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Tateyama, Toyama

Tateyama (立山町) is a town located in Nakaniikawa District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 26,212 in 9452 households and a population density of 85 persons per km². The total area of the town was 307.29 sqkm.

Geography
Tateyama is located in east central Toyama Prefecture. The town is located in the Tateyama Mountain Range.

Surrounding municipalities

 * Toyama Prefecture
 * Toyama
 * Kurobe
 * Kamiichi
 * Funahashi
 * Nagano Prefecture
 * Ōmachi

Climate
The town has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by hot summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Tateyama is 13.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2242 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.1 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Tateyama was remarkably stable for several decades but has declined in recent years.

History
The area of present-day Tateyama was part of ancient Etchū Province. The village of Tatayama was created on May 12, 1894. It was elevated to town status on January 10, 1954.

Until about the end of the Edo period, the Gohyakkoku region was called Takaharano. It originates from a time when village government officials asked the Kaga clan for permission to reclaim an open area of wild fields that was worth five hundred kokudaka, or gohyaku-kokudaka. Development went underway, and permission was granted for the formation of a town in the area. Around the area of Gohyakkoku Tenman Shrine, traffic from north to south formed between Toyama Bay and Mt. Tateyama. from there, they would intersect with streets that ran east to west from the town to central Toyama City. This set the scene for growing areas of agriculture and businesses.

Education
Tateyama has seven public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the village government. There is one public high school operated by the Toyama Board of Education.

The elementary schools are: Tateyama Elementary School, Kamagafuchi Elementary School, Takano Elementary School, Tateyama Chuo Elementary School, Rita Elementary School, Hokubu Elementary School, and Nichuano Elementary School. The middle school and high school are both named Oyama, for the shrines on Tateyama mountain.

Until 2016, there was an eighth elementary school called Shinseto Elementary, but it has since been closed due to a low number of attendees as a result of migration away from the mountainous area and towards the center of the main town.

Tateyama Town's Oyama Junior High School has been reported by Education Departments to have some of the highest English abilities in Toyama Prefecture.

Mascot
Tateyama's town mascot is Raijii, combining the "rai" from "raicho" (Toyama Prefecture's bird found on Mt. Tateyama, the ptarmigan) with "jii" (lit. "old man"). He is said to be 20,005 years old, and his birthday is April 16. He carries a walking stick and his hat is in the shape of the three mountains that make up Tateyama. His job is to patrol Tateyama and protect the beautiful nature found there.

Railway

 * [[file:Toyama Chiho Railway logo.jpg|18px]] Toyama Chihō Railway Main Line
 * Terada - Chigozuka
 * [[file:Toyama Chiho Railway logo.jpg|18px]] Toyama Chihō Railway Tateyama Line
 * Terada - Chigozuka - Tazoe - Gohyakkoku - Enokimachi - Shitadan - Kamagafuchi - Sawanakayama - Iwakuraji - Yokoe - Chigaki
 * [[file:Toyama Chiho Railway logo.jpg|18px]] Toyama Chihō Railway Kamidaki Line
 * Iwakuraji
 * Tateyama Cable Car

Highway

 * JP Expressway E8.svg Hokuriku Expressway

Local attractions

 * Kurobe Dam
 * Kurobe River
 * Shōmyō Falls

title: Tateyama, Toyama


text:
Nakaniikawa District, Toyama

Toyama NakaNiikawa-gun.png:

]]
 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period
 * green - current borders

Nakaniikawa (中新川郡) is a district located in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of October 1, 2016, the district has an estimated population of 49,839 with a density of 91 persons per km2. The total area is 547.55 km2.

Municipalities
The district consists of two towns and one village:

 * Funahashi
 * Kamiichi
 * Tateyama

 * Notes:

District Timeline

 * April 1, 1896 - Nakaniikawa District was created from a split within Kaminiikawa District, grouped by 5 towns and 29 villages.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nakaniikawa District, Toyama


text:
Unazuki, Toyama

Unazuki (宇奈月町) was a town in Shimoniikawa District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan. This town was famous for its hot springs named Unazuki-Onsen.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,178 and a population density of 18.19 persons per km2. The total area was 339.58 km2.

On March 31, 2006, Unazaki was merged into the expanded city of Kurobe.

title: Unazuki, Toyama


text:
Nyūzen

Nyūzen (入善町) is a town in Shimoniikawa District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 25,007 in 8970 households and a population density of 350 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 71.25 sqkm.

Geography
With the Sea of Japan to the north, and Kurobe River to the west, Nyūzen is in the center of an alluvial fan. The town is known for its jumbo watermelons, as well as its tulips which became the official town flower in 1983.

Groundwater bubbles forth from various manmade and natural springs in the town. Of special interest is a flat area near the coast the name of which translates to: The Japanese Swamp Cedars of Sugisawa (杉沢の沢スギ) where a large volume of flowing spring water has created a rare ecosystem that is protected as a natural monument.

Surrounding municipalities

 * Toyama Prefecture
 * Kurobe
 * Asahi

Climate
The town has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by hot summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Nyūzen is 13.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2225 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.5 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Nyūzen has declined in recent decades.

History
The area of present-day Nyūzen was part of ancient Etchū Province. The area was organised as part of Shimoniikawa District, Toyama after the Meiji restoration. The town of Nyūzen was created with merger of seven villages in Shimoniikawa District on October 1, 1953.

Education
Nyūzen has six public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Toyama Prefectural Board of Education.

Rail

 * [[file:Ainokaze Toyama Railway logo.png|22px]] Ainokaze Toyama Railway Line
 * Nishi-Nyūzen - Nyūzen

Highway

 * JP Expressway E8.svg Hokuriku Expressway

Sister city relations

 * 🇺🇸 Forest Grove, Oregon, United States Since 1989.
 * 🇨🇳 Hami City, Xinjiang, China, friendship city since June 5, 1997.

Local attractions

 * Jōbenoma Site, ruins of a Heian period shōen, a National Historic Site.

title: Nyūzen


text:
Asahi, Toyama

Asahi (朝日町) is a town located in Shimoniikawa District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 11,574 and a population density of 51.1 persons per km$2$. Its total area was 226.30 sqkm. The town claims to be the birthplace of beach volleyball.

Geography
Asahi is located in north-west Toyama Prefecture, in between the North Alps and the Sea of Japan. Mount Shirouma is the highest point, with an elevation of 2,932 meters.

Climate
The town has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by hot summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Asahi is 13.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2219 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.5 °C.

Surrounding municipalities

 * Toyama Prefecture
 * Kurobe
 * Nyūzen
 * Niigata Prefecture
 * Itoigawa
 * Nagano Prefecture
 * Hakuba

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Asahi has decreased over the past 50 years.

History
The area of present-day Asahi was part of ancient Etchū Province. During the Edo period, the Tomari developed as a post station on the Hokurikudo highway. The area was organised as part of Shimoniikawa District, Toyama after the Meiji restoration. The modern town of Tomari was created with the establishment of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889. It merged with six surrounding villages to form the town of Asahi on August 1, 1954.

Economy
Asahi is dependent on agriculture and commercial fishing. Notable crops include rice, asparagus, and Spaghetti squash.

Education
Asahi has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Toyama Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway

 * [[file:Ainokaze Toyama Railway logo.png|22px]] Ainokaze Toyama Railway Line
 * Tomari – Etchū-Miyazaki

Local attractions

 * Fudōdō Site, ruins of a Jōmon period settlement and a National Historic Site.

title: Asahi, Toyama


text:
Shimoniikawa District, Toyama

Toyama ShimoNiikawa-gun.png:

]]
 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period
 * green - current borders

Shimoniikawa (下新川郡) is a district located in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 49,118 with a density of 77.09 persons per km2. The total area is 637.19 km2.

Municipalities
The district consists of two towns:

 * Asahi
 * Nyūzen

Recent mergers

 * On March 31, 2006 - The town of Unazuki was absorbed by the former city of Kurobe to form the new city of Kurobe.

title: Shimoniikawa District, Toyama


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Yatsuo, Toyama

Yatsuo (八尾町) was a town located in Nei District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan. It was famous for Owara Kaze no bon festival.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 22,105 and a density of 93.33 persons per km2. The total area was 236.86 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Yatsuo, along with the towns of Ōsawano and Ōyama (both from Kaminiikawa District), the town of Fuchū, and the villages of Hosoiri and Yamada (all from Nei District), was merged into the expanded city of Toyama.

title: Yatsuo, Toyama


text:
Fuchu, Toyama

Fuchū (婦中町) was a town located in Nei District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 35,749 and a density of 525.41 persons per km2. The total area was 68.04 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Fuchū, along with the towns of Ōsawano and Ōyama (both from Kaminiikawa District), the town of Yatsuo, and the villages of Hosoiri and Yamada (all from Nei District), was merged into the expanded city of Toyama.

title: Fuchu, Toyama


text:
Yamada, Toyama

Yamada (山田村) was a village located in Nei District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,983 and a density of 48.46 persons per km2. The total area was 40.92 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Yamada, along with the towns of Ōsawano and Ōyama (both from Kaminiikawa District), the towns of Fuchū and Yatsuo, and the village of Hosoiri (all from Nei District), was merged into the expanded city of Toyama.

title: Yamada, Toyama


text:
Hosoiri, Toyama

Hosoiri (細入村) was a village located in Nei District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,764 and a density of 43.84 persons per km2. The total area was 40.24 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Hosoiri, along with the towns of Ōsawano and Ōyama (both from Kaminiikawa District), the towns of Fuchū and Yatsuo, and the village of Yamada (all from Nei District), was merged into the expanded city of Toyama.

title: Hosoiri, Toyama


text:
Spatial planning

Spatial planning mediates between the respective claims on space of the state, market, and community. In so doing, three different mechanisms of involving stakeholders, integrating sectoral policies and promoting development projects mark the three schools of transformative strategy formulation, innovation action and performance in spatial planning

Spatial planning systems refer to the methods and approaches used by the public and private sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces of various scales. Spatial planning can be defined as the coordination of practices and policies affecting spatial organization. Spatial planning is synonymous with the practices of urban planning in the United States but at larger scales and the term is often used in reference to planning efforts in European countries. Discrete professional disciplines which involve spatial planning include land use, urban, regional, transport and environmental planning. Other related areas are also important, including economic and community planning, as well as maritime spatial planning. Spatial planning takes place on local, regional, national and inter-national levels and often results in the creation of a spatial plan.

An early definition of spatial planning comes from the European Regional/Spatial Planning Charter (often called the 'Torremolinos Charter'), adopted in 1983 by the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT): "Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organisation of space according to an overall strategy."

Numerous planning systems exist around the world. The form of planning largely diverges and co-evolves with societies and their governance systems. Every country, and states within those countries, have a unique planning systems that is made up by different actors, different planning perspectives and a particular institutional framework. Perspectives, actors and institutions change over time, influencing both the form and the impact of spatial planning. Especially in Northwestern Europe spatial planning has evolved greatly since the late 1950s. Until the 1990s, the term ‘spatial’ was used primarily to refer to the way that planning should deal with more than simply zoning, land use planning, or the design of the physical form of cities or regions, but also should address the more complex issues of the spatial relationship of activities such as employment, homes and leisure uses.

Spatial planning systems in Europe
Various compendia of spatial planning systems can be found. Below is a table showing some of the main sources, the countries covered and the date of publication.

European spatial planning
In 1999, a document called the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) was signed by the ministers responsible for regional planning in the EU member states. Although the ESDP has no binding status, and the European Union has no formal authority for spatial planning, the ESDP has influenced spatial planning policy in European regions and member states, and placed the coordination of EU sectoral policies on the political agenda.

At the European level, the term territorial cohesion is becoming more widely used and is for example mentioned in the draft EU Treaty (Constitution) as a shared competency of the European Union; it is also included in the Treaty of Lisbon. The term was defined in a "scoping document" in Rotterdam in late 2004 and is being elaborated further using empirical data from the ESPON programme in a document entitled "The Territorial State and Perspectives of the European Union". At the minister's conference in May 2007 in Leipzig, a political document called the "Territorial Agenda" was signed to continue the process begun in Rotterdam, revised in May 2011 in Gödöllő.

title: Spatial planning


text:
Yuri Norstein

Yuri Borisovich Norstein (Ю́рий Бори́сович Норште́йн; born 15 September 1941) is a Soviet and Russian animator best known for his animated shorts Hedgehog in the Fog and Tale of Tales. Since 1981, he has been working on a feature film called The Overcoat, based on the short story by Nikolai Gogol of the same name. According to The Washington Post, "he is considered by many to be not just the best animator of his era, but the best of all time".

Childhood and early life
Yuri Norstein was born to a Jewish family in the village of Andreyevka, Penza Oblast, during his parents' World War II evacuation. He grew up in the Maryina Roshcha District of Moscow. After studying at an art school, Norstein initially found work at a furniture factory. Then he finished a two-year animation course and found employment at studio Soyuzmultfilm in 1961. The first film that he participated in as an animator was Who Said "Meow"? (1962).

Film career
After working as an animation artist in some fifty films, Norstein got the chance to direct his own. In 1968, he debuted with 25th October, the First Day, sharing directorial credit with Arkadiy Tyurin. The film used the artwork of 1920s-era Soviet artists Nathan Altman and Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin.

The next film in which he had a major role was The Battle of Kerzhenets (1971), a co-production with Russian animation director Ivan Ivanov-Vano under whose direction Norstein had earlier worked on 1969's Times of the Year.

Throughout the 1970s Norstein continued to work as an animator in many films (a more complete list can be found at IMDb), and also directed several. As the decade progressed his animation style became ever more sophisticated, looking less like flat cut-outs and more like smoothly-moving paintings or sophisticated pencil sketches. His most famous film is Tale of Tales, a non-linear, autobiographical film about growing up in the postwar Soviet world.

Norstein uses a special technique in his animation, involving multiple glass planes to give his animation a three-dimensional look. The camera is placed at the top looking down on a series of glass planes about a meter deep (one every 25–30 cm). The individual glass planes can move horizontally as well as toward and away from the camera (to give the effect of a character moving closer or further away).

For many years, he has collaborated with his wife, the artist Francheska Yarbusova, and the cinematographer Aleksandr Zhukovskiy.

Throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, Norstein's animations were showered with both state and international awards. Then, in a bitter twist of irony, he was fired from Soyuzmultfilm in 1985 for working too slowly on his latest film, a (presumably) feature-length adaptation of Gogol's The Overcoat. By that time he had been working on it with his usual small team of three people for two years and had finished ten minutes.

In April 1993, Norstein and three other leading animators (Fyodor Khitruk, Andrei Khrzhanovsky, and Eduard Nazarov) founded the Animation School and Studio (SHAR Studio) in Russia. The Russian Cinema Committee is among the share-holders of the studio.

To this day, Norstein is still working on The Overcoat – his ardent perfectionism has earned him the nickname "The Golden Snail". The project has met numerous financial troubles and false starts, but Norstein has said that it currently has reliable funding from several sources, both from within and outside of Russia. At least 25 minutes have been completed to date. A couple of short, low-resolution clips have been made available to the public. The first 20 minutes of the film have also toured among various exhibits of Norstein's work in Russian museums. The full film is expected to be 65 minutes long.

Books
Norstein wrote an essay for a book by Giannalberto Bendazzi about the pinscreen animator Alexander Alexeïeff titled Alexeïeff: Itinerary of a Master.

In 2005, he released a Russian-language book titled ''Snow on the Grass. Fragments of a Book. Lectures about the Art of Animation'', featuring a number of lectures that he gave about the art of animation. That same year, he was invited as "guest animator" to work on Kihachirō Kawamoto's puppet-animated feature film, The Book of the Dead.

On 10 August 2008, the full version of the book Snow on the Grass was released (the "incomplete" 2005 book was 248 pages). The book, which was printed in the Czech Republic and funded by Sberbank, consists of two volumes, 620 pages, and 1700 color illustrations. The studio stopped working on The Overcoat for nearly a year while Norstein worked to release the book.

Political views
Norstein has been an outspoken critic of the Russian government. He voiced his opposition to the conviction of the band Pussy Riot and voiced his concerns over the death of Sergei Magnitsky in prison after he had exposed corruption within the government. He was among 370 people in the Russian animation industry signing an open letter against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that was published in Novaya Gazeta shortly after the invasion began.

Filmography

 * The 25th, the First Day (25-e — первый день, 1968), in collaboration with Arkadiy Tyurin.
 * The Battle of Kerzhenets (Сеча при Керженце, 1971), in collaboration with Ivan Ivanov-Vano.
 * The Fox and the Hare (Лиса и заяц, 1973).
 * The Heron and the Crane (Цапля и журавль, 1974).
 * Hedgehog in the Fog (Ёжик в тумане, 1975).
 * Tale of Tales (Сказка сказок, 1979).
 * Participated in Winter Days (冬の日).
 * The Overcoat (Шинель, still in production).

Releases
2K resolution transfers of the six theatrical shorts directed by Norstein by were made by the Japanese film laboratory Imagica. A touring programme of them was played in cinemas in Japan beginning in December 2016 and they were released on Blu-ray Disc there on 26 May 2017.

Awards and praise

 * 1971 – Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (Czechoslovakia): The Battle of Kerzhenets named Best Animated Film
 * 1972 – Zagreb World Festival of Animated Films (Yugoslavia): Grand Prize for The Battle of Kerzhenets (shared with Ivan Ivanov-Vano)
 * 1972 – Tbilisi: The Battle of Kerzhenets named Best Animated Film
 * 1972 – Bombay Film Festival (India): "Diplom" for The Battle of Kerzhenets
 * 1975 – Annecy International Animated Film Festival (France): Special Jury Prize for Heron and Crane
 * 1975 – New York (U.S.): First Prize for Heron and Crane
 * 1976 – Frunze All-Union Film Festival: Hedgehog in the Fog "best animated film"
 * 1976 – Teheran Children's and Youth Film Festival (Iran): Hedgehog in the Fog "best animated film"
 * 1977 – Odense (Denmark): Grand Prize for Heron and Crane
 * 1979 – USSR State Prize for Tale of Tales (awarded just prior to its release to Norstein, Yarbusova, and Zhukovsky)
 * 1980 – Lille International Festival of Films (France): Jury Grand Prize for Tale of Tales
 * 1980 – Zagreb World Festival of Animated Films: Grand Prize for Tale of Tales
 * 1980 – Ottawa International Animation Festival (Canada): Best Film Longer Than Three Minutes Award for Tale of Tales
 * 1984 – Los Angeles Olympic Arts Festival (U.S.): Tale of Tales voted by large international jury to be the greatest animated film of all time
 * 1991 – Annie Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation
 * 1995 – Russian Independent Triumph Award (acknowledging 'the highest achievements in art and literature')
 * 1996 – People's Artist of Russia
 * 1996 – 1st Open Russian Festival of Animated Film, Breakthrough Prize for Russian Sugar (commercial)
 * 2002 – Zagreb World Festival of Animated Films: Tale of Tales again voted by large international jury to be the greatest animated film of all time
 * 2004 – Japanese Order of the Rising Sun
 * 2014 – Animafest Zagreb - World Festival of Animated Film: Lifetime Achievement Award

Hayao Miyazaki considers Norstein "a great artist" and cited Hedgehog in the Fog as one of his favourite animated films.

title: Yuri Norstein


text:
Nei District, Toyama

Toyama Nei-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Nei (婦負郡) was a district located in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 61,601 with a density of 159.56 persons per km2. The total area is 386.06 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of two towns and two villages:

 * Fuchū
 * Hosoiri
 * Yamada
 * Yatsuo

Recent mergers

 * On April 1, 2005 - The towns of Fuchū and Yatsuo, and the villages of Hosoiri and Yamada, along with the towns of Ōsawano and Ōyama (both from Kaminiikawa District), were merged into the expanded city of Toyama. Therefore, Nei District and Kaminiikawa District were both dissolved as the result of this merger.

title: Nei District, Toyama


text:
Kosugi, Toyama

Kosugi (小杉町) was a town located in Imizu District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 32,770 and a population density of 795.00 /km². The total area was 41.22 km2.

On November 1, 2005, Kosugi, along with the city of Shinminato, the towns of Daimon and Ōshima, the village of Shimo (all from Imizu District), was merged to create the city of Imizu and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kosugi, Toyama


text:
Track bicycle

A track bicycle or track bike is a bicycle optimized for racing at a velodrome or outdoor track. Unlike road bicycles, the track bike is a fixed-gear bicycle; thus, it has only a single gear ratio and has neither a freewheel nor brakes. Tires are narrow and inflated to high pressure to reduce rolling resistance.

History

The first bicycle race is popularly held to have been a 1,200 meter race on the 31 May 1868 at the Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris. It was won by expatriate Englishman James Moore who rode a wooden bicycle with iron tires. The machine is now on display at the museum in Ely, Cambridgeshire, England.

The Union Cycliste Internationale was founded on 14 April 1900 by Belgium, the United States, France, Italy, and Switzerland to replace the International Cycling Association, which had been formed in 1892, over a row with Great Britain as well as because of other issues.

Frame design
A track frame is specific to its intended use, with emphasis on rigidity and lightness. Frames for sprinting seek to maximize rigidity, while those for general racing seek to reduce aerodynamic drag. The dropouts or track ends face rearwards to facilitate chain tension adjustment. A true track fork, unless aerodynamics are the primary consideration, has round-section blades for greater lateral stiffness when sprinting. The crown is sometimes drilled to give the option of mounting a front brake when the bike is used on the road.

Rules
The governing body, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), sets limits on design and dimensions as well as the shape and diameter of the tubes used to construct the frame. The UCI permits special exceptions for the construction and geometry of track bikes.

For track competitions, the elements of the bicycle frame may be tubular or solid, assembled or cast in a single piece in any form (including arches, cradles, beams or any other). These elements, including the bottom bracket shell, shall fit within a template of the triangular form defined in article 1.3.020.

A Keirin bike is a track bike for Keirin races in Japan that meets the strict system of standards of the JKA Foundation (Japan Keirin Autorace Foundation), the governing body for Keirin competitions, still popular under the abbreviation of its predecessor body - NJS (Nihon Jitensha Shinkōkai or the Japanese Bicycle Association).

Geometry
A track bicycle frameset differs from one used on the road by having:
 * higher bottom bracket so the pedals do not touch a steeply banked track
 * shorter chainstays
 * steeper seat tube angle for a more aerodynamic position
 * longer reach
 * very tight clearances between wheels and frame tubes
 * modern track frames use 120 mm spacing for the rear hub
 * some small-size track frames often have substantial toe overlap with the front wheel that is not an issue for velodrome riding but can make slow-speed turns awkward if the bike is used on the road.

Material
Frames are assembled from tubular elements (typically with round or elliptical cross sections), or cast in a mould for "one-piece" type models. The most popular materials for frame building include steel, aluminium, or titanium alloys, carbon fiber, or a combination of these materials. Carbon fiber frames are most common at the professional level.

Gear ratio
Track bicycles have only one drive sprocket (or cog) and one chainring, so the size ratio is relevant. A lower gear ratio allows quicker acceleration or 'jump' but can limit top speed. A larger gear ratio makes sustained speed easier, important in pursuit racing, time trial and bunched races such as points or scratch events. Without a good jump, the rider risks opponents accelerating away; without good sustained speed, the rider will be unable to keep up with a fast race. Track sprinters make a compromise by using particular gear ratios that allows them to reach race speeds at a relatively high cadence (pedalling), around 130-135 revolutions per minute (r/min).

Long-distance attempts such as the hour record sometimes use high gear combinations such as 52×12 or 55×14. Ondřej Sosenka used 54×13 with 190 mm cranks to set the 2005 record.

Chain
Bicycle chains used in track, fixed gear and single speed cycling come in two common roller widths (the internal width between the inner plates), which is either 3/32 in og 1/8 in. The chainring, sprocket and chain should all be the same width. Although a wider chain will work on a narrower chainring or sprocket, it is not ideal. A narrower chain will not work on a wider chainring or sprocket. Newer bicycles with derailleur gears use bushingless 3/32 in chains which flex, making gear changing possible. There are also 1/8 in bushingless chains on the market, which can be lighter or cheaper. Track bicycles, however, need increased strength rather than a lightness or a flexibility, so most of the track chains still use the full-bushing design.

Tires
Tubular tires are most often used in track racing and training, though advances in clincher tire design have seen them being used somewhat more often.

title: Track bicycle


text:
Daimon, Toyama

Daimon (大門町) was a town located in Imizu District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 12,419 and a density of 570.46 persons per km2. The total area was 21.77 km2.

On November 1, 2005, Daimon, along with the city of Shinminato, the towns of Kosugi and Ōshima, the village of Shimo (all from Imizu District), was merged to create the city of Imizu and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Daimon, Toyama


text:
Shimo, Toyama

Shimo (下村) was a village located in Imizu District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,065 and a density of 356.03 persons per km2. The total area was 5.80 km2.

On November 1, 2005 Shimo, along with the city of Shinminato, and the towns of Daimon, Kosugi and Ōshima (all from Imizu District), was merged to create the city of Imizu and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Shimo, Toyama


text:
Talk:Null modem

InterLnk
InterLnk stuff needs to go in a separate article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.173.18.210 (talk • contribs) 10:47, 27 July 2004
 * There has been a vote for deletion of the InterLnk page some time ago. It is now integrated in the MS-DOS commands. It would be better to have a separate InterLnk page again which is referencing to both this null modem page, and the LapLink cable page, because InterLnk can be used with both cable types. This would however break the current structure of the MS-DOS commands page. Any suggestions?
 * --82.92.58.162 14:21, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I just added LapLink cable to the InterLnk description, which is good enough until someone wants to write a comprehensive InterLnk article (e.g., describing the protocol, how to use the program, etc.). When this happens, the brief description on the MS-DOS commands page can be augmented with a link to the more detailed page. Until then, I think it's fine the way it is. --Rick Sidwell 15:38, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

DCE and DTE
Aren't DCE and DTE reversed on this page? On the RS-232, DCE, and DTE pages they seem to be described the other way around. The terms make more sense the other way around as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.58.250.198 (talk • contribs) 18:59, 19 April 2005
 * Yes, I think they were. I swapped them. --Rick Sidwell 13:26, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

zzz?
What is a "zzz adapter"? The article uses it in the heading, but never defines the term. -- Mikeblas 04:18, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Kernel Hackers?
It seems to me that the paragraph discussing one possible use of a Null Modem cable is not particularly helpful for defining what the cable is. Even if a specific example was helpful, an esoteric, jargon-filled discussion such as this is hardly enlightening, even for the technically inclined. I propose removing the paragraph, or severely editing it. -- -Tim D. 02:42, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Abysmal example for wiring diagram.
This: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nullmodem.png is a really, really bad way to wire up a null modem cable, as it completely defeats RTS/CTS flow control. The wiring of the carrier detect line and ring indicators are pretty bizarre, and the numbers allocated to the pins aren't mentioned elsewhere in the page. The examples here: http://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_null_modem.html are much more informative.
 * I've no idea what this is. DB9 and DB25 connectors I know, but 11 pin??? I'll remove it.--Noe (talk) 14:28, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Null modem diagrams
Here on it.wiki, you can find some null modem diagrams (available on commons). --Abisys (talk) 13:13, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Incomplete Null modem Definitions
it:Null modem explanation of Null Modems is much more complete. I recommend that you use Google Translate and copy it to this article and edit the grammer. For now I will use the it:Null modem page as my reference until the en page is more complete. Thanks to Abisys for the reference. Jvaughters (talk) 17:50, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Piped links
Hey ! Regarding the, please let's discuss it here instead of reverting each other's edits. Hope you agree. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 22:25, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Handshaking and flow control
Hi, The introduction mentions handshaking but not flow control. The descriptions of the various wiring topologies mention flow control and handshaking incompletely. Hopefully someone better qualified than me can improve these aspects. Thx, ... PeterEasthope (talk) 19:48, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

possible errors
Hello ! I'm completely new to commenting on wikipedia son please forgive me if I don't do it right. I believe there are multiple errors in this page, the first one I'd like to point out is the pinout of the "partial handshake db9" connector. As per the text, pin1 is supposed to be connected to the peer ; which it is not in your drawing (it's loopbacked). There are other errors, the entire connector is wrong and seems to be a partial copy paste of the DB25 which has the same problem. Both images, db25 & db9, are wrong.

Also this article cites as a source (?) a page from an amateur (with all due respect), which has it's own errors (not the above but other errors), spreading all across the internet (I've contacted the author so that he fixes his page). I would recommend not using ref (1) as a source for rs232 cabling, both due to errors and also because it is against wikipedia' own rules ("self published sources are not acceptable") Cedricnet (talk) 12:21, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Null modem


text:
Ōshima, Toyama

Ōshima (大島町) was a town located in Imizu District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 10,108 and a density of 1,269.85 persons per km2. The total area was 7.96 km2.

On November 1, 2005, Ōshima, along with the city of Shinminato, the towns of Daimon and Kosugi, and the village of Shimo (all from Imizu District), was merged to create the city of Imizu and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Ōshima, Toyama


text:
RRB

RRB may refer to:

 * The Indian Railway Recruitment Board
 * The U.S. Railroad Retirement Board
 * Regional Rural Banks, a type of financial institution in India

title: RRB


text:
Imizu District, Toyama

Toyama Imizu-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Imizu (射水郡) was a district located in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 57,362 with a density of 747.39 persons per km2. The total area was 76.75 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of three towns, and one village:

 * Daimon
 * Kosugi
 * Ōshima
 * Shimo

 * Notes:

Before the dissolution, the district was surrounded by the city of Toyama to the east, the city of Takaoka to the West and South (the city of Tonami also surrounds parts of the southern border), and the city of Shinminato to the north.

History
When the municipal reorganization was created in 1878, the district seat was located at the town of Takaoka (later became the city of Takaoka). When the Regional Office was placed in 1942, The Imizu Regional Office seat was located at the town of Kosugi.

District Timeline

 * 1889 (5 towns, 49 villages)
 * At the time of enforcing the city status, the town of Takaoka gained city status.
 * At the time of enforcing the town and village status, the district formed the town of Himi, Shinminato, Kosugi, Daimon, and Fushigi along with 49 villages.
 * April 1, 1896 - The town of Himi and 20 villages split and created Himi District. (4 towns, 29 villages)
 * January 1, 1915 - The village of Uchidemotoe was renamed to Motoe.
 * May 15, 1917 - The village of Kakekaihatsu was merged into the city of Takaoka. (4 towns, 28 villages)
 * August 1, 1925 - The village of Shimonoseki was merged into the city of Takaoka. (4 towns, 27 villages)
 * June 1, 1928 - The villages of Yokota and Saijo were merged into the city of Takaoka. (4 towns, 25 villages)
 * August 1, 1933 - The village of Nikami was merged into the city of Takaoka. (4 towns, 24 villages)
 * December 1, 1940 - The village of Makino was merged into the town of Shinminato. (4 towns, 23 villages)
 * April 1, 1942 - The town of Fushiki, and the villages of Kumamachi, Moriyama, No, Sano, and Futazuka were merged into the city of Takaoka. (3 towns, 18 villages)
 * June 8, 1942 - The village of Hashishimojo was merged into the town of Kosugi. (3 towns, 17 villages)
 * October 2, 1942 - The town of Shinminato was merged into the city of Takaoka. (2 towns, 17 villages)
 * January 1, 1951 - The town of Shinminato, and the village of Makino (both re-founded) were split from the city of Takaoka. (3 towns, 18 villages)
 * April 4, 1951 - The town of Shinminato was elevated to city status. (2 towns, 18 villages)
 * April 4, 1951 - The village of Makino was merged into the city of Takaoka (for the 2nd time). (2 towns, 17 villages)
 * April 1, 1953 - The villages of Sakudo, Kataguchi, Horioka, Ebie, Shichibi, and Motoe were merged into the city of Shinminato. (2 towns, 11 villages)
 * October 5, 1953 - The village of Tsukahara was merged into the city of Shinminato. (2 towns, 10 villages)
 * November 15, 1953 - The village of Kanayama was merged into the town of Kosugi. (2 towns, 9 villages)
 * December 1, 1953 - The village of Oe was merged into the town of Kosugi. (2 towns, 8 villages)
 * March 1, 1954 (2 towns, 3 villages)
 * The town of Daimon and the villages of Kushida, Azai, Mitota, and Futaguchi were merged to create the town of Daimon.
 * The village of Rota was merged with the villages of Kureha, Nagaoka, and Samue (all from Nei District) to create the town of Kureha (in Nei District).
 * March 27, 1954 - The village of Kurokawa was merged into the town of Kosugi. (2 towns, 2 villages)
 * April 1, 1959 - The village of Kosugi had added parts of the village of Iketa (from Nei District).
 * April 1, 1969 - The village of Ōshima was elevated to town status. (3 towns, 1 village)

Recent mergers

 * November 1, 2005 - The towns of Daimon, Kosugi and Ōshima, and the village of Shimo were merged with the city of Shinminato to form the city of Imizu. Therefore, Imizu District dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Imizu District, Toyama


text:
Jōhana, Toyama

Jōhana (城端町) was a town located in Higashitonami District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,658 and a population density of 148.52 persons per km2. The total area was 65.03 km2.

Jōhana is a town that developed around Zentokuji Temple.Zentokuji Temple, along with Zuisenji Temple, was the representative temple of Ōtani-ha within Etchū Province.

On November 1, 2004, Jōhana, along with the towns of Fukuno and Inami, the villages of Inokuchi, Kamitaira, Taira and Toga (all from Higashitonami District), and the town of Fukumitsu (from Nishitonami District), was merged to create the city of Nanto.

The town in the anime True Tears is modeled after Jōhana.

title: Jōhana, Toyama


text:
Airline (1998 TV series)

Airline was a British fly on the wall television programme produced by LWT that showcases the daily happenings of passengers, ground workers and flight crew of Britannia Airways (series 1) and later EasyJet (from series 2).

The show was broadcast between 6 March 1998 and 19 January 2007 on ITV, was often repeated on ITV2 and aired in syndication on Pick (previously known as Sky Three and Pick TV), Sky Real Lives and, as of 4 February 2019, CBS Reality. The programme's success sparked a US version of the series, following American low-cost airline Southwest Airlines.

Production
EasyJet were first approached about the possibility of filming during mid-1998, after the first series with Britannia Airways (filmed at Manchester Airport in 1997) was discontinued. The first series with EasyJet was broadcast in January 1999, and the programme continued with them until it was discontinued. In 2003 it was ITV's most popular factual programme. The programme has been sold to many countries worldwide, including New Zealand, Australia, and Japan.

Starting with the second series in 1999, the programme follows passengers and staff of EasyJet and Reed Aviation (the handling agents) including Manager: Graham Fraser; Check-in trouble-shooter: Jane Boulton; Check-in assistant: Katrina Leeder; Supervisors: Leo Jones, Brett Holland and Leanne Cheung, Dispatcher: Kevin Reardon; Captain: James McBride, Stewardess: Janey Stock and Stelios as well as many passengers. The series were originally set in Liverpool and Luton but later incorporated Belfast, Bristol and Newcastle airports. Airline was also occasionally filmed at Gatwick and Stansted airports. Tony Robinson and Veronika Hyks replaced Charlie Higson as voiceover.

The programme also follows some passengers and staff on interesting journeys and during important moments in their lives. Wedding proposals, marriages, illnesses, business trips, reunions and once-in-a-lifetime experiences have all been filmed, both happy and sad, and one 2001 episode featured exclusively on the consequences the September 11 attacks had on EasyJet's operations at Luton. The programme also aims to educate the airline's passengers concerning its rules and regulations—some of the highlighted issues relate to missed check-in, incorrect travel documentation, and the carriage of prohibited items.

Notable Britannia staff

 * Supervisors: Pat Baines, Cathy Duffy
 * Captains: Peter Klack, Tony Rex
 * Flight Steward/Stewardesses: Brian John Aldridge (BJ)

Opening titles
These titles have a sky background and feature a Britannia plane (series 1) or an EasyJet plane (series 2–4) before cutting to clips of the overall series. For series 5 and 6, these titles changed to using a lighter blue sky and switching to an all blue logo. For the next two series, the titles changed to using an orange sky and blue/orange logo. For the final two series, they were similar style to that used in series 5 and 6 but now with a reddish tint and features an airline in the logo.

Opening and ending sequences
This would normally be announced with the phrases "Coming up/Tonight on Airline" or "Onboard Airline tonight".
 * At the start of each series the narrator would show snippets of what was to come throughout the series. This would normally be announced with the phrase "Welcome onboard another series of Airline"
 * At the beginning of each episode in every series, the narrator would give a quick preview of what would be shown.
 * At the end of most episodes, the narrator would provide an epilogue of what eventually happened to some of the passengers, staff, or business decisions (e.g. new plane, stock price) involved in that particular episode.
 * Series 1-4 did not show what was coming up in the next episode but did feature at the end of the programme, before the credits, information of what happened to the passengers featured.
 * Starting in series 5, clips of what would feature in the next episode were shown during the first 10 seconds of the credits.
 * At the end of each series, the narrator would look back and highlight some of the more important things shown such as gripping stories about various members of airline staff. This would take about a minute and feature the common phrase "The Summer/Winter season has come to an end".

Changes to Luton Airport throughout filming
Series 1 which followed Britannia Airways has a very short scene filed at Luton Airport in the original arrivals area at the end of the final episode. Series 2 & 3 were filmed mostly in Luton's 1985 terminal at check in zones B&C (international) with occasional filming in "zone A" ((domestic) which was an extension built onto the existing terminal) as well as occasionally in the departure lounge. Building works of the new terminal building can be seen during series 3 and in final episodes of this series the check in desks have been renumbered.. "Airline at Christmas" filmed in late 1999 was to feature the new terminal as it opened with its new check in areas, shops and cafes, the new terminal is connected to the old terminal by Zone A. This episode is the only one to feature all check in areas. By series 4 all operations have moved to the new building and in a couple of episodes, building works are seen going on to refurbish the old terminal into what was to become new duty free shops as part of departures. The former "Zone A" check in desks have been removed and this space later becomes an arrivals waiting area occasionally seen during series 5-9. From series 7 the upstairs departure gates (originally 21 & 22 (domestic) have been renumbered 12 & 13. By series 10 Luton has redeveloped its buildings again, departures has now moved upstairs in the new terminal. The original departure lounge is still in use but at the end of a very long walkway. The former "zone A" link has been demolished and replaced by a new building for a bigger arrivals waiting area and the 1985 terminal is now arrivals.

– Area not used for Passenger operation at the time

Changes at Liverpool Airport during filming
Series two introduces Liverpool airport as small with everything on one storey. Opposite the entrance are sales/ticket desks to the right are check-in desks and then security and departures are at the end of the concourse. Series two reveals the end check in desks have been removed and there is now an upstairs which provides access to the departure lounge which has also moved upstairs. The Easyjet sales desk is not seen until briefly in series 4 where staff are wearing orange uniforms. From series 5 the sales desks is where most of the filming takes place, the staff are now mainly wearing Reed Aviation uniforms and the check in desks have been replaced with blue similar to what used to be at Luton. This continued into series six where the original entrance becomes covered over and during this series all business is moved into the new terminal and the airport becomes known as "Liverpool John Lennon" The official opening of this terminal is featured in the final episode of series 6.

Holiday Airline

 * Series 1: 10x30' (2001) – First shown from 31 August 2001.

title: Airline (1998 TV series)


text:
The Ethical Slut

The Ethical Slut is a self-help book about non-monogamy written by Dossie Easton and Janet Hardy. In the book, Easton and Hardy discuss non-monogamy as a concept and a practice, and explore sexual practices and common challenges in non-monogamous relationships.

The book was first published in 1997 by Greenery Press, which Hardy founded, under the title The Ethical Slut: A Guide to Infinite Sexual Possibilities. Hardy used the pseudonym "Catherine A. Liszt" for the first edition. Revised and updated editions were published in 2009 and 2017, with updated subtitles.

The Ethical Slut is widely read by non-monogamous and polyamorous people. More than 200,000 copies have been sold, and the book has been analyzed and reviewed in an academic context.

Background
In 1969, Dossie Easton left a traumatic relationship and gave birth to a daughter. Easton joined a queer community in San Francisco, where she taught sex education classes and workshops for the San Francisco Sex Organization beginning with a class on "unlearning jealousy" in 1973. She was a founding member of the Society of Janus, a BDSM group in San Francisco, and is also a psychotherapist. In 1988, Janet Hardy left a 13-year marriage, having decided she wanted to be non-monogamous. In 1991, she founded Greenery Press, a publisher focused on "adult sexuality". Easton and Hardy met in 1992 through the Society of Janus, where Easton was teaching a class on "Pain Play with Canes" and Hardy volunteered to help with a demonstration; the two began a relationship as co-authors as well as friends and lovers. Both women identify as queer and polyamorous.

In 1994, Hardy had influenza leading to bronchitis, and watched Indecent Proposal while she was bedridden. At one point in the movie, an attractive billionaire offers a married couple one million dollars in exchange for one night with the woman in the relationship. Hardy was shocked by the couple's hesitation. The experience led her to realize her alienation from "mainstream sexual ethics", and she contacted Hardy; the two began working on a book about non-monogamy. The authors drew on their own experiences while writing the book. Easton wanted to reappropriate the word slut.

The Ethical Slut was the third book Easton and Hardy wrote together; their first two, The Topping Book and The Bottoming Book, focused on kink and reached a relatively small readership. Their other works include When Someone You Love is Kinky, The New Bottoming Book, The New Topping Book, and Radical Ecstasy.

Publication
The Ethical Slut: A Guide to Infinite Sexual Possibilities was written by Dossie Easton and Janet Hardy, the latter using the pseudonym "Catherine A. Liszt" for the first edition. It was published in 1997 by Greenery Press.

A second edition, titled ''The Ethical Slut. A Practical Guide to Polyamory, Open Relationships and Other Adventures'', was published in 2009. Promotional blurbs were provided by Deborah Anapol, Betty Dodson, Stan Dale, and Ryam Nearing.

A third edition was published on August 15, 2017 by Ten Speed Press. The third edition used the title The Ethical Slut, Third Edition: A Practical Guide to Polyamory, Open Relationships, and Other Freedoms in Sex and Love. The republication marked the 20th anniversary of the book. It was updated to address cultural and technological developments including gender variance and dating apps, as well as biographical information about early polyamorous people and Black polyamorous activism.

The Ethical Slut was translated into Spanish by Miguel Vagalume, a member of Golfxs con Principios, a Spanish group named after the book and focused on "non-conventional sex".

Synopsis
The Ethical Slut is a self-help book intended as a guide to non-monogamy. It is divided into four sections. Each section includes exercises to help the reader explore relevant concepts. The book is written in casual language, intended to make it accessible and to avoid medicalizing or othering.

"Welcome"
The first section of the book, titled "Welcome", is an overview of non-monogamy as a concept. In this section, Easton and Hardy define a slut as "a person of any gender who has the courage to lead life according to the radical proposition that sex is nice and pleasure is good for you", and encourage the reader to embrace and explore their desires. They state that an "ethical slut" must care for and communicate with their partner or partners, regardless of the degree of commitment in any given relationship, and discuss other relevant values and ethics. They also note that non-monogamy is not a new phenomenon.

"The Practice of Sluthood"
The second section, titled "The Practice of Sluthood", argues against thinking of intimacy and love as scarce resources in a "starvation economy". The authors suggest that this mindset is the cause of fear and possessiveness in relationships. They also discuss boundaries and jealousy.

"Navigating Challenges"
The third section is titled "Navigating Challenges". In this section, Easton and Hardy discuss strategies for dealing with jealousy and insecurity as well as conflict resolution. They additionally describe difficulties non-monogamous people may have with the government, including legal and health issues as well as parenting.

"Sluts in Love"
The fourth and final section, "Sluts in Love", focuses on sexual practices in non-monogamy. Topics include swinging and open relationships, the status of single people in non-monogamy, and group sex. The authors also advocate that people should be clear about their desires during sex and discuss methods of finding sexual and relationship partners.

Reception
The Ethical Slut has become a widely used resource for non-monogamous and polyamorous people, sometimes referred to as "the poly bible". , more than 200,000 copies had been sold since the book was first published in 1997. In 2018, Hardy told The Guardian that non-monogamy was rapidly becoming more accepted among young people.

In academia
A 2001 analysis of sexual politics in Continuum described The Ethical Slut as operating "within an entirely different paradigm" compared to common sexual liberation efforts of the 1980s, which had focused on the pursuit of "scientific knowledge" to support their arguments. Instead, the author argued that Easton and Hardy incorporated "a major shift or relocation of subjective sexual ‘truth’ from fixed sexual identities to fluid, changeable sexual practices". He suggested that this view aligned The Ethical Slut with Michel Foucault's assertion that the goal of sexual liberation should be to "use one’s sexuality henceforth to arrive at a multiplicity of relationships" rather than "discover in oneself the truth of one’s sex".

In the Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, a reviewer found The Ethical Slut "the best book on relationships that I have ever read".

Various reviews and discussions have compared The Ethical Slut to books by Deborah Anapol, including Love Without Limits and Polyamory in the 21st Century. A book review in the Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy described The Ethical Slut and Love Without Limits as "twin cornerstones of modern consensual nonmonogamy" and characterized them as opposite ends of a spectrum of non-monogamy. According to the review, Anapol generally focused on "intimate, long-term relationships" within polyamory in contrast with The Ethical Slut 's focus on "more open relational style and free sexuality". Easton has described Love Without Limits as "a perfectly good book - if a bit more conservative than ours".

A review in the Journal of Bisexuality analyzed Love Without Limits and The Ethical Slut alongside Loving More by Ryam Nearing. The author praised all three books' balanced discussion of "Paradigms, Principles and Practicalities", and stated that the authors of all three were "aware that their experiences are not universal".

In 2023, Andrea Waling wrote about The Ethical Slut in The Conversation. Waling praised the book's advocacy of "developing genuine, consensual connections through communication and honesty". She criticized the description of the "starvation economy" as merely conceptual, noting that people can and do withhold affection in their relationships. She argued that Easton and Hardy present monogamy in an unduly negative way, and also critiqued "universal assumptions about people’s experiences" including the authors' approach to dealing with emotions and their characterization of compersion.

title: The Ethical Slut


text:
Taira, Toyama

Taira (平村) was a village located in Higashitonami District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,322 and a density of 14.06 persons per km2. The total area was 94.02 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Taira, along with the towns of Fukuno, Inami and Jōhana, the villages of Inokuchi, Kamitaira and Toga (all from Higashitonami District), and the town of Fukumitsu (from Nishitonami District), was merged to create the city of Nanto.

title: Taira, Toyama


text:
Kontek

The Kontek HVDC is a 170 km long, monopolar 400 kV high-voltage direct current cable between Germany and the Danish island Zealand. Its name comes from "continent" and the name of the former Danish power transmission company "Elkraft", which operated the power grid on the Danish islands Lolland, Falster and Zealand and had the abbreviation "ek". As of today, the cable is operated by Energinet.dk in Denmark and 50Hertz Transmission GmbH in Germany.

Kontek is remarkable because, in contrast to similar facilities like Baltic Cable and Konti-Skan, all land sections of the 119 km onshore lines on Falster, Zealand and Germany are implemented as underground cable. This unusual measure, which raised the construction costs of Kontek significantly, was made for practical rather than technical reasons. Obtaining permission for building overhead lines can take a long time, and hence underground cables were used in order to ensure it was completed on schedule.

Description
The Kontek cable begins in the static inverter plant of Bentwisch in Germany. It runs 13 km to Markgrafenheide on the Baltic Sea, where a 43 km submarine cable section to the island of Falster begins. In this section, the Kontek crosses the Baltic Cable at 54.29194°N, 12.07722°W through the use of a 50 cm ramp. The Kontek reaches Falster near Gedser, and crosses the island via 50 km of underground cable. Subsequently, a 7 km submarine cable section then crosses the sea between Falster and Zealand. A 53 km land cable on Zealand follows, which ends at the static inverter station in Bjæverskov.

The Kontek capacity is 600 megawatts and was commissioned in 1995.

The high-voltage cable of the Kontek is implemented as paper-isolated oil-filled cable with two copper conductors with a cross section of 800 mm2 permanently joined in parallel. For better monitoring of the oil, the land sections of the Kontek cable are divided in sections of approx. 8 km, which are separated by oil-impermeable sockets from each other. In the proximity of these sockets - at some distance from the cable route - there are automatic stations for the monitoring of the oil pressure, the oil temperature and other operating parameters of the cable. For practical reasons, the 45 km long submarine cable section through the Baltic Sea between Germany and Denmark was implemented as a single oil-filled section without sockets. As electrode cables of the Kontek, on the German and on the Danish side, commercial plastic-isolated 17 kV-cables are used.

The static inverter station in Bjæverskov was attached to an existing substation for 380 kV/110 kV. For the construction of the static inverter plant in Bentwisch a new construction site was chosen even though only one kilometer north there is still the old 220 kV/110 kV-substation which was built in the GDR. In 2002 the static inverter station in Bentwisch was extended to a 380 kV/110 kV-substation and connected by a 110 kV-line to the old 220 kV/110 kV-substation.

A supplemental 400 MW AC connection between Germany and Zealand in 2018 and costing DKK 2.9 billion, is planned to use the Kriegers Flak offshore wind farm, enabling the wind power to be transmitted to either country as well as passing power between the countries.

title: Kontek


text:
Kamitaira, Toyama

Kamitaira (上平村) was a village located in Higashitonami District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 956 and a density of 10.09 persons per km2. The total area was 94.77 km2.

In the early 16th century, a monk named Dōshū spread the Jōdo Shinshū. A valuable old document left by Doshu still remains at Gyotokuji Temple.

On November 1, 2004, Kamitaira, along with the towns of Fukuno, Inami and Jōhana, the villages of Inokuchi, Taira and Toga (all from Higashitonami District), and the town of Fukumitsu (from Nishitonami District), was merged to create the city of Nanto.

The World Heritage Suganuma village is located in Kamitaira village. Kamitaira is one of the three villages of the Gokayama region, famous for the World Heritage gassho houses. The traditional culture of Gokayama is extremely well preserved, especially the traditional dance, the Kokiriko.

title: Kamitaira, Toyama


text:
Toga, Toyama

Toga (利賀村) was a village located in Higashitonami District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

Historically, along with neighbouring Taira, Kami-Taira and Shirakawa-go, the four villages formed what was known as the Gokayama region. The region is renowned for a unique type of A-frame housing design. These "gassho-zukuri" houses traditionally had thatched roofs and were 3-4 stories high. The design helped keep snow from piling up in the heavy winter conditions.

As of 2003, Toga had an estimated population of 999 and a density of 5.63 persons per km2. The total area was 177.58 km2. However, the actual population is probably far less as many people who were registered in the village actually reside in neighboring areas.

On November 1, 2004, Toga, along with the towns of Fukuno, Inami and Jōhana, the villages of Inokuchi, Kamitaira and Taira (all from Higashitonami District), and the town of Fukumitsu (from Nishitonami District), was merged to create the city of Nanto.

Geographically, Toga is very mountainous with more than 96% of its area being forest cover.

title: Toga, Toyama


text:
Shogawa, Toyama

Shōgawa (庄川町) was a town located in Higashitonami District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,285 and a density of 236.99 persons per km2. The total area was 30.74 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Shōgawa was merged into the expanded city of Tonami.

title: Shogawa, Toyama


text:
Inami, Toyama

Inami (井波町) was a town located in Higashitonami District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan. In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,972 and a density of 380.61 persons per km2. The total area was 26.20 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Inami, along with the towns of Fukuno and Jōhana, the villages of Inokuchi, Kamitaira, Taira and Toga (all from the 12th District), and the town of Fukumitsu (from the 5th District), merged to create the city of Nanto.

History
Inami is most well known for its extensive wood carving district which traces its origins to the construction of the Inami Betsuin Zuisen-ji Temple in 1390. This temple, entirely made of wood and ornamented with intricate carvings has a long history of burning down only to be rebuilt in a much more extravagant fashion. The temple was most recently rebuilt during the Meiji period in 1885, and now exists as the largest wooden Pureland Buddhist temple in the Hokuriku region. It was officially designated as "one of the prefecture's important cultural assets" on April 1, 1965.

Because of its rich history, wood carving is the major trade in Inami. During the reconstruction of the temple in the mid 18th century woodcarvers from Kyoto were dispatched to help in the rebuilding process. These helpers ushered in a new era of woodcarving in Inami, and local carpenters began to produce a more varied assortment of carvings than the temple pieces they had focused on previously. Presently, the woodcarvers use over 200 different variations of chisels to complete their works. They are considered to be the most skilled woodcarvers Japan.

The sound of the Inami woodcarving district was chosen in 1996 as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan.

title: Inami, Toyama


text:
Ruoi

Ruoi may refer to:
 * Ruoi, a minor Enochian angel
 * Rươi, the Vietnamese name for Nereididae sandworms, which are used in cooking
 * Ruồi. the Vietnamese term for fly

title: Ruoi


text:
Talk:Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats

Template
The template liberal parties has been changed, less fugly now? Gangulf 10:57, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Much better, thanks :) --Shallot 11:10, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Stjepan Mesic
There's so little on this party. It's only mentioned as a minor opposition party in Croatia. But isn't the President of Croatia from this party? --PaxEquilibrium 21:00, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Presidents in Croatia have no party membership if they are elected. Mesic was supported, among the other partys by HNS. He was a meber of HNS for some short time befoer he was elected in 2000.--89.172.20.81 05:51, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Title
Shouldn't this be called simply Croatian People's Party per WP:COMMONNAME? As everyone who has ever read a newspaper article about the party must have seen, it is universally referred to as such, or by its initialism HNS.  Timbouctou ( talk ) 00:09, 23 September 2014 (UTC)
 * No, this is the official, full name of the party. United Union (talk) 07:55, 23 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Yeah, everyone realises that. But Wikipedia prefers most commonly used names, not necessarily official ones. Can you detect the distinction?  Timbouctou ( talk ) 08:38, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

Tzowu
Please stop edit warring and show some good faith and revert your edits. Please stop this disruptive editing. --Tuvixer (talk) 12:40, 4 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Inokuchi, Toyama

Inokuchi (井口村) was a village located in Higashitonami District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1313 and a density of 114.17 persons per km2. The total area was 11.50 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Inokuchi, along with the towns of Fukuno, Inami and Jōhana, the villages of Kamitaira, Taira and Toga (all from Higashitonami District), and the town of Fukumitsu (from Nishitonami District), was merged to create the city of Nanto.

title: Inokuchi, Toyama


text:
Fukuno, Toyama

Fukuno (福野町) was a town located in Higashitonami District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 14,526 and a density of 458.09 persons per km2. The total area was 31.71 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Fukuno, along with the towns of Inami and Jōhana, the villages of Inokuchi, Kamitaira, Taira and Toga (all from Higashitonami District), and the town of Fukumitsu (from Nishitonami District), was merged to create the city of Nanto.

Culture and local festivals
Once a year, from May 1 to May 2, the Yotaka Matsuri is held in Fukuno. The matsuri is characterized with colourful floats consisting of giant, decorative paper lanterns. At midnight, the lanterns begin to be paraded around town with local men hanging from them who start battles whenever other floats come close.

A music festival called "Sukiyaki Meets the World" is held annually in the end of August. A lot of artists take part in it from all over the world. During the festival, a steel drum is played by beating the drum with a stick.

title: Fukuno, Toyama


text:
List of rivers of China

Rivers that flow through China are as follows. The list is organized according to the body of water into which each river empties, beginning with the Sea of Okhotsk in the northeast, moving clockwise on a map and ending with the Arctic Ocean.

Sea of Okhotsk

 * Heilong River (黑龙江) (Amur River)
 * Ussuri River (乌苏里江)
 * Muling River (穆棱河)
 * Songacha River (松阿察河)
 * Songhua River (松花江)
 * Ashi River (阿什河)
 * Hulan River (呼兰河)
 * Second Songhua River (第二松花江)
 * Woken River (倭肯河)
 * Mudan River (牡丹江)
 * Nen River (嫩江)
 * Gan River (Inner Mongolia) (甘河)
 * Huifa River (辉发河)
 * Argun (额尔古纳河)
 * Hailar River (海拉尔河)
 * Hulun Lake (呼伦湖)
 * Kherlen River (克鲁伦河)
 * Buir Lake (贝尔湖) (mostly in Mongolia)

Sea of Japan

 * Suifen River (绥芬河) / Razdolnaya River (Russia)
 * Tumen River (图们江)
 * Hunchun River (珲春河)

Bohai Sea

 * Anzi River (鞍子河)
 * Fuzhou River (复州河)
 * Daliao River (大辽河)
 * Liao (辽河)
 * Taizi River (太子河)
 * Hun River (浑河)
 * Liu River (柳河)
 * Dongliao River (东辽河)
 * Xiliao River (西辽河)
 * Xar Moron River (西拉木伦河)
 * Daling River (大凌河)
 * Yantai River (烟台河)
 * Liugu River (六股河)
 * Shi River (石河)
 * Gou River (狗河)
 * Dashi River (大石河)
 * Jiujiang River (九江河)
 * Dai River (戴河)
 * Yang River (洋河)
 * Luan (滦河)
 * Hai (海河)
 * Chaobai River (潮白河)
 * Chao River
 * Bai River
 * Wei (潍河)
 * Zhang (漳河)
 * Yongding (永定河)
 * Sanggan River (桑干河)
 * Yang He (洋河)
 * Daqing River (大清河)
 * Juma River (拒马河)
 * Wei (卫河)
 * Tuhai River (徒駭河)
 * Yellow River (Huang He) (黃河)
 * Yufu River (玉符河)
 * Beidasha River (北大沙河)
 * Nandasha River (南大沙河)
 * Dawen River (大汶河)
 * Liuchang River (柳长河 or 流长河)
 * Yuejin River (跃进河)
 * Hui River (汇河)
 * Jinxian River (金线河)
 * Kangwang River (康王河)
 * Wu River (五河)
 * Beiquan River (北泉河)
 * Cao River (漕河)
 * Miaojia River (苗家河)
 * Chaiwen River (柴汶河)
 * Yucun River (禹村河)
 * Guangming River (光明河)
 * Yangliu River (羊流河)
 * Xizhou River (西周河)
 * Pingyang River (平阳河)
 * Weishui River (渭水河)
 * Panwen River (泮汶河)
 * Zhitian River (芝田河)
 * Tao River (陶河)
 * Yingwen River (瀛汶河)
 * Shiwen River (石汶河)
 * Fangxia River (方下河)
 * Lianhua River (莲花河)
 * Lixin River (里辛河)
 * Jindi River (金堤河)
 * Huangzhuang River (黄庄河)
 * Luo River (Henan) (洛河 (南))
 * Yi River (伊河)
 * Qin River (沁河)
 * Wei (渭河)
 * Jing (泾河)
 * Luo River (Shaanxi) (洛河 (北))
 * Fen (汾河)
 * Yan River (延河)
 * Wuding River (无定河/無定河)
 * Kuye River (窟野河)
 * Dahei River (大黑河)
 * Qingshui River (清水河)
 * Zuli River (祖厉河/祖厲河)
 * Tao River (洮河)
 * Daxia River (大夏河)
 * Star River (湟水)
 * White River (白河)
 * Xiaoqing (小清河, formerly known as 济河)
 * Zihe River (淄河)
 * (Xin)Tahe River
 * Yanghe River (阳河)
 * Zhangseng River
 * Mihe River

Yellow Sea

 * Yalu (鸭绿江) - Korea Bay
 * Dayang River (大洋河) - Korea Bay
 * Huli River (湖里河) - Korea Bay
 * Yingna River (英那河) - Korea Bay
 * Zhuang River (庄河) - Korea Bay
 * Xiaosi River (小寺河) - Korea Bay
 * Jiao (胶河)
 * Yishui River (沂河)
 * Shu (沭河)
 * Si (泗河)
 * Northern Jiangsu Irrigation Channel
 * Hongze Lake (洪泽湖)
 * Huai (淮河)
 * Hui River (浍河)
 * Guo River (涡河)
 * Ying River (颍河) - also known as Shaying River (沙颖)
 * Xiaorun River (小润河)
 * Gu River (谷河)
 * Shiguan (史灌河)
 * Guan River (灌河)
 * Hong River (洪河)
 * Huang River (潢河)
 * Lü River (闾河)
 * Ming River (明河)
 * You River (游河)
 * Yue River, Shaanxi

East China Sea

 * Yangtze River (Chang Jiang 长江; upper reach known as Jinsha Jiang 金沙江 and Tongtian River 通天河)
 * Huangpu River (黃浦江)
 * Suzhou Creek or Wusong River (苏州河, 吴淞江)
 * Xitiao River (西苕溪)
 * Daxi Creek
 * Grand Canal (大运河)
 * Qinhuai River
 * Gaoyou Lake (高邮湖)
 * Sanhe River (三河)
 * Hongze Lake
 * Huai River
 * Guxi River (姑溪河)
 * Shijiu Lake (石臼湖)
 * Yuxi River (裕溪河)
 * Lake Chao
 * Nanfei River (南淝河)
 * Qingyi River (青弋江)
 * Jingshan River (荆山河)
 * Daoni River (倒逆河)
 * Zhaxi River (渣溪河)
 * Machuan River (麻川河)
 * Taiping Lake (太平湖)
 * Sanxikou River (三溪口)
 * Qingxi River (清溪河)
 * Shuxi River (舒溪河)
 * Poyang Lake
 * Gan River (Jiangxi) (赣江)
 * Zhang (章江)
 * Gongshui (貢水)
 * Mei (梅河)
 * Xiang (湘水)
 * Fuhe (抚河)
 * Xin (信江)
 * Fushui (富水)
 * She River (灄水)
 * Han River (汉江 or 汉水)
 * Chi (池水)
 * Muma (牧马河)
 * Du River
 * Lake Dongting
 * Miluo River (汨罗江)
 * Xiang (湘江)
 * Xiaoshui (瀟水)
 * Zhengshui (氶水)
 * Zijiang (Zi) (资江)
 * Yuanjiang (Yuan) (沅江)
 * Lishui (Li) (澧水)
 * Loushui River (溇水)
 * Qing River (清江)
 * Huangbo River (黄柏河)
 * Shennong Stream (神农溪)
 * Daning River (大宁河)
 * Modao Creek (磨刀溪)
 * Jialing (嘉陵江)
 * Fujiang (涪江)
 * Qujiang (渠江)
 * Baishui (白水)
 * Bailong (白龙江)
 * Liuchong River (Jialing)
 * Longxi River (龙溪河)
 * Huaxi River (花溪河)
 * Qi River (綦江)
 * Sunxi River (笋溪河)
 * Wu River (Yangtze River tributary) (乌江)
 * Sancha River
 * Liuchong River
 * Qingshuihe River
 * Tuo River (沱江)
 * Chishui River (赤水河)
 * Min (Sichuan) (岷江)
 * Dadu River (Sichuan) (大渡河)
 * Qingyi Jiang (青衣江)
 * Nanya River
 * Caopo River (草坡河)
 * Yalong River (雅砻江)
 * Muli River
 * Pudu River
 * Dadan River (達旦河)
 * Shuoduogang River (硕多岗河)
 * Qiantang River (钱塘江) / Xin'an River (新安江)
 * Heng River (横江)
 * Longchuan River (龙川)
 * Fengxi River (丰溪河)
 * Cao'e River (曹娥江)
 * Yong River (甬江)
 * Jiao River (椒江)
 * Ou River (Zhejiang) (瓯江)
 * Mulan River (木蘭溪畔)
 * Xikou River
 * Dajixi River
 * Ao River (敖江)

Taiwan Strait

 * Min (Fujian) (闽江)
 * Long (Fujian) (龙江)
 * Quanzhou Bay:
 * Luo River (Fujian) (洛江)
 * Jin River (Fujian) (晋江)
 * Jiulong River (九龙江)

South China Sea

 * Han (韩江)
 * Mei (梅江)
 * Ning (宁江)
 * Ting (汀江)
 * Dajing (大靖河)
 * Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) (珠江)
 * Dongjiang (Dong) (东江)
 * Liuxihe River
 * Beijiang (Bei) (北江)
 * Xinfeng River
 * Xijiang (Xi) (西江)
 * Guijiang (Gui) (桂江)
 * Lijiang (Li) (漓江)
 * Xunjiang (Xun) (浔江)
 * Qian (黔江)
 * Liu River (柳江)
 * Rong River (融江
 * Long River (Guangxi)龙江)
 * Hongshui (Red River) (红水河)
 * Beipan (北盘江)
 * Nanpan (南盘江)
 * Qu River (曲江)
 * Lian River (Qu River) (练江)
 * Yujiang (Yu) (鬱江)
 * Yongjiang (Yong) (邕江)
 * Zuojiang (Zuo) (左江)
 * Youjiang (You) (右江)
 * Beilun River (北仑河)
 * Yuan River (元江) / (Red River)
 * Nanwen River (南温河) / Lô River
 * Lixian River (李仙江) / (Black River)
 * Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas
 * Lancang River (澜沧江) (Mekong)
 * Nanju River (南桔河)
 * Nanla River (南腊河)
 * Luosuo River (罗梭江)

From Hainan Island

 * Nandu River (南渡江)
 * Haidian River
 * Wanquan River (万泉河)

Andaman Sea

 * Nu River (怒江) / (Salween River)
 * Wanma River (万马河)
 * Hongyang River (硔养河)
 * Mengboluo River (勐波罗河)
 * Supa River (苏帕河)
 * Shidian River (施甸河)
 * Luomingba River (罗明坝河)
 * Irrawaddy River (Myanmar)
 * Daying River (大盈江) / (Taping River)
 * Longchuan River (龙川江) / (Shweli River)
 * N'Mai River (Myanmar)
 * Dulong River (独龙江)

Bay of Bengal

 * Ganges River (India) / Padma River (Bangladesh)
 * Meghna River (Bangladesh)
 * Yarlung Tsangpo River ( ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་, 雅鲁藏布江)
 * Subansiri River (西巴霞曲)
 * Lhasa River
 * Parlung Tsangpo (帕隆藏布)
 * Yigong Tsangpo (易贡藏布)
 * Zayuqu (察隅曲) / Lohit River
 * Nyang River ( ཉང་ཆུ, 尼洋曲)
 * Manas River (Bhutan / India)
 * Lhobrak Chhu / Kuri Chhu
 * Kosi River (Nepal / India)
 * Bum Chu (བུམ་ཆུ, 澎曲 / 阿龙河) / Arun River
 * Matsang Tsangpo (མ་གཙང་གཙང་པོ།, 麻章藏布) / Bhotekoshi River
 * Rongshar Tsangpo (波特科西) / Tamakoshi River
 * Ghaghara River (格尔纳利河)

Arabian Sea

 * Sênggê Zangbo (སེང་གེ།་གཙང་པོ, 狮泉河) / Indus River
 * Panjnad River (Pakistan)
 * Langqên Zangbo (གླང་ཆེན་གཙང་པོ, 象泉河) / Sutlej River

Arctic Ocean

 * Ob River (Russia)
 * Irtysh (额尔齐斯河)
 * Bieliezeke River (别列则克河)
 * Haba River (哈巴河)
 * Burqin River (布尔津河)
 * Kanas River
 * Kanas Lake
 * Hemu River
 * Kala Irtysh River (喀拉额尔齐斯河)

Dzungarian Basin

 * Ulungur Lake (乌伦古湖)
 * Ulungur River (乌伦古河)
 * Manas Lake (玛纳斯湖)
 * Manas River (玛纳斯河)
 * Ailik Lake (艾里克湖)
 * Baiyang River (白杨河)

Ili Basin

 * Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan)
 * Ili river
 * Kax River (喀什河; also known as the Kash River)
 * Tekes River (特克斯河)

Juyan Lake Basin

 * Ejin River

Lake Alakol

 * Lake Alakol (Kazakhstan)
 * Emil (Emin) River
 * Lake Zhalanashkol (Kazakhstan)
 * Terekty (Tielieketi) River

Qaidam Basin

 * Golmud River

Tarim Basin

 * Qiemo River
 * Kaidu River
 * Tarim River - ends in the Lop Lake
 * Muzat River
 * Khotan River
 * Karakash (Black Jade River) (黑玉江)
 * Yurungkash (White Jade River) (白玉江)
 * Aksu River
 * Toshkan River
 * Yarkand River
 * Kashgar River
 * Tashkurgan River
 * Shaksgam River
 * Shule River
 * Dang River
 * Lucao River
 * Yulin River
 * Changma River
 * Karatash River

Canals

 * Eastern Zhejiang Canal (浙东运河), connecting the Qiantang, Cao'e, and Yong watersheds
 * Grand Canal of China (京杭大运河), connecting the Qiantang, Yangtze, Huai, Yellow R., and Hai watersheds
 * South–North Water Transfer Project, various canals repurposed to move vast amounts of water to the north
 * Lingqu Canal (灵渠), connecting the Yangtze and Pearl watersheds
 * Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal, providing irrigation to the grasslands and deserts of Xinjiang

title: List of rivers of China


text:
Higashitonami District, Toyama

Toyama HigashiTonami-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Higashitonami (東礪波郡) was a district located in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 46,031 with a density of 86.59 persons per km2. The total area was 531.55 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of four towns and four villages:

 * Fukuno
 * Inami
 * Inokuchi
 * Jōhana
 * Kamitaira
 * Shōgawa
 * Taira
 * Toga

 * Notes:

History
Due to the enforcement of the district government, the district was founded in 1896 when the former Tonami District, occupied the southwestern Etchū Province, split into Nishitonami and Higashitonami Districts.

At the time of founding, the district covered all of the city of Tonami (but the sections of Takanami, Takasu, and Wakabayashi); the city of Nanto (but the Kamiyamada and Yamada sections from the former town of Fukumitsu); the sections of Higashiishiguro and Nishinojiri from the former town of Fukumitsu; and the sections of Nakata and Toidewaka in the city of Takaoka. The district seat was located at the town of De (now the center of the city of Tonami).

Recent mergers

 * On November 1, 2004:
 * the town of Shōgawa was merged with the expanded city of Tonami.
 * the towns of Fukuno, Inami and Jōhana, and the villages of Inokuchi, Kamitaira, Taira and Toga, along with the town of Fukumitsu (from Nishitonami District) were merged to form the city of Nanto. Therefore, Higashitonami District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Higashitonami District, Toyama


text:
Fukumitsu, Toyama

Fukumitsu (福光町) was a town located in Nishitonami District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

Fukumitsu town developed around Fukumitsu Castle, which was built around the 12th century.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 20,056 and a density of 119.35 persons per km2. The total area was 168.05 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Fukumitsu, along with the towns of Fukuno, Inami and Jōhana, and the villages of Inokuchi, Kamitaira, Taira and Toga (all from Higashitonami District), was merged to create the city of Nanto.

title: Fukumitsu, Toyama


text:
William Samuel Stratford

William Samuel Stratford (22 May 1789 – 29 March 1853) was an English astronomer born in Eltham, Surrey.

He joined the Royal Navy in 1806 under the command of Sir Sidney Smith. In 1815, he retired at half-pay with the rank of lieutenant.

He won a silver medal from the Royal Astronomical Society in 1827; this was the second and last occasion on which such medals were awarded, with the society awarding only gold medals thereafter. He was Secretary of the society from 1825 to 1831.

From 1831 until his death he was Superintendent of HM Nautical Almanac Office. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1832

title: William Samuel Stratford