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Hamburg Airport

Hamburg Airport (Flughafen Hamburg „Helmut Schmidt”), is a major international airport in Hamburg, the second-largest city in Germany. Since November 2016 the airport has been named after the former German chancellor Helmut Schmidt. It is located 8.5 km north of the city centre in the Fuhlsbüttel quarter and serves as a hub for Eurowings and focus city for Condor. It was formerly named Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel Airport, a name still frequently used.

Hamburg Airport is the fifth-busiest of Germany's commercial airports measured by the number of passengers and counted 17,231,687 passengers and 156,388 aircraft movements in 2018. As of July 2017, it featured flights to more than 130 mostly European metropolitan and leisure destinations as well as three long-haul routes to Dubai, Doha, and Tehran. The airport is equipped to handle wide-bodied aircraft including the Airbus A380.

Hamburg's other airport, Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport where the Airbus factory is located, is not open to commercial traffic.

Early years
The airport was opened in January 1911 from private funding by the Hamburger Luftschiffhallen GmbH (HLG), making it the oldest international airport in the world to still be in operation and the second oldest airport in the country after Tempelhof Airport. The original site comprised 45 hectares, and during its early days was primarily used for airship flights. In 1913 the site was expanded to 60 hectares, the northern part being used for airship operations while the southeast area was used for fixed-wing aircraft.

During the First World War, the airship hangar was used extensively by the German military, until it was destroyed by fire in 1916.

During the British occupation, beginning in 1945, the airport was given its current name, Hamburg Airport. It was used extensively during the Berlin Airlift in 1948 as a staging area, as the northern air corridor went between Hamburg and West Berlin.

When Lufthansa launched passenger operations in 1955, Hamburg was used as a hub until Frankfurt Airport took over due to growth constraints posed by its location in the city. Lufthansa Technik still maintains a large presence at the airport due to the early activities of the airline at the airport. In October 1959 Pan American World Airways was the first airline to start scheduled service with jet aircraft to Hamburg, the routing was New York – London – Hamburg – Copenhagen flown with Boeing 707.

In the 1960s discussions began with the aim of moving the airport to Heidmoor near Kaltenkirchen. Among the reasons cited were limited expansion possibilities, capacity constraints due to crossing runways, and noise. Lufthansa had introduced the Boeing 707 in 1960, which made more noise than previous piston-engined aircraft. The plans were dropped, owing both to bad experiences in other cities where airports had been moved far from city centres, and to Lufthansa's move to Frankfurt.

In 1980 Northwest Orient started flights to Hamburg, originating from Minneapolis with a stop in London Gatwick. In 1981 they introduced a second flight from New York JFK via Copenhagen to Hamburg. All flights were operated with Boeing 747 aircraft. After Northwest Orient received traffic rights to serve Frankfurt they discontinued all flights to Hamburg from early 1985.

In April 1985 Pan American World Airways started a daily non-stop flight from New York JFK to Hamburg, operated with Boeing 747. This was Pan Am's first non-stop service from the US to Hamburg. Starting February 1986 Pan Am also used their new long-range Airbus A310-200 on the route, which made it one of the first ETOPS routes across the Atlantic. In 1988 Japan Air Lines suspended their flights from Tokyo to Hamburg after serving the route for 24 years. One year later in 1989 Lufthansa suspended all flights between Hamburg and Tokyo after almost 30 years of service, which was the last route from Hamburg to the far east.

In May 1989 American Airlines started a daily service from New York JFK via Brussels to Hamburg, and Delta Air Lines started a daily service from Atlanta via London Gatwick to Hamburg. American Airlines suspended their service after a year due to shortage of aircraft after the purchase of Eastern Air Lines' South America routes, Delta upgraded the Atlanta flight to a daily non-stop service with an extension to Berlin-Tegel from May 1991, and also served New York JFK – Hamburg from November 1991 after taking over Pan Am's North Atlantic route network.

Development since the 1990s
In March 1990 Lufthansa launched a daily flight from Hamburg to Newark and added another non-stop flight to Miami in 1992. This lasted for only one summer season and was then suspended together with the Newark flight in late 1992, which left Delta Air Lines alone in this market with their Atlanta and New York flights. From early 1993 to late 1994 South African Airways operated flights from Cape Town via Johannesburg and Munich to Hamburg. In the mid 90s Delta Air Lines experienced financial troubles and had to consolidate their fleet and route network. Hamburg was among the cities in Europe that were cut completely in late 1995. From 1996 Canada 3000 started summer seasonal flights to Hamburg, and until their bankruptcy in late 2001 they served Toronto to Hamburg via Halifax and Vancouver to Hamburg via Calgary. In May 1998 Delta Air Lines relaunched daily non-stop flights between Atlanta and Hamburg. However this route only operated until early 2000. A combination of a then too large business class in their Boeing 767-300ER aircraft and the foundation of the SkyTeam alliance made Delta cancel this service again.

In the early 1990s, the airport had begun extensive modernisation. The plan, called HAM21, included a new 500m pier extension, a new terminal (Terminal 1), and the Airport Plaza between Terminals 1 and 2, which includes a consolidated security area. The airport's shareholders are the City of Hamburg and AviAlliance.

In May 2005 airTransat started a seasonal flight between Toronto and Hamburg. In June that year Continental Airlines started a daily non-stop flight between Newark and Hamburg, Emirates started its then daily Dubai to Hamburg service in March 2006. In 2011 China Eastern Airlines added Hamburg to their route network. However, due to the lack of traffic rights they could only add an extension to their existing Shanghai to Frankfurt flights. The flight initially operated once a week only, and was later increased to twice a week. The stop in Frankfurt and the low frequency did not appeal enough to business travellers so China Eastern suspended the route in 2013.

The Radisson Blu Hotel Hamburg Airport was added in 2009, combined with new roadside access and a station with connection to the city's rapid transit system (Hamburg S-Bahn).

In January 2016, TUIfly announced it was leaving Hamburg Airport entirely due to increasing competition from low-cost carriers. While the summer seasonal routes would not resume, all remaining destinations were cancelled by March 2016. A few weeks later, it was officially announced that the airport was to be named after Helmut Schmidt, a former senator of Hamburg and chancellor of West Germany. On 10 November 2016, the airport was renamed Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt.

In October 2016, Air Berlin announced the closure of its maintenance facilities at the airport, due to cost-cutting and restructuring measures.

In June 2017, easyJet announced it would close its base at Hamburg by March 2018 as part of a refocus on other base airports. While over half of the former services were cut, several routes remained in place as they are served from other easyJet bases. In October 2018, United Airlines announced the end of its seasonal service to Newark, leaving the airport with only three long-haul routes, all to the Middle East, and no direct services to North America. The route was inaugurated by Continental Airlines back in 2005 and switched from year-round to seasonal in 2017 Also in October 2018 Emirates switched one of the two daily flights from Dubai to A380-service. This was the first ever commercial A380 service to Hamburg. The second daily flight remains operated by Boeing 777-300ER aircraft.

In January 2020, Ryanair also closed its Hamburg base due to airport operating costs, late delivery of the Boeing 737-Max aircraft, and its general downsizing of its German operations.

2023 hostage incident
On 4–5 November 2023, a hostage incident caused by a custody dispute, wherein an armed man drove onto the tarmac with his 4-year-old daughter in the car, temporarily halted flights at the airport.

He parked under a Turkish Airlines aircraft demanding to be allowed on board to fly to Turkey with his daughter. He fired a weapon twice in the air and threw two incendiary devices from his car. Authorities said the commercial flight was preparing to take off, forcing the evacuation of everyone on board through a gangway.

The authorities believe the cause was a "custody dispute". The incident came three weeks after German federal police received an emailed threat of an attack on an Iran Air flight arriving at the airport. The perpetrator was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment by a Hamburg court.

Overview
Hamburg Airport originally covered 440000 m2. Since then, the site has grown more than tenfold to 5.7 km2. The main apron covers 320000 m2 and features 54 parking positions; the passenger terminals provide 17 jet bridges. As of July 2016, the airport had only three routes served with wide-body aircraft; however, during that year three gates were upgraded with double-jet bridges to provide faster boarding and de-boarding for large planes like the Airbus A380. The runways, taxiways and aprons can accommodate large aircraft, including the Airbus A380. Emirates replaced one Boeing 777 with A380 aircraft on the route. On 28 May 2018, Emirates announced it would commence services from Dubai International Airport to Hamburg with the A380.

Terminals
Hamburg has two interconnected terminals, Terminal 1 (used by most airlines including those of Oneworld and SkyTeam) and Terminal 2 (Star Alliance), connected by the Airport Plaza and the baggage claim area that extends through the lower levels of all three buildings. In all buildings level 1 is the departure level with overall 44 departure gates, while level 0 is arrivals and also features ten additional bus gates. Hamburg Airport offers 12 baggage claim belts on the arrivals level. The Airport Plaza hosts the central security check as well as shops, restaurants, lounges and other service facilities. It also houses the suburban railway station.

Terminal 2 (despite its name, the older facility) was completed in 1993, Terminal 1 was completed in 2005 and is highly similar to Terminal 2 in terms of design and size. The main buildings were designed by Gerkan, Marg and Partners. Both terminals have a high, curved ceiling designed to emulate the shape of a wing.

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Hamburg Airport:

Train

The airport is around 8 km north of Hamburg city centre and 8 km south of Norderstedt in the borough of Fuhlsbüttel. S-Bahn service S1, operated by Deutsche Bahn operates every ten minutes between the airport, Ohlsdorf, Wandsbek, Hamburg central station, Altona, Blankenese and Wedel. It is part of the HVV fare organisation offering tickets for all modes of public transportation in Hamburg. Going towards the airport, S1 trains split at Ohlsdorf station, with one portion going to the airport and the other going to Poppenbüttel.

Car
By road, the airport can be reached from Federal Motorway A7 via Exit Schnelsen using the state motorway B433, which is Hamburg's third ring road.

Bus
The airport is also linked by some local bus routes of HVV to nearby areas as well as regular coach services to the cities of Kiel and Neumünster.

title: Hamburg Airport


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User:JoeHenzi

About JoeHenzi
(Work in progress...)

School
I started school at my closest magnet school, Cheviot Elemetary in Cheviot, Ohio, at age 4. It offered bilingual education and employed a number of native Spanish speakers from Puerto Rico, Mexico and the Dominican Republic. From kindergarten until grade six I stayed at Cheviot Elementary and even learned some subjects entirely in Spanish. For the grades seven and eight I attended Gilbert-Dater Junior High School in Covedale/Cincinnati, Ohio where I chose to study Latin and entered their Double "A" program. I mainly choose Dater because it offered college prepatory courses and was close to home.

I later became interested in attending Walnut Hills High School (also in Cincinnati) and attended after Dater. It didn't last as it was too far from home and many aspects were pay to play, which many people couldn't afford. Walnut Hills was a blessing for me because it was the place to go and be nerdy. The entire school was a public, college prepatory school. There was something in the air, when you were on the grounds there suddenly is a certain level of respect for learning and intelligence. Experimentation was also welcomed, in many forms - in my second year there was controversy, not from the students, about a boy wearing a dress.

At Walnut Hills I followed my heart and went back to learning Spanish and picked up art and social sciences.

I took the hardest art class one could without prerequisites upon entering and was in for it. It was a lot harder than I thought but I really came away from that class with this: "You can do anything. The body is a muscle that needs to be trained to act." The art teacher espoused ideas that even classic art was easy to do once you practiced. Not taking no for an answer, sometimes to the point of screaming, she turned young doubtful children into adult art masters who produced work that was truely beautiful. My favorite story about her was the fact that she treasured people's interests. A certain substitute who was the butt of many jokes was interested in dolls, and not your Barbie variety, but dolls from around the world. We were forced to watch a slideshow of her collection but after about five minutes you realized that you were actually learning something you would hear no where else - it was like watching a National Geographic documentary on the subject. The substitute was never good at expressing herself and her classes resorted to pre-school, but we saw another side of her. Even her harshist critics were delighted in her collection, people who seemed to have no empathy - the "art nerds".

The academic studies I selected included American history, one class where I was outspoken, and Archeology & Anthropology. During Anthropology we had to take a trip to the zoo which wasn't a fun as we thought. We studied every primate the zoo had to offer and answered over 500 questions about them all during our trip. The worst part, the questions were not grouped like the animals were so a missed question cost you about 20 minutes of walk time.

(sorry I must finish this later, JoeHenzi 10:24, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC))

Contributions

 * Tybee Island, Georgia - I started on this one and never got back to the history, added the lighthouse history and more.

Other
These changes are also mine

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:JoeHenzi


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Rizokarpaso

Rizokarpaso (Ριζοκάρπασο []; Dipkarpaz) is a town on the Karpas Peninsula in the Northeastern part of Cyprus. While nominally part of the Famagusta District of the Republic of Cyprus, it has been under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus since the illegal Turkish invasion of the island in 1974, being administered as part of the İskele District.

Rizokarpaso is one of the largest towns on the peninsula. Soil near the town consists of terra fusca, which is very fertile. Local crops include carob, cotton, tobacco, and grain. The town's surroundings are renowned for being the wildest and one of the most unspoilt parts of the island. The municipality's territory features the Karpaz National Park, home to the Karpass donkey and some of the finest beaches of the island.

The economy is primarily based on agriculture, husbandry, and fisheries. Since 2000, the town has embraced the concept of eco-tourism, and converted old traditional village houses into guesthouses in traditional styles. The area lacks any industrial plants.

Geography
Two kilometres north of the town of Rizokarpaso lies the Ayfilon Beach, administered by the municipality as a public beach. The beach takes its name from the Ayios Philon Church in the ancient town of Karpasia, which is located 500 metres away. The beach is a breeding ground for loggerhead sea turtles, and is as such a center of attention for conservationists. It is also billed in tourist guides as a "spot to watch sunsets". It hosts an annual festival dedicated to sea turtles in August featuring concerts, release of turtle hatchlings, beach clean-ups, and other environmental awareness activities on the beach.

History
The Rizokarpaso area contains some of the earliest inhabited places in the island. These include the ancient cities of Karpasia and Aphendrika. It was the seat of one of the largest Lusignan baronies.

In 1222, the Lusignan dynasty ruling the Kingdom of Cyprus, together with the Latin nobility, decided that the traditional Greek Cypriot bishoprics in the urban centres would be abolished. Karpasia was one of the only four Greek bishoprics in the island that were allowed to continue to function (together with Solea, Arsinoe and Lefkara), and in practice subsumed the Bishopric of Famagusta, as the Bishop of Famagusta was sent to Rizokarpaso and continued his work in St. Synesios, the main Orthodox church in the region. This arrangement was formalised by the Bulla Cypria, a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander IV in 1260. Despite the official assignment of the bishopric to Karpasia, by then the town had lost the importance it held in the Late Antique period, and it is thought to be "probable" that by 1260 the bishops did not really reside in Karpasia but kept on operating from Famagusta. According to Stefano Lusignan, the town of Rizokarpaso became a part of the feudal estate of the de Nores family, until James II of Cyprus revoked Gauthier de Nores' rights due to his support of Queen Charlotte, James' opponent.

The town has two churches: St. Synesios and the church of the Holy Trinity. They are examples of the typical Cypriot mixed style, combining features of the late Gothic introduced by the Lusignans with the late Byzantine style of the Orthodox tradition. These are two of the few Christian churches to operate in the northern part of Cyprus, and has allegedly had services stopped by the Turkish Cypriot police.

Rizokarpaso is partly located in the ancient city of Karpasia on the West coast, according to legend founded by king Pygmalion.

Demographics
Before 1974, the town was predominantly inhabited by Greek-Cypriots. During the Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 20 July 1974, the peninsula was cut off by Turkish troops, and this prevented the town's Greek-Cypriot inhabitants from fleeing to the south. As a result, with 250 Greek Cypriot inhabitants, Rizokarpaso is the home of the biggest Greek population in the North. Between 1974 and 1985, however, around 2500 Greek Cypriots left the village. Although the Greek-Cypriot population is now mainly elderly and shrinking in size, they are still supplied by the UN, and Greek-Cypriot products are consequently available in some places. The town was captured by the Turkish Army during the early days of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.

In 1977, Turkish settlers were brought from different areas of Turkey, including Kars, Muş, Diyarbakır and Ağrı in the Eastern Anatolia Region, Mersin and Adana in the Mediterranean Region and Akkuş, Çarşamba, Akçaabat, Sürmene, Araklı and Trabzon in the Black Sea Region. In the 21st century, some Turkish Cypriots and Europeans also bought properties in the village and are now its residents.

Politics
The town has a Turkish Cypriot municipality, whose current mayor is Suphi Coşkun from the Republican Turkish Party. Coşkun won the post in 2014, by winning over 50% of the votes and beating his predecessor, Mehmet Demirci of the National Unity Party.

Culture and tourism
Turkish Cypriot Dipkarpaz Sports Club was founded in 1978; its football team in 2015 played in Cyprus Turkish Football Association (CTFA) K-PET 2nd League. Education in the town includes a primary school and the Recep Tayyip Erdogan Secondary School. The town hosts some small touristic facilities. Twenty kilometres east lies the Golden Beach, a pristine 4 km long beach, and the Apostolos Andreas Monastery.

Twin towns – sister cities
Rizokarpaso is twinned with:
 * 🇹🇷 Ankara, Turkey (since 1986)
 * 🇹🇷 Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey (since 1986)
 * 🇦🇿 Yasamal, Baku, Azerbaijan (since 2005)
 * 🇹🇷 Ardeşen, Rize, Turkey
 * 🇹🇷 Tatvan, Bitlis, Turkey

title: Rizokarpaso


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Edward Valentine Blomfield

Edward Valentine Blomfield (14 February 1788 – 9 October 1816) was an English classical scholar and brother of Bishop Charles James Blomfield.

Life
Blomfield was born at Bury St Edmunds, the second son of the six children of Charles Blomfield (1763–1831), a schoolmaster (as was E. V. Blomfield's grandfather, James Blomfield), JP and chief alderman of Bury St Edmunds, and his wife, Hester (1765–1844), daughter of Edward Pawsey, a Bury grocer.

Edward acquired a high reputation for learning and general accomplishments, being a good modern linguist and draughtsman, as well as a brilliant scholar He was educated under Dr. Becher at the grammar school at Bury St Edmunds, and thence proceeded to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in 1807.

In 1811, he took his B.A. degree, being placed thirteenth wrangler. He had, however, obtained such classical distinctions as were then open to competition ; he was Browne medallist in 1809 and 1810 (in the former year being beaten by one candidate, but receiving a prize of books from the vice-chancellor, Dr. Barnes), members' prizeman in 1812, and finally first chancellor's classical medallist

The fellowships in his own college being full, he was elected to a classical lectureship and fellowship at Emmanuel College, which he retained till his death in 1816. He died from a fever contracted in a long vacation tour in Switzerland in that year. He managed, after being taken ill at Dover, to reach Cambridge, where he died on 3 Oct., and was buried in Emmanuel College Chapel ; in the cloisters of which is a tablet to his memory, with an inscription by his brother, Charles James.

In 1813, he travelled to Germany and made the acquaintance of some of the great scholars of that country. On his return, he published in the Museum Criticum (No. ii), an interesting paper on "The Present State of Classical Literature in Germany." He died in 1816, his early death depriving Cambridge of one who seemed destined to take a high place amongst her most brilliant classical scholars.

Work
His chief work was a translation of Matthiae's Greek Grammar, a book still unrivalled in its way. He had completed it in the spring of 1816, intending to furnish it with indexes, &c., in the autumn. It was left for his brother Charles James to edit, who prefixed to it a short essay on the virtues and learning of the translator. Edward had met with this book in the course of a tour in Germany, undertaken in 1813, as soon as the events of that year had opened the continent to English travellers. Another fruit of this tour was a paper in the Museum Criticum on "The State of Classical Literature in Germany," a subject which had then become almost unknown in England. Besides a few other papers contributed to the ' Museum ' Blomfield had projected a Greek-English lexicon to take the place of the old Greek-Latin Lexicons of Scapula and Hedericus, which gave needless difficulty to students and were neither full nor accurate. He published a specimen of his Lexicon, which was well received, and his plans seem to have been rational and promising.

title: Edward Valentine Blomfield


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Tropical Storm Bonnie (2004)

Tropical Storm Bonnie was a tropical storm that made landfall on Florida in August 2004. The second storm of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, Bonnie developed from a tropical wave on August 3 to the east of the Lesser Antilles. After moving through the islands, its fast forward motion caused it to dissipate. However, Bonnie later regenerated into a tropical storm near the Yucatán Peninsula. Bonnie attained its peak intensity with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 65 mph and a minimum central pressure of 1,001 mbar (29.56 inHg) on August 11 while located over the Gulf of Mexico. Afterwards, the storm turned to the northeast and hit Florida with winds of 45 mph. The storm accelerated to the northeast and became an extratropical cyclone to the east of New Jersey. Bonnie was the first of five tropical systems in the 2004 season to make landfall in Florida, coming ashore the day before Hurricane Charley struck. Bonnie was also the second of a record eight storms to reach tropical storm strength during the month of August.

Bonnie's impact was minimal. Throughout the Caribbean Sea, the storm's effects consisted primarily of light rainfall, and in Florida, heavy rainfall caused flooding and minor damage. The tropical storm caused a tornado outbreak across the Southeastern United States which killed three people and inflicted over $1 million (2004 USD) in damage.

Meteorological history
The origins of Bonnie were in a tropical wave that emerged from the coast of Africa on July 29 and entered the Atlantic Ocean. It moved westward, attaining convection and a mid-level circulation. Convection steadily increased, and, upon the development of a low-level circulation center, the system organized into Tropical Depression Two on August 3 while 415 mi east of Barbados. It moved rapidly westward at speeds of up to 23 mph; after crossing through the Lesser Antilles on August 4, it degenerated back into a tropical wave. The tropical wave continued to move rapidly to the west-northwest, until it reached the western Caribbean Sea. While south of Cuba and through the Cayman Islands, the system slowed down to regenerate convection, and it re-developed into a tropical depression on August 8. Operationally, the system was classified a tropical wave until a day later. The depression moved through the Yucatán Channel, and intensified into Tropical Storm Bonnie on August 9 while 70 mi north of the Yucatán Peninsula. Bonnie continued to the west-northwest; late on August 9, the storm presented a 9-mile (15-km) wide eyewall, a very unusual occurrence in a small and weak tropical storm. Bonnie quickly strengthened while turning to the north, a directional shift caused by a break in the mid-level ridge. The storm briefly weakened late on August 10; it re-strengthened again the following day to attain a peak intensity of 65 mph. Soon after, strong southwesterly wind shear disrupted the storm, causing Bonnie to weaken again. On August 12, Bonnie made landfall just south of Apalachicola as a 45 mph tropical storm. It quickly weakened to a tropical depression, and accelerated northeastward through the southeastern United States. After paralleling the Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina coastlines, Bonnie lost its tropical characteristics on August 14 to the east of New Jersey. Its remnant low continued northeastward, making landfall in Massachusetts and Maine and continuing into Atlantic Canada.

Preparations
About 16 hours before the storm moved through the Lesser Antilles, the government of Saint Lucia declared a tropical storm warning. Guadeloupe, Martinique, Dominica, St. Maarten, Saba, St. Eustatius, Puerto Rico and the U.S Virgin Islands issued tropical storm watches. Combined with the threat of Hurricane Charley, Bonnie forced the evacuation of 154 oil platforms and 32 oil rigs. The cease in production was equivalent to over 1.2 million barrels of loss in crude oil, or 0.2% of the annual oil production in the Gulf of Mexico. Natural gas reserves were also limited. The lack of gas production due to the storms was equivalent to 7.4% of the total daily production in the Gulf of Mexico.

Early forecasts suggested that Bonnie would attain 80 mph winds or Category 1 status. In response to the threat, 15 shelters in 7 northwestern Florida counties were put on standby. In the hours prior to landfall,2 shelters were opened, 4 were put on standby, and health and cleanup teams were deployed to the area. Parts of Gadsden, Wakulla, and Levy Counties issued voluntary evacuations, and numerous schools were closed. In anticipation of the storm, Florida Governor Jeb Bush issued a state of emergency.

Caribbean Sea
As a tropical depression, the storm moved rapidly through the Lesser Antilles; consequently, most islands only experienced minor effects. For example, Saint Lucia received light and sporadic rain showers, accompanied by sustained winds of 20 – and gusts to 35 mph. In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, however, the depression dropped up to 9.2 in of rain in 24 hours. The rainfall blocked storm drains, including those near the airport, which was forced to shut down. The rainfall caused debris to collect on roads throughout the island. Although the storm passed just 70 mi north of the Yucatán Peninsula, the storm dropped only 0.6 in of rain due to its small size.

North America
In Florida, Bonnie produced up to 4.1 in of rainfall in Pace, with peak wind gusts of 42 mph. Bonnie was accompanied by a 4 ft storm surge; moderate wave action caused slight beach erosion. Rainfall and storm surge flooded roads, forcing the evacuation of 2,000 residents in Taylor County. The winds downed trees and caused scattered power outages. A tornado in Jacksonville damaged several businesses and houses.

Bonnie triggered a tornado outbreak throughout portions of the Mid-Atlantic states. One tornado in Pender County, North Carolina destroyed 17 homes and damaged 59 houses, causing three deaths and $1.27 million in damage (2004 USD). In Stella, Bonnie generated a waterspout that struck a campground, damaged nine trailers, and wrecked small boats. A tornado in Richlands damaged several houses as well. A suspected tornado in Danville, Virginia destroyed the roofs of several businesses. In South Carolina, tornadoes across the state damaged nine homes. Also, rainfall peaking at 6.07 in in Loris caused flooding across the state. The flooding, including a one-foot depth along U.S. Route 501, washed away a road and a bridge in Greenville County. In addition, 600 people across the state were left without electricity.

In Pennsylvania, the remnants of the storm dropped up to 8 in of rain in Tannersville. The rainfall caused the Schuylkill River to reach a crest peak of 12.89 ft at Berne. The flooding blocked several roads across eastern Pennsylvania. In addition, Bonnie produced gusty winds, leaving thousands without power. In Delaware, the storm dropped up to 4 in of rain, forcing 100 to evacuate from the floodwaters. The flooding closed part of U.S. Route 13, and an overflown creek in New Castle County caused moderate flooding damage to stores. In Maine, moisture from the remnants of Bonnie produced heavy rainfall, with localized totals of up to 10 in. The rainfall flooded or washed out roads across the eastern portion of the state. In Aroostook County, near the town of St. Francis, the rainfall caused a mudslide which narrowed a county road to one lane.

As an extratropical low combined with a frontal system, Bonnie continued to produce moderate rainfall in Canada, peaking at 3.5 in in Edmundston, New Brunswick. The rainfall caused basement flooding and road washouts; slick roads caused a traffic fatality in Edmundston.

Aftermath and records
Twenty-two hours after Bonnie struck Florida, Hurricane Charley passed over the Dry Tortugas. This was the first time in recorded history that two tropical storms struck Florida within 1 day. Previously, Hurricane Gordon and Tropical Storm Helene struck the state within five days of each other in September 2000. Originally, it was thought that two storms in the 1906 season hit the state within 12 hours; however, the suspected tropical storm was determined to be a tropical depression in a more recent analysis. Bonnie was the first of five tropical systems to make landfall in Florida during the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, and the second of a record eight disturbances to reach tropical storm strength during the month of August.

Because Bonnie hit Florida immediately before Charley, damage between the two storms was often difficult to differentiate. President George W. Bush responded to the storm by declaring much of Florida a Federal Disaster Area on August 13, 2004.

title: Tropical Storm Bonnie (2004)


text:
Category:Tropical storms

These tropical cyclones were tropical storms at their peak intensity.

title: Category:Tropical storms


text:
August Heinrich Matthiae

August Heinrich Matthiae (December 25, 1769 – January 6, 1835) was a German classical scholar.

Biography
He was born at Göttingen, and educated at the university. He then spent some years as a tutor in Amsterdam. In 1798 he returned to the Holy Roman Empire, and in 1802 was appointed director of the Friedrichsgymnasium at Altenburg, which post he held till his death. His biography was written by his son Constantin, with the title A. Matthiä in seinem Leben und Wirken, etc. (1845).

Works
Of his numerous important works the best-known are:
 * A copious Greek grammar, translated into English by V Blomfield, edited by John Kenrick (1832).
 * an edition of Euripides (9 vols., 1813–1829)
 * Grundriss der Geschichte der griechischen und römischen Litteratur (3rd ed., 1834, Eng. trans., Oxford, 1841)
 * Lehrbuch fur den ersten Unterricht in der Philosophie (3rd ed., 1833)
 * Encyklopädie und Methodologie der Philologie (1835)

Family
His brother, Friedrich Christian Matthiae (1763–1822), rector of the Frankfurt gymnasium, published editions of Seneca's Letters, Aratus, and Dionysius Periegetes.

title: August Heinrich Matthiae


text:
Talk:Kirundi

Untitled
This stub is on my to do list. I'm planning to add some demographic & linguistic data and (eventually) to conform it to the Wikiproject:Languages template. If you don't like what I do, just revert. Also, I'm not a native speaker of English, so don't hesitate to make me aware of any problems in style, vocabulary or grammar. strangeloop 19:57, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * So far, so good! Aranel 19:58, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Kirundi language template
If you are a native speaker of Kirundi then you can help translate this template into your own language:

Edit

--Amazonien (talk) 22:02, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved, seems unlikely a clear consensus either way will yet be reached here, and there are no clear signs either solution would be clearly mandated by policy. Fut.Perf. ☼ 21:00, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Kirundi → Rundi language — Relisted. fuzzy510 (talk) 07:31, 3 March 2011 (UTC) Drop Bantu prefixes, just as we do with the people of Burundi, and following Ethnologue and the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics — kwami (talk) 11:31, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Support as nominator. Rundi rather than Kirundi or Ikirundi parallels calling the people Hutu and Tutsi rather than Bahutu and Batutsi or Abahutu and Abatutsi. Refs that use "Rundi language", besides Ethnologue and the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, include the Encyclopedia Britannica, Dimmendaal in Heine & Nurse (2000) African Languages, Nurse & Philippson (2003) The Bantu languages, Ruhlen (1987) A Guide to the World's Languages, Vansina (2004) Antecedents to modern Rwanda: the Nyiginya Kingdom, Nahishakiye (1991) Language planning in Burundi: policies and implementation, Dalby (2004) Dictionary of Languages, Katzner (2002) The languages of the world, Nibagwire & Zorc (2002) Rwanda and Rundi (Ikinyarwanda - Ikirundi) newspaper reader, and even Zorc & Nibagwire (2007) Kinyarwanda and Kirundi comparative grammar use "Rundi" throughout the text (82 pages have hits for 'Rundi', as opposed to only 20 for 'Kirundi'). Morna Daniels in Burundi (1992:xvii) writes, "The Rundi language uses prefixes and suffixes to change the meanings of related words. The language is called Kirundi, the people Murundi in the singular and Barundi in the plural, hence also Batutsi, Bahutu and Batwa, although most writers omit the prefixes." — kwami (talk) 11:31, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMON WP:COMMONNAME. Most major international English organisations use "Kirundi", for example CIA World Fact Book, BBC Burundi country profile, United Nations information centre. On a more personal level, I lived in neighbouring Rwanda for many years, and knew people based in Bujumbura. All commonly referred to the languages of the two countries as "Kinyarwanda" (for Rwanda) and "Kirundi". For example in this English language newspaper: article. I never heard the term "Rundi language" at all, so this is probably something perpetuated in historic texts but not used by real people on the ground. Thanks — Amakuru (talk) 11:54, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Oops, it seems I confused common sense with common name. Common sense says Kirundi to me, but I don't think that's a scientific argument in this case. Common name, however, that's a clearer issue..... — Amakuru (talk) 08:10, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * First, Burundi is not an anglophone country, and second, many of the sources above know what they're talking about: some are even Burundian! As for the UN site, they also use Bahasa Indonesia and Setswana and other endonyms where we use English. — kwami (talk) 12:11, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:Naming conventions (languages), which says "Where a common name exists in English for both a people and their language, a title based on that term, with explicit disambiguation, is preferred for both articles." This applies even if we don't have an article for the people. We already have Rundi as a disambiguation page.  That we will keep Kirundi as a redirect means that anyone searching for this language using the prefix will not get lost. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  12:47, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, but "Rundi" is not a common name for the language, at least on the ground and in the media. Yes, I don't deny that there are books that use the term, but I don't believe it is used by anyone in day-to-day speech, or in newspapers or the CIA website. The reason I'm arguing this is that I don't think any English speaking ex-pat living in Burundi would *ever* use the term rundi to refer to the language. They would always use kirundi. It's hard to find valid sources for that assertion, of course, but there are a few: US embassy job advert, DFID Burundi document. Maybe I can find more later. — Amakuru (talk) 13:49, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Neither of your sources support your claim that 'Rundi' is *not* used. They only show that 'Kirundi' *is* used.
 * Also, a lot of expats in India will say Ganga rather than Ganges. It's common to pick up key words from the local language even if you don't pick up the language itself, even more common if you do. But that's not a reflection of what English does in general. — kwami (talk) 14:26, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:COMMON WP:COMMONNAME Live in Rwanda but have spent some time in Burundi and created an online Kirundi dictionary (http://amajambo.ijuru.com). I've never heard anyone (Burundian or ex-pat) use "Rundi" to refer to the name of the language because "ru-ndi" just means "other" for uru class nouns. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rowanseymour (talk • contribs) 14:08, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * WP:COMMON is not official policy. It is a subset of WP:IAR, which prompts editors to get at policies' underlying principles when the actual wording gets in the way.  That doesn't seem to be the case here and you haven't explained why we would want to ignore the policy or how its wording gets in the way of any underlying principles. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  14:26, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Have given my explanations below to keep this section readable — Rowanseymour (talk) 12:09, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:UCN (use common names). Nothing in WP:NCLANG proscribes usage of prefixed forms where the prefix is commonly used in English.  The current title is neither inaccurate nor ambiguous.   —  AjaxSmack   17:26, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

Discussion
I know the usual danger of doing this, but I've run a quick English language Google test and get this: Quite a difference there... — Amakuru (talk) 13:54, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Kirundi: 1,110,000 results
 * Rundi: 812,000 results - and bear in mind with that one, the top few relate to Indian slang, several further down the first page are people's personal names etc. so probably a lot of the 812,000 do not refer to the language at all.
 * "Rundi language" 2,080 results.

 * Not much difference at all, really: 11:8 in favor of Kirundi?
 * Also, if you check how many hits are actually there, you'll find 672 for Kirundi vs. 682 for Rundi. (Add in "language", and it's 492 to 331, so both are common.)
 * Check GBooks, and it's 18,800 Kirundi to 29,800 Rundi estimated, 354 to 389 actually returned; add 'language', and it's 266 to 259 estimated, 144 to 90 returned.

 * Also, though this is impressionistic, there seems to be a strong correlation between using 'Kirundi' (or 'KiRundi') and 'Kiswahili', and likewise between 'Rundi' and 'Swahili'. — kwami (talk) 14:13, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

Hi again Kwami,

As a way of trying to form consensus on this, is there any chance we can try to agree on / establish the relative usage, even if we may not agree on the actual outcome? FWIW, my belief (and I know this contains a bit of WP:OR in that a lot of it is based on personal experience) is the following: The above is supposition on my part but I'd like to know first off whether you agree or disagree with it... then we can move on... Thanks — Amakuru (talk) 20:38, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * People *on the ground*, be they ex-pat Brits/Americans living in Burundi, English-speaking Rwandans/Burundians/Tanzanians, reporters, and diplomats predominantly use "Kirundi". If you don't agree with this, we may be able to try to establish the facts with other sources.
 * Western newspapers and media tend to use "Kirundi"
 * Books and academic papers are probably split roughly 50/50.
 * Kwami, if usage of Rundi is uncommon amongst non-academics, but 50/50 amongst linguists (as Amakuru hypothesizes), would you give priority to the latter since they are experts or do you interpret the measure of commonness to be amongst anyone using the language and not just the experts? — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi] 22:26, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Where do you stand on this question, Aeusoes? Which should have a priority? — Amakuru (talk) 15:09, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm actually rather surprised that the Rundi:Kirundi ratio in our search results is as high as it is. People like using the prefixes when they're comfortable with them. The problem IMO is that most English speakers are not comfortable with them. Again, Indian English-language newspapers tend to use "Ganga", but nonetheless we have the article at Ganges.
 * At WP:NAME they say,
 * In determining which of several alternative names is most frequently used, it is useful to observe the usage of major international organizations, major English-language media outlets, quality encyclopedias, geographic name servers, major scientific bodies and scientific journals.
 * So we generally go with formal rather that informal sources (that is, 2ary rather than 1ary sources). Notice also the 'international' bit, rather than 'local'. In addition, it goes on to say,
 * The ideal title for an article will also satisfy the other criteria outlined above;
 * those 'other criteria' include
 * Consistency – titles which follow the same pattern as those of similar articles are generally preferred. Many of these patterns are documented in the naming guidelines listed in the Specific-topic naming conventions box above, and ideally indicate titles that are in accordance with the principal criteria above.
 * Our Bantu names are largely consistent. Generally, when you see a link or title, you can be pretty sure that that ki- or ba- is part of the root, not a prefix, though for some of the more obscure languages we don't know ourselves. I suspect that in some of the more obscure languages, a ba- is actually the class-2 prefix (that is, formally incorrect as the name of the language!), but those are exceptions that should be fixed as we document them. There are a couple exceptions, such as Lingala, but those are cases where the term is well established in English and, unlike Rundi, occurs almost universally with the prefix even in academic sources. (AFAIK there is also no ethnically or nationally Ngala people to derive a common form.) We even have bizarre exceptions like Bangala language, which is the same root as Lingala but with the people prefix, and is used as the name of a separate language. That's completely idiosyncratic and IMO the kind of thing that's best avoided if at all possible.
 * So, consider which names are most common, giving weight to RSs, and where more than one name is common, consider not just absolute numbers but other qualities we look for in a name, such as 'common root' in the case of language/people. If we get into an argument over whether to use the prefix with every Bantu, Nilotic, and Berber language based on Google counts and citing sources familiar to us, it's going to be an unending mess.
 * The lay-vs-expert usage issue is a tricky one. We want to avoid expert usage when that results in jargon: better to stick to common English, as long as it's not ambiguous. However, apart from that we generally place greater value on academic usage. In this case, the academic usage is not jargon; in fact, one could argue the opposite, since Bantu noun-class prefixes are alien to English – unless, of course, the reader is familiar with Bantu languages, which most of our readers are not. This is completely OR, but I suspect it is easier to learn the root in the name of a people/language and bear in mind that it will often be accompanied by a NC prefix, than to learn some names with the prefix and others without, and try to remember which is which. The latter is twice the work. — kwami (talk) 23:26, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, I will try to summarise your points above so I can give my comments on each...
 * English speakers are not comfortable with Bantu prefixes
 * I don't see the logic of this. Most English speakers worldwide have probably not heard of this language, so to refer to it as either "Kirundi" or "Rundi" makes little difference to their understanding of what the article says.
 * Various other articles do not use what local newspapers use, e.g. Ganga, Tswana language
 * If you want my honest opinion, I'm not convinced that these are titled correctly, particularly Tswana language in which the arguments are basically the same. I think attempting to use a western academic terminology over widely used local English-language terminology violates WP:WORLDWIDE. However, Botswana and India are not areas I follow closely or am intimately familiar with so I'm not pushing too hard on those issues. So the fact that the CIA website says "Setswana" doesn't mean we should automatically ignore what it says.
 * We generally go for formal rather than informal sources
 * This is true, but the list of "formal" sources you mention above includes many, both academic and media, that do say Kirundi so is not in itself a pro-argument for the move.
 * International is considered more important than local usage
 * As above, many of the international sources (UN, CIA, BBC) do use Kirundi.
 * Bantu articles are consistent in omitting prefixes
 * I think this is far from true - indeed the very word "Bantu" itself contains the prefix ba- which broadly translates to second class, or a plural of people. Singular form is umuntu/muntu, while other roots give alternative words such as kintu (thing), ubuntu (togetherness) etc.
 * Treating each language individually will result in an unending mess
 * This depends on whether you value order and consistency over what is commonly used and understand. WP:COMMON dictates that we should do the latter.
 * Greater value is placed on academic (where it's not jargon) than lay.
 * See the two points regarding "formal" and "international" sources above. My conjecture is that they are split 50/50.
 * It is easier to learn words without a prefix
 * See above re English speakers. — Amakuru (talk) 15:32, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * A counter argument: with my move request, we'd be stuck with Kirundi and Kinyarwanda an "languages", when actually they're dialects of the same language. Because they're national and official languages, however, it would be difficult to move them to "dialect". The current single-word titles leave it ambiguous. However, the 'language' titles would be little different from Malaysian language, Indonesian language, Croatian language, Serbian language, etc., none of which are languages apart from the official/standard sense. — kwami (talk) 10:53, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I think by "comfortable with Bantu prefixes", Kwami is referring to (or, at least, I would argue that) the way English speakers aren't comfortable internalizing such prefixes, which is why we have Tswana language and Tswana people, not baTswana and seTswana. It certainly isn't the case that English speakers are uncomfortable with pronouncing words with such prefixes (indeed, sometimes such prefixes make a word easier to pronounce), rather, our readership isn't really primed to automatically see the relationship between such words.  Our policy is to avoid using these prefixes when we can.  Bantu may be an exception, but it's not much of one; we don't distinguish between Bantu people and Bantu languages, nor do we write it ‹baNtu›.  As Kwami says, exceptions to this are either well-established in English usage or cases awaiting movement in accordance with our naming policies.
 * English is a language with international forms that go beyond (that is, are more widespread than) "local English-language" usage. Thus, you have it backwards; giving priority to a local form, if anything, is what would go against WP:WORLDWIDE.  Remember that WP:WORLDWIDE should be measured in tandem with WP:EN.
 * If, as you suggest, academic and international sources are split relatively evenly, then our policy would have us move to Rundi language. Kwami has made a compelling case for why and how we give priority to academic usage without getting too jargony.  There is a certain amount of give in this, which is why Jamaican Creole was moved to Jamaican Patois.
 * As Kwami has articulated, we have policies on naming conventions to present a consistent format. It makes the encyclopedia look professional and having such policies helps avoid constantly getting into disruptive disputes over stylistic differences.  WP:COMMON is a subset of WP:IAR and therefore "dictates" nothing.  Indeed, as WP:IAR is basically about attempting to meet a policy's underlying principles when its precise wording gets in the way, I fail to see how having varying styles would meet the underlying principle of having a consistent style.
 * Since the parallels of dialect continuum points being standardized as separate standard languages are articles with "language" in the title, I'm not in favor of avoiding the word "language" in order to be neutral to the dialect-language question. This is mostly about consistency, though it's also a sociolinguistic issue. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  16:36, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I'd only add that "Bantu" is not an exception. It's not even plural: a Bantu person/people/language. The ba- is simply a prefix etymologically; it's not a prefix in English. No-one says "a Kintu language" (or Lintu or whatever) or "a Muntu person". (If Bantu has a prefix, then Swahili should drop the M- from Mmarekani, since the -ani suffix already indicates that it's a person—except that it's not a suffix in Swahili.) But Setswana / Motswana / Batswana introduces those prefixes into English, and often different prefixes for different Bantu languages (Kiswahili / Mswahili / Waswahili etc.). — kwami (talk) 20:21, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Do we really consider the ki- of kiSwahili to be a prefix in English? — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi] 20:28, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Your use of camel case shows that you're using it as a prefix! It's effectively a prefix if we also speak of the Waswahili. If speakers are unable to parse it, they will need to learn 'Swahili', 'Kiswahili', and 'Waswahili' as if they were three independent words. I doubt that happens (though it does with names like Lingala and Bantu), so we end up with a lot of irregular derivation. Okay, no more irregular than the relationship of country names to their inhabitants, but there are only 200+ countries compared to 5000–7000 languages. — kwami (talk) 21:24, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I think memorizing the three terms as independent (though related) words without understanding the prefixes (especially going past etymology) is exactly what happens a lot of the time, camel case or no. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi] 21:49, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm sure it is, but ultimately I don't think that's relevant to the case. We are not trying to teach our readers Bantu grammar, we are simply trying to represent the world as it is. And the bottom line here, is that we (and no doubt a few of the academics mentioned above) are valuing "consistency amongst Bantu articles" and "perceived English forms of Bantu words" over and above the term that is really used in the vast majority of cases (as far as I can tell) - maybe that is a useful trade off, and doubtless you guys would say so, but it doesn't conform to my notions of how Wikipedia should be, that's all. — Amakuru (talk) 10:52, 20 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, the prefixes thing is sort of a side issue. As Kwami mentioned, WP:NAME says we should give priority over expert and academic usage, which makes the dominance of Kirundu over Rundi a bit weaker.  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  15:45, 20 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Great, so if we move away from the prefix issus we're back to my hypothesis above, that academic sources are probably split 50/50 and other sources (media, embassies, NGOs and CIA) predominantly use Kirundi. Which to me suggests, however you weight academic vs. other sources, the balance of preference tilts towards Kirundi.
 * Of course, I'll admit that it's hard to verify the 50/50 thing, but there are certainly plenty of academic sources which use Kirundi, e.g:
 * Kinyarwanda and Kirundi names: a semiolinguistic analysis of Bantu onomastics (Alexandre Kimenyi, 1989)
 * Dictionary: Kirundi-English, English-Kirundi (Elizabeth E. Cox, 1969)
 * One thousand languages: living, endangered, and lost (Peter Austin, 2008) - page 98
 * Autolexical syntax: a theory of parallel grammatical representations (Jerrold M. Sadock, 1991 - page 126
 * African study monographs: Volumes 10-12 (Kyōto Daigaku. Research Committee for African Area Studies, 1989)
 * and plenty more. — Amakuru (talk) 16:36, 20 February 2011 (UTC)
 * If it's 50/50, then both terms are common and WP:Naming conventions (languages) unambiguously applies. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  16:45, 20 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh well, I can see I'm not going to be able to change your mind on this one but I guess it was still worth my while trying... everyone I have spoken to "off-wiki" says the same as I do but sadly they're not Wikipedians Smiley.svg. It'd be nice to get a few more votes above, but we'll see what happens. Nice sparring with you anyway... — Amakuru (talk) 17:45, 20 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Worth noting Alexandre Kimenyi who was one of the few Rwandan academics who wrote on the language used "Kirundi" and "Kinyarwanda". Rowanseymour (talk) 14:31, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

If we are considering referring to Kirundi as "Rundi language" then does Burundi have to be called "Rundi country"? This policy seems to ignore that some Bantu prefixes are kept in common English usage because they are needed to distinguish different nouns. I would assume the Ki of Kiswahili has been dropped in English because there is no people group or geographical entity called "swahili". However in the case of "rundi" it could be umurundi (person), abarundi (people), ikirundi (language), uburundi (country).

Also as I've mentioned above "rundi" just means "other" so it doesn't make any sense to a Kirundi speaker to say "rundi language". I could get plenty of native Kirundi speakers to come and argue this but I don't any who are familiar with Wikipedia...Rowanseymour (talk) 14:31, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

 * You're confusing Rundi w English. What Rundi speakers call it is irrelevant, but I do find it interesting that they don't call it "Rundi language". According to my sources they do. What have you heard it called?
 * And of course there are Swahili people just like there are Rundi people: Waswahili and Barundi. Actually, the Swahili are more a people than the Rundi: they're a distinct ethnic group, which the Rundi are not.
 * Countries are a different matter. They have legally recognized names which do not vary (much) in English. Urundi and Buganda mean different things than Burundi and Uganda. That's not the case with the languages, where Rundi and Kirundi are merely synonyms. (There are rare exceptions, such as Lingala and Bangala, which refer to different varieties of the Ngala language, but that's not relevant here.) — kwami (talk) 15:07, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm referring to what Burundians call it when they are speaking English, and I'd say English 99% of conversations about Kirundi occur in Burundi involving Burundians. I take your point that "Swahili" is common usage despite the existence of a people group but I've never heard a Burundian say "Rundi language" or a Rwandan say "Rwanda language". Rundi and Kirundi are NOT synonyms for Kirundi speakers, as I've said before "rundi" just means "other", like "urundi rugero" meaning "the other example" Rowanseymour (talk) 16:21, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Then doesn't ikirundi mean "other (language)"? So they are synonyms.
 * But regardless, that doesn't matter. This is English Wikipedia; what some word means in some other language is entirely irrelevant. I'm not going to complain about the Rundi calling English Icongereza; it's their language, so of course they're going to accommodate their grammar. The argument needs to be based on English, not on Rundi, and Burundi isn't even an anglophone country! — kwami (talk) 19:07, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * On top of that, WP:COMMONNAME points to usage in "major international organizations, major English-language media outlets, quality encyclopedias, geographic name servers, major scientific bodies and scientific journals" for determining what is common usage. Note that the omission of casual conversations and the emphasis on international organizations means that local usage is deemphasized and being from or having lived in the area doesn't give as much authority on the matter as you would like, Rowanseymour.  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  20:17, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I think we need to distinguish how it is used in some academic papers - who have borrowed an old naming from older academic work which goes back to the days of colonialism when even the countries were "officially" called "Ruanda-Urundi", and contemporary English usage where it is always Kirundi and Kinyarwanda. It's easier to make this point for Kinyarwanda because being more of an Anglophone country there are a lot more materials in English, e.g.
 * BBC World service http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2009/03/090309_cojo_africa_languages.shtml
 * The Rwandan Government http://www.migration.gov.rw/IMG/pdf/General_Information.pdf
 * New Times (main English newspaper in Rwanda) http://www.newtimes.co.rw/index.php?issue=14538&article=38389
 * Voice of America http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2005-12-15-voa70-66910812.html
 * African Network for Localization http://www.africanlocalisation.net/category/tags/kinyarwanda
 * SpeakRwanda (despite its name it consistently uses Kinyarwanda) http://www.speakrwanda.com/
 * And it seems to be increasingly the norm in academic papers as well...
 * Finite State Solutions For Reduplication In Kinyarwanda Language (2008) http://aflat.org/node/405
 * Computational Analysis of Kinyarwanda Morphology: The Morphological Alternations (2007) http://aflat.org/node/404
 * An articulatory view of Kinyarwanda coronal harmony (2008) http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4292312
 * The onus is on you to show contemporary usage of Rundi/Rwanda language Rowanseymour (talk) 07:14, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Rwanda is not a good comparison, because it's also the name of the country. That can make dab'ing necessary. ("Rwandan language", maybe. That's fairly common.) But since you're arguing that Rundi is different from other languages, the argument needs to be about Rundi, not about other languages. (It would appear that only one of your sources mentions Kirundi; I've lined out the other ones.) After all, I could argue that Kenya is an even more anglophone country than Rwanda, and they commonly use Gikuyu and Swahili, so we should therefore use Rundi: If we're going to follow your advice by going on consistency with other languages, then Kirundi looses out. Also, the MS article you cited for "Kinyarwanda" also uses "Kiswahili". Since we don't follow their usage for Swahili, why should we for Rundi?
 * As for contemporary sources, how about the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed., 2006)? "Burundi: Language Situation": all ethnic groups in Burundi speak one language, Rundi. Rundi (Kirundi) is a Bantu language closely related to Kinyarwanda, the language of Rwanda ... (Interesting that they use "Rundi" even as they go the other way for Kinyarwanda.)
 * Or Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)? (Both "Rundi" and "Rwanda".) Those are perhaps the two most widely used general language references in English.
 * Or the Encyclopedia Britannica (2010) "Rundi": the peoples of the Republic of Burundi, who speak Rundi ... the Rundi language (also called Kirundi) ... "Burundi": Burundi's official languages are Rundi (Kirundi) ... instruction is in Rundi at the primary level and in French at the secondary level. "Rwanda language": Rwanda also spelled Ruanda, also called  Kinyarwanda ... Rwanda is closely related to the Rundi language of Burundi.
 * — kwami (talk) 08:54, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I thought we could perhaps discuss Kinyarwanda here as well since we're having the exact same discussion on its talk page. I'll move those links. So the ONLY references you can find to "Rundi language" are a couple of Encyclopedia entries, whose articles were probably first written in colonial times?? The "Ruanda" spelling comes from the first Germans colonizers and is not commonly used at all nowadays except by Germans.
 * — Rowanseymour (talk) 09:07, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

 * So, if you disagree with a source, it must have been written in colonial times, even though it was published 2006–2010, and its first edition (in the case of ELL and Eth) did not come out in colonial times, or (in the case of the EB) it's obviously been rewritten numerous times since. I don't make up nonsense to discredit your sources; if you're just going to make stuff up, you only discredit yourself. — kwami (talk) 09:14, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Not at all but the term "Rundi language" comes from studies from that era, and the only places you'll find that term used are the few materials which are reusing or referencing older work.
 * — Rowanseymour (talk) 09:33, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I think that, not only do you have the burden of proof to demonstrate that "Rundi" is exclusively a term used in colonial-era sources, but also that such usage, no matter how common, is anachronistic. Otherwise, it seems that you are making self-referential, tautological, or no true Scotsman-type claims.  In other words, do not assume what you are also trying to prove.  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  12:46, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

 * To be honest I'm not sure how I can prove that? Ultimately the burden of proof is on you guys who are proposing the change. We've provided ample sources to show that Kirundi is the dominant English form in use today. I don't think you've provided anything that shows "Rundi language" to even be common usage.—Rowanseymour (talk) 13:06, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm referring to your attempts at dismissing contemporary sources as "colonialist" without any proof. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  13:17, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Here is another, obviously not colonialist source: Derek Nurse & Gérard Philippson eds. (2003) The Bantu Languages. This is *the* general reference on the Bantu languages, it was first published in 2003, and they use both "Rundi" and "Rwanda". — kwami (talk) 16:52, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I would add to that that the same does apply to Kirundi as well as Kinyarwanda. I think I've probably quoted these before, but the following top notch sources (matching Aeusoes' categories above) all use "Kirundi":
 * New York Times (major English-language media outlet)
 * National Geographic (major English-language media outlet and scientific journal)
 * BBC (major English-language media outlet)
 * CIA World Factbook (major international organisation)
 * The Kirundi verb (academic journal entry from University of Chicago)
 * And yes, Britannica does use "Rundi" but it seems to be the exception rather than the rule and probably dates back to earlier editions (I'm not aware of their inner workings but I imagine with such a large corpus of material not everything gets looked at in detail every time it is released).
 * Regarding local vs international usage I would refer you back to WP:ENGVAR. I am of course aware that Burundi is not an English speaking country in its own right, but it is a member of the East African Community, a body formed primarily of English speaking countries. So, just as for Mexico we would use U.S. English (Mexico is a member of NAFTA), for Burundi we should use EAC English as used in Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Sources in those countries, as well as the EAC itself predominantly use Kirundi. For example:
 * EAC communication guide
 * New Times (Rwanda) article
 * Daily Nation (Kenya) key facts page
 * etc. etc. etc. As Rowan rightly points out it is really very hard to argue in 2011 that "Rundi language" meets either contemporary usage or comon name criteria. Thanks again — Amakuru (talk) 08:29, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

 * So we're back to some good sources using 'Rundi', and some using 'Kirundi'.
 * In your EAC link, they use both Kiswahili and Kirundi. But then they switch to Swahili. That is, they use the prefix the first time, then drop it. They evidently don't see them as being significantly different.
 * You're also engaging in speculation. Do you have any references that the prefixed forms have displaced the unprefixed forms? As far as I can see, they've lived side by side for decades. This is a debate on foreign names that has raged for generations: Remain true to the original, or stay true to English. There's been tons of ink spilled on anglicized vs. 'authentic' pronunciations, spellings, etc. I don't think there's anything new or different with this one. — kwami (talk) 08:58, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Except as we keep demonstrating by providing links to online materials, "Rundi" is not a commonly used anglicized version of the "Ikirundi" - "Kirundi" is. This is not a debate about authentic vs anglicized, but what is the generally accepted anglicized version — Rowanseymour (talk) 09:45, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * And it leads by about 3:2. That's not a very large margin. They're both generally accepted. — kwami (talk) 15:54, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

From COMMONNAME: "Editing for the sole purpose of changing one controversial title to another is strongly discouraged. If an article title has been stable for a long time, and there is no good reason to change it, it should not be changed" — Rowanseymour (talk) 11:44, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is why we are discussing it first. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi] 12:46, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

Here's a non-linguistic source: the US National Institute of Health. At the top they say "Kirundi (Rundi)", and in the individual entries they say "Rundi (Kirundi)". These are simple synonyms in English. — kwami (talk) 16:25, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Related to the above discussions and my comment regarding the individuality of Bantu languages, I have proposed an amendment on the policy regarding Bantu language names so that cases like Luganda, Kirundi and Kinyarwanda could be treated on their own merits rather than our being encouraged to remove the Bantu prefixes per policy. The amendment proposal is at: Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (languages) and I would welcome the views of everyone here to try to nail this down properly. Thanks — Amakuru (talk) 09:21, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

 * They can be treated on their own merits: What do you think we're doing here? And there is no policy. — kwami (talk) 10:09, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, as long as we agree on that I don't have so much of a problem with the guideline. I have commented further on the matter at the WP:NCL talk page. Thanks — Amakuru (talk) 12:12, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Kirundi


text:
Dionysius Periegetes

Dionysius Periegetes (Διονύσιος ὁ Περιηγητής, literally Dionysius the Voyager or Traveller, often Latinized to Dionysius Periegeta), also known as Dionysius of Alexandria or Dionysius the African, was the author of a description of the then-known world in Greek hexameter verse. He is believed to have been from Alexandria and to have lived around the time of Hadrian (r. 117–138), though some date his lifetime as late as the end of the 3rd century.

The work enjoyed popularity in ancient times as a schoolbook. It was translated into Latin by Rufius Festus Avienius, and by the grammarian Priscian. Archbishop Eustathius of Thessalonica wrote a commentary on his work for John Doukas.

Editions and translations

 * reprinted Hildesheim: Olms, 1974 ISBN 3-487-04910-4 (this book contains also Eustathius' comment, the scholia, Avienius' Descriptio orbis terrarum and Priscian's Periegesis).
 * reprinted Hildesheim: Olms, 1974 ISBN 3-487-04911-2.
 * reprinted Hildesheim: Olms, 1974 ISBN 3-487-04910-4 (this book contains also Eustathius' comment, the scholia, Avienius' Descriptio orbis terrarum and Priscian's Periegesis).
 * reprinted Hildesheim: Olms, 1974 ISBN 3-487-04911-2.

title: Dionysius Periegetes


text:
Talk:Malayalam script

-

Untitled
An earlier version of this page, with a copy at http://www.fact-index.com/m/ma/malayalam_alphabet.html has the consonants lla, llla and rra in a different order with respect to other consonants. This site has them in another order. Can anyone confirm what the correct Malayalam alphabetical order is? The current page seems to follow the order of Unicode code-points, which IMHO is not the correct way to introduce an alphabet. -- Paddu 19:59, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It seems to, that there is no good and definitive reference on web. If I get the story right, default Unicode collation simply followed ISCII, not taking into account the differences between indic scripts. There seems to be some discussion on changing this, and at some point the default Unicode collation may be updated to something usefull. See -- Pjacobi 21:01, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Any chance of some instructions on how to download the thing you need to read this page? The Recycling Troll 02:47, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/fonts_windows.html#malayalam -- Pjacobi 10:48, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mistake in Unicode script
The vowel diacritics for the consonants in Malayalam should, for the most part, precede the consonant. For the letters o and O, the e and E signs should respectively appear before the consonant, and after the consonant the elongated A diacritic should appear.

Please correct this if you know how to work with computer language. Thanks.

 * The coding of the page is correct, but it seems to need a major effort to make a computer capable of correctly displaying Malayalam Unicode, see http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Welcome%2C_newcomers
 * Pjacobi 01:33, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Malayalam numeral Zero
The malayalam numeral Zero shown in this page appears to be incorrect. In the early books, and in statues (see teh statue of Sre. T.P. Madhava Rao in Trivandrum) the numeral zero is used as used in sanskrit i.e 0 itself. The symbol shown here was used sometimes to represent the number 10 as a whole. Verify this and correct.

need script translation at WikiProject India/Translation
Need scripts of malayalam.--D-Boy 18:07, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

How do I form the NKA charactor? -- I owe you my thanks to anyone who tells me, and I hope to help you in the future with a need of yours, Samuel 13 th February, 02007

I found the charactor at http://ml.wikipedia.com/, as in the words: എബ്രഹാം ലിങ്കണ്

Thank you,

Samuel പകലൊമററം http://www.geocities.com/pakalomattamfamily/orethu1.pdf Pakalomattam 16:30, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Malayalam script disappearance on Wikipedia
Hello all,

I would like to know why the Malayalam script is not visible on Wikipedia anymore. Can anybody help me on this? Regards.

Wiki Raja 01:19, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

It's still there as far as I see it.

Thank you,

Samuel പകലൊമററം http://www.geocities.com/pakalomattamfamily/orethu1.pdf Pakalomattam 16:28, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Information About Traditional Malayalam Script
I think information about the traditional malayalam script before the Script Reform must also be added to the article. Also there is no information about Malaylam Conjuncts in this article. They must also be added

Editor for unicode
I would like to know how to write in unicode Malayalam. If anyone knows an editor for it, would you write me. The link to the editor at the bottom of this article is not able to create all letters, e.g. the nk sound in Sankarapoori, one of my ancestral family names.

Thank you,

Samuel പകലൊമററം http://www.geocities.com/pakalomattamfamily/orethu1.pdf 16:24, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Please Update Page to include Malaylam Cillaksarams or "Chillu letters"
Malayalam has several independent letter forms for consonants, when they are syllable final and lack an inherent vowel. These forms are titled 'cillaksarams' and are important in numerous cases for differentiating between two possible alternatives of one written gloss.

On July 2005 Unicode Temporarily allotted code positions for chillaksharams based on Public Review 66. Then, after getting a response from the Rachana Team titled "Chandrakkala. Samvruthokaram. Chillaksharam." Unicode withdrew the code position allotment for chillaksharam on September 2005. After that as a part of discussion, a large number of response documents were submitted before Unicode. Based up on Eric Muller's Report Summarising the discussion and proposing Allotment of Chillu letters, submitted to Unicode on May 2006, It is approved On July 2006.

You can read about the discussion and the letter forms here: http://lists.sarovar.org/pipermail/plus-discuss/2006-October/000491.html and read Eric Muller's Report here: http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/N3126.pdf

Can someone perhaps update the page to include these letters, once they are supported by unicode? I would be happy to do it, but I don't have the know-how.

(5amuel 14:04, 30 May 2007 (UTC))

I'll just post this link for now: http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/#Malayalam_Chillu_Characters There are many things to update... Gyopi (talk) 10:13, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

I just added Malayalam_script. No time to include more examples, nor /nt/ etc. nor Dot reph (yet). I think more ligatures should be handled first. If you're still around, please help.—Gyopi (talk) 09:57, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Dravidian civilizations
Wiki Raja 09:57, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Example of the script?
It's all question marks now, can somebody include a picture of the script? It doesn't do any good to just have question marks. --AW (talk) 10:28, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

for LING 1100-108
Wow, Lulu, you have really expanded this stub in the introduction. Good Job! I think you have included most of the topics on Malayalam script; however I did notice that when you mentioned the distinction between vowels and consonants at the end of introduction, you should probably continue to write a few extra sentences. Right now it seems to me that the last part of your writing is sort of imcomplete. Thanks Lunabunny (talk) 06:11, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Nice job, Lulu. The expanded introduction is very informative. I noticed that in the second paragraph of the introduction, starting with "During 1970-1980..." the word "emerged" is spelled incorrectly as "immerged"; you might want to fix that. In the paragraph on "Adaptation of Malayalam script for other languages" that was deleted later, maybe if you rewrote it and were more specific on why it is difficult to adapt, then you could add that section back. Why wouldn't other languages be able to use or modify the consonant and vowel diacritic? Thanks! --zcat13 (talk) 21:41, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for the comments, I took most of your comments and made necessary modifications. The only thing I decided against adding was the "Adaptation of Malayalam script for other languages". I can see where the person who deleted the section is coming from since a section like that is of little value in the Wiki page. It seems unlikely that anyone looking up the malayalam script would be wondering whether it was a script easily adaptable to other langauages unless it was specifically the topic of their assignment. This is usally not a quality of the script that is often discussed. --Lululululu12 (talk) 04:59, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

-moz-column-count
Currently the  hacks are used in this article, which is a bit ugly, and works only on Mozilla (Firefox) anyway. If 2 tables are to be placed side by side, Template:Multicol can be used for better browser support. But now the "Remarks" column of the "Consonants" table is a bit too narrow, not exactly easy to read when a lengthy text is put there, isn't it...? So I'd like to make the "Consonants" table one wide table, like the "Vowels" table currently is, not divided into two parts, placed side by side. Would that be okay? Also, someone please help improve the text, anyone. I'm not really good at writing and I could really use some help :) —Gyopi (talk) 08:37, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Changed.—Gyopi (talk) 08:59, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Usage of reformed vs traditional script
The statement that "The new orthography ..., is now used commonly, but has not completely replaced the traditional system" is not well supported by the reference. The reference says the reformed script is mostly used in just a few kinds of publications.

Could we see a reference to some statistics?

Stevan White (talk) 14:57, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Support for the ligature nṯa ?
Has there been any advance in support for the ligature nṯa since 2011? DFH (talk) 17:37, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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GA Nomination
You have not made a single edit to the article, but still nominated it for GA. That's not how it works. I have reverted your edit. §§Dharmadhyaksha§§ {Talk / Edits} 06:50, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

Other consonants, missing reference "I"
Below the "Other consonants" table, what does note "I" refer to? Joe Forster/STA (talk) 12:51, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Malayalam script


text:
User talk:Big buddy boy

Hello, "Big buddy boy", and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

-- Infrogmation 19:59, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the village pump.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian \
 * If you are interested in writing definitions instead of (or in addition to) encyclopedia articles, you might wish to check out our dictionary sister project, Wiktionary.

Image copyright problem with Image:Nitie_logo.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Nitie_logo.gif. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. -- Carnildo 21:01, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Big buddy boy


text:
Jared Padalecki

Jared Tristan Padalecki (born July 19, 1982) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the role of Sam Winchester in the TV series Supernatural. He rose to fame in the early 2000s after appearing on the television series Gilmore Girls as well as the films New York Minute (2004) Flight of the Phoenix (2004) and House of Wax (2005), later starring in Friday the 13th (2009).

Early life and education
Padalecki was born in San Antonio, Texas to Gerald and Sherri Padalecki. His father is of Polish descent, while his mother has German, Scottish, French, and English ancestry.

He was a 2000 candidate for the Presidential Scholars Program. In 1998, Padalecki and his partner Chris Cardenas won the National Forensic League national championship in Duo Interpretation. Although he had originally planned to attend the University of Texas after graduating from high school in 2000, Padalecki decided to move to Los Angeles County, California instead to pursue an acting career.

Career
Padalecki won Fox Broadcasting's 1999 "Claim to Fame Contest"; he subsequently appeared at the Teen Choice Awards, where he met an agent. His first role was a minor role in the 1999 film A Little Inside. In 2000, he was cast as Dean Forester on the television series Gilmore Girls, a role he played until 2005. Throughout the early 2000s, he appeared in several made-for-television films, including Silent Witness, Close to Home, and the Disney Channel Original Movie A Ring of Endless Light.

Padalecki had an uncredited role as a high school bully in 2003's comedy Cheaper by the Dozen, which he played after being asked by fellow actor and friend Tom Welling, who played Charlie Baker, and the director of the movie, who wanted someone larger than Charlie to pick on him. Padalecki originally auditioned for Welling's role, but gave it up in order to film a pilot titled Young MacGyver which was never picked up.

In 2004, he appeared in the Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen comedy New York Minute as Trey Lipton, a cute boy to whom the Olsens' characters are attracted. He also landed a short role in the thriller Flight of the Phoenix alongside Dennis Quaid and Hugh Laurie. In 2005, Padalecki starred opposite Elisha Cuthbert, Chad Michael Murray, and Paris Hilton in House of Wax as Wade. In 2005, he appeared in Cry Wolf, another horror film, as Tom.

Also in 2005, Padalecki was cast as Sam Winchester on the WB series, Supernatural. The show ended in 2020, after fifteen seasons, making it the longest-running North American sci-fi series in history.

In 2007, Jared served as the host of MTV's horror reality series, Room 401, which was discontinued after only eight episodes due to poor ratings.

He had the lead role in 2008's Christmas Cottage as Thomas Kinkade, alongside acclaimed actor Peter O'Toole.

He also had the lead role in the 2009 version of Friday the 13th as Clay Miller, a character who heads out to Camp Crystal Lake in search of his sister who has gone missing.

In September 2019, Padalecki was announced as the title role in Walker, a reboot series of Walker, Texas Ranger in development at The CW. The reboot was ordered to series in January 2020 and premiered in January 2021. The series was cancelled in 2024 after four seasons.

Personal life
Padalecki's engagement to his Supernatural co-star Genevieve Cortese was announced in January 2010. They met when Cortese guest-starred as Ruby on the show's fourth season. Padalecki proposed to her in front of their favorite painting, Joan of Arc, by French realist Jules Bastien-Lepage at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art in October 2009. The pair married on February 27, 2010, in Cortese's hometown of Sun Valley, Idaho. They have three children.

Padalecki and Supernatural co-stars Jensen Ackles and Misha Collins supported Beto O'Rourke for the 2018 Senate election in Texas.

Always Keep Fighting
In March 2015, Padalecki launched his Always Keep Fighting campaign through Represent.com. His first campaign raised funds for To Write Love On Her Arms, which supports people struggling with depression, addiction, self-injury, and suicide. The cause is particularly close to Padalecki, who has been candid about his own struggles with depression. For the second campaign in the Always Keep Fighting series in April 2015, Padalecki partnered with co-star Jensen Ackles to release a shirt featuring both of their faces, to benefit their newly formed joint charitable fund. Over 70,000 shirts were sold. Later, Padalecki launched a third campaign selling a further 40,000 shirts.

During San Diego Comic-Con 2015, more than 6,000 fans surprised Padalecki at the Supernatural panel by holding up candles for him, after having revealed his battle with depression earlier in the year.

title: Jared Padalecki


text:
Claude-Louis Navier

Claude-Louis Navier (born Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier; ; 10 February 1785 – 21 August 1836) was a French Civil engineer, affiliated with the French government, and a physicist who specialized in continuum mechanics.

The Navier–Stokes equations refer eponymously to him, with George Gabriel Stokes.

Biography
After the death of his father in 1793, Navier's mother left his education in the hands of his uncle Émiland Gauthey, an engineer with the Corps of Bridges and Roads (Corps des Ponts et Chaussées). In 1802, Navier enrolled at the École polytechnique, and in 1804 continued his studies at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, from which he graduated in 1806. He eventually succeeded his uncle as Inspecteur general at the Corps des Ponts et Chaussées.

He directed the construction of bridges at Choisy, Asnières and Argenteuil in the Department of the Seine, and built a footbridge to the Île de la Cité in Paris. His 1824 design for the Pont des Invalides failed to leave a safety margin on top of his calculations, and after cracking the bridge had to be dismantled, destroying Navier's bridge-building reputation. He was chastised by a government committee for relying too much on mathematics.

In 1824, Navier was admitted into the French Academy of Science. In 1830, he took up a professorship at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, and in the following year succeeded the exiled Augustin Louis Cauchy as professor of calculus and mechanics at the École polytechnique.

Contributions
Navier formulated the general theory of elasticity in a mathematically usable form (1821), making it available to the field of construction with sufficient accuracy for the first time. In 1819 he succeeded in determining the zero line of mechanical stress, finally correcting Galileo Galilei's incorrect results, and in 1826 he established the elastic modulus as a property of materials independent of the second moment of area. Navier is therefore often considered to be the founder of modern structural analysis. His major contribution, however, remains the Navier–Stokes equations (1822), central to fluid mechanics.

His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

Selected publications

 * Rapport à Monsieur Becquey et Mémoire sur les ponts suspendus. Notice sur le pont des Invalides, chez Carillan Gœury, Paris, 1830 (read online (French language))
 * Résumé des leçons données à l'École des ponts et chaussées sur l'application de la mécanique à l'Établissement des constructions et des machines, tome 1, Première partie contenant des leçons sur la résistance des matériaux, et sur l'établissement des constructions en terre, en maçonnerie et en charpente, chez Carilian-Gœury 2nd édition), Paris, 1833 (read online (French language))
 * Résumé des leçons données à l'École des ponts et chaussées sur l'application de la mécanique à l'Établissement des constructions et des machines, tome 2, Deuxième partie, leçons sur le mouvement et la résistance des fluides, la conduite et la distribution des eaux, Troisième partie, leçons sur l'établissement des machines, chez Carilian-Gœury 2nd édition), Paris, 1838 (read online (French language))
 * De l'établissement d'un chemin de fer entre Paris et Le Havre, imprimerie Firmin-Didot, 1826 (read online (French language))
 * Mémoire sur les lois du mouvement des fluides, lu à l'Académie royale des Sciences le 18 mars 1822, dans Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences de l'Institut de France - Année 1823, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1827, p. 389-440 (read online (French language))

title: Claude-Louis Navier