text:
Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis, also known as Gilchrist's disease, is a fungal infection, typically of the lungs, which can spread to brain, stomach, intestine and skin, where it appears as crusting purplish warty plaques with a roundish bumpy edge and central depression. Around half of people with the disease have symptoms, which can include fever, cough, night sweats, muscle pains, weight loss, chest pain, and fatigue. Symptoms usually develop between three weeks and three months after breathing in the spores. In 25% to 40% of cases, the infection also spreads to other parts of the body, such as the skin, bones or central nervous system. Although blastomycosis is especially dangerous for those with weak immune systems, most people diagnosed with blastomycosis have healthy immune systems.

Blastomyces dermatitidis is found in the soil and decaying organic matter like wood or leaves. Outdoor activities like hunting or camping in wooded areas increase the risk of developing blastomycosis. There is no vaccine, but the risk of the disease can be reduced by not disturbing the soil. Treatment is typically with an azole drug such as itraconazole for mild or moderate disease. In severe cases, patients are treated with amphotericin B before azole treatment. In either event, the azole treatment lasts for 6–12 months. Overall, 4-6% of people who develop blastomycosis die; however, if the central nervous system is involved, this rises to 18%. People with AIDS or on medications that suppress the immune system have the highest risk of death at 25-40%.

Blastomycosis is endemic to the eastern United States and Canada, especially the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, the Great Lakes, and the St. Lawrence River valley. In these areas, there are about 1 to 2 cases per 100,000 per year. Less frequently, blastomycosis also occurs in Africa, the Middle East, India, and western North America. Blastomycosis also affects a broad range of non-human mammals, and dogs in particular are an order of magnitude more likely to contract the disease than humans. The ecological niche of Blastomyces in the wild is poorly understood, and it is unknown if there are any significant host animals.

Blastomycosis has existed for millions of years but was first described by Thomas Caspar Gilchrist in 1894. Because of this, it is sometimes called "Gilchrist's disease".

Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of blastomycosis cover a wide range, overlapping with more common conditions; for this reason, blastomycosis has often been called "the great pretender". Many cases are asymptomatic or subclinical. Lung symptoms are common, because the lungs are infected in 79% of blastomycosis cases. However, in 25-40% of cases the disease also disseminates to other organs, including the skin.

The extent and severity of symptoms depends in part on a person's immune status; less than 50% of healthy people with blastomycosis have symptoms, while immunocompromised patients are especially likely to have the disease spread beyond the lungs to other organs like the skin and bones.

Blastomycosis manifests as a primary lung infection in about 79% of cases. The onset is relatively slow and symptoms are suggestive of bacterial pneumonia, often leading to initial treatment with antibacterials. Because the symptoms are variable and nonspecific, blastomycosis is often not even considered in differential diagnosis until antibacterial treatment has failed, unless there are known risk factors or skin lesions. The disease may be misdiagnosed as a carcinoma, leading in some cases to surgical removal of the affected tissue. Upper lung lobes are involved somewhat more frequently than lower lobes. If untreated, many cases progress over a period of months to years to become disseminated blastomycosis.

Blastomycosis in the lungs may present a variety of symptoms, or no symptoms at all. If symptoms are present they may range from mild pneumonia resembling a pneumococcal infection to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Common symptoms include fever, chills, headache, coughing, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and malaise. Without treatment, cases may progress to chronic pneumonia or ARDS.

ARDS is an uncommon but dangerous manifestation of blastomycosis. It was seen in 9 of 72 blastomycosis cases studied in northeast Tennessee. Such cases may follow massive exposure, such during brush clearing operations. In the Tennessee study, the fatality rate was 89% in the ARDS cases, but only 10% in the non-ARDS cases.

In disseminated blastomycosis, the large Blastomyces yeast cells translocate from the lungs and are trapped in capillary beds elsewhere in the body, where they cause lesions. The skin is the most common organ affected, being the site of lesions in approximately 60% of cases. The signature image of blastomycosis in textbooks is the indolent, verrucous or ulcerated dermal lesion seen in disseminated disease. Osteomyelitis is also common (12–60% of cases). Other recurring sites of dissemination are the genitourinary tract (kidney, prostate, epididymis; collectively ca. 25% of cases) and the brain (3–10% of cases). 40% of immunocompromised individuals have CNS involvement and present as brain abscess, epidural abscess or meningitis.

Blastomycosis in non-lung organs such as the skin may present a very wide range of symptoms, including the following:
 * skin lesions, which may be verrucous (wart-like) or ulcerated with small pustules at the margins.
 * bone or joint pain due to bone lytic lesions.
 * pain when urinating due to prostatitis.
 * hoarseness due to laryngeal involvement.
 * headache, confusion or other neurological symptoms caused by central nervous system involvement.

Cause
Blastomycosis is caused by dimorphic fungi in the genus Blastomyces, in the phylum Ascomycota and family Ajellomycetaceae. In eastern North America, the most common cause of blastomycosis is Blastomyces dermatitidis, but Blastomyces gilchristii has been associated with some outbreaks. In western North America, many cases of blastomycosis are caused by Blastomyces helicus, which most commonly attacks immunodeficient people and domestic animals. The species Blastomyces percursus causes many cases of blastomycosis in Africa and the Middle East. In Africa, blastomycosis may also be caused by Blastomyces emzantsi, which is often associated with infections outside the lungs.

In endemic areas, Blastomyces dermatitidis lives in soil and rotten wood near lakes and rivers. Although it has never been directly observed growing in nature, it is thought to grow there as a cottony white mold, similar to the growth seen in artificial culture at 25 °C. The moist, acidic soil in the surrounding woodland harbors the fungus.

Pathogenesis

Inhaled conidia of Blastomyces are phagocytosed by neutrophils and macrophages in alveoli. Some of these escape phagocytosis and transform into yeast phase rapidly. Having thick walls, these are resistant to phagocytosis. Once they have transitioned to the yeast phase, the Blastomyces cells express the protein BAD-1, which helps the yeast cells attach to host cells, and also impairs activation of immune cells while inhibiting release of tumor necrosis factor. In lung tissue, the cells multiply and may also disseminate through blood and lymphatics to other organs, including the skin, bone, genitourinary tract, and brain. The incubation period for pulmonary blastomycosis is 3 to 15 weeks, although 30–50% of infections are asymptomatic.

Diagnosis
Because the symptoms of blastomycosis resemble those of many other conditions, including tuberculosis and lung cancer, diagnosis is often delayed. In 40% of cases, the diagnosis takes more than a month. A rapid diagnosis can however be made based on microscopic examination of sputum samples or samples obtained from a tissue biopsy or bronchoalveolar lavage.

Once suspected, the diagnosis of blastomycosis can usually be confirmed by demonstration of the characteristic broad based budding organisms in sputum or tissues by KOH prep, cytology, or histology. Tissue biopsy of skin or other organs may be required in order to diagnose extra-pulmonary disease. Blastomycosis is histologically associated with granulomatous nodules.

Commercially available urine antigen testing appears to be quite sensitive in suggesting the diagnosis in cases where the organism is not readily detected. However, commercial antigen tests have a high degree of cross-reactivity with other endemic fungal conditions such as histoplasmosis, and thus cannot distinguish blastomycosis from other similar conditions. This cross-reactivity is caused by these related fungal organisms using similar galactomannans in the cell wall.

While culture of the Blastomyces organism remains the definitive diagnostic standard, its slow growing nature can lead to a delay of up to four weeks. In addition, sometimes blood and sputum cultures may not detect blastomycosis. Cultures of the cerebrospinal fluid also have poor sensitivity compared to histopathological examination of the affected tissue.

Treatment
Under Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines, severe cases of blastomycosis and cases with central nervous system (CNS) involvement are treated initially with amphotericin B, followed by a lengthy course of an azole drug such as itraconazole. In most cases the amphotericin treatment lasts for 1–2 weeks, but in cases of CNS involvement it may last for up to 6 weeks. Cases that do not require amphotericin B treatment are treated with a lengthy course of an azole drug.

Among azole drugs, itraconazole is generally the treatment of choice. Voriconazole is often recommended for CNS blastomycosis cases due to its ability to pass the blood–brain barrier. Other azole drugs that may be used include fluconazole. Ketoconazole was the azole drug first used for blastomycosis treatment, but has been largely replaced by itraconazole because ketoconazole is less effective and less tolerated by patients. The azole treatment generally lasts for a minimum of six months. Cure rates from itraconazole treatment are nearly 95%. Relapse is rare but does occur even after a full course of treatment.

Prognosis
Published estimates of the case fatality rate for blastomycosis have varied from 4% to 78%. A 2020 meta-analysis of published studies found an overall mortality rate of 6.6%. This rose to 37% for immunocompromised patients and 75% for patients with ARDS. A 2021 analysis of 20 years of disease surveillance data from the five US states where blastomycosis is reportable found an overall mortality rate of 8% and a hospitalization rate of 57%. These numbers may be affected by the under-reporting of mild cases.

Epidemiology
Incidence in most endemic areas is about 0.5 per 100,000 population, with occasional local areas attaining as high as 12 per 100,000. Most Canadian data fit this picture. In Ontario, Canada, considering both endemic and non-endemic areas, the overall incidence is around 0.3 cases per 100,000; northern Ontario, mostly endemic, has 2.44 per 100,000. Manitoba is calculated at 0.62 cases per 100,000. Remarkably higher incidence was shown for the Kenora, Ontario region: 117 per 100,000 overall, with aboriginal reserve communities experiencing 404.9 per 100,000. In the United States, the incidence of blastomycosis is similarly high in hyperendemic areas. For example, the city of Eagle River, Vilas County, Wisconsin, which has an incidence rate of 101.3 per 100,000; the county as a whole has been shown in two successive studies to have an incidence of about 40 cases per 100,000. An incidence of 277 per 100,000 was roughly calculated based on 9 cases seen in a Wisconsin aboriginal reservation during a time in which extensive excavation was done for new housing construction. The new case rates are greater in northern states such as Wisconsin, where from 1986 to 1995 there were 1.4 cases per 100,000 people.

The study of outbreaks as well as trends in individual cases of blastomycosis has clarified a number of important matters. Some of these relate to the ongoing effort to understand the source of infectious inoculum of this species, while others relate to which groups of people are especially likely to become infected. Human blastomycosis is primarily associated with forested areas and open watersheds;   It primarily affects otherwise healthy, vigorous people, mostly middle-aged, who acquire the disease while working or undertaking recreational activities in sites conventionally considered clean, healthy and in many cases beautiful. Repeatedly associated activities include hunting, especially raccoon hunting, where accompanying dogs also tend to be affected, as well as working with wood or plant material in forested or riparian areas, involvement in forestry in highly endemic areas, excavation, fishing  and possibly gardening and trapping.

Urban infections
There is also a developing profile of urban and other domestic blastomycosis cases, beginning with an outbreak tentatively attributed to construction dust in Westmont, Illinois. The city of Rockford, Illinois, was also documented as a hyperendemic area based on incidence rates as high as 6.67 per 100,000 population for some areas of the city. Though proximity to open watersheds was linked to incidence in some areas, suggesting that outdoor activity within the city may be connected to many cases, there is also an increasing body of evidence that even the interiors of buildings may be risk areas. An early case concerned a prisoner who was confined to prison during the whole of his likely blastomycotic incubation period. An epidemiological survey found that although many patients who contracted blastomycosis had engaged in fishing, hunting, gardening, outdoor work and excavation, the most strongly linked association in patients was living or visiting near waterways. Based on a similar finding in a Louisiana study, it has been suggested that place of residence might be the most important single factor in blastomycosis epidemiology in north central Wisconsin. Follow-up epidemiological and case studies indicated that clusters of cases were often associated with particular domiciles, often spread out over a period of years, and that there were uncommon but regularly occurring cases in which pets kept mostly or entirely indoors, in particular cats, contracted blastomycosis. The occurrence of blastomycosis, then, is an issue strongly linked to housing and domestic circumstances.

Seasonal trends
Seasonality and weather also appear to be linked to contraction of blastomycosis. Many studies have suggested an association between blastomycosis contraction and cool to moderately warm, moist periods of the spring and autumn  or, in relatively warm winter areas. However, the entire summer or a known summer exposure date is included in the association in some studies. Occasional studies fail to detect a seasonal link. In terms of weather, both unusually dry weather and unusually moist weather have been cited. The seemingly contradictory data can most likely be reconciled by proposing that B. dermatitidis prospers in its natural habitats in times of moisture and moderate warmth, but that inoculum formed during these periods remains alive for some time and can be released into the air by subsequent dust formation under dry conditions. Indeed, dust per se or construction potentially linked to dust has been associated with several outbreaks  The data, then, tend to link blastomycosis to all weather, climate and atmospheric conditions except freezing weather, periods of snow cover, and extended periods of hot, dry summer weather in which soil is not agitated.

Gender bias
Sex is another factor inconstantly linked to contraction of blastomycosis: though many studies show more men than women affected, some show no sex-related bias. As mentioned above, most cases are in middle aged adults, but all age groups are affected, and cases in children are not uncommon.

Ethnic populations
Ethnic group or race is frequently investigated in epidemiological studies of blastomycosis, but is potentially confounded by differences in residence and in quality and accessibility of medical care, factors that have not been stringently controlled for to date. In the United States, some studies show a disproportionately high incidence and/or mortality rate for blastomycosis among Black people.

In Canada, some studies, but not others, indicate that First Nations people have a disproportionately high incidence of blastomycosis. Incidence in First Nations children may be unusually high. The Canadian data in some areas may be confounded or explained by the tendency to establish indigenous communities in wooded, riparian, northern areas corresponding to the core habitat of B. dermatitidis, often with known B. dermatitidis habitats such as woodpiles and beaver constructions in the near vicinity.

Communicability
Blastomycosis is not considered contagious, either among humans or between animals and humans. However, there are a very small number of cases of human-to-human transmission of B. dermatitidis related to dermal contact or sexual transmission of disseminated blastomycosis of the genital tract among spouses.

History
The organisms causing blastomycosis have existed for millions of years. The pathogenic group of onygenalean fungi that give rise to conditions including blastomycosis and histoplasmosis emerged approximately 150 million years ago. The most closely related blastomycosis-causing fungi, Blastomyces dermatitidis and Blastomyces gilchristii, diverged during the Pleistocene, approximately 1.9 million years ago.

At the Koster Site in Illinois, evidence pointing to possible blastomycosis infections among Late Woodland Native Americans has been identified. At that site, Dr. Jane Buikstra found evidence for what may have been an epidemic of a serious spinal disease in adolescents and young adults. Several of the skeletons showed lesions in the spinal vertebrae in the lower back. There are two modern diseases that produce lesions in the bone similar to the ones Dr. Buikstra found in these prehistoric specimens: spinal TB and blastomycosis. The bony lesions in these two diseases are practically identical. Blastomycosis seems more probable as these young people in Late Woodland and Mississippian times may have been affected because they were spending more time cultivating plants than their Middle Woodland predecessors had done. If true, it would be another severe penalty Late Woodland people had to pay as they shifted to agriculture as a way of life, and it would be a contributing factor to shortening their lifespans compared to those of the Middle Woodland people.

Blastomycosis was first described by Thomas Caspar Gilchrist in 1894, as a skin disease. Because of this, blastomycosis is sometimes called "Gilchrist's disease". Gilchrist initially identified the cause of the disease as a protozoan, but later correctly identified it as a fungus. In 1898 he and William Royal Stokes published the first description of Blastomyces dermatitidis. Gilchrist referred to the disease as "blastomycetic dermatitis".

The systemic spread of blastomycosis was first described in 1902, in a case that had been misdiagnosed as a combination of tuberculosis and a blastomycosis skin infection. In 1907, the dimorphic nature of the Blastomyces fungus was first identified. In 1912, the first case of canine blastomycosis was reported.

Prior to the 1930s, blastomycosis was not clearly distinguished from similar fungal conditions. A paper by Rhoda Williams Benham in 1934 distinguished the causative agent of blastomycosis from cryptococcosis and coccidioidomycosis.

In the early 1950s, blastomycosis was first determined to be a primarily respiratory disease, with most skin lesions caused by systemic spread from an initial lung infection. In 1952, the first documented case outside North or Central America, in Tunisia, was reported. The 1950s also saw the first introduction of antifungal drugs including amphotericin B. Before 1950, the fatality rate for disseminated blastomycosis was 92%, and treatment options were limited to iodide compounds, radiation therapy, and surgery. The first azole antifungal drug, ketoconazole, was developed in the 1970s and approved in the United States in 1981.

Prior to 2013, the only species known to cause blastomycosis was B. dermatitidis. Since that time, genomic analysis has identified multiple other Blastomyces species causing blastomycosis, including B. gilchristii (2013), B. helicus (reassigned from the genus Emmonsia in 2017), B. percursus (2017), and B. emzantsi (2020).

The largest-ever blastomycosis outbreak in United States history occurred at an Escanaba, Michigan, paper mill in 2023. , one person had died and almost a hundred more had fallen ill.

Other animals
Blastomycosis affects a broad range of mammals. As with humans, most animals that become infected were formerly healthy and immunocompetent. Dogs are frequently affected; blastomycosis is eight to ten times more common in dogs than in humans. Sporting and hound breeds are at the greatest risk. Cats and horses can also be infected. Cats with feline immunodeficiency virus are particularly at risk. However, the overall risk of blastomycosis in cats is 28 to 100 times lower than in dogs. Cases of blastomycosis have also been reported in captive lions and tigers, in a wild North American black bear, and in marine mammals such as the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin.

The nonspecific symptoms that make blastomycosis difficult to diagnose in humans also complicate veterinary diagnosis. Cats in particular are often only diagnosed after death.

Dogs and humans frequently acquire blastomycosis from the same exposure event. In most such cases, the infection in the dog becomes apparent before the human infection. This may be due to a shortened incubation period, caused by the dog inhaling larger quantities of Blastomyces spores than the human.

In veterinary care, blastomycosis is typically treated with itraconazole. 70% of treated dogs respond to medication and recover. In dogs as in humans, the prognosis for blastomycosis depends on the severity of the symptoms.

title: Blastomycosis


text:
Mars Radiation Environment Experiment

The Mars Radiation Environment Experiment, or MARIE, was designed to measure the radiation environment of Mars using an energetic particle spectrometer as part of the science mission of the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft (launched on April 7, 2001). It was led by NASA's Johnson Space Center and the science investigation was designed to characterize aspects of the radiation environment both on the way to Mars and while it was in the Martian orbit.

Since space radiation presents an extreme hazard to crews of interplanetary missions the experiment was an attempt to predict anticipated radiation doses that would be experienced by future astronauts and it helped determine possible effects of Martian radiation on human beings.

Space radiation comes from cosmic rays emitted by Earth's local star, the Sun, and from stars beyond the Solar System as well. Space radiation can trigger cancer and cause damage to the central nervous system. Similar instruments are flown on the Space Shuttles and on the International Space Station (ISS), but none have ever flown outside Earth's protective magnetosphere, which blocks much of this radiation from reaching the surface of our planet.

MARIE was turned off on 28 October 2003 after communication was lost during a large solar proton event.

Operation
A spectrometer inside the instrument measured the energy from two sources of space radiation: galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar energetic particles (SEP). As the spacecraft orbited the red planet, the spectrometer swept through the sky and measured the radiation field.

The instrument, with a 68-degree field of view, was designed to collect data continuously during Mars Odyssey's cruise from Earth to Mars. It stored large amounts of data for downlink, and operated throughout the entire science mission.

MARIE specifications

The Martian Radiation Environment Experiment weighs 3.3 kilograms (7.3 pounds) and uses 7 watts of power. It measures 29.4 x 23.2 x 10.8 centimeters (11.6 x 9.1 x 4.3 inches).

Results

The diagram above indicates that a main radiation exposure is about 20 mrad/d resulting in annual dose of about 73 mGy/a. However occasional solar proton events (SPEs) produce a hundred and more times higher doses (see the diagram above). SPEs, which were observed by MARIE, were not observed by sensors near Earth confirming that SPEs are directional. Thus the average in-orbit doses were about 400–500mSv/a.

JPL reported that MARIE-measured radiation levels were two to three times greater than that at the International Space Station (which is 100–200 mSv/a). The levels at the Martian surface might be closer to the level at the ISS due to atmospheric shielding – ignoring the effect of thermal neutrons induced by GCR.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mars Radiation Environment Experiment


text:
Talk:Truss

Untitled
Unless I am very much mistaken, this article is actually about statically determinate trusses. Article needs to make the distinction between this and indeterminate trusses and add analysis techniques for the latter. Cutler 13:55, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)

The Vierendeel truss description sounds like a ladder333. Is this correct? And if so, how does a Vierendeel truss transmit shear loads? --Commander Keane 14:51, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

''Yes. I looked at the pictures on the Vierendeel web site, and it looked like there were 2 main types:'' ''I think of a truss as being made up of pin-connected struts (therefore having only tension and compression, without having shear). Most real structures have at least some shear, and are not pin-connected, but they're close enough to being a truss that classic truss theory is adequate to analyse them. But the "ladder" type Vierendeel "truss" can't be analyzed by classic truss theory. I would tend to say it is technically not really a truss. But then, what do we call it? A bridge (or any other structure) can be'' --DavidCary 02:25, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "ladder" types -- horizontal top and bottom, connected by periodic vertical members. It looks like it transmits shear loads (which on other trusses are transmitted by diagonal beams or diagonal steel cables) by having wide vertical members and tall horizontal members -- the side of the bridge looks more like a solid sheet of metal with rounded-square portholes cut into it.
 * "arch" types -- the top looks like a parabolic arch (although we know it must really be a catenary arch). Strings hang straight down from it to hold the deck, with the strings varying in length just enough to make the deck horizontal. There are no major shear loads.
 * a statically determinate truss (no shear)(when external loads are zero, has zero strain),
 * a statically indeterminate truss (still no shear)(when external loads are zero, may still have "internal" strain), or
 * a _____ (what???), which has shear (which includes these Vierendeel things).

styles
I think I'll eventually work on a section about different truss designs such as King Post, Queen Post, Howe, Pratt, Warren, Parket, Petit, etc. Cacophony 20:56, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Lighting Trusses
There's also the use of trussing in most stage lighting environments - hanging the cans, lights, etc off lightweight trussing. AMe 12:05, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Statics of trusses
The material on verticals and their role in stabilising the compression chord is very unclear as currently written. I'd like to get some time to rewrite this to cover (briefly) the role of the truss web members in carrying global shear, in supporting the lower chord against local bending, and in stabilising the top chord via u-frame action, where top bracing isn't present. One for a rainy day ... Kvetner 23:08, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Howe truss
The article Howe truss is a redirect to this page, yet no mention of Howe is given. -- 15:21, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I changed the redirect to a better target. --NE2 23:18, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

The gallery shows a "Howe truss in a commercial building", but the linked article states that a Howe truss is a bridge! Which one of these is wrong and which is right? yoyo (talk) 03:02, 13 September 2021 (UTC)

Snafu at foot of page
The final paragrap;h, beneath the very large image, appears to relate to a missing diagram. What's going on? Fix needed. --Tagishsimon (talk) 21:04, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * You are right. It was added by an anonymous editor on August 5, 2008. I will move the text here until it can be determined if it is appropriate to put back into the article. - ¢Spender1983 (talk) 04:33, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

"the member AB actually makes contact on the left side of the pin, although the force AB is drawn from the right side and is shown acting away from the pin. Thus, if we consistently draw the force arrows on the same side of the pin as the member, then tension side (such as AB)will always be indicated by an arrow away from the pin , and compression (such as AF)will always be indicated by an arrow toward the pin."

- anonymous editor

Bell Ford Bridge
The claim is made that the Bell Ford Bridge was the last Post Truss bridge in the world. Do we know if a Post Truss differs from a King Post Truss or a Queen Post Truss? Anyone care to help out the BFB article by addition of a definition or ointer to a definition of a post truss? thanks. --21:04, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I am responding on Talk:Bell Ford Bridge so that the discussion is kept with the article. - ¢Spender1983 (talk) 00:13, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Merge with Truss Bridge?
There is a much more exhaustive list of truss types in the Truss bridge article. Should there be some sort of merger? Lars (talk) 01:20, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Created article List of truss types for this purpose Lars (talk) 02:49, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't think they should merge. There is enough info for two articles. The List of truss types article you have started does not have enough room for prose (in a table) to discuss the particulars of individual truss types. - ¢Spender1983 (talk) 22:44, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, you're right. I'm going to get rid of the "description" column in the List of truss types article. I'd like to sort out all the names alphabetically, but I might just leave it is a sortable table instead. Lars (talk) 13:19, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Etymology of Truss
Where does the word come from? Was it named after a German engineer named Truss? 216.99.219.238 (talk) 05:51, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Lenticular truss, William Douglas vs. Brunel vs. Pauli
"Lenticular trusses, patented in 1878 by William Douglas": In Great Britain, the "Lenticular truss" was used by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for the Saltash Bridge, buildt during the years 1854-1859. In Germany, this type of truss is known as "Pauli-Traeger", named after Friedrich August von Pauli, who constructed the railway bridge of Grosshesselohe, buildt during the years 1851-1857. The merits of a William Douglas seem to be restricted to introducing this construction to the United States. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Pauli http://www.elkage.de/src/public/showterms.php?id=265 http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Munich_Grosshesseloher-Bruecke.jpeg&filetimestamp=20060305130647 -- Riggenbach (talk) 13:53, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

Camel-case?
Doesn't this article suffer heavily from camel-case? I mean, "truss" is not a proper noun, nor are "members", "joints", or "post frame structures". HandsomeFella (talk) 10:10, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

incorrect picture(s)?
there is a picture labeled "howe truss" showing timber framing on a commercial structure... the horizontal members appear to pass right through the verticies(joints). Thats not a truss. Truss members are connected at thier extremities only. No member is continuous through a joint.
 * Yes, the picture is of cantilever post and beam construction, there is no Howe Truss visible. (is that a 'false' truss, as in a 'false' eave?)

 * many of the small diagrams also appear to incorrectly show members passing through joints. Thats just not right! Please fix this!
 * Fencelizard (talk) 16:26, 24 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, that picture has major problems. The front "truss" appears to be purely ornamental, as it has no apparent means of transferring load to the ground.  The side trusses appear to be similar to Pratt trusses, cantilevered off the posts at their center point (which is not usual for a truss).  Either way none of them are actually Pratt or Howe trusses, since they use mortice and tenon joinery (you can see the fastenings in the chords) which is specifically excluded in the Pratt and Howe patents; and since they don't transfer load to their ends.

Warren truss
The Warren truss is the most iconic and archetypal of all modern trusses. Where is it? — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 17:51, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

Floor trussing
Anyone know of a good location to add some details on floor trussing in architectural and building design? I did some basic research on failure and sagging in floors and deflection in trussing. Is this something to go in this article or maybe another new article?

 * http://nyrej.com/53027
 * http://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=331490

Shaded0 (talk) 02:09, 19 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Truss. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080528131942/http://www.sha.state.md.us/keepingcurrent/maintainRoadsBridges/bridges/OPPE/historicBridges/V-Pratt.pdf to http://www.sha.state.md.us/keepingcurrent/maintainRoadsBridges/bridges/OPPE/historicBridges/V-Pratt.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071110232206/http://www.tempe.gov/museum/Tempe_history/properties/hps228.htm to http://www.tempe.gov/museum/Tempe_history/properties/hps228.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080512012401/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/se/coveredbridges/truss_types.htm to http://www.dot.state.oh.us/se/coveredbridges/truss_types.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:08, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

Definition?
As it stands, the article states that a truss, "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object".

That's a very narrow definition. IMHE, that's the definition of a pin-jointed truss, not merely any truss. "two-force members only" implies that each member of the truss has only forces on it, no bending moments.

There are many types of "truss" (some included here) where the definition is clearly broader than that. The members can be more complicated than simple two-force, pin-jointed members. These are difficult to analyse, so used to be avoided. However they are still trusses, they do exist and we need to cover them.

What should we do? I think the lead needs a re-write to emphasis the distinction of trusses in general, and pin-jointed trusses meeting this stricter definition, and their dominance in civil engineering. Do we have any useful references to give a broader viewpoint here? Andy Dingley (talk) 11:49, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes, the lead does need a rewrite, to address the issues you raised, and also to avoid misleading readers that the two nodes are what _defines_ a two-force member. (The article presently reads 'A "two-force member" is a structural component where force is applied to only two points. Although this rigorous definition allows the members to have any shape connected in any stable configuration, ...'.) yoyo (talk) 02:45, 13 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Hmm, every text I check defines a truss as being designed to have only tensile and compressive loads. I think the article definition is correct.  A structure which allows bending loads is a frame, not a truss.  (I note that the article on "pin-jointed truss" which Andy links no longer seems to exist, which is probably reasonable since that's more a distinction of construction technique than design).

title: Talk:Truss


text:
Ridgeville, Ohio

Ridgeville is an unincorporated community in central Clearcreek Township, Warren County, Ohio, United States. It is located on State Route 48 in the north central part of the county, in sections 30 and 36, T4R4, Between the Miami Rivers Survey.

Ridgeville was platted in 1814 by Fergus McLean, the father of John McLean, afterward a United States Supreme Court Justice. A post office called Ridgeville was established in 1815, and remained in operation until 1908.

title: Ridgeville, Ohio


text:
United States General Land Office

The General Land Office (GLO) was an independent agency of the United States government responsible for public domain lands in the United States. It was created in 1812 to take over functions previously conducted by the United States Department of the Treasury. Starting with the enactment of the Land Ordinance of 1785, which created the Public Land Survey System, the Treasury Department had already overseen the survey of the Northwest Territory, including what is now the state of Ohio.

Placed under the Department of the Interior when that department was formed in 1849, it was merged with the United States Grazing Service (established in 1934) to become the Bureau of Land Management on July 16, 1946.

History
The GLO oversaw the surveying, platting, and sale of the public lands in the Western United States and administered the Homestead Act and the Preemption Act in disposal of public lands. The frantic pace of public land sales in the 19th century American West led to the idiomatic expression "land-office business", meaning a thriving or high-volume trade.

For most of the active period of public land settlement, district land offices were the basic operating units that conducted the business of transferring title. All transactions relative to the disposal of public land within a declared land district were handled through its land office by officials designated as registers, who recorded land applications, and receivers, who accepted payments for land and issued receipts. The position of receiver was abolished, July 1, 1925, and the functions devolved upon the register, whose title was changed to "manager" in 1946. The first of 362 district land offices was opened at Steubenville, Ohio, on July 2, 1800; the last at Newcastle, Wyoming, on March 1, 1920. The peak year for land offices was 1890, with 123 in operation. The subsequent closing of the public domain gradually reduced the number of land offices, until, in 1933, only 25 offices remained.

The GLO was placed under the Secretary of the Interior when the Department of the Interior was formed in 1849. Reacting to public concerns about forest conservation, Congress in 1891 authorized the President to withdraw timber lands from disposal. Grover Cleveland then created 17 forest reserves of nearly 18000000 acre, which were initially managed by the GLO. In 1905, Congress transferred responsibility for these reserves to the newly created Forest Service, under the Department of Agriculture.

Beginning in the early 20th century, the GLO shifted from a primary function of land sales to issuing leases and collecting grazing fees for livestock raised on public lands, and royalties from minerals off lands recently withdrawn from disposal under the Withdrawal Act of 1910, as well as other custodial duties. Thus, beginning around 1900, the GLO gained a focus for conservation of renewable public resources, as well as for their exploitation.

On July 16, 1946, the GLO was merged with the United States Grazing Service (established in 1934 under the Taylor Grazing Act) to become the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), an agency of the Interior Department responsible for administering the remaining 264000000 acre of public lands still in federal ownership.

An early commissioner was John McLean, later an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

The BLM makes images of GLO records (federal land patents, survey plats and field notes, land status records, and tract books) issued between 1787 and present publicly available on its website. Since 1990, the BLM's Geographic Coordinates Database (GCDB) program has endeavored to generate coordinate values for each established PLSS corner using the official survey records of the GLO and BLM on a township basis. The GCDB data are available for download by the public in GIS shapefile format from the GeoCommunicator Land Survey Information System website. The GCDB coordinates are also available to the public in the GCDB flat file and GCDB coverage formats via the National Operations Center website.

title: United States General Land Office


text:
Saint Cajetan

Gaetano dei Conti di Thiene (6 October 1480 – 7 August 1547), known as Saint Cajetan, was an Italian Catholic priest and religious reformer, co-founder of the Theatines. He is recognised as a saint in the Catholic Church, and his feast day is 7 August.

Life
Cajetan was born in October 1480, the son of Gaspar, lord of Thiene, and Mary Porta, persons of the first rank among the nobility of the territory of Vicenza, in Veneto Region.

His father died when he was two years of age. Quiet and retiring by nature, he was predisposed to piety by his mother. Cajetan studied law in Padua, receiving his degree as doctor utriusque juris (i.e., in civil and canon law) at age 24. In 1506 he worked as a diplomat for Pope Julius II, with whom he helped reconcile the Republic of Venice. But he was not ordained a priest until the year 1516.

With the death of Pope Julius II in 1513, Cajetan withdrew from the papal court. Recalled to Vicenza by the death of his mother, he founded in 1522 a hospital for incurables there. By 1523, he had established a hospital in Venice, as well. His interests were as much or more devoted to spiritual healing than the physical kind, and he joined a confraternity in Rome called the "Oratory of Divine Love". He intended to form a group that would combine the spirit of monasticism with the exercises of the active ministry.

Theatines
A new congregation was canonically erected by Pope Clement VII in the year 1524. One of his four companions was Giovanni Pietro Carafa, the Bishop of Chieti, elected first superior of the order, who later became pope as Paul IV. From the name of the city of Chieti (in Theate), arose the name by which the order is known, the "Theatines". The order grew at a fairly slow pace: there were only twelve Theatines during the sack of Rome in 1527, during which Cajetan was tortured by mutinous soldiers of Charles V. The Theatines managed to escape to Venice.

There Cajetan met Jerome Emiliani, whom he assisted in the establishment of his Congregation of Clerks Regular. In 1533, he founded a house in Naples. The year 1540 found him in Venice again and from there he extended his work to Verona. He founded a bank to help the poor and offer an alternative to usurers (who charged high interest rates). It later became the Banco di Napoli.

Cajetan died in Naples on 7 August 1547. His remains are in the church of San Paolo Maggiore in Naples; outside the church is Piazza San Gaetano, with a statue.

Veneration
He was beatified on 8 October 1629 by Pope Urban VIII. On 12 April 1671, Cajetan was canonized by Pope Clement X. Saint Cajetan's feast day is celebrated on 7 August.

Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino in 1691 established the mission San Cayetano de Tumacácori in honour of Cajetan. It is now Tumacacori National Historical Park in Arizona.

He is known as the patron saint of Argentina, the unemployed, gamblers, document controllers, and good fortune.

title: Saint Cajetan


text:
Run it up the flagpole

Let's run it up the flagpole and see if anyone salutes it is a catchphrase which became popular in the United States during the late 1950s and early 1960s. It means "to present an idea tentatively and see whether it receives a favorable reaction." It is now considered a cliché. Sometimes it is used seriously, but more often it is used humorously, with the intention that it be recognized as both hackneyed and outdated. An equivalent phrase is "to send up a trial balloon."

Background
The phrase was associated with the advertising agencies then located on Madison Avenue in New York, and with the "men in the grey flannel suits". Comedians, when mocking corporate culture, were certain to use it, along with expressions such as the whole ball of wax and the use of invented words adding the suffix -wise (e.g. "We've had a good year, revenue wise").

The phrase was also used as an ice breaker between serious moments in the motion picture 12 Angry Men starring Henry Fonda. The line was delivered by Juror no. 12, an advertising executive played by Robert Webber.

In Stan Freberg's 1961 comedy album, Stan Freberg Presents the United States of America Volume One: The Early Years, General George Washington, after having just received the nation's new flag from seamstress Betsy Ross, announces that he'll just "run it up the flagpole... see if anyone salutes." In Allan Sherman captured the essence of this phrase in his 1963 album My Son, the Celebrity, with a parody of Gilbert and Sullivan's "When I Was a Lad". In Sherman's lyrics, the narrator joins an advertising firm:

I worked real hard for the dear old firm, I learned most every advertising term. I said to the men in the dark gray suits, "Let's run it up the flagpole and see who salutes."

In a double entendre reflecting the narrator's mental dissonance, the group Harvey Danger used the phrase in their 1997 song "Flagpole Sitta": Fingertips have memories, Mine can't forget the curves of your body And when I feel a bit naughty I run it up the flagpole and see who salutes (But no one ever does)

As it became hackneyed, it got a second life as a launching point for the invention of joking variations, such as "Let's drop it in the pool and see if it makes a splash", "Let's throw it against the wall and see if it sticks", "Let's put it in a saucer and see if the cat licks it up", and "Let's put it on the five-fifteen and see if it gets off at Westport" (i.e., let's put it on a New York City commuter train and find out whether it is destined for Westport, Connecticut, a town thought to be the home of many successful executives).

title: Run it up the flagpole


text:
Carmella DeCesare

Carmella Danielle DeCesare Garcia (born July 1, 1982) is an American model who was Playboy magazine's Miss April 2003 and Playmate of the Year for 2004. She is also known for her time in WWE as a WWE Diva search contestant. She was featured in the 2008 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in the players' wives feature.

Early life
Carmella DeCesare was born July 1, 1982. A native of Avon Lake, Ohio, she is of Italian and Puerto Rican ancestry.

Modeling career
Carmella DeCesare came to Playboy's attention after she applied to a Fox reality show Who Wants to Be a Playboy Centerfold search. After she was selected as a finalist, she withdrew from the competition due to having second thoughts about the endeavor. When Playboy publisher Hugh Hefner learned this, he invited her to his birthday party and convinced her to change her mind. She was subsequently chosen as a Playboy Cyber Girl of the Week, then a Cyber Girl of the Month before becoming Playboy's Miss April in 2003.

DeCesare appeared in the 2005 Playmates at Play at the Playboy Mansion swimsuit calendar as calendar girl of March. The calendar was the inaugural Playmates at Play calendar and it was shot on the grounds of the Playboy Mansion in 2004. It was Playboy's first attempt at creating a non-nude swimsuit calendar featuring Playmates similar in style with those from Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. In 2005, DeCesare received breast implants. In an episode of the E! reality-TV series The Girls Next Door in August 2005, she said that her implants looked fake because they were new and had not fully settled.

DeCesare modeled in the 2008 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.

Professional wrestling career
DeCesare made her first World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) appearance as a contestant in the 2004 WWE Diva Search. Following the Diva Search she feuded with Diva Search winner Christy Hemme which led to a Lingerie Pillow Fight match at Taboo Tuesday. She left the promotion soon after.

Charity work
DeCesare and her husband, Jeff Garcia, founded the Garcia Pass It On Foundation in order to share resources with people in less fortunate circumstances.

Legal issues
On September 10, 2004, DeCesare pleaded not guilty to assault in a Cleveland, Ohio court after a fight in a bar on August 21, 2004 with a woman named Kristen Hine. She was acquitted of the assault charge on January 12, 2005 but found guilty of violating a restraining order. She was sentenced to do twenty-four hours of community service, given one year probation, and fined $150. During the trial, DeCesare testified that Jeff Garcia, her boyfriend at that time and the quarterback for the Cleveland Browns, had been involved in an affair with Hine after DeCesare's and Garcia's relationship began. Garcia commented, "It's embarrassing that I am here today, to be caught up in a situation like this."

Personal life
On April 21, 2007, DeCesare married then-NFL quarterback Jeff Garcia at the CordeValle Resort in San Martin, California. Their first daughter, Presley, was born on April 28, 2008. The couple welcomed their second child, a son, Jason in June 2009. The couple's third child, a son named Jax was born on September 21, 2010. In December 2011, their fourth child, a daughter, Faith was born.

title: Carmella DeCesare


text:
Waldemar Cierpinski

Waldemar Cierpinski (born 3 August 1950) is a former East German athlete and two-time Olympic champion in the marathon.

Career
Cierpinski was born in Neugattersleben, East Germany to Polish parents who had moved to Germany in 1945. He was originally a successful steeplechase runner but decided to switch to the marathon in 1974.

He was virtually unknown when he entered the 1976 Olympic marathon. He ran with the lead pack until American Frank Shorter broke free after the 25 km mark. Cierpinski chased Shorter down then took the lead, winning the race by 51 seconds. His victory was so unexpected that in the Olympic football final that evening, goalkeeper Jürgen Croy, invoked Cierpinski, a "living example of mediocrity", to inspire East Germany to a 3–1 victory over fancied Poland.

Cierpinski finished in fourth place at the 1978 European Championships. In the 1980 Summer Olympics, he ran wisely and did not match the suicidal pace the leaders had set. He caught up to the leaders at the 36 km mark and soon led by a healthy margin. Although Gerard Nijboer from the Netherlands narrowed the gap in the last kilometre, Cierpinski sprinted the last 200 m to win his second consecutive Olympic gold medal and duplicate the feat of legendary Ethiopian Abebe Bikila of winning two straight Olympic marathons. Cierpinski finished third in the marathon in the 1983 World Championships in Athletics. He was denied a chance of an unprecedented third Olympic marathon win by the Eastern Bloc boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, which was tit for tat for the United States-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. He left competition the same year and started a coaching career.

In Track & Field News World Rankings, Cierpinski was ranked first in the marathon in 1976 and 1980 and eighth in 1978 and 1983.

Cierpinski is a member of the German Olympic Committee. Since 2007, Cierpinski has been an honorary member of the SG WiP Goettingen 06. He lives in Halle an der Saale.

Drug allegations
It is now well known that East Germany operated a state-sponsored system of providing performance-enhancing drugs to as many as 10,000 athletes from about 1968 to 1988. Cierpinski was implicated by East German track and field research files uncovered by Werner Franke at the Stasi headquarters in Leipzig in the late 1990s.

As a result, 1976 silver medallist Frank Shorter has advocated the belief that Cierpinski cheated and has supported official review of past performances, i.e. considering stripping medals from athletes who are found later on to have cheated, as a deterrent to drug-cheats. Fourth-place finisher Don Kardong has also written that he believed Cierpinski was involved in the East German doping program. Shorter's allegations are very similar to those of Shirley Babashoff, who accused the East German women of drug cheating during the swimming events in the same Olympic Games, which was later substantiated by investigators in the PBS documentary "Secrets of the Dead: Doping for Gold".

title: Waldemar Cierpinski


text:
User:Mirer/monobook.css

/* PD from Timwi :) */

/* Round the corners of everything. */

-moz-border-radius-topleft: 8.1px; /* 0.59em; */ -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; /* 0.57em; */ }   -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8.1px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8.5px; } div.pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8.4px; } pre, table#toc, div.thumb div { -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8.1px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8.5px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8.4px; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {

/* Change the background colour (and selected tab border  colour) for non-article pages */

background: #f5f5ff; }   border-color: #1080fa; } .ns-0 #content, .ns-0 #p-cactions ul li.selected a { background: white; } .ns-0 #p-cactions ul li.selected { border-color: #fabd23; }
 * 1) content, #p-cactions ul li.selected a {
 * 1) p-cactions ul li.selected {

/* Change the colour and style of the borders around "pre"s. */

pre { border: 1px solid #A2C5E6; }

/* make the Table of Contents look the same way as the info box in the top-right of my User page. */

table#toc { border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-spacing: 0; background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: 0; font-size: 95%; }

table#toc tr#toctitle td { background-color: #e9e9e9; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8.1px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; padding: 0 10px; }

table#toc tr#tocinside td { border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: inherit; padding: 5px; }

/* Underline all links. */

a { text-decoration: underline; }

table { background: inherit; }

p.catlinks { margin: 0; padding: 0 5px 2px 5px; } div#catlinks { margin: 0 0 0 50%; padding: 0; font-size: 75%; border-left: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top: none; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8.5px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8.4px; background-color:#f9f9f9; text-align: right; } .firstHeading { margin-bottom: 0; line-height: 1em; }

margin-top: 3px; }
 * 1) contentSub {

table.diff { border: 1px solid #cccccc; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8.1px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8.5px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8.4px; } td.diff-context { background: inherit; } td.diff-deletedline, td.diff-addedline { background: #eee; color: inherit; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8.1px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8.5px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8.4px; }

td.diff-deletedline span.diffchange { color: inherit; background-color: #fcc; } td.diff-addedline span.diffchange { color: inherit; background-color: #cfc; }

 * 1) siteSub { display: none; } /* "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." */
 * 2) contentSub { text-align: right; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

border: none; border-left: 1px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8.5px; text-align: right; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; margin: 0 0 0 2em; padding: 0; float: right; width: 36%; line-height: normal; background: inherit; clear: right; }
 * 1) siteNotice {

title: User:Mirer/monobook.css


text:
Post-exposure prophylaxis

Post-exposure prophylaxis, also known as post-exposure prevention (PEP), is any preventive medical treatment started after exposure to a pathogen in order to prevent the infection from occurring.

It should be contrasted with pre-exposure prophylaxis, which is used before the patient has been exposed to the infective agent.

COVID-19
In 2021, the US FDA gave emergency use authorization (EUA) to bamlanivimab/etesevimab for post-exposure prophylaxis against COVID-19. However, due to its reduced effectiveness against Omicron variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is no longer recommended for this purpose.

Ensitrelvir is being studied for its potential use as post-exposure prophylaxis against COVID-19.

Rabies
PEP is commonly and very effectively used to prevent the onset of rabies after a bite by a suspected-rabid animal, since diagnostic tools are not available to detect rabies infection prior to the onset of the nearly always-fatal disease. The treatment consists of a series of injections of rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin. Rabies vaccine is given to both humans and animals who have been potentially exposed to rabies.

Tetanus
Tetanus toxoid can be given in case of a suspected exposure to tetanus. In such cases, it can be given with or without tetanus immunoglobulin (also called tetanus antibodies or tetanus antitoxin ). It can be given as intravenous therapy or by intramuscular injection.

The guidelines for such events in the United States for non-pregnant people 11 years and older are as follows:

History
AZT was approved as a treatment for AIDS in 1987. Healthcare workers would occasionally be exposed to HIV during work. Some people thought to try giving health care workers AZT to prevent seroconversion. This practice dramatically decreased the incidence of seroconversion among health workers when done under certain conditions.

Later the questions arose of whether to give HIV treatment after known exposure or high risk of exposure. Early data from preclinical studies established the efficacy of AZT in preventing transmission of HIV infection. AZT was also seen to reduce maternal-infant transmission of HIV in a randomized controlled trial, suggesting AZT's post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) use. Subsequent data show combination antiretroviral therapy is significantly superior than AZT in reducing perinatal transmission rates. In addition, AZT is generally no longer recommended due to poor tolerance resulting in high rates of patient noncompliance.

Non-occupational exposures include cases when a condom breaks while a person with HIV has sex with an HIV-negative person in a single incidence, or in the case of unprotected sex with an anonymous partner, or in the case of a non-habitual incident of sharing a syringe for injection drug use. Evidence suggests that PEP also reduces the risk of HIV infection in these cases. In 2005, the US DHHS released the first recommendations for non-occupational PEP (nPEP) use to lower risk of HIV infection after exposures. The recommendations were replaced with an updated guideline in 2016.

Occupational exposures include needlestick injury of health care professionals from an HIV-infected source. In 2012, the US DHHS included guidelines on occupational PEP (oPEP) use for individuals with HIV exposures occurring in health care settings.

Since taking HIV-attacking medications shortly after exposure was proven to reduce the risk of contracting HIV, this led to research into pre-exposure prophylaxis by taking medication before a potential exposure to HIV occurred.

A report from early 2013 revealed that a female baby born with the HIV virus displayed no sign of the virus two years after high doses of three antiretroviral drugs were administered within 30 hours of her birth. The findings of the case were presented at the 2013 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Atlanta, U.S. and the baby is from Mississippi, U.S. The baby—known as the "Mississippi baby"—was considered to be the first child to be "functionally cured" of HIV. However, HIV re-emerged in the child as of July 2014.

Risk evaluation
Initiation of post-exposure prophylaxis with the use of antiretroviral drugs is dependent on a number of risk factors, though treatment is usually started after one high-risk event. In order to determine whether post-exposure prophylaxis is indicated, an evaluation visit will be conducted to consider risk factors associated with developing HIV. Assessments at this visit will include whether the at-risk person or the potential source-person are HIV positive, details around the potential HIV exposure event, including timing and circumstances, whether other high-risk events have occurred in the past, testing for sexually transmitted diseases, testing for hepatitis B and C (nPEP is also effective against hepatitis B), and pregnancy tests for women of childbearing potential.

Risk factors for developing HIV includes exposure of mucous membranes (vagina, rectum, eye, mouth, broken skin or under the skin) of an HIV-negative person to bodily fluids (blood, semen, rectal secretions, vaginal secretions, breast milk) of a person known to be HIV positive. For example, having unprotected sex with HIV positive partner is considered risky, but sharing sex toys, spitting and biting considered to be negligible risks for initiating post-exposure prophylaxis. The highest non-sexual risk is blood transfusion and the highest sexual contact risk is receptive anal intercourse. The timing of exposure does not affect the risk of developing HIV, but it does alter whether post-exposure prophylaxis will be recommended. Exposures that occurred 72 hours or less to beginning treatment are eligible for post-exposure prophylaxis. If the exposure occurred over 73 hours prior to treatment initiation, post-exposure prophylaxis is not indicated.

Testing
Initial HIV testing: Before initiating PEP after potential HIV exposure, persons should be tested for HIV1 and HIV2 antigens and antibodies in the blood using a rapid diagnostic test. PEP should only be started if rapid diagnostic test reveals no HIV infection present or if tests results are not available. However, if HIV infection is already present then PEP should not be started. HIV test should be repeated four to six weeks and three months after exposure.

People may experience signs and symptoms of acute HIV infection, including fever, fatigue, myalgia, and skin rash, while taking PEP. CDC recommends seeking medical attention for evaluation if these signs and symptoms occur during or after the month of PEP. If follow-up laboratory antibody tests reveal HIV infection, HIV treatment specialists should be sought out and PEP should not be discontinued until person is evaluated and treatment plan is established.

STI and HBV testing: People with potential exposure to HIV are also at risk of acquiring STI and HBV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends STI-specific nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for gonorrhea and chlamydia and blood tests for syphilis. PEP is also active against HBV infections so discontinuation of medication can cause the reactivation of HBV, though rare. Health care providers must monitor HBV status closely.

Follow up testing: Serum creatinine and estimated creatinine clearance should be measured at baseline to determine the most appropriate PEP antiretroviral regimen. While on PEP, liver function, renal function, and hematologic parameters should be monitored.

Treatment
In the case of HIV exposure, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a course of antiretroviral drugs which reduces the risk of seroconversion after events with high risk of exposure to HIV (e.g., unprotected anal or vaginal sex, needlestick injuries, or sharing needles). The CDC recommends PEP for any HIV-negative person who has recently been exposed to HIV for any reason.

To be most effective, treatment should begin within an hour of exposure. After 72 hours PEP is much less effective, and may not be effective at all. Prophylactic treatment for HIV typically lasts four weeks.

While there is compelling data to suggest that PEP after HIV exposure is effective, there have been cases where it has failed. Failure has often been attributed to the delay in receiving treatment (greater than 72 hours post-exposure), the level of exposure, and/or the duration of treatment (lack of adherence to the 28-day regimen). In addition, since the time and level of non-occupational exposures are self-reported, there is no absolute data on the administration timeframe to which PEP would be efficacious. The standard antibody window period begins after the last day of PEP treatment. People who received PEP are typically advised to get an antibody test at 6 months post-exposure as well as the standard 3 month test.

The antiretroviral regimen used in PEP is the same as the standard highly active antiretroviral therapy used to treat AIDS. A typical prescription is a 28-day course of emtricitabine/tenofovir pills containing 200 mg of emtricitabine and 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil to be taken once daily, and 400 mg pills of raltegravir to be taken twice daily. People initiating nPEP treatment typically receive a 28-day starter pack, as opposed to a 3-7 day starter pack, to facilitate strong medication adherence. They should also be counseled on the unpleasant side effects including malaise, fatigue, diarrhea, headache, nausea and vomiting.

People at high risk for re-exposure due to unprotected intercourse or other behavioral factors should be given PrEP, which would begin immediately after the completion of the nPEP treatment course. Inversely, if a medically adherent patient is already on PrEP upon non-occupational exposure, nPEP treatment is not necessary.

Hepatitis A
For exposure to hepatitis A, human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG) and/or hepatitis A vaccine may be used as PEP depending on the clinical situation.

Hepatitis B
If the person exposed is an HBsAg positive source (a known responder to HBV vaccine) then if exposed to hepatitis B a booster dose should be given. If they are in the process of being vaccinated or are a non-responder they need to have hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and the vaccine. For known non-responders HBIG and the vaccine should be given whilst those in the process of being vaccinated should have an accelerated course of HBV vaccine.

Hepatitis C
Persons exposed to hepatitis C should be tested monthly with PCR, and if seroconversion occurs then treatment with interferon, or possibly ribavirin.

Anthrax
A 60-day course of oral ciprofloxacin should be given when exposure to anthrax is suspected.

Lyme disease
A single 200 milligram oral dose of doxycycline may be used within 3 days of a deer tick bite in a high risk area (such as New England), if the tick was attached for at least 36 hours.

Monkeypox and Smallpox
The smallpox vaccine decreases the incidence of infection with monkeypox and smallpox and the risk of severe illness even when administered after exposure. The CDC advises "that smallpox vaccine be given within 4 days from the date of exposure to prevent onset of the disease but should be offered up to 14 days post-exposure"; the NHS concurs with this but also urges to vaccinate as soon as possible after exposure.

title: Post-exposure prophylaxis


text:
Monarchomachs

The Monarchomachs (Monarchomaques) were originally French Huguenot theorists who opposed monarchy at the end of the 16th century, known in particular for having theoretically justified tyrannicide. The term was originally a pejorative word coined in 1600 by the Scottish royalist and Catholic William Barclay (1548–1608) from the Greek μόναρχος (monarchos –  "monarch, sole ruler") and μάχομαι ("makhomai"  –  the verb meaning "to fight"), meaning "those who fight against monarchs" or "anti-monarchists".

Born out of the French Wars of Religion, they were most active between 1573, a year after the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, and 1584. The Monarchomachs pleaded in favour of a form of "popular sovereignty". Arguing for a sort of contract between the sovereign and the people, they have been considered as the precursors of social contract theories.

Theory of tyrannicide
The Monarchomachs included jurists such as the Calvinists François Hotman (1524–1590), Théodore de Bèze (1519–1605), Simon Goulart (1543–1628), Nicolas Barnaud (1538–1604), Hubert Languet (1518–1581), Philippe de Mornay (1549–1623) and George Buchanan (1506–1582), as well as Catholic writers such as Juan de Mariana (1536–1624). They had a special influence in the so-called Dutch revolt and contributed to the Netherlands' Act of Abjuration. Through the means of libels and theoretical tracts, they revived the doctrine of the tyrannicide. It had been opposed during the Middle Ages by the "legists" (jurists who theorized the royal power) who attempted to reserve the title of tyrant to those who tried to overturn the ruling monarch. Legists thus ended up legitimizing, under the name of "tyrannicide", the assassinations of political opponents ordered by the monarch. The Dutch Constitutional Law professor A.M. Donner on page 16 of his state law manual calls Johannus Althusius "the last of the monarchomachs". Typically Johannes Althusius in his Politica opposes Jean Bodin.

Monarchomachs considered that the end of the state was prosperity of the whole social group, as the true sovereign, granting effective practice of power to the king, whose authority remained of divine right. Exercise of popular sovereignty was to be delegated to the magistrates and the officers of the crown. They considered that the people were a collective body, possessed of a specific wisdom, which allowed them to understand better than the king the common good, distinct from the interest of each of its parties. Assimilated to the medieval universitas, the people was thus considered as a legal subject, whose interests were represented by the General Estates. This conception of the magistrates and the association of wise people as best representants of the people separated them from modern conception of democracy, as they restricted effective power to a minority. Max Weber considered them in his lecture Politics as a Vocation as participants of the movement of rationalization of law in Europe.

The Monarchomachs also claimed that if the sovereign persecuted true religion, he would violate the contract concluded between God and the people, who were thus granted a right of rebellion. They were inspired by Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, and the School of Salamanca on the killing of "bad kings". This legitimization of tyrannicide may have inspired as much the friar Clément, who assassinated Henry III in 1589, as Ravaillac, who assassinated Henry IV in 1610. Rebellion against tyranny was considered not only as necessary, but as a divine right.

Monarchomach theory in the 16th century
The term Monarchomachs was coined by William Barclay in his book De Regno et Regali Potestate (About the Powers of Authority and Royalty), published in 1600. Barclay's theory was that the Huguenots had lost their struggle with the Catholic Church and were turning their battle towards the government to undermine the king's support of the Catholics. Eventually, the term was used to classify anyone who was opposed to the king's rule.

At first a Protestant doctrine, the notion of tyrannicide was reappropriated by the Catholics when Protestants came to be kings. It was then used in revolutionary discourses during the debates concerning the execution of Louis XVI, while the right of rebellion was included in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Influenced by the Huguenots, some British thinkers also embraced the Monarchomaque movement.

title: Monarchomachs


text:
List of colonial governors and administrators of Kenya

This article contains a list of chairmen, administrators, commissioners and governors of British Kenya Colony.

The office of Governor of Kenya was replaced by the office of Governor-General in 1963 and then later replaced by a President of Kenya, upon Kenya becoming a Republic in 1964. For continuation after independence, see: List of heads of state of Kenya.


text:
Wilson Edgar Terry

Wilson Edgar Terry (March 7, 1874 – February 15, 1968) was an American military officer in the Spanish–American War. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living veteran born in Kentucky. He was appointed a Kentucky Colonel in 1962.

Early life
Wilson Edgar Terry was born on March 7, 1874, in Crockettsville, Breathitt County, Kentucky, to Sytha (née Caudill) and Isaac Terry. He graduated from Lees Junior College.

Career
After leaving school, Terry joined Company G of the 44th Regiment of the U.S. Army on September 19, 1899. He served in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War. He served two years and was discharged when his unit mustered out on June 30, 1901.

In 1902, Terry became a member of the Old Regular Baptist Church in Cow Creek, Kentucky. In 1926, he became a preacher there. While in Kentucky, he worked as a farmer and notary public. He also lived in Kings Mills, Ohio. He managed a general store there. He also lived in Mason, Ohio. He was a Republican.

On April 24, 1962, Governor Bert T. Combs appointed him a Kentucky Colonel.

Personal life
In 1902, Terry married Ida Louise Kidd. They had one daughter, Grace Elizabeth. His wife died in 1904. On December 24, 1906, he married Ruse Wilder of Owsley County. They had five daughters and two sons, Berniece, Viola, Arlie, Audrey, Doris, Oakley L. and Howard C. His wife died in 1961. Throughout his life, he lived in Owsley, Perry and Boone counties. In late life, he moved in with his daughter in Logan, Indiana. He went by the nicknames in Willie and Bill.

Terry entered the Veteran's Hospital in Cincinnati on November 11, 1967. He died there on February 15, 1968, following a bladder operation. He was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery in Mason, Ohio. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living veteran born in Kentucky.

title: Wilson Edgar Terry


text:
IAAF World Athletics Final

The IAAF World Athletics Final was an annual track and field competition organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). It was inaugurated in 2003 to replace the IAAF Grand Prix Final. The competition was part of the IAAF World Athletics Series and was the seasonal culmination of the IAAF World Outdoor Meetings series from 2003 to 2005, then the IAAF World Athletics Tour from 2006 to 2009. Due to changes in the one-day meeting system introduced by the IAAF, the World Athletics Final was discontinued after the 2009 season.

History
The competition was introduced as part of the overhaul of the IAAF Grand Prix, with the IAAF World Outdoor Meetings series replacing it as the IAAF's primary seasonal outdoor track and field series. The programme of the former IAAF Grand Prix Final competition varied from year to year and the IAAF World Athletics Final introduced a fixed programme of events. The new schedule comprised events which were largely similar to those held at the World Athletics Championships. The differences were that a 3000 metres race was included at the World Athletics Final, while the 10,000 metres, marathon, combined events (decathlon and heptathlon), race walks and relay races were omitted as these events generally did not feature at IAAF outdoor track and field meetings.

The first three editions of the competition were held in Monaco. However, the competition's stadium in Fontvieille, the Stade Louis II, was not of an adequate size to hold the hammer throw competition. As a result, the men's and women's hammer events were generally held a week earlier than the competition itself, taking place in Szombathely, Hungary at the Stadion Rohonci Út.

This situation was resolved in 2006 by a move to the Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion (Mercedes-Benz Arena) in Stuttgart, which had previously held the 1993 World Championships in Athletics, and the 2007 and 2008 editions of the final were also held there. The IAAF World Athletics Final changed to an alternating host city format in 2009, beginning with Thessaloniki, because the 2009 World Championships in Athletics had also been held in Germany that year. However, although the IAAF agreed in 2008 that Rabat, Morocco would be the venue for the 2010 Final, general secretary Pierre Weiss confirmed that the last edition would the 2009 competition as a result of changes in the structure of the one-day outdoor meetings tour.

Over its seven-year history, Asafa Powell and Meseret Defar were the most successful male and female athletes: Defar won nine events and Powell won five in total. After Defar, Tatyana Lebedeva and Sanya Richards were the second and third highest earners of the competition. In terms of the 87 nations represented over the history of the World Athletics Final, the United States dominated the performance lists with 56 winners – over twice that of second placed Kenya. Russia, Jamaica, Germany and Ethiopia rounded out the top six nations by performance. This underlined these countries' strength in depth of athletes as—unlike the World Championships—there was no limit on the number of athletes representing a specific nation.

Qualification
The results of the World Athletics Tour, an annual series of 25 athletics meetings, were used to form a points ranking system. Over the course of a year, athletes were awarded points for their performance in each specific event. The number of points earned depended upon both the athlete's finishing position in the race and the level of the competition. The IAAF Golden League and IAAF Super Grand Prix meetings formed the upper tier of competition, followed by the intermediate tier of IAAF Grand Prix meetings. Additionally, it was possible to earn a limited number of points at Area Permit Meetings, although an athlete had to compete in at least one of the higher level competitions to qualify for the World Athletics Final. Furthermore, athletes were awarded bonus points if they broke or equalled a world record at a World Athletics Tour meeting.

The rankings were calculated by combining the points total of an athlete's five best performances on the World Athletics Tour (or four best performances in the throwing events). After the end of the final meeting of the season's World Athletics Tour, the top seven ranked athletes in each event received qualification into that event at the World Athletics Final. In the events of 1500 metres or longer, the top eleven athletes were allowed to compete at the final. In the event of a tie, the athlete with the superior season's best was entered into the Final. One additional athlete was allocated to each event as a wild card. In the event of absence or cancellation of a qualified athlete, the IAAF offered invitations to suitable athletes who did not originally qualify. However, any athletes who won a share of the IAAF Golden League US$1 million jackpot that year had to attend the competition in order to receive the prize.

Final competition format
The World Athletics Final was held over two days and comprised 36 athletic events, 18 for athletes of each gender. The events remained largely unchanged, with the only difference since the 2003 inauguration being the addition of the women's 3000 metres steeplechase. Each event at the World Athletics Final featured eight athletes, with an extra four athletes competing in each of the 1500 metres, 3000 metres, 5000 metres and 3000 metres steeplechase races.

All competitors received prize money rising from US$1,000 for the 9th to 12th-placed athletes in the longer distance races to US$30,000 for the winner in each event. A further US$100,000 was awarded to any athlete breaking a world record.

title: IAAF World Athletics Final


text:
Kentucky Colonel

Kentucky Colonel is the highest title of honor bestowed by the Commonwealth of Kentucky. It is the most well known colonelcy in the United States. A Kentucky Colonel Commission (the certificate) is awarded in the name of the Commonwealth by the governor of Kentucky to individuals with "Honorable" titular style recognition preceding the names of civilians aged 18 or over, for noteworthy accomplishments, contributions to civil society, remarkable deeds, or outstanding service to the community, state, or a nation. The Governor bestows the honorable title with a colonelcy commission, by issuance of letters patent.

While many famous and noteworthy people have received commissions as Kentucky colonels, the award is equally available to those of all backgrounds based on their deeds. A Kentucky Colonel is traditionally considered a goodwill ambassador of the Kentucky state, culture, folklore, traditions and values.

Although Kentucky colonels are considered in Common Law to be aides-de-camp to the governors and members of their staff and thus entitled to the style of "Honorable", Kentucky colonels are usually just referred to and addressed as "Colonel" and use the abbreviation "Col." or Kentucky colonel when the term is not being used as a specific title for an individual. Most properly in writing this becomes "Col. First Name, Middle, Surname, Kentucky Colonel".

First Kentucky Colonels
In 1776, Col. John Bowman was the first Kentucky colonel officially appointed. Col. John Bowman was appointed as colonel of the Militia of Kentucky County by Governor of the Colony of Virginia, Patrick Henry. Notable pioneer, Daniel Boone was given the title "colonel" by Col. Judge Richard Henderson in 1775 when he founded the settlement of Boonesborough. Boone was not officially granted a Kentucky colonelcy until 1780 when he was commissioned by the governor of Virginia. At the time Kentucky colonelcy was still military appointment in contrast to the modern Kentucky colonelcy which is an honorary title for civilians. Charles S. Todd is often mistakenly believed to be the first recipient an honorary commission of a Kentucky colonel in 1813. This is disputed by Col. Todd's biography, and US military archives. The identity of first civilian honorary colonel is not known. In 1895, Governor William O'Connell Bradley commissioned the first honorary Kentucky colonels as an award of merit bestowed upon citizens for their individual contributions to the state, good deeds, and noteworthy actions.

Kentucky Colonels in Literature
In 1784, John Filson published his book The discovery, settlement and present state of Kentucke which contained an appendix entitled "The adventures of Col. Daniel Boon, one of the first settlers". Filson's book gained popularity and Boone became a symbol of American pioneering. There became increased interest in the trans-Appalachian West among both Europeans and Americans. Filson's The adventures of Col. Daniel Boon, one of the first settlers was reprinted in France, Germany, England and New York. With the widespread fame of Filson's novel came a greater recognition of Kentucky and its colonelcy.

In 1890 Opie Read published A Kentucky Colonel which spawned a new public perception of what a Kentucky colonel was, posing himself more as a refined, well-mannered southern gentleman, rather than a figure in the Kentucky militia. In 1905, this view was expanded by Zoe Anderson Norris publishing Twelve Kentucky Colonel Stories: Describing Scenes and Incidents in a Kentucky Colonel's Life in the Southland in The New York Sun.

Contemporary History
In 1931, a story about the growing amount of Kentucky colonels emerged, "Thousand New Kunnels, Suh, In 25 Years". Prior to 1932, only about 1,000 people had received official "Honorable" commissions as Kentucky colonels from Kentucky's governors. Governor Ruby Laffoon, in office from 1931 to 1935, dramatically increased the number of colonels by issuing more than 10,000 commissions in 1933 and 1934; among his motives was officializing the Kentucky colonel to identify with the Commonwealth, taxing the title of colonel, and boosting his own political support. One of his most famous colonelships was granted to restaurateur Harland Sanders, who was commissioned by Laffoon in 1935.

When Governor Albert Benjamin Chandler (better known as Happy Chandler) took office in 1935, he took a very different view on the distinction of a Kentucky colonel commission and only issued about a dozen new commissions annually, on Derby Day. Governor Keen Johnson followed Governor Chandler's lead during his time in office from 1939 to 1943, commissioning only those select individuals who were deemed to have exhibited exceptionally noteworthy accomplishments and outstanding service to a community, state or the nation. The subsequent governors, however, have typically been much more liberal in issuing Kentucky colonel commissions.

Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels
The Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels (HOKC) was first established during the depression in 1933 by Governor Ruby Laffoon as a state order of merit with an office at the capital. In 1957, it was incorporated as a nonprofit dedicated to building playgrounds, curating history, awarding scholarships and providing relief to Kentuckians in need.

After a person receives a commission from the governor they automatically become an honorary lifetime member of the organization and, via donation to and participation in the HOKC's charitable efforts throughout the state they can be considered an active member.

Kentucky colonel toast
In 1936, New York advertising agency owner, Kentucky colonel Arthur Kudner, wrote a toast to Kentucky colonels. The toast was quickly adopted by the HOKC, and it was widely promoted and published for use by colonels. The toast has since been ceremoniously presented at each of the Kentucky Colonels' Derby Eve Banquets:

"I give you a man dedicated to the good things of life, to the gentle, the heartfelt things, to good living, and to the kindly rites with which it is surrounded. In all the clash of a plangent world he holds firm to his ideal – a gracious existence in that country of content 'where slower clocks strike happier hours'. He stands in spirit on a tall-columned veranda, a hospitable glass in his hand, and he looks over the good and fertile earth, over ripening fields, over meadows of rippling bluegrass. The rounded note of a horn floats through the fragrant stillness. Afar, the sleek and shining flanks of a thoroughbred catch the bright sun. The broad door, open wide with welcome ... the slow, soft-spoken word ... the familiar step of friendship ... all of this is his life and it is good. He brings fair judgment to sterner things. He is proud in the traditions of his country, in ways that are settled and true. In a trying world darkened by hate and misunderstanding, he is a symbol of those virtues in which men find gallant faith and of the good men might distill from life. Here he stands, then. In the finest sense, an epicure ... a patriot ... a man. Gentlemen, I give you, the Kentucky Colonel."

Involvement in the Nomination Process
In 2016, Governor Matt Bevin briefly suspended the program to conduct a review of the requirements for receiving the title and then changed the nomination process so that "only active members of the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels" were allowed to make recommendations for the honor. Up to that point in time, the longstanding practice had been that recommendations could be submitted by anyone who already was a Kentucky colonel, without any requirement for donations or membership in any particular organization. The nomination process was changed under Governor Andy Beshear. Beshear had the nomination process frozen starting in December 2019. In February 2020, Governor Beshear removed the requirement that the nominators be among those previously designated as Kentucky Colonels.

Lawsuits
The Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels filed a Federal lawsuit against Kentucky Colonels International in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky in 2020. The lawsuit alleged infringement of the registered trademark "Kentucky Colonels ®". In 2021, the parties settled the case with a permanent Injunction prohibiting Kentucky Colonels International from using the "Kentucky Colonels ®" trademark. In 2023, The Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels opened an new lawsuit against Kentucky Colonels International for "one count of civil contempt, four counts of various federal trademark infringement, one count anticybersquatting, and three counts of various common law trademark infringement". In August 2023 the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels won their lawsuit. David J. Wright and his organization Kentucky Colonels International were held in contempt of the Permanent Injunction and ordered to pay legal fees of the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels.

Kentucky colonel culture
Starting around 1889, culture began incorporating the idea of the Kentucky Colonel as the name or part of the name of bars, beer, bourbon, barbecue, burgoo, clubs, hotels, food, liquor stores, plants, restaurants, social venues, sports teams, tobacco products and even a political lobby. The Kentucky Colonel has always been most notorious for drinking bourbon, making moonshine liquor, storytelling and dueling over their honor starting in the 19th century. Likewise the Kentucky colonel has been portrayed in a number of films, cartoons, movies, books and featured in newspapers since as early as the 1850s.

Those who have received a Kentucky colonelcy commission have often used the title, idea or the image of the concept of the idealistic Kentucky Colonel to promote art, business, events, music, places and recreational activities while simultaneously promoting the state's customs and traditions, resulting in the honor becoming a well-recognized trademark of Kentucky's culture. As it was explained by the defense in the U.S. District Court in 2020, "the idea and image of the Kentucky Colonel and Kentucky colonels is inextricably intertwined with the state".

Examples of the concept of the Kentucky Colonel being used to promote a product or idea include:
 * Colonel G.W. Gist built the first modern hotel in Tulsa, Oklahoma, called the Kentucky Colonel Hotel, in 1903.
 * Col. Matt Winn was present at the first race at Churchill Downs in 1875 and helped to turn it into the Kentucky Derby.
 * The 1960s bluegrass band Kentucky Colonels included Clarence White (later with The Byrds).
 * A wide range of memorabilia has been created for sale or recognition including by the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels.
 * A number of sports teams in Kentucky, have been known as the Kentucky Colonels including the Kentucky Colonels professional basketball team of 1967–1976, the Kentucky Colonels professional basketball team of 2004, and the Eastern Kentucky Colonels athletic teams of Eastern Kentucky University. The athletic teams from Centre College in Danville are also known as the Colonels.
 * Harland David Sanders (1890 – 1980) used his title of "Colonel" and his own personal determination to make himself and Kentucky world-famous for fried chicken. From a gas station in Corbin, Kentucky, Colonel Sanders (as he became known) started the fast food franchise Kentucky Fried Chicken, known today as KFC. He became so well known, both nationally and internationally, that he was often referred to simply as "The Colonel", which is also the title of a book that was written about his life.

Bourbon whiskey
The Kentucky colonel title in business marketing is seen in the ongoing historic association between Kentucky and bourbon whiskey production. As of 2013, approximately 95 percent of all bourbon was produced in Kentucky, and the state had 4.9 million barrels of bourbon in the process of aging. The historic distiller James B. Beam is referred to as "Colonel James B. Beam" for the marketing of the Jim Beam brand (the largest-selling brand of bourbon). The Sazerac Company similarly refers to the distiller Albert Blanton as "Colonel Blanton" for their marketing of the Blanton's brand. In both cases, the "Colonel" title refers to being a Kentucky colonel. A brand of Kentucky bourbon called Kentucky Colonel was produced in the 1980s, and at least two current brands of Kentucky bourbon have the word "Colonel" in their name, the Colonel E. H. Taylor and Colonel Lee bourbon brands. In 2020 the Neeley Family Distillery (a craft bourbon distiller) in Sparta, Kentucky filed for the trademark "Old Kentucky Colonel" to bring back the original Kentucky Colonel brand.

Kentucky colonel nominations
Each governor decides the selection process and number of colonelcies that are issued. The process has previously required a nomination from another colonel or direct recognition by the governor but, under the process established by Governor Andy Beshear, nominations and recommendations for other people can be submitted by both Kentucky colonels and members of the general public by completing a form.

General bibliography

 * Carl Edwin Lindgren. "Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels" (February/March 2001). Il Mondo del Cavaliere, Vol. I, No. 1, p. 14..

title: Kentucky Colonel


text:
List of rulers of Pate

List of rulers of Pate Located at Pate Island, Kenya.

title: List of rulers of Pate


text:
Cow Creek, Kentucky

Cow Creek is an unincorporated community in Owsley County, Kentucky, United States, southeast of the county seat of Booneville. Wilson Edgar Terry lived there until 1927. Berniece T. Hiser was born there in 1908. Its post office closed in February 1957.

title: Cow Creek, Kentucky


text:
Berniece T. Hiser

Berniece Iona Terry Hiser (April 6, 1908 –January 5, 1995) was an American writer and schoolteacher.

Life
Berniece Iona Terry Hiser was born April 6, 1908, in Cow Creek, Kentucky, to Wilson Edgar Terry and Ruse Wilder. She has an undergraduate degree from Berea College and earned a master's degree from the University of Kentucky. She taught school for 22 years and then became a librarian.

At age 70, Hiser published Quare Do's in Appalachia: East Kentucky Legends and Memorats (Pikeville, Kentucky: Pikeville College Press, 1978), a collection of folktales, ghost stories, and tales she collected. which was in its second printing by 1981. Many of the stories involve members of her family, including the tale of how her grandmother Sally Wilder Frost was named by Col. John Hunt Morgan. This book was reviewed by Appalachian Journal and Kentucky Folklore Record.

She also wrote a children's book, set in Kentucky during the American Civil War, The Adventure of Charlie and His Wheat-straw Hat: A Memorat illustrated by Mary Szilagyi (1986). which was reviewed by library journals and the media. Hister wrote about people and events in western Kentucky for the local newspapers.

Hiser lived in Walton, Kentucky, for many years before her death January 5, 1995. She was buried in Pleasant View Cemetery, beside Pleasant View Church, in Grant County, Kentucky. Her husband Ora Hiser, who died January 5, 1999, was later buried beside her.

title: Berniece T. Hiser


text:
Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer

Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer or TES was a satellite instrument designed to measure the state of the earth's troposphere.

Overview
TES was a high-resolution infrared Fourier Transform spectrometer and provided key data for studying tropospheric chemistry, troposphere-biosphere interaction, and troposphere-stratosphere exchanges. It was built for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. It was successfully launched into polar orbit by a Delta II 7920-10L rocket aboard NASA's third Earth Observing Systems spacecraft (EOS-Aura) at 10:02 UTC on July 15, 2004. Originally planned as a 5-year mission, it was decommissioned after almost 14 years on January 31, 2018.

title: Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer


text:
User:Mpolo

Not much to see here... I am a Catholic with Master's degrees in Mathematics and Philosophy, as well as a Bachelor's degree in Theology.

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Mpolo


text:
List of rulers of Witu

List of Rulers of Wituland

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

title: List of rulers of Witu


text:
Talk:ATM specifications

Automated Teller Machine
I considered if anything was worth migrating from this article into the main one, but I didn't find anything, so I've listed this one for sppedy. Noisy 14:40, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:ATM specifications


text:
TES

Tes or TES may refer to:

Places

 * Tés, a village in Hungary
 * Tes River, a river in Mongolia
 * Tes (Yenisey left trubutary), a river in Russia
 * Tes, Uvs, a district in Mongolia's Uvs Province
 * Tes, Zavkhan, a district in Mongolia's Zavkhan Province
 * Teş, a village in Brestovăț Commune, Timiș County, Romania
 * Tes, Minusinsky District, village in Russia
 * Tes, Novosyolovsky District, settlement in Russia

Arts and entertainment

 * Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat, the State Jewish Theater in Romania
 * The Early Show, a morning television program on CBS in the United States
 * The Elder Scrolls, a video game series by Bethesda Softworks
 * The Eminem Show, a 2002 album by hip-hop artist Eminem
 * Tes (rapper), American rapper from Brooklyn, New York, US

Science and technology

 * Thermal energy storage, a group of technologies which are used to store and release thermal energy
 * Transition edge sensor, a type of superconducting detector used in physics and astronomy
 * Bellanca TES, an experimental aircraft constructed by Giuseppe Mario Bellanca in 1929

Biology and chemistry

 * TES (buffer), a common buffer solution in biology
 * TES (protein), or "testin", the protein product of the TESS gene in Homo sapiens
 * Triethylsilane, a trialkylsilicon hydride compound
 * Twin embolisation syndrome, in which a fetus dies in utero and is reabsorbed by its twin

Spaceflight

 * Technology Experiment Satellite, a satellite launched in 2001 by the Indian Space Research Organization
 * Thermal Emission Spectrometer, a scientific instrument aboard Mars Global Surveyor
 * Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer, a satellite instrument designed by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Military

 * Tactical engagement simulation, a training system of the U.S. Army
 * Theater Event System, a United States missile defense program

Publications

 * TES (magazine), formerly the Times Educational Supplement
 * Tatar Encyclopaedia, a 2002 Tatar-language book on the history of the Tatar people
 * Talmud Eser Sefirot, a Kabbalistic book written by Rabbi Yehuda Ashlag

Schools

 * Taipei European School, an international school in Taipei, Taiwan
 * The English School (Colegio de Inglaterra), an international school in Bogotá, Colombia

Other uses

 * The Eulenspiegel Society, a U.S. non-profit BDSM organization
 * Technical Element Score, a part of the ISU Judging System for scoring figure skating competition
 * Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), a group of brain stimulation techniques including transcranial random noise stimulation

title: TES


text: Category:Portuguese athletes

title: Category:Portuguese athletes