text:
Sarah Kerrigan

Sarah Louise Kerrigan, the self-styled Queen of Blades, is a character in Blizzard Entertainment's StarCraft franchise. She was created by Chris Metzen and James Phinney, and her original appearance was designed by Metzen. Sarah Kerrigan is voiced by Glynnis Talken Campbell in StarCraft and Brood War, Tricia Helfer in StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty, Heart of the Swarm and Legacy of the Void, and Vanessa Marshall in Heroes of the Storm.

Kerrigan first appears in StarCraft as a twenty-six-year-old Ghost, a psychic trained both physically and mentally as an expert espionage agent and assassin. Initially the second-in-command of Sons of Korhal, a revolutionary movement against the oppressive Confederacy of Man, she is captured by the insectoid Zerg and genetically mutated into a human/Zerg hybrid completely under the control of the Zerg Overmind. Initially one of the Zerg's most powerful agents, she gains control of the Zerg after the destruction of the Overmind, and seeks dominance over the galaxy. Kerrigan's life before her infestation is further explored in the StarCraft novels Uprising and Liberty's Crusade, while Queen of Blades elaborates on her infested character.

As one of the major characters of the series, Kerrigan has been critically praised by video game journalists for her believability and character depth, and is frequently featured in lists of the top video game women, villains and characters in general. Her reception in regards to gender representation in video games has been more mixed. She has been considered to challenge some hetero-normative gender roles while adhering to others, and to also have an overly sexualized design.

Character design
The character of Kerrigan was created by Blizzard Entertainment's Chris Metzen and James Phinney, with her physical appearance designed by Metzen. Kerrigan was not originally intended to be a major character, and was only meant to appear on a single level. Initially based around the character Tanya Adams in the Command & Conquer: Red Alert series, Kerrigan was named after Nancy Kerrigan, who at the time was involved in a feud with Tonya Harding. However, Kerrigan's character grew on the developers, who decided to give a far greater role to the throw-away character. Kerrigan's self-proclaimed title is the "Queen of Blades", which is gradually introduced to other characters to the point where it is synonymous with her. Chris Metzen has explained that it was meant to be an honorific title; a blade is a weapon designed to rip enemies to pieces, making the title fitting for Kerrigan, who evolved to be the greatest agent of the Zerg Overmind.

In an interview Glynnis Talken Campbell, Kerrigan's voice actress from Starcraft and StarCraft: Brood War, described Kerrigan's change in personality during her infestation as "going from good girl to bad girl", and has said it was more of a change in personality than voice when providing her voice work. Kerrigan's voice also consisted of many grunts, growls and screams, and her unique infested voice was provided by doubling up Campbell's voice. She has also claimed that, were she to pen a StarCraft film or novel, she would rather have Kerrigan's relationship with Jim Raynor—the series' primary male protagonist—portrayed as one of admiration, sacrifice, and "them saving each other's butts" than actual romance due to StarCraft ' s action-oriented nature. While Campbell expressed interest in returning to voice the character in StarCraft II, and even voiced Kerrigan in the trailer for the game, she confirmed in February 2009 that she would not be reprising the role. Campbell stated that her work in the trailer was considered an audition of sorts and that Blizzard had decided to go in a different direction. Tricia Helfer replaced her, voicing Kerrigan in StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty as well as the expansions Heart of the Swarm and Legacy of the Void. The third actress to voice Kerrigan was Vanessa Marshall in the 2015 crossover video game Heroes of the Storm.

Personality
Having been conscripted into the Confederate Ghost program as a child due to her psychic potential, Kerrigan is described in the manual for StarCraft as never having been given the chance for a normal life. Her rigorous training and the use of neural implants to control her mental abilities leave her withdrawn and introverted. Despite this, Kerrigan exhibits qualities of courage and daring, and is an effective tactician. She is also described as a moral character, exemplified in her opposition to Arcturus Mengsk using the Zerg against the Confederacy. However, after her transformation by the Zerg, Kerrigan is freed from her inhibitions—as well as her neural conditioning—and indulges her darker traits (though Heart of the Swarm implies that at least part of her villainy was due to the influence of a fallen Xel'naga named Amon). Her attitude, combined with her natural intelligence, makes her extremely calculating and manipulative. A hint of her former moral sensitivity is to be noted when towards the end of the Zerg campaign of Brood War, she states how she feels weary of slaughter for the first time since her transformation. Kerrigan has also become far more physically aggressive, relishing close quarters combat so much that at one point in the novel Queen of Blades, she begins absent-mindedly licking the blood of her victims from her fingers.

One of the core elements of Kerrigan's personality is that of her manipulation by others, and her lack of identity. Her reversion to human form by Raynor allowed her to finally develop an identity for herself, though found her emotions torn between a man that she loved (Raynor) and a man that she despised (Mengsk).

Depiction
Prior to her infestation, Kerrigan is described as being a graceful and deadly woman, exceedingly agile and athletic, possessing jade-green eyes and brilliant red hair usually worn as a ponytail. The novel Queen of Blades describes her facial features as being too strong to be classified as beautiful, but instead as striking and completely fitting for her personality. Kerrigan is rarely seen out of her armor, a form-fitting hostile environment suit specifically designed for Ghost operatives and equipped with a personal cloaking device. When off-duty, she is described as wearing casual clothing and always being equipped with at least a combat knife.

Kerrigan's infestation by the Zerg signaled a major overhaul for her appearance. Despite maintaining her stature, build, and facial features, she is described in Queen of Blades as having mottled green skin, covered in a glossy protective carapace. Kerrigan's eyes are bright yellow as opposed to her natural green, and her hair has transformed into stalks, described as being segmented like an insect's legs. Kerrigan's fingers are stated to now contain extendible claws. A pair of skeletal wings has also grown from her back, consisting of elongated segmented spikes that reach down to the level of her knees. Kerrigan is seen using these wings as a melee weapon, tearing opponents apart.

Kerrigan ascended into Xel'naga form by consuming the essence of Ouros, the last remaining Xel'naga, marking a complete overhaul for her appearance. Her physique resembles that of her human form, though her skin turns a metallic gold color with flames along the surface, and she has a pair of angelic wings. Kerrigans final canon appearance is in the Legacy of the Void epilogue cutscene, where she is shown to have returned to her human form.

In StarCraft
Sarah Kerrigan appears in StarCraft (1998) halfway through the first chapter of the game. She and Confederate officer Jim Raynor are tasked by Arcturus Mengsk, the leader of the militant rebel group Sons of Korhal, with starting a revolution on the fringe colony world of Antiga Prime by assassinating the presiding officers of the ruling Confederacy of Man. In response, the Confederacy blockades the planet as the insectoid Zerg Swarm begin to invade the surface, and Mengsk orders Kerrigan, against her wishes, to plant a psi emitter—stolen Confederate technology that attracts Zerg to it—to lure the Zerg into breaking the blockade, allowing the Sons of Korhal to escape. The Sons of Korhal then directly attack the Confederate capital world Tarsonis. During the attack, Mengsk, without consulting his officers, uses the psi emitters to ensure the complete destruction of the planet by the Zerg. The Zerg are subsequently attacked by the Protoss, a race of psionic aliens who attempt to stop further Zerg advancement and conquest. Kerrigan is sent with a detachment of troops to stop the Protoss from interfering with the Zerg rampage, but her position is overrun by the Zerg, and Mengsk refuses to rescue her as punishment for questioning his orders. Raynor deserts Mengsk in disgust, and Kerrigan is presumed dead.

However, as the second chapter begins, the player is charged by the Zerg hive mind, the Overmind, to protect a chrysalis on the planet Char. When the chrysalis hatches, it reveals Kerrigan has been infested with Zerg DNA, making her a powerful Zerg and Terran hybrid. In addition to her radically altered appearance, her personality has drastically shifted, putting her in allegiance with the Zerg. Raynor, drawn to Char by psychic dreams cast by Kerrigan during her incubation, fails in an attempt to rescue her, but is spared as Kerrigan, who is now aligned with the Zerg, does not see him as a threat. After breaking into a Terran science vessel, Kerrigan is able to sense the presence of the Protoss fleet commander Tassadar on Char. Tassadar diverts Kerrigan's attention long enough for his companion Zeratul to assassinate Zasz, one of the Zerg commanders. However, through a temporary mental connection, the Overmind is able to use Zeratul's memories to locate the Protoss homeworld of Aiur. The Overmind immediately launches the bulk of the Zerg Swarm to invade the planet, although Kerrigan remains behind on Char to hunt down Tassadar and Zeratul.

In StarCraft: Brood War
Following the Overmind's death at the hands of Tassadar in the conclusion of StarCraft, Kerrigan regains her independence from the Zerg hive mind and dedicates her efforts to becoming the leader of the Zerg Swarm. She presents herself on the Protoss colony world Shakuras, where she informs Zeratul and the Protoss of a new Overmind growing on Char, manipulating them into destroying Zerg forces running rival to her goals. She also gains an ally in Samir Duran, an apparently infested ex-Confederate Ghost who infiltrates the newly arrived forces of the United Earth Directorate (UED), and attempts to sabotage their mission to enslave the Zerg. The UED is successful in capturing the new Overmind, and Kerrigan exploits the threat of the UED to forge an alliance with Mengsk, Raynor and his new Protoss allies, turning around the war against the UED. However, Kerrigan quickly betrays this alliance and strikes at the armies of Raynor and Mengsk, heavily damaging both groups. Accompanied by Duran, Kerrigan returns to Shakuras to abduct the Protoss leader Raszagal, using her to blackmail Zeratul into killing the new Overmind on Char, after which all Zerg fall under Kerrigan's control. Zeratul attempts to rescue Raszagal, but kills her when he realizes her mind has been destroyed by Kerrigan's brainwashing. Kerrigan, surprised by his actions, allows him to live. Soon after, Kerrigan's position on Char is attacked by a vengeful Protoss fleet, the remnants of the UED's invasion force and a mercenary fleet commanded by Mengsk. Despite being outnumbered, Kerrigan's forces prevail, crippling her enemies and eradicating the UED fleet, thereby securing a dominant position in the sector.

In StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty
Kerrigan returns in StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty (2010). At BlizzCon 2007, Chris Metzen explained that in the years after Brood War, Kerrigan relocated to Char, pulling back most of the Zerg, and has since been quiet. She has the power to wipe out all her enemies but has not, creating a tense state of peace in the sector. Metzen also indicated an interest in exploring if there was any humanity left in Kerrigan or if she is beyond redemption in her current state. He revealed that Kerrigan's withdrawal has little to do with any suspicion she has of Duran, who is revealed towards the end of Brood War to be conducting secret experiments on creating a Protoss/Zerg hybrid; she does not know much about him, but in the time after Brood War, she is beginning to piece together the puzzle surrounding his motives. At BlizzCon 2008, Kerrigan made two brief appearances in cinematic trailers, one during an attack on a Terran city that was captured on video, and again in a series of caverns where Zeratul was studying ancient runes; in the latter, Kerrigan implies she has been waiting for his arrival.

In StarCraft II, Kerrigan launches an attack on the Terran Dominion colonies, in pursuit of various pieces of a Xel'naga artifact. Coincidentally, Jim Raynor is also pursuing these artifacts under the employment of a secretive group called the Moebius Foundation. Raynor's forces and Kerrigan battle throughout the pursuit. It is revealed that the Mobius Foundation is controlled by Valerian Mengsk, the son of Arcturus Mengsk, who opposes his father's methods of ruling of the Dominion. Valerian explains to Raynor that the Xel'naga artifacts, when pieced together, have the power to return Kerrigan to her human form. At one point, Zeratul suddenly appears on board Raynor's ship, allowing him to discover an ancient Xel'naga prophecy that Kerrigan must live as she will save the universe from a coming war against Protoss-Zerg hybrids. After learning this, Raynor mounts an invasion on Char in collaboration with Dominion forces under the control of Valerian, to eliminate the Zerg and rescue Kerrigan. The Xel'naga artifact releases an energy blast that kills the Zerg, and mostly returns Kerrigan to her human form. Raynor then carries the weakened Kerrigan over the ruined battlefield to safety.

In StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm
Kerrigan is the main character in StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm. After regaining her human form, Kerrigan is brought by Raynor to a secret research facility run by Valerian Mengsk to determine if she can still control the Zerg. However, the facility is attacked by Dominion forces and while Kerrigan and Valerian escape, Raynor is captured. Mengsk's publicly announces he has executed Raynor, and while planning to enact revenge against him, Kerrigan is approached by Zeratul, who tells her to travel to Zerus, the original homeworld of the Zerg. On Zerus, Kerrigan learns that a being called Amon stole a large portion of the Zerg from the planet and bound them to the Overmind, making them Amon's slaves as part of his plot to destroy both the Zerg and Protoss and remake life in his own image. Kerrigan learns that the Overmind created her as an attempt to free to Zerg from Amon's control. Kerrigan chooses to increase her power by entering a chrysalis, transforming again into a Zerg and Terran hybrid, though this time retaining her original personality. Mengsk contacts Kerrigan and reveals that Raynor was not killed, but is being held as a hostage. He threatens to kill Raynor if she goes to war against the Dominion. With help from Valerian and Raynor's forces, Kerrigan manages to rescue Raynor, but is rejected by him for choosing to return to her Zerg form. Now in full control of the Zerg, Kerrigan launches an attack on the Dominion's main world, Korhal, to defeat Mengsk. Valerian convinces her to permit civilian evacuation. As a result, Raynor and his raiders reinforce her assault on the imperial palace. Confronting Mengsk, Kerrigan is almost killed by the Xel'naga artifact before Raynor disables it. Kerrigan kills Mengsk, and leaves Raynor to prepare the swarm for the fight against Amon.

In StarCraft II: Legacy of the Void
During the events of Legacy of the Void, Kerrigan enters into an alliance with Artanis while investigating the Xel'Naga "homeworld" Ulnar, which the pair discover is in fact a colossal space station. Some time after Artanis's reclamation of the Protoss homeworld, Aiur, Kerrigan sends a psionic call to Raynor and Artanis: she proposes an alliance to permanently defeat Amon, since he will only arise again in a few thousand years if he is not dealt with. During the assault of the Void by the joint forces of the Terran Dominion, Zerg Swarm and Protoss, the full context of Zeratul's prophecy about Kerrigan is made clear; only a fellow Xel'Naga is capable of killing Amon, and Kerrigan is the only one who can ascend to that status. The allied forces are successful in defeating Amon. As Kerrigan is charging her power to finally kill Amon, she warns Jim to leave the area for his safety. The game's final cutscene is set two years later. Raynor is alone in a bar on the planet Mar Sara. Without further explanation, Kerrigan appears in the background, out of focus, in her human form and ghost armor. She asks Jim if he is ready to leave, and he gladly joins her; on screen text states they are never seen again.

In Heroes of the Storm
Kerrigan appears as a playable character in Blizzard's non-canon crossover video game Heroes of the Storm.

In novels
Kerrigan appears in several StarCraft novels that greatly expand her backstory before the first StarCraft game. The novel Uprising portrays Kerrigan's training as a Ghost assassin from an early age, where she is subjected to intense psychological abuse from her Confederate trainer, Lieutenant Rumm. When she was a young girl, an accident, most likely involving her powers, kills her mother and puts her father in a vegetative state. Consequently, Kerrigan is terrified to use her psionic abilities, and refuses Rumm's demands to show her power, even when he threatens to kill her father. Kerrigan is eventually subdued with mental implants and used as a top Confederate assassin until she is rescued by Arcturus Mengsk. The novels Liberty's Crusade and Queen of Blades provide novelisations for Kerrigan's actions in Episodes I and II of StarCraft respectively. Liberty's Crusade develops the implied relationship between Jim Raynor and Kerrigan, while Queen of Blades serves to demonstrate Kerrigan's complete transformation by the Zerg, her removal of her inhibitions and morality, and its effect on her former love, Raynor.

In addition, Kerrigan briefly appears in Gabriel Mesta's Shadow of the Xel'naga, set between StarCraft and Brood War, in which she attempts to secure a Xel'naga artifact on the independent colony world Bhekar Ro, but fails when it eradicates her forces. Kerrigan is also observed in Shadow Hunters, the second novel in The Dark Templar Saga, a trilogy that acts as a precursor to StarCraft II. After sensing a nexus of joined human minds caused by protagonist Jake Ramsey at the end of the first novel, Kerrigan sends Zerg forces to its location, infesting the half-dead body of a Dominion-funded black marketeer, Ethan Stewart. As the attack is the first Zerg activity for years, it inadvertently raises the suspicions of Arcturus Mengsk, who wonders what could have motivated it.

Reception and legacy
Kerrigan has consistently received positive reviews from video-game journalists. GameSpot attributed the popularity of StarCraft to the reception of the game's characters, including Kerrigan. Her transition from Terran to Zerg was particularly praised, and they opined that the reason her face appeared on the box art for Brood War was due to how recognizable she had become. Following her appearance in Brood War, IGN commented favorably on the evolution of Kerrigan's character through StarCraft's storyline, and also described her as one of the most memorable villains in gaming. In 2007, Tom's Games opined she was one of the "most fascinatingly complex and memorable characters of all time". Following her appearance in StarCraft II and its expansions, numerous video-game journalists described Kerrigan among the best villains in gaming,   with many commenting on the complexity of her character. Game Informer's Liz Lanier opined that Kerrigan was "as brutal as she is misunderstood." Rich Antoniello from Complex's described her life as a "tragic tale of nearly Shakespearean proportions", and Hanuman Welch considered her the most evil woman in video gaming. Kerrigan's voice acting has also received positive reception. Her portrayal in StarCraft by Glynnis Talken Campbell, was praised by GameSpot, while Tricia Helfer won "Best Performance by a Human Female" for her voicing of Kerrigan in StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards.

Kerrigan's reception in relation to gender representation in video games, however, has been mixed. Writing in Nordlit and Games and Culture respectively, academics Sarah Stang and Gregory Blomquist cite Kerrigan as a rare example of a monstrous feminine character who is playable, empowered, and conventionally attractive, in contrast to feminine monsters such as The Mother in Dragon Age: Origins, who is a "physically grotesque" antagonist for the player to kill. Stang, however, considers Kerrigan's storyline to have patriarchal elements which undermine her empowerment; Kerrigan is infested against her will by the Overmind, who is voiced by male actors and who she refers to as her father, and Raynor's work to remove her infestation, also against her will, is said to turn her from being a femme fatale to a damsel in distress for him to protect. Stang concludes that while Kerrigan is more complex and designed less misogynistically than other monstrous women in gaming, she cannot be considered an example of positive female empowerment. Similarly, Blomquist comments that Kerrigan "teeter[s] on two binaries that both empower and disempower her". He criticized her over-sexualization, such as her exaggerated hip swing when walking and her feet resembling stiletto heels, which he argued is impractical for her frequent close combat fights and was only added to be visually appealing for male viewers. However, Blomquist also comments on Kerigan subverting hetero-normative gender roles, such as by penetrating Mengsk, the patriarchal Terran leader, with her skeletal wings before killing him, and also considers her sardonically referring to herself as "Queen Bitch of the Universe" as an empowering reclamation of the term 'bitch'. Reviewing Heart of the Swarm, video-game journalist Alec Meer from Rock Paper Shotgun said that "initially laudable attempts" to make Kerrigan a strong female were undermined by the game only using men to talk her out of making violent decisions. He was particularly critical of the sexualization of both her human and infested forms, calling her appearance a "disasterpiece of exploitation".

Kerrigan is featured in numerous StarCraft merchandise, including toys and miniature statues. Due to the complexity of Kerrigan's infested appearance, she is cited as a particularly difficult character for cosplaying, though attempts have been praised. Dwight Schrute dresses as Kerrigan's infested appearance for a Halloween party on a 2011 episode of The Office. The character is the subject of the song "Queen of Blades" by Swedish band Avatar on their 2009 album "Avatar". In 2012, Dutch musician Maduk and Canadian singer Veela released the song Ghost Assassin, a dedicated anthem for Kerrigan's arc throughout the StarCraft franchise.

title: Sarah Kerrigan


text:
Amram ben Sheshna

Amram bar Sheshna or Amram Gaon ( or עמרם גאון; died 875) was a gaon or head of the Academy of Sura in Lower Mesopotamia in the ninth century.

He authored many responsa, but his chief work was liturgical. He was the first to arrange a complete liturgy for the synagogue. His siddur (Siddur Rav Amram or Seder Rav Amram), which took the form of a long responsum to the Jews of al-Andalus, is still extant and was an important influence on most of the current rites in use among Rabbinic Jews.

Biography
Amram ben Sheshna was a pupil of Natronai ben Hilai, Gaon of Sura, and was exceptionally honored with the title of Gaon within the lifetime of his teacher. Eventually, he broke away from his teacher and started his own seat of learning.

Upon Natronai's death, about 857, the full title and dignities of the geonate were conferred upon Amram, a title which he held for 18 years, until his death.

Responsa
He is the author of about 120 responsa, most of which were published in Salonica in 1792 in a collection entitled Sha'arei Tzedek, touching almost every aspect of Jewish jurisprudence. They afford insight into Amram's personality as well as religious practice among Jews of that period. For example, the ruling that interest may not be exacted even from non-Jews, nor even such minor profits as the Talmud designates as "the dust of interest", these being allowed only when customary in non-Jewish business circles. It is characteristic of Amram's method to avoid extreme stringency; thus he decides that a slave who has embraced Judaism but desires to postpone circumcision until he feels strong enough for it, is not to be hurried. He combats superstition and places himself almost in opposition to the Talmud when he protests that there is no sense in fasting on account of bad dreams since the true nature of dreams is not known. Amram's rules concerning the methodology of the Talmud are of considerable value.

Siddur Rav Amram
The most important work of Amram, marking him as one of the most prominent of the geonim before Saadiah, is his prayer book, the so-called Siddur Rav Amram. Amram was the first to arrange a complete liturgy for use in synagogue and home. His book forms the foundation both of the Spanish-Portuguese and of the German-Polish liturgies, and has exerted great influence upon Jewish religious practice for more than a thousand years, an influence which to some extent is still felt at the present day. For Amram did not content himself with giving the mere text of the prayers, but in a species of running commentary added many Talmudic and gaonic regulations relating to the prayers and their associated ceremonies. His siddur, which was made familiar by the many excerpts quoted from it by the medieval liturgical writers, and which served as the model for Saadia's and Maimonides' own prayer texts, was published complete for the first time in Warsaw, in the year 1865 under the title Siddur Rav Amram Gaon.

The work as published is composed of two parts. The second part containing the selichot and pizmonim for the month of Elul, for Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur, is certainly not the work of Amram, but appears to belong to a much later period. Even the first portion, which contains the prayers proper, is full of interpolations, some of which, such as the kedushah for private prayer, are evidently later additions in the manuscripts. But not much weight can be attached even to portions of the book which are specifically given under the name of Amram; many of the explanations are certainly not by him, but by the editors who appended his name to them, speaking of him in the third person. These explanations of the prayers make no reference to any authorities later than the following: Natronai II, Amram's teacher (17 times); Shalom, Natronai's predecessor in the gaonate (7 times); Judah, Paltoi, Zadok, and Moses, geonim before Amram (once each); Cohen Tzedek (twice); Nahshon and Tzemach, contemporaries of Amram (twice each); and Nathan of unknown date. The only authority mentioned of later date than Amram is Saadia. This indicates that the additions to the text of the prayers must have originated in Amram's time. Certainty on this point, however, can only be obtained by a comparison of the printed text with the manuscripts; that of Almanzi, according to the specimens given by Luzzatto, varies considerably from the printed text. Israel ben Todros (1305) mentions some azharot as having been composed by Amram; but no trace of these can now be found.

The text
No early manuscripts of this prayer book survive, and later manuscripts appear to be heavily edited to conform with the rites in use at the time: we therefore cannot be certain of the exact wording preferred by Amram Gaon himself. Evidence for this is:

 * The manuscripts differ widely among themselves
 * The text of the prayers often differs from the surviving responsa of Natronai Gaon and other contemporary authorities, and occasionally even with the halachic commentary of the siddur itself
 * There are many instances where a later authority, such as Abraham ben Nathan's Sefer ha-Manhig or David Abudirham, argues for text A "as prescribed by Amram Gaon" as against text B "found in popular usage", but the current version of Amram Gaon shows text B.

Relation to current rites
The Siddur Rav Amram was originally sent to the communities of Spain, in response to a request for guidance on the laws of prayer. However, it never seems to have been adopted by them as a package deal, though they respected the individual halachic rulings contained in it. On the contrary, they appear to have edited it to suit their own requirements, so that the wording of the manuscripts and the printed version often contains variants likely to be derived from early versions of the Spanish rite. None of these early versions survives, but secondary evidence such as the Sefer ha-Manhig and the Siddur Rav Amram itself indicates that in certain respects these were different from the Sephardic rite in use today and nearer to other old European rites such as the Provençal, Italian and Old French rites, which reflect varying degrees of Palestinian influence. The later Sephardic rite has been revised to bring it into closer conformity with the rulings of the halachic codes, which themselves often reflect the opinions of the Geonim, and is therefore of a more purely Babylonian character: thus, paradoxically, it has moved away from the current wording of the Siddur Rav Amram and towards what was presumably its original wording.

Conversely, the Siddur Rav Amram was a major source used in the standardization of the nusach Ashkenaz, which was already akin to the old European family. For this reason, to a modern reader the wording of the Siddur Rav Amram appears far closer to an Ashkenazi than a Sephardi text, a fact which misled Moses Gaster into believing that the Ashkenazi rite was based on the Babylonian while the Sephardic rite was essentially Palestinian.

Published texts of the Siddur

 * Seder Rab Amram, ed. Coronel: Warsaw 1865
 * Seder Rav Amram Gaon, ed. Hedegard: Lund 1951
 * Seder Rav Amram Gaon, ed. Goldschmidt: Jerusalem 1971
 * Seder Rav Amram Gaon, ed. Kronholm: Lund 1974
 * Seder Rav Amram Gaon, ed. Harfenes: Bene Berak 1994

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Amram ben Sheshna


text:
Geoff Moore

Geoff Moore (born February 22, 1961) is an American contemporary Christian music singer. He began recording as a solo artist in 1984. In 1987, he formed Geoff Moore and The Distance, his touring band, which released eight albums generating a string of No. 1 radio hits throughout their 10+-year tenure. In 1998, Geoff retired the band from full-time touring. After a "farewell tour", Moore has continued as a solo artist, releasing eight more records between 1999 and 2015. The Next Thing was released in April 2016, making it his 25th album to date.

Geoff is also an advocate for underprivileged children. He has partnered with Compassion International since 1985, being a spokesman and advocate for their work in releasing children from poverty throughout the developing world. He also works with Showhope, an organization founded by his close friends Steven and Mary Beth Chapman. Showhope cares for orphan children and helps assist with international adoptions.

Geoff Moore is co-founder of an outdoor adventure company called Fellowship Adventures. Founded in 2014, Fellowship Adventures focuses on small group hunting, fishing, adventure and expeditions.

Early years
Moore was born in Flint, Michigan in 1961. His father played baseball for the Toledo Mud Hens, and later ran a steel fabrication plant. He attended Holly Area Schools at Patterson Elementary, Holly, MI through grade six and then started attending Brandon Schools in Ortonville, MI. He began singing while he was at Taylor University living in Wengatz Hall. At the time that he became a classmate to White Hearts future lead singer, Rick Florian, when he stood in for the lead singer of his roommate's band. He graduated from Taylor in 1983. Newly married, he moved to Nashville soon after college. He was able to break into the music industry with the assistance of Michael W. Smith when the two met in the clothing store where Moore worked. He signed a publishing contract with Paragon Music, and began writing songs and singing on demo recordings. While with Paragon he wrote songs for fellow Christian singer and songwriter, Steven Curtis Chapman. Since that time, they have become best friends and have co-written numerous songs together, including the title track on Chapman's 1992 Dove Award and Grammy winning release The Great Adventure.

During the mid-1980s, Moore recorded three solo albums released on the Power Discs label, including Where are the Other Nine?, Over the Edge and The Distance. After signing to Sparrow Records in 1987, he put together a touring band, called "the Distance", to continue with his career.

Geoff Moore and the Distance
In 1988, Geoff Moore and the Distance released their first official album together, entitled A Place to Stand. They also recorded Foundations in 1989 for Sparrow Records. After a year of touring, they jumped to Forefront Records and recorded Pure and Simple in 1990.

They followed in 1992 with A Friend Like U. This album would garner them their first real US Christian radio exposure with its title song. This started their most prolific period with the Grammy-nominated albums Ev-O-Lu-Tion in 1993 and Homerun in 1995. This album produced US Christian radio hits like "Evolution Redefined", "Life Together" and "Home Run". The video for "Home Run" featured former Major League All-Star pitcher Tim Burke.

In 1995, Benson released a compilation of hits from Moore's first solo albums titled The Early Years. The following year the band released a double-disc greatest hits compilation which contained new unreleased bonus tracks as well as a live performance from Rome, Georgia. In 1997, the band released Threads, another Grammy-nominated album which featured a cover of The Who's "I'm Free" as its lead single. After more than ten years with the Distance, which he called "an incredible journey" in the Star Tribune, Moore decided to disband the group and go his own way in 1998. In 1999 Moore returned to the studio to begin work on a new solo record. This began a new season of his music career which is still active today.

The Distance members were:

 * Roscoe Meek – guitar (1990–1995)
 * Guy Platter – guitar (1993–1994)
 * Dale Oliver – guitar (1987–1989)
 * Lang Bliss – drums (1987–1989)
 * Arlin Troyer – bass guitar (1987–1990)
 * Geof Barkley – keyboards, vocals (1988–1998)
 * Gary Mullett – bass guitar (1990–1998)
 * Greg Herrington – drums (1990–1994)
 * Chuck Conner – drums (1995–1998)
 * Joel McCreight – guitar (1996–1998)

Solo career
In 1999, after a short time off, Moore emerged with his eponymous solo album on Forefront Records. In 2002 he followed it up with A Beautiful Sound. Near the end of 2005 he released two new studio albums independently, Every Single One Part I and Every Single One Part II,. The albums combined original songs and re-recorded selections from the out of print Forefront Records albums with The Distance.

Moore's next project Speak to Me, released in 2007 on Rocketown Records was nominated for a Dove Award for Inspirational Album of the Year. After putting together All Along the Road Part I and All Along the Road Part II, a re-release of Every Single One with alternate tracks, Moore released Saying Grace, a collection of songs that reflect back to his upbringing, expressing "gratefulness" for family, for tradition, and grace in the midst of uncertainty. In 2013, Moore compiled 25 Favorites, a "best of" double-disc, including the re-recorded material and remastered songs.

In 2015, work began on The Next Thing, his first crowdfunded recording that is scheduled to release in April 2016.

In addition to songwriting, recording, and touring, Moore enjoys hunting, fishing, and other outdoor pursuits. He and his wife have been married for 32 years, and have two sons and two adopted daughters from China.

Discography

 * Early recordings as a solo artist (1984–1988)
 * Where Are the Other Nine? [Power Discs, 1984] [Remastered CD, Girder Records, 2020]
 * Over the Edge [Power Discs, 1986] [Remastered CD, Girder Records, 2020]
 * The Distance [Power Discs, 1987] [Remastered CD, Girder Records, 2020]

 * Geoff Moore & the Distance (1988–1998)
 * A Place to Stand [Sparrow, 1988]
 * Foundations [Sparrow, 1989]
 * Pure & Simple [ForeFront], 1990]
 * A Friend Like U [ForeFront, 1992]
 * Evolution [ForeFront, 1993]
 * Evolution: Extended Play Remixes [ForeFront, 1995]
 * Home Run [ForeFront, 1995]
 * Home Run: The Single [ForeFront, 1996]
 * More Than Gold: The Single, [ForeFront 1996]
 * Greatest Hits (double-disc set, including the "Live Set") [ForeFront, 1996]
 * Threads [ForeFront, 1997]

 * Recordings as a solo artist (1999 – present)
 * Geoff Moore [ForeFront], 1999]
 * A Beautiful Sound [ForeFront, 2002]
 * Every Single One – Part I and II [Independent, 2005]
 * All Along the Road – Vol I and II [Independent, 2006]
 * Speak to Me [Rocketown, 2007]
 * Saying Grace [Independent, 2011]
 * 25 Favorites [double-disc set, released 2013]
 * The Next Thing [release date: April 2016]

 * Other compilations and collaborative projects
 * Air Raves – Christian Radio's Best, "Where are the other Nine?" [Greentree, 1986]
 * Christmas, "Jingle Bell Rock" (with The Distance) [Sparrow Records, 1988]
 * All the Good Music [Power Discs, 1988]
 * On the Forefront: The Best Of Rock & Rap – Volume 1, "Rescue Me" [ForeFront, 1991]
 * Christmas, "Jingle Bell Rock" (with The Distance) [Sparrow, 1993]
 * Familiar Stranger: The Early Works of Geoff Moore (compilation 1984–1987) [Benson, 1995]
 * The Early Years (compilation 1988–1992) [ForeFront, 1995]
 * One Way: The Songs Of Larry Norman, "U.F.O" (with The Distance) [ForeFront, 1995]
 * WOW 1996: The Year's 30 Top Christian Artists & Songs, "Home Run" [Sparrow, 1995]
 * More Than Gold: A Christian Music Tribute, "Home Run," "More Than Gold" (with The Distance) [ForeFront, 1996]
 * WOW 1997, "More Than Gold" [Sparrow, 1996]
 * Super Saturday Limited Edition CD, "Only A Fool" (from Threads) (with The Distance) [Chordant, 1997]
 * Seltzer 2, "I'm Free" (with The Distance) [ForeFront, 1998]
 * Get Real! - 1998 Alabama Youth Evangelism Conference, "Only a Fool" (with The Distance) [StarSong, 1998]
 * Ten: The Birthday Album, "Second Birthday", "Why Should The Devil (Have All The Good Music)", "When All Is Said and Done" (with The Distance) [ForeFront, 1998]
 * Christmas on the Rock, "Jingle Bell Rock" (with The Distance) [Straightway, 1998]
 * Songs 4 Life – Lift Your Spirit!, "Listen To Our Hearts" [Time Life, 1998]
 * WWJD: What Would Jesus Do?, "The In Betweens" (with The Distance, from Threads) [ForeFront, 1999]
 * McCaughey Septuplets: Sweet Dreams, "My Dream Come True" [Sony, 1999]
 * Pass It On – Leaving a Legacy for a Lifetime, "Pass It On", "Be There" [2000]
 * Keep the Faith 2000: Overcoming Stress & Anxiety, "The Vow" [Chordant, 2000]
 * Secrets of the Vine: Music... A Worship Experience, "In Christ Alone" (with Adrienne Liesching) [ForeFront, 2002]
 * I Will Be Here: 25 Of Today's Best Wedding & Love Songs, "If You Could See What I See" [Sparrow, 2002]
 * Left Behind Worship: God Is With Us, "In Christ Alone" [ForeFront, 2002]
 * WOW Worship (Yellow), "In Christ Alone" (with Adrienne Liesching) [Provident, 2003]
 * A Life God Rewards, "Remind Me O God" [ForeFront, 2003]
 * It Takes Two: 15 Collaborations & Duets, "In Christ Alone" (with Adrienne Liesching) [Sparrow, 2003]
 * Songs 4 Love – Songs 4 Life, "If You Could See What I See" [Time Life, 2004]
 * The Ultimate Collection: Love Songs, "If You Could See What I See" [EMI CMG, 2006]
 * The Very Best Of Geoff Moore & The Distance [ForeFront/EMI, 2006]
 * The Daraja Children's Choir of Africa, "Holy Is the Lord" [IMI, 2008]
 * Ring the Bells – A Christmas Offering, "Emmanuel" [2008]
 * Glory Revealed II: The Word of God in Worship, "Psalm 23" (with Trevor Morgan) [Provident/Sony BMG, 2009]

title: Geoff Moore


text:
Kerrigan (surname)

Kerrigan is a surname of Irish origin. Anglicized from the Gaelic "Ó Ciaragán." From the word ciar, it means "black; dark."

People
Notable people with the surname include:
 * Dan Kerrigan (1843–1880), American pugilist, sportsman, and politician
 * Danny Kerrigan (born 1982), English footballer
 * Daryl Kerrigan, Irish-American fashion designer
 * Don Kerrigan (1941–1990), Scottish football player
 * Frank Kerrigan (1868–1935), United States District Judge
 * Gene Kerrigan, Irish journalist and novelist
 * Herbert Kerrigan (1879–1959), American track and field athlete
 * James Kerrigan (1828–1899), United States Representative from New York
 * J. M. Kerrigan (James Michael Kerrigan, 1884–1964), Irish actor
 * Jimmy Kerrigan (born 1959), Irish Gaelic football player
 * Joe Kerrigan (born 1954), American baseball player
 * John Kerrigan (disambiguation), several people
 * Jonathan Kerrigan (born 1972), English actor
 * Justin Kerrigan (born 1974), Welsh writer and film director
 * Kait Kerrigan, American playwright, musical theater lyricist and book writer
 * Kathleen Kerrigan (actress) (c.1869–1957), American actress
 * Kathleen Kerrigan (judge), American federal judge
 * Lodge Kerrigan (born 1964), American motion picture screenwriter and director
 * Marguerite Kerrigan (1931–2022), American professional baseball player
 * Michael Kerrigan (1952–2014), British television director
 * Mike Kerrigan (born 1960), American football player
 * Nancy Kerrigan (born 1969), American figure skater
 * Patrick J. Kerrigan (1864–1895), New York assemblyman
 * Patrick Kerrigan (1928–1979), Irish politician
 * Paul Kerrigan (born 1986), Irish Gaelic footballer
 * Peter Kerrigan (1899–1977), British trade unionist
 * Rose Kerrigan (1903–1995), British communist
 * Ryan Kerrigan (born 1988), American football player
 * Simon Kerrigan (born 1989), English cricketer
 * Steve Kerrigan (born 1971), American politician
 * Steve Kerrigan (footballer) (born 1972), Scottish football player
 * T. S. Kerrigan (Thomas Sherman Kerrigan, born 1939), American lawyer and poet
 * Tom Kerrigan (golfer) (1895–1964), American golfer
 * Tom Kerrigan (American football) (1906–1979), American football player
 * J. Warren Kerrigan (1879–1947), American silent film actor and film director

Fictional characters

 * Sarah Kerrigan, fictional character in the StarCraft universe and Heroes of the Storm
 * Ryan Kerrigan, fictional character fiancé of Amelia Shepherd in the Grey's Anatomy universe

title: Kerrigan (surname)


text:
Zlatko Lagumdžija

Zlatko Lagumdžija (born 26 December 1955) is a Bosnian diplomat and politician serving as Permanent Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the United Nations since July 2023. He previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2001 to 2002 and from 2012 to 2015. Lagumdžija was also Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2001 to 2002. He was president of the Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH) from 1997 to 2014.

Lagumdžija was born in Sarajevo in 1955. His father Salko was mayor of Sarajevo in the 1960s. Lagumdžija graduated from the University of Sarajevo in 1981. He did postdoctoral research at the University of Arizona. Subsequently, he taught at the University of Sarajevo and later chaired the department of management information system at the Economics Faculty.

Lagumdžija began his political career during the Bosnian War as deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, advising then-president Alija Izetbegović. He accompanied Izetbegović at almost all of the peace plan negotiations during the war.

In the 2000 parliamentary election, the SDP BiH formed a coalition with the Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina to gain the majority and force the nationalist parties out of power. Lagumdžija became both the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Chairman of the Council of Ministers. The SDP BiH-led government facilitated the passage of the Election Law, a prerequisite to Bosnia and Herzegovina's accession to the Council of Europe. Lagumdžija's party led the government until the 2002 general election, when the nationalist parties were elected back into power. He then served as member of the national House of Representatives.

As president of the SDP BiH, Lagumdžija took part in many constitutional reform talks, most notably in those regarding the 2010–2012 government formation. Following the 2010 general election and the SDP BiH's emergence as the largest party in the House of Representatives, a government was formed around the SDP BiH and the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, with Lagumdžija once again becoming Minister of Foreign Affairs, serving until 2015. Following the 2014 general election and a poor showing of the SDP BiH, he resigned as president of the party. In 2019, he was removed from the SDP BiH due to political activity in his own new political party.

Lagumdžija is a member of the Club of Madrid, an independent non-profit organization created to promote democracy and change in the international community.

Education
Lagumdžija earned his high school diploma as a part of the Youth For Understanding exchange student program in Allen Park, Michigan in 1973.

His subsequent education was at the University of Sarajevo, where he earned a BS in 1977, an MS in 1981 and a PhD in 1988 in the field of Computer science and Electrical engineering.

In 1989, as a Fulbright Program participant, Lagumdžija did postdoctoral research at the University of Arizona in the Department of Management Information Systems and the Center for the Management of Information.

Academic career
Lagumdžija began teaching at the University of Sarajevo in 1989 as a professor of management information system and informatics at the Economics Faculty and Projected Information Systems and Group Support Systems at the Electrical Engineering Faculty.

He served as the chair of the department of Management and Information Systems at the Economics Faculty since 1994 and the director of the director of the Management and Information Technologies Center (an organizational unit of the Economics Faculty) since 1995.

Lagumdžija's particular academic interests lie in the areas of Group Support Systems and management information systems. He is the author of six books and over a hundred papers in the field of management information systems.

At the end of the Bosnian War, Lagumdžija helped to secure funds from the Soros Foundation with which to rebuild the Group Support System facility at the University of Sarajevo. The strategic objective of the Management and Information Technologies Center, which housed the GSS facility, was to "assist and promote the transition of Bosnia and Herzegovina to a democratic, market-driven economy."

As part of that mandate, the Center held sessions for key business and government leaders as well as students at the University of Sarajevo utilizing GSS technology to assist them in thinking about and planning for the economic reconstruction of Sarajevo.

Wartime political career

Lagumdžija began his political career during the Bosnian War as deputy prime minister, advising then-president Alija Izetbegović.

In one particular case he advised him not to sign the Vance–Owen Peace Plan: "Mr Izetbegović was not endorsing it, but thinking out loud and saying perhaps the plan would not be so bad, that we could live with it. And some of us told him, 'Anyone who signs this plan will be dead, and not just politically…'" he told a New York Times reporter in February 1993.

Izetbegović signed the peace plan in March 1993. In May 1992, Lagumdžija was with Izetbegović, Izetbegović’s daughter Sabina and his bodyguard, returning from the Lisbon negotiations, when they were surrounded at the Sarajevo International Airport by the Yugoslav People's Army, kidnapped and driven in a convoy to Lukavica, in Serb-held territory.

In April 1993, Lagumdžija met with a group of citizens from Srebrenica who had journeyed through the Serb lines to Sarajevo. They informed him of the desperate situation of Srebrenica and the eastern Bosnian enclaves. In an effort to highlight the plight of Srebrenica, Lagumdžija suspended humanitarian aid donations for Sarajevo until aid was delivered to the eastern enclaves. A month later, United Nations (UN) Commander Philippe Morillon visited Srebrenica and declared the citizens under the protection of the UN.

Post-war political career

As a member of the Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH), Lagumdžija served as member of the national House of Representatives from 2002 to 2012. He was the president of the SDP BiH from 1997 to 2014.

At the 2000 parliamentary election, the SDP BiH formed a coalition with the Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina, a party founded and led by former wartime prime minister Haris Silajdžić, to gain the majority and force the nationalist parties out of power. They gathered a coalition of many other small parties to create the "Alliance for Change". Lagumdžija became the Foreign Minister, a post he served in from 2001 until 2002, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, (i.e. the Prime Minister), as which he served until 2002. After protracted negotiations, disagreements and delays, he signed the Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on behalf of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

When the SDP BiH came into political power on a platform of economic reform and anti-corruption, Lagumdžija was lauded by the Western powers as the hopeful "face of a pluralistic, united Bosnia." The SDP BiH-led government facilitated the passage of the Election Law, which was not only an important step towards democracy, but also a prerequisite to Bosnia's accession to the Council of Europe. The SDP BiH led the coalition government until the October 2002 general election, when the public, dissatisfied at the pace of political reform, elected the nationalist parties back into power.

On 18 May 2019, Lagumdžija was removed from the SDP BiH due to his political activity in his own new political party, the Social Democratic Movement, which was in the process of being founded, and which was also supported by Bosnian Presidency member and former SDP BiH vice-president Željko Komšić.

2010–2012 government formation

Following the 2010 general election, a process of formation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Council of Ministers (i.e. the national government) had begun. The resulting election produced a fragmented political landscape without a coalition of a parliamentary majority more than a year after the election. The SDP BiH, led by Lagumdžija, and the Bosnian Serb autonomist Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD), each had 8 MPs of the total 42 MPs of the House of Representatives.

The major Croat (HDZ BiH and HDZ 1990) and Serb parties (SNSD and SDS) contended that a gentlemen's agreement existed in which the chairmanship of the Council of Ministers rotates between the three constitutional nationalities. In this case, it would be the turn for a Croat politician to chair the Council. As the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ BiH) and the Croatian Democratic Union 1990 (HDZ 1990) received the overwhelming share of Croat votes in the 2010 general election, the parties demanded that a member of one of them receive the position of Chairman. The SDP BiH on the other hand, claimed that the only necessity is the ethnicity of the individual, and not the party, demanding the right to appoint a Croat Chairman from SDP BiH ranks, calling upon the right of having assumed most votes nationwide.

The European Union and the Office of the High Representative repeatedly attempted negotiations to appease the Bosniak–Bosnian and Serb–Croat divided political blocs, in parallel to the Bosnian constitutional crisis, all ending in failure. The Bosniak-Bosnian coalition insisted that the seat would have to go to them as the party that received the largest number of votes, while the Serb–Croat alliance insisted that due to the fact that according to tradition, the next Chairman of the Council of Ministers must be an ethnic Croat, it must come from an authentic Croat party (Croatian Democratic Union), and not the multi-ethnic SDP BiH.

A round of talks between party leaders was held in Mostar on 5 September 2011, hosted by Croat politicians Božo Ljubić and Dragan Čović, with Milorad Dodik, Mladen Bosić, Sulejman Tihić and Lagumdžija in attendance. The parties agreed to a further round of discussion in mid-September. A meeting between the six major party leaders was held in Sarajevo on 15 September, hosted by Lagumdžija. Topics discussed at the meeting included holding a national census, military assets and the Sejdić-Finci ruling. On the same day, an EU spokesperson warned that the country risked losing funding through the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance if the political situation did not stabilize. Another meeting on 26 September 2011 failed as well.

An agreement was finally reached on 28 December 2011 between the six political parties: the Social Democratic Party, the Party of Democratic Action (SDA), the Croatian Democratic Union, the Croatian Democratic Union 1990, the Serb Democratic Party and the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats. Vjekoslav Bevanda, a Bosnian Croat, became the new Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

Following the government's formation and Bevanda's appointment, Lagumdžija again became Minister of Foreign Affairs, serving until 2015.

Constitutional reform

As “credible efforts” towards the implementation of the Sejdić–Finci ruling remained the outstanding condition for the entry into force of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement, in June 2012, Czech Commissioner Štefan Füle launched a High Level Dialogue on the Accession Process (HLAD) with Bosnia and Herzegovina, tackling both the Sejdić–Finci issue and the need for a coordination mechanism for the country to speak with a single voice in the accession process. Talks were held in June and November 2012, with little success.

In the summer of 2012, HDZ BiH leader Dragan Čović and Lagumdžija agreed on the indirect election of the Bosnian Presidency members by the Bosnian Parliament, but the deal was not turned into detailed amendments. The HDZ BiH kept calling for electoral reform to prevent new Komšić cases. The same Željko Komšić left the SDP BiH shortly after, in dissent with the agreement which would have excluded him from acceding to power again. The SDA also opposed it, as it would have created a further asymmetry, with one Presidency member (from Republika Srpska) elected directly, and two elected indirectly.

In February 2013, the European Commission decided to step up its involvement, with the direct facilitation of talks by Füle, in coordination with the Council of Europe's secretary-general Thorbjørn Jagland. In March and April 2013, with the support of the Director-General for Enlargement Stefano Sannino, the EU Delegation in Sarajevo facilitated a series of direct talks between party leaders, with no concrete outcome.

Algerian Six

At the end of 2001, six citizens of Algerian origin (the so-called "Algerian Six") were accused of planning a terrorist attack on the U.S. embassy in Sarajevo. They were taken into custody in October, and the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Lagumdžija then being prime minister) revoked their citizenship in November. After a 3-month-process, the Supreme Court of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ordered their release based on lack of evidence.

However, Washington came out with a request for their extradition because "the U.S. still believes they are a threat to American interests and that the US Government refused to publicly disclose evidence to the court in Bosnia and Herzegovina because it would endanger its methods of intelligence-gathering." While the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina was deciding about this request, protests broke out in front of the Sarajevo prison. Eventually, Lagumdžija's government yielded to the demand, and the six were deported to Guantánamo Bay. In 2009, an investigation by the Cantonal prosecution of Sarajevo against Lagumdžija, the ex-Federal Minister of Interior Tomislav Limov and others involved was launched but later dropped. Another one was launched three years later, but it was dropped quickly too. Two of the three that returned to Bosnia still hold Lagumdžija responsible for their illegal imprisonment and filed a lawsuit against the state.

"Coup d'état affair"
In September 2003, Lagumdžija and Munir Alibabić, the former director of the Federal Intelligence and Security Service (FOSS), were accused of conspiring to take over the government by Ivan Vuksić, the FOSS director at the time. The accusations were based on the illegal recordings of telephone conversations between the two men. The Sarajevo daily paper Dnevni avaz picked up the story and ran a series of articles which attacked Lagumdžija and blamed him of being behind the August 2003 explosions that had taken place in Sarajevo. He denied the accusations and released a public statement to the court, which read in part, "Any well-informed and well-intentioned person will know that all these accusations are based on vicious lies, and that their progenitors are provoking a situation, which would bring them to face justice in court in any organized democratic state." The court dismissed the accusations, Lagumdžija eventually sued Dnevni avaz for libel and the newspaper was ordered to pay him 10,000 BAM in damages.

Personal life
Zlatko is married to Amina Lagumdžija, and has three children. His father Salko (1921–1973) was the 22nd mayor of Sarajevo from 1965 to 1967.

title: Zlatko Lagumdžija


text:
Talk:Manual alphabet

the link you have to the "deaf blind alphabet w/ graphics for the sighted" is actually the fingerspelling alphabet for british sign language (BSL). Although *some* deaf-blind individuals ask their interpreters to use this in the united states, this occurs predominantly in the northern part of the east coast and parts of Eastern Canada. In the US, the ASL fingerspelling alphabet is used, with the handshapes signed into the palm of the deaf-blind individual, by both interpreters, and deaf-blind-to-deaf-blind.

Seattle is coloquially known as "deaf-blind mecca" -people move here from all over the world. The main reasons for this have to do with access and independance-a deaf-blind person can ride the bus here without anyone needing to accompany them (this involves a system of colour-coded cards, braille, and well-trained busdrivers.) In addition, all the interpreter training programs here have a strong emphasis on learning not only how to interpret for the deaf, but also specifically how to interpret for deaf-blind individuals. As a result, there is a large, well-trained group of professional interpreters here who are deaf-blind saavy, and a large, active, and diverse deaf-blind community has been able to grow and thrive here. In all cases, the system used for fingerspelling is the ASL (American Sign Language) handshapes signed into the palm of the deaf-blind individual you are conversing with. Just thought you'd want to know. -Thanks, -a certified interpreter. RID: CI

Cued Speech
I've removed Cued Speech from the list because it isn't a fingerspelled alphabet used to spell words, but rather a system of representing syllables and entire words. Actually it's more complex than that, but it functions in a vastly different way than a manual alphabet.

 * I originally included Cued Speech in the "see also" because it's compariable to a manual alphabet, although with phonemes instead of letters. I think it would be valuable to people reading about manual alphabets to also learn about cued speech if the confusion could be avoided. Rather than put back the "See also", I've put in a paragraph comparing the two. And input on the differences would be appreciated, so feel free to edit it futher. Thanks --Pengo 08:41, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Cued Speech is an orphan right now, isn't it. I think it creates an ambiguous sense of what a manual alphabet's function is when presented as a significant subparagraph in this article.  It seems to me we should improve the Cued Speech article and include the discussion there instead of here on the Manual Alphabet page. What you've written is interesting and it merits discussion, but if you compare it to the article on Cued Speech, it's of almost equal length and nearly as comprehensive about CS on the Manual Alphabet article as the Cued Speech articles is in it's entirety.  Another thing is that you've written that fingerspelling is rarely used by itself. But in the second paragraph (above) of this talk page, an interpreter tells use that fingerspelling into the palms of deaf-blind people is used in "all" cases.  That's my experience, too. I have two deaf-blind friends who communicate that way and one who uses ASL, so I think that statement leads people far afield.  We should give Cued Speech it rightful place here on Wiki, but I think we're overreaching. It will appear as though you have an "agenda" considering that there is a great deal of controversy in Deaf Education over the use of Cued Speech.  What do you think of developing the Cued Speech article? I've got it on my watchlist along with practically every other article that concerns the deaf.  I'd be happy to collaborate. I think you should remove this edit for now and let us attack the Cued Speech article rather than try to sprinkle "the gospel" of CS at random in order to get its' story across.  Ray Foster 09:47, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Please don't make any deletions to the article. There is no reason both the manual alphabet page and cued speech page can't be both built up. In no way have I promoted the use of cued speech in the article, and I'm sorry you see it that way. Personally I use Auslan on a daily basis, while I have never learnt cued speech. But I do know it exists, and I see no reason why cued speech should not be mentioned as a point of comparison on the manual alphabet page, as they have many points of similiarity.
 * I have already changed a "see also" into a paragraph to clarify (justify?) why I would have it there in the first place, and now you seem to be asking for it to be put back to a "see also". If you wish to expand or clarify on the article, by all means go ahead. If you want to write about why cued speech is not a manual alphabet, then write it on the Cued speech article as well. But please do not delete. The Manual alphabet article is certainly not so long as to require moving anything anywhere else. Again, please feel free to clarify and extend the article, but don't make deletions based only on one point of view. I'd rather not get involved in mediation. --Pengo 06:14, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Pengo, I appreciate your feedback. I'd perfer not to edit your entry. On further reflection I'd have to concede the point you've made as it regards the different way in which CS signals the alphabet.  However, there is still a somewhat nagging problem with the entry you've made.  You've said that fingerspelling is rarely used by itself. Yet almost the entire population of deaf-blind people in the United States uses the manual alphabet exclusively in communication. And, the Spanish manual alphabet, which is the one-handed manual alphabet used by the American deaf community, is used in practically every instance of communication, sometimes to spell a word and sometimes to initialize a sign. Example: "toilet" is signed with the letter "T", "restroom" with the letter "R", "library" the letter "L", "emergency" the letter "e" and so forth. To say the manual alphabet is "rarely used by itself" is not correct.  Auslan and BSL, I'm guessing, may not have this feature. I don't know. I've only seen Auslan signed on a single occassion. But I absolutely do know that ASL does and that I use it daily.   I think you should modify your entry to correct this.  Ray Foster 18:04, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Merging with 'fingerspelling'
I think the topics 'manual alphabet' and 'fingerspelling' are really the same topic. Why don't we merge them? Also, I will add info about other manual alphabets (eg. indonesian, korean, etc) and an image soon (when I have time). -- ntennis 02:19, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The two topics are seperate. Merging 'manual alphabet' (a noun phrase) and 'fingerspelling' {a verb} would be like merging 'running' with 'legs' or 'airplane' and 'flight'. They are very similar topics but each has its own bailiwick; therefore, the two should be in sperate articles. Qaz

I disagree. A better comparison is merging "communicating in sign language" with "sign language". One only occurs with the other (making them the same topic), unlike legs and running or airplane and flight. I haven't added to these articles because I haven't been able to see the topics as seperate. Perhaps you could explain to me in more detail what kind of content you see should be placed in each article? ntennis 02:46, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

No response after several months, so I will go ahead and merge the pages. I want to move ahead with this topic. If there's any lingering doubt, here's a quote from the "father" of sign language linguistics, William Stokoe: "There is a third way for language to be presented to sight — different both from the changing appearance of a speaker’s face and from the combinations of the elements making up signs. This third way is usually known as fingerspelling, but it has also been called manual English, dactylology, the manual alphabet, and chirology. (Stokoe, William C. 'The Study and Use of Sign Language', Sign Language Studies - Volume 1, Number 4, Summer 2001, pp. 369-406. Gallaudet University Press)"

Based on Stokoe's assessment and google, I'll merge this page to fingerspelling (the more common term) rather than the other way around, but this can of course be changed later if desired. ntennis 01:27, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manual alphabet


text:
Talk:Kiswahili versus Swahili

Tried to smooth the Swahili discussion by creating this stub. I'm now tired and need help with format, maybe headings, copyedit?

Also, if someone could check the Arabic grammar; I took it from another user's comments but don't know if it's correct. Quill 04:53, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Do we really need a separate article that covers two things: 1) The meaning of a Swahili word; 2) The assertion that it's "Swahili", and not "Kiswahili" for the correct English naming of the article? I think that 2) should be contained in the Swahili language article, and that 1) should be in the Swahili Wikitionary. Also, the content of this discussion needs to be more NPOV; some people think that Kiswahili is the more correct name in the English language. — Matt 05:03, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, a move-and-merge would be fine with me. As to neutrality, well, I disagree to this extent:  being neutral does not mean that every theory has to be written as if true.  Do some people think that Kiswahili is the more correct name?  Sure!  Are they right?  Well, I've never heard any evidence of it.  Both my dictionaries and all my grammar books say 'Swahili' or 'Swahili-English'; 'English-Swahili'.  In East Africa, an English speaker would ask 'Do you speak Swahili?'  No 'ki' about it.

 * You say, "being neutral does not mean that every theory has to be written as if true". I agree, however, to be NPOV, we have to present every theory without saying that any of them is true; we can't take sides on things that people dispute. — Matt 06:05, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I have only ever heard of the language referred to as 'Kiswahili' in the States in African-American enclaves, and no one has ever given me a good reason for it. People may say "I've been told that this is correct" and be entirely serious and truthful, but WHY is it correct?  What about that usage makes it the right one in English? Quill 05:27, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * We don't need to argue as to which is correct, but we should try and present how others would argue this. I am, of course, assuming that there are people who would argue for "Kiswahili" over "Swahili" as the correct English name. This seems to be the case from the comment at Talk:Swahili language. — Matt 06:05, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm...yes, you seem to have misunderstood me. I agree with you; when I said 'WHY is it correct....' I meant 'what argument would they  make to persuade someone that that was correct'?  I can't possibly discuss how (in what manner) people would argue that the use of 'kiswahili' was correct in this context; I don't have the foggiest.  People come to believe all sorts of things.  For example, someone told me today that all ginger cats are male.  They're not.  A LOT of people believe that all ginger cats are male.  They're ALL wrong.  They believe it because it's been repeated so often. One could not write a credible article without indicating that the popular notion that all ginger cats are male is not correct.
 * Without further information, all I can do is say 'some people say that 'Kiswahili' is the correct way to refer to the language'. What people?  Why? If it's a theory, fine, state the theory and the wherefores--but if it's just repeated because that's the current fashion...?    Quill 10:18, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, a rhetorical "Why", sorry; maybe it is just a widespread mistake, we should try and find out. A Google search turned up a couple of sites referring to "Swahili (more properly, Kiswahili)" or "Swahili (or Kiswahili, which is the proper way to identify the language)" . I'm sure I've heard that "Kiswahili" is more "proper" before, as well (even though I don't buy it); perhaps we could query User:Hippietrail to see what it was he read? — Matt 11:10, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I would bet money that you have heard that "Kiswahili" is more "proper"; I know I have....I'd like to explore this some more, but I want it to be clear that I'm not setting myself up as an expert in linguistics or in Swahili; I'm neither. Quill 21:14, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The content of the article is self-contradictory. First it states that English names for languages differ from the name used by the native speakers of the language, then it claims that we should not say "Kiswahili" because that would be grammatically wrong in Swahili, not in English. So what if the native speakers of Swahili don't call their language "Kiswahili"?

 * WHAT?! No, I really think you misread the article. Native speakers of Swahili do call their language 'Kiswahili', and 'Kiswahili' is gramatically wrong in English.  And yes, it does matter--what do you mean 'so what'?  African languages are not inferior to Europeans ones; they should be 'handled' the same way. Quill 21:14, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Right, I misunderstood your argument. But I neither said nor in any way implied that African languages are inferior to European languages. That is nothing but an ad hominem attack. I agree that African languages should be handled the same way that European languages are. As the article pointed out at great length, the English language does not care how the native speakers of various European languages call their language. Thus it should not care how the native speakers of African languages call their own language either.

 * I simply cannot figure out what you mean when you say that "Kiswahili" is grammatically wrong in English. Burschik 14:27, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * There's no need to get defensive; I'm not attacking you. I'm saying that in my opinion political correctness, which I believe this is, denigrates.
 * I'm not sure I can explain any better. How about this:  when I'm speaking in English, I do not say 'I speak le francais', I say "I speak French".  If I were speaking in french I would say, "Je parle francais" and refer to the language as 'le francais'. Quill 22:03, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I find it difficult to see your point. Are you saying (1) "Kiswahili" is politically correct, and (2) political correctness denigrates the speakers of "Swahili"? Do you also object to the terms "Sinti" and "Roma"? Do you also object to the use of "Beijing" instead of "Peking"? And what happened to the argument that "Kiswahili" is ungrammatical in English? Regards, Burschik 10:05, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I think the whole thing should be cut down to one or two sentences stating, in effect, that some people call the language "Kiswahili" and why they do it. Burschik 14:09, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * That makes sense, but I agree with Matt that this should probably be explored further. It's not a minute issue.  Quill 21:14, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Frankly, I do think it is a minute issue. Now if the speakers of "Swahili" were mortally offended by the fact that their language is called this or that in English, then it would be an issue. Burschik 14:27, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know about 'mortally offended', but some do object.Quill 22:03, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Really? Why should they object? Burschik 10:05, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Personally, I think a sentence like "Swahili (or Kiswahili)" in Swahili language suffices for this; I'm unconvinced there's a need for a separate article. — Matt 14:38, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. Burschik 14:55, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It sounds like most people are OK with a merger. I'm going to go ahead and do it, giving it a heading near the top of Swahili language, unless there are any objections. Lesgles 15:42, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)

Kiswahili or Swahili?
Swahili is an ethnic group but Kiswahili is the language spoken by the group. While it's allowed to say 'Swahili' to mean the language when writing in English, it's more acceptable if you don't use the words interchangeably 154.153.35.179 (talk) 12:18, 1 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kiswahili versus Swahili


text:
Talk:Opisthoteuthis californiana

Untitled
The page need an image but i can't find a photo

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 31 August 2020 and 10 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kuke07, Cathyyy97. Peer reviewers: Staveras25, Sekigucr, MamaJohns, Antoniaisrael.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:41, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: California Natural History
— Assignment last updated by DahliaEscobar (talk) 03:22, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opisthoteuthis californiana


text: Category:1977 songs

title: Category:1977 songs


text:
Sopot International Song Festival

The Sopot International Song Festival or Sopot Festival (later called Sopot Music Festival Grand Prix, Sopot Top of the Top Festival from 2012–13 and Polsat Sopot Festival in 2014) is an annual international song contest held in Sopot, Poland. It is the biggest Polish music festival altogether with the National Festival of Polish Song in Opole, and one of the biggest song contests in Europe.

The contest was organised and transmitted live by the public Polish Television (TVP) between 1994 and 2004. The following year, the concert was broadcast by the private media station TVN for the first time and remained on TVN until 2009. From 2012 to 2014, the concert was broadcast and organised by Polsat. It was later cancelled by the broadcaster. The 2015 festival was not televised, however it returned in 2017 on TVN.

History
The first Sopot festival was initiated and organised in 1961 by Władysław Szpilman, assisted by Szymon Zakrzewski from Polish Artists Management (PAGART). The first three editions were held in the Gdansk Shipyard hall (1961–1963), after which the festival moved to the Forest Opera. The main prize has been Amber Nightingale through most of its history.

Between 1977 and 1980 it was replaced by the Intervision Song Contest, which was still held in Sopot. Unlike the Eurovision Song Contest, the Sopot International Music Festival often changed its formulas to pick a winner and offered many different contests for its participants. For example, at the 4th Intervision Song Festival (held in Sopot August 20–23, 1980) two competitions were effective: one for artists representing television companies, the other for those representing record companies. In the first the jury considered the artistic merits of the songs entered; while in the second, it judged the performers' interpretation."

The festival has always been open to non-European acts, and countries like Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mongolia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, South Africa and many others have been represented in this event.

The contest lost popularity in Poland and abroad in the 1980s, declining further during the 1990s, and the rather unconvincing organisations by TVP made the authorities of Sopot give the organization of the 2005 Sopot International Song Festival to a private TV channel, TVN.

Since 1999, there was no contest. TVP chose to invite well-known artists instead, featuring the likes of Whitney Houston, Tina Turner, The Corrs, Lionel Richie, UB40, Ricky Martin and Simply Red to perform. In 2005, TVN brought the international competition back, taking over from TVP, and in 2006 invited Elton John and Katie Melua. The Sopot International Song Festival is usually considered bigger than the Benidorm International Song Festival because of its ability to attract star performers.

In 2010 and 2011, the festival did not take place due to renovation of the Forest Opera. Since 2012, it is called Sopot Top Of The Top Festival and is broadcast annually by Polsat. In 2014, the name was changed to Polsat Sopot Festival. In 2015, Polsat decided not to organize the festival. However, the city authorities decided to organize a one-day festival in Sopot this year, but without a television broadcast.

In 2016, the concert did not take place due to the lack of a television partner, which initially was to be TVP. After a year of break, the decision was made to restore the festival. Since 2017, it has been organized and broadcast by TVN again.

The festival also provided opportunity to listen to international stars. In the past, it featured Charles Aznavour, Demis Roussos, Boney M, Gloria Gaynor, Petula Clark, Johnny Cash, Chuck Berry, Shirley Bassey. Village People, Kool and the Gang, Vanessa Mae, Sabrina, C.C.Catch, Annie Lennox, Paul Young, Marillion, Scorpions, Alphaville, Kim Wilde, Bonnie Tyler, Jimmy Somerville, Erasure, Belinda Carlisle, Vaya Con Dios, Chris Rea, Bryan Adams, Tanita Tikaram, La Toya Jackson, Rick Astley, Shakin’ Stevens, Londonbeat, Bad Boys Blue, Technotronic. Kajagoogoo, Limahl, Goran Bregovic, Norah Jones, Anastacia.and many others

Winners by year
This list includes only winners of the most prestigious contests within the Sopot Music Festival. Sometimes one contest has overshadowed another with time. Grand Prix de disque was the most prestigious award between 1974 and 1976 and the Intervision Song Contest during 1977–80. Since the 1980s, the main prize of the festival is the Amber Nightingale award.

The festival has also given prizes for Best Interpretation in the 1960s, and Winner Of The Polish Day on and off from the 1960s to the 1980s.

Winners by country

 * * More than one winner at that year.

title: Sopot International Song Festival


text:
Four corners (Canada)

The four corners is a quadripoint near 60° N 102° W where four Canadian provinces or territories meet. These are the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan and the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It came into being with the creation of Nunavut on April 1, 1999.

Geography
The four corners area is located between Kasba Lake to the north and Hasbala Lake to the south. It is located by an area of marginal taiga forest, which happens to be the only place in Nunavut which is not Arctic tundra or ice cap. It is hundreds of kilometres from any road or railway, but can be accessed from nearby Kasba Lake Airport/Water Aerodrome as well as from Points North Landing near Wollaston Lake.

During the winter of 1961–1962 (37 years prior the formation of Nunavut), a survey crew led by Lionel E. Boutiler installed 85 survey monuments along the northernmost section of the Saskatchewan–Manitoba border. The crew worked from south to north along the Second Meridian as defined in the system of Dominion Land Surveys. The final monument, designated No. 157, officially marked the intersection of the boundaries of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories. Unlike the standard survey monuments along the provincial and territorial borders, Monument 157 is an aluminum obelisk that stands about one metre tall. Photos can be seen in the original survey report. On the top of the monument is a cap that states "5 years imprisonment for removal".

The exact location of Monument 157 (measured with modern GPS technologies) is 59.99944°N, -102.00755°W (NAD83). This places it roughly 421 metres west of 102° W and roughly 63 metres south of 60°N. Elevation is 347.9 metres.

The establishment of Nunavut in 1999 led to the creation of Canada's only quadripoint. In the legal definition of Nunavut, its border is specified as "Commencing at the intersection of 60°00′ N latitude with 102°00′ W longitude, being the intersection of the Manitoba, Northwest Territories and Saskatchewan borders". Since the intersection does not lie exactly at those coordinates, the laws left a legal ambiguity regarding the exact commencement point of the boundary.

In 2014, the Survey General Branch (SGB) of Natural Resources Canada acknowledged there was a problem with the legal boundary definition; it decided that the boundary should commence at Monument 157. Specifically it decided that the first leg of the boundary should be a 472 km geodesic line running from Monument 157 to the first turning point at 64°14′N 102°00′W(NAD27). This decision confirmed that in the eyes of Natural Resources Canada, the two territories and two provinces do indeed meet at a quadripoint.

In September 2014, the federal government paid for an official survey of the 472 km line. The survey crew, following instructions from the SGB, installed 48 new Canada Lands survey monuments along the geodesic line. As of 2021, the ambiguous legislation has not been repealed or updated to acknowledge the existence of the surveyed boundary, but based on legal precedent from the Dominion Land Survey, the surveyed boundary legally prevails over the description of the boundary in the original legislation.

title: Four corners (Canada)


text:
Josephine Brawley Hughes

Elizabeth Josephine Brawley Hughes (December 22, 1839 – March 1926) was an advocate of women's rights in the United States West region. George W. P. Hunt described her as the Mother of Arizona.

Biography
Elizabeth Josephine Brawley (she dropped her first name later in life) was born on a farm near Meadville, Pennsylvania, on December 22, 1839, to John R. Brawley and Sarah Haskins. After graduating from Edinboro State Normal School, she was a teacher for two years in Pennsylvania public schools.

While a student at Edinboro, she met Louis C. Hughes, whom she married in 1868. Because of a Civil War wound, Louis moved to the Arizona Territory in 1871 and Josephine followed in 1872 with their first child, Gertrude. Josephine and the baby traveled first by rail to San Francisco, then by boat to San Diego, and finally by stagecoach to Tucson. During the trip, Hughes carried a loaded rifle in one arm and her infant daughter in the other. According to a biography by Louise Boehringer in the January 1930 edition of the Arizona Historical Review, at the time of Josephine's arrival, "Only two other (Eastern) homemakers were established in Tucson when the young wife and mother reached her destination–Mrs. Charles Lord (wife of Dr. Lord) and Mrs. C. Scott (wife of Judge C. Scott)." Thus, Hughes may have been the third English-speaking woman in Tucson.

The family lived in an adobe home like the rest of "The Old Pueblo" (a nickname for Tucson), but it did contain the town's first cistern. Hughes had three children after Gertrude: John, Josephine, and a child that died at age two.

Hughes taught in the first public school for girls in Tucson. She also worked in the office of her husband's newspaper, the Arizona Star.

In 1893, Louis was appointed territorial governor by President Grover Cleveland. Their son, John T., later served in the first state Senate.

Louis died in 1915 and John in 1921, leaving Hughes with no other family in Arizona. She moved to California to be closer to her daughter, where she died in 1926.

The Arizona State Capitol building in Phoenix has a bronze plaque in its rotunda in Josephine's honor, placed December 16, 1926.

Activism
Hughes was the first president of the Arizona Women's Christian Temperance Association. The Arizona WCTU, like the national WCTU, believed that women needed the right to vote so that they could regulate alcohol and other forms of vice in their communities. She traveled around the Arizona Territory denouncing "Demon Rum" and promoting temperance.

In 1891, as the push for Arizona statehood began, Hughes helped to found the first woman suffrage organization in Arizona Territory. The organization hoped that women's right to vote would be included in the state constitution. From 1891 to 1900, she was a major advocate for the women's suffrage bill, which was vetoed in 1900 by Governor Alexander Oswald Brodie. Despite her efforts, Arizona's women did not gain the right to vote until 1912.

Accomplishments

 * Helped establish the first public girls' school in the Southwest.
 * Was the first woman public school teacher in Arizona.
 * Joined other women to raise funds for the first Protestant church in Arizona.
 * Helped found the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in Arizona.
 * Helped found the women's suffrage movement in Arizona.
 * Helped to manage and operate the Arizona Daily Star newspaper.

title: Josephine Brawley Hughes


text:
Dragan Mikerević

Dragan Mikerević (Serbian Cyrillic: Драган Микеревић; born 12 February 1955) is a Bosnian Serb politician who served as the 8th Prime Minister of Republika Srpska from 2003 to 2005. Previously, he served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina from March to December 2002.

Mikerević was appointed Prime Minister of Republika Srpska on 17 January 2003. He announced his resignation in December 2004 after conflicts with the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, serving officially until 17 February 2005. He was also Minister for European Integration in the Council of Ministers from 2001 to 2002.

Mikerević was a member of the Party of Democratic Progress from 1999 to 2009.

title: Dragan Mikerević