text:
Talk:Video game modding

"Run Think Shoot Live" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Run Think Shoot Live. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 October 1 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 17:38, 1 October 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 20 August 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. closing as early snowball. (non-admin closure) — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 15:08, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Mod (video games) → Video game modding – Natural disambiguation, and for consistency with similar article names such as modding, video game development and video game design. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 10:08, 20 August 2021 (UTC) ZXCVBNM (TALK) 10:08, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Video games has been notified of this discussion. —  Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 16:14, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Internet culture has been notified of this discussion. —  Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 16:14, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support There would need to be a small bit of change to the lede but this article covers the action of modding and the products of modding (the "mods"), so the non-disambiguated form is better. --M asem (t) 16:45, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Support Not much to add, natural disambiguation is good. -- ferret (talk) 17:08, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nominator, and also to avoid confusion with "Mod (video game)" which would mean a video game named "Mod". J I P  | Talk 02:43, 21 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Support - WP:NATDIS. ~ Dissident93 (talk) 05:16, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Digital Media and Information in Society
— Assignment last updated by Stevesuny (talk) 14:21, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

About adding Troll Mods/contriversy section
I was wondering if topics around how mods are used for bigoted or political reasons could be added into a section. I know there are several instances that have been reported on news sites about mods removing diverse characters and subjects. Pago95 (talk) 14:23, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Video game modding


text:
Opatówek

Opatówek is a town of 3,800 inhabitants in central Poland, situated 10 km southeast from Kalisz, in the Kalisz County in the Greater Poland Voivodeship. The commune (Gmina) of Opatówek, including the town of Opatówek and 26 other villages, has about 10,000 inhabitants and is an agricultural and industrial region. (See also Commune Opatówek.)

Region
The commune is situated in a picturesque landscape of the Opatówek-Malanów Hills. The hills of Chełmce (187 m), Rajsko (177.2 m) and Tłokinia Kościelna (164.7 m) dominate the valleys of rivers Pokrzywnica, Cienia and Swędrnia. The neighbour comunes of the commune Opatówek are: Żelazków, Ceków-Kolonia and Koźminek in the north, Szczytniki in the east, Godziesze Wielkie in the south and the city of Kalisz in the west.

The architecture of Opatówek is dominated by the Neo-Gothic and classicistic style of the 19th century the most successful time of the town during the booming years of the Industrial Revolution.

Early settlements
After early Celtic settlements the region was settled between 400 BC and 300 AD by Lugii. Kalisz was an important station of the Amber Road called Calisia.

Medieval and modern times
Opatówek belonged to archbishops of Gniezno since the 13th century, who probably helped it to obtain municipal rights. The archbishop Jarosław of Bogoria and Skotnik built a brick church and a castle here in about 1360, which were visited by outstanding clergymen and civil dignitaries. Both buildings stood until the beginning of the 19th century. It was a private church town, administratively located in the Kalisz County in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. From 1655 until 1660 the area was occupied by Sweden during the Deluge. In 1706 was the great battle close to Kalisz between Saxon and Swedish armies that involved 50,000 soldiers all together. The Saxon army helped by the Russian army defeated Swedish army and Polish soldiers led by Stanisław Leszczyński.

In 1793, following the Second Partition of Poland, the town was annexed by Prussia, and the archbishops' property was confiscated by the Prussian authorities. In 1807, the town was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1807 it belonged to general Józef Zajączek, the future governor of the Congress Poland. In that time many buildings designed by the most outstanding architects were constructed; moreover, the governor carried out reforms in his property which enabled the economical development in this area.

Also Napoleon's Grande Armée passed the Kalisz County at the French invasion of Russia (1812). After the Vienna Congress 1815, the area became part of so-called Congress Poland in the Russian Partition.

Industrial Revolution and the 19th century
Beginning of the 19th century the industrial revolution did not stop at Poland. Several German industrialist's started running branches cross border. Cities on both sides of the border started booming.

With the foundation of the big weaving mill by Adolf Gottlieb Fiedler, a Saxon industrialist, Opatówek started booming. Fiedler established one of the biggest weaving mills in Congress Poland in 1824-26. The government of Congress Poland created very good conditions for the development of industry. Adolf Gottlieb Fiedler received a big loan from the Polish government to build the factory in Opatowek. Also in spite of lower salaries he followed other cloth producers to eastern regions at the time of the German industrial revolution. The German investments in Poland were followed by Saxon and Bohemian specialists to run the factories. There they found cheap workers, water power and they brought in their knowhow. The factory of Opatówek employed 600 workers and the company won several international prizes with their products. The Opatówek factory was the cash cow of Fiedler's company. The town grew with great speed.

During the January Uprising, on February 25, 1863, it was the site of a battle between Polish insurgents and Russian troops, which ended in a Polish victory. In 1870, Opatówek lost its municipal rights as a result of the suppression after the January Uprising and because of the economical decay. In the end of the 19th century a Wooden Toys Factory was established in Opatowek, whose products won numerous prizes at European expositions. The profit-making, well organised property yielded a big profit to the next owners.

The 20th century
At the end of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, Opatówek was, like most cities of Greater Poland, touched by independence movements against Prussia and Russia. After World War I, in 1918, Poland regained independence and control of Opatówek.

After the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, it was occupied by Germany until 1945. There have been several resistance movements, most of them were detected by the Gestapo.

After World War II there have been several regional changes. During the Gomułka government (1956–1970) the economy of the whole region stood still, not only because of the iron curtain. The following government, that of Edward Gierek, brought fresh wind into the region and economy grew again. Since 1990 the Third Polish Republic was founded. All Polish provinces were restructured again and Opatówek became part of Kalisz County in the restructured province Greater Poland.

Today
Nowadays there are about 800 private firms in the commune of Opatówek. They deal with production, trade or services. The Bank Spółdzielczy Ziemi Kaliskiej and a branch of the PKO Bank deal with financial service of the inhabitants, institutions and firms. In 1998 the Garden and Agriculture Fair "Pamiętajcie o ogrodach" took place in Opatówek for the first time. The local gardeners and fruit-growers, as well as exhibitors from all over the country and abroad participate in it every year. In 2001 the seventh Country-wide Youth Games for Summer Sports "Wielkopolska 2001" was inaugurated at the artificial lake in Szałe. The commune Opatówek was the host of the rowing and mountain cycling competition. The following Games for Water sports took place in summer 2004. The lake can be visited on board of the tourist ship Opatówek. The commune is represented every year by the football team "Sparta" at the regional competition. In 2006 a modern sports hall has been built where the national and international volleyball matches were held. Since 1 January 2017 Opatówek gain back their municipal rights.

Museum
The Museum of the History of Industry features a collection showing the development of industry in the Kalisz region since the beginning of the 19th century. It also contains the biggest collection of pianos and fortepianos produced on the Polish territory of Poland (in the historic building of former cloth factory). The museum was put down on the International Committee for Preservation of Industrial Heritage list. Concerts, conferences and different events (among others, the yearly musical event "Opatówecki Salon Muzyczny") take place here.

Monuments

 * A little bridge in the park, which is the oldest existing bridge made of cast iron in the former Kingdom of Poland
 * Former Adolf Gottlieb Fiedler cloth mill factory built in the style of classicism (1824), today Industry History Museum of Opatowek
 * There are some monuments from the General Zajączek's times, among them the so-called "cake shop", the palace annexe, and the farm workers’ houses.

Churches
There are 4 parish churches in the commune.
 * The oldest one - the Saint Michael Archangel's church in Rajsko - was built at the beginning of the 17th century (about 1607).
 * The wooden St. Jack Apostle in Tłokinia Koscielna was built in the end of the 17th century
 * The Neo-Gothic of Birth of Saint God Mother in Chełmce built in 1883 at the place of former sacred buildings.
 * The Neo-Gothic church of the St. Jesus' Heart in Opatówek was built in the beginning of the 20th century at the place of former sacred buildings.

Cultural institutions

 * The Communal Public Library in Opatówek has also got a broad scope of activity. It has two branches in Rajsko and Tłokinia Wielka; since 1999 it has played the role of the District Library in the Kalisz District. The library with the valuable collection of books is completely computerised.
 * A broad scope of activity is also executed by the communal Culture Centre in Opatówek and the Writer House (owned by NOT) in Tłokinia Kościelna.

General activities

 * Polish Republic Veterans and Former Political Prisoners Association,
 * Pensioners and Disabled People's Association
 * Polish Fishing Association
 * The 16 Voluntary Fire Brigades play an important role in the commune's social life. They are represented at celebrations and concerts by their brass bands. They have long traditions; the Voluntary Fire Brigade in Opatówek celebrated its 120 anniversary in 2002.
 * There are very active Farmer's Wives Circles in many villages.
 * Local football club "Sparta"
 * The Opatówek Lovers Association was founded in 1990 and publishes the magazine Opatowianin

Additional attractions

 * A narrow gauge railway from Opatowek to Zbierk, originally built for the transport of sugar-beets to the sugar factory in Zbiersk, today tourist attraction
 * A boat tour on the lake of Szałe

Transport
Another advantage is its location—10 km away from Kalisz, the big urban centre and the seat of district authorities, as well as good transport connections with Kalisz and provinces' capitals: Poznań, Łódź and Wrocław. The big transcontinental east–west motorway E30 from Berlin via Poznań, Warsaw to Moscow is just 30 km north of Opatówek under construction. Not even 100 km east, close to Łódź, there is the major east European motorway, the E75 under construction. This motorway will connect the Baltic States via Warsaw and Łódź to Prague and Athens. A cycle path runs alongside Opatówek and through the park. Tourists and travellers can find favourable conditions to take a rest in the Czarnuszka motel at the road No 12, which goes from Łęknica at the west border to Dorohusk at the Ukrainian border. Opatowek is also directly connected to Łódź and Kalisz by railway.

Education

 * a kindergarten
 * three primary schools (six classes starting at age of seven) in Cienia Druga, Sierzchow and the Janusz Kusociński School in Opatowek
 * three school groups (primary and grammar school bundled) in Chelmce, Rajsko, and Tlokinia Wielka
 * a grammar school with just new school buildings in Opatowek called Gimnazjum which has received the title of "A classy school" and won The 21st century League interdisciplinary contest. At Gimnazjum you will meet qualified, creative and helpful teachers and a lot of excellent students. More information about our school you can find here: http://gimnazjum.opatowek.pl/
 * Stanislaw Mikolajczyk school, a secondary school preparing for university and technical school for gardeners and farmers
 * Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki - a branch of the private college of Computer Science in Łódź

Notable people

 * Eugeniusz Dejter (1905–1934), doctor
 * Adolf Gottlieb Fiedler (1771–1850), Saxon entrepreneur in Saxony and Poland
 * Agaton Giller (1831–1887), Polish patriotic activist
 * Stefan Giller (1833–1918), poet, an epigone of Polish Romanticism
 * Władysław Pilars de Pilar (1874–1952), a literature professor at Warsaw University, poet and entrepreneur

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Opatówek


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Talk:FreeDOOM

Archived deletion debate from WP:VFD:

It's a stub, nothing links to it, and it consists of nothing more than a paragraph and a link to a sourceforge project. If we allowed every SF project to have its own Wikipedia entry, the Wikipedia would double in size. --Ardonik 02:55, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into DOOM community and redirect. —Stormie 03:05, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. -- Cyrius|✎ 18:23, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. They can have their own page when their project is mature enough to make DOOM playable without any proprietary data. Samboy 06:09, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

End archived debate

title: Talk:FreeDOOM


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Garri Aiba

Garri Aiba (გარი აიბა; died 9 June 2004) was an opposition leader in Abkhazia at the time of his murder. He died when his car came under fire on 9 June 2004.

History
Garri Aiba was a veteran of the 1992-1993 war with Georgia, in which he led Abkhazia anti-aircraft defenses, and a prominent businessman. From 1995 to 2000 he had been mayor of Sukhumi, capital of Abkhazia. Aiba had become one of the leaders of Amtsakhara, which was one of the main movements in opposition to the government of President Vladislav Ardzinba, two other leaders of which had also been killed in previous years.

Murder
On 9 June 2004, Aiba's car came under fire, fifty metres from his home in Sukhumi. He got out of the car in an attempt to protect his ten-year-old daughter, but was seriously injured, and died later that day in the hospital. His death sent shockwaves through Abkhaz politics. Aiba had no business links and many people claimed that the killing was politically motivated. It sparked the resignations of several prominent ministers, including foreign minister (and fellow Amtsakhara leader) Sergey Shamba, interior minister Abessalom Beiya and Givi Agrba, head of the security services. However, Shamba later denied that his resignation was related to Aiba's death, and Prime Minister Raul Khadjimba refused to accept the resignations of Beiya and Agrba.

No one has yet been charged with Aiba's murder. Former opposition leader Sergei Bagapsh has since become president.

title: Garri Aiba


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Federal University of São Carlos

The Federal University of São Carlos (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar) is a public research university located in São Carlos, state of São Paulo, Brazil.

History
On December 13, 1960, a federal statute determined the creation of a university in São Carlos. On December 1, 1968, a presidential decree was enacted to create that university and a commission was formed to coordinate the project. The result was the Federal University of São Carlos, the first federal university in São Paulo state.

Thancham's farm, localized on the border of Washington Luís highway, was chosen as the initial site. Farm buildings were adapted to provide administration, classrooms, and laboratories. In March 1970, it received its first 96 students for the science and materials engineering degree.

The university started with a strong emphasis on natural sciences. This profile changed during the 1990s, when UFSCar created more courses, departments, and added graduate programs in the humanities.

The first three academic centers were created in the 1970s. The Center for Science and Technology (CCET, in Portuguese) and the Center for Life Sciences and Health (CCBS, in Portuguese), the Education Centre and Human Sciences (CECH, in Portuguese) along with the undergraduate Biological Sciences degree were created in 1972. The first health program, undergraduate Nursing, deployed in 1977. In 1994 an undergraduate program in Physical Education began.

By the end of the 80s, the humanities professors were linked mainly to the Department of Scientific and Philosophical Foundations of Education. The university also hosted the Departments of Social Sciences, Education, philosophy, Educational Methodology and Psychology.

The Social Sciences undergraduate course began in 1991; Psychology and Library and Information Science opened in 1994; Literature and Image and Sound came in 1996, and Bachelor of Music with specialization in Music Education started in 2004.

In 2008, UFSCar adopted the federal plan to restructure and expand the public universities. Since then, it has increased the number of campuses, undergraduate and graduate courses and staff.

Academics
UFSCar offers 64 undergraduate degrees and maintains 52 graduate programs. It has an enrollment of approximately 26,000 students and 1,300 professors and researchers. 99.8% of its teaching staff are PhDs or Masters.

Through ENEM, the national test for graduating high school students, the university offers 2,897 undergraduate positions each year.

Rankings
UFSCar is ranked among the 10 best universities in Brazil according to Folha de S.Paulo's University Ranking. The Brazilian Ministry of Education gave UFSCar the maximum score for its teaching quality. Times Higher Education ranked UFSCar in 16th place on its Latin America University Rankings.

Campuses
The University has four campuses: São Carlos, Araras, Sorocaba and Lagoa do Sino.

São Carlos campus
The UFSCar's main campus, located in São Carlos, occupies an area of 645 hectares (1,590 acres). Its infrastructure includes 300 laboratories, one library with more than 280,000 books, one clinic, two theatres, nine lecture halls, 12 auditoriums, one gymnasium, one sports park, seven courts, two pools, one university restaurant, four snack bars, 124 classrooms and 672 vacancies internal and external student housing.

Located inside main campus, there is an area of about 672 hectares (1,660 acres) of cerrado, of which almost 30% are composed of preserved vegetation. That area is used for teaching and research. The University also promotes monitored visits in the area.

Because there is currently only 1% of the original cerrado vegetation that existed in the state of São Paulo (due to agriculture and cattle ranching), preservation turn places like this into animal refuges. In the area there are armadillos, deers, capybaras and other rodents, marmosets, and a great diversity of birds. There are also records of the presence of tatuis, anteater, and brown jaguars. More than 30 new species of aquatic insects have been discovered in this area.

Araras campus
The Araras campus occupies an area of 243 hectares (600 acres). Its infrastructure includes 28 laboratories divided between teaching and research, 22 classrooms, one library, one clinic, one amphitheater, one court, one aquatic center, one university restaurant, one snack bar and 33 external vacancies in student housing. Approximately 1,000 students visit the place.

Sorocaba campus
The Sorocaba campus has 70 hectares (173 acres) of area with 44 laboratories, one library, one clinic, two auditoriums, one sports court, one university restaurant, one snack bar, 29 classrooms, one football field with running track and 80 external vacancies of student housing.

Lagoa do Sino campus
The Lagoa do Sino campus is located in Buri and occupies an area of 1 hectare (2.47 acres). Its infrastructure includes ten laboratories, one computer lab, one library, one university restaurant, one snack bar and eleven classrooms.

title: Federal University of São Carlos


text:
Pyra Labs

Pyra Labs is a subsidiary of Google (Alphabet) that created the Blogger service in 1999. Google acquired Pyra Labs in 2003.

History
Pyra was co-founded by Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan. The company's first product, also named "Pyra", was a web application which would combine a project manager, contact manager, and to-do list. Their coder Jack Dorsey altered an ftp program to work on a webpage, enabling online users to upload to a webpage web-log. In 1999, while still in beta, the rudiments of Pyra were repurposed into an in-house tool which became Blogger. The service was made available to the public in August 1999. Much of this coding was done by Paul Bausch and Matthew Haughey.

Initially, Blogger was completely free of charge and there was no revenue model. In January 2001, Pyra asked Blogger users for donations to buy a new server. When the company's seed money dried up around the same time, the employees continued without pay for weeks or, in some cases, months; but this could not last, and eventually Williams faced a mass walk-out by everyone including co-founder Hourihan. Williams ran the company virtually alone until he was able to secure an investment by Trellix after its founder Dan Bricklin became aware of Pyra's situation. Eventually advertising-supported Blogspot and Blogger Pro emerged.

In 2002, Blogger was completely re-written to license it to other companies, the first of which was Globo.com of Brazil.

On February 17, 2003, Pyra was acquired by Google for an undisclosed sum.

title: Pyra Labs


text:
User talk:Tim Peterson

Hello
Just saw that you're in the Rochester area... I'm now at school at RIT. Cheers. Luke Stodola 07:52, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

So am I. :-) Tim Peterson 04:44, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tim Peterson


text:
QR code

A QR code (quick-response code) is a type of two-dimensional matrix barcode, invented in 1994, by Japanese company Denso Wave for labelling automobile parts. It features black squares on a white background with fiducial markers, readable by imaging devices like cameras, and processed using Reed–Solomon error correction until the image can be appropriately interpreted. The required data are then extracted from patterns that are present in both the horizontal and the vertical components of the QR image.

Whereas a barcode is a machine-readable optical image that contains information specific to the labelled item, the QR code contains the data for a locator, an identifier, and for web-tracking. To efficiently store data, QR codes use four standardized modes of encoding: (i) numeric, (ii) alphanumeric, (iii) byte or binary, and (iv) kanji. Compared to standard UPC barcodes, the QR labelling system was applied beyond the automobile industry because of faster reading of the optical image and greater data-storage capacity in applications such as product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management, and general marketing.

History
The QR code system was invented in 1994, at the Denso Wave automotive products company, in Japan. The initial alternating-square design presented by the team of researchers, headed by Masahiro Hara, was influenced by the black counters and the white counters played on a Go board; the pattern of position detection was found and determined by applying the least-used ratio (1:1:3:1:1) in black and white areas on printed matter, which cannot be misidentified by an optical scanner. The functional purpose of the QR code system was to facilitate keeping track of the types and numbers of automobile parts, by replacing individually-scanned bar-code labels on each box of auto parts with a single label that contained the data of each label. The quadrangular configuration of the QR code system consolidated the data of the various bar-code labels with Kanji, Kana, and alphanumeric codes that were printed onto a single label.

Adoption

QR codes are used in a much broader context, including both commercial tracking applications and convenience-oriented applications aimed at mobile-phone users (termed mobile tagging). QR codes may be used to display text to the user, to open a webpage on the user's device, to add a vCard contact to the user's device, to open a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), to connect to a wireless network, or to compose an email or text message. There are a great many QR code generators available as software or as online tools that are either free, or require a paid subscription. The QR code has become one of the most-used types of two-dimensional code.

During the month of June 2011, 14 million American mobile users scanned a QR code or a barcode. Some 58% of those users scanned a QR or barcode from their homes, while 39% scanned from retail stores; 53% of the 14 million users were men between the ages of 18 and 34.

In 2022, 89 million people in the United States scanned a QR code using their mobile devices, up by 26 percent compared to 2020. The majority of QR code users used them to make payments or to access product and menu information.

In September 2020, a survey found that 18.8 percent of consumers in the United States and United Kingdom strongly agreed that they had noticed an increase of QR code use since the then-active COVID-19 related restrictions had begun several months prior.

Standards

There are several standards that cover the encoding of data as QR codes: Defines QR code models 1 and 2 symbols. Defines QR code 2005 symbols, an extension of QR code model 2. Does not specify how to read QR code model 1 symbols, or require this for compliance. Renames the QR Code 2005 symbol to QR Code and adds clarification to some procedures and minor corrections. Defines the requirements for Micro QR Code.
 * October 1997 – AIM (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility) International
 * January 1999 – JIS X 0510
 * June 2000 – ISO/IEC 18004:2000 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – Bar code symbology – QR code (now withdrawn)
 * 1 September 2006 – ISO/IEC 18004:2006 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification (now withdrawn)
 * 1 February 2015 – ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Information – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code barcode symbology specification
 * May 2022 – ISO/IEC 23941:2022 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – Rectangular Micro QR Code (rMQR) bar code symbology specification

At the application layer, there is some variation between most of the implementations. Japan's NTT DoCoMo has established de facto standards for the encoding of URLs, contact information, and several other data types. The open-source "ZXing" project maintains a list of QR code data types.

Uses
QR codes have become common in consumer advertising. Typically, a smartphone is used as a QR code scanner, displaying the code and converting it to some useful form (such as a standard URL for a website, thereby obviating the need for a user to type it into a Web browser).

QR code has become a focus of advertising strategy, since it provides a way to access a brand's website more quickly than by manually entering a URL. Beyond mere convenience to the consumer, the importance of this capability is that it increases the conversion rate: the chance that contact with the advertisement will convert to a sale. It coaxes interested prospects further down the conversion funnel with little delay or effort, bringing the viewer to the advertiser's website immediately, whereas a longer and more targeted sales pitch may lose the viewer's interest.

Although initially used to track parts in vehicle manufacturing, QR codes are used over a much wider range of applications. These include commercial tracking, warehouse stock control, entertainment and transport ticketing, product and loyalty marketing and in-store product labeling. Examples of marketing include where a company's discounted and percent discount can be captured using a QR code decoder that is a mobile app, or storing a company's information such as address and related information alongside its alpha-numeric text data as can be seen in telephone directory yellow pages.

They can also be used in storing personal information for use by organizations. An example of this is Philippines National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) where NBI clearances now come with a QR code. Many of these applications target mobile-phone users (via mobile tagging). Users may receive text, add a vCard contact to their device, open a URL, or compose an e-mail or text message after scanning QR codes. They can generate and print their own QR codes for others to scan and use by visiting one of several pay or free QR code-generating sites or apps. Google had an API, now deprecated, to generate QR codes, and apps for scanning QR codes can be found on nearly all smartphone devices.

QR codes storing addresses and URLs may appear in magazines, on signs, on buses, on business cards, or on almost any object about which users might want information. Users with a camera phone equipped with the correct reader application can scan the image of the QR code to display text, contact information, connect to a wireless network, or open a web page in the phone's browser. This act of linking from physical world objects is termed hardlinking or object hyperlinking. QR codes also may be linked to a location to track where a code has been scanned. Either the application that scans the QR code retrieves the geo information by using GPS and cell tower triangulation (aGPS) or the URL encoded in the QR code itself is associated with a location. In 2008, a Japanese stonemason announced plans to engrave QR codes on gravestones, allowing visitors to view information about the deceased, and family members to keep track of visits. Psychologist Richard Wiseman was one of the first authors to include QR codes in a book, in Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There (2011). Microsoft Office and LibreOffice have a functionality to insert QR code into documents.

QR codes have been incorporated into currency. In June 2011, The Royal Dutch Mint (Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt) issued the world's first official coin with a QR code to celebrate the centenary of its current building and premises. The coin can be scanned by a smartphone and originally linked to a special website with contents about the historical event and design of the coin. In 2014, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a 100-naira banknote to commemorate its centennial, the first banknote to incorporate a QR code in its design. When scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a website that tells the centenary story of Nigeria.

In 2015, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a 100-rubles note to commemorate the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. It contains a QR code into its design, and when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a website that details the historical and technical background of the commemorative note. In 2017, the Bank of Ghana issued a 5-cedis banknote to commemorate 60 years of Central Banking in Ghana, and contains a QR code in its design, which when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, that code goes to the official Bank of Ghana website.

Credit card functionality is under development. In September 2016, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) launched the eponymously named Bharat QR, a common QR code jointly developed by all the four major card payment companies – National Payments Corporation of India that runs RuPay cards along with MasterCard, Visa and American Express. It will also have the capability of accepting payments on the unified payments interface (UPI) platform.

Augmented reality
QR codes are used in some augmented reality systems to determine the positions of objects in 3-dimensional space.

Mobile operating systems
QR codes can be used on various mobile device operating systems. Both Android and iOS devices can natively scan QR codes without downloading an external app. The camera app is able to scan and display the kind of QR code along with the link. These devices support URL redirection, which allows QR codes to send metadata to existing applications on the device. Many free apps are available with the ability to scan the codes and hard-link to an external URL.

Virtual stores
QR codes have been used to establish "virtual stores", where a gallery of product information and QR codes is presented to the customer, e.g. on a train station wall. The customers scan the QR codes, and the products are delivered to their homes. This use started in South Korea, and Argentina, but is currently expanding globally. Walmart, Procter & Gamble and Woolworths have already adopted the Virtual Store concept.

QR code payment
QR codes can be used to store bank account information or credit card information, or they can be specifically designed to work with particular payment provider applications. There are several trial applications of QR code payments across the world. In developing countries including China, India and Bangladesh QR code payment is a very popular and convenient method of making payments. Since Alipay designed a QR code payment method in 2011, mobile payment has been quickly adopted in China. As of 2018, around 83% of all payments were made via mobile payment.

In November 2012, QR code payments were deployed on a larger scale in the Czech Republic when an open format for payment information exchange – a Short Payment Descriptor – was introduced and endorsed by the Czech Banking Association as the official local solution for QR payments. In 2013, the European Payment Council provided guidelines for the EPC QR code enabling SCT initiation within the Eurozone.

In 2017, Singapore created a taskforce including government agencies such as the Monetary Authority of Singapore and Infocomm Media Development Authority to spearhead a system for e-payments using standardized QR code specifications. These specific dimensions are specialized for Singapore.

The e-payment system, Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR), essentially merges various QR codes into one label that can be used by both parties in the payment system. This allows for various banking apps to facilitate payments between multiple customers and a merchant that displays the single QR code. The SGQR scheme is co-owned by MAS and IMDA. A single SDQR label contains e-payments and combines multiple payment options. People making purchases can scan the code and see which payment options the merchant accepts.

Website login
QR codes can be used to log into websites: a QR code is shown on the login page on a computer screen, and when a registered user scans it with a verified smartphone, they will automatically be logged in. Authentication is performed by the smartphone, which contacts the server. Google developed this in 2012.

Mobile ticket
There is a system whereby a QR code can be displayed on a device such as a smartphone and used as an admission ticket. Its use is common for J1 League and Nippon Professional Baseball tickets in Japan. In some cases, rights can be transferred via the Internet. In Latvia, QR codes can be scanned in Riga public transport to validate Rīgas Satiksme e-tickets.

Restaurant ordering
Restaurants can present a QR code near the front door or at the table allowing guests to view an online menu, or even redirect them to an online ordering website or app, allowing them to order and/or possibly pay for their meal without having to use a cashier or waiter. QR codes can also link to daily or weekly specials that are not printed on the standardized menus, and enable the establishment to update the entire menu without needing to print copies. At table-serve restaurants, QR codes enable guests to order and pay for their meals without a waiter involved – the QR code contains the table number so servers know where to bring the food. This application has grown especially since the need for social distancing during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic prompted reduced contact between service staff and customers.

Joining a Wi‑Fi network
By specifying the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, mobile device users can quickly scan and join networks without having to manually enter the data. A MeCard-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.

 * Common format:
 * Sample:

Funerary use

A QR code can link to an obituary and can be placed on a headstone. In 2008, Ishinokoe in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan began to sell tombstones with QR codes produced by IT DeSign, where the code leads to a virtual grave site of the deceased. Other companies, such as Wisconsin-based Interactive Headstones, have also begun implementing QR codes into tombstones. In 2014, the Jewish Cemetery of La Paz in Uruguay began implementing QR codes for tombstones.

Electronic authentication
QR codes can be used to generate time-based one-time passwords for electronic authentication.

Loyalty programs
QR codes have been used by various retail outlets that have loyalty programs. Sometimes these programs are accessed with an app that is loaded onto a phone and includes a process triggered by a QR code scan. The QR codes for loyalty programs tend to be found printed on the receipt for a purchase or on the products themselves. Users in these schemes collect award points by scanning a code.

Counterfeit detection
Serialised QR codes have been used by brands and governments to let consumers, retailers and distributors verify the authenticity of the products and help with detecting counterfeit products, as part of a brand protection program. However, the security level of a regular QR code is limited since QR codes printed on original products are easily reproduced on fake products, even though the analysis of data generated as a result of QR code scanning can be used to detect counterfeiting and illicit activity. A higher security level can be attained by embedding a digital watermark or copy detection pattern into the image of the QR code. This makes the QR code more secure against counterfeiting attempts; products that display a code which is counterfeit, although valid as a QR code, can be detected by scanning the secure QR code with the appropriate app.

The treaty regulating apostilles (documents bearing a seal of authenticity), has been updated to allow the issuance of digital apostilles by countries; a digital apostille is a PDF document with a cryptographic signature containing a QR code for a canonical URL of the original document, allowing users to verify the apostille from a printed version of the document.

Product tracing
Different studies have been made to assess the effectiveness of QR codes as a means of conveying labelling information and their use as part of a food traceability system. In a field experiment, it was found that when provided free access to a smartphone with QR code scanning app, 52.6% of participants would use it to access labelling information. A study made in South Korea showed that consumers appreciate QR code used in food traceability system, as they provide detailed information about food, as well as information that helps them in their purchasing decision. If QR codes are serialised, consumers can access a web page showing the supply chain for each ingredient, as well as information specific to each related batch, including meat processors and manufacturers, which helps address the concerns they have about the origin of their food.

COVID-19 pandemic
After the COVID-19 pandemic began spreading, QR codes began to be used as a "touchless" system to display information, show menus, or provide updated consumer information, especially in the hospitality industry. Restaurants replaced paper or laminated plastic menus with QR code decals on the table, which opened an online version of the menu. This prevented the need to dispose of single-use paper menus, or institute cleaning and sanitizing procedures for permanent menus after each use. Local television stations have also begun to utilize codes on local newscasts to allow viewers quicker access to stories or information involving the pandemic, including testing and immunization scheduling websites, or for links within stories mentioned in the newscasts overall.

In Australia, patrons were required to scan QR codes at shops, clubs, supermarkets and other service and retail establishments on entry to assist contact tracing. Singapore, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and New Zealand used similar systems.

QR codes are also present on COVID-19 vaccination certificates in places such as Canada and the EU (EU Digital COVID certificate), where they can be scanned to verify the information on the certificate.

Design
Unlike the older, one-dimensional barcodes that were designed to be mechanically scanned by a narrow beam of light, a QR code is detected by a 2-dimensional digital image sensor and then digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. The processor locates the three distinctive squares at the corners of the QR code image, using a smaller square (or multiple squares) near the fourth corner to normalize the image for size, orientation, and angle of viewing. The small dots throughout the QR code are then converted to binary numbers and validated with an error-correcting algorithm.

Information capacity
The amount of data that can be represented by a QR code symbol depends on the data type (mode, or input character set), version (1, ..., 40, indicating the overall dimensions of the symbol, i.e. 4 × version number + 17 dots on each side), and error correction level. The maximum storage capacities occur for version 40 and error correction level L (low), denoted by 40-L: Here are some samples of QR codes:

Error correction

QR codes use Reed–Solomon error correction over the finite field $$\mathbb{F}_{256}$$ or $GF(2^{8})$, the elements of which are encoded as bytes of 8 bits; the byte $$b_7b_6b_5b_4b_3b_2b_1b_0$$ with a standard numerical value $$\textstyle\sum_{i=0}^7 b_i 2^i$$ encodes the field element $$\textstyle\sum_{i=0}^7 b_i \alpha^i$$ where $$ \alpha \in \mathbb{F}_{256}$$ is taken to be a primitive element satisfying $$\alpha^8 + \alpha^4 + \alpha^3 + \alpha^2 + 1 = 0$$. The primitive polynomial is $$x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1 $$, corresponding to the polynomial number 285, with initial root = 0.

The Reed–Solomon code uses one of 37 different polynomials over $$\mathbb{F}_{256}$$, with degrees ranging from 7 to 68, depending on how many error correction bytes the code adds. It is implied by the form of Reed–Solomon used (systematic BCH view) that these polynomials are all on the form $\prod_{i=0}^{n-1} (x - \alpha^i)$, however the rules for selecting the degree $$n$$ are specific to the QR standard.

For example, the generator polynomial used for the Version 1 QR code (21×21), when 7 error correction bytes are used, is:
 * $$g(x)= x^7+\alpha^{87}x^6+\alpha^{229}x^5+\alpha^{146}x^4+\alpha^{149}x^3+\alpha^{238}x^2+\alpha^{102}x+\alpha^{21}$$.

The highest power of $$x$$ in the polynomial (the degree $$n$$, of the polynomial) determines the number of error correction bytes. In this case the degree is 7.

When discussing the Reed–Solomon code phase there is some risk for confusion, in that the QR ISO/IEC standard uses the term codeword for the elements of $$\mathbb{F}_{256}$$, which with respect to the Reed–Solomon code are symbols, whereas it uses the term block for what with respect to the Reed–Solomon code are the codewords. The number of data versus error correction bytes within each block depends on (i) the version (side length) of the QR symbol and (ii) the error correction level, of which there are four. The higher the error correction level, the less storage capacity. The following table lists the approximate error correction capability at each of the four levels:

In larger QR symbols, the message is broken up into several Reed–Solomon code blocks. The block size is chosen so that no attempt is made at correcting more than 15 errors per block; this limits the complexity of the decoding algorithm. The code blocks are then interleaved together, making it less likely that localized damage to a QR symbol will overwhelm the capacity of any single block.

The Version 1 QR symbol with level L error correction, for example, consists of a single error correction block with a total of 26 code bytes (made of 19 message bytes and seven error correction bytes). It can correct up to 2 byte errors. Hence, this code is known as a (26,19,2) error correction code over $GF(2^{8})$.

Due to error correction, it is possible to create artistic QR codes with embellishments to make them more readable or attractive to the human eye, and to incorporate colors, logos, and other features into the QR code block; the embellishments are treated as errors, but the codes still scan correctly.

It is also possible to design artistic QR codes without reducing the error correction capacity by manipulating the underlying mathematical constructs. Image processing algorithms are also used to reduce errors in QR-code.

Encoding
The format information records two things: the error correction level and the mask pattern used for the symbol. Masking is used to break up patterns in the data area that might confuse a scanner, such as large blank areas or misleading features that look like the locator marks. The mask patterns are defined on a grid that is repeated as necessary to cover the whole symbol. Modules corresponding to the dark areas of the mask are inverted. The 5-bit format information is protected from errors with a BCH code, and two complete copies are included in each QR symbol. A (15,5) triple error-correcting BCH code over $GF(2^{4})$ is used, having the generator polynomial $$g(x)=x^{10}+x^8+x^5+x^4+x^2+x+1$$. It can correct at most 3 bit-errors out of the 5 data bits. There are a total of 15 bits in this BCH code (10 bits are added for error correction). This 15-bit code is itself X-ORed with a fixed 15-bit mask pattern (101010000010010) to prevent an all-zero string.

The message dataset is placed from right to left in a zigzag pattern, as shown below. In larger symbols, this is complicated by the presence of the alignment patterns and the use of multiple interleaved error-correction blocks.

The general structure of a QR encoding is as a sequence of 4 bit indicators with payload length dependent on the indicator mode (e.g. byte encoding payload length is dependent on the first byte).

 * Note:
 * Character Count Indicator depends on how many modules are in a QR code (Symbol Version).
 * ECI Assignment number Size:
 * 8 × 1 bits if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with '0'
 * 8 × 2 bits if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with '10'
 * 8 × 3 bits if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with '110'

Four-bit indicators are used to select the encoding mode and convey other information.

Encoding modes can be mixed as needed within a QR symbol. (e.g., a url with a long string of alphanumeric characters )

After every indicator that selects an encoding mode is a length field that tells how many characters are encoded in that mode. The number of bits in the length field depends on the encoding and the symbol version.

Alphanumeric encoding mode stores a message more compactly than the byte mode can, but cannot store lower-case letters and has only a limited selection of punctuation marks, which are sufficient for rudimentary web addresses. Two characters are coded in an 11-bit value by this formula:
 * V = 45 × C1 + C2

This has the exception that the last character in an alphanumeric string with an odd length is read as a 6-bit value instead.

Decoding example
The following images offer more information about the QR code.

Model 1
Model 1 QR code is an older version of the specification. It is visually similar to the widely seen model 2 codes, but lacks alignment patterns. Differences are in the bottom right corner, and in the midsections of the bottom and right edges are additional functional regions.

Micro QR code
Micro QR code is a smaller version of the QR code standard for applications where symbol size is limited. There are four different versions (sizes) of Micro QR codes: the smallest is 11×11 modules; the largest can hold 35 numeric characters, or 21 ASCII alphanumeric characters, or 15 bytes (128 bits).

Rectangular Micro QR Code
Rectangular Micro QR Code (also known as rMQR Code) is two-dimensional (2D) matrix barcode invented and standardized in 2022 by Denso Wave as ISO/IEC 23941. rMQR Code is designed as a rectangular variation of QR code and has the same parameters and applications as original QR code. But rMQR Code is more suitable for the rectangular areas and has difference between width and height up to 19 in R7x139 version.

iQR code
iQR code is an alternative to existing square QR codes developed by Denso Wave. iQR codes can be created in square or rectangular formations; this is intended for situations where a longer and narrower rectangular shape is more suitable, such as on cylindrical objects. iQR codes can fit the same amount of information in 30% less space. There are 61 versions of square iQR codes, and 15 versions of rectangular codes. For squares, the minimum size is 9 × 9 modules; rectangles have a minimum of 19 × 5 modules. iQR codes add error correction level S, which allows for 50% error correction. iQR Codes had not been given an ISO/IEC specification as of 2015, and only proprietary Denso Wave products could create or read iQR codes.

Secure QR code
Secure Quick Response (SQR) code is a QR code that contains a "private data" segment after the terminator instead of the specified filler bytes "ec 11". This private data segment must be deciphered with an encryption key. This can be used to store private information and to manage a company's internal information.

Frame QR
Frame QR is a QR code with a "canvas area" that can be flexibly used. In the center of this code is the canvas area, where graphics, letters, and more can be flexibly arranged, making it possible to lay out the code without losing the design of illustrations, photos, etc.

HCC2D

Researchers have proposed a new High Capacity Colored 2-Dimensional (HCC2D) Code, which builds upon a QR code basis for preserving the QR robustness to distortions and uses colors for increasing data density (as of 2014 it is still in prototyping phase). The HCC2D code specification is described in details in Querini et al. (2014), while techniques for color classification of HCC2D code cells are described in detail in Querini and Italiano (2014), which is an extended version of Querini and Italiano (2013).

Introducing colors into QR codes requires addressing additional issues. In particular, during QR code reading only the brightness information is taken into account, while HCC2D codes have to cope with chromatic distortions during the decoding phase. In order to ensure adaptation to chromatic distortions that arise in each scanned code, HCC2D codes make use of an additional field: the Color Palette Pattern. This is because color cells of a Color Palette Pattern are supposed to be distorted in the same way as color cells of the Encoding Region. Replicated color palettes are used for training machine learning classifiers.

AQR
Accessible QR is a type of QR code that combines a standard QR code with a dot-dash pattern positioned around one corner of the code to provide product information for people who are blind and partially sighted. The codes, announce product categories and product details such as instructions, ingredients, safety warnings, and recycling information. The data is structured for the needs of users who are blind or partially sighted and offers larger text or audio output. It can read QR codes from a metre away, activating the smartphone's accessibility features like VoiceOver to announce product details.

License
The use of QR code technology is freely licensed as long as users follow the standards for QR code documented with JIS or ISO/IEC. Non-standardized codes may require special licensing.

Denso Wave owns a number of patents on QR code technology, but has chosen to exercise them in a limited fashion. In order to promote widespread usage of the technology Denso Wave chose to waive its rights to a key patent in its possession for standardized codes only. In the US, the granted QR code patent is 5726435, and in Japan 2938338, both of which have expired. The European Patent Office granted patent 0672994 to Denso Wave, which was then validated into French, UK, and German patents, all of which expired in March 2015.

The text QR Code itself is a registered trademark and wordmark of Denso Wave Incorporated. In UK, the trademark is registered as E921775, the term QR Code, with a filing date of 3 September 1998. The UK version of the trademark is based on the Kabushiki Kaisha Denso (DENSO CORPORATION) trademark, filed as Trademark 000921775, the term QR Code, on 3 September 1998 and registered on 16 December 1999 with the European Union OHIM (Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market). The U.S. Trademark for the term QR Code is Trademark 2435991 and was filed on 29 September 1998 with an amended registration date of 13 March 2001, assigned to Denso Corporation. In South Korea, trademark application filed on 18 November 2011 was refused at 20 March 2012, because the Korean Intellectual Property Office viewed that the phrase was genericized among South Korean people to refer to matrix barcodes in general.

Risks
The only context in which common QR codes can carry executable data is the URL data type. These URLs may host JavaScript code, which can be used to exploit vulnerabilities in applications on the host system, such as the reader, the web browser or the image viewer, since a reader will typically send the data to the application associated with the data type used by the QR code.

In the case of no software exploits, malicious QR codes combined with a permissive reader can still put a computer's contents and user's privacy at risk. This practice is known as "attagging", a portmanteau of "attack tagging". They are easily created and can be affixed over legitimate QR codes. On a smartphone, the reader's permissions may allow use of the camera, full Internet access, read/write contact data, GPS, read browser history, read/write local storage, and global system changes.

Risks include linking to dangerous web sites with browser exploits, enabling the microphone/camera/GPS, and then streaming those feeds to a remote server, analysis of sensitive data (passwords, files, contacts, transactions), and sending email/SMS/IM messages or packets for DDoS as part of a botnet, corrupting privacy settings, stealing identity, and even containing malicious logic themselves such as JavaScript or a virus. These actions could occur in the background while the user is only seeing the reader opening a seemingly harmless web page. In Russia, a malicious QR code caused phones that scanned it to send premium texts at a fee of $6 each. QR codes have also been linked to scams in which stickers are placed on parking meters, posing as quick payment options, as seen in Austin, San Antonio and Boston, among other cities across the United States and Australia.

title: QR code


text:
Talk:The Church of Christ

This needs to be merged with Church of Christ.

title: Talk:The Church of Christ


text:
Talk:Restorationist (Church of Christ-Elijah)

What in the world is the "-Elijah" in this article? Is that supposed to be part of the name Church of Christ? Is there a religious group called Church of Christ (Elijah) or something? Unless a source is forthcoming I think this needs to be renamed, deleted, or merged with Restorationism. As it is, it is not much more than a dictionary entry. Jdavidb 03:04, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with the merger into Restorationism. CO GDEN  16:02, July 15, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Nvj

Kriging
Hello!

I've originally visited the kriging page several months ago, looking for useful information (Specifically, I wanted to implement kriging in a Fortran program to interpolate unordered elevation data). The page struck me as being chaotic and going off at a tangent; little specific information on the kriging technique was provided, but there was a lot of vituperative wrangling against geostatistics.

I complained on the talk page and waited a long time for the article to improve. I revisited the article periodically, read the talk page and related user talk pages closely (JanWMerks and Merksmatrix in particular), and came to the conclusion that the reason the article is so wretched is because it is under continuous attack by a father-and-son team of cranks, who disrupt any constructive work with their own unsubstantiated agenda.

In order to give bona-fide editors like you more breathing space, I recommend that this matter be given due process under Dispute resolution. Specifically, I propose that a request for help be filed under AMA Requests for Assistance, as a first step. Perhaps the Advocate will be able to guide us in the steps that need to be taken to stop the disruptive behavior. My ultimate goal is Article probation. I am fed up with the cranks. Aren't you?

Please let me know what you think at my talk page. I sent this message to Hike395, Michael Hardy, Vsmith, SCmurky, Antro5, Nvj and Berland, as these names appear a number of times in the discussions. Freederick 16:27, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nvj


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Ethan James

Ethan James may refer to:

 * Ethan James (producer) (1946–2003), musician, record producer, and recording engineer
 * Ethan James (rugby union), South African rugby union player
 * Ethan James (Power Rangers), a fictional Power Rangers character

title: Ethan James


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Pat's King of Steaks

Pat's King of Steaks (also known as Pat's Steaks) is a Philadelphia restaurant specializing in cheesesteaks, and located at the intersection of South 9th Street, Wharton Street and East Passyunk Avenue in South Philadelphia, directly across the street from rival Geno's Steaks. It was founded in 1930 by brothers Pat and Harry Olivieri, who are credited with the creation of the cheesesteak.

History
Pat's King of Steaks was founded by Pat and Harry Olivieri in 1930 when they opened a hot dog stall at the corners of 9th Street, Wharton Street, and Passyunk Avenue. The brothers are generally credited as the co-creators of the cheesesteak.

In 1933, as the family relates the story, the brothers were working their stand when they decided to try something different for lunch. Pat Olivieri sent Harry Olivieri to the market for some inexpensive steak. The brothers thinly sliced the steak, then grilled it along with some chopped onions. The aroma attracted a cabdriver who was a regular customer; he asked to try the dish which the brothers called a steak sandwich, though the term originated from Louis' Lunch in New Haven, Connecticut, describing a similar sandwich. Pat sold him the sandwich for ten cents. The steak sandwich would later evolve into the modern cheesesteak.

Soon afterwards, at the advice of the aforementioned cabdriver, the brothers started selling steak sandwiches instead of hot dogs. By 1940, they had saved enough money to rent space to open a restaurant at the same spot where they had their stand. The two brothers worked at the restaurant for 15 to 18 hours a day for the next few decades while the restaurant was open 24 hours a day. Harry worked at the Philadelphia Navy Yard during World War II before returning to the restaurant.

After pulling back from expansion and franchising efforts in the 1980s, the business was divided up by the Olivieri family. Harry and his son, Frank, kept the original location, today run by Harry's grandson, Frank Jr. Pat's son Herbert opened "Olivieri's Prince of Steaks", later to be the source of a family dispute (see below).

Description

A sign explains how to order; the customer asks for a variety of sandwich and then says "wit" or "wit-out" (i.e. 'with' or 'without' onions), a tongue-in-cheek reference to the Philadelphia accent. The varieties available are: with Cheez Whiz, provolone, or American cheese, as well as plain (no cheese).

Olivieri family feud
Pat's King of Steaks is the original shop opened by Pasquale "Pat" Olivieri and his brother, Harry. Harry's grandson, Frank, owns Pat's. Pat's grandson, Rick, owned Rick's Original Philly Steaks at Reading Terminal Market, which closed in October 2008. He subsequently opened and closed Rick's Steaks restaurants at other locations.

Pat's son, Herbert (Rick's father), expanded the business by opening franchises of Pat's King of Steaks. In the 1980s, the Olivieris split up the business. Harry and Frank Sr. kept the original location, Herbert ("King" Pat's son) opened Olivieri's Prince of Steaks in Reading Terminal Market. Herbert's son Rick renamed it "Rick's" in the mid-1990s, still using the crown logo and mentioning his grandfather, Pat Olivieri.

In October 2006, Pat's sued Rick's, alleging trademark infringement, trademark dilution, and unfair competition, based on the use of the crown logo and the name "Pat Olivieri".

The suit was settled in August 2007. Terms were not disclosed. Frank Olivieri Jr. said he was "...happy with the settlement and I'm sure my cousin Rick is, as well." Rick Olivieri told reporters, "It's an agreement we can both live with. Everybody is happy."

title: Pat's King of Steaks


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Netspace

Netspace was one of Australia's major Internet service providers.

Netspace started in 1992 by Stuart Marburg and Richard Preen, the business initially offering dial-up internet access, as was the standard at the time. The company was headquartered in Camberwell, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria.

Netspace was an earlier adopter of DSL in Australia and quickly focused primarily on selling ADSL-based Internet access. It initially resold Telstra ADSL and then installed its own DSLAMs in some locations, including Tasmania. The business sold services to retail, SoHo and business customers. Products included DNS, co-location, web hosting and VoIP, as well as core internet products.

On 29 March 2010, an agreement was entered into under which Netspace would be acquired by the larger ASX-listed ISP, iiNet, for AU$40 million. The company soon retired Netspace as brand. Netspace's official website redirects to the webpage of iiNet, but Netspace email addresses continue to be supported.

title: Netspace


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Nadarzyn

Nadarzyn is a village in Pruszków County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Nadarzyn. It lies approximately 9 km south of Pruszków and 20 km south-west of Warsaw.

In 2007, the village had a population of 3,198.

Education

 * Wyższa Szkoła Fundacji Kultury Informatycznej (College of the Information Culture Foundation)

Twin towns – Sister cities
Nadarzyn is twinned with
 * 🇦🇿 Mərdəkan, Azerbaijan

title: Nadarzyn


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BullMedia

Ad. --Rlandmann 03:22, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * An ad indeed, but not as blatant as some others we've been getting. However, their website is flash-only and they have just 231 Google hits (including archived e-mail from that domain.)  What I'm trying to say is delete.  --Ardonik 05:05, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * I hear you. Bye-bye, ad. - Lucky 6.9 07:43, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Bullseye: Alas, delete. Well mannered ad, but an ad all the same, and non-notable. Geogre 13:04, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * delete, due to Wikipedia not being the Adelaide Yellow Pages. Ianb 17:45, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Jason Gwynne

Jason Gwynne is a journalist, most widely known for his 2004 documentary on the British National Party (BNP). The documentary was based on undercover footage gathered by Gwynne who posed as a football hooligan looking to get involved in far-right politics.

title: Jason Gwynne


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Diode-pumped solid-state laser

A diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) is a solid-state laser made by pumping a solid gain medium, for example, a ruby or a neodymium-doped YAG crystal, with a laser diode.

DPSSLs have advantages in compactness and efficiency over other types, and high power DPSSLs have replaced ion lasers and flashlamp-pumped lasers in many scientific applications, and are now appearing commonly in green and other color laser pointers.

Coupling
The wavelength of laser diodes is tuned by means of temperature to produce an optimal compromise between the absorption coefficient in the crystal and energy efficiency (lowest possible pump photon energy). As waste energy is limited by the thermal lens this means higher power densities compared to high-intensity discharge lamps.

High power lasers use a single crystal, but many laser diodes are arranged in strips (multiple diodes next to each other in one substrate) or stacks (stacks of substrates). This diode grid can be imaged onto the crystal by means of a lens. Higher brightness (leading to better beam profile and longer diode lifetimes) is achieved by optically removing the dark areas between the diodes, which are needed for cooling and delivering the current. This is done in two steps: The beams from multiple diodes can also be combined by coupling each diode into an optical fiber, which is placed precisely over the diode (but behind the micro-lens). At the other end of the fiber bundle, the fibers are fused together to form a uniform, gap-less, round profile on the crystal. This also permits the use of a remote power supply.
 * 1) The "fast axis" is collimated with an aligned grating of cylindrical micro-lenses.
 * 2) The partially collimated beams are then imaged at reduced size into the crystal. The crystal can be pumped longitudinally from both end faces or transversely from three or more sides.

Some numbers
High power laser diodes are fabricated as bars with multiple single strip laser diodes next to each other.

Each single strip diode typically has an active volume of:

and depending on the cooling technique for the whole bar (100 to 200) μm distance to the next laser diode.

The end face of the diode along the fast axis can be imaged onto strip of 1 μm height. But the end face along the slow axis can be imaged onto a smaller area than 100 μm. This is due to the small divergence (hence the name: 'slow axis') which is given by the ratio of depth to width. Using the above numbers the fast axis could be imaged onto a 5 μm wide spot.

So to get a beam which is equal divergence in both axis, the end faces of a bar composed of 5 laser diodes, can be imaged by means of 4 (acylindrical) cylinder lenses onto an image plane with 5 spots each with a size of 5 mm x 1 mm. This large size is needed for low divergence beams. Low divergence allows paraxial optics, which is cheaper, and which is used to not only generate a spot, but a long beam waist inside the laser crystal (length = 50 mm), which is to be pumped through its end faces.

Also in the paraxial case it is much easier to use gold or copper mirrors or glass prisms to stack the spots on top of each other, and get a 5 x 5 mm beam profile. A second pair of (spherical) lenses image this square beam profile inside the laser crystal.

A volume of 0.001 mm3 active volume in the laser diode is able to saturate 1250 mm3 in a Nd:YVO4 crystal.

Common DPSSL processes
The most common DPSSL in use is the 532 nm wavelength green laser pointer. A powerful (>200 mW) 808 nm wavelength infrared GaAlAs laser diode pumps a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) or a neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO4) crystal which produces 1064 nm wavelength light from the main spectral transition of neodymium ion. This light is then frequency doubled using a nonlinear optical process in a KTP crystal, producing 532 nm light. Green DPSSLs are usually around 20% efficient, although some lasers can reach up to 35% efficiency. In other words, a green DPSSL using a 2.5 W pump diode would be expected to output around 500-900 mW of 532 nm light.

In optimal conditions, Nd:YVO4 has a conversion efficiency of 60%, while KTP has a conversion efficiency of 80%. In other words, a green DPSSL can theoretically have an overall efficiency of 48%.

In the realm of very high output powers, the KTP crystal becomes susceptible to optical damage. Thus, high-power DPSSLs generally have a larger beam diameter, as the 1064 nm laser is expanded before it reaches the KTP crystal, reducing the irradiance from the infrared light. In order to maintain a lower beam diameter, a crystal with a higher damage threshold, such as lithium triborate (LBO), is used instead.

Blue DPSSLs use a nearly identical process, except that the 808 nm light is being converted by an Nd:YAG crystal to 946 nm light (selecting this non-principal spectral line of neodymium in the same Nd-doped crystals), which is then frequency-doubled to 473 nm by a beta barium borate (BBO) crystal or LBO crystal. Because of the lower gain for the materials, blue lasers are relatively weak, and are only around 3-5% efficient. In the late 2000s, it was discovered that bismuth triborate (BiBO) crystals were more efficient than BBO or LBO for second harmonic generation in mode-locked lasers and do not have the disadvantage of being hygroscopic, which degrades the crystal if it is exposed to moisture. In continuous-wave laser applications, however, BiBO may exhibit instabilities which degrade its performance.

Yellow DPSSLs use an even more complicated process: An 808 nm pump diode is used to generate 1,064 nm and 1,342 nm light, which are summed in parallel to become 593.5 nm. Due to their complexity, most yellow DPSSLs are only around 1% efficient, and usually more expensive per unit of power.

Another method is to generate 1,064 and 1,319 nm light, which are summed to 589 nm. This process is more efficient, with about 3% of the pump diode's power being converted to yellow light.

Comparison to diode lasers
DPSSLs and diode lasers are two of the most common types of solid-state lasers. However, both types have their advantages and disadvantages.

DPSSLs generally have a higher beam quality and can reach very high powers while maintaining a relatively good beam quality. Because the crystal pumped by the diode acts as its own laser, the quality of the output beam is independent of that of the input beam. In comparison, diode lasers can only reach a few hundred milliwatts unless they operate in multiple transverse mode. Such multi-mode lasers have a larger beam diameter and a greater divergence, which often makes them less desirable. In fact, single-mode operation is essential in some applications, such as optical drives.

On the other hand, diode lasers are cheaper and more energy efficient. As DPSSL crystals are not 100% efficient, some power is lost when the frequency is converted. DPSSLs are also more sensitive to temperature and can only operate optimally within a small range. Otherwise, the laser would suffer from stability issues, such as hopping between modes and large fluctuations in the output power. DPSSLs also require a more complex construction.

Diode lasers can also be precisely modulated with a greater frequency than DPSSLs.

Neodymium-doped solid state lasers continue to be the laser source of choice for industrial applications. Direct pumping of the upper Nd laser level at 885-nm (rather than at the more traditional broad 808-nm band) offers the potential of improved performance through a reduction in the lasing quantum defect, thereby improving system efficiency, reducing cooling requirements, and enabling further TEM00 power scaling. Because of the narrow 885-nm absorption feature in Nd:YAG, certain systems may benefit from the use of wavelength-locked diode pump sources, which serve to narrow and stabilize the pump emission spectrum to keep it closely aligned to this absorption feature. To date, high power diode laser locking schemes such as internal distributed feedback Bragg gratings and externally aligned volume holographic grating optics, VHG’s, have not been widely implemented due to the increased cost and assumed performance penalty of the technology. However, recent advancements in the manufacture of stabilized diode pump sources which utilize external wavelength locking now offer improved spectral properties with little-to-no impact on power and efficiency. Benefits of this approach include improvements in laser efficiency, spectral linewidth, and pumping efficiency.

title: Diode-pumped solid-state laser


text: User talk:24.164.176.228

title: User talk:24.164.176.228


text:
Talk:Romanian Americans

Untitled
Is Johnny Weissmuller really Romanian? He was born in Austria-Hungary to Austrian German parents...the place happens to be in Romania today, but surely that does not make him Romanian? Adam Bishop 03:28, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Can you specify the source of this information please?There are over 3 millions Romanian ethnics in United States, because it is impossible that there are just 300 000 in all the United States. Just in Chicago there are over 200 000 Romanians. NorbertArthur

 * Norbert, likewise, what is the source for your claim of millions in the US? The census figures are now properly cited, and as you well know even the Ro-Am site mentions a max (and doubtful) estimate of 1.2M in the US, not 2M as the article presently would have us believe.--cjllw | TALK  01:27, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

"History" section and apparent copyvio
I have removed the sections on History, as these additions (made early April 2006 by User:NorbertArthur are a virtual word-for-word reproduction of material which appears on the Romanian-American Network, Inc. website, and hence in all likelyhood in violation of copyright. Compare the initial addition to this article, with this text. --cjllw | TALK  01:35, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Religion
Tismăneanu, the first Romanian-American pictured, is Jewish (as are many Americans who originate in Romania). Should we add that as a religion in the box? Biruitorul 22:00, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

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Orphaned references in Romanian Americans
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Tarzan
The famous Johnny Weissmuller was born in what is now Freidorf, Timisoara, part of Romania. Should he be included as well ? — 79.113.243.218 (talk) 08:20, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Romanian Americans


text:
Out of the Inkwell

Out of the Inkwell is an American animated film series of the silent era. It was produced by Max Fleischer from 1918 to 1929 and was called The Inkwell Imps at the end of that period.

History
The series was the result of three short experimental films that Max Fleischer independently produced from 1914 to 1916 to demonstrate his invention, the rotoscope, a device consisting of a film projector and easel used to achieve realistic movement for animated cartoons. The rotoscope projected motion picture film through an opening in the easel, covered by a glass pane serving as a drawing surface. The image on the projected film was traced onto paper, advancing the film one frame at a time as each drawing was made. Fleischer's younger brother Dave Fleischer, who was working as a clown at Coney Island, served as the model for their first famous character, eventually known as Koko the Clown.

Out of the Inkwell began at the Bray Studio as a monthly entry in The Bray Pictograph Screen Magazine produced for Paramount from 1918, and later for Goldwyn Pictures from 1919 to 1921. In that same year, The Fleischer brothers started their own studio, and in 1923, the clown who previously had no name came to be known as Koko when animation veteran Dick Huemer became the new director of animation.

Huemer, who began his animation career with the Mutt and Jeff cartoons in 1916, brought the influence of the short and tall companions to Out of the Inkwell with the creation of a small canine companion named Fitz, who later evolved into Bimbo in the sound era. Huemer redesigned the clown for animation, which reduced Fleischer's dependency on the Rotoscope for fluid animation. He also defined the drawing style with his distinctive inking quality that the series was famous for, but it was the interaction of the live-action sequences with the artist/creator, Max Fleischer, and his pen and ink creations that were the foundation of the series. Typically, the cartoons start with live-action showing Max drawing the characters on paper, or opening the inkwell to release the characters into "reality". The Out of the Inkwell series ran from 1919 to mid 1927, and was renamed The Inkwell Imps for Paramount, continuing until 1929. In all, 77 Out of the Inkwell and 57 Inkwell Imps films were produced in eleven years. The Inkwell Imps series was replaced by the "Talkartoons" in 1929, and Koko was retired until 1931, appearing as a supporting character with Bimbo and Betty Boop. Koko's last theatrical appearance was in the Betty Boop cartoon Ha-Ha-Ha (1934), a remake of the silent Out of the Inkwell film The Cure (1924). Koko had a brief cameo in his only color theatrical appearance in the Screen Song entry Toys will be Toys (1949).

In 1950, Stuart Productions released a number of the Inkwell Studios Out of the Inkwell cartoons, and a selection of the Paramount Inkwell Imps cartoons to television. In 1955, the Inkwell Imps, along with 2,500 pre-October 1950 Paramount shorts and cartoons were sold to television packagers, the majority acquired by U.M. & M. TV Corporation.

In 1958, Max Fleischer revived his studio in a partnership with Hal Seeger, and in 1960 produced a series of one hundred Out Of The Inkwell five-minute cartoons. In the new color series, Koko had a clown girlfriend named Kokette, a pal named Kokonut, and a villain named Mean Moe. Larry Storch provided the voice for Koko and all of the supporting characters.

Many of the shorts in the original series are now in the public domain. One short in the series, 1922's The Hypnotist, was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2010.

Filmography
The following is an attempt to list the complete filmography of the Out of the Inkwell/Inkwell Imps shorts, assembled from the best surviving documentation.

The Bray Studio Years (1918–1921)
• Experiment No. 1 (1918) (lost)

• Experiment No. 2 (1919) (lost)

• Experiment No. 3 (1919) (lost)

• The Clown's Pup (30 August 1919)

• Slides (12 March 1919) (lost)

• The Tantalizing Fly (4 October 1919)

• The Boxing Kangaroo (2 February 1920)

• The Circus (6 May 1920)

• The Chinaman (19 May 1920)

• The Ouija Board (4 July 1920)

• The Clown's Little Brother (6 July 1920)

• Poker (aka The Card Game) (2 October 1920) (lost)

• Perpetual Motion (2 October 1920)

• The Restaurant (6 November 1920) (lost)

• Cartoonland (2 February 1921) (lost)

• The Automobile Ride (20 June 1921)

Inkwell Studio: Out of The Inkwell years 1921–1926
• Modeling (1 October 1921)

• Fishing (21 November 1921)

• Invisible Ink (3 December 1921)

• The Hypnotist (1921) (partially survives as a 3-minute excerpt)

• The Mechanical Doll (7 February 1922)

• The Mosquito (6 March 1922) (lost)

• The Birthday (11 March 1922)

• Bubbles (20 April 1922)

• Flies (1 May 1922)

• Pay Day (8 July 1922)

• The Challenge (29 August 1922)

• The Show (21 September 1922)

• The Reunion (27 October 1922)

• Jumping Beans (15 December 1922)

• Bedtime (1 March 1923)

• Surprise (1 April 1923)

• The Puzzle (1 May 1923)

• Trapped (1 June 1923)

• The Battle (1 July 1923)

• False Alarm (1 August 1923)

• Balloons (aka. Koko's Balloons) (1 September 1923)

• The Fortune Teller (1 October 1923)

• Shadow (1 November 1923) (Lost)

• The Contest (1 December 1923)

• The Laundry (1923/1924) (Lost)

• Masquerade (1 February 1924)

• The Cartoon Factory (21 February 1924)

• Mother Goose Land (21 March 1924)

• A Trip To Mars (1 April 1924)

• Clay Town (28 May 1924)

• The Runaway (25 June 1924)

• Vacation (23 July 1924)

• Vaudeville (aka Koko's Showtime) (20 August 1924)

• League of Nations (15 October 1924)

• Sparring Partner (24 October 1924)

• The Cure (15 November 1924)

• The Storm (aka. Koko's Storm) (20 December 1924)

• Koko the Hot Shot (1924/1925)

• Koko in Toyland (20 January 1925)

• Koko the Barber (25 February 1925)

• Big Chief Koko (15 May 1925)

• Koko Trains 'Em (aka. Koko's Pup Talent) (15 June 1925)

• Koko Celebrates the Fourth (15 July 1925)

• Koko Sees Spooks (aka. Koko Haunted Hat) (15 August 1925)

• Koko on the Run (15 September 1925)

• Koko Nuts (15 October 1925)

• Koko Packs Up (17 October 1925)

• Koko Eats (15 November 1925) (Lost)

• Thanksgiving (21 November 1925)

• Koko Steps Out (21 November 1925) (Lost)

• Koko's Paradise (27 February 1926)

• Koko Baffles the Bulls (6 March 1926)

• It's the Cat's (1 May 1926)

• Toot Toot (5 June 1926)

• Koko Hot After It (12 June 1926)

• Koko's Queen (1 October 1926)

• Fade Away (1 September 1926)

• Koko Kidnapped (26 October 1926) (Lost)

• Koko the Convict (11 November 1926)

• Koko Gets Egg-Cited (1 December 1926)

Inkwell Imps (1927–1929)
• Koko Makes 'Em Laugh (10 February 1927)

• Koko in 1999 (10 March 1927)

• Koko the Kavalier (10 March 1927)

• Koko Needles the Boss (10 May 1927)

• Ko-Ko Plays Pool (6 August 1927)

• Ko-Ko's Kane (20 August 1927)

• Ko-Ko the Knight (3 September 1927)

• Ko-Ko Hops Off (17 September 1927)

• Ko-Ko the Kop (1 October 1927)

• Ko-Ko Explores (15 October 1927)

• Ko-Ko Chops Suey (29 October 1927)

• Ko-Ko's Klock (12 November 1927)

• Koko's Kicks (26 November 1927)

• Ko-Ko's Quest (10 December 1927)

• Koko Back Tracks (12 December 1927)

• Ko-Ko the Kid (24 December 1927)

• Ko-Ko's Kink (7 January 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Kozy Korner (21 January 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Germ Jam (4 February 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Bawth (18 February 1928)

• Ko-Ko Smokes (3 March 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Tattoo (17 March 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Earth Control (31 March 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Hot Dog (14 April 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Haunted House (28 April 1928)

• Ko-Ko Lamps Aladdin (12 May 1928)

• Ko-Ko Squeals (26 May 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Field Daze (9 June 1928)

• Ko-Ko Goes Over (23 June 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Catch (7 July 1928)

• Ko-Ko's War Dogs (21 July 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Chase (11 August 1928)

• Ko-Ko Heaves Ho (23 Heeves Ho 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Big Pull (7 September 1928)

• Ko-Ko Cleans Up (21 September 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Dog Gone (20 October 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Parade (26 October 1928)

• Ko-Ko in the Rough (3 November 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Magic (16 November 1928)

• Ko-Ko on the Track (1 December 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Act (17 December 1928)

• Ko-Ko's Courtship (28 December 1928)

• No Eyes Today (11 January 1929)

• Noise Annoys Ko-Ko (25 January 1929)

• Ko-Ko Beats Time (8 February 1929)

• Ko-Ko's Reward (23 February 1929)

• Ko-Ko's Hot Ink (8 March 1929)

• Ko-Ko's Crib (23 March 1929)

• Ko-Ko's Saxophonies (5 April 1929)

• Ko-Ko's Knock Down (19 April 1929)

• Ko-Ko's Signals (3 May 1929)

• Ko-Ko's Conquest (31 May 1929)

• Ko-Ko's Focus (17 April 1929)

• Ko-Ko's Harem Scarum (14 June 1929)

• Ko-Ko's Big Sale (28 June 1929)

• Ko-Ko's Hypnotism (12 August 1929)

• Chemical Ko-Ko (26 August 1929)

title: Out of the Inkwell


text: Category:Politics of Germany

title: Category:Politics of Germany


text:
Savior (film)

Savior is a 1998 war film starring Dennis Quaid, Stellan Skarsgård, Nastassja Kinski, and Nataša Ninković. It is about a U.S. mercenary escorting a Bosnian Serb woman and her newborn child to a United Nations safe zone during the Bosnian War. It was produced by Oliver Stone.

Plot
Joshua Rose (Dennis Quaid), a U.S. Department of State official on embassy duty in Paris, sees his wife (Nastassja Kinski) and son killed in a bombing by Islamic terrorists. Immediately after the transfer ceremony he storms into a nearby mosque and shoots several worshipers. His friend Peter (Stellan Skarsgård) is forced to shoot one of the survivors when the man tries to kill Rose, and in order to avoid arrest they join the French Foreign Legion, with Joshua taking the name Guy.

Years later, Joshua, now going by the name of "Guy", and Peter are fighting for the Bosnian Serbs in the Bosnian War. They are stationed on a bridge separating them and the Bosniaks in a town. Guy mans a sniper post overlooking the bridge, and witnesses Peter's death when Peter drops his guard at a checkpoint and a young girl throws a grenade at him. Guy in turn shoots a boy crossing the bridge in pursuit of his runaway goat.

Guy is then seen searching the Bosniak side of the town following a ceasefire along with a Bosnian Serb soldier Goran (Sergej Trifunović). In one house they find an elderly Muslim woman who is confined to bed and shell-shocked and a dead woman. Guy also finds a sleeping baby who has been hidden in a wardrobe but does not inform Goran who hacks a finger off an old Bosniak woman in order to steal her ring.

After they leave the house, helicopters attack the town. As Goran takes cover Guy stays out in the open and returns to the house, but finds that both the child and the old lady have been killed by falling rubble. Later, Guy and Goran prepare for a prisoner exchange with the Bosnian forces. When they arrive at the exchange point one of the young Serb female prisoners being exchanged, Vera (Nataša Ninković), is visibly pregnant because she was raped by Muslims. Guy and Goran take her in Goran's car and they head towards her village.

In the car Goran berates Vera for being impregnated by a Bosniak even though Guy points out that she was almost certainly raped. Goran eventually stops the car in a tunnel. He throws Vera out of the car and begins to kick her as she lies on the ground. The blows force Vera into premature labor. As Goran prepares to murder the soon-to-be-born child, Guy kills Goran and then helps deliver the baby. When he shows Vera the child, a girl, she rejects it and attempts to shoot herself before Guy manages to stop her.

They arrive at her house where she is rejected by her family due to the shame felt by her father. They leave her house with Guy intending to head for a refugee camp where Vera and the baby would be looked after. Vera continues to reject the child and does not talk to Guy. After being told by Goran's family that his corpse has been found and that he was last seen in the company of Guy and Vera, Vera's father and brother head off in pursuit of them. They eventually catch up with them when they stop to get milk for the child. Guy is shot and injured, but Vera places herself between him and her father as he goes to kill him, and her father backs off and allows them to leave when Guy tells him that Goran intended to kill both Vera and the baby.

They briefly return to Vera's village to find it has been attacked, and have to watch from a distance as her family and other villagers are rounded up and led away by Bosniak militiamen. Guy decides to head for the safety of the UN zone in Split on the Dalmatian Coast. On their way they stop and take refuge with an elderly Croat man and his Bosnian Serb wife. The old man tells Guy "before the war, no difference [between Serbs and Croats], and now, stupid", pointing to his head to show madness.

After moving on they reach what they think is a relatively safe area. Vera leaves Guy and the child to rest in an abandoned and half-sunk boat on the edge of a lake while she goes to find a bus that will take them to Split. Vera is captured along with other civilians by members of the Croatian Defense Council (HVO). The HVO takes their prisoners to the waterfront where Guy is hiding in the boat. The HVO then proceed to beat several to death with a sledgehammer, including Vera, as they stand in the water. The fighters shoot those that are left as Guy witnesses the slaughter from inside the boat but can do nothing without giving himself and the child away. He smothers the baby in order to keep her quiet as the HVO prepares to leave. She stops breathing but is soon resuscitated by Guy.

Guy eventually makes his way onto a bus that takes him and the baby to Split where he leaves Vera's baby in an unattended Red Cross vehicle and writes the name "Vera" on a paper before walking to a pier, throwing his rifle and scope in the water and collapsing on a bench. A woman who was on the bus with him approaches him, carrying the girl and offering help. When she asks if the baby is his, Guy replies that she is and the woman promises to take them both to a hospital.

Cast

 * Dennis Quaid as Joshua Rose / Guy
 * Nataša Ninković as Vera
 * Stellan Skarsgård as Peter Dominic
 * Nastassja Kinski as Maria Rose
 * Sergej Trifunović as Goran
 * Pascal Rollin as Paris Priest
 * Catlin Foster as Christian
 * John Maclaren as Colonel
 * Irfan Mensur as Drill Sergeant
 * Ljiljana Krstić as Old Lady
 * Sanja Zogović as Girl On Bridge
 * Kosta Andrejević as Boy on Bridge
 * Veljko Otašević as Orthodox Priest
 * Marina Bukvički as Muslim Girl
 * Dušan Perković as Uncle Ratko
 * Svetozar Cvetković as Croat Officer
 * Josif Tatić as Croat Executioner

Reviews
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Savior currently has a 56% "Rotten" rating based on nine reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. On IMDb it scores 7.2/10. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of a possible four, stating that "Savior is a brutally honest war film that looks unblinkingly at how hate and prejudice can pose as patriotism."

Music
The musical arrangements were orchestrated by David Robbins. Choral arrangements were conducted by Gil Robbins and featured the choir of Radio Television of Serbia and the Belgrade Symphony Orchestra. The film featured several traditional regional folk songs, such as Zajdi, zajdi, Uspavanka (sang as a lullaby), and Rasti, rasti, moj zeleni bore (all used as the theme and in the credits).

title: Savior (film)


text:
User:TUF–KAT

This user was an impostor of TUF-KAT, using an en dash instead of a hyphen. This account is now blocked from editing Wikipedia.

title: User:TUF–KAT


text:
CPL (programming language)

CPL (Combined Programming Language) is a multi-paradigm programming language developed in the early 1960s. It is an early ancestor of the C language via the BCPL and B languages.

Design
CPL was developed initially at the Mathematical Laboratory at the University of Cambridge as the "Cambridge Programming Language" and later published jointly between Cambridge and the University of London Computer Unit as the "Combined Programming Language" (CPL was also nicknamed by some as "Cambridge Plus London" or "Christopher's Programming Language" ). Christopher Strachey, David Barron and others were involved in its development. The first paper describing it was published in 1963, while it was being implemented on the Titan Computer at Cambridge and the Atlas Computer at London.

It was heavily influenced by ALGOL 60, but instead of being extremely small, elegant and simple, CPL was intended for a wider application area than scientific calculations and was therefore much more complex and not as elegant as ALGOL 60. CPL was a big language for its time. CPL attempted to go beyond ALGOL to include industrial process control, business data processing and possibly some early command line games. CPL was intended to allow low-level programming and high level abstractions using the same language.

However, CPL was only implemented very slowly. The first CPL compiler was probably written about 1970, but the language never gained much popularity and seems to have disappeared without trace sometime in the 1970s.

BCPL (for "Basic CPL", although originally "Bootstrap CPL") was a much simpler language based on CPL intended primarily as a systems programming language, particularly for writing compilers; it was first implemented in 1967, prior to CPL's first implementation. BCPL then led, via B, to the popular and influential C programming language.

Example
The function MAX as formulated by Peter Norvig:

Max(Items, ValueFunction) = value of § (Best, BestVal) = (NIL, -∞) while Items do § (Item, Val) = (Head(Items), ValueFunction(Head(Items))) if Val > BestVal then (Best, BestVal) := (Item, Val) Items := Rest(Items) ̸§ result is Best ̸§

The closing section block symbol used here (̸§) is an approximation of the original symbol, in which the cross stroke is vertical. This is available in Unicode as §⃒ but does not display correctly on many systems.

Implementations
It is thought that CPL was never fully implemented in the 1960s, existing as a theoretical construct with some research work on partial implementations.

Peter Norvig has written (for Yapps, a Python compiler-compiler) a simple CPL to Python translator for modern machines.

title: CPL (programming language)


text:
Talk:Satomi Kōrogi

Untitled
There seems to be some confusion on what year she was born:the 1962 birth year in this entry is based on her profile in Hitoshi Doi's seiyuu database.However,[LINK REMOVED - BLACKLISTED] lists a 1966 birth year, while her Japanese Wikipedia entry lists a 1965 birth year.Which source is correct?Arigatou gozaimasu in advance. Ranma9617 03:35, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Manual of Style
Shouldn't this article be titled "Satomi Koorogi" in preference to the macron? I suggest this since "Koorogi" is either her trade name or the one used on her behalf. (See ANN and MOS-JA, macron usage.--Monocrat 22:24, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Searching Production Baobab on Google: Satomi Korogi (nothing), Satomi Kohrogi (nothing), Satomi Koorogi (yes). Also the website I mentioned looks to be her home page, but even if it's not official, the Production Baobab site definitely is. That should count as official trade name. --EmperorBrandon 01:15, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Hi am pichu
Pichuuu 198.52.138.104 (talk) 10:36, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Satomi Kōrogi