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Intel Architecture Labs

Intel Architecture Labs (IAL) was the personal-computer system research-and-development arm of Intel during the 1990s.

History and formation
IAL was created by Intel Vice-president Ron Whittier together with Craig Kinnie and Steven McGeady to develop the hardware and software innovations considered to be lacking from PC OEMs and Microsoft in the late 1980s and 1990s. IAL pursued both hardware and software initiatives, both of which were important factors in the evolution of, and the control of, the PC industry.

Rivalry with Microsoft
Around the same time in the PC industry, Microsoft was emerging as the de facto industry standard in PC Operating Systems and software application for the PC. As IAL's software ambitions began to overlap with Microsoft's, a rivalry broke out between Intel and Microsoft as it related to the amount of influence, control, and the setting of standards in the rapidly growing PC industry. Over time, IAL's work in software projects was gradually de-emphasized after the software efforts collided with similar activities by Microsoft.

Native Signal Processing (NSP)
Native Signal Processing (NSP) was an example of a significant software effort in IAL. NSP was a software initiative to allow Intel-based PCs to run time-sensitive code independently of the operating system, allowing real-time audio and video processing on the microprocessors of the mid-1990s. Intel, whose microprocessors powered PC hardware designs, invested heavily in improving the performance of its chips. As a result of the increase in performance, Intel saw an opportunity to transfer software workloads from specialized microprocessors over to the central Intel microprocessors. This strategy was fundamental to Intel's vision of a powerful central microprocessor made with its advanced chip building capabilities. NSP was, in that regard, a gold mine of power-hungry software workloads which were previously running on Digital Signal Processor chips. This led to IAL's decision to embark on NSP, a large software initiative to gradually move the algorithms and software implementations from DSPs to the central Intel microprocessor.

IAL's decision to pursue NSP clashed with a similar project that was brewing at Microsoft. NSP's software architecture was designed to be agnostic of the software operating system. This was a common strategic direction with PC chip manufacturers in the 1980s and 1990s because it allowed chips to be used in a multitude of software operating environments, and not just the Microsoft operating systems (OS) such as Microsoft Windows. Microsoft's equivalent project to IAL's NSP was called Direct Show, and at the outset of NSP, this posed a conflict and a challenge for the working relationship between Intel and Microsoft (traditionally very close partners with highly aligned interests). When Intel proposed the NSP software design to Microsoft, it became clear that the two initiatives (NSP & Direct X) were in direct conflict. Microsoft refused to put their support behind a competing standard such as NSP, especially one with the potential to level the OS playing field for PCs. Despite this conflict, IAL continued to work on NSP, showing demonstrations of DSP software running smoothly on the central microprocessor. With every generation of performance and functionality improvements, Microsoft refused to support NSP in its operating systems. Microsoft and Intel, both large and influential companies who worked with the same PC Original Equipment Manufacturers found themselves at odds over the direction of the software and hardware in the PC industry. Microsoft convinced PC makers that the Intel NSP device drivers would render their systems unsupported by the Windows operating system, and in turn this led Intel to pull back from promoting the software, leaving NSP as an orphan project. Although NSP did not achieve commercial success like Direct X, the concepts, prototypes, and implementations of DSP algorithms on native Intel microprocessors was widely recognized as an impressive technological feat at the time, and indirectly supported the overall notion of moving dedicated software workloads to general purpose microprocessors like Intel's.

Internet browser
IAL also tangled with Microsoft by supporting Netscape and their early browser, and by producing a fast native x86 port of the Java system. Most of these projects were later shelved, and after 1997 IAL tended not to risk competing with Microsoft. The details of IAL's conflicts with Microsoft over software were revealed in Steven McGeady's testimony in the Microsoft antitrust trial.

Not all of IAL's software efforts met bad ends due to Microsoft—IAL developed one of the first software digital video systems, Indeo(tm) - technology that was used in its ProShare videoconferencing product line but suffered later from neglect and was sold to another company in the late 1990s.

Input/output interconnect projects
However, IAL successes in the hardware world are legendary, and include PCI, USB, AGP, the Northbridge/Southbridge core logic architecture and PCI Express.

Universal Serial Bus (USB)
USB, in particular, was developed in the Oregon offices of IAL, where the architects of PCI and the Plug and Play initiatives assisted in building the first peripheral interconnect that would work with devices without requiring the PC to be dismantled. This vision of a sealed PC that could be extended with external devices was central to Intel's strategy of making the PC more like a consumer device. USB emerged as the lead contender for the interconnect standard interface, and an Intel team of engineers set out to create an industry standard.

Intel's engineering standards were well known as being among the highest in the industry, driven by the company's adherence to careful development of technical specifications before setting out to design or develop a new product. As part of the engineering process, Intel engineers wrote detailed technical specifications during the early phases of design, to ensure the features were well understood and agreed upon. Since Intel's products usually involved complex chip designs, errors or omissions in the design or features could prove costly if done without the appropriate rigor and review that came along with the detailed engineering reviews that accompanied the design process.

In the early 1990s the initial USB specification was spearheaded in IAL, driven by a small team of software and hardware architects & engineers. The engineers were scattered across Intel campuses in Oregon and California. In Oregon, the chief engineers of the USB project in IAL included Brad Hosler, Shelagh Callahan, John Howard, John Garney, and Kosar Jaff, all based in the Hillsboro Oregon Intel site.

While the IAL-based USB team was primarily located in Intel's campus in Hillsboro Oregon, the USB project also included a team of chip designers in the Intel Chipset Group (Peripheral Components Division) located on the Intel campus in Folsom, California. The partnership between the IAL engineers and the chipset engineers was crucial in the development of the original USB specification. Throughout the development of the USB 1.0 specifications, the IAL engineers worked closely with chipset designers (inside and outside Intel). Together, the engineering teams in Oregon and California were tasked with building the world's first USB based computer by designing and manufacturing the USB Host Controller.

USB host controller design
A critical component of the USB design was the interface between hardware and software, which was the domain of the USB Host Controller, the brains behind the interconnect that all USB devices communicate with. The USB Host Controller was embedded in the South Bridge chip, and was designed to match the USB specification being developed by the IAL engineers. USB was, like PCI, a unique combination of hardware and software definitions, and as a result the project needed a software engineering team from the outset, unlike typical Intel hardware projects. The USB software device driver "stack" was initially developed on Windows 95 using the Virtual Device Driver (VxD) model of Windows 95. The VxD-based USB driver stack was helpful to Microsoft as they implemented a brand new USB stack using the emerging Windows Driver Model (WDM) largely because of Microsoft's strategic shift towards Windows NT, and away from Windows 95. WDM was uniquely compatible with both operating systems, and the decision to abandon the VxD stack was a win-win for Intel and Microsoft. The collaboration between IAL and Microsoft improved during the development of USB 1.0, largely driven by the software developers that Intel hired into its IAL labs. Software developers at Microsoft were able to speak a familiar technical language with their fellow software developers from IAL, allowing the group to work as a single unit to drive the USB standard into the Windows-based PCs of the 1990s and beyond.

Collaboration with industry partners
Unlike previous IAL projects which had resulted in considerable conflict and tension with other companies in the PC industry, the USB project stood out as a highlight of the cooperation between IAL's engineers and the rest of the PC industry. The IAL USB team worked closely with Microsoft, sharing their lessons learned, and helping the Microsoft team add support for the USB interconnect in Windows, as well as in Microsoft peripheral devices, such as Microsoft keyboards. The IAL team dedicated a full time engineer to work with Microsoft closely so as to avoid delays and repeating mistakes the Intel team had made during the development of the specification and first hardware and software implementations. The USB team in IAL, while small and focused, developed a reputation for being collaborative, supportive, and focused on educating the industry about the emerging USB standard. The engineers were regular presenters at USB Developer's Conferences and collaborated with dozens of hardware and software companies who were eager to implement the industry's first broadly-adopted interconnect standard to make PCs more user friendly.

Disbanding
In 2001, after the departure of all of its creators, IAL was disbanded and replaced with the very different Intel Labs under Pat Gelsinger, though most of the creative talent that had been in IAL was by then scattered across the company or had left entirely. In a 2005 re-organization, Intel Labs itself was reorganized with the intent of rebuilding a research function.

Compare Intel's Architecture Development Lab.

title: Intel Architecture Labs


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User:GregBenson

= Biography =

I was born in California, USA in the mid 50's.

My siblings and I grew up in various communities in Southern California. My father was a teacher before he retired, and we moved from town to town as he found better school districts for which to work. At the time of my entering middle school, we had settled in a community called La Canada-Flintridge about 20 miles north of downtown Los Angeles. I graduated from La Canada High School in 1973.

Higher Education
I entered the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and paid for the education partly with state scholarship funds and the rest with money I earned by working. My most interesting undergraduate job was as the geochemistry lab assistant to Dr. Lawford Anderson, where I performed chemical analyses of igneous and metamorphic rock samples to 'fingerprint' the various rocks and thereby establish identification links between tectonically separated rock bodies. I graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor's degree in Earth Sciences.

After an 8-month stint doing mineral exploration with Conoco in Wyoming, I started my post-graduate education in Earth Sciences at the University of Arizona with Dr. George Davis as my thesis advisor. My thesis topic was to describe and explain the presence of a small allochthonous block of imbricated metasediment slivers in the pass between two mountains near Tucson, Arizona. There was considerable controversy at the time in explaining the geology around these mountain ranges, with one camp explaining the observed features using a pure thrust-fault interpretation, and the other camp explaining the features using a pure gravity-glide interpretation. My work showed that evidence for both mechanisms were present. Compressive thrust faulting created the imbricate thrust geometries, and subsequently the stack of thrust plates was 'beheaded' by a gravity glide decollement fault, thus transporting the block of metasediments onto igneous metamorphic basement. The upper plate thrust faults were truncated at the underlying gravity glide decollement.

Work Experience
After graduation from the University of Arizona in 1981, I started to work for Exxon's Western Production Division office in Los Angeles as a petroleum geologist. My first assignments were monitoring the development plans of the operators of the giant Prudhoe Bay field on the North Slope of Alaska. In 1986, Exxon moved the Alaska Interest Organization (AIO) to downtown Houston, Texas. I stayed with AIO as a geologic computer application specialist until 1989, when I was transferred to the Production Company's Central Division where I continued as a geologic computing specialist.

Exxon went through various reorganizations, but my job discription remained largely the same. One year the Corpus Christi office was closed and those employees were brought to Houston and added to Central Division. A few years later the Midland office was closed and those people were also merged with our group, creating the Houston Production Organization (HPO). At HPO, my job slowly transformed from computing support back to interpretation and analysis, and in the late 90's I was reassigned as a geologist within HPO's Field Study group. While in this group, I performed the majority of the well log analysis for the group's field studies, and began to get involved with the growing geologic modeling capabilities of the corporation.

At the end of 1999, Exxon and Mobil merged to become ExxonMobil. The HPO Field Studies team had been such a success on domestic US fields that management decided to create a world-wide Field Studies Group (FSG) in the Production Company's Central Technology organization. The HPO Field Studies team formed the core of the new FSG. I was assigned as one of the new group's Geologic Modeling specialists, and my skill area affiliation was changed to reflect that change in emphasis.

In 2003 I was transferred to the company's Research Lab in Houston. I currently work in the Geologic Modeling group at the Lab, and my research focus is on geologic modeling in carbonate rocks. Besides research, my duties also include instructing a portion of a field course on carbonate stratigraphy and modeling, mentoring employees who are new to geologic modeling, consulting on planning for upcoming projects involving geologic modeling, and giving guest lectures in other courses, seminars, and industry conventions.

= Family =

I have been married to Alis Penalosa from Caracas, Venezuela since 1998. I have two daughters, Denise (born 1984) and Jaimee (born 1988) from a previous marriage.

= Interests =

I am an amateur musician. I play bass with a local group called the Kingwood Garage Band (KGB). We perform music of most genres, from 60's Folk to Blues to Country to 90's Rock&Roll. We have weekly appearances at a local barbecue restaurant, and monthly appearances at a wine shop and at a bistro within a few miles of home.

Ice Ages, Climate Changes Throughout Geologic History, Driving Factors
My work expertise revolves around describing and predicting the responses of calcite-secreting marine organisms and depositional systems to changes in environment. Those environmental changes include sea level changes, global warming and cooling trends, rainfall rates, evaporation rates, plate tectonics, and tides. One of the major responses visible in marine carbonate systems is the reaction to ice ages and the associated changes in water depth. These sea level changes occur worldwide at the same ages, and are therefore very valuable for predictive models of carbonate rock building and erosion. I have a lot of direct knowledge of the effects of climate change on the rock record, having stood upon and studied many of the critical outcrops and studied these same changes as revealed in well penetrations.

I am therefore interested in the root causes of these climate variations.

Prevailing theories of climate change involve 2 main influences.
The strongest influence is the change in the amount of sunlight that falls in the high temperate latitudes where major glaciation takes place. These changes in sunlight strength are predicted very well using a system of equations that describe the changes in Earth's orbit and angle of axis inclination through time (see Milankovitch cycles).

The other influence is really a mechanism that reinforces the solar variations. As plate tectonics moves the continental land masses around the Earth's surface, sometimes the plates cluster near the equator and at other times cluster nearer the poles. Today, much of the Earth's landmass is concentrated in the northern hemisphere, which gives an opportunity for glaciers to accumulate that does not exist when the continents are clustered at lower latitudes. However, it requires lower summertime temperatures to trigger that glaciation. Cooler summers melt less of the winter snowpack, and if there is less snow melting than snow accumulation for several years in a row, a glacier will form.

Continental drift also affects the paths of the major ocean currents. Ocean currents exist to distribute the Earth's solar energy. When there are no barriers to east-west ocean flow, like exists today all around the Antarctic continent, continuous circumglobal currents are established (see Antarctic Circumpolar Current). However, today there is a narrow connection between North America and South America that prevents the establishment of a circumglobal equatorial ocean current connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Similarly, Africa is currently joined to Europe/Asia, preventing currents from the Indian Ocean through the Red Sea into the Mediterranean and then into the Atlantic. When continents prevent east-west flow, the currents are diverted to the north and south (like the Gulf Stream) and carry that tropical heat to higher latitudes, making the climate in higher latitudes warmer that it would be if the currents had not been diverted.

GregBenson 20:33, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:GregBenson


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Land tenure

In common law systems, land tenure, from the French verb "tenir" means "to hold", is the legal regime in which land "owned" by an individual is possessed by someone else who is said to "hold" the land, based on an agreement between both individuals. It determines who can use land, for how long and under what conditions. Tenure may be based both on official laws and policies, and on informal local customs (insofar higher law does allow that). In other words, land tenure implies a system according to which land is held by an individual or the actual tiller of the land but this person does not have legal ownership. It determines the holder's rights and responsibilities in connection with their holding. The sovereign monarch, known in England as the Crown, held land in its own right. All land holders are either its tenants or sub-tenants. Tenure signifies a legal relationship between tenant and lord, arranging the duties and rights of tenant and lord in relationship to the land. Over history, many different forms of land tenure, i.e., ways of holding land, have been established.

A landowner is the holder of the estate in land with the most extensive and exclusive rights of ownership over the territory, simply put, the owner of land.

Feudal tenure
The legal concept of land tenure in the Middle Ages has become known as the feudal system that has been widely used throughout Europe, the Middle East and Asia Minor. The lords who received land directly from the Crown, or another landowner, in exchange for certain rights and obligations were called tenants-in-chief.

They doled out portions of their land to lesser tenants who in turn divided it among even lesser tenants. This process—that of granting subordinate tenancies—is known as subinfeudation. In this way, all individuals except the monarch did hold the land "of" someone else because legal ownership was with the (superior) monarch, also known as overlord or suzerain.

Historically, it was usual for there to be reciprocal duties and rights between lord and tenant. There were different kinds of tenure to fit various kinds of need. For instance, a military tenure might be by knight-service, requiring the tenant to supply the lord with a number of armed horsemen and ground troops.

The fees were often lands, land revenue or revenue-producing real property, typically known as fiefs or fiefdoms. Over the ages and depending on the region a broad variety of customs did develop based on the same legal principle. The famous Magna Carta for instance was a legal contract based on the medieval system of land tenure.

The concept of tenure has since evolved into other forms, such as leases and estates.

Modes of ownership and tenure
There is a great variety of modes of land ownership and tenure.

Traditional land tenure
Most of the indigenous nations or tribes of North America had differing notions of land ownership. Whereas European land ownership centered around control, Indigenous notions were based on stewardship. When Europeans first came to North America, they sometimes disregarded traditional land tenure and simply seized land, or they accommodated traditional land tenure by recognizing it as aboriginal title. This theory formed the basis for treaties with indigenous peoples.

Ownership of land by swearing to make productive use of it
In several developing countries, such as Egypt and Senegal, this method is still presently in use. In Senegal, it is mentioned as "mise en valeur des zones du terroir" and in Egypt, it is called Wadaa al-yad.

Allodial title
Allodial title is a system in which real property is owned absolutely free and clear of any superior landlord or sovereign. True allodial title is rare, with most property ownership in the common law world (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States) being in fee simple. Allodial title is inalienable, in that it may be conveyed, devised, gifted, or mortgaged by the owner, but it may not be distressed and restrained for collection of taxes or private debts, or condemned (eminent domain) by the government.

Feudal land tenure
Feudal land tenure is a system of mutual obligations under which a royal or noble personage granted a fiefdom — some degree of interest in the use or revenues of a given parcel of land — in exchange for a claim on services such as military service or simply maintenance of the land in which the lord continued to have an interest. This pattern obtained from the level of high nobility as vassals of a monarch down to lesser nobility whose only vassals were their serfs.

Fee simple
Under common law, Fee simple is the most complete ownership interest one can have in real property, other than the rare Allodial title. The holder can typically freely sell or otherwise transfer that interest or use it to secure a mortgage loan. This picture of "complete ownership" is, of course, complicated by the obligation in most places to pay a property tax and by the fact that if the land is mortgaged, there will be a claim on it in the form of a lien. In modern societies, this is the most common form of land ownership. Land can also be owned by more than one party and there are various concurrent estate rules.

Native title
In Australia, native title is a common law concept that recognizes that some indigenous people have certain land rights that derive from their traditional laws and customs. Native title can co-exist with non-indigenous proprietary rights and in some cases different indigenous groups can exercise their native title over the same land. There are approximately 160 registered determinations of native title, spanning some 16% of Australia's land mass. The case of Mabo overturned the decision in Milirrpum and repudiated the notion of terra nullius. Subsequent Parliamentary Acts passed recognised the existence of this common law doctrine.

Life estate
Under common law, Life estate is an interest in real property that ends at death. The holder has the use of the land for life, but typically no ability to transfer that interest or to use it to secure a mortgage loan.

Fee tail
Under common law, fee tail is hereditary, non-transferable ownership of real property. A similar concept, the legitime, exists in civil and Roman law; the legitime limits the extent to which one may disinherit an heir.

Leasehold
Under both common law and civil law, land may be leased or rented by its owner to another party. A wide range of arrangements are possible, ranging from very short terms to the 99-year leases common in the United Kingdom for flats, and allowing various degrees of freedom in the use of the property.

Common land
Rights to use a common may include such rights as the use of a road or the right to graze one's animals on commonly owned land.

Sharecropping
When sharecropping, one has use of agricultural land owned by another person in exchange for a share of the resulting crop or livestock.

Easement
Easements allow one to make certain specific uses of land owned by someone else. The most classic easement is right-of-way (right to cross), but it could also include (for example) the right – known as a wayleave – to run an electrical power line across someone else's land.

Other
In addition, there are various forms of collective ownership, which typically take either the form of membership in a cooperative, or shares in a corporation, which owns the land (typically by fee simple, but possibly under other arrangements). There are also various hybrids; in many communist states, government ownership of most agricultural land has combined in various ways with tenure for farming collectives.

Land tenure in archaeology
In archaeology, traditions of land tenure can be studied according to territoriality and through the ways in which people create and utilize landscape boundaries, both natural and constructed. Less tangible aspects of tenure are harder to qualify, and study of these relies heavily on either the anthropological record (in the case of pre-literate societies) or textual evidence (in the case of literate societies).

In archaeology, land tenure traditions can be studied across the longue durée, for example land tenure based on kinship and collective property management. This makes it possible to study the long-term consequences of change and development in land tenure systems and agricultural productivity.

Moreover, an archaeological approach to land tenure arrangements studies the temporal aspects of land governance, including their sometimes temporary, impermanent and negotiable aspects as well as uses of past forms of tenure. For example, people can lay claim to, or profess to own resources, through reference to ancestral memory within society. In these cases, the nature of and relationships with aspects of the past, both tangible (e.g. monuments) and intangible (e.g. concepts of history through story telling) are used to legitimize the present.

Afghanistan
41 of the Constitution of Afghanistan, foreigners are not allowed to own land. Foreign individuals shall not have the right to own immovable property in Afghanistan

China
Land in China is state-owned or collectively owned. Enterprises, farmers, and householders lease land from the state using long-term leases of 20 to 70 years. Foreign investors are not allowed to buy or own land in China.

Thailand
In Thailand foreigners are prohibited to own or possess land in Thailand.

Cambodia
Under Article 44 of the Cambodian Constitution, "only natural persons or legal entities of Khmer nationality shall have the right to land ownership." foreigners are prohibited to own or possess land in Cambodia.

Philippines
Foreigners are prohibited owning land in the Philippines under the 1987 Constitution.

Indonesia
Foreigners are not allowed to own freehold land in Indonesia.

Vietnam
Foreigners cannot buy and own land, like in many other Southeast Asian countries. Instead, the land is collectively owned by all Vietnamese people, but governed by the state. As written in the national Land Law, foreigners and foreign organizations are allowed to lease land. The leasehold period is up to 50 years.

Burma
Though purchase of land is not permitted to foreigners, a real estate investor may apply for a 70 year leasehold with a Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) permit.

Belarus
According to the legislation of Belarus, a foreign citizen cannot own land and only has the right to rent it.

Laos
As foreigners are prohibited from permanent ownership of land. Foreigners can only lease land for a period of up to 30 year.

Mongolia
Only Mongolian citizens can own the land within the territory of Mongolia. foreign citizens can only lease the land.

Maldives
Foreigners are not allowed to own freehold land in Maldives. the land can only be leased to foreigners for 99 years.

Sri Lanka
In 2014, the Sri Lankan parliament passed a law banning land purchases by foreigners. The new act will allow foreigners to acquire land only on a lease basis of up to 99 years with an annual 15 percent tax on the total rental paid upfront.

Georgia
Since 2017, A ban on foreigners owning farmland was introduced in the Georgia's new constitution. The new constitution states that, with a small number of exceptions, agricultural land can only be owned by the state, a Georgian citizen or a Georgian-owned entity.

Kazakhstan
In 2021, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed into law a bill that bans the selling and leasing of agricultural land to foreigners.

Israel
Approximately 7% of the allocated land in Israel is privately owned. The rest, i.e. 93%, is owned by the State and is known as "Israeli Land". Israel's Basic Law on real estate states that Israel's Land is jointly owned by the State (69%), the Development Authority (12%), and the Jewish National Fund (12%).

Ireland

 * Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Bill, 2006

England and Wales

 * Land tenure in England
 * English land law
 * History of English land law

Scotland

 * Crofting
 * Aoghairean
 * Half-foot

Importance of tenure today
With homelessness and wealth inequality on the rise, land tenure in the developed world has become a point of issue. Market-based economies which treat housing as a commodity and not a right allow for laws such as California Proposition 13 (1978) that incentivize treating housing as an investment. Due to inelastic demand of the human need for shelter, housing prices can therefore be raised above universally-affordable rates. This complicates tenure by limiting supply and exacerbating homelessness and informal housing arrangements. For instance, in the United States, minimal regulation on house flipping and rent-seeking behavior allows for gentrification, pricing out half a million Americans and leaving them homeless. This is in light of 17 million homes left vacant as investment vehicles of the wealthy.

At the same time, severe weather events caused by climate-change have become more frequent, affecting property values.

In the developing world, catastrophes are impacting greater numbers of people due to urbanization, crowding, and weak tenure and legal systems.

Colonial land-tenure systems have led to issues in post-colonial societies.

The concepts of "landlord" and "tenant" have been recycled to refer to the modern relationship of the parties to land which is held under a lease. Professor F.H. Lawson in Introduction to the Laws of Property (1958) has pointed out, however, that the landlord-tenant relationship never really fitted in the feudal system and was rather an "alien commercial element".

The doctrine of tenure did not apply to personalty (personal property). However, the relationship of bailment in the case of chattels closely resembles the landlord-tenant relationship that can be created in land.

Secure land-tenure also recognizes one's legal residential status in urban areas and it is a key characteristic in slums. Slum-dwellers do not have legal title to the land and thus local governments usually marginalize and ignored them.

In 2012, the Committee on World Food Security based at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, endorsed the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure as the global norm, as the problem of poor and politically marginalized especially likely to suffer from insecure tenure, however, this is merely work in progress. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 also advocates for reforms to give women access to ownership and control over land in recognition of the importance of tenure to resource distribution.

title: Land tenure


text:
Communist Unity Groups (Sweden)

Kommunistiska Enhetsgrupperna (Communist Unity Groups) was a section that left Kommunistiska Partiet Marxist-Leninisterna (revolutionärerna) in 1975. KEG considered that KPML(r):s politics towards the trade unions was ultra-leftist and sectarian. KEG was dissolved in 1977, and most of the members later joined SKP.

The KEG group in Stockholm, Stockholms Kommunistiska Enhetsgrupp, continued to exist until 1979. In that year SKEG merged with the Communist Association of Norrköping to form SKF-ml.

KEG published Enhet ('Unity') 1975–1977.

title: Communist Unity Groups (Sweden)


text:
Open Game License

The Open Game License (OGL) is a public copyright license by Wizards of the Coast that may be used by tabletop role-playing game developers to grant permission to modify, copy, and redistribute some of the content designed for their games, notably game mechanics. However, they must share-alike copies and derivative works.

Language of the license
The OGL states that "in consideration for agreeing to use this License, the Contributors grant You a perpetual, worldwide, royalty-free, nonexclusive license with the exact terms of this License to Use, the Open Game Content". The OGL defines two forms of content:

 * Open Game Content (OGC)
 * ...the game mechanic and includes the methods, procedures, processes and routines to the extent such content does not embody the Product Identity and is an enhancement over the prior art and any additional content clearly identified as Open Game Content by the Contributor, and means any work covered by this License, including translations and derivative works under copyright law, but specifically excludes Product Identity....

 * Product Identity (PI)
 * ...product and product line names, logos and identifying marks including trade dress; artifacts; creatures characters; stories, storylines, plots, thematic elements, dialogue, incidents, language, artwork, symbols, designs, depictions, likenesses, formats, poses, concepts, themes and graphic, photographic and other visual or audio representations; names and descriptions of characters, spells, enchantments, personalities, teams, personas, likenesses and special abilities; places, locations, environments, creatures, equipment, magical or supernatural abilities or effects, logos, symbols, or graphic designs; and any other trademark or registered trademark...

Use of another company's Product Identity is considered breach of the licensing agreement.

3rd Edition
The OGL (v1.0a) was originally published by Wizards of the Coast in 2000 to license the use of portions of the third edition of Dungeons & Dragons, via a System Reference Document (SRD), thus allowing third-party publishers to produce compatible material. The SRD "included the basic rules and elements of D&D, such as classes, monsters, spells, and magic items, enabling the creation of legal support products for the game". This move was spearheaded by Ryan Dancey  and it was "modeled on the various open-source licenses used in the software industry". Publishers could also use the separate d20 System Trademark License to include a logo indicating compatibility. In an interview, Dancey stated:"I think there's a very, very strong business case that can be made for the idea of embracing the ideas at the heart of the Open Source movement and finding a place for them in gaming. [...] One of my fundamental arguments is that by pursuing the Open Gaming concept, Wizards can establish a clear policy on what it will, and will not allow people to do with its copyrighted materials. Just that alone should spur a huge surge in independent content creation that will feed into the D&D network."Academics Benoît Demil and Xavier Lecocq, in the economic journal Revue d'économie industrielle, highlighted that a business goal of the OGL was to have competitors institutionalize a standardized rule system – "if WOTC could get more people in the industry to use the same system, players would learn only one system and be able to migrate from product to product and game to game without learning and transaction costs. While it would reduce the number of original gaming systems in the market, the idea was to increase the audience for everybody, especially for the leader. The ultimate goal was to establish 'd20' as a recognizable trademark, like 'VHS' or 'DVD'".

In 2004, Wizards of the Coast addressed what would occur if the license was changed – the OGL "already defines what will happen to content that has been previously distributed using an earlier version, in Section 9. As a result, even if Wizards made a change you disagreed with, you could continue to use an earlier, acceptable version at your option. In other words, there's no reason for Wizards to ever make a change that the community of people using the Open Gaming License would object to, because the community would just ignore the change anyway".

4th Edition
In June 2008, Wizards of the Coast transitioned to a new, more restrictive royalty-free license called the Game System License (GSL), which is available for third-party developers to publish products compatible with Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition. The GSL is incompatible with the previous OGL. However, by its own terms the OGL is perpetual, and remained in widespread use. Greg Tito, for The Escapist in 2011, commented that the GSL "released in conjunction with 4th edition took away many of the freedoms that the industry had come to expect with the D&D rules, such as reprinting text for clarity in new products". Andy Collins, a Dungeons & Dragons designer who became the "Design & Development Manager around the release of 4th edition", stated that:"I remember arguing pretty hard to retain something like what Wizards had done for 3rd edition; an open license that included the core rules and a few basic guidelines on how to use it. I argued that without some kind of OGL, Wizards risked leaving behind the body of customers and potential customers who saw the open license as an assumed part of the D&D. [...] In hindsight, I wonder if it might simply have been better to [let the OGL die] rather than guilting the company into crafting a Frankenstein's monster of an open license that ended up pleasing basically nobody."

5th Edition
On January 12, 2016, Wizards of the Coast released the 5th Edition SRD under v1.0a of the OGL, marking a return to the Open Gaming format. This SRD was later revised and rereleased as SRD 5.1 in May 2016.

Content creators can alternatively utilize a different licensing option by publishing through the Dungeon Masters Guild storefront; this license allows individuals and third party publishers to create and sell content based on specific Wizards of the Coast intellectual property such as the Forgotten Realms, Ravenloft, Eberron, and the Magic: The Gathering planes. Content creators are allowed to set their own price, however, Wizards of the Coast and OneBookShelf take a 50% cut of the proceeds.

One D&D
In August 2022, Wizards of the Coast launched a public playtest of the next version of Dungeons & Dragons under the One D&D initiative. In November 2022, there was reported speculation that the OGL would be discontinued for this new iteration of Dungeons & Dragons based on unconfirmed leaks. In response to the speculation, Wizards of the Coast stated in November 2022: "We will continue to support the thousands of creators making third-party D&D content with the release of One D&D in 2024. While it is certain our Open Game License (OGL) will continue to evolve, just as it has since its inception, we're too early in the development of One D&D to give more specifics on the OGL or System Reference Document (SRD) at this time".

Following concerns raised by third-party Dungeons & Dragons creators on the potential changes to the OGL, in December 2022, Wizards of the Coast released additional details on the proposed OGL 1.1 which would have gone into effect in 2023. It would have clarified that it only applies to "printed media or static electronic files (like epubs and PDFs)" and "only covers material created for use in or as TTRPGs"; OGL 1.1 would not cover other content such as video games or virtual tabletops (VTTs). Content creators using OGL 1.1 would have been required "to put an official OGL badge on their products". Revenue related to OGL content would have been reported to Wizards of the Coast if that revenue exceeds $50,000 annually; creators who make at least $750,000 in income annually will be required to pay a royalty starting in 2024.

Linda Codega, for Io9 in January 2023, reported on the details from a leaked full copy of the OGL 1.1 including updated terms such as no longer authorizing use of the OGL1.0. Codega explained that while the original OGL granted a "perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive license" it also included language around authorized versions of the license and "according to attorneys consulted for this article, the new language may indicate that Wizards of the Coast is rendering any future use of the original OGL void, and asserting that if anyone wants to continue to use Open Game Content of any kind, they will need to abide by the terms of the updated OGL, which is a far more restrictive agreement than the original OGL". The document also states that the intention of the OGL was not "to fund major competitors and it wasn't intended to allow people to make D&D apps, videos, or anything other than printed (or printable) materials for use while gaming". In a statement to EN World, Dancey, former VP of Wizards of the Coast and the architect of OGL1.0, said, "my public opinion is that Hasbro does not have the power to deauthorize a version of the OGL. If that had been a power that we wanted to reserve for Hasbro, we would have enumerated it in the license. I am on record numerous places in email and blogs and interviews saying that the license could never be revoked".

Following an apology issued by Wizards of the Coast, the company released a new draft titled OGL 1.2 for public comment on January 19. It would have put some of the Dungeon & Dragons mechanics under a Creative Commons license, while other material would have been covered by OGL 1.2. For example, "specific classes, spells, and monsters" would have fallen under the proposed OGL 1.2 while "Alignment, Equipment, Feats, the use of Ability Scores, Combat Rules, how Spellcasting works, how monster stat blocks work, and Conditions will have been covered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International". Unlike the leaked OGL 1.1, the proposed OGL 1.2 contained "no royalty payment, no financial reporting, no license-back, no registration, no distinction between commercial and non-commercial". The proposed OGL 1.2 would have de-authorized the OGL1.0a; it would also be "irrevocable, although there's still a severability clause should a part of the license is held to be unenforceable or invalid". Along with the proposed OGL 1.2, Wizards released a separate virtual tabletop (VTT) policy.

On January 27, 2023, Wizards of the Coast announced that following feedback during the open comment for OGL1.2 they had decided to release the (SRD 5.1) under an irrevocable Creative Commons license (CC-BY-4.0) effective immediately and would no longer pursue deauthorizing the OGL1.0a.

Open Game License
Those individuals, groups and publishing companies that license their works under the OGL and similar documents are sometimes collectively referred to as the "open gaming movement". The OGL led to the development of the stand-alone Pathfinder Roleplaying Game which is a modified version of the 3.5 game. James Maliszewski, for The Escapist, commented that the OGL also helped launch the Old School Revival movement and that "by 2002, the idea of using the SRD to reverse engineer the out-of-print AD&D took root on Dragonsfoot and other old school forums".

Academics Benoît Demil and Xavier Lecocq, in the economic journal Revue d'économie industrielle in 2014, stated that the OGL had an immediate impact on the tabletop role-playing industry with an increase in new TTRP publications where the "majority of the new entrants adopted" the d20 license; d20 products sold at a higher rate than non-d20 products until the mid 2000s. It "was considered by WOTC's managers as a huge success due to the large movement of adoption it created among publishers". They also highlighted that the "success was amplified by the rise of electronic publishing".

Mike Whelan and Bob Tarantino, for Law Insider in 2021, commented that "the scope of the Open Game License is incredibly broad. The license is perpetual, worldwide, royalty-free, and not exclusive. You never have to worry about your license expiring or any jurisdictional issues. You never have to worry about making a single royalty payment even when you monetize your content". Tarantino attributed the OGL to part of the game's "tremendous audience growth" over the past twenty years.

Christopher B. Seaman and Thuan Tran, for the academic journal Iowa Law Review in 2022, highlighted that the release of the OGL "created a major shift in the RPG industry" and "led to a boom in the RPG industry in the early 2000s". They commented that "the emergence of open source licensing for RPGs facilitates user creativity and innovation, as dozens of D&D-compatible supplements have been created under the Open Game License".

Kit Walsh, a senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation in 2023, highlighted that roleplaying games have aspects that are copyrightable, such as creative expression, and aspects that are not, such as functional descriptions of game mechanics. Walsh commented that the original OGL "is very narrow" and includes "elements that are not copyrightable in the first place" – agreeing to the OGL "almost certainly means you have fewer [sic] rights to use elements of Dungeons and Dragons than you would otherwise. For example, absent this agreement, you have a legal right to create a work using noncopyrightable elements of D&D or making fair use of copyrightable elements". However, Walsh highlights the "primary benefit" is knowing the exact terms in order to not be sued by Wizards of the Coast and avoiding "having to prove your fair use rights or engage in an expensive legal battle over copyrightability in court". Walsh stated that "open licenses can involve a lot of legalese that makes them hard for a layperson to understand" and explained that "perpetual" and "irrevocable" are separate legal terms; while the OGL states it is perpetual, it does not state that it is irrevocable. In an update to the article, Walsh wrote that past statements by Wizards of the Coast make "very clear that Wizards always thought of this as a contract with obligations for both sides [...]. Unlike a bare license without consideration, an offer to contract like this cannot be revoked unilaterally once it has been accepted, under the law of Washington (where they are located) and other states". Walsh stated that works already published "under OGL 1.0a are entitled to the benefit Wizards of the Coast promised them under that contract. But Wizards can revoke the offer of the OGL 1.0a as to new potential users who haven't yet accepted its terms". Kyle Orland, for Ars Technica, highlighted Walsh's analysis and commented that the "legal situation is complicated a bit [...] by Section 9" of the original OGL as that clause states third party designers can "use any authorized version of this License to copy, modify and distribute any Open Game Content originally distributed under any version of this License". Orland stated that Section 9 coupled with statements made by Wizards of the Coast in the original 2001 FAQ, seem "to suggest that companies could continue using the old license to make products based on the old ruleset that was published under OGL v1.0a (even if upcoming rules changes are covered more directly by OGL v1.1)".

Leaked OGL1.1 draft
In November 2022, Game Rant commented that "many players are not happy with the implication" of the OGL discontinuation rumor as "tons of creators and companies have made their living on selling third-party Dungeons and Dragons homebrew. If Wizards of the Coast does not use the OGL in One D&D, many of these creators will be unable to make content for the evergreen system–or will at least have to tiptoe around the law by only using the 5th Edition SRD to do so". ComicBook.com highlighted that "while not creating a new System Reference Document for One D&D wouldn't snuff out third-party material, it would certainly discourage publishing or force publishers to turn to the DMs Guild" which "uses a separate license" and requires a 50% cut of the proceeds.

Following the statement released by Wizards of the Coast in December 2022, Christian Hoffer, for ComicBook.com, wrote: "Wizards noted that this royalty should impact less than 20 'creators,' which include major publishing companies like Kobold Press and Ghostfire Gaming". Chase Carter, for Dicebreaker, commented that "this vision of an updated OGL paves a path for Wizards of the Coast to muscle in on ultra-successful crowdfunding projects without crushing existing communities, which the blog post says are 'a critical part of the D&D experience'. It also said existing virtual tabletop agreements will not be affected by whatever shape the OGL takes, even though the company has announced their own version to launch close to OneD&D's release in 2024".

Linda Codega, for Io9 on January 5, 2023, wrote that "by ending the original OGL, many licensed publishers will have to completely overhaul their products and distribution in order to comply with the updated rules. Large publishers who focus almost exclusively on products based on the original OGL, including Paizo, Kobold Press, and Green Ronin, will be under pressure to update their business model incredibly fast". Codega highlighted that "if the original license is in fact no longer viable, every single licensed publisher will be affected by the new agreement, because every commercial creator will be asked to report their products, new and old, to Wizards of the Coast. [...] The main takeaway from the leaked OGL 1.1 draft document is that WotC is keeping power close at hand. [...] There are a lot of implications in this extended policy, and the ramifications of this updated OGL could have a chilling effect on new licensed products". Eric Law, for Game Rant, commented that this leak was causing "panic" among third-party publishers. Law stated that "the most concerning section of the legal document adds that Wizards of the Coast has full rights to any content created by the OGL. This would allow Dungeons and Dragons to take any homebrew content and publish it in official Dungeons and Dragons material without permission or compensation to the original creator". ICv2 commented that the leaked OGL has several controversial parts including prohibiting "commercial publication for virtual tabletop platforms" and that while it "grants ownership of the OGL works to their creator" it also "gives WotC the perpetual, irrevocable right to use their works in any way it sees fit without payment".

Christian Hoffer, for ComicBook.com in January 2023, stated that "if the OGL viewed by io9 is indeed the final OGL planned for One D&D, it would have seismic consequences for the thriving ecosystem that surrounds Dungeons & Dragons". Hoffer commented, "although it's debatable whether earlier versions of the OGL can actually be revoked or deauthorized [...], the intent of the new OGL is to force publishers to comply with the new OGL, with its easily revocable status and its tiered royalty structure". Charlie Hall, for Polygon, commented that "if enforced as written, io9 reports, it could put revenue streams for companies like Pathfinder maker Paizo, Kobold Press, Green Ronin, and others in jeopardy". Hall also highlighted that Kickstarter negotiated with Wizards of the Coast to lower the royalty amount for creators who use their platform. Hall wrote, "Kickstarter has recently seen increased competition from alternate crowdfunding outlets, including Gamefound and Backerkit. A partnership such as this, formally enshrined into the OGL 1.1, would encourage the largest D&D crowdfunding campaigns to use Kickstarter’s services. [...] Kickstarter confirmed to Polygon that it has discussed a plan with Wizards, but denies its direct involvement in the OGL 1.1".

In the days following the leak, IGN, Vice, The Guardian, Financial Times and many other industry focused outlets reported on negative reactions from both fans and professional content creators. ComicBook.com reported that it had "spoken with over 20 small to mid-sized creators who have said that in-progress projects set to be published under the OGL have been placed on hold due to" the terms in the leak. Many designers had also reported considering switching role-playing game systems entirely. As part of a grassroots campaign protesting against the reported terms of the new OGL, over  people have signed the "#OpenDND" internet petition within days of its launch. This included "several well-known D&D community members" such as "Baldur's Gate: Descent into Avernus writer M.T. Black, prominent D&D streamer Mark Hulmes (who recently ran a streaming show for Wizards of the Coast on D&D's streaming channel), and Mike Shea, publisher of Sly Flourish". There was also an online movement to cancel subscriptions to D&D Beyond; Io9 reported that per their sources at Wizards "the result of these cancellations and their impact on the bottom line of Wizards of the Coast is not negligible" and led to scrambling by upper management "to adjust their messaging around the situation". Starburst commented that "historically when the owners of Dungeons and Dragons attempt to restrict what people can do with the game, it leads to a boom in other tabletop roleplaying games. This is happening right now". Both Kobold Press and MCDM Productions announced upcoming new tabletop RPG systems with both stating their respective systems would be open games. Paizo then announced a new Open RPG Creative License (ORC), an open, perpetual, and irrevocable system-agnostic license, as a direct response to the reported changes to the OGL. They stated that the license would not be owned by Paizo or any RPG publisher, to protect against future attempts to modify or rescind it. Additional publishers, such as Kobold Press, Chaosium, Green Ronin, Legendary Games, and Rogue Genius Games, will be part of the ORC development process. Another initiative is from Free League Publishing, which announced two licenses, for its Year Zero game system and another for its upcoming fantasy RPG Dragonbane.

On January 13, 2023, Wizards issued a response via D&D Beyond; this response did not contain the updated OGL which will be released at a later date. The statement walked back several changes to the OGL such as removing the royalty structure and the license back language and indicated that other forms of expression, such as VTTs and livestreams, would not be impacted by the updated OGL. ComicBook.com commented that "the statement did not address whether the new OGL would attempt to 'de-authorize' previous versions of the OGL". Io9 stated that "there will be no backing down entirely for Wizards of the Coast. They've committed too much time, money, and effort into their IP to allow it to be written off totally under the OGL 1.0(a) and the suits in Hasbro will not allow everyone to make off with their name and numbers. [...] Wizards of the Coast is doing some incredible spin doctoring in order to lay the groundwork to try to salvage the situation that they find themselves in". Polygon highlighted that "despite Wizards' apparent course change, response on Twitter to the publisher's statement seems just as strongly negative as the blowback to its proposed changes to the OGL". Polygon also pointed out that much remains unknown including "how a near-final draft of the revised OGL got things so very, very wrong".

Proposed OGL1.2 draft
Edwin Evans-Thirlwell, for The Washington Post, wrote that "pushback from fans, who criticized WotC’s response as far from an apology and a dismissal of their legitimate concerns, led WotC to backpedal further. A second bulletin Wednesday [on January 18] included more details about the path forward, along with a mea culpa from [Kyle] Brink, the executive producer, on behalf of his team". Evans-Thirlwell highlighted the release of the proposed OGL 1.2 which will have open comment available for two weeks, however, "some say the damage is already done. [...] Whether you view the original OGL as a mystic talisman or smoke-and-mirrors, WotC appears to have committed an irreversible act of self-sabotage in trying to replace it — squandering the prestige accumulated over 20 years in a matter of weeks". Linda Codega, for Io9, wrote that "the commitment to create an irrevocable license under the Creative Commons foundation seems like a good step towards making that happen, and it would not have occurred if Dungeons & Dragons creators, influencers, fans, and third party publishers had universally come together to reject the proposed OGL 1.1". They also highlighted that Wizards continues to have "a firm stance on bigoted and hateful content—something that people praised in the leaked draft". The proposed OGL1.2 would ban "harmful, discriminatory, or illegal content" which Codega views as a good idea, however, Codega commented "in the wake of Spelljammer 's inclusion and public treatment of the Hadozee, it remains to be seen if D&D is even capable of moderating this kind of content in a way that will be respectful, inclusive, and progressive".

Both Codega and Christian Hoffer, for ComicBook.com, highlighted that the proposed OGL1.2 would de-authorize OGL1.0a. Hoffer commented that de-authorization is "one major sticking point" as it is "seen as a hard line for many creators and third party publishers". Hoffer wrote that Brink framed de-authorization as necessary to enforce the "'No Hateful or Harmful Content' clause in the new OGL". Kyle Orland, for Ars Technica, stated that "aside from the OGL v1.0a deauthorization, the new draft language scales back many of the most controversial portions of the original leaked update [...]. The new draft language also explicitly notes that the new license is 'perpetual, non-exclusive, and irrevocable,' with only a few technical sections being eligible for modification in the future".

Creative Commons
On January 27, 2023, Wizards of the Coast outlined the feedback received from over 15,000 survey submissions during the open comment for OGL1.2: "88% do not want to publish TTRPG content under OGL 1.2", "89% are dissatisfied with deauthorizing OGL 1.0a", "86% are dissatisfied with the draft VTT policy" and "62% are satisfied with including Systems Reference Document (SRD) content in Creative Commons, and the majority of those who were dissatisfied asked for more SRD content in Creative Commons". As a result, Wizards decided to release the SRD 5.1 under an irrevocable Creative Commons license; it would also no longer attempt to deauthorize the OGL 1.0a. Milton Griepp, for ICv2, reported that the events had led to an overwhelmingly negative response, constituting a PR disaster for Wizards of the Coast. Griepp commented that "it remains to be seen whether the steps WotC has taken will be sufficient to unwind the moves other companies have made to disassociate themselves from the OGL, most notably Paizo".

Christian Hoffer, for ComicBook.com, stated that "this is a major change of pace for Wizards of the Coast and seems to be a surprising end to a controversy that had raged for weeks, drawing attention from mainstream news sites. It's a huge victory for the wider D&D community". Charlie Hall, for Polygon, also highlighted the major mainstream news coverage this controversy received and the possibility that it may have an impact on the success of upcoming film Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves, scheduled for release in March 2023. Linda Codega, for Io9 in January 2023, wrote that the deauthorization of the OGL 1.0a had been a hard line for many fans so "concessions Wizards and D&D make in this announcement are huge" and that "this is a huge victory for the fans". Codega highlighted Kyle Brink, Executive Producer for D&D, who stated "that putting the entire 400-page SRD into the Creative Commons means that fans don't need to 'take [Dungeons & Dragons’] word for it.' That Brink would explicitly acknowledge the lack of trust between fans and publishers and Wizards of the Coast is incredible".

In May 2024, Linda Codega now of Rascal commented that it appeared the Open Game License would not return following Wizards of the Coast's announcement that the revised 5th Edition would have an SRD released under the Creative Commons – a move they considered both "fascinating" and "sad". Codega opined that "the Open Game License was genuinely a revolutionary contract—established two years before the Creative Commons license was developed—and tabletop games across the board, not just D&D, benefited from the free and unrestricted usage granted in the OGL. The OGL should have been the contract to stand the test of time as a testament to the power of open source licensing for intellectual property. But then, as with most good things that are given away in the spirit of joyous creativity and hope for community, capitalism happened. [...] The commitment to putting the updated D&D rules into the Creative Commons rather than trying to re-establish the OGL or even establish another GSL-alike is, in my opinion, a good decision".

title: Open Game License


text:
Talk:TI99/4A

Does anyone want to merge the information in this article with Texas Instruments TI-99/4A? Tregoweth 17:52, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * I merged the content. I tried to make it as readable as possible without losing content.  How did I do?. --Timc 14:53, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:TI99/4A


text:
Talk:Allodial

I've tried to tidy this page up a little. Allodial land and "fee simple" are quite different concepts and arise in different situations, at least in English law. I am guessing that the two have merged in US law, because of the revolution. The difference is quite real in England, and since this is an international encyplopedia I thought it useful to make that distinction.

More help on this entry, particularly on what has happened in the US, would be useful.

Francis Davey 17:53, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The two are distinct in the United States, as well, and there is no allodial ownership of property here. There were several attempts, after the Revolution, to pass laws casting the allodium upon tenants of freeholds (see, e.g., Thomas Jefferson), but I am not aware of a single instance where such a law was actually carried into effect, nor of any State where the allodium is held to belong, by law, to any other than the State itself.

--CDJones 12:51, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Allodial tenure
"Allodial" being an adjective, the proper title of this entry is Allodial tenure, which draws attention to the fact that its natural place is as a subsection of Land tenure. It's all too easy to break apart entries into meaningless constituent fragments. This entry doesn't stand on its own, apart from its context in the very brief entry at Land tenure. I hesitate to add a "merge" tag. What do y'all think? --Wetman 17:14, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I wrote most of the land tenure article, but since in England and Wales there is no allodial land it is meaningless to talk of "the allodium" and we do not in our law. I therefore did not know what to put. I am hoping someone who knows more about a system which does have allodial land or for which there is a meaningful notion of "allodium" can assist. Francis Davey 14:30, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

FD, I would say that your description is a description of the practice but not of the principle. This article being the technical sort, I think a better description would be, English Law recognises allods but there are no allods at the present time (or ever? though I wouldn't be surprised if some were created and later abolished, e.g. for the Church before the Statute of Mortmain).

The thing is, allods could be issued, and then the derived feudal concepts would flow through the common law and take actual effect. Since this has always been considered undesirable, and the powers that be had more say in the matter than in many places, none were ever created. This would be something of a quibble elsewhere on wikipedia, but I think not here.

Or is there some specific part of English law that actually prevents allods? I'm not thinking of attempts at entrenchment that say "thou shalt not create allods", but something that makes them inconsistent with the rest of the structure. The latter would be far harder to unravel than the former. P.M.Lawrence.

There is no means by which an allodh could be conveyed. A deed cannot be a deed without habendum et tenendum, and tenendum creates tenancy, not ownership. Setting that difficulty aside, none but the Crown would have an allodh to convey in any case. CDJones 08:33, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Well, you have all lost me -- and I am an expert on English legal history, so perhaps we can help each other out a little. In particular I am stumped to know what on earth an "allod" is, I've never heard of it. Since I (amongst other things) read the Year Books in bed etc, I would have expected to run across the word.

To explain: in English law absolutely all land has a Lord. No land can be without a Lord. Historically if a Lord died without heirs he would be replaced (as Lord) by the next Lord up the chain of feudal tenure, at the top of which is the Monarch. The Monarch is therefore Lord of all the land in England. She does not "have" something called an "allod" to convey -- she cannot convey any part of her interest as supreme Lord to anyone else.

Since, axiomatically, no land can be without a Lord, there is no allodial land in England (or Wales).

The Monarch can enfeoff land, creating a feudal tenant-in-chief and that is, historically, how the Crown disposed of much of its land. Alternatively the Monarch can manufacture a fee simple state out of land it holds and then grant that to someone else. Since Quia Emptores subinfeudation has been impossible, and the Monarch no longer creates tenancies (as in tenure) out of her land, so that nowadays all land is ultimately: (1) demesne of the Crown; or (2) held of the Crown in Common Socage (probably the only surviving feudal tenure -- though I have niggling doubts about frankalmoin which was never abolished).

Don't confuse the system of tenure (which is now very simple with probably a single Lord of whom all land is either demesne or a tenancy in chief) with the system of estates -- such as fee simple, fee tail, which are carved out of the tenure. Estates are granted (and conveyed). The Monarch has quite a lot of land which is fee simple (there is an argument as to whether Buckingham Palace is or is not fee simple land). Since the idea of allodial land relates to tenure, not estates, it should not be spoken of with fee simple in a similar breath.

I am pretty sure that all Common Law countries outside England have drastically simplified this.

Does that help clarify things?

Francis Davey 22:12, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

1) The monarch is no one's feudatory; the Crown's land is owned outright, not held.

2) We're just bouncing around among languages, here.  Allodium is to feudum, as allodh is to feodh, as allod (if P.M. Lawrence is correct) is to feud.  If you don't mind taking Blackstone to bed, you can find the words (all except allod) in the footnotes in the second volume.

3) My understanding of Quia Emptores is, it forbade anyone else setting up subinfeudations; it did not touch the Crown's power to do so.

4) Estates are not "carved out of the tenure"; the tenure is an inseparable part of each estate.  Since Quia Emptores, however, this doesn't mean as much as it once did.  On the other side, I'm not sure it means anything to speak of estates in that which is owned outright.

5) I had thought, for some reason, that there were still some flavors of copyhold tenure floating around here and there.

6) You'd be surprised how much remains unsimplified.  It's just taken as read, here, that the States stand in the Crown's stead.

CDJones 05:34, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Allodial


text: Talk:Pace University

title: Talk:Pace University


text:
Outaouais

Outaouais (, ; also commonly called The Outaouais) is a region of western Quebec, Canada. It includes the city of Gatineau, the municipality of Val-des-Monts, the municipality of Cantley and the Papineau region. Geographically, it is located on the north side of the Ottawa River opposite Canada's capital, Ottawa. It has a land area of 30457.52 km2 and its population was 405,158 inhabitants as of 2021.

From 2017 to 2021, the Outaouais has a lower per capita disposable income than the rest of Quebec.

It was $32,364 in 2021, compared to $34,180 in Quebec overall.

In 2021, the unfavourable margin remained stable at 5.3%.

History
The name of the region comes from the French name for the Ottawa River, which in turn comes from the French name for the Indigenous Odawa that lived near the region. Prior to European arrival in the region, the areas along the Ottawa River were commonly used by various tribes to trade and gather.

The oldest European settlement in the region is Hull (now a neighbourhood of Gatineau) which was founded in 1800 by Philemon Wright as Wright's Town. The settlement quickly became involved in the lumber trade, which continued along the Ottawa River until the late 20th century. None of the original town buildings remain today, as they were destroyed in the 1900 Hull–Ottawa fire. Hull remained a city until 2002, when it was merged with several neighboring cities to form the current city of Gatineau.

Demography
For the next few years, the Outaouais is predicted to enjoy continuous demographic increase.

From 2021 to 2026, the region's population is predicted to expand faster than the rest of Quebec (+4.8% against +4.2%).

Longer-term projections show that the region's population will expand faster than Quebec's for each following five-year period.

Year after year, the Outaouais' net migration (inflows minus outflows) with other areas is positive.

Yet, for the first time in 20 years, the area had negative net migration in 2020-2021.

Historically, the Outaouais area averaged positive inter-regional migration balances, gaining 541 residents each year for a net rate of +0.14% from 2016 to 2021.

Interregional migration rate

 * 2016-2017 : 0,16 %
 * 2017-2018 : 0,25 %
 * 2018-2019 : 0,19 %
 * 2019-2020 : 0,12 %
 * 2020-2021 : -0,01 %

Economy
In 2021, the situation on the Outaouais labour market has improved. Employment increased by 9,500 positions.

The participation rate increased to 63.7%. The negative gap between the region's participation rate and that of Quebec narrowed from 1.0 to 0.4 percentage points.

The employment rate increased to 60.2% in the region. The region now has an employment rate comparable to that of Quebec (60.1%).

Since 1999, the Outaouais has generally had a lower unemployment rate than Quebec as a whole. In 2021, this trend continued; the unemployment rate decreased by 2.5 percentage points to 5.6%, compared to 6.1% for Quebec as a whole. This decrease is explained by the improvement in employment.

The Outaouais' industrial structure matches its mission, which is concentrated on government services. As a result, the economy is heavily geared towards the service sector.

In 2021, the primary sector in the Outaouais accounted for a lower proportion of jobs than the primary sector in Quebec as a whole (1.4% vs. 2.2%).

Also, the manufacturing sector employed fewer people than the rest of Quebec (4.0% vs. 11.3%).

Nonetheless, the construction sector employed more people in the Outaouais (8.4%) than in Quebec overall (6.7%).

The region's economy is dominated by tertiarization. The tertiary sector's percentage of total employment (86.1%) is substantially larger than that reported in Quebec overall (79.7%). This finding is explained by the significance of public services.

In 2021, the Outaouais would account for 4.7% of Quebec's population and 4.6% of its jobs.

First Nations Reserves

 * Kitigan Zibi
 * Rapid Lake

Major communities

 * Cantley
 * Chelsea
 * Déléage
 * Gatineau
 * Gracefield
 * L'Ange-Gardien
 * La Pêche
 * Maniwaki
 * Mansfield-et-Pontefract
 * Papineauville
 * Pontiac
 * Saint-André-Avellin
 * Thurso
 * Val-des-Monts

Francophone

 * Centre de services scolaire au Cœur-des-Vallées
 * Centre de services scolaire des Draveurs
 * Centre de services scolaire des Hauts-Bois-de-l'Outaouais
 * Centre de services scolaire des Portages-de-l'Outaouais

Anglophone

 * Western Québec School Board

title: Outaouais


text:
Talk:Counter-Strike (video game)

Cash for planting bomb
I have removed the part where it says that planting the bomb gives the player $1800, for that has been removed since v1.5.

When the round time expires without the bomb being successfully planted and detonating, the Counter-Terrorists win (Not applicable to Counter-Strike: Source, when the bomb is planted, the round time disappears)

That is false - since a steam update the round time disappears in CS 1.6, too.

Duplicate Sections
There is right now two realism sections, both of them are cover similar topics, they should be either merged or one should be removed

Typo in Controversy Section
The quote: You can rehearse these type of massacres on simulators which are called video games and you can...therefor made more proficient in doing this." There is an 'e' at the end of therefore, should I correct this or is the quote intentionally spelt wrong?

Famous?
"Counter Strike is famous for the culture surrounding it, which includes everything from professional gamers and leagues, to excessive cheating and disruptive behavior."

Can someone verify this sentence?

Source

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20010417054620/http://www.feedmag.com/templates/videogame_article.php3?a_id=1613

1.6
CS 1.6 is referred to as a alternative name in the lead, and once in the article when comparing it to CS:Source, without actually ever explaining what it is, its significance, or how it differentiates from Source, skipping straight to the criticism of its differences. That's both unhelpful and unencyclopedic, surely there are a plethora of sources talking about it at length that could help expand this sorry article? -- jonas (talk) 00:53, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

Inclusion of "One of the Best Video Games Ever Made"
Since the editors here are being particularly picky and deleting my completely legitimate inclusion (As per its inclusion in the Wikipedia list of "Games Considered the Best of All Time", as well as having numerous citations backing it up), I'll leave it here for someone to pick up.

It is often cited as one of the best video games ever made. MutedL (talk) 04:05, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi @MutedL, couple of notes. If you want to add some of this content, it might be helpful to expand the Reception section first. The lead is supposed to reflect what the article says, and right now there's only one sentence about Gamespot's list. Second, it's inclusion on the article about greatest games isn't necessarily a guarantee that it gets added here--although I agree that it's helpful because there's a ton of links on that other page. It would be good to expand this page with some of the reasons why it's considered the best, instead of just a link to that page. Alyo  (chat·edits) 04:26, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Counter-Strike (video game)


text:
Talk:History of rugby union

Untitled
See also Talk:Rugby football Talk:Rugby Union

Demarcation
I'm a bit uneasy about this page being called "History of Rugby Union", as it appropriates the common history of both kinds of Rugby. I mean when the Northern Rugby Union broke away, the intention was not to create a totally different sport, it was simply to allow professionalism. So I think this page should be called "History of Rugby" or "History of Rugby Football". Grant65 (Talk) 18:05, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * No, after the split the two carried on separately. We need to mention here stuff like South Africa and apartheid and the naughty tours, The stuff in the Sout of France with the Vichy government, how several players died during the war, etc. "History of Rugby" would also be bad as it would refer to the town. Dunc_Harris|☺ 22:15, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * added abit about Vichy, as you suggest.Grinner 10:14, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)

What should be on what page is being discussed on Talk:Rugby football Philip Baird Shearer 09:32, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The modern age
I can see why some of the league specific section in the modern era were removed, however unless we have a couple of lines like I just added it may appear the union has succeede in killing league, which it patently hasn't. In fact the growth of amteru rl (up 94%) is mainly due to the ending of union sanctions, particluarly in southern england and in UK schools. Grinner 09:23, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Its OK by me. But I am going to revert the tense of the sentence starting The Union clubs and national teams to the present tense because they are still benefiting. Philip Baird Shearer 14:10, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Opinions wanted
Contributors to this page and interested readers, please help adjudicate the controversy at Talk:Rutgers_University. Thanks.Grant65 (Talk) 08:40, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

Historic scoring system
hi

does anyone know the source for the table under 'Scoring'? Are there more specific dates available? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.36.248.70 (talk • contribs) 21:51, 20 December, 2014

title: Talk:History of rugby union


text:
Talk:Palais des Papes

Untitled
If someone with more knowledge could update the captions on the photos to be more precise, that would be great. I took these photos four years ago and don't remember exactly which parts of the Palais des Papes they represent.

Photos
The subtitle of the first picture of a statue at the top of a tower is wrong. The tower belongs to a church standing next to the palace. The church itself was built later after popes left Avignon and is not a part of the palace at all. The palace's church (in fact two churches) are integral part of the building and very little of them is seen from outside. They are to the right from the main entrance. In the time popes lived in Avignon the palace was ment as a fortress aswell and this purpose led to very little to be seen from outside. Imho I would remove the first picture from this article. The second is ok and actually shows the nicest exterior part of the palace. David

 * Yes, you're quite right. It's actually of the cathedral of Notre Dame des Doms. I've removed the image and will fix the contributor's caption. -- ChrisO 23:18, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Translation from French article
I have taken on the task of translating material from the French article to this English article. Seeing as the French version is a featured article of considerable length and depth, this may take some time! Happypup398 (talk) 08:12, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Palais des Papes


text:
Hayne van Ghizeghem

Hayne van Ghizeghem (c. 1445 – 1476 to 1497) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the early Renaissance Burgundian School.

While many of his works have survived, little is known about his life. He was probably born in Gijzegem (near Aalst, in modern Belgium). His musical talent must have been noticed early by Charles, Count of Charolais (later to become Charles the Bold) because there is a record of his being personally assigned to a teacher by him; in 1467 he is shown in the Burgundian employment records as being a singer. In addition, he was named along with Adrien Basin and Antoine Busnois as "chantre et valet de chambre" to Charles, indicating the special regard in which he was held.

In addition to serving as a singer and composer, he evidently served as a soldier as well, for there is a record of purchase of military equipment for him, prior to the campaign against Liège by Charles. Charles took his musicians along with him on his campaigns, because he loved music as much as war, and insisted on entertainment; however Hayne was the only one of his famous musicians known to be also outfitted as a soldier. He is known to have been at the Siege of Beauvais in 1472, where Charles was decisively repulsed by the French, and Hayne was long presumed by scholars to have been killed in that battle. However, recent research into his surviving compositions indicates that some may have been produced after 1472, especially because they seem to show stylistic development beyond the ones that can be definitively dated to 1472 or before. Current scholarship suggests he may have survived the siege, and gone to work at the court of France. That such a distinguished singer and composer worked for France's bitter rival would have been an offense easy to forgive, for Burgundian musicians of the time were highly prized.

Hayne is principally known as a composer of chansons, and most of these are rondeaux. Two in particular—Allez regrets, and De tous biens plaine—were so famous in late 15th-century Europe that they appeared in 25 separate sources, many dating from before the invention of printing, and they were used as source material for many later compositions by other composers. Almost all of his works are for three voices; they are simple and clear in texture, in the typical manner of the Burgundian school; and the melodic voice is the highest.

Eleven pieces can be definitively attributed to Hayne, though numerous similar works classified as "anonymous" may actually be compositions of his. The entire collection has been edited and published in Corpus mensurabilis musicae, vol. lxxiv (1977), by B. Hudson.

References and further reading

 * Louise Litterick: "Hayne van Ghizeghem", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  ISBN 1-56159-174-2
 * Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4
 * Clemens Goldberg: "Was zitiert Compere; Zitat, Topos, Zitat und Paraphrase in den Regrets-Chansons von Hayne van Ghizeghem und Loyset Compère, Bärenreiter 1996, p. 88-99. Download
 * Clemens Goldberg: "Was zitiert Compere; Zitat, Topos, Zitat und Paraphrase in den Regrets-Chansons von Hayne van Ghizeghem und Loyset Compère, Bärenreiter 1996, p. 88-99. Download

title: Hayne van Ghizeghem


text:
Communist Party in Sweden

Kommunistiska Partiet i Sverige (Communist Party in Sweden) was a pro-Albanian communist party in Sweden. KPS was formed in 1982. It was dissolved in 1993.

In 1978 a pro-Albanian group had broken away from the Communist Party of Sweden. This group formed Norrköpings Kommunistiska Förening (Communist Association of Norrköping). In 1979 NKF merged with Stockholms Kommunistiska Enhetsgrupp to form Sveriges Kommunistiska Förbund - ml (Communist League of Sweden - ml). The magazine Kommunisten started publication in 1979. SKF-ml founded Organisationen för skapandet av Kommunistiska Partiet i Sverige (Organization for the creation of the Communist Party in Sweden) in October 1981. This organization later gave birth to KPS.

The leader of KPS was Anders Persson.

The youth league of KPS was called Ungkommunisterna i Sverige (Young Communists in Sweden). KPS maintained a publishing house called Kommunistiska Arbetarförlaget (Communist Workers Publishing House).

A series of expulsions 1983-1984 led to the refoundation of the NKF.

KPS considered parties like VPK, APK and KPML(r) as revisionist. The latter was described as the "left-wing alibi of Moscow in Sweden". KPS urged communists to struggle against both the United States and the USSR.

Gradually KPS started to distance itself from the Albanian line, somewhat similar to the development of the Nicaraguan MAP-ML.

In 1989 KPS suffered a major split, with a large section leaving the party. The splinters started a magazine called Vänstertidningen (Left Magazine), which was supposed to be a broader non-party marxist, socialist and ecologist forum. It disappeared rapidly.

The publication Kommunisten was later fused with Kommunistiska Arbetartidningen of Sveriges Kommunistiska Parti (Marxist-Leninisterna) to form Nya Arbetartidningen.

title: Communist Party in Sweden


text:
Surfside

Surfside may refer to:

Places

 * United States
 * Surfside, California or Surfside Colony
 * Surfside, Florida
 * Surfside, Massachusetts
 * Surfside Beach, Texas
 * Surfside Beach, South Carolina

Other uses

 * Surfside condominium building collapse in June 2021
 * Surfside (horse), a racehorse
 * Surfside Buslines, a public transport operator on the Gold Coast of Australia
 * Surfside 6, a detective television series that aired on ABC from 1960 to 1962

title: Surfside


text:
Chuck Finley

Charles Edward Finley (born November 26, 1962) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He pitched from 1986 to 2002 for three teams in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily with the California Angels (later renamed the Anaheim Angels). After a 14-year tenure with the Angels, he played for the Cleveland Indians for two-and-a-half seasons, then was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals and played there for a half-season. Listed at 6 ft and 220 lb, he threw and batted left-handed. During a 17-year major-league career, Finley compiled 200 wins, 2,610 strikeouts, and a 3.85 earned run average. He holds multiple Angels team records for a career, including games started (379), wins (165), losses (140), and innings pitched (2,675).

Baseball career
Finley was born in Monroe, Louisiana, and pitched for West Monroe High School. After first playing college baseball for Louisiana Tech University, he transferred to Northeast Louisiana University. His ability to pitch for more than two or three innings was initially limited by mechanical issues, as his delivery at this time was "crude" and inconsistent. He was selected by the California Angels in the 15th round of the 1984 MLB draft, held in June, but he did not sign. The Angels chose Finley again with the fourth overall pick of the secondary phase of the draft, held in January 1985. After pitching for Northeast Louisiana during the spring, he signed with the Angels by late May.

Finley began his professional baseball career in 1985 with the minor league Salem Angels, a Class A Short Season team in the Northwest League. In 18 appearances, all in relief, he recorded a 4.66 earned run average (ERA) and a 3–1 win–loss record while earning five saves. In 1986, he made 10 relief appearances for the Quad Cities Angels of the Class A Midwest League, allowing only four hits and no earned runs in 12 innings pitched while striking out 16 batters and notching six saves. He was called up to the major-league Angels in late May.

California Angels / Anaheim Angels
Finley made his MLB debut with the Angels on May 29, 1986, during a 7–4 loss to the Detroit Tigers. In relief of starting pitcher Don Sutton, Finley allowed two runs on two hits in one inning pitched. He also recorded his first major-league strikeout, coming against Pat Sheridan. Finley made a total of 25 appearances, all in relief, with the 1986 Angels, pitching to a 3.30 ERA and a 3–1 record while striking out 37 batters in $46 1/3$ innings. In his only postseason appearances with the Angels, Finley played in three games of the 1986 American League Championship Series against the Boston Red Sox, allowing just one hit in two innings pitched.

Finley pitched to a 2–7 record with a 4.67 ERA in 1987, appearing in 35 games including three starts at the end of the season. The 32 relief appearances he made were the last of his major league career, as he was subsequently used exclusively as a starter. During 1988, Finley made 31 starts, accruing a 9–15 record with 4.17 ERA. His first MLB win as a starting pitcher came on April 13, a 5–2 win over the Chicago White Sox, and later that month he recorded his first complete game, a 6–1 win over the Toronto Blue Jays on April 30.

Finley was selected to the MLB All-Star Game in both 1989 and 1990. In the former season, he was 16–9 in 29 starts with a 2.57 ERA, while in the latter season he was 18–9 with a career-low 2.40 ERA in 32 starts. He received one vote in 1990 Cy Young Award balloting for the American League (AL), with the award going to Bob Welch of the Oakland Athletics. Finley again was 18–9 in 1991, albeit with a higher ERA of 3.80. His ERA further increased to 3.96 in 1992, and his record fell to 7–12.

Finley led the major leagues in complete games in 1993, with 13, en route to a 16–14 record with a 3.15 ERA in a career-high $251 1/3$ innings pitched. In the strike-shortened 1994 season, he led the AL in starts (25) and innings pitched ($183 1/3$) while going 10–10 with a 4.32 ERA. Finley was selected to his third and fourth MLB All-Star Games in 1995 and 1996, winning 15 games each season, against 12 losses in 1995 with a 4.21 ERA, and 16 losses in 1996 with a 4.16 ERA. Finley became a free agent for the first time following the 1995 season, and was re-signed by the Angels.

In 1997, the team changed its name from California Angels to Anaheim Angels. During spring training, Finley was struck by a bat and sustained a broken orbital bone under his right eye. He made two rehabilitation starts, with the Class A-Advanced Lake Elsinore Storm of the California League. For the major-league season, he registered a 4.23 ERA and 13–6 record with the Angels. In 1998, he was 11–9 with a 3.39 ERA. During the 1999 season, Finley made 33 starts, compiling a 12–11 record with a 4.43 ERA. Finley also became the first pitcher in major league history to record four strikeouts in a single inning more than once, accomplishing the feat for the Angels on May 12 and August 15; he later accomplished it for a third time on April 16, 2000. He remains the only player to do it 3 times in his career.

After the 1999 season, Finley again became a free agent, and did not return to the Angels. In his 14 seasons with the team, he accrued an overall record of 165–140 with 3.72 ERA in 2,675 innings pitched; he won 15 or more games six times and pitched over 200 innings eight times.

Cleveland Indians
Finley signed with the Cleveland Indians in mid-December 1999. In 2000, he went 16–11 with a 4.17 ERA and was named an MLB All-Star for the fifth and final time of his career. In January 2001, Finley underwent arthroscopic knee surgery, and went on the disabled list twice during the season for neck and shoulder spasms. He made two rehabilitation appearances with the Akron Aeros of the Double-A Eastern League, and in 22 appearances with Cleveland posted an 8–7 record with a 5.54 ERA. In the 2001 American League Division Series, Finley started two games against the Seattle Mariners, losing both and pitching to a 7.27 ERA. In 2002, he was 4–11 in 18 starts for Cleveland with a 4.44 ERA before being traded.

St. Louis Cardinals
Finley was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals on July 19, 2002, for minor-league outfielder Luis Garcia and a player to be named later. Outfielder Coco Crisp was sent to Cleveland in early August to complete the deal, making his MLB debut later that month. Finley went 7–4 with a 3.80 ERA in 14 starts through the remainder of the season. In the 2002 postseason, Finley started one game of the 2002 National League Division Series, getting a no decision as the Cardinals swept the Arizona Diamondbacks. In the 2002 National League Championship Series, he won his only start, a 5–4 win over the San Francisco Giants in Game 3, as the Cardinals were eliminated in five games.

In November 2002, Finley filed for free agency. He remained unsigned into the 2003 season, and did not play again professionally. Overall, during his 17 seasons in MLB, Finley compiled a record of 200–173 with a 3.85 ERA and 1.376 WHIP. Defensively, he had a .907 fielding percentage, while offensively he had three hits in 53 at bats for an .057 batting average. He was only ejected from two MLB games, one each in 1990 and 1991.

Finely became eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame on the 2008 Baseball Hall of Fame ballot, but only received one vote and fell off the ballot.

Personal life
, Finley lives in Newport Beach, California.

Marriage
Finley was married to actress Tawny Kitaen from 1997 to 2002. They had two daughters. Finley and Kitaen were featured together in the 1999 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.

On April 4, 2002, Finley filed for divorce three days after Kitaen was charged with committing domestic violence against him, twisting his ear and having beaten him repeatedly with a stiletto heel in the arm, leg and foot while he was driving a car in Orange County, California, two weeks earlier. In the divorce filings, he stated, "I am fearful that (Kitaen)... will harm herself or will harm others, including me or including my children." He received a temporary restraining order preventing her from seeing him and he received temporary custody of the children. During hearings on the domestic violence charge of spousal abuse, Kitaen initially pleaded not guilty but admitted that she was addicted to prescription medications which she had taken for two years for migraines, and voluntarily entered both substance abuse treatment and anger management classes for 52 weeks to get the charges dropped. Tawny Finley, in a declaration to the Orange County Superior Court, claimed Finley used steroids, among other drugs. She also claimed he bragged about being able to circumvent MLB's testing policy. When told of his wife's accusations, which also included heavy marijuana use and alcohol abuse, Finley replied: "I can't believe she left out the cross-dressing."

As Finley took the mound for a April 16, 2002, road game against the Chicago White Sox, the Comiskey Park musical director took a subtle dig at Finley's messy divorce, and played "Here I Go Again" by the band Whitesnake, referencing Kitaen's appearance in that band's videos and her previous marriage to the band's lead singer, David Coverdale. Lasting only $1 2/3$ innings, Finley gave up nine runs (eight earned) including two home runs. The musical director was later fired, and the White Sox apologized.

Finley's third daughter was born in 2007 from a relationship at the time.

In popular culture
In the show Burn Notice, the character Sam Axe, played by Bruce Campbell, frequently uses the alias Chuck Finley (or Charles Finley for more sophisticated circumstances), which is said to be chosen by Sam because he successfully bet on Chuck Finley many times. Reportedly, Campbell's father was once friends with a coworker also named Chuck Finley.

Honors
Finley became eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame as of 2008; he received one vote, and was dropped from future consideration for falling below the 5% threshold required to remain on the ballot.

Finley was inducted to the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 2006. In November 2007, the Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks baseball program (known as Northeast Louisiana when Finley played there) retired Finley's no. 31 jersey; he was previously inducted to the university's hall of fame in 1996. Finley was inducted to the Angels Hall of Fame on August 27, 2009.

title: Chuck Finley


text:
User:Duncharris/Qotd

This is being used as a sandbox

Quote of the Day, from Wikiquote — http://www.wikiquote.org

 * And the trouble is, if you don't risk anything, you risk even more.
 * (Erica Jong, (born 1942) American author and educator — More quotes from Jong)

Today's date is:

29/July/2024

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title: User:Duncharris/Qotd