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He Jin

He Jin (died 22 September 189), courtesy name Suigao, was a Chinese military general and politician. He was the military Grand Marshal and regent of the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was an elder half-brother of Empress He (the empress consort of Emperor Ling), and a maternal uncle of Emperor Shao. In 189, he and his sister shared power as regents when the young Emperor Shao was put on the throne following Emperor Ling's death. During the time, the conflict between He Jin and the influential eunuch faction intensified. After they overheard a conversation between He Jin and the empress dowager, the eunuch faction lured him into a trap in the imperial palace and assassinated him. While He Jin's subordinates, led by the warlord Yuan Shao, slaughtered the eunuch faction in revenge, the warlord Dong Zhuo took advantage of the power vacuum to enter the imperial capital Luoyang and seize control of the Han central government. Dong Zhuo's seizure of control and the subsequent breakdown of central command that followed brought forth the beginning of massive civil wars that lasted for nearly a century, during which time the Han dynasty came to an end and the Three Kingdoms period began in its place.

Life
He Jin was born into a family of butchers in Nanyang, hometown of the dynastic founder Emperor Guangwu. During the reign of Emperor Ling, his younger half-sister entered the palace and soon became one of the emperor's favourites. In January 181, she was made empress and He Jin henceforth began a speedy escalation up the bureaucratic ladder.

When the Yellow Turban Rebellion erupted in 184, He Jin was appointed General-in-Chief (大將軍). He commanded the imperial armory, secured strategic forts around the capital and moved quickly to crush the uprising at Luoyang led by Ma Yuanyi (馬元義), a follower of the rebel leader, Zhang Jue. The campaign was deemed a success and He Jin was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Shen (慎侯). After the rebellion was quelled, He Jin continued in the role of General-in-Chief, technically in control of all the imperial armies. During this time, other members of his family, such as his younger step-brother He Miao (何苗), were also elevated to positions of importance.

In 188, perhaps as a counterweight to the power of the He family, Emperor Ling created the Army of the Western Garden. The emperor ostentatiously paraded in front of the army and had himself named "Supreme General" (無上將軍). The emperor also had the army placed under the command of Jian Shuo, a trusted eunuch. By commanding the Army of the Western Garden, the emperor could put He Jin under his own command. The military prowess of this new army was never showcased, however, as it was disbanded less than a year later.

When Emperor Ling died in May 189, the stage was set for a showdown between He Jin and the eunuch faction. Jian Shuo plotted to lure He Jin into a trap at the imperial palace where he would be assassinated. However, when He Jin arrived, a minor official Pan Yin (潘隱) subtly warned He Jin about Jian Shuo's plot. Astonished, He Jin returned to his own camp and evaded the assassination attempt. Afterwards, He Jin had Jian Shuo arrested, executed, and then seized command of the troops previously under Jian Shuo's command.

With the support of the elite Yuan family, particularly Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu, the succession dispute was resolved in favour of Liu Bian, the son of Empress He, who ascended the throne in the fifth month of that year. He Jin and his sister, now the Empress Dowager, jointly took on the role of regent.

During the summer months, He Jin and his subordinates engaged the eunuch faction in court politics. The eunuchs, now without a military power base of their own, relied on the support of Empress Dowager He and He Miao. At the urging of Yuan Shao, He Jin summoned the general Dong Zhuo (董卓)to the outskirts of Luoyang, in an attempt to force the Empress Dowager to back down. In the ninth month of that year, He Jin entered the palace to request the Empress Dowager agree to the execution of the eunuchs. However, Zhang Rang, the leader of the eunuch faction, discovered He Jin's plan through a spy who overheard the conversation between He Jin and the Empress Dowager. After hearing of this, the eunuchs led He Jin into the Imperial Palace under a fake summons in the name of the Empress Dowager. He Jin arrived without his escort, and was brutally murdered by the eunuchs.

After hearing of He Jin's death, Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu, both with significant control of military forces within the capital, stormed the palace and massacred the eunuchs. The resulting power vacuum allowed Dong Zhuo to seize control of the imperial court. As soon as he held supremacy over the capital, Dong Zhuo deposed the emperor in favour of the Prince of Chenliu, who came to be known as Emperor Xian. The deposition as well as Dong Zhuo's subsequent atrocities incurred the wrath of many. In 190, warlords from the eastern provinces formed a coalition to oust Dong Zhuo, which kicked off a series of civil wars that were to last for nearly a century.

Family
He Jin had at least two half-siblings and a step-brother:
 * Empress He, the empress consort of Emperor Ling and mother of Emperor Shao
 * Lady He, full sister of Empress He, who married the adopted son of the eunuch Zhang Rang
 * Step-brother: He Miao (何苗), courtesy name Shuda (叔達), born "Zhu Miao" (朱苗), an elder half-brother of Empress He born of the same mother. Thus, He Miao is actually not blood-related to He Jin. He served as General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍), and was killed by He Jin's subordinate Wu Kuang (吳匡) and Dong Zhuo's brother Dong Min in late September 189 (after He Jin's death) for sympathizing with the eunuch faction who assassinated He Jin.

According to historical sources, it is widely believed that He Jin had at least one son, He Xian (何咸), who survived the downfall of the He family in 189, and who had a son, He Yan (c. 196–249). As He Xian died early, his wife Lady Yin (尹夫人) remarried and became a concubine of the warlord Cao Cao, who adopted He Yan. However, He Yan was buried at Lujiang when one's place of burial was customarily the ancestral home, which contradicts the fact that He Jin was from Nanyang; so He Yan was probably a grandson of He Miao, as Weilue suggests, while it was recorded that there had actually been several families of the Zhu clan, which might be the clan that He Miao was from, at Lujiang during Eastern Han.

title: He Jin


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Empress He (Han dynasty)

Empress He (died 30 September 189 ), personal name unknown, posthumously known as Empress Lingsi, was an empress of the Eastern Han dynasty. She was the second empress consort of Emperor Ling and the mother of Emperor Shao. After the death of Emperor Ling in 189, she became empress dowager when her young son, Liu Bian (Emperor Shao), became the new emperor. She was caught up in the conflict between her brother, General-in-Chief He Jin, and the eunuch faction, who were both vying for power in the Han imperial court. After He Jin's assassination and the elimination of the eunuch faction, the warlord Dong Zhuo took advantage of the power vacuum to lead his forces into the imperial capital and seize control of the Han central government. Dong Zhuo subsequently deposed Emperor Shao, replaced him with Liu Xie (Emperor Xian) and had Empress Dowager He poisoned to death.

Family background and early years
Lady He was from Wan County (宛縣), Nanyang Commandery (南陽郡), which is in present-day Nanyang, Henan. Unlike most Han dynasty empresses, she was not of noble birth; her father, He Zhen (何真), was a butcher. Her mother's maiden family name is unknown, but her given name was "Xing" (興). She had two half-brothers, He Jin (same father) and He Miao (same mother) (何苗), and a younger sister who married the (adopted) son of the eunuch Zhang Rang.

According to legends, she joined Emperor Ling's imperial harem after her family bribed the eunuchs tasked with selecting women to serve the emperor. She was seven chi and one cun tall. In 176, she bore Emperor Ling a son, Liu Bian, who turned out to be the emperor's oldest surviving son because his other sons born before Liu Bian died in infancy or childhood. As Emperor Ling believed that he lost his previous sons due to bad luck, he ordered Shi Zimiao (史子眇), a Taoist, to raise his newborn son; Liu Bian was given the title "Marquis Shi" (史侯). Lady He became highly favoured by Emperor Ling, who awarded her the rank of "Honoured Lady" (貴人). Honoured Lady He was known for being jealous and cruel. The other women in Emperor Ling's harem were afraid of her.

As empress consort
On 8 January 181, Emperor Ling instated Honoured Lady He as Empress to replace Empress Song, whom he deposed in 178. The following year, the emperor bestowed titles on Empress He's parents to honour them: her deceased father, He Zhen, received the posthumous appointment "General of Chariots of Cavalry" (車騎將軍) and the title "Marquis Xuande of Wuyang" (舞陽宣德侯); her mother was given the title "Lady of Wuyang" (舞陽君).

Around the time, one of Emperor Ling's consorts, Beautiful Lady Wang (王美人), became pregnant. As she feared that Empress He would harm her unborn child, she attempted to cause a miscarriage by consuming drugs, but her child remained safe, and she had dreams about the sun. In 181, after Beautiful Lady Wang gave birth to a son, Liu Xie, Empress He ordered her to be poisoned to death. Emperor Ling was furious when he found out and he wanted to depose Empress He, but the eunuchs managed to persuade him to spare the empress. The motherless Liu Xie was raised by his grandmother, Empress Dowager Dong, and given the title "Marquis Dong" (董侯).

When his subjects asked him to name one of his sons as crown prince, Emperor Ling had a dilemma between Liu Bian and Liu Xie, his only two surviving sons. He felt that Liu Bian was unfit to be emperor because he was frivolous and unable to command respect, so he preferred Liu Xie. However, he was also worried that if he chose Liu Xie, Empress He would turn to her half-brother, He Jin, for help. He Jin held the position of General-in-Chief (大將軍) and was a highly influential figure in the imperial court. He ultimately did not name either of his sons as crown prince.

As empress dowager
When Emperor Ling became critically ill in 189, he secretly entrusted his eight-year-old son Liu Xie to close aide and eunuch, Jian Shuo. Upon Emperor Ling's death, Jian Shuo attempted to lure He Jin into a trap in the palace, assassinate him, and then install Liu Xie on the throne. However, Pan Yin (潘隱), a eunuch who was also an acquaintance of He Jin, warned the General-in-Chief of Jian Shuo's plot. He Jin returned to his military camp and pretended to be sick, so he did not need to respond when summoned to enter the palace. Jian Shuo's plan to make Liu Xie emperor failed, so a 13-year-old Liu Bian was enthroned and became historically known as Emperor Shao. Empress He, as the emperor's mother, became empress dowager and attended imperial court sessions alongside her son. As Emperor Shao was still young, General-in-Chief He Jin and Grand Tutor Yuan Wei (袁隗) served as his regents.

In the summer of 189, after Jian Shuo learnt that He Jin and his subordinates were plotting to eliminate him, he tried to persuade his fellow eunuchs to join him in his plan to assassinate He Jin. However, they were persuaded by Guo Sheng (郭勝), a eunuch close to Empress Dowager He, to reject Jian Shuo's idea. He Jin subsequently had Jian Shuo arrested and executed, and then took control of the military units previously under Jian's command. In the autumn of 189, Yuan Shao suggested to He Jin to eliminate the eunuch faction and consolidate power. Empress Dowager He immediately rejected the idea because it required her to interact with men on a regular basis, which she found offensive and immodest. Empress Dowager He's mother (the Lady of Wuyang) and He Miao (何苗) had been bribed by the eunuchs to protect them, so they also strongly opposed He Jin's plan, saying that they owed much to the eunuchs. (Empress Dowager He became Emperor Ling's consort because the eunuchs helped her.)

He Jin then heeded an alternative suggestion from Yuan Shao: he secretly instructed a few provincial military officials or warlords (Dong Zhuo, Wang Kuang, Qiao Mao and Ding Yuan) to lead their troops to the vicinity of Luoyang, the imperial capital, and openly demand that the eunuchs be executed – in the hope of pressuring Empress Dowager He to take action against the eunuchs. Empress Dowager He initially refused to harm the eunuchs, but as Dong Zhuo's forces approached Luoyang, she ordered the eunuchs to leave the palace and return to their marquisates. (Many of the eunuchs were made marquises by Emperor Ling.) Empress Dowager He's younger sister married the adopted son of Zhang Rang, the eunuch leader. Zhang Rang pleaded with her to help him, so she informed her mother (the Lady of Wuyang), who in turn spoke to Empress Dowager He. The empress dowager relented and summoned the eunuchs back to the palace.

Around late August or September 189, the eunuchs hatched a plot to assassinate He Jin. They issued a fake imperial order in Empress Dowager He's name, instructing He Jin to enter the palace to meet her. He Jin fell into an ambush and died at the hands of the eunuchs, who declared him guilty of treason. After He Jin's death, his subordinates Wu Kuang (吳匡) and Zhang Zhang (張璋), along with Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu and others, led their troops to storm the palace and kill the eunuchs in revenge. They indiscriminately slaughtered anyone who looked like a eunuch; some young men who had no facial hair, in desperation, dropped their pants in front of the soldiers to prove that they were not eunuchs. During the attack, the eunuchs took Empress Dowager He, Emperor Shao and the Prince of Chenliu (Liu Xie) hostage and tried to flee from the palace. Lu Zhi intercepted the eunuch Duan Gui (段珪) and saved the empress dowager from him. He Miao, who was sympathetic towards the eunuchs, was killed by Wu Kuang and Dong Zhuo's younger brother Dong Min (董旻). Over 2,000 people died in the attack. Emperor Shao and the Prince of Chenliu, who were taken out of the palace by the eunuchs during the chaos, were eventually found near the riverbank and saved by Lu Zhi and Min Gong (閔貢), who brought them back safely.

Death
The warlord Dong Zhuo ultimately led his forces into Luoyang, the imperial capital, and took advantage of the power vacuum to seize control of the Han central government. In 28 September 189, he deposed Emperor Shao (who was demoted to "Prince of Hongnong") and replaced him with Liu Xie (the Prince of Chenliu), who is historically known as Emperor Xian. A tearful Empress Dowager He watched as her son was forcefully pulled away from his throne, while the officials watched and did not dare to say anything for fear of antagonising Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo subsequently relocated Empress Dowager He to Yong'an Palace (永安宮) after claiming her involvement in the death of her mother-in-law, and had her poisoned to death there. He also killed the empress dowager's mother, the Lady of Wuyang (舞陽君). Dong Zhuo then forced Emperor Xian to attend the empress dowager's funeral on 29 October 189 at Fengchang Village (奉常亭), a district of Luoyang. The officials who attended the funeral were dressed in plain colours but not proper mourning attire; the entire ceremony did not befit her status as an empress dowager, as Dong claimed that she had already been deposed. She was buried in the Wenzhao Mausoleum (文昭陵) with Emperor Ling as an empress instead of empress dowager, and posthumously honoured as "Empress Lingsi" (靈思皇后).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Empress He (Han dynasty)


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Empress Dowager He

Empress Dowager He (何太后) may refer to:

 * Empress He (Han dynasty) (died 189), consort and empress dowager of the Han dynasty
 * Empress Dowager He (Eastern Wu) ( 242–264), empress dowager of the Eastern Wu state
 * Empress He (Tang dynasty) (died 905), consort and empress dowager of the Tang Dynasty

title: Empress Dowager He


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Category:Space Shuttle program

This category is for articles relating to NASA's Space Shuttle program.

title: Category:Space Shuttle program


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Cloaca Maxima

The Cloaca Maxima or, less often, Maxima Cloaca, was one of the world's earliest sewage systems. Its name is related to that of Cloacina, a Roman goddess. Built during either the Roman Kingdom or early Roman Republic, it was constructed in Ancient Rome in order to drain local marshes and remove waste from the city. It carried effluent to the River Tiber, which ran beside the city. The sewer started at the Forum Augustum and ended at the Ponte Rotto and Ponte Palatino. It began as an open air canal, but it developed into a much larger sewer over the course of time. Agrippa renovated and reconstructed much of the sewer. This would not be the only development in the sewers. By the first century CE all eleven Roman aqueducts were connected to the sewer. After the Roman Empire fell the sewer still was used. By the 19th century, it became a tourist attraction. Some parts of the sewer are still used today. Whilst still being used, it was highly valued as a sacred symbol of Roman culture, and Roman engineering.

Construction and history
According to tradition, it may have initially been constructed around 600 BC under the orders of the king of Rome, Tarquinius Priscus. He ordered Etruscan workers and the plebeians to construct the sewers. Before constructing the Cloaca Maxima, Priscus, and his son Tarquinius Superbus, worked to transform the land by the Roman forum from a swamp into a solid building ground, thus reclaiming the Velabrum. In order to achieve this, they filled it up with 10-20,000 cubic meters of soil, gravel, and debris.

At the beginning of the sewer's life it consisted of open-air channels lined up with bricks centered around a main pipe. At this stage it might have had no roof. However, wooden holes spread throughout the sewer indicate that wooden bridges may have been built over it, which possibly functioned as a roof. Alternatively, the holes could have functioned as a support for the scaffolding needed to construct the sewer. The Cloaca Maxima may also have originally been an open drain, formed from streams originating from three of the neighboring hills, that were channeled through the main Forum and then on to the Tiber. As building space within the city became more valuable, the drain was gradually built over.

By the time of the late Roman Republic this sewer became the city's main storm drain. It developed into a system 1,600 meters long. By the time of the Second Century BCE it had a 101 meter long canal that was covered up and expanded into a sewer. Pliny the Elder, writing in the late 1st century, describes the early Cloaca Maxima as "large enough to allow the passage of a wagon loaded with hay." Eventually, the sewer could not continue growing to keep up with the expanding city. Romans would discard waste through other openings rather than the sewers. From 31 BCE to 192 CE manholes could be used to access the sewer, which could be traversed by canal at this point. Manholes were decorated with marble reliefs, and canals were made of Roman concrete and flint.

The eleven aqueducts which supplied water to Rome by the 1st century AD were finally channeled into the sewers after having supplied many of the public baths such as the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Trajan, as well as the public fountains, imperial palaces and private houses. The continuous supply of running water helped to remove wastes and keep the sewers clear of obstructions. The best waters were reserved for potable drinking supplies, and the second quality waters would be used by the baths, the outfalls of which connected to the sewer network under the streets of the city. The Cloaca Maxima was well maintained throughout the life of the Roman Empire and even today drains rainwater and debris from the center of town, below the ancient Forum, Velabrum, and the Forum Boarium. In more recent times, the remaining passages have been connected to the modern-day sewage system, mainly to cope with problems of backwash from the river.

After the fall of the Roman empire the Cloaca Maxima continued to be used. In the 1600s the Cardinal Chamberlain imposed a tax on residents of Rome in order to pay for the upkeep of the sewer. By the time of the 1800s the Cloaca Maxima became popular as a tourist attraction. From 1842 to 1852 sections of the sewer were drained. Pietro Narducci, an Italian engineer was hired by the city of Rome to survey and restore the parts of the sewer by the Forum and the Torre dei Conti in 1862. In 1890 Otto Ludwig Richter, a German archaeologist created a map of the sewers. These efforts renewed public interest in sanitation.

Route
The Cloaca Maxima started at the Forum Augustum and followed the natural course of the suburbs of ancient Rome, which led between the Quirinal, Viminal, and Esquilline Hills. It also passed by the Forum of Nerva, the Arch of Janus, the Forum Boarium, the Basilica Aemilia, and the Forum Romanum, ending at the Velabrum. The sewer's outfall was by the Ponte Rotto and Ponte Palatino. Some of this is still visible today. The branches of the main sewer all appear to be 'official' drains that would have served public toilets, bathhouses and other public buildings. Private residences in Rome, even of the rich, would have relied on some sort of cess-pit arrangement for sewage.

Significance and effects
The Cloaca Maxima was large enough for "wagons loaded with hay to pass" according to Strabo. It could transport one million pounds of waste, water, and unwanted goods, which were dumped into the streets, swamps, and rivers near Rome. They were all carried out to the Tiber River by the sewer. It used gutters to collect rainwater, rubbish, and spillage, and conduits to dispense up to ten cubic meters of water per second. Vaults were closed with flat panels or rocks were used in the construction. This sewer used a trench wall to hold back sediments.

Some of its water was still polluted, contaminating water many depended on for irrigation, swimming, bathing, and drinking. The sewer reduced the number of mosquitos, thereby limiting the spread of malaria by draining marshy areas. Animals, including rats, could find their way into the sewer.

The Cloaca Maxima was a highly valued feat of engineering. It may have even been sacrosanct. Since the Romans viewed the movement of water to be sacred, the Cloaca Maxima may have had a religious significance. Aside from religious significance, the Cloaca Maxima may have been praised due to its age and its demonstration of engineering prowess. Livy describes the sewer as:"Works for which the new splendor of these days has scarcely been able to produce a match.— Titus Livius, Titus Livius, The History of Rome, Book 1"The writer Pliny the Elder describes the Cloaca Maxima as an engineering marvel due to its ability to withstand floods of filthy waters for centuries. Cassiodorus, a Roman senator and scholar, praised the sewage system in Variae. The Cloaca Maxima was a symbol of Roman civilization, and its superiority to others. Roman authors were not the only people to praise the Cloaca Maxima. British writer Henry James stated that it gave him: "the deepest and grimmest impression of antiquity I have ever received."

The system of Roman sewers was much imitated throughout the Roman Empire, especially when combined with copious supplies of water from Roman aqueducts. The sewer system in Eboracum—the modern-day English city of York—was especially impressive and part of it still survives.

title: Cloaca Maxima


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Talk:Lake Sebu, South Cotabato

This article has been written based on various newspapers, books, and online articles. There is no copyright violation done. If you have doubts, contact me first before you make any actions Latorilla 12:02, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Splitting the article into two topics
I would like to suggest that we split these article into two: Lake Sebu, South Cotabato (municipality) and Lake Sebu (body of water - lake). I noticed that when we want an article about the lake, it is redirected to the article about the municipality. I don't know how to do these, I think we need some administrators to handle this thing.Kleomarlo (talk) 12:53, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

I support the idea.

Bonvallite (talk) 12:49, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

Query on Barangays of Lake Sebu
When I viewed the page for Lake Sebu, I noticed that a barangay "Sarmiento Benjamin" is listed as the first barangay. Lake Sebu only has 19 barangays and there is no Barangay Sarmiento Benjamin in the municipality. I also checked our database (containing data from NSCB on the official list of barangays) and there is also no such barangay. In case our database isn't updated I also accessed the NSCB website. The NSCB list of barangays also do not have the aforementioned as a barangay.

I'm a noob and is apprehensive about editing the main page, could someone correct the data? Thank you very much.

Tinjune (talk) 02:45, 2 October 2013 (UTC)Tinjune

External links modified
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filipino
mag bigay ng pagsasalaysay sa lake sebu 2001:4455:1AE:7300:E045:33DB:FA76:4CD8 (talk) 10:02, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Sebu, South Cotabato


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Calcomp plotter

Calcomp plotters (sometimes referred to as CalComp plotters) were the best known products of the California Computer Products company (Calcomp or CalComp).

Overview
The Calcomp 565 drum plotter, introduced in 1959, was one of the first computer graphics output devices sold. The computer could control in 0.01 in increments the rotation of an 11 in wide drum, and the horizontal movement of a pen holder over the drum. The pen was pressed by a spring against paper scrolling across the drum. A solenoid could lift the pen off the paper. This arrangement allowed line drawings to be made under computer control. Later, Calcomp manufactured its model 563, which was very similar but had a 30 in wide drum.

The paper rolls were 120 ft long. A metal bar above the take-up reel allowed a finished plot to be torn off and removed. The drum would then be advanced using the manual controls and the fresh paper end taped to the take-up reel. The standard pen was a ball-point, but liquid ink pens were available, and typically were used for higher quality plots intended for publication. Other paper stock could be taped to the drum if desired. A chart drive switch was provided to turn off the motorized paper supply and take-up reels for this purpose.

IBM
IBM marketed the Calcomp 565 as its IBM 1627 for use with its low-end scientific computers, first the IBM 1620, and, later, the IBM 1130. It was perhaps the first non-IBM peripheral that IBM allowed to be attached to one of its computers.

A Calcomp plotter attached to an IBM 1401 was used to develop Bresenham's line algorithm in 1962.

title: Calcomp plotter


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HCL Sametime

HCL Sametime Premium (formerly IBM Sametime and IBM Lotus Sametime) is a client–server application and middleware platform that provides real-time, unified communications and collaboration for enterprises. Those capabilities include presence information, enterprise instant messaging, web conferencing, community collaboration, and telephony capabilities and integration. Currently it is developed and sold by HCL Software, a division of Indian company HCL Technologies, until 2019 by the Lotus Software division of IBM.

Because HCL Sametime is middleware, it supports enterprise software and business process integration (Communication Enabled Business Process), either through an HCL Sametime plugin or by surfacing HCL Sametime capabilities through third-party applications. HCL Sametime integrates with a wide variety of software, including Lotus collaboration products, Microsoft Office productivity software, and portal and Web applications.

Features
HCL Sametime Premium Features:

HCL Sametime Premium (v12.0.1)

 * HCL Sametime chat only support on Kubernetes
 * MongoDB v6 support
 * Podman support
 * Safari browser support
 * Meeting duration timer
 * Network indicator added to meetings
 * Improved Firefox browser experience
 * Keyboard shortcuts
 * Chat enhancements
 * Chat interface improvements
 * Web Chat contact list nickname support
 * Sametime Client RTL (Bi-Di) language support
 * Chat API (technical preview) updates
 * Grafana dashboards for monitoring and statistics
 * Push Proxy support
 * Sametime Database Utility
 * Outlook Calendar HCL Meetings Add-on updates

HCL Sametime Premium (v12.0)

 * Company branding
 * Virtual backgrounds
 * Meeting reports and recordings
 * Click to Call
 * File transfer
 * Pinned and muted chats
 * Microphone Background noise detection
 * Meeting modes
 * Member management
 * Waiting room
 * Mobile client policy improvements
 * Video layout enhancements

HCL Sametime Premium (v11.6 IF2)

 * Apache Tomcat upgraded
 * Open JDK updated
 * APNS certificate renewed

HCL Sametime Premium (v11.6)

 * New modern look
 * HCL Verse and iNotes enabled for Persistent Chat
 * Click to meet feature
 * New Web Chat client modern look and features
 * New Mobile clients on iOS and Android
 * Persistent chat and multi-device support
 * New features for administrators
 * 64-bit Community Server
 * Simplified Proxy Server install
 * Stand-alone Sametime Community Mux install
 * Support for APNS HTTP/2

HCL Sametime Premium (v11.5)

 * Instant meetings & persistent chat
 * Personal meeting rooms
 * Multiple screen-share per meeting
 * Moderator Controls
 * Video meeting options
 * Desktop App, Web & Mobile
 * Meeting Recording
 * Calendar integrations
 * Livestreaming capability
 * Secure data
 * Flexible deployment (Cloud, on-premises or hybrid)
 * Admin policies at the user, group and server level
 * Inbound/outbound telephony support

Features - Previous Versions through 11.0:

HCL Sametime is a client–server enterprise application that includes the HCL Sametime Connect client for end-users and the HCL Sametime Server for control and administration. HCL Sametime (pre v11.5) comes in four levels of functionality:

HCL Sametime Limited Use (Old name HCL Sametime Entry) provides basic presence and instant messaging.

HCL Sametime Standard provides additional functionality to HCL Sametime Entry, including:
 * rich presence including location awareness
 * rich-media chat, including point-to-point Voice-over-IP (VoIP) and video chat, timestamps, emoticons, and chat histories
 * group and multi-way chat
 * web conferencing
 * contact business cards
 * interoperability with public IM networks via the HCL Sametime Gateway, including AOL Instant Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger, Google Talk and XMPP-based services.
 * open APIs that allow integrations between HCL's own and other applications
 * Sametime Audio/Video Services supports audio (e.g. G.722.1) and video codecs (e.g. H.264)

HCL Sametime Advanced provides additional real-time community collaboration and social networking functionality to HCL Sametime Standard, including:
 * persistent chat rooms
 * instant screen sharing
 * geographic location services

HCL Sametime Unified Telephony provides additional telephony functionality to HCL Sametime Standard or HCL Sametime Advanced, including:
 * telephony presence
 * softphone
 * click-to-call and click-to-conference
 * incoming call management
 * call control with live call transfer
 * connectivity to, and integration of, multiple telephone systems - both IP private branch exchange (IP-PBX) and legacy time-division multiplexing (TDM) systems

HCL Sametime Gateway provides server-to-server interoperability between disparate communities with conversion services for different protocols, presence information awareness, and instant messaging. HCL Sametime Gateway connects HCL Sametime instant messaging cooperate communities with external communities, including external HCL Sametime, and public instant messaging communities, such as: AOL, AIM, ICQ, Yahoo, Google Talk, and XMPP. HCL Sametime Gateway replaces the Sametime Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Gateway from earlier releases of HCL Sametime.

The HCL Sametime Gateway platform is based on IBM WebSphere Application Server, which provides failover, clustering, and scalability for the HCL Sametime Gateway deployment. The product is shipped with the following connectors: Virtual Places, SIP, and XMPP. More protocol connectors may be added.

Platform support, APIs and application integration
Because HCL Sametime is middleware, it supports application and business process integration. When within the context of real-time communications, this is often referred to as Communications Enabled Business Processes. Sametime integrates in either of two ways:

 * 1) by surfacing the application into an HCL Sametime plug-in
 * 2) by surfacing HCL Sametime capabilities into the target application

Some examples of integration between HCL Sametime and applications include:
 * HCL's products including HCL Notes, HCL Domino applications, HCL Connections, HCL Quickr
 * Microsoft office-productivity software including Microsoft Office, Microsoft Outlook, and Microsoft Sharepoint
 * portal applications, including portals built with IBM WebSphere Portal
 * web applications
 * packaged enterprise applications
 * embedded and client–server telephony applications

HCL Sametime Connect, the client component of HCL Sametime, is built on the Eclipse platform, allowing developers familiar with the framework to easily write plug-ins for HCL Sametime. It uses a proprietary protocol named Virtual Places, but also offers support for standard protocols, including Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), SIMPLE, T.120, XMPP, and H.323.

HCL Sametime Connect can run under Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS. Also available are a zero-download web client for Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and Apple Safari; mobile clients are also supported for Apple iPhone, Android, Microsoft Windows Mobile, RIM Blackberry, and Symbian. The HCL Sametime server runs on Microsoft Windows, IBM AIX, IBM i (formerly i5/OS), Linux and Solaris. Sametime can also be accessed using the free software Adium, Gaim, Pidgin, and Kopete clients.

History
HCL Sametime became an IBM product in 1998 as the synthesis of technologies IBM acquired from two companies:

 * 1) an American company called Databeam provided the architecture to host T.120 dataconferencing (for web messaging) and H.323 Multi-Media Conferencing
 * 2) Ubique, an Israeli company whose Virtual Places Chat software technology (also known as VPBuddy) provided the "presence awareness" functionality that allows people to detect which of their contacts are online and available for messaging or conferencing

The Sametime v3.1 client was part of the standard platform loaded by the IBM Standard Software Installer (ISSI) for many years, enabling communications over the corporate intranet by hundreds of thousands of IBM employees. The next major release was the Sametime v7.5 client, built on the Eclipse (software) platform, enabling the use of the plug-in framework.

In 2008 Gartner positioned IBM for the first time as a "leader" in Gartner's Unified Communications Magic Quadrant.

title: HCL Sametime


text: User talk:81.218.90.181

title: User talk:81.218.90.181


text:
Auricle (anatomy)

The auricle or auricula is the visible part of the ear that is outside the head. It is also called the pinna (Latin for 'wing' or 'fin', : pinnae), a term that is used more in zoology.

Structure
The diagram shows the shape and location of most of these components:

 * antihelix forms a 'Y' shape where the upper parts are:
 * Superior crus (to the left of the fossa triangularis in the diagram)
 * Inferior crus (to the right of the fossa triangularis in the diagram)
 * Antitragus is below the tragus
 * Aperture is the entrance to the ear canal
 * Auricular sulcus is the depression behind the ear next to the head
 * Concha is the hollow next to the ear canal
 * Conchal angle is the angle that the back of the concha makes with the side of the head
 * Crus of the helix is just above the tragus
 * Cymba conchae is the narrowest end of the concha
 * External auditory meatus is the ear canal
 * Fossa triangularis is the depression in the fork of the antihelix
 * Helix is the folded over outside edge of the ear
 * Incisura anterior auris, or intertragic incisure, or intertragal notch, is the space between the tragus and antitragus
 * Lobe (lobule)
 * Scapha, the depression or groove between the helix and the anthelix
 * Tragus

Development
The developing auricle is first noticeable around the sixth week of gestation in the human fetus, developing from the auricular hillocks, which are derived from the first and second pharyngeal arches. These hillocks develop into the folds of the auricle and gradually shift upwards and backwards to their final position on the head. En route accessory auricles (also known as preauricular tags) may be left behind. The first three hillocks are derived from the 1st branchial arch and form the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix, respectively. Cutaneous sensation to these areas is via the trigeminal nerve, the attendant nerve of the 1st branchial arch. The final three hillocks are derived from the second branchial arch and form the antihelix, antitragus, and lobule, respectively. These portions of the ear are supplied by the cervical plexus and a small portion by the facial nerve. This explains why vesicles are classically seen on the auricle in herpes infections of the facial nerve (Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II).

The auricle's functions are to collect sound and transform it into directional and other information. The auricle collects sound and, like a funnel, amplifies the sound and directs it to the auditory canal. The filtering effect of the human pinnae preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech.

Amplification and modulation
Amplification of sound by the pinna, tympanic membrane and middle ear causes an increase in level of about 10 to 15 dB in a frequency range of 1.5 kHz to 7 kHz. This amplification is an important factor in inner ear trauma resulting from elevated sound levels.

Non-electrical hearing apparatuses which were designed to protect hearing (particularly that of musicians and others who work in loud environments) which fit snugly in the concha have been studied by the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR) at the University of Southampton in the U.K.

Notch of pinna
Due to its anatomy, the pinna largely eliminates a small segment of the frequency spectrum; this band is called the pinna notch. The pinna works differently for low and high frequency sounds. For low frequencies, it behaves similarly to a reflector dish, directing sounds toward the ear canal. For high frequencies, however, its value is thought to be more sophisticated. While some of the sounds that enter the ear travel directly to the canal, others reflect off the contours of the pinna first: these enter the ear canal after a very slight delay. This delay causes phase cancellation, virtually eliminating the frequency component whose wave period is twice the delay period. Neighboring frequencies also drop significantly. In the affected frequency band – the pinna notch – the pinna creates a band-stop or notch filtering effect. This filter typically affects sounds around 10 kHz, though it can affect any frequencies from 6 – 16 kHz. It also is directionally dependent, affecting sounds coming from above more than those coming from straight ahead. This aids in vertical sound localization.

Functions
In animals, the function of the pinna is to collect sound, and perform spectral transformations to incoming sounds which enable the process of vertical localization to take place. It collects sound by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the auditory canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process, as well as frequency dependent amplitude modulation which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat.

Clinical significance
There are various visible ear abnormalities:

 * traumatic injury
 * infection
 * wart, mole, birthmark
 * scars, including keloids
 * cyst
 * skin tag
 * sunburn, frostbite
 * pressure ulcer, often from a poorly fitting hearing aid
 * anotia, absent pinna
 * microtia, underdeveloped pinna
 * cryptotia, a pinna covered beneath the skin of the scalp
 * Stahl's deformity, pointed pinna due to an extra fold of cartilage
 * cupped or constricted ear deformity, a hooded superior helix
 * preauricular pit
 * preauricular tag
 * Darwin's tubercle, protuberance on the anterior helix
 * hypertrichosis, including hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita, a hairy pinna
 * cauliflower ear, post-traumatic cartilage deformity
 * tophus, nodule on the pinna related to gout
 * chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis (Winkler's nodule), a nodule initiated by solar damage
 * actinic keratosis and cutaneous horn, premalignant lesions caused by solar damage
 * benign and malignant neoplasm, including tumors, keratoacanthoma, carcinoma

In other species
Visible pinnae are a common trait in mammals, particularly placental mammals and marsupials, but are poorly developed or absent in monotremes. Marine mammals usually have either reduced pinnae or no pinnae due to sound travelling differently in water than in air, as well as the fact that auricles would potentially slow them down in the water. Skin impressions show large, mouse-like pinnae in Spinolestes.

External pinnae are absent in other tetrapod groups such as reptiles, amphibians, and birds.

title: Auricle (anatomy)


text: File:New York Minute (movie poster).jpg

title: File:New York Minute (movie poster).jpg


text:
Talk:Systemic scleroderma

Heat
Heat is bad as is the cold for scleroderma. Heat causes excessive fatigue more so then you allready get with this disease. The harding of the skin can be very life threatening. I am not getting any blood to my rear end I can't stand the pain. Sleeping is very hard to do. It is hard to stand, sit or lie down. Because of the hard skin there is no blood flow along my skin between my two cheeks, it is raw and getting open sores much like the ones on fingers of others with scleroderma. We must get the word out about this disease, I did not know about it till I was told that I have it.
 * I agree. My mother has the disease and it took doctors years to arrive at this diagnosis.  she does not show very much of the characteristic skin hardening, but she makes up for it with the other symptoms.  --Morbid-o 12:44, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia is flawed. Information about something as obscure as scleroderma needs to come from a source that is current and updated often. It's impossible to get that on a site that not only requires you to write the update but to document it. Go to the source for current, medically-reviewed information about scleroderma - www.scleroderma.org.

 * I agree that this article should be based on authoratitive sources, preferably a recent systematic review. Many medical articles are indeed updated frequently, but there is clearly nobody around who is willing to nurture this article. Instead of criticism, how about you put some work in to improve this article? JFW | T@lk  00:45, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

I have it all ready, just haven't had the time or stamina (I have the systemic disease) to learn how to do the Wikipedia "documentation." I cite the places I get info from in the article and don't know why I have to use some unique coding system.

 * Coding system? It's Wiki markup and very easy to learn, see how to edit a page for more. JFW | T@lk  15:00, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

I'm happy it's easy for you to learn. If you had the disease, you'd understand why "easy" is relative.

 * I'm unsure how scleroderma symptoms should impair Wikipedia editing more than any other form of typing. I did not intend to offend you. JFW | T@lk  14:04, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

I heard colchicine is an effective treatment for schleroderma, but don't want to add it without proof. If anyone wants to look this up...

 * This study laments the absence of well-designed trials of colchicine in scleroderma. There's a nice subject for your PhD! JFW | T@lk  23:38, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Pathogenesis
I wrote the pathogenesis section completely on the basis of Jimenez & Derk's excellent review. One wishes there were more systemic reviews of this type. Further sources would still be welcome. The review was in 2004. Has anything else come to the surface that is worth discussing? JFW | T@lk  23:38, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Nice additions. The review article is quite good.  -- Samir   धर्म 21:07, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks. Have you anything to add with respect to the oesophageal dysmotility and malabsorption? JFW | T@lk  16:49, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Added a bit on complications. -- Samir   धर्म 08:22, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Scleroderma : help me
If Scleroderma is a genetic diseases? my mother has the diseases, what are the chances that i will have it?(i mean is it dominant diseases?) what pecautions should i take to avoid the disease?
 * There does appear to be a genetic component to the disease as suggested by the following abstract:
 * Assassi S, Tan FK. Genetics of scleroderma: update on single nucleotide polymorphism analysis and microarrays. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005 Nov;17(6):761-7. Review..
 * I suggest you talk to your doctor. Nephron T|C 08:34, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Having a member of the family with scleroderma increases the rate to 1.3% from a few in a million. Rates among identical twins are about 20% (if one gets it, the chance the other will is about 20%). JoshNarins (talk) 12:53, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

Deleted BoTox reference
This cannot be correct. Scleroderma reduces Lower Esophageal Sphincter(LES) pressure by reducing the ability of the muscles to contract, causing the GE junction to be slack, and allowing the regurgitation of stomach acid into the esophagus. This causes esophageal erosion, Barrett's Esophagus, and esophageal strictures. Strictures are not muscular, they are fibrous connective tissue bands caused by the corrosive scarring of the stomach acid. The treatment for strictures is by esophageal dilitation with a device called a Bouge (among others).

Botulinum Toxin, maybe the most potent toxin known to man, is a paralytic substance. There is no need to use a paralytic on an already slackened LES. Since esophageal strictures are fibrous bands and not muscular, they cannot be treated with a paralytic. In fact, BoTox is one of the treatments for Achalasia, which is the failure of the LES to relax; the exact OPPOSITE effect of Scleroderma.

I hope that it is Ok that I delete the Botulinum toxin reference from the GI effects section.

Cochise11 00:01, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

8-) No this is NOT an April fools joke.

Is there a reason why Botulinum Toxin is still on the page? It is not a viable treatment option for esophageal scleroderma.

"Dysphagia due to esophageal dysfunction is common and results from abnormalities in motility and later from fibrosis."(Hellmann et al., 2007, p. 858)

"Esophageal reflux can be reduced and the risk of scarring diminished by avoidance of late-night meals and elevation of the head of the bed. In addition, proton pump inhibitors (eg, omeprazole, 20–40 mg/d orally), the only drugs that achieve near-complete inhibition of gastric acid production, are remarkably effective for refractory esophagitis. Patients with delayed gastric emptying maintain their weight better if they eat small, frequent meals and remain upright for at least 2 hours after eating."(Hellmann et al., 2007, p. 859)

"Gastroesophageal reflux disease affects 20% of adults, who report at least weekly episodes of heartburn, and up to 10% complain of daily symptoms. Although most patients have mild disease, esophageal mucosal damage (reflux esophagitis) develops in up to 50% and more serious complications develop in a few others. Several factors may contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease." (McQuaid et al., 2007, p. 578)

"The antireflux barrier at the gastroesophageal junction depends on intrinsic lower esophageal sphincter pressure, the intra-abdominal location of the sphincter, and the extrinsic compression of the sphincter by the crural diaphragm. In most patients, baseline lower esophageal sphincter pressures are normal (10–30 mm Hg). In patients without hiatal hernias, about 70% of reflux episodes occur during relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter that occur spontaneously ("transient relaxations") or as prolonged relaxation after swallowing. The remaining events occur during periods of low sphincter pressure ("hypotensive" sphincter). A small number of patients with more severe involvement (especially those with strictures) have chronically incompetent sphincters (< 10 mm Hg), resulting in free reflux or stress reflux during lifting, bending, or abdominal straining."(McQuaid et al., 2007, p. 578)

Note that scleroderma causes a slack, or hypotensive, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) due to the lack of the ability of the sphincter to contract as a result of the fibrous deposition in the muscle. Over time the disease progresses, and by definition, causes the LES to become chronically incompetent leading to esophageal strictures.

"Stricture formation occurs in about 10% of patients with esophagitis (see endoscopy). It is manifested by the gradual development of solid food dysphagia progressive over months to years. Often there is a reduction in heartburn because the stricture acts as a barrier to reflux. Most strictures are located at the gastroesophageal junction. Strictures located above this level usually occur with Barrett's metaplasia. Endoscopy with biopsy is mandatory in all cases to differentiate peptic stricture from malignant causes of esophageal stricture (esophageal carcinoma). Active erosive esophagitis is often present. Up to 90% of symptomatic patients are effectively treated with dilation with flexible weighted bougies (passed under fluoroscopic guidance), graduated polyvinyl catheters passed over a wire placed at the time of endoscopy or fluoroscopically, or balloons passed fluoroscopically or through an endoscope. Dilation is continued over one to several sessions. A luminal diameter of 13–17 mm is usually sufficient to relieve dysphagia. Long-term therapy with a proton pump inhibitor is required to decrease the likelihood of stricture recurrence. Some patients require intermittent dilation to maintain luminal patency, but operative management for strictures that do not respond to dilation is seldom required. Refractory strictures may benefit from endoscopic injection of triamcinolone into the stricture." (McQuaid et al., 2007, p. 580)

Triamcinolone is a corticosteroid used for its antiinflammatory effect. Refractory means obstinately resistant to authority or control.

Botulinum toxin is NEVER MENTIONED in this section of "Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment". Why? Because like I said previously, it makes no sense to administer a paralytic substance to an already incompetent LES. The stricture is a fibrous band, with absolutely NO MUSCLE tissue whatsoever. If muscle tissue is not present, then there can be no muscular contraction (or relaxation). Therefore, fibrous bands cannot be treated with botulinum toxin at all. EVER.

I challenge anyone in this entire english Wiki to find proof of at least equal strength to the evidence that I present here, that will actually endorse the use of Botulinum Toxin for esophageal strictures. Now I will present additional information which will prove my case beyond any reasonable doubt.

"Achalasia is an idiopathic motility disorder characterized by loss of peristalsis in the distal two-thirds (smooth muscle) of the esophagus and impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. There appears to be denervation of the esophagus resulting primarily from loss of nitric oxide-producing inhibitory neurons in the myenteric plexus. The cause of the neuronal degeneration is unknown."(McQuaid et al., 2007, p. 592-593) Idiopathic just means that there is no known cause. Peristalsis is the creation of wave-like contractions for the purpose of moving material farther through a tube like structure. Nitric Oxide has the effect of inducing relaxation in smooth muscle structures. Note that the end effect of the vastly different disease processes, HAVE THE EXACT OPPOSITE EFFECT ON THE LES.

"Chest x-rays may show an air-fluid level in the enlarged, fluid-filled esophagus. Barium esophagography discloses characteristic findings, including esophageal dilation, loss of esophageal peristalsis, poor esophageal emptying, and a smooth, symmetric "bird's beak" tapering of the distal esophagus. Without treatment, the esophagus may become markedly dilated ("sigmoid esophagus").(McQuaid et al., 2007, p. 593) The dilated esophagus is primarily the result of ingested material. That material is stopped by LES that is unable to relax, and is in fact clenching down on itself with about 2-3 times the normal force of contraction, preventing anything from passing into the stomach. As the esophagus becomes distended by the ingested material, the smooth muscles in the esophageal wall stretches beyond the ability of the actin and myosin fibers in the majority of the individual muscle cells to connect with each other. This causes the complete lack of peristalsis in contrast to the lack of relaxation in the LES. So how can this problem be solved? Well it all starts with getting the LES to open up somehow.

"Endoscopically guided injection of botulinum toxin directly into the lower esophageal sphincter results in a marked reduction in lower esophageal sphincter pressure with initial improvement in symptoms in 65–85% of patients. However, symptom relapse occurs in over 50% of patients within 6–9 months and in all patients within 2 years. Three-fourths of initial responders who relapse have improvement with repeated injections. Because it is inferior to pneumatic dilation therapy and surgery in producing sustained symptomatic relief, this therapy is most appropriate for patients with comorbidities who are poor candidates for more invasive procedures."(McQuaid et al., 2007, p. 593) The rest of the section goes on to talk about additional treatment options involving pneumatic balloon dilation, and surgical myotomy. If any of you are motivated and able, and you can find it, you can look that up on your own.

Hellmann, D. B., & Stone, J. H. (2007). Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma). In L. M. Tierney, Jr., S. J. McPhee, & M. A. Papadakis (Eds.), Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment (pp. 858-859). San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

McQuaid, K. R. (2007). Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. In L. M. Tierney, Jr., S. J. McPhee, & M. A. Papadakis (Eds.), Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment (pp. 578-583). San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

McQuaid, K. R. (2007). Esophageal Motility Disorders. In L. M. Tierney, Jr., S. J. McPhee, & M. A. Papadakis (Eds.), Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment (pp. 592-595). San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Now that I have proven my point beyond a shadow of a doubt, I will delete the offending term "Botulinum Toxin" from the page.

Cochise11 01:49, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup of my own mess
Sorry about this. When I deleted the BoTox reference, it caused the paragraph to not make sense. Additionally, there is no mention in the literature about the development of Megaesophagus from Sclreoderma. Megaesophagus is a sequele of Chaga's disease, and Achalasia. "Chagas' disease is associated with esophageal dysfunction that is indistinguishable from idiopathic achalasia and should be considered in patients from endemic regions (Central and South America); it is becoming more common in the southern United States." (McQuaid et al., 2007, p. 593) "The chronic stage is usually manifested by cardiac disease in the third and fourth decades of life, characterized by arrhythmias, congestive heart failure (often with prominent right-sided findings), ventricular aneurysms, and systemic or pulmonary embolization originating from mural thrombi. Valvular lesions are absent. Sudden cardiac arrest in young persons may occur and is attributed to ventricular fibrillation. '''Megacolon and megaesophagus, caused by damage to nerve plexuses in the bowel or esophageal wall, occur in some areas of Chile, Argentina, and Brazil; findings include dysphagia, regurgitation, constipation, sigmoid volvulus, bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine, and parotid gland hypertrophy. Megasyndromes can also affect the urinary tract.'''"(Jacobs et al., 2007, p. 1497)

The bold part below is what doesn't make sense:

"Scleroderma can decrease motility anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract.[5] The most common source of motility involvement is the esophagus, which can also lead to difficulty swallowing or dysphagia, or to chest pain. The esophagus can become massively dilated (megaesophagus).[1] This can be treated with esophageal dilatation."

I'm going to make the bold part say:

"The most common source of decreased motility involvement is the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to dysphagia and chest pain. As Scleroderma progresses, esophageal involvement from abnormalities in decreased motility may worsen due to progressive fibrosis (scarring). If this is left untreated, acid from the stomach can back up into the esophagus causing esophagitis, and GERD. Further scarring from acid damage to the lower esophagus many times leads to the development of fibrotic narrowing, also known as strictures which can be treated by dilitation, and Barrett's esophagus."

McQuaid, K. R. (2007). Esophageal Motility Disorders. In L. M. Tierney, Jr., S. J. McPhee, & M. A. Papadakis (Eds.), Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment (pp. 592-595). San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Jacobs, R. A. (2007). American Trypanosomiasis (Chaga's Disease). In L. M. Tierney, Jr., S. J. McPhee, & M. A. Papadakis (Eds.), Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment (pp. 1496-1498). San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Cochise11 22:02, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Cochise11 22:28, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Some issues
Localised scleroderma... does it needs its own article given that this article is presently mainly about systemic sclerosis?

is another nice resource that summarises recent trial results.

suggests bacterial overgrowth is rather common, and that rifaximin may be of benefit. JFW | T@lk  11:30, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * http://pats.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/4/5/434 - management of lung disease. JFW | T@lk  11:57, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * - when to suspect watermelon stomach. JFW | T@lk  09:22, 25 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree. If no one objects, I'll move this article to "systemic scleroderma", and generate a stub for "localised scleroderma". --Arcadian (talk) 04:58, 17 February 2009 (UTC)
 * This plan sounds good to me. Also, just so you are aware, there are some stubs on the various types of scleroderma (see Scleroderma). kilbad (talk) 12:44, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

I'd like to help
I'm particularly interested in Pulmonary Hypertension secondary to Scleroderma. I can provide references and will keep everything according to current resources. The field is changing daily but since there is so little published here, I see it as an opportunity share what I have learned by necessity. I'm a former medical researcher, no longer able to do lab work. If I put up a suggested outline I hope other scientists would give me feedback and editors would help me learn how to do the article properly. The first decision would be what to put under scleroderma, and what to put under pulmonary hypertension. Jo47phox (talk) 19:48, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

What The?
I can't tell if this article is just written poorly or what, but after stumbling through the first few paragraphs and being thoroughly confused, I jumped ahead to sections I would hope to enlighten me, and was balked. Almost everything here reads like pseudo-scientific rambling. I honestly can't tell from this article: Is this a real, recognized disease or just a class of symptoms caused by something the author of this page was disinclined to mention? NOTHING on this page describes clearly what the cause of this "disease" is, nor does it acknowledge this fact. This makes me highly suspect. If it is so poorly understood that the opening paragraph cannot explain the nature of this disease outside of mentioning a few vague symptoms, I think a note to that order would be justified.

Looking at other webpages that speak of this disease, it is pretty clear to me that is is insanely rare and that what causes it are absolutely unknown. This needs to be reflected in this page, and the useless technical jargon removed IMO. It certainly didn't help me understand this issue any more than I did looking for this page. 198.144.206.231 (talk) 11:24, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

 * It is not that rare, unfortunately. Not "insanely" rare anyway. And even though it is relatively rare, it is a nasty chronic disease that is not infrequently lethal due to its associated organ damage.
 * When I wrote the section on pathophysiology I thought it was reasonably clear that there is no definite known cause for this disease. Rather, there is some knowledge on the way it causes tissue damage, but the relative importance of several known risk factors is not clear at all. I'll see if I can clarify this. JFW | T@lk  06:01, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

CREST
I'm not a professional and I'm not American either so I don't want to mess with the article, but I was told by a rheumatologist that in the UK use of the CREST definition is falling out of favour and it is not longer used as an official classification. She told me that what would previously have been called CREST is now lumped in as limited cutaneous sclerosis.

Also, I understand that that subtype does have a significant incidence of pulmonary hypertension (so people with scleroderma get yearly echos and pulmonary function tests) and also renal crisis with malignant hypertension. So you can't really say that people with CREST (which doesn't officially exist any more) don't get pulmonary and renal sequelae. Most don't, but enough do that it is an important complication.

Whrrivers (talk) 22:52, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

 * CREST is a form of limited SSc, that's right. The rate of death, I've read, is 1-4%/annum for CREST's, 7-10%/annum for diffuse SSc forms. It certainly isn't a fun disease, but the dSSc forms are far more deadly. CREST, the term, might go away, but this form of SSc is very specific. People who have the anti-centromere antibodies (ACA) have CREST's, and many patients express one of the 9 anti-bodies that distinguish the 9 disease sub-types (e.g. ACA, Scl-70, Anti-Topoisomerase, Anti-RNP III, Anti-Th/To). Incidences of the four, major, internal organ complications (PAH, pulmonary fibrosis, scleroderma renal crisis, and GI complications) are much worse in dSSc than CREST's. By the way, using lSSc has its own problems. CREST's and Anti-Th/To can be classified as lSSc, because of the limited skin involvement, but Anti-Th/To acts like the progressive dSSc in every other respect. CREST's really is in its own boat, and represents 2/3rds of annual SSc cases. JoshNarins (talk) 13:07, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

systemic sclerosis
I think that most medical sources refer to systemic scleroderma as systemic sclerosis.Therefore,to be consistent,i propose renaming the page systemic scleroderma systemic sclerosis.I am a bit reluctant to do it my self because i have little experience renaming pages.Immunize (talk) 16:15, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Systemic Sclerosis
I agree completely: This page should be named Systemic Sclerosis. Systemic Scleroderma is NOT a medical term.

Altes2009 (talk) 17:59, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Review articles
I just searched Pubmed for review articles in my favorite journals on systemic sclerosis and I found two (plus an interesting epidemiological study) that weren't cited in the article. Unfortunately they're not as current as one would like given how fast the immunological treatments are changing.

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra0806188 Scleroderma. Gabrielli A, Avvedimento EV, Krieg T. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 7;360(19):1989-2003. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0806188. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 19420368

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2806%2968737-0/fulltext Systemic sclerosis: hypothesis-driven treatment strategies. Charles C, Clements P, Furst DE. Lancet. 2006 May 20;367(9523):1683-91. Review. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68737-0 PMID:16714190

Systemic sclerosis: demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in 1,012 Italian patients. Ferri C, Valentini G, Cozzi F, Sebastiani M, Michelassi C, La Montagna G, Bullo A, Cazzato M, Tirri E, Storino F, Giuggioli D, Cuomo G, Rosada M, Bombardieri S, Todesco S, Tirri G; Systemic Sclerosis Study Group of the Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR-GSSSc). Medicine (Baltimore). 2002 Mar;81(2):139-53. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 11889413

--Nbauman (talk) 23:38, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I achieve the best result by searching for the related MESH term as Major heading. In this case the search term is "Scleroderma, Systemic"[MAJR]. Having done that, I select "Review" to exclude all primary research. This still gives >1000 citations, but it is possible to find key references purely by looking at the title. There's been a number of reviews on systemic sclerosis within the last five years.
 * 10.1002/art.38098 is a recent key document. JFW | T@lk  23:03, 16 September 2014 (UTC)

Stem cell transplants
10.1111/bjh.13201 JFW | T@lk  00:15, 12 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Systemic scleroderma


text:
Talk:Dorrian's Red Hand Restaurant

Untitled

 * For the WikiYellowPages perhaps?
 * The article was created because the restaurant was mentioned in Robert Chambers (criminal case). Perhaps someone who has been there can add a description? BTW, please sign your posts using ~~~~ (4 tildes). Dubidub 17:03, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dorrian's Red Hand Restaurant


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Battle of the Imjin River

The Battle of the Imjin River (Labanan sa Ilog Imjin), also known as the Battle of Solma-ri (설마리 전투) or Battle of Gloster Hill (글로스터 고지 전투) in South Korea, or as Battle of Xuemali in China, took place 22–25 April 1951 during the Korean War. Troops from the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) attacked United Nations Command (UN) positions on the lower Imjin River in an attempt to achieve a breakthrough and recapture the South Korean capital Seoul. The attack was part of the Chinese Spring Offensive, the aim of which was to regain the initiative on the battlefield after a series of successful UN counter-offensives in January–March 1951 had allowed UN forces to establish themselves beyond the 38th Parallel at the Kansas Line.

The section of the UN line where the battle took place was defended primarily by British forces of the 29th Infantry Brigade, consisting of three British and one Belgian infantry battalions (Belgian United Nations Command) supported by tanks and artillery. Despite facing a greatly numerically superior enemy, the brigade held its general positions for three days. When the units of the 29th Infantry Brigade were ultimately forced to fall back, their actions in the Battle of the Imjin River together with those of other UN forces, for example in the Battle of Kapyong, had blunted the impetus of the PVA offensive and allowed UN forces to retreat to prepared defensive positions north of Seoul, where the PVA were halted. It is often known as the "Battle that saved Seoul."

"Though minor in scale, the battle's ferocity caught the imagination of the world", especially the fate of the 1st Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment, which was outnumbered and eventually surrounded by Chinese forces on Hill 235, a feature that became known as Gloster Hill. The stand of the Gloucestershire battalion, together with other actions of the 29th Brigade in the Battle of the Imjin River, has become an important part of British military history and tradition.

Background
Following the Soviet-backed North Korean invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, a UN counter-offensive had reached the North Korean border with China. On the premise of fearing for its own security, China committed troops it had already moved to the border and began three offensives between 3 November 1950 and 24 January 1951 which pushed the UN forces south of the original border between North and South Korea along the 38th Parallel and captured Seoul. A fourth offensive in mid-February was blunted by UN forces in the Battle of Chipyong-ni and Third Battle of Wonju. At the end of February the UN launched a series of offensive operations, recapturing Seoul on 15 March and pushing the front line back northwards. In early April Operation Rugged established the front in a line that followed the lower Imjin river, then eastwards to the Hwacheon Reservoir and on to the Yangyang area on the east coast, known as the Kansas Line. The subsequent Operation Dauntless pushed out a salient between the Imjin river as it dog-legged north and the Hwacheon Reservoir, known as the Utah Line.

UN Forces
On 22 April the front line in the west along Lines Kansas and Utah was held by the United States Army (US) I Corps comprising, from west to east, the South Korean Republic of Korea Army (ROK) 1st Division, the US 3rd Division with the attached British 29th Brigade, the US 25th Division with the attached Turkish Brigade and the US 24th Division. The 29th Infantry Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Tom Brodie, consisted of the 1st Battalion Gloucestershire Regiment (Glosters), under Lieutenant-Colonel James P. Carne; the 1st Battalion Royal Northumberland Fusiliers (Fusiliers), under Lieutenant-Colonel Kingsley Foster; the 1st Battalion Royal Ulster Rifles (Rifles), under the temporary command of Major Gerald Rickord; and the Belgian Battalion, under Lieutenant-Colonel Albert Crahay (700 men), to which Luxembourg's contribution to the UN forces was attached. The brigade was supported by the 25 pounders of 45 Field Regiment Royal Artillery (RA) commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel MT Young, the 4.2 inch mortars of 170 Independent Mortar Battery RA, the Centurion tanks of C Squadron 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars under the command of Major Henry Huth, and by 55 Squadron Royal Engineers.

The four battalions of 29th Brigade covered a front of 12 mi. Gaps between units had to be accepted because there was no possibility of forming a continuous line with the forces available. "Brigadier Brodie determined to deploy his men in separate unit positions, centred upon key hill features" On the left flank, the Glosters were guarding a ford over the Imjin 1 mi east of the ROK 1st Division; the Fusiliers were deployed near the centre, around 2 mi northeast of the Glosters; the Belgians, occupying a feature called Hill 194 on the right, were the only element of the 29th Brigade north of the river. Their connection with the rest of the brigade depended on two pontoon bridges about 0.5 mi apart. These bridges connected the Belgians with Route 11, the 29th Brigade's main line of supply and communication. The Rifles served as the brigade's reserve and were deployed along Route 11. Extensive defensive preparations were not completed because the British expected to hold the position for only a short time. Neither minefields, deeply dug shelters nor extensive wire obstacles had been constructed. The British position on the Imjin river "was deemed safe" but vulnerable in case of an attack.

Chinese forces
The commander-in-chief of the PVA and North Korean Korean People's Army (KPA) forces in the Field, Marshal Peng Dehuai, planned to "wipe out...the American 3rd Division...the British 29th Brigade and the 1st Division of the Republic of Korean Army...after this we can wipe out the American 24th Division and 25th Division", and promised the capture of Seoul as a May Day gift to Mao Zedong. To achieve the objective Peng planned to converge on Seoul with three PVA army groups and a KPA corps; a total strength of some 305,000 men. The III and IX Army Groups were to attack the right flank of the US 3rd Division and the 24th and 25th Divisions on the Utah Line, east of the Imjin where it turned north. The XIX Army Group on the PVA right flank, west of the Imjin river where it turned north, were to attack the remainder of the 3rd Division and the ROK 1st Division. On the XIX Army Group front, the KPA I Corps and PVA 64th Army would attack the ROK 1st Division, while the 63rd Army would attack on their left, pitting it against 29th Brigade. The 63rd Army comprised three divisions, the 187th, 188th and 189th, with each division comprising three regiments, each of which comprised three battalions. Some 27,000 men in 27 battalions would be attacking 29th Brigade's four battalions, albeit in echelon, one division after the other.

The first night
The battle opened on the night of 22 April 1951. A PVA patrol on the north bank of the river moved around the Belgians on Hill 194 and continued to advance east towards the two bridges on which the Belgians depended. Elements of the 29th Brigade's reserve, the 1st RUR, were deployed forward at about 22:00 to secure the crossing but were soon engaged by PVA forces trying to cross the river. The Royal Ulster Rifles were unable to secure the bridges. This development meant that the Belgian battalion on the north bank of the river was in danger of being isolated from the rest of the 29th Brigade.

PVA forces following the initial patrol either attacked the Belgian positions on Hill 194 or continued their advance towards the bridges. Those who were able to cross the Imjin attacked the Fusiliers' right rear company, Z Company, on Hill 257, a position close to the river and almost directly south of the crossings. Further downstream, PVA forces managed to ford the Imjin and attacked the Fusiliers' left forward company, X Company, on Hill 152. The retreat of X Company from Hill 152 had serious consequences for Y Company, which occupied the right forward position of what can be described as a squarish fusilier position marked out by four widely spaced company perimeters at the corners. Although Y Company was not attacked directly, PVA forces threatened its flanks by forcing Z and X Companies from their positions. After unsuccessful British attempts to regain those lost positions on Hill 257 and 194, Y Company's position was abandoned, the retreat being covered by C Squadron, 8th Hussars.

On the left of the brigade's line, a patrol of 17 men from the Glosters' C Company lying in wait on the river bank repulsed three attempts by a battalion of the 559th Regiment, 187th Division to cross the river, eventually retiring without loss when their ammunition ran low and assaulting troops finally gained the opposite bank. During the night the Glosters' A and D Companies were attacked, and by 07:30 A Company, outnumbered six to one, had been forced from its position on Castle Hill. An attempt to retake it failed, during which Lieutenant Philip Curtis single-handedly destroyed a PVA machine-gun position with a grenade but was himself killed by a burst of machine-gun fire in the process. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.

The Glosters' withdrawal to Hill 235
On 23 April, attempts by the Fusiliers and forces from the US 3rd Infantry Division's reserve to regain control of areas lost during the night failed. An attack by the US 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry, on enemy forces near Hill 257 was ordered to support the Belgian withdrawal from the north bank of the Imjin River. Despite losing seven vehicles, the Belgian Battalion successfully withdrew to the east and took up new positions south of the Glosters and the Fusiliers before moving to the vicinity of the 29th Brigade's command post.

At around 20:30 on 23 April, the Glosters' A Company, now at less than half strength and with all officers killed or wounded, fell back to Hill 235. The withdrawal left D Company's position exposed, and with one of its platoons badly mauled in the overnight fighting, it too withdrew to the hill. B Company had not been pressed during the night, but the withdrawal of D Company on their left and the Fusiliers on their right left them exposed, and they were withdrawn to Hill 316, 800 yd east of C Company.

During the night of 23/24 April, the Glosters' B Company, outnumbered 18:1, endured six assaults, calling in artillery on their own position to break up the last of them. Low on ammunition and having taken many casualties, the seventh assault at 08:10 forced them to abandon their position, and just 20 survivors made it to Hill 235, to which battalion HQ, the Support Company and C Company had already withdrawn. As B Company fought for its life, the PVA 188th Division crossed the Imjin and attacked the Fusiliers and the Royal Ulster Rifles on the right of the brigade's line. The 187th Division also engaged the brigade's battalions on the right, while the 189th Division kept up the pressure on the left.

Most dangerous for the integrity of the 29th Brigade was the deep penetration of the line between the Glosters and the Fusiliers which had cut off the former. To counter the PVA attack and protect the Glosters from being completely surrounded, the Philippine 10th Battalion Combat Team (BCT) was temporarily attached to the 29th Brigade. A combined force of M24 tanks of the 10th BCT and Centurions of the 8th Hussars supported by infantry reached a point 2000 yd from Hill 235 on 24 April. However, the column failed to make contact as the lead tank was hit by PVA fire and knocked out, blocking the route and making any further advance against heavy resistance impossible. At this point, according to an official American narrative of operations, "the brigade commander considered it unwise to continue the effort to relieve the Gloucester Battalion and withdrew the relief force".

The Glosters were not alone on Hill 235. Throughout the battle, they were supported by the men of C Troop 170th Mortar Battery, Royal Artillery. As with The Glosters, C Troop lost men and fought to the end. Those who survived were taken prisoner with the Glosters and marched North.

The Presidential Citation presented to all who fought on Hill 235 included the brave men of C Troop 170th Mortar Battery. Whilst the Glorious Glosters are rightly named so, it must not be forgotten, that the men of C Troop 170th Mortar Battery RA fought side by side with them. The Presidential Citation was awarded for Esprit de Corps: Glosters & 170th Mortar Battery together All brave men together.

Retreat of the 29th Brigade
Continued PVA pressure on the UN forces along the Imjin prevented a planned attack by the US 1st and 3rd Battalions, 65th Infantry, to relieve the Glosters. When two further attempts by a tank troop to link up with the Glosters failed, Brodie left the decision to Carne whether to attempt a break-out or surrender. No further attempts to relieve the Glosters were undertaken because, at 08:00 on 25 April, US I Corps issued the order to execute Plan Golden A, which called for a withdrawal of all forces to a new defensive position further south.

In accordance with orders issued by I Corps, the Fusiliers, Rifles and Belgians, supported by the tanks of the 8th Hussars and the Royal Engineers of 55 Squadron, withdrew to the safety of the next UN position. The Belgians occupied blocking positions west and southwest of the 29th Brigade's command post in order to allow the other units of the brigade to fall back through the battalion's positions. The withdrawal under intense enemy pressure was made even more difficult by the fact that PVA forces dominated parts of the high ground along the line of retreat; they were able not only to observe any movements by the 29th Brigade, but also to inflict heavy casualties on the retreating units. Among those killed was the commanding officer of the Fusiliers, Lieutenant-Colonel Foster, who died when his jeep was hit by PVA mortar fire. In the words of Major Henry Huth of the 8th Hussars, the retreat was "one long bloody ambush". When B Company of the Ulsters, which had acted as rearguard during the retreat, reached the safety of the next UN line, all elements of the 29th Brigade except for the Glosters had completed the withdrawal.

The Glosters on Hill 235
The Glosters' situation on Hill 235 made it impossible for them to join the rest of the 29th Brigade after it had received the order to retreat. Even before the failed attempts to relieve the battalion on 24 April, B and C Companies had already suffered such heavy casualties that they were merged to form one company. Attempts to supply the battalion by air drop were unsuccessful. Despite their difficult situation, the Glosters held their positions on Hill 235 throughout 24 April and the night of 24/25 April. In the morning of 25 April, 45 Field Regiment could no longer provide artillery support. Since Brodie had left the final decision to Carne, the Glosters' CO "gave the order to his company commanders to make for the British lines as best as they could" on the morning of 25 April. Only the remains of D Company, under the command of Major Mike Harvey, reached the UN lines after several days. The rest of the battalion surrendered and 459 of them were taken prisoner, including Carne.

Importance of the battle
Had the PVA achieved a breakthrough in the initial stages of their assault, they would have been able to outflank the ROK 1st Division to the west and the US 3rd Infantry Division to the east of the 29th Brigade. Such a development would have threatened the stability of the UN line and increased the likelihood of success for a PVA advance on Seoul. Although the PVA benefited from the brigade's scattered deployment and lack of defensive preparations, they were nevertheless unable to take the positions before UN forces could check further advances. In three days of fighting, the determined resistance of the 29th Brigade severely disrupted the PVA offensive, causing it to lose momentum, and allowed UN forces in the area to withdraw to the No-Name Line, a defensive position north of Seoul, where the PVA/KPA were halted.

The scope and the outcome of the Imjin River engagement have been subjected to several interpretations according to different historiography traditions. According to official Chinese history, the elimination of the 1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment by the Chinese 63rd Army is considered to be an important victory, although the failure of the 64th and the 65th Army to eliminate the entire British 29th Independent Infantry Brigade and capture Seoul due to the defense of ROK 1st Infantry Division was a serious setback. On the other hand, the South Korean contributions to the Imjin River battle are only recorded in sparse detail by the official South Korean history, but historian Allan R. Millet has argued that the ROK 1st Infantry Division's performance in battle demonstrated the potential of South Korean armed forces, in the wake of serious failures during the period of 1950–51. In British Empire countries, the engagement has been interpreted as the 29th Brigade's sacrifice, against impossible odds when facing the Chinese 63rd Army, which ultimately prevented the Chinese from capturing Seoul. Regardless of the interpretations, independent research from historians Zhang Shu Guang and Andrew Salmon concluded that the actions of the 29th Brigade had disrupted the Chinese advance sufficiently to affect the outcome of the First Chinese Spring Offensive.

Casualties
According to a memorandum presented to the British cabinet on 26 June 1951, 29th Brigade suffered 1,091 casualties, including 34 officers and 808 other ranks missing. These casualties represented 20 to 25 percent of the brigade's strength on the eve of battle. Of the 1,091 soldiers killed, wounded or missing, 620 were from the Gloucestershire Regiment, which could muster only 217 men on 27 April. 522 soldiers of the Gloucestershire Regiment became prisoners of war. Of those taken prisoner, 180 were wounded and a further 34 died while in captivity. 59 soldiers of the Gloucestershire Regiment were killed in action. Based on estimates, PVA casualties in the Battle of the Imjin River can be put at around 10,000. As a result of the casualties suffered during the battle, the PVA 63rd Army, which had begun the offensive with three divisions and approximately 27,000 men, had lost over a third of its strength and was pulled out of the front line.

Memorial
The Gloucester Valley Battle Monument was later built at Gloster Hill 37.9442°N, 126.93604°W, beside the Seolmacheon stream.

The British Embassy in Seoul organises a service, officially called the Gloster Valley Memorial Service, for veterans on every anniversary of the battle. In 2008, it took place on 19 April as part of formal commemoration ceremonies that were held during 14–20 April. The outline of the commemorations in 2008 encompassed a service of commemoration, including the laying of wreaths and the presentations of Gloster Valley Scholarships – financial assistance to deserving children in the area where the battle took place – as well as a picnic lunch that offered visitors the opportunity to mingle with veterans. About 70 British veterans and the British ambassador to South Korea took part in the event.

Individual awards
In the Battle of the Imjin River two Victoria Crosses and one George Cross were awarded to soldiers of the Gloucestershire Regiment:
 * Lieutenant colonel James P. Carne, who commanded the battalion, was awarded the Victoria Cross. He was also awarded the US Army's Distinguished Service Cross.
 * Lieutenant Philip Curtis, who had recently learnt of his wife's death and who died in a lone counter-attack on enemy machine-guns, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.
 * Lieutenant Terence Edward Waters, who died in captivity, was awarded a posthumous George Cross for his conduct shortly after capture.

In addition, several soldiers were awarded the Distinguished Service Order:
 * Captain Anthony Farrar-Hockley, 1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment
 * Major Edgar Denis Harding 1st Battalion, Gloucestshire Regiment OC B Coy
 * Major Henry Huth, Officer Commanding, C Squadron, 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars
 * Major John Winn, Officer Commanding, Z Company, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers

The Military Cross was awarded to:
 * Harvey, 1st Battalion, the Gloucestershire Regiment, for his leadership of a group of 5 officers and 41 men of D Company who escaped and evaded the Chinese encirclement.
 * Major Leith-MacGregor DFC, Officer Commanding, Y Company, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers
 * Captain Peter Ormrod, 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars
 * Lieutenant Guy Temple, for his actions when a platoon from C Company, 1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment stopped four attempts by Chinese Communist Forces to cross the river on 22 April, only withdrawing when the platoon ran short of ammunition.
 * Captain Charles Stanfield Rutherford Dain, 45, Field Rgt, Royal Artillery, for manning a forward observer post for 2 days and nights whilst wounded.

The Military Medal was awarded to:
 * Warrant Officer Class 2 G E Askew, C Troop 170 Independent Mortar Battery

Lieutenant-Colonel Crahay received the U.S. Army's Distinguished Service Cross for his leadership of the Belgian battalion during the battle.

Unit citations
Three units were awarded the US Presidential Unit Citation for their part in the Battle of the Imjin River:
 * 1st Battalion Gloucestershire Regiment
 * C Troop, 170 Independent Mortar Battery, Royal Artillery
 * Belgian battalion

On 8 May 1951, by the command of U.S. President Harry S. Truman, General James Van Fleet presented the President's Distinguished Unit Citation to the Glosters, together with C Troop, 170 Heavy Mortar Battery, which had given invaluable support throughout the battle. The citation says:

"HEADQUARTERS

EIGHTH UNITED STATES ARMY KOREA (EUSAK)

Office of the Commanding General

KPO 301

GENERAL ORDERS

NUMBER 286 8 May 1951

BATTLE HONOURS – CITATION OF UNITS

BATTLE HONOURS – By direction of the President, under the provisions of Executive Order 9396 (Sec 1, WD Bul. 22.1943), superseding Executive Order 9075 (Sec.III, WD Bul.II, 1942) and pursuant in authority in AR 260-15, the following units are cited as public evidence of deserved honor and distinction. The citation reads as follows:

The 1ST BATTALION GLOUCESTERSHIRE REGIMENT, BRITISH ARMY and TROOP C, 170TH INDEPENDENT MORTAR BATTERY, ROYAL ARTILLERY, attached, are cited for exceptionally outstanding performance of duty and extraordinary heroism in action against the armed enemy near Solma-ri, Korea on 23, 24 and 25 April 1951. The 1st BATTALION and TROOP C were defending a very critical sector of the battle front during a determined attack by the enemy. The defending units were overwhelmingly outnumbered. The 83rd Chinese Communist Army drove the full force of its savage assault at the positions held by the 1st BATTALION, GLOUCESTERSHIRE REGIMENT and attached unit. The route of supply ran Southeast from the battalion between two hills. The hills dominated the surrounding terrain northwest to the Imjin River. Enemy pressure built up on the battalion front during the day 23 April. On 24 April the weight of the attack had driven the right flank of the battalion back. The pressure grew heavier and heavier and the battalion and attached unit were forced into a perimeter defence on Hill 235. During the night, heavy enemy forces had by-passed the staunch defenders and closed all avenues of escape. The courageous soldiers of the battalion and attached unit were holding the critical route selected by the enemy for one column of the general offensive designed to encircle and destroy 1st Corps. These gallant soldiers would not retreat. As they were compressed tighter and tighter in their perimeter defence, they called for close-in air strikes to assist in holding firm. Completely surrounded by tremendous numbers, these indomitable, resolute, and tenacious soldiers fought back with unsurpassed fortitude and courage. As ammunition ran low and the advancing hordes moved closer and closer, these splendid soldiers fought back viciously to prevent the enemy from overrunning the position and moving rapidly to the south. Their heroic stand provided the critically needed time to regroup other 1st Corps units and block the southern advance of the enemy. Time and again efforts were made to reach the battalion, but the enemy strength blocked each effort. Without thought of defeat or surrender, this heroic force demonstrated superb battlefield courage and discipline. Every yard of ground they surrendered was covered with enemy dead until the last gallant soldier of the fighting battalion was over-powered by the final surge of the enemy masses. The 1st BATTALION, GLOUCESTERSHIRE REGIMENT and TROOP C, 170th INDEPENDENT MORTAR BATTERY displayed such gallantry, determination, and esprit de corps in accomplishing their mission under extremely difficult and hazardous conditions as to set them apart and above other units participating in the same battle. Their sustained brilliance in battle, their resoluteness, and extraordinary heroism are in keeping with the finest traditions of the renowned military forces of the British Commonwealth, and reflect unsurpassed credit on these courageous soldiers and their homeland.

BY COMMAND OF LIEUTENANT GENERAL VAN FLEET.

OFFICIAL

LEVEN C ALLEN

Major General US Army.

Chief of Staff.

L. W. STANLEY.

Colonel AGC.

Adjutant General."

The Belgian United Nations Command, which was attached to the British 29th Brigade and replaced the 900 men of the Royal Ulster Rifles on 20 April 1951, initially held the brigade's right flank on the north bank of the river. It also included a Luxembourg platoon. It fought the Chinese there and then conducted a fighting withdrawal, supported by U.S. forces, before taking position in the center of the brigade's line, ahead of brigade headquarters, for the attempts to relieve the Glosters. The Belgian battalion was awarded the United States Distinguished Unit Citation and the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation for their conduct during the battle. "The Belgian battalion with the Luxembourg detachment of the UN Forces in Korea is mentioned for exceptional execution of its missions and for its remarkable heroism in its actions against the enemy on the Imjin, near Hantangang, Korea during the period from 20 till 26 April 1951. The Belgian battalion with the Luxembourg detachment, one of the smallest units of the UNO in Korea, has inflicted thirty-fold losses on the enemy compared to its own, due to its aggressive and courageous actions against the Communist Chinese. During this period considerable enemy forces, supported by fire by machine guns, mortars and artillery, repeatedly and heavily attacked the positions held by the battalion but, Belgians and Luxembourgers have continuously and bravely repulsed these fanatic attacks by inflicting heavy losses to the enemy forces... The extraordinary courage shown by the members of this units during this period has bestowed extraordinary honor on their country and on themselves"

title: Battle of the Imjin River


text:
Talk:Peking University

"Beida" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beida&redirect=no Beida] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 10:13, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peking University


text:
Post-mortem interval

The post-mortem interval (PMI) is the time that has elapsed since an individual's death. When the time of death is not known, the interval may be estimated, and so an approximate time of death established. Postmortem interval estimations can range from hours, to days or even years depending on the type of evidence present. There are standard medical and scientific techniques supporting such an estimation.

Examination of body and scene of death
Changes to a body occurring after death (post-mortem changes) include:

 * Algor mortis: body cooling;
 * Livor mortis: settling of blood in the lowest-placed parts of the body;
 * Rigor mortis: stiffening of limbs.

Conditions at the scene of death affect the estimation of time of death. To algor mortis, livor mortis and rigor mortis, together with consideration of stomach contents, there needs to be some observation of environmental conditions at the death scene to accurately measure the PMI (Fig. 1). Factors that can effect the rate of human decomposition are concerned with the particular environment a body has been recovered from. Bodies can be found anywhere from terrestrial to aquatic environments, each possessing their own variables that can alter interval estimations. Along with common factors of temperature, humidity and element exposure, body habitus and clothing are an example of a component that can affect the rate of cooling of the body, and so its rate of decomposition. A very approximate rule of thumb for estimating the postmortem interval is as follows: Due to significant environmental variations between regions, universal formulas would be ill-suited for this topic in forensic science.
 * Warm and flaccid: less than 3 hours
 * Warm and stiff: 3 to 8 hours
 * Cold and stiff: 8 to 36 hours
 * Cold and flaccid: More than 36 hours.

Analytical techniques
There are analytical techniques that can be used to determine the post-mortem interval:

 * Forensic entomology: insect (especially blowfly) activity on the corpse.
 * Forensic botany: Plant and soil effects on the process of decomposition.
 * Forensic pathology: Cause of death determination and subsequent postmortem changes
 * Ocular changes: vitreous chemistry composition, eye structural changes.
 * State or stage of decomposition: autolysis (process of self-digestion) and putrefaction (process caused by bacteria found within the body).

More advanced methods include DNA quantification, infrared spectroscopy, and for buried individuals changes in soil composition such as the levels of methane, phosphates and nitrates, ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen, volatile organic compounds, and water conductivity, could also reveal the time of death.

title: Post-mortem interval


text:
Virginia railway station

Virginia railway station is located on the North Coast line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the Brisbane suburb of Virginia. On 28 August 2000, a third platform opened as part of the addition of a third track from Northgate to Bald Hills.

Services
Virginia is served by all Citytrain network services from Kippa-Ring to Central, many continuing to Springfield Central

title: Virginia railway station


text:
Reinhold Remmert

Reinhold Remmert (22 June 1930 – 9 March 2016 ) was a German mathematician. Born in Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, he studied mathematics, mathematical logic and physics in Münster. He established and developed the theory of complex-analytic spaces in joint work with Hans Grauert. Until his retirement in 1995, he was a professor for complex analysis in Münster.

Remmert wrote two books on number theory and complex analysis which contain a huge amount of historical information together with references on important papers in the subject.

title: Reinhold Remmert


text:
Sunshine railway station, Brisbane

Sunshine railway station is located on the North Coast line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the Brisbane suburb of Geebung. On 28 August 2000, a third platform opened as part of the addition of a third track from Northgate to Bald Hills.

Services
Sunshine is served by all Citytrain network services from Kippa-Ring to Central, many continuing to Springfield Central

title: Sunshine railway station, Brisbane