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The Queers

The Queers are an American punk rock band, formed in 1981 by Portsmouth, New Hampshire native Joseph “Joe” P. King (a.k.a. Joe Queer) along with Scott Gildersleeve (a.k.a. Tulu), and John “Jack” Hayes (a.k.a. Wimpy Rutherford). With the addition of Keith Hages (ex-guitarist of Berlin Brats) joining on bass in 1983 the band started playing their first public performances. The revised line-up played a total of six live shows between 1983 and 1984. This earliest era of The Queers formation initially broke up in late 1984; however, Joe Queer re-formed the band with an all-new line-up in 1986. In 1990, after several more band line-up changes the band signed with Shakin' Street Records to release their debut album, Grow Up. The album earned the band notability within New England, but with the release of their next album, 1993's Love Songs for the Retarded, on Lookout! Records, their following grew.

In 2006, after releasing six albums on Lookout! Records, the band rescinded their master rights from the label, citing breach of contract over unpaid royalties. Later that year they signed with Asian Man Records.

The Queers' cover of "Wipe Out" was featured in the 2007 Columbia Pictures and ImageWorks Studios mockumentary film Surf's Up, produced by Sony Pictures Animation and National Geographic Films.

History
The Queers were formed in 1981 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The original line-up consisted of guitarist/vocalist Joe Queer, bassist Tulu, and drummer Wimpy Rutherford. Tulu introduced Queer and Rutherford to The Ramones in 1976 but it would be another five years before they formed The Queers shortly after Joe returned to New Hampshire having spent a summer in Manhattan Beach, California. While Queer was on the west coast he saw many of the original Los Angeles punk rock bands including The Zeros, The Germs, Black Flag, The Dickies, Fear, and Angry Samoans. All three had previously played in earlier punk bands before forming The Queers including The Objects and The Falling Spikes, and Tulu released a solo single in 1981. Tulu stated that their band moniker had nothing to do with homosexuality, and meant queer as in someone strange or an outsider.

The 1981–1982 original line-up rehearsed in Tulu’s basement but never publicly performed. Their earliest songs were cover songs by The Dave Clark Five, The Monkees, and The Ramones. Sometime in 1982 Queer, Tulu, and Wimpy found themselves hanging out listening to punk rock records that Joe had purchased while living in Manhattan Beach, California and had brought back home to New Hampshire. One of the punk rock records the trio put on the turntable was the Blood Sausage EP by The Meatmen. After listening to the record they all were collectively of the opinion that they could "do much better" and commenced to write original songs. Tulu then wrote The Queers' first classic, “We’d Have A Riot Doing Heroin”, right on the spot “in about two minutes” and the band was truly born. Those earliest original songs were subsequently recorded on The Queers' debut record. After releasing the Love Me EP, the group disbanded for a few months while Tulu temporarily moved to New York City, New York in late 1982. While the band was on temporary hiatus, Joe and Wimpy got together and over the course of a few hours in one day wrote enough new songs for a new record. A phone call was made to Tulu to inform him that they had written a great new batch of songs, discussed re-forming the band, and recording another EP. After a fortnight, Joe and Wimpy drove to New York City, located Tulu, and drove back to New Hampshire with newfound enthusiasm and confidence. In 1983 the new line-up found Queer remaining on guitar while Rutherford switched from drums to lead vocals (at the insistence of Tulu and Joe) and Tulu from bass to drums, while their friend Keith Hages (ex Berlin Brats) joined on bass. This line-up recorded the Kicked Out of the Webelos EP and performed approximately six live shows (The Masonic Temple, a local pool party, and an outdoor open field gig; all three shows were located in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The new line-up also played Geno’s Rock club in Portland, Maine along with two further shows), and broke up for a second time in 1984. Shortly after the breakup the Webelos EP was released and Tulu then went to college in Arizona while Queer and Wimpy continued to reside in New Hampshire. While never releasing a proper album at the time, the 1996 compilation A Day Late and a Dollar Short compiled the Love Me EP (1982), the Kicked Out of the Webelos EP (1984), a studio session dating from 1993 recording original songs that were written in 1983 but not recorded in the band’s original era, demo tracks in 1991, and an East Orange, New Jersey live performance in 1994 on independent community radio station WFMU. In 1986, King formed a new version of the band with DMZ guitarist J. J. Rassler, bassist Kevin Kecy, and drummer Hugh O'Neill. The band broke up again in 1987 after King bought a restaurant, but the next year were re-formed by King and O'Neill, with Sean Rowley on rhythm guitar and new bassist B-Face. Sean Rowley left the band in 1990 to attend art school. In 1990, this line-up released the band's debut album, Grow Up, on a small English label called Shakin' Street Records. When Grow Up caught the attention of Screeching Weasel frontman Ben Weasel, he convinced Lookout! Records owner Larry Livermore to sign The Queers, who released their second album, Love Songs for the Retarded, on Lookout! in 1993. To promote the album the band went on tours with Screeching Weasel and Rancid.

By now the band had developed problems with drug and alcohol use. Larry Livermore, who was in the studio with the band for Love Songs for the Retarded, recalled that while Joe King was able to stop drinking, heroin remained an issue for both King and Hugh O'Neill. The other members staged an intervention for O'Neill, who was forced to take a leave of absence from the band to deal with his addiction.

Jay Adelberg filled in on drums, performing on the live album Shout at the Queers; their 1994 cover version of the Ramones' 1977 album Rocket to Russia (released as part of Selfless Records' Ramones covers album series); and "Blabbermouth", their contribution to the 1994 Ben Weasel-curated compilation album Punk USA.

The recording for the band's next album, 1994's Beat Off, was scheduled to take place partway through a U.S. tour, but O'Neill was once again sidelined by addiction. The Queers instead recruited Screeching Weasel drummer Dan Panic, and also added his bandmate Dan Vapid as a second guitarist. Panic and Vapid would record Beat Off with The Queers, though Vapid's guitar parts were removed from the album before its release. They also played on the subsequent live album, Suck This (1995), and Vapid would play on 1995's Surf Goddess EP. For the 1995 studio album Move Back Home, O'Neill returned, and the classic line-up of King, B-Face, and O'Neill would record one more album together with 1996's Don't Back Down, which also saw the return of JJ Rassler on guitar. The album also marked the last release with Lookout! Records. The band had been offered a three-album deal with Epitaph Records, which King was in favor of, but B-Face and O'Neill weren't. The rift over this caused King to replace them with bassist Dave Swain from Jon Cougar Concentration Camp, and The Dwarves drummer Chris Fields. After leaving The Queers, B-Face would play bass for Chixdiggit!, The Mopes, and The Groovie Ghoulies, while O'Neill developed brain cancer, dying on January 20, 1999.

Musical style and influences
The Queers play a Ramones-derived style of pop punk. Much like The Ramones, common lyrical themes are of girls, love, drugs, alcohol and having fun. Musically the band deviates slightly from the driving rhythm guitar sound of the Ramones and augments their songs with harmony vocals and guitar solos. They have been described by Livermore as "The Ramones meets The Beach Boys". Ben Weasel of Screeching Weasel infrequently collaborates on songwriting with Joe Queer. The band is well known for the variety of cover versions they include on their records and during live performances. Bands/artists covered by The Queers include The Beach Boys, Ramones (including a complete re-recording of the Rocket to Russia album), Unnatural Axe, The Nobodys, Angry Samoans, The Mr. T Experience, Skeeter Davis, The Fantastic Baggys, The Who, The Undertones, The Hobos, Tommy James and The Shondells, Helen Love, The Catalogs (from Hawaii, featuring Les Hernandez of The Quintessentials), The Banana Splits and many more.

Tom DeLonge of Blink-182, and Mike Herrera of MxPx, have cited The Queers as an influence. In 2008, a tribute album titled God Save The Queers was released, which featured covers by bands including Dwarves, Screeching Weasel, Teengenerate, New Bomb Turks, The Jolts, Hard-Ons, Toys That Kill, Parasites, Toothless George, and The Unlovables.

Controversy
Joe Queer has been publicly outspoken against Nazism and white supremacy over the years as expressed in various interviews and in the song "You're Tripping" from the 1993 Lookout Records release Love Songs for the Retarded. The lyrics state "I hate white power... Can't you see, this ain't Nazi Germany".

In a 2014 open letter, Joe Steinhardt of Don Giovanni Records called on Asian Man Records and Recess Records to drop The Queers after Joe Queer made public statements in support of Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson. Artist Mitch Clem, who had previously done work for the band, publicly broke ties as well. Steinhardt later apologized for the open letter, stating "I remain personally appalled by Joe Queer's defense of Darren Wilson, his use of the term Obongo regarding the president...at the same time, I recognize that a better way to go about this would be more thoughtful discussion directly with the people involved." Joe Queer later called Steinhardt a 'gutless wimp' and challenged him to a face to face debate to be filmed and put online. Steinhardt has yet to respond.

In an interview with Noisey, after their February 2016 show was cancelled due to a call for a petition to boycott the show from a local collective, Babely Shades, Joe Queer voiced his opinion when asked if he "supports racist, misogynistic or homophobic values?" he replied "Of course not. What normal minded person does? My closest pals here in Atlanta are Chris and Chester, two gay black guys. I was actually working a part time job. I was one of two white people on the whole job. If I was so racist, I wouldn't have worked there or be living in Atlanta! The whole city is predominantly black." He also voiced his opinion of the activist group Black Lives Matter, stating "Black Lives Matter doesn't care about black people, they just want to cause trouble and hate white people. If they truly cared they'd be in the ghettos of America trying to help there instead of screaming about white America. That's where the murders of black people are happening, but according to BLM it's all white cops who are doing it! It's insane thinking and not getting to the root of the problem at all. All lives matter."

In a 2017 interview, Joe Queer stated "I get called a Nazi and racist because of our name, and then because I had an opinion about the Ferguson thing," he says. "I'm liberal as hell, and I was taken aback by how quickly people attacked me. To this day, I'll get snide comments. I was jumped by Nazis as a gay person, even though I'm not gay. I fought Nazis, so to be called a Nazi is lame by this alt-left." In the same interview he states that humor is a way to social change, we shouldn't take ourselves so seriously and that many people are looking for a reason to be offended. "In the old days of punk rock, all these bands were laughing at themselves, and they got their point across through humor," King says. "The Dead Kennedys, Black Flag, the Circle Jerks, the Dickies, the Angry Samoans, Flipper, X — they were funny, but they had a message. They were laughing at themselves. I don't think the new liberals are really offended. I think they're just looking for a reason to say they're offended. They completely take everything out of context. It's so insincere, this faux outrage."

Members
Since its formation, the band has gone through a few line-up changes, with Joe Queer as the only constant member. The band currently consists of Joe Queer (guitar/vocals), Ginger Fanculo (bass), and Hoglog Rehab (drums). The first line-up was Joe Queer, Tulu, Keith Hages and Wimpy Rutherford. The mid-1980s line-up was Joe Queer, JJ Rassler, Hugh O'Neill with Kevin Kecy or Evan Shore. The best-known line-up is from the 1990s Lookout Records era: Joe Queer, B-Face and Hugh O'Neill. After leaving Lookout Records, B-Face and Hugh O'Neill left and Dangerous Dave joined. The Queers continue to actively tour and a new record is in the works. In 1999, former drummer Hugh O'Neill died of brain cancer at the age of 41.

 * Current members
 * Joe King (a.k.a. Joe Queer) – guitar, lead vocals (1981–1984, 1986, 1990–present)
 * Alex Martin (a.k.a. Hoglog Rehab) – Drums (2011–present)
 * Ginger Fanculo – Guitar/Bass (touring) (2018–present)

 * Former part-time and fill in members
 * Tulu (a.k.a. Scott Gildersleeve) (bass/drums) (1981–1984) (died March 2015)
 * Wimpy Rutherford (a.k.a. Jack Hayes) (drums/lead vocals) (1981–1984)
 * Keith Hages (bass, backing vocals) (1982–1984)
 * Bobby Gaudreau (lead vocals) (1986)
 * Kevin Kecy (bass, backing vocals) (1986)
 * Hugh O'Neill (drums, backing vocals) (1986–1993, 1995–1998) (died January 20, 1999)
 * Joseph Hughes (drums) (1986–1988)
 * J.J. Rassler (lead guitar, backing vocals) (1987–1988)
 * Danny McCormack (guitar) (1987–1988)
 * Evan Shore (bass, backing vocals) (1987–1988)
 * Greg Urbaitis (bass) (1988–1990)
 * Geoff Armstrong (Bass) (2018)
 * Magoo Piranha (bass, backing vocals) (1987–1988)
 * Jeebs Piranha (drums) (1987–1988)
 * Young Sean Rowley (guitar) (1988–1990)
 * B-Face (bass, backing vocals) (1990–1998)
 * Jay (drums) (1993)
 * Harlan Miller (guitar) (1993)
 * Dan Vapid (guitar, backing vocals) (1994, 2002, 2014 Love Songs... tour)
 * Danny Panic (drums) (1994)
 * Metal Murf Cretin (guitar) (1995)
 * Erick Coleman (guitar) (1995–1996)
 * Hunter Oswald (drums) (1995)
 * Kato Cretin (guitar) (1996)
 * Geoff Palmer (bass, backing vocals) (1998, 2006–2007)
 * Rick Respectable (drums, backing vocals) (1998)
 * Chris Cougar Concentration Camp (guitars, backing vocals) (1997–1999)
 * Steve Stress (drums) (1998–2000)
 * Dangerous Dave (bass, backing vocals) (1998–2002, 2007–2015)
 * Isaac Lane (bass) (2001)
 * Phillip Hill (bass, backing vocals) (2002–2006, 2007)
 * Dusty Watson (drums, backing vocals) (2004, 2009)
 * Dave Trevino (drums) (2004–2006)
 * Andrew Griswold (drums) (2005)
 * Ben Vermin (bass) (2006, 2007)
 * Ryan Kwon Doe (drums) (2006)
 * Jeff Dewton (guitar) (2007)
 * Jonathon Mackey (drums) (2010)
 * Adam Woronoff (drums) (2007) (2009–2010)
 * Bear Williams (drums) (2012)
 * Lurch Nobody (drums, backing vocals) (2000–2001, 2006–2011)
 * Josh Goldman (bass, backing vocals) (2013, 2015)
 * Wyatt Peterson (bass, backing vocals) (2015)
 * Chris May (a.k.a. Cheeto Bandito, a.k.a. Cheeto Mayhem) (bass, backing vocals) (2017–2022)
 * Mick Francis (bass, backing vocals) (2022)
 * Robbie Rotten (bass, backing vocals) (2022–2023)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Grow Up (1990)
 * Love Songs for the Retarded (1993)
 * Rocket to Russia (1994)
 * Beat Off (1994)
 * Move Back Home (1995)
 * Don't Back Down (1996)
 * Punk Rock Confidential (1998)
 * Beyond the Valley... (2000)
 * Pleasant Screams (2002)
 * Summer Hits No. 1 (2004)
 * Munki Brain (2007)
 * Back to the Basement (2010)
 * Punk Rock Confidential Revisited (2018)
 * Save the World (2020)
 * Reverberation (2021)
 * Beyond the Valley Revisited Live at Loud & Clear Studios (2022)

title: The Queers


text:
Superfrog

Superfrog is a scrolling 2D platform game, originally developed for the Amiga and published in 1993 by Team17. Later releases were handled by Ocean Software and GOG.com.

Gameplay

The objective of the game is to find and defeat a witch, thus rescuing a princess, whilst achieving smaller objectives throughout the game, such as finding a golden key or escaping from captivity in a circus.

There are 24 regular levels, divided into six differently-themed worlds. The goal of each level is to collect a set number of coins, and then reach the exit, which will only open if Superfrog has collected enough coins. Extra factors of gameplay include a timer countdown and a number of health points, both of which can be restored by finding bottles of Lucozade among the levels.

Depending on the number of coins and fruit collected, and on how fast the player finishes the level, a number of credits (up to a maximum of 15) are awarded at the end of each level. The player can then choose to either collect the credits for a score or gamble them in a slot machine-style minigame for more bonuses. The most important function of the slot machine minigame is the chance to win a level code, enabling the player to restart the game from the beginning of the next level at a later time.

An extra level between world 5 and 6 takes the form of a side-scrolling shoot 'em up called Project-F in homage to Team17's own Project-X (even going as far as using a remixed version of the original game's theme tune). Rather than collecting coins, the objective of this stage is to survive to the end. This level was omitted from the PC conversion of the game. After completing all six worlds, the game ends with a small boss fight against the witch in a castle setting.

Plot
The story, present in the game's manual but mostly conveyed through the introductory animation by Eric W. Schwartz, concerns an unnamed prince, who is turned into a frog by a jealous witch, in homage to the Frog Prince fairy tale. His princess girlfriend is then abducted by the same witch. Subsequently, sulking by the "River O' Despair", the prince chances upon a floating bottle of Lucozade, which confers upon him super powers. With his new powers, the prince heads off to fight the evil witch and save the princess.

Development
Superfrog was developed in 1993 and released for the Amiga in the same year by Team17, acting simultaneously as developer and publisher. The release was popular enough to spawn an Amiga CD32 version, which could also be played on some Amiga computers fitted with a CD drive. Due to its enduring popularity, it was then converted for the PC by Bubball Systems in 1994, running as an MS-DOS program. Eric W. Schwartz provided the animation for the introduction. The Amiga version was re-released by Islona Software in 1999, with slightly different box art. In 2012, Superfrog was, along with other games by Team17, released as a legitimate digital download from GoodOldGames.com, this version being the first compatible with Windows.

Reception
Team17's earlier games became relatively obscure after the release of the hugely popular Worms series, though many gamers remember Superfrog fondly for its solid gameplay, smooth scrolling, cartoon-quality graphics, and upbeat music by composer Allister Brimble. Although a relatively small release by the standards of blockbuster platformers like Sonic, it was very well received and has retained a fan base which considers it an excellent example of the genre.

Rerelease
On 13 February 2013, Team17 announced they would be reviving Superfrog for its 20th anniversary, and releasing a HD version of the game on PSN. This remastered version was co-developed by both Team17 and TickTockGames, formerly Bubball Systems, the company initially responsible for the MS-DOS port of Superfrog in 1994.

Superfrog HD was released in 2013 for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita, then later Microsoft Windows via Steam, OS X, Linux, Android, and iOS.

In May 2016, Superfrog HD was discontinued by Team17; due to low sales and negative reception, the game was removed from PSN, Steam, App Store and Google Play. At the same time, the original Superfrog game was removed from GOG.com.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Superfrog


text: Category:British flights

title: Category:British flights


text:
Marxist Communist Party of India

Marxist Communist Party of India, MCPI was a political party in India that formed in 1983 under the leadership of Mohan Punamia. It emerged as a splinter group of Communist Party of India (Marxist) stuck to the original 1964 programme. The party general secretary was Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri (former All India Kisan Sabha general secretary).

MCPI was active in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, etc.

In 2005 by the unification of the Marxist Communist Party of India, the Mangat Ram Pasla-led breakaway group from the CPI(M) in Punjab – Communist Party Marxist (Punjab), the BTR-EMS-AKG Janakeeya Vedi (a Kerala-based splinter group of the CPI(M), which had been based in the CITU) and the Hardan Roy group in West Bengal and formed Marxist Communist Party of India (United).

Principal class mass organizations

 * All India Centre of Trade Unions (AICTU)
 * All India Kisaan Federation (AIKF)
 * All India Agricultural Workers Federation (AIAWF)
 * All India Federation of Democratic Youth (AIFDY)
 * All India Federation of Democratic Women (AIFDW)
 * All India Federation of Democratic Students (AIFDS)

Ahead of the 2004 Lok Sabha elections MCPI participated in the front initiated by Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Flag and Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist).

In 2005 MCPI merged with other splinter groups to form the Marxist Communist Party of India (United).

 * Lok Sabha election results:

 * 2004: 4 candidates from Andhra Pradesh,
 * 1999: 7 candidates from Andhra Pradesh, in total 120,220 votes
 * 1998: 2 candidates from Andhra Pradesh, in total 24,417 votes
 * 1996: 2 candidates from Andhra Pradesh, in total 33,900 votes
 * 1991: 4 candidates from Andhra Pradesh, 1 from West Bengal, in total 43,085 votes
 * 1989: 3 candidates from Andhra Pradesh, in total 100,300 votes

 * State assembly elections:
 * Andhra Pradesh 1999: 74 candidates, in total 132,601 votes
 * Bihar 2000: 6 candidates, 8,861 votes
 * Rajasthan 2003: 1 candidate, 2,111 votes
 * Rajasthan 1998: 2 candidates, in total 542 votes
 * West Bengal 2001: 1 candidate, 2,014 votes

title: Marxist Communist Party of India


text: Category:British commands

title: Category:British commands


text:
User:Yath/War on weasel words

The culprits

 * "considered by some"
 * "considered by many"

Examples

 * BitchX's graphical interface is considered by some to be not as neat as X-Chat, another major GTK+ IRC client.
 * 1) BitchX's graphical interface is not as popular as X-Chat, another GTK+ IRC client.
 * 2) BitchX's graphical interface is not as mature as X-Chat's (another GTK+ IRC client).

title: User:Yath/War on weasel words


text:
The Heartbreak Kid (1972 film)

The Heartbreak Kid is a 1972 American romantic black comedy film directed by Elaine May and written by Neil Simon, starring Charles Grodin, Cybill Shepherd, Jeannie Berlin, Audra Lindley, Eddie Albert, and Doris Roberts. It is based on the short story "A Change of Plan", written by Bruce Jay Friedman and first published in Esquire in 1966.

At the 45th Academy Awards, Berlin was nominated for Best Supporting Actress, and Albert for Best Supporting Actor. It was ranked number 91 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs, a list of the funniest American films ever made, and was remade in 2007.

In the film, a self-absorbed salesman marries his girlfriend after a short courtship. During his honeymoon, the salesman increasingly tires of his bride, finding that her earlier habits during courtship now irritate and repel him. Before the end of the honeymoon the salesman falls for a college-aged heiress and impulsively courts her against her father's wishes.

Plot
In New York City, after a short courtship, emotionally shallow, self-absorbed Lenny Cantrow, a sporting goods salesman, is married to Lila, an earnest young woman who expects long-term emotional commitment from Lenny.

During their honeymoon in Miami Beach, Lenny meets and pursues the beautiful but shallow Kelly Corcoran, a college student on holiday with her wealthy parents. When Lila is severely sunburned, Lenny quarantines her to their hotel room while he engages in a series of rendezvous with Kelly, lying to Lila about his whereabouts and making outlandish stories to explain why he was late. Lenny tells Kelly that she is the woman he has been "waiting for" all of his life, and that he just "timed it wrong". After meeting with Kelly several times over the course of only three days, Lenny impulsively ends his marriage in order to pursue an indifferent Kelly, leaving Lila heartbroken after only five days of marriage.

Lenny follows Kelly to her parents' home in Minnesota, where he tells Kelly he wants to marry her, to which Kelly responds that she is flattered and already has a boyfriend. A little later in Lenny's car, the two kiss. Lenny continues trying to impress Kelly, but her resentful and protective father stands in his way. Following an awkward dinner where Lenny inanely praises Midwestern produce as having "no deceit", Mr. Corcoran tells Lenny he sees through his ploy, and offers him a $25,000 bribe to leave. Lenny angrily refuses and soon marries Kelly.

At the reception, Lenny engages in fairly mindless conversation with several of the guests, one of whom owns a company that manufactures tear gas, which Lenny says there is a lot of money in. He is reduced to quoting cliches to two uncomprehending children and is left alone as the party continues around him.

Production
Bristol Myers Squibb (Palomar Pictures International) owns the rights to The Heartbreak Kid (1972) and Sleuth (1972).

Style
The film is a black comedy, examining love and hypocrisy through a lens of pointed, subtle humor. Though it contains broad jokes, occasionally going for "laughs without shame", Elaine May is credited with emotionally grounding the film and providing "a real understanding of character" through eliciting the kind of "caustic, almost powerful humor that comes from moments of wincing recognition when human foibles are accurately captured and revealed". As another reviewer wrote in Sight & Sound, May's strength lies in her "obsessive and affectionate observations of character".

May shared with her late comedy partner Mike Nichols (1931–2014) a sparse, dialogue-oriented style and a quizzical perspective. She places an emphasis on character comedy; The Hollywood Reporter commented on her stylistic decisions to derive humor "from situations rather than obvious one-line jokes" and make comedic choices which "flow effortlessly from rhythmic dialogue, explosions of laughter". The New Yorker 's Pauline Kael wrote: "Elaine May has the rarest kind of comic gift: the ability to create a world seen comically".

May's focus on comedic honesty, backlit by pain and misfortune, stylistically influenced a new generation of films. She helped push comedy into a "golden age as the result of the rise of the semi-surreal comedy of mishap, pain, insult, and desperation".

Love and Jewish identity
The Heartbreak Kid is a particularly Jewish story, with The Village Voice calling it "the culminating work of Hollywood's Jewish new wave". All the filmmakers are Jewish: Friedman, Simon, May, the producer Edgar J. Scherick, and the composers Burt Bacharach and Hal David. The story follows Lenny Cantrow, the embodiment of the Jewish archetype of the "schlemiel" (bungler), as he dumps Lila (Jeannie Berlin), a "kvetchy Jew" and "sloppy, incipient yenta", for the girl of his dreams, an all-American WASP. The film is a deadpan fever dream of shiksa-chasing, taking place in what Bruce Jay Friedman dubs in the original short story as the land of "strange blonde people".

The character of Lila in particular has been labelled extremely stereotypical; Film Quarterly likened her to a female Portnoy, publishing a review stating "Philip Roth's friendly anti-Semitism is strikingly similar to Friedman's". Some critics have expressed concerns that the movie forwards a stilted vision of the modern female Jew and implicitly asks the question: "Why be married to a cloying, unsophisticated, slightly overweight Jewish girl who speaks with a discernible sing-song Jewish intonation (Yiddish influence) when you can perhaps conquer a very Waspy-looking, knockout blonde shiksa type?" This is despite the intentions of Jeannie Berlin, who told The New York Times that she did her best to honor the character and give Lila depth: "You see, I didn't want to make that girl stupid. It would have been so easy to do Lila stupid. I don't think Lila was stupid. I think every single thing she did was justified to her... And she really was terrifically in love". For the role of Lila, Simon wanted Diane Keaton, but May thought the intended contrast between Jewish and gentile wouldn't be strong enough.

Lenny's behavior as a classic nebbish Jew is thoughtless, as he leaves Lila high and dry on their honeymoon. Charles Grodin said afterwards that although he played the character with full sincerity, he had "pretty much indelibly stamped [himself] into the moviegoing public's consciousness as a jerk". Still, he said, many viewers misread the film as an illustration of precisely Jewish annoyances and not as critique: "The number of men who tell me how much they loved the movie and how much they identified with the character, while flattering, is also somewhat frightening".

The final moments of the film depict Lenny failing to communicate with Kelly's gentile family. It highlights how he gave up his personal cultural traditions, and how he misses them. Having walked down the aisle to Kelly as a large cross hung overhead, Lenny sits on the couch by himself, swimming in a sea of midwestern Christianity, as listless and alienated as ever.

Reception
The film has received almost universal praise from critics. As of 2024 the film had an approval rating of 92% at review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 60 reviews, with an average score of 7.60/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An uproariously funny confluence of top-shelf talent, The Heartbreak Kid finds bittersweet humor in attitudes toward love and marriage in early '70s America." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Vincent Canby of The New York Times declared it to be "a first-class American comedy, as startling in its way as was The Graduate". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4 in a review that concludes: "It's a comedy, but there's more in it than that; it's a movie about the ways we pursue, possess, and consume each other as sad commodities". Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune awarded the same 3.5/4 grade and wrote that "the heavy-handed comedy undermines the serious aspect of the movie—we really can't believe that Lenny would marry her in the first place. The overall high quality of the acting, however, does sustain the film". Variety called it a "bright, amusing saga" until the "audience is jolted by a sudden shut-off ending with no climax whatsoever". Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Grodin and Berlin "bring off hugely difficult comedy assignment with great style. Amidst increasing farcical events, they both somehow manage to preserve a sense of credible, foolish but sympathetic individuals lurking beneath the follies". The Washington Post thought that the film "has its faults, but it's also one of the most entertaining and original American film comedies of the last few years". The Independent Film Journal called it an "unquestionably brilliant comedy". Leonard Maltin gave the film 3 stars out of 4, and described it as "Either hilarious or horrifying, depending on your point of view; directed for maximum impact by May."

Variety noted in its review that the sudden ending of the film might have been indicative of another ending that had been planned, and later noted that Fox handed out a synopsis at screenings including an ending where "as they sail for Europe on their honeymoon, Lenny makes some startling discoveries about Kelly - and 'The Heartbreak Kid' comes to its bitingly funny end".

American Film Institute
In 2000, the film was ranked 91st in the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Laughs list.

Home media
Although released on DVD in 1998 and in 2002, the film currently (as of 2022) is out of print. In 2022 it was announced the Brooklyn Academy of Music would offer a rare screening of the film.

Remake
A remake of the film was released in 2007 that stars Ben Stiller, Michelle Monaghan, Malin Åkerman, Jerry Stiller, Rob Corddry, Carlos Mencia, Scott Wilson, and Danny McBride.

title: The Heartbreak Kid (1972 film)


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Battle of Mbwila

Battle of Mbwila (also the Battle of Ambuila, Battle of Mbuila, or Battle of Ulanga) occurred on 29 October 1665 in which Portuguese forces defeated the forces of the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitated king António I of Kongo, also called Nvita a Nkanga.

Origins of the war
Although Kongo and Portugal had been trading partners and participated in a cultural exchange during the sixteenth century, the establishment of the Portuguese colony of Angola in 1575 put pressure on that relationship. Kongo initially assisted Portugal in Angola, sending an army to rescue the Portuguese governor Paulo Dias de Novais when his war against the nearby African kingdom of Ndongo failed in 1579. But subsequently as Portugal became stronger it began to press harder, and in 1622 severed even the cautiously friendly relationship of the earlier period when a large Portuguese army invaded southern Kongo and defeated the local forces at the Battle of Mbumbi. Pedro II, king of Kongo at the time, responded by personally leading a force at the battle of Mbanda crushing the invasion. He then wrote to the Dutch Estates General, proposing an alliance with the Dutch to drive the Portuguese out of Angola altogether. This alliance did not finally come to fruition until 1641 when Dutch forces took Luanda and were joined by an army from Kongo, forcing the Portuguese to withdraw into the interior. However, they were not able to finish the Portuguese, and as a result the Portuguese eventually forced the Dutch out in 1648.

In the years following the Dutch withdrawal, Angolan governors sought to obtain revenge against Kongo and to support the slave trade with a highly aggressive policy. Included in this policy were attacks on the zone of small, semi-independent states called Dembos that separated Angola from Kongo. Both Kongo and Angola claimed authority over the Dembos. King António I, an aggressive monarch in his own right, was negotiating with Spain to renew an anti-Portuguese alliance, and also sent ambassadors into the Dembos areas to persuade them to join Kongo against the Portuguese, promising Spanish aid. In 1665, one of these small kingdoms, Mbwila, underwent a succession struggle and the various factions appealed to Kongo and Angola for aid. Both sides responded with armies.

Battle
The core of the Portuguese force, commanded by Luís Lopes de Sequeira, was 450 musketeers and two light artillery pieces. There were soldiers from the Portuguese colony of Brazil, including some of African and Native American origin, as well as Imbangala and other African forces numbering about 15,000. The Kongo army included a large number of peasant archers, probably about 15,000, some 5,000 heavy infantry equipped with shields and swords, and a musket regiment of 380 men, 29 of them Portuguese led by Pedro Dias de Cabral.

Both armies were operating at some distance from their main bases. They had marched for days to reach the battlefield, along the valley of the Ulanga River just south of the capital of Mbwila. Steep hills and the river defined the east side of the battlefield, and lower ridges the west. The Portuguese forces took up positions between the two, with their African forces deployed on the flanks and the musketeers forming a diamond-shaped formation in the center, anchored by their artillery. The Imbangala forces were held in reserve.

António's army advanced into the Portuguese formation with a vanguard, followed by three divisions of his heavy infantry and the archers on the flanks. The Duke of Bengo commanded the reserve. In the initial stages of the battle, the Kongolese archers swept most of the African archers of the Portuguese forces from the field and then launched attacks against the Portuguese musketeers, supported by their own heavy infantry and musketeers. In spite of heavy fighting, the Kongolese were unable to break the Portuguese formation and António was killed in the final attempt. Most of the Kongo forces broke following the king's death. The survivors were only able to withdraw thanks to skillful rearguard action by the Duke of Bengo and the reserves.

More than 400 of Kongo's heavy infantry were killed in the encounter and many more of the archers. Along with these losses was the royal chaplain, the mixed-race Capuchin priest Francisco de São Salvador (Manuel Robrerdo in secular life). King António's young son of seven years was captured. After the battle, the head of the king or Manikongo was buried with ceremony by the Portuguese in the chapel of Our Lady of Nazareth situated on the Bay of Luanda, and the crown and sceptre of Kongo were sent to Lisbon as trophies.

Aftermath
Portugal obtained an act of vassalage from D. Isabel, the regent of Mbwila, but was unable to exercise any real authority over the region once their forces had withdrawn. In 1693 they had to return to attempt to subdue the region again. The primary result in Kongo was that the absence of an immediate heir spun the country into civil war. This civil war, which raged for half a century, led to Kongo's decentralization and fundamental changes, leading to Kongolese historians, even in 1700, regarding the battle as a decisive turning point in their country's history.

After the battle many people, including nobles and members of the royal family, were captured. Some of these were enslaved and crossed the sea to the Portuguese colony of Brazil and maybe other places in the Americas. It is unknown what happened to most of them. But at some point before 1670, the sons of princess Aqualtune (who led a battalion during the battle), Ganga Zumba, his brother Ganga Zona, and their sister Sabina appeared enslaved in an engenho (sugar cane plantation) in the Captaincy of Pernambuco in Northeast Brazil. They led a rebellion at the engenho, escaped, and later formed their own kingdom of Quilombo dos Palmares, a Maroon nation which controlled large areas of northeast Brazil during the Dutch-Portuguese War.

Sabina bore a son Zumbi who, after being captured, was raised in a church and then escaped. Zumbi succeeded his uncle and became the king of Palmares and leader of the rebellion until being killed in 1695 by the Bandeirantes, after which the kingdom was destroyed. His son Camuanga succeeded him in leadership of the rebellion, but after this it is unknown what happened to them or their lineage. Zumbi today is considered a national hero in Brazil.

title: Battle of Mbwila


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Molesworth Station

Molesworth Station is a high country cattle station. It is located behind the Inland Kaikōura Mountain range in the South Island's Marlborough District. It is New Zealand's largest farm, at over 1800 km² and supports the country's biggest herd of cattle. It also hosts government science programs, such as research into bovine tuberculosis and related research into possums. The station helps rabbit population reduction.

The present station was formed in 1949 when a third station, St Helens, was added to Tarndale and Molesworth stations which had been amalgamated in 1938 after the runholders "walked off" the land. The three stations had once run around 95,000 head of sheep. The land was brought back into production by a major investment in rabbit control followed by revegetation of the barren ground. Cattle replaced the sheep.

The land is owned by the Crown and is leased for farming. On 1 July 2005, administration of the land was handed to the New Zealand Department of Conservation.

The HVDC Inter-Island transmission line passes through the station.

Livestock and their managers
Molesworth is a high country cattle station. Its Angus and Angus/Hereford-cross cattle range free on the high country in summer months and graze in the warmer valleys during winter. They are cared for by a team of stockmen camping with their dogs and horses in remote huts. Each October/November they achieve a calving rate of 92 per cent. The calves are weaned just before their mothers drop their next calf. Surplus heifers are sold as two-year-olds and steers as three-year-olds.

Permanent staff is five and another half-dozen stockmen are employed except in winter. During the most active periods there are around 80 horses and up to 45 working dogs working on the station. Molesworth uses aircraft to find cattle at mustering and to pick up any missed by the muster.

Weeds pests and diseases
Weed control is expensive. Briar, broom and wilding pine and the flatweed, hieracium. Possums and ferrets can transmit bovine tuberculosis

Tourism
There are restrictions in place to protect the working farm. Bad weather may also close some other areas.

Molesworth Recreation Reserve ('Molesworth Station') is located NW of Kaikōura. It is accessible from Hanmer Springs in the south, Seddon in the north east, and St Arnaud in the north.

The primary route through Molesworth is the Acheron road, from Hanmer Springs to Seddon. This is the only route suitable for 2WD vehicles. Caravans, trailers, buses, and vehicles over 7m length are not permitted. The road is a single track for the most part. The road is unsealed but there are no fords, and the gradients are not steep. The road is approximately 200 km, with a maximum speed of 50 km/h, though practical road speeds are lower making for at least a 6hr journey.

Hanmer Springs to Acheron Accommodation House
Two different routes are available for this section. Jacks Pass, and Jollies Pass which is poorly maintained and requires 4WD.

Acheron Accommodation House
This is an historic house, and no accommodation is now provided. However simple camping facilities are available. The house itself is a cob construction.

Acheron valley
The road follows the Acheron river for much of the route through Molesworth. In places the river runs in a gorge, and there are a number of historic bridges. The scenery is open grassland for the most part.

Isolated Flat
Travelling north, the road departs from the Acheron river to briefly follow the Severn river, then over the Isolated Saddle about 100m above the plain. It then descends again to the Isolated Flat, and again follows the Acheron river.

Wards Pass
Leaving the Acheron River, the road goes over Wards Pass, a climb of about 160 m, which brings the route into the upper reaches of the Awatere valley.

Molesworth Homestead
The historic homestead and the modern farm yards are located to the north of the Reserve. There is also a simple camp site here.

Awatere Valley
Leaving Molesworth station, the road continues through farmland in the Awatere valley. In the higher reaches the valley is narrow and the farming primarily stock (sheep and beef), but in the lower reaches towards Seddon it broadens and more cultivation becomes apparent including vineyards.

title: Molesworth Station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oath of Scholars

This is either a copyvio (though I can't find from where) or original research. RickK 22:02, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * The last two items are rather amusing in the context of RickK's comment. Delete original research. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:34, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Main reference to "Oath of Scholars" is a Magic: the Gathering card by the same name. Delete. Spectatrix 01:46, 2004 Jul 26 (UTC)
 * Hehe... Delete.  SWAdair | Talk  02:50, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Uhhhh, they never made me swear.  They just whipped me every time I plagiarized.  Let's call it original research. Geogre 03:25, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I promise to uphold the Principles of the GFDL and to delete all original research... - UtherSRG 16:09, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Cyclo-cross bicycle

A cyclo-cross bike or cyclo-cross bicycle (abbreviated CX Bike or CXB) is a bicycle specifically designed for the rigors of a cyclo-cross race. Cyclo-cross bicycles roughly resemble the racing bicycles used in road racing. The major differences between the two are the frame geometry, and the wider clearances that cyclo-cross bikes have for their larger tires and mud and other debris that they accumulate.

Cyclists have been competing in races on road-going bicycles since the 19th century. Cyclo-cross emerged as a sport in its own right in France in 1902. Cyclo-cross bicycles are similar to other bicycles, but the frame geometry is closer to a mountain bike than a road racing bicycle. The top tube is often longer and closer to horizontal, and the handlebars are higher, again akin to mountain bikes. The emphasis on bicycle handling skills differentiates cyclo-cross from road racing. Cyclo-cross courses are held on a variety of terrain, including grass, mud, sand and paved surfaces.

History
There are many stories about the origins of cyclo-cross - and so about the origin of cyclo-cross bikes. What can be assumed to be certain is that the cyclo-cross bikes are a further development of normal racing bikes, which have been adapted to the needs of cyclo-cross sport. Today, they are often described as having a mixture of mountain bike and road bike characteristics, but in fact existed decades before mountain bikes were introduced in the bicycle world.

The first explicit cyclo-cross bicycles appeared in the 1960s, manufactured by European companies from the Netherlands, Belgium and Italy. At first the frames were usually made of steel; nowadays, aluminum and carbon fibre are more common, at least in regard to cyclo-cross bikes built for racing.

Frame design
Frame materials are selected with an aim to produce a lightweight, yet stiff and responsive frame. Low weight is prized for ease of carrying while running. Cyclo-cross racers may lift or carry their bikes as many as 30 times in one 60 minute race, increasing the desire for a lightweight bicycle. Aluminum frames were popular in cyclo-cross bicycles long before they became commonplace on the road. Today the most popular material is aluminium with carbon fiber being popular at a professional level.

Cyclo-cross frames require clearance for slightly wider (generally 30–34 mm) tires and the debris and mud that is picked up by them. They are typically very simple, often eschewing bridges between the rear stays. Compact geometry frames with sloping top tubes are less common than on road bicycles due to the need to carry the bicycle easily on the shoulder. Top tube (rather than bottom bracket) routed derailleur cables help combat the build-up of mud. Some specialist cyclo-cross bikes also have a higher bottom bracket to aid clearance over rough ground; extra clearance could prevent toe clips from dragging while re-mounting after an obstacle. This is less common as clipless pedals have become the norm for cyclo-cross.

Typically, the frame geometry is somewhat more relaxed than that of a road bike, not as upright in the seat tube, which allows for more stability in soft ground. Also, the wheelbase can be a bit longer, which provides a more planted feeling when using aft body weighting over rough terrain, and can help keep the rider's feet from contacting the front wheel during a tight turn.

Components
Choices of equipment tend more towards the idiosyncratic than in road racing; for example single-speed bicycles also have some popularity due to the advantage of mechanical simplicity in the often very muddy conditions and the fringe nature of the sport. Gearing is typically lower, with most common setups using a 46-36 (110mm BCD) or 48-38 (130mm BCD) chainring combination with a 12-25 to 12-30 cassette. Some riders opt to use a single chainring in the front (typically a 40-42 tooth chainring) while retaining multiple sprockets in the rear cassette. This has some of the advantages of the single-speed: the weight of the front derailleur and the front shift lever are lost, a single chainring allows for a tighter chainline, thus reducing the chance of throwing a chain on a bumpy course, and further, racing is psychologically simpler.

Wheels are of the normal road racing type fitted with knobby tires (a variety of tread designs in both tubular and clincher types are available), although deeper rim profiles may be preferred for their advantages in thick mud. There are slight geometry differences between road and cyclocross bicycles; cyclo-cross bikes tend to have slightly higher handlebars for a more upright position as aerodynamics have little importance in a cross race. A second set of brake levers on the tops, called "top mount" or "interrupter" brake levers, are favored by some competitors. These are also commonly called "cross levers" due to their popularity in the sport. The top tubes of cyclocross bike frames typically have an ovalized or flattened bottom profile to provide greater comfort when riders need to shoulder and carry their bikes. In general, with a change of tires and gearing a cyclo-cross bike can double as a perfectly adequate road racing machine. However, most cyclo-cross racers prefer clipless mountain bike pedals for their easy dual-sided entry and mud-shedding abilities. Additionally, mountain biking shoes provide better traction while running than typical road style shoes thanks to flexibility in the sole and pronounced tread patterns, and may even be fitted with two screw-threaded studs of the same type traditionally used on soccer boots.

Cyclocross cantilever brake bosses are more often equipped with traditional center-pull cantilever brakes than the more contemporary and powerful linear-pull brakes ("V-brakes") due to two reasons: native compatibility (insufficient brake cable pull) with the majority of drop-bar brake levers; and the cantilever brake's greater brake pad-to-rim clearance, which minimizes drag in muddy conditions. "Mini-V's" are gaining in popularity as they have both the native cable pull, and some of the increased power of traditional linear-pull brakes over cantilever brakes.

Since the lifting of the UCI ban on disc brake use in cyclocross racing, bike component and frame manufacturers have immediately started developing and testing race-level cyclocross bikes equipped with disc brakes. While disc brakes are heavier than cantilever brakes, the trade off is that they allow for later and significantly more powerful braking in racing conditions.

Tires
Tire choice is very important in cyclo-cross racing. Off-road tubular tires are still very popular; even more so than in road racing. This is, in part, due to their ability to be used at low pressure around 1.5-2.75 bar (22-40 psi) without increasing the risk of pinch flats. Low pressure is desirable because it increases contact patch area which can increase traction on soft surfaces. This increases the risk of the rim bottoming out on the ground, however, and this is a problem with clincher tires because the tube can be pinched by the rim, causing a flat. With tubular tires, this is not a problem, as they cannot pinch flat. The only concern is damage to the rim. Tubular tires also offer a weight saving and the ability to be ridden on even when flat so that a racer can reach the pits for a replacement.

Clinchers do have their advantages. Changing tires is much quicker since it does not involve a lengthy glueing and curing process so a rider can have a large selection of tires at their disposal. Until recently, clinchers also generally had more cutting edge tread patterns than the more traditional tubulars. Some enthusiasts even went as far as to send Michelin Mud tires (a popular clincher tire) to Dugast (a manufacturer of high end tubular tires) to have a modern tread pattern incorporated into a traditional tubular. However, since 2005 several tubular manufacturers have designed more modern style tread patterns, namely Dugast with its Rhino, Tufo with its Flexus and Challenge with its Grifo and Fango. Lastly, clincher tires generally cost less than tubulars.

Because cyclo-cross season spans autumn/fall and winter, course conditions can vary quite drastically. Often racers have at least dry and wet weather tires to choose between. Dry tires tend to have much smaller, closely spaced tread such as the diamond pattern for low rolling resistance. Wet weather tires have larger and more widely spaced knobs to aid in grip and mud shedding. Tires do not usually vary in width a great deal due to the theory that a narrow tire has the least rolling resistance (for dry courses) and that it will also cut through mud to the harder ground underneath (for wet/muddy courses). Although widths below 30c (denoting the tire width in millimeters) were popular in the past, current tires tend to be available from 30-35c with 32 and 34 being the most common.

Equipment choice
Because ground conditions can vary greatly, equipment choice is extremely important. Add to this the fact that the races are relatively short and that equipment changes are allowed during races and equipment selection can get fanatical. Since tubular tires are popular in professional and some amateur racing and tires cannot easily be removed from the rim, collections of wheels with tires installed, are required for the varying conditions. It is common for racers even at an amateur level to have a pair of race bikes (one to ride and one in the pits as a back-up) and several wheels to choose from. At the professional level it is essential to have several bikes and wheel options available.

More recently, tubeless clincher tires have become popular after their successful presence on mountain bikes for the last several years. Advantages include lower overall wheel weight (no inner tube), lower tire pressures allowing for more traction without risk of a 'pinch flat' and no glue as required for tubular tires. Not all clincher rim designs allow for tubeless tires as an air tight contact surface is required to prevent the unintended loss of tire pressure.

Rules
The following are rules that have been put in place by the UCI that are either specific to or have particular effect on cyclo-cross bicycles. These rules are not exhaustive, are only for UCI-sanctioned events and may not be enforced at all cyclo-cross events.

 * Handlebars must not measure more than 50 cm in width.
 * Tire width may not exceed 33 mm and tires may not feature any kind of studs or spikes.
 * Wheels shall have at least 12 spokes.
 * The weight of the bicycle cannot be less than 6.8 kilograms (15 lb to two significant figures).

As of 2010, disc brakes have recently been allowed for UCI races.

Non-racing use
Some cyclocross bicycles available in the consumer market are supplied with disc brakes as a stock item. Some models include braze-ons to enable the use of cantilever style brakes instead. The growing popularity of disc brakes on cyclocross bicycles has allowed for improved and lighter rim designs due to a lack of brake track on the side of the rim.

Mountain bikes in cyclocross racing
In some countries (including the United States, so long as it is not a UCI event) riders are also permitted to race in cyclo-cross events using mountain bikes (generally without bar ends), at least in low-level competition, but this is not currently allowed in events on the international calendar. It has been known for local races to be won on mountain bikes, particularly if the course is technical with little road or fast sections. However, for a traditional cyclo-cross course, a cyclo-cross bicycle is the most effective.

title: Cyclo-cross bicycle


text:
Victory garden

Victory gardens, also called war gardens or food gardens for defense, were vegetable, fruit, and herb gardens planted at private residences and public parks in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Germany  during World War I and World War II. In wartime, governments encouraged people to plant victory gardens not only to supplement their rations but also to boost morale. They were used along with rationing stamps and cards to reduce pressure on the food supply. Besides indirectly aiding the war effort, these gardens were also considered a civil "morale booster" in that gardeners could feel empowered by their contribution of labor and rewarded by the produce grown. This made victory gardens a part of daily life on the home front.

Canada
Victory Gardens became popular in Canada in 1917. Under the Ministry of Agriculture's campaign, "A Vegetable Garden for Every Home", residents of cities, towns and villages utilized backyard spaces to plant vegetables for personal use and war effort. In the city of Toronto, women's organizations brought expert gardeners into the schools to get school children and their families interested in gardening. In addition to gardening, homeowners were encouraged to keep hens in their yards to obtain eggs. The result was a large production of potatoes, beets, cabbage, and other useful vegetables.

United States
In March 1917, Charles Lathrop Pack organized the US National War Garden Commission and launched the war garden campaign. Food production had fallen dramatically during World War I, especially in Europe, where agricultural labor had been recruited into military service and remaining farms devastated by the conflict. Pack and others conceived the idea that the supply of food could be greatly increased without the use of land and manpower already engaged in agriculture, and without the significant use of transportation facilities needed for the war effort. The campaign promoted the cultivation of available private and public lands, resulting in over five million gardens in the U.S. The current Food Administrator, Herbert Hoover, had the ambitious goal of sending 20 million tons of food to the war front by July 1919, although this number was reduced to 4 million in actuality. The campaign was a huge success, leading to foodstuff production exceeding $1.2 billion by the end of the war.

President Woodrow Wilson said that "Food will win the war." To support the home garden effort, a United States School Garden Army was launched through the Bureau of Education, and funded by the War Department at Wilson's direction.

Australia
In 1942, Australia's prime minister John Curtin launched a "Dig for Victory" campaign as rationing, drought, and a shortage of agricultural workers began to affect food supplies. This encouraged homeowners all over Australia to grow crops to help the war effort. The campaign was well received by the media as well as the large populous, as many Australians were already self-sufficient in growing their own fruits and vegetables. The YWCA created "Garden Army Week" to advertise the newly created "Garden Army" which exclusively supported agriculture and crop production. The situation began to ease in 1943 as fear of invasion lessened; however, home gardens continued throughout the war.

Britain
In Britain, "digging for victory" used much land such as waste ground, railway edges, ornamental gardens and lawns, while sports fields and golf courses were requisitioned for farming or vegetable growing. Sometimes a sports field was left as it was but used for sheep-grazing instead of being mown (for example see ). Other schools, like Winchester College contributed their fields to grow vegetables for school consumption, supplementing the meagre soil fertility by raising pigs for their manure. By 1943, the number of allotments had roughly doubled to 1,400,000, including rural, urban and suburban plots. C. H. Middleton's radio programme In Your Garden reached millions of listeners keen for advice on growing potatoes, leeks and the like, and helped ensure a communal sense of contributing to the war effort (as well as a practical response to food rationing). County Herb Committees were established to collect medicinal herbs when German blockades created shortages, for instance in Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove) which was used to regulate heartbeat. Victory gardens were planted in backyards and on apartment-building rooftops, with the occasional vacant lot "commandeered for the war effort!" and put to use as a cornfield or a squash patch. During World War II, sections of lawn were publicly plowed for plots in Hyde Park, London to promote the movement, while allotments growing onions in the shadow of the Albert Memorial also pointed to everybody, high and low, chipping in to the national struggle. Both Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle had vegetable gardens planted at the instigation of King George VI to assist with food production. One Londoner reminisced many years later, "You couldn't buy artificial fertilisers in those days. But Grandpa kept his plants well-nourished. He swept our chimneys himself and kept the soot for the garden, and he collected lime mortar from bomb sites. Any wood ash was carefully kept, also the lawn mowings, and of course he had the manure and old bedding from the chook and rabbit pens. He made a small wooden cart which he pulled behind his bicycle. He rode round behind the baker, the milkman and the coalman, all of whom made their deliveries by horse and cart, collecting the droppings. Of course the local kids called out after him in the street, and teased me about my 'dirty Grandpa'. But he ignored them, and I learnt to do the same. He collected leaf-mould in the Autumn to add to the compost pile, which regularly received every scrap of organic waste he could garner. Bones were broken up with a hammer, (but not before they had spent hours in Gran's stockpot) and fish bones cut up with old scissors. The vacuum cleaner and the dustpans were always emptied on the heap, as were the teapot and the chamberpots we used at night. All tiny scraps of wool, thread and fabric also went in."

United States
Amid regular rationing of food in Britain, the United States Department of Agriculture encouraged the planting of victory gardens during the course of World War II. Around one third of the vegetables produced by the United States came from victory gardens. It was emphasized to American homefront urbanites and suburbanites that the produce from their gardens would help to lower the price of vegetables needed by the US War Department to feed the troops, thus saving money that could be spent elsewhere on the military: "Our food is fighting", one US poster read. By May 1943, there were 18 million victory gardens in the United States – 12 million in cities and 6 million on farms.

Eleanor Roosevelt planted a Victory Garden on the White House lawn in 1943. The Roosevelts were not the first presidency to institute a garden in the White House. Woodrow Wilson grazed sheep on the south lawn during World War I to avoid mowing the lawn. Eleanor Roosevelt's garden instead served as a political message of the patriotic duty to garden, even though Eleanor did not tend to her own garden. While Victory Gardens were portrayed as a patriotic duty, 54% of Americans polled said they grew gardens for economic reasons while only 20% mentioned patriotism.

Although at first the Department of Agriculture objected to Eleanor Roosevelt's institution of a victory garden on the White House grounds, fearing that such a movement would hurt the food industry, basic information about gardening appeared in public services booklets distributed by the Department of Agriculture, as well as by agribusiness corporations such as International Harvester and Beech-Nut. Fruit and vegetables harvested in these home and community plots was estimated to be 9000000 - 10000000 ST in 1944, an amount equal to all commercial production of fresh vegetables.

The Victory Garden movement also attempted to unite the Home-front. Local communities would have festivals and competitions to showcase the produce each person grew in their own gardens. While the garden movement united some local communities, the garden movement separated minorities like African Americans. At harvest shows, separate prizes were awarded to "colored people", in similar categories, a long-held tradition in Delaware and the deeper South, as well as in Baltimore. In New York City, the lawns around vacant "Riverside" were devoted to victory gardens, as were portions of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. The slogan "grow your own, can your own", was a slogan that started at the time of the war and referred to families growing and canning their own food in victory gardens.

During the heat of World War II, artist D.H. Bedford created a brochure for the U.S. Department of Agriculture summarizing everything the American populous would need to know about gardening. This was done in order to increase the production of crops from victory gardens, as food shortages on the war front were becoming a real problem. This brochure, "ABC of Victory Gardens", highlighted the importance of these victory gardens, as well as showing how to properly grow, harvest, and preserve a variety of crops.

In Japanese Internment Camps, government officials encouraged Victory Gardens to promote self-sufficiency and conserve resources. Individuals who were previously farmers before internment began growing vegetable gardens within camp boundaries. The movement toward Victory Gardens did not serve a patriotic purpose for the Japanese people, instead, the gardens supplemented government-issued meals with fresh vegetables and offered edibles reminiscent of home. Additionally, the relocation of Japanese-Americans increased the usage of victory gardens. Many vegetable and fruit farms were Japanese-owned on the West Coast. In preparation for the mass relocation of individuals, United States citizens were encouraged by government agencies, newspapers, and radio stations to utilize urban farming in preparation for a shortage of fresh fruits and vegetables.

Postwar
In 1946, with the war over, many British residents did not plant victory gardens, in expectation of greater availability of food. However, shortages remained in the United Kingdom, and rationing remained in place for at least some food items until 1954.

Land at the centre of the Sutton Garden Suburb in Sutton, London was first put to use as a victory garden during World War II; before then it had been used as a recreation ground with tennis courts. The land continued to be used as allotments by local residents for more than 50 years until they were evicted by the then landowner in 1997. The land has since fallen into disuse.

The Fenway Victory Gardens in the Back Bay Fens of Boston, Massachusetts, and the Dowling Community Garden in Minneapolis, Minnesota remain active as the last surviving public examples from World War II. Most plots in the Fenway Victory Gardens now feature flowers instead of vegetables while the Dowling Community Garden retains its focus on vegetables.

Since the turn of the 21st century, interest in victory gardens has grown. A campaign promoting such gardens has sprung up in the form of new victory gardens in public spaces, victory garden websites and blogs, as well as petitions to renew a national campaign for the victory garden and to encourage the re-establishment of a victory garden on the White House lawn. In March 2009, First Lady Michelle Obama planted an 1100 sqft "Kitchen Garden" on the White House lawn, the first since Eleanor Roosevelt's, to raise awareness about healthy food.

Films
Several countries produced numerous information films about growing victory gardens.

Canada

 * World War II
 * He Plants for Victory (1943)

United Kingdom

 * World War I
 * Grow Vegetables For War Effort
 * War Garden Parade
 * World War II
 * Dig For Victory! (1940, 1941, 1942)
 * Children's Allotment Gardens (1942)
 * Compost Heaps for Feeding (1942)
 * Digging For Victory (1943)
 * Winter Greens (1943)
 * Blitz on Bugs (1944)
 * Dig for Victory - Proceed According To Plan (1944)

United States

 * World War II
 * Victory Gardens (1941, 1942, 1943)
 * Barney Bear's Victory Garden (1942)
 * As Ye Sow (1945)

Television
Historical documentary and reality television series such as The 1940s House, Wartime Farm and the second season of Coal House place modern families in a recreated wartime settings, including digging victory gardens.

The WGBH public-television series The Victory Garden took the familiar expression to promote composting and intensive cropping for homeowners who wanted to raise some vegetables (and some flowers).

The 1975 sitcom The Good Life portrays the efforts of Tom and Barbara Good to become self-sufficient in their suburban home, including turning over most of their garden to vegetable production and a chicken coop. Tom explains to his baffled neighbours that "We're digging for victory!" despite their protests that "That was during the War..." Much of the early episodes follow the Goods' struggle to adapt to living from their victory garden.

title: Victory garden


text:
Talk:Haile Gebrselassie

Untitled
Comment posted on Dan Gardner talk page by me. I notice that you removed what you call erroneous info. regarding the first person to run under 13 mins. for 5000 m (the only person to achieve this previously was Saïd Aouita in 1987 but he never ran sub 27 for 10000) and 27 min. for 10000 metres (only William Sigei in 1994 and Yobes Ondieki in 1993 had previously done this but neither ran the sub 13 minutes for 5000 prior to Haile doing this. You will see from this link [1] (http://www.gbrathletics.com/tp/worm.htm) that he was the only person to go sub 13 mins in 1994 and the only person sub 27 minutes in 1995 you can further prove this by checking their personal bests for the events. Maybe it wasn't written as clearly as it should have been but you ought to check the details before deleting info.Scraggy4 21:48, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This is also reffered to by sports illustrated. Scraggy4 22:03, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps this is a silly question - I am not informed on Ethiopian naming systems - is Haile Gebrselassie related to Haile Selassie of Ethiopia?

just a similar name...nothing else

So, is his name spelt Gebrselassie or Gebreselassie? The wiki article uses both! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.114.185.72 (talk) 17:29, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It's Gebrselassie. I just fixed it. Mipchunk 02:21, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Speed
Upon reflection, I have determined that this fellow is indeed a fast runner over long distances. D-Fluff has had E-Nuff 21:06, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Rating
Based on this comment, I rated this article "High" importance. I'm not well informed on track & field, so I didn't give this a complete rating before this. -- llywrch (talk) 04:27, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Berlin Marathon 2008
http://www.leichtathletik.de/index.php?NavID=1&SiteID=28&NewsID=14930 He has won the Berlin Marathon 2008. 84.198.207.58 (talk) 10:12, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

graph of performances
I have compiled a graph of his major events and times. How do I get this into the article from Excel ? Saving the Excel spreadsheet gives me a gif file not a jpg file. Salisbury-99 (talk) 09:05, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism
There is vandalism at least at the beginning of the "early career" section, possibly more of the page. I tried looking back screen by screen to find it, but my computer is too slow, sorry. I know it's vandalism because if I go back far enough it's different (He wasn't "born in the wagon of a travelling show" - that's from a Cher song). A lot of constructive edits have happened since then, and I don't know how to fix the vandalism anyway. But there might be more than just what's at the top. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.157.253.248 (talk) 04:24, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

World Record/World Best Section
This has to be changed somehow. I would suggest separating times which are former or current world records from times which were simply the best performances in a given year. Its current format is bulky and unnecessarily confusing, with the same distance appearing 4 or 5 times and no explanation of which category it falls under.Adbrad36 (talk) 00:08, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

Possible issues with his age
There has been some statements that Haile Gebrselassie might be as much as 6 years older then it says in his passport. Here are some articles which mentions it: There are no confirmation, atleast I've not found any, of this so far, but it should atleast be mentioned here on the talk page. --Jpfagerback (talk) 14:05, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
 * http://running.competitor.com/2011/07/features/how-old-is-haile-gebrselassie_32364/5
 * http://running.competitor.com/2011/07/features/how-old-is-haile-gebrselassie_32364/5

 * The Norwegian article is reporting on the second article in which the author, Matt Fitzgerald, quotes someone in Geb's running group, Hirpasa Lemi, discussing his (i.e. Lemi's) age: “'Forty-one,' Lemi said. 'Same age as Haile!'" In my opinion, Fitzgerald's speculation on one comment when he wasn't even there doesn't appear to pass the threshold for inclusion in the article. It could be true, though. Location (talk) 15:32, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 16:58, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100921191530/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR10/news/newsid%3D58354.html to http://www.iaaf.org/LRR10/news/newsid%3D58354.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100608211429/http://www.g4ssport.com/en/G4S%204Teen/Haile%20Gebrselassie/ to http://www.g4ssport.com/en/G4S%204Teen/Haile%20Gebrselassie/
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101228054157/http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Athletes/All-Athletes/Athletes-GA-to-GM/-Haile-Gebrselassie-/ to http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Athletes/All-Athletes/Athletes-GA-to-GM/-Haile-Gebrselassie-/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070420065355/http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/media_centre/index.php?page=61 to http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/media_centre/index.php?page=61
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Commons files used on this page have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:51, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Gebrselassie in Seoul, 1992.jpg
 * Haile in 1992.jpg

title: Talk:Haile Gebrselassie


text:
Cycle sport

Cycle sport is competitive physical activity using bicycles. There are several categories of bicycle racing including road bicycle racing, cyclo-cross, mountain bike racing, track cycling, BMX, and cycle speedway. Non-racing cycling sports include artistic cycling, cycle polo, freestyle BMX, mountain bike trials, hardcourt bike polo and cycleball. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is the world governing body for cycling and international competitive cycling events. The International Human Powered Vehicle Association is the governing body for human-powered vehicles that imposes far fewer restrictions on their design than does the UCI. The UltraMarathon Cycling Association is the governing body for many ultra-distance cycling races.

Bicycle racing is recognised as an Olympic sport. Bicycle races are popular all over the world, especially in Europe. The countries most devoted to bicycle racing include Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland. Other countries with international standing include Australia, Luxembourg, United Kingdom, United States and Colombia.

History
The first bicycle race is popularly held to have been a 1200 m race on the 31 May 1868 at the Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris, France. It was won by expatriate Englishman James Moore who rode a wooden bicycle with solid rubber tires. The machine is now on display at the museum in Ely, Cambridgeshire, England.

The Union Cycliste Internationale was founded on 14 April 1900 by Belgium, the United States, France, Italy, and Switzerland to replace the International Cycling Association, which had been formed in 1892, over a row with Great Britain as well as because of other issues.

Since the rise of the Olympic Movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics, cycling has been a contestant event in every Summer Olympic Games.

Road bicycle
Road bicycle racing involve both team and individual competition, and races are contested in various ways. They range from the one-day road race, criterium, and time trial to multi-stage events like the Tour de France and its sister events which make up cycling's Grand Tours.

The races typically take place from spring through to autumn. Many riders from the Northern Hemisphere spend the winter in countries such as Australia to compete or train. Professional races range from the three-week "Grand Tour" stage races such as the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España to multi-day stage races such as the Tour de Suisse and Tour of California, to single day "Classics" such as the Tour of Flanders and Milan–San Remo. The longest one-day road race sanctioned by USA Cycling is LOTOJA which covers the 206 mi from Logan, Utah, to Jackson, Wyoming. Criteriums are races based on circuits typically less than a mile in length and sometimes run for a set time (60 min, 90 min, etc.) rather than a specific distance. Criteriums are the most popular form of road racing in North America. In Belgium, kermesses are popular, single-day events of usually over 120 km. As well as road races in which all riders start simultaneously, individual time trial and team time trial events are also held on road-based courses.

Track cycling
Track cycling has been around since as early as 1870. The riders competed on wooden indoor tracks that closely resembled the modern velodromes of today. Unlike road racing, which is dependent on environmental factors, indoor tracks ensure the sport can be competed all year round.

It encompasses races that take place on banked tracks or velodromes. Events are quite diverse and can range from individual and team pursuits, two-man sprints, to various group and mass start races. Competitors use track bicycles which do not have brakes or freewheels.

Cyclo-cross
Cyclo-cross originated as a sport for road racers during the off season, to vary their training during the cold months. Races typically take place in the autumn and winter (the international or World Cup season is September–January) and consist of many laps of a 2–3 km course featuring pavement, wooded trails, grass, steep hills, and obstacles requiring the rider to dismount, carry the bike and remount in one motion. Races for senior categories are generally between 30 minutes and an hour long, the distance varying depending on the conditions. The sport is strongest in traditional road cycling countries such as Belgium (Flanders in particular) and France.

Mountain bike
Mountain bike races are held off-road and involve moderate to high degree of technical riding. There are several varieties; the main categories are cross-country, enduro and downhill but also 4X or four-cross racing.

BMX
BMX takes place off-road. BMX races are sprints on purpose-built off-road single-lap tracks, typically on single-gear bicycles. Riders navigate a dirt course of jumps and banked and flat corners.

Cycle speedway
Cycle speedway is bicycle racing on short outdoor dirt tracks, 70–90 m in length.

Motor-paced racing
Motor-paced racing and keirin use motorcycles for pacing, so cyclists achieve higher speeds.

Gravel racing
Gravel racing is one of the newest disciplines of bicycle racing, emerging in the 21st century. For example, one of the premiere gravel races, Unbound Gravel, started in 2006. Some precursors to gravel racing in its current form include road races like the Tour of the Battenkill and Boulder–Roubaix (named after Paris–Roubaix) which are road races with gravel sections. The distinguishing features of gravel racing include long distances, often 100 to 200 mi, and mass starts that include all categories of racers, similar to Gran Fondo rides. The bicycles and courses in gravel racing vary widely, from road bicycles with wide tires used on smooth gravel roads to bicycles that are similar to mountain bike used on courses that include technical trails.

Average speeds
Speeds achieved on indoor tracks are usually greater than those on roads. Other factors affecting speed are the route profile (flats and hills), wind conditions, temperatures and elevation. At a 2013 event in Mexico, François Pervis achieved an average of 21.40 m/s with a flying start over 200 m. The top average speed over the men's 1 km time trial at the 2004 Summer Olympics was 16.4 m/s recorded by Chris Hoy. Average speeds clearly drop with increasing distance, so that over the 120 km Cootamundra Annual Classic it is 11.8 m/s. In the 259 km 2010 Paris–Roubaix, Fabian Cancellara set a speed of 10.9 m/s, while over the 818 km Furnace Creek 508, the speed drops dramatically to 8.3 m/s. For an extreme road distance such as the 4800 km Race Across America, the average speed of the record holder is 5.7 m/s, while the 2350 km Freedom Trail over mountainous terrain in South Africa is at a record speed of 1.9 m/s.

Mountain bike trials
Mountain bike trials is a sport where riders navigate natural and human-made obstacles without putting down their foot, or "dabbing". It is similar to motorcycle trials. Points are awarded for bike handling skills. The first UCI Trials World Championships took place in 1986.

Freestyle BMX
Freestyle BMX is an extreme sport of stunt riding BMX bikes.

Artistic cycling
Artistic cycling is a discipline where athletes perform tricks (called exercises) in a format similar to ballet or gymnastics.

Cycle ball
Cycle ball, also known as "radball" (from German), is a sport similar to association football played on bicycles. The two people on each team ride a fixed gear bicycle with no brakes or freewheel. The ball is controlled by the bike and the head, except when defending the goal.

Cycle Polo
Cycle Polo is a team sports sport that combines elements of traditional horse polo with bicycling and is played on grass. Cycle Polo's was included in the 1908 London Olympics as a demonstration sport. The game has become particularly popular in India.

Hardcourt Bike Polo
Hardcourt Bike Polo is a more popular, fast-paced, and physically demanding variation of Cycle Polo played on hard surfaces such as asphalt or concrete. In teams of three, players maneuver their bicycles while using mallets to strike a ball into the opposing team's goal. Originating in Seattle in the late 1990s, hardcourt bike polo has since gained a sharp spike in popularity worldwide, with organized leagues and tournaments held in urban centers across the globe.

title: Cycle sport


text: Category:Pokémon video games

title: Category:Pokémon video games


text:
User talk:Klykken/old20081230

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title: User talk:Klykken/old20081230


text:
Jacob Wolfowitz

Jacob Wolfowitz (March 19, 1910 – July 16, 1981) was a Polish-born American Jewish statistician and Shannon Award-winning information theorist. He was the father of former United States Deputy Secretary of Defense and World Bank Group President Paul Wolfowitz.

Early life and education
Wolfowitz was born in 1910 in Warsaw, Poland, the son of Helen (Pearlman) and Samuel Wolfowitz. He emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1920. He received a bachelor of science in 1931 from the City College of New York.

Career
In the mid-1930s, Wolfowitz began his career as a high school mathematics teacher and continued teaching until 1942 when he received his Ph.D. degree in mathematics from New York University. While a part-time graduate student, Wolfowitz met Abraham Wald, with whom he collaborated in numerous joint papers in the field of mathematical statistics. This collaboration continued until Wald's death in an airplane crash in 1950. In 1951, Wolfowitz became a professor of mathematics at Cornell University, where he stayed until 1970. From 1970 to 1978 he was at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He died of a heart attack in Tampa, Florida, where he had become a professor at the University of South Florida after retiring from Illinois.

Wolfowitz's main contributions were in the fields of statistical decision theory, non-parametric statistics, sequential analysis, and information theory.

One of his results is the strong converse to Claude Shannon's coding theorem. While Shannon could prove only that the block error probability can not become arbitrarily small if the transmission rate is above the channel capacity, Wolfowitz proved that the block error rate actually converges to one. As a consequence, Shannon's original result is today termed "the weak theorem" (sometimes also Shannon's "conjecture" by some authors).

title: Jacob Wolfowitz


text:
David Carr (American football)

David Duke Carr (born July 21, 1979) is an American former football quarterback who played 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Fresno State Bulldogs and was selected first overall by the Houston Texans in the 2002 NFL Draft. Carr also played for the Carolina Panthers, the New York Giants, and the San Francisco 49ers. With the Giants, Carr was a member of the team that won Super Bowl XLVI. He currently serves as the offensive coordinator at Bakersfield Christian High School.

Carr's status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him being considered a draft bust. In 2016, he joined the NFL Network as an analyst.

Early life
David Carr attended Valley Oak Elementary School in Fresno, California. He continued on to Clovis Unified's Kastner Intermediate School in Fresno, where he proceeded to break a number of California D-I middle school records as quarterback of the Thunderbirds. After moving to Bakersfield, California, Carr attended Stockdale High School.

College career
Carr began as the starting quarterback at Fresno State during the 2000 and 2001 seasons after redshirting in 1999. While he was quarterback, the Bulldogs went 7–5 and 11–3. In his senior season the team beat Colorado, Oregon State, and Wisconsin, all members of BCS conferences. There was speculation about whether the Bulldogs would qualify for a BCS bid, something then unheard of for a BCS non-automatic qualifying conference team. They climbed to as high as number 8 in the polls, and Carr was on the cover of Sports Illustrated. During his collegiate career, Carr completed 565 of 901 passes for 7,849 yards and threw 65 touchdowns versus 22 interceptions. During his senior year, he won the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award and was a finalist for the 2001 Heisman Trophy, finishing fifth.

On September 1, 2007, the Fresno State Bulldogs retired Carr's #8 jersey in his honor. Former Fresno State football player Robbie Rouse (a junior in 2011) was the last player allowed to wear the number.

Houston Texans
With the first overall pick of the 2002 NFL Draft, the Houston Texans, a new expansion team, selected Carr. His professional career began on a productive note. The Texans played their first regular season game on September 8, 2002, defeating the Dallas Cowboys, 19–10, at Houston's Reliant Stadium. Houston became just the second expansion team to win its first game. However, Carr was sacked 76 times during that season, which set a league record. He also set the NFL record for fumble recoveries in a single season, recovering 12 of his own. Both records still stand as of 2022. He finished his rookie year of 2002 with 2,592 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions. He also rushed for 282 yards along with 3 rushing touchdowns. The Texans finished 4–12 in their first franchise year. In the 2003 season, Carr played 12 games (11 starts) with 2,103 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions. He also rushed for 151 yards with 2 rushing touchdowns and was sacked only 15 times. The Texans finished with a record of 5–11 in 2003.

Carr started all 16 games in 2004 being sacked a league-leading 49 times. He passed for 3,531 yards with 16 touchdowns and 14 interceptions. The Texans finished 7–9 in 2004.

The 2005 season began poorly as the Texans were 1–9 in their first 10 games, and plummeted to a 2–14 record to finish the season. Plagued by injuries and an ineffective offensive line that limited both the running and passing games, Carr still threw for 2,488 yards while being sacked a league-leading 68 times. Despite the drop-off, the Texans exercised an option in Carr's contract that extended him for three years.

The Texans finished the 2006 season at 6–10. For the season, Carr posted a completion percentage of 68.9% (a career-high) and tied the then single-game NFL record of 22 consecutive pass completions (against the Buffalo Bills). However, new Texans general manager Rick Smith decided to go in a different direction at quarterback. Thus, the Texans acquired Matt Schaub from the Atlanta Falcons and decided to release Carr, making him a free agent for the first time of his career. He had been sacked a total of 249 times during his tenure in Houston.

Carolina Panthers
Carr agreed to terms with the Carolina Panthers on April 6, 2007, signing a two-year, $6.2 million contract. Following an injury to starting quarterback Jake Delhomme, Carr was named the starter. He played in six games (started four games) and had three touchdowns and five interceptions, with a 53.7 completion percentage and a passer rating of 58.3. Carr suffered a back injury during the fifth game of the season (a victory vs. the New Orleans Saints) on a sack by Will Smith, and saw limited action during the remainder of the 2007 season, being replaced by Vinny Testaverde and Matt Moore. He was released on February 27, 2008.

New York Giants (first stint)
On March 12, 2008, Carr signed a one-year contract with the New York Giants, reuniting with former Houston offensive coordinator Chris Palmer. Subsequently, the Giants released former backup quarterback Jared Lorenzen. Carr backed up Eli Manning for two seasons. In the 2009 offseason, Carr was re-signed to a one-year, $2 million contract on February 9, 2009. In his first two years with the Giants, Carr saw action in seven games and threw three total touchdown passes.

San Francisco 49ers
On March 7, 2010, Carr agreed to terms with the San Francisco 49ers; he served as a backup to Alex Smith. Carr was put into the 49ers Week 7 game against his former team the Carolina Panthers after Smith suffered a shoulder injury. Carr struggled completing only 5 of 13 passes for 67 yards and throwing a crucial interception late in the 4th quarter. He was released by the 49ers on July 28, 2011.

New York Giants (second stint)
Carr signed with the Giants on July 31, 2011, as the backup quarterback to starter Eli Manning. Carr received his only Super Bowl ring in the 2011 season after the Giants beat the New England Patriots 21-17 in Super Bowl XLVI. He did not play a single snap during the 2011 regular season. Carr re-signed with the Giants on March 14, 2012, to an additional one-year contract. He was waived by the Giants on August 31, 2013.

Legacy
Carr's status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him being considered a draft bust. In 2011, he was included in Foxsports.com's list of the ten worst No. 1 overall picks in NFL Draft history. In 2015, NESN ranked Carr as the 8th worst No. 1 overall pick in NFL Draft history. He is currently on NFL Network as an analyst.

Coaching career
In 2015, Carr became offensive coordinator at Bakersfield Christian High School, under head coach and younger brother Darren Carr.

Personal life
Carr married high school girlfriend Melody Tipton in March 1999. Together they have five children, three of whom have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, which Carr also suffers from.

His brother, Derek is also a quarterback in the NFL. Derek states that David was instrumental to the preparation and training that led up to the 2014 NFL Draft and has helped greatly with training and experience since being drafted.

Lon Boyett, his uncle, played in the NFL as a tight end with the Buccaneers, Raiders and 49ers from 1977-1978.

title: David Carr (American football)