text:
TekWar

TekWar is a series of science fiction novels created by Canadian actor William Shatner, ghost-written by American writer Ron Goulart, and published by Putnam beginning in October 1989. The novels gave rise to a comic book series, video game, and later TV movies and a series, both of the latter featuring Shatner.

Premise
The 22nd century universe is centered on "Tek"—an illegal, addictive, mind-altering digital drug in the form of a microchip. The drug creates a simulated reality (and in the films and TV series taps into "the matrix" hyperspace). In the later novels, a new version called "SuperTek" has improved efficiency, is less likely to cause brain damage in users, and features a shared reality, similar to the TV version's "matrix". The protagonist, Jake Cardigan, is a former police officer framed for dealing the drug four years prior to the start of the first novel. Having been sentenced to 15 years' cryo-imprisonment, his release is brought forward by Walt Bascom, the head of private investigation agency Cosmos, who has uncovered the framed charges and exonerates him. In return Bascom wishes to employ him as an expert in a series of Tek-related crimes, mostly in Greater Los Angeles, referred to as "GLA". In the first few novels Cardigan is portrayed as a recovering Tek-user with several lapses, but this aspect diminishes as the novels progress - it is implied in later novels that to break the addiction for even a light user is impossible.

Partnered with the good-natured and charismatic Mexican Sid Gomez, the two make up a good cop/bad cop partnership with Cardigan's past continually being brought up as a foil for his new career - most honest people he meets distrust him, and most dishonest people attempt to kill him for perceived slights in the drug trade. However, the two prove an effective team and stay a core duo throughout the series, with input from a comprehensive list of informants, employees of both Cosmos, other detective agencies and Cardigan's son Dan and his girlfriend Molly - both of whom are enrolled in the GLA police academy and as such have access through their own informant to police files.

The 22nd century is populated with artificial intelligence such as integrated computer systems and "andies" which range from obvious metal robots to highly sophisticated simulacra, some of which are accurate enough to deceive an observer into thinking they are human.

Each novel covers a specific case, all are Tek-related, but most include sub-plots which involve non-Tek issues and travel out of the GLA, occasionally to other countries or as far as orbiting satellites. A shadowy government agency known as OCO - the Office of Clandestine Operations - is a frequent antagonist in the novels, albeit usually keeping to the background and supporting the particular novel's villain.

Background
Shatner began to write notes that would become the novels on the set of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, and has been quoted as saying that the original book was an attempt to blend elements from Star Trek and T. J. Hooker.

Novels

 * 1) TekWar (1989) ISBN 0-399-13495-6
 * 2) TekLords (1991) ISBN 0-399-13616-9
 * 3) TekLab (1991) ISBN 0-399-13736-X
 * 4) Tek Vengeance (1993) ISBN 0-399-13788-2
 * 5) Tek Secret (1993) ISBN 0-399-13892-7
 * 6) Tek Power (1994) ISBN 0-399-13997-4
 * 7) Tek Money (1995) ISBN 0-399-14109-X
 * 8) Tek Kill (1996) ISBN 0-399-14202-9
 * 9) Tek Net (1997) ISBN 0-399-14339-4

Comic book series
In 1992, Tekwar was adapted in to a comic book series.

A new Tekwar comic book adaptation, entitled The Tek War Chronicles, by Shatner and comic book writer Scott Davis with art by Erich Owen and colors by Michelle Davies, was released by Bluewater Productions on June 24, 2009. As of 2010, Tek War Chronicles is available digitally exclusively through Devil's Due Digital.

Trading cards
Trading cards with comic book artwork were published by Cardz in 1993.

Television films and series
The TekWar novels became a television franchise with TV films in 1994, then a series.

The first three were adaptations of the books, while TekJustice was an original movie.

Adult animated adaptation
An adult animated adaptation/reboot of TekWar was announced in September 2021. The project will be developed and written by Matt Michnovetz and produced by Pure Imagination Studios with Shatner's Shatner Universe.

Video game
Tekwar was also made into a 1995 computer game by Capstone Software using the Build engine.

title: TekWar


text:
Indian Campaign Medal

The Indian Campaign Medal is a decoration established by War Department General Orders 12, 1907. The medal was retroactively awarded to any soldier of the U.S. Army who had participated in the American Indian Wars against the Native Americans between 1865 and 1891.

Background
The Indian Campaign Medal was established by War Department General Orders 12 in 1907. It was created at the same time as the Civil War Campaign Medal.

The initial ribbon was all red; however, two black stripes were added in December 1917 because of the similarity to a ribbon used by the French for the French Legion of Honor.

Campaign streamers of the same design as the service ribbon are authorized for display by units receiving campaign credit participation for Indian Wars as early as 1790. The inscriptions for streamers displayed on the organizational flag will be as indicated in the unit's lineage and honors. The inscriptions for the 14 streamers displayed on the Army flag are listed in AR 840-10 and AR 600-8-22.

Eligible campaigns
The service in the following campaigns are eligible for award of the Indian Campaign Medal:
 * 1) Southern Oregon, Idaho, northern California, and Nevada between 1865 and 1868.
 * 2) Against the Comanches and confederate tribes in Kansas, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, and Indian Territory between 1867 and 1875.
 * 3) Modoc War between 1872 and 1873.
 * 4) Against the Apaches in Arizona in 1873.
 * 5) Against the Northern Cheyennes and Sioux between 1876 and 1877.
 * 6) Nez Perce War in 1877.
 * 7) Bannock War in 1878.
 * 8) Against the Northern Cheyennes between 1878 and 1879.
 * 9) Against the Sheep-Eaters, Piutes, and Bannocks between June and October, 1879.
 * 10) Meeker Massacre against the Utes in Colorado and Utah between September 1879 and November 1880.
 * 11) Against the Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico between 1885 and 1886.
 * 12) Wounded Knee Massacre against the Sioux in South Dakota between November 1890 and January 1891.
 * 13) Against hostile Indians in any other action in which United States troops were killed or wounded between 1865 and 1891.

Appearance
The Code of Federal Regulations describes the medal as follows: The medal of bronze is 11⁄4 inches in diameter. On the obverse is a mounted Indian facing sinister, wearing a war bonnet, and carrying a spear in his right hand. Above the horseman are the words ‘'Indian Wars,’’ and below, on either side of a buffalo skull, the circle is completed by arrowheads, conventionally arranged. On the reverse is a trophy, composed of an eagle perched on a cannon supported by crossed flags, rifles, an Indian shield, spear, and quiver of arrows, a Cuban machete, and a Sulu kriss. Below the trophy are the words ‘'For Service.'’ The whole is surrounded by a circle composed of the words ‘'United States Army'’ in the upper half and thirteen stars in the lower half. The medal is suspended by a ring from a silk moire ribbon 13⁄8inches in length and 13⁄8 inches in width composed of a red stripe (1⁄4-inch), black stripe (3⁄16-inch), red band (1⁄2inch), black stripe (3⁄16-inch), and red stripe (1⁄4-inch).

The Indian Campaign Medal was issued as a one-time decoration only and there were no devices or service stars authorized for those who had participated in multiple actions. The only attachment authorized to the medal was the silver citation star, awarded for meritorious or heroic conduct. The silver citation star was the predecessor of the Silver Star and was awarded to eleven soldiers between 1865 and 1891.

As originally issued, the medal had a solid red ribbon. In 1917 two black stripes were added to the ribbon. The reason for this change is that the ribbon of the Indian Campaign Medal was easily confused with the ribbon of the French Legion of Honor which also had a solid red ribbon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Indian Campaign Medal


text:
Talk:Akhmad Kadyrov

Spelling
What is correct: Akhmat or -ad? 82.83.17.170 19:15, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * In official documents, -at spelling is used. However, -ad is very widely used, especially in English (it's much more popular than -at). Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 07:26, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Is this a widely made mistake or does it derive from the origen of the name? What do you mean with "official documents"? Does he spells himself -at in english? Then we may spell him like this, too. 82.83.17.103 21:44, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It is a mistake, but it is so prevalent mistake that it is now the norm... Both spellings entered English through Russian. In official (governmental) documents (see for example www.chechnya.gov.ru) Ахмат (i.e. Akhmat) is used. I don't think that Kadyrov worried about English spelling of his name. In non-official Russian, -ад (-ad) is more used than -ат (-at). There are also -ед (-ed) and -ет (-et) used often. In English, -ad outperforms -at even more. Therefore, I think we should use "Akhmad Kadyrov" as the article title, but specify that official name is Akmat Kadyrov. Or maybe my paragraph is worth to be included in the article (reworded of course). Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 23:25, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * mhhh, difficult case! 82.83.39.51 18:13, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I think there should be some mention in the article about accusations against Kadyrov's pro-Moscow militia regarding human-rights abuses against fellow Chechens.

I am pretty sure His first name is spelled Ahkmat, That is the way it is spelled in Russian and it is pronounced "Ahkmat" by Chechens. This form of his name is heard the most in the Chechen loyalist chant "Ахмат сила" or "Ahkmat strong".

"Life dates"
The informations should be made into the biography and then the section deleted. --HanzoHattori 07:48, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Kad.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 23:21, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Aimany Kadyrov
I have removed the death date for Akhmad's widow, Aimani. She seems to be alive in February 2010. Anyway it is bad idea to proclaim a person dead without reliable sources. If Aimany is indeed interfering into Chechen politics (especially against her son) she might be worth an article Alex Bakharev (talk) 23:13, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Akhmad Kadyrov


text:
User:Lienhard Schulz

de:Benutzer:Lienhard Schulz fr:User:Lienhard Schulz it:Utente:Lienhard Schulz lb:User:Lienhard Schulz nl:User:Lienhard Schulz

title: User:Lienhard Schulz


text:
Chrysler 1.8, 2.0 & 2.4 engine

The Chrysler 1.8, 2.0, and 2.4 are inline-4 engines designed originally for the Dodge and Plymouth Neon compact car. These engines were loosely based on their predecessors, the Chrysler 2.2 & 2.5 engine, sharing the same 87.5 mm bore. The engine was developed by Chrysler with input from the Chrysler-Lamborghini team that developed the Chrysler/Lamborghini Formula 1 V12 engine in the early 1990s.

Beginning in 2005, these engines were phased out in favor of the new World engine built by the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance joint-venture.

The 2.0 and 2.4 variants were built at Saltillo Engine in Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico. The 1.8 and 2.0 was also built at Trenton Engine in Trenton, Michigan, United States.

1.8
The EBD is a 1.8 L (1796 cc/109.6 cid), under-bored variant of the 2.0 L engine. This engine features a square 83 mm bore and stroke with a 10.0:1 compression ratio. This engine was built at the Trenton Engine Plant for use in export market (non-US) Chrysler Neons. It produces 86 kW at 5750 rpm and 151 Nm at 4950 rpm and meets Euro III emission standards.

Applications:
 * 1997–1999 Chrysler Neon

2.0
The 2.0 L (1,996 cc/121.8 cid) version of the engine was the first offered. Production began in 1994 in Trenton, MI, and it was used in many Chrysler Corporation vehicles. It is available in both SOHC and DOHC 16-valve versions (4 valves per cylinder). The engine features a cast iron block, and pistons with shallow crowns to save weight.

The block uses a bedplate featuring a perimeter wall with transverse webbings for durability and quiet operation at high engine speeds. The pistons are attached to fracture-split forged, powdered metal connecting rods using semi-floating press-fit pins. A gerotor oil pump is driven directly from the crankshaft on the front of the engine. A timing belt is used to drive the valvetrain. Early production 2.0 L engines used a hydraulic tensioner to tension the timing belt. 2000 and 2001 engines used a mechanical spring-loaded tensioner that tended to wear out prematurely, causing serious valve and piston damage upon belt failure due to the interference design of the engine. 2002 and up engines utilized a different mechanical tensioner. The water pump is driven from the timing belt, with the water pump housing cast partially into the engine block itself.

1995 model year engines had three features that set them apart from later engines. The positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system utilized a plastic oil separator box that was vented directly to the block itself; the breather hose and PCV valve hoses attached to the box, and connected to the induction system. Later engines featured a PCV system that was molded to the cylinder head valve cover. The second feature was internal in nature - the crankshaft main bearings were keyed into the bedplate on the right rear of each transverse web. Later model years featured keys machined on the right front of each web. The third feature would be a slightly bigger camshaft profile that was changed on 1996 and up SOHC vehicles due to a rough idle when the air conditioning was on.

2002 and earlier engines featured a one-piece cast nodular iron crankshaft with counterweights present on either side of each crank pin. A crankshaft tone wheel was present between number 1 and number 2 connecting rod pins, and was machined such that a Hall-effect magnetic pickup mounted to the engine block could read the crankshaft's position as it rotates. 2003 and later engines switched to a two-piece crankshaft. The tone wheel was re-engineered to attach to the crankshaft using three bolts, had a tone pattern substantially different from previous engines, and was moved to the rear of the crankshaft. For this reason, these engines are generally not interchangeable between the 2002 (and prior) and 2003 (and newer) model years.

Up to late 1999, this engine type suffered from oil leaks and head gasket failures between the block and cylinder head. Chrysler Corporation used several different designs of composite material head gaskets in an attempt to solve this problem. The cause of the problem was found to be one head bolt hole that was drilled too shallow at the factory, meaning the head bolt bottomed out and could never seal properly. In 1998, a thicker, multi-layer steel head gasket was introduced that eliminated this problem.

 * General Specifications
 * Cylinder Configuration: In-line 4
 * Number of Valves: 16 (4 per cylinder)
 * Fuel Delivery: Sequential multi-port fuel injection
 * Bore x Stroke: 87.5x83 mm
 * Displacement: 1996 cc
 * Redline: 6500 rpm
 * Rev Limiter: 6750 rpm

A588
The A588 is the SOHC version found in most post-2001 Chrysler products. The ECB SOHC version, found in earlier models, is identical except for the crank trigger wheel. When equipped with the newer crank wheel for the new NGC engine computer, the A588 version cannot be directly transplanted into a vehicle originally equipped with the earlier style engine using an SBEC (Single Board Engine Controller). Output is 132 hp SAE at 5600 rpm with 130 lbft of torque at 4600 rpm. It has an aluminum SOHC cylinder head. It uses a reinforced plastic intake manifold (although a few of the 1995 and 1996 engines received an aluminum intake manifold due to a shortage of the plastic parts). They were painted black, but it's easy to see the casting marks and prints on the manifold. The aluminum version is prized among enthusiasts as it is easy to port and polish for improved airflow characteristics.

Applications:
 * 1995–2005 Dodge Neon/Plymouth Neon
 * 1995–2000 Dodge Stratus/Plymouth Breeze

Specifications:
 * Compression Ratio: 9.8:1
 * Camshaft Configuration: SOHC
 * Power: 132 hp at 6000 rpm
 * Torque: 130 lbft at 4600 rpm

Magnum
The Magnum SOHC version, code ECH, develops 150 hp SAE at 6500 rpm, and 135 lbft of torque at 4800 rpm. Chief differences between this version and the A588 include a cast aluminum SOHC cylinder head that more easily passes exhaust gases than the base engine, a camshaft that is optimized for higher engine speeds, a factory welded exhaust short-tube header instead of a cast exhaust manifold, and a two-piece intake manifold. This manifold features unequal-length intake runners that are switched by an electric actuator that controls butterfly-type valves in the shorter intake runners. The longer runners are always open, and provide a mild supercharging effect due to their length between 3000 rpm and 4800 rpm. The shorter runners, open from 4800 rpm to redline at wide-open throttle, also provide a tuned resonance effect due to their length. The shorter runners are also opened at wide-open throttle below 3000 rpm to provide an intake path to each cylinder that is as free-flowing as possible.

Applications:
 * Dodge Neon R/T (2001–2004)U.S (1998-2004)Canada
 * Dodge Neon ACR (2001–2002)U.S (1998-2002)Canada

Specifications:
 * Compression Ratio: 9.8:1
 * Camshaft Configuration: SOHC
 * Power: 150 hp @ 6500 rpm
 * Torque: 135 lbft @ 4800 rpm
 * Rev-Limiter: 6750 rpm

ECC
The DOHC ECC 2.0 produces 150 hp SAE at 6500 rpm with 139 lbft of torque at 4800 rpm. It has a cast iron engine block and aluminum DOHC cylinder head. It uses Sequential fuel injection, has 4 valves per cylinder with roller rocker arms and features fracture-split forged powder metal connecting rods, a one-piece cast camshafts, and an aluminum intake manifold.

The version used in the PT Cruiser (non-US) and Dodge Neon features a cylinder head with the intake ports facing the front of the vehicle, like the SOHC A588. The 420A used in the Dodge-designed chassis, such as the Dodge Avenger and Mitsubishi Eclipse, have intake ports facing the rear of the vehicle. Most other specifications are identical, however, and even some head components (such as the valve cover) are compatible.

Applications:
 * Dodge Neon/Plymouth Neon (1995–1999) (ECC)
 * Mitsubishi Eclipse/Eagle Talon (second generation, 1995–1999) (420A)
 * Dodge Avenger/Chrysler Sebring (1995–1999) (420A)
 * Chrysler PT Cruiser (non-US) (ECC)

Specifications:
 * Compression Ratio: 9.6:1
 * Camshaft Configuration: DOHC
 * Displacement: 1996 cc
 * Power: 150 hp @ 6500 rpm
 * Torque: 139 lbft @ 4800 rpm
 * Rev-Limiter: 7500 rpm

2.4 and 2.4 Turbo
The 150 hp Naturally Aspirated (N/A) version was used in Chrysler's JA, JX, and JR platform cars from 1995 to 2006 along with the Jeep Liberty from 2002 to 2005 and the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager from 1996 to 2000. The code for this engine was EDZ. As with some other engines of various architecture used in some Jeeps, EDZs used in the Liberty carried Chrysler's PowerTech name.

The first 2.4L turbocharged engine was the EDZ turbo (variant of regular EDZ engine and developed by Chrysler's Mexican division), used on the Mexican Dodge Stratus R/T & Cirrus since 1996 to 2000. It was developed as a replacement for the earlier single-cam 2.2L and 2.5L turbo engines that were very popular in Mexico.

The turbocharged EDV/EDT was initially developed for the PT Cruiser GT as a way to add power, and is similar to the regular EDZ. As the PT Cruiser was based on the Neon platform, PVO engineers were able to take the EDV/EDT and make it work with minor non-costly changes for the SRT-4. Output is 230 hp SAE at 5300 rpm with 250 lbft of torque at 2200-4400 rpm. This engine, code A855, has a cast iron partially open deck block and split crankcase. It uses an 8.1:1 compression ratio with Mahle cast eutectic aluminum alloy pistons, forged connecting rods with cracked caps and threaded-in 9 mm rod bolts, and a cast high-hardness steel crankshaft. The cylinder head is cast aluminum, with the cylinder heads being a 48-degree pent-roof design with a partial cloverleaf between the intake valves. The valves are actuated by hydraulically adjusted rocker arms with roller cam followers.

The SRT-4, PT Cruiser Turbo, Cirrus LXi [México only] and Stratus R/T [México only] use the same engine block and heads.

The intake manifold, reverse-rotation turbocharger, jet oil coolers, oil pump, manual transmission, pcm tuning, intercooler size, and weight are the only differences between those cars. The SRT-4 has a cast-aluminum 8-row Valeo intercooler mounted in the front, and the reverse-rotation Mitsubishi TD04LR-16Gk turbocharger has a 6 cm2 turbine inlet. The turbocharger compressor housing features a built-in bypass valve, and the turbo housing is cast into the exhaust manifold with a loop-around flow pattern. The boost level varies anywhere from 11 psi to 15 psi, depending on the PCM's desired torque target and temperature conditions, but will be reduced if significant knock is detected. Such as using low octane (less than 91 R+M/2) gas.

The Turbo-Lite option for the PT Cruiser offered a de-tuned EDV/EDT that could run on regular 87 octane (R+M/2) gas, making 180 hp SAE @ 5300rpm.

2.4 Naturally Aspirated (N/A) applications:
 * 1995–1998, 2000 Chrysler Cirrus
 * 1995–2006 Chrysler Sebring
 * 1995–2006 Dodge Stratus
 * 1996–2007 Dodge Caravan
 * 1996–2000 Plymouth Voyager
 * 1996–2000 Plymouth Breeze
 * 2001–2010 Chrysler PT Cruiser
 * 2002–2005 Jeep Liberty
 * 2003–2006 Jeep Wrangler
 * 2007–2010 GAZ-31105 Volga
 * 2008–2010 Volga Siber

2.4 Turbo Applications:

 * 2003–2005 Dodge Neon SRT4
 * 2003–2007 Chrysler PT Cruiser GT
 * 2004–2009 Chrysler PT Cruiser Limited
 * Dodge Stratus R/T with EDZ turbo (México since 1996-2000) and EDV (México since 2001-2006)
 * Chrysler Cirrus LXi with EDZ turbo (México since 1996-2000) and EDV (México since 2001-2006)

title: Chrysler 1.8, 2.0 & 2.4 engine


text:
Enterasys Networks

Enterasys Networks, Inc. was an American networking company. Enterasys products included networking equipment ranging from routers, switches, and IEEE 802.11 wireless access points and controllers. The company formed in March 2000 as a spin-off of Cabletron Systems.

In addition to networking hardware such as switches, routers and wireless products, the company sold software for managing and securing networks such as intrusion prevention systems, network access control and security information management.

The company's headquarters were in Salem, New Hampshire.

History
Enterasys had their initial public offering on August 6, 2001, with its shares trading on the New York Stock Exchange under symbol ETS.

It claimed a $12.9 million profit in its first quarter after it was spun out of Cabletron in June 2001. A restatement in 2002 for recognizing revenue in improper time periods resulted in several quarters of losses.

An investigation by the US Securities and Exchange Commission and shareholder lawsuits was settled in October 2003 for $50.4 million. In 2004, a former executives pleaded guilty for fraud.

At a December 2006 trial, four former executives were sentenced to prison terms and several others found guilty.

In November 2005, Enterasys was acquired by Alec Gores' private equity firm, Gores Group, and Tennenbaum Capital Partners, in a going-private transaction estimated at $386 million. In April 2006, The Gores Group named Mike Fabiaschi as CEO. Fabiaschi had to deal with renewing trust relationships with customers, to "fix the company." In 2008, Enterasys sought to increase revenue to $1 billion and make one or two acquisitions.

On July 29, 2008, The Gores Group announced its partnership with Siemens to acquire the German company's enterprise communications business, known as Siemens Enterprise Communications. The Gores Group acquired a 51% stake in Siemens Enterprise Communications (SEN). As part of the $550 million transaction, Gores Group offered two of its assets: Enterasys and SER Solutions, a Virginia-based contacts management provider.

On September 22, 2008, Fabiaschi died suddenly. Mark Stone, chairman of the board, was named interim CEO and completed the joint venture transaction. Chris Crowell became CEO and president of Enterasys.

Enterasys enterprise networking and SEN's telephony and wireless products were integrated.

Meanwhile, appeals from the fraud cases continued through 2009.

On September 12, 2013, Extreme Networks announced they would acquire Enterasys for about $180 million cash.

title: Enterasys Networks


text:
Staff God

In "Southern Andean Iconographic Series" the Staff God pose is a religious icon and a standardized pose reminiscent in its way of the standardized poses in Byzantine art. The pose shows a front-facing human or human-like figure with vertical attributes, one in each hand. There is no uniform representation of a "Staff God". Dozens of variations of "Staff Gods" exist. Some scholars think that some of these personages are possible depictions of Viracocha or Thunupa (the Aymara weather god). However, there is little evidence to support the idea that these front-facing figures do represent deities. Some researchers point to their attributes and spatial organization which seem to indicate that they are ritual practitioners. Some attributes in their hands were identified as Qirus (Andean ritual cups), Snuff trays (used in ceremonial contexts) and Spear-throwers. The "rays" radiating or sprouting out of the faces of Tiwanaku front-facing figures appear to have approximately the value of an aureole. They may represent flows and distribution of energy. At the Wari site of Conchopata a vessel was found which shows a Staff God in which the "rays" can be interpreted as a Anadenanthera colubrina tree sprouting from its head whereas the circular elements do represent its seed pods.

The oldest known depiction of a Staff God was found in 2003 on some broken gourd fragments in a burial site in the Pativilca River Valley (Norte Chico region) and carbon dated to 2250 BCE. This makes it the oldest religious icon to be found in the Americas.

There are scholars who maintain that the Wari-Tiwanaku Staff God is the forerunner of the Incan principal gods, Sun, Moon, and Thunder. It served as the primary religious icon of the entire Peruvian Andes, particularly during the Early Horizon (900-200 BC) and beyond. The worship of Staff Gods spread to the Central Andes during the Middle Horizon (600-1000 CE) This is supported by excavated Middle Horizon artifacts that resembled the Staff-God.

Representations and iconography
The staff god was a basic iconography shared by the cultures of pre-Columbian Peru, particularly those occupying the northern coast and the southern highlands. This is seen in the stylistic uniformity of the icons and representations, which suggested widespread adherence.

There were varying depictions of the Staff-God among these Andean cultures. However, it was often portrayed as a deity in apotheosis, with hands always holding instruments of power. For instance, an artifact found at Chavin de Huantar showed the deity holding a Spondylus and Strombus shells, which were female and male symbols, respectively. This representation indicated how the Staff-God wielded authority to maintain social harmony and the Andean ideal of gender complementarity. Another Early Horizon sculpted stone, the Raimondi Stele, is perhaps the most popular representation and depicted the Staff-God as a sky or lightning god plunging down to earth.

Representations of the southern highland staff god did not only carry motifs but were also presented with accompanying consorts in the form of deities painted on textiles used to decorate temple walls or ceramic vessels.

The Staff God has one of the most important iconographical elements in central Andean archaeology and this is prominent in both portable and fixed art using different media such as stone, textile, and ceramic. A form of the staff god, for example, takes a central role in the Sun Gate of the Tiwanaku culture, a single-stone monolith. Tunics and ceramics from both the Tiwanaku and Wari cultures of the Middle Horizon period showcase a similar god. Another example is the giant offering jars found at Qunchupata. They were painted with the Staff-God's image, one that bears resemblance to the god's depiction at the back of the Tiwanaku's Ponce Monolith.

title: Staff God


text:
Fermanagh and South Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency)

Fermanagh and South Tyrone is a parliamentary constituency in the British House of Commons. The current MP is Pat Cullen (Sinn Féin)

Boundaries
1950–1983: The county of Fermanagh, the Urban District of Dungannon, the Rural Districts of Clogher and Dungannon, and that part of the Rural District of Omagh consisting of the district electoral divisions of Aghafad, Dervaghroy, Dromore, Drumharvey, Ecclesville, Fallaghearn, Fintona, Greenan, Killskerry, Lifford, Moorfield, Rahoney, Seskinore, Tattymoyle and Trillick.

1983–1997: The District of Fermanagh, and the District of Dungannon.

1997–present: The District of Fermanagh, and the District of Dungannon wards of Augher, Aughnacloy, Ballygawley, Ballysaggart, Benburb, Caledon, Castlecaulfield, Clogher, Coolhill, Drumglass, Fivemiletown, Killyman, Killymeal, Moy, Moygashel, and Mullaghmore.

The constituency was created in 1950 when the old Fermanagh and Tyrone two-member constituency was abolished as part of the final move to single-member seats. As the name implies, it includes all of County Fermanagh and the southern part of County Tyrone. Of the post-1973 districts, it contained all of Fermanagh, and Dungannon and South Tyrone. In boundary changes resulting from a review in 1995, however, a section of Dungannon and South Tyrone (then called Dungannon) district, around the town of Coalisland, was transferred to the Mid Ulster constituency.

History
For the history of the constituency prior to 1950, see Fermanagh and Tyrone.

Throughout the existence of Fermanagh and South Tyrone, there has been a rough balance between unionist and nationalist voters, though in recent years the nationalists have had a slight majority. Many elections have seen a candidate from one community triumph due to multiple candidates from the other community splitting the vote. Perhaps because of this balance between the communities, Fermanagh and South Tyrone has repeatedly had the highest turn-out (and the smallest winning margin) of any constituency in Northern Ireland.

The seat was won by the Nationalist Party in 1950 and 1951, the closely contested 1951 election seeing a 93.4% turnout – a UK record for any election.

In 1955 the constituency was won by Philip Clarke of Sinn Féin, but he was unseated on petition on the basis that his criminal conviction (for Irish Republican Army activity) made him ineligible. Instead, the seat was awarded to the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) candidate.

In 1970 the seat was won by Frank McManus, standing on the "Unity" ticket that sought to unite nationalist voters behind a single candidate. In the February 1974 general election, however, the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) contested the seat, dividing the nationalist vote and allowing Harry West of the UUP to win with the support of the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party and the Democratic Unionist Party.

In the October 1974 general election a nationalist pact was agreed and Frank Maguire won, standing as an Independent Republican. He retained his seat in the 1979 general election, when both the unionist and nationalist votes were split, the former by the intervention of Ernest Baird, leader of the short-lived United Ulster Unionist Party, and the latter by Austin Currie, who defied the official SDLP decision to not contest the seat. Maguire died in early 1981.

The ensuing by-election took place amidst the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike. As part of the campaign for the five demands of the prisoners, the Provisional Irish Republican Army Officer Commanding in the Maze prison, Bobby Sands, was nominated as an Anti-H-Block/Armagh Political Prisoner candidate. Harry West stood for the UUP, but no other candidates contested the by-election. On 9 April 1981, Sands won with 30,492 votes against 29,046 for West. 26 days later Sands died on hunger strike. Speedy legislation barred prisoners serving a sentence of 12 months or longer from standing for Parliament, and so in the new by-election Sands' agent Owen Carron stood as a "Proxy Political Prisoner". The UUP nominated Ken Maginnis. The second by-election in August was also contested by the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, the Workers' Party Republican Clubs, a candidate standing on a label of General Amnesty and another as The Peace Lover. The turn-out was even higher, with most of the additional votes going to the additional parties standing, and Carron was elected. In the 1982 election for the Northern Ireland Assembly, Carron headed the Sinn Féin slate for the constituency and was elected.

Republicans suffered a reversal in the 1983 general election, when the SDLP contested the seat. Maginnis won and held the seat for the UUP for the next eighteen years until he retired. By this point boundary changes had resulted in a broad 50:50 balance between unionists and nationalists and it was expected that a single unionist candidate would hold the seat in the 2001 general election. James Cooper was nominated by the UUP. On this occasion, however, both the nationalist and unionist votes were to be split. Initially, Maurice Morrow of the DUP was nominated to stand, with the DUP fiercely opposing the UUP's support for the Good Friday Agreement. Morrow then withdrew in favour of Jim Dixon, a survivor of the Enniskillen bombing who stood as an Independent Unionist opposed to the Agreement. Tommy Gallagher of the SDLP ran, but his intervention did not do enough damage to Sinn Féin. Sinn Féin's Michelle Gildernew won by 53 votes over Cooper. Subsequently, the result was challenged amid allegations that a polling station had been kept open by force for longer than the deadline, allowing more people to vote, but the courts—while conceding that this happened—did not uphold the challenge, because it held that the votes cast after the legal closing time would not have affected the outcome.

Ahead of the 2005 general election, there was speculation that a single unionist candidate could retake the seat. The UUP and DUP, however, ran opposing candidates and in the event Gildernew held her seat. She kept the seat at the 2010 general election by four votes over the Unionist candidate, Rodney Connor. Following the election, Connor lodged an election petition challenging the result, based on a dispute about differences in the number of ballot papers recorded at polling stations and those subsequently recorded at the count centre. The petition was rejected after it was found that only three extra votes remained unaccounted for. The judge ruled that "even if those votes were introduced in breach of the rules and if they had all been counted in favour of the first respondent their exclusion would still have given the first respondent (Ms Gildernew) a majority of one vote and the result would not have been affected."

In the election of May 2015 Sinn Féin's Michelle Gildernew lost the seat to the UUP's candidate Tom Elliott. Although Elliott was running for the UUP, he was also being actively supported by the DUP, the Traditional Unionist Voice and the UK Independence Party. The Conservative Party also refused to run a candidate in Fermanagh and South Tyrone, despite running in 16 out of the other 17 constituencies. Just as in the February 1974 and 1983 elections, faced with a single Unionist candidate, the SDLP refused to discuss a nationalist pact with Sinn Féin.

Gildernew re-captured her seat in the snap June 2017 election. In the 2019 election she was re-elected with a majority of just 57 votes (the narrowest result in the UK), despite the DUP withdrawing and the SDLP standing a candidate. This made the 2019 election the second time in under ten years that Fermanagh and South Tyrone has been the seat with the smallest winning majority in the UK.

In the General Election 2024, Royal College of Nursing chief Pat Cullen announced that she would contest the seat representing Sinn Féin. Cullen won the seat, with a majority of 4,486 votes despite being against single unionist candidate, Diana Armstrong of the UUP. Cullen increased Sinn Féin's vote share in Fermanagh South Tyrone by 6.7%, securing the largest Nationalist majority since the 2005 general election.

Elections in the 2010s
Caroline Wheeler is a member of the United Kingdom Labour Party who ran as an independent in the seat as the Labour Party do not run in Northern Ireland.

This was the smallest majority at the 2019 general election.

Rodney Connor had the support of the Democratic Unionist Party and the Ulster Conservatives and Unionists Following the close result, Connor lodged an election petition against Gildernew alleging irregularities in the counting of the votes had affected the result. However the High Court found that there were only three ballot papers which could not be accounted for, and even if they were all votes for Connor, Gildernew would have had a plurality of one. The election was therefore upheld.

Elections in the 1990s
Boundary changes took effect from the 1997 general election. The projections of what the 1992 result would have been if fought on 1997 boundaries are shown below

Elections in the 1980s
Minor boundary changes took effect from the 1983 general election.

Elections in the 1950s
After the election, Philip Clarke was found ineligible by an election court, and Lord Robert Grosvenor was declared elected in his place.

Demographics
On Census day 2021 there were 111,790 people living in the Fermanagh and South Tyrone parliamentary constituency. Of these:

 * 60.4% (67,560) belong to or were brought up in the Catholic Christian faith and 33.7% (37,711) belong to or were brought up in various 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' denominations. 1.0% (1,107) belong to other religions and 4.8% (5,412) had no religious background.
 * 24.4% (27,263) indicated that they had a British only identity, 37.1% (41,447) had an Irish only identity and 19.2% (21,439) had a Northern Irish only identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity).


text:
James Clark (British diplomat)

James Clark (born 12 March 1963) was a British diplomat. He served as the British Ambassador to Luxembourg from 2004 to 2007 and now leads the British Consulate General in Chicago. He was called "a new breed of diplomat" by The Times. A career diplomat, he was assigned to the European Union first secretariat in Bonn, Germany.

Clark's appointment as British Ambassador to Luxembourg in March 2004 was heralded with some small controversy, due largely to his being openly gay.

On 30 March 2004, he and his partner Anthony Stewart made history by becoming the first officially recognised gay couple to have an audience with Queen Elizabeth II.

title: James Clark (British diplomat)


text:
East Fork Road

East Fork Road, located in the San Gabriel Mountains above the city of Azusa, California, is a road that gives access from State Route 39 into East Fork and other small townships, including Camp Williams and Julius Klein Conservation Fire Camp 19, a minor offender prisoner housing complex where "LACO fire personnel provide training, which prepares inmates to safely conduct wild land firefighting operations."

The road begins at Route 39, passing over the San Gabriel River, and follows the east fork of the river, crossing a number of small streams. The terminus is Heaton Flats, which has a campsite, a toilet facility, and trails that lead upstream and to the summit of Iron Mountain, 8,007 ft above.

Along East Fork Road there are extensive fire-fighting facilities which are staged to combat the many fires that break out among the foothills above Azusa, Glendora, and San Dimas every year. The road is located within the Angeles National Forest and is managed by the United States Forest Service.

The United States Forest Service states that all mining operations, including gold panning, are illegal along the East Fork; Additionally, since the area’s designation as a National Monument in 2014, all resource extraction is prohibited (as is the case on all National Monuments). Some of the sites of the area's mining heritage can be accessed from the road by visiting the site of "Eldoradoville", a mining town with three stores and six saloons that was established in 1859 and washed away in the flood of January 18, 1862.

East Fork Road was initially planned as an outlet from the Los Angeles Area to State Route 2 and includes a "Bridge to Nowhere" that was abandoned after a flood; a later plan included two never-used tunnels on the aborted Shoemaker Canyon Road.

In January 2005, a flood washed out two bridges, which stranded 200 campers and residents for days.

Road Remains
Parts of the old destroyed sections of the East Fork roadway can still be found as one hikes from Heaton Flats and heads generally East along the riverbed. Sections of destroyed bridge supports give hikers clues as to where the roadway used to be located; however, extensive sections of the asphalt-covered road still exist and lead up to Laurel Gulch and the John Seals Bridge, which is located just before one enters the Sheep Mountain Wilderness.

Once inside the designated wilderness the above-ground and still-visible sections of the old destroyed length of the East Fork Road become fewer and fewer until eventually there are no more sections to be found.

title: East Fork Road


text:
Tritec engine

The Tritec engine (also known as Pentagon) is a four-cylinder petrol engine that was manufactured between 1999 and 2007 by Tritec Motors in Brazil and was used in various cars including Chrysler and Mini models.

Tritec Motors Ltda
In 1997, Chrysler Corporation and Rover Group (then a subsidiary of BMW) formed a joint venture called Tritec Motors to design a new small straight-4 engine. The new company built a factory in Campo Largo of Curitiba, Brazil specifically to manufacture the new engine. The Tritec name stands for the union of the three countries involved: Germany, the United Kingdom, and Brazil.

When BMW broke up the remains of Rover Group in 2000, BMW kept the stake in Tritec Motors as the engine was in use in the Mini range which BMW had retained. In 2007 BMW sold its 50% stake to DaimlerChrysler and cancelled its contract for the Tritec engine. BMW entered into a new joint venture with PSA Peugeot Citroen to develop the Prince engine which is used in the second generation Mini cars.

The factory had a capacity of 400,000 engines a year, and in 2006 production was around 200,000 engines. Production ceased in June 2007 following the ending of the joint venture.

In March 2008 Fiat Powertrain Technologies bought the plant and licenses to produce Tritec engines at a cost of €83 million, and in 2010 subsequently launched its own E.torQ engine.

Engine details
It is a modern engine with an SOHC 16-valve head, electronic throttle control, and meets Euro IV emissions requirements. There are three versions of the engine, 1397 cc, 1598 cc and supercharged 1598 cc.

BMW complained about the performance of the engine. According to Ward's Auto, Erich Sonntag of BMW described the Tritec engine as old fashioned and not very effective on function, performance and fuel efficiency. This was no news to the Rover Group engineers on the MINI project, who had wanted to use Rover's K-Series engine, an older design which had similar power output and fuel efficiency, but was built next door to the proposed MINI line at Longbridge, and already had amortised its R&D.

1.4 (T14a)
The 1397 cc version uses a bore and stroke of 77x75 mm. Like all Tritecs, it is an SOHC 16-valve cast iron engine with an aluminium cylinder head and multipoint sequential electronic fuel injection. Output is rated at 55 kW and 122 Nm.

Applications:
 * Mini One (Portugal, Greece) (until 2008)

1.6 (T16b3)
The 1598 cc version uses the same 77 mm bore with a longer 85.8 mm stroke. Output is rated at 66 kW and 140 Nm in the Mini One, and 85 kW and 149 Nm in the Mini Cooper and Chrysler PT Cruiser.

Applications:
 * Chery A11 (Windcloud)
 * Chery A15 (Flagcloud)
 * Chrysler Neon (in non-US markets)
 * Chrysler PT Cruiser (in non-US markets)
 * Lifan 620
 * Lifan 520
 * Mini Hatch and Convertible (until 2008).

1.6 SC (T16b4)
The 1.6 SC uses an Eaton M45 Roots type supercharger with intercooler. The compression ratio is reduced from 10.5:1 to 8.3:1. Output was initially rated at 120 kW and 210 Nm of torque and increased to 125 kW and 220 Nm. The 1598 cc SC won the "1.4 L to 1.8 L" category at the International Engine of the Year awards for 2003. It also won Ward's 10 Best Engines award for 2003.

The 2006 Mini John Cooper Works GP Kit was upgraded to 160 kW at 7,100 rpm and 250 Nm of torque at 4,600 rpm.

Applications:
 * Mini Hatch Cooper S
 * 2006 Dodge Hornet concept car

title: Tritec engine


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Meat Beat Manifesto

Meat Beat Manifesto, often shortened as Meat Beat, Manifesto or MBM, is an electronic music group originally consisting of Jack Dangers and Jonny Stephens that was formed in 1987 in Swindon, United Kingdom. The band, fronted by Dangers (the only permanent member), has proven versatile over the years, experimenting with techno, breakbeat, industrial, dub and jazz fusion while touring the world and influencing major acts such as Nine Inch Nails, the Chemical Brothers and the Prodigy. Some of the band's earlier work has been credited with influencing the rise of the trip hop, big beat, and drum and bass genres.

Early years
Dangers and Stephens had formed the English pop group Perennial Divide in 1986 with Paul Freeguard and released the first few Meat Beat Manifesto singles as a side project. The first release under the Meat Beat name was 1987's Suck Hard EP on Sweat Box Records. They left Perennial Divide in 1988 to record a full Meat Beat album. The tapes of what would have been the debut MBM album were claimed to have been destroyed in a studio fire before it could be released (detailed in a publicity statement). The former founder of Sweat Box Records (Rob Deacon) said that the fire never happened. Jack Dangers confirmed the story of the fire in a 2010 interview. The pair then recorded the LP Storm The Studio, which got them pigeonholed as an industrial act because Sweat Box Records sold the rights to the LP to Wax Trax Records for release in the United States. In response, they released 99% in May 1990, which was more techno-influenced and characterized by heavy beats and ubiquitous samples. In August they released Armed Audio Warfare, which was an effort to re-create the lost tracks of the would-be début album.

The band's live show was conceived as an intense audio-visual experience, with dancers, led by choreographer Marcus Adams, in costumes and sets designed by artist Craig Morrison and video clips accompanying live instruments, sequenced electronic instruments, and live DJing. In the United States, they opened for Nine Inch Nails on their debut national tour in 1990. In 1991, they performed at The Limelight in Manhattan and toured North America with Consolidated. Despite his contributions being nonmusical in nature, Adams was credited as a full band member and appeared in many of the band's record sleeves and promo photos until the release of Satyricon in 1992. Adams also appeared in several of MBM's early videos, such as "Strapdown" and "Psyche-Out".

1992's Satyricon continued to show Meat Beat adopting a more mainstream electronic sound, crediting influences of such newly popular dance bands as Orbital, The Shamen, and The Orb, all of whom had either remixed or been remixed by MBM. The album produced the hits "Mindstream" and "Circles". "Original Control (Version 2)", renamed "I Am Electro" in later compilations, is the best-known track from the album, featuring samples of recordings from the 1939 World's Fair exhibit Elektro The Robot, and was the opening song in MBM's 2005–2006 tour.

Nothing Records years, 1994–1998
In 1993, Dangers relocated from England to San Francisco, resulting in Stephens' departure from the band. At this time, Nothing Records was founded as an imprint of Interscope with the purpose of signing industrial and electronic bands to capitalize on the recent success of Nine Inch Nails. Nothing, helmed by Trent Reznor, signed Meat Beat Manifesto and in 1996 the double album Subliminal Sandwich was released. While this album represented MBM's major-label debut, it failed to achieve the critical and commercial successes of previous releases. The album is notable for the last appearance of Jonny Stephens who contributed guitar on the track Asbestos Lead Asbestos. After Subliminal Sandwich, Dangers put together an album called Original Fire that collected various studio rarities, B-sides, and fan favorites from the early years of MBM, in addition to some new remixes of the material. Also in 1996, the group contributed to the AIDS benefit album Offbeat: A Red Hot Soundtrip produced by the Red Hot Organization.

In 1997, Dangers recruited drummer Lynn Farmer and multi-instrumentalist John Wilson (MBM member 1995–1998, former Supreme Love Gods) to record and release Actual Sounds + Voices in 1998, which found the group's earlier flirtations with jazz fusion featured more prominently; the record included appearances by saxophonist Bennie Maupin. The album yielded the single "Prime Audio Soup" which was featured in the film The Matrix and its soundtrack. While Jon Wilson left the band prior to the 1998–1999 tour, Farmer remains with the band as of Spring 2007. Wilson was replaced by former Consolidated programmer Mark Pistel, who also remains a contributing member.

During these years, Dangers contributed a pair of remixes to high-profile Nine Inch Nails releases Closer to God and The Perfect Drug. After the release of Actual Sounds + Voices, Meat Beat Manifesto was let go by Nothing Records and once more appeared on independent labels.

RUOK?, 2000–2004
In 2000, Dangers released a 12" MBM EP of four new songs called Eccentric Objects which demonstrated a shift in Dangers' output towards simpler song structure and less sonically dense layering. This evolution in form was full realized two years later, in 2002, with the release of Meat Beat Manifesto's seventh full-length album, RUOK?. This album prominently featured Dangers' newly acquired EMS Synthi 100, as well as guest contributions from turntablist Z-Trip and The Orb's Alex Paterson. In 2003 MBM released a remix album for Storm The Studio, followed by ...In Dub, a remix album of RUOK?.

At the Center, 2005–2007
At the Center was released on 29 May 2005. A part of independent label Thirsty Ear's 'Blue Series' fusing jazz with electronic genres, the album is a collaboration between Jack Dangers and jazz musicians Peter Gordon (flute), Dave King (drums), and Craig Taborn (keyboards). While Dangers had, in the past, flirted with jazz instrumentation and sampling on a handful of Meat Beat Manifesto tracks, At the Center was a marked variation of the expected MBM sound and was more of a one-off experiment than a whole new direction for the band. The album has been well received by many critics, with one reviewer calling it "one of the best albums of the year in any genre." An EP of outtakes, live tracks and a remix titled Off-Centre was released shortly after.

From 2005 through 2006, MBM launched a worldwide tour, their first since 1999, making use of video sampling technology that allowed the band to trigger video clips in real-time, on two large screens positioned stage front, while the band performed either side-stage or behind the screens, out of the audience's view; instead, live video footage of the band performing was displayed onscreen alongside the pre-assembled clips. Many of the video clips used were the sources of samples previously used in various MBM tracks, such as footage of Elektro the Robot and clips from films such as Head and Dark Star. Dangers and crew performed a wide variety of hits and fan favorites from the entire back catalog, though relatively little of the new jazz fusion material from At the Center was played.

In 2006, Meat Beat Manifesto's "Suicide" was released on the Underworld: Evolution soundtrack and is the only MBM track to date to prominently feature a guitar.

In May 2007 Dangers released a double CD titled Archive Things 1982-88 / Purged. The first disc contained many early Meat Beat Manifesto experimentations, including demos of what would later become seminal MBM tracks such as "I Got the Fear". The second disc was an instrumental version of the Perennial Divide album, Purge.

Autoimmune and Answers Come in Dreams, 2008–2010
MBM's ninth studio album, Autoimmune, was released on 7 April 2008 in Europe via Planet Mu Records and on 8 April 2008 in the US and Canada via Metropolis Records., with each territory's issue featuring a different track listing. The album featured the first vocals by Dangers himself since 1998's Actual Sounds + Voices, as well as collaborations with DJ Z-Trip, MC Azeem, and Kenneth James Gibson. The album has been described as a return to an older, harder MBM sound and as a dubstep album, though Dangers has stated that he prefers not to fall into any specific genre or category with his work. The lead single, "Guns And Lovers" was released as a digital single via iTunes on 18 March 2008, while the track "Lonely Soldier" was released as a single via bleep.com. Meat Beat Manifesto once more toured to support the new album with the same stage setup as the 2005–2006 tour.

Meat Beat Manifesto released Answers Come in Dreams in late 2010, once more via Metropolis Records in the US and via Hydrogen Dukebox in the UK. Answers Come in Dreams continued to reference dubstep as had its predecessor Autoimmune, but overall was a darker, denser album, at times descending into beatless ambient noise passages reminiscent of the experimental second disc of 1996's Subliminal Sandwich.

Impossible Star and Opaque Couché, 2011-present
After the release of Answers Come in Dreams, Meat Beat Manifesto entered a period of limited activity lasting several years. Between 2011 and 2016, a small handful of EPs were released, and MBM only performed live sporadically. They appeared at the Cold Waves V festival in Chicago in 2016, the first live Meat Beat Manifesto show in five years. The following September they performed at Cold Waves LA.

In January 2018, Meat Beat Manifesto released their eleventh studio album Impossible Star on the label Flexidisc. First single "We Are Surrounded" was premiered online by Igloo Magazine on 24 October 2017. The album has been called a "proverbial return to form" after the dalliances with dubstep on Autoimmune and Answers Come in Dreams. MBM also contributed an original track to the Cold Waves VII benefit compilation later that year, and a limited U.S. tour took place in the fall.

Opaque Couché, Meat Beat Manifesto's twelfth album, was released on 10 May 2019 via Flexidisc. The track "Pin Drop" was released as a video single on YouTube on 6 March, with "No Design" following on 1 April. Considered a companion album to Impossible Star, Opaque Couché was named after "the world's ugliest color".

MBM debuted a brand new song and video and contributed a pre-recorded performance set to the Cold Waves 2020 "Lost Weekend"; the entire festival was streamed on Twitch due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic in the United States. The new song also appeared on the corresponding Cold Waves 2020 compilation.

Discography
Meat Beat Manifesto have released a number of albums and singles, and participated in remixes and compilation albums.

Studio albums

 * 1989 Storm the Studio
 * 1990 99%
 * 1990 Armed Audio Warfare
 * 1992 Satyricon
 * 1996 Subliminal Sandwich
 * 1998 Actual Sounds + Voices
 * 2002 RUOK?
 * 2005 At The Center
 * 2008 Autoimmune
 * 2010 Answers Come in Dreams
 * 2018 Impossible Star
 * 2019 Opaque Couché
 * 2023 Man from Mantis
 * 2024 Extinct (with Merzbow)

Remix albums

 * 2003 Storm The Studio RMXS
 * 2004 ...In Dub

Compilation albums

 * 1997 Original Fire
 * 2007 Archive Things 1982-88

Selected remixes

 * Atomic Babies "Cetch Da' Monkey"
 * Boom Boom Satellites "4 a Moment of Silence"
 * Banco de Gaia "How Much Reality Can You Take"
 * Bush "Insect Kin"
 * Consolidated "Butyric Acid"
 * David Bowie "Pallas Athena"
 * Deepsky "Stargazer"
 * Depeche Mode "Rush"
 * D.H.S. "House of God"
 * Empirion "Narcotic Influence"
 * Nine Inch Nails "Closer (Deviation)"
 * Nine Inch Nails "The Perfect Drug"
 * Scorn "Silver Rain Fell"
 * Solypsis "Perpetually Out of Control"
 * The Shamen "Ebeneezer Goode", "Hyperreal"
 * The Young Gods "Kissing the Sun"
 * Tower of Power "What Is Hip"
 * Twilight Circus Dub Sound System "Highway"
 * Silver Apples "Lovefingers"

title: Meat Beat Manifesto


text:
National Forest Adventure Pass

The National Forest Adventure Pass is a recreation fee pass issued by the United States Forest Service that permits bearers in designated regions of four National Forests in Southern California to park their cars for the purpose of recreation. Though it was introduced during the "Recreation Fee Demonstration Program" (Fee-Demo) which ended on November 21, 2004, the Forest Service continues to administer the program, nearly unchanged, under the Federal Lands and Recreation Enhancement Act. This act, derisively dubbed by some as the "Recreation Access Tax" (RAT), was passed in December 2004 as part of the Omnibus Appropriations Bill. The four national forests it applies to are the Angeles National Forest, Cleveland National Forest, Los Padres National Forest and San Bernardino National Forest.

It is the local element of the controversial national Recreational Fee Demonstration Program system that imposes fees on the public to use public lands.

The Legislative Counsel of California has determined that the Forest Service may not cite cars for parking on state highways within national forests unless there is evidence that the occupants have used the forest for recreational purposes (for example, the occupants have been observed entering the forest). The Forest Service invites those who feel they have been cited unjustly to write to an address on the citation to appeal. This determination was made after a large number of incidents occurred where property owners were cited for parking on their own property, in communities completely contained in the San Bernardino National Forest.

Passes may be purchased for annual or day use online or from visitor centers and local merchants. Violators usually receive a "Notice of Noncompliance" and may clear the notice by purchasing a pass after the violation, paying online, or sending in a check or money order to the address in the envelope provided. Punishment of noncompliant individuals has been rare. In theory, use of the forests for non-recreational, First Amendment purposes does not require an Adventure Pass. In addition, using the restroom, stretching, or taking a picture is not a violation.

After passage of the Recreational Enhancement Act in 2004, Adventure Passes are now only required at designated High Impact Recreational Areas. However, in fact most areas that previously required a parking pass still require one. To avoid a fine, a wise hiker will telephone a Forest Service office or check the maps of High Impact Recreational Areas online of the individual forests to determine in advance his or her permit needs, since adequate signage pertaining to the need for an Adventure Pass is not yet common. Although supposedly many areas do not require the pass, most of these locations are less convenient to populated areas and can be accessed only from areas that do require a pass.

Fees collected via purchases of the Adventure Pass/Notice of Required Fee help directly fund the recreation program on each of the forests involved which includes purchasing trash bags, toilet paper, paint, wood for picnic tables, campfire rings, stoves, etc as well as salary funding to hire rangers to care for the forest, clean bathrooms, pick up trash, answer visitor questions, enforce regulations, and serve the public. The proceeds from these fees stay local and do not go back into a central, national fund.

Controversy
The continued collection of fees for use of the National Forest Lands remains controversial since the 9th circuit court of appeals ruled in February 2012 in the case Adams v. U.S. Forest Service, that "The Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act ("REA")", the authority under which the fee structure was enacted, "prohibits the United States Forest Service from charging fees "[s]olely for parking". In spite of this clear prohibition, what many consider to be "parking only" fees are still required at numerous locations in the San Bernardino and Angeles National Forests as well as other National Forest Locations.

The ruling stated that while fees are allowed in certain instances, the "fee" sites must conform to the following requirements as listed below:

 * (A) that provides significant opportunities for outdoor recreation;
 * (B) that has substantial Federal investments;
 * (C) where fees can be efficiently collected; and
 * (D) that contains all of the following amenities:
 * (i) Designated developed parking.
 * (ii) A permanent toilet facility.
 * (iii) A permanent trash receptacle.
 * (iv) Interpretive sign, exhibit, or kiosk.
 * (v) Picnic tables.
 * (vi) Security services.

The Forest Service "maintains that the latter part of § 6802(d)(1)(A), which prohibits fees "solely for. . . picnicking along roads or trailsides," clearly permits fees for road or trailside picnics that take place within a larger area (delineated by the Forest Service) if that larger area offers amenities".

The Court rejected such an interpretation of the REA statute stating:

"Because this reading is so illogical, we will consider another interpretation of the agency's position. Perhaps the Forest Service is really saying that a fee is "[s]olely for parking" when imposed in a location where a visitor has no option to do something else, whether or not that "something else" is an amenity required by the statute."

The Court further went on to illustrate:

"Consider what would happen if a restaurant-goer inspected his bill and noticed an unexpected charge. If told that the fee was for ten bottles of wine that the patron's group neither ordered nor drank, the patron would rightly be outraged. He would not find much solace in a waiter's explanation that the wine cellar contained ten bottles, which the patron could have ordered if he wished."

The Court clarified the motive behind such reasoning:

"By ignoring the plain text, the Forest Service arrives at an interpretation that would enable an end-run around the clear statutory restrictions. If the REA gave the agency complete discretion to dictate a fee's so-called purpose, then the agency could entirely evade the prohibition on parking fees by simply declaring that its fees are "for" something else too. At any of the places where subsection (f) contemplates recreation fees, it is possible for a visitor to do something more than park a car—take photos of a volcano, make a cell phone call, chew a piece of gum—and a visitor must use a facility or service to be subject to a subsection (g) fee. Therefore, the agency could simply say that its parking fee is also "for" those other activities. Because the REA has a plain meaning that does not lead to an absurd result, we have no need to afford deference to the agency's competing, nonsensical interpretation."

The court then concluded:

"...the REA unambiguously prohibits the Forest Service from charging fees... for recreational visitors who park a car, then camp at undeveloped sites, picnic along roads or trailsides, or hike through the area without using the facilities and services."

In spite of this ruling the fees continue to be collected.

title: National Forest Adventure Pass


text:
Talk:Josef Korbel

Untitled
I think the last sentence may need a little explanation: he is accussed of stealing from his home? --Sam Francis 19:21, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Exactly. He's accused of taking items from his home before the Nazis could? This is a crime? Can we get a source for this? --Xinoph 22:44, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * I had removed sentence "Though he has left a legacy as a political teacher, Korbel has also invited controversy. He has been accused of stealing art treasures and furniture from his former home in Prague before leaving the country." and link Reprint: Matthew Campbell, Albright's Father 'Took War Loot To America', Sunday Times.

 * Such legal actions are dozen on a dime in Czech Republic. Various people feel an opportunity to quickly enrich themselves claiming to be victim at this or that time. Most of these cases are thrown away by courts. These people had heard about success of someone and just try whether they can grab something too (going to court is still cheap in Czech Republic). So I guess the link above and sentence I removed belong to the same category and are practically irrelevant for the article. Pavel Vozenilek 00:05, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Death sentence
Anyone know any more about this, what he was accused of, and even if it really happened? Reading this - http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/albright020997.htm - they say "There is no evidence that Korbel was put on trial in absentia, as has sometimes been reported in stories about Madeleine Albright's family background." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Marty funkhouser (talk • contribs) 09:05, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Syntax
Korbel was convicted of the Czech Communist coup in 1948, but escaped to the United States.
 * – This sentence does not read in English. What are we trying to say? That he was convicted of something by the Czech Communists, perhaps? Sca (talk) 20:27, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

Identifier
Today an IP user (2606:6000:FD0B:CA00:9B5:2EE7:91F3:F3B9) changed Korbel's identifier from "Czech" to "Jewish" – a change that was quickly reverted by Kautilya3.

"Jewish" does not generally denote a nationality; the nationality in modern terms would be "Israeli," but of course only if the person were from Israel. "Jewish" denotes an ethnic identity and a religion. (I note that in the case of Kafka we say he was Jewish, but only in the second paragraph describing his ethnic origins. I believe Kafka often is identified as a Czech writer in the German language.)

In Korbel's case, the change was not only an improper use of "Jewish," but also an oversimplification, since Korbel was born in what was then Geiersberg, a town just inside Austria-Hungary, south of what was then Glatz, Germany (now Kłodzko, Poland). His birthplace is now in the Czech Republic; it was renamed Letohrad only in 1950.

Considering these complex historical circumstances, I suggest Korbel be identified as a "Czech-American diplomat and political scientist of Jewish descent." Sca (talk) 21:05, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I think his Jewishness enters the picture only insofar as he faced persecution. Neither his diplomacy nor his political science have anything to do with him being Jewish. Moreover he became Catholic while in London. So, Jewishness matters even less. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 22:22, 15 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I was parsing your phrasing wrongly. Now that I reread it, I think it is fine. Thanks, Kautilya3 (talk) 22:58, 15 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Appreciate your contribution. Sca (talk) 23:57, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Josef Korbel


text:
Windermere House

The Windermere House is a historic hotel and resort located in Windermere, Ontario, within the Muskoka region of Canada.

It was built in 1870 in the Victorian style as a boarding house. It overlooks Lake Rosseau. Originally intended as the residence of Thomas Aitken, who purchased the land in 1863 after relocating from Scotland, the house later expanded to accommodate guests.

Aitken's subsequent home nearby would become the Windermere Cottage. Windermere House remained in the family's possession until 1981, when it was acquired by an investment group. The name Windermere is derived from a village and lake in Northern England, and it is often referred to as The Lady of the Lakes by locals.

In 1996, a fire broke out during the filming of The Long Kiss Goodnight, resulting in the destruction of the 127-year-old Windermere House. The cause of the fire remains unsolved, with some speculating it was due to production equipment lights and others suggesting a short circuit. The house, along with the boat house and marina, was subsequently rebuilt and restored in 1997.

The Windermere House features 56 guest rooms, multiple restaurants, a pub, and a private 4-bedroom cottage with an adjacent water tower built in the 1920s.

Situated behind the house is the Windermere Golf & Country Club, which was established in 1919 and boasts an 18-hole golf course. The resort also offers amenities such as an outdoor pool, tennis court, playground, church, marina, and beach for recreational activities. Spanning 2500 square miles, including the golf course and surrounding wilderness, Windermere House is the largest resort in the area.

title: Windermere House


text:
Poniec

Poniec is a town in western Poland, situated in the southern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship. The town has 2912 inhabitants (as of 2023). It is the capital of Gmina Poniec (commune) in Gostyń County.

History
Poniec dates back to the 10th century, when it was part of the emerging Polish state. The oldest known mention comes from 1108. It was granted town rights before 1309. It was a private town, administratively located in the Kościan County in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province. Crafts, especially clothmaking, developed and the town prospered until the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655–1660. The Battle of Poniec occurred nearby on 28 October 1704 during the Great Northern War.

After the Second Partition of Poland, in 1793 it was annexed by Prussia. After the successful Greater Poland uprising of 1806, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. In 1815 it was re-annexed by Prussia. The local population was subjected to harsh Germanisation policies, however local Poles established various organizations, including a local branch of the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society. Many inhabitants took part in the Greater Poland uprising (1918–19), after which Poniec was reintegrated with Poland in 1919, shortly after it regained independence.

During the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, German troops entered the town on 6 September 1939. The Polish population was subjected to arrests, executions and expulsions. In the following months, many residents were imprisoned in the town hall. On 21 October 1939 the Germans carried out a public execution of local Poles. It was one of many massacres of Poles committed by Germany on 20–23 October 1939 across the region in attempt to pacify and terrorize the Polish population. Over 300 Poles were expelled to the General Government, mostly to Tarnów. First Polish families were expelled in December 1939. Many inhabitants were taken to forced labour or murdered in concentration camps. The town was captured by the Soviets in January 1945 and afterwards restored to Poland.

From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the Leszno Voivodeship.

Emergency services
Since late 19th century there is a active volunteer fire department called Ochotnicza Straż Pożarna Poniec as well as old police station used by Policja.

Transport
There is a active train station in Poniec with historical Prussian station building. As well as one Bus route going through town to Leszno

Culture
Dziecięco-Młodzieżowa Orkiestra Dęta przy GCK w Poniecu, wind orchestra composed of volunteer (non-paid) amateur musicians works in town as a part of Municipal Cultural Center (Gminne Centrum Kultury). The orchestra is present during most holidays, e.g. Polish Independence Day or International Firefighters' Day. The orchestra also organizes New Year's Concerts for thousands of people from all over the country every year, inspired by the Vienna New Year's Concerts. In 2023 the orchestra won the title of Vice-Champion of Poland in Polish Wind Band Championships in Radom. In addition to the many awards regularly won by the orchestra at national festivals, it is worth mentioning the two greatest International successes. In 2018 the band won three awards during the International Brass Band Festival in Giulianova, Italy: Best Youth Brass Band, Best Brass Band and Best Conductor of the Festival. Another important success was participation in Rasteder Musitage in Germany. The band, although initially entered into the basic category, was moved to the advanced group at the jury's request and received very high marks from each of the jurors; out of 100 possible points, the orchestra scored 86.17, which qualified it for the gold medal. The orchestra was also awarded honorary badge of Merit for Polish Culture (Zasłużony dla Kultury Polskiej) in 2022.

Also since 2018 one of the largest Rally of Historical Reenactment Groups in Greater Poland takes place in Poniec. The annual, several-day event is organized under the name "Operacja Poniec" (Operation Poniec) consists of a parade around the market square, the camp area open to visitors, with dioramas and reenactors' camps located in the City Park, outdoor cinema and historical battle reenactments. Groups taking part in the event recreate soldiers and civilians from every point in history, from the Middle Ages and the Battle of Grunwald, through the Swedish Invasion of Poland, the Napoleonic Wars, World War I and World War II, Cold War conflicts such as Northern Ireland and Vietnam, to modern troops including the German Bundeswehr. The largest one yet was IV Operacja Poniec in 2023 with 36 groups and dozens of reenactors from all over Poland.

Sports
The town's most notable sports club is Piast Poniec with football, volleyball, table tennis and futsal sections.

Notable people

 * Edmund Charaszkiewicz (1895-1975), intelligence officer.
 * Bernard Śliwiński (1883-1941), doctor of law, commander during the Greater Poland uprising, Lieutenant colonel in the Polish Armed Forces infantry, district commander of the state police, Mayor of Bydgoszcz and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari.

title: Poniec