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Adhesion

Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. (Cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles and surfaces to cling to one another.)

The forces that cause adhesion and cohesion can be divided into several types. The intermolecular forces responsible for the function of various kinds of stickers and sticky tape fall into the categories of chemical adhesion, dispersive adhesion, and diffusive adhesion. In addition to the cumulative magnitudes of these intermolecular forces, there are also certain emergent mechanical effects.

Surface energy

Surface energy is conventionally defined as the work that is required to build an area of a particular surface. Another way to view the surface energy is to relate it to the work required to cleave a bulk sample, creating two surfaces. If the new surfaces are identical, the surface energy γ of each surface is equal to half the work of cleavage, W: γ = (1/2)W11.

If the surfaces are unequal, the Young-Dupré equation applies: W12 = γ1 + γ2 – γ12, where γ1 and γ2 are the surface energies of the two new surfaces, and γ12 is the interfacial energy.

This methodology can also be used to discuss cleavage that happens in another medium: γ12 = (1/2)W121 = (1/2)W212. These two energy quantities refer to the energy that is needed to cleave one species into two pieces while it is contained in a medium of the other species. Likewise for a three species system: γ13 + γ23 – γ12 = W12 + W33 – W13 – W23 = W132, where W132 is the energy of cleaving species 1 from species 2 in a medium of species 3.

A basic understanding of the terminology of cleavage energy, surface energy, and surface tension is very helpful for understanding the physical state and the events that happen at a given surface, but as discussed below, the theory of these variables also yields some interesting effects that concern the practicality of adhesive surfaces in relation to their surroundings.

Mechanisms
There is no single theory covering adhesion, and particular mechanisms are specific to particular material scenarios. Five mechanisms of adhesion have been proposed to explain why one material sticks to another:

Mechanical
Adhesive materials fill the voids or pores of the surfaces and hold surfaces together by interlocking. Other interlocking phenomena are observed on different length scales. Sewing is an example of two materials forming a large scale mechanical bond, velcro forms one on a medium scale, and some textile adhesives (glue) form one at a small scale.

Chemical
Two materials may form a compound at the joint. The strongest joints are where atoms of the two materials share or swap electrons (known respectively as covalent bonding or ionic bonding). A weaker bond is formed if a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an atom of nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine in another molecule, a phenomenon called hydrogen bonding.

Chemical adhesion occurs when the surface atoms of two separate surfaces form ionic, covalent, or hydrogen bonds. The engineering principle behind chemical adhesion in this sense is fairly straightforward: if surface molecules can bond, then the surfaces will be bonded together by a network of these bonds. It bears mentioning that these attractive ionic and covalent forces are effective over only very small distances – less than a nanometer. This means in general not only that surfaces with the potential for chemical bonding need to be brought very close together, but also that these bonds are fairly brittle, since the surfaces then need to be kept close together.

Dispersive
In dispersive adhesion, also known as physisorption, two materials are held together by van der Waals forces: the attraction between two molecules, each of which has a region of slight positive and negative charge. In the simple case, such molecules are therefore polar with respect to average charge density, although in larger or more complex molecules, there may be multiple "poles" or regions of greater positive or negative charge. These positive and negative poles may be a permanent property of a molecule (Keesom forces) or a transient effect which can occur in any molecule, as the random movement of electrons within the molecules may result in a temporary concentration of electrons in one region (London forces).

In surface science, the term adhesion almost always refers to dispersive adhesion. In a typical solid-liquid-gas system (such as a drop of liquid on a solid surrounded by air) the contact angle is used to evaluate adhesiveness indirectly, while a Centrifugal Adhesion Balance    allows for direct quantitative adhesion measurements. Generally, cases where the contact angle is low are considered of higher adhesion per unit area. This approach assumes that the lower contact angle corresponds to a higher surface energy. Theoretically, the more exact relation between contact angle and work of adhesion is more involved and is given by the Young-Dupre equation. The contact angle of the three-phase system is a function not only of dispersive adhesion (interaction between the molecules in the liquid and the molecules in the solid) but also cohesion (interaction between the liquid molecules themselves). Strong adhesion and weak cohesion results in a high degree of wetting, a lyophilic condition with low measured contact angles. Conversely, weak adhesion and strong cohesion results in lyophobic conditions with high measured contact angles and poor wetting.

London dispersion forces are particularly useful for the function of adhesive devices, because they do not require either surface to have any permanent polarity. They were described in the 1930s by Fritz London, and have been observed by many researchers. Dispersive forces are a consequence of statistical quantum mechanics. London theorized that attractive forces between molecules that cannot be explained by ionic or covalent interaction can be caused by polar moments within molecules. Multipoles could account for attraction between molecules having permanent multipole moments that participate in electrostatic interaction. However, experimental data showed that many of the compounds observed to experience van der Waals forces had no multipoles at all. London suggested that momentary dipoles are induced purely by virtue of molecules being in proximity to one another. By solving the quantum mechanical system of two electrons as harmonic oscillators at some finite distance from one another, being displaced about their respective rest positions and interacting with each other's fields, London showed that the energy of this system is given by:

 * $$E = 3 h \nu - \frac{3}{4} \frac{h \nu \alpha^2}{R^6}$$

While the first term is simply the zero-point energy, the negative second term describes an attractive force between neighboring oscillators. The same argument can also be extended to a large number of coupled oscillators, and thus skirts issues that would negate the large scale attractive effects of permanent dipoles cancelling through symmetry, in particular.

The additive nature of the dispersion effect has another useful consequence. Consider a single such dispersive dipole, referred to as the origin dipole. Since any origin dipole is inherently oriented so as to be attracted to the adjacent dipoles it induces, while the other, more distant dipoles are not correlated with the original dipole by any phase relation (thus on average contributing nothing), there is a net attractive force in a bulk of such particles. When considering identical particles, this is called cohesive force.

When discussing adhesion, this theory needs to be converted into terms relating to surfaces. If there is a net attractive energy of cohesion in a bulk of similar molecules, then cleaving this bulk to produce two surfaces will yield surfaces with a dispersive surface energy, since the form of the energy remain the same. This theory provides a basis for the existence of van der Waals forces at the surface, which exist between any molecules having electrons. These forces are easily observed through the spontaneous jumping of smooth surfaces into contact. Smooth surfaces of mica, gold, various polymers and solid gelatin solutions do not stay apart when their separating becomes small enough – on the order of 1–10 nm. The equation describing these attractions was predicted in the 1930s by De Boer and Hamaker:

 * $$\frac{P}{area} = -\frac{A}{24 \pi z^3}$$

where P is the force (negative for attraction), z is the separation distance, and A is a material-specific constant called the Hamaker constant.

The effect is also apparent in experiments where a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp is made with small periodic post structures. The surface with the posts is placed face down on a smooth surface, such that the surface area in between each post is elevated above the smooth surface, like a roof supported by columns. Because of these attractive dispersive forces between the PDMS and the smooth substrate, the elevated surface – or “roof” – collapses down onto the substrate without any external force aside from the van der Waals attraction. Simple smooth polymer surfaces – without any microstructures – are commonly used for these dispersive adhesive properties. Decals and stickers that adhere to glass without using any chemical adhesives are fairly common as toys and decorations and useful as removable labels because they do not rapidly lose their adhesive properties, as do sticky tapes that use adhesive chemical compounds.

These forces also act over very small distances – 99% of the work necessary to break van der Waals bonds is done once surfaces are pulled more than a nanometer apart. As a result of this limited motion in both the van der Waals and ionic/covalent bonding situations, practical effectiveness of adhesion due to either or both of these interactions leaves much to be desired. Once a crack is initiated, it propagates easily along the interface because of the brittle nature of the interfacial bonds.

As an additional consequence, increasing surface area often does little to enhance the strength of the adhesion in this situation. This follows from the aforementioned crack failure – the stress at the interface is not uniformly distributed, but rather concentrated at the area of failure.

Electrostatic
Some conducting materials may pass electrons to form a difference in electrical charge at the joint. This results in a structure similar to a capacitor and creates an attractive electrostatic force between the materials.

Diffusive
Some materials may merge at the joint by diffusion. This may occur when the molecules of both materials are mobile and soluble in each other. This would be particularly effective with polymer chains where one end of the molecule diffuses into the other material. It is also the mechanism involved in sintering. When metal or ceramic powders are pressed together and heated, atoms diffuse from one particle to the next. This joins the particles into one.

Diffusive forces are somewhat like mechanical tethering at the molecular level. Diffusive bonding occurs when species from one surface penetrate into an adjacent surface while still being bound to the phase of their surface of origin. One instructive example is that of polymer-on-polymer surfaces. Diffusive bonding in polymer-on-polymer surfaces is the result of sections of polymer chains from one surface interdigitating with those of an adjacent surface. The freedom of movement of the polymers has a strong effect on their ability to interdigitate, and hence, on diffusive bonding. For example, cross-linked polymers are less capable of diffusion and interdigitation because they are bonded together at many points of contact, and are not free to twist into the adjacent surface. Uncrosslinked polymers (thermoplastics), on the other hand are freer to wander into the adjacent phase by extending tails and loops across the interface.

Another circumstance under which diffusive bonding occurs is “scission”. Chain scission is the cutting up of polymer chains, resulting in a higher concentration of distal tails. The heightened concentration of these chain ends gives rise to a heightened concentration of polymer tails extending across the interface. Scission is easily achieved by ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of oxygen gas, which suggests that adhesive devices employing diffusive bonding actually benefit from prolonged exposure to heat/light and air. The longer such a device is exposed to these conditions, the more tails are scissed and branch out across the interface.

Once across the interface, the tails and loops form whatever bonds are favorable. In the case of polymer-on-polymer surfaces, this means more van der Waals forces. While these may be brittle, they are quite strong when a large network of these bonds is formed. The outermost layer of each surface plays a crucial role in the adhesive properties of such interfaces, as even a tiny amount of interdigitation – as little as one or two tails of 1.25 angstrom length – can increase the van der Waals bonds by an order of magnitude.

Strength
The strength of the adhesion between two materials depends on which of the above mechanisms occur between the two materials, and the surface area over which the two materials contact. Materials that wet against each other tend to have a larger contact area than those that do not. Wetting depends on the surface energy of the materials.

Low surface energy materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyoxymethylene are difficult to bond without special surface preparation.

Another factor determining the strength of an adhesive contact is its shape. Adhesive contacts of complex shape begin to detach at the "edges" of the contact area. The process of destruction of adhesive contacts can be seen in the film.

Other effects
In concert with the primary surface forces described above, there are several circumstantial effects in play. While the forces themselves each contribute to the magnitude of the adhesion between the surfaces, the following play a crucial role in the overall strength and reliability of an adhesive device.

Stringing

Stringing is perhaps the most crucial of these effects, and is often seen on adhesive tapes. Stringing occurs when a separation of two surfaces is beginning and molecules at the interface bridge out across the gap, rather than cracking like the interface itself. The most significant consequence of this effect is the restraint of the crack. By providing the otherwise brittle interfacial bonds with some flexibility, the molecules that are stringing across the gap can stop the crack from propagating. Another way to understand this phenomenon is by comparing it to the stress concentration at the point of failure mentioned earlier. Since the stress is now spread out over some area, the stress at any given point has less of a chance of overwhelming the total adhesive force between the surfaces. If failure does occur at an interface containing a viscoelastic adhesive agent, and a crack does propagate, it happens by a gradual process called “fingering”, rather than a rapid, brittle fracture. Stringing can apply to both the diffusive bonding regime and the chemical bonding regime. The strings of molecules bridging across the gap would either be the molecules that had earlier diffused across the interface or the viscoelastic adhesive, provided that there was a significant volume of it at the interface.

Microstructures
The interplay of molecular scale mechanisms and hierarchical surface structures is known to result in high levels of static friction and bonding between pairs of surfaces. Technologically advanced adhesive devices sometimes make use of microstructures on surfaces, such as tightly packed periodic posts. These are biomimetic technologies inspired by the adhesive abilities of the feet of various arthropods and vertebrates (most notably, geckos). By intermixing periodic breaks into smooth, adhesive surfaces, the interface acquires valuable crack-arresting properties. Because crack initiation requires much greater stress than does crack propagation, surfaces like these are much harder to separate, as a new crack has to be restarted every time the next individual microstructure is reached.

Hysteresis
Hysteresis, in this case, refers to the restructuring of the adhesive interface over some period of time, with the result being that the work needed to separate two surfaces is greater than the work that was gained by bringing them together (W > γ1 + γ2). For the most part, this is a phenomenon associated with diffusive bonding. The more time is given for a pair of surfaces exhibiting diffusive bonding to restructure, the more diffusion will occur, the stronger the adhesion will become. The aforementioned reaction of certain polymer-on-polymer surfaces to ultraviolet radiation and oxygen gas is an instance of hysteresis, but it will also happen over time without those factors.

In addition to being able to observe hysteresis by determining if W > γ1 + γ2 is true, one can also find evidence of it by performing “stop-start” measurements. In these experiments, two surfaces slide against one another continuously and occasionally stopped for some measured amount of time. Results from experiments on polymer-on-polymer surfaces show that if the stopping time is short enough, resumption of smooth sliding is easy. If, however, the stopping time exceeds some limit, there is an initial increase of resistance to motion, indicating that the stopping time was sufficient for the surfaces to restructure.

Wettability and absorption
Some atmospheric effects on the functionality of adhesive devices can be characterized by following the theory of surface energy and interfacial tension. It is known that γ12 = (1/2)W121 = (1/2)W212. If γ12 is high, then each species finds it favorable to cohere while in contact with a foreign species, rather than dissociate and mix with the other. If this is true, then it follows that when the interfacial tension is high, the force of adhesion is weak, since each species does not find it favorable to bond to the other. The interfacial tension of a liquid and a solid is directly related to the liquid's wettability (relative to the solid), and thus one can extrapolate that cohesion increases in non-wetting liquids and decreases in wetting liquids. One example that verifies this is polydimethyl siloxane rubber, which has a work of self-adhesion of 43.6 mJ/m2 in air, 74 mJ/m2 in water (a nonwetting liquid) and 6 mJ/m2 in methanol (a wetting liquid).

This argument can be extended to the idea that when a surface is in a medium with which binding is favorable, it will be less likely to adhere to another surface, since the medium is taking up the potential sites on the surface that would otherwise be available to adhere to another surface. Naturally this applies very strongly to wetting liquids, but also to gas molecules that could adsorb onto the surface in question, thereby occupying potential adhesion sites. This last point is actually fairly intuitive: Leaving an adhesive exposed to air too long gets it dirty, and its adhesive strength will decrease. This is observed in the experiment: when mica is cleaved in air, its cleavage energy, W121 or Wmica/air/mica, is smaller than the cleavage energy in vacuum, Wmica/vac/mica, by a factor of 13.

Lateral adhesion
Lateral adhesion is the adhesion associated with sliding one object on a substrate such as sliding a drop on a surface. When the two objects are solids, either with or without a liquid between them, the lateral adhesion is described as friction. However, the behavior of lateral adhesion between a drop and a surface is tribologically very different from friction between solids, and the naturally adhesive contact between a flat surface and a liquid drop makes the lateral adhesion in this case, an individual field. Lateral adhesion can be measured using the centrifugal adhesion balance (CAB),    which uses a combination of centrifugal and gravitational forces to decouple the normal and lateral forces in the problem.

title: Adhesion


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Clinical medicine/top priority

health promotion

 * gad! a red link... have I spelt it wrong?
 * Erich, what's astonishing is that the number one proponent of this topic, who acted like this was the number one priority health topic in the universe was none other than our recently departed mutual friend, who wrote an entire website on exactly this topic (and not a bad one I might add). If only he would have stuck to this, we'd all be mates and mutual admirers... Want to call him back? Alteripse 21:25, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * he'll be back when he calms down I guess... I agree its a shame! I advocated a short ban when he was before the AC...Erich 02:42, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The neurology needs lots. I don't know where to stick this so I've stuck it here. 81.187.43.179 04:38, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Tom Boyd (Scottish footballer)

Thomas Boyd (born 24 November 1965) is a Scottish former professional footballer. He played for Motherwell, Chelsea and Celtic, and appeared 72 times for Scotland, which means he is a member of the Scottish FA International Roll of Honour. Boyd now works in the hospitality area at Celtic Park.

Motherwell
Boyd's professional career began at Motherwell, where he made 252 league appearances. The most notable of his achievements in his time at Fir Park was skippering the Well side that defeated Dundee United 4–3 in the 1991 Scottish Cup final, considered one of the most exciting in the competition's history.

Chelsea
Boyd's form as an attacking full back saw him win a move to Chelsea that year. However, Boyd struggled to settle and spent only one year at Stamford Bridge.

Celtic
Boyd was transferred to boyhood heroes Celtic in an exchange deal which saw Tony Cascarino going to Chelsea. He played for Celtic for the remainder of his career, serving as club captain from 1997 to 2002. He holds the distinction of having been the captain who lifted Celtic's first league title in ten years in 1998, preventing rivals Rangers from securing a record-breaking ten championships in a row.

As Boyd's career moved on, he began playing more in the centre of defence, whilst continuing to operate at full back on either side of the pitch when required, making him a versatile defender. Boyd continued to captain the club after the arrival of Martin O'Neill at Celtic Park in 2000. In O'Neill's first season in charge Boyd played a significant part in the securing of a domestic treble, only the third in the club's history; Boyd became only the second Celtic captain (after Billy McNeill) to captain Celtic in a treble-winning season. He also helped them win another Scottish Premier League title in 2001–02.

International career
Boyd is the sixth most capped player for Scotland with 72 caps, meaning that he is a member of the Scotland national football team roll of honour and can be found in the Scottish Football Museum at Hampden Park. His international career saw him garner 72 Scotland caps, playing at UEFA Euro 1992 and UEFA Euro 1996 and also the 1998 World Cup. In the latter tournament, he scored an own goal in a match against Brazil when the ball deflected off him as he ran back facing his goalkeeper, giving the Brazilians a 2–1 win in the tournament's opening match.

Post-playing career
Boyd retired from playing in 2003, but has remained working with Celtic. In 2016, he was named along with Davie Hay as new ambassadors of the club, joining Billy McNeill (who was named an ambassador in 2009) in this role. He has also participated in several charity events such as the Tommy Burns Tribute match and climbing Ben Nevis.

Honours
Motherwell
 * Scottish Cup: 1990–91

Celtic
 * Scottish Premier League: 1997–98, 2000–01, 2001–02
 * Scottish Cup: 1994–95, 2000–01
 * Scottish League Cup:1997–98, 1999–00, 2000–01

Individual
 * Scottish FA International Roll of Honour: 1997
 * Motherwell Player of Year: 1985–86, 1989–90
 * Motherwell Young Player of Year: 1983–84

title: Tom Boyd (Scottish footballer)


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Jimmie Rodgers (pop singer)

James Frederick Rodgers (September 18, 1933 – January 18, 2021) was an American pop singer. Rodgers had a run of hits and mainstream popularity in the 1950s and 1960s. His string of crossover singles ranked highly on the Billboard Pop Singles, Hot Country and Western Sides, and Hot Rhythm and Blues Sides charts; in the 1960s, Rodgers had more modest successes with adult contemporary music.

He was not related to country music pioneer Jimmie C. Rodgers (1897–1933), who died the same year the younger Rodgers was born. Among country audiences, and in his official songwriting credits, the younger Rodgers, Jimmie Frederick, was often credited as Jimmie F. Rodgers to differentiate the two.

Early years
Rodgers was born in Camas, Washington. He was the second son of Archie and Mary Rodgers. Rodgers was taught music by his mother, a piano teacher, and began performing as a child, first entertaining at a Christmas show when he was only five. He learned to play the piano and guitar, and performed locally.

After attending Camas High School, he briefly took courses at Clark College in Vancouver, Washington. He later went to work at the Crown Zellerbach paper mill in Camas. Although he loved music, he was uncertain whether he could turn it into a career. He was subsequently drafted and served in the United States Air Force during the Korean War.

1950s
While in the Air Force, Rodgers joined a band named The Melodies started by violinist Phil Clark. During his service, he was transferred to Nashville, Tennessee, where he was stationed at Sewart Air Force Base from 1954 to 1956. It was during this time that he began expanding his musical repertoire. While he was in Nashville, he first heard "Honeycomb", the song that became his first hit.

Like a number of other entertainers of the era, he was one of the contestants on Arthur Godfrey's talent show on CBS television, winning $700. When Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore left RCA Victor for Morris Levy's company, Roulette Records, they became aware of Rodgers' talent and signed him to a recording contract.

In the summer of 1957, he recorded his version of "Honeycomb", written by Bob Merrill and recorded by Georgie Shaw three years earlier. The tune was Rodgers' biggest hit, staying on the top of the charts for four weeks. It sold over 1 million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Over the following year, he had a number of other hits that reached the top 10 on the charts: "Kisses Sweeter than Wine"; "Oh-Oh, I'm Falling in Love Again"; "Secretly"; and "Are You Really Mine?". Other hits include "Bo Diddley", "Bimbombey", "Ring-a-ling-a-lario", "Tucumcari", "Tender Love and Care (T.L.C)", and a version of Waltzing Matilda as a film tie-in with the apocalyptic movie On the Beach in 1959.

In the United Kingdom, "Honeycomb" reached number 30 pn the UK Singles Chart in November 1957, and "Kisses Sweeter than Wine" climbed to number 7 the following month. Both "Kisses Sweeter than Wine" and "Oh-Oh, I'm Falling in Love Again" were million sellers.

The success of "Honeycomb" earned Rodgers guest appearances on numerous variety programs during 1957, including the "Shower of Stars" program, hosted by Jack Benny, on October 31, 1957, and the Big Record with Patti Page, on December 4, 1957. Rodgers also made several appearances on the Ed Sullivan Show, including on September 8, 1957, when he was seen by 48,500,000, the largest television audience of his entire career, and November 3, 1957. In 1958, he appeared on NBC's The Gisele MacKenzie Show. Also in 1958, he sang the opening theme song of the film The Long, Hot Summer, starring Paul Newman, Joanne Woodward and Orson Welles. He then had his own short-lived televised variety show on NBC in 1959.

1960s
In 1960, Rodgers' "Wreck of the John B" was a number 1 hit in Canada, and reached No. 64 on the U.S.charts. His biggest hit of the decade in the UK was "English Country Garden", a version of the folk song "Country Gardens", which reached number 5 in the chart in June 1962. In 1962, he moved to the Dot label, and four years later to A&M Records. He also appeared in some films, including The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come and Back Door to Hell, which he helped finance.

In 1966, a long dry spell ended for Rodgers when he re-entered the Top 40 with "It's Over" (later to be recorded by Eddy Arnold, Elvis Presley, Glen Campbell, Mason Williams, Scott Walker, and Sonny James). In 1967, he changed record labels, signing with A&M Records. It was with that label that Rodgers had his final charting Top 100 single, "Child of Clay", written by Ernie Maresca (of "Shout! Shout! (Knock Yourself Out)" fame). He performed the song on several television variety shows, including The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, but it never became a big hit; it reached number 31 on the Billboard charts.

Later career
Recovery from injuries sustained mysteriously on a highway in 1967 caused an approximately year-long period in which Rodgers ceased to perform. Meanwhile, his voice was still being heard: Several of his earlier hits were used in jingles in the 1970s, one for SpaghettiOs and another for Honeycomb breakfast cereal. And Rodgers' songs continued to make the Billboard Country and Easy Listening charts until 1979. During the summer of 1969, he made a brief return to network television with a summer variety show on ABC (which later bought the rights to Rodgers' Dot Records releases, now owned by Universal Music Group). It was not until the early 1980s when he began doing some limited live appearances again. Among the earliest was a series of shows in late February 1983: he performed at Harrah's Reno Casino Cabaret. He also performed a few shows in other cities, including at a nightclub named Mister Days in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in late 1983.

Rodgers appeared in the 1999 video Rock & Roll Graffiti by American Public Television, along with about 20 other performers. Nevertheless, he gave "Honeycomb" a try, and he mentioned that he had a show in Branson, Missouri.

Rodgers returned to his hometown of Camas, Washington in 2011 and 2012, performing to sell-out crowds. In 2013, his neighbors successfully got a street named after him, in the neighborhood where he grew up.

Head injuries
On December 1, 1967, Rodgers suffered traumatic head injuries after the car he was driving was stopped by an off-duty police officer near the San Diego Freeway in Los Angeles. He had a fractured skull and required several surgeries. Initial reports in the newspapers attributed his injuries to a severe beating with a blunt instrument by unknown assailants. Rodgers had no specific memory of how he had been injured, remembering only that he had seen blindingly bright lights from a car pulling up behind him.

A few days later, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) stated that off-duty LAPD officer Michael Duffy (at times identified in the press as Richard Duffy) had stopped him for erratic driving, and that Rodgers had stumbled, fallen and hit his head. According to the police version, Duffy then called for assistance from two other officers, and the three of them put the unconscious Rodgers into his car and left the scene. That account was supported by the treating physicians, who had first blamed the skull fracture on a beating but, by the latter part of December, they concluded that Rodgers had in fact fallen and that had caused his injuries.

Lawsuits
The following month, Rodgers filed an $11 million lawsuit against the City of Los Angeles, claiming that the three officers had beaten him. The police and the L.A. County District Attorney rejected these claims, although the three officers (identified in the press as Michael T. Duffy, 27; Raymond V. Whisman, 29, and Ronald D. Wagner, 32) were given two-week suspensions for improper procedures in handling the case, particularly their leaving the injured Rodgers alone in his car. (He was later found by a worried friend.) Duffy had had a previous four-day suspension for using unnecessary force; he had used a blackjack on a juvenile.

The three officers and the LA Fire and Police Protective League filed a $13 million slander suit against Rodgers for his public statements accusing them of brutality.

Neither suit came to trial; the police slander suit was dropped, and in 1973 Rodgers elected to accept a $200,000 settlement from the Los Angeles City Council, which voted to give him the money rather than to incur the costs and risks of further court action. Rodgers and his supporters still believe that one or more of the police officers beat him, although other observers find the evidence inconclusive. In his 2010 biography Me, the Mob, and the Music, singer Tommy James wrote that Morris Levy, the Mafia-connected head of Roulette Records, had arranged the attack in response to Rodgers' repeated demands for unpaid royalties he was due by the label. All of Rodgers' most successful singles had been released by Roulette, who were notorious for not paying their artists for their record sales.

In 1993, Raymond Virgil Whisman, one of the three officers who were alleged to have assaulted Rodgers, was arrested for assaulting his wife and threatening to kill her. The arrest occurred after sheriff's deputies stormed his house after being informed that he was holding his wife at gunpoint. Deputies found 11 rifles, four shotguns, and two handguns in the home. Whisman was charged with two counts of assault and two counts of making terroristic threats.

Publication
In 2010, Rodgers wrote and published his autobiography, Dancing on the Moon: The Jimmie Rodgers Story.

Personal life
Rodgers and his first wife Colleen (née McClatchey) divorced in 1970, and she died May 20, 1977. They had two children, Michael and Michele. He had remarried in 1970, and Jimmie and Trudy Rodgers had two sons, Casey and Logan. He and Trudy divorced in the late 1970s, and he remarried again. Jimmie and Mary Rodgers were still married when he died, and they have a daughter, Katrine, who was born in 1989.

Rodgers suffered from spasmodic dysphonia for a number of years and could hardly sing. After a 2012 concert, he returned home for open heart surgery, following a heart attack he had suffered three weeks earlier.

Rodgers died from kidney disease on January 18, 2021 at the age of 87.

1960s

 * A"Tomorrow Is My Friend" also peaked at #28 on RPM Adult Contemporary.

Films
Rodgers parlayed his singing fame into a brief movie career with lead performances in: Jimmie sang the song titled "Half Sung Song" in the 1977 comedy film The Billion Dollar Hobo, starring Tim Conway.
 * The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come (1961)
 * Back Door to Hell (1964)

Television
TV appearances included performances on American Bandstand, Kraft Music Hall, and Hootenanny, as well as the following:
 * Hee Haw — Himself (2 episodes, November 25, 1979 and November 3, 1980)
 * The George Burns Show — Himself; Jimmie Rodgers Moves in with Ronnie (1 episode, March 3, 1959). When Jimmie Rodgers moves in with Ronnie, the apartment is suddenly overrun with pretty young groupies, so a jealous Judi turns to George for help.
 * The Mike Douglas Show — Himself (2 episodes, May 15 and May 21, 1970)
 * The Merv Griffin Show — Himself (1 episode, May 5, 1970)
 * The Andy Williams Show — Himself (1 episode, January 24, 1970)
 * House Party, a.k.a. Art Linkletter's House Party — Himself (1 episode, August 24, 1964)
 * The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford — Himself (Several appearances, 1959–1960)
 * Sunday Showcase, aka NBC Sunday Showcase — The Jimmy Durante Show (1959) — Himself (1 episode, 1959)
 * The Steve Allen Show, a.k.a. The Steve Allen Plymouth Show (U.S.: new title) — Himself — Singer (2 episodes, Nos 4.31/4.4 — 1958-1959)
 * Toast of the Town, a.k.a. The Ed Sullivan Show — Himself (4 episodes, Nos. 0.50/11.6/11/18/11.36 — 1957-1958)
 * The 30th Annual Academy Awards (1958) — Himself — Performer
 * Shower of Stars — Himself (1 episode, Comedy Time — 1957)
 * The Jimmie Rodgers Show TV Series, a.k.a. Carol Burnett Presents the Jimmie Rodgers Show

In the mid-1960s, he re-recorded (with altered tunes and words referring to the products) two of his best-known songs, for use in television advertisements:
 * "Honeycomb" was adapted for a Post Cereals product named "Honeycomb".
 * "Oh-Oh, I'm Falling in Love Again" was adapted for one of Franco-American's pasta products: "Uh-Oh, SpaghettiOs!"

title: Jimmie Rodgers (pop singer)


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Domination (chess)

In chess, and particularly in endgame studies, domination occurs when a player controls all movement squares of an enemy piece.

Examples
This position occurred in the game Beliavsky–Korchnoi, György Marx Memorial, 2004. White blundered with 38.Kh2? allowing 38...Qd3 – this dominates the knight: despite having six squares available to it, its capture cannot be avoided. b2, d2, a5 and e5 are guarded by the black bishop, d6 by the black queen, and b6 by the pawn. Additionally, there is no way for the white queen to safely defend it, as every square she could defend it from is guarded by the black queen.

The example here is a study by Henri Rinck first published in La Stratégie in 1920. It is White to play and win. Normally, Black would be able to sacrifice his rook for the white bishop, leaving a drawn position (sacrificing it for a knight would be no good, since it is possible to force mate with bishop and knight), but in this case it turns out that the rook is dominated, and its capture cannot be avoided despite its freedom of movement. The first move of the solution is 1.Nd2, after which all rook moves allow it to be captured or immediately lost to a knight fork (1...Re7 2.Nd5+; 1...Re3 2.Nd5+; 1...Rd4 2.Ne6+; 1...Rb4 2.Nd5+) apart from one: 1...Re5. After 2.Nc4 the situation is similar: only 2...Re4 and 2...Rf5 avoid immediate loss of the rook. Whichever Black plays, White continues with 3.Nd6 when only 3...Re5 avoids immediate loss. 4.Bf3 leaves Black completely helpless: once again, all moves allow capture of the rook or a knight fork except 4...Ra5, when after 5.Ne6+ Ke5 6.Nc4+ the rook is finally won. At all stages the rook had wide freedom of movement, and twice it had the maximum number of fourteen squares available to it, yet it could not be saved; it was dominated.

title: Domination (chess)


text:
Fireboat

A fireboat or fire-float is a specialized watercraft with pumps and nozzles designed for fighting shoreline and shipboard fires. The first fireboats, dating to the late 18th century, were tugboats, retrofitted with firefighting equipment. Older designs derived from tugboats and modern fireboats more closely resembling seafaring ships can both be found in service today. Some departments would give their multi-purpose craft the title of "fireboat" also.

They are frequently used for fighting fires on docks and shore side warehouses as they can directly attack fires in the supporting underpinnings of these structures. They also have an effectively unlimited supply of water available, pumping directly from below the hull. Fireboats can be used to assist shore-based firefighters when other water is in low supply or is unavailable, for example, due to earthquake breakage of water mains, as happened in San Francisco due to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.

Some modern fireboats are capable of pumping tens of thousands of gallons of water per minute. An example is Fire Boat #2 of the Los Angeles Fire Department, the Warner Lawrence, with the capability to pump up to 38000 USgal/min and up to 400 ft in the air.

Fireboats are most usually seen by the public when welcoming a fleet or historical ships with a display of their water moving capabilities, throwing large arcs of water in every direction.

Occasionally fireboats are used to carry firefighters, Emergency Medical Technicians, and a physician with their equipment to islands and other boats. Some may be used as icebreakers, like the Chicago Fire Department's Victor L. Schlaeger which can break 8 to 12 inch ice. They may also carry divers or surface water rescue workers. Passengers from ships in danger can be also transferred to various kind of rescue boats. Rescue boats may be used also for oil and chemical destruction on rivers, lakes and seas. For example, the Helsinki Rescue Department in Helsinki, Finland has different types of boats for various kind of firefighting, rescue, and oil destruction tasks.

Also hydrocopters, rigid-hulled inflatable boats, fanboats and even hovercraft and helicopters are used in fire, rescue and medical emergency situations.

Cities with fireboats are usually located on a large body of water with port facilities. Smaller fire departments lacking resources will use a rigid-hulled inflatable boat or borrow boats from local rescue agencies (EMS, Coast Guard, military).

History
The first recorded fire-float was built in 1765 for the Sun Fire Insurance Company in London. This was a manual pump in a small boat, rowed by its crew to the scene of the fire. A similar craft was built in Bristol by James Hillhouse for the Imperial Fire Insurance Office in the 1780s. All fire fighting in Bristol was carried out either by private insurance companies or the Docks Company until the formation of the Bristol Fire Brigade as a branch of the police in 1876. In New York City, a small boat with a hand-pump was used to fight marine fires as early as 1809. By the middle of the nineteenth century, self-propelled steam-fire-floats were beginning to be introduced. The FDNY leased the salvage tug John Fuller as the city's first powered fireboat in 1866. Prior to the "John Fuller", as early as the late 1700s, the FDNY used hand-pumpers mounted to barges and large rowboats. The first purpose built steam driven boats were introduced by Boston Fire Department (William F. Flanders) and FDNY (William F. Havenmeyer) in 1873 and 1875 respectively. The first European fireboat to appear in Bristol was the Fire Queen, built by Shand Mason & Co., London, in 1884 for service in the city docks. The 53 ft. (16.61 m.) long craft was equipped with a three-cylinder steam pump supplying two large hose reels; one of these was replaced with a monitor, or water cannon, in 1900. Fire Queen served until 1922.

List of famous fireboats

 * Abram S. Hewitt – FDNY (New York City) (1903–1958) (retired and abandon at Witte Marine Scrapyard in Rossville, Staten Island).
 * Deluge – Fireboat/Tug (New Orleans) (retired)
 * Duwamish – (Seattle) 1909 (retired)
 * Edward M. Cotter – Fireboat/Icebreaker (Buffalo, New York) (active) The oldest active fireboat.
 * Tacoma Fireboat No. 1 – (Tacoma, Washington) (retired)
 * Fireboat 85 - Contra Costa County Fire Protection District (California). Located in 8th Battalion, Pittsburg Marina.
 * Fire Fighter – (NYC) 1938
 * Fire Fighter II – FDNY (New York City) (2010) the United States' largest fireboat (Active)
 * Governor Irwin – Fireboat/Tug (San Francisco) (1878–1909) Fireboat participated in 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. (retired and scrapped)
 * Governor Markham – Fireboat/Tug (San Francisco) Fireboat participated in 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. (retired and scrapped)
 * Hoga – US Navy – Fireboat/Tug (Pearl Harbor attack) and City of Oakland 1940–1996 (retired and under museum ship restoration)
 * John Fuller – steam salvage tug (NYC) – 1866 boat had 2000GPM pump and hose. Considered first modern fireboat.
 * John Kendall – (Detroit) – Steam fireboat on Detroit River 1930–1976. (retired, scrapped)
 * John J. Harvey – (New York City) (1931–1959) (Temporary reinstatement 9/11/2001) (retired)(Museum ship)
 * Massey Shaw – (London, England) Serving in London Fire Brigade. Dunkirk Little Ship rescuing troops during Operation Dynamo (retired)
 * Phoenix – (San Francisco) (active)
 * Pyronaut – moored at Bristol Harbour Railway and Industrial Museum (Bristol, England) (retired)
 * Ralph J. Scott – (Los Angeles) (retired)
 * Sir Alexander Grantham – (Hong Kong) (retired)
 * St. Mungo (fireboat) – Glasgow/Strathclyde (retired)
 * Three Forty Three – FDNY (New York City) (2009) Country's largest fireboat, twin to Fire Fighter II. (Active)
 * Thomas D'Alesandro (fireboat) – Baltimore (1956-2016) (retired)
 * Warner Lawrence – Los Angeles (active)
 * William F. Flanders – (Boston) 1873
 * William F. Havenmeyer – (NYC) 1875–1901 (retired)
 * William Lyon Mackenzie – (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (active)
 * William O. Bird II – Sandusky Fire Department (Sandusky, Ohio) (active)
 * USS Active / USS Lively – US Navy – Fireboat/Tug (1888–1945) Fireboat participated in 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. (retired and scrapped)
 * USS Fortune (1865) – US Army / US Navy – Fireboat/Tug (1865–1922) Fireboat participated in 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. (retired and scrapped)
 * USS Leslie (1861) – US Army / US Navy – Fireboat/Tug (1861) Fireboat participated in 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. (retired and scrapped)

Government and military with fireboats

 * Japan Coast Guard – 9; 230 patrol boats with water cannons or firefighting support systems
 * United States Coast Guard
 * Fire class fireboat of the Royal Canadian Navy's auxiliary fleet (2):
 * CFAV Firebird (YTR 561)
 * CFAV Firebrand (YTR 562)

title: Fireboat


text: User talk:69.3.211.211

title: User talk:69.3.211.211


text:
Lookout Mountain

Lookout Mountain is a mountain ridge located at the northwest corner of the U.S. state of Georgia, the northeast corner of Alabama, and along the southeastern Tennessee state line in Chattanooga. Lookout Mountain was the scene of the 18th-century "Last Battle of the Cherokees" in this area during the Nickajack Expedition. On November 24, 1863, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Lookout Mountain took place here.

Name
The name appears on maps as early as Mathew Carey's 1795 "Map of The Tennassee Government."

Northern and eastern slopes and summit
Lookout Mountain and Sand Mountain (to the southwest) make up a large portion of the southernmost end of the Cumberland Plateau. The area was lifted from an ancient sea, and worn down by erosion for millions of years. The summit, called "High Point", is located just east of Thompsonville in Walker County, Georgia, with an elevation of 2392 ft above sea level. The foothills of the mountain extend into Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park.

The caves of Ruby Falls are in Lookout Mountain, and the rock formations of the "City of Rocks" (or Rock City) attraction are situated on the ridge. The area is home to the Lookout Mountain Incline Railway, Covenant College, and a hang-gliding school. Lookout Mountain is one of the Chattanooga area's most visited tourist attractions.

Civil War-related landmarks include "Point Park", operated by the National Park Service, and the Cravens House. Nearby are Georgia's Cloudland Canyon and Cloudland Canyon State Park.

Southern and western slopes
The southwestern section of Lookout Mountain is in northeastern Alabama. The Little River flows over the mountain in Little River Canyon National Preserve and the DeSoto Falls in DeSoto State Park. The Noccalula Falls Park, featuring a pioneer village showcasing several nineteenth-century homes, is located at the southern terminus of Lookout Mountain, in Gadsden, Alabama. Local legend claims that the 90-foot falls' namesake, Noccalula, jumped to her death because she could not marry the man she loved.

White water sports and rock-climbing (offering views of the Coosa River Basin) are this area's key attractions.

Seven states

From the "Rock City" point, a marker claims that seven U.S. states can be seen: Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. The claim is repeated on numerous barn roofs in the surrounding area. No scientific investigation has upheld this claim.

Sunset Rock
Located on the northwest side of Lookout Mountain, Sunset Rock is a popular trailhead and tourist stop. It is part of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga Military State Park, the largest and oldest Civil War national park. Once known as Point Lookout, Sunset Rock provides a view of the Tennessee River, Signal Mountain and Prentice Cooper State Forest. The 100-foot cliff and moderate temperatures invite heavy traffic for its many climbing routes, which were completed in 1960. Sunset Rock is mainly sandstone, making for easier routing and climbing. Route development continued through the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s, routers pushed the grades ever higher. Climbing here is especially popular in the autumn months due to cooler weather.

Sunset Rock is attractive to Civil War enthusiasts due to its history; it has a Tennessee Historical Commission Marker at the head of the trail, describing its Civil War battle history. Confederate Generals Braxton Bragg and James Longstreet used Sunset Rock as a lookout in 1863 where they were able to track the movement of the Union troops as they entered Lookout Valley. It is claimed that, unknown to Longstreet, the Union troops could see him on Sunset Rock from the valley, where they were able to decipher the Confederate code, giving them the ability to anticipate the next moves of the Confederates. This resulted in the Battle of Wauhatchie, in which the Confederate army attempted to remove the Union forces from the river and block their supply lines. The attempt was unsuccessful; with the consequence that the Union forces were able to lift the siege of Chattanooga.

Native Americans and Lookout Mountain
The Chickamauga people, a branch of Cherokee Native Americans, lived in the Chattanooga area. The Chickamauga called the mountain Chat-a-nu-ga; hence the name of the city. Research suggests the mountain was inhabited, although no physical evidence has been found. On top of the mountain, the pattern of boulders suggest lanes or walls were once there.

Revolutionary War and aftermath
During the Revolutionary War, a battle between forces of John Sevier's Washington District Regiment and those of Chief Dragging Canoe of the Chickamauga Cherokee, may have taken place on Lookout Mountain on September 20, 1782. Archaeologist and ethno-historian, Raymond Evans, has asserted that such a battle could not have taken place. However, a battle between militia forces under Joseph Martin, at the time Superintendent for Indian Affairs for both Virginia and North Carolina, and those of Dragging Canoe did occur there in August 1788.

Settlements

It was reported that on August 28, 1823, Daniel S. Butrick and William Chamberlain arrived at Lookout Mountain to perform missionary work with Native Americans. After the Trail of Tears, land taken from the tribes was purchased by the highest bidder without a lottery of land parcels. This method of distributing land caused much of Lookout Mountain to be owned by a few wealthy Chattanooga families.

The aptly named Summertown, located on top of the mountain, was barely accessible from a small rutted turnpike which had been built in 1852 by Colonel James A. Whiteside. Whiteside, a native of Danville, Kentucky, owned a summer home which he converted into a hotel with several cottages. Naturalists who came to the area and visited the summit, such as Bradford Torrey, thought the cottages spoiled the environment and made it look like a cheap resort. Whiteside had purchased much of the land on the mountain's summit. Another wealthy Chattanoogan, Robert Cravens, had purchased most of the land on the side of the mountain. Cravens was also instrumental in developing the area, and moved into the house he built (the Cravens House) in 1855. Within a few years, about 25 families regularly summered on the mountain.

Lookout Mountain's Sunset Rock was once the home to the photo shop of JB Linn. After the Union forces under Major General Joseph Hooker took over the mountain, Linn gained access to Sunset Rock (then called Point Lookout). He built a small shack there and named it "Gallery Point Lookout". In December 1863, he and his brother began taking photographs of many war commanders and officers, as well as wealthy civilians in the area. They became very successful with these pictures. The Gallery Point Lookout House is no longer in existence, but many of Linn's photographs still exist.

Civil War
On November 24, 1863, the Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought on the slopes of the mountain. The majority of hand-to-hand combat took place near Cravens' house (about halfway to the summit). Lookout Mountain's shape and location can in some conditions cause a unique weather phenomenon in the area: after dawn, fog will sometimes descend from the cooler mountaintop and stop about halfway down. Such an event took place the day of the battle and is the reason for its romanticized name, the "Battle Above the Clouds". The battle was won by Union forces, enabling them to lift the Confederate siege of Chattanooga.

Yellow fever epidemic

When cases of Yellow fever began to increase in the United States, the Chattanooga population believed that the city was immune to any possibility of an epidemic because of its mountain climate. In 1878, two local residents died of the disease, throwing the city into a panic that led some 12,000 people to flee. Many of these went up the mountain, believing the climate would offer some protection against the disease. After the epidemic passed, many people complained about the inconvenient and complicated travel up the mountain, and the St. Elmo Turnpike (Ochs Highway) was created to help with access to the mountain. Early in the 1900s, Lookout Mountain was incorporated as a town.

Twentieth-century tourist boom
The twentieth century saw some wealthy businessmen settle permanently on the mountain, but its attraction as a tourist destination also grew. Entrepreneurs — among them Garnet Carter, J.B. Pound, O.B. Andrews, and Leo Lambert — began developing, improving, and marketing attractions in the 1910s and 1920s.

Today, tourist attractions include:
 * Battle of Lookout Mountain Museum: soldier figurines and topographical maps.
 * Lookout Mountain Incline Railway: a National Historic site, the railroad has an incline of 72.7%.
 * Rock City: trails laid of rock with various attractions, including Lover's Leap, Balanced Rock and Fat Man's Squeeze.
 * Ruby Falls: a cave with a 145-foot waterfall deep inside the mountain.

title: Lookout Mountain


text:
Monic

Monic may refer to:

Mathematics

 * Monic morphism, a special kind of morphism in category theory
 * Monic polynomial, a polynomial whose leading coefficient is one
 * A synonym for monogenic, which has multiple uses in mathematics

People

 * Monic Cecconi-Botella (born 1936), French pianist, music educator and composer
 * Monic Hendrickx (born 1966), Dutch actress
 * Monic Pérez (born 1990), Puerto Rican model and Miss Universe contestant
 * Joseph de Monic (c.1650–1707), military officer and acting Governor of Newfoundland

Other uses

 * Monic languages, a branch of the Austroasiatic language family
 * Macao Network Information Centre (MONIC), see .mo

title: Monic


text:
Doc Cramer

Roger Maxwell "Doc" Cramer (July 22, 1905 – September 9, 1990) was an American center fielder and left-handed batter in Major League Baseball who played for four American League teams from 1929 to 1948.

Career
A mainstay at the top of his team's lineup for many years, Cramer led the American League in at bats a record seven times and in singles five times. He hit over .300 eight times, primarily with the Philadelphia Athletics and Boston Red Sox, and retired among the league's career leaders in hits (10th, 2705), games played (10th, 2239) and at bats (5th, 9140). One of the few major leaguers to play regularly in center field after turning 40, he also ended his career among the major leagues' all-time leaders in games in center field (3rd, 2031) and outfield putouts (4th, 5412), and ranked seventh in AL history in total games in the outfield (2142).

Born in Beach Haven, New Jersey, Cramer was nicknamed "Flit", which was the name of a popular insecticide, by sportswriter Jimmy Isaminger for his great ability to judge fly balls; in other words, he was death to flies. Indeed, he led AL outfielders in putouts in 1936 and 1938.

After starting his career in semipro ball in New Jersey in 1928, he was signed by the Philadelphia Athletics and hit .404 to win the Blue Ridge League batting championship in 1929. He played with the Athletics' powerful championship teams of 1929–1931, breaking in gradually, though in the postseason for the A's he appeared only twice, as a pinch-hitter, in the 1931 World Series. After he hit .336 in 92 games in 1932, his place on the team was secure. On June 20, 1932, he tied a major league record by going 6-for-6 in a nine-inning game (and on July 13, 1935, became the only AL player to do it twice). He scored 100 runs in a season for the first time in 1933, and hit for the cycle on June 10, 1934. In 1934, Cramer set a team record among left-handed hitters with 202 hits and topped it in 1935 with 214 – still the Athletics franchise record for a left-handed batter; he finished eighth in the 1935 MVP voting. But the fortunes of the A's declined just as Cramer was becoming a solid everyday player as the star players on the financially struggling team were sent on to other teams. Al Simmons and Jimmy Dykes were sold to the Chicago White Sox on the same day in September 1932, and Lefty Grove and Mickey Cochrane were traded away after the 1933 season. Jimmie Foxx was traded to the Red Sox in December 1935, and Cramer joined him a month later.

Batting leadoff, Cramer was a spray singles hitter, sometimes stretching them into doubles—although he was a not much of a base-stealer. He hit over .300 every year from 1937 to 1940 with Boston, scoring 100 runs in 1938 and 1939, and tied for the league lead in hits (200) in 1940. He was traded to the Washington Senators on December 12 of that year, and was sent to the Detroit Tigers exactly one year later after hitting .273. He was on the All-Star team five times (1935, 1937–40).

Two years after hitting over .300 for the last time with the 1943 Tigers, Cramer played 140 games in center field at age 40 in 1945 (albeit during World War II, when many regular players were in military service), and finally enjoyed significant play in the Fall Classic that year, leading the Tigers in the 1945 World Series with a .379 batting average, scoring seven runs and knocking in four, to help them win the Series 4–3 over the Chicago Cubs. He scored two runs and had one RBI in both Games 5 and 7. In his final seasons he was often used as a pinch-hitter, and he led the league with nine pinch-hits in 1947 before ending his career with two pinch-hit appearances in 1948, going 0-for-2 in that role and 0-for-4 overall in four games.

He was not known as a power-hitter, and liked to tell people about the time he was walked so the opposing pitcher could pitch to Hank Greenberg. On September 30, 1945, in St. Louis, the Tigers had men on second and third in the 9th, down 3–2. Cramer was walked to load the bases and set up a force play, but Greenberg followed with a grand slam that won the pennant for the Tigers. Interviewed by Donald Honig in the 1970s, Cramer told of how he would tease Greenberg: "So anywhere I go and Hank is there, I always say, 'You know, once they walked me to get to Hank Greenberg' — and never tell 'em what happened, and then Hank always jumps up and says, 'Hey, tell 'em what happened.' But I never do; I just leave it at that."

In his 20-season career, Cramer batted .296 with 2705 hits, 1357 runs, 37 home runs, 842 RBI, 396 doubles, 109 triples, 62 stolen bases and a .340 on-base percentage in 2239 games. Defensively, he compiled a career .979 fielding percentage. By team, he batted .308 for the Athletics, .302 for the Red Sox, .282 for the Tigers and .273 for the Senators. He rarely struck out, leading the AL four times in at strikeouts-per-at-bats and finishing in the top four five other seasons. His 2031 games in center field placed him behind only Tris Speaker (2690) and Ty Cobb (2194) in major league history. His 2705 hits are the most of any player retired before 1975 who has not been elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Cramer compiled two 6-hit games and five 5-hit games in his MLB career.

As White Sox batting coach from 1951 to 1953, he tutored the young second baseman Nellie Fox, who often credited Cramer with making him a major league hitter.

Cramer had worked as a carpenter before entering the major leagues, and continued to work as a carpenter during the off-seasons of his playing career. After leaving baseball, he resumed working full time as a carpenter and home builder.

He died in the Manahawkin section of Stafford Township, New Jersey, at 85 years of age, where a street, Doc Cramer Boulevard, is named in his honor. A youth baseball tournament, the Doc Cramer Invitational Baseball Tournament, used to be held in Manahawkin every July.

title: Doc Cramer


text:
Talk:Jimmie Rodgers

Requested move 23 June 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. The country artist seems to be the primary topic for the spelling "Jimmie Rodgers" given the evidence. (closed by non-admin page mover) — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 01:36, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

Jimmie Rodgers (country singer) → Jimmie Rodgers – I consider that this page should be moved to "Jimmie Rodgers" (as also noted by other people on its talk page). Currently, "Jimmie Rodgers" redirects to "James Rodgers", which is in of itself a disambiguation page. There are but two people with the exact spelling "Jimmie Rodgers": the original Jimmie Rodgers, whose biography is now contained under the title "Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)" and then "Jimmie Rodgers (pop singer)", who archived fame in the late 1950s. "Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)" currently has on top of the entry a "not to be confused with" notice that links to the pop singer. Now, since old Jimmie Rodgers is considered the "father of country music" and he is often cited as such by major publications and the Country Music Hall of Fame (1, 2, 3) it would be more relevant to link the entry directly to him, with the link on his article offering the link to the pop singer. I'm more than positive that most of the readers are searching for the country singer due to his major fame and influence (not putting down the pop singer, who had a briefer, but also remarkable career). I think to most readers it is frustrating to land on the page "James Rodgers" and to have to look for the singer among multiple names with radically different spellings. It is not even easy for the people who happen to be looking for the pop singer. GDuwen  Holler!  20:55, 23 June 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. CollectiveSolidarity (talk) 21:41, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

 * On a follow-up comment, the country singer gets more than double the views on a daily average than the pop singer (1, 2)-- GDuwen  Holler!  21:00, 23 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Agree. Sinopecynic (talk) 21:07, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

Suport. Can't put it better than you have. Why does this always happen to me (Because) 07:03, 5 July 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Non-free files
Copied this from WP:ERRORS. Pings for Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 00:53, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pulling, ., when you raise such a fundamental issue, it's not good enough to raise this issue at Errors only; it needs an article talk page discussion so that those who take an interest in the topic can do something about it. I would have thought that me asking you about the lack of discussion would have spurred you on to start that discussion.  Schwede 66  21:47, 28 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Had closed the computer to fall asleep to get up for work and didn't see your comment. Therapyisgood (talk) 23:22, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

I replaced the "n.a" with a line that should be descriptive enough for "Waiting for a Train" and "Blue Yodel No. 1" (someone already took care of the others). I did not consider it an issue at the time since I'm uploading the files under fair use, and there's more than enough to justify their use for educational purposes (stated under "Purpose of use in article" in all cases).

So, if the material is copyrighted (the actual reason why it's being uploaded under fair use) and its educational purpose on the article is stated, does that not make the replaceability field redundant? It is not the first time someone raises the issue, I had it happen in some other article a long time ago. There is probably a good reason why "n.a" is automatically placed on the template if you don't fill it up (I did not write it myself).-- GDuwen  Holler!  18:20, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Respectfully, there is not at all "more than enough to justify their use" here. WP:NFCC makes it clear that use of such files is to be kept to an absolute minimum, and I think a maximum of one extract of a song by Jimmie Rodgers would be more than enough for readers to understand the style of music he performed. "Multiple items of non-free content are not used if one item can convey equivalent significant information". Incidentally, the Blue Yodel song was published in 1927 so if I understand the Public domain in the United States article correctly, that's actually already public domain. So my suggestion would be to re-upload File:Blue Yodel No. 1 intro.ogg and File:Blue Yodel No. 1 (yodel).ogg as public domain content, and then leave it at that. It would be extremely unusual and a breach of the NFCC guidelines to assert that any fair use audio is required for reader understanding of this topic. — Amakuru (talk) 20:04, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * In that case, we could probably just remove "Waiting for a Train" for the time being. I see that according to Cornell "Blue Yodel No. 1" should currently be PD as you say. I guess "Waiting For a Train" falls into that 95-year period (which would next year make it ok to upload to it Commons). I remember hearing something about an extension to 100 years, but I don't seem to find anything about it...

 * Anyhow, I'll try to take care of those sound samples shortly.-- GDuwen  Holler!  20:36, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * , I wasn't concerned so much with the number of fair use recordings (although if Ammakuru has issues with this that's totally fine), I don't think the 1927 sound recordings are PD. Please wait before uploading to the Commons. According to here, "For recordings first published between 1923-1946, the additional time period is 5 years after the general 95-year term." So for instance our article 2027_in_public_domain says "Sound recordings that were published in 1926 and [...] will [...] enter the public domain.". I would say any sound recording published in 1927 wouldn't be public domain for a while yet (2028) under the Music Modernization Act. Alternatively, you can just link to licensed versions of the songs on YouTube for instance to demonstrate his yodeling instead of fair using the clip. Therapyisgood (talk) 22:55, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The "NAs" in the current fair use boxes aren't acceptable though, so replace those with actual rationals. Therapyisgood (talk) 22:58, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Per NFCCE point 3 all NAs should be replaced with actual rationals. Therapyisgood (talk) 23:01, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Given that the one I thought is public domain actually unfortunately isn't, I think we're back to having just one fair use clip in the article per the "minimal usage" clause of NFCC. Whichever one clip you think is most indicative of his work and most necessary for readers in understanding it. Linking legitimate copies on YouTube as an external link at the bottom seems a good plan too, if you want readers to have the option to listen to it. Obviously the rationales need to be brought up to scratch too, per above. Cheers — Amakuru (talk) 10:41, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Aha! I remember I read something about the extension making it 100 years. Well, it's only a few to go in order to reinstate most of these files by uploading a full version (that counting that the companies that own the catalogs don't attempt to extend it). I'll just leave the "Blue Yodel No. 1" and the excerpt of his yodeling in that case.-- GDuwen  Holler!  18:34, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * With the removal of the excessive use of non-free files, is it now enough to reinstate the hook now?-- GDuwen  Holler!  17:57, 6 October 2023 (UTC)
 * My concerns about the number of fair use clips are just about assuaged now... I would have preferred one only, but if you really think two are absolutely necessary then so be it. It's close enough to the expiry point that I'm not sure there will be too many concerns right now anyway. However, and will correct me if I'm wrong, I think you need to eliminate all of the "n.a." rationales from File:Blue Yodel No. 1 intro.ogg and File:Blue Yodel No. 1 (yodel).ogg including those in commercial opportunity etc. Each of these NFCC points must be individually satisfied. Cheers  — Amakuru (talk) 20:14, 6 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I see your point, forgot about those. Well, I replaced the last two "n.a.". I just plan to use two clips since I want to separately illustrate the yodel and the singing style. It's only a matter of time until I can restore all the files with their full version in the coming years anyhow.-- GDuwen  Holler!  18:02, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

The Jimmie Rodgers Entertainers image caption
I didn't want to edit the article without asking first, but isn't that Jimmie sitting on the far right of the image? Rihdiugam (talk) 02:17, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That was Claude Grant. Jimmie was balding (you kind of get to see it in some pictures, though you'll rarely see one of him without a hat like on this particular case). But the best way to recognize him from the others in my opinion is probably the shape of his protruding ears (and that band sure could hear!) Jimmie's were pointing out.-- GDuwen  Holler!  18:31, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks a million for the reply GDuwen! That's interesting about the ears. It was Dr. John's version of Waiting for a Train that brought me here btw. Just in case your stuck for something to listen to :-) Rihdiugam (talk) 22:25, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jimmie Rodgers


text:
Talk:Crap

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move. JPG-GR (talk) 05:44, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Crap (disambiguation) → Crap —(Discuss)— This is now a misplaced disambiguation page. It would be more useful for Crap to go directly there rather than simply the reference to wiktionary is is now. Note that this is sort of a merge request as there should be a short definition at the top of such a disambiguation page. —The way, the truth, and the light (talk) 02:17, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

 * support the wiktionary thing can be a box. 70.55.85.225 (talk) 05:09, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Support — The definition should only be the Wiktionary box. ENeville (talk) 05:58, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move executed at 05:49, 15 April 2008 (UTC). The prior contents of this Talk page have been archived into page-history. Rossami (talk)

See also section
I've performed a cleanup of this page and removed/reworded a number of entries, but left crapflooding and Thomas Crapper in place in the "see also" section as they at least seem to be related -- part of me wanted to remove them though. Feel free to take them out if you feel that they shouldn't be there. Fattonyni (talk) 12:16, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Synonyms and meanings
Why remove references to shit and bullshit, leaving only feces? These are both legitimate articles, which refer to the other two most common usages of the word; I believe the best format was in the form of: Please discuss. Fattonyni (talk) 18:08, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Crap, a slang word for feces
 * Crap, a slang word synonymous with shit
 * Crap, a slang word synonymous with bullshit
 * Crap, when your homecoming date holds hands with a guy the night before the dance and then says it was nothing — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jball622 (talk • contribs) 03:17, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I have referred to mos:dab and altered the page according to that worthy advice ... good spot. Abtract (talk) 18:46, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Agree with Fattonyni. I'll restore that bit to the way it was before ;) Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 22:36, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Could you please look at mos:dab where it clearly indicates that a simple statement of the synonym is preferred. Abtract (talk) 07:21, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I think the issue is that mos:dab only addresses when there is one synonym, and there should be some way to distinguish the three synonyms on this page. And they aren't quite synonyms in usage in any case, e.g. One can "call bullshit on an assertion" but not "call crap on an assertion", but instead say "that assertion is crap".  It's an interesting, if rather minor, point on how to disambiguate multiple articles with overlapping meanings. Surely it must have happened on the wiki before... - BanyanTree 07:45, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I think this is a slightly special case anyway, where single-word links don't suit so well (although thanks for the edits Abtract!) -- the problem here being that the page just becomes a list of linked swearwords, which I think could prove too much of a temptation for "playful" editors to just start adding more random swearword articles to the list. At least with the above format, it looks more encyclopaedic and less provocative. Oh, and I also edited my above proposal for capitalisation, after seeing Sesshomaru's article update (good job there). Fattonyni (talk) 12:25, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
 * OK I hear what you say and but I am still left with the uncomfortable impression, when I read the page, that the synonyms have taken over. IMHO disambiguation would be better served by simply showing feces as the first item (in the same way as tablespoon) and relegating bullshit and shit to the see other section, if they have to be there at all. It is no big deal but there is a bit of a principle involved (what to do with multi-synonyms) so I am going to ask for a second opinion from a dab expert at mos:dab. Abtract (talk) 18:43, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I prefer Abtract's version. Pointless verbiage isn't going to impede "playful editors", or vandals; this page is going to get vandalized repeatedly no matter how it's put together. Just list the synonyms without comment and put the page on your Watchlist.-- Shelf Skewed  Talk  19:17, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Edit request from 78.109.183.87, 7 May 2011
Please remove "such as Twitter" as this is victimising a specific thing without grounding

78.109.183.87 (talk) 21:25, 7 May 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅, looks like vandalism. C T J F 8 3  22:11, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

Edit request from Tyra3l (talk) 09:02, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
Please add "Change Risk Analysis and Predictions" to the abbreviations list.

Edit request on 13 October 2013
It is a misconception that he word "crap" is derived from surname of Thomas Crapper. It is actually a derivative of the Latin word.

Source: http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/crap (It also state this on the List of common false etymologies wiki page

Pandemoniumm (talk) 05:55, 13 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Yep, and that's one reason random facts don't belong on disambiguation pages., thanks. Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 07:06, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

Is Crap a curse word?
Wikipedia does not classify it as a curse word, while Wiktionary does. Homechallenge55 (talk) 03:40, 16 October 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Feces which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:45, 9 February 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 November 2021
The words Captain and Mendota, California look like vandalism 2601:843:C202:3B10:1585:57D3:4278:18FF (talk) 22:12, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Removed, didn't see anything in the articles that would link then to this disambiguation page. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 23:18, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crap


text:
Roy Thinnes

Roy Thinnes (born April 6, 1938) is an American former television and film actor best known for his portrayal of lonely hero David Vincent in the ABC 1967–68 television series The Invaders.

He starred in the 1969 British science fiction film Doppelgänger (a.k.a. Journey to the Far Side of the Sun outside Britain), and also played Manhattan District Attorney Alfred Wentworth in the pilot episode of Law & Order.

Early roles
His first primetime role was in "A Fist of Five", a 1962 episode of The Untouchables, as a brother of an ex-policeman (played by Lee Marvin). Later that year he appeared in a small role as a cowboy named “Harry” on James Arness's TV Western Gunsmoke (“False Front” - S8E15).

He appeared on General Hospital as the "philandering Dr. Phil Brewer" from 1963 to 1965, which was later described as "Thinnes' big break."

In 1964, he guested twice in episodes "Murder by Scandal" and the "Lost Lady Blues" of the 13-episode CBS drama The Reporter.

Later he co-starred as Ben Quick in the short-lived 1965-66 television series The Long Hot Summer, which ran on ABC. During its run he received around 1,500 letters per week and appeared on the cover of TV Guide.

The Invaders
During 1967 and 1968, Thinnes starred in The Invaders, a TV series in which he portrayed an architect named David Vincent who accidentally witnessed the arrival of aliens from another planet. Vincent waged a seemingly hopeless one-man campaign against them. The series became a cult classic, leading to other 'aliens vs earthlings' films and TV shows.

His then-future second wife, actress Lynn Loring, appeared in the show's 14th episode, The Panic.

Decades after the unexpected cancellation of the original series, he returned in 1995 as a much older David Vincent, as part of a TV mini-series titled The Invaders (starring Scott Bakula), and a decade later provided audio commentary for the official DVD releases of The Invaders.

The Washington Post noted in 2008 that, although The Invaders "ran for just two seasons ... in 2004, TV Guide placed main character David Vincent at #6 on its 25 Greatest Sci-Fi Legends list."

In 2019, U.S. basic-cable network MeTV began running weekly reruns of The Invaders as part of its popular "Red-Eye Sci-Fi Saturday Night" overnight late Saturday evening/early Sunday morning sci-fi TV series programming schedule.

Post-Invaders
In another short-lived series, Thinnes had the lead role on The Psychiatrist as Dr. James Whitman.

"Manhunter" (in which Thinnes tracks a bank robbery suspect) is a TV Film that was broadcast on British TV in 1972 (with The Man Hunter as its title) but was not shown on American TV until 1976. A similar title ("The Manhunter"), but with a different plot, was used for a 1974-filmed TV movie.

Thinnes guest starred on Twelve O'Clock High, becoming a casualty of war while commanding a B-17 bomber on a dangerous mission. He played an intrepid writer and investigator of the supernatural David Norliss in 1973's The Norliss Tapes, a pilot for an unproduced TV series, and portrayed a suspicious schoolmaster in the TV movie Satan's School for Girls.

He appeared in the disaster films Airport 1975 as the co-pilot, and The Hindenburg as a sadistic SS captain. Thinnes was cast in Alfred Hitchcock's 1976 film Family Plot in the role of nefarious jeweler Arthur Adamson when Hitchcock's first choice, William Devane, was unavailable. Thinnes had already shot several scenes for the film when Devane suddenly became available. Hitchcock fired Thinnes and re-shot all of his scenes. He confronted Hitchcock in a restaurant and asked the director why he was fired. Flabbergasted, Hitchcock simply looked at Thinnes until the actor left. Some shots of Thinnes as the character (from behind) remain in the film.

Thinnes appeared in the 1979 miniseries From Here to Eternity. as Captain Dana Holmes.

During the 1982–1983 season, Thinnes appeared as Nick Hogan in 35 episodes of Falcon Crest. He later played Roger Collins in the 1991 revival of TV's Dark Shadows. He appeared on One Life to Live as Alex Crown from 1984 to 1985, and as Sloan Carpenter from 1992 to 1995. He also played a lead role in "The Final Chapter," the first episode of the 1977 series Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected (known in the United Kingdom as Twist in the Tale), and in "The Crystal Scarab", a first-season episode of Poltergeist: The Legacy in 1996. Thinnes was once considered by Paramount for the part of Captain Jean-Luc Picard in Star Trek: The Next Generation.

He appeared in the 1988 pilot episode of Law & Order, "Everybody's Favorite Bagman", as District Attorney Alfred Wentworth. By the time the show was picked up in 1990, however, Thinnes was contractually obligated to another TV series (NBC's remake of Dark Shadows), and so his character was replaced with D.A. Adam Schiff, played by Steven Hill. Thinnes made two appearances in The X-Files as Jeremiah Smith, an alien rebel with healing and shape-shifting abilities.

Twice Thinnes appeared on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live playing two different characters. From 1984 to 1985, he played the role of "Alex Crown" and from 1992 to 1995, he played the role of "Gen. Sloan Carpenter". During both of his stints on the show, his characters became a father-in-law to the same character, Cassie Callison.

In 2005, Thinnes co-starred as Dr. Theophile Peyron in the movie The Eyes of Van Gogh about Vincent van Gogh (played by Alexander Barnett, who also wrote and directed) and his voluntary stay in an insane asylum. The movie focuses on Van Gogh's relationships with Dr. Peyron, as well as fellow Expressionist Paul Gauguin, and his brother, Theo.

Biography
Thinnes was born in Chicago of German descent. After serving in the United States Army as a military police officer, he relocated to California and attended Los Angeles City College. He was married to actress Lynn Loring from 1967 to 1984. Loring gave birth to their son Christopher Dylan Thinnes on Feb. 12 1969, and in 1974 gave birth to their daughter Casey Thinnes.

Thinnes's third wife, actress Catherine Smythe, is the mother of two of his five children.

In 2005, Thinnes married film editor Stephanie Batailler.

title: Roy Thinnes


text:
Vladimir Konstantinov

Vladimir Nikolaevich Konstantinov (Владимир Николаевич Константинов; born March 19, 1967) is a Russian former professional ice hockey player who played his entire National Hockey League (NHL) career, from 1991 to 1997 with the Detroit Red Wings. Previously, he had played for Soviet club CSKA Moscow. His career was ended in a limousine crash six days after the Red Wings' 1997 Stanley Cup victory.

Defection from the Soviet Union
Konstantinov was drafted 221st overall in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft by the Detroit Red Wings, after impressing a Wings scout at the 1987 World Junior Championships, where a brawl broke out in the Soviet Union–Canada game.

Although the end of the Cold War was approaching, the Soviet Union was still not allowing their young ice hockey players to leave the country to play in the NHL. The Red Wings worked for over two years to get Konstantinov to Detroit. Konstantinov had previously signed a 25-year contract committing himself to the army, and if he deserted, he would be considered a felon in Russia, which would make him ineligible for a work visa in the United States. He also had a wife and daughter, and would not consider leaving without them.

A Russian journalist named Valery Matveev worked with Wings executive vice-president Jim Lites to secure an army discharge for Konstantinov. With cash provided by the Red Wings, Matveev bribed six Russian doctors to diagnose and confirm that Konstantinov had inoperable cancer, and thus secured his medical discharge from the military in the summer of 1991. The Red Wings were planning to fly Konstantinov and his family out from Russia and get him to Detroit in time for the start of training camp in September, but the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt forced a change in plans. With the airports closed, Matveev took the family by train to Budapest. Lites met them there, in Red Wings' owner Mike Ilitch's private jet, and went back to Detroit with Konstantinov aboard. His wife and daughter followed two days later on a commercial flight.

Detroit Red Wings
Konstantinov played more aggressively than most of his Russian contemporaries, specializing in getting opponents off their game. "For my game," he explained, "I don't need to score the goal. I need someone to start thinking about me and forgetting about scoring goals." While he was known as "Vladdie" to his teammates, his aggressive style of play earned him the nicknames "Vladinator" and "Vlad the Impaler" among the media and fans, as well as "the Red Shark".

Konstantinov was part of the unit known as "The Russian Five", which consisted of him and fellow defenseman Slava Fetisov, and forwards Igor Larionov, Sergei Fedorov and Slava Kozlov.

Konstantinov earned the NHL Plus/Minus Award in 1995–96, with a plus/minus difference of +60. The +60 was the highest rating a player achieved since Wayne Gretzky finished with a +70 in the 1986–87 season; it wouldn't be matched or surpassed until Johnny Gaudreau registered a +64 in the 2021-22 season.

In 1996–97, Konstantinov helped his team to win the Stanley Cup against the Philadelphia Flyers. Flyers head coach Terry Murray expected his top line of centre Eric Lindros, left winger John LeClair and right winger Mikael Renberg—known as the "Legion of Doom" for its scoring and toughness—to face Konstantinov. However, Red Wings head coach Scotty Bowman surprised the Flyers by instead opting for the finesse-oriented defense pairing of Nicklas Lidström and Larry Murphy to neutralize the Legion of Doom's forechecking. In that same year, Konstantinov was runner-up to the New York Rangers' Brian Leetch for the James Norris Memorial Trophy, given to the NHL's best defenseman. However, 1996–97 would prove to be Konstantinov's final season.

Limousine crash
On June 13, 1997, following a golf outing with the Stanley Cup celebrating the Red Wings' championship triumph, Konstantinov, along with teammate Viacheslav Fetisov and team masseur Sergei Mnatsakanov, hired a limousine to drive them home. The driver, Richard Gnida, whose license was suspended at the time for drunk driving, lost control of the limousine and hit a tree in the median of Woodward Avenue in Birmingham, Michigan. As a result of the limousine crash, Konstantinov suffered from serious head injuries and paralysis, spending several weeks in a coma, while Fetisov escaped with relatively minor injuries and was able to play the following season. Mnatsakanov sustained significant head injuries as well, and also spent some time in a coma; he has had a considerably more difficult recovery.

After the Red Wings successfully defended the Stanley Cup in 1998, Konstantinov was brought onto the ice in a wheelchair, surrounded by his teammates, to celebrate the win. Throughout the playoffs the Red Wings' catchphrase was the single word, "Believe", and throughout the 1997–98 season the Red Wings wore a patch, with the initials of Konstantinov and Mnatsakanov featured prominently, with the word "Believe" written in both English and Russian.

Although Konstantinov was never able to play hockey again, the Detroit Red Wings still recognized him as part of their team. The Red Wings sought and received special dispensation from the NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman to have his name engraved on the Stanley Cup after they won the 1998 title.

Retirement
Konstantinov's jersey #16 has not been officially retired by the Red Wings. However, out of respect for Konstantinov, no player has been given the number since Kostantinov's last game. In 1999, newly acquired Pat Verbeek, who had worn #16 for much of his career, switched to #15. A similar situation occurred in 2001 when the Red Wings signed Brett Hull, who had worn #16 for the bulk of his career with the St. Louis Blues and Dallas Stars; Hull switched to #17. Drafted prospect Xavier Ouellet, who had worn #16 as a member of the Grand Rapids Griffins, switched to #61 for the Red Wings.

The Red Wings kept his locker set up for him through the 1997–1998 season, although he would never be capable of playing hockey again. A rock engraved with "Believe" sat in his place.

Konstantinov's condition has improved considerably since his accident. While he still has trouble speaking and walking, he has been seen several times a season watching Red Wings games from a private box in Detroit. In a profile with the NHL, Vladimir's wife Irina noted that injuries to his brain were in part to the left frontal lobe; she said that Vladimir "can't process idealistic feelings about life, like love of country or happiness that his child is graduating. Everything for him is matter of fact."

Konstantinov returned to the ice at Joe Louis Arena, helped by a walker, for the pre-game number retirement ceremony for Steve Yzerman on January 2, 2007.

At the 2014 NHL Winter Classic, Konstantinov was helped onto the ice for a rare Russian Five reunion with his former teammates Sergei Fedorov, Viacheslav Fetisov, Vyacheslav Kozlov and Igor Larionov.

On March 6, 2014, he was in attendance at the retirement of former teammate Nicklas Lidström's number.

On December 27, 2016, he was in attendance along with 29 other members of the 1997 Stanley Cup winning Red Wings team and former coach Scotty Bowman to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the 1997 Stanley Cup championship team.

Konstantinov was present for the final game at Joe Louis Arena, participating with multiple other Red Wings legends in the post-game ceremony.

International play
Konstantinov has participated in six international tournaments for the Soviet Union:
 * 1986 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
 * 1986 World Ice Hockey Championships
 * 1987 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
 * 1989 World Ice Hockey Championships
 * 1990 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships
 * 1991 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships

During the final game of the 1987 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships between Canada and the Soviet Union, a bench-clearing brawl known as the Punch-up in Piestany took place. The fight is famous for officials having turned off the arena lights in a desperate attempt at ending the 20 minute melee. During the fight Konstantinov leveled a head-butt that broke Greg Hawgood's nose. As a result of the brawl, both teams were disqualified from the tournament.

Personal life
Konstantinov lives in West Bloomfield, Michigan. His wife, Irina, now lives in Florida with their daughter, Anastasia Konstantinova.

Awards and achievements

 * NHL All-Rookie Team – 1992
 * NHL Second All-Star Team – 1996
 * NHL Plus/Minus Award – 1996 (+60)
 * Two-time Stanley Cup champion: 1997, 1998 Detroit Red Wings

title: Vladimir Konstantinov


text:
Problem child

Problem child may refer to a child who is particularly difficult to raise or educate, especially due to disruptive or antisocial behavior.

Problem child may also refer to:

Film, television and theatre

 * Problem Child (film), a 1990 comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan, with two sequels and a derivative TV series
 * Problem Child (TV series), an animated series based on the films
 * Problem Child, a 1997 Canadian drama, from the six-play cycle Suburban Motel, written by George F. Walker
 * "Problem Child", an Instant Star episode
 * "Problem Child", an Umineko no Naku Koro ni episode

Music

 * Problem Child, a 1980s band featuring Louis Prima Jr.

Songs

 * "Problem Child" (The Damned song)
 * "Problem Child" (The Beach Boys song), a 1990 single
 * "Problem Child", a song from the 1976 AC/DC album, Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap
 * "Problem Child", a song by Glue Gun from The Scene Is Not for Sale
 * "Problem Child", a song by Roy Orbison from Roy Orbison at the Rock House
 * "Problem Child", a song by Doyle Bramhall II & Smokestack from Welcome
 * "Problem Child", a song by pop-punk band Simple Plan from Taking One for the Team
 * "Problem child", a song by Graham Parker and The Rumour

Other uses

 * Problem child (growth–share matrix), an embryonic, start-up fund dependant, commercial endeavour archetype
 * The Problem Child, a 2006 Sisters Grimm novel by Michael Buckley
 * Problem Child, a boat that set a speed record
 * LSD: Mein Sorgenkind (LSD: My Problem Child), a book by Albert Hofmann

title: Problem child


text:
Bodyguards (TV series)

Bodyguards is a British television crime drama/action series, broadcast on ITV, that focuses on the cases of a specialized bodyguard unit, the Close Protection Group, in service of the British government. The series starred Sean Pertwee and Louise Lombard as protagonists Ian Worrell and Liz Shaw. Pertwee's father, Jon, notably also starred alongside a character called Liz Shaw, played by Caroline John, who was his first companion during his time playing the Third Doctor in Doctor Who. The series was the brainchild of Jeffrey Caine, known as the creator of The Chief and script editor of the James Bond movie GoldenEye.

A total of seven episodes were broadcast: a feature-length pilot which aired in 1996, which guest starred Josette Simon as a visiting dignitary, followed by a single series of six episodes in 1997. The series has never been released on VHS or DVD, but was uploaded in full to YouTube in March 2016 by a member of the original production crew. The series was also broadcast by GBC TV (Gibraltar) as part of its relaunch in early 1999. The series aired on Monday evenings at 9:30pm, and the series received a full repeat run later on in the year.

Cast

 * Sean Pertwee as Ian Worrell
 * Louise Lombard as Liz Shaw
 * John Shrapnel as Commander Alan MacIntyre
 * Pip Torrens as Robert Ferguson
 * Geoffrey Beevers as DAC James Henty
 * Robert Horwell as DC Fitton

Critical reception
Thomas Sutcliffe of The Independent said of the series; "When you start this job, you never think you're going to get bored," said one of the lumpy-jacketed characters in Bodyguards. It was a remark that might have been designed to extract a moan of sympathy from television reviewers, coming, as it did, halfway through this dim and derivative thriller, one of those professionals-with-guns series that give a distinguished theatrical actor the opportunity to look steely and say "shit". In this case, the man in question is John Shrapnel, taking the role of the sternly parental head of a police protection unit. His charges are played by Louise Lombard and Sean Pertwee, as well as disposable cannon-fodder who can be dispatched relatively early in the story to demonstrate that theirs is not just a nine-to-five job. In last night's episode, they were assigned to protect a businessman, back in England to give evidence before a select committee about a dodgy arms deal. Cue tough jargon ("Red One. Position set. Principal landed. 11.04") and a pretty standard plot involving conspiracy in high places."

title: Bodyguards (TV series)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paul Sarte

Paul Sarte was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Being a teenager does not make you notable. --Robert Merkel 03:20, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I note a distinct lack of encyclopedic relevance. Isomorphic 04:05, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Vanity. Delete. Kevyn 04:13, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity page. He and Ian should join forces.  --Ardonik 05:43, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * That would be an unholy union, wouldn't it? Count me in for a delete before civilization as we know it collapses in a mushroom cloud of dust! - Lucky 6.9 06:32, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Touching. Delete for lack of notability. Geogre 21:29, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this teen fool.   — Chameleon My page/My talk 13:16, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh dear, poor Paul. Delete.  Exploding Boy 15:48, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * No relation to the writer/philosopher, I presume. That might be enought to warrant a footnote somewhere. Mind you, I say might. The Iconoclast 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * No relation that I could find, and his last name is spelled differently - I assume you refer to Sartre? Vanity page. Delete. KillerChihuahua 21:41, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Rediret to Jean-Paul Sartre or delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:46, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think he's rather intent on documenting his abandonment by his father. However this is not the place for it. I vote to delete it.