text:
Talk:Coral

=Resources=

Links
Some useful resources, particularly on the anatomy and life cycle of corals:

 * Coral lessons
 * Full coral report - NOS
 * Polyp picture detail
 * Good in depth description
 * NOAA Coral Reef Information System
 * Australian Institute of Marine Science Coral site (CC BY-NC 3.0)

Images
There are already many images on this page, but for the future here are a few I have found or added. The Commons has many images of coral, as do the many pages in other languages.

commons:Category:Anthozoa
 * → Spaully°τ 23:33, 30 March 2006 (GMT)

The gallery of photos at the bottom of the page is very sparse. There are only eight actual photographs of coral. There are many species and beautiful varieties of coral, and they are not properly represented by this minute selection of images. Guggenheimer.3 (talk) 17:44, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

Geological history
And like modern corals their fossil ancestors built reefs beneath the ancient seas. Some of these reefs now lie as great structures in the midst of sedimentary rocks. Such reefs can be found in the rocks of many parts of the world including those of the Ordovician period of Vermont, the Silurian period of the Michigan Basin and in many parts of Europe, the Devonian period of Canada and the Ardennes in Belgium, and the Cretaceous period of South America and Denmark. Reefs from both the Silurian and Carboniferous periods have been recorded as far north as Siberia, and as far south as Australia.

=Comments=

Marine biodiversity
Coral and very important to marine diversity. if a coral reef dies then that may effect many other species. I think this needs to be added to the article. Mary-Fe.Gipe (talk) 05:14, 25 January 2020 (UTC)

No mention of slowest growth on earth
Came looking for details on growth rates which I know take among longest on earth, found nil. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.224.221.149 (talk) 21:11, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

Water temperature
I changed the phrase "Coral will also die if the water temperature changes by more than a degree or two and becomes too hot or too cold" because I felt it was misleading. It made it sound like if the current ocean temperature was 25C, then the coral would die if the temperature changed to 24C or 26C. This is not accurate since ocean temperature varies from summer to winter by as much as 5 degrees in the tropics where coral exist. What the statement should convey is that if the normal temperature range is between 20-25C, and if the ocean temperature rises to 26C or drops to 19C for a sustained period of time, then the coral will die. --Uw badgers 17:19, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No need to explain improvements, and clearly you know about that of which you speak - Marshman 18:12, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Just a word of warning - corals thrive at the upper limits of their temperature threshold and the limits for thermal bleaching varies significantly depending on the species and geographical location. Frequently corals thrive in 28C waters and only bleach when this threshold is exceeded by a degree. The severity and impact of bleaching is strongly dependant on both temperature and duration of the event, with additional factors such as UV penetration (cloud cover) and tidal regime.

- Acropora 09:40, 01 Nov 2005 (UTC)

It's also worth mentioning that according to adaptive bleaching hypothesis a change in water temperature leading to bleaching doesn't have to mean corals 'die' anyway. They may (or, admittedly, may not) bleach for the purpose of aquiring zooxanthellae that is more suited to the new temperature. Mwinskill 13:06, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Geological history
Added ==Geological history== text from an article I originally wrote in 1998 and published on the Web.

Dlloyd 20:29, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Portions of this text are :

"Copyright © 1995-1997 The Fossil Company Ltd. © 1997-1999 The British Fossil Company Inc. and licensed by the owner under the terms of the Wikipedia copyright." Please contact me if you need further clarification on this.

Dlloyd 00:45, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Symbionts
Are the symbiotic algae interstitial or intracellular? What kind of algae are they? — Pekinensis 00:53, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You can find answers at Zooxanthella. --Menchi 01:35, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Corals not a taxon
I do not agree with your reasoning. "Coral(s)" is a common name, but common names are associated with specific taxa, and common name article titles that refer to a specific genus or even a species are used throughout Wikipedia. These common names are not really "taxa" either. The purpose of a taxobox (I think) is to provide taxonomic information down to the level that is reflected in the article. Thus, "fishes" has a taxobox showing how fishes are related to other vertebrates. I am reinstating, but welcome you and others to comment. - Marshman 18:11, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Too quick?
I may have reverted your bad sentence before you had a chance to correct it. Sorry 8^) - Marshman 04:03, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Animals?
Why the hech are corals considered animals? --71.241.159.88 12:22, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Because they clearly are animals. Up close, they look like miniature sea anemones. Hermatypic corals do harbor algae, but these are symbionts living within the coral tussue - Marshman 18:33, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

I do not disagree in the fact that they're animals, because I'm not an expert in the subject and there seems to be an overwhelming consense about that. However, I'm just asking, do they have a nervous system or any other way or mechanism that could make them feel pain? Because if they're not animals, they're probably the closest an animal will ever be to a plant. Well... I guess. Alejandro Alatorre Vargaslugo (talk) 18:27, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

 * A nervous system isn't what makes an organism an animal. I would imagine that they do have a limited nervous system similar to that of jellyfish, since they are both cnidarians. With that being said, the ability to feel pain isn't exclusive to having a nervous system. It's still not a consensus as to whether or not fish can feel pain. The part that makes them an animal is the necessity to consume other organisms (heterotrophy) for energy. Plants can "make" their own food (autotrophy), animals must consume other plants or animals to get theirs. That, and their development, e.g. having a larval stage, are what make them animals. Their larvae can move, plants cannot. I think I've made it clear, if not just post again here and I'll answer your questions. Esox  id t 19:01, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Corals and Anthozoa
Having read through the article carefully and looked at the old Anthozoa page I think this article should more clearly define which organisms it describes, perhaps splitting them into 'soft corals' and 'stony corals' as opposed to a purely phylogenetic grouping. To preserve the phylogenetic information I will reinstate the Anthozoa article with some modifications, to fully remove information about anemonies from this article. That's my rationale for my edits, feel free to comment or change it. |→ Spaully°τ 23:33, 30 March 2006 (GMT)

Add Smithsonian Education link?
Hello! I am a writer for the Smithsonian's Center for Education, which publishes Smithsonian in Your Classroom, a magazine for teachers. An online version of an issue titled "Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine" is available for free at this address:

http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/contrast/cover.html

It includes a background essay and lesson plans. If you think the audience would find this valuable, I wish to invite you to include it as an external link. We would be most grateful.

Thank you so much for your attention.

Coral Cuts
Found in Environmental effects on coral

"They are so sensitive to their environment that, for example, if someone was to cut themselves on a coral cut it would be of a high risk of infection. This is because the coral will plant itself within the wound and act as a sort of parasite, growing in the cut. It will appear as a rash at first and is highly dangerous."

It is not clear how bearing the ability to cause an infection "equals sensitive to their environment" or is an environmental effect on coral. Perhaps it would be better to create a separate section regarding human and coral interaction and safety? --Bookofchange 00:39, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Probably the meaning was "evolved to be so protective of their environment that ..." 92.5.21.221 (talk) 07:16, 4 April 2016 (UTC) Sam - UK

Good article nomination
Hi there. This is an excellent article with very good illustrations. Some small things to tidy up though, before the nomination goes through.

General comments
 * The intro is a little too technical for the "general reader" we are told to aim for. I had a go at simplifying this but this isn't my field.
 * Not really enough references. No refs at all in Geological history or Uses and they are a bit sparse elsewhere.

Specific comments
 * Lophelia, do not have associated algae, and can live in much deeper water, with recent finds as deep as 3000 m. Needs a reference since it is a direct reference to sombody's publication.
 * Done. Tug201 05:05, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The copyright tag for the Nematocyst figure has expired.
 * I imported this from the Ukranian WP, there the licensing has been clarified, so have copied it to here also. |→ Spaully°τ 11:10, 5 April 2007 (GMT)

 * The coral life cycles figure would display better as a SVG image.
 * I created this a while ago, and don't know anything about creating SVGs, if anyone wants to convert it then please do (and have a go at the Nematocyst one too if you can). |→ Spaully°τ 11:10, 5 April 2007 (GMT)

 * "What we see as a coral is a head of many individual, yet genetically identical, polyps." This seems a clunky sentence. Would "assembly" be a good substitute for "head"?
 * Changed to "assemblage" Tug201 09:52, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Changed back to head, this is the correct term for a coral - a head of coral. |→ Spaully°τ 11:10, 5 April 2007 (GMT)

 * "Calciferous" is used before it is defined.
 * Calciferous simply refers to anything that of, forming, or containing calcium or calcium carbonate. I see no need for a definition in this article. Tug201 05:05, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Now linked also. |→ Spaully°τ 09:44, 10 April 2007 (GMT)

 * Try to avoid using "this" or "these" when multiple things are being discussed, it can be unclear what "this" is to your reader.
 * I think this has been dealt with in the lead, if that is the main area of concern. |→ Spaully°τ 09:44, 10 April 2007 (GMT)

 * division forms two polyps as large as the original Doesn't binary division forms two offspring each half as large as the parent?
 * It is a slow process and, as in the image, the resultant polyps are both full size. I have changed the sentence to be clearer on this. |→ Spaully°τ 11:10, 5 April 2007 (GMT)

 * They are so sensitive to their environment that, for example, if someone was to cut themselves on a coral cut it would be of a high risk of infection. I don't understand this sentence.
 * This sentence no longer appears to be present. Tug201 07:13, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Overall excellent. I learnt a lot from this. TimVickers 01:03, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Since none of these points were addressed, the nomination failed. I encourage you to deal with these relatively minor points and re-submit. TimVickers 03:54, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments Tim, I had worked on this a while ago but not got it to a state of completion. Hopefully I'll be able to spend some time getting it to good status. |→ Spaully°τ 11:10, 5 April 2007 (GMT)

 * i think that this is a good website for finding information but sumtimes there is not enough information or the information is not what you are looking for. I have found this on many occasions.  I think that this website needs to gathe more information to suit the needs of all people.

 * The information on coral is very good but i think that it needs more information on appearence and physical features than it has already. I believe that this will make the article better and that it will be more informative to readers.  Overall very well presented and the pictures were good.
 * Bold textThis is a disgraceful display of useful information. I AM DISGUSTED WITH THE WAY THAT YOU WROTE WITHOUGHT USING DESCRIPTIVE WORDS AND PHRASES.  OVERALL I WAS NOT AT ALL PLEASED WITH ANY OF THE ARTICLE.
 * GOOD INFO —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.7.175.63 (talk • contribs) 08:29, 26 November, 2006 (UTC)

name
Where did the actual word "coral" come from? A greek god maybe? Some scientific shorthand name? It would be cool if this info was near the top of this webpage JayKeaton 00:07, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * As coral is so old, it's a simple case of Greek + Latin --> French --> English. Unfortunately nothing exotic. |→ Spaully°τ 16:11, 5 April 2007 (GMT)

myth about coral cuts
Should there really be a section on this? Couldn't you jut add it somewhere else instead of having a really specific topic talking about something small? I think it should be add3ed to another topic or have more myths about coral.The SOAD Fan 00:23, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I've hacked it out.  I've put it below just for the record.  --Plumbago 08:59, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Myth about coral cuts

 * There is a widespread myth that coral debris in a wound will continue to grow. This is not true; the temperature and other conditions in a human body will very quickly kill the delicate coral polyps.  The myth may stem from tiny chunks of coral in a wound taking a long time to be expelled, giving the impression that they grew there.

 * Bacterial infection, however, from sea water is a serious danger of coral wounds; therefore, such wounds should be thoroughly cleaned, as described by this page from the University of Hawaii.

 * I appreciate the advise but its a little late to clean out my wound any further. Regardless of whether I did or not, 14 months later after completely healing and scaring over it started itching and became infected again. I am doubtful it is growing but it definitely took on a life of its own. Yes, it would be nice to see a separate article on this.

 * I'll toss my two cents in here. Corals have naturally occurring bacteria associated with their SML (surface mucopolysaccharide layers), which are distinct to each species. I don't know what sort of effect this has on the human body, but my guess would be that any infection would arise from the bacteria on the SML of the coral rather than from bacteria in ocean water. The bacteria can include proteobacteria (α, β, γ, δ), bacteroidetes, cyanobacteria, as well as other various bacteria. Some human pathogens are included in γ-proteobacteria: salmonella (typhoid fever), vibrio (cholera), E. coli. I don't know of any studies showing if any coral associated bacteria is harmful to humans though, so don't quote me on this. Esox id t 15:06, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

GA status: on hold
This article, although close, doesn't quite make the Good Article status. There are a few, mainly minor, things that I feel could be improved.

 * Lead - the introductory section (before the ToC) is very long! I interpret the '3-4 paragraphs' mentioned in the guidelines to be less substantial than this.
 * List of genera - I would remove this list or provide it as a supplementary table. It is not likely to be of interest (or mean anything!) to the passing reader without a scientific background.
 * Timline width: On my monitor, the timeline with fossil ranges (which is an excellent addition, I must add!) protrudes past the edge and messes up the format of the whole page. Could it be split in two, perhaps at the end of the Permian? I wonder if there's a way to split it as required by resizing wondows - perhaps two Timelines placed side to side could be made to behave in a suitable fashion?

 * Conciseness - there are several places in which the article goes into slightly too much detail or incorporates less-that-relevant snippets of trivia. For example, the lengthy list of fossil reef localities is unneccessary. The section on environmental effects could also be trimmed substantially.

Hence I've provided the status 'on hold' until these issues are addressed.

Verisimilus 14:11, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your time and comments, I have tried to address them all:
 * The lead is now shorter and I think better organised, take a look but it certainly abides by MOS now.
 * Good point on the genera. I have removed it to Anthozoa and written a short paragraph of information with a link to that as a main page.
 * The way the timeline code works makes it quite difficult to split it into two. I have made it considerably less wide, so it should now work for 800x600.  I don't think there is any easy way to make it only split for smaller window sizes, another option is to lose the last 100my or so, but I'd prefer not to do that if possible.
 * The fossil reef list is mostly gone with a few kept for illustrative purposes. I have shortened the last 3 sections a little and reorganised them somewhat.  I don't want to lose much more info from the environmental section, though at some point it could be substantially expanded and split out.

 * Let me know what you think, I hope this has addressed your points. |→ Spaully₪† 17:11, 10 April 2007 (GMT)

 * As noted on your talk page, this is a great improvement, but I'd like to encourage more tidying to the style. Also, note that the taxobox needs updating - either the orders should be included here, or the reference to their inclusion in the text should be removed. Keep up the good work! Verisimilus 18:29, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Okay, I think we're about there with the lead now. I hope you agree with my removal of the Scleractinian-specific information - I feel this is too much of a deviation for so early in the article.

Another point I've been reluctant to mention is the use of images on both sides of the text, as prohibited in the style manual. I'm scratching my head in so far as what to do about this, but it is causing nasty things to happen to the layout in my browser so needs addressing!

If I get the chance, I'll have a look at the rest of the article in the morning; hopefully some more keen editors will also come forwards over the next couple of days - the more fresh eyes the better, I suppose!

Verisimilus 22:09, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I returned part of the sentence about secreted skeleton which I think is essential in some form, but yes, most of it was superfluous.
 * On the images, are you referring to 'sandwiching' text? I have tried to avoid this but we might have to remove an image, though most of them are demonstrating a point.  Which ones are causing problems for you?  The MOS encourages staggering them left and right however.
 * Getting ever closer! |→ Spaully₪† 23:16, 10 April 2007 (GMT)

 * Yes - there's still some sandwiching in the Anatomy section, but it only really 'turns nasty' when the ToC is hidden and the taxobox starts shifting things around. The 'edit section links' (in Firefox at highish resolution, in any case) go into unexpected locations... Again, however, a huge improvement from before!Verisimilus 08:40, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * ✅. I have moved the image to lower in the anatomy section, works fine now for me with TOC minimised or normal and with a range of widths. |→ Spaully₪† 09:54, 15 April 2007 (GMT)

Images ✅
I'm a little concerned about the copyright status of Image:Nematocyst-discharge process.png. It does look like it's been swiped from a text book, and the artist surely counts as the 'original author'. Unless my strong doubts can be quashed, I'm afraid it would have to count as a 'non free image without a fair use rationale', and have to be replaced before GA could be granted. Verisimilus 08:57, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately I don't know of the original source, if it was drawn by a WPian or scanned etc. I transferred it across from the Ukranian WP where it has that particular free use tag.  What do you reckon? |→ Spaully₪† 09:09, 11 April 2007 (GMT)
 * Its absence from the Hebrew FA, where the Anatomy image has been copied and edited, makes me suspicious. I'd be much happier if it were reproduced, or if you could miraculously learn Russian and track down the original poster to confirm its originality... Ultimately I'm no expert on Copyright stati, so I'll see if I can find anyone else to cast an opinion. Verisimilus 10:00, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I have created and uploaded a version modified from the public domain. In my opinion not quite as nice as the original but perhaps with more information. |→ Spaully₪† 17:25, 11 April 2007 (GMT)

GA - Pass!
Congratulations to all editors who have helped sculpt this article into one meeting the good article criteria!

There is still scope for improving the article, mainly in terms of copyediting, abridging and changing writing style - however, this is no longer enough of an issue to deny Good Article status. Well done! | Verisimilus 20:02, 16 April 2007 (UTC){

 * Thanks Verisimilus, you've done more than you needed to! I have seen less attentive peer reviews.  I hope you retain an interest in the article. |→ Spaully₪† 22:12, 16 April 2007 (GMT)

Removed vandalism
I doubt anybody has a problem with the following removal. Corals are alot like dog food, squishy soft and eaten by dogs

Mikey01 04:51, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Cold Water corals
There doesn't appear to be a section on deep, cold water corals at present which I'd like to see. They appear to be shown on the distribution map but in the description it states that they are found in shallow, warm water. If nobody who specialises in this field is interested in doing it, I may give it a go in a few weeks. Mwinskill 13:11, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

MORE SPECIES PAGES
Wikipedia definetly needs more articles about each different species of coral. The only page I found was on brain coral and that article is just a stub... If anyone can suggest a good site for coral reseach please do. --Pokekid456789 15:27, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

blank spot near the top of the page
It would be nice to get rid of that large gap in between the intro paragraph and the table of contents. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tennis 52 (talk • contribs) 01:39, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Pharmaceutical Uses
Somebody should add pharmaceutical uses of coral to main article. For example: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0125204/importance/medical.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.184.59.134 (talk) 18:45, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Reproduction???
An image of a graph explaining their reproduction is useless without a text explaining the meaning and action according to the role of each participant in reprouction. Its a nice organigram, but it lacks explanation... SOMEONE DO SOMETHING!!! (I would myself if I knew how it works, from the image I can only presume, not really know)Undead Herle King (talk) 12:04, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure why you inverted and deleted parts of this page, but in the future please just post at the bottom of the discussion without deleting and/or moving things around, unless that was some sort of bug. I undid your post and moved it down here since I couldn't figure out what you managed to do. And, I'll try and add some explanation of the different life cycles of coral. Esox  id t 14:46, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * My original had been deleted by a vandal some time ago but missed when reverting. I have reinstated it with Esoxid's new parts integrated somewhat.  It could take some rewriting to integrate it a bit better so if anyone has some time please take a look.  |→ Spaully₪† 18:21, 21 May 2008 (GMT)

Fossil Record Timeline
Ms2ger, I think including the coding in the text makes the article fairly daunting to edit for someone not wanting to delve too deeply into wiki coding. There was an 'edit' option on the timeline box which I think is sufficient if anyone wants to change it. I have added a little more explanation under the timeline as that was a little sparse before. I also respectfully disagree that that was a minor edit, certainly the largest one I've seen kb wise! Thanks, |→ Spaully₪† 22:14, 7 July 2008 (GMT)

Coral Reef distribution map
The image "Coral reef locations.jpg" does not show the distribution of coral reefs as such. It illustrates available Landsat scenes of areas that may or may not contain coral reefs. Each red square corresponds to an available Landsat scene, not to a coral reef; it is thus quite misleading (even though it is broadly accurate). It also shows Borneo as being entirely covered by coral reefs. It also has many reefs marked in deep, coldwater locations where there has been little study of species that might inhabit such locations. It's not a good choice of map. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.145.135.78 (talk) 23:53, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I think you are right about that. I went to the source of the picture and followed it further down the rabbit hole until I got to the Institute for Marine Remote Sensing at USF with a project using the NASA data. This map here, from a brief look, seems to map the number of reefs. I'm not sure if the image is freely available or not, but I'm assuming it is since the project is most likely publicly funded. Anyone else know if the picture is usable? Esox  id t 06:01, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Did you see the little © IMaRS at the bottom of the picture, seems to me to be copyrighted. But please refer to their declairation. Enlil Ninlil (talk) 08:06, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

Hydrozoan Are Corals?
The Hydrozoan species Millepora boschmai is cited as having been a victim of the 1997-1998 warming cycle but, from the Wikipedia entry on Hydrozoans, it appears these are not corals at all. I wonder if the reference to Hydrozoans should be removed from this page. Aussiesta (talk) 02:02, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
 * One year later, this issue remains uncontested, so I shall proceed to remove the reference to the Millepora boschmai. Aussiesta (talk) 05:43, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I'd agree with your removal of it. Corals, hard and soft, are Anthozoans. Hydrozoans are related, but so are Scyphozoans, and neither are corals. Esox id t 15:46, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

"Major contributors" to reefs?
The article say, "These corals can be major contributors to the physical structure of the coral reefs that develop in tropical and subtropical waters, ..." I thought they were the only contributors. 140.147.236.194 (talk) 20:52, 14 August 2009 (UTC) Stephen Kosciesza
 * Well it depends on the type of reef. If you follow Darwin's theory of atoll formation, that can be one contribution to physical structure, but as for the skeletal "rock," yes corals are major contributors to that. Esox id t 15:53, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Communication?

 * "Corals coordinate behavior by communicating with each other.[4]"

Okay, I know it's got a ref to a paper, but really, the above sentence could do with some further information! 87.244.90.235 (talk) 19:26, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Coral reefs provide many medical benefits for humans... This paragraph needs some sort of verification124.101.138.242 (talk) 01:28, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

The article says: "Initially believed to be a plant, William Herschel used a microscope to establish in the 18th Century that Coral had the characteristic thin cell membranes of an animal." I was not aware the William Herschel was ever thought to be a plant. 140.147.236.194 (talk) 15:23, 5 October 2010 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

Unreferenced section
The Evolutionary history section requires some additional citations. This is needed for the article to keep its GA status. Hoping someone familliar with the article can fix the issue. AIR corn (talk) 18:25, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

Contradiction?
In the introduction we have: "Individual heads grow by asexual reproduction of polyps."

Later, in the section on sexual reproduction: "Corals predominantly reproduce sexually. About 25% of hermatypic corals (stony corals) form single sex (gonochoristic) colonies, while the rest are hermaphroditic."

Isn't that a bit of a contradiction?

 * It's a matter of growth (expanding a colony or coral head), versus reproducing (creating new separate individuals by releasing gametes). A coral colony will grow and expand by asexual means. I see how confusion may arise, since both terms have "reproduction" attached to them. Esox  id talk•contribs 03:41, 15 June 2014 (UTC)

Perforate Corals
The section on perforate corals is brief and confusing. It is only three sentences long and does not do a good job describing the hard solid skeletons in the imperforate corals and how that causes them to differ from perforate corals.

Guggenheimer.3 (talk) 17:48, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

Evolutionary History
The coral article could really improve from having more content added to the evolutionary history section. This simply has few small paragraphs that briefly run through the fossil record of coral. Some things that could be added are images of fossils and causations for their adaptation and evolution.

Guggenheimer.3 (talk) 17:48, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

File:Coral Outcrop Flynn Reef.jpg to appear as POTD
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Coral Outcrop Flynn Reef.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on September 11, 2015. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2015-09-11. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Chris Woodrich (talk) 00:10, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Ohio State University - Class project, critique regarding climate change
This article is currently being reviewed by a number of students from Ohio State University as part of a course on Global Climate Change. is the instructor for this course and the content editor.

I have grouped the student responses into this section so responses can perhaps address them together given the common focus. |→ Spaully ~talk~ 10:43, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

Coral Article Critique-Brady Harris, student from Ohio State
1)This article does a very good job at explaining exactly what Coral reefs are made up of as well as how they reproduce, survive, and function within their respective environment. In the article, titled Coral, there are several sections where the editors get into the taxonomy, eating and reproduction habits, as well as corals natural habitat. When it comes to explaining how coral and coral reefs are used to explain past climates, the article is very thorough in covering the different approaches, but could be more specific about the impacts the world is currently experiencing today. When dealing with data analyses, this article does a very good job of addressing different scientific methods for analyzing how a coral reef relates to past climates, such as geochemistry, oxygen isotope anomalies, and sea surface temperature and salinity . One area the article lacks in data analyses is addressing how climate change is increasing ocean acidification due to increased levels of carbon dioxide. Overall, the assumptions made by this article are fairly accurate. One specific assumption under the Geochemistry header, basically states that climate modeling can get an assist from geochemistry analysis. Climate models can indeed be made more accurate by understanding past climates with help of geochemistry. This article, however, does not address the strengths and weaknesses of the proxy method. It only goes as far as to say that the methods may help with piecing together specifics of past climates, but never gets into specifics about real time and past data.

2)I found two peer reviewed articles that dealt with coral reefs as a proxy. The first was titled Redefining thermal regimes to design reserves for coral reefs in the face of climate change and was authored by Iliana Chollett, Susana Enríquez, and Peter J Mumby. This peer reviewed article was not one of the sources cited on the page, but offers some valuable information of how to combat climate changes negative impact on the coral reefs . The second peer reviewed article I found was Exploring errors in paleoclimate proxy reconstructions using Monte Carlo simulations: paleotemperature from mollusk and coral geochemistry authored by M. Carré, J. P. Sachs, J. M. Wallace, and C. Favier. This article used similar geochemistry methods that were described in Coral, but went into much greater detail about the process . This source was also not cited in under the sources in Coral.

3)In the future, this article could be improved upon in few ways. First, it could go into much greater detail about how changes in the coral reefs and coral patterns show changes in climate, specifically addressing ocean acidification due to increased levels of carbon dioxide. Secondly, the references were overall very credible, but more could be included that point to specific coral reefs and/or coral that are being used as a proxy to give a more clear picture as to how they are being used as a proxy. Bradycat130 (talk) 17:40, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

Climate research section critique
While this article does do well with giving a broad overview of the current research on the effects climate change has on corals it gives no description or direct reference to what a proxy is, only someone with previous knowledge as to the definition of a proxy would be able to make the connection that corals are in fact being used as a proxy. To improve this a simple sentence in the first paragraph describing a proxy, and stating that coral is one within climate research, would help people understand. Secondly, simply adding in a diagram or picture of how the growth rings in coral worth similarly to the rings in a tree would add a visual element to possibly describe how this works better. This does cover the idea of checking the data recovered from the proxy (in this case coral) with data from other sources in order to ensure the data is accurate and reliable. The idea that this proxy has a huge strength because it is very useful to get data about the earths atmosphere from before data was being recorded by humans is also touched on. Not many weaknesses of the proxy method are touched on, but if the word itself was to be introduced as recommended it could be linked to the separate proxy article which would go more in depth about the strengths and weaknesses of the overall method. The peer reviewed articles used as references within this article are very accurate and have a lot of very good information in regards to what this article is about however all of them are over 10 years old.Lots of new research has since come out with lots of opportunity for new things to be added to this article. For example I found an article published in 2011 titled Projecting Coral Reef Futures Under Global Warming and Ocean Acidification. This article describes in detail what coral shows the previous climate patterns to be and how the coral is being directly effected by global warming and what we expect to see if current rates continue. A second article I found titled Improved Water Quality Can Ameliorate Effects of Climate Change in Corals and is from 2009. This article is not used in this Wikipedia page but discusses the optimal water conditions for coral that allow them to flourish and the current water conditions that are causing them to die. It also describes how by locally managing the water conditions we could perhaps preserve the coral far better then we currently are. CatherineKailua (talk) 21:24, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

This article shows a couple different proxies used in determining climate change through corals, showing that there are many different ways to go about retrieving information about climate through sea life. However, I noticed that there aren't any actual figures or statistics to prove this statement. Showing some data from coral reefs would allow the reader to really see how much this change in our climate is effecting everything. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Syd speak (talk • contribs) 17:38, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

This article shows a couple different proxies that we can gather from corals to study climate change which is great; the more information to prove the point the better. However, I noticed that there wasn't any real data or statistics about these corals. Showing some information from the rings in the corals as well as statistics from the fossilized microatolls would make these statements better. I also would like to add that tying in other forms of science, such as anthropology, really makes the information more clear and believable.

All of this information is up to date and is relevant to the proxy based on the two articles I read, which are also cited in this article. and

Suggestions I would make for this article: 1) provide more data as opposed to broad statements (i.e. coral rings and fossils) 2) try to incorporate more up to date information from more current sources

Squires, D.F. (1959). "Deep sea corals collected by the Lamont Geological Observatory. 1. Atlantic corals". American Museum Novitates. 1965: 1–42. Syd speak (talk) 18:15, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

Climate section
This section gives a good overview of how coral is used as a proxy, but would not likely be understood by someone with no background knowledge.It should go into more detail about how they use corals to get this data and what the data from these corals would show in relation to the climate. It would also be a good idea to add in some information about the strengths and weaknesses of this proxy method. A couple of sources that could be added would be: Rosenthal, Yair, et al. "A Paleo-Perspective on Ocean Heat Content: Lessons from the Holocene and Common Era." Quaternary Science Reviews 155 (2017): 1-12. Print. Stewart, Joseph A., Eleni Anagnostou, and Gavin L. Foster. "An Improved Boron Isotope pH Proxy Calibration for the Deep-Sea Coral Desmophyllum Dianthus through Sub-Sampling of Fibrous Aragonite." Chemical Geology 447 (2016): 148-60. Print. This article could be improved by adding pictures to help with the understanding of how corals function as proxies, using more up to date sources like the ones I have listed above and just explaining in a little more detail what using corals as proxies actually means. Teeters.32 (talk) 00:44, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

Climate Research
There is some good information about the coral proxy in this section. However, the biggest problem I see is that most of the sources are dated 1999-2009. A lot has happened in the past couple of years including some of the hottest years on record that definitely could have had an impact on the worldwide coral population. A newer source that would fit in with what is already present on the page is because this article discusses coral's adaptability to the changing ocean. It goes further and shows how they use El Nino data from the worst El Nino years to see how the coral is seeking refuge in deeper portions of the ocean. Another helpful source could be as the page page briefly touches on species of coral and talks a little bit more about a different type of coral called zooxanthellae. This article could help give a little more insight on how biodiversity has changed and can be monitored. Ardenholden (talk) 01:55, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

Coral and Climate
(1) This article touches on the use of coal as a proxy by stating that there are rings used to look at incremental dating. This article doesn't do a good job as stating how far back the rings can proxy or what the rings tell us. The article also doesn't give any assumptions. It states that the salinity of the ocean is rising because of coral bleaching, but it leaves out any assumptions about the environment in the past compared to now using rings. The article does not describe the strengths and weaknesses of coral as a proxy. It covers how bleaching and adaptations are working currently but there is no speak of the past climate or how ring contribute to the climate proxy.

(2)NOAA 2009 is used to demonstrate the ocean acidification but it is in the section about coral rings and it does not add any importance to the meat of the section. Also, the other article in that section you have to sign in and be a member of a website to read. This is not advantageous to the average reader.

-Wet and cold climate conditions recorded by coral geochemical proxies during the beginning of the first millennium CE in the northern South China Sea -- Not in the wikipedia article

-A “core-top” screen for trace element proxies of environmental conditions and growth rates in the calcite skeletons of bamboo corals -- Not in the wikipedia article

(3) -Add more information about how the coral rings tell a year by year story of the climate and water properties. - Add a photo of the coral rings, and their similarity/differences to tree rings to give an accurate comparison.

Cstarn2017 (talk) 02:52, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

Editing for Geography OSU
I'm a student at The Ohio State University and I'm critiquing this article for a class project.

The proxies that I read about in this article show how the coral growth rings show the environmental changes that the corals undergo. It's a great source for geologists to see a yearly change in the corals. I feel that this is strong proxy method due to the heavy yearly analyzing the geologists do. In one of my Earth Science courses at OSU we get to see fossilized coral and it't amazing to see how coral has changed through the different time periods. Current coral and coral from the late permian period have astounding differences. The article also states how microatolls can be dated using radiocarbon dating.

"Fossilized microatolls can also be dated using Radiocarbon dating. Such methods can help to reconstruct Holocene sea levels.[66]", this was referenced from a reliable source that is up to date and found at the bottom in references. Another proxy found "Though coral have large sexually-reproducing populations, their evolution can be slowed by abundant asexual reproduction.[68] Gene flow is variable among coral species.[68]". This article is shown in the references too and is relevant data.

I think this is a great article with a wide variety of pictures, but I do feel more pictures of fossilized corals could be a great addition. Many people are visual learners and seeing a variety of corals throughout time could be beneficial to the reader. Overall, this was a very informative article that gave me knew information about coral life.SS.12 (talk) 03:55, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

Climate Section Review - OSU Student
This article clearly explains the use of coral as a proxy in understanding past climate. In regards to data analysis of coral, the article elaborates on geochemistry; strontium/calcium ratio; oxygen isotopes; and sea surface temperature and salinity. Upon further analysis of the coral (specifically its crystalline structures), each of the above attributes provides data that contributes to climate models. Continuing, the article does not directly mention any assumptions made in using coral as a proxy. However, it does comment on the complexity of coral longevity, reproduction, and evolution. This is an indirect assumption that the coral have stayed in their approximate location. The article discusses how staghorn and elkhorn coral shifted their locations. Therefore, when utilizing the coral for climate modeling an indirect assumption is that the coral specimen have always lived in that particular area. Lastly, the strengths of coral proxies mentioned includes the detailed, large amount of the information they can potentially display about climate and their “stable foundations” for geochemical interpretations of particular living species, such as Porites. A strength the article did not mention was that coral chemistry can indicate heavy rains and floods (NASA 4). Some weaknesses mentioned include their small population and high sensitivity. However, the article does not discuss their limited location (not available worldwide), nor does it discuss potential outside influences such as symbiotic relationships (algae)(NASA 4).

(n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2017, from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Paleoclimatology_CloseUp/paleoclimatology_closeup_2.php

This article list numerous references with centralized focus on climate. Of the peer-reviewed articles that distinctly state climate as the main topic, the oldest peer-reviewed article listed is from 1989 and the most recent is from 2009. A majority of the others are between 1999 and 2005. That said, the one from 2009 is not horribly out of date. However, the others are. There is an article about climate change, coral bleaching, and the future of coral reefs from 1999. This article is approximately eighteen years old, and with all of the developments in ocean research; coral research; and climate change the source is no longer in its prime. Overall, more current sources would allow for an updated perspective and integration of new ideas/concepts. Two article I found through EBSCOhost that are definitely not included and are related/current include:

Chen, X., Deng, W., Zhu, H., Zhang, Z., Wei, G., & McCulloch, M. T. (2016). Assessment of coral δ44/40Ca as a paleoclimate proxy in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Chemical Geology, 43571-78. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.04.024

Xiao, H., Deng, W., Chen, X., Wei, G., Zeng, T., & Zhao, J. (2017). Wet and cold climate conditions recorded by coral geochemical proxies during the beginning of the first millennium CE in the northern South China Sea. Journal Of Asian Earth Sciences, 13525-34. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.12.012

I would suggest an update of the references used regarding climate discussion and incorporation of more detailed information regarding what coral tells us about climate.

ZacharyFranciscoOSU (talk) 04:54, 23 February 2017 (UTC) Edited by User:  20:32, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

General Relay of Information in Article
My fellow classmates make great points about the use of corals as a tool for proxy data. I would recommend the expansion and rephrasing of some pieces of information -- for example, "which are colonies whose top is dead and mostly above the water line, but whose perimeter is mostly submerged and alive" seems clunky and not easily understandable. I would change this phrase to, "which are colonies of coral that is mostly submerged in the water, but whose top is dead and extend above the water line."

As for sources, all sources I checked were alive and unbiased. Some sources were from sources that were arguably not peer edited. An additional sources could be ""Climate Close-Up: Coral Reefs." NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017." This source has excellent pictures (that were otherwise lacking from the current article). AlisaKae (talk) 21:49, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

Climate Research Critique
1. When talking about coral in the climate research section it talks all about components of a proxy without directly stating it. This is a very broad way of stating the information about coral and how it grows to show characteristics as one of the climate proxies. With this in mind it still states the process that the coral will go through to produce this climate record. The section also touches on radiocarbon dating but doesn't include more specific dates or the amount of time coral can go back to show an earlier climate. Aside from the proxies problem above, this section assumes a simple understanding of the material and goes enough in depth to show the meaning of most of the material within. 2. An article that wasn't on cited on the Wikipedia page but informs about coral reef proxies is titled Environmental Records from Great Barrier Reef Corals: Inshore vs. Offshore drivers. This article basis is to show the ability of corals to show what environmental factors impact how they grown and what their structures consist of after these factors. Another article not referred to is titled Low Generation of Lesions produced by coring in Orbicella faveolata. This article states the problem of taking proxy samples in certain types of coral that can have a lasting impact on how the coral regenerates where the proxy sample was taken from. 3. A way to better the climate research section is to talk about a wide variety of corals that would be detectors of proxies instead of only the one that is stated. Another type of info that could be added is the amount or range that the coral can date back to. The section doesn't do a good job of stating whether this proxy is a short-term or long-term record of how the ocean was and what the composition of the ocean was at that time. Jordan1327 (talk) 05:18, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

Proxy Critique
Throughout the entire section of Coral (climate) there is no use of the term “proxy” or even “paleoclimatology”. Instead, the article discusses the changes coral has been forced to undergo due to climate fluctuation over time. Proxies are “preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct measurements” < https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/what-are-proxy-data>. Since the atmospheric measures of temperature and CO2 do not go back very far, these physical characteristics give scientists an extension of records that help then analyze the past climate changes, giving them crucial insight into today’s problem. None of this is made clear. We are given several ways coral adjusts to its environment, but there is little application. This article would be strengthened by having a variety of people creating it and editing it. Where it is now, it looks like a biological scientist wrote it or even a chemical scientist, without consulting their atmospheric science buddy. Integration will be key in strengthening the information already given.

The data provided is correctly cited and referenced, but it is very limited. This area would benefit from graphs of diagrams that show the change of certain quantifiable characteristics over time. The article assumes that we already know the purpose of the information provided, but without my current climate change class, I would not have concluded that coral is a proxy for studying climate change. The definition of proxy needs to be stated “preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct measurements.” When talking about proxies, it is important to note the level of certainty. Although scientists are working to improve their precision, it is unlikely that proxies will ever be as precise. This is important to note, to ensure that you are summarizing all sides of an argument. Another topic that would be relevant would be the ocean’s important responsibility of being the sink of human-released carbon. This is essential to understand why coral is changing and has changed in the past.

All of the sources listed are legitimate sources, with relevant and current (mostly) research which I applaud this article for. However, I was able to find three more sources that were not listed that could be very beneficial for Wikipedia users. I specifically like the last source due to its focus on one area through a case study. This gives us a very tangible example of the relationship between coral and climate over time. It even gives us some graphs, specifically figures 3 and 4, that could be helpful for visual learners such as myself.

Mumby, Peter J, Ian A. Elliott, C M. Eakin, William Skirving, Claire B. Paris, Helen J. Edwards, Susana Enríquez, Roberto Iglesias-Prieto, Laurent M. Cherubin, and Jamie R. Stevens. "Reserve Design for Uncertain Responses of Coral Reefs to Climate Change." Ecology Letters. 14.2 (2011): 132-140. Print. DONNER, SIMON D, WILLIAM J. SKIRVING, CHRISTOPHER M. LITTLE, MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER, and OVE HOEGH-GULDBERG. "Global Assessment of Coral Bleaching and Required Rates of Adaptation Under Climate Change." Global Change Biology. 11.12 (2005): 2251-2265. Print. Wang, Xin, DongXiao Wang, RongZhen Gao, and DongHuai Sun. "Anthropogenic Climate Change Revealed by Coral Gray Values in the South China Sea." Chinese Science Bulletin. 55.13 (2010): 1304-1310. Print.Kas dalton (talk) 11:58, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

Article Critique
The article does not specifically state a proxy that it uses, however a potential proxy is the way scientists use the rings which form the coral. The article discusses each layer of rings that are formed every year that helps create the coral and helps to show ocean acidification in the environment. Just like we discussed how scientists used tree rings to find their age or ice cores to determine what was in the atmosphere during that time period. The coral layers are used to determine the acidification in the ocean. While I think the proxy they use is reliable and easy to comprehend, I do believe they could go a bit more in depth about the subject, or what other things they can determine from focusing on the coral layers. The article also discusses the Coral’s niche, or where it lives, and how the warmer temperatures have been affecting the populations in that specific niche. The increase in temperature has been favorable to slower-growing corals while other corals are being bleached and dying. The peer-reviewed articles seem to contain accurate and current information. A few other sources I found, which can help contribute to the article are Jokiel, Paul L., Christopher P. Jury, and Ilsa B. Kuffner. "Coral Calcification and Ocean Acidification." Coral Reefs of the World Coral Reefs at the Crossroads (2016): 7-45. Web. and Wooldridge, Scott A. "Differential thermal bleaching susceptibilities amongst coral taxa: re-posing the role of the host." Coral Reefs 33.1 (2013): 15-27. Web. I think a visual to help show the different layers of coral would be interesting and help the reader get a better understanding by what the author means by the layers. This article is a bit easier to understand than other scientific article I’ve seen on Wikipedia however there are still a few things people who are not familiar with the topic may find confusing. Perhaps the article could delve a bit deeper and explain what a zooxanthellae is, I have no idea what that is! Wilkinson.244 (talk) 04:02, 3 March 2017 (UTC)

OSU Article Critique
This article does well at explaining the proxy method. It talks about how taking data from the coral communities can help reconstruct the levels during the Holocene. It also talks about how the increased temperature in the sea has caused coral reefs to be bleached and die. The strength of this proxy method is that it shows how global climate change and the increase in temperatures are impacting the coral reefs.

There isn’t much in this article, but it is an interesting topic, so potentially, making a new separate article just dedicated to coral climate research.Introducing what climate proxies are in this article could be helpful for better understanding the importance of coral reefs with climate proxy research, adding a link to a climate proxy could be helpful too.

2 peer-reviewed sources: Anthony, Kenneth R. N., Jeffrey A. Maynard, Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, Peter J. Mumby, Paul A. Marshall, Long Cao, and Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. "Ocean acidification and warming will lower coral reef resilience." Global Change Biology 17.5 (2011): 1798-808. Web.

Crabbe, M. James C. "Climate Change, Global Warming and Coral Reefs: Modelling the Effects of Temperature." Computational Biology and Chemistry 32.5 (2008): 311-14. Web.

Hoytnina (talk) 20:02, 26 February 2017 (UTC)hoytnina

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Proposed merge with Polyp
Overwhelmingly overlapping material between the two articles. FunkyCanute (talk) 14:52, 16 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose, The overlap is partial. Other cnidarians also have polyps, and coral is a large enough topic to have several articles on the types of coral. You may not have noticed that Coral is a level 4 vital article. · · · Peter (Southwood) (talk): 15:01, 16 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose; agreed. Polyp is a body shape, and coral is an organism. Maybe some editing to reduce the overlap could be useful (I haven't read the articles in detail) but they're certainly not the same thing. Would be like merging "quadruped" with "mammal" or something. Jdrum00 (talk) 14:55, 30 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Says in the opening sentence of Polyp it's a subject that applies to the entire phylum, which corals belong to. Rhinopias (talk) 16:00, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

Climate change content
Hi, I came to this article because I am currently working on effects of climate change on oceans, the section on coral reefs. For this, I thought I would take an excerpt from one of the coral articles but I am now unsure where the bulk of the climate change content should be located: at coral, coral reef or coral bleaching, or a bit in each (or only at effects of climate change on oceans)? The IPCC report from 2021 has great information which can be fed into one or several of those articles:. I'm just adding some content from that report to Effects of climate change on oceans to the section on "impacts on coral reefs". EMsmile (talk) 10:47, 21 October 2022 (UTC) EMsmile (talk) 10:47, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coral


text:
Sun Language Theory

The Sun Language Theory (Güneş Dil Teorisi) was a Turkish pseudolinguistic, pseudoscientific hypothesis developed in Turkey in the 1930s that proposed that all human languages are descendants of one proto-Turkic primal language. The theory's promotion of Turks as a progenitor race led to it finding favour among Turkish ultranationalists, who used it to justify their nationalist ideology.

The theory proposes that primal language had close phonemic resemblances to Turkish and, because of this, all other languages can be traced back to Turkic roots. According to the theory, this primal language originated among Central Asian worshippers who created it as a means to salute the omnipotence of the sun and its life-giving qualities, hence the name.

Origins
Influences on the theory included:

 * the ideas of the French historian Hilaire de Barenton, expressed in "L'Origine des Langues, des Religions et des Peuples" ("The Origin of Languages, Religions and Peoples"), that all languages originated from hieroglyphs and cuneiform used by Sumerians. Turkish linguists claimed a Turkish origin for the Sumerians, and therefore the origin of language was Turkish.

During ten months in late 1935 and early 1936 Turkish linguists from the Turkish Language Society developed the Sun Language Theory which was presented as the source of all languages in the Third Turkish Language Congress.
 * a paper of the Austrian linguist Hermann F. Kvergić of Vienna entitled "La psychologie de quelques éléments des langues Turques" ("The Psychology of Some Elements of the Turkic Languages"). He also conducted some research on the theory with support of the Turkish Embassy in Vienna.

History
The theory counted on the approval of the first president of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who not only gave the theory official backing and material support but was also an important contributor to its development. It received the formal support of the Turkish Government during the Third Turkish Language Congress in 1936. During the same congress the vast majority of the international non-Turkish scholars including opposed the theory. One of the few non-Turkish linguists who supported the theory was Kvergić.

Influence in Turkey
Since the theory claimed that all words had originated from Turkish, it was not deemed necessary anymore to replace all foreign loanwords in the language, a process that had been initiated before. Initially the theory was taught only in the Turkology departments of the Turkish Universities, but on the order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, it was to be taught in all departments as a mandatory assignment. The Sun Language Theory lost its prominent role shortly after the death of Mustafa Kemal in November 1938 and was not even mentioned in the next Turkish Language Congress in 1942.

In the 1990s, definitions and comments were made by some authors about the founding principles of the Republic of Turkey, its actions in its first years, and Atatürk's Principles, such as the official state ideology and the denial of ethnicity, by citing the Sun Language Theory studies. For this purpose, it was written that irrational rumors were fabricated about the Sun Language Theory and the Turkish History Thesis supported by Atatürk and that Atatürk was wanted to be shown as "a person who believes in nonsense". It is argued that these are purposeful publications made under the influence of the postmodernist wave, with the aim of criticizing the Atatürk Revolutions and their effects.

Tenets
As described in a 1936 New York Times article on the curriculum of the newly opened School of Language, History, and Geography of Ankara University, the theory "claims that [insofar as] the Sumerians, being Turks, originat[ed] in Central Asia, all languages also consequently originated there and [were] first used by the Turks. The first language, in fact, came into being in this way: Prehistoric man, i.e., Turks in the most primitive stage, was so struck by the effects of the sun on life that he made of it a deity whence sprang all good and evil. Thence came to him light, darkness, warmth, and fire, with it were associated all ideas of time: height, distance, movement, size, and give expression to his feelings. The sun was thus the first thing to which a name was given. It was 'ag' [sic] (pronounced agh), and from this syllable all words in use today are derived. This, briefly, is the theory about the 'sun language,' and with the new conception of Turkish history it will be taught in the new Angora school."Based upon a heliocentric view of the origin of civilization and human languages, the theory claimed that the Turkish language was the language which all civilized languages derived from. According to the theory, the first people to speak were the superior race of the Alpine Brachycephalic Turks, which spread throughout the earth in the aftermath of a climate catastrophe, therefore providing the people in all civilizations with the benefits of the language.

Some of the words provided with false Turkish etymologies through the practice of goropism were God, attributed to the Turkish kut; Bulletin from Turkish bülten, belleten; or Electric from Uyghur yaltrık (shine). But also foreign words like the French wattman, in French stemming from watt and man, were claimed to be of Turkish origin by a Turkish scholar. Other prominent examples are Greek mythological figures like Aphrodite from avrat, or Artemis from tertemiz. According to linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, "it is possible that the Sun Language Theory was adopted by Atatürk in order to legitimize the Arabic and Persian words which the Turkish language authorities did not manage to uproot. This move compensated for the failure to provide a neologism for every foreignism/loanword."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sun Language Theory


text:
Gerard ter Borch

Gerard ter Borch (December 1617 – 8 December 1681), also known as Gerard Terburg, was a Dutch Golden Age painter mainly of genre subjects. He influenced his fellow Dutch painters Gabriel Metsu, Gerrit Dou, Eglon van der Neer and Johannes Vermeer. According to Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., Ter Borch "established a new framework for subject matter, taking people into the sanctum of the home", showing the figures' uncertainties and expertly hinting at their inner lives. His influence as a painter, however, was later surpassed by Vermeer.

Biography
Gerard ter Borch was born in December 1617 in Zwolle in the province of Overijssel in the Dutch Republic.

He received an excellent education from his father Gerard ter Borch the Elder, also an artist, and developed his talent very early. The inscription on a study of a head proves that Ter Borch was at Amsterdam in 1632, where he studied possibly under Willem Cornelisz Duyster or Pieter Codde. Duyster's influence can be traced in a picture bearing the date 1638, in the Ionides Bequest (Victoria and Albert Museum, London). In 1634 he studied under Pieter de Molijn in Haarlem. A record of this Haarlem period is the Consultation (1635) at the Berlin Gallery.

In 1635, he was in London, and subsequently he travelled in Germany, France, Spain and Italy. His sister Gesina also became a painter. It is certain that he was in Rome in 1641, when he painted the small portraits on copper of Jan Six, A Young Lady (Six Collection, Amsterdam) and the portrait of a Gentlemen (DMK Collection Nuermberg). In 1648 he was at Münster during the meeting of the congress which ratified the treaty of peace between the Spaniards and the Dutch, and executed his celebrated little picture, painted upon copper, of the assembled plenipotentiaries—a work which, along with the a portrait of a Man Standing ("Portrait of a Young Man"), represents the master in the National Gallery in London. The picture was bought by the marquess of Hertford at the Demidoff sale for £7280, and presented to the National Gallery by Sir Richard Wallace, at the suggestion of his secretary, Sir John Murray Scott.

At this time Ter Borch was invited to visit Madrid, where he received employment and the honour of knighthood from Philip IV, but, in consequence of an intrigue, it is said, he was obliged to return to the Netherlands. One of his great patrons was Amsterdam burgomaster and statesman Andries de Graeff. He seems to have resided for a time in Haarlem; but he finally settled in Deventer, where he became a member of the town council, as which he appears in the portrait now in the gallery of the Hague. He died at Deventer in 1681.

Works
Ter Borch is a significant painter of genre subjects. He is known for his rendering of texture in draperies, for example in The Letter and in The Gallant Conversation, engraved by Johann Georg Wille.

Ter Borch's works are comparatively rare; about eighty have been catalogued. Six of these are at the Hermitage, six at the Berlin Museum, five at the Louvre, four at the Dresden Museum, three at the Getty Center, and two at the Wallace Collection. A pair of portraits were located at the Corcoran Gallery in Washington D.C., highlighted in 2010 by Blake Gopnik.

The artist's painting The Suitor's Visit, c. 1658, oil on canvas, 80 x 75 cm (31½ × 29 9/16 in.) in the Andrew W. Mellon Collection, was used on the cover of Marilyn Stokstad's second edition of Art History.

Claim for Nazi-looted art
In 2007, the heirs to the retail magnate Max Emden requested that the National Gallery of Victoria restitute the Gerard ter Borch painting Lady with a Fan which Emden had owned prior to the rise of the Nazis.

title: Gerard ter Borch


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Section (United States land surveying)

In U.S. land surveying under the Public Land Survey System (PLSS), a section is an area nominally 1 sqmi, containing 640 acre, with 36 sections making up one survey township on a rectangular grid.

The legal description of a tract of land under the PLSS includes the name of the state, name of the county, township number, range number, section number, and portion of a section. Sections are customarily surveyed into smaller squares by repeated halving and quartering. A quarter section is 160 acre and a "quarter-quarter section" is 40 acre. In 1832 the smallest area of land that could be acquired was reduced to the 40 acre quarter-quarter section, and this size parcel became entrenched in American mythology. After the Civil War, freedmen (freed slaves) were reckoned to be self-sufficient with "40 acres and a mule." In the 20th century real estate developers preferred working with 40 acre parcels. The phrases "front 40" and "back 40," referring to farm fields, indicate the front and back quarter-quarter sections of land.

One of the reasons for creating sections of 640 acre was the ease of dividing into halves and quarters while still maintaining a whole number of acres. A section can be halved seven times in this way, down to a 5 acre parcel, or half of a quarter-quarter-quarter section—an easily surveyed 50-square-chain (2 ha) area. This system was of great practical value on the American frontier, where surveyors often had a shaky grasp of mathematics and were required to work quickly.

A description of a quarter-quarter section in standard abbreviated form, might look like "NW 1/4, NE 1/4, Sec. 34, T.3S, R.1W, 1st P.M." or, alternatively, "34-3-1 NW4NE4 1PM". In expanded form this would read:"The Northwest quarter of the Northeast quarter of Section 34 of Township 3 South, Range 1 West, first Principal Meridian."

History
The existence of section lines made property descriptions far more straightforward than the old metes and bounds system. The establishment of standard east-west and north-south lines ("township" and "range lines") meant that deeds could be written without regard to temporary terrain features such as trees, piles of rocks, fences, and the like, and be worded in the style such as "Lying and being in Township 4 North; Range 7 West; and being the northwest quadrant of the southwest quadrant of said section," an exact description in this case of 40 acres, as there are 640 acre in a square mile.

The importance of "sections" was greatly enhanced by the passage of "An Ordinance for ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western Territory" of 1785 by the U.S. Congress (see Land Ordinance of 1785). This law provided that lands outside the then-existing states could not be sold, otherwise distributed, or opened for settlement prior to being surveyed. The standard way of doing this was to divide the land into sections. An area six sections by six sections would define a township. Within this area, one section was designated as school land. As the entire parcel would not be necessary for the school and its grounds, the balance of it was to be sold, with the monies to go into the construction and upkeep of the school.

On May 20, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the Homestead Act, by which settlers could "claim" 160 acres (a quarter section) of public land. Claimants were required to "live on" and “improve” their plot by cultivating the land. After five years, the original filer of the claim was entitled to the property, free and clear, except for a small registration fee.

Numbering within a township
Every township is divided into 36 sections, each usually 1 mi square. Sections are numbered boustrophedonically within townships as follows (north at top):

Section subdivisions
Sections can be divided into quarter sections of 160 acre, named by intercardinal direction (northwest, northeast, etc.). For instance, the southwest quarter of a section is named SW 1/4.

Sections can be further broken up into 40 acre blocks, or quarter-quarter sections. These add a second intercardinal direction label. For instance, the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter section mentioned above is labeled SE 1/4, SW 1/4:

Measurement anomalies
The curvature of the Earth makes it impossible to superimpose a regular grid on its surface, as the meridians converge toward the North Pole. As the U.S. is in the Northern Hemisphere, if a section's or township's east and west sides lie along meridians, its north side is shorter than its south side. As sections were surveyed from south and east to north and west, accumulated errors and distortions resulted on the north and west lines, and north and west sections diverge the most from the ideal shape and size.

The entire township grid shifts to account for the Earth's curvature. Where the grid is corrected, or where two grids based on different principal meridians meet, section shapes are irregular.

Sections also differ from the PLSS ideal of one square mile for other reasons, including errors and sloppy work by surveyors, poor instrumentation, and difficult terrain. In addition, the primary survey tool was the magnetic compass, which is influenced by local irregularities.

Once established, even an imperfect grid remains in force, mainly because the monuments of the original survey, when recovered, hold legal precedent over subsequent resurveys.

Alternatives and legacy systems
The Public Land Survey System was not the first to define and implement a survey grid. A number of similar systems were established, often using terms like section and township but not necessarily in the same way. For example, the lands of the Holland Purchase in western New York were surveyed into a township grid before the PLSS was established. In colonial New England land was often divided into squares called towns or townships, and further subdivided into parcels called lots or sections.

Sections are also used in land descriptions in the portion of northwestern Georgia that was formerly part of the territory of the Cherokee Nation. They are not, however, part of the PLSS and are irregular in shape and size. See Cherokee County, Georgia for more information on the historical reasons for this.

Another exception to the usual use of sections and section numbering occurs when most of a parcel, or lot, falls under a body of water. The term "government lot" is used for such parcels and they are usually described separately from the rest of the section using single numbers (such as "Government Lot 5 of Section 15"). Also, parcels within a platted subdivision are often specified by lot number rather than using PLSS descriptions.

Where Spanish land grants in Florida have descriptions that predate PLSS or even the U.S. itself, deviation from typical section numbering and size and shape often takes place. In an effort to honor these land grants after the U.S. took control of Florida, surveyors would use descriptions from confirmed land grants to establish their initial boundaries and created PLSS sections that extrapolated from those lines. Often, the amount of land left over in areas immediately surrounding the grants was grossly undersized or awkwardly shaped. Those tracts are referred to as "fractional sections" and often are not subject to township or range definitions. An example of such a legal description's beginning would read "Being a portion of Fractional Sec. 59, Township 0 South, Range 0 West".

Also, land north of the Watson Line near the Georgia border was not subject to the standard U.S. section, township and range designations, since the State of Georgia had claimed and laid out counties and surveyed its public lands south to that line into what eventually became part of the State of Florida. The exact location of the Georgia–Florida state line was ultimately confirmed by an Act of Congress, approved April 9, 1872.

title: Section (United States land surveying)


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IDTV

IDTV may refer to:

 * Improved-definition television, transmitters and receivers that exceed performance requirements of the NTSC standard
 * Integrated digital television, television set with a built-in digital tuner
 * Interactive television, adding data services to traditional television technology
 * Investigation Discovery, a TV channel owned by Discovery Communications

title: IDTV


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Talk:Social stereotype

Removed
I removed this sentence: Since, "every social group [having] good as well as bad qualities," because they are made up of individuals with good and bad qualities, is exactly why prejudice (positive or negative) is wrong. Hyacinth 20:34, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * "Yet, it would be strange to assume that negative prejudice is automatically wrong, as every social group has good as well as bad qualities."

title: Talk:Social stereotype


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User talk:The Iconoclast

 'Questions, comments, or complaints may be directed here or to the official SCP website. Please note that we have the right to reproduce, publish, or ruthlessly parody anything said here in our comics, whole or in part. So mind your manners.'

Lemora
Regarding your original version it mentioned homosexual and lesbian overtones. There was no supporting reference for these interpretations of the film so I removed them though. If you could supply a reference they may be restorable. Ranze (talk) 01:24, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Hi. Welcome to Wikipedia, and thanks for working to improve the site with your edit to Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series), as we really appreciate your participation. However, the edit had to be reverted, because Wikipedia cannot accept unsourced material or original research. This includes material lacking cited sources, material obtained through personal knowledge, or which constitutes the an analysis or interpretation by the editor that is not found in cited sources. Wikipedia requires that the material in its articles be accompanied by reliable, verifiable (usually secondary) sources explicitly cited in the article text in the form of an inline citation, which you can learn to make here. If you ever have any other questions about editing, or need help regarding the site's policies, just let me know by leaving a message for me in a new section at the bottom of my talk page. Thanks. :-) Nightscream (talk) 04:45, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

Promotional and soapbox material on your userpage
Please do not add promotional material to Wikipedia, as you did to User:The_Iconoclast. While objective prose about beliefs, products or services is acceptable, Wikipedia is not intended to be a vehicle for soapboxing, advertising or promotion. Thank you. El Chivo 2 (talk) 16:43, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * On that note, what does anything remaining on the userpage have to do with editing an encyclopedia? (WP:User pages says there should be some connection.) It seems to me that only the second paragraph, about your education, could be considered relevant. —67.14.236.50 (talk) 01:20, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

Retroscripting article
Hi. I’ve recently submitted the article Retroscripting to WP:AFD (discussion here). I thought you might like to know, since you wrote Retroscript, which was merged into it. (By the way, I don’t think the way you used the word is common or supported by any reliable sources.) —67.14.236.50 (talk) 01:05, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:The Iconoclast


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Victor Grayson

Albert Victor Grayson (born 5 September 1881, disappeared 28 September 1920) was an English socialist politician of the early 20th century. An Independent Labour Party Member of Parliament from 1907 to 1910, Grayson is most notable for his sensational by-election victory at Colne Valley, and unexplained disappearance in 1920.

Early years
Albert Victor Grayson was born in Liverpool, the seventh son of William Grayson, a Yorkshire carpenter, and Elizabeth Craig, who was Scottish. He became an apprentice engineer in Bootle. Grayson joined the Independent Labour Party (ILP) and toured the country giving lectures, becoming a well-known orator despite having a stammer. In 1907 he stood as an ILP candidate in the 1907 Colne Valley by-election, having been nominated by the Colne Valley Labour League; he won a sensational, albeit narrow, victory. Grayson was paid an allowance by the ILP but refused to sign the Labour Party constitution.

Grayson was subject to an assessment by Winston Churchill in 1908: "The Socialism of the Christian era was based on the idea that, 'All mine is yours,' but the Socialism of Mr Grayson is based on the idea that 'All yours is mine. Writing of Grayson in 1913 in an article on British radical politics in Pravda, Vladimir Lenin noted that Grayson was "a very fiery socialist, but one not strong in principles and given to phrase-mongering."

Grayson rarely attended the House of Commons and began to develop a drink problem. After losing his seat in the January 1910 general election, and failing even to retain his deposit when standing for Kennington in December 1910, he continued his lecture tours but suffered a mental breakdown in 1913 and in August 1914 was declared bankrupt with debts of £496. Grayson later alienated many of his left-wing colleagues by backing Britain's entry into World War I and turning his oratorical skills to recruiting soldiers. He enlisted in 1916 and served briefly in the New Zealand Army and was wounded the following year on the Western Front. After the war, Grayson attempted to resurrect his political career.

Personal life
In his early life, Grayson conducted a longterm affair with Harry Dawson, a fellow Merseyside socialist. In one of a collection of love letters written to Dawson, he wrote: "I love you as ever, with the same devouring passion and intensity and thickness."

In 1912, Grayson married Ruth Nightingale, a young actress with boyish looks, with whom he had a daughter. The marriage was unhappy and Ruth died in childbirth in the 1918 influenza epidemic.

Honours scandal
In 1918, Sir Basil Thomson, head of the Special Branch, asked Maundy Gregory to spy on Grayson, suspecting him of working as an agent for the new communist government in Russia or for the Irish Republican Army. Grayson discovered that Gregory was spying on him and, with the help of some important friends, found out that Prime Minister David Lloyd George was using Gregory to sell political honours.

At a public meeting in Liverpool, Grayson accused Lloyd George of selling honours for between £10,000 and £40,000. He declared: "This sale of honours is a national scandal. It can be traced right down to 10 Downing Street, and to a monocled dandy with offices in Whitehall. I know this man, and one day I will name him." Grayson's "monocled dandy" remark let Gregory know that he was in danger of being exposed. Grayson also suspected Gregory of having forged Roger Casement's diaries, which were used as evidence to convict and execute him for treason, (although it later turned out that Casement had engaged in the homosexual activities described).

At the beginning of September 1920, Grayson was beaten up in the Strand. This was probably an attempt to frighten him, but he continued threatening to name the man behind the corrupt system.

Disappearance
By 1920, Grayson was living in an expensive suite of rooms in Piccadilly, although he earned only a modest income from occasional pieces of journalism. Biographer David Clark believes that, having alienated both the socialists and the trade unions, Grayson had entered into blackmail in order to fund his lavish lifestyle.

On 28 September 1920, Grayson was out drinking with friends when he received a telephone message. He told his friends that he had to go to the Queen's Hotel in Leicester Square and would be back shortly. He did not return.

Journalist Donald McCormick claims that artist George Flemwell had been painting a picture of the Thames when he saw Grayson passing him in an electric canoe, along with Maundy Gregory. Flemwell further observed the two men entering a house (Number 6, The Island, Thames Ditton) on the river bank on 28 September 1920. Flemwell knew Grayson, having painted his portrait before the war, but did not realise the significance at the time because Grayson was not reported missing until several months later. An investigation carried out in the 1960s revealed that the house that Grayson entered was owned by Gregory. Research by Andrew Cook suggests that McCormick may have fabricated the story. It has been speculated that Grayson was murdered to prevent his revealing evidence of corruption. A comprehensive biography by David G. Clark suggests he possibly survived into the 1950s under a pseudonym. Clark believes Grayson was bribed in order to keep quiet about the honours scandal, and was told to forge a new identity.

title: Victor Grayson


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List of Old Etonians born in the 18th century

The following notable old boys of Eton College were born in the 18th century.

1700s

 * Thomas Morell (1703–1784), classical scholar
 * Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland (1705–1774), Secretary at War, 1746–1754, Secretary of State for the Southern Department, 1755–1756, and Paymaster General, 1757–1765
 * Henry Fielding (1707–1754), novelist
 * Other Windsor, 3rd Earl of Plymouth (1707–1732)
 * William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham (1708–1778), Paymaster General, 1746–1755, Secretary of State for the Southern Department, 1756–1757, 1757–1761, and Prime Minister, 1766–1768
 * Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer (1708–1781), Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1762–1763
 * George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton (1709–1773), Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1755–1756
 * Thomas Arne (1710–1778), composer

1710s

 * George Grenville (1712–1770), First Lord of the Admiralty, 1762–1763, Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1763–1765
 * Edward Cornwallis (1713–1776), Lieutenant-General and founder of Halifax, Nova Scotia
 * Frederick Cornwallis (1713–1783), Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, 1750–1766, Dean of St Paul's, 1766–1768, and Archbishop of Canterbury, 1768–1783
 * John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (1713–1792), Secretary of State for the Northern Department, 1761–1762, and Prime Minister, 1762–1763
 * Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst (1714–1794), Lord Chancellor, 1771–1778
 * Charles Lyttelton (1714–1768), Bishop of Carlisle, 1762–1768, and antiquary
 * Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden (1714–1794), Lord Chancellor, 1766–1770
 * Thomas Gray (1716–1771), poet
 * Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (1717–1797), author and politician
 * John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718–1792), First Lord of the Admiralty, 1748–1751, 1771–1782, and Secretary of State for the Northern Department, 1763–1765, 1770–1771
 * George Selwyn (1719–1791), politician and wit
 * Edward Weston (1703–1770), politician and Chief Secretary of Ireland

1720s

 * Lieutenant-General John Manners, Marquess of Granby (1721–1770), Master-General of the Ordnance, 1763–1766, and Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, 1766–1770
 * Daniel Dulany the Younger (1722–1797), Maryland Loyalist politician, Mayor of Annapolis, and lawyer.
 * William Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton of Frankley (1724–1808), Governor of South Carolina, 1756–1760, and Jamaica, 1762–1766, and Ambassador to Portugal, 1766–1771
 * Brigadier-General George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe (1725–1758), soldier
 * Sir David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes (1726–1792), advocate, historian, and Scottish Lord of Session, 1766–1792, and Lord of Justiciary, 1776–1792
 * Admiral of the Fleet Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe (1726–1799), Commander-in-Chief, North American Station, 1775–1778, First Lord of the Admiralty, 1783–1788, and Vice-Admiral of England, 1792–1796
 * General William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe (1729–1814), Commander-in-Chief, North America, 1775–1778, and Lieutenant-General of Ordnance, 1782–1803

1730s

 * Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guildford (8th Baron North) (1732–1792), Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1767–1770, and Prime Minister, 1770–1782
 * Sir James Mansfield (1733–1821), Solicitor General, 1780–1782, and Lord Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 1804–1814
 * Shute Barrington (1734–1826), Bishop of Llandaff, 1769–1782, Salisbury, 1782–1791, and Durham, 1791–1826
 * John Horne Tooke (1736–1812), politician and philologist
 * Henry Penruddocke Wyndham (1736–1819), politician and topographer
 * General Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis (1738–1805), Governor-General of India, 1786–1793, Master-General of the Ordnance, 1795–1801, and Viceroy of Ireland, 1798–1801

1740s

 * Henry Jerome de Salis FRS (1740–1810), clergyman and antiquarian
 * Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820), naturalist and President of the Royal Society, 1778–1820
 * Thomas Lyttelton, 2nd Baron Lyttelton (1744–1779), politician
 * Thomas Fyshe Palmer (1747–1802), Unitarian minister
 * William Coxe (1747–1828), historian
 * Sir Uvedale Price (1747–1829), author
 * George Robert FitzGerald (c.1748–1786), Irish eccentric, charged with murder
 * Charles James Fox (1749–1806), Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1782, 1783, 1806
 * Thomas Lynch, Jr. (1749–1779), signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence

1750s

 * John Graves Simcoe (1752-1806)Army officer, founder of Toronto
 * Lord George Gordon (1751–1793), politician and agitator
 * Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope (1753–1816), politician and scientist
 * George Cranfield Berkeley (1753–1818), senior Royal Navy admiral
 * Sir George Beaumont, 7th Baronet (1753–1827), art patron
 * Somerset Davies (1754–1817), politician
 * General John Hely-Hutchinson, 2nd Earl of Donoughmore (1757–1832), Commander-in-Chief, Egypt, 1801
 * Lieutenant-Colonel John Enys (1757–1818), soldier
 * William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville (1759–1834), Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1791–1801, and Prime Minister, 1806–1807
 * Richard Porson (1759–1808), Regius Professor of Greek, University of Cambridge, 1792–1808
 * Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley (1760–1842), Governor-General of India, 1797–1805, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1809–1812, and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 1821–1828, 1833–1834

1760s

 * William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington (1763–1845), Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1809–1812, and Master of the Mint, 1814–1823
 * Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (1764–1845), Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1806–1807, and Prime Minister, 1830–1834
 * Mad Jack Fuller (1757–1834), eccentric philanthropist, Member of Parliament for Southampton from 1780 to 1784, and Member of Parliament for Sussex from 1801 to 1812.
 * Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852), Commander, Mysore, 1799–1802, the Deccan, 1803–1805, and the Iberian Peninsula, 1808–1814, Master-General of the Ordnance, 1818–1827, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, 1827–1828, 1842–1852, and Prime Minister, 1828–1830, 1834
 * George Canning (1770–1827), Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1807–1809, 1822–1827, Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1827

1770s

 * John Keate (1773–1852), Headmaster of Eton, 1809–1834
 * Edward Vernon Utterson (c. 1776–1856), lawyer, one of the Six Clerks in Chancery, literary antiquary, collector and editor
 * George 'Beau' Brummell (1778–1840), dandy
 * John Rogers (1778–1856), theologian, landlord and scientist.
 * John Broadhurst (1778-1861), British Member of Parliament
 * William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848), Home Secretary, 1830–1834, and Prime Minister, 1834, 1835–1841
 * John Bird Sumner (1780–1862), Bishop of Chester, 1828–1848, and Archbishop of Canterbury, 1848–1862

1780s

 * John Bettesworth-Trevanion (1780–1840), MP for Penryn
 * Francis Hodgson (1781–1852), Provost of Eton (1840–1852)
 * Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe (1786–1880), ambassador
 * John Lonsdale (1788–1867), Principal of King's College London (1838–1843), Bishop of Lichfield (1843–1867)
 * Charles Richard Sumner (1790–1874), Bishop of Winchester, 1827–1874

1790s

 * Francis James Newman Rogers KC (1791–1851), judge and legal author
 * Sir John Herschel (1792–1871), astronomer and mathematician
 * John George Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham (1792–1840), Governor-General of Canada, 1838–1840, and politician
 * Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822), poet
 * Henry Michell Wagner (1792–1870), Vicar of Brighton (1824–1870)
 * John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute
 * Major-General Sir George Cathcart (1794–1854) Governor of Cape Colony, 1852–1853
 * Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville (1794–1865), Clerk of the Privy Council, 1821–1859
 * Rees Howell Gronow (1794–1865), Welsh Grenadier Guards officer and memoirist
 * Samuel Jones-Loyd, Baron Overstone (1796–1883), Banker and politician
 * Joseph Henry Blake (1797–1849), Irish peer and socialist
 * Sir John George Shaw-Lefevre (1797–1879), Vice-Chancellor, University of London, 1842–1862, and Clerk of the Parliaments, 1855–1875
 * Richard William Jelf (1798–1871), Principal of King's College London (1843–1868)
 * William Evans (1798–1877), painter and schoolmaster at Eton
 * Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman (1799–1854), Attorney General, 1830–1832, and Lord Chief Justice, 1832–1850
 * Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (1799–1869), Colonial Secretary, 1833–1834, and Prime Minister, 1852, 1858–1859, 1866–1868
 * Edward Pusey (1800–1882), Regius Professor of Hebrew, University of Oxford, 1828–1882
 * John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton (1799–1880) Politician