text:
Liberalism in Japan

Japanese liberalism (自由主義 or リベラリズム) formed in the nineteenth century as a reaction against traditional society. In the twentieth century 'liberal' (自由) gradually became a synonym for conservative, and today the main conservative party in the country is named Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党). The defunct Democratic Party (民主党) was considered in part a centrist-liberal party, as are most parties which derived from it. The liberal character of the Liberal League (自由連合) is disputed, as it is also considered to be conservative by some. This article is limited to liberal (リベラル) parties with substantial support, proved by having had representation in parliament.

Modern Japanese liberalism
Liberals in Japan are generally considered united by one major factor: their opposition to changing the post-World War II constitution forbidding the creation of a national military.

Before the 1990s, Japanese liberals did not form a prominent individual political party.
 * Japan's radical liberalism (left-wing liberalism) emerged as a "peace movement" and was largely led by the Japan Socialist Party (JSP).
 * Until the 1990s, conservative liberalism (right-wing liberalism) in Japan was led by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), and they contrasted with left-wing liberalism.

Since the 1990s, most conservative liberals have left the LDP. The Japan New Party (JNP) and New Party Sakigake are the parties founded by Japanese conservative-liberals against the LDP's nationalist project, which lead to the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)-liberalism tradition. Japan's previous liberal party, the DPJ, was led by moderates of both the right-wing LDP and left-wing JSP.

Currently, the LDP has not been considered a liberal party. In the past, liberals in the LDP became opposition forces after leaving the party, so "liberal" generally became a force against "conservative" in Japanese politics in the 21st century. The current DPJ-liberalism tradition is being continued by the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDPJ).

Since Japanese conservatism was influenced by Shinto, Japan's radical liberalism and democratic socialism were more influenced by Christianity.

As the LDP becomes an increasingly solid conservative party, and the socialist movement that led the traditional anti-LDP camp has lost control in Japan's opposition political camp, gradually shifting from the centre-right "liberal" in the European and Australian sense of the past to the centre-left "liberal" in the American sense. Currently, the LDP is the largest conservative party in Japan, and the CDPJ is the largest liberal party in Japan.

Timeline
The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it isn't necessary that parties labelled themselves "liberal".

From Public Party of Patriots until Constitutional Party

 * 1874: Liberals founded the Public Party of Patriots (愛国公党)
 * 1881: The Aikoku Kōtō is continued by the Liberal Party (自由党)
 * 1891: The Jiyūtō is renamed into Constitutional Liberal Party (立憲自由党)
 * 1898: The Rikken Jiyūtō merged with the ⇒ Shimpotō into the Constitutional Party (憲政党)
 * 1898: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Kensei Hontō; with the former Jiyūtō faction reorganizing itself into the New Kenseitō
 * 1900: The party is taken over by the oligarchy and renamed into Association of Friends of Constitutional Government (立憲政友会)

From Constitutional Reform Party to Reform Club

 * 1882: The Constitutional Reform Party (立憲改進党) is formed
 * 1896: The party is continued by the Progressive Party (進歩党)
 * 1898: The party merged into the ⇒ Kenseitō
 * 1898: The Kenseitō fell apart and a faction formed the Orthodox Constitutional Party (憲政本党), renamed in 1910 into the Constitutional National Party (立憲国民党)
 * 1913: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Rikken Dōshikai
 * 1922: The Rikken Kokumintō is renamed Reform Club (革新倶楽部)
 * 1920s: The Kakushin Club merged into the Rikken Seiyūkai

From Association of Friends of the Constitution to Constitutional Democratic Party

 * 1913: A faction of the ⇒ Rikken Kokumintō formed the Association of Friends of the Constitution (立憲同志会), renamed Constitutional Politics Association (憲政会) in 1916
 * 1927: The Kenseikai merged with the ⇒ Seiyūhontō into the Constitutional Democratic Party (立憲民政党)
 * 1940: The party is dissolved by the military junta

Orthodox Constitutional Friends Party

 * 1924: A faction of the Rikken Seiyūkai formed the Orthodox Constitutional Friends Party (政友本党)
 * 1927: The party merged into the ⇒ Rikken Minseitō

Postwar period
In postwar Japan, liberal (リベラル) tendencies did not stand out much among major political parties for more than 40 years. During the Japanese Empire, liberals, including the Constitutional Democratic Party, were swept away by several political parties. The center-right liberal-conservatives (自由保守主義) became the 'leftist faction' of the right-wing conservative Liberal Democratic Party, and the center-left progressive-liberals (革新自由主義) formed the 'rightist faction' within the left-wing Socialist Party.

From Renewal Party to Liberal Party

 * 1993: A liberal faction of the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党) seceded as the Renewal Party (新生党)
 * 1994: The Renewal Party merged with other factions into the New Frontier Party (新進党)
 * 1997: The New Frontier Party fell apart into many parties, among them since 1998 the Liberal Party (1998) (自由党), but also the Good Governance Party (民政党), the New Fraternity Party (新党友愛) and the Democratic Reform Party (民主改革連合)
 * 2000: Dissidents of the Liberal Party formed the New Conservative Party (保守党)
 * 2003: The Liberal Party merged into the ⇒ Democratic Party of Japan
 * 2012: People's Life First (国民の生活が第一) split from the Democratic Party of Japan
 * 2012: People's Life First split into a new Liberal Party and Tomorrow Party of Japan (日本未来の党)
 * 2013: Tomorrow Party of Japan dissolved
 * 2019: Liberal Party merged into ⇒ Democratic Party for the People

New Harbinger Party

 * 1993: A liberal faction of the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党) seceded as the New Harbinger Party (新党さきがけ)
 * 1996: Most members left to co-found the ⇒ Democratic Party of Japan
 * 1998: The remainder of the party evolved in conservative direction and renamed itself as Harbinger (さきがけ), before becoming the ecologist Green Assembly (みどりの会議) in 2002

Democratic Party of Japan (1998–2016)

 * 1996: Dissidents from the ⇒ New Harbinger Party and the Social Democratic Party founded the Democratic Party of Japan (1996) (民主党)
 * 1998: The party merged with the Good Governance Party, the New Fraternity Party and the Democratic Reform Party to form a new, enlarged Democratic Party of Japan (1998) (民主党)
 * 2003: The ⇒ Liberal Party (1998) merged into the party
 * 2016: The Democratic Party of Japan merged with Japan Innovation Party and Vision of Reform to form the Democratic Party (民進党)

CDP and DPP (2017–present)

 * 2017: The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (立憲民主党) is formed as a centre-left social liberal party split from the Democratic Party.
 * 2018: The remaining Democratic Party merged with Kibō no Tō to form the Democratic Party for the People (国民民主党), which includes liberals and conservatives.
 * 2020: The majority faction of DPP merged into the new CDP, while the minority faction remain in the DPP.

Liberal leaders

 * Yukio Hatoyama – Prime Minister of Japan from 16 September 2009 to 8 June 2010, Leader of the DPJ (1999–2002, 2009–2010)
 * Naoto Kan – Prime Minister of Japan from 8 June 2010 to 2 September 2011, Leader of the DPJ (1998–1999, 2002–2004, 2010–2011)
 * Yoshihiko Noda – Prime Minister of Japan from 2 September 2011 to 26 December 2012, Leader of the DPJ (2011–2012)
 * Yukio Edano – Leader of the Opposition (2017–2021).
 * Kenta Izumi – Leader of the Opposition (2021–).

Liberal thinkers

 * Fukuzawa Yukichi
 * Itagaki Taisuke
 * Yukio Ozaki
 * Tokuzō Fukuda
 * Masao Maruyama

authors: エーリッヒ･レヴェンスキー･フォン･マンシュタイン

title: Liberalism in Japan


text:
Liberalism in Norway

This article gives an overview of liberalism in Norway. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having been represented in the Norwegian Parliament, Stortinget.

Background
The Liberal Party (Venstre, literally "Left") was the first organized political force in Norway, and was for long times the dominant political party (from the 1880s to the 1920s). Since the Second World War, it has been one of the minor parties, but still represented in parliament. Today, Venstre is a centrist liberal party. Venstre is also one of the founding members of the Liberal International. Venstre calls itself 'the only liberal party in Norway', though this is disputed by other parties who also refer to themselves as liberal.

The Conservative Party (Høyre, literally "Right",) was the second organized political party in Norway. After the Second World War, it has at points been the second largest party in elections. In its policies, Høyre supports moderate free market liberalism, while being moderately conservative in social issues. There are, however, more liberally oriented factions within the party.

The Progress Party (Norwegian: Fremskrittspartiet) formed in 1973. Over the years, the party has supported a variety of liberal positions, especially in regards to a market economy, but also on some social issues. During the 1980s, the party was influenced by libertarianism, but this influence has decreased from the early 1990s and onwards. Since 2006, the party has become more socially conservative in orientation. This might have changed again to a certain degree recently however, as the party chose to vote in favor of same-sex marriage in the 2013 national convention, as well as party leader Siv Jensen's focus on liberalism in recent news articles. The Progress Party is also skeptical of non-Western immigration, which could be seen as conflicting with traditional liberal values. The party has in several elections been the second largest party in Norway, but has never participated in government until the election of 2013, when they formed a coalition government with the Conservative Party.

The Capitalist Party (Norwegian: Liberalistene) is a newer party grounded in classical liberalism and Laissez-faire capitalism. It advocates personal freedom and autonomy. This party has not yet been represented in parliament.

The Liberal People's Party (Norwegian: Det Liberale Folkepartiet) is a minor, classical liberal party, with a focus on Objectivism. It has never been represented in parliament.

History
The following are events of Norway's liberalism, beginning with the 19th century.

 * 1884: The liberal and radical groups in Stortinget (up until that time collectively referred to as "venstre", without capitalisation) organised a political party, Venstre. Venstre deposes the incumbent conservative government in an impeachment trial in the same year, and the leader of Venstre, Johan Sverdrup, becomes the first Prime Minister of Norway taken from the ranks of Stortinget.
 * 1888: A group of Christian conservatives leaves Venstre to form Moderate Venstre (The Moderate Left). The party is later reunited with Venstre, but the present-day Christian People's Party also claims Moderate Venstre as its forerunner.
 * 1903: The right wing of Venstre leaves the party and forms Frisinnede Venstre (Free-minded Liberal Party).
 * 1911: A radical faction leaves Venstre to form Arbeiderdemokraterne (Labour Democrats). This party is later renamed Radikale Folkeparti (Radical People's Party).
 * 1936: Radikale Folkeparti is reabsorbed into Venstre. Frisinnede Venstre is merged with the main conservative party, Høyre (literally Right)
 * 1972: Venstre is split over the issue of Norway's accession to the European Economic Community. The Pro-EEC faction forms Nye Venstre (New Left), later renamed Det Liberale Folkeparti (Liberal People's Party).
 * 1988: Venstre and Det Liberale Folkeparti are reunited.
 * 1992: Former members of the Det Liberale Folkeparti founded the a new Liberal People's Party.
 * 1994: A libertarian wing of the populist Progress Party, counting among them four members of Stortinget, forms its own party, Fridemokratene (Free Democrats) or joined the Det Liberale Folkepartiet. The party is reduced to insignificance after the general elections of 1997.
 * 2005: Venstre gains ten seats in Parliament at the general elections, forming the largest Liberal group in Stortinget since 1972.
 * 2014: Liberalistene (Classical Liberals) was founded.
 * 2017: Det Liberale Folkeparti merged with Liberalistene.

Liberal leaders

 * Johan Sverdrup - Johannes Steen - Gunnar Knudsen - Lars Sponheim

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Liberalism in Norway


text:
Liberalism in South Africa

Liberalism in South Africa has encompassed various traditions and parties.

The moderate South African Party and its successor, the United Party, formed government several times between the formation of the Union and the election of the National Party in 1948. In 1959, members of the United Party formed the Progressive Party, a precursor to the present-day Democratic Alliance. Separately, in 1953, the anti-Apartheid and multi-racial Liberal Party of South Africa was formed, before disbanding in 1968.

Various South Africans have contributed prominently to liberalism in the country.

Progressive Party to Unionist Party

 * 1890: The Progressive Party was formed.
 * 1910: PP merged with the Constitutional Party from the Orange River Colony and the Progressives from the South African Republic to form the Unionist Party.
 * 1920: The Unionist Party merged into the ⇒ South African Party.

South African Party

 * 1911: The South African Party was formed of various pre-Union parties. Led by the moderate Louis Botha, it formed the first government of a united South Africa. The party's support base included English-speaking white South Africans who developed a pattern of supporting the most moderate Afrikaner politicians to avoid domination. The party's own 'liberal' wing was led by Jan Hofmeyr.
 * 1934: SAP merged into the ⇒ United Party.

United Party

 * 1934: The United Party was formed in response to the Great Depression, combining Jan Smuts' South African Party and most of Barry Hertzog's National Party.
 * 1939: Hertzog left the party and a split formed following South Africa's entry into the Second World War. The party increasingly resembled the former South African Party.
 * 1948: The United Party, led by Jan Smuts, lost in the 1948 election to the Reunited National Party. The United Party based its platform on the recommendations of the Fagan Commission, which determined total segregation to be impossible, and advocated a relaxation of restrictions on black African migration into urban areas. The Reunited National Party, conversely, had campaigned on total racial separation.
 * 1960: Moderate National Party members formed the National Union.
 * 1962: NU merged into the UP.
 * 1973: Democratic Party broke away from the National Party.
 * 1977: DP and UP formed the New Republic Party.
 * 1987: NRP dissolved, many of their members went to the Independent Party.
 * 1988: IP and NRP merged into the ⇒ Democratic Party.

Liberal Party of South Africa

 * 1953: The Liberal Party of South Africa was formed by Alan Paton
 * 1968: The SALP decided to disband rather than obey legislation outlawing multiracial political parties. The decision was also influenced by the fact that the leadership of the SALP had been decimated by banning orders and other restrictive measures, and by the fact that many stalwarts had been forced into exile.

Progressive Party to Democratic Alliance

 * 1959: Liberal members of the United Party seceded and formed the liberal Progressive Party. The parliamentary party is led by Helen Suzman
 * 1975: The party merged with the Reform Party led by Harry Schwarz, a faction of the United Party, and became the Progressive Reform Party
 * 1977: After the dissolution of the United Party, former members merged into the PRP, which is renamed the Progressive Federal Party
 * 1987: National Party MP Wynand Malan quit the governing party to protest PW Botha's policies. South African Ambassador to the UK Denis Worrall quit his post in order to return to South Africa and fight apartheid. The two formed and led the liberal Independent Party.
 * 1988: The PFP merged with the newly founded National Democratic Movement and the Independent Party into the Democratic Party
 * 2000: The DP merged with the conservative New National Party into an alliance, the Democratic Alliance.
 * 2001: The NNP left the alliance and the DP continues as the present-day Democratic Alliance

Mahlabatini Declaration
On 4 January 1974, Transvaal United Party leader Harry Schwarz met with Mangosuthu Buthelezi and signed a five-point plan for racial peace in South Africa, which came to be known as the Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith. Its purpose was to provide a blueprint for the government of South Africa by consent and racial peace in a multi-racial society, stressing opportunity for all, consultation, the federal concept, and a bill of rights. It also affirmed that political change must take place though non-violent means, at a time when neither the National Party nor the African National Congress were looking to peaceful solutions or dialogue. The declaration enshrined the principles of peaceful transition of power and equality for all, the first of such agreements by acknowledged black and white political leaders in South Africa and was heralded by many as a breakthrough in race relations in South Africa. Liberal figures and others such as Alan Paton praised the declaration. The declaration drew much media interest both inside and outside South Africa. Schwarz, leader of the liberal 'Young Turks' in the UP, would be expelled with other liberals from the party the following year.

Politics

 * South African Party: Louis Botha, Jan Smuts, Jan Hofmeyr. Botha and Smuts were the first and second prime ministers of South Africa respectively
 * United Party: Harry Schwarz, Jan Smuts
 * Liberal Party of South Africa: Alan Paton
 * Progressive Party: Jan Steytler, Colin Eglin, Bernard Friedman, Helen Suzman
 * Reform Party: Harry Schwarz
 * Progressive Reform and Progressive Federal Party: Colin Eglin, Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, Harry Schwarz, Zach de Beer
 * Independent Party: Denis Worrall, Wynand Malan
 * Democratic Party: Denis Worrall, Harry Schwarz Wynand Malan, Zach de Beer, Tony Leon, Sipho Moganedi (first black Democratic Party Youth national president, 1995 to 1998)
 * Democratic Alliance: Tony Leon, Helen Zille, Mmusi Maimane, John Steenhuisen

Academia

 * Donald Barkly Molteno (1908–1972)
 * Edgar Brookes (1897–1979)

Media and literature

 * Author Alan Paton (1903–1988)
 * Laurence Gandar (1915–1998), editor of the liberal daily the Rand Daily Mail in Johannesburg from 1957 to 1969
 * Barry Streek (1948–2006)

Religion

 * South African Council of Churches (SACC): Beyers Naudé

Liberal organisations

 * Helen Suzman Foundation
 * South African Institute of Race Relations
 * Black Sash
 * Free Market Foundation

title: Liberalism in South Africa


text:
Liberalism and centrism in Sweden

This article gives an overview of liberalism and centrism in Sweden. It is limited to liberal and centrist parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this article it is not necessary for parties to have labelled themselves as a liberal party.

Background
Liberalism has been a major force in Sweden since the 19th century. And even before then, personalities like Anders Chydenius (1729 – 1803), promoted the ideals of liberalism. Nowadays The Liberals (Liberalerna, member of LI and ALDE) calls itself a centre-right liberal party. The Centre Party (Centerpartiet, member of LI and ALDE) is a historically agrarian party that has gradually developed into a liberal party. Since their party congress in 2013, they define themselves as a green, liberal party.

From People's Party to The Liberals

 * 1895: The liberal wing of the Old Party of the Gentry (Gamla Lantmannapartiet) seceded and formed the People's Party (Folkpartiet)
 * 1900: The liberals are reorganised into the Liberal Coalition Party/Freeminded National Association (Liberala Samlingspartiet/Frisinnade Landsföreningen)
 * 1922: The party fell apart into the Freeminded People's Party/Freeminded National Association (Frisinnade Folkpartiet/Frisinnade Landsföreningen) and the ⇒ Liberal Party of Sweden
 * 1934: Both parties re-united into the People's Party (Folkpartiet)
 * 1990: The party is renamed People's Party - The Liberals (Folkpartiet Liberalerna)
 * 2015: The party shortened its name to The Liberals (Liberalerna).

Liberal Party of Sweden

 * 1922: The Liberal Coalition Party fell apart into the ⇒ Freeminded People's Party and the Liberal Party of Sweden (Sveriges Liberala Parti)
 * 1934: Both parties re-united into the ⇒ People's Party

Centre Party

 * 1958: The agrarian Rural Party - Farmers' League (Landbygdspartiet Bondeförbundet) renamed itself into Centre Party (Centerpartiet) and evolved gradually from an agrarian into a more liberal direction.

Liberal leaders

 * Folkpartiet/Liberalerna: Bertil Ohlin - Gunnar Helén - Per Ahlmark - Ola Ullsten - Bengt Westerberg - Maria Leissner - Lars Leijonborg - Jan Björklund - Nyamko Sabuni
 * Centerpartiet: Thorbjörn Fälldin - Maud Olofsson - Annie Lööf

Liberal thinkers
In the Contributions to liberal theory the following Swedish thinkers are included:

 * Anders Chydenius (1729–1803)
 * Ivan Bratt (1878–1956)
 * Bertil Ohlin (1899–1979)

title: Liberalism and centrism in Sweden


text:
Talk:Calamita

If this were a section of Elba, people could find it. Wetman 15:54, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calamita


text:
User talk:Yersinia~enwiki

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Bioluminescence
I noticed your great contributions to the quorum sensing article and I was hoping you could take a look at my question on Talk:Bioluminescence. Not sure exactly what the bioluminescence article is trying to say about quorum sensing and communication, but it seems not quite right to me currently. Thanks, User:Chinasaur

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title: User talk:Yersinia~enwiki


text:
De La Salle Canlubang

The De La Salle Canlubang, currently the De La Salle University – Laguna Campus, was a private Catholic basic and higher education institution and a member institution of De La Salle Philippines run by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools in Biñan, Laguna, Philippines. It is located right across the Laguna Technopark district. The campus, which was acquired on 2003, is a 50 ha prime property. Part of this property was donated by the family of the late National Artist for Architecture Leandro Locsin (DLSU HS 1947).

In 2012, the administrators of De La Salle University- Manila and De La Salle Canlubang approved the integration of DLSC to DLSU, becoming the DLSU Science & Technology Complex or DLSU Leandro V. Locsin Campus, then later renamed to De La Salle University – Laguna Campus.

History
The Brothers of the Christian Schools, officially known as Fratres Scholarum Christianarum or FSC, is a congregation dedicated to the teachings espoused by Saint Jean Baptiste de La Salle.

The first De La Salle School in the Philippines was opened on June 16, 1911, along General Luna, Paco, Manila at the request of the Archbishop of Manila. In 1921, the school was moved to its present site on Taft Avenue. Unable to accommodate requests for admission to the elementary grades, they had to revert an earlier policy not to expand. To date, they have spread out to different provinces. The Brothers have since opened in Greenhills, Antipolo, Lipa, Bacolod, Iligan, Dasmarinas, and Alabang. They have also undertaken supervision of some schools in Manila, Cavite, Bataan, Cebu, Bukidnon, Surigao del Sur, Negros Occidental, Masbate, Capiz, and Ozamis. Today they are known as De La Salle Supervised Schools.

Around 1977, the idea of having another La Salle School, this time in the Laguna area was conceptualized. This was when Architect Lindy Locsin, then a member of Manila's De La Salle University (DLSU) board of Trustees, offered to donate several hectares of his family's land to La Salle. In 1997, this generous donation of the Locsins was realized. La Salle purchased additional contiguous lands making De La Salle Canlubang a sprawling fifty-hectare campus.

Laguna is fast becoming the country's industrial and technological site. Its large, industrial companies presently make it the home of the first Science Technological Park. In response to the ever-quickening pace of scientific and technological development of modern times, the concept of a three-level science and technology oriented school took root. Hence, De La Salle Canlubang (DLSC) was established in June 2003 in order to address the educational concerns of our nation with its youth as its strength. They are envisioned to be grounded on science and technological skills cloaked in the ideals of St. La Salle as an answer to the demands and challenges of the 21st century.

The Integrated school opened its doors to 240 students from preschool to grade 4 and grade 8 (second year high school) during its first year. The curriculum adapts to the science education as its basis. Science emphasizes hands-on exploration and direct experience with the natural world; thereby producing young scientists who are well-rounded and whose strength include: science and technological skills, clear-analytical thinking, and scientific literacy, to be active members of society.

After DLSC was integrated into DLSU to become De La Salle University Science and Technology Complex (DLSU -STC) in 2012, its Integrated School has grown to be one of the most progressive educational institutions south of Metro Manila with a population of more than 1,000 students from Kinder 1 to Grade 12 geared towards producing lifelong learners with the spirit of Faith, Service and Communion and equipped to meet the challenges of the new 2000 millennium. The campus was later renamed De La Salle University - Laguna Campus.

Milagros R. del Rosario Building
The first building to be constructed on campus is the four-storey Milagros V. del Rosario Building, which houses the school's administrative offices and classrooms. The building was donated to the school by Ambassador Ramon V. del Rosario. The building has 35 classrooms, a 200-seat auditorium, three audio-visual rooms, three libraries, a media lab, a dark room for the photography students, a radio station, a children's playroom, a robotics classroom, and three computer laboratories. Construction began in April 2002 and was completed in June 2003 and was designed by the firm L.V. Locsin and Partners.

Integrated School Building
Beginning construction in August 2005, the Integrated School building was finished in March 2006, right on time for the following academic year. The IS Building houses the classrooms and other spaces for the Nursery students of the Integrated School. The building used to have a canteen of its own near the Pergola, but now it is where the LC1 clinic is.

Pergola
The Pergola is a multi-purpose hall for the students. It stands beside the new Integrated School Building. It is used for the weekly prayers (Every 1st Monday of each month), it also is where some of the sports activities are held in the annual Sports Fest.

Learning Center 1 (LC1)
It houses the classrooms for Preschool, Kindergarten, Elementary school (Grades 1–4). Also considered to be part of LC1, LC1 Annex or more commonly Annex is where the Student Discipline and Formations Office or SDFO is.

title: De La Salle Canlubang


text:
Ward's Stone

Ward's Stone is the highest hill in the Forest of Bowland, England. Its flat top hides two trig points nearly a kilometre apart. The western trig point sits atop of large rocks, including one, the Ward's Stone, that is so large it attracts boulderers and climbers.

The path from Grit Fell is difficult: crossing Cabin Flat, it weaves its way across hidden pools of stagnant water, the presence of which is betrayed by a form of red grass. White markers supposedly point out the way, but more often result in leading the walker astray. The second trig points faces the empty vastness of the eastern Forest of Bowland, with the summits of Wolfhole Crag, White Hill and the distant Ingleborough breaking the horizon. A second path approaches Ward's Stone from Tarnbrook, where limited parking is available.

On the southern slope of this hill are Thorn Crag, Hell Crag and Long Crag, rocky outcroppings that are popular with climbers. Within Thorn Crag, a shallow cave system exists that leads to Hell Crag; this route was first traversed by Lancaster University Mountaineering Club.

title: Ward's Stone


text:
Guppy (disambiguation)

A guppy is species of tropical fish.

Guppy or GUPPY may also refer to:

People

 * Guppy (surname)
 * John Guppy Troup (born 1950), professional ten-pin bowler

Transportation

 * Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program (GUPPY) a U.S. submarine propulsion program
 * Cony Guppy, a 1960s small pickup truck manufactured by Aichi
 * Nuffield Guppy, a small military parachute-droppable vehicle of the 1940s intended to be used by paratroopers
 * Guppy, the sailboat used by Laura Dekker in her world circumnavigation

Other uses

 * Guppy (album), a 2017 album by Charly Bliss
 * Guppy (film), a 2016 Indian Malayalam film
 * Guppy, a type of handhold in climbing and bouldering

title: Guppy (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Mpd~enwiki

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title: User talk:Mpd~enwiki


text:
Perrin Beatty

Henry Perrin Beatty (born June 1, 1950) is a Canadian corporate executive and former politician, who served as a Progressive Conservative of the House of Commons from 1972 to 1993, and as a cabinet minister from 1979 to 1980 and again from 1984 to 1993.

Life and career
Beatty is a graduate of Upper Canada College in Toronto, Ontario, and of the University of Western Ontario in London.

He first won election to the House of Commons of Canada as a Progressive Conservative at the age of 22 in the 1972 election.

In 1979 he became, at the time, the youngest person ever appointed to a Canadian Cabinet when Prime Minister Joe Clark made Beatty his minister of state for the Treasury Board in his short-lived government. Beatty returned to the opposition benches as a result of the defeat of the Clark government in the 1980 election.

With the Conservative victory in the 1984 election, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney made Beatty Minister of National Revenue and Minister responsible for Canada Post. He subsequently served as Solicitor General of Canada (1985–1986), Minister of National Defence (1986–1989), Minister of National Health and Welfare (1989–1991), and Minister of Communications (1991–1993).

Despite long being touted as a future Tory leader, Beatty did not run in the 1993 Progressive Conservative leadership election to succeed Mulroney. He was promoted to Secretary of State for External Affairs in the short-lived government of Mulroney's successor, Kim Campbell, but lost his seat in the 1993 election which returned only two Tory MPs.

In 1995 the Liberal government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien appointed Beatty President and Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, a position he held until 1999 when he became president and CEO of Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters, a business association that promotes the interests of Canadian industry and exporters.

In August 2007 Beatty left the CME to become president and CEO of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce. Beatty served as Chancellor of the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) in Oshawa, Ontario from 2008 to 2015. He has received honorary degrees from UOIT and Western University.

In 2012 Beatty received an honorary Certified International Trade Professional (CITP) designation from the Forum for International Trade Training.

In May 2020, Beatty was appointed to serve on Canada's COVID-19 Supply Council.

Honors

 * JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 2Class BAR.svg Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd Class, Gold and Silver Star (2020)

Order of Canada (2018)

Publications

 * Book chapter: Hong Kong: Canada's Partner in Prosperity, 2011

title: Perrin Beatty


text:
Shoreham Redoubt

Shoreham Redoubt (also known as Shoreham Fort or Kingston Redoubt) is a historical military defensive structure and scheduled monument at the entrance to Shoreham harbour, at the mouth of the River Adur in West Sussex, England. It was planned in the 1850s during a period of political alarm in the United Kingdom. Construction of the fort was completed in June 1857  at a cost of £11,685 (equivalent to approximately £1.2 million today). The design is similar to that of Littlehampton Fort, which had been built in 1854.

Description
The fort consisted of a gun platform 15 ft (4.6m) above sea level and was in the shape of a lunette, that is a straight sided crescent. The gun platform and ramparts were surrounded by a ditch, with a Carnot wall running along its centre, designed to halt attackers attempting to cross the ditch. The wall itself had loopholes for defenders to fire through. Instead of the open bastions at the Littlehampton fort, Shoreham had a caponier with a brick roof at each of the three angles of the walls. This meant that riflemen could fire along the walls at besiegers in the ditch. The central caponier straddled the ditch and was connected to the fort by a tunnel under the gun platform and ramparts. The east and west caponiers doubled as latrines. A barrack block at the rear had room for 38 men. The fort was armed with six 68-pounder guns on traversing platforms.

Later history
The fort was garrisoned by a battery of the 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, who were considered to be one of the top volunteer artillery units and won a prize for the accuracy of their shooting in 1865.

A military review in 1873 found that the fort's original armaments were now obsolete and its construction inadequate. It was also considered to be too vulnerable to attack from the land, having only sea-facing defences. It was recommended that a new, stronger and more defensible fort be built on a site nearby but this was never undertaken. By 1886, the original armament had been updated and replaced by two 80 pounders and three 64 pounder guns.

In the early 20th century the fort served as an open-air film studio for early silent movies, with four films made there in 1914.

During World War II the fort became part of an emergency coastal battery with aiming lights and two 6-inch guns, which were in emplacements built on top of the terreplein. After the war, the fort's barrack block was demolished and a coastguard tower built on the gun platform. A restoration of the site was undertaken by West Sussex County Council during 1977 and 1978.

The site today
Today the gun platform, ditch, Carnot wall and caponiers can be viewed in their restored state. The foundations of parts of the original barrack block and parade ground can be made out. Outside the fort to the east is a WW2 aiming light station, now used by volunteers from the National Coastwatch Institutionto observe the adjacent harbour entrance and sea approaches.

The redoubt is currently being further restored by a local group of volunteers, the Friends of Shoreham Fort, the aim being to restore it and rebuild the barrack block to create a museum and multi-purpose community asset.

In March and April 2014, an old Nissen hut was located on the site on one of the old Nissen hut bases. The hut is primarily used as an education centre for the Friends of Shoreham Fort as well as a display space. The Nissen hut had been dismantled in late 2013 at its original site near Chichester after two former land girls living there since World War II had died. The hut was then transferred to Shoreham Fort and rebuilt. This Nissen hut has since been confirmed by a project led by Historic England as being the last useable First World War Nissen Hut in the country.

In September 2020 the Friends of Shoreham Fort built a memorial training trench to honour all those who trained in the local area before leaving for France in the First World War. The trench will be used for education and was partly funded by the National Lottery and Adur and Worthing Councils. This has now been listed by the Imperial War Museum as an official War Memorial.

title: Shoreham Redoubt


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John Patton Jr.

John Patton Jr. (October 30, 1850 – May 24, 1907) was a U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan.

Patton, the son of John Patton and the brother of Charles Emory Patton, was born in Curwensville, Pennsylvania. He prepared for college at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and graduated from Yale College, where he served on the third editorial board of The Yale Record and was a member of Skull and Bones in 1875.

After graduating from the law department of Columbia College, New York City, in 1877, he moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1878, was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced the practice of law.

He was appointed by the Governor of Michigan John T. Rich as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Francis B. Stockbridge and served from May 5, 1894, to January 14, 1895, when a successor was elected and qualified. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1895 to fill the vacancy, losing to Julius Caesar Burrows.

He was then a banker and a member and later president of the Board of Library Commissioners of Grand Rapids.

He died in Grand Rapids and is interred there in Oakhill Cemetery.

title: John Patton Jr.


text:
Talk:Minder (TV series)

Arthur became "Arfur"?
I seem to remember that "Arthur Daley" began to be spelt "Arfur Daley" in promotional material for the series? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.99.210.174 (talk) 18:28, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

Terry
I'm sorry, "the handsome Terry"? I hesitate to edit, but really..
 * I agree. "The dishy Terry" would be so much more appropriate. Just kidding!! =) Jay Firestorm 02:37, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Arthur-Daley-book.jpg
Image:Arthur-Daley-book.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:52, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Heavy re-editing of page
Absolute fair game that this page needed tidying up, but now (with due respect) it's layout is terrible, all over the place and not flowing. I'll also add relevant citations to a number of sections when I get back home to find relevant books. Jay Firestorm 00:11, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Flag
I've replaced the template with "United Kingdom" a couple of times. Could anyone wishing to restore the little Union Jack in the infobox please give an encyclopedic rationale as to what they think it adds? Thanks, --John (talk) 19:58, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

Photo
It seems a pity that the lead photo - in fact, the only photo - in this article is from the Shane Richie remake which nobody liked and which only ran for one series. Wouldn't it be more appropriate to have one from the original Minder instead? 194.75.128.200 (talk) 14:37, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

Arthur's Car
He typically drives a Jaguar (first, a silver Jaguar XJ6, Series 2, then, a pale primrose Daimler Sovereign, Series 3).

This wording implies that the Daimler is a type of Jaguar! Also, from the fansite minder.org, the Jag was first used in Series 1, whereas the Daimler wasn't used until Series 4.

With 7 cars mentioned, and only one a Jag, it seems, on the face of it, somewhat ludicrous to claim he typically drives a Jaguar! By the end of series 7, it stands at 3 series each for Jags and Daimlers. No idea what later position was.Glevum (talk) 15:24, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

The Daimler IS a type of Jaguar. Jaguar owned Daimler, or Daimler owned Jaguar, I forget which. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.23.14.35 (talk) 23:30, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

Arthur's heritage
There have been a number of deletions of the detail that Arthur is a Yorkshireman. In series 4 episode 9 there are 2 dialogues involving Arthur where it is clearly stated (and Arthur does not contest) that he is a Yorkshireman. It may be argued this is a bluff by Arthur to gain status or influence, however that is not part of the plot or dialogue so what is in the episode should be taken at face value. In another (later) programme Arthur says he comes from an area of London (I can not recall where), however being born / brought up / mother / father from an area can influence where someone comes from (i.e. multiple or subtle influences can define where someone is from).

Arthur would therefore seem to be from or define himself as a Yorkshireman as part of his character that he does not deny and this should remain in the text. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.138.69.40 (talk) 13:08, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

 * As I said in my edit summary, we need a reliable source for this. Haldraper (talk) 13:14, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

 * The source is the program itself which has been widely (and repeatedly) broadcast - if there is a script published somewhere that would be a source but I am not aware of one. What is the protocol for a source which is the 'work' itself?  If a book it is clear the title, author, publisher, page number etc. is acceptable - but for a tv programme, film, radio broadcast or song?

 * Also there does not seem to be a need for a published source for the car Arthur drives or other parts of his character (presumably because they are in the programme), if they did need source before being included the page would be allot shorter :-)  i.e. what is the rational for this detail needing a source rather than the many other details?

 * Please note that discussion on this point is good, I hope this posting is seen as constructive. I am not saying sources for these details would not be a good idea - just what can be done if it is in the script but not in a more traditional (e.g. printed) form?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.138.69.40 (talk) 14:04, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

 * WP:CITE: "Wikipedia's Verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space." Haldraper (talk) 14:52, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

Similiarities with Only Fools & Horses
Minder and Only Fools and Horses have many similarities, both being about a lovable rogue dealing with dodgy schemes and both being set in London. Can there be a section on this? --NovaBrunswick 17:37, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

Doing It Right
Has no-one consulted ‘Arthur Daley’s Guide to Doing It Right’ when backgrounding Tel and Arfur? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:44B8:3102:BB00:BDE2:A7B2:27DC:D88A (talk) 08:25, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

DVD Releases
This is just about the only article on Wikipedia that I have read that doesn't have a section about DVD releases. The series has been released in the UK by Network (source: Their website, available at the time of this posting) and Clearvision (source: a ssearch on amazon.co.uk) and in Australia by Umbrella Entertainment, Fremantle Enterprises through Roadshow and, most recently, ViaVision (source: their website).

And not to mention the extras. As an Australian who owns a copy of the Network release, the Umbrella Entertainment release was packed with extras while the Fremantle and Network releases were relatively bare bones - at least by comparison. Then ViaVision re-released the show using direct clones of the Umbrella DVD's. (source: I have seen them being played) The discs even say Umbrella at the start and feature previews for other shows they had, many which have been out of print for a decade, at least in Australia. Ironically, they are all available now from Network in the UK (source: their website). But what that has to do with anything, I don't know anymore! ReggieRocket (talk) 20:48, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Minder (TV series)


text:
Ballet de cour

Ballet de cour ("court ballet") is the name given to ballets performed in the 16th and 17th centuries at courts.

The court ballet was a gathering of noblemen and women, as the cast and audience were largely supplied by the ruling class. The festivities, which were descendants of festivals, processions and mummeries dating back to the Middle Ages, looked more like a modern-day parade, than what people today would identify as a ballet performance. Where early court ballet differed from its predecessors, is that it was a secular, not religious happening. It was a carefully crafted mixture of art, socializing, and politics, with its primary objective being to exalt the State.

Because these celebrations occurred long before the proscenium stage had been invented, and were instead executed in large halls with audience members stacked up on three sides of the performance, early court ballet's choreography was constructed as a series of patterns and geometric shapes that were intended to be viewed from overhead. Once the performance was through, the audience was encouraged to join the dancers on the floor to participate in a "ball" which was designed to bring everyone in the hall into unanimity with the ideas expressed by the piece. As they developed through time, court ballets began to introduce comedy, went through a phase where they poked fun at manners and affectations of the time, and they moved into a phase where they became enamoured with pantomime. At the time of the court ballet's birth, a similar art form appeared in Italy called opera. The difference between the two crafts is that the developing phenomenon in Italy focused on the singing aspect of performance, whereas in France, movement was front and centre.

Early court ballets were influenced by the elaborate entertainments common in royal celebrations and aristocratic weddings of France and Italy. When the Florentine Catherine de’ Medici married the French King Henri II in 1533, French and Italian culture enmeshed as Catherine brought from her native Italy her penchant for theatrical and ceremonial events, including elegant court festivals. A more deliberate contribution the court ballet resulted from the Académie de Poésie et de Musique, founded in 1570 by the poet Jean-Antoine de Baif and the composer Thibault de Courville. The aim of the Academie was to revive the arts of the ancient world in order to harmonize dance, music, and language in a way that could result in a higher level of morality. It was from this marriage of traditional grand spectacle and conscious measured order that court ballets were born.

Jean-Baptiste Lully is considered the most important composer of music for ballet de cour and instrumental to the development of the form. During his employment by Louis XIV as director of the Académie Royale de Music, he worked with Pierre Beauchamp, Molière, Philippe Quinault and Mademoiselle De Lafontaine to develop ballet as an art form equal to that of the accompanying music.

Notable works
Ballet des Polonais was one of the first works to be recognized as a true court ballet. The spectacle was commissioned by Catherine de’ Medici in 1573 to celebrate the election of her second son, Henry of Anjou, as King of Poland. Performed at the Tuileries Palace and organized by the Italian dancing master, Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx, the hour-long ballet consisted of sixteen amateur French ladies representing the sixteen provinces of France. Describing it as the most beautiful ballet ever made on earth, the court observer Brantôme recounted that they "danced their ballet so curiously designed, with so many turns, swerves, and sinuosities, interlacings and minglings, confrontations and withdrawals, that [it was surprising that] no lady ever failed to be at her appointed turn or place." Although its combination of verse, song and dance had been used before, the intricate figure dancing involved in the Ballet des Polonais marked the beginning of the French style that would become the dominant continental school over the next century.

The first ballet de cour to fuse dance, poetry, music and design into a coherent dramatic statement was the Ballet Comique de la Reine, performed in 1581. As part of the wedding celebration for the queen's sister, Marguerite of Lorraine and the Duc de Joyeuse, the plot based on Ulysses’ encounter with Circe was symbolic of the country's desire to heal old wounds and restore peace after religious civil wars. Reaching new heights in scale and diversity, the lavish five-hour production included a three tiered fountain, palace, garden, townscape, and chariot-floats. As with Ballet de Polonais, Beaujoyeulx choreographed and oversaw the Ballet Comique, using form, geometry, measure, and discipline as a foundation that would later develop into the codified ballet technique.

An important step towards the ballet de cour in its final form was done during the reign of Louis XIII, with such rich and ravishing ballets de cour as La Délivrance de Renaud and the Ballet de la Merlaison. The ballets de cour developed into the comédie-ballet and then the opéra-ballet during the second half of the 17th century. This was a fully operatic form that included ballet as a prominent feature of the performance.

Beauchamp, superintendent of the ballet and director of the Académie Royale de Danse, codified the five positions based on the foundations set down by Thoinot Arbeau in his 1589 Orchésographie. Emphasising the technical aspects of dance, Beauchamp set out the first rules of ballet technique. The emphasis on turnout, light costumes, female dancers, and long dance sequences with light, flexible footwear, all first seen in L'Europe galante (1697), was a turning point in ballet practice that led to the pre romantic ballet era. Pierre Rameau expanded on Beauchamp's work in Le Maître à danser (1725), further detailing carriage of the body, steps and positions.

title: Ballet de cour


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Littlehampton Redoubt

Littlehampton Redoubt, usually known as Littlehampton Fort, was built in 1854 to protect the entrance to the River Arun at Littlehampton on the south coast of England, against possible attack by the French under the Emperor Napoleon III. There had been a previous battery on the east bank of the river, but the new fort was built on the west bank. It consisted of a platform from which cannon could sweep the harbour mouth, with a barracks behind and a surrounding defensive ditch and wall. The fort was an innovative military structure, incorporating the new feature of a Carnot wall. Its active use as a fort was short at only about 20 years, owing to technical changes in armaments, but it was a precursor of the later Palmerston Forts and therefore is NOT the First Palmerston Fort as has been alleged. The Palmerston Forts were built after the 1860 commission. Littlehampton Fort is now in a ruinous and overgrown state but largely protected by the Ivy that now grows over the walls.

Previous fortifications
A battery was planned for the east bank of the Arun at Littlehampton in about 1587, but there is no record of it having been erected and no trace of it has been discovered. There was though a five gun battery at Littlehampton in the early eighteenth century.

In 1756 the Seven Year War with France began and there was a concern about invasion. A battery was erected on the east bank of the river in 1760. This consisted of a bastion set at right angles to the river bank with seven guns which covered the river mouth and seafront. The rampart of this construction still remains incorporated into the amusement park called Harbour Park.

Plans for a new fort
In the 1840s both public opinion and MPs put pressure on the government to better fortify the south coast against a French attack. In 1846 the Duke of Wellington wrote a public letter to Sir John Burgoyne, Inspector of General Fortifications, expressing his concern about the lack of defensive works along the south coast.

Also in 1846 Burgoyne produced a paper entitled “Observations on the Possible Results of a War with France, Under Our Present System of Military Preparation.” This was a vigorous confirmation of everything Wellington had argued. A copy of this paper was sent to Wellington who wrote back a letter to Burgoyne in January 1847 expressing his agreement with all Burgoyne's views and reiterating his earlier arguments. Wellington's letter was leaked to the press by a friend of Burgoyne's wife and published in the Morning Chronicle in 1848 causing huge public alarm and a debate in the House of Commons. This led to discussions in the newspapers, which culminated in Parliament voting additional funds for naval and military expenditure. There was also alarm about the intentions of the Emperor Napoleon III in 1852 to 1853.

The Board of Ordnance decided to build a fort at Littlehampton. Historian John Goodwin comments that "the War Office were worried that [the capture of the ports of Littlehampton and Shoreham] would enable the enemy to use the quays for the supply and reinforcement of troops landed to attack Portsmouth from the rear, prior to a march on London."

In the early 1850s planning began for construction of a new fort on the west bank of the river. The work was completed in September 1854 at a cost of £7,615. Construction was overseen by Captain Fenwick of the Royal Engineers.The main building work was undertaken by Locke and Nesham, a large London firm who had already constructed several public buildings including Wandsworth Prison. In addition the glacis was built by the local firm of Robert Bushby.

Description of the 1854 fort
The new fort was in the shape of a lunette, a straight-sided crescent. The fort consisted of a platform for the guns with ramparts surrounded by a nine-yard (eight-metre) wide ditch, which incorporated a Carnot wall running along its centre. This was designed to halt attackers attempting to cross the ditch. The wall itself had loop-holes for defenders to fire through. In addition, at each corner were projecting open bastions from which the garrison could fire at besiegers along the length of the wall. To the rear of the gun platform was a fortified barrack block. The fort was the first of its kind in the United Kingdom; its Carnot wall and three open bastions made it unique.

A further barrack block was later built outside the fort to house additional troops. The 1861 Census shows a total complement of 70 men including a gunner, surgeon, drummer, officers, NCOs and privates. The armaments, brought by sea from Woolwich arsenal, were three 68-pounder and two 32-pounder cannons.

Later history of the fort
The Committee on Coast Defences Report of 1873 found that Littlehampton Fort was inadequate as it only had smooth bore guns and it was weakly constructed with open bastions and no casemates for the guns and no iron-cladding. The Committee recommended an upgrade: “Littlehampton – Remodel fort and arm partly or wholly with heavy guns.” The upgrade was never carried out. The guns were finally removed in 1891 and the fort partially dismantled.

Today (2011) the fenced off site is well presented from a viewing place on a wooden walkway laid across the sand dunes. A notice with a diagram describes what can be seen of the fort, that is the surrounding ditch, one of the bastions, part of the Carnot wall and the ramparts behind.

title: Littlehampton Redoubt


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Hans Böhm

Hans Böhm (died July 19, 1476), also known as the Drummer of Niklashausen, was born in the village of Helmstadt in the south-central region of Germany known as Franconia. The year of Böhm's birth is unknown; peasants made little impact in the written historical record. Böhm was a religious revolutionary: his inconspicuous existence changed abruptly.

Profile
Böhm lived in the German town of Niklashausen (present-day Baden-Württemberg), where he made his living as a shepherd and street entertainer. One night in 1476, he had a vision of the Virgin Mary. Böhm's conversations with one of the most powerful and beloved saints inspired him to burn his drum in a medieval ritual known as the Bonfire of the Vanities. The ritual served as a public demonstration in which people threw their possessions or vanities into a communal bonfire to signify their dependency on God and adherence to the cult of poverty. More importantly, the Virgin Mary's message was one of social equality.

Böhm was to preach on the sins of the clergy: peasants and pilgrims should not pay rents to them, he would eventually call for their deaths. Böhm was also to promote the abolition of forced labor (slavery), tolls, levies and other payments to the nobles. The woods and waters of the earth were to be held in common for the use of all people, rather than just the rich. Böhm's sermons calling for a leveling of society were radical in a hierarchical feudal society. The power brokers of the time, the clergy and nobles, deemed such ideas as dangerous. Thus, when in short order tens of thousands of peasants from all over Germany converged on Niklashausen to hear the "Drummer Boy" speak, the authorities sensed a real and imminent threat. The resulting peasant revolt began in early May 1476 and culminated with Böhm's heresy trial and his execution, on July 19, that year.

Historical commentary
Böhm's story represents the dissatisfaction and resentment of peasants for their physical conditions and demonstrates the only avenue through which they could voice their frustrations: through restructuring religious or spiritual paradigms. Historian Richard Wunderli in his book Peasant Fires provides a detailed study of Böhm and the Niklashausen peasant revolt of 1476 and the abstruse peasant mentality.

What little is known about Böhm is obtained from the surviving historical documents written by his enemies, namely the clergy and nobles, such as Count Johann of Wertheim, Archbishop Dieter von Isenberg of Mainz, and Bishop Rudolf von Scherenberg of Würzburg. The story was chronicled in 1514 by Johannes Trithemius.

title: Hans Böhm


text:
Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria

This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria. It is limited to liberal and radical parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary that parties label themselves as a liberal party.

Background
Liberalism was a dominant political force at the end of the nineteenth century. The current got strongly divided.

History
After the restoration of democracy in 1990, some parties got a liberal character. Liberalism is now represented by the mainly Turkish minority party Movement for Rights and Freedoms (Dviženie za prava i svobodi, observer LI, member ELDR), the National Movement for Simeon II (Nacionalno Dviženie Simeon Vtori, member LI, ELDR) and Democratic Bulgaria (Demokratichna Balgariya), both taking a more or less liberal position.

From Liberal Party to Democratic Party

 * 1879: Liberal forces united in the Liberal Party (Liberalna Partija)
 * 1884: A right-wing faction formed the ⇒ Progressive Liberal Party
 * 1886: Another right-wing faction formed the ⇒ People's Liberal Party
 * 1887: A third faction formed the ⇒ Radoslav Liberal Party
 * 1896: The party is renamed into Democratic Party (Demokratičeska Partija)
 * 1905: A radical faction seceded as the ⇒ Radical Democratic Party
 * 1923: A faction joined the Democratic Alliance (Demokratičeski Sgovor)
 * 1934: The party is banned by the dictatorship
 * 1945: The party is revived
 * 1947: The party is banned by the communist dictatorship
 * 1989: The party is revived as a Christian conservative party

Progressive Liberal Party

 * 1884: A right-wing faction of the ⇒ Liberal Party formed the Progressive Liberal Party (Progresivnoliberalna Partija)
 * 1920: The party merged into the United People's Progressive Party (Obedinena Narodnoprogresivna Partija)

People's Liberal Party

 * 1886: A right-wing faction of the ⇒ Liberal Party formed the People's Liberal Party (Narodnoliberalna Partija)
 * 1920: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party

Radoslavist Liberal Party / National Liberal Party

 * 1887: A right-wing faction of the ⇒ Liberal Party formed the Radoslav Liberal Party (Liberalna-Radoslavistka Partija)
 * 1904: A right-wing faction seceded as the ⇒ Tonchevist Young Liberal Party
 * 1920: The party merged with the ⇒ Tonchevist Young Liberal Party and the ⇒ People's Liberal Party into the National Liberal Party (Nacionalliberalna Partija)
 * 1934: The party is banned by the dictatorship

Tonchevist Young Liberal Party

 * 1904: A right-wing faction of the ⇒ Radoslav Liberal Party seceded as the Tonchevist Young Liberal Party (Mladoliberalna Partija-Tončevisti)
 * 1920: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party

Radical (Democratic) Party

 * 1905: A radical faction of the ⇒ Democratic Party seceded as the Radical Democratic Party (Radikaldemokratičeska Partija)
 * 1922: The party is renamed Radical Party (Radikalna Partija)
 * 1923: A faction joined the Democratic Alliance (Demokratičeski Sgovor)
 * 1934: The party is banned by the dictatorship
 * 1945: The party is revived
 * 1949: The party is banned by the communist dictatorship
 * 1989: The party is refounded as the Radical Democratic Party (Radikaldemokratičeska Partija)
 * 1990s: The party took part in various electoral alliances with decreasing success

Movement for Rights and Freedoms

 * 1990: Representatives of the Turkish minority formed the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (Dviženie za Prava i Svobodi), that develops in a more or less liberal direction

National Movement for Simeon II

 * 2001: Followers of the ex-king formed the personalist National Movement for Simeon II (Nacionalno Dviženie Simeon Vtori), that takes a more or less liberal position in the spectrum
 * 2006: GERB split from NDSV, which adopted more conservative position than NDSV.

"Blue" Parties/Urban Right

 * 1989: Centre-right and conservative forces form the Union of Democratic Forces (SDS).
 * 1997: SDS forms with minor parties such as ⇒ Democratic Party, National DPS (split from ⇒ DPS), Union of Free Democrats (split from SDS) and ⇒ RDP the United Democratic Forces.
 * 2005: The conservative-liberal Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria (Демократи за силна България) split from the conservative SDS.
 * 2007: Mariya Kapon leaves ⇒ Democratic Party and forms the United People's Party (Единна народна партия).
 * 2008: Gospodin Tonev leaves SDS and forms the Bulgarian Democratic Community (Българска демократична общност).
 * 2009: The conservative SDS, DSB, the social democratic Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, the agrarian United Agrarians and ⇒ Radical Democratic Party formed the centre-right Blue Coalition, leading to a series of centre-right coalitions which take a more or less liberal position in the spectrum.
 * 2012: Meglena Kuneva leaves ⇒ NDSV and formed Bulgaria for Citizens Movement (Движение „България на гражданите“).
 * 2012: Nadezhda Neynsky leaves SDS and formed Blue Unity (Синьо единство).
 * 2014: BNG, DSB and SDS formed the Reformist Bloc. SE and ENP formed The Rights.
 * 2014: Movement for European Unification and Solidarity (Движение за европейско обединение и солидарност) was formed and the Democratic Action Movement (Движение „Демократично действие“) split from SDS.
 * 2015: DSB leaves the Reformist Bloc.
 * 2017: Former Minister of Justice Hristo Ivanov formed Yes, Bulgaria! (Да, България!) and joins forces with DEOS. DSB and BDO form the "New Republic".
 * 2018: Blue Unity and DEOS dissolve. Coalition for you Bulgaria (Коалиция за теб България) was formed.
 * 2018: DSB, the green-liberal Green Movement and Yes, Bulgaria! form Democratic Bulgaria.
 * 2019: ENP and DS form "Rise".
 * 2021: ENP and DBG join Stand Up! Mafia, Get Out!. KztB and BDO form "We, the Citizens". DS dissolves. Dignity of United People (Достойнството на един народ) split from DBG to join Democratic Bulgaria.
 * 2021: Republicans for Bulgaria leaves GERB.
 * 2021: BZNS, KOD, Republicans dor Bulgaria and European Middle Class (SEK) for National Union of the Right (NOD). SEK leaves to join We Continue the Change.
 * 2023: We Continue the Change, SEK, DSB, Yes Bulgaria, BZNS, United Agrarians, as well as the green parties Volt and Green Movement form the PP-DB coalition.
 * 2023: Regional liberal organization „Save Sofia (Spasi Sofia)“ officially becomes a party and runs in a coalition with PP-DB.
 * 2023: Unity (Единение) splits from We Continue the Change.

We Continue the Change

 * 2021: Kiril Petkov and Asen Vasilev and formed We Continue the Change, that takes a more or less liberal position in the spectrum.
 * 2022: We Continue the Change (Продължаваме промяната) became a party.

Liberal leaders

 * Pre-communist period
 * Democratic Party: Petko Karavelov - Aleksandar Malinov - Nikola Mushanov
 * Progressive Liberal Party: Dragan Tsankov - Stoyan Danev
 * People's Liberal Party: Stefan Stambolov - Dimitar Petkov
 * Radoslavist Liberal Party: Vasil Radoslavov
 * Post-communist period
 * Zhelyu Zhelev - Ahmed Dogan - Simeon Sakskoburggotski - Ognyan Gerdzhikov

title: Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria


text:
Gingerbread man

A gingerbread man is a biscuit or cookie made from gingerbread, usually in the shape of a stylized human being, although other shapes, especially seasonal themes (Christmas, Halloween, Easter, etc.) and characters are common too.

History
Gingerbread dates from the 15th century and figurative biscuit-making was practised in the 16th century. The first documented instance of figure-shaped gingerbread biscuits was at the court of Elizabeth I of England. She had the gingerbread figures made and presented in the likeness of some of her important guests which brought the human shape of the gingerbread cookies.

Characteristics
Most gingerbread men share a roughly humanoid shape, with stubby feet and no fingers. Many gingerbread men have a face, though whether the features are indentations within the face itself or other candies stuck on with icing or chocolate varies from recipe to recipe. Other decorations are common; hair, shirt cuffs, and shoes are sometimes applied, but by far the most popular decoration is shirt buttons, which are traditionally represented by gum drops, icing, or raisins.

In world records
According to the Guinness Book of Records, the world's largest gingerbread man was made by the staff of the IKEA Furuset store in Oslo, Norway, on 9 November 2009. The gingerbread man weighed 1435.2 pounds (651 kg).

In fiction and popular culture

 * "The Gingerbread Man" is a fairy tale about a gingerbread man who comes to life, outruns an elderly couple and various animals, and is devoured by a fox in the end.
 * Gingy is a talking gingerbread man character in the Shrek series of animated movies. He is derived from the fairy tale "The Gingerbread Man".
 * The Jasper Fforde comic detective novel The Fourth Bear features a more-than-human-sized gingerbread man who is a psychopathic serial killer who likes to pull off his victims' limbs. The difficulties in catching him are a reference to the fairy tale.
 * In Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker (1892), the eponymous hero leads an army of gingerbread men against the Mouse King and his fellows.
 * The Gingerbread People are the main characters in the game Candy Land (1945).
 * The Gingerbread Men were featured in The Muppet Show. In the "Don Knotts" episode, the Gingerbread Men sing the song "Sweet Gingerbread Man" as the opening number. The lead Gingerbread Man is a hand-rod Muppet performed by Frank Oz while the full-bodied Gingerbread Men were performed by Jim Henson, Dave Goelz, Richard Hunt, and Jerry Nelson.
 * In the film The Brothers Grimm, a nightmarish twist on the Gingerbread Man appears. A young child is splashed with mud and the mud steals the child's eyes, nose and mouth. It then forms a small mud body with the child's stolen features for a face. The creature grabs the child and absorbs her into itself. It runs off yelling, "You can't catch me; I'm the Gingerbread Man!"
 * The first game in the Cookie Run series, Ovenbreak, is a runner game that puts players in the role of GingerBrave, a gingerbread man running to escape from the Witch's Oven. Subsequent games would introduce numerous other "Cookies", iterations of gingerbread men based on different combinations of ingredients and character archetypes.

title: Gingerbread man


text:
Talk:Carla Faye Tucker

How did he imitate her? Salasks

 * I hope this clarifies. Best, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 16:25, 2004 Aug 3 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carla Faye Tucker


text:
User talk:OlafW~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called OlafW. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name OlafW~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:13, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:10, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:OlafW~enwiki


text:
User talk:AndrewClark

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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Good luck!

Hi Andrew welcome to W'pedia. In List of company name etymologies you have said Waitrose gets its name from the original founders: Mr. Wait, Mr. Rose and Mr. Taylor. However the Waitrose article doesn't make a mention of it. Moreover how is "Taylor" part of the name ? Jay 17:39, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism message
When I spot vandalism in recent changes, after fixing it, I usually leave a message/warning on the user's talk page. Since I only monitor anonymous users (meaning they're not logged in), it is possible that someone else was previously using your IP address. If you know you didn't vandalise any pages, you have nothing to worry about. Thanks and welcome to Wikipedia. :) Nadavspi 14:49, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:AndrewClark


text:
Barnard E. Bee Sr.

Barnard Elliot Bee Sr. (1787–1853) was an American attorney and politician. A native of South Carolina, he, with his family, was an early settler of the Republic of Texas. He became a political leader there, serving in several political-appointee positions in the republic.

Early life and education
Barnard Bee was born in Charleston, South Carolina, one of several siblings, the son of Thomas Bee and Susannah (Bulline) Bee, both of planter families. His father was a delegate to the Continental Congress and a US Congressman. Barnard studied law, and became an attorney.

Marriage and family
Bee married Ann Wragg Fayssoux of Charleston, from a prominent Anglo-French family. Her father's line was of French Huguenot descent. They had two sons, Hamilton Prioleau Bee (b. 1822) and Barnard E. Bee Jr. (b. 1824). Hamilton Bee followed his father into politics, serving first in the Republic of Texas Senate in 1846. He was elected to the Texas Legislature in 1849 and served for more than 10 years; in 1855, he was elected as speaker of the house. Both sons served in the Confederate Army as generals during the American Civil War. Barnard Bee Jr. was one of the first Confederate general officers to be killed in the war.

Political career
Bee served on the staff of his brother-in-law, James Hamilton Jr., governor of South Carolina from 1830 to 1832.

In 1836, Bee moved his family to Texas and took part in the Texas Revolution. He settled near Houston. Bee served the young republic in a number of political offices: as secretary of the treasury in 1836, secretary of war from 1837–1838, and secretary of state from 1839-1839. In 1839, Texas sent him as an agent to negotiate permanent peace and borders with Mexico. His offers were rejected. He began his return by sailing to Cuba, then obtained passage to Washington, DC.

The Texas government appointed him as minister (ambassador) to the United States. He served in that post from April 20, 1840, to December 13, 1841. He negotiated with Daniel Webster and settled the formal treaty by which the United States recognized Texas.

Later years
After his return to Texas, Bee generally took up a private life again. Strongly opposed to the annexation of Texas into the United States, afterward he returned to South Carolina. He died there in 1853, and is buried in St Paul's Churchyard in Pendleton, South Carolina.

Legacy and honors

 * Bee County and the city of Beeville in Texas are named in his honor.
 * His grandson Carlos Bee was elected and served as a US Congressman from Texas.

title: Barnard E. Bee Sr.


text:
E.123

E.123 is an international standard by the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), entitled Notation for national and international telephone numbers, e-mail addresses and Web addresses. It provides guidelines for the presentation of telephone numbers, email addresses, and web addresses in print, on letterheads, and similar purposes.

As described by the standard, ⟨+⟩ is the international prefix symbol, should precede the country code, and serves to identify the number following as the international telephone number.

Telephone number
In the international telephone number notation, the leading plus (+) serves as an international prefix symbol, and is immediately followed by the country code. The user or the telephone system should replace the + symbol with international dialing prefix used in the caller's location.

Parentheses are used in national notation to indicate digits that are sometimes not dialed, such as area code in variable-length dialing numbering plans. Parentheses are not allowed in the international notation, according to the standard, as international callers use fixed number dialing.

For digit grouping, E.123 specifically recommends that:
 * only spaces be used to visually separate groups of numbers "unless an agreed upon explicit symbol (e.g. hyphen) is necessary for procedural purposes" in national notation;
 * only spaces should be used to visually separate groups of numbers in international notation;
 * spaces should separate country code, area code and local number.

No recommendation is made for grouping rules for digits in the local number, instead some examples of commonly used groupings are shown.

In national notation, the trunk prefix can be included with the area code if required by national writing conventions; trunk prefix is included in most European countries whenever they use fixed or variable dialing, but is omitted in USA and Canada where phone numbers only indicate optional area code.

A tilde (~) indicates an additional dial tone that the user should wait for.

A slash (/) with spaces on either side may be used to indicate alternative ending for numbers (i.e. "555 1234 / 4444" means 555 1234 and 555 4444).

The non-dialable PBX (private branch exchange) extension number should be separated by words "extension" or "ext." in the national language after the phone number.

When the PBX is capable of direct inward dialing, the extension number should be written directly after the phone number, without using any distinct symbols. If there is a need to indicate in-dialing capability of the telephone number, a number of dots (....) corresponding to the length of the extension number can be added at the end.

Microsoft telephone number format
Microsoft canonical address format for telephone numbers derives from E.123 international notation by allowing explicit indication of area code with parentheses.

The canonical format is used by the Telephony API (TAPI), a Windows programming interface for dial-up fax, modem, and telephone equipment. Depending on the user's current location, the Windows' Dial-Up Networking (DUN) component applies a set of dialing rules to transform the canonical phone number into a locally dialable calling sequence for the modem device. The dialing rules may include variable-length dialing for area code, trunk access and international access prefixes, central office/service access numbers, and calling cards tone numbers.

With this approach, phone numbers stored in the phone book remain unchanged when the user moves to a different geographical location or selects a different phone service provider.

The calling sequence can contain dialable numbers such as digits –  and DTMF tones , formatting characters  , and control characters  , which correspond to the Dial command of the Hayes AT command set.

Emergency contact information
A standardized language-independent way to identify a next-of-kin (or other emergency contact) in a mobile handset’s directory, in case of an emergency, has in May 2008 been adopted as a new clause in Recommendation E.123.

It proposes to store emergency contact numbers prefixed with Arabic numerals in the form “0nxxxx”; “n” is a digit from 1 through 9 and “xxxx” is any meaningful descriptive character string in any language or script (e.g. “Anna” or “Spouse”).

In the handset's directory this would be displayed as "01Anna" or "01Spouse" enabling easy identification by the emergency services. The handset’s directory entry (in the “contact number” field) would contain the actual number of the person to call in case of emergency.

This language-independent recommendation preceded the popular "ICE" (In Case of Emergency) scheme introduced in 2005 to the English-speaking world.

title: E.123


text:
Vietnamese đồng

The dong (đồng) (sign: ₫ or informally đ in Vietnamese; code: VND) has been the currency of Vietnam since 3 May 1978. It is issued by the State Bank of Vietnam. The dong was also the currency of the predecessor states of North Vietnam and South Vietnam, having replaced the previously used French Indochinese piastre.

Formerly, it was subdivided into 10 hao (hào), which were further subdivided into 10 xu, neither of which are now used due to inflation. The Vietnamese dong has increasingly moved towards exclusively using banknotes, with lower denominations printed on paper and denominations over 10,000 dong, worth about 40¢ dollar or euro, printed on polymer. As of 2022, no coins are used. Generally, Vietnam is moving towards digital payments. The 500,000-dong note (VND) is the highest-denomination banknote in circulation in Vietnam. The note is dark blue in color and has been in circulation since 2003.

As of October 2023, the Vietnamese dong was the second-lowest valued currency unit (behind the Iranian rial), with one United States dollar equaling 24,385 dong.

French Indochina
The piastre (known in Vietnam as "silver"), was the currency of French Indochina between 1885 and 1952.

North Vietnam
In 1946, the Viet Minh government (later to become the government of North Vietnam) introduced its own currency, the dong, to replace the French Indochinese piastre at par. Two revaluations followed, in 1951 and 1959; the first was at a rate of 100:1, the second at a rate of 1,000:1.

South Vietnam

Notes dually denominated in piastres and dong were issued in 1953 for the State of Vietnam, which evolved into South Vietnam in 1954. On 22 September 1975, after the fall of Saigon, the currency in South Vietnam was changed to a "liberation dong" worth 500 old Southern dong.

United Vietnam and inflation
After Vietnam was reunified, the dong was also unified on 3 May 1978. One new dong equalled one Northern dong or 0.8 Southern "liberation" dong.

On 14 September 1985, the dong was revalued again, with one new dong worth 10 old dong. At that time, Vietnamese economists believed that revaluing the currency would increase its value, but it turned out to have the opposite effect: savings of many people were wiped out, the currency experienced unprecedentedly heavy inflation that peaked at 700% in September 1986 and prices skyrocketed. For example, in 1986, the price of agricultural products increased by 2000% compared to ten years before. Aiming to solve this problem, the government banned all forms of non-state-owned internal trade, which they believed to be capitalistic, resulting in an economic crisis so severe that Tố Hữu referred to it as a "vertical downturn". Despite the inflation rates having stabilised as part of the Đổi Mới reforms, especially during the 1990s and early 2000s, the effects of the crisis still last in the value of the dong, one of the lowest in the world today.

First dong
In 1978, aluminium coins dated 1976 were introduced in denominations of 1, 2 and 5 hao, as well as 1 dong. The coins were minted by the Berlin Mint in the German Democratic Republic and bear the state crest on the obverse and denomination on the reverse. Due to the chronic inflation experienced by Vietnam during the 1980s and 1990s, these coins lost all their relevant value and no coins were circulated for many years after this series.

Commemorative issues
Commemorative coins in copper, brass, copper-nickel, silver, and gold have been issued since 1986, but none of these have ever been used in circulation.

2003 issue
The State Bank of Vietnam resumed issuing coins on December 17, 2003. The new coins, minted by the Mint of Finland, were in denominations of 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 dong in either nickel-clad steel or brass-clad steel. Prior to its reintroduction, Vietnamese consumers had to exchange banknotes for tokens with a clerk before purchasing goods from vending machines. This was also to help the state ease the cost of producing large quantities of small denomination banknotes, which tended to wear easily. Many residents expressed excitement at seeing coins reappear after many years, as well as concern for the limited usefulness of the 200 dong coins due to ongoing inflationary pressures.

Since the launch of the 2003 coin series, the State Bank has had some difficulties with making the acceptance of coins universal despite the partial discontinuation of smaller notes, to the point of some banks refusing coin cash deposits or the cashing in of large numbers of coins. This has prompted laws requiring private and municipal banks to transact and offer services for coins and the full discontinuation of small denomination and cotton-based notes. Also, the coins did not gain popularity from the Vietnamese people. Eventually, State Bank of Vietnam withdrew its distribution in April 2011.

First dong
In 1978, the State Bank of Vietnam (Ngân hàng Nhà nước Việt Nam) introduced notes in denominations of 5 hao, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 dong dated 1976. In 1980, 2 and 10 dong notes were added, followed by 30 and 100 dong notes in 1981. These notes were discontinued in 1985 as they gradually lost value due to inflation and economic instability.

Second dong
In 1985, notes were introduced in denominations of 5 hao, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, and 500 dong. As inflation became endemic, these first banknotes were followed by 200, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 dong notes in 1987, by 10,000 and 50,000 dong notes in 1990, by a 20,000 dong note in 1991, a 100,000 dong note in 1994, a 500,000 dong note in 2003, and a 200,000 dong note in 2006. Banknotes with denominations of 5,000 dong and under have been discontinued from production, but as of 2015 are still in wide circulation.

Five banknote series have appeared. Except for the current series, dated 2003, all were confusing to the user, lacking unified themes and coordination in their designs. The first table below shows the latest banknotes, of 100 dong or higher, prior to the current series. On 7 June 2007, the government ordered cessation of the issuance of the cotton 50,000 and 100,000 dong notes. They were taken out of circulation by 1 September 2007. State Bank of Vietnam 10,000 and 20,000 dong cotton notes are no longer in circulation as of 1 January 2013.

Third dong
The one-hundred-dong bill technically remains in circulation, however due to its low value (roughly $0.004 USD) it is rarely ever used for transactions. The bill is largely seen as a collectible or an oddity, with it often selling for many times its original face value.

In 2003 Vietnam began replacing its cotton banknotes with plastic polymer banknotes, claiming that this would reduce the cost of printing. Many newspapers in the country criticized these changes, citing mistakes in printing and alleging that the son of the governor of the State Bank of Vietnam benefited from printing contracts. The government clamped down on these criticisms by banning two newspapers from publishing for a month and considering other sanctions against other newspapers. Even though the 2003 series banknotes listed in the table below have now completely replaced the old notes of the same denominations, as of 2019 the cotton fibre banknotes of 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 dong still remain in wide circulation and are universally accepted.

A commemorative polymer 50 dong banknote dedicated to the fiftieth anniversary of the State Bank of Vietnam was issued in 2001, but its face value is so tiny that it clearly was meant only for collectors. The note is available in three forms, by itself, in a presentation folder or in a presentation folder in an envelope. In 2016, a 100 dong banknote was issued on cotton-based paper to commemorate the 65th anniversary of central banking.

Bearer's checks 1992–2002
To support the growing industrial need for large money transactions, the State Bank issued "Bearer's Checks" or "State Bank Settlement Checks" (Ngân Phiếu Thanh Toán) in denominations from 100,000 to 5,000,000 dong. To prevent counterfeiting, these notes had many degrees of protection, their designs were changed every five to six months, and they had expiration dates five or six months after the date of issue. The checks worked until the banking system was upgraded to handle electronic transfers of large amounts of đồng, making most large cash transactions unnecessary.

Currency devaluation
In November 2009, the Vietnamese government decided to devalue the Vietnamese dong by 5% and at the same time raise interest rates to 8%. This was seen as a move that could destabilize the financial markets in Asia, as economies in the region were competing for an advantage over the European and American markets.

February 11, 2010, The State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) adjusted the interbank exchange rate between the Vietnamese dong (VND) and the US dollar (USD) to 18,544 VND/USD, a devaluation of 3.25% from the previous rate of 17,941 VND/USD. August 17, 2010, The SBV further devalued the VND by 2.04% to 18,932 VND/USD, an increase of 388 dong from the previous rate.

On February 11, 2011, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) announced a decision to increase the interbank exchange rate between USD and VND from 18,932 VND to 20,693 VND (a 9.3% increase). Along with that, the SBV also narrowed the applicable range for the exchange rates of commercial banks from ±3% to ±1%. However, by February 19, 2011, the USD exchange rate on the black market was 22,300 VND.

Exchange rate
After the revaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar on 1 August 2006, the dong became the least valued currency unit for months. Around 21 March 2007, the revalued Zimbabwean dollar regained least valued currency status (in terms of black market exchange rate), and on 7 September 2007 in terms of official exchange rate. After the use of the Zimbabwean dollar ceased on 12 April 2009, the dong was the second least valued currency unit after the Iranian rial as of 28 November 2014. Since 19 June 2014, the Vietnamese dong has been devalued a total of five times in an effort to help spur exports and to ensure the stability of the currency. (Sources: tradingeconomics.com, imf.org)

title: Vietnamese đồng


text:
Talk:Ghana Airways

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title: Talk:Ghana Airways


text:
Talk:Supercow

From VfD:

Entire article text: ''Superhero alter-ego of Cow from Cow and Chicken, a Cartoon Network show of the late 1990s.

Inexplicably speaks Spanish. Catchphrase: "!Supercow al rescate¡"''

 * Merge into Cow and Chicken, then delete redirect. - UtherSRG 16:22, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Unless I'm mistaken, there's no such animal as "merge and delete" under the GFDL. Sean Curtin
 * Redirect to Cow and Chicken. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 16:56, 2004 Aug 3 (UTC)

 * I have rewritten it to include the fact that "supercow" is a relatively common term in the dairy industry - so I'd vote Keep. - DavidWBrooks 13:25, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * So now we need to merge into two articles instead of just one. - UtherSRG 15:45, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge and turn into a disambiguation page. Sean Curtin

 * Keep. DavidWBrooks's rewrite makes this article more than worthy of keeping. --Benc 22:21, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

--positron 12:30, 2004 Aug 8 (UTC)
 * Keep. I entirely agree: the rewritten article is useful and interesting.

 * Search the internet for "Super Cow Powers". Shouldn't the popular joke from the Computer Software Industry be included here? --GuestUser 5:36, 2016 Dec 23 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.186.134.229 (talk)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Supercow