text:
List of fiction set in Chicago

This is a list of fiction set in or near the city of Chicago.

Short stories

 * Chicago Invaded by Hordes of Prehistoric Monsters Dealing Death and Destruction, an anonymous 9000 word short story published by the Chicago Tribune and other newspapers as an April Fools prank in 1906.
 * "Deadly City," March, 1953 issue of If magazine under the pseudonym Ivar Jorgensen (later made into the motion picture Target Earth; the story was about an alien invasion and evacuation of Chicago)
 * "Big Boy," pp. 97–99 in Me Talk Pretty One Day by David Sedaris begins "It was Easter Sunday in Chicago....", 2000
 * Chicago Stories: 40 Dramatic Fictions by Michael Czyzniejewski, Jacob S Knabb and Rob Funderburk, 2012
 * The Coast of Chicago: Stories by Stuart Dybek, 2004
 * Chicago Style Novella by R. Felini, 2013
 * "The Box of Robbers" a fairy tale by Lyman Frank Baum, reprinted in American Fairy Tales by Lyman Frank Baum, English Classical Literature, KAPO, 2015. Original, 1901. ISBN 978-5-9925-1039-3.

Plays and musicals

 * American Buffalo
 * Be Like Water
 * Bleacher Bums
 * Chicago - musical, nominated for ten Tony Awards in 1976
 * Chicago - play
 * Clybourne Park
 * Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up?
 * The Front Page
 * Glengarry Glen Ross
 * Happy End
 * In the Jungle of Cities
 * Ma Rainey's Black Bottom
 * Mean Girls - musical, nominated for 12 Tony Awards in 2018
 * Proof
 * A Raisin in the Sun - nominated for four Tony Awards in 1960
 * The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui
 * Sexual Perversity in Chicago
 * Show Boat
 * Superior Donuts

Films

 * About Last Night (1986)
 * Above the Law (1988)
 * The Accountant (2016) - partly in Chicago (box office #1 film in the U.S.)
 * Adventures in Babysitting (1987)
 * The Adventures of Lucky Pierre (1961)
 * Against All Hope (1982)
 * Air (2023)
 * Al Capone (1959) (mob film)
 * Ali (2001)
 * Allah Tantou (1989)
 * American Gun (2005)
 * American Reel (1999)
 * Angel Eyes (2001)
 * Anything's Possible (1999)
 * April Fools (2007)
 * Archive (2020)
 * August Rush (2007)
 * The Babe (1992)
 * Baby on Board (2009)
 * Baby's Day Out (1994)
 * Backdraft (1991) (box office #1 film in the U.S.)
 * Bad Boys (1983)
 * Barbershop (2002) (box office #1 film in the U.S.)
 * Barbershop 2: Back in Business (2004) (#1 film in U.S.)
 * Barbershop: The Next Cut (2016)
 * Batman (1989)
 * The Batman (2022)
 * Batman Begins (2005)
 * Batman: Gotham Knight (2008)
 * Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016)
 * Beats (2019)
 * Beginning of the End (1957) – set in downstate Illinois and Chicago
 * Betrayed (1988)
 * The Big Brawl (1980)
 * Big Shots (1987)
 * Blankman (1994)
 * Blind (1994)
 * Blink (1994)
 * The Blues Brothers (1980)
 * Blues Brothers 2000 (1998)
 * The Boss (2016) (#1 film in U.S.)
 * Brannigan (1975)
 * The Break-Up (2006) (#1 in the U.S.)
 * The Breakfast Club (1985)
 * Breed of Men (1919)
 * Bridesmaids (2011) (partly in Chicago)
 * Bridge (1988)
 * The Brute (1920)
 * Bugsy Malone (1976) (partly in Chicago) (mob film)
 * Butterfly on a Wheel (2007)
 * Call Northside 777 (1948)
 * Candyman (1992) - based on a book originally set in London
 * Candyman (2021), sequel to the original, (box office #1 film in the U.S.)
 * Capone (1975) (mob film)
 * Carrie (1952)
 * Casino (1995) - scenes labeled as "Back Home" are in Chicago (mob film)
 * Category 6: Day of Destruction (2004) - partly in Chicago (CBS mini series)
 * Chain Reaction (1996)
 * Chicago (1927)
 * Chicago (2002) (Academy Award for Best Picture)
 * Chicago Cab (1997)
 * Chicago Deadline (1949) (film noir)
 * Chicago Overcoat (2009) (mob film)
 * Child's Play (1988) (#1 in U.S.)
 * Child's Play 2 (1990) (#1 in U.S.)
 * Chi-Raq (2015)
 * Christmas...Again?! (2021)
 * City That Never Sleeps (1953) (film noir)
 * Class (1983)
 * Code of Silence (1985)
 * Colombiana (2011)
 * The Company (2003)
 * Continental Divide (1981)
 * Cooley High (1975)
 * Curly Sue (1991)
 * Damien: Omen II (1978) (#1 film in the U.S.)
 * Danger Lights (1930) (partly in Chicago)
 * The Dark Knight (2008) (#1 film in the U.S.)
 * The Dark Knight Rises (2012)
 * Death of a President (2006)
 * Death Wish (2018)
 * Dhoom 3 (2013) (Hindi film)
 * The Dilemma (2011)
 * Divergent (2014) (box office #1 film in the U.S.)
 * The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015) (#1 in the U.S.)
 * Derailed (2005)
 * Dick Tracy (1990)
 * Dragonfly (2002)
 * The Dumb Girl of Portici (1916)
 * Eagle Eye (2008) (#1 film in U.S.)
 * Eight Men Out (1988)
 * The Express: The Ernie Davis Story (2009)
 * Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)
 * Flatliners (1990)
 * The Flash (2023)
 * The Fugitive (1993) (#1 film in the U.S.)
 * The Fury (1978)
 * Girls Just Want to Have Fun (1985)
 * Go Fish (1994)
 * The Grudge 2 (2006) (#1 film in U.S.)
 * The Grudge 3 (2009)
 * Guilty as Sin (1993)
 * Hardball (2001) (#1 film in U.S.)
 * Harry and Tonto (1974)
 * Heaven is a Playground (1991)
 * Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986) - partly in Chicago
 * Hero (1992)
 * High Fidelity (2000) - based on a book originally set in London
 * His New Job (1915)
 * Home Alone (1990) (#1 film in the U.S.)
 * Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992) (partly in Chicago) (#1 film in U.S.)
 * Home Alone 3 (1997)
 * The Homesteader (1919)
 * Hoodlum (1997)
 * Hope Floats (1998) - partly in Chicago
 * The Hunter (1980) - partly in Chicago
 * The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
 * I Love Trouble (1994)
 * I, Robot (2004) (#1 in U.S.)
 * I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With (2007)

 * In the Depth of Our Hearts (1920)
 * It's the Rage (1999)
 * Judgment Night (1993)
 * Jupiter Ascending (2015) directed by the Wachowskis
 * Just Visiting (2001)
 * Justice League (2021)
 * King of the Rodeo (1929)
 * Kissing A Fool (1998)
 * Kong: Skull Island (2017) (#1 in U.S.)
 * The Lake House (2006)
 * A League of Their Own (1992) (#1 in the U.S.)
 * Light It Up (1999)
 * Little Fockers (2010) (#1 in the U.S.)
 * Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977)
 * Love and Action in Chicago (1999)
 * Love Jones (1997)
 * Lucas (1986)
 * Man of Steel (2013)
 * The Man with the Golden Arm (1955)
 * Mean Girls (2004) (#1 film in U.S.) - set in Evanston
 * Medium Cool (1969)
 * Meet the Parents (2000) (#1 in the U.S.) - partly set in Chicago
 * Mercury Rising (1998)
 * Message in a Bottle - partly set in Chicago
 * Michael (1996) - partly in Chicago (#1 film in U.S.)
 * Mickey One (1965)
 * Midnight Run (1988) - partly in Chicago (mob film)
 * Miracle on 34th Street (1994) - partly in Chicago
 * Mission Impossible (1996)
 * Mo' Money (1992)
 * The Monkey Hustle (1976)
 * Music Box (1989)
 * My Best Friend's Wedding (1997)
 * My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)
 * My Bodyguard (1980)
 * National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989) (#1 film in U.S.)
 * National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985) - starts in Chicago
 * National Lampoon's Vacation (1983) - partly in Chicago (#1 film in U.S.)
 * Natural Born Killers (1994) - partly in Chicago
 * The Negotiator (1998)
 * Never Been Kissed (1999)
 * Next of Kin (1989) - set in Chicago and Kentucky (mob film)
 * A Night in the Life of Jimmy Reardon (1988)
 * Nothing in Common (1986) - partly in Chicago
 * Office Christmas Party (2016)
 * On the Line (2001)
 * Only the Lonely (1991)
 * Opportunity Knocks (1990)
 * Ordinary People (1980) (Academy Award for Best Picture)
 * The Package (1989)
 * Planes, Trains & Automobiles (1987)
 * Poltergeist III (1988)
 * Prelude to a Kiss (1992)
 * Primal Fear (1996)
 * Prime Cut (1972) – set in Chicago and in Kansas City, Kansas
 * The Princess Bride (1987) (Modern Scenes set in Evanston, Illinois)
 * Prodigal Girl (2016), also called Trust Fund)
 * Proof (2005)
 * The Public Enemy (1931) (mob film)
 * Public Enemies (neo-noir, mob film) (2009)
 * Raisin in the Sun (1961)
 * Rampage (2018)
 * Random Encounter (1998)
 * Rapid Fire (1992)
 * Raw Deal (1986)
 * The Razor's Edge (1946) - based on Maughaum's novel of the same title
 * Red Heat (1988)
 * The Relic (1997) - based on a book originally set in New York City (#1 film in the U.S.)
 * Return to Me (2000)
 * Ri¢hie Ri¢h (1994) - scenes filmed in Chicago
 * Risky Business (1983) - set in the North Shore
 * Road to Perdition (2002) (#1 film in the U.S.) (mob film)
 * Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964)
 * Roll Bounce (2005)
 * Rookie of the Year (1993)
 * Running Scared (1986)
 * The St. Valentine's Day Massacre (1967) (mob film)
 * Save the Last Dance (2001) (#1 film in the U.S.)
 * Scarface (1932) (mob film)
 * Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright (2013)
 * Shall We Dance? (2004)
 * Sheba, Baby (1975) - partly in Chicago
 * She's Having a Baby (1988)
 * Silver Streak (1976) - partly in Chicago
 * Sleepless In Seattle (1993) - partly in Chicago
 * Slim (1937) - partly in Chicago
 * Some Like It Hot (1959) - partly in Chicago (mob film)
 * Somewhere in Time (1980) - partly in Chicago
 * Soul Food (1997)
 * A Sound of Thunder (2005)
 * Source Code (2011)
 * Spider-Man 2 (2004) (#1 film in U.S.) - partly in Chicago
 * The Sting (1973) - partly in Chicago; Academy Award for Best Picture (mob film)
 * Stir of Echoes (1999)
 * Stolen Summer (2001)
 * Straight Talk (1992)
 * Stranger than Fiction (2006)
 * Strawberry Fields (1997)
 * Streets of Fire (1984)
 * Suicide Squad (2016)
 * Surviving Christmas (2003)
 * That Royle Girl (1925)
 * Thief (1981)
 * The Thief Who Came to Dinner (1973)
 * Three to Tango (1999)
 * Tommy Boy (1995) (#1 film in U.S.) - partly in Chicago and Wisconsin
 * Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) (#1 film in U.S.)
 * Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) (#1 in the U.S.)
 * Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) (#1 in the U.S.)
 * Two Fathers: Justice for the Innocent (1994)
 * Ultraviolet (2006)
 * The Unborn (2009)
 * Uncle Buck (1989) (#1 film in U.S.)
 * The Untouchables (1987) (mob film)
 * U.S. Marshals (1998) - partly in Chicago
 * Vegas Vacation (1997) - starts in Chicago
 * V.I. Warshawski (1991)
 * Wanted (2008)
 * The Watcher (2000) (#1 in the U.S.)
 * Wayne's World (1992) (#1 film in the U.S.) - partly in Chicago and the suburb Aurora
 * Wayne's World 2 (1993) (#1 in the U.S.) - partly in Chicago

 * We Grown Now (2024)
 * The Weather Man (2005)
 * A Wedding (1978)
 * What Women Want (2000) (#1 in the U.S.)
 * When Harry Met Sally... (1989) - partly in Chicago
 * While You Were Sleeping (1995) (#1 in the U.S.)
 * The Whole Nine Yards (2000) (#1 in the U.S.)
 * Wicker Park (2004)
 * Wildcats (1986)
 * Within Our Gates (1920)

Although not set in the city's limits, the John Hughes directed films Sixteen Candles, The Breakfast Club, Pretty in Pink (1986) (#1 film in U.S.), and Weird Science take place in the fictional town of Shermer, Illinois, which is based on Northbrook, Illinois. A scene of Weird Science was filmed at Northbrook Court mall.

In The Matrix (1999, directed by the Wachowskis from Chicago), the subway sets were based on the CTA. One of the trains is clearly a Brown Line train, which in reality, barring construction, never goes underground.

Chicago destroyed on film

 * In Old Chicago (1938) - destroyed by the Great Chicago Fire
 * Beginning of the End (1957) - city attacked by giant mutant grasshoppers
 * Independence Day (1996) - mentioned
 * Chain Reaction (1996) - parts of the city destroyed by an explosion caused by a hydrogen reactor
 * Category 6: Day of Destruction (2004) - destroyed by a series of tornadoes and a category 6 hurricane over the Great Lakes
 * Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) - seriously damaged by the Decepticons' assault on the city as well as the final battle between the Autobots and Decepticons (#1 film in U.S.)
 * Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) - the city was rebuilt five years later, where it was used for KSI first (#1 in U.S.)

Music videos

 * "Hard to Handle" by Black Crowes 1990, blues rock
 * "Jam" 1992, by Michael Jackson from Gary, he plays Michael Jordan in an abandoned indoor basketball court
 * "I Used to Love H.E.R." by Common (rapper) 1994, shows clips from the Southside, jazz rap
 * "I'll be Missing You" by Puff Daddy 1997, filmed at the United Terminal at O'Hare Airport
 * "Cha Cha Slide" by Chicago's DJ Casper 2000, shows the Marina City towers; house and hip hop
 * "I Wish" by R. Kelly 2001, nominated for Best R&B Video at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards, video start shows the "L" train
 * "The Game of Love" by Santana feat. Michelle Branch 2002, filmed in Pilsen
 * "Step in the Name of Love" by R. Kelly 2003, filmed on a yacht on Lake Michigan
 * "Lyric (song)" by Zwan (Billy Corgan) 2003
 * "Overnight Celebrity by Twista feat. Kanye West 2004, video has cameos by Chicago rappers like Da Brat, shows Chicago landmark buildings like the Tribune Tower
 * "The Corner (song)" by Common (rapper) feat. Kanye West 2005, video start shows Navy Pier by a frozen Lake Michigan, song is about Chicago
 * "Give It All" by Rise Against 2005, they have a mosh pit inside an "L" train
 * "Swing Life Away" by Rise Against 2005, video start shows the "L" train
 * "Kick Push" by Lupe Fiasco 2006, video shows skateboarding in the city
 * "Homecoming" by Kanye West feat Chris Martin of Coldplay 2008, nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, video shows the Millennium Park "bean", Cloud Gate, song is about Chicago
 * "Re-Education (Through Labor)" by Rise Against 2008
 * "You Found Me" by The Fray 2009, filmed on top of skyscrapers
 * "The video for 'Zawsze Tam Gdzie Ty', one of Polish rock band Lady Pank greatest hits is set on Chicago's 'L', the Quincy Station in particular. Directed by Tom Kuznar.
 * "1,2,3,4" by Plain White T's 2009, on the VH1 Top 40 Videos of 2009
 * "Angels" by Chance the Rapper feat Saba (rapper) 2016, nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, video shows Chance rapping on top of the "L" train
 * "City in a Garden" by Fall Out Boy 2018, shows Wrigley Field and other city landmarks, song is about Chicago

Television shows

 * 61st Street (2022)
 * 100 Days of Summer (2014)
 * According to Jim (2001–2009). ABC
 * Against the Wall (2011)
 * Animaniacs (2020)
 * Barbershop: The Series (2005)
 * Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995)
 * Batwoman (2019–2022)
 * The Bear (2022–) Hulu
 * The Beast (2009)
 * Betrayal (2013–2014)
 * Better than Us (2018–2019)
 * Biker Mice from Mars (1993–1996)
 * Biker Mice from Mars (2006)
 * The Bob Newhart Show (1972–1978). CBS
 * The Boondocks (2005–2014) Adult Swim
 * Boss (2011–2012)
 * Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1979–1981) - in its first season (1979–1980), "New Chicago" functioned as Earth's capital city
 * The Building (1993)
 * The Casagrandes (2019–2022 ) - as the "Great Lakes City"
 * Charlie & Co. (1985–1986)
 * The Chicago Code (2011) Billy Corgan did the theme song. FOX
 * Chicago Fire (2012–present). NBC
 * Chicago Hope (1994–2000). Emmy-winner for Mandy Patinkin. CBS
 * Chicago Med (2015–present). NBC
 * Chicago P.D. (2014–present). NBC
 * Chicago Party Aunt (2021). Netflix, animated
 * Chicago Sons (1997)
 * Chicago Story (1982)
 * Coupling (2003) - US version only
 * The Crazy Ones (2013–2014) with Robin Williams. CBS
 * Crime Story (1986–1988)
 * Crisis (2014)
 * Cupid (1998)
 * Defiance (2013–2015)
 * The Dresden Files (2007)
 * Due South (1994–1996, 1997–1999) - some filming in Toronto, Canada
 * Early Edition (1996–2000)
 * Easy (2016)
 * E/R (1984–1985)
 * ER (1994–2009). Won 23 Emmy Awards. Most nominated drama show ever. NBC
 * Exosquad (1993–1995) - Chicago, renamed to Phaeton City, was one of the central locations of the show
 * Family Matters (1989–1998) Emmy-nominated. ABC
 * The Flash (2014–2023)
 * The Forgotten (2009–2010). ABC
 * Generations (1989–1991). NBC
 * The Girlfriend Experience (2016) Starz
 * The Good Fight (2017–present) CBS All Access/Paramount Plus
 * Good Times (1974–1979) Golden Globe nominated. CBS
 * The Good Wife (2009–2016) 5-time Emmy winner for Julianna Margulies. CBS
 * Gotham (2014–2019)
 * Happy Endings (2011–2013)
 * Hell on Wheels (2011–2016)
 * The Hogan Family (1986–1991)
 * Humans (2015–2018)
 * I Didn't Do It (2014–2015)
 * It Takes Two (1982–1983). ABC
 * Invincible (2021–present)
 * Ironheart (2023)
 * Kenan & Kel (1996–2000) on Nickelodeon
 * Kolchak: The Night Stalker (1974–1975)
 * Lady Blue (1985–1986)
 * The League (2009–2015)
 * Legally Mad (2009)
 * Leverage (2008–2012) - pilot episode only
 * Life Goes On (1989–1993)
 * Life With Bonnie (2002–2004)
 * The Loop (2006–2007)
 * Lovecraft Country (2021)
 * M Squad (1957–1960)
 * Married... with Children (1987–1997). FOX
 * The Man in the High Castle (2015–2019)
 * Mike and Molly (2010–2016) Emmy winner in 2011 for Melissa McCarthy. CBS
 * Mind Games (2014)
 * Modern Men (2006)
 * Moon Knight (2022)
 * My Boys (2006–2010)
 * Milagros de Navidad (2017). Telemundo
 * Night Sky (2022)
 * Pantheon (2022)
 * Paper Girls (2022)
 * Pepper Dennis (2006)
 * Perfect Strangers (1986–1993)
 * The Playboy Club (2011)
 * Postcards from Buster (2004–2012) - One episode set in Chicago, also where Buster Baxter and his dad ride a CTA Brown Line train in the theme song.
 * The Real O'Neals (2016)
 * Prison Break (2005–2009) - partly set in Chicago
 * Punky Brewster (1984–1986). NBC
 * Punky Brewster (2021), Peacock
 * Raven's Home (2017–present) - Seasons 1-4 are set in Chicago.
 * Revolution (2012–2014)
 * Samantha Who? (2007–2009)
 * The Santa Clauses (2022–present)
 * Saturdays (2023)
 * Sense8 (2015–2018) Netflix (directed by the Wachowskis)
 * Shake It Up (2010–2013) Disney Channel
 * Shameless (2011–2021) Emmy-winner in 2015 for Joan Cusack. Showtime
 * Shining Girls (2022–present)
 * Sirens (2014–2015)
 * Sisters (1991–1996)
 * Skull Island (2023–present)
 * Soul Food: The Series (2000–2004). Emmy-nominated. Showtime
 * South Side (2019–2021). Comedy Central/HBO Max
 * Special Unit 2 (2001–2002)
 * Starting Over (2003–2004 season)
 * Station Eleven (2021–2022) HBO Max
 * The Steve Harvey Show (1996–2002). The WB
 * Still Standing (2002–2006). CBS
 * Superman & Lois (2021–)
 * Supernatural (2005-2020)
 * Terra Nova (2011)
 * The Time Traveler’s Wife (2022)
 * Traffic Light (2011)
 * Trust Me (2009)
 * Turks (1999)
 * Two of a Kind (1998–1999). ABC
 * The Untouchables (1959–1963) Emmy winner. ABC
 * Webster (1983–1987)
 * What About Joan? (2001)
 * Whitney (2011–2013)
 * Wild Card (2003–2005)

Reality TV

 * The Real World: Chicago (2002)
 * Real World: Skeletons (2014–2015)

Video games
This is a list of video games in which a major part of the action takes place in the city. This list does not count sports games or flight simulators, save for Pilotwings 64 and Tom Clancy's H.A.W.X.

 * 18 Wheels of Steel series
 * Atomic Heart
 * BattleTanx
 * Ben 10: Protector of Earth
 * Blues Brothers 2000
 * The Bureau: XCOM Declassified
 * Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare
 * Call of Duty Modern Warfare II
 * Chicago 90
 * Chicago 1930
 * Chicago Enforcer
 * The Crew
 * Crimson Skies: High Road to Revenge
 * Cruisin' USA
 * The Dark Pictures Anthology: The Devil in Me
 * Deus Ex: Invisible War
 * Driver 2
 * Emergency Call Ambulance
 * Empire of Sin
 * Grid 2
 * Grid Autosport
 * Grid Legends
 * Hitman: Absolution
 * Hi-Fi Rush
 * Lethal Enforcers
 * Michael Jordan in Chaos in the Windy City
 * Midtown Madness
 * Mob Enforcer
 * Need for Speed: ProStreet
 * Need for Speed: The Run
 * Need for Speed Unbound
 * Nocturne
 * Perfect Dark
 * Pilotwings 64
 * Project Gotham Racing 2
 * Rampage 2: Universal Tour
 * Rampage: Total Destruction
 * Rampage World Tour
 * Resistance 2
 * Shadow Hearts: From the New World
 * Still Life
 * Still Life 2
 * Stranglehold
 * Stuntman: Ignition
 * Tekken
 * TimeSplitters 2
 * Tom Clancy's H.A.W.X.
 * Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist
 * Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4
 * Wanted: Weapons of Fate
 * Watch Dogs
 * We Are Chicago
 * Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus

List of games which feature a fictional city closely based on Chicago

 * In Batman: Arkham, as a fictionalized Gotham City in which is almost identical to Chicago: for example some of the buildings like Tribune Tower can be seen within the Arkham franchise. The city also serves as Gotham within the Injustice series as well.
 * In Mafia, 1930s Chicago serves as inspiration for the setting of Lost Heaven. In Mafia: Definitive Edition, it is confirmed that Lost Heaven is in Illinois.
 * In Mortal Kombat, Chicago plays a dynamic level known as "street" in which the level appears most of the MK series.
 * In Ratchet & Clank, in this fictional utopian city of Aleero City, some of the buildings have a huge representation of Chicago's magnificent skyscrapers bundled up together.
 * In Halo, Chicago in Halo 2 is the multiplayer map known as Foundation.

Comics, manga, and cartoons

 * Biker Mice from Mars
 * Blue Beetle
 * Bojack Horseman Season 6 splits time, with much of the season taking place in Chicago
 * Cage, volume 1 (April 1992-November 1993) - ongoing series by Marvel Comics featuring the superhero Luke Cage; 20 issues were published
 * C.O.W.L.
 * Ghost
 * Gunsmith Cats
 * Kremin 1-4 Grey Productions Inc 1991-1992
 * Nightwing Vol 3., Issue #18-ongoing
 * Plastic Man (DC)
 * Riding Bean
 * Savage Dragon
 * Tintin in America

Miniseries, specials or individual episodes

 * Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
 * "The End"
 * Ben 10
 * "Monster Weather"
 * The Legend of Tarzan
 * "The Mysterious Visitor"
 * Danger Rangers
 * "Fires and Liars"
 * Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?
 * "The Hot Dog Dog!"

title: List of fiction set in Chicago


text:
Seann William Scott

Seann William Scott (born October 3, 1976) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Steve Stifler in the American Pie franchise, and also for his role as Doug Glatt in both Goon and Goon: Last of the Enforcers. He has also appeared in the films Dude, Where's My Car? (2000), Final Destination (2000), Road Trip (2000), Evolution (2001), The Rundown (2003), The Dukes of Hazzard (2005), Mr. Woodcock (2007) and Role Models (2008). He has voiced Crash in four Ice Age animated feature films and two Ice Age television specials. Scott portrayed former CIA operative Wesley Cole in Fox's crime-drama television series Lethal Weapon (2018–2019). Films in which Scott has starred have earned $4.91 billion at the global box office as of 2017.

Early life
Scott was born and raised in Cottage Grove, Minnesota, the son of Patricia Anne Simons and William Frank Scott. Scott's father died in 2007. He is the youngest of his seven siblings. He graduated from Park High School, where he was part of the varsity football and basketball teams. He has attended University of Wisconsin and Glendale Community College. Scott dedicated himself to acting and relocated to Los Angeles.

1996–2013: Breakthrough with American Pie films
Early in his career, Scott worked at The Home Depot and the Los Angeles Zoo to support himself between acting jobs. Scott began his career by appearing in several television commercials, including American Express and Sunny Delight. He also featured in the Aerosmith music video 'Hole in my Soul'. In 1996, Scott made his first on-screen appearance as Moondoggie on The WB's sitcom Unhappily Ever After in the episode "Beach Party." Scott landed the role of Steve Stifler in the comedy film American Pie (1999). Scott has revealed that he was paid $8,000 for his supporting role in the first film. American Pie grossed over $235 million at the worldwide box office. Scott reprised his role as Steve Stifler in the film's three sequels, American Pie 2 (2001), American Wedding (2003), and American Reunion (2012). Scott received a reported $5 million salary and a percentage of the profits for his performance in American Reunion.

In 2017, Forbes reported that the American Pie films have grossed $989.5 million at the worldwide box office, became a pop culture phenomenon and made several cast members famous. Scott won two Teen Choice Awards for Choice Sleazebag as a result of playing Steve Stifler in American Pie and American Pie 2, and MTV Movie Award for Best Dance Sequence for American Wedding. He also shared an MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss with Jason Biggs for their kiss in American Pie 2.

Scott's fear of typecasting led him to play different types of characters post-American Pie, such as a hapless nerd in the horror film Final Destination (2000) and a friendly stoner in Dude, Where's My Car? (2000). Dude, Where's My Car? was a box office success and has managed to achieve a cult status. The film earned $73.2 million worldwide against a $13 million budget. He also appeared in films Road Trip (2000), Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001), Evolution (2001), Stark Raving Mad (2002) and Bulletproof Monk (2003). He played Peppers in Old School (2003), which was a moderate box office success and has gained a massive cult following over the years. Scott portrayed Bo Duke in The Dukes of Hazzard (2005), which was also financially successful, but received negative reviews from critics. The film eventually collected $111 million worldwide. He was nominated for MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Team with Jessica Simpson and Johnny Knoxville for their roles in The Dukes of Hazzard. Scott hosted the MTV Movie Awards 2003 with Justin Timberlake. Scott landed a lead role as a police officer in Southland Tales (2007), where he reunited with Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, with whom he had previously worked in The Rundown (2003). The two performed several skits, including scenes from The Matrix Reloaded, which are on The Matrix Reloaded DVD. He has also hosted Saturday Night Live and appeared as a guest co-host on Live with Regis and Kelly. Scott appeared as John Farley in Mr. Woodcock (2007) and as Jeff Nichols in Trainwreck: My Life as an Idiot (2007). His next film, Role Models (2008) was a commercial success and grossed over $92 million at the box office worldwide. The film was met with positive reviews and was selected as one of the best films of 2008 by Canadian newspaper Eye Weekly. He voiced the character Crash in Ice Age: The Meltdown and reprised his role in its sequel Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) and Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012).

He appeared in the action-comedy film Cop Out (2010) alongside Bruce Willis, Tracy Morgan and Kevin Pollak. To prepare for his role in Cop Out, Scott gained weight and stopped working out for six months. In 2011, Scott starred in the Canadian sports comedy film Goon as Doug 'The Thug' Glatt. The film was a critical success and made $6.7 million at the worldwide box office. In 2012, he starred in Movie 43 in the segment "Happy Birthday". In April 2012, Scott received an honorary medal from Trinity College's Philosophical Society. In October 2013, Scott guest-starred in an episode of the FX television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, playing Mac's cousin named Country Mac.

2014–present: Continued film success and transition to television
Scott expressed his interest to shift from comedic roles into more serious roles and portrayed Ted Morgan in the comedy-drama film, Just Before I Go (2015). "It was rewarding to play pretty much the antithesis of what I've done in the past. To get a chance to play a totally different character—because he's just a good, average, relatable guy going through obviously an awful moment in his life—was great," Scott told Variety. He reprised his roles as Crash in Ice Age: Collision Course (2016) and as Doug 'The Thug' Glatt in Goon: Last of the Enforcers (2017). Scott made a cameo appearance as a Vermont State Trooper in the 2018 film sequel, Super Troopers 2. Scott portrayed the lead role of Evan in horror film Bloodline (2018). Executive producer of Bloodline Emma Tammi praised Scott's performance and acting skills by saying: "He has an amazing theater background and is a very versatile actor, and I don't think most of the world has seen that yet. He was excited to approach this character in a way that would surprise people, and he really nails it." In May 2018, it was announced that Scott was cast as the new series lead in Fox's Lethal Weapon as a new character named Wesley Cole, replacing Clayne Crawford as Martin Riggs, who was fired amidst reports of bad behavior and incidents of hostility. Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly praised Scott's addition to the cast and called his performance "charming". On May 10, 2019, Fox canceled the show after three seasons. Scott portrayed abusive stepfather Martin in the coming-of-age road film Already Gone (2019), which was executive produced by Keanu Reeves.

In February 2020, Scott landed the role of Father Joe in the Fox comedy pilot Welcome to Flatch (2022–2023), written by Jenny Bicks and based on the British television series This Country. In October 2023, the series was canceled after two seasons.

Personal life
In interviews, Scott rarely talks about his personal life, and he has described himself as "a private guy".

Media outlets reported that Scott dated former Victoria's Secret fashion model Deanna Miller from 2005 to 2008.

In March 2012, Scott confirmed that he had proposed on Valentine's Day and became engaged to fashion model Lindsay Frimodt. In January 2013, Us Weekly reported that this engagement had ended and that the two had split, but would remain friends.

He married interior designer Olivia Korenberg on September 2, 2019. The couple have one daughter, born in June 2020. On February 13, 2024, Scott filed for divorce, citing "irreconcilable differences" as the reason for their split. Scott requested joint legal and physical custody of their daughter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Seann William Scott


text:
Robin Blair

Robin Orr Blair, CVO, WS (born 1 January 1940), former Lord Lyon King of Arms of Scotland, is a retired solicitor, and was a partner with Dundas & Wilson CS and later with Turcan Connell. From 1988 until his appointment as Lord Lyon, he held the post of Purse Bearer to the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. He is a member of the Royal Company of Archers.

He was appointed Lord Lyon by Queen Elizabeth II on 9 February 2001 following a recommendation from Scotland's First Minister Henry McLeish. The role had been publicly advertised beforehand, for the first time in 700 years, and the selection process was overseen, also for the first time, by the Scottish Executive.

On 19 February 2007, he became the Honorary President of the Scottish Genealogy Society upon the retirement after many years of Sir Malcolm Innes of Edingight, who had preceded him as Lord Lyon.

In August 2007, Blair intimated his resignation as Lord Lyon. In 2008 his successor, David Sellar, was appointed.

Already a Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO), he was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2008 Birthday Honours.

title: Robin Blair


text: Category:Nueces County, Texas

title: Category:Nueces County, Texas


text:
Prostacyclin

Prostacyclin (also called prostaglandin I2 or PGI2) is a prostaglandin member of the eicosanoid family of lipid molecules. It inhibits platelet activation and is also an effective vasodilator.

When used as a drug, it is also known as epoprostenol. The terms are sometimes used interchangeably.

Function
Prostacyclin chiefly prevents formation of the platelet plug involved in primary hemostasis (a part of blood clot formation). It does this by inhibiting platelet activation. It is also an effective vasodilator. Prostacyclin's interactions contrast with those of thromboxane (TXA2), another eicosanoid. Both molecules are derived from arachidonic acid, and work together with opposite platelet aggregatory effects. These strongly suggest a mechanism of cardiovascular homeostasis between these two hormones in relation to vascular damage.

Medical uses
It is used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), pulmonary fibrosis, as well as atherosclerosis. Specifically, epoprostenol is given to patients with class III or class IV PAH.

Degradation
Prostacyclin, which has a half-life of 42 seconds, is broken down into 6-keto-PGF1, which is a much weaker vasodilator. A way to stabilize prostacyclin in its active form, especially during drug delivery, is to prepare prostacyclin in alkaline buffer. Even at physiological pH, prostacyclin can rapidly form the inactive hydration product 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α.

Mechanism

 * {| class=wikitable

!colspan=2|Prostacyclin effect !Mechanism !Cellular response functions ↓Ca2+, ↑K+ ↑Vasodilation ↑PPARgamma ↑Apoptosis ↓PDGF ↓Platelet adherence to vessel wall functions ↑IL-10 ↑Antiinflammatory cytokines ↓TGF-β ↑ECM remodeling As mentioned above, prostacyclin (PGI2) is released by healthy endothelial cells and performs its function through a paracrine signaling cascade that involves G protein-coupled receptors on nearby platelets and endothelial cells. The platelet Gs protein-coupled receptor (prostacyclin receptor) is activated when it binds to PGI2. This activation, in turn, signals adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP. cAMP goes on to inhibit any undue platelet activation (in order to promote circulation) and also counteracts any increase in cytosolic calcium levels that would result from thromboxane A2 (TXA2) binding (leading to platelet activation and subsequent coagulation). PGI2 also binds to endothelial prostacyclin receptors, and in the same manner, raises cAMP levels in the cytosol. This cAMP then goes on to activate protein kinase A (PKA). PKA then continues the cascade by promoting the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain kinase, which inhibits it and leads to smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. It can be noted that PGI2 and TXA2 work as physiological antagonists.
 * rowspan=3|Classical
 * rowspan=3|Classical
 * Vessel tone
 * ↑cAMP, ↓ET-1
 * ↓SMC proliferation
 * Antiproliferative
 * ↑cAMP
 * ↑cAMP
 * ↓Fibroblast growth
 * Antithrombotic
 * ↓Thromboxane-A2
 * ↓Thromboxane-A2
 * ↓Platelet aggregation
 * rowspan=2|Novel
 * rowspan=2|Novel
 * Antiinflammatory
 * ↓IL-1, IL-6
 * ↓Proinflammatory cytokines
 * Antimitogenic
 * ↓VEGF
 * ↓VEGF
 * ↓Angiogenesis
 * }

Pharmacology
Synthetic prostacyclin analogues (iloprost, cisaprost) are used intravenously, subcutaneously or by inhalation:
 * as a vasodilator in severe Raynaud's phenomenon or ischemia of a limb;
 * in pulmonary hypertension.
 * in primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH)

The production of prostacyclin is inhibited by the action of NSAIDs on cyclooxygenase enzymes COX1 and COX2. These convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), the immediate precursor of prostacyclin. Since thromboxane (an eicosanoid stimulator of platelet aggregation) is also downstream of COX enzymes, one might think that the effect of NSAIDs would act to balance. However, prostacyclin concentrations recover much faster than thromboxane levels, so aspirin administration initially has little to no effect but eventually prevents platelet aggregation (the effect of prostaglandins predominates as they are regenerated). This is explained by understanding the cells that produce each molecule, TXA2 and PGI2. Since PGI2 is primarily produced in a nucleated endothelial cell, the COX inhibition by NSAID can be overcome with time by increased COX gene activation and subsequent production of more COX enzymes to catalyze the formation of PGI2. In contrast, TXA2 is released primarily by anucleated platelets, which are unable to respond to NSAID COX inhibition with additional transcription of the COX gene because they lack DNA material necessary to perform such a task. This allows NSAIDs to result in PGI2 dominance that promotes circulation and retards thrombosis.

In patients with pulmonary hypertension, inhaled epoprostenol reduces pulmonary pressure, and improves right ventricular stroke volume in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. A dose of 60 μg is hemodynamically safe, and its effect is completely reversed after 25 minutes. No evidence of platelet dysfunction or an increase in surgical bleeding after administration of inhaled epoprostenol has been found. The drug has been known to cause flushing, headaches and hypotension.

Biosynthesis
Prostacyclin is produced in endothelial cells, which line the walls of arteries and veins, from prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) by the action of the enzyme prostacyclin synthase. Although prostacyclin is considered an independent mediator, it is called PGI2 (prostaglandin I2) in eicosanoid nomenclature, and is a member of the prostanoids (together with the prostaglandins and thromboxane). PGI2, derived primarily from COX-2 in humans, is the major arachidonate metabolite released from the vascular endothelium. This is a controversial point, some assign COX 1 as the major prostacyclin producing cyclooxygenase in the endothelial cells of the blood vessels.

The series-3 prostaglandin PGH3 also follows the prostacyclin synthase pathway, yielding another prostacyclin, PGI3. The unqualified term 'prostacyclin' usually refers to PGI2. PGI2 is derived from the ω-6 arachidonic acid. PGI3 is derived from the ω-3 EPA.

Artificial synthesis
Prostacyclin can be synthesized from the methyl ester of prostaglandin F2α. After its synthesis, the drug is reconstituted in saline and glycerin.

Because prostacyclin is so chemically labile, quantitation of their inactive metabolites, rather than the active compounds, is used to assess their rate of synthesis.

History
During the 1960s, a UK research team, headed by Professor John Vane, began to explore the role of prostaglandins in anaphylaxis and respiratory diseases. Working with a team from the Royal College of Surgeons, Vane discovered that aspirin and other oral anti-inflammatory drugs work by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins. This critical finding opened the door to a broader understanding of the role of prostaglandins in the body.

A team at The Wellcome Foundation led by Salvador Moncada had identified a lipid mediator they called "PG-X," which inhibits platelet aggregation. PG-X, later known as prostacyclin, is 30 times more potent than any other then-known anti-aggregatory agent. They did this while searching for an enzyme that generates a fellow unstable prostanoid, Thromboxane A2

In 1976, Vane and fellow researchers Salvador Moncada, Ryszard Gryglewski, and Stuart Bunting published the first paper on prostacyclin in Nature. The collaboration produced a synthesized molecule, which was named epoprostenol. But, as with native prostacyclin, the epoprostenol molecule is unstable in solution and prone to rapid degradation. This presented a challenge for both in vitro experiments and clinical applications.

To overcome this challenge, the research team that discovered prostacyclin continued the research. The research team synthesized nearly 1,000 analogues.

title: Prostacyclin


text: Category:Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania


text:
Donald Bren

Donald Leroy Bren (born May 11, 1932) is an American billionaire businessman. He is the chairman and owner of the Irvine Company, a U.S. real estate development corporation. With a net worth of $18 billion, he ranks number 104 on the 2024 Forbes Billionaires List.

Early life
Bren is the son of Marion Newbert and Milton Bren. His Jewish father Milton was a naval officer, talent agent, and movie producer. His mother Marion, who is of partial Irish descent, was a civic leader. Following their divorce in 1948, Bren's father remarried Academy Award-winning actress Claire Trevor in the same year. His mother later got remarried to steel businessman Earle M. Jorgensen in 1953.

Bren graduated from the University of Washington with a bachelor's degree in business administration and economics. While at the University of Washington, Bren became a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He failed to qualify for the 1956 Olympic ski team following an injury. After college, he served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps.

Career
In 1958, Bren began his business career by starting the Bren Company to build homes. In 1963, he and two others started the Mission Viejo Company (MVC), which purchased 10,000 acres to develop the city of Mission Viejo, California. He was President of MVC from 1963 to 1967. International Paper bought the Bren Co. for $34 million in 1970. They sold it back to Bren for $22 million in 1972 due to the recession.

In 1977, Bren joined a group of investors to purchase the 146-year-old Irvine Company. He became the largest shareholder of the consortium, owning 34.3% of the company, and the vice-chair of the board. In 1983, as the majority owner of the firm,  he was elected chairman of the board. By 1996, he bought out the remaining shares to become the sole owner.

OC Weekly wrote in 2005 that Bren "wields more power than Howard Hughes ever did, probably as much as any man in America over a concentrated region—determining not only how people live and shop but who governs them." In 2006, the Los Angeles Times wrote "[s]imply put, Orange County looks like Orange County...because of the influence of [Donald Bren]." In a 2011 interview, Bren summarized his real estate investment strategy: "What I learned was that when you hold property over the long term, you're able to create better values and you have something tangible to show for it." Forbes, in its 2019 edition of "The 400 Richest Americans", ranked Bren as the wealthiest real estate developer in the US and 32nd "Richest American" with an estimated net worth of $17 billion.

It is believed that the Irvine Company owns more than 120 million ft² of real estate – the majority of which is in Southern California. The company's holdings include several hotels, marinas, golf courses, 550 office buildings, 125 apartment complexes and more than 40 shopping centers. He currently also owns a 97% stake in the MetLife Building in Manhattan.

Philanthropy
In 2008, BusinessWeek named Bren one of the top ten philanthropists in the nation. His contributions to various causes such as education, conservation and research exceeded $1 billion. In 2023, his lifetime contributions reached $2.1 billion.

Bren was honored in the 2010 National Philanthropy Day of Orange County with the "Donald Bren Legacy of Giving Award". At that time, he said, "I do try to bring the same level of attention to both my philanthropic and business ventures."

Education
Bren has donated over $200 million to support programs in K-12 public schools and higher education institutions in Southern California.

His contributions have benefited the University of California, Irvine, University of California, Santa Barbara, and Chapman University. The University of California recognised that Bren "has contributed more to support endowed chairs than any other single donor in UC's history." He had done so privately and through the Donald Bren Charitable Trust. At UC Irvine, his patronage was honored with the naming of the Bren Events Center, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences and Donald Bren Hall after him. Its Claire Trevor School of the Arts was named after his stepmother. UC Santa Barbara named Bren Hall and the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, a graduate school, after him in recognition of his donation to "enhance and strengthen the school's core interdisciplinary programs, personnel, and special activities." UC Santa Barbara Chancellor Henry T. Yang said, "Bren's vision for developing a peerless, world-leading institution offering an interdisciplinary program of environmental science, management, and policy has been a tremendous source of inspiration and leadership for the Bren School."

In August 2007, Bren pledged $20 million to the recently established UC Irvine School of Law. The purpose was to establish an endowment to help recruit and support a nationally recognized dean and 11 distinguished law scholars, and provide the dean with discretionary start-up funding. In recognition of the gift, the school was initially named the UC Irvine Donald Bren School of Law. In 2008, it was agreed that the school would no longer bear his name to be similar or parallel to other UC schools.

As a trustee at the California Institute of Technology, Bren supported new faculty as Bren Scholars and endowed five Bren Professorships.

In 2003, Bren donated $1 million to the Marine Corps University in Quantico, Virginia. It was used to endow two academic chairs on ethics and leadership, and on innovation and transformation.

Bren also supported after-school services for K-12 students in Southern California through THINK Together. His contribution in 2001 helped the after-school program expand its services to 40 schools in the Santa Ana district. This would benefit more than 10,000 students over 10 years.

Bren donated $25 million in 2000 and $20 million in 2006 to the Irvine Unified School District. Tim Shaw, former chief executive officer of the Irvine Public Schools Foundation, commented that the gift "seeded the strong public support of elementary arts, music and science instruction."

Conservation
The Sunday Times ranked Bren as 9th in its "Green Rich List" in March 2009. This lists the 100 wealthiest people, who have either invested in green technology/business or made large contributions to environmental causes. It was due to his $20 million in donations to UC Santa Barbara's School of Environmental Science.

In 30 years, Bren donated 55000 acre of land for parks, greenways, recreation and wilderness preserves. This fulfills his plans and commitment to preserve more than 50-percent of historic Irvine Ranch of 93000 acre. 40000 acre of it were designated as the Irvine Ranch National Natural Landmark. During the 2006 ceremony at Crystal Cove State Park to celebrate this, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said, "it is really a spectacular gift that [Bren's] given to [California]. Donald Bren is...the ultimate of generosity. Not only what he contributes to the environment, but what he contributes continuously to the community, if it is in education, if it is in arts, if it is music, if it is the environment, the tens of millions of dollars he's invested in the environment, to protect the environment. He's an extraordinary man."

In 2008, the state of California also designated the land as the first California Natural Landmark because of the land's ecological value. The protected land, once a part of Irvine Ranch, is operated by The Irvine Ranch Conservancy. In June 2010, Bren completed his pledge to set aside more than 50,000 acres (202.3km2) of the original 93,000-acre ranch as open space by designating 20,000 acres (81 km2) to Orange County, California, as an open-space and parklands gift. This was the largest donation of private property to public ownership in Orange County history. That year, he was recognized for donating more than 20,000 acres of pristine wilderness to Orange County, asking only that it remain open space forever. In August 2014, the Irvine Company announced plans to donate and preserve 2,500 additional acres of land previously approved for housing, bringing the preserved lands of the Irvine Ranch to 60%.

Gale Norton, former U.S. Secretary of the Interior, speaking about Bren's history of land donations, said, "The Irvine Ranch illustrates what cooperative conservation is all about. A conservation-minded corporate citizen is working hand-in-hand with federal and state agencies, The Nature Conservancy, local communities, private citizens and other partners to thoughtfully and purposefully create an environment where both people and wildlife can thrive."

Research
In 2007, Bren made a $2.5 million commitment to the Burnham Institute for Medical Research in La Jolla, California. The contribution established The Donald Bren Presidential Chair and the money donated was used to support research conducted by the Institute such as cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and childhood diseases among others.

In a 2011 interview, Bren indicated that solar energy is one of the areas he is exploring for a future philanthropic gift. He said, "It's my view that solar energy may be the ultimate solution for energy for most of the world. I believe, based on what little I know about it, that there is a possibility of a breakthrough."

Awards and honours
In 2006 the Los Angeles Times named Bren as both the most powerful and wealthiest person in Southern California, and the Orange County Business Journal named him "Businessperson of the Year" based on the company's office expansion, new building construction, and Bren being recognized for his conservation efforts by the federal government. In 2011 the Urban Land Institute awarded Bren its first Vanguard Award, calling him "one of the most consequential developers in American history." In 2014 he was named on OC Register's list of the 100 most influential people in Orange County.

In 2004 Bren received the University of California Presidential Medal, the University's highest honor, because of his financial support throughout the years which at the time was more than $43 million. During the award ceremony, former UC President, Robert Dynes said, "[Bren's] passionate philanthropy and commitment to educational excellence have helped strengthen the university."

In 1998, Bren received the Marine Corps University Foundation's Semper Fidelis Award, which recognises a distinguished American leader whose commitment to personal and professional excellence embodies those qualities of leadership and character uniquely associated with the United States Marine Corps. Past award recipients include former President George H.W. Bush and former Secretary of State George P. Schultz. The Foundation also presented Bren with its most prestigious award in 2003, the General Leonard F. Chapman Medallion named in honor of the 24th Commandant of the United States Marine Corps.

Bren serves on the board of trustees at Caltech and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. He was elected a Fellow with the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2007 in the category of Business, Corporate and Philanthropic Leadership.

Personal life
Bren has been married three times. His first marriage was to Diane Bren, and they had three children. His first son, Cary Bren, born 1959, served as president of Orange County home builder California Pacific Homes. His second son, Steve Bren, born 1960, was a former professional auto racing driver and real estate developer.

Bren's second marriage was to Mardelle Bren in 1977. They had one daughter, Ashley Bren, born 1968.

In May 1998, Bren, an Episcopalian, married Brigitte Muller, an entertainment lawyer born in La Jolla, California, in a church ceremony at the All Saints Episcopal Church in Beverly Hills, California. He and his wife reside in Newport Beach, California. They had a son in 2003. Bren also has three children by two former companions.

Bren keeps a low public profile and as he explains, "I'm not a public official. I'm a businessman, I'm a builder, I'm a planner... And if I feel that I've done the job well, that's the satisfaction I get, not from doing interviews or being more public." OC Weekly described Bren in 2005 as "one of the nation's least public billionaires", who guards his privacy "jealously". The Los Angeles Times that year canceled a pending article discussing how the fictional Caleb Nichol of the popular television show The O.C. was based on Bren, allegedly because the Irvine Company threatened to withdraw advertising. The Times denied the allegation and stated that the story was canceled for timing reasons.

Politics
Bren supported Republican Pete Wilson's Senate and gubernatorial campaigns, and Democrat Dianne Feinstein, whom he calls "a great senator for California."

Since the availability of FEC records in 1980, Donald Bren, has contributed tens of thousands of dollars each year to GOP causes. In May 2016, he made contributions to Donald Trump. Bren has donated at least $135,000 to the California Republican Party.

title: Donald Bren


text:
Williamsford, Ontario

Williamsford is a village on the North Saugeen River in Grey County, Ontario, Canada (Chatsworth Township). It has a general store, Pie Company, post office, a bookstore and restaurant housed in a historic grain mill. A small dam controls the North Saugeen River. It has several churches, and a community cemetery. It is located on Highway 6 between Durham and Owen Sound.

The village of Williamsford was first surveyed in 1858 comprising 400 acres in preparation for a railway which was to run from Toronto to Owen Sound. Each township was to contribute $40,000 to its construction. The post office was built in 1847 and the general store was built in the late 1800s.

Recreation
At the south end of the village sits the community centre grounds. The grounds contain a playground, a baseball diamond and a newly built curling rink. The curling rink which was completed in 2010 consists of a lounge and two rinks.

The community was previously served by a hockey arena with the original attached curling rink. The arena was planned in 1954 and opened officially in 1956 and was torn down in 2008.

Transportation
Ontario Highway 6 passes through the Williamsford.

title: Williamsford, Ontario


text:
User:Netzarim~enwiki

This ID is available for use in the name of the Netzarim Pâqid Yirmeyâhu Ben David of the Ra'anana Israel of Beit ha-K'nêsêt Môrêshêt Âvôt (Beit K'nesset Moreshet Avot) – Yad Nâ·âmi under orthodox rabbi Môri Khaiim (Khaiim Vashdi (Moreh)). http://www.netzarim.co.il/Museum/Sukkah10/YirKhaim.htm Permission can be obtained according to the guidelines set out through requests posted here http://www.netzarim.co.il/MisrKhtz/CntcKhtz.htm

title: User:Netzarim~enwiki


text:
Talk:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples

Reception Section
Could someone please add a "Reception" section that talks about criticisms and responses to this book?-- An d Re w 14:08, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Ahem?
At first, this is described as a four-volume history of Britain and the English speaking nations. However, soon after, it is stated that it was natural for [Churchill] to turn his hand to a history of both nations. The United States of America is not the only other English speaking nation. This could be taken the wrong way and seen as offensive to the others. Can we reword this? --Liberlogos 01:44, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Be bold! Go ahead! --Auximines 14:16, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I've returned the initial description to say "English speaking nations", since the book does include Canada, Australia, South Africa, etc. This leaves the second paragraph, referring to "both nations" a bit awkward.  But since this paragraph does accurately indicate Churchill's advocacy of a strong UK-US alliance, I've not fiddled with it.  Perhaps someone else can craft a better wording for that paragraph. 24.209.173.129 04:27, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Isn't the point that in Churchill's time, it was a commonplace that there were only two "English-speaking Peoples" - those who settled the Empire and Commonwealth versus those in the United States who had rebelled against the rule of their Sovereign? The American branch had indeed become a different "English speaking people" over the course of a century and a half of independent development and immigration from other nations. The people who settled the Empire and Commonwealth, however, whether in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa or Nova Scotia were regarded as a unitary people, united under the Crown. Since Churchill did indeed cover both branches and their historical development, his title is perfectly apt. Today, of course, neither Australia nor Canada etc. regard themselves as "British" but in the 1940s every Australian etc. passport stated the bearer's nationality as "British". It is silly to get offended in the twenty first century by what was a perfectly normal description in the 1950s.
 * Actually this discussion is rather interesting, and properly worded and sourced I think it would be appropriate in the article- to explain the cultural and historic context he was writing in. Indeed an interesting question would be, was there academic comment criticising (or supporting) his view at the time? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.254.186.173 (talk) 23:24, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

Funny Guy
"However work was interrupted in 1939 when the Second World War broke out"
 * Alright, who's the joker. -- SiniStar 19:53, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

eh? Do you mean because he wasn't appointed PM until 1940? What's the joke?

I don't understand why Sinistar thought it was a joke either, since the day the war started, Churchill was named First Lord of the Admiralty. JHobson2 (talk) 11:33, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

POV (Neutrality)
This article has several opinionated and unverified statements. Here are examples:
 * Churchill was a great British patriot with a love of history and a firm belief in the trans-Atlantic alliance between Britain and the United States, so it was natural for him to turn his hand to ahistory of both nations.
 * The quality of the productions was judged to be so poor that Head of Drama Shaun Sutton declared them untransmittable.

Wrong title
Just thought I would tell you that this article was titled wrongly for over three years until I came and corrected it. Isn't that amazing? (A major piece by a Nobel Prize–winning author and politician...) Skinnyweed 16:54, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

NPOV cleanup
Article edited as part of work on the NPOV backlog. One sentence about the TV show removed/edited. Since the rest of the disputed text seems to have been edited, and there has been no discussion suggesting further disagreement, the tag is removed. If you disagree with this, please re-tag the article with and post to Talk. -- Steve Hart 19:08, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Starting Point
Interesting that he starts the book with Caesar's invasion, (well it wasn't an invasion really a raid but I digress) of Britain. Quite what that is to do with "English Speaking Peoples" I don't know?

It's a bit like writing the history say of the British Afro-Caribbean Community and instead of starting with Empire Windrush- starting with the Battle of Bosworth field- about the same gap in time really.

If he wanted to look at the question of English Speaking peoples- surely the place to look at the time of Caesar would be what is now the Netherlands and Germany, at that point we are still about half a millennium from Britain becoming part of the English speaking World.

My point really is not so much critique I made- but surely academics in the period when the book was written must have made these types of very obvious critique. Churchill may well have answered them too- and I would suggest all this sort of discussion would be an interesting and relevant addition to the article- provided it is accurately sourced of course. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.254.186.173 (talk) 23:15, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

Footnotes?
There are two "notes" links, neither of which leads to any note and, as far as I can tell from going through earlier revisions, neither one ever has. This strikes me as odd; both of them, if it's any help, were modified from "Citation needed" templates... 86.11.124.189 11:30, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

"Social history, the agricultural revolution, and the industrial revolution hardly get a mention."
"Social history, the agricultural revolution, and the industrial revolution hardly get a mention."

EXCUSE ME!? Has anyone here actually read the volume in question? The entire theme of his coverage of the first half of the 19th century is how poorly the British Government was able to respond to the pressures brought about by the agricultural and industrial revolutions. And one might easily defend the proposition that a major theme of the entire four-volume work is the development of government due to the pressures of social advancement. Perhaps this 'view' is that of the cited critic, but to state it in text as the prevailing opinion does a disservice to any would-be reader, to say nothing of the author himself.

Besides, the American Civil War was a HUGE development in modern history, especially in modern warfare which is the perspective - both before and after "WWII" - in which Mr. Churchill writes.

If no one is willing to stand by the, to my mind ignorant, prose of this section, I will shortly undertake to alter it. Dmforcier (talk) 01:48, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

Nobel Citation
I am reverting the good-faith edit removing HoESP from the Nobel citation because I believe that the reference disproves the rationale:

 * This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. ...

Now, I take that to mean "translated", but it is possible that the "edits" included the mention of HoESP. If so I apologize. I'll look into it further. Dmforcier (talk) 04:18, 12 March 2016 (UTC)

 * The edit appears to have been correct. Here is the actual citation as shown on the official Nobel web page:
 * The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 was awarded to Winston Churchill "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values".
 * No titled work was cited. Dmforcier (talk)

"special relationship" between the people of Britain with the Commonwealth of Nations
This refers to the bond between the UK and the USA (as the linked-to page confirms), and is not to do with the Commonwealth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.136.226.105 (talk) 12:20, 19 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I've reworded it. The original intention of the sentence (as shown here in 2006) was to talk about the special relationship between Churchill's two "divisions" of English-speaking people, the Commonwealth (stayed under the Crown) and the United States (broke away). It's meaning was broken sometime over the last 12 years. --Inops (talk) 23:14, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

Uncredited co-writers?
In David Miles (archaeologist)'s book The Tribes of Britain (2006), he has this curious footnote on p. 26:
 * ... the words concocted mainly by the team of underpaid and under-credited writers who put together Churchill's "History of the English-Speaking Peoples". Churchill was a brand as much as an author.

Is there any truth to this claim? -- Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  20:33, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * His other great text on the Second World War was known to have had a team of assistants, although how much they were researching vs writing is unknown. This isn't unusual for writers though, especially non-fiction writers. It isn't necessary to mention it, especially if we have no citation.ItsRainingCatsAndDogsAndMen (talk) 13:37, 25 April 2024 (UTC)


text:
Talk:House of Leaves

External links modified
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Purple text not always purple?
In my copy of the book, the text that is supposed to be purple according to this article is instead bright yellow, a very illegible shade as well. This is strange as the "A Note On This Edition" on the copyright page also says that line appears in purple. I wonder if this is a misprint or something as this strikes me as odd... Emilej01 (talk) 22:54, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Not so much a misprint, but rather the printer running out of magenta in the CMYK printing process, by the sounds of it.
 * I'd say you should just take it back for a good copy, or keep it if you think it has a collector's value.
 * It's probably not worth mentioning in this article unless this happens to be a widely publicised issue. EditorInTheRye (talk) 09:15, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:House of Leaves


text:
Irukandji syndrome

Irukandji syndrome is a condition that results from envenomation by certain box jellyfish. In rare instances the sting may result in cardiac arrest and death. The most common jellyfish involved is the Carukia barnesi, a species of Irukandji jellyfish. Those stung may experience severe or even excruciating pain.

The syndrome was given its name in 1952 by Hugo Flecker, after the Aboriginal Irukandji people who live in Palm Cove, north of Cairns, Queensland, Australia, where stings are common.

Signs and symptoms
Most stings occur during the summer wet season in October–May in North Queensland, with different seasonal patterns elsewhere. Because the jellyfish are very small, the venom is only injected through the tips of the nematocysts (the cnidocysts) rather than the entire lengths; as a result the sting may barely be noticed at first. It has been described as feeling like little more than a mosquito bite. The symptoms, however, gradually become apparent and then more and more intense in the subsequent 5 to 120 minutes (30 minutes on average). Irukandji syndrome includes an array of systemic symptoms, including severe headache, backache, muscle pains, chest and abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, sweating, anxiety, hypertension, tachycardia, and pulmonary edema. Symptoms generally improve in four to 30 hours, but may take up to two weeks to resolve completely.

Toxicity
When properly treated, a single sting is almost never fatal; however, two people in Australia are believed to have died from Irukandji stings, which has greatly increased public awareness of Irukandji syndrome. It is unknown how many other deaths from Irukandji syndrome have been wrongly attributed to other causes.

Pathophysiology
The exact mechanism of action of the venom is unknown, but catecholamine excess may be an underlying mechanism in severe cases. Animal studies appear to confirm a relationship between envenoming and an increase in circulating noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Treatment
Similar to other box jellyfish stings, first aid consists of flushing the area with vinegar to neutralize the tentacle stinging apparatus. As no antivenom is available, treatment is largely supportive, with analgesia being the mainstay of management. Nitroglycerin, a common drug used for cardiac conditions, is utilised by medical personnel to minimise the risk of pulmonary edema and to reduce hypertension. Antihistamines may be of benefit for pain relief, but most cases require intravenous opioid analgesia. Fentanyl or morphine are usually chosen. Pethidine (meperidine, brand name Demerol in the US) should be avoided, as large doses are often required for pain relief and in this situation significant adverse effects from the pethidine metabolite norpethidine may occur.

Magnesium sulfate (epsom salts) has been proposed as a treatment for Irukandji syndrome after being apparently successfully used in one case. Early evidence suggested a benefit; however, according to a later report, a series of three patients failed to show any improvement with magnesium; the author emphasized the experimental status of this treatment. Some preliminary laboratory experiments using the venom extracted from Malo maxima (the 'Broome Irukandji') on rat cardiovascular tissue in vitro has suggested that magnesium does in fact block many of the actions of this venom.

Epidemiology
Reports of Irukandji syndrome have come from Australia, the United States (Hawaii and Florida), the French Antilles, Bonaire, the Caribbean, Timor Leste and Papua New Guinea. Cubozoan species other than Carukia barnesi are presumed to be responsible for envenomations outside Australia.

History
In 1961 Jack Barnes confirmed the cause of the then mysterious Irukandji syndrome was a sting from a small box jellyfish: the Irukandji jellyfish, which can fire venom-filled stingers out of its body and into passing victims. To prove that the jellyfish was the cause of the syndrome, he captured one and deliberately stung himself, his 9-year-old son and a local lifeguard, then observed the resulting symptoms. Other cubozoans possibly can cause Irukandji syndrome; those positively identified include Carukia barnesi, Alatina mordens, Alatina alata, Malo maxima, Malo kingi, Carybdea xaymacana, Keesingia gigas, an as-yet unnamed "fire jelly", and another unnamed species.

Culture and society
A 2005 Discovery Channel program, Killer Jellyfish, portrayed the severity of the pain from an Irukandji jellyfish sting when two Australian researchers (Jamie Seymour and Teresa Carrette) were stung. Another program aired on the Discovery Channel, Stings, Fangs and Spines, featured a 20-minute spot on Irukandji syndrome. In the segment, a young Australian woman was stung and developed a severe case.

A 2007 fictional Sea Patrol episode (S1, E4) involves two crew members of HMAS Hammersley being stung by an Irukandji jellyfish.

On the television program Super Animal, a woman compared her experience with Irukandji syndrome to the pain of childbirth.

Steve Backshall reports with accounts from victims of Irukandji stings on his ITV wildlife series Fierce in 2016.

title: Irukandji syndrome


text: File:Rise of Nations scene.jpg

title: File:Rise of Nations scene.jpg


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Talk:Karabiner 98k

Grammar
Hello

While describing the rifle, past tense was used in some instances incorrectly.

In this article, saying that "K98k was a bolt action rifle..." would mean that either no K98k's exist anymore or it is no longer a bolt action rifle. The correct saying therefore is "K98k is a bolt action rifle...".

Feedback
Why did it cock on opening? What's the advantage? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.101.38.242 (talk) 05:45, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Stronger primary extraction--Grasyl (talk) 22:00, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Karabiner 98k
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Karabiner 98k's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "WHO": From Chiang Kai-shek rifle: https://www.warhistoryonline.com/guest-bloggers/unexpected-partnership-nazi-germany-republic-china.html From Denmark:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 13:36, 27 March 2021 (UTC)
 * could you please fill in the ref mentioned here that you added last year? -- Fyrael (talk) 20:17, 21 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I've filled it in. -- Fyrael (talk) 20:21, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

German Infantry Doctrine
This is a poorly sourced and cited section, containing a measly 3 sources that only loosely correlate to the topic at hand. Between this fact, and with consideration to the fact that not a single other article for any small arm on the English Wikipedia contains a section dedicated not to the firearm itself, but instead to a supposed doctrinal usage for one country in a small period of time that the weapon saw use, I advocate for the deletion of this section. 68.116.213.239 (talk) 13:30, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Deleted. Loafiewa (talk) 14:06, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

ZF39 scope
I would expand this section with ZF39 Scope https://www.americanrifleman.org/content/world-war-ii-german-sniper-systems-rifles-optics-ammo/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdxVqFX9Iwo WWIIEnjoyer (talk) 20:58, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karabiner 98k


text:
Arash Miresmaeili

Arash Miresmaeili (, born 3 March 1981) is an Iranian judoka. He now serves as the President of the Iranian Judo Federation.

World Judo Championships
He won the gold medal in two World Judo Championships, the first one in 2001 in Munich, Germany, and the second in 2003 in Osaka, Japan. He also won bronze medal in the 2005 World Judo Championships in Cairo, Egypt and 2007 World Judo Championships in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Athens Olympic Games; controversy
Arash Miresmaili was the favorite for the gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics, where he was the flag bearer for Iran at the opening ceremonies.

Slated to fight Israeli judoka competitor Ehud Vaks in the first round, Miresmaili was disqualified from competing because he was above the permissible weight limit for his class. He was more than two kilos - four pounds - over the 66-kilogram weight limit. It was claimed that Miresmaili deliberately set out to be disqualified, rather than compete against an Israeli, which was understood from Miresmaili's comments: "Although I have trained for months and was in good shape I refused to fight my Israeli opponent to sympathize with the suffering of the people of Palestine and I do not feel upset at all."

Judo officials questioned how such an experienced two-time world champion competitor could have made such a basic error.

There was precedent for Miresmaeili's actions in the sport of judo. At the 2001 World Judo Championships, Iranian Mahed Malekmohammdi refused to face Israeli judoka Yoel Razvozov. Similarly, Iranian judoka Masoud Haji Akhoundzade pulled out of a bout against Israeli lightweight Zvi Shafran.

An Iran National Olympic Committee spokesman said it was Iran's "general policy" to avoid competing against Israeli athletes and that Miresmaeili had just followed Iran's protocol. Comments from Iranian officials and politicians supported this understanding. The Iranian state news agency IRNA quoted then-Iranian President Mohammad Khatami as saying that Miresmaeili's actions would be "recorded in the history of Iranian glories" and that the nation considered him to be "the champion of the 2004 Olympic Games." Iranian Olympic team chairman Nassrollah Sajadi told the Shargh newspaper that the government should give the athlete $115,000 for his action, the amount the Iranian government awards gold medal winning athletes. Then-mayor of Tehran and former president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said that though Miresmaeili "did not get a gold medal, he earned eternal honor by his refusal". Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel, the speaker of Iran's parliament, congratulated Miresmaeili, calling his refusal to compete a "brave decision," and saying that "Your disqualification because of supporting Palestine would promote your position in the heart of Muslims."

Vaks said, "I don't think they (Iran) have the right not to acknowledge us. Israel is a democracy, and Iran isn't. But sport is linked to politics... Maybe the next Olympics will be better."

On August 18, 2004, the International Judo Federation (IJF), which had set up a commission to investigate whether Miresmaeili deliberately missed weight so he would not have to face Vaks, concluded he had no intention to avoid competing against an Israeli. After a hearing which included the president of Iran's judo federation, the commission concluded that Miresmaeili said he had no pre-planned intentions for not competing and that "he made no statement of any sort to any press," according to an IJF statement. The only issue that remained was that Miresmaeili was overweight on the weigh-in day, the IJF said, and as it has no rule for penalizing overweight athletes, it decided not to take any action against him.

On September 8, 2004, Iran's official press agency announced the government had given Miresmaili $125,000, the same amount awarded to Iran's two Athens gold medalists.

Denial of entry to the election of Iran's Judo Federation
In the summer of 2009, before the controversial Iranian presidential elections, Miresmaeili chose to support the candidacy of Mohsen Rezaee, one of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's rivals.

Rezaei appointed Miresmaeili as his campaign chief for the Sports Committee. After being appointed, during a press conference, Miresmaeili stated that if Rezaee were elected as president, there would be no more place for Iranian sports officials appointed for political purposes, as opposed to their knowledge and capabilities. His backing of Rezaee and his remarks did not sit well with the conservative backers of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the Iranian Sports Federation and elsewhere. They also drew immediate and harsh condemnation from the former Chief of Iran's Sports Federation, Mohammed Aliabadi.

Since then, the effort to punish and sideline Miresmaeili went as far as denying him entry to an election event of Iran's Judo Federation held on Jan 2, 2009. Miresmaeili tried very hard to gain entry into the event, and was denied entry by the security guards. This angered Miresmaeili to the point where he called a press conference that day, during which he stated that he was very sorry for sports in Iran and that he was officially done with the Iranian Judo, but that they could not kill his love for Judo.

As the President of the Iranian Judo Federation
In 2019, Miresmaili was elected President of the Iranian Judo Federation for a four-year term by receiving 32 out of 43 votes.

title: Arash Miresmaeili