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Talk:Glossary of German military terms

Comments
Right now there is a little cross-over with the Gl. of the Third Reich article. We can weed these out in time. Most terms come from my knowledge of German and stuff encountered in my reading. I have some references I'm also going to out in. I think this list will be really useful to people doing research or building models or even learning German! I see potential for a WWII American/Japanese/Italian/British Glossaries that might make a series. Dunno yet what the limits/potentials are. Dangers are of turning Wikipedia into a large Dictionary of glossaries; but I think there is a definite place for things like this if one doesn't get too carried away with it. A lot of these terms came from my model building: tank descriptions on boxes and part descriptions and terms on the instructions ("nicht kleben!") and such. ALL contributions welcome. List is far, far, far from complete. Don't see something that belongs here? Add it! Could use someone who is more expert in tank detachments/army organization, ranks and such.--DanielCD 02:11, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Can somebody check the spelling of Goldfasan? I've seen "pheasant" rendered "fasen". Also, check the translation of "kriegsgericht"; I'd render it "military court", not (precisely) "court martial" (tho I suspect that's the common usage). Trekphiler 07:53, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Wehrmacht
I use to play Panzer Leader when I was a kid. I liked the game. But I am certainly no expert on German military terms. Could you add when to use Reichwehr and Wermahct? At what periods and times does one use this terms.WHEELER 23:10, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

All three terms are in there, including Bundeswehr. Before 1935 it was Reichswehr (state or national defence), then the Nazis changed it to Wehrmacht (defense force/resistance power), and then in 1945 it was changed to Bundeswehr (people's defense) to clear away past Nazi association.--DanielCD 13:31, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Err, Bundesweher= "Federal Defense" (Bund = "federation, union") Solicitr (talk) 17:03, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

There were no German army between 1945 and 1955! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.95.59.130 (talk) 16:50, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Yea, what he said. --DanielCD (talk) 00:04, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Hmm, some odd translations
Fahnenheid = literally: "Oath to the flag". Could still be an Euphemism for an oath to Hitler directly :-)

Bundeswehr = Federal defence.

Kim Bruning 18:37, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Peoples' is sort of Federal, can roughly be the same. But you are right, Federal certainly works better. :)) --DanielCD 20:20, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Ja, wouldn't "People's defense" be Volkswehr? I speak no German, though, so I'm just going off the cognates and other German words which have been appropriated by English-speakers. Ellsworth 17:49, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Well, words can have dual meanings/connotations, etc. No biggie.

To all: Please help to combine definitions where terms are really similar. I think SS has more than one entry; I'll look at it again later. But article size is really big now. Try to put appropriate entries in Glossary of the Third Reich. THANKS ! to all the contributers though; this is probably the best such glossary I've ever seen! --DanielCD 14:46, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Volkswehr is "people's defense"; & wasn't the "militia" at the end of the war called Volkswehr? Or was it Volkssturm? Trekphiler 07:32, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

"Völkisch" and other non-military terms?
The definition of "völkisch" has been changed, but I don't think either version is really a military term. There are others. This article is large; should we weed out the ones that aren't strictly military?

If you can find ones that might better go into Glossary of the Third Reich or elsewhere, please do. I agree that due to size constraints we should prune it some. I've done it in the past, but people keep adding more. Adding more is good, but anyone who wants to prune out the non-military stuff is welcome to do so. Also, anyone who wants to make another article for the WWII German operations names, that would be nice and would help with size. --DanielCD 17:32, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Greuelerzählungen does not mean "numerous atrocities". It means "horror stories" or "stories about atrocities". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.62.244.56 (talk) 15:03, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Fasan is the correct spelling of the German word for pheasant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.62.244.56 (talk) 15:15, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

There are still quite a lot of words in the list without any or only weak relation to military. I'll list them here for checking. I also included wrong translations.

Abschnitt — sector, district. Also civil! Abwehr — "defense" (same as in English, the word refers to sporting, boardgame or other defense as well as military defense. Ami — German slang for an American soldier. Amt — office, main office branch. "Arbeit macht frei" - the slogan never appeared in military contexts. The SS guards of the concentration camps were organized militarylike, but the slogan was restricted to the camp propaganda. Ausschreitungen — bloody atrocities. Wrong translation and non-military term. "Ausschreitungen" is represented in English either by "attack" or "riot" (when speaking of groups of attackers), though it can go as far as killing. The word invokes the idea of "stepping out of line", behaving very inappropriately. I've never heard it in a military context. BDM - The Bund Deutscher Mädel was, in fact, a Hitler Youth formation, but it has nothing to do with the military, not even the SS. Bürger - means citizen, but how is that a military term? Daimler-Benz (DB) - it is an engineering firm still in existence today. It did produce military technology, but that does not make it a military term imho. Dienstdolch - service daggers were in use rather in the Hitler Youth, the SA and the SS than in the military. Einwohner — resident, inhabitant. Eisenbahn — "iron road"; railroad. Correct translation, non-military term. Endlösung or Endziel — the "Final Solution"; correctly explained, but a political term, not a military one. Entmenscht — dehumanized (see above) Fahne - banner (see above) Feigling - also civil. Führer — "leader". Correct translation, but neither used only in reference to Hitler nor a military term (though "Führer" like in "Truppführer" is in use in military contexts) Gemeindepolizei — local police. Gemeinschaft — community. Nonmilitary terms. Even under Nazi rule, the local police was not integrated into the army. Gestapo - the Gestapo was not a military organization, but a secret police and means of terror. Gift - poison. Not a military term. Gleichschaltung - Not a military, though a specific nazi term. Not literally "coordination", there is no word in English for it. Goldfasan - Not a military, but a nazi term. Grenze — border. NMT. Greuelerzählungen - "atrocity tales". Nazi propaganda term for accounts of atrocities committed by Germans in WWII. Handelsmarine - NMT. Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG - See Daimler-Benz. Hauptamt Sicherheitspolizei Heimat - NMTs Henschel - See Daimler-Benz. Hitler-Jugend (HJ) - Nazi term, not a military one. HJ-Fahrtenmesser - see above. Konzentrationslager (KZL) - see "Arbeit macht frei". Kriminalpolizei (Kripo) Krupp (Kp) Krupp-Daimler (KD) - NMT. Landratsamt — civil administration office. The translation says it. laufende Nummer - not restricted to military use. Maybach (M) - Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen Hannover (MNH) - all see Daimler-Benz Mißliebige — undesirables. - NMT. Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) — National Socialist German Worker's Party – Nazi Party. Nationalsozialistische Führungsoffiziere (NSFO) — National Socialist Leadership Officers. Nationalsozialistische Volksfürsorge (NSV) — National Socialist People's Welfare centers. - all correctly explained, but not military. Though there were very intimate relations of the military and the nazis even before 1933, and regular military was a big part of the nazi crimes in eastern europe, the NSDAP has in itself no military function or meaning. Norden — north. NSKK — the Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps, or National Socialist Motor Corps. Osten Ostjuden Ostpreußen Panjewagen - NMTs. Porsche (P) - Quist - see Daimler-Benz Regierung — government. Reich — realm, empire. Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) — compulsory labor service in Nazi Germany. Reichsbahn — railway system. Rotes Kreuz SA - NMTs (though SA is a nazi term for the party's paramilitary "stormtroopers"). Sanität - highly unusual word. schnell Schutzpolizei Schutzhaft Schutzhaftbefehl - NMTs Schweinereien - though "Schweinerei" was in use in the military, the word was not (and is not today) restricted to attacks on civilians. It can refer to anything regarded as very vile or dirty. SD Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sicherheitspolizei - NMTs. The "Sicherheitspolizei" is not genuinely related to the NSDAP (though of course the nazis controlled it after 1933), it existed before nazi rule. Sipo (See above) Sippenverhaftung - more common: Sippenhaft. NMT. Sonderbehandlung - correctly explained, but NMT. Sonderreferat Sturmabteilung (SA) Süden — south Swastika Todesmärsche Untermenschen Urlaub verdächtige Elemente/Personen Vichy France völkisch ethnic Germans Volksgemeinschaft Wagen Westen Zeit - NMTs Zuges — platoon. ("Zug" is the word for "platoon", "Zuges" the genitive singular) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.35.184.181 (talk) 19:00, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

Franctireure
2 problems. One, it isn't strictly "terrorist", tho I don't doubt the Germans felt like it, but guerrilla. Second, it isn't German, it's French, literally "free shooter". Trekphiler 07:34, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Gustloff
I deleted this: While true, it's not a military term. Also, it has a smell of POV to me. Trekphiler 08:14, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Wilhelm Gustloff -- A German hospital ship sunk by a Soviet submarine's torpedo attack on January 30, 1945. The sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff is the single deadliest sinking in maritime history, killing between 6,000 and 10,000 people, most of whom were civilian refugees and wounded German soldiers.

Taking the Fall
I question describing Fall as "operational codename". My understanding of the term suggests a planning document, as in "Plan Orange", as opposed to "Operation Neptune". Trekphiler 08:24, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Tiger
I deleted this:
 * "(The name was also the operational code name for a British convoy to Egypt in May 1941.)"

While true, it isn't a German term... Trekphiler 08:34, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

American Terminology within German terms
I am under the impression that this is merely German military slang. I am 100% certain that the Eagle's Nest is not known as that in German, it is the Kehlstein Haus.

There are other terms in the mix. Are these to stay or to be deleted?TchussBitc 13:07, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a multipurpose glossary. There's nothing that says it's simply German language terms. If there is something like the Kehlstein Haus, that would likely make a great addition to the definition. Also, I don't see any problem with mentioning that the English terms are only known in English and don't originate from German. There may need to be some tightening of additions, but don't just start chopping. --DanielCD 15:19, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I added Kehlstein Haus to the definition. --DanielCD 15:26, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Wiktionary
This isn't a candidate for Wiktionary since it isnt a simple definition and if you did move it you would also need to move everything in the entire Category:Glossaries. --DanielCD 14:30, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

2007-02-6 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 23:59, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Watch your language
Speaking no German (but having read about the German military for yrs...), I have 2 questions: Abteilung (Abt.) doesn't mean "battalion", does it? That's battalion (yep, same as English), isn't it? Plural battalionen? And, isn't the plural for Einsatzkommandos Einsatzkommandoen? Trekphiler 03:48, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Abteilung is more of a general word meaning (in a mil. sense) "unit", or possibly "section, department". As for Kommandos, the plural for that is actually Kommandos, with just the "s", so Einsatzkommandos would be right. --DanielCD 04:30, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

 * While Abteilung literally means "detachment" (away-part-ing), in the German military usage it became the standard term for battalion equivalents in nearly every branch except the infantry and cavalry. A Schwerer Panzerabteilung comprised three tank companies, commanded (usually) by a major- i.e. a battalion.--Solicitr (talk) 17:09, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Jawohl!
jawohl — simply the word "yes" with the emphatic "wohl", which one might translate as "Yes, indeed!" or "Absolutely yes!" Widely used in WWII, it became so strongly associated with the war, that it is not used in the modern German Army (the Heer). Thats not right, you have to say "jawohl" and not only "ja". Perhaps they changed it after a "safe time distance" to the WWII. They reintroduced some other things too. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.201.85.163 (talk) 18:02, 13 April 2007 (UTC).

Jawohl is simply emphatic. It is not only military. I think that impression only comes from non-German speakers watching WWII movies. It is also an adverb. "Das habe ich jawohl gemacht!" means somthing like "I did so do it!" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.62.244.56 (talk) 15:11, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

For sure this word is in use ... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.155.78.42 (talk) 20:46, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

The term "Jawohl" was still in use when I served my time in the Bundeswehr in the early 90s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.95.59.130 (talk) 16:36, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Whoever said that the Bundeswehr does not use Jawohl - I wonder in which Bundeswehr he served. It is one of the first things to associate with military style for a German, so even from this point of view, it wouldn't simply have been possible to change that. Also, they didn't reintroduce things they were afraid to introduce in 1956 - rather the other way round (due to 68s movement pressure etc). It is true that if you are on colloquial terms with your NCOs and answer a Jawohl or the, actually, only correct form "Jawohl Herr e.g. Oberfeldwebel", you might hear a "Ein Ja hätte mir genügt" ("A simple yes would have sufficed for me") but that's a question of particular style, and not present in boot camps. (However, the even more military-sounding "Jawoll" is not in use in the military, nor, I think, ever was.) The German sentence above should have been "Das habe ich ja wohl gemacht", with an emptyspace, and it has nothing to do with Jawohl. But, yes, it is correct German to say Jawohl instead of Ja, just as it would be correct English to say "Yes, Sir" (emphasis on the first syllable, not only on the second) to a person you call Sir.--77.4.79.32 (talk) 00:16, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Jawohl is not specifically a military term, and remains widely used in german language until today. It is an overexuberant variation of "yes", "yes indeed" seems to be an accurate translation. "Jawohl" is not an adverb. Speaking of "Das habe ich jawohl gemacht!" as an example of jawohl as an adverb: the correct sentence would be "Das habe ich ja wohl gemacht!" which is, from the linguistic point of view, something completely different. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.4.138.131 (talk) 13:13, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

FuG & Ersatz
FuG (Funk-Gerät, radio or radar transceiver, many types) abreviation appears in quite a few texts. Perhaps it may be added here. Pavel Vozenilek 01:47, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Also the word ersatz does appear in many WWII related texts. Pavel Vozenilek 23:12, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Ersatz means replacement. Ersatzteil means replacement part - from Teil, part. Of course it appears all over the place. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.62.244.56 (talk) 15:07, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Also, Ersatz, for a strange reason (it does not have this meaning in the German language, besides this bureaucratism) means something like recruitment. Hence, these offices are known as Kreiswehrersatzämter. --77.4.79.32 (talk) 00:19, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Looking for German term
I thought there was a German term for a threat that included killing a German soldier who did not follow orders. The threat was that the soldier would be killed along with every living member of his family and his extended family. I have been looking for it but I cannot find it. If someone knows of this term please post it here. I'm doing research for a book and I'm not finding the German term I'm looking for.

AustinFictionWriter (talk) 18:13, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I honestly cannot recall ever hearing such a term. Askari Mark (Talk) 02:51, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It certainly happened, but I never heard a single term used to describe it, either. Rumiton (talk) 11:39, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

maybe you mean "Sippenhaft" (= clan custody, collective responsibility of relatives, clan liability). But this was not a threat against a common soldier. I remember that Hitler said that the figures of the 20 July plot and all of their relatives have to be killed. Fact is, the relatives were not killed, but they were questioned! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.95.59.130 (talk) 16:47, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Tommy cooker
According to M4 Sherman the German Tiger crews called the Sherman tanks for Tommy cookers, because they easily blew up. What's that in German? --Regards, Necessary Evil (talk) 17:45, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

The Chrysler petrol engines often caught fire without enemy help. The name was Tommy Kocher. Rumiton (talk) 11:38, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry- the malign influence of the movie Patton again, I fear. Petrol/gasoline engines were not the problem (all German tanks used them too)- the problem was poor ammunition stowage, a design defect eventually rectified by the use of glycerine-solution 'tubs.' In many cases "brewed-up" Shermans were found to have their fuel tanks intact and unburned.--Solicitr (talk) 17:13, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

KGzbV
I see this has been added with the translation Kampf Geschwader... I have also seen Kampf Gruppe (roughly battle wing) and this makes more sense. Also they flew a variety of aircraft, incl Heinkels. Comments? Rumiton (talk) 11:33, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * zbV in German usually means zur besondere verwendung (for special purposes) which in English roughly means "supernumerary" or extra to establishment.139.48.25.60 (talk) 20:57, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

To clarify: what belongs here and what doesn't?
I'm fairly confused. At least two thirds of the terms don't belong here, in my humble opinion anyway (I'm a native German speaker and have some decent military understanding). There are two types of words here that bother me: 1.) Terms which have nothing to do with the military (Eisenbahn, Gift, Grenze, tot, Zeit). If someone were to find one of these in a book or something, they could easily look them up in a dictionary. This page should be for stuff you don't find in a dictionary. 2.) Nazi Germany related vocabulary with no relation to the military whatsoever. Yeah yeah, here comes the German trying to clean up the past ... but actually Gestapo, BDM, "Arbeit macht Frei" ... these have nothing to do with the military. This whole page reads like a glossary of Nazi terms. One can undoubtedly argue that things like the BDM, Hitlerjugend oder the Gestapo were organised in a military-like fashion, but then again everything was organised in a military, or rather paramilitary-like fashion. In my opinion, the only Nazi era terms which should be in this list is vocabulary directly related to the Wehrmacht or one of its branches Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine or Waffen-SS (as de facto fourth branch). No Allgemeine-SS, no Nazi Party organisations (you could fill a list then times larger than this one), no Shoah vocabulary (I really don't want to start a discussion about the Wehrmacht's involvment, so please ...) Anyway, in terms of what I would consider a true glossary of military terms, check out this German wiktionary page on military terms. Obviously that's way too extensive, but there's some very important stuff there like "abseilen" or "Biwak" that any soldier learns on day one. So, before I start cleaning up and then someone comes along and says this is not what a glossary should look like or that it's not NPOV because KZ guards wore uniforms and uniforms are military and so this belongs here too ... well, what does belong here and what doesn't? -Gruendlich (talk) 21:58, 9 March 2009 (UTC)
 * This site has evolved and grown quickly. I think most of the terms now here are of interest, but I agree we have departed from a strictly military context. Perhaps the page should be renamed Glossary of German WW2-related terms? Rumiton (talk) 12:26, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Feldwebel
"...the most junior of the unteroffiziere mit portpee". What is a portpee? Rumiton (talk) 12:26, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

 * As you were, I worked it out. Should be Portepee, a swordknot. I'll make the change. Rumiton (talk) 13:01, 29 October 2009 (UTC)
 * A portepee was originally a certain item of the officers' uniform which was "granted" to the higher ones of the ncos, hence the distinction. For all practical matters, there are simply two classes of ncos and the higher one is called with, the lesser without portepee. Due to Auftragstaktik and the fact that the Reichswehr during the Weimar Republic could only have so and so many officers, ncos with portepee often stand in for where other armies use officers, though.--2001:A61:260D:6E01:3824:5023:620E:5FF5 (talk) 12:26, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

Waffen SS
Seeing this term translated as "Armed SS" has always troubled me a little, as the SS had been armed all along. I believe the understanding of the word Waffen here was more in line with the sense of Luftwaffe, which means "Air Weapon" or "Air Force." It referred to the SS as a weapon of war. Any native German speakers here with some military background? Rumiton (talk) 13:12, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

 * It's often difficult to map words in different languages one-on-one. The closest translation of Waffe is indeed "arm," which has both the connotation of arms, armed, army, and of "branch." Waffenfarbe roughly means "branch-color," the identifying hue for the various branches of service. The LW could well be termed the "Air Arm," cognate with the FAA. On the other hand, the Heer's "Waffen" branch was the Ordnance, much closer to the cognate "weapon."
 * "as the SS had been armed all along." Not really. The SS had been "armed" with pistols and truncheons, until  the establishment of the Leibstandarte and then the other military-equipped units which were eventually amalgamated into the Waffen-SS.--Solicitr (talk) 17:20, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, I can see that. In English the Air Force has been called the Air Arm (eg the Fleet Air Arm); similarly the RN the Naval Arm. This is the SS Arm (of the Services), a slightly different cognate. Does that sound acceptable? Rumiton (talk) 12:05, 29 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, no, that's not what I was trying to get across at all- especially since the Waffen-SS was absolutely, positively not a branch of the Armed Forces (Wehrmacht). I was simply pointing out that direct translations, even of cognates, doesn't always work (for example, we use "engineers" to translate both Ingenieure and Pioniere; "pioneers" in that sense is found archaically but is misleading today). Waffe is cognate with "weapon," but also means a "branch" with weapons, not unlike English "arm"; hence Luftwaffe, and for that matter the more comfortable "Armed-SS" as opposed to the more cognate "Weapon-SS."--Solicitr (talk) 19:17, 29 November 2010 (UTC)
 * As you know, the generally accepted English term used is "Armed-SS", even if it not the best translation or only one. Kierzek (talk) 20:26, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Aus der Traum
Asking for help from native German speakers again. We have this phrase translated as "the dream is over." To me it reads a little more imperatively. I would think something like, "Stop dreaming!" or "Wake up!" Comments? Rumiton (talk) 03:14, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

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Meldekopf
I think it is a Luftwaffe listening station scope_creep (talk) 13:55, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

"sichern und laden" – "lock and load".
Isn't that an American term translated into German? If you want to load a Mauser rifle it cannot be locked, because then you can't pull back the bolt. Creuzbourg (talk) 23:42, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glossary of German military terms


text:
Talk:Apocopation

Merge with "abbreviation"
It has been suggested that articles relating to Abbreviations be merged into the one article. I have already merged Syllabic Abbreviation into Abbreviations, and Acronym and Initialism is a possibility. What are your opinions? Brisvegas 07:45, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge it! --Mozillaman 18:57, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I am against the merge. The two topics, while similar, are not the same thing. Provided I am understanding the articles correctly, Apocopations are words that have simply be shortened by truncation (Alexander to Alex) which are different from acronyms like radar. They are separate concepts, and the content on the pages isn't at all redundant. Speaking more generally, unless two topics are virtually identical and there is lots of redundant information, I am against merging them, as it gives up specificity. Part of the strength of Wikipedia is that there's no page limit, and there are lots of very specific, focused articles. To merge every related concept together is to give up some of this. My proposal would be, let's have separate articles on "apocopation" and "acronym and initialism", but just link them together so it's easy to navigate from one to the other. There's no need to mush them all up. - Kadin2048 20:55, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * No merge, unless... Apocopation, aphaeresis, and syncope are quite similar concepts, akin to the distinction between assonance, consonance, alliteration, etc. We can't just apocopation into a section without the merging the other articles too. Personally, I think they should stay separate, just as alliteration et al are separate. --mwazzap 00:46, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't merge. They are closely related but separate concepts.  An apocopation is a kind of abbreviation and this should be prominently stated in both articles, and in the first paragraph of Apocopation. -Pgan002 05:48, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed, no merge. They are much more useful for people searching for the individual terms if they remain separate articles (and that would probably the source of most of the merged article's traffic, rather than broader inquiries into abbreviation.--ragesoss 04:49, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge with "apocope"
I suggest merging with apocope. Apocopation is the creation of an apocope, or just an apocope. -Pgan002 05:50, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Strange words
I'm no expert but some of the terms listed as short versions I'v never heard. Like "addy"? Maybe it's a UK thing. Some are reaaaaaallly dumb. Heads up, y'all. Kzzl

 * I've seen "addy" used in the US. It seems to be used most often in the context of email addresses.   — Gwalla | Talk 17:20, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I've seen it used by Americans rather than Brits too. It is, of course, for email addresses, as I noted in parentheses. Wiwaxia

Category
I notice this article is categorized under "Phonology". Perhaps a better designation might be "Linguistics", since phonology is a subdiscipline of linguistics that focuses on the pronunciation and sounds of words.

From the OED:"Orig., the science of vocal sounds (= PHONETICS), esp. of the sounds of a particular language; the study of pronunciation; transf. the system of sounds in a language. Now, that branch of linguistics which deals with sound systems, or with sound systems and phonetics; the study of the sound system of a particular language. The domain of phonology is variously limited by different linguists and linguistic schools of thought. In the writings of the Prague school it is used to mean phonemics." Also:

It is evident from the content of the article that apocopation has little (or nothing) to do with the actual sound a word makes. If nobody objects within a week, I'll make the change.--Rockero 19:56, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Your idea is sound. --Pattersonc 17:38, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Apocopation


text:
Pam Dawber

Pamela Dawber (born October 18, 1951) is an American actress best known for her lead television sitcom roles as Mindy McConnell on Mork & Mindy (1978–1982) and Samantha Russell on My Sister Sam (1986–1988).

Early life
Dawber was born in Detroit, the older of two daughters of Thelma M. (née Fisher) and Eugene E. Dawber, a commercial artist. She went to Reid Elementary School in Goodrich and attended North Farmington High School and Oakland Community College (OCC), with the intention of transferring to a four-year college. She deferred her studies at OCC to do some modeling work and eventually dropped out after deciding to go into modeling full-time.

Career
Dawber moved to New York City and was initially a fashion model with Wilhelmina Models before switching to acting. She appeared in several television commercials during the 1970s (Fotomat, Noxzema, Neet, Underalls, etc.).

Dawber screen-tested for the title role in Tabitha, a 1977–1978 situation comedy spun off from Bewitched, but the role instead went to Lisa Hartman. However, ABC executives were impressed enough with her to enroll her in its "talent development" program, which paid its participants until they could find appropriate roles. Garry Marshall recruited her from this program.

Breakthrough: Mork & Mindy
Dawber's professional breakthrough came when Marshall chose her, despite her having relatively little acting experience and not having auditioned for the part, as one of the two title characters of the ABC sitcom Mork & Mindy, which ran from 1978 to 1982. She portrayed Mindy McConnell, the comedic foil and eventual love interest for the extraterrestrial Mork from the planet Ork, played by a then-unknown Robin Williams. The show was very popular in its debut season, when it averaged at number three in the Nielsen ratings for the year. The only major difficulty for her on set was that she often found it impossible to maintain the proper composure in character in the face of her co-star's comedic talent. Also, pressure came from the ABC network to sexualize her character as the series progressed, which Dawber successfully resisted, with Williams's support.

The Pirates of Penzance
Dawber sang in a 1980s Los Angeles Civic Light Opera production of Gilbert & Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance, based on the Joseph Papp/New York Shakespeare Festival production. Her role, as Mabel, had been played by Linda Ronstadt in the New York run of the show. In the summer of 1982, Dawber performed the role of Mabel at the Minskoff Theatre in New York.

My Sister Sam
From 1986 to 1988, Dawber again had the title role in a television series, playing Samantha Russell in the CBS sitcom My Sister Sam, co-starring Rebecca Schaeffer. The series was a success in its first season, but it suffered a ratings drop in its second after moving to Saturday night. My Sister Sam was cancelled in April 1988, with half of the second season's episodes never shown on CBS, but eventually broadcast (along with all previous episodes) on USA Network.

In July 1989, over a year after the show's cancellation, Schaeffer was shot and killed in front of her apartment in Los Angeles by Robert John Bardo, an obsessed fan who had stalked her for three years. Dawber was reportedly "devastated" by her former co-star's death. Dawber and her other surviving My Sister Sam co-stars, Joel Brooks, David Naughton and Jenny O'Hara, all participated in a filmed public service announcement about gun violence prevention, and Dawber herself became a gun control advocate.

Film work
Although mostly known for her television work, Dawber has starred in several films, including the comedy movie Stay Tuned (1992) with John Ritter and the period movie I'll Remember April (1999), alongside husband Mark Harmon.

Return to television
In 1997, Dawber starred in the short-lived sitcom Life... and Stuff on CBS.

In 2014, she reunited with Robin Williams on his comedy series The Crazy Ones as a love interest of Williams's character. The reunion failed to improve ratings, and it was cancelled shortly afterwards. Williams, already suffering from Lewy body disease by this time, died by suicide later that year.

Dawber is a national spokeswoman for Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. Garry K. Marshall, the film-and-television comedy writer-producer-director who enabled Dawber's professional breakthrough, died in 2016. That year, Dawber made a guest appearance on The Odd Couple in a tribute episode to Marshall, along with other Marshall alumni Ron Howard, Garry's sister Penny Marshall, Cindy Williams, Anson Williams, Don Most and Marion Ross.

For the first time in her career, she appeared with her husband and fellow actor, Mark Harmon on CBS's NCIS in 2021 for seven episodes as '"seasoned investigative journalist" Marcie Warren.

Personal life
Dawber married actor Mark Harmon on March 21, 1987, in a private ceremony. They have two sons: Sean Thomas Harmon (b. April 25, 1988), also an actor, and Ty Christian Harmon (b. June 25, 1992). Dawber is Roman Catholic.

Filmography

 * Television

 * Film

title: Pam Dawber


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Ontario Highway 409

King's Highway 409, commonly referred to as Highway 409 and historically as the Belfield Expressway, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that extends from Highway 401 in Toronto to Pearson International Airport, west of Highway 427, in Mississauga. It is a short freeway used mainly as a spur route for traffic travelling to the airport or Highway 427 northbound from Highway 401 westbound (and vice versa), as these route movements are not accommodated at the complex interchange between Highways 401 and 427.

Planning for Highway 409 took place in the late 1960s amidst considerable controversy around its originally proposed path through the historic town of Malton. Eventually, the route was changed to provide access to the airport instead of northward towards Brampton and was completed through the mid-1970s, opening in 1978. The significance of the route has increased over the years alongside expansion of the airport. In 2000, the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) purchased the section of the highway west of Highway 427 in order to modify the ramps leading into the airport.

The speed limit along Highway 409 is 100 km/h east of Highway 427 and 80 km/h west of it. It is patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police east of the Toronto–Peel boundary and by the Peel Regional Police to the west of it. The original name of the freeway was derived from Belfield Road, which runs parallel to and north of the highway in Toronto from Kipling Avenue to Atwell Drive.

Route description
Highway 409 serves as a direct link between Highway 401, Highway 427, and Pearson International Airport. While it is not intended as a commuter route, there are three exits serving industrial areas in Etobicoke centred on the highway. Highway 409 also serves as the only connection between westbound Highway 401 and northbound Highway 427 and between southbound Highway 427 and eastbound Highway 401, as access between these routes is not provided at the 401–427 interchange.

Highway 409 begins at Airport Road as the knotted flyovers from Pearson International Airport converge into the freeway from the various terminals. The highway then turns northeast and encounters Highway 427. Through this section to Highway 427, the highway is maintained by the Greater Toronto Airport Authority (GTAA) and has a posted speed limit of 60 km/h.

As the highway passes under Highway 427, it turns southeast and takes on an east–west orientation. It passes over Carlingview Drive, and begins to descend into a trench, passing beneath Highway 27, two CN railway spurs, and Iron Street before returning to level grade. Around the interchange with Martin Grove Road, the freeway twists slightly to the north and south between factories and warehouses.

At its eastern terminus, the eastbound Highway 409 crosses Kipling Avenue and two of its lanes merge onto each of the Highway 401 express and collector lanes. From Highway 401 westbound, two westbound collector lanes diverge and become the westbound lanes of Highway 409, while the remaining three westbound collector lanes join up with the westbound Highway 401 express lanes to form six lanes west of there. Highway 409 is also accessible from Highway 401 westbound express lanes.

History
Plans for Highway 409, originally known as the Belfield Expressway, were first presented in 1965 to the Peel County (now Peel Region) council. In September 1968, three possible routes were submitted to the council. At the time, the town of Malton, within Peel County, occupied the area of the planned expressway, having not yet been amalgamated with municipalities within Peel County to the south to create the City of Mississauga. The 45 m strip of land would require the expropriation and demolition of 50 houses, as well as several businesses, a school, and two community parks. Citizens of the village formed a group to protest the freeway and to demand another route be taken. An above-grade alternative, similar to the Gardiner Expressway was proposed, as well as a tunnel under the airport.

However, at the same time, Toronto was embroiled in heated debate over the fate of its planned urban expressway system. When the Spadina Expressway was cancelled in 1971, the planned Belfield Expressway was completely revised. Instead of continuing northwest from Highway 427 and through Malton's four-corners at Derry Road and Airport Road towards Brampton, it would curve southwest and provide access to the developing Toronto International Airport.

Before plans for the new route were finalized, a flyover was built to provide access from Belfield Road to eastbound Highway 401, opening on October 7, 1968. Because the lands on which the freeway was to be built were occupied, the province elected to apply to expropriate the right-of-way in April 1972. Construction was underway by the end of the year, with the first contracts constructing the trench section near Highway 27. Structures, drainage and grading were completed west of Iron Street to Carlingview Avenue in 1974. In June of that year, contracts were awarded for the same work east of Iron Street to Highway 401. When this was completed in 1975, a paving contract was awarded from Carlingview Avenue to Highway 401.

Highway 409 first opened to traffic by 1976, with temporary ramps at Carlingview Avenue acting as the western terminus. That year the final contracts were awarded to construct portions of the Highway 427 interchange and connect Highway 409 with the airport road system. The entire freeway opened on August 25, 1978.

The flyover ramp, which connects southbound Highway 427 with eastbound Highway 409 was constructed in the early 1990s. Prior to that, an at-grade intersection crossed the northbound lanes of Highway 427, controlled by a traffic signal. This signal had the longest cycle of any traffic light in Toronto during its years of operation.

The portion of Highway 409 west of Highway 427 is owned and operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA). Despite its private ownership, the section east of Airport Road is still considered a part of Highway 409. The GTAA purchased this section of the highway in 2000 in order to rebuild the approaches to Toronto Pearson Airport.

Until 2008, Highway 409 remained almost unchanged from its original construction. However, beginning on July 10, 2008, traffic access was restricted to the outermost lanes. The steel "W" guardrail and truss light posts in the median were replaced by an Ontario Tall Wall barrier with a high-mast lighting system. Construction was carried out over several years and was scheduled for completion on September 1, 2011.

title: Ontario Highway 409


text:
User:Kctipton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources

title: User:Kctipton


text:
User talk:Jamesfarkas

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Jamesfarkas


text:
Nick Tahou Hots

Nick Tahou Hots is a restaurant in Rochester, New York, best known for a dish called the Garbage Plate. The restaurant was founded in 1918 by Alex Tahou, the grandfather of the 21st-century owner (also named Alex Tahou), and named for Nick Tahou, the founder's son, who operated the establishment until his death in 1997. While there are other Upstate New York variants, Nick Tahou's is the originator of the trademarked Garbage Plate.

Garbage Plate
Nick Tahou Hots's best known dish is the Garbage Plate, which consists of a selection of home fries, macaroni salad, baked beans and French fries topped with meats of the customer's choice. The dish can be garnished with mustard, chopped onions, ketchup and the venue's signature hot sauce, and is served with bread and butter. The Garbage Plate is typically mixed together by the diner before being eaten.

Tahou first created the dish as two hamburger patties with a selection of side dishes. The dish has spawned several imitators with similar names in the Greater Rochester area, including Fairport Hots' "The Hot Plate", Tom Wahl's "55 Junker Plate" and Mark's Texas Hots' "Sloppy Plate".

Philanthropy
A charitable Garbage Plate Run is sponsored by the University of Rochester's Sigma Phi Epsilon. Held annually in the spring, this three-man race begins at the U of R River Campus. The first of the team members run 2.2 miles through the city to Nick Tahou's. Once they arrive, the second teammate eats a Garbage Plate as quickly as they are able, then the final teammate runs back to campus to complete the race. In a race titled the "Ironman", one-man teams attempt to complete all three tasks alone. The Mount Hope Family Center is the recipient of all proceeds collected during the event, including sponsor funds and contestant's entry fees.

Other locations
In the mid-1950s, Nick Tahou's hot dog stand was located in a smaller building just to the east, which is shown in the picture on this page, of its longtime location. From 1979 to 2007, there were two Nick Tahou Hots restaurants in Rochester: one in downtown Rochester in the former Buffalo, Rochester, and Pittsburgh Railway station on West Main Street, to the west of the I-490 overpass and a satellite restaurant on Lyell Avenue (NY Route 31) in Gates. In 2007, Steve Tahou and his sister Joanne Tahou-Demkou, the children of Ike Tahou (Nick's brother), assumed full ownership of the Lyell Avenue location and renamed it Steve T. Hots and Potatoes. Steve Tahou returned to using Rochester-based Zweigle's hot dogs and Italian sausages, which were used in the original garbage plates at Nick's. The original West Main Street location continues to use the trademarked "Nick Tahou" and "Garbage Plate" names, and continues to use the Nick Tahou Hot Dog branded dogs in their plates. While previously open all night, the downtown restaurant began closing at 8 p.m. in 1998 in voluntary compliance with the city's effort to reduce troublesome night spots. Steve T.'s remains open 24 hours a day.

There was also a short-lived Nick Tahou's operation in Oswego, New York, that opened in September 1995 adjacent to the SUNY Oswego campus.

On August 3, 2010, a second location opened at 3070 West Henrietta Road (NYS Route 15), in the town of Henrietta, New York. It closed in early 2014.

Features
Nick's has been featured on Food Network's Unwrapped episode titled "Funny Foods" as well as the City in a Box Monopoly-based board game showcasing famous Rochester locales. The Garbage Plate was also highlighted in the July 2007 issue of the US Airways inflight magazine.

On the November 16, 2009, episode of The Daily Show, host Jon Stewart told the people of Rochester to "get their heads out of their Garbage Plates." On February 23, 2011, the Food Network filmed a segment for the show The Best Thing I Ever Ate on the recommendation of pastry chef Johnny Iuzzini. Nick Tahou's was also featured on the Travel Channel series Chowdown Countdown, where it ranked No. 81 out of 101 locations. In 2011 it was featured on a Rochester episode of the Travel Channel's Man v. Food Nation, starring Adam Richman.

In the 2012 film The Place Beyond the Pines, Garbage Plates are mentioned as a "must have" for Bradley Cooper's character Avery when he travels through Rochester, New York. In 2017, Youtuber Jenna Marbles (who grew up in Rochester) mentioned Garbage Plates as her favorite food and in "My Boyfriend Cooks My Favorite Meal" got her boyfriend, Julien Solomita, to make her a vegan version. Another YouTuber and Rochester native, Andrew Rea of Binging with Babish, recreated the Garbage Plate in one of his weekly episodes, inspired by the mention of the dish in The Place Beyond the Pines.

In 2020, comedian Jim Gaffigan, while on tour in Rochester, stopped by Nick Tahou Hots and enjoyed a Garbage Plate. He subsequently talked about his experience on Conan.

The dish has been featured in numerous publications, including The New York Times, Saveur, HuffPost, and Food & Wine.

title: Nick Tahou Hots


text:
Tunagate

Tunagate was a 1985 Canadian political scandal involving large quantities of tuna that had been declared unfit for human consumption that were sold to the public under order of the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, John Fraser.

The story broke on September 17 in the CBC program The Fifth Estate. Fisheries inspectors had found that StarKist tuna, processed by a New Brunswick plant, had spoiled, and declared that it was “unfit for human consumption.”

A St. Andrews, New Brunswick plant had processed the tuna, and the forced destruction of a million cans of tuna would likely cause the plant to close down. The owners of the plant thus lobbied fisheries minister Fraser. He decided the tuna should be allowed on store shelves. He later defended himself saying he felt the business owners were right that the inspectors were too severe, or that the inspectors could have made a mistake. He also stated that he had two other independent groups test the tuna, but the laboratory that did these tests later revealed that their testing was not complete when Fraser made his decision.

The day after the story broke, both opposition parties attacked Fraser, and on Thursday, a recall of the tuna was announced. The following Monday Fraser resigned, mostly settling the affair. Rules were changed to make it impossible for ministers to overrule the decision of food inspectors.

The main unanswered question was how much Prime Minister Brian Mulroney knew at the time. Fraser at first stated that he had informed the Prime Minister's Office. Mulroney originally said so as well. Almost immediately afterwards both recanted and stated that Mulroney had not been informed until the story had broken. Mulroney was also accused of being less than truthful when he told the New York Times he had fired Fraser as soon as he had heard of the affair, when in fact it had taken six days.

Despite intense national coverage for many weeks, in the end, the story ended up being mostly forgotten. Today there remains no evidence of any people getting sick from the tuna that was sold. Fraser's career recovered and eventually he became Speaker of the House of Commons. The reputations of both StarKist Canada and the Mulroney government were hurt, however. StarKist, which had enjoyed a thirty-nine percent market share, saw it collapse to near zero, and in 1991, it pulled out of Canada. The four hundred employees of the New Brunswick plant were put out of work as one of the largest employers in Charlotte County shut down.

title: Tunagate


text:
Talk:2004 Democratic National Convention

"Barack Obama Keynote address"
Could that section be moved below Pres. Candidate and VP Candidate? - Billybob2002 (talk) 02:52, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

Ronald Reagan Jr.
Is Ronald Reagan Jr. still speaking? I don't see him listed on this page.

 * Yes, he is planned to speak on Tuesday. I built the speakers list primarily off the abbreviated list on the Convention's web site, and he wasn't listed on the front page, thus his non-inclusion. I'll go ahead and add him. Thanks for the pointer, as he's one of the more politically significant speakers there. I can't imagine why he wasn't listed up front. They haven't posted the full schedule for tomorrow yet, so I don't know when he'll speak. Thanks again. UPDATE: Silly me for not checking the page first. Someone else beat me too it! Wikipedia strikes again. --Gregb 04:03, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Free Speech Zone
Should mention existence of so-called "Free Speech Zone" (under a section "Security"?) and controversy over it. --Daniel C. Boyer 17:17, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I removed these labels "— both anti-Bush and pro-Bush —" as I understand, there where groups with other agendas being represented there as well, some may have even been gasp, anti-Kerry protesters. I think it would be sufficient to say that there where "protesters" and leave it at that, unless a list of groups classified as protesters be made. I think that would detract from this article. --Buster 03:56, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)

Protest groups involved

 * More detail should be put into the protests going on, like some mention of the Bl(A)ck Tea Society (blackteasociety.org) and you can probably get the most up to the minute coverage from boston.indymedia.org
 * I added a detailed section about the protests and does in fact mention the Bl(A)ck Tea Society. --Gerald Farinas 21:50, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Democratic Convention Poll

 * Hello, I was wondering where you got the info on the poll about Bill and Hillary being the most popular democrats in the US.ChrisDJackson

 * I got it off a graphic they featured on the PBS coverage on Monday night (7/26/04) with Jim Lehrer. Bill Clinton was voted most popular, followed by John Kerry then Hillary Clinton.  They even went on and on about how the poll indicated that if Kerry loses the election, Hillary Clinton "will be it for 2008."  --Gerald Farinas 15:48, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * SURPRISE! -- DataSnake my talk 17:45, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Bravo

 * I just have to say, this is one of the best articles I've read on Wikipedia. Full of relevant information, with very worthy photos and very good captions. And it's of an ongoing event, no less. To the collective editors of this work, I say congratulations on a magnificent article. (disclaimer: I am not a Democrat. :) --Golbez 01:36, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It is my intent that this be the best article of any presidential nominating convention featured on Wikipedia. ;)  --Gerald Farinas 21:49, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. This article is fantastic.  Good work. - MattTM 21:55, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Question.... Is it good enough to be nominated for Featured Article? --Gerald Farinas 18:43, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think so; it's also a great example of how Wikipedia is different from paper and CD encyclopedias. Sure, they might have an entry on the Democratic Party that mentions the convention, but apart from a few notable ones like 1968, would they really have such an in depth article on something like this? This is what sets Wikipedia apart.  It does not have to choose what little to mention in 2 pages dedicated to the Democratic Party. --Golbez 22:35, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I disagree. It's overly pro-Democrat. What I wrote about the bazaar was twice removed, as if someone's trying to hide the fact that yes, anarchists were having fun outside while a bunch of lying Democrats glorified themselves. Like the person below said, some of the photos - particularly the absurd "I'm reporting for duty" one are just propaganda. I mean, having such a large article on such useless spectacle is bound to have POV, since no one else cares...but whatever, it's still a detailed article, and for the most part a good one, but I felt the need to give a contrary opinion. I love you all. :P --Tothebarricades.tk 22:56, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Well in the name of NPOV I hope you all work just as hard next month for the GOP. But some of those captions under the pictures are a bit corny and might be slighty pov.

Nader
Nader can only get on the ballot in 26 states, representing 220 electoral votes; thus, it is mathematically impossible for him to win the presidency. As such, I'm removing the mention of him and Camejo. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 13:24, 2004 Aug 3 (UTC)

Request for references
Hi, I am working to encourage implementation of the goals of the Verifiability policy. Part of that is to make sure articles cite their sources. This is particularly important for featured articles, since they are a prominent part of Wikipedia. The Fact and Reference Check Project has more information. Thank you, and please leave me a message when a few references have been added to the article. - Taxman 18:00, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

I agree with the need for references. How on earth did this page get named a "feature article" without a single source or reference of any kind????? --Jayzel68 14:17, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

The Question of PERSONAL EXPERIENCE raises it's ugly head once again. I put up the thing about Kucinich's delegates trying to vote for him at the Convention because I was there and heard them griping, I saw one person arguing with the head of the delegation about it, and I"m sure that several others actually were at the events mentioned.

That's the problem with recent and current events on this thing.Ericl 14:21, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Convention website link broken
The link to the official convention comittee website, www.dems2004.org, is not working. Looks like the domain registration lapsed. Should the link be removed?

 * I wouldn't myself. Someone could always pull it up through the Wayback Machine or somesuch.  RGTraynor 09:11, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I dropped them - that page is now a googlebomb. Here are the links if anyone wants to use them for research etc.

http://www.dems2004.org Official Convention Committee Website http://www.dems2004.org/site/apps/nl/newsletter3.asp?c=luI2LaPYG&b=125919 Transcripts and Video of Speeches Listed by Speaker http://www.boston04.com/home.asp Boston 04 Ellsworth 22:48, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Some late revisions
I explained the presidential voting and Edwards' acceptence speech (or lack thereof). I was there, and in the case of the Kucinich votes, was thick in the middle of it. Ericl 20:48, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Barack Obama Honolulu native?
Although Barack Obama was born in Honolulu, he's not a Hawaiian native, according to his own article Barack Obama. His father is from Kenya, his mother from Kansas. Cheesus 09:01, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Comparison to 2004 Republican National Convention
In this article about the Democrats, it says, even in the table of contents box, no less, that the convention caused several negative consequences to the venue (Boston):

1. 3 Boston venue

* 3.1 Site Selection * 3.2 Security * 3.3 Free speech zone * 3.4 Police strike * 3.5 Loss of business

Now, let's take a look at the TOC (contents) box for the article on the Republican National Convention:

 * 1) 2 Venue

* 2.1 Security * 2.2 Timing

So maybe there wasn't a police strike in New York City at this time, but no loss of business from the disruption? Indeed, the article cites Bloomberg hailing it as an economic boon. I don't expect the articles to be exact mirror images of each other, but it does seem at least a little slanted towards the Republicans. Shanoman 22:02, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Missing dates needed
This article is missing vital information: dates. True, it mentions that the convention ran from July 26-29, but it doesn't give any information about on what days specific speeches and events happened. Which speakers spoke on what days? —Lowellian (reply) 23:12, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

There is information on speakers and dates at the article Speakers of 2004 Democratic National Convention, but there should still be more date information in this article then there currently is, and it should also be made clearer where to find that date information. —Lowellian (reply) 23:17, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

So, the 2004 Democratic National Convention helped at least one person to get elected POTUS for the Dems
....the keynote speaker. In 2008. Hmmm. 204.52.215.13 (talk) 02:49, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.completeobamaspeecharchive.com/keynote.html
 * In 2004 Democratic National Convention on 2011-05-25 07:43:18, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 Democratic National Convention on 2011-06-11 08:10:35, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 08:10, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Yorkdale Shopping Centre

Yorkdale Shopping Centre, Yorkdale Mall, or simply Yorkdale, is a major retail shopping centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located at the southwest corner of the interchange between Highway 401 and Allen Road, it opened in 1964 as the largest enclosed shopping mall in the world. Yorkdale is currently the third largest shopping mall in Canada by floor space and has the highest sales per unit area of any mall in Canada, with current merchandise sales levels at roughly CA$1,905 per square foot (CA$20,505.25 per square metre). At 18 million annual visitors, it is one of the country's busiest malls. Many international retailers have ventured the Canadian market initially at Yorkdale.

Yorkdale is currently owned by a joint venture between the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System through its subsidiary Oxford Properties Group and the Alberta Investment Management Corporation.

Construction and design
In the 1950s, the department store chain T. Eaton & Co. bought a 40 ha site at Dufferin Street and Highway 401 for a new massive, suburban location. In 1958, rival department store chain Simpson's purchased a 8 ha site to the east and the plan to build the complex was announced that year. Design of the mall was given to the Seattle firm of John Graham Consultants, except for the Simpson's store, designed by John Andrews of John B. Parkin Associates. Howard Lesser was the planning and development consultant. Using Lesser's market research, the developers determined how much floor space to give up to each category of retailer, and chose retailers who would appeal to a broad range of shoppers.

The mall opened on February 26, 1964, under the ownership of the Trizec Corporation. Its gross leasable area (GLA) was over 1000000 sqft, by far the biggest in Canada at the time. It was one of the largest shopping centres in the world. When it opened, Yorkdale was the first Canadian mall to include two major department stores: Simpson's and Eaton's, under the same roof at a cost of CA$40 million ($ in dollars). The mall had the shape of the letter L and was bordered in its extremities by Simpsons and grocery store Dominion, while Eaton's was at the junction of the two corridors; the mall also had a small public library. Yorkdale was the first major suburban mall constructed in Toronto. Located at the edge of the urbanized city, the new shopping centre was dependent on the construction of the Spadina Expressway, later renamed Allen Road after Metro chairman William R. Allen, as the developers would not proceed until the freeway was approved for construction.

The mall was constructed with a novel system for its retailers to receive merchandise. While other Canadian shopping centres had their receiving doors located at the backside, Yorkdale was constructed with a one-way, two-lane road for trucks running beneath the centre that leads directly to retailers' basement storages. The design of the mall included a 60 ft tall atrium, 40 ft wide halls and 27 ft tall ceilings. The corridors still retain this look and feel although renovations in 2006 replaced the ceilings, windows, floors and skylights.

Expansions and renovations
In 1984, Yorkdale expanded with 75 new stores bringing an additional 153000 sqft to the mall. It expanded again in 1986 to reach 1300000 sqft, having now more than doubled its number of stores from when it first opened.

In 1991, the Simpson's store was converted to a The Bay store after Hudson's Bay Company purchased the Simpson's chain in 1978. An existing The Bay store, that had joined the mall in November 1988, was sold to Sears Canada in the process.

The Universal Man statue in the west parking lot was relocated from the base of the CN Tower—to accommodate the construction of the Rogers Centre (then known as SkyDome) in 1987—to Yorkdale in 1994.

In 1999, Yorkdale completed a major overhaul, adding a Rainforest Café restaurant, a Famous Players SilverCity movie theatre (which has since been taken over by Cineplex Entertainment and rebranded as such), and a two-storey Indigo Books and Music store on the north side of the northeast corner of the mall, facing Highway 401.

In 2005, a CA$60 million expansion on the former site of its Eaton's department store increased the size of Yorkdale to 1,404,646 ft2, and increased the number of stores from about 210 to 260. A highlight of this expansion was the construction of a 60 ft high glass atrium running 300 ft in length, which hangs from an exterior support structure. The expansion added Old Navy, Zara, H&M, and Home Outfitters as sub-anchors. This gave Yorkdale the title of the third-largest shopping mall in Ontario after Square One Shopping Centre in Mississauga and Toronto Eaton Centre in downtown Toronto, ahead of Scarborough Town Centre in terms of retail floor space.

The renovation project continued into 2006 and 2007. This renovation matched the earlier sections of the mall to the style of the 2005 expansion. Key elements of this project included new public washrooms, the opening of a Moxies Grill & Bar restaurant, and new sliding automatic doors at all entrances. An advertising campaign, branded as "Change It Up!" was launched in conjunction with the renovation and redevelopment, winning a MAXI Award from the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) in 2007.

Expansion continued in the second half of the decade. In April 2008, Yorkdale opened a Michael Kors store. Later additions included Armani Exchange, Crate & Barrel, BOSS, and a Tiffany & Co.

In January 2011, Yorkdale announced another expansion, adding another 145000 sqft, sufficient for 40 storefronts, and 800 underground parking spaces. This new wing took the space of the southwest parking lot. The expansion also relocated and doubled the number of seats at the food court, improved public access, and landscaped portions of the property. The expansion, costing $35 million, was opened in the summer of 2012, and completed in November 2012. The existing food court was relocated to a new location on the third level of the former Eaton's department store. The new food court, named "Dine on 3", covers 45000 sqft over two floors and features 18 different eateries, including A&W, KFC, New York Fries, Subway, and the second Ontario location of Chick-fil-A (after the first at One Bloor in downtown Toronto). The area of the former food court was redeveloped into a new wing, which housed new stores including a Microsoft Store, DavidsTea, and a Tesla showroom, as well as a larger Apple Store. The new parking garage was built below the wing.

In 2012, Holt Renfrew expanded to the west by adding 18925 sqft to the existing 65047 sqft as part of another increase to the mall floor space.

In April 2013, Yorkdale announced a CA$330 million expansion, which would add an additional 298000 sqft of retail, featuring a three-level 188000 sqft Nordstrom store and a Uniqlo store. This project involved the closure of the Rainforest Café (at Yorkdale since 1999), as well as the demolition of the multi-level parking garage at the southeast of the complex bordering Yorkdale Road. The project began in January 2014 and the new wing opened for business in late 2016. Rainforest Café has since been replaced with an expansion of Sport Chek.

In June 2013, Sears Canada announced the closing of their store at Yorkdale. The former Sears space was renovated to house Sporting Life and RH, both of which opened on October 19, 2017. The wing also includes Uncle Tetsu's Cheesecake bakery, a CIBC branch, a relocated Starbucks, Landwer Café, a Johnnie Walker-branded Scottish whisky-tasting bar operated by the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO), a Miele appliance showroom, and high-end restaurants.

The Milestones Grill and Bar restaurant, located near Hudson's Bay, was closed in 2016. It was then announced that the American restaurant chain The Cheesecake Factory would open its first Canadian location in the mall. The location was renovated and expanded to accommodate the new restaurant and it opened to the public in November 2017. From its opening until the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the restaurant experienced wait times of up to three hours.

In 2017, mall owner Oxford Properties submitted an application to the City of Toronto for a block zoning plan to guide future development of the site. In the first phase, new buildings would be constructed along the Dufferin Street frontage, incorporating a boutique hotel, a cinema and new retail, with future phases being built on the north parking lot, to incorporate residential and office uses. In March 2019, the City launched a study on the re-development of the parking lots and other areas of the mall property to improve traffic as well as mixed-use for the site to include residential and retail use. If approved, the re-development would result in parking being moved underground. However, some residents in the neighbourhood are opposed to the development.

On June 26, 2020, the Microsoft Store closed as part of its parent's winding down of the chain. From late 2020 to 2022, Nissan Studio occupied the space that was formerly the Microsoft Store and serves as a showroom for the Japanese automaker's vehicles, not a dealership. In 2023, this space is occupied by Alo Yoga.

Most of the stores in the central section of Yorkdale are closed for renovation during the second half of 2023 and early 2024.

Incidents
Two stabbings occurred at the mall in 2008. A security guard was shot in the chest, saved by his kevlar vest, confronting two teenaged robbery suspects, intervening in a dispute with the two with another in the parking lot in April 2009. Both suspects were arrested. In the first half of 2013, two shootings occurred at the mall. The first one took place in the external surface lot late on a Saturday night in March 2013, leaving one man dead and one man injured. In May 2013, a man was injured by shots fired into the Joey restaurant at midnight on a Friday night. Yorkdale upgraded its security with a new $3.4 million video surveillance system that went into service in March 2014. The new system provides full 360-degree surveillance of the mall and the parking lots. It also includes licence plate recognition technology at parking entrances. In August 2018, Yorkdale Shopping Centre was shut down after a spate of gun violence erupted at one of three Starbucks locations (since the renovation to Indigo during the COVID-19 pandemic, there are two Starbucks locations in Yorkdale). Though nobody was seriously injured, it caused major delays on major TTC routes. On August 29, 2021, Yorkdale Shopping Centre went into lockdown following a shooting inside the mall. One suspect was arrested.

Anchors
The department stores at the mall are RH, Hudson's Bay and Holt Renfrew. Junior anchors include Uniqlo, Muji, Sporting Life, Sport Chek, and Indigo Books and Music.

Retail mix
When first opened, Yorkdale had a large number of clothing retailers along with large department stores in the mix of stores. Yorkdale was the first Canadian mall to include two major department stores: Simpson's and Eaton's, under the same roof. Eaton's went bankrupt in 1999 and its space was redeveloped into a new wing that opened in 2005.

Since the late 1990s onward, Yorkdale's management has focused on attracting luxury brand retailers, especially those selling clothing and accessories, as well as high-end electronics, a strategy also adopted by Sherway Gardens, owned by rival mall operator Cadillac Fairview. These include Versace, Bulgari, Burberry, Cartier, Chanel, Gucci, Prada, Kate Spade, Tory Burch, Moncler, Jimmy Choo, Apple, and Bose before Bose closed most physical retail operations, including its Yorkdale location. Yorkdale has also attracted American and international retailers seeking to expand to Canada. Yorkdale bought out the lease of Sears in 2014 to reallocate that space for higher-priced department stores.

Yorkdale places a requirement on each tenant to renovate regularly. When each tenant renews its lease with the mall, they are required to renovate their store.

Canadian firsts
Yorkdale has been the point of entry into the Canadian market for many widely known international commercial enterprises. Companies that have opened or plan on opening their first Canadian store at Yorkdale include:

 * Apple Store — May 2005, relocated to new wing in December 2012.
 * Bath & Body Works — September 2008
 * Crate & Barrel — Late 2008
 * Furla — October 2019
 * GEOX — May 2005
 * J.Crew — August 2011
 * Kate Spade New York — November 2012
 * LOFT — November 2012
 * Microsoft Store — November 2012
 * Ted Baker — November 2012
 * Tesla Motors — November 2012
 * True Religion — October 2010
 * Zara Home — August 2013
 * John Varvatos — November 2013
 * Christian Louboutin — November 2013
 * David Yurman — Winter 2013
 * AllSaints — April 2013
 * Salvatore Ferragamo Italia S.p.A. — July 2013
 * White House Black Market — October 2013
 * Tumi — November 2013
 * The Cheesecake Factory — November 2017

According to the International Council of Shopping Centers, more than 30 American retailers contacted mall management, wanting to open their first Canadian stores in Yorkdale after Crate & Barrel revealed that their first store outside the United States would open in Yorkdale in 2008.

Yorkdale's Nordstrom was the fourth location in Canada, opening after the locations at the Toronto Eaton Centre, Calgary's Chinook Centre and Ottawa's Rideau Centre. In 2023, Nordstrom announced their exit from the Canadian market, which resulted in the closure of their Yorkdale location. Yorkdale's Uniqlo store was the second of its kind in Canada when it opened in late 2016, a month after the first Uniqlo opened at the Toronto Eaton Centre the previous September. Yorkdale's Lego Store is the second one in Canada after the first opened at Fairview Mall.

Temporary exhibits
From 2019 to mid-2023, Yorkdale used otherwise vacant retail space in the centre of the mall for paid-admission temporary exhibits with gift shops. In 2019, this space was used for a replica of Santa's workshop during the holiday season. During 2020 and 2021, this space was used for the Marvel Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. exhibit amid the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, this space was used for the Friends Experience exhibit. In the first half of 2023, this space was used for The Office Experience exhibit.

title: Yorkdale Shopping Centre


text:
Rumspringa

Rumspringa, also spelled Rumschpringe or Rumshpringa, is a rite of passage during adolescence, translated from originally Palatine German and other Southwest German dialects to English as "jumping or hopping around", used in some Amish communities. The Amish, a subsect of the Anabaptist Christian movement, intentionally segregate themselves from other communities as a part of their faith. For Amish youth, the Rumspringa normally begins at age 16 and ends when a youth chooses either to be baptized in the Amish church or to leave the community. For Wenger Mennonites, Rumspringa occurs mostly between ages of 17 and 21.

Not all Amish use this term (it does not occur in John A. Hostetler's extended discussion of adolescence among the Amish), but in sects that do, Amish elders generally view it as a time for courtship and finding a spouse. A popular view exists by which the period is institutionalized as a rite of passage, and the usual behavioral restrictions are relaxed, so that Amish youth can acquire some experience and knowledge of the non-Amish world.

Etymology
Rumspringa is a Pennsylvania German noun meaning "running around." It is a cognate of the Standard German verb rumspringen. Dialects do not derive from standard languages, but as a cognate, this expression is closely related to the Standard German verb (he)rumspringen meaning "to jump around or about." The Standard German term is a compound word of the adverb (around, about) and the verb  ("to jump"). However, in Swiss German as in some other southern German dialects, springen – besides meaning "to jump" – also means "to run." This term/concept also is used as a separable verb, i.e., (to jump around) / er springt rum (he jumps around).

In Pennsylvania German, the prefix rum is a contraction of herum – a development which is also all but general to spoken standard German. The infinitive (and gerund) form "-a" is standard in Pennsylvania German and other forms of general Upper German.

Popularized view
Amish adolescents may engage in rebellious behavior, resisting or defying parental norms. In many cultures, enforcement may be relaxed, and misbehavior tolerated or overlooked to a degree. A view of rumspringa has emerged in popular culture that this divergence from custom is an accepted part of adolescence or a rite of passage for Amish youth.

Among the Amish, however, rumspringa simply refers to adolescence. During that time a certain amount of misbehavior is unsurprising and is not severely condemned (for instance, by Meidung or shunning). Adults who have made a permanent and public commitment to the faith would be held to the higher standards of behavior defined in part by the Schleitheim and Dordrecht confessions. In a narrow sense, the young are not bound by the Ordnung because they have not taken adult membership in the church. Amish adolescents do remain, however, under the strict authority of parents who are bound to Ordnung, and there is no period when adolescents are formally released from these rules.

It is the period when the young person is regarded as having reached maturity, and is permitted to attend the Sunday night "singings" that are the focus of courtship among the Amish; according to Amish sources, a youth who dares to attend one of these events before the age of 16 might be force-fed warm milk from a spoon, as a good-natured reminder to observe the lines of status. Members of the local church district often attend the singings and usually bring younger children along.

A minority of Amish youth do diverge from established customs. Some may be found:
 * Wearing non-traditional clothing and hair styles (referred to as "dressing English")
 * Driving vehicles other than horse-drawn vehicles (for communities that eschew motor vehicles)
 * Not attending home prayer
 * Drinking and using other recreational drugs

Not all youth diverge from custom during this period; approximately half in the larger communities and the majority in smaller Amish communities remain within the norms of Amish dress or behavior during adolescence. Almost 90 percent of Amish teenagers choose to be baptized and join the Amish church.

Leaving the community
Some Amish youth do indeed separate themselves from the community, even going to live among the "English," or non-Amish Americans, experiencing modern technology. Their behavior during this time does not necessarily prevent them from returning for adult baptism into the Amish church.

Most of them do not wander far from their family's homes during this time, and large numbers (85–90%) ultimately choose to join the church. However this proportion varies from community to community, and within a community between more and less acculturated Amish. For example, Swartzentruber Amish have a lower retention rate than Andy Weaver Amish (90% vs 97%; although most of Swartzentruber Amish do not allow teenagers to leave the community during rumspringa at will.) This figure was significantly lower as recently as the 1950s. Leaving the Amish community is not a long-term trend, and was more of a problem during the early colonial years.

Variations
As among the non-Amish, there is variation among communities and individual families as to the best response to adolescent misbehavior. Some Amish communities hold views similar to Old Order Mennonite, and Conservative Mennonites in seeking more productive, spiritual activities for their youth. Some even take up meditation.

In some cases, patience and forbearance prevail, and in others, vigorous discipline. Far from an open separation from parental ways, the misbehavior of young people during the rumspringa is usually furtive, though often collective (this is especially true in smaller and more isolated populations). They may or may not mingle with non-Amish in these excursions. The age is marked normatively in some Amish communities by allowing the young man to purchase a small "courting buggy," or – in some communities – by painting the yard-gate blue (traditionally meaning "daughter of marriageable age living here"; the custom is noted by A. M. Aurand in The Amish (1938), along with the reasonable caution that sometimes a blue gate is just a blue gate). There is some opinion that adolescent rebellion tends to be more radical, more institutionalized (and therefore in a sense more accepted) in the more restrictive communities.

The nature of the rumspringa period differs from individual to individual and from community to community. In large Amish communities like those of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Holmes and Wayne Counties, Ohio, and Elkhart and LaGrange Counties, Indiana, the Amish are numerous enough that an Amish youth subculture exists. During rumspringa, the Amish youth in these large communities will join one of various groups ranging from the most rebellious to the least. These groups are not necessarily divided across traditional Amish church district boundaries, although they often are. In many smaller communities, Amish youth may have a much more restricted rumspringa, and likewise may be less likely to partake in strong rebellious behavior, as they lack the anonymity of larger communities.

Wenger Mennonites youth go through a period of rumspringa starting at age 17 and typically ending at marriage, a few years older than the Amish do. Since most of the youth get baptized when they are ages 16 to 19, they typically do not get into the type of serious offenses of the most "disorderly" of the Amish youth.

Scholarly and documentary works
Rumspringa is mentioned in the standard works about the Amish, like Hostettler’s Amish Society, the works of Donald Kraybill, An Amish Paradox by Hurst and McConell and others, but there is only one scholarly book about it:
 * Richard A. Stevick: Growing up Amish: The Teenage Years, Baltimore, 2007.

There is also one documentary book:
 * Tom Shachtman: Rumspringa: To Be or Not to Be Amish, New York, 2006.
 * Devil's Playground (2002) was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary and for three documentary Emmy Awards – Best Documentary, Editing, and Direction. Spin-offs of the film include a book of transcribed interviews, titled Rumspringa: To Be Or Not To Be Amish, and a UPN reality television series, Amish in the City.

Fiction
Levi Miller's 1989 novel Ben's Wayne describes the rumspringa of an 18-year-old Amish youth in Holmes County, Ohio, during the fall of 1960. According to Richard A. Stevick, the novel is a realistic portrayal of the rumspringa of that time.

Biographies
Rumspringa is also mentioned in several biographies of ex-Amish like e.g. Ira Wagler's Growing up Amish.

Other
There are several books in the literary genre Amish romance that deal with rumspringa, but mostly with no gain in knowledge about the subject. Levi Miller's novel Ben's Wayne is an exception, since it is a realistic portrayal of rumspringa in 1960.
 * Levi Miller: Ben's Wayne, Intercourse, PA, 1989.

In popular culture
Amish teens throw a wild party which includes Fall Out Boy in the film Sex Drive.

A season 6 episode of the sitcom New Girl entitled “Rumspringa” features three of the main characters going on a trip which they refer to as a rumspringa.

A season 6 episode of the Canadian sitcom Letterkenny entitled "Dyck's Slip Out" features two characters who go missing on their rumspringa.

A season 5 episode of the series Bones features the main characters trying to solve the murder of an Amish teen who was on his rumspringa.

A season 5 episode of the drama Cold Case entitled "Running Around" features the main characters trying to solve the murder of an Amish teen who was on her rumspringa.

A season 1 episode of the series Longmire entitled "The Dark Road" features the main characters trying to solve the murder of a Mennonite teen who was on her rumspringa.

A Netflix movie called Rumspringa was released in 2022 and features the experiences of a young Amish person on Rumspringa in Berlin.

Episode 9, Season 10 of ER titled "Missing" has, as its central storyline, 2 Amish teenagers involved in a car collision whilst exploring Chicago. They both must choose whether to return or not.

A season 5 episode of the 2018 series Magnum P.I. featured Magnum and Higgins being hired by a young Amish teenager to track down his sister who came to the island for her Rumspringa and never returned.

In a season 6 episode of the sitcom 30 Rock, called "Leap Day", Liz Lemon talks about her "crazy" experience on Rumspringa after high school.

title: Rumspringa


text:
User:Lou Quillio

http://quillio.com/

title: User:Lou Quillio


text:
Latke

A latke (לאַטקע latke; sometimes romanized latka, lit. "pancake") is a type of potato pancake or fritter in Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine that is traditionally prepared to celebrate Hanukkah. Latkes can be made with ingredients other than potatoes such as cheese, onion, carrot, and zucchini.

Etymology
The word comes from the Yiddish latke, itself from the East Slavic oladka, a diminutive of oladya 'small fried pancake', which in turn is from Hellenistic Greek ἐλάδιον eládion, '(olive) oil', diminutive of Ancient Greek ἔλαιον élaion, 'oil'. Its Modern Hebrew name,  (לְבִיבָה levivá), plural levivot, is a revival of a word used in the Book of Samuel to describe a dumpling made from kneaded dough, part of the story of Amnon and Tamar. Some interpreters have noted that the homonym  (לֵבָב leváv) means "heart", and the verbal form of l-v-v (ל־ב־ב l-b-b) occurs in the Song of Songs as well.

History
Some version of latkes goes back to at least the Middle Ages. They were likely made of cheese (probably either ricotta or curd cheese), fried in poppyseed oil or butter, and served with fruit preserves. These cheese latkes were the most common kind of latke in Ashkenazi communities until the 19th century when the potato arrived in eastern Europe. At the time, the cheapest and most readily available cooking fat was schmaltz, rendered poultry fat (usually from a goose or chicken), and due to Jewish dietary laws, which prohibit the mixing of meat and dairy products, alternatives to the cheese latke were introduced. These included buckwheat, rye flour, or root vegetables endemic to the region, such as turnips. As the potato became popular in eastern Europe, it was quickly adopted to the point that today, latke is almost synonymous with potatoes.

The latke is traditionally prepared during the Hanukkah holiday to commemorate the miracle of the oil in the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem lasting eight days.

Variations
Latkes today are most commonly made with potatoes, although other vegetables are also sometimes used. There are two main varieties: those made with grated potato and those made with puréed or mashed potato. The textures of these two varieties are different.

Grated potato version
Latkes made of grated potatoes are popular. They are prepared by grating potatoes and onions with a box grater or food processor; then, excess moisture is squeezed out. The grated potatoes are then mixed with eggs and flour or matzo meal; a vegan version uses chickpea flour and potato starch instead of eggs. The latkes are fried in batches in an oiled pan. The thickness is a matter of personal preference.

Puréed potato version
The dough for puréed potato latkes is puréed in a food processor. This form of latke is easier to shape and has a "pudding-like consistency".

Other variations
Before the potato, latkes were and in some places still are, made from a variety of other vegetables, cheeses, legumes, or starches. Modern recipes often call for the addition of onions and carrots. Other versions include zucchini, sweet onion, gruyere (for french onion flavor), and sweet potatoes. Sephardi Jews make latkes with zucchini and garlic (mücver), omitting dairy-based toppings (yogurt) when served as a side for roasts or meat. Latkes are often served with either sour cream or applesauce.

title: Latke


text: Category:Sociolinguistics

title: Category:Sociolinguistics


text:
Category:Mutation

Mutations are permanent, transmissible changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA) of a cell.

title: Category:Mutation


text:
Beatmania III

beatmania III is a rhythm video game created by Konami. Gameplay is essentially the same as in the beatmania series, with a few enhancements to the hardware.

The beatmania III series was relatively short-lived, spanning only 2 years. It had five releases, the last one being Beatmania III The Final in 2002. In 2016, TCA Regional News reported that the Beatmania III is a rare find, with only five machines available throughout the country.

Audio system
beatmania III cabinets feature a total of 10 speakers. There are four mid-range speakers stacked vertically on either side of the screen, and two subwoofers located on the front of the machine. The cabinet also features a pair of headphone jacks, so that both players may use their own headphones to enjoy the game's audio. Using headphones does not disable the external speakers.

Effector system
Whereas the original Beatmania features simply an "Effector" button, beatmania III has an extensive panel for using a number of different effectors. Available effectors vary widely, including Echo, Low Pass, High Pass, Flanger, Phaser, Volume Bass, Lo-Fi, and several others. The chosen effector can be applied to just the background track, just the sounds created by the player, or both, and the intensity of the effect can be adjusted with two parameter knobs. Enabling the effector is achieved by simply pressing the foot pedal.

Foot pedal
While the original 5-keys-and-turntable layout remains unchanged, beatmania III adds a foot pedal for each player. In normal play, this enables or disables different sound-altering effectors. Some songs have a "foot" version that adds a seventh column with green note bars that is played by using the foot pedal. The game also allows players to set the foot pedal so that it functions as any one of the game's 5 keys.

Floppy drive
beatmania III has a feature unique to the Bemani series: a 3.5-inch floppy disk drive. By inserting any blank Windows-formatted disk before starting, the player can have the game create files on the disk used to record personal best scores. After playing, the disk is then removed from the drive for later repeated use in beatmania III, or for looking at scores using one's personal computer. The floppy disk was also required to unlock secret songs or game modes on some versions of the game.

Releases
The beatmania III series was only released as an arcade game. No console releases were ever produced even though both Japanese and North American IIDX controllers have input ports for a bass pedal. Each release added songs from the Beatmania games their titles refer to, including most previous arcade releases.

title: Beatmania III


text:
CHOI-FM

CHOI-FM is a French-language FM radio station that broadcasts on the frequency 98.1 MHz out of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, with a talk format. Locally, it is known as Radio X (a reference to "Generation X", as most of CHOI's listeners consider themselves). It has been owned by Genex Communications since July 1996. The Bureau of Broadcast Measurement ratings released in December 2004 revealed that CHOI was the most popular radio station in the city with 443,100 listeners, up from 380,500 earlier in the year. The station is well known for airing controversial ideas and populist opinions. The station has become a target of various groups, notably feminists and gay activists, as well as prominent politicians, for some controversial political statements.

Following a ruling by the CRTC, the station's licence lapsed, with its renewal application denied, in 2004 for failing "to comply with the Radio Regulations 1986 (the Regulations) as well as CHOI's Code of Ethics, adherence to which is required by one of its conditions of licence". Pending a court challenge, the station was permitted to stay on-air without a licence.

On May 8, 2006, Genex announced it would sell the station to RNC Media. The transaction – strictly speaking, the issuing of a new licence to RNC Media on the same frequency rather than a simple transfer of ownership – was approved by the CRTC on October 20, 2006.

Main hosts of the station
Jeff Fillion was the most popular host at the station. He was the morning man, hosting with his staff Le monde parallèle de Jeff (Fillion's Parallel World) every weekday morning. Over the years, his ideas and opinions made him the city's most controversial radio host. He teamed up for a time with longtime morning man André Arthur. Fillion was sued numerous times by many well-known people around the province because of his controversial comments. The station's problems with the CRTC are mostly attributed to him and his comments.

In the past, he was well known for his show's contests. For example, he created a contest in the late 1990s where a woman would win a breast implants surgery on Good Friday - "Good Friday" being "Vendredi saint" in French, and the words "saint" and "sein" (breast) have the same pronunciation.

On the air, on the morning of March 17, 2005, Fillion announced that he was immediately resigning as host of the morning show. In May 2005, the former host started giving interviews to various Quebec media where he complained about what he says is a lack of respect towards him by the station's owners. He says that they have not offered him any severance pay since he left the air. The owners replied that they have offered him various jobs inside their company but he has refused all of them. The station also claimed that Fillion's demands for almost $2 million in severance pay were unreasonable. He is apparently also asking to be cleared of all responsibility in current or future lawsuits against him or the station. This would bring the total to $5 million.

Gilles Parent was hired by the station in 2001. He came from CHIK-FM, CHOI's rival station, to host the Le retour de Gilles Parent every weekday afternoon. His thoughts and opinions are less controversial and are expressed in a much more respectful manner than Fillion's.

Denis Gravel (known as "The fucking news guy", name given by Korn's former guitar player) hosted Le Char de hits until 2004, when it became the most popular radio program of the area at lunch time. He also did the news segments during Fillion's morning show. When Fillion resigned, Gravel replaced him as the host of the morning show. On March 16, 2004, he became well known in the province for inadvertently revealing the name of one of the victims of a highly publicized child prostitution case during Parent's afternoon show, while performing a live commentary after a day in court, where popular radioman Robert Gillet of competitor station CJMF-FM had stood in the accused box.

Dispute with the CRTC
On July 13, 2004, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ruled that the radio station would be shut down because it kept airing offensive and insulting remarks even after being put on probation in 2002. This meant that the station would be forced to stop transmitting on the night of August 31, 2004, when its licence expired. This prompted a huge march in the streets of Quebec City on July 22 when 50,000 people walked through the streets of the city to support the station, claiming the right of freedom of speech and opinion. It was the largest march in the capital city of Quebec since the 1960s.

On August 10, 2004, the station staged a protest against the CRTC's decision on Parliament Hill in Ottawa where 5,000 Quebec fans of the station went to the country's capital to demonstrate their support for the station. CHOI aired their regular afternoon show live from Ottawa.

On August 11, 2004, the station filed an appeal in federal court to extend its licence and to reverse the CRTC's decision.

On August 25, 2004, the CRTC and the federal government did not object to the station's request to continue its normal operations during the court proceedings. This meant that even though the station's licence expired on August 31, 2004, it was permitted to continue transmitting after that date and as long as the court procedures are in progress.

On May 24, 2005, the court started to hear the case. For four days, the station's lawyers pleaded to the three judges of the court that the CRTC overstepped its authority in ordering the shutdown of the station. They claimed that it should not be possible for the CRTC to shut down a station based only on the contents of the station's shows. The lawyers also pleaded that the CRTC could have used more moderate methods to punish the station, such as imposing a fine. Both the station and the CRTC have said that should they lose, they will appeal the decision to the Supreme Court of Canada.

On September 1, 2005, the court ruled against the station, stating in its decision that "freedom of expression, freedom of opinion and freedom of speech do not mean freedom of defamation, freedom of oppression and freedom of opprobrium." This meant that the station would be required shut down within 20 days unless it tried to contest the decision in the Supreme Court. On June 14, 2007, the Supreme Court refused to hear the case. Had the sale to RNC Media not gone through, the decision would have effectively forced CHOI-FM to stop broadcasting at 23:59 the same day. However, RNC Media had already received CRTC approval for its "new" licence for 98.1, making the court decision moot.

The dispute has also had major political implications, as it was the primary reason that Sylvain Légaré was elected in Vanier in a by-election in 2004 for the ADQ. In addition, radio personality André Arthur was elected as an independent in the 2006 federal election in Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier, and most of the other seats in the area went to the Conservative Party of Canada, which had previously been extremely weak in Quebec.

Later history
After RNC Media acquired the station, CHOI shifted to alternative rock, becoming the first French-language alternative rock station in Canada, but continued to report as an active rock station on Mediabase. As of 2010, the station was delisted from Mediabase, and moved to its current talk radio format.

On August 28, 2018, RNC Media announced the sale of CHOI to Leclerc Communication (owner of CJEC-FM and CFEL-FM) for an undisclosed sum, later revealed to be $19 million. As it owns the maximum number of French-language stations it can own on the FM band in Quebec City, the company would have had to divest a station or seek an exemption. The CRTC approved the deal, under the condition that Leclerc divest one of its stations in Quebec City. However, as Leclerc refused to agree to this condition, the company called off the purchase.

title: CHOI-FM


text:
Hiroyuki Wakabayashi

Hiroyuki Wakabayashi (若林 広幸) is a Japanese architect.

One of his first major notable works was a pickle shop in his native Kyoto in 1990, followed by Humax Pavilion in Tokyo's Shibuya. His 1995 design for the Rapi:t express train that links Osaka's Namba Station with Kansai International Airport won the Blue Ribbon Award. He has also designed Keihan Electric Railway's Uji Station (1995) and the Mainichi Shimbun offices in Kyoto (1999).

His work is exhibited internationally, notably at the Canadian Centre for Architecture in Montreal.

title: Hiroyuki Wakabayashi