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Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport is an international airport serving Kolkata and the Kolkata Metropolitan Region. It is the primary aviation hub for eastern and northeastern India. It is located approximately 15 km from the city centre. The airport is locally known as Kolkata Airport and Dum Dum Airport before being renamed in 1995 after Subhas Chandra Bose, one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian independence movement. The airport's IATA code CCU is associated with "Calcutta", the former legal name of the city. Opened in 1924, Kolkata Airport is one of the oldest airports in India.

Spread over an area of 6.64 sqkm, Kolkata Airport is the largest hub for air traffic in the eastern part of the country and one of two international airports operating in West Bengal, the other being Bagdogra in Siliguri. The airport handled around 20 million passengers in the financial year 2023–24, making it the sixth-busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic, after Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai airports. The airport is a major centre for flights to Northeast India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Southeast Asia and the Middle Eastern cities of Dubai, Doha and Abu Dhabi. It is situated across Jessore Road in Dum Dum area.

Early history
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport was founded in the early 1900s as the Calcutta Aerodrome. The airport traditionally served as a strategic stopover on the air route from North America and Europe to Indochina and Australia. Dakota 3 was the first aircraft to land in the airport. In 1924, KLM began scheduled stops at Calcutta, as part of their Amsterdam to Batavia (Jakarta) route. The same year, a Royal Air Force aircraft landed in Calcutta as part of the first round-the-world expedition by any air force.

The airport began as an open ground next to the Royal Artillery Armoury in Dum Dum. Sir Stanley Jackson, Governor of Bengal, opened the Bengal Flying Club at Dum Dum/Calcutta aerodrome in February 1929. In 1930, the airfield was made fit for use throughout the year, and other airlines began to utilise the airport. Air Orient began scheduled stops as part of a Paris to Saigon route and Imperial Airways began flights from London to Australia via Calcutta in 1933, thus drew many airlines to Calcutta Airport. Many pioneering flights passed through the airport, including Amelia Earhart's in 1937.

Calcutta played an important role in the Second World War. In 1942, the United States Army Air Forces 7th Bombardment Group flew B-24 Liberator bombers from the airport on combat missions over Burma. The airfield was used as a cargo aerial port for the Air Transport Command and was also used as a communication centre for the Tenth Air Force.

Post-independence

Passenger services grew after the Second World War. Calcutta became a destination for the world's first jet-powered passenger aircraft, the de Havilland Comet, on a British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) route to London. Furthermore, in 1964 Indian Airlines introduced the first Indian domestic jet service, using Caravelle jets on the Calcutta–Delhi route. Between the 1940s and 1960s, the airport was served by several major airlines including Aeroflot, Air France, Alitalia, Cathay Pacific, Japan Airlines, Philippine Airlines, KLM, Lufthansa, Pan Am, Qantas, Swissair, and SAS.

Due to the introduction of longer-haul aircraft and the poor political climate of Calcutta during the 1960s, several airlines discontinued their service to the airport. The 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War saw a large increase of both refugees and disease in Calcutta, causing more airlines to cease services to the city. In 1975, the airport opened the first dedicated cargo terminal in India.

The 1990s saw new growth for Calcutta Airport, as the Indian aviation industry saw the arrival of new airlines such as Jet Airways and Air Sahara. A new domestic terminal named Terminal 2 was opened in 1995 making the international one Terminal 1, and the airport was renamed in honour of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. In 2000, a new international arrival hall was opened.

Modernisation

2005 saw the growth of low-cost carriers in the Indian aviation sector, with new airlines including SpiceJet, IndiGo, and Kingfisher Airlines. This led to a dramatic rise in passenger numbers at the airport. Overcrowding in both terminals led to the implementation of a comprehensive modernisation plan for the airport. Work included an expansion of runway 01L/19R, rapid-exit taxiways and parking bays. The runway was extended by 400 m (2790 metres to 3190 metres) on the northern side and 1000 ft on the southern side and was fitted with CAT-I facilities for night use. A 119-year-old mosque that lies 30 metres from the runway' northern end prohibits further expansion in this direction. The longer runway, 01R/19L, was upgraded from CAT-I to CAT-II ILS status to allow landings in poor visibility. In August 2014, it was announced that the instrument landing system of the primary runway would be upgraded to CAT-IIIb. This allows flights to operate till visibility drops below 50 metres. The secondary runway would be upgraded to CAT-II. The inr 1200000000 upgrading work started in February 2015 and was completed in January 2018.

The modernisation plan included some improvements of the airport's existing terminals, including the addition of extra ticketing counters, check-in kiosks, and cafes to the domestic terminal in 2009. However, the need to replace the airport's terminals entirely led to plans for a new integrated terminal, known as T2 to differentiate it from the older domestic block, to serve both international and domestic destinations. A Thai-based company, the Italian-Thai Development (ITD) Corporation (ITD-ITDCem JV, a consortium of ITD and ITD Cementation) and the 125-year-old iconic Project Management Consultant–Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB) was hired with Delhi-based designer Sikka Associates Architects to construct the building. Construction commenced in November 2008, and T2 was inaugurated on 20 January 2013 after overshooting the previous deadlines of July 2011 and August 2012. The former airport hotel 'Ashok' was demolished to give way for two new five-star luxury hotels and a shopping mall in its place.

Commercial operations were intended to start on 23 January 2013, the 116th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. However, the shift to the new terminal was only completed on 16 March 2013. Airports Council International named it the best improved airport in the Asia-Pacific region in 2014 and 2015.

Runways
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport has two parallel runways, the primary runway 01R/19L has a capacity of approximately 35 flights per hour and the secondary runway 01L/19R has a capacity of 15 flights per hour. The secondary runway is usually used as a taxiway when the main runway is used. When the primary runway is shut down for maintenance purposes, the secondary runway is used.

Hangars and ground services
Air India operates hangars at the airport, while Bharat Petroleum and Indian Oil act as fuellers. Catering facilities are owned by Taj-Sats and Oberoi Flight Services.

Terminals
The airport's new integrated terminal T2 is spread over 233000 m2 and can handle 25 million passengers annually, compared to the previous terminal T1's capacity of five million. The terminal is an L-shaped structure, containing six levels. It contains 128 check-in counters that utilise CUTE (Common User Terminal Equipment) technology and has 78 immigration counters and twelve customs counters. Passenger lounges are provided by Air India. The terminal is equipped with 18 aerobridges and a further 57 remote parking bays. There are plans to construct an 18-foot bronze statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in the integrated terminal complex.

Kolkata's old international and domestic terminals closed permanently when the integrated terminal opened. However, there were plans to renovate the old international terminal to be used for future hajj services, while the domestic terminal could be used by regional airlines. An earlier proposal of continuing low-cost carrier operations from the existing domestic terminal has been shelved due to the need to fully utilise the new integrated terminal's capacity, making it the first airport in India to shift even its low-cost domestic airlines to the new integrated building upon completion. However, the old terminal will be replaced by a new terminal T3 to increase the overall capacity.

In the financial year from April 2011 to March 2012, Kolkata Airport served 10.3 million passengers, 85% which were travelling domestically. The withdrawal of Lufthansa's service to Frankfurt in March 2012 left Kolkata with no direct connections beyond Asia. However, other international operations increased in 2012. The new terminal has attracted some airlines to expand their route networks to include Kolkata.

In September 2012, the Airports Authority of India upgraded the airport's cargo-handling capacity, enabling it to cater for the demand until 2015–16. There has been a 25 per cent growth in international cargo movement to and from Kolkata Airport and a 15 per cent increase in outward transit. Automobile parts accounted for the bulk of the growth in the movement of cargo from the city to other countries. In November 2008 the first Centre for Perishable Cargo (CPC) in West Bengal was opened at the airport. The CPC has an area of 742.5 m2 and an annual storage capacity of 12,000 million tonnes. The CPC had been undergoing trials that started in June 2008 and were built with a inr 67500000 grant-in-aid from the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) part of the Commerce Ministry. The volume of export was 21,683 tonnes in 2008–09, during the current fiscal more than 23,042 tonnes of cargo were handled by the airport. Similarly, the volume of import cargo increased from 16,863 tonnes to 18,733 tonnes, increasing over ten per cent during the same period. However, in 2008–09 the total volume of cargo handled by the airport declined by 4.8% from the previous year.

On 3 June 2019, Singapore Airlines operated the Airport's first Airbus A350 service from Singapore to Kolkata, enhancing the weekly seat capacity.

Expansion
The construction of terminal T2, as well as runway expansion, marked the end of Phase 1 of the project. AAI officials have announced that they are prepared to execute Phase 2 of the Kolkata Airport expansion plan. This involves the construction of a new ATC Tower to provide controllers with a better view of the planes at the new terminal. The building will be accompanied by a 4-storey office complex. Initially, a 112-meter tower was proposed, but the height has been revised multiple times and in 2017 it was decreased to 51.4 meter. The under-construction tower is expected to be complete by late 2023 and will replace the older one constructed in 1972. By July 2024, the construction of the ATC was completed but the installation of all necessary equipment was due.

New expansion plan
The new terminal T2 inaugurated in 2013 is on the verge of reaching its annual capacity of 26 million passengers four years ahead of the initial projections. To tackle this, AAI has planned to upgrade and expand the airport and increase its passenger capacity by construction of another terminal T1 to handle up to 33 million passengers annually. The new terminal will come up north of the current integrated terminal T2. The new ₹5,000 crore expansion plan will be carried out in 2 phases over a span of six years. The number of parking bays will be increased to 105 by 2024. Additionally the existing terminal is undergoing an interim expansion of ₹130 crore which will see the terminal handle an additional 2 million passengers annually, bringing the total handling capacity of the existing terminal to 28 million passengers annually.

Phase 1
Airport officials said as per the first phase of the expansion plan, the old domestic terminal T1 will be demolished and a 7000 sq. m. new building will be constructed in the area. The building will be linked with the existing terminal of the airport with the help of walkalators and would also have walk-in gates on the ground floor. This building will be used only for boarding and de-boarding of passengers. Passengers arriving in the boarding building would take the connecting bridge to the terminal and then leave the airport. This would reduce peak-hour congestion when several flights do not get enough apron space. This would immediately increase the passenger capacity by a few million and would solve the space crunch for the time being. The new building will be U-shaped where the rectangular section (the location of parking lot of old terminal) will host the check-in counters, security check portals and baggage handling facilities. The two arms (one each at the northern and southern end) will function as concourse and will host operational area, house boarding gates and aerobridges. The rectangular section and southern arm will be built as part of the phase 1. The phase 1 expansion plan has been sanctioned by AAI.

Phase 2
The phase 2 of the is yet to receive approval from the aviation ministry. In this phase, the old Air Traffic Navigation Building will be demolished to make way for the northern concourse of the new terminal as mentioned above. The construction of new hangars and bays is also part of the current expansion plan.

Statistics
As of the financial year 2019–20, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport was again the fifth-busiest airport in India in terms of the total number of passengers served and with respect to the number of flights departing and arriving at the airport, which was about 22 million and 430 flights a day respectively. This was a 0.6% increase from the previous year. Out of which, 19 million passengers were domestic travellers and 3 million were international travellers. The cargo traffic saw a decline of 1.1% from its previous year, with 153,468 metric tonnes of cargo.

Roads

The airport has a well-established facility of prepaid taxis and air-conditioned buses connecting it to the city centre. Ride-hailing services including Uber and Ola operate here regularly. As part of the larger modernisation programme, a flyover at Nagerbazar and an entry ramp on VIP Road have also been constructed. A 2 km flyover from Kestopur to Raghunathpur (near Tegharia) was built to speed up airport-bound traffic. These reduced journey times to the airport. Parking facilities at the new terminal include two underground parking levels accommodating 3000 cars, as well as an outdoor car parking which can handle an additional 2000 cars.

West Bengal Transport Corporation (WBTC) operates air conditioned buses to major parts of Kolkata from 08:00 to 21:00 throughout the week.

Metro
Two new Kolkata Metro lines are under construction which will connect to the airport: one from Noapara (Yellow Line), and the other from New Garia (Orange Line). Both lines will converge at the Jai Hind metro station (formerly Biman Bandar metro station).

Rail
The airport was connected to the Kolkata Suburban Railway system's circular line branch. The 4 km long elevated track connected the airport Biman Bandar railway station with Dum Dum Cantonment railway station, passing Jessore Road. Electric multiple unit rolling stocks served the line. However, due to poor patronage and plans to replace it with metro service, the railway line was closed in September 2016 to facilitate construction of the new lines. The remaining infrastructure was dismantled in early 2020 to make space for road upgrades.

Presently, the nearest two rail stations are Durganagar railway station and Birati railway station.

Awards
In 2014 and 2015, the airport won the title of Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific region awarded by the Airport Council International. The airport was awarded the Best Airport by Hygiene Measures in the Asia-Pacific in 2020 by Airports Council International.

Accidents and incidents
On 2 May 1953, BOAC Flight 783 de Havilland Comet bound for Delhi crashed after takeoff from Calcutta Airport with the loss of 43 lives. Parts of the aircraft were found spread over an area of 8 km², near Jugalgari, a village some 25 miles north-west of Calcutta, suggesting disintegration before impact with the ground.

On 12 June 1968, a Pan-Am Flight (N798PA, named Clipper Caribbean) Boeing 707-321C struck a tree 1128 m short of the runway during a night-time visual approach in rain. The aircraft subsequently crashed and caught fire. The fuselage remained largely intact, although the aircraft's landing gear broke off. Out of the 10 crew and 53 passengers aboard, 1 crew member and 5 passengers suffered fatal injuries due to the fire.

On 22 December 2015, a Jet Airways bus slammed into the side of an Air India Regional ATR 42-500 aircraft. There were no fatalities. An investigation revealed that the driver was sleeping.


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Gender role/archive1

Gender role
Just read this. It's very well written, seems quite complete, and deserves recognition. Exploding Boy 05:52, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Minor objection - can you expand the lead section? →Raul654 05:54, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * What, the section above the ToC? I think it's a good intro -- succinct and easy to understand.  The concept is fully described in the body of the  article.  Isn't that how it should be?  Exploding Boy 06:04, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * According to the usual Wikipedia News style, the intro for an article that size would want to be about 2 paragraphs, and to summarise the main points of the rest of the article. Morwen - Talk 06:23, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia: News style specifically says that articles don't have to follow that style. The main article on News style says:
 * The lead is the first sentence, or in special cases the first two sentences. The top-loading principle applies especially to leads, but the unreadability of long sentences constrains the size of the lead. . . . the goal is to articulate the most encompassing and interesting statement that a writer can make in one sentence, given the material he or she has to work with.
 * While a rule of thumb says the lead should answer most or all of the 5 W's, few leads fit all of these in. If they did they would either be tedious, opaque with jargon or too long.
 * The second paragraph is a fine place for vital information that does not appear in the first. At the very end comes the non-vital material.
 * On the other hand, Wikipedia: Lead section says that "the appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total length of the article. As a general guideline, the lead should be no longer than two or three paragraphs."
 * Now, I'm not trying to be pedantic here, but since there are no specific guidelines, and we can't even agree here, all of this bears fleshing out. Actually, this article's lead section is one paragraph...  But I'll see what I can do.  Exploding Boy 06:33, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Expanded lead section. Exploding Boy 06:42, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nice article. Objection: needs pic, or several. Then support - David Gerard 15:31, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Any suggestions for photo? The obvious thing would to be have a 1950s-style married couple.  80.229.39.194 15:33, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The '50s married couple. Transvestites. Hermaphrodites. Manly men. Womanly women. That's just off the top of my head. There must be pics aplenty already on Wikipedia for the purpose - David Gerard 15:40, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * What about just a butch woman or effeminate man? Ambivalenthysteria 09:07, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. I've thrown together a quick graphic of the mars and venus sigils that are commonly used to symbolize gender roles. I think it would look ok as the graphic for this article on the front page, but it might be too cheesy.  If someone finds a better photo (is there something from the kinsey studies that can be used here) feel free to replace it.  - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 19:37, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * eegh, that is so cheesy. I'll see what I can come up with. There must be something on Wikipedia already. Failing that, I'll round up TS and TG folks of my acquaintance for the camera ... - David Gerard 13:48, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. That's pretty impressive, and a lot of the other gender-related articles are horrid. In comparison, I can't find anything wrong with this at all. Ambivalenthysteria 09:07, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. However, the article would greatly benefit from images illustrating traditional gender roles.  195.167.169.36 12:40, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:216.18.65.227

title: User talk:216.18.65.227


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Micrographia

'Micrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon' is a historically significant book by Robert Hooke about his observations through various lenses. It was the first book to include illustrations of insects and plants as seen through microscopes.

Published in January 1665, the first major publication of the Royal Society, it became the first scientific best-seller, inspiring a wide public interest in the new science of microscopy. The book originated the biological term cell.

Observations
Hooke most famously describes a fly's eye and a plant cell (where he coined that term because plant cells, which are walled, reminded him of the cells in a honeycomb ). Known for its spectacular copperplate of the miniature world, particularly its fold-out plates of insects, the text itself reinforces the tremendous power of the new microscope. The plates of insects fold out to be larger than the large folio itself, the engraving of the louse in particular folding out to four times the size of the book. Although the book is best known for demonstrating the power of the microscope, Micrographia also describes distant planetary bodies, the wave theory of light, the organic origin of fossils, and other philosophical and scientific interests of its author.

Hooke also selected several objects of human origin; among these objects were the jagged edge of a honed razor and the point of a needle, seeming blunt under the microscope. His goal may well have been to contrast the flawed products of mankind with the perfection of nature (and hence, in the spirit of the times, of biblical creation).

Reception
Published under the aegis of the Royal Society, the popularity of the book helped further the society's image and mission of being England's leading scientific organization. Micrographia illustrations of the miniature world captured the public's imagination in a radically new way; Samuel Pepys called it "the most ingenious book that ever I read in my life".

Methods
In 2007, Janice Neri, a professor of art history and visual culture, studied Hooke's artistic influences and processes with the help of some newly rediscovered notes and drawings that appear to show some of his work leading up to Micrographia. She observes, "Hooke's use of the term "schema" to identify his plates indicates that he approached his images in a diagrammatic manner and implies the study or visual dissection of the objects portrayed." Identifying Hooke's schema as 'organization tools,' she emphasizes:

"Hooke built up his images from numerous observations made from multiple vantage points, under varying lighting conditions, and with lenses of differing powers. Similarly his specimens required a great deal of manipulation and preparation in order to make them visible through the microscope."

Additionally: "Hooke often enclosed the objects he presented within a round frame, thus offering viewers an evocation of the experience of looking through the lens of a microscope."

title: Micrographia


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Renaming of cities in India

The renaming of the cities in India started in 1947 following the end of the British imperial period. Several changes were controversial, and not all proposed changes were implemented. Each had to be approved by Government of India in Delhi.

The renaming of states and territories in India has also taken place, but until the 2010s with actual substantial name changes in both local language and in English such as the old British state name of Thiruvananthapuram - Kochi to Kerala (1956). The most notable exceptions are Indian English spelling-changes of Orissa to Odisha (2011) and the union territory of Pondicherry (which includes the city of Puducherry) to Puducherry (2006).

Need for standardization of spelling
India has various local languages. Even (Romanised) English spellings in long and wide use often vary depending upon which government department or agency uses them. To the point, a few examples are Quilandy versus Koyilandy (Malayalam: കൊയിലാണ്ടി), Cannanore versus Kannur (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂർ), and Rangiya versus Rangia (Assamese: ৰঙিয়া). Different departments of the government may have used official spellings in use at the time, while locations associated with Indian railways mostly maintained British-era spellings. The confusion inherent in such variations has often resulted in serious consequences like people having two "different" addresses (theoretically designating the same place) in their official records leading to legal disputes, or one house having residents of different house addresses due to differing place names. Many people argue that such confusion can lead to indeterminate and/or unintended consequences.

Renaming in local languages
In the post-colonial era, several Indian states' names were changed. Some of these changes coincided with the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, a major reform of the boundaries of India's states and territories that organized them along linguistic lines. At this time, for example, Travancore-Cochin was renamed Kerala (Malayalam: കേരളം). Later state name changes include the reorganization of Madhya Bharat into Madhya Pradesh (Hindi: मध्य प्रदेश) in 1959; and the renaming of the Madras State to Tamil Nadu (தமிழ்நாடு) in 1969, of the Mysore State to Karnataka (Kannada: ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ) in 1973, and of Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand (उत्तराखण्ड) in 2007.

Name changes have varied with respect to the levels of language at which they have been applied, and also accepted. Some of these local name changes were changes made in all languages: the immediate local name, and also all India's other languages. An example of this is the renaming of predominantly Hindi-speaking Uttaranchal (उत्तराञ्चल) to a new local Hindi name (उत्तराखण्ड Uttarakhand). Other changes were only changes in some of the indigenous languages. For example, the renaming of the Madras Presidency to Madras State in 1947 and then Tamil Nadu in 1969 required non-Tamil speakers to change from an approximation of the British name (மதராஸ் மாகாணம் Madras Presidency, then Madras State மதராஸ் மாநிலம்) to a native Tamil name (தமிழ்நாடு Tamil Nadu, 'Tamil country').

In general, changes to the local names of cities in the indigenous languages are less common. However, a change in English may sometimes also be a reflection of changes in other Indian languages other than the specific local one. For example, the change of Madras (மதராஸ்) to Chennai (சென்னை) was reflected in many of India's languages, and incidentally in English, while the Tamil endonym had always been Chennai and remained unaffected by the change.

Change in official English spelling
The renaming of cities is often specifically from English to Indian English in connection with that dialect's internal reforms. In other words, the city itself is not actually renamed in the local language, and the local name (or endonym) in the indigenous languages of India does not change, but the official spelling in Indian English is amended. An example is the change from English Calcutta to English Kolkata – the local Bengali name (কলকাতা Kôlkata) did not change. Such changes in English spelling may be in order to better reflect a more accurate phonetic transliteration of the local name, or may be for other reasons. In the early years after Indian independence, many name changes were affected in northern India for English spellings of Hindi place names that had simply been Romanized inconsistently by the British administration – such as the British spelling Jubbulpore, renamed Jabalpur (जबलपुर) among the first changes in 1947. These changes did not generate significant controversy. More recent and high-profile changes – including renaming such major cities as Calcutta to Kolkata – have generated greater controversy. Since independence, such changes have typically been enacted officially by legislation at local or national Indian government level, and may or may not then be adopted by the Indian media, particularly the influential Indian press. In the case of smaller towns and districts which were less notable outside and inside India, and where a well known English name (or exonym) could not be said to exist, older spellings used under British India may not have had any specific legislation other than changes in practice on the romanization of indigenous Indian language names.

Realignment of the official Indian English name to an alternative local name
Aside from changes to the official English spellings of local names there have also been renaming proposals to realign the official name, hence the English name with an alternative local name. Ethnically sensitive examples include the proposals by the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990, 2001) to rename Ahmedabad (Hindi: अहमदाबाद) to Karnavati and Allahabad (Hindi: इलाहाबाद) to Prayagraj (Hindi: प्रयागराज), the latter ultimately being officially adopted in 2018. Similarly, the cities of Aurangabad (Marathi: औरंगाबाद) and Osmanabad (Marathi: उस्मानाबाद) had been renamed Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar (Marathi: छत्रपती संभाजी नगर) and Dharashiv (Marathi: धाराशिव), by then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Uddhav Thackerey, in 2020. These proposals are changes from the Islamic name to a Hindu native name.

Adoption of renamed names
Official name changes take place quickly if not immediately in official government sources. Adoption may be slower among the media in India and abroad, and among Indian authors.

Effects of renaming
Indian culture features a centuries long integration of ethnic and religious groups, however, occurrences such as the renaming of Indian cities and places bring the underlying tensions among these groups to the surface. This is most easily demonstrated through opposing interests and interpretations of history between the nation’s Muslim and Hindu populations. Immediate post-colonialism saw a rejection of British influence, yet the recent rise of the Hindu nationalist party Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has been associated with the growing trend of Hindu nationalism in politics, and consequently, the rising fear in Muslims of their past being rewritten. Significant occurrences prompting this frustration include the renaming of the city of Allahabad (tracing back to Mughal rule) to Prayagraj (ancient name in Sanskrit) and the city of Faizabad to Ayodhya (a holy city of Hinduism). Upon the adoption of the name Prayagraj, a BJP official stated, "Today, the BJP government has rectified the mistake made by Akbar." Within a nation dominated by a Hindu majority, politics and religion have been intertwined, allegedly silencing Muslim voices with every removal of Muslim-sounding places.

Along with India’s changing image, its history is gradually being rewritten with names reflecting Hindu heritage rather than Muslim ones. Indian author Pushpa Sundar writes, “The objective behind the renaming, whether done earlier or being done now, is to erase the prevailing memory of the good done along with the bad by the other, while simultaneously super-imposing history as interpreted by the current rulers as the flawless truth.” She prompts readers to consider the morality behind rewriting history as the values and attitudes of generations change, eroding the cultural authenticity as we do. The implementation of Hinduism in politics served as a catalyst for further cultural and psychological struggles as Muslim Indians expressed greater insecurity in their heritage and identity as citizens of India. With the addition of Hindu pride stirring hatred towards certain minorities, these developments seem to contradict India’s claim of being a secular, multifaith nation. Furthermore, in defense of Muslim contribution and cultural heritage, she writes, “If some Muslim rulers were cruel and unjust should Hindus retaliate by practicing reverse religious bigotry, forgetting the contribution made by other Muslim rulers and citizens to enrich their art, architecture and learning?” This raises the question of whether silencing the bad is worth losing the good done as well.

Case Studies
Given India’s vast size and population, numerous efforts to decolonize and standardize India’s city names have been observed. One prominent example to spark controversy is India’s first modern city in which British power was once consolidated–the city that was previously known as Calcutta (British pronunciation) has been referred to as Kolkata (local Bengali pronunciation) since 2001. Unsurprisingly, the renaming trend was not limited to just city names, being further reflected in the postcolonial adoption of prominent Bengali figures as street names, parks, and significant landmarks. Notably, streets originally dedicated to notable colonial rulers such as Wellesley Street and Cornwallis Street are now proudly displayed as Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road and Bidhan Sarani, commemorating an Indian independence activist and the first post-independence Chief Minister of West Bengal. Gradual replacement of British claim in street and place names marked the reclaiming of symbolic ownership of the urban land. However, these changes were also received with varying degrees of discontent, given that the decisions lie in the hands of the greater social and political powers.

In other instances, such as Madras (the capital of Tamil Nadu) being rebranded as Chennai in 1996, the transition was regarded with less contention, in part due to the vague origins of the name Madras. Historically recognized as a significant administrative, military, and economic center, the name was believed to originate from Madrasapattinam, a fishing village north of Fort St. George built by the British. Other theories include Portuguese influence (Madre de Deus, meaning Mother of God) or Sanskrit derivations (Madhu-ras, meaning honey). Despite the ambiguity, the shift to Chennai was driven more by the name Madras serving as a reminder of the remnants of colonial rule, rather than its literal linguistic associations. Similarly, Chennai was likely derived from Chennaipattanam, another town near Fort St. George. Other sources form connections to Dravidian languages, particularly the Telugu word “chennu”, meaning beautiful. Nevertheless, unlike the aftermath following Calcutta’s renaming, residents of Chennai stated little preference in city names and were more concerned with tangible evidence of post-colonial reform. For others such as heritage activists, however, this seemingly trivial action is seen as a restoration of identity.

States

 * Travancore-Cochin → Kerala (Malayalam: കേരളം) (1 November 1956).
 * Madhya Bharat → Madhya Pradesh (Hindi: मध्य प्रदेश) (1 November 1959)
 * Madras State → Tamil Nadu (தமிழ்நாடு) (14 January 1969)
 * Mysore State → Karnataka (Kannada: ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ) (1 November 1973)
 * Uttaranchal → Uttarakhand (उत्तराखण्ड) (1 January 2007)
 * Orissa → Odisha (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଶା) (4 November 2011)
 * North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) → Arunachal Pradesh (20 January 1972)

Cities
Notable city names that were officially changed by legislation after independence include:

 * Jabalpur (जबलपुर), from Jubbulpore, respelled in 1947
 * Jajmau (जाजमऊ), from Jajesmow, respelled in 1948
 * Kanpur (कानपुर), from Cawnpore, respelled in 1948
 * Vadodara (વડોદરા), from Baroda, respelled in 1974
 * Thiruvananthapuram (തിരുവനന്തപുരം), from Trivandrum, renamed in 1991
 * Mumbai (मुंबई), from Bombay, renamed in 1995
 * Kochi (കൊച്ചി), from Cochin, respelled in 1996
 * Chennai (சென்னை), from Madras, renamed in 1996
 * Kolkata (কলকাতা), from Calcutta, respelled in 2001
 * Medininagar (मेदिनीनगर), from Daltonganj, renamed in 2004
 * Kadapa (కడప), from Cuddapah, respelled in 2005
 * Puducherry (புதுச்சேரி), from Pondicherry, renamed in 2006
 * Bengaluru (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು), from Bangalore, respelled in 2007
 * Belagavi (ಬೆಳಗಾವಿ), from Belgaum in 2007
 * Tumakuru (ತುಮಕುರು), from Tumkur in 2007
 * Hubballi (ಹುಬ್ಬಳ್ಳಿ), from Hubli in 2007
 * Shivamogga (ಶಿವಮೊಗ್ಗಾ), from Shimoga in 2007
 * Hosapete (ಹೊಸಪೇಟೆ), from Hospet in 2007
 * Mysuru (ಮೈಸೂರು), from Mysore in 2007
 * Kalaburagi (ಕಲಬುರಗಿ), from Gulbarga in 2007
 * Chikkamagaluru (ಚಿಕ್ಕಮಗಳೂರು), from Chikmagalur in 2007
 * Vijayapura (ವಿಜಯಪುರ), from Bijapur in 2007
 * Ballari (ಬಳ್ಳಾರಿ), from Bellary in 2007
 * Mangaluru (ಮಂಗಳೂರು), from Mangalore in 2007
 * Rajahmahendravaram (రాజమహేంద్రవరం), from Rajahmundry in 2015
 * Gurugram (गुरुग्राम) from Gurgaon in 2016
 * Prayagraj (प्रयागराज), from Allahabad, renamed in 2018
 * Atal Nagar (अटल नगर), from New Raipur, renamed in 2018
 * Narmadapuram (नर्मदापुरम), from Hoshangabad, renamed in 2021
 * Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (छत्रपती संभाजीनगर), from Aurangabad, renamed in 2023
 * Dharashiv (धाराशिव), from Osmanabad, renamed in 2023

For others, by state order, see list of renamed Indian cities and states.

 * Alappuzha (ആലപ്പുഴ), from Alleppey
 * Baranagar (বরানগর), from Barahanagore
 * Guwahati (গুৱাহাটী), from Gauhati
 * Indore (इंदौर), from Indhur
 * Kanchipuram (காஞ்சிபுரம்), from Kāñci-pura And Conjevaram
 * Kannur (കണ്ണൂർ), from Cannanore
 * Kollam (കൊല്ലം), from Quilon
 * Koyilandy (കൊയിലാണ്ടി), from Quilandi
 * Kozhikode (കോഴിക്കോട്), from Calicut
 * Kumbakonam (கும்பகோணம்), from ancient name Kudanthai
 * Mayiladuthurai (மயிலாடுதுறை), from Mayavaram ancient name Mayuram
 * Narmada (નર્મદા), from Nerbudda
 * Nagaon (নগাওঁ), from Nowgong
 * Nashik (Marathi: नाशिक), from Gulshanabad (Mughal Era)
 * Palakkad (പാലക്കാട്) from Palghat
 * Panaji from Panjim
 * Pune (पुणे), from Poona
 * Ramanathapuram (ராமநாதபுரம்), from Ramnad
 * Sagar (सागर), from Saugor
 * Shimla (शिमला), from Simla
 * Thalassery (തലശ്ശേരി), from Tellicherry
 * Thanjavur (தஞ்சாவூர்), from British name Tanjore
 * Thane (ठाणे), from British name Tannah
 * Thoothukudi (தூத்துக்குடி), from Tuticorin and its short form Tuty
 * Thrissur (തൃശൂർ), from Trichur
 * Tindivanam (திண்டிவனம்), from Tinthirivanam
 * Tiruchirapalli (திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி), from Trichinopoly and its short form Trichy
 * Tirunelveli (திருநெல்வேலி), from Tinnevelly
 * Tiruvallikeni (திருவல்லிக்கேணி), from Triplicane
 * Udhagamandalam (உதகமண்டலம்), from Ootacamund and its short form Ooty
 * Viluppuram (விழுப்புரம்), from Vizhupparaiyar And Vizhimaa Nagaram
 * Varanasi (वाराणसी), from Banaras
 * Vatakara (വടകര), from Badagara
 * Virudhachalam (விருத்தாச்சலம்), from Vriddhachalam ancient name Thirumudhukundram
 * Vijayawada (విజయవాడ), from Bejawada, anciently Vijayavatika in Mahabharata and Rajendrachola pura during Chola dynasty
 * Visakhapatnam (విశాఖపట్నం), from Waltair, and before that Vizagapatam and its short form Vizag

Town names that derive from ancient names:

 * Mandi (मंडी), derived from Mandav Nagar
 * Nellore (నెల్లూరు), in ancient times Simhapuri

Proposed changes
Several other changes have been proposed for states and towns.

States and union territories

 * Kerala to Keralam
 * West Bengal to Bangla

Bihar

 * Patna to Pataliputra

Gujarat

 * Ahmedabad to Karnavati
 * Veraval to Somnath

Himachal Pradesh

 * Shimla to Shyamala

Kerala

 * Thiruvananthapuram to Ananthapuri

Telangana

 * Hyderabad to Bhagyanagaram
 * Karimnagar to Yelagandula
 * Nizamabad to Induru
 * Mahbubnagar to Palamooru

Uttar Pradesh

 * Aligarh to Harigarh
 * Azamgarh to Aryagargh or Ajanmgarh
 * Akbarpur to Amarnagar or Maharana Pratap Nagar
 * Agra to Agravan or Agastyanagar
 * Bahraich to Dharmveer Shri Maharaja Suheldev Nagar
 * Bulandshahr to Bajrangbalipur
 * Badaun to Vedamau
 * Farrukhabad to Panchal Nagar
 * Firozabad to Chandra Nagar
 * Ghaziabad to Harinandipuram
 * Ghazipur to Vishwamitranagar
 * Hathras to Mahamaya Nagar
 * Jaunpur to Jeevanpur or Jamadagnipuram
 * Kanpur to Kanhaiyapur
 * Kasganj to Kalyan Singh Nagar
 * Lucknow to Lakhanpur or Lakshmanpuri
 * Mirzapur to Vindhyachal Dham
 * Mainpuri to Mayapuri
 * Muzaffarnagar to Laxmi Nagar
 * Moradabad to Madhav Nagar
 * Roberstganj to Sonbhadra or Gramputra
 * Sultanpur to Kushbhawanpur
 * Sambhal to Prithviraj Nagar or Kalki Nagar
 * Shamli to Shyam Nagari or Prabuddhnagar

Maharashtra

 * Ahmednagar to Ahilyanagar
 * Pune to Rajmata Jijau Nagar (Amidst the surge of Marathification in Maharashtra after the renaming of Aurangabad and Osmanabad, a NCP MLC, Amol Mitkari has demanded this name change, and although it is highly unlikely to materialize, there has been a 'growing' movement to rename Pune's sister city, Pimpri-Chinchwad as Jijau Nagar )

title: Renaming of cities in India


text:
Talk:Judicial activism

Response to Dustin
The question of what is and is not judicial activism is a bone of contention that has to be addressed. Our Founding Fathers and their English predecessors had a fairly precise concept of what it was and was not, which is reflected in the Definitions page. Obergefell was a hotly-contested case which highlights the difference between an activist decision and one where your (not in a personal sense, but to the speaker claiming judicial activism) preferred interpretation of the Constitution was not followed. Showing this, with appropriate references to recognized experts, adds meat to the proverbial bones.

One of the problems I am running into is that my computer keeps crashing, and what you are seeing is a work-in-progress. Sitting judges have said so much on this topic that, except where I have paraphrased them for sake of brevity, not a single word is my own. I don't have a dog in the Roe or Obergefell hunts, but being able to present a clear working definition of judicial activism for the public at large is of great concern to me. I have expert-level knowledge of the topic, but have a lot to learn about how best to write for this forum. Help me out with this end of the project, and we will all benefit.

As for this comment: ("A third is where judges take liberties with the law, facts, and/or precedent, which—while remarkably commonplace—is never construed as permissible."), the evidence reads like a Brandeis brief.

Objectively speaking, Roe v. Wade is not an activist decision, for the reasons stated. Perhaps the best solution is to remove it from the list of activist decisions. (I have to remember to sign these things!) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bouldergeist (talk Bouldergeist (talk) 19:23, 12 August 2015 (UTC)Bouldergeist contribs) 19:19, 12 August 2015 (UTC)

I have cut out what I thought you might find to be objectionable as an emergency measure, as I want you to be happy with the product. I left the Scalia discussion to illustrate that in the real world, what is or is not "activism" depends a lot on the outcome that you want, and the position of those who invoke it is rarely a consistent one. I await and welcome your direction on this point. Bouldergeist (talk) 19:36, 12 August 2015 (UTC)Bouldergeist

While the "Rhetorical Application" section still needs a lot of work—it is amazing how many charges of judicial activism are leveled—I've tried hard to outline essential aspects of the controversy, and add non-American perspectives. Every modern opinion is that of a judge or law professor, and I have made a special effort to ensure that both sides of each aspect have been given adequate coverage. The "Debate" section can be strengthened as well; Justice Stevens has stated his support for judicial activism, and there is academic support for the practice. I am still waiting on any suggestions the moderators might have to strengthen the final product. Bouldergeist (talk) 22:01, 16 August 2015 (UTC)Bouldergeist

Message from Bouldergeist
I'm working at polishing the Judicial Activism page. If I'm doing it right, the entry should be encyclopedic (comprehensive) and informative. And as I like to say wrt my legal briefs, "if I've done it right, not a single word is my own." What the Framers thought is often best expressed in their own words (as they really were quite erudite), and James Madison and Alexander Hamilton are as much experts on constitutional design as any modern scholars are. Once everyone is more-or-less happy with the entry itself, the hard work of cleaning up the endnotes (providing links where available, as documenting phrases from snippets in Google Books can be problematic) and curing disambiguation issues begins.

I've never really thought of quoting sources like Blackstone and Locke as "original research," as Blackstone was more of an authority than an Alan Dershowitz will ever be. Blackstone was cited over 10,000 times in reported colonial cases, and the United States Reports are replete with citations to The Federalist. You won't see a lot of scholarly work on the debate over judicial activism during the 18th century because there really wasn't one, but an understanding of the American Framers' view of the proper role of the judiciary is essential to grasping what the modern debate is all about.

As for my personal biases on the topic, I am a Scalian originalist, who maintains that the Constitution is a contract (more specifically, a suzerainty agreement), and must be interpreted as though it was a contract. Scalia is an expert in his own right, and like Holmes and Story, can be cited as one. If I am hard on Scalia, it is to compensate for this known bias.

An encyclopedia entry should be as neutral as possible, and I can only do so much in trying to be aware of and compensate for my own biases. I am counting on editors and readers to help me in that regard. I not only invite you but beseech you to hold me to the highest of standards.

Work with me, and I'll do my best to make this an A-class entry. As it stood, the old version was next to useless.Bouldergeist (talk) 13:16, 19 August 2015 (UTC)Bouldergeist

"Scalia is an expert in his own right, and like Holmes and Story, can be cited as one." Scalia seems to be somewhat controversial on this subject and Originalism has its detractors. So any statement by Scalia should probably have an in-text mention of who is making what statement. But I agree that he is too notable to ignore. Dimadick (talk) 06:18, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

What's Left and What To Do About It
I have tried to save as much of what has been contributed by others as possible, working it into the body of the revised entry (at least in concept). While I know this topic cold, a decent respect for the insights of others is what makes Wikipedia valuable.

One of the statements that motivated me to take this task on was the odd remark that "Some proponents of a stronger judiciary argue that the judiciary helps provide checks and balances and should grant itself an expanded role to counterbalance the effects of transient majoritarianism." That statement -- if not necessarily the sentiment -- was so wrong on so many levels that it is hard to even contemplate. One is left to wonder where the judiciary could ever find authority to grant itself powers in the United States Constitution, and the conclusion is inconsistent with my reading of the cited portion of Democracy and Distrust. The (in?)famous Footnote Four in Carolene Products reflects the view that, in cases where government action does not infringe upon protected individual rights, judicial deference to Congressional decisions should be almost plenary, but where it does, and where a majority may use its power to impose its will on discrete and insular minorities, judicial inquiry should be "more searching." Professor John Hart Ely's analysis reflects this concept, and more importantly, that the Court does not have to grant itself that role, as that power already exists. Ely cites Federalist 51 for this point [p. 80], in demonstration of this point. For that reason, I have removed it from the current edition, but saved it here for easy access, as Ely's signature work (which, in general, doesn't appear that amenable to it) deserves mention in consideration of the modern debate over activism:

"Some proponents of a stronger judiciary argue that the judiciary helps provide checks and balances and should grant itself an expanded role to counterbalance the effects of transient majoritarianism, i.e., there should be an increase in the powers of a branch of government which is not directly subject to the electorate, so that the majority cannot dominate or oppress any particular minority through its elective powers. Other scholars have proposed that judicial activism is most appropriate when it restrains the tendency of democratic majorities to act out of passion and prejudice rather than after reasoned deliberation."

I also went hunting for ways to expand and document Professor Zoldan's observation. My thought is that, in the light of Professor Sherry's observations, his are cumulative, and belong in a parallel cite.

I was unable to verify the Tamahana quote, but the professor's work added value to the discussion. I point-cited to what I thought was directly on-point.

The last paragraph was completely unsupported by citation:

"Moreover, they argue that the judiciary strikes down both elected and unelected official action, in some instances acts of legislative bodies reflecting the view the transient majority may have had at the moment of passage and not necessarily the view the same legislative body may have at the time the legislation is struck down. Also, the judges that are appointed are usually appointed by previously elected executive officials so that their philosophy should reflect that of those who nominated them, that an independent judiciary is a great asset to civil society since special interests are unable to dictate their version of constitutional interpretation with threat of stopping political donations."

These statements may have intrinsic merit, but without appropriate scholarly support, they probably don't belong in the article. I have saved the paragraph in question for easy access, and will go hunting for the proper level of scholarly support.

As for the United States entry, a quick paragraph appraising the allegedly activist decisions in light of the Tushnet/Marshall standards is in order, and I will attend to that task shortly. As the more immediate issue is cleaning up instances of disambiguation and providing links to source material, that will take precedence for now. Again, I welcome any input from readers and moderators. Bouldergeist (talk) 16:33, 19 August 2015 (UTC)Bouldergeist

While I appreciate your efforts to improve a problematic article, I think there are sourcing problems with much of the text and violates a section of No original research: "Synthesis of published material": Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources. Similarly, do not combine different parts of one source to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by the source. If one reliable source says A, and another reliable source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion C that is not mentioned by either of the sources. This would be a synthesis of published material to imply a new conclusion, which is original research.[9] "A and B, therefore C" is acceptable only if a reliable source has published the same argument in relation to the topic of the article. If a single source says "A" in one context, and "B" in another, without connecting them, and does not provide an argument of "therefore C", then "therefore C" cannot be used in any article."

Specific sections that I think pose problems:

 * There is as an unsourced speculation on what Thomas Jefferson would have to say about a 2015 interpretation of the United States Constitution allowing same-sex marriages. This is problematic in two ways. We can not use such counterfactual speculations about what a long-dead individual would have though of his/her distant future. And I doubt Jefferson has relevance in a section discussing a case decided on an interpetation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1868) which was created 42 years following his death.
 * The sources posted do not confirm that anyone argued that Obergefell v. Hodges represents a case of judicial activism, nor in fact are the arguments that it was legitimate decision based on a source. I hope this is not original research.
 * "in the world of partisan politics, the term is often a vehicle for demagoguery." While I find the statement to be true, are there sources for the conclusion?
 * "When legally-trained conservative partisans such as Phyllis Schafly, Mark Levin, and televangelist Pat Robertson complain about "judicial activism," it is always committed by liberals". This is sourced to their texts on the subject, but there is no source about the conclusion.
 * "on both sides of the aisle, the outrage is notoriously selective." Partisans are only outraged when the court decisions go against what they believe. I get that, but is there a reputable source (preferably a study) which can confirm that "conservatives" and "liberals" are so remarkably similar in thinking and making accusations?
 * The section about Ted Kruz and Elena Kagan contradicting themselves is sourced only to their texts on the matter. No third-party source pointing the disrepancy in thinking.
 * "Even among the most brilliant sitting judges, charges of judicial activism are usually outcome-driven. " Swiping statement, but who is actually evaluating their brilliance?
 * The source about how "perplexing" and "amusing" the contributions of Antonin Scalia are is Jon Stewart? Not exactly what I would expect to be an expert on the subject.
 * The section on Scalia and how his positions on activism are based on where he stands ideologically on any given case is sourced to Scalia himself? Aren't there reliable sources actually discussing his questionable record? By the way, I fail to see what “argle-bargle”and “jiggery-pokery" have to do with the subject at hand. Internet dictionaries indicate that "argle-bargle" is a term for "copious but meaningless talk or writing" and "jiggery-pokery" is a term for "deceitful or dishonest behaviour." Not that popular expressions nowadays I suspect, but whoever said that obscurantism equates to not using modern slang?
 * "On both sides of the Pond, the people of the Founding Fathers' generation would undoubtedly be astounded that we are even having this debate at all." This seems to be pure speculation to me, as we do not know what the 18th century would have to comment on the 21st century. I am more concerned however with the use of a "we" in the text. Who are "we", us Wikipedians, Americans, British, 21st-century people? We have a rule against using this term in articles.
 * "The thought that anyone—least of all, an unelected and unaccountable official—should possess unchecked power was disfavored by political theorists of the day." I can see the primary source but not a reliable secondary source making the conclusion.
 * Is Suzanna Sherry's entire argument on when the courts "screwed up"? Who is making the summary here?
 * "unrestricted judicial rule can also leave the individual unprotected". The statement has a cited author but no indication of where to find it.
 * "one may fairly question whether the judge-fearing Elbridge Gerry would have embraced a regime where judges were endowed with such discretion". I don't know what one may think, but we really need a source on how Gerry is relevant to this subject.
 * "This was recognized, and deemed not applicable the High Court of Singapore in Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs". How exactly is a court in Singapore relevant to judicial activism in India, and what source supports this?
 * "touches on diverse and controversial public matters". What source established the diversity and controversial nature of these matters in Israeli law?

I hope I am not being disruptive, but I see these as problems. Dimadick (talk) 09:08, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

Perish the thought! I appreciate and thank you for your input, Dimadick, and will endeavor to "get it right." That's why authors love and appreciate editors. An extra set of eyes is a cure for sloppiness, and that was what I was counting on. But this is a work in progress, and it will take time to "get it right." I want everyone to be happy with the final product.

Professor Sherry's thesis is Sherry's, and it is in the same Green Bag symposium/article, as was Scott D's. I just need to copy over the cites (if I haven't done so already).

Charges of judicial activism in the United States have overwhelming support in the literature, which I have to organize properly to meet Wiki-standards. Everything that I have observed is either supported in the literature or will be excised from the final product.

There is considerable support for Scalia as an activist in the literature, and again, this just needs better targeting. It's the "better than it was, but still not good enough" syndrome.

At this point, I still have to figure out what is going on in India. That was someone else's contribution, and I offer no opinion on it, but there is ample scholarly material on the topic that I will need to digest. Former CJ Bhagwati gave an interview here in the States where he makes the case for activism in India, but it needs proper sourcing. Discussion by scholars is fairly robust, but I still need to get a feel for whose opinion carries the most weight. As for Israel, the legend of Aharon Barak is well-known, but this was one of the more problematic aspects of the article when I got here. I will tackle this after I get the main body of the article right.

Again, I am grateful for your input.Bouldergeist (talk) 16:19, 22 August 2015 (UTC)Bouldergeist

I apologize in advance for not getting back to this sooner. I'll start fixing what needs to be fixed this weekend. Bouldergeist (talk) 20:44, 29 August 2015 (UTC)Bouldergeist

Fixing Obergefell was all I could reasonably get to today. I hope to tackle the Rhetorical Application section tomorrow. Bouldergeist (talk) 22:28, 29 August 2015 (UTC)Bouldergeist

Real life intruded in a major-league way. I apologize to all for my lack of diligence here. Bouldergeist (talk) 03:19, 9 September 2015 (UTC)Bouldergeist

(At least) four different meanings to the term "Judicial activism"

 * 1) The willingness of the judiciary to overturn acts of a legislator or previous judicial decisions that are unconstitutional. (opposite of judicial restraint)
 * 2) The various forms of judicial interpretation that go beyond the text or meaning of the law (originalism) and consider things such as what the judge believes the intent of the law was; or to balance the law against other considerations such as governmental interests or popular opinion.
 * 3) The willingness of justices to make broad decisions that cover fundamental principles, rather than narrowly construed decisions that limit the effects of precedent only to those necessary to settle the case before them.
 * 4) The introduction of personal, emotional or political bias into decisions.

The current revision of the article's lede only discusses the last meaning of the term. The body of the article touches on some of the other meanings, but doesn't elaborate.  Sparkie82 ( t • c )  07:37, 9 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree that a better-rounded definition is in order. For example, judicial activism can refer to a willingness to overturn precedent even when that precedent was uncontroversially incorrect. However, I don't think that we should include #2, because originalism is not the consensus baseline of responsible jurisprudence. Lukacris (talk) 21:47, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

References

I'm amazed there's no mention of Lord Denning in this article. There ought to be. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.154.17.106 (talk) 03:50, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

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Redirect from "Judicial Fiat"?
Currently, "judicial fiat" redirects to this article. This seems, to me, incorrect. Judicial activism is a far broader term and judicial fiat is a narrower form of judicial policymaking that is not necessarily judicial activism and can be distinctively passive. Lukacris (talk) 21:44, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

UK and Judicial Activism in doubt
Am not familiar with Judicial activism in the UK but would like more evidence that scholars agree it's established. I also read article like like this which question whether it's on the rise altogether. ~ Shushugah (talk) 14:33, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: https://fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/hot-topics-judicial-activism https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/06/10/retired-justice-changes-stand-on-death-penalty/9ccde42b-9de5-46bc-a32a-613ae29d55f3/ https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/05/24/activism-v-restraint https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/02/barack-obama-unelected-supreme-court?newsfeed=true https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/aba_president_says_obamas_initial_remarks_on_judicial_activism_are_troublin https://www.nesl.edu/blog/detail/a-true-legal-horror-story-the-Laws-leading-to-the-salem-witch-trials. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. /wiae /tlk  12:50, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

Merger proposal of: Judicial activism in the European Union, Canada and India, into this article
The template at the top of this article currently mentions "deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject." Below that it mentions: "See also: Judicial activism in the European Union, Judicial activism in Canada", and there is also the equally short and source-starved Judicial Activism in India

I suppose it would be best to merge those three articles into this one to resolve problems of all four articles (the lack of a worldwide view of this one, and the lack of content and sourcing which would justify separate articles for the last ones).

I thus propose merging all 3 into this one.

I am suggesting a merge of the Judicial activism in India article which you have made contributions to Xavdeman (talk) 18:18, 2 July 2022 (UTC) I am suggesting a merge of the Judicial activism in Canada article which you have made contributions to Xavdeman (talk) 18:18, 2 July 2022 (UTC) I am suggesting a merge of the Judicial activism in the European Union article which you have made contributions to Xavdeman (talk) 18:18, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

Xavdeman (talk) 18:11, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Yeah merging the India page probably makes sense. There's not much there to begin with, and it has quite a bit of extra information, which is out of date - for example, the tenure of the current Chief justice of India. Shashwat312 (talk) 20:47, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I confess I have no strong opinion on this. My involvement with the India article was merely a tidying up, grammar and punctuation exercise, though I noted then that the article does not really cover the title. The only relevant phrase is "the judiciary has played a very active role in dispensing justice" which, it seems to me, is a truism that applies to the judiciary in every country and has nothing to do with "judicial activism". As such the article is probably a candidate for deletion rather than merging. Emeraude (talk) 08:45, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅ Joyous! Noise! 03:26, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Judicial activism


text:
User talk:Surfinshell23

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title: User talk:Surfinshell23


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User:Prisonblues/Colleges/New Hall, Cambridge

New Hall, Cambridge


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Salford Hundred

The Salford Hundred (also known as Salfordshire) was one of the subdivisions of the historic county of Lancashire in Northern England (see:Hundred (county division). Its name alludes to its judicial centre being the township of Salford (the suffix -shire meaning the territory was appropriated to the prefixed settlement). It was also known as the Royal Manor of Salford and the Salford wapentake.

Origins
The Manor or Hundred of Salford had Anglo-Saxon origins. The Domesday Book recorded that the area was held in 1066 by Edward the Confessor. Salford was recorded as part of the territory of Inter Ripam et Mersam or "Between Ribble and Mersey", and it was included with the information about Cheshire, though it cannot be said clearly to have been part of Cheshire.

The area became a subdivision of the County Palatine of Lancaster (or Lancashire) on its creation in 1182.

Salford Hundred Court
In spite of its incorporation into Lancashire, Salford Hundred retained a separate jurisdiction for the administration of justice, known as the Court Leet, View of frankpledge, and Court of Record of our Sovereign Lord the King for his Hundred or Wapentake of Salford. Exceptionally for hundred courts, Salford survived until the 19th century. The lordship of Salford passed with the Duchy of Lancaster to the Crown, and a serjeant or bailiff was appointed to administer the hundred on the king's behalf. In 1436 the office of Hereditary Steward of the Wapentake of Salfordshire was granted to Sir Richard Molyneux of Sefton. The office was held by Sir Richard's successors, the Earls of Sefton until 1972.

The Portmote of the Borough of Salford merged with the Hundred Court in the 17th century, and the latter body took over the administrative business of the manorial borough. In 1792 police commissioners were established in Manchester and Salford, and the Hundred Court was left with few powers. By 1828 the activities of the court consisted of the following:

 * A twice-yearly meeting of jury-men chose the borough reeve of Salford, along with two constables, a dog-muzzler, ale-taster and inspectors of flesh and fish for the town. The meeting also appointed constables in those townships that did not possess their own court leet. In these townships it also possessed powers to deal with noxious smells and smoke from factories, clearing obstructions of the highway, fencing of roads, foul ditches and enforcement of weights and measures.
 * A three-weekly court for the recovery of debts of less than forty shillings. These were held every third Thursday by one of three deputy stewards (usually prominent local solicitors) appointed by the Earl of Sefton.

Reform

In 1846 the court was reformed to become a Court of Record with its jurisdiction extended to debts not exceeding fifty pounds in value. In 1838 Manchester was incorporated as a municipal borough and granted its own court of record. The two courts were merged as the Salford Hundred Court of Record in 1869 by the  (31 & 32 Vict. c. cxxx). The court had jurisdiction in personal actions only. The municipal boroughs of Oldham, Bolton, Heywood and Rochdale successively had their areas exempted from the jurisdiction of the Hundred Court by Order in Council or private Act of Parliament between 1878 and 1893.

In 1910 a committee was appointed by the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster to report on the practices, area and jurisdiction of the court, and whether it was "of benefit to the parties for whose use it was intended". One member of the three-man committee recommended the abolition of the court which had "little but its age to justify its continuance", while the majority called for amending legislation. Accordingly, the  (1 & 2 Geo. 5. c. clxxii) was passed to restrict the area of the court to the county court areas of Manchester and Salford and to alter its procedures and costs.

Forty years later the court was again referred to a review committee. The committee's report recommended that the court be retained as it provided "a popular and speedy remedy for a large number of litigants in the area". In 1956 the court's area was extended to encompass the entire County Borough of Stockport, which was deemed to belong to the County of Lancashire and the Hundred of Salford for the purposes of assizes, quarter sessions and licensing. The Court of Record for the Hundred of Salford was abolished by section 43(1)(d) of the Courts Act 1971. The last hereditary steward, Hugh Molyneux, 7th Earl of Sefton died on 13 April 1972.

Prisons
Separate places of detention were maintained for the hundred: the New Bailey Prison in Salford, which was replaced by Strangeways Prison in 1868.

Constituent areas
The area it occupied, 212170 acre, corresponds loosely to the modern metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, though excludes those parts from the historic county boundaries of Cheshire, as well as most of that that forms the modern Metropolitan Borough of Wigan. Its area also extended into territory north of what is now Greater Manchester, including parts of Rossendale and Todmorden.

The parish of Manchester formed part of Salfordshire. It has been suggested that a Manchester-shire hundred was not favoured over one centred at Salford because Manchester had been ravaged as part of the Viking occupation.

The parish of Rochdale, in Salfordshire, included the chapelry of Saddleworth from the historic county boundaries of Yorkshire.

Parishes and townships
Salfordshire comprised several parishes and townships during its history. These were not static, but fragmented with the establishment of daughter churches and chapels and increases in population. The parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham originally included the parishes of Bury, Middleton and Radcliffe, and the parish of Manchester originally included the parish of Ashton-under-Lyne. The township of Hundersfield was one of Rochdale parish's four original townships, but was itself split into four. Similarly, Prestwich-cum-Oldham was later split into two separate parishes of Prestwich and Oldham.

In 1830, Salfordshire was documented to consist of the following parishes and townships:

title: Salford Hundred


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Talk:Aerial bombing of cities

photo caption
I know this is different, but there is a photo with the following slightly erroneous caption:

"The remains of German town of Wesel after intensive allied area bombing in 1945 (destruction rate 97% of all buildings)"

97% is the level of destruction, but it's not a rate. From the wiki article on "rate":

"A rate is a special kind of ratio, indicating a relationship between two measurements with different units, such as miles to gallons or cents to pounds."

What then, is a small error of writing, grammatical, thecnical, call it what you want, the fact is that during all the bombings that Wesel suffer during the war, about 97% of the city was level. Erick Muller, 14:30 11 June 2007. {{subst:unsigned2|20:31, 11 June 2007|148.245.246.116}

Training for atom bombing of cities
During the Cold War, the Strategic Air Command's 1st Combat Evaluation Group deployed radar bomb scoring units from Barksdale Air Force Base on board military railroad cars to score simulated thermonuclear bombing of cities in the continental United States. When all of the B-52s black boxes accomplished the preset magic the designers intended, there were no targets anyplace on planet earth that could not be obliterated with unerring accuracy....Maier References

--Pawyilee (talk) 17:54, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

WWI city bombing
The article, and the linked article mention Germany bombing Britain and (now) British bombing plan. What of German activities against French towns and vice versa etc.? GraemeLeggett (talk) 07:34, 17 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I have read that the French and Germans bombed towns on the border in the opening days of the war. (165.120.184.15 (talk) 15:20, 17 July 2016 (UTC))

Earliest aerial bombing of cities
This article is inconsistent. It begins by stating "A species of strategic bombing, the aerial bombing of cities began in 1915 during World War I". It then goes on to list cases of aerial city bombardment going back to 1849. Mat Teja (talk) 09:19, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

A more sensible article would be "aerial bombardment of civilians"
The 'cities' limitation is silly; you can't discuss the bombing of towns and villages? Such an article also wouldn't limit itself as "a species of strategic bombing," would not focus exclusively on bombardment during warfare, and would reference 'policing' and terror bombardment of civilian populations during the colonial and neo-colonial eras.Haberstr (talk) 08:04, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Aerial bombing of cities


text:
Bipin Chandra Pal

Bipin Chandra Pal (বিপিন চন্দ্র পাল ; 7 November 1858 – 20 May 1932) was an Indian nationalist, writer, orator, social reformer and freedom fighter. He was one third of the "Lal Bal Pal" triumvirate. He was one of the main architects of the Swadeshi movement. He is known as the Father of Revolutionary Thoughts in India. He also opposed the partition of Bengal by the British colonial government.

Early life and background of Pal
Bipin Chandra Pal was born on 7 November 1858 to a wealthy Bengali Kayastha family in the village of Pail in Habiganj, then part of the Bengal Presidency's Sylhet District. His father was Ramchandra Pal, a Persian scholar, and small landowner. His father subsequently joined the Sylhet bar as a lawyer. He studied and taught at the Church Mission Society College (now the St. Paul's Cathedral Mission College), an affiliated college of the University of Calcutta. He also studied comparative theology for a year (1899-1900) at New Manchester College, Oxford in England but did not finish the course. His son was Niranjan Pal, one of the founders of Bombay Talkies. One son-in-law was the ICS officer, S. K. Dey, who later became a union minister. His other son-in-law was a freedom fighter Ullaskar Dutta who married Lila Dutta his childhood love.

Family of Bipin Chandra Pal- Brother- Kunja Govinda Pal Nephew- Suresh Chandra Pal - Son - Niranjan Pal (founder of Bombay Takies) Grandson- Colin Pal (writer of Shooting Star) film director Great Grandson - Deep Pal (Steadicam camerawork). As revolutionary as he was in politics, Pal was the same in his private life. After his first wife died he married a widow and joined the Brahmo Samaj.

Work
Pal is known as the Father of Revolutionary Thoughts in India. Pal became a major leader of the Indian National Congress. At the Madras session of Indian National Congress held in 1887, Bipin Chandra Pal made a strong plea for repeal of the Arms Act which was discriminatory in nature. Along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak he belonged to the Lal-Bal-Pal trio that was associated with revolutionary activity. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh and Pal were recognised as the chief exponents of a new national movement revolving around the ideals of Purna Swaraj, Swadeshi, boycott and national education. His programme consisted of Swadeshi, boycott and national education. He preached and encouraged the use of Swadeshi and the boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty and unemployment. He wanted to remove social evils from the form and arouse the feelings of nationalism through national criticism. He had no faith in mild protests in the form of non-cooperation with the British colonial government. On that one issue, the assertive nationalist leader had nothing in common with Mahatma Gandhi. During the last six years of his life, he parted company with the Congress and led a secluded life. Sri Aurobindo referred to him as one of mightiest prophets of nationalism. Bipin Chandra Pal made efforts to remove social and economic ills. He opposed the caste system and advocated widow remarriage. He advocated a 48-hour working week and demanded a hike in the wages of workers. He expressed his disdain for Gandhi's ways, which he criticised for being rooted in "magic" instead of "logic".

As a journalist, Pal worked for Bengal Public Opinion, The Tribune and New India, where he propagated his brand of nationalism. He wrote several articles warning India of the changes happening in China and other geopolitical situations. In one of his writings, describing where the future danger for India would come from, Pal wrote under the title "Our Real Danger".

title: Bipin Chandra Pal


text:
Kiamba

Kiamba may refer to:

 * Kiamba, Queensland, Australia
 * Kiamba, Sarangani, Philippines

title: Kiamba


text:
Louis, Grand Dauphin

Louis, Dauphin of France (1 November 1661 – 14 April 1711), commonly known as le Grand Dauphin, was the eldest son and heir apparent of King Louis XIV and his spouse, Maria Theresa of Spain. He became known as the Grand Dauphin after the birth of his own son, Louis, Duke of Burgundy, the Petit Dauphin. He and his son died before his father and thus never became kings. Instead, his grandson became King Louis XV at the death of Louis XIV, and his second son inherited the Spanish throne as Philip V through his grandmother.

Biography
Louis was born on 1 November 1661 at the Château de Fontainebleau, the eldest son of Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Austria (who were double-first cousins to each other). As a Fils de France ("Son of France") he was entitled to the style of Royal Highness. He was baptised on 24 March 1662 at the chapel of the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye and given his father's name of Louis. At the ceremony, the Cardinal de Vendôme and the Princess of Conti acted as proxies for the godparents, Pope Clement IX and Henrietta Maria of England. The latter was Louis's great-aunt. It was for this occasion that Jean-Baptiste Lully composed the motet Plaude Laetare Gallia. He was initially under the care of royal governesses, among them being Julie d'Angennes and Louise de Prie de La Mothe-Houdancourt. When Louis reached the age of seven, he was removed from the care of women and placed in a society of men. He received Charles de Sainte-Maure, as his governor and was tutored by the great French preacher and orator Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, the Bishop of Meaux, seemingly without acceptable results.

Philippe Erlanger writes the following in his book about the life of Louis XIV:

"Louis XIV secretly nursed the same suspicious jealousy of the Grand Dauphin that Louis XIII had once shown to himself. No prince could have been less deserving of such feelings.

The Monseigneur, as the heir to the throne was now known to have inherited his mother's docility and low intelligence. All his life he remained petrified with admiration of his formidable father and stood in fear of him even while lavish proofs of 'affection' were showered upon him. The best way for the Monseigneur to do someone an injury was to commend him to the royal favour. He knew it, and did not conceal it from his rare petitioners.

Louis XIV saw to it that his son's upbringing was quite the opposite of his own. Instead of a devoted mother and an affectionate and likeable tutor, the Dauphin had the repellent and misanthropic Duc de Montausier, who ruthlessly applied the same methods that had so disturbed Louis XIII. They annihilated his grandson.

Bossuet overwhelmed his backward pupil with such splendid lessons that the Dauphin developed a lasting horror of books, learning and history. By the age of eighteen, the Monseigneur had assimilated almost none of the knowledge amassed to so little purpose, and the apathy of his mind was second only to that of his senses."

He was very indolent. As an adult, his favorite amusement was laying stretched in a sofa tapping the point of his shoes with a cane. Nonetheless, his generosity, affability, and liberality gave him great popularity in Paris and with the French people in general. Louis was one of six legitimate children of his parents. The others all died in early childhood; the second longest-lived, Marie Thérèse of France, died at the age of five when Louis was 11.

According to John B. Wolf, Louis XIV had a low opinion of his son, writing:

"...indolent, fatuous, and dull, only the saving grace of his bourgeois morals kept him from outraging the pious people about him. Like his father he enjoyed the hunt, but that was about the only way in which this disappointing son resembled his father."

Being especially interested in geopolitical ties his son could help him form, the King considered various European royal daughters as possible wives for his heir, such as Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici and Louis' cousin Marie Louise d'Orléans, daughter of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans and Henrietta of England. According to various sources, Marie Louise and Louis were in love and had grown up with each other. However, Louis XIV decided to use Marie Louise to instead forge a link with Spain and made her to marry the invalid Charles II of Spain, the Dauphin's half-uncle.

Louis was eventually engaged to his second cousin, Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, when he was seven. She was a year older than Louis and, upon arriving at the French court, was described as being very unattractive. Nonetheless, she was a very cultured princess, and made a good first impression as she was able to speak French fluently.

They were married by proxy in Munich on 28 January 1680; the couple met for the first time on 7 March 1680 in Châlons-sur-Marne.

Political and military role
Although he was permitted at first to attend and later to participate in the Conseil d'en haut, Louis did not play an important part in French politics. Nonetheless, as the heir to the throne, he was constantly surrounded by cabals battling for future prominence. Apart from the minor political role that he played during his father's reign, Louis engaged in more leisurely pursuits and was esteemed for his magnificent collection of art at Versailles and Meudon. Louis XIV purchased Meudon for him from the widow of Louvois. The Dauphin employed Jules Hardouin Mansart and the office of the Bâtiments du Roi but most particularly his long-term "house designer", Jean Bérain, head of the Menus Plaisirs, to provide new decors. He lived quietly at Meudon for the remainder of his life and was surrounded by his two half-sisters Marie Anne de Bourbon and the Princess of Condé, both of whom he loved dearly. The three made up the main part of the Cabal de Meudon, which opposed the Dauphin's son Louis and his Savoyard wife, the Duchess of Burgundy.

During the War of the Grand Alliance, he was sent in 1688 to the Rhineland front. Before leaving the court, Louis was thus instructed by his father: "In sending you to command my army, I am giving you an opportunity to make known your merit; go and show it to all Europe, so that when I come to die it will not be noticed that the King is dead." There, Louis succeeded, under the tutelage of Marshal de Duras and Vauban, in taking one of the bridgeheads across the Rhine, Philippsburg, which was surrounded by marshes. Louis's courage was shown when he visited the soldiers in the inundated trenches under heavy fire to observe the progress of the siege. Montausier, his former governor, wrote to him: "I shall not compliment you on the taking of Philippsburg; you had a good army, bombs, cannons and Vauban. I shall not compliment you because you are brave. That virtue is hereditary. But I rejoice with you that you have been liberal, generous, humane, and have recognised the services of those who did well."

Louis's capture of Philippsburg prevented the large gathering Imperial Army from crossing the Rhine and invading Alsace.

Louis's position in the Conseil d'en haut gave him an opportunity to have his voice heard in the years and in the crises leading up to the War of the Spanish Succession. From his mother, Louis had rights and claims to the Spanish throne. His uncle Charles II of Spain had produced no descendants and, as he lay dying, had no heir to whom he could pass the throne. The choice of a successor was essentially split between the French and Austrian claimants. To improve the chances of a Bourbon succession, Louis gave up his and his eldest son's rights in favour of his second son, Philip, Duke of Anjou (later Philip V of Spain), who, as the second son, was not expected to succeed to the French throne, which would thus keep France and Spain separate. Moreover, in the discussions in the Conseil d'en haut regarding the French response to Charles II's last will and testament, which indeed left all Spanish possessions to Anjou, Louis persuasively argued for acceptance. He opposed those who advocated a rejection of the will and the adherence to the Partition Treaty, which was signed with William III of England, even though the treaty had awarded Naples, Sicily and Tuscany to him.

Louis died of smallpox on 14 April 1711, at the age of 49, and so predeceased his father.

Literary tribute

 * The Delphin Classics were a large edition of the Latin classics, edited in the 1670s for Louis (Delphin is the adjective derived from dauphin) and known for being written (unlike some other treatments) entirely in that language. Thirty-eight scholars contributed to the series, which was edited by Pierre Huet, with assistance from several co-editors including Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet and Anne Dacier.

Marriages
Louis married Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria on 7 March 1680. She was known in France as Dauphine Marie Anne Victoire. Although the marriage was not a close one, the couple had three sons. The Dauphine died in 1690 and in 1695 Louis secretly married his lover Marie Émilie de Joly de Choin. His new wife did not acquire the status of Dauphine of France, and the marriage remained without surviving issue. Pregnant at the time of her marriage, de Choin gave birth to a son, who was secretly sent to the countryside; the child died aged two, in 1697, without having been publicly named.

Issue

 * Louis, Duke of Burgundy (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712), Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France; married his double-second cousin, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, elder daughter of the Duke of Savoy and was the father of the future Louis XV of France;
 * Philip V, King of Spain (19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746), Duke of Anjou and later King of Spain; married firstly his double-second cousin, Maria Luisa of Savoy, younger daughter of the Duke of Savoy, and had issue; married, secondly, Elisabeth Farnese and had issue including the future Dauphine of France, Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain;
 * Charles, Duke of Berry (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714), Duke of Berry, of Alençon and of Angoulême, Count of Ponthieu; married Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans and had issue but none survived over a year.

Thus, through his two older sons Burgundy and Anjou, Louis ensured, respectively, the continuation of the senior Bourbon line on the throne of France and the establishment of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty.

Besides his unnamed child with Mme de Choin, Louis had two illegitimate daughters with Françoise Pitel: With another mistress, Marie Anne Caumont de La Force, he had one daughter:
 * Anne Louise de Bourbon (1695 – August 1716) – wife of Anne Errard d'Avaugour;
 * Charlotte de Fleury (6 February 1697 – 1750) – wife of Gérard Michel de La Jonchère.
 * Louise Émilie de Vautedard (1694–1719) – wife of Nicolas Mesnager.

Ancestry
Louis's paternal grandparents were Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria; he was descended, on his mother's side, from Philip IV of Spain and Élisabeth of France. Louis XIII and Élisabeth de Bourbon were siblings (the children of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici), as were Anne of Austria and Philip IV, who were the children of Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria. That means that he had only four great-grandparents instead of the usual eight, and that his double-cousin parents had the same coefficient of co-ancestry (1/4) as if they were half-siblings.

In French

 * Lahaye, Matthieu, Louis, Dauphin de France. Fils de roi, père de roi, jamais roi, DEA directed by Joël Cornette, University of Paris VIII, 2005.
 * Lahaye, Matthieu, Louis Ier d'Espagne (1661–1700) : essai sur une virtualité politique, Revue historique, Numéro 647, PUF, Paris, Novembre 2008.
 * Lahaye Matthieu, Le fils de Louis XIV. Réflexion sur l'autorité dans la France du Grand Siècle, thèse sous la direction de Joël Cornette à l'Université Paris VIII, 2011.
 * Lahaye Matthieu, Le fils de Louis XIV. Monseigneur le Grand Dauphin, Seyssel, Champ Vallon, 2013.

title: Louis, Grand Dauphin


text:
1997 Beckenham by-election

A by-election in Beckenham, England, was called in 1997 when the sitting Member of Parliament, Piers Merchant (Conservative), resigned from Parliament on 21 October 1997. The Conservatives held the seat, with Jacqui Lait winning the by-election on 20 November.

Background
Piers Merchant had been under pressure during the May 1997 general election after tabloid newspaper stories about his relationship with a bar hostess whom he had employed as a researcher, but he had denied any impropriety, and retained the confidence of his local association. His resignation on 21 October was caused by further newspaper stories and video footage which confirmed that his denial had been misleading. He accepted the office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead.

At the by-election, the Conservatives selected Jacqui Lait, who had lost her seat at Hastings in the general election. The Labour candidate, Robert (Bob) Hughes, was a long time resident of the constituency and had contested the seat at the general election. The Liberal Democrats also chose their general election candidate, Rosemary Vetterlein. The Conservatives were successful in retaining the seat with a further reduced majority.

Also held on the same day was a by-election at Winchester. This was the last election (general or by-election) that the Referendum Party contested; it wound up soon afterwards.

title: 1997 Beckenham by-election