text:
Buspirone

Buspirone, sold under the brand name Buspar, among others, is an anxiolytic, a medication primarily used to treat anxiety disorders, particularly generalized anxiety disorder. It is a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist, increasing action at serotonin receptors in the brain. It is taken orally, and takes two to six weeks to be fully effective.

Common side effects of buspirone include nausea, headaches, dizziness, and difficulty concentrating. Serious side effects may include movement disorders, serotonin syndrome, and seizures. Its use in pregnancy appears to be safe but has not been well studied, and use during breastfeeding has not been well studied.

Buspirone was developed in 1968 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1986. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 53rd most-commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 12million prescriptions.

Anxiety
Buspirone is used for the short-term and long-term treatment of anxiety disorders or symptoms of anxiety. It is generally preferred over benzodiazepines because it does not activate the receptors that make drugs like alprazolam addictive.

Buspirone has no immediate anxiolytic effects, and hence has a delayed onset of action; its full clinical effectiveness may require 2–4 weeks to manifest itself. The drug has been shown to be similarly effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to benzodiazepines including diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam, and clorazepate. Buspirone is not known to be effective in the treatment of other anxiety disorders besides GAD.,

Sexual dysfunction
There is some evidence that buspirone on its own may be useful in the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women. Buspirone may also be effective in treating antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction.

Miscellaneous
Buspirone is not effective as a treatment for benzodiazepine withdrawal, barbiturate withdrawal, or alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens.

SSRI and SNRI antidepressants such as paroxetine and venlafaxine may cause jaw pain/jaw spasm reversible syndrome (although it is not common), and buspirone appears to be successful in treating bruxism on SSRI/SNRI-induced jaw clenching.

Contraindications
Buspirone has these contraindications:
 * Hypersensitivity to buspirone
 * Metabolic acidosis, as in diabetes
 * Should not be used with MAO inhibitors
 * Severely compromised liver and/or kidney function

Side effects
Known side effects associated with buspirone include dizziness, headaches, nausea, tinnitus, and paresthesia. Buspirone is relatively well tolerated, and is not associated with sedation, cognitive and psychomotor impairment, muscle relaxation, physical dependence, or anticonvulsant effects. In addition, buspirone does not produce euphoria and is not a drug of abuse.

Overdose
Buspirone appears to be relatively benign in cases of single-drug overdose, although no definitive data on this subject appear to be available. In one clinical trial, buspirone was administered to healthy male volunteers at a dosage of 375 mg/day, and produced side effects including nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, miosis, and gastric distress. In early clinical trials, buspirone was given at dosages even as high as 2,400 mg/day, with akathisia, tremor, and muscle rigidity observed. Deliberate overdoses with 250 mg and up to 300 mg buspirone have resulted in drowsiness in about 50% of individuals. One death has been reported in a co-ingestion of 450 mg buspirone with alprazolam, diltiazem, alcohol, cocaine.

Interactions
Buspirone has been shown in vitro to be metabolized by the enzyme CYP3A4. This finding is consistent with the in vivo interactions observed between buspirone and these inhibitors or inducers of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), among others:

 * Itraconazole: Increased plasma level of buspirone
 * Rifampicin: Decreased plasma levels of buspirone
 * Nefazodone: Increased plasma levels of buspirone
 * Haloperidol: Increased plasma levels of buspirone
 * Carbamazepine: Decreased plasma levels of buspirone
 * Grapefruit: Significantly increases the plasma levels of buspirone. See grapefruit–drug interactions.
 * Fluvoxamine: Moderately increase plasma levels of buspirone.

Elevated blood pressure has been reported when buspirone has been administered to patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).

Pharmacodynamics
Buspirone acts as an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor with high affinity. It is a partial agonist of both presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors, which are inhibitory autoreceptors, and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. It is thought that the main effects of buspirone are mediated via its interaction with the presynaptic 5-HT1A receptor, thus reducing the firing of serotonin-producing neurons. Buspirone also seems to have lower affinities for the serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT6, 5-HT7 receptors probably as an antagonist.

In addition to binding to serotonin receptors, buspirone is an antagonist of the dopamine D2 receptor with weak affinity. It preferentially blocks inhibitory presynaptic D2 autoreceptors, and antagonizes postsynaptic D2 receptors only at higher doses. In accordance, buspirone has been found to increase dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nigrostriatal pathway at low doses, whereas at higher doses, postsynaptic D2 receptors are blocked and antidopaminergic effects such as hypoactivity and reduced stereotypy, though notably not catalepsy, are observed in animals. Buspirone has also been found to bind with much higher affinity to the dopamine D3 and D4 receptors, where it is similarly an antagonist.

A major metabolite of buspirone, 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine (1-PP), occurs at higher circulating levels than buspirone itself and is known to act as a potent α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. This metabolite may be responsible for the increased noradrenergic and dopaminergic activity observed with buspirone in animals. Buspirone also has very weak and probably clinically unimportant affinity for the α1-adrenergic receptor. However, buspirone has been reported to have shown "significant and selective intrinsic efficacy" at the α1-adrenergic receptor expressed in a "tissue- and species-dependent manner".

Unlike benzodiazepines, buspirone does not interact with the GABAA receptor complex.

Pharmacokinetics
Buspirone has a low oral bioavailability of 3.9% relative to intravenous injection due to extensive first-pass metabolism. The time to peak plasma levels following ingestion is 0.9 to 1.5 hours. It is reported to have an elimination half-life of 2.8 hours, although a review of 14 studies found that the mean terminal half-life ranged between 2 and 11 hours, and one study even reported a terminal half-life of 33 hours. Buspirone is metabolized primarily by CYP3A4, and prominent drug interactions with inhibitors and inducers of this enzyme have been observed. Major metabolites of buspirone include 5-hydroxybuspirone, 6-hydroxybuspirone, 8-hydroxybuspirone, and 1-PP. 6-Hydroxybuspirone has been identified as the predominant hepatic metabolite of buspirone, with plasma levels that are 40-fold greater than those of buspirone after oral administration of buspirone to humans. The metabolite is a high-affinity partial agonist of the 5-HT1A receptor (Ki=25 nM) similarly to buspirone, and has demonstrated occupancy of the 5-HT1A receptor in vivo. As such, it is likely to play an important role in the therapeutic effects of buspirone. 1-PP has also been found to circulate at higher levels than those of buspirone itself and may similarly play a significant role in the clinical effects of buspirone.

Chemistry
Buspirone is a member of the azapirone chemical class, and consists of azaspirodecanedione and pyrimidinylpiperazine components linked together by a butyl chain.

Analogues
Structural analogues of buspirone include other azapirones like gepirone, ipsapirone, perospirone, and tandospirone.

A number of analogues are recorded.

Synthesis
A number of methods of synthesis have also been reported. One method begins with alkylation of 1-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazine (1) with 3-chloro-1-cyanopropane (4-chlorobutyronitrile) (2) to give (3). Next, reduction of the nitrile group is performed either by catalytic hydrogenation or with lithium aluminium hydride (LAH) giving (4). The primary amine is then reacted with 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric anhydride (5) in order to yield buspirone (6).

History
Buspirone was first synthesized by a team at Mead Johnson in 1968 but was not patented until 1980. It was initially developed as an antipsychotic acting on the D2 receptor but was found to be ineffective in the treatment of psychosis; it was then used as an anxiolytic instead. In 1986, Bristol-Myers Squibb gained FDA approval for buspirone in the treatment of GAD. The patent expired in 2001, and buspirone is now available as a generic drug.

Generic names
Buspirone is the INN, BAN, DCF, and DCIT of buspirone, while buspirone hydrochloride is its USAN, BANM, and JAN.

Brand names
Buspirone was primarily sold under the brand name Buspar. Buspar is currently listed as discontinued by the US Food and Drug Administration. In 2010, in response to a citizen petition, the US FDA determined that Buspar was not withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness.

title: Buspirone


text: User:Kaelus

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Kaelus


text:
Yūko Mizutani

Yūko Mizutani (水谷 優子) was a Japanese actress, voice actress, narrator and singer from Ama District, Aichi. Throughout her career, she worked with Production Baobab, and was working with Aoni Production at the time of her death. Mizutani was best known for her anime voice roles of Sakiko Sakura in Chibi Maruko-chan, Mihoshi Kuramitsu in Tenchi Muyo! and Pinoko in Black Jack. She also portrayed Excellen Browning in Super Robot Wars, Sora Takenouchi in Digimon Adventure, Leina Stol in Machine Robo: Revenge of Cronos, and Sarah Zabiarov and Cheimin Noa in Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam. Mizutani was the official Japanese voice actress for Minnie Mouse, and voiced her in the Kingdom Hearts franchise.

Since her death, Aya Endō took over as the new Japanese voice of Minnie Mouse.

Machiko Toyoshima took over as Sakiko Sakura as replacement in Chibi Maruko-chan.

Career
After graduating from the Institute for Youth Theater in 1985, Mizutani was signed to the Seinenza Theater Company's talent agency until 1989. She debuted in 1985 as an airfield announcer for Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam while appearing on television in TV dramas. After playing the role of Sarah Zabiarov in Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam, her portrayals of Leina Stol in Machine Robo: Revenge of Cronos and Apple in Zillion were highly praised and her popularity grew. In 1988, she starred as Hiromi Oka in Aim for the Ace! 2.

Since 1991, Mizutani had been the official voice of Disney's Minnie Mouse. In addition to animation and video games at the Tokyo Disney Resort, she also appeared as Minnie Mouse in attractions, shows, and parades.

She voiced the role of Sakiko Sakura in the anime series Chibi Maruko-chan from 1990 until her death.

In 1993 she voiced Pinoko, Black Jack's loyal assistant/adopted daughter, in Osamu Tezuka's Black Jack OVA. She reprised the role in an anime series from 2004 to 2011.

Mizutani was cast from 1995 to 1997 as Galaxy Police detective Mihoshi Kuramitsu in Tenchi Muyo!.

Personal life
In November 1994, she married Mizuho Nishikubo.

Death
On May 17, 2016, Mizutani died from breast cancer at the age of 51.

Anime television

 * Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (1985–1986) – Sarah Zabiarov and Cheimin Noa
 * Dirty Pair (1985) – Security Guard, Creamy Girl
 * Machine Robo: Revenge of Cronos (1986–1987) – Leina Stōl
 * Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ (1986–1987) – Milly Childer
 * Zillion (1987–1987) – Apple
 * City Hunter (1987–1988) – Yoshimi Iwai
 * Esper Mami (1987–1989) – Midori
 * Tenkū Senki Shurato (1989–1990) – Lakshu of Kisshō Ten, Hōraisan
 * Idol Densetsu Eriko (1989–1990) – Kaori Yamaguchi, Catherine, Reporter
 * Idol Angel Yokoso Yoko (1990) – Kyoko Hoshihana
 * Oishinbo (1990) – Kimiko Oide
 * Yawara! (1990–1992) – Anna Teleshikova
 * Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990–1991) – Marie
 * Kyatto Ninden Teyandee (1990–1991) – Omitsu
 * Brave Exkaiser (1990) – Kumiko Morita
 * Momotaro Densetsu (1990–1991) – Princess Kaguya (Second)
 * Chibi Maruko-chan (1990–2016) – Sakiko Sakura, Keiko Uchida, Wakabayashi, Nagasawa's Mother, Yamane's Mother, Hiroshi Sakura (young)
 * Jankenman (1991) – Aikko
 * Ashita e Free Kick (1992) – Alyssa Montino
 * Boyfriend (1992) – Aki Togawa
 * Floral Magician Mary Bell (1992) – Paula
 * Tekkaman Blade (1992) – Miyuki Aiba/Tekkaman Rapier, Noal's mother
 * Tonde Burin (1994–1995) – Rikako Kokubu
 * Mobile Fighter G Gundam (1994–1995) – Black Joker
 * Tico of the Seven Seas (1994–1995) – Cheryl Christina Melville
 * Chō Kuse ni Narisō (1994–1995) – Sayaka Seijo
 * Haō Taikei Ryū Knight (1994–1995) – Iori
 * Dino Adventure Jurassic Tripper (1995) – Princess
 * Tenchi Universe (1995) – Mihoshi Kuramitsu
 * Sorcerer Hunters (1995–1996) – Chocolate Misu
 * Soar High! Isami (1995–1996) – Jasmine
 * Shadow Skill (1995–2004) – Fouly
 * Kiko-chan's Smile (1996) – Megumi-Sensei
 * Magical Girl Pretty Sammy (1996) – Mihoshi Mizutani
 * After War Gundam X (1996) – Carris Nautilus
 * Martian Successor Nadesico (1996–1997) – Aqua Crimson
 * Brave Command Dagwon (1996–1997) – Erika Serizawa
 * Saber Marionette J (1996–1997) – Luchs
 * Tenchi in Tokyo (1997) – Mihoshi Kuramitsu
 * Gakkyu-Oh Yamazaki (1997–1998) – Memeko-Sensei, Nakamoto
 * Weiss Kreuz (1998) – Tot
 * The Kindaichi Case Files (1998) – Satsuki Munakata
 * Saber Marionette J to X (1998–1999) – Luchs
 * Digimon Adventure (1999–2000) – Sora Takenouchi
 * Excel Saga (1999–2000) – The Great Will of the Macrocosm
 * Inuyasha (2000) – Sōten
 * Detective Conan (2000) – Shinobu Shimon
 * Digimon Adventure 02 (2000–2001) – Sora Takenouchi
 * Go! Go! Itsutsugo Land (2001–2002) – Kinoko Morino
 * The Family's Defensive Alliance (2001) – Junko Ejima
 * Kirby: Right Back at Ya! (2001–2003) – Memu (Lady Like), Waddle Doo (Third), Mabel, Coo, Chilly, Walky, and Devil Frog
 * Someday's Dreamers (2003) – Sachiko
 * Cinderella Boy (2003) – Kei
 * Zatch Bell! (2003–2006) – Sisters
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX (2004–2008) – Sara
 * Black Jack (2004–2006) – Pinoko
 * The Snow Queen (2005) – Claus
 * Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl (2006) – Namiko Tsuki
 * Super Robot Wars Original Generation: Divine Wars (2006–2007) – Excellen Browning
 * Shiki (2010) – Kyōko Ozaki, Atsuko Yasumori
 * Notari Matsutarō (2014) – Reiko Minami
 * Ai Tenchi Muyo! (2014) – Mihoshi
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal (2014–2016) – Ikuko Tsukino
 * The Rolling Girls (2015) – Aya Suzumoto

OVA

 * Bubblegum Crisis (1987–1991 OVA series) – Anri
 * Space Family Carlvinson (1988) – Beruka
 * Leina series (1988) – Leina Stōl
 * Aim for the Ace! (1988–1989 OVA series) – Hiromi Oka
 * Bio-Booster Armor Guyver (1989–1992 OVA series) – Mizuki Segawa
 * Angel Cop (1989–1994) – Freya
 * Blood Reign: Curse of the Yoma (1989) – Kotone
 * 3×3 Eyes (1991) – Natsuko Asai
 * Eternal Filena (1992) – Lila
 * Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki (1992) – Mihoshi Kuramitsu
 * Black Jack (1993–2011) – Pinoko
 * KO Beast (1992) – V-Sion
 * Idol Defense Force Hummingbird (1993–1995) – Hitomi Nakajo
 * Magical Girl Pretty Sammy (1995) – Mihoshi Mizutani
 * Eternal Family (1997) – Akiko
 * Hyper Speed GranDoll (1997) – Miki Amagi
 * Super Robot Wars Original Generation: The Animation (2005) – Excellen Browning
 * Eve no jikan (2008–2009 ONA) – Naoko
 * A Channel (2012) – Run's Mother
 * Ranma ½ OVA's – Kurumi

Video games

 * Flash Hiders (1993) – Harman Do Elan
 * Puyo Puyo CD (1994) – Draco Centauros, Sukiyapodes
 * Battle Tycoon: Flash Hiders SFX (1995) – Harman Do Elan
 * Dōkyūsei (1995) – Hiromi Tamachi
 * Puyo Puyo CD 2 (1996) – Draco Centauros
 * Langrisser III (1996) – Sophia
 * Kid Klown no Crazy Chase 2: Love Love Honey Soudatsusen (1996) – Princess Honey
 * Silhouette Mirage (1997) – Sophial SP
 * Bulk Slash (1997) – Colon Steiner
 * Rockman X4 (1997) – Iris
 * YAKATA (1998) – Miruko Kawaguchi
 * Magical Drop F (1999) – Justice & High Priestess
 * Growlanser (1999) – Karene Langley
 * Puyo Puyo~n (1999) – Witch
 * Super Robot Wars Impact (2002) – Excellen Browning & Alfimi
 * Kingdom Hearts series (2002-2016) – Minnie Mouse
 * Growlanser II: The Sense of Justice (2004) – Karene Langley
 * Namco × Capcom (2005) – Toby Masuyo, Katana & 99
 * Super Robot Wars Original Generations (2007) – Excellen & Lemon Browning; and Alfimi
 * Super Robot Wars Original Generation Gaiden (2007) – Excellen Browning & Alfimi
 * Super Robot Wars OG Saga: Endless Frontier EXCEED (2008) – Alfimi, Katana & Byakuya
 * Project X Zone (2012) – Iris, Katana, Akatana & Byakuya X
 * Project X Zone 2 (2015) – Katana, Akatana & Byakuya X

Films

 * My Neighbor Totoro (1988) – Ryoko-chan
 * Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West (1988) (Linlei)
 * Eiji (1990) – Marina Takasugi
 * Crayon Shin-chan: Unkokusai's Ambition (1995) – Yukino
 * Tenchi Muyo in Love! (1996) – Mihoshi Kuramitsu
 * Dead Leaves (2004) – Galactica
 * Doraemon: Nobita in the Wan-Nyan Spacetime Odyssey (2004) (Zubu)
 * Dōbutsu no Mori (2006) – Perimi/Phyllis
 * Detective Conan: Full Score of Fear (2008) – Rara Chigusa
 * Time of Eve: The Movie (2010) – Naoko Sakisaka

Live-action

 * Sarah Michelle Gellar roles
 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer – Buffy Summers
 * Possession – Jess
 * The Grudge – Karen Davis
 * The Grudge 2 – Karen Davis
 * Southland Tales – Krysta Now
 * Meg Ryan roles
 * Sleepless in Seattle – Annie Reed
 * You've Got Mail – Kathleen "Shopgirl" Kelly
 * 8 Million Ways to Die – Sunny (Alexandra Paul)
 * Army of Darkness – Sheila (Embeth Davidtz)
 * Bad Santa – Sue (Lauren Graham)
 * Beverly Hills, 90210 – Andrea Zuckerman (Gabrielle Carteris)
 * Beyond the Poseidon Adventure – Theresa Mazzetti (Angela Cartwright)
 * Bound – Violet (Jennifer Tilly)
 * The Arrival – Char (Teri Polo)
 * Career Opportunities – Josie McClellan (Jennifer Connelly)
 * Casualties of War – Tran Thi Oanh (Thuy Thu Le)
 * Cliffhanger – Sarah (Michelle Joyner)
 * Color of Night – Sondra Dorio (Lesley Ann Warren)
 * The Distinguished Gentleman – Celia Kirby (Victoria Rowell)
 * Doc Hollywood – Vialula "Lou" (Julie Warner)
 * Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde – Sarah Carver (Lysette Anthony)
 * Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights – Isabella Linton (Sophie Ward)
 * Escape from L.A. – Taslima (Valeria Golino)
 * Everyone Says I Love You – Skylar Dandridge (Drew Barrymore)
 * Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan – Rennie Wickham (Jensen Daggett)
 * The Golden Child (1992 TV Asahi edition) – Kee Nang (Charlotte Lewis)
 * Highlander III: The Sorcerer – Dr. Alexandra Johnson/Sarah Barrington (Deborah Kara Unger)
 * Hollow Man – Sarah Kennedy (Kim Dickens)
 * Home Alone – Heather McCallister (Kristin Minter)
 * Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – Tracy McCallister (Senta Moses)
 * Iron Eagle – Amy (Kathy Wagner)
 * Jumanji – Judy Shepherd (Kirsten Dunst)
 * King Kong – Dwan (Jessica Lange)
 * Kiss of Death – Rosie Kilmartin (Kathryn Erbe)
 * Knock Off – Karen Lee (Lela Rochon)
 * Last Action Hero – Whitney Slater/Meredith Caprice (Bridgette Wilson)
 * The Last Boy Scout – Cory (Halle Berry)
 * A Nightmare on Elm Street – Tina Gray (Amanda Wyss)
 * NYPD Blue – Robin Wirkus (Debrah Farentino)
 * Pale Rider – Megan Wheeler (Sydney Penny)
 * The Pink Panther – Princess Dala (Gale Garnett)
 * Poison Ivy: The New Seduction – Violet (Jaime Pressly)
 * Practical Magic – Kylie Owens (Evan Rachel Wood)
 * Return of the Living Dead Part II – Lucy Wilson (Marsha Dietlein)
 * Romy and Michele's High School Reunion – Christie Masters (Julia Campbell)
 * Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed – Heather Jasper-Howe (Alicia Silverstone)
 * She-Wolf of London – Randi Wallace (Kate Hodge)
 * Short Circuit 2 – Sandy Banatoni (Cynthia Gibb)
 * Sibling Rivalry – Jeanine (Jami Gertz)
 * Single White Female – Hedra "Hedy" Carlson/Ellen Besch (Jennifer Jason Leigh)
 * Sleepers – Carol (Minnie Driver)
 * Stargate SG-1 – Hathor (Suanne Braun)
 * Three Men and a Baby – Sally (Barbara Budd)
 * True Lies – Dana Tasker (Eliza Dushku)
 * Vampire in Brooklyn – Det. Rita Veder (Angela Bassett)
 * Waitress – Dawn (Adrienne Shelly)
 * Will & Grace – Ellen (Leigh-Allyn Baker)

Animation

 * Balto – Rosy
 * House of Mouse – Minnie Mouse
 * Hercules – Terpsichore
 * The Mask: Animated Series – Peggy Brandt
 * Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers – Minnie Mouse
 * Peanuts – Pig-Pen, Violet Gray
 * Tiny Toon Adventures – Sweetie Pie

Drama CDs

 * Analyst no Yuutsu series 1: Benchmark ni Koi wo Shite – Chizuru Mizusawa

title: Yūko Mizutani


text:
Ernest Lapointe

Ernest Lapointe (October 6, 1876 – November 26, 1941) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. A member of Parliament from Quebec City, he was a senior minister in the government of Prime Minister W. L. Mackenzie King, playing an important role on issues relating to legal affairs, Quebec and French-speaking Canada.

Education, early career
Lapointe earned his law degree from Laval University. He was called to the bar in 1898 and practiced law in Rivière-du-Loup and Quebec City.

Enters politics
Lapointe was elected by acclamation to the House of Commons of Canada for the riding of Kamouraska as a Liberal through a by-election on February 12, 1904. Lapointe was later re-elected in the 1904, 1908, 1911, and 1917 federal elections.

Lapointe resigned his seat in 1919 and successfully ran in the Quebec East seat vacated by former Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, who died.

King's cabinet minister and Quebec lieutenant
In 1921, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King appointed Lapointe to his cabinet as minister of marine and fisheries. During his tenure as minister, Lapointe reduced tariffs. In 1924, Lapointe became minister of justice, and served in that position until the Liberals' defeat at the polls in 1930. However, the Liberals under King returned back to power in the 1935 federal election, and Lapointe once again regained his old post. From 1924 to 1930 as justice minister, Lapointe expressed his support for King's commitment to Canadian autonomy and accompanied him at the Imperial Conference of 1926. Lapointe also chaired the Canadian delegation in the discussions that led to the Statute of Westminster in 1931.

Lapointe served as King's Quebec lieutenant and was one of the most important ministers in Cabinet. King did not speak French; he relied on Lapointe to handle important matters in the province. Lapointe gave a strong Quebecker voice to the cabinet decision, something that had not existed since the defeat of Laurier in 1911.

In the late 1930s, Lapointe recommended that the federal Cabinet disallow several Acts passed by the Alberta Social Credit government of William Aberhart, arguing that Aberhart was attempting to grab too much power and encroach upon federal jurisdiction.

Lapointe did not recommend disallowance of the Padlock Act passed by the Quebec government of Maurice Duplessis, fearing that doing so would only aid the Union Nationale government.

Conscription issue
Lapointe helped draft Mackenzie King's policy against conscription for overseas service in 1939, and his campaigning helped defeat the Duplessis provincial government in 1939. During the 1939 provincial election, Lapointe made many speeches in the province of Quebec, in which he argued that if Duplessis was to be re-elected, every French Canadian minister would resign from the federal cabinet, leaving it without a francophone voice. Having been a Liberal MP during the 1917 conscription crisis, Lapointe knew how much a new crisis like the last one would destroy the national unity that Mackenzie King had tried to build since 1921. Duplessis lost in a landslide to Liberal Party of Quebec leader Adélard Godbout, who sought to co-operate with the federal government.

Death
Lapointe died in office in 1941, in the midst of the war. King decided to appoint the reluctant Quebec leading lawyer Louis St. Laurent to the cabinet as the new minister of justice.

Lapointe's son, Hugues Lapointe, served as a member of parliament from 1940 to 1957 and lieutenant governor of Quebec from 1966 to 1978.

Archives
There is an Ernest Lapointe fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

title: Ernest Lapointe


text:
278th Armored Cavalry Regiment

The 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment (278th ACR, "Third Tennessee" ), previously the 117th Infantry Regiment, is an armored brigade combat team of the Tennessee Army National Guard with headquarters in Knoxville, Tennessee. It is the only National Guard Armored Cavalry Regiment and one of only two in the entire US Army order of battle, the other being the active duty 11th ACR. The unit traces its lineage from the volunteer militias of Eastern Tennessee and has participated in conflicts from the Revolutionary War to the Global War on Terror.

Missions

 * State mission
 * Provide trained and disciplined troops for domestic emergencies or as otherwise required by state law.

 * Federal mission
 * Maintain properly trained and equipped units available for prompt mobilization for war, national emergency, or as otherwise needed.

Garrison units
Headquarters 278th ACR ("Saber")

Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment (278th ACR), Knoxville ("Warrior")

Regimental Engineer Squadron ("Phoenix")
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), Regimental Engineer Squadron, Lebanon ("Hawk")
 * Troop A (Engineer), Dunlap ("Apocalypse")
 * Detachment 1 Troop A, Monteagle ("Apocalypse")
 * Troop B (Engineer), Russellville ("Berserker")
 * Troop C (Signal), Knoxville ("Shockwave")
 * Troop D (MI), Nashville ("Darkhorse")
 * Troop E, Smyrna ("Eagle")

1st Squadron ("Cobra")

 * Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), 1st Squadron, Henderson ("Headhunters")
 * Detachment 1, Headquarters and Headquarters Troop 1st Squadron, Selmer
 * Troop A(-), Milan ("Avenger")
 * Troop B(-), Ashland City ("Bonsai")
 * Detachment 1, Troop B, Springfield
 * Troop C, Clarksville ("Carnage")
 * Troop D,
 * Troop G, Humboldt ("Gladiator")
 * Detachment 1, Troop G, Parsons

2nd Squadron ("Phantom Raiders")

 * Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), 2nd Squadron (-), Cookeville ("Havoc")
 * Detachment 1, HHT, 2nd Squadron, Gallatin
 * Troop E (-), Jamestown ("Enforcer")
 * Detachment 1, Troop E, Livingston
 * Troop F, McMinnville ("Fox")
 * Troop G, Crossville ("Gunslinger")
 * Troop I, Lafayette ("Iron Fist")
 * Detachment 1, Troop I (-), Gordonsville

3rd Squadron ("Frontier") Note: This squadron was part of the Pennsylvania National Guard's 55th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade. In 2021, it transferred to the Texas National Guard.
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), 3rd Squadron, Temple, Texas ("Hydra")
 * Troop H, Temple, Texas ("Heathen")
 * Troop I, Gatesville, Texas ("Imperial")
 * Troop K, Temple, Texas ("Kraken")
 * Troop L, Temple, Texas ("Legion")

4th Squadron ("Peacemaker")

 * Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), 4th Squadron, Mount Carmel ("Highlander")
 * Troop D (-), Clinton ("Dakota")
 * Detachment 1, Troop D, Rogersville
 * Troop N, Sweetwater ("Nightmare")
 * Troop O, Newport ("Outrider")
 * Troop P, Greeneville, ("Pathfinder")
 * Troop Q, Rockwood, ("Quickdraw")

Support Squadron ("Thunderbolt")

 * Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), Support Squadron, Columbia ("Atlas")
 * Troop A(-) (Supply & Transportation), Lobelville ("Stallions")
 * Detachment 1, Troop A (Supply & Transportation), New Tazewell
 * Troop B(-) (Ordnance), Columbia ("Vikings")
 * Company C (Medical), Knoxville ("Cutter")
 * Det 1, Troop F, Parsons

Regimental Fires Squadron ("Hickory")

 * Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), Regimental Fires Squadron, Winchester
 * Battery A (-), Maryville ("Animal")
 * Detachment 1, Battery A, Pigeon Forge
 * Battery B (-), Covington ("Bulldogs")
 * Detachment 1, Battery B, Memphis
 * Battery C, Sparta ("Coyote")
 * Troop F (-), Lewisburg ("Forerunner")
 * Detachment 1, Troop F, Shelbyville

Formation of predecessor units
The Third Brigade of the Tennessee Militia was absorbed into the National Guard of the United States on 25 March 1887 as the 3rd Infantry Regiment, with headquarters in Knoxville. The 1st Battalion was located in Knoxville, and the 2nd Battalion was located in Chattanooga. In the spring of 1898, the battalions were consolidated to form the 6th Infantry Regiment. Between 18 and 20 May 1898, the 6th Infantry was re-designated as the 3rd Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment..

Spanish–American War
The 3rd Tennessee was mustered into federal service from 18–20 May 1898 at Camp Dewy, Nashville, for the war with Spain. The 3rd Tennessee was deployed to Tampa, Florida, and later mustered out of federal service at Anniston, Alabama, on 31 January 1899. It was reorganized in Knoxville in the Tennessee National Guard as the 6th Infantry Regiment. In 1903, the 6th Infantry Regiment was redesignated once again as the 3rd Infantry Regiment.

Mexican Punitive Expedition
On 3 July 1916, the 3rd Infantry Regiment was mustered into federal service at Nashville and deployed to Eagle Pass, Texas, to take part in the Army's pursuit of the Mexican bandit Francisco "Pancho" Villa along the Mexico-U.S. border. They returned home and were mustered out of federal service on 14 March 1917.

World War I
Four months after returning from Texas, on 24 July 1917, the 3rd Infantry Regiment was mustered into federal service and assigned as an element of the 30th Division. On 3 August, the War Department ordered concentration and organization of the units designated to form the division at Camp Sevier, Greenville, South Carolina. On 5 August 1917 the 3rd Tennessee Infantry Regiment was "drafted" into federal service. Concentration continued throughout August 1917.

The 30th Division (the "Old Hickory" Division, named after President Andrew Jackson of Tennessee) was reorganized in accordance with the tables of organization of 8 August 1917. On 12 September 1917 infantry brigades were organized in the 30th Division. The 59th Infantry Brigade was composed of the 3rd Tennessee and the 1st South Carolina Regiments of Infantry, and detachments of the 1st North Carolina and 2nd South Carolina Regiments of Infantry, and the Tennessee Cavalry. The 60th Infantry Brigade included, the 2nd and 3rd North Carolina Regiments of Infantry, and detachments of the 1st North Carolina and 2nd Tennessee Regiments of Infantry and of North Carolina Cavalry. On 14 September 1917 the 3rd Tennessee Infantry Regiment was reorganized and re-designated as the 117th Infantry Regiment assigned to the 30th Division.

The 30th Division underwent systematic training from 17 September until 30 April 1918. During October 1917, Selective Service men from Camps Gordon, Jackson and Pike completed the regiment and filled out the rest of the division.

The 117th Infantry Regiment as part of the 59th Brigade, 30th Infantry Division received its first taste of war on 9 July 1918. With the 27th (US) Division, it was assigned to the organization and defense of the East Poperinghe Line, a third defensive position in the Dickebusch Lake and Scherpenberg Sectors. The 30th Division on 11 July 1918 assumed full responsibility for the East Poperinghe trench system.

Affiliated with the British, 117th Infantry Regiment as part of the 30th Division reached the front lines for training on 16 July 1918 and remained until 18 August. Actual training was carried until 9 August. The 117th Infantry Regiment and the rest of the 59th Infantry Brigade remained with the British 3rd (GB) Division, while the machine gun and infantry units served by battalions and other divisional troops by detachments remained with 30th Division.

After a brief return to the rear for further training, the 30th Division relieved the 3rd (GB) Division in the front line of the Canal Sector from the vicinity of Elzenwalle to the railroad southeast of Transport Fme on the nights of 16 and 17 August 1918. On 18 August 1918 the 30th Division (US) assumed command, with the 6th (GB) Division to its right. On the next day the Canal Sector occupation was merged into the Ypres-Lys Operation.

From 19 August until 4 September 30 (US) Division, less Artillery and 105th Ammunition Trains took part in the Ypres- Lys Operation. 26 August – 11 September rumors of a German withdrawal of troops was investigated. 31 August combat patrols of the 30th (US) Division determined that the Germans were withdrawing. The next day, the 59th Infantry Brigade leading, the division captured Moated Orange, Voormezeele, Lock No. 8, and Lankhof Fme, and occupied a line connecting these localities with the original front at Gunners' Lodge. The 27th (US) Division served to the right, the 14th (GB) Division to the left.

On the nights of 3 through 5 September, the 30th Division (US) was relieved by the 35th (GB) Division, and on 4 September, the command passed. The 30th (US) Division concentrated near Proven on 5 September and 6, and moved into the St. Pol Area, in the zone of the British First Army on 7 September for training.

Meanwhile, on 12–15 September, the 37th Infantry Division, along with the two 30th Division units, occupied the Avocourt Sector on 23–25 September 1918.

The 30th (US) Division, less artillery, and the 105th Ammunition Train participated in the Somme Offensive Operation 22 September – 1 October. On the nights of 21 to 24 September 1918, the 30th (US) Division moved to the Tincourt-Boucly (British Fourth Army) Area, where the Second Corps was affiliated with the Australian 1st Division, east of Villeret and Hargicourt. The lines extended from 300 meters east of Buisson-Gaulaine Fme, through La Haute Bruyere, la Terrasse Trench, Bois des Tuyas, Boyeu du Chevreau, to Malakoff Fme. The 59th Infantry Brigade occupied the forward area. Command passed to the 30th (US) Division on 24 September 1918.

On 26–27 September 30 (US) Division attacked from a line of departure between 300 and 400 meters east of the line between La Haute Bruyere and Malakoff Fme, with the 46th (GB) Division on the right, and the 27th (US) Division on the left. On the night of 27 September and 28, the 60th Infantry Brigade relieved the 59th Infantry Brigade and the 117th Infantry Regiment.

On 29 September 1918 the 30th (US) Division with the 59th and 60th Infantry Brigades in the lead, battered through the formidable Hindenburg Line. Immediately after the penetration, the 30th Division crossed the canal and captured Bellicourt, then entered Nauroy. It was at Bellicourt, France, that the 30th Division smashed its way through the "Hindenburg Line", a victory that hastened the close of the war.

The 5th Division (Australia) moved up to pass through the 30th (US) Division, and both divisions advanced to establish a front from the intersection of Wattling Street road and canal, east and northeast to Bois du Cabaret, 800 meters northeast of the Boise de Malakoff. The next day the command passed to the Australian 5th Division, but units of the 30th (US) Division, which were in line, participated until noon.

During its advance of 20 mi, the 30th (US) Division captured 98 officers, 3,750 enlisted men, 72 pieces of artillery, 26 trench mortars and 426 machine guns. It suffered 8,415 casualties.

On 1 and 2 October 1918, the 117th Infantry Regiment as part of the 59th Infantry Brigade, 30th (US) Division moved to the Heroecourt and Mesnil-Bruntel Areas, and on the 5th, the II Corps prepared to relieve the Australian troops in the front line. Returning to the front the 117th Infantry as part of the 59th Infantry Brigade and other units moved to the Tincourt-Boucly Area.

On the night of 5 and 6 October 1918 the 59th Infantry Brigade took position in support near Hargicourt and Bellicourt. The next day the 59th Infantry Brigade attacked to realign the front.

The 30th (US) Division on 8 October, assisted by tanks had the 59th Infantry Brigade and one battalion from the 60th Infantry Brigade, leading, attacked northeast, and captured Brancourt-le-Grand and Premont, and reached a line from the Fme de la Piete to the eastern outskirts of Premont. The 6th (GB) Division served on the right, while the 25th (GB) Division was on the left. The 60th Infantry Brigade passed through the 59th on 9 October, and captured Busigny and Becquigny. The next day the division front extended along the western outskirts of Vaux-Andigny, through La Haie-Menneresse, and St. Souplet, to St. Benin.

During this advance on 7 October 1918 Sergeant Edward R. Talley, from Russellville, Tennessee, Company L, 117th Infantry Regiment near Ponchaux, France, was undeterred by seeing several comrades killed in attempting to put a hostile machinegun nest out of action. He attacked the position single-handed, armed only with his Springfield 03 rifle. Sergeant Talley rushed the machinegun nest in the face of intense enemy fire, killed or wounded at least 6 of the crew, and silenced the gun. When the enemy attempted to bring forward another gun and ammunition Sergeant Talley drove them back by effective fire from his rifle. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

The next day, Sergeant James Ernest Karnes from Knoxville, and Private Calvin John Ward from Morristown, Company D, 117th Infantry Regiment near Estrees, France, on 8 October 1918 were taking part in a general advance. Their company was held up by a machinegun, which was enfilading the line of troops. These two soldiers "had all they could take" so they fixed their bayonets and charged the machine gun position and succeeded in destroying the machine gun nest by killing 3 and capturing 7 of the enemy and their guns. Sergeant Karnes and Private Ward were both awarded the Medal of Honor for this action.

On 11 October, the 30th (US) Division occupied Vaux-Andigny, La Haie-Menneresse, and reached the northwestern outskirts of St. Martin-Riviere, its front extending north along the West Bank of the La Selle River to St. Benin. It was relieved during the night of 11/12 October and 1918 by the 27th (US) Division, and rested near Premont, Brancourt-le-Grand, and Monibrehain. Command passed on 12 October 1918.

The 30th (US) Division returned to the line on the night of 15/16 October 1918. The 59th Infantry Brigade relieved the 54th Infantry Brigade (27th Division), in the right sector of the II Corps from Vaux-Andigny to one-half kilometer west of St. Martin-Riviere. The 6th (GB) Division on the right, 27th Division (US) on the left. On 17 October 30 (US) Division attacked northeast, crossing the La Selle River, captured Molain and established a line from three-quarters kilometer north of La Demi-Lieue to l'Arbre-de-Guise. The next day Ribeauville was occupied. The front extended from Rejet-de-Beaulieu to three-quarters kilometer southeast of la Jonquiere Fme, on 19 October 1918.

The 30th (US) Division was relieved by the 1st (GB) Division on the night of 19/20 October and moved, 20–23 October to the vicinity of Tincourt-Boucly and Roisel. The division moved to Querrieu Area on 23 October 1918 for rehabilitation and training.

The 117th Infantry moved back to the United States after the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918 and was demobilized during 13–17 April 1919 at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia near Chattanooga.

In 1921, a monument to the 117th Infantry was erected in front of the old Knoxville High School on the corner of E 5th Ave NE & Lamar St NE. It consists of a charging soldier with raised fist and rifle. Several plaques around the base honor the soldiers killed in action and list accomplishments of the regiment.

Interwar period
In 1921 and 1923 the 117th Infantry and the 4th Infantry Regiment were consolidated and reorganized in the Tennessee National Guard as the 117th Infantry and assigned to the 30th Division on 24 April 1923.

World War II
On 16 September 1940 the 117th Infantry Regiment from Tennessee was inducted into federal service at home stations for a period of one year. The regiment was moved by train and arrived in Fort Jackson South Carolina on 24 September 1940 as part of the 30th Division once again. The regiment was housed in pyramid tents at Fort Jackson. Colonel Grant A. Schlieker assumed command of the regiment on 12 August 1940. In October 1940, the unit was filled by Selective Service with men primarily from the Knoxville area.

The 117th Infantry moved by motor convoy to Dixie, Tennessee, on 27 May 1941 for the VII Corps Tennessee Maneuvers. The regiment returned to Fort Jackson on 5 July 1941. The regiment along with the rest of the National Guard soldiers inducted in 1940 was extended for the duration of World War II. The regiment then moved to Chester, South Carolina, on 27 September 1941 for both the October and November 1941 Carolina Maneuvers. The 117th Infantry Regiment as part of the 30th Division returned to Fort Jackson on 29 November 1941, where the 30th (Old Hickory) Division was redesigned as the 30th Infantry Division.

On 16 February 1942, two months after the American entry into World War II, the 30th Infantry Division arrived at Camp Blanding, Florida, for extensive infantry training. On 12 September 1942, the 117th Infantry Regiment was ordered to the Infantry School, located at Fort Benning, Georgia, to furnish troops for demonstration purposes and to assist instructors in the training of officer classes and the Officer Candidate School (OCS). The 117th Infantry Regiment moved back to Camp Blanding, Florida, by motor convoy on 28 February 1943 to conduct training designed to physically harden the troops.

They moved on 30 May 1943 to Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Starting on 4 September 1943, the regiment participated in the Second Army's No.3 Tennessee Maneuvers. On 7 September 1943 the 117th Infantry Regiment returned to Camp Forrest (Arnold AFB today), near Tullahoma, Tennessee.

The 117th Infantry Regiment arrived at Camp Atterbury, Indiana, on 14 November 1943 to complete their final phase of training. The 117th Infantry Regiment departed Camp Atterbury and arrived at the staging area in Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts on 29 January 1944. The regiment departed from the Port of Boston, which was the port of embarkation, on the USS John Ericsson on 12 February 1944. The 117th Infantry Regiment disembarked in Liverpool, England, on 24 February 1944.

In England, from 25 February, to 5 April 1944 the regiment was quartered in Nissen huts near Petworth, England, and undertook extensive Infantry training. From 6 April to 9 June 1944, the regiment was billeted in the town of Berkhamstead, England, and completed their final training before entering combat in Normandy.

On "D-Day" 6 June 1944 the regiment was alerted for movement to France. The regiment moved to the staging area in Southern England, where a briefing was given on the general situation, then moved to Southampton dock for loading.

The 117th Infantry Regiment crossed the English Channel and landed on Omaha Beach in Normandy on D+4, 10 June 1944. The regiment initially moved into a staging area near Lison, France. The regiment remained here until 2 July 1944. The first casualties of World War II were suffered here as a result of German 88 mm fire on the staging area. The regiment's initial mission was to replace some units of the 29th Division which had been almost immediately lost on D-Day. The balance of the 30th Infantry Division went into Normandy and was almost immediately committed to action against the German Army.

The 117th Infantry Regiment attacked across the Vire river along with the 120th Infantry at 04:30 am the morning of 7 July 1944 as part of the initial breakout from the Normandy Beachhead. They assaulted across the Vire-Taute Canal on 7 July 1944, establishing a bridgehead toward Les Landes, east of St Jean-de-Day, which the 3rd Armored Division passed through the regiment to conduct exploitation operations.

The regiment repulsed a major German counter-attack conducted by the German Panzer-Lehr-Division the night of 7 July 1944 and again during the morning of 9 July 1944. The Germans suffered heavy losses as the result of the Tennessee guardsmen's tenacious fighting and accurate fire.

As the 117th Infantry advanced on Saint-Lô, as part of the 30th (US) Infantry Division, it checked a German counterattack along the main Hauts-Vents Highway 11 July 1944 and Pont Hebert fell after protracted fighting 14 July 1944. Patrols reached the Periers-Saint-Lô Road by 18 July 1944.

VII (US) Corps made the main effort along the St. Lo-Periers highway just west of Saint-Lô. The corps commander's intent was to drive through the German crust-like defense before the Germans could reform, then exploit the break thought by passing mechanized forces into the Germans' rear. The plan called for saturation bombing by fighter-bombers, medium and heavy bombers from the front line back to the enemy's artillery positions to disorient and dislodge the Germans. Following the bombers, 4th(US) Infantry Division, 9th (US) Infantry Division, and the 30th (US) Infantry Division were to attack southward along a narrow front, clearing the way for the 2d (US) and 3d (US) Armored Divisions and the 1st (US) Infantry Division to pass through. The armored forces were to sweep south then southwest into the rear of German forces opposing the VIII Corps along the western portions of the Cotentin Peninsula.

The 30th (US) Infantry Division attacked with the 120th Infantry Regiment on the right and 119th Infantry Division on the left. Two battalions from the 117th Infantry Regiment were attached (one battalion each) to the 119th and 120th Infantry Regiments. The remainder of the 117th Infantry was in division reserve prepared to pass through on the left and clear out the curve in the Vier River.

The air plan called for 350 fighter-bombers hitting the German front lines followed by 1,500 bombers assigned to targets 2500 yd deep and 6000 yd wide. As the friendly troops moved forward, another 396 medium bombers would bomb the rear areas for another 45 minutes. Friendly troops were moved back 1200 yd from their line of departures for safety.

After two postponements due to bad weather, the attack got underway on the morning of 24 July 1944. At 11:30 am, 350 P-47 fighter-bombers arrived on schedule and started dive-bombing, followed by the steady drone 1,500 heavy bombers. Some P-47 fighter-bombers bombed friendly troop positions and one squadron of heavy bombers dropped its bombs squarely on friendly troops. Twenty minutes after the attack started it was called off. "Operation COBRA" the breakout from St. Lo, the 30th Infantry Division endured the heaviest bombing by "friendly aircraft" of the entire war. Approximately 88 men were killed and over 500 seriously wounded over the two-day period. Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair, Commanding General Army Ground Forces, was visiting and observing this attack in the area of the Second Battalion, 120th Infantry, 30th Infantry Division when bombs instantly killed him dropped by friendly B-17s flying in support of Operation COBRA.

The two battalions of the 117th attacked with the units to which they were attached on 25 July 1944 to drive beyond Saint-Lô during Operation COBRA. On 26 July 1944 the 117th Infantry Regiment took the high ground overlooking Saint-Lô. The Armor and Infantry Forces passed through the hole in the German defenses and advanced south. The 30th Infantry Division had made a spectacular attack, and opened the way for Patton's newly arrived Third Army to drive into Brittany and onward to Brest, France.

The division took well-defended Troisgots on 31 July 1944 and relieved the 1st Infantry Division near Mortain, France, on 6 August 1944. The 30th Infantry Division and the 117th Infantry Regiment was subjected to a strong German counterattack, which ruptured its lines in the area on the following day during the battle for Avranches.

In the morning of 6 August 1944, the regiment moved southwest to the vicinity of Bracy, France near Mortain to relieve the 26th Infantry and to take up defensive positions. At dusk, it was apparent the Germans were in the 1st Battalion's area in strength. About 01:30 am, on 7 August 1944 the 117th Infantry Regiment was attacked by crack troops of the 1st SS Adolf Hitler Division. Between midnight and 04:00 the regiment was blanketed by intense and devastating mortar and artillery fire. Enemy aircraft strafed supporting Artillery units as they tried to register their fire on Germany tanks and infantry. The situation became critical at dawn when the main body of the Germans attacked in a thick fog and overran two company roadblocks. C Company of the 117th Infantry held their position, which caused the Germans to pause in their attack. Colonel Walter M. Johnson, the regimental commander issued orders to hold at all costs because there was nothing behind the 117th Infantry Regiment to stop the Germans from reaching the sea. A new defensive line was established on a sunken road bisected by the highway from Juvigny to Saint Barthelemy and situated on a hill overlooking Saint Barthelemy. Cooks, clerks, messengers, and administrative personnel from the battalions and the regimental headquarters became riflemen. The Tennessee Infantrymen held their positions against intense attacks by German infantry and armor.

Late in the afternoon of 8 August 1944, the Germans launched a fresh large-scale attack employing numerous tanks and fresh Infantry. Despite the terrible odds, the 117th Infantry Regiment stopped the German assault. Determined and stubborn Tennessee riflemen and machine gunners held their positions and stopped the German Infantrymen. Company B from Athens, Tennessee bore the brunt of the attack. Private Timothy L. Birt of Company B was a platoon runner and ended up as the runner for all the platoons. Through heavy enemy fire he carried orders, ammunition, rations and mail from the company command post to all the platoons. On six occasions he repaired telephone lines between the CP and the platoons. He helped evacuate seriously wounded soldiers from an open field under intense enemy fire. Twice he went with litter bearers to help evacuate the wounded. Once during the battle he served as observer and adjusted the company's 60 mm mortar fire. Private Birt, from rural Meigs County, Tennessee was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his bravery.

During combat at Mortain and Saint-Barthelemy, the 117th Infantry Regiment and the 30th Infantry Division became known as the Workhorse of the Western Front. It was also known as "Roosevelt's SS Troops," so named by German high command because of the consistent vigor and pressure the division brought to bear on the elite 1st SS Adolf Hitler Division. According to three of Germany's top generals interviewed after World War II, (Jodl, Keitel and von Kesslring) the battle for Mortain and Saint-Barthelemy was one of the two critical operations leading to the defeat of Germany in the west. Mainly the 1st Battalion, 117th Infantry at Saint-Barthelemy, absorbed the main drive of the Germany Army in Normandy, thus allowing Lieutenant General George Patton's armored forces to race forward through France, thereby shortening the war by many months.

The 117th Infantry Regiment went over to the offensive again 11 August 1944 and forced back German gains to Mortain. The 117th Infantry Regiment along with the rest of the 30th (US) Infantry Division then pushed east behind the 2nd Armored Division, taking Nonancourt on 21 August 1944.

The 117th Infantry Regiment was moved by truck on 14 August to the vicinity of Rouelle near Domfront France. German artillery fired on the battalions of the regiment forcing them to dismount and move on foot to l’Onlay-l’Abbaye, France. Tennessee's 117th Infantry Regiment crossed the Seine river near Mantes-Grassicourt 25 mi west of Paris to relieve the 79th (US) Infantry Division, which had established a bridgehead across the Seine River. After two days of fighting the regiment was moving quickly in open country towards Belgium.

The 30th (US) Infantry Division (with the 117th Infantry Regiment) was the first American infantry division to enter Belgium 2 September 1944, and advanced over the Meuse River at Vise and Liège 11 September 1944. The 117th Infantry Regiment was the first Allied unit to enter the Netherlands on 13 September 1944.

On 14 September 1944 the 117th and 119th Infantry advanced into Maastricht east of the Meuse River where the 2d Battalion, 117th Infantry Regiment cleared the area west of the river.

The 117th Infantry Regiment attacked from Maastricht towards the German border in the vicinity of Scherpenseel Germany starting on the morning of 17 September 1944. Here German resistance intensified as the Germans employed 155 mm artillery against the regiment as they approached the border.

On the afternoon of 19 September 1944 the 1st Battalion crossed into Germany and entered the town of Scherpenseel. The next morning, the regiment planned the attack on the Siegfried Line, which the German claimed to be invincible fortress.

The 119th and 120th Infantry attacked toward the West Wall north of Aachen and the former reached positions commanding the Wurm River on 18 September 1944. The 30th Infantry Division attacked across the Rhine River between Aachen and Geilenkirchen 2 October 1944 against strong German opposition. On the following day the 117th Infantry Regiment seized Uebach after house-to-house fighting as the 119th Infantry finally captured Rimburg Castle.

At 11:00 hrs, 2 October 1944, the 117th Infantry, along with the rest of the 30th Infantry Division, launched an attack on the Siegfried Line near Palenberg, Germany. It was here that Private Harold G. Kiner from Aline, Oklahoma, of Company F, 117th Infantry Regiment won the Medal of Honor. With four other men, Private Kiner was leading a frontal assault on a Siegfried Line pillbox near Palenberg, Germany. Machinegun fire from the strongly defended enemy position 25 yd away pinned down the attackers. The Germans threw hand grenades, one of which dropped between Private Kiner and two other men. With no hesitation, Private Kiner hurled himself upon the grenade, smothering the explosion. By his gallant action and voluntary sacrifice of his own life, he saved his two comrades from serious injury or death. The Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously to Private Kiner. Private Kiner was the fourth soldier from the regiment to be awarded the Medal of Honor. The 117th Infantry Regiment was assisted by elements of the 2nd Armored Division as it continued with slow progress against the West Wall. The 1st Battalion of the 117th Infantry Regiment was the only lead battalion to crack the West Wall for the entire XIX Corps. The regiment's advance was checked by a strong German counterattack on 9 October 1944 which isolated the 119th Infantry at North Wuerselen. The encirclement of Aachen was completed on 16 October 1944 when the 117th Infantry made contact with the 1st Infantry Division.

On 17 December 1944 the 117th Infantry Regiment was ordered to an assembly area in the vicinity of Hauset in the Belgian Ardennes. En route, the regiment was stopped by an assistant division commander and diverted to Malmedy and Stavelot to block a powerful German counterattack. As the regiment approached Stavelot it was noted that a German Panzer unit already occupied the town. Elements of the 117th Infantry were ordered to retake Stavelot, a key crossroads on the Amblève River. As they moved to their objectives, Axis Sally was on the radio that morning boasting of a huge counterattack though the Ardennes, which she said, could not possibly be stopped. She said "The fanatical 30th Division, Roosevelt’s SS Troops, are en route to the rescue, but this time they will be completely annihilated!" As the regiment approached the town of Stavelot, huge Tiger Royal (Mark VIb) tanks, and assault riflemen were observed in the center of town. The 1st Battalion of the regiment attacked and established a defensive position in the Town Square. The 1st Battalion was reinforced with tank destroyers, machineguns, and mortars. Late in the day, two American jeeps, and two half-ton trucks roared into Stavelot loaded with Germans dressed in American uniforms with guns blazing. The Tennesseans from the 117th quickly annihilated all the Germans captured and seized the jeeps and trucks.

It was determined that the Germans had occupied Stavelot with the 1st SS Adolf Hitler Division. This was the second time the 1st SS Adolf Hitler Division faced the 117th Infantry Regiment and the 30th Infantry Division during the Ardennes Offensive in the winter of 1944–45. The 1st SS Adolf Hitler Division, the main effort of the 1st SS Corps and the spearhead of the Sixth Panzer Army, gave up on their attempt to recapture Stavelot after the 117th Infantry Regiment repulsed six fanatical German assaults on 20 December 1944. Stavelot, like Mortain, was the key to the Sixth Panzer Army's attack in the Ardennes. It was estimated that at least 1000 German dead lined the bank of the Amblève River which was mute testimony to the heroic actions of the 1st battalion, 117th Infantry Regiment. Again the 117th Infantry Regiment had defeated the elite 1st SS Adolf Hitler Division, which was never again to do battle.

The 117th Infantry Regiment moved into Germany and arrived in Varlautenheide, Germany at 2:00 am, 3 February 1945. On 19 February 1945 Major General Leland Hobbs, CG 30th Infantry Division, for the Saint-Barthelemy (Mortain) Performance awarded the Presidential Unit Citation the regiment for actions in France at Saint-Barthelemy. They were also awarded the Belgian Fourragere for its performance in the Ardennes and for the regiment's part in the liberation of Belgium 4–10 September 1944.

On 23 February 1945 the 117th Infantry Regiment crossed the Roer River and continued to move into the heart of Germany. On 27 February 1945 elements of the 83d Infantry Division and the 2nd Armored Division passed through the regiment to exploit the Roer River breakthrough. The regiment spearheaded the Ninth Army's crossing of the Rhine River at 02:00 hrs on 24 March 1945. They drove west into Stockum, Germany, then crossed the Autobahn and went on to Hunxe, Germany. They captured a German Airfield here on 27 March 1945. On 31 March 1945, the 117th Infantry Regiment captured the Lippe Canal, then motored 55 mi to Brensteinfurt, Germany. Here they encountered a mass German surrender with German soldiers, hands up and running towards POW cages in the rear. Here they met the first of the streams of Allied prisoners, thin as skeletons, liberated from German prison camps along with laborers from Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, and France.

During the month of April 1945, the regiment continued its dash to towards the east. At 06:00 on 7 April 1945 the 117th Infantry Regiment attacked and took the town of Hamelin, Germany. Hamelin is famous for the Brothers Grimm story of "The Pied Piper of Hamelin" a children's fairy tale. Here the regiment captured hundreds of German soldiers as prisoners of war.

On 17 April 1945 the regiment seized the city of Magdeburg on the Elbe River. The regiment moved east on the morning of 18 April 1945 and by noon had closed on the Elbe River where they were ordered to set up a defense and wait for the Red Army. The regiment waited for three weeks on the Russians and the end of the war. On 27 May 1945 British troops occupied Magdeburg and the 117th Infantry moved 150 mi south to Oelsnitz and Bad Elster, Germany near the Czechoslovakian border for occupation. Plans were to transfer the regiment and the 30th Infantry Division to the Pacific Theater to fight the Japanese.

On 13 August 1945 the regiment boarded the Liberty Ship Marine Wolfe and sailed to Southampton, England. Before departing Southampton, news of the Japanese surrender canceled to the plans to move the regiment to the Pacific. On 17 August 1945 the regiment sailed on board the RMS Queen Mary from the Ocean Pier at Southampton. They arrived at Pier 90 in New York City, the port of debarkation on 21 August 1945. The 117th Infantry Regiment moved to Fort Jackson S.C. on 21 August 1945. The 117th Infantry Regiment was inactivated 17–24 November 1945 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina.

Cold War
In a letter to the 30th Division commander in May 1946, the Supreme Allied Headquarters Army Historian Colonel S.L.A. Marshall called the 30th Infantry Division the "Finest Infantry Division in the European Theater of Operations". Marshall wrote, "It is the combined judgments of the approximately 35 historical officers who had worked on the records and in the field that the 30th merited this distinction. It was our finding that the 30th had been outstanding in three operations and we could consistently recommend it for citation on any of these occasions. It was further found that it had in no single instance performed discreditably or weakly ... and in no single operation had it carried less than its share of the burden or looked bad when compared to the forces on its flanks. We were especially impressed with the fact that it consistently achieved results without undue wastage of its men."

On 31 July 1946, the 117th was reorganized. The 1st Battalion at Cleveland was withdrawn, expanded, and re-designated as the 278th Armored Infantry Battalion. The 2nd Battalion at Kingsport was withdrawn, converted, and re-designated as the 168th Military Police Battalion. New 1st and 2nd Battalions were constituted in West Tennessee. The 278th Armored Infantry Battalion was federally recognized on 1 September 1947 in eastern Tennessee with headquarters at Cleveland, continuing the lineage of the 117th Infantry Regiment. On 18 March 1947, the 278th Battalion was expanded to become the 278th Regimental Combat Team (RCT) with headquarters in Athens.

Korean War
On 1 September 1950, during the Korean War, the 278th RCT was ordered into active federal service at home stations and moved to Fort Devens, Massachusetts. Individual soldiers from the 278th RCT were sent to 8th US Army in Korea as replacements. The 1st Battalion remained in Fort Devens as a training battalion, while the 2nd Battalion was sent to Iceland for garrison duty. The RCT was released from federal service on 8 September 1954 after the end of the war and reverted to state control.

Reorganization and consolidation
On 27 October 1954, federal recognition was withdrawn from the 278th Infantry RCT and it was broken up, its units becoming part of the 30th Armored Division. Headquarters and 1st Battalion became the 278th Armored Infantry Battalion at Athens, 2nd Battalion became the 330th Antiaircraft Battalion at Kingsport, and the 3rd Battalion became the 190th Armored Infantry Battalion. The 117th Infantry was also broken up, with headquarters and 1st Battalion becoming the 170th Armored Infantry Battalion at Henderson, the 2nd Battalion becoming the 174th Tank Battalion at Murfreesboro, and the 3rd Battalion becoming the 117th Armored Infantry Battalion at Dyersburg.

On 1 March 1959, the 117th and 170th Armored Infantry Battalions consolidated with the 278th Armored Infantry Battalion, 330th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion and 176th Tank Battalion and were reorganized and redesignated as the 117th Infantry Regiment, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS). The new 117th consisted of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Battalions, all part of the 30th Armored Division. The 117th was reorganized to consist of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Battalions on 1 November 1973, with the 2nd and 3rd Battalions becoming part of the 278th Infantry Brigade and the 4th Battalion joining the 30th Armored Brigade. On the same day, the 278th Infantry Brigade was made a Separate Infantry Brigade, just before the 30th Armored Division was inactivated.

On 29 April 1977, the 278th (Separate) Infantry Brigade was reorganized and re-designated the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment, a separate corps maneuver Unit. Colonel Russell A. Newman was appointed as its first commander. The regimental motto, "I Volunteer Sir", was inspired by the volunteer units of east Tennessee in the Mexican–American War. The regiment's headquarters and headquarters troop (HHT) was redesignated on 1 May from the headquarters and headquarters company (HHC) of the 278th Brigade. The 1st and 2nd Squadrons were redesignated from existing units on the same day. The 2nd Battalion, 117th's HHC was redesignated as the HHT of the 278th ACR's 1st Squadron at Athens. 1st Squadron was mostly redesignated from the 2nd Battalion. The 1st Squadron's Troop A was redesignated from Company B at Cleveland, Troop B from the Support Company at Sweetwater, Detachment 1 of Troop B from Company C at Lenoir City, Troop C from the 376th Signal Company at Newport, Company D from Detachment 1 of the 130th Military Police Company at Oak Ridge, and the Howitzer Battery from Company A at Maryville.

The headquarters and headquarters detachment of the 330th Transportation Battalion at Kingsport was redesignated as the HHT of the 2nd Squadron. Troop E was redesignated from the 1130th Transportation Company at Morristown, Troop F from the 1174th Transportation Company at Bristol, Troop G from Detachment 1 of the 376th Signal Company at Greeneville, Company H from the 130th Military Police Company at Clinton, and the Howitzer Battery from Detachment 1 of the 117th's 2nd Battalion at Knoxville. On 30 September 1978, the 777th Maintenance Company (GS), a separate unit stationed in Knoxville at the Knoxville Armory, was reorganized and redesignated as the Air Troop of the 278th. The unit was later relocated to Alcoa. A year later, the 450th Assault Helicopter Company, stationed in Smyrna, was reorganized and redesignated as the Attack Helicopter Troop of the regiment. The headquarters and headquarters detachment of the 130th Aviation Battalion and the 1155th Transportation Company (Aviation Intermediate Maintenance) were attached to the 278th by the State Area Command to serve as command and control for the separate air troop and attack helicopter troop.

On 1 February 1980, the HHC of the 3rd Battalion, 117th at Cookeville was redesignated as the HHT of the 278th ACR's 3rd Squadron. 3rd Squadron was mostly redesignated from the 117th's 3rd Battalion. Troop I was redesignated from Company A at McMinnville, Detachment 1 of Troop I from Detachment 1 of Company A at Smithville, Troop K from the Support Company at Livingston, Detachment 1 of Troop K from Detachment 1 of Company B at Jamestown, Troop L from Detachment 1 of the Support Company at Crossville, Detachment 1 of Troop L from Detachment 1 of Company C at Harriman, Company M from Company C at Rockwood, and the Howitzer Battery from Company B at Sparta. The 1174th Medium Truck Company (Separate) was reorganized and redesignated as the regiment's 190th Engineer Company on 1 October at Pulaski. Detachment 1 was located at Waynesboro. On 17 October 1986, the 278th's aviation units were consolidated into a new 4th Squadron, the regiment's aviation squadron.

While the 278th Military Intelligence (MI) Company in the ARNG is currently the MI organization for the 278th ACR, that was not always the case. From 1987 until 1997, the 278th's MI unit was the 302nd MI Company, U.S. Army Reserve (USAR), stationed in Memphis, TN. The MI organization for the 278th converted from the USAR to the ARNG as part of the realignment of combat, combat service, and combat service support units between the Army's two Reserve Components that began in 1995.

The 302d MI Company was organized with a major (MAJ) as the company commander, and was authorized 156 soldiers. In addition to the company headquarters element, the 302nd had a technical control and analysis element (TCAE), two collection and jamming (C&J) platoons, one ground surveillance (radar) (GSR) platoon, one counterintelligence (CI)/human intelligence (HUMINT) platoon, one communications platoon, and support personnel, including food service, motor maintenance, and communications/electronics repair.

Operation Iraqi Freedom III
The 278th ACR (278th RCT) deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom III (2004–2005) from late November 2004 until November 2005 under the command of COL Dennis Adams. The 278th mobilized out of Camp Shelby, MS beginning in June 2004 with roughly 5800 members. Its major attachments were the 1/128th Infantry (the "Eagle Battalion"), Wisconsin National Guard, and the 386th Engineers from the Texas National Guard.

While conducting mobilization training at Camp Shelby, the three armored cavalry troops of each squadron were equipped with nine M1A1 Abrams main battle tanks, 13 M3A2 Bradley fighting vehicles, and two 120 mm mortar carriers. The howitzer battery had six 155mm M109A6 howitzers and four Bradleys for the fire support teams while the tank company had 14 more M1A1s. Each armored cavalry squadron also had two additional M1A1s for the squadron commanders and their operations officers (S-3).

The 278th RCT took over from the 30th BCT, North Carolina, commanded by BG Danny Hickman on Christmas Eve 2004 at FOB Caldwell where the regimental headquarters was established. Initially the 278th RCT fell under Task Force Danger and the 1st Infantry Division. In February 2005 the 278th became part of Task Force Liberty commanded by the 42nd Infantry Division. The 1/278th and the 386th Engineer Battalion were located at FOB Caldwell along with the regimental HQ. The regiment operated along the Iranian border in the Diyala Province and in the center of an ethnic triangle formed by Arabs, Kurds and Turkomen in the Salah Ah Din Province. Each squadron was assigned to a FOB (forward operating base) and detachments sent to other locations, with some performing convoy escort missions from Kuwait to Mosul. The 101st Airborne Division (AASLT) replaced the 278th RCT upon the 278th's redeployment to the United States.

FOB assignments:

FOB Caldwell (Balad Ruz- Kirkush Military Training Base): RHHT, Regimental Reconnaissance Troop (RRT), SPT/278th ACR,1/278th ACR and attachments.

FOB Cobra (Jalula, Iraq): 3/278th ACR and attachments, B Co 1/128 Infantry and soldiers from C Co 386th Engineer Battalion.

FOB Bernstein (Tuz Khurmatu, Iraq): 2/278th ACR and attachments. During their deployment to FOB Bernstein and AO Peacemaker in 2004–05 members of the medical platoon, 2/278th ACR were awarded six Army Commendation Medals with Device for Valor, one Bronze Star with Device for Valor and two Purple Hearts for actions they were involved in.

FOB McKenzie (Samara East Airbase):3rd Platoon, Lightning Troop 3/278th. Attachments from Pasadena, TX and Wisconsin infantry.

FOB O'Ryan (Near Ad Dujayl, Iraq): D Co 1/278th ACR (attached to 1–128 Infantry Battalion, 32nd Infantry Brigade, Wisconsin ARNG) which was assigned to the 1st Brigade (Raiders), 3rd Infantry Division.

International Zone (Baghdad Iraq): Troop F 2/278th ACR. Attached to 1st Cavalry (3–8 Cavalry) and later under 3rd Infantry Division (4–64 Tuskers) Under the name Task-force Baghdad.

The FOBs included: Black hawk, Prosperity, Union (Trojan Horse). This troop was responsible for security mission that included a mission with the CIA to guard the interim prime minister's house. Other missions included patrolling, providing listening and observation posts (LP/OPs) during elections and for force protection of the International Zone. This unit conducted checkpoints, convoy operations and provided security for the Naval Special Warfare EOD teams as well as Australian bomb squads.

Eight 278th ACR soldiers were killed in action in Iraq in 2005. Two more died of accidents or natural causes.

Operation Iraqi Freedom 9-11
The 278th deployed again to Iraq in 2010 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 9-11.

The 278th mobilized out of JFTC Shelby (Camp Shelby) beginning in December 2009 with attachments from Michigan, Wisconsin, Tennessee, and West Virginia National Guard units. The 278th acted as the convoy security element for the 13th ESC, and was tasked with the protection of retrograde activities and FOB closures from the Turkish border to Kuwait.

FOB Assignments:

Camp Taji: RHHT/278 ACR, SPT/278 ACR, RTS/278 ACR

COB Speicher: 3/278 ACR

Joint Base Balad: 2/278 ACR

FOB Q-West: 1/278 ACR

FOB Marez/Diamond Back: RFS/278 ACR

FOB Prosperity:

Spc. Robert D. West received a Purple Heart and Combat Action Badge for injuries sustained on 31 May 2010 while assigned to 2nd Platoon RFS/278 ACR on a return mission to Marez/Diamond. After passing through an Iraqi Army checkpoint his vehicle was hit with two IEDs, injuring West. West climbed back into the turret and manned the .50BMG until he and the vehicle's crew were moved to surrounding vehicles. After undergoing medical treatment West returned to his unit and remained in theatre until his unit redeployed to the United States in August 2010 with no fatalities.

Equipment
1st and 3rd Squadrons are armored battalions and have 2 tank companies each and 1 mechanized infantry company each. Each tank company (troop) is equipped with 14 M1A1 SA (situational awareness variant) main battle tanks. Each Infantry company (troop) is equipped with M2A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle. 2nd squadron is a mechanized infantry battalion and consists of 2 mechanized infantry companies and 1 tank company. The Field Artillery Squadron (FAS) consists of three artillery batteries (fielding M109A6 Paladins), a support troop, and headquarters troop.

Campaign participation credit

 * WORLD WAR I
 * 1) Offensive
 * 2) Ypres-Lys
 * 3) Flanders 1918
 * WORLD WAR II
 * 1) Normandy
 * 2) Northern France
 * 3) Rhineland
 * 4) Ardennes-Alsace
 * 5) Central Europe
 * 6) Guinea
 * 7) Leyte
 * 8) Luzon
 * 9) Ryukyus (with arrowhead)

HHT/2/278 ACR (Cookeville); HQ/SPT/278 ACR (Smyrna); and B(-)/1/278 ACR (Clarksville) each additionally entitled to:
 * WORLD WAR II
 * 1) Southern Philippines

Decorations

 * 1) Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered ST. BARTHELMY
 * 2) Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered UBACH
 * 3) Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered SCHERPENSEEL
 * 4) French Croix de Guerre with Silver Star, World War II, Steamer embroidered SCHERPENSEEL
 * 5) French Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, Steamer embroidered FRANCE
 * 6) Belgian Fourragere 1940
 * 7) Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for actions in Belgium
 * 8) Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for actions in ARDENNES
 * A(-)/RFS/278 ACR (Maryville), additionally entitled to:
 * 1) French Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, Steamer embroidered MOSELLE RIVER
 * HHT/2/278 ACR (Cookeville); HHT/SPT/278 (Smyrna): and B(-)/1/278 ACR (Clarksville) each additionally entitled to:
 * 1) Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945

Medal of Honor recipients

 * World War I
 * James E. Karnes
 * Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company D, 117th Infantry, 30th Division.
 * Place and date: Near Estrees, France, 8 October 1918.
 * Citation: During an advance, his company was held up by a machinegun, which was enfilading the line. Accompanied by another soldier, he advanced against this position and succeeded in reducing the nest by killing 3 and capturing 7 of the enemy and their guns.

 * Edward R. Talley
 * Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company L, 117th Infantry, 30th Division.
 * Place and date: Near Ponchaux, France, 7 October 1918.
 * Citation: Undeterred by seeing several comrades killed in attempting to put a hostile machinegun nest out of action, Sgt. Talley attacked the position single-handed. Armed only with a rifle, he rushed the nest in the face of intense enemy fire, killed or wounded at least 6 of the crew, and silenced the gun. When the enemy attempted to bring forward another gun and ammunition he drove them back by effective fire from his rifle.

 * Calvin John Ward
 * Rank and organization: Private, Company D, 117th Infantry, 30th Division.
 * Place and date: Near Estrees, France, 8 October 1918.
 * Citation: During an advance, Pvt. Ward's company was held up by a machinegun, which was enfilading the line. Accompanied by a noncommissioned officer, he advanced against this post and succeeded in reducing the nest by killing 3 and capturing 7 of the enemy and their guns.

 * World War II
 * Harold G. Kiner
 * Rank and organization: Private, Company F, 117th Infantry, 30th Infantry Division.
 * Place and date: Near Palenberg, Germany, 2 October 1944.
 * Citation: With 4 other men, he was leading in a frontal assault 2 October 1944, on a Siegfried Line pillbox near Palenberg, Germany. Machinegun fire from the strongly defended enemy position 25 yd away pinned down the attackers. The Germans threw hand grenades, one of which dropped between Pvt. Kiner and 2 other men. With no hesitation, Private Kiner hurled himself upon the grenade, smothering the explosion. By his gallant action and voluntary sacrifice of his own life, he saved his 2 comrades from serious injury or death.

title: 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment


text:
Talk:Saint Regis University

Removal (Aug 2004)
Removed from the article:

 * Saint Regis University is based in Liberia and is accredited by the Liberian Government, nota bene National Commission of Higher Education. St. Regis University was originally chartered January 10, 1984, Created by Decree of the People's Redemption Council Government of Liberia, as a private school. In 1998, St. Regis University added distance education programs as a way to better serve students, offering affordable programs without sacrificing quality, and began a four year accreditation process.

 * On August 28, 2002, St. Regis University completed all accreditation requirements and received formal recognition by the Higher Education Commission of the Education Ministry of Liberia as a legal, valid and authentic university, operating under the authority and in conformity with all current laws and regulations ruling educational competency certification of the Republic of Liberia. The Higher Education Commission of the Education Ministry of Liberia is solely responsible for granting recognition to post-secondary education institutions in Liberia including St. Regis University, University of Liberia and Cuttington University College.

 * The Republic of Liberia is one of the earliest United Nations Educational Organization UNESCO Higher Education Partners, and a historical American Colony. St. Regis University is accredited as a degree-awarding post-secondary institution of higher education in the form of a university by the National Commission on Higher Education, the Higher Education accrediting authority of the Ministry of Education in the Government of Liberia

 * The school grants degrees based on classes and "vocational experiences" and avoids redundant education.

 * Many critics claim the latter as irregular as this is different from their traditional opinion and education.

Cites, please, for these assertions? How is this consistent with this school not appearing on the UNESCO list of universities? -- Karada 12:19, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Removal (Feb 2005)
To the user or users that keep erasing the expanded article.

Please stop this. Wikipedia policy is to keep things real. If you do not agree with something do not delete it, but rather expand on it. All pertinent information should be allowed.

10:14, 28 February 2005 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.221.26.171 (talk • contribs)

Ministry in Liberia
The Ministry in Liberia stated that: No officials from Georgia Professional Standards had contacted the Commission off higher Education regarding these most serious allegations. The statements made by Mr Toth are libelous and defamatory and insulting to the Republic of Liberia and our Education Ministry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.93.60.42 (talk • contribs) 09:22, 10 May 2006

 * Please stop inserting the above sentences in the article unless you can 1) provide a citation and 2) word them with a neutral POV. And signing your comments on the talk page would be a good idea. BuckRose 20:05, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Apparent Vandalism
Consejero has apparently reapplyed what I consider mild vandalism to the article. Consejero, if that was not your intent please discuss your changes here and get some kind of consensus before making changes. Complaints or suggestions as to what should be in the article belong on this talk page not the article itself. Thanks, Bill Huffman 07:10, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Consejero, I reverted your last edit because there's already a link to Diploma Mill and an explanation of what a diploma mill actually is doesn't belong in the section of other references. Bill Huffman 20:50, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Need source(s) for "connected institutions"
The following article text is no longer supported by the cited online reference:

Connected institutions

 * The following are defunct "schools" run by the Regis operators

I also did not find suitable support for this list in the archive.org version of the old ODA website. That lists only some of these "schools."
 * Al Qasim University (Pakistan)
 * All Saints American University (Liberia)
 * Bangalore Inst of Science, Tech. and Mgt (India)
 * Blackstone University
 * Capital American University (Liberia)
 * Center College of Executive & Professional Development (India)
 * Colony University (Liberia)
 * InTech University (Liberia)
 * James Monroe University (Liberia, operated from Washington, Idaho and Arizona)
 * Miranda International University (Tennessee, Washington, and Seborga, Italy)
 * Nation State University
 * North United University
 * Panama Canal University
 * Port Rhode University
 * Robertstown University (Liberia, operated from Washington state, Idaho and Arizona.)
 * St. Lourdes University
 * St. Renoir University
 * Trinity Christian School
 * Synergystics (ODA notes it "may" be connected)
 * University College for Advanced Studies (India)
 * Van Ives University
 * West Coast University (Panama, Western Australia, UK)

Is there another source?--orlady 00:27, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

As it happens, I find that many of these schools appear individually on state lists, such as the Oregon list and the Texas list, with notes indicating the St. Regis connection. The Texas list has Al Qasim, All Saints American University, American Capital University (not listed above), Americana U (not listed above), Bangalore Inst, Blackstone, Capital American, Center College of Executive & Professional Development, Colony, Hampton Bay (not listed above), Hartland (not listed above), InTech, James Monroe (widely documented on the web), Miranda, Nation State, New Manhattan University (not listed above), North United University, Panama Canal, Port Rhode, Robertstown (widely documented on teh web), St. Lourdes, Stanley State (not listed above), Synergystics, University College for Advanced Studies, Van Ives, and West Coast.--orlady 03:25, 16 July 2007 (UTC) Italicized portion added for clarification.--orlady 15:20, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

The best way to track whether the same person owns multiple diploma mills is to look at the person that registered the web address or sometimes multiple diploma mills will use the exact same web server. The problem with such relationships though is that once the websites are closed there's usually very little evidence available to be able to track down the source. Fake school websites can be put up in a day or two and these academic frauds don't care about copyrights and will sometimes copy the website of another competing diploma mill or even real school. Of course the St Regis family of bogus schools is a special case in that there might be court documents released some day with the results of an investigation. Regards, Bill Huffman 14:45, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

As we are all aware, a further issue with using web addresses, similarity of websites, etc., to track down ownership of diploma mills is that it's original research. In order to list institutions as "connected", I think Wikipedia needs to be able to point to a document where somebody else (such as the state of Oregon or the state of Texas) says that these institutions are connected. As you say, a court document would be an excellent source. :-) --orlady 15:17, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've cleaned up the list, as based on the Maine list. TallMagic (talk) 17:50, 6 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Compiling a list from multiple sources is okay, but encyclopedic only if the list is reasonably short and correct (otherwise, too much listing). It makes sense if more than one source is combined to demand that list entries are individually cited, particularly on a contentious issue.  See, e.g. the List of unrecognized tribes article.  Compiling a list based on web address ownership is indeed original research.  Wikidemon (talk) 19:13, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

NYT published an excellent summary
I don't have time today to work it in, but I encourage editors to use this source article which covers much of these crooks activities and the resulting law suit. NY Times --Bobak (talk) 16:30, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

BBC INvestigation
Names and details of some of the thousands of British citizens who subscribed to this fraud are apparently available from the BBC sources. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.139.79.187 (talk) 11:35, 6 September 2008 (UTC)
 * We shouldn't link directly to websites that impugn living people - that's a WP:BLP / WP:EL issue. If the publication of these lists is itself a notable event then we can report that it has been done.  People will just have to take the extra step of using google if they want to find them.Wikidemon (talk) 19:15, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Repeated attempts to delete the list of probable buyers published by the Spokesman Review
I've noticed that there are repeated attempts by some visitors to delete the link to the list of probable St. Regis customers that was published by the Spokane Spokesman Review. This will need to be watched! G-gollin (talk) 04:35, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes indeed! However, I do question whether that should be there.  It could be considered a WP:BLP violation because it outs a number of folks who took part in the scheme by purchasing a degree.Wikidemon (talk) 05:27, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

This seems to be a complicated issue in terms of policies. I would suggest that advice be requested from an appropriate W authority. Afterwriting (talk) 08:45, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The Spokesman Review article warning "Buyers of bogus degrees named" is a perfectly notable and wonderful article. I see absolutely no conflict with wp:BLP. It's simply an article that warns people that might be tempted to buy bogus degrees that they may be exposed should they decide on such a path. I don't see any conflict with wp:BLP. "This page in a nutshell: Wikipedia articles can affect real people's lives. This gives us an ethical and legal responsibility. Biographical material must be written with the greatest care and attention to verifiability, neutrality and avoiding original research." It could be reasonably argued that it would be different if we tried to copy the list into Wikipedia. External articles written by reliable sources do NOT have to follow Wikipedia policies. Referencing an external article that doesn't follow Wikpedia policies does not violate Wikpedia policies in my view but I'm more than willing to consider such a conclusion should anyone present such an argument. Regards, TallMagic (talk) 13:44, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

St. Regis University was supposed to be in Liberia
I'm not sure what the purpose of the categories are. So, I'm not sure which way is better but St. Regis University was supposed to be in Liberia not the USA. Why was a category added saying USA? Zugman (talk) 21:38, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Saint Regis University


text:
Talk:Nick Cave

Nick Cave's sons
Nick Cave's eldest son was Jethro Lazenbury, who was born 10 days before Luke according to an article in The Guardian announcing his death: https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/may/09/jethro-lazenby-son-of-nick-cave-dies-aged-31

I edited the article to make this change but it was reverted. Maybe somebody else can follow up on it. Thanks. 192.252.235.92 (talk) 11:42, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nick Cave


text:
British Encyclopaedia, or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences

The British Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, claimed by its publishers to be a work "Comprising an accurate and popular view of the present improved state of human knowledge", was published at London in 1809 in six octavo volumes and around 150 plates.

The title page credits William Nicholson as the author, and much of the work was overseen by Jeremiah Joyce. Some of the plates were drawn by John Farey Jr., and engraved by Wilson Lowry and Scott.

The work was published by a syndicate of twenty-three booksellers whose names appear on the title page of each volume, headed by the firm of Longman, Hurst, Rees, & Orme. Each purchased shares and in due time received a proportional profit from the eventual sales. This method of publishing was common in the 18th and early 19th century and was known as a conger. It was particularly suited to multi-part works such as encyclopaedias.

The Philadelphia publishing house of Mitchell, Ames, & White published three American editions of The British Encyclopedia. The first American edition appeared in 1816-17 but little else is known of this edition. The second American edition appeared in 1818 in twelve volumes, and the third American, also in twelve volumes, closely followed in 1819 and 1821.

In 1998 John Issitt compared the text of The British Encyclopedia with the text of Gregory's A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, which was published in 1806-1807 and also edited by Jeremiah Joyce. Issitt suggests that Joyce developed Nicholson's Encyclopedia largely from the text of his prior work on Gregory's Dictionary, and he contends, without an empirical showing, that 50% of the text of the two works is identical. If Issitt is correct, given that Gregory's Dictionary appeared in two folio volumes and Nicholson's Encyclopedia was presented in six octavo volumes, it would seem that Joyce must have copied nearly the whole of Gregory's Dictionary into Nicholson's Encyclopedia. By observation of a sample of headwords and their articles between bergamot and bignonia, we find in Gregory 34 heads in 8 columns and in Nicholson 27 heads in 21 columns; of these, 17 articles share some text, and of these, only seven very short articles in Gregory are copied directly and with minimal paraphrasing into Nicholson. This is sufficient to demonstrate that Gregory's Dictionary was indeed a useful resource for Nicholson's Encyclopedia, but within this sample, less than two columns of text in Gregory can be found in Nicholson, and less than three columns of text in Nicholson can be found in Gregory. This sample then suggests that less than 25% of the text of Gregory found its way into Nicholson, and that of Nicholson's text, less than 15% can be traced to Gregory.