérold (1964)
 * Illustrations [I–IV] (1964; 1969; 1973; 1976)
 * Portrait de l'artiste en jeune singe (Gallimard, 1967). Portrait of the Artist as a Young Ape: A Caprice, trans. Dominic Di Bernardi (Dalkey Archive, 1995).
 * La Banlieue de l’Aube à l’Aurore (Fata Morgana, 1968). The Suburbs from Dawn to Daybreak, trans. Jeffrey Gross (2013)
 * Les Mots dans la peinture (1969)
 * Votre Faust: Fantaisie variable genre Opéra (with Henri Pousseur) (premiered 1969)
 * La Rose des Vents : 32 Rhumbs pour Charles Fourier (Gallimard, 1970)
 * Travaux d'approche (Gallimard, 1972)
 * Matière de rêves [I–V] (1975–1985):
 * Matière de rêves (1975)
 * Second sous-sol : Matière de rêves II (1976)
 * Troisième dessous : Matière de rêves III (1977)
 * Quadruple fond : Matière de rêves IV (1981)
 * Mille et un plis : Matière de rêves V (1985)
 * Vanité : conversation dans les Alpes-Maritimes (1980)
 * Envois (Gallimard, 1980)
 * Exprès : Envois II (Gallimard, 1983)
 * Avant-Goût [I–IV] (1984; 1987; 1989; 1992)
 * Frontières : entretiens avec Christian Jacomino (1985). Frontiers, trans. Elinor S. Miller (Summa Publications, 1989).
 * Le Retour du boomerang (1988)
 * L'Embarquement de la Reine de Saba : d'après le tableau de Claude Lorrain (1989)
 * Parrure (1994). Ethnic Jewelry: Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, trans. Daniel Wheeler, Mary Laing, and Emily Lane (Vendome Press, 1994).
 * Entretiens : Quarante ans de vie littéraire (1999). In three volumes, covering 1956 to 1996.
 * Quant au livre : triptyque en l'honneur de Gauguin (2000)
 * Seize lustres (Gallimard, 2006)
 * Ruines d'avenir : un livre tapisserie (Actes Sud Editions, 2016)

Compilations in English

 * Inventory: Essays by Michel Butor, edited by Richard Howard (Simon & Schuster, 1968; Cape, 1970). Twelve essays from Répertoire and Répertoire II, as well as five other pieces.
 * Selected Essays, ed. Richard Skinner, trans. Mathilde Merouani (Vanguard Editions, 2022). Eight essays from Essais sur le roman.

Awards and honours

 * 1957 Prix Fénéon, for L'Emploi du temps
 * 1957 Prix Renaudot, for La Modification
 * 1960 Grand prix de la Critique littéraire, for Répertoire I
 * 1998 Grand prix du romantisme Chateaubriand, for Improvisations sur Balzac
 * 2006 Prix Mallarmé, for Seize lustres
 * 2007 SACEM Grand prix des poètes
 * 2013 Grand prix de littérature de l'Académie française, for his body of work
 * 2016 Grand prix de poésie de la SGDL, for Ruines d'avenir : un livre tapisserie

title: Michel Butor


text:
Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond

Brenda Marjorie Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond, (born 31 January 1945), is a British judge who served as President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom from 2017 until her retirement in 2020.

In 2004, she joined the House of Lords as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. She is the only woman to have been appointed to that position. She served as a Law Lord until 2009 when she, along with the other Law Lords, transferred to the new Supreme Court as a result of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. She served as Deputy President of the Supreme Court from 2013 to 2017.

On 5 September 2017, Lady Hale was appointed under the premiership of Theresa May to serve as President of the Supreme Court, and was sworn in on 2 October 2017. She was the third person and first woman to serve in the role. Lady Hale is one of five women to have been appointed to the Supreme Court (alongside Lady Black of Derwent, Lady Arden of Heswall, Lady Rose of Colmworth and Lady Simler).

Lady Hale became a non-permanent judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong in 2018. In June 2021, she announced her decision not to seek reappointment on the Hong Kong court after the end of her term in July, mentioning the impact of the controversial Hong Kong national security law. She was the first senior British judge to withdraw from Hong Kong's top court after the enactment of the security law in 2020.

In 2019, Lady Hale was appointed an Honorary Professor of Law at University College London. Hale has also been Honorary President of the Cambridge University Law Society since 2015.

On 11 January 2020, Lady Hale was succeeded by Lord Reed as President of the Supreme Court. In 2021, Hale became an honorary fellow of Mansfield College, Oxford.

Early life
Brenda Marjorie Hale was born on 31 January 1945 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire. Both her parents were headteachers. She has two sisters. Hale lived in Redcar until the age of three when she moved with her parents to Richmond, North Yorkshire. She was educated at the Richmond High School for Girls (now part of Richmond School), where she and her two sisters were all head girls. She later studied at Girton College, Cambridge (the first from her school to attend Cambridge), where she read law. Hale was one of six women in her class, which had 110 men, and graduated with a starred first and top of her class in 1966.

After becoming an assistant law lecturer at the Victoria University of Manchester (now the University of Manchester) in 1966 and lecturer in 1968, she was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn in 1969, topping the list in the bar finals for that year.

Working part-time as a barrister, Hale spent 18 years mostly in academia, becoming Reader in 1981 and Professor of Law at Manchester in 1986. Two years earlier, she became the first woman and youngest person to be appointed to the Law Commission, overseeing a number of important reforms in family law during her nine years with the commission. In 1989, she was appointed Queen's Counsel.

Judicial career
Lady Hale was appointed a recorder (a part-time circuit judge) in 1989, and in 1994 became a judge in the Family Division of the High Court of Justice (styled The Honourable Mrs Justice Hale). Upon her appointment, as is convention, she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE). In 1999, Lady Hale followed Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss to become only the second woman to be appointed to the Court of Appeal (styled thereafter The Right Honourable Lady Justice Hale), entering the Privy Council at the same time.

On 12 January 2004, she was appointed the first female Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and was created a life peer as Baroness Hale of Richmond, of Easby in the County of North Yorkshire. She sat in the House of Lords as a Crossbencher.

In June 2013, she was appointed Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom to succeed Lord Hope of Craighead. In July 2017, she was appointed to be the next President of the Supreme Court, succeeding Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury. She took office in September 2017.

In December 2018, during an interview to mark the centenary of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919, Lady Hale argued that the judiciary needed to become more diverse so that the public have greater confidence in judges. Hale called for a more balanced gender representation on the UK's highest court and swifter progress promoting those from minority ethnic backgrounds and with "less privileged lives". However, Lady Hale objected to the idea of positive discrimination because "no one wants to feel they have got the job in any way other than on their own merits".

In September 2019, Prime Minister Boris Johnson prorogued Parliament over Brexit. As President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, Lady Hale found that Johnson's prorogation was unlawful, terminating the suspension of Parliament. Hale described the ruling as "a source of, not pride, but satisfaction." In 2020, reaching the mandatory retirement age, Lady Hale retired from the court.

Hong Kong judgeship
On 21 March 2018, the Hong Kong judiciary announced her nomination as a non-permanent judge from other common law jurisdictions of the Court of Final Appeal. Her appointment was accompanied by the appointments of Andrew Cheung and Beverley McLachlin. The appointment was gazetted by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong Carrie Lam and took effect 30 July 2018 for a three-year term.

In October 2020, after China imposing a controversial national security law on Hong Kong, Lady Hale expressed her concerns about hearing cases in Hong Kong: "I have never sat and it has not been arranged at least for me to sit . . . when that happened I would have a serious moral question to ask myself."

In June 2021, she revealed her wish of not wanting to be reappointed as a judge in Hong Kong after her three-year term ending in July. As she was making her decision known before a webinar, she also mentioned the impact of the security law and said, 'The jury is out on how they will be able to operate the new national security law. There are all sorts of question marks up in the air.' However, the Hong Kong Judiciary claimed that her leaving was for personal reasons.

Lady Hale became the first senior British judge to quit Hong Kong's top court after her fellow judge, Australian James Spigelman, resigned as a Hong Kong judge in November 2020.

House of Lords
Lady Hale became a member of the House of Lords following her appointment as a law lord, and was introduced to the Lords on 12 January 2004.

In September 2023, Lady Hale was identified by The Guardian as one of eleven peers who had not sworn or affirmed the oath of allegiance to King Charles III and could not sit or vote in the House of Lords until they had done so. Describing her appointment as a law lord, Hale stated: "I do not accept that I have neglected any 'duties' because I was not appointed as a parliamentarian", and planned to "play a modest part" in the Lords, having retired from judicial office. She made her maiden speech on 23 November 2023, citing "the disruption caused by Covid and [her] own diffidence about whether [she] could make a useful contribution" for not having participated in parliamentary debates since her retirement as a judge.

Significant lectures
On 27 June 2011, Lady Hale gave a lecture in memory of Sir Henry Hodge, "Equal Access to Justice in the Big Society" in which she explains the benefits of an inquisitorial Tribunal system over adversarial proceedings.

On 10 September 2015, Lady Hale delivered the Caldwell Public Lecture at the University of Melbourne, Australia, on the topic "Protecting Human Rights in the UK Courts: What are we doing wrong?".

On 2 November 2018, Lady Hale delivered an SLS Centenary Lecture at the University of Essex, United Kingdom, on the topic of "All Human Beings? Reflection on the 70th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights".

On 7 March 2019, Lady Hale delivered the University of Cambridge Freshfields law lecture, which she entitled "Principle and Pragmatism in Developing Private Law".

In a 2019 Girton College lecture entitled "100 Years of Women in Law", Lady Hale described the "Brenda Agenda" (a neologism coined by her Supreme Court colleague Lord Hope) as "quite simply, the belief that women are equal to men and should enjoy the same rights and freedoms that they do; but that women's lives are necessarily sometimes different from men's and the experience of leading those lives is just as valid and important in shaping the law as is the experience of men's lives."

Honours

 * She was appointed as a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1989.
 * She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the Civil Division in 1994 upon her appointment as a High Court Justice
 * She was sworn of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council in 1999, giving her the honorific style of "The Right Honourable" for life.
 * The Law Building at the University of Salford was named after her in 2008.
 * She received an Honorary Fellowship from Bristol University in July 2017. An Honorary Fellowship is the highest honour the university can bestow.

 * She received the Hibernian Law Medal from the Law Society of Ireland on 12 May 2022 for outstanding contributions to the advancement of justice, integrity of the rule of law, independence of the judiciary and the legal professions, and/or public access to and understanding of the legal system.
 * In 2021 "Lady Hale Gate", a passage leading from Chancery Lane into Gray's Inn was named in her honour. It is home to Gatehouse Chambers.

Scholastic

 * University degrees

 * Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships

 * Honorary degrees

Personal life
In 1968, Lady Hale married John Hoggett, a fellow law lecturer at Manchester, with whom she had one daughter, Julia Hoggett, who joined London Stock Exchange as CEO in April 2021. The marriage was dissolved in 1992. In the same year, she married Julian Farrand, former dean of the law faculty at Manchester, and subsequently Pensions Ombudsman.

In April 2018, Lady Hale featured as a celebrity judge on BBC cooking show MasterChef.

In September 2021, Lady Hale appeared on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs. In the following month she unveiled a blue plaque in honour of Helena Normanton on 22 Mecklenburgh Square in London, saying: "Helena Normanton was the pioneer of female barristers. She had to overcome a great deal of prejudice and discrimination. A blue plaque is a fitting tribute to her courage and her example to women barristers everywhere''."

title: Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond


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text:
Henry P. Baldwin

Henry Porter Baldwin (February 22, 1814 – December 31, 1892), a descendant of pilgrim father Nathaniel Baldwin, was the 15th governor of Michigan and U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan.

Early life in Rhode Island
Baldwin was born to John and Margaret (Williams) Baldwin in Coventry, Rhode Island, and attended the common schools. He worked as a store clerk in Pawtucket from age 12 to age 20, after which he engaged in his own business for several years in Woonsocket. In 1835, he married Harriet M. Day (deceased 1862). He married his second wife, Sibyle Lambard, in 1866, who survived him.

Life and politics in Michigan
Baldwin moved to Detroit, Michigan, where he established a wholesale business in boots and shoes in 1838. He was a member of the convention which organized the U.S. Republican Party in Jackson, Michigan, in 1854. He was influential in organizing the sixth Episcopal parish in the northern outskirts of Detroit on December 27, 1858, and in building St. John's Episcopal Church for the parish. Baldwin donated the church lot and underwrote a large portion of the cost of building a chapel to seat 125 persons (completed November 1859) and paid for the construction of the rectory. He also contributed in large part to the building of the larger 1,300-seat nave, completed in 1861. He was the Senior Warden from the parish's founding until his death.

He was director of the Michigan State Bank and president of the Second National Bank of Detroit, 1863–1887. For several years, he was also the director of the Eastern Asylum in Pontiac. He was a member of the Michigan State Senate, 2nd District, 1861–1862. He married his second wife, Sibyle Lambard, on November 21, 1866.

In 1868, Baldwin was elected Governor of Michigan, serving from 1869 to 1873. He was appointed and subsequently elected as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Zachariah Chandler, serving from November 17, 1879, to March 3, 1881, alongside Thomas W. Ferry. He became Chairman of the Michigan Republican Party from 1880 to 1882. The village of Baldwin, Michigan, was named for him during his time as governor.

Retirement and death
Baldwin was not a candidate for reelection to the Senate and resumed his former business pursuits, serving as president of the Detroit National Bank, 1883–1887. He died in Detroit on December 31, 1892, and is interred in Elmwood Cemetery.

title: Henry P. Baldwin