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Alkaline phosphatase

The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP, alkaline phenyl phosphatase) is a phosphatase with the physiological role of dephosphorylating compounds. The enzyme is found across a multitude of organisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike, with the same general function, but in different structural forms suitable to the environment they function in. Alkaline phosphatase is found in the periplasmic space of E. coli bacteria. This enzyme is heat stable and has its maximum activity at high pH. In humans, it is found in many forms depending on its origin within the body – it plays an integral role in metabolism within the liver and development within the skeleton. Due to its widespread prevalence in these areas, its concentration in the bloodstream is used by diagnosticians as a biomarker in helping determine diagnoses such as hepatitis or osteomalacia.

The level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood is checked through the ALP test, which is often part of routine blood tests. The levels of this enzyme in the blood depend on factors such as age, sex, or blood type. Blood levels of alkaline phosphatase also increase by two to four times during pregnancy. This is a result of additional alkaline phosphatase produced by the placenta and the liver. Additionally, abnormal levels of alkaline phosphatase in the blood could indicate issues relating to the liver, gall bladder or bones. Kidney tumors and infections as well as malnutrition have also shown abnormal level of alkaline phosphatase in blood. Alkaline phosphatase levels in a cell can be measured through a process called "The scoring method". A blood smear is usually taken and stained to categorize each leukocyte into specific "leukocyte alkaline phosphatase indices". This marker is designed to distinguish leukocytes and determine different enzyme activity from each sample's extent of staining.

Bacterial
In gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, alkaline phosphatase is located in the periplasmic space, external to the inner cell membrane and within the peptidoglycan portion of the cell wall. Since the periplasmic gap is more prone to environmental variation than the inner cell, alkaline phosphatase is suitably resistant to inactivation, denaturation, or degradation. This characteristic of the enzyme is uncommon to many other proteins.

The precise structure and function of the isozyme in E. coli is solely geared to supply a source of inorganic phosphate when the environment lacks this metabolite. The inorganic phosphates are then bound to carrier proteins which deliver the inorganic phosphates to a specific high-affinity transport system, known as the phosphate-specific transport system, which transports phosphate across the cytoplasmic membrane.

While the outer membrane of E. coli contains porins that are permeable to phosphorylated compounds, the inner membrane does not. An issue arises in how to transport such compounds across the inner membrane and into the cytosol. The strong anionic charge of phosphate groups along with the remainder of the compound make phosphorylated compounds very much immiscible in the nonpolar region of the bilayer. The solution arises in cleaving the phosphate group away from the compound via ALP. for translocation into the cytosol, The main purpose of dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase is to increase the rate of diffusion of phosphorylated molecules into the cells while inhibiting them from diffusing out.

Alkaline phosphatase is a zinc-containing dimeric enzyme with the MW: 86,000 Da, each subunit containing 429 amino acids with four cysteine residues linking the two subunits. Alkaline phosphatase contains four Zn ions and two Mg ions, with Zn occupying active sites A and B, and Mg occupying site C, so the fully active native alkaline phosphatase is referred to as (ZnAZnBMgC)2 enzyme. The mechanism of action of alkaline phosphatase involves the geometric coordination of the substrate between the Zn ions in the active sites.

Alkaline phosphatase in E. coli is uncommonly soluble and active within elevated temperature conditions such as 80 °C. Due to the kinetic energy induced by this temperature the weak hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions of common proteins become degraded and therefore coalesce and precipitate. However, upon dimerization of alkaline phosphatase, the bonds maintaining its secondary and tertiary structures are effectively buried such that they are not affected as much at this temperature. Furthermore, even at more elevated temperatures such as 90 °C alkaline phosphatase has the unusual characteristic of reverse denaturation. Due to this, although it ultimately denatures at about 90 °C it has the added ability to accurately reform its bonds and return to its original structure and function once cooled back down.

Alkaline phosphatase in E. coli is located in the periplasmic space and can thus be released using techniques that weaken the cell wall and release the protein. Due to the location of the enzyme, and the protein layout of the enzyme, the enzyme is in solution with a smaller amount of proteins than there are in another portion of the cell. The proteins' heat stability can also be taken advantage of when isolating this enzyme (through heat denaturation). In addition, alkaline phosphatase can be assayed using p-nitrophenyl phosphate. A reaction where alkaline phosphatase dephosphorylates the non-specific substrate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate in order to produce p-nitrophenol (PNP) and inorganic phosphate. PNP's yellow color, and its λmax at 410 allows spectrophotometry to determine enzymatic activity. Some complexities of bacterial regulation and metabolism suggest that other, more subtle, purposes for the enzyme may also play a role for the cell. In the laboratory, however, mutant Escherichia coli lacking alkaline phosphatase survive quite well, as do mutants unable to shut off alkaline phosphatase production.

The optimal pH for the activity of the E. coli enzyme is 8.0 while the bovine enzyme optimum pH is slightly higher at 8.5. Alkaline phosphatase accounts for 6% of all proteins in derepressed cells.

Heterodimeric Alkaline Phosphatase
When multiple copies of a polypeptide encoded by a gene form an aggregate, this protein structure is referred to as a multimer. When a multimer is formed from polypeptides produced by two different mutant alleles of a particular gene, the mixed multimer may exhibit greater functional activity than the unmixed multimers formed by each of the mutants alone. In such a case, the phenomenon is referred to as intragenic complementation. E. coli alkaline phosphatase, a dimer enzyme, exhibits intragenic complementation.

Use in research
By changing the amino acids of the wild-type alkaline phosphatase enzyme produced by Escherichia coli, a mutant alkaline phosphatase is created which not only has a 36-fold increase in enzyme activity, but also retains thermal stability. Typical uses in the lab for alkaline phosphatases include removing phosphate monoesters to prevent self-ligation, which is undesirable during plasmid DNA cloning.

Common alkaline phosphatases used in research include:
 * Shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP), from a species of Arctic shrimp (Pandalus borealis). This phosphatase is easily inactivated by spiking up the temperature, a useful feature in some applications.
 * Calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIP) typically useful in molecular cloning, where DNA undergoes recombination and no new DNA is made. In addition, it is useful in detoxifying mediated lipopolysaccharide inflammatory responses thus a drug for lipopolysaccharide mediated disease.
 * Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and its C terminally truncated version that lacks the last 24 amino acids (constituting the domain that targets for GPI membrane anchoring) – the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP). It presents certain characteristics like heat stability, substrate specificity, and resistance to chemical inactivation.
 * Human-intestinal alkaline phosphatase. The human body has multiple types of alkaline phosphatase present, which are determined by a minimum of three gene loci. Each one of these three loci controls a different kind of alkaline phosphatase isozyme. However, the development of this enzyme can be strictly regulated by other factors  such as thermostability, electrophoresis, inhibition, or immunology.

Human-intestinal alkaline phosphatase shows around 80% homology with the bovine intestinal enzyme which holds true their shared evolutionary origins. That same bovine enzyme has more than 70% homology with human placental enzyme. However, the human liver enzyme and the placental enzyme only share 20% homology despite their structural similarities.

Alkaline phosphatase has become a useful tool in molecular biology laboratories, since DNA normally possesses phosphate groups on the 5' end. Removing these phosphates prevents the DNA from ligating (the 5' end attaching to the 3' end), thereby keeping DNA molecules linear until the next step of the process for which they are being prepared; also, removal of the phosphate groups allows radiolabeling (replacement by radioactive phosphate groups) in order to measure the presence of the labeled DNA through further steps in the process or experiment. For these purposes, the alkaline phosphatase from shrimp is the most useful, as it is the easiest to inactivate once it has done its job.

Another important use of alkaline phosphatase is as a label for enzyme immunoassays due to the elevated catalytic activity of ALP enzyme.

Undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells have elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase on their cell membrane, therefore alkaline phosphatase staining is used to detect these cells and to test pluripotency (i.e., embryonic stem cells or embryonal carcinoma cells).

There is a positive correlation between serum bone alkaline phosphatase levels (= BAP) and bone formation in humans, although its use as a biomarker in clinical practice is not recommended.

Dairy industry
Alkaline phosphatase is commonly used in the dairy industry as an indicator of successful pasteurization. This is because the most heat stable bacterium found in milk, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, is destroyed by temperatures lower than those required to denature the enzyme. Therefore, its presence is ideal for indicating failed pasteurization.

Pasteurization verification is typically performed by measuring the fluorescence of a solution which becomes fluorescent when exposed to active alkaline phosphatase. Fluorimetry assays are required by milk producers in the UK to prove alkaline phosphatase has been denatured, as p-Nitrophenylphosphate tests are not considered accurate enough to meet health standards.

Alternatively the color change of p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate in a buffered solution (Aschaffenburg Mullen Test) can be used. Raw milk would typically produce a yellow coloration within a couple of minutes, whereas properly pasteurised milk should show no change. There are exceptions to this, as in the case of heat-stable alkaline phosphatases produced by some bacteria, but these bacteria should not be present in milk.

In addition, the Scharer Rapid Phosphatase test investigates the presence and the absence of ALP enzymes in raw milk. This test is advantageous since a full and complete pasteurization inactivates the ALP enzymes, resulting in no color change. However, positive test results in changing the raw milk color into blue, thus indicating the presence of ALP enzymes. The test works by cleaving off a phosphate group from the substrate disodium phenyl phosphate, causing a release of phenol group and indicating positive test results observed visually and by spectrophotometer.

Inhibitors
All mammalian alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes except placental (PALP and SEAP) are inhibited by homoarginine, and, in similar manner, all except the intestinal and placental ones are blocked by levamisole. Phosphate is another inhibitor which competitively inhibits alkaline phosphatase.

Another known example of an alkaline phosphatase inhibitor is [(4-Nitrophenyl)methyl]phosphonic acid.

In metal contaminated soil, alkaline phosphatase are inhibited by Cd (Cadmium). In addition, temperature enhances the inhibition of Cd on the enzyme activity, which is shown in the increasing values of Km.

Physiology
In humans, alkaline phosphatase is present in all tissues throughout the body, but is particularly concentrated in the liver, bile duct, kidney, bone, intestinal mucosa and placenta. In the serum, two types of alkaline phosphatase isozymes predominate: skeletal and liver. During childhood the majority of alkaline phosphatase are of skeletal origin. Humans and most other mammals contain the following alkaline phosphatase isozymes: Four genes encode the four isozymes. The gene for tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase is located on chromosome 1, and the genes for the other three isoforms are located on chromosome 2.
 * ALPI – intestinal (molecular mass of 150 kDa)
 * ALPL – tissue-nonspecific (expressed mainly in liver, bone, and kidney)
 * ALPP – placental (Regan isozyme)
 * ALPG – germinal tissues

Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase is secreted by enterocytes, and seems to play a pivotal role in intestinal homeostasis and protection as well as in suppressing inflammation via repression of the downstream Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4-dependent and MyD88-dependent inflammatory cascade. It dephosphorylates toxic/inflammatory microbial ligands like lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotides, flagellin, and extracellular nucleotides such as uridine diphosphate or ATP. Dephosphorylation of LPS by IAP can reduce the severity of Salmonella tryphimurium and Clostridioides difficile infection restoring normal gut microbiota. Thus, altered IAP expression has been implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It also seems to regulate lipid absorption and bicarbonate secretion in the duodenal mucosa, which regulates the surface pH. Since the 1960s intestinal alkaline phosphatase has been utilized in drug delivery. As it cleaves phosphate substructures from drugs, auxiliary agents, and even from the surface of nanocarriers, this enzyme enables the design of drug delivery systems that can alter their properties in the body on demand. The solubility of many drugs can be substantially improved by the design of phosphate prodrugs. On the intestinal mucosa the phosphate substructures are cleaved off by alkaline phosphatase and the drug is absorbed. Furthermore, anionic nanocarriers exhibiting bioinert properties can alter their surface to interactive once having reached the intestinal epithelium as due to an alkaline phosphatase triggered cleavage of anionic phosphate groups from their surface charge converts to cationic improving for instance cellular uptake.

In Cancer Cells
Studies show that the alkaline phosphatase protein found in cancer cells is similar to that found in nonmalignant body tissues and that the protein originates from the same gene in both. One study compared the enzymes of liver metastases of giant-cell lung carcinoma and nonmalignant placental cells. The two were similar in NH2-terminal sequence, peptide map, subunit molecular weight, and isoelectronic point.

In a different study in which scientists examined alkaline phosphatase protein presence in a human colon cancer cell line, also known as HT-29, results showed that the enzyme activity was similar to that of the non-malignant intestinal type. However, this study revealed that without the influence of sodium butyrate, alkaline phosphatase activity is fairly low in cancer cells. A study based on sodium butyrate effects on cancer cells conveys that it has an effect on androgen receptor co-regulator expression, transcription activity, and also on histone acetylation in cancer cells. This explains why the addition of sodium butyrate show increased activity of alkaline phosphatase in the cancer cells of the human colon. In addition, this further supports the theory that alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity is actually present in cancer cells.

In another study, choriocarcinoma cells were grown in the presence of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and results conveyed a 30- to 40-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. This procedure of enhancing the activity of the enzyme is known as enzyme induction. The evidence shows that there is in fact activity of alkaline phosphatase in tumor cells, but it is minimal and needs to be enhanced. Results from this study further indicate that activities of this enzyme vary among the different choriocarcinoma cell lines and that the activity of the alkaline phosphatase protein in these cells is lower than in the non-malignant placenta cells. but levels are significantly higher in children and pregnant women. Blood tests should always be interpreted using the reference range from the laboratory that performed the test. High alkaline phosphatase levels can occur if the bile ducts are obstructed.

Also, the level of alkaline phosphatase increases if there is active bone formation occurring, as the enzyme is a byproduct of osteoblast activity (such as the case in Paget's disease of bone).

The level of alkaline phosphatase is much more elevated in metastatic prostate cancer cells than non-metastatic prostate cancer cells. High levels of ALP in prostate cancer patients is associated with a significant decrease in survival.

Levels are also elevated in people with untreated coeliac disease. Lowered levels of the level of alkaline phosphatase are less common than elevated levels. The source of elevated levels can be deduced by obtaining serum levels of γ-glutamyltransferase. Concomitant increases of alkaline phosphatase with γ-glutamyltransferase should raise the suspicion of hepatobiliary disease.

Some diseases do not affect the levels of alkaline phosphatase, for example, hepatitis C. A high level of this enzyme does not reflect any damage in the liver, even though high alkaline phosphatase levels may result from a blockage of flow in the biliary tract or an increase in the pressure of the liver.

Elevated Levels
As of 2020, normal ALP levels were "not well defined", and there tend to be variations by sex and racial background, and by age, with children and adolescents having markedly higher levels.

There are many possible explanations for elevated ALP. When the cause is unclear, isoenzyme studies using electrophoresis can confirm the source of the increase. Skelphosphatase (which is localized in osteoblasts and extracellular layers of newly synthesized matrix) is released into circulation by a yet unclear mechanism. Placental alkaline phosphatase is elevated in seminomas and active forms of rickets, as well as in the following diseases and conditions:
 * Biliary obstruction
 * Bone conditions
 * Osteoblastic bone tumors
 * Osteomalacia
 * Osteoporosis
 * Hepatitis
 * Mononucleosis
 * Cirrhosis
 * Acute cholecystitis
 * Myelofibrosis
 * Leukemoid reaction
 * Congestive heart failure
 * Lymphoma
 * Paget's disease
 * Sarcoidosis
 * Hyperthyroidism
 * Hyperparathyroidism
 * Myocardial infarction
 * Cholangitis
 * Ischemic cholangiopathy
 * Pregnancy
 * High doses of estrogens

Lowered Levels
The following conditions or diseases may lead to reduced levels of alkaline phosphatase:
 * Hypophosphatasia, a genetic disorder
 * Women receiving estrogen therapy for menopausal symptoms
 * Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives
 * Men with recent heart surgery, malnutrition, magnesium deficiency, or severe anemia
 * Children with achondroplasia and congenital iodine deficiency
 * Children after a severe episode of enteritis
 * Pernicious anemia
 * Aplastic anemia
 * Wilson's disease
 * Hypothyroidism
 * Zinc deficiency
 * Malnutrition
 * Steroid treatment
 * Colitis
 * Thyroid disease

Prognostic Uses
Measuring alkaline phosphatase (along with prostate specific antigen) during, and after six months of hormone treated metastatic prostate cancer was shown to predict the survival of patients.

Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is found within mature white blood cells. White blood cell levels of LAP can help in the diagnosis of certain conditions.
 * Higher than typical levels are seen in the physiological response, the leukemoid reaction, and in pathologies that include mature white blood cells, such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and in primary myelofibrosis.
 * Lower than typical levels are found in pathologies that involve undeveloped leukocytes, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and acute myelogenous leukaemia.

Structure and Properties
Alkaline phosphatase is homodimeric enzyme, meaning it is formed with two molecules. Three metal ions, two Zn and one Mg, are contained in the catalytic sites, and both types are crucial for enzymatic activity to occur. The enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of monoesters in phosphoric acid which can additionally catalyze a transphosphorylation reaction with large concentrations of phosphate acceptors. While the main features of the catalytic mechanism and activity are conserved between mammalian and bacterial alkaline phosphate, mammalian alkaline phosphatase has a higher specific activity and Km values thus a lower affinity, more alkaline pH optimum, lower heat stability, and are typically membrane bound and are inhibited by l-amino acids and peptides via a means of uncompetitive mechanism. These properties noticeably differ between different mammalian alkaline phosphatase isozymes and therefore showcase a difference in in vivo functions.

Alkaline phosphatase has homology in a large number of other enzymes and composes part of a superfamily of enzymes with several overlapping catalytic aspects and substrate traits. This explains why most salient structural features of mammalian alkaline are the way they are and reference their substrate specificity and homology to other members of the nucleoside pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family of isozyme. Research has shown a relationship between members of the alkaline phosphatase family with aryl sulfatases. The similarities in structure indicate that these two enzyme families came from a common ancestor. Further analysis has linked alkaline phosphates and aryl sulfatases to a larger superfamily. Some of the common genes found in this superfamily, are ones that encode phosphodiesterases as well as autotoxin.

title: Alkaline phosphatase


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Fanavid

Fanavid is a Brazilian glass manufacturer based in Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil. Fanavid specializes in all types of auto glass.

History
Fanavid was founded in 1963 by Mansur Jose Farhat in São Paulo, Brazil, as an importer of glass. In 1974 a tempered glass plant was founded in Village Guillermo. In 1980 a curved laminated glass and plain glass plant was founded. In 1992 a plant was opened in Dutra, with another opening there in 1995. In 2002, all the operations of Fanavid are centered in the plant of Guarulhos.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fanavid


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Henri-Joseph Paixhans

Henri-Joseph Paixhans (January 22, 1783, Metz – August 22, 1854, Jouy-aux-Arches) was a French artillery officer of the beginning of the 19th century.

Henri-Joseph Paixhans graduated from the École Polytechnique. He fought in the Napoleonic Wars, was the representative (Député) for the Moselle department between 1830 and 1848, and became "General de Division" in 1848.

In 1823, he invented the first shell guns, which came to be called Paixhans guns (or "canon-obusiers" in the French Navy). Paixhans guns became the first naval guns to combine explosive shells and a flat trajectory, thereby triggering the demise of wooden ships, and the iron hull revolution in shipbuilding. Paixhans also invented a "Mortier monstre" ("Monster Mortar"), using 500 kg bombs, which was used to terrible effect in the Siege of Antwerp in 1832. He was also a naval theorist claiming that a few aggressively armed small units could destroy the largest naval units of the time, making him a precursor of the French "Jeune École" school of thought.

The poet Victor Hugo wrote:
 * "Terre! l'obus est Dieu, Paixhans est son prophète."
 * ("Earth! the shell is God, Paixhans is his Prophet.")

Paixhans naval guns
Paixhans developed a delaying mechanism which, for the first time, allowed shells to be fired safely in high-powered flat-trajectory guns. The effect of explosive shells hitting wooden hulls and setting them aflame was devastating, and was demonstrated in trials against the two-decker Pacificateur in 1824.

The first Paixhans guns were founded in 1841. The barrel of the guns weighed about 10,000 pounds, and proved accurate to about two miles. In the 1840s, France, England, Russia and the United States had adopted the new naval guns.

The effect of the guns in an operational context was first demonstrated during the actions at Eckernförde in 1849 during the First Schleswig war, and especially at the Battle of Sinop in 1853 during the Crimean War.

Ironclad warships
Wooden boats became so vulnerable that the only possible response could come with the introduction of the iron-hulled warship. The first of them was the French La Gloire, which was a wooden ship with iron sheathing. She was soon followed by HMS Warrior, which was iron-hulled with wooden backing.

Further developments
Paixhans's design was later improved by the American John A. Dahlgren, who wrote:

"'Paixhans had so far satisfied naval men of the power of shell guns as to obtain their admission on shipboard; but by unduly developing the explosive element, he had sacrificed accuracy and range.... The difference between the system of Paixhans and my own was simply that Paixhans guns were strictly shell guns, and were not designed for shot, nor for great penetration or accuracy at long ranges. They were, therefore, auxiliary to, or associates of, the shot-guns. This made a mixed armament, was objectionable as such, and never was adopted to any extent in France... My idea was, to have a gun that should generally throw shells far and accurately, with the capacity to fire solid shot when needed. Also to compose the whole battery entirely of such guns.'"

Floating batteries
A class of floating batteries named after Paixhans was developed by Henri Dupuy de Lôme. Four of these ships were launched between 1861 and 1862. Originally designed for use in Cochinchina, they were built in wood and equipped with 4 ft batteries.

Writings
Paixhans wrote, among others:
 * Considérations sur l'état actuel de l'artillerie des places (1815)
 * Nouvelle force maritime (Paris 1822), in which he envisioned a fleet protected by armour and equipped with explosive shells.
 * Force et faiblesse militaires de la France (1830)
 * Constitution militaire de la France (Paris 1849)
 * Retraite de Moscou (Metz 1868)

title: Henri-Joseph Paixhans


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Odetta

Odetta Holmes (December 31, 1930 – December 2, 2008), known as Odetta, was an American singer, often referred to as "The Voice of the Civil Rights Movement". Her musical repertoire consisted largely of American folk music, blues, jazz, and spirituals. An important figure in the American folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s, she influenced many of the key figures of the folk-revival of that time, including Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Mavis Staples, and Janis Joplin. In 2011 Time magazine included her recording of "Take This Hammer" on its list of the 100 Greatest Popular Songs, stating that "Rosa Parks was her No. 1 fan, and Martin Luther King Jr. called her the queen of American folk music."

Early life and career
Odetta was born Odetta Holmes in Birmingham, Alabama. Her father, Reuben Holmes, had died when she was young, and in 1937 she and her mother, Flora Sanders, moved to Los Angeles. When Flora remarried a man called Zadock Felious, Odetta took her stepfather's last name. In 1940 Odetta's teacher noticed her vocal talents, "A teacher told my mother that I had a voice, that maybe I should study," she recalled. "But I myself didn't have anything to measure it by." She began operatic training at the age of thirteen. After attending Belmont High School, she studied music at Los Angeles City College supporting herself as a domestic worker. Flora had hoped to see her daughter follow in the footsteps of Marian Anderson, but Odetta doubted a large black girl like herself would ever perform at the Metropolitan Opera. In 1944 she made her professional debut in musical theater as an ensemble member for four years with the Hollywood Turnabout Puppet Theatre, working alongside Elsa Lanchester. In 1949, she joined the national touring company of the musical Finian's Rainbow.

While on tour with Finian's Rainbow, Odetta "fell in with an enthusiastic group of young balladeers in San Francisco", and after 1950 she concentrated on folk singing.

She made her name playing at the Blue Angel nightclub in New York City, and the hungry i in San Francisco. At Tin Angel also in San Francisco in 1953 and 1954, Odetta recorded the album Odetta and Larry with Larry Mohr for Fantasy Records.

A solo career followed, with Odetta Sings Ballads and Blues (1956) and At the Gate of Horn (1957). Odetta Sings Folk Songs was one of the best-selling folk albums of 1963.

In 1959 she appeared on Tonight with Belafonte, a nationally televised special. She sang "Water Boy" and a duet with Belafonte, "There's a Hole in My Bucket".

In 1961, Martin Luther King Jr. called her "The Queen of American Folk Music". Also in 1961, the duo Harry Belafonte and Odetta made number 32 in the UK Singles Chart with the song "There's a Hole in the Bucket". She is remembered for her performance at March on Washington, the 1963 civil rights demonstration, at which she sang "O Freedom". She described her role in the civil rights movement as "one of the privates in a very big army".

Broadening her musical scope, Odetta used band arrangements on several albums rather than playing alone. She released music of a more "jazz" style on albums like Odetta and the Blues (1962) and Odetta (1967). She gave a remarkable performance in 1968 at the Woody Guthrie memorial concert.

Odetta acted in several films during this period, including Cinerama Holiday (1955); a cinematic production of William Faulkner's Sanctuary (1961); and The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974). In 1961 she appeared in an episode of the TV series Have Gun, Will Travel, playing the wife of a man sentenced to hang ("The Hanging of Aaron Gibbs").

She was married twice, first to Dan Gordon and then, after their divorce, to Iverson Minter. Her second marriage also ended in divorce. She was also engaged (but not married) to Garry Shead. The blues singer-guitarist Louisiana Red was a former companion of hers.

Later career
In May 1975 she appeared on public television's Say Brother program, performing "Give Me Your Hand" in the studio. She spoke about her spirituality, the music tradition from which she drew, and her involvement in civil rights struggles.

In 1976, Odetta performed in the U.S. Bicentennial opera Be Glad Then, America by John La Montaine, as the Muse for America; with Donald Gramm, Richard Lewis and the Penn State University Choir and the Pittsburgh Symphony. The production was directed by Sarah Caldwell who was the director of the Opera Company of Boston at the time.

In 1982, Odetta was an artist-in-residence at the Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington.

Odetta released two albums in the 20-year period from 1977 to 1997: Movin' It On, in 1987 and a new version of Christmas Spirituals, produced by Rachel Faro, in 1988.

Beginning in 1998, she returned to recording and touring. The new CD To Ella (recorded live and dedicated to her friend Ella Fitzgerald upon hearing of her death before walking on stage), was released in 1998 on Silverwolf Records, followed by three releases on M.C. Records in partnership with pianist/arranger/producer Seth Farber and record producer Mark Carpentieri. These included Blues Everywhere I Go, a 2000 Grammy-nominated blues/jazz band tribute album to the great lady blues singers of the 1920s and 1930s; Looking for a Home, a 2002 W.C. Handy Award-nominated band tribute to Lead Belly; and the 2007 Grammy-nominated Gonna Let It Shine, a live album of gospel and spiritual songs supported by Seth Farber and The Holmes Brothers. These recordings and active touring led to guest appearance on fourteen new albums by other artists between 1999 and 2006 and the re-release of 45 old Odetta albums and compilation appearances.

On September 29, 1999, President Bill Clinton presented Odetta with the National Endowment for the Arts' National Medal of Arts. In 2004, Odetta was honored at the Kennedy Center with the "Visionary Award" along with a tribute performance by Tracy Chapman. In 2005, the Library of Congress honored her with its "Living Legend Award".

In mid-September 2001, Odetta performed with the Boys' Choir of Harlem on the Late Show with David Letterman, appearing on the first show after Letterman resumed broadcasting, having been off the air for several nights following the events of September 11; they performed "This Little Light of Mine".

The 2005 documentary film No Direction Home, directed by Martin Scorsese, highlights her musical influence on Bob Dylan, the subject of the documentary. The film contains an archive clip of Odetta performing "Waterboy" on TV in 1959, as well as her "Mule Skinner Blues" and "No More Auction Block for Me".

In 2006, Odetta opened shows for jazz vocalist Madeleine Peyroux, and in 2006 she toured the U.S., Canada, and Europe accompanied by her pianist, which included being presented by the U.S. Embassy in Latvia as the keynote speaker at a human rights conference, and also in a concert in Riga's historic 1,000-year-old Maza Guild Hall. In December 2006, the Winnipeg Folk Festival honored Odetta with their "Lifetime Achievement Award". In February 2007, the International Folk Alliance awarded Odetta as "Traditional Folk Artist of the Year".

On March 24, 2007, a tribute concert to Odetta was presented at the Rachel Schlesinger Theatre by the World Folk Music Association with live performance and video tributes by Pete Seeger, Madeleine Peyroux, Harry Belafonte, Janis Ian, Sweet Honey in the Rock, Josh White Jr., Peter, Paul and Mary, Oscar Brand, Tom Rush, Jesse Winchester, Eric Andersen, Wavy Gravy, David Amram, Roger McGuinn, Robert Sims, Carolyn Hester, Donal Leace, Marie Knight, Side by Side, and Laura McGhee.

In 2007, Odetta's album Gonna Let It Shine was nominated for a Grammy, and she completed a major Fall Concert Tour in the "Songs of Spirit" show, which included artists from all over the world. She toured around North America in late 2006 and early 2007 to support this CD.

Final tour
On January 21, 2008, Odetta was the keynote speaker at San Diego's Martin Luther King Jr. commemoration, followed by concert performances in San Diego, Santa Barbara, Santa Monica, and Mill Valley, in addition to being the sole guest for the evening on PBS-TV's The Tavis Smiley Show.

Odetta was honored on May 8, 2008, at a historic tribute night, hosted by Wavy Gravy, held at Banjo Jim's in the East Village. Included in the billing that night were David Amram, Vincent Cross, Guy Davis, Timothy Hill, Jack Landron, Christine Lavin, Madeleine Peyroux and Chaney Sims.

In summer 2008, at the age of 77, she launched a North American tour, where she sang from a wheelchair. Her set in later years included "This Little Light of Mine (I'm Gonna Let It Shine)", Lead Belly's "The Bourgeois Blues", "(Something Inside) So Strong", "Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child" and "House of the Rising Sun".

She made an appearance on June 30, 2008, at The Bitter End on Bleecker Street, in New York City for a concert in tribute to Liam Clancy. Her last big concert, before thousands of people, was in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park on October 4, 2008, for the Hardly Strictly Bluegrass Festival. Her last performance was at Hugh's Room in Toronto on October 25.

Death
In November 2008, Odetta's health began to decline and she began receiving treatment at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. She had hoped to perform at Barack Obama's inauguration on January 20, 2009, but she died of heart disease, twenty-nine days before her 78th birthday, on December 2, 2008, in New York City, at the age of 77.

At a memorial service for her in February 2009 at Riverside Church in New York City, participants included Maya Angelou, Pete Seeger, Harry Belafonte, Geoffrey Holder, Steve Earle, Sweet Honey in the Rock, Peter Yarrow, Maria Muldaur, Tom Chapin, Josh White Jr. (son of Josh White), Emory Joseph, Rattlesnake Annie, the Brooklyn Technical High School Chamber Chorus, and videotaped tributes from Tavis Smiley and Joan Baez.

Legacy
Odetta influenced Harry Belafonte, who "cited her as a key influence" on his musical career; Bob Dylan, who said, "The first thing that turned me on to folk singing was Odetta. I heard a record of hers Odetta Sings Ballads and Blues in a record store, back when you could listen to records right there in the store. Right then and there, I went out and traded my electric guitar and amplifier for an acoustical guitar, a flat-top Gibson.... [That album was] just something vital and personal. I learned all the songs on that record"; Joan Baez, who said, "Odetta was a goddess. Her passion moved me. I learned everything she sang"; Janis Joplin, who "spent much of her adolescence listening to Odetta, who was also the first person Janis imitated when she started singing"; the poet Maya Angelou, who once said, "If only one could be sure that every 50 years a voice and a soul like Odetta's would come along, the centuries would pass so quickly and painlessly we would hardly recognize time"; John Waters, whose original screenplay for Hairspray mentions her as an influence on beatniks; and Carly Simon, who cited Odetta as a major influence and told of "going weak in the knees" when she had the opportunity to meet her in Greenwich Village. In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Odetta at number 171 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.

She became a 2024 inductee to the Blues Hall of Fame.

title: Odetta


text:
Euclid (disambiguation)

Euclid generally refers to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid of Alexandria (3rd century BC), who wrote a work on geometry called the Elements.

Euclid, Euclides, or Eucleides may also refer to:

People

 * Euclid of Megara (c. 435 BC–c. 365 BC), ancient Greek philosopher
 * Eucleides, archon of Athens (5th century BC)
 * Euclid Bertrand (born 1974), Dominican former footballer
 * Euclides da Cunha (1866–1909), Brazilian sociologist
 * Euclid James Sherwood (1942–2011), American musician
 * Euclid Kyurdzidis (born 1968), Russian actor
 * Euclid Tsakalotos (born 1960), Greek economist and Minister of Finance
 * Nicholas Euclid (1932–2007), Australian rugby league player, coach, and official

Mathematics, science, and technology

 * Euclid (computer program)
 * Euclid (programming language)
 * Euclid (spacecraft), a space telescope built by ESA, launched in 2023
 * Euclid, a computer system used by Euroclear
 * Euclid Contest, a maths competition held by the Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing
 * Euclidean space
 * 4354 Euclides

Higher education

 * EUCLID (university), an intergovernmental organization
 * Euclid Consortium, a group of universities
 * Project Euclid, a university collaboration to assist publishing in math and statistics

Places in the United States

 * Euclid, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
 * Euclid, Ohio, a city and suburb of Cleveland
 * Euclid, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community
 * Euclid, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Euclid Township, Polk County, Minnesota
 * Euclid Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, in existence from 1809 to 1917

Fiction

 * Euclid, a supercomputer built by the fictional character Maximillian Cohen in the 1998 film Pi
 * Euclid, a town in the game Tales of Phantasia
 * Euclid, an object classification in the SCP Foundation storytelling project

Other uses

 * Euclid Avenue (disambiguation), several streets in the United States, as well as transit stations and a school
 * Euclid Apartments, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
 * Euclid Tree, a giant Sequoia in California
 * Euclid Trucks, a company specialized in heavy equipment for earthmoving
 * Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co., a U.S. Supreme Court case relevant to contemporary land use and police power issues; the legal precedent for zoning
 * "Euclid", a song by Sleep Token from Take Me Back to Eden

title: Euclid (disambiguation)


text:
Vers la flamme

Vers la flamme (Toward the flame), Op. 72, is one of Alexander Scriabin's last pieces for piano, written in 1914.

The main motif of the piece consists of descending half steps or whole steps interspersed with impressionistic representations of fire. The piece was originally intended to be Scriabin's eleventh sonata; however, he had to publish it early because of financial concerns, and hence he labelled it a poem rather than a sonata. Like many of Scriabin's late works, the piece does not conform to classical harmony and is instead built on the mystic chord and modal transpositions of its tone center. A typical performance last 5 to 6 minutes. The piece is notorious for its difficulty, in particular the enormous leaps and long, unusual double-note trills in the final pages.

According to pianist Vladimir Horowitz, the piece was inspired by Scriabin's eccentric conviction that a constant accumulation of heat would ultimately cause the destruction of the world. The piece's title reflects the earth's fiery destruction, and the constant emotional buildup and crescendo throughout the piece lead, ultimately, "toward the flame". The piece has also been compared to Louis Brassin's piano transcription of Wagner's "Magic Fire Music" from Die Walkure.

The piece was premiered on 14 March 1915 in Kharkiv, with Scriabin himself at the piano. Notable pianists who have performed the work include Horowitz, Sviatoslav Richter, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Arcadi Volodos and Grigory Sokolov. However, many of the most celebrated recordings are by specialists of Scriabin, such as Vladimir Sofronitsky, Ruth Laredo, Heinrich Neuhaus, Stanislav Neuhaus and Igor Zhukov.

The piece has been orchestrated by composer-conductor Arkady Leytush. In 2018 Andrey Kasparov produced a treatment for piano duo.

title: Vers la flamme


text:
Allan Fotheringham

Allan Fotheringham (August 31, 1932 –August 19, 2020) was a Canadian newspaper and magazine journalist. He styled himself Dr. Foth and "the Great Gatheringfroth". He was described as "never at a loss for words".

Early life
Fotheringham was born in Hearne, Saskatchewan, on August 31, 1932. His father died from an appendectomy gone wrong when Fotheringham was two, and his mother remarried, with Allan taking his stepfather's surname. He attended Chilliwack Secondary School, where he was active in student leadership and wrote for the school's paper, as well as the Chilliwack Progress. Upon graduation he studied English and political science at the University of British Columbia and worked at a variety of media outlets during his career. He was best known as a columnist, originally at the Ubyssey, a student newspaper. He was hired straight out of university by the Vancouver Sun during the heady times of the late 1960s, the final days of the old Bennett Socreds provincially and the advent of Pierre Trudeau federally. Fotheringham's columns and commentaries brought him national attention as well as wider syndication and a broader subject base. He was one of the leading specialists in explaining the world of British Columbia politics during his time at the Sun.

Career
Fotheringham wrote for Maclean's starting in October 1975. His column appeared on the back page of the magazine for 27 years, and was so widely read and so influential that he is said to have made Maclean's the magazine people read "from back to front". Consequently, he dubbed a collection of them as "Last Page First". Some of his more memorable political nicknames include "the brogue that walks and talks like a man" (for Jack Webster) and its offspring, "the jaw that walks and talks like a man" (for Brian Mulroney). He is credited with coining the terms "Natural Governing Party" for the federal Liberals, and the "Holy Mother Corporation" for the CBC in the course of writing his column. His columns occasionally opened with the exclamation "Zowie, Dr. Foth!"

Fotheringham was a regular panelist for a decade in the latter years of the CBC Television program Front Page Challenge, having replaced the deceased Gordon Sinclair in 1984. He also wrote columns for the Toronto Sun for fourteen years until 2000. In 2001, Maclean's underwent an editorial revamp, and Fotheringham's column was moved to an inside page to make room for a guest column. Soon afterward, Fotheringham left Maclean's, and became a columnist for The Globe and Mail. He had a national syndicated column that was in 20 newspapers, but he retired from regular contributions in 2007, after life-threatening complications from a colonoscopy led to his hospitalization for five months. Fotheringham continued to write occasionally for the Globe and for the National Post, as well as a Calgary magazine called The Roughneck.

Later years
Fotheringham had honorary degrees from the University of New Brunswick (2003) and the University of Saskatchewan (2005). He died on August 19, 2020, at his home in Toronto. He was 12 days short of his 88th birthday. Although the cause of death had not yet been determined, his wife noted that he was in "generally poor health" in the time leading up to his death.

Controversies
In a 1984 column, he wrote that two Vancouver lawyers were "cementing their connections through the tennis club circuits and the wife-swapping brigades". A judge awarded the lawyers $10,000 each in damages for libel.

In a 1988 article about the British explorer Ranulph Fiennes, he wrote that "Prince Charles always supports him, claiming great results for British exports, but no one has ever been able to demonstrate that any scientific or historical benefits have resulted." A London jury awarded £75,000 in damages against Fotheringham and his publishers.

In 1987, Fotheringham quipped that the United States were not serious about free trade negotiations with Canada because its chief negotiator Peter Murphy had an inoperable brain tumor, which is alleged to have led to his dismissal from his Washington post with Southam News.

Fotheringham was repeatedly accused of plagiarism throughout his career. He told an interviewer that "I don’t think it’s all that serious" since "all journalism is based on basically what someone else has written or reported.".

Invented terms
Affectionately known as "Foth" as well as "Dr. Foth", he dubbed himself "the Great Gatheringfroth", and coined some well-known terms in British Columbian political history:
 * Lotusland – British Columbia, particularly Victoria
 * the Granite Curtain – the Rocky Mountains
 * the Tweed Curtain – the Oak Bay, British Columbia–Victoria border, referring to the former's conservative British character
 * "the Brogue that walks and talks like a man" – journalist and broadcaster Jack Webster (who had many nicknames, not all of them Foth's). Foth later adapted this phrase to "the Jaw that walks and talks like a man" for Brian Mulroney.
 * the Natural Governing Party – the federal Liberals
 * the Holy Mother Corporation – the CBC
 * Jurassic Clark – Joe Clark
 * "The only man in Canada who can't speak either of the two official languages" – Jean Chrétien
 * Coma City – Ottawa
 * Vancouver, the Narcissus of the West Coast

Quotes

 * "In the Maritimes, politics is a disease; in Quebec a religion; in Ontario a business; on the Prairies a protest; and in British Columbia an entertainment." Malice in Blunderland (1982)
 * "The Tories are like cream: rich, thick and full of clots." Fotheringham quoting a Liberal Convention Delegate in LOOK MA...NO HANDS (1983)

Awards
Source:
 * Southam Fellowship in Journalism, 1964
 * National Magazine Award for Humor, 1980
 * National Newspaper Award for Column Writing, 1980 (first recipient)
 * Inducted into the Canadian News Hall of Fame, 1999
 * Bruce Hutchinson Lifetime Achievement Award, 2002

title: Allan Fotheringham


text:
Talk:The Osmonds

Band members
Shouldn't there be a Band members section on this page, just like there is on every other band's page? Just sayin'.--DisneyMetalhead (talk) 04:09, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Records sold
I added records sold but I know very little about this particular topic. Billboard only has one chart entry for The Osmond Brothers and may entries for The Osmonds. Sources are very misleading about how much sold only the boyband (which I wanted for this article) compared to how much the whole family sold. I guess charts counted they all as the same. If anybody knows, please fix the claim. Cornerstonepicker (talk) 05:16, 10 March 2018 (UTC)

The Andy Williams Theater
Its Jimmy who currently owns the theater in Branson and performs in the Christmas show, the others are not involved. The Christmas show is hosted by Jimmy and stars the Lennon Sisters with different guest stars. 2018 it was the Lennon Grandaughters, Voices Of Glory, Charlie Green and the Ice Angels. Jimmy was standing by the door thanking his audience as they left. I was there. 40.131.185.176 (talk) 20:30, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

Why no mention of their film work as the Osmond Brothers?
I am presently watching on YouTube "The Seven Little Foys" starring Eddie Foy (1964), Jr. playing his father and the Osmond Brothers as Eddie's Children. So why not mention whatever film roles they might have had, or even Broadway productions they might have enjoyed, even if it was Donny Osmond performing as Joseph in the 1999 film "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamoat"; while Donny did this as an adult and separate from his communal role as the Osmond Brothers, it still deserves mention.StevenTorrey (talk) 22:49, 2 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Osmonds


text:
Nikon-Walkley Australian Press Photographer of the Year

The Nikon-Walkley Australian Press Photographer of the Year, or Nikon-Walkley Press Photographer of the Year is awarded to the photographer whose body of work is considered the best in the country for that year. It recognises newsworthiness, impact, technical superiority, creativity and originality in news photography.

The annual Nikon-Walkley Photographic Awards are the highest honour for Australian press photographers. They represent the pinnacle of achievement and are judged by a panel of senior photographers and picture editors across the industry.

It was first awarded in 1969 as a separate award, but in 2000 merged with the Walkley Awards to create the current prize.

Partial list of winners:


text: Category:Ashtabula County, Ohio

title: Category:Ashtabula County, Ohio


text:
Thermal infrared spectroscopy

Thermal infrared spectroscopy (TIR spectroscopy) is the subset of infrared spectroscopy that deals with radiation emitted in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The emitted infrared radiation, though similar to blackbody radiation, is different in that the radiation is banded at characteristic vibrations in the material. The method measures the thermal infrared radiation emitted (as opposed to being transmitted or reflected) from a volume or surface. This method is commonly used to identify the composition of surface by analyzing its spectrum and comparing it to previously measured materials. It is particularly suited to airborne and spaceborne applications.

Airborne

 * HyTES: the Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer operated by JPL and flown on a Twin Otter or ER2 aircraft
 * TIMS: the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner, a multispectral radiometer flown on C-130, ER-2, and the Stennis Learjet aircraft.
 * SEBASS: a hyperspectral sensor developed and operated by The Aerospace Corporation.
 * Hyper-Cam: a hyperspectral thermal infrared camera developed by Telops.
 * OWL: a hyperspectral thermal infrared camera developed by Specim.

Spaceborne

 * ISM: An imaging spectrometer on board the Soviet Phobos 2 spacecraft.
 * ASTER: a multispectral radiometer on board the Earth-observing Terra satellite.
 * TIS: A spectrometer is on board the Mangalyan spacecraft.
 * TES: A hyperspectral spectrometer on board the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft.
 * Mini-TES: a small version of the TES instrument carried on both Mars Exploration Rovers.
 * THEMIS: a multispectral thermal infrared imager on board the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft.
 * OTES: thermal spectroscopy aboard OSIRIS-REx spacecraft

title: Thermal infrared spectroscopy


text: Category:Morgan County, Ohio

title: Category:Morgan County, Ohio


text:
Gimira

Gimira may refer to:

 * Gimira people, an Omotic-speaking people in southwestern Ethiopia
 * Gimira language, Omotic language spoken by the Gimira people

title: Gimira


text:
White Sands

White Sands may refer to:

 * White Sands, New Mexico, United States, residential area and national park of the White Sands Missile Range
 * White Sands Missile Range, formerly the White Sands Proving Ground, a military installation in New Mexico hosting:
 * White Sands Test Center, operated by the United States Army
 * White Sands Test Facility, operated by NASA, and including:
 * White Sands Space Harbor
 * White Sands National Park, desert of white sand dunes in New Mexico, US
 * Whitesands, a town in Vanuatu
 * White Sands Shopping Mall, Singapore, in Pasir Ris, Singapore
 * White Sands, Alberta, Canada, a summer village in Stettler County
 * White Sands (film), a 1992 Warner Bros. motion picture directed by Roger Donaldson
 * White Sands: Experiences from the Outside World
 * USS White Sands (ARD-20), a floating dry dock for the US Navy

title: White Sands


text: Category:Hocking County, Ohio

title: Category:Hocking County, Ohio


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Winston Churchill Quotes

The contents of this page and the page's history have been moved to Wikiquote:Transwiki:Winston Churchill via the transwiki system, all future edits should go there. This page is now listed for deletion. -- Netoholic 07:32, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Given the fact that transwiki has taken place. Delete.  Geogre 14:47, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * As there is a better place for it, delete. Average Earthman 16:25, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I listed this page in May. Why is it still here?  RickK 19:34, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Because no one is dealing with stuff listed on /Old as needing Transwiki. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:40, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Anyone can do the Transwiki, but an admin needs to delete the WP version when it's done. Maybe there needs to be a better process than just listing them on /Old ? -- Netoholic 14:34, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:Nonexistant~enwiki/test

zauberer

title: User:Nonexistant~enwiki/test


text:
Donna Brazile

Donna Lease Brazile (born December 15, 1959) is an American political strategist, campaign manager, and political analyst who served twice as acting Chair of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). She is currently an ABC News contributor, and was previously a Fox News contributor until her resignation in May 2021. Brazile was also previously a CNN contributor, but resigned in October 2016, after WikiLeaks revealed that she shared two debate questions with Hillary Clinton's campaign during the 2016 United States presidential election.

A member of the Democratic Party, Brazile was the first African American woman to direct a major presidential campaign, acting as campaign manager for Al Gore in 2000. She has also worked on several presidential campaigns for Democratic candidates, including Jesse Jackson and Walter Mondale–Geraldine Ferraro in 1984, and for Dick Gephardt in the 1988 Democratic primary. She served as the acting chair of the Democratic National Committee in spring 2011, and again from July 2016 to February 2017.

Early life
Brazile was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the daughter of Jean Marie (Brown) and Lionel Joseph Brazile, the third of nine children. Her family's surname was "Braswell" several generations prior. Brazile became interested in politics at the age of nine when a local candidate for office promised to build a neighborhood playground. She participated in a TRIO Upward Bound program while in high school. Brazile earned a bachelor's degree in industrial psychology from Louisiana State University (LSU) in 1981, and was a fellow at the Institute of Politics at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. After graduating from LSU, Brazile worked for several advocacy groups in Washington, D.C., and was reportedly instrumental in the successful campaign to make Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday a federal holiday.

Brazile volunteered for the Jimmy Carter–Walter Mondale presidential campaign of 1976 as a teenager and for their 1980 presidential campaign while a student at LSU.

Political strategist
Brazile has worked on several presidential campaigns for Democratic candidates, including Jesse Jackson in 1984, Walter Mondale–Geraldine Ferraro in 1984, and Dick Gephardt in the 1988 Democratic primary.

After Gephardt lost the primary in 1988, Brazile served as deputy field director of the Michael Dukakis general election campaign. On October 20, 1988, she made headlines by telling a group of reporters that George H. W. Bush needed to "fess up" about unsubstantiated rumors of an extramarital affair. Said Brazile, "The American people have every right to know if Barbara Bush will share that bed with him in the White House." The Dukakis campaign immediately disavowed her remarks and Dukakis fired her from his campaign staff shortly after the story broke. Four years later, the same issue, the relationship of George H. W. Bush and Jennifer Fitzgerald, would be briefly rehashed during the 1992 campaign against Bill Clinton, who had his own extramarital affair rumors.

In the 1990s, Brazile served as chief of staff and press secretary to Congressional Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton of the District of Columbia, where she helped guide the District's budget and local legislation on Capitol Hill. She also served as an advisor for Bill Clinton's campaign for the presidency in 1992 and for re-election in 1996.

In 1999, Brazile was appointed deputy campaign manager and was later promoted to campaign manager of the 2000 presidential campaign of Vice-President Al Gore, becoming the first African-American woman to manage a major party presidential campaign.

After the Hurricane Katrina disaster, Brazile was appointed as a member of the board of directors of the Louisiana Recovery Authority by Kathleen Blanco from 2005 to 2009. Brazile donated her papers to the Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections in the Louisiana State University Libraries Special Collections, located in Hill Memorial Library.

Democratic National Committee service
After the post-election fight over votes in the 2000 United States presidential election in Florida, Brazile was appointed chair of the Democratic National Committee's Voting Rights Institute.

2008 presidential election
In the 2008 election, she served as a superdelegate for her work for Bill Clinton and Al Gore.

As a delegate for the Democratic National Convention, Brazile consistently refrained from declaring her preferred Democratic presidential candidate. In an interview with political satirist Stephen Colbert, Brazile stated, "Look, I'm a woman, so I like Hillary. I'm black; I like Obama. But I'm also grumpy, so I like John McCain."

The 2008 Democratic presidential primaries in Florida and Michigan initially caused the delegates from these two states to be disqualified from being seated at the Democratic Convention due to the states moving their primaries against DNC Party rules. Brazile stated, "We need to send a message that you can't defy the rules," adding, "I have pissed off just about every state in my career."

At the Rules Committee meeting to decide on the final allocations for these states she was quoted: "My momma taught me to play by the rules and respect those rules. My mother taught me, and I'm sure your mother taught you, that when you decide to change the rules, middle of the game, end of the game, that is referred to as cheating."

She was strongly critical of the Stupak–Pitts Amendment, which places limits on taxpayer-funded abortions in the context of the November 2009 Affordable Health Care for America Act.

2012 presidential election
For several weeks in the spring of 2011, she served as interim chair of the Democratic National Committee. As vice-chair of the DNC, she led the organization during the transition between outgoing chair Tim Kaine, who resigned to run for the U.S. Senate, and his successor, Florida Congresswoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz, who was not permitted to ascend to the post until at least fifteen days after being nominated on April 5, 2011. Following Wasserman Schultz's installation as DNC chair, Brazile returned to her post as vice-chair.

2016 presidential election

After Debbie Wasserman Schultz resigned her position as chair of the Democratic National Committee on July 24, 2016, at the start of the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Brazile became interim chairperson of the DNC. [73]

Brazile was responsible for a plan to spend money to drive up inner-city turnout in places like Chicago and New Orleans — even though neither Illinois nor Louisiana was competitive — because of fear that Clinton would win the Electoral College vote but lose the popular vote.

Sharing debate questions with Clinton campaign
A WikiLeaks e-mail dump revealed that Brazile sent an e-mail message on March 5, 2016, to John Podesta and Jennifer Palmieri with the title: "One of the questions directed to HRC tomorrow is from a woman with a rash." The message continued, "her family has lead poison and she will ask what, if anything, will Hillary do as president to help the ppl of Flint." At the next event in Flint, Clinton was delivered a similar question from audience member Mikki Wade, whose family was affected by the poisoned water.

On October 11, 2016, a WikiLeaks e-mail dump included an e-mail Brazile sent on March 12, 2016 to Clinton communications director Jennifer Palmieri with the subject header: "From time to time I get questions in advance." In the e-mail, Brazile discussed her concern about Clinton's ability to field a question regarding the death penalty, and in a CNN town hall debate the following day, Clinton received a similar question about the death penalty. According to tech blog Errata Security, the e-mail in question was verified using an everyday verification program and the DKIM system.

Brazile at first vehemently denied receiving or furnishing the Clinton campaign with any town hall questions and dismissed the Wikileaks organization as "these sad ass whipper leakers try to slow my groove". She accused TYT Politics reporter Jordan Chariton of "badgering a woman." Questioned by Fox News anchor Megyn Kelly, Brazile said, "As a Christian woman, I understand persecution. I will not sit here and be persecuted because your information is totally false."

Jake Tapper, a former colleague of Brazile's at CNN, provided his perspective on the leak of a question to a Presidential candidate, calling it "very, very upsetting" and added that "journalistically, it's horrifying". Brazile, however, said that her conscience was "very clear". She later commented: "If I had to do it all over again, I would know a hell of a lot more about cybersecurity."

In a talk at the College of Journalism and Mass Communications on the University of Nebraska–Lincoln campus on October 12, 2016, Brazile condemned the leaks, which intelligence officials said came from Russia, and said they were intended to "manipulate an election, disrupt or discredit or destroy our democracy" and ultimately try to "produce an outcome more favorable to them and their interests."

On October 31, 2016, The New York Times reported: "CNN has severed ties with the Democratic strategist Donna Brazile, after hacked e-mails from WikiLeaks showed that she shared questions for CNN-sponsored candidate events in advance with friends on Hillary Clinton's campaign." CNN said it had accepted her formal resignation on October 14, adding: "We are completely uncomfortable with what we have learned about her interactions with the Clinton campaign while she was a CNN contributor."

On November 1, 2016, an internal call about the collusion was initiated by CNN President Jeff Zucker. Zucker informed his staff that, while the instances have been fully investigated and the perpetrators dealt with, the perception that campaigns received questions in advance "hurts all of us," adding that, "I have no tolerance for her behavior or that kind of behavior," going on to describe former network commentator Brazile's interactions with the Clinton campaign as "unethical" and "disgusting."

On March 17, 2017, Brazile admitted to forwarding debate questions to Clinton's campaign during the 2016 Democratic primary, while she was Vice Chair of the DNC and working as a CNN commentator. In an essay she wrote for Time magazine, she said, "Then in October, a subsequent release of e-mails revealed that among the many things I did in my role as a Democratic operative and D.N.C. Vice Chair prior to assuming the interim D.N.C. Chair position was to share potential town hall topics with the Clinton campaign." Brazile went on to explain: "My job was to make all our Democratic candidates look good, and I worked closely with both campaigns to make that happen. But sending those e-mails was a mistake I will forever regret."

In her 2017 memoir Hacks, Brazile wrote about her "alleged leaking of the questions."

University teaching and affiliations
Despite the scandal, Brazile went on to serve on various boards, including the National Democratic Institute (NDI), whose mission is to ensure free and fair elections. She was an election monitor in Kenya for the 2022 presidential elections. Brazile served as a lecturer at the University of Maryland, College Park, a fellow at Harvard University's Institute of Politics, and is an Adjunct Professor of Women and Gender Studies at Georgetown University. She is member of the advisory board of the Washington and Lee University Mock Convention.

Commentator
Brazile was a weekly contributor and political commentator on CNN's The Situation Room and appeared on American Morning and its successor, New Day. She regularly appeared on CNN Tonight with Don Lemon, and was a frequent member of Anderson Cooper's guest panel of political experts on CNN's Election Night Coverage. Brazile is also founder and managing director of Brazile and Associates and a contributor to NPR's Political Corner and ABC News. Brazile had agreed mutually with both CNN and ABC to suspend her contracts with the networks in order to serve as interim chair of the DNC. On October 31, 2016, CNN announced that Brazile offered a formal resignation and that they were permanently severing their ties to Brazile as a CNN contributor, due to inappropriate leaks with the Clinton campaign while she worked for the network.

On March 18, 2019, Brazile became a contributor for Fox News. She stated that she was "delighted to be joining FOX News" while acknowledging her decision may be criticized by other Democrats.

Author
Brazile was a contributing writer for Ms. Magazine and a columnist for Roll Call. In 2004, Simon & Schuster published Cooking with Grease – Stirring the Pots in American Politics, Brazile's memoir of her life and work in politics. According to Elisabeth Rosenthal of The New York Times, "While the book is primarily a charming autobiography about how a poor black girl came to run a presidential campaign, its publication is giving the refreshingly impolitic Ms. Brazile the opportunity to pour forth in writing and in interviews on larger issues, like what went wrong in 2000 and what the Democrats need to do to win in 2004."

Brazile is also the coauthor—with Yolanda Caraway, Leah Daughtry, and Minyon Moore—of For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Politics (2018), a joint history and biography.

Hacks: The Inside Story
In July 2017, Hachette Books announced that it had acquired the rights to Brazile's forthcoming book, Hacks: The Inside Story of the Break-ins and Breakdowns That Put Donald Trump in the White House, published on November 7, 2017. Hachette said the book would be "equal parts campaign thriller, memoir, and roadmap for the future." Matt Latimer and Keith Urbahn, partners at the literary and creative agency Javelin, represented Brazile in negotiations with Hachette. The work is "a savage memoir of her experiences with Clinton's campaign, which she describes as mismanaged and lacking in passion."

In an excerpt of the book published in Politico magazine, Brazile wrote that she had found an "unethical agreement" between the Clinton campaign and the DNC which had allowed Clinton to exert control of the party long before she became its nominee. Later, in an interview on ABC's This Week on November 5, 2017, Brazile said that she had found no evidence of the Democratic primaries having been rigged in favor of Clinton.

Brazile writes that after Clinton fainted at a 9/11 memorial service on September 11, 2016, she gave serious consideration to replacing Clinton as the Democratic nominee, selecting Vice President Joe Biden in her place. Under the DNC charter, the party chair can declare a presidential nominee "disabled," triggering a complex replacement process that involves a meeting of the full DNC. In the interview on ABC, she explained that she "had a lot of other combinations. This is something you play out in your mind." On November 4, 2017, more than 100 former Clinton campaign staffers published an open letter saying they "do not recognize the campaign she portrays in the book." They said they were shocked to learn that Brazile had considered replacing Clinton on the ticket and dismayed that Brazile had seemingly bought into "false Russian-fueled propaganda" about Clinton's health.

The credibility of Brazile's allegations also came under scrutiny by The Washington Post. In September 2015, the newspaper had already reported about the fundraising agreement between Hillary and the DNC which Brazile disclosed and noted that Sanders supporters knew about it. It was also reported that Brazile knew about the agreement before she publicly disclosed its details.

Acting
Brazile is a member of Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) and has guest-starred as herself in three episodes of the CBS drama The Good Wife and one episode of the Netflix drama House of Cards. She also cameoed as a fictionalized version of herself in Army of the Dead along with Sean Spicer.

Personal life
In 1999, The New York Times Magazine described Brazile as a gay rights activist who served on the board of the Millennium March on Washington. The magazine said she is "highly protective of her privacy" and called her "openly ambiguous" about her sexual orientation.

Brazile is a Catholic and said she wanted to be a priest as a child but did not pursue this after her mother told her girls could not be priests.

title: Donna Brazile


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Unfairenheit 9/11

 * A POV rant. I vote to delete.  [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 07:16, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC) moved from main page

 * It's actually a copyvio from . - Lucky 6.9 07:36, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: What a coincidence that Bushcountry.com links to us and we're getting two "We hate Michael Moore" "articles" in a row.  Copyvio, rant, POV, "original" research.  Geogre 14:45, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clear copyvio from an article that's listed on Fahrenheit 9/11. BTW, 2 recent "anti-Michael Moore" articles in a row (from 2 different contributors I might add) is no big coincidence. We get POV articles all the time. And any website is free to link to us, regardless of their political views. There is no conspiracy. (Though I pray I don't find myself corrected if thousands of bushcountry.com (or any other ultra-POV website) hooligans descend upon the 'pedia when the election heats up.) • Benc • 20:29, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Fire Star 22:09, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -Sean Curtin 00:50, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete RedWolf 03:31, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this rubbish. - UtherSRG 01:10, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Rubbish? It's no more than an editorial by Christopher Hitchens - no worse than anything one might find in, say, the New York Times; simply another opinion. Copyvio, however, so delete. DannyBoy | Talk 02:37, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Zaelsius 16:43, 19 Aug 2004 (+2h)


text:
New Zealand Film Commission

The New Zealand Film Commission (NZFC; Te Tumu Whakaata Taonga) is a New Zealand government agency formed to assist with creating and promoting New Zealand films. It was established under the New Zealand Film Commission Act 1978 (as amended in 1981, 1985, 1988, 1994 and 1999).

Functions and responsibilities
The New Zealand Film Commission is a Crown entity working to grow the New Zealand film industry. Its statutory responsibility is to encourage, participate and assist in the making, promotion, distribution and exhibition of films made in New Zealand.

Through the financing and administration of incentive schemes it has been involved in more than 300 feature films including Boy, Goodbye Pork Pie, Heavenly Creatures, The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, Avatar, Whale Rider and Mr. Pip.

It is also involved in some television series.

Film financing and marketing
The NZFC assists New Zealand filmmakers by providing grants, loans and equity financing in the development and production of feature films and short films. It administers the Government's Large Budget Screen Production Grant (LBSPG) and Screen Production Incentive Fund (SPIF) and certifies New Zealand films for tax purposes and co-productions. It also actively markets New Zealand films and filmmakers, and organises high-profile New Zealand participation at major international film festivals and markets. It helps with training and career development within the industry by partnering with other industry organisations.

For example, in 2010 the NZFC unveiled a new program for funding films by filmmakers at the beginning of their careers who have creative ideas for their first feature film specifically designed for low-budget films. ("Directors who have previously received feature film finance from the NZFC" are ineligible.") Called Escalator, the scheme encourages teams, preferably including "their director, writer, producer and possibly a key crew member" to "submit three different proposals for a low budget ([NZ]$250,000) feature film." From those applications, 12 teams are selected to participate in a multi-day "bootcamp" after which they are expected to "prepare a script, production budget, schedule and statement of approach for one of their ideas." Peter Jackson praised the proposal for its "speed or process," reminding his readers that "much frustration has resulted from the slow pace at which a project limps through development at the NZFC."

In fact, the first film to be released with Escalator support was Existence (2012; directed by Juliet Bergh; co-written by Bergh and cinematographer Jessica Charlton), which was part of the scheme's second cohort of applicants. The Commission played a role in bringing Mhairead Connor in as a producer as well as providing Berg and Charlton access to script development assistance from Graeme Tetley as part of their bootcamp experience.

The New Zealand Film Commission often works in conjunction with other government agencies, such as the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the Ministry for Tourism and the Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment.

In 2019, the New Zealand Film Commission received public attention and criticism for its taxpayer-funded support of Wolf Warrior 2, a film described as Chinese propaganda.

Film On Demand
In 2014 the New Zealand Film Commission launched a transactional video on demand service, NZ Film On Demand. The site features NZ films for rent and purchase, with a library of films that will grow over time. The underlying technology of the platform was developed by Hamilton, New Zealand based company Indiereign.

Records
The main classes of records held include:
 * Applications for financial assistance for development, production, distribution and promotion of New Zealand films;
 * Contracts in respect of investments made by the commission; and
 * Contracts in respect of sales of a New Zealand film represented by the commission.

Structure
The New Zealand Film Commission is governed by a seven-member board appointed by the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage. Members represent the film industry and the wider business and arts community. The Board meets every two months to set policy and budgets, monitor progress against targets and budgets and consider applications for feature film production financing.

Day-to-day activities are carried out by a staff of 46 from their Wellington office. The internal structure is based on four business units (Development and Production, Talent Development and Relationships, Marketing and Screen Incentives Administration) and three support groups (Business Affairs, Finance and Strategy and Research) all linked by strong connections across the organisation. Notable staff have included Mladen Ivančiċ, who was appointed as finance director in 1989 and retired in 2023 after serving as acting CEO on six different occasions.

title: New Zealand Film Commission


text:
Talk:Taiwan Railways Administration

Untitled
There are probably a few errors lurking in the text, many thanks to anyone who can find them and point them out! :Loren 04:15, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

romanization
Tong Yong Pin Yin is used in the passeger train timetable issued by TRA. However, some pages in the TRA web still use Wade-Giles romanization.

 * Tongyong Pinyin is highly controversial and spellings are subject to change with the political winds. TYPY is non-standard and unrecognized outside of Taiwan. I would suggest adding the time-honored Wage-Giles place-names, as most publications outside of DPP control use them. Bubbha 11:26, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Regarding 1) I would offer a different opinion. As a ex-pat in Taiwan, the most useful spelling is the sign that is currently on the boards, in the pamphlets, and on the trains.  Additionally, TYPY may be contriversial outside of Taiwan, but within Taiwan, where the contents of this article are written, it is *the* standard.  That would be like saying that not many people outside of France use French, so we should use the English spelling for their city and place names. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.251.41.25 (talk) 2009-10-25T13:41:14 (UTC)

English names of lines?
I'm working on revamping TRA-related articles, and was wondering if anyone had some insight into the English names for lines. The ones I'm looking at are 海岸線 (I've seen it as Sea Line, Coast Line, etc.) and 臺東線 (which I've seen as Hua-tung Line, Hualien-Taitung Line, Taitung Line, etc.). Any thoughts? -Multivariable (talk) 14:03, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if it's already been agreed on, but the English wording used by the TRA itself for the 海岸線 is "Coast Line". That's how it was when I was in Taiwan a few months ago. Transphasic (talk) 23:06, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

Schematic map
I made a subway-style map of the TRA train network. Please can we feature it on this page? I can't edit the page because my account isn't confirmed. http://peterburk.github.io/tra/index.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peterburk (talk • contribs) 10:18, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:42, 10 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Taoyuan Metro logo seal only.svg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:23, 23 March 2019 (UTC)
 * New Taipei Metro (Logo Only).svg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:21, 24 July 2019 (UTC)
 * EMU1000 passing LinFongYing Station.jpg

Requested move 24 October 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved (closed by non-admin page mover) Wug·a·po·des 19:42, 7 November 2019 (UTC)

Taiwan Railways Administration → Taiwan Railways – There is a distinction between a rail service and its operator. Taipei Metro is operated by Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation. Kaohsiung Rapid Transit is operated by Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation. This article has extensive history of the railway pre-1948. It mentions upgrades to the railway by the Railway Bureau. Less than 40% of the article is directly related to the agency. The focus is the railway itself, which is referred to as "Taiwan Railways" by other rail operators. Ythlev (talk) 11:12, 24 October 2019 (UTC) —Relisting. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 14:05, 31 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per no clear WP:COMMONNAME. English news outlets still predominantly use Taiwan Railways Administration; most signages still use "TRA" as an abbreviation. ◢    Ganbaruby!    (talk to me) 05:54, 27 October 2019 (UTC)
 * most signages still use "TRA" as an abbreviation. Article naming is not based on signage See below. English news outlets still predominantly use Taiwan Railways Administration. Example? Ythlev (talk) 16:00, 27 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose, "Taiwan railways" is ambiguous and could refer to any Rail transport in Taiwan, including high-speed THSR and the tourist railways. TRA = 台鐵 refers to this network, and "Taiwan Railways Administration" is just the long form of TRA. If any of the history should be covered in Rail transport in Taiwan or another suitable article instead of here, that is not a reason to rename this article. —Kusma (t·c) 14:48, 31 October 2019 (UTC)
 * By that logic, if "Taiwan Railways Administration" is a name suitable only for the agency and not the railway, the railway should be covered in another page instead of here? "Taiwan railways" is ambiguous With an uppercase R, Taiwan Railways is not ambiguous. In English, an upper case letter denotes a proper noun. True, but you will never see the network referred to as the long form. In fact referring to the network as "TRA" is only seen on signs. The announcements say "TRA train". Both Taipei and Kaohsiung MRT refer to it as "Taiwan Railways". Ythlev (talk) 06:31, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Dispute on romanisation
Ok, i saw tagged the page with Dispute about but did not leave anything on the talk page. And apparently and  are edit warring. Please solve the dispute in talk page or i just submit you two to admin for a block. Matthew hk (talk) 08:22, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * i saw tagged the page with Dispute about but did not leave anything on the talk page. Is that a requirement for using the tag? I've already stated the dispute is about the romanisation scheme. You are welcome to find reliable sources to prove they are correct and remove the tag. And apparently and are edit warring. Please solve the dispute in talk page or i just submit you two to admin for a block. Well it was already brought up on the edit war noticeboard and the admin didn't block either of us. Neither of us are edit warring as the page is protected, so I don't see what you're getting at. Ythlev (talk) 03:59, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I am trying to make an encylopedia and have a somewhat minor quibble over display of the names of romanization schemes in a newly created template- let me know what you need me to do. Thanks. Geographyinitiative (talk) 04:10, 7 December 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:11, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Taoyuan Metro logo seal only.svg

Should I submit 2nd move request? Or a new article should be created to reflect something below?
As the fact that privatization and corporatization of TRA are approved by the Yuan, I'm sure that the Taiwan Railways Administration will no longer be the official name of operator, but I'm not sure what will be affected on this article, especially on the title. Liuxinyu970226 (talk) 11:11, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

 * @Wugapodes, Cwmhiraeth, Ythlev, Ganbaruby, Kusma ^^ Liuxinyu970226 (talk) 13:11, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I still stand by the opinion that because the article is mostly about the railway, not the operator, it should be renamed Taiwan Railways. Ythlev (talk) 16:35, 18 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I think no action is needed until a new name becomes official or widely used. —Kusma (talk) 18:57, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taiwan Railways Administration


text:
Gordon Sinclair

Allan Gordon Sinclair, OC, FRGS (June 3, 1900 – May 17, 1984) was a Canadian journalist, writer, and commentator.

Early life
Sinclair was born in the Cabbagetown neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, the son of George Alexander and Bessie Goldie (née Eesley) Sinclair. In 1916, before finishing his first year of high school, he dropped out to take a job with the Bank of Nova Scotia. After a few months, he was fired and started working in the administrative office of Eaton's. During World War I, He served as a part-time soldier in a militia unit of the 48th Highlanders of Canada. After being fired from Eaton's, he took a junior bookkeeping job with Gutta Percha and Rubber Manufacturing Company, starting in April 1920. It was there that he met co-worker Gladys Prewett. After an off-and-on relationship, they married on May 8, 1926.

International reporter for the Star
Early in 1922, Sinclair applied for a reporting job at all four Toronto newspapers. The only offer he received was from the Toronto Star, where he started working in February 1922, hired on the same day as Foster Hewitt, who was the son of the Star sports editor.

Sinclair was given routine assignments at the Star for seven years before he received his first byline. His breakthrough was a series of articles written after living among a group of homeless people, whom Sinclair called "Toronto's hobo club" From that point, he rose to become one of the paper's star reporters, spending most of the next decade travelling the world, filing reports from exotic locations. During an Asian tour in 1932, he spent four months in India and, after returning home, wrote his first book, Foot-loose in India. It was published in October 1932 and became a best-seller in Canada, with the first edition selling out on the first day.

Before the end of the year, Sinclair announced that his next trip would be to Southeast Asia. A public farewell was held on January 13, 1933, filling Massey Hall, with the Star estimating that an additional 6,500 people were turned away. His experiences on that trip were collected in a second book, Cannibal Quest, which was a best-seller in Canada and also reached No. 9 in the U.S. Then came a series from Devil's Island, which was also turned into a book, Loose Among the Devils, published in 1935.

Later that year, Sinclair was fired by the Star after failing to get the story on the outbreak of the Second Italo-Abyssinian War in Ethiopia. The Star reported that he was leaving journalism to take a job in advertising. The Star wrote that he had travelled 340,000 miles in 73 countries for the newspaper. At the time, he was working on his fourth book, Khyber Caravan, based on his travels in Afghanistan.

Doubts were frequently raised by readers that Sinclair had actually experienced the incidents he reported. His Khyber series was so widely questioned that the Star assigned another reporter to investigate his claims.

Sinclair's time away from journalism was short-lived. Three months after joining the staff of MacLaren Advertising, he returned to the Star, this time as a sports columnist, hired shortly after the sudden death of sports editor Lou Marsh, who had been one of Canada's best-known sports journalists. According to sportswriter Scott Young, Sinclair's transition to sports was "monumentally unsuccessful."

After a year in sports, Sinclair returned to general reporting and late in 1938 he again went on an Asian tour. He remained at home during the Second World War and was not accredited as a war correspondent.

CFRB and Front Page Challenge
Following the unsuccessful Dieppe Raid in 1942, Sinclair was asked by Red Foster, a news broadcaster at Toronto radio station CFRB, to provide some narration for a broadcast on Canadians at Dieppe. Sinclair ended up writing the story as well as reading it on the air, and continued to contribute brief reports to the station. Several months after he started, his radio work came to the attention of his bosses at the Star, which had a policy prohibiting its reporters from regularly writing reports for other outlets. Once again, Sinclair was fired.

In February 1943, he formally joined the CFRB team, becoming part-owner of the station the following year. He would continue to be associated with CFRB for over 40 years until his death.

He returned to the Star in 1949, this time as a freelancer, for one final international tour, which included his coverage of the end of the Berlin Blockade. He remained a contributor to the paper, writing a radio and TV column, until December 1962.

In 1957, Sinclair also began a career in television, as a panelist on the CBC Television series Front Page Challenge. He would hold that position for 27 years until his death. While Sinclair was often controversial, he caused an uproar in 1969 when he asked Canadian Olympic swimmer Elaine Tanner if menstruation interfered with her training.

Sinclair was a vocal opponent of water fluoridation (calling it "rat poison" in 1958), the singing of God Save the Queen, medicare and taxes. Although he was raised as a Methodist and taught Bible class as a youth, Sinclair became a forceful critic of religion and the church. "I had 31 years of being a Christian, and it was enough," he said in 1969.

Sinclair had invested his earnings in the Depression-era stock market and was independently wealthy by the end of the Second World War. In 1960, he boasted that he earned more than $50,000 a year. By the end of his life, Sinclair reportedly had liquid assets of more than $2 million. He bought a Rolls-Royce in 1961 and drove it for 11 years.

Sinclair's autobiography, Will the Real Gordon Sinclair Please Stand Up was published in 1966, followed in 1975 by a sequel, Will Gordon Sinclair Please Sit Down.

The Americans
On June 5, 1973, following news that the American Red Cross had run out of money as a result of aid efforts for recent natural disasters, Sinclair recorded what would become his most famous radio editorial, "The Americans". While paying tribute to American success, ingenuity, and generosity to people in need abroad, Sinclair decried that when America faced crisis itself, it often seemed to face that crisis alone.

At the time, Sinclair considered the piece to be nothing more than one of his usual items. But when U.S. News & World Report published a full transcript, the magazine was flooded with requests for copies. Radio station WWDC-AM in Washington, D.C., started playing a recording of Sinclair's commentary with "Bridge Over Troubled Water" playing in the background. Sinclair told the Star in November 1973 that he had received 8,000 letters about his commentary.

With the strong response generated by the editorial, a recording of Sinclair's commentary was sold as a single with all profits going to the American Red Cross. "The Americans (A Canadian's Opinion)" went to No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100, making the 73-year-old Sinclair the second-oldest living person ever to have a Billboard U.S. Top 40 hit (75-year-old Moms Mabley had a Top 40 hit in 1969 with "Abraham, Martin & John").

A transcript of the commentary was also recorded by Byron MacGregor, news director of Windsor, Ontario, radio station CKLW (AM), and it became an even bigger hit in the U.S., climbing to No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. Sinclair was said to be annoyed by MacGregor's recording, which was released as a single before Sinclair's authorized version. At the time, CKLW was owned by Toronto media baron John Bassett. In Canada, Sinclair's version peaked at No. 30, topping McGregor's, which missed the top 40, stalling at No. 42.

In May 1974, Sinclair told The Globe and Mail that he was "sick of hearing" the recording and embarrassed by some of the inaccuracies it contained, but that he would still write the same editorial over again.

In 1981, when Ronald Reagan made his first state visit to Canada, he praised Sinclair as a figure who had given the United States a wonderful and inspiring tribute in one of its darkest hours.

The Americans was widely revived on the Internet, radio and newspapers in 2001, following the September 11, 2001, attacks, and again in 2005 in the devastating aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Some revivals of the message incorrectly state that it was newly written as a direct response to recent crises; in this question of its authorship alone, the address has become a part of urban legend.

Final years and death
Sinclair was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1979, and added to the Etobicoke Hall of Fame in 1984. Up to the time of his death, he was doing 14 broadcasts a week for CFRB and also appearing on Front Page Challenge.

In his final commentary, broadcast on May 15, 1984, he discussed passing his annual driver's test, which was compulsory for drivers over the age of 80. That day, Sinclair—who had had a series of heart attacks dating back to 1970—had a massive attack, going into a coma and suffering irreversible brain damage. He died two days later at age 83 after life support systems were discontinued. He was buried at Park Lawn Cemetery in Toronto.

Sinclair's eldest son, Gord Sinclair (1928–2002), was also a successful and respected radio journalist in Montreal, as well as the majority owner of CFOX (AM).

Published works

 * Foot-loose in India: adventures of a news chaser from Khyber's grim gash of death to the tiger jungles of Bengal and the Burmese battle ground of the black cobra. 1933. Oxford University Press.
 * Cannibal Quest. 1935. Doubleday, Doran & Gundy.
 * Loose Among Devils: a voyage from Devil's Island to those jungles of West Africa labelled "the white man's grave". 1935. Doubleday, Doran & Gundy.
 * Khyber Caravan: through Kashmir, Waziristan, Afghanistan, Baluchistan and Northern India 1936. Simon & Schuster of Canada. ISBN 0-671-80178-3
 * Bright Paths to Adventure. 1945. McClelland & Stewart.
 * Will the Real Gordon Sinclair Please Stand Up. 1966. McClelland & Stewart.
 * Will Gordon Sinclair Please Sit Down. 1975. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-8163-4
 * Footloose: A Commentary on the Books of Gordon Sinclair. John Robert Colombo. 2008. Colombo & Company. ISBN 1-894540-65-4. 2014. Kindle Edition.

title: Gordon Sinclair