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List of One Day International cricket records

One Day International (ODI) cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) as well as the top four Associate members. Unlike Test matches, ODIs consist of one inning per team, having a limit in the number of overs, currently 50 overs per innings – although in the past this has been 55 or 60 overs. ODI matches are a subset of List A cricket.

The earliest match recognised as an ODI was played between England and Australia in January 1971; since when there have been more than 4,700 ODIs played by 29 teams. The frequency of matches has steadily increased, partly because of the increase in the number of ODI-playing countries, and partly as the cricket boards of those nations seek to maximise their revenue with the increased popularity of cricket, a process that dates from the time of the Packer Revolution. In February 2022, in their home series against the West Indies, India played their 1,000th ODI match, becoming the first team to play one thousand matches in this format.

The trend of countries to increase the number of ODI matches they play means that the aggregate lists are dominated by modern players, though this trend is reversing as teams play more Twenty20 Internationals. Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar has scored the most runs in ODIs with a total of 18,426. Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest ODI wicket-taker with a total of 534 wickets. The record for most dismissals by a wicket-keeper is held by Kumar Sangakkara of Sri Lanka while the record for most catches by a fielder is held by Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardene.

Listing criteria
In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, in which case all the tied record holders are noted).

Listing notation
Team notation
 * (300–3) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained (or are able) to be bowled.
 * (300) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out, either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets.

 * Batting notation
 * (100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out.
 * (175) indicates that a batsman scored 175 runs and was out after that.

 * Bowling notation
 * (5–40) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs.
 * (49.5 overs) indicates that a team bowled 49 complete overs (each of six legal deliveries), and one incomplete over of just five deliveries.

 * Active players

 * Currently active ODI players appear in boldface.
 * Currently active ODI officials are shown by ‡.

Seasons
 * Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries. Domestic cricket seasons in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years, and are by convention said to be played in (e.g.) "2008–09". A cricket season in England is described as a single year. e.g. "2009". An international ODI series or tournament may be for a much shorter duration, and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating "as a rule of thumb, any series or tour or tournament which began between the six months of April and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and March will appear in the relevant cross-year season". In the record tables, a two-year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries.

Greatest win margin (by wickets)
Teams batting second have won by a margin of ten wickets 63 times, with West Indies and India winning in such a manner 10 times.

Narrowest win margins (by runs)
The narrowest margin of victory by teams batting first is one run, which has been achieved in 35 ODIs. Australia have won by this margin on six occasions, which is the most for any team.

Narrowest win margins (by balls remaining)
Teams batting second have won on the final ball of their innings 40 times, with South Africa winning in such a manner seven times.

Narrowest win margins (by wickets)
The narrowest margin of victory by wickets is by a single wicket, which has settled 70 ODIs. West Indies have recorded such victory on twelve occasions.


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Talk:Trolls in Middle-earth

Trolls in the Two Towers
The Trolls in the Two Towers has been removed because there was no source? It’s in the movie, not sure the best way to source. See https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=JQ-qktuyMoI Lava Lamps (talk) 17:50, 16 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I've hidden it rather than removed outright. I've had a serious look for sources. We can't use YouTube in that way. See WP:RS for guidance on suitable sources. Chiswick Chap (talk) 17:56, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

As a plot point surely the film is the reference? Otherwise no plot points could be added without being written about in other sources. Lava Lamps (talk) 18:04, 16 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I've found a half-decent source for a simpler statement, which I have added. In general, a secondary source is far preferable to the primary. As for "the film is the reference", that might be all right in an article on a film, which this is not, but as it would be a primary source there, it would do nothing to establish notability. Chiswick Chap (talk) 18:13, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

The fight between Aragorn and the Troll at the black gate takes place in the Return of the King, it’s the same troll that Pippin stabs and is squished by. Lava Lamps (talk) 18:17, 16 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Indeed, a reliable fact but not the one you wanted. Chiswick Chap (talk) 18:22, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

Found a book with the script for the Two Towers, but unfortunately it’s a self published work by the author so isn’t WP:RS Lava Lamps (talk) 18:39, 16 April 2020 (UTC)
 * No indeed, we must insist absolutely on decent sources, anything else is a disaster in the making. I've added a RS for a brief mention; it goes into detail on the software techniques used but I don't feel we should go far in that direction. Chiswick Chap (talk) 18:44, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

Evil things and the Sun
Might not be relevant, because Treebeard is specifically talking about orcs of Isenguard, but I think trolls are included in the evil things that cannot abide the sun because they were made before the sun came, and that was a surprise to Morgoth.

"‘I think that I now understand what he is up to. He is plotting to become a Power. He has a mind of metal and wheels; and he does not care for growing things, except as far as they serve him for the moment. And now it is clear that he is a black traitor. He has taken up with foul folk, with the Orcs. Brm, hoom! Worse than that: he has been doing something to them; something dangerous. For these Isengarders are more like wicked Men. It is a mark of evil things that came in the Great Darkness that they cannot abide the Sun; but Saruman’s Orcs can endure it, even if they hate it. I wonder what he has done? Are they Men he has ruined, or has he blended the races of Orcs and Men? That would be a black evil!’"

There may be more external sources that discuss this theme? Lava Lamps (talk) 12:34, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

 * It's said specifically that trolls were bred by Melkor and Sauron, so it's be unwise (WP:OR) to speculate on their origins, especially as the evidence goes the opposite way. Chiswick Chap (talk) 12:50, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

Removal of the infobox
@Chiswick Chap As the infobox was removed for Dwarf (Middle-earth) and Elf (Middle-earth), should the infobox be removed here? Personally, I think the infobox works okay. GuardianH (talk) 07:13, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for drawing my attention to this. I'd say that it was worthless, like the others. The anachronistic and grossly misplaced "base of operations" suggests that the trolls are a 21st-century terrorist organisation, marauding Middle-earth far and wide from their evil base(s), and presumably co-ordinating their nefarious plots via satellite phone. Obviously, the trolls have no "base" and no centralised "operations". Far from just not adding anything useful to the article, this sort of thing is actually damaging. If you want policy on the matter, it's a failure of WP:TONE. Let's get rid of it now. Many thanks, Chiswick Chap (talk) 07:46, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Trolls in Middle-earth


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Duke of Saint-Cloud

The title of Duke of Saint-Cloud was created in 1674. The intention behind the creation was to provide a noble title to be held by the Archbishop of Paris for the time being.

The Bishop of Paris had only received the title Archbishop in relatively recent times, on October 20, 1622,  so as to recognize the emergence of Paris as the royal capital. It was common enough in France for a number of bishoprics to be joined automatically to a noble title. There were, for example, the Bishop-Count of Beauvais, the Bishop-Count of Châlons and the  Bishop-Count of Noyon.

In this way, the incumbents of three ancient bishoprics in the kingdom had along with the title of the ecclesiastical see also the secular noble title of Duke and peer of France, the latter being a particularly high distinction for a restricted circle of the nobility.

The three cases prior to 1674 were the Archbishop of Rheims and the Bishops of    Laon and  Langres. To these was added, then, the case of the archbishopric of Paris. In the existing cases,  the title of the dukedom was the same as the bishopric. Presumably in the case of Paris, it seemed inappropriate for the bishop of the royal capital be Duke of Paris and so the dukedom or duchy created was given an alternative name.

So it was that in 1674 the domain and lordships of Saint-Cloud, Maisons-Alfort, Créteil, Ozoir-la-Ferrière, and Armentières-en-Brie were erected into a duchy of Saint-Cloud, although the title was not registered in the parlement until 1690. The first to bear the title was François de Harlay de Champvalon, who had been Archbishop since 1671. It was then held by his successors at Paris till the Revolution.

These four dukedoms, not being hereditary, did not become extinct on the death of the holder, but were assumed by the legitimate successor to the bishopric.

However, all four  dukedoms or duchies, along with the entire Peerage of France, were abolished during the French Revolution, on August 4, 1789, the Night of the Abolition of Feudalism.

Dukes of Saint-Cloud

 * François de Harlay de Champvalon (1625-1695), 1st Duke of Saint-Cloud (1671-1695)
 * Louis-Antoine, Cardinal de Noailles (1651-1729), 2nd Duke of Saint-Cloud (1695-1729)
 * Charles-Gaspard-Guillaume de Vintimille du Luc (1655-1746), 3rd Duke of Saint-Cloud (1729-1746)
 * Jacques Bonne-Gigault de Bellefonds (1698-1746), 4th Duke of Saint-Cloud (1746)
 * Christophe de Beaumont du Repaire (1703-1781), 5th Duke of Saint-Cloud (1746-1781)
 * Antoine-Eléonore-Léon Le Clerc de Juigné (1728-1811), 6th Duke of Saint-Cloud (1781-1789)

title: Duke of Saint-Cloud


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Roda JC Kerkrade

Sportvereniging Roda Juliana Combinatie Kerkrade (Ripuarian: Sjport Verainiejoeng Roda Juliana Combinaatsiejoeën Kirchroa ), also known as Roda JC Kerkrade or commonly Roda JC  or  Roda, is a Dutch professional football club based in Kerkrade, Netherlands. Roda JC Kerkrade plays in the Eerste Divisie. The club was founded by a merger between Rapid JC and Roda Sport in 1962. They were placed in the Eerste Divisie, and after a relegation they were promoted back to the top division in 1973, where they would stay for 41 years until being relegated in 2014. In 2009–10, they added Kerkrade to the name to create brand awareness and get financial support.

Roda JC is known as the "coal-miner's club"; fans of archrival club MVV, from the provincial capital of Maastricht, say those words condescendingly. However, in Kerkrade and the surrounding area, they are said with pride and respect, although the last Dutch coal mines were closed in the 1970s.

Roda JC's club honours include seven European campaigns and six KNVB Cup finals, of which they won two. One of its predecessors in club's "family tree" of mergers, Rapid JC, were champions of the Netherlands in 1956. Ten out of eleven players on that Rapid JC team were coal miners.

Merge (1955–1962)
Roda JC Kerkrade came into being as the result of a merger of several football clubs from Kerkrade. In 1954, SV Kerkrade (established 1926) and SV Bleijerheide (1914) merged to form Roda Sport. That same year, Rapid '54 (1954) and amateur club Juliana (1910) merged to form Rapid JC. Rapid JC was one of the most successful clubs of that time, winning the Championship play-off in 1956. In later years they would only finish in the top 10 once, when they finished second in the 1958–59 season. Roda Sport, however, were relegated to the Tweede Divisie and stayed there until the latest merger with Rapid JC, to form Roda JC.

Struggling and staying at the top division (1963–94)
After the merger they began in the Eerste Divisie in the 1962–63 season, but were relegated the same season after finishing 16th. The following season they almost achieved promotion again, but they lost in the play-off and remained in the Tweede Divisie for eight years. After their return to the Eerste Divisie, it only took a further two seasons before they were promoted to the Eredivisie, when they finished first.

The club are finally in the premier division, but did not manage to qualify for a European competition even though they finished near the top several times. They only qualified for Europe once when they lost in the finals of the KNVB Cup in 1975, but they lost in the first round, 5–3 on aggregate, to Anderlecht. In the 1986–87 season they finally finished high enough for the UEFA Cup play-offs in the Netherlands, but lost their place to Utrecht. One year later they finished 15th and struggled to avoid relegation to the Eerste Divisie. They did, however, reach the finals of the KNVB Cup. Since PSV already had a place in Europe by winning the Eredivisie, Roda JC also earned a place in the European Cup. With the financial backing of entrepreneur Nol Hendriks, this was the club's most memorable European campaign, when Roda made it through the winter in the European Cup Winners' Cup before succumbing to the superb strikers of Bulgarian Sredets Sofia, Hristo Stoichkov, Lyuboslav Penev and Emil Kostadinov, who became superstars in Europe's major football leagues. Two years later, they finished fifth twice, but only once gained a place in a European competition. They did well in the KNVB Cup in 1990–91, reaching the semi-finals, and a year later reached the finals.

Dutch and European success (1994–2002)
Since 1994, the club has managed to achieve several successes both in Europe and the Netherlands during the Nol Hendriks era. Most notable was their second-place finish in the Eredivisie in 1994–95. They also won the KNVB Cup twice, in 1996–97 and 1999–2000. As a result of these successes, they qualified for several European competitions. In the 1997–98 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, Roda was eliminated in the quarter-finals by Vicenza 1–9 on aggregate. Roda's most memorable European match was played on 28 February 2002. After a 0–1 defeat at the hands of Milan in Kerkrade, Roda caused panic at San Siro by winning the return leg by the same score (0–1). The only goal scored during this match was made by Mark Luijpers. Roda even took the lead in the penalty shoot-out, but ended up losing the series, only being one penalty away from eliminating Milan.

Since then, Roda have only qualified twice for the UEFA Intertoto Cup, in 2003–04 and 2004–05. In later years, they did manage to qualify for the play-offs but never won it.

Roda's position in Dutch football is best illustrated by their history in the KNVB Cup. Roda were good enough to make it to six finals, but the first three times and the last time the opponent in the final was one of the "Big Three" – and Roda went home with the silver medal: PSV won in 1976 and 1988 and Feyenoord in 1992 and 2008. However, in two of the club's cup finals, a non-Big Three side was the opponent. Both times, the cup went to Kerkrade: Heerenveen were defeated in 1997 and NEC in 2000.

Decline (2002–2013)
Since 1992, Roda have been in discussions with neighbours Fortuna Sittard, as well as MVV and VVV, with a view to merging to form a new club, named FC Limburg. A statement of intent was published by Roda and Fortuna in November 2008 and in early 2009 financial backing was found for the scheme. All these attempts, however, floundered.

In 2008, the club gained its final notable success by reaching the KNVB Cup final. In the final, opponent and home side Feyenoord proved to be too strong, winning 2–0. One year later, the two teams met again in De Kuip for the final round of the 2008–09 Eredivisie season. Roda JC needed a win to avoid direct relegation, and against all odds, Roda JC defeated Feyenoord to qualify for the promotion/relegation play-offs. Roda eventually won the play-offs, defeating Cambuur in a penalty shoot-out.

In 2010, the club added "Kerkrade" to its name, so the new full name of the sports club is now Roda JC Kerkrade. This was one of the conditions set by the municipality of Kerkrade, in return for their sponsorship.

Roda JC finished in 16th position in the 2012–13 Eredivisie season and were therefore again forced to participate in the play-offs. The Coal Miners came out victorious again after a late free-kick winner by Mark-Jan Fledderus against Sparta Rotterdam, extending the club's stay at the highest level for another season.

Relegations, Eerste Divisie and turmoil (2014–2019)
Roda JC finished 18th in the 2013–14 Eredivisie and were relegated in May 2014, ending a 41-year period of football at the highest national level. However, they bounced back from the Eerste Divisie on their first attempt after defeating NAC after extra time in a promotion/relegation play-off final.

In January 2017, Dubai-based Swiss-Russian businessman Aleksei Korotaev took a minority interest in the club and brought former French international Nicolas Anelka with him in an advisory role. After Korotaev was jailed for alleged fraud in Dubai later that year, Anelka dropped his involvement with the club.

The club was relegated for a second time in their history in May 2018, after finishing the season in 16th place and subsequently losing 2–1 on aggregate to Eerste Divisie side Almere City in the promotion and relegation play-offs.

The following seasons were marked by ups and downs in the second tier, finishing as low as 17th in the abandoned 2019–20 season, and as high as the fifth in the 2021–22 season, where they were, however, knocked out by Excelsior 4–2 on aggregate in the playoffs. The club also went through turmoil behind the scenes, and had been close bankruptcy several times in the late 2010s.

In May 2019, Mexican investor Mauricio García de la Vega became involved in the club, acquiring 25% of the shares. However, the club faced consequences for not disclosing this to the licensing commission beforehand, receiving a three-point deduction from the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) in December 2019. García de la Vega's presence led to significant tensions within the organisation, as it later emerged that he had threatened several staff members.

The situation reached a climax on 27 September 2019, when angry fans chased him out of the stadium. Following this, on 5 October 2019, Roda JC announced that García de la Vega had withdrawn his investment and departed from the club. Instead, a consortium of local investors assumed control of 80% of the club shares (with Korotaev retaining 20%) and pledged to cover the club's €900,000 debt. The KNVB approved the plan in January 2020, effectively rendering the club debt-free.

Stabilisation (2020–present)
In September 2020, the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) greenlit the acquisition of Roda JC, transferring ownership to the Roda JC Foundation. Spearheaded by a local consortium comprising entrepreneurs Stijn Koster, Bert Peels, Roger Hodenius, and investment firm Mercurius, the proposal emerged in May 2020 with the goal of propelling the club to the summit of the Eerste Divisie. Operating under the moniker Phoenix Group, they committed to injecting €1.5 million annually over the next three seasons, bracing for potential budget shortfalls. Simultaneously, they petitioned the Kerkrade municipality to slash Parkstad Limburg Stadion's rent to €250,000. The KNVB's nod signaled the official departure of principal shareholder Frits Schrouff, who had been at the helm since 2015.

Following successful on-field performances, securing playoff spots in 2021 and 2022, Roda JC faced a downturn in the 2022–23 season, finishing in 15th place. In response, the club appointed former Roda JC player Bas Sibum, then assistant coach at FC Emmen, as their new head coach for the 2023–24 season. Under his leadership, the team experienced a significant turnaround in results, propelling them into contention for promotion. On 3 May 2024, Roda JC fans prematurely celebrated their team's promotion to the Eredivisie after a 2–0 victory over Cambuur, believing they had secured a top-two finish. However, a 95th-minute equalizer by their direct rivals, Groningen, against Telstar denied Roda's promotion, extending the race to the final matchday. The stadium announcer had mistakenly announced their promotion due to a poor internet connection, leading Roda's supporters to invade the pitch at Parkstad Limburg Stadion. The premature pitch invasion made international news. On the final matchday, Roda lost a direct matchup to Groningen, meaning they had to compete in the playoffs for promotion. In the first round of the playoffs, Roda lost 8–1 on aggregate to NAC Breda, extending their stay in the second tier.

Stadium
After the establishment of the club, Roda JC Kerkrade played in Sportpark Kaalheide with a capacity of 21,500 spectators. Its current stadium is the Parkstad Limburg Stadion, an all-seater stadium with a capacity of 19,979. It was opened on 15 August 2000 with a match against Spanish side Real Zaragoza, which ended in a 2–2 draw.

Honours
Before their merger, Rapid JC had won the top league title once, in the 1955–56 season.

Domestic results
Below is a table with Roda JC's domestic results since 1962.

National team players
''The following players were called up to represent their national teams in international football and received caps during their tenure with Roda JC Kerkrade:

 * Australia
 * 🇦🇺 Graham Arnold (1990–1992)
 * 🇦🇺 Tomi Juric (2015–2016)
 * 🇦🇺 Zeljko Kalac (1998–2002)
 * Belgium
 * 🇧🇪 Bob Peeters (1997–2000)
 * 🇧🇪 Tom Soetaers (2000–2004)
 * 🇧🇪 Joos Valgaeren (1997–2000)
 * 🇧🇪 Peter Van Houdt (1996–2000)
 * Burundi
 * 🇧🇮 Mohamed Amissi (2022–2023)
 * Cameroon
 * 🇨🇲 Bernard Tchoutang (1998–2002)
 * Canada
 * 🇨🇦 Marcel de Jong (2006–2010)
 * Curaçao
 * 🇨🇼 Doriano Kortstam (2015–2017)
 * Cyprus
 * 🇨🇾 Nestoras Mytidis (2016–2017)
 * Denmark
 * 🇩🇰 John Eriksen (1980–1984)
 * 🇩🇰 Mads Junker (2009–2012)
 * 🇩🇰 Marc Nygaard (1998–2002)
 * 🇩🇰 Morten Skoubo (2009–2011)
 * 🇩🇰 Sten Ziegler (1974–1979)
 * Estonia
 * 🇪🇪 Andres Oper (2005–2009)

 * Finland
 * 🇫🇮 Richard Jensen (2018–2022)
 * Gambia
 * 🇬🇲 Edrissa Sonko (2000–2007)
 * Ghana
 * 🇬🇭 Eric Addo (2003; 2009)
 * Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 László Bodnár (2004–2006)
 * 🇭🇺 Boldizsár Bodor (2004–2011)
 * 🇭🇺 Tamás Kádár (2012–2013)
 * 🇭🇺 Krisztián Németh (2012–2014)
 * Israel
 * 🇮🇱 Motti Ivanir (1986–1988)
 * Ivory Coast
 * Sekou Cissé (2004–2009)
 * Arouna Koné (2003–2005)
 * Kosovo
 * Donis Avdijaj (2018)
 * Morocco
 * 🇲🇦 Adil Ramzi (2006–2007; 2011–2013)
 * Netherlands
 * 🇳🇱 Henk Fraser (1988–1990)
 * 🇳🇱 René Hofman (1979–1986; 1989–1992)
 * 🇳🇱 Jan Jongbloed (1977–1981)
 * 🇳🇱 Johan de Kock (1994–1996)
 * 🇳🇱 Adrie Koster (1977–1979)
 * 🇳🇱 John van Loen (1988–1990)

 * Netherlands (continued)
 * 🇳🇱 Eric van der Luer (1988–2002)
 * 🇳🇱 Dick Nanninga (1974–1982)
 * 🇳🇱 Wilbert Suvrijn (1986–1989)
 * 🇳🇱 Pierre Vermeulen (1974–1980)
 * New Zealand
 * 🇳🇿 Ivan Vicelich (2001–2006)
 * Nigeria
 * 🇳🇬 Tijani Babangida (1991–1996)
 * 🇳🇬 Garba Lawal (1996–2002)
 * Northern Ireland
 * Adrian Coote (2000)
 * Norway
 * 🇳🇴 Pa-Modou Kah (2004–2011)
 * Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Przemysław Tytoń (2007–2011)
 * Suriname
 * 🇸🇷 Roland Alberg (2019–2021)
 * Syria
 * Sanharib Malki (2011–2013)

 * Players in bold actively play for Roda JC Kerkrade and for their respective national teams. Years in brackets indicate careerspan with Roda JC.

National team players by Confederation
Member associations are listed in order of most to least amount of current and former Roda JC Kerkrade players represented Internationally

Players in international tournaments
The following is a list of Roda JC players who have competed in international tournaments, including the FIFA World Cup, FIFA Confederations Cup, UEFA European Championship, Africa Cup of Nations, CONCACAF Gold Cup, and the OFC Nations Cup. To this date no Roda JC players have participated in the Copa América, or the AFC Asian Cup while playing for Roda JC Kerkrade.

Supporters
Although not the most vocal, the supporters of Roda JC are generally considered to be among the most loyal and well behaved in the Netherlands. In the early days of the club, Kaalheide was the club's home ground. Initially, supporters could roam free over the terraces. However, in the 1970s, fences were placed between the various sections, preventing supporters to move from one stand to the other. The fanatical supporters decided to unite at the covered north side stand, creating an old fashioned, atmospheric stand. Kaalheide became an infamous stadium for visiting teams.

Since moving to the Parkstad Limburg Stadium in the summer of 2000, the more fanatical supporters can be found behind the goal on the West side. The West Stand was renamed 'Koempel Tribune' (Miner Stand) in September 2014 to honour the fans who remained loyal to the club after the relegation four months earlier.

Since 1989, there is a close friendship between the supporters of TSV Alemannia Aachen and Roda JC Kerkrade. Fans of both clubs regularly visit each other's games. The clubs have the tradition to play a preparation match for the coming season, each and every year. It is not uncommon that fans from both clubs get together, march towards the stadium as one group, and walk into a stand as one. They cheer and clap for every goal.

Rivalries
Roda JC has three provincial rivals, namely Fortuna Sittard, MVV and VVV-Venlo. The arch rival is MVV, the team from the provincial capital of Maastricht. The Roda JC-MVV rivalry is considered to be the number one rivalry in the province of Limburg by both sets of supporters.

During the 1990s, the rivalry between Roda JC and Fortuna Sittard intensified, as both clubs were relatively successful during that period. Fanatical supporters of both clubs clash regularly ever since. The increased rivalry also created animosity between hooligans of Roda JC and the Belgian Limburg club Genk.

Due to the distance between Kerkrade and Venlo, the rivalry with VVV-Venlo is considered to be a minor one by the majority of the Roda JC supporters.

title: Roda JC Kerkrade


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Dead or Alive Ultimate

Dead or Alive Ultimate (デッドオアアライブアルティメット) is a compilation of fighting games developed by Team Ninja and released by Tecmo for the Xbox in 2004. It is a collection of the two previous games in the series, 1996's Dead or Alive and 1999's Dead or Alive 2. It marks the first game in the series to be a compilation. DOA Ultimate contains a high-resolution edition of the Sega Saturn version of Dead or Alive, and an enhanced remake of Dead or Alive 2 which utilizes a new graphics engine and offers Dead or Alive 3 game mechanics, new game content, and the inclusion of Hitomi as a playable character. The game offered online multiplayer capabilities, making the compilation among the first fighting games to offer online play.

Ultimate received generally favorable reviews from critics who praised the games' online functionalities. On December 16, 2006, both games became backwards compatible on Xbox 360. On November 10, 2021, both games were made available to download on Xbox Live worldwide. On November 15, 2021, both games were added to the list of backward compatible games on Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S.

Gameplay
Dead or Alive Ultimate is a compilation game that includes an enhanced version of Dead or Alive 1 and a remade version of Dead or Alive 2. The remade version of Dead or Alive 2 has re-developed graphics and new stages for the Xbox gaming system. The enhanced version of Dead or Alive 1 is the original Sega Saturn version, with smoothed graphics, but lacks the additional content received in the later-released North American PlayStation version (no Bass or Ayane characters or extra costumes). Both editions include online play.

Dead or Alive 1 Ultimate is essentially identical to its original Sega Saturn version, and is generally considered more of a collector's disc than for its content. Dead or Alive 2 Ultimate, being a remake created after the debut of Dead or Alive 3, takes elements and mechanics from both its original iteration and successor. The action of 3D-axis movement is as free-formatted as DOA3, and Hitomi is now a playable character albeit outside story mode. Other elements have been kept intact from DOA2. These include higher damaging counters than in DOA3, environmental hazards not warranting a knockout on a character, and a counter mechanism that is much harder to execute. Despite being able to freely move on a 3D axis in the Ultimate version of DOA2 however, most moves cannot be sidestepped as in DOA3 and other 3D fighters. Another major change is in the revamped holding system in DOA2 Ultimate. The final major set of changes instituted in 2 Ultimate is the inclusion of slopes, which are a type of environmental hazard where those knocked down them roll down the slope, taking damage as they fall.

The game required Xbox Live in order to play online. The service's support makes it the second online console fighting game to be released in America and Europe (Mortal Kombat: Deception having been the first) and the first online console fighting game in Japan. The system set forth by Tecmo for online play in Dead or Alive Ultimate was intended to recreate the feel of playing at an arcade. Players would log onto a shared "lobby" and then observe other matches until it was their turn to participate. Each lobby has a set of gameplay parameters that is determined by its creator, allowing for tournament-style play.

While this game brings back the old mechanics of the Dreamcast version of Dead or Alive 2, some changes to the music and remixes were added. Each character except Hitomi (who was introduced in DOA3) has their own remix. The remixes only appear in the Dance Floor stage, The Ray House.

Characters
Ultimate features a total of 16 playable characters. Dead or Alive 1 Ultimate features a roster of 9 playable characters while Dead or Alive 2 Ultimate features a roster of 15 playable characters.

• Ayane

• Bass Armstrong

• Bayman

• Ein

• Gen Fu

• Helena Douglas

• Hitomi

• Jann Lee

• Kasumi

• Leifang

• Leon

• Raidou

• Ryu Hayabusa

• Tengu

• Tina Armstrong

• Zack Only playable in 2 Ultimate Unlockable character Accessible by owning a copy of Dead or Alive 3 Only playable in 1 Ultimate

Plot
The story mode of Dead or Alive Ultimate plays out as it did in the original games. However, a new CG opening sequence is added, further explaining the relationship and history of Mugen Tenshin ninjas, Kasumi, Ayane and Hayate, revealing the village they all hail from, Kasumi's and Hayate's father, Shiden, who was mentioned in the first Dead or Alive, Ayane's foster-father, Genra, before his monstrous transformation in Dead or Alive 3, and introduces Ayame, mother of Kasumi, Hayate and Ayane. The sequence reveals the rape of Ayame by Kasumi's and Hayate's uncle, Raidou, leading to the birth of Ayane, her being raised by Genra, and Raidou's crippling of Hayate, leading to Hayate's comatose state and Kasumi's quest for vengeance on Raidou. The CG sequence acts as a prologue leading into the first three Dead or Alive games.

Development and release
In 2004, after the release of Dead or Alive 3, Team Ninja once again remade Dead or Alive 2, this time for the Xbox system. In the planning stages, this new game was originally named Dead or Alive Online for its addition of online support. On January 14, it was renamed to Dead or Alive Ultimate and promised fresh content, additional characters, re-recorded voiceovers, and an upgraded version of the original Dead or Alive for the Sega Saturn. According to Tecmo, the name change was due to the opinion that "Ultimate would more accurately describe the feeling players feel upon experiences with the game"''.

Hitomi from Dead or Alive 3 was added to the game roster as an unlockable character, and owning a copy of Dead or Alive 3 makes Hitomi accessible in Dead or Alive Ultimate. In Japan, Dead or Alive Ultimate was released with a crystal-clear blue version of the Xbox system that included a controller of the same color, a copy of Dead or Alive Ultimate, and some bonus Kasumi-themed extras. In the United States, two trading cards with character pictures on them were randomly included in each game as part of a collector's edition. The game disc of the North American release also contains the Booster Pack for the North American version of Dead or Alive 3, which adds numerous character costumes found in the European and Japanese versions of Dead or Alive 3. This disc also included the G4-produced segment from their Icons series entitled "Dead or Alive", detailing the history of the Dead or Alive series, along with interviews featuring various people from the video game industry, including series creator Tomonobu Itagaki. A guide book titled Dead or Alive Ultimate: Prima Official Game Guide by Prima Games was released on November 4, 2004.

Backwards Compatibility and Re-release
With the December 14, 2006, backwards compatibility update for the Xbox 360, the Xbox release of Dead or Alive Ultimate can now be played on the Xbox 360. On November 10, 2021, Dead or Alive 1 Ultimate and Dead or Alive 2 Ultimate became available to download separately on Xbox Live worldwide along with Dead or Alive 3, hinting at the addition of the games to backward compatibility program. On November 15, 2021, all 3 games were added to the line up and became playable on Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S.

Reception
Dead or Alive Ultimate received generally favorable reviews from critics with a score of 84.14% and 83/100 from review aggregators GameRankings and Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 32 out of 40.

IGN's Hilary Golden praised its online functionality, stating how "the online set-up goes well beyond what has been previously done for fighting games and betters some online first-person shooters to boot". Golden concluded that "the greatly improved arenas, the plethora of costumes, the addition of slope moves, and the implementation of Xbox Live play makes DOA Ultimate one of the best games this year". GameSpot's Greg Kasavin called it "a landmark achievement in the fighting game genre's history-in-the-making", praising its innovative, impressive and well implemented online component, and praised how the Dead or Alive gameplay formula held up well over the years. Kasavin criticized the gameplay being unchanged from years-old predecessors and the absence of Dead or Alive 3 characters "Hayate", "Christie", and "Brad Wong" from the roster, but concluded that "For a game that's so bold as to call itself "Ultimate", DOAU sure comes close. It truly is the best, most fully featured title in the Dead or Alive series yet".

Sales and awards
Dead or Alive Ultimate topped the Japanese charts on release, coming in number 4 during Week 45 in 2004. The game was awarded "Fighting Game of the Year" at the 2004 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards (NAVGTR Awards). IGN awarded the game "Best Fighting Game of 2004" and "Best Xbox Graphics of 2004" during their Best of 2004 awards. It also received a runner-up position in GameSpot's 2004 "Best Fighting Game" category across all platforms, losing to Mortal Kombat: Deception.

Legacy
Dead or Alive Ultimate was the first Japanese fighting game and the second fighting game after Mortal Kombat: Deception to offer online multiplayer. Dead or Alive Ultimate's online mode along with the online modes of Mortal Kombat: Deception and the Xbox version of Street Fighter Anniversary Collection, connected players of different regions together during the time the fighting game community (FGC) was in a state of stagnation.

In 2005, Dead or Alive Ultimate became the first fighting game to be included in the World Cyber Games.

title: Dead or Alive Ultimate


text:
Corpus Christi Fury

The Corpus Christi Fury (formerly the Corpus Christi Hammerheads), was a professional indoor football team based in Corpus Christi, Texas, United States. The Fury played its home games at the American Bank Center.

History
The Fury began life as the Corpus Christi Hammerheads, a charter member of the Intense Football League. The Hammerheads were coached by ex-University of Houston Quarterback and former IFL star Jason McKinley, son of former NFL player Bob McKinley, and were led by a strong supporting cast of players such as quarterback Wes Cooper, wide receiver Shomari Buchanan, tight end Matt Ross, and linebackers Roy Salas and DeAndrae Filmore. They played their home games at the Memorial Coliseum in 2004 and at the American Bank Center in 2005 and 2006, both of which are in Corpus Christi, Texas.

The team did not return to the American Bank Center for 2007 after the arena decided not to renew the team's lease and it became the home of the af2 team, the Corpus Christi Sharks. In 2007, the Hammerheads played in the Central Pavilion Arena in nearby Robstown, Texas. In 2008, head coach Jason McKinley guided the Hammerheads back to the Intense Football League's title game only to lose 65–36 in Lake Charles, Louisiana to the Louisiana Swashbucklers. After the Sharks folded following the 2009 season the Hammerheads announced they were returning to the American Bank Center for the upcoming 2010 season.

For the 2011 season, the Hammerheads joined the Southern Indoor Football League. Finishing at 7–5, the Hammerheads lost to the Louisiana Swashbucklers in the first round of the playoffs. After the 2011 season, the Hammerheads left the SIFL to help start the Lone Star Football League.

The team was removed from the Lone Star Football League following the 2012 season. In 2013, the team played in the Ultimate Indoor Football League and renamed as the Corpus Christi Fury (the logos were originally designed for a proposed 2012 UIFL expansion team, the Danville Dragons).

The fury fell to the Florida Tarpons in Ultimate Bowl III, but returned to the Ultimate Bowl in 2014. The team defeated the Tarpons 60–23 to claim their first championship in franchise history.

For the 2015 season, the Fury played in the X-League after the UIFL ceased operations. The Fury also was winless that season.

On October 1, 2015, the Fury joined American Indoor Football after the X-League folded. The team cancelled several games during the 2016 season and only played one game against another AIF member. While never announced by the team, the Fury appeared to have folded before their May 15, 2016, game against the New Mexico Stars, giving the Stars 24 hours' notice that they would be unable to make the game. They also announced their May 22 home game was cancelled over social media on the day of the game without explanation.

The Fury were removed from the AIF website after the completion of the 2016 season. AIF also ceased all operations in July 2016. In October, a new indoor football team was announced to begin play in 2017 out of the American Bank Center called the Corpus Christi Rage. The new team had no connection to the former Hammerheads/Fury franchise and was a member of the new National Arena League. The Rage, however, also went winless and failed to complete the 2017 season. The Hammerheads hold the record for most Intense Bowls played, but lost all three games.

Final roster & standings
On October 1, 2015, the Fury joined American Indoor Football from the recently folded X-League Indoor Football. The team's coach remained LaDaniel Marshall working under general manager Robert Wehling and owner, Chad Dittman.

The team cancelled several games during the season and only played one game against an AIF member. While never announced by the team itself, the Fury appeared to have folded before their game on May 15 against the New Mexico Stars, giving the Stars 24 hours' notice that they would be unable to make the game. They also announced their May 22 home game was cancelled on the day of the game over social media without explanation.

Season-by-season
!Totals || 86 || 69 || 0
 * colspan="6" align="center" | Corpus Christi Hammerheads (Intense Football League)
 * 2004 || 8 || 8 || 0 || 5th League || —
 * colspan="6" align="center" | Corpus Christi Hammerheads (NIFL)
 * 2005 || 8 || 6 || 0 || 2nd Pacific South || Won PC Quarterfinal (S.W. Louisiana) Lost PC Semifinal (Odessa)
 * colspan="6" align="center" | Corpus Christi Hammerheads (Intense Football League)
 * 2006 || 9 || 5 || 0 || 2nd League || Won Semifinal (Centex) Lost Intense Bowl II (Odessa)
 * 2007 || 12 || 2 || 0 || 2nd League || Won Semifinal (Frisco) Lost Intense Bowl III (Louisiana)
 * 2008 || 10 || 4 || 0 || 2nd League || Won Semifinal (CenTex) Lost Intense Bowl IV (Louisiana)
 * colspan="6" align="center" | Corpus Christi Hammerheads (Indoor Football League)
 * 2009 || 5 || 9 || 0 || 4th Intense Lone Star || —
 * 2010 || 6 || 8 || 0 || 3rd Intense Lone Star || Lost Round 1 (Arkansas)
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Hammerheads (SIFL)
 * 2011 || 7 || 5 || 0 || 2nd WC Southwest || Lost WC Round 1 (Louisiana)
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Hammerheads (LSFL)
 * 2012 || 4 || 7 || 0 || 5th League || —
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Fury (UIFL)
 * 2013 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 2nd League || Lost Ultimate Bowl III (Florida)
 * 2014 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 1st League || Won Ultimate Bowl IV (Florida)
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Fury (X-League)
 * 2015 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 9th League || —
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Fury (AIF)
 * 2016 || 2 || 1 || 0 || — || —
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Hammerheads (SIFL)
 * 2011 || 7 || 5 || 0 || 2nd WC Southwest || Lost WC Round 1 (Louisiana)
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Hammerheads (LSFL)
 * 2012 || 4 || 7 || 0 || 5th League || —
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Fury (UIFL)
 * 2013 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 2nd League || Lost Ultimate Bowl III (Florida)
 * 2014 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 1st League || Won Ultimate Bowl IV (Florida)
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Fury (X-League)
 * 2015 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 9th League || —
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Fury (AIF)
 * 2016 || 2 || 1 || 0 || — || —
 * 2013 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 2nd League || Lost Ultimate Bowl III (Florida)
 * 2014 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 1st League || Won Ultimate Bowl IV (Florida)
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Fury (X-League)
 * 2015 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 9th League || —
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Fury (AIF)
 * 2016 || 2 || 1 || 0 || — || —
 * 2015 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 9th League || —
 * colspan="6" align="center" |  Corpus Christi Fury (AIF)
 * 2016 || 2 || 1 || 0 || — || —
 * 2016 || 2 || 1 || 0 || — || —
 * 2016 || 2 || 1 || 0 || — || —
 * colspan="2"| (including IFL, NIFL, SIFL, UIFL, X-League & AIF playoffs)

title: Corpus Christi Fury


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Troll (automobile)

The Troll was a small car manufactured by Troll Plastik & Bilindustri of Lunde, Norway, from 1956 to 1958. It was one of a few attempts at car production in Norway, and only five cars were built.

Design
The Troll was built as a 2+2 sports car with a fibreglass body, with the intention to build the first non-American mass-produced fibreglass car. In the US, Chevrolet made its Corvette in fibreglass, but no one in Europe had built cars in plastic, except for the East German Trabant, which was also a 2-cylinder two-stroke car. Fibreglass was a relatively new material in the late 1950s, but had numerous benefits, notably its inability to rust and its light weight (being approximately 130 kg lighter than an equivalent metal-bodied car).

The Troll's chassis was taken from a Gutbrod Superior, and the body was made 150 mm longer to fit on it. Gutbrod also manufactured the Troll's engine, which was a 700 cc two-stroke straight-twin with Bosch fuel injection connected to a three-speed Hurth transmission. The engine produced 26 hp, propelling the car to a top speed of approximately 130 km/h. The Troll was also capable of 5 litres per 100 km (47 mpg).

Due to the complex fuel injection system, there were plans to use a 3-cylinder Saab engine instead, which were never implemented.

Development
The Troll was developed by businessman Per Kohl-Larsen and engineers Bruno Falck and Erling Fjugstad, and designed by Hans Trippel.

The first car was revealed to the press in October 1956. It was not completely finished, and although the form of the chassis was final, the car could not be driven. This car was later used as a prototype, and many changes were made during later testing. Norwegian and foreign press showed much enthusiasm towards the project, and the car was compared to those from brands like Porsche, Citroën and Saab.

Production and bankruptcy
The first Troll was sold to a customer on May 1, 1957.

As production commenced, Kohl-Larsen faced difficulty obtaining a permit from the Norwegian government to sell the Troll. He was allowed to sell only 15 cars in Norway, the reason being a barter treaty Norway had with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe to buy cars from them as they bought fish products from Norway. As such, the government was afraid that domestic car production would disrupt this trading balance. Kohl-Larsen therefore started plans to export cars to Germany and Denmark, with requests from other countries like Finland and Belgium. At one point, the company had plans to build 2,000 cars per year, but settled on one finished car per day afterwards.

Troll Plastik & Bilindustri was also unable to secure the investment capital necessary for large-scale production. When the Norwegian government made their lack of support for the Troll clear, all potential investors closed negotiations, resulting in bankruptcy in early 1958.

title: Troll (automobile)


text:
Graeme Smith

Graeme Craig Smith (born 1 February 1981) is a South African cricket commentator and former cricketer who played for South Africa in all formats. In 2003, he was appointed captain of the national team, taking over from Shaun Pollock. He held the position of test captain until his retirement in 2014. At 22, he was appointed as South Africa's youngest ever captain. He was the most capped captain ever when he played his (personally not captained) 102nd test against England. He is considered as one of South Africa's greatest ever captains having led South Africa to a record 54 test victories.

A tall, left-handed opening batsman, Smith is regarded as one of the greatest openers of all time. During South Africa's tour of England in 2003, he made double centuries in consecutive Test matches: 277 at Edgbaston, and 259 at Lord's. His 259 at Lord's still holds the record for being the highest score made by a foreign player at this prestigious venue. On 24 October 2013, Smith became the second South African and 12th overall to complete 9,000 runs in test cricket in his 112th test match. His highest score in ODI cricket which was his 141 he made against England in the 2009 ICC Champions Trophy is also the highest score made by a South African at any tournaments.

Known for the success of his opening partnership with Herschelle Gibbs, South Africa's most prolific ever opening partnership, Smith has the distinction of having been part of all four of South Africa's opening partnerships of over 300 runs: in three of them he was partnered by Gibbs, and in 2008 Smith added 415 for the first wicket with Neil McKenzie against Bangladesh, a world record opening partnership. On 3 March 2014, during the third Test against Australia, he announced his retirement from international cricket.

He was also the overseas player and captain of the English side Surrey. He appeared in his 100th Test against England on 19 July 2012. He captained his 100th career Test match on 1 February 2013, against Pakistan, on his 32nd birthday. He's the only player to captain a side in 100 Tests.

On September 9, 2022, Smith and Kallis announced partnerships with MCW as official ambassadors for cricket.

Most recently, Graeme Smith has been appointed as the SA20 League Commissioner.

Early and personal life
Born and raised in Johannesburg to Scottish parents Graham and Janet, Smith was educated at King Edward VII School. Smith played three Tests, and seven One Day Internationals for South Africa under-19s, of which five were during the Under 19 Cricket World Cup. He scored one fifty in the test matches, but scored five half-centuries in the one-dayers. Smith was also one of the South African Cricketers of the Year in the South African Cricket Annual for his performances in the 2001–02 South African cricket season.

Smith married Irish singer Morgan Deane, at St Bernard Catholic Church in Claremont, Cape Town in August 2011. Their daughter, Cadence Christine Smith, was born 25 July 2012. and their son, Carter McMorrin Smith, was born on 15 July 2013. On 18 February 2015, Graeme and Morgan publicly announced that they would be divorcing after four years of marriage. On 24 December 2016, Smith's girlfriend Romy Lanfranchi gave birth to Smith's third child, a boy.

Smith is also an ardent Liverpool F.C. supporter.

Domestic career
Graeme Smith has played for several cricket teams in South Africa. He latterly played for the Cape Cobras but due to his international commitments, his appearances for them were limited, his last first-class game for them being in 2010. In total he has played 17 games for Western Province scoring 1,312 runs with four centuries at an average of 46.85. He has also played for other teams in South Africa including the United Cricket Board of South Africa Invitation XI and Western Province Boland.

He has also played county cricket for Somerset in the 2005 English cricket season, captaining the club for part of the 2005 season, and he scored a century in a tour match against the Australians in preparation for the 2005 Ashes series. Against Leicestershire at Taunton he scored his maiden first-class triple hundred (311 off 255 balls). He also hit 105 in the Twenty20 Cup match against Northamptonshire, which is currently the 15th highest score in the domestic Twenty20 Cup competition. Smith also captained the team to victory on finals day to secure the Twenty20 Cup trophy, making 64 not out from 47 balls in the final.

In 2008 Graeme Smith played in the inaugural Indian Premier League for Rajasthan Royals. His opening partnership with Swapnil Asnodkar achieved significant success. "You can know an opponent as a cricketer," Royals captain Shane Warne, with whom Smith had had multiple dustups in the past, wrote afterward, "but you only start to know him as a bloke when you play in the same side. As it turned out, the Graeme Smith I played alongside for the Rajasthan Royals in 2008 was different from the Graeme Smith I faced in the Test arena.  That was the great thing about the Indian Premier League.  It brought together players from all countries to share ideas, swap experiences, and take the game forward worldwide.  We had a laugh and a joke about the things we had said in the past.  They sounded quite funny looking back.  I know he has a few regrets, but, all credit to him, he sees the funny side."

On 1 November 2012 Graeme Smith was announced as the new captain of Surrey County Cricket Club starting in the 2013 season. He received his county cap at lunch on day 1 of the first championship fixture of the 2013 season against Somerset.

International career
Smith made his Test debut for South Africa in 2002 in Cape Town against Australia, batting at number three and scoring 68 in the second innings. Promoted to open the batting with Herschelle Gibbs against Bangladesh in his third Test match, Smith scored 200. In the following home series against Pakistan, Smith (who scored 151) and Gibbs (228) shared a first-wicket stand of 368, a national record until bettered by Smith and Neil McKenzie's 415, and at the time the fourth highest opening partnership in Test history. Following the 2003 Cricket World Cup and Shaun Pollock's subsequent resignation, Smith was selected as captain for South Africa's next Test. The decision was criticised as it was felt that he had shown 'few leadership credentials': He had played only eight Test matches and 22 ODIs before being given the captaincy. Graeme Smith was only 22 years and 82 days old when he captained his first match against Bangladesh, the youngest ever South African captain.

During the tour of England in 2003 he made double centuries in consecutive: 277 (and 85 from 70 balls in the second innings) in the first Test at Edgbaston, and 259 in an innings victory in the second Test at Lord's. His 277 remained the highest individual Test innings scored by a South African until November 2010, surpassing the previous record of 275 held jointly by Daryll Cullinan and Gary Kirsten; his 259 remains the highest score made at Lord's by a foreign player, breaking the record of 254 set by Sir Donald Bradman in 1930. These performances prompted Alec Stewart to call him "the most impressive 22-year-old I have seen in cricket"; the Edgbaston match prompted Nasser Hussain to retire as captain of England, to be succeeded by Michael Vaughan. This outstanding run of form could have continued but for an unusual dismissal: in the third Test at Trent Bridge Smith, on 35, played back to Andrew Flintoff and trod on his stumps to be dismissed hit wicket. Smith did not pass 20 again in the series as a galvanized England led by Vaughan won the match and fought back to draw the series 2–2, but Smith nonetheless finished the series with an aggregate of 714 runs at an average of 79.33, and was named player of the series (jointly with Flintoff).

During the year 2004 South Africa had a significantly less successful run in ODI cricket than they would have expected, with a 5–1 series loss to New Zealand and a 5–0 series loss to Sri Lanka. They had beaten the West Indies 3–1 earlier in the year, but South African cricket was described as being in a state of 'freefall'. In Test matches also South Africa suffered a poor run with series losses to England, India, and Sri Lanka. They did nevertheless win a home Test series against the West Indies (with Smith and Gibbs sharing their third 300-run opening partnership ). Although initially regarded as an inexperienced captain, his growth in the role was evidenced when he was selected to captain the ICC World XI in the ICC Super Series Test Match between the ICC World XI and Australia in October 2005.

South Africa won a Test series in the West Indies in 2005, with Smith scoring centuries in three consecutive Tests: 148 at the Queen's Park Oval, 104 at the Kensington Oval and 126 at Antigua. However, their tour of Australia and Australia's subsequent return tour in the 2005–06 season were disappointments for Smith, as they succumbed to a 2–0 defeat in Australia, and a 3–0 whitewash at home. Yet, for his performances in 2005, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC. Pride was restored when Smith led his team to victory in South Africa's win over Australia in a One Day International at the Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg, on 12 March 2006. Australia set South Africa a world record 434–4 from 50 overs, which was successfully chased by South Africa who reached 438–9 with a ball to spare. Smith scored 90 runs off 55 balls in the chase, and shared in a second-wicket partnership of 187 runs with Herschelle Gibbs. The result gave South Africa in a 3–2 series victory over the Australians.

In the first ODI against Pakistan on 4 February 2007, Smith hit an over bowled by Naved-ul-Hasan for 27 runs, and became the first player in ODI history to hit six fours off an over; Smith scored 72 from 47 balls as South Africa totalled 392–6, the highest ODI total ever made against a Test nation (excluding Zimbabwe) apart from the two innings of the aforementioned Wanderers match between Australia and South Africa. As captain he led the South African cricket team through 20 consecutive undefeated matches in One Day Internationals in 2005. In early 2007 Smith's South Africans replaced Australia on top of the official ICC rankings for ODI cricket but returned to second place after mixed results in the 2007 ICC World Cup thus far after losing to Australia by eight wickets. In the 2007 World Cup, he started the tournament with four successive 50s, a feat never before achieved by a captain. During the second Test against Bangladesh at Chittagong in begun on 29 February 2008 Smith (who scored 232) and Neil McKenzie (226) put on a world record 415 for the first wicket. The partnership beat the previous first-wicket record of 413 which had been set in 1956 by Vinoo Mankad and Pankaj Roy. They had finished day one with 405 runs on the board which was the most ever put on by a pair in a single day of Test cricket without losing a wicket. The partnership was Smith's fourth opening partnership of over 300 runs, and his sixth of over 200 runs, both Test records.

In scoring 108 in the second innings of the first Test against England at Lord's in 2008, Smith participated in a seventh double-century opening partnership, again in conjunction with McKenzie, as South Africa fought to draw a Test which appeared lost. He also scored a second-innings 154 not out in the third Test at Edgbaston, to lead South Africa to a challenging target of 281, and with it South Africa's first series victory in England since 1965. The result provided Smith with personal vengeance against Michael Vaughan for denying South Africa a series victory in England in 2003 and defeating South Africa at home in 2004–5; Vaughan resigned as captain of England after the Edgbaston match, in an echo of Nasser Hussain's resignation at the instigation of Smith's batting five years earlier.

South Africa would later on go to Australia for a Test and one-day series that was billed as the 'heavyweight' series. It was the world champions Australia taking on the number two side South Africa with the series winner becoming world champions. In the first test match at Perth, South Africa chased down 414 runs with 6 wickets in hand. This was the second-largest fourth innings total that was chased down in history and the highest on Australian soil. Graeme Smith broke his Australian hoodoo by leading from the front and scoring 108, his first century against Australia. He would also share a partnership with Hashim Amla.

In December 2008 he captained the first South African side that won a test series against Australia on their soil, in the course inflicting the first home defeat on the opponents in 16 years. On 7 January 2009, in the third test of the series, Smith received a standing ovation from the crowd when he batted in the second innings despite a broken hand in an attempt to save the Third Test. He fell with ten balls remaining and Australia won the Test.

For his performances in 2008, he was named as captain of the World Test XI by ICC and ESPNcricinfo.

After South Africa lost to New Zealand in the quarter-finals of the 2011 World Cup, Smith resigned as ODI and Twenty20 captain. He was replaced by AB de Villiers. Smith had to recover from an ankle injury to face England in three test series in 2012. By beating England in the first and third tests and drawing the second – he led South Africa to a series victory. This put South Africa back on top of the ICC Test rankings. And with England Test cricket captain Andrew Strauss retiring from all forms of cricket right after this defeat, Graeme Smith achieved a rare feat of toppling three English captains in three tours to England.

For his performances in 2012, he was named in Test XI of the year by ESPNcricinfo.

In October 2019, he was elected as an honorary life member of the Marylebone Cricket Club in recognition of his outstanding achievement in Cricket.

Captaincy
He is the most successful test captain in test history (53 test wins) and also the only captain to have registered 50+ test wins, having overtaken Ricky Ponting's 48 Test victories. He's the only player to captain a team in 100 Tests.

Coaching career
He was appointed as director of cricket for South Africa national cricket team in mid December 2019 initially on a temporary three-month stint and after the three-month stint in an interim capacity as director of cricket, he was also slated for commentary role for the 2020 Indian Premier League. However, in April 2020, following the postponement of the IPL owing to COVID-19 concerns, his contract as director of CSA was extended to further two years up until March 2022. His three-year tenure as director of South African team ended on 31 March 2022 with immediate effect. Smith decided not to reapply for the post following the outcome of SJN Hearings.

Controversies
During a Test series against South Africa in 2005, Trinidadian Dwayne Bravo scored his maiden century – 107 – before getting out to Mark Boucher in the fourth Test in Antigua, but that was overshadowed when he accused Smith of directing a racist comment at him. At the subsequent hearing no evidence could be found and charges were dropped against Smith, who immediately demanded an apology from Bravo. Bravo, backed by the West Indies Cricket Board, refused to do so and received a hail of criticism from an indignant South African press while finding support at home as a human rights campaigner.

SJN Hearings on racism allegations
In 2021, he was accused of racism allegations during his playing career and the matter was taken into consideration at the Cricket South Africa's (CSA) Social Justice and Nation Building (SJN) transformation public hearings. He was among several employees of CSA to be implicated in tentative findings made by SJN ombudsman. The report claimed that he had engaged in racially biased and discriminatory behavior on three counts during his tenure as captain of South African test side and during his three-year run as CSA's director of cricket.

As the report claims, he was accused of causing a roadblock to wicketkeeper batsman Thami Tsolekile when he was on the verge of taking over the keeping duties from Boucher as Boucher's international career was cut short prematurely due to an eye injury. Smith paved way for AB de Villiers to become the designated wicketkeeper of the side ahead of Tsolekile despite the fact that de Villiers being only a specialist keeper for the test series against England in 2012. Moreover, Smith was also alleged to have been appointed as the director of cricket of Cricket South Africa in contrast to the CSA's recruitment policy. It was revealed that the then CEO of CSA Thabang Moroe headhunted Smith to appointed him as director of cricket despite the interviewing process for the relevant job position was still taking place.

However, Smith was cleared of racism allegations by two independent arbitrators who indicated there was no evidence of racial bias and indicated that there was no evidence on whether Smith had engaged in racial discrimination. CSA has also been ordered to pay Smith's costs for the arbitration process.

Records
Graeme Smith holds an unusual record against England: In 2003, 2008 and 2012, Nasser Hussain, Michael Vaughan and Andrew Strauss ended their respective careers as England test captains as they failed to beat the Proteas in the years Smith toured England as South African captain.
 * Smith holds the world record of captaining in most number test matches. He is also the only test captain to play in excess of 100 test matches. (109 – 108 as captain for South Africa, and 1 for ICC).
 * Smith holds the world record of the highest number of wins in test matches as a captain with 53 wins.
 * Smith holds the most centuries (15) by a captain in test match wins.
 * He also holds the world record of a non-wicketkeeper taking most catches (82) in test match wins.
 * Fastest South African cricketer to reach 1000 test runs.
 * Smith holds the record for scoring the most test runs as captain (8659).
 * He along with Jacques Kallis set the record for the highest ever partnership for any wicket as debutants in T20 Internationals (84 for the 1st wicket)

title: Graeme Smith