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Enguerrand de Marigny

Enguerrand de Marigny, Baron Le Portier (1260 – 30 April 1315) was a French chamberlain and minister of Philip IV.

Early life
He was born at Lyons-la-Forêt in Normandy, of an old Norman family of the lesser baronage called Le Portier, which took the name of Marigny about 1200.

Enguerrand entered the service of Hugues II de Bouville, chamberlain and secretary of king Philip IV, as a squire, and then was attached to the household of Queen Jeanne, who made him one of the executors of her will. He married her god-daughter, Jeanne de St Martin. In 1298 he received the custody of the castle of Issoudun.

Ministry
After the death of Pierre Flotte at Courtrai in 1302 and de Bouville at the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle in 1304, he became Philip's Grand Chamberlain and chief minister. In 1306 he was sent to preside over the exchequer of Normandy. He received numerous gifts of land and money from Philip as well as a pension from Edward II of England. Possessed of an ingratiating manner, politic, learned and astute, he acted as an able instrument in carrying out Philip's plans, and received corresponding confidence. He shared the popular odium which Philip incurred by debasing the coinage. He acted as the agent of Philip in his contest with Louis, Count of Nevers, the son of Robert III of Flanders, imprisoning Louis and forcing Robert to surrender Lille, Douai and Béthune.

He obtained for his half-brother Philip de Marigny in 1301 the bishopric of Cambrai, and in 1309 the archbishopric of Sens, and for his brother Jean in 1312 the bishopric of Beauvais. Still another relative, Nicolas de Frauville, became the king's confessor and a cardinal. He addressed the Estates-General in 1314 and succeeded in getting further taxes for the Flemish war, incurring at the same time much ill will. This soon came to a head when the princes of the blood, eager to fight the Flemings, were disappointed by his negotiating a peace in September. He was accused of receiving bribes, and Charles of Valois denounced him to the king himself; but Philip stood by him and the attack was of no avail. The death of Philip IV on 29 November 1314 was a signal for a reaction against his policy. The feudal party, whose power the king had tried to limit, turned on his ministers and chiefly on his chamberlain.

Downfall
Enguerrand was arrested by Louis X at the instigation of Charles of Valois, and twenty-eight articles of accusation including charges of receiving bribes were brought against him. He was refused a hearing; but his accounts were correct, and Louis was inclined to spare him anything more than banishment to the island of Cyprus. Charles then brought forward a charge of sorcery which was more effectual. He was condemned at once and hanged on the public gibbet of Montfaucon, protesting that in all his acts he had only been carrying out Philip's commands (30 April 1315).

Marigny founded the collegiate church of Notre-Dame d'Écouis near Rouen in 1313. He was twice married, first to Jeanne de St Martin, by whom he had three children, Louis, Marie and Isabelle (who married Robert, son of Robert de Tancarville); and the second time to Alips de Mons.

In fiction
Marigny is a major character in Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings), a series of historical novels by Maurice Druon, which were adapted into a television miniseries in 1972 and again in 2005. He was portrayed by André Falcon in 1972 and by Jean-Claude Drouot in 2005.

Marigny is also referenced in the final chapter of The Hunchback of Notre-Dame as the first victim of Montfaucon, and a just man.

title: Enguerrand de Marigny


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Bedford School

Bedford School is a 7–18 boys public school in the county town of Bedford in England. Founded in 1552, it is the oldest of four independent schools in Bedford run by the Harpur Trust. Bedford School is one of the oldest boys' schools in the United Kingdom, and was the winner of the Independent Boys School of the Year Award at the Independent Schools of the Year Awards in 2021.

Bedford School is composed of the Preparatory School (ages 7 to 13) and the Upper School (ages 13 to 18). There are around 1,100 pupils, of whom approximately one half are boarders. In 2014, James Hodgson succeeded John Moule as headmaster after Moule moved on to Radley College.

Background
Although no large scale educational institution had existed in Bedford before the foundation of Bedford School, the collegiate St Paul's Church had run systems to teach Bedford's youth Latin and church history since at least 1086. This was overseen by Bedford's archdeacon, but this ceased when the church's monks became canons regular, moving to Newnham Priory; until the priory's dissolution in 1540, education in Bedford continued elsewhere in the town. This medieval school, located on "Scolestreet", later Mill Lane, had ended by 1447.

Establishment and early years
On 15 August 1552, Edward VI issued letters patent in Ely allowing the "Mayors, Bailiffs, Burgesses and Commonality of Bedford" to establish a grammar school in the town. The letters instructed boys to be taught by a Master and Usher chosen by the Warden and Fellows of New College, Oxford; Bedford's first headmaster was Edmund Greene, a Fellow of the college who had been teaching in Bedford for four years before the establishment of the school – Greene's relationship to the college was the reason for its appointment to choose the school's leadership.

In the same year, William Harpur, likely an alumnus of the early school on Mill Lane, donated a building to the school, and in 1566 deeded several parcels of meadow around Bedford and Holborn to the school to insure it an income. After a decline in school size following widespread misuse of corporal punishment – a student almost died after being attacked by the school's usher – Bedford began boarding in 1656 under the headmastership of George Butler, expanding the school, although boarding ended by 1660. However, the school grew little over the next century and a half due to incompetent headmasters and a lack of funding; it also grew little in social standing as compared to schools such as Winchester, Westminster, or Eton, this may also be partially attributed to its location in Bedford and lack of architecturally attractive estate.

In 1764, the Harpur Trust was formally created by Act of Parliament to administer Bedford School's endowment. After the Great Fire of London, much of Harpur's land in London was built on, and so by 1900, the Harpur Trust was receiving payments from these of around £14,000 per year. Following its foundation, Bedford School expanded greatly, increasing its head count and restoring its buildings. The "Writing School", now Bedford Modern School, also split to form a separate grammar school.

Late modern period
Around 1810, headmaster John Brereton restarted boarding at Bedford, although the school still primarily taught day students. By 1820, Bedford had 84 students, of which half were boarders. During Brereton's tenure, Bedford took on many characteristics of Victorian public schools, including fagging, and compulsory Christianity. The school's curriculum was broadened, and the school was modernised.

Buildings and grounds

The Main School Building, originally built in 1891, is a Gothic Revival Grade II listed building. On the night of 3–4 March 1979, much of the building was gutted by fire as a result of arson. The internal structure of the building was destroyed and thirty classrooms were lost. Almost all pupil records were saved but books, furniture and the large collection of portraits of former headmasters were lost. However, the school was in full operation on Monday 5 March.

Bedford School Chapel was completed in 1908 and is a Grade II* listed building. It is significant as the last architectural accomplishment of George Frederick Bodley, a prominent Victorian architect who worked in the Gothic Revival style. Other notable buildings by Bodley include the chapels of Marlborough College and Queens' College, Cambridge. In 2005, various refurbishment projects took place within the chapel. Most significantly, the ceiling was restored to its former Bodlian watercolour design, the original having been painted over in the 1960s due to deterioration. At the same time, the interior walls were redecorated and the stonework cleaned. The chapel is home to Bedford School's chapel choir and houses a fine two-manual Hill, Norman & Beard organ. The specification of this instrument can be found in the National Pipe Organ Register.

The Charles Piazzi Smyth Observatory and the Wolfson Planetarium were opened in May 2002 by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Situated on the Bedford School estate, the facility is operated by the school's astronomer in conjunction with members of the Bedford Astronomical Society. The observatory was named after an Old Bedfordian who went on to become the Astronomer Royal for Scotland. It has a custom-designed GRP dome and a computer-controlled twelve-inch (305mm) telescope. The telescope has a hydrogen alpha filter, which enables the observer to view the magnetic plasma flow around the sun. The adjacent Planetarium was named after the Wolfson Foundation.

Admissions
Bedford School aims to maintain the Christian ethos which was embedded into its foundation principles when established, but commits to admitting boys of all faiths, or boys with no faith.

The first year at Bedford School (for 13- to 14-year-olds) is called the Fourth Form and is equivalent to Year 9 in the state system. After that come the Remove and the Fifth Form. The next two years are the Lower Sixth and the Upper Sixth. Bedford School also caters for the lower years (from Year 3 to Year 8) in Bedford Preparatory School. This is located on the Bedford School estate and many facilities are shared.

Boys attending Bedford School typically come from a variety of various professional families in Bedford, elsewhere in the United Kingdom, as well as overseas. In 2016, the school had 139 boys as English as an Additional Language (EAL), and 57 boys who received additional support in learning for special educational needs, such as dyslexia, and physical disabilities.

Academic attainment
Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI) inspected Bedford School in November 2016, and found quality of personal development provided for boys attending the school to be "excellent". Boys attending Bedford School during the inspection were praised for having "respect for others", having a good "understanding of right and wrong", showing "kindness and sensitivity" and demonstrating "responsibility for others". Academic attainment across the school was strong, with boys making "rapid" progress in all curriculum areas whilst developing a wide range of learning skills, including independence of thought and the ability to clearly communicate.

Boys attending the Preparatory School at Bedford School achieve high standards, and in the Senior School, boys academic performance at GCSE level is above the national average. Results in GCSE examinations in the Sixth Form were also strong and found to be above the national average. Boys of all ages across the school, from Preparatory to Sixth Form, were found to be achieving strongly in key areas such as Language and Communication, as well as Numeracy and Mathematics. Following the inspection in November 2016, it was concluded that boys attending Bedford School had well–developed mathematical skills.

House system
Bedford School has six houses. Each house is composed of a day house and an associated boarding house. The day houses are areas for students to relax during breaks from teaching whilst the boarding houses are for students to reside in. The house names, dating from the mid-nineteenth century, refer to areas of Bedford; boys were originally allocated a house based on the area of town in which they lived. Whilst these are the official house names, it is common for boarders to refer to their house by the name of their boarding house. The houses are:

Ashburnham – The day house is next to the Design and Technology Building. The boarding house, Sandersons, is within a ten-minute walk of the school in Rothsay Gardens, next to Redburn.

Bromham – The day house is on Burnaby Road at the main entrance to the school, next to the Rice Building. The school's sixth form boarding house, Burnaby, is on Burnaby Road.

Crescent – The day house is in a two-storey building towards the south of the school estate. The boarding house, Pemberley, is on Pemberley Avenue. The name Crescent derives from The Crescent, a road to the north-east of Bedford town centre running between Bromham Road and Tavistock Street.

Paulo Pontine – The day house occupies a single storey ground floor area beneath the Art Department towards the south of the school estate. The boarding house, Redburn, is within a ten-minute walk of the school. The house takes its name from the area around St Paul's Church ('Paulo') and the area south of the river, over the Town Bridge ('Pontine').

St Cuthbert's – The day house is located next door to the Medical Centre on Burnaby Road. The boarding house, Phillpotts, is in the north-east corner of the school estate.

St Peter's – The day house occupies a purpose-built building next to its boarding house, Talbots, on Burnaby Road.

School officials
Bedford School monitors are selected from amongst the boys of the Upper Sixth. They are entitled to wear coloured waistcoats and brown shoes as well as brass buttons on their blazers. The head of school and the deputy head are selected from amongst the monitors.

Colour system
Bedford School recognises individual achievement in various fields by the awarding of 'colours', at the discretion of the appropriate master, to boys in the Fifth Form and above. The various colours entitle the bearer to wear a particular variant of his uniform, appropriate to that award, on given days. There are five types of colours: Academic, Arts, Headmaster's, House, and Sports (Major and Minor).

Chapel Choir
The Chapel Choir sings the weekly and special services in Bedford School Chapel. The choir consists of eighteen choristers from the Preparatory School and twenty-four choral scholars from the Upper School, many of whom are former cathedral choristers.

The Chapel Choir regularly sings services and performs concerts in English cathedrals, including St Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. The choir also tours abroad in alternate years. Previous destinations have included: Prague (1998); Oslo (2000); Paris (2002), where the choir sang mass in Notre Dame Cathedral; Rome (2004), where the choir sang mass in St. Peter's Basilica; Ireland (2006); Madrid (2008), and Belgium (2019).

The choir has made several recordings in recent years. In 2007, the BBC recorded the school's Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols for transmission on Christmas Day of that year on BBC Radio under the direction of Andrew Morris, Director of Music at Bedford School between 1979 and 2011.They also recorded A CD entitled "A Bedford Christmas" in 2018.

School magazines
Bedford School produces several magazines, of which the most prominent is The Ousel, published regularly since 1876. It is largely written by boys and managed directly by the school. It is published at the end of each Summer term and contains pupil and staff reviews of the school year. The school's Mosaic Society runs the Mosaic magazine which contains a range of essays and articles written by boys on subjects ranging from current affairs and politics to sport and science. In 2011, the Classical Society started a publication, VIM Magazine.

Sport
Bedford School has a different major sport for each term. The Christmas term is rugby union orientated, the Easter term is devoted to hockey, and Summer is the cricket season. Rowing with the Bedford School Boat Club takes place on the River Ouse throughout the year. Other popular Bedford School sports include athletics, badminton, basketball, canoeing, cross-country running, fencing, fives, football, golf, rifle shooting, sailing, squash, swimming, table tennis, tennis, volleyball, water polo and weight training.

The school produced cricketer Alastair Cook, who went on to captain the England cricket team, and whose coach at Bedford School was sports master and former England batsman Derek Randall. Other Bedford School sportsmen include England rugby internationals Martin Bayfield and Andy Gomarsall; the rower Jack Beresford, winner of five Olympic medals; and 1924 Olympic 100-metre sprint gold medallist Harold Abrahams.

Headmasters
Edmund Greene was appointed as headmaster of Bedford School prior to Bedford School's foundation in 1552. From then on the Wardens and Fellows of New College, Oxford were given the right to appoint the master (headmaster) and usher (deputy headmaster). This came to an end in 1903, with the appointment of John Edward King to headship. The schools headmasters have been:

Notable staff

 * Charles Abbot (1761–1817), Fellow of New College, Oxford, botanist and entomologist, Usher at Bedford School, 1787–1817
 * Robert Steele (1860–1944), Medievalist
 * W. H. D. Rouse (1863–1950), Fellow in Classics at Christ's College, Cambridge
 * Stanley Toyne (1881–1962), Historian, Hampshire and MCC cricketer
 * Jack Hobbs (1882–1963), Surrey and England cricketer
 * Rex Alston (1901–1994), a master at Bedford School, 1924–1941, before becoming a BBC sports commentator
 * Evelyn King (1907–1994), Labour MP, 1945–1950, Conservative MP, 1964–1979
 * John Durnford-Slater (1909–1972), raised the first Commando unit in 1940, Estate Bursar and Commanding Officer of the CCF at Bedford School
 * William Ronald Dalzell (1910–2004), book illustrator, author, and lecturer on the arts; art master, 1947-70
 * Godfrey Brown (1915–1995), History master, Olympic gold medal winner, 1936
 * Mary Midgley (1919–2018), moral philosopher
 * Jack Bailey (1930–2018), Essex and MCC cricketer, Secretary of the MCC, 1974–1987
 * Bernie Cotton (born 1948), Olympic hockey player, 1972, manager of the Great Britain Olympic hockey team, 1992
 * Andrew Morris (born 1948), conductor and organist, Director of Music at Bedford School, 1979–2011
 * Derek Randall (born 1951), Nottinghamshire and England cricketer
 * Gary Steer (born 1970) Derbyshire County Cricket Club

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bedford School


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The zero-dumb fallacy

Original research; there's no sign of this online. - Kenwarren 19:04, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * The writing may have disproved the theory. Delete. Ilyanep (Talk) 19:13, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Elf-friend 19:28, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It's those monkeys and their typewriters, I'm telling you. Delete. --Ianb 20:35, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yup. While those monkeys might not be typing Shakespeare, they sure as shooting are cranking out the Wikipedia equivalent of the Weekly World News.  Delete. - Lucky 6.9 01:04, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: This is a private rant by someone who can't even coin his rant's title properly. It's a dumb rant, in other words, from someone I assume who feels that too much is being asked of him. Geogre 01:24, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * A zero-content fallacy. Delete. - DavidWBrooks 13:54, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Google shows no uses of this concept. Delete.  Gwimpey 05:43, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. DJ Clayworth 18:01, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Someone's private joke. LeeHunter 00:23, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Hao

Hao or HAO may refer to:

People

 * Hao (surname) (Chinese: 郝)
 * Hao (given name)
 * Hao (video gamer), Chinese professional Dota 2 player
 * Heather O'Reilly, Professional soccer player

Places

 * Hao (city), or Haojing (鎬京), capital of the Western Zhou, near present-day Xi'an
 * Xi'an, China, derived from the ancient city
 * Hao (French Polynesia), an atoll
 * Hao Airport
 * Hao Prefecture (濠州), of imperial China
 * Hao River, in Thailand
 * Butler County Regional Airport IATA code

Other uses

 * Art name (Chinese: 號, hào)
 * Hakö language, spoken in Papua New Guinea
 * hào, a disused monetary subunit of the Vietnamese đồng
 * Hao Asakura (麻倉 葉王 (ハオ)), a fictional character and the main antagonist in the manga and anime Shaman King
 * High Altitude Observatory
 * High Armanen Order
 * Rauvolfia sandwicensis (Hawaiian: hao), a flowering plant
 * Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, an enzyme involved in the nitrogen cycle

title: Hao


text: Category:Jaguar Cars

title: Category:Jaguar Cars


text:
User:BCKILLa

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Contributions

User Pages with useful info

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title: User:BCKILLa


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Simon Goodrich

Simon Goodrich (1773–1847) was an engineer to the British Navy Board.

Life
He was said to have been born 28 October 1773 in Suffolk. His education and training is unknown. In 1796 he was appointed draughtsman in the office of Sir Samuel Bentham, Inspector General of Naval Works, and in 1799 was promoted to the post of Mechanist and Bentham's deputy. On the incorporation of the Naval Works Department with the Navy Board in 1808, he was given the title of Mechanist under the Civil Architect and Engineer. The office was discontinued on 25 Dec. 1812 on the abolition of the office of  Civil Architect, when it was provided that Goodrich should have   preference over others of his profession whenever his services were   wanted.

Goodrich was responsible to Bentham for the management of the installation of the machinery at the Portsmouth Block Mills, and for the Metal Mills and millwright's shop at Portsmouth. He was also responsible for the mechanical engineering work at all the other Naval Dockyards, and travelled incessantly on Naval business.

As well as his main responsibilities over time he was involved in devising machinery for testing anchor chains; for investigating different firefighting apparatus used on shipboard; reporting on machinery for making rope and cordage, and on saw-milling apparatus; for making seagoing trials of steam vessels. He was also involved greatly in the day-to-day management of the manufacturing staff. He was in close contact with many of the important engineers of the time, including Richard Trevithick, Matthew Murray, Henry Maudslay, Sir Marc Isambard Brunel and, particularly, Joshua Field.

Family
Goodrich married Susanna Lloyd on 25 December 1797 at the Navy church of Saint Martin in the Fields, Westminster and had two daughters. He lived at 9 Upper Eton St Pimlico in 1811 and in various locations in Portsmouth. On his retirement Goodrich moved to Lisbon, and died there 3 September 1847 and was survived by his wife.

Legacy
After his death, Goodrich's papers and drawings were returned to England, and by 1875 were in a library collection somewhere (the location has yet to be discovered). They were later transferred to the library of the Science Museum, London which has now been transferred to Wroughton, Swindon. The SML accessioning records give no clue about the origins. The Simon Goodrich papers are a source of detailed information about what is something of a dark age in our knowledge of the engineering background to the Industrial Revolution.

title: Simon Goodrich


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Talk:Bedford school

Assess
Good article, but only one in-line reference and no infobox. This page could be a very good page. Look at the ref tag Victuallers 22:02, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Bedford Grammar School
Bedford Grammar School is a redirect here, are they the same school?--Jackyd101 22:04, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

School houses
The information seems not to be current (Google translates like that. Don't you say actual in that case?) anymore.... Look at the official website. -- 85.181.37.118 21:59, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bedford school


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User:Seltzoid

I am a professor at Georgia State and I thought I would join Wikipedia to assist with the development of its cartography related pages. My students may also participate I hope!

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title: User:Seltzoid


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Salt Tank

Salt Tank are two English record producers, David Gates and Malcolm Stanners, plus percussionist and vocalist Andy Rose, from Basingstoke. Their music ranges from laid-back trance, such as their hit single "Eugina" (some of its many versions include a sample from "Me and a Gun" by Tori Amos) to tougher sounds.

Biography
The trio recorded several singles before signing a recording contract with Internal Records and securing a UK Top 40 hit single with "Eugina". Their debut album, Science and Nature, was released on that label in 1996. They enjoyed a brief flirtation with the UK Singles Chart in May 1996 when "Eugina" peaked at No. 40. Other such chart entries included "Dimension" (1999, #52) and "Eugina" (remix) (2000, No. 58). By 1991, Stanners and Gates had also recorded three EPs on their own label, 4 Real Communications. The releases created an interest in the dance community, and reached radio via John Peel.

They have collaborated with other musicians such as Chicane, in the track "Leaving Town", which can be found in Chicane's album Far from the Maddening Crowds. In turn, Salt Tank had the song remixed by trance artist Mea Culpa and re-titled it, "Pueblo Blanco". It was issued on 1999's Gatecrasher : Wet.

Vocalist Andy Rose died in November 2012 following a fight with cancer. Prior to Salt Tank he was joint lead vocalist with UK indie rap band EB and the System. Later he became known as AR Logic.

Discography
Albums

 * 1996 ST 7: Science and Nature (Internal)
 * 1997 Wavebreaks (FFRR)

Singles and EPs

 * 1991 Ease the Pressure (self-released)
 * 1992 Ethereal EP (self-released)
 * 1993 ST 1 (self-released)
 * 1993 ST 2 (self-released)
 * 1994 ST 3 (Internal)
 * 1994 ST 4: Laguna Calorado (Internal)
 * 1995 ST 5: Peel Session (Internal)
 * 1996 ST 6: "Eugina" (Internal)
 * 1996 ST 8: Swell (Internal)
 * 1997 "Wave Intruder" (FFRR)
 * 1997 "Angels Landing" (FFRR)
 * 1998 "Skyline" / "I Dream Of Jeanie" (self-released)
 * 1999 "Dimension" (Hooj Choons)
 * 1999 The White Island E.P. (Hooj Choons)
 * 2000 "Eugina" (Lost Language)
 * 2001 "Eugina (I Want To Be Free)" (Lost Language)
 * 2001 "The Energy" (Bedrock Records)
 * 2009 "L.e.d." (self-released)
 * 2015 "Phoenix" (Pure Trance Recordings)

title: Salt Tank


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Spiral Tribe

Spiral Tribe is an arts collective and free party sound system formed in 1990. It organised free parties, festivals and raves in the UK and later Europe in the 1990s. Spiral Tribe was involved in the Castlemorton Common Festival, and members have released music on labels such as Network 23 and Big Life Records. The sound system combined pagan beliefs with New Age traveller culture and rave to form teknivals. After a hiatus, the collective reformed as SP23 in 2011 and continues to organise events.

Early history
Spiral Tribe formed as a sound system in 1990, organising free parties in the UK. Between 1990 and 1992, the collective organised or were involved in over 30 free parties, raves, and festivals in indoor and outdoor locations. The three founding members of Spiral Tribe/SP23 were Mark Harrison, Debbie Griffith and Simone Feeney. According to Harrison, the name Spiral Tribe came to him when he was at work, staring at a poster of the interconnecting spirals in an ammonite shell. The number 23, which is associated with Spiral Tribe, was introduced by Harrison. Despite allusions to the number having been used by Psychic TV and Robert Anton Wilson, he stated that it "had nothing to do with any pre-existing individual, group or subculture".

Selected parties
On New Year's Eve 1991, Spiral Tribe held a rave at the then derelict Roundhouse venue in Camden, London, which lasted for a week. The building had previously been used for an All Night Rave in the 1960s. Spiral Tribe organised a warehouse rave in Acton Lane, west London on 19 April 1992 (Easter Sunday). The Metropolitan Police decided to shut down the party and since the doors were barricaded, the Territorial Support Group drove a JCB through a wall to enter the party.

In May 1992, the free party circuit moved up a gear and attendances increased heavily. At the beginning of the month, Spiral Tribe joined DiY Sound System and Circus Warp at Lechlade, Gloucestershire. This would reach its peak by the end of May with the Castlemorton Common Festival which became a huge party as an unintended consequence of the police preventing New Age travellers heading for the annual Avon Free Festival. Thirteen members of Spiral Tribe were arrested immediately after the event and subsequently charged with public order offences. Their trial became one of the longest-running and most expensive cases in British legal history, lasting four months and costing the UK £4 million. Spiral Tribe first use the slogan "Make some fucking noise" on t-shirts which they wore in the court room. The judge ordered them to remove these garments. However, when the female defendants revealed that they wore nothing underneath their T-shirts, the judge reversed his instructions, something quite rare in UK courts. Regarding Castlemorton, Nigel South states that "the adverse publicity attending the event laid the groundwork for the Criminal Justice Act 1994". Police pressure on the collective was increasing. The week after Castlemorton, Spiral Tribe tried to put on a rave but prospective five venues were all shut down. It then organised a rave at Canada Square beside the then half-built Canary Wharf tower in June 1992, which was attended by 1,000 before being stopped.

After participants were eventually acquitted of all charges relating to Castlemorton in March 1993, half of the group moved to Europe shortly afterwards, doing parties in the Netherlands, Germany and Austria. In Berlin, Spiral Tribe made their base at Kunsthaus Tacheles with the Mutoid Waste Company.

Over the next few years, the collective organised parties and teknivals throughout Europe, then it slowly dispersed with some members taking up residence in Germany and the Netherlands and releasing work on Labworks and many other techno labels. Individual members of the collective joined other sound systems such as Facom Unit, Sound Conspiracy and Total Resistance. Spiral Tribe also toured the USA in the late 1990s.

Legacy
Spiral Tribe became an influential pioneer of the teknival and free party scene in western Europe and north America. It forged a new techno-punk identity out of rave and New Age traveller culture, which brought in pagan influences. Members of the collective promoted the use of psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin. The music of Spiral Tribe inspired other sound systems such as Desert Storm, Teknocrates, Nomades, OQP and Psychiatrik. Low and Barnett opine in Spaces of Democracy that "Spiral Tribe, with their free and inclusive parties, succeeded in constituting an alternative public space, rather than just a secret one". Creating temporary autonomous zones through squatting venues, the collective could set the volume as high as it wanted and drug use was not restricted.

The DVD World Traveller Adventures (named after the Spiral Tribe track "World Traveller Adventurer") includes films about Spiral Tribe and other sound systems such as OQP, Desert Storm, Teknocrates and Sound Conspiracy, tracking how they organised parties in places such as Carcassonne, Oxford, Sarajevo, Sheffield and Tarnos. It also tracks overground journeys to Mali and Goa. In 2019, Seana Gavin put on an exhibition in Paris about the legacy of Spiral Tribe and then released a book called Spiralled. A documentary entitled Free Party: A Folk History was announced in 2021 which included interviews with members of Spiral Tribe.

2011 reform
In 2011, several of the original members of Spiral Tribe reformed as SP23, a creative collective involved in a number of grassroots and community projects as well as still organising parties. A return to the UK party was held in London in April 2013 at Village Underground club; the lineup was Crystal Distortion, 69DB, Ixindamix, Jeff23, Meltdown Mickey, the Bad Girlz and Sirius. Since then, SP23 have hosted across Europe. Members of SP23 are Mark (a.k.a. Stray Wayward), Debbie (a.k.a. Feenix13),David (a.k.a Dave808) Simone (a.k.a. Sim Simmer), Meltdown Mickey, Simon (a.k.a. Crystal Distortion), Sebastian (a.k.a. 69db), Ixindamix, Jeff 23, Max Volume and Charlie Kane. Jeff 23 and Simone formed the group Artists in Action in order to raise money to support refugees by releasing compilation albums.

Discography
In 1992, some members of the collective signed to the major label Big Life Records, as a result of the publicity generated from their involvement in the organisation of the Castlemorton Common Festival. Three EPs were released with them enjoying short crossover success with Forward the Revolution and Breach the Peace, an album Tekno Terra, as well as a compilation. The track "Breach the Peace" included samples of police officers talking about Castlemorton.

Members of Spiral Tribe also released records on their own label Network 23. In 1997, Techno Import, a French commercial distributor, compiled a CD entitled Spiral Tribe: The Sound of Teknival. The CD was released without any consent from members of Spiral Tribe, was advertised on television and sold an estimated 30,000 copies.

Albums

 * Tekno Terra (Big Life Records, 1993)

Compilations

 * Spiral Tribe Sound System (The Album) (Big Life, 1993)

Selected singles/EPs

 * U Make Me Feel So Good (self-released, 1992)
 * Spiral Tribe EP (a.k.a. Breach the Peace) (Big Life, 1992)
 * Spiral Tribe EP 2 (a.k.a. Forward the Revolution) (Big Life, 1992)
 * SP 23 (Rabbit City, 1992)
 * Sirius 23 (Big Life, 1993)
 * Verdict Not Guilty EP (a.k.a. Black Plastik) (self-released, 1992)
 * Don't Take the Piss (Network 23, 1994)
 * Definitely Taking Drugs (Network 23, 1994)
 * Expekt the Unxpekted (Network 23, 1994)
 * This Is Trance (Force Inc, 1994)
 * Panasonic (Network 23, 1994)
 * Probably Taking Drugs (Network 23, 1994)
 * LSP 23 (Network 23, 1994)
 * Spiral Tribe 1 (Network 23, 1994)
 * Spiral Tribe 2 (Network 23, 1994)
 * Spiral Tribe 3 (Network 23, 1994)
 * Spiral Tribe 4 (Network 23, 1995)
 * Spiral Tribe 5 (Network 23, 1995)
 * Power House (Network 23, 1995)
 * Power House 02 (Network 23, 1995)
 * Full Fill Fromage (Network 23, 1996)
 * Strange Breaks (Network 23, 1996)
 * Fac'em If They Can't Take a Joke (Facom Unit, 1997)

Remixes

 * Killing Joke – "Change" (Spiral Tribe mixes) (Virgin, 1992)

Appearances

 * Shamanarchy in the UK (Evolution, 1992)
 * Survival! The Dance Compilation (Guerilla Records, 1993)
 * Technohead – Mix Hard or Die (React Records, 1993)
 * World Traveller Adventures (DVD) (Uncivilized World, 2004)
 * Aid Asia Compilation (Aid Asia, 2005)

title: Spiral Tribe


text:
Manuel I

Manuel I may refer to:

 * Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (1143–1180)
 * Manuel I of Trebizond, Emperor of Trebizond (1228–1263)
 * Manuel I of Portugal, King of Portugal (1496–1521)
 * Manuel I, Patriarch of Lisbon (1800–1869)

title: Manuel I


text:
Gustav Mützel

Gustav Ludwig Heinrich Mützel (December 7, 1839 – October 29, 1893) was a German artist, famous for his mammal and bird paintings, including the illustrations for the second edition of Alfred Edmund Brehm's Thierleben and Richard Lydekker's The Royal Natural History.

Gustav Mützel was the son of the painter Heinrich Mützel and his wife Luise Pauline Friedrichs. He attended the French high school in his hometown. Subsequently, Mützel began to study at the Academy of Art at age 18 and was, amongst others, a pupil of the painter Eduard Daege.

On 1 November 1865 Mützel married Anna Schönherr in Berlin and raised three children; Hans, Walter and Gertrud. Mützel and his wife settled in Königsberg in the Neumark, where he was active as photographer. To keep up with the latest technical developments in photography Mützel and his family moved to Berlin in 1870.

After the Franco-German War Mützel started illustrating some of the more important encyclopedias of the time. He created a large number of illustrations for the German Ornithological Society, having been a member since 1874. Mützel's diverse interests led also to his membership of the German Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory and the Association of Berlin artists. The Nießen'sche Choral Society awarded him with an honorary membership.

Gustav Mützel died at his home (Hagelsberger Str. 10) at the age of 54 years on 29 October 1893 of heart and kidney ailments. He was interred at the cemetery in Mariendorf on 1 November.

Illustrated works

 * Alfred Brehm: Brehm's Thierleben
 * Alfred Brehm: Vom Nordpol zum Äquator
 * Brockhaus Konversationslexikon
 * Friedrich Lichterfeld: Illustrirte Tierbilder. Schilderungen und Studien nach dem Leben
 * Adolf Bernhard Meyer (Hrsg.): Unser Auer-, Rackel- und Birkwild und seine Abarten
 * Joseph Meyer: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
 * Heinrich Nehrling: Die Nordamerikanische Vogelwelt
 * Theodor D. Pleske: Ornithographia rossica („Die Vogelfauna des russischen Reiches“)
 * Nikolai Michailowitsch Przewalski: Wissenschaftliche Resultate der von N. M. Przewalski nach Central-Asien unternommenen Reisen (2 Bde.)
 * Friedrich Ratzel: Völkerkunde
 * Anton Reichenow: Vogelbilder aus fernen Zonen
 * Emil Adolf Roßmäßler: Das Süßwasseraquarium. Eine Anleitun und Pflege desselben
 * Richard Schmid-Cabanis: Zoolyrische Ergüsse. Ein Album zwei-, vier- und mehrfüssiger Dichtungen
 * Georg Schweinfurth: Im Herzen von Afrika. Reisen und Entdeckungen im zentralen Äquatorial-Afrika während der Jahre 1868-1871

title: Gustav Mützel


text:
Avenue of the Saints

The Avenue of the Saints is a 563 mi highway in the Midwestern United States that connects St. Louis, Missouri, and St. Paul, Minnesota.

Missouri
The southern end of the Avenue of the Saints is at exit 28A on Interstate 64/U.S. Route 40 (I-64/US 40), which is also the southern end of its concurrency with US 61. The Avenue of the Saints heads west, to Chesterfield, crossing I-270. Here, the Avenue of the Saints turns northwest, crosses the Missouri River via the Daniel Boone Bridge. In Wentzville, the route intersects I-70. The western end of I‑64 and the northern end of the concurrency with US 40 is here. The Avenue of the Saints continues north as just US 61, intersects with the western end of I-72 in Hannibal, reaches the northern terminus of its concurrency with US 61, then crosses the Des Moines River into Iowa.

The Avenue of the Saints is co-signed with Missouri Route 27 to the Iowa state line.

Iowa
In Iowa, the Avenue of the Saints is a 282 mi highway, which begins in Lee County where Missouri Route 27 crosses the Des Moines River, and ends at the Iowa state line in Worth County, concurrent with Interstate 35. Construction of the Avenue of the Saints corridor in Iowa was completed on May 23, 2006.

The route runs north from the Missouri state line as just Iowa Highway 27 for about 10 mi, then is co-signed with US 218 until just south of Cedar Rapids, crossing I-80 in Iowa City. This is also the location of the southern end of its concurrency with I‑380, and this concurrency terminates in Waterloo. Near Floyd, US 218 splits off, just after the route starts a concurrency with US 18, running west to its intersection with I-35, where the route turns north again and runs into Minnesota.

In 2001, the Iowa Department of Transportation designated the Avenue of the Saints as Iowa 27. Prior to its creation, motorists wanting to travel the Avenue through Iowa had to follow a lengthy list of directions: (heading north from Missouri) Iowa 394, US 218, I‑380, US 20, Iowa 58, US 218 (again), US 18 and I‑35.

As with many rural expressways in Iowa, the Avenue of the Saints has exit numbers in that state. The exit numbers correspond to the underlying U.S. Highway or Interstate Highway – US 218, I-380, US 20, US 18 and I‑35. The section along Iowa 58 in Cedar Falls has no exit numbers, and the separate section south of Donnellson has one numbered exit—the northbound one to US 218 south—based on Iowa 27's mileage.

Minnesota
In Minnesota, the Avenue of the Saints is officially routed along I-35 and I-35E for the entirety of its length in that state, but is not marked anywhere within the state. The route runs straight north, crosses I-90 in Albert Lea, and runs to its northern end in St. Paul, shortly after crossing the Mississippi River via the Lexington Bridge.

History
The Avenue of the Saints was the concept of businessman Ernest Hayes of Mount Pleasant, Iowa who in the 1980s envisioned a four-lane highway between St. Paul and St. Louis. It was named by Gary Smith, who at the time was Executive Director of the Southeast Iowa Regional Planning Commission. Smith and Hayes convened a group of area business and political leaders, who organized an effort to convince the Iowa Department of Transportation to study the idea, which they did in 1988. Several politicians endorsed the idea, including then-mayor Tom Vilsack of Mount Pleasant, Senator Chuck Grassley of Iowa, and Congressmen David Nagle and Fred Grandy of Iowa and Dick Gephardt of Missouri.

By the end of 1989, four possible routes for the Avenue of the Saints were under consideration by the Federal Highway Administration. Two of the rejected routes would have followed US 52 and US 63 from St. Paul through Rochester, Minnesota, to Waterloo, Iowa. The third rejected route would have followed US 61 from St. Paul through La Crosse, Wisconsin, and Dubuque, Iowa to Davenport, Iowa and US 67 from Davenport, crossing the Mississippi River through western Illinois to Alton, Illinois and crossing the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to St. Louis.

In 1990 the FHWA chose its route for the Avenue of the Saints: the signed highway would follow the existing Interstate 35 from St. Paul to a point south of Clear Lake, Iowa; U.S. Route 18 to Charles City, Iowa; U.S. Route 218 to Cedar Falls, Iowa; U.S. Route 20 and Iowa Highway 58 around Cedar Falls and Waterloo, Iowa; Interstate 380 from Waterloo through Cedar Rapids to Interstate 80 near Coralville, Iowa and Iowa City, Iowa; U.S. Route 218 to Donnellson, Iowa; Iowa Highway 394 and Route B to Wayland, Missouri; and Interstate 64 and U.S. Route 61 from Wayland to St. Louis.

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 made the Avenue of the Saints an official "high-priority corridor," and signs were put along the route by the end of the year. At that time the only four-lane segments were I‑35, I‑380, and I‑64; US 20 around Waterloo; US 218 from I‑80 to Iowa 22 near Riverside, Iowa; and two segments of US 61 in Missouri (from La Grange to New London and from Bowling Green to St. Louis). As a cost-saving measure, the government decided to build the Avenue of the Saints to expressway standards—with intersections at rural roads—rather than to full freeway standards. Freeway segments would be built around cities that needed to be bypassed.

After the routing was approved, both Iowa and Missouri began constructing new four-lane segments. Iowa opened bypasses around Waverly (1998), Mason City (1999), Charles City (2000), Mount Pleasant (2001), and Donnellson (2004). A four-lane link between I‑35 and I‑380 was completed with the opening of a segment near Nashua in November 2003. Missouri completed four-lane segments from New London to Bowling Green in November 2000, and from Canton to La Grange in 2003.

In 2001, the Iowa Department of Transportation gave the Avenue of the Saints its own highway number: Highway 27 (Iowa 27). The number was added as an additional number to the existing routes; however, after the Donnellson bypass opened in 2004, Iowa Highway 394 was decommissioned and Iowa 27 is now a stand-alone highway south of the split with US 218. A new four-lane bridge across the Des Moines River was opened at the end of 2004, replacing an existing toll bridge operated by the Wayland Special Road District. A new four-lane road between the bridge and US 61 south of Wayland, Missouri opened on the same day; it was numbered by Missouri as Route 27 to match Iowa's number for the Avenue of the Saints.

In June 2005, a four-lane segment from the end of the Mount Pleasant bypass to the junction with Iowa Highway 16 east of Houghton was opened to four lanes of traffic. The segment of Iowa 27 between the split with US 218 and the Des Moines River bridge opened to four lanes on August 25, 2005. The last remaining segment in Iowa was opened to traffic on May 23, 2006.

In 2007, an interchange was installed at Route C in Moscow Mills, Missouri. This was later done to Route U and South Lincoln Drive as well.

On July 25, 2008, the final 9 mi of highway between the Lewis—Clark county line and Wayland, Missouri, was open to four-lane traffic. A ceremony was held at the intersection of US 61 and Route 27 to commemorate the completion of the four-lane highway in Missouri. The Avenue of the Saints is now complete from St. Paul to suburban St. Louis.

As a result of the narrow lanes and constant problems with the aging westbound structure, MODOT started studies for a new replacement of the westbound Daniel Boone bridge in around 2001 or 2002. Funding was finally unveiled in 2011, and in November 2012 a design-build contract was awarded to the Walsh-Alberici joint venture team with designer Burns & McDonnell. Construction started in 2013 on a girder bridge, located upstream of the two existing bridges. All four eastbound lanes were routed onto the new bridge on June 28, 2015. The new bridge also features a bike/pedestrian attachment, which connects the Katy Trail to the Monarch Levee Trail.

Future construction
Ongoing construction projects and future proposals along the Avenue of the Saints include:

 * Missouri Department of Transportation has published initial maps for the Hannibal Expressway, a bypass around Hannibal, Missouri. According to the maps, the Hannibal Expressway would depart from US 61 south of Hannibal, travel in a northwesterly direction toward the Rocket Junction where it would intersect with US 36/I-72 and US 24 West. The Hannibal Expressway would then travel along the current US 24 East alignment and re-connect with US 61 4 mi north of the Rocket Junction. The "Hannibal Expressway" project is unfunded. There are seven stoplights along US 61 in Hannibal: Red Devil Road/Warren Barrett Drive, Market Street (Business 61), Highway MM (Business 36), West Ely Road, I‑72/US 36, Stardust Drrive/Pirate Pride, and Route 168.
 * The Iowa Department of Transportation has plans to rebuild the Avenue of the Saints interchange with I‑80 and I‑380/US 218/Iowa 27 in Coralville. As the Eastern Iowa region has grown, traffic has increased, and the current arrangement of the interchange with its cloverleaf ramps has been deemed unsafe. The Iowa Department of Transportation proposes to rebuild the interchange as a turbine interchange, which will eliminate weaving. The project is scheduled to begin in 2020.

Major intersections
The segment that concurs with US 61 is unsigned and has multiple at grade intersections.

title: Avenue of the Saints


text:
Wikipedia:Archived articles for deletion discussions/July 2004

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text:
Herbert Dixon, 1st Baron Glentoran

Herbert Dixon, 1st Baron Glentoran, OBE, PC (NI), DL (23 January 1880 – 20 July 1950) was a Unionist politician from Ireland, present-day Northern Ireland.

Early life
Dixon was born in Belfast, the fourth son of Sir Daniel Dixon, 1st Baronet, and Annie Shaw. He was educated at Rugby School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, before being commissioned into the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers as a second lieutenant on 20 January 1900. He was promoted to lieutenant on 14 May 1901, and served with the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons in the Second Boer War in South Africa in 1902. After the war he returned home in September 1902, and was posted at Curragh Camp. He later fought with the British Army in the First World War.

Political career
In 1918 Dixon was elected Unionist Member of Parliament for the seat of Belfast Pottinger, becoming representative for Belfast East four years later. He was also sent to the Northern Ireland House of Commons in 1921 as a member for Belfast East, being appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Finance, and was finally elected member for the seat of Belfast Bloomfield in 1929.

Dixon was appointed OBE in 1919 and admitted to the Privy Council of Northern Ireland in 1923. In 1939 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Glentoran, of Ballyalloly in the County of Down. He served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Finance and Government Chief Whip from 1921 to 1942 and as Minister of Agriculture in the Parliament of Northern Ireland from 1941 to 1943. In May 1950 he succeeded his elder brother Sir Thomas Dixon as third baronet.

Marriage and children
On 25 November 1905 Lord Glentoran married the Hon Emily Ina Florence Bingham, daughter of John Bingham, 5th Baron Clanmorris. They had five children together:

 * Hon Daphne Maude Dixon (died 6 April 1942)
 * Hon Anne Lavinia Dixon (died 16 September 1971)
 * Hon Angela Ierne Evelyn Dixon (born 16 February 1907, died October 2003), married Lieutenant-Commander the Hon Peter Ross RN (born 8 August 1906, killed in action 14 October 1940), elder son of Una Ross, 25th Baroness de Ros with whom she had two daughters including Georgiana Maxwell, 26th Baroness de Ros.
 * Colonel Daniel Stewart Thomas Bingham Dixon, 2nd Baron Glentoran (born 19 January 1912, died 22 July 1995)
 * Hon Patricia Clare Dixon (born 1919)

Lord Glentoran died in July 1950, aged 70, and was succeeded in his titles by his son Daniel. Lady Glentoran died in 1957.

title: Herbert Dixon, 1st Baron Glentoran


text:
Talk:Community of Peace Academy

From VfD:

Is this high school notable enough? Blue Mask|Talk 19:30, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Nothing in the article or on the Internet (that I could find) justifies calling this school notable. Delete. Elf-friend 19:47, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Any high school receiving respected national awards is notable. --Benc 01:38, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The article mentions one (obscure, IMHO) award. Are there others? Elf-friend 01:54, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * You're probably right. Retracting my previous vote; abstain. --Benc 04:23, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I know what the award is.  First, the school's growth is common to charter schools in the US.  Second, the charter school movement likely looks opaque to those not in the US, but they're a way of creating public schools that act like private schools.  Hence, they step into an area of very high demand and nearly always experience explosive growth.  Third, without something that sets this particular charter ahead of the hundreds of others formed at that time and since, it is not notable enough to break the rule against including every school on the earth. Geogre 13:51, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I've nominated a couple of hs's for deletion as well, but I'm starting to wonder about the policy. Why can we not have an article about every school on earth, but we have a computer-generated article on every city, no matter how small, in the US?  abstain... Salasks 22:40, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Arevich 18:10, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

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title: Talk:Community of Peace Academy


text:
North American Cartographic Information Society

The North American Cartographic Information Society (NACIS) is a US-based cartographic society founded in 1980. It was founded by specialists in cartography, which included government mapmakers, map librarians, cartography professors and cartography lab directors. It now represents a broad mixture of academic, government and commercial interests, with a sizeable proportion of working cartographers. Many NACIS members come from related vocations (e.g. art, design, information visualization, GIS, historical research, and software development.) NACIS offers both volunteer opportunities and travel grants for students and members of the community.

Objectives
To improve communication, coordination and cooperation among the producers, disseminators, curators, and users of cartographic information.

To support and coordinate activities with other professional organizations and institutions involved with cartographic information.

To improve the use of cartographic materials through education and to promote graphicacy.

To promote and coordinate the acquisition, preservation, and automated retrieval of all types of cartographic material.

To influence government policy on cartographic information.

Membership
The membership is largely from the United States and Canada, with a small but steady number from other countries. In recent years, NACIS has focused on increasing membership in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Conference
NACIS hosts an annual conference in the fall at a variety of locations around North America.

1980: Milwaukee, Wisconsin

1981: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

1982: Arlington, Virginia

1983: Milwaukee, Wisconsin

1984: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

1985: Chicago, Illinois

1986: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

1987: Atlanta, Georgia

1988: Denver, Colorado

1989: Ann Arbor, Michigan

1990: Orlando, Florida

1991: Milwaukee, Wisconsin

1992: St. Paul, Minnesota

1993: Silver Spring, Maryland

1994: Ottawa, Ontario

1995: Wilmington, North Carolina

1996: San Antonio, Texas

1997: Lexington, Kentucky

1998: Milwaukee, Wisconsin

1999: Williamsburg, Virginia

2000: Knoxville, Tennessee

2001: Portland, Oregon

2002: Columbus, Ohio

2003: Jacksonville, Florida

2004: Portland, Maine

2005: Salt Lake City, Utah

2006: Madison, Wisconsin

2007: St Louis, Missouri

2008: Missoula, Montana

2009: Sacramento, California

2010: Madison, Wisconsin

2011: St. Petersburg, Florida

2012: Portland, Oregon

2013: Greenville, South Carolina

2014: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

2015: Minneapolis, Minnesota

2016: Colorado Springs, Colorado

2017: Montréal, Quebec

2018: Norfolk, Virginia

2019: Tacoma, Washington

2020: Null Island (Virtual Conference)

2021: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and hybrid virtual

2022: Minneapolis, Minnesota

2023: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

2024: Tacoma, Washington

Publications
NACIS publishes a triannual journal, Cartographic Perspectives (available online as open-access) and the Atlas of Design, a biennial publication showcasing innovative maps designed by cartographers from around the world.

Initiatives
The organization is a sponsor of Natural Earth, a public domain cartographic dataset available at 1:10 million, 1:50 million, and 1:110 million scales.


text:
Blackout (Marcus Daniels)

Blackout (Marcus Daniels) is the name of a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the first character to use the name within the Marvel Universe.

Patrick Brennan portrayed the character in two episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

Publication history
Blackout first appeared in Nova #19 and was created by Marv Wolfman, Carmine Infantino, and Tom Palmer.

Fictional character biography
Marcus Daniels was born in Flushing, Queens, New York City. He was working as a laboratory assistant to Dr. Abner Croit, a physicist hoping to build a device capable of tapping into energies from other dimensions. Croit always looked down on Daniels' inferior knowledge, making him feel useless. Daniels always wondered what it would be like to harness the energy they were researching, to be powerful. After an accident bathed him in the extra-dimensional energy of the Darkforce, he had the chance to find out. Calling himself Blackout, his body was now flushed with power, becoming a surface of control of the Darkforce dimension. However, despite his powers threatening to go out of control, he escaped from Croit's attempts to cure him and fled.

Blackout returned to the laboratories, however, as he needed the stabilizer device to control his energies. But he also returned to find revenge on Croit— Blackout's sanity began to suffer as well. He believed Croit was researching energies from "Black Stars" and that his body now generated such energy. He further believed that Croit was defrauding the government with his research and had bribed a judge to frame him for stealing his secrets. Instead of an accident causing his powers, Daniels thought Dr. Croit willfully subjected him to an experiment in exchange for dropping charges against him.

Nova encountered Blackout on his way to exact revenge, and Blackout easily defeated the young hero. Before Nova could catch up with him, Blackout returned to the labs, killing Croit and his new assistant by letting them “merge with the color spectrum” (actually, by shunting them to the Darkforce dimension). Following another skirmish with Nova, Blackout himself vanished into this dimension when he fell back onto the stabilizer during the battle, destroying it.

The stabilizer somehow ended up at Project Pegasus, the government energy research laboratory. An attack by the Lava Men and the presence of Captain Marvel (Monica Rambeau) managed to activate the device, which transported Blackout back to Earth. Still suffering from the delusion that Croit was still alive and out to harm him, he tried to escape. Blackout was coerced by another Project captive, Moonstone, into freeing herself and other superhuman criminals Electro and Rhino in order to gain revenge on their captors. The villains were confronted by the Avengers, but Blackout and Moonstone escaped to the Darkforce Dimension by nearly causing the nuclear core of the complex to melt down as a distraction.

Moonstone, a former psychiatrist, treated Blackout in order to learn his true origin, but he remained in an irrational state. When the Avengers tracked them down, Blackout opened up another aperture into the Darkforce dimension in attempting to escape them, sucking himself and Moonstone inside. Moonstone helped Blackout navigate through the dimension, eventually arriving on the surface of the Moon. She hoped to find another stone similar to that which gave her powers, but they encountered the Inhumans and their ally, Dazzler, who defeated the villains and returned them to Project: Pegasus on Earth.

Moonstone next appeared recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to form his version of the Masters of Evil, and she brought Blackout in tow. By this time, Blackout's mental condition was so unstable that at times he sank into a nearly catatonic state, only responsive to Moonstone's manipulative commands. Zemo, however, with the help of the Fixer had created a device to mentally force Blackout to obey his commands. Blackout was instrumental in Zemo's takeover of the Avengers' headquarters by sending the entire mansion into the Darkforce dimension in one of the team's darkest hours. Doctor Druid, used his psychic ability to break through Zemo and Moonstone's manipulations, restoring some of Blackout's mental faculties. With relative sanity restored, Blackout resisted Zemo's mental commands, the strain of which made Blackout collapse from a massive cerebral hemorrhage.

Blackout's body was remanded into the custody of the Commission on Superhuman Activities. Years later, his body was taken by Baron Zemo, manipulated like a puppet on strings to serve as a member of his team as he confronted the new Thunderbolts over the life of their member Photon. During the battle between the two teams, Zemo revealed Blackout was merely a shell in which he kept the Smuggler trapped. This had the desired effect of turning his brother, Atlas against his team, and Zemo gained the upper hand. He also used Blackout's access to the Darkforce dimension in severing Photon's physical form.

A person who looks like the original Blackout appears as part of the Hood's alliance with super-powered heroes. He was later seen during the Siege of Asgard as part of the Hood crime syndicate.

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, Blackout in the alias of "Bob Hofstedder" is later seen living as a married family man until he is found by Baron Zemo, who persuades him to join the Army of Evil. Blackout helps Baron Zemo trap some of the heroes in Manhattan by surrounding it in Darkforce shadows in order to further HYDRA's plot. After the Tony Stark A.I. and Hawkeye infiltrated Hydra's prison that is run by Crossbones and Sin, Maria Hill located "Bob" and shoots him in the head enough to drop the Darkforce dome around Manhattan.

During the "Damnation" storyline, Blackout is revived when Doctor Strange uses his magic to restore Las Vegas.

Blackout appears with Hood's gang in their fight against Iron Man, Victor von Doom, a rebooted War Machine, and a battalion of Doombots.

At the start of the "Blood Hunt" storyline, Blackout briefly appears as one of the Darkforce users that "exploded" and became portals to the Darkforce Dimension, blocking out the Sun enough to cause a vampire invasion.

Powers and abilities
The first Blackout was exposed to cosmic radiation, giving him the power to tap into the Darkforce, a source of infinite dark energy, and to manipulate it in various ways. He could project Darkforce as concussive energy with tremendous force. Blackout could mentally open portals to and from the Darkforce dimension. He could create and control simple, solid geometric shapes from Darkforce, such as discs, cubes, spheres, cylinders, and planes. These objects absorbed energy directed against them, and would remain solid as long as he exerted conscious control over them. He could psionically levitate Darkforce objects, and could fly by riding on them. Blackout was mentally unstable due to his time spent in the Darkforce Dimension, and sometimes entered a nearly catatonic state. His control over Darkforce was dependent on his mental clarity, and would weaken when he was fatigued. Training with Moonstone allowed him to maintain his Darkforce constructs for a considerably longer period of time. Blackout wore a costume with circuitry that helped him confine the Darkforce within his body. The costume was designed by Dr. Abner Croit. Blackout had a master's degree in physics, especially in the study of radiation.

Television
Marcus Daniels appears in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Patrick Brennan. This version worked as a laboratory assistant before he was exposed to Darkforce energy, gaining the ability to absorb all forms of energy. He was subsequently captured by Phil Coulson and incarcerated in a S.H.I.E.L.D. facility called the "Fridge". In the episode "Providence", Hydra takes over the Fridge and frees the inmates. In the following episode, "The Only Light in the Darkness" Daniels pursues Audrey Nathan, whom he considered his personal light, but is confronted by Coulson and his team, who overload him with spotlights modified to produce gamma radiation and cause him to explode.

Video games

 * Blackout appears as a boss in Iron Man and X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal.
 * Blackout appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 via the "Cloak and Dagger" DLC.

title: Blackout (Marcus Daniels)


text:
Category:L. Ron Hubbard

This category comprises articles about author and Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard (1911–1986).

title: Category:L. Ron Hubbard