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Interstate 376

Interstate 376 (I-376) is a major auxiliary route of the Interstate Highway System in the US state of Pennsylvania, located within the Allegheny Plateau. It runs from I-80 near Sharon south and east to a junction with the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76, its parent) in Monroeville, after having crossed the Pennsylvania Turnpike at an interchange in Big Beaver. The route serves Pittsburgh and its surrounding areas and is the main access road to Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT). Portions of the route are known as the Beaver Valley Expressway, Southern Expressway, and Airport Parkway. Within Allegheny County, the route runs along the majority of the Penn-Lincoln Parkway, known locally as Parkway West and Parkway East. It is currently the ninth-longest auxiliary Interstate route in the system and second only to I-476 within Pennsylvania.

I-376 is signed east–west despite running north–south for nearly three-quarters of its length; however, it does run east–west through the majority of Allegheny County. This is because, until 2009, the route's western terminus was at I-279 in Downtown Pittsburgh; it was extended west and north to I-80 to give the corridor a single route designation. Despite the route's direction, it serves as a major artery through Pittsburgh's West End, with I-79 being the primary route through Pittsburgh's North Hills. Since its 2009 extension, the route has also served as a major way to access Northeast Ohio.

A 16 mi stretch of the Beaver Valley Expressway, officially named the James E. Ross Highway, from exit 15 where I-376 ends its brief concurrency with U.S. Route 422 (US 422) to exit 31 where I-376 has its first interchange with Pennsylvania Route 51 (PA 51), is tolled and is maintained by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC), while the remainder of the highway is maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT). Near the airport, I-376 also has a business loop.

Beaver Valley Expressway and Airport Parkway
I-376 begins at a cloverleaf interchange with I-80 and PA 760 located 4 mi east of Ohio within the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau. From there, it travels in a southerly direction on the Beaver Valley Expressway, a four-lane freeway with a wide grass median. Paralleling PA 18, I-376 has its first interchange with that state highway in West Middlesex.

I-376 soon meets US 422 and forms an overlap with that highway along the west side of New Castle. After an interchange with US 224 in Union Township, I-376 eastbound splits from US 422 at a trumpet interchange southwest of the city in Taylor Township. At this point, I-376 becomes a toll road officially named the James E. Ross Highway.

I-376 continues southward, still paralleled by PA 18 and the Beaver River to the east. Shortly after entering Beaver County near Koppel, the route connects to its parent route I-76 (Pennsylvania Turnpike) for the first time at an interchange which also provides access to PA 351. Around this area, I-376 crosses into the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau, where it remains for the remainder of its length.

I-376 then passes to the east of West Mayfield and becomes a non-tolled highway again at its first interchange with PA 51 in Chippewa Township, just west of Beaver Falls. The freeway then weaves through mountainous terrain, interchanging with PA 68 in Vanport just before crossing the Vanport Bridge over the Ohio River. It then has its second interchange with PA 18 near Kobuta and continues south from there. I-376 passes to the west of Aliquippa before leaving Beaver County and entering Allegheny County.

Approaching PIT, I-376 bends south-southwest and becomes the Southern Expressway, while the Beaver Valley Expressway diverges to the southeast along I-376 Business (I-376 Bus). I-376 circles around the southern edge of the airport, intersecting the western terminus of the Southern Beltway (PA Turnpike 576) at the main entrance to PIT before recombining with I-376 Bus and becoming the Airport Parkway, still four lanes and with a narrow median.

Parkway West
Now traveling southeast, the route comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with the Penn-Lincoln Parkway (US 22 and US 30) and Steubenville Pike (PA 60) in Robinson Township. The two US Routes join I-376 here in a partially-unsigned concurrency (indicated only on reassurance markers), continuing east-southeastward bearing the Penn-Lincoln Parkway name, and soon reach an interchange with I-79. From that point eastward, along what was known for many years as I-279, I-376 runs east-southeast through Rosslyn Farms and Carnegie before turning northeast and passing through Green Tree.

Entering the city of Pittsburgh, I-376 winds its way northeast to its second interchange with PA 51 at Saw Mill Run Boulevard, which is also part of a spread-out series of ramps linking Banksville Road (US 19) and US 19 Truck. This junction, located just before the freeway passes under Mount Washington in the Fort Pitt Tunnel, features the infamous wrong-way concurrency of the northbound and southbound directions of US 19 Truck.

After passing through the Fort Pitt Tunnel, I-376 emerges onto the four-lane double-deck Fort Pitt Bridge, crossing over the Monongahela River. There are single-lane westbound exit and eastbound entrance ramps connecting Carson Street to the freeway between the tunnel's portal and the bridge. Once across the river, the route touches down in Downtown Pittsburgh at Point State Park. An interchange at the Point connects I-376 to I-279 (Parkway North), which leads to the Fort Duquesne Bridge, as well as Liberty Avenue.

Parkway East
I-376 continues east from the Point, still carrying the partially-unsigned US 22 and US 30, following the north shore of the Monongahela River through the south side of the downtown area (the westbound area by Downtown from Grant Street to the Fort Pitt Bridge is locally known as the "Bathtub" because of a tendency of the underpass to flood in heavy rains). The road then continues to the adjacent neighborhoods of Uptown and Oakland. The Parkway East eventually turns away from the river near the southwestern corner of Schenley Park and runs along that park's southern border before passing through the Squirrel Hill Tunnel under Squirrel Hill.

Parkway East exits the city of Pittsburgh near the southeastern corner of Frick Park, and US 30 leaves the freeway shortly thereafter at PA 8 in the suburb of Wilkinsburg. I-376 and US 22 (now fully signed) continue in a generally easterly direction through Churchill, Wilkins Township, Penn Hills, and finally Monroeville, where I-376 ends at an interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike and US 22 Bus. US 22 continues east from this interchange on the William Penn Highway toward Murrysville.

Tolls
The James E. Ross Highway portion of I-376 between US 422 and PA 51 uses all-electronic tolling, with tolls payable by toll by plate (which uses automatic license plate recognition to take a photo of the vehicle's license plate and mail a bill to the vehicle owner) or E-ZPass. The tolled section of I-376 has two mainline toll plazas: the West Mainline Toll Plaza near milepost 18 and the East Mainline Toll Plaza near milepost 30. , the West Mainline Toll Plaza costs $5.50 using toll by plate and $2.90 using E-ZPass for passenger vehicles while the East Mainline Toll Plaza costs $3.50 using toll by plate and $1.50 using E-ZPass for passenger vehicles. There are also ramp tolls at the eastbound exit and westbound entrance at exit 17, the westbound exit and eastbound entrance at exit 20, and the eastbound exit and westbound entrance at exit 29, which charge $3.50 using toll by plate and $1.50 using E-ZPass for passenger vehicles. As part of Act 44, tolls are to be increased every year in January.

The tolled portion of I-376 is the most expensive portion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike system per mile, charging toll-by-plate users an average of 0.44 $/mi and E-ZPass users 0.20 $/mi. This is in stark contrast to the mainline Turnpike, which charges less than 0.12 $/mi for E-ZPass users and more than 0.17 $/mi for cash users. This is due to the bonds on newer sections of the Turnpike system (such as the James E. Ross Highway, Amos K. Hutchinson Bypass, Mon–Fayette Expressway, and the Southern Beltway) having not been paid for yet (in the case of the latter two, are only partially completed), whereas the mainline Turnpike and the Northeastern Extension had their bonds paid for decades ago. Even with the newer sections factored in—most of which except for a portion of the Mon–Fayette Expressway from I-70 near Bentleyville to US 40 near Brownsville opened after the James E. Ross Highway opened—it is the most expensive portion of the Turnpike system per mile.

Along with the Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge (which is affected by the ongoing Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Interchange Project), the Beaver Valley Expressway became one of the first sections of the Pennsylvania Turnpike system to implement all-electronic tolling, which began along the Beaver Valley Expressway on April 30, 2017. The Beaver Valley Expressway was selected as a test area so that the PTC could work out any bugs with mailing non-E-ZPass users bills with their unpaid tolls.

History
The first section of what would eventually become I-376 opened June 5, 1953, from PA 885 (Bates Street) near the Hot Metal Bridge east through the Squirrel Hill Tunnel to US 22 Bus (then US 22) at Churchill. Construction commenced on this stretch on July 25, 1946, near Wilkinsburg. The next section to open, running from PA 60 (Steubenville Pike, then US 22/US 30) near PIT east to Saw Mill Run Boulevard (PA 51 and US 19), opened October 15, 1953. At Steubenville Pike, it connected to PA 60—the Airport Parkway—which had been built c. 1950 as a high-speed surface road to provide access to the airport.

In 1955, the Baltimore and Ohio Station was demolished to make way for construction of the new freeway. In late 1956, it opened from the Boulevard of the Allies (then US 22/US 30) near the Birmingham Bridge east to Bates Street, with the eastbound lanes opening September 10 and westbound opening September 29. The other downtown sections opened in segments from January 17, 1958, to 1959, the total cost of the parkway at this time came to $112.11 million (equivalent to $ in ). The $6.31-million (equivalent to $ in ) Fort Pitt Bridge opened June 19, 1959, followed by the $16-million (equivalent to $ in ) Fort Pitt Tunnel on September 1, 1960, using the West End Bypass (PA 51) and Carson Street (PA 837) as detours until the Fort Pitt Tunnel opened. The Parkway East ended in Churchill, with eastbound traffic continuing ahead on the William Penn Highway, until the $11.12-million (equivalent to $ in ) extension east to the Pennsylvania Turnpike in Monroeville opened October 27, 1962. The final piece of Parkway West (the part which has never had an Interstate route number), from PA 60 west to the US 22/US 30 split at Imperial, opened in 1964. Early plans for that section would have instead taken it from PA 60 where it splits with PA 60 Bus. northwest to US 30 near Campmeeting Road at Clinton.

The next section that opened was in 1968 from the present-day exit 2 with PA 18 to where PA 18 intersects with the present-day PA 760 just north of I-80 and the western terminus of I-376.

Work began on the Beaver County sections of I-376 (in between Chippewa Township and the Airport Parkway) in 1971 and would finish by 1976. The following year, the northern section finished construction, which would leave a gap between New Castle and Chippewa Township for the next 15 years. Until the middle section was completed, in order to continue on the highway, travelers had to use US 422, PA 168, PA 18, PA 251, and PA 51 before returning to the highway. Until that section opened, the present-day exit 12A marked the southern terminus of the northern section of PA 60 as an "END 60" sign was located near the exit.

In the early to mid-1980s, the entire section from downtown to Monroeville was refurbished.

The next leg of the route opened to PA 108 in 1991 and to PA 51 in Chippewa on November 30, 1992, as the 16.5 mi $260-million (equivalent to $ in ) "missing link" between two sections of PA 60, when that route's designation was on the highway. The aforementioned "END 60" sign was removed when the first leg of the middle section opened in 1991, and a "No re-entry this exit" sign has sat on the site since due to exit 12A being an indirect connection to US 422 westbound without a direct reentry ramp.

The Southern Expressway, a southern bypass of PIT, opened on September 9, 1992, and is the newest portion of I-376.

The PTC retrofitted E-ZPass lanes on the tolled section of I-376 in 2006 at both the two mainline toll plazas as well as the exits that collect tolls.

A bridge crossing I-376 from Oakland to Greenfield, the Greenfield Bridge, gained some national notoriety on an episode of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver concerning infrastructure. The state could not immediately afford to replace the crumbling bridge, so instead a cover was built under the bridge to protect the vehicles on I-376. The Greenfield Bridge was finally demolished in December 2015, and a replacement was built over the following two years, officially opening on October 14, 2017.

Route designations prior to 2009
From PA 60 to I-376's eastern terminus, I-376 has had the US 22 and US 30 designations for its entire history (US 30 exiting at Wilkinsburg). Until 1961, it also carried the PA 80 designation until that route was decommissioned due to Pennsylvania needing the designation for I-80 to the north. In 1956, PA 60 was commissioned to have the Airport Parkway and the former alignment of US 22 and US 30 to Pittsburgh's West End.

From 1959 to 1964, I-70 occupied the highway east of PA 50 in Carnegie. When I-70 moved to its current alignment (replacing I-70S) in 1964, the route received the I-76 designation into Pittsburgh. West of Pittsburgh, from 1963 to 1970, I-79 occupied the route. In West Middlesex, the route would receive the PA 18 designation while the former alignment would receive a business route designation as PA 18 Business, since it served as a bypass of West Middlesex.

In 1970, I-79 swapped positions with I-279, necessitating that I-76 be extended to I-79. With commencement on the Beaver Valley Expressway in 1971, PA 60 was extended to its future northern terminus in Chippewa. Finally, on October 2, 1972, after I-76 west of Monroeville moved to the Pennsylvania Turnpike and replaced I-80S, the western part of the highway took the I-279 designation while the section from Pittsburgh east to Monroeville would become the first section with the I-376 designation. When I-376 was extended onto the Parkway West in 2009, I-279 was truncated to its current southern terminus at the former western terminus of I-376.

PA 18 Business was decommissioned in 1978 when PA 18 returned to its former alignment (where it has remained to this day) and PA 60 was extended all the way to Hermitage.

On November 30, 1992, the 16.2 mi gap in Beaver County was completed with a toll highway.

When the Beaver Valley Expressway started opening in 1991, it would receive the "PA Toll 60" designation, because it was operated by the PTC. With the opening of the Southern Expressway in 1992, PA 60 moved to that highway, while the Airport Parkway received the PA 60 Bus designation. PA 60 was eventually extended to Sharon in 1997, ending at US 62 Bus.

2009 extensions
As part of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users in 2005, Congress had designated an expansion of I-376 past I-79 and along present day US 22/US 30 and PA 60 through Pittsburgh International Airport and north to I-80 near Sharon. This was done because the airport was one of the few major airports in the US without direct access to an Interstate Highway.

This routing required some major infrastructure work on US 22 west of Downtown Pittsburgh (particularly at the US 22/US 30 cloverleaf interchange in Robinson Township) and safety improvements to PA 60; though both were controlled-access freeways before the extension, they were not up to Interstate Highway standards in all areas. The improvements to both the US 22/US 30 cloverleaf in Robinson Township and the Lawrence County leg of the route, as well as replacing all of the signs with the I-376 shield, were funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.

The designation of I-279 from Downtown west through the Fort Pitt Tunnel to I-79 was officially dropped and replaced by that of I-376 on June 10, 2009. I-279 still exists between I-376 in the Golden Triangle and I-79 in Franklin Park. On November 6, 2009, officials announced the initial transition was complete.

On January 21, 2010, the remainder of the route except for the Beaver Valley Expressway started receiving the I-376 signs. The stretch of PA 60 from I-80 in Shenango Township of Mercer County north past PA 18 (where the freeway terminates and the highway reverts to being a two-lane arterial) to the former northern terminus of PA 60 in Sharon became PA 760.

On August 1, 2010, signage along PA Turnpike 60 was officially changed to I-376, and, unlike other tolled highways with an Interstate designation, it is not grandfathered from Interstate standards. Having been built in the early 1990s, this section was already up to Interstate standards. This section of I-376 is signed as "Toll I-376", with a black-on-yellow "Toll" sign above the I-376 trailblazer. This makes I-376 one of the first tolled Interstates with such a marker, which was a new addition to the 2009 edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.

Despite PennDOT giving motorists over four years of advance notice on the I-376 extension, some local drivers were confused after the transition was complete, thinking that the I-376 extension was going to be an all-new highway instead of a renaming of PA 60.

As part of the ongoing upgrades to I-376 to bring the legacy portion of the former PA 60 up to Interstate standards, the interchange with PA 318 at exit 1C was upgraded to a full service interchange in October 2014. Previously, the exit only had a westbound entrance and eastbound exit, mainly to serve as access to I-80 to West Middlesex residents. It marked the third partial interchange on the legacy PA 60/Parkway West to be upgraded to a full-service interchange in a decade, after I-79 at exit 64A and access to US 30 at exit 52 were upgraded from partial to full-service interchanges.

Business loop
Interstate 376 Business (I-376 Bus) or Business Loop 376 (BL 376), known locally as the Airport Parkway, is a 6 mi Interstate Highway business loop in Moon Township and Findlay Township in Pennsylvania. Its western terminus is at I-376 and Flaugherty Run Road (exits 50 and 51) north of PIT. Its eastern terminus is at I-376's exit 57, southeast of PIT.

Before November 6, 2009, and after the Southern Expressway was completed in 1992, this road was known as PA 60 Bus. Prior to that, it had the regular PA 60 designation; this was also originally the last leg of the Parkway West which ended at the intersection with then-Beers School Road (now University Boulevard) and began as the Beaver Valley Expressway past the intersection. Much of the road is up to freeway standards, but several signaled at-grade intersections remain, making this multilane divided road a true expressway (unlike many of Pennsylvania's freeways, which are often misleadingly named using the suffix expressway, since they are often called such in the northeast). I-376 Bus is one of only two business Interstate routes found in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the other being the business loop of I-83 in York.

title: Interstate 376


text: Category:Game shows

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Game shows


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User:Elcaro

Elcaro Wiki Discussion

Wiki is a Community Portal that allows users to freely create and edit Web page content using any Web browser.

The distinguishing features of a Wiki is that they typically allow (unless protected) all users to edit any page, with full freedom to edit, change and delete the work of previous authors.

In our investigations we have found that not all Wiki's have the same functions. Some are password protects with features such as editing, templates, linking pages and websites, e-mail notificiations and discussion pages while others are simply unprotected webpages with an edit function where you can create a new page or edit a current page.

In this discussion we are using Wikipedia as our archetype.

The First Steps

The first step to creating your own page in Wikipedia is to first obtain a login and password. User Login.

Once you have obtained your login and password, login and you are ready to create a page.

To start the article, type in the Edit Box and when finished click on Save. The page is now visible and can be edited by other users.

It really is that simple.

Sandbox

Wikipedia has a test area called a Sandbox.

A sandbox is a practice or test area, where you as a new Wiki user, can experiment and develop your skills.

The Sandbox is a temporary area and you can play and practice editing. Sandbox.

Edit

Editing is the most basis feature of a Wiki.

All Wiki Pages have a Edit Button. Edit the page and add a comment or change the text and Save. You will see the update immediately.

Most Wiki pages store the history of what edit have occurred.

Searching

The Go Button.

The function of the go button is to display an article directly, instead of first having to select it from the search result page. In other words, it allows a user to quickly navigate from page to page without following links.

e.g. Enter the Word Mist and click on Go.

The search takes you directly to and displays the document Mist.

The Search Button.

Wikipedia's default search mode will turn up results with any of the words in your query.

The search results are listed out and you can select the document.

For more onSearch.

For more information go toWikipedia Help

Links

Wine and Food http://www.trufflefish.com/cgi-bin/wiki.cgi

Sap http://www.popey.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?SAP

IBM http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/history/explanation.htm

KM http://www.voght.com/cgi-bin/pywiki?KmWiki

Wiki Wiki Web http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiWikiWeb

title: User:Elcaro


text: Category:Geodesy

title: Category:Geodesy


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Sidney Greene, Baron Greene of Harrow Weald

Sidney Francis Greene, Baron Greene of Harrow Weald, (12 February 1910 – 26 July 2004) was a trade union leader in the United Kingdom, serving as general secretary of the National Union of Railwaymen from 1957 to 1975. He promoted close ties between the union and the Labour Party, which have not persisted with its successor National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers.

Early in his career, after leaving school at age 14, Greene was a porter at Paddington station.

Appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1966 New Year's Honours, he was Knighted in 1970. On 21 January 1975 he was created a life peer as Baron Greene of Harrow Weald, of Harrow in Greater London.


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Category:Russian athletes

See also Category:Soviet athletes for those who competed before 1991.

title: Category:Russian athletes


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Interstate 579

Interstate 579 (I-579) is a north–south Interstate Highway entirely within Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The highway is 2.73 mi long. I-579 is also known as the Crosstown Boulevard since it crosses the backside of Downtown Pittsburgh.

The northern terminus of I-579 is at I-279 beyond the north end of the Veterans Bridge; the southern terminus splits to the Liberty Bridge southbound and Boulevard of the Allies eastbound, which leads to I-376 east. The intersection of I-579 and I-279 is in one direction only; northbound traffic on I-579 can proceed only northbound on I-279 while only southbound traffic on I-279 can exit onto I-579.

I-579 allows Liberty Bridge traffic easy access to I-279, and I-279 southbound traffic easier access to PPG Paints Arena, downtown, and eastern regions of the city, while I-279 southbound continues to Acrisure Stadium, PNC Park, and to westbound I-376 which leads to Pittsburgh International Airport.

Route description
I-579 begins at an interchange with Pennsylvania Route 885 (PA 885; Boulevard of the Allies) and the approach to the Liberty Bridge over the Monongahela River in Downtown Pittsburgh, heading to the north-northeast as a four-lane freeway. At the southern terminus, the highway has a northbound exit and southbound entrance providing access to 6th Avenue and Forbes Avenue near Duquesne University. The road passes several skyscrapers as it comes to an interchange at Centre Avenue with a northbound exit and southbound entrance that provides access to the PPG Paints Arena. Immediately following is a left exit in the northbound direction and a southbound entrance that connects to 7th Avenue that serves the David L. Lawrence Convention Center. At this point, I-579 runs to the west of the former site of the Civic Arena and comes to the PA 380 interchange, a northbound exit and southbound entrance, in addition to a southbound exit and northbound entrance accessing 6th Avenue and 7th Avenue. The freeway turns north as it passes over railroad tracks to the east of Union Station, the Amtrak station serving Pittsburgh. Here, it is seven lanes total with three travel lanes in each direction and two reversible high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) in the center. The HOV lanes connect to Bedford Avenue near the Civic Arena at the south end. The highway turns northwest as it crosses the Allegheny River on the Veterans Bridge. A short distance after the bridge, I-579 ends at an interchange with I-279/US Route 19 Truck (US 19 Truck) and PA 28, at which point the route merges into northbound I-279 with ramps to and from westbound PA 28.

History
I-579's roots go back to 1966 when the short 0.7 mi Crosstown Boulevard from the Boulevard of the Allies (PA 885) to Bigelow Boulevard (PA 380) was designated as Interstate 479 (I-479).

Despite the choice of number, its parent I-79 was only completed in certain areas; there would be no connection of the two routes until 1989. By 1971, with only little progression of I-79 near I-479's northern terminus and easy (but indirect) access to then-I-76 (now I-376 Parkway East) from the southern terminus, I-479 was renumbered as Interstate 876 (I-876).

This was renumbered again on October 2, 1972, as its current designation of I-579; in addition, I-79's designation from Pittsburgh to Robinson Township was "swapped" with I-279's segment south of the Ohio River from PA 51 to the Parkway West interchange. In 1989, both of I-79's auxiliary routes were finally connected with the openings of I-279 (Parkway North) from the Fort Duquesne Bridge/North Shore to its northern terminus at I-79 in Franklin Park and the Veterans Bridge which extended I-579 across the Allegheny River to its new northern terminus at I-279 in Pittsburgh's East Allegheny neighborhood.

In 2019, the I-579 Cap Urban Connector Project began in order to build a pedestrian park over I-579 with the goal of better connecting downtown to the Hill District. The project was completed in 2021 and the park opened to the public on November 22, 2021.

title: Interstate 579


text: Category:Australian athletes

title: Category:Australian athletes


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Rafael Hernández Marín

Rafael Hernández Marín (October 24, 1892 – December 11, 1965) was a Puerto Rican songwriter, and author of hundreds of popular songs in the Latin American repertoire. He specialized in Cuban styles such as the canción, bolero and guaracha. Among his most famous compositions are "Lamento Borincano", "Capullito de alhelí", "Campanitas de cristal", "Cachita", "Silencio", "El cumbanchero", "Ausencia" and "Perfume de gardenias".

Early years
Rafael Hernández Marín was born in the town of Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, into a poor family, on October 24, 1892. His parents were María Hernández Marín and Miguel Angel Rosa, though he was given only his mother's surname. As a child, he learned the craft of cigar making, from which he made a modest living. He also grew to love music and asked his parents to permit him to become a full-time music student. When he was 12 years old, Hernández studied music in San Juan, under the guidance of music professors Jose Ruellan Lequenica and Jesús Figueroa. He learned to play many musical instruments, including the clarinet, tuba, violin, piano, and guitar. At 14, he played for the Cocolia Orquestra. Hernández moved to San Juan where he played for the municipal orchestra under the director Manuel Tizol. In 1913, Hernández begot his first child, Antonio Hernández (out of wedlock), to Ana Bone.

World War I and the Orchestra Europe
In 1917, Hernández was working as a musician in North Carolina, when the United States entered World War I. The jazz bandleader James Reese Europe recruited brothers Rafael and Jesús Hernández, and 16 more Puerto Ricans to join the United States Army's Harlem Hell fighters musical band, the Orchestra Europe. He enlisted and was assigned to the U.S. 369th Infantry Regiment (formerly known as the 15th Infantry Regiment, New York National Guard, created in New York City June 2, 1913). The regiment, nicknamed "The Harlem Hell Fighters" by the Germans, served in France. Hernández toured Europe with the Orchestra Europe. The 369th was awarded the French Croix de Guerre for battlefield gallantry by the President of France.

Hernandez and Pedro Flores, Life in Cuba and Mexico
After World War I ended, he returned to the United States in 1919. Hernández began a long and intense period of artistic composition and performance. He was part of the Lucky Roberts Band, with which he made his first musical tour of the United States. Later, he moved to Cuba, where he directed the Fausto Theater orchestra in Havana. Later on, Hernández moved to New York City. In 1925, he started writing songs and organized a trio called "Trio Borincano". In 1926, fellow Puerto Rican, Pedro Flores who was a composer, joined the Trio. Even though Hernández and Flores became and always remained good friends, they soon went their separate ways and artistically competed against each other. After the trio broke up, he formed a quartet called "Cuarteto Victoria" which included singer Myrta Silva, also known as La Guarachera and La Gorda de Oro. With both groups, Hernández traveled and played his music all over the United States and Latin America. On September 2, 1927, Hernández' sister Victoria opened Casa Hernandez, a music store which also acted as a booking agency and base of operations for her brother. In 1929, Trío Borinquen recorded Linda Quisqueya (originally titled Linda Borinquen) and that same year he founded the "Cuarteto Victoria" (also known as "El Cuarteto Rico") named after his sister.

In 1932, Hernández moved to Mexico. There, he directed an orchestra and enrolled in Mexico's National Music Conservatory to further enrich his musical knowledge. Hernández also became an actor and organized musical scores in Mexico's "golden age" of movies. His wife (and eventual widow) is Mexican.

"Lamento borincano" and "Preciosa"
In 1937, Hernández wrote "Lamento Borincano". That same year, he also wrote "Preciosa". In 1947, Hernández returned to Puerto Rico and became the director of the orchestra at the government-owned WIPR Radio.

Hernandez also composed Christmas music, Danzas, Zarzuelas, Guarachas, Lullabies, Boleros, Waltzes and more.

Hernández's works' include "Ahora seremos felices" (Now We Will Be Happy), "Campanitas de cristal" (Crystal Bells), "Capullito de Alhelí", "Culpable" (Guilty), "El Cumbanchero" (also known as "Rockfort Rock" or "Comanchero" (sic) to reggae aficionados), "Ese soy yo" (That's Me), "Perfume de Gardenias" (Gardenia's Perfume), "Silencio" (Silence), and "Tú no comprendes" (You Don't Understand), among 3,000 others. Many of his compositions were strongly based on Cuban musical idioms, such as the guaracha's "Cachita" and "Buchipluma na' ma'", which were often mistaken as songs by Cuban authors. His music became an important part of Puerto Rican culture.

Later years and death
Hernández was Honorary President of the Authors and Composers Association. He was also the founder of little league baseball in Puerto Rico. President John F. Kennedy christened him "Mr. Cumbanchero".

Hernández died in San Juan on December 11, 1965, shortly after Banco Popular de Puerto Rico produced a TV special in his honor in which he addressed the people for the last time. The special was simulcast on all TV and most island radio stations. The TV special was rebroadcast on May 13, 2007. Rafael Hernández's remains are buried in the Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery of Old San Juan.

Legacy
Puerto Rico has honored his memory by naming public buildings, avenues and schools after him. The airport in Aguadilla is named Rafael Hernández Airport. There are schools in New York City, Boston, and in Newark, New Jersey named after Rafael Hernández. Renowned Puerto Rican sculptor Tomás Batista created a statue of Hernández which is in the municipality of Bayamón, Puerto Rico. The Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, the repository of his works, operates a small museum in his honor at its Metropolitan Campus in San Juan which is directed by his son, Alejandro (Chalí) Hernández. The Hernandez Houses housing complex in New York City is named after Rafael Hernández.

At the behest former senator Lucy Arce, the Senate of Puerto Rico, under the first term of Thomas Rivera Schatz built the Rafael Hernández Plaza with a bigger-than-lifesize statue of the composer, and a statue of a Puerto Rican jíbaro riding a horse honoring his Lamento Borincano. The park is located at the easternmost tip of San Juan's Paseo de la Covadonga.

Puerto Rican singer Marc Anthony recorded Hernández's "Preciosa" and sang the song in a 2005 concert in New York City's Madison Square Garden. According to an article in the New York Times: "'Mr. Anthony did his version of Preciosa. It may have been the night's most popular love song, precisely because it's not about a woman: it's about a whole island, instead.'"

In 1969, Puerto Rican actor Orlando Rodriguez played Hernandez in the bio-pic El Jibarito Rafael, which was directed by the Mexican actor Julián Soler.

In 1999, Hernández was posthumously inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame.

On March 23, 2001, Casa Hernandez, the music store which served as Hernandez's booking agency and base of operations, was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, reference #01000244, as "Casa Amadeo, antigua Casa Hernandez".

In 2017 Rafael Hernández was posthumously inducted to the Puerto Rico Veterans Hall of Fame.

Military decorations and awards
Among Hernández's military decorations are the following:
 * Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg French Croix de guerre
 * World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War I Victory Medal

title: Rafael Hernández Marín


text:
Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

The Grand Cross of the Iron Cross (Großkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) was a decoration intended for victorious generals of the Prussian Army and its allies. It was the second highest class of the Iron Cross, following the Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, which was awarded only twice. Along with the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Class, the Grand Cross was founded on 10 March 1813, during the Napoleonic Wars. It was renewed in 1870 for the Franco-Prussian War and again in 1914 for World War I. In 1939, when Adolf Hitler renewed the Iron Cross as a German (rather than strictly Prussian) decoration, he also renewed the Grand Cross.

The Grand Cross of the Iron Cross was twice the size of the Iron Cross and was worn from a ribbon around the neck. The later Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, instituted in 1939, was also worn from the neck; it was smaller than the Grand Cross but larger than the Iron Cross.

1813 Grand Cross
Five men received the 1813 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross for actions during the Napoleonic Wars:

 * Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, commander of Prussian forces at the Battle of Waterloo, later also awarded the Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross
 * Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow
 * Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden (Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte) - earlier a Marshal under Napoleon, after becoming regent and crown prince of Sweden, he joined the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon.
 * Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien
 * Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg

1870 Grand Cross
The Iron Cross was renewed on 19 July 1870, for the Franco-Prussian War. Nine men received the 1870 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross for service during that war. Seven Grand Crosses were awarded on 22 March 1871, to:

 * Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony
 * August Karl von Goeben
 * Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel
 * Helmuth Graf von Moltke the Elder
 * Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia
 * Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia (later Kaiser Friedrich III)
 * August Graf von Werder

Kaiser Wilhelm I received the Grand Cross on 16 June 1871, and Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, received it on 4 December 1871. The Kaiser was supreme commander of the Prussian Army, and Moltke was Chief of the General Staff. The others were senior combat commanders of the Prussian Army (Crown Prince Albert initially commanded the Saxon Army as a corps under a Prussian field army, but later took command of a combined Prussian/Saxon field army).

1914 Grand Cross
The Iron Cross was renewed again on 5 August 1914. There were five recipients of the 1914 Grand Cross in the First World War:
 * Kaiser Wilhelm II
 * Paul von Hindenburg, later also awarded the Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross
 * Erich Ludendorff
 * Prince Leopold of Bavaria
 * August von Mackensen

1939 Grand Cross
Adolf Hitler reinstituted the Iron Cross as a German decoration in September 1939, with the Grand Cross again the highest grade (above the various classes of the Knight's Cross).

Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring became the only recipient of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II when it was awarded to him at the Field Marshal Ceremony on 19 July 1940 in his role as the Supreme Commander of the Luftwaffe for leading them to victory in the French campaign.

A World War II version of the higher Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross was devised, but never formally instituted or awarded. Following the Allied victory in May 1945, the United States Army seized the only known prototype, which is now a part of the collection of the Museum of the United States Military Academy (USMA) in West Point, New York.

title: Grand Cross of the Iron Cross


text:
Talk:Northfield Mount Hermon School

Article Name
Shouldn't the article be at Northfield Mount Hermon School, since that is it's name?--Samuel J. Howard 09:27, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

I don't think so. Look at the talk page for NMH Notable Alumni.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

I was the first person to create the entry for the Northfield Mount Hermon. Sadly enough at that time I was pretty new to Wikipedia so I misentered the name with lower case "mount hermon." I also forgot to create an account so that the change history did not put my name as the creator. Anyway that is not really a big deal. People make mistakes all the time including me. I have moved the name to the much proper entry with capitalized "Mount Hermon" this time. I also want to thanks those (anonymous or logged) who edit my entry and added the most recent development of the decision to turn NMH into a single campus school at Mount Hermon. It seems that I really need to improve my English a lot more. My vocabulary is really bad though I have been in the United States for six years. Let's make the NMH entry at Wikipedia as good as those made for Andover or Exeter (it is hard not to mention these two schools even though I have been away from NMH for a while).

Pboy2k5 (13 Nov 2004)

Northfield Seminary and Mount Hermon School for Boys
Is it just me, or shouldn't they have their own pages rather than being redirected to the full NMH page? They do have their own histories too. 147AM 05:01, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I think instead of creating their own pages we should the Seminary and Hermon respectively their own sub-sections to the History section. --Ravidgemole 18:19, September 10, 2005 (UTC)

How about listing things such as dorms, past occurrences and such that only relate to the single campus? For example, before it merged, Northfield and Hermon were entirely different schools. Northfield didn't have the shooting of Elliot Speer and Hermon didn't have Gould collapse because of a hurricane. I just feel that they were two different schools on two entirely different campuses before the merge. So should they have their own pages that also connect to the NMH page? 147AM 21:42, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Current policy
As an alum (who was interested in Internet policy issues while an NMH student), I'm interested in knowing more about the current state of the school and current Internet policies, and also in helping current students at NMH (and elsewhere) beat Internet censorship. However, I don't think that the "Current policy" section is NPOV -- it suggests that the school will be a bad school under its current administration:
 * This is quite typical: she (or other members of the administration) will claim to be open with the students, then make a change in policy without consulting, or even informing any students until after it is in effect. When enough students complain, she agrees to meet with them, and completely ignores everything they have to say. NMH is a great school, but under the current administration, it will most likely not be in a few years.

One thing that would help with NPOV here and also be useful would be to discuss the policy changes under different administrations, and the nature and extent of student protest or dissatisfaction. This is actually a huge topic, because the school changed from an evangelical Protestant to a liberal pluralist philosophy in a relatively short historical timeframe, and there must have been a number of important changes in student life and culture during that time period... as well as under subsequent administrations and administrators. However, as I know from experience, current students are more apt to notice changes that happened during their years at the school than long-term trends. Which policy changes or disciplinary practices are random noise, which are the styles or opinions of particular staff members, and which represent abiding shifts in what the school stands for or what student life will be like? Schoen 08:26, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The edit today makes the NPOV problems even worse and contains grammatical errors and wikification problems. -- And I say this as an alum who really would like to see an article that can help me understand what's going on at the school today and as a result of the one-campus transition (and in better context).  Schoen 06:40, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The entire edit Schoen mentioned was a joke done by dissatisfyed students. It has been fixed, by some good-natured student/faculty, and everything is back to normal.

Good natured student or faculty? Is there no room for policies to be explained? Someone should refine that and make something based on the increasingly strict administration and the transition. NMH as a single campus will never be the same, ask the students and the graduates. Ask Tom Raymond who was fired because he spoke out about the school's policies. Someone please refine the article, my English isn't too perfect. Raymond's analysis of the school: http://mesozoic.geecs.org/words/nmh/TomRaymond ManyBenefits 03:13, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Former link to me
By the way, contrary to the assertion in the edit history, I did not add the link to myself as a notable alumnus. I have no objection to the removal of this link. Schoen 10:19, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

School location
In reading the first line of the article it says the school is located in Mount Hermon, MA however the link goes to the town of Gill, MA, which is actually correct. I think it's supposed to say the Mount Hermon campus (which is now the ONLY active campus as they're trying to sell the original Northfield campus, which was most recently featured as a training camp for young American Idol hopefuls) is located in Gill, MA but I'm new to editing and am not sure how to fix this myself. Thanks! Linzee6394 21:32, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

The town is actually Mount Hermon, but Wikipedia doesn't have an article for it. Instead, the link just redirects to the nearest town, Gill, on record. 69.113.10.128
 * Actually, its in Gill, MA and not "Mount Hermon" which is only a designated area and not an actual town. 147AM (talk) 21:43, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Before Northfield and Gill had their own post office locations, the Mount Hermon School for Boys did. It was assigned the ZIP code of 01354, which was shared with the Northfield School for Girls. Eventually Northfield received its own post office and was assigned 01360 while Gill still worked through the Turners Falls zip code of 01376. The post office location was eventually moved to route mail through the Northfield post office, changing the combined NMH zip to the Northfield 01360 leaving the 01354 zip dormant, while still showing "Mount Hermon" as the town, since Gill was 01376 and Northfield is 01360. In 2006 Gill decided to reinstate the 01354 zip as its own. So now all mail going to NMH or the Town of Gill should use 01354 as the Town of Gill zip code. Depending on where you go, the various computer programs that pre-fill a zip can come through as Gill, Mount Hermon, or Northfield. I've edited the page to reflect the proper location of Gill, MA. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.192.11.83 (talk) 01:00, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

A small art of the Mount Hermon campus is actually in Northfield rather than Gill. The old Mount Hermon post office, by the way, predated the introduction of zip codes. It was a community post office which was shut down as a post office (if I recall correctly) during the 1980s. The 01354 Zip Code was redesignated as "Gill, MA" while "911 addresses" were being standardized in the 1990s. Gill used to share the 01376 Zip Code with Montague City and Turners Falls. Until the 1970s, the Northfield Seminary campus's postal addresses were not in "Northfield" but rather in "East Northfield" (as opposed to "West Northfield," which is a smaller village on the west side of the river which used to have its own post office.) At least that is my recollection: this should be sourced and/or clarified before the main article is updated. (I am a member of NMH's class of 1975.) Timothy Horrigan (talk) 19:25, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

Infobox
I replaced the table that used to be in this article with the standard school infobox. My main reasons for doing so are that the old table did not render correctly in browsers other than Internet Explorer, and to promote uniformity across Wikipedia.

There is some information "missing" from this infobox that was in the old table. It can be added back with the custom fields if need be. (and I may do so, but I wanted to get it up in its basic form first.)

Also, the order in which the information is presented in the infobox is not ideal, but that discussion should take place here.

- Dave314159 (talk) 18:04, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Rhodes Arts Center now Open
Formal opening was Sept 7, 2008, so I have changed references to present tense. Also corrected reference to Silliman Laboratory. Not done: remove activities from their old location in other buildings. Monomoit (talk) 11:47, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Proposal to cut Alumni list
Lists of names should comply with WP:BLP within the guidelines of WP:NLIST. I propose to trim down the alumni list of everyone born after 1920 who is otherwise unreferenced in the article. Having a blue link does not demonstrate that the person ever attended Northfield Mount Hermon or that the person linked is to the right article with that name. Fæ (talk) 07:33, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I disagree with this proposal because the list is appropriate; it is in line with other boarding school pages where the alumni are listed. An alternative is to create a separate page for NMH alumni (un-merge the NMH Notable Alumni page with the main article). alephmemyud (talk) 15:50, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The fact that other articles are poorly written is not a reason to keep this list. The specific guidelines at WP:WPSCH/AG are helpful and quite clear, the list of names requires sources or should be cut. At the section has been flagged as a problem for two years, I see little prospect of improvement and will go ahead in a couple of days time. Fæ (talk) 09:37, 21 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I understand that other articles being poorly cited is no reason to keep it, but I don't understand why you're picking on NMH. Take a look at the alumni lists of every other school in the Eight School Association.  None are properly cited.  Furthermore, here is a list according to NMH's official website that verified all of the alumni on the list: http://www.nmhschool.org/prominent-alumni  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alephlamedyud (talk • contribs) 01:54, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
 * That's a good list, why wouldn't you want to add it as a citation? I can see that not all people currently listed in the article are on the NMH list, these should be removed and those left need this as a footnote to avoid any confusion as further uncited entries are certain to be added in the future.
 * As the list of names has been a NLIST/BLP violation since 2008 (!) I have gone ahead and trimmed this back to only those than can be seen in the NMH list. This is the only source anyone has been bothered to find, and the resulting list embedded in the article seems sufficient without introducing so much undue weight that it would need to be split to its own article. Fæ (talk) 10:20, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Northfield Mount Hermon School. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060525221853/http://www.nmhschool.org:80/student/programs/default.php to http://www.nmhschool.org/student/programs/default.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060216224519/http://www.nmhschool.org:80/student/programs/clubs.php to http://www.nmhschool.org/student/programs/clubs.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:31, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northfield Mount Hermon School


text:
Talk:Marilyn Musgrave

Criticism
The National Center for Public Policy Research is a conservative organization dedicated to private property rights. Seems POV to add criticism of the best know national evironmental scorecard, based on a 2002 memo from them, don't ya think? None of the votes covered in the memo refer to 2005 and 2006. If you have a more recent criticism it might be more relevant, maybe LCV incorporated the criticism in their scorecard since 2002 since I find no recent criticism.

NEA fund is incorrect. Its a professional organization (ie labor union) supporting public education and educators...why take that out? It clearly explains what their position is in giving her and F (as does the link), which your edit does not. It's also the largest professional organization in the country...why is that not important in substantiating their criticism? Simplifying their stated legistlative priorties to basically 'nothing' seems POV. I'm sure Musgrave supporters are proud of the 'F' anyway but that's beside the point.

You want to add balance?

How about adding a 'Support' section instead, with a Grade A from the NRA and a 100 approval from the Christian Coalition? I'll start but I don't have time to add all the details and cites right now. Seems a better route than route you took.

Overall, I have no complaints from your edits O^O. You have consistently done a great job increasing accuracy, negating POV, and being fair but this one seems a bit much. Thanks. Tossloss

 * Hello Tossloss - thank you for your praise of my prior edits. I don't see myself as really "pro-" or "anti-" Musgrave, but I'd like to see the article to be as technically correct as possible.  I'll respond to three points you raised, but I also think I have a legitimate question to ask.
 * Regarding the "League of Conservation Voters" - I had never heard of this organization before today and did (a very small) amount of research to see what more I could learn about them. They appear to be a progressive-leaning organization, which tends to back Democrats.  The citation I gave was one source of criticism towards them, perhaps there is a better source, but I think all of this needs to be considered in light of the question I am building towards.
 * Regarding the NEA fund, perhaps my interpretation of the source of this information is wrong. I am basing this on the fact that the cited webpage contains the text "Paid for by the NEA Fund for Children and Public Education" at the bottom.
 * Regarding a desire for "balance", well, like I said I'm not really a Musgrave supporter. I'm trying to keep what is posted HERE factual and correct, but that doesn't mean I want to go scour the internet to post every bit of praise and reward that she has ever recieved.  I fear that if we all did that, the article would be worsened, and would just be a laundry list of complaints by critic and praise by supporters.
 * So, the question I really want to ask is, what threshold should we have for including information here? I'm sure there are plenty more ratings and "ten worst" lists we could add, but where do we draw the line for which ones are worth inclusion?  For example, Maxim Magazine recently ran their "Top Ten Elected Douchebags".  Would that one be worthy of inclusion on the biography pages of the politicians involved?
 * The more I reflect upon this, the less I think that these "top ten" lists should even be mentioned here. Reviewing the standards for biographies on WikiPedia I see: "The views of critics should be represented if their views are relevant to the subject's notability" - I don't think that listing all her critics really serve to explain why she is notable.  I don't have any problem with the way we've written up the controversies she has been involved in, especially as they were all newsworthy. - O^O 02:27, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

o^o I understand what you are saying. I have put some effort into a more balanced approach. Try it on for size. If you don't like it better than the existing edit you have my 100% support to completely revert back to the previous edit rather than mess with it at all!!! I'm tired and probably won't be back unless I see vandalism. Thanks again.

PS Also, regarding your main point about lists...I don't know the answer. I guess there would be a line crossed at some point and Maxim Douchebags might definitely be it :) The currently listed ones seem appropriate (to me) as she is notable for her extreme positions on these particular political issues, be they good or bad depending one's POV.

 * Tossloss, I think your edits are just fine. The open question of where to "draw the line" can perhaps be crossed another day. - O^O 19:18, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

POV Vandalism
Dear Partisan Editors, please stop posting silliness like accusations that this congressman wants to see mothers die in abortion cases etc etc etc. Keep the information neutral and without POV or others will do it for you. DNC talking points posted with either have the info from the other side added to provide balance or will be removed. Bachs

POV wrt gay rights
This sentence "As a Colorado State Representative and Senator, Musgrave spent much of her time authoring bills to defend the institution of marriage by means of denying rights to gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered Coloradans and their families" is actually a combination of pro-gay-rights pov and anti-gay-rights pov - quite an accomplishment. Despite the equal time, it's still not neutral. I'm not familiar with Musgrave so I'm not sure that anything I write would be factually accurate. Rhobite 04:37, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

Marraige is not a right, if I had a right to get married than if no one would marry me than my rights would be violated - this and other types of arguments on policy do not belong on a member of congress's wiki entry and is best posted on the gay marraige wiki entry. Bachs

Choice of marriage partners is a right, actually (Loving v. Virginia, 1967).

Marriage has been determined by the Supreme Court of the United States to be a "fundamental" right guarded by the United States Constitution. Your legal reasoning is circular and nonsensical. There is nothing inccorect about the cited sentence. Agrippina Minor 18:49, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Hospital legislation
The most recent edit mentioned only her efforts on "marriage", but that conflicts with the information about the bill that would make it harder for gay parents to see their children in the hospital. As a result, I changed the wording. --JamesB3 06:30, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

DeLay
None of the allegations against DeLay have been proven. Ronnie Earle, the Tom Delay prosecutor, has a history of indictments against Democrat and Republican political enemies that have failed (see Kay Bailey Hutchison) and it has been widely reported that Earle had to shop the charges to several grand juries because some refused to indict. One of the charges filed by Earle was summarily dismissed by trial judge Pat Priest. Earle has partnered up with producers making a movie, called The Big Buy, about his pursuit of DeLay that has been filming since before DeLay was notified of the charges.

This was added because the added statement about Tom Delay is an unproven allegation that is used to make the member of congress guilty by association. Especially when there is much evidence that Ronnie Earle's indictments are politically motivated. You cannot include one side of an unproven allegation and not include the other, its unfair and biased.

More Delay
In an effort to come to a compromise with editor roma the paragrapgh reads thusly. This way BOTH dems and reps have thir facts represented.

Musgrave received $30,000 in campaign contributions from former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay's ARMPAC. After DeLay was indicted, Musgrave's opponents attacked her for not returning the money or donating it to charity.Republicans say that the charges by Ronnie Earle against DeLay are politically motivated because Earle has a history of indictments against Democrat and Republican political enemies that have failed (see Kay Bailey Hutchison) and it has been widely reported that Earle had to shop the charges to several grand juries because some refused to indict. Republicans also criticized Earle for making a movie called The Big Buy, about his pursuit of DeLay that has been filming since before DeLay was notified of the charges.

In a final compromise with Roma we agreed on this paragrapgh

Musgrave received $30,000 in campaign contributions from former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay's ARMPAC. After DeLay was indicted, Musgrave's opponents attacked her for not returning the money or donating it to charity. Republicans say that the charges against DeLay are politically motivated because prosecutor Ronnie Earle has a history of unsuccessful indictments against political enemies of both parties such as Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-TX), and because it has been widely reported that Earle had to shop the charges to multiple grand juries because one refused to indict.

 * In response to Bachs' edits, I've rewritten the paragraph to shorten it. I've left the anti-Earle links IN the paragraph, to avoid charges of bias.  But, really - this article isn't the place to get into extended arguments about ARMPAC money - there is a wikilink to that article, and to an article on Tom DeLay, and that and a brief amount of context may suffice, I hope.  John Broughton 19:08, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

John, there is no fight, however if you are going to include partisan accusations than both sides must be represented. You have defined "fighting" as showing both sides of the facts, that is a convenient position to take when someone is pushing a partisan point of view or is trying to slant REAL balance or neutrality. So either both sides of the story will be there or no reference to DeLay or CREW should be mentioned. Since ARMPAC has a link, than no mention of DeLay is needed because, according to you, they can follow the link right? CREW is a partisan action committee by their own admission, therefore just inserting their allegation without the other side is not neutral, and is partisan and grossly unfair. Until you come up with a way that provides REAL balance and neutrality this edit will be reverted. Bachs
 * The CREW allegations and the ARMPAC money are completely separate issues. There is no relationship between them, and hence no connection between the question of what the article should say about ARMPAC and that of what it should say about the CREW allegations. NatusRoma | Talk 18:00, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

NatusRoma, I am sure that this is your opinion, but unfortunately it doesnt reflect reality. The ARMPAC allegations and the CREW allegations have one thing in common, they are both allegations made by known out of the closet partisan players that are unproven. Since this is indeed the case than both sides of the allegation will be told. Bachs
 * The CREW list and the ARMPAC money are distinct in that the neutrality of the article's discussion (or lack thereof) of each topic is independent of that of the other. If one were neutral, and the other were biased, the first wouldn't magically become biased just because the other one was biased. Therefore, conflating the two topics is unhelpful. NatusRoma | Talk 05:59, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Link to opponent's website
On 17:46, 10 March 2006, Rhobite asked, in the edit summary: any reason we're linking to her opponent's campaign site?

 * Good question. The opponent (Angie Paccione) doesn't have a wikipedia article of her own.  If she did, then the link should be moved to that article, and not be in the Musgrave article.  As it is now, if a reader wants to know what Musgrave's opponent is saying about Musgrave, or how Musgrave's opponent is different, there is a link to find out.  John Broughton 18:07, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
 * There's already a link to Paccione's website within the body of Musgrave's article. I think that that may be most appropriate. NatusRoma | Talk 20:07, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Anonymous poster: "Article is poorly written, extremely partisan"
Wow, I can't believe how poorly this article was written. For example, the following is so extremely partisan that it's almost funny:

"Musgrave also spent time on social issues, particularly authoring bills to deny marriage rights and parental rights for gays and lesbians seeking recognition as families. One of her final, failed bills would have made it much more difficult for same-sex partners to see their partner's children in the hospital during an emergency. Musgrave also cast the only vote against legislation to give battered spouses paid leave from work."06:12, 20 March 2006 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.165.250.153 (talk • contribs)

 * Mr/Mrs/Ms/Whatever Anonymous Poster,
 * Which 'side' is the 'partisan' Article taking?
 * Why didn't you work to improve it instead of just complaining?
 * You do know that the Wiki is open to improvements by anyone, don't you? Bo 04:05, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It is a bit partisan. The paragraph is trying to pull at the heart strings of those who are in favor of same-sex marriage.(Especially the hospital stuff, but I'm not sure what her intent was on this bill so can't say if it's just stating a fact) It's close to being a weasely way to say "Musgrave is a homophobic witch." I'd promised myself not to edit anymore, but this did a bit of tweaking. It's still clear what she represents I think, but is less loaded in phrasing. I hope the change is acceptable. If not then oh well.--T. Anthony 07:03, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Questionable text
I've removed the following, which was just added back into the article by an anonymous IP user. I removed it because after some extensive google searching, I found NOTHING other than wikipedia (and copies) that stated this. As best as I can tell, the basis for it (or part of it) is a COMMENT in a BLOG. If in fact there is a verifiable source, I'd be happy to see it added back to the article, WITH that source cited. John Broughton 18:53, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

"One of her final, failed bills would have made it much more difficult for same-sex parents to see their children in the hospital during an emergency. Musgrave also cast the only vote against legislation to give battered spouses paid leave from work."

They Say That
They say that in the sentence is not appropriate and makes the paragraph less neutral. It is an undispuited fact that Ronnie Earle has a history of failed indictments of political enemies of bothe parties. It is also an undisputed fact that Earle had to shop the charges to multiple grand juries. They say that presents non-neutral language designed to diminish the credibility of one side of the facts, it is partisan and should be removed. Bachs
 * Note the careful placement of the phrase "say that" in the sentence "Republicans say that the charges against DeLay are politically motivated because they say that prosecutor Ronnie Earle has a history of unsuccessful indictments against political enemies of both parties such as Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-TX), and because Earle had to shop the charges to multiple grand juries because one refused to indict." The phrase "they say that" occurs before "prosecutor Ronnie Earle has a history of unsuccessful indictments against political enemies of both parties such as Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-TX)", but not before "Earle had to shop the charges to multiple grand juries because one refused to indict." In this way, the sentence so written makes the distinction between the undisputed idea that Earle asked multiple grand juries to charge DeLay and the disputed idea that Earle indicts people for opposing him politically rather than for actual wrongdoing. NatusRoma | Talk 05:59, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Waters and Jefferson and CREW
Hey NatusRoma, I see that you found that two of the safest Democrats in the country were critiqued by CREW.... so why is it that the same paragraph about CREW gets removed from Jeffersons (Democrat) wiki entry? I am truly shocked that you are not as aggresive into keeping the CREW paragraph on Jefferson's wiki article as you are republicans. If you hurry you can go include it before anyone reads this. Bachs 21:11, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

NatusRoma, if you are going to include partisan accusations than both sides must be represented. CREW is a partisan outfit. It is no different than me posting on every Democratic politicians web site what Ann Coulter had to say about them. Since CREW are self admitted partisan activists both sides of the story will be there or no reference to CREW should be mentioned. Therefore just inserting their allegation without all the facts is not neutral, and is partisan and grossly unfair. You have been warned repeatedly about slanting the neutrality of articles and at this point it easily amounts to partisan vandalism. Bachs
 * This is utterly nonsensical. Until just now, I had not touched the CREW paragraph except to mention the year of the report in question. NatusRoma | Talk 03:46, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

"Controversy" edits
I am going to revert much of the edits by this editor and by 192.55.4.36 (a dial-in account which may or may not be different editor). I want to note here that I'm holding off posting details about what might be seen as a pattern of deliberate edits and misreadings of a newspaper article to accomplish POV, to see if my changes are acceptable. John Broughton |  Talk 21:06, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I would prefer, of course, that you discuss how you find my edits lacking here. But given that you are "holding off posting details", I will just watch your changes with interest and attempt to work with you to keep the article NPOV. - O^O 21:39, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, all yours. Quite frankly, I was unimpressed by the CREW summary of allegations.  For most if not all of the other 20 Congressfolk, they actually wrote up extensively footnoted sections.  For Musgrave, they simply scanned three newspaper articles, and I don't think they did a very good job of summarizing them.

 * What I just posted comes from source documents, not from the CREW summary. For example, the scanned article that discusses claims of franking problems doesn't exactly have a "smoking gun" in it.  And what was in that scanned article wasn't in the wikipedia article -- I fixed the misleading section title about franking -- nor do I think it should be added.  John Broughton  |  Talk 22:56, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * John, I did some minor formatting tweaks and added two subheaders. The subheaders make the outline now read like this:

* 4.1 CREW "20 Most Corrupt Members of Congress" o 4.1.1 Campaign headquarters o 4.1.2 District attorney endorsement * 4.2 Violation of military code * 4.3 Tom DeLay

 * My assumption here could be incorrect. I am assuming that since CREW criticized Musgrave with regards to her headquarters and her use of Franking, and since those are the next two topics discussed, that your intent was that those two points were being used as followups to CREWs accusations.  Do you agree, or do you think that these should each be distinct and separate points, for example:

* 4.1 CREW "20 Most Corrupt Members of Congress" * 4.2 Campaign headquarters * 4.3 District attorney endorsement * 4.4 Violation of military code * 4.5 Tom DeLay

I'm going to go look at content next, but I just wanted to make clear this question on article structure. - O^O 23:11, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Your assumption is correct; the first pattern (4.1 to 4.3) is valid. CREW said nothing about the military code or DeLay money.  John Broughton  |  Talk 00:01, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, good job on the rewrite then, it reads much better than my first attempt. Regarding the changes I just made to the "US Marines" section, here are some things I tried to correct:
 * If there was a violation of military code, it would have been the marines who violated it. Musgraves impropriety would have been in making the appearance - hence the subtitle change.
 * Of the four sources originally cited, one appeared to be a comment posted to a blog, and the other was a dead link. I've changed to verifiable reliable sources.
 * Quoting military code about what members shall not do seems more relevant than quoting what they may do.
 * The statement "Therefore, according to Hunter, there was no violation" was not directly supported by the sources quoted.
 * I just think this version has less speculation and is more directly cited. - O^O 00:20, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure I agree that Musgrave is so innocent here (the Marines were invited; did they know to what type of event?; did Musgrave have a sense that perhaps the invitation should not be issued?), but intent is essentially unverifiable. So I don't disagree with your rewording. John Broughton  |  Talk 00:58, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It was claimed in one of the articles that Musgrave didn't know the agenda until she arrived. It was counterclaimed in a blog posting that she should have known since the event organizer works for Musgrave, but I don't think that the blog posting was citable.  According to one of the articles, at least one of the marines attended the dinner as someone's date, and the offer to be "honored" came up at the last minute.  I really don't know how culpable Musgrave was here; it could have been something premeditated, or it could be someone blowing an innocent gesture out of proportion. - O^O 15:38, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The "controversy" stuff on here is ridiculous, it's insignificant and irrelevant to her posting. it's obvious that it's insignificant, but par for the course for wikipedia pages full of crap.  good job editors, for proving once again why wikipedia can't be relied upon for anything 70.108.210.5 16:20, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Removal of Neutrality Tag
I do not see why this article has been tagged for POV/neutrality. I think the article does a good job explaining both the support and criticisms for Musgrave. I have not come across any blatent weasel words, or anything that could be considered too "far right" or "far left". I believe the tag should be removed, as this article seems as neutral as it can get. Trodaikid1983 22:29, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Queen of Gay Bashing?
I was the one who added the Rolling Stone reference. The magazine website dubbed her as "Christian Soldier", as I originally wrote on this article. But then a user changed it into "Queen of Gay Bashing", which I cannot find reference on the magazine site. Can someone please check and possibly revert it? Wooyi 19:48, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

April edits inserting POV
Edits by Thatpeteguy inserted unnecessary POV as well as messed up the formatting. Musgrave allows her belief in christianity [sic] to move her away from representing her district truthfully.She [sic] has been called "Bush's rubber stamp" by those who feel she supports his agenda and not thier [sic] interests.

In the 2006 re-election section, official 2006 election results from the CO Sec. State that were sourced were removed as well. Incorrect provisional numbers were re-inserted. Several reference links were destroyed. This comes close to sabotage of the article. Please don't trash articles like this. Hawk4free 18:54, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

To all aspiring spindoctors

It is amazing how some editors hide behind the POV tree whenever they feel the presence of the truth.POV could just as easily be defined by not allowing opposing viewpoints to be heard.I live in the district Musgrave dictates over and we all know here that she allows christian mythology to guide her.She has said as much numerous times.So if

I were to quote a news clip of some alternate news agency from this district.....oh wait there are none....hmmm.

guess I'll just have to live in reality and let you folks enjoy your psuedopedia.Cheers! --Thatpeteguy 23:59, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Sir,

I am a Musgrave constituent, which accounts for my interest in this article. Therefore, you do not have a monopoly on this topic. I actually am not a supporter of Musgrave's and don't dispute some of your characterizations of her. However -- while there will always be disputes about objectivity versus subjectivity over articles like this -- I believe that a Wikipedia article is not one's personal forum, and I try to abide by that. What you are doing is a disservice to readers, only slightly different from the vandalism to this article done by Musgrave staff.

Also, please do not overlook the fact that your edits and bad formatting needlessly destroyed the work of others. The reinsertion of inaccurate provisional election returns over the official Secretary of State returns was totally inappropriate.

Regarding Musgrave's statements on religion in public life, there is a section of the article addressing that. Note that it includes specific references. It seems your issue is with the larger Wikipedia project. Perhaps you should start a blog. Hawk4free 23:10, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Ku Klux Klan
A passage about Klan's support of Musgrave was repeatedly deleted. She indeed received endorsement from the Klan and there was an inline citation. Why is it removed? WooyiTalk to me? 16:44, 22 November 2007 (UTC) Marilyn Musgrave was indicted in the KKK this past year, stating "It was the best thing I have ever did".
 * Simply having an inline citation is not enough to NPOV a subject. Musgrave never sought the "endorsement" of the Klan, does not have a history with the Klan, and distanced herself from the "endorsement". Just because some wackjob group supports a particular person or "endorses" them doesn't mean it's newsworthy unless you are trying to POV an article. This would be the equivalent of mentioning a Fred Phelps endorsement of Al Gore. It's nonsense, and the only reason people are trying it is the hatred for Musgrave. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.82.9.60 (talk) 06:04, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

...Passed an "Amendment"...
The section on 2nd Amendment rights claims she "...successfully passed an amendment..." which begs the question "amendment to what?" Granted, it was probably an amendment to some larger bill that isn't really relevant to the article, but I think the word "amendment" usually shouldn't stand alone. I think the phrase would be better put as she "successfully passed a law..." (The exception to this rule would be phrases like "2nd Amendment" where we know what was amended.) —MiguelMunoz (talk) 19:13, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

How many districts?
Viz. "Agriculture Committee"

 * From 2003 through 2005, $14.7 billion in crop subsidies went to the congressional districts of members on the House Committee on Agriculture, an analysis by the non-partisan Environmental Working Group found. That was 42.4% of the total subsidies. Musgrave is reported to have brought $330 million to her district. [49]

It would be nice to know how many districts are represented on the Committee vs. how many districts there are overall, or vs. how many primarily-agricultural districts there are (or acreage under cultivation, etc.). The Committee's behavior is probably out of line but we can't tell how much so from the numbers given. --96.233.95.60 (talk) 22:53, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Marilyn Musgrave


text:
Category:Pigments

 * See also the category Dyes.

title: Category:Pigments


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title: User:Simonides/Watchlist


text:
Lokesh Chandra

Lokesh Chandra (born 11 April 1927 in Ambala, India) is a prominent scholar of the Vedic period, Buddhism and the Indian arts. Between 1942 and 2004, he published 576 books and 286 articles.

He has also held many official positions in the Indian government and was twice a member of Indian Parliament (during the period 1974-1980 and in 1980-1986).

Biography
Lokesh Chandra was born on 11 April 1927 in Ambala, India. He is the son of the famous Sanskrit scholar, linguist and politician Raghu Vira. After obtaining a master's degree at the University of the Punjab in Lahore in 1947, he edited the Gavamayana portion of the Vedic work Jaiminiya Brahmana with the help of newly discovered manuscripts. Chandra went to the Netherlands to study Old Javanese with the Indologist Jan Gonda at Utrecht University, where he obtained a Ph.D. with the dissertation Jaiminiya Brahmana of the Samaveda II.1-80 in March 1950. Among them are classics like his Tibetan-Sanskrit Dictionary, Materials for a History of Tibetan Literature, Buddhist Iconography of Tibet, and his Dictionary of Buddhist Art in 15 volumes.

He is not only an eminent scholar, but has also held many official positions in the Indian government as a member of several committees: Education, Official Language, but also Tourism, Heavy Industry and many others, as his expertise was not limited to Buddhism and Indian Art, his favourite fields. He was also a member of the Indian Parliament twice (1974-1980) and (1980-1986).

In 2006 he was conferred with Padma Bhushan by the Indian Government.

He was the president of Indian Council for Cultural Relations during 2014–2017. He has also served as a member of the Indian Rajya Sabha, vice-president of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, and Chairman of the Indian Council of Historical Research.

Works
Between 1942 and 2004, Lokesh Chandra published numerous books (alone or as co-author) and articles, totalling 862 publications. While it is not possible to reproduce an exhaustive list, here are some of the most frequently cited.

Books

 * Tibetan-Sanskrit Dictionary in 12+7 volumes, New Delhi, International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1961, reprint in 1971, 1991, 1993.
 * Nīlakaṇṭha Lokeśvara as the Buddhist apotheosis of Hari-hara, New Delhi, International Academy of Indian Culture, 1979, 18p.
 * The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara, Volume 1, New Delhi, Abhinav Publications, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, 1988, 303 p., ISBN 9788170172475.
 * Dictionary of Buddhist Iconography. Śata-pitaka series: Indo-Asian literatures in 15 volumes, New Delhi, Published by International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1999–2005,.
 * India's Contributions to World Thought and Culture (Collective work edited by Lokesh Chandra), Madras, Publishers: Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee, 1971, 838 p.
 * Transcendental Art of Tibet, New Delhi, Published by International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1996, 234 p. ISBN 9788186471890.
 * Cultural Horizons of India: Studies in Tantra and Buddhism, art and archaeology, language and literature (Śata-pitaka series :Indo-Asian literatures in 7 volumes n° : 361, 366, 370, 381, 388, 390, 391), New Delhi, Published by International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1990-1998, ISBN 8185179522 (ISBN of the 1st volume).
 * Kāranda-vyūha-sūtra or The supernal virtues of Avalokiteśvara, New Delhi, International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan,  1999,  295 p, ISBN 9788186471890.
 * With Raghu Vira, Gilgit Buddhist Manuscripts. Śata-pitaka series in 10 vol. Revised and Enlarged Compact Facsimile Edition. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1959–74, reprint in 1995 (3 volumes) by Sri Satguru Publishers, ISBN 9788170304449 and ISBN 9788170304456.
 * With Sharada Rani, Mudras in Japan,. Volume 243 of Śata-pitaka series :Indo-Asian literatures, New Delhi, 1978 (Reprint :Vedams eBooks in  2001), 302 p. ISBN 9788179360002.

Articles

 * The Origin of Avalokitesvara, Indologica Taurinenaia, publié par International Association of Sanskrit Studies, Volume XIII, p. 187-202,(1985-1986).
 * Origin of The Avalokiteśvara of Potala, A journal of Himalayan Studies, 1979.

title: Lokesh Chandra


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