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Constitution Act, 1867

The Constitution Act, 1867 (Loi constitutionnelle de 1867), originally enacted as the British North America Act, 1867 (BNA Act), is a major part of the Constitution of Canada. The act created a federal dominion and defines much of the operation of the Government of Canada, including its federal structure, the House of Commons, the Senate, the justice system, and the taxation system. In 1982, with the patriation of the Constitution, the British North America Acts which were originally enacted by the British Parliament, including this Act, were renamed. However, the acts are still known by their original names in records of the United Kingdom. Amendments were also made at this time: section 92A was added, giving provinces greater control over non-renewable natural resources.

The long title is "An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the Government Thereof; and for Purposes Connected Therewith."

Preamble and Part I

The act begins with a preamble declaring that the three provinces New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (which later became Ontario and Quebec) have requested to form "one Dominion...with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom". This description of the Constitution has proven important in its interpretation. As Peter Hogg wrote in Constitutional Law of Canada, some have argued that, since the United Kingdom had some freedom of expression in 1867, the preamble extended this right to Canada even before the enactment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982; this was a supposed basis for the Implied Bill of Rights. In New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia, the leading Canadian case on parliamentary privilege, the Supreme Court of Canada grounded its 1993 decision on the preamble. Moreover, since the UK had a tradition of judicial independence, the Supreme Court ruled in the Provincial Judges Reference of 1997 that the preamble shows judicial independence in Canada is constitutionally guaranteed. Political scientist Rand Dyck criticized the preamble in 2000, saying it was "seriously out of date". He claimed the act "lacks an inspirational introduction".

The preamble to the act is not the Constitution of Canada's only preamble. The Charter also has a preamble.

Part I consists of just one extant section. Section 1 gives the short title of the act as Constitution Act, 1867. Section 2, repealed in 1893, originally stated that all references to the Queen (then Victoria) equally apply to all her heirs and successors.

Part II: Union
The act establishes the Dominion of Canada by uniting the North American British "Provinces" (colonies) of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Section 3 establishes that the union would take effect within six months of passage of the act and Section 4 confirms "Canada" as the name of the country (and the word "Canada" in the rest of the act refers to the new federation and not the old province).

Section 5 lists the four provinces of the new federation. These are formed by dividing the former Province of Canada into two: its two subdivisions, Canada West and Canada East, renamed Ontario and Quebec, respectively, become full provinces in Section 6. Section 7 confirms that the boundaries of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are not changed. And Section 8 provides that a national census of all provinces must be held every ten years.

Part III: Executive Power
Section 9 confirms that all executive authority "of and over Canada is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen". In section 10, the Governor General or an administrator of the government, is designated as "carrying on the Government of Canada on behalf and in the Name of the Queen". Section 11 creates the King's Privy Council for Canada. Section 12 states that the statutory powers of the executives of the former provinces of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick continue to exist, until modified by subsequent legislation. To the extent those pre-Confederation statutory powers now came within provincial jurisdiction, they could be exercised by the lieutenant governors of the provinces, either alone or by the advice of the provincial executive councils. To the extent the pre-Confederation statutory powers now came within federal jurisdiction, they could be exercised by the Governor General, either with the advice of the Privy Council or alone. Section 13 defines the Governor General in Council as the governor general acting with the advice of the Privy Council. Section 14 allows the Governor General to appoint deputies to exercise their powers in various parts of Canada. The Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces in Canada continues to be vested in the King under Section 15. Section 16 declares Ottawa to be the seat of government for Canada.

Part IV: Legislative Power
The Parliament of Canada comprises the King and two chambers (the House of Commons of Canada and the Senate of Canada), as created by section 17. Section 18 defines its powers and privileges as being no greater than those of the British parliament. Section 19 states that Parliament's first session must begin six months after the passage of the act.

Senate
The Senate has 105 senators (Section 21), most of whom represent (Section 22) one of four equal divisions: Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime Provinces and the Western Provinces (at the time of the Union, there were 72 senators). Section 23 lays out the qualifications to become a senator. Senators are appointed by the governor general under Section 24 (which until the 1929 judicial decision in Edwards v Canada (AG) was interpreted as excluding women), and the first group of senators was proclaimed under section 25. Section 26 allows the Crown to add four or eight senators at a time to the Senate, divided among the divisions, but according to section 27 no more senators can then be appointed until, by death or retirement, the number of senators drops below the regular limit of 24 per division. The maximum number of senators was set at 113, in Section 28. Senators are appointed for life (meaning until age 75 since 1965), under Section 29, though they can resign under Section 30 and can be removed under the terms of section 31, in which case the vacancy can be filled by the governor general (Section 32). Section 33 gives the Senate the power to rule on its own disputes over eligibility and vacancy. The speaker of the Senate is appointed and dismissed by governor general under Section 34. Quorum for the Senate is (initially) set at 15 senators by Section 35, and voting procedures are set by Section 36.

House of Commons
The composition of the Commons, under Section 37, consists of 308 members: 106 for Ontario, 75 for Quebec, 11 for Nova Scotia, 10 for New Brunswick, 14 for Manitoba, 36 for British Columbia, 4 for Prince Edward Island, 28 for Alberta, 14 for Saskatchewan, 7 for Newfoundland and Labrador, 1 for Yukon, 1 for the Northwest Territories, and 1 for Nunavut. The House is summoned by the governor general under Section 38. Section 39 forbids senators to sit in the Commons. Section 41 divides the provinces in electoral districts and Section 41 continues electoral laws and voting qualifications of the time, subject to revision. Section 44 allows the house to elect its own speaker and allows the House to replace the speaker in the case of death (Section 45) or prolonged absence (47). A speaker is required to preside at all sittings of the House (46). Quorum for the house is set at 20 members, including the speaker by Section 48. Section 49 says that the speaker cannot vote except in the case of a tied vote. The maximum term for a house is five years between elections under Section 50. Section 51 sets out the rules by which Commons seats are to be redistributed following censuses, allowing for more seats to be added by section 52.

Money votes and royal assent
"Money bills" (dealing with taxes or appropriation of funds) must originate in the Commons under Section 53 and must be proposed by the governor general (i.e. the government) under section 54. Sections 55, 56, and 57 allow the governor general to assent to in the Queen's name, withhold assent to or "reserve" for the "signification of the Queen's pleasure" any bill passed by both houses. Within two years of the governor general's royal assent to a bill, the Queen-in-Council may disallow the act; and within two years of the governor general's reservation, the Queen-in-Council may assent to the bill.

Part V: Provincial Constitutions
The basic governing structures of the provinces are laid out in Part V of the act. (Specific mentions are made to the four founding provinces, but the general pattern holds for all the provinces.)

Executive power
Each province must have a lieutenant governor (Section 58), who serves at the pleasure of the governor general (Section 59), whose salary is paid by the federal parliament (Section 60), and who must swear the oath of allegiance (Section 61). The powers of a lieutenant governor can be substituted for by an administrator of government (Sections 62 and 66). All provinces also have an executive council (Sections 63 and 64). The lieutenant governor can exercise executive power alone or "in council" (Section 65). Section 68 establishes the seats of government of the first four provinces (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick), but also allows those provinces to change their seats of government.

Ontario and Quebec
Sections 69 and 70 establishes the Legislature of Ontario, comprising the lieutenant governor and the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, and Sections 71 to 80 establishes the Parliament of Quebec, which at the time comprised the lieutenant governor, the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (renamed in 1968 to the National Assembly of Quebec), and the Legislative Council of Quebec (since abolished). The legislatures are summoned by the Lieutenant Governors (Section 82). Section 83 prohibits provincial civil servants (excluding cabinet ministers) from sitting in the provincial legislatures. Section 84 allows for existing election laws and voting requirements to continue after the union. Section 85 sets the life of each legislature as no more than four years, with a session at least once every twelve months under Section 86. Section 87 extends the rules regarding speakers, by-elections, quorum, etc., as set for the federal House of Commons to the legislatures of Ontario and Quebec.

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
Section 88 simply extends the pre-union constitutions of those provinces into the post-Confederation era.

Other
Section 90 extends the provisions regarding money votes, royal assent, reservation and disallowance, as established for the federal Parliament to the provincial legislatures but with the governor general in the role of the Queen-in-Council.

Part VI: Division of Powers
The powers of government are divided between the provinces and the federal government and are described in sections 91 to 95 of the act. Sections 91 and 92 are of particular importance, as they enumerate the subjects for which each jurisdiction can enact a law, with section 91 listing matters of federal jurisdiction and section 92 listing matters of provincial jurisdiction. Sections 92A and 93 and 93A are concerned with non-renewable natural resources and education, respectively (both are primarily provincial responsibilities). Section 94 leaves open a possible change to laws regarding property and civil rights, which so far has not been realized. Sections 94A and 95, meanwhile, address matters of shared jurisdiction, namely old age pensions (section 94A) and agriculture and immigration (section 95).

Peace, order and good government
Section 91 authorizes Parliament to "make laws for the peace, order, and good government of Canada, in relation to all matters not coming within the classes of subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the provinces". Although the text of the act appears to give Parliament residuary powers to enact laws in any area that has not been allocated to the provincial governments, subsequent Privy Council jurisprudence held that the "peace, order, and good government" power is in a delimited federal competency like those listed under section 91 (see e.g. AG Canada v AG Ontario (Labour Conventions), [1937] AC 326 (PC)).

In 2019, the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal sided with the federal government in a 3–2 split on the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, allowing an expansion of the federal government's taxation power over the provinces in the wake of the climate change crisis, concurrently as Parliament joined with other national legislatures in declaring that the nation was in a "climate emergency" on 17 June. In Grant Huscroft's dissenting opinion on the Court of Appeal for Ontario, he provides that "counsel for Canada conceded that the act was not passed on the basis that climate change constitutes an emergency".

First Nations, Inuit and Métis
Section 91(24) of the act provides that the federal government has the legislative jurisdiction for "Indians and lands reserved for the Indians". Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC), formerly known as Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), has been the main federal organization exercising this authority.

Criminal law
Section 91(27) gives Parliament the power to make law related to the "criminal law, except the constitution of courts of criminal jurisdiction, but including the procedure in criminal matters". It was on this authority that Parliament enacted and amends the Criminal Code.

However, under section 92(14), the provinces are delegated the power to administer justice, "including the constitution, maintenance, and organization of provincial courts, both of civil and criminal jurisdictions, and including procedure in civil matters in both courts". This provision allows the provinces to create the courts of criminal jurisdiction and to create provincial police forces such as the OPP and the Sûreté du Québec (SQ).

As a matter of policy dating back to Confederation, the federal government has delegated the prosecutorial function for almost all criminal offences to the provincial Attorneys General. Crown Prosecutors appointed under provincial law thus prosecute almost all Criminal Code offences across Canada.

Section 91(28) gives Parliament exclusive power over "penitentiaries" while section 92(6) gives the provinces powers over the "prisons". This means that offenders sentenced to two years or more go to federal penitentiaries while those with lighter sentences go to provincial prisons.

Property and civil rights
Section 92(13) gives the Provinces the exclusive power to make law related to "property and civil rights in the province". In practice, this power has been read broadly to give the provinces authority over numerous matters such as professional trades, labour relations, and consumer protection.

Marriage
Section 91(26) gives the federal government power over divorce and marriage. On this basis, Parliament can legislate on the substantive law of marriage and divorce. However, the provinces have power over the procedural law governing the solemnization of marriage (section 92(12)).

There are also several instances of overlap in laws relating to marriage and divorce, which in most cases is solved through interjurisdictional immunity. For instance, the federal Divorce Act is valid legislation, even though the Divorce Act has some incidental effects on child custody, which is usually considered to be within the provincial jurisdictions of "civil rights" (s. 92(13)) and "matters of a private nature" (s. 92(16)).

Works and undertakings
Section 92(10) allows the federal government to declare any "works or undertakings" to be of national importance, and thereby remove them from provincial jurisdiction.

Education (Sections 93 and 93A)
Sections 93 and 93A give the Provincial Provinces power over the competency of education, but there are significant restrictions designed to protect minority religious rights. This is due that it was created during a time when there was a significant controversy between Protestants and Catholics in Canada over whether schools should be parochial or non-denominational. Section 93(2) specifically extends all pre-existing denominational school rights into the post-Confederation era.

Section 94
Section 94 allows for the provinces that use the British-derived common law system, in effect all but Quebec, to unify their property and civil rights laws. This power has never been used.

Old Age Pensions (Section 94A)
Under Section 94A, the federal and provincial governments share power over Old Age Pensions. Either order of government can make laws in this area, but in the case of a conflict, provincial law prevails.

Agriculture and Immigration (Section 95)
Under Section 95, the federal and provincial governments share power over agriculture and immigration. Either order of government can make laws in this area, but in the case of a conflict, federal law prevails.

Part VII: Judicature
The authority over the judicial system in Canada is divided between Parliament and the provincial Legislatures.

Parliament's power to create federal courts
Section 101 gives Parliament power to create a "general court of appeal for Canada" and "additional Courts for the better Administration of the Laws of Canada". Parliament has used this power to create the Supreme Court of Canada and lower federal courts. It has created the Supreme Court under both branches of s. 101. The lower federal courts, such as the Federal Court of Appeal, the Federal Court, the Tax Court of Canada and the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada are all created under the second branch, i.e. as "additional Courts for the better Administration of the Laws of Canada".

Provincial power to create courts
Section 92(14) gives the provincial legislatures the power over the "Constitution, Maintenance, and Organization of Provincial Courts, both of Civil and of Criminal Jurisdiction". This power includes the creation of both the superior courts, both of original jurisdiction and appeal, as well as inferior tribunals.

Superior courts are known as "courts of inherent jurisdiction", as they receive their constitutional authority from historical convention inherited from the United Kingdom.

Section 96 courts
Section 96 authorizes the federal government to appoint judges for "the Superior, District, and County Courts in each Province". No provinces have district or county courts anymore, but all provinces have superior courts. Although the provinces pay for these courts and determine their jurisdiction and procedural rules, the federal government appoints and pays their judges.

Historically, this section has been interpreted as providing superior courts of inherent jurisdiction with the constitutional authority to hear cases. The "section 96 courts" are typically characterized as the "anchor" of the justice system around which the other courts must conform. As their jurisdiction is said to be "inherent", the courts have the authority to try all matters of law except where the jurisdiction has been taken away by another court. However, courts created by the federal government under section 101 or by the provincial government under 92(14) are generally not allowed to intrude on the core jurisdiction of a section 96 court.

The scope of the core jurisdiction of section 96 courts has been a matter of considerable debate and litigation. When commencing litigation a court's jurisdiction may be challenged on the basis that it does not have jurisdiction. The issue is typically whether the statutory court created under section 101 or 92(14) has encroached upon the exclusive jurisdiction of a section 96 court.

To validate the jurisdiction of a federal or provincial tribunal it must satisfy a three-step inquiry first outlined in Reference Re Residential Tenancies Act (Ontario). The tribunal must not touch upon what was historically intended as the jurisdiction of the superior court. The first stage of inquiry considers what matters were typically exclusive to the court at the time of Confederation in 1867. In Sobeys Stores Ltd. v. Yeomans (1989) the Supreme Court stated that the "nature of the disputes" historically heard by the superior courts, not just the historical remedies provided, must be read broadly. If the tribunal is found to intrude on the historical jurisdiction of the superior court, the inquiry must turn to the second stage which considers whether the function of the tribunal and whether it operates as an adjudicative body. The final step assesses the context of the tribunal's exercise of power and looks to see if there are any further considerations to justify its encroachment upon the superior court's jurisdiction.

Constitutional jurisdiction
Not all courts and tribunals have jurisdiction to hear constitutional challenges. The court, at the very least, must have jurisdiction to apply the law. In N.S. v. Martin; N.S. v. Laseur (2003) the Supreme Court re-articulated the test for constitutional jurisdiction from Cooper v. Canada. The inquiry must begin by determining whether the enabling legislation gives explicit authority to apply the law. If so, then the court may apply the constitution. The second line of inquiry looks into whether there was implied authority to apply the law. This can be found by examining the text of the act, its context, and the general nature and characteristics of the adjudicative body.

See Section Twenty-four of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms for the jurisdiction of the Charter.

Part VIII: Revenues; debts, assets; taxation
This Part lays out the financial functioning of the government of Canada and the provincial governments. It establishes a fiscal union where the federal government is liable for the debts of the provinces (Sections 111–116). It establishes the tradition of the federal government supporting the provinces through fiscal transfers (Section 119). It creates a customs union which prohibits internal tariffs between the provinces (Sections 121–124). Section 125 prevents one order of government from taxing the lands or assets of the other.

Part IX: Miscellaneous
Section 132 gives the federal Parliament the legislative power to implement treaties entered to by the British government on behalf of the Empire. With the acquisition of full sovereignty by Canada, this provision has limited effect.

Section 133 establishes English and French as the official languages of the Parliament of Canada and the Legislature of Quebec. Either language can be used in the federal Parliament and the National Assembly of Quebec. All federal and Quebec laws must be enacted in both languages, and both language versions have equal authority.

Part X: Admission of Other Colonies
Section 146 allows the federal government to negotiate the entry of new provinces into the Union without the need to seek the permission of the existing provinces. Section 147 establishes that Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland would have 4 senators upon joining Confederation.

Small bill of rights
The act does not include a written bill of rights and judicial theory on an Implied Bill of Rights did not emerge until the 20th century. Canadian constitutional scholar Peter Hogg identified several rights provided in various sections of the act that he termed the "small bill of rights": section 50 limits the duration of a House of Commons of Canada to a maximum of five years; sections 51 and 52 require readjustment of seats in the House of Commons following each census to guarantee proportionate representation of all provinces; section 86 requires Parliament and all legislatures sit at least once per year; section 93 provides, notwithstanding provincial jurisdiction over education in Canada, the right to separate schools for either Protestant or Catholic minorities; section 99 establishes a right for judges to serve during good behaviour unless removed by the governor general under advice from Parliament; section 121 prohibits customs duties and tariffs on inter-provincial trade; section 125 exempts governments in Canada from paying most taxes; and section 133 provides for bilingualism in the legislative and judicial branches of the federal and Quebec governments (see below).

Many of these rights were repeated or expanded in sections 4, 5, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20 of the Charter. Section 29 of the Charter does not repeat or establish new rights for separate schools but reaffirms the right to separate schools provided under the 1867 Act.

Language rights
Although the act does not establish English and French as Canada's official languages, it does provide some rights for the users of both languages in respect of some institutions of the federal and Quebec governments.

Section 133 allows bilingualism in both the federal Parliament and the Quebec legislature, allows for records to be kept in both languages, and allows bilingualism in federal and Quebec courts. Interpretation of this section has found that this provision requires that all statutes and delegated legislation be in both languages and be of equal force. Likewise, it has been found that the meaning of "courts" in Section 133 includes all federal and provincial courts as well as all tribunals that exercise an adjudicative function.

These rights are duplicated in respect to the federal government, but not Quebec, and extended to New Brunswick, by sections 17, 18 and 19 of the Charter of Rights; Sections 16 and 20 of the Charter elaborate by declaring English and French to be the official languages and allowing for bilingual public services.

Canada Day
The anniversary of the act's entry into force and creation of the Dominion of Canada on 1 July 1867 is observed annually as Canada Day (known as Dominion Day prior to 1982) and is celebrated as Canada's national holiday.

title: Constitution Act, 1867


text: User talk:4.225.36.154

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:4.225.36.154


text:
Talk:Jonny Lee Miller

Untitled
Also appeared in "Behind the Lines" an outstanding WW I drama done in 1992 about Segfried Sassoon and W. Owen. CMAC —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.169.155.44 (talk) 18:44, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

50.117.163.102 (talk) 10:48, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

Article Rewrite
I have started work on the article as it is in need of some improvement in terms of clarity, available sources etc. - Over Hill and Under Hill (talk • contribs) 23:07, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

Citizenship
Miller's nationality was recently edited from "English" to "American", after he posted the news about becoming a U.S. citizen. However, we don't know yet if he holds dual citizenship, so I question whether he should be labeled simply "American". JLeland (talk) 02:15, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

Spelling of name
According to a interview his name is spelled Jonatan, not Jonathan. Interview on YouTube — Preceding unsigned comment added by Buchaeffekt (talk • contribs) 04:17, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jonny Lee Miller


text:
ESPNews

ESPNews (pronounced "ESPN News," stylized ESPNEWS) is an American multinational digital cable and satellite television network owned by ESPN Inc., a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company (which owns a controlling 80% stake) and Hearst Communications (which owns the remaining 20%).

Known as "ESPN3" in its planning stages and proposed as early as 1993, the channel launched on November 1, 1996, and originally featured a rolling news format with 24-hour coverage of sports news and highlights. Since 2010, the network has largely shifted away from this format, and now primarily carries television simulcasts of ESPN Radio shows, encores of ESPN's weekday lineup of studio programs, and overflow event programming in the event of conflicts with ABC or the other ESPN networks.

, ESPNEWS is available to approximately 36,000,000 pay television households in the United States-down from its 2013 peak of 76,000,000 households.

Format and programming
ESPNews is typically offered on the digital tiers of U.S. cable providers, and is carried as a premium channel in some areas, satellite providers offer it on their standard package. Some regional sports networks that are not associated with Fox Sports Networks had previously aired ESPNews during the overnight or morning hours to provide a pseudo-national sportscast to their viewers, and to fill time that would otherwise be taken up by paid programming or other lower-profile programs, though as vertical integration has occurred with the sports networks now owned by Comcast (with NBC Sports) and Charter Communications, ESPNews programming has been dropped from these networks, however, its programming is still carried during the overnight hours on MASN2. If a national ESPN broadcast is blacked out in a particular market, the ESPN broadcast will usually be replaced by ESPNews.

The network was formerly simulcast on ESPN during coverage of major breaking sports news before that network expanded SportsCenter into additional daytime slots in 2008, additionally, ABC's early morning newscast, America This Morning, previously ran a highlights segment rundown featuring sports news headlines and highlights of the previous night's sporting events presented by an ESPNews overnight anchor.

The channel's BottomLine ticker was formerly more in-depth than the versions used by ESPN's other networks. It contained not only scores, but also statistics and brief news alerts about the day's sports headlines. However, in June 2010, the network switched to the standard BottomLine and screen presentation used by all other ESPN networks in preparation for the launch of SportsCenter broadcasts.

On November 11, 2006, the channel marked its 10-year anniversary, programming commemorating the occasion included a montage of highlights covering the past 10 years in sports. The network began airing SportsCenter on nights when sporting event telecasts on ESPN and ESPN2, such as college football or Major League Baseball games, were scheduled to overrun into the program's regular timeslots on ESPN and ESPN2's own sports analysis programs, which until 2010 would be the only incidences in which SportsCenter would be carried over to ESPNews.

XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio both provide channels with audio simulcasts of ESPNEWS, with the network's television advertisements replaced with radio ads from each service. On February 4, 2008, XM rebranded its channel as "ESPN Xtra," and added radio programs from local ESPN Radio affiliates as well as the audio simulcast of ESPNEWS.

In August 2010, telecasts of SportsCenter on ESPNews increased in frequency, now airing whenever ESPN or ESPN2 were unable to air the program due to scheduling conflicts, along with an afternoon expansion of SportsCenter to the channel's afternoon schedule rather than rolling ESPNews-branded coverage, while ESPN and ESPN2 carry sports talk and debate programming. The Beat (a show showing pop culture and sports action to the tune of a beat) was shown while SportsCenter aired on ESPN at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time until its cancellation in July 2011, and replacement by a rebroadcast of the ESPN2 sports talk program SportsNation. By early 2013, the only other programs featured on ESPNews were Highlight Express (a half-hour program showing the previous day's sports highlights, running from 10:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. Eastern Time in the afternoon), and the overnight soccer program ESPNFC Press Pass. The network also airs programming under the College Football Live banner on Saturday afternoons during college football season, a whip-around program similar to ESPN Goal Line, which gives live look-ins to multiple college football games happening simultaneously.

On June 13, 2013, Highlight Express was canceled due to low ratings and company-wide downsizing, leaving the overnight ESPNFC Press Pass, produced primarily for ESPN International, as the only program on the network that was exclusively broadcast (within the U.S.) on ESPNews, that program was removed from the schedule in August 2013, after it was supplanted by a new ESPN2 program simply titled ESPN FC. Additional runs of SportsCenter and other same-day airings of ESPN sports debate programming or the newsmagazine E:60 now fill the network's schedule, along with encores such as Friday Night Fights, as well as programming affected by sports-induced pre-emptions and overruns such as Olbermann during the US Open. The highlights and segment package for America This Morning came under the purview of the late-night SportsCenter team from Los Angeles from that day forward.

On November 29, 2017, as part of an expected announcement of 150 behind the scenes staffs being laid off from the network, ESPN announced that the primetime SportsCenter editions carried in primetime on ESPNews would be terminated after November 30, 2017 to cut costs (breaking sports news coverage will be maintained when needed). They were replaced by a block of reruns of ESPN and ESPN2's daytime talk programs, including Around the Horn, Highly Questionable, Outside the Lines, Pardon the Interruption, and SportsNation.

In March 2019, ESPNews premiered Daily Wager, a new weekday studio show devoted to sports betting. In August 2019, it was announced that Daily Wager would move to ESPN2 on August 20, 2019, and that ESPNews would add a new L-bar to its on-screen graphics during non-event programming (as well as during Daily Wager on ESPN2), featuring betting lines and other statistics. The feature is part of ESPN's partnership with the sportsbook of Caesars Entertainment.

Use as an overflow feed for live coverage
ESPNEWS ran a simulcast of ESPN Radio's Mike and Mike in the Morning from 2004 to 2005, the program moved to ESPN2 in 2006, although it still occasionally airs on ESPNEWS when live sports events (such as tennis' French Open or Wimbledon) air on ESPN2. When ESPN2 televised the 2009 U.S. Open tennis tournament, SportsNation aired on ESPNEWS instead from August 31, 2009 to September 11, 2009.

As ESPN Classic's carriage declined more into specialty cable tiers due to bandwidth conservation concerns and low viewership, along with no high-definition channel ever being established before its demise on December 31, 2021, ESPNEWS became the primary overflow network for situations in which ESPN and ESPN2 carry live sports coverage, with ESPNU, the ACC Network and SEC Network being limited to college sports overflow situations.

 * The network aired two National Invitation Tournament college basketball games on March 25, 2013 that were originally scheduled to air on ESPN, which instead aired an NBA game telecast between the Miami Heat and the Orlando Magic (a game in which the Heat extended its winning streak to 27 games).
 * Another NBA overflow of the late game of that night's ESPN doubleheader aired partially two days later on March 27, 2013 due to ESPN2 already carrying coverage of the 2013 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament until the first game on ESPN ended, with ESPN having an extended post-game show for the first game due to the Heat's aforementioned winning streak ending at the hands of the Chicago Bulls.
 * Coverage of the NCAA Women's Softball Preliminary Tournament aired on ESPNEWS on May 18, 2013, due to NBA playoff coverage on ESPN and X Games Barcelona coverage on ESPN2.
 * The network's most apparent overflow use has been with the NASCAR Nationwide Series in 2013. On April 26, 2013, ESPNEWS carried full live coverage of the Toyota Care 250 at Richmond International Raceway, due to NBA playoff coverage on ESPN, with the 2013 NFL draft's second night airing on ESPN2. The Kentucky 300 on September 21, 2013 from Kentucky Speedway was also moved over to ESPNEWS due to college football games airing on both ESPN networks.
 * On August 31, 2013, ESPNEWS aired three college football games, including the Kentucky–Western Kentucky game live from LP Field in Nashville, presumably due to all other ESPN networks being fully booked for college games at that time. ESPN Goal Line also has been expanded onto additional cable systems through new carriage agreements struck by The Walt Disney Company in early 2013, making the Goal Line simulcast unneeded.
 * ESPN's coverage of Wimbledon was often moved to ESPNews in 2014 due to their coverage of the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
 * ESPN's coverage of the Wisconsin v. USC Holiday Bowl was moved to ESPNews in 2015.
 * ESPN's coverage of the northeast regional NCAA hockey tournament, due to the NCAA Women's basketball tournament on ESPN, NCAA baseball and softball on ESPN2 and NCAA lacrosse and other regional games of the NCAA hockey tournament on ESPN-U in 2018.
 * Also due to live coverage on ESPN and ESPN2 of the NCAA Women's basketball tournament, ESPNews showed the rest of the day's Miami Open quarterfinal and semifinal coverage that was shown on ESPN2 before primetime coverage of the basketball tournament.
 * Olbermann was also carried live on ESPNEWS on weeknights if sports coverage on ESPN2 overflowed into that program's regular time slot.
 * The network aired Game 6 in the first round of the 2018 NBA Playoffs on April 27, 2018 between the Toronto Raptors and the Washington Wizards due to ESPN airing coverage of the 2018 NFL draft (which would later shift to ESPN2) and later airing another first-round game between the Indiana Pacers and Cleveland Cavaliers. Additionally, this game was also simulcast on NBA TV using the ESPN feed.
 * In June 2018, it was announced that six National Women's Soccer League matches through the end of the 2018 season would air on ESPNews, as part of its broadcast arrangement with fellow Disney/Hearst venture A&E Networks and Lifetime.
 * Game 3 of the semifinal round of the 2018 WNBA Playoffs between the Atlanta Dream and Washington Mystics aired on ESPNEWS due to a college football game (Western Kentucky–Wisconsin) on ESPN and the third round of the US Open airing on ESPN2. As with the Raptors–Wizards playoff game mentioned earlier, this game was also simulcast on NBA TV using the ESPNews feed including the BottomLine ticker which was displayed above their own ticker.

Additionally, ESPNEWS simulcasted ESPN Deportes' coverage of the 2018 Supercopa de España, the first time it has aired Spanish-language programming although the BottomLine ticker continued to be displayed in English.

Current

 * Keyshawn, JWill, and Max (September 2021 – present)
 * SportsCenter (2008–present)

Former

 * 4 Qtrs (2003–2006)
 * The Beat (2009–2010)
 * Coaches' Corner (aired on Tuesday from 2001–2005)
 * Daily Wager (2019–present)
 * The Dan Le Batard Show with Stugotz (2018–2020)
 * ESPNEWS (1996–2011)
 * ESPNEWS Late Night (2003–2010)
 * ESPNEWS Morning Final (2003–2010)
 * ESPNEWS Early Evening (2003–2006)
 * ESPNEWS Day (2006–2009)
 * ESPNEWS Gametime (2006–2009)
 * ESPNEWS Night Cap (2005–2006)
 * ESPNEWS Postgame (2006–2009)
 * ESPNEWS Pregame (2006–2009)
 * ESPN Radio Primetime (2007–2008)
 * Football Friday (2004–2009)
 * The Highlight Zone (2008–2009)
 * Highlight Express (2010–2013)
 * The Hot List (2003–2009)
 * Mike and Mike in the Morning (2004–2006, simulcast of ESPN Radio show, moved to ESPN2 in 2006, still aired on ESPNEWS when ESPN2 was scheduled to air live sports events, the ESPN2 simulcast is rebroadcast mornings beginning at 10:00 a.m. Eastern)
 * NFL Monday Quarterback (aired on Mondays from 2001–2005)
 * The Pulse (2004–2009)
 * The Ryen Russillo Show (??–2017)
 * The Stephen A. Smith Show (2017-January 2020)
 * The Will Cain Show (2018– June 2020)
 * Golic and Wingo (2018–2020)
 * First Take, Your Take with Jason Fitz (2020)
 * Greeny (August 2020 – November 2020)
 * The Max Kellerman Show (August 2020 – November 2020)
 * Chiney and Golic Jr. (August 2020 – November 2020)

ESPN Radio segment
In 2007, ESPNEWS began broadcasting a half-hour segment of ESPN Radio programming on Sunday mornings. The broadcast includes three commentators (a retired coach, a retired player, and an analyst) to break down the events of the featured sport, while an on-screen graphical list of standings, statistical leaders, and other statistics of the featured sport is displayed, the upper-right of the screen shows sports highlights (usually of the player or team of discussion), a fan comment board appears at the bottom of the screen, above the ESPNEWS BottomLine.

High definition
ESPNEWS operates a high definition simulcast feed, which broadcasts in 720p (the default resolution format for The Walt Disney Company's television properties) and was launched on March 30, 2008. Originally, the layout and graphics were reworked specifically for viewing on widescreen television sets, offering additional content not available on the channel's standard definition feed. It utilized reworked HD sideline graphics, a descendant of the "Rundown" used on overnight editions of SportsCenter on ESPN, which wrapped around the top left and bottom of the widescreen picture. The HD Sideline offered the display of textual information, headshots, news and scores, while still delivering video highlights in the HD format.

The enhanced format was discontinued in June 2010 and the channel now broadcasts in near-fullscreen 16:9, with regular gray and red graphics similar to those used by the other ESPN channels. The move was made to "accommodate the high number of SportsCenters that moved to the network during the World Cup."

On May 20, 2012, ESPNEWS switched the presentation of its standard definition feed from 4:3 to a downscaled widescreen letterbox version of the HD feed, becoming the last ESPN network with a HD companion channel to make the conversion to a full-widescreen presentation. ESPNEWS HD was added to Dish Network on March 18, 2014, as part of a new carriage agreement that ended a four-year dispute that removed existing HD simulcast feeds of Disney-owned channels.

International versions
While not operating under the ESPN name, CTV Specialty Television (which is partly owned by ESPN) operates RDS Info, a French-language sister network to Réseau des sports (RDS) (which in turn, is a sister network to the English language TSN), which maintains a sports news format and ticker similar to that used by ESPNews, and carries continuous broadcasts of Sports 30 (RDS's equivalent of SportsCenter). Until October 2011, when RDS2 was launched, RDS Info was also used as a part-time secondary outlet for RDS in the event of scheduling conflicts. It has since served as an occasional tertiary outlet for RDS programming, similar to the role now served by ESPNews.

ESPN Star Sports (a joint venture between ESPN International and Star TV) operated an Asian version of ESPNews that was launched in November 2009 in Singapore on Singtel's Mio TV and later expanded to other areas, including Hong Kong, where it was launched in August 2011 on PCCW's Now TV. It was renamed Fox Sports News in 2013, following News Corporation's full take over of ESPN Star Sports, before it was closed down in 2017.

Personalities
This is a list of several past and present personalities on the ESPNews network. (NOTE: All of the current ESPNews anchors listed below are now SportsCenter anchors as of June 2013.)

Current

 * Max Bretos: 2010–present (anchor, ESPNews)
 * Linda Cohn: 1996–present (anchor, ESPNews)
 * Kevin Connors: 2008–present (anchor, ESPNews)
 * David Lloyd: 1997–present (anchor, ESPNews)

Former

 * David Amber: 2003-2005 (anchor, ESPNews), now with the NHL Network
 * Andre Aldridge: 1997-2000 (anchor, ESPNews), now with NBA TV
 * John Anderson: 1999-2000 (anchor, ESPNews), now a SportsCenter anchor for ESPN
 * Steve Berthiaume: 1999–2005, 2007–2012 (anchor, ESPNews), now an Arizona Diamondbacks play-by-play commentator with Bally Sports Arizona
 * Michelle Bonner: 2005–2012 (anchor, ESPNews)
 * Cindy Brunson: 1999-2012 (anchor, ESPNews), now with Bally Sports Arizona
 * Steve Bunin: 2003–2012 (anchor, ESPNews), was in same position at Comcast SportsNet Houston (now Root Sports Southwest) until October 2014, now with Yahoo! Sports
 * Ryan Burr: 2006–2011 (anchor, ESPNews), now with the Golf Channel
 * Cara Capuano: 2000–2004 (anchor, ESPNews), now in same position at ESPNU
 * Jonathan Coachman: 2008–2017 (anchor ESPNews), now WWE Pre show host
 * Lindsay Czarniak 2011–2017 (anchor, ESPNews), was later a SportsCenter anchor for ESPN let go on August 31, 2017
 * Neil Everett: 2001–2005 (anchor, ESPNews), now a Los Angeles-based SportsCenter anchor for ESPN
 * Dave Feldman: 1996–2000 (afternoon anchor, ESPNews), now a SportsNet Central anchor for NBC Sports Bay Area
 * Mike Golic: 2004-2005 (co-host, Mike & Mike)
 * Mike Greenberg: 1996-2005 (co-host, Mike & Mike and anchor, ESPNews), now a SportsCenter anchor for ESPN in addition to his current duties on the aforementioned radio show
 * Mike Hall: 2004–2005 (anchor, ESPNews), formerly with ESPNU from 2005-03-04 to 2007-04-27, now with BTN
 * Mike Hill: 2005–2013 (anchor, ESPNews), now with Fox Sports 1
 * Bob Halloran: 1999-2003 (anchor, ESPNews), now at WCVB-TV in Boston
 * David Holmes: 2005–2006 (anchor, ESPNews), now a sports reporter and substitute sports anchor at WTVG (ABC) in Toledo, OH
 * Jason Jackson: 1996-2002 (anchor, ESPNews), now a broadcaster for the Miami Heat
 * Dana Jacobson: 2002-2005 (anchor, ESPNews), now co-host of TBD in the AM on CBS Sports Radio; also co-anchor on CBS This Morning Saturday; now with CBS News and Sports
 * Brian Kenny: 2003–2005 (anchor, ESPNews, The Hot List), now with MLB Network
 * Michael Kim: 1996–2013 (anchor, ESPNews), now with 120 Sports
 * Mark Malone: 1996–2004 (anchor, ESPNews), now sports director for WBBM-TV (CBS) in Chicago, IL
 * Jade McCarthy: 2012-2013 (anchor, ESPNews), was later a SportsCenter anchor, let go by ESPN on April 26, 2017
 * Dari Nowkhah: 2004-2011 (anchor, ESPNews), now in same position at ESPNU
 * Bill Pidto: 1996–2008 (anchor, ESPNEWS), now with MSG Network
 * Dave Revsine: 1996–2007 (anchor, ESPNews), now lead anchor at BTN
 * Scott Reiss: 2001–2008 (anchor, ESPNews), now with NBC Sports Bay Area
 * Danyelle Sargent: 2003–2006 (anchor, ESPNews), now in same position at NFL Network
 * Will Selva: 2007–present (anchor, ESPNews), now at NFL Network
 * Bill Seward: 1996–2000 (anchor, ESPNews), now a sports anchor at NBC Sports, CBS Radio and PBP announcer of Rugby World Cup on NBC
 * Anish Shroff: 2008-2012 (anchor, ESPNews), now an anchor and a play-by-play commentator at ESPNU
 * Jaymee Sire: 2013–2017 (anchor, ESPNews), was later a SportsCenter anchor, let go by ESPN on April 26, 2017
 * Mike Tirico: 1996–? (anchor, ESPNews), now a host and play-by-play commentator for NBC Sports; was an original anchor on ESPNews when it was launched on 1996-11-01
 * Stan Verrett: 2002-2009 (anchor, ESPNews), now a Los Angeles-based SportsCenter anchor for ESPN
 * Sara Walsh: 2010–2017 (anchor, ESPNews), was later a SportsCenter anchor, let go by ESPN on May 4, 2017
 * Pam Ward: 1996–2004 (anchor, ESPNews), now a play-by-play commentator for ESPN
 * Whit Watson: 1997–2002 (anchor, ESPNews), now with the Golf Channel
 * Bram Weinstein: 2008-2010 (anchor, ESPNews), was later a SportsCenter anchor, left ESPN in 2015
 * Matt Winer: 2001–2009 (anchor, ESPNews), now with Turner Sports and NBA TV
 * Mike Yam: 2008–2012 (anchor, ESPNews)
 * Adnan Virk: 2010–2019 (anchor, ESPNews)

title: ESPNews


text:
Talk:Damping factor

what would be an example of a large damping factor and a small one?
Thanks for any info. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.79.229.165 (talk) 17:03, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Previous archive missing?
This note was present at the top of this page, but the second link was a red link:

Earlier talk archived at:
 * Talk:Damping factor/archive1
 * Talk:Damping factor/archive2

I'm changing to the archive template and archiving another chunk through 2007. — MaxEnt 10:11, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

 * That's because the links are wrong. The first has a redirect, but they should correctly read:
 * Talk:Damping factor/Archive 1
 * Talk:Damping factor/Archive 2
 * 86.174.152.128 (talk) 12:02, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

archiving is nonsense
Sorry, but to archive SMALL  Quantities of text I consider that as nonsense.

The article is not as good, the contribution here usually help. --AK45500 (talk) 16:43, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

Critical damping of loudspeakers
I believe that critical damping of a loudseaker cone by electrical methods is, in almost all cases, impossible due to the non zero resistance of the voice coil. --Light current 10:30, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Just use a negative impedance at the amplifier.
 * --AK45500 (talk) 16:45, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

Large Damping Factor is desirable for audio amplifiers
I have a real problem with this statement... "A large damping factor is no advantage beyond a certain point, probably around 10." This is totally not true... and totally obvious to anyone who works in the professional audio field, as I do. A large damping factor (100 or greater, preferably 400 - 1000) is highly desirable, and mandatory for quality bass reproduction, given the way that loudspeakers work. Please read the referenced article from Crown Audio. Anyone who believes a large damping factor is no advantage is confusing the issue of feedback (and possible negative effects of feedback) with damping factor. Tvaughan1 22:33, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry I consider this as ... . I do not think, that anyone in the professional audio field is not able to calculate the Brake-current.
 * From damping factor 10 to 400 the current, that will slow down the cone, after the signal ceases will increase by 0.15 dB . It will decrease again if the coil increases by 100 Kelvin.
 * But you are shure the whole audio comunity considers a 0.15 dB 'faster' acceleration or damping is important. You know, the damping 10 will increase BASS response a little tiny bit compared to 400 ! A lot of peaople consider that as desirable.
 * Yes, high damping may (sometimes) be HIGHLY desirable. But then please use a Damping factor of -5  or  -3  ( ¡ minus ! ). Look at Yamaha or old REVOX  subwoofers. --AK45500 (talk) 17:09, 11 June 2021 (UTC)
 * The results indicated that any damping factor over 10 is going to result in inaudible differences between that and a damping factor equal to infinity. However, it was also determined that the frequency-dependent variation in the response of the loudspeaker due to the output resistance of the amplifier is much more significant than the effects on system damping.
 * These two sentences contradict each other.  Output resistance partially defines damping factor so you can't say "damping factor over 10 doesn't matter but  is much more significant"
 * Not sure if the bit in the paper is poorly written or assumes a great deal of context about what they're referring to, but the quote in the wikipedia article loses all that context. XaXXon (talk) 05:49, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Damping factor


text:
Talk:Týr

Unclear section
"As the wolf is a frequent metaphor for the all-devouring grave, and with the well-known Eddaic adage "Cattle die, kinsmen die ..." in mind, the meaning of this by-name becomes clear."

What is this all about? This 'well known' phrase is a bit obscure for a random guy from Africa. Please redo this part of it in a somewhat accessable format. ManicParroT 21:23, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It's one of the most famous verses from the Elder Edda didactic poem Sayings of the High One. --Gwern (contribs) 22:39 23 October 2007 (GMT)

Which hand?
Does anyone know which hand he lost? -FZ 22:00, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * A random search on Internet gave several pages all claiming that it was the right hand. This makes sense, showing the god's courage in risking his main hand. (Unless he was left-handed.) I don't know if that was explicitly told in the original sources, But maybe some scholars of norse mythology could tell what was written in them...

 * Hmmm, this is strange. Marvel Comics version of Tyr: http://www.immortalthor.net/bio-tyr.html "According to Norse mythology, it was Tyr's right hand that was lost, but in the Asgard of the Marvel Universe, he lacks his left"

 * Read the full explanation. It says further down in the article in a special note that in the Asgard of the Marvel Universe, he lacks his left hand, not right as in the real mythology.

 * Týr lost his right hand to Fenrir according to both the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda. –Holt (T•C) 23:00, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

The bracteate illustration in the article shows Týr's left hand being bitten. Is the drawing reversed? Centrepull (talk) 20:11, 5 May 2015 (UTC)

"Fountain"

 * "The Fountain of Tyr" was the alleged practice of berserkers of cutting off their own hand to use the blood from the spurting artery to blind an opponent.

I removed this for lack of reference (nothing was to be found on the web. is it in the Edda?) dab (T) 16:36, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have never heard of it. I believe it is crank.--Wiglaf 20:02, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * seems like it. it was here for 7 months. never cite WP as a reference... seems to strkie a chord, though ... dab (T) 21:55, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I guess the last link is the source of the info. Well, the fact that it is about Vikings vs. Romans is a tell-tale sign it is bogus. I have wondered about veracity of the fountain of Tyr for seven months. It is sad that Wikipedia is littered with things like that.--Wiglaf 22:23, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Haha.. I'm so glad these pages are getting more attention than they did a year ago. bloodofox: 02:42, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

There is a literary reference in "CASCA: The Barbarian, Volume 5" by Barry Sadler. "Casca lunged forward, grabbed Hrolthar’s shoulder, and swung him around, making a sweep with his short sword. It sliced through Hrolthar’s right arm at the wrist, dropping the hand still holding the axe to the ground. Hrolthar screamed and before Casca could cover his eyes, Hrolthar used the fountain of Tyr to blind him." ... my apolgies if this not cited correctly. I did not have time to look up the protocol.

Runeswords
Consequently, the Tyr rune was carved onto spearheads and onto the hilts of swords, so that Tyr would aid the owner in battle.
 * I was unable to find a pre-700 example of this (n Looijenga). Maybe during the Viking Age? In any case, I replaced it with a reference to the Lindholm amulet. dab (ᛏ) 15:32, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I am afraid I lack a book on it at the moment. OlofE, who is somewhat of an expert on runes, wrote at Talk:Norse mythology:The most visible deity in runic text is Tyr. The name itself, and the rune, was used for a long time as an incantation of power. Many old inscriptions consist only of a tyr (T) rune, often repeated or multiplied (a stem with 7 bars on each side for instance). This is especially common in old, short inscriptions on weapons. The problem with Looijenga is that he he excludes the vast majority of runic inscriptions by limiting himself to the period prior to 700 and to the area around the North Sea (but as both of us know, limiting the scope is one of the major tasks when writing a dissertation).--Wiglaf 17:32, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * (Looijenga is a she, I think) that's right. Maybe I shouldn't have removed it. I readily believe the rune was used in this way, but I would have liked a rough reference as to when the practice was common. Often on WP, all things Germanic seem to be lumped together, and I have grown wary of general statements about "Germanic" customs. I have tried to find out about the practice of inscribing runes on swords, and it seems there is not a single example of runes actually being written on the blade. There are quite a few examples of runes on the hilt or on the scabbard, though, but most examples I have found seem to be names. I would just ask that the statement about the Tyr runes is re-introduced with a rough reference to a time period, and maybe a couple of prominent examples. dab (ᛏ) 18:10, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I am not sure I can satisfy those demands at the moment, but I am not insisting on having it in the text. I just thought it might be interesting to the general reader.--Wiglaf 19:01, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * the "especially in old inscriptions" part at least seems unsubstantiated, however. because in a runic context, 'old' would certainly mean Elder Futhark / pre-8th-century. dab (ᛏ) 18:36, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, in my mind old inscriptions means prior to the 11th century when most inscriptions were made in Sweden.--Wiglaf 19:01, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I see. this is probably a question of "Germanic" vs. "Norse" mindset. (the name Tyr is Norse, but the article treats the proto/pan-Germanic god). I suppose at the moment it seems probable that this use of the Tyr rune was common during the Viking Age, i.e. post-800, pre-1000. I have really had a hard time finding any swords inscribed with runes, no matter where (hilt, pommel, blade, scabbard...) dab (ᛏ) 19:09, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The fact is, the evidence for the inscription of the Tyr rune on weapons is, apart from a single literary reference, virtually nonexistent. There are only a couple of known weapons with anyhting resembling a Tyr rune on them, and in one instance the mark is very small and might just be coincidental markings.

Neverthless, the literary evidence is quite plain and clear, stating to carve the Tyr rune on the hilt of one's blade and call twice on Tyr for victory.

Neverwinter Nights
The reference at the end to Tyr being a god in "Bioware's Neverwinter Nights" is wrong. The game had no direct link to the Tyr in Norse mythology, but rather Tyr has been a god in the Forgotten Realms game world for many years, and that was drawn from Norse mythology. I'm not going to change it, but someone else should.
 * I've altered the entry to reflect this. bloodofox: 03:23, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Tyr and Mars
There are two mentions of Tyr being identified with Mars, which begs for an explicit discussion in the article. Is it merely that they're both war gods? Or is Tyr descended in some way from Mars? (I wouldn't think so.)

I would add that the picture is pretty, but it's not nearly contemporaneous; though its style looks to me like it was meant to look like it was from the 1100s, it's from the 1700s and is hardly an authentic source when considering any Tyr/Mars connection. Tempshill 19:52, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The picture is meant as a decoration rather than an authentic source of anything (except 18th century Icelandic art). The Týr/Mars connection is old, though. Old Norse Týsdagr (English Tuesday) corresponds to the Roman dies Martis. - Haukurth 20:42, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The Latin word dies Martis was calqued into words akin to Tyr's day in the different old Germanic languages. Tyr is not descended from Mars, but had some similar traits, mainly also being a god of war. 85.226.122.237 13:19, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Tyr and his Germanic cognates were glossed as Mars by the early Romans, and then later on by Germanic converts to Catholicism. Later on, as a result of Odin becoming the chief Teutonic god of organized warfare, Mars also began to be used as a gloss for Odin. Originally it was used to gloss Tyr, ie. Teiwaz, as a result of his association with warfare and Odin's greater similarity to Mercury. It is also possible that, even as Mars was seen as the progenitor of Rome, so was Tyr seen as the progenitor of Germanic culture. This would make him the same as Tacitus' Tuisto. Also, in TAcitus' Histories a representative of the TEncteri is said to hail Tyr as the greatest of the gods.

++++

I was under the impression that Tyr corresponded to Zeus, not Aries/Mars. This would seem to be supported by the variations of forms of his name including "Z" and the reference to Tyr having previously been the chief god of the pantheon, as was Zeus. Kro666 12:45, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Tyr statue
I've read about a statue of Tyr wearing a horned helmet that was unearthed in Zealand, Denmark in 200 BC. I've also seen photographs of this statue. Unfortunately, with a google image search I'm having trouble finding a decent photo of the original statue but plenty of apparent reproductions from your usual New Age merchants. However, I can't seem to find too much information regarding it outside of where it was found and the supposed date. If it's to be trusted, I think a photograph of the statue would be quite appropriate for this article. bloodofox: 04:33, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * There were no cameras in 200BCE though...120.29.109.137 (talk) 04:26, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * It's a nice statue, and if you can get hold of a free image, it would be perfect on horned helmet and Pre-Roman Iron Age, but I have serious doubts that the statue can be identified with "Tyr" in any sensible way. The statue itself is notable. The "Tyr" identification is likely New Age merchants' fiction (200 BC is Proto-Germanic. If anything, the statue depicts "Tiwaz", but since it is not labelled, this is simply free guesswork). dab (ᛏ) 08:20, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * As it stands, Tiwaz currently redirects here. In fact, I think I did that. :) What do you think about a passing reference on the page about the statue sometimes being associated? It was found in Denmark and it seems to be intentionally missing a hand. What else is it going to be? Of course, I understand that this isn't the place to decide that. However, there is the similarity and maybe it deserves a mention? bloodofox: 17:10, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll be glad for a discussion of the statue. I agree that the missing hand is a strong hint. Where did you read it was dated to 200 BC? If we can identify it, we can certainly draw a connection. To begin with, you'll need its inventory number, and you may be able to google it on a museum homepage. If the museum exhibits it as "Tyr" that will be good enough. What museum is it in? dab (ᛏ) 17:38, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * ah, I found your source, This piece depicts the god with battle-ax, and replicates a bronze original dated circa 200 BCE, from Zealand in Denmark.; we could email sacredsource.com and ask for identification. Their Odin Thor and Freyr  are nice too, and they are straightforward to identify, actually dating to the Viking Age, they would be nice additions to the respective articles if we can find free images. dab (ᛏ) 17:55, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I have added a bit about the Thor statue to the Thor article and also sent an e-mail to Sacred Source to see if they know what museum it is in and/or an inventory number or, really, anything else outside of the location where it was found. I couldn't really find much of anything on the internet about it either after looking around for some time. So far, no response but I'll let you know when I get one. bloodofox: 06:34, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I received a response from the company today. Unsurprisingly, they didn't know anything about the statue outside what was provided to them. I'll keep looking and ask some friends. bloodofox: 21:07, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

In persian Tyr or tir also means Mars. It's also the 4th month of persian calendar. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zigourat (talk • contribs) 08:59, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * If you are talking about Turmar (April-May), remember that is in the relation with Saint George (none other than Hercules). Tyr is not the greco-roman Ares-Mars, is in fact Hercules. The roman's mistake regarding Tyr-Mars is similar with another: Odhin-Mercury. Bigshotnews 02:05, 10 March 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bigshotnews (talk • contribs)

I have recently found what I believe is the origin of the statue. The Grevensvænge figurines, which have their own wikipedia article, show two twin deities holding axes that look identical to the supposed Tyr statue, albeit with axes and both hands in tact. However there were several statues and not all are shown in the article, and most of them are now missing. So the statue does seem to have historical significance, but I am not sure if it was connected to Tyr (since they are depicted as twins, it is more likely it was dedicated to the Alcis or some other divine twin archetype.

Citation
Use of the symbol as a racist emblem is documented here. I wasn't sure where to cite so please feel free to transplant the reference where appropriate. Angrynight 01:27, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello angrynight, I've removed your reference from the article because it's already covered on the main article for the rune. All we need here is a small summary of the rune and how it relates to Tyr. bloodofox: 01:38, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Ahh... Okay, I bow to your superior knowledge of how this knowledge is organized. Angrynight 04:58, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup notice.
The characterisation of Germanic intentions as genocidal and the pretensions to actually know the intent behind different types of bog sacrifices are going to require citation. I am somewhat familiar with the migration era legends, and to say definitively that they represent this or that about bronze age and early iron age cultic practises is a matter of interpretation, not established fact. --Fire Star 17:32, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

According to Tacitus, in his Germania, the "sacrifice" of the spoils of war was done in honour of Mars (Tiw) and Mercury (Woden).

The actual bog sacrifices of the Late Stone Age are of unblemished wepaons or goods, all laid out in very thoughful and neat rows; as befits a sacral offering.

According to both historical literary sources and archeological evidence, these "sacrifices" of plunder were burnt, hacked, bent, and otherwsie trashed before being cast into the bog; with none of thoughtfulness of other similar offerings. Thus, they are immediately and quite poignantly set apart from actual sacrifices.

Now, accroding to Tacitus, those guilty of shameful capital crimes had a hurdle placed about their necks and they were sunk in bogs. Archeology has revealed that a number of "bog people" in both Celtic and Germanic lands were also ritually tortured prior to submersion. This parallels that Eddaic treatment of Loki.

Clearly, the so-called "sacrifices" of the spoils of war paralells the treatment of shaemful capital offenders; whereas all they share in common with the true sacrifces is the bog itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.69.115.211 (talk) 15:38, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Quote from Ynglinga saga, regarding Hanga-týr
Hmm... The English translation above doesn't fit with the Old Norse, it must be a translation of a text which had "hauga" and "hauga dróttinn". Anyway, hanga" is the genitive plural of the word 'hangi', "a body hanging on a gallows". Haukur 16:48, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * you are right, and I shouldn't have made the edit. "god of the hanged" just sounded a bit strange, but I suppose having been hanged himself made Odin something like a patron of the hanged? In any case a literal translation is preferable when in doubt. dab (ᛏ) 20:39, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * IIRC, the name "god of the hanged" derives from the fact that only Odin received sacrifices through hanging.--Berig 09:54, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Toutatis/Tîwaz
It seems to me that there is a linguistic similarity between the two above. It might offend Modern mores suggesting that Celtic God and a Germanic one may have the same basis, but they both have common attributes. the "Tis" at the end of the former and the "Ti" are surely cognate? Brendandh 00:27, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * *t and *t doesn't correspond for Germanic and Celtic languages. Germanic *t corresponds to Celtic *d, and Celtic *t corresponds to Germanic *þ. According to the comparative method, Týr would correspond etymologically to Irish Dagda. 惑乱 分からん * \)/ (\ (< \) (2 /) /)/ * 14:27, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * in fact, just the -da of Dagda :) --dab (𒁳) 11:41, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * If that were true, where does tuatha fit in? Tuatha is taken to mean 'tribe' or 'people' as is 'teuton'; ultimately both stem from Proto Indo European *teuta meaning 'tribe'. I think you dismiss links between the two gods too quickly and with incorrect information/reasoning. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C6:6519:AB00:418B:FEB1:80D2:4BD3 (talk) 14:51, 25 April 2019 (UTC)

Fenrisulfr/Fenrir/Fenris
The article was using all three forms of this name interchangeably, and confusingly. I cleaned it up by leaving the link to" Fenrisulfr", but using "Fenris" everywhere else, since that's the name I'm most familiar with. Of course, I don't know jack about any of this, so if someone who does wants to go in after me and change it, please make sure you're doing it in a way that doesn't reintroduce the confusion. 71.212.19.193 16:53, 11 February 2007 (UTC) A Guy with a Head Cold

Pronunciation
Can we get an IPA pronunciation? This is my favorite Norse god and I have no idea how to say his name... That's sad. ·:RedAugust 09:01, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * From what I've looked into, it's supposed to rhyme with "tier". I'm going to go ahead and put the IPA as "/tɪɚ/" but the R sound may be different depending on dialect. ·:RedAugust 13:48, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I have no idea how the name is usually pronounced in English but the Old Norse pronunciation was IPA [ty:r] or something close to that. Haukur 13:56, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * how about tyoo as in tuesday? It's an English god too, after all :) --dab (𒁳) 17:49, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure but I do know that I don't appreciate someone removing my pronunciation without including another. If you know it's wrong then you must know the correct answer so please include that. ·:RedAugust 21:49, 14 October 2007 (UTC) 23:00, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * you want to cite a WP:RS then. m-w.com has \ˈtir\. This is for English. Your  /tɪɚ/ pretended to be the pronunciation for Old Norse, which was clearly false. --dab (𒁳) 09:34, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I didn't make my pronunciation "pretend" to be anything. I listed it next to the "Old Norse" transcription but intended it to be the common English pronunciation that I've heard from teachers, classmates, etc. If it's wrong then please submit your "correction" before you remove mine. I'll go ahead and fix it so that it clearly defines it as the English pronunciation but until you can find a source stating otherwise I'd like to see it stay. Every google search comes down to three (actually two) English pronunciations: Behind the Name's "/ˈtɪɚ/" (and many other sites which claim it rhymes with "tier") M-W's \ˈtir\ (But notice that M-W.com doesn't use IPA. Look up "tier" and the pronunciation is exactly the same. Now look up "tier" in Wiktionary [which uses IPA] and you'll see that it's /ˈtɪɚ/). Finally, there's the strange [taɪɚ] which sounds like "tire/tyre" and, to me, seems blatantly wrong.
 * So, in short: Thanks for giving me the source that I needed to demonstrate that the proper (English) pronunciation of "Tyr" is [ˈtɪɚ]. ·:RedAugust 21:49, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * My Webster's gives it as (tēr, tyr) and defines ē as in ēqual. From my own knowledge I can tell you that the Icelandic pronunciation is IPA [tʰiːr] while the pronunciation in 13th century Old Norse is believed to have been something like [tyːr]. Haukur 22:07, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Now, I should think that Webster's (tēr) would correspond to IPA [tʰiːɹ]. Haukur 22:15, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Hm... aspirations ALWAYS throw me off so you're probably right there. I'm just glad you agree on it rhyming with "beer". The "ɹ/ɚ"thing is a little more complicated though. I'm 99% sure that it's /ɚ/ simply because it's at the end of the word and doesn't correspond to the sound an "initial English R" makes. The /i/ and /i:/ difference is too subtle for me to care about either but if you want to change it feel free. I backed my source so if anything strays far from it rhyming with "beer" then I'll be upset :( It's everyone's encyclopedia though so do as you please ;) .·:RedAugust 03:21, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It's to some degree a question of how close a transcription you want. English initial 't' is often given as IPA [t], in which case the aspiration is regarded as secondary or unimportant. It's clearly there, though. Haukur 06:50, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for giving me the source that I needed - you are welcome; next time try to do your own homework before complaining. As it stands, I agree with Haukur that the English pronunciation, based on MW, appears to be [tʰiːɹ] ("tîr"). More relevantly, the ON pronunciation is [tyːr] "tür". [tʰiːɹ] just happens to be the de-facto pronunciation of English speakers trying to pronounce the Old Norse. Correct pronunciation is not discouraged. In fact, the The Columbia Encyclopedia recommends pronouncing the English Tiw as "tee-oo", and the Old Norse as Old Norse. --dab (𒁳) 10:38, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I doubt that the aspiration is of any importance, but if it is the Old Norse pronuncation should probably be [tʰyːr].--Berig 16:13, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

what I don't get is, we take the pains to discuss this in detail, and then it is changed without comment, as a point of "formatting". What gives? --dab (𒁳) 09:13, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Why is there a loudspeaker icon next to the pronunciation when no sound file is provided? MuhQ (talk) 10:48, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

The God is pronounced - Toe yir and not tear. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.157.254.232 (talk) 21:10, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

PARENTS
Father of Tyr is Odin, mother is giantess Hrod. Hrod is wife of Hymir. That's why Tyr once was called son of Hymir. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.86.230.114 (talk) 08:13, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Tiwaz is Tuisto
I think Tacitus has mistook Tyr-Tiwaz for Tuisto. First man -Mannaz is sooner his son,then of unidentified Tuisto.11:09, 6 October 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Edelward (talk • contribs)

You are not the first to come up with this association, see Tuisto. This article could also expand on the hypothesis as long as it is put in proper context. --dab (𒁳) 10:10, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Kipling
There is a famous Kipling poem about Tyr sacrificing an eye (rather than an arm) to kill a wolf. It has been set to music a few times. Should it be mentioned in the article? 69.228.171.150 (talk) 03:14, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Teiwaz - Tėvas?
In lithuanian father is "tėvas". pronunciation "teiwas" and "tėvas" is very similar. "father" ("tėvas") and "god"("dievas") concept (in ancient Lithuania) are associated. the Tiwaz rune is very similar to the mark of the god in old baltic religion Maybe it's just a coincidence? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Freelogin (talk • contribs) 20:36, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
 * That would need a proper etymology. In a parallel example Greek 'theos' and Latin 'deus' both mean 'god', and looks similar but aren't actually related.  So, maybe you're right, maybe not.  Ekwos (talk) 23:02, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

Archaeology
I've been searching for ancient representations of Tyr in the archaeological record. All I have managed to find on the internet is this commercial site which claims their statue is a replica of one found in Zealand (Denmark) and dated to 200 BCE : http://www.sacredsource.com/Norse-Tyr-statue-7/productinfo/NTY/

I can't find anything else about this statue except commercial websites selling this replica. It would be nice to have more info on this and perhaps a picture of the real thing. Does anyone have info on this? Munin75 (talk) 16:39, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Damn, I just noticed this was discussed above. My bad :/ Munin75 (talk) 16:42, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

 * This is indeed a Bronze Age statue, and one of a number of similar objects. I think that this particular one may be housed at the Nationalmuseet in Copenhagen (at least I seem to recall seeing it there...). Next time I am there I will take a look at it. bloodofox: (talk) 15:15, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

Norwegian Name
I am a bit surprised by the Norwegian name for Týr being given as Ty. Since Týr is hardly a common subject of everyday conversation, I accept the possibility that this may have changed without me noticing, but I am Norwegian and I have never heard the version Ty. In books, in conversations and in primary school classes on Norse mythology I have only ever come across Tyr. On Norwegian Wikipedia the article on the god himself is titled "Ty", but in the article on Norse mythology he is listed as Tyr, which makes it all the more confusing. Can anyone enlighten me on this point? Has there simply been a spelling change I have missed, or what? Maitreya (talk) 07:43, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The Old Norse form of the god's name is Týr and all modern Scandinavian forms stem from this. Maybe they've just dropped the nominative -r in this case? bloodofox: (talk) 15:12, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm just wondering when this might have happened, or if Ty is perhaps a regional variant that I'm not familiar with, because honestly, before reading this article I would have had no idea what a fellow Norwegian was going on about if he came up to me and started talking about "Ty". Maitreya (talk) 06:40, 19 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm also Norwegian, and I've always heard him referred to as "Ty" in Norwegian. The 'r' is a nominative masculine ending, and if one were to keep those for the other gods, we would've had "Thorr" and "Odinn", so the dropping of the last 'r' is congruent with naming conventions. It occurred during the transition from Old Norse to Middle Norwegian after the Plague, I believe. It's why one says "tysdag" in nynorsk. Not sure why we say "tirsdag" in bokmål, though.

Sir Godspeed (talk) 01:49, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

Removing Ink Pen Link
I'm removing the link under the See Also Section to the comic "Ink Pen." The link would be more appropriate in a separate section titled along the lines of "Týr in Popular Culture" or the like Sxoa (talk) 11:05, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

Tyrol, delete from list of toponyms?
It has a source (of sorts!!) but is far too unscientific. Tyrol couldn't possibly be from Tyr-Ull, as neither of that is High German or Italian! The Mummy (talk) 19:38, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:26, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Listed as Sky and Weather God but article doesn't explain why
Just wanted to note that Tyr is included in Category:Sky and weather gods but the article doesn't seem to touch on either concept.
 * My guess is due to the connections with Dyaus (and thus with Zeus and Jupiter), but I don't remember any references to Tyr as a sky god in the myths aside from that, so beats me. RoninMacbeth (talk) 00:10, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

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Help With Source
i've been trying to look for a source showing Tyr (or his proto-Germanic cognate) of being the once-chief deity of the Germanic pantheons, but I can't find any. Can anyone please help with that? RoninMacbeth (talk) 00:07, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Hello, Ronin. There’s nothing from the historical record that flatly states that Tyr was once a chief deity among the Germanic peoples. This is presumed due to the etymology of the god’s name, which indicates that he is an extension of a central Proto-Indo-European deity (see dyeus). I’ll bump a rewrite of this article up in my priority list. :bloodofox: (talk) 01:48, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that. Also, should I change the part where it says Tiwaz was overtaken in authority by Odin during the Migration Period? Tacitus' Germania says "Above all other gods they worship Mercury..." Tacitus does still seem to imply that Tiwaz was still of great importance by his time, though. RoninMacbeth (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:55, 27 August 2018 (UTC)
 * No problem, Ronin. There's no need to modify this article as it exists—it has quite a few problems. However, prompted by your comments, I'm currently preparing a rewrite of this article. You can read my draft as it progresses here: User:Bloodofox/sandbox. :bloodofox: (talk) 21:00, 27 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I've launched a rewrite of the article in line with our approach to other figures form Germanic myth, including Odin and Freyja. I'll be adding more to this in days to come. :bloodofox: (talk) 23:47, 3 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The article is now in a stable state with all major points covered. I'll be adding more as time permits. :bloodofox: (talk) 22:57, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

Trollhättan bracteate
Does anyone know what Týr is holding in his right hand in the Trollhättan bracteate illustration? --Invokingvajras (talk) 17:06, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

Chi Can
Should this page explain how the deity is related to chi? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.131.235.234 (talk) 08:07, 17 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Related to what? Chi as in life force?  Catfish  Jim  and the soapdish  08:17, 17 December 2019 (UTC)

Týr and Thor are both listed as having been the origin of Thursday
From Týr:

''the deity is the namesake of Tuesday ('Týr's day') in Germanic languages, including English'

From Thor:

Thor is frequently referred to in place names, the day of the week Thursday bears his name (modern English Thursday derives from Old English Þūnresdæg, 'Þunor's day')

---

I agree, I don't think Tyr is the name sake of Tuesday, because Wednesday already has a place for it. If you look at the Latin (using French) and Germanic (using English), there must be a 1 to 1 correspondence of the names:

Lundi = Monday (Luna and Moon) Mardi = Tuesday (Mars and Tyr) Mercredi = Wednesday (Mercury and Wodan) Jeudi = Thursday (Jupiter and Thor) Vendredi = Friday (Venus and Frigga/Freyja) Samedi = Saturday (Saturn) Dimanche = Sunday (Day of the Lord and Sun)

ConfusedEnoch (talk) 21:15, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

 * It appears that you're misreading the text:
 * Tuesday = Tīw's Day; Old English Tīw is cognate with Old Norse Týr
 * Thursday = Thunor's Day; Old English Thunor is cognate with Old Norse Þórr, and would today be Thunder.
 * :bloodofox: (talk) 21:25, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Týr


text:
Borel functional calculus

In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Borel functional calculus is a functional calculus (that is, an assignment of operators from commutative algebras to functions defined on their spectra), which has particularly broad scope. Thus for instance if T is an operator, applying the squaring function s → s2 to T yields the operator T2. Using the functional calculus for larger classes of functions, we can for example define rigorously the "square root" of the (negative) Laplacian operator $−Δ$ or the exponential $$ e^{it \Delta}.$$

The 'scope' here means the kind of function of an operator which is allowed. The Borel functional calculus is more general than the continuous functional calculus, and its focus is different than the holomorphic functional calculus.

More precisely, the Borel functional calculus allows for applying an arbitrary Borel function to a self-adjoint operator, in a way that generalizes applying a polynomial function.

Motivation
If T is a self-adjoint operator on a finite-dimensional inner product space H, then H has an orthonormal basis ${e_{1}, ..., e_{ℓ}}$ consisting of eigenvectors of T, that is $$ T e_k = \lambda_k e_k, \qquad 1 \leq k \leq \ell.$$

Thus, for any positive integer n, $$ T^n e_k = \lambda_k^n e_k.$$

If only polynomials in T are considered, then one gets the holomorphic functional calculus. The relation also holds for more general functions of T. Given a Borel function h, one can define an operator h(T) by specifying its behavior on the basis: $$ h(T) e_k = h(\lambda_k) e_k.$$

Generally, any self-adjoint operator T is unitarily equivalent to a multiplication operator; this means that for many purposes, T can be considered as an operator $$ [T \psi](x) = f(x) \psi(x)$$ acting on L2 of some measure space. The domain of T consists of those functions whose above expression is in L2. In such a case, one can define analogously $$ [h(T) \psi](x) = [h \circ f](x) \psi(x). $$

For many technical purposes, the previous formulation is good enough. However, it is desirable to formulate the functional calculus in a way that does not depend on the particular representation of T as a multiplication operator. That's what we do in the next section.

The bounded functional calculus
Formally, the bounded Borel functional calculus of a self adjoint operator T on Hilbert space H is a mapping defined on the space of bounded complex-valued Borel functions f on the real line, $$\begin{cases} \pi_T: L^\infty(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{C}) \to \mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})\\ f \mapsto f(T) \end{cases}$$ such that the following conditions hold

 * $π_{T}$ is an involution-preserving and unit-preserving homomorphism from the ring of complex-valued bounded measurable functions on R.
 * If ξ is an element of H, then $$ \nu_\xi:E \mapsto \langle \pi_T(\mathbf{1}_E) \xi, \xi \rangle $$ is a countably additive measure on the Borel sets E of R. In the above formula 1E denotes the indicator function of E. These measures νξ are called the spectral measures of T.
 * If $η$ denotes the mapping z → z on C, then: $$ \pi_T \left ([\eta +i]^{-1} \right ) = [T + i]^{-1}.$$

$$

This defines the functional calculus for bounded functions applied to possibly unbounded self-adjoint operators. Using the bounded functional calculus, one can prove part of the Stone's theorem on one-parameter unitary groups:

$$

As an application, we consider the Schrödinger equation, or equivalently, the dynamics of a quantum mechanical system. In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian operator H models the total energy observable of a quantum mechanical system S. The unitary group generated by iH corresponds to the time evolution of S.

We can also use the Borel functional calculus to abstractly solve some linear initial value problems such as the heat equation, or Maxwell's equations.

Existence of a functional calculus
The existence of a mapping with the properties of a functional calculus requires proof. For the case of a bounded self-adjoint operator T, the existence of a Borel functional calculus can be shown in an elementary way as follows:

First pass from polynomial to continuous functional calculus by using the Stone–Weierstrass theorem. The crucial fact here is that, for a bounded self adjoint operator T and a polynomial p, $$\| p(T) \| = \sup_{\lambda \in \sigma(T)} |p(\lambda)|.$$

Consequently, the mapping $$ p \mapsto p(T) $$ is an isometry and a densely defined homomorphism on the ring of polynomial functions. Extending by continuity defines f(T) for a continuous function f on the spectrum of T. The Riesz-Markov theorem then allows us to pass from integration on continuous functions to spectral measures, and this is the Borel functional calculus.

Alternatively, the continuous calculus can be obtained via the Gelfand transform, in the context of commutative Banach algebras. Extending to measurable functions is achieved by applying Riesz-Markov, as above. In this formulation, T can be a normal operator.

Given an operator T, the range of the continuous functional calculus h → h(T) is the (abelian) C*-algebra C(T) generated by T. The Borel functional calculus has a larger range, that is the closure of C(T) in the weak operator topology, a (still abelian) von Neumann algebra.

The general functional calculus
We can also define the functional calculus for not necessarily bounded Borel functions h; the result is an operator which in general fails to be bounded. Using the multiplication by a function f model of a self-adjoint operator given by the spectral theorem, this is multiplication by the composition of h with f.

$$

The operator S of the previous theorem is denoted h(T).

More generally, a Borel functional calculus also exists for (bounded) normal operators.

Resolution of the identity
Let $$T$$ be a self-adjoint operator. If $$E$$ is a Borel subset of R, and $$ \mathbf{1}_E $$ is the indicator function of E, then $$ \mathbf{1}_E(T) $$ is a self-adjoint projection on H. Then mapping $$ \Omega_T: E \mapsto \mathbf{1}_E(T)$$ is a projection-valued measure. The measure of R with respect to $\Omega_T$ is the identity operator on H. In other words, the identity operator can be expressed as the spectral integral
 * $$I = \Omega_T([-\infty,\infty]) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} d\Omega_T$$.

Stone's formula expresses the spectral measure $$\Omega_T$$ in terms of the resolvent $$R_T(\lambda) \equiv \left(T-\lambda I \right)^{-1}$$:
 * $$\frac{1}{2\pi i} \lim_{\epsilon \to 0^+} \int_a^b \left[ R_T(\lambda+i\epsilon)) - R_T(\lambda-i\epsilon) \right] \, d\lambda = \Omega_T((a,b)) + \frac{1}{2}\left[ \Omega_T(\{a\}) + \Omega_T(\{b\}) \right].$$

Depending on the source, the resolution of the identity is defined, either as a projection-valued measure $$\Omega_T$$, or as a one-parameter family of projection-valued measures $$\{\Sigma_\lambda\}$$ with $$-\infty < \lambda < \infty$$.

In the case of a discrete measure (in particular, when H is finite-dimensional), $I = \int 1\,d\Omega_T$ can be written as $$I = \sum_{i} \left | i \right \rangle  \left \langle i \right |$$ in the Dirac notation, where each $$|i\rangle$$ is a normalized eigenvector of T. The set $$ \{ |i\rangle \}$$ is an orthonormal basis of H.

In physics literature, using the above as heuristic, one passes to the case when the spectral measure is no longer discrete and write the resolution of identity as $$I = \int\!\! di~ |i\rangle \langle i|$$ and speak of a "continuous basis", or "continuum of basis states", $$ \{ |i\rangle \}$$ Mathematically, unless rigorous justifications are given, this expression is purely formal.

title: Borel functional calculus


text:
Slopping out

Slopping out is the manual emptying of human waste when prison cells are unlocked in the morning. Inmates without a flush toilet in the cell have to use other means (formerly a chamber pot, then a bucket, now often a chemical toilet) while locked in during the night. The reason that some cells do not have toilets is that they date from the Victorian era and were therefore not designed with plumbing. As a result, there is no space in which to put a toilet, together with the expense and difficulty of installing the necessary pipes.

"Dirty Protest"
During the late 1970s, Provisional IRA volunteers protested against conditions of internment at HM Prison Maze by refusing to slop out and instead smearing their faeces on the cell walls. This was later referred to as the Dirty protest, part of several acts of disobedience within the "H-Blocks" culminating in the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike.

Phasing out
Slopping out was allegedly abolished in England and Wales by 1996, although Private Eye in 2011 reported that Prisons Inspector Nick Hardwick stated that it still persisted at HMP Gloucester.

It was scheduled to be abolished in Scotland by 1999. Due to budget restraints the abolition was delayed, and by 2004 prisoners in five of Scotland's sixteen prisons still had to slop out. Slopping out ended in HM Young Offenders Institution Polmont in 2007, leaving HM Prison Peterhead as the last Scottish prison where prisoners did not have access to plumbing; 300 prisoners had to use chemical toilets due to the difficulty of installing modern plumbing in the prison's granite structure. Peterhead ultimately closed in December 2013.

Slopping out is still in practice in prisons in the Republic of Ireland. Speaking at the launch of the Irish Human Rights Commission's Annual Report for 2009, the Green Party Junior Minister for Integration Mary White said it was time to move on from the Victorian practice. Slopping out was eradicated in Dublin's Mountjoy Prison by the end of 2013 and in Cork Prison in 2016. However, the practice continues at Limerick Prison.

Other
A "potwalloper" was a trusty prisoner who made sure the buckets were emptied and cleaned each morning. He did not do the cleaning himself, but he was responsible for making sure that other prisoners did.

title: Slopping out