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Griqualand East

Griqualand East (Afrikaans: Griekwaland-Oos), officially known as New Griqualand (Dutch: Nieuw Griqualand), was one of four short-lived Griqua states in Southern Africa from the early 1860s until the late 1870s and was located between the Umzimkulu and Kinira Rivers, south of the Sotho Kingdom.

Griqualand East's capital, Kokstad, was the final place of settlement for a people who had migrated several times on their journey from the Cape of Good Hope and over the mountains of present-day Lesotho.

The territory was occupied by the British Empire and became a colony in 1874, shortly before the death of its founder and only leader, Adam Kok III. A short while later, the small territory was incorporated into the neighbouring Cape Colony. Though for a long time overshadowed in history by the story of the Voortrekkers, the trek of the Griquas has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century."

Background
Before the arrival of migrants from the west and north, the area formed part of the Mpondo kingdom under King Faku, who ruled as sovereign of the ethnically Xhosa dynasty from 1815 to 1867. During his reign, Faku initially welcomed many refugees who came over the territory's north-eastern border, fleeing from the incursions and raids by the army of Shaka (leader of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828). As Faku eventually realised that his warriors could not defend the eastern part of his kingdom against Shaka, he decided to evacuate the area, leaving behind what became known as Nomansland (often spelled "No-man's land" in contemporary sources).

Meanwhile, a group of Griquas who had left the Cape of Good Hope in the 18th century and had settled in the area around present-day Philippolis in 1826 faced the prospect of their area coming under the control of the emerging Orange Free State (Oranje Vrijstaat - officially established as a Boer republic in 1854). In 1861 most of these inhabitants embarked on an exhausting journey, leaving to move southwards over Ukhahlamba also called intaba zokhahlamba that means mountains of Ukhahlamba (today known as the Drakensberg mountain range), but first-hand witnesses give two differing narratives of the reasons and motivations for their last trek.

Arrival and settlement
According to the account of John Robinson, first Premier of Natal, the inhabitants of Philippolis were invited by Sir George Grey, administrator of the area on behalf of the United Kingdom, to settle in the aforementioned Nomansland, south of what had by then become the British colony of Natal. Their settlement there was to avoid a potential conflict with the Free State and simultaneously serve as a buffer against Bushmen and "their predatory raids upon the farmers and natives of Natal" After their leader Adam Kok III had sent an advance party to survey the area, the entire group agreed to the arrangement and arrived there in 1862.

More recently recovered official documents, however, tell the story of a deal that was negotiated between the Colonial Office and the Free State in 1854, long before the Griquas had any knowledge of their fate. The Colonial Office agreed to undertake the expulsion of the entire population in exchange for a settlement of a border conflict between the Afrikaners and the Cape colonists. According to the sources, Adam Kok III and his followers only learned about the plans six years after the official document had been secretly signed. Realising that they could not muster a fighting force that could match the colonial army, and after having voiced their opposition to becoming either subjects to the Crown in the Cape Colony or servants in the Free State, they left their homeland under duress to go into exile in 1863.

Ultimately, all sources agree that the last great Griqua leader's followers ended up in the area around Mount Currie and set up a Laager, a simple settlement site made up of small huts, where they remained for over half a decade. In 1869, Reverend Dower of the London Mission Society visited the place and agreed to establish a church if the people were to move once more. Kok consulted with the populace, and they chose an area farther south of the mountain. The Griquas moved there in 1872, and founded the town of Kokstad, named in honour of their leader.

The state that was established around Kokstad, while Griqua ruled, was populated overwhelmingly by the pre-existing Xhosa speaking peoples, with the Griqua forming only a very small, politically-dominant minority.

Government

Though, in historical terms, constantly on the move, with permanent settlements existing only for short intervals, the people of Griqualand East managed to establish a Raad (or Volksraad), a gathering of 12 members which made decisions on behalf of the Griqua population and formed delegations to deal with the surrounding polities.

Currency
In 1867, after the Bank of Durban had begun printing its own banknotes, Kok and his followers embarked on a similar experiment of their own and had about 10,000 one pound-notes printed for use in the area. The plans to actually introduce them never materialised, and, with the exception of a few remaining samples, almost all of them were destroyed without ever being in circulation. After the move to Kokstad, however, a new venture in introducing a local currency was more successful in 1874; designed by Strachan and Co. and minted in Germany, several coins were used (see picture) and remained in circulation long after the disestablishment of the country.

Confirmation that the Strachan and Co circulated as money in the region from 1874 comes from the local Standard Bank at Kokstad. and the Managing Director of Strachan and Co

Symbolism
The seal included in the information-box is a rough replica of a seal shown on the first set of banknotes of 1867 which is the only known and surviving depiction. On the banknote itself, it is flanked to the left and right by a band or ribbon which reads "G OUVERNEMENT VAN | N IEUW G RIQUALAND " and includes a helm with mantling. The actual implied colours are unknown. The Griqua flag is a vertically flipped version of the "Vierkleur" used by Transvaal and the South African Republic. A single source dates its first documented appearance to 1903, but the flag itself might have been in use earlier; whether or not independent Griqualand East actually deployed it is uncertain.

British Annexation (1878)
In the differing sources and versions of history, the end of Griqualand East's story is as contested as its beginning, and the reasons for the country's dissolution remain hazy. Local Cape sources record an official (but heavily qualified) request in 1869, from Adam Kok III, for the establishment of British rule, on condition that land title be respected and that Griqualand East should under no circumstances be incorporated into the Colony of Natal. Contemporary reports claimed that the Griquas then sold much of their land voluntarily, and that the overall annexation of the territory took place "at the wish of the inhabitants themselves." On the other hand, opinion among the Griqua people themselves seems to have been divided. A quote by Adam Kok III, upon learning of the Colonial Offices' plans, suggests that there was misunderstanding or even deception involved in the annexation of Griqualand East: "There you have it... we were not consulted. We can say nothing." The British assumed direct control of the territory in 1874.

What is known for a fact is that the Griqua leader, whose name still adorns the town he founded, died in December 1875 after being severely injured in a wagon-accident. At his funeral, his cousin commented that with Kok's death, the Griquas' last hope for an independent state in Southern Africa had died as well.

After coming under British rule, Griqualand East was administered by the British as a separate colony for several years. During this time, the Colonial Office put considerable pressure on the government of the neighbouring Cape Colony to annex the costly and turbulent territory. However the Cape, newly under a system of responsible government, was reluctant to assume responsibility for Griqualand East due to its considerable expenses and its considerably resentful population.

Incorporation into the Cape (1879)
Although initially the Cape had refused to annex the territory, agreement was reached after substantial negotiation and in 1877 the Cape Parliament passed the Griqualand East Annexation Act (Act 38 of 1877). The act was only promulgated two years later on 17 September 1879, when four magistrates were set up, at Kokstad, Matatiele, Mount Frere and Umzimkulu. The territory was also given two elected seats in the Cape Parliament, which at the time was elected through the multi-racial "Cape Qualified Franchise" system, whereby qualifications for suffrage were applied to all males, regardless of race.

The Griqua people had only ever been a small, ruling minority of the population of Griqualand East. Once independent Griqua rule was ended, the Xhosa speaking Pondo people, who had long constituted the majority of the Griqualand East population, came to own increasing amounts of land in the area, together with newly-arriving European settlers. These demographic factors led to a further dilution of Griqua identity and a century later, under Apartheid, the territory was incorporated into the Xhosa "homeland" of the Transkei.

Contemporary Griqualand
When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, the Cape Colony changed its name to "Cape Province", and during the 1980s, part of former Griqualand East was partitioned off into the Transkei, one of the four nominally independent Bantustans. In 1994, shortly before the first all-inclusive elections, it was incorporated into the southern part of the KwaZulu-Natal province. Kokstad retained its name and is today one of the main cities of the Harry Gwala District Municipality.

title: Griqualand East


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Tau Boötis

Tau Boötis, Latinised from τ Boötis, is an F-type main-sequence star approximately 51 light-years away in the constellation of Boötes. It is a binary star system, with the secondary star being a red dwarf. In 1999, an extrasolar planet was detected orbiting the primary star. In December 2020, astronomers may have observed, for the first time, radio emissions from a planet beyond the Solar System. According to the researchers: "The signal is from the Tau Boötis system, which contains a binary star and an exoplanet. We make the case for an emission by the planet itself."

Stellar components
The system is a binary. The primary component is a yellow-white dwarf (spectral type F6V) and secondary is a dim red dwarf (spectral type M2). The system is relatively nearby, distance being about 51 light-years. The primary star should be easily visible to the unaided eye under dark skies.

The primary star, Tau Boötis A is a yellow-white dwarf. It is 35 percent more massive and 42 percent larger than the Sun and thus is somewhat brighter and hotter. It is about 1.3 billion years old, making it younger than the Sun as well. Since it is more massive than the Sun, its lifespan is shorter—less than 6 billion years. Tau Boötis is the first star apart from the Sun to be observed changing the polarity of its magnetic field. It is also listed as a suspected variable star. The magnetic activity cycle for this star shows a period of 122 days—much shorter than the solar cycle.

Tau Boötis B (with a capital B, as opposed to the planet) is a dim, 11 mag red dwarf with only about half the mass and radius of the Sun. It orbits the primary star at an average distance of about 220 AU (14 arcseconds) but comes as close as about 28 AU to the primary, giving its orbit a very high eccentricity of about 0.87. One orbit around the primary would take approximately 2400 years to complete.

Planetary system
In 1996 the planet Tau Boötis b was discovered orbiting the primary star by a team of astronomers led by R. Paul Butler. There are also some indications of another planet orbiting the star with a period of roughly 5,000 days; however, this could be due to an instrumental effect or a stellar magnetic activity cycle. Tau Boötis and its planet appear to be tidally locked to each other.

Naming controversy
The planet and its host star was one of the planetary systems selected by the International Astronomical Union as part of NameExoWorlds, their public process for giving proper names to exoplanets and their host star (where no proper name already exists). The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names, and the IAU announced the new names in mid-December 2015. However, the IAU annulled the vote for the system, as the winning names ("Shri Ram Matt" for the star and "Bhagavatidevi" for the planet) were judged not to conform with the IAU rules for naming exoplanets due to the political activities of the namesake people. The names garnered the majority of the votes cast for the system, and also making up a significant proportion of all votes cast as part of the contest.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tau Boötis


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Robot City

Robot City may refer to:

 * Robot City, a fictional city in the 2005 movie Robots
 * Isaac Asimov's Robot City, a series of science fiction novels written by multiple authors, inspired by Isaac Asimov's Robot series.
 * Robot City (game), a computer game developed by Brooklyn Multimedia and released in 1995, based on the book series

title: Robot City


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Prix de la critique

The Prix de la critique is a prize awarded by the Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée to the best comic album released for a year in France. Previously, from 1984 to 2003, it was called Prix Bloody Mary and awarded at the Angoulême International Comics Festival. Concerned at first with albums of the Franco-Belgian comics school it was eventually interested in works coming from the comic book tradition of more distant lands.

The winner of the award for that year is listed first, the others listed below are the nominees.

1980s

 * 1984: Bloody Mary (bande dessinée) by Jean Teulé and Jean Vautrin, Glénat
 * 1985: Les Pionniers de l'aventure humaine by François Boucq, Casterman
 * 1986: Le Bal de la Sueur by Cromwell, Riff Reb's and Ralph, EDS
 * 1987: Jacques Gallard 2: Soviet Zig-Zag by Jean-Louis Tripp and Marc Barcelo, Milan
 * 1988: Stars d'un jour by Didier Tronchet, Delcourt
 * 1989: Adler (comics) 2: Le repaire du Kanata by René Sterne, Le Lombard

1990s

 * 1990: Le Ventre du Minotaure by Fred Beltran, Les Humanoïdes Associés
 * 1991: Les Lumières de l'Amalou 1: Théo by Claire Wendling, Delcourt
 * 1992: La bretelle ne passera pas ! by Jean-Luc Abiven, Rackham
 * 1993: Le Bar du vieux Français 1 by Jean-Philippe Stassen and Denis Lapière, Dupuis
 * 1994: Adam Sarlech 3: Le Testament sous la neige by Frédéric Bézian, Les Humanoïdes Associés
 * 1995: L'argent roi collective led by Thierry Groensteen, Autrement
 * 1996: L'Histoire du conteur électrique by Fred, Dargaud
 * 1997: Il faut le croire pour le voir by Alain Bignon and Jean-Claude Forest, Dargaud
 * 1998: Un Ver dans le fruit by Pascal Rabaté, Vents d'Ouest
 * 1999: Azrayen' 1 by Christian Lax and Frank Giroud, Dupuis

2000s

 * 2000: Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art (L'Art Invisible) by Scott McCloud, Vertige Graphic
 * 2001: From Hell by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell, Delcourt
 * Le capitaine écarlate by David B. and Emmanuel Guibert, Dupuis
 * Déogratias by Jean-Philippe Stassen, Dupuis
 * Gemma Bovary by Posy Simmonds, Denoël Graphic
 * Pleine Lune by Christophe Chabouté, Vents d'Ouest
 * 2002: Stuck Rubber Baby (Un monde de différence) by Howard Cruse, Vertige Graphic
 * Le Cri du peuple (bande dessinée): Les canons de 18 mars by Jacques Tardi and Jean Vautrin, Casterman
 * Le dessin by Marc-Antoine Mathieu, Delcourt
 * Hicksville by Dylan Horrocks, L'Association
 * Rural ! by Étienne Davodeau, Delcourt
 * 2003: Jimmy Corrigan by Chris Ware, Delcourt
 * Le chat du rabbin part 1 and 2 by Joann Sfar, Dargaud
 * Petit polio part 3 by Farid Boudjellal, Soleil
 * Quartier lointain part 1 by Jirô Taniguchi, Casterman
 * Quelques mois à l'Amélie by Jean-Claude Denis, Dupuis
 * 2004: La Grippe coloniale 1: le retour d'Ulysse by Serge Huo-Chao-Si and Appollo, Vents d'Ouest
 * Special 20th Anniversary Award: Le Bar du vieux Français by Jean-Philippe Stassen and Denis Lapière, Dupuis
 * 2005: Blankets (Manteau de neige) by Craig Thompson, Casterman
 * 2006: Les Mauvaises Gens by Étienne Davodeau, Delcourt
 * 2007: Les petits ruisseaux by Pascal Rabaté, Futuropolis
 * 2008: Seules contre tous by Miriam Katin, Le Seuil
 * 2009: Tamara Drewe by Posy Simmonds, Denoël Graphic

2010s

 * 2010: Dieu en personne by Marc-Antoine Mathieu, Delcourt
 * 2011: Asterios Polyp by David Mazzucchelli, Casterman
 * 2012: Polina (bande dessinée) by Bastien Vivès, KSTЯ
 * 2013: L'Enfance d'Alan by Emmanuel Guibert, L'Association
 * 2014: Mauvais Genre (bande dessinée) by Chloé Cruchaudet, Delcourt
 * 2015: Moi, assassin by Keko and Antonio Altarriba, Denoël Graphic
 * 2016: Zaï zaï zaï zaï by Fabcaro, 6 Pieds sous terre
 * 2017: Les Voyages d'Ulysse by Emmanuel Lepage, Daniel Maghen
 * 2018: La Terre des fils by Gipi, Futuropolis
 * 2019: My Favorite Thing Is Monsters by Emil Ferris, Fantagraphics

2020s

 * 2020: Préférence système by Ugo Bienvenu
 * 2021: Peau d'homme by Hubert Boulard and Zanzim

title: Prix de la critique


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Dicynodontia

Dicynodontia is an extinct clade of anomodonts, an extinct type of non-mammalian therapsid. Dicynodonts were herbivores that typically bore a pair of tusks, hence their name, which means 'two dog tooth'. Members of the group possessed a horny, typically toothless beak, unique amongst all synapsids. Dicynodonts first appeared in Southern Pangaea during the mid-Permian, ca. 270–260 million years ago, and became globally distributed and the dominant herbivorous animals in the Late Permian, ca. 260–252 Mya. They were devastated by the end-Permian Extinction that wiped out most other therapsids ca. 252 Mya. They rebounded during the Triassic but died out towards the end of that period. They were the most successful and diverse of the non-mammalian therapsids, with over 70 genera known, varying from rat-sized burrowers to elephant-sized browsers.

Characteristics
The dicynodont skull is highly specialised, light but strong, with the synapsid temporal openings at the rear of the skull greatly enlarged to accommodate larger jaw muscles. The front of the skull and the lower jaw are generally narrow and, in all but a number of primitive forms, toothless. Instead, the front of the mouth is equipped with a horny beak, as in turtles and ceratopsian dinosaurs. Food was processed by the retraction of the lower jaw when the mouth closed, producing a powerful shearing action, which would have enabled dicynodonts to cope with tough plant material. Dicynodonts typically had a pair of enlarged maxillary caniniform teeth, analogous to the tusks present in some living mammals. In the earliest genera, they were merely enlarged teeth, but in later forms they independently evolved into ever-growing teeth like mammal tusks multiple times. In some dicynodonts, the presence of tusks has been suggested to be sexually dimorphic. Some dicynodonts such as Stahleckeria lacked true tusks and instead bore tusk-like extensions on the side of the beak.

The body is short, strong and barrel-shaped, with strong limbs. In large genera (such as Dinodontosaurus) the hindlimbs were held erect, but the forelimbs bent at the elbow. Both the pectoral girdle and the ilium are large and strong. The tail is short.

Pentasauropus dicynodont tracks suggest that dicynodonts had fleshy pads on their feet. Mummified skin from specimens of Lystrosaurus in South Africa have numerous raised bumps.

Endothermy and soft tissue anatomy
Dicynodonts have long been suspected of being warm-blooded animals. Their bones are highly vascularised and possess Haversian canals, and their bodily proportions are conducive to heat preservation. In young specimens, the bones are so highly vascularised that they exhibit higher channel densities than most other therapsids. Yet, studies on Late Triassic dicynodont coprolites paradoxically showcase digestive patterns more typical of animals with slow metabolisms.

More recently, the discovery of hair remnants in Permian coprolites possibly vindicates the status of dicynodonts as endothermic animals. As these coprolites come from carnivorous species and digested dicynodont bones are abundant, it has been suggested that at least some of these hair remnants come from dicynodont prey. A new study using chemical analysis seemed to suggest that cynodonts and dicynodonts both developed warm blood independently before the Permian extinction.

History
Dicynodonts have been known since the mid-1800s. The South African geologist Andrew Geddes Bain gave the first description of dicynodonts in 1845. At the time, Bain was a supervisor for the construction of military roads under the Corps of Royal Engineers and had found many reptilian fossils during his surveys of South Africa. Bain described these fossils in an 1845 letter published in Transactions of the Geological Society of London, calling them "bidentals" for their two prominent tusks. In that same year, the English paleontologist Richard Owen named two species of dicynodonts from South Africa: Dicynodon lacerticeps and Dicynodon bainii. Since Bain was preoccupied with the Corps of Royal Engineers, he wanted Owen to describe his fossils more extensively. Owen did not publish a description until 1876 in his Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the Collection of the British Museum. By this time, many more dicynodonts had been described. In 1859, another important species called Ptychognathus declivis was named from South Africa. In the same year, Owen named the group Dicynodontia. In his Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, Owen honored Bain by erecting Bidentalia as a replacement name for his Dicynodontia. The name Bidentalia quickly fell out of use in the following years, replaced by popularity of Owen's Dicynodontia.

Evolutionary history

Dicynodonts first appeared during the Middle Permian in the Southern Hemisphere, with South Africa being the centre of their known diversity, and underwent a rapid evolutionary radiation, becoming globally distributed and amongst the most successful and abundant land vertebrates during the Late Permian. During this time, they included a large variety of ecotypes, including large, medium-sized, and small herbivores and short-limbed mole-like burrowers.

Only four lineages are known to have survived the Great Dying; the first three represented with a single genus each: Myosaurus, Kombuisia, and Lystrosaurus, the latter being the most common and widespread herbivores of the Induan (earliest Triassic). None of these survived long into the Triassic. The fourth group was the Kannemeyeriiformes, the only dicynodonts who diversified during the Triassic. These stocky, pig- to ox-sized animals were the most abundant herbivores worldwide from the Olenekian to the Ladinian age. By the Carnian they had been supplanted by traversodont cynodonts and rhynchosaur reptiles. During the Norian (middle of the Late Triassic), perhaps due to increasing aridity, they drastically declined, and the role of large herbivores was taken over by sauropodomorph dinosaurs.

Fossils of an Asian elephant-sized dicynodont Lisowicia bojani discovered in Poland indicate that dicynodonts survived at least until the late Norian or earliest Rhaetian (latest Triassic); this animal was also the largest known dicynodont species.

Six fragments of fossil bone discovered in Queensland, Australia, were interpreted as remains of a skull in 2003. This suggested to indicate that dicynodonts survived into the Cretaceous in southern Gondwana. The dicynodont affinity of these specimens was questioned (including a proposal that they belonged to a baurusuchian crocodyliform by Agnolin et al. in 2010), and in 2019 Knutsen and Oerlemans considered this fossil to be of Plio-Pleistocene age, and reinterpreted it as a fossil of a large mammal, probably a diprotodontid.

With the decline and extinction of the kannemeyerids, there were to be no more dominant large synapsid herbivores until the middle Paleocene epoch (60 Ma) when mammals, distant descendants of cynodonts, began to diversify after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.

Taxonomy
Dicynodontia was originally named by the English paleontologist Richard Owen. It was erected as a family of the order Anomodontia and included the genera Dicynodon and Ptychognathus. Other groups of Anomodontia included Gnathodontia, which included Rhynchosaurus (now known to be an archosauromorph) and Cryptodontia, which included Oudenodon. Cryptodonts were distinguished from dicynodonts from their absence of tusks. Although it lacks tusks, Oudenodon is now classified as a dicynodont, and the name Cryptodontia is no longer used. Thomas Henry Huxley revised Owen's Dicynodontia as an order that included Dicynodon and Oudenodon. Dicynodontia was later ranked as a suborder or infraorder with the larger group Anomodontia, which is classified as an order. The ranking of Dicynodontia has varied in recent studies, with Ivakhnenko (2008) considering it a suborder, Ivanchnenko (2008) considering it an infraorder, and Kurkin (2010) considering it an order.

Many higher taxa, including infraorders and families, have been erected as a means of classifying the large number of dicynodont species. Cluver and King (1983) recognised several main groups within Dicynodontia, including Eodicynodontia (containing only Eodicynodon), Endothiodontia (containing only Endothiodontidae), Pristerodontia (Pristerodontidae, Cryptodontidae,  Aulacephalodontidae, Dicynodontidae, Lystrosauridae, and Kannemeyeriidae), Kingoriamorpha (containing only Kingoriidae), Diictodontia (Diictodontidae, Robertiidae, Cistecephalidae, Emydopidae and Myosauridae), and Venyukoviamorpha. Most of these taxa are no longer considered valid. Kammerer and Angielczyk (2009) suggested that the problematic taxonomy and nomenclature of Dicynodontia and other groups results from the large number of conflicting studies and the tendency for invalid names to be mistakenly established.

Current classification

 * Dicynodontia
 * Brachyprosopus
 * Colobodectes
 * Eodicynodon
 * Lanthanostegus
 * Nyaphulia
 * Endothiodontia
 * Eumantellidae
 * Pylaecephalidae
 * Therochelonia

Phylogeny
Below is a cladogram modified from Angielczyk et al. (2021):

title: Dicynodontia


text:
Talk:Tajikistan

"Tajickistan" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Tajickistan and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 12 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. FAdesdae378 (talk · contribs) 03:38, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

"Taiikistan" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Taiikistan and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. FAdesdae378 (talk · contribs) 23:32, 27 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:30, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * National anthem of Tajikistan (Instrumental).ogg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:25, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Tajikistan Product Exports (2019).svg

Shughni language name not linking to Shughni language page
The link from the tableau at the top right to the Shughni language page does not seem to function: I cannot find a way to click it and reach that page: the Tajikistan page remains in view.

The dot between its name and the next language name appears on the next line, contrary to the dots following other language names, which appear on the same line as the previous language name.

Looking at the source code, however, I cannot detect what may be the cause.

What is the cause?Redav (talk) 11:18, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't have these issues when browsing on desktop, the clicking works as it should and the dot appears on the same line. Maybe you can check it using a different browser? Alaexis¿question? 12:01, 2 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Same. I think something is wrong with your browser. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 18:49, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

why nobody talking about the fact tajikistan is the only non-turkic majority country in central asia
its just a fascinating fact you feel me. but i always thought they would all be grouped together. never could i imagine tajiks were instead related to iranians 2406:3003:2002:2D79:C954:75A8:F2C1:1355 (talk) 07:13, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tajikistan


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United Nations Operation in Mozambique

The United Nations Operations in Mozambique (ONUMOZ, Operação das Nações Unidas em Moçambique) was a UN peace mission to Mozambique established in December 1992 under Security Council Resolution 797 with the assignment to monitor the implementation of the Rome General Peace Accords agreed upon by the Mozambican president Joaquim Chissano of FRELIMO, the Front for Liberation of Mozambique, and Afonso Dhlakama of RENAMO, the Mozambican National Resistance. The operation was one of the most significant and extensive UN operations and it sought to demobilize and disarm troops, provide humanitarian aid, and oversee the elections. The operation ended in December 1994.

Background
After Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal, Frelimo whose leaders were now in power, sought to rebuild and expand the state's role. Yet this was not an easy task. At the time, there were very few trained Mozambican doctors or teachers, and 95% of the population was illiterate. To help the mission, the Eastern Bloc supplied them with medical staff, teachers, government advisers, and Western volunteers excited to engage in socialist state-building. They thus embarked on a mission to expand the state's social services, education, and hospital systems.

However, in the 1980s, the Mozambican Civil War seriously hindered the mission's efforts. Renamo sought to overthrow Frelimo with the support of external actors. White regimes in Rhodesia and South Africa were the movement's largest donors. After Mozambique gained its independence and Frelimo instituted an African and Marxist government, the white minority rule in Rhodesia could no longer rely on Mozambique for support. Therefore, the Rhodesian Central Intelligence Agency began an operation inside Mozambique with the goal of toppling the Frelimo government. They gathered former soldiers from the colonial army that supported their goal of removing Frelimo from power. Ultimately, this group of soldiers formed Renamo and persuaded many other Mozambicans from rural towns and the countryside to join them. Together, they introduced violence and destruction into the country. They destroyed many schools, roads, and hospitals the socialist state building project had built. Fighting the Renamo forces left the government, run by Frelimo, with enormous amounts of debt, especially since the Soviet Union was no longer funding them. The government turned to Western donors to escape the dire situation. In 1986 and 1987, they began receiving double the amount of foreign aid, and in 1988, foreign aid comprised 81.2% of their GDP. With the consent of the Mozambican government, the Bretton Woods institution implemented a Structural Adjustment Program. The institution provided debt relief and aid in exchange for a more liberal economy. Frelimo's political ideologies were initially socialist, but privatizing companies, reducing the role of the state, and cutting taxes, were the price they had to pay to save the country.

In addition to creating debt, the Civil War also had a devastating impact on people's lives. Around 1 million Mozambicans died, and 3 million had to flee their homes or move to another country as a result of the war. Medical facilities were no longer functioning, and infant mortality had risen to the second highest in the world: one in three children died before the age of five. Furthermore, severe droughts plagued the country in 1992, and hunger threatened countless lives.

The end of the war and the General Peace Agreement
In the late 1980s, both Renamo and Frelimo had become uninterested in fighting. The Mozambican government was recovering from debt and no longer wholeheartedly committed to a Marxist–Leninist government framework. Instead of ‘People’s Republic,’ Mozambique was now solely named ‘Republic.’ The government also instituted freedom of speech and separated the judiciary from the government. They were willing to allow for multi-party democracy and to give up total control of the state. As for Renamo, its funds were depleting. The white rule in Rhodesia ended, and South Africa began to transition toward majority rule in the 1990s. Thus, Renamo lost both of its supporters. Renamo's internal support was also waning as they were partially responsible for the ongoing famine. They had destroyed most of the country's infrastructure, which led the drought to have a greater impact on the country. Frelimo was also willing to allow Renamo, a place in government, and neither side had the funds to continue the war. Therefore, they decided to sign an agreement declaring a truce.

In July 1990, the two sides first sat down to talk in Rome. An Italian non-governmental organization, the Sant’ Egidio community, and Mario Rafaelli, an Italian politician, helped them write up an agreement. During their first meeting, they agreed only to end the violence in the Beira and Limpopo corridors. However, in later talks in July 1991 and October 1992, both sides agreed to demobilize before the parliamentary and presidential elections. On October 4, 1992, President Chissano, leader of Frelimo, and Afonso Dhlakama, leader of Renamo, signed the General Peace Agreement. As requested by both parties, The United Nations became responsible for ensuring that both sides would remain committed to the General Peace Agreement and that all soldiers would demobilize and disarm before the parliamentary and presidential elections.

Mozambique's government requested that the UN begin the operation immediately after the General Peace Agreement was signed, but the UN was only able to come up with a plan three months later. The parties continued to violate the cease-fire agreement making it impossible for the UN to deliver humanitarian aid. Finally, in December 1992, the UN Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali put forth a plan. The plan was composed of four components: political, military, humanitarian, and electoral. The political component had no specific goals other than overseeing that the operation ran smoothly. The military component directly aimed to promote peace, demobilize and disarm troops, and create a new national army. The humanitarian component assisted refugees and Mozambicans suffering from hunger, while the electoral component oversaw the upcoming elections.

Mandate
ONUMOZ' mandate was:

 * To monitor and verify the ceasefire, the separation and concentration of forces, their demobilization and the collection, storage and destruction of weapons;
 * To monitor and verify the complete withdrawal of foreign forces and to provide security in the transport corridors;
 * To monitor and verify the disbanding of private and irregular armed groups;
 * To authorize security arrangements for vital infrastructures and to provide security for United Nations and other international activities in support of the peace process;
 * To provide technical assistance and monitor the entire electoral process;
 * To coordinate and monitor humanitarian assistance operations, in particular those relating to refugees, internally displaced persons, demobilized military personnel and the affected local population.

Military
The military division was in charge of demobilizing active Frelimo and Renamo troops and aimed to do it before the elections. This was a top priority for the mission to ensure long lasting peace.

Demobilization was set to begin in March 1993, but several issues arose between June and September 1993 that stalled the process. Dhlakama declared that he did not think demobilization had to be achieved before the elections. Furthermore, Dhlakama insisted that its troops must wait to demobilize in order to avoid a Frelimo coup. If Renamo troops began to demobilize, they would become militarily vulnerable, and Frelimo would take advantage of the situation to regain complete control. Dhlakama thus requested that 65% of the UN troops be present in the country before he began demobilizing Renamo troops. Additionally, neither side was collaborating with the UN to provide inaccurate lists of troops, weapons, and base.

The UN dealt with such issues by posing threats to both sides. On a visit to Mozambique, Secretary General Boutros-Ghali said that if they continued to refuse to follow through with the plan to demobilize, the UN would withdraw its support. Aldo Ajello, the Interim Special Representative for Mozambique, also convinced Dhlakama to demobilize by telling him that all of the UN's funds would be directed to the government if he did not comply. Boutros-Ghali and Ajello's actions were successful, and the government and Dhlakama shared their final troop assembly location lists. The UN program ultimately demobilized 67,042 government troops and 24,648 Renamo troops.

The challenge of creating a national army
There were also significant challenges to creating the new Mozambican army, The Defence Forces of Mozambique, FADM. The Technical Unit and Reintegration Support Scheme, part of the UN, were in charge of transitioning soldiers out of their former position and into society. Their tasks included registering soldiers, creating documents, and giving them basic survival needs. Once demobilized, they were paid for the next eighteen months, and UNOHAC assisted them with finding new jobs. Such steps were intended to facilitate soldiers’ integration into society but ultimately delayed creating a national army since it was more beneficial for soldiers to demobilize. The due date for the lists of soldiers for the national army had been set for September 1994, yet only 10,000 soldiers were recruited at that point. In the end, there were 12,000 soldiers in the new army, but they initially expected 30,000 soldiers in total.

Humanitarian assistance
According to the UN, humanitarian assistance was vital to maintaining peace between the two parties. UNOHAC, the Office of Humanitarian Aid Co-ordination, focused on reintegrating Mozambicans refugees and former Frelimo and Renamo soldiers who had demobilized back into society. Once the GPA was signed, many Mozambicans living outside of the country or internally displaced began to return. The UNHCR assisted with preparing the country to receive the influx of people by repairing roads, health facilities, schools, and food production mechanisms. One challenge to the UN's operation was the presence of land mines scattered across the country. In order to properly welcome Mozambicans back into the country, the UN began a demining operation. Although the program initially faced bureaucratic hurdles and worked slowly, it eventually created a Mine Clearance Training Centre and cleared 5,790 kilometres of roads. By the time of the elections in October 1994 elections, 3 million internal displaced persons, 1.1 million refugees, and 200,000 ex-combatants were back in Mozambique.

The role of NGOs
NGOs played an essential role in the humanitarian assistance branch of the UN mission. Of the 663 million US dollars that UNOHAC received, 180.2 million US dollars were directed to NGOs, and more funds were distributed to NGOs from agencies other than the UN. Different from government agencies, NGOs were politically neutral and could thus access more areas of the country. Furthermore, many donors preferred to fund NGOs to distribute food and revitalize the country's education and hospital systems since the government relief agency, DPCCN, was accused of corruption.

NGOs were responsible for delivering food to Renamo-controlled areas. In such areas, international NGOs such as The World Food Programme and European Union, and one national NGO, The Mozambican Red Cross, were the only organizations allowed to enter. In May 1993, 3.8 million people received food aid; 500,000 resided in Renamo-controlled areas. Therefore, NGOs became responsible for delivering food to such restricted areas. By October 1994, 35 NGOs had delivered 116,000 tons of food to Renamo-controlled areas in 75 districts. NGOs were initially supposed to deliver 60% of the food, and the government relief agency, DPCCN, was to distribute 40%. However, since NGOs could access Renamo-controlled areas and had more funds, they ended up distributing 80% of the food.

In addition to distributing food, NGOs funded the country's overall development. They directed 25 million US dollars toward multi-sectoral rural projects, 33 US million dollars toward agriculture, 4.1 US million dollars for education, 9.7 US million for water, and 20 US million for health. They fixed roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals.

Electoral
The last aspect of the UN intervention was monitoring the elections. The United Nations Development Programme hired 2,350 observers both foreigners and locals to implement the goal of free and fair elections. They began a civic education campaign where they televised videos explaining the electoral process and convincing people to vote. Furthermore, the UNDP issued photo-identity cards, and ultimately registered 6,363,311 voters, about 81% of the population of eligible voters. For the first time in their history, Mozambicans elected parliamentary members and a president to represent them. In parliament, Frelimo got 129 seats, Renamo got 112, and the Democratic Union got 9 seats out of 250 seats. The Democratic Union was the only third party to get enough votes to be part of parliament. As for president, Chissano won with 53% of the vote and Dhlakama lost with 33% of the vote.

After losing, Dhlakama claimed the elections were frauded. He insisted that members of Frelimo had influenced the results and that certain voters were impeded from voting. However, the National Election Committee insisted that elections were free and fair and the outcome was ultimately accepted. This led the UN to declare its mission complete.

The outcome of the intervention
Officially, the UN intervention came to a close and many considered it to be a largely successful operation for its breadth and depth. Some argue that what made it successful was that both Frelimo and Renamo were willing, for the most part, to comply with UN's demands, end the war, and transition to a multi-party democracy. Others emphasize that the success of this mission can be attributed to UN officials' flexibility and first-hand learning. While elections were set to happen in 1993, they pushed them back to 1994 since they knew holding elections a year earlier when all troops had not been demobilized would have been disastrous. Officials were responding directly to what was happening on the ground and updating their plans regularly to accommodate changes in the field.

Source cited

 * United Nations: ONUMOZ Mission

title: United Nations Operation in Mozambique


text:
Imperial and Royal

The phrase Imperial and Royal (kaiserlich und königlich, ) refers to the court/government of the Habsburgs in a broader historical perspective. Some modern authors restrict its use to the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918.

During that period, it indicated that the Habsburg monarch reigned simultaneously as the Kaiser (Emperor of Austria) and as the König (King of Hungary), while the two territories were joined in a real union (akin to a two-state federation in this instance). The acts of the common government, which was responsible only for the Imperial & Royal ("I&R") Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the I&R Ministry of War and the I&R Ministry of Finance (financing only the two other ministries), were carried out in the name of "His Imperial and Royal Majesty", and the central governmental bodies had their names prefixed with k. u. k.

Symbolic employment of und or u.
Before 1867, the territories under the control of the Habsburg monarch in Vienna used kaiserlich und königlich   or the hyphenated kaiserlich-königlich interchangeably. Neither of the spellings defined a hierarchy among the Habsburg dynastic kingdoms, principalities, duchies, and other bodies politic. The Habsburg monarchs ruled the kingdoms of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia as their Kings. The title Emperor applied to their role as heads of the conglomerate of the mostly German states called the Holy Roman Empire until 1806. The same title, Emperor, came to identify their role as rulers of the newly named Austrian Empire that the Habsburgs attributed so from 11 August 1804.

The name "Imperial-Royal Army" was used from 1745, as "Royal" referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, which was not part of the Holy Roman Empire, but under Habsburg rule.

After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Hungarians insisted on the und ('and'), not the hyphen, in all usage in line with the new autonomous status of the kingdom within the Habsburg lands. Use of the phrase Kaiserlich und königlich was decreed in a letter written by the Emperor on October 17, 1889 for the military, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the empire. Subsequently, the abbreviation k.k. only referred to the institutions of the "Austrian" part of Austria-Hungary (Cisleithania). The abbreviation m.k. (magyar királyi), or kgl. ung. (German: königlich ungarisch), both meaning 'Royal Hungarian', was applied in reference to the governmental bodies of the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania).

In official documents, the abbreviation used provides information on the lands targeted:
 * k.k. or k.-k., meaning "imperial (Austria) – royal (Bohemia)", pertains to the Austrian Empire before 1867 and to the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918
 * k.u.k., meaning "imperial (Austria) and royal (Hungary)", pertains to the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918

Other uses
The ubiquity of this phrase in all administrative matters made it a synonym for the Habsburg administration, sometimes referred to as the "k. u. k. monarchy" in Central European publications through the present. Other languages of the Habsburg Monarchy retained the German abbreviation or used it interchangeably with their own − c. i kr. in Croatian, c. a k. or c.-k. in Czech, cs. és kir. in Hungarian, I.R. in Italian, c. i k. or C.K. in Polish, often hyphenated (cezaro-crăiesc) in Romanian, c. a k. in Slovak, c. kr. in Slovenian.

The abbreviation k.k. gave rise to the noun Kakania (spelling out the letter K [kah] twice as well as reminiscent of caca in the Central European languages). It was intended to describe the Habsburg Monarchy as a state of mind, bureaucratic and with a highly stratified formal society. A discussion of Kakania became a highlight of the first volume of Robert Musil's novel The Man Without Qualities (1930).

title: Imperial and Royal


text:
Karen Poole

Karen Poole is an English songwriter and singer based in London. She is particularly known for her work with Kylie Minogue, Will Young and Sugababes. Her 2004 composition "Lola's Theme", recorded by The Shapeshifters, was her first song to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart.

Biography
Born in Chadwell Heath, London, she is the daughter of 1960s vocalist Brian Poole, the lead singer of the Tremeloes. Poole is the founding member (with her sister Shelly Poole) of Alisha's Attic, an English pop duo of the 1990s and early 2000s. The band had substantial success in the United Kingdom and Europe, and produced three albums including the platinum selling Alisha Rules the World.

Ivor Novello and twice Brit Awards nominated Poole has achieved more than 30 Top 20 UK hit singles as a songwriter, having written hits for prominent artists including Kylie Minogue, Becky Hill, David Guetta, Lily Allen, Sugababes, NCT, Giorgio Moroder, Red Velvet, Exo, WayV, Twice, Joel Corry, Tiësto, Alesso, Zara Larsson, Galantis, The Shapeshifters and many others.

In 2021, Poole was awarded Best Music Creative at the Music Week Women in Music awards. She co-wrote for the musical Bridget Jones' Diary in 2015, in collaboration with Lily Allen and Greg Kurstin.

title: Karen Poole


text:
Nacho Canut

Ignacio "Nacho" Canut Guillén (born 5 June 1957) is the bass player and the main composer (along with Alaska) of the band Fangoria.

He was also in the music groups Alaska y los Pegamoides and Alaska y Dinarama together with Carlos Berlanga and Alaska.

He started his career with Kaka de Luxe in 1977, one of the first punk bands in Spain. Later, along with Berlanga and Alaska, Nacho Canut formed Alaska y los Pegamoides with Ana Curra and Eduardo Benavente. Alaska y los Pegamoides would become one of the cornerstones of La Movida Madrileña countercultural movement and an important influence for many Spanish punk bands. The name of the band was adopted along the line of Siouxsie and the Banshees (an important and recognizable influence in his music). With this band, Canut achieved hits like "Horror en el Hipermercado", "Bote de Colón", "Llegando Hasta el Final" and "Bailando" (which became an international hit). Songs by Alaska y los Pegamoides appeared in 1982 under the title Grandes Exitos (Hispavox).

After the dissolution of Alaska y los Pegamoides in 1982, Canut, Berlanga and Alaska formed one of the most successful bands of the Spanish eighties, Alaska y Dinarama. Alaska y Dinarama became one of the first glam bands in Spain. Some of the finest songs ever written in the history of modern Spanish music have been composed by Canut and Berlanga. Among them, "Ni tú ni nadie" and "¿A quién le importa?" became hymns for the LGBT Spanish movement, other hits include the massively successful songs, "Mi novio es un zombi", "Quiero ser santa" and "Descongélate".

When Carlos Berlanga left the band, Nacho Canut and Alaska formed a new band, Fangoria in 1989. This band represented a turn from rock to techno-pop, though the rock influence is still felt in certain songs. With this band, he has published nine studio albums, from Salto Mortal (1990) to Absolutamente (2009). Many of his songs have appeared in films like Mondays in the Sun, la lengua asesina, Sex and Lucia and Descongélate.

title: Nacho Canut


text:
User talk:IsarSteve

Welcome!  Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date.

London Buses route 42
''I've completed the route History etc. for the 42, but I've no idea where you get the bus stop information from, timings etc., can you help? Also I'd like now to write the 55, 48 & 56 (all not that complicated).. or the 41(more complicated) ..could you give me some subpages?''
 * Since I wrote the above, I noticed you've written that the articles are not all standard and are sometimes not well written. Do you want me to continue??..If not I'll stop.. --IsarSteve 20:29, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * There are currently two AfDs active on bus articles, so if you could hold off creating new ons for the time being, that wourd be great. It would be really halpful if you could add to the current ones, though. A list of ones requiring attetion is available here--sonicKAI 15:21, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

WP:LT
 Welcome!

Hi, and welcome to the London Transport WikiProject! We're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of London's transport system.

A few features that you might find helpful:

 * You may want to join or create a task force which attempts to drive the improvement of articles within a smaller scope.
 * The project also provides templates to help you make the perfect article.

There are a variety of interesting things to do within the project; you're free to participate however much—or little—you like:

 * Starting some new articles? Our article structure tips outlines some things to include.
 * Want to know how good our articles are? The assessment department is working on rating the quality of every London transport article in Wikipedia.
 * You can vote for the London Transport portal's selected article and selected image of the month here.
 * Submit your interesting London Transport facts at Portal:London Transport/Did you know for our portal.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask another fellow member, and we'll be happy to help you. Again, welcome! We look forward to seeing you around!

— From the members of WikiProject London Transport 08:56, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:AppleMural.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:AppleMural.JPG. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then you need to specify who owns the copyright, please. If you got it from a website, then a link to the website where it was taken from with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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Timtable links
The timetable links don't always seem to work.. e.g. --IsarSteve 01:41, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * London Buses route 5
 * London Buses route 10
 * Thanks for letting me know. A few of them have different names --sonicKAI 01:46, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The London Buses route 5 timetable link is still a bit wobbly :o) --IsarSteve 22:24, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I've checked it myself. They work perfectly. --sonicKAI 01:50, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

External links auf German car number plates
Hallo IsarSteve, in letzter Zeit gibt es wieder Probleme mit einer kommerziellen Internetseite, die ihren Link dort hinterlässt. Ich habe mal den Abschnitt "External links" aufgeräumt und Einträge von nicht mehr aufrufbare Seiten gelöscht und die Zulassungslisten durch die deutschen Wikipedia-Pendants ersetzt. Es gibt für mich keinen Grund mehr, warum "germanplate.net" und Co sich unter den "Ext. links" verewigen müssen. Auf der Diskussionseite scheinen die auch nicht den Sinn der Links zu verstehen. Wie denkst du von den Ereignissen der letzten Tage? Könntest du ebenso einen Blick auf den Artikel German car number plates haben (->Beobachtungsliste)? Ich komme mir etwas "verlassen" vor. Danke und Grüße -Toshi 19:51, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Back to the grind...
Glad to see you're still here. Have returned to Northeast London duties. Hope to review the Tottenham articles soon... Tarquin Binary 01:01, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Buses at Work images
It seems that they might be revoking their consent the same way Adam Murray did. Don't upload any more from their site until further notice. --sonicKAI 11:40, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I had noticed that something was up, but fortunately I haven't uploaded an of their images--IsarSteve 16:52, 22 March 2007 (UTC).

London bus page in Excile
Well, this link: http://isarsteve.de/blog/uploads/MBLN021729.jpg (the first one) definatley looks more like a dot matrix. It’s more like a traditional blind then and LEDs. But I 'spose you took the photo!! --  A r r i v a 436

Bus pictures
No more pictures can be used from www.busesatwork.co.uk--sonicKAI 22:08, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:StAnnsChurch.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:StAnnsChurch.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. And no, your user page does not count as an article! You're not allowed to put fair-use images on user pages anyway. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

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Black Boy Lane
I have added a "" template to the article Black Boy Lane, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Regan123 12:55, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Victoria line article
Thanks for your comments IsarSteve on Victoria line. If all the facts can be verified in the book you mention then can you reference the book with all the relevant details in the article. Statements on Wikipedia need to be verifiable (WP:CITE). Personally (and I'd be interested in your comments here) I don't think simply mentioning the book you named in "Further Reading" (it's not currently) would count as citing sources, as someone reading the article wouldn't know which claims were verified by the book. Tompagenet 06:56, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Manor House
Hi ya I note that you've changed the text of the Manor House article from indicating that it straddles the border of Haringey and Hackney to being solely in Hackney. The article states that the area is centred on the tube station - which (I believe has one exit in the LBH, but no part of the tube station). Of the area surrounding the crossroads, I believe 3/4 lies in Haringey, and 1/4 within LBH. I note the tube station has also mysteriously moved to Hackney - despite Hackney being able to proudly boast that it is the one borough north of the river not to have a tube station.

The stuff I added relied on the information that was already there, and I didn't change any of it - apart from changing Hackney -> Neighbourhood of Hackney and Haringey -> Neighbourhood of Haringey; and adding the two borough nav bars.

I know the border goes through there, and the junctions are quite complex (in fact, it's probably more true to say that Manor House is covered by tarmac!), but I think between us, we can work out what's going on geographically.

Cheers Kbthompson 23:31, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

''Thanks for your message. ''

''As far as I can make out, the Haringey -> Hackney border follows the Finsbury Park Border along the north side of Seven Sisters Road to the Manor House Junction. It then proceeds along the west side of Green Lanes to a point just past the Hermitage Road junction where Green Lanes "submerges" totally into Haringey.'' This would mean that the situation is actully the reverse of what you state (3/4 lies in Hackney, and 1/4 within LBHgy, with only one entrance of the Underground Station falling into Haringey "territory". --IsarSteve 08:10, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Can we agree for my immediate purposes that Manor House should be both a Neighbourhood of Haringey and Hackney; and I'll add both boro' nav-bars?
 * Looking at a ward map of Hackney (Haringey's website appears to be down); I thought the boundary was Green Lanes, it's actually 7SR (I forgot Brownswood). The boundary is the bottom of the steep hill following Eade Road. The park and all but one exit of the tube lie in Haringey though ... I might have a go at the text - please correct me if I go wrong. Kbthompson 09:58, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

''Hi, to shed some light on the discussion which ward for Manor House, this map shows you the Hackney side. The east side is under New River ward, the south side is under Brownswood ward, the north/west side is under Harringay (Haringey borough).'' --Finsburypark 09:30, 12 August 2007 (GMT)
 * Hey, Thanks for the map.. it's very interesting and helpful to me in Family History matters.. one thing that I noticed is how oddly shaped the LB Hackney actually is... not at all "rounded".. It doesn't really look like an "Einheit"...--IsarSteve 13:26, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Route 44
I wouldn't add this quite yet. There are still some basics that need completing like the route and the infobox. Simply south 23:01, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
 * OK but I just wanted to notify that I had started working on It--IsarSteve 23:03, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Image:My Hong Kong.jpg
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Image:London-2012-logo.svg
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Origin of Harringay Road Names
Can you help with providing the source for your addition of the Harringay site about the origin of the road names? You can post here or in the Harringay Talk site.

Montague Rd School
A template has been added to the article Montague Rd School, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. B. Wolterding 12:53, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Wot - u nevva 'eard of a houuse!!
It's a flemish house. Dincha know! PS: Will get back to you on HCmail - apols for no reply. hjuk 16:23, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Oakwood tube station
A query has been raised regarding a trivia item at Oakwood tube station which states that Oakwood station is the highest on the Piccadilly Line. The original version of the statement first appeared in your edit of 2 May 2006 as:
 * "Oakwood Station is the highest point on the Piccadilly Line at 275 feet above sea level. When opened in 1933 a commerative bronze plate was fixed to the booking hall wall "This station is highest point in Europe in a direct line west of the Ural Mountains."

It has been correctly pointed out that Cockfosters is, in fact, at a higher elevation than Oakwood. Could you confirm what your source was and also the source of the statement regarding the bronze plate? The statement on the plate seems strange considering that the Urals extend over 2500 km north-south and pretty much everywhere in Britain is west of the Urals. Ignoring the rest of northern Europe and the Scandinavian countries, there are many places in Britain with higher elevations than Oakwood. Could you reply on the Oakwood station talkpage. Thanks, DavidCane 15:38, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

History and Picture of LS230
Leyland National LS230 on the stand at Stroud Green (The Stapleton), before working the last ever journey from this point. September 1982.

Dear IsarSteve

Do you know where the origianl image came from. I know who is now the owner of LS230 and they are trying to track down any original pictures.

 * I am the owner of the picture and I was the driver on the day the picture was taken. I probably have some more of LS230 too! I would also be interested in contact with the owner. Can you put us in touch?--IsarSteve 12:39, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Dear IsarSteve

A primary school now owns the bus now.

Regards - A parent —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.146.246.199 (talk) 14:28, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * If you like, you could leave a comment with your email address on "My blog" site: IsarSteve's Blogsite.
 * I will delete the address from the Blog as soon as I've noted it.. --IsarSteve 00:56, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

LS230 contact
Dear IsarSteve

We have located LS230 at the edge of our playground and plan to use it as an outside classroom.

It will be great if you were to write us a letter about driving LS230 and that last day. Do you have any pictures of you and your other staff typically standing next to a bus or the bus station. This helps the children understand the age of the bus and it's history.

We will contact you soon - thanks for your help.

Regards Head Teacher —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.43.162.24 (talk) 10:33, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

I've read your message, I don't have much time now but I'll be in touch later.--IsarSteve 14:34, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Germany Invitation
--Zeitgespenst (talk) 17:08, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

tx for typo corr on HS hjuk (talk) 14:20, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

List of cemeteries
Hi IsarSteve. In view of your efforts to maintain List of cemeteries, I did a search sort for cemetery articles not listed in List of cemeteries. I posted the results at User:Bebestbe/New cemeteries. Please feel free to add the cemeteries listed User:Bebestbe/New cemeteries to List of cemeteries. -- Bebestbe (talk) 04:34, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

NowCommons: Image:Hilde02.jpg
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London Buses route 93
After doing some tidying of the very detailed history section, I have just placed a tag on this article requesting that the sources be cited. You appear to have been the author of most of the section back in January 2007, could you add references to your sources please. --DavidCane (talk) 14:47, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of London Buses route 42
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is London Buses route 42. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Articles for deletion nomination of London Buses route 66
London Buses route 66, an article you contributed to, is now up for deletion, you are welcome to comment at Articles for deletion/London Buses route 77. Okip  15:21, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
 * also London_Buses_route_75 Okip  23:32, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

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"London Buses route 48" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect London Buses route 48. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 29 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Pkbwcgs (talk) 20:42, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

I thought the "London Buses route 48" was long gone. (IsarSteve (talk) 21:38, 29 March 2021 (UTC))

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title: User talk:IsarSteve


text:
Irish Pub, Kabul

The Irish Pub of Kabul was a pub in Kabul, Afghanistan; it opened on Saint Patrick's Day, 2003.

Owner Sean Martin McQuade received approval of a local mullah by promising to repair the road adjacent to the club and assist in relocating a nearby school to a larger site. The pub is licensed by the Afghan government, with the caveat that it not sell alcohol to Afghans. When interviewed a staff member of the bar commented, "Our families know what we do, but we tell other people we just work in a restaurant or a guesthouse selling food and soft drinks." Within 2 months of opening it received warnings of a possible attack and temporarily closed. By September of the next year the bar had moved into a Kabul hotel.

title: Irish Pub, Kabul


text:
Fangoria (band)

Fangoria are a Spanish electropop duo formed in Madrid in 1989. Consisting of primary vocalist Alaska and keyboardist Nacho Canut.

History
In 1977, Alaska, along with Nacho Canut and Carlos Berlanga, formed the band Alaska y los Pegamoides. Later, in 1982, they changed the name to Alaska y Dinarama. The group was popular and influential during La Movida Madrileña. Some of their famous recordings include "¿A quién le importa?" and "Ni tú ni nadie". The latter was entered for the Spanish heats of the Eurovision Song Contest in 1985 and later covered by the Mexican group Mœnia in 2004 and by the Puerto Rican band Circo in 2005. Their "¿A quién le importa?" also was later covered by Mexican pop musician Thalía in 2002.

In 1989, Carlos Berlanga left, and the band transformed once again, this time adopting the name of the American horror film magazine Fangoria. They had already made clear their fascination with American z-movies, with songs like "Mi novio es un Zombi" (My Boyfriend Is a Zombie) and "La rebelión de los electrodomésticos" (The Rebellion of the Household Appliances). With each name change, the band moved further away from punk and further embraced electropop, although strong guitars have generally always been present in their performances.

Since the birth of Fangoria in 1990, Alaska and Nacho Canut have recorded and launched several albums, always in the dance-pop electronica pattern.

Some of their best-known songs include
 * "En la Disneylandia del amor" (1993)
 * "No sé qué me das" (2001)
 * "Eternamente inocente"(2001)
 * "Retorciendo palabras" (2004)
 * "Miro la vida pasar" (2004)
 * "Absolutamente" (2009)
 * "Dramas y comedias" (2013)
 * "Fiesta en el infierno" (2016)

Moreover, "Hombres" and "Me Odio Cuando Miento" were featured in the 2004 movie Cachorro. Their lyrics typically revolve around sadness, loneliness, jealousy and desire: these tragic contents usually contrast with the music, which normally is up-tempo and disco-oriented, although they have recorded downtempo songs as well. Some of their singles have been remixed by Marc Almond (formerly of Soft Cell) and Vive la Fête.

In 2009, they released their tenth studio album Absolutamente; the first single "Más es Más" was released before the release of the album. Later they released the second single, "La Pequeña Edad de Hielo". More recently, in 2010, a set of three CDs came out titled El Paso Trascendental del Vodevil a la Astracanada. This release consists of Fangoria's greatest hits and rare recordings, as well as 15 completely re-made versions of their older hits from their previous bands, such as "Bailando", "A quién le importa?", "Ni tú ni nadie" or "Perlas ensangrentadas".

Discography
Studio albums

 * Salto mortal (1991)
 * Una temporada en el infierno (1999)
 * Naturaleza muerta (2001)
 * Arquitectura efímera (2004)
 * El extraño viaje (2006)
 * Absolutamente (2009)
 * Cuatricromía (2013)
 * Canciones para robots románticos (2016)
 * Extrapolaciones y dos preguntas (1989-2000) (2019)
 * Extrapolaciones y dos respuestas (2001-2019) (2019)

title: Fangoria (band)


text:
Placerias

Placerias (meaning 'broad body') is an extinct genus of dicynodonts that lived during the Carnian to the Norian age of the Triassic Period (230–220 million years ago). Placerias belongs to a group of dicynodonts called Kannemeyeriiformes, which was the last known group of dicynodonts before the taxon became extinct at the end of the Triassic.

Description
Placerias was one of the largest herbivores in the Late Triassic, measuring 3.5 m long and weighing up to 800 - 1000 kg. The largest skull found had a length of 68 cm.

Placerias had a powerful neck, strong legs, and barrel-shaped body with possible ecological and evolutionary parallels with the modern hippopotamus, spending much of its time during the wet season wallowing in the water and chewing at bankside vegetation. Placerias was closely related to Ischigualastia and similar in appearance. Placerias used its beak to slice through thick branches and roots with two short tusks that could be used for defence and for intra-specific display. The genus exhibits two morphs, one with short tusks and one with long tusks, which is inferred to be sexual dimorphism, with the longer-tusked individuals presumably being males.

Discovery
Fossils of forty Placerias were found near St. Johns, southeast of the Petrified Forest in the Chinle Formation of Arizona. This site has become known as the 'Placerias Quarry' and was discovered in 1930, by Charles Camp and Samuel Welles, of the University of California, Berkeley. Sedimentological features of the site indicate a low-energy depositional environment, possibly flood-plain or overbank. Bones are associated mostly with mudstones and a layer that contains numerous carbonate nodules. It is also known from the Pekin Formation of North Carolina. Placerias was originally considered the last of the dicynodonts until fossil finds from Queensland were reported in 2003 to have revealed that the dicynodonts survived until the Early Cretaceous. Agnolin et al. (2010) called for a reconsideration of that Australian specimen, noting its similarity to baurusuchian crocodyliforms such as Baurusuchus pachecoi. The Cretaceous dicynodont specimen was eventually discovered to belong to a specimen of Diprotodon instead. The giant dicynodont Lisowicia also survived into the late Triassic.

title: Placerias


text:
Danisco

Danisco A/S is a Danish bio-based company with activities in food production, enzymes and other bioproducts as well as a wide variety of pharmaceutical grade excipients. It was formed in 1989 from the largest Danish industrial merger ever of the two old C.F. Tietgen companies Danish Sugar (founded 1872), and Dansk Handels- og Industri Company (Danisco A/S).

Danisco is one of the world's leading producers of ingredients for food and other consumer products and was also one of the biggest sugar producers in Europe until the divestment of its sugar division to Nordzucker in 2009.

Headquartered in Copenhagen, the group has approximately 6,800 employees in more than 80 locations in 40 countries.

Danisco shares were listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange and a member of the blue chip OMX Copenhagen 20 index until June 2011, when DuPont completed a US$6.3 billion acquisition of the company. On February 1, 2021, DuPont's Nutrition & Biociences business unit, which includes Danisco, spun off from DuPont an merged with IFF through a Reverse Morris Trust transaction.

Activities
The company's activities were structured into two lines of business: Food Ingredients and Industrial enzymes. The Food Ingredients business supplied bio-based ingredients for food and beverage products and comprises the business segments Enablers, Cultures, and Sweeteners, while the Industrial Enzymes business (handled by subsidiary Genencor) focuses on industrial biotechnology and encompasses business segments such as Fabric and Household Care (enzymes for laundry and dishwashing detergents), Technical Enzymes (enzymes for bioethanol and carbohydrate processing as well as textile treatment), and Food and Animal Nutrition (enzymes for bread, feed, and brewing applications).

Danisco also had two biochemical projects: DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol LLC, a biofuels joint venture with DuPont, and a project with Goodyear to develop a new type of synthetic rubber, called bioIsoprene.

On 9 January 2011, DuPont announced that it had reached agreement to buy Danisco for US$6.3 billion. The acquisition was motivated by a desire by DuPont "to gain production of food additives and enzymes used in biofuels." On 16 May 2011 DuPont announced that its tender offer for Danisco had been successful and that it would proceed to redeem the remaining shares and delist the company.

The food ingredients and enzyme businesses were combined with similar pre-existing efforts at DuPont into two business divisions named 'Nutrition and Health' and 'Industrial Biosciences', and subsequently into one 'Nutrition & Biosciences' division.

Research and development
A considerable number of the employees are engaged in research and development of new products for the international food industry. Today, the Group holds more than 9,300 active patents and patent applications. Their work led to the understanding of the mechanism of CRISPR, the bacterial antiviral defense.

title: Danisco


text:
User talk:Alan.Cockerill

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December 2009
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title: User talk:Alan.Cockerill


text:
User talk:Seanorthwest

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Hi, I noticed you're located in the Seattle area and thought I'd let you know about a Wikipedia meetup we're having on November 6th. Check out the Seattle meetup page for more information if you're interested. --Michael Snow 06:39, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Radicalsubversiv is constantly tell others to calm down after initiating personal attacks and testosterone driven aggression against others. I'm sorry he's picked you as his next victim.

I don't admire your activism at all, Sir, however I defend to the death your right to do it. The group you are an activist within is subject to the longest imaginable treatment. Seems to me if that's justified in staying then so is the bio article on you. I guess it's important you don't add to it, so I'll jump on Google and see what I can find.

"I'm merely sayinig(sic) that you are not personally notable enough to be included in an encyclopedia..." Jeez. I'm sorry you are subjected to this and hope you take some comfort in knowing that:

 * What you do matters to you and that's what matters
 * Radicalsubversiv has a pattern of abusing others
 * There is a process to neutrally evaluate deletion proposals and there'll be at least one person defending the article in accordance with Wikipedia's rules

Libertas

 * Readers should be aware that I dispute all of what Libertas is saying here, and consider it both a personal attack and another instance of trolling. Please contact me privately if you have any concerns. RadicalSubversiv E 00:38, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Hang in there Andrew, I think as time goes on it is becoming more obvious that the deletion proposal is not well-founded. Libertas

IP edits
Are you also the user at 67.160.121.168? --24.165.233.150 05:58, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:PacificNorthwestPortalAug.png
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It appears that this image is a screenshot. So, since it is your image could you label that it is and name the URL from where it was taken. gren グレン 13:00, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Meetup
Looks like Meetup/Seattle4 will be happening September 9, 2006. - Jmabel | Talk 01:43, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Image:Seal of Redmond, Washington.png
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AfD nomination of Splendor Hyaline
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WP:SEA Activity Check
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WP Seattle activity check - reminder
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File permission problem with File:KatrinaMonday.gif
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File permission problem with File:PacificNorthwestPortal.png
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title: User talk:Seanorthwest