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Orthopedic cast

An orthopedic cast, or simply cast, is a shell, frequently made from plaster or fiberglass, that encases a limb (or, in some cases, large portions of the body) to stabilize and hold anatomical structures —most often a broken bone (or bones), in place until healing is confirmed. It is similar in function to a splint. Plaster bandages consist of a cotton bandage that has been combined with plaster of paris, which hardens after it has been made wet. Plaster of Paris is calcined gypsum (roasted gypsum), ground to a fine powder by milling. When water is added, the more soluble form of calcium sulfate returns to the relatively insoluble form, and heat is produced.

 * 2 (CaSO4·½ H2O) + 3 H2O → 2 (CaSO4.2H2O) + Heat

The setting of unmodified plaster starts about 10 minutes after mixing and is complete in about 45 minutes; however, the cast is not fully dry for 72 hours.

Bandages of synthetic materials are also used —often knitted fiberglass bandages impregnated with polyurethane, sometimes bandages of thermoplastic. These are lighter and dry much faster than plaster bandages. However, plaster can be more easily moulded to make a snug and therefore more comfortable fit. In addition, plaster is much smoother and does not snag clothing or abrade the skin.

Upper extremity
Upper extremity casts encase the arm, wrist, or hand. A long arm cast encases the arm from the hand to about 5 cm below the armpit, leaving fingers and thumbs free. A short arm cast, in contrast, stops just below the elbow. Both varieties may, depending on the injury and the doctor's decision, include one or more fingers or the thumb, in which case it is called a finger spica or thumb spica cast.

Lower extremity
Lower extremity casts are classified similarly, with a cast encasing both the foot and the leg to the hip being called a long leg cast, while a cast encasing the patient's foot, ankle and lower leg ending below the knee being called a short leg cast. A walking heel may be applied for ambulation. These heels, when properly applied, elevate the toes and offer the wearer the advantage of keeping the toes out of the dirt and moisture of the street. The walking heel provides a small contact patch for the cast and creates a fluid rocking motion during the stride as the cast can pivot easily in any direction. Similarly, a weight-bearing cast shoe (cast boot, cast sandal) can help the patient walk during convalescence. Additionally, a castshoe can simply protect the patient's casted foot while helping to maintain better hygiene by preventing the cast from directly contacting potentially dirty or wet ground surfaces.

Where the patient is not to walk on the injured limb, crutches or a wheelchair may be provided. The foot's under-sole portion of a leg cast may be extended terminating at the tip of the patient's toes, to create a rigid support that limits motion of the metatarsals in both weight bearing and non-weight bearing leg casts. These are referred to as toeplates in the orthopedic discipline of medicine. This addition may be applied to further support and stabilize the metatarsals by limiting motion through a higher degree of immobilization, as well as protecting the toes from additional blunt force trauma. Typically leg casts with toeplates are prescribed for injuries to the foot and metatarsals. Ordinarily, a leg cast applied for the treatment of a stable ankle fracture would not use the toeplate design because there is no need to immobilize and limit the motion of the patient's toes.

Cylinder
In some cases, a cast may include the upper and lower arm and the elbow, but leave the wrist and hand free, or the upper and lower leg and the knee, leaving the foot and ankle free. Such a cast may be called a cylinder cast. Where the wrist or ankle is included, it may be called a long arm or long leg cast.

Body
Body casts, which cover the trunk of the body, and in some cases the neck up to or including the head (see Minerva Cast, below) or one or more limbs, are used less frequently today, and are most commonly used in the cases of small children, who cannot be trusted to comply with a back brace, or in cases of radical surgery to repair an injury or other defect. A body cast that encases the trunk (with "straps" over the shoulders) is usually called a body jacket. These are often very uncomfortable.

EDF cast
An EDF (elongation, derotation, flexion) cast is used for the treatment of Infantile Idiopathic scoliosis. This method of treatment for correction was developed by UK scoliosis specialist Min Mehta. Scoliosis is a 3-dimensional problem that requires correction in all three planes. The EDF casting method can elongate the spine through traction, derotate the spine/pelvis, and improve lordosis and overall body shape and alignment.

EDF differs from Risser casting. EDF casts are either over or under the shoulder, and have a large mushroom opening on the front to allow for proper chest expansion. On the back, there is a small cutout on the concavity of the curve, not going past the midline. It was found that the spine became more aligned with this cutout than without, and that it helped correct rotation.

Spica cast
A cast that includes the trunk of the body and one or more limbs is a spica cast, just as is a cast that includes the "trunk" of the arm and one or more fingers or the thumb. For example, a shoulder spica includes the trunk of the body and one arm, usually to the wrist or hand. Shoulder spicas are almost never seen today, having been replaced with specialized splints and slings that provide early mobility of the injury to avoid joint stiffness after healing.

A hip spica includes the trunk of the body and one or more legs. A hip spica that covers only one leg to the ankle or foot is called a single hip spica, while one that covers both legs is a double hip spica. A one-and-a-half hip spica encases one leg to the ankle or foot and the other to just above the knee. The extent to which the hip spica covers the trunk depends greatly on the injury and the surgeon; the spica may extend only to the navel, allowing mobility of the spine and the possibility of walking with the aid of crutches, or may extend to the rib cage or even to the armpits in some rare cases. Hip spicas are common in maintaining reduction of femoral fractures and are also used for congenital hip dislocations, mostly while the child is still an infant.

In some cases, a hip spica may only extend down one or more legs to above the knee. Such casts, called pantaloon casts, are occasionally seen to immobilize an injured lumbar spine or pelvis, in which case the trunk portion of the cast usually extends to the armpits.

Mobility and hygiene
Mobility is severely restricted by the hip spica cast and walking without crutches or a walker is impossible because the hips cannot bend. There is a serious danger of falling if the patient in a hip spica cast tries to get upright to walk without assistance because they lack the ability to control their balance. Patients normally remain in a bed or rely on a reclining wheelchair or children's stroller. Children in spica casts can sometimes learn to get mobile by scooting around on skateboards, or pulling themselves across the floor. Some children even learn to walk by holding themselves up against furniture. A child in a spica cast must always be supervised and safety must always be considered when they are at a mobile phase of their healing to prevent reinjury or damage to the cast. Many spica casts have a spreader bar between the legs to help strengthen the cast and support the legs in the proper positions. It is important when moving the casted patient to not lift them by this spreader bar, as it may break and this could cause injury to the patient. To facilitate toileting or diaper changing and hygienic cleaning, an opening is created in the cast at the groin. The opening is normally referred to as the "perineal opening". It is formed either during cast application or after cast application by cutting the hole with the cast saw. The opening must then be petalled or lined to keep this area of the cast clean and dry. Because the hips cannot bend, using a toilet is difficult, if not impossible. It is therefore necessary for the patient to either use a diaper, bedpan, or catheters to manage bodily waste eliminations. Bathing must be done by sponge baths. Hair may be shampooed by using plastic wash basins under the head. To shampoo wash the hair of a child, the child can be lifted and placed on a kitchen counter top and their head held over the kitchen sink.

Other casts
The Minerva cast and the Risser cast are used to protect an injured spine or as part of the treatment for a spinal deformity (see scoliosis), but are seen less frequently today. The Minerva cast includes the trunk of the body (sometimes extending down only so far as the rib cage) as well as the patient's head, with openings provided for the patient's face, ears, and sometimes the top of the head and hair. The Risser cast was similar, extending from the patient's hips to the neck and sometimes including part of the head. Both of these casts could, with care and the doctor's permission, be walked in during convalescence. However, in some cases the Risser cast would extend into one or more pantaloons, in which case mobility was far more restricted.

Aside from the above common forms, body casts could come in nearly any size and configuration. For example, from the 1910s to the 1970s, use of a turnbuckle cast, which used metal turnbuckles to twist two halves of the cast so as to forcibly straighten the spine before surgery was common. The turnbuckle cast had no single configuration, and could be as small as a body jacket split in half, or could include the head, one or both legs to the knees or feet, or one arm to the elbow or wrist.

Despite the large size and extreme immobilization some casts, particularly those used in or before the 1970s, the popular term full body cast is something of a misnomer. The popular and media-driven conception of a massive cast encasing all four limbs, the trunk, and the head – sometimes leaving only small slits for the eyes, nose, and mouth – is a true rarity in recorded medical history, and this type of large scale cast appears more commonly in various Hollywood movies and on television shows. The term body cast (or full body cast) is sometimes casually used by laymen to describe any of a number of body or spica casts, from a simple body jacket to a more extensive hip spica.

Materials
Due to the nature of the dressing, the limb is unreachable during treatment, and the skin under the plaster becomes dry and scaly because the discarded outer skin cells are not washed or brushed off. Also, plaster of Paris casts can result in cutaneous complications including macerations, ulcerations, infections, rashes, itching, burns, and allergic contact dermatitis, which may also be due to the presence of formaldehyde within the plaster bandages. In hot weather, staphylococcal infection of the hair follicles and sweat glands can lead to severe and painful dermatitis.

Other limitations of plaster casts include their weight, which can be quite considerable, thus restricting movement, especially of a child. Removal of the cast requires destroying the cast itself. The process is often noisy, making use of a special oscillating saw that can easily cut the hard cast material but has difficulty cutting soft material like cast padding or skin. Although the removal is often painless, this can be distressing for the patient, especially children. A cast saw can cut, abrade, or burn skin, but those results are uncommon. Additionally, plaster of Paris casts break down if patients get them wet.

Due to the limitations of plaster of Paris, surgeons have also experimented with other types of materials for use as splints. An early plastic like material was gutta-percha obtained from the latex of trees found in Malaya. It resembled rubber, but contained more resins. When dry it was hard and inelastic, but when warmed it became soft and malleable. In 1851 Utterhoeven described the use of splints made from this material for the treatment of fractures. In the 1970s, the development of fibreglass casting tape made it possible to produce a cast that was lighter and more durable than the traditional plaster cast and also resistant to water (though the bandages underneath were not) helping the patient be more active.

In the 1990s the introduction of new cast lining has meant that fiberglass casts with this liner are completely waterproof, allowing patients to bathe, shower, and swim while wearing a cast. The waterproof cast liner however adds approximately two to three more minutes to the application time of the cast and increases the cost of the cast. Drying time, however, can be inconvenient enough to warrant a cast and bandage moisture protector. These waterproof covers allow for bathing and showering while wearing either a plaster or fiberglass cast. The waterproof cast cover stays tightly around the cast and prevents water from ever reaching it while the patient is in contact with water. The cover can easily be removed to dry, and can be re-used often.

Cast liner
Cast liners are often cotton, though waterproof lining material is also available.

Washable casts
There are some washable casts like FlexiOH which provide good ventilation and maintain good skin hygiene. With this cast, patients are able to bathe and go out in the rain. These type of cast has advantages that deliver patient a better treatment than conventional cast like plaster of Paris or Fiberglass. They are the next generation orthopedic immobilization photo-curing specialty-resin technology that enables waterproof, washable, lightweight, strong and comfortable way of recovering from fractures.

Removal
Casts are typically removed by perforation using a cast saw, an oscillating saw designed to cut rigid material such as plaster or fiberglass while not harming soft tissue. Manually operated shears, patented in 1950 by Neil McKay, may be used on pediatric or other patients who may be affected by the noise of the saw.

History
The earliest methods of holding a reduced fracture involved using splints. These are rigid strips laid parallel to each other alongside the bone. The Ancient Egyptians used wooden splints made of bark wrapped in linen. They also used stiff bandages for support that were probably derived from embalming techniques. The use of plaster of Paris to cover walls is evident, but it seems it was never used for bandages. Ancient Hindus treated fractures with bamboo splints, and the writings of Hippocrates discuss management of fractures in some detail, recommending wooden splints plus exercise to prevent muscle atrophy during the immobilization. The ancient Greeks also used waxes and resins to create stiffened bandages and the Roman Celsus, writing in AD 30, describes how to use splints and bandages stiffened with starch. Arabian doctors used lime derived from sea shells and albumen from egg whites to stiffen bandages. The Italian School of Salerno in the twelfth century recommended bandages hardened with a flour and egg mixture as did medieval European bonesetters, who used casts made of egg white, flour, and animal fat. By the sixteenth century the famous French surgeon Ambroise Paré (1517–1590), who championed more humane treatments in medicine and promoted the use of artificial limbs, made casts of wax, cardboard, cloth, and parchment that hardened as they dried.

These methods all had merit, but the standard method for the healing of fractures was bed rest and restriction of activity. The search for a simpler, less-time-consuming, method led to the development of the first modern occlusive dressings, stiffened at first with starch and later with plaster-of-paris. The ambulatory treatment of fractures was the direct result of these innovations. The innovation of the modern cast can be traced to, among others, four military surgeons, Dominique Jean Larrey, Louis Seutin, Antonius Mathijsen, and Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov.

Dominique Jean Larrey (1768–1842) was born in a small town in southern France. He first studied medicine with his uncle, a surgeon in Toulouse. After a short tour of duty as a naval surgeon, he returned to Paris, where he became caught up in the turmoil of the French Revolution, being present at the Storming of the Bastille. From then on, he made his career as a surgeon in France's revolutionary and Napoleonic armies, which he accompanied throughout Europe and the Middle East. As a result, Larrey accumulated a vast experience of military medicine and surgery. One of his patients after the Battle of Borodino in 1812 was an infantry officer whose arm was amputated at the shoulder. The patient was evacuated immediately following the operation and passed from Russia, through Poland and Germany. When the dressing was removed on his arrival home in France, the wound had healed. Larrey concluded that the fact that the wound had been undisturbed had facilitated healing. After the war, Larrey began stiffening bandages using camphorated alcohol, lead acetate and egg whites beaten in water.

An improved method was introduced by Louis Seutin, (1793–1865) of Brussels. In 1815 Seutin had served in the allied armies in the war against Napoleon and was on the field of Waterloo. At the time of the development of his bandage he was chief surgeon in the Belgium army. Seutin's "bandage amidonnee" consisted of cardboard splints and bandages soaked in a solution of starch and applied wet. These dressings required 2 to 3 days to dry, depending on the temperature and humidity of the surroundings. The substitution of Dextrin for starch, advocated by Velpeau, the man widely regarded as the leading French surgeon at the beginning of the 19th century, reduced the drying time to 6 hours. Although this was a vast improvement, it was still a long time, especially in the harsh environment of the battlefield.

A good description of Seutin's technique was provided by Sampson Gamgee who learned it from Seutin in France during the winter of 1851–52 and went on to promote its use in Britain. The limb was initially wrapped in wool, especially over any bony prominences. Pasteboard was then cut into shape to provide a splint, and dampened so it could be molded to the limb. The limb was then wrapped in bandages before a starch coating was applied to the outer surface. Seutin's technique for the application of the starch apparatus formed the basis of the technique used with plaster of Paris dressings today. The use of this method led to the early mobilization of patients with fractures and a marked reduction in hospital time required.

Plaster casts
Although these bandages were an improvement over Larrey's method, they were far from ideal. They required a long time to apply and dry and there was often shrinkage and distortion. A great deal of interest had been aroused in Europe around 1800 by a British diplomat, consul William Eton, who described a method of treating fractures that he had observed in Turkey. He noted that gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris) was moulded around the patient's leg to cause immobilization. If the cast became loose due to atrophy or a reduction in swelling, then additional gypsum plaster was added to fill the space. Adapting the use of plaster of Paris for use in hospitals, however, took some time. In 1828, doctors in Berlin were treating leg fractures by aligning the bones in a long narrow box, which they filled with moist sand. Substitution of plaster of Paris for the sand was the next logical step. Such plaster casts did not succeed however as the patient was confined to bed due to the casts being heavy and cumbersome.

Plaster of Paris bandages were introduced in different forms by two army surgeons, one at a peacetime home station and another on active service at the front. Antonius Mathijsen (1805–1878) was born in Budel, the Netherlands, where his father was the village doctor. He was educated in Brussels, Maastricht and Utrecht obtaining the degree of doctor of medicine at Gissen in 1837. He spent his entire career as a medical officer in the Dutch Army. While he was stationed at Haarlem in 1851, he developed a method of applying plaster of Paris bandages. A brief note describing his method was published on January 30, 1852; it was followed shortly by more complete accounts. In these accounts Mathijsen emphasised that only simple materials were required and the bandage could be quickly applied without assistance. The bandages hardened rapidly, provided an exact fit and could be windowed or bivalved (cut to provide strain relief) easily. Mathijsen used coarsely woven materials, usually linen, into which dry plaster of Paris had been rubbed thoroughly. The bandages were then moistened with a wet sponge or brush as they were applied and rubbed by hand until they hardened.

Plaster of Paris dressings were first employed in the treatment of mass casualties in the 1850s during the Crimean War by Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810–1881). Pirogov was born in Moscow and received his early education there. After obtaining a medical degree at Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) he studied at Berlin and Göttingen before returning to Dorpat as a professor of Surgery. In 1840, he became the professor of surgery at the academy of military medicine in St. Petersburg. Pirogov introduced the use of ether anaesthesia to Russia and made important contributions to the study of cross-sectional human anatomy. With the help of his patron, the grand duchess Helene Pavlovna, he introduced female nurses into the military hospitals at the same time that Florence Nightingale was beginning a similar program in British military hospitals.

Seutin had travelled through Russia demonstrating his 'starched bandage', and his technique had been adopted by both the Russian army and navy by 1837. Pirogov had observed the use of plaster of Paris bandages in the studio of a sculptor who used strips of linen soaked in liquid plaster of Paris for making models (this technique, called "modroc," is still popular). Pirogov went on to develop his own methods, although he was aware of Mathijsen's work. Pirogov's method involved soaking coarse cloth in a plaster of Paris mixture immediately before application to the limbs, which were protected either by stockings or cotton pads. Large dressings were reinforced with pieces of wood.

As time passed and the method moved more into the mainstream some disagreement arose as to the problems associated with cutting off air to skin contact, and also some improvements were made. Eventually Pirogov's method gave way to Mathijsen's. Among the improvements suggested as early as 1860 was that of making the dressing resistant to water by painting the dried plaster of Paris with a mixture of shellac dissolved in alcohol. The first commercial bandages were not produced until 1931 in Germany, and were called Cellona. Before that the bandages were made by hand at the hospitals.

As a plaster cast is applied, it expands by approximately 0.5%. The less water used, the more linear expansion occurs. Potassium sulfate can be used as an accelerator and sodium borate as a retarder to control setting time.

title: Orthopedic cast


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Castres

Castres (Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan) is the sole subprefecture of the Tarn department in the Occitanie region in Southern France. It lies in the former province of Languedoc, although not in the former region of Languedoc-Roussillon. In 2018, the commune had a population of 41,795.

Castres is the fourth-largest industrial centre of the predominantly rural former Midi-Pyrénées region after Toulouse, Tarbes and Albi, as well as the largest in the part of Languedoc lying between Toulouse and Montpellier. It is noted for being the birthplace of the famous socialist leader Jean Jaurès (1859–1914) and home to the important Goya Museum of Spanish painting.

Demographics
In 1831, the population of Castres was 12,032, making it the largest town of the department of Tarn. One of the few industrial towns in the region of Albigeois, the population of the commune proper grew to 19,483 in 1901, and 34,126 by 1954. However, with the decline of its industries, population growth diminished. Albi surpassed Castres as the most populous metropolitan area of Tarn. The population of Castres reached its peak in 1975, after that it has been decreasing slowly. Castres is the centre of a functional urban area with 104,695 inhabitants (2019).

Geography
Castres is located at an altitude of 172 m above sea level. It is located 45 km south-southeast of Albi, the préfecture (capital) of Tarn, and 79 km east of Toulouse, the capital of Occitania. Castres is intersected from north to south by the rivers Agout and Durenque.

The Thoré forms most of the commune's south-eastern border, then flows into the Agout, which forms part of its western border.

Administration
Between 1790 and 1797 Castres was the prefecture of Tarn.

Since 2001, the mayor of Castres has been Pascal Bugis (right, member of UMP), who defeated the then socialist mayor in the 2001 election after a campaign focused on the bad records of the socialist mayor on fighting crime, and the high level of insecurity in the town.

Castres has teamed up with the nearby town of Mazamet (22 km southeast of Castres) and the independent suburbs and villages in between to create the communauté d'agglomération de Castres Mazamet, which was established in December 1999. The communauté d'agglomération groups 14 independent communes (including Castres and Mazamet), with a total population of 78,101 inhabitants (2018), 54% of these living in the commune of Castres proper, 13% in the commune of Mazamet, and the rest in the communes in between.

The communauté d'agglomération was created in order to better coordinate transport, infrastructure, housing, and economic policies between the communes of the area. The current president of the communauté d'agglomération is Pascal Bugis, mayor of Castres.

History
The name of the town comes from Latin castrum, and means "fortified place". Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît, which is believed to have been founded in AD 647, possibly on the site of an old Roman fort (castrum). Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church, built in the 9th century, was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent, the renowned martyr of Spain. It was a place of some importance as early as the 12th century, and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi. Despite the decline of its abbey, which in 1074 came under the authority of Saint Victor abbey in Marseille, Castres was granted a liberal charter in the 12th century by the famous Trencavel family, viscounts of Albi. Resulting from the charter, Castres was ruled by a college of consuls.

During the Albigensian Crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort, and thus entered into the kingdom of France in 1229. In 1317, Pope John XXII established the bishopric of Castres. In 1356, the town of Castres was raised to a countship by King John II of France. However, the town greatly suffered from the Black Plague in 1347-1348, then from the Black Prince of England and the Free Companies (bands of lawless mercenaries) who laid waste the country during the Hundred Years' War. Consequently, by the late 14th century Castres entered a period of sharp decline. In 1375, there were only 4,000 inhabitants left in town, only half the figure from a century before. Following the confiscation of the possessions of Jacques d'Armagnac, duke of  Nemours, to which the countship of Castres had passed, it was bestowed in 1476 by King Louis XI on Boffille de Juge (Boffillo del Giudice), an Italian nobleman and adventurer serving as a diplomat for Louis XI, but the appointment led to so much disagreement (family feud between Boffille de Juge, his only daughter, and his brother-in-law)  that the countship was united to the crown by King Francis I in 1519.

Around 1560, the majority of the population of Castres converted to Protestantism. In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party, fortified the town, and established an independent republic. Castres was one of the largest Protestant strongholds in southern France, along with Montauban and La Rochelle. Henry of Navarre, leader of the Protestant party, who later became King Henry IV of France, stayed in Castres in 1585. The Protestants of Castres were brought to terms, however, by King Louis XIII in 1629, and Richelieu came himself to Castres to have its fortifications dismantled. Nonetheless, after these religious wars, the town, now in peace, enjoyed a period of rapid expansion. Business and traditional commercial activities revived, in particular fur and leather-dressing, tanning, and above all wool trade. Culture flourished anew, with the founding of the Academy of Castres in 1648. Castres was turned by the Catholic Church into an active center of Counter-Reformation, with the establishments of several convents in town, and the building of a renowned bishop's palace by Mgr. Tubœuf, still the most famous monument in town today. A new cathedral was also built, after the destructions of the religious wars. Perhaps even more important, Castres was made the seat of the Chambre de l'Édit of the Parliament of Toulouse, a court of justice detached from the Parliament of Toulouse and in charge of dealing with the cases involving the Protestants of Languedoc, a measure of protection granted to them by the Edict of Nantes. This court attracted much business to Castres. In 1665, there were 7,000 inhabitants in Castres, 4,000 of whom Catholic, and 3,000 Protestant.

In 1670 however, the Chambre de l'Édit was transferred to Castelnaudary, much to the discontent of even the catholic citizens of Castres, who lost a major source of business and revenue with the departure of the lawyers and the plaintiffs. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes soon followed, and Castres suffered greatly when many Protestants chose to go into exile. Then came the plague of 1720-1721 and the fire of 1724. Last but not least, Castres lost its liberal charter in 1758. In the 1760s, a few years after the famous Calas Affair in Toulouse, Castres made the headlines nationwide: Pierre-Paul Sirven and his wife, both Protestants, were wrongly accused of having murdered their daughter in order to prevent her from converting to Catholicism. Tried and sentenced to death in absentia on March 29, 1764, they were defended by Voltaire, and eventually exonerated in 1771.

The outbreak of the French Revolution was generally welcomed in Castres, particularly among the local Protestant merchants and entrepreneurs, but the majority of the population remained moderate during the whole period. In 1793 for instance, Protestant pastor Alba La Source, Castres' representative at the Convention in Paris, opposed the deportation of "non-juror" Catholic priests to French Guiana, where death in the horrid jungle was certain (see Civil Constitution of the Clergy). "Non-juror" priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres. Accused of being a moderate, Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793. Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution, Castres was duly chastised. The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished, Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi. Capital of the département of Tarn in 1790, the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797, Albi being made the capital of the département.

Despite these setbacks, in the 19th century the economy of Castres developed greatly, and the town grew outside of its old medieval center. As early as 1815, the first mechanized wool mill was set up in town. Originally specialized in luxury cloth, the Castres textile industry then turned toward more ordinary types of cloth, whose markets were considerably larger. Around 1860, there were 50 wool mills in town, employing 3,000 people. In the end of the 19th century, mechanical engineering industries appeared beside the textile industry, which led to Castres becoming a major arsenal for the French army during the First World War. Castres was linked to the French railway network in 1865. At the end of the 19th century, Castres was the largest town in the département of Tarn, with 5,000 more inhabitants than Albi.

However, in the 20th century the town entered a new period of decline. Although Castres emerged from the two world wars unscathed, no military operations or combats taking place in southwest France, the local economy has been hard hit by change. Like so many towns and cities of Europe which had benefited most from the Industrial Revolution, Castres is experiencing a difficult restructuring of its industrial base. Textile has particularly suffered. Castres is also crippled by its geographical location, isolated in a dead end at the foot of the Massif Central mountains, away from the main exchange and transport routes. Castres is still not connected to the motorway (freeway) network of France, the only town of that size in France not yet connected. The creation of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council in 2000 was expected to deal with the transport problem, and to work on attracting new industries. The good fortune of Castres is to be located only 79 km away from the very dynamic Toulouse. The long-promised motorway link with Toulouse is due to be completed soon, and Castres hopes to benefit from its proximity with the big Occitan city.

Economy
The principal industries are mechanical and electrical engineering, machine tools, wooden furniture, granite, textile, fur and leather-dressing, tanning, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and selective breeding of cows.

Traditional and polluting industries such as textile, tanning, fur and leather-dressing, or chemicals, are in sharp decline. However, a multinational pharmaceutical group (Pierre Fabre Group) emerged in the town in the 1960s, and it has kept its headquarters and R&D division in the metropolitan area, helping to counterbalance the general decline in industry. Some now accuse its founder and president, Pierre Fabre, of being the real "master" of Castres, making and designating Castres' mayors at will.

Transport
The Gare de Castres railway station is served by regional trains to Mazamet and Toulouse.

People
Castres is the hometown of socialist politician and newspaper publisher Jean Jaurès (1859–1914), who was murdered in Paris the day before the start of the First World War.

Mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in Castres in 1665, while attending a session of the Chambre de l'Édit there.

French writer Roger Peyrefitte was born into a wealthy family of Castres in 1907.

Former French footballer Claude Puel was also born in Castres.

Other people born in the city include:
 * Guilhabert de Castres - Cathar bishop
 * Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult - Politician and marshal during the Napoleonic wars
 * André Dacier - Scholar
 * John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier - British general
 * Paul de Rapin - Historian
 * Roger Peyrefitte - Diplomat and author
 * Claude Puel - Football player and manager
 * Charles Blanc - Art critic
 * Yannick Jauzion - Rugby union player
 * Clément Poitrenaud - Rugby union player
 * Pierre Camara - Athlete
 * Pierre-Paul Sirven - philosopher
 * Maryline Salvetat - cyclist.
 * Guillaume Borne - footballer
 * Maurice Gabolde - Minister of Justice in the Vichy regime of Philippe Petain
 * Lore Baudrit - ice hockey player

Residents of Castres include:
 * Paul Pellisson - Author
 * Anne Lefèvre - Scholar
 * Jean Bon Saint-André - Politician during the Revolution era
 * Bernardo Gui - Inquisitor
 * Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres - Nobleman
 * Boffille de Juge - Statesman
 * Vincent Baron - Theologian
 * Pierre de Fermat - Mathematician
 * Kees Meeuws - Rugby union player
 * Christophe Farnaud - French ambassador to Greece
 * Hans Bellmer - Artist

Main sights
Castres is intersected from north to south by the river Agout. The river is fringed by old houses the upper stories of which project over its waters. The church of Saint Benoît, once the cathedral of Castres, and the most important of the churches of Castres today, dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries. The city hall occupies the former bishop's palace, designed in the 17th century by Jules Hardouin-Mansart (the architect of Versailles), and with gardens designed by André Le Nôtre (the  designer of the gardens in Versailles). The Romanesque tower beside it (Tour Saint Benoît) is the only survival of the old Benedictine abbey. The town possesses some old mansions from the 16th and 17th century, including the Hôtel de Nayrac, of the Renaissance.

Castres possesses the renowned Goya Museum, created in 1840, which contains the largest collection of Spanish paintings in France. A Jaurès Museum was also opened in 1954 in the house where Jean Jaurès was born in 1859.

The Jardin botanique Pierre Fabre "La Michonne" is a private botanical garden and conservatory that can be visited.

Sports
As one might expect of a town of western Occitania nicknamed Ovalie, the main sport in Castres is rugby union, followed religiously by many locals. The local professional club is Castres Olympique, who are five-time champions of France (in 1949, 1950, 1993, 2013 and 2018). Castres Olympique is the property of local tycoon Pierre Fabre, founder and president of Pierre Fabre Group.

The finish of Stage 12 of the 2007 Tour de France was in Castres.

Education

 * Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research

Cinema
Castres is the place where a short film festival occurs each year.

Medias
The city happened to see the birth of its first student radio (RADIOM) in 2007.

Twin towns
Castres is twinned with:
 * 🇪🇸 Linares, Spain
 * Wakefield, England
 * 🇷🇼 Butare, Rwanda

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Castres


text:
User talk:Jackinbox

test

title: User talk:Jackinbox


text:
The Mob (British band)

The Mob is an English anarcho-punk band, formed in Yeovil, Somerset in the late 1970s.

Background
The band's initial line-up consisted of Mark Wilson (vocals, guitar), Curtis Youé (bass guitar) and Graham Fallows (drums). Later drummers included Adie Tompkins, Tim Hutton and Joseph Porter. The Mob disbanded in 1983 and reformed in 2011, playing a number of gigs with the original members. The first was on 8 April 2011 at The Fleece in Bristol and later in the year, The Levellers' Beautiful Days Festival in Devon on 20 August. North American shows followed in October 2012, and various European gigs in 2012/13. Their first new release in almost 30 years was the single Rise Up! in August 2013. Further North American/European dates followed in 2014/15.

All the Madmen Records
All the Madmen Records is a record label started by The Mob in Yeovil before Mark Wilson and Curtis Youé relocated to London in the early 1980s. Profits from the band's Let the Tribe Increase LP were ploughed back into the label, co-organised by members of the collective that published the Kill Your Pet Puppy zine. Today, All the Madmen Records is housed in Rockaway Park, a commune based in Temple Cloud, Somerset. All the buildings on the Rockaway Park grounds were designed and built by Mark Mob (Wilson) and contain large percentages of recycled materials that were sourced from various places.

Reunion
The Mob reunited in 2011 with the band’s original line-up. Wilson had heard of a surprise party planned for his upcoming birthday that was to feature a (The Mob) cover band and decided he would rather perform himself. The original members of the band agreed to join him. Prior to this reunion Wilson stated that he had not touched a guitar in 20 years. After gigs around the UK the band played in various countries across Europe. A tour of the US and Canada followed in 2012 which included headlining the 'Chaos in Tejas' festival in Austin, Texas.

title: The Mob (British band)


text:
MedlinePlus

MedlinePlus is an online information service produced by the United States National Library of Medicine. The service provides curated consumer health information in English and Spanish with select content in additional languages. The site brings together information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), other U.S. government agencies, and health-related organizations. There is also a site optimized for display on mobile devices, in both English and Spanish. In 2015, about 400 million people from around the world used MedlinePlus. The service is funded by the NLM and is free to users.

MedlinePlus provides encyclopedic information on health and drug issues, and provides a directory of medical services. MedlinePlus Connect links patients or providers in electronic health record (EHR) systems to related MedlinePlus information on conditions or medications.

PubMed Health was another NLM site that offered consumer health information, in addition to information for health professionals. However, "PubMed Health, a portal for systematic reviews as well as consumer health information, was discontinued on October 31, 2018. The same or similar content is being provided through other NLM resources, namely PubMed and Bookshelf (for systematic review content), and MedlinePlus (for consumer health information)."

History
The National Library of Medicine has long provided programs and services for professional medical scientists and health care providers, including MEDLINE and the various services that access it, such as PubMed and Entrez. By the 1990s, more members of the general public were using these services as Internet access became widespread. But nonprofessional users could benefit from reliable health information in a layperson-accessible format. The National Library of Medicine introduced MedlinePlus in October 1998, to provide a non-commercial online service similar, for example, to the commercial WebMD. In 2010 another NCBI service, PubMed Health, complemented MedlinePlus in offering curated consumer health information; PubMed Health focuses especially on finding information about clinical effectiveness of treatments.

MedlinePlus initially provided 22 health topics in English, which expanded to almost 1000 health topics in English and Spanish, plus links to health information in over 40 languages. MedlinePlus was recognized by the Medical Library Association for its role in providing health information. The site scored 84 in the American Customer Satisfaction Index for 2010.

In 2000s, A.D.A.M.'s medical encyclopedia was incorporated into MedlinePlus. The "Animated Dissection of Anatomy for Medicine, Inc." is a NASDAQ-traded public company based in Atlanta, Georgia, that provides consumer health information and benefits technology products to healthcare organizations, employers, consumers, and educational institutions.

Key features
The MedlinePlus website provides information in text-based webpages as well as in videos and tools. Other ways to access to access MedlinePlus content include MedlinePlus Mobile, which is a point-of-care tool for clinicians, and MedlinePlus Connect, which connects to Electronic Health Records (EHRs).

title: MedlinePlus


text:
The Bedsitting Room (play)

The Bedsitting Room is a satirical play by Spike Milligan and John Antrobus. It began as a one-act play which was first produced on 12 February 1962 at the Marlowe Theatre in Canterbury, England. The Bedsitting Room was then adapted to a longer play and Bernard Miles put it on at the Mermaid Theatre, where it was first performed on 31 January 1963 before transferring several weeks later to the Duke of York's Theatre in London's West End.

The production included a coup de théâtre, when the character "Mate" (originally played in London by Spike Milligan) entered wearing a mixture of ragged military uniforms from across the centuries. Attached to his boots were long strips of canvas to which were attached pairs of boots. As he marched across the stage, the empty boots marched in time behind him. The play was considered a critical and commercial hit, and was revived in 1967 with a provincial tour, before opening at London's Saville Theatre on 3 May 1967. The script was later published in paperback book.

The play was presented in repertory by the Theatre Royal, York in 1972, and was also shown by Bench Theatre in Havant for seven nights in July 1981.

The play is set in a post-apocalyptic London, nine months after World War III (the "Nuclear Misunderstanding"), which lasted for two minutes and twenty-eight seconds – "including the signing of the peace treaty". Nuclear fallout is producing strange mutations in people; the title refers to the character Lord Fortnum, who finds himself transforming into a bed-sitting room (other characters turn into a parrot and a wardrobe). The plot concerns the fate of the first child to be born after the war.

A film based on the play was released in 1969. The film was directed by Richard Lester and the cast included Ralph Richardson, Arthur Lowe, Rita Tushingham, Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Michael Hordern, Marty Feldman, Harry Secombe and Milligan himself.

Authors' intentions
In his 2002 book of reflections, Antrobus describes his idea as about "a man who fears he will turn into a bedsitting room, which he does, and the dubious doctor he has been seeing moves in with his fiancée, declaring that it will be easier to work a cure on the premises. Therein lies the dilemma. For the doctor to heal the condition would mean becoming homeless".

In a 1988 interview with Bernard Braden on ITV's All Our Yesterdays, Milligan portrayed his view of The Bedsitting Room thus:

"Nobody ever got the point about what it was about. What we were trying to say through all this laughter and fun, was that if they dropped the bomb on a major civilisation, the moment the cloud had dispersed and sufficient people had died, the survivors would set up all over again and have Barclays Bank, Barclay cards, garages, hates, cinemas and all...just go right back to square one. I think man has no option but to continue his own stupidity."

Original cast list for play
The following is the original cast list as it appears on page 5 of the 1973 paperback of the script, with music played by The Temperance Seven.

 * Captain Pontius Kak, Graham Stark. This is Lord Fortnum's doctor, whose name appears to have later changed to Captain Martin. At one time Barry Humphries played this role, which he names as Captain Martin Bules.
 * Lord Fortnum of Alamein, Valentine Dyall
 * Mate/Arthur Scroake, Spike Milligan
 * Shelter Man, John Bluthal
 * Plastic Mac Man, John Bluthal
 * Underwater Vicar, John Bluthal
 * Brigadier/Sergeant, John Bluthal
 * Chest of Drawers/Gladys Scroake, Marjie Lawrence
 * Penelope, Marjie Lawrence

 * Diplomat, Bob Todd
 * First Announcer, Bob Todd
 * Sea Captain, Bob Todd
 * Second Announcer, Johnny Vyvyan
 * Delivery Man/Chauffeur, Johnny Vyvyan
 * Seaman, Johnny Vyvyan
 * Coffin Man, Clive Elliott
 * Pianist, Alan Chase
 * Third Announcer, Bill Kerr
 * Extras:
 * Phantom
 * Old Soldier
 * Orderly

Literary and dramatic counterparts
The Bedsitting Room can be compared with The Goon Show, in which Milligan and Secombe were involved, but with a savage, cynical and even more surreal edge, and an existential despair; one criticdescribed it as being "like Samuel Beckett, but with better jokes".

Radio adaptation
A radio adaptation was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 26 December 2015 featuring Paul Merton, Derek Jacobi, Bernard Cribbins and Catherine Tate.

title: The Bedsitting Room (play)


text:
User talk:64.12.117.11

Nomination of Eve (DC Comics) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Eve (DC Comics) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Eve (DC Comics) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  Onel 5969  TT me 01:58, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of GameNight for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article GameNight is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/GameNight until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Let'srun (talk) 14:13, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.12.117.11


text: Category:Defunct railroad companies of the United States


text:
C6

C6, C06, C VI or C-6 may refer to:

Road

 * Chevrolet Corvette C6, a 2005 sports car
 * Cierva C.6, a 1924 Spanish autogyro
 * Citroën C6, a 2005 executive car
 * Sauber SHS C6, a 1982 Group C prototype racing car
 * Ford C6 transmission, a heavy-duty automatic transmission built by Ford Motor Company

Air

 * AEG C.VI, a German World War I reconnaissance aircraft
 * DFW C.VI, a 1916 German reconnaissance aircraft
 * LVG C.VI, a 1917 German twin-seat reconnaissance aircraft
 * C-6 Ute, a military version of the Beechcraft King Air airplane

Rail

 * Bavarian C VI, an 1899 German steam locomotive model
 * LNER Class C6, a class of British 3-cylinder compound locomotives

Water

 * C-6, United States Army designation of the Sikorsky S-38 amphibious flying boat
 * HMS C6, a 1906 British Royal Navy submarine
 * USS Olympia (C-6), a 1892 United States Navy protected cruiser

Anatomy and medicine

 * Complement component 6 (C6 protein) in the complement cascade system of immune proteins (native immunity)
 * Cervical vertebra 6, one of the cervical vertebrae of the vertebral column
 * Cervical spinal nerve 6 (C6), a spinal nerve of the cervical segment

Other uses

 * C6 (explosive), a form of plastic explosive
 * C-6 Canal, a canal that flows from Lake Okeechobee in Florida to its terminus at the Miami River
 * C6 connector, an electrical power connector
 * Circumferential Road 6 or C-6, an arterial road of Manila, Philippines
 * Benzotriyne, a hypothetical chemical compound with molecular formula C6
 * CanJet (IATA code C6), former air carrier
 * Soprano C, a musical note designated C6
 * C6 GPMG, Canadian designation of the FN MAG machine gun
 * C6 tuning, a common tuning of a steel guitar (the musical chord of C6)

title: C6


text:
CJA

CJA may refer to:

 * Center for Justice and Accountability
 * CanJet, a low-cost chartered airline based in Canada
 * Criminal Justice Act
 * Climate Justice Action
 * CJA, the guitarist from the Futurians
 * Center for Jewish Art

title: CJA


text:
LeConte

Le Conte, LeConte, or Leconte may refer to:

People

 * Cincinnatus Leconte (1853–1912), president of Haiti 1911-1912
 * Emmanuel Leconte (born 1982), French actor
 * Henri Leconte (born 1963), French tennis player
 * John Le Conte (1818–1891), scientist and first president of UC Berkeley
 * John Eatton Le Conte (1784–1860), naturalist
 * John Lawrence LeConte (1825–1883), entomologist
 * Joseph LeConte (1823–1901), geologist and professor at University of South Carolina, UC Berkeley, and founding member of the Sierra Club
 * Joseph Nisbet LeConte (1870–1950), explorer and engineering professor at UC Berkeley, Sierra Club leader
 * Joska Le Conté (born 1987), Dutch skeleton racer
 * Maria Leconte (born 1970), French chess grandmaster
 * Patrice Leconte (born 1947), French film director
 * Pierre-Michel Le Conte (1921–2000), French conductor
 * Valleran le Conte (fl. 1590 – c. 1615), French actor-manager
 * Leconte de Lisle (1818–1894), French poet
 * LeConte Stewart (1891–1990), artist and professor at the University of Utah

Places

 * LeConte Bay, in Alaska
 * LeConte Falls, in Yosemite National Park, California
 * LeConte Glacier
 * LeConte Hall in Berkeley, California
 * Leconte Island in Nunavut, Canada
 * LeConte Memorial Lodge, in Yosemite Valley
 * Le Conte Middle School, in Los Angeles
 * Mount Le Conte (California)
 * Mount Le Conte (Tennessee)

Other uses

 * Le Conte du Graal or Perceval, the Story of the Grail
 * Le Conte du ventre plein, English title Bellyful, 2000 film
 * Le Conte pear
 * Leconte Prize, prize in mathematics and science awarded by French Academy of Sciences
 * Le Conte Station, light rail station in San Francisco
 * Leconte's haploa, Haploa lecontei, a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae
 * Le Conte's thrasher, Toxostoma lecontei
 * Le Conte's sparrow, Ammodramus leconteii
 * M/V LeConte, a vessel in the Alaska Marine Highway System

title: LeConte


text:
WJA

WJA or wja may refer to:

 * Welsh Judo Association, the governing body for the sport of judo in Wales
 * WJA, the ICAO code for WestJet, Alberta, Canada
 * WJA, the IATA code for Woja Airport, Ailinglaplap Atoll, Marshall Islands
 * wja, the ISO 639-3 code for Waja language, eastern Nigeria

title: WJA


text:
JGO

JGO may refer to:

 * Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, a proposed European space probe
 * Jetsgo, a defunct airline of Canada
 * JetGo, an Australian regional airline
 * Ngomba language, a Grassfields language of Cameroon
 * Qeqertarsuaq Heliport, in Greenland

title: JGO


text:
Haymana

Haymana is a municipality and district of Ankara Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,164 km2, and its population is 26,016 (2022). It is 72 km south of the capital, Ankara. Its elevation is 1200 m.

Etymology
According to the 1074-dated dictionary Dīwān ul-Lughat al-Turk, haymana means prairie in Turkish.

History
Archaeological excavations were launched in Gavur Kalesi, a castle situated in the village of Dereköy, in the years 1930 and 1998. The results showed that it was an important Phrygian settlement. Besides, the tumuli located in Türkhöyük and Oyaca villages prove that the area was also inhabited during the Hittite period.

After the periods of the Roman and Byzantine rule, the area was captured by the Seljuk Turks in 1127. After the Battle of Köse Dağ it came under Ilkhanate control for a while. In the mid 14th century the area was annexed by the Ottomans. After a brief period of Timurid rule in the wake of the Battle of Ankara in 1402, it was re-captured by the Ottomans.

Age structure
The district of Haymana has a relatively young population but it is ageing very quickly.

Composition
There are 78 neighbourhoods in Haymana District:

 * Ahırlıkuyu
 * Alaçık
 * Alahacılı
 * Altıpınar
 * Ataköy
 * Bahçecik
 * Balçıkhisar
 * Baltalin
 * Boğazkaya
 * Bostanhüyük
 * Bumsuz
 * Büyükkonak
 * Büyükyağcı
 * Çaldağ
 * Çalış
 * Çatak
 * Çayraz
 * Çeltikli
 * Cihanşah
 * Cingirli
 * Culuk
 * Demirözü
 * Dereköy
 * Deveci
 * Devecipınarı
 * Durupınar
 * Durutlar
 * Emirler
 * Esen
 * Eskikışla
 * Evci
 * Evliyafakı
 * Gedik
 * Gültepe
 * Güzelcekale
 * İncirli
 * Kadıköy
 * Karahoca
 * Karapınar
 * Karasüleymanlı
 * Katrancı
 * Kavakköy
 * Kayabaşı
 * Kerpiç
 * Kesikkavak
 * Kirazoğlu
 * Kızılkoyunlu
 * Küçükkonak
 * Küçükyağcı
 * Kutluhan
 * Mandıra
 * Medrese
 * Saatli
 * Sarıdeğirmen
 * Sarıgöl
 * Sazağası
 * Şerefligökgöz
 * Serinyayla
 * Seyran
 * Sinanlı
 * Sındıran
 * Sırçasaray
 * Soğulca
 * Söğüttepe
 * Tabaklı
 * Tepeköy
 * Toyçayırı
 * Türkhüyük
 * Türkşerefli
 * Yamak
 * Yaprakbayırı
 * Yaylabeyi
 * Yeni
 * Yeniköy
 * Yergömü
 * Yeşilköy
 * Yukarısebil
 * Yurtbeyli

Prominent residents

 * Ömer Özkan, Turkish plastic surgeon. An associate professor at the Akdeniz University in Antalya, he led the team that performed in 2012 the first full face transplant in Turkey.
 * Burhan Sönmez, writer
 * Haymana Prison has had notable residents as inmates over the years, including historian Fikret Başkaya, professor of foreign relations Haluk Gerger, Workers' Party (Turkey) leader Doğu Perinçek, political scientist Yalçın Küçük, and playwright Bilgesu Erenus (the latter two jointly published their Haymana memoirs).

title: Haymana


text:
Dark Horse Presents

Dark Horse Presents was a comic book published by Dark Horse Comics from 1986. Their first published series, it was their flagship title until its September 2000 cancellation. The second incarnation was published on MySpace, running from July 2007 until August 2010. A third incarnation began in April 2011, released in print form once again.

First incarnation: Volume 1
Dark Horse Presents was conceived as an anthology title and was the first comic to be released by the newly formed Dark Horse Comics in 1986. The first issue featured Black Cross on the cover and featured the first appearance of Paul Chadwick's Concrete. The title became successful thanks to the increasing popularity of Concrete which quickly became the regular cover feature for much of the first few years of the title.

Concrete eventually spun off into its own title, and this was something which would happen to several characters and stories appearing in Dark Horse Presents. These included John Byrne's "Next Men" comic book, as well as Frank Miller's Sin City stories, with the first "Sin City" story (later retitled "The Hard Goodbye") being serialized within the pages of the comic. The title also contained stories featuring Dark Horse's licensed comics, Aliens and Predator, as well as a Buffy the Vampire Slayer story.

Dark Horse Presents was Dark Horse's longest running title, and provided a mix of material from established and new creators. The title ended with issue #157 in September 2000.

Winner of the Eisner Award for "Best Anthology" - 1992, 1994

Winner of the Harvey Award for "Best Anthology" - 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998

Second incarnation: MDHP
Dark Horse Presents was revived online through the social networking website MySpace. The first issue of MDHP featured new talents as well as well-known writers like Joss Whedon and Ron Marz. MDHP ran from August 2007 to July 2010, a total of thirty-six issues which were collected in six trade paperbacks.

Third incarnation: Volume 2
Dark Horse Presents returned as an eighty-page anthology comic on April 20, 2011 with all-new stories including a Concrete story by Paul Chadwick, a Mr. Monster story by Michael T. Gilbert, a Crimson Empire story from the Star Wars universe, a new strip called Marked Man by Howard Chaykin, a strip called Blood by Neal Adams (his first work for Dark Horse), and a sneak peek of Frank Miller’s prequel to 300, Xerxes. Two covers were available for the first issue, one featuring Concrete and the other featuring Xerxes. The new DHP has seen the revival of a number of older Dark Horse properties, including Ghost (leading to the launch of a new monthly title) and Ron Randall's Trekker.

Dark Horse's May 2014 solicitations for the 36th issue announced "...Living legends Mike Mignola, Stan Sakai, and Jaime Hernandez all contribute to this final issue of Dark Horse Presents", although the following day Bleeding Cool reported this was merely the end of the comic in the eighty-page format, and it would return with fewer pages at a later date.

Winner of the Eisner Award for "Best Anthology" – 2012, 2013, 2014

Winner of the Harvey Award for "Best Anthology" – 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015

Fourth Incarnation: Volume 3
Beginning in August 2014, Dark Horse Presents returned as a forty-eight-page book. According to Dark Horse's Mike Richardson: "The main reason is that for three and a half years we've been producing eighty pages a month – that's about ten different features – and it's time to make it a little easier on ourselves". This volume ended in 2017 with issue 33.

title: Dark Horse Presents


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert Hollis

Vanity. Having an argument with someone on a message board is not notable. Dunc_Harris|☺ 09:12, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Entire content is also duplicated at Robert hollis which should be speedied. Dunc_Harris|☺ 11:15, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. The only notable thing I can see is working with a 'legendary' band, but it doesn't describe just how much work he did. It's not like he's the lead guitarist or anything, right? Darksun 10:28, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: "Grim Norwegian AIDS Metal?" Oh, come on!  A real accomplishment would be "Light hearted Norwegians with AIDS sing metal."  That would have earned "renoun."  Delete for vanity, lack of notability, and subliteracy. Geogre 12:39, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If his prime achievement is an argument on a message board, he's really lacking in notability. Average Earthman 13:32, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quadell (talk) 20:31, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, and I suspect that the claims of collaboration with Darkthrone are what could technically be described as "a lie". —Stormie 00:57, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Roy Dalgarno

Frederick Leslie Roy Dalgarno (2 December 1910 – 1 February 2001) was an Australian social realist artist.

Early life, education and training
Born in Melbourne, Victoria (Australia) in 1910, Dalgarno was educated at Ballarat Grammar School. From 1926 to 1930 he attended National Gallery Art School in Melbourne, where he met social realists Noel Counihan and Herbert McClintock. He then attended the Academy of Art under Dattilo Rubbo from 1930 to 1932. From 1932 to 1934 he attended East Sydney Technical College Painting & Drawing. Later, between 1951 and 1953 he was at Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, including in 1951–52 William Hayter’s Atelier 17 (etching). In 1980 he studied etching and collography at the Pratt Graphic Centre, New York.

Career
He joined the Communist Party of Australia in the 1930s but, according to art historian Bernard Smith, his bohemian temperament was incompatible with party puritanism. He left the party in 1949. In the late 1930s he travelled to the canefields of North Queensland, where he concentrated on his painting.

He co-founded the Studio of Realist Art (SORA) Sydney in 1945. From 1947 to 1949 he worked as lecturer at the East Sydney Technical College. After studying in Paris, he moved to India, where he co-founded Editions Anarkali, publisher of fine arts in Bombay, while being employed as a visiting lecturer in lithography at the School of Fine Arts.

In 1953 he won the First Prize for Diploma Students, lithography, at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. In 1965 he won first prize at the Mahasartra State (India) exhibition.

In 1975 he moved to Auckland, New Zealand, where he worked as a Lecturer in drawing and composition at the Auckland Society of Arts.

Death
Dalgarno died in Auckland of pneumonia in 2001.

Legacy
Described as a socialist bohemian and a social realist painter, his work commissioned by the Australian maritime and mining trade unions is perhaps the best remembered, for its depiction of Australian workers and working conditions.

The art historian Bernard Smith wrote of Dalgarno: "He belongs to that great generation of social realist Australian artists who flourished during World War II and early post-war years but – in the aftermath of the Cold War – are now largely stored and forgotten by curators." ('Artist of the Everyday' The Australian, 23 February 2001)

title: Roy Dalgarno


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Template:Listdev

Content is "This list is incomplete. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it." All Wikipedia articles are incomplete. I've been deleting this template wherever I come across it, because it's redundant in the nature of Wikipedia. RickK 04:51, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * At least it should say something different, probably "lacking in content" instead of incomplete. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 07:54, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Send to clean up for now, maybe eventually delete. Alternately, delete and create a new "incomplete list" template. As it stands now, the "incomplete list" template is being misused, and you're right to delete it when you see it. You're absolutely right that Wikipedia is, by its very nature, incomplete. But consider, for example, a list of provinces in a country. Straightforward, objective lists like these are capable of being completed. When they're not complete yet, an "incomplete list" template is appropriate. Of course, most lists are subjective, constantly growing, or potentially very extensive (e.g., a list of car parts). The use of an "incomplete list" template is pointless for lists like that. Looking over the list of pages using the current template, I see a large number of lists that are essentially as complete as they're ever going to be. These should be removed in clean-up. But in the end, I think that an   template is a good idea, but it should be used very sparingly, and only for objectively completable lists. Side note: there exists  , which is basically identical to   . The two should be merged (into "expand list", I think); both are frequently used for inappropriate lists. (See also: Incomplete lists, Whatlinkshere:Listdev, Whatlinkshere:Expand list) • Benc • 08:27, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure Clean Up will know what to do, since we're really talking about a copy rewrite and a change of Wikipedian habits. I can see a use for a template like this.  If a person is writing a list and means to keep coming back, it's a handy way of flagging their work to keep returning to it and to flag all the other listmaniacs.  It also might keep a list off VfD, if it's incomplete and in process.  That's a possible use for something like this, not this.  I agree with deleting this template, but I think the inappropriate use of it isn't really something VfD is going to do anything about.  It'll just raise tempers. Geogre 12:42, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't delete, but revise. It seems to me that there are three basic kinds of lists we could expect to find in Wikipedia:
 * Lists that could be completed. This includes any list that might reasonably be complete in some form for some reasonable time interval. Examples: U.S. rivers, national capitals, area codes in the North American Numbering Plan, members of any music group. All of these have changed over time, but can claim stability long enough for Wikipedians to establish a completed form.
 * Lists that are expected never to be complete. This includes lists that cannot be known to be complete, as well as ones that are theoretically "completable" but are so large, dynamic, or imprecisely defined that they are sure never to be complete in an objective sense. Examples: most lists of songs, performers, movies, people, etc.
 * Stub lists: Lists that have barely been started. They may ultimately be of either of the above two types, but they currently include only a tiny fraction of the eligible entries.
 * (Of course, this list itself has its fuzzy boundaries. For instance, a "pop song chart positions" might be completed in any given week, but only with significant effort, and is so dynamic that calling it complete is a bit misleading.)
 * I would suggest scrapping the overlapping   and    and replacing them with something like    and   , as well as retaining   . "Incomplete list" should claim that it is "completable", but is not yet considered complete. "Dynamic list" should state that it is never expected to be complete, but is still a useful resource for finding members of the list. All three should request assistance in completing, adding to, and/or revising the list, as appropriate for each list type. Finally, there should be a very brief description (1 or 2 lines max) that describes how the tag is supposed to be used, and that description should be shown wherever the tag is described (currently Template messages). If the template message is sufficiently clear, this description may not be necessary, but the current "listdev" and "expand list" tags don't really make their expected usage clear. — Jeff Q 14:00, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: redundant with Template:Expand list, which (along with Template:Stublist) should be kept. Per Jeff's suggestion, I've created Template:Dynamic list. -Sean Curtin 14:35, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. This should under no circumstances simply be deleted. It serves a useful function. As for whether to rename it or merge it's functionality with another template, I am OK with this in principle. I'll have to mull over the specifics proposals above before I commit though. older ≠ wiser 20:40, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) PS, FWIW, there was some discussion about listdev vs. expand_list some time back (pre-template namespace) on MediaWiki talk:Listdev and MediaWiki talk:Expand list.

 * Delete. Partly because it is redundant with , but more importantly because m [M]any (if not most) mere lists on Wikipedia are not encyclopedic, but rather mere indiscriminate collections of information.  Often, (it seems to me), these "lists" become longer than the prose of the article, and significantly detract from the quality of the article itself.  Lists, within Wikipedia, should not strive to be comprehensive, but rather indicative or exemplary.  — MSchmahl 11:39, 22 March 2006 (UTC)  (Note:  is actually a redirect to  .  But my main argument stands.  — MSchmahl 12:25, 22 March 2006 (UTC))


text:
United States congressional delegations from Nevada

These are tables of congressional delegations from Nevada to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Nevada's current U.S Senators are Democrats Catherine Cortez Masto (serving since 2017) and Jacky Rosen (serving since 2019). Nevada has been allotted 4 seats in the U.S House of Representatives since the 2010 census; currently, 3 of the seats are held by Democrats, and the last seat is held by a Republican.

The current dean of the Nevada delegation is Representative Mark Amodei (NV-2), having served in the House since 2011.


text:
Talk:Jack Kerouac

Real characters in his books
I'm looking through my old stuff (user:radh) and found a list which tries to (real-)name a lot of his characters. I haven't really got the time to work on it properly, but if anybody is interested in this stuff, I would try to help.--Ralfdetlef (talk) 09:09, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

Lack of sources and personal opinion
A lot of this article has no sources to back it up (especially the analysis of his style and impact) and feels like a personal essay. Even though I generally agree with the opinions, we need to abide by WP:V and find sources for all statements. Ashmoo (talk) 10:24, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jack Kerouac