text:
Talk:Josiah Wedgwood

Josiah Wedgwood II
see Darwin -- Wedgwood family; is this chap notable enough to have his own article, suggests he was elected to parliament? If so, I can't google the information, so need help! Dunc_Harris|☺ 14:26, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * See ; Andy Mabbett 14:38, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

minor error that I don't know how to correct.
I'm not sure how to edit some of the info but the comments at the beginning of the articles on Josiah Wedgwood (the founder of the company) and Josiah Wedgwood (the first Lord Wedgwood) state that the latter is the great grandson of the former. In fact he is the great, great grandson of the former though he is the great grandson of the second, and less well known, Josiah Wedgwood.

Citing Facts
As amusing as this is, it seems a bit odd, so I think it should be cited: "Wedgwood's work was of very high quality (when visiting his workshop, if he saw an offending vessel that failed to meet with his standards, he would smash it with his stick, exclaiming, "This will not do for Josiah Wedgwood!")."--209.247.22.104 20:13, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. There seems to be some vandalism on this page: 'smash it with his head, exclaiming, "This will not do for my pet fish gerome!"). Wedgwood was also keenly interested in the scientific advances of california snakes his day and it was this interest that underpinned his adoption of its approach and methods to revolutionize the quality of his home and car interior desighning.'; and later under references 'Wedgwood: The First Tycoon, cat with frisbee, Viking Adult, 416 pp. (October 7, 2004).'  Having read the book, I do not recall those phrases.  Genericdefect 22:41, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

There is serious doubt about this story; and we know for a fact that he did a considerable trade in seconds. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bradslk (talk • contribs) 07:34, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

Consumate sales operative
According to this NYT op-ed, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/10/opinion/10flanders.html?th&emc=th, JW was a tremendous innovator in sales and marketing, inventing such things as door-to-door sales. Kdammers (talk) 11:52, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

image not that of the medallion
Strictly speaking the picture claiming to be the Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion isn't but rather a different depiction of the image that went on the medallion. A picture of the actual medallion can be found at http://statevillespeaksloyola.wordpress.com/images-of-prisoners/anti-slavery-medallion-josiah-wedgewood-1787/ however, we can't just copy it as the copyright status of the picture is not known. Someone probably should find a legit picture. --Erp (talk) 00:04, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Darwin's Grandfather
I find this a bit odd:

He was the grandfather of Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife.

Was he not also the grandfather of Charles Darwin, Emma Darwin's husband? 62.84.16.25 (talk) 21:07, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

Bias
There's a line in the section about his work that says "He was the greatest potter that ever lived." Now I know that in these things, it all comes down to subjectivity. Nobody can say for sure, as there are many different criteria for what would quantify a best potter.

I don't know what the tag is for bias on this, but the tag should definitely be placed on this article.

174.56.153.240 (talk) 05:45, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually it states he was perhaps the most famous potter of his time. Which is subjective but hedged and I think supportable. --Erp (talk) 13:38, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

Pyrometric beads
According to the Pyrometric cone article, Wedgewood invented the pyrometric bead (forerunner of the modern cone), but there is no article for the beads. I tried to make it redirect -- I have submitted a request. If anyone knows how to do it easily, please make a redirect? 70.76.64.89 (talk) 22:50, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

Sarah's nickname
Wasn't Sarah Wedgwood nicknamed "Sukey"? 76.190.213.189 (talk) 03:18, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

 * No, that was his eldest daughter Susannah. Martinevans123 (talk) 16:06, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

Unitarian
This book source says that he was "an ardent Unitarian" and also says that some of his family were? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:52, 2 January 2024 (UTC) p.s. he still has Category:English Unitarians
 * User:Martinevans123 Context please! You are always doing this, which is annoying for others, and unproductive for you. What does the article say? Am I supposed to search through it? Johnbod (talk) 17:51, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Apologies, I was responding to this recent removal, by User:dave souza and should have named him directly. As far as I can see that was the only mention of "Unitarian" in the main body of the article. I'm sorry to say I am not familiar with any of the biographies on Wedgewood. If you are familiar with them perhaps you could advise on how much prominence his Unitarianism, or religious views in general, might be warranted in this article? Martinevans123 (talk) 17:57, 2 January 2024 (UTC) Really, I am always doing this? This is all I ever do?? How many others is this annoying to, exactly? Have you taken a vote, or just a rough headcount? Thanks.
 * It does mention his family were English dissenters. He was probably named after his maternal grandfather, Josiah Stringer, who was a dissenting minister. His elder sister, Catherine, also married a dissenting minister, William Willets (or Willet), of Newcastle under Lyme.  Note being unitarian was not  respectable and meeting for unitarian worship was officially illegal.  The first openly Unitarian chapel didn't exist until the 1770s (see Wedgwood's friend, Joseph Priestley, and Theophilus Lindsey) though the existence of unitarians pre-dated that point. Not until the Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813 did Unitarians receive the same legal toleration as other Protestant dissenters from the Church of England.   Adding information about his religious beliefs would require a look at some of his biographies. Erp (talk) 17:35, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks, these are good points. My edit summary referred to the "Early life' section: no mention in cited source of "grandson of a Unitarian minister and was an active Unitarian', contradicts other sources. The timing of Wedgwood becoming Unitarian is unclear, and needs a source, but it's significant that Unitarianism was followed by subsequent generations of Darwins and Wedgwoods: I'll add a source for that below. . . dave souza, talk 20:03, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * "Timing" may be a bit tricky. He may have been raised in the beliefs. The DNB entry has "Scarcely anything is known of Josiah's childhood. He was brought up in the thatched Churchyard house and pottery, which Thomas Wedgwood had inherited from his father, and began his education at about the age of six, walking the 7 miles round trip to attend a small school in Newcastle under Lyme. His mother was the daughter of the Unitarian minister at Newcastle under Lyme, and she brought up her children in the same faith."     I think "Unitarian" may be a bit anachronistic but the Unitarian Meeting House, Newcastle-under-Lyme still exists.  Note his grandfather, the minister at Newcastle-under-Lyme (possibly, there seems to be a lack of primary sources, the meeting house had been destroyed by a mob in 1715), had died in 1698; the minister for most of Josiah's life was William Willet (minister from 1727-76) who married as his second wife, Catherine Wedgwood in 1754 (see also the Meeting House's history page https://www.newcastlestaffsunitarians.co.uk/location under "historical events"). Erp (talk) 23:34, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks Erp, that's very useful. Martinevans123 (talk) 09:46, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree, a look at some of his biographies would be a very good idea. But if Dunford (2022) describes him as "an ardent Unitarian", I suspect there is some substance to that claim. Meanwhile I'll remove the Category. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:49, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The category is appropriate and should be restored – "Alongside respectable Anglicanism, Unitarianism was another important religious tradition in the Darwin and Wedgwood families. Josiah Wedgwood, who was grandfather to both Charles and Emma, was a Unitarian, and this religious background helped to bring the provincial families, the Darwins and Wedgwoods, together in the first place." . . .dave souza, talk 20:03, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Many thanks Dave for the information above. I'd say the category should be restored once there is material in the article to support it. That University of Cambridge source looks very useful. Martinevans123 (talk) 09:41, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

Metreyard Llewellynn Jewitt : Wedgwood's Religious Views And Character p. 421 "In religion he vas a Unitarian, and was on intimate terms of friendship with Mr. Willet, the minister of the old Presbyterian Chapel at Newcastle, whose ministry he attended. His religious views, however, were never allowed to influence his actions,. whether of friendship or of business. He wisely felt that there was good in all, and that a man's religion was a question between his own conscience and his Maker, and not one on which commercial relationships or ties of friendship ought to hinge." . . . dave souza, talk 10:14, 7 January 2024 (UTC) < Jewitt correction 08:20, 8 January 2024 (UTC)> Intriguing ... "Testator, E. Latham , W. Willets , R. Mansfield . " " At Lichfield , on the 25th day of October , 1739 , Administration ( with the Will annexed ) of the personal Estate and Effects of Thomas Wedgwood , deceased , was granted to Mary ..." – suggests Mary Wedgwood in touch with Willet at the Newcastle meeting house. . dave souza, talk 11:46, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The Dolan biography certainly confirms that JW was raised in the U tradition (pp 40-41, 51-52) by his mother, and was the grandson of a U minister, but his later mentions are rather equivocal as to what JW believed in later life, bearing in mind that U was not exactly an organized denomination until JW was well into middle age. At the same time JW's father bought a CofE family pew for £7 - quite a lot - which the young JW presumably sat in (Genius catalogue, p. 45; date not given, but he died in 1739). Perhaps neither subject nor biographer are very interested in religion. Johnbod (talk) 17:42, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Of perhaps it was just the biographer? Thanks for the very useful research. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:09, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Except it was his grandfather, also a Thomas Pease, who bought the pew on or before 1700 (A History of the Wedgwood Family, by J C Wedgwood, 1908, page 126-7, citing Metreyard "the Life of Josiah Wedgwood", vol. I, page 193). According to the latter he was a churchwarden.  The dissenting strain seems to be from JW's mother. Erp (talk) 03:13, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks all, rather a slog getting this in order. I've added the point about the pew, the dissenting evidently came via JW's mother, and was brought to the fore again by Wiliam Willet, minister of Newcastle-under-Lyme Meeting House, who became JW's brother in law in 1754, and not long after that spent many days helping JW study while recovering from knee problems. The meeting house was then English Presbyterian, Unitarian naming was still uncommon. Its earlier preacher "Rev. George Long, former minister of St. Giles's Church, Newcastle-under-Lyme for example had to seek refuge in Holland, where he studied medicine at Leyden University and took his M.D. Degree." .... "Unitarianism as such was in fact illegal by an Act of 1698 ....  At Newcastle-under-Lyme, the [1715] riot was engineered by the Mayor with a signal from the bell of the parish Church. The Mayor and two Justices of the Peace helped to foment the riot and drink was distributed amongst the mob. .. . William Willett who married the sister of Iosiah Wedgwood, the potter, had a ministry of 49 years at Newcastle (1727-1776)"  Later, JW allegedly "became a follower of Priestley", timing of that is still unclear to me.  ...  . . dave souza, talk 19:22, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Great stuff, Dave. It's becoming a bit clearer now. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:30, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * JW was definitely a friend of Priestley and supplied him with money and scientific equipment (ceramic ware). According to Metreyard (vol 1. page 309), they seem to have met in 1762 though  Bentley and JW's brother-in-law, Willet, may have informed each about the other beforehand.  JW and his wife were married in a CoE church in 1764 but that was necessary at that time for a legal wedding (unless the couple were Jewish or Quaker or wedding outside England/Wales) so no indication of his religious beliefs (other than he was not Quaker or Jewish). Erp (talk) 20:21, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Even today marriages by Unitarian churches in the UK are not legally recognsed? Martinevans123 (talk) 20:36, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Note English law is different from Scottish law in regards to marriage, at that point in time in Scotland to wed you just had to announce you were husband and wife in front of witnesses and you were married (assuming both parties were single). The laws changed  in the 1830s to allow other religious groups in England/Wales who owned a building to perform legal weddings (the building has to be licensed for the purpose and a person has to be responsible to register the marriage and report it to the right authorities) so Unitarian churches in England can and do perform weddings (the statement in the wiki article is that other Christian denominations don't recognize the marriages which I think is false [that most don't recognize their baptisms is true]).
 * Back to the main question. What evidence is there for JW being a Unitarian instead of just a Trinitarian dissenter?   I guess one can also look at the Warrington Academy where JW sent his eldest son. Erp (talk) 04:36, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Metreyard describes Willet as the Unitarian minister as of 1776, D & M refer to Wedgwood as unitarian; I've seen other sources . . . dave souza, talk 09:55, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm confused by the cite to Meteyard as on page 421? It does not seem to be in either volume of her work. BTW I modified the reference to Meteyard's "The life of JW" in the entry to indicate two volumes and put in links to internet archive versions of each volume. I think he was a unitarian, but, I'm interested in the source(s).  Willets also baptized all of John Wedgwood's  children according to J.C. Wedgwood's "A History of the Wedgwood Family" (page 156) though his oldest child was born in 1760 so post JW's connection (John Wedgwood, 1705-1780, Big House, Burslem, second cousin once removed of JW and uncle of JW's wife, this was the relatively wealthy part of the family before JW made a fortune; see also http://www.thepotteries.org/walks/burslem/d.htm).  Note Willets is a witness to the will (16 June 1739) so Thomas likely knew him beforehand though I agree the connection is through Mary Wedgwood. Erp (talk) 23:53, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Apologies!! The quote's from Jewitt (1865), have added a link. Thanks for sorting the internet archive sources, google's been very confusing about which volume.. . dave souza, talk 08:20, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

Map
I wonder whether a map would be useful. I note the one at http://www.thepotteries.org/photos/map1798.htm which a subsection of one from 1798 (Yates). Notably it includes Burslem, Etruria, Newcastle-under-Lyne, and the Trent and Mersey Canal all of which are important in the bibliography (or for that matter the history of the potteries). A fuller version is at https://digitalarchive.mcmaster.ca/islandora/object/macrepo%3A81078  However I haven't checked out the copyright issues Erp (talk) 05:09, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Josiah Wedgwood


text:
Susan Cullen-Ward

Susan, Crown Princess of Albania (née Susan Barbara Cullen-Ward, formerly Williams; 28 January 1941 – 17 July 2004) was the Australian-born wife of Leka, Crown Prince of Albania.

Her husband, known as King Leka, had been proclaimed King of the Albanians by the anti-communist Albanian government-in-exile in 1961, upon the death of his father King Zog. Meanwhile, Albania itself was a communist republic.

Early life
Susan Cullen-Ward was born in the Sydney suburb of Waverley. Her mother was Phyllis Dorothea Murray-Prior and her father was Alan Robert Cullen-Ward, a pastoralist. Susan Cullen-Ward was a great-granddaughter of the Queensland politician Thomas Lodge Murray-Prior (1819–1892).

Cullen-Ward grew up on her father's sheep station. She attended Presbyterian Ladies' College at Orange, then studied at Sydney Technical College before teaching art at a private studio.

She was married to Richard Williams from 1965 to 1970. Susan Cullen-Ward was an Anglican.

Marriage to the Crown Prince of Albania
Susan Cullen-Ward met Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, the only child of King Zog I of the Albanians, at a dinner party in Sydney. In October 1975, they married in a civil ceremony in Biarritz, France. The couple were later married in a religious ceremony in Madrid.

Australian authorities refused to recognise her as a queen but, in a compromise when Andrew Peacock was foreign minister, issued a passport in the name of "Susan Cullen-Ward, known as Queen Susan".

She lived a turbulent life after marrying Leka, as they moved from one country to another, having no permanent residence or fixed point of reference. In the first few years of their marriage, the couple lived in Spain. They later settled in Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe). After a falling out with the government of Robert Mugabe, the couple moved again, this time to South Africa where their son, Leka, was born in 1982. She also had a stillborn daughter while resident in Rhodesia.

Death
The Crown Princess of Albania died of lung cancer on 17 July 2004 in Tirana, Albania. After her death, she lay in state in a chapel outside Tirana.

She is buried at the Mausoleum of the Albanian Royal Family, next to her mother-in-law, Queen Geraldine, her husband, Crown Prince Leka, and his father, whose body was reburied in 2012.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Susan Cullen-Ward


text:
Talk:Evolute

I disagree with Mathworld's page on two points: I'm trying to raise Eric by email 142.177.124.178 14:29, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * involutes are not unique and thus "The original curve is then said to be the involute of its evolute" is wrong
 * what is the evolute of a sequence of circular arcs, if not disconnected points? And what would be an involute of that?

Continuing the "what to do without a natural parametrisation" stuff: it often happens that $$s'(t)^2$$ is simpler/easier than $$s'(t)$$. That may be useful.

Let $$q(t)=s'(t)^2$$. Differentiate once $$q'(t)=2s'(t)s''(t)$$. Fit these into the lower expression to get
 * $$r(s(t))={2q(t)x(t)-q'(t)x'(t)\over 2q(t)^2}$$

It so happens all the s's go away—that sqrt can be avoided. Of course we still need $$|r''|^2$$... 142.177.124.178 02:45, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It can really help! Evolute of ellipse:
 * $$x=(aC,bS)$$ (with shorthand C=cos(t), S=sin(t))
 * $$x'=(-aS,bC)$$
 * $$x''=-x$$
 * $$q=|x'|^2=a^2S^2+b^2C^2$$
 * $$q'=2SC(a^2-b^2)$$
 * $$N=2qx''-q'x'=-2ab(bC,aS)$$
 * $$|N|^2=4a^2b^2(b^2C^2+a^2S^2)$$
 * $$r/|r|^2=2q^2N/|N|^2=-(b^2C^2+a^2S^2)(C/a,S/b)$$
 * evolute = $$(a^2-b^2)(C^3/a,-S^3/b)$$
 * the almost-astroid fell right out 142.177.124.178 15:20, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Added animated gif
I've added an animated gif showing how the evolute is constructed as the locus of the centers of curvature. The tangent to the astroid is also shown, illustrating simultaneously that the evolute is the envelope of the normals to the curve.Juliusllb 23:32, 10 November 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Juliusllb (talk • contribs)

Deleted natural parameterization material
I deleted some of the material on natural parameterization, specifically the paragraph on dealing with the equations when s is not a closed form expression. First, the material was about simplifying the expression for derivatives in this case and not about evolutes. Second, the expression obtained should, when all the dust has settled, be the same as the expression in the general parameterization case (else there is an error somewhere). Third, I could not find similar material in references. --RDBury (talk) 14:32, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Also deleted the line

 * Intrinsic equation of the evolute of a curve defined by an intrinsic equation r=f(s) is $$R[y]=\frac{rr'}{(r^{-1})'}$$.

I could not find a reference or a clear definition so I could verify it myself. If someone can clarify or site a source it could probably be re-added.--RDBury (talk) 20:09, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Also moved statement about parallel curves to the article on parallel curves.--RDBury (talk) 20:58, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Evolute


text: User talk:69.199.192.13

title: User talk:69.199.192.13


text:
Talk:Hamites

White supremacists at the origin of the term ?
There has an edit war been going on about the first two sentences of the lede, which currently read: "Hamites are the descendants of Ham, son of Noah, as described in Genesis. This terminology was borrowed from the Bible in 18th-century ethnology and linguistics by white supremacists to name a proposed division of the human race and the group of related languages they spoke." I think it is pretty clear that the term "Hamites" has frequently been used by white supremacists, but the question is whether those people who borrowed the term from the Bible were doing so in order to promote white supremacy. --Rsk6400 (talk) 05:51, 18 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Eh... It's one of those things that we'd need to stick closely to academic and specialist tertiary sources for. A lot of relevant works from that period are only accepted as true now by white supremacists, and most of those works were written with assumptions we now know to be racist... But there's a question of how many of them were really written to explicitly attack non-whites versus how much was just unintentionally hurtful product-of-its-era ignorance.  While the later category is racist when repeated in earnest today, looking back on its original context it's sometimes the closest thing that era has to progressive views. Ian.thomson (talk) 06:50, 18 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Of the three sources cited, I can't find anything about the publisher for the first. The second would absolutely be reliable for how the idea has affected African-Americans, and is the closest to supporting the text as presented -- though more on that in a second.  The third source is not from an academic publisher.
 * The second source generally supports the text, though there are potential WP:DUE issues that I think require readjusting the lede. If the lede summarizes the body, and we want the first line/paragraph to summarize the lede as succinctly as possible, we should move the citation of Quiros's God With Us to the section "Hamitic hypothesis" to point out that some churches used the concept to justify slavery and segregation.  From there, we add a line to the third paragraph of the lede mentioning this point as well.  Then the first line should read:
 * Hamites are the descendants of Ham, son of Noah, as described in Genesis. This term was borrowed by Eurocentric anthropologists for a now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races favored by white supremacists, and has since fallen into disuse.
 * Ian.thomson (talk) 07:24, 18 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Ian.thomson, I think that was clear and helpful. Still, the first sentence has the form of a definition, but doesn't define the subject of the article. Maybe something like:
 * Hamites is the name formerly used for some North African peoples by Eurocentric anthropologists in the context of a now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races favored by white supremacists. The term was originally borrowed from Genesis, where it is used for the descendants of Ham, son of Noah. --Rsk6400 (talk) 07:50, 18 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah, yeah, that is better. While a lot of my activity here tends towards pre-modern scholarship (which may have unfortunately left me negligent in placing the Biblical definition first), the modern usage does predominate in the article.  Medieval usage (including premodern thoughts separating it from black skin) is found more in Curse of Ham. Ian.thomson (talk) 09:46, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

The terms Eurocentric and white supremacists are irrelevant for the definition of the term and only reflect and channel the editor's political bias in the context of the discredited Hamitic hypothesis. The terms are loaded and the editor deliberately violates Wikipedia's NPOV. I suggest looking at the definitions compiled in the Oxford Reference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.254.193.214 (talk) 16:17, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
 * The lede has to summarize the article. From the article, it is clear that the scholars who introduced the concept were eurocentric, and that they were white supremacists. Actually, the lede says less, because it says only that the concept was "favored by" white supremacists.
 * I think it necessary to include the context in which the concept was created in the defintion.
 * NPOV would be violated, if other - recent and scholarly - sources had been deliberately ignored. I don't think that is the case. If you know sources that contradict or modify the statements given in the article, please name them.
 * I personally don't know Oxford Reference, so I'd be happy if you could provide the link or a quote.
 * According to my experience, the editors who worked on this article (not talking about myself, of course) are quite sensible people and committed to WP rules like NPOV. So it's not necessary to "urge" somebody "to take action" and possibly not helpful to accuse somebody of "deliberately" violating NPOV. --Rsk6400 (talk) 19:32, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
 * The opening line currently reads:  Hamites is the name formerly used for some North African peoples by Eurocentric anthropologists in the context of a now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races favored by white supremacists.. I count two places claiming the term is discredited, and a further three places, devoted to calling the term racist. It's called poisoning the well. And remember that the "Hamites theory" also introduced another, complementary term still in wide use: the Semites, so named for supposedly being the descendants of Noah's other son, Shem. 91.178.25.6 (talk) 12:41, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not happy with the current lead. It looks to be sourced but the source doesn't mention Hamites or Eurocentric anthropologists. I'd prefer something more akin to the earlier lead but rewritten, eg "In the Bible/Torah Hamites are the descendants of Ham, son of Noah, as described in Genesis. This terminology was borrowed from the Bible in 18th-century ethnology and linguistics by white supremacists in the context of a now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races favored by white supremacists." But only if it can be well sourced and is discussed in the body of the article. I think the biblical origin needs to be upfront in the lead.  Doug Weller  talk 14:28, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * the source doesn't mention Hamites I don't think it has to, because the claim is about the "model of dividing humanity into different races", which is exactly what the source talks about. The word "Eurocentric" seems to be a bit more problematic. I personally think it is a legitimate condensation of the source and the section Hamites, but maybe other editors might call it OR. Since the article is about the 19th century usage of the word, I think the biblical origin should remain where it is now. --Rsk6400 (talk) 19:56, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

I was just about to make an edit on this. The current lede makes it appear that the Hamitic thesis was a purely European concept, but that ignores the significant buy-in in colonial and post-colonial East-Central Africa (see 1 or 2 as examples). For better or worse, and really the latter, most of its modern advocates are black. As a suggestion, how about: "In race theory, Hamites were a distinct racial group which inhabited parts of Northeast Africa. The term was originally coined by European and North American exponents of scientific racism and was based on the Book of Genesis, where it is used for the descendants of Ham. It is considered discredited."

—Brigade Piron (talk) 11:03, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The article only has a short paragraph on the role of the Hamitic theory in Rwanda, see the end of Hamites. Expanding that would surely be a good idea.
 * I see some problems with your suggestion of a new lede: (1) Race theory is a redirect to "Race (human categorization)", which concentrates on race as a social reality. (2) Also Northwest Africa was seen as inhabited by Hamites. (3) I'd like to keep the expression "white supremacists", which I think to be well supported by the article. (4) Not only the term "Hamites" is discredited, but the whole idea of biologically distinct races is pure pseudo-science. --Rsk6400 (talk) 06:13, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , it is not restricted to Rwanda. There are groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Burundi, and South Sudan (possibly also Ethiopia) which subscribe to the same believe. I recently added some material on it at Hema people in the Congolese context.
 * I'm surprised by the lack of an article on race theory (I guess the obvious substitute would be Historical race concepts or scientific racism) but don't disagree with your points apart from (3). Although obviously also a form of racism, "white supermacism" is a term with specific meaning which doesn't readily apply to this subject. The Hamitic thesis was about drawing racial distinctions within a black population and contained obvious anti-semitic connotations.
 * I don't disagree with you that Hamitic theory is discredited. It is also obviously necessary to say that. However, I think a holistic critique of race theory is inappropriate for the first sentence of this article as a WP:CFORK and smacks of WP:RIGHTGREATWRONGS. —Brigade Piron (talk) 10:40, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the modern use of the Hamitic theory / myth is an important thing that is still missing in the article (except for that short paragraph). I don't feel able to add anything on it, so I'd be happy if you could provide something.
 * I just took a look at the article White supremacy. According to the definition given there, it has its roots in the age of colonialism, and that corresponds well with the section Hamites. For me, a critique of race theory here is like stating at the beginning of an article about "The reindeers of Father Christmas" that "Father Christmas" is a myth: "Hamitic race" doesn't exist because there is no such thing as a (biological) "race". The reindeers of F.C. don't exist, because he doesn't exist. I don't think that's content fork. It's just stating what science says in the face of many people who like to believe in pseudoscience. I'm not sure that the thesis was about drawing racial distinctions within a black population, because originally it made North Africans Caucasian, i.e. they were no longer seen as "black", but as nearly white. I'm also not sure about the anti-semitic connotations. --Rsk6400 (talk) 19:19, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I strongly disagree with the conversation of stating these distinctions need the presence of 'white supremacy.' There isn't such a thing as biological race, humans are the same species. The way 'race' is spoken about in society current (especially in the west) is not academic in nature. It's quite inflammatory and absent of scientific backing to make that claim. We can also examine recent comments from individuals like Nick Cannon to see comments within this vertical expand beyond a white supremacist issue. I have no idea why one individual feels the need disregard comments here. CrazyWalter05 (talk) 18:41, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The issue of the opening sentence has not yet been resolved. The claimed source does not mention the words/ phrases "Hamite", "eurocentric" or "supremacist". In fact the words "eurocentric" and "supremacist" do not even appear in the body of the article. Even the original work from Sanders does not mention either word. Using them in the lead here is clearly inappropriate, unsupported and WP:SYNTH. It is probably OK to include a separate sentence (based on Sanders) connecting the Hamite issue to colonialism and slavery, but not to leave things as they are. Wdford (talk) 17:10, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

Genetics not needed
One user has repeatedly inserted a section on "Genetics". It has already been reverted because "'Hamitic' is now considered obsolete classification, so a section on the genetics of the various (not necessarily especially related) groups that may (or may not) have been considered Hamites by the Bible is not relevant/appropriate."

Please give your reasons or refrain from inserting that section again. --Rsk6400 (talk) 19:57, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

The term is obsolete to you, perhaps. But when words like "racism" and "colonialism" and "scientifically discredited" are being flung around throughout the article, so discussion on the genetics of the Semitic Backflow into Northern and Eastern Africa is warranted. It in fact affirms that these early ethnographers were correct to believe what they could see with plainly with their eyes. I find the constant characterizations of these people's beliefs and motives to be petty, unscholarly, and frankly offensive. Perhaps they were merely trying to describe the world they observed around them. The science has proven them right. Why must you constantly impugn their motives? And what is this propensity to fling the word racist and its cognates around? I vote for removing all references to racism, etc, to stop declaring who or what is or is not racist, along with related moralizing adjudicating, and including the genetic backflow from the middle east in the discussion. Let's be scholarly and not political. It really is unseemly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by WirmerFlagge (talk • contribs) 15:47, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I doubt that User:Rsk6400 would see this save for my mentioning them. We attempt to be scholarly, which means using reliable sources to discuss a subject. The term is obsolete academically. "Scientifically discredited" doesn't sound political to me. Racism is a fact and used by many sources. Ironically, to me you appear to be making a political appeal. If you are on a crusade to remove the word "racist" from our articles, you won't get far unless of course it isn't sourced. Doug Weller  talk 15:58, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

Chill out, Doug. I'm not on a crusade to do anything. You really like characterizing others, don't you. Please, get off my back. Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by WirmerFlagge (talk • contribs) 16:08, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

Problems of the article
I got the impression that some editors who worked on this article have the notion that Hamites are an Ethnic group. Others (to whom I belong) are attached to mainstream science that has ceased to use the concept of a "Hamitic race" or "Hamitic languages". I'm planning to revise the article, but for now I'm convinced that the article doesn't meet the criteria for a B-Class article. Rsk6400 (talk) 09:54, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

Eurocentric ?
I don't think the word "European" is a good replacement for "Eurocentric". Samuel George Morton, mentioned in the article, surely wasn't a "European anthropologist". "European colonialism" is taken directly from the source, but in the source it is used for the time of the emergence of the concept, roughly meaning 15th to 18th centuries. The article mostly deals with the 19th / 20th centuries. And slavery in the southern US was not "European ... oppression". On the other hand, the definition in Eurocentrism describes exactly the world view of the early proponents of our theory. That word did not exist until the 1970's is not a reason against using it, because it was coined from the beginning to describe / criticize thoughts of the past. --Rsk6400 (talk) 18:24, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't agree that Eurocentric is the correct word. Granted that Morton etc were not European, but the afrocentrists were definitely not eurocentric. In addition it seems the word Hamite was invented before the advent of colonialism too. Perhaps the first sentence should be simplified to read: "Hamites is the name formerly used for some North African peoples, in the context of a now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races which was developed originally by Europeans in support of discrimination and slavery." Wdford (talk) 21:27, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I like your solution very much, but I exchanged "discrimination" for "colonialism", since in those early centuries the experience of "discrimination" was largely restricted to free Blacks and native Americans living in direct contact with Europeans, i.e. to a small minority. I also deleted the sentence about afrocentrists and white supremacists because I think the "alike" of the source refers to a specific time, and was certainly not true for the 19th century. The term "white supremacists" has often been removed by vandals and has each time been restored by one of many constructive editors, so maybe its absence from the current version will lead to further discussion. I personally think that it is important to state that "Hamites" were not a neutral scientific theory, but a theory developed in support of white supremacy. This is sufficiently well expressed in your phrase, so that the word "white supremacists" is no longer needed. --Rsk6400 (talk) 09:47, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

What seems to be the problem? because there seems to be no valid reason for ommiting the parts explaining how it was used by white supremacists and afrocentrics alike. It removes key context and drivers, creators behind the theory which needs to be in the summary. If you think that puts undue weight on afrocentrics and holds them to the same pedegree as white supremacists you can add to a lesser degree afrocentrics or remove that altogether. But the fact that the theories proponents being white supremacists and hamite being eurocentric is not something that is disputable. or undue. As well as how it relates to colonialism slavery etc

There should be added how the theory itself is pseudoscience and pseudohistorical and discredited by modern scholars. Not just how it's outdated. Giving it some past air of legitimacy.

Also sections on how this theory inspired and was used for genocide in Rwanda and how it was used by anthropologists to create pseudo historical myths about people in NorthEast Africa should also be included. Because these are all relevant. For now the summary needs cleaning, the way the whole article stands now it almost looks like a promotional propaganda for the hypothesis and its ideas Ragnimo (talk) 09:58, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Regarding the "creators", I think by Europeans in support of colonialism and slavery is already very strong. And afrocentric authors surely were not involved in the original creation of the concept. Regarding Rwanda: Go ahead ! I don't think adding something about Rwanda would be problematic. Regarding the first source you gave: The book seems to be about the Curse of Ham, which was used by fundamentalist Christians to justify the enslavement of West Africans. This article is about the Hamitic theory, which was used by Western authors to divide Africans into "better" Hamites and "lesser" "Negroids". That's something different. Regarding pseudoscience: I could imagine a first sentence like Hamites is the name formerly used for some North African peoples in the context of a pseudoscientific model of dividing humanity into different races .... What do you think ? Regarding the article promoting the Hamitic theory: Could you name some examples ? --Rsk6400 (talk) 15:19, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with you, the opening is far too didatic for an encyclopedia, and while it is obviously true that scientific racism was used to justify imperialism and slavery in the 19th century (though not at the same time, neither by generally the same people), is absoluteley not a consensus that scientific racism was created to justify imperialism or slavery. Just because an idea was used for a purpose it doesn't mean that it was created with that purpose. There were racial scientists who opposed Imperialism, and many were actually abolitionists Knoterification (talk) 03:59, 28 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The AABA (formerly AAPA) to which the introducing sentence is sourced, is the most respected international (sic) body of biological (physiological) anthropologists. If they publish a document, we may assume that they express consensus. Rsk6400 (talk) 09:26, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

I think Samuel Morton invented the word “Negroid”
I don’t have access to Oxford etymology dictionary. According to etymology.com the first use of the word “Negroid” was in 1844. This is the same year Morton’s Crania Ægyptiaca was published. If anyone has a subscription for Oxford source I think they can prove it

https://www.etymonline.com/word/negroid

If anyone can prove this I’d kindly ask them to add this to the section “Negroid rather than Negro”.

On reference 50 I cited etymology.com. If anyone can find anything you can replace that reference. Thank you Markj573 (talk) 00:11, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Case for keeping “Negroid rather than Negro”
Because of the long rambling thread I decided to make a new section to make it easier to put my final arguments. In the latest version of the article I added a quote from Types of Mankind “inhabited by races unlike Asiatics, and equally unlike Negroes: but forming in anthropology a connecting link, and, geographically, another gradation. To say nothing of Egyptians proper, such were and are the Nubians, the Abyssinians, the Gallas, the Barabra, no less than the whole native population of the Barbary States.”

All these groups are people considered Hamites (see Sergi, which I had referenced in the latest version). Sergi also believed that Hamites are native Africans The latest version of the article shows Types of Mankind interpretation of Egyptians being Hamites (see latest image I uploaded, swarthy races Hamites. I also added a reference where they used the same image to strengthen their view the early Egyptians were Negroid. It’s just as relevant as Johnston who also identified Egyptians, Somali, Gala as Negroid. Rawlinson believed that Hamites (including Egyptians who are considered Hamites) were native to Africa, and an intermediate type between Caucasian and Negro

It’s established earlier in the article that Morton is an important figure in development of the Hamitic hypothesis. His changing views on the subject are very relevant to the Hamitic hypothesis. I want to emphasize there are different interpretations of the Hamitic hypothesis, as already stated Sergi didn’t believe they came from Asia

I’ll wait for third party to put in input but this is my case. The purpose of my recent edits were to tie in all these views with the Hamitic hypothesis, which should strengthen my case the additions should be added to this article Markj573 (talk) 17:12, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for considerably improving the readability of your comment. Since Wikipedia doesn't allow original research (see WP:OR), I think that we can only use those sources if an explicite connection is made to "Hamites" - not by us editors, but by the sources, preferably academic secondary sources (see WP:PSTS for the difference between primary and secondary sources). The sources you used are all primary ones. An additional problem is that you combine sources by different authors, who have (or may have) their own specific theories and so cannot be combined into a single system.
 * An extra word about the Britannica article: It said that "Negroid" should be used instead of "Negro", not that it was used. Negroid was normally used as a technical term for a race (understood as a biologically distinct variety of humans) in the context of racist theories that have been totally debunked. Rsk6400 (talk) 17:35, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The Britannia article was saying “Negroid” was a more broad term, and that “Negro” was more specific pertaining to pure Negroes. The article contrasts the west African “Negroes” with the “Negroid Bantu”. Meaning the Bantu were less stereotypically Negro
 * I won’t make any more edits and just see what 3rd party arbitration says. I will concede to anything they say Markj573 (talk) 17:41, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Correction: west African negro doesn’t appear in the article, I was thinking about another work. Here is an exact quote
 * ”In this tract are found the true negroes; and their nearest relatives, the Bantu-negroids, are found to the south of the last-mentioned line.” “ the Bantu-speaking peoples in the southern portion of the continent is not certain, but as the latter appear to approach the Hamites in those characteristics in which they differ from the true negroes” Bantu-Negroids is literally Bantu-Negro likes
 * “The suffix "-oid" means "similar to". Negroid as a noun was used to designate a wider or more generalized category than Negro”
 * Markj573 (talk) 19:17, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I can cite this as a secondary source which should make my contributions valid “Ancient Egyptians in Black and White: ‘Exodus: Gods and Kings’ and the Hamitic Hypothesis”
 * “ Another scholar worth noting for his claims about ancient dark-skinned Caucasians is Samuel George Morton (1799–1851), known as the father figure of the American school of ethnology and often cited for his influence on the Hamitic Hypothesis (Sanders 1969, pp. 527–28; Trafton 2004, p. 17; Baden and Moss 2014)”
 * “ With the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century, the Hamitic Hypothesis became more entrenched. Other scholars built upon Morton’s writings, and, with the help of Josiah Clark Nott (1804–1873) and George Robins Gliddon (1809–1857), the emerging field of Egyptology adopted and refined the White-Hamite concept (Gliddon and Nott 1854). By 1879, Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages (1810–1892) could comment on the irony of dark-skinned Caucasians while still accepting this racialization as a fact. He writes, “Amongst the Whites there are entire populations, whose skin is as black as that of the darkest Negro” (de Quatrefages 1879, p. 48). For example, he describes the Bishareen, a contemporary Egyptian tribe of people, as having “even a darker hue than the true Negro,” and later he notes that he finds it inconceivable that the ancient Egyptian looked any different from these dark Egyptians of his day (de Quatrefages 1879, pp. 50, 257). Thus, by the close of the nineteenth century, the Hamitic Hypothesis had established a well-respected racial (il)logic capable of circumventing its own admitted anxieties that the ancient Egyptians’ skin color (or other features) should lead them to be classified with other dark-skinned Africans rather than Europeans.“
 * The 1854 book cited is specifically Types of Mankind. I said earlier I wouldn’t edit but with this source I think I can include it Markj573 (talk) 02:40, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * If you said something earlier, you should keep your promises. You still largely rely on primary sources, you use WP:EDITORIALIZING, and you are still combining sources (WP:SYNTH). Also, you should really be careful regarding punctuation, spelling and use of blanks. Rsk6400 (talk) 06:19, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Since you have determined the quote from Johnston is relevant I think we can restore “Negroid rather than Negro” and remove all quotes from Rawlinson. Morton and Types of Mankind are both important parts of the Hamitic hypothesis (see source provided). The parts about “it should be noted” should be removed and exact quotes from the text, including the images, should stay. I can even remove almost everything except exact quotes. I can also upload images from pages 238-239 with caption directly quoting the source without any commentary “strengthen our view that the Egyptians of the first dynasties were Negroid”
 * I have not engaged in synthesis because that means combining sources to come up with new ideas, which I have not done.
 * punctuation, spacing ext. can be handled by other editors
 * “Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any source.”
 * For example the link to the etymology dictionary says that in 1844 Negroid meant hybrid, which I included in the text. The 1911 Encyclopedia says that the word Negro was reserved for those with the highest degree of Negro characteristics, and Negroid is a more general term. I did not synthesize a new conclusion Markj573 (talk) 10:26, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I have a new idea. Keep Johnston in “Hamitisiced Negroes” and add a new section of “recanted views on race of the Egyptians” which will only have 3 quotes. One from Morton and 2 from Nott and Gliddon. I will keep the two picture not have to upload any new ones
 * The secondary source I provided says Morton, Gliddon, Nott are all important figures in Hamitic hypothesis.
 * See pages 229-232 for Morton’s changing views on race of the Egyptians Markj573 (talk) 11:58, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The title of the section can be changed Markj573 (talk) 11:59, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The secondary source I provided says that black skin Caucasians are part of the Hamitic hypothesis. This makes Morton's quote relevant because he says they were black Caucasians
 * I provided quotes but minimized commentary in the latest revision Markj573 (talk) 14:34, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I don’t know if there is a way for people to make a draft to review. Here is a link to the latest version I made
 * In your comment you said “still not relevant”. Can you explain why it isn’t relevant Markj573 (talk) 17:07, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I was thinking remove everything else from the section after the link to Morton’s letters to Gliddon. Other than that link there would only be the quote from Morton to Mr. Bartlett and no pictures. Rename it “Morton’s later views on race of the Egyptians”. I have two citations about Morton’s “father of scientific racism” and importance to Hamitic Hypothesis Markj573 (talk) 01:08, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I withdraw the dispute. I was unaware of Wikis secondary source policy. Someone else could revive the section if they find secondary sources. I did provide a secondary source, someone else can make a judgement if that is enough. I have no further contributions  Markj573 (talk) 14:45, 2 August 2023 (UTC)
 * It’s a surprising blind spot in academia, no source seems to acknowledge that Morton recanted much of his work on origins of Egyptians or that Nott and Gliddon called them Negroid”. I think it’s a certain kind of political correctness bias in academics (ironically) while racists would also overlook their new opinions.
 * what I mean by political correctness bias is they see these people as one dimensional racists and overlook that their opinions evolved over time. It was around 1846 when their opinions changed. They were racists but they did change opinions on some things.
 * Types of Mankind page 232 Markj573 (talk) 15:14, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hamites


text:
User talk:Peiling

I can see that you have done some practice in the Sandbox and that is great. Now please complete Assignments 3 and 4 on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kaisersanders/ELP127. For Assignment 3 you need to make an edit to an existing Wikipedia page (not including the sandbox or class sandbox.) For Assignment 4, please make a significant contribution to a Wikipedia page (add a section or at least a full paragraph.)  Please let me know if you have any questions.

 * DJKS 14:31, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Revisions
Assignment 3 is complete, but you still need to complete Assignment 4. Please do that right away.

As I said in class, lists of information are not appropriate for the Wikipedia. Please revise what you originally submitted to the SLAM page or help with other contributions. Thanks for adding in the internal links, but I'd still like to see a little more.

 * DJKS 14:28, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peiling


text:
Talk:IDS Center

Untitled
I think IDS stands (er, stood) for Information Decision Systems. That name (or something similar) is plastered on one wall inside the building. Then again, I can't really find any info via Google linking the two names together, so I don't know for certain (and my memory might just be playing tricks on me). —Mulad 14:31, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The IDS company that built and occupied the tower for many years was Investors' Diversified Services (IDS). That company was bought by American Express in the 80's and renamed American Express Financial Advisors in the 90's.  There is a 7/14/04 Star Tribune article that mentions a company called Decision Systems which is located in the IDS tower changing its name recently to International Decision Systems to gain the IDS acronym. Dfarmer 15:36, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, that might be what I saw. —Mulad 01:47, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Definitely agree with Dfarmer above that it was Investors Diversified Services at the outset. Is there a particular reason why it isn't mentioned in the article? I would think most people who stumble upon would be curious. EDIT: Whoops, it's in the infobox. Not made explicit but it is there.

Could we get a redirect from "IDS Tower" to this page of "IDS Center"? I used to live in Minneapolis, and always thought of it as the former. I then did a serach here for it and came up with nothing.

I think "IDS Tower" refers to the tower itself and "IDS Center" refers to the entire block including Marquette Hotel and Crystal Court. Also, halos and antennas don't count when determining building height. 225 South Sixth should be 775 feet tall to the roof, not the top of the halo.

Role of Target/Dayton-Hudson Corp
I remember reading a few years back in the Star Tribune that the IDS was actually a joint venture between IDS (Investors Diversified Services, now Ameriprise) and Dayton-Hudson (Now Target). Both companies had their headquarters in the building, and were the primary two tenants until a few years back when both Ameriprise (which was still AmEx Financial) and Target both built new headquarters buildings. This should probably be mentioned in the article, but I don't have a cite, other than my memory of the Strib article... --Rehcsif 15:57, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on IDS Center. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070607214931/http://www.startribune.com/535/story/1225387.html to http://www.startribune.com/535/story/1225387.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071207210640/http://wcco.com/local/ids.fall.injured.2.603268.html to http://wcco.com/local/ids.fall.injured.2.603268.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070928012122/http://www.rakemag.com/stories/printable.aspx?itemID=4482&catID=146&SelectCatID=146 to http://www.rakemag.com/stories/printable.aspx?itemID=4482&catID=146&SelectCatID=146
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060525134813/http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/nc/ne/?id=101285 to http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/nc/ne/?id=101285
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060519183829/http://public.fotki.com/MNCapital/twincitiespagecom/minneapolis_buildings/ids_tower/ to http://public.fotki.com/MNCapital/twincitiespagecom/minneapolis_buildings/ids_tower/

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title: Talk:IDS Center


text:
Alan Barlow

Sir James Alan Noel Barlow, 2nd Baronet (25 December 1881 – 28 February 1968) was a British civil servant and collector of Islamic and Chinese art. He was Principal Private Secretary to Ramsay MacDonald, 1933–1934, and later Under-secretary at HM Treasury.

Personal life and education
Barlow was born in London, the eldest son of Sir Thomas Barlow, 1st Baronet, Royal physician, and his wife Ada Dalmahoy. He attended Marlborough College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, graduating with a first class degree in literae humaniores in 1904.

In 1911 Barlow and Nora Darwin, the daughter of Horace Darwin and grand-daughter of Charles Darwin (see Darwin — Wedgwood family) were married. They had six children:

 * Joan Helen Barlow (26 May 1912 – 21 February 1954).
 * Sir Thomas Erasmus Barlow, 3rd Baronet (23 January 1914 – 12 October 2003), naval officer.
 * Erasmus Darwin Barlow (15 April 1915 – 2 August 2005).
 * Andrew Dalmahoy Barlow (16 September 1916 – 2006), son: Martin T. Barlow, mathematician.
 * Hilda Horatia Barlow (14 September 1919 – 1 February 2017) husband: John Hunter Padel, psychoanalyst; daughter: Ruth Padel, poet.
 * Horace Basil Barlow (8 December 1921 – 5 July 2020).

He was a member of the Savile and Athenaeum clubs in London where he was able to meet political contacts during his career. He started collecting Islamic pottery and Chinese ceramics as a child and later donated pieces to museums and the University of Sussex. He was also a bibliophile and interested in archaeology. From 1948 until 1955 he was a trustee of the National Gallery, and its chair from 1949 – 1951. He was also a president of the Oriental Ceramic Society from 1943 – 1964.

Career
He began a career as a civil servant as a clerk in the House of Commons in 1906. He was then chosen as a junior examiner in the Board of Education and in 1914 became private secretary to the parliamentary secretary. The First World War altered the direction of his career since in 1915 he was moved to the Ministry of Munitions to be private secretary to Christopher Addison, who became the Minister. In 1917 he was promoted to be deputy controller of labour supply and in 1918 became controller of the labour department. When the war ended he was in charge of demobilization and training in the new Ministry of Labour. In 1924 he was promoted to principal assistant secretary in charge of the industrial relations department of the Ministry. His role focused on training after 1929 and the establishment of government training centres, although there remained a lack of training by industry.

In 1933 he was appointed as the principal private secretary to Ramsay MacDonald, the prime minister. However, the two men were not suited to each other and in 1934 Barlow was transferred to the Treasury where he remained, rising to a senior position and being a member of several committees that together were concerned with the machinery of government. It has been considered that he made creative changes that improved the civil service. However he did not lead on changes needed as the government intervened more in economic and social policy from the late 1940s onwards. He was in favour of education expenditure, especially in technical and scientific areas. He chaired a committee in 1945 - 1946 that recommended foundation of a new technological university and increasing the number of science graduates, but it was not implemented. He retired in 1948 but continued to be a member of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy.

Barlow was a knight three times over; a baronet and a knight of both the Order of the Bath and the Order of the British Empire:
 * 1918 New Year Honours awarded CBE
 * 1928 New Year Honours awarded CB
 * The King's Birthday Honours 1938 awarded KBE
 * The King's Birthday Honours 1942 awarded KCB
 * 1947 New Year Honours awarded GCB

title: Alan Barlow


text: Template:Rush

title: Template:Rush


text: User talk:66.63.117.188

title: User talk:66.63.117.188


text:
Sir Thomas Barlow, 1st Baronet

Sir Thomas Barlow, 1st Baronet, (4 November 1845 – 12 January 1945) was a British royal physician, known for his research on infantile scurvy.

Early life
Barlow was the son of a Lancashire cotton manufacturer and Mayor of Bolton, James Barlow (1821–1887). The family were well known as philanthropists in their home village of Edgworth, Lancashire where they funded charities connected with the Methodist church including the Children's Home.

He studied as an undergraduate at Manchester and London. University College London (UCL) Bachelor of Medicine (BM) in 1873 and Doctor of Medicine (MD) 1874.

Career
He became a registrar at Great Ormond Street Hospital, and later a physician and in 1899 a consultant. He was professor at the UCL from 1895 to 1907, initially of paediatrics and later of clinical medicine.

In 1883, he showed that infantile scurvy was identical with adult scurvy. Barlow's disease – infantile scurvy – is named after him.

He was Royal Physician to Queen Victoria and attended her on her death, and to Edward VII and King George V. He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in March 1901, and in February 1902 he was created a Baronet, of Wimpole Street in St Marylebone in the County of London. He was President of the Royal College of Physicians from 1910–1914 and delivered their Harveian Oration in 1916 on the subject of Harvey, The Man and the Physician. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1918.

Barlow received the honorary degree Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from the Victoria University of Manchester in February 1902, in connection with the 50th jubilee celebrations of the establishment of the university. In 1904, he was listed honorary medical staff at King Edward VII's Hospital for Officers.

Marriage and children
Barlow married Ada Helen Dalmahoy, daughter of Patrick Dalmahoy WS, on 28 December 1880. They had the following children:

 * Sir James Alan Noel Barlow, 2nd Bt. (1881–1968), who married Emma Nora Darwin, the granddaughter of Charles Darwin (see Darwin — Wedgwood family).
 * Sir Thomas Dalmahoy Barlow (1883–1964)
 * Patrick Basil Barlow (23 October 1884 – 18 January 1917), killed in the First World War
 * Helen Alice Dorothy Barlow (4 May 1887 – 16 September 1975), died unmarried - see Re Barlow's Will Trusts. With her father, she was a member of the London Survey Committee, a voluntary organisation publishing architectural surveys of the capital.
 * Gertrude Mary Barlow (August 1888 – 22 July 1889), died in infancy

Death and legacy
He died 12 January 1945 at 10 Wimpole Street, London aged 99. Barlow's papers are preserved in the archive of the Wellcome Library.

title: Sir Thomas Barlow, 1st Baronet


text:
Todd Hamilton

William Todd Hamilton (born October 18, 1965) is an American professional golfer. He is best known for his victory at the 2004 Open Championship.

Early life
Hamilton was born in the small west-central Illinois city of Galesburg. He grew up in an even smaller town, Oquawka, in Henderson County on the Mississippi River. His parents were the owners of a small grocery story called "Hamilton's." He attended Union High School in Biggsville, Illinois (now West Central High School) and the University of Oklahoma, where he played collegiately.

Professional career
Hamilton turned professional in 1987 but was unable to gain entrance to the PGA Tour. Instead he played internationally for many years, primarily on the Japan Golf Tour after gaining his card as winner of the 1992 Asia Golf Circuit Order of Merit winner. When he left the Japan Golf Tour after 12 seasons, he was the tour's 2nd all-time leading non-Japanese money winner (to USA's David Ishii), with earnings of over 630 million yen (about $6.18 million in 2014 US dollars) with 11 tour wins.

After eight tries, at the age of 38, Hamilton went back to Qualifying School in 2003, where he finally earned his first PGA Tour card.

Hamilton captured his first PGA Tour win at the 2004 Honda Classic. He birdied the final two holes to beat Davis Love III by one stroke at 12 under par. Later that year, Hamilton won a major championship in one of golf's all-time upsets when he defeated Ernie Els in a four-hole playoff to win The Open Championship at Royal Troon Golf Club. After shooting an opening round 71, Hamilton fired a second round 67 to move to -4 and a fifth-place tie with future World Golf Hall of Famers Els, Vijay Singh and Colin Montgomerie as well as Michael Campbell. Hamilton again shot a 67 in the third round to take a one-shot lead over Els. Entering the tournament's 72nd hole, Hamilton held a one-shot lead over Els, but Hamilton bogeyed the 18th hole, leaving Els with a 12-foot birdie putt for the win, which he missed. Els and Hamilton headed for the four-hole aggregate playoff, in which Hamilton carded four pars while Els managed three pars and a bogey, and Hamilton took the win.

These two victories in his first season on the PGA Tour led to Hamilton being named the 2004 PGA Tour Rookie of the Year and reaching a peak world ranking of 16. In his 187 subsequent tour starts, he missed the cut 111 times and had just three top-10 finishes. In 2006, Hamilton captained the American team in ITV's celebrity golf tournament, the All*Star Cup.

He lost his full exempt status on the PGA Tour in 2010. Hamilton played on the Web.com Tour in 2014 and 2015. Hamilton became eligible to play on  the  Champions Tour after turning fifty years of age in October 2015.

Personal life
Hamilton lives in Westlake, Texas.

PGA Tour wins (2)
PGA Tour playoff record (1–0)

Japan Golf Tour wins (11)
Japan Golf Tour playoff record (1–4)

Asia Golf Circuit wins (2)
Asia Golf Circuit playoff record (2–1)

Wins (1)
1Defeated Ernie Els in 4-hole playoff; Hamilton (4-4-3-4=15), Els (4-4-4-4=16).

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}}

{{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place. NT = no tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 4 (2007 PGA – 2008 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 1

Results in The Players Championship
CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = Tied

Results in senior major championships
Results not in chronological order before 2017. {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} "T" indicates a tie for a place CUT = missed the halfway cut NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

title: Todd Hamilton


text:
User talk:Nao~enwiki

Thanks for your minor edit, now please complete the significant contribution to a Wikipedia page. The instructions for this assignment are on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kaisersanders/ELP127. Please let me know if you have any questions.

 * DJKS 14:41, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for your contribution to Nagoya. This fulfills Assignment 4 for the WikiEnglish Project.

 * DJKS 15:21, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Please see my comments on the SLAM Discussion Page on reformatting your contribution and adding links. The information is great and fulfills that portion of Assignment 5, but for full credit, please finish editting your section (in addition to helping other students.)

 * DJKS 15:28, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nao. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nao~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:05, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:48, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nao~enwiki


text:
Ante Trumbić

Ante Trumbić (17 May 1864 – 17 November 1938) was a Yugoslav and Croatian lawyer and politician in the early 20th century.

Biography
Trumbić was born in Split in the Austrian crownland of Dalmatia and studied law at Zagreb, Vienna and Graz (with doctorate in 1890). He practiced as a lawyer, and then, from 1905 as the city mayor of Split. Trumbić was in favor of moderate reforms in Austro-Hungarian Slavic provinces. That included the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia-Slavonia demanded by the Rijeka Resolution Trumbić helped draw up.

After the assassination in Sarajevo of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the invasion of Serbia by Austria-Hungary, Trumbić became the prominent Yugoslav nationalist leader during World War I, and led the Yugoslav Committee that lobbied the Allies to support the creation of an independent Yugoslavia. Trumbić negotiated with Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić to have the Kingdom of Serbia support the creation of a Yugoslav state, which was delivered at the Corfu Declaration on 20 July 1917 that advocated the creation of a united state of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes that would be led by the Serbian House of Karađorđević. Trumbić led the Yugoslav Committee delegation at the conference in 1918 that produced the Geneva Declaration.

In 1918, he became foreign minister in the first government of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. At the Versailles conference after World War I, Trumbić had to represent Yugoslav concerns in the face of Italian territorial ambitions in Dalmatia (temporarily settled in 1920, but raised again with Benito Mussolini).

In spite of his support for a united Yugoslavia, Trumbić opposed the 1921 constitution over his belief that it was too centralized and allowed Serb hegemony over Yugoslavia. Trumbić was one of 35 representatives to vote against the constitution amid a wide boycott of the National Assembly by opposition parties. Trumbić grew steadily disillusioned with the Yugoslav government over time which he saw as Serb-dominated. He was elected for the last time in the 1927 elections on the list of the Croatian Bloc representing Zagreb together with Ante Pavelić (1869–1938).

In 1929, claiming to bring an end to the ongoing bickering between the Serbian and the Croatian representatives within the kingdom, King Alexander of Yugoslavia staged a coup d'état and banned all political parties, and removed the individual nationalities Serb and Croat from the bigger picture. He renamed the land Yugoslavia, and abrogated the constitution to establish a royal dictatorship. Trumbić was by now in retirement in Zagreb. King Alexander's division of Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia into oblasts and then into banovinas, countered all previous reforms Trumbić had sought. In a September 1932 interview with The Manchester Guardian Trumbić wondered whether Croatia should separate from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and pursue a union with Austria. In November 1932 Trumbić edited the Zagreb Points, a series of demands put forth by the Peasant-Democratic coalition to counter Serbian hegemony.

With the arrest of Croatian Peasant Party leader Vladko Maček in April 1933 Trumbić and Josip Predavec became the caretaker heads of the party. With Predavec's assassination on 14 July, Trumbić was essentially the head of the party in Maček's absence. According to Henri Pozzi, Trumbić later regretted the end of Austria-Hungary, as the South Slav state he had helped to create proved incapable of his intended reforms.

title: Ante Trumbić


text:
Bodedern

Bodedern is a village and community in the west of Anglesey, Wales. At the 2001 census, it had a population of 1,074, decreasing slightly to 1,051 at the 2011 census. The community includes the settlements of Llanllibio and Pen-llyn.

Location

Bodedern lies on the B5109, about 1 mi east of its junction with the A4025 south of Llanfachraeth. About 2 mi to the south, beyond the A55 road lie the villages of Caergeiliog and Llanfihangel yn Nhowyn. The Valley Wetlands, an area of lakes and marshes and a RSPB bird sanctuary, lie between these two villages. Bodedern is the closest village to the island's largest natural lake, Llyn Llywenan, which lies 1 km to the north.

Education
The village has a bilingual primary school, Ysgol Gynradd Bodedern, and a secondary school, Ysgol Uwchradd Bodedern.

Sport
The village's football team, Bodedern Athletic F.C. play in the Welsh Alliance League. Bodedern was the site of the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 2017. It hosted several matches during the 2019 Inter Games Football Tournament.

Listed buildings
The parish church (St Edern's Church, Bodedern) dates from the 14th century and is a Grade II* listed building, being listed because it is considered a good example of a late medieval church with some fine interior fittings.

Presaddfed Hall is a small grade II* listed country house which stands amongst woodlands to the north-east of the village at the southern tip of Llyn Llywenan. The main block was built in 1686 and is joined to an earlier block by a later block built in 1875. A walled garden lies to the east of the house. The manor was once the seat of the Lewis family, William Lewis (born 1526) is an example who served as High Sheriff of Anglesey, and was a politician holding public offices in parliament. The hall is now a country hotel.

Presaddfed Burial Chamber is a pair of Neolithic chamber tombs located a short distance northwest of Bodedern near the southern end of Llyn Llywenan.

The other scheduled monument within the community is an early Christian cemetery, east of the village, which is thought to be the location of an ancient chapel, Eglwys Ederyn. The site, at which 114 burials were recorded, was excavated in 1971, revealing several stone cists, and a stone inscribed with the word 'Ercagni', now kept in Bodedern Church.

Notable people

 * William Roberts (1830–1899) a British physician whose work contributed to the discovery of penicillin
 * Dion Donohue (born 1993), footballer, with over 250 club caps

title: Bodedern


text:
Application Center Test

Application Center Test (ACT) is a Microsoft load testing tool for web servers, focused on ASP.NET. It simulates numerous HTTP sessions from one machine. Using a bank of multiple computers, all firing off repeated HTTP requests, a significant load can be simulated. Tests can be written in either of the Microsoft scripting languages: VBScript and JScript. The tool can also be used for functional testing, although that is not what it is designed for. It also contains a recording function to create test cases without having to program them in.

Application Center Test was bundled with Visual Studio .NET 2003 Enterprise Architect and Enterprise Developer editions. Its main competitor is HP LoadRunner.

Application Center Test has been replaced with more powerful enterprise web application stress testing tools in Visual Studio 2005, specifically the Visual Studio 2005 Team Edition for Software Testers and the more recent Visual Studio Test Professional 2012

title: Application Center Test


text:
Doll Man

Doll Man is a superhero first appearing in American comic books from the Golden Age of Comics, originally published by Quality Comics and currently part of the DC Comics universe of characters. Doll Man was created by cartoonist Will Eisner and first appeared in a four-page story entitled "Meet the Doll Man" in Feature Comics #27. He was Quality's first super-powered character.

The issue's December 1939 cover date indicates that Doll Man is the first comic book superhero with a shrinking power. He notably predates the more-famous Ray Palmer (DC's the Atom) and Hank Pym (Marvel Comics' Ant-Man) by two decades.

Quality Comics publication history
The secret identity of Doll Man, "The World's Mightiest Mite", is research chemist Darrel Dane, who invents a formula that enables him to shrink to the height of six inches while retaining the full strength of his normal size. He was the first example of a shrinking superhero, and also one of the few that was unable to change to a height in between his minimum and maximum sizes (though artists would fail to keep his scale visually consistent). His first adventure in Feature Comics #27 involves the rescue of his fiancée, Martha Roberts, from a blackmailer. He subsequently decides to fight crime and adopts a red and blue costume sewn by Martha. Years later, somehow Martha's wish to be able to join him in his small size comes true, and now possessing the same shrinking powers, she becomes his partner known as Doll Girl in Doll Man #37. He also has the aid of Elmo the Wonder Dog, a Great Dane who serves as his occasional steed and rescuer, and the "Dollplane", which was deceptively presented as a model airplane in his study when not in use. In his adventures published during World War II, Doll Man was also frequently depicted riding a bald eagle.

The covers of Doll Man's comics frequently portrayed him tied in ropes or other bindings, in situations ranging from being tied crucifixion-style to a running sink faucet, to being hogtied to the trigger and barrel of a handgun. The persistence of this male bondage motif in Doll Man comics among others can be contrasted with other comic books which historically portrayed women in positions of vulnerability and submission.

Doll Man was the lead feature of the anthology series Feature Comics through #139 (October, 1949), with Eisner writing the early stories under the pen name William Erwin Maxwell, and art contributed first by Lou Fine, and later by Reed Crandall. Doll Man's own self-titled series ran from 1941 until 1953, for forty-seven issues. After the cancellation of Doll Man, original stories involving the character were not published again for two decades.

Darrel Dane
After Quality Comics went out of business in 1956, DC acquired their superhero characters. Doll Man and several other former Quality properties were re-launched in Justice League of America #107 (October 1973) as the Freedom Fighters. As was done with many other characters DC had acquired from other publishers or that were holdovers from Golden Age titles, the Freedom Fighters were located on a parallel world, one called Earth-X where Nazi Germany had won World War II. The team were featured in their own series for fifteen issues (1976–1978), in which the team temporarily leaves Earth-X for Earth-1 (where most DC titles were set). Doll Man was an occasional guest star in All-Star Squadron, a superhero team title that was set on Earth-2, the locale for DC's WWII-era superheroes, at a time prior to when he and the other Freedom Fighters are supposed to have left for Earth-X. Doll Man then appeared with the rest of DC's entire cast of superheroes in Crisis on Infinite Earths, a story that was intended to eliminate the similarly confusing histories that DC had attached to its characters by retroactively merging the various parallel worlds into one. This erased Doll Man's Earth-X days, and merged the character's All-Star Squadron and Freedom Fighter histories so that he is primarily a member of the Squadron, of which the Freedom Fighters are merely a splinter group.

Until the relaunch of the Freedom Fighters characters in 2006, Doll Man was little used by DC except for the retelling of his origin from Feature Comics #27 in Secret Origins #8 (November 1986). According to Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters #5 (January 2007), Darrel Dane is currently alive and confined to an unnamed mental institution.

In Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters v2 #3 (November 2007) Dane (whose given name is given as "Darryl" or "Darrel") appears as the leader of a subersive group of doll-sized soldiers. He reveals that the years spent at compressed size have damaged his mind, leaving him mentally unstable.

Lester Colt
A new Doll Man, alias Lester Colt was introduced in Crisis Aftermath: The Battle for Blüdhaven, a mini-series published by DC in 2006.

Lester Colt is a famous U.S. special operator, holding a B.A. in international politics and advanced degrees in the sciences. He is an "Operational Management and Strategic Adviser" to S.H.A.D.E. Colt seems to be highly trained in the martial arts, as well as being a very capable battlefield leader. Lester has a series of action figures named in his honor. However, he follows an "ends justifies the means" policy in his mission, and in Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters #1 is shown cold-bloodly killing a drug dealer in front of the man's young son at the boy's birthday party (he had infiltrated the drug dealer's home disguised as one of his own action figures). This action earns his a severe rebuke from the revived Uncle Sam in later issues when he detects from S.H.A.D.E. and joins the new Freedom Fighters.

Colt is a highly decorated "old soldier", and his personal decorations include the Legion of Merit, six Silver Stars for gallantry, fourteen Bronze Stars for Valor, and seventeen Purple Hearts.

Colt is romantically involved with scientist and former S.H.A.D.E. employee, Emma Glenn. Eager to contribute to his country, in something other than war, Lester agreed to an experiment created by Emma's father, which reduced him to his present height. A S.H.A.D.E. squad, masquerading as a terrorist group, killed Emma's father and destroyed the lab. Now stuck at a permanent height of six inches tall, Colt attempted to distance himself from Glenn, hoping to spare her the pain of a miniaturized boyfriend. Despite this, there are still strong feelings between the two and they are learning to cope with their new situation. This is aided by trips to The Heartland, the current Freedom Fighters' extradimensional home base, where colt is mystically restored to full height for brief periods.

In the new Freedom Fighters series (2007–08), Lester undergoes a procedure with several other shrunken people, including Darrel Dane, to be returned to normal size. The experiment goes horribly wrong, and the group are fused together into a human-sized monstrosity. Lester is eventually freed and returned to his normal size.

Powers and abilities
By willing himself, Doll Man can shrink to the height of six inches and a proportionate weight or return to his normal size. At his six-inch height, Doll Man retained the strength and athletics of a full grown man. In recent years, he have developed psionic powers, enabling him to levitate objects or destroy them with a mental blast. He has apparently aged a little, but not at all for decades, perhaps due to the mystic presence of Uncle Sam. Dane wears a special costume that changes size as he does. As Doll Man, he possesses a brilliant mind, as well as unarmed combat skills.

The second Doll Man has similar powers and access to high-tech equipment.

Other versions

 * A version of Doll Man and Doll Girl about whom little has been revealed briefly appeared in Titans Secret Files #2.
 * DC has another unrelated character called Doll Man, a non-powered criminal who encounters Batgirl.
 * In the final issue of 52, a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "Earth-10". As a result of Mister Mind "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-X, including the Quality characters. The names of the characters and the team are not mentioned in the panel in which they appear, but a character visually similar to the Darrel Dane Doll Man appears. Based on comments by Grant Morrison, this alternate universe is not the pre-Crisis Earth-X.

Television

 * An unrelated Dollman inspired by the Puppeteer appears in The Adventures of Batman episode "Beware of Living Dolls".
 * The Darrel Dane incarnation of Doll Man appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Cry Freedom Fighters!", voiced by Jason C. Miller.
 * An unidentified Doll Man makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Harley Quinn episode "Icons Only". This version is a Las Vegas performer who is killed by Starro during a fight with Rag Doll.

Miscellaneous

 * An unidentified Doll Man appears in Justice League Unlimited #17.
 * An alternate universe incarnation of Doll Man, spelled Dollman, appears in Freedom Fighters: The Ray, voiced by Matthew Mercer. This version hails from Earth-X.

title: Doll Man


text:
PAF

PAF may refer to:

Computing

 * Personal Ancestral File, a genealogy data program
 * PME Aggregation Function, a networking technology
 * Postcode Address File, a collection of UK postal addresses and postcodes, available from Royal Mail
 * .PAF, filename extension of PortableApps files

Medicine

 * Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
 * Platelet-activating factor
 * Population attributable fraction (epidemiology)
 * Pure autonomic failure
 * Penicillum antifungal proteins

Military

 * Palestinian Arab Front
 * Protestant Action Force

Air forces

 * Pakistan Air Force
 * PAF Academy Risalpur, see Pakistan Air Force Academy
 * PAF College Lower Topa
 * PAF College Sargodha
 * Patrouille de France, an aerobatic team of the French Air Force
 * Philippine Air Force
 * Polish Air Force

Science

 * Phased array Feed
 * Population attributable fraction
 * Platelet-activating factor

Other uses

 * PAF (pickup), a first humbucker guitar pickup
 * Paf (company), a Finnish gambling company
 * Palestine Athletic Federation
 * Performing Arts Festival of Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
 * Professional Arena Football, a professional sport league launched in 2018
 * Pakuba Airport's IATA airport code
 * Phineas and Ferb, an animated series

title: PAF


text:
Gulf of Trieste

The Gulf of Trieste is a shallow bay of the Adriatic Sea, in the extreme northern part of the Adriatic Sea. It is part of the Gulf of Venice and is shared by Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. It is closed to the south by the peninsula of Istria, the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, shared between Croatia and Slovenia. The entire Slovenian sea is part of the Gulf of Trieste.

Overview
The gulf is limited by an imaginary line connecting the Punta Tagliamento on the Italian and Savudrija (Punta Salvore) on the Croatian coast. Its area is approximately 550 km2, its average depth is 18.7 m, and its maximum depth is 37 m. With the exception of flat islets blocking the entrance to Marano-Grado lagoon, there are no islands in the gulf. Its eastern coasts, with Trieste and the Slovenian Littoral, have more rugged relief.

The sea current in the gulf flows counterclockwise. Its average speed is 0.8 knots. Tides in the gulf are among the largest in the Adriatic Sea, but nevertheless do not usually exceed 60 cm. The average salinity is 37–38‰, but in the summer it falls below 35‰.

Its most prominent features are:
 * The Bay of Panzano in Italy
 * The Bay of Muggia in Italy
 * The Bay of Grignano in Italy
 * The Bay of Koper in Slovenia
 * The Gulf of Piran, the sovereignty over which has been a matter of dispute between Croatia and Slovenia since 1991.

The entire Slovenian coastline is located on the Gulf of Trieste. Its length is 46.6 km. Towns along the coastline include (from east to west) Koper, Izola, and Piran.

title: Gulf of Trieste


text:
Talk:Western Independence Party

Untitled
Dennis: thank you for your contribution. One of the first things you will learn here is that Wikipedia is not meant as a forum for presenting personal views. Wikipedia is intended to take a neutral tone. I have revised your contribution accordingly before someone else removes it completely. I think that this revision reach a happy compromise between Wikipedia's policy of neutrality and representing your party's platform. Can you tell us anything about your party'urrent activity? do you have riding associations? Are you planning to nominate candidates in the next provincial election? Kevintoronto 14:46, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I disagree that the Western Independence Party entry should be merged with either the Western Canada Party or the Western Canada Independence Party. They are not the same things. They don't have a common genesis. The people are different and they are from different times, the Western Independence Party founding in 1988, 25 years before the Western Canada Party. Moreover, the Western Canada Independence Party and the Western Canada Party are actually the same thing. The former was the original name of the latter but the word "independence" was refused by the registrar of Official parties so it was truncated to Western Canada Party. The Western Independence Party still exists, technically and while it isn't active, it could become so and there is nothing the WCP could do about it considering that the WCP is not the WIP. - Alan Clark

title: Talk:Western Independence Party


text:
Talk:Edlingham Castle

Untitled
It's a pleasant spot for a picnic, too! :) --Nevilley 14:47, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

History of Edlingham Castle
I just added the history section, which I think is the biggest amount I've written yet on wikipedia - therefore, I'd be well chuffed with any criticism, suggestions, corrections as to it. I'll do the church and the village next.. Henriksdal

title: Talk:Edlingham Castle


text:
Talk:Cut (cards)

Article move
Moved from Cut (playing cards) to Cut (cards) because many card games do not use standard playing cards, but do require cutting. The term cut also applies to non-game card activities such as tarot-reading. --Netoholic 14:48, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Who cuts?
Who is supposed to cut? I've heard left of dealer and right of dealer. I'm thinking right should make more sense if you are the dealer and you are dealing clockwise starting from your left. 70.111.224.85 19:57, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Number of cards
There are different ways to cut cards and have seen them cut "heavy" by cutting more than half of the deck and "light" by cutting a few cards off the top. I have seen people simply knock on the deck as if to say "I'll have you deal as is". I believe there is a symbolism to such actions and such meaning can only be inferred...such as a "wimpy" cut or a "macho" cut or a "cocky" cut... all these as attempts to psychologically affect the games outcome and appear in control. When each move counts and the stakes are high enough, what would each move symbolize.. I wonder. Comments welcome —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.65.195.68 (talk) 02:40, 11 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Some advocate that a cut must take at least 10 cards off the top and leave at least 10 cards on the table, i.e. when doing a table cut. Newwhist (talk) 16:02, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cut (cards)


text:
Advanced Medium STOL Transport

The Advanced Medium STOL Transport (AMST) project was intended to replace the Lockheed C-130 Hercules tactical transport in United States Air Force service with a new aircraft with improved STOL performance. Increased need for strategic airlift led the Air Force to cancel the AMST program and seek a larger airlifter. Under the C-X program, the YC-15's basic design would become the successful McDonnell Douglas (later Boeing) C-17 Globemaster III.

History
The Advanced Medium STOL Transport project arose from a USAF requirement released in 1968. The official RFP was issued in 1972, asking for a C-130-class aircraft with short take-off and landing capability. This included operating from a 2000 ft semi-prepared field with a 400 nmi radius with a 27000 lb payload. The C-130 of that era required about 4000 ft for this load.

Five companies (Bell, Boeing, Fairchild, McDonnell Douglas and the Lockheed/North American Rockwell team) submitted designs at this stage of the competition. On 10 November 1972, the downselection was carried out, and Boeing and McDonnell Douglas won development contracts for two prototypes each. This resulted in the YC-14 and YC-15, respectively.

Both the Boeing YC-14 and McDonnell-Douglas YC-15 met the specifications of the contest under most conditions. Both types had higher drag than expected, which decreased performance. In the end, it was found more economical to just continue production of the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, which the AMST might have replaced. The C-130 continues in production to this date.

On the Boeing YC-14, the upper-surface-blowing design for high aerodynamic lift used two jet engines that blew high-velocity airstreams over the inboard section of the wing and over special trailing-edge flaps. The large multisection flaps extended rearward and downward from the wing's trailing edge to increase the wing area, thus creating extra lift, which was further augmented by positioning the engines so their jet blast across the upper wing surfaces created still more lift. In addition, the placement of the engines above the wing prevented the engines from ingesting dirt and debris and shielded some of the engine noise from the ground so that the transport could make a quieter approach.

The McDonnell Douglas YC-15 had four engines, while the Boeing version had two. The YC-15 used large double-slotted flaps that extended over 75 percent of the wingspan to enhance STOL capabilities. To save costs, it used a modified DC-8 nosewheel unit and the DC-10 cockpit, adapted for a two-person crew, with two lower windows for visibility during short-field landings.

The increasing importance of strategic vs. tactical missions eventually led to the end of the AMST program in December 1979. Then, in November 1979, the C-X Task Force formed to develop the required strategic aircraft with tactical capability. The C-X program selected a proposal for an enlarged and upgraded YC-15 and one prototype (72-1875) was reclaimed from the Pima Air & Space Museum refurbished and returned to Edwards AFB, CA for flight testing that was later incorporated into development of the C-17 Globemaster III.

title: Advanced Medium STOL Transport


text:
User talk:Michaellin

Thanks for the added information on Olin School of Business. This will count for Assignment 3 (the minor edit.) If you would like this to also count for Assignment 4 (the significant contribution) please expande this section with more details and information.

You've picked a good page to work on because there is a lot of information on Washington University, but there was nothing on your school (Olin.) Please either add to this section or you can also choose another page to which you will make a significant contribution. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kaisersanders/ELP127 to review the instructions or contact me if you have any questions.

 * DJKS 14:49, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Olin Entry
Your entry for Olin School of Business is excellent in length. My concern is that the language seems like a combination of text found in published material and your own writing. Parts are very well formed, while other sentences need revision to correct grammar and clarity. Please go back through this section and revise to make the language all flow.

 * DJKS 14:02, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

SLAM
Thanks for all your work on the SLAM page. It's looking better and better. Just remember to make all the writing consistent in style and grammar usage.

 * DJKS 14:07, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Michaellin


text:
AMST

AMST may refer to:

 * Academy for Medical Science Technology, part of high school Bergen County Academies in New Jersey, United States
 * Advanced Medium STOL Transport
 * Academy of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum

title: AMST


text:
David Mervyn Blow

David Mervyn Blow (27 June 1931 – 8 June 2004)  was an influential British biophysicist. He was best known for the development of X-ray crystallography, a technique used to determine the molecular structures of tens of thousands of biological molecules. This has been extremely important to the pharmaceutical industry.

Early life and education
Blow was born in Birmingham, England. He was educated at Kingswood School in Bath, Somerset and the University of Cambridge where he won a scholarship to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. His PhD was awarded in 1958 for X-ray analysis of haemoglobin supervised by Max Perutz at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB).

Career and research
Following graduation from Cambridge, Blow spent two years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded by the Fulbright Foundation

In 1954, he met Max Perutz; they began to study a new technique wherein X-rays would be passed through a protein sample at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. This eventually led to the creation of a three-dimensional structure of haemoglobin. Blow was appointed professor of biophysics at Imperial College London in 1977. His doctoral students include Richard Henderson, Paul Sigler, and Alice Vrielink.

Awards and honours
Blow was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1972. He was awarded the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1987.

Personal life
Blow married Mavis Sears in 1955, and they had two children, a son Julian and a daughter Elizabeth. He died of lung cancer at the age of 72, in Appledore, Torridge (near Bideford), Devon.

title: David Mervyn Blow