text:
List of radio stations in Austria

This is a list of radio stations operating in Austria. The Austrian regulatory agency (Kommunikationsbehörde Austria) acts as frequency assignment authority.

Public broadcasting

 * ORF (Österreichischer Rundfunk)
 * Österreich 1
 * Ö1 International (shortwave)
 * Österreich 2 - regional radio
 * Radio Burgenland: Burgenland
 * Radio Kärnten: Carinthia
 * Radio Niederösterreich: Lower Austria
 * Radio Oberösterreich: Upper Austria
 * Radio Salzburg: Salzburg
 * Radio Steiermark: Styria
 * Radio Tirol: Tyrol and South Tyrol
 * Radio Vorarlberg: Vorarlberg
 * Radio Wien: Vienna
 * Hitradio Ö3
 * FM4

Commercial broadcasters

 * Supra-regional
 * KroneHit
 * Radio Arabella network: Vienna, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, nationwide via DAB+
 * LoungeFM
 * Radio Austria (formerly Radio Ö24 and Antenne Wien, Fellner Group)
 * Antenne Österreich network (Fellner Group)
 * Antenne Austria
 * Antenne Salzburg
 * Antenne Tirol
 * Welle 1 network: Salzburg, Linz/Wels, Graz, Carinthia (former Radio Harmonie)
 * NRJ Group network: Vienna, Salzburg, Tyrol, nationwide via DAB+
 * Regional
 * Vienna and Lower Austria
 * Radio 88.6
 * 98.3 superfly
 * Radio Stephansdom, operated by the Archdiocese of Vienna
 * Carinthia
 * Antenne Kärnten (Styria Media Group)
 * Radio Real, Radenthein
 * Radio Uno, Klagenfurt
 * Salzburg
 * Antenne Salzburg
 * Radio Alpina
 * Styria
 * Antenne Steiermark (Styria Media Group)
 * Njoy Radio
 * Radio Soundportal
 * Radio Grün-Weiß
 * Radio Eins
 * Tyrol
 * Antenne Tirol
 * Welle 1 (Innsbruck)
 * Klassik Radio
 * Life Radio
 * Radio Osttirol (East Tyrol, former Radio Grizzly)
 * U1 Radio Unterland
 * Energy 99.9 (NRJ Group)
 * Upper Austria
 * Life Radio
 * Vorarlberg
 * Antenne Vorarlberg

Community stations

 * Radio Maria Austria
 * Community radio stations organised in the Verband Freier Radios Österreich (VFRÖ) organisation:
 * Radio AGORA (Klagenfurt)
 * B138 (Kirchdorf an der Krems)
 * Campus & City Radio (St. Pölten)
 * Radio Freequenns (Liezen)
 * Freies Radio Innsbruck (Innsbruck)
 * Freies Radio Freistadt (Freistadt)
 * Radio FRO 105.0 (Linz)
 * Freies Radio Salzkammergut (Bad Ischl)
 * radio Ypsilon (Hollabrunn)
 * Radio Helsinki (Graz)
 * Orange 94.0 (Vienna)
 * Radio Proton (Dornbirn)
 * Radiofabrik 107,5 (Salzburg)
 * Radio OP (Oberpullendorf)
 * Campus radio stations
 * Campus & City Radio (University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Pölten)
 * Radius 106,6 (Gymnasium Freistadt)

Former stations

 * Rot-Weiß-Rot and Blue Danube Network, operated by the US Forces in Austria 1945–1955
 * Radio Österreich International (1955–2003, today Radio Ö1 International)
 * Blue Danube Radio (1979–2000, nationwide from 1992)
 * Radio 1476 (1997–2008)
 * Ö1 Inforadio (internet, until April 2011)

title: List of radio stations in Austria


text:
Signoria of Florence

The Signoria of Florence (Italian: "lordship") was the government of the medieval and Renaissance Republic of Florence, between 1250 and 1532. Its nine members, the Priori, were chosen from the ranks of the guilds of the city: six of them from the major guilds, and two from the minor guilds. The ninth became the Gonfaloniere of Justice.

Selection of members
The names of all guild members over thirty years old were put in eight leather bags called borse. Every two months, these bags were taken from the church of Santa Croce, where they were ordinarily kept, and in a short ceremony drawn out at random. Only men who were not in debt, had not served a recent term, and had no relation to the names of men already drawn, would be considered eligible for office.

Service in the Signoria
Immediately after they were elected, the nine were expected to move into the Palazzo della Signoria, where they would remain for the two months of their office. There they were paid a modest sum to cover their expenses and were provided with green-liveried servants. The Priori had a uniform of crimson coats, lined with ermine and with ermine collars and cuffs.

In undertaking their governmental duties, the Signoria was required to consult two other elected councils collectively known as Collegi. The first was the Dodici Buonomini, with twelve members, while the second, the Sedici Gonfalonieri, consisted of sixteen people. Other councils, such as the Ten of War, the Eight of Security and the Six of Commerce, were elected as the need arose.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Signoria of Florence


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Latitude and Longitude

On 29 July 2004, Latitude and Longitude was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Rossami 00:19, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Re: Latitude and Longitude (now Latitude and longitude) Currently a disambig page offering a link each to latitude and longitude. Nothing links to it. I can't see any reason for it to exist. Delete? - TB 11:43, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. - UtherSRG 11:57, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this could be expanded to compare the two. Dunc_Harris|☺ 13:15, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Plenty of people, confused, might enter the terms. Keep, and possibly add comparison as per Dunc Harris. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 13:55, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)
 * OK, I've taken a run at creating such an article. Certainly not my best work, since, while my body may be awake, my mind is not yet fully, but I think it's a reasonable 'proof of concept' of what the article could become. To de-orphan it, perhaps Ptolemy, and possibly the subjects mentioned in it (equator, prime meridian, etc.), could link to it. I guess I vote Keep, but won't lose a lot of sleep if it goes away. I've added a redir so that someone typing "latitude and longitude" will find it. Huh, the more I think about it, the more I think this is probably the right place to house info on the development of the system, rather than duplicating it at latitude, longitude, equator, prime meridian, etc. Niteowlneils 15:40, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * That looks really good- I concur, this can turn into a good article on the history & ideas behind the system. Keep. -FZ 16:29, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree - the new version's a keep - good work. - TB 21:02, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Definite keep now, but needs copyedit, admin-move to correct capitalisation at redirect page. Dunc_Harris|☺ 22:07, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Move done; also redir from Longitude and latitude. --Jerzy(t) 18:02, 2004 Jul 30 (UTC)
 * Keep new version. SWAdair | Talk  05:00, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Kp. Not a typical title but (like my rename of Obverse to Obverse and reverse) a valuable way of specifying the natural scope of a topic. Hmmm. I was, IIRC, too much of an intimidated newbie, when i worked on North, to consider articles on North and south, and East and west, as my text perhaps invited. IMO, there should serious thought about how much refactoring w/ the related subjects others have mentioned should be done. --Jerzy(t) 18:02, 2004 Jul 30 (UTC)
 * I don't see what the (new) article adds that is not already covered by latitude and longitude. Keep, but in my opinion, the article should just be a disambiguation page pointing to the two subpages.  Perhaps its separate existence would be more justified if it talked about how the two measurements first came together.  I dunno.  --Ardonik 05:05, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree that the article is not finished; yr keep vote is justified by the fact that the vote is about the reasonable potential, not the current content, of the article. --Jerzy(t) 16:41, 2004 Jul 31 (UTC)
 * Comment: BTW, this is a handy place to ask this question: can anyone justify the suggestion, in some Web stuff on Al-Khwarizmi, that he, not the early Ptolemy, invented this scheme? Hmm, and were Western and Chinese grids independently developed? --Jerzy(t) 18:02, 2004 Jul 30 (UTC)


text: Category:Edible thickening agents

title: Category:Edible thickening agents


text:
Jean-Louis Bourlanges

Jean-Louis Bourlanges (born 13 July 1946) is a French politician who has represented the 12th constituency of the Hauts-de-Seine department in the National Assembly since 2017. A member of the Democratic Movement (MoDem), he has presided over the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the National Assembly since 2021.

Bourlanges previously served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1989 to 2007. He was elected on the Union for French Democracy (UDF) list and sat with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group.

He is a graduate of the Paris Institute of Political Studies (better known as Sciences Po), where he is currently an associate professor.

Early career in local politics
Bourlanges, a graduate of the École nationale d'administration who was appointed an auditor of the Court of Audit in 1979, was a municipal councillor of Dieppe (1983–1989) and regional councillor of Haute-Normandie (1986–1998).

Member of the European Parliament, 1989–2007
During his time as a Member of the European Parliament, Bourlanges served on the Committee on Transport and Tourism (1989–1993), the Committee on Budgetary Control (1993–1999), the Committee on Budgets (1994–2002) and the Committee on International Trade (2005–2007), among others. From 2003 until 2004 he chaired the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs.

Following the 2004 European elections, Bourlanges was instrumental in establishing the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group in the European Parliament. In 2007, he left his parliamentary seat two years before the next elections. He was succeeded in the European Parliament by Brigitte Fouré.

Ahead of the 2007 French presidential election, Bourlanges was a vocal critic of efforts made by the Socialist Party's candidate Ségolène Royal to seek the endorsement of his party, the Union for French Democracy. In the second round of the election, he supported Nicolas Sarkozy of the Union for a Popular Movement.

Later career
Bourlanges was a regular contributor to the radio broadcast L'Esprit public on France Culture until 2017.

Return to politics
Following the 2012 French legislative election, Bourlanges supported Jean-Louis Borloo's initiative to establish the new centre-right Union of Democrats and Independents party.

Ahead of the 2017 presidential election, Bourlanges quit his role as a radio commentator and publicly endorsed Emmanuel Macron. He was critical of the Union of Democrats and Independents' support of The Republicans nominee François Fillon.

Member of the National Assembly, 2017–present
In the 2017 election for the National Assembly, Bourlanges was elected as the Member of Parliament for Hauts-de-Seine's 12th constituency with the support of La République En Marche! as a member of the Democratic Movement.

In Parliament, Bourlanges has since been serving on the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on European Affairs. From 2017 until 2019, he was also a member of the Finance Committee. Since 2019, she has also been a member of the French delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly. In January 2021, Bourlanges was elected to succeed Marielle de Sarnez at the presidency of the Foreign Affairs Committee.

In May 2022, Bourlanges was a notable critic of the appointment of Pap Ndiaye as Education Minister in the government of Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne by President Emmanuel Macron. The following month, he won reelection to a second term in the National Assembly in the 2022 legislative election.

On 1 December 2022, Bourlanges was among the guests invited to the state dinner hosted by U.S. President Joe Biden in honor of President Emmanuel Macron at the White House.

Other activities

 * Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri), Member of the Board of Directors
 * Jacques Delors Institute, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Trilateral Commission, Member of the European Group

Political positions
In July 2019, Bourlanges voted in favour of the French ratification of the European Union's Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada.

title: Jean-Louis Bourlanges


text:
Beurre manié

Beurre manié (French "kneaded butter") is a paste, consisting of equal parts by volume of soft butter and flour, used to thicken soups and sauces. By kneading the flour and butter together, the flour particles are coated in butter. When the beurre manié is whisked into a hot or warm liquid, the butter melts, releasing the flour particles without creating lumps.

Beurre manié is similar to, but should not be confused with, a roux, which is also a thickener made of equal parts of sometimes clarified butter or many other oils and flour but is cooked before use.

Beurre manié is also used as a finishing step for sauces, imparting a smooth, shiny texture prior to service.

title: Beurre manié


text:
Water polo ball

A water polo ball is a ball used in water polo and canoe polo, usually characterized by a bright yellow color and ease of grip ability, so as to allow it to be held with one hand despite its large size.

Standard water polo ball characteristics
Water Polo Balls come in standard sizes:
 * Size 5: Men's water polo ball. Circumference of the ball shall be not less than 0.68 metres and not more than 0.71 metres. Ball weight is 400-450 grams (14-16 ounces) and inflated to 90-97 kPa (kilopascals) gauge pressure (13-14 psi)
 * Size 4: Compact (age 14 & under boys) and Women's water polo ball. Circumference of the ball shall be not less than 0.65 metres and not more than 0.67 metres. Ball weight is 400-450 grams (14-16 ounces) and inflated to 83-90 kPa (12-13 psi) for women.
 * Size 3: Intermediate (age 14 & under girls and 12 & under boys) water polo ball.
 * Size 2: Junior (age 12 & under girls and 10 & under co-ed) water polo ball.
 * Size 1: Splashball (age 8 and under boys and girls) water polo ball.

Development of the water polo ball
The modern game originated in the late 19th century as a form of rugby football, played in rivers in England and Scotland, with a small 3 to 4 inch ball constructed of rubber imported from colonial plantations in India. This "water rugby" came to be called "water polo" based on the English pronunciation of the Balti word for ball, pulu. The original ball soon gave way to a football (soccer ball), which allowed for passing and swimming above water with the ball. However, the leather football absorbed water and became extremely heavy, slippery and out-of-control when wet. In 1936, James R. ("Jimmy") Smith, California water polo coach and author of several books on water polo mechanics, developed a ball made with an inflatable bladder and a rubber fabric cover, which improved performance. The new ball was red, but by 1948 yellow was adopted for better visibility by players. It became the official FINA and Olympic ball in 1956.

Recent changes to water polo balls
In the first half of 2005, FINA allowed a change to the standard water polo ball used in official games. This change permitted a coloured middle stripe (blue, green, red, black, or yellow) with the normal yellow stripes flanking the coloured.

In May 2006, the NCAA and National Federation of State High School Associations Rules Committees announced a rule change allowing the colored balls to be used in all NCAA and NFHS sanctioned games. The current rule states that the water polo ball must be "yellow with black lines", but new wording will allow for colored panels. Mikasa Sports, manufacturer of the new colored ball, claims that the new ball benefits teams by making it easier for them to keep track of their balls, differentiating the women’s balls from the men’s and teaching proper rotation on the ball.

Unique designs and color combinations have been used to commemorate special competitions.

title: Water polo ball


text:
Jo Leinen

Joseph Leinen (born 6 April 1948) is a German politician who served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1999 until 2019. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party, part of the Party of European Socialists.

He is well known for his environmental and foreign affairs activities, as well as for his support for a Federal Europe. He obtained a law degree in Germany in 1972 and a Certificate of Advanced European Studies from the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium, in 1974. Since 1977 he has worked as a lawyer.

Extraparliamentary tasks
Leinen became publicly known as a spokesman of the anti-nuclear movement and the peace movement (1980), he was also active for the Bundesverband Bürgerinitiativen Umweltschutz (BBU). He received the nickname "container-Jo" during a demonstration, having climbed a container in order to coordinate protest actions by megaphone. Because of his participation at a demonstration against the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant (1981), he was briefly charged with being "guide and ringleader" of a rioting 'mob', however the Federal Constitutional Court eventually dropped charges against him, ruling that there can not be a case of "guide and ringleader" during collective actions. (One of his defenders at the time was Gerhard Schröder, former Chancellor of the BRD.)

Party
Jo Leinen is a member of the SPD and had different functions:
 * 1977–1979: Europe-Secretary of the youth of the SPD
 * 1981–1985: member of the committee of environment of the SPD
 * 1985–1999: member of the state-directorate of the SPD Saar
 * 1996 until today: member of the Europe-Commission of the SPD

Career in national politics
From 1985 until 1999, Leinen was a Member of the Landtag of Saarland. He served as State Minister of the Environment in the government of Minister-President Oskar Lafontaine between 1985 and 1994.

From 1995, Leinen was also a substitute member of the Committee of the Regions (CoR), invariably standing in for Lafontaine. In 1999, he was also member of the municipal council of Püttlingen/Saar.

Member of the European Parliament
Leinen was elected Member of the European Parliament without interruption from 1999 until 2019. In parliament, he focused on environment, the development of the unification of the European Union and on foreign affairs. From 2004 he was the President of some key Committees and Delegations in the EP.

In 2015, Leinen was one of the Parliament's two rapporteurs (alongside Danuta Hübner) on a set of proposed changes to EU electoral law that sought to regularize a variety of different electoral systems across the EU.

In addition to his committee assignments, Leinen served on the European Parliament Intergroup on a European Constitution from 1999 until 2009.

In the negotiations to form a coalition government under the leadership of Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, he was part of the working group on European policy, led by Peter Altmaier, Alexander Dobrindt and Achim Post.

Commitment to European ideal
Leinen was Chairman of the German section of the Young European Federalists (JEF) from 1977 to 1979 and a member of its Federal Committee at European level, then chaired by Richard Corbett. He was European Secretary of the youth section of the SPD (Jusos) and Vice-President of the European Environment Bureau (EEB) in Brussels from 1979 to 1984.

He was member in the Committee of the Regions from 1995 to 1999 and in the Congress of the Regions and Communes of the Council of Europe. Currently, he is member of different organisations of culture, social and sport; and also vice-president of EUROSOLAR e.V (1988-2005).

He was President of the UEF (1997–2005). He served as vice-president of the European Movement International from 2005 to 2011 until in November 2011 he was elected president of the organisation.

Other activities
Leinen has been President of the Union of European Federalists since 1997. In addition, he holds various other positions, including:
 * Committee for a Democratic UN, Member of the Advisory Council (since 2004)
 * Energy Watch Group (EWG), Member
 * Union of European Federalists (UEF) Europa-Union Deutschland
 * European Movement International, Member
 * European Policy Centre (EPC), Member of the Strategic Council
 * German Industry Initiative for Energy Efficiency (DENEFF), Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board
 * "A Soul for Europe", Parliamentarian Working Group of the Advisory Board

Recognition

 * 1985: Award from the environment foundation

Publications

 * Öffentlichkeit in Europa: Europäische Öffentlichkeit als neuer Antrieb für europäische Politik, in: Claudio Franzius/ Ulrich K. Preuss (Hrsg.), Europäische Öffentlichkeit, Baden-Baden 2004, S.31–37.
 * zusammen mit Justus Schönau: Auf dem Weg zur europäischen Demokratie. Politische Parteien auf EU-Ebene: neue Entwicklungen, in: Integration, 3/2003, S. 218–227.

title: Jo Leinen


text:
Nikolaos Sifounakis

Nikolaos Sifounakis (Νικόλαος Σηφουνάκης) (born 21 December 1949 in Rethymno) is a Greek politician, former Minister for the Aegean and ex-member of the European Parliament (MEP). He was elected on the Panhellenic Socialist Movement ticket and sat with the Party of European Socialists group. On 23 July 2004 he was elected Chair of the Committee on Culture and Education.

In the 2007 Greek legislative election he was elected to the Greek Parliament for Lesbos, and consequently resigned from the European Parliament.

title: Nikolaos Sifounakis


text:
User:Ipo~enwiki

I'm a CS student, coder, guitarist and newbie rattanfighter from Tampere, Pirkanmaa, in the central part of Finland. I was born in 1979 in nearby Valkeakoski and now study and work at Tampere University of Technology.

title: User:Ipo~enwiki


text:
Homes's law

In superconductivity, Homes's law is an empirical relation that states that a superconductor's critical temperature (Tc) is proportional to the strength of the superconducting state for temperatures well below Tc close to zero temperature (also referred to as the fully formed superfluid density, $$\rho_{s0}$$) multiplied by the electrical resistivity $$\rho_{dc}$$ measured just above the critical temperature. In cuprate high-temperature superconductors the relation follows the form

 * $$ \rho_{dc}^\alpha\,\rho_{s0}^\alpha/8 \simeq 4.4\,T_c $$,

or alternatively

 * $$\rho_{s0}^\alpha/8 \simeq 4.4\,\sigma_{dc}^\alpha\, T_c$$.

Many novel superconductors are anisotropic, so the resistivity and the superfluid density are tensor quantities; the superscript $$\alpha$$ denotes the crystallographic direction along which these quantities are measured. Note that this expression assumes that the conductivity and temperature have both been recast in units of cm−1 (or s−1), and that the superfluid density has units of cm−2 (or s−2); the constant is dimensionless. The expected form for a BCS dirty-limit superconductor has slightly larger numerical constant of ~8.1.

The law is named for physicist Christopher Homes and was first presented in the July 29, 2004 edition of Nature, and was the subject of a News and Views article by Jan Zaanen in the same issue in which he speculated that the high transition temperatures observed in the cuprate superconductors are because the metallic states in these materials are as viscous as permitted by the laws of quantum physics. A more detailed version of this scaling relation subsequently appeared in Physical Review B in 2005, in which it was argued that any material that falls on the scaling line is likely in the dirty limit (superconducting coherence length ξ0 is much greater than the normal-state mean-free path l, ξ0≫ l); however, a paper by Vladimir Kogan in Physical Review B in 2013 has shown that the scaling relation is valid even when ξ0~ l, suggesting that only materials in the clean limit (ξ0≪ l) will fall off of this scaling line.

Francis Pratt and Stephen Blundell have argued that Homes's law is violated in the organic superconductors. This work was first presented in Physical Review Letters in March 2005. On the other hand, it has been recently demonstrated by Sasa Dordevic and coworkers that if the dc conductivity and the superfluid density are measured on the same sample at the same time using either infrared or microwave impedance spectroscopy, then the organic superconductors do indeed fall on the universal scaling line, along with a number of other exotic superconductors. This work was published in Scientific Reports in 2013.

title: Homes's law


text: Category:Thickening agents

title: Category:Thickening agents


text:
Mobility (video game)

Mobility is a city-building simulation video game developed by Glamus as an initiative of DaimlerChrysler, with scientific data done by the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. It is similar to SimCity, in that the game involves successfully developing a town into a larger metropolis; however, the focus is more on the ability of the citizens to use transportation to get around the area (hence the name).

Very fine control of traffic flow is given to the player — details all the way down to speed limits and right-of-way at intersections are options that can be selected in-game. Due to Mobility's focus on getting around, most of the structures that can be built are dedicated to transportation, such as bus stops, parking decks, and train stations, although there are other basic gameplay items such as zones.

The current Microsoft Windows version is 3.02, released on 26 October 2012. The Linux version is still limited to 2.00. It is released as shareware, available on the Mobility Web site. The cost of registration varies by country.

title: Mobility (video game)


text:
Adema

Adema is an American rock band from Bakersfield, California. The band formed in 2000 with members vocalist Mark Chavez, guitarist Tim Fluckey, guitarist Mike Ransom, bassist Dave DeRoo, and drummer Kris Kohls. After their first two albums, Adema, and Unstable, the band was plagued with years of conflict and lineup changes. Ransom left the band in 2003 followed by Chavez later in 2004 due to conflicts between themselves and other members of the band. Luke Caraccioli replaced Chavez in early 2005 for one album, Planets, but then left a few months later in late 2005. Vocalist Bobby Reeves and guitarist Ed Faris, both from the band Level, were recruited to join as well, but only released one album, Kill the Headlights in 2007, before entering a hiatus. The band's original lineup reformed in late 2009 and toured, but both Ransom and Chavez left again before any new music would be recorded. Fluckey took over lead vocals from 2011 to 2017. The lineup released an EP, Topple the Giants. In 2013 Ransom returned once again; Chavez rejoined the band again in March 2017, only to leave again in 2019. He was replaced by Ryan Shuck. The band continued performing with Shuck, releasing two singles and a three song EP until February 2024 when Shuck departed from the band.

2000–2002: Formation and self-titled release
Before Adema, lead vocalist Mark Chavez, half-brother of Korn's lead vocalist, Jonathan Davis, played guitar for B.P.D. (Big, Powerful, and Dangerous), guitarist Tim Fluckey formerly played with Juice along with bassist Dave DeRoo, who previously played with Sexart along with Orgy guitarist Ryan Shuck and Jonathan Davis, guitarist Mike Ransom formerly played saxophone of Ska band Mento Buru, and drummer Kris Kohls formerly played with Cradle of Thorns/Videodrone (who were previously signed to Korn's Elementree Records). The association of Chavez and Kohls to Korn sparked a major label bidding war; ultimately, the band signed to Arista Records in a three-album deal in October 2000. Chavez said that the band's decision to sign with Arista was partially influenced by their belief that the label's president, L.A. Reid, was "more of a music man than a corporate fuck."

The band's eponymous debut album, Adema, was released in August 2001 to moderate success. It sold 46,800 copies in its first week of release to debut and peak at number 27 on the Billboard 200 chart. Its two major singles, "Giving In" and "The Way You Like It," received significant airplay on rock radio. All of the lyrics were written by Chavez, and the album was produced by Bill Appleberry (7th House) and Tobi Miller (The Wallflowers guitarist). Adema's eponymous debut album was certified gold, and the band received a spot on the main stage during the Ozzfest tour. They kept playing live with the Music as a Weapon, SnoCore Rock, and Projekt Revolution tours. By September 2004, the album had sold 671,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

In 2002, Adema released Insomniac's Dream, an EP, as a "gift to fans." The single from the album, "Immortal," was written for the video game Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance. Besides the single, it included a track from international versions of Adema, a cover to Alice in Chains's "Nutshell", and four remix versions of songs from Adema. 2002 also marked Adema's inclusion in the Resident Evil Soundtrack, contributing the track "Everyone" from their debut album.

2003–2004: Unstable and lineup changes
Adema's second album, Unstable, was released by Arista in August 2003. It was produced by Howard Benson, whose credits also include producing albums with P.O.D., Hoobastank, Cold and most famously, for his work with post hardcore band Saosin.

The band has vigorously fought the label "nu metal," preferring to be classified as traditional rock. While Unstable was not a significant break from their earlier sound, Chavez compared it to the rawness of Nirvana, and bassist DeRoo hoped that Chavez's stronger voice (the result of voice lessons) would result in a more mainstream sound. "We don't go onstage and nu metal," said drummer Kohls. "We're sick of that phrase. ROCK – it's such a broad word that it doesn't categorize you."

Chavez and guitarist Ransom had a bitter rivalry that ended when first Ransom, then Chavez, left the band. During 2003, when the band released and toured for Unstable, Chavez and Ransom didn't speak to one another. The band claimed that the split was no surprise. Ransom left in December, while the remaining four members finished touring.

Amidst this conflict, Unstable sold over 66% less than the band's debut album. In December, the band learned that Arista was dropping them during a label merger. A large number of Arista's staff was fired in a management shakeup by its parent company, Sony. L.A. Reid, who originally signed the band, had left the label a week earlier. The band has blamed low sales of Unstable on being dropped.

The band continued to write, but in February 2004, Chavez started to lose interest. He quit the band in September.

With regards to the split with Adema, Adema blamed the split on Chavez's disinterest in the band. However, Chavez acknowledged personal problems and claimed that "it takes two to tango," and that his decision precipitated from an argument with drummer Kohls over the direction of the band. Chavez would form the band Midnight Panic with his cousin and old bandmates Cesareo Garasa and Mike Montano, which released the self-titled Midnight Panic EP before dissolving.

2004–2005: Planets with Luke Caraccioli
The remaining three Adema members regrouped to write new music and auditioned for a new lead singer. After Kohls heard a demo from Rewind Yesterday, another Bakersfield band, he was impressed by the group's lead singer, Luke Caraccioli. Adema asked Caraccioli to front the band. Luke Caraccioli accepted a few months later in January 2005.

Adema signed to metal label Earache Records in Spring 2004 when its manager, Al Dawson, heard them at a show. Under their new label, the band gained more control over their direction than they had when signed with Arista. Adema lauded Earache for allowing "bands to express themselves creatively."

On April 5, 2005, the band would deliver their next album, Planets produced by Nick Forcillo. They released the album's first single, "Tornado," back on February 18, 2005.

Planets, as an album, was musically, a significant break from Adema's two earlier albums; it was much closer to rock than Adema's nu metal history. In comparison to the previous albums, which featured heavy usages of programming and synthesizers, Planets features stronger piano melodies and guitar-drive harmonics. Kohls said that the band relied on influences from classic rock and that the band proved that they were "so much more than" a nu metal band. The writing for the album was shared between the four members with Fluckey recording all of the guitar portions of the album.

As a former marine, Caraccioli played his first show with Adema in the Persian Gulf in April 2005. They performed for American troops stationed in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates for the Armed Forces Entertainment. Though the Iraq War was still raging, the band stressed that the tour was apolitical. Adema then promoted the release by touring with Brides of Destruction, a band that Kohls had briefly been involved in. Though proud of their identity change, the band noted that they had a mixture of fans from both the "old" and "new" Adema at live shows.

In September of that year, the band released a second single from the album, "Planets." The music video for the single was featured in the film, Cry Wolf.

In October 2005, after only 10 months, Luke Caraccioli left the band, citing personal reasons. Following his departure, the band got in touch with Mark Chavez and according to the band, both parties were back on good terms. Both parties even had talks about Chavez singing for Adema again and even wrote some new songs together, nothing transpired from these events until August 2009.

2006–2008: Kill The Headlights with Bobby Reeves and hiatus
In March 2006, Adema announced a new vocalist, Bobby Reeves, a former member of the band LEVEL. In August, the band recruited guitarist Ed Faris, also a former member of LEVEL. With their new lineup, the band signed onto Immortal Records in February 2007. They released Kill the Headlights, produced by Marshall Altman (Marc Broussard, Zebrahead) in August 2007. The first single, "Cold and Jaded," was released in July.

In early 2008 Dave DeRoo announced the band decided to go on a "hiatus" to regroup, take a break, and assured fans they had not broken up.

2009–2011: Reunion and departure of original lineup
On August 13, 2009, Mark Chavez posted a blog on his official Myspace page stating that he had returned to Adema. He also planned for the band to write an album and begin touring before the release of said album.

It was later confirmed that both Mark Chavez and original guitarist Mike Ransom were back in the band. A second blog from the band's Myspace stated that both Bobby Reeves and Ed Faris had agreed to leave the band and that this was the right thing to do for Adema and their fans, the blog went on to say, "This SURE won't be the last you see of Bobby or Ed, and we wanted to take the time to thank them for their service in the line of duty..."

Adema announced on their official Twitter page that the first rehearsal with the original lineup in 6 years took place November 15, 2009.

The original members of Adema played their first show together in over five years on January 14, 2010, at Whisky A Go Go in West Hollywood.

A full 2010 tour list across the United States had also been posted on the band's Myspace and Facebook page and new material was announced to be released around February 2011. The band went on their 2010 tour. However, Mike Ransom was unable to join them due to his commitments with recording an album with his band, Black Heart Vacancy. He left once again in November.

Mark Chavez abruptly left Adema once again before the start of the 2011 tour to pursue his solo project. Guitarist Tim Fluckey and Bassist David DeRoo have since taken over vocal duties.

The reason behind Chavez's departure was that he had another conflict with the band. Chavez brought his wife with him on the band's 2010 tour. When the band didn't let her on the 2011 tour, he reportedly told the other members, "Alright, if you think you can do this without me, you go right ahead."

In January 2011, bassist David DeRoo was arrested just prior to performing a concert in Connecticut, and was charged with being a fugitive of the law. A warrant for his arrest was issued in July 2010 for violating his probation issued from a prior DUI incident in November 2008. DeRoo's bond was set at US$1 million. Being contractually obligated to fulfill their already scheduled 2011 tour dates, Tim Fluckey, Kris Kohls and touring fill-in and the Mentors lead vocalist and drummer Marc DeLeon performed as Adema in the absence of DeRoo.

2011–2013: Topple the Giants
On their official Facebook page, the band announced on July 19, 2011, "We're going in the studio this week! New music coming soon!". Since then they had also announced a new EP, Topple the Giants, available for download in February 2012 along with a special edition disc in March. It included new songs along with old songs re-recorded with the current line-up. A full-length album was announced to be released later in summer 2012. However, on May 22, 2012, they announced that their new EP "that was slated for release on all digital formats today has been delayed until further notice." After finally signing a deal with Pavement Entertainment in early 2013, the band had announced they would release Topple the Giants on the release date of April 2, 2013. Many have called the cover one of the worst metal album covers of all time.

2013–2017: Mike Ransom's second return
On September 13, 2013, it was announced by Dave DeRoo that Mike Ransom had returned to the band once again.

2017–2024: Chavez' third short tenure and replacement with Ryan Shuck
On March 27, 2017, Mark Chavez was seen rehearsing with original members of Adema, signifying his return to band. They performed with him at the Whisky A Go Go on May 24, 2017, his first show with the band in six years. The band later confirmed that they were working on a new album. Following their last shows in December of that year, no news emerged until June 2019, when it was announced that Chavez had departed again. Julien-K frontman Ryan Shuck confirmed he would be fronting the band for their fall tour with Powerman 5000. In March 2021, the band announced via their Facebook page that they are in the studio working on new material. Various pictures and videos of the band members recording their tracks were shown.

Adema released their new single with new frontman Ryan Shuck titled "Ready to Die" on August 20, 2021. On June 24, 2022, Adema released their second single with Shuck titled "Violent Principles".

Adema debut their first EP with Shuck titled "The Cerberus" while embarking on 2023's Nu-Metal Madness Tour 2 with returning bands Hed PE, Crazytown, and newcomer Tantric. The EP contains both previously released singles "Ready To Die" and "Violent Principles", along with new single "You Wanted This" (released exclusively on the EP). Along with the new EP, a live recording titled "Live at the Den in Los Angeles" was also released.

2024–present: Ryan Shuck's departure and future
On February 27, 2024, Ryan Shuck confirmed his departure from the band through his social media accounts, stating his time with the band came abruptly to an end and that he would be focusing on his touring commitments to Julien-K. The band announced in their own statement that they would be continuing as a four piece lineup indefinitely, though future plans and tours were not affected with the line-up change.

Musical style
Adema's music has been described as nu metal, alternative rock, post-grunge, alternative metal and hard rock.

Band members

 * Current
 * Tim Fluckey – lead guitar, backing vocals (2000–present), keyboards (2000–2006, 2009–present) , rhythm guitar (2003–2006, 2010–2013) , lead vocals (2011–2017, 2024–present)
 * Dave DeRoo – bass, backing vocals (2000–present)
 * Kris Kohls – drums (2000–present)
 * Mike Ransom – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2000–2003, 2009–2010, 2013–present)

 * Former
 * Mark Chavez – lead vocals (2000–2004, 2009–2011, 2017–2019)
 * Luke Caraccioli – lead vocals (2005)
 * Bobby Reeves – lead vocals (2006–2009)
 * Ed Faris – rhythm guitar, keyboards, programming (2006–2009)
 * Ryan Shuck – lead vocals (2019–2024)

 * Touring/Session
 * Christopher DeLeon - rhythm guitar (2011–2014)
 * Marc DeLeon – rhythm guitar (2011), bass (2011–2013)

 * Timeline

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Adema (2001)
 * Unstable (2003)
 * Planets (2005)
 * Kill the Headlights (2007)
 * 360 Degrees of Separation (TBA)

 * EPs
 * Insomniac's Dream (2002)
 * Topple the Giants (2013)
 * The Cerberus (2023)

 * Live Albums
 * Live at the Den in Los Angeles (2023)

 * Compilations
 * Re-Connected (2019)

title: Adema


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Second Cold War

Second Cold War
This is the second time that someone has started an article on his own personal guesswork with this title ("Second Cold War"). Delete. 172 21:36, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 21:40, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * No references provided. Original thesis.  Delete. Uncle G 00:52, 2005 Jan 12 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research. Megan1967 03:50, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, well-written original research is still original research. --Deathphoenix 06:14, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research, deep thoughts. Wyss 07:11, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The concept of a second cold war is a genuine subject in the world today. -- Old Right 00:53, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This is a popular topic, especially since Americans are uneasy about losing their place as the world's sole superpower.
 * Comment The possibility of a second Cold War may not be remote. The U.S. government could be trying to cover up growing darkness in its waning economy and influence. 68.23.44.205 19:53, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This article may be useful later when the fate of the U.S. is decided.
 * Delete. It's original research/political commentary. If any of these things come to pass, then we can have an article about it. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 20:18, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I don't see any problem with putting a political theory in wikipedia. Perhaps the page could simply use a little editing to make it more relavent to the "real" world. -- Judson 06:21, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Panu~enwiki

My userpage in Finnish

title: User:Panu~enwiki


text:
Flog

Flog may refer to:

 * Fake blog, an astroturfing technique
 * Flagellation or flogging, beating the human body with special implements such as whips
 * The Flog, a video blog by Felicia Day
 * Food blog, a blog dedicated to food; see Glossary of blogging

title: Flog


text:
Estcourt

Estcourt is a town in the uThukela District of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The main economic activity is farming with large bacon and processed food factories situated around the town. The N3 freeway passes close to the town, linking it to the rest of South Africa.

Location
Estcourt is located at the confluence of the Bushmans and the Little Bushmans River. It is also on the main Durban - Johannesburg railway line some 160 km north of Durban and 25 km south of the Tugela River crossing. In earlier years the main road, later to become the N3, passed through the town. The town itself is 1196 m above sea level and lies in the hilly country that dominates most of the Natal Midlands. The Drakensberg lies some 41 km to the west of the town.

19th century
The earliest identifiable inhabitants of the Estcourt area were the San, a hunter-gather people, though rock engravings dating from four different Iron Age periods have been found on the farm Hattingsvlakte. The San had been displaced by the Bantu people, a pastoral people and in particular the Zulu, a tribe that traced its origins as a separate nation to the early eighteenth century. The San had sought sanctuary in the foothills of the Drakensberg. In the early nineteenth century the Zulu king Shaka used the Mfecane to build his empire, which led to a depopulation of the area. Thus, when the white settlers first arrived in the Estcourt area, the land appeared to be almost uninhabited.

The first settlers
The first recorded settlement in the Estcourt area was in 1838 when a group of Voortrekkers encamped on the banks of the Bushmans River in anticipation of securing land right from Dingane kaSenzangakhona, the Zulu king. The negotiator, Piet Retief, and his party were murdered by Dingane on 6 February 1838 and on 17 February attacks, since known as the Weenen massacre, were launched on the Voortrekker encampments along the Bloukrans River, the Bushmans River and the Mooi River. After a Voortrekker retaliation at the Battle of Blood River, Dingane was deposed and his place taken by Mpande. Mpande seceded the land south of the Tugela River to the settlers which included the area that was to become Estcourt. The Voortrekkers set up the Natalia Republic, but after the Battle of Congella in 1842, they abandoned their settlements and moved into the interior, leaving Natalia to the British who established the Colony of Natal. Thus Natal acquired an English-speaking rather than an Afrikaans-speaking settler community and Estcourt, being so close to the Tugela River become a frontier outpost.

In 1847 Clem Heeley was the owner of an inn and trading store at a ford on the Bushman's River. On 4 December that year a military post known as Bushman's River Post was established on a hill dominating the ford, whilst at the same time a village known as Bushman's River was established across the river. On 4 January 1848 the Surveyor General recommended that the seat for the new magisterial district of Impofane be located at Bushmans River Drift. Initially the recommendation was ignored and the magistracy was located at Weenen, some 30 km away but in 1859, with the growing importance of Estcourt, the seat was moved there.

The Byrne settlers and the name "Estcourt"
The settler community was further strengthened by the arrival of the Byrne Settlers - English immigrants whose settlement in the Colony was sponsored by Thomas Estcourt, a North Wiltshire, MP. In 1946 there appears have been conflicting suggestions of why the town was called "Estcourt" - one body of opinion favouring the view that the town was named after Captain Estcourt, a member of the party who established the military outpost in 1847 and the other favouring the view that the town was named after Thomas Estcourt MP in 1863. Pearce, after extensive research which was backed up by the Ralfe family legend, supported the latter view which is now the accepted view.

The settlement grows
In 1872 an Anglican church was built on the banks of the Bushman's River, and Fort Durnford was built in 1874 by Lt-Col Durnford, a military engineer, as a base for the Natal Mounted Police. The fort became a substantial stronghold, and was used to protect transport riders and the herds of cattle driven across the ford. It is as secure as any castle with drinking water tanks in the basement, a drawbridge, moat and two secret tunnels.

The confirmation of large deposits of coal in the Dundee area in 1880, some 100 km north of Estcourt led to the building of a railway line to link the coalfields with Durban. In 1885 the railway reached Estcourt and a bridge that is still in use today was built across the Bushman's River. The completion of the line to the coalfields the following year provided Estcourt with a good communications link to the coast.

After a number of attempts to establish private schools had failed due to lack of support, the town's first government school, the Estcourt Government School was established in 1886 with an initial role of 45 children. In accordance with the prevailing colonial policy, the school only admitted pupils of European descent.

In 1895, the traveller Ingram described Estcourt as having " ... buildings [that] are strong and substantial, being for the most part constructed of hewn stone. A fort crowns the hill to the southward. There are in the town three churches, four hotels, and at the station a railway bar, A commodious sanatorium in connection with the Roman Catholic Mission has recently been established near the town. The population is put down at about 300 residents, though on market days, quite a large throng of farmers are to be met in its streets."

The mission station itself had been opened in 1892 - the second Augustinian Sisters establishment in Natal staffed mainly by French-speaking nuns from Canada and France. The mission had a school, sanatorium and a chapel for the Roman Catholic families in the town. The sanatorium was well used during the period when the railway line was being constructed and during the Boer War. Due to an economic depression after the war the school was unable to survive and the sanatorium had to complete with a nursing home that was run by one of the two doctors in the town. Changing attitudes after Vatican II and the opening of hospitals run by the Provincial Departments contributed to the order closing its mission and the sanatorium in Estcourt in the late 1960s.

In 1899, when he arrived at Estcourt as a war correspondent, Churchill described the town as "a South African town—that is to say, it is a collection of about three hundred detached stone or corrugated iron houses, nearly all one-storied, arranged along two broad streets—for space is plentiful—or straggling away towards the country".

The Boer War
When the Anglo-Boer War broke out on 10 October 1899, the Boer forces had 21,000 men ready to invade the Colony of Natal. Ranged against them, the British had 13,000 men. The Boers under the command of General Petrus Joubert crossed the border into the Natal Colony and rapidly advanced to the Tugela river, laying siege to Ladysmith, some 40 km north of the river and entrapping some 8,000 British regulars. Estcourt effectively became the front and this is where General Sir Redvers Buller first established his Natal headquarters and where Winston Churchill, then a war correspondent based himself. On 15 November a raiding party ambushed an armoured train at Frere, 20 km north of Estcourt taking 70 prisoners including Churchill. After another raiding party was surprised on 23 November at Willow Grange, 10 km to the south of Estcourt, the Boers withdrew to a position behind the Tugela River. British reinforcements arrived and once Ladysmith was relieved on 1 March 1900, formal Boer opposition melted away and the colony was secured.

20th century
As the twentieth century dawned, Estcourt's position as a communications hub was enhanced by the building of the Estcourt - Weenen railway line in 1907 to enable agricultural produce from Weenen to reach the main cities. (This line was closed in 1983).

Municipal development
Estcourt became a municipality in 1914. The Augustinian Order of Natal, having been present in the town since the 1890s built a chapel in 1929.

In the last census of the century, taken in 1991, the population of Esctourt was recorded as being approximately 3 407 whites, 710 coloureds, 5 432 Asians and 1 296 blacks.

Industrial development
During the twentieth century, Estcourt developed from being a market town serving the local farming community to one in which the products from the farming community were used in the manufacture of consumer products.

At some time close to the start of the twentieth century, Joseph Baynes, a Byrne settler and dairy industry pioneer, established a milk processing plant in Estcourt under the name of the Natal Creamery Ltd. This factory was located adjacent to the railway station. Baynes died in 1925 and in 1927 the factory, which by this time was owned by South African Condensed Milk Ltd. was bought by Nestlé. Today the factory produces Coffee, MILO and NESQUIK.

In August 1917 the Farmer's Co-operative Bacon Factory Limited was founded and the building of the factory commenced. The factory was opened on 6 June 1918 by the Prime Minister General Louis Botha and marketed its products under the brand name Eskort. In August 1920, the company secured the services of Mr. H.W. Lambert of Scotland as 'sausage maker', thereby starting a tradition for quality sausages whose reputation has since become world famous. The following year the factory commenced exports to the United Kingdom and during the Second World War supplied over one million tins of sausages to the Allied forces all over the world and over 12 tonnes of bacon weekly to convoys calling at Durban harbour. A sister plant was built in Heidelberg and in 1967 the Eskort brand was the largest processed meat brand in South Africa. In 1998 the company was converted from a cooperative to a limited liability company.

1948 saw the establishment of the Masonite factory in Estcourt. Masonite was a hardboard product developed in the United States in 1924 by William H. Mason. The mill is in Estcourt, but its headquarters are in Durban and uses timber harvested from 21 922 ha of productive commercial plantations owned by the company. The mill currently employs 900 people and chips 600 logs a day.

In 1963 the 58.5 million cubic metre Wagendrift Dam was constructed on the Bushman's River some 2 km upstream from the town of Estcourt. The dam was designed to irrigate 3,000 ha of land that lay upstream from the river's confluence with the Tugela River.

Education
At the turn of the century, the Estcourt Government School had about 100 children and offered formal education only at primary level, although the occasional bright student was coached at secondary level to enable them to enter university.

By the 1920s the school had expanded to 226 children and in 1924 four children sat the matriculation exam. This sparked a growth in demand for secondary education, and in 1927 the school was split into two - Estcourt Junior School retaining the old school building and Estcourt High School (as the secondary school later became known) moving to Hospital Hill on the outskirts of the town. The new school had a boarding establishment, and soon the boarders outnumbered the day pupils.

After the Second World War, both schools continued to grow and in 1960 a second primary school - Drakensview Primary School - was built to accommodate the overflow from the Estcourt Junior School.

Towards the end of the twentieth century, the Siraatul Haq Islamic School and Madrasah was established to serve the large local Muslim community with a combined educational option, offering both Islamic and a secular academic curriculum. As of 2018, it is the best performing private school in the district.

Today
During the Apartheid era, Esctourt was a predominantly white and Asian town. The nearby Wembezi township was home to a large black population. In 1995 these two areas were incorporated into a transitional local council prior to the setting up of the uMtshezi Municipality. The new council continues to display the old Estcourt coat of arms on its letterheads. In 2008, the estimated population of the uMtshezi Municipality was 57189 blacks, 1726 coloureds, 6155 Asians, and 3244 whites.

Notable people

 * Harry William Lambert, the Lambert Park in Estcourt named after him.  Mayor of Estcourt 1948/49, arriving in South Africa from Edinburgh Scotland with his wife Jessie in 1920, dedicated his services to developing and manufacturing the Eskort Bacon Factory (the Farmers' Co-operative Bacon Factory)  where he introduced the Estcourt pork sausage as well as encouraged quality pig farming.
 * Mark Bristow, Chief Executive of Randgold Resources, born in Estcourt
 * Henry Honiball - South African Rugby player (1993–1999)
 * Capt. James Douglas Mail, AFC, RFC-RAF_SAAF, born 10 July 1892, in Estcourt Pioneer aviator of the early 1920s having flown in World War I with the RFC awarded the AFC while flying in the Palestine Campaign 1917-1918 and KIA in World War II while flying with the SAAF in North Africa
 * Charmaine Weavers, born in Estcourt in 1964
 * Jack Condon, died in Estcourt in 1967
 * Sonia Raciti - Miss South Africa 1998

title: Estcourt


text:
Luisa Morgantini

Luisa Morgantini (born 5 November 1940 in Villadossola) is an Italian former Member of the European Parliament. She was elected as independent with the Communist Refoundation Party ticket and sat with the European United Left - Nordic Green Left group.

She is a leading member of the Italian peace movement and was one of the founders of the Italian branch of the Women in Black anti-war organisation.

Career

 * 1954 to 1958 she worked as clerical worker
 * 1958 to 1964 she worked as an INCA social worker.
 * 1964 to 1966 she was full time with the Italian Communist Party
 * 1958 to 1966 she lived in Bologna.
 * 1967 to 1968 she studied at Ruskin College, Oxford – industrial sociology and economics.
 * 1969 to 1970: she worked Adult education at the Humanitarian Society in Milano.
 * 1971 to 1974: Training officer for FLM trade union.
 * 1974 to 1985: first woman elected in a metalworkers union secretariatMilan FLM (FIOM-FIM-UILM) secretariat – press and telecommunications sector.
 * 1985 to 1999: International relations officer for FLM (FIOM-FIM-UILM)trade union.
 * FEM European trade union executive committee (1987–1999).
 * Electoral observer for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Italy-Nicaragua coordinator Italian Association for friendship with Nicaragua (1979–1991).
 * Since 1979 she was involved with many solidarity and NGOs projects concerning many countries, such as Nicaragua, Brazil, South Africa, Chile, Mozambique, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Palestine, Algeria, Peru, Argentina, Colombia, and Angola
 * Since 1982 she has been dealing with Middle East issues and mainly the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
 * Since 1988 she has been cooperating for the reconstruction of network and links between Israeli and Palestinian Peace movements. She has supported especially women's associations in Israel and Palestine and in other Mediterranean countries (e.g., Yugoslavia, Albania, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia) and Afghanistan and Kurdistan in Turkey.
 * National spokesperson for the Italian Association for Peace (a non-violent movement for peace and social justice); from 1994 to 1999 responsible for the 'Palestine' group. One of the founders of the 'Women in Black' anti-war movement and the international network 'Women for peace in conflict zones'.

In 1995 she received the 'Women in Black' Peace Prize from the eponymous Israeli left-wing anti-war organisation.

On 4 October 2008 she has been awarded with the 2008 Peacemaker Award by the Rebuilding Alliance, a US-based non-profit organization, committed to the respect of human rights and international law and in rebuilding homes and communities in regions of war and occupation. She was chosen as one of the 1000 international women for the Nobel Prize. For her work during the Italian earthquake in Irpinia on 1980 she was awarded the citizenship of Teora, the town where she stayed one year as volunteer. She also won the Colomba per la Pace price with the patronage of the President of the Italian republic. From 1999 till 2009 she was a member of the European Parliament. She retired in 2009 because her commitment was to serve two terms, and she also cited age concerns. She continues her commitment to Palestine, migrants and the antiwar movement. She is the President of AssoPacePalestina a voluntary organization www.assopacepalestina.org

European Parliament
Luisa Morgantini was a Member of the European Parliament in the European United Left–Nordic Green Left – elected the first time in 1999 and again in 2004.

During the last term, she was chairman of the Delegation for relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council, member of the Committee on Development and Cooperation, of the Delegation for relations with the countries of South Asia and the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation; substitute member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, the Committee on International Trade and of the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality.

From the period July 2004 to December 2006 she was Chair of the Committee on Development.

Currently (2007 - 2009) she is Vice President of the European Parliament, member of the Committee on Development, co-chair of the election coordination group, member of the Subcommittee on Human Rights, of the Delegation for relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council, of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly, and substitute member of the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality, of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs and of the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

As a Member of the European Parliament she keeps on working for the solution of the Middle East conflict, for a just peace, for the right of the two peoples to live in peace and safety, within recognized borders. As part of this activism, she was nominated for the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize, as part of the project "1,000 peace women for Nobel prize for peace 2005."

In June 2008 she participated in an illegal demonstration in a military exclusion zone near Bil'in. Morgantini inhaled tear gas durirng the demonstration dispersal.

On 4 October 2008 she was awarded the 2008 Peacemaker Award by the Rebuilding Alliance, a US non-profit organization committed for the respect of human rights and international law and in rebuilding homes and communities in regions of war and occupation.

title: Luisa Morgantini


text:
Coeur d'Alene people

The Coeur d'Alene Tribe (also Skitswish; Coeur d'Alene language: Schi̲tsu'umsh) are a Native American tribe and one of five federally recognized tribes in the state of Idaho.

The Coeur d'Alene have sovereign control of their Coeur d'Alene Reservation, which includes a significant portion of Lake Coeur d'Alene and its submerged lands.

In Idaho v. United States (2001), the United States Supreme Court ruled against the state's claim of the submerged lands of the lower third of Lake Coeur d'Alene and related waters of the St. Joe River. It said that the Coeur d'Alene were the traditional owners and that the Executive Branch and Congress had clearly included this area in their reservation, with compensation for ceded territory. This area was designated in 1983 by the Environmental Protection Agency as Bunker Hill Mine and Smelting Complex, the nation's second-largest Superfund site for cleanup.

Concerned at the slow pace of progress, in 1991 the tribe filed suit against mining companies for damages and cleanup costs, joined in 1996 by the United States and in 2011 by the state of Idaho. Settlements were reached with major defendants in 2008 and 2011, providing funds to be used in removal of hazardous wastes and restoration of habitat and natural resources.

Historically the Coeur d'Alene occupied a territory of 3.5 million acres in present-day northern Idaho, eastern Washington and western Montana. They lived in villages along the Coeur d'Alene, St. Joe, Clark Fork, and Spokane rivers, as well as sites on the shores of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Lake Pend Oreille, and Hayden Lake. Their native language is Snchitsu'umshtsn, an Interior Salishan language. They are one of the Salish language peoples, which tribes occupy areas of the inland plateau and the coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest.

Name
The French name Cœur d'Alêne translates to "heart of an awl". The name is first recorded by the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1805) and was later popularly said to have been given by French traders to one of the chiefs of the tribe noted for his stinginess. The alternative name Skitswish is recorded by Alexander Henry the younger in 1810 (as Skeetshue) and by George Gibbs in Pacific Railroad Report vol. 1 (1853). This is an exonym used by the Sahaptin.

The self-designation Schi̲tsu'umsh is reported from Coeur d'Alene phrasebooks since the 1970s. A modern speaker of Coeur d'Alene was reported as interpreting this name as "the discovered people".

The federally recognized tribe was named the Coeur D'Alene Tribe of the Coeur D'Alene Reservation, but they shortened it to Coeur D'Alene Tribe.

Geography
Historically, the Coeur d'Alene lived in what would become the Panhandle region of Idaho and neighboring areas of what is today eastern Washington and western Montana, occupying an area of more than 3.5 million acres (14,164 km2) of grass-covered hills, camas-prairie, forested mountains, lakes, marshes, and river habitat. The territory extended from the southern end of Lake Pend Oreille in the north, running along the Bitterroot Range of Montana in the east, to the Palouse and North Fork of the Clearwater River in the south, to Steptoe Butte and up to just east of Spokane Falls in the west. At the center of this region was Lake Coeur d'Alene. The abundant natural resources included trout, salmon, and whitefish. The tribe supplemented hunting and gathering activities by fishing the St. Joe and Spokane rivers. They used gaff hooks, spears, nets, traps and angled for fish.

History
An Interior Salish peoples, the Coeur d'Alene people first encountered Europeans in 1793. Then their economy was based on fishing, hunting, and plant gathering, with seasonal migratory patterns and retreating to clustered semi-subterranean dwellings during the winter months. The precontact lifeways of Interior Salish peoples are not widely written about, but available evidence favors the possibility of a recent expansion from the coast to the interior, possibly related to an increase in coastal population about 600 to 900 years ago.

The earliest written description of the Coeur d'Alene people comes from the journals of Alexander Henry the younger, a fur trader with the North West Company. He and British explorer David Thompson traded and traveled in their lands from 1810 to 1814. He wrote about the Coeur d'Alene:

"The Skeetshue [Skitsuish] or Pointed Hearts [Coeur d'Alene] Indians dwell further southward [than the Kallispell or Pend d'Oreille tribes], about Skeetshue [Coeur d'Alene] Lake and [Spokane] River; they are a distinct nation, and have a different language [Salish] from the Flat Heads. They are very numerous, and have a vast number of horses, as their country is open and admits of breeding them in great abundance."

Ross Cox, a clerk with the Pacific Fur Company and then the North West Company, spent considerable time at the trading post of Spokane House between 1812 and 1817:

"The Pointed Hearts, or as the [French] Canadians call them, les Coeurs d' Alênes (Hearts of Awls), are a small tribe inhabiting the shores of a lake about fifty miles to the eastward of Spokan House. Their country is tolerably well stocked with beaver, deer, wild-fowl, &c.; and its vegetable productions are similar to those of Spokan. Some of this tribe occasionally visited our fort at the latter place with furs to barter, and we made a few excursions to their lands. We found them uniformly honest in their traffic; but they did not evince the same warmth of friendship for us as the Spokans, and expressed no desire for the establishment of a trading post among them. About twenty years before our arrival [hence in the early 1790s], the Spokans and Pointed Hearts were at war, caused by a kind of Trojan origin. A party of the former [Spokane Indians] had been on a hunting visit to the land of the latter [Coeur d'Alene], and were hospitably received. One day, a young Spokan discovered the wife of a Pointed Heart alone, some distance from the village, and violated her. Although she might have born this in silence from one of her own tribe, she was not as equally forbearing with regard to a stranger, and immediately informed her husband of the outrage. He lost no time in seeking revenge, and shot the Spokan as he entered the village. The others fled to their own lands, and prepared for war. A succession of sanguinary conflicts followed, in the course of which the greatest warriors of both side were nearly destroyed. At the end of a year, however, hostilities ceased; since which period they have been at peace. The two nations now intermarry, and appear to be on the best terms of friendship."

Many of the tribe were converted to Roman Catholicism in 1842 by Fr. Pierre-Jean De Smet, a Belgian Jesuit missionary from St. Louis, Missouri, who was active throughout the Northwest. The twin towns of De Smet and Tensed (originally Temsed), Idaho, are named for him. The United States acquired this territory in 1846 by treaty with Great Britain. European-American settlers and other immigrants began to move from the United States into parts of the territory in the 1840s. After the Indian defeat in the Skitswish War of May–September 1858, many more speculators were attracted after the discovery of silver in 1863 in the north Panhandle near the city of Coeur d'Alene. Mining and development revealed this to be an area of the second-largest silver deposits in the United States.

In 1873 the Coeur d'Alene lands were reduced to approximately 600000 acre when President Ulysses S. Grant established the Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation by executive order. Chief Peter Moctelme traveled to Washington D.C. to meet with the President to discuss his disagreement of allotments. Upon ratification, Chief Peter Moctelme's land was reduced by 1/3 and sold to white settlers. The US agreement with the tribe "expressly included part of the St. Joe River (then called the St. Joseph), and all of Lake Coeur d'Alene except a sliver cut off by the northern boundary."

As of 1885, Congress had neither ratified the 1873 agreement nor compensated the Tribe. This inaction prompted the Tribe to petition the Government again, to "make with us a proper treaty of peace and friendship ... by which your petitioners may be properly and fully compensated for such portion of their lands not now reserved to them; [and] that their present reserve may be confirmed to them." Successive government acts put a reservation boundary across Lake Coeur d'Alene, rather than following customary practice of using the high water line, and reduced the size of the reservation to 345000 acre near Plummer, south of the town of Coeur d'Alene.

20th century to present

Due to extensive mining and smelting operations in the Panhandle during the 19th and 20th centuries, there was hazardous waste in water discharges and pollution in air emissions. The mining industry "left several thousand acres of land and tributaries, connected to the Coeur d'Alene Basin, contaminated with heavy metals." These mining operations have contributed "an estimated 100 million tons of mine waste to the river system."

In the early 21st century, the federally recognized Tribe has approximately 2,000 enrolled citizens. The Tribe manages the sovereign Coeur d'Alene Reservation, which includes the lower third of Lake Coeur d'Alene and the Saint Joe River, and their submerged lands. Members of the tribe reside in such area cities as DeSmet, Harrison, Parkline, Plummer, St. Maries (part on the reservation, population 734), Tensed, and Worley.

In 1935, Ignace Garry was one of a group of chiefs who managed the tribe. In 1949 he was selected as the last traditional chief of the Coeur d'Alene; he served until his death in 1965. During this period the tribe worked to restore its government under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. It gained approval of a written constitution in 1949 and elected representatives to the Tribal Council. In the 1950s, the tribe was one of several that came under termination pressure by the United States Congress. It helped found the Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians, an organization to represent the Salish peoples in both Coastal and Plateau tribes, and resisted termination of its federal status.

Within Idaho, in the late 20th century the Coeur d'Alene organized with the four other federally recognized tribes in the state to form the Five Tribes Council, including the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Nez Perce, Shoshone-Bannock, and Shoshone-Paiute. The peoples work together for mutual benefit, for instance, in applying for grants or negotiating with the state government on Native American affairs.

Government
The tribe reorganized under a written constitution approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, United States Department of Interior, on September 2, 1949, and amended in 1961. The constitution provides for an elected Tribal Council to serve as the legislature and governing body of the Tribe. It defined all tribal members of voting age as the General Council. At the time, the Tribe was still governed by Ignace Garry, the last traditional chief. The seven members of the tribal council are elected by citizens of the tribe to 3-year terms; with staggered expiration years. The elected head of the tribe is the chairman.

Since 2005, the chairman has been Chief James Allan ("Chief" is his given first name). Born in 1972 in Spokane, Allan grew up in Idaho on the Coeur d'Alene Reservation and graduated from Eastern Washington University in Cheney. He served in administrative and elected positions in the tribe and with the National Congress of American Indians in Washington, DC before being elected as chairman.

Joseph Garry, son of Chief Ignace, was the first Native American to be elected to the Idaho state legislature. He also served as chairman of the tribe for 10 years. In 1984 his niece, Jeanne Givens, was the first Native American woman to be elected to the Idaho state legislature, serving two terms.

The Coeur d'Alene Tribe operates a health care facility, the Benewah Medical Center, which opened in 1998. The center was described by the Indian Health Service as a national model for Indian Health Care and rural health care. The clinic provides comprehensive primary care services including dental, mental health services, and community health outreach services to both the Native American population and general community.

Economy
Tribal businesses include the Coeur d'Alene Casino, Hotel, and Circling Raven Golf Club in southwestern Kootenai County, about three miles (5 km) northwest of Worley and thirty miles (50 km) south of the city of Coeur d'Alene, via U.S. Route 95. Tribal gaming employs about 500 and generates about $20 million in profits annually, funding programs, contributing to economic development.

The tribe also operates the Benewah Automotive Center, the Benewah Market, the first three floors of the Coeur d'Alene Resort, and Ace Hardware, which are located a few miles south of Worley at Plummer, in northwestern Benewah County. The tribe has invested in two businesses, a manufacturing plant (BERG Integrated Systems), and a bakery (HearthBread Bakery), in both of which the tribe owns a majority share.

The tribal farm covers about 6000 acre. It produces wheat, barley, peas, lentils, and canola. It also harvests timber among its natural resources.

Culture
Tribal traditions include a respect and reverence for natural law, and for responsible environmental stewardship. The tribe is active in the protection, conservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife resources; as well as conservation issues that impact tribal land and water resources.

Traditionally the tribe had a flexible kinship system with both paternal and maternal lines recognized within the extended family. People may claim ancestors on either side, and address all cousins the same. This enabled them to have a flexible society, as they would live in differently sized groups during different seasons, in order to adapt to the environment.

Environmental suit, land claim and compensation
In 1991, the Coeur d'Alene Tribe began the Coeur d'Alene Basin Restoration Project. That year tribal leaders, including Henry SiJohn, Lawrence Aripa, and Richard Mullen, decided to file a lawsuit against the mining companies, as they were concerned that cleanup progress by EPA and the state was too slow in the Basin and at the Bunker Hill Mine and Smelting Complex Superfund site. They filed suit against Hecla Mining Company, ASARCO and other companies for damages and recovery of cleanup costs of the site. In 1996 their suit was joined by the United States.

In 2001 the United States and the Coeur d'Alene litigated a 78-day trial against Hecla and ASARCO over liability issues. In 2008, ASARCO LLC, reached a settlement of $452 million with the Coeur d'Alene Tribe and United States for the Bunker Hill site after emerging from Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

In 2011 the government, the Coeur d'Alene, and the state of Idaho (which joined the suit that year) reached settlement with the Hecla Mining Company to resolve one of the largest cases ever filed under CERCLA, the Superfund statute. Hecla Mining Company will pay $263.4 million plus interest to the United States and other parties to "resolve claims stemming from releases of wastes from its mining operations. Settlement funds will be dedicated to restoration and remediation of natural resources in the Coeur d'Alene Basin." The trustees intend to restore habitat for fish, birds and other natural resources, for stewardship while working for economic progress in the region. This was one of the top 10 settlement cash awards in Superfund history.

In a related case, at the turn of the 21st century, U.S. courts ruled in Idaho v. United States (2001) that the Coeur d'Alene tribe has legal jurisdiction over the submerged land of the lower third of Lake Coeur d'Alene, which the US holds in trust for the tribe, as well as under a related 20 mi of the St. Joe River. The case was initiated by the US government to "quiet title" with the state, and the Tribe entered to assert its interest. The State of Idaho had appealed a lower court decision but that was upheld by the United States Supreme Court.

The tribe has worked with the US Department of Justice in filing suit also against the Union Pacific Railroad over contamination of the lake and related lands.

Representation in other media

 * Smoke Signals (1998) is an independent film that was set in the Coeur d'Alene Reservation. It was based on the short story, "This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona", collected in the book The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (1993) by Sherman Alexie (Spokane-Coeur d'Alene). Alexie wrote the screenplay and served as film producer. The film focuses on a personal quest journey of two young men from the Coeur d'Alene Reservation. It was an all-Native American production.

Notable people

 * Peter Moctelme (Chief, Coeur d'Alene Band 1907–1932)
 * Sherman Alexie (Spokane-Coeur d'Alene), author and filmmaker
 * Lawrence Aripa, one of three leaders who brought the 1991 tribal lawsuit against mining companies for environmental cleanup; vice chairman 1990 to 1998
 * Mildred Bailey (1907–1951), popular jazz singer and recording artist of the 1930s and 1940s, performed with Paul Whiteman and Benny Goodman, became known as "Mrs. Swing".
 * Ignace Garry, last traditional chief of the Coeur d'Alene, serving with a group from 1935 to 1948, and as chief from 1949 until his death in 1965. Since then chairmen have been elected democratically.
 * Joseph Garry, son of Ignace, politician and the first Native American elected to the Idaho State House; also elected as Chairman of the Coeur d'Alene, serving for 10 years.
 * Jeanne Givens, politician; in 1984 she was the first Native American woman elected to the Idaho State House, where she served as representative for four years. She is granddaughter of Ignace Garry and niece of Joseph Garry. She was chair of the North Idaho College Board of Trustees; appointed by President Bill Clinton to the Board of Directors of the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, N.M., where she served as chair for several years; and served on Board of Directors of Americans for Indian Opportunity
 * Janet Campbell Hale, writer
 * Paulette Jordan, Democratic candidate for governor of Idaho in 2018 and former member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 2014 to 2018; at her reelection in 2016, she was the only Democrat in state office north of Boise.
 * Richard Mullen, historian, one of three leaders who brought the 1991 tribal lawsuit against the mining companies for environmental cleanup; also on Tribal Council and served as vice chairman
 * Henry SiJohn, Tribal Council, one of three leaders who brought the 1991 tribal lawsuit against the mining companies for environmental cleanup; vice chairman from October 1998 to his death in February 1999
 * Al Rinker, musician and younger brother of Mildred Bailey, grew up on the reservation. Member of the popular trio "The Rhythm Boys" with Bing Crosby and Harry Barris through 1931.
 * Charles Rinker, lyricist and younger brother of Mildred Bailey, grew up on the reservation. Active in Los Angeles.

Language

 * Hnqwa̱'qwe'elm language
 * Reichard's Coeur d'Alene Texts

title: Coeur d'Alene people


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User:Elgogg

Just another user from Norway

title: User:Elgogg


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Goli Otok

Goli Otok (lit. 'Barren Island'; Isola Calva) is a barren, uninhabited island that was the site of a political prison which was in use when Croatia was part of Yugoslavia. The prison was in operation between 1949 and 1989.

The island is located in the northern Adriatic Sea just off the coast of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia with an area of approximately 4.5 km2. Exposed to strong bora winds, particularly in the winter, the island's surface is almost completely devoid of vegetation, giving Goli Otok (literally, 'barren island' in Croatian) its name. It is also known as the "Croatian Alcatraz" because of its island location and high security.

Prison
Despite having long been an occasional grazing ground for local shepherds' flocks, the barren island was apparently never permanently settled other than by the prisoners during the 20th century. Throughout World War I, Austria-Hungary sent Russian prisoners of war from the Eastern Front to Goli Otok.

In 1949, the entire island was officially made into a high-security, top secret prison and labor camp run by the authorities of the People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, together with the nearby Sveti Grgur island, which held a similar camp for female prisoners. Until 1956, following the Tito–Stalin split and throughout the Informbiro period, it was used to incarcerate political prisoners. These included known and alleged Stalinists, but also other Communist Party of Yugoslavia members or even non-party citizens accused of exhibiting sympathy or leanings towards the Soviet Union.

Many anti-communists (Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Albanian and other nationalists etc.) were also incarcerated on Goli Otok. Non-political prisoners were also sent to the island to serve out simple criminal sentences and some of them were sentenced to death. A total of approximately 16,000 political prisoners served there, of which between 400 and 600 died on the island. Other sources, largely based on various individual statements, claim almost 4,000 prisoners died in the camp.

The prison inmates were forced to labor (in a stone quarry, pottery and joinery), without regard to the weather conditions: in the summer the temperature would rise as high as 40 C, while in the winter they were subjected to the chilling bora wind and freezing temperatures. The prison was entirely inmate-run, and its hierarchical system forced the convicts into beating, humiliating, denouncing and shunning each other. Those who cooperated could hope to rise up the hierarchy and receive better treatment.

After Yugoslavia normalized relations with the Soviet Union, Goli Otok prison passed to the provincial jurisdiction of the People's Republic of Croatia (as opposed to the Yugoslav federal authorities). Regardless, the prison remained a taboo topic in Yugoslavia until the early 1980s. Antonije Isaković wrote the novel Tren (Moment) about the prison in 1979, waiting until after Josip Broz Tito's death in 1980 to release it. The book became an instant bestseller. The prison was shut down on 30 December 1988 and completely abandoned in 1989. Since then it has been left to ruin. It has since become a tourist attraction and is populated by shepherds from Rab. Former Croatian prisoners are organized into the Association of Former Political Prisoners of Goli Otok. In Serbia, they are organized into the Society of Goli Otok.

Notable prisoners

 * Šaban Bajramović, Serbian Romani musician
 * Panko Brashnarov, Macedonian politician
 * Vlado Dapčević, Yugoslav Montenegrin communist revolutionary and partisan
 * Adem Demaçi, Kosovo Albanian politician and author
 * Teki Dervishi, Albanian writer
 * Vlado Dijak, Yugoslav Bosnian Serb writer and partisan
 * Alija Izetbegović, later president of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Nikola Kljusev, former Prime Minister of Macedonia
 * Tine Logar, Slovenian linguist
 * Venko Markovski, Macedonian writer
 * Dragoljub Mićunović, Serbian partisan, sociologist, and politician
 * Dragoslav Mihailović, Serbian writer
 * Alfred Pal, Croatian painter and graphic designer
 * Dobroslav Paraga, Croatian politician

 * Aleksandar Popović, Serbian writer

 * Igor Torkar, Slovenian writer
 * Vlasta Velisavljević, Serbian actor
 * Ante Zemljar, Croatian partisan and writer
 * Savo Zlatić, Croatian physician and politician
 * Vitomil Zupan, Slovenian writer

Literature

 * 1981: Noč do jutra ('Night till Morning Comes') ‒ novel by Slovenian author Branko Hofman.
 * 1981: Herezia e Dervish Mallutes – allegorical novel by Kosovar author Teki Dervishi.
 * 1982: Tren 2 – novel by Antonije Isaković.
 * 1984: Umiranje na obroke ('Dying by Installments') ‒ autobiographical book by Slovenian author Igor Torkar, about Goli Otok prison conditions.
 * 1984: Goli Otok: The Island of Death ‒ non-fiction book by Bulgarian-Macedonian author Venko Markovski, detailing a history of Goli Otok prison.
 * 1990: Goli Otok by Dragoslav Mihailović.
 * 1993: Lov na stenice ('Hunting for Bedbugs') by Dragoslav Mihailović.
 * 1996: Goli Otok: stratište duha ('Goli Otok: Gallows of the Soul') ‒ non-fiction book by Croatian author Mihovil Horvat, containing the events of his arrest and imprisonment during Informbiro period.
 * 1997: Goli Otok: Italiani nel Gulag di Tito ('Goli Otok: Italians in Tito's Gulag') ‒ historical report by Italian-Croatian author Giacomo Scotti.
 * 1997: Zlotvori ('Evildoers') – novel by Dragoslav Mihailović.
 * 1997: Tito's Hawaii ‒ novel by author using the pen-name Rade Panic (name taken from a political victim of the same name whose wife was interred on the island; not his actual name).
 * 2005: Razglednica s ljetovanja ('A Postcard From Summer Vacation') ‒ autobiographical short novel by the Croatian author Dubravka Ugrešić; published in the Belgrade literary review REČ časopis za književnost i kulturu, i društvena pitanja, br. 74/20, 2006, and in the book Nikog nema doma, ed. devedeset stupnjeva, Zagreb 2005. Italian translation Cartolina Estiva by Luka Zanoni Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso, 2008.
 * 2010: Island of the World - novel by Canadian author Michael D. O'Brien.
 * 2019: Life Plays with Me (Published in North America as More Than I Love My Life) - novel by Israeli writer David Grossman. One of the main characters, Vera, was interned as a political prisoner in Goli Otok before immigrating to Israel.
 * 2023: The Secret of Bald Island - non-fiction book by Claudia Sonia Colussi Corte, describing her father's (Cherubino Colussi Corte) return to Mali Lošinj, Yugoslavia, as part of the Italian Controesodo, his arrest on suspicion of being a Stalinist, and his imprisonment on Goli Otok during the Informbiro period.

Film and television

 * 1996: The Seventh Chronicle (Sedma kronika) – Croatian feature film about a Goli Otok inmate who escapes by swimming to the island of Rab, based on a novel by Grgo Gamulin
 * 2002: Eva ‒ documentary film told in German, Hebrew and English recounting the experiences of Eva Panić-Nahir, a former prisoner of the island; produced/directed by Avner Faingulernt
 * 2009: Strahota - Die Geschichte der Gefängnisinsel Goli Otok ‒ German-language documentary film with 8 former prisoners; produced/directed by Reinhard Grabher
 * 2012: Goli Otok ‒ documentary film directed by Darko Bavoljak
 * 2013: Lost Survivors ‒ Travel Channel reality TV survival series episode entitled "Prison Island"
 * 2014: Goli – documentary film directed by Tiha K. Gudac
 * 2014: In the Name of the People ‒ exhibition in Belgrade; with an alphabetical list of 16,500 names of people who were jailed at the Goli Otok available for online search on their website
 * 2019: Mysteries of the Abandoned ‒ Season 4 Episode 9 "Haunting on Plague Island"

title: Goli Otok


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Category:Scottish writers

This category is for writers who are from Scotland.

title: Category:Scottish writers


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Crocodile Hunter

Crocodile Hunter or crocodile hunter may refer to:

 * The Crocodile Hunter, TV documentary series hosted by Steve Irwin and wife Terri Irwin
 * Steve Irwin (1962–2006), star of The Crocodile Hunter
 * Crocodile Hunter (film), a 1989 Hong Kong film
 * The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course, 2002 adventure comedy film
 * Someone who engages in crocodile hunting

title: Crocodile Hunter


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Pervenche Berès

Pervenche Berès (born 10 March 1957 in Paris) is a French politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Île-de-France until 2019. She is a member of the Socialist Party, part of the Party of European Socialists.

Political career
On 28 July 2004, Berès was elected Chair of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. She was the rapporteur of the Special Committee on the Financial, Economic and Social Crisis (CRIS).

Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2008 convention in Reims, Berès publicly endorsed Martine Aubry as candidate to succeed François Hollande at the party's leadership.

Personal life
In 1995, Berès survived a near fatal traffic accident but lost half of her face, which was reconstructed by plastic surgery.

Later career
In 2022, Berès was appointed by the Governing Council of the European Central Bank as a member of both the organizations’s Ethics Committee and the Audit Committee for a three-year term.

title: Pervenche Berès


text: Template:Farragut class destroyer (1934)


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The Friend (Quaker magazine)

The Friend is a weekly Quaker magazine published in London, UK. It is the only Quaker weekly in the world, and has been published continuously since 1843. It began as a monthly and in January 1892 became a weekly. It is one of the oldest continuously published publications in the world still in operation. Others (e.g. Punch) which began publication before The Friend have had lengthy interruptions in publication and/or have closed down.

Independence
The Friend is completely independent from Britain Yearly Meeting, although since 2004 it has occupied space in Friends House. It is owned by The Friend Publications Ltd., a trust which also publishes Friends Quarterly. The Trustees of The Friend are appointed from members of Britain Yearly Meeting.

The Trustees appoint the Editor who, along with the other members of staff, is entirely responsible for the day-to-day management of the magazine, and its content. Among the initial trustees were Josiah Forster, George Stacey, John Hodgkin.

Editorial policy
As an independent publication, The Friend is free to report critically on trends within Quakerism in Britain and around the world, and on the governance of Britain Yearly Meeting. It also reports on the activities of Friends and Friends' groups and it is a forum for theological debate. There is a great deal of opinion in the magazine, and the letters page provides a forum for readers to express their views.

One of the ways The Friend exercises its responsibility to give readers an independent viewpoint is by covering Meeting for Sufferings, the standing consultative body of Britain Yearly Meeting, which meets five times a year. Meeting for Sufferings often deals with controversial issues, on which The Friend reports and comments.

The Friend Online
In recent years, The Friend has begun offering all its content online to subscribers. It is intended to make the issues for the period 1914 to 1918 available as a digital archive.

The printing of The Friend
For many years, The Friend was printed by an old Quaker firm, Headley Brothers, of Ashford, Kent. Headley Brothers went into administration in 2017. From 23 June 2017 The Friend appears in full colour, printed by Warners Midland plc.

The Friend appears every Friday. It has.

In its entire history, The Friend has failed to appear twice, due to paper rationing during the Second World War.

Between 1892 and some time after 1931, the magazine was printed by The Orphans Press, Leominster.

List of Editors
The main source for this list is an annotated typescript held at The Library of the Society of Friends, London.
 * 1843-1849 Charles Tylor
 * 1849-1852 Joseph Barrett
 * 1852-1857 Edward Newman, "under the guidance of Charles Gilpin, the proprietor".
 * 1858-1859 Alfred William Bennett
 * 1859-1871 John Frank
 * 1872-1875 Joshua Rowntree
 * 1875-1878 John Stephenson Rowntree
 * 1878-1891 Joseph Stickney Sewell
 * 1892-1912 Henry Stanley Newman, assisted by E. B. Reynolds
 * 1912-1931 Edward Bassett Reynolds.
 * 1932-1949 Hubert William Peet
 * 1950-1965 Bernard Hall Canter
 * 1966-1973 Clifford Haig
 * 1974-1990 David Firth
 * 1990-1993 Sally Juniper
 * 1993-1997 Deborah Padfield
 * 1997-2004 Harry Albright
 * September 2004 - April 2010 Judy Kirby
 * April 2010 - November 2018 Ian Kirk-Smith
 * January 2019 onward - Joseph Jones

title: The Friend (Quaker magazine)


text: Category:Renaissance art

title: Category:Renaissance art