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Swedish slave trade

The Swedish slave trade mainly occurred in the early history of Sweden when the trade of thralls (Old Norse: þræll) was one of the pillars of the Norse economy. During the raids, the Vikings often captured and enslaved militarily weaker peoples they encountered, but took the most slaves in raids of the British Isles, and Slavs in Eastern Europe. This slave trade lasted from the 8th through the 11th centuries. Slavery itself was abolished in Sweden in 1335. A smaller trade of African slaves happened during the 17th and 18th centuries, around the time Swedish overseas colonies were established in North America (New Sweden; 1638–1655) and in Africa (lasting between 1650 and 1663). Similarly to other European powers, slavery was banned in the motherland while being legal in the colonies. Consequently, slavery remained legal on the sole Swedish Caribbean colony of Saint Barthélemy from 1784 until 1847.

The slaves from Western Europe during the Viking era were mainly Franks, Anglo-Saxons, and Celts. Many Irish slaves were used in expeditions for the colonization of Iceland. The Norse also took Baltic, Slavic and Latin slaves. The Vikings kept some slaves as servants and sold most captives in the Byzantine or Islamic markets. Vikings navigated the "Highway of the Slaves" through the Aegean Sea and into Black Sea ports first established by Archaic Greeks, shoreline crossroads for human trafficking. The Persian traveler Ibn Rustah described how Vikings, the Varangians or Rus, terrorized and enslaved the Slavs taken in their raids along the Volga River. These slaves were trafficked to the Middle East via the Bukhara slave trade. Thralldom was outlawed in 1335 by Magnus IV of Sweden for thralls "born by Christian parents" in Västergötland and Värend, being the last parts where it had remained legal. This however, was only applicable within the borders of Sweden, which opened up for later slave trade in the colonies. However, similarly to other European countries, slavery was later to be revived in Swedish territories outside of the European motherland.

In the 17th century, Swedish citizens become involved with the Atlantic slave trade. Between 1784 and 1878, Sweden maintained possession of a colony in the Caribbean. The Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy functioned as a duty-free port and became a major destination center for slave ships. Slaves were brought in tax free by foreign vessels and the Swedish Crown made a profit by collecting an export tax when slaves were shipped out. Sweden was also a major supplier of iron for chains used in the slave trade. Slavery was legislated in Saint-Barthélemy under the Ordinance concerning the Police of Slaves and free Coloured People dated 30 July 1787, original in French dated 30 June 1787.

In the early 19th century, Sweden signed treaties with the United Kingdom and France to abolish the slave trade. In 1847, slavery was abolished in all parts of Sweden by including her colony, on the basis of a decision taken in 1846. The last legally owned slaves in the Swedish colony of Saint-Barthélemy were bought and freed by the Swedish state on 9 October 1847.

Migration period: Semi legend
Early Swedish history is not well documented and the sources are subjected to much scrutiny, especially since the trustworthiness of the Icelandic sagas is in doubt, since the Swedish monarchs mentioned by foreign sources do not correlate with the monarchs mentioned by Icelandic Sagas. During the Semi Legendary period, a slave revolt is mentioned by the Sagas taking place in Sweden. Its authenticity is unknown.

According to the Icelandic sagas, a slave revolt led by the slave Tunne resulted in the Swedish king Ongentheow being deposed and forced to flee to the Danes (Germanic tribe). The Swedish king Ongentheow, sometimes identified with Angan-Tys in the Beowulf, appear to be another version of the name Týs öttungr. Tunne was described as the slave responsible for the guard of the royal treasury and weaponry. Tunne was probably named Eofor as both names mean boar and kennings was frequently used in old Norse and old English. Tunne could have been from the Northlands, as the name Tunne has only been found on Runestones in the Swedish Northlands. The Swedish weaponry was indeed guarded by a slave, as mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus. According to the saga, Tunne proclaimed himself king of Svitjod, the slaves taking the weapons from the royal weaponry, forced the royals and nobles to retrieve their ancestor's swords and helmets from their graves in Gamla Uppsala to fight the slaves, while Tunne used the weapons from the royal weaponry to defeat the Swedish army in eight battles. The victories of the Tunnes rebels resulted in so many losses for the Swedish king that he was forced to promise the Danish king tribute to ensure his continued support.

The mounds from 500 AD lack weapons, after archaeological examination, supporting the story that weapons were taken from the grave tumulus during the rebellion. With the help of Danish soldiers, the slave uprising was eventually crushed. Tunne, however, killed king Ongenthow before the end of the uprising. In the Icelandic sagas, however, Ongenthow was killed by a boar. In Beowulf, he was killed by the warrior Eofor (who may be identical with Tunne). Eofor slew Ongenthow with his sword with a stab to the head that penetrated Ongenthows helmet. Eofor brought the helmet of Ongenthow to the geats, where he was given protection and rewarded for slaying their rival king. As a reward, Eofor was given the Geatish king Hygelac's daughter in marriage. Eofor in all likelihood killed Ongenthow, however it is not certain that Eofor and Tunni was the same person.

Swedish slavery and slave trade during the Middle Ages

Tasks for slaves in Sweden were helping with agricultural output for males and females, with women additionally serving as concubines or domestic servants. Thralls could have some social mobility in Norse society, as for example Olav Tyggvason, who went from captured slave to king of Norway.

Background
Slavery was common in the Viking age period, and one of the main reasons for the Viking expansion was the search for slaves in other countries. One of the reasons Kievan Rus came to be was that Scandinavian settlers established themselves and traded with captured slaves. Arabic merchants from the Caspian Sea and Byzantine merchants from the Black Sea bought their goods to the trade markets in Rus, where they met the Viking traders and warriors known as Varangians, and traded their goods for the slaves captured by the Vikings in Europe.

The Vikings used the demand for slaves in the Southern slave markets in the Orthodox Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Middle Eastern Caliphate, both of whom craved slaves of a different religion than their own. During the Middle Ages, organized alongside religious principles. Both Christians and Muslims banned the enslavement of people of their own faith, but both approved of the enslavement of people of a different faith; both did allow the enslavement of people they regarded to be heretics, which allowed Catholic Christians to enslave Orthodox Christians, and Sunni Muslims to enslave Shia Muslims. However, both Christians and Muslims approved of enslaving Pagans, who came to be a preferred target of the slave trade in the Middle Ages, and Pagan war captives were sold by Pagan enemies into the slave trade.

The Viking slave trade
The Vikings trafficked European slaves captured in Viking raids in Europe via Scandinavia to the East in two destinations via present day Russia and the Volga trade route; one to Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East via the Caspian Sea, the Samanid slave trade and Iran; and one to the Byzantine Empire and the Mediterranean via Dnieper and the Black Sea slave trade. Until the 9th-century, the Vikings trafficked European slaves from the Baltic Sea in the North or the North Sea in the West via the Wisla or the Donau rivers South East through Europe to the Black Sea. The Viking slave route was redirected in the 9th-century, and until the 11th-century the Vikings trafficked European slaves from the Baltic Sea via Ladoga, Novgorod and the Msta river via the Route from the Varangians to the Greeks to the Byzantine Empire via the Black Sea slave trade, or to the Abbasid Caliphate via the Caspian Sea (and the Bukhara slave trade) via the Volga trade route.

People taken captive during the Viking raids in Western Europe, such as Ireland, could be sold to Moorish Spain via the Dublin slave trade or transported to Hedeby or Brännö and from there via the Volga trade route to present day Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver dirham and silk, which have been found in Birka, Wollin and Dublin; initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed via the Khazar Kaghanate, but from the early 10th-century onward it went via Volga Bulgaria and from there by caravan to Khwarazm, to the Samanid slave market in Central Asia and finnally via Iran to the Abbasid Caliphate.

Archbishop Rimbert of Bremen (d. 888) reported that he witnessed a “large throng of captured Christians being hauled away” in the Viking port of Hedeby in Denmark, one of whom was a woman who sang psalms to identify herself as a Christian nun, and who the bishop was able to free by exchanging his horse for her freedom.

This trade was the source of the Arab dirham silver hoards found in Scandinavia and functioned from at least 786 until 1009, when such coins have been found there, and it would have been so lucrative that it contributed to the continuing Viking raids in Europe, which was used by the Vikings as a slave supply source for this trade with the Islamic world. Among such hoards can be mentioned the Spillings Hoard and the Sundveda Hoard.

One of the only accounts describing Norse slave practices in detail and first person is the Arabic merchant Ibn Fadlan meeting Volga Vikings. Describing Swedish Vikings using the Volga trade route using Saqaliba or Slavic slaves as translators when trading. There he describes the Norse ship burials only known in Norse society before the Viking expansion in 800 AD into present day Russia and Ukraine and that a slave girl was sacrificed to follow her master. Norse burials found in Sweden and Norway indicate that slaves were sacrificed in Sweden to follow their masters to the afterlife. However, Swedish archaeology shows that mostly male slaves were killed to follow their master into the afterlife and not females. Sacrificed female slaves have however been found sacrificed in Norway, where a woman found in the grave showed signs of having her throat slit in a similar manner to the execution described by Ibn Fadlan. During the 11th-century, the Viking nations of Denmark, Norway and Sweden became Christian, which made it impossible for them to continue to conduct slave raids toward Christian Europe and sell Christian Europeans to Islamic slave traders. The establishment of Kievan Rus likely also decreased the number of slaves taken in raids and limited it to the local market for slaves in Sweden, according to Lena Björkman.

Abolition
Slavery in Sweden appear to have gradually phased out during the 13th-century. The Christian church did not approve of the enslavement of Christians. Giving freedom to a slave was seen as a holy act, giving the nobleman more of a chance to reach heaven, and it appeared to have become a custom to free slaves by will, gradually decreased the number of slaves. Since there were by the 13th-century fewer Pagan lands were Christians could legitimately acquire new slaves, there were no way to increase the number of slaves. While poorer farmers probably did not have the financial option as rich noblemen had. This possibly means that farmers or freemen were the last to free their slaves

In parallel with the increasing manumission-wills of slaves during the 13th-century, different parts of Sweden started to ban slavery within their counties, while it remained legal in others. The last document mentioning a slave in Sweden is a will from 1310, which manumitted the male slave Karelus. Thralldom was finally outlawed by King Magnus IV of Sweden in 1335. In practice, the 1335 was the abolition of slavery in the Counties of Västergötland and Värend, but since slavery had already been prohibited in the rest of the counties before, the 1335 ban in the only two counties were slavery remained legal, also meant the final abolition of slavery in Sweden as a whole. In reality, there would have been very few slaves left in Sweden by the time of its final abolition, and it is seen as likely that all had already been manumitted by that point.

Trading stations in Africa
In 1650, Sweden established trading stations along the West African coast, with bases in an area called the Swedish Gold Coast which was later a part of the West African Gold Coast, and which is today part of Ghana. Sweden and Denmark were competing for positions as regional powers during this period, and the Danes followed the Swedes to Africa, setting up stations a couple of years later. In 1663, the Swedish Gold Coast was taken over by the Danish colonial power and became part of the Danish Gold Coast. There is no historical documentation that shows that slaves were ever traded in the trading stations during their 13-year Swedish possession.

Swedish trading stations reappeared in the 18th century, when Sweden established a colonial presence in the Caribbean.

Slavery in the Barbary Coast
There were over 1,500 Swedish slaves in the Barbary Coast as victims of the Barbary slave trade. Many would never see their homeland again. The Turks also frequently castrated their slaves. The Ottomans also bought black sex slaves from the Swedes.

No slave raids was ever conducted by corsairs towards the coasts of Sweden. However, Swedish and Finnish ships (Finland was a part of Sweden) were attacked by corsairs in the sea outside of Western Europe and in the Mediterranean.

On 20 November 1662 the Lord High Treasurer of Sweden, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie received a letter of appeal from eight Swedish sailors who had been abducted by corsairs at sea and was being held in slavery in Alger.

The Swede Johan Gabriel Sparfwenfeldt, who visited Alger and Tunis in 1691, described empathically how he had met and spoken to many Swedish slaves who asked him for help to be bought free and return to "their homes, to their children, their parents and the land of their home", and listed 23 names of the Swedes then held as slaves.

Sweden attempted to protect their ships by use of insurrance against slavery, convoys, international treaties and by maintaining friendly contact with the corsairs. The captives were also bought free by their relatives. This did not only apply to slaves from rich families: many poor women are known to have collected money to buy their husbands and sons free. When the young sailor Erik Persson Ångerman was enslaved in Alger after having taken captured from the ship Wibus from Stockholm on 10 May 1725, he sent a letter to his wife Maria Olssdotter via his colleague Petter Wallberg (who had been bought free and was returning to Sweden) and told her he "sat in hard slavery" in Alger. Maria Olssdotter had no funds to buy his freedom, but appealed to the king via the governor of Gävle for money to be gathered in the churches for the purchase of her enslaved husband, and her application was approved; this was not an unusual case, as many poor women are known to have done the same.

Almost all Swedes and Finns who were captured by the corsairs at sea were sailors. Between about 500 and 1000 Swedish citizens were enslaved by the corsairs between 1650 and 1763.

One of the Swedish victims of the Barbary slave trade was Marcus Berg (1714-1761).

Sweden together with, the United States of America and Kingdom of Sicily, would intervene in 1801 to free Swedish, American and Sicilian slaves from the Barbary Coast. In the First Barbary War three Swedish ship would partake to free Swedish slaves.

Slave trade under King Gustav III
In 1771, Gustav III became the King of Sweden. He wanted Sweden to re-establish itself as a European "Great Power". Overseas colonies were a symbol of power and prestige at that time, so he decided to acquire colonies for Sweden. Denmark-Norway received large revenues from its colonies in the West Indies, so in 1784, Gustav acquired the West Indian island of Saint-Barthélemy from France.

On 23 August 1784, the king informed the Privy Council that Sweden now owned an island in the West Indies. This apparently came as a surprise for many of the Councilors. The first report concerning the island came from Simon Bérard, Swedish consul-general in L'Orient, the only town. He reported that:

"It (Saint-Barthélemy) is a very insignificant island, without strategic position. It is very poor and dry, with a very small population. Only salt and cotton is produced there. A large part of the island is made up of sterile rocks. The island has no sweet water; all the wells on the island give only brackish water. Water has to be imported from neighbouring islands. There are no roads anywhere."

According to Bérard, there was no possibility of agriculture because of the poor soil. The island's one desirable feature was a good harbor.

Bérard recommended that the island be made a free port. At that time, France had trouble providing sufficient slaves to its colonies in the area. Sweden could try to export a certain number of slaves to the French colonies in the region each year.

If Saint-Barthélemy was a success, Sweden could later expand its colonial empire to more islands in the area. Gustav also knew that the leading slave trading nations in Europe made large amounts of money from it.

In the autumn of 1786, the Swedish West India Company was established on the island. Gustav told investors that they could expect big profits in the future. Anyone who could afford it was allowed to buy shares, but Gustav kept 10 per cent of the shares for himself, which made him the largest shareholder. The king received one-quarter of all profits of the company and the other shareholders three quarters, even though the king owned only 10 per cent of the company.

On 31 October of the same year, a privilege letter was made for the West India Company. The company was granted the right to trade slaves between Africa and the West Indies. Paragraph 14 in the letter states: "The Company is free to operate slave trade in Angola and the African coast, where such is permitted."

On 12 March 1790, a new custom tax and constitution were introduced to the island. Both were designed to make Saint-Barthélemy into a haven for slave traders. The new laws gave astonishing opportunities for traders from all over the world.

There was no duty on slaves imported from Africa to Saint-Barthélemy: "Free import of slaves and trade with black slaves or so called new Negroes from Africa is granted to all nations without having to pay any charge at the unload."

People from all over the Caribbean came to buy slaves. The government charged a small export duty on slaves sold from Saint-Barthélemy to foreign colonies. This duty was halved for slaves imported from Africa on Swedish ships, generating increased profits for the West India Company and other Swedish traders.

The new constitution stated: "Freedom for all on Saint Bartholomew living and arriving to arm and send out ships and shipments to Africa to buy slaves on the places thus is permitted for all nations. That way a new branch for the Swedish trade in Africa and the Coast of Guinea should arise."

In 1813, Sweden was awarded control of Guadeloupe, a nearby French colony temporarily under British occupation. In 1814, though, with the fall of Napoleon, Sweden gave the island back to France.

One of the few African slaves bought to actual Sweden proper were Gustav Badin. He was taken to Sweden from the Danish caribbean and gifted to the queen, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, as a child. Badin were taught to read and write and instructed in religion but was otherwise allowed to live as he pleased, free from corporal punishment otherwise customary for children at the time, in order to test the ideas about the Noble savage of the time. Badin was baptised, married, and had a long career as a trusted member of the court.

Abolition
In 1788, the British Committee for the Abolition of Slavery sent a Swedish opponent of the slave trade, Anders Sparrman, to Gustav III. The committee feared that other nations would expand their trade if Britain stopped its own. They sent books about the issue and a letter, in which the king was encouraged to hinder his subjects to participate in this disgraceful trade. In the response letter, delivered through Sparrman, he wrote that no one in the country had participated in the slave trade and that he would do all that he could to keep them from doing so.

During the early 19th century, movements against slavery became stronger, especially in Britain. Slave trade was outlawed in Britain in 1807, and in the United States in 1808, after which other countries started to follow suit. Sweden made the slave trade illegal as part of the Treaty of Stockholm with Britain in 1813, but allowed slavery until 9 October 1847.

During the 19th century, the British Admiralty patrolled the African coast to catch illegal slave traders. The Swedish vessel Diana was intercepted by the British authorities close to the coast of Africa while engaged in carrying slaves from Africa to Saint Bartholomew during this period. The case was taken to court in order to test if the slave trade could be considered contrary to the general law of nations. However, the vessel was returned to the Swedish owners on the ground that Sweden had not prohibited the trade and tolerated it in practice.

Once the slave trade became a hot issue, the Swedish government abandoned the slave trade in the Caribbean, but did not initially outlaw slavery. The West Indian colony became financial burdens. The island of Guadeloupe was returned to France in 1814, in return for a compensation in the sum of 24 million francs. A Guadeloupe Fund was established in Sweden for the benefit of the Swedish Crown Prince and Regent Charles XIV John of Sweden, born Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, a French national and former Marshal of France under Napoleon I. He and his heirs were paid 300,000 riksdaler per year up until 1983 in compensation for their loss of prestige in France when Sweden joined Britain against France in the Napoleonic War. In Saint Bartholomew, the Swedish government bought the remaining slaves to give them freedom. According to Herman Lindqvist in Aftonbladet (8 October 2006), 523 slaves were bought free for 80 riksdaler per slave.

Exactly how many slaves were brought to the New World on Swedish ships is yet impossible to know, since most of the archives documents have not been investigated seriously in that respect, and many of them are by now not accessible because of their bad preservation and non microfilming. Nevertheless, some data, mostly concerning the former Swedish island Saint-Barthélemy, is now available online.

title: Swedish slave trade


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Aqueduct Racetrack

Aqueduct Racetrack is a Thoroughbred horse racing facility and casino in the South Ozone Park and Jamaica neighborhoods of Queens, New York City, United States. Aqueduct is the only racetrack located within New York City limits. Its racing meets are usually from late October/early November through April. The racetrack is located adjacent to a casino called Resorts World New York City.

The track itself has three courses. The main track (dirt) has a circumference of 1+1/8 mi. Inside of the main track are two courses: the 1 mi Main Turf Course, and the Inner Turf Course measuring 7.065 furlong. The track has seating capacity of 17,000 and total capacity of 40,000. The facility houses the headquarters of the New York Racing Association (NYRA).

In December 2022 the New York Racing Association formally announced its intention to upgrade the facilities at nearby Belmont Park to make it suitable to host year-round thoroughbred racing and training, which would ultimately lead to the closure of Aqueduct Racetrack, sometime in late 2026.

History
Operating near the site of a former conduit of the Brooklyn Waterworks that brought water from eastern Long Island to the Ridgewood Reservoir, Aqueduct Racetrack opened on September 27, 1894, by the Queens County Jockey Club. The track was named "Aqueduct" after the former Ridgewood Aqueduct. The facility was expanded and a new clubhouse was constructed before the 1941 summer meet.

In 1955, the Greater New York Association took over Aqueduct along with Belmont Park, Saratoga Race Course, and Jamaica Race Course, deciding to make major upgrades to Aqueduct, after which Jamaica Race Course would be sold for redevelopment as a housing project. Aqueduct closed in 1956, reopening September 14, 1959, after $33 million of renovations designed by noted racetrack architect Arthur Froehlich of the firm Arthur Froehlich and Associates of Beverly Hills, California. The Equestris Restaurant in the clubhouse opened in 1981 and was the largest restaurant in New York City at the time. Additional renovations were made in 2001, 2006, and 2007.

Before 1976, the Inner Dirt Track was a turf course and was known as the Main Turf Course, with the present turf course being the Inner Turf Course; following the conclusion of racing in 1975 the grass on the Main Turf Course was uprooted and the Inner Dirt Track took its place to permit year-round racing. (In the years after Aqueduct was rebuilt in 1959 the track lay idle from early November until April 1; by 1971 this period had been reduced to from just before Christmas until March 1, around when off-track betting began in New York City, creating a demand for horse racing to be contested in the region year-round.)

Currently, one annual meeting is held at Aqueduct, usually from the last Wednesday in October until the first Sunday in May. Races had been run on the Inner Dirt Track between the Wednesday after Thanksgiving until just before the Wood Memorial in recent years. Prior to 1977, a summer meeting also was held at Aqueduct, from mid-June to late July. The Wood Memorial is Aqueduct's marquee race, which culminates the winter meet. The Remsen and Cigar Mile are major races that begin the winter meet. The prestigious Jockey Club Gold Cup was usually run there between 1958 and 1974, and what was perhaps the track's most distinctive race, the marathon 2+1/4 mi Display Handicap, was last contested in 1990.

From 1963 through 1967, races normally run at Belmont Park, including the Belmont Stakes, were run at Aqueduct while Belmont's grandstand was being rebuilt. The track played host to the second ever Breeders' Cup on November 2, 1985.

Aqueduct is the site of the first (and still the only) triple dead heat for the win in a stakes race. In the 1944 running of the Carter Handicap, Brownie, Bossuet, and Wait A Bit hit the finish line at the same time. On April 8, 2006, during an eleven-race program at Aqueduct that included the Wood Memorial Stakes, a rare event happened when dead heats for each of the three "money" positions (Win, Place, and Show) occurred in three separate races: Saint Anddan and Criminal Mind dead-heated for Place in Race 5; Naragansett and Emotrin dead-heated for Show in Race 6; and Karakorum Tuxedo and Megatrend dead-heated for Win in Race 10.

Hall of Fame horse Cigar won the first two races in his 16-race win streak at Aqueduct. After he switched from grass to dirt, Cigar's first win was by eight lengths in an allowance race on October 28, 1994, and was followed by a seven-length win in the NYRA Mile on November 26, 1994, a Grade 1 race that was renamed in the horse's honor in 1997. On May 31, 1965, 73,375 spectators were on hand at Aqueduct and watched Gun Bow win the Metropolitan Mile. At the time, it was the largest crowd to ever attend a thoroughbred horse racing event in New York.

Champion racehorse Secretariat was retired at Aqueduct before the public on November 6, 1973. He was paraded for the last time to the public and took his last steps on a racetrack there. He was then sent to stud at Claiborne Farm.

From 1978 to 2011, the Aqueduct Flea Market was held on Saturdays, Sundays, and Tuesdays, and was located in the racetrack's north parking lot along Rockaway Boulevard. The flea market contained over 500 vendors and offered a hodgepodge of goods, including bedding, incense, pots and pans, and other items.

Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass in front of a crowd of 75,000 at Aqueduct on October 6, 1995.

After the financial collapse and closure of the New York City Off-Track Betting Corporation on December 10, 2010, Aqueduct Racetrack saw an increase in patrons for the first time in several years. On December 11, one day after NYCOTB's closure, the number of patrons who entered Aqueduct's doors increased 61% (5,444 customers) compared to the previous year (3,378 customers). The New York Racing Association, which owns Aqueduct, took advantage by offering former NYCOTB customers free bus shuttle service from select former NYCOTB branches to Aqueduct Racetrack with a free hot dog, soft drink, and Post Parade program.

In May 2017, NYRA announced that they would resurface the 1⅛-mile main track with a limestone base, and convert the inner dirt track back into a turf course. The changes were completed in time for the start of the 2017 fall meet on November 3. With this change, the main track will now be used for winter racing.

2007 proposal to close track
In May 2007, reports indicated that then-New York Governor Eliot Spitzer was considering closing Aqueduct and selling the 192 acre track and its stables, which currently house 400 horses, to developers when the New York Racing Association lease expired at the end of 2007. According to the reports, Belmont Park, which is 8 mi east in Elmont, New York, would have become a nearly year-round track and would get the video lottery machines authorized to operate at Aqueduct. Belmont Park would have been modified to handle winter requirements, which would have included heated stands and the construction of new stables. According to the plans that were discussed, the oldest and most historic track in the state, Saratoga Race Course, would have been operated by the New York Racing Association, and a new entity would have operated Belmont Park. Aqueduct traditionally has been considered a track frequented by blue collar fans while Belmont Park has a more upscale reputation.

State Assembly Member Audrey I. Pheffer (D), whose district included Aqueduct, fought the closing of the track, which she felt was important to the local community. Any closure at Aqueduct, which is equipped for the cold winter months, would have required millions of dollars in renovations at Belmont, a summer-only track. Belmont is also hampered by its north-oriented grandstand, which would cause shadows in the winter months. Belmont is one of few racecourses in the United States (Santa Anita Park and Thistledown Racecourse being the others) to be north-oriented. Most others are oriented either east or (rarely) west or south. NYRA was planning to cease all operations after completing the racing card of February 10, 2008. This was averted when a deal was reached with NYRA and New York State. To help raise capital, NYRA sold 325000 sqft of vacant land near Aqueduct in June 2009. The land that was auctioned off consisted of residential lots to the west of the IND Rockaway Line.

2012 proposal for convention center
On January 4, 2012, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced the construction of a new convention center on the Aqueduct Racetrack to replace the aging Javits Center. This would be the country's largest convention center, featuring hotels, restaurants, and expanded gambling. Building the convention center would require additional land, which could include nearby City-owned lots leased to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey for airport parking or the adjacent racetrack (as racing could be consolidated to Belmont Park).

On June 1, 2012, Governor Cuomo announced that plans to build the convention center had been canceled.

2023 proposal to close track
By 2022, the NYRA anticipated that it would shutter Aqueduct Racetrack in the future. In early 2023, Governor Kathy Hochul announced that the state would provide $455 million in capital funds for the redevelopment of the Aqueduct Racetrack site, following a reconstruction of the racetrack at Belmont Park. Once NYRA completes its renovation of Belmont Park, which is projected for late 2026, the agency plans to give up its lease of Aqueduct Racetrack and move all horse racing activities to Belmont Park.

Resorts World New York City
Resorts World New York City is part of the Aqueduct Racetrack complex. It was proposed in the late 2000s and opened in late 2011. Aside from its being the first legal casino in New York City, it is the only casino located in the five boroughs and the only casino besides Empire City Casino and Jake's 58 in Islandia in the New York City region. It was also the first Resorts World to be built in America.

Casino
The casino features four automated table games: baccarat, blackjack, craps, and roulette in addition to a wide array of video slot machines. Baccarat is played with real playing cards, but they are dealt inside a machine without any human dealers.

History
The New York State Legislature legalized video gambling devices at racetracks in 2001. However, the opening of a racino at the track hit various problems. Video lottery terminals similar to slot machines were approved at five locations, including Aqueduct, Finger Lakes Race Track, Monticello Raceway, Vernon Downs, and Yonkers Raceway. The revenue would be divided between the racetracks and the State and would allow tracks to increase purses and to attract better quality horses in races.

In 2007, the State issued a request for proposals to operate the video lottery terminals at Aqueduct. Among the bids received was a $2 billion proposal by the Shinnecock Indian Nation to open a casino at the track. The proposal was in conjunction with Marian Ilitch, a co-owner of the Detroit Red Wings. The proposal according to most sources was dead on arrival since, even if the Shinnecocks received official Bureau of Indian Affairs recognition as a tribe, the Aqueduct Casino would still have to be approved by the New York State Legislature and the Bureau of Indian Affairs; and Aqueduct would have to first be taken into trust by the Department of Interior, as the Shinnecocks historically had not owned property in Queens. In October 2008, the State selected the Delaware North as the winning bidder among three proposals to build a racino at Aqueduct. The 330000 sqft facility would include 4,500 slot machines. However, these plans fell apart in March 2009 when the developer was unable to make a $370 million upfront payment to the State.

In July 2009, seven companies submitted bids to develop a racino at Aqueduct: Aqueduct Entertainment Group, Delaware North, MGM Mirage, Mohegan Sun, Penn National Gaming, SL Green Realty, and Wynn Resorts. Some developers indicated that a portion of the slot machines could open as early as April 2010. However, the selection of an operator for the casino was delayed for several months because State officials frequently changed the rules and could not reach an agreement on the winning bidder, prompting Wynn to pull out of the running in November. On January 29, 2010, Governor David Paterson announced that the Aqueduct Entertainment Group would run the casino.

Aqueduct Entertainment Group partners included GreenStar Services Corporation, Turner Construction Company, Levine Builders, The Darman Group, Empowerment Development Corporation, Navegante Group, PS&S Design, Siemens AG, and Clairvest Group. The appointment generated controversy because of charges that AEG, which had the worst initial bid of those bidding, was allowed to change its bid so that it had the best. Paterson was reported to have demanded that the ownership of an affirmative action component. During this time rapper Jay-Z, through his company Gain Global Investments Network LLC, then got a 7% ownership of AEG; and charges were made that Jay-Z and Paterson had a personal relationship. U.S. prosecutors investigated the bidding process, particularly in light of the fact that AEG won the bid two days after Queens megachurch pastor Floyd Flake (who is also an AEG investor) threatened to switch his support in the 2010 governor race from Paterson to Andrew Cuomo. New York house speaker Sheldon Silver also threatened not to sign off on the deal. Paterson maintained there was no quid pro quo. On March 9, 2010, Paterson, Flake, and Jay-Z withdrew from further involvement. Paterson said he was recusing himself on the advice of his lawyers. Flake, who had 0.6% share, said the case was distracting from his other projects. On March 11, 2010, the State withdrew its support for the AEG bid and announced that a new group would be selected through an "expedited, transparent, apolitical, and publicly accountable process." Aqueduct Entertainment Group said it intended to sue.

On June 2, 2010, New York Lottery officials announced that six groups were considering submitting bids to develop the racino. These include three of the previous bidders (Delaware North, Penn National Gaming, and SL Green Realty) and three new groups (Empire City Casino at Yonkers Raceway, Genting New York LLC, and Clairvest Group). On June 29, three of the firms submitted bids: SL Green/Hard Rock Cafe, Genting Group, and Penn National. Clairvest participated in the SL Green/Hard Rock Cafe bid.

The bids from Penn and SL Green were disqualified in July for not meeting requirements. On August 3, 2010, Lottery officials announced they had accepted Genting Group's $380 million upfront licensing fee bid, which was $55 million more than the closest competing bid. Its business model includes targeting flyers stranded at John F. Kennedy Airport. The company said its plans involve 1,200 construction jobs and 800 permanent jobs, and that it will bring the state $500 million a year in revenue. Genting opened the Resorts World Casino New York City on October 28, 2011, with 2,280 gaming terminals.

The casino opened in late 2011. In August 2021, a Hyatt Regency hotel opened on the site of the casino. It is owned by Genting Group, which also owns Resorts World.

Track announcers
Sportscaster Tom Durkin was the chief track announcer at Aqueduct and the other NYRA tracks until his retirement on August 31, 2014. Races were called by John Imbriale until 2023 and since then races have been called by Chris Griffin.

Racing
The following graded stakes will run at Aqueduct in 2022:

Grade I:
 * Carter Handicap
 * Cigar Mile Handicap

Grade II:
 * Demoiselle Stakes
 * Gazelle Stakes
 * Remsen Stakes
 * Red Smith Handicap
 * Wood Memorial Stakes

Grade III:

• Bay Shore Stakes

• Comely Stakes

• Distaff Handicap

• Excelsior Handicap

• Fall Highweight Handicap

• Go For Wand Handicap

• Gotham Stakes

• Long Island Handicap

• Nashua Stakes

• Toboggan Stakes

• Tom Fool Handicap

• Top Flight Handicap

• Turnback the Alarm Handicap

• Withers Stakes

Non-Graded:

• Affectionately Handicap

• Aqueduct Handicap

• Beaugay Handicap

• Belle Harbor Stakes

• Broadway Stakes (NYB)

• Busanda Stakes

• Busher Stakes

• Cat Cay Stakes

• Cicada Stakes

• Count Fleet Stakes

• Damon Runyon Stakes

• Discovery Stakes

• East View Stakes

• Franklin Square Stakes

• Fred "Cappy" Capossela Stakes

• Gallant Fox Handicap

• Garland of Roses Stakes

• Gravesend Handicap

• Hollie Hughes Handicap

• Interborough Handicap

• Jazil Stakes

• Jerome Stakes

• Jimmy Winkfield Stakes

• Lost in the Fog Stakes

• Maddie May Stakes

• Next Move Handicap

• Queens County Handicap

• Ruthless Stakes

• Sport Page Handicap

• Stuyvesant Handicap

• Stymie Handicap

• Tempted Stakes

• Valley Stream Stakes

• Whirlaway Stakes

Transportation
The track has its own New York City Subway station, Aqueduct Racetrack, served by the IND Rockaway Line. It has only one platform on the Brooklyn-bound side, requiring southbound travelers to transfer to a northbound train at Aqueduct–North Conduit Avenue station, which is located a few blocks to the south. NYRA also operates a free shuttle bus between the North Conduit Avenue station and the Clubhouse entrance.

The Q37 bus route serves Aqueduct Racetrack and was rerouted in 2011 to serve the casino. The Q7, Q11 and Q41 bus routes also pass nearby.

In popular culture

 * The film Lucky Number Slevin features scenes at "Aqueduct Racetrack", which were filmed at a track in Canada.
 * There is a scene with Aqueduct Racetrack in the movie A Bronx Tale.
 * The Sopranos episode "Pie-O-My" features a number of scenes at the racetrack.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aqueduct Racetrack


text:
Talk:Two Trees of Valinor

Untitled
I felt that this article deserved significantly more treatment, so I wrote more or less what I remembered (I did check my details). I'd like to see more information concerning what Tolkien himself said about the significance of the Two Trees (I'm sure there is material in Letters), if others consider this kind of material appropriate, but I gave it an honest start. Aranel 23:24, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The Two Trees
"The Two Trees" redirects here, and I think that the poem by Yeats of the same title might deserve its own article (or at least mention somewhere). The Jade Knight 04:55, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Makes sense. I'd suggest just replacing the redirect with an article on the poem and including a disambiguation line at the top for people who were looking for this article instead. --CBDunkerson 10:50, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Laurelin's Successors
I cannot just toss this up as original research, and have not been through "The History of Middle Earth", or through Tolkien's correspondence to verify, but I do believe a strong case can be made for a successor of Laurelin in Aman being mentioned in Galadriel's song of Eldamar ("I sang of leaves, of leaves of gold...") that mentions a golden tree growing beside Tirion-upon-Túna in Eldamar, and with the implication that it was in memory of this that Galadriel sang into existence the golden mallorn trees of Lorien. If this is so, while not descendants of Laurelin, they are thematically linked to it (with the golden tree of Eldamar being a possible actual successor). If the mallorn trees were made by Galadriel in the likeness of a scion of Laurelin, that would make the single mallorn planted by Samwise a thematic successor of Laurelin as well, balancing the restored white tree of Gondor with a golden tree for restorned Arnor.

Can any Tolkien scholars help source this argument? Or is this not at all substantiated by reliable sources? 70.177.94.136 (talk) 01:41, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

 * While there are several sources that show how Galadriel helped spread the mallorn trees in Middle-earth and it was her "magic" that made Sam's mallorn grow in the Shire I can't find any reliable hints so far that Galadriel actually "created" the mellyrn through a song in Eldamar. It is just as likely that one of the exisiting trees was urged to grow when she sang "of leaves of gold". Neither the Simarillion nor Unfinished Tales do support this creation but maybe there is something in the History of Middle-earth (which I don't have access to right now). De728631 (talk) 17:40, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
 * In fact, Elves in the legendarium have occasionally the power, when singing, to make their listeners see things with their eyes, but actually singing something into existence is obviously far beyond the power of any Child of Eru, Elf no less than Man.--2001:A61:260C:C01:455C:E5D6:8760:20CC (talk) 12:12, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:36, 16 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Tolkien The two trees.jpg

Vital piece missing from this article
It isn't true that, after the Darkening of Valinor, the lineage of the Trees only existed through the line of the White Tree of Gondor. Only 2 of the Silmarils were lost-- the third became the Evening Star, personified in Eärendil. And it is the light of Eärendil that Galadriel gives to Frodo in the Phial of Galadriel. This is the light that Frodo invokes in Shelob's Lair; nothing less than the light of the Two Trees, embodied in the Silmarils, shining as the Evening Star in the waters of Galadriel's fountain. This connection should be included in any discussion of the Two Trees and their legacy in Third Age Middle-earth. 2600:1017:B803:8468:7044:618B:51D7:3574 (talk) 02:27, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Two Trees of Valinor


text:
Jarama

Jarama is a river in central Spain. It flows north to south and passes east of Madrid where the El Atazar Dam is built on a tributary, the Lozoya River. It flows into the river Tagus in Aranjuez. The Manzanares is a tributary of the Jarama.

The Jarama in history
The Jarama was the scene of fierce fighting in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War. Nationalist forces crossed the river in an attempt to cut the main road from Madrid to the Republican capital at Valencia. Nationalist forces led by Spanish Legionnaires and Moroccan soldiers (Regulares) of the Army of Africa were confronted by forces from the Republic including the 15th International Brigade.

The song Jarama Valley, with lyrics referencing the battle, became popular among the Republican battalions.

In fiction
El Jarama is a 1955 novel by Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio about a group of working-class youngsters from Madrid meeting for a picnic by the river on a summer day. Its realistic dialog renovated Spanish novels, and it won the Premio Nadal (Nadal Prize) in 1955.

title: Jarama


text:
In a Reverie

In a Reverie is the debut studio album by Italian gothic metal band Lacuna Coil. It was released on 8 June 1999 through Century Media Records. In 2005, the album was re-released with new artwork and a new cover.

Track listing
All arrangements by Lacuna Coil.

Band members

 * Andrea Ferro – male vocals
 * Cristina Scabbia – female vocals
 * Cristiano "Pizza" Migliore – guitars
 * Marco Coti Zelati – bass
 * Cristiano "CriZ" Mozzati – drums

Additional musicians

 * Waldemar Sorychta – keyboards
 * Valerie Lynch – lyrics adaptation

Production

 * Waldemar Sorychta – production, engineering
 * Siggi Bemm & Waldemar Sorychta – engineering
 * Wolfgang Bartsch – photography
 * Carsten Drescher – layout & design

title: In a Reverie


text:
Ostrog Monastery

The Ostrog Monastery (Манастир Острог, ) is a monastery of the Serbian Orthodox Church situated against an almost vertical background, high up in the large rock of Ostroška Greda, in Montenegro. It is dedicated to Saint Basil of Ostrog (Sveti Vasilije Ostroški), who was buried here. From the monastery, the Bjelopavlići plain can be seen. The monastery is located in Danilovgrad Municipality, 50 km away from Podgorica and 15 km away from Nikšić. Ostrog monastery is the most popular pilgrimage place in Montenegro.

History
The Monastery was founded by Vasilije, the Metropolitan Bishop of Herzegovina in the 17th century. He died there in 1671 and some years later he was glorified. His body is enshrined in a reliquary kept in the cave-church dedicated to the Presentation of the Mother of God to the Temple.

The present-day look was given to the Monastery in 1923–1926, after a fire which had destroyed the major part of the complex. The two little cave-churches were spared and they are the key areas of the monument. The frescoes in the Church of the Presentation were created towards the end of the 17th century. The other church, dedicated to the Holy Cross, is placed within a cave on the upper level of the monastery and was painted by master Radul, who successfully coped with the natural shapes of the cave and laid the frescoes immediately on the surface of the rock and the south wall. Around the church are monastic residences.

During World War II, a detachment of Chetniks led by Blažo Đukanović and Bajo Stanišić took refuge at Ostrog up to October 18, 1943, when Yugoslav Partisans promised the Chetniks that their lives would be spared if they surrendered. Đukanović and 23 Chetniks peacefully surrendered, expecting to be spared, but were all killed by the Partisans at Ostrog. Stanišić and three members of his extended family initially did not surrender, but did not survive at Ostrog. There are different accounts on what happened to Stanišić and his family; sources contradict each other on whether Stanišić and his family were killed fighting the Partisans or committed suicide at Ostrog.

The Orthodox monastery of Ostrog is one of the most frequently visited in the Balkans. It attracts over 100,000 visitors a year. It is visited by believers from all parts of the world, either individually or in groups. It represents the meeting place of all confessions: the Orthodox, the Catholics and the Muslims. According to the stories of pilgrims, by praying by his body, many have been cured and helped in lessening the difficulties in their lives.

Upper monastery
The upper monastery houses the Church of the Presentation and the Church of the Holy Cross. Saint Basil of Ostrog's relics lie in the Church of the Presentation. Also of interest is the vine which grows out of the rock. It is said that it is a miracle because nothing should be able to grow out of the sheer rock face.

Lower monastery
The lower monastery centers on the Church of the Holy Trinity that was built in 1824. It also makes up most of the monk residences. There are dorm rooms available for pilgrims here too.

Traditions
It is traditional for pilgrims to walk the 3 km from the lower monastery to the upper monastery barefoot. Before entering the Church of the Presentation to pray before Saint Basil of Ostrog, pilgrims make a donation of clothing, blankets or consumables like soap for the monks. The monastery celebrates its feast day on 12 May every year. St Basil died on 29 April in the Orthodox calendar which equates to 12 May in the Gregorian calendar.

title: Ostrog Monastery


text:
Yale School of Medicine

The Yale School of Medicine is the medical school at Yale University, a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. It was founded in 1810 as the Medical Institution of Yale College and formally opened in 1813.

The primary teaching hospital for the school is Yale New Haven Hospital. The school is home to the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, one of the largest modern medical libraries which is known for its historical collections. The faculty includes 70 National Academy of Sciences members, 47 National Academy of Medicine members, and 13 Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators.

For the class of 2022, the school received 4,968 applications to fill 104 seats. The median GPA for the class was 3.89, and the median MCAT was 521.

Education
The School of Medicine offers the Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree and a Master of Medical Science (MMSc) degree through the Yale Physician Associate Program and Yale Physician Assistant Online Program for prospective physician assistants. Public health degrees are administered through the Yale School of Public Health.

There are also joint degree programs with other disciplines at Yale, including the MD/Juris Doctor (J.D.) in conjunction with Yale Law School; the MD/Master of Business Administration (MBA) in conjunction with the Yale School of Management; the MD/Master of Public Health (MPH) in conjunction with the Yale School of Public Health; science or engineering in conjunction with the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (MD/PhD); and the MD/Master of Divinity (MDiv) in conjunction with Yale Divinity School. Students pursuing a tuition-free fifth year of research are eligible for the Master of Health Science degree.

Yale System
The school employs the "Yale System" established by Dean Winternitz in the 1920s, wherein first- and second-year students are not graded or ranked among their classmates. In addition, course examinations are anonymous and are intended only for students' self-evaluation. Student performance is thus based on seminar participation, qualifying examinations (if a student fails, it is his or her responsibility to meet with a professor and arrange for an alternative assessment - passing grades are not released), clinical clerkship evaluations, and the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). Prior to graduation, students are required to submit a thesis based on original research.

Rankings
For 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked Yale School of Medicine tied at #10 in Best Medical Schools: Research and tied at #108 in Best Medical Schools: Primary Care.

History
In 18th century United States, credentials were not needed to practice medicine. Prior to the founding of the medical school, Yale graduates would train through an apprenticeship in order to become physicians. Yale President Ezra Stiles conceived the idea of training physicians at Yale and ultimately, his successor Timothy Dwight IV helped found the medical school. The school was chartered in 1810 and opened in New Haven in 1813. Nathan Smith (medicine and surgery) and Benjamin Silliman (pharmacology) were the first faculty members. Silliman was a professor of chemistry and taught at both Yale College and the Medical School. The other two founding faculty were Jonathan Knight, anatomy, physiology and surgery and Eli Ives, pediatrics.

One of Yale's earliest medical graduates was Dr. Asaph Leavitt Bissell of Hanover, New Hampshire, who graduated in 1815, a member of the school's second graduating class. Following his graduation, Dr. Bissell moved to Suffield, Connecticut, a tobacco-farming community where his parents came from, and where he practiced as a country physician for the rest of his life. The saddlebags that Dr. Bissell carried in his practice, packed with paper packets and glass bottles, are today in the school's Medical Historical Library. The original building (at Grove and Prospect) later became Sheffield Hall, part of the Sheffield Scientific School (razed in 1931). In 1860, the school moved to Medical Hall on York Street, near Chapel (this building was razed in 1957). In 1925, the school moved to its current campus, neighboring the hospital. This campus includes the Sterling Hall of Medicine (erected in 1925), Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine (1991, designed by Cesar Pelli), Anlyan Center (2003, designed by Payette and Venturi Scott Brown) and the Amistad Building (2007, designed by Herbert Newman).

On March 28, 2022, Jamie Petrone-Codrington, a former administrator pled guilty to fraud and tax charges for the theft of over $40 million dollars of computer and electronic software. Jamie Petrone-Codrington illegally bought and sold hardware purchased for the School of Medicine, starting in 2013. According to the court records, Petrone-Codrington was turned in by an anonymous tip after being seen loading computer equipment into her private vehicle, and after ordering high volumes of equipment.

Deans
Before 1845, there was no dean. Nathan Smith, followed by Jonathan Knight, provided leadership in the early years.
 * Charles Hooker (1845–1863): Professor of Anatomy and Physiology
 * Charles Augustus Lindsley (1863–1885): Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, later the Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine
 * Herbert Eugene Smith (1885–1910): physician and chemist
 * George Blumer (1910–1920)
 * Milton Winternitz (1920–1935): pathologist
 * Stanhope Bayne-Jones (1935–1940): physician and bacteriologist
 * Francis Gilman Blake (1940–1947)
 * Cyril Norman Hugh Long (1947–1952): physician and biochemist
 * Vernon W. Lippard (1952–1967)
 * Frederick Carl Redlich (1967–1972): psychiatrist
 * Lewis Thomas (1972–1973): physician and author
 * Robert Berliner (1973–1984)
 * Leon Rosenberg (1984–1991)
 * Robert M. Donaldson (acting) (1991–1992)
 * Gerard N. Burrow (1992–1997)
 * David Aaron Kessler (1997–2003): pediatrician, lawyer and former commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration
 * Dennis Spencer (acting) (2003–2004): neurosurgeon
 * Robert Alpern (2004–2020): nephrologist
 * Nancy J. Brown (2020–present)

Current

 * Gretchen Berland: physician and filmmaker
 * Hilary Blumberg (2015–): Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience
 * Arthur L. Horwich (1984–): Sterling Professor of Genetics and Pediatrics, uncovered the action of chaperonins in his study of protein folding
 * Akiko Iwasaki (1970–): Sterling Professor of Immunobiology and Nolecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
 * Marcella Nunez-Smith: Co-chair of the Biden-Harris Transition COVID-19 Task Force
 * Onyema Ogbuagu: associate professor, director of the Yale AIDS Program clinical trials unit
 * James Rothman (2008–): Fergus F. Wallace Professor of Biomedical Sciences, Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology, winner of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Lisa Sanders: The New York Times Diagnosis columnist, technical advisor for TV show House, M.D.
 * Joan Steitz (1970–): Sterling Professor of Biophysics and Biochemistry

Past

 * C. Lee Buxton (1953–1965): obstetrician, birth control advocate and appellant in Griswold v. Connecticut
 * Harvey Cushing (1933–1937): neurosurgeon, pioneer of brain surgery, identified Cushing's syndrome
 * Russell Henry Chittenden (1900–1922): physiological chemist, pioneer of digestion and nutrition
 * James William Colbert Jr., (1950–1953): immunologist, Assistant Dean of Postgraduate Education, and father of comedian Stephen Colbert
 * Marilyn Farquhar (1973–1990): cell biologist, first woman Sterling Professor at Yale
 * Stephen Fleck (1912–2002): psychiatrist, coauthor of Schizophrenia and the Family
 * John Farquhar Fulton (1929–1960): Sterling Professor of Physiology, neurophysiology of primates
 * Patricia Goldman-Rakic (1979–2003): neurobiologist, pioneer of studies on the frontal lobe and the cellular basis of working memory
 * Arnold Gesell (1911–1949): psychologist and pediatrician, developed the Yale Child Study Center
 * Alfred Gilman Sr. (1935–1943, 1973–1984): pharmacologist, chemotherapy pioneer and co-author of The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
 * Harry S.N. Greene (1943–1969): professor of pathology
 * Dorothy Horstmann: epidemiologist, virologist, pioneer in the study of polio and the first woman appointed as a professor at the school
 * Orvan Hess: developed the fetal heart monitor and early use of penicillin
 * James D. Jamieson (1973–2018): cell biologist, established the function of the Golgi apparatus alongside George Palade
 * Theodore Lidz (1951–1978): Sterling Professor of Psychiatry, researcher of schizophrenia
 * Lafayette Mendel (1921–1935): biochemist, discoverer of Vitamin A, Vitamin B and essential amino acids
 * Sherwin B. Nuland: winner of the National Book Award for How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter
 * George Emil Palade (1973–1983): cell biologist, Sterling Professor of Cell Biology, 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
 * William Prusoff: discovered idoxuridine, the first antiviral agent approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and discovered the anti-HIV effect of stavudine (D4T)
 * Juan Rosai (1985–1991): professor of pathology and Director of the Department of Anatomic Pathology, author of surgical pathology textbook, discoverer of Rosai-Dorfman disease and desmoplastic small round cell tumor
 * Richard Selzer (1960–1985): surgeon and author
 * Albert J. Solnit (1952–1990): psychoanalyst, child rights advocate, and Sterling Professor
 * Nathan Smith: founder of Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Vermont College of Medicine
 * Thomas A. Steitz (1970–2018): Sterling Professor of Biophysics and Biochemistry, 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, discovered the atomic structure of the ribosome
 * Richard W. Tsien (1970–): physiologist, characterized calcium channel types
 * Frans Wackers (1977–1981, 1984–): nuclear cardiologist
 * Brian Kobilka (1977–1981): physiologist, recipient of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

title: Yale School of Medicine


text:
Ravenous (1999 film)

Ravenous is a 1999 horror comedy Western cannibal film starring Guy Pearce, Robert Carlyle, Jeffrey Jones and David Arquette. The film, which is set in 1840s California, was directed by Antonia Bird and filmed in Europe. It was not a box office success and failed to recoup much of its $12 million budget. However, despite initial reception being mixed when released, it has since garnered a reputation as a cult film.

Ravenous had a troubled production history. Issues over budget and shooting schedules were still ongoing when filming was about to start in Slovakia. After the original director Milcho Manchevski was fired three weeks into production, he was replaced by Bird at the suggestion of actor Robert Carlyle. Michael Nyman and Damon Albarn composed the film's score, which generated a significant amount of interest for its quirky and inventive use of loops, instruments and musical structure.

Screenwriter Ted Griffin wrote a script that combined elements from the Donner Party and that of the real life "The Colorado Cannibal", Alferd Packer, who survived by eating five companions after becoming snowbound in the San Juan Mountains in the 1870s. However, the film's plot also serves as an overt criticism of manifest destiny through its use of cannibalism. By turning the act into an insatiable hunger, the voracious need to eat human flesh is equated to the all-consuming pursuit of power and wealth that was inherent to the expansionist attitudes of those seeking to settle the American frontier in the 19th century. The film would be the last theatrical release to feature John Spencer.

Plot
During the Mexican–American War, Second Lieutenant John Boyd, who is fighting in the United States Army, finds his courage failing him in battle and plays dead as his unit is massacred. His body, along with the other dead, is put in a cart and hauled behind Mexican lines. A stroke of luck gives Boyd the opportunity to capture the Mexican command post. His heroism earns him a captain's promotion, but when General Slauson learns of the cowardice through which victory was achieved, he posts Boyd into exile at Fort Spencer, a remote military outpost high in the Sierra Nevada commanded by the weary but genial Colonel Hart, and staffed by a motley array of misfits: the pious Private Toffler, the drug-addicted Private Cleaves, the drunken Major Knox and the ferocious Private Reich, in addition to the Native American scout George and his sister Martha.

Shortly after Boyd joins the garrison, a frostbitten stranger named Colqhoun arrives and shares a hellish tale about how his wagon train became lost in the mountain because a Colonel Ives had promised the party a shorter route to the Pacific Ocean. Instead, he led them on an impassable route resulting in the party getting trapped by snow for three months. Wracked by starvation, Colqhoun and his fellow travellers were reduced to cannibalism, while he alleges that Ives resorted to murder. A rescue party is assembled to retrieve any survivors and capture Ives. George warns those who are leaving about the Wendigo myth: anyone who consumes the flesh of their enemies takes their strength but becomes a demon cursed by an insatiable hunger for more human flesh.

When the soldiers reach Ives' cave, Boyd and Reich investigate. They discover the bloody remains of five skeletons, and realize that it was Colqhoun himself who murdered everyone. Colqhoun quickly overwhelms George, Toffler and Colonel Hart. Boyd and Reich leave a dying Hart behind to run down Colqhoun. Boyd's courage begins to fail him again and Reich is bested by Colqhoun. Boyd escapes the massacre by jumping off a cliff but breaks his leg. He hides in a pit next to the body of Reich whom he eventually eats to stay alive.

When a delirious and severely traumatized Boyd finally limps back to the fort, he finds it has been reinforced by General Slauson and a detachment of cavalry. Cleaves and Martha (who were on a supply mission and had not met Colqhoun) do not believe his wild tale, while the hung-over Knox cannot recall and refuses to back Boyd up. A second expedition to the cave finds no bodies or any trace of Colqhoun. A temporary commander is assigned to the fort but to Boyd's horror, it is Colonel Ives, who Boyd realizes is Colqhoun. The men still refuse to believe Boyd because Colqhoun bears no sign of the wounds inflicted on him during the fight at the cave.

Secretly, Colqhoun tells Boyd that he used to suffer from tuberculosis but when a Native scout told him the Wendigo myth, then he "just had to try" by murdering him and eating his flesh, a process that cured his disease. Colqhoun now plans to use the fort as a base to cannibalize passing travellers because, like the notion of manifest destiny, the migrants had a calling just like himself. Boyd is soon suspected of murder after Cleaves is mysteriously killed. While chained up, he watches helplessly as Knox is murdered by Colqhoun's unexpected ally: Colonel Hart. Colqhoun had saved Hart by feeding him his own men in order to gain his assistance. But like Colqhoun, he is now hopelessly addicted to human flesh. Colqhoun mortally wounds Boyd, forcing him to make a choice: eat or die.

Eventually, Boyd gives in and eats a stew made from Knox. However, rather than join the two men in their conspiracy to convert General Slauson, Boyd convinces Hart to free him so he can kill Colqhoun. Hart does so, but also asks to be killed because he no longer wants to live as a cannibal. Boyd agrees to this. Boyd and Colqhoun fight, inflicting grievous wounds on each other, as their recuperative powers sustain them. Eventually, Boyd forces Colqhoun into a large bear trap that pins them both together. Colqhoun taunts Boyd by telling him that he will eat him if he dies first, but if he dies first Boyd will have to make the same choice Colqhoun made him make before; eat or die. General Slauson returns, and while his aide looks around the dilapidated fort, the general tastes the meat stew left simmering on the fire and enjoys it. Meanwhile Colqhoun continues to taunt Boyd before succumbing to his wounds, leaving Boyd struggling for life. Martha finds the barn with the two men inside and opens the door seeing the deceased Colqhoun and the dying Boyd together. She closes the door with a sad half smile, and walks away. Boyd does not eat Colqhoun and dies.

Cast

 * Guy Pearce as Captain John Boyd
 * Robert Carlyle as F.W. Colqhoun / Colonel Ives
 * David Arquette as Private Cleaves
 * Jeremy Davies as Private Toffler
 * Jeffrey Jones as Colonel Hart
 * John Spencer as General Slauson
 * Stephen Spinella as Major Knox
 * Neal McDonough as Private Reich
 * Joseph Runningfox (credited as Joseph Running Fox) as George
 * Sheila Tousey as Martha
 * Bill Brochtrup as Lindus
 * Fernando Becerril as Mexican Commander
 * Gabriel Berthier as Mexican Commander
 * Pedro Altamirano as Mexican Commander
 * Damián Delgado as Mexican Grenadier
 * Tim Van Rellim as Mr. MacCready
 * Miezi Sungu as Jones
 * David Heyman as Mr. Janus

Development
The script for Ravenous was one of three screenplays written by Ted Griffin that he sold to a studio in a week. The script was loosely inspired by the Donner Party, as well as the story of Alferd Packer, an American prospector and former Union Army soldier who murdered a group of traveling companions, ate them and claimed to law enforcement that he did so out of self-defense and survival. In September 1997, Macedonian director Milcho Manchevski was announced to direct the film for Fox 2000.

Filming
The film was shot on location in the Tatra Mountains, Slovakia and Durango, Mexico. One week before production, Manchevski reportedly submitted new storyboards, which would have required an additional two weeks of shooting. Fox 2000 eventually agreed to an additional week, with complaints that Manchevski had refused to attend production meetings with the producers. Manchevski claimed Fox 2000 executive Laura Ziskin micromanaged the production by vetoing his chosen technicians and casting against his wishes.

Shooting was delayed on the first day, as Manchevski and the production were still negotiating over the production budget and shooting schedule. As filming commenced, Manchevski says Ziskin sent him notes on the rushes "every day", complaining about the amount of dirt on the costumes and the number of closeups. Screenwriter Ted Griffin was on hand for "constant rewrites" during the shooting.

Three weeks into filming, Ziskin arrived to the set to dismiss Manchevski, and have him replaced with director Raja Gosnell. Though Manchevski left the production, the cast was said to have been unhappy with Gosnell, and were rumored to have held a mutiny on the set. Robert Carlyle then recommended Antonia Bird, his frequent collaborator and business partner, to take over. Bird had a previous business relationship with Ziskin, and admired the script.

Following ten days of negotiations, Bird arrived in Prague to take over the production. She, too, would criticize the circumstances under which the filming was to take place, describing the allocated studio space as "horrible" and the scheduling of the shoot "manipulative". She also went on to say that her predecessor, Manchevski, should not be blamed for the problematic production.

Post-production
Bird suggested the final theatrical cut had elements introduced without her approval, such as the voiceover narration and explanatory quotes. Bird felt these elements were superfluous, and expressed a desire in recutting the film for the European market.

Themes
The film uses its period setting and the act of cannibalism to critique manifest destiny, colonialism and capitalism. Said Bird: "As a European, observing early Californian history and making a film about that — I kind of believe Europeans were responsible for a lot of stuff that happened here. Robert Carlyle’s character represents that. The Europeans practiced genocide. I think the good things about America — we're (Europeans) not responsible for."

Though Bird said the film is "more about social misfits than the whole seductive nature of power", she stated, "I would like to think that someone who enjoyed it (Ravenous) only as gallows humor would start to think. The metaphor of power and a society where we're encouraged to be competitive is, to me, not a great society." Thus, cannibalism can be seen as a critique of "contemporary America where the way of life seems to be more and more a matter of consume or be consumed". In addition, she said that the cannibalism can be interpreted as an addiction to drugs or a yearning for eternal youth, which manifests in modern-day Western society as the consumption of junk food or the obsession with plastic surgery. "Robert Carlyle's character is the ultimate drug pusher and Guy Pearce's character is the ultimate junkie," said Bird.

Soundtrack
The score was composed by Michael Nyman and Damon Albarn of the band Blur. Instruments used for the score were from the film's historical period and included the violin, guitar, banjo, jaw harp and squeeze box. Nyman and Albarn reworked versions of American patriotic songs and old Methodist hymns (including those of Stephen Foster, known as the "father of American music") to be intentionally out of tune and off-kilter.

Box office
Ravenous opened on March 19, 1999, in the United States in 1,040 cinemas, accumulating $1,040,727 over its opening weekend. It finished eighteenth for the weekend. The film went on to gross $2,062,405 in North America, far less than its reported $12 million budget.

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 52% rating based on 66 reviews and an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Ravenous tries bringing cannibal horror into an Old West setting, ending up with an uneven blend that will fail to satisfy most fans of either genre".

Roger Ebert rated the film three out of four stars, and stated that it was "the kind of movie where you savor the texture of the filmmaking, even when the story strays into shapeless gore." He noted the film is "more interested in atmosphere than plot", but conceded Bird "shows she's a real filmmaker...and has an instinct for scenes like the one where a visiting general savors the broth of a bubbling stew". Ebert concluded that Ravenous "is clever in the way it avoids most of the cliches of the vampire movie by using cannibalism, and most of the cliches of the cannibal movie by using vampirism. It serves both dishes with new sauces." Janet Maslin of The New York Times reviewed the film negatively, and said: "a potentially strong cast makes its way in deadly earnest through material that's often better suited to a Monty Python skit".

Audiences, particularly in the US, were said to be confused about the tone of the film, which combines various genres such as horror, black comedy, satire and film noir. Said Carlyle: "Because the subject matter is so gruesome and the visuals are so distasteful, there are going to be people who are not going to be too happy to watch this one. They’ve said all along that it’s going to be a hard sell. It’s a period piece. I think that’s why there’s humor in the film. I like the fact that it’s unusual and that it is hard to place. I think that’s a good thing — probably not for the people who are trying to make their money back."

The film has garnered cult status since its release. In a retrospective review in Rolling Stone, David Ehrlich wrote, "Ravenous butchers the fantasy that the United States is a banquet with room for everyone at the table. This is a landscape where 'manifest destiny' becomes a handy euphemism for all sorts of horrors, and a reminder that progress was never possible without savagery; the frontier was the Hunger Games, and it always has been. That may not be breaking news, but the film isn't interested in telling you something that you don't know, only showing it to you in a way so giddy and gruesome that you'll never be able to forget it."

title: Ravenous (1999 film)


text:
Talk:Swedish slave trade

August 2004
Started this article today.... All of the info in it is taken from parts of an assignment I made in history a while ago, that is why it is written in such an "essay" form. I have just changed it a little. I know it is not good, that it isn't a good wikipedia article either. It really needs to be formatted and rewritten... but don't have time to do that just now... Hope to get some help to turn this article around...

Cheers... --Konstantin 23:27, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Thanks!
I see it has already been greatly improved. Wikipedia never stops to amaze me! :)

 * Could you please cite your sources? Just make an External Links section at the bottom of the page, so we can do more fact checking.  Thanks in advance. supadawg 03:06, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Fact checking
The article "Saint-Barthélemy" in the Swedish National Encyclopedia actually states that King Gustav III got the island as part of a "diplomatic deal" during his visit to Paris in 1784. In this Wikipedia article, it is said that he bought it in 1783. In the Wikipedia Saint-Barthélemy article, the Swedish period is said to start in 1785. Could you please give your sources for the 1783 date, to facilitate a fact check?

Also, I feel that the article ends in quite an abrupt way. No information about a definitive end to slavery is ever given in the text. The Swedish National Encyclopedia claims in the article "slavhandel" (Slave trade) that it wasn't until 1846-47 that the slaves on Saint Barthélemy were bought free, after funds had been allocated for this purpose by the Swedish parliament. Maybe I could work this into the article, but I find it difficult to connect this piece of information to the last paragraph of the current text, that seems to deal with the end of the 18th century. Suggestions, anyone? Alarm 13:17, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you are right about the way Gustav III got the island. I remember something like that from a book about Saint-Barthélemy, written by Göran Skytte. Gunnar Larsson 19:24, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Slavery outlawed?
At the top of the article, it states that slavery was outlawed in 1333, but the final line under "Viking and Pre-Viking Slavery" states that it was 1337 when slavery was made illegal. Which is correct? If both numbers are valid, further explanation is likely required. phrawzty 17:25, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually you can't tell wich is correct since almost all the documents about Swedish slave trade has whittered away of natural causes. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.209.130.251 (talk) 00:26, 27 January 2007 (UTC).

Does this still need to be on Cleanup?
If not, please remove it from WP:LO. Thanks!! JesseW 23:46, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Biography ?
Really good job Konstantin! as "the info in it is taken from parts of an assignment you made in history a while ago" would you please mention the biography for your study ? Thanx Doulcy 12:32, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

WHY ?
very few is yet known about this story : no one can state that swedish people were never big into slave trading without any previous serious studies...and as well if you have a lot to tell about jews and their slave trading then go ahead and create your own page...     (The above unsigned comment was added by User:Doulcy 21 May 2007.)

 * I do not see any big value of this article.
 * Is it possible that Sweden participated in slave trade?
 * Yes, absolutely.
 * Is there any proof that any single slave was traded by any Swedish organisation?
 * I doubt it very much.
 * Is it possible that no Swedish organisation ever was directly involved in slave trade?
 * Yes, as far as I know.
 * The sources quoted above are just members of the Swedish parliament who between 2001 and 2006 wrote what they thought. These are political documents written to get votes and political influence. They do not quote any sources, and for all we know they may all be wrong. Besides they are so vague that they do not confirm any slave trade. The only thing they do is propose research in the area. And as all potential documents probably are lost, future research will not be able to confirm anything either.
 * Anyhow, I do not mind that the article stays. It states fairly clearly what is known and not known in the area, and I am sure some people may be interested in that. Mlewan 16:19, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

deleted unsourced material
I deleted unsourced material and also presumptions. This article has alot of guessing in it and therefore should be deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.115.99.10 (talk) 00:36, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Actual number of swedes involved in the black African slave trade?
What was the actual number of Swedish people involved in the black African slave trade? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.103.167.226 (talk) 18:54, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

Träldom !
Shouldn't the historic Swedish slavery of "Träldom" just be mentioned for context? It existed in and before the Viking Age in Sweden. Also Sweden didn't have Serfs as feudalism was never established, this makes a clearer contrast to the slave trade then in a country like France for instance! This shouldn't be a big block of text just a small paragraph in the beginning or something.

Darkwand (talk) 19:53, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

Women
This page completely ignores that because of the Vikings were polygamous it was difficult to find women for lower members in society. They were often raiding for women.

Seriously, this entire page just ignores half the population?! TheWandererIvy (talk) 09:07, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

Scandinavian slavery articles
Some recent activities of one trigger-happy user seem a bit random and illogical. I have invited her/him to provide a brief rationale for the unexplained spate of rollbacks to the articles, , , and. I'm not sure that the user actually read these articles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.252.94.31 (talk) 09:38, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Castration of slaves
The article contains the following information: There were over 1500 Swedish slaves in the Barbary Coast. Many would never see their homeland again. [19] The Turks also frequently castrated their slaves. [20] The Ottomans also bought black sex slaves by the Swedes. [21]

This part contains some weird information, especially the castration part. The source mentioned: https://books.google.se/books?id=KFvBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241&dq=ottoman+castration&source=bl&ots=ptcGYG40Wm&sig=ACfU3U1jLT8QbTY4KMplnuriNUKMHHKLlA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB1ty3rJvuAhXl-ioKHYJKCNsQ6AEwC3oECB4QAg#v=onepage&q=ottoman%20castration&f=false This page specifically describes castration of eunuchs in the Ottoman empire. It seems mostly, if not entirely, unrelated to Barbary slave trade. I propose that the line is removed or edited with better sources. Timlindstam (talk) 13:43, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Grammar issues
This article contains several grammar issues and issues when it comes to formating. The opening statement uses "in" and not during. Correct me if i'm wrong but this seems wrong. It states in the subsection of "Slaves in the medieval period of Sweden" "Thou" and not though. "A Swedish kings" is plural and just wrong. (Also there should be a coma there.) Other places have comas that should not be there. Another issue I found is "per cent" insted of percent.

I'm adding a disclaimer. This article needs a overhaul or if not then maybe this article shouldn't be on wikipedia. Superpig05 (talk) 23:10, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

I agree that this wiki should not be published. Too many factual errors Sweden didn't exist as a country in Viking times The church abolished träldom(slavery) in Sweden and therefore it is still debated how much money the Swedish state got from the Caribbean islands. Sweden had nothing to do with slavery in the Ottoman Empire. The castration of male slaves in Ottoman empire is not related to Sweden or Vikings. Most countries around Europe paid the Barbary pirates to stop them from taking slaves from coastal cities, even Sweden. (Which didn't help and created the beginning of colonialism in Africa and the middle east. Yes in the beginning colonialism was to end the slave trade from Europe) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.31.190.201 (talk) 07:11, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swedish slave trade


text:
Talk:Rose (mathematics)

Lissajous
This seems to be quite comparable to Lissajous curves. --Abdull 18:53, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * If the point is that a lissajous curve can specify a rose, please find the parameters for the eqivalence. 2601:140:8980:4B20:528:3DF3:2917:4EDF (talk) 01:05, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

Merge from/new Rhodonea article
I agree. I would have suggested/done the same myself if only I could have remembered the name of the Rose (mathematics) article. —David Eppstein 05:51, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Definitely agree. No reason to have two articles, especially as they are both so minimal.  Doctormatt 16:45, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree with proposed merge. Gandalf61 17:33, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Pictures
I just noticed that while the article gives the rose in terms of cosine, the pictures are all for sine. Do we VectorPosse 17:09, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
 * change the article to make sine the basic one (and relate cosine to it as a rotation)?
 * change the pictures? (Sounds like a pain.)
 * change the captions on the pictures to be more specific?
 * Ack. I'll change the images (the second one is okay).  It'll be done in a few hours, probably. Cheers, Doctormatt 20:04, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I updated the seven petal image and added info to the "rose gallery" image to make it clear these are r=sin k \theta. I think this works. Cheers, Doctormatt 04:36, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Area
The right side of the Area formula suggests that the Area is independent of k! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.36.95.125 (talk) 02:54, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The area of each petal is dependent on k. See the article. 2601:140:8980:4B20:528:3DF3:2917:4EDF (talk) 23:58, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

For irrational k the curve won't fill the unit disc
In that case the curve will be dense in the unit disc, but it won't "fill" it completely. To see this, just imagine a circle around the origin or a straight line that crosses the unit disc. The rose will cross or touch this line/circle just countably inifinite times, but there are more than countably infinite points the rose would have to hit in order to fill the entire disc. --Georg-Johann (talk) 18:00, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

"offset parameter"
Here are some images generated from the generalized rose-limaçon equation r=b+sin(aθ): ... AnonMoos (talk) 21:44, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

3d Rose Curves
What are these things called? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7utC53CNs4

Do they have a name? Do they deserve a name? Am I over stepping any boundaries calling them 3d Rose Curves? -- 18:14, 28 March 2015 Tejolson

2018
I am unable to reproduce the current Rose-rhodonea-curve-7x9-chart-improved.svg using r=cos(k \theta). Here is what I got instead: Is there anything I am missing, or the figure in question is not properly computed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by HamdiSahloul (talk • contribs) 16:32, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Something is very wrong. Check against curves generated using desmos on desmos.com.  The chart asvof this date compares favorably.  (Read the caption.) 2601:140:8980:4B20:528:3DF3:2917:4EDF (talk) 00:09, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

Limaçon article
Roses are sinusoids with no offset parameter. Those things are limacons. There is an article on them: limaçon. 2601:140:8980:4B20:DAA:DAE7:8979:2DE5 (talk) 01:56, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

Missing video
The video is no longer available. 2601:140:8980:4B20:528:3DF3:2917:4EDF (talk) 01:02, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

Roses specified by other curves
This article needs a section on other curve types that specify roses like the hypotrochoid. Such a section which enrich understanding of both types greatly! 2601:140:8980:4B20:528:3DF3:2917:4EDF (talk) 01:49, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rose (mathematics)


text:
Svetlana Krivelyova

Svetlana Vladimirovna Krivelyova (Светлана Владимировна Кривелёва; born 13 June 1969) is a former Russian track and field athlete who specialised in the shot put.

Krivelyova was born in Bryansk, Russia. Her career highlights were the Summer Olympics gold medal in 1992 whilst representing the Unified Team, where she beat the reigning world champion Huang Zhihong of China, and her World Championship victory in 2003.

Her most unlikely victory came at the 2004 World Indoor Championships. She was awarded the gold medal after Ukraine's Vita Pavlysh (Krivelyova's former Unified Team teammate) was stripped of her title for failing a drug test. This was the second time Pavlysh was found to have taken anabolic steroids and lost a World indoor title; she was subsequently banned from athletics for life.

Despite being world ranked number 1 in the run up to the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, Krivelyova could only manage to finish fourth to match her finish at the 2000 Summer Olympics. However the winner, compatriot Irina Korzhanenko, tested positive for Stanozolol and was stripped of her title, promoting Krivelyova to the bronze medal position.

The IOC retested the samples from the 2004 Olympics and diagnosed a positive test. Krivelyova lost her third place to Nadzeya Ostapchuk (the bronze medal was not awarded). In April 2013, she was banned from competitions for two years.

National titles

 * Russian Athletics Championships
 * Shot put: 1992, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003
 * Russian Indoor Athletics Championships
 * Shot put: 1993, 2003
 * Soviet Athletics Championships
 * Shot put: 1991
 * Soviet Indoor Athletics Championships
 * Shot put: 1991

title: Svetlana Krivelyova