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Talk:Orange, Vaucluse

United Provinces
I don't think Orange was incorperated into the United Provinces, which was a republic; I think the princes of Orange (par hasard being influential figures in the Republic) exercised souvereignty over Orange (they had no souvereignty over the Republic, ofcourse.) It is true that Orange was a safe haven for protestants, but this was more a result of the "the religion of the prince is the religion of the land" principal. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.56.234.158 (talk) 08:41, 5 August 2004

name
Shouldn't we mention that the name is not derived from the fruit ? -- Beardo 09:33, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Warmest city in France
Hello, as it has been discussed on the French version of this article, the assertion as to the fact that Orange is the warmest city in France is erroneous. One example suffices to prove it: the annual average temperature of Nîmes is 14.4°C, while Orange's is 13.8°C. Since this piece of information has been relayed on many a website, I think it is important to correct it on Wikipedia. Cleofide, —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.251.52.214 (talk) 10:50, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Orange, Vaucluse


text:
Kai yang

Kai yang or gai yang (ไก่ย่าง,, lit. 'grilled chicken'), also known as kai ping or gai ping (ไก่ปิ้ง), or pīng kai (ປີ້ງໄກ່, ), is a Lao dish originating in Laos, but it is now commonly eaten throughout the whole of Thailand. The dish is a standard staple of street markets and readily available at all times. Some regions of Laos become popular because of their flavorful and tender Ping Kai prepared using unique ingredients for marinating and techniques for grilling the meats. Being a typical Laotian dish, it is often paired with green papaya salad and sticky rice (Thai/Isan: ข้าวเหนียว, ; ເຂົ້າໜຽວ, ) or eaten with sticky rice in bamboo (khao lam in Lao). It is also eaten with raw vegetables, and often dipped in spicy sauces such as Laotian jaew bong.

In Thailand, there are also many famous Thai Muslim varieties of kai yang which are not of Lao origin at all, but more akin to the grilled chicken from Malaysia.

Names
The Laotian name for the dish is pīng kai (ປີ້ງໄກ່) and means "roast chicken". In Laotian restaurants in the West, it is known as "Laotian barbecued chicken" or "ping gai". The Thai and Isaan term is usually spelled ไก่ย่าง (kai yang; Isan: ), although ปิ้งไก่ (ping kai; Isan: ), a Thai letter rendering of the Laotian name, would be understood in Isan and in most of Thailand as well although to Thai ears it would sound a bit quaint, due to the slight grammatical difference between Thai and Laotian. Thais would put kai before ping rather than the other way round. In the West, where this dish often features on the menu of Thai restaurants, it is either known by its Thai name kai yang or as "Thai barbecued chicken".

Ingredients and preparation
A whole chicken is often halved and pounded flat. It is marinated and then grilled over a low heat on a charcoal flame for a long time, but is not cooked to be burnt or dry. The marinade typically includes fish sauce, garlic, turmeric, coriander root (cilantro), and white pepper. Many variations exist, and it is also quite common to find black soy sauce, hoisin sauce, shallots, leaves and seeds of coriander, lemongrass, chilis, ginger, vinegar, palm sugar, and MSG.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kai yang


text:
Tartus

Tartus (طَرْطُوس / ALA-LC: Ṭarṭūs; known in the County of Tripoli as Tortosa and also transliterated from French Tartous) is a major port city on the Mediterranean coast of Syria. It is the second largest port city in Syria (after Latakia), and the largest city in Tartus Governorate. Until the 1970s, Tartus was under the governance of Latakia Governorate, then it became a separate governorate. The population is 458,327 (2023 estimate). In the summer it is a vacation spot for many Syrians. Many vacation compounds and resorts are located in the region. The port holds a small Russian naval base.

Etymology
The name derives from Ancient Αντιαράδος (Antarados or Anti-Aradus, meaning "The town facing Arwad"). In Latin, its name became Tortosa. The original name survives in its Arabic form as Ṭarṭūs (طَرْطُوس), from which the French Tartous and English Tartus derive.

Phoenician Antaradus

The History of Tartus goes back to the 2nd millennium BCE when it was founded as a Phoenician colony of Aradus. The colony was known as Antaradus. Not much remains of the Phoenician Antaradus, the mainland settlement that was linked to the more important and larger settlements of Aradus, off the shore of Tartus, and the nearby site of Amrit.

Greco-Roman and Byzantine era

The city was called Antaradus in Latin. Athanasius reports that, under Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, Cymatius, the Orthodox bishop of Antaradus and also of Aradus (whose names indicate that they were neighbouring towns facing each other) was driven out by the Arians. At the First Council of Constantinople in 381, Mocimus appears as bishop of Aradus. At the time of the Council of Ephesus (431), some sources speak of a Musaeus as bishop of Aradus and Antaradus, while others mention only Aradus or only Antaradus. Alexander was at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 as bishop of Antaradus, Paulus as bishop of Aradus, while, at a synod held at Antioch shortly before, Paulus took part as bishop of both Aradus and Antaradus. In 458, Atticus signed, as bishop of Aradus, the letter of the bishops of the province of Phoenicia Prima to Byzantine Emperor Leo I the Thracian protesting about the murder of Proterius of Alexandria. Theodorus or Theodosius, who died in 518, is mentioned as bishop of Antaradus in a letter from the bishops of the province regarding Severus of Antioch that was read at a synod held by Patriarch Mennas of Constantinople. The acts of the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 were signed by Asyncretius as bishop of Aradus. At the time of the Crusades, Antaradus, by then called Tartus or Tortosa, was a Latin Church diocese, whose bishop also held the titles of Aradus and Maraclea (perhaps Rachlea). It was united to the see of Famagosta in Cyprus in 1295.

No longer a residential bishopric, Antaradus is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

The city was favored by Constantine for its devotion to the cult of the Virgin Mary. The first chapel to be dedicated to the Virgin was built here in the 3rd century.

Early Islamic era
Islamic rule was established in Syria in 634. In the years before, Arab merchants would spread the word of Islam and locals embraced the new religion while others continued to practice their respective faiths. During the Arab conquest of the Levant, caliphate armies conquered Tartus under the leadership of Ubadah ibn al-Samit in 636. While Ubadah occupied Tartus, Mu'awiya I came to the city, and built an Amsar complex within the city, while also tasking fiefs to the garrison commanders. Tartus hosted Khadijah, the wife of Muhammad when she came with her father Khuwaylid ibn Asad.

Crusades
The Crusaders called the city Antartus, and also Tortosa. It was captured in 1099 during the First Crusade, Frankish forces captured Tortosa in 1099. Once the land was seized, the cathedral was built over the spot of a Byzantine church. but it was later taken over by Muslims, before it was recaptured by Raymond of Saint-Gilles in February 1102 after two weeks of siege, then it was left in 1105 to his son Alfonso Jordan and was known as Tortosa. In 1123 the Crusaders built the semi-fortified Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa over a Byzantine church that was popular with pilgrims.

In 1152, Tortosa was handed to the Knights Templar, who used it as a military headquarters. They engaged in some major building projects, constructing a castle around 1165 with a large chapel and an elaborate keep, surrounded by thick double concentric walls. The Templars' mission was to protect the city and surrounding lands, some of which had been occupied by Christian settlers, from Muslim attack. Nur ad-Din Zangi captured Tartus from the Crusaders for a brief time before he lost it again.

The city of Tortosa was recaptured by Saladin in 1188, and the main Templar headquarters was relocated to Cyprus. However, in Tortosa, some Templars were able to retreat into the keep, which they continued to use as a base for the next 100 years. They steadily added to its fortifications until it also fell, in 1291. Tortosa was the last outpost of the Templars on the Syrian mainland, after which they retreated to a garrison on the nearby island of Arwad, which they held for another decade. After the occupation by the Mamluks, the city lost its prestige, which it regained only under the Ottoman rule.

Ottoman era

During the Ottoman rule, the city gained importance mainly due to trade with Cyprus and Europe. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, it became one of the coastal defense points due to its strategic port. In 1832, at the beginning of the First Egyptian-Ottoman War, the city and its surroundings were conquered by Muhammad Ali Pasha, then ruler of Egypt.

In 1839, the Ottoman Empire decided to reconquer its Syrian coastal territories from Egypt with the support of Great Britain. In 1840, during the Syrian War, British frigates HMS HMS Carysfort (1836), HMS HMS Benbow (1813) and HMS Zebra (1815), with the help of a landing force of marines, attacked the citadel in Tartus. Despite heavy losses among the marines, the British were unable to capture the fort. After the war, the city returned to the Ottoman Empire, where it remained until 1918.

Modern era

On May 23, 2016, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for three suicide bombings at a bus station in Tartus, which had remained largely unaffected since the Syrian Civil War began in 2011 and continues to remain that way, as a stronghold of the Assad regime (themselves Alewife). Purportedly targeting Alawite gatherings, the bombs killed 48 people. In Jableh, similarly insulated, another four bombers killed over a hundred people.

Geography
The city lies on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea bordered by the Syrian Coastal Mountain Range to the east. Arwad, the only inhabited island on the Syrian coast, is located a few kilometers off the shore of Tartus. Tartus occupies most of the coastal plain, surrounded to the east by mountains composed mainly of limestone and, in certain places around the town of Souda, basalt.

Climate
Tartus has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen (Csa) with mild, wet winters, hot and humid summers, and short transition periods in April and October. The hills to the east of the city create a cooler climate with even higher rainfall. Tartus is known for its relatively mild weather and high precipitation compared to inland Syria.

Industry and navy
Tartus is an important trade center in Syria and has one of the two main ports of the country on the Mediterranean. The city port is experiencing major expansion as a lot of Iraqi imports come through the port of Tartus to aid reconstruction efforts in Iraq. There is a cement plant in the city with a production capacity of 6.5 thousand tons of cement per day. The pharmaceutical industry is also represented in the city, since the beginning of the conflict in the country, seven pharmaceutical factories have been opened and another 3 are under construction. Food, chemical and wood processing industries are also represented in the urban industrial zone.

The service sector is one of the most attractive sectors for employment in the city of Tartus. As a high percentage of its inhabitants with good scientific qualifications work in the service sector, and they are distributed between the public and private sectors, although the participation of the private sector is still below the required level compared to other coastal cities in the Mediterranean.

Tourism

Tartus is a favorite destination for tourists and a beautiful modern city with its buildings, markets, modern resorts, tourist facilities and port. As for the beaches of Tartous, it is a beautiful extension of the Syrian coast, with a length of about 90 km, with soft sand, chalets, hotels, cafes and marine restaurants that are scattered on it. The city has seen some investment in the last few years, the largest being the Antaradus and Porto waterfront developments.

Russian naval base
Tartus hosts a Soviet-era naval supply and maintenance base, under a 1971 agreement with Syria, which is still staffed by Russian naval personnel. Tartus is the last Russian military base outside the former Soviet Union, and its only Mediterranean fueling spot, sparing Russia's warships the trip back to their Black Sea bases through straits in Turkey, a NATO member.

Art and festivals

Many cultural and literary events, art festivals and theater are held in the city, and in the summer, the activities of the Tartous Art Festival are held in the presence of distinguished Syrian and Arab artists, in addition to a tourist festival called Antaradus.

Assi Rahbani and Mansour Rahbani visited Tartous very often because of their admiration for the place in which they stayed and the good memories they carried from the house in which they stayed in a waterfront, they immortalized that visit by composing the song Shabab Al-Hilweh in Tartous sung by Nasri Shamseddine. Among the composers whose name is associated with Tartous and Husayn al-Baher is the musician Safwan Bahlawan Ibn Arwad who has a distinguished performance in the pub and his artistic presence on the Arab art scene.

The natives also include the singer Farrah Yousef, finalist of the singing competition Arab Idol and Taim Hasan, an actor known for his dramatic roles in Syria and the Arab world.

Many poets and writers lived in Tartous, including Saadallah Wannous, Muhammad Omran, Rasha Omran and Nadim Muhammad, and there are writers who hold their literary seminars and lectures in the city cultural center.

Museum

St. Mary's Cathedral was originally built in the 12th century as a Templar church. The cathedral was used as a mosque after the Muslim capture of the city, then as a barracks by the Ottomans. It was renovated under the French Mandate and since 1956, the building has housed the National Museum of Tartus, which exhibits antiquities recovered from Amrit and many other places in the region.

In September 2021, the Directorate-General of Antiquities began a comprehensive renovation and fixing operations of architectural elements that were subjected to fragmentation at the National Museum of Tartus.

Sports

Tartus is the home city of only one sports club: Al-Sahel SC, founded in 1971. 4 types of sports are being practiced by the club including: football, basketball, table tennis and bodybuilding. The club plays in both stadiums in the city: Municipal (capacity 1,300) and Bassel Al-Assad (capacity 8,000).

In 2018, Al-Sahel was promoted to the Syrian Premier League for the first time in their history. In the 2020-21 season, they were relegated and have been playing in the Syrian League 1st Division ever since. The women's basketball team competes at the top level of the Syrian basketball league.

Education
A number of colleges affiliated with Tishreen University in Latakia, such as the College of Arts and the College of Technical Engineering, were opened as part of the government's policy to expand higher education among the various Syrian cities.

The city also has a number of institutes, secondary schools and primary schools affiliated with the Ministry of Education, in addition to many private educational institutes and secondary schools.

Local infrastructure

Tartous has expanded and developed a lot like other cities Syria. The city has recently witnessed a great urban development, which was manifested in the significant increase in the number of organized suburbs, not to mention the increase in the city's organizational plan to include new areas. It is worth noting that there are beautiful gardens in the city that constitute a real outlet for the people of the city, such as Al-Basel Park and others.

In addition to the new sea corniche, which gives the city a special charm. The city attracts many people from other Syrian governorates, and was an attractive destination for tourists from Europe and Arab countries prior to the civil war.

Transportation
Tartus has a developed road system. Tartus and Latakia are connected by the M1 international highway, and the city is connected to Damascus by the M5 highway via Homs. The establishment of an international road linking Tartus with Iraq and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf through the Syrian Desert was recently studied, as it is the shortest road connecting the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean and thus Europe from the Port of Tartus. The main commercial coastal road of the city is Al-Thawra Street, named after 1963 March Revolution.

The railway network operated by Chemins de Fer Syriens connects Tartus with other cities in Syria, although currently only the Latakia-Tartus and Tartus-Al Akkari-Homs passenger connections are in service. The restoration of the rail link with Iraq (IRR) and the proposal to extend the railway from Al-Qaim in Iraq through Al-Bukamal in Syria to Homs for a total distance of 270 kilometers and thence to Tartus are currently (2022) under discussion.

Main sights
The historic centre of Tartus consists of more recent buildings built on and inside the walls of the Crusader-era Templar fortress, whose moat still separates this old town from the modern city on its northern and eastern sides. Outside the fortress few historic remains can be seen, with the exception of the former Romanesque-Gothic cathedral Cathedral of Notre-Dame of Tartus, from the 12th century.

Tartus and the surrounding area are rich in antiquities and archeological sites. Various important and well known sites are located within a 30-minute drive from Tartus. These attractions include:
 * The old city of Tartus.
 * Margat Castle, north of the city.
 * The historic town of Safita.
 * Arwad island and castle.
 * The ancient Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa, now used as the city museum.
 * Beit el-Baik Palace.
 * Sheikh Saleh al-Ali shrine in Al-Shaykh Badr.
 * Hosn Suleiman Temple.
 * Drekish town-resort.

Aside from these historic sites, more modern attractions include:
 * Alrimal Alzahabeya beach resort.
 * Junada hotel (previously called Porto Tartous).
 * Holiday beach resort.
 * Mashta Al Helou resort.

The outlying town of Al Hamidiyah just south of Tartus is notable for having a Greek-speaking population of about 3,000 who are the descendants of Ottoman Greek Muslims from the island of Crete but usually confusingly referred to as Cretan Turks. Their ancestors moved there in the late 19th century as refugees from Crete after the Kingdom of Greece acquired the island from the Ottoman Empire following the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. Since the start of the Iraqi War, a few thousand Iraqi nationals now reside in Tartus.

Twin towns — sister cities
Tartus is twinned with:

 * 🇹🇷 Kütahya, Turkey
 * Piraeus, Greece (2022)
 * 🇪🇸 Tortosa, Spain (2007)

Notable people

 * Saadallah Wannous (1941–1997), playwright and first Arab to deliver the International Theatre Day address
 * Sheikh Saleh Al-Ali, pre-independence Syrian revolutionary who fought against the French mandate
 * Dr. Halim Barakat, novelist, sociologist and retired research professor
 * Mohammad Yousaf Abu al-Farah Tartusi, Muslim saint of the Junaidia order
 * Jamal Suliman, actor
 * Ghassan Massoud, actor
 * Taim Hasan, actor
 * Farrah Yousef, singer and Arab Idol Season 2 finalist
 * Assef Shawkat, former deputy Minister of Defense of Syria and brother-in-law of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad
 * Mohsen Saeed Hussein Khaddour, Syrian Arab Army officer known as Lion of Al-Badia

title: Tartus


text: Category:Whistleblowers

title: Category:Whistleblowers


text:
Chanticleer (ensemble)

Chanticleer is a full-time male classical vocal ensemble based in San Francisco, California, founded in 1978. It is known for its interpretations of Renaissance music, for which they were founded, but also a wide repertoire of jazz, gospel and contemporary classical music. Its name is derived from the "clear singing rooster" in Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. The ensemble has made award-winning recordings.

History
Chanticleer was founded in 1978 by tenor Louis Botto, who sang with the group until 1989, and served as Artistic Director until his death from AIDS in 1997. As a graduate student of musicology, Botto found that much of the medieval and Renaissance music he was studying was not being performed, and, because of this, he formed the group to perform this music with an all-male ensemble, as it was traditionally sung during the Renaissance.

Originally, the group contained ten singers, but its size has varied from eight to twelve. Currently, Chanticleer comprises twelve men, including two basses, one baritone, three tenors, and six countertenors (three altos and three sopranos).

The original members included Jim Armington (tenor), Ted Bakkila (baritone), Rob Bell (countertenor), Louis Botto (who sang alto as well as tenor), Sanford Dole (tenor), Kevin Freeman (bass), Tom Hart (baritone), Jonathan Klein (baritone), Neal Rogers (tenor), Tim Gibler (bass), Randall Wong (countertenor), and Doug Wyatt (bass). However, only ten of the singers were available to go on tour.

When the ensemble first became full-time in 1991, its members included Eric Alatorre (bass and longest-standing member as of his retirement after the 2018–2019 season), Frank Albinder (baritone), Kevin Baum (tenor), Mark Daniel (tenor), Kenneth Fitch (countertenor), Jonathan Goodman (tenor), Tim Gibler (bass and last member of the original ensemble), Joseph Jennings (countertenor and Music Director), Chad Runyon (baritone), Foster Sommerlad (countertenor), Matthew Thompson (tenor), and Philip Wilder (countertenor).

Discography

 * 1988 – The Anniversary Album, 1978–1988
 * 1990 – Our Heart's Joy: A Chanticleer Christmas (remastered in 2004)
 * 1991 – Psallite! A Renaissance Christmas
 * 1992 – Josquin: Missa Mater Patris; Agricola: Magnificat and motets
 * 1993 – Byrd: Missa In Tempore Paschali
 * 1993 – Cristóbal de Morales: Missa Mille Regretz and motets
 * 1993 – Mysteria: Gregorian Chants
 * 1994 – Where the Sun Will Never Go Down
 * 1994 – Out of This World
 * 1994 – Palestrina: Missa pro defunctis; motets
 * 1994 – Mexican Baroque
 * 1994 – Our Heart's Joy / A Chanticleer Christmas
 * 1995 – Sing We Christmas
 * 1996 – Old-fashioned Christmas
 * 1996 – Lost in the Stars
 * 1998 – Wondrous Love: A World Folk Song Collection
 * 1998 – Byrd: Music for a Hidden Chapel
 * 1997 – Reflections
 * 1998 – Jerusalem: Matins for the Virgin of Guadalupe, 1764
 * 1999 – The Music of
 * 1999 – Colors of Love, works by Augusta Read Thomas, Steven Stucky, John Tavener and Bernard Rands.
 * 2000 – Magnificat, works by Josquin Desprez, Giovanni Palestrina, Tomás Luis de Victoria, John Taverner, William Cornysh, Vasily Polikarpovich Titov and Claudio Monteverdi
 * 2001 – Glory to Christmas
 * 2001 – Christmas with Chanticleer
 * 2002 – John Tavener: Lamentations and Praises
 * 2002 – Our American Journey
 * 2003 – Evening Prayer: Purcell Anthems and Sacred Songs
 * 2003 – A Portrait
 * 2004 – How Sweet the Sound: Spirituals and Traditional Gospel Music, arrangements by Joseph Jennings
 * 2004 – Music for a Hidden Chapel
 * 2005 – Sound in Spirit, works by Carlos Rafael Rivera, Joseph Jennings, Victoria, Alfonso X of Castile, Jan Gilbert, Patricia Van Ness, Nectarie Vlahul, Sarah Hopkins, Giacinto Scelsi and Jackson Hill
 * 2007 – And on Earth, Peace: A Chanticleer Mass
 * 2007 – Let it Snow
 * 2008 – Mission Road
 * 2009 – I Have Had Singing: A Chanticleer Portrait
 * 2010 – A Chanticleer Christmas
 * 2011 – Our Favorite Carols
 * 2011 – Between Two Wars
 * 2011 – Chanticleer Takes You Out of this World!
 * 2011 – For Thy Soul's Salvation
 * 2011 – Jean-Yves Daniel-Lesur: Annunciation
 * 2011 – Ludus Paschalis: Resurrection Play of Tours
 * 2011 – My Chanticleer: A Collection for Chanticleer
 * 2011 – The Boy Whose Father was God
 * 2011 – With a Poet's Eye
 * 2012 – Love Story
 * 2012 – By Request
 * 2013 – The Siren's Call
 * 2013 – Someone New
 * 2014 – She Said/He Said
 * 2015 – Over the Moon
 * 2017 – Heart of a Soldier
 * 2018 – Then and There, Here and Now
 * 2020 – Chanticleer Sings Christmas

In May 2007, Chanticleer released "And On Earth, Peace: A Chanticleer Mass" (Warner Classics) a new mass written by five contemporary composers. Israeli-born composer Shulamit Ran wrote the Credo to the Hebrew text "Ani Ma'amin"; US composer Douglas Cuomo contributed the Kyrie; Turkish-American composer Kamran Ince composed the Gloria section to a sufi text; English composer Ivan Moody composed the Sanctus; and Irish composer Michael McGlynn (director of Anúna) composed the Agnus Dei. The Mass was premiered in performance at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and was followed by six performances throughout the San Francisco Bay area.

On October 16, 2007, Chanticleer released "Let it Snow," the group's 29th recording. A portion of the album is accompanied by orchestra and/or big band; as such, the album brings a new sound to Chanticleer's almost exclusively a cappella repertoire.

Notable past members

 * Frank Albinder (baritone), designed the concept and chose the repertoire for Chanticleer's Grammy Award-winning album Colors of Love
 * Philip Wilder
 * Matt Alber
 * Terry Barber

Awards and honors
Joseph Jennings (as artistic director) and Chanticleer won a Grammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance for their 1999 recording Colors of Love. Chanticleer was awarded two Grammy Awards, in categories Best Small Ensemble Performance and Best Classical Contemporary Composition, their 2002 recording of Taverner's Lamentations and Praises. Their 2003 recording Our American Journey was nominated for a Grammy a year later.

In November 2007, in its 30th anniversary season, Chanticleer was named Musical America's 2008 Ensemble of the year. This marks the first time a vocal ensemble has received this award. Additionally, on October 9, 2008, Chanticleer became the first vocal ensemble to be inducted into the American Classical Music Hall of Fame in Cincinnati, Ohio.

title: Chanticleer (ensemble)


text: User talk:61.11.62.196

title: User talk:61.11.62.196


text:
Talk:Gregorian calendar

Semi-inaccuracy in top section
The number 365.2422 is the current length of the "mean tropical year", but the Gregorian calendar reformers weren't trying to approximate that (I'm not sure that the concept of mean tropical year was known in 1582). Since one of the main motivations of the Gregorian reform was to correct the date of Easter, and Easter is defined in terms of the vernal equinox, they were trying to approximate the vernal equinox year, or time interval separating vernal equinoxes, which is not exactly the same (the equinox interval is mentioned prominently near the beginning of our tropical year article). According to Tropical year, the current length of the vernal equinox year is 365.242374 days, and this number is more relevant for judging the accuracy of the Gregorian calendar than 365.2422. The devisers of the Revised Julian Calendar ignored this when they made the average year length be 365.242 days (a disimprovement with respect to the vernal equinox year -- they were more desperate to show their independence from Catholics by having their calendar not be exactly the same, than thinking about the historical function of the calendar with respect to Christianity). AnonMoos (talk) 09:49, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

 * THIS IS IMPORTANT!
 * You are right, but it is real, not just semi, inaccuracy that spreads a common astronomical misconception that needs to be corrected. I was going to edit the page directly, and if this is ignored I probably will.
 * I am not sure what a "Solar Year" is, but the period that the Earth orbits the sun is close to 365.26 years. As a professional astronomer, I would call this the "Orbital Period of the Earth around the Sun."
 * I would also call a "Tropical Year" the time between Vernal Equinoxes. Since the Vernal Equinox precesses, this is a little different than the period of the Earth around the sun.
 * The beginning of this should reflect this change. I propose the following:
 * CHANGE THIS:
 * The principal change was to space leap years differently so as to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long, more closely approximating the 365.2422-day 'tropical' or 'solar' year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun.
 * TO THIS:
 * The principal change was to space leap years differently so as to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long, more closely approximating the 365.2422-day 'tropical' year that is determined by the time from one 'vernal equinox' to the next. This is smaller than the period of the 'Earth's orbit', which is about 365.256 days. Jonathan Keohane (talk) 19:30, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Please read our article "Tropical year" which explains that the modern definition of the tropical year is not the time between vernal equinoxes, nor the mean time between vernal equinoxes, but "the period of time for the ecliptic longitude of the Sun to increase 360 degrees" (quoting the Astronomical Almanac Online Glossary). Jc3s5h (talk) 20:20, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I would oppose wording that talks about the "period of the Earth's orbit", since this is an ambiguous description. You seem to be using it as a synonym for "sidereal year", but "period of the Earth's orbit" could have other meanings (such as the sidereal year or the anomalistic year). If we want to refer to the sidereal year, we should use that terminology since it is unambiguous, but I don't really see that it's necessary to mention it in this context. The tropical year is different than a lot of different time periods; we don't need to mention all the things that it is not equal to. CodeTalker (talk) 00:58, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

How accurately could astronomers of the day measure the tropical year? And the reformers had to consider what would be acceptable and explicable to a substantially illiterate and inumerate "flock". The algorithm is good enough. IMO, the current statement in the lead is also good enough for our purposes: the "perfect" is described in detail in the body. We know that the orbit of planet earth is not a perfect metronome, so approximations will always be needed. For almost all of the people for almost all of the time, the niceties are entirely background radiation. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 10:14, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Reading on mobile, I see I didn't quite appreciate your question, my apologies. Would it meet your objection if the current more closely approximating the 365.2422-day 'tropical' or 'solar' year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun. were rephrased as more closely approximating the true duration of the time between vernal equinoxes, which is a little less than than the 365.25 days in the Julian calendar. I think we can say that without breaking WP:OR (and the present lead doesn't even say what the Julian figure is, so needs adding).
 * BTW, we shouldn't really say determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun. since at the time the sun went around the earth. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 17:10, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

Where angels fear to tread
I decided to be bold and give effect to this discussion so that the lead would read "The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world.$ref$ It was introduced in October 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years differently so as to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long, which is a little less than than the 365.25 days in the Julian calendar but which more closely approximates the true duration of the time between vernal equinoxes." but that introduces duplication in close succession, because the next para (after stating the rule) reads "There were two reasons to establish the Gregorian calendar. First, the Julian calendar assumed incorrectly that the average solar year is exactly 365.25 days long, an overestimate of a little under one day per century, and thus has a leap year every four years without exception. The Gregorian reform shortened the average (calendar) year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes." Would it be too terse to delete There were two reasons to establish the Gregorian calendar. First, the Julian calendar assumed incorrectly that the average solar year is exactly 365.25 days long, an overestimate of a little under one day per century, and thus has a leap year every four years without exception. ? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 13:26, 18 October 2022 (UTC)
 * No, not delete. How about There were two reasons to establish the Gregorian calendar. First, the Julian calendar overestimated the length of the year by a little under one day per century, and thus has a leap year every four years without exception. Better? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 15:06, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

 * If a tropical year is exactly 365.2422 days (=365 + 1211/5000 days), the Gregorian calendar or Revised Julian calendar should be 365.2422 days. To make it into 365.2422 days, the calendar needs a leap year rule that a leap day should be added every year which is a multiple of 4 and not a century year + every year which is a quarter-century year (i.e. a multiple of 250) + every year which is a quarter-decamillennium year (i.e. a multiple of 2500): thus the years 250, 750, 1250, 1750, 2250, 2500, 2750, 3250, 3750, 4250 and 4750 would be leap years.
 * Besides this I wonder why a calendar year starts in January, rather than in March. In the Roman calendar, a year started in March and ended in the next February. If a calendar year would be March-February rather than January-December, a leap day could be added in late-August rather than late-February, as late-August would be the mid of the year (if the year would be March-February), and I think a year should rather than in its beginning or its end have a leap day in its middle. 212.100.101.104 (talk) 23:24, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * On your point one, that may well be true and perhaps in a thousand years' time (if homo questionably sapiens still exists) the calendar may be revised. When it is, a future Wikipedia will document it as reality and until then, it cannot go in the article (see policies WP:CRYSTAL and WP:No original research). On your point two, see New Year's Day. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 22:51, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You must have meant "quarter-millennium year", not "quarter-century year", as years which are multiples of 250 are a quarter-millennium. 217.21.226.230 (talk) 11:09, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I wonder how the difference from the Gregorian to the Julian calendar may be -13 days now (since 13 March 1900 Gregorian) and -10 days between March 1500 and March 1700. Between 1500 and 1700, the difference is supposed to have been twelve days, if applying the rule "no leap day in century years except those that are multiples of four hundred", as the century years 400, 800 and 1200 would be leap years; i.e. three century years of fifteen and 15 minus 3 = 12. If the difference is 10 days rather than 12 days after year 1500, a different leap year rule should have applied before the 16th century; i.e. a rule that a century year is a leap year only if being a multiple of 300 (which would make 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 leap years), or a rule that a leap day shall be added every year which is a multiple of 4 and not a century year + every half-millennium year and quarter-millennium year (which would make the years 250, 500, 750, 1250 and 1500 leap years). 212.100.101.104 (talk) 23:41, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Eleven days in 1700 (see Calendar (New Style) Act 1750). But it really doesn't matter in the real world, as I have explained already. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 16:02, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The goal of the committee that devised the new calendar was to return the date of the northern hemisphere spring equinox to 21 March. This had been the traditional date since the Council of Nicea. They made the judgement this required skipping 10 days. Since they didn't state which city the correction was meant to be most valid for, it's hard to judge how accurate the correction was.
 * Also, there was no intent to renumber years before 1583; historical dates were just left as they were. Jc3s5h (talk) 20:59, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * However, I think the Gregorian or revised Julian calendar should let a year run from March to February, like the Roman calendar, rather than January to December. It would be more realistic to add a leap day in the end of August rather than February, as late-August would be mid-year if the year were March-February, and adding an extra day in mid-year is more realistic than adding an extra day in the end or beginning of the year.
 * P.S.: The rule that a leap day should be added in February was kept at the switch from the Roman to Julian calendar, despite the change of the year from March-February to January-December. 212.100.101.104 (talk) 14:24, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:TALK states "Talk pages are for discussing the article, not for general conversation about the article's subject...." Proposed changes to calendars made by Wikipedia editors do not belong on talk pages (or anywhere else in Wikipedia). Jc3s5h (talk) 15:16, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

Swapping description and lead sections?
Would it be better to move a bunch of the stuff in "Description" into the lead section, and move what's now in the lead section to a "History" section? The lead section right now really assumes you already are very familiar with the Gregorian calendar, which reads a bit odd to me. AapeliV (talk) 00:32, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 February 2023
Please remove this sentence:

Because the date of Easter is a function – the computus – of the date of the (northern hemisphere) spring equinox

and add this one:

Because the date of Easter is a function – the computus – of the date of the spring equinox in the northern hemisphere

While it's slightly longer, it flows better without the parenthetical phrase. 192.180.91.15 (talk) 11:48, 4 February 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ – small jars 12:24, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

Realignment
It probably should be made more clear that the Gregorian calendar reform did not realign the dates with the beginning of the Julian calendar, but rather realigned the dates to the Julian dates that the Catholic Church were use to using for Easter calculations in the 3rd century (already off by a couple days). Proleptic Gregorian Jan 1, 10CE is not the same day as Julian Jan 1, 10CE (and definitely off for dates before 4CE as the Julian calendar's leap years were being incorrectly applied for its first few decades, only fully corrected by the end of the first decade CE). — al-Shimoni  (talk) 16:52, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

I’m not Jewish! BUT why isn’t the Jewish Calendar listed in the list of calendars, which is the true calendar the world should be operating on⁉🧐🧐🧐 78.149.113.1 (talk) 14:18, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I am Jewish and have no idea what you're talking about. The Rabbinic Jewish calendar is listed in the infobox but is misidentified as the Hebrew calendar.
 * There are three Hebrew calendars in use today: The Rabbinic Jewish Calendar, which starts on 1 Tishri. The Karaite Jewish calendar, which starts on 1 Aviv (which starts on the first new moon after the ripening of the barley in Israel). And the Samaritan calendar, which starts on 1 Elul. The years are the same for the two Jewish calendars; they just start at different times (one in the spring, one in the autumn). The Samaritan Hebrew calendar uses a different system of numeration and calculation altogether.
 * 2601:645:C57F:74A0:71FE:65DD:4352:40EF (talk) 01:56, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately per WP:COMMONNAME, the Rabinical calendar is the one most widely known outside Judaism. Life's a bitch. See also Islamic calendar, meaning the Sunni Lunar Hijri calendar getting priority over the Shia Solar Hijri calendar. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 14:40, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

Roman Republic not Roman Emprie
One of the tables shows 153 BC as the date the Roman Empire adopted 1 January as New Year's Day. There was NO Roman Empire in 153 BC. The Roman Empire did not exist until 27 BC. when Augustus became the first Emperor.

Julius Caesar had not even been born yet in 153 BC, which was VERY much within the days of the Roman REPUBLIC not the Roman empire.

2601:645:C57F:74A0:71FE:65DD:4352:40EF (talk) 01:50, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

Redundant none sense, typical of wikipedia "encyclopedia"...
no need to say something repeats itself once and only once, no wonder people stay away from this "encyclopedia"...https://www.pcworld.com/article/525199/the_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html WIKIPEDIA ENORMOUS MISTAKES, OF COURSE - THE USUAL nbcnews.com/id/wbna32588168 197.204.39.77 (talk) 08:30, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

flounder jimbo Wales claims he trusts his administrators, will not question their "reasoning" but they have no sound reasoning at all and wikipedia became nobody's land,except fantasy world to senior editors who complement each other,but newbies get burned on the spot...tsk tsk tsk..

Calendar cycles repeat completely every 400 years, which equals 146,097 days.[e][f] Of these 400 years, 303 are regular years of 365 days and 97 are leap years of 366 days. A mean calendar year is 365+ 97 / 400 days = 365.2425 days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds.[g] During intervals that do not contain any century common years (such as 1800, 1900 and 2100), the calendar repeats every 28 years, during which 29 February will fall on each of the seven days of the week once and only once. All other dates of the year fall on each day exactly four times, each day of the week having gaps of 6 years, 5 years, 6 years, and 11 years, in that order.

where is proof of 5 years, repetition happens every 6 years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 197.207.170.241  (talk • contribs) 08:34, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

 * The passage "During intervals...11 years, in that order" strikes me as trivia that does not belong in an encyclopedia. I removed it. Jc3s5h (talk) 14:07, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * And if you hadn't got there first, I would have done it. These mathematical coincidences are entirely unremarkable and have no significance in the real world. See WP:TRIVIA. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 16:55, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gregorian calendar


text:
Rugby Canada

Rugby Canada is the national governing body for the sport of rugby union in Canada. Rugby Canada was incorporated in 1974, and stems from the Canadian Rugby Football Union, a body established in 1884 that now governs amateur Canadian football as Football Canada; and the now-defunct Rugby Union of Canada, established in 1929. Rugby Canada administers the Canada national rugby union team and sanctions the Rugby Canada National Junior Championship, a national competition for under-20 men's teams. It previously sanctioned the Super League as the premier level of men's competition in the country, but scrapped that league after the Americas Rugby Championship was created in 2009 as a two-stage competition in which the first involved only Canadian teams.

Canadian Rugby Football Union
The Canadian Rugby Football Union was established in 1884 with the specific purpose of organizing play-off games between various union champions. Representatives from the Montreal Football club (now known as the Westmount Rugby Club), the Toronto Rugby Football Club and the Hamilton Rugby Football Club, had meetings in Toronto and Montreal. The union continued to use the English rugby rules, and at the end of the season the winning club of the Quebec Championship played the Ontario Champion for the Club Championship of the Dominion.

This organization (also known as the Canadian Rugby Union) was the forerunner of the Canadian Football League, as rugby football in Canada evolved into Canadian football with rugby union being known as English rugby. To make matters more confusing the word rugby continued to be applied to Canadian football. It was not until 1967 that the original CRU finally cleared up this confusion by renaming itself the Canadian Amateur Football Association; it adopted its current name of Football Canada in 1986.

Rugby Union of Canada
The Rugby Union of Canada, re-formed in 1965 and incorporated in 1974, is affiliated to World Rugby. It has competed in nine out of ten Rugby World Cups (the first in 1987 in Australia and New Zealand) and in the World Rugby Sevens Series.

Teams
National teams
 * Canada national rugby union team
 * Canada women's national rugby union team

National 7s teams
 * Canada national rugby sevens team
 * Canada women's national rugby union team (sevens)

Provincial Rugby Unions in Canada

 * British Columbia Rugby Union
 * Fraser Valley Rugby Union
 * Vancouver Rugby Union
 * New Brunswick Rugby Union
 * Newfoundland Rugby Union
 * Ontario Rugby Union
 * PEI Rugby Union
 * Rugby Alberta
 * Rugby Manitoba
 * Rugby Nova Scotia
 * Rugby Quebec
 * Saskatchewan Rugby Union

IGR Rugby Teams in Canada
Canada has four Rugby Teams that are also part of International Gay Rugby; Montreal Armada, Toronto Muddy York,  Ottawa Wolves, and the Vancouver Rogues. In 2022 the international Bingham Cup was held in Ottawa, Ontario.

title: Rugby Canada


text:
Akola

Akola  is a major city in the Vidarbha region of the Indian state of Maharashtra. The third largest city in Eastern Maharashtra after Nagpur and Amravati, it is located about 580 km east of the state capital, Mumbai, and 250 km west of the second capital, Nagpur. Akola is the administrative headquarters of the Akola district located in the Amravati division.

Akola is located on the banks of the Morna River. Although it is not considered a common tourist destination, Akola is an important city due to its history, culture, politics, and agriculture. It also has a prominent road and rail junction in the Tapti River valley that functions as a commercial trading centre.

Akola is an important educational centre with several colleges affiliated with Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University. The city is developing into a market centre. The primary language spoken by the people of Akola is Marathi.

Early medieval history (Classical)
Akola is mentioned to be a part of Berar province and the legendary kingdom of Vidarbha in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata.

Late medieval history
A period of Muslim rule began when Alauddin Khalji, Sultan of Delhi, conquered the region in the early 14th century. The region was part of the Bahmani Sultanate, which broke away from the Delhi Sultanate in the middle of the 14th century. The Bahmani Sultanate itself broke up into smaller sultanates at the end of the 15th century, and in 1572 Berar became part of the Nizam Shahi sultanate, based at Ahmednagar. The Nizam Shahis ceded Berar to the Mughal Empire in 1595, and the Mughals ruled the Berar province during the 17th century. The Akola fort was heavily fortified during Mughal king Aurangzeb's rule. As Mughal rule started to unravel at the start of the 18th century, Asif Jah I, Nizam of Hyderabad seized the southern provinces of the empire (including Berar) in 1724 to form an independent state.

Maratha Empire
The Battle of Argaon in 1803 was fought in Akola between the British and the Marathas during the Second Anglo-Maratha War. In the third Anglo-Maratha War, the last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated. In 1853, the Akola district together with the rest of Berar, came under the administration of the British East India Company.

Post-independence
After India's independence in 1947 from the British Government, the newly formed country was divided into different states. The Congress's proposed linguistic provinces plan before the Independence of India had positioned Akola as the headquarters of the Berar region.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Akola City had a population of 425,817 and an area of about 128 km2. After the city's municipal limits were extended in Aug 2016, it was recorded to have a population of 537,137.

Police administration
Akola Police maintains eight police stations in the Akola city subdivision that cover the metropolitan area of the city.

The government also approved the creation of a new Railway Police Akola subdivision that will include Akola, Wardha, and Badnera railway police units. The Akola Police subdivision falls under the Nagpur District of Railway.

Air
Akola Airport (also known as Shioni Airport) is the domestic airport of Akola and is 999 ft above sea level. It was built by British authorities in the 1940s and regularly sent flights to Mumbai. Now it is non-functional and has one runway (4,600×145 ft). The airport's expansion and use have been delayed as it is unable to get land from the university of Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth.

Rail
Akola Junction is the main railway station in the city. This railway station lies on the Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line and comes under Central Railway zone of Indian Railways.

Road
NH-6, which connects Surat to Kolkata, passes through the city. State Highways No. 68 and 69 also pass through the municipal limits. Other highways include State Highway 204, State Highway 200: Akola – Amravati, and State Highway 197. NH-161 begins from Akola and reaches in Telangana near Hyderabad.

Agricultural university
Akola houses Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (PDKV), whose jurisdiction covers all eleven districts of Vidarbha.

Medical science colleges

 * Government Medical College, Akola

Engineering colleges

 * College of Engineering & Technology, Akola

Notable people

 * Vasantrao Deshpande
 * Anand Modak
 * Vijay P. Bhatkar
 * Patrick Barr
 * Vitthal Wagh
 * Sudharak Olwe
 * Shivdeep Lande
 * Ranjit Patil
 * Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre
 * T. S. Korde
 * Vallabhdas Aidan Mohta
 * Mahesh Kakde
 * Swaminathan Aiyar

title: Akola


text:
Hoo Peninsula

The Hoo Peninsula is a peninsula in Kent, England, separating the estuaries of the rivers Thames and Medway. It is dominated by a line of chalk, clay and sand hills, surrounded by an extensive area of marshland composed of alluvial silt. The name Hoo is a Saxon word believed to mean 'spur of land' or refers to the 'distinct heel-shape of the ridge of hills' through Hoo. Hoo features in the Domesday Book. The peninsula is home to internationally and nationally protected wildlife sites as well as industrial facilities and energy industries.

History
The Romans have been credited with the first two attempts at building a sea wall. The subsequent draining of the marshes created pastureland to support sheep.

The area is rich in archaeology. Bronze Age implements and Jutish cemeteries have been found on the peninsula, and Roman pottery at Cooling. It was once the point of departure across the ancient Saxon fording point over the River Thames to Essex.

Much of the peninsula lies in one of the Saxon divisions of England called "hundreds": here it is the "Hundred of Hoo". To be precise, the Hundred comprised the parishes and churches of Hoo, High Halstow, St Mary Hoo, Allhallows and part of Stoke. The Isle of Grain, then a complete island, was in the Hundred of Gillingham; the remainder of the parish of Stoke was in the Hundred of Shamel.

William the Conqueror granted his half-brother, Odo, the large estate of Hoo.

During the First World War this peninsula was the site of an explosives factory and storage facility.

The marshes
The Peninsula's marshlands are part of the North Kent Marshes and now form a major part of two protected areas: the Thames Estuary and Marshlands, and the Medway Estuary and Marshes. The Thames Estuary area covers the 15 mi from Gravesend to the Isle of Grain; the Medway Area 15 mi from Rochester to the Isle of Grain: a total of 38 mi2 of marshlands. Both are Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Special Protected Areas (SPA). They include coastal grazing marsh, intertidal mudflats, saltmarsh and lagoons. On the line of hills lies the Northward Hill National Nature Reserve.

Nature reserve
The Hoo Peninsula is home to a 129.7 acre nature reserve located in High Halstow, one of the many villages on the peninsula, called High Halstow NNR. The reserve is also part of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Northward Hill SSSI site which includes 270 hectares of grazing marsh, woodland and farmland. The area features the largest heronry in Britain, where some 150–200 pairs nest. A heronry has been in the woods from at least 1947, when it was mentioned in a book, The Hundred of Hoo by Ralph Arnold. High Halstow NNR was declared a National Nature Reserve in 1951.

The Thames and Medway Canal
The Rivers Thames and Medway were joined by the eight-mile long Thames & Medway Canal, the construction of which started in 1805. With basins providing ports and access to the two rivers at Gravesend and Strood, the canal passed through a two-mile tunnel at Higham, broken in the centre by a shaft to allow boats to pass. Construction was difficult and expensive and it was not completed until 1824. Shortly afterwards, the tunnel became part of the railway linking Higham with Strood. The line of this now-silted canal can be considered a convenient boundary marking the landward edge of the peninsula.

The tunnel passes through large beds of chalk. To cut engineering costs many sections were not lined, which caused various rock falls between 1957 and 2004. As these rock falls could cause derailment, the tunnel was closed to trains during 2004 and was relined with reinforced concrete. It reopened in early January 2005.

Roads
The only main road is the A228, which crosses the old Roman London Road (also called Watling Street, now the A2) at Strood and then follows the high ground eastwards. It meets the Medway Towns Northern Bypass (A289) at the bottom of Four Elms Hill and climbs to Chattenden, bypassing Hoo St Werburgh and High Halstow, before crossing to the Isle of Grain. On the Peninsula this road is known as the 'Ratcliffe Highway'.

The other principal route on the peninsula, the B2000, heads north to Cliffe on the edge of Cliffe marshes, part of the North Kent Marshes. This is a winding country road, much used by industrial transport serving the larger farms, including Mockbeggar Farm, and the industrial jetties onto the River Thames. The B2000 passes through Cliffe Woods under the name of 'Town Road', and enters Cliffe, where it becomes first 'Station Road', from the location of the now vanished station of the Hundred of Hoo railway, and then 'Church Street'. At the northern edge of the village the road becomes 'Pond Hill' and leads down the cliff to an unmetalled track on the marshes.

The B2000 is rural in nature with several interesting old buildings along its route. There remains a Grade II listed red brick farmhouse dating from the 17th century 'Mockbeggar Farm' and its barn, 25 yd south of the farmhouse, and a Grade II building 'Mortimer's Farm House, Cliffe'.

Another Grade II-listed farmhouse is Fenn Street Farmhouse, timber-framed and medieval in origin, with parts dated to the 15th century. Its age may be judged by the fact that in 1760 the building was refaced.

There are numerous other minor roads on the higher ground, and a number of roads and trackways across the marshes, some of which eventually reach the sea walls.

The Hundred of Hoo Railway

In 1878, Henry Pye with a deputation of other local farmers met the South Eastern Railway Company with a request for a new railway to be built in the area. From this meeting a new company was established, the Hundred of Hoo Railway Company. The SER saw it as part of the development of continental traffic, and the ferry terminal at what was named Port Victoria was built as terminus of the line. The traffic did not materialise and that section of the line and the line beyond Grain closed in 1951.

The first part of the line to be opened was in March 1882, from Cliffe to Sharnal Street. This was later extended east to the Isle of Grain. Sharnal Street was the larger of the two original stations and was provided with goods sidings, where the local farmers were able to load their produce to be transported directly to the London markets. It was also at Sharnal Street that telegram and mail collections were effected.

On 14 May 1932 a branch railway was opened to the Thames estuary beyond the ancient village of Allhallows. It was intended to become a riverside resort of some size, and grandiose plans were formed. The new area was given the name of Allhallows-on-Sea. Little came of the scheme, and today all signs of that branch have disappeared, save for the water tower which supplied locomotives at the terminus – it is now a listed building. There is a holiday village on the site where the resort was intended to be.

Industry
The strategic location of the Hoo peninsula gave rise to the development of a range of industrial and commercial facilities. It has been home to many land-hungry industries, including power stations, oil tank farms, oil refineries, gas plants, explosive works, a container terminal, and mineral workings. Many of these are on the Isle of Grain, but some are, or were, located at Kingsnorth on the south edge of the peninsula, up the River Medway from Grain, and at Cliffe at the western end of the peninsula.

Energy industry
A number of industrial facilities on the Hoo peninsula are associated with the energy – oil, gas, petroleum and electricity – industries. This includes five power stations (Grain, Grain CCGT, Kingsnorth, Medway and Damhead Creek); four oil refineries (Medway Oil & Storage Company, Berry Wiggins, BP Kent and Burmah-Total); three oil storage tank farms (Admiralty, MOSCO and BP Kent); two gas plants (SEGAS and Grain LNG); and a submarine power cable from the Netherlands (BritNed).

The oil industry was first established on the Hoo peninsula in 1908 when, in association with the naval dockyard at Sheerness, the Admiralty constructed an oil storage and ship refuelling depot at the Isle of Grain. This reflected the Royal Navy policy of building oil-fired ships which were faster, produced less visible smoke and could be refuelled at sea. By 1912 there were 19 oil tanks and two jetties in the deep water of the Medway. The tanks continued to be used until 1950s when they were incorporated into the BP refinery.

In 1923 the Medway Oil and Storage Company (MOSCO) constructed an oil refinery and tank farm close to the Admiralty site on a 132 acre site acquired from the South Eastern Railway. The site included four groups of oil tanks of various sizes within earth embankments and two short jetties in the Medway. Crude oil was imported from Russia and refined on the site; the petrol was marketed as 'Power Petrol'; in 1927 it was 2½ d. per gallon cheaper than Shell petrol. There was an oil tank explosion on the site in 1925 that killed three workers. MOSCO was absorbed into the Anglo-Iranian group (later BP) in 1932 after which oil refining on Grain ceased. The MOSCO site was physically incorporated into the BP refinery in 1952.

In 1924 Berry Wiggins and Company built a plant to produce bitumen at Sharnal Street on the Isle of Grain. In 1930 Berry Wiggins started the construction of an oil refinery and tank farm at Kingsnorth (TQ817723) on the site of a First World War airship base. At first Berry Wiggins used the wharf at the head of Damhead Creek, but to allow larger tankers to unload in 1937 they built the 1+1/2 mi Bee Ness Jetty into East Hoo Creek and the Kethole Reach of the River Medway (TQ842726). It was reputedly the longest jetty in Britain. Oil was transferred from the jetty to the refinery through steel pipes on the underside of the jetty walkway. From 1932 oil products were exported from the refinery via an east-facing connection from the single line Grain branch of Southern Railways, the Berry Wiggins branch included three sidings (TQ808735). In 1937 the refinery had an annual oil throughput of 90,000 tonnes, and by 1954 throughput was 65,000 tonnes per year. In 1952 Berry Wiggins built a new two-stage distillation unit at their refinery, and facilities to produce asphalt for road making and other oil-derived products. In 1964 the annual throughput was 190,000 tonnes. In 1973 Berry Wiggins planned to build a new bitumen refinery at Kingsnorth to take feedstock from the adjacent BP refinery and to close its own refinery. However, the 1973-4 world oil crisis prevented these plans being realised. The old Berry Wiggins Kingsnorth refinery closed in 1977. Bee Ness jetty is extant (2019) but is in a ruined condition. Oakham Ness jetty is south of Bee Ness jetty; it was built in 1964 as part of the construction of Kingsnorth power station and was used jointly by the power station and the Berry Wiggins refinery for the import of oil. It is 2 km long and runs across Oakham Marsh to the deep water of Kethole Reach of the River Medway (TQ840719). The long-disused physical connection of the Kingsnorth branch to the Grain branch railway (TQ813739) was severed in 2002.

Construction of the BP Refinery (Kent), unofficially known as Grain Refinery, was started in 1950 and the site opened in 1952. It had an initial throughput capacity of four million tonnes per year. A catalytic reformer and aromatics plant were built in 1962. By 1964 the capacity of the refinery had increased to 9,500 tonnes per year. The refinery began to process British North Sea crude oil from June 1975. BP Kent refinery closed in 1982 after which some of the site was taken over by British Gas for a liquefied natural gas facility.

In 1957 the South Eastern Gas Board (SEGAS) constructed a catalytic reformer plant adjacent to the BP Refinery to use light distillates (naphtha) from the refinery to reform into town gas. The SEGAS process was a low pressure cyclic catalytic process which used a catalyst based on lime or magnesia to promote the reaction between hydrocarbons and steam to produce town gas. The plant was made redundant when the British gas industry converted from town gas to natural gas during the period 1967–77.

The 2,000 MW Kingsnorth power station (TQ810721) opened in 1967 and burnt coal or oil, according to the economics of each. As with others in this area, the site has proved challenging. During building the reclaimed marshland was found to have poor load-bearing properties. Kingsnorth's ground level was some four feet below the highest tide even then, and tide levels are expected to rise another three feet in coming years. For the planners, these disadvantages were outweighed by the proximity to London, the availability of cooling water from the River Medway, and deep-water berthing for oil tankers and colliers.

Between 1971 and 1981 the Burmah-Total oil company planned to build an oil refinery on Cliffe marshes (TQ720786). However, the oil crises of 1973-4 and 1979-81 made the project uneconomic and the plans were abandoned.

Grain oil-fired power station was constructed on a 100 ha site (TQ886755) for the CEGB. It was commissioned in 1979 and had a projected output capacity of 3,300 MW. The power station was closed in 2015 and was subsequently demolished.

Medway Power Station (TQ8707467 is a 735 megawatts gas-fired power station on the Isle of Grain in Medway next to the River Medway, it was commissioned in 1995.

Damhead Creek (TQ809728) is a 792 MWe gas-fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power station, commissioned in 2001.

Grain LNG Terminal (TQ862759) is a facility for the import, storage and export of liquefied natural gas (LNG). It was developed from 2002 and is now a major facility for the British gas supply industry.

Grain CCGT power station is a 1,275 MW plant consisting of three natural gas-fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbine units, it was commissioned in May 2010, and cost £580 million. The power station is able to transfer up to 340 MW of heat energy recovered from the steam condensation to run the vaporisers in the nearby Liquefied natural gas terminal.

BritNed is a high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) submarine power cable between the Isle of Grain in Kent, the United Kingdom; and Maasvlakte in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. It was commissioned in 2011.

Other industries
Other industries on the Hoo peninsula include an explosives works at Cliffe. This was established in 1900 by Curtis and Harvey Limited on a 128 ha site near Lower Hope Point to manufacture nitroglycerine, cordite, dynamite and guncotton. The site was expanded during the first decade of the twentieth century and by 1908 was one of the largest in the country. Further expansion occurred during the First World War, although the site closed in 1921. The foundations of the building can be seen in the landscape

A cement works was established at Cliffe in about 1860 using locally mined chalk. The Alpha Cement works was established in 1910 and operated in various guises until 1970. Today the site is an aggregate import, storage and loading facility. Aggregate is offloaded at two jetties (TQ706767) on the River Thames adjacent to Cliffe fort. Aggregate is transferred along a 1.7 km conveyor to the main site (TQ720756) where railway wagons are loaded. Facilities include loading silos, an overhead conveyor and a loading gantry. The sidings are on a branch from the Grain branch railway line. The site is operated (2019) by Brett Aggregates Limited, formerly by Blue Circle.

In 1960 BP in partnership with California Chemicals built a petrochemical plant to manufacture synthetic fibres from oil by-products.

London Thamesport is a small container seaport in the Port of London on the River Medway (TQ865742) serving the North Sea. It is located on the Isle of Grain. It was first developed as a container port in 1989 and was developed as a deep-water port from 2001.

Villages on the Hoo Peninsula

 * Allhallows
 * Chattenden
 * Cliffe
 * Cliffe Woods
 * Cooling
 * Frindsbury
 * Grain
 * High Halstow
 * Hoo St Werburgh
 * St Mary Hoo
 * Spendiff
 * Stoke
 * Upnor
 * Wainscott

title: Hoo Peninsula


text:
Talk:Weighted average cost of capital

[Untitled]
what is the cost of capital in relation to property and what does property investors do with the cost of capital.and finally how do property owners calculate the cost of capital.

 * The weighted cost of capital employed in real property transactions is calculated the same way as any other weighted cost. You look at all your sources of capital, eg.: mortgages, loans, money from other investors in the case of a limited partnership, and the opportunity cost of money you contribute personally. You determine what rate of interest that is being charged in each case, and you determine the percentage of total capital that comes from each source. Then you multiply each rate charged by the percentage weighting and sum accross all sources. mydogategodshat 15:32, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Organization
I think it's "weighted average cost of capital" that should be merged with cost of capital. - Jerryseinfeld 18:49, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I just merged the two. If you think it should be the opposite, then why don't you merge them the opposite way instead of more or less reverting them the way they were?

--pgeoff 20:26, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Do you think there's overlap? - Jerryseinfeld 01:22, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You bet I do. It was a good call on your part to suggest that they be merged in the manner that you suggest.  Meaning that Weighted average cost of capital be merged into Cost of capital.  I should have done that myself but I did it backwards.  If you want, I still can.  However, be my guest!  --pgeoff 20:08, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

Income Taxes on WACC
Hi. I was wondering if I could get some help on an economics question I have. Does anyone know the effects of Income Taxes on WACC? I greatly appreciate all your help.

Matt

Hello Matt, income taxes and WACC are a really difficult topic. You will find something in a book written by a colleague and myself: DCF,, chapter 3 or you look for some discussion papers (, now published in The European Journal of Finance).

Andreas Loeffler.

Simple, WACC is simply the cost of new capital derived by averaging the weights of debt and equity in the capital structure. So then the impact of taxes is this. If a company pays a dividend that is after tax dollars and if they pay interest on a bond they expense the cost of the interested as part of doing business by expensing this reduces tax liability. From a tax perspective a capital structure of more bonds than stock would then be better.

formulae
Please correct the appearance in the page, something went wrong... --YoavD 07:49, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

In regards to the symbols used on the formula: I have consistently seen (In Brealey and Myers textbook, as well as several other sources online) the following symbols used to denote the components of WACC: Cost of Debt: rD, Cost of Equity: rE, Market Value of Equity: E, Market Value of Debt: D, Total Firm Value (D+E): V

Are these the most common, global symbols used? I would like to change the formulas on the WACC page to reflect these if that is the case. Flammulated (talk) 22:07, 15 February 2009 (UTC)Flammulated

Proposed Merger
This page deals with exactly the same subject as the page on the weighted cost of capital. 220.233.7.5 (talk) 10:52, 23 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Merged.Happybunny95 (talk) 04:06, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Weighted average cost of capital


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User:Cbane

This is my user page. There are many like it, but this one is mine.

title: User:Cbane


text:
Argentine Rugby Union

The Argentine Rugby Union (Unión Argentina de Rugby, abbreviated "UAR") is the governing body for rugby union in Argentina. It is a member of World Rugby, with a seat on that body's Executive Council, and a founding member of Sudamérica Rugby.

The UAR organises all the national teams, including Senior (Pumas), U-20 (Pumitas), Argentina XV, Sevens and Women's squads and the franchise Jaguares that participates in SANZAAR's Super Rugby competition.

Origins
The first rugby match in Argentina was played in 1873, in the Buenos Aires Cricket Club Ground sited in Palermo, Buenos Aires. Only 24 players (all of them were English) could meet to contest the match. The teams were named Bancos ("Banks" in Spanish) and Ciudad ("City") and formed with 11 and 13 players respectively.

That same year, another match was played on the Polo Field of Flores AC, part of land owned by the Unzué family. The teams were called Inglaterra ("England") and El Mundo ("The World"). The first team was formed by Royal Navy officers that were temporarily in Buenos Aires, with the addition of some English citizens who resided in Argentina. Its rival was formed by English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish people plus some Argentine-born players of English descent.

On May 14, 1874, the Rugby Football Union rules were adopted to play rugby in Argentina. Those rules were used for the first time during the match contested at Buenos Aires Cricket Club between two teams from that institution. The teams were called El bando del Sr. Trench ("Mr. Trench's side"), and El bando del Sr. Hogg ("Mr. Hogg's side").

Nevertheless, other sources say that the first game under the rules of rugby was played on Thursday, 14 May 1874, at David Mathven's country house, in Caballito, Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires FC also played the first inter-provincial rugby game in Argentina, when it faced Rosario AC in the city of Rosario, on 28 June 1886.

First championship organized
In 1899, clubs Belgrano, Rosario, Lomas, Buenos Aires and Flores founded the "River Plate Rugby Union", naming Leslie William Corry-Smith as President. The body organized the first championship that same year, played by the five founding members. In the inaugural game, Lomas defeated Buenos Aires by 11-4. Lomas would be the first Argentine champion, winning the title at the end of the season.

The sport requested affiliation with the International Olympic Committee (COI), who advised them to add Argentina to their name and so they became the "Unión Argentina de Rugby" on 29 November 1951.

This body, one of the oldest rugby unions in the world, became a member of the International Rugby Board (IRB) after being invited to the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987.

When the rest of the rugby union world went professional in 1995, the UAR decided to keep the game amateur. Also, the Buenos Aires clubs split off the UAR and formed the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires (URBA), which has the same status as other provincial unions.

Argentine players who opt to go overseas to play professionally (historically in Italy and France, with an increasing number today playing in England) remain eligible for national team selection (although this was not originally the case). As a result, the national team was heavily, though not exclusively, made up of European-based players. In 2016, the UAR formed the Jaguares team to compete in the Super Rugby competition. Also, it established a policy of selecting Pumas players from Super Rugby teams only, thereby excluding players from European clubs.

National team
The first national team (under the name "The River Plate Rugby Football Union") made its debut against the British Lions (named "Combined British") when they toured Argentina in 1910 as part of the celebrations for the 100th anniversary of the Revolución de Mayo. The match was played on 12 June and the Argentina side lost 28-3.

The Rugby Championship
Argentina officially joined The Rugby Championship following a meeting in Buenos Aires on November 23, 2011. They became a full member of SANZAAR, the body which operates Super Rugby and The Rugby Championship competitions in rugby union, from the start of 2016.

Names
The Union had different names over the years. Them are detailed below:

 * River Plate Rugby Union (1899–31)
 * Unión de Rugby del Río de la Plata (1931–51)
 * Unión Argentina de Rugby (1951–present)

Structure
Regional Unions affiliated to Unión Argentina:

Ranking
 Argentina's world rugby ranking Source: World Rugby - Updated to 06/30/2008

title: Argentine Rugby Union


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Okęcie

Okęcie is the largest neighbourhood of the Włochy district of Warsaw, Poland.

It is the location of Warsaw Chopin Airport and the PZL Warszawa-Okęcie aircraft works, and home to the Okęcie Warszawa professional association football club.

In 1939–1951 the village was a seat of Okęcie gmina. Since 1951 it has been a part of Warsaw.

Name
Okęcie owes its name to its location in the corner of the Rakov estate. In 16th century, the owners of the village started to use a different surname: Okęccy of Radwan coat of arms.

Religious communities

 * Roman Catholic Church:
 * Parish of St. Francis of Assisi in Okęcie
 * Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church:
 * Field Cathedral of St. George the Victorious
 * Jehovah's Witnesses:
 * Church and the hall of the kingdom.

Links

 * okecie.net
 * Ośrodek Sportu i Rekreacji
 * Zespole Szkół im. Bohaterów Narwiku

title: Okęcie


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Category:Islands of Russia

This category includes both archipelagos and islands belonging to Russia. Islands are separately included even when already within an included archipelago.

title: Category:Islands of Russia


text:
William Thomas Blanford

William Thomas Blanford (7 October 1832 – 23 June 1905) was an English geologist and naturalist. He is best remembered as the editor of a major series on The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma.

Biography
Blanford was born in London to William Blanford and Elizabeth Simpson. His father owned a factory next to their house on Bouverie street, Whitefriars. He was educated in private schools in Brighton (until 1846) and Paris (1848). He joined his family business in carving and gilding and studied at the School of Design in Somerset House. Suffering from ill health, he spent two years in a business house at Civitavecchia owned by a friend of his father. His initial aim was to enter a mercantile career. On returning to England in 1851 he was induced to enter the newly established Royal School of Mines (now part of Imperial College London), which his younger brother Henry F. Blanford (1834–1893), afterwards head of the Indian Meteorological Department, had already joined. He studied under Henry De la Beche, Lyon Playfair, Edward Forbes, Ramsay, and Warington Smyth. He then spent a year in the mining school (Bergakademie) at Freiberg, Saxony, and towards the close of 1854 both he and his brother obtained posts on the Geological Survey of India. In that service he remained for twenty-seven years, retiring in 1882. After his retirement he took up editorship of The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma series.He was engaged in various parts of India, in the Raniganj coalfield, in Bombay, and in the coalfield near Talcher, where boulders considered to have been ice-borne were found in the Talcher strata (Talchir tillite)—a remarkable discovery confirmed by subsequent observations of other geologists in equivalent strata (Permian) elsewhere across Gondwanaland. Blanford took an interest in the Permo-Triassic Glossopteris flora. He commented on the geological age of this region in his much later address to the British Association in 1884. Between 1857 and 1860 he was involved in a survey of the Rajniganj coalfields, followed by visits to Trichinopoly and the Nilgiri Hills. In 1860 he went to Burma to study an extinct volcano, Puppadoung and in 1862 he took an interest in the Deccan Traps. In 1867 he joined an expedition to Abyssinia, the results of which were published in Observation on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia (1870). accompanying the army to Magdala and back; and in 1871–1872 he was appointed a member of the Persian Boundary Commission along with O. B. St. John. After a voyage to Basra he started back from Gwadar, 200 miles west of Karachi. He marched to Shiraz with St. John's party and then travelled alone through Ispahan to Teheran to join Sir Richard Pollock. He visited the Elbruz Mountains and returned to England from the Caspian via Astrakhan, Moscow, St. Petersburg and Berlin to reach home in September 1872. The best use was made of the exceptional opportunities of studying the natural history of those countries. He subsequently spent time to produce the report on Zoology. He represented the Indian Government at the meeting of the Geological Congress in Bologna. His attention was given not only to geology but to zoology, and especially to the land gastropods and to the vertebrates. He joined H J Elwes on a journey to Sikkim in 1870 during which several new bird species were described. Between 1870 and 1881 Blanford described 36 new species of reptiles and three new species of amphibians.

In 1883 he married Ida Gertrude Bellhouse, and settled at Bedford Gardens, Campden Hill.

For his many contributions to geological science, Blanford was in 1883 awarded the Wollaston medal by the Geological Society of London. For his labours on the zoology and geology of British India he received in 1901 a royal medal from the Royal Society. He had been elected F.R.S. in 1874, and was chosen president of the Geological Society in 1888. He was created Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1904. He died at his home at the age of 72 in Bedford Gardens, Campden Hill, in London on 23 June 1905 and is buried in a family vault at Highgate Cemetery.

His principal publications were: Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia (1870), Manual of the Geology of India, with H. B. Medlicott (1879) and the third volume in Birds following the work of E. W. Oates in The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma series.

Taxa named in honour
Taxa named in honour of William Thomas Blanford include:
 * Blanfordia A. Adams, 1863 – a genus of terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Pomatiopsidae
 * Calandrella blanfordi (Shelley, 1902) – Blanford's short-toed lark
 * Bunopus blanfordii Strauch, 1887 – Blanford's ground gecko
 * Draco blanfordii Boulenger, 1885 – Blanford's flying lizard
 * Acanthodactylus blanfordii Boulenger, 1918 – Blanford's fringe-fingered lizard
 * Ophiomorus blanfordii Boulenger, 1887 – Blanford's snake skink
 * Psammophilus blanfordanus (Stoliczka, 1871) – Blanford's rock agama
 * Afrotyphlops blanfordii (Boulenger, 1889) – Blanford's blind snake
 * Myriopholis blanfordi (Boulenger, 1890) – Blanford's worm snake
 * Sphaerias blanfordi (Thomas, 1891) – Blanford's fruit bat
 * The English name of Vulpes cana (Blanford, 1877) is Blanford's fox.

title: William Thomas Blanford


text:
User talk:Szopen/NamingWar

A very good idea - both as a naming wars container and as a good separate article in its own rights. I definetly support the idea and if you need any help let me know - although my knowledge of that subject is pretty limitted. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 09:44, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I agree, though is still does not solve the problem how the cities are to be named in the header. Przepla 10:01, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm afraid that I must be clueless, because I don't see how this establishes what to name things. RickK 19:12, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)

It looks like this could become a good article when filled out, and it would be useful if other related articles were consistent with it. But sadly, I too don't see how if will stop debate about naming places. I recently came across Braunschweig (city) which I am convinced should be Brunswick in English; I will leave it as it is because (a) I missed the time when it was agreed, (b) the first line says the name I think should be used, (c) the name I prefer redirects there now I have changed it. I was involved in the compromise for Derry and County Londonderry so I can live with that too. It looks as if each place needs its own debate, and some (notably Gdanskig) may never settle down. --Henrygb 21:25, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * In the end majority of the users don't really care what name is the most historically correct, they will use the one relevant to their language anyway (and bear in mind that this is likely to be English anyway). So it is vital we have redirects in place, but it is not that important if the main article will be under English, German, Polish or whatever name. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 20:09, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

A good idea, I hope it will be succesfull.

However, having some experience with Russian History Harmonization wikiproject, I'd like to advise you not to put any visible notices on the page. Considering, that it is information for editors, it should be thoroughly described in a place like Talk:Article/naming, and the article body itself should contain references like.

Good luck! Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 14:35, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

You're very brave. I favour using the present name throughout an article including historical names in the intro.Rsloch (talk) 14:59, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Szopen/NamingWar


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Tachisme

Tachisme (alternative spelling: Tachism, derived from the French word tache, stain) is a French style of abstract painting popular in the 1940s and 1950s. The term is said to have been first used with regards to the movement in 1951. It is often considered to be the European response and equivalent to abstract expressionism, although there are stylistic differences (American abstract expressionism tended to be more "aggressively raw" than tachisme). It was part of a larger postwar movement known as Art Informel (or Informel), which abandoned geometric abstraction in favour of a more intuitive form of expression, similar to action painting. Another name for Tachism is Abstraction lyrique (related to American Lyrical Abstraction). COBRA is also related to Tachisme, as is Japan's Gutai group.

After World War II the term School of Paris often referred to Tachisme, the European equivalent of American abstract expressionism. Important proponents were Jean-Paul Riopelle, Wols, Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Soulages, Nicolas de Staël, Hans Hartung, Gérard Schneider, Serge Poliakoff, Georges Mathieu and Jean Messagier, among several others. (See list of artists below.)

According to Chilvers, the term tachisme "was first used in this sense in about 1951 (the French critics Charles Estienne and Pierre Guéguen have each been credited with coining it) and it was given wide currency by [French critic and painter] Michel Tapié in his book Un Art autre (1952)."

Tachisme was a reaction to Cubism and is characterized by spontaneous brushwork, drips and blobs of paint straight from the tube, and sometimes scribbling reminiscent of calligraphy.

Tachisme is closely related to Informalism or Art Informel, which, in its 1950s French art-critical context, referred not so much to a sense of "informal art" as "a lack or absence of form itself"–non-formal or un-form-ulated–and not a simple reduction of formality or formalness. Art Informel was more about the absence of premeditated structure, conception or approach (sans cérémonie) than a mere casual, loosened or relaxed art procedure.

Artists

 * Pierre Alechinsky (born 1927) – Cobra group
 * Karel Appel (1921–2006) – Cobra group
 * Frank Avray Wilson (1914–2009)
 * Jean René Bazaine (1904–2001)
 * Roger Bissière (1888–1964)
 * Ferruccio Bortoluzzi (1920–2007)
 * Norman Bluhm (1921–1999) – American associated with this movement
 * Bram Bogart (1921–2012) – Cobra group
 * Alexander Bogen (1916–2010)
 * Denis Bowen (1921–2006)
 * Camille Bryen (1907–1977)
 * Alberto Burri (1915–1995)
 * Beauford Delaney (1901–1979) – American associated with this movement
 * Jean Dubuffet (1901–1985)
 * Agenore Fabbri (1911–1998)
 * Jean Fautrier (1898–1964)
 * Lucio Fontana (1899–1968)
 * Sam Francis (1923–1994) – American associated with this movement
 * Elaine Hamilton (1920–2010) – American associate of Tapié, influenced by this movement
 * Hans Hartung (1904–1989)
 * Jacques Hérold (1910–1987)
 * Laurent Jiménez-Balaguer (born 1928)
 * Paul Jenkins (1923–2012) – American associated with this movement
 * Asger Jorn (1914–1973) – Cobra group
 * Karel Kuklík (1937–2019) – Czech photographer regarded as a representative of Informel in photography.
 * Joseph Lacasse (1894–1975)
 * René Laubies (1922–2006)
 * André Lanskoy (1902–1976)
 * François Lanzi (1916–1988)
 * Maria Lassnig (1919–2014)
 * Georges Mathieu (1921–2012)
 * Jean Messagier (1920–1999)
 * Henri Michaux (1899–1984)
 * Jean Miotte (born 1926)
 * Ludwig Merwart (1913–1979)
 * Zoran Mušič (1909–2005)
 * Ernst Wilhelm Nay (1902–1968) – German influenced by this movement
 * Gen Paul (1895–1975)
 * Serge Poliakoff (1906–1969)
 * Marie Raymond (1908–1989)
 * Jean-Paul Riopelle (1923–2002)
 * Maria Helena Vieira da Silva (1908–1992)
 * Emilio Scanavino (1922–1986)
 * Gérard Schneider (1896–1986)
 * Emil Schumacher (1912–1999)
 * Pierre Soulages (1919–2022)
 * Nicolas de Staël (1914–1955)
 * Pierre Tal-Coat (1905–1985) - French
 * Michel Tapié (1909–1987)
 * Antoni Tàpies (1923–2012)
 * Bram van Velde (1895–1981)
 * Louis Van Lint (1909–1986)
 * François Willi Wendt (1909–1970)
 * Wols (Alfred Otto Wolfgang Schulze) (1913–1951)
 * Zao Wou Ki (1921–2013)

title: Tachisme


text:
Porto Bello (Williamsburg, Virginia)

Porto Bello was the hunting lodge of the last Royal Governor of the British Colony of Virginia, John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore. The name commemorates the battle of Porto Bello, a 1739 British naval victory in Panama. Lord Dunmore fled to Porto Bello to escape the early stages of the American Revolution in Williamsburg, Virginia. He later boarded a British ship lying at anchor near Porto Bello in the York River.

Porto Bello is located in York County, Virginia on the grounds of Camp Peary. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, but is closed to visitors because of the restricted access to Camp Peary.

Geography and Property History
Porto Bello was a 2-story brick farmhouse owned by Lord Dunmore from 1773 to the late 1770s. It is located in central York County on a wooded hill north of Queen's Creek.

In a 1782 map, the building is shown to have five buildings, consisting of a residence, a kitchen, and three other much smaller outbuildings; however, it was written to have up to ten outbuildings while under the ownership of Dunmore including a large barn, cow houses, stables, and work shops.

The complex, despite its size, was never truly used as a permanent residence, and it was instead used as a hunting lodge or retreat.

Although usually considered the actual house occupied by Lord Dunmore, the house exhibits properties that resemble features of houses built in the early 1800s. Instead, a geographic depression north of the structure may be the site of the earlier house. In 1915, the modern house had an internal fire that left everything decimated but the walls. As a result of the fire, the roof was replaced from a gambrel roof to a mansard roof and the interior plan was changed.

The original plan, remembered by a former occupant, was described as having two floors each with two rooms. In the center was a chimney. Between the chimney and the front wall was an entrance hall, and behind it were stairs to the second floor.

The date of construction of the house was never written, but it was known to have been constructed in or before 1774.

Significance and Ownership History
The earliest known owner of the land that would become Porto Bello was John James Hullotte. In 1758, the York County court ordered that Hullotte give back gambling money that he had gained. Hullotte refused and his land was repossessed and given to Alexander Finnie, the man whom he owed money to. Finnie died 11 years later, in 1769. The land was then auctioned off to John Prentis in December. Prentis then, for reasons unknown, conveyed Porto Bello to William and Rachel Drummond in November 1770. William Drummond died in 1773 and it was bought by Lord Dunmore some time later that year after a short controversy with Drummond's wife who accused him of interfering with the sale of the property.

Lord Dunmore retained ownership of the house for the next two years despite only utilizing it as his retreat or hunting lodge.

In early 1775, Virginians began to organize militia companies and equip themselves. Lord Dunmore, who was a loyalist and sought to end the growing resistance, ordered Lieutenant Henry Collins to take the guns within the Williamsburg Magazine and place them on the British armed schooner Magdalen. The Virginian populous, angry with the distrust and loyalty of Dunmore, grew to rebellion and Patrick Henry placed a militia outside of Williamsburg on May 2. Dunmore then fled to Porto Bello and then to the HMS Fowey.

Two months later, on July 7, Dunmore returned to Porto Bello, but was quickly chased out by a group of irate citizens from Williamsburg whom he narrowly avoided. he never returned to Porto Bello.

After Lord Dunmore fled, the Virginian authorities rented the land to a Dr. James Carter until 1779 when the county escheator sold it to a man named Francis Bright. The Bright family owned the property for about half to three quarters of a century. After Francis Bright died sometime in the early 1800s, his son, Samuel Bright, gained the property until he died in the mid-1800s.

The property was owned by multiple people for the rest of the nineteenth century, and was owned by the Mahone family in 1915 when a fire gutted the property. Later, the property was sold to the United States Federal Government in the beginning of World War 2 for the construction of Camp Peary.

title: Porto Bello (Williamsburg, Virginia)