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Triptan

Triptans are a family of tryptamine-based drugs used as abortive medication in the treatment of migraines and cluster headaches. This drug class was first commercially introduced in the 1990s. While effective at treating individual headaches, they do not provide preventive treatment and are not considered a cure. They are not effective for the treatment of tension–type headache, except in persons who also experience migraines. Triptans do not relieve other kinds of pain.

The drugs of this class act as agonists for serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors at blood vessels and nerve endings in the brain. The first clinically available triptan was sumatriptan, which has been marketed since 1991. Triptans have largely replaced ergotamines, an older class of medications used to relieve migraine and cluster headaches.

Migraine
Triptans are used for the treatment of severe migraine attacks or those that do not respond to NSAIDs or other over-the-counter drugs. Triptans are a mid-line treatment suitable for many migraineurs with typical attacks. They may not work for atypical or unusually severe migraine attacks, transformed migraine, or status migrainosus (continuous migraine).

Triptans are highly effective, reducing the symptoms or aborting the attack within 30 to 90 minutes in 70–80% of patients.

A test measuring a person's skin sensitivity during a migraine may indicate whether the individual will respond to treatment with triptans. Triptans are most effective in those with no skin sensitivity; with skin sensitivity, it is best to take triptans within twenty minutes of the headache's onset.

Oral rizatriptan and nasal zolmitriptan are the most used triptans for migraines in children.

Correct timing of intake
Triptans should be taken as soon as possible after the onset of pain. In case of migraine with aura they are to be taken after the aura and with the onset of pain. If taken too early, they may not have the full effect on symptom reduction, and in case of an aura, they can worsen the aura. It is assumed that blood vessels are constricted during the aura phase and dilated during the pain phase, so a constrictive medication like a triptan is not recommended during the aura.

Cluster headache
Triptans are effective for the treatment of cluster headache. This has been demonstrated for subcutaneous sumatriptan and intranasal zolmitriptan, the former of which is more effective according to a 2013 Cochrane review. Tablets were not considered appropriate in this review.

Altitude sickness
A single randomized controlled trial found that sumatriptan may be able to prevent altitude sickness.

Available forms
All marketed triptans are available in oral form; some in form of sublingual tablets. Sumatriptan and zolmitriptan are also available as nasal sprays. For sumatriptan, a number of other application forms are marketed: suppositories, a subcutaneous injection, an iontophoretic transdermal patch, which uses low voltage controlled by a pre-programmed microchip to deliver a single dose of sumatriptan through the skin within 30 minutes; a drug-device combination containing sumatriptan powder that is "breath powered" allowing the user to blow sumatriptan powder in to their nostrils; as well as a needle-free injection system that works with air pressure.

Contraindications
All triptans are contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular diseases (coronary spasms, symptomatic coronary artery disease, after a heart attack or stroke, uncontrolled hypertension, Raynaud's disease, peripheral artery disease). Most triptans are also contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding and for patients younger than 18; but sumatriptan and zolmitriptan nasal sprays are also approved for youths over 12. In spite of expert opinion and evidence to the contrary, the FDA and some other drug governance bodies have stated that monoamine oxidase inhibitors are contraindicated for sumatriptan, zolmitriptan and rizatriptan, and combination with ergot alkaloids such as ergotamine for all substances.

At least two triptans (sumatriptan and rizatriptan) have been listed under the unacceptable medication by the Canadian Blood Services as a potential risk to the recipient; hence, donors are required not to have taken the medication for the last 72 hours.

Adverse effects
Triptans have few side effects if used in correct dosage and frequency. The most common adverse effect is recurrence of migraine. A systematic review found that "rizatriptan 10 mg was the only triptan with a recurrence rate greater than that of placebo".

There is a theoretical risk of coronary spasm in patients with established heart disease, and cardiac events after taking triptans may rarely occur.

Interactions
Combination of triptans with other serotonergic drugs such as ergot alkaloids, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) or St John's wort has been alleged to induce symptoms of a serotonin syndrome (a syndrome of changes in mental status, autonomic instability, neuromuscular abnormalities, and gastrointestinal symptoms), whereas scientific studies indicate there is no potential for life-threatening serotonin syndrome in patients taking triptans and SSRI or SNRIs at the same time, although the FDA has officially stated otherwise. Combining triptans with ergot alkaloids is contraindicated because of the danger of coronary spasms.

In a study from Harvard Medical School and the University of Florida College of Medicine involving 47,968 patients and published on 26 February 2018, concomitant use of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for depression with a triptan for migraine did not demonstrate an increased risk of the serotonin syndrome.

Pharmacokinetic interactions (for example, mediated by CYP liver enzymes or transporter proteins) are different for the individual substances; for most triptans, they are mild to absent. Eletriptan blood plasma levels are increased by strong inhibitors of CYP3A4, and frovatriptan levels by CYP1A2 inhibitors such as fluvoxamine.

Mechanism of action
Their action is attributed to their agonist effects on serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors in blood vessels (causing their constriction) and nerve endings in the brain, and subsequent inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release, including CGRP and substance P. Triptans are selective agents for 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D and have low or even no affinity for other types of 5-HT receptors.

5-HT receptors are classified into seven different families named 5-HT1 to 5-HT7. All receptors are G protein coupled receptors with seven transmembrane domains with the one exception of 5-HT3 receptor which is a ligand gated ion channel. There is a high homology in the amino acid sequence within each family. Each family couples to the same second messenger systems. Subtypes of 5-HT1 are the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1E and 5-HT1F receptors. All 5-HT1D receptors are coupled to inhibition of adenylate cyclase. 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors have been difficult to distinguish on a pharmacological basis. After cloning two distinct genes for 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors, a better insight into distribution and expression in different tissues was gained, except in brain tissue where they are overlapping in several areas.

Most mammalian species, including humans, have 5-HT1D binding sites widely distributed throughout the central nervous system. 5-HT1D receptors are found in all areas of the brain but they differ in quantity at each area. An important initiator of head pain is suggested to be the activation of trigeminovascular afferent nerves which upon activation releases neuropeptides such as CGRP, substance P and neurokinin A. Also they are thought to promote neurogenic inflammatory response important for sensitization of sensory afferents, and also transmission and generation of head pain centrally. 5-HT1D has been found responsible for inhibition of neurogenic inflammation upon administration with sumatriptan and other related compounds that act on prejunctional 5-HT1D receptors.

All triptans, like the older drug dihydroergotamine, have agonistic effects on the 5-HT1D receptor. Comparison of sumatriptan and dihydroergotamine showed that dihydroergotamine has high affinity and sumatriptan has medium affinity for 5-HT1D. Triptans have at least three modes of action. These antimigraine mechanisms are:

Other possibilities of triptans in antimigraine effects are modulation of nitric oxide dependent signal transduction pathways, nitric oxide scavenging in the brain, and sodium dependent cell metabolic activity.
 * 1) vasoconstriction of pain producing intra cranial extracerebral vessels by a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle. Sumatriptan and rizatriptan have been shown to cause vasoconstriction in the human middle meningeal arteries.
 * 2) inhibition of vasoactive neuropeptide release by trigeminal terminals innervating intracranial vessels and the dura mater. The trigeminocervical complex has 5-HT1D receptors that bind dihydroergotamine and triptans in humans. Rizatriptan has been shown to block dural vasodilation and plasma protein extravasation by inhibiting the release of CGRP via activation of receptors on preganglionic trigeminal sensory nerver terminals. Sumatriptan is shown to inhibit potassium stimulated CGRP secretion from cultured trigeminal neurons in a dose dependant manner and may also inhibit the release of substance P.
 * 3) inhibition of nociceptive neurotransmission within the trigeminocervical complex in the brainstem and upper cervical spinal column. Rizatriptan has central trigeminal antinociceptive activity.

Pharmacokinetics
Triptans have a wide variety of pharmacokinetic properties. Bioavailability is between 14% and 70%, biological half-life (T1/2) is between 2 and 26 hours. Their good ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and the rather long half life of some triptans may result in lower frequencies of migraine recurrence.

Comparison
Zolmitriptan is different from the other triptans because it is converted to an active N-desmethyl metabolite which has higher affinity for the 5-HT1D and 5-HT1B receptors; both substances have a biological half-life of 2 to 3 hours. In studies, newer triptans are mostly compared to sumatriptan. They are better than sumatriptan for their longer half-life in plasma and higher oral bioavailability, but have a higher potential for central nervous side effects.

Donitriptan and avitriptan were never marketed.

History
The history of triptans began with the proposed existence of then unknown serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). In the late 1940s two groups of investigators, one in Italy and the other in the United States, identified a substance that was called serotonin in the US and enteramine in Italy. In the early 1950s it was confirmed that both substances were the same. In the mid-1950s it was proposed that serotonin had a role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of animals. Investigations of the mechanism of action were not very successful as experimental techniques were lacking.

Later in the 1960s, studies showed that vasoconstriction caused by 5-HT, noradrenaline and ergotamine could reduce migraine attacks. Patrick P.A. Humphrey among others at Glaxo started researching the 5-HT receptor to discover a more direct 5-HT agonist with fewer side effects.

They continued developing and working on a desirable action on 5-HT by 5-HT1 receptor activation for an anti-migraine drug. Continued work led to the development of sumatriptan, now known as the first 5-HT1 agonist, selective for the 5-HT1D/B receptors and also the 5-HT1F receptor with less affinity. By 1991 sumatriptan became available in clinical use in the Netherlands and in the US in 1993. However, there was always a debate about its mechanism of action, and it still remains unclear today. Later, Mike Moskowitz proposed a theory about "neuronal extravasation", and this was the first clue that sumatriptan might have a direct neuronal effect in migraine attacks.

Sumatriptan became a prototype for other triptans that have been developed for improved selectivity for the 5-HT1D/B receptors.

Legal status
These drugs have been available only by prescription (US, Canada and UK), but sumatriptan became available over-the-counter in the UK in June 2006. The brand name of the OTC product in the UK is Imigran Recovery. The patent on Imitrex STATDose expired in December 2006, and injectable sumatriptan became available as a generic formula in August 2008. Sumavel Dosepro is a needle-free delivery of injectable sumatriptan that was approved in the US by the FDA in July 2009. Sumatriptan became available as a generic in the US in late 2009. It used to be sold over-the-counter in Romania under the Imigran brand; however, as of August 2014 prescription is required. Zecuity, a sumatriptan transdermal patch, was approved by the US FDA in January 2013. The sumatriptan nasal powder was approved by the FDA in January 2016 and became available in the U.S. May 2016. Naratriptan is available OTC in Germany and Brazil.

title: Triptan


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Talk:List of Modern Olympic Games

Article was listed on WP:VFD Jul 19 to Jul 25 2004, consensus was not reached however article was redirected. Discussion:

Duplicate of information already in Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games in a much more editor-friendly format. RickK

 * I think someone needs to talk with the user one-on-one. It's nice that the seven-year-old wishes to edit but I really do think he should start on simple as a training ground. Mike H 22:36, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Er, maybe someone should think of taking his personal info off of his user page too. Rhobite 03:43, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * You can try, but he has thus far failed to respond to a single point of constructive criticism left for him by other users. User:Chrisn4255 is the only user he has ever left a message for, and that was more criticism than question... -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 22:35, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * NO!!!!!!!!!!!!! DO NOT DELETE THIS ARTICLE!!!!!! --Patricknoddy 22:18, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)Patricknoddy 18:28 July 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redundant. Delete or redirect. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:16, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

End archived discussion

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of Modern Olympic Games


text: Category:Triptans

title: Category:Triptans


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Tea strainer

A tea strainer is a type of strainer that is placed over or in a teacup to catch loose tea leaves.

When tea is brewed in the traditional manner in a teapot, the tea leaves are not contained in teabags; rather, they are freely suspended in the water. As the leaves themselves are not consumed with the tea, it is usual to filter them out with a tea strainer. Strainers usually fit into the top of the cup to catch the leaves as the tea is poured.

Some deeper tea strainers can also be used to brew single cups of tea, much as teabags or brewing baskets are used – the strainer full of leaves is set in a cup to brew the tea. It is then removed, along with the spent tea leaves, when the tea is ready to drink. By using a tea strainer in this way, the same leaves can be used to brew multiple cups.

Despite the fact that tea strainer use has declined in the 20th century with mass production of the tea bag, it is still preferred among connoisseurs, who claim that keeping the leaves packed in a bag, rather than freely circulating, inhibits diffusion. Many assert that inferior ingredients, namely dust-quality tea, are often used in tea bags.

Tea strainers are usually either sterling silver, stainless steel, or china. Strainers often come in a set, with the strainer itself and a small saucer for it to rest on between cups. Tea strainers themselves have often been turned into artistic masterpieces of the silver- and goldsmith's craft, as well as rarer specimens of fine porcelain.

Brewing baskets (or infusing baskets) resemble tea strainers, but are more typically put in the top of a teapot to keep the tea leaves contained during brewing. There is no definitive boundary between a brewing basket and a tea strainer, and the same tool might be used for both purposes.

Other uses
Tea strainers may also be used for separating milk solids from ghee. A further use is to separate the liquid from the solid when preparing Béarnaise sauce.

Tea strainers or a similar small sieve may also be used by patients trying to pass a kidney stone. The patient urinates through the strainer, thereby ensuring that, if a stone is passed, it will be caught for evaluation and diagnosis.

title: Tea strainer


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Public holidays in France

There are eleven official public holidays in France, of which four are movable days which always fall on a weekday. The Alsace region and the Moselle department observe two additional days. These holidays do not shift when they fall during a weekend, which means that the average number of observed public holidays falling on weekdays (outside Alsace and Moselle) is 8.7 and ranges from seven to ten. Most Asian countries and all North American countries observe between two and ten more public holidays per year on weekdays.

Guadeloupe

 * Mi-Carême (mid-Lent); occurs on a Thursday, 22 days after Ash Wednesday; therefore, between 26 February and 1 April.
 * Good Friday (Vendredi saint)
 * Abolition of slavery: May 27.

French Guiana

 * Abolition of slavery: 10 June.

Martinique

 * Abolition of slavery: 22 May.

New Caledonia

 * Citizenship Day (Fête de la citoyenneté): 24 September.

French Polynesia

 * Missionary Day (Arrivée de l'Évangile): 5 March.
 * Internal Autonomy Day (Fête de l'autonomie): 29 June.

Réunion

 * Réunion Freedom Day (Fête réunionnaise de la liberté; Fèt Kaf) December 20.

Saint Barthélemy

 * Abolition of slavery: 9 October.

Saint Martin

 * Abolition of slavery: 28 May.

Wallis and Futuna

 * Feast of Saint Peter Chanel: 28 April.
 * Festival of the territory: 29 July.

title: Public holidays in France


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Congress Hall (Cape May hotel)

Congress Hall is a historic hotel in Cape May, Cape May County, New Jersey, United States, occupying a city block bordered on the south by Beach Avenue and on the east by Washington Street Mall. It is a contributing building in the Cape May National Historic District.

Congress Hall was first constructed in 1816 as a wooden boarding house for guests to the new seaside resort of Cape May; and the proprietor, Thomas H. Hughes, called it "The Big House." Locals, thinking it too big to be successful, called it "Tommy's Folly." In 1828, when Hughes was elected to the House of Representatives, he changed the name of the hotel to Congress Hall. It burned to the ground in Cape May's Great Fire of 1878, but within a year, its owners had rebuilt the hotel in brick.

While serving as President of the United States, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Ulysses S. Grant and Benjamin Harrison vacationed at Congress Hall, and Harrison made Congress Hall his official Summer White House. It thus became the center of state business for several months each year. John Philip Sousa regularly visited Congress Hall with the U.S. Marine Band and composed the "Congress Hall March", which he conducted on its lawn in the summer of 1882.

During the 20th century, the Cape May seafront deteriorated. In 1968 Congress Hall was purchased by the Rev. Carl McIntire and became part of his Cape May Bible Conference. McIntire's possession of the property preserved the hotel during a period in which many Victorian-era beachfront hotels were demolished for the value of their land.

With the decline of the Bible Conference, Congress Hall fell into a state of disrepair. The property was partially restored under the guidance of Curtis Bashaw, McIntire's grandson, a restoration begun in 1995 and completed in 2002. Today, Congress Hall is a fully functioning, high-end resort hotel and part of the Cape Resorts family of hotels.

title: Congress Hall (Cape May hotel)


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Coats of arms in the Amt Hemer

After the city and the Amt Hemer were granted coat of arms in 1936, all of the remaining municipalities in the Amt received coat of arms until 1939. The municipalities which were no longer independent at that time did not receive coat of arms - Brockhausen was incorporated into Deilinghofen; Landhausen, Sundwig and Westig were incorporated into Hemer; Calle was split between Iserlohn and Hemer. Lössel had left the Amt in 1920 already, and thus did not receive a coat of arms at that time either.

All of the coat of arms expired when the Amt was dissolved in 1975, only the coat of arms of Evingsen expired already in 1969 when Evingsen was incorporated into Altena. Even though the coat of arms are no longer used officially, the communities in the former municipalities continue to use them unofficially. All coat of arms display three wolf hooks as the symbol of the Brabeck family. The common symbol was chosen to show the membership in the Amt.

Hemer and Amt Hemer
Description see: Hemer

Becke
The coat of arms show a beech tree, separated with a wavy line from the bottom. The beech tree is the symbol of the noble family von Schüngel, who former lived in the municipality. The wavy line symbolizes the brook Oese which flows through the municipality. The three golden wolf hooks are in the bottom of the coat of arms.

The coat of arms were granted on May 6, 1939 by the Oberpräsident of the province Westphalia.

Deilinghofen
The coat of arms of Deilinghofen shows the wolf hooks in black on a shield diagonally divided into red and silver bars. The colors were chosen as the colors of the Werminghausen family, who were the owner of castle Klusenstein in the 15th and 16th century.

The coat of arms were granted on June 14, 1939.

Evingsen
The coat of arms of Evingsen shows a shoe making awl in the right half, symbolizing the production of shoe making tools - together with wire production the most important industries of the municipality. To the left are the three yellow wolf hooks as the common symbol of the Amt Hemer.

The coat of arms were granted on July 17, 1939.

Frönsberg
The coat of arms of Frönsberg shows the three golden wolf hooks in top. At the bottom are three red buffalo ears, positioned 120° apart around a golden ball. This symbol represents the Romberg family, who owned the manor Frönsberg in the 18th century.

The coat of arms were granted on June 14, 1939.

Ihmert
The coat of arms of Ihmert shows a hollow punch in the top, as a symbol for the wire industry in the Ihmert valley. In the bottom of the coat of arms are the three yellow wolf hooks as the common symbol of the Amt Hemer.

The coat of arms were granted on June 14, 1939.

Kesbern
The coat of arms of Kesbern shows the wolf hooks in the bottom on stylized triple hill on silver background, as Kesbern is located on a hill between forests. In the top half are two silver plowshares, referring to the rural character of the municipality.

The coat of arms were granted on June 14, 1939.

title: Coats of arms in the Amt Hemer


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title: Category:Language stubs


text: User talk:24.200.191.208

title: User talk:24.200.191.208


text: Template:Antimigraine preparations

title: Template:Antimigraine preparations


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Praskovia Kovalyova-Zhemchugova

Praskovia Ivanovna Kovalyova-Zhemchugova also Kovaleva or Kovalyova, Kovaleva-Zhemchugova, Zhemchugova-Sheremeteva, and Sheremeteva or Sheremetyeva (Прасковья Ивановна Жемчугова, Ковалёва, Шереметева) (July 20, 1768 – February 23, 1803) was a Russian serf actress and soprano opera singer.

Career
Praskovia was one of the best opera singers in eighteenth-century Russia. and Figes describes her as Russia's first "superstar". She was born into the family of a serf blacksmith by the name of Ivan Gorbunov (a.k.a. Kovalyov) probably on the estate of Voshchazhnikovo in the province of Yaroslavl. Praskovia and her family belonged to the Sheremetevs, one of the richest noble families in Russia at the time, along with an estimated one million other serfs. As a young girl she moved with her family to the estate of Kuskovo outside Moscow. Soon thereafter she was taken from her family to serve as a chambermaid to Princess Martha Dolgorukaya, a relative of her master, Count Pyotr Sheremetev, who lived in the manor house.

When it was discovered that she had a fine voice, Praskovia, like other serfs who became artists, was trained to be a singer in the opera company then being put together by Count Pyotr and his son, Nikolai Sheremetev. She debuted in 1779 on the stage of the serf theatre at Kuskovo in the role of the servant Gubert in the comic opera L'Amitié à l'épreuve by André Grétry. Following her success, Praskovia was given the leading role of Belinda in Antonio Sacchini's opera La colonie. In this 1780 performance the actress for the first time appeared under the stage name Zhemchugova, "The Pearl", (zhemchug means "pearl" in Russian). The other stars of the company were also given new names: Arina "The Sapphire", Fekla "The Turquoise", Tatyana "The Garnet", Nikolai "The Marble", Andrei "The Flint", etc.

After the role of Belinda, Praskovia was promoted to the position of the first actress of the theatre. By the age of 17, she could read and write French and Italian fluently, played the harp and clavichord, and was acknowledged by her contemporaries for her operatic and dramatic abilities.

In a career that spanned almost two decades, Praskovia performed in over a dozen operas, including Monsigny's Le déserteur and Aline, reine de Golconde, Paisiello's L'infante de Zamora, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Le Devin du village, and Piccinni's La buona figliuola maritata.

Her most important role was Eliane in Grétry's opera Les Mariages samnites. Assuming the part for the first time in 1785, Praskovia sang Eliane for 12 years — a first in the history of serf theatre. In 1787 Praskovia sang the role of Eliane at Kuskovo for Empress Catherine II and her suite. Catherine was so impressed by her performance that she requested to meet Praskovia and later gave her a diamond ring.

In the mid-1780s or early 1790s, Praskovya became the mistress of Count Nikolai Sheremetev. Nikolai was the impresario of the family serf theater, and he had helped train Praskovia over the years, eventually falling seriously in love with the young star of the troupe. The circumstances surrounding the early years of their relationship, like so much of Praskovia's life, are unknown. After the death of Nikolai's father in 1788, Nikolai and Praskovia set up a private household in a secluded corner of the Kuskovo estate. Their unorthodox relationship soon became the subject of gossip among aristocratic society, and Praskovia was resented by the other serfs.

In 1795 Praskovia, Nikolai, and the theatre troupe moved from Kuskovo to Ostankino, a brilliant new palace constructed north of Moscow with a large theatre intended for large-scale operas and immense balls. The year 1795 was marked by the premiere of the opera Zelmira and Smeloy, or the Capture of Izmail (Osip Kozlovsky, text by Pavel Potemkin); Praskovia acted in the role of the captive Turkish woman Zelmira). Praskovia performed here for Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last king of Poland.

Later life
At the height of the theatre's flowering in the late 1790s Praskovia became ill, possibly with consumption (tuberculosis), and was forced to retire. In late 1796, Nikolai was appointed to the court of Paul I and Praskovia moved with him to St. Petersburg.

Although they lived as man and wife, and most people knew of this, Nikolai and Praskovia could not live their relationship openly. It was taboo for an aristocrat like Sheremetev to move about in society with a serf as his social equal, and marriage, especially for a man from the highest noble family, was theoretically out of the question. Finally, in 1798 Sheremetev emancipated Praskova and later the entire Kovalyov family from serfdom. Understanding that her health would not allow her to return to the stage, he closed the theatre.

In 1801 Nikolai and Praskovia married in Moscow in the strictest secrecy. As part of the arrangements, Nikolai had created a phony genealogy for Praskovia claiming that she was the long-lost descendant of a Polish nobleman by the name of Kovalevskii. Around the time of the wedding he sent a forger to Poland with a purse full of money to purchase a patent of nobility from a willing noble family.

Within months of their wedding Praskovia became pregnant. On February 3, 1803, she gave birth to a son, Dmitry. However, the burden of her illness plus pregnancy and childbirth was too much for her system and she died on February 23, at the Sheremetev palace in St. Petersburg. Just before she died Nikolai informed Emperor Alexander I of his marriage and requested official recognition, which Alexander granted. News of the marriage scandalized society and angered Nikolai's family. Nikolai's two nephews, the Razumovsky brothers, had planned to inherit their uncle's vast fortune, and upon hearing that they were to lose it all to the son of a serf they contemplated murdering the infant.

Praskovia was buried in an elaborate ceremony at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery attended by clergy and servants from the Sheremetev household. Nikolai was too overcome with grief to attend, and the nobility stayed away to signal its disapproval of Nikolai's marriage.

Nikolai was overwhelmed with grief. Ultimately, the only comfort he found was in fulfilling her final wish that he contribute to caring for the poor and the sick. In memory of Praskovia, Nikolai built in Moscow on Sukharevskaya square, a large almshouse that tended to the sick, poor, and orphaned up until the revolution of 1917. Under the Soviets the almshouse was shut down and replaced by the Sklifosovsky Institute, a scientific research institute named after N. Sklifosovsky.

Quotations
"The love affair between Count Sheremetyev and his serf actress set the rumour mill rolling with the high society really shocked to see the count to be so madly in love with his servant and even preparing to build a theatre for her in his Ostankino estate just north of Moscow. And still, this public criticism of his choice was really playing on the young count's nerves who realised all too clear that the society would never forgive him if he ever married the commoner girl. In the meantime, Praskovya the actress was making strides on stage and her theatre's fortnightly performances always played to a full house.' (Lyubov Tsarevskaya, Russian Culture)."

The plaque on Praskovia's grave reads--

"This plain marble, unfeeling and impermanent, Hides the priceless remains of a wife and mother. Her soul was a temple of virtue, In which peace, piety, and faith resided, Where pure love and friendship dwellt. Even in her final hour she remained devoted, Feeling the full grief of those she was leaving behind. What is to become of her wretched spouse, Fated to drag out the rest of his days without his friend? His heart lives on nothing but barren sighs, wailing, sorrow, and heavy moans. Yet her death was the path to immortality, Her innocent spirit is now in God's embrace, Robed in the radiant cloak of imperishability, And forever surrounded by the faces of angels. Fill this dwelling place with righteous blessings, O God, and lay her pure soul to rest for all eternity."

title: Praskovia Kovalyova-Zhemchugova


text:
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Apollodorus
Apollodorus, 1.1.3
 * Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 * [3] And again he begat children by Earth, to wit, the Titans as they are named: Ocean, Coeus, Hyperion, Crius, Iapetus, and, youngest of all, Cronus; also daughters, the Titanides as they are called: Tethys, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Dione, Thia.1
 * 1 Compare Hes. Th. 132ff. who agrees in describing Cronus as the youngest of the brood. As Zeus, who succeeded his father Cronus on the heavenly throne, was likewise the youngest of his family （Hes. Th. 453ff.）, we may conjecture that among the ancient Greeks or their ancestors inheritance was at one time regulated by the custom of ultimogeniture or the succession of the youngest, as to which see Folk-Lore in the Old Testament, i.429ff. In the secluded highlands of Arcadia, where ancient customs and traditions lingered long, King Lycaon is said to have been succeeded by his youngest son. See Apollod. 3.8.1.
 * Titans

Other
Add refs to Cassandra, re Cassandra = Alexandra:
 * Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 * Lycophron, Alexandra (or Cassandra) in Callimachus and Lycophron with an English translation by A. W. Mair ; Aratus, with an English translation by G. R. Mair, London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam 1921. Internet Archive.

 * Lycophron, Alexandra 30; Pausanias, 3.19, 3.26.

Articles
Featured: Attalus I

Created: • Aeolia (mythical island)

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• ::                                                                         √ 03/10/19

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• Set (mathematics)

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User pages
Article Notes: /(Template)

• /Acaste

• /Achelous

• /Achlys

• /Acragas (mythology)

• /Adrasteia

• /Adrastus

• /Adrastus (mythology)

• /Aeolia (mythical island)

• /Aeolus

• /Aeolus (son of Hellen)

• /Aeolus (son of Hippotes)

• /Aeolus (son of Poseidon)

• /Aether (mythology)

• /Aerope

• /Aerope (daughter of Cepheus)

• /Agamemnon

• /Agdistis

• /Angelia

• /Alcyoneus

• /Aleus

• /Amphiaraus

• /Altar of the Twelve Gods

• /Althaemenes

• /Amyntor (son of Ormenus)

• /Anchiale (mythology)

• /Androktasiai

• /Auge

• /Ate (mythology)

• /Aura (mythology)

• /Arion (mythology)

• /Caanthus

• /Caeneus

• /Calydonian boar hunt

• /Campe

• /Carmanor (of Crete)

• /Carme (mythology)

• /Catasterismi

• /Catreus

• /Caucasus

• /Cepheus (king of Tegea)

• /Cerberus

• /Chaos (mythology)

• /Chione (daughter of Boreas)

• /Cleolla

• /Crantor (mythology)

• /Cronus

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• /Cyzicene epigrams

• /Dardanus (Scythian king)

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• /Dodone (mythology)

• /Dolus (mythology)

• /Drakaina (mythology)

• /Dipylon

• /Echidna (mythology)

• /Electra (Oceanid)

• /Electra (Pleiad)

• /Enceladus (mythology)

• /Enyo

• /Eudora (mythology)

• /Stheno and Euryale

• /Eurydice (daughter of Clymenus)

• /Eurypylus (son of Telephus)

• /Giants (Greek mythology)

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• /Hermes

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 New: Hypnos (See Shefold, p. 248)

Old article notes: Aethiopia & Andromeda, Aganippe, Aristonicus, Bio, Cytorus, Endymion, Endymion 2, Eumenes II, DGRBM, Gaius Terentius Varro, Heraclea, Heraclea Pontica, King of Athens, Pandion I, Pandion II, Ogyges, Roman Agora. Trojan War, William Jacob Baer, Zeno's paradoxes,

Other:

 * All
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Article Drafts:
 * unnamed draft

Online Resources

 * Perseus Collection: Greek and Roman Materials
 * Beazley Archive search
 * Timothy Gantz, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources (1993) [does not work?]
 * ToposTexts
 * Kathleen Freeman, Ancilla to Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Complete Translation of the Fragments in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker
 * Müller-Jacoby Table of Concordance
 * Müller-Jacoby Table of Concordance: Alphabetical lists of ancient Greek fragmentary historians
 * Demonax Hellenic Library
 * BU Loeb signin
 * User:Dave12121212/Greek mythology Sidebar
 * Brill's New Pauly
 * Oxford Classical Dictionary

Brill Reference Works
 * LIMC
 * Digital LIMC
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Old To Do
Add to: Sanctuary of Pandion: Hurwit,

Fix: Symmetric relation, Antisymmetric relation, Asymmetric relation, reflexive relation, Irreflexive relation, total relation, Trichotomy, Ordered ring, Ultrametric space, Physical constant (table, and notes), Mathematical constant (table), Theodosius I (succession box see talk), Empty function, Zeno of Elea (turn inline references into footnotes, make external links into References section), Algebra, Magnitude (mathematics) (merge with absolute value), Heraclea (disambiguate), set (image prob see subset), union (set theory) (image prob see subset), intersection (set theory) (image prob see subset), complement (set theory) (image prob see subset), Image:Sym complement.png (replace), Table of mathematical symbols ( ":=" entry, reorganize)

Expand/Rewrite: Image (add and organize properties - see PM), Restriction (mathematics) (and move to Restriction), Trichotomy (split into dab page and "law of trychotomy" page, also see PM article), Identity function (see PlanetMath "Identity map"), Achaeus (general), List of mathematical functions: and create category? First Macedonian War: expand intro (FAC?) Inverse function: add inverse morphism, Arsinoe II of Egypt, Camilla (mythology), Interval (mathematics), Neighbourhood (mathematics), Parmenides, Empedocles, Permutation, Binary relation add informal definition (as subset of X x Y), add definition of Domain and Codomain of a relation First-order predicate logic link to symbolic logic? (figure out why link was removed)

Notability

 * The Pokémon test for notability see: Importance.

A cautionary tale

 * Requests for deletion
 * Requests for comment/Deletion of VFD
 * Requests for arbitration/Ed Poor/Complaint and response
 * Requests for arbitration/Ed Poor
 * Requests for arbitration/Ed Poor/Evidence
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 * Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Archive 7
 * Requests for arbitration/FuelWagon v. Ed Poor

Wiki Creed

 * I believe in Andrewa

Quotes

 * Lucan's take on some guy name of Caesar crossing the Rubicon to duke it out with a volcano -- maybe I have that wrong, but you'll need to read the book to find out. — Review of Lucan's Pharsalia found on Amazon.com
 * The problem with defending the purity of the English language is that English is about as pure as a cribhouse whore. We don't just borrow words; on occasion, English has pursued other languages down alleyways to beat them unconscious and rifle their pockets for new vocabulary. — James D. Nicoll
 * He thought he saw an argument / That proved he was the Pope: / He looked again and found it was / A Bar of Mottled Soap. — Lewis Carroll, Sylvie and Bruno: "The Mad Gardener's Song".
 * Crossing a bare common / at twilight in February / under a cloudy sky / without any warning / I have enjoyed a perfect exhilaration / I am glad to the brink of fear. — This unattributed "quote", found posted on my office bulletine board, yellowed with age, in my handwriting, which as it happens, exactly describes my own crossing of a park in winter, when I was a romantic youth, is apparently an "improvement" by someone (me?) of a bit of prose from Ralph Waldo Emerson's, Nature: Chapter I.
 * IMHO the use of the word "troll" on Wikipedia, should be avoided. It is not well defined and not well understood, hence for the most part, it simply results in being used or understood as a generic insult like "asshole". (Paul August, 20:34, 29 January 2007 (UTC))
 * On Infoboxes:
 * A box promises to contain, and things that can't be neatly contained can't be put in boxes. A box suggests "this is the real deal," and if the real deal could be put in a box, then there would be no need for articles. A box says, "Here is your PowerPoint bullet point list, so you can find all the world reduced to a reductive summary; please do not strive to understand complexity, for that is for suckers." A box says, "Wikipedia is just like your primary school text book: full of colors and 'bites' of infotainment." A box says, "I, the box maker, have just pissed all over this article and written a counter-article, and it's short, so read it instead." A box may be found useful by some people, indeed. We call those people "non-readers." (Utgard Loki, 16:47, 28 March 2008 (UTC))
 * A box aggressively attracts the marginally literate eye with apparent promises to contain a reductive summary of information that can't be neatly contained. Like a bulleted list, or a timeline that substitutes for genuine history, it offers a competitive counter-article, stripped of nuance. As a substitute for accuracy and complexity a box trumps all discourse. (Wetman, 23:52, 8 April 2008 (UTC))
 * Here are some reasons why I disagree with including an infobox in this article: (1) The box emphasizes unimportant factoids stripped of context and lacking nuance, such as "Death Place", in competition with the WP:LEAD section which emphasizes and contextualizes the most important facts. (2) Since the most important points about the article are already discussed in the Lead, or adequately discussed in the body of the article, the box is redundant. (3) It takes up valuable space at the top of the article and hampers the layout and impact of the Lead. (4) Frequent errors creep into infoboxes, as updates are made to the articles but not reflected in the redundant info in the box, and they tend to draw more vandalism and fancruft than other parts of articles. (5) The infobox template creates a lot of code near the top of the edit screen that discourages new editors from editing the article. (6) It discourages readers from reading the article. (7) It distracts editors from focusing on the content of the article. Instead of improving the article, they spend time working on this repetitive feature and its coding and formatting. See also WP:DISINFOBOX. (Ssilvers, 18:33, 1 August 2016 (UTC))

Verse
For quality Paul may be crazed, but in conflict is mostly unfazed— and, too, pretty swell for one who can't tell his mug from his chocolate glazed!

 * Mindspillage

After math is crazy Paul This is known by us all

He may dream of Ancient Greece But just numbers give him peace

Neither Caesar, neither Kate Are too stong to change his fate

But don't worry, have some rum And enjoy the year to come

 * Anonymous (New Year's eve 2006)

title: User:Paul August


text:
Talk:Redcliffe-Maud Report

Interesting to note that the plans for North West Province are not entirely dissimilar to the current unitary plans.

 * Cumberland & North Westmorland = North Cumbria
 * Furness & North Lancashire = Morecambe Bay
 * the Fylde = Blackpool and the Fylde
 * Preston-Leyland-Chorley = Central Lancashire

Then with Blackburn/Burnley, the only difference in the 2004 proposals is that Ribble Valley should be to Burnley (as part of East Lancashire), rather than associated with Blackburn. Of course, a Blackburn with Ribble was propsed in the 2003 draft.

Also Southport-Crosby is basically the same as the proposed Sefton and West Lancashire (apart from the Bootle thing)

Morwen - Talk 22:35, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Can I just say...
That I'm glad the Redcliffe-Maud proposals were never fully implemented! Talk about vandalism of the counties!! David 19:22, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I'm of the opinion that because the proposals were so radical, that if they were implemented they wouldn't have affected the perception of counties that much — witness what happened in Scotland. Because the watered-down LGA 1972 areas were so similar in names and areas to counties in most places, the actual affect on the perception of counties has actually been worse. Look at the confusion that has happened south of the border since 1974, whereas Scotland's local government of regions and districts was always understood to be completely separate from the counties. Obviously in a best-case scenario both the LGA 1972 and LG(S)A 1973 would never have happened! Owain 20:02, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, in Scotland I regularly see people quoting their address as being in Tayside or Strathclyde, even though that was always wrong. Morwen - Talk 09:45, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Well exactly, you can never legislate anything out of existence as long as people remember it! Owain 09:51, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Minor edit...
...but based on an article that isn't freely available. I have a copy I bought myself, which also contains maps and the like. It shows Derek Senior's proposal in full; said proposal splits England into five provinces, none of which would seem to have any parity in population or industry. The area around Berwick-upon-Tweed (I believe it also includes some land south of the Tweed, though it's hard to tell) is marked as "Berwick Area (special arrangements)", presumably a form of power-sharing. The article is available at http://www.jstor.org/pss/1795107 if anyone has a subscription. Shaucker (talk) 12:37, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Size of counties, or the Peripatetic Music Advisor
My recollection was that RM homed in on a size of about 1 million, because this was the minimum that could employ specialist staff, such as the aforesaid peripatetic music advisor. (Avon certainly had one, only, when my missus taught Junior school music). Anyone able to confirm?

Interesting to see who was classed in the 'great & good' in those days - J.L. Longland is presumably Sir Jack Longland (educationalist, broadcaster & mountaineer - I've resolved the redlink), and T Dan Smith must have got involved only months before his fall from grace! Bob aka Linuxlad (talk) 09:20, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Barnsley?
Very good article. However, I was wondering which district Barnsley was due to go in. Is anyone able to add this information please? Epa101 (talk) 20:14, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

Map of provinces
Is it naïve of me to have expected the names of the provinces to be listed somewhere against the numbers (1-8) used in the map? Perhaps even in the map's caption?

title: Talk:Redcliffe-Maud Report


text: File:Westinghouseworks.gif

title: File:Westinghouseworks.gif


text:
Sammarinese Communist Refoundation

Sammarinese Communist Refoundation (Rifondazione Comunista Sammarinese, RCS) was a communist political party in San Marino. It was a member of the European Left.

History
It emerged in 1992 when the old Sammarinese Communist Party evolved into the Sammarinese Democratic Progressive Party and some members, on the example of the Italian Communist Refoundation Party, decided not to join the new party.

In the 2001 general election RCS won 3.4% of the vote, while in 2006 it gained 8.7% and 5 members of the Grand and General Council as part of the United Left, including the Left Party, a splinter group from the Party of Democrats. Since then it had been part of the 2006–2008 governing coalition along with the Party of Socialists and Democrats and Popular Alliance until tensions between its grouping, United Left, and the latter caused the coalition to disintegrate.

In the 2008 general election, United Left, the Sammarinese Communist Refoundation's political grouping, was part of the Reforms and Freedom electoral coalition which won 25 seats out of 60 in the Grand and General Council gaining 45.78% of the national vote. The Sammarinese Communist Refoundation gained a few seats and a small percentage of the national vote as part of United Left which itself gained 5 seats and 8.57% of the national vote.

During the legislature, the United Left was restructured from an alliance to a single party, absorbing RCS.

title: Sammarinese Communist Refoundation


text:
Lake Celilo

Lake Celilo is a 24 mi long reservoir on the Columbia River in the United States, between the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. It was created in 1957 with the construction of The Dalles Dam near The Dalles, Oregon, and stretches upstream to the John Day Dam. Its filling drowned the former site of Celilo Falls and the neighboring fishing and trade village sites. Celilo Village, a small, unincorporated community of Native Americans, still exists today, though it is no longer the thriving cultural and economic center it once was.

The reservoir lies in parts of Wasco and Sherman counties in Oregon, and Klickitat County in Washington.

title: Lake Celilo


text:
Talk:Inflaton

Edited for clarity
The original article discussed the concept in terms of an inflaton field. Cantus' rewrite of the first sentence makes it much clearer but a reader might be confused by the use of "particle". True, a particle is associated with the field but it reads as though one particle is responsible for the inflationary epoch. Here's a reference that discusses the topic in terms of a scalar field:

http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Kolb/Kolb3.html

I've made some changes to try to make the article easier to grasp. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vivers (talk • contribs) 22:41, 19 July 2004 (UTC)

Citation needed for expansion figures
Can you reference a source for the 10-50 m to 1 m expansion figures? My research shows an expansion from 10-24 to 1026. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sgb (talk • contribs) 05:16, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The figure does seem a little low for inflation. 219.88.76.119 00:52, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

William Dembski?
He isn't a physicist. His views on the subject aren't relevant. And even if they were relevant, this particular view has nothing do do with the inflaton scalar field or cosmology. — Preceding unsigned comment added by C h fleming (talk • contribs) 12:26, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Edits by User:Bhenderson
A new user continues to make edits to this page that are slightly problematic. The prose he includes doesn't add any substantive information to the article and introduce a misconcpetion that inflation accounts for the current scale of the universe (which it doesn't because expansion is still occuring). --ScienceApologist 15:58, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Inflaton vs inflation
This is already been fleetingly discussed: I agree that a casual reader might think the spelling is wrong, and perhaps might change it. But I also think that a sentence like "...is not missing an 'i' etc." is slightly patronising, and has not a tone appropriate for an encyclopedia. We might perhaps put a warning in a comment within the article source? Happy editing, Goochelaar  (talk) 10:12, 12 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I suggest the controversial paragraph be rewritten to read as follows: Inflaton conforms to the convention for field names, and joins such terms as photon and gluon. The process is "inflation"; the particle is the "inflaton". PYRRHON  talk   18:35, 12 May 2010 (UTC)
 * How does that stop drive by editors from "correcting" the spelling? --Michael C. Price talk 23:10, 12 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Michael, I share your concern about what drive-by editors may do. My hope is that putting photon and gluon close to inflaton, and then showing that inflation is one thing, and an inflaton is something else, will be enough of a clue to the average editor not to alter the spelling of inflaton. Of course, some editors will be clueless no matter how painstaking we are in separating the two terms. My hope in that regard is that algeny will come to our rescue soon. PYRRHON  talk   03:08, 13 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with Pyrrhon and with Pyrrhon's proposal: if the two words appear in the same sentence, stressing their structure and meaning, the risk of misunderstanding is sensibly reduced. Goochelaar  (talk) 16:26, 13 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Per WP:TwoHeadsAreBetterThanOneIfThoseHeadsAreGoochelaarandPyrrhon, I have amended the article as I proposed above. Thank you to all the participants here for your erudite discussion, your extraordinary civility, and your excellent spelling. PYRRHON   talk   02:51, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

Is the inflaton a dark energy candidate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.198.103.144 (talk) 09:41, 6 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I had the same question, but I came across statements here, stating that the energy scales are different. I don't guess that resolves the issue, but suggests that more explanation would be necessary if they were in fact manifestations of the same process.  70.247.169.197 (talk) 07:14, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

The question on a connection between inflation (the inflaton field) and dark energy might be worth re-considering: The essentials of the process are identical, the specific energies of the inflation within the Big Bang and the cosmic voids appear to be constant (same amount per volume). Brian Greene expands a little more on the subject (see "The Fabric of the Cosmos"), and I've just written an email in a similar direction of thought. However, the magnitude for the original size (10E-50m) at the beginning of inflation is way below the Planck world (10E-35m). Maintaining this very unusual value surely implies quoting a source?! Regards, casey-san, Germany80.132.252.226 (talk) 07:10, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

As a supplement to my contribution yesterday, there are two sources (publications) on the inflation which might be useful (besides Brian Greene's "Fabric of the Cosmos"). One is a lecture on dark matter and Einstein's cosmological constant held by Prof. Dr. Hanns Ruder, then University of Tübingen, who explained that within the first 10E-30 seconds of the Big Bang, the universe expanded by a factor of 10E50. The other publication remains a bit vague, but the chapter about the Big Bang on the DVD "Our Universe" (Discovery Channel) also states a faster-than-light expansion from the size of an atom to that of a golfball in a similarly short timeframe: Prof. Lawrence Krauss: Expansion of 10E24 times within 10E-24 seconds. A closer look at both presentations reveals not just a slight factoring of the speed of light, but a mind-boggling amount of some 10E20 times that speed, depending on the original values you assume at the starting point! Regards, casey-san, Germany87.184.37.210 (talk) 12:40, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

about e-folds and time.

 * http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/7326/on-flatness-problem-inflation-etc
 * http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/10063/inflation-factor-and-doubling-time

Yoron 02:36, 7 July 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.35.21.217 (talk)

Properties of such an "inflaton"?
Coming here I had a strong feeling of beeing looking at some "usual" kind of fringe theory; however this seems to be just a far-from-mainstream really-really-far-from-being-accepted nevertheless a somewhat scientific theory. But I think that anyone taking seriously the existence of such an inflaton could devote at least a little time to explain its properties, say, some kind of quantum numbers ;) Could anyone explain? PS: A few sources seem to be self-published material, or the like. Not suitable as a source for wikipedia 78.15.199.51 (talk) 12:25, 2 August 2015 (UTC)

Error in link for reference 5.
Reference 5 is: Atkins, Michael (March 2012). "Could the Higgs Boson Be the Inflaton"

The link to the Atkins article is: http://indico.cern.ch/event/180122/material/slides/0.pdf

Opening this link leads to the page: http://indico.cern.ch/event/180122/contribution/8/attachments/239078/334729/NExT_2012_Williams0A.pdf

The title of the slide shown on this page is: "Regenerating Wimps" by Andrew Williams.

I would very much like to read the Atkins paper, so I hope someone will please correct this citation. BuzzBloom (talk) 12:27, 1 October 2015 (UTC)

Rename
I would like to suggest renaming this article Inflaton field, as that is the focus on the article. The current title, inflaton is derivative of this idea, and is minimally expressed here. There seems to be a need to have an article for the field prior to the article for the particle, in order to set the stage appropriately. Both terms point to this article already, too. When this article matures further, the particle could have a separate article. 75.139.254.117 (talk) 04:07, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

Expansion rate unclear
Article states that when the metastable state tunnels to inflatons+true vacuum Either it changes or it doesn't. Bwikioni (talk) 15:33, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) the expansion rate does not change
 * 2) the expansion rate changes to the slower FLRW metric

title: Talk:Inflaton


text:
User talk:Triskaideka

If you leave a message for me and want a response on your talk page, please let me know. Otherwise I'll respond on this page in the interest of making the conversation easy for future readers to follow. If I leave a message on your talk page, I'll put your talk page on my watchlist for a while, so you can reply there if you like. —Triskaideka

Welcome to Wikipedia, Triskaideka / Number 13. I like what you added at No Taxation Without Representation. Even though the page is nicely wikified, I think I'll leave it on the Opentask for a short while. :-) -- PFHLai 22:42, 2004 Jul 19 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I do think that NTWR needs something more, but I couldn't figure out what. Triskaideka 22:52, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

European Union Olympic medals count for 2004
Hi there,

I wonder would you consider reversing your decision to delete this article. I have substantially rewritten it. A united EU team is not going to happen. I've discussed potential EU co-operation towards the olympics, and kept the table. I believe the table is valid, for us Europeans/EUians to see how the area has fared as a whole. Please comment on my talk page if you still feel the article should be deleted.

zoney | talk 00:55, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Reply at User talk:Zoney as requested.  —Triskaideka 01:48, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your time at any rate. I must admit, I don't quite understand how you can prefer the previous version (the notion of a united EU team is patent nonsense) - but fair enough. I also feel that objections against having the table are unwarranted - it's valid information (as I pointed out, of interest to many). But sin a bhfuil, that's how it is. Again, thanks. zoney █ █ █  talk 01:50, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Managed deletion
Thanks for your temperate reply on Wikipedia talk:Managed Deletion, Triskaideka. You're right that the need for posters to "feel strongly enough" would have a kind of automatic filtering function for what got as far as VfD — I hadn't quite thought of it that way. And creating more traffic to Votes for undeletion is execrably undesirable, sure. (Hadn't given that enough thought, either.) On the other hand, it would also be pretty easy for mischievous people with too little to do to recreate articles over and over, don't you think? Having the same article pop up again and again on VfD would be a kind of nightmare. Then people would get seriously tired of voting.

Oh, and after posting my comments, I managed to find the present policy about recreated pages: "Reposted content that was deleted according to Wikipedia deletion policy" is a Speedy delete category. That means that your suggestion would create a kind of anomalous situation, with "mild" VfD deletion of recreated Managed deletes, but draconian Speedy deletion of recreated Speedies and VfDs. Sorry I'm putting it so thornily, it may have something to do with it being 4 in the morning here. Best regards, Bishonen 02:08, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * No, you're quite right about all of that. I realize that there would be inconsistency in how a recreated article is handled depending on the way it was deleted, and I guess I didn't think about how confusing that could be to newbies.  I didn't mean that articles could be recreated and VfDed indefinitely, though; I think one VfD per article is quite enough.

 * But then, it would be the argumentative authors who pressed the issue on VfD, and their article would already have been deleted once, so as a means of calming down VfD, this system might backfire. Well, as I say, just throwing ideas out there; hopefully someone can find the inspiration for a good idea in my half-baked ones.   —Triskaideka 02:22, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

List of Greek Wikipedians
Hello, I've noticed your Greek username, so if you are Greek, I'd suggest that you may add yourself to the Wikipedians/Greece list. Thanks. Etz Haim 15:48, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the info, but I'm not Greek by ethnicity nor residence. I just studied Ancient Greek for a couple of years in high school.   —Triskaideka 15:56, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
thanks for wikifying the jonesville page

 * No problem. :)  —Triskaideka 20:16, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Help Desk
Thanks for your assistance, out of interest, would it not be better to have the messages chronologically with the most recent at the top? Then if people like myself saw a message that I/we could answer, we would know it was new. Please reply to my talk page: User_talk:Honeycake_Webber. Thanks, Honeycake 16:25, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Reply at User_talk:Honeycake as requested.  —Triskaideka 16:48, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thankyou very much for all your help. My contributions and watchlist lists have now updated themselves. Thanks again--Honeycake 16:50, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

User:62.253.64.12
I initially removed this text from my user page because it was posted in the wrong place (at the top) and was redundant with a conversation going on at User talk:62.253.64.12. Then I thought better of it. So here it is in the right place. —Triskaideka 23:21, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

User:62.253.64.12 (contributions) wrote:

 * What is the big issue with opwtn????? There was no vandalism to anyones pages - I just did what you did to opwtn! So, why are you so bugged with the entry????

Reverting your User page
No problem. Someone did the same for me a while back when Haydes got banned and went nuts vandalizing from a bunch of AOL IPs--I didn't even know that he'd hit my page after I started helping revert his edits until some time after the attack had ended, and I was scanning Recent Changes for that IP range and I happened to notice the revert. Wikipedians in general seem to be really good at watching each other's back. And now I see you reverted mine when the above user hit it, as well. Thank you. Niteowlneils 00:20, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Black Ships
I made some comments on the "senryu" that you edited in the Black Ships article. Talk:The Black Ships gK 05:26, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've replied to your comments on my user talk page User talk:GK gK 06:29, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

New Millennium Orchestra
Oh, sorry, I thought the encyclopedia would cover unfinished projects too. If it is not the case, I could delete the page, until it's got something interesting.

 * Reply is at User_talk:Rockslave.  —Triskaideka 18:05, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Talk:Haiku-Pauwela, Hawaii
There is now an answer to your question about Haiku, Hawaii at this talk page. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 07:45, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Serial comma
Hello. In the past, I think you've spoken in favor of having guidelines on the serial comma in the WP Manual of Style. Currently, a few users have been taking out all guidance on that, replacing it with a statement that the MoS takes no position. They've said they reached a consensus on the talk page. Would you care to comment there? Jonathunder 22:15, 2005 May 9 (UTC)

Notability of VG Cats
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on VG Cats, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because VG Cats is an article about a certain website, blog, forum, or other web content that does not assert the importance or significance of that web location. Please read our criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 7 under Articles, as well as notability guidelines for websites. Please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources which verify their content. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting VG Cats, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. --Android Mouse Bot 2 03:08, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of VG Cats
I have nominated VG Cats, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/VG Cats&. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Guy (Help!) 13:41, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Triskaideka


text:
Talk:Jean Bart

reverted for "original material"
It appears that somebody removed some sentences from my modification stating "original research". The sentence explained that Jean Bart was still very famous in Northern France... Well... I'm afraid that there is nothing original there, it's more than common knowledge. It's not as if the statue in front of the city hall was his. Well, the harbor is named after him too. Inhabitants still sing songs to praise him (kneeling in front of the statue)... It's like asking somebody to source "Lincoln is well know in the USA". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.254.206.5 (talk) 17:07, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Below is from my Metaweb article:

Dunkirk's Pride
When Jean was a boy, the Flemish-speaking port town of Dunkirk was part of the Spanish Netherlands. At the age of 6, he would have seen the most unlikely allies capture his town. In 1658, Dunkirk was encircled. At sea, the ships of dour English Puritan Oliver Cromwell blockaded the port. On land, English troops were joined in besieging the town by those of French "Sun King" Louis XIV, fighting for glory and the Catholic religion.

When a Spanish army came to relieve the siege, they were beaten in the Battle of the Dunes fought on June 14, 1658 was a victory of the French army (under Turenne) against the Spanish army (led by Don John of Austria and Louis II de Condé). It was part of the Franco-Spanish War, and fought near present-day Dunkirk. The French were supported by English troops, including Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the bodyguard of King Charles II. English fleet commenced attack on the Spaniards, which was supported by Turenne, and the Spaniards were totally defeated, with a loss of 4,000 killed, wounded, and captured. Ten days later the town of Dunkirk was captured.

Part of the deal was that the captured town was handed over to the English - local people joke that Dunkirk was Spanish, French and English all in one day, but it was not funny to the vanquished at the time!

Jean the Privateer
He was born in Dunkirk, the son of a fisherman. Born into a poor Flemish family of sailors in Dunkirk, Jean Bart went to sea at age 12. When he was a boy, the English had besieged, battered and captured his home town - perhaps naturally, teenage Jean joined the Dutch Navy to fight the English. He observed brilliant Dutch admiral De Ruyter, and learnt seamanship and naval tactics. He served when young in the Dutch navy, but when war broke out between Louis XIV and the United Provinces in 1672 he entered the French service. He gained great distinction in the Mediterranean, where he held an irregular sort of commission, not being then able from his low birth to receive a command in the navy.

Jean Bart's Fame
Corsair Jean Bart is the most famous son of the port of Dunkirk, which is still proud of his heroic exploits on the high seas. Dunkirk's tough and adventurous 17th century corsairs helped Louis XIV beat France's many enemies. Without them, he could not have made Nord - Pas de Calais part of France.

Dunkirk naval base
While Jean Bart had been away, Louis XIV's Minister of the Marine, Colbert had made huge changes at Dunkirk. Colbert had established a naval dockyard with an arsenal, ropery, barracks, a sailors' hospital; dredged a deep channel to the port, and created a Royal Basin. Dunkirk was the base for the new Fleet du Nord. In Louis XIV's Marine Guard, the ships' captains and crews made money from "prizes". They attacked enemy ships, men and cargoes at sea, and if they could bring them back to Dunkirk, were rewarded with prize money.

1662: France's New North Sea Naval Base
Cromwell died, and in 1660, Charles II was invited to return in triumph. Hard-up, he sold Dunkirk to Louis XIV in 1662. Dunkirk was ideally placed as a base from which French corsairs could strike against Spain's supply routes by sea to the Low Countries, and against English and Dutch shipping in the North Sea.

Dunkirk's sailors were keen to join up. Their town had been North Sea herring fishermen for centuries, but since the 14th century they had also taken to piracy - preying on passing merchant ships. The town had already gained a reputation as a remote lawless place in the sand-dunes.

Jean Bart's success was attributed to Dunkirk's numerous population of sailors who provided courageous spirited officers and crews; also his own qualities as a bold dashing leader with a good tactical sense; and the support and organising skill of Colbert and the Naval Secretary of State, Louis de Ponchartrain who encouraged the corsairs to act as a disciplined fighting force.

Fighting the Dutch 1672 -78
Jean Bart was rapidly promoted. In 1674, he got his own ship "le roi David". Colbert soon noticed his successes in fighting heavily armed Dutch naval ships, and in bringing home Dutch merchant vessels with cargoes of cacao beans, timber, hides, coal, and wine. He married a local inn-keeper's daughter, had a son, François, and by the end of the war was Dunkirk's most celebrated corsair with 81 prizes and a victory at the Battle of the Texel (1674) to his credit.

The naval Battle of Texel took place between the Dutch and the combined English and French fleets on August 11, 1673, and was the last major battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, which was itself part of the Franco-Dutch War (1672-1674), during which Louis XIV of France sought to establish control over the Spanish Netherlands. The English involvement came about because of treaty obligations and was highly unpopular.

The overall commanders of the English and Dutch military forces were James, Duke of York, afterwards King James II of England, and William III of Orange, James' son-in-law and also a future King of England. The Battle of Texel was joined when a Dutch fleet sought to oppose the landing of troops by a combined Anglo-French fleet. Both were future kings of England.

Prince Rupert commanded the Allied fleet of about 92 ships and 30 fireships, taking control of the centre himself, with D'Estrees comanding the van, and Sir Edward Spragge the rear division. The Dutch fleet of 75 ships and 30 fireships was commanded by de Ruyter, with Banckerts in charge of the van and Tromp the rear.

Although outnumbered, De Ruyter gained the weather gauge and sent his van under Banckerts in to separate the Allied van (under D'Estrees) from the main fleet. His ploy was effective, and the French ships were unable to play a significant part in the remainder of the battle, which became a gruelling encounter between the bulk of the Dutch fleet and the English centre and rear divisions. Both suffered badly during hours of fierce fighting.

Spragge and Tromp, commanding their respective rear divisions, clashed repeatedy, each having their ships so damaged as to need to shift their flags to fresh ships three times. On third occasion, Spragge drowned when his boat took a shot and sank.

With both fleets exhausted, the English eventually abandoned their attempt to land troops, and both sides retired. No ship was sunk, but many were seriously damaged and about 3000 men died: two-thirds of them English or French. After the battle Prince Rupert complained that the French had not done their share of the fighting, but historians ascribe the lack of French impact on the battle to de Ruyter's brilliant fleet handling. Despite its inconclusive finish, the battle was a clear strategic victory for the Dutch.

In the months following, the Netherlands formed an alliance with Spain and the French withdrew. The war came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Westminster between the English and the Dutch in 1674. It was the peace treaty that ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War. It was signed on February 19, 1674. It led to a restoration of the status quo ante bellum, including the return of New York and New Jersey to England. When the Dutch allied themselves with Spain - which was itself at war with the Netherlands until 1648 - France withdrew in 1673. England was also forced to sign the treaty as the parliament would not allow more money to be spent on the war.

Fortifying the Corsairs' Base
With a brief peace in 1678, Jean Bart, now prospering in Royal favour, worked with military engineer Vauban - another Royal protegée who rose from humble beginnings. They designed up-to-date fortifications for the walled town - which were to prove useful in the next stage of Louis XIV's wars at sea.

Daring deeds against stronger foes
From 1688, the rest of Europe saw France as a threat: Louis XIV faced a hostile coalition of England and the Dutch, brought together by William of Orange, and other countries.

In 1689, Jean Bart's ship was escorting 20 French merchant vessels down the Channel. when they were attacked and captured by a much bigger Anglo-Dutch force. Jean Bart, his lieutenant Claude de Forbin and 20 men were imprisoned in Plymouth. They escaped, stole a boat and were back in France in 2 days! Jean Bart's new fleet had manuverable shallow-draft boats that could cross the sandbanks along the coast - firing guns and boarding English, Dutch and Spanish ships that had to keep to the channels leading to the ports. Jean Bart saved Paris from starving in 1694, by capturing a huge fleet of 150 ships carrying grain from the Baltic to Holland. As a reward, Louis XIV made Jean Bart a noble, and made his 14 year-old son François Bart a marine guard. Less zog on them puppies!

Louis entrusted Jean Bart with a fleet of light vessels which could skim over the shallow sands of the south North Sea, attacking English and Dutch ships with great success. In vain they tried to stop him by blockading Dunkirk - even twice (1694-5) bombarding the town. Louis XIV promoted Jean Bart in 1696 to command of the fleet after he had burnt an enemy force of 50 ships. In 1702 Louis XIV ordered the fleet to be prepared for war again. Though weak with sickness, Jean Bart went out to check a ship in a storm and died in his bed soon after.

His Legacy
Many anecdotes are narrated of the courage and bluntness of the uncultivated sailor, who became the popular hero of the French naval service.The spirit of Jean Bart and the corsairs lives on in Dunkirk. He is the town's local hero, with a statue in the main square. His body is buried in the nearby Eglise St. Eloi, whose belfry dates back to the 15th century. Participants in the town's boisterous carnival call themselves "the children of Jean Bart" and sing Pirate songs every year. - Sparky 22:46, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

A corsair, not a pirate
My illustrious cousin Jean Bart was a corsair operating in the most legal conditions ; he normally should not be classified in the category of pirates --Nicolas Baeteman (talk) 19:05, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jean Bart


text:
Bahamian

Bahamian may refer to anything of or from The Bahamas, an island country located in the Atlantic Ocean northeast of Cuba.

 * Bahamians, citizens of the Bahamas and descendants of the Bahamian diaspora
 * Bahamian English, a dialect of English spoken in The Bahamas and by Bahamian diasporas
 * Culture of the Bahamas, a hybrid of African, European, and other cultures
 * Demographics of the Bahamas, population, ethnicity, and other aspects of the population of The Bahamas

title: Bahamian


text:
Hotel Paper

Hotel Paper is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Michelle Branch. It was released on June 24, 2003 through Maverick. The production on the album was handled by a variety of record producers such as Josh Abraham, Rick DePofi, John Leventhal, John Shanks & Greg Wells.

Hotel Paper was supported by three singles: "Are You Happy Now?", "Breathe" and "'Til I Get over You". The album received mixed critical reviews and debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200, selling 157,000 copies in its first week. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in December 2003.

Background
Some of the major themes on Hotel Paper are leaving things behind, constantly being on the move, independence, the mysteries of bus stations and spirituality. The album's cover is a photograph of Branch by Sheryl Nields.

Singles
"Are You Happy Now?", the album's first single, peaked at number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance, Branch's third nomination. The second single was "Breathe", which reached number 36 on the Hot 100 and became a top five club hit. A third single, "'Til I Get over You", was released with no music video and failed to chart.

Commercial performance
Hotel Paper debuted at number two on US Billboard 200 chart, selling 157,000 copies in its first week. This became Branch's first US top-ten debut and highest first-week sales to date. In its second week, the album dropped to number four on the chart, selling an additional 85,000 copies. In its third week, the album dropped to number six on the chart, selling 65,000 more copies. The album spent a total of 33 weeks on the US Billboard 200 chart. On December 9, 2003, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of over a million copies. As of March 2009, the album had sold 1,116,000 copies in the United States.

In Canada, the album peaked at number four on the Canadian Album Chart and was certified gold for shipments of over 50,000 copies.

Musicians

 * Michelle Branch – acoustic guitar, guitar, percussion, vocals
 * Josh Abraham – keyboards
 * Kenny Aronoff – drums
 * Paul Bushnell – bass
 * Chris Chaney – bass
 * Luis Conte – percussion
 * Sheryl Crow – vocals on "Love Me like That"
 * Rick DePofi – percussion
 * Mike Elizondo – bass
 * John Leventhal – bass, guitar, keyboards
 * Brian MacLeod – drums
 * Jamie Muhoberac – keyboards
 * Dave Navarro – guitar
 * Shawn Pelton – drums
 * Dan Rothchild – bass
 * John Shanks – bass, guitar
 * Stuart Smith – mandolin
 * Patrick Warren – keyboards
 * Greg Wells – Hammond B3, bass, guitar, piano, Wurlitzer
 * Jessica Harp – backing vocals on "Desperately"

Production

 * Producers: Josh Abraham, Rick DePofi, John Leventhal, John Shanks, Greg Wells
 * Engineers: Daniel Chase, Greg Collins, Rick DePofi, Marc DeSisto, Lars Fox, Chris Reynolds, Jeff Rothschild, Brian Scheuble, Ryan Williams
 * Assistant engineers: Chris Holmes, Brian Humphrey, Eric Reichers, Mark Valentine
 * Mixing: Josh Abraham, assistant: Jesse Gorman, Chris Lord-Alge, Roger Moutenot, Jim Scott
 * Mastering: Brian Gardner
 * Assistant: Jorge Velez
 * Production coordination: Jill Dell'Abate
 * Programming: Josh Abraham
 * String arrangements: David Campbell
 * Photography: Sheryl Nields

title: Hotel Paper