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Skradin

Skradin (Scardona) is a small town in the Šibenik-Knin County of Croatia. It is located near the Krka river and at the entrance to the Krka National Park, 17 km from Šibenik and 100 km from Split. The main attraction of the park, Slapovi Krke, is a series of waterfalls, the biggest of which, Skradinski buk, was named after Skradin.

History
During Antiquity, the city was known as Scardon and Scardona, a name attested in the writings of Strabo and Procopius (Σκάρδων), Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy (Σκaρδῶνα).

Before the Roman conquest, the settlement was Illyrian, with the particularity of having the locally recurring suffix -ona. The prevailing theory links the root of the Illyrian toponym to a term meaning "steep", as a derivation of *sko/ard(h)-, and it has been compared with the Scardus mountains in southern Illyria. After an initial development in Vulgar Latin in the form -una, the Illyrian suffix was reflected in South Slavic as -in. The survival of several of such toponyms in the area (e.g. Solin from Salona, Labin from Albona etc) points to the continuation of Illyrian settlements since ancient times. Another, more peripheral, theory says the name might be related to that of the Scordisci, a Celtic or Illyrian tribe. Though initially located in present-day Eastern Slavonia and Syrmia, the Scordisci might have been allied with the local tribe of the Dalmatae, as mercenaries, which would explain their presence in Dalmatia.

After the Roman conquest, Skradin became an administrative and military centre of the region, and was mentioned as a municipium in 530. It was destroyed during the Migration Period, and had by the 9th century been settled by Croats.

During the 10th century, it was one of the fortified towns in Croatia, as the centre of the Skradin županija.

Skradin under Šubić rule
In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, Skradin flourished as the capital of the Šubić bans, Paul I and Mladen II. The Šubić's built the Turina fortress on the hill overlooking the Skradin harbor. They elevated the settlement below the fortress to a free city, at which point it also became a commune, and was granted its own statute and administration. They further enriched the city by constructing several richly-endowed monasteries which housed the Dominicans, Franciscans and other Christian orders.

Decline and Ottoman conquest
Skradin was conquered by the Ottomans in 1522 and remain part of the Ottoman Empire until 1684, with a few interruptions. During the Ottoman–Venetian wars, the town was devastated and subsequently relocated.

In October 1683, some uskoks from Venetian Dalmatia, mainly Morlachs from Ravni Kotari, rose up against the Sanjak-bey of Klis and took Skradin and several other border towns which had been deserted by their Ottoman Muslim population, who was fearing an attack by the Morlachs. The Venetians finally took Skradin in 1684 and the town recovered under their rule, during the 18th century, becoming the center of a municipality in 1705.

Later, it was occupied by Napoleon as part of the French Empire, then Austria-Hungary.

In time it lost its importance as the centre of the region, which shifted to Šibenik, and so it stagnated - the Diocese of Skradin was abandoned in 1828.

Population
The municipality has a total population of 3,349 (2021 census). Its population is divided into the following settlements:
 * Bićine, population 173
 * Bratiškovci, population 233
 * Bribir, population 89
 * Cicvare, population 12
 * Dubravice, population 509
 * Gorice, population 22
 * Gračac, population 159
 * Ićevo, population 78
 * Krković, population 151
 * Lađevci, population 99
 * Međare, population 5
 * Piramatovci, population 209
 * Plastovo, population 167
 * Rupe, population 392
 * Skradin, population 508
 * Skradinsko Polje, population 51
 * Sonković, population 297
 * Vaćani, population 105
 * Velika Glava, population 40
 * Žažvić, population 29
 * Ždrapanj, population 21

Notable people

 * Filip Dominik Bordini - priest and bishop
 * Lujo Marun - priest and archaeologist
 * Josip Mrkica - priest and writer
 * Rüstem Pasha - Ottoman leader (birthplace uncertain)
 * Zdravko Škender - singer

title: Skradin


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Ust-Izhora

Ust-Izhora (Усть-Ижо́ра) is a municipal settlement in Kolpinsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, situated at the confluence of the Izhora and Neva Rivers, and is roughly equidistant to St. Petersburg and Shlisselburg, Russia, 30 km from both the Gulf of Finland in the west and Lake Ladoga in the northeast. Population:

The settlement is believed to mark the location of the Battle of the Neva (July 15, 1240), when weak forces led by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich of Novgorod defeated the Swedes here, and prevented them from advancing farther south into Ingria. The chronicles tell of a "great battle," in which Alexander's men stormed and sank three Swedish ships, and Alexander himself wounded Birger, the Swedish commander.

Following this victory on the Neva, the prince was renamed Alexander Nevsky. The Russian Orthodox Church eventually canonized him, and he is now the patron saint of Saint Petersburg. A church was built on the bank of the Neva in 1799 to commemorate the famous battle. Close by the church are two monuments honoring Alexander Nevsky, in whose memory the church is dedicated.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ust-Izhora


text:
User:Average Earthman

''"In many more relaxed civilizations on the Outer Eastern Rim of the Galaxy, the Guide has already supplanted the great Encyclopaedia Galactica as a standard repository of all knowledge and wisdom, for though it has many omissions and contains much that is apocryphal, or at least wildly inaccurate, it scores over the older, more pedestrian work in two important respects. First, it is slightly cheaper; and second, it has the words DON'T PANIC inscribed in large friendly letters on its cover." --Douglas Adams, The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy

"Madness is the exception in individuals but the rule in groups." --Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil

title: User:Average Earthman


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Bosnia vilayet

The Bosnia Vilayet was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, mostly comprising the territory of the present-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with minor parts of modern Montenegro. It bordered Kosovo Vilayet to the south. Before the administrative reform in 1867, it was called the Bosnia Eyalet. In the late 19th century it reportedly had an area of 17900 sqmi.

It effectively ceased to exist as an Ottoman province after the Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, although it formally existed for thirty more years until 1908, despite being governed by Austria-Hungary. This excluded Old Herzegovina, which was ceded to the Principality of Montenegro in 1878. In 1908, during the Bosnian Crisis, Austria-Hungary formally annexed it into its own territory.

Administrative divisions
Sanjaks of the Vilayet:
 * 1) Sanjak of Bosnia (Kazas of Visoka, Foyniça, Çayniça, Vişegrad, Çelebipazar and Kladine)
 * 2) Sanjak of Izvornik (Its center was Tuzla, kazas of Maglay, Gradçaniça, Gradaçaç, Breçka, Bjelina, İzvornik and Birçe)
 * 3) Sanjak of Banaluka (Kazas of  Gradişka, Derbend and Teşene)
 * 4) Sanjak of Hersek (Its center was Mostar, kazas of Foça, Koniça, Dumna, Liyubuşka, İstolça, Trebin, Bileke, Nikşik and Gaçka)
 * 5) Sanjak of Travnik (Kazas of Yayçe, Akhisar, Glamoç and İhlivne)
 * 6) Sanjak of Bihke (Kazas of Klyuç, Novosel, Sazın, Krupa, Kostayniça and Pridor)

Languages
Bosnian language was used as the second official language of this vilayet.

title: Bosnia vilayet


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Emperor's Mosque

The Emperor's Mosque (Bosnian: Careva džamija, Turkish: Hünkâr Camii) is an important landmark in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, being the first mosque to be built (1457) after the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia. It is the largest single-subdome mosque in Bosnia and Herzegovina, built in the classical Ottoman style of the era.

It was built by one Isaković-Hranušić who dedicated it to the Sultan, Mehmed the Conqueror, the conqueror of Constantinople. Considered one of the most beautiful mosques of the Ottoman period in the Balkans, the mosque features a roomy interior and high quality decorative details, such as the mihrab.

History
The original mosque was built in the mid-15th century. Damaged and totally destroyed by the end of that century, it was rebuilt in 1565 and dedicated this time to Suleiman the Magnificent.

The first mosque was made of wood and significantly smaller than the existing building that was built in 1565. Side rooms were added in 1800 and connected to the central prayer area in 1848. Between 1980 and 1983, the painted decorations in the interior of the mosque were conserved and restored. The burial ground (graveyard) beside the Emperor's Mosque contains the graves of viziers, mullahs, muftis, sheikhs, the employees in the Emperor's Mosque, along with other prominent figures living in Sarajevo.

The mosque was damaged during World War II but mostly in the wars during the 1990s, and renovation work is pending.

The first settlements in Sarajevo were built around the mosque with the residence of the Sultan's representatives than being built next to the mosque. Isa-bey also built a hammam (public bath) and a bridge that led directly to the mosque. This bridge was disassembled during the Austro-Hungarian government and rebuilt just a few meters upstream where it still exists today.

On the other side of the river, he built a caravanserai. For the financing of these facilities, Isa-bey left a heritage of many shops, land and properties.

title: Emperor's Mosque


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Matsubushi, Saitama

Matsubushi (松伏町) is a town located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 28,787 in 12,141 households and a population density of 1800 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 16.20 sqkm.

Geography
Located in the Shimōsa Plateau of far eastern Saitama Prefecture, Matsubushi is on the central reaches of the Edogawa River and borders upon Chiba Prefecture to the east.

Surrounding municipalities

 * Saitama Prefecture
 * Kasukabe
 * Koshigaya
 * Yoshikawa
 * Chiba Prefecture
 * Noda

Climate
Matsubushi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Matsubushi is 14.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1408 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.1 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Matsubushi has recently plateaued after several decades of growth.

History
The area of Matsubushi was part of Shimōsa Province prior to the Meiji period, and was transferred to the newly-created Saitama Prefecture in 1871. The village of Matsubushiryo was created within Kitakatsushika District, Saitama with the establishment of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889. It was renamed Matsubushi on April 1, 1956 and elevated to town status on April 1, 1969.

Government
Matsubushi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 15 members. Matsubushi contributes one member to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Saitama 14th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Matsubushi was formerly a center of rice production, but farmland is giving way to urbanization. The town now produces eggs, hakusai Chinese cabbage and negi, the Japanese welsh onion. The town is home to the Matsubushi Campus of Taisho University.

Education
Matsubushi has three public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the city government, and one public high school operated by the Saitama Prefectural Board of Education. Taisho University has a campus in Matsubushi.

Railway
Matsubushi is not served by any passenger rail service.

Noted people from Matsubushi

 * Ryo Ishikawa, professional golfer
 * Hiroko Hatano, model and actress

title: Matsubushi, Saitama


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Shōwa, Saitama

Shōwa (庄和町) was a town in Kitakatsushika District, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 37,047 and a density of 1,316.06 PD/sqkm. The total area was 28.15 sqkm.

On October 1, 2005, Shōwa was merged into the expanded city of Kasukabe and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Shōwa, Saitama


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Tuzla (disambiguation)

Tuzla is a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the seat of Tuzla Canton.

Tuzla is a word of Turkish origin that means "salt pan" or "salt evaporation pond". It may also refer to:

Locations

 * Tuzla, Constanța, commune in Romania
 * Enkomi or Tuzla, a village near Famagusta (Gazimağusa) in Cyprus

 * Turkey:
 * Tuzla, Ayvacık, village, Turkey
 * Tuzla, a community in Adana Province of Turkey
 * Tuzla, Istanbul, district in Turkey
 * Tuzla, Kemah, village in Turkey

 * Crimea, Strait of Kerch:
 * Cape Tuzla
 * Tuzla Island
 * Tuzla Spit

 * Tuzla Gölü:
 * Lake Tuzla, Turkey
 * Crimean Tatar name of Stare Lake, Crimea, Ukraine
 * An alternative name for Kâmil Abduş Lake, Istanbul

Ships

 * MS Tuzla, now called MS Lodbrog, a Romanian ship
 * MV Tuzla, a Turkish ship

title: Tuzla (disambiguation)


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Kita-Katsushika District, Saitama

Kita-Katsushika (北葛飾郡) is a district located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

As of July 1, 2011, the district has an estimated population of 77,583 and a population density of 1,680 persons per km2. The total area is 46.22 km2.

There are two towns in the district.
 * Matsubushi
 * Sugito

The following cities were once part of the district, but have since merged into other towns:
 * Parts of Kasukabe
 * Kuki
 * Misato
 * Satte
 * Yoshikawa

History

 * April 1, 1964: The village of Shōwa gained town status.
 * October 1, 1964: The village of Misato gained town status.
 * April 1, 1969: The village of Matsubushi gained town status.
 * May 3, 1972: The town of Misato gained city status.
 * October 1, 1986: The town of Satte gained city status.
 * April 1, 1996: The town of Yoshikawa gained city status.
 * October 1, 2005: The town of Shōwa merged with the city of Kasukabe to form the new city of Kasukabe.
 * March 23, 2010: The towns of Kurihashi and Washimiya, along with the town of Shōbu, from Minamisaitama District, merged with the city of Kuki to form the new city of Kuki.

title: Kita-Katsushika District, Saitama


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/93 Feet East

93 Feet East was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP based on the substantial changes made late in the voting. There is no reason given that would require the deletion of the page history. Note that this decision does not address the relative notability of the new subject of this article. That discussion should be reserved to a separate nomination if appropriate. Rossami 03:41, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

vfd notice added on the 28th by an anon user with a history of constructive edits (see ). Edit summary was: (VfD added. Appears as advert for a group.). I support this; non-notable local community site, text is evidently a c&p dump from their web page. Ianb 09:08, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. - UtherSRG 11:59, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete it a lot. I'd guess that almost all users of Wikipedia don't need to post community notices for Brick Lane. Geogre 12:35, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * "Welcome to the Brick Lane community site?" Delete.  SWAdair | Talk  04:39, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a web directory. Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:35, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Useless as it stands, though possibly deserving of an article. Notable London music venue, interesting (1) as an architectural conversion of part of a brewery (2) as a meeting point of hip subcultural London & the younger part of the Bengali (and more broadly subcontinental) community centered on Brick Lane. On both counts, a good topic to use to elucidate the cultural changes of London's East End in recent years. Delete the article as it stands, but it could be a good topic for an article. -- Jmabel 18:03, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I replaced existing advert text with description by Jmabel above. Granted, it's now a stub, but it's a worthwhile stub. Salasks 21:01, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I so want to change my vote. I really, really do, if only because I think an article on the legendary club 688 would be worthwhile, too, but the rewrite removes the grounds for the delete vote without, still, really giving us notability.  It's not a web ad, now.  I just wish it explained more about how central it is to the community, how it organizes immigrant community life, etc.  I'll change to abstain.  The reason I do is this:  This VfD debate has been about advertising.  The article has changed.  I feel that a re-nomination would be necessary if we were voting on notability.  Therefore, I can't vote keep, but neither delete anymore. Geogre 16:44, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Miyoshi, Saitama

Miyoshi (三芳町) is a town located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 38,101 in 16,692 households and a population density of 2500 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 15.33 sqkm.

Geography
Miyoshi is located in south-central Saitama Prefecture.

Surrounding municipalities
Saitama Prefecture
 * Fujimi
 * Tokorozawa
 * Kawagoe
 * Shiki
 * Niiza
 * Fujimino

Climate
Miyoshi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Miyoshi is 14.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1647 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.3 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Miyoshi saw strong growth starting around 1960 which leveled off around 1990.

History
The place name of "Miyoshin-no-sato" appears in the Heian period Ise Monogatari, and was part of ancient Musashi Province. During the Edo period, it was part of the holdings of Kawagoe Domain and was a rural agricultural area with few inhabitants. The village of Miyoshi was created within Iruma District, Saitama on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was elevated to town status on November 3, 1970.

Government
Miyoshi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 15 members. Miyoshi, together with the city of Fujimino, contributes two members to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Saitama 8th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Miyoshi is largely agricultural, with sweet potatoes a major crop. However, the town is also a bedroom community with some 25% of its working population commuting to nearby Tokyo.

Education
Miyoshi has five public elementary schools and three public middle schools operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school. Chiba-based Shukutoku University has a campus in Miyoshi.

Railway

 * Miyoshi is not served by any passenger rail service.

Sister city relations

 * 🇲🇾 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia

Noted people from Miyoshi

 * Hitomi Yoshizawa, musician

title: Miyoshi, Saitama


text:
Talk:List of English words of Irish origin

Untitled
Is there a distinction to be drawn between Hiberno-English  words, i.e. only understood within Ireland, and words originating in Ireland but now part of standard English? Since the former may be listed on that page, is there a need to list them here too, or indeed should they be moved here?

As stated, crack is not originally Irish; similarly smithereens is from English smithers with Irish diminutive suffix -een.

Some of the origins seem dubious folk etymologies.

 * Have added "Tory" (robber, outlaw) -- couldn't resist it -- but I agree with the comments above to the effect that the list as it stands is a bit of a hotchpotch... -- Picapica 21:40, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that there should probably be two different pages; one for words that have passed from the Irish language and the Irish language alone into the English of other countries; and one to list expressions, regardless of their origin, that are currently or in the past were in currency in Ireland. (There are plenty of words-- ludán and latchico come to mind-- that are hardly never heard but on the tongues of those of Irish decent. IINAG 10:22, 4 July 2005 (UTC)

Scottish Gaelic
A number of these words are cognate with Scottish Gaelic - certainly "loch" is how it's spelled in Scotland... are we certain that these all came to English via Irish Gaelic? - Donnchadh mac Alasdair —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.81.254.74 (talk) 11:15, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Using Wikipedia as a source to back up what I had learned in my studies: "Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish, and thus descends ultimately from Old Irish." I had heard that the Gaelic Scots were descended from early Irish immigrants. But the words do seem likely to have filtered into English from their interaction with the Scots. Galliv (talk) 05:19, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

Crack
Crack or rather crak is a Scots word, which found its way into Irish Gaelic under the spelling of craic. It probably came to Ireland with the Plantation of Ulster and as many other Scots words has become part of everyday speak by both sides of the community such as other Scots words like scundered, foundered, thieving, plastered etc. Mabuska 23:56, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Sections
Would it be a good idea to separate the list into sections alphabetically? akarkera 09:27, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Yes, I (and others I hope) think so, and now added. User:SeanMacGC 21:15, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

SLC a questionable source?
Since the book SLC is written by someone with an obvious bias, that represents a questionable source and should only be accepted where it can be backed by other reputable sources (OED etc).

Caca from Irish? - only to someone who never studied Latin! I wonder if some of these "Irish" words are actually derived from words in other languages, such as Latin, and SLC fails to realize the historic origins. Michael Daly 20:39, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I have used SLC as a reference, where SLC itself will in turn have used the OED and Dineen (inter alia) as references. I would take issue with the 'obvious bias' comment, have you actually read the book? I would interpret this as something of a slur on the academic integrity of the author, whose book has just been awarded the American Book Award for Nonfiction.  There's a difference between obvious interest and obvious bias.

 * Doubtless that Latin is at the root of many words in many languages, but this topic concerns the specific (Gaelic) route of any word's path into the English Language, not necessarily the ab initio manifestation. User:SeanMacGC 10:35, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I should have said obvious interest - nonetheless, such an award is not necessarily an acknowledgement of quality of research, only of presentation.

 * I won't buy the immediate assumption that since Latin-Irish-English is possible that it is necessarily the only or the prominent route. Some of these derivations seem a little too contrived, and the most contrived seem to have SLC as the source.  Hence my scepticism.  Michael Daly 20:04, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Perhaps it be no coincidence that the "most contrived" are also the most numerous... by far. By simple force of numbers is it not unreasonable that there will be a majority of apparent 'contrived' derivations? Here is the entry for "caca" in full, literatim, verbatim, from SLC:

Caca, n., excrement, shit; often used as a euphemism in presence of children. Caca, gen. as attrib.adj. of cac, excrement, filth;fig. shit; rud caca, a dirty, shitty thing. (Dineen, 145.)

The Irish cac and caca are probably derived from the Latin caco, to void excrement. (Cassell's Latin-English Dictionary, 76.) Seamus an Chaca (Seamus the Shit) was the moniker given to James II of England, a royal "chicken" caca, who abandoned his beleaguered Irish army on the Boyne River in June 1690.

There are few entries in SLC that do not have a similarly expansive etymological derivation -- what I have furnished so far on this topic are merely the distilled results, not the rationale and reasoning behind those derivations; Professor Cassidy has provided those.

User:SeanMacGC 10:50, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * But none of that shows that the word entered English from Irish and not directly from Latin. If Latin influenced both English and Irish, that proves nothing about any purported link between Irish and English.  It would take a greater bit of detective work to demonstrate that Irish speakers popularized the word in the greater English community in several regions (e.g. England and America).  Parallel and serial are two very different things.  Cassidy wouldn't be the first to "prove" how his favourite culture influenced the world by showing coincidences.

 * As far as the number of examples coming from SLC, a good bit of this article looks like it is just copied from the book. That is not scholarship on the part of this article, just plagiarism.  Hence my comment on requiring second sources stands - unless this is independently verified, it does not make for a good article entry.  Michael Daly 16:47, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Cassidy has quoted references, how that can be interpreted as plagiarism is quite beyond me... that's what reference books are for! England and America, the two destinations in the world that the Irish emigrated to in greatest numbers, coincidence? And caca was in the Irish language when those same people emigrated -- there was no caca in English before that, fact. Timelines are important here. Incidentally, SLC has been peer reviewed, fully. User:SeanMacGC 21:00, 12 October 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by SeanMacGC (talk • contribs)

Block and bealach make no sense. Bealach means way or route (e.g. a (now-small) road in Kerry is called an bealach béama - the "main route), whereas in geographic terms "block" arrived on the scene due to the way modern US cities were built - in regular shaped blocks. While the author of SLC may have found references to support his conclusions, I doubt the applicability of the references he's found based on the examples shown here. As someone from Ireland, a lot of this looks like a massive stretch. 84.12.111.19 11:58, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Do you not think that you might be just a little too literal here? Bealach --> a road, a path, a way, a passage, a thoroughfare --> a city street, a city road --> a main city street or city road defining a block, i.e., what's the demarcating feature of a block? If it were simply due to the way that modern US cities were designed and built (and block existed before the grid pattern of modern US cities), why wouldn't they be categorised as something more reflective of the reality?

--SeanMacGC 19:49, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

I agree with Michael Daly. Cassidy has a bad reputation amongst linguists as a reliable source. For instance, the derivation of "spiel" from Irish rather than German is patently ludicrous. I propose removing all entries that don't check out when compared with the etymologies in the OED (or similarly well-respected English dictionary). --Folantin (talk) 14:07, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Cassidy has a terrible reputation among linguists:

http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/grantbarrett/comments/humdinger_of_a_bad_irish_scholar/

http://www.languagehat.com/archives/002935.php

http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/005098.html

http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003326.html

http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/005228.html

http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/bunk/

Dismissing these critiques as anti-Irish bias is preposterous -- Cassidy makes blatant errors for words with well-established etymologies (c.f. bunkum), and has rampant sourcing issues. It's supposition, not scholarship, and should not be used as a source on par with the OED. 75.35.219.51 (talk) 18:17, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Sources?
Many of the words here appear to be attributed as a result of supposition. Many of them seem incredible. This "article" needs to be better sourced, and a better etymology of the words given or be deleted. It completely lacks academic veracity or credibility, and stinks of the tall stories of some Irish bloke in a bar.

So, at the moment it's just another steaming pile of wikiality, and should not be trusted at all in any way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.132.168.164 (talk) 03:04, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm going to remove all the entries sourced to Cassidy as well as some of the others which are more likely to come from Welsh or Scottish Gaelic. I've also limited this to words derived from the Irish (Gaelic) language. We already have a list of "dialect" words at Hiberno-English. --Folantin (talk) 18:38, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree this needs to be better sourced. Has anyone considered the inherent problems with using English sources entirely? It seems to rely heavily on the OED. It's fine to use that as a starting point, but the words need to be checked in Irish sources as well. As an editor (in English) for 35 years, I found the OED very reliable...for English words. Once I started studying Irish, I became aware of its drawbacks: a subtle bias and seeming unwillingness to attribute any word to an Irish source. Some very obvious Irish words are listed as "uncertain source". While etymology can be tricky due to 1000 years of mixing the two peoples, it can't have all been a one way street. Galliv (talk) 05:11, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

pointless trivia?
Whoever added "Bard" to this list has to my mind raised a very pertinent point - this word is attributed as originally from old Irish, Scots, Welsh and Celtic. I presume this means it's a word which was in use in all of Britain (including England) from before the beginnings of the English language and therefore most likely spoken by English-British people from the start. Therefore NOT a word of Irish origin adopted by English speakers but a word common in the roots of both languages.

You could say the same of many other entries on this page and it all starts to look a bit pointless ( ... apart from the obvious accusation that it's an incomplete collection of trivia).

I don't wish to denigrate someone's best efforts to provide an interesting article, but until this is straightened out by an expert it remains the sort of article which gets Wikipedia a bad name. Sure there are constant linguistic arguments about where/whether lines are drawn between languages and this article will never be free form them, but at the moment it seems to me way off the mark. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.53.39.216 (talk) 10:01, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * "Bard" is thought to have come from the Proto-Celtic word "bardo". You're right, it's not specifically Irish, though I don't know if it was part of the (Celtic) Brythonic vocabularies. The reason for this word's common attribution as Irish probably has to do with the importance of the bardic culture in Ireland throughout its history.

 * Personally, I would like to see more words on this page, but better research.Galliv (talk) 05:49, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Bard, Callow and Shanty
The following etymology dictionaries are currently available for free online: Etymology Dictionary by Ayto (2005), Etymololgy Dictionary by Harper (2001), Etymology Dictionary by Partridge (1966), Etymology Dictionary by Weekley (1921), Etymology Dictionary by Skeat (1888). Also available online is the concise version of the Oxford English Dictionary. On the basis of these six dictionaries, I propose to delete bard, callow, shanty from the list of words of Irish Gaelic origin.

Bard. In short, English bard primarily comes from popular ancient Latin writings that have bardus = poet. Bard is an ancient Celtic word. Welsh bardd and Breton barz mean 'poet-singer'. Scottish Gaelic bard entered Scottish English in mid-15th century with the meaning of 'vagabond minstrel'. However the modern literary meaning of bard is 17th century and is derived from -- or at least strongly influenced by -- the ancient Greek bardos and Latin bardus (e.g. used by the poet Lucan, 1st century AD), which in turn come from the Gaulish language. The word bard appears in modern French, Spanish, Italian, German and other European languages and I believe this widespreadness is due to its presence in the Greek and Latin, not English. But in any case, none of the etymology dictionaries give the English word bard a demonstrable descent from Irish Gaelic, even though several of them mention the co-existence of the Irish Gaelic word. The demonstrable descent is from Scottish Gaelic and Latin. (See also the comment by 86.53.39.216 earlier on this page.)

callow: All the above etymology dictionaries say callow descends from Old English calu = ‘bald’. They also say this old english word is probably West Germanic, and point to cognates in Old Friesan, Dutch and German. They do not point to any Irish connection. The Wikipedia article cites the Oxford English Dictionary as saying that callow is "cognate with the Irish calbh (bald), and is a particularly Irish usage (OED)." -- bear in mind that "cognate" does not mean originating from. I haven't looked at the full-length OED, but the concise OED that's free online says callow's origin is "Old English, "bald", probably from Latin calvus ‘bald’, later "unfledged""; see http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/callow. Similarly see http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/callow Furthermore the meaning of callow as "a water-meadow" in the Wikipedia article is not supported by any of the dictionaries.
 * This is irrelevant to question of including 'callow' or not, as I agree that the word seems to derive from Old English, but the use of the term to mean a water-meadow (or accurately, an 'alluvial flat') does exist in dictionaries and there is a specifically Irish connection. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (on-line at ) defines 'callow' as 'an alluvial flat along a water-course: a term used by writers on Irish geology and agriculture' while the callows on the river Shannon are well known: Shannon Callows. Perhaps, this word is Hiberno-English rather than Irish derived. However, there are also callows in English place-names. I mostly mention this because I'm not very happy with the dictionaries you are using (see comments on fiacre and tilly below) (Wohz (talk) 17:24, 2 July 2014 (UTC))

Shanty. Here are quotes from the various dictionaries about Shanty: Quote 1: "Shanty: In Canadian French, chantier takes the sense ‘hut, or small, rough, temporary dwelling’: whence English shanty."ref1. Quote 2: "Shanty: rough cabin, first recorded 1820, from French Canadian chantier "lumberjack's headquarters," in French, "timberyard, dock," from Old French chantier "gantry," from Latin cantherius "rafter, frame".ref2. Quote 3: "Shanty: a small, crudely built shack. Origin perhaps from Canadian French chantier ‘lumberjack’s cabin, logging camp’"ref3. Quote 4: "Shanty = Hut. Origin in US & Canada. Perhaps corruption of French chantier, workshop, used in Canada of woodcutters' forest quarters. Cf. shantyman = lumberman, Canadian French homme de chantier (see gantry). Others derive it from Irish sean toig, old house."ref4. Quote 5: "Shanty, meaning ‘shack’, originated in America, and the fact that to begin with it was mainly used for the houses of Irish immigrants suggests that it MAY have come from Irish sean tig 'old house'."ref5. It's wrong to derive it from "old house" because there's unanimity that it originated in America at a time when there were very few old houses to be found and the population was growing explosively; and the plain meaning of the word is a roughly built house, not an old house. In all those etymology books I saw no report of any evidence that Gaelic speakers in America used the word nor any evidence of them passing it on to English speakers. Most of the books don't even mention the Irish hypothesis for Shanty, and the remainder say it's merely speculative and unproved. Note that use of the word Shanty has been dated to 1820 at latest, whereas Irish Catholic immigrants were not very numerous nor very poor in America prior to that date, and most of them were able to speak English and spoke English. (They tended to come from the east and southeast counties in Ireland; the Irish western counties didn't start emigrating until the 1840s). Based on what's said in the etymology books, Americans used their own word Shanty to describe the housing they observed some poorer people living in, and didn't borrow that word from the people who were living there -- and more often than not the people living there were not Irish immigrants, I may add.

As an aside, I believe that slob is not an Irish Gaelic word either. That's based on the lengthy treatment of the subject in Walter Skeat's etymology dictionary at. However, the OED believes it is has an Irish Gaelic origin, and I don't want to get into a fight where the OED could be marshaled aginst me. All dictionaries including the OED say that slobber and slobbery are not of Irish Gaelic origin, but the OED says that slob is etymologically a different word from slobbery. I believe the meaning "untidy person" (first recorded in 1861) is surely derived from slobbery and surely not of Gaelic origin. (As for the "mud" meaning for slob, it looks like it's probably Old English in origin as well.) Seanwal111111 (talk) 21:33, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of six words from the list
I propose to delete the following six words from the list. My sources are the same half a dozen dictionaries I cited earlier on this page concerning the deletion of "shanty".

Alannah: This word is not in any of the dictionaries. Therefore (1) it's not an English word and (2) you can't cite a standard reference saying it's of Gaelic origin. According to Wikipedia, "Alannah is a given first name for a person, which has disputed origins: It can be either derived from the Old High German word for "precious" or from the Irish language term "a leanbh" or "child".

Baltimore: This is purely a placename (the internal link goes to the city in Maryland). The list excludes placenames, so Baltimore should be excluded likewise.

Drum: The Gaelic "drum" isn't in English; only "drumlin" is in English.

Fiacre: Once again, I cannot find this word in English dictionaries. Fiacre is a word in French, now more or less archaic, which is said to come from the name of an Irish-born saint. But it does not exist in English.
 * This is certainly a more-or-less archaic word as most words for types of horse-drawn carriage are, but it does exist in English. Wiktionary includes a quotation from a Rebecca West novel, wordnik has several citations in its entry for 'fiacre', and it's in the Oxford Dictionaries Online. (Wohz (talk))

Puck: This word is in Old English. Therefore it couldn't be from Irish. Cognate words are seen in Old Germanic languages, e.g. puk in Friesian and puki in Old Norse. There are also cognates in Welsh, Cornish and Irish, but that in no way implies the word entered English from Irish. (Also, the meaning in Irish is not the same as in Old English and modern English. Also, in relatively recent centuries the Irish meaning may have been affected by the English).

tocher: This is not a word in standard English dictionaries. The source cited by the Wikipedia article is "The Concise Scots Dictionary", implying it's found in Scots dialect English. According to the Wikipedia article, this dictionary says the word is from "Old Irish". "Old Irish" can be either Scottish or Irish -- there was no distinction between the two in the writings of olden times, and more than half of "Old Irish" writings were produced in Scotland. So this word "tocher" fails to qualify for the list because it's not in English and it's not from Irish in the narrower sense.

cross: This entry can stay but it needs more comment. If it's true that "Cross" comes from Old Irish, it needs to be commented that Old Irish is both Scottish and Irish Gaelic. It needs to be commented as well that Cross may not come from Old Irish. Here's what Weekley says about it:
 * The adoption of the Roman gibbet as symbol of Christianity has resulted in Latin crux, critc-, giving French croix, Spanish cruz, German kreuz, and late Anglo-Saxon cruc, replacing earlier rood. From Anglo-Saxon cruc comes Middle English cruche, but this was gradually superseded by northern [Middle English] cross, from late Anglo-Saxon cros (seen in north country place-names), from Old Norse kross. In southern Middle English, crois, from Old French, was the usual form.

No Gaelic origin theory there. Note that the difference is very subtle and almost non-existent between the Middle English southern form crois (certainly from French crois) and the northern form cross (reportedly from Old Norse kross). Skeat says that modern Cross is from the Old French crois, and not from Gaelic, and that the Gaelic word was croich (thus disagreeing with this Wikipedia article's statement that the Old Irish form was cros).

During the conversions of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, Gaelic-speaking Christian missionaries were active in the northern areas of England and southern Scotland (far less so in southern England). I think that's why it's supposed that the English northern form cross may come from Gaelic. But the etymology dictionaries that report a Gaelic source also say the northern form comes, or probably comes, from Old Norse kross (despite the fact that the Old Norsemen weren't Christians) and the latter comes from Old Irish. See e.g. Dictionary.Reference.com. That makes no sense to me. The Harper says that English Cross probably comes from Scandinavian and then the Scandinavian comes from Old Irish cros. I don't know how he gets that result, but in any case his word "probably" there, and all that I've said above, indicate to me that adoption of the word into English from Gaelic sources is poorly documented, involves guesswork, and is uncertain. By the way, none of the other Old English Christianity words have Old Irish source theories; see e.g. god spell (gospel), calic (chalice), cirice (church), maesse (Mass).

Tilly: This word is not used in Ireland in the sense stated. It appears to be a colloquialism confined to Newfoundland.
 * I'm removing the claim that this is confined to Newfoundland. This is a word my parents used with me growing up in Ireland and, although I cannot cite myself (I guess), I will add a comment about James Joyce naming one of his poems 'Tilly'. (Wohz (talk))

Merger proposal
I can't imagine the List of English words of Old Irish origin getting a great number of entries. Old Irish is certainly a different language from Irish, but keeping these words in their own section on this page would set them apart well enough. --Leif Runenritzer (talk) 04:20, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Somehow I missed this debate but fair enough, I don't object. However, the page seems to have been turned into a redirect without the entries having been moved or am I not getting something? Akerbeltz (talk) 15:53, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * There were only three entires on the Old Irish page (cross, dulse, tocher) but they've all been moved over. ~Asarlaí 15:55, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * So they have - my apologies. Akerbeltz (talk) 16:12, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Kybosh
Kibosh is probably not from Irish. See discussion at American Dialect Society list and Cohen, Gerald (compiler), "Stephen Goranson's suggestion that _kibosh_ in _put the kibosh on_ may derive from _kurbash_ (a type of whip)," "Comments on Etymology" vol. 40 no. 1-2 (Oct.-Nov. 2010) pages 12-48. This includes two addenda (a) Stephen Goranson: ca. 1830: Broadside 'Penal Servitude' with lines: "It would put on the kibosh like winking / That is if they was to introduce the lash' and (b) Matthew Little's preliminary treatment (Nov. 2009; only now published) suggesting _kibosh_ from _kurbash_. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Coralapus (talk • contribs) 14:19, 25 December 2010 (UTC) See now, for a non-Irish etymology and a review of other proposals, Origin of Kibosh: Routledge Studies in Etymology (2017) by Gerald Cohen, Stephen Goranson, and Matthew Little ISBN  113862895.Coralapus (talk)Coralapus
 * I have removed the assertion that "kybosh" was "International English" as opposed to "kibosh," supposedly American English. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, s.v., "kibosh," k-i-bosh is the standard spelling in Standard English, while k-y-bosh is an alternate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.176.243.154 (talk) 09:00, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Slum (Cassidy again)
I have just removed "slum" which has been added, with a reference to Cassidy.

While I haven't got a reference that definitely says Cassidy is wrong, I have several circumstantial reasons to doubt his etymology ("s lom é" = "it is bleak"); and the discussion further up this page suggests that he is not reliable.

 * 1) While the OED does not have a specific etymology for "slum" (just saying "of Cant origin"), not one of the early citations there appears to have any particular connection to Ireland.
 * 2) The oldest citation there with the modern meaning of "slum" is from 1825; but older meanings of "a room" and "nonsense" are attested from 1819 and 1811-12 respectively, and neither of them has any particular "bleak"ness about them.
 * 3) It is extremely rare for a word to be borrowed from a phrase - still less a sentence - in another language.

As I say, these are all circumstantial: perhaps there are older, Irish references; perhaps the older meanings in the OED are unrelated words; and borrowings from sentences, though rare, are not unknown. Perhaps Cassidy has solid evidence for his suggestion (I haven't seen Cassidy's book). But judging from the comments mentioned above, I would doubt it, and say that the burden of proof for inclusion in this list is to show the evidence that Cassidy relies on. --ColinFine (talk) 19:09, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Dig and Slapper
I've removed "dig" (unsourced, and with an unsourced story about Irish and Blacks in New York), and "slapper", which is sourced only to Wiktionary: I'm going to remove the etymology from there, as it is unsourced and unlikely. --ColinFine (talk) 09:22, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

Clock
I may have been hasty in removing clock, thanks to Rashers who pointed that out. The OED accepts that there may be an Old Irish derivation involved but that involves the word going Old Irish > Germanic > Flemish > English. I guess the question is, do we include words which are maybe of Irish origin? In any case, if it's the case, then it belongs on List of English words of Irish origin, not here, as it certainly did not come via modern Irish. Akerbeltz (talk) 13:40, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Not sure I follow in which article you think it might be more appropriate. Generally I'd be inclined to include, with ref., and whatever qualifier they use. RashersTierney (talk) 18:36, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
 * It should go in the Old Irish one, methinks. Akerbeltz (talk) 01:53, 10 November 2011 (UTC)

The origin of the word CLOCK
On 27 Mar 2012 Seanwal111111 deleted the word CLOCK from the list, with supporing comment: "Deleted CLOCK because the language and area of origin of the word is undetermined; see http://archive.org/stream/oed02arch#page/510/mode/1up " -- that link is to the New English Dictionary on Historical Principles.

On 21 Jul 2012 editor Gimpel43 restored the word CLOCK with the comment: "The cited source from "Seanwal111111" is from 1893. Today (2012) the origin of the word "clock" from Old-Irish "clocc" isn't disputed."

Here's what dictionaries with copyright date 2012 are saying:

 * Oxford Dictionary copyright year 2012 @ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/clock : Clock: late Middle English: from Middle Low German and Middle Dutch klocke, based on medieval Latin clocca 'bell'. My comment: That's all it says and notice in particular that it does not engage in speculation about the origin of the medieval Latin word (and in fact no convincing evidence exists one way or another about where the medieval Latin word came from).

 * Random House Dictionary @ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/clock : Clock: 1350–1400; Middle English clok ( ke ) < Middle Dutch clocke bell, clock; akin to Old English clucge, Old High German glocka  ( German Glocke ), Old Irish clocc  bell; compare cloak. My comment: "akin to" is a different thing than "origin from".

 * Collins English Dictionary @ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/clock : Clock: from Middle Dutch clocke clock, from Medieval Latin clocca  bell, ultimately of Celtic origin. My comment: Celtic origin doesn't mean Gaelic origin (nor even Insular Celtic origin).

 * Merriam-Webster Dictinary @ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clock : Clock: English is from the European continent; the word is akin to Middle Irish clocc. My comment: "akin to" doesn't imply an Irish origin.

Editor Gimpel43 cites the following as his sole support for the undeletion of CLOCK:

 * Etymonline @ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=clock : Clock: late 14c., clokke, originally "clock with bells," probably from M.Du. clocke (Du. klok), from O.N.Fr. cloque, from M.L. (7c.) clocca "bell," probably from Celtic (cf. O.Ir. clocc, Welsh cloch "bell") and spread by Irish missionaries (unless the Celtic words are from Latin). My comment: That statement with its words "probably" and "unless" is pretty much consistent with the other dictionaries above, which are saying the origin is obscure and, in particular, an Irish origin is lacking in evidence. Notice also that Etymonline is saying the Medieval Latin word is on record from the 7th century on the European continent. That 7th century date is early enough to make an Irish missionary origin improbable (though does not definitively shut it out). Because the word is not recorded in Irish until some centuries after the 7th, its use in Irish might well have come from the Latin.

There has been no substantive new evidence about the etymology of CLOCK since the report dated 1893 I cited above, to my knowledge. I am now going to delete the word from the list again. Seanwal111111 (talk) 23:04, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

- On 21 July 2012 Seanwal111111 deleted the word "clock" for the second time from the list of english words of irish origin with the main argument "origin of the word is undetermined", though one of his cited sources "Collins English Dictionary" says "ultimately of Celtic origin" and the other cited sources make a irish origin probable.

There is substantive new evidence about the etymology of CLOCK since the report dated 1893 you cited above and you yourself wrote it down: "Collins English Dictionary" gives us "ultimately of Celtic origin". The argument that "Merriam-Webster Dictinary" uses the word "akin" and "akin" doesn't imply an Irish origin is a weak argument. The whole Comparative Linguistics is based on the alikeness of words. So if you argue "akin" means nothing in Comparative Linguistics, than the whole Comparative Linguistics is doing jabberwocky. Any german dictionary leads the word "Glocke" back to Irish "clocc" not only because of the alikeness of the word but also because there is a historical framework. Most parts of germany, switzerland and austria (also england) got evangelised from ireland in the Early Middle Ages. And the irish monks brought the thing "bell" and the word for the thing "clocc" along. The word is not attested in Classical Latin but is attested in Medieval Latin, because this was the language of documents at that time.

Here are some good sources for the etymologie of the word "clock":

 * Duden, Herkunftswörterbuch, Glocke: "Im Rahmen der Missiontätigkeit irischer Mönche lernten die Germanen diese Glocken kennen und übernahmen mit der Sache auch das Wort. althochdeutsch glocca, clocca, mittelniederländisch klokke (daraus dann entlehnt engl. clock "Uhr").

 * Pfeiffer (online http://www.dwds.de/?qu=glocke): mlat. clocca, dessen kelt. Ursprung sich aus mir. clocc, kymr. cloch ‘Schelle, Glocke’ ergibt

The english word "clock" is not straight adopted from Old Irish. The word made a journey from Ireland to Germany and The Nederlands. From Middle Dutch it came eventually into Middle English. On this long way it changed its meaning from "bell" to "clock".

I will bring the word "clock" back on the list in the next time, so User Seanwal111111 has time to think about. Gimpel43 (talk) 10:18, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

 * In etymology, a key thing is temporal order. The medieval Latin is attested from the 7th century, says Etymonline. Please give us a source and a date for an attestation in Irish. Notice the German source above, www.dwds.de, is saying "mir. clocc", a abbreviation for "Middle Irish clocc". Implying it's not attested in Old Irish. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary I cited above likewise says "akin to Middle Irish clocc". By the Middle Irish period, the word we're talking about already had many records across the European continent in Latin, and also the German glocka around year 1000, an Old English clucge is on record in about year 890. Notice too that www.dwds.de says "Ursprung sich aus mir. clocc, kymr. cloch", an abbreviation for "it springs from either Middle Irish clocc or Welsh cloch" (in their opinion). Thus, not even your own source can believe there's enough evidence to say it's from Irish.

 * A second point is that at Wikipedia a key thing is references to high-quality sources. The German sources cited are valid and admissible in that regard. But right now you are not able to cite a single etymology dictionary in the English language that says the word is of Irish origin. I have cited six etymology dictionaries in the English language that say word origin is obscure (except that one of them, Collins, says the word origin is surely Celtic -- but it cannot say which one of the Celtic languages).

 * Anyway, as I said, I ask for a source and a date of attestation in Irish, as I think that's a necessary minimum requirement to frame what you're talking about here. Seanwal111111 (talk) 17:30, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, Kluge Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache deGruyter also says (I translate) Mid High German glocke, gloggel, Old High German glocka, klocke, Old Saxon glogga. Borrowed from Old irish cloc(c) m "bell, clock". Irish messengers of faith carried hand bells, some of which have been preserved Akerbeltz (talk) 16:08, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The second bit is splitting hairs. If the German sources say the source is Old Irish, then that should suffice since the English sources (including the concise Oxford Etymological D) clearly state that the English word is a loan from Flemish. I think the onus would be on you to find a source that supports it coming from Brythonic. In that period, Scottish Gaelic and Manx had not yet split off anyway so Old Irish covers all three Goidelic areas anyway. Akerbeltz (talk) 17:47, 22 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The German sources are in no way better qualified than non-German sources to make a claim that the German word is of Irish origin. What we need is evidence, and when the evidence is there everybody has access to it. Don't forget the Latin word pre-dates the German by centuries in the documentation. The German is from the Latin, I believe. I am not saying the origin of the Latin is Brythonic. I'm in agreement with the Concise OED (2012): I haven't seen the evidence to take the etymology back further than the Latin. Seanwal111111 (talk) 18:09, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Oh no, hold it there. We're not on a quest for the truth, remember? Wikipedia is about verifiable facts so if there are bona fide sources which support this, German or English, then that suffices. We're specifically not here to research stuff like that. Akerbeltz (talk) 18:25, 22 July 2012 (UTC) And incidentally, Old Irish does not take it back "further", Old Irish covers the period of the 6th - 10th century, which covers both the late end of Vulgar Latin and the early bits of Medieval Latin. Akerbeltz (talk) 18:38, 22 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, but... If a reliable source says it, then it deserves a mention. If many other reliable sources say something different (including "we dont know"), that deserves a mention too. --ColinFine (talk) 21:34, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

Boycott
This article is described as "a list of English language words from the Celtic Irish language." The word boycott is not derived from the Irish language and does not belong here. See http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=boycott&searchmode=none 88.151.31.65 (talk) 18:50, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Commentary moved from main page
I moved the following from the main page, as it seemed more appropriate for the talk page:

This purports to be a list of English language words from the Celtic and Irish language, ("Irish", The Scots dialect is Gaelic). It is however, riddled with inaccuracies and words which either are not used in the English language or do not derive from the Irish language. It seems that editors may not realise that the Irish language uses a reduced alphabet of 23 characters. However given that the ten vowels are are formed in very similar patterns and are sometimes considered to just be long and short forms of the same character and the character 'h' is more often used as a grammactical form than a letter it is common to consider the alphabet to have only 19 characters. The word "craic" for example is spelt thus as there is no letter "K" in Irish. However it is not known as such in the Irish language

Cassidy's book has been debunked.
Cassidy knew no Irish. He was ignorant of linguistics. All he did was look for similar words in an Irish dictionary and try to match them with English words (or, often, he ungrammatically stringed together Irish words and offered the strings as etymons of English words). The little that is right in Cassidy's book has long been known and is thus not original with him (such as the Irish origin of galore). Whatever was original with him is fantasy. He was debunked long ago. See, for example, Danielomastix's blog, cassidyslangscam / A debunking of Daniel Cassidy's theories about the influence of the Irish language on English slang (https://cassidyslangscam.wordpress.com/author/johndonnelly01/page/2/), which should be mentioned hereS. Valkemirer (talk) 20:07, 28 November 2021 (UTC)


text:
Akagi, Gunma

Akagi (赤城村) was a village located in Seta District, Gunma Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 12,184 and a density of 155.63 persons per km2. The total area was 78.29 km2.

On February 20, 2006, Akagi, along with the town of Ikaho, the villages of Komochi and Onogami (all from Kitagunma District), and the village of Kitatachibana (also from Seta District), was merged into the expanded city of Shibukawa.

Geography

 * Mountains: Mount Akagi
 * Rivers: Tone River

History

 * 1889 - the villages of Yokono and Shikishima were created in Minamiseta District.
 * 1896 - Minamiseta District is merged into Higashiseta District, renamed Seta District.
 * 1956 - the villages of Yokono and Shikishima merged to form the village of Akagi.
 * February 20, 2006 - Akagi, along with the town of Ikaho, the villages of Komochi and Onogami (all from Kitagunma District), and the village of Kitatachibana (also from Seta District), was merged into the expanded city of Shibukawa.

Heritage
There is a Kabuki stage that was constructed about 200 years ago. Occasionally, Kabuki is performed on that stage.

Popular culture
Akagi is the home of the fictional Takahashi Brothers (street racers who drive two generations of the Mazda RX-7) from the hit manga and anime series Initial D, and serves as the home course of the Akagi Redsuns (later reformed as Project D).

title: Akagi, Gunma


text:
Talk:Venlo

[Untitled]
Please do not write nonsense about Venloos being a Brabant dialect.

Cityrights
In the english text is says Venlo received cityrights in 1272, I'm prety sure it was in 1343 that Venlo received cityrights.

Tegelen and Belfeld were added on so not 2003

Blerick is added on 1940

C64
Venlo is the spiritual home to the large scale C64 computer scene by way of annual(?) meetings, allowing sceners to get together.

"going to Venlo" is a synonym for "getting dope"
Not to forget: Venlo is where people from the Rhine-Ruhr area come to enjoy a good smoke. 84.44.169.198 22:11, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

IPA
or ? – Hamid Hassani (talk) 08:29, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Venlo


text:
Talk:Culpability

Untitled
Note: It is my understanding that "purposely" corresponds to specific intent and "knowingly" to general intent. However, I have no real authority that says this, only the descriptions of the two different kinds of intent (since there is no real authority for definitions). Thus I cannot state this with confidance. However, it does appear to be the case. -- 69.162.34.100

Please vote. -- Sundar 05:10, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)

The intro gives a sample of a non-culpable event (earthquake), stating explicitly that no person can be held responsible. Given the development of fracking and the suspected relation to some events lately (references please), this may not be a valid example anymore! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.141.243.6 (talk) 21:13, 13 June 2018 (UTC)

Expansion request
Talks only from the legal perspective. Needs contribution on moral perspective. -- Sundar 08:21, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)

how about this?

The concept of culpability is descended from the Latin concept of fault (culpa) which is still used today in the phrase 'mea culpa' (my fault).

In explantions and predictions of human action and inaction culpability is a measure of the degree to which an agent, such as a person, can be held morally or legally responsible.

Culpability marks the dividing line between moral evil, like murder, for which someone may be held responsible and natural evil, like earthquakes, for which no one can be held responsible.

The concept of culpability is intimately tied up with notions of agency, freedom and freewill as all are necessary, but not sufficient conditions for culpability.

Cleaned up the new stuff
I think the new stuff is a good addition to the article. I wikified and reorganized it a bit to make it more coherent. mmm beer T / C 21:33, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * While we do need a section on the moral/philosophical meaning of "culpability," it is not as straightforward as the article makes it seem. In particular, some incompatibilists disagree with the assertion that free will is a necessary condition for culpability (e.g. Smilansky).  There may also be a distinction between culpability and moral responsibility (see e.g. Fischer).  Also, the distinction between "moral" and "natural" evil begs the question against those who do not believe in morality (e.g. Pereboom).  I'd try to fix it myself, but I think there are as many different conceptions of culpability as there are philosophers. LW izard  @ 06:44, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

US [[wp:Bias|bias]
The article needs content from other perspectives than just US law. Napoleonic code? English common law? Others?LeadSongDog 06:31, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Illustration fatally flawed
An illustration (below) is given in the first paragraph which is flawed in its presenting rudimentary elements of the issue at hand. It reads:

"Culpability therefore marks the dividing line between moral evil, like murder, for which someone may be held legally responsible and a randomly occurring event, like earthquakes, for which no human can be held responsible."

How this illustration misses the main idea: Culpability" is when a wrong was done and a person was connected to the issue who both could bare some degree of responsibility even if not the "actor" of the evil action or the person may not share in the guilt of the action in any degree. Yet the illustration misses the point because the "randomly occurring event, like earthquakes" had no person involved who could have been either culpable or not culpable.

A better illustration would be:

"The CFO was not a part of the embezzlement scheme but is still culpable for not doing "due diligence" in the areas of her oversight."

Here you have an evil action that has been done by a person(s) (i.e. embezzlement) and an evaluation of one responsible for the businesses finances who had nothing to do with the scheme. While she is not guilty of being a part of the scheme, she is considered to be culpable as she had the ability to have prevented/stopped the embezzlement if she had done her job correctly. However, if she had properly performed her job but the scheme had been executed in such a way as to not be detected by her, then she would not be culpable.

Other elements of the article appear to not carefully articulate the issue as well. 7quiver (talk) 08:24, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Culpability


text:
Izhora

The Izhora (Ижора, Inkereenjoki), also known as the Inger, is a left tributary of the Neva on its run through Ingria in northwestern Russia from Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland. The Izhora flows through Gatchinsky and Tosnensky Districts of Leningrad Oblast as well as through Pushkinsky and Kolpinsky Districts of the federal city of Saint Petersburg. The settlement of Ust-Izhora (lit. "mouth of Izhora") is situated at the confluence of Izhora and Neva, halfway between Saint Petersburg and Shlisselburg. The towns of Kommunar and Kolpino are located on the Izhora as well. The river is noted as the farthest Swedish forces ever reached between the Viking Age and the Time of Troubles.

The length of the Izhora is 76 km, and the area of its drainage basin is 1000 km2. The river draws its water mainly from natural groundwater springs, snow melt, and rain water. The river has a sustainable underground water supply in both summer and winter, never drying up or freezing through.

The source of the Izhora is located on the Izhora Plateau at the village of Skvoritsy, northwest of the town of Gatchina. The Izhora flows to the east, passes at the northern outskirts of Gatchina, and east of Kommunar enters Tosnensky District. There, for a short stretch it makes the border between Saint Petersburg (north) and Leningrad Oblast (south), returns to the oblast and gradually turns north. In Kolpino, the Izhora enters the federal city of Saint Petersburg. There, it flow north and joins the Neva in the settlement of Ust-Izhora.

The drainage basin of the Izhora includes the northern parts of Gatchinsky and Tosnensky Districts, as well as some areas within Saint Petersburg.

title: Izhora


text:
Neroli Fairhall

Neroli Susan Fairhall (26 August 1944 – 11 June 2006) was a New Zealand athlete, who was the first paraplegic competitor in the Olympic Games.

Biography
Born in Christchurch in 1944, Fairhall took up archery following a motorbike accident that paralysed her from the waist down, ending her previous athletic career.

Fairhall won gold when archery was first introduced to the Commonwealth Games in Brisbane in 1982.

She finished in 35th place at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. Fairhall was the first paraplegic to compete in the Olympic Games.

Fairhall was a multiple national champion and won medals and held titles at the Paralympics, IPC-Archery World Championships and many international tournaments. She participated in four Summer Paralympics, in 1972, 1980, 1988, and 2000. At her first Paralympic Games she competed in track and field athletics. At the 1980 Games, she took part in both athletics and archery, winning a gold medal in the latter sport. At the 1988 and 2000 Paralympics she competed in archery only.

In the 1983 New Year Honours, Fairhall was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to archery and the disabled. She continued to coach at her Christchurch archery club after retiring from shooting. She died on 11 June 2006, aged 61, due to illness arising from her disability.

title: Neroli Fairhall


text:
User:OldStreet

Please don't bother to write to this account, which will never be used again. --OldStreet 09:25, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User:OldStreet


text:
User talk:OldStreet

Please don't bother to write to this account, which will never be used again. --OldStreet 09:25, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:OldStreet


text:
User talk:Viajero/Nuevo

You can remove Anne Sofie von Otter and Vesselina Kasaarova from your to-do list, now! Brequinda 09:27, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Just fyi, I added created a new article Manhattan School of Music which contains links (as prominent alumni) to some of the same people who are on your to do list. Morris 14:13, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Viajero/Nuevo


text:
Tiger swallowtail

Tiger swallowtail is a common name for several species of butterfly, including:
 * Papilio appalachiensis or Appalachian tiger swallowtail, endemic to the Appalachians
 * Papilio canadensis or Canadian tiger swallowtail, endemic to Canada
 * Papilio glaucus or Eastern tiger swallowtail, endemic to the Eastern United States
 * Papilio rutulus or Western tiger swallowtail, endemic to the Western United States and southwestern Canada

title: Tiger swallowtail


text:
Khamsing Srinawk

Khamsing Srinawk (คำสิงห์ ศรีนอก,, ) is a writer from the Isan region of Thailand. He writes under the pen name Lao Khamhom (ลาว คำหอม, ). He was named a National Artist in Literature in 1992 and is best known for his satirical short stories published in his 1958 collection Fa Bo Kan (ฟ้าบ่กั้น, ) ['The Sky is No Barrier']. Benedict Anderson argues that Khamsing is the best known short story writer in Thailand.

Early life
Born 25 December 1930 in Bua Yai District of Thailand's northeastern Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Khamsing was raised on a farm in the countryside. Khamsing read heavily during his childhood and was encouraged in his studies by his uncle, a Buddhist monk, and other members of his family.

He was the sixth of seven children by his parents Suay and Kham Srinawk. After completing schooling in the local Bua Yai government school, he traveled to Bangkok and simultaneously enrolled in the faculty of journalism at Chulalongkorn University and the faculty of economics at Thammasat University. Unable to afford room and board, Khamsing lived in a Buddhist temple in Bangkok while attending night classes and working part time as a journalist until he was overcome with illness and forced to drop out of school. As a journalist, he served as a political reporter and feature writer. He saw journalism as a way to improve society. The first paper he worked for was Naew Na. Newspapers were Khamsing's entry to the literary world of Bangkok and he would use these connections to begin publishing his work. His personal farm in Pak Chong District, Nakhon Ratchasima, became a refuge in times of crisis or government suppression of intellectuals, especially in the late-1950s and on his return from exile in the early-1980s. The farm produced corn, cotton, and milk using "modern" methods. It also may have added a mystique to Khamsing's persona as one who could shift between rural and urban contexts seamlessly. More importantly, his farm in later years became a place for young writers to come to learn the craft. From Bangkok, Khamsing took a job with the state forestry service, working in the far north as a forest ranger for three years (1953–1956). Herbert Phillips, who knew Khamsing, said that it was a time when the author "thrived – psychologically, physically, and as a reader and writer." On his return to Bangkok, he worked for a Cornell anthropology research project with Phillips and others. He took odd jobs as a traveling sewing machine salesman. He even briefly opened his own publishing house named Kwian Thong ('Golden Oxcart').

Publication of Fa Bo Kan
A year after his stint in the forestry service, Khamsing began publishing short stories in the newspaper Piyamit (ปิยะมิตร) ['Dear Friend']. Other publications where his work appeared include: Chiwit, Sangkhommasat Parithat, Khwan Chai and Chatturat. This corresponded with the relatively free press Thailand enjoyed during the years 1955–1958. Due to the political power-struggle between CIA-backed Phao Sriyanond and Pentagon-supported Sarit Thanarat, Thai writers and intellectuals were free to express their ideas. This atmosphere of free press quickly evaporated after the 16 September 1957 coup that drove Phao and Plaek Pibulsonggram into exile. Anderson argues that Khamsing's Fa Bo Kan, a collection of many of his stories originally published in Piyamit, best symbolizes this period of intellectual freedom. Shortly after the publication of Fa Bo Kan, Sarit seized power and established an absolute regime. Sarit's regime reinstated strict censorship, ending the period of free thought through imprisonment, exile, and execution of Thai intellectuals, writers, and progressives. This crackdown on progressives and the independent press forced Khamsing to abandon writing for a number of years, during which time he returned to Nakhon Ratchasima to his farm.

Travels abroad and return
In 1967–1968 Khamsing was awarded a Time-Life grant to visit the US. He spent the year working with the publishing house. On his way back to Thailand he visited France, Germany, Israel, and the Ivory Coast, apparently as an official guest studying literary and agricultural activities. He was able to lecture at several universities on his work and contemporary Thai literature. After his return to Thailand, Suchat Sawatsi invited him to contribute regularly to Sangkhommasat Parithat (สังคมศาสตร์ปริทัศน์) ['Social Science Review']. These articles, many of which were concerned with social injustice in rural Thailand, were compiled in a 1975 publication known as Kamphaeng (กำแพง, ) ['Walls']. Suchat, along with Sulak Sivaraksa rediscovered the work of Khamsing after a visit to his farm, which led to the republication of Fa Bo Kan and his writing was disseminated in magazines of university literary clubs.

In 1970 Khamsing was married to Prawee. They would subsequently have three daughters together.

Political action and exile
Khamsing continued writing and working on his farm in Nakhon Ratchasima until the beginning of the 1973 student democracy movement. After the military and police crackdown on student demonstrations at Thammasat University on 14 October 1973, Khamsing became politically active and was elected vice-chairman of the Socialist Party of Thailand. It is said that on two occasions in the early-1970s, Khamsing sold off many of his milking cows to finance unsuccessful campaigns for election to Thai parliament. In 1975 a Committee for the Revision of Textbooks in the Ministry of Education sought to revise the school curriculum to emphasize the role of average people in society. As a result, on 17 May a new reading list for Mathayom Suksa 4 and 5 was published in Sayam Rat which made the work of Khamsing, along with fifteen others, part of the mandatory reading.

After the Thammasat University massacre of 6 October 1976, Khamsing fled with many others to the jungle, eventually making his way to Laos. His work was banned by the incoming government. Several months later, in 1977 he went into exile with his family to Sweden after a disagreement with the Communist Party of Thailand. In Sweden he was made a member of the Swedish Association of Writers and was able to promote his work in Europe. While in exile, he went on a lecture tour in the US. He also began again working on his first novel Maeo (แมว, ) ['Cat'], which is a metaphor for Thailand itself. Khamsing first began working on Maeo after the events of 14 October 1973, but he manuscript was lost in the turmoil of 1976. Eventually, the novel was published in 1983 after Khamsing returned to Bangkok in 1981.

Influence on Thai literature
Even though he is not a prolific author, Khamsing is credited with starting a shift in Thai literary style and focus. While the majority of Thai literature before the 20th century was dominated by royal and elite authors writing for the kingdom's gentry, Khamsing's divergence from typical Thai literary subject matter created the concept of the Thai peasant as hero. By giving voice to the common peasant, often in the vernacular in the village setting, Khamsing's writings, most notably Fa Bo Kan, worked to democratize Thai literature. In his works, Khamsing has depicted the plight of the Thai peasant, and in so doing, seek social justice and the betterment of Thai society in general. His writing is seen as a preeminent example of the "life as art" movement advocated by Jit Phumisak. His work has been listed as among the best in a century of the Thai short story. In 1992 the National Cultural Commission, with royal support, awarded him the title "National Artist of Thailand in Literature," including a stipend for life. His work is now featured in the national school curriculum. His work has been translated into nine languages, including English, Swedish, Danish, Dutch, Japanese, Singhalese, Malay, German, and French. His English translators have included Michael Smythes, Herbert Phillips, and Domnern Garden.

In May 2011, Khamsing added his name to what has come to be called the "Thai Writers' Manifesto", a petition signed by 359 Thai writers and academics calling for drastic revisions to Thailand's lèse majesté laws (Article 112 of current Thai Criminal Code), under which numerous Thai and others have been jailed.

title: Khamsing Srinawk


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Al Stiff

Currently a sub-stub ("Great driver from the late 80's on the WEG circuit.") by an anon user. I can't find enough (or indeed any) information about this person to improve the stub. Request deletion and let an expert on the subject re-create in the future if appropriate. - TB 09:29, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. - UtherSRG 11:57, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. Niteowlneils 16:47, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete substub. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:37, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete subvanity page (not even good enough to be vanity.) --Ardonik 05:08, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)


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Fujimi, Gunma

Fujimi (富士見村) was a village located in Seta District, Gunma Prefecture, Japan.

As of September 1, 2007, the village had an estimated population of 22,267 and a population density of 316.20 persons per km2. The total area was 70.42 km2.

History
On May 5, 2009, Fujimi was merged into the expanded city of Maebashi. Seta District also ceased to exist as a result.

Geography
Located in the northwestern portion of the Kantō Plain, the village stretched from the summit of Mount Akagi to the bottom. At the summit of Mount Akagi, there are two lakes, Ōnuma and Konuma, caldera lakes. Alpine plants such as Asian skunk cabbages grow in the marshland. The northern portion of the village was mainly covered by forests without many human dwellings, while the southern portion was flat with farmland.

Surrounding municipalities
(all in Gunma Prefecture)
 * Maebashi
 * Kiryū
 * Numata
 * Shibukawa

Primary schools

 * Hara Elementary School
 * Ishii Elementary School
 * Shirakawa Elementary School
 * Tokizawa Elementary School

Junior high schools

 * Fujimi Junior High School

title: Fujimi, Gunma


text: User talk:195.100.67.10

title: User talk:195.100.67.10