text:
Talk:Rock Profile

"a series" of what? Articles? TV interviews? Books? RickK 19:50, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

A series of TV programmes of course. -- Derek Ross | Talk 21:04, 2005 Jan 6 (UTC)

Lou is Lou Reed
Andy Warhol's friend Lou is Lou Reed - any objections to filling that in? --VinceBowdren 15:50, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

rocknroll
lam knl —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.162.45.49 (talk) 02:01, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Rock Profile. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100729033635/http://www.funnyordie.co.uk/videos/f6bb86d6d0/rock-profile-episode-one-peter-andre-and-jordan-pt-1 to http://www.funnyordie.co.uk/videos/f6bb86d6d0/rock-profile-episode-one-peter-andre-and-jordan-pt-1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100729033635/http://www.funnyordie.co.uk/videos/f6bb86d6d0/rock-profile-episode-one-peter-andre-and-jordan-pt-1 to http://www.funnyordie.co.uk/videos/f6bb86d6d0/rock-profile-episode-one-peter-andre-and-jordan-pt-1

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Original research regarding Shirley Bassey
In this change, IP editor 5.148.42.186 introduced some personal analysis, saying that the Shirley Bassey segment on Rock Profile was "a parody of Bassey's criticism of Tina Turner [which was] broadcast in a 1998 BBC documentary Shirley Bassey: This Is My Life." The Rock Profile segment does not make this connection explicit. The IP editor supplied a link to a video but this video is not part of Rock Profile nor is it part of the BBC documentary. Instead, it's a personal video of a dinner party, with lots of drunken revelry, with Bassey making rude comments about Tina Turner. I think it's violation of WP:BLP to have such material hosted on Wikipedia. Binksternet (talk) 19:45, 23 December 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Rock Profile


text:
Yngvi and Alf

Yngvi and Alf, according to legend, were two Swedish kings of the House of Yngling. Some versions indicate they were brothers or other close relations. They killed each other.

History
According to Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiae and Ynglinga saga, Yngvi and Alf were the sons of Alrik.

Snorri Sturluson relates that Yngvi was an accomplished king: a great warrior who always won his battles, the master of all exercises, generous, happy and sociable. He was both loved and famous.

Alf was unsociable and harsh and stayed at home instead of pillaging in other countries. His mother was Dageid, the daughter of king Dag the Great from whom is descended the Dagling family. Alf was married to Bera who was happy and alert and a very lovable woman.

One day in the autumn, Yngvi returned to Uppsala from a very successful Viking expedition which had rendered him famous. He used to spend time at the drinking table until late in the night, like Bera, and they found it pleasant to talk to each other. Alf, however, preferred to go to bed early and he started to tell her to go to bed early as well so that she did not wake him. Then Bera used to answer that Yngvi was much better for a woman than Alf, an answer that was getting on Alf's nerves.

One evening, the jealous Alf entered the hall and saw Yngvi and Bera converse on the high seat. Yngvi had a short sword in his lap and the other guests were too drunk to see that Alf had arrived. From under his cloak Alf drew a sword and pierced Yngvi. Yngvi, mortally wounded, got up, drew his own short sword and slew Alf. They were buried in two mounds on the Fyrisvellir (Fyris Wolds).

Alf was succeeded by his son Hugleik.

The poem in Ynglingatal:

The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation: Ingjaldr is held to be an error for Yngvi. Unlike Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiæ gives Agne as Yngvi's predecessor. Instead Alrekr precedes Agne and Agne is succeeded by Yngvi. The even earlier source Íslendingabók cites the line of descent in Ynglingatal and it gives the same line of succession as Historia Norwegiæ: ''xi Dagr. xii Alrekr. xiii Agni. xiiii Yngvi. xv Jörundr''.

Ari Frodi's Younger Íslendingabók
According to Ari Frodi's line of Swedish kings Yngvi was the son of Agne, and not of Agne's son Alrik.

Gesta Danorum
In Gesta Danorum, Alf (Alverus) was the father of Yngve (Ing) and Ingjald (Ingild). Ingjald, in his turn was the father of Sigurd Hring and the grandfather of Ragnar Lodbrok.

title: Yngvi and Alf


text: File:Seagram Museum Building.jpg

title: File:Seagram Museum Building.jpg


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Dawn Staley

Dawn Michelle Staley (born May 4, 1970) is an American basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the South Carolina Gamecocks women's basketball team. A point guard, she played college basketball for the Virginia Cavaliers and spent eight seasons in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), primarily with the Charlotte Sting. Staley also played on the United States women's national basketball team, winning three gold medals at the Olympic Games from 1996 to 2004, and was the head coach of the team that won an Olympic gold medal in 2021. She is the first person to win the Naismith Award as both a player and a coach.

During her college career with Virginia from 1988 to 1992, Staley set the NCAA record for steals, the school record for points, and the ACC record for assists. She played professionally in the American Basketball League (ABL) during its three years of operation before being selected ninth overall by the Sting in the 1999 WNBA draft. As a member of the Sting and the Houston Comets, she received six consecutive WNBA All-Star selections from 2001 to her final season in 2006. Staley spent most of her WNBA career simultaneously serving as the head coach of the Temple Owls women's basketball team from 2000 to 2008, leading them to six NCAA tournaments, three regular-season conference championships, and four conference tournament titles.

After becoming South Carolina's head coach in 2008, Staley rebuilt the Gamecocks into one of the top women's basketball programs. During her 16 seasons, she has led South Carolina to eight SEC regular season championships, eight SEC tournament championships, eight Sweet Sixteens, five Final Fours, and three NCAA women's basketball national championships, including the school's first in 2017 and a perfect season in 2024. Staley was inducted to the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012 and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013.

Early life
Her parents, Clarence and Estelle Staley, moved to North Philadelphia from Orangeburg County, South Carolina in the 1950s, when they were still teenagers. They married young and in 1967 moved into a three-bedroom, single-bath row house in the Raymond Rosen Homes housing project. Together, Clarence, a part-time carpenter, and Estelle, a homemaker, raised five children—three boys, Lawrence, Anthony and Eric, and two girls, Tracey and Dawn. Fearful of her disciplinarian mother, who was of faith and would not spare the rod, Staley knew to "abide by her rules, you lived clean. You're good. You live a happy life".

High school years
Staley was named the national high school player of the year during her final season at Murrell Dobbins Vocational High School in Philadelphia.

College years
Staley attended the University of Virginia (UVA) in Charlottesville, Virginia, from which she earned her degree in Rhetoric and Communication Studies. During her four seasons in college, she led her team to four NCAA tournaments, three Final Fours and one national championship game. She was named the ACC female athlete of the year and the national player of the year in 1991 and 1992. Staley finished her college career with 2,135 points and held the NCAA record for career steals with 454 (which has since been broken by current record holder, Natalie White). She finished her career at Virginia as the school's all-time scoring leader and as the ACC's all-time leader in assists at 729, but those records have since been broken by former UVA stars Monica Wright and Sharnee Zoll. Her number 24 is retired at UVA.

Overseas Pro Career
In 1994–1995, after graduation, Staley played professional basketball in France in Tarbes, Italy, Brazil, and Spain before joining the ABL and then the WNBA.

USA Basketball
Staley was named to the USA Basketball Women's Junior National Team (now called the U19 team). The team participated in the second Junior World Championship, held in Bilbao, Spain, in July 1989. Team USA lost their opening game to South Korea in overtime, then lost a two-point game to Australia. After defeating Bulgaria, Team USA lost another close game, this time to Czechoslovakia by three points. The team followed that loss with a victory against Zaire, but dropped its final game to Spain, again by three points. Staley averaged 10.8 points per game and recorded 14 steals over the course of the event, both second highest on the team. The Americans finished the tournament in seventh place.

Staley was named to the team representing the United States at the World University Games held during July 1991 in Sheffield, England. While the American team had won gold in 1983, they finished with the silver in 1985, in fifth place in 1987, and did not field a team in 1989. The team was coached by Tara VanDerveer of Stanford. After winning opening games easily, Team USA faced China in the medal round. The Americans shot only 36% from the field, but limited the Chinese to just 35%, and advanced to the gold medal game by a score of 79–76. There they faced Spain, who had won all seven of their previous tournament games. However, Team USA defeated them easily, 88–62, to claim the gold medal. Staley averaged 4.9 points per game for the tournament.

Staley competed with USA Basketball as a member of the 1992 Jones Cup Team that won the Gold in Taipei.

Staley played for Team USA throughout her career. In 1994 she competed in the World Championships and was named the USA Basketball Female Athlete of the Year. She led the 1996 team to an undefeated record of 60–0 and the gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympics. She was also a member of the 2000 Olympic team that defended the gold medal.

Staley was selected to represent the United States at the 1995 USA Women's Pan American Games, but only four teams committed to participate, so the event was cancelled.

Staley was named to the United States national team in 1998. The national team traveled to Berlin, Germany, in July and August 1998 for the FIBA World Championships. Team USA won a close opening game against Japan, 95–89, then won their next six games easily. In the semifinal game against Brazil, Team USA was behind as much as ten points in the first half, but went on to win, 93–79. The gold medal game was a rematch against Russia. In the first game, the Americans dominated almost from the beginning, but in the rematch, Russia took the early lead and led much of the way. With under two minutes remaining, Team USA was down by two points, but rallied and then held on to win the gold medal by a score of 71–65. Staley hit two free throws with ten seconds left to extend a three-point lead to five, then hit another free throw with three seconds left in the game to seal the 71–65 victory. Staley averaged 7.0 points per game and made a record 52 assists.

In 2002, Staley was named to the national team which competed in the World Championships in Zhangjiagang, Changzhou and Nanjing, China. The team was coached by Van Chancellor. Staley scored 4.9 points per game, and recorded a team-high 24 assists. Team USA won all nine games, including a close title game against Russia, with the teams separated by only one point late in the game.

She won a third gold medal with Team USA at the 2004 Games in Athens. Her Olympic performance led to her being named 2004 USA Basketball Female Athlete Of The Year at the end of the year. Before the Games, she was selected to carry the flag of the United States during the parade of nations at the opening ceremony.

ABL
In 1996, she joined the Richmond Rage of the American Basketball League (ABL) and led the team to the ABL finals in 1997. The following season, the team moved to Staley's hometown of Philadelphia. Staley was named the 1996–97 All-ABL first team and the All-ABL second team, the following season.

WNBA
In the 1999 WNBA draft, Staley was selected with the ninth overall pick by the Charlotte Sting. In 2001, she led the Sting to the championship game of the WNBA playoffs.

On August 1, 2005, Staley was traded to the Houston Comets. Staley announced before the start of the WNBA season that she would be retiring after the Comets' season was over. The Comets made the playoffs and faced the Sacramento Monarchs in the first round. The Monarchs swept the Comets and won the series 2–0, ending Staley's career. In 2011, she was voted in by fans as one of the top 15 players in the 15-year history of the WNBA.

Temple Owls (2000–2008)
Staley had no interest in coaching when she was initially approached by the athletic director of Temple University, Dave O'Brien. She was on the Olympic team at the time which was attending the Final Four in Philadelphia. O'Brien, mindful that Staley was a Philadelphia native and star basketball player at Philadelphia's Dobbins Technical High School, talked her into visiting the campus, where she was guided to a conference room with a dozen people who were treating her visit as a job interview. When they asked her if she saw herself as a coach she replied "no, not at all". She initially resisted offers to become the coach. O'Brien changed his tactics and challenged her to identify some ways to turn the program around. She was still playing in the WNBA at the time and her friends told her it would be impossible to continue to play and coach. That challenge convinced her she should give coaching a try, and accepted the position of head coach at Temple. In her first season, 2000–01, Temple advanced to the WNIT. In 2001, 2002 and 2004, her teams won the Atlantic 10 tournament to qualify for the NCAA tournament.

In the 2004–05 season, Staley's Owls went 28–4, including a perfect 19–0 against Atlantic 10 opponents. However, they lost in the second round of the NCAA Tournament to Rutgers University. Staley reached the 100-win plateau in the A-10 semifinals vs Xavier University that season, becoming the fastest coach in women's basketball to achieve that feat.

On May 7, 2008, it was confirmed by Temple University that Staley would leave Temple for the recently vacated coaching position at the University of South Carolina. She left Temple with the best overall record of 172–80, along with six NCAA appearances and four Atlantic 10 titles.

South Carolina Gamecocks (2008–present)
At South Carolina she started rebuilding a program from scratch, suffering through two losing seasons at the start of her tenure. Starting with 10 wins during the 2008–09 season, she led the program to ever better finishes in each subsequent season, leading to the program's first number 1 ranking and Final Four appearance during the 2014–15 season. They picked up where they left off a year later, going undefeated in SEC play; however, they were upended in the Sweet 16 by Syracuse.

In 2016–17, the Gamecocks repeated as SEC regular-season and tournament champions for the third year in a row, and advanced to the second Final Four in school history. They defeated conference rival Mississippi State in the national championship game to win the first national title in school history. Staley became the second African American to lead a women's basketball team to a national championship; Carolyn Peck had coached Purdue to the 1999 national championship. After the 2017 win, The Post and Courier listed Staley first in their ranking of the 25 most powerful people in South Carolina sports. Under Staley the program has captured five SEC regular season championships, seven SEC tournament titles, four Final Fours, three NCAA national championships, seven Sweet Sixteen appearances, five SEC player of the year awards and five SEC freshman of the year awards. Staley herself has been awarded SEC coach of the year five times.

In 2020, Staley led the Gamecocks to a 32–1 season, winning yet another SEC regular season, and tournament championship. The Gamecocks finished #1 in both major polls before the NCAA tournament was cancelled. Staley swept the national coach of the year awards in 2020; she is the first person to win the Naismith award as a player and also as a coach.

In 2021, Staley led her team to a third Final Four, before losing a controversial game to Stanford 66–65. Staley's Gamecocks signed the #1 class for the then-upcoming 2021–22 season. On October 15, 2021, Staley signed a seven-year, $22.4 million contract extension with South Carolina, making her the highest-paid Black college basketball coach in the country.

In 2022 the Gamecocks were #1 in both polls for the entire season, they would go on to defeat 14 ranked teams, including Stanford, UConn, NC State, Oregon, Maryland, Duke, LSU, Tennessee and Georgia. In the NCAA tournament, the Gamecocks defeated Howard, Miami, North Carolina, Creighton, Louisville, and then UConn again to win a second national championship. Staley is the first coach to defeat Geno Auriemma, Tara VanDerveer and Kim Mulkey in the same season. Staley was again named Naismith Award winner, and coached the National Player of the Year Aliyah Boston.

In 2022, following an alleged racist incident by a Brigham Young University fan against a member of the Duke women's volleyball team, Staley canceled the team's matchups against BYU in the 2022–23 and 2023–24 seasons. Despite an investigation that did not find evidence to corroborate the claim, Staley declined to reinstate the series.

Staley won her 600th game on February 22, 2024, in 786 games (534 at South Carolina).

In 2024, Staley guided the team to a perfect 38–0 season, winning their third national title. Staley won her fourth Naismith Coach of the Year Award.

USA Basketball
Dawn Staley served as an assistant coach for the USA national team in 2006, a team in transition. Lisa Leslie, who had led the team in scoring in the 2004 Olympics, the 2002 World Championships, the 2000 Olympics, the 1998 World Championships, and the 1996 Olympics was no longer on the team. Sheryl Swoopes was available but hampered by injuries, with Staley transitioning from player to coach. Newcomers Sue Bird, Candace Parker and Diana Taurasi picked up the slack, but it was a team in transition. As an additional challenge, some members of the squad were unable to join the team for practices due to WNBA commitments. The team started out strong, winning each of the six preliminary games, including the game against Russia. In the quarterfinals, the USA team beat Spain 90–56. The semifinal was a rematch against Russia, but this time the Russian team prevailed, 75–68. The USA faced Brazil in the bronze medal game, and won easily 99–59.

During the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, Staley served as an assistant coach under Team USA head coach Anne Donovan and helped the Americans win their fourth straight gold medal in women's basketball and sixth in their past seven Olympic appearances.

After coaching Team USA to a gold medal at the 2007 Pan Am games, she served as head coach to the U17 Team in 2014 and the U19 Team in 2015, winning gold medals at the U18 Americas Championship and the U19 FIBA World Championship. The USA basketball organization awarded her the code national coach of the year award as a result of the U19 gold medal. She shared the award with Sean Miller who coached the U19 men's team to a gold medal.

She served as an assistant coach under Team USA head coach Geno Auriemma for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and helped the Americans win their sixth straight gold medal in women's basketball and eighth in their past nine Olympic appearances.

On March 10, 2017, she was named head coach of USA national women's team.

At the 2020 Summer Olympics, Staley won her first gold medal as Team USA's Head coach, winning all six games and extending her record to 45–0. Staley also coached Team USA to a gold medal in the 2018 World Cup in Spain and two gold medals in the 2019 and 2021 FIBA AmeriCups.

Awards and honors

 * 1991 – Winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball
 * 1991 – WBCA Player of the Year
 * 1991 – Naismith College Player of the Year
 * 1991 – USBWA Women's National Player of the Year
 * 1991 – The Honda-Broderick Cup winner for all sports.
 * 1992 – Winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball
 * 1992 – WBCA Player of the Year
 * 1992 – Naismith College Player of the Year
 * 1992 – USBWA Women's National Player of the Year
 * 2008 – Virginia Sports Hall of Fame
 * 2012 – Inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame.
 * 2013 – Order of the Palmetto
 * 2014 – SEC Coach of the Year
 * 2015 – SEC Co-Coach of the Year
 * 2015 – USA Basketball Co-National Coach of the Year
 * 2016 – SEC Coach of the Year
 * 2017 – Omicron Delta Kappa faculty/staff initiate at the University of South Carolina
 * 2020 – SEC Coach of the Year
 * 2020 – Naismith College Coach of the Year
 * 2020 – USBWA National Coach of the Year
 * 2020 – AP National Coach of the Year
 * 2020 – WBCA National Coach of the Year
 * 2021 – USA Basketball Co-National Coach of the year
 * 2022 – SEC Coach of the Year
 * 2022 – USBWA Women's National Coach of the Year
 * 2022 – Naismith College Coach of the Year
 * 2022 – WBCA National Coach of the Year
 * 2023 – SEC Coach of the Year
 * 2023 – USA Today Woman of the Year
 * 2023 – USBWA Women's National Coach of the Year
 * 2023 – Naismith College Coach of the Year
 * 2023 – WBCA National Coach of the Year
 * 2024 – SEC Coach of the Year
 * 2024 – The Athletic Coach of the Year
 * 2024 – USBWA Women's National Coach of the Year
 * 2024 – The Sporting News National Coach of the Year
 * 2024 – Naismith College Coach of the Year
 * 2024 – AP National Coach of the Year
 * 2024 – WBCA National Coach of the Year
 * 2024 – Jimmy V Award

College
Source

Regular season

 * align="left" | 1999
 * align="left" | Charlotte
 * 32 || 32 || 33.3 || .415 || .317 || .934 || 2.3 || 5.5 || 1.2 || 0.1 || 2.81 || 11.5
 * align="left" | 2000
 * align="left" | Charlotte
 * 32 || 32 || 34.3 || .372 || .330 || .878 || 2.4 || 5.9 || 1.2 || 0.0 || 2.84 || 8.8
 * align="left" | 2001
 * align="left" | Charlotte
 * 32 || 32 || 36.0 || .381 || .371 || .895 || 2.2 || 5.6 || 1.6 || 0.0 || 3.13 || 9.3
 * align="left" | 2002
 * align="left" | Charlotte
 * 32 || 32 || 33.2 || .364 || .398 || .762 || 1.8 || 5.1 || 1.5 || 0.0 || 2.50 || 8.7
 * align="left" | 2003
 * align="left" | Charlotte
 * 34 || 34 || 31.9 || .417 || .389 || .836 || 1.7 || 5.1 || 1.4 || 0.1 || 2.29 || 7.9
 * align="left" | 2004
 * align="left" | Charlotte
 * 34 || 34 || 33.6 || .431 || .407 || .759 || 1.7 || 5.0 || 1.3 || 0.1 || 2.18 || 8.9
 * align="left" | 2005*
 * align="left" | Charlotte
 * 23 || 23 || 29.7 || .405 || .405 || .767 || 2.3 || 5.3 || 1.3 || 0.0 || 1.83 || 6.3
 * align="left" | 2005*
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 10 || 3 || 22.1 || .357 || .286 || .900 || 1.7 || 2.8 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 1.20 || 3.3
 * align="left" | 2005
 * align="left" | Totals
 * 33 || 26 || 27.4 || .396 || .375 || .800 || 2.1 || 4.5 || 1.1 || 0.0 || 1.64 || 5.4
 * align="left" | 2006
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 34 || 34 || 29.9 || .420 || .427 || .806 || 2.2 || 3.9 || 1.0 || 0.2 || 2.24 || 7.4
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" |8 years, 2 teams
 * 263 || 256 || 32.4 || .399 || .376 || .824 || 2.0 || 5.1 || 1.3 || 0.1 || 2.44 || 7.5
 * align="left" | 2005
 * align="left" | Totals
 * 33 || 26 || 27.4 || .396 || .375 || .800 || 2.1 || 4.5 || 1.1 || 0.0 || 1.64 || 5.4
 * align="left" | 2006
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 34 || 34 || 29.9 || .420 || .427 || .806 || 2.2 || 3.9 || 1.0 || 0.2 || 2.24 || 7.4
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" |8 years, 2 teams
 * 263 || 256 || 32.4 || .399 || .376 || .824 || 2.0 || 5.1 || 1.3 || 0.1 || 2.44 || 7.5
 * align="left" |8 years, 2 teams
 * 263 || 256 || 32.4 || .399 || .376 || .824 || 2.0 || 5.1 || 1.3 || 0.1 || 2.44 || 7.5

Playoffs

 * align="left" | 1999
 * align="left" | Charlotte
 * 4 || 4 || 39.3 || .325 || .438 || .833 || 1.3 || 5.8 || 0.8 || 0.0 || 2.75 || 12.0
 * align="left" | 2001
 * align="left" | Charlotte
 * 8 || 8 || 37.6 || .416 || .500 || .810 || 2.3 || 4.4 || 1.1 || 0.3 || 4.25 || 11.8
 * align="left" | 2002
 * align="left" | Charlotte
 * 2 || 2 || 39.0 || .286 || .200 || .500 || 2.5 || 5.0 || 1.5 || 0.0 || 2.00 || 8.5
 * align="left" | 2003
 * align="left" | Charlotte
 * 2 || 2 || 29.0 || .353 || .500 || .400 || 2.5 || 3.5 || 2.0 || 0.0 || 2.00 || 9.0
 * align="left" | 2005
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 5 || 0 || 25.0 || .462 || .375 || .857 || 0.8 || 2.8 || 1.8 || 0.0 || 1.40 || 4.2
 * align="left" | 2006
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 2 || 2 || 20.0 || .143 || .333 || .000 || 2.5 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 2.00 || 1.5
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" |6 years, 2 teams
 * 23 || 18 || 33.0 || .366 || .423 || .754 || 1.8 || 4.0 || 1.2 || 0.1 || 2.78 || 8.7
 * align="left" | 2006
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 2 || 2 || 20.0 || .143 || .333 || .000 || 2.5 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 2.00 || 1.5
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" |6 years, 2 teams
 * 23 || 18 || 33.0 || .366 || .423 || .754 || 1.8 || 4.0 || 1.2 || 0.1 || 2.78 || 8.7
 * 23 || 18 || 33.0 || .366 || .423 || .754 || 1.8 || 4.0 || 1.2 || 0.1 || 2.78 || 8.7

Personal life
Staley is a Christian and routinely thanks God after games. On Easter Sunday 2024, Staley said postgame "He is risen" referring to the resurrection of Jesus Christ. After her team won the 2024 National title, Staley thanked Jesus.

Staley heads the Dawn Staley Foundation, which focuses on academics and athletics and sponsors basketball leagues and other fund-raising activities.

Staley hosted a podcast, Netlife, produced by Just Women's Sports, beginning in January 2022.

Staley owns a Havanese dog named Champ, who has his own Twitter account, and frequently visits practices.

Staley is a fan of the NFL's Philadelphia Eagles. Throughout the 2022 NFL season, Staley was often seen wearing their jerseys while coaching the Gamecocks.

title: Dawn Staley


text: Category:Intellectual history

title: Category:Intellectual history


text: Category:History of Brazil

title: Category:History of Brazil


text: User talk:129.9.163.105

title: User talk:129.9.163.105


text:
Újpest FC

Újpest Football Club is a Hungarian professional football club, based in Újpest, Budapest, that competes in Nemzeti Bajnokság I.

Formed in 1885, Újpest reached the first division of the Hungarian League in 1905 and has been relegated only once since then. The club has been a member of the first division for 108 consecutive years. Újpest have been Hungarian champions twenty times, in addition to winning the Magyar Kupa eleven times and the Szuperkupa three times. In international competitions, Újpest are two-times winners of the Mitropa Cup and winners of the 1930 Coupe des Nations. They also reached the semi-finals of the European Cup 1973–74 and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1961–62, and were runners-up in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1968–69.

Since 1922, their home ground has been the Szusza Ferenc Stadion in Újpest. Their biggest rivalry is with fellow Budapest-based club Ferencváros, with whom they contest a local derby.

Újpest is part of the Újpesti TE family. The club includes other sports sections that represent the club at ice hockey and waterpolo.

History
Újpest was founded in 1885. At that time, Újpest did not belong to Budapest. Újpest played their first Nemzeti Bajnokság I match in the 1905 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season. In the 1910–11 season, they were relegated. Újpest won their first Hungarian league title in the 1929–30 season.

At international level, Újpest's most successful period was in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the 1968–69 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, they were beaten in the final by Newcastle United. In the 1973–74 European Cup, they reached the semi-finals and were eliminated by Bayern München.

Crest and colours
On 3 July 2017, Újpest announced that they changed their crest. After a years of protests by supporters, and legal actions by UTE, the parent club, the management has decided to restore the traditional crest on 4 July, 2022.

Naming history

 * 1885: Újpesti TE (Újpesti Torna Egylet)
 * 1926: Újpest FC (Újpest Football Club) (due to the introduction of professional football)
 * 1945: Újpesti TE
 * 1950: Bp. Dózsa SE (Budapesti Dózsa Sport Egyesület)
 * 1956: Újpesti TE (during the Hungarian revolution)
 * 1957: Ú. Dózsa SC (Újpesti Dózsa Sport Club)
 * 1991: Újpesti TE
 * 1998: Újpest FC

Manufacturers and shirt sponsors
The following table shows in detail Újpest FC kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:

Current sponsorships: Joma, Coca-Cola, Microsoft, Acquaworld Budapest, Ramada Resort Budapest, Puebla ticket, Karzol Trans, Szókép Nyomdaipari Kft., Lamborghini

Stadium
Újpest's home stadium is Szusza Ferenc Stadion, which has been their home since the opening on 17 September 1922. It was known as Megyeri úti stadium until it was named after the club's legendary player, Ferenc Szusza in October 2003. After the renovations, which took place in 2000 and 2001, the ground can hold 13,501 spectators.

Ownership
On 3 December 2008, it was revealed by BBC Sport that the Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers were considering an alliance with Újpest. Jez Moxey, the Chief executive officer of the club said: "We have had some initial discussions in Budapest with the officials of Ujpest. We touched on the issues of loaning players, academies and sharing of best practice on and off the field."

Újpest approached Roland Duchâtelet to become the owner of the club. Although Duchâtelet refused the club's offer, he suggested his son to be the proprietor of Újpest. Roland Duchâtelet is the owner of the Carl Zeiss Jena and former owner of the Standard Liège, AD Alcorcón and Charlton Athletic

On 19 October 2011, Roderick Duchâtelet, former director of Germinal Beerschot, bought 95% of the shares of the City Budapest Zrt.

Roderick Duchâtelet said that he intends to bring back the glory of the 1970s.

On 27 October 2011, Csaba Bartha, managing director of Újpest, confirmed that the club received 150 million Hungarian forint from Roderick Duchâtelet.

In January 2022, Duchatelet was about to sell Újpest and found possible buyers. An agreement was also signed in January 2022 in which it was stated that the buyers should pay the remaining sum by the end of June. However, due the financial unpredictability caused by the Russo-Ukrainian War, the buyers could not transfer the remaining sum. Therefore, Újpest is still owned by the Belgian entrepreneur.

On 27 April 2023, it was announced on Nemzeti Sport that Interactive Brokers Group, owned by Thomas Peterffy, is interested in purchasing the club.

On 3 February 2024, it was revealed that Duchatelet would like to sell the club to Hungarian investors. On 6 February 2024, Roderick Duchâtelet sold the club to MOL.

On 21 March 2024, the club was officially purchased by the MOL Group. Balázs Benczédi was elected as the managing director of the club. The price of the acquisition was around 15 million euros.

Supporters
Supporters of Újpest are mainly from the fourth district of Budapest, the eponymous Újpest. Due to the success in the 1970s, the club gained supporters from all over Budapest and the country.
 * Famous supporters

 * 🇭🇺 Zoltán Zana (Ganxta Zolee) (rapper, actor)
 * 🇭🇺 Henrik Havas (journalist, television personality)
 * 🇭🇺 György Gyula Zagyva (politician)
 * 🇭🇺 András Stohl (actor, television personality)
 * 🇭🇺 Zsolt Wintermantel (politician & former mayor of Újpest)
 * 🇭🇺 Attila Széki (Curtis) (rapper, former footballer)
 * 🇭🇺 Péter Majoros (Majka) (rapper, television personality)

Rivalries

Újpest are in rivalry with several teams from Budapest including Ferencváros, MTK Budapest, Budapest Honvéd and several provincial clubs such as Debrecen and Diósgyőr. Since Újpest have been the third most successful club of the Hungarian Football history by winning 20 Hungarian League titles and nine Hungarian Cup titles, and the most successful Hungarian club in the European football competitions in the 1970s, every club in the Hungarian League wants to defeat them.

The rivalry with Ferencváros dates back to 1930s when Újpest won their first Hungarian League title. Since then the fixture between the two teams attracts the most spectators in the domestic league. The matches between the two team often ends in violence which causes big trouble for the Hungarian football. The proposal of personal registration was refused by both clubs.

Domestic

 * Nemzeti Bajnokság I:
 * Winners (20): 1929–30, 1930–31, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1938–39, 1945 Spring, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1959–60, 1969, 1970 Spring, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1989–90, 1997–98
 * Nemzeti Bajnokság II:
 * Winners (2): 1904, 1911–12
 * Magyar Kupa:
 * Winners (11): 1969, 1970, 1974–75, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1986–87, 1991–92, 2001–02, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2020–21
 * Szuperkupa:
 * Winners (3): 1992, 2002, 2014

International

 * Mitropa Cup:
 * Winners (2): 1929, 1939
 * Runners-up (1): 1967
 * Coupe des Nations 1930 (Predecessor of Champions League):
 * Winners (1): v Slavia Praha 3–0
 * Inter-Cities Fairs Cup:
 * Runners-up (1): 1968–69 v Newcastle United 0–3 and 2–3
 * European Cup (Champions League):
 * Semi-finalists (1): 1973–74 v FC Bayern München 1–1 and 0–3
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:
 * Semi-finalists (1): 1961–62 v AC Fiorentina 0–1 and 0–2

Friendly

 * Joan Gamper Trophy:
 * Winners (1): 1970
 * Trofeo Colombino:
 * Winners (1): 1971

Board of directors
As of 21 December 2022

Management
As of 24 April 2024

Notable former players

 * 🇧🇪 Jonathan Heris
 * 🇧🇪 Kylian Hazard
 * 🇧🇪 Pierre-Yves Ngawa
 * Túlio Maravilha
 * 🇨🇮 Lacina Traoré
 * 🇨🇴 Darwin Andrade
 * Foxi Kéthévoama
 * 🇨🇿 Lubos Kozel
 * 🇨🇿 Radek Slončík
 * 🇨🇿 Robert Vágner
 * 🏴 Scott Malone
 * 🇫🇮 Paulus Roiha
 * 🇭🇺 János Tomka
 * 🇲🇱 Falaye Sacko
 * 🇲🇱 Souleymane Diarra
 * 🇲🇪 Nebojsa Kosovic
 * 🇳🇬 Kim Ojo
 * 🇳🇬 Obinna Nwobodo
 * Enis Bardhi
 * 🇸🇳 Mbaye Diagne
 * 🇷🇸 Marko Dmitrovic
 * 🇪🇸 Juanan
 * Densill Theobald

title: Újpest FC


text: Category:History of Argentina

title: Category:History of Argentina


text:
American Basketball League

American Basketball League (ABL) is a name that has been used by four defunct basketball leagues in the US:

 * American Basketball League (1925–1955), the first major professional basketball league
 * American Basketball League (1961–1962), a league that only played a single full season
 * American Basketball League (1996–1998), a women's basketball league
 * American Basketball League (2013–2015), a semi-professional men's basketball league

title: American Basketball League


text:
User:Danakil/Programming language (reformatted)

 * This is a candidate reformatting of Programming language. Feel free to modify it at will.

A programming language or computer language is a standardized communication technique for expressing instructions to a computer. It is a set of syntactic and semantic rules used to define computer programs. A language enables a programmer to precisely specify what data a computer will act upon, how these data will be stored/transmitted, and precisely what actions to take under various circumstances.

Introduction
A primary purpose of programming languages is to enable programmers to express their intent for a computation more easily than they could with a lower-level language or machine code. For this reason, programming languages are generally designed to use a higher-level syntax, which can be easily communicated and understood by human programmers. Programming languages are important tools for helping software engineers write better programs faster.

Understanding programming languages is crucial for those engaged in computer science because today, all types of computation are done with computer languages.

During the last few decades, a large number of computer languages have been introduced, have replaced each other, and have been modified/combined. Although there have been several attempts to make a universal computer language that serves all purposes, all of them have failed. The need for a significant range of computer languages is because the purpose of programming languages varies from commercial software development to scientific to hobby use; the gap in skill between novices and experts is huge and some languages are too difficult for beginners to understand and use; computer programmers have different preferences; and finally, acceptable runtime cost may be very different for programs running on a microcontroller and programs running on a supercomputer.

There are many special purpose languages, for use in special situations: PHP is a scripting language that is especially suited for Web development; Perl is suitable for text manipulation; the C language has been widely used for development of operating systems and compilers (so-called system programming).

Programming languages make computer programs less dependent on certain machines or environments. This is because programming languages are converted into specific machine code for a given machine rather than being executed directly by the machine.

There are two mechanisms used to translate a program written in a programming language into the specific machine code of the computer being used.

If the translation mechanism used is one that translates the program text as a whole and then runs the internal format, this mechanism is spoken of as compilation. The compiler is therefore a program which takes the human-readable program text (called source code) as data input and supplies object code as output. The resulting object code may be machine code which will be executed directly by the computer's central processing unit (CPU), or it may be code matching the specification of a virtual machine.

If the program code is translated at runtime, with each translated step being executed immediately, the translation mechanism is spoken of as an interpreter. Interpreted programs run usually more slowly than compiled programs, but have more flexibility because they can interact with the execution environment. See interpreted language for detail. Although the definition may not be identical, these typically fall into the category of scripting languages.

Most languages can be either compiled or interpreted, but most are better suited for one than the other. In some programming systems, programs are compiled in multiple stages, into a variety of intermediate representations. Typically, later stages of compilation are closer to machine code than earlier stages. One common variant of this implementation strategy, first used by BCPL in the late 1960s, was to compile programs to an intermediate representation called "O-code" for a virtual machine, which was then compiled for the actual machine. This successful strategy was later used by Pascal with P-code and Smalltalk with byte code, although in many cases the intermediate code was interpreted rather than being compiled.

For a detailed timeline, see History of programming languages

Features of a programming language
Each programming language can be thought of as a set of formal specifications concerning syntax, vocabulary, and meaning.

These specifications usually include:
 * Data and data structures
 * Instruction and control flow
 * Reference mechanisms and re-use
 * Design philosophy

Most languages that are widely used, or have been used for a considerable period of time, have standardization bodies that meet regularly to create and publish formal definitions of the language, and discuss extending or supplementing the already extant definitions.

Data types and data structures
Internally, all data in a modern digital computer are stored simply as zeros or ones (binary). The data typically represent information in the real world such as names, bank accounts and measurements and so the low-level binary data are organised by programming languages into these high-level concepts.

The given system by which data are organized in a program is the type system of the programming language; the design and study of type systems is known as type theory. Languages can be classified as statically typed systems, and dynamically typed languages. Statically-typed languages can be further subdivided into languages with manifest types, where each variable and function declaration has its type explicitly declared, and type-inferred languages. It is possible to perform type inference on programs written in a dynamically-typed language, but it is entirely possible to write programs in these languages that make type inference infeasible. Sometimes type-inferred and dynamically-typed languages are called latently typed.

With statically-typed languages, there usually are pre-defined types for individual pieces of data (such as numbers within a certain range, strings of letters, etc.), and programmatically named values (variables) can have only one fixed type, and allow only certain operations: numbers cannot change into names and vice versa. Examples of these languages are: C, C++ and Java.

Dynamically-typed languages treat all data locations interchangeably, so inappropriate operations (like adding names, or sorting numbers alphabetically) will not cause errors until run-time. Examples of these languages are: Objective-C, Lisp, JavaScript, Tcl and Prolog.

Type-inferred languages superficially treat all data as not having a type, but actually do sophisticated analysis of the way the program uses the data to determine which elementary operations are performed on the data, and therefore deduce what type the variables have at compile-time. Type-inferred languages can be more flexible to use, while creating more efficient programs; however, this ability is difficult to include in a programming language implementation, so it is relatively rare. Examples of these languages are: Haskell, MUMPS and ML.

Strongly typed languages do not permit the usage of values as different types; they are rigorous about detecting incorrect type usage, either at runtime for dynamically typed languages, or at compile time for statically typed languages. Ada, Java, ML, and Python are examples of strongly typed languages.

Weakly typed languages do not strictly enforce type rules or have an explicit type-violation mechanism, often allowing for undefined behavior, segmentation violations, or other unsafe behavior if types are assigned incorrectly. Assembly language, C, C++, and Tcl are examples of weakly typed languages.

The typing traits strong to weak form a continuum. ML is strongly typed relative to Java, which is strongly typed relative to C, and the reverse, C is weakly typed relative to Java, which is weakly typed relative to ML. Use of these terms is often a matter of perspective, much in the way that an assembly language programmer would consider C to be a high-level language while a Java programmer would consider C to be a low-level language.

In contrast, the traits strong and static are orthogonal concepts. C is a weakly, statically typed language. Java is a strongly, statically typed language. Python is a strongly, dynamically typed language. Tcl is a weakly, dynamically typed language. Further complicating matters is that some people incorrectly use the term strongly typed to mean strongly, statically typed, or, even more confusingly, to mean simply statically typed. In the latter usage, C would be called strongly typed, despite being unable to catch very many type errors, and that it is trivial and common to defeat its type system, even accidentally.

Most languages also provide means to assemble complex data structures from built-in types and to associate names with these new combined types (using arrays, lists, stacks, files).

Object-oriented programming languages allow a programmer to define data-types called "Objects" which have their own intrinsic functions and variables (called methods and attributes respectively). A program containing objects allows the objects to operate as independent but interacting sub-programs: this interaction can be designed at coding time to model or simulate real-life interacting objects. This is a very useful, and intuitive, functionality. Programs such as Python and Ruby have developed as object-oriented (OO) languages. They are comparatively easy to learn and to use, and are gaining popularity in professional programming circles, as well as being accessible to non-professionals. These more intuitive languages have increased the public availability and power of customised computer applications.

Aside from when and how the correspondence between expressions and types is determined, there's also the crucial question of what types the language defines at all, and what types it allows as the values of expressions (expressed values) and as named values (denoted values). Low-level languages like C typically allow programs to name memory locations, regions of memory, and compile-time constants, while allowing expressions to return values that fit into machine registers; ANSI C extended this by allowing expressions to return struct values as well (see record). Functional languages often allow variables to name run-time computed values directly instead of naming memory locations where values may be stored. Languages that use garbage collection are free to allow arbitrarily complex data structures as both expressed and denoted values.

Finally, in some languages, procedures are allowed only as denoted values (they cannot be returned by expressions or bound to new names); in others, they can be passed as parameters to routines, but cannot otherwise be bound to new names; in others, they are as freely usable as any expressed value, but new ones cannot be created at run-time; and in still others, they are first-class values that can be created at run-time.

Instruction and control flow
Once data has been specified, the machine must be instructed how to perform operations on the data. Elementary statements may be specified using keywords or may be indicated using some well-defined grammatical structure. Each language takes units of these well-behaved statements and combines them using some ordering system. Depending on the language, differing methods of grouping these elementary statements exist. This allows writing programs that can cover a variety of input, instead of being limited to a small number of cases. Furthermore, beyond the data manipulation instructions, other typical instructions in a language are those used for control flow (branches, definitions by cases, loops, backtracking, functional composition).

Reference mechanisms and re-use
The core of the idea of reference is that there must be a method of indirectly designating storage space. The most common method is through named variables. Depending on the language, further indirection may include references that are pointers to other storage space stored in such variables or groups of variables. Similar to this method of naming storage is the method of naming groups of instructions. Most programming language use macro calls, procedure calls or function calls as the statements that use these names. Using symbolic names in this way allows a program to achieve significant flexibility, as well as a high measure of reusability. Indirect references to available programs or predefined data divisions allow many application-oriented languages to integrate typical operations as if the programming language included them as higher level instructions.

Design philosophies
For the above-mentioned purposes, each language has been developed using a special design or philosophy. Some aspect or another is especially stressed by the way the language uses data structures, or by which its special notation encourages certain ways to solve problems or express their structure.

Since programming languages are artificial languages, they require a high degree of discipline to accurately specify which operations are desired. Programming languages are not error tolerant; however, the burden of recognising and using the special vocabulary is reduced by help messages generated by the programming language implementation.

A few languages offer a high degree of freedom in allowing self-modification in which a program re-writes parts of itself to handle new cases. Typically, only machine language and members of the Lisp family (Common Lisp, Scheme) provide this ability. Some languages such as MUMPS and Perl allow modification of data structures that contain program fragments, and provide methods to transfer program control to those data structures. Languages that support dynamic linking and loading such as C, C++, and Java, can emulate self-modification by either embedding a small compiler or calling a full compiler and linking in the resulting object code. Interpreting code by recompiling it in real time is called dynamic recompilation. Emulators and other virtual machines exploit this technique for greater performance.

The rigorous definition of the meaning of programming languages is the subject of formal semantics.

Classifications of programming languages
There are a variety of ways to classify programming languages. The distinctions are not clear-cut; a given language standard may be implemented in multiple classifications. For example, a language may have both compiled and interpreted implementations.

Also, most compiled languages contain some run-time interpreted features. The most notable example is the familiar I/O format string, which is written in a specialized, little language and which is used to describe how to convert program data to or from an external representation. This string is typically interpreted at run time by a specialized format-language interpreter program included in the run-time support libraries. Many programmers have found the flexibility of this arrangement to be very valuable.

 * Agile programming language
 * Array programming language
 * Concatenative programming language
 * Concurrent programming language
 * Declarative programming language
 * Domain-specific language
 * Dynamic programming language
 * Educational programming language
 * Functional programming language
 * General-purpose programming language
 * Logic programming language
 * Object-oriented programming language
 * Procedural programming language
 * Scripting language


text:
Alaric and Eric

Alaric and Eric (Old Norse: Alrekr and Eiríkr), according to legend, were two kings of Sweden.

In the Ynglinga saga
According to the Ynglinga saga, Alaric and Eric were sons and heirs of the previous king Agni. They shared the kingship. They were mighty both in war and sport, but were especially skillful horsemen and vied with one another about their horsemanship and their horses.

One day they rode off from their retinue and did not return. They were found dead with their heads battered but no weapons with them save the bridle bits of their horses. Accordingly it was believed that they had quarreled and come to blows and had slain each other with their bridle bits. They were succeeded by Alaric's sons Yngvi and Alf.

However, in other sources, only Alaric died, and in the piece of Ynglingatal quoted by Snorri Sturluson it is only Alaric who dies explicitly. Eric's death seems to be a misunderstanding on Snorri's part due to an influence from the succeeding kings (see also the other sources below):

Ynglingatal then gives Yngvi and Alf as Alrek's and Eirík's successors.

The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation:

Hogna is an error for Agne. Unlike Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiæ gives Dagr as Alrekr's predecessor. Instead Alrekr precedes Agne and Agne is succeeded by Yngvi (incorrectly called Ingialdr ). The even earlier source Íslendingabók cites the line of descent in Ynglingatal and it gives the same line of succession as Historia Norwegiæ: '' xi Dagr. xii Alrekr. xiii Agni. xiiii Yngvi''.

In Gautreks saga and Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
Gautreks saga also makes Alrek and Eirík sons of Agni by Skjálf and co-kings and it was to them that the warrior Starkad fled after his slaying of King Vikar. Starkad served them first as a companions on their viking expeditions and then, after Alrek and Eirík had settled down, went on further Viking expeditions alone. But King Alrek had a short life, for Eirík struck Alrek dead with a bridle when they were out to train their horses and then ruled as sole ruler over Sweden. This version says that Eirík reigned for a long time as told in Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar (Saga of Hrólf son of Gautrek). This second saga introduces Thornbjörg, the daughter of King Eirík and Queen Ingigerd, who was a skillful shieldmaiden and ruled over part of the kingdom. Thornbjörg even called herself King Thorberg. But eventually she fell in love with Hrólf son of Gautrek and agreed to marry him, at which point she gave up her weapons to her father King Eirík and took up embroidery.

In Gesta Danorum
Saxo Grammaticus in Book 5 of his Gesta Danorum introduces Ericus Desertus, that is Erik the Eloquent, son of a champion named Regnerus (Ragnar), both Norwegians in the service of King Gøtarus (Götar) of Norway, a monarch otherwise unknown. This Erik is likely to be the Eirík the Eloquent or Eiríkr the Wise in Speech mentioned by Snorri Sturluson in the Skáldskaparmál as being of Ylfing lineage. But he otherwise has left no clear record in surviving Norse literature. Saxo makes up for it by telling at great length of Erik's amusing deeds. He relates how Erik outwitted all foes with clever tricks and became the counselor of Fróði son of Fridleif, king of Denmark. Erik's expeditions on Fróði's behalf always went well because of Erik's cunning and way with words. Erik finally married Fróði's sister Gunvara and Erik's elder half-brother Rollerus (Roller) was made king of Norway. Saxo then brings in a king of the Swedes named Alricus (Alrik) who corresponds to Alrek of the Norse tradition. Alrik was at war with Gestiblindus king of the Gautar (Geats) and Gestiblindus now sought Fróði's aid. (In the Norse Hervarar saga Gestumblindi is the name assumed by the disguised Odin and it is possible that this Gestiblindus is also Odin in disguise.) Erik and Skalk the Scanian pursued the war and slew Alrik's son Gunthiovus (Old Norse Gunnþjófr) leader of the men of Vermland and Solongs. Then occurred a parley and secret interview between Alrik and Erik in which Alrik attempted to win Erik over to his cause. When this failed, Alrik asked that the war be settled by a single combat between himself and Gestiblindus. Erik refused the offer because of Gestiblind's unfitness and advanced years but made a counter-offer to fight such a duel with Alrik himself if Alrik were willing. The fight occurred straightaway. Alrik was slain and Erik seemed to be fatally wounded so that a report actually came to King Fróði that Erik was dead. Indeed Erik was long in recovering. However Fróði was disabused when Erik himself returned announcing that Fróði was now also king of Sweden, Värmland, Helsingland, and Soleyar. Fróði then gave all those lands to Erik to rule directly and also gave Erik the two Laplands, Finland, and Estonia as dependencies paying annual tribute. Saxo explains that this Erik was the first Swedish king to be called Erik but that after him it became a very common name among the Swedish kings. He also writes that Erik met and helped the champion Arngrim, an account that agrees with Hervarar saga, where Arngrim's sons meet Erik's successor Yngvi (see e.g. Angantyr and Hjalmar). That the duel occurred at the end of a "secret interview" suggests that Alrik and Erik were alone when they fought just as were their counterparts in the Norse accounts. That Erik was believed to have died suggests knowledge of the Ynglinga saga version in which both fighters met their death. There is no mention of horse bridles. But Erik is not elsewhere a great duelist or champion but instead a trickster who wins through stratagems and deceiving words so that is it likely that Saxo or his source passed over a stratagem in which a horse bridle played a part. Saxo also mentions Starkad's stay in Sweden in Book 6 in a summary of Starkad's life up to that point in his history. But Saxo does not indicate what king or kings then ruled Sweden, saying only: "... he went into the land of the Swedes, where he lived at leisure for seven years' space with the sons of Frø." Frø is of course the god Frey, the ancestor of the Swedish dynasty. At the beginning of Book 6, Saxo notes that Erik died of a disease and was succeeded by his son Haldanus (Halfdan). Halfdan was later slain by rivals for the throne but the warrior Starkad established Halfdans' heir Siward as the new king. Siward's daughter Signe was married to King Harald of Denmark who was co-king his brother Fróði. Later Harald's son Halfdan, now king of Denmark, slew Siward in war. But Siward's grandson Erik, the son of Halfdan's uncle Fróði by Signe, the direct heir to the throne, now rose up against Halfdan. After a long war this second Erik was captured by Haldfan and left in the woods in chains to be devoured by beasts. With him, it seems, the Swedish line of Erik the Eloquent, as set forth by Saxo, came to an end.

Commentary
It is not clear whether or not the accounts in the Gesta Danorum and the accounts in the Ynglinga saga' tales of a Danish king named Halfdan who became king of Sweden are at all related. Traditions of twin brothers connected with horses appear are a commonplace in Indo-European cultures as are foundation legends about two twin brothers, one of whom kills the other. It is possible that Alrek and Eirik are reflexes of such traditions. Saxo's identification of the legendary Eirík the Eloquent with the legendary Swedish king Eirík probably originated as a flourish by a pro-Danish or pro-Norwegian story teller.

title: Alaric and Eric


text: User talk:68.251.68.41

title: User talk:68.251.68.41


text:
Centauri

Centauri may refer to:

 * Centauri Production, a Czech computer games company acquired by Bohemia Interactive
 * Centauri, a fictional civilization of Babylon 5
 * Centauri, a fictional character in The Last Starfighter

title: Centauri


text:
A13 motorway (Switzerland)

The A13 is a motorway, at times an Autostrasse (expressway), which runs from St. Margrethen in northeastern Switzerland through to Ascona in southern Switzerland, crossing the main chain of the Alps in the Grisons area. It is the southern half of European route E43.

Construction
The A13 started life as a road which was mainly an expressway, from the foggy beginnings at St. Margrethen through to Haag, opposite Liechtenstein. The motorway began at Haag and went through Reichenau. Then it was an expressway again until after Mesocco. The final kilometres linking it from Roveredo to the A2 motorway were an expressway. Today, the section from St. Margrethen through Haag has been thoroughly converted to a motorway. Due to the tough terrain, the transformation of the Graubünden section into a full motorway would be difficult.

The route is challenging south of Chur, capital of the Grisons. The year-round opening of the route only became possible in 1967, when the San-Bernardino tunnel was built, including the approaching branches of the A13. Therefore, it sometimes appears to be more of a widened mountain road, rather than a motorway or an expressway. For the whole of the ramps towards the culmination at the San-Bernardino tunnel, between Thusis and Soazza, there is no central structure to separate the two carriageway directions; each lane is about 50 percent larger than on a main highway, and overtaking (using part of the carriageway reserved for the other direction) is allowed where signposted. The expressway finds its way through the Alps by means of the San Bernardino tunnel, which is 6.6 km in length. It also passes the Viamala gorge, where nocturnal shows tell the story of 2000 years of road construction through this obstacle (summer only).

General information
The A13 continues the A1 on the shores of the Bodensee, links with the A3 motorway at the Sargans junction at its northern branch, as well as the A2 motorway at Bellinzona, south of the Alps. It connects also with main roads heading for Flims-Disentis along the Alps or Klosters, St. Moritz via Julier Pass, and Italy (via the Splügen Pass).

Main route: St. Margrethen - Buchs SG - Sargans - Landquart - Chur - Thusis - Splügen - Cassanawald tunnel - Hinterrhein - San Bernardino road tunnel - Pian San Giacomo - Roveredo - Bellinzona - Locarno - Ascona

Speed limit: 120 km/h on all motorway parts; 100 km/h or at times 80 km/h on expressway parts. Speed checks do appear and penalties can be severe.

Tolls: Covered by CHF 40 annual motorway toll sticker.

Route details
The A13 starts in St. Margrethen, Canton of St. Gallen right after the A1. Afterwards, it crosses through the entire Rhine Valley, connects along the border with Austria and Liechtenstein, towards Sargans, where A3 joins the A13.

The highway then heads to Chur, the capital of Grisons, and turns southwards at Reichenau, where one can divert to drive along the Alps on the main road to Flims-Disentis-Andermatt-Brig (summer only), whereas A13 leads to Thusis (about 600.0 m up).

From Thusis the A13 climbs an altitude difference of some 1000 metres to the 6.6 km long San Bernardino Tunnel at around 1650 m.

After the tunnel the road is marked by many galleries and strong avalanche-control curves back down into the Valle Mesolcina, using two long bridges to allow wide turns in this steep valley. At Soazza, shortly after Mesocco, the street again becomes a highway. The A13 continues downhill and joins, shortly before the Ticino capital Bellinzona, merging with A2 at an altitude of 240 m.

Between Ascona and a roundabout south of Gaggiole in the Canton of Ticino, A13 is extended as the N13 highway; however, it is indicated by the crossed-out highway signs that Switzerland motorway sticker on this route is not necessary. Locarno is bypassed with the 5 km long Mappo–Morettina Tunnel. In this tunnel, there is one lane for each direction.

Serious accidents
Originally, a largely non-divided section of the expressway from Sargans to the north has long been regarded as a particularly dangerous stretch: time and again, it experienced severe front-end collisions. In the period from 1979 to 2002, 96 people died on the A13, five times more than usual in Switzerland's highways.

On 16 September 2006, a fire broke out in the Viamala Tunnel, after a head-on collision between a tour bus and a car, which killed nine people. Involved in the collision was a second passenger car. At least four other vehicles were affected.

Relocation of heavy traffic on the rail transit
As a major transit route, shifting traffic from the A13 is a major concern. For the future, the introduction of an Alpentransitbörse is being discussed.

title: A13 motorway (Switzerland)


text:
Terroir

Terroir (, ; from terre, lit. 'lands') is a French term used to describe the environmental factors that affect a crop's phenotype, including unique environment contexts, farming practices and a crop's specific growth habitat. Collectively, these contextual characteristics are said to have a character; terroir also refers to this character.

Some artisanal crops for which terroir may apply include wine, cheese, coffee, single malt whisky, onions, and tea.

Terroir is the basis of the French wine appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) system, which is a model for wine appellation and regulation in France and around the world. The AOC system presumes that the land from which the grapes are grown imparts a unique quality that is specific to that growing site (the plants' habitat). The extent of terroir's significance is debated in the wine industry.

Origins
Over the centuries, French winemakers developed the concept of terroir by observing the differences in wines from different regions, vineyards, or even different sections of the same vineyard. The French began to crystallize the concept of terroir as a way of describing the unique aspects of a place that influence and shape the wine made from it. Long before the French, the wine-making regions of the ancient world had already developed a concept of different regions having the potential to produce very different and distinct wines, even from the same grapes. The Ancient Greeks would stamp amphorae with the seal of the region they came from, and different regions established reputations based on the quality of their wines. For centuries, literate and disciplined members of the Benedictine and Cistercian orders cultivated grapes in much of Burgundy. With vast landholdings, the monks could conduct large-scale observation of the influences that various parcels of land had on the wine it produced. Some legends have the monks establishing the boundaries of different terroirs – many of which still exist today as the Grand Cru vineyards of Burgundy.

Elements
While wine experts disagree about the exact definition, particular consideration is given to the natural elements that are beyond the control of humans.

Components often described as aspects of terroir include:
 * Climate
 * Soil type
 * Geomorphology
 * Other organisms growing in, on, and around the vine plots

The interaction of climate and terroir is generally broken down from the macroclimate of a larger area (For example, the Côte de Nuits region of Burgundy), down to the mesoclimate of a smaller subsection of that region (such as the village of Vosne-Romanée) and even to the individual microclimate of a particular vineyard or row of grapevines (like the Grand Cru vineyard of La Grande Rue). The element of soil relates both to the composition and the intrinsic nature of the vineyard soils, such as fertility, drainage and ability to retain heat. Geomorphology refers to natural landscape features like mountains, valleys and bodies of water, which affect how the climate interacts with the region, and includes the elements of aspect and elevation of the vineyard location. Other organisms growing in, on, and around the vine plots refers to the region specific fauna, flora, and microflora present in the vineyards. The microbial populations in vineyards have been described as being a quantifiable aspect of the overall terroir.

Mark A. Matthews, a professor of viticulture and plant physiology at University of California, Davis, has described the common conception of terroir as a myth. While Matthews agrees local characteristics can have an effect on plant growth and the wines made from particular grapes, he points out that the term is imprecisely defined, and also proposes the concept of terroir is accepted primarily based on traditional belief, and is not backed by rigorous data or research.

Human controlled elements
The definition of terroir can be expanded to include elements that are controlled or influenced by humans. This can include the decision of which grape variety to plant, though whether or not that grape variety will produce quality wine is an innate element of terroir that may be beyond human influence. Some grape varieties thrive better in certain areas than in others. The winemaking decision of using wild or ambient yeast in fermentation instead of cultured or laboratory produced yeast can be a reflection of terroir. The use of oak is a controversial element since some will advocate that its use is beneficial in bringing out the natural terroir characteristics while others will argue that its use can mask the influences of the terroir. Vineyard management (e.g., growing grapes organically or biodynamically over a more conventional method of farming) can also be seen as a human controlled aspect of terroir.

Influences of viticulture and winemaking
Many decisions during the growing and winemaking process can either lessen or increase the expression of terroir in the wine. These include decisions about pruning, irrigation and selecting time of harvest. At the winery, the use of oak, cultured or ambient yeast, length of maceration and time in contact with lees, temperature during fermentation, and processes like micro-oxygenation, chaptalization, clarification with fining agents, and reverse osmosis all have the potential to either reduce or emphasize some aspect derived from the terroir. Winemakers can work between the extremes of producing wine that is terroir-driven and focused on purely expressing the unique aspects of a region's terroir, or winemaking that is done without any consideration given to terroir. Furthermore, aspects of terroir such as climate and soil type may be considered when deciding such things as which grape variety to plant if the goal is to make good wine rather than terroir-driven wine.

The importance of these influences depends on the culture of a particular wine region. In France, particularly Burgundy, there is the belief that the role of a winemaker is to bring out the expression of a wine's terroir. The French word for "winemaker," vigneron, is more aptly translated as "wine-grower" rather than "winemaker". The belief that the terroir is the dominant influence in the wine is the basis behind French wine labels emphasizing the region, vineyard, or AOC more prominently than the varietal of grape, and often more prominently than the producer.

Appellation systems
The influence of terroir means that wines from a particular region are unique, incapable of being reproduced outside that area, even if the grape variety and winemaking techniques are painstakingly duplicated. Winemakers in Burgundy do not believe that they are producing Pinot noir that happens to be grown in Burgundy, but that they are producing unique Burgundian wines that happen to be made from Pinot noir. Appellation systems, such as the French AOC systems, have developed around the concepts of "unique wines from a unique area". These systems have also developed into protected designation of origin across the European Union so that, for example, winemakers from outside a region like Tuscany can not produce a Sangiovese wine and call it a Chianti. While the wine may be made from the same clonal variety of Sangiovese, in the same soil composition as found in the Chianti region with winemakers using the Tuscan method of production, there is an assumption that the two wines will be different due to terroir.

The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different terroir are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. a Spanish or Australian "chianti". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the 2005 Napa Declaration on Place agreement. While appellation systems and the protected designations of origin can be a way of protecting "unique terroir", the commercial importance of terroir has been a much debated topic in the wine industry. In Spain in 2018, networks of vintners joined in a grassroots movement to produce wines with added terroir value with intention to enhance the Spanish rural wine culture.

Impact of climate change
As climate change disrupts long-established patterns of temperature and precipitation in wine-growing regions and causes more extreme weather events, there are potential serious impacts on terroir and the wine industry. Hotter temperatures and an earlier growing season can push berries towards a higher sugar content, less acids and differences in secondary compounds that are important for aromas. Growers are attempting to adapt in a variety of ways in response. In 2021, in a controversial move, the French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment formally authorized wine producers in the Bordeaux region to experiment on a trial basis with four red and two white vine types selected from other areas of France. The new types can make up no more than 10% of the final wine blend. The rest must be from the six red and eight white grape varieties traditionally cultivated in the region during its 2,000 year history. Another approach to protecting plants against the effects of climate change involves experimenting with rootstocks to develop plants that are resilient, vigorous and use water more efficiently under stressful conditions. Differences in planting, irrigation and harvesting practices are also being studied. Practices developed in warmer climates like Australia, Israel, South America, and Spain are being adapted for use in countries that used to be cooler, as temperatures rise.

In other drinks
The concept of terroir exists in other drinks, notably in tea (Wuyi rock-essence tea being a notable example) and Cognac where the chalky soil, climate and distance from the ocean are all factors influencing the product. Producers of single malt whisky, bourbon, rum, and vodka use terroir elements in their production process, including wood flavors derived from barrel aging.

In artisan cheese
The tenet of terroir has also been applied to the production of artisan cheese, and French authorities have fought to balance traditional cheesemakers terroir cheeses concerns with those of major industrialists.

The flavor of cheeses (and other dairy products) is impacted by the production location. For instance, Alpine pastures are composed of a larger variety of grasses, herbs, and flowers, than those in the lowlands. At higher elevations, the flora also changes significantly throughout the grazing period (from spring to autumn), thus also impacting the taste of cheeses produced in different batches. In Switzerland, Alp cheese is typically indicated with a special logo, in addition to the Appellation d'origine protégée (AOP).

Commercial interests
The importance of terroir affects the price of the agricultural product as well as the products made from the product. Branding, variety, and farmer identification affects the price of a product. The Slow Food movement appreciates history of a variety of plant or animal, the story of the farmer who produced it, and ultimately the quality of the product. Chefs and bakers develop their own list of qualities they desire for their creations, and terroir affects these.

Wine critics question the value of a Pinot noir wine from a Burgundy Grand Cru vineyard relative to a wine produced from the "lesser terroir" of a Premier Cru vineyard, and whether it merits the higher price. These doubts also arise when the quality of winemaking and other human influences are taken into account, which may be of a higher standard with the "lesser" premier cru.

These critics also question the difference between New World and Old World wine and whether modern winemaking techniques – like significant oak influences, over-ripened fruit, cultured yeast, micro-oxygenation, and color pigment additives – obscure or even eliminate the influence of terroir in making different regions unique. Critics often point to the homogenizing effect on mass-produced wines made from popular varietals like Chardonnay, which may have their terroir characteristics hidden by invasive and intensive winemaking. A heavily oaked, over-ripe Chardonnay from California can taste very similar to the same style of wine from elsewhere. The marketability of wines from different regions and producers is affected by the importance accorded to terroir, both by the wine industry and consumer wine markets, with some producers downplaying terroir and its effect on their wines.

Outside Europe
In the United States, the principles of terroir have been applied in a few limited instances, such as Vidalia onions, whose production area has been defined by the United States Department of Agriculture and Indian River fruit, which can only carry that label if grown within an area defined by the United States Federal Trade Commission.

In some East Asian countries, terms like terroir or marriage have been popularised by Japanese manga. A 2008–09 Korean drama, most of whose leading characters work with wine, is titled Terroir after the main setting, a wine restaurant in turn named for the concept.

In popular culture
The concept of terroir has been discussed in several films and television shows. Jonathan Nossiter's 2004 documentary, Mondovino, explores the globalization of the wine business, and features interviews with a number of small producers, mostly French, who talk about terroir. In the 2006 BBC series, Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure, one episode is almost entirely devoted to Oz Clarke teaching James May about terroir. At the end of the episode, May identifies three wines successfully, placing them in the correct order on the basis of the quality of terroir they come from.

Les Blank and Gina Leibrecht's 2007 documentary, All In This Tea, explores the importance of terroir and organic growing methods for the quality and future sustainability of the Chinese tea market. Terroir is also a frequent topic of discussion in the Japanese wine comic Les Gouttes de Dieu. The films French Kiss and A Good Year also make references to terroir. Terroir recognition is a plot turning point in the 1976 French comedy L'aile ou la cuisse (The Wing or the Thigh) with Louis de Funès. In 2014 Keith Carradine starred in John Charles Jopson's Edgar Allan Poe-inspired film Terroir. Terroir is frequently referenced in Jeff VanderMeer's 2014 novel Authority.

title: Terroir


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oceanwalk Mall

Almost vacant shopping mall which wouldn't be notable even if it were fully tenanted. RickK 20:02, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

And add Sloppy Giuseppe's, a one-off unimportant restaurant. RickK 21:10, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

Ick. The "Sloppy Giuseppe's" reads like horrendous and cliched client-generated radio copy. Take away the name and you're left with "John Q. Italianrestaurant." Delete both. - Lucky 6.9 22:49, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) It should not be deleted, it is larger than most and important for the area... ''Sockpuppet vote pasted to main page. Moved to discussion page by Lucky 6.9, known loather of sockpuppets.''
 * The entry for Sloppy Giuseppe's shines as an example of non-information. Delete both. --Ianb 22:52, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: It's a shopping mall, with no claim to notability made.  Mall of America is notable for being a behemoth.  South Square Mall in Durham, NC, is just a mall.  No reason given to set this apart from all others. Geogre 00:16, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Sloppy Guiseppe's, too. I do have a shiny quarter that says the author of the article works there. Geogre 00:27, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. WikiSpam, totally non-notable. "Obliterous"? Is that anything like "frabjous"?   — Gwalla | Talk 02:02, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article appears to describe a small mall that is on its way out. I see no particular claim for notability, but lots of red links. Average Earthman 10:21, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, oh, I guess I have to vote delete, but I really love this article. It sounds like something in a Stephen King novel... or a scene in an interactive fiction game. >UP. The escalator is closed. >N. You are in front of Sloppy Guiseppe's. >Open door. The door is locked. >N. You are in front of Malley's Galley. You can smell french fries. >Enter... But what on earth does obliterous mean? Did the author mean ubiquitous, is it a chain? Or does it mean "obliterated," i.e. it too is closed? [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:52, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * From behind the door an obliterous Garbage_Plate jumps out and mauls you. Game over. Try again? Y/N. --Ianb 02:02, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Awed comment: [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith's version is much more entertaining than the article, but I think "obliterous" means something that is obliterating ubiquitously: i.e. it is always and everywhere not or, rather, not everywhere at all times. Geogre 04:56, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: So, should it link to quantum superposition?   — Gwalla | Talk 21:54, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This slang site has the word "obliterous" and defines it to mean "inelegantly blotto." Unfortunately, judging by the other entries on that page, I don't think the site is very reliable. Most Google hits look as if they're people who meant to use the word "oblivious." There's one reference to "fibrosa obliterous" but it's apparently a typo for "fibrosa obliterans." I don't think "obliterous" is a word, which is a darned shame, since such a word is desperately needed in order to supply a rhyme for "clitoris." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 22:32, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete both. User also created an article for Lychee Garden, a Chinese restaurant in the same Florida town (as if there weren't at least 5,000 other Chinese restaurants called Lychee Garden), which I already speedy-deleted. Oh, and megaprops to Dpbsmith, who had me rolling on the floor. Bearcat 10:37, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Olduvai

Olduvai may refer to:

 * Olduvai Gorge
 * Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge
 * Olduvai Gorge Museum
 * Olduvai Hominid 8
 * Olduvai theory
 * DUF1220, aka Olduvai domain; a protein domain
 * Olduvai, Research Facility on Mars in the Doom (film)

title: Olduvai


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User:Murtasa

de:Benutzer:martin-vogel

Special:Log/delete

title: User:Murtasa


text: Category:Rivers of Switzerland

title: Category:Rivers of Switzerland


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Mushir

Mushir (مشير) is an Arabic word meaning "counsellor" or "advisor". It is related to the word shura, meaning consultation or "taking counsel".

As an official title, it historically indicates a personal advisor to the ruler. In this use it is roughly comparable to the European titles of State Counsellor and Counsellor of State.

In a military context, mushir became associated with the idea of the ruler's personal counsellor or advisor on military matters, and as such became the highest rank in Arab countries and the Ottoman Empire. It is used as the highest rank in most armed forces of the Middle East and North Africa, for armies, navies, and air forces. It is therefore equivalent to the ranks of Field Marshal and Admiral of the Fleet.

Iraq
In Iraq under the rule of Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi Navy maintained a fleet admiral rank known as Mushir. A Mushir was the most senior of all naval officers and the rank was rarely bestowed. The sleeve insignia was the same as a British Admiral of the Fleet.

The rank of Mushir in Iraq is known as "Muhib" and is used in all official and unofficial addresses. Saddam Hussein as commander-in-chief of the Iraqi Armed Forces was an honorary "staff muhib" (مهيب ركن) in the Iraqi army, and the uniform which he typically wore was that of a staff muhib. He was the only muhib in the Iraqi Army, for the minister of defence and the chief of staff held the rank of Fariq awal rukun (فريق اول ركن), or "staff general". (Hussein never actually served in the Iraqi Army but commanded as ruler of Iraq.) After Hussein's fall in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the rank of Mushir became obsolete in the new Iraqi military.

Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia, the rank of Mushir is typically held ceremonially by the House of Saud, and translated as "First class Field Marshal".

Kingdom of Egypt

 * Abbas I Hilmi Pasha (1813–1854)
 * Ibrahim Pasha (1789–1848)
 * Yahya Mansur Yeghen (1837–1913)
 * Horatio Herbert Kitchener (1850–1916)
 * 20 December 1914 – Sultan Hussein Kamel (1853–1917)
 * King Fuad I (1868–1936)
 * 'Aziz 'Ali al-Misri (1879–1965)
 * King Farouk (1920–1965)
 * 1949 – King Abdullah I of Jordan (1882–1951)
 * 26 July 1952 – King Fuad II (born 1952)
 * 21 February 1955 – King Hussein of Jordan (1935–1999)

Republic of Egypt

 * Abdel Hakim Amer (1919–1967): Active duty
 * November 1973 – Ahmad Ismail Ali (1917–1974): Active duty
 * Abdel Ghani Elgamasy (1921–2003): Active duty
 * Fouad Mohamed Abou Zikry (1923–1983): Honorary
 * Mohammed Aly Fahmy (1920–1999): Honorary
 * Ahmed Badawi (1927–1981): Posthumously
 * 1982 – Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala (1930–2008): Active duty
 * 1993 – Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (1935–2021): Active duty
 * 27 January 2014 – Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (born 1954): Active duty

title: Mushir


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Talk:Amoebozoa

Number of Species
This page should say how many species are in this phylum. --Savant13 20:31, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Untitled
User:Guanaco's Category:Protista seemed apt. Why was it removed by User:UtherSRG I wonder? Wetman 20:04, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

At the time, there were general questions about how categories should work for taxa. I've replaced it. Josh

The image placement is ridiculous! It states "Amoeba proteus", but when you click on the image, the file is called "Chaos diffluens"! Two clearly different species, different genera even! There are plenty of real photos of amoeba proteus out there - a correct one should be used here. 150.203.2.85 22:14, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Amoeba proteus = Chaos diffluens ?
Amoeba proteus and Chaos diffluens are synonyms?
 * "Many synonyms exist for Amoeba proteus. (Mast and Johnson, 1931). However, the only other name used today is Chaos diffluens, proposed by Schaeffer in 1926. Amoeba proteus can be distinguished from two similar species, Amoeba dubia and Amoeba discoides, by ...", . 91.117.48.143 17:56, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Taxobox colour change
Hello,

After much discussion, it has been agreed that colour changes for taxoboxes are necessary; it's currently proposed that amoebozoa taxoboxes should become #FFC8A0 and rhizaria, lavender. These changes would be carried out automatically, determined by regnum/phylum/etc entries in the taxobox. Your comments and opinions would be gratefully received here!

Thanks,

Verisimilus  T  20:19, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Fossil range
wrt. the taxobox, are there really fossils of precambrian amoebozoa? Or, indeed, any amoebozoa at all? I'd be very interested if so! Verisimilus  T  11:07, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Kingdom or not?
As far as I know, this is not a kingdom, but rather a group within protists. In fact, it seems that many new kingdoms of eukaryotes have been added, when before there were just animals, plants, fungi, and protists. What's happening? Is there some new taxonomic descision I should know about? 69.15.134.58 (talk) 16:43, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * You are right. In fact, the authority given for this group (Luhe 1913, emend. Thomas Cavalier-Smith, 1998) classifies it as a phylum, under Kingdom Protozoa ( see: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809012 ).  Every taxonomical authority I am aware of classifies Amoebozoa either as a phylum, or as an unranked supragenic taxon (as in the ISOP system).   I think the problem here originates in an eccentricity of the automatic taxobox template, which seems to insist on classifying Amoebozoa as a kingdom.  The simplest solution is to switch to the ordinary taxobox template, which permits us to classify Amoebozoa either as a phylum under Protozoa, or as an "unranked_phylum" (with no kingdom specified, as preferred by ISOP).  Deuterostome (talk) 14:15, 12 October 2013 (UTC)

== "List of amoeboid protozoa pathogenic to humans" mistake =

Naegleria is not an amoebozoan but an Excavata member. Excavata are not even closely related to amoebozoan since they are Bikonts (like plants and algae) while amoebozoa are unikonts (like fungi and animals). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.118.191.48 (talk) 14:56, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Can someone define an amoeba?
Could a knowledgeable person please define the terms amoeba and the plural amoebae as used on this page? Does it refer to any member of the Amoebozoa, i.e., to a species, or does it refer to a particular type of cell such as the amoeboid stage of a slime mold (or to both)? This explanation is also needed on the page Amoeba (disambiguation). Thanks. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 21:26, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

Myxamoeba as gametes and not as individual organisms like Amoeba
See https://sites.google.com/site/philippinemyxomycetes/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.210.6.168 (talk) 02:05, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

Summary of Edits to Amoebozoa

 * Rewrote the lead, clarifying the taxonomy.
 * To reduce possible confusion with amoebae in other taxonomic groups, I replaced "amoebae" with "amoebozoans," in several places. There is nothing incorrect about the use of "amoebae" for "amoebozoan organisms", but it seems to add an unneeded conceptual difficulty for some readers (see comment by Sminthopsis84 above).
 * Rewrote and reorganized Morphology section, added some citations (more work is needed there).
 * Updated Classification section, to reflect the current state of research. Created a subsection on the place of Amoebozoa in the Eukaryote tree.  Changed subsection title "Lobose Amoebozoa" to "Subphyla of Amoebozoa: Lobosa and Conosa", and added paragraph on recent confirmation of the validity of those subphyla.
 * Made numerous small changes for reasons of style, clarity, spelling or organization. Deuterostome (talk) 17:07, 7 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Amoebozoa


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Elmer Bischoff

Elmer Nelson Bischoff (July 9, 1916 – March 2, 1991), was an American visual artist, from the San Francisco Bay Area. Bischoff, along with Richard Diebenkorn and David Park, was part of the post-World War II generation of artists who started as abstract painters and found their way back to figurative art.

Biography
Elmer Bischoff, second child of John and Elna (née Nelson) Bischoff, and grew up in Berkeley, California. He was the second-generation Californian, a son of a father of German descent, and a mother of mixed Swedish-Ecuadorian origin.

He entered the University of California, Berkeley, in September 1934, completing his master's degree in May 1939, and immediately started teaching art at Sacramento High School (1939–41). During his years at university, one teacher had influenced him most: the highly independent-minded Margaret Peterson (artist), whose total dedication to her teaching, and insistence on the ethical value of art, were to have a great impact on the artist Elmer Bischoff would be. World War II, however, was to change Bischoff's life. In 1941, he served as a lieutenant colonel in intelligence services of the United States Army Air Forces in England, stationing near Oxford, and only coming back to the US in November 1945.

After the war, back in San Francisco, Bischoff found himself once more in the midst of avant-garde artistic ebullience - mixing, among other painters (and to name but two), with such artists as Mark Rothko and Clyfford Still. In January 1946, a golden opportunity was offered him: one of his artist friends, Karl Kasten (himself a war veteran, like Bischoff) suggested Bischoff as art teacher for a position still available, at San Francisco's California School of Fine Arts. It was then that Bischoff entered a faculty which already included some of the most talented new artists of post-war America. It is there that he eventually met David Park and Richard Diebenkorn. In 1973, Bischoff was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full member in 1985.

While distinct from expressionist art that came from Europe, art of the Bay Area Figurative Movement displays the immediacy and warmth that one sees in abstract expressionist painting. Elmer Bischoff was older than Diebenkorn, and he had experiences in the world that led to his taking an independent turn in painting. Bischoff's quiet and lyrical paintings were serious in a different way from the painting which was being taken seriously at the time; and which saw the rise of Abstract expressionism.

A retrospective of Elmer Bischoff's work, Grand Lyricist: The Art of Elmer Bischoff, was offered by the Oakland Museum of California, November 3, 2001- January 13, 2002. The Crocker Art Museum (California), the de Young Museum, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (Washington D.C.), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art (Kansas City, Missouri), the Museum of the National Academy of Design (New York City), the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (Texas), the Oklahoma City Museum of Art, the Orange County Museum of Art, The Phillips Collection (Washington D.C.), the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington D.C.) are among the public collections holding works by Elmer Bischoff.

Bischoff was the father of composer John Bischoff.

Reference books

 * Elmer Bischoff: the Ethics of Paint (monography), Susan Landauer, 2001, Oakland Museum of California-University of California Press.

 * Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.) ISBN 0-9677994-1-4. p. 38-41
 * Marika Herskovic, American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless (New York School Press, 2009.) ISBN 978-0-9677994-2-1. p. 44-47

title: Elmer Bischoff


text:
Agne

Agne (English: Agni), Hogne or Agni Skjálfarbondi was a semi-legendary king of Sweden, of the House of Yngling. Snorri Sturluson relates that he was the son of Dag the Wise, and he was mighty and famous. He was also skilled in many ways.

One summer, he went to Finland with his army where he pillaged. The Finns gathered a vast host under a chief named Frosti.

A great battle ensued which Agne won and many Finns were killed together with Frosti. Agne then subdued all of Finland with his army, and captured not only great booty but also Frosti's daughter Skjalf and her kinsman Logi.

Agne returned to Sweden and they arrived at Stocksund (Stockholm) where they put up their tent on the side of the river where it is flat. Agne had a torc which is said to have belonged to his alleged great-great-great-grandfather Visbur. Agne married Skjalf.

Skjalf asked Agne to honour her dead father Frosti with a great feast, which he granted. He invited a great many guests, who gladly arrived to visit the now even more famous Swedish king. They had a drinking competition in which Agne became very drunk. Skjalf saw her opportunity and asked Agne to take care of Visbur's torc, which was around his neck. Agne bound it fast around his neck before he went to sleep. The king's tent was next to the woods and was under the branches of a tall tree for shade. When Agne was fast asleep, Skjalf took a rope which she attached to the torc. Then she had her men remove the tent, and she threw the rope over a bough. Then she told her men to pull the rope and they hanged Agne, avenging Skjalf's father. Skjalf and her men ran to the ships and escaped to Finland.

Agne was buried at the place, now called Agnafit, which is east of the Tauren (the Old Norse name for Södertörn) and west of Stocksund.

Ynglingatal then gives Alrekr and Eiríkr as Agne's successors.

The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation:

Agne is incorrectly called Hogne. Unlike Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiæ does not give Dagr as Agne's predecessor, but Alrekr. Instead Alrekr is Agne's predecessor and Agne is succeeded by Yngvi (incorrectly called Ingialdr ). The even earlier source Íslendingabók cites the line of descent in Ynglingatal and it gives the same line of succession as Historia Norwegiæ: ''xii Alrekr. xiii Agni. xiiii Yngvi''.

The location indicated by Snorri Sturluson as the place of Agne's death has a barrow called Kung Agnes hög (King Agne's barrow) in Lillhersby, Sollentuna. The barrow was excavated by Oxenstierna and dated to c. 400. Moreover, this barrow may be proof that there is somewhat of a historical core to King Agne's story as told in the sagas.

title: Agne