text:
Talk:Strategy game

Overhaul
This article could need from an overhaul, especially to synchronise it with the List of computer and video games by genre page/section. To build on what I'm thinking of, it would benefit from a little discussion on genres and relations between them, war- and non-war strategy games, etc. Mikademus 08:54, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * There is also the Computer and video game genres page to consider. Seems things are getting a little confused, but the strategy sections of these three articles (including this one) are at least quite consistent, which is more that can be said for some of the other genres... Mikademus 18:14, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree and suggest the following:

That the article needs to be be more concise and stay to the subject. The introduction needs to clearly define and describe. If there are sub-classes list them. In subsequenct sections deal with the sub-classes, clearly and concisely.

That in areas where the article diverges into subjects covered elsewhere can be handled by simple reference. Specific games cited should be for the purpose of providing clear examples. the selection of those cited should be well established over time, not something that will have come and gone from memory when this article is read years on. A complete enumeration of games should be avoided.

brucekg 05:20, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Diplomacy
IMHO, Diplomacy is not a war-game, because the battle-model is highly abstracted (all units are the same strength, 2 units beat 1 unit everytime etc.)

Grand strategy
I removed the following text:

 * Grand strategy games allow players to have both large strategic games, and smaller tactical games together. The best example of this series is the Total War series where players recruit and move armies, spies and diplomats on the world map, but then control the ensuing battles with an entirely different interface and commands.

 * The tactical portion of these kinds of games are usually a derivitive of real-time strategy, but many also have a close resemblance to war gaming. Turn-based is possible, but no examples of such are well known.

First, the definition is imprecise. There are many games where interface for strategic games and tactical battles is different. HMM, Masters of Magic, UFO, Ascendancy, etc., etc. It's unclear what definition is implied here and a quick google didn't turn up any definite examples of usage of this term. Also, in games listed above the tactical section is turn-based. But the Total War games are not "a derivative of RTS", they are RTS, but a very specific more realistic sub-genre. It's also not clear how can something which has "a close resemblance to war gaming" not be a turn-based game. For all these reasons I think the text should be removed. If anything like this is to be put back, we need to Paranoid 20:34, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * have a reference to the usage of the term
 * have a clear definition

 * I think that grand strategy games don't deal with tactical battles, but rather focus on the larger strategic picture. For instance, Diplomacy. Am I correct? If not, then what is the difference between 4X games and grand strategy? SharkD 20:02, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

City Building
The city building games section is still considered a stub, if possible, please improve on it. --Tohlz

 * That kinda goes without saying, doesn't it? ;-) I did a copyedit on it.  Here's a few tips on editing:
 * You don't need to wikilink to articles using underscores. For example, instead of doing this:
 * types of games, you can just do this:
 * types of games . The wiki software knows to add underscores and capitalizes all words in links (so "types" would automatically changes to "Types").
 * Sign your posts. I added your signature to your post above, but you can sign by using 3 or 4 tildes (  or ~ ).  The latter is preferred, as it also adds a timestamp.
 * Don't capitalize any but the first words in section headings. For example, "City Building" should be "City building".  However, if the word is normally capitalized, for example, if it is a proper noun, it should be capitalized in the heading.

 * HTH. :-)  — Frecklefoot | Talk 15:11, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Merge
Game of strategy is a stub that covers the same topic. Since this article is much larger, it should be the merge destination. Seahen 00:05, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

The focus of the Strategy game article was really the computer games and only gave peripheral attention to other forms. The Game of strategy article really focused on the what the purpose and objective of a general type of game. I feel that what was said in one wouldn't necessarily apply in the other.- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 11:28, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Game of strategy is more like Abstract strategy than Strategy game. Maybe those articles should be merged instead? Percy Snoodle 09:41, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd agree with that. --Rindis 16:36, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I concur. I also think that this article should be made computer-game specific, and the other bits perhaps moved to the "Game of strategy" article? Mikademus 10:11, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm leery of creating too much division between computer and non-computer games when talking about broad subjects that apply to both. Of course, I also believe that computer games could learn a few things about game design from other types of games if they'd stop ignoring their existence, so I have som POV here.... --Rindis 16:00, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Rindis, I personally don't think a distinction like that would be good. I would only agree if it was renamed Computer strategy game, but even then I don't see why the two subjects can't be merged to give a proper overview of a strategy game, espeically since the intro talks about board games being one of them. Strategy games have been around much longer than computer games have. Radagast83 17:59, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

11:20, 1 March 2007 Selket (Talk | contribs) (Merging per consensus; all content on Game of strategy redundant. Deleting request)
 * Huh? The only consensus I've seen is to merge Game of strategy to a different page than the proposed one. (i.e., to Abstract strategy instead of here.) --Rindis 21:01, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Real time strategy
Wasn't Homeworld a RTS? And wasn't it quite popular. I am going to add that to the popular RTS game list because it still is. Bobo10512 05:45, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Re: Troy Dunniway not being a credible source for information on Real Time Strategy. Troy has been working as a developer for over 17 years, and has worked for Midway, Insomniac Games, UBISOFT, EA, Westwood Studios, Microsoft and Brash Entertainment. He recently worked on Command and Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars. The Thomson / Delmar Learning Game Development Essentials Series will be publishing his book Game Development Essentials:Gameplay Mechanics. 22:45, 7 September 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.83.11.163 (talk)

Rewrite section
The turn-based section needs to be rewritten, taking into account the existence of a separate turn-based tactics genre. SharkD 01:45, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. SharkD 02:05, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Puzzle games
Are puzzle games a sub-genre of strategy games? SharkD 02:21, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Nevermind. SharkD 16:26, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

"Wargames instantiated on computers"
Does anybody know what this means in English?Jatrius 12:49, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It basically means "wargames transferred from board/table-top to computers". SharkD 16:26, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Artillery games
I think their status as strategy games is dubious. The primary skill involved is eye coordination. Maybe a better place for them can be found? SharkD 17:03, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

strategy game/strategic game?
"strategy" is noun, whereas "strategic" is adjective. "strategy game" sounds odd to me, because the game is strategic, but not strategy! If there is any reason behind this naming, please add it under a new section like "name" to the article. --Wayiran (talk) 11:52, 19 February 2010 (UTC)
 * "Fish sticks" not "fishy sticks". SharkD   Talk  00:15, 20 February 2010 (UTC)
 * That is first a fish and then a stick. This is not first a strategy and then a game, but is a game which is strategic. "strategic game" is a game which is strategic, and strategy game, is a strategy which is of game type! Even google scholars shows 6,560 results for "strategic game" and 5,230 results for "strategy game" ! So at least it should be mentioned in the lead section that "Strategy game or Strategic game is ...".  --Wayiran (talk) 21:07, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
 * "That is first a fish and then a stick." Maybe, maybe not. SharkD   Talk  02:19, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * To be more technical about why it's called a "Strategy game" and not a "Strategic game," it's an attributive noun, which is a noun that modifies another noun. The difference between an attributive noun and an adjective is the former states the type the modified noun is. e.g. Rat Race—it's a race of rats. The latter describes a property of the noun. e.g. Ratty race, which would be a race that is dilapidated.

 * So to call it a strategic game would mean the game itself has some importance in a strategy. For example, World of WarCraft is a strategic game in the sense that, with Blizzard Entertainment's goal being to make money and be a successful business, it is strategically important in achieving that goal. But the official genre of World of Warcraft is a Role-Playing Game, not a Strategy game.Spezied (talk) 04:18, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Definition section needs some verifiability
The definition section speaks very definitively and very theoretically but I see no citations.

A lot of concepts are introduced, most interestingly the skill/luck spectrum. In fact, most of the Intro section focuses on justifying the skill/luck spectrum.

Some board games involve physical skill, and most video games do; and in some games skill is a significant factor. The sentence regarding skill is about as meaningless as saying, "There's no skill except where there is."

Also, the types given later in the article do not seem to be siblings, but random relatives. It would seem that if there's a category Abstract, then there'd be only one other category: Not Abstract—which would have to be simulation since Abstract is defined as not imitating real-world things and simulation as imitating real-world things. But wargames are simulations of war. And Strategy Video Games are in one sense a type of strategy game, but they're really a type of medium through which strategy games can be played. This means that Video Games includes both Abstract, Simulation, and Wargames, while Wargames is contained by Simulation, or Not Abstract.

If the games follow this categorization, it would look like this:
 * Video Games
 * Abstract
 * Concrete
 * Simulation
 * Wargames
 * Board Games
 * Abstract
 * Concrete
 * Simulation
 * Wargames

Which, of course, would be by no means an extensive list of all media through which strategy games can be played.

Since the introduction utterly lacks a foundation, and since I cannot find any theory of the luck/skill spectrum, I am reducing it to the definition, the etymology, and the distinction between 'Strategy' and 'Tactics.' The content should only be returned if accompanied by sources.Spezied (talk) 05:44, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Strategy game. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150223171820/http://www.ibridgeplayer.com/2010/08/how-to-automate-strategic-tactical-thinking/ to http://www.ibridgeplayer.com/2010/08/how-to-automate-strategic-tactical-thinking/

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Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:13, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Suspicious Convenience in Modern Day Turn-Based Section
I don't videogame, so maybe I'm just overly suspicious, but it seems funny that both the games lauded as models in the Modern-day turn-based section are created by Firaxis and published by 2K Games. I also don't know enough about Wikipedia investigations to know how to see who put in that text, but my guess is it's a fankid or employee. Could someone more experienced in videogames take a look? Triplingual (talk) 02:00, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The section is indeed seriously flawed. It was included by one editor who basically did not do any other edits which raises warning flags, too. The exclusive mentioning of Firaxis titles is also not the only problem with the section. Parts of this edit almost read like an ad. Either way we still might want to assume that the edit was done in good faith. If you care to improve the section, most likely by severly cropping it, please go ahead (just as you always should feel free to do that). OdinFK (talk) 05:52, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of Portal:Strategy games for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether Portal:Strategy games is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The page will be discussed at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Strategy games until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the page during the discussion, including to improve the page to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the deletion notice from the top of the page. North America1000 06:11, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Strategy game


text: Talk:The Outer Limits

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Outer Limits


text:
Etowah River

The Etowah River is a 164 mi waterway that rises northwest of Dahlonega, Georgia, north of Atlanta. On Matthew Carey's 1795 map the river was labeled "High Town River". On later maps, such as the 1839 Cass County map (Cass being the original name for Bartow County), it was referred to as "Hightower River", a name that was used in most early Cherokee records.

The large Amicalola Creek (which flows over Amicalola Falls) is a primary tributary near the beginning of the river. The Etowah then flows west-southwest through Canton, Georgia, and soon forms Lake Allatoona. From the dam at the lake, it passes Cartersville and the Etowah Indian Mounds archaeological site. It then flows to Rome, Georgia, where it meets the Oostanaula River and forms the Coosa River at their confluence. The river is the northernmost portion of the Etowah-Coosa-Alabama-Mobile Waterway, stretching from the mountains of north Georgia to Mobile Bay in Alabama.

The Little River is the largest tributary of the Etowah, their confluence now flooded by Lake Allatoona. Allatoona Creek is another major tributary, flowing north from Cobb County and forming the other major arm of the lake.

The U.S. Board on Geographic Names officially named the river in 1897.

The river ends at 571 ft above mean sea level.

The river is home to the Cherokee darter and Etowah darter, which are listed on the Endangered Species List.

Country singer-songwriter Jerry Reed made the Etowah the home of the wild, misunderstood swamp dweller Ko-Ko Joe in the 1971 song "Ko-Ko Joe". The fictional character, who is reviled by respectable people but apparently dies a hero while saving a child's life, is alternately known as the "Etowah River Swamp Rat" in the song. Reed, a native of Atlanta, took some liberties with Georgia geography in the song, including the non-existent "Appaloosa County" and "Ko-Ko Ridge" as part of the song narrative’s setting.

Tributaries

 * Acworth Creek
 * Allatoona Creek
 * Amicalola River
 * Big Dry Creek
 * Boston Creek
 * Butler Creek
 * Cane Creek
 * Canton Creek
 * Clark Creek
 * Downing Creek
 * Dykes Creek
 * Euharlee Creek
 * Hall Creek
 * Hickory Log Creek
 * Illinois Creek
 * Kellogg Creek
 * Little Allatoona Creek
 * Little River
 * Long Swamp Creek
 * McKaskey Creek
 * Noonday Creek
 * Owl Creek
 * Petit Creek
 * Proctor Creek
 * Pumpkinvine Creek
 * Raccoon Creek
 * Rocky Creek
 * Rubes Creek
 * Shoal Creek
 * Sixes Creek
 * Settin Down Creek
 * Stamp Creek
 * Tanyard Creek
 * Two Run Creek

Places

 * Lumpkin County, Georgia
 * Dahlonega
 * Dawson County, Georgia
 * Dawsonville
 * Forsyth County, Georgia
 * Cherokee County, Georgia
 * Canton
 * Bartow County, Georgia
 * Cartersville
 * Floyd County, Georgia
 * Rome

title: Etowah River


text:
Cairn Gorm

Cairn Gorm (An Càrn Gorm) is a mountain in the Scottish Highlands. It is part of the Cairngorms range and wider Grampian Mountains. With a summit elevation of 1244.8 m above sea level, Cairn Gorm is classed as a Munro and is the sixth-highest mountain in the British Isles. The high, broad domed summit overlooking Strathspey is one of the most readily identifiable mountains from the nearby town and regional centre of Aviemore. Although it shares its name with the Cairngorm mountains, Ben Macdui is the highest mountain in the range.

Since the 1960s over 600 ha of the north-western slopes of the mountain in Coire Cas and Coire na Ciste have been developed for alpine skiing. The ski lift infrastructure includes a funicular railway in Coire Cas. The corrie south of Coire Cas, Coire an t-Sneachda, is separated from the ski area by a ridge known as Fiacaill a' Choire Chais. The southern slopes of Cairn Gorm overlook the remote Loch Avon (pronounced Loch A'an).

Etymology
The mountain shares its name with the wider Cairngorms mountain range and the Cairngorms National Park of which it is a part. Despite this it is neither the highest nor the most prominent mountain in the range. The Cairngorms mountain range was historically known as Am Monadh Ruadh, a Scottish Gaelic name meaning The Red Hills. The Scottish Gaelic Gorm means "blue" in English; but when describing vegetation can mean "green" or "greening", so Cairn Gorm can mean either Blue Cairn or Green Cairn.

Climate
Cairn Gorm has a tundra climate (Köppen ET). There is an automated weather station (AWS) controlled by Heriot-Watt University on the summit of the mountain providing temperature and wind speed data. There is also a separate AWS run by the Met Office (synop code 03065) that publishes temperature and frost data. Cairn Gorm averages 194.4 frost days per annum, making it the coldest weather station in the United Kingdom. Winter low temperatures are not extreme when compared with some other UK stations, but the severity of the climate is illustrated by its cool summers.

The highest temperature since 1985 is 25.5 C, recorded on 23 May 1989. The coldest temperature is -26.9 C on 6 March 2007. Daytime temperatures staying below 0 C all day occur most frequently between October and May but have been observed during every month of the year. Daytime maximum temperatures below -10 C and night-time temperature above 15 C are uncommon. The lowest daytime maximum was -12.7 C on 28 February 2018. The Foehn wind can affect the mountain, particularly during late autumn and winter. This phenomenon presumably resulted in the November record high.

The warmest month on record is July 2006, with a mean temperature of 9.9 C. Conversely, the coldest month on record is March 2013, with a mean temperature of -6.7 C.

Cairn Gorm is notable for having the highest ever recorded wind speed in the UK on land. A wind gust of 278 kph was recorded on 20 March 1986. A wind gust of 312 kph was recorded at Cairn Gorm on 19 December 2008 but was discovered too late to be verified by the Met Office.

Hiking and climbing
In clear, calm weather, the ascent of Cairn Gorm is a straightforward hike via the alpine ski area on the northern slopes. But when the mountain is stormbound, particularly in winter during blizzard and high avalanche risk conditions, any ascent or descent can be potentially lethal - particularly during white-outs when it is easy to lose one's bearings near the barren, featureless summit which is ringed in many directions by precipitous drops. In common with all the highest Cairngorm summits, ascents during winter conditions (which can and usually do extend well into springtime) will often require good navigation skills and winter climbing equipment such as crampons and ice-axes. The Windy Ridge path on Sròn an Aonaich lying to the northeast of Coire Cas is a steep and direct route, and is generally recommended by local Rangers, guides and guidebooks. Another route to the summit is the access road up the centre of Coire Cas, however this route is a track used by the railway operator's vehicles, and gives an indirect route with several steep sections. It is not recommended as an ascent route, especially during the skiing season, though it gives good views of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway in its lower sections. Also in Coire Cas, Fiacaill a' Choire Chais offers a good walking route to Cairn Gorm and the adjacent plateau. A circuit of the cliff tops overlooking the Northern Corries of Cairn Gorm is highly recommended in many guide books and publications, giving one of the finest views in Scotland. Walkers are advised to consult the local map and call in at the Ranger Base at the car park.

There are many climbing routes at the head of Coire an t-Sneachda and Coire an Lochain, and in winter these corries form one of Scotland's major ice climbing areas.

1971 disaster
On 21–22 November 1971, five pupils from Ainslie Park High School in Edinburgh and a trainee instructor from Newcastle-under-Lyme died in a blizzard at Feith Buidhe on the Cairn Gorm plateau. It stands as the UK's worst mountaineering disaster.

Wildlife
The mountain is home to a number of bird species, including dotterel and ring ouzel (in the spring and summer) and snow bunting and ptarmigan (also known as rock ptarmigan) (all year round). Mammals inhabiting the mountain include mountain hare, red deer and a herd of reindeer. Wildflowers found on the mountain include dwarf cornel, cloudberry and butterwort. For many of these species of flora and fauna, Cairn Gorm is one of their key strongholds.

History
The alpine ski area was developed on Cairn Gorm from 1960 onwards. A chairlift and chalet opened in December 1961. In the summer of 1968 a new half mile of road was built that improved access for skiing in the Coire-na-Ciste area. It is the second largest in Scotland (after Glenshee). By the 1980s, thousands of skiers were using the slopes on busy weekends, which could often become very crowded.

By the 2000s, the number of skiers at Cairngorm and Scotland's other ski areas had dropped, partly as a consequence of budget airline travel making access to the Alps more attractive.

Snow conditions in the Scottish Highlands are unpredictable and Global Warming has emerged as a potential threat to the viability of the Scottish ski industry. In 2004, Adam Watson predicted that there would be no more than twenty years left for the industry. However recent winters have had excellent snow cover and ski conditions and winter sports usage has recovered significantly resulting in improved finances. In 2011–12 the resort trialled a TechnoAlpin T40 snow cannon, and in 2012–13 three more were leased. A larger TF10 cannon was added for the 2013–14 season

In April 2014 Natural Retreats was chosen by HIE as the new operator of Cairngorm Mountain Ltd.

Funicular controversy

By 1990, much of the original infrastructure was ageing and proving increasingly difficult to maintain. The chairlifts and tows were susceptible to the high winds to which the mountain is prone, and were frequently forced to shut in winds above 25 mph (40 km/h). The operators, Cairngorm Chairlift Company, proposed removing the chairlift and replacing it with a funicular railway.

There was strong opposition to the funicular from environmental groups, who were concerned about damage to the mountain and its fragile soils and plants. The eventual compromise reached, after negotiations with Scottish Natural Heritage, allowed the Cairngorm Mountain Railway to be built, but with restrictions on its usage. Only those engaging in snow sports, or spectating, are allowed to exit from the top station. Other funicular users can visit the restaurant and visitor centre, but are currently restricted from leaving the building to start a walk. However, there are groups campaigning to remove this restriction.

Controversy mired the building project, with budget over-runs, allegations of conflicts of interest by those connected to both Highlands and Islands Enterprise and the construction company and questions raised about the use of public money. The construction was estimated to have cost around £19.6 million, mostly funded by Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE), a government body. £2.7 million was provided by the European Union.

The funicular opened in December 2001. The railway provides access from the ski centre's day lodge base station at 2150 ft up the Coire Cas to the ski centre's Ptarmigan building at 3566 ft AMSL, a total distance of 6,460 ft (1.97 km). Thie Ptarmigan station is the highest elevation train terminal in the British Isles.

Cairn Gorm Locomotive
A locomotive operated by Caledonian Sleeper, a train operator that offers sleeper trains from London Euston to Scotland. The locomotive is the only Class 67 locomotive to be operated by Caledonian Sleeper. The locomotive is the subject of a Hornby model with TTS Sound in OO gauge.

title: Cairn Gorm


text:
London Scottish F.C.

London Scottish Football Club is a rugby union club in England. The club is a member of both the Rugby Football Union and the Scottish Rugby Union. The club is currently playing in the RFU Championship and share the Athletic Ground with Richmond.

Founding (1878)
In early 1878, three Scottish members of a team called St. Andrew's Rovers FC decided to break away to form their own club for Scots. These men, George Grant, Neil Macglashan and Robert Arnot attracted a number of responses to a circular they sent out. The London Scottish Regiment in particular were very warm to the idea. Very soon after, on 10 April 1878, London Scottish FC was founded in The Queen's Head, in Water Lane, Blackfriars, London (universally known as MacKay's Tavern, frequently mis-recorded, as Ned Mackay the jovial Scottish landlord ran the pub), initially played on Blackheath Common, and later at Richmond Athletic Ground in Surrey.

They had a sizable fixture list and played some of the leading clubs of the time immediately, such as Ravenscourt Park Football Club and Queen's House Football Club (the latter being the only London team to have never lost to London Scottish). They also played St Andrew's Rovers that season. St Andrew's, who had lost the core of their best players lost twice to London Scottish and folded at the end of the season. London Scottish had a very successful first season, and having played 15 matches they only lost four (against already well established sides, Flamingoes, Guy's Hospital, Queen's House and Wasps).

In 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War all sixty members of the four London Scottish teams who played in their last matches in April enlisted. Fifteen survived, and one played Rugby again. They are commemorated in Mick Imlah's poem "London Scottish".

Early history
London Scottish was the first of the "Exiles" rugby clubs to be founded, and the last of the main three – after London Irish and London Welsh – to go "open" in 1996.

London Scottish made the John Player Cup Final in 1974, where they lost 26–6 against defending champions Coventry.

The club regularly featured at the Middlesex Sevens tournament, winning the trophy in 1937, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965 and 1991. They have won the Melrose Sevens three times, in 1962, 1965 and 2019.

Professional era (1996–2020)
Scottish turned professional in 1996. Tony Tiarks bought the club for £500,000 in 1996.

In the summer of 1998 Scottish, co-tenants of Richmond at the Athletic Ground, were promoted to the top division via a play-off, and Tiarks forced through an ill-fated groundshare with Harlequins and London Broncos at the Stoop Memorial Ground.

In the 1998–99 season, Scottish made their only appearance in the English Premiership. Under coach John Steele, and despite limited resources, the team finished 12th out of 14 teams, which would have saved them from relegation had they not fallen into administration at the season's end. Notable wins that season included: versus Bath (13–11), Saracens (24–7) and Newcastle Falcons (27–17). That season's squad included Scottish international stars Ronnie Eriksson, Simon Holmes and Derrick Lee, Australians Simon Fenn and Eddie Jones, and the South African Jannie de Beer.

Midway through the 1998–1999 season, Tiarks became disillusioned and discussed selling Scottish's place in the Premiership to second-division Bristol. He bailed out in the summer of 1999. The professional club London Scottish Rugby was placed into administration in 1999 and nominally merged into London Irish (who moved their games to the Stoop) along with Richmond, who were also placed into administration.

The original amateur club rejoined the RFU leagues at the bottom of the pyramid after effectively having been relegated nine divisions by the RFU. The club progressed back up through seven divisions in 10 seasons to RFU Championship for the 2011–12 season.

The club was promoted to the English National leagues (National Division Three South) for the 2007–08 season after an eight-year absence. The club was unbeaten in the 2008–09 season, earning promotion to the revamped RFU National 1 Division for the 2009–10 season. In 2009–10, the club finished second in their first season in RFU National 1 Division.

The club secured promotion to the RFU Championship for the 2011–12 season. During the 2012–13 season, the club made the switch to a full-time professional set-up, with many of the club's part-time professional players leaving and new coaches brought on board, this included former Leicester Tigers hooker James Buckland and France and London Wasps legend Serge Betsen. The fully professional set-up was credited for an impressive performance away to Championship leaders Newcastle Falcons, where three penalties brought them to the brink of a shock win, but they lost 12–9. There followed significant wins in the second half of the season, including a 26–23 victory over Bedford Blues, a 25–13 win over Nottingham and a 20–17 win away at Cornish Pirates. Scottish were still challenging for a place in the top four of the Championship until as late as March, when they were beaten by Leeds Carnegie, and they ended the season in mid-table.

The Scottish again finished mid-table in the Championship in the 2013–14 season. The team had four players named in the Championship Best XV – American international Eric Fry, Tomas Francis, Mark Bright and Championship top try-scorer Miles Mantella.

Following a mediocre 2016–17 campaign, the club appointed Loughborough Students director of rugby Dave Morris as director of rugby and the club saw a change at the top, with Malcom Offord becoming chairman of the club and Carson Russell as CEO.

Semi-professional club (2021–)
Following a reduction in funding from the RFU, Scottish adopted a semi-professional model from the 2020–21 season, with players and coaches being employed part-time. Following this, in February 2021 it was confirmed that due to funding cuts and the costs associated with the COVID-19 pandemic Scottish would not take part in the upcoming season.

Scottish were to leave the Athletic Ground after 127 years, with the first team temporarily relocating to Esher's rugby ground in Hersham and the rest of the club also seeking relocation. However it was later confirmed they would remain at the Athletic Ground for their return to the Championship in the 2021–22 season.

Sevens
London Scottish have been great exponents of rugby sevens, winning the Melrose Sevens three times, Middlesex Sevens seven times and the Rosslyn Park London Floodlit Sevens seven times.

Honours
London Scottish
 * Melrose Sevens champions: 1962, 1965, 2019
 * Hawick Sevens champions: 1965
 * Kelso Sevens champions: 1991
 * Ross Sutherland Sevens champions: 1990
 * Glasgow Academicals Sevens champions: 1979, 1989
 * Haig Trophy Sevens champions: 1980
 * Stirling Sevens champions: 1988
 * Middlesex Sevens champions: 1937, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1991
 * Courage League Division 3 champions: 1989–90
 * Courage League National Division 2 champions: 1991–92
 * London Division 4 North West champions: 2001–02
 * London Division 3 North West champions: 2002–03
 * London Division 2 North champions: 2003–04
 * London Division 1 champions: 2006–07
 * National League 3 South champions: 2008–09
 * National League 1 champions: 2010–11

London Scottish Lions (amateur side)
 * Herts/Middlesex 2 champions: 2018–19

Current squad
The London Scottish squad as announced for the 2023–24 season was:

Current staff
First team Commercial
 * Director of Rugby – Bryan Redpath
 * Head coach – Joe Gray
 * Backs Coach –
 * Head of Strength and Conditioning - Boris Pineles
 * Chief Operating Officer – Louise Newton

Scotland internationalists
The following former London Scottish players have represented Scotland at full international level. London Scottish have produced more than 220 Scottish international players, more than any other club.

 * John Allan
 * David Bedell-Sivright
 * John Bell
 * William Berkley
 * Alastair Biggar
 * Mike Biggar
 * Norman Bruce
 * Paul Burnell, their most-capped player, who played 52 matches for Scotland (3 World Cups – 1991, 1995, 1999)
 * George Campbell
 * Mike Campbell-Lamerton
 * Damian Cronin (2 World Cups – 1991, 1995)
 * John Dykes
 * Ronnie Eriksson
 * Max Evans (1 World Cup – 2011)
 * Frank Fasson
 * James Pringle Fisher
 * Charles Fleming
 * Iain Fullarton
 * David Gilbert-Smith
 * 🇳🇿 Colin Gilray
 * Phil Godman
 * Fraser Gore
 * Donald Grant
 * John Hart
 * Gavin Hastings (3 World Cups – 1987, 1991, 1995)
 * Sandy Hinshelwood
 * Simon Holmes
 * William Holms
 * John Hunter
 * 🇦🇺 Doug Keller
 * Ian Kilgour
 * Walter Kerr
 * Iain Laughland
 * Alan Lawson
 * Derrick Lee
 * Kenny Logan (3 World Cups 95, 99, 03)
 * John MacDonald
 * Gregor MacGregor
 * Andrew MacKinnon
 * Bill Maclagan 1st British Lion Captain 1891 (South Africa)
 * David MacMyn
 * John Marshall
 * Alastair McHarg – one of the many stalwarts of the club
 * Ernie Michie
 * Iain Morrison (1 World Cup – 1995)
 * Hugh Monteith
 * Hugh Orr
 * Douglas Schulze
 * Jim Shackleton
 * Ian Smith Joint-record Scotland try scorer with 24 tries
 * Arthur Smith
 * Ken Spence
 * Ronald Stevenson
 * Ian Swan
 * Malcolm Swan
 * Frans ten Bos
 * David Thom
 * Bruce Thomson
 * Rob Wainwright (1 World Cup – 1995)
 * Leonard West
 * Derek White (1 World Cup – 1991)
 * Robert Whitworth
 * Ron Wilson

Wales internationalists
The following former London Scottish players have represented Wales at full international level.

 * 🏴 Tomas Francis

England internationalists
The following former London Scottish players have represented England at full international level.

 * 🏴 Elliot Daly

Ireland internationalists
The following former London Scottish players have represented Ireland at full international level.

 * 🇮🇪 Kieran Treadwell

Other nationalities

 * John Allan
 * 🇨🇦 Kyle Baillie
 * 🇳🇿 Colin Gilray
 * 🇹🇴 David Halaifonua
 * George Hunter
 * 🇺🇸 Paul Lasike
 * 🇺🇸 Will Magie
 * 🇳🇿 Rusty Page
 * 🇮🇹 Dave Sisi
 * Nodar Tcheishvili
 * 🇺🇸 Mike Te'o
 * 🇺🇸 Andrew Turner
 * 🇳🇦 Tjiuee Uanivi
 * 🇺🇸 Dino Waldren

title: London Scottish F.C.


text:
Etowah Indian Mounds

Etowah Indian Mounds (9BR1) are a 54 acre archaeological site in Bartow County, Georgia, south of Cartersville. Built and occupied in three phases, from 1000–1550 CE, the prehistoric site is located on the north shore of the Etowah River.

Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site is a designated National Historic Landmark, managed by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. It is considered "the most intact Mississippian culture site in the Southeast", according to Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites. Both the historic Muscogee Creek and the Cherokee peoples, who each occupied this area at varying times, hold the site to be sacred.

History
This site was professionally excavated beginning in the early 20th century. Additional studies have been undertaken as more evidence and knowledge has accumulated about the succession of cultures in this area, aided by modern technology such as radio carbon dating and magnetometers.

Late 20th-century studies showed the mounds were built and occupied by prehistoric indigenous peoples of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture (a regional variation of the Mississippian culture) of eastern North America. They were ancestors of the historic Muskogean language-speaking Muscogee Creek people who later emerged in this area.

Etowah is a Muskogee word derived from italwa, meaning "town". From 1000–1550 CE, during the Mississippian culture era, Etowah was occupied by a series of cycling chiefdoms (see Coosa confederacy) over the course of five and a half centuries. The Hernando de Soto expedition encountered a settlement called Itaba between Coosa and Ulibahali, which was likely Etowah. The historic Muscogee Creek formed in this region and occupied this area. They were later pushed out by the Cherokee, who migrated from eastern Georgia and Tennessee to evade European-American pressure.

In the 19th century, European-American settlers mistakenly believed that the mounds had been built by the historic Cherokee, who occupied the region at the time. But many researchers now believe that because the Iroquoian-speaking tribe did not reach this part of Georgia until the late 18th century, they could not have built the mounds. The earthworks have been dated to much earlier periods.

In the 21st century, the federally recognized Muscogee (Creek) Nation, now based in Oklahoma, and the Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama both consider Italwa to be their most important ancestral town. The Cherokee also revere it.

Site chronology
Tykeon Wilkes used changes in ceramic styles across multiple sites in the Etowah River Valley to determine timelines for the region. The ceramics found at Etowah and other regional sites have been reconstructed and allow Etowah to be placed into the following sequences. The town was occupied in three distinct archaeological phases: c. 1000–1200 CE, c. 1250–1375 CE, and c. 1375–1550 CE. It was at its peak from c. 1325–1375 CE.

Site description
Etowah has three main platform mounds and three lesser mounds. The Temple Mound, Mound A, is 63 ft high, taller than a six-story building, and covers 3 acre at its base. In 2005–2008 ground mapping with magnetometers revealed new information and data, showing that the site was much more complex than had previously been believed.

The study team has identified a total of 140 buildings on the site. In addition, Mound A was found to have had four major structures and a courtyard during the height of the community's power. Mound B is 25 ft high; Mound C, which rises 10 ft, is the only one to have been completely excavated. Magnetometers enabled archaeologists to determine the location of temples of log and thatch, which were originally built on the summits of the mounds. Adjacent to the mounds is a raised, level, ceremonial plaza, which was constructed to be used for ceremonies, stickball and chunkey games, and as a bazaar for trade goods.

When visiting the Etowah Mounds, guests can view the "borrow pits" (which archaeologists at one time thought were moats), where workers dug earth to construct the three large mounds in the center of the park.

Older pottery found on the site suggest that there was an earlier village (c. 200 BCE–600 CE) associated with the Swift Creek culture. This earlier Middle Woodland period occupation at Etowah may have been related to the major Swift Creek center of Leake Mounds, approximately two miles downstream (west) of Etowah.

War was commonplace; many archaeologists believe the people of Etowah battled for hegemony over the Alabama River basin with those of Moundville, a Mississippian site in present-day Alabama. The town was protected by a sophisticated semicircular fortification system. An outer band formed by nut tree orchards prevented enemy armies from shooting masses of flaming arrows into the town. A 9 ft to 10 ft-deep moat blocked direct contact by the enemy with the palisaded walls. It also functioned as a drainage system during major floods, common for centuries, from this period and into the 20th century. Workers formed the palisade by setting upright 12 ft high logs into a ditch approximately 12 in on center. They back-filled around the timbers to form a levee. Guard towers for archers were spaced approximately 80 ft apart.

Artifacts
The artifacts discovered in burials within the Etowah site indicate that its residents developed an artistically and technically advanced culture. Numerous copper tools, weapons and ornamental copper plates accompanied the burials of members of Etowah's elite class. Where proximity to copper protected textile fibers from degeneration, archaeologists also found brightly colored cloth with ornate patterns. These were the remnants of the clothing of social elites.

Numerous clay figurines and ten Mississippian stone statues have been found through the years in the vicinity of Etowah. Many are paired statues, which portray a man sitting cross-legged and a woman kneeling. The female figures wear wrap-around skirts and males are usually portrayed without visible clothing, although both usually have elaborate hairstyles. The pair are thought to represent lineage ancestors. Individual statues of young women also show them kneeling, but with additional characteristics such as visible sex organs, which are not visible on the paired statues. This female figure is thought to represent a fertility or Earth Mother goddess. The birdman, hand in eye, solar cross, and other symbols associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex appear in many artifacts found at Etowah.

Trade
The Etowah River is a tributary of the Coosa and Alabama rivers, and forms the border between the southern edge of the Ridge and Valley Appalachians and the Piedmont Plateau. Trade and tribute brought whelk shells from the Gulf of Mexico; copper, mica and flint from the Cumberland Plateau; and "galena, graphite, and an array of ochers to provide pigment for painting buildings, bodies, and works of art; greenstone and marble to furnish raw material for tools, weapons and ritual objects" from the Piedmont. The loamy riverbed soil could be easily tilled with digging sticks and stone and shell hoes. Its fertility was annually renewed by the river's floods. Free of frost most of the year, the land yielded rich harvests of corn, beans, and squash, traditional crops of the indigenous peoples.

Habitat
Chestnut, walnut, hickory, and persimmon trees that grew in upland forests provided nuts and fruit for both the people of Etowah and the white-tailed deer, wild turkey, and smaller game they hunted. Other plants that were gathered include stinging nettle and paper mulberry. A native holly was gathered whose leaves and stems were brewed into the Black drink imbibed in ritual purification ceremonies. River cane grew in dense thickets and was made into arrow shafts, thatching for roofs, and splits for weaving baskets, benches, and mats for walls and floors.

River shoals abounded in freshwater mussels and turtles. The Mississippians built v-shaped rock weirs to pen and channel catfish, drum and gar, which they caught in rivercane baskets. Researchers have found remains of more than 100 rock weirs along the Etowah River. One has been restored within the grounds of the historic site.

Post-contact
Archaeological research on the subject is not conclusive, but the Etowah site may be the same as a village of a similar name visited by Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto in 1540. The chroniclers of the de Soto Expedition made no mention of any large mounds in their record of visiting a town named Itaba, though historian Dr. Marvin T. Smith suggests that the mounds which were likely overgrown and unmaintained by the time of the expedition may simply not have attracted the attention of Spanish explorers. Itaba means "boundary" or trail crossing in the Alabama language. The English name for the mounds, Etowah, was derived from an archaic Muscogee place name, Italwa. Italwa probably originally referred to the solar cross symbol. In the modern Muskogee language it means "town."

Until studies of the late 20th century were published, most European-American people in Georgia believed Etowah to have been built by the well-known historic Cherokee. But, the Cherokee did not arrive in this part of Georgia until the late 18th century, two to seven centuries after the mounds were constructed. Most scholars believe that the mound complex was likely built by people of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture. They are considered ancestral to the historic Muscogee, long known as the Creek people. Most of the peoples of the Creek Confederacy were removed to Indian Territory in the 1830s.

Since that time, the Creek descendants have formed two federally recognized tribes: the largest is the Muscogee (Creek) Nation in Oklahoma; the Poarch Band of Creek Indians in Alabama is the only federally recognized tribe in the state. Both consider Italwa, or Etowah, to be their most important ancestral town. The official title of the Creek Nation's Principal Chief is Italwa Mikko (the Muskogee word for chief is miko). A new, large-scale model of Italwa is on permanent display in the rotunda of the Muskogee (Creek) Capitol in Okmulgee, Oklahoma.

History of excavation and studies
Missionary Elias Cornelius visited the site in 1817 and described it in his journal published by Bela Bates Edwards in 1833. He realized a mound must have been over two hundred years old, due to the size of trees growing on it, but had little idea of its real history. Cyrus Thomas and John P. Rogan tested the site in 1883 for the Smithsonian Institution, which was conducting a survey of recognized mound sites.

The first well-documented archaeological inquiry at the site did not begin until the winter of 1925, conducted by Warren K. Moorehead. His excavations into Mound C at the site revealed a rich array of Mississippian culture burial goods. These artifacts, along with the collections from Cahokia, Moundville site, Lake Jackson Mounds, and Spiro Mounds, would comprise the majority of the materials which archaeologists used to define the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC). The professional excavation of this enormous burial mound contributed major research impetus to the study of Mississippian artifacts and peoples. It greatly increased the understanding of pre-Contact Native American artwork.

Arthur R. Kelly, founding chairman of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Georgia, also conducted professional excavations and studies at Etowah Mounds, prior to planned flood control projects in the area. In 1947, the government built the Allatoona Dam upstream for flood control. The Etowah site was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

The Etowah Indian Mounds museum displays artifacts found at the site, including Mississippian culture pottery, monolithic stone axes, Mississippian stone statuary, copper jewelry, shell gorgets, and other artifacts.

title: Etowah Indian Mounds


text:
Jacob M. Howard

Jacob Merritt Howard (July 10, 1805 – April 2, 1871) was an American attorney and politician. He was most notable for his service as a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan, and his political career spanned the American Civil War.

Howard was a native of Shaftsbury, Vermont, and attended schools in southern Vermont before attending Williams College, from which he graduated in 1830. He studied law, moved to Detroit in 1832, and attained admission to the bar in 1833. Howard practiced in Detroit and became active in politics, first as a Whig, and later as a Republican. Among the offices he held were city attorney (1834) and member of the Michigan House of Representatives (1838). In 1840 he was elected to the U.S. House, and he served one term, 1841 to 1843. In 1854 he was one of the founders of the Republican Party, and he served as Michigan Attorney General from 1855 to 1861.

After Senator Kinsley S. Bingham died in 1861, Howard was elected to fill the vacancy, taking office in January 1862. He was elected to a full term in 1865, and served until March 1871. From 1863 to 1871, Howard was chairman of the Senate's Committee on Pacific Railroads.

Howard died April 2, 1871, a month after the expiration of his final Senate term. He was buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit.

Early life
Howard was born in Shaftsbury, Vermont, on July 10, 1805, the son of farmer Otis Howard and Mary "Polly" Millington. He attended the district schools and the academies of Bennington and Brattleboro. Howard graduated from Williams College in 1830 and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He then studied law with attorney Homer Bartlett of Ware, Massachusetts. He moved to Detroit, Michigan, in 1832, completed his legal studies with Charles Larned, was admitted to the bar in 1833 and commenced practice in Detroit.

Start of career
He was city attorney of Detroit in 1834 and joined the unofficial militia Governor Stevens T. Mason formed for the Toledo War in 1835–1836. Howard was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives in 1838.

Howard was elected as a Whig to the US House of Representatives for the 27th Congress, serving from March 4, 1841, to March 3, 1843. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1842, and resumed practicing law in Detroit. Howard became identified with the anti-slavery wing of the Whig Party, and campaigned for presidential nominees Henry Clay (1844), Zachary Taylor (1848), and Winfield Scott (1852).

Convinced after the 1852 election that the Whig Party was no longer a viable organization for abolitionists, he helped draw up the platform of the first Republican Party convention, held in Jackson, Michigan, in 1854. According to several sources, it was Howard who chose the name "Republican" for the new party. Howard was the first Republican nominee for Michigan Attorney General. He was elected and served from 1855 to 1861.

Howard was widely read in the classics, history, law, and literature, and published the memoirs of the Empress Joséphine after translating them from the original French.

U.S. Senator
Howard was elected as a Republican to the US Senate in 1861 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Kinsley S. Bingham. In November 1861, Abraham Lincoln nominated him to serve as Minister to Honduras, but he declined so he could continue to serve in the Senate. He was re-elected in 1865 and served from January 1862 to March 1871. He was chairman of the Committee on Pacific Railroads in the 38th through 41st congresses. In addition, he was an active member of the Judiciary, Military Affairs and Private Land Claims Committees.

As a Senator, he was the chief sponsor of the False Claims Act, the "Lincoln Law", which permitted whistleblowers to file qui tam lawsuits against government contractors for fraud, with the incentive of receiving a monetary reward based on the recovery made by the federal government. Howard justified giving rewards to whistleblowers, many of whom had engaged in unethical activities themselves:

"I have based the [qui tam provision] upon the old-fashioned idea of holding out a temptation, and 'setting a rogue to catch a rogue,' which is the safest and most expeditious way I have ever discovered of bringing rogues to justice."

Howard is credited with working closely with Abraham Lincoln in drafting and passing the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery. In the Senate, he also served on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, which drafted the Fourteenth Amendment.

In the Senate, Howard opposed presidential Reconstruction, arguing that Congress should play the lead role. He authored the final report on President Andrew Johnson's removal of Edwin M. Stanton as Secretary of War, which led to Johnson's impeachment.

Speech on the proposed 14th Amendment
During the debate over the first clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Howard argued for including the phrase "and subject to the jurisdiction thereof:"

"...[E]very person born within the limits of the United States, and subject to their jurisdiction, is by virtue of natural law and national law a citizen of the United States. This will not, of course, include persons born in the United States who are foreigners, aliens, who belong to the families of ambassadors or foreign ministers accredited to the government of the United States, but will include every other class of person."

Howard clarified his statement during the original congressional debate over the amendment describing the clause as having the same content, despite different wording, as the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1866, which reads: “all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States”. He said of the exclusion of Native Americans who maintain their tribal ties:

"I am not yet prepared to pass a sweeping act of naturalization by which all the Indian savages, wild or tame, belonging to a tribal relation, are to become my fellow-citizens and go to the polls and vote with me."

According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University, "A good number of his fellow senators supported his view of the citizenship clause." Senator Reverdy Johnson said in the debate:

"Now, all this amendment provides is, that all persons born in the United States and not subject to some foreign Power—for that, no doubt, is the meaning of the committee who have brought the matter before us—shall be considered as citizens of the United States ... If there are to be citizens of the United States entitled everywhere to the character of citizens of the United States, there should be some certain definition of what citizenship is, what has created the character of citizen as between himself and the United States, and the amendment says citizenship may depend upon birth, and I know of no better way to give rise to citizenship than the fact of birth within the territory of the United States, born of parents who at the time were subject to the authority of the United States."

Later interpretation
During the Trump Administration's debates over immigration policy, Trump supporters including Michael Anton, who advocate for restrictions on immigration, used the quote to claim that Howard did not intend for the amendment to apply to children born in the U.S. of foreign parents.

In response, Ho and Wydra argued that a close reading of Howard's statement reveals that he meant one class of persons, the children of ambassadors at posts in the United States at the time their children were born because ambassadors to the U.S. would be foreigners, and since they were not permanent residents, they were aliens. In their view, Howard was describing one class, not three—the children born of ambassadors and foreigners and aliens.

Death and burial
Howard died in Detroit on April 2, 1871, soon after his final Senate term expired. According to published accounts, he overexerted himself while helping take down a tree on the property line between his house and his neighbor's, and burst a blood vessel in his brain, which caused his death two days later. He was buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit.

Family
In 1835, Howard married Catherine Amelia Shaw (1810–1866) of Ware, Massachusetts. They were the parents of seven children: Edward Wellington, who died at age 3; Catherine Amelia, died at age 5; Mary Elizabeth, the wife of Dr. Joseph S. Hildreth; Colonel Jacob Merritt Jr., a Union Army veteran and businessman in Litchfield, Minnesota; Hamilton Gay, a lawyer in San Francisco; Charles Millington, a mining engineer in Salt Lake City; and Jennie, the wife of Samuel Brady, a grandson of Hugh Brady.

Honors
In 1866, Howard received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Williams College. In 1954, a historic marker commemorating Howard's career was placed on the lawn of the Baptist church in Shaftsbury, which later became the home of the Shaftsbury Historical Society.

Speech introducing the Fourteenth Amendment in the U.S. Senate

 * Howard's handwritten draft of speech to the Senate introducing the Fourteenth Amendment, via TIFIS.org.
 * Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Senate, 2764‐68 (May 23, 1866).
 * "Reconstruction: The Debate in the Senate", Boston Daily Advertiser (May 24, 1866) via TIFIS.org.
 * "Senator Howard’s Speech", Philadelphia Inquirer (May 24, 1866), via TIFIS.org.

title: Jacob M. Howard


text:
Ford Modular engine

The Ford Modular engine is Ford Motor Company's overhead camshaft (OHC) V8 and V10 gasoline-powered small block engine family. Introduced in 1990, the engine family received its “modular” designation by Ford for its new approach to the setup of tooling and casting stations in the Windsor and Romeo engine manufacturing plants.

Such an approach allowed for significantly faster changeovers when switching from one engine platform to another among the Modular engine family. This also allowed for the existing engine plants, and their supporting offsite production facilities, to handle shorter production runs. Implementing shorter production runs without incurring large shutdown and retooling expenses helped to increase the versatility of those production stations that required tooling or machining setups specific to a certain vehicle platform.

The Modular engine family started with the 4.6 L in 1990 for the 1991 model year. The Modular engines are used in various Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury vehicles. Modular engines used in Ford trucks were marketed under the Triton name from 1997–2010 while the InTech name was used for a time at Lincoln and Mercury for vehicles equipped with DOHC versions of the engines. The engines were first produced in the Ford Romeo Engine Plant, then additional capacity was added in Windsor, Ontario.

Origins
In the early 1980s, then-Ford Motor Company chief operating officer Donald Petersen challenged Ford's vice-president of design, Jack Telnack, and his staff to come up with new vehicle designs to replace the boxy styling that had dominated Ford products for years. The result was the adoption of sleeker, more aerodynamic designs like that used for the highly successful Ford Taurus. In the second half of the 1980s, Petersen, then chief executive officer, sought to update Ford's decades-old V8 architectures, challenging Ford senior engineer Jim Clarke to develop a new V8 engine that would surpass Ford's earlier V8s in every meaningful way, from power and efficiency to emissions performance and smoothness of operation.

Clarke and his engineers studied engine designs from major European and Japanese automakers and sought to develop a technologically advanced, power-dense, dependable, low maintenance V8, with no major service required before 100,000 miles of use.

The initial engine design would implement a 90° vee-angle with a bore and a stroke of 3.552x3.543 in, resulting in a 4601 cc displacement and creating a nearly 1:1 bore-to-stroke ratio. This square configuration was chosen primarily for its positive noise, vibration, and harshness characteristics. The engine would utilize features such as a chain-driven, single-overhead camshaft valvetrain with roller finger followers, a deep-skirt cast-iron block construction and cross-bolted main bearings, all benefitting long-term durability. In the interest of reducing overall engine weight, aluminum-alloy heads would be standard and all major engine accessories would be mounted directly to the block, resulting in a more complex block casting but eliminating the need for heavy mounting brackets. Tight construction tolerances were used in shaping the engine's cylinder bores with narrow piston rings fitted to the engine's pistons. This would serve to improve engine efficiency through reduced friction and reduce the engine's oil consumption, while also promoting cleaner emissions.

Perhaps the most significant aspect of the new engine's design was the number of variations of the engine that could be made to suit different needs. This resulted in the creation of an entire family of engines consisting not only of designs utilizing single- or dual-overhead camshaft configurations, different displacements and different block materials, but also different cylinder counts. In addition to the various eight-cylinder engines produced, ten-cylinder engines eventually entered production. Six-cylinder derivatives were also explored, though never built. With the wide array of engine configurations possible within this architecture, Ford developed a new, modular tooling system for producing different engines quickly and efficiently in the same factory. Referring to this method of production, the name Modular was given to the new engine family. Despite all the different engines that would be built over the years, one of the major unifying aspects present in all engines based on the Modular architecture, and required by the engine's tooling for production purposes, was a common bore spacing of 100 mm (3.937 in).

By 1987 Ford was fully committed to producing the new Modular V8, having invested $4 billion (~$ in ) in the engine's design in addition to retooling the company's Romeo, Michigan tractor plant to build the engines. Three years later, in the third quarter of 1990, the first Modular engine, a 4.6 L SOHC V8, would be used in the 1991 model year Lincoln Town Car. In spite of having a smaller displacement, the 20 lb lighter 4.6 L Modular V8 could generate more power than the Town Car's previous overhead valve 5.0 L V8 and accelerate to 0–60 mph 1.5 seconds faster, all while delivering better fuel efficiency.

Ford modular engines would go on to become its chief gasoline V8s (and V10s).

4.6 L
The 4601 cc displacement 90-degree V8 has been offered in 2-valve SOHC, 3-valve SOHC, and 4-valve DOHC versions. The engines were also offered with both aluminum and cast iron blocks, depending on application. The 4.6 L's bore and stroke are nearly square at 3.552x3.543 in, respectively. Deck height for the 4.6 block is 8.937 in and connecting rod length is 5.933 in center to center, giving the 4.6 L a 1.67:1 rod to stroke ratio. Cylinder bore spacing measures 3.937 in, which is common to all members of the Modular engine family. All Modular V8s, except for the new 5.0 L Coyote and 5.2 L Voodoo, utilize the same firing order as the Ford 5.0 L HO and 351 CID V8s (1-3-7-2-6-5-4-8). The 4.6 L engines have been assembled at Romeo Engine Plant in Michigan, and at Windsor Engine Plant and Essex Engine Plant, both located in Windsor, Ontario.

The final 4.6 L engine was produced in May 2014. The engine was a 2-valve version and installed in a 2014 model year Ford E-Series van.

2-valve
The first production Modular engine was the 4.6 L 2-valve SOHC V8 introduced in the 1991 Lincoln Town Car.

The 4.6 L 2V has been built at both Romeo Engine Plant and Windsor Engine Plant, and the plants have different designs for cylinder heads (cam caps: interconnected cam "cages" vs. individual caps per cam journal), camshaft sprockets (bolt-on vs. press-on), valve covers (11 bolts vs. 13 bolts), crankshaft (6 bolts vs. 8 bolts) and main bearing caps (2 bolt fasteners with 2 jackscrews vs. 2 bolt fasteners with dowel pins).

Vehicles equipped with the 16-valve SOHC 4.6 L include the following:

3-valve
The 3-valve SOHC 4.6 L with variable camshaft timing (VCT) first appeared in the redesigned 2005 Ford Mustang.

The engines are equipped with an electronic Charge Motion Control Valve (CMCV) system that provides increased air velocity at low engine speeds for improved emissions and low-rpm torque. Cylinder block material varies between aluminum used in the 2005-10 Mustang GT and cast iron used in the truck applications.

The 3-valve SOHC 4.6 L engine was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2005–2008.

Vehicles equipped with the 24-valve SOHC VCT 4.6 L include the following:

4-valve
The 4-valve DOHC version of the Modular engine was introduced in the 1993 Lincoln Mark VIII as the 4.6 L Four-Cam V8. Lincoln marketed the engine under the name InTech after 1995.

The 1993–1998 4-valve engines featured cylinder heads with two intake ports per cylinder (split-port) and variable runner length intake manifolds with either vacuum or electrically activated intake manifold runner controls (IMRC) depending on application. The engine was revised for 1999 with new cylinder heads featuring tumble-style intake ports (one intake port feeding two intake valves), new camshaft profiles, and fixed runner-length intake manifolds. These changes resulted in more power, torque and a broader power-band when compared to the earlier 4-valve engines.

All 4.6 L 4-valve engines featured aluminum engine blocks with 6-bolt main bearing caps, the only exception being the 2003–2004 SVT Cobra which had a 4-bolt main cast iron block. The 1999 and earlier engines featured an aluminum block cast in Italy by Fiat subsidiary Teksid S.p.A. Since 1996, all of the 4.6 L 4-valve engines manufactured for use in the SVT Cobra have been hand-built by SVT technicians at Ford's Romeo, Michigan plant.

The 4-valve DOHC 4.6 L engine was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 1996 and 1997.

Vehicles equipped with the 32-valve DOHC 4.6 L include the following:

5.0 L Coyote
The 4951 cc Coyote V8 was first produced in 2010 for the 2011 model year. It was an evolutionary (rather than revolutionary) development of Ford's Modular V8, and is assembled in Ford's Essex Engine Plant in Windsor, Ontario, using existing Modular tooling.

Ford engineers needed to design a V8, specifically for the Mustang GT, that would compete with the GM 6.2 L LS3 used in the new Chevrolet Camaro, and the new Chrysler 6.4 L HEMI in the Dodge Charger, Dodge Challenger, Chrysler 300 and Jeep Grand Cherokee. Since this engine replaced the already popular 4.6 L and 5.4 L Modular Engines, this engine had to remain close to the same physical size of the outgoing 4.6 L, and share other specifications with it such as bore spacing, deck height, bell housing bolt pattern, etc. in order for the engine to utilize existing Modular production line tooling (the source of the 'Modular' designation for the engine family). The result was the 5.0 L Coyote, which produced roughly the same amount of power as its competitors, but with a much smaller displacement.

It shares the 4.6 L's 3.937 in bore spacing and 8.937 in deck height, while bore diameter and stroke have increased to 92.2x92.7 mm, respectively. The engine also retains the 4.6 L's 5.933 in connecting rod length, which produces a 1.62:1 rod to stroke ratio. The firing order has been changed from that shared by all previous Modular V8s (1-3-7-2-6-5-4-8) to that of the Ford Flathead V8 (1-5-4-8-6-3-7-2). Compression ratio is 11.0:1, and despite having port fuel injection (as opposed to direct injection) the engine can still be run on 87 octane gasoline.

The Coyote features all new 4 valve DOHC cylinder heads that have shifted the camshafts outboard, which allowed for a compact roller finger follower setup with remote hydraulic valve lash adjusters and improved (raised) intake port geometry. The result is an intake port that outflows the Ford GT intake port by 4 percent and the Yates D3 (NASCAR) intake port up to 0.472 in lift, which is the maximum lift of the Coyote's intake cams. Engine redline is 7000 rpm.

The Coyote is Ford's first implementation of its cam-torque-actuated (CTA) Twin Independent Variable Cam Timing (Ti-VCT) in a V8 engine, which allows the powertrain control module (PCM) to advance and retard intake and exhaust cam timing independently of each other, providing improved power, fuel economy and reduced emissions.

To strengthen the block enough to handle increased output, webbing was extensively used as reinforcement in the casting, rather than increasing the thickness of the walls. The intake plenum was also situated low between the two cylinder banks to meet the height constraint, thus the alternator traditionally placed low and center was moved to the side of the engine.

The Coyote made Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2011, 2012, and 2018.

Boss 302 (Road Runner) variant
A higher performance variant of the Coyote, dubbed Road Runner internally by Ford, is produced under the Boss 302 moniker used for the resurrected Boss 302 Mustang for the 2012 model year. The Boss 302 receives CNC ported heads cast in 356 aluminum providing additional airflow and strength, and a higher lift exhaust camshaft profile is used. Valvetrain components were lightened as much as possible, including the use of sodium filled exhaust valves, while strengthened powdered metal rods and forged aluminum pistons were added. Piston-cooling jets were also deleted, which are standard in the 5.0 model. Exterior changes include a high-mount intake plenum (as opposed to the standard engine's low-mounted one) with shorter runners to improve high-rpm power. Power is increased from 412 hp to 444 hp, and torque drops from 390 lbft to 380 lbft due to the upgrades. The Boss's redline is increased to 7500 rpm, but has been verified stable up to 8400.

Gen 3 update
For 2018, Ford made revisions to the Coyote equipped in the Mustang GT, most notably the addition of high-pressure direct injection (in addition to the existing port injection system), and an increase of the piston bore diameter from 92.2 to 93 mm. This increase in the bore size, resulting from the adoption of Plasma Wire Arc Transfer cylinder liner technology in place of the more traditional sleeve in the block, brings total displacement up from 4951 to 5035 cc. Other changes include Gen. 3 specific camshafts, enlarged intake and exhaust valves, an increased compression ratio of 12.0:1, a revised intake manifold, and 7500 RPM redline in the Mustang. With these changes the updated 5.0 L Coyote is rated by Ford at 460 hp and 420 lbft. The 2019–2020 Bullitt and 2021–2023 Mach 1 models received an uprated version of the Coyote rated at 480 hp and 420 lbft. The 20hp improvement was due to an intake manifold and 87 mm throttle body borrowed from the 5.2 L Voodoo engine as well as a recalibrated powertrain control module.

Gen 4 update
In 2023, for the 2024 model year, the Mustang will debut with the 4th generation of the Coyote engine. It will produce 480 hp and 415 lbft in the GT trim level, 486 hp and 418 lbft with the Active Performance Exhaust option, and 500 hp and 418 lbft in the Dark Horse trim level. Updates include:

 * Revised 4 into 1 exhaust manifold
 * Intake manifold with dual 80 mm throttle bodies

The Dark Horse will also receive:

 * Revised camshafts
 * Forged piston rods from the 5.2 L Predator engine

F-150 variant
A torque-biased variant of the Coyote is produced as an alternative to the EcoBoost V6 in the F-150 pickup truck. The F-150 5.0 L receives a lower compression ratio (10.5:1), intake camshafts with less duration, cast iron exhaust manifolds, and revised cylinder heads to improve cooling. The intake manifold changed only in color, and height. These changes promote low-end and mid-range power and torque. The engine retains the Coyote's forged steel crank and piston-cooling jets but benefits from the addition of an external engine oil cooler similar to the Boss 302's. The changes result in the engine's peak horsepower dropping to 360 hp at 5500 rpm, while torque is rated at 380 lbft at 4250 rpm. When the 2015 F-150 was revealed, Ford improved the induction system to pull air from above the grille under the hood (aka Ram Air Effect) as opposed to the fender intake inlet that had been used for all previous Ford Modular Engines. The addition of Ram Air Effect pulled more cool air into the engine in favor for a power increase to 385 hp at 5750 rpm and 387 lbft at 3850 rpm.

For 2018, numerous revisions were made to the 5.0. Most notably, the adoption of a port and direct fuel injection system, as well as spray-on bore liner, eliminating the need for conventional cast iron cylinder bore liners (changes shared with the 2018 Mustang), and compression ratio is increased to 12.0:1. Power increased to 395 hp at 5750 rpm, while torque is rated at 400 lbft at 4500 rpm.

Miami variant
The Miami was a supercharged variant designed by FPV (a joint -venture by Ford Australia and Prodrive) while the Coyote was still in development. Pre-production engines were shipped to Australia, where they were fitted with Australian-developed superchargers. The blocks and crank were common with the US Coyote engine but the sump, rods, pistons, intake manifold, supercharger, exhaust manifolds, wiring loom and engine control unit were designed and manufactured in Australia. The US Coyote engine had VVT on all 4 cams but the Australian ECU only had enough outputs to control 2 cams, so only the intake cams have VVT. The supercharger uses Eaton rotors in a housing designed by Australian company Harrop Engineering – the same company that provides superchargers to Roush Performance.

Initial variants made 315 kW, 545 Nm and 335 kW, 570 Nm. Later versions made 345 kW, 351 kW and ultimately 483 kW (with the addition of an intercooler).

The Miami variant was sold in the Australian Ford Falcon-based FPV GT range and the FGX XR8. The 483 kW version was sold in the Falcon FPV Holy Grail.

Applications
The engine is gradually replacing the 4.6 L and 5.4 L Modular V8 units in all Ford vehicles. This is the first time that Ford has used the "5.0" designation since the pushrod 5.0 was discontinued and replaced by the 4.6 L Modular unit in the mid-90s.

Vehicles equipped with the 32-valve DOHC Ti-VCT 5.0 L include the following:

The Coyote is available as a crate motor from Ford Racing Performance Parts (FRPP) complete with alternator, manifold, and wiring harness in standard 412 bhp configuration. The Boss 302 is also available from FRPP for a premium over the standard 5.0 L.

Voodoo
The 5163 cc "Voodoo" is a development of the Coyote engine. The engine was developed specifically for the Shelby GT350 version of the sixth generation Mustang. Bore and stroke are both up from the 5.0 L Coyote at 94x93 mm, as is the compression ratio at 12.0:1. The Voodoo makes 526 hp at 7500 RPM and 429 lbft of torque at 4750 RPM and has a redline of 8250 rpm. In 2016, the engine received a Ward's 10 Best Engines award. Like other modern Ford Performance Mustang engines, the Voodoo is hand-built at Ford's Romeo Plant on the Niche Line.

Unlike the Coyote and previous Modular V8s, the Voodoo features a flat plane crankshaft. During development, Ford purchased a Ferrari California, the only other front-engine flat-plane crank V8 car in production at the time, as a benchmark. The Voodoo features a unique Up-Down-Up-Down crank pin configuration, as opposed to the typical Up-Down-Down-Up in inline-4s and other flat-plane V8s. Due to the unique crankpin configuration, the back-to-front firing order of 1-5-4-8-3-7-2-6, is also unique to the Voodoo. This engine was the biggest production flat plane crank V8 by displacement until General Motors introduced the LT6.

The GT350R variant of the engine received a number of valvetrain enhancements, including the timing chains, lash adjusters, and VCT mechanisms.

Vehicles equipped with the 32-valve DOHC 5.2 L include the following:

Aluminator 5.2 XS
The Aluminator 5.2 XS is another variant of the Coyote engine utilizing the 5.2 L cylinder block from the GT350. The Aluminator is differentiated from the Voodoo engine by a Cobra Jet intake manifold and throttle body and a cross-plane crankshaft. The engine has a claimed output of 580 hp and 445 lbft. Like the "Voodoo" engine, it also features a 12:1 compression ratio and 5163 cc of displacement.

This engine is sold as a Ford Performance Parts crate engine without a wiring harness, a flywheel, or headers.

Predator
The "Predator" is a 5163 cc variant of the "Coyote" engine utilizing a cross-plane crank and a supercharger, which is installed in the Mustang Shelby GT500 starting in 2020 and the F-150 Raptor R starting in late 2022. The engine has an output of 760 hp and 625 lb.ft of torque in the Shelby GT500. It makes 700 hp and 640 lb.ft in the F-150 Raptor R. Production of this engine for the Shelby GT500 ended on October 18, 2022, marking the end of the Shelby GT500. This was also the last engine to be produced on the Romeo Engine Plant Niche line.

Carnivore
Based on the Predator engine, the engine used in the 2023 F-150 Raptor R is tuned for more low-end torque by using a different supercharger pulley and a new calibration. It is produced on a new Niche Engine line at the Dearborn Engine Plant.

5.4 L
The 5409 cc V8 is a member of the Modular engine family first introduced in the 1997 F-series pick-ups, in place of the 5.8 L 351W. Bore diameter is 3.552 in and stroke is 4.165 in, the increased stroke necessitated a taller 10.079 in engine block deck height. A 6.658 in connecting rod length is used to achieve a 1.60:1 rod to stroke ratio. The 5.4 L 2V was built at the Windsor Engine Plant, while the 5.4 L 3V moved production to the Essex Engine Plant beginning in 2003, then back to Windsor Engine Plant in 2009. The SVT 5.4 L 4-valve engines are built at Romeo Engine Plant, hand assembled on the niche line.

2-valve
Introduced in 1997, the SOHC 2-valve 5.4 L has a cast iron engine block and aluminum cylinder heads. The 5.4 L features multi-port fuel injection, roller finger followers, fracture-split powder metal connecting rods, and in some applications a forged steel crankshaft.

The 2-valve SOHC 5.4 L engine was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 1997–1998 and 2000–2002.

Vehicles equipped with the 16-valve SOHC 5.4 L include the following:

3-valve
In 2002, Ford introduced a new 3-valve SOHC cylinder head with variable camshaft timing (VCT), improving power and torque over the previous 2-valve SOHC version. The 3-valve cylinder head was first used on the 2002 Ford Fairmont 5.4 L Barra 220 engine in Australia manufactured in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The 3-valve 5.4 L was introduced to the North American market in the redesigned 2004 Ford F-150.

Vehicles equipped with the 24-valve SOHC VCT 5.4 L include the following:

4-valve
In 1999, Ford introduced the DOHC 4-valve 5.4 L in the Lincoln Navigator under the InTech moniker, making it the second engine to use this name. Ford later used versions of the DOHC 4-valve 5.4 L in the 2000 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra R, the Ford GT supercar, and the Ford Shelby GT500. The DOHC 4-valve 5.4 L was also used in the Ford Falcon line in Australia under the Boss moniker until 2010, when it was replaced by a locally developed, supercharged version of the 5.0 litre Modular V8.

The SVT Cobra R version of the 5.4 L 4-valve V8 had several key differences from its Lincoln counterpart. While the iron block and forged steel crankshaft were sourced directly from the InTech 5.4 L, the Cobra R powerplant benefited from new, high-flow cylinder heads that were designed with features developed for Ford's "Rough Rider" off-road racing program, application specific camshafts with higher lift and more duration than other 4-valve Modular cams, forged I-beam connecting rods sourced from Carillo, forged pistons that provided a 9.6:1 compression ratio in conjunction with the 52 cc combustion chambers, and a unique high-flow "cross-ram" style aluminum intake manifold. The Cobra R was rated at 385 hp and 385 lbft though chassis dynamometer results have shown these ratings to be conservative with unmodified Cobra Rs often producing nearly 380 hp at the rear wheels.

The Ford GT version of the 5409 cc is a highly specialized version of the Modular engine. It is an all-aluminum alloy, dry-sump DOHC 4 valves per cylinder with an Eaton 2300 Lysholm screw-type supercharger and showcases numerous technological features, such as dual fuel injectors per cylinder and oil squirters for the piston skirts, not found in other Ford Modular engines of the time. This engine benefits from an improved version of the high-flow 2000 Cobra R cylinder head and unique high-lift camshafts, now rated at 550 bhp at 6500 rpm and 500 lbft at 4500 rpm. The Shelby GT500 uses a 4-valve DOHC 5.4 L with an Eaton M122H Roots type supercharger and air-to-liquid intercooler. The GT500 5.4 L shares its high-flow cylinder head castings with the Ford GT, with only minor machining differences, and shares camshafts with the 2003–2004 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra; which have less lift and duration than the Ford GT camshafts. The 2007–2010 GT500 engine used an iron engine block, while the 2011 GT500 5.4 L receives a new aluminum engine block, with Ford's first production application of their patented Plasma Transferred Wire Arc (PTWA) cylinder coating, eliminating the need for pressed in cylinder liners. The PTWA spray apparatus was co-developed by Ford and Flame-Spray Industries of Long Island, New York, for which they received the 2009 IPO National Inventors of the Year Award. The 2011 GT500 engine weighs 102 lb less than the previous iron-block version, thanks in part to the lack of cast iron cylinder liners. All of the 5.4 L 4-valve engines destined for use in SVT vehicles, such as the Ford GT and Shelby GT500, have been hand-built by technicians at Ford's Romeo, Michigan plant.

Vehicles equipped with the 32-valve DOHC 5.4 L include the following:

5.8 L Trinity
The 5.8 is formally known as the Trinity Engine or 5.8-liter V8 engine, which benefits from cylinder heads with improved coolant flow, Ford GT camshafts, piston-cooling oil jets similar to those found on the 5.0 Coyote, new 5-layer MLS head gaskets, an over-rev function that increases the red line to 7000 rpm for up to 8 seconds (from 6250 rpm), and a compression ratio increased to 9.0:1 from 8.5:1. Displacement is 5812 cc with a bore x stroke of 93.5x105.8 mm. Boost is supplied by a 2.3 L Eaton TVS supercharger with maximum boost of 14 psi. Trinity has 37 mm intake valves and 32 mm exhaust valves.
 * 2013–2014 Ford Shelby GT500, DOHC 4 valves per cylinder, Aluminum block, supercharged and intercooled, 662 bhp at 6500 rpm and 631 lbft at 4000 rpm of torque.

6.8 L V10
The 6760 cc SOHC V10 is another variation of the Modular family created for use in large trucks. Bore and stroke size is 3.552x4.165 in, identical to the 5.4 L V8. Both 2-valve and 3-valve versions have been produced. The 6.8 L uses a split-pin crank with 72° firing intervals and a balance shaft gear driven by the left camshaft to quell vibrations inherent to a 90° bank angle V10 engine. The engine's firing order is 1-6-5-10-2-7-3-8-4-9. The 2-valve version was first introduced in 1997, with a 3-valve non-VCT (the use of VCT was precluded by the presence of the balance shaft, as the shaft needed to remain in phase with the crankshaft) version to following in 2005.

Vehicles equipped with the 6.8 L V10 Modular engine include the following:

Ford of Australia

Ford Australia used 5.4 L Modular V8s in the Ford Falcon and previously on the Ford Fairlane sedan model ranges, as well as in its high performance Ford Performance Vehicles (FPV) division models, until mid-2010, when they were replaced by the 5.0 L. The DOHC 5.4 L V8s are named Boss by Ford Australia. The 3 valve SOHC V8s in non-FPV vehicles are named "Barra" by Ford Australia.

Ford of Australia 4-valve DOHC 5.4 L V8 engines include:

5.0 L and 5.3 L Cammer
In 2005, Ford Racing Performance Parts introduced a 4997 cc V8 crate engine for use in motor racing and home-made performance cars, officially called M-6007-T50EA, but more widely known as "Cammer". Since then, other higher performance variations of the Cammer have been introduced for KONI Sports Car Challenge and GT4 European Cup. All versions of the Cammer are DOHC 4-valve per cylinder designs with a bore and stroke of 3.7x3.543 in. The Cammer achieves its larger 3.7 in bore by resleeving the 4.6 L aluminum block.

The T50 Cammer crate engine, the least expensive and most street oriented version, uses derivatives of the cylinder heads, variable runner-length magnesium intake manifold, and camshafts first used in the 2000 FR500 Mustang concept car. These parts are unique to the T50 Cammer crate engine and are not found in any other production Modular applications. The T50 has an 11.0:1 compression ratio and exceeds 420 hp with the proper exhaust manifolds.

The Cammer that has seen success in Grand Am Cup powering the Mustang FR500C is officially called M-6007-R50 and features a unique dual plenum, fixed runner-length magnesium intake manifold, Ford GT aluminum cylinder heads, unique camshafts of undisclosed specifications, and an 11.0:1 compression ratio. The R50 Cammer produces over 450 hp without restrictor plates. Upon introduction the R50 Cammer-powered Mustang FR500C proved to be dominant in Grand-Am Cup, having achieved five victories and podium appearances in nearly every race in the GS class during the 2005 season, giving David Empringham the championship title with the Multimatic Motorsports team, and Ford the manufacturer's title.

Robert Yates publicly expressed interest in using a similar 5.0 L 4-valve DOHC Modular V8 to compete in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series. Roush-Yates supplies a naturally aspirated 550 hp 5.0 L Cammer for use in the Mustang FR500GT3 and Matech-Ford GT3 which participate in the FIA GT3 European Championship, and a naturally aspirated 665 hp 5.3 L Cammer for use in the 2010 Matech-Ford GT1 that competes in FIA GT1 World Championship. The 5288 cc Cammer's extra displacement is achieved via a 3.75 in stroke.

World's fastest production car
On February 28, 2005, the Koenigsegg CCR used a modified, Rotrex supercharged Ford Modular 4-valve DOHC 4.6 L V8, which produced 806 hp (601 kW), to achieve a top speed of 241 mph (388 km/h). The bore was achieved using Darton M.I.D. Sleeves. This certified top speed was recorded on February 28, 2005, in Nardò, Italy, and broke the McLaren F1's world record for fastest production car. The accomplishment was recognized by Guinness World Records in 2005, who gave the Koenigsegg CCR the official title of "World's Fastest Production Car." The Koenigsegg record was broken several months later by the Bugatti Veyron. This engine is the basis for Koenigsegg's twin-supercharged flexible fuel V8 seen in the CCX.

1/8 mile
On March 11, 2018, the team at Modular Motorsports Racing (MMR) used a modified (billet aluminum tall deck) Coyote engine, which produced over 3500 hp, and set the world record for the fastest Ford Modular & Coyote engine ever in the 1/8 mi, with 3.83 seconds at 202.29 mph. This beat the previous $1/8$ mile record, and made MMR’s record the first within the 3.8 seconds zone, and first to break the 200 mph mark in the 1/8 mile. located in Bradenton, Florida, during an event sanctioned by the National Muscle Car Association] (NMCA). The accomplishment was recognized by sanctioning bodies, such as the National Muscle Car Association (NMCA) and the National Mustang Racers Association (NMRA), granting it the official title of the "Fastest $1/8$ Mile Modular / Coyote-Powered Vehicle in the World." On March 10, 2019, MMR announced that they had topped their previously-held record from 2018. The team’s new records were 3.817 seconds at 204.17 mph (328.58 km/h). The record was accomplished with MMR’s GenX 351 cubic inch Coyote-based engine platform, that featured a "new billet manifold" and other various engine updates.

1/4 mile
On November 23, 2019, Modular Motorsports Racing (MMR) with driver Mark Luton set the world record for the "world’s fastest Ford-powered vehicle in the quarter-mile," with a 5.67 second pass at 265.43 mph. The record was accomplished with a Coyote-based engine which featured factory Ford cylinder head castings, valves, lifters, and followers sitting atop a billet reproduction of the factory architecture Coyote cylinder block. The specifics of the engine are described by Luton as being a "351 cubic-inch billet MMR block that has a Bryant crankshaft, BME rods, and MMR pistons that are manufactured by Manley," in addition to "cylinder heads [that] are a factory cast head from Ford… that work with the twin 94 mm turbos from Garrett." The elapsed time and mph records were recorded at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway, during a qualifying race hosted by Street Car Super Nationals (SCSN).

Intake manifold defect
Starting in 1996, Ford began installing a DuPont Zytel nylon-composite intake manifold onto the 2-valve SOHC engines. Plaintiffs in class action lawsuits alleged that the coolant crossover passage of these intake manifolds may crack, resulting in coolant leakage. A US class-action suit was filed on behalf of owners, resulting in a settlement announced on December 17, 2005.

Starting with the 2002 model year, and implemented halfway through the 2001 lineup, Ford began using a revised DuPont Zytel nylon-composite intake manifold with an aluminum front coolant crossover that corrected the issue. Replacement intakes were also made available for 1996–2001 engines. To be eligible for reimbursement, owners needed to contact a Ford, Lincoln or Mercury dealer within 90 days of December 16, 2005. Further, Ford offered an extended warranty for this part, for seven years from the start date (which means the initial vehicle sale date) without a mileage limitation.

The following vehicles were included in this class-action suit settlement:
 * Mercury Grand Marquis, 1996–2001
 * Lincoln Town Car, 1996–2001
 * Ford Crown Victoria, 1996–2001
 * Mercury Cougar, 1996–1997
 * Ford Thunderbird, 1996–1997
 * Ford Mustang, June 24, 1997 – 2001 (some vehicles)
 * Ford Explorer, early 2002

Spark plug issues
2-valve 4.6 L, 5.4 L, and 6.8 L engines found in many 1997–2008 Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury vehicles may have aluminum cylinder heads with threads for spark plugs that are stripped, missing, or otherwise insufficiently bored out. Ford acknowledges this issue in Technical Service Bulletin 07-21-2 as well as earlier TSBs. Ford's TSB does not state that this issue is caused by owner neglect. For vehicles under the New Vehicle Limited Warranty, Ford will only cover the replacement of the entire cylinder head; however, the Ford recommended spark plug service interval extends beyond the duration of the New Vehicle Limited Warranty. Ford's only authorized repair procedure for out-of-warranty vehicles is to use the LOCK-N-STITCH aluminum insert and tool kit.

3-valve 5.4 L and 6.8 L engines built before 10/9/07 and 3-valve 4.6 Ls built before 11/30/07 found in many 2004–2008 Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury vehicles have an issue with difficult-to-remove spark plugs, which can cause part of the spark plug to become seized in the cylinder head. The source of the problem is a unique plug design that uses a 2-piece shell, which often separates, leaving the lower portion of the spark plug stuck deep in the engine's cylinder head. The 2-piece OE spark plug design is intrinsically flawed, thus making it susceptible to this problem. Ford acknowledges this issue in TSB 08-7-6 as well as earlier TSBs. Ford's TSB does not state that this issue is caused by owner neglect. The TSB provides a special procedure for spark plug removal on these engines. For situations in which the spark plug has partially broken off in the cylinder head, Ford distributes multiple special tools for removing the seized portion of the plug. Their TSB explains the multiple procedures required for handling the different cases/situations that occur when parts of plugs are seized in these engines. This repair is covered for vehicles under warranty; however, the Ford recommended spark plug service interval extends beyond the duration of the New Vehicle Limited Warranty.

title: Ford Modular engine