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Bone fracture

A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a comminuted fracture. A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture.

Signs and symptoms
Although bone tissue contains no pain receptors, a bone fracture is painful for several reasons:
 * Breaking in the continuity of the periosteum, with or without similar discontinuity in endosteum, as both contain multiple pain receptors.
 * Edema and hematoma of nearby soft tissues caused by ruptured bone marrow evokes pressure pain.
 * Involuntary muscle spasms trying to hold bone fragments in place.

Damage to adjacent structures such as nerves, muscles or blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots (for spine fractures), or cranial contents (for skull fractures) may cause other specific signs and symptoms.

Complications
Some fractures may lead to serious complications including a condition known as compartment syndrome. If not treated, eventually, compartment syndrome may require amputation of the affected limb. Other complications may include non-union, where the fractured bone fails to heal, or malunion, where the fractured bone heals in a deformed manner. One form of malunion is the malrotation of a bone, which is especially common after femoral and tibial fractures. Complications of fractures may be classified into three broad groups, depending upon their time of occurrence. These are as follows –
 * 1) Immediate complications – occurs at the time of the fracture.
 * 2) Early complications – occurring in the initial few days after the fracture.
 * 3) Late complications – occurring a long time after the fracture.

Pathophysiology
The natural process of healing a fracture starts when the injured bone and surrounding tissues bleed, forming a fracture hematoma. The blood coagulates to form a blood clot situated between the broken fragments. Within a few days, blood vessels grow into the jelly-like matrix of the blood clot. The new blood vessels bring phagocytes to the area, which gradually removes the non-viable material. The blood vessels also bring fibroblasts in the walls of the vessels and these multiply and produce collagen fibres. In this way, the blood clot is replaced by a matrix of collagen. Collagen's rubbery consistency allows bone fragments to move only a small amount unless severe or persistent force is applied.

At this stage, some of the fibroblasts begin to lay down bone matrix in the form of collagen monomers. These monomers spontaneously assemble to form the bone matrix, for which bone crystals (calcium hydroxyapatite) are deposited in amongst, in the form of insoluble crystals. This mineralization of the collagen matrix stiffens it and transforms it into bone. In fact, bone is a mineralized collagen matrix; if the mineral is dissolved out of bone, it becomes rubbery. Healing bone callus on average is sufficiently mineralized to show up on X-ray within 6 weeks in adults and less in children. This initial "woven" bone does not have the strong mechanical properties of mature bone. By a process of remodelling, the woven bone is replaced by mature "lamellar" bone. The whole process may take up to 18 months, but in adults, the strength of the healing bone is usually 80% of normal by 3 months after the injury.

Several factors may help or hinder the bone healing process. For example, tobacco smoking hinders the process of bone healing, and adequate nutrition (including calcium intake) will help the bone healing process. Weight-bearing stress on bone, after the bone has healed sufficiently to bear the weight, also builds bone strength.

Although there are theoretical concerns about NSAIDs slowing the rate of healing, there is not enough evidence to warrant withholding the use of this type analgesic in simple fractures.

Effects of smoking
Smokers generally have lower bone density than non-smokers, so they have a much higher risk of fractures. There is also evidence that smoking delays bone healing.

Diagnosis
A bone fracture may be diagnosed based on the history given and the physical examination performed. Radiographic imaging often is performed to confirm the diagnosis. Under certain circumstances, radiographic examination of the nearby joints is indicated in order to exclude dislocations and fracture-dislocations. In situations where projectional radiography alone is insufficient, Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may be indicated.

Classification

In orthopedic medicine, fractures are classified in various ways. Historically they are named after the physician who first described the fracture conditions, however, there are more systematic classifications as well.

They may be divided into stable versus unstable depending on the likelihood that they may shift further.

Mechanism

 * Traumatic fracture – a fracture due to sustained trauma. e.g., fractures caused by a fall, road traffic accident, fight, etc.
 * Pathologic fracture – a fracture through a bone that has been made weak by some underlying disease is called pathological fracture. e.g., a fracture through a bone weakened by metastasis. Osteoporosis is the most common cause of pathological fracture.
 * Periprosthetic fracture – a fracture at the point of mechanical weakness at the end of an implant.

Soft-tissue involvement

 * Closed/simple fractures are those in which the overlying skin is intact
 * Open/compound fractures involve wounds that communicate with the fracture, or where fracture hematoma is exposed, and may thus expose bone to contamination. Open injuries carry a higher risk of infection. Reports indicate an incidence of infection after internal fixation of closed fracture of 1-2%, rising to 30% in open fractures.
 * Clean fracture
 * Contaminated fracture

Displacement

 * Non-displaced
 * Displaced
 * Translated, or ad latus, with sideways displacement.
 * Angulated
 * Rotated
 * Shortened, a reduction in overall bone length when displaced fracture fragments overlap

Fracture pattern

 * Linear fracture – a fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis
 * Transverse fracture – a fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis
 * Oblique fracture – a fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis (more than 30°)
 * Spiral fracture – a fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted
 * Compression fracture/wedge fracture – usually occurs in the vertebrae, for example when the front portion of a vertebra in the spine collapses due to osteoporosis (a medical condition which causes bones to become brittle and susceptible to fracture, with or without trauma)
 * Impacted fracture – a fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other
 * Avulsion fracture – a fracture where a fragment of bone is separated from the main mass

Fragments

 * Incomplete fracture – a fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined, in such cases, there is a crack in the osseous tissue that does not completely traverse the width of the bone.
 * Complete fracture – a fracture in which bone fragments separate completely.
 * Comminuted fracture – a fracture in which the bone has broken into several pieces.

Anatomical location
An anatomical classification may begin with specifying the involved body part, such as the head or arm, followed by more specific localization. Fractures that have additional definition criteria than merely localization often may be classified as subtypes of fractures, such as a Holstein-Lewis fracture being a subtype of a humerus fracture. Most typical examples in an orthopaedic classification given in the previous section cannot be classified appropriately into any specific part of an anatomical classification, however, as they may apply to multiple anatomical fracture sites.
 * Skull fracture
 * Basilar skull fracture
 * Blowout fracture – a fracture of the walls or floor of the orbit
 * Mandibular fracture
 * Nasal fracture
 * Le Fort fracture of skull – facial fractures involving the maxillary bone and surrounding structures in a usually bilateral and either horizontal, pyramidal, or transverse way.
 * Spinal fracture
 * Cervical fracture
 * Fracture of C1, including Jefferson fracture
 * Fracture of C2, including Hangman's fracture
 * Flexion teardrop fracture – a fracture of the anteroinferior aspect of a cervical vertebral
 * Clay-shoveler fracture – fracture through the spinous process of a vertebra occurring at any of the lower cervical or upper thoracic vertebrae
 * Burst fracture – in which a vertebra breaks from a high-energy axial load
 * Compression fracture – a collapse of a vertebra, often in the form of wedge fractures due to larger compression anteriorly
 * Chance fracture – compression injury to the anterior portion of a vertebral body with concomitant distraction injury to posterior elements
 * Holdsworth fracture – an unstable fracture dislocation of the thoraco lumbar junction of the spine
 * Rib fracture
 * Sternal fracture
 * Shoulder fracture
 * Clavicle fracture
 * Scapular fracture
 * Arm fracture
 * Humerus fracture (fracture of upper arm)
 * Supracondylar fracture
 * Holstein-Lewis fracture – a fracture of the distal third of the humerus resulting in entrapment of the radial nerve
 * Forearm fracture
 * Ulnar fracture
 * Monteggia fracture – a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with the dislocation of the head of the radius
 * Hume fracture – a fracture of the olecranon with an associated anterior dislocation of the radial head
 * Radius fracture
 * Essex-Lopresti fracture – a fracture of the radial head with concomitant dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint with disruption of the interosseous membrane
 * Distal radius fracture
 * Galeazzi fracture – a fracture of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint
 * Colles' fracture – a distal fracture of the radius with dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand
 * Smith's fracture – a distal fracture of the radius with volar (ventral) displacement of the wrist and hand
 * Barton's fracture – an intra-articular fracture of the distal radius with dislocation of the radiocarpal joint
 * Hand fracture
 * Scaphoid fracture
 * Rolando fracture – a comminuted intra-articular fracture through the base of the first metacarpal bone
 * Bennett's fracture – a fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone which extends into the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint
 * Boxer's fracture – a fracture at the neck of a metacarpal
 * Broken finger – a fracture of the carpal phalanges
 * Pelvic fracture
 * Fracture of the hip bone
 * Duverney fracture – an isolated pelvic fracture involving only the iliac wing
 * Femoral fracture
 * Hip fracture (anatomically a fracture of the femur bone and not the hip bone)
 * Patella fracture
 * Crus fracture
 * Tibia fracture
 * Pilon fracture
 * Tibial plateau fracture
 * Bumper fracture – a fracture of the lateral tibial plateau caused by a forced valgus applied to the knee
 * Segond fracture – an avulsion fracture of the lateral tibial condyle
 * Gosselin fracture – a fractures of the tibial plafond into anterior and posterior fragments
 * Toddler's fracture – an undisplaced and spiral fracture of the distal third to distal half of the tibia
 * Fibular fracture
 * Maisonneuve fracture – a spiral fracture of the proximal third of the fibula associated with a tear of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and the interosseous membrane
 * Le Fort fracture of ankle – a vertical fracture of the antero-medial part of the distal fibula with avulsion of the anterior tibiofibular ligament
 * Bosworth fracture – a fracture with an associated fixed posterior dislocation of the distal fibular fragment that becomes trapped behind the posterior tibial tubercle; the injury is caused by severe external rotation of the ankle
 * Combined tibia and fibula fracture
 * Trimalleolar fracture – involving the lateral malleolus, medial malleolus, and the distal posterior aspect of the tibia
 * Bimalleolar fracture – involving the lateral malleolus and the medial malleolus
 * Pott's fracture
 * Foot fracture
 * Lisfranc fracture – in which one or all of the metatarsals are displaced from the tarsus
 * Jones fracture – a fracture of the proximal end of the fifth metatarsal
 * March fracture – a fracture of the distal third of one of the metatarsals occurring because of recurrent stress
 * Cuneiform fracture – a fracture of one of the three cuneiform bones typically due to direct blow, axial load, or avulsion
 * Calcaneal fracture – a fracture of the calcaneus (heel bone)
 * Broken toe – a fracture of the pedal phalanges

OTA/AO classification
The Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification published its classification system in 1996, adopting a similar system to the 1987 AO Foundation system. In 2007, they extended their system, unifying the two systems regarding wrist, hand, foot, and ankle fractures.

Classifications named after people
A number of classifications are named after the person (eponymous) who developed it.
 * "Denis classification" for spinal fractures
 * "Frykman classification" for forearm fractures (fractures of radius and ulna)
 * "Gustilo open fracture classification"
 * "Letournel and Judet Classification" for Acetabular fractures
 * "Neer classification" for humerus fractures
 * Seinsheimer classification, Evans-Jensen classification, Pipkin classification, and Garden classification for hip fractures

Prevention
Both high- and low-force trauma can cause bone fracture injuries. Preventive efforts to reduce motor vehicle crashes, the most common cause of high-force trauma, include reducing distractions while driving. Common distractions are driving under the influence and texting or calling while driving, both of which lead to an approximate 6-fold increase in crashes. Wearing a seatbelt can also reduce the likelihood of injury in a collision. 30 km/h or 20 mph speed limits (as opposed to the more common intracity 50 km/h / 30 mph) also drastically reduce the risk of accident, serious injury and even death in crashes between motor vehicles and humans. Vision Zero aims to reduce traffic deaths to zero through better traffic design and other measures and to drastically reduce traffic injuries which would prevent many bone fractures.

A common cause of low-force trauma is an at-home fall. When considering preventative efforts, the National Institute of Health (NIH) examines ways to reduce the likelihood of falling, the force of the fall, and bone fragility. To prevent at-home falls they suggest keeping cords out of high-traffic areas where someone could trip, installing handrails and keeping stairways well-lit, and installing an assistive bar near the bathtub in the washroom for support. To reduce the impact of a fall the NIH recommends to try falling straight down on your buttocks or onto your hands.

Some sports have a relatively high risk of bone fractures as a common sports injury. Preventive measures depend to some extent on the specific sport, but learning proper technique, wearing protective gear and having a realistic estimation of one's own capabilities and limitations can all help reduce the risk of bone fracture. In contact sports rules have been put in place to protect athlete health, such as the prohibition of unnecessary roughness in American football.

Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements can help strengthen your bones. Vitamin D supplements combined with additional calcium marginally reduces the risk of hip fractures and other types of fracture in older adults; however, vitamin D supplementation alone did not reduce the risk of fractures.

Treatment
Treatment of bone fractures are broadly classified as surgical or conservative, the latter basically referring to any non-surgical procedure, such as pain management, immobilization or other non-surgical stabilization. A similar classification is open versus closed treatment, in which open treatment refers to any treatment in which the fracture site is opened surgically, regardless of whether the fracture is an open or closed fracture.

Pain management
In arm fractures in children, ibuprofen has been found to be as effective as a combination of paracetamol and codeine. In the EMS setting it might be applicable to administer 1mg/kg of iv ketamine to achieve a dissociated state.

Immobilization
Since bone healing is a natural process that will occur most often, fracture treatment aims to ensure the best possible function of the injured part after healing. Bone fractures typically are treated by restoring the fractured pieces of bone to their natural positions (if necessary), and maintaining those positions while the bone heals. Often, aligning the bone, called reduction, in a good position and verifying the improved alignment with an X-ray is all that is needed. This process is extremely painful without anaesthesia, about as painful as breaking the bone itself. To this end, a fractured limb usually is immobilized with a plaster or fibreglass cast or splint that holds the bones in position and immobilizes the joints above and below the fracture. When the initial post-fracture oedema or swelling goes down, the fracture may be placed in a removable brace or orthosis. If being treated with surgery, surgical nails, screws, plates, and wires are used to hold the fractured bone together more directly. Alternatively, fractured bones may be treated by the Ilizarov method which is a form of an external fixator.

Occasionally smaller bones, such as phalanges of the toes and fingers, may be treated without the cast, by buddy wrapping them, which serves a similar function to making a cast. A device called a Suzuki frame may be used in cases of deep, complex intra-articular digit fractures. By allowing only limited movement, immobilization helps preserve anatomical alignment while enabling callus formation, toward the target of achieving union.

Splinting results in the same outcome as casting in children who have a distal radius fracture with little shifting.

Surgery
Surgical methods of treating fractures have their own risks and benefits, but usually, surgery is performed only if conservative treatment has failed, is very likely to fail, or is likely to result in a poor functional outcome. With some fractures such as hip fractures (usually caused by osteoporosis), surgery is offered routinely because non-operative treatment results in prolonged immobilisation, which commonly results in complications including chest infections, pressure sores, deconditioning, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism, which are more dangerous than surgery. When a joint surface is damaged by a fracture, surgery is also commonly recommended to make an accurate anatomical reduction and restore the smoothness of the joint.

Infection is especially dangerous in bones, due to the recrudescent nature of bone infections. Bone tissue is predominantly extracellular matrix, rather than living cells, and the few blood vessels needed to support this low metabolism are only able to bring a limited number of immune cells to an injury to fight infection. For this reason, open fractures and osteotomies call for very careful antiseptic procedures and prophylactic use of antibiotics.

Occasionally, bone grafting is used to treat a fracture.

Sometimes bones are reinforced with metal. These implants must be designed and installed with care. Stress shielding occurs when plates or screws carry too large of a portion of the bone's load, causing atrophy. This problem is reduced, but not eliminated, by the use of low-modulus materials, including titanium and its alloys. The heat generated by the friction of installing hardware can accumulate easily and damage bone tissue, reducing the strength of the connections. If dissimilar metals are installed in contact with one another (i.e., a titanium plate with cobalt-chromium alloy or stainless steel screws), galvanic corrosion will result. The metal ions produced can damage the bone locally and may cause systemic effects as well.

Bone stimulation
Bone stimulation with either electromagnetic or ultrasound waves may be suggested as an alternative to surgery to reduce the healing time for non-union fractures. The proposed mechanism of action is by stimulating osteoblasts and other proteins that form bones using these modalities. The evidence supporting the use of ultrasound and shockwave therapy for improving unions is very weak and it is likely that these approaches do not make a clinically significant difference for a delayed union or non-union.

Physical therapy
Physical therapy exercises (either home-based or physiotherapist-led) to improve functional mobility and strength, gait training for hip fractures, and other physical exercise are also often suggested to help recover physical capacities after a fracture has healed.

Children
In children, whose bones are still developing, there are risks of either a growth plate injury or a greenstick fracture.
 * A greenstick fracture occurs due to mechanical failure on the tension side. That is since the bone is not so brittle as it would be in an adult, it does not completely fracture, but rather exhibits bowing without complete disruption of the bone's cortex in the surface opposite the applied force.
 * Growth plate injuries, as in Salter-Harris fractures, require careful treatment and accurate reduction to make sure that the bone continues to grow normally.
 * Plastic deformation of the bone, in which the bone permanently bends, but does not break, also is possible in children. These injuries may require an osteotomy (bone cut) to realign the bone if it is fixed and cannot be realigned by closed methods.
 * Certain fractures mainly occur in children, including fracture of the clavicle and supracondylar fracture of the humerus.

title: Bone fracture


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Sigvard Bernadotte

Sigvard Oscar Fredrik, Prince Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg (7 June 1907 – 4 February 2002) born as, and until 1934 known as, Prince Sigvard of Sweden, Duke of Uppland, was a member of the Swedish Royal Family and a successful industrial designer.

He was the second son of the future King Gustaf VI Adolf and his first wife, Princess Margaret of Connaught, eldest daughter of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and granddaughter of Britain's Queen Victoria. He was a Prince of Sweden from birth, but was excluded from the line of succession in 1934 when he married a woman of unequal rank, a violation of provisions prohibiting marriages between a Prince and a "private man's daughter" (enskild mans dotter), in force at the time, contained in both the 1809 Instrument of Government and the 1810 Act of Succession, and, in addition, he lost his princely and ducal titles as decided by the King in Council. As per the king's wishes, he was then to be called only Mr. Sigvard Bernadotte in Sweden. In 1951, he was granted Luxembourgian titles of nobility, the interpretation of which remained a point of contention with the Royal Court for the rest of his life, Bernadotte having formally declared in 1983 that his title was Prince Sigvard Bernadotte.

Bernadotte was a paternal uncle of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and a maternal uncle of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark.

Professional life
An industrial designer, Bernadotte was known for designing everything from luxurious silver objects for Georg Jensen to everyday-use household items in plastic.

Among his iconic designs were the Red Clara opener; EKA Swede 38 folding knife; the Margrethe bowl – named for his niece Queen Margrethe II of Denmark; the Bernadotte jug, and the Facit Private typewriter. He also designed glasses frames.

He worked as an assistant director at MGM in Culver City, California and served as a technical advisor on the 1937 film The Prisoner of Zenda.

He appeared briefly in the 1968 Italian mondo film Sweden: Heaven and Hell. His work in industrial design at Bernadotte Design AB is featured, along with select items from his portfolio.

Marriages
He married Erica Maria Regina Rosalie Patzek (1911–2007) on 8 March 1934. She was the daughter of German businessman Anton Patzek and his wife Maria Anna Lála. The wedding took place in Caxton Hall in London and the witnesses were the bride's brother Georg Patzek and a lawyer Mr Gordon. Sigvard lost all royal privileges following the wedding and started his silver design business. They were divorced on 14 October 1943.

Bernadotte remarried a Danish woman Sonja Helene Robbert (1909–2004) on 26 October 1943 and they were divorced on 6 June 1961. They had one son: Michael (b. 21 August 1944) who married Christine Wellhofer on 6 February 1976, and they in turn have one daughter: Kajsa Bernadotte, Countess of Wisborg who is married to Christoph Dieterle and has two daughters: Sophia Bernadotte of Wisborg and Linnea Bernadotte of Wisborg.

Lastly, Bernadotte married Swedish actress Marianne Lindberg Tchang on 30 July 1961.

Title
Bernadotte was born Prince of Sweden and Duke of Uppland, but having made an unequal match was disqualified from the line of succession. He was also forbidden to use his birth titles and left to be called Mr. Bernadotte. His cousin Lennart Bernadotte, who two years earlier had experienced the same thing (as the first Swede in history), considered himself, and even more so Sigvard, subjected to very cruel treatment for several decades by the Royal Court of Sweden due to their marriages.

On 2 July 1951, for himself, his wife and his marital descendants, Bernadotte was admitted by Grand Duchess Charlotte (head of state at the time) into the nobility of Luxembourg with the title Count of Wisborg. and in that conferral was also called Sigvard Oscar Frederik Prince Bernadotte.

After more than 30 years of argument and controversy in Sweden over his rank and titles, problems which worsened when his father died in 1973, and fed up after having been demonstratively snubbed by the Royal Court of Sweden during a state visit by Queen Elizabeth II in 1983, Bernadotte announced to Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå on 28 May of that year that he was to be known as Prince Sigvard Bernadotte from then on.

Over the years since then, based on precedent established in 1888 for his great-uncle Oscar, and citing Oscar's title of nobility as it was confirmed by the Government of Luxembourg in 1892, Bernadotte was supported by several legal experts when he petitioned for acknowledgement in Sweden of the Prince Bernadotte title as his also, although he did not seek reinstatement in the line of succession to the throne as a royal prince of that country. King Carl XVI Gustaf has been criticized for never obliging and for his consequent estrangement from his uncle.

Bernadotte went to the European Court of Human Rights in an effort to have the Government of Sweden acknowledge his princely title there, but in 2004, after his death, the ECHR declared the application inadmissible.

The wording on his gravestone, at the Royal Cemetery, which is owned by the king, does make it clear that he was "born Prince of Sweden".

From 1994 to 2002, he was the oldest living great-grandchild of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, and having reached the age of 94, he was her longest-lived male descendant until being overtaken by his younger brother Carl Johan on 29 June 2011.

Orders and decorations

 * Order_of_the_Polar_Star_-_Ribbon_bar,_pre_1975.svg 🇸🇪 Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star (21 March 1952)
 * Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg 🇸🇪 King Gustaf V's Jubilee Commemorative Medal (1928)
 * Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg 🇸🇪 King Gustaf V's Jubilee Commemorative Medal II (1948)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sigvard Bernadotte


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Randburg

Randburg is an area located in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Formerly a separate municipality, its administration devolved to the newly created City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, along with neighbouring Sandton and Roodepoort, in the late 1990s. During the transitional period of 1996–2000, Randburg was part of the Northern Metropolitan Local Council (MLC).

History
Randburg was founded as a town in 1959, as the amalgamation of 32 suburbs, northwest of Johannesburg. Although economically linked to Johannesburg, residents chose to create their own town council. The name Randburg was chosen in a competition, and is derived from the South African Rand currency, which was introduced at around the same time that the new municipality was established in 1959. Like other affluent northern suburbs of Johannesburg, the area was regarded as relatively liberal and elected Democratic Party members of parliament. As Apartheid ended, it became more supportive of F. W. de Klerk's reform-minded National Party. In 1962, it became a municipality.

The resident demographic of Randburg tends to be more affluent than most of Johannesburg. The area was declared as a white area during the Apartheid era, but post-apartheid has attracted a varied population. In 2001, it was still predominantly occupied by white English and Afrikaans suburbanites.

Geography
Randburg is located 18 km north-west of Johannesburg's Central Business District (CBD) on the northwestern rural-urban fringe of the Greater Johannesburg metropolis and is flanked by Johannesburg to the south, Sandton to the east, Roodepoort to the west and the rural areas of Chartwell and Farmall to the north.

Suburbs
The municipal area of Randburg contains numerous suburbs; many of these are residential. Some larger areas include:
 * Aldara Park
 * Blairgowrie
 * Bordeaux
 * Boskruin
 * Bromhof
 * Cresta
 * Darrenwood
 * Fairlands
 * Ferndale
 * Jukskei Park
 * Kensington B
 * Malanshof
 * Northriding
 * Northwold
 * Olivedale
 * Randpark Ridge
 * Robindale
 * Robin Hills
 * Windsor East
 * Windsor West

A number of Johannesburg suburbs including Parkhurst, Parkwood, Emmarentia, Linden, Northcliff, and Greenside although erroneously included by Google Maps as part of Randburg have never been part of the area.

Economy
Multichoice and its associated companies, M-Net and SuperSport, have their head offices in Randburg.

The central business district of Randburg had fallen into decay starting in the 1990s, and plans were made to revive the CBD by the Johannesburg municipality.

Strijdom Park is a well developed commercial/light industrial area in Randburg, wedged between the N1 Western Bypass and Malibongwe Drive. Strijdom park has a substantial auto sales and repair industry and has several other small industries that service the whole of northern Johannesburg.

Randburg has faced competition from Sandton which is normally the preferred location for businesses but offers lower rentals and property prices whilst providing easy transportation to the west and central Johannesburg. There are future plans to connect Randburg onto the Gautrain routes. Cresta Shopping Centre is located in Randburg.

Education
Randburg has many schools within its borders and in the nearby areas.

Colleges

 * Damelin Randburg
 * CTI Randburg (Robin Acres)
 * Boston City Campus and Business College
 * College Campus
 * AAA School of Advertising
 * Vega School of Brand Leadership (Bordeaux)
 * Technisa - South West Gauteng College (Bordeaux)
 * Global Prospectus Development Institute

High schools
Ferndale High School
 * Excelsior Learning Centre
 * Aurora Private School
 * King's School (also primary level)
 * Ferndale High School
 * Hoërskool Randburg (Fontainebleau)
 * Hoërskool Linden
 * Radley Private High School (Ferndale, also primary level)
 * Trinity House School, Johannesburg (also primary level)
 * Randpark High School, Randpark Ridge
 * Amazing Grace Private School (also primary level)

Primary schools

 * Bordeaux Primary School
 * Blairgowrie Primary School
 * I.R. Griffith Primary School (Blairgowrie)
 * Laerskool Fontainebleau
 * Laerskool Louw Geldenhuys
 * Laerskool Unika
 * North West Christian School
 * Rand Park Primary School
 * Risidale Primary School
 * Spark schools Blairgowrie and Ferndale
 * St Stithians College (Preparatory school)

Air Transport
The Lanseria International Airport, located just outside Randburg is conveniently situated within the greater vicinity of the town, located about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north-west of the suburb of Northriding. Lanseria mainly handles general aviation traffic however FlySafair currently offers scheduled domestic services to Cape Town and Durban.

Alternatively, the O.R. Tambo International Airport situated approximately 32 kilometres (19.9 mi) east of Randburg on the East Rand has a wider variety of scheduled flights to other domestic destinations in South Africa, regional destinations in Africa and intercontinental destinations in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America.

Road Transport
The N1 national route (Western Bypass) is the sole freeway providing access to Randburg and connects the town with Bloemfontein to the south and Pretoria to the north. Randburg is connected to the N1 by the M5 Beyers Naude Drive and R512 Malibongwe Drive. Two regional routes intersect Randburg including the northwesterly R512 (Malibongwe Drive) connecting to the Lanseria International Airport and Hartbeestpoort and the northerly R564 (Northumberland Avenue; Witkoppen Road) to Sandton and Roodepoort.

There are also a number of metropolitan routes within the Greater Johannesburg metropolitan region that serve Randburg including the M5 (Beyers Naudé Drive) to Johannesburg and Muldersdrift, M6 (John Vorster Road; Ysterhout Drive; Hans Schoeman Street; Hill Street) to Roodepoort, M20 (Republic Road) to Johannesburg and Sandton and the M71 (Bram Fischer Drive) which runs as the main street of the CBD to Sandton.

Sport

 * Randburg Astroturf is a field hockey stadium.

Notable residents

 * Pastor Ray McCauley (born 1 October 1949), the founder of Rhema family church.
 * Gift Ngoepe (born 1990), baseball infielder

title: Randburg


text: Category:Australian journalists

title: Category:Australian journalists


text:
Visible Noise

Visible Noise is a defunct British independent record label that focuses exclusively on British bands. Best known for Lostprophets, Bullet For My Valentine, and Bring Me The Horizon.

History
Visible Noise, founded in 1998 by Julie Weir with the aim of promoting new British rock music and bringing it into the zeitgeist, emerged as a significant player in the UK rock and heavy metal music scene, primarily focusing on promoting British bands. The label's inception was a strategic move to counter the dominant attention American bands were receiving at the time, with a goal to bring UK rock music to the forefront. Visible Noise quickly became synonymous with the promotion of UK rock music, notably elevating bands like Bring Me the Horizon, Bullet for My Valentine, and Lostprophets to mainstream success. This effort significantly contributed to putting UK rock music on the map and indicated the label's dedication to discovering and nurturing new talent.

The label's roster included a variety of bands, reflecting its commitment to a diverse and dynamic UK rock scene. Notably, Bring Me the Horizon signed with Visible Noise in 2005, releasing their debut album "Count Your Blessings" in 2006, which played a pivotal role in their rise to prominence in the UK rock music scene. Bullet for My Valentine, a Welsh heavy metal band, also found success after signing with Visible Noise in 2004. Lostprophets, another Welsh alternative rock band, had a significant stint with the label, starting in 1999, until their disbandment in 2013. Visible Noise was responsible for releasing several successful albums for these bands, which greatly contributed to their growth and popularity.

As of 2023, there are indications that Visible Noise has been inactive since 2017. The label's official website and social media pages, such as Facebook, appear to be offline, and there have been no recent updates on its YouTube channel or announcements of new music releases. This inactivity marks a pause in the label's operations, which had previously been instrumental in the growth and success of several UK rock bands. Label founder Julie Weir is now the label director of Music for Nations.

Bands
The following is a list of bands who were signed to the Visible Noise label during the period in which it was active:

 * Ancient Ceremony
 * Blitz Kids
 * Brides
 * Bring Me the Horizon
 * Bullet for My Valentine
 * Burn Down Rome
 * Colt 45
 * Cry For Silence
 * Days of Worth
 * The Dead Formats
 * Devil Sold His Soul
 * Fireapple Red
 * Goatsblood
 * Kilkus
 * Kill II This
 * Labrat
 * The Legacy
 * Lostprophets
 * Miss Conduct
 * Number One Son
 * Oceans & Anchors
 * Opiate
 * Outcry Collective
 * The Plight
 * Primary Slave
 * The Stupids
 * Your Demise

title: Visible Noise


text:
Lee Gaze

Lee James Gaze (born 21 May 1975) is a Welsh musician. He is the lead guitarist, and one of the founding members, of the Welsh/American alternative rock band No Devotion, and a former member of the Welsh rock band Lostprophets.

Early life
Gaze was born in Pontypridd and grew up on a council estate in the Pontypridd village Rhydyfelin. He did not do well at school as he was more interested in playing thrash metal: as he told Kerrang! in 2006, "Before I discovered music, I was a total delinquent, and then Iron Maiden changed my life. I had just been listening to pop before that. A friend of mine got hold of a tape and played to me and we got obsessed." He was also a huge fan of Megadeth, Metallica and Slayer.

Career
In 1991, Gaze formed his first band. They recorded one demo, Discontent and in 1994 they joined forces with two other local musicians and formed Fleshbind. The band recorded three demos and saw some success in their three-year career, including playing a show for Metal Hammer at the London Astoria.

Tired with the lack of direction, Gaze and Watkins disbanded Fleshbind and formed Lostprophets alongside Mike Chiplin on drums, later recruiting Mike Lewis, Stuart Richardson and Jamie Oliver. Gaze was the lead guitarist and one of the band's key songwriters. Lostprophets disbanded in October 2013 after Watkins was arrested, and then jailed for 29 years. The remaining members later formed a new band, No Devotion, with Geoff Rickly as lead singer. The band have released two albums, Permanence (2015) and No Oblivion (2022).

Personal life
Gaze began dating London-based Malaysian former singer, Syirin Said, who was a former member of now-defunct Malaysian girl group, M'Steen, in 2004 and they were married in 2008. The couple have two sons.

title: Lee Gaze


text:
Carl Johan Bernadotte

Carl Johan Arthur, Prince Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg, (31 October 1916 – 5 May 2012) was the fourth son and fifth and youngest child of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden and his first wife, Princess Margaret of Connaught.

Bernadotte was born a Prince of Sweden and granted the title of Duke of Dalarna but renounced these titles to marry a commoner. He was a paternal uncle of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. He was also the last surviving great-grandchild of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert.

Marriages and children
Bernadotte lost his succession rights to the Swedish throne and renounced his titles in 1946 when he married the journalist Elin Kerstin Margaretha Wijkmark (4 October 1910 – 11 September 1987), daughter of Henning Wijkmark and wife Elin Larsson in New York City on 19 February. As his unconstitutional marriage to Wijkmark - enskild mans dotter (daughter of a common man) - could not be approved by the Swedish government, Bernadotte knew he was giving up his Swedish titles and succession rights.

They adopted two children:
 * Monica Kristina Margaretha Bernadotte (born 5 March 1948, adopted in 1951). Married on 16 January 1976 Count Johan Peder Bonde af Björnö (born 5 May 1950). They have three children and were divorced in 1997.
 * Christian Carl Henning Bernadotte (born 3 December 1949, adopted in 1950). Married on 13 September 1980 Marianne Jenny (born 31 January 1958), daughter of Jacques Jenny and wife Caroline Yvonne Venter. They have three children.

The Bernadottes lived for some time in New York City, where he worked as the representative of the Anglo-Nordic Trading Company. They made friends with the film star Greta Garbo, who stayed with them in their Swedish home near Båstad.

On 29 September 1988, the widowed Bernadotte married Countess Gunnila Märtha Louise (Wachtmeister af Johannishus) Bussler (12 May 1923 – 12 September 2016) in Copenhagen and also became the stepfather of her two surviving children from her previous marriage.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

 * 31 October 1916 – 19 February 1946: His Royal Highness Prince Carl Johan of Sweden, Duke of Dalarna
 * 19 February 1946 – 2 July 1951: Carl Johan Bernadotte
 * 2 July 1951 – 5 May 2012: Carl Johan Arthur, Prince Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg

When marrying on 19 February 1946 he lost his Swedish royal titles, i.e. Prince of Sweden and Duke of Dalarna. He subsequently assumed the surname Bernadotte, the name of the Swedish Royal Family.

On 2 July 1951, for himself, his wife and his marital descendants, he was admitted by Grand Duchess Charlotte (head of state at the time) into the Luxembourgois nobility with the title Count of Wisborg. and in that conferral was also made Carl Johan Arthur Prince Bernadotte.

Honours
Certain Swedish decorations were awarded at birth in 1916 and renounced in 1946.

National honours

 * Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg 🇸🇪 Sweden: Knight with Collar of the Royal Order of the Seraphim – Revoked
 * Royal_Order_of_the_Sword_-_Commander_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg 🇸🇪 Sweden: Commander Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of the Sword – Revoked
 * Order_of_the_Polar_Star_-_Ribbon_bar,_pre_1975.svg 🇸🇪 Sweden: Commander Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of the Polar Star – Revoked and Reconferred (10 April 1952)
 * SWE_Order_of_Charles_XIII_BAR.png 🇸🇪 Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of Charles XIII – Revoked
 * Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg 🇸🇪 Sweden: King Gustaf V's Jubilee Commemorative Medal (1928)
 * Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg 🇸🇪 Sweden: King Gustaf VI Adolf's Commemorative Medal (1967)
 * Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg 🇸🇪 Sweden: King Carl XVI Gustaf's Jubilee Commemorative Medal (1996)

Foreign honours

 * Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg 🇩🇰 Denmark: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Elephant
 * Order_of_the_Quetzal_-_Grand_Officer_(Guatemala)_-_ribbon_bar.png 🇬🇹 Guatemala: Grand Officer of the Order of the Quetzal

Ancestry
On 29 June 2011, he surpassed his elder brother, Sigvard (1907–2002), as the longest-lived of Queen Victoria's male descendants, a record he would hold until being surpassed by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on 13 December 2016. He was the last surviving great-grandchild of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, the last surviving child of Gustaf VI Adolf, and the last surviving grandchild of Gustaf V.

title: Carl Johan Bernadotte


text:
Carolyn Cole

Carolyn Cole (born April 24, 1961) is a staff photographer for the Los Angeles Times. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography in 2004 for her coverage of the siege of Monrovia in 2003, the capital of Liberia.

Education
Cole graduated from the University of Texas in 1983 with a bachelor of arts, majoring in photojournalism. She earned a master of arts from the School of Visual Communication in the Scripps College of Communication at Ohio University.

Career beginnings
She began her career in 1986 as a staff photographer with the El Paso Herald-Post, a position which she occupied until 1988. She then moved to the San Francisco Examiner for two years, before spending another two years as a freelance photographer in Mexico City, working with newspapers such as the Los Angeles Times, Detroit Free Press, and Business Week. In 1992, Cole returned to being a staff photographer, working for The Sacramento Bee, before moving to the Times in 1994.

Recognitions
In 1994, the same year she moved to the Times, she was recognized in their editorial awards for her pictures of the crisis in Haiti. The following year, she was recognized again, this time for her work in Russia. In 1997, she gained attention for her photographs of dying bank robber Emil Mătăsăreanu, who had been shot after a nationally televised shootout with police. Her evidence was used in the wrongful death lawsuit filed by his family. Her pictures also helped the Times win a Pulitzer Prize for its coverage of the event. Later that year, she was named Journalist of the Year by the Times Mirror Corporation. In 2002, she received the National Press Photographers Association Newspaper Photographer of the Year award for the first time. In mid-2003, Cole went to Liberia, as rebels surrounded the capital, Monrovia, demanding the resignation of President Charles Taylor. This trip was to earn her the 2004 Pulitzer Prize, "for her cohesive, behind-the-scenes look at the effects of civil war in Liberia, with special attention to innocent citizens caught in the conflict." She won the 2003 George Polk Award for photojournalism.

In 2004, Cole was named both NPPA Newspaper Photographer of the Year for a second time, for her work in both Liberia and Iraq, and the Pictures of the Year International Newspaper Photographer by the University of Missouri's Missouri School of Journalism. This made her the first person ever to win all three of America's top photojournalism awards in the same year. During the year, she also spent time in Haiti, witnessing the fall of the regime of Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Cole has also received the Robert Capa Gold Medal from the Overseas Press Club in both 2003 and 2004, and won two World Press Photo awards in 2004.

In 2007, she won the NPPA Newspaper Photographer of the Year.

Arrest
In April 2000, Cole was arrested on felony charges for "throwing deadly missiles" at police during protests in Miami's "Little Havana" during the Elián González affair. Cole and the Times denied the charges, which were later dropped.

Pulitzer Prize nomination
Cole spent time in Kosovo during the 1999 crisis, and in 2001, spent two months in Afghanistan. In 2002, Cole covered the beginnings of the prominent siege of Bethlehem's Church of the Nativity, which had been occupied by Palestinian militants. Then, on May 2, she made a last-minute decision to join a group of peace activists who entered the building in solidarity with the Palestinians. Over the nine days that followed, she doubled as a news reporter for the Times, filing several stories. She was the only photojournalist in the building itself. The pictures she took earned her a nomination for the 2003 Pulitzer Prize.

title: Carolyn Cole


text:
Gipping Rural District

Gipping Rural District was a rural district in the county of East Suffolk, England. It was created in 1934 by the merger of the disbanded Bosmere and Claydon Rural District and the disbanded East Stow Rural District, under a County Review Order. It was named after the River Gipping and administered from Needham Market.

Its area was reduced slightly in 1952 by an expansion of the county borough of Ipswich.

On 1 April 1974 it was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, and has since formed part of the District of Mid Suffolk.

Parishes
At the time of its dissolution it consisted of the following 49 civil parishes.

 * Akenham
 * Ashbocking
 * Ashfield cum Thorpe
 * Badley
 * Barnham
 * Barking
 * Battisford
 * Baylham
 * Blakenham Magna
 * Blakenham Parva
 * Bramford
 * Bricett Magna
 * Buxhall
 * Claydon
 * Coddenham
 * Combs
 * Creeting St Mary
 * Creeting St Peter
 * Crowfield
 * Debenham
 * Finborough Magna
 * Finborough Parva
 * Flowton
 * Framsden
 * Gipping
 * Gosbeck
 * Harleston
 * Haughley
 * Helmingham
 * Hemingstone
 * Henley
 * Mickfield
 * Needham Market
 * Nettlestead
 * Offton
 * Old Newton
 * Onehouse
 * Pettaugh
 * Ringshall
 * Shelland
 * Somersham
 * Stonham Aspal
 * Stonham Earl
 * Stonham Parva
 * Stowupland
 * Wetherden
 * Whitton
 * Willisham
 * Winston

Premises
The council established its headquarters at a large eighteenth century house called "Hurstlea" at 131 High Street in Needham Market. After the council's abolition in 1974 the building passed to the new Mid Suffolk District Council, who built a large extension to the rear which opened in 1982 to serve as its main offices.

title: Gipping Rural District


text:
Dylan Thomas Centre

The Dylan Thomas Centre is an arts centre located in the Maritime Quarter in Swansea, Wales. It is a Grade II* listed building.

History
The building was commissioned to replace a previous guildhall which had been located near Swansea Castle and dated back to the late 16th century. The new building, which was designed by John Collingwood in the neo-classical style and built by Thomas Bowen, was completed in 1829. It was remodelled to the plans of Thomas Taylor in 1852, using a design which was modelled on the Temple of Jupiter Stator in Rome. The external design involved nine bays on each side with round-arched windows on the ground floor and tall round-arched windows flanked by Corinthian order columns on the first floor.

It was converted for use as a juvenile employment centre after the civic leaders moved to the new Swansea Guildhall in 1934. During the Second World War it was requisitioned by the army for use as a recruiting centre. After reverting to use as a juvenile employment centre, it became a College of Further Education in 1960 and then became an annexe to Dynevor School in 1970 before closing in 1982.

The building was officially re-opened by the American former President Jimmy Carter and the last Leader of the Swansea City Council, Trevor Burtonshaw, as the Dylan Thomas Centre in 1995. In 2012 a large part of the Centre was leased by Swansea's council to the University of Wales with the purpose of using it as a business centre for creative industries.

In October 2014, the Centre launched the permanent "Love the Words" exhibition which explores Dylan's life and work through a variety of media and including letters, books, worksheets and photographs. It was made possible with support of nearly £1 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund.

The Dylan Thomas Centre is home to a year-round programme of literary events, including book launches, plays, poetry evenings, changing exhibitions and science talks. It also hosts the annual Dylan Thomas Festival held between Dylan’s birth and death dates, 27 October to 9 November.

title: Dylan Thomas Centre


text:
User talk:Thbb

my home page and blog

title: User talk:Thbb


text:
Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool

Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool (also known as Affies), is a public Afrikaans medium high school for boys situated in the suburb of Elandspoort in Pretoria in the Gauteng province of South Africa. The school was founded in 1920 by Jan Joubert and reverend Chris Neethling.

Early years (1920-1928)
The school's founding on 28 January 1920 marked the establishment of the first purely Afrikaans-medium high school in South Africa. The event predated the official recognition of the Afrikaans language by five years. With English as well as Dutch established as the official languages in South Africa, many of the Afrikaans-speaking population believed Afrikaans should also enjoy recognition. Afrikaans as language grew so fast that CJ Langenhoven tabled a motion in the Cape Provincial Council to slowly replace Dutch with Afrikaans. This thought was strongly supported by MP Jan Joubert and Chris Neethling. As leaders in the community they quickly organized a group to establish a purely Afrikaans school in Pretoria.

On 27 January 1920, the first acting head, Johannes Arnoldus Kruger de Lange received the new pupils. The first enrollment was a boy named Frederik Botha. There were 35 pupils in form II (grade 9) and 10 in form III (grade 10); 45 in total. De Lange was supported by DJ (Dawie) Malan and MM de Vos who were joined on 11 February by HCP Sack. De Lange later became head at the Commercial Branch at the Pretoria Technical College.

The school with 45 children and 3 teachers was housed in the home of General Piet Joubert at 218 Visagie Street, Central Pretoria.

Current building (1927)
By 1927, the school had grown and new premises were required. The school was therefore moved eastward to the current premises of the Afrikaanse Hoër Meisieskool, Affies sister-school. At the end of 1927, the school took over the Hogere Oosteindschool, a Dutch-medium instruction school, suggestive of the demise of Dutch as a language in South Africa and the assumption of Afrikaans as the primary instruction medium.

Present (1928-)
By 1929 this building had also run out of space and the decision was made to split the boys and girls into separate schools, thus creating the first separate Afrikaans boys' and girls' schools in South Africa. These two schools are now situated opposite each other in Lynnwood Road.

Headmasters
List of the headmasters of Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool.

Rugby

 * Louis Schmidt (1954): Springbok rugby player 1958 to 1962, and the original Blue Bull;
 * Tonie Roux (1964): Springbok rugby player 1969 to 1974;
 * Grant Esterhuizen (1994): Springbok rugby player 2000
 * Skipper Badenhorst (1996): Natal Sharks / SA Under 21 / Cheetahs Super 14 rugby player
 * Nicolaas Alberts (1996): Springbok Sevens Rugby Player and Cambridge University Triple Blue (Rugby, Cricket and Athletics)
 * Fourie du Preez (2000): Springbok rugby player 2004-2015 and Springbok Captain
 * Wynand Olivier (2001): Springbok rugby player 2006–2013
 * Pierre Spies (2003): Springbok rugby player 2006–2013
 * Dean Greyling (2004): Springbok rugby player 2011–2012
 * Quinn Roux (2008): Ireland International Rugby 2016-;
 * Andries Ferreira (2008): South African professional rugby player
 * Nico Janse van Rensburg (2012): Springbok rugby player 2021-
 * Pierre Schoeman (2012): Scottish rugby player 2021-
 * Ivan van Zyl (2013): Springbok rugby player 2018-
 * RG Snyman (2013): Springbok rugby player
 * Schalk Erasmus (2016): Springbok rugby union player
 * Reinhardt Ludwig (2020): u21 Springbok rugby player 2022-
 * Quewin Notje (2021): u21 Springbok rugby Player; Springbok Sevens

Cricket

 * Kruger Van Wyk (1998): Titans, South Africa A and New Zealand Black Caps cricket player
 * Jacques Rudolph (1999): South African international cricket player 2003 to 2011
 * AB de Villiers (2002): South African national cricket team player
 * Francois du Plessis (2002): South African national cricket team player
 * Heino Kuhn (2002): Titans and South Africa cricket player
 * Neil Wagner (2004): New Zealand Black Caps cricket player
 * Sybrand Engelbrecht (2006): Netherlands cricket player
 * Ruben Trumpelmann (2016): Namibia cricket player
 * Dewald Brevis (2021): South African national cricket player
 * Ruan De Swardt (2016): South African national cricket player

Golf

 * George Coetzee (2004): South African professional golfer

Tennis

 * Rayno Seegers (1970): South African tennis player, mixed doubles Wimbledon quarter-finalist
 * Johan Kriek (1976): South African tennis player, twice winner of Australian Open singles title
 * Danie Visser (1979): South African tennis player, three times Grand Slam doubles winner

Other sports

 * Sebastiaan Rothmann (1993): IBO and WBO cruiser weight boxing champion
 * Jacques Freitag (2000): South African Olympic high jumper
 * Lehann Fourie (2005): South African hurdler.
 * Gerhard de Beer (c. 2015): South African American football player

Academics

 * D. C. S. Oosthuizen: philosopher, critic of Apartheid
 * Pierre Edwards (1970) : Springbok rugby player 1980, the former headmaster;
 * Hans du Plessis (1962): Afrikaans writer and poet, Emeritus Professor at Northwest University, Potchefstroom;

Politics

 * Magnus Malan: Minister of Defence (1980–1991);
 * Gerrit Viljoen: Minister of Education and Minister of Constitutional Development;

Arts

 * Marius Weyers (1962): South African actor;
 * Ben Schoeman (2001): South African pianist

Business

 * Giam Swiegers: businessperson
 * Markus Jooste
 * Meyer Le Roux - Buffelsfontein

title: Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool


text: User:GaryEH

title: User:GaryEH


text:
Coles Supermarkets

Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd, doing business as Coles, is an Australian supermarket, retail and consumer services chain, headquartered in Melbourne as part of Coles Group. Founded in 1914 in the suburb of Collingwood by Sir George Coles, Coles currently operates 846 supermarkets throughout Australia, including several now re-branded Bi-Lo stores. Coles has over 120,000 employees and accounts for around 27 per cent of the Australian market.

Coles Online is the company's online shopping ('click & collect' and home delivery) service.

Between 1986 and 2006, Coles Supermarkets was a brand of Coles Myer, later Coles Group, prior to Wesfarmers purchasing Coles Group in 2007. It became a subsidiary of Coles Group again after Wesfarmers spun-off the business in November 2018.

In 2020, Coles changed its slogan to "Value the Australian way".

History
George Coles learned the retail trade working for his father's 'Coles Store' business from 1910 to 1913. (The store continued operating as "The Original Coles" at Wilmot, Tasmania until it was destroyed by a fire on 24 January 2014. ) Coles itself was founded when George Coles opened the Coles Variety Store on 9 April 1914 on Smith Street in the Melbourne suburb of Collingwood. Further expansion occurred and Coles' interest in food retailing was spurred in 1958 when it acquired 54 John Connell Dickins grocery stores. It then acquired the Beilby's chain in South Australia in 1959 and 265 Matthews Thompson grocery stores in New South Wales in 1960.

In 1960, the first supermarket (trading under the Dickins name) was opened in the Melbourne suburb of Balwyn North, at the corner of Burke and Doncaster Roads where a modernised version continues to operate. By 1973, Coles had established stores in all Australian capital cities. From 1962, its supermarkets were branded Coles New World with accompanying Space Age-themed imagery. In 1991, the stores were rebranded Coles Supermarkets and from 1998, simply as Coles.

In 2004, the liquor division office (Coles Liquor Group), was moved from Chullora in Sydney to the company head office in Hawthorn East, Melbourne. With Coles Myer CEO John Fletcher citing the move for better efficiency between the food and liquor departments. It also resulted in Craig Watkins (35-year veteran and director of Coles Liquor) retiring from the company.

From mid 2006, many Bi-Lo supermarkets were badged as Coles Supermarkets. Newmart supermarkets, under which Bi-Lo traded in Western Australia, were badged as Coles Supermarkets in 2002–2003. Newmart stores co-located with Coles in the same area or shopping centre were sold to Foodland and re branded as the now-defunct Action Supermarkets chain. The conversion program was put on hold at Easter 2007. In July 2007, Wesfarmers agreed terms to purchase Coles Group for $22 billion. The purchase was completed in early 2008.

In August 2007, as Wesfarmers foreshadowed its plans for the restructuring of Coles Group following its anticipated takeover, it stated that one of three planned divisions would comprise supermarkets, liquor and convenience stores.

From 2008 to 2014, Coles was run by UK retailer Ian McLeod.

In February 2011, Coles acquired National Australia Bank's 50 per cent interest in Australia's largest loyalty program Flybuys, giving it 100% ownership. In September 2011, Coles commenced stocking private-label clothing in its stores with several stores receiving refits to accommodate the range.

In 2018 Wesfarmers announced its intention to demerge the Coles business, seeking to retain only a 20% interest going forward. In 2018, Steven Cain was appointed as CEO of the Coles Supermarket brand as part of the demerger of Coles from Wesfarmers.

Advertising and branding
Coles' original slogan was "nothing over 2/6", when it was primarily operating variety stores. The slogan "You'll find the best value is at Coles New World" was used in the 1980s. The red/orange orb was used from 1991 to 2005, although store signs continued to use the orb up until the early 2010s. "Serving you better" was used as a slogan from 1998 to 2003, replaced by "save everyday", endorsed by actress Lisa McCune. A circled tick was used as a logo device from 2003 to 2007, replacing the orb as a primary device in 2005. "Save everyday" was later changed to the grammatically-correct "save every day".

In 2007, the slogan and circle tick were discontinued with simply the Coles name used in preparation for a new red ball logo to match proposed Coles Group livery, which was shelved later in the year as the business was sold. A number of tag lines were employed in the next few years: "Something better every day", "Proudly Australian since 1914" (introduced with its TV sponsorship of the 2008 Summer Olympics), "Cutting the cost of your shopping", "Quality food costs less at Coles" and "It all counts". The slogan "Good things are happening at Coles" was rolled out in 2018, and its current slogan "Value the Australian way" was employed in 2020.

In the 1960s, Coles sponsored a general knowledge quiz show, Coles £3000 Question (later Coles $6000 Question and Coles $7000 Question) which aired on Channel 7.

In 2010, Coles launched a new sub-slogan, "Down Down, Prices Are Down", featuring a large red cartoon hand pointing downwards to symbolise the chain's low price policy. The slogan incorporated the tune of "Down Down", a 1975 hit by British rockers Status Quo. In 2011, the campaign was revised to the fit the tune of Petula Clark's 1964 hit "Downtown". but reverted to "Down Down" later in the year. In 2012, it used Status Quo, which originally recorded the song in 1975, singing and speaking in the newest ad in the series. In February 2016, Coles updated the "Down Down" campaign again, to the tune of That's Amore ("it's a Down Down"). In May 2017 the "Down Down" campaign was again refreshed with Australian Idol and reality TV contestant Casey Donovan with a new disco version of the advertisement. This was ultimately dropped in March 2018, with Coles commercials (mostly on its in-store radio known as Coles Radio) using Best of My Love by The Emotions, a hit disco song from 1977, instead.

Radio
Coles Radio is the brand name for the in-store radio station heard across all Coles' supermarkets. It is owned and operated in partnership with broadcaster Nova Entertainment and adopts a hot adult contemporary format, featuring a playlist consisting of pop hits from the 80s, 90s, 00s and current hits. The station is also available outside stores via Coles' website, the Nova Player app and on DAB+ digital radio, making it accessible in many newer car models.

Accusations of anti-competitive practices
Coles has been accused by suppliers of using heavy-handed tactics when dealing with its suppliers. A 2004 investigation by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission did not result in any action being brought against Coles and Woolworths. A 2012 investigation in which suppliers were offered anonymity is believed to have uncovered unethical practices. In 2013, the ACCC was investigating both Coles and Woolworths over accusations that they used improper market practices to force down prices from suppliers. These accusations further intensified on a February 2024 episode of news program Four Corners which exposed the accusations of price gouging with both Coles and their competitor Woolworths Supermarkets, forming an alleged duopoly colloquially known as Colesworth.

Legal cases
A 2014 Federal Court of Australia case ruled that Coles "threatened harm to suppliers if they didn't meet their demands," and ordered the chain to pay $10 million in penalties.

In 2015, the Federal Court of Australia fined Coles $2.5 million for making misleading claims in relation to the sale of its par-baked bread products.

Notable promotions

 * 4-cents-per-litre fuel offer: When a customer spends $30 or more in a single transaction at a Coles, Bi-Lo, Pick'n'Pay or Liquorland, they receive a four-cent discount coupon on their receipt or flybuys account for use at Coles Express service stations. This practice has been criticised by competition law experts who argue that people pay higher petrol and grocery prices to fund these discounts.

 * Shoppers can collect flybuys loyalty program points at Coles Group businesses.
 * Between 1991 and 1993, Coles Supermarkets ran a promotion in conjunction with Apple Inc. and 12 major suppliers entitled "Apples for Students", where students collected grocery dockets and returned them to their participating school, and once a certain value had been reached the school would be provided with a free Macintosh computer. Seventy per cent of Australia's schools and kindergartens participated and gained more than 25,000 computers, equipment and software worth $13.6 million.
 * In 2010, Coles Supermarkets ran a similar program called "Sports for Schools" which customers collected coupons to hand in to their school in exchange for sports equipment. The program was run again in 2011, 2012, 2018, and 2020.
 * In 2018, Coles ran a collectibles promotion called Little Shop featuring mini-sized grocery items. Competitor Woolworths stated the success of the promotion led to reduced customer visits to its stores. Due to the success of the campaign, Coles re-invigorated the promotion with the collectables returning for the Christmas period.
 * Coles actively supported the Yes case for the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum.

Private label brands
In the past Coles had a variety of private labels, most notably Farmland and Embassy. Currently Coles has eight levels of generic or private label brands, although they plan to consolidate these into the basic Coles brand. They also have a private clothing brand.

 * Coles: A mid-price line, replacing the 'You'll love Coles' brand. Designed to match established branded products.
 * Coles Smart Buy: A budget label covering household essentials and groceries. Easily recognisable due to its plain white and red accented packaging. Replaced the previous 'Savings' and 'Farmland' brands.
 * Coles Finest: A premium brand, with a small range of gourmet foods. Promoted as of greater quality than many well known branded products and often more expensive.
 * Coles Green Choice: A range of household products which claim to be environmentally responsible, with a donation being made to Clean Up Australia with every one of its products sold.
 * Coles Organic: A range of products grown and processed without the use of synthetic chemicals, fertilisers, pesticides or herbicides, approved by official certified organisations.
 * Coles Simply Less: A range of products designed for health conscious customers. Usually have lower fat, salt, or sugar levels than traditional products or are designed as a health products such as the Simply Less range of meal replacement shakes.
 * Coles Simply Gluten Free: A range of around 40 products designed for customers who are gluten intolerant or on a gluten free diet for other reasons.
 * Mix Clothing: A range of budget essential clothing; mostly women's and children's clothing. Not available in all stores and being phased out nationally.
 * Coles Ultra: A range of higher-end cleaning products above the smart buy range.

title: Coles Supermarkets


text:
Thai six-hour clock

The six-hour clock is a traditional timekeeping system used in the Thai and formerly the Lao language and the Khmer language, alongside the official 24-hour clock. Like other common systems, it counts twenty-four hours in a day, but it divides the day into four quarters, counting six hours in each. The hours in each quarter (with the exception of the sixth hour in each quarter) are told with period-designating words or phrases, which are:

 * ... mong chao (...โมงเช้า, ) for the first half of daytime (07:00 to 12:59)
 * Bai ... mong (บ่าย...โมง, ) for the second half of daytime (13:00 to 18:59)
 * ... thum (...ทุ่ม, ) for the first half of nighttime (19:00 to 00:59)
 * Ti ... (ตี..., ) for the second half of nighttime (01:00 to 06:59)

These terms are thought to have originated from the sounds of traditional timekeeping devices. The gong was used to announce the hours in daytime, and the drum at night. Hence the terms mong, an onomatopoeia of the sound of the gong, and thum, that of the sound of the drum. Ti is a verb meaning to hit or strike, and is presumed to have originated from the act of striking the timekeeping device itself. Chao and bai translate as morning and afternoon respectively, and help to differentiate the two daytime quarters.

The sixth hours of each quarter are told by a different set of terms. The sixth hour at dawn is called yam rung (ย่ำรุ่ง, ), and the sixth hour at dusk is called yam kham (ย่ำค่ำ, ), both references to the act of striking the gong or drum in succession to announce the turning of day (yam), where rung and kham, meaning dawn and dusk, denote the time of these occurrences. The midday and midnight hours are respectively known as thiang (เที่ยง,, or thiang wan, เที่ยงวัน, ) and thiang khuen (เที่ยงคืน, ), both of which literally translate as midday and midnight.

Midnight is also called song yam (สองยาม, ; note that yam is a different word), a reference to the end of the second three-hour period of the night watch (song translates as the number two). In addition, hok (6) thum and ti hok may also be used to refer to the hours of midnight and dawn, following general usage for the other hours, although more rarely; and the fourth to sixth hours of the second daytime half may also be told as ...mong yen (...โมงเย็น, ), yen meaning evening.

The system has been used in some form since the days of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, but was codified similarly to its present form only in 1901 by King Chulalongkorn in Royal Gazette 17:206. Nowadays, it is used only in colloquial speech. However, a corrupted form of the six-hour clock is more frequently encountered, where usually the first half of daytime (including the sixth hour of the preceding quarter) is counted as in the twelve-hour clock, i.e. hok (6) mong chao, chet (7) mong, etc., up to sip et (11) mong.

The six-hour clock system was abolished in Laos and Cambodia during the French protectorate, and the French 24-hour clock system (for example, 3h00) has been used since.

Clock format
A comparison of the systems is as follows:

 * * The word chao (เช้า) is optional here since the numbers 7 to 11 are not used elsewhere
 * ** Conversationally, si mong yen (สี่โมงเย็น) and ha mong yen (ห้าโมงเย็น) are also spoken if considered as evening

title: Thai six-hour clock


text:
Chestnut-collared longspur

The chestnut-collared longspur (Calcarius ornatus) is a species of bird in the family Calcariidae. Like the other longspurs, it is a small ground-feeding bird that primarily eats seeds. It breeds in prairie habitats in Canada and the northern United States and winters to the south in the United States and Mexico.

Description
These birds have a short conical bill, a streaked back and a white tail with a dark tip. In breeding plumage, the male has black underparts, a chestnut nape, a yellow throat and a black crown. Other birds have light brown underparts, a dark crown, brown wings and may have some chestnut on the nape.

Measurements:

 * Length: 5.1-6.5 in (13-16.5 cm)
 * Weight: 0.6-0.8 oz (17-23 g)
 * Wingspan: 25–27 cm

Distribution and status
This bird breeds in short and mixed grass prairies in central Canada and the north central United States. In winter, they migrate in flocks to prairies and open fields in the southern United States and Mexico. Like other prairie birds, they have disappeared from some areas because of habitat loss but are still fairly common.

Controlled burns may benefit this species as they feed on low-growing plants that are more easily spotted after a fire.

Behavior
These birds forage on the ground, gathering in flocks in winter. They mainly eat seeds, also eating insects in summer. Young birds are mainly fed insects.

The female lays 4 or 5 eggs in a grass cup nest in a shallow scrape on the ground. The male sings and flies up to defend his territory. Both parents feed the young birds.

The call is a two-syllabled chee dee.

Thesis

 * Davis SK. Ph.D. (2003). Habitat selection and demography of mixed-grass prairie songbirds in a fragmented landscape. The University of Regina (Canada), Canada.

Articles
-->
 * Avise JC, Patton JC & Aquadro CF. (1980). Evolutionary Genetics of Birds 2. Conservative Protein Evolution in North American Sparrows and Relatives. Systematic Zoology. vol 29, no 4. pp. 323–334.
 * Danley RE, Murphy RK & Madden EM. (2004). Species diversity and habitat of grassland passerines during grazing of a prescribe-burned, mixed-grass prairie. Western North American Naturalist. vol 64, no 1. pp. 72–77.
 * Davis SK. (2003). Nesting ecology of mixed-grass prairie songbirds in southern Saskatchewan. Wilson Bulletin. vol 115, no 2. pp. 119–130.
 * Davis SK. (2004). Area sensitivity in grassland passerines: Effects of patch size, patch shape, and vegetation structure on bird abundance and occurrence in southern Saskatchewan. Auk. vol 121, no 4. pp. 1130–1145.
 * Davis SK. (2005). Nest-site selection patterns and the influence of vegetation on nest survival of mixed-grass prairie passerines. Condor. vol 107, no 3. pp. 605–616.
 * Davis SK, Brigham RM, Shaffer TL & James PC. (2006). Mixed-grass prairie passerines exhibit weak and variable responses to patch size. Auk. vol 123, no 3. pp. 807–821.
 * Davis SK, Duncan DC & Skeel M. (1999). Distribution and habitat associations of three endemic grassland songbirds in southern Saskatchewan. Wilson Bulletin. vol 111, no 3. pp. 389–396.
 * Davis SK, Klippenstine DR & Brigham RM. (2002). Does egg rejection account for the low incidence of cowbird parasitism in Chestnut-collared Longspurs (Calcarius ornatus)?. Auk. vol 119, no 2. pp. 556–560.
 * Dieni JS & Jones SL. (2003). Grassland songbird nest site selection patterns in northcentral Montana. Wilson Bulletin. vol 115, no 4. pp. 388–396.
 * Fritcher SC, Rumble MA & Flake LD. (2004). Grassland bird densities in seral stages of mixed-grass prairie. J Range Manage. vol 57, no 4. pp. 351–357.
 * Hatler DF. (1973). Chestnut-Collared Longspur in British-Columbia. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 87, no 1.
 * Hill DP. (1998). An apparent case of between-brood sibling competition in chestnut-collared longspurs, Calcarius ornatus. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 112, no 1. pp. 161–163.
 * Igl LD & Johnson DH. (1997). Changes in breeding bird populations in North Dakota: 1967 to 1992-93. Auk. vol 114, no 1. pp. 74–92.
 * Kantrud HA & Kologiski RL. (1982). Effects of Soils and Grazing on Breeding Birds of Uncultivated Upland Grasslands of the Northern Great Plains USA. U S Fish & Wildlife Service Wildlife Research Report. vol 15, pp. 1–33.
 * Kelly JF, Hawksworth DL & Meyer RA. (2006). Abundance of non-breeding horned larks and chestnut-collared longspurs on grazed and rested semiarid grassland. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 51, no 2. pp. 172–180.
 * Lawson CS. (1974). 1st Nevada Record of Chestnut Collared Longspur. Auk. vol 91, no 2.
 * Lawson CS. (1974). FIRST NEVADA RECORD OF CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR. Auk. vol 91, no 2. pp. 432–432.
 * Lloyd JD & Martin TE. (2004). Nest-site preference and maternal effects on offspring growth. Behavioral Ecology. vol 15, no 5. pp. 816–823.
 * Lloyd JD & Martin TE. (2005). Reproductive success of chestnut-collared longspurs in native and exotic grassland. Condor. vol 107, no 2. pp. 363–374.
 * Lynn SE, Benowitz-Fredericks ZM, Hayward LS & Wingfield JC. (2000). Testosterone influences male behavior during incubation but not during the parental phase in a temperate passerine. American Zoologist. vol 40, no 6. pp. 1111–1112.
 * Lynn SE & Hayward LS. (2003). Apparent depredation of chestnut-collared longspur nestlings by the brown-headed cowbird. Western Birds. vol 34, no 1. pp. 45–48.
 * Lynn SE, Hayward LS, Benowitz-Fredericks ZM & Wingfield JC. (2002). Behavioural insensitivity to supplementary testosterone during the parental phase in the chestnut-collared longspur, Calcarius ornatus. Animal Behaviour. vol 63, no 4. pp. 795–803.
 * Lynn SE, Hunt KE & Wingfield JC. (2003). Ecological factors affecting the adrenocortical response, to stress in chestnut-collared and McCown's longspurs (Calcarius ornatus, Calcarius mccownii). Physiological & Biochemical Zoology. vol 76, no 4. pp. 566–576.
 * Lynn SE, Walker BG & Wingfield JC. (2005). A phylogenetically controlled test of hypotheses for behavioral insensitivity to testosterone in birds. Hormones & Behavior. vol 47, no 2. pp. 170–177.
 * Lynn SE & Wingfield JC. (2003). Male Chestnut-collared Longspurs are essential for nestling survival: A removal study. Condor. vol 105, no 1. pp. 154–158.
 * Lynn SE & Wingfield JC. (2005). Dissociation of testosterone and male-male aggression in breeding Chestnut-collared longspurs, Calcarius ornatus. Integrative & Comparative Biology. vol 45, no 6.
 * Maher WJ. (1979). Nestling Diets of Prairie Passerine Birds at Matador Saskatchewan Canada. Ibis. vol 121, no 4. pp. 437–452.
 * Martin PA & Forsyth DJ. (2003). Occurrence and productivity of songbirds in prairie farmland under conventional versus minimum tillage regimes. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. vol 96, no 1-3. pp. 107–117.
 * Martin PA, Johnson DL, Forsyth DJ & Hill BD. (1998). Indirect effects of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin on reproductive success of chestnut-collared longspurs. Ecotoxicology. vol 7, no 2. pp. 89–97.
 * Martin PA, Johnson DL, Forsyth DJ & Hill BD. (2000). Effects of two grasshopper control insecticides on food resources and reproductive success of two species of grassland songbirds. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry. vol 19, no 12. pp. 2987–2996.
 * Ogrady DR, Hill DP & Barclay RMR. (1996). Nest visitation by humans does not increase predation on chestnut-collared longspur eggs and young. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 67, no 2. pp. 275–280.
 * Pulliam HR & Mills GS. (1977). The Use of Space by Wintering Sparrows. Ecology. vol 58, no 6. pp. 1393–1399.
 * Spicer GS. (1978). A New Species and Several New Host Records of Avian Nasal Mites Acarina Rhinonyssinae Turbinoptinae. Journal of Parasitology. vol 64, no 5. pp. 891–894.
 * Weir RD, Quilliam H & Norman R. (1972). 1st Record of Chestnut-Collared Longspur in Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 86, no 4. pp. 382–383.
 * Wiens JA & Rotenberry JT. (1980). Patterns of Morphology and Ecology in Grassland and Shrub Steppe Bird Populations. Ecological Monographs. vol 50, no 3. pp. 287–308.
 * Wyckoff AM. (1983). Male Incubation in a Chestnut-Collared Longspur Calcarius-Ornatus. Wilson Bulletin. vol 95, no 3. pp. 472–472.

title: Chestnut-collared longspur


text:
Category:Lists of place names

These are lists of place names, i.e. lists of places mainly ordered by place name.

title: Category:Lists of place names


text:
Talk:National Association for the Advancement of White People

NAAWP.ORG
Whatever happened to the main NAAWP website that was located at NAAWP.ORG ? The main website for that organization, which was fairly extensive a few years ago, is now gone; is the main orgainization gone? I first learned of this organization after the Cincinati, Ohio riots and just observed as someone interested in society and social learning (not prejudice or racism motivated- I also had the NAACP website in my favorites at the same time). There still is an active, but far less extensive than the original, website for the Florida chapter: http://naawpflch.org/noframes/index.html but I am wondering if the main organization has disappeared and if so what is/was the cause (law, funding, shift in racial harmony (LOL), incorporation with another group, what?). I'm curious to know as someone who works and has had studies in Sociology. I don't intend to join either the NAAWP nor NAACP as they are both, in my humble oppinion, contradictory to what America should be- the great melting pot.

Er
Er wasn't this founded by David Duke the erstwhile Ku Klux Klan leader? If so I find this article somewhat disingenuous. Sjc 10:46, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * A bit late on the response, but you're right. The introduction and "origins" section seem to contradict each other--for reference, though, I've found |this article regarding Bowles and |several |mentions of |Duke's involvement.  My best guess would be that there were two organizations by that name, but I can't find out how or why the changeover happened. jonny-mt 17:12, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Is there a template which says "This organization appears to contradict itself?"--75.25.5.1 06:28, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The organization is based on an ideology focusing on on race rather than nationality. Based on that it seems a bit odd to just describe them as being mere nationalists.
 * Peter Isotalo 10:07, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Is that the only reason it's "contradictory?" If so, I think it needs some serious rewording.

Ronald Edmiston LTEs
The long-defunct NAAWP of Hawaii chapter has fallen into obscurity, making it difficult to document. However, at this time at least two of Edmiston's letters to the editor are still on the Web. I am documenting them here, in case they disappear in the future.

From the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 18, 1999: Hate-crime laws should apply to all

The hate-crime laws introduced by the state Senate Judiciary Committee are biased against Christians, conservatives and anyone with moral values, which is typical of Hawaii's liberal politicians.

The laws proposed are mainly directed toward helping homosexuals. White victims of hate crimes like Jay Waller, Daniel Nadler and Dana Ireland will not be included in this liberal interpretation of reality.

Let the hate-crimes laws apply to all races and tourists. Otherwise, they will be meaningless and racist.

Ronald Edmiston Hawaii Director National Association for the Advancement of White People

From the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November 8, 2000: Sovereignty may scare off tourists

As a member of the vast right-wing conspiracy, I find myself supporting Hawaiian sovereignty. But there may be a serious drawback. Many people on the mainland may feel angry about paying out billions of dollars to support Hawaiian programs, thus resulting in lost tourism dollars. This could represent perhaps billions more than would be paid to the Hawaiian people.

Ronald Edmiston

These letters are now cited in the article via links. -- IslandGyrl 15:54, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Different founding history or earlier use of name?
This source, Complicated Matters: The Complex Opposition to Brown v. Board of Education (PDF file) by Martin M. Zacharia, Northwestern University, says on pp. 7-8: Although most localities in the border states complied with desegregation, Milford, Delaware, proved to be an outstanding exception. Bryant Bowles, founder of the NAAWP (National Association for the Advancement of White People), fueled whites’ irrational fears of token desegregation. After calling parents and students to boycott Milford High School for its desegregation plans, only one third of the students came to school that Monday. The turnout may have made the boycott “successful,” but it did not reflect the gamut of attitudes white parents had. While some parents genuinely supported the boycott, others boycotted in fear of the potential violence that could occur at Milford. Bowles had in fact threatened local businesses in favor of integration and had supporters burn crosses. As his influence spread, litigation against segregation continued. But the first black students were not admitted to Milford until 1962. Such strong opposition to integration, largely influenced by demagogues like Bowles who exploited racial fears, proved to be rare in border states, but nonetheless present. which would seem to indicate a much earlier use of the NAAWP name unrelated to David Duke. -- IslandGyrl 16:31, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * "National Association for the Advancement of White People" seems like a fairly obvious parody name of the NAACP, and it's not unlikely that the idea could have occurred to different people at different times.  In addition in Brrian Bowles in Milford, Delaware in 1954, a New York Times search turns up a group founded in 1963 by one William F. Miller of Cincinnati, Ohio, that apparently also established ephemeral chapters in several other Midwest cities.--Pharos 22:45, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Lacking in sources
Where was the information for this article obtained? The date it was founded? Duke being the founder? Where it's headquartered? Their views? Did all this information come from their website (which I've never seen, since the link previously used in this article is dead)?

And if the website did claim that NAAWP stands for "the National Association for the Advancement of Working People", why isn't that the title of the article? i.e.

 * The National Association for the Advancement of Working People, originally called, and perhaps more widely known as the National Association for the Advancement of White People

...and so forth.

Also, the section of the David Duke article which mentions the NAAWP (David_Duke) references an article which currently redirects to the main page of the site. However, I found this, which makes reference to the same article.

The problem is, the Wikipedia article states that Duke was planning "his International NAAWP Conference", while the article refers to "the International European American Unity and Leadership Conference". Perhaps this is related to Duke's European-American_Unity_and_Rights_Organization? Perhaps the NAAWP and this other organization are the same thing? -68.114.155.3 13:31, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

The Category?
I think you mentioned this a little bit in the article, but why is it that this is categorized as "white supremacy", but no one would ever think of categorizing the NAACP as black supremacy? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.217.18.178 (talk) 02:55, 6 March 2007 (UTC).

 * My guess would be that it is because one shoe fits and the other doesn't. If David Duke wakes up tomorrow morning and decides to create an organization with a name similar to the PTA, should wikipedia recatigorize the PTA, also? --Ramsey2006 16:29, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Both organizations NAAWP and NAACP have the same views they just involve different races. 184.96.247.138 (talk) 00:03, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

 * That's true. If both have similar views, but applying to different ethnic groups, then it would be ridiculous to categorize them differently. Mr. Kent (talk) 03:57, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

Before Bowles and after Duke
The name was used before Bowles as a subtitle of the "Mason-Dixie Society", and after Duke's organisation languished Reno Wolfe picked it up, see for instance. I don't have time for this right now. Dougweller (talk) 14:49, 17 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Another ref (1999) here says that the Wolfe NAAWP was actually the result of a split in the Duke NAAWP following a 1997 ABC "Prime Time Live" report. Meters (talk) 18:53, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

RfC
An RfC: Which descriptor, if any, can be added in front of Southern Poverty Law Center when referenced in other articles? has been posted at the Southern Poverty Law Center talk page. Your participation is welcomed. – MrX 17:04, 22 September 2012 (UTC)

White Nationalist

 * There is nothing in the body to support the claim in the intro that the NAAWP was a white nationalist organization. I believe it should be characterized ad an organization that advocated for the non-prejudicial treatment of white people, similar to the purpose of the NAACP. 108.38.29.47 (talk) 05:53, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

Is This Organization "Racist"?
I notice the absence of the word "racist" in this article, which leads me to believe that the NAAWP might be a legitimate, non-racist organization. Is this organization racist? If so, shouldn't there be some mention of this?2605:6000:6947:AB00:24FA:69AE:48F6:DD23 (talk) 23:34, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 11 October 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Proposal by now-blocked sock puppet. Only comment opposes proposal, citing policy. Station1 (talk) 06:02, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

National Association for the Advancement of White People → NAAWP – per WP:CONCISE title, which looks similar to NAACP. The Houndsworth (talk) 06:15, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:TITLEFORMAT Abbreviations and acronyms are often ambiguous and thus should be avoided unless the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation and that abbreviation is primarily associated with the subject. Nobody knows what NAAWP means. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 03:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Support as for WP:TLDR in shorter titles, the National Association for the Advancement of White People, is shorten to NAAWP. --The Houndsworth (talk) 13:34, 13 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment Add strike to comments made by banned or blocked SOCK editor. UW Dawgs (talk) 20:30, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Page revision
Hey everyone! I've done a massive makeover of this page and included the most up to date and accurate information. I would really appreciate any feedback, especially from previous editors. Hopefully this page is now a more relevant resource about the NAAWP :) I'm only a newbie at Wikipedia and this is the first page I've created, so any comments or discussions or critiques are more than welcome! Tofta22 (talk) 00:22, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

NAAWP 1953-1955 should be separated out
The 1953 organization and the 1979 organization are completely separate. Aside from the similarity in name and belief, there is nothing connecting the two; they should be placed in two separate articles.

The 1953 organization is only mentioned in the introduction and in the History section. The majority of this article focuses on the organization founded in 1979. I suggest that this article discuss only the 1979 organization, and that the 1953 organization be pushed into a new article: National Association for the Advancement of White People (1953–1955).

Ancophosep (talk) 18:37, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

Spelling and Grammar Conventions
Because this article focuses on people, places, events, and groups almost entirely in the United States, I would suggest that the article try to follow American spelling and grammar conventions. ("organization", "colored", quotation use, collective noun use, etc...)

Ancophosep (talk) 18:43, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

Really good advice - will go about fixing this. I'm too used to British English! Tofta22 (talk) 00:22, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

Lead paragraph
I've gone ahead and boldly replaced the lead paragraph. It is now about the modern organization only. That the NAAWP doesn't consider itself racist isn't in any way remarkable. I've replaced "values regarding the positioning of white people in society" with "racist hate group", etc.

There appear to be few reliable secondary sources, perhaps because the organization is so openly racist. Perhaps the whole article ought to be merged into David Duke?

IpseCustos (talk) 17:13, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Bias in Differences
So, the NAAWP is full of white supremacists, but the NAACP is a "civil rights" group? Please elaborate why this isn't bias. Thanks. -Conservative Alabamian (talk) 15:10, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Maintaining one's own group's dominance over other groups is not generally considered a civil right. Largoplazo (talk) 19:30, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

Ideology and beliefs
There is an issue with the statement (in bold)...

"The NAAWP is a fundamentally Christian organization which strongly opposes homosexuality and the rise of feminism. The collapse of the patriarchal family model is another concern, with a male-centered nuclear household seen as the preferred model for families. "

While they may consider themselves a fundamentally Christian organization, it is not appropriate to state this in Wikivoice without evidence or RS. As far as I can tell their legal status is not that of a religious organization.

I am changing it to...

"The NAAWP consider themselves a fundamentally Christian organization which strongly opposes homosexuality and the rise of feminism. The collapse of the patriarchal family model is another concern, with a male-centered nuclear household seen as the preferred model for families. "

This will fit better with the way the rest of this section is written, ie..."They believe that..." "They portray themselves as...." "Members believe they are..." "Further, they hold the opinion that..."

According to the article it is not a "fundamentally Christian organization", it is technically a "fundamentally White Supremacist" organization, or as they refer to themselves as a "not for profit, non-violent, civil rights educational organization". Being a non-profit does not automatically make something a Christian organization. If there is RS that contradicts this, please share and quote the exact passage and page # please. Cheers. DN (talk) 20:24, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm guessing that among the many sources that point out how many self-styled "Christian" movements use what many Christians consider to be decidedly un-Christian rhetoric and tactics in pursuing their goals, enough of them may meet WP:RS that WP:WEIGHT will be on your side. Largoplazo (talk) 22:34, 9 July 2023 (UTC)


text: Category:Elections in Argentina

title: Category:Elections in Argentina


text: Category:Elections in Armenia

title: Category:Elections in Armenia