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Topological sorting

In computer science, a topological sort or topological ordering of a directed graph is a linear ordering of its vertices such that for every directed edge (u,v) from vertex u to vertex v, u comes before v in the ordering. For instance, the vertices of the graph may represent tasks to be performed, and the edges may represent constraints that one task must be performed before another; in this application, a topological ordering is just a valid sequence for the tasks. Precisely, a topological sort is a graph traversal in which each node v is visited only after all its dependencies are visited. A topological ordering is possible if and only if the graph has no directed cycles, that is, if it is a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Any DAG has at least one topological ordering, and algorithms are known for constructing a topological ordering of any DAG in linear time. Topological sorting has many applications, especially in ranking problems such as feedback arc set. Topological sorting is possible even when the DAG has disconnected components.

Examples
[[Image:Directed acyclic graph 2.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|This graph has many valid topological sorts, including:

• 5, 7, 3, 11, 8, 2, 9, 10 (visual left-to-right, top-to-bottom)

• 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 2, 9, 10 (smallest-numbered available vertex first)

• 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 2, 10, 9 (lexicographic by incoming neighbors)

• 5, 7, 3, 8, 11, 2, 10, 9 (fewest edges first)

• 7, 5, 11, 3, 10, 8, 9, 2 (largest-numbered available vertex first)

• 5, 7, 11, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10 (attempting top-to-bottom, left-to-right)

• 3, 7, 8, 5, 11, 10, 2, 9 (arbitrary)]]

The canonical application of topological sorting is in scheduling a sequence of jobs or tasks based on their dependencies. The jobs are represented by vertices, and there is an edge from x to y if job x must be completed before job y can be started (for example, when washing clothes, the washing machine must finish before we put the clothes in the dryer). Then, a topological sort gives an order in which to perform the jobs. A closely-related application of topological sorting algorithms was first studied in the early 1960s in the context of the PERT technique for scheduling in project management. In this application, the vertices of a graph represent the milestones of a project, and the edges represent tasks that must be performed between one milestone and another. Topological sorting forms the basis of linear-time algorithms for finding the critical path of the project, a sequence of milestones and tasks that controls the length of the overall project schedule.

In computer science, applications of this type arise in instruction scheduling, ordering of formula cell evaluation when recomputing formula values in spreadsheets, logic synthesis, determining the order of compilation tasks to perform in makefiles, data serialization, and resolving symbol dependencies in linkers. It is also used to decide in which order to load tables with foreign keys in databases.

Algorithms
The usual algorithms for topological sorting have running time linear in the number of nodes plus the number of edges, asymptotically, $$O(\left|{V}\right| + \left|{E}\right|).$$

Kahn's algorithm
One of these algorithms, first described by, works by choosing vertices in the same order as the eventual topological sort. First, find a list of "start nodes" that have no incoming edges and insert them into a set S; at least one such node must exist in a non-empty (finite) acyclic graph. Then:

L ← Empty list that will contain the sorted elements S ← Set of all nodes with no incoming edge while S is not empty do remove a node n from S add n to L for each node m with an edge e from n to m do remove edge e from the graph if m has no other incoming edges then insert m into S if graph has edges then return error  (graph has at least one cycle) else return L  (a topologically sorted order)

If the graph is a DAG, a solution will be contained in the list L (although the solution is not necessarily unique). Otherwise, the graph must have at least one cycle and therefore a topological sort is impossible.

Reflecting the non-uniqueness of the resulting sort, the structure S can be simply a set or a queue or a stack. Depending on the order that nodes n are removed from set S, a different solution is created. A variation of Kahn's algorithm that breaks ties lexicographically forms a key component of the Coffman–Graham algorithm for parallel scheduling and layered graph drawing.

Depth-first search
An alternative algorithm for topological sorting is based on depth-first search. The algorithm loops through each node of the graph, in an arbitrary order, initiating a depth-first search that terminates when it hits any node that has already been visited since the beginning of the topological sort or the node has no outgoing edges (i.e., a leaf node):

L ← Empty list that will contain the sorted nodes while exists nodes without a permanent mark do select an unmarked node n visit(n) function visit(node n) if n has a permanent mark then return if n has a temporary mark then stop  (graph has at least one cycle) mark n with a temporary mark for each node m with an edge from n to m do visit(m) mark n with a permanent mark add n to head of L

Each node n gets prepended to the output list L only after considering all other nodes that depend on n (all descendants of n in the graph). Specifically, when the algorithm adds node n, we are guaranteed that all nodes that depend on n are already in the output list L: they were added to L either by the recursive call to visit that ended before the call to visit n, or by a call to visit that started even before the call to visit n. Since each edge and node is visited once, the algorithm runs in linear time. This depth-first-search-based algorithm is the one described by ; it seems to have been first described in print by Tarjan in 1976.

Parallel algorithms
On a parallel random-access machine, a topological ordering can be constructed in O((log n)2) time using a polynomial number of processors, putting the problem into the complexity class NC2. One method for doing this is to repeatedly square the adjacency matrix of the given graph, logarithmically many times, using min-plus matrix multiplication with maximization in place of minimization. The resulting matrix describes the longest path distances in the graph. Sorting the vertices by the lengths of their longest incoming paths produces a topological ordering.

An algorithm for parallel topological sorting on distributed memory machines parallelizes the algorithm of Kahn for a DAG $$G = (V, E)$$. On a high level, the algorithm of Kahn repeatedly removes the vertices of indegree 0 and adds them to the topological sorting in the order in which they were removed. Since the outgoing edges of the removed vertices are also removed, there will be a new set of vertices of indegree 0, where the procedure is repeated until no vertices are left. This algorithm performs $$D+1$$ iterations, where $D$ is the longest path in $G$. Each iteration can be parallelized, which is the idea of the following algorithm.

In the following, it is assumed that the graph partition is stored on $p$ processing elements (PE), which are labeled $$0, \dots, p-1$$. Each PE $i$ initializes a set of local vertices $$Q_i^1$$ with indegree 0, where the upper index represents the current iteration. Since all vertices in the local sets $$Q_0^1, \dots, Q_{p-1}^1$$ have indegree 0, i.e., they are not adjacent, they can be given in an arbitrary order for a valid topological sorting. To assign a global index to each vertex, a prefix sum is calculated over the sizes of $$Q_0^1, \dots, Q_{p-1}^1$$. So, each step, there are $\sum_{i=0}^{p-1} |Q_i|$ vertices added to the topological sorting. In the first step, PE $j$ assigns the indices $\sum_{i=0}^{j-1} |Q_i^1|, \dots, \left(\sum_{i=0}^{j} |Q_i^1|\right) - 1$ to the local vertices in $$Q_j^1$$. These vertices in $$Q_j^1$$ are removed, together with their corresponding outgoing edges. For each outgoing edge $$(u, v)$$ with endpoint $v$ in another PE $$l, j \neq l$$, the message $$(u, v)$$ is posted to PE $l$. After all vertices in $$Q_j^1$$ are removed, the posted messages are sent to their corresponding PE. Each message $$(u, v)$$ received updates the indegree of the local vertex $v$. If the indegree drops to zero, $v$ is added to $$Q_j^2$$. Then the next iteration starts.

In step $k$, PE $j$ assigns the indices $a_{k-1} + \sum_{i=0}^{j-1} |Q_i^k|, \dots, a_{k-1} + \left(\sum_{i=0}^{j} |Q_i^k|\right) - 1$, where $$a_{k-1}$$is the total number of processed vertices after step $k-1$. This procedure repeats until there are no vertices left to process, hence $\sum_{i=0}^{p-1} |Q_i^{D+1}| = 0$. Below is a high level, single program, multiple data pseudo-code overview of this algorithm.

Note that the prefix sum for the local offsets $a_{k-1} + \sum_{i=0}^{j-1} |Q_i^k|, \dots, a_{k-1} + \left(\sum_{i=0}^{j} |Q_i^k|\right) - 1$ can be efficiently calculated in parallel. p processing elements with IDs from 0 to p-1 Input: G = (V, E) DAG, distributed to PEs, PE index j = 0, ..., p - 1 Output: topological sorting of G function traverseDAGDistributed δ incoming degree of local vertices V $δ[v] = 0\}$                    // All vertices with indegree 0 nrOfVerticesProcessed = 0 do global build prefix sum over size of Q    // get offsets and total number of vertices in this step offset = nrOfVerticesProcessed + sum(Qi, i = 0 to j - 1)         // j is the processor index foreach u in Q            localOrder[u] = index++; foreach (u,v) in E do post message (u, v) to PE owning vertex v nrOfVerticesProcessed += sum(|Qi|, i = 0 to p - 1) deliver all messages to neighbors of vertices in Q        receive messages for local vertices V         remove all vertices in Q         foreach message (u, v) received: if --δ[v] = 0 add v to Q while global size of Q > 0 return localOrder The communication cost depends heavily on the given graph partition. As for runtime, on a CRCW-PRAM model that allows fetch-and-decrement in constant time, this algorithm runs in $\mathcal{O} \left(\frac{m + n}{p} + D (\Delta + \log n)\right)$, where $D$ is again the longest path in $G$ and $Δ$ the maximum degree.

Application to shortest path finding
The topological ordering can also be used to quickly compute shortest paths through a weighted directed acyclic graph. Let $V$ be the list of vertices in such a graph, in topological order. Then the following algorithm computes the shortest path from some source vertex $s$ to all other vertices:

 * Let $d$ be an array of the same length as $V$; this will hold the shortest-path distances from $s$. Set $d[s] = 0$, all other $d[u] = ∞$.
 * Let $p$ be an array of the same length as $V$, with all elements initialized to nil. Each $p[u]$ will hold the predecessor of $u$ in the shortest path from $s$ to $u$.
 * Loop over the vertices $u$ as ordered in $V$, starting from $s$:
 * For each vertex $v$ directly following $u$ (i.e., there exists an edge from $u$ to $v$):
 * Let $w$ be the weight of the edge from $u$ to $v$.
 * Relax the edge: if $d[v] > d[u] + w$, set

Equivalently:

 * Let $d$ be an array of the same length as $V$; this will hold the shortest-path distances from $s$. Set $d[v] ← d[u] + w$, all other $p[v] ← u$.
 * Let $p$ be an array of the same length as $V$, with all elements initialized to nil. Each $d[s] = 0$ will hold the predecessor of $u$ in the shortest path from $s$ to $u$.
 * Loop over the vertices $u$ as ordered in $V$, starting from $s$:
 * For each vertex $v$ into $u$ (i.e., there exists an edge from $v$ to $u$):
 * Let $w$ be the weight of the edge from $v$ to $u$.
 * Relax the edge: if $d[u] = ∞$, set

On a graph of $n$ vertices and $m$ edges, this algorithm takes $p[u]$, i.e., linear, time.

Uniqueness
If a topological sort has the property that all pairs of consecutive vertices in the sorted order are connected by edges, then these edges form a directed Hamiltonian path in the DAG. If a Hamiltonian path exists, the topological sort order is unique; no other order respects the edges of the path. Conversely, if a topological sort does not form a Hamiltonian path, the DAG will have two or more valid topological orderings, for in this case it is always possible to form a second valid ordering by swapping two consecutive vertices that are not connected by an edge to each other. Therefore, it is possible to test in linear time whether a unique ordering exists, and whether a Hamiltonian path exists, despite the NP-hardness of the Hamiltonian path problem for more general directed graphs (i.e., cyclic directed graphs).

Relation to partial orders
Topological orderings are also closely related to the concept of a linear extension of a partial order in mathematics. A partially ordered set is just a set of objects together with a definition of the "≤" inequality relation, satisfying the axioms of reflexivity (x ≤ x), antisymmetry (if x ≤ y and y ≤ x then x = y) and transitivity (if x ≤ y and y ≤ z, then x ≤ z). A total order is a partial order in which, for every two objects x and y in the set, either x ≤ y or y ≤ x. Total orders are familiar in computer science as the comparison operators needed to perform comparison sorting algorithms. For finite sets, total orders may be identified with linear sequences of objects, where the "≤" relation is true whenever the first object precedes the second object in the order; a comparison sorting algorithm may be used to convert a total order into a sequence in this way. A linear extension of a partial order is a total order that is compatible with it, in the sense that, if x ≤ y in the partial order, then x ≤ y in the total order as well.

One can define a partial ordering from any DAG by letting the set of objects be the vertices of the DAG, and defining x ≤ y to be true, for any two vertices x and y, whenever there exists a directed path from x to y; that is, whenever y is reachable from x. With these definitions, a topological ordering of the DAG is the same thing as a linear extension of this partial order. Conversely, any partial ordering may be defined as the reachability relation in a DAG. One way of doing this is to define a DAG that has a vertex for every object in the partially ordered set, and an edge xy for every pair of objects for which x ≤ y. An alternative way of doing this is to use the transitive reduction of the partial ordering; in general, this produces DAGs with fewer edges, but the reachability relation in these DAGs is still the same partial order. By using these constructions, one can use topological ordering algorithms to find linear extensions of partial orders.

Relation to scheduling optimisation
By definition, the solution of a scheduling problem that includes a precedence graph is a valid solution to topological sort (irrespective of the number of machines), however, topological sort in itself is not enough to optimally solve a scheduling optimisation problem. Hu's algorithm is a popular method used to solve scheduling problems that require a precedence graph and involve processing times (where the goal is to minimise the largest completion time amongst all the jobs). Like topological sort, Hu's algorithm is not unique and can be solved using DFS (by finding the largest path length and then assigning the jobs).

title: Topological sorting


text:
New Navarre

New Navarre (Nueva Navarra, Nafarroa Berria) was at first an informal name given to the silver-mining region north of Sinaloa. Just before his death in 1711, the Jesuit Eusebio Kino drew a map of the area with that name. Nuevo Navarre would have included the Pimeria Alta, where Kino spent 24 years establishing missions, along with the Navarrese Juan Matheo Manje. Later Nueva Navarra was a province in the Provincias Internas, one of the frontier provinces of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Brigadier Pedro de Rivera, who visited the northern presidios from 1724 to 1728, suggested to the viceroy Juan de Acuña, Marquis of Casafuerte, the political and administrative reorganization of the northwest provinces. The viceroy supported the idea, and it was approved by Philip V of Spain in 1732, and executed the following year with the appointment of the first governor, Manuel Bernal de Huidobro, at that time mayor of Sinaloa. In the branches of government, finance and war, the governor was directly subject to the viceroy, while the field of justice was under the jurisdiction of the Royal Audience of Guadalajara (Real Audiencia of Guadalajara) of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. By 1806, the province was generally recognized as Sonora or Nueva Navarra, with the capital in Arizpe, and including the area comprising Sinaloa (de Iriarte, 1806). After Independence Sonora y Sinaloa became one of the constituent states of the Mexican Republic. The Sonoran Desert ecoregion covers much of the state.

In the early years of European migration to Nueva Navarra, the Basques became a significant proportion of the population. The Basque immigrants reached 6% of total migrants in the first 15 years of colonization, the same percentage as those from the Castile or Extremadura, most populated regions. More specific data shows ratios between 8% and 16% of Basques in the nuclei urban settlements of those first decades, indicating a trend which would persist in the future: the Basque-Navarre preference for urban settlement (Boyde-Bowman, 1964).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: New Navarre


text:
Thy Majestie

Thy Majestie is an Italian power metal band that formed in 1999. Their music is typically cinematic, epic, symphonic, progressive and darker than typical power metal with symphonic influences. They have released five full-length albums.

Biography

The band was started by Giuseppe Bondì and Claudio Diprima with the desire to create their own music after playing in a cover band. Maurizio Malta, Giovanni Santini, Dario D'Alessandro and Dario Grillo joined them to form Thy Majestie. After releasing Sword, Crown and Shields, a 3-track demo, Thy Majestie composed new material which was recorded in March 1999 titled Perpetual Glory. It was highly praised by Italian metal magazines and they were able to sign a contract with Scarlet Records. In March 2000 they began working on their debut album The Lasting Power which was finished in April 2000.

In September 2001 LIMB Music (who produced Rhapsody of Fire) took notice of Thy Majestie but could not sign a deal with them because they were already signed to Scarlet Music to record two albums. In January 2002 Thy Majestie was contacted by Thomas Youngblood to support him on his European tour with his band Kamelot but they could not afford travel expenses and had to record another album 2 months later.

In 2002, they released the album Hastings 1066 which is based on the Battle of Hastings.

In November 2003, vocalist Dario Grillo left the band to pursue a solo career (as leader of the band Platens). In December 2003, Gabriele Grilli (who has also played in Doomsword) joined as his replacement. But in October 2004 he left as well "due to personal reasons", one of them being the distance between Grilli's hometown, Varese, and Palermo, where the other members of the band live. One song was released with Gabriele on vocals, namely a demo version of The Siege of Paris, later to appear on the Jeanne d'Arc album. Shortly thereafter, Giulio Di Gregorio (also in Irencros) was announced as the new singer.

2005 saw the release of the third Thy Majestie album, Jeanne d'Arc, which is a concept album about the French heroine Jeanne d'Arc. The album was released through Scarlet Records. Its style has been compared to that of the Italian band Labyrinth.

The 3 of May 2005, Giulio Di Gregorio was expelled from the band due to his poor knowledge of the English language and his numerous health problems which kept him from performing live with the band. After a short period when USA-based singer Matt Aub (from Timelord) had been singing for the band, it was announced that Thy Majestie's first vocalist, Dario Grillo would be returning to the band. His return, however, caused the same problems experienced four years earlier and lead to a definitive separation. Dario Grillo was replaced by Fingerbang singer Dario Cascio. At the same time guitarist Giovanni Santini decided to leave the band and was replaced by Simone Campione. During the end of year 2007, the other founding member, Giuseppe Bondi, left Thy Majestie for personal reasons.

A new keyboarder, Valerio Castorino, was taken in and the band signed with a new record label, Dark Balance Records. Thy Majestie performed at the Immortal Metal Fest in Finland on 19 April 2008 as well as at Fear Dark in Zwolle, the Netherlands on 24 May 2008 and in Stuttgart, Germany on 1 June 2008. The group released the album Dawn on 1 September 2008, which has been compared to the Swedish metal scene, namely Axenstar and Dragonland.

Valerio Castorino, who toured with Thy Majestie during their last gigs in Europe, and Dario Cascio left the band because of private matters. Giuseppe Carrubba, who also plays with Inner Quest, an Italian Progressive metal band, and Alessio Taormina replaced him. The band released their 5th full-length album, ShiHuangDi, in 2012 for Scarlet Records.

Discography

 * Perpetual Glory (self-production, 1999)
 * The Lasting Power (Scarlet Records, 2000)
 * 1066 (Demo, 2001)
 * Hastings 1066 (Scarlet Records, 2002)
 * Echoes of War (EP, 2003)
 * Jeanne d'Arc (Scarlet Records, 2005)
 * Dawn (Dark Balance Records 2008)
 * ShiHuangDi (Scarlet Records 2012)

Current Line-up

 * Giuseppe Carrubba - Keyboards (April 2009-)
 * Dario D'Alessandro - Bass (1999-)
 * Claudio Diprima - Drums (1998-)
 * Simone Campione - Guitar (April 2007-)
 * Alessio Taormina - Vocals (2010-)

Former members

 * Dario Cascio - Vocals (2008–2010)
 * Gabriele Grilli - Vocals (2003–2004)
 * Giulio Di Gregorio - Vocals (2004- May 2006)
 * Matt Aub - Vocals (May–September 2006)
 * Giovanni Santini - Guitar (1998- April 2007)
 * Dario Grillo - Vocals (1998–2003; September 2006- April 2007)
 * Giuseppe Bondì - Keyboards (1998–2007)
 * Maurizio Malta - Guitar (1998–2008)
 * Valerio Castorino - Keyboards (November 2008-)

title: Thy Majestie


text:
Category:Bisexual writers

This category lists notable writers who identify, or who have been identified, as bisexual.

title: Category:Bisexual writers


text:
Talk:Kruibeke

[Untitled]
Wierd. - Greg

Well, does anyone know if it worked? Has crime in the municipality decreased in the past year, for example?

Ugh. I live in Rupelmonde, part of Kruibeke and even I think our mayor is slightly ridiculous when it comes to these matters. Other than that, no complaints, really, but I dislike all those banners saying (translated) "Kruibeke, where nice people live." - DarknessThere

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title: Talk:Kruibeke


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Nash Metropolitan

The Nash Metropolitan is an American automobile assembled in England and marketed from 1953 until 1962.

It conforms to two classes of vehicle: economy car and subcompact car. The Metropolitan is considered a "subcompact", but this category was not yet in use when the car was made. At that time, it was categorized as a "small automobile" as well as an "economy car".

The Metropolitan was also marketed as a Hudson model when Nash and Hudson merged in 1954 to form the American Motors Corporation (AMC). The Nash and Hudson lines were phased out in favor of the Rambler line, and in 1957, the Metropolitan became a standalone brand and was badged with a stylized 'M' on hubcaps and grille. The cars were also sold in the United Kingdom and other markets.

Design
While most domestic automobile makers were following a "bigger-is-better" philosophy, Nash Motor Company executives were examining the market to offer American buyers an economical transportation alternative. The Metropolitan was designed in Kenosha, Wisconsin. It was patterned from a concept car, the NXI (Nash Experimental International), that was built by Detroit-based independent designer William J. Flajole for Nash-Kelvinator. It was designed as the second car in a two car family, for Mom taking the kids to school or shopping or for Dad to drive to the railroad station to ride to work: the "commuter/shopping car" with resemblance to the big Nash, but the scale was tiny as the Met's wheelbase was shorter than the Volkswagen Beetle's.

The NXI design study incorporated many innovative features and attempted to use interchangeable front and rear components (the symmetrical door skins were the only interchangeable items used in production). Although more complex, the new vehicle also incorporated Nash's advanced single-unit (unit body) construction. It was displayed at several "surviews" (survey-previews), commencing on 4 January 1950, at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, to gauge the reaction of the American motoring public to a car of this size. The result of these "surviews" convinced Nash that there was a market for such a car if it could be built at a competitive price.

A series of prototypes followed that incorporated many of the improvements from the "surviews" that included roll-up glass side windows, a more powerful engine, and a column-mounted transmission shifter with bench seat (rather than bucket-type seats with floor shift fitted in the concept car). The model was named NKI (for Nash-Kelvinator International), and it featured revised styling incorporating a hood blister and rear wheel cutouts.

Nash was positioning this new product for the postwar market for "personal use" autos. These specific use vehicles were as a second car for women or an economical commuter car. The Metropolitan was also aimed at returning Nash to overseas markets. However, Mason and Nash's management calculated that building such a car from scratch in the U.S. would be impossible because the tooling costs would have been prohibitive. The only cost-effective option was to build overseas using existing mechanical components (engine, transmission, rear end, suspension, brakes, electrical), leaving only the tooling cost for body panels and other unique elements.

With this in mind, Nash Motors negotiated with several European companies. On 5 October 1952, they announced that they had selected the Austin Motor Company (by then part of BMC) and Fisher & Ludlow (which also became part of BMC in September 1953, later operating under the name Pressed Steel Fisher), both English companies based in Birmingham, England and vicinity. Fisher & Ludlow would produce the bodywork, the mechanicals would be provided, and the Austin Motor Company would perform the final assembly. This was the first time an American-designed car was exclusively marketed in North America and had been entirely built in Europe. It became a captive import – a foreign-built vehicle sold and serviced by Nash (and later by American Motors) through its dealer distribution system. It is believed that Austin completed the first pre-production prototype on 2 December 1952. In all, five pre-production prototypes were built by Austin Motors and tested before the start of production. The total tooling cost amounted to US$1,018,475.94 (Austin: US$197,849.14; Fisher & Ludlow: US$820,626.80), a fraction of the tooling cost for a U.S.-built vehicle.

The styling for all Nash vehicles then was an amalgam of designs from Pinin Farina and his design house of Italy and the in-house Nash design team. The Nash models, from the Ambassador to the Metropolitan, utilized similar design features, including fully enclosed front wheels, notched "pillow" style door pressing, bar-style grille, etc.

The new Metropolitan was made in two body designs: convertible and hardtop. All came with several standard features that were optional on most cars of the era. Among these factory-installed benefits for customers were a map light, electric windshield wipers, cigar lighter, and even a "continental-type" rear-mounted spare tire with cover. To give a "luxury" image to the interior, "Bedford cord" upholstery trimmed with leather was used (similar to larger Nash vehicles). An AM radio, "Weather Eye" heater, and whitewall tires were offered as optional extras for the U.S. market. (It is unlikely that a Metropolitan could have been purchased without a heater and radio, as all vehicles left the factory with both items fitted.)

The Metropolitan was the first postwar American car that was marketed specifically to women. The Dodge La Femme was introduced one year later. The first spokesperson for the car was Miss America 1954, Evelyn Ay Sempier. The car was prominently advertised in Women's Wear Daily. American Motors' marketing brochures described the new model as "America's entirely new kind of car" (1955), "Luxury in Miniature" (1959), and "crafted for personal transportation" (1960).

First reviews
Compared with the typical American car of the 1950s, the Metropolitan was considered "remarkably nimble" by many early testers, and "the consensus is that the Metropolitan isn't just fun to look at, it's fun to drive too." Owners of the cars reported that the "Metropolitan is a good thing in a small package".

Automotive industry veteran and the largest publisher of automotive books at the time, Floyd Clymer, took several Metropolitans through his tests. He "abused" a 1954 Metropolitan convertible and "got the surprise of my life" when its "performance was far better than I expected", that he "felt very safe in the car", and that "it may well be that Nash has started a new trend in American motoring. Perhaps the public is now getting ready to accept a small car". Clymer also took a 1957 Metropolitan hardtop through a grueling 2912 mi road test that even took him 14100 ft up Pikes Peak. He summed up his experience that "I can not praise the Metropolitan too highly. It is a fascinating little car to drive, its performance is far better than one would expect, and the ride is likewise more than expected".

According to Collectible Auto magazine, the car was described in Car Life's review as "a big car in miniature" that was "fun to drive" and "ideal for a second car in the family," while Motor Trend was not alone in regarding the rear "utility" seat as "a joke".

Motor Trend praised the car's economy: its test Metropolitan returned:
 * 39.4 mpgus at 45 mph,
 * 27.4 mpgus at 60 mph, and
 * 30.1 mpgus "in traffic".

Mechanix Illustrated editor Tom McCahill wrote: "It is not a sports car by the weirdest torturing of the imagination but it is a fleet, sporty little bucket which should prove just what the doctor ordered for a second car, to be used either for a trip to the movies or for a fast run to a penicillin festival." He added that it was a "nice-handling car with plenty of control and amazing dig, considering it is powered by a small Austin A-40 engine" and that the finish was "very nice", although having no trunk opening except by pulling down the back of the rear seat "poses a problem". His test car accelerated from 0 to 60 mph in 19.3 seconds and could exceed 70 mph.

A Road & Track road test recorded acceleration from 0–60 mph in 22.4 seconds, "almost half of the VW's 39.2". However, the magazine noted that at 60 mph, a typical American cruising speed at the time, the Metropolitan was revving at 4300 rpm, which shortened engine life, whereas the Volkswagen could travel at the same speed at only 3000 rpm. Road & Track's testers also said that the car had "more than its share of roll and wallow on corners" and there was "little seat-of-the-pants security when the rear end takes its time getting back in line".

Road Test magazine wrote in 1954 that "on roadability and responsive handling, the Met shines. It also offers easy maintenance and downright stinginess when it comes to gasoline consumption. Also, it's literally a brute for punishment. On several occasions I took familiar corners at speeds half again what I would dare to use in some cars of twice the weight – proof that proper weight distribution, low center of gravity and well engineered suspension have more to do with roadability than massiveness, weight and long wheelbases. Admittedly, the short wheelbased Met does pitch moderately on very rough roads, but the sensitivity and ease of steering make driving a pleasure."

Series I

Production at Austin's Longbridge factory started in October 1953 (Commencing VIN1001). Nicknamed the "baby Nash", the cars were tiny. They had an 85 in wheelbase, overall length of 149.5 in and a gross weight of only 1785 lb for the convertible and 1825 lb for the hardtop, thus making the Metropolitan smaller than the Volkswagen Beetle. The two models, a convertible and a hardtop, were powered by the OHV 1200 cc straight-4 Austin 'A40' series engine (as used in the Austin A40 Devon/Dorset) driving the rear wheels through a three-speed manual transmission. The initial order was for 10,000 units, with an option to increase the order if sales were sufficient.

The new car underwent rigorous testing at the Nash Proving Grounds, but the first assignment for newly hired Assistant Technical Advisor, Carl Chakmakian, was to conduct supervised testing to achieve advertising and sales training objectives. In December 1953, two new NKI-branded (serial numbers 1009 and 1013) were driven 800 m from their arrival port to the new Raleigh Speedway in North Carolina to conduct two days of speed endurance and fuel economy evaluation. The tests were run and certified by NASCAR officials that included Bill France. With two drivers from Shreveport, Louisiana, Roxy Dancey and Herschel Buchanan, one car finished the 24-hour endurance run achieving 1469.7 mi at an average speed of 61.2 mph and 21.1 mpgus overall. It had eleven pit stops to change drivers, add fuel and oil, and make tire changes because of the track's abrasive aggregate surface and fast corners. The car did not need any service or parts other than the tires. The second car was subjected to a non-stop 24-hour fuel economy test with drivers changing every three hours while the car was in motion, and refueling was also accomplished in motion three times by attaching a gas can to the side window drained into the car's tank. The car averaged 41.7 mpgus.

The new model was initially to be called the "NKI Custom", but the name was changed to "Metropolitan" just two months before its public release. New chrome nameplates with the "Metropolitan" name were made to fit into the same holes as the "NKI Custom" script on the passenger side front fender. Nash dealers had to rebadge the early cars that came with the "NKI Custom" name. Still, some factory manuals had already been prepared and distributed to service departments with the NKI name. The first examples badged as Nash went on sale on 19 March 1954 in the U.S. and Canada. Autocar said that "at a production rate of less than 400 cars a week ... it was hardly going to be a runaway best seller."

In surveys, Americans had affirmed a desire for economy cars, but in practice, they bought the Metropolitan in relatively small numbers. Although Nash merged with Hudson in 1954 and marketed the car as a Hudson Metropolitan in 1955, "demand never took off from the original level", primarily because the Metropolitan was slow by North American standards. In the first month of sales, 862 Metropolitans were sold in U.S. and Canada, while in the first six months, a total of 7,042 were sold. A further order was placed with Austin.

Available exterior colors were P903 "Spruce Green", P904 "Canyon Red", P905 "Caribbean Blue", or P906 "Croton Green", with P907 "Mist Grey" as a contrast color for the hardtops. P906 "Croton Green" was dropped as a color option in April 1954. Cars incorporated the Nash logo on their grille badge, hubcaps, horn button, and spare wheel cover. The suggested retail price (MSRP) for Series I (also known as NK1) models was US$1,445 (hardtop) and $1,469 (convertible). Adding a radio and a heater pushed the price above $1,500: at the time, the Volkswagen Beetle was priced at $1,425.

In May 1954, Nash-Kelvinator Corporation announced that it had merged with the Hudson Motor Company to form American Motors Corporation (AMC). Thus, by August 1954, Metropolitans become available through Hudson dealers. These Hudson Metropolitans carried a Hudson grille badge, hubcaps incorporating an "M" logo, a "bulls-eye" horn button design, and a plain spare wheel cover. Braking performance was 90 ft from 45 mph to a full stop.

Series II
After the first 10,000 cars were built, the engine was changed to a B-Series, but still of 1200 cc, (as used in the Austin A40 Cambridge). Other modifications included a new gearbox and hydraulic actuation for the clutch (Series I models used a mechanical clutch linkage). The change to a new engine and gearbox added 50 lb to the weight. This model is referred to as Series II or NK2 (Commencing with Vehicle identification number (VIN) E11001 on 19 August 1954).

Series III

November 1955 saw the start of Metropolitan Series III (NK3) production (Commencing with VIN E21008 on 28 November 1955). The design also included the B-Series engine increase in capacity to 1489 cc (as used in the Austin A50 Cambridge). Polished stainless steel sweep-spears on the body sides allowed a new two-tone finish to be incorporated, which had the cosmetic effect of lowering, slimming, and lengthening the car. The new exterior colors were P905 "Caribbean Green", P910 "Sunburst Yellow", and P911 "Coral Red" with P909 "Snowberry White" as a contrast. The grille was also redesigned, and the hood had its non-functional hood scoop removed. American Motors changed the designation to "Metropolitan 1500" to differentiate it from the earlier 1200 cc models. The interior was also changed to incorporate a "houndstooth" check material for the seats trimmed with white vinyl. The dashboard was also painted black, rather than the body color, just like the Series I and II Metropolitans.

The MSRP for Series III models was $1,527 (hardtop) and $1,551 (convertible). After VIN E35133 (16 April 1957), the exterior colors were changed to P910 "Sunburst Yellow", P912 "Berkshire Green", and P913 "Mardi-Gras Red" with P914 "Frost White" as a contrast. After VIN E45912 (9 January 1958), the color P910 "Sunburst Yellow" was replaced by P915 "Autumn Yellow" and P908 "Classic Black" was added to the available exterior colors.

In September 1957, AMC announced dropping the historic Nash and Hudson brand names. The Metropolitan was subsequently marketed under the "Metropolitan" name only and sold through Rambler dealers. The Nash and Hudson Grille medallions were believed to have been discontinued around October 1956 (VIN E28326); they were replaced with the "M" style grille medallion.

Series IV

January 1959 saw the start of Metropolitan Series IV (NK4) production (Commencing with VIN E59048 on 12 January 1959). This major redesign saw the addition of an external decklid (previous models only allowed access to the trunk through the rear seatback), one-piece rear window, and vent windows. By this time, the engine had been upgraded by increasing the compression ratio from 7.2:1 to 8.3:1 (Commenced VIN E43116 — 15 October 1957), rated at 55 bhp (as used in the Austin A55 Cambridge). The additional features added 15 lb to the weight. Exterior color options were the same as for Series III. The interior used a diamond pattern for the seats, with white vinyl trim. The MSRP for Series IV models was $1,672.60 (hardtop) and $1,696.80 (convertible).

Sales rose to 22,209 units in 1959, the Metropolitan's best-selling year, promoting it to second place behind Volkswagen in sales of cars imported to the U.S. American Motors' advertising made much of this ranking while not mentioning that the Volkswagen Beetle outsold the Metropolitan by 5$1/2$ to 1.

For the 1960 model year, American Motors prepared a Metropolitan convertible for the Easter Parade in New York City. Named the "Metropolitan Fifth Avenue", the car was finished with 15 hand-rubbed coats of pearl-pink lacquer outside and featured pink-and-white cowhide upholstery and pink fur carpeting. Rear fender sides had Fifth Avenue lettering while the front fenders featured triangular badges that combined American and British flags. The car was filled with large plush bunnies that were given away every hour. The Fifth Avenue was displayed on the 1960 auto show circuit and ultimately sold to an AMC dealer in Boston. Three other Metropolitan convertibles were prepared with unique region-inspired features by AMC's styling department: "Westerner", "Cape Cod", and the "Royal Runabout" a black-and-gold one-off built for and presented to Britain's Princess Margaret.

Production ceased in April 1961 (final VIN — E95981, built 19 April 1961). Sales of the existing inventory continued until March 1962.

A drawing attributed to Richard Arbib, dated 17 January 1956, shows a Metropolitan station wagon with additional fins and sharp edges. American Motors contemplated a station wagon version. Two prototypes were built and displayed at car shows, but the project was abandoned. One of the two prototypes has been restored and is on display at a Metropolitan restoration facility in North Hollywood, California.

Approximately 95,000 Metropolitans were sold in the United States and Canada, making it one of the top-selling cars to be imported into those countries at the time, and its sales in 1959 helped to spur the introduction of the Big Three (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler) new compact models.

Production dates
To establish the production date for a Metropolitan (U.S. and Canadian models only), check the VIN or Serial number on a data plate affixed to the firewall. Chassis numbers after 4781 are prefixed by the letter "E". The number on the list below can provide an approximate production date. NB. Since the cars took at least six weeks to be shipped from the Longbridge factory to the U.S. distribution network, the actual titled date will be different from the production date.

Production for foreign markets

In October 1956, Austin Motor Company obtained permission from American Motors to sell the Metropolitans in overseas countries where AMC did not have a presence. The early brochures for the Austin Metropolitans used a reversed photograph to show a right-hand drive (RHD) car parked in an English country town (Chipping Campden) because only left-hand drive vehicles were available at the time the photos were taken.

From December 1956, production of Austin Metropolitans began, and from 2 April 1957, approximately 9,400 additional units were sold in overseas markets that included the United Kingdom and New Zealand. List prices for the UK Series III models were £713 17s 0d for the hardtop and £725 2s 0d for the convertible. An estimated 1,200 Metropolitans were sold there in four years, according to several published sources. However, one British journalist estimated the figure to be around 5,000. Markedly American, the styling was considered outlandish compared with the more sober British-styled models in the British Motor Corporation lineup.

Only Series III and Series IV Metropolitans were produced for sale in the UK. (The first Metropolitans sold in the UK were sold only to American and Canadian service members stationed in the UK.) Series III models carried the prefix HD6 (convertible) or HE6 (hardtop). Some early Series III models carried the prefix HNK3H or HNK3HL (L=Left-Hand Drive). The prefix is thought to indicate "Home Nash Kelvinator Series 3 H=1400-1999cc (Metropolitan=1500cc)". UK Series III sales ran from April 1957 to February 1959. Series IV models, which carried the prefix A-HJ7 (convertible) or A-HP7 (hardtop), were sold from September 1960 to February 1961. The Metropolitan was unavailable for UK sales between February 1959 and September 1960 since all production was destined for U.S. and Canadian dealers. When sales in the UK resumed, they were sold through Austin dealers at listed prices of £707 6s 8d for the hardtop and £732 2s 6d for the convertible. Austin was dropped from the name, which became simply "Metropolitan," and the cars carried no Austin badges, although they had Austin Company chassis plates. Despite this, the car remained known, by trade and public alike, as the Austin Metropolitan, often shortened to Austin Metro in common parlance. British Motor Company (BMC and later, British Leyland) adopted the' Metro' tag as a house name, re-emerging in 1980 on the Austin (mini) Metro.

In May 1960, Car Mart Ltd. (a large Austin dealership in London, UK) presented Princess Margaret as a wedding present with a specially prepared Metropolitan finished in black with gold trim and gold leather interior. It was stolen in London in February 1961.

As a result of low sales, production of the Austin Metropolitan ended in February 1961. Two additional "one-offs" were built in March and April after serial Metropolitan production ended. The final car had a VIN of A-HP7 150301. Total Austin Metropolitan production has been estimated at between 9,384 and 9,391 vehicles.

Metropolitans were sold new in right-hand-drive in New Zealand as a "Nash." The models were not available in Australia.

Epilogue

The Metropolitan lost market appeal due to increasing competition from AMC's own Rambler American models and newly introduced compact cars from the Big Three. The last Metropolitan body was made by Fisher & Ludlow on 10 April 1961. US-bound Metropolitan production ended in April 1961, as a result of its "marginal sales plus the fact that a four or five-passenger Rambler American could be purchased for only about $100 more".

The Metropolitan "was a car that appealed to an eclectic mix of Americans" because it was "economical, yet a joy to drive," and it has been described as "pure automotive whimsy." It also "swam against nearly every current of American car design."

Police market
AMC marketed right-hand drive models to U.S. police departments for use in parking enforcement and other urban duties. Comparing the car to police motorcycles, an AMC brochure advertised superior all-weather protection, cost-effectiveness and storage space, and also the safety of single-unit construction.

The Franklin Mint produced a die-cast toy model of a 1956 Metropolitan in a police car version. Among its features are a police hat and handcuffs on the passenger's seat, as well as a fire extinguisher on the floor.

Astra-Gnome
Industrial designer Richard Arbib designed the Astra-Gnome "Time and Space Car," a design concept influenced by space travel forms. The vehicle was featured on the 3 September 1956 cover of Newsweek magazine and exhibited at the 1956 New York International Auto Show. Arbib modified a 1955 Nash Metropolitan and it was his vision of what an automobile would look like in the year 2000. Among the features were a "celestial time-zone clock permitting actual flight-type navigation". The car is restored and kept at a museum in California.

Metropolitan Club (AMC)
Almost from the beginning of sales of the Metropolitan, American Motors received many letters and photographs from Metropolitan owners with stories of their good experiences with their cars. Some of these comments were used in later brochures for the Metropolitan. In January 1957, James W. Watson (AMC's Sales Manager for the Metropolitan) initiated a "Metropolitan Club" to channel this enthusiasm and hopefully increase Metropolitan sales. He reasoned that personal recommendation was a powerful marketing tool.

All owners of Metropolitans could apply to join the club, and members received a membership card, membership certificate, and a metal badge to attach to their vehicle. Beginning in May 1957, a magazine called "The Met Letter" was sent out to members. Sixteen issues were produced from May 1957 (Volume 1, Number 1) to January 1962 (Volume 4, Number 3). The magazine consisted of articles and photographs submitted by members, as well as maintenance and editorial comments from American Motors. Members who recruited additional Metropolitan buyers were rewarded with a special gold anodized "Metropolitan Club" badge.

The club was disbanded around May 1962, when the supply of new Metropolitans was exhausted. Floyd Clymer, the motoring journalist and passionate supporter of the Metropolitan concept, attempted to keep the original Metropolitan Club active after that time.

Epilogue

The "Metropolitan's staying power and its never-ending cuteness" have earned it "a place among the Greatest Cars of All Time" in the opinion of automotive writer Jack Nerad, a former editor of Motor Trend magazine: "No, the Metropolitan didn't come from a top-of-the-line manufacturer. No, it doesn't have a proud racing history. And, no, it wasn't built in huge numbers. But [it] possesses an ageless, cuddly quality that has made it a perennial favorite of car lovers and car agnostics alike." Nerad added: "If you wanted to ... wring the Met through its paces, you would be rewarded with a 0–60 miles per hour acceleration time of nearly 30 seconds. The Met was reasonably light at approximately 1800 pounds, but that weight was squared off against 42 horsepower."

In the opinion of syndicated auto journalist and author Bill Vance, the 1200 cc Metropolitan "was quite a stylish little car" that was "ahead of its time" and performed well against its competition.

Brian Sewell cites the 1500 cc version as the one "now perversely recognized as a collector's car". He wrote that the Metropolitan is "worth a moment's consideration, for in the history of the post-war American car industry it was the only genuine attempt to provide the market there with a mass-produced small, cheap car that could hold its own in urban traffic and slot into parking spaces far too small for even the smallest Ford or Chevrolet ... [but] the steering, dreadfully hampered by the enclosure of the front wheels, is so insensitive, and the turning circle so wide, that parking is a wretched business, the slack response of the huge steering-wheel a feature common in lumbering U.S. cars of the period."

By British standards, it looked "awful", according to Autocar, but Nash was "very pleased with it".

In 1961, the British auto magazine The Autocar tested a 1959 model whose odometer showed 27124 mi, and recorded a "reasonable" cruising speed of 60 mph, "fairly high" oil consumption of 125 miles per pint, "adequately good" road-holding, "pronounced understeer" in cornering, "good directional stability," "decidedly vague steering," a turning circle that was "stately for such a small car," brakes that were "effective," and remarked on the "unnecessarily high position of the steering-wheel," which interfered with the driver's view of the road. The test car accelerated from 0–60 mph in 22.4 seconds, and its time for the standing-start quarter-mile was 21.9 seconds.

Metropolitans have the very soft ride preferred by Americans at the time instead of the firmer suspension preferred in Europe. Markedly American, the styling was considered outlandish compared with the more sober British-styled models in the British Motor Corporation lineup. Brian Sewell commented in 2007 that the car was "damned" in England "as a preposterous aberration incorporating the worst of everything American".

One marque enthusiast says that Nash's subcompact was "the Smart car of the '50s". Although his Metropolitan is unsuitable for long journeys owing to "a lot of wind noise and really poor suspension," it can cruise at 50 mph and has a top speed of 75 mph. Parts are "relatively easy" to obtain, and the car is "easy to work on".

Ken Gross, a director of the Petersen Automotive Museum, noted that "the softly sprung Met wallows like most larger American cars of its day," and he has warned against "rust, especially in the floor pan and lower fenders," and "electrical gremlins". British-made mechanical parts were available on the unspecified date of his article's publication, but he said that sheet metal was "a challenge".

Sewell advises buying the open version in "as late a model as you can (it ceased production in 1961) – this has slightly more panache, and with the hood down, it's much easier to load [at the supermarket]".

"While there are still good deals to be had on Metropolitans, their values have quietly but sharply escalated in the last five years while other 1960s American collector cars have leveled off or simply remained flat ... Parts and support are not a problem with these cars; returning all the waves and smiles you'll get driving a Met can be tiring."

There are active clubs for Metropolitan owners and enthusiasts. New, used, and reproduction examples of various parts and accessories are available. Some owners modify their Metropolitans. More extreme modifications have included conversion into a pickup truck, station wagon, stretch limousine, and installation of a V8 engine. A conversion into a "Metro-Sled" features a rear-mounted snowmobile engine driving twin tracks. Some cars that were initially hardtops have been converted to convertibles; however, cars built as convertibles had chassis stiffeners as well as a different wedge and secondary catch for the doors.

Notable owners

 * Jimmy Buffett
 * Bridget Fonda
 * Greg Gutfeld
 * Steve Jobs
 * Sarah "Bogi" Lateiner
 * Princess Margaret
 * Paul Newman
 * Elvis Presley
 * Graham Stark

title: Nash Metropolitan


text:
List of assets owned by Vivendi

This is a list of assets owned by Vivendi.

Television and film

 * Canal+ Group
 * Metropolitan France
 * Canal+ (Television)
 * Canal+ Cinéma
 * Canal+ Sport
 * Canal+ Séries
 * Canal+ Décalé
 * Canal+ Docs
 * Canal+ Kids
 * Ciné+
 * Ciné+ Premier
 * Ciné+ Frisson
 * Ciné+ Émotion
 * Ciné+ Classic
 * Clique TV
 * Foot+
 * Rugby+
 * Polar+
 * InfoSport+
 * Seasons
 * Mezzo TV
 * Planète+ (France)
 * Planète+ A&E
 * Planète+ Crime+Investigation
 * Comédie+
 * Télétoon+
 * Piwi+
 * CanalPlay
 * Canal+ International
 * CNews
 * C8
 * CStar
 * MyCanal
 * OCS (30%)
 * OCS Choc
 * OCS City
 * OCS Geants
 * OCS Max
 * Luxembourg
 * Canal+ Luxembourg s.a.r.l.
 * M7 Group
 * Canal Digitaal
 * Direct One
 * HD Austria
 * Focus Sat
 * Skylink
 * TV Vlaanderen
 * Télésat
 * Poland
 * Platforma Canal+ (51%)
 * Canal+ Premium
 * Canal+ Family (Poland)
 * Canal+ Film
 * Canal+ Now
 * Canal+ Dokument
 * Canal+ Seriale
 * Canal+1 (Poland)
 * Canal+ 4K Ultra HD
 * Canal+ Kuchnia
 * Canal+ Domo
 * Canal+ Sport (Poland)
 * Canal+ Sport 1
 * Canal+ Sport 2
 * Canal+ Sport 3
 * Canal+ Sport 4
 * nSport+
 * Teletoon+ (Poland)
 * MiniMini+
 * Planete+ (Poland)
 * Novelas+ (Poland)
 * Ale Kino+
 * Vietnam
 * K+
 * K+NS
 * K+PC
 * K+PM
 * Canal+ Régie
 * Canal+ (TV provider)
 * StudioCanal (Film)
 * StudioCanal UK
 * Elevation Sales (joint venture with Lionsgate UK)
 * StudioCanal Australia
 * StudioCanal GmbH
 * StudioCanal Home Entertainment
 * TANDEM Productions (Germany)
 * Paddington and Company Ltd (owner of Paddington Bear)
 * The Copyrights Group Ltd
 * Harvey Unna and Stephen Durbridge Limited
 * Red Production Company (United Kingdom)
 * SAM Productions ApS (Scandinavian)
 * SunnyMarch TV (20%)
 * Umban Myth Films (20%)
 * Bambú Producciones (33%)
 * Lailaps Films
 * Rok Studios
 * British Pathé

Vivendi Village

 * Vivendi Ticketing (France and UK)
 * See Tickets
 * See Tickets USA
 * Digitick
 * Flavorus
 * MyBestPro
 * Watchever
 * L’Olympia

Video games

 * Gameloft

Advertising and public relations

 * Havas

Publishing

 * Prisma Media
 * Capital (France)
 * Femme Actuelle (France)
 * Geo (Germany)
 * Gala (France)
 * Prima (France)
 * VSD (France)
 * Voici (France)

Equity investments

 * Banijay Group (32.9%)
 * Lagardère Group (57.35%)
 * TIM (23.94%)

Other assets

 * Dailymotion

Former assets

 * NBCUniversal (20% stake, now fully owned by Comcast)
 * Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment (division of UMGD, now owned by Cinedigm)
 * Universal Music Group (60% stake, became independent in September 2021)
 * Activision Blizzard (5.8% stake, now owned by Microsoft Gaming)
 * Maroc Telecom (53% stake, now owned by Etisalat)
 * SFR (Sold to Altice)
 * Global Village Telecom (Sold to Telefônica Vivo)
 * Vivendi Environnement (Divested through IPO between 2000 and 2002, now known as Veolia)
 * Ubisoft (shares sold on 20 March 2018 to various investors )

title: List of assets owned by Vivendi


text:
User:Prell

one time I got so tired that I just poured a full tumbler of chocolate milk all over my face and body

Then I thought, "why did I do this?"

title: User:Prell


text: User talk:67.182.48.233

title: User talk:67.182.48.233


text:
Talk:The Curse of Fatal Death

Older
Should this really be in the category of Doctor Who serials, considering it was a one-off and not part of the official televised serial list? Ditto with Dimensions in Time. --khaosworks 04:20, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * They are both Doctor Who and they are both serials, and that's good enough for me. (Granted, neither is part of the original series, but where else can we put them?) --Paul A 07:16, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * In the same general Doctor Who category, basically. -khaosworks 07:20, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Terserus
Isn't there more than one mention of the planet Terserus in the series? That should have a note, I think (but I don't remember where Terserus was mentioned, help!)...
 * Added note. --khaosworks 14:44, May 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think Terserus is also mentioned in the EDA "Legacy of the Daleks". It was Susan who stranded the Master there. But, if the Curse of Fatal Death is canon (heh), maybe he fell into a sewer on Terserus... and that's why he looks so icky in the Deadly Assassin (just kidding) --Travlr23 11:43, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Terserus was also mention in the last frame of the comic strip 'A Matter of Life and Death' in DWM 250.

Three Ninth Doctors
I reworded the note about the "three Ninth Doctors" mentioned in The Gallifrey Chronicles, because I was concerned that speculation about connecting the three Ninth Doctors with the three versions of the Eighth Doctor (audios, novels and comics) was a bit too speculative. If there's a real indication of that in the novel that I've forgotten, please feel free to restore the notion — but if it's just a bit of fan speculation, we shouldn't have it here (unless it's been published in a reliable source like Doctor Who Magazine or something — in which case we should have a citation). —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 08:27, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Well the thing about the novel is that it doesn't in any way identify the Doctors. It's literally just one line where Marnal flatly asserts that there are three ninth Doctors.  I think it needs a proviso saying that no positive identification is given for any of the mentioned Doctors.  Czech Out   ☎ |  ✍  15:55, 31 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Proviso added, but a nice quote by the author in which he explains the line, if such a quote exists, would be preferable, however.   Czech Out   ☎ |  ✍  16:00, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Music
Does anyone notice a similar resemblance to the music from Logopolis in this story?

Fair use rationale for Image:DoctorWho-TheCurseofFatalDeath.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:59, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Richard E Grant
At Richard E Grant, he's called the "The Conceited Doctor". Here, it's the "Quite Handsome Doctor". So, which is it??--Jeffro77 (talk) 02:47, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Coincidence, trivia, or what?
The article currently includes these li'l snippets:
 * All the actors playing the Doctor in the special had been previously rumoured to have been up for the regular role at some point or another, including Lumley. Atkinson was one of many actors considered for the role of the Eighth Doctor in the 1996 Doctor Who television movie.
 * As the Twelfth (Handsome) Doctor dies, he is described post-mortem by Emma as being "too nice", "too brave", "too kind" and "far, far too silly." She then compares him to "Father Christmas", "The Wizard of Oz" and "Scooby Doo" (the former two being characters to whom First Doctor actor William Hartnell famously compared the role).

I can just about see the relevance of the first one, if it can be referenced. It's still sort of a "coincidence of charity", unless it can be proved that the actors agreed to the performance as a way of trying to angle for a part in a future revival or of finally playing the part in the only way available to them at the time. Eh, it still may relevant enough as a "spooky coincidence". But the second one—I dunno. If it was a deliberate thing done by Moffat, where he was literally quoting Hartnell, it's significant. Otherwise, it's just coincidence, isn't it?  Czech Out  ☎ |  ✍  15:53, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

"Avaliable via the Internet"
I removed the following from the "Broadcast and Releases" section: Although some Internet users video-captured the special and placed it up for unauthorized download in the small video formats feasible at the time, it was not officially webcast in any way. The fact isn't worth noting here. Rob T Firefly (talk) 19:32, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The Curse of Fatal Death was also available worldwide via the Internet in four episodes.
 * It was available at the Comic Relief website - which is how I first saw it... Etron81 (talk) 16:30, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Followed by?
An anonymous editor added "Rose" in the "followed by" field in the infobox. I reverted it, but I suppose it's worth discussing. Is the "followed by" field for "next Doctor Who story aired on television", or is it for "next television story in the ongoing narrative of Doctor Who"? Because if it's the former, I suppose we should put Doctor Who (1996 film) in the "preceded by" film, and put this (as well as "Rose") in the "followed by" field for the TV movie, the way we do for the Children in Need specials, or the way that Survival does for Dimensions in Time. Is it too "fannish" to consider the fact that when the TV series returned, it followed on from the TV movie, and not this spoof (despite Moffat's involvement)? Is continuity too unencyclopedic a criterion? Discuss. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 06:20, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

 * "Rose" got added at some point without any further discussion. Does anyone have any thoughts about this? —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 21:09, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Synopsis needs an edit
The synopsis is more than that, it's the whole plot with lots of detail. Perhaps someone could do a proper synopsis without retelling the whole story?

This should be done in respect of the authors (go see the thing) and the readers (point them to the story, don't present it here.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Craigwbrown (talk • contribs) 10:43, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

Title
We have the precedent of Doctor Who and the Silurians, but I'm wondering if The Curse of Fatal Death would fit better per WP:COMMONNAME? This is not a requested move. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Old Naval Rooftops (talk • contribs) 21:08, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

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Orphaned references in Doctor Who: The Curse of Fatal Death
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Doctor Who: The Curse of Fatal Death's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "ThirteenthDoctorCasting": From Doctor Who:  From Jodie Whittaker:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 07:34, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

"Never Cruel Or Cowardly"
The phrase "Never Cruel Or Cowardly" is very likely to have appeared in a Paul Cornell novel (no reference is given but it's plausible) but I believe the original is from Terrance Dicks either in an internal style guide for writers or in the book "The Making of Doctor Who" in the early-mid 1970s. I do not have an authoritative reference to hand, however. Rob Burbidge (talk) 23:48, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * You are correct. the following is from the Target edition of The Making of Doctor Who, page 23 (emphasis is mine):

"'The Doctor believes in good and fights evil. Though often caught up in violent situations, he is a man of peace. He is never cruel or cowardly. In fact, to put it simply, the Doctor is a hero. These days there aren't so many of them around ...'"
 * The earlier Piccolo edition does not include this phrase, but does have the following on page 8:

"'Put in simpler terms, the Doctor always cares about people; he believes in good and fights evil. He is never cruel, and he never carries a gun or other weapon. He is often in battles, but he hates war.'"
 * Etron81 (talk) 23:58, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:07, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The Curse of Fatal Death.jpg

Requested move 16 March 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Moved as proposed. BD2412 T 16:07, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

Doctor Who: The Curse of Fatal Death → The Curse of Fatal Death – Per the article, the episode was known as "Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death" around its original broadcast. As far as I can tell, no on-screen title was used during the Comic Relief 1999 evening. The VHS release then used the standardised format of displaying the series logo and "The Curse of Fatal Death" underneath, as shown in the cover image in the article, and according to the article the home release uses the simplified title on-screen also. There doesn't seem to be any reason why the series title is included in this iteration of the title for the article. "Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death" may be an acceptable alternative, but I suggest the simplified version due to the lack of an on-screen broadcast title and the official home release that uses it, in conjunction with WP:CONCISE. Move requires overwriting of the present redirect. U-Mos (talk) 11:34, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The onscreen title at original broadcast in four parts did have the "and the" format - screenshot is included here - I do agree that the common name is now just "The Curse of Fatal Death" due to the home video release and subsequent coverage (including official uploads to YouTube) Etron81 (talk) 14:18, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I hadn't managed to establish that. I'm still in favour of the simplified title. U-Mos (talk) 15:21, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support move. With one exception, "Doctor Who" isn't typically treated as part of the title.  O.N.R.  (talk) 21:13, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Curse of Fatal Death


text:
Asteroid family

An asteroid family is a population of asteroids that share similar proper orbital elements, such as semimajor axis, eccentricity, and orbital inclination. The members of the families are thought to be fragments of past asteroid collisions. An asteroid family is a more specific term than asteroid group whose members, while sharing some broad orbital characteristics, may be otherwise unrelated to each other.

General properties

Large prominent families contain several hundred recognized asteroids (and many more smaller objects which may be either not-yet-analyzed, or not-yet-discovered). Small, compact families may have only about ten identified members. About 33% to 35% of asteroids in the main belt are family members.

There are about 20 to 30 reliably recognized families, with several tens of less certain groupings. Most asteroid families are found in the main asteroid belt, although several family-like groups such as the Pallas family, Hungaria family, and the Phocaea family lie at smaller semi-major axis or larger inclination than the main belt.

One family has been identified associated with the dwarf planet. Some studies have tried to find evidence of collisional families among the trojan asteroids, but at present the evidence is inconclusive.

Origin and evolution
The families are thought to form as a result of collisions between asteroids. In many or most cases the parent body was shattered, but there are also several families which resulted from a large cratering event which did not disrupt the parent body (e.g. the Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, and Massalia families). Such cratering families typically consist of a single large body and a swarm of asteroids that are much smaller. Some families (e.g. the Flora family) have complex internal structures which are not satisfactorily explained at the moment, but may be due to several collisions in the same region at different times.

Due to the method of origin, all the members have closely matching compositions for most families. Notable exceptions are those families (such as the Vesta family) which formed from a large differentiated parent body.

Asteroid families are thought to have lifetimes of the order of a billion years, depending on various factors (e.g. smaller asteroids are lost faster). This is significantly shorter than the Solar System's age, so few if any are relics of the early Solar System. Decay of families occurs both because of slow dissipation of the orbits due to perturbations from Jupiter or other large bodies, and because of collisions between asteroids which grind them down to small bodies. Such small asteroids then become subject to perturbations such as the Yarkovsky effect that can push them towards orbital resonances with Jupiter over time. Once there, they are relatively rapidly ejected from the asteroid belt. Tentative age estimates have been obtained for some families, ranging from hundreds of millions of years to less than several million years as for the compact Karin family. Old families are thought to contain few small members, and this is the basis of the age determinations.

It is supposed that many very old families have lost all the smaller and medium-sized members, leaving only a few of the largest intact. A suggested example of such old family remains are the 9 Metis and 113 Amalthea asteroid pair. Further evidence for a large number of past families (now dispersed) comes from analysis of chemical ratios in iron meteorites. These show that there must have once been at least 50 to 100 parent bodies large enough to be differentiated, that have since been shattered to expose their cores and produce the actual meteorites (Kelley & Gaffey 2000).

Identification of members, interlopers and background asteroids
When the orbital elements of main belt asteroids are plotted (typically inclination vs. eccentricity, or vs. semi-major axis), a number of distinct concentrations are seen against the rather uniform distribution of non-family background asteroids. These concentrations are the asteroid families (see above). Interlopers are asteroids classified as family members based on their so-called proper orbital elements but having spectroscopic properties distinct from the bulk of the family, suggesting that they, contrary to the true family members, did not originate from the same parent body that once fragmented upon a collisional impact.

Description

Strictly speaking, families and their membership are identified by analysing the proper orbital elements rather than the current osculating orbital elements, which regularly fluctuate on timescales of tens of thousands of years. The proper elements are related constants of motion that remain almost constant for at least tens of millions of years, and perhaps longer.

The Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama (1874–1943) pioneered the estimation of proper elements for asteroids, and first identified several of the most prominent families in 1918. In his honor, asteroid families are sometimes called Hirayama families. This particularly applies to the five prominent groupings discovered by him.

Hierarchical clustering method
Present day computer-assisted searches have identified more than a hundred asteroid families. The most prominent algorithms have been the hierarchical clustering method (HCM), which looks for groupings with small nearest-neighbour distances in orbital element space, and wavelet analysis, which builds a density-of-asteroids map in orbital element space, and looks for density peaks.

The boundaries of the families are somewhat vague because at the edges they blend into the background density of asteroids in the main belt. For this reason the number of members even among discovered asteroids is usually only known approximately, and membership is uncertain for asteroids near the edges.

Additionally, some interlopers from the heterogeneous background asteroid population are expected even in the central regions of a family. Since the true family members caused by the collision are expected to have similar compositions, most such interlopers can in principle be recognised by spectral properties which do not match those of the bulk of family members. A prominent example is 1 Ceres, the largest asteroid, which is an interloper in the family once named after it (the Ceres family, now the Gefion family).

Spectral characteristics can also be used to determine the membership (or otherwise) of asteroids in the outer regions of a family, as has been used e.g. for the Vesta family, whose members have an unusual composition.

Family types
As previously mentioned, families caused by an impact that did not disrupt the parent body but only ejected fragments are called cratering families. Other terminology has been used to distinguish various types of groups which are less distinct or less statistically certain from the most prominent "nominal families" (or clusters).

Clusters, clumps, clans and tribes
The term cluster is also used to describe a small asteroid family, such as the Karin cluster. Clumps are groupings which have relatively few members but are clearly distinct from the background (e.g. the Juno clump). Clans are groupings which merge very gradually into the background density and/or have a complex internal structure making it difficult to decide whether they are one complex group or several unrelated overlapping groups (e.g. the Flora family has been called a clan). Tribes are groups that are less certain to be statistically significant against the background either because of small density or large uncertainty in the orbital parameters of the members.

Prominent families
Among the many asteroid families, the Eos, Eunomia, Flora, Hungaria, Hygiea, Koronis, Nysa, Themis and Vesta families are the most prominent ones in the asteroid belt. For a complete list, see .

 * Eos family
 * The Eos family (adj. Eoan; 9,789 members, named after 221 Eos)

 * Eunomia family
 * The Eunomia family (adj. Eunomian; 5,670 known members, named after 15 Eunomia) is a family of S-type asteroids. It is the most prominent family in the intermediate asteroid belt and the 6th-largest family with approximately 1.4% of all main belt asteroids.

 * Flora family
 * The Flora family (adj. Florian; 13,786 members, named after 8 Flora) is the 3rd-largest family. Broad in extent, it has no clear boundary and gradually fades into the surrounding background population. Several distinct groupings within the family, possibly created by later, secondary collisions. It has also been described as an asteroid clan.

 * Hungaria family
 * The Hungaria family (adj. Hungarian; 2,965 members, named after 434 Hungaria)

 * Hygiea family
 * The Hygiea family (adj. Hygiean; 4,854 members, named after 10 Hygiea)

 * Koronis family
 * The Koronis family (adj. Koronian; 5,949 members, named after 158 Koronis)

 * Nysa family
 * The Nysa family (adj. Nysian; 19,073 members, named after 44 Nysa). Alternatively named Hertha family after 135 Hertha.

 * Themis family
 * The Themis family (adj. Themistian; 4,782 members, named after 24 Themis)

 * Vesta family
 * The Vesta family (adj. Vestian; 15,252 members, named after 4 Vesta)

All families
In 2015, a study identified 122 notable families with a total of approximately 100,000 member asteroids, based on the entire catalog of numbered minor planets, which consisted of almost 400,000 numbered bodies at the time (see catalog index for a current listing of numbered minor planets). The data has been made available at the "Small Bodies Data Ferret". The first column of this table contains the family identification number or family identifier number (FIN), which is an attempt for a numerical labeling of identified families, independent of their currently used name, as a family's name may change with refined observations, leading to multiple names used in literature and to subsequent confusion.

Other families or dynamical groups
Other asteroid families from miscellaneous sources (not listed in the above table), as well as non-asteroid families include:

title: Asteroid family


text:
Rehydration

Rehydration may refer to:

 * Fluid replacement therapy, which may use several routes.
 * Restoring water content in previously dehydrated objects.
 * Rehydration (web development), also called hydration

title: Rehydration


text:
Space and survival

Space and survival is the idea that the long-term survival of the human species and technological civilization requires the building of a spacefaring civilization that utilizes the resources of outer space, and that not doing this might lead to human extinction. A related observation is that the window of opportunity for doing this may be limited due to the decreasing amount of surplus resources that will be available over time as a result of an ever-growing population.

The earliest appearance of a connection between space exploration and human survival appears in Louis J. Halle, Jr.'s 1980 article in Foreign Affairs, in which he stated colonization of space will keep humanity safe should global nuclear warfare occur. This idea has received more attention in recent years as advancing technology in the form of reusable launch vehicles and combination launch systems make affordable space travel more feasible.

Risk to humanity
A severe future event that could cause human extinction is known as an existential risk to humanity. According to the Future of Humanity Institute, "humanity's long track record of surviving natural hazards suggests that, measured on a timescale of a few centuries, the existential risk posed by such hazards is rather small." Nevertheless, studies about human extinction have never been thoroughly conducted, although it's foreseen that future anthropogenic events, like global warming and catastrophic climate change, or even global nuclear warfare, are more likely to lead to existential risks, instead of natural disasters such as meteor impacts or large-scale volcanism.

Many of the same existential risks to humanity would destroy parts or all of Earth's biosphere as well. Although many have speculated about life and intelligence existing in other parts of space, Earth is the only place in the universe known to harbor life. Eventually the Earth will become uninhabitable, at the latest when the Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years. Mankind, or its intelligent descendants, if they still exist at that point, must leave the Solar System long before that to ensure survival of the human species.

Space settlement
Human extinction can be prevented by strengthening the physical barrier, or increasing the mean distance, between people and the potential extinction event. For example, pandemics are controlled by placing exposed people in quarantine and evacuating healthy people away. The human lineage of genus Homo has reduced from several species co-existing on Earth to just one — all others became extinct before the end of the last Ice age. This illustrates that Homo sapiens is not immune to planetary disaster and that human survival may be better assured through the colonization of space.

Although space colonies do not yet exist, humans have had a continuous space presence since 2000 in the form of the International Space Station. Life support systems that enable people to live in space may also allow them to survive hazardous events.

Multiple locations
Expanding the living area of the human species increases the mean distance between humans and any known hazardous event. People closest to the event are most likely to be killed or injured; people farthest from the event are most likely to survive. Increasing the number of places where humans live also helps to prevent extinction. For example, if a massive impact event occurred on Earth without warning, the human species could possibly become extinct; its art, culture and technology would be lost. However, if humans had previously colonized locations outside Earth, the opportunities for the survival and recovery of the species would be greater.

Objections
Many challenges arise when travelling in outer space. One of the biggest issues that may affect the human body is interstellar radiation. While the Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere protects all living forms on the planet, this cannot be said for outer space. According to researchers from the University of Rochester Medical Center, a radiation equivalent to a mission to Mars can cause serious brain damage such as cognition problems and Alzheimer's disease.

Space science
The observation and study of space protects Earth, as space hazards can be seen in advance and, if discovered early enough, acted against.

Near-Earth objects
Near-Earth objects (NEOs) are asteroids, comets and large meteoroids that come close to or collide with Earth. Spaceguard is the collective name for some of the efforts to discover and study NEOs, though these efforts are not sufficiently funded.

Critique
Some more contemporary reasons for space as a solution to survival have been identified as imperialist reasoning for space exploration, only relocating collective shortcomings and not solving them.

title: Space and survival