text:
Talk:Grease

"Some rendered animal fats are known as greases. Rendered chicken fat becomes the commodity known as yellow grease. Animal greases may have been used as lubricants in the past, but this is not now common in developed nations."

Every dictionary I've looked in has animal fat as the first definition of grease, and it seems to be the etymology of the word. Wikipedia isn't a dictionary, but is it odd to devote the entire article to what is technically a secondary meaning of the word?

rust
Isn't grease also applied to prevent rusting (by keeping water off/out)? Rvollmert 11:39, 2004 Jul 31 (UTC)

It can be, but that is a secondary effect--generally you only have exposed, unpainted metals if you have external moving parts, like bike chains. Some greases are not water resistant, it depends on the type of emulsifier used. Since the emulsifiers tend to be soaps, if they do dissolve in water, they can actually help to remove the residual oils... Heavier oils are more often used as a protectant for non-painted metal surfaces (like blued steel in firearms), but they tend to rub off, thus losing their protective abilities and likely staining surfaces they contact. Greases can be used, but suffer the same disadvantages as oils. Waxes are my own preferred treatment for firearms, since wax isn't as slippery (don't want to drop a loaded gun) and it doesn't rub off. There is a company that I ran across that sells a mix of soap base, wax, and dry lubricant--sort of a solid EP grease--that they promote for use with bike chains. The solid nature of the final product keeps it from collecting dust and grit, and turning into what is effectively a grinding compound. scot 17:26, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Music vs. Lubricant
Does anyone else think that the musical should occupy this page and the lubricant the disambiguation'Bold textItalic textHehehehehehe My dogs name is Mabel.Bold text'

Page split
Unless there's an objection, I'm going to move the lubricant content to grease (lubricant) and leave this page with just the disambiguation content. scot 02:37, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Cleaning
Was going through trying to fix the refrences (Of which there are a bunch!), but found several that don't clearly link to anything, relating to food byproducts / cleaning (Ref: Soap, Emulsion, This principle is exploited in soap to remove grease for the purpose of cleaning. A wide variety of) May want to add something for this JFlin 10:05, 12 December 2005 (ETC)

title: Talk:Grease


text:
List of wars and battles involving China

The following is a list of wars and battles involving China, organized by date.

Yuan Shikai-led Republic of China

 * Bai Lang Rebellion (1911–1913)
 * Second Chinese Revolution (1913)
 * World War I (1914–1918)
 * National Protection War (1915–1916)

Warlord Era

 * Manchu Restoration (1917)
 * Kuomintang pacification of Qinghai (1917–1949)
 * Battle of Xiahe (1929)
 * Occupation of Mongolia (1919–1921)
 * Zhili–Anhui War (1920)
 * Guangdong–Guangxi War (1920–1922)
 * Spirit Soldier rebellions (1920–1926)
 * Mongolian Revolution (1921)
 * First Zhili–Fengtian War (1922)
 * Second Zhili–Fengtian War (1924)
 * Anti-Fengtian War (1925)
 * Yunnan–Guangxi War (1925–1927)
 * Northern Expedition (1926–1928)
 * April 12 Incident (1927)
 * Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–1930)
 * Red Spears' uprising in Shandong (1928–1929)
 * Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
 * Central Plains War (1929–1930)
 * Chiang-Gui War (1929)
 * Han–Liu War (1932)
 * Two-Liu war (1934)
 * War in Ningxia (1934)

Chinese Civil War (First phase, 1927–1936)

 * 1927 — Shanghai massacre
 * 1927 — Nanchang Uprising
 * 1927 — Autumn Harvest Uprising
 * 1927 — Guangzhou Uprising
 * 1930–31 — First Encirclement Campaign
 * 1931 — Second Encirclement Campaign
 * 1931 — Third Encirclement Campaign
 * 1932 — Fourth Encirclement Campaign
 * 1933–34 — Fifth Encirclement Campaign
 * 1933–34 — Fujian Rebellion
 * 1934–1936 — Long March
 * 1935 — Battles at Luding Bridge

Sino-Tibetan War (1930–1932)

 * Qinghai–Tibet War (1932)

Xinjiang Wars (First phase, 1931–1937)

 * Kumul Rebellion (1931–1934)
 * Kirghiz rebellion (1932)
 * Battle of Aksu (1933)
 * Kizil massacre (1933)
 * Battle of Sekes Tash (1933)
 * Battle of Kashgar (1933)
 * Battle of Ürümqi (1933)
 * Battle of Toksun (1933)
 * First Battle of Ürümqi (1933)
 * Second Battle of Ürümqi (1933–1934)
 * Battle of Kashgar (1934)
 * Battle of Yangi Hissar (1934)
 * Battle of Yarkand (1934)
 * Battle of Tutung (1934)
 * Battle of Dawan Cheng (1934)
 * Soviet invasion of Xinjiang (1934)
 * Charkhlik revolt (1935)
 * Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)

Xinjiang Wars (Second phase, 1944–1949)

 * 1944–1949 — Ili Rebellion
 * 1946–1948 — Battle of Baitag Bogd
 * 1949 — Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China

Chinese Civil War (Second phase, 1945–1949)
Conflicts in the Chinese Civil War in the post-World War II era are listed chronologically by the starting dates.

1945

 * July 21 – August 8, 1945 — Yetaishan Campaign
 * August 13–19, 1945 — Southern Jiangsu Campaign
 * August 13–16, 1945 — Counteroffensive in Eastern Hubei
 * August 15–23, 1945 — Battle of Baoying
 * August 16–19, 1945 — Battle of Yongjiazhen
 * August 17–27, 1945 — Battle of Tianmen
 * August 17–25, 1945 — Pingyu Campaign
 * August 17 – September 11, 1945 — Linyi Campaign
 * August 24, 1945 — Battle of Wuhe
 * August 26–27, 1945 — Battle of Yinji
 * August 26 – September 22, 1945 — Huaiyin–Huai'an Campaign
 * August 29 – September 1, 1945 — Xinghua Campaign
 * September 1–13, 1945 — Battle of Dazhongji
 * September 4–5, 1945 — Battle of Lingbi
 * September 5–8, 1945 — Zhucheng Campaign
 * September 5–22, 1945 — Shanghe Campaign
 * September 6–9, 1945 — Battle of Lishi
 * September 7–10, 1945 — Pingdu Campaign
 * September 8–12, 1945 — Taixing Campaign
 * September 10 – October 12, 1945 — Shangdang Campaign
 * September 13–17, 1945 — Wudi Campaign
 * September 18, 1945 — Battle of Xiangshuikou
 * September 21, 1945 — Battle of Rugao
 * September 29 – November 2, 1945 — Weixian–Guangling–Nuanquan Campaign
 * October, 1945 – October, 1945 — Battle of Shicun
 * October 3 – November 10, 1945 — Yancheng Campaign
 * October 17 – December 14, 1945 — Tongbai Campaign
 * October 18, 1945 — Battle of Houmajia
 * October 22 – November 2, 1945 — Handan Campaign
 * October 25 – November 16, 1945 — Battle of Shanhai Pass
 * October 26–30, 1945 — Campaign Along the Datong–Puzhou Railway
 * November, 1945 – April, 1947 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northeast China
 * November 3–4, 1945 — Battle of Jiehezhen
 * December 19–21, 1945 — Battle of Shaobo
 * December 19–26, 1945 — Gaoyou–Shaobo Campaign
 * December 21–30, 1945 — Battle of Tangtou–Guocun

1946

 * January 19–26, 1946 — Houma Campaign
 * March 15–17, 1946 — Battle of Siping
 * April 10–15, 1946 — Jinjiatun Campaign
 * April 17 – May 19, 1946 — Campaign to Defend Siping
 * June 22 – August 31, 1946 — Campaign of the North China Plain Pocket
 * June 12 – September 1, 1946 — Campaign along the Southern Section of Datong–Puzhou Railway
 * July 31 – September 16, 1946 — Datong–Jining Campaign
 * August 10–22, 1946 — Longhai Campaign
 * August 14 – September 1, 1946 — Datong–Puzhou Campaign
 * August 21 – September 22, 1946 — Battle of Huaiyin–Huai'an
 * August 25 – August, 1946 — Battle of Rugao–Huangqiao
 * September 2–8, 1946 — Dingtao Campaign
 * September 22–24, 1946 — Linfen–Fushan Campaign
 * October 10–20, 1946 — Battle of Kalgan
 * November 10–11, 1946 — Battle of Nanluo–Beiluo
 * November 22, 1946 – January 1, 1947 — Lüliang Campaign
 * December 17, 1946 – April 1, 1947 — Linjiang Campaign
 * December 31, 1946 – January 30, 1947 — Battle of Guanzhong
 * Pei-ta-shan Incident

1947

 * January 21–28, 1947 — Campaign to the South of Baoding
 * April 24–25, 1947 — Battle of Niangziguan
 * April 27–28, 1947 — Battle of Tang'erli
 * May 13–16, 1947 — Menglianggu Campaign
 * May 13 – July 1, 1947 — Summer Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China
 * May 28–31, 1947 — Heshui Campaign
 * June 11, 1947 – March 13, 1948 — Siping Campaign
 * June 26 – July 6, 1947 — Campaign to the North of Baoding
 * July 17–29, 1947 — Nanma–Linqu Campaign
 * August 13, 1947 – August 18, 1947 — Meridian Ridge Campaign
 * September 2–12, 1947 — Campaign to the North of Daqing River
 * September 14 – November 5, 1947 — Autumn Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China
 * October 2–10, 1947 — Sahe Mountain Campaign
 * October 29 – November 25, 1947 — Campaign in the Eastern Foothills of the Funiu Mountains
 * December 15, 1947 – March 15, 1948 — Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China
 * December 7–9, 1947 — Battle of Phoenix Peak
 * December 9, 1947 – June 15, 1948 — Western Tai'an Campaign
 * December 11, 1947 – January, 1948 — Counter-Eradication Campaign in Dabieshan
 * December 20, 1947 – June 1948 — Jingshan–Zhongxiang Campaign

1948

 * January 2–7, 1948 — Gongzhutun Campaign
 * March 7 – May 18, 1948 — Linfen Campaign
 * March 11–21, 1948 — Zhoucun–Zhangdian Campaign
 * May 12 – June 25, 1948 — Hebei–Rehe–Chahar Campaign
 * May 23 – October 19, 1948 — Siege of Changchun
 * May 29 – July 18, 1948 — Yanzhou Campaign
 * June 17–19, 1948 — Battle of Shangcai
 * September 12 – November 12, 1948 — Liaoshen Campaign
 * October 5, 1948 – April 24, 1949 — Taiyuan Campaign
 * October 7–15, 1948 — Battle of Jinzhou
 * October 10–15, 1948 — Battle of Tashan
 * November 6, 1948 – January 10, 1949 — Huaihai Campaign
 * November 15, 1948 – January 11, 1949 — Battle of Jiulianshan
 * November 22 – December 15, 1948 — Shuangduiji Campaign
 * November 29, 1948 – January 31, 1949 — Pingjin Campaign
 * Pei-ta-shan Incident

1949

 * January 3–15, 1949 — Tianjin Campaign
 * April, 1949 – June, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northern China
 * April, 1949 – June, 1953 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Central and Southern China
 * May 12 – June 2, 1949 — Shanghai Campaign
 * May 17 – June 16, 1949 — Xianyang Campaign
 * August 9–27, 1949 — Lanzhou Campaign
 * August 9, 1949 – December, 1953 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Eastern China
 * August 24, 1949 – September, 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Fujian
 * September 5–24, 1949 — Ningxia Campaign
 * September 5, 1949 – March, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Dabieshan
 * October 25–27, 1949 — Battle of Guningtou
 * November, 1949 – July, 1953 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northwestern China
 * November 1–28, 1949 — Campaign to the North of Nanchuan County
 * November 3–5, 1949 — Battle of Dengbu Island
 * November 17 – December 1, 1949 — Bobai Campaign
 * December 3–26, 1949 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Lianyang
 * December 6–7, 1949 — Battle of Liangjiashui
 * December 7–14, 1949 — Battle of Lianyang
 * December 11–27, 1949 — Chengdu campaign
 * December 17–18, 1949 — Battle of Jianmenguan

1950

 * January, 1950 – June, 1955 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Wuping
 * January 15, 1950 – May 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Guangxi
 * January 19–31, 1950 — Battle of Bamianshan
 * February – December 1953 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Southwestern China
 * February 4 – December, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Longquan
 * February 14–20, 1950 — Battle of Tianquan
 * March 3, 1950 — Battle of Nan'ao Island
 * March 5 – May 1, 1950 — Landing Operation on Hainan Island
 * March 29 – May 7, 1950 — Battle of Yiwu
 * May 11, 1950 — Battle of Dongshan Island
 * May 25 – August 7, 1950 — Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
 * August 9, 1950 — Battle of Nanpéng Island
 * September, 1950 – January, 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northern Guangdong
 * September 2 – November 29, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in northeastern Guizhou
 * October 15 – November, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in the Border Region of Hunan–Hubei–Sichuan
 * October 15 – December, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Western Hunan
 * December 13, 1950 – February, 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Shiwandashan
 * December 20, 1950 – February, 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Liuwandashan

1951

 * January 8 – February, 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Yaoshan
 * April 15 – September, 1951, — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Western Guangxi

1952

 * April 11–15, 1952 — Battle of Nanri Island
 * June 13 – September 20, 1952 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Heishui
 * September 20 – October 20, 1952 — Battle of Nanpēng Archipelago

1953

 * May 29, 1953 — Battle of Dalushan Islands
 * July 16–18, 1953 — Dongshan Island Campaign

1955

 * January 18–20, 1955 — Battle of Yijiangshan Islands
 * January 19 – February 26, 1955 — Battle of Dachen Archipelago

1960

 * November 14, 1960 – February 9, 1961 — Campaign at the China-Burma Border

1950–1958

 * Kuomintang Islamic insurgency

Annexation of Tibet (1950)

 * Battle of Chamdo (1950)
 * Lhasa Uprising (1959)

Sino-Indian War (1962)
The Sino-Indian War between China and India occurred in October–November 1962. A disputed Himalayan border was the main cause of the war. There had been a series of violent border skirmishes between the two countries after the 1959 Tibetan uprising, when India granted asylum to the Dalai Lama. India initiated a defensive Forward Policy from 1960 to hinder Chinese military patrols and logistics, in which it placed outposts along the border, including several north of the McMahon Line, the eastern portion of the Line of Actual Control proclaimed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1959.

Nathu La and Cho La clashes (1967)
The Nathu La and Cho La clashes took place from September–October of 1967. The Nathu La clashes started on 11 September 1967, when China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at Nathu La, and lasted till 15 September 1967. In October 1967, another military duel took place at Cho La and ended on the same day. According to independent sources, India achieved "decisive tactical advantage" and managed to hold its own against and push back Chinese forces. Many PLA fortifications at Nathu La were destroyed, where the Indian troops drove back the attacking Chinese forces. Another battle took place at Cho La a few kilometers south a few days later. The military duel lasted one day, during which the Chinese were driven away, which boosted Indian morale. According to Indian Maj. Gen. Sheru Thapliyal, the Chinese were forced to withdraw nearly three kilometers in Cho La during the clash. The Defence Ministry of India reported: 88 killed and 163 wounded on the Indian side, while 340 killed and 450 wounded on the Chinese side, during the two incidents.

Sino-Soviet border conflict (1969)

 * 1969 – Zhenbao Island

Vietnam War (1955–1975)

 * 1974 – Paracel Islands

Laotian Civil War (1958–1975)

 * 1967 – 1967 Opium War

Sino-Vietnamese War (1979)

 * 1979 – Battle of Cao Ba Lanh
 * 1979 – Battle of Móng Cái
 * 1979 – 1979 Battle of Đồng Đăng
 * 1979 – Battle of Lao Cai
 * 1979 – Battle of Cam Duong
 * 1979 – 1979 Battle of Cao Bằng
 * 1979 – 1979 Battle of Lạng Sơn

Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)

 * 1981 – Battle of Fakashan
 * 1984 – Battle of Laoshan
 * 1986 – Operation Blue Sword-B
 * 1988 – Johnson South Reef Skirmish

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Robert B. Lindsay

Robert Burns Lindsay (July 4, 1824 – February 13, 1902) was a Scots-American politician, elected as the 22nd Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama during Reconstruction, and serving one term from 1870 to 1872.

Early life
Robert B. Lindsay was born in Lochmaben, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, on July 4, 1824. He studied at the University of St Andrews before emigrating to the United States in 1844. He served in the Alabama House of Representatives in 1853 and the Alabama Senate in 1857, 1865, and 1870.

1870 political campaign
A Democrat, Lindsay was elected governor in 1870, following a year of white terrorism against black people: violence, including murders, and intimidation of black and white Republicans and freedmen supporters. For example, five Republicans, four black and one white, were lynched in Calhoun County; three black people (two who were Republican politicians) were murdered in Greene County, in March and October; the white Republican County Solicitor was murdered there in March; and on October 25, a Republican rally of 2,000 black people was disrupted by a mob of whites, who killed four black people and wounded 54 in the Eutaw riot. Black people were intimidated and stayed home from the polls, with Democratic white voters in Greene County and elsewhere taking the state for Lindsay.

He died in Tuscumbia, Alabama on February 13, 1902.

title: Robert B. Lindsay


text:
William Hugh Smith

William Hugh Smith (April 26, 1826 – January 1, 1899) was an American planter and politician, the 21st Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama. He was the first Republican elected as governor in the state, serving from 1868 to 1870 during the period of Reconstruction. A former enslaver, he had opposed secession from the United States on the grounds it would imperil slavery. He appeared driven by practical consideration rather than principled opposition to slavery.

Political career
From 1855 to 1859, Smith served in the Alabama House of Representatives as a "states' rights" Democrat, but he evolved into a strong Unionist. In 1862, he escaped to the Northern United States and spent the rest of the war recruiting soldiers for the 1st Alabama Union Cavalry Regiment. He went with this regiment on General William Tecumseh Sherman's famous "March to the Sea."

After the war, Smith chaired the first statewide Republican convention in 1867. He was installed as Governor of Alabama by the U.S. Congress in July 1868. Although he had been elected in February 1868, Smith would not voluntarily take office due to voters failing to ratify the 1868 constitution. A conservative once in office, he supported the restoration of voting rights for ex-confederate public officials and military officers, who had been temporarily disenfranchised. He took only light action against the Ku Klux Klan, arguing that local law enforcement could effectively handle the situation. He promoted economic and railroad development, for the South was behind in investing in infrastructure. Its planter elite had reserved their money for private projects.

He was defeated for re-election by Robert Lindsay by fewer than 1500 votes: Lindsay had 77,721 to Smith's 76,292.

Smith remained active in the Republican Party. In 1873, Governor David P. Lewis appointed him as a Circuit Judge. He was the 6th Chairman of the Alabama Republican Party, serving in the post from 1875 to 1878. He was a Federal District Attorney under President James A. Garfield. He died in Birmingham at the age of 72, where he was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery.

Smith's son, John A. W. Smith, unsuccessfully ran for governor of Alabama in 1902 as a Republican.

title: William Hugh Smith


text:
John Renbourn

John Renbourn (8 August 1944 – 26 March 2015) was an English guitarist and songwriter. He was best known for his collaboration with guitarist Bert Jansch as well as his work with the folk group Pentangle, although he maintained a solo career before, during and after that band's existence (1967–1973). Several albums were credited to the John Renbourn Group. He worked later in a duo with Stefan Grossman.

While most commonly labelled a folk musician, Renbourn's musical tastes and interests took in early music, classical music, jazz, blues and world music. His most influential album, Sir John Alot (1968), featured his take on tunes from the medieval period.

Biography
John Renbourn studied classical guitar at school and it was during this period that he was introduced to early music. In the 1950s, along with many others, he was greatly influenced by the musical craze of skiffle and this eventually led him to explore the work of artists such as Lead Belly, Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy.

In the 1960s, the new craze in popular music was Rhythm and Blues, also the impact of Davey Graham was being felt. In 1961, Renbourn toured the South West with Mac MacLeod and repeated the tour in 1963. On returning from the South West Renbourn and MacLeod recorded a demo tape together. Renbourn briefly played in an R&B band while studying at the Kingston College of Art in London. Although the British folk revival was underway, most folk clubs were biased towards traditional, unaccompanied folk songs, and guitar players were not always welcome. However, the Roundhouse in London had a more tolerant attitude and here, John Renbourn joined blues and gospel singer Dorris Henderson, playing backing guitar and recording two albums with her.

Possibly the best known London venue for contemporary folk music in the early 1960s was Les Cousins on Greek Street, Soho, which became the main meeting place for guitar players and contemporary singer-songwriters from Britain and America. Around 1963, Renbourn teamed up with guitarist Bert Jansch who had moved to London from Edinburgh, and together they developed an intricate duet style that became known as folk baroque. Their album Bert and John is a fine example of their playing.

Renbourn released several albums on the Transatlantic label during the 1960s. Two of them, Sir John Alot and Lady and the Unicorn, sum up Renbourn's playing style and material from this period. Sir John Alot has a mixture of jazz/blues/folk playing alongside a more classical/early music style. Lady and the Unicorn is heavily influenced by Renbourn's interest in early music.

At around that time Renbourn also started playing and recording with Jacqui McShee, who sang traditional English folk songs, and with American fiddler Sue Draheim. Together with Bert Jansch, bassist Danny Thompson and drummer Terry Cox, they went on to form Pentangle. The group became successful, touring America in 1968, playing at Carnegie Hall and the Newport Folk Festival.

Renbourn went on to record more solo albums in the 1970s and 1980s. Much of the music is based on traditional material with a Celtic influence, interwoven with other styles. He also collaborated with American guitarist Stefan Grossman in the late 1970s, recording two albums with him, which at times recall his folk baroque days with Bert Jansch.

In the mid-1980s Renbourn went back to university, to earn a degree in composition at Dartington College of Arts. Subsequently, he focused mainly on writing classical music, while still performing in folk settings. He also added acoustic guitars for the movie soundtrack Scream for Help, a studio project with his neighbour John Paul Jones.

In 1988, Renbourn briefly formed a group called Ship of Fools with Tony Roberts (flute), Maggie Boyle (lyrics, miscellaneous instruments) and Steve Tilston (guitar). They recorded one eponymous album together. After practising by mailing tapes to each other in England, they held their first concert, comprising two sold-out shows, at Harvard's Hasty Pudding Club Theater. Regrettably, the soundboard bootleg tape was not saved due to a dispute between the concert promoter and the audio engineer.

Renbourn continued to record and tour. He toured the US with Archie Fisher. In 2005 he toured Japan (his fifth tour of that country) with Tokio Uchida and Woody Mann. In 2006 he played at number of venues in England, including the Green Man Festival in Wales and appearances with Robin Williamson and with Jacqui McShee. In the same year, he was working on a new solo album and collaborated with Clive Carroll on the score for the film Driving Lessons, directed by Jeremy Brock.

In 2011, he released Palermo Snow, a collection of instrumental guitar solos also featuring clarinetist Dick Lee. The title track is a complex mix of classical, folk, jazz and blues. This piece is a departure, in that there is a classical core, with other styles intermixing, rather than the core style being blues, folk or jazz.

Since 2012, he had toured with Wizz Jones, playing a mixture of solo and duo material. Renbourn previously appeared on Jones's album Lucky the Man (2001) with other former members of Pentangle. In 2016, an album by the pair, titled Joint Control, was released.

Renbourn died on 26 March 2015 from a heart attack at his home in Hawick in the Scottish Borders, aged 70.

title: John Renbourn


text:
Wager Swayne

Wager Swayne (November 10, 1834 – December 18, 1902) was a Union Army colonel during the American Civil War and was appointed as the last major general of volunteers of the Union Army. Swayne received America's highest military decoration the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Second Battle of Corinth. He also was effectively the military governor of Alabama from March 2, 1867, to July 14, 1868, after the passage of the first Reconstruction Act by the U.S. Congress until Alabama was readmitted to the Union. Robert M. Patton remained the nominal governor during this period but as the local army commander, Swayne controlled the State government. During the Reconstruction era, Swayne oversaw the Freedmen's Bureau in Alabama and helped establish schools for African Americans in the state. He was the first person born after Alabama statehood, to govern the state.

Biography
Born in Columbus, Ohio, on November 10, 1834, Swayne was the son of Noah Haynes Swayne, associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He graduated from Yale University and became a lawyer in Ohio.

He served in the Union Army during the Civil War as a field officer in one of Ohio's three-year infantry regiments. In August 1861, Governor William Dennison appointed Swayne as major of the 43rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was being organized in Mount Vernon, Ohio. He fought at the battles of Iuka and Corinth, and was promoted to fill the vacancy caused by the death of the regiment's colonel.

Swayne led the 43rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry with distinction during the Atlanta Campaign and in the Carolinas Campaign until February 2, 1865, when he suffered a severe wound at the Battle of Rivers' Bridge (site now part of Rivers Bridge State Historic Site) in South Carolina by the Salkehatchie River, which resulted in the amputation of his right leg. On March 13, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Swayne brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 8, 1865. President Lincoln submitted the nomination to the U.S. Senate on that date and the Senate confirmed the appointment on March 10, 1865.

On May 1, 1866, President Andrew Johnson appointed Swayne as major general of volunteers to rank from June 20, 1865. The President nominated Swayne for the promotion on March 21, 1866, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on April 26, 1866. This appointment took precedence over his appointment as a brevet major general of volunteers to which grade he had been appointed by President Johnson on January 13, 1866, to rank from October 13, 1865. The U.S. Senate confirmed this appointment on March 12, 1866. He was the last major general of volunteers appointed during the American Civil War period. He also was commissioned colonel of the 45th United States Infantry Regiment. Later, on April 10, 1867, President Johnson appointed Swayne to the grade of brevet major general in the Regular Army to rank from March 2, 1867. The Senate approved this nomination on April 15, 1867. Swayne was mustered out of the volunteer army on September 1, 1867, but stayed in the Regular Army.

After the war, he served as head of the Freedmen's Bureau for Alabama from July 26, 1865, to January 14, 1868. From March 2, 1867, to July 14, 1868, as local army commander, Swayne effectively controlled the State government although Robert M. Patton remained the nominal governor during this period.

Swayne was unassigned as of March 15, 1869, when the army was reorganized and his regiment was consolidated with the 14th U.S. Infantry Regiment. Swayne retired from the army on July 1, 1870. He then moved to Toledo, Ohio, where he established a law practice. He moved in 1881 to New York City, where he set up another law practice, specializing in representing telegraph and railroad companies.

In 1893, he was awarded a Medal of Honor for "conspicuous gallantry in restoring order at a critical moment and leading his regiment in a charge" at Corinth.

By May 1899, the North American Trust Company had directors such as John G. Carlisle, Adlai E. Stevenson, and Wager Swayne.

He died in New York City on December 18, 1902, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery Arlington County, Virginia, Plot: Section 3, Lot 1406.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and Organization:
 * Rank and organization: Lieutenant Colonel, 43d Ohio Infantry. Place and date: At Corinth, Miss., October 4, 1862. Entered service at: Columbus, Ohio. Born: November 10, 1834, Columbus, Ohio. Date of issue: August 19, 1893.

Citation: Conspicuous gallantry in restoring order at a critical moment and leading his regiment in a charge.

title: Wager Swayne


text:
Interstate 185 (Georgia)

Interstate 185 (I-185) is a 49.3 mi auxiliary Interstate Highway in the west-central part of the US state of Georgia. I-185 also carries the unsigned State Route 411 (SR 411) and is named the Chet Atkins Parkway for its entire length. It provides a freeway connection between Columbus and I-85, which continues on to the Atlanta metropolitan area.

Muscogee County
I-185 begins just north of Fort Moore in the southwestern part of Columbus, which is consolidated with Muscogee County. It starts off as a northern extension of Lindsey Creek Parkway. That highway enters the base. It travels to the northeast. Almost immediately, it has an interchange with US Route 27 (US 27)/US 280/SR 1/SR 520 (Victory Drive). The Interstate curves to the north-northwest. It passes Benning Hills Park and the Calhoun Tract before curving to the north-northeast. It crosses over Cusseta Road and some railroad tracks of Georgia Southwestern Railroad. It curves to the north-northwest and has an interchange with St. Marys Road. It curves to a due north direction and has an interchange with Buena Vista Road. The highway curves to the northwest and crosses over Bull Creek. It then has an interchange with SR 22 Spur (Macon Road). Here, it passes the Cross Country Plaza shopping center. I-185 crosses over Lindsey Creek and then begins to parallel the creek. Upon crossing over College Drive, Lindsey Creek veers away from the Interstate. The highway then travels between Hardaway High School and Columbus State University. After crossing over the Fall Line Trace, it has an interchange with US 27 Alternate (US 27 Alt)/SR 85 (Manchester Expressway). It then has an interchange with the Airport Thruway, which leads to Columbus Metropolitan Airport. After the highway begins to curve to the north, it travels under a bridge that carries US 27/SR 1. It crosses over some railroad tracks of Norfolk Southern Railway. Almost immediately is a cloverleaf interchange with US 80/SR 22 (J.R. Allen Parkway), a limited-access bypass of Columbus to its north. Within this interchange, it crosses over Roaring Branch. It curves to the north and has an interchange with Williams Road. It curves to the north-northeast and has an interchange with Smith Road. Within this interchange, it crosses over Heiferhorn Creek. At the northern end of this interchange, the highway leaves the city limits of Columbus and enters Harris County.

Harris County
I-185 curves to the northwest and crosses over Standing Boy Creek. It curves to the north-northwest and has an interchange with SR 315. It crosses over Mulberry Creek and curves to the northwest. It winds its way to the north-northeast, traveling parallel to SR 219. It crosses over Little Creek just to the west of Peterson Lake and just south of an interchange with SR 116. The highway winds its way to the north and crosses over Mountain Oak Creek. At an interchange with Hopewell Church Road, SR 219 turns away from the Interstate. I-185 curves to the northeast and crosses over House Creek Tributary. It then has an interchange with SR 18. After it crosses over Ingram Creek, the highway parallels the creek briefly and then enters Troup County.

Troup County
I-185 curves to the north-northeast and crosses over Turkey Creek. It then crosses over Polecat Creek before curving to the north-northwest. It then crosses over Flat Shoals Creek. It curves to the north-northeast and has another interchange with US 27/SR 1 (Martha Berry Highway). The highway then crosses over Mud Creek. It curves to the north-northwest and crosses over Panther Creek. After curving back to the north-northeast, it has an interchange with Big Springs Road. It curves back to the north-northwest and crosses over some railroad tracks of CSX Transportation on the southeastern edge of LaGrange. The highway begins to skirt along the eastern edge of the city. It crosses over Long Cane Creek and then curves to the north-northeast again. It leaves the city limits of LaGrange and travels under a bridge that carries SR 109. It then meets its northern terminus, an interchange with I-85.

National Highway System
The entire length of I-185 is part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense.

History
In 1966, the highway that would eventually become I-185 was under construction from its current southern terminus to Buena Vista Road, which, at the time, was signed as SR 357. However, the highway was signed as SR 1, since the current SR 1 had been redesignated as SR 1 Business (SR 1 Bus). SR 1 was proposed from SR 357 to US 27/SR 1 Bus in the northern part of Columbus. The next year, this segment was open. It was under construction from SR 357 to US 27/SR 1 in the northern part of Columbus. In 1969, the highway was open from its southern terminus to the northern part of Columbus. In 1975, it was redesignated as I-185, since SR 1 Bus had been changed back to SR 1. The highway's northern extension was proposed from the northern part of Columbus to US 27/SR 1 southeast of LaGrange. It was under construction from that interchange to I-85. The next year, the entire northern extension was under construction. In 1978, it was opened from US 27/SR 1 to Smith Road in the northern part of Columbus. It was also open from US 27/SR 1 southeast of LaGrange to I-85. In 1979, I-185 was open for its entire length.

The portions of I-185 north of exit 8 were equipped with callboxes as part of a pilot program in May 1999. It was the only stretch of Interstate Highway in Georgia to be so equipped. With the widespread proliferation of cellular phone service and usage, the emergency callboxes were removed from I-185 around 2015.

In 2006, business and government officials in Southwest Georgia began a campaign to have the Interstate extended to Monticello, Florida, and connect with I-10. The proposed route of the highway would travel parallel to SR 520 (known as "Corridor Z") to Albany and then parallel to US 19. Local opposition to the plan soon emerged. Critics argued that the proposed Interstate would siphon business from small towns that the new road bypassed. In 2009, the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) concluded a two-year study of the proposal, which found that extending I-185 would "be inconsistent with existing comprehensive land use plans; would have a negative impact on prime agricultural land, forests and cultural assets; and could have a detrimental impact on poverty and minority populations". GDOT announced it would instead focus on upgrading and improving other key arterial highways in southwest Georgia, including SR 133 between Albany and Valdosta.

Future
Currently, I-14, is proposed to go through Columbus, following the route of US 80/SR 22/SR 540, also known as the Fall Line Freeway. If this route is chosen, it will connect to I-185 at the current interchange (exit 10). Upgrades at this interchange may be required as a result.

title: Interstate 185 (Georgia)


text:
Kakamega

Kakamega is a town in western Kenya lying about 30 km north of the Equator. It is the headquarters of Kakamega County that has a population of 1,867,579 (2019 census). The town has an urban population of 107,227 (2019 census).

Kakamega is 52 km north of Kisumu, the tenth largest city in Kenya and considered the heart of Luhya land. The average elevation of Kakamega is 1,535 metres.

The county has 12 constituencies in total, namely Butere, Mumias East,Mumias West, Matungu, Khwisero, Shinyalu, Lurambi, ikolomani, Lugari, Malava, Navakholo and Likuyani.

Kakamega was so named because the word "kakamega" translates roughly to "pinch" in Luhya, which was used to describe how European colonists would eat the staple food, ugali.

Naming
It is often told that Kakamega derives its modern name from the local dialect. The story goes that when European settlers first visited the area now known as Kakamega and were offered maize meal, the local staple food called Obusuma, they tried to emulate the eating style for which the tribe was famous. To the hosts though, the visitors were more like ‘pinching’ the Obusuma. The resulting administrative area was named "Kakamega", which roughly translates to ‘pinch.’ Actually the name is from the former Nandi people who inhabited the area prior to the Luhya. There is a tale that the town was originally inhabited by the Nandi, and when the building started swelling, the Nandi called the area “Kokomego” which loosely translate into there is a lot of buildings, in the Nandi dialect. The new inhabitants took the name and coined it into Kakamega.

Economics
The local inhabitants are mostly the Luhya tribe, whose economic activity is mainly cash and food crop farming.

Kakamega serves as the headquarters of Mumias Sugar, previously Kenya's largest sugar processing company located in the town of Mumias.

Kakamega was the scene of the Kakamega gold rush in the early 1930s, fueled partly by the reports of the geologist Albert Ernest Kitson.

Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology is a new institution of higher learning created by an act of parliament in December 2006 which is in the heart of Kakamega town on the Kakamega-Webuye road. It is expected to spur growth in this capital of Western Province.

Kakamega Forest is the main tourist destination in the area. Another attraction used to be the Crying Stone of Ilesi (Ikhongo Murwi) located along the Kisumu-Kakamega highway. It is a 40-metre high rock dome resembling a human figure whose "eyes" used to drop water. There is a myth about this rock with natives who believe that it is an image of a jilted woman who is crying due to being forced out of her matrimonial home and denied access to her children. A hearsay in earlier years goes that the Isukha Sub-tribe had wars with Nandi warriors and in most cases they defeated them. The Nandis believed they were defeated by Isukhas due to some superpowers the rock had. The Nandis tried to pull the rock down but they failed and instead, they lost more than 100 of their warriors in the battlefield. Currently, the tourist attraction site is shaded from the roadside view by planted eucalyptus trees which have used up the rock's water and subsequently caused the "Crying Stone" to dry up. This effect is due to the climate change that is being experienced globally. The area used to receive heavy rainfalls in the years the 1990s backward.

Administration
In 2013, Wycliffe Oparanya was elected as the first Governor of Kakamega County, and he retained the seat in the 2017 general elections. Kakamega forms a municipality with ten wards (Amalemba, Bukhulunya, Central, Mahiakalo, Maraba, Matende, Milimani, Musaa, Shibiriri and Sichilayi). All of them belong to Lurambi Constituency, which has a total of fifteen wards. The remaining five are located within Kakamega municipal Council, the rural council of Kakamega District.

Rainforest
Kakamega area receives a very high amount of annual precipitation and contains Kakamega Forest, a preserve which is a remnant of a rainforest that stretched west through Uganda.

As a rainforest, the canopy of the trees has grown into a thin mesh of interlocking top branches that block most sunlight from reaching the ground below, resulting in less vegetation at the ground level. With few bushes along the darkened forest floor, the main obstacle is ancient fallen tree trunks blocking the paths between the standing trees. The German funded project BIOTA East is working in the forest since 2001, whereby firstly forest inventories for all sorts of life forms were performed and the aim is to find strategies for a sustainable use of the forest.

More than 400 species of birds have been found in the Kakamega rainforest. The many song birds fill the air with various birdcalls.

Kakamega is also home to Africa's largest and most aggressive cobra, the Kakamega forest cobra. Reputed by locals to spend a lot of time in the trees, stories abound of fearsome attacks on unsuspecting passers-by. Other snakes in the area include the forest adder, black mamba, and the green mamba.

Education
Tertiary Education

Kakamega is home to Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, located along Kakamega - Webuye road. This campus offers courses in Engineering, Computer Science, Education, Disaster Management, Journalism and Mass Communication, Science, Nursing, Criminology subjects. The Shamberere Technical Training Institute is also local.

Primary and Secondary education

Majority of primary and secondary schools in Kakamega are government owned. Kakamega primary is the major primary school and is located in the town's centre. Private schools renowned nationally located in the town include: Kakamega Hill School and St Joseph primary school.

The town also hosts one national secondary school, Kakamega High School and many other secondary schools.

Library services

The town hosts one library set up by the Kenya National Library Service.

title: Kakamega


text:
Robert M. Patton

Robert Miller Patton (July 10, 1809 – February 28, 1885) was an American politician who served as the 20th governor of the Alabama from 1865 to 1868.

He was born July 10, 1809, in Russell County, Virginia. His father, William Patton, had been born near Derry in Ireland and emigrated to the United States in 1791; his mother, Martha Lee (née Hays) Patton, was born in Louisa County, Virginia. In 1818 the family moved to Huntsville, Alabama in the Tennessee Valley. Patton attended Green Academy "for a few years" before beginning his professional education in the cotton business. In 1829 he moved to Florence, Alabama. He quickly established himself as a prominent merchant and cotton planter, owning 4,000 acres of land and 300 slaves. He married Jane Locke Braham in 1832. Their marriage produced nine children, of whom seven survived to adulthood. Around his marriage, Patton began a political career that would continue until interrupted by the American Civil War. In 1832 he was elected to the Alabama Legislature as a Whig. He was elected a second time in 1837, serving as a member of the "special legislature" summoned to organize the state's response to the Panic of 1837. He was later elected president of the Alabama Senate on two occasions before the creation of the office of lieutenant governor.

Never strong in Alabama, the Whig Party declined nationally after 1854. While some southern ex-Whigs sought to continue the party under a new name, Patton and others, including notably U.S. Representative Alexander Stephens of Georgia, went into the Democratic Party. He was a delegate to the disastrous 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina that precipitated the party's defeat in the national election. After the convention failed to produce a candidate acceptable to all elements of the party, the Southern Fire-Eaters held a convention at which Vice President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky was nominated on a pro-slavery platform. While Patton supported the national candidacy of Stephen A. Douglas, Alabama and ten other of the fifteen slave states voted for Breckinridge. The national election was a victory for Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans. Over the winter, Patton was elected as a convention member to consider Alabama's declared secession from the United States. While he initially spoke against secession, Patton financially supported the state's war effort and served as a commissioner in the Confederate government. Two of his sons died fighting in the Confederate Army, and his plantation house was destroyed by U.S. soldiers.

After the war, Patton became a delegate to the state constitutional convention summoned under Presidential Reconstruction. The resulting constitution adopted the "white basis" for representation, reducing the influence of the plantation counties, and did not enfranchise freedmen. Patton was elected governor by the eligible white voters of the state, succeeding the provisional military governor appointed following the Confederate surrender. As a former Whig and a resident of northern Alabama, Patton reflected the ideal of the "upcountry Unionist" who President Andrew Johnson looked to rebuild the South.

As governor, Patton cooperated with Freedmen's Bureau agents to provide emergency aid to freedmen and poor whites affected by the war. Otherwise, his administration opposed extending civil or political rights to freedmen, including voting rights. While he vetoed legislation that would have strictly limited the ability of Blacks to move freely throughout the state, he signed into law the convict-leasing system that allowed freed people to be ordered into servitude as punishment for a crime. His primary focus as governor was on rebuilding Alabama's war-torn economy. He supported debt relief to slow the rate of foreclosures. He advocated repealing the federal cotton tax, financial support for public schools, and creating the Alabama Insane Hospital at Tuscaloosa. Heightened concern for the freedmen's plight in Congress led to the passage of the federal Reconstruction Acts and the creation of the Third Military District comprising Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. Most of Patton's constitutional authority passed to Major General John Pope, while Major General Wager Swayne remained as commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau in Alabama. Patton nonetheless remained the titular head of the state government and remained in office until the election of his successor in 1868. After his political career ended, Patton became involved in several commercial ventures to establish and build railroads in the state, notably the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad. He also was a trustee of several schools and colleges, including the University of Alabama. He was instrumental in rebuilding the university after U.S. soldiers burned it during the war.

Patton died on February 28, 1885, at his plantation, Sweetwater, near Florence. He was buried in Huntsville.

title: Robert M. Patton


text:
Talk:Ichthys

Acronym?
Ichthys is Greek for fish; it didn't originate as an acronym. What is the source for the acronym claim?--94.6.223.15 (talk) 10:40, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * See Talk:Ichthys/Archive_1

 * An editor who didn't fully understand the term - in my humble opinion, of course... :-) -- Ian Dalziel (talk) 10:52, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Obviously the basic ancient Greek word itself did not originate as an acronym, but its use by Christians was based on a kind of cryptic acronym... AnonMoos (talk) 16:37, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, I'd say the word for "a kind of cryptic acronym" is an acrostic, which is the word I had used. I think it is an acrostic or a mnemonic, not an acronym. I didn't feel strongly enough about it to get into an edit war, though. -- Ian Dalziel (talk) 16:49, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * It's not a "mnemonic", since it was not an aid to memory. You may be right that acrostic is preferable to acronym (I was not able to understand that this was the point at issue from 94.6.223.15's remarks). AnonMoos (talk) 17:09, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Maybe it's a bacronym? CrocodilesAreForWimps (talk) 02:26, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

Can we have something in the history section that explains the actual history of the symbol, not this symbolic meaning thing?--78.146.175.69 (talk) 23:58, 29 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Was pretty confused too… The translation to fish is kind of subtly tucked into brackets in the first line… Think it should be more prominent. CrocodilesAreForWimps (talk) 02:26, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

This is in response to Ian Dalziel reverting my edit. I changed backronym to acronym because acronym is definitely true, whereas whether it is a backronym or not is subject to debate.

I am obviously not suggesting the Greek word for fish originates from the Jesus fish concept. But let me present a hypothetical situation under which it is not a backronym, at least in the stricter sense. We know scribes shortened important words. So it is possible they at some point wanted to say "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior", and thus shorted it to ἸΧΘΥΣ. It would obviously then be immediately noted by the reader that this is simply the word for fish capitalised. And thus the association of Jesus and fish began.

You might still argue that this is a backronym simply because the word fish already existed in Greek. But there is an undeniable suggestion of backwards engineering with the term backronym; this is actually part of the definition in most dictionaries (that is, that the words are specifically chosen to spell the word, rather than it being an accident). Since the term "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior" makes sense and is not unnatural, to assert that this was chosen specifically to spell the word for fish, is speculation. lukeuser (talk) 09:28, 11 August 2021 (UTC)

recent removal of content
I would like to discuss this edit. I have issue with an anonymous user removing cited content their "justification" being this. The content seems valid, relating to the history of the symbol.

Thoughts? I do not want to take part in an edit war. = paul2520 (talk) 15:52, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

I don't think Augustine was wrong about the 27...
I've consulted the Greek version of the Sibylline Oracles and the acrostic really does contain 27 letters. https://archive.org/details/dieoraculasibyl02geffgoog/page/n217/mode/2up See line 225 (on page 155)... begins with 'Ε' so the full phrase reads "Ἰησοῦς Χρειστὸς Θεοῦ Υἱὸς Σωτήρ", not "Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς Θεοῦ Υἱὸς Σωτήρ". If somebody wants to argue that this is bad Greek then I guess that's fine, but that's how it's written in the Sibylline Oracles (which St. Augustine was citing) so his ignorance of Greek really has nothing to do with it. (I myself have never studied Greek. Are we sure that "Χρειστὸς" isn't just a genuine variant spelling? At the very least I'm thinking that what the author did may not have been that unusual in the ancient world. I know that St. Ireneaus, for numerological reasons, added an 'ε' to the spellings of "Λατῖνος" (=> Λατεινος) and "Τιτάν" (=> Τειταν) (see here)) 2601:49:C301:D810:60D6:3777:B8C0:7F2D (talk) 18:37, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

Removed section
"While many Christians hang a cross necklace or Rosary inside their vehicles, "the fish sticker on the car is a more conscious symbol of a witnessing Christian—significantly, unlike the former, it is on the outside of the car for everyone to see.""

What does this mean? Apart form the Satanist-Masonic proselitism, Modernist vehicles has no concerns with the origins of the Christian symbol. Even if that sentence is sourced, it is merely stuff. And it can be hopefully posted in the right place, namely after the end of the article, in a separated seat.Theologian81sp (talk) 21:57, 3 April 2021 (UTC)
 * What on earth are you on about? I've restored it to the end of the article, where the stickers were already mentioned. Johnbod (talk) 00:06, 4 April 2021 (UTC)

I modestly apologize not to have found yet an English source for the Sybilline Oracles. However, the Osservatore Romano is an auithorative source, even if it is not an academic one. As for what concerns the Catacombs of saint Priscilla and Sebastian the Martyrs, the related sources show some images pertaining the subject matter of the WP article. So, those sources have been linked in the text.
 * Sybilline Oracles

Let anyone have a good Easter of Resurrection with Jesus Christ God, unique Lord and King of Kings.Theologian81sp (talk) 22:03, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

Secret Symbol
The claim, that the Ichthys is a secret symbol, lacks historical justification. The earliest source I am aware of for this claim dates back to the 19th century and also claims this without justification, see. I couldn't find any scholarship acknowledging the secret symbol. The German article also acknowledges that this is a historically unjustified legendary tale. EntropicPrinciple (talk)

 * Wikipedia appeals to reliable sources for its content. Branded Faith: Contextualizing the Gospel in a Post-Christian Era by Rajkumar Dixit makes it clear that, "The early Christians adopted the sign of the fish (Icthus) as a secret symbol of the faith." Wipf and Stock is a reputed publisher. The source you cited is outdated, going back to 1835, and it's not a scholarly text. --1990'sguy (talk) 00:04, 25 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Rajkumar Dixit provides no evidence or sources of his claim. In order to assess whether the Ichthys was used as a secret symbol, we need to trace back the origin of the claim. A historian will search for early Christian evidence. I couldn't find any! There are many pages and books that make the assertion of the Ichthys's use as a secret symbol ( just like in Branded Faith), but none of them make reference to historical or scholarly literature on the issue. If this claim is not backed by evidence then it is at best legendary. EntropicPrinciple (talk) 21:36, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

EntropicPrinciple, you really need to stop removing content and secondary sources without proper reasoning. Drmies (talk) 14:06, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ichthys


text:
Talk:Goldenberg scandal

comment
Article listed on WP:VFD Jul 18 to Jul 24 2004, consensus was to keep following page move. Discussion:

Um, what? RickK 23:14, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've moved it to Goldenberg scandal. See for example . Wile E. Heresiarch 00:46, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Btw it reads like it could be a copyvio, but I searched for some phrases from the article and came up empty-handed. Could have been copied from a print source, I guess. Anyway, there's no evidence of copyvio at present. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:51, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as Goldenberg scandal (which is encyclopedic), but the article needs serious work. It reads like a half-copyvio/half-stream-of-consciousness. --Ardonik 01:26, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, this is Kenya's Enron scandal (although far worse). — Matt 01:00, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

End archived discussion

Financed The Congo Civil War, Did It?
How did Goldenberg (1991 - 1994) finance the Congo Civil War which ran from 1997 - 2001 ? I'm deleting that claim, because it's not only unsourced, it seems impossible. Cadwallader (talk) 19:32, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Goldenberg scandal. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060216231347/http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=35939 to http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=35939
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041028193121/http://www.theindependent.co.zw/news/2004/February/Friday20/2089.html to http://www.theindependent.co.zw/news/2004/February/Friday20/2089.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070709214312/http://www.tikenya.org/documents/Goldenberg%20Report.pdf to http://www.tikenya.org/documents/Goldenberg%20Report.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071010045715/http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=36571 to http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=36571
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174929/http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=37978 to http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=37978
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040714153838/http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/corrupt/kenya.htm to http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/corrupt/kenya.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:15, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

IMF/World Bank
Zero mention of the IMF/World Bank imposed measures as a background? Here's some further reading: An Anatomy of Grand Fraud: The Goldenberg Scandal and the IMF/World Bank | Grynberg | Public Policy and Administration Research (iiste.org) Pieceofmetalwork (talk) 10:31, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Goldenberg scandal


text:
Lewis E. Parsons

Lewis Eliphalet Parsons (April 28, 1817–June 8, 1895) was the appointed provisional and 19th Governor of Alabama from June to December 1865, following the American Civil War.

Parsons was Alabama's 19th governor. He was born in Broome County, New York, on April 28, 1817. He was educated in public schools and studied law at the Frederick Tallmadge office in New York and the G.W. Woodward offices in Pennsylvania. Parsons moved to Talladega, Alabama, in 1840 and practiced law with Alexander White. He was a presidential elector in 1856 and 1860 and a member of the Alabama House of Representatives in 1859 and 1865. Parsons fought as a Confederate lieutenant at the brief Battle of Munford near Talladega in April 1865.

In April 1865, Alabama's civil government changed drastically because of the Confederate States Army's surrender. General George H. Thomas was ordered to manage state affairs until a provisional government was appointed. President Andrew Johnson appointed Parsons provisional governor of Alabama on June 21, 1865. His first deed was to reinstate the laws of 1861, except those about slavery. He ordered the election of delegates to a constitutional convention that met on September 12, 1865. The convention repealed the ordinance of secession, renounced the state's war debts, abolished slavery, and scheduled elections to choose state officials and representatives to Congress. He attempted to purchase the panhandle of Florida for Alabama, which sparked rumors that he had access to unclaimed confederate gold. Parsons's term ended on December 13, 1865, with the inauguration of Robert M. Patton. Parsons was elected to the U.S. Senate but was refused his seat by the Republican Party. In addition, he served as U.S. District Attorney for northern Alabama.

Memoirs of the Civil War
One of Parsons' most memorable lectures was made in New York after he visited the devastated city of Selma, Alabama, immediately following the war in 1865:

"It happened that Gen. James H. Wilson, of Illinois, with a large force of cavalry, some seventeen thousand (sic), commenced a movement from the Tennessee River, and a point in the northwest of the State of Alabama, diagonally across the State. His troops penetrated to the centre and then radiated from Selma in every direction, through one of the most productive regions of the South. That little city of Selma had about ten thousand inhabitants. Its defenses were carried by assault on one of the first Sunday evenings in April, the sun being about an hour high. Before another sun rose, every house in the city was sacked, except two. Every woman was robbed of her watch, her earrings, her finger-rings, her jewelry of all descriptions; and the whole city was given up, for the time, to the possession of the soldiers. It was a severe discipline to the people. It was thought necessary by the commanding general, to subdue the spirit of rebellion. For one week the forces under General Wilson occupied the little town ... Indeed, after three weeks had elapsed, it was with difficulty you could travel the road from Plantersville to that city (Selma), so offensive was the atmosphere, in consequence of decaying horses and mules that lay along the road-side. Every description of ruin, except the interred dead of the human family, met the eye. I witnessed it myself. The fact is, that no description can equal the reality."

Death and burial
Parsons died on June 8, 1895, and is buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery, Talladega, Alabama.

Family
Parsons' son Lewis E. Parsons Jr. served as United States Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama. His grandson, James K. Parsons was a career United States Army officer who attained the rank of major general and received the Distinguished Service Cross for heroism in World War I.

title: Lewis E. Parsons


text:
Aja people

The Aja or Adja are an ethnic group native to south-western Benin and south-eastern Togo. According to oral tradition, the Aja migrated to southern Benin in the 12th or 13th century from Tado on the Mono River, and c. 1600, three brothers, Kokpon, Do-Aklin, and Te-Agbanlin, split the ruling of the region then occupied by the Aja amongst themselves: Kokpon took the capital city of Great Ardra, reigning over the Allada kingdom; Do-Aklin founded Abomey, which would become capital of the Kingdom of Dahomey; and Te-Agbanlin founded Little Ardra, also known as Ajatche, later called Porto Novo (literally, "New Port") by Portuguese traders and the current capital city of Benin.

History
Those Aja living in Abomey mingled with the local people, thus creating a new people known as the Fon, or "Dahomey" ethnic group. This group is now the largest in Benin. Another source claims the Aja were the rulers of Dahomey (Benin) until 1893, when the French conquered them. Currently, there are approximately 500,000 Ajas in an area straddling the border between Benin and Togo, 30 mi long and 20 mi wide.

The Aja speak a language known as Aja-Gbe, or simply 'Aja'; only 1-5% are literate in their native tongue. According to one source, voodoo originated with the Aja. Most Gbe speaking people especially the Ewe and Fon trace their origins to Adja Tado (formerly known as Azame ) and consider Adja as their mother tribe. The Gbe people claimed to have met the Alu, Za along with some light skinned dwarfish people with straight hair - possibly pygmies or remnant bushmen (San) -in the vicinity when they arrived from southwest Nigeria via Ketou. Scarcity of natural resources, overpopulation and chieftaincy disputes contributed to the separation and dispersal of both the Ewe and later the Fon from Adja. The Awormezi ( the paramount stool) of Anlo in the Volta Region of Ghana is reputed to be the original stool of Adja Tado and was taken away by Torgbui Sri ( a prince) to Notsie when succession dispute arose among the claimants of the stool after the death of the occupant. An outbreak of smallpox decimated the Adja population in ancient times, thus reducing their population in comparison to the descendant Ewe or Fon. There are three dialects: Tàgóbé (in Togo only), Dògóbè (in Benin only), and Hwègbè (in both countries). Many are trilingual, also speaking French and Fongbe, the lingua-franca of southern Benin, while Ewe is spoken as a second language by those Aja living in Togo and Ghana.

Due to severe land shortages in the densely populated Togolese-Beninois border region mentioned above, many Aja have migrated in recent years, seeking arable land for subsistence farming or work in urban centers. There are a significant number of Aja living throughout the coastal region of Benin and Togo, southern Nigeria and Gabon. The urban centers of Cotonou, Lome, Lagos and Libreville all have significant Aja migrant populations.

The Aja, Fon, Ewe, Ga-Adangbe accounted for most of the people carried to the Americas from the Bight of Benin, Togo and Ghana in the transatlantic slave trade prior to the late eighteenth century (when Yoruba people became the more common captives from the region).

Etymology

Yoruba language- Ata: ado: mi - Now the village will grow and prosper

Adja Tado was originally known as Azame. In ancient times there was a debilitating smallpox outbreak in Adja Tado resulting in a massive loss of life. A Yoruba traditional priest purified the town and stemmed the spread of the epidemic.

He assured the survivors in his native Yoruba with those words and with the passage of time, Azame came to be known as Atado.

title: Aja people


text:
Walter Nicks

Walter Nicks (July 26, 1925 – April 3, 2007) was an African-American modern dancer, choreographer, and teacher of jazz and modern dance. He was a certified master teacher of Katherine Dunham technique. He was professionally active for nearly 60 years.

Biography
Nicks was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and was raised in Cleveland, Ohio, where he graduated from Central High School. From 1942 to 1944 he attended Howard University. His early dance training took place at Cleveland's Karamu Settlement House.

He studied dance at the Katherine Dunham School in New York (1945), whose teachers included Dunham, Lavinia Williams, Talley Beatty, Tommy Gomez, Archie Savage and Marie Bryant. He also studied with José Limón, Robert Joffrey, Karel Shook, Louis Horst and Doris Humphrey.

Dunham awarded him (1947) a fellowship to study for a Master Teaching Certificate in Dunham Technique, which he received in 1948.

In 1947 Nicks was appointed Assistant Director of Dance at the Dunham School, a position which he held until 1953.

In 1948-49 he danced in the Benny Goodman Jazz Review on a 13-month tour.

Nicks left the Dunham School in 1953. Forming a small company, "El Ballet Negro de Walter Nicks," in Mexico, he performed at the Insurgentes Theatre in Mexico City in a production starring Cantinflas; at the Sans Souci in Havana; on television in the Dominican Republic, and at the Condado Beach Hotel in San Juan. Also during this period, he spent five months in Haiti observing Vodou dances.

Upon his return to New York, he became an instructor with the Phillips-Fort Studio (1954–55). In 1954 he performed with Joe Nash and others in Donald McKayle's "Games" at the 92nd Street Y.

Nicks died 3 April 2007 in Brooklyn, New York.

Achievements
Nicks is noted for:
 * Dancer in My Darlin' Aida, 1952
 * Dancer and Assistant Choreographer for House of Flowers in Philadelphia and on Broadway (working under choreographers George Balanchine and Herbert Ross), 1954–55. He coached Arthur Mitchell, Geoffrey Holder, Carmen De Lavallade, Dolores Harper, Louis Johnson, Donald McKayle, Albert Popwell and Glory Van Scott and others.
 * Assistant Choreographer for Jamaica under Jack Cole, working with Alvin Ailey and Christyne Lawson, 1957–59
 * Assistant Choreographer for Carmen Jones under Oona White at City Center Theatre
 * John Hay Whitney Fellowship to study cultural dances in Brazil (1956–1957)
 * Choreorographer for Harry Belafonte (1959–1963); he choreographed Belafonte specials on CBS-TV: "Tonight with Belafonte" (1959) which won Belafonte an Emmy, "New York 19" (1960), "Look Up and Live." and several Belafonte stage productions that toured the country, including "Sing, Man, Sing" (1956), with dancers Alvin Ailey and Mary Hinkson, and "Belafonte '63".

Nicks introduced jazz dance instruction to Europe at the International Academy of Dance in Krefeld, Germany (1959).

In Sweden, under the auspices of Lia Schubert, Nicks became a consultant at the University of Stockholm (1960–67), a guest instructor at the Swedish Ballet Academy (1960), and performed there with his small company (1961–65). He appeared several times on Swedish television in the 1960s; of particular importance was the series "Introduction to Jazz Ballet" with Schubert (1966). He was professor and Director of Jazz Dance at Stockholm's Statens Dansskola (1967–1971). He choreographed the Swedish production of West Side Story (1968). He danced in a 1969 concert of Duke Ellington's sacred music with the Duke Ellington Orchestra at Gustaf Vasa Church in Stockholm, which was broadcast on Swedish television.

As a consultant to the government of Guinea in 1963, Nicks studied traditional dances and formulated recommendations which resulted in the formation of Le Ballet National Djoliba by President Sékou Touré.

In the Summer of 1972, at the request of the French Federation of Dance, Nicks founded the Walter Nicks Dance Theatre Workshop. Under the auspices of the Federation, the company toured France and Belgium, and later performed in the French Caribbean.

Nicks taught at international dance workshops and festivals in Germany, France, Israel, Spain, Italy, Finland, and East Berlin. For several years he taught at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen-Werden, Germany.

Meanwhile, Nicks continued to be professionally active in the United States. The Walter Nicks Dance Theatre Workshop was affiliated with the Connecticut College American Dance Festival for several years beginning in 1973. It was community oriented, and concert performances were accompanied by workshops, lecture demonstrations and dance instruction.

The Nicks company participated in the National Endowment for the Arts's "Artists-in-the-Schools" program for nine years (1973–1981).

Nicks was co-founder and Artistic Director of Centre Formation Professionelle in Poitiers, France (1982–1992).

He choreographed "Spirit Blues" for the National Ballet of Finland, which premiered on 19 October 1989 at the Finnish National Opera.

The Walter Nicks Dance Theatre Workshop was based since its inception at the Church of the Intercession in Manhattan, where Nicks performed with his dancers in the Palm Sunday pageant through 2002.

Nicks was a faculty member/resident artist at Connecticut College (American Dance Festival), University of Maryland, Bard College, Duke University (1991), and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (1992–94).

Recent work

 * Choreographed "Trance Atlantic" for Philadanco (2000)
 * Taught at Howard University
 * Taught and performed at the Katherine Dunham celebration at Jacobs Pillow in 2002
 * Served on the faculty of the New York City Board of Education's Dance Institute (Summer, 2002)

Nicks was on the Executive Committee of the International Association of Blacks in Dance, and on the Advisory Board of the Black Arts Network Diaspora. He was a recipient of The Balasaraswati/Joy Ann Dewey Beinecke Endowed Chair for Distinguished Teaching from the American Dance Festival.

title: Walter Nicks


text:
Aja language (Nilo-Saharan)

Aja is a Central Sudanic language spoken in the southern South Sudanese province of Bahr el Ghazal and along the South Sudanese border in the Central African Republic. Although the Aja are ethnically Kresh, their language is unintelligible to other Kresh languages. It is largely Banda in vocabulary, though it remains Kresh in structure. Most members of the tribe are bilingual in Kresh. Alternate spellings are Adja and Ajja.

title: Aja language (Nilo-Saharan)


text:
User talk:XGrape

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Skumlemainnen
Do you know anything about Skumlemainnen ?

File:Lillesand kommunevaapen.gif listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Lillesand kommunevaapen.gif, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Skier Dude ( talk ) 20:18, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:XGrape


text:
User talk:Brizvegite

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Brizvegite


text:
Belly of the Beast

Belly of the Beast is a 2003 American action film directed by Hong Kong film director Ching Siu-tung in his American directorial debut, and starring Steven Seagal, who also produced. The film co-stars Byron Mann, Monica Lo and Tom Wu. Seagal plays Jake Hopper, a former CIA agent on a quest to find his kidnapped daughter. The film was released on direct-to-DVD in the United States on December 30, 2003; the film recouped its budget from the US home video market alone.

Plot
Ten years ago, CIA agent Jake Hopper was stationed in Thailand. A fight with thugs resulted in his partner, Sunti escaping with his life after accidentally killing a woman. Following that, Jake left the CIA and returned to the United States when his wife died, while Sunti became a Buddhist monk to atone for his sins. Following his retirement, Jake becomes a successful businessman running a private security business while being a devoted father to his now-adult daughter Jessica.

While hiking in Thailand, Jessica and her friend Sara Winthorpe, the daughter of U.S. Senator John Winthorpe, are kidnapped. A group of Islamic fundamentalists known as the Abu Karaf claims responsibility. The Abu Karaf demand the release of 20 prisoners from American custody. Tom Collins, an ex-colleague of Jake's, recognizes Jessica on the ransom tape, and he tips Jake off. Knowing that Jake must rescue the girls himself, a former CIA colleague puts him in contact with Leon Washington, an active CIA agent who is working in Thailand. Jake goes to Bangkok, and he escapes an assassination attempt by gangsters and unknown forces.

Meanwhile, Leon arranges a meeting for himself with Soku, the internal security chief for General Jantapan, a rebel military general who is making a play to be one of the most powerful men in Thailand. Secretly, Jantapan is messing with some very dangerous spiritual forces. Soku provides Jake with a cover story, but the CIA wants Jake out of the way because they are planning to take out the Abu Karaf with the aid of the Thai army, and they do not want a civilian in the middle. As a spiritual man, Jake contacts his spiritual master, Buddhist monk Paijan Paitoon. As Jake descends into trouble, Paitoon offers to arrange a divination from the oracle of the order. After enlisting the help of Sunti, Jake gets Lulu, the girlfriend of arms dealer Fitch McQuoid, to steal information leading to the Abu Karaf.

Jake and Sunti follow the leads to a warehouse where they discover evidence of highly sophisticated weaponry. With their enemies now after Lulu, Jake takes Lulu under his wing. He then shares some of his info with Leon still testing the waters. Another attempt is made on Jake's life, and this time, Jake's sure that Leon was involved.

Finally, the Abu Karaf contact Jake to arrange a meeting to see the pieces are coming together. Jake figures out that it was not the Abu Karaf who kidnapped Jessica and Sarah. Jake gets his reading from the old oracle, and the cryptic message confirms that his fears, demonic spiritual forces, are working against him. Jantapan later goes to an evil temple and tries to send the spirit of an ancient warrior demon to kill Jake, but the ceremony goes wrong and the spirit enters Jantapan himself, giving him evil physical and spiritual powers, disguised as feats.

Jake and Sunti go to meet Mongkol, the leader of the Abu Karaf. Mongkol confirms what Jake suspects; ever since the terrorist attacks of 2001, Jantapan has worked to corner the narcotics and arms markets. He also adds that Jantapan kidnapped the girls and blamed the Abu Karaf so the army would wipe out Jantapan's competition. Mongkol, knowing where the girls are, gives Jake plans and intelligence, as they both need the girls alive. Jake must engage in a rescue effort that will put him to the ultimate test as he takes on Jantapan in a battle in which death may be the only ending.

Later that night, Jake and Sunti plan to rescue the girls, who are locked in a cell in Jantapan's mansion. After killing two gang members guarding the cell and freeing the girls, a group of corrupt Thai policemen intervene and make a deadly shootout but end up dead through the firearms of the two. Meanwhile, Sunti kills the rest of the cops while Jake battles with Jantapan in the upstairs living room. Jake kills Jantapan by disarming him and breaking his neck. He returns downstairs which is now full of dead bodies of Thai police and embraces the girls and then Sunti only to discover he is fatally injured. Sunti wishes Jake farewell before dying in his arms. Military forces led by Leon and their General enter, but Leon orders them to hold fire after seeing Jake with the dead Sunti and the kidnapped girls.

After the battle, a Buddhist funeral with Jake in the lead is seen. Jake steps into the river and throws Sunti's ashes in the water. A vision of Sunti smiling fades in and later fades out. Jake was looking at the river and saying "Goodbye, brother."

Production
Belly of the Beast is set and was filmed in Bangkok, Thailand, and was filmed over 42 days from February 3 to March 17, 2003.

The film ends with words saying "In Loving Memory of our friend Trevor Murray," who was the film's production designer. Murray died from natural causes in Bangkok during the last few days of filming.

Reception
Scott Weinberg of eFilmCritic.com gives the film 1.5/5 and is highly critical of Seagal: "It's not just that Seagal makes awful movies; it's that he makes the exact same awful movies over and over." Empire gave the film 1/5, saying that even compared to other Seagal films "this one is especially woeful".

Home media
The film was released in Region 1 DVD in the United States on December 30, 2003, and Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 16 February 2004 by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment.

title: Belly of the Beast


text:
Aja of Kosala

Aja (अज) is a king featured in Hindu texts. He is the son of Raghu. His paternal grandfather is the pious king Dilipa. He rules the kingdom of Kosala on the southern banks of the river Sarayu, with Ayodhya as his capital. His wife Indumati is the princess of Vidarbha, and his son is Dasharatha, the father of Rama, an avatar of the Hindu deity Vishnu.

The name Aja is referenced in the Rigveda. In the second phase of Battle of Ten Kings (in RV 1.018.19), the local chieftain Bhida is stated to have been defeated along with three other tribes — Ajas, Śighras, and the Yakṣus by Sudas.

Legend
Indumati used to be an apsara, a celestial damsel named Harini, in her previous birth. Once, Indra grew apprehensive of the rigorous penance practiced by the sage Trinabindu, and sent her against him for disrupting his penance. By exhibiting in front of him her attractive form, she succeeded in interrupting his penance. As a result, the enraged sage cursed her to be born as a mortal woman on earth, and remain there till she beholds celestial flower on the earth. In due course, she was born as a princess of Vidarbha, and chose king Aja as her husband during her svayamvara. Soon, Dasharatha was born to them. However, her time on earth soon came to its end. Once, while sage Narada was traversing the sky, a garland of his veena fell on Indumati, redeeming her from the curse. Regaining the form of an apsara, she vanished from the earth, leaving Aja behind. King Dasharatha was only eight months old when Indumati died.

Aja was so grief-stricken when his wife died that he ran into the palace and performed suicide. He is also described to have died due to heartbreak.

Kalidasa's Raghuvamsha states that Vashishtha sent his student to console him. Aja, however, never recovered from his pain, and after having ruled for a few more years, he died.

title: Aja of Kosala


text:
Thomas H. Watts

Thomas Hill Watts Sr. (January 3, 1819 – September 16, 1892) was the 18th Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from 1863 to 1865, during the Civil War.

Early life
Watts was born at Pine Flat in the Alabama Territory on January 3, 1819, the oldest of twelve children born to John Hughes Watts and Prudence Hill, who had moved from Georgia to find the better lands of the frontier. He was of English and Welsh ancestry. Prepared for college at the Airy Mount Academy in Dallas County, Watts graduated with honors from the University of Virginia in 1840. The next year, he passed the bar examination and began practicing law in Greenville. In 1848 he moved his lucrative law practice to Montgomery. He also became a successful planter, enslaving 179 people in 1860.

Political career
Politically, Watts adopted a pro-Union stance during the 1850s. Still, on the eve of the Civil War, he played an important role in the declared secession of Alabama and was one of the signers of the secession ordinance. Defeated by John Gill Shorter in an 1861 bid for governor, Watts organized the 17th Regiment Alabama Infantry and led it at Pensacola and Corinth, but resigned as its colonel to become the Confederacy's attorney general in President Jefferson Davis' cabinet.

Governor of Alabama
In 1863 Watts was elected Governor of Alabama. Assuming office on December 1, he began an eighteen-month governorship when impressment, tax-in-kind, and other severe wartime economic measures had become most odious. Worthless Confederate money, lack of credit possibilities, irregular supplies of goods, impressment efforts that often amounted to pillage and plunder, and harsh (and unevenly applied) taxes-in-kind levied on agriculture convinced many people that they preferred the "Old Union" to the "new despotism".

The desire to raise troops for the Confederate States Army became more urgent. There was insurmountable resistance to appeals to the male population to form volunteer companies and appeals to the state legislature to reorganize the awkward two-class militia. Some critics of Watts thought he should concentrate on forcing deserters back into military service. The legislature's failure to act meant that the state, and the Confederacy, would not have an effective militia in the final critical months of the war. Furthermore, the Confederate Conscription Act of February 17, 1864, inaugurated a policy of conscription that inevitably led to conflict between the state and the Confederacy.

By September 1864, another turbulent issue confronted Governor Watts: the opening negotiations for peace. A faction in the Alabama House of Representatives introduced resolutions in favor of the negotiations. Governor Watts was also faced with rising desertion rates, states' rights issues, including the controversy over the conscription of the cadets at the University of Alabama, the issue of which state civil officials were exempt from conscription, the defense of Mobile, blockade-running, and cotton trading with Europe.

During the winter of 1864–65, Governor Watts had to deal with the increasing number of sacrifices demanded of his state, the breakdown of authority, the drain on war power, and an evaporating hope of victory, all of which contributed to the state's war-weariness. Governor Watts was aware of his ineffectiveness and unpopularity by this time and made no effort toward re-election, although he continued to talk optimistically about the military situation. Watts was arrested for treason to the union in Union Springs, Alabama, on May 1, 1865. He was released a few weeks later and returned to Montgomery.

He died twenty-seven years later, on September 16, 1892, in Montgomery, Alabama.

Family
On January 10, 1842, he wed Eliza Brown Allen, and they had ten children.

Watts was the great-great-grandfather of white nationalist Dr. William Luther Pierce.

title: Thomas H. Watts


text:
Walter Flanders

Walter Emmett Flanders (March 4, 1871 – June 18, 1923) was an American industrialist in the machine tool and automotive industries and was an early mass production expert.

Early life
Flanders was born March 4, 1871, in Rutland, Vermont, the son of Dr. George Flanders and Mary (Goodwin) Flanders, the oldest of three children. He was educated in Vermont and left school as a teenager to begin working as a mechanic and machinist.

Career
Recognized as an expert in the field of machine tools, in 1905 he obtained a contract to produce 5,000 crankcases for Henry Ford. His success led Ford to recruit Flanders to the Ford Motor Company in 1906 to become the company's production manager"  During his two years at Ford, Flanders helped orient its operations toward the coming era of mass production, including introducing the concepts of fixed monthly output and of transferring some of the carrying of parts inventories from the Ford company to its suppliers. He also rearranged the layout of machine tools in the plant to improve efficiency by creating a more orderly sequence of operations.  This work formed a foundation on which others at Ford would build as they spent the next five years (1908–1913) developing the concept of the modern assembly line.

Flanders left Ford in 1908 to co-found the E-M-F Company, which was acquired by Studebaker in 1910. Later he founded the United States Motor Company, and he reorganized Maxwell after the fall of the United States Motor Company. In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson consulted with Flanders and other automobile industry leaders, including Henry Ford, William C. Durant, and John Dodge to determine the best methods for producing vehicles to equip the U.S. military for World War I.

Flanders played a role in the Rickenbacker Motor Company, founded in 1921.

Flanders also produced more than 2,000 motorcycles from 1911 to 1912 of which about two dozen still exist today. An example was on display at the AMA Motorcycle Museum in Columbus, Ohio. Another is at the Barber Vintage Motorsports Museum.

Death and burial
Flanders died in Newport News, Virginia, on June 18, 1923, as the result of complications following a car accident in which he'd been involved three days earlier. According to friends, he was en route to his home in Williamsburg when he tried to pass another car and lost control of his. He sustained a broken leg and several internal injuries, and his death was attributed to kidney failure. He was buried at Williamsburg Memorial Park in Williamsburg.

He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1994.

title: Walter Flanders


text:
Islamic Republic News Agency

The Islamic Republic News Agency (, Xabargozâri-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi), or IRNA (ایرنا), is the official news agency of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Founded on 13 November 1934 as Pars News Agency during the time of Reza Shah, it is government-funded and controlled under the Iranian Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. The agency also publishes the newspaper Iran. , the Managing Director of IRNA is Ali Naderi. IRNA has 60 offices in Iran and 30 more in various countries around the world.

History
In 1934, Pars Agency was established by the Foreign Ministry of Iran (Persia) as the country's official national news outlet. For the next six years it operated under the Iranian Foreign Ministry working to disseminate national and international news. Pars Agency published a bulletin twice daily in French and Persian, which it circulated among government officials, international news agencies in Tehran and the local press. In May 1940, the General Tablighat Department was founded and the agency then became an affiliate of the department. Agence France Press (AFP) was the first international news agency whose reports Pars Agency used. Gradually, the Iranian news agency expanded its sources of news stories to include those of Reuters, the Associated Press (AP) and the United Press International (UPI). An agreement with the Anatolia News Agency of Turkey further expanded the agency's news outlets to countries worldwide. The link-up also enabled it to provide classified bulletins to a limited number of high-ranking public officials.

In 1954, following a coup the reforms of the White Revolution helped to modernize the Pars Agency, leading to expanded news coverage, improved professional services and a better-educated staff. It went on air with radio broadcasts of international news translated into Persian, which it offered to local subscribers. Under the new regime, it operated under the supervision of various state offices and ministries such as the Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Post, Telegraph and Telephones, Office of the Prime Minister and the Labor Ministry until 1947. In 1957, the General Department of Tablighat fell under the supervision of the Publications Department of Tehran Radio as an independent department. In 1963 the activities of Pars Agency were brought under the newly created Information Ministry. Its name was changed to Pars News Agency, or PANA, and it began operating around the clock. In July 1975 the Iranian legislature passed a bill establishing the Ministry of Information and Tourism and changing the status of Pars News Agency to a joint public stock with capital assets of about 300 million rials. It then became an affiliate of the new ministry. Its Articles of Association in 23 paragraphs and notes were adopted by the then National Consultative Assembly of Iran.

After the Iranian Revolution in February 1979, the Council of the Islamic Revolution, in June 1979, renamed the Ministry of Information and Tourism to the National Guidance Ministry (or Ministry of National Guidance). The same year Pars News Agency was renamed as the Islamic Republic News Agency.

Controversies

IRNA has been placed under scrutiny in the past for spreading misinformation about various different events, including COVID-19, Israel, and the attempted assassination of Iraqi PM Mustafa al-Kadhimi. The organization's accuracy has been additionally questioned for citing The Onion, a satirical news website.

The following list documents different controversies or false claims:

 * The November 7, 2021 drone strike on Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi was a "false flag" attack by the United States.
 * "Extreme Zionists" and the Free Syrian Army do not believe in the threat of Covid-19.
 * Featuring an image of burning planes during the 2019 Gaza clashes, describing it as the aftermath of an Iranian airstrike on U.S. forces in Iraq.
 * An attack on protesters during the 2021 Sistan and Baluchistan protests was the product of foreign "involvement in inserting insurgency and unrest into Iran".
 * Edward Snowden released files alleging that Daesh was created by the United States, United Kingdom, and Israel.

title: Islamic Republic News Agency


text:
Aja (orisha)

Àjìjà, often elided as Ààjà, "wild wind", (called Eziza among the Edo where it is also known) is the Orisha of the whirlwind, forest, the animals within it and herbal medicine. In her forests she would find plants with medicinal properties and mix the herbs and roots and other plant parts together to find cures for the sick. She holds the secrets of botany and can be also looked to for help with trading and economic prosperity. Ajá shared much of her knowledge with humans waiting for someone to come and find her to share it with. This person was usually a shaman in training, or someone of the like.

It's believed that if someone is carried away by Ajá and then returns, they become a powerful medicine man or woman (Oníṣègùn). Ajija uses the whirlwind to lift, convey or transport people from their abodes into the jungle or some other unknown place to impact unto them the ways of herberlism. According to legend, when someone wants to learn the secrets or mysteries of herbs, they wander in the forest until they get lost therein. Ajija then appears to the lost votary who must not show any fear, after which they are taken and taught the curative powers of herbs and plants. Once the lessons are over, they will be guided out of the forest by Ajija. The journey supposedly will have a duration of between 7 days to 3 months, and the person is thought to have gone to the land of the dead or heaven. Ajá is considered one of the rarest Earth Spirits because she reveals herself to humans and not to harm or scare them.

title: Aja (orisha)


text:
John Gill Shorter

John Gill Shorter (April 23, 1818 – May 29, 1872) was an American politician who served as the 17th Governor of Alabama from 1861 to 1863. Before assuming the governorship, Shorter was a Deputy from Alabama to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States from February 1861 to December 1861.

Biography
John Gill Shorter was born on April 23, 1818, in Monticello, Georgia. History records him as a member of the planter class and an ardent secessionist. During his term of office, Shorter sent state troops to Randolph and other counties to put down resistance to the war effort. In the 1863 election, he was defeated by Thomas H. Watts by three votes to one. Shorter died on May 29, 1872, in Eufaula, Alabama.

title: John Gill Shorter