text:
BMW M50

The BMW M50 is a straight-6 DOHC petrol engine which was produced from 1990 to 1996. It was released in the E34 520i and 525i, to replace the M20 engine.

In September 1992, the M50 was upgraded to the M50TU ("technical update"), which was BMW's first engine to use variable valve timing. Called single VANOS by BMW, the system adjusted the phasing of the intake camshaft.

The M50 began to be phased out following the introduction of the M52 engine in 1994.

The E36 M3 is powered by the S50 engine series, which is a high output version of the M50.

Design
A significant advance over its M20 predecessor, the M50 features dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) with four valves per cylinder (the M20 has a single overhead camshaft with 2 valves per cylinder), coil-on-plug ignition, a knock sensor and a lightweight plastic intake manifold. Both engines use an iron block with an aluminum alloy head. The redline is 6,500 rpm for the M50B25 and 6,750 rpm for the M50B20 (7,000 rpm for S50 models), the same as the final version of the M20.

The location of the oil pan (sump) varies according to the model the M50 is installed in. It is in the front on the E34 5 Series (like the M20), whereas it is in the rear on the E36 3 Series.

M50B20
The 1991 cc M50B20 was introduced with the 1990 520i. It has a bore of 80 mm, a stroke of 66 mm and produces 110 kW. The compression ratio is 10.5:1.

Applications:
 * 1990-1992 E34 520i
 * 1991-1995 E36 320i

M50B20TU
The M50B20 was updated with single VANOS in 1992. Peak torque became available at 4,200 rpm. It produces 110 kW at 5,900 rpm and 190 Nm at 4,200 rpm. The compression ratio was raised to 11.0:1.

Applications:
 * 1992-1994 E36 320i
 * 1992-1996 E34 520i

M50B24TU
This is a 2394 cc engine used in the Thailand and Oceania markets. It is based on the 2494 cc M50B25TU with the stroke reduced to 72 mm and produces 138 kW at 5,900 rpm and 240 Nm at 4,200 rpm. The compression ratio is 10.5:1.

Applications:
 * 1993-1995 E36 325iA/2.4
 * 1992-1996 E34 525iA/2.4

M50B25
The 2494 cc M50B25 was introduced with the 1990 525i and 525ix. It has a bore of 84 mm, a stroke of 75 mm and produces 141 kW at 6,000 rpm and 245 Nm at 4,700 rpm. The compression ratio is 10.0:1.

Applications:
 * 1990-1992 E34 525i, 525ix
 * 1991-1992 E36 325i, 325is

M50B25TU
The M50B25 was updated with single VANOS in 1992, resulting in peak torque becoming available at 4,200 rpm. It produces 141 kW at 5,900 rpm and 250 Nm at 4,200 rpm. The compression ratio was increased to 10.5:1.

Applications:
 * 1993-1995 E36 325i, 325is
 * 1992-1996 E34 525i, 525ix

M50B30TU concept
In 1993, BMW Individual created an concept of BMW E34 530iX called Enduro Touring. Only one car was produced, having an up-sized variant of M50B25TU engine. Bore and stroke was increased and the total displacement of 3.0 was achieved. The power and torque both increased to 181 kW and 316 Nm respectively.

S50
The S50 is the high performance version of the M50 which was used in the E36 M3, replacing the four-cylinder BMW S14 engine used in the E30 M3. Like the M50, the S50 has an iron block and aluminum head with four valves per cylinder.

In the United States, a less powerful engine called the "S50B30US" was used, which shares more in common with the regular M50 engine than the other S50 versions.

S50B30
The S50B30 was used in most countries, except for the United States (in 1993, BMW Canada officially imported 45 M3's with the S50B30 engine). The S50B30 produces 210 kW, has a bore of 86 mm, a stroke of 85.8 mm and a compression ratio of 10.8:1. The redline is 7,200 rpm. The S50 has an individual throttle body for each cylinder, single-VANOS (variable valve timing on the intake camshaft), Bosch Motronic M3.3 engine management and redesigned intake and exhaust systems.

The limited edition "M3 GT" model from 1995 produced 220 kW. It had different camshafts and a redesigned sump and oil pump.

Applications:
 * 1992-1995 E36 M3 (except for U.S.)

S50B30US
In the United States, the 1994-1995 model years of the E36 M3 are powered by the S50B30US, a 2990 cc engine which produces 179 kW. This engine is more closely related to the standard M50 engine and has the same compression ratio as the M50B25TU, but uses a different camshafts, crankshaft, connecting rods, and pistons. The bore is 86 mm, the stroke is 85.8 mm and the redline is 7,000 rpm.

In 1996, the S50B30US was replaced by the BMW S52 engine (in the United States and Canada only).

Applications:
 * 1994-1995 E36 M3 (U.S. only)

S50B32
In 1995, the S50B32 replaced the S50B30 (except in Canada and the United States, where the BMW S52 engine was used instead). Power output increased to 236 kW and the displacement increased to 3201 cc, due to an increased stroke of 91 mm and a slight increase in bore to 86.4 mm.

The S50B32 has double-VANOS (variable valve timing on both camshafts) and a secondary oil pick-up was added. The compression ratio is 11.3:1 and the redline is 7,600 rpm. Engine management is the Siemens MSS50, with 3 knock sensors.

Applications:
 * 1995-1999 E36 M3 (except Canada and the United States)
 * 1996-2000 Z3 M Coupe and M Roadster (except Canada and the United States)

title: BMW M50


text:
BMW M52

The BMW M52 is a straight-6 DOHC petrol engine which was produced from 1994 to 2000. It was released in the E36 320i, to replace the M50. The BMW S52 engine is a high performance variant of the M52 which powered the American and Canadian market E36 M3 from 1996 to 1999.

In 1998, the "technical update" (M52TU) upgrades included adding variable valve timing to the exhaust camshaft.

The M52 was replaced by the M54 in the year 2000. The M52 and S52 engines were on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list from 1997 to 2000.

Design
In most markets, the M52 switched from the M50's cast iron engine block to a lightweight aluminium engine block. However, most M52 engines produced for the United States and Canadian markets (except for those used by the BMW Z3 roadster) retained the M50's cast iron engine block, while other cars used the new aluminum M52 block with iron sleeves.

The largest version of the M52 is 2.8 litres, compared with 2.5 litres for the M50. As per the later versions of the M50, the M52 uses variable valve timing on the intake camshaft (called "single-VANOS"). The redline remained at 6,500 rpm.

Technical Update versions
In 1998, the M52TÜ ("Technical Update") was released, adding variable valve timing to the exhaust camshaft (called "double VANOS"). Other upgrades included a new design throttle body with the ASC (traction control) motor built in and throttle cable override, revised coolant passages with an additional drain back passage and a new cooling system with push fit hoses and a separate expansion tank plus a dual length intake manifold (called "DISA") and steel cylinder liners (in the aluminum block) carried over from the previous M52, these replacing Nikasil in March 1998.

M52B20
A 1991 cc version was introduced in 1994. Bore is 80 mm and stroke is 66 mm. The compression ratio is 11.0:1.

Applications:
 * 1994–1998 E36 320i
 * 1995–1998 E39 520i

M52TÜB20
The "technical update" in 1998 included double VANOS, which improved low rpm torque.

Applications:
 * 1998–2000 E46 320i, 320Ci
 * 1998–2000 E39 520i
 * 1999–2000 E36/7 Z3 2.0i

M52TÜB24
2.4 L. For Thai market only. The bore is 84 mm and the stroke is 72 mm.

M52B25
A 2494 cc version introduced in 1995. It produces 125 kW. Bore is 84 mm and stroke 75 mm. The compression ratio is 10.5:1.

Applications:
 * 1995–1998 E36 323i
 * 1995–2000 E36/5 323ti
 * 1995–1998 E39 523i

M52TÜB25
The "technical update" in 1998 included double VANOS, which improved low rpm torque.

Applications:
 * 1998–2000 E46 323i, 323Ci
 * 1998–2000 E39 523i
 * 1998–2000 E36/7 Z3 2.3i

M52B28
The 2793 cc version of the M52 debuted in 1995. It has a bore of 84 mm, a stroke of 84 mm and produces 142 kW. The compression ratio is 10.2:1.

Applications:
 * 1995–1999 E36 328i, 328is
 * 1995–1998 E39 528i
 * 1995–1998 E38 728i, 728iL
 * 1997–1998 E36/7 Z3 2.8
 * 1997–2000 Land Rover Defender (South Africa only)

M52TÜB28
The "technical update" in 1998 included double VANOS, which improved low rpm torque.

Applications:
 * 1998–2000 E46 328i, 328Ci
 * 1998–2000 E36/7/8 Z3 2.8
 * 1998–2000 E39 528i
 * 1998–2000 E38 728i

Nikasil problems with high sulfur fuels
The aluminum M52 engine received criticism in some markets with high levels of sulfur in the petrol during the late 1990s. Sulfur has a corrosive effect on Nikasil and led to many early M52 and M60 engines having premature bore-liner wear. Countries with high sulfur fuel (such as the United States) received an iron block version of the M52 (except for the M52B28 in the Z3 which was an aluminium block), so the Nikasil problem does not apply to most M52 engines in these countries.

Once the Nikasil coating was determined to be the cause of the problem, steel cylinder liners were used instead of the Nikasil coating. Therefore, the M52TU engine was not affected by the Nikasil problem.

S52
The S52 is a higher performance version of the M52, which replaced the S50B30US in the post-facelift (1996-1999) North American E36 M3.

Compared to the European-spec S50, the S52 is less powerful. The S52 also shares more in common with the regular M52 engine than the S50 did with the M50, for example sharing the engine block (cast iron, as per North American M52 engines) and cylinder head. Unique to the S52 is a bore of 86.4 mm and stroke of 89.6 mm for a total displacement of 3,152 cc. Compression ratio is 10.5:1. Other upgrades over the M52 include lighter camshafts (with increased lift and duration), valve springs and the exhaust system.

The S52 produces 240 hp at 6,000 rpm and 236 lbft of torque at 3,800 rpm. The S52 has a redline of 7,000 rpm while the M52 has a 6,500 rpm redline.

Applications:
 * 1996–1999 E36 M3 (Canada and United States only)
 * 1998–2000 E36/7/8 Z3M (Canada and United States only)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: BMW M52


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jealous Guy

From VfD:

After deleting the copyrighted lyrics, there's nothing there and not much potential for exapnsion. RickK 19:36, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree. I don't see how this could possibly serve as a valid article with encyclopedic content. My vote: Delete Skyler 19:57, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. A bit obscure perhaps, but known to many millions of people. It's a good stub, and could be expanded in many ways. It could include, for example, which John Lennon album it originally appeared on, and also the details of the two covers already described. A classic Wikipedia is not paper case IMO. Andrewa 21:24, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I can see it as having some potential benefit as a section of an article related to the particular John Lennon album, but not as a separate article unto itself. I can see the Wikipedia is not paper argument, but I am more concerned with the need for it to meet criteria of encyclopedic content, which unless it has some social significance behind it (i.e. caused a riot, stopped a war, was written during or about a significant piece of history, etc.) I don't see how it could meet the aforementioned criteria. Though it wouldn't be the first time I've been on the wrong side of an argument, I still vote Delete. Skyler 22:03, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well...It's supposed to be autobiographical, about Lennon's relationship with Yoko. And it was Roxy Music's only no 1 and the only Lennon tribute record that made no 1.  Maybe those things are of interest....? On balance, I think I'd keep it.  Deb 22:26, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep If an analysis of the lyrics and a background to the song are added, this article can imho be a very valuable contribution to wikipedia Aecis 22:39, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Where would you draw the line? If I created an article for each Pearl Jam, Eminem, Aerosmith, Snoop Dogg, or Britney Spears (all of whom have had number 1 hits on some list; three of them on Billboard) song and gave my personal analysis (btw, wouldn't analysis conflict with NPOV?) and background of each of these songs, would they be considered appropriate encyclopedic content? Pearl Jam's Black, Alive, and Jeremy told the story of a very troubled boy in three parts, which I think is noteworthy, but more appropriate for a fan site than an encyclopedia. It's disheartening that I am the only one on the side of this argument, but I think it is an important enough issue for Wikipedians to address with vigour. Skyler 00:04, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * In my view, those would be considered appropriate encyclopedic content, yes. There are also several articles about paintings (for instance one about Munch's The Scream). Should they be deleted as well? Songs are (or ought to be) art expressions, and an analysis of the expression deserves to be in an encyclopedia. Aecis 09:54, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep Dmn 00:13, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it is an historic song, in my opinion it is worth of an article, hence Lennon's page linked to it. SimonMayer 00:58, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yikes. Ok, do I think it can be more than a stub and therefore escape a VfD citerion?  Yes.  However, it needs a move to Jealous Guy (song) just for the sake of clarity and to prevent future disambigs (I know that Andrewa disagrees with me on these topics, but, well, I'm consistent).  We need a discussion of what the song is about, the chart positions of the various cover versions, etc.  For Bryan Ferry, the song was a hit, while for Lenon not so much.  Anyway, all of us voting keep (including me) can add a single straw to the pile.  By the end of voting, this might be so good an article as to remove all doubt.  Very weak Keep if we do our bit to help out.  In general, I'm with Skyler, as these things very rarely make it, and I'll change to delete if we don't succeed in a couple of days.  Geogre 01:01, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * < GomerPyle> Shame, shame, shame!  Nobody helped it.  Well, I've done some.  I sympathize with Skyler's point of view and normally hold it.  Only really monumental songs and chapters and things deserve to break out.  I thought this was one.  I maintain my keep. Geogre 18:44, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Moving this article to Jealous Guy (song) seems pointless unless there is something more or equally notable to claim the title, either instead of Jealous Guy (disambiguation) or in its own right. It doesn't do a great deal of harm, but setting up extra pages when there's nothing to disambiguate is a waste of time. It's no harder to move the article when (and if) we do find something to disambiguate. No change of vote. Andrewa 03:11, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I knew you'd disagree. I'm a preventionist in cases of single artworks like songs or movies, and it's just an opinion.  That said, the "waste of time" argument works both ways.  There is no additional functionality to not having the "(song)," but after things link to the unclarified title, those pages will have to moved with the article once some new animated show with the title becomes all the rage or some old anime is discovered with the title.  It's a minor point, of course, and doesn't affect our votes. Geogre 04:16, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * How sad a state of affairs it is when Wikipedia becomes overly idealistic. This article contains atleast some useful content, whether it is a great sized article or not, what does it matter? This page contains information that may be important to some people. Even the most primitive stub is better than no article at all. SimonMayer 02:43, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not at all concerned with the size. If someone wrote two sentences vaguely defining the Great Wall of China (just an example) and left it as a stub, I would have no problem. Even if it were a stub for an article which has the potential to be expanded into encyclopedic content by others and all it said was "Please expand." I would not complain. It's not the length, it's the topic involved and I don't think that is idealistic. I think it very practical thinking if we want Wikipedia to remain credible as a source of knowledge. If we create entries for any song (or book, or movie, etc.) that a group of people find to be historic than the fansite information will come to outweigh the serious encyclopedic content. Skyler 04:32, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * I still don't know where you draw the line. Shall we fill Wikipedia with stubs for the names of every song ever written by a successful artist and wait for someone who feels they are historic songs to come along and fill in as to why we should take notice? Show me a reason why this song constitutes encyclopedic content outside of the fact that John Lennon wrote it and a couple bands covered it and I will gladly reconsider. Until then I'm with Andrewa on one thing: no change of vote here, either. Skyler 04:32, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * By the way, I don't mean to be argumentative (well, not annoying, anyway), but I do stand by my convictions and my goal is to help Wikipedia continue to be a credible source of encyclopedic content. Sorry if that bothers anyone. Skyler 04:32, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Wikipedia is not paper means that we shouldn't delete it because we're afraid of running out of space.  However, as others have mentioned, there's the question of whether this article is, or is likely to become, encyclopaedic.  -- WOT 05:41, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to appropriate article (John Lennon, for example)  — Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 15:07, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I can go along with this solution. Skyler 19:51, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If a summary of one of the most famous John Lennon songs cannot be kept, what can. I suggest if you delete this, then look at much of this Encyclopedia. In particular, Pink Floyd songs, which are in some cases, not NPOV and some factually wrong (Shine On You Crazy Diamond). paidforit, yesterday
 * For the record, I don't think any of those should be kept either. Skyler 19:51, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * May I suggest then that if you want to tidy some of these pages up then you have a large task ahead of you. paidforit, today
 * Keep It's a very popular song by arguably the greatest singer-songwriter the world has ever known. It just neefds expanding on. Someone was going on about how people would nort be so acceptant if someone made an article about Pearl Jam, Eminem, Aerosmith, Snoop Dogg, or Britney Spears. Firstly, I would not have any problem with artcles about any of these acts most significant numbers, as would never be so ignorant as to rule out the potential value of such an article to someone else. Secondly unpecidentedly successful though the majority of these acts are, they do not have universal significance on the samew level as Lennon.

--Crestville 18:25, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't see much difference between Lennon's and Eminem's agendas. Everyone needs a hobby, but misogyny isn't one of mine. Fire Star 14:41, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * You think Lennon was a misogynist? This strays from the point of this page, but if you would care to continue the dicussion on my talk page, I'd be glad to introduce you to a little lady named Yoko. Also, wether you think they have similar agenda's or not (I suppose 'Purple Pills' could be construed as being in the same vein as 'Strawberry fields' or 'Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds' - albeit a somewhat tedious link) my point was that Lennon's influence, recognition and significance as leader to a generation was far greater than that of the others named and therefore his work perhaps deserves greater exploration. You only need to look at the 100 Greatest Britons list to see his phenomoinal popularity and status, at least in the eyes of we brits.--Crestville 18:52, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I support recognizing his influence and popularity as a person. I even support recognizing his works (perhaps in a page entitled "Songs by John Lennon" with a list and brief statement about each notable song). I never personally liked Lennon's songs or philosophy, but that does not make them any less note-worthy. What I don't support is having a separate entry for every song people find influential. If we start doing that with every popular artist, we will have more fan-based material, than substantive encyclopedic content. That is my whole point of voting to delete and I stand by it even though this is a lost cause. Skyler 22:53, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * If the content is encyclopedic and decent, I think analyses of songs belong on Wikipedia. And which songs belong on Wikipedia and which don't is not for us to decide (although I do have an opinion on many pop songs, and it's not a positive one) Aecis 17:59, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * In principle, I don't think every song that has ever been written should have a separate encyclopedia entry, but if something more than "This is one of John Lennon's most famous songs" can be added to the entry, I'd vote to keep, or at least preserve as a section in whatever entry exists for the Imagine album (I see that there is only part of one sentence about the song at that entry right now). If not, delete. I'd be glad to find more info and expand it if it gets the votes to remain. (I would agree that it would probably need a Jealous Guy (song) dab though.) ffirehorse 21:48, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I find Skyler's argument convincing. Fire Star 16:38, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Although I'm sort of swayed by Skyler idea of a John Lennon songs page, I'll personally volenteer to help ffirehorse expand on this page if it is spared. I think there is room for expantion-for example, it closely links with Lennon's 'lost weekend', which was actually a pivotal year in his life that he spent in Las Vegas. There is other stuff similar to this (I think George Harrison played on it which is significant to his 0place in the whole Lennon/McCartney row. I'm sure you will agree stuff like this is more than mere fan based material as, being a Lennon spong, it is bound to have a wealth of significance to his lifew and his contemporary world which is of encyclopedaic value.--Crestville 17:53, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * If you can edit this entry to include historic information about Lennon that is related exclusively (or mostly) to this song, I will reverse my vote. Geogre has expanded the page, but it is still an article about a single song and no matter how notable, I still don't think this constitutes encyclopedic content in its own right. If you can expand it into something encyclopedic, I would be very receptive. Skyler 23:56, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Crestville, are you game? I am. ffirehorse 01:37, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll give it a shot mate.--Crestville 22:44, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Right, i've done a bit on the lost weekend - a pivotal point in his life which wasn't mentioneed on the John Lennon article. i think it's imortant and significant to the importance of the song as a commentry on Johns life, which is, essentially, what it is.--Crestville 23:29, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Though I still think it is setting a bad precedent for a wave of song title stubs and believe it is still largely fan-based, I am sufficiently impressed with Crestville's expansion. I still stand by all my previous statements made in this argument, but with regard to this particular song, I think it would be a shame to delete. It still needs some good work, but the content is there. I withdraw my previous vote to delete and change my vote to keep and move to cleanup page. Well done. Skyler 01:28, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * I would agree with Skyler's observations. Great job, Crestville. I vote to keep. ffirehorse 02:50, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion


text:
BMW M88

The BMW M88 is a straight-6 DOHC petrol engine which was produced from 1978 to 1989. It is based on the DOHC version of the BMW M49 engine, which was used in the BMW 3.0CSi racing cars.

The M88 was produced alongside the BMW M30 engine, as the higher performance engine. In North America up until 1989, the BMW S38 engine was used instead of the M88. In 1989, an updated version of the S38 became the worldwide replacement for the M88. The M30B35LE is a SOHC engine which is based on the M88/1; this is sometimes referred to as the M90.

Design
BMW engineers used DOHC valvetrain on a production engine for the first time on the M88, with the camshafts driven by a single-row timing chain. Kugelfischer fuel injection was used with individual throttle valves and the distinctive six individual throttle bodies.

The construction is an aluminium cylinder head and a cast iron block. The bore is 93.4 mm and the stroke is 84.0 mm, resulting in a displacement of 3453 cc.

M88
The M88 was the original iteration of the engine and was fitted to the BMW M1. It produces 277 PS at 6,500 rpm and 330 Nm at 5,500 rpm. A dry sump is used.

Applications:
 * 1978-1981 M1

M88/1
For the BMW M1 Procar single-make series, the M88 engine was bored out marginally to reach 3498 cc. This racing version, called the M88/1, met the Group 4 regulations. This race engine produced 470 PS in Procar specifications. This version had forged pistons, sharper camshafts, bigger valves, as well as oil cooling for the transmission and rear differential.

Applications:
 * 1979-1980 Procar BMW M1

M88/2
For Group 5 racing, the M88 engine was turbocharged and became known as the M88/2. It was downsleeved and had a shorter stroke to displace 3191 cc, which with the 1.4 turbo factor placed it in the 4.5-liter class. This race engine produced up to 900 hp.

Applications:
 * Group 5 racing cars (BMW M1 Group 5 page)

M88/3
The M88/1 engine was modified for use in the E24 M635CSi and E28 M5 and was known as the M88/3. The Kugelfischer fuel injection was replaced with Bosch Motronic producing 210 kW at 6,500 rpm and 340 Nm at 4,500 rpm. It has a compression ratio of 10.5:1.

The M88/3 was also fitted to the South African BMW 745i, due to packaging problems with the turbocharged M102 engine which was used in other markets.

Applications:
 * 1983-1989 E24 M635CSi
 * 1984-1987 E28 M5
 * 1984-1987 E23 745i (South Africa only)

M30B35
The M30B35LE is a lower performance, two-valve, SOHC version of the M88/1 engine, also known as the M90. It utilizes the same block as the M88 and maintains the same bore and stroke, but borrows its head from the BMW M30 engine family. Different years of this engine uses both Bosch Motronic and Bosch L-Jetronic engine management systems. Typically identified by a white L painted on the block behind the oil filter housing and coolant water passages on the side of the block.

As sold in Europe and most other markets (except North America), this used a compression ratio of 9.3:1, did not have a catalytic converter and produced 160 kW.

Applications:
 * 1979-1981 E12 M535i
 * 1978-1982 E24 635CSi
 * 1978-1982 E23 735i

title: BMW M88


text: User talk:61.0.95.165

title: User talk:61.0.95.165


text:
BMW M70

The BMW M70 is a naturally-aspirated, SOHC, V12 petrol engine, which was BMW's first production V12 and was produced from 1987 to 1996. It was also the first German 12-cylinder post-war automobile engine, predating Mercedes-Benz's M120 by four years and VAG's W12 by fourteen.

The BMW S70/2 engine, largely unrelated to the M70 and S70B56 engines, is a naturally-aspirated, DOHC, V12 petrol engine, which powered the 1993 to 1998 McLaren F1.

Design
The M70's design is similar to that of two 2.5 L M20 straight-six engines joined at a 60-degree angle, due to the following features: single overhead camshaft valvetrain, bore spacing of 91 mm, bore of 84 mm, stroke of 75 mm, and a compression ratio of 8.8:1.

The M70 has the following differences with the M20 engine:
 * Aluminium alloy engine block (AluSil) instead of cast-iron (both engines have an aluminium cylinder head), to reduce weight.
 * Airflow measurement using Mass air flow sensors (MAFs) instead of Air flow meters (AFMs) to improve fuel economy.
 * Electronic Throttle Control instead of a mechanical throttle cable.
 * A timing chain was used instead of a timing belt, to reduce servicing requirements.
 * Hydraulic valve lifters instead of mechanically adjusted tappets, to reduce servicing requirements.

The M70 has two Motronic 1.7 ECUs (one for each cylinder bank). To provide redundancy, the M70 also has two fuel pumps, fuel rails, distributors, mass air flow sensors, crankshaft position sensors, coolant temperature sensors and throttle bodies.

Some M70 engines (such as fitted to the E32 750iL Highline) are fitted with two alternators. The second alternator is smaller and is used to charge an auxiliary battery and power equipment in the rear passenger compartment, such as a telephone, fax machine, wine cooler, independent climate control and power sun shields.

M70B50
Applications:
 * 1987–1994 E32 750i/750iL – this was mated primarily to an automatic ZF 4HP24 transmission
 * 1989–1994 E31 850i/850Ci – this was mated to either the automatic ZF 4HP24 transmission or the optional Getrag 560G

S70B56
The first engine to use the S70 name is a 5576 cc variant of the M70 engine fitted only to the E31 850CSi. With 1,510 units produced, this is the lowest production BMW engine to date.

Three prototype dual overhead camshaft S70 engines were constructed, prior to the decision to not produce an E31 M8 model.

Applications:
 * 1992–1996 E31 850CSi
 * 2011 Simbol Design Lavazza GTX-R (twin-turbo version)

S70/2
The S70/2, while sharing the same 12 cylinder layout, bore spacing and design principle as the S70B56, is essentially a new design with the heads based on the European market S50B30, and thus featuring 4 valves per cylinder and variable valve timing (called VANOS by BMW) and individual throttle bodies. A dry sump oiling system is used. The weight of the S70/2, plus ancillaries and full exhaust, is 265 kg.

Applications:
 * 1993–1998 McLaren F1

S70/3
The S70/3 is a racing engine based on the S70/2.

Applications
 * 1998–1999 BMW V12 LM racing car
 * 1999–2000 BMW V12 LMR racing car
 * 2000 BMW X5 LM concept car

title: BMW M70


text:
BMW M73

The BMW M73 is a naturally-aspirated, SOHC, V12 petrol engine which replaced the BMW M70 and was produced from 1993 to 2002. It was used in the BMW E38 7 Series, E31 8 Series and Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph.

Design
Compared with its M70 predecessor, the M73 features an updated roller-rocker valve-train and an increased displacement, due to a bore increase of 1 mm ending with a cylinder bore of 85mm and a stroke increase of 4 mm to have a final piston stroke of 79mm. While most other engines in the BMW range had switched to dual overhead camshafts with four valves per cylinder, the M73 used a single overhead camshaft and with two valves per cylinder. However, BMW engineers did create a prototype four-valve per cylinder V12, called the M72, which developed 265 kW and 530 Nm of torque. However, this 48-valve engine did not fulfill the comfort demands of the large sedan class in all respects and, as a result, did not go into production.

These engines have two separate Bosch Motronic engine control units, which are connected to a third single Siemens control unit, called EML. The engine utilizes four knock sensors mounted on the heads, a cam position sensor mounted on the right head and two crank sensors, one for each ECU. Throttle by wire is used. Similar to its predecessor, the M70, spark distributors are still present for each cylinder bank.

The hydrogen versions of the engine feature a $$\lambda \ge 3.0$$ lean burn concept, which allows quality torque control similar to a Diesel engine (i. e. no engine throttling). Due to the lower LHV of a hydrogen-air mixture, and the fact that the engine was designed as a Bi-Fuel (petrol and hydrogen) engine, the power output is reduced by 38 per cent compared to the petrol only version of the engine.

M73B54
Applications:
 * 1994-1998 E38 750i/750iL/L7
 * 1994-1999 E31 850Ci

M73TUB54
Due to more stringent emissions standards, the 1999 model year marked the addition of an electronically heated catalyst, variable MAP thermostat, and water cooled alternator.

Applications:
 * 1998-2001 E38 750i/750iL/L7/hL
 * 1998 Cardi Curara
 * 1999-2002 Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph
 * 2009–2010 Symbol Design Lavazza GTX
 * 2013 Monte Carlo Automobile Rascasse

M72B54 prototype
In 1989, as part of a feasibility study, BMW's engine development department produced a four-valve version of its V12 engine. Only one engine was produced, having an up-sized variant of the M70B50 engine called the M72B54. Bore and stroke was increased to 85mm and 79mm and the total displacement of 5.4L was achieved, matching the values of the standard M73 engine. The power and torque both increased to 265 kW and 530 Nm respectively.

Awards

 * 1999 International Engine of the Year - Best Above 4.0 Litre category winner

title: BMW M73


text: User talk:61.2.186.48

title: User talk:61.2.186.48


text:
BMW M62

BMW M62 is a naturally aspirated V8 petrol engine which was produced from 1995 to 2005. A successor to the BMW M60, the M62 features an aluminium engine block and a single row timing chain.

In 1998, a Technical Update included VANOS (variable valve timing) for the intake camshafts.

The S62 engine is the BMW M high performance version of the M62, which was released in the E39 M5, BMW Z8, Ascari KZ1, and the Ascari A10.

Design
Like the BMW M60 engine it replaced, the M62 is a DOHC engine with four valves per cylinder, an aluminum block and aluminum heads. The M62 has fracture-split forged connecting rods, hypereutectic pistons with ferrous coated side skirts. Most of the M62 engines used Alusil for the block material, however some early M62 engines used Nikasil cylinder coating instead.

Alusil technology integrates silicon throughout the aluminum cast so that liners or treated bores within this block family are not needed.

The M62 uses a Bosch Motronic 5.2 engine control unit (also called "DME") and a hot wire MAF.

Technical Update
In 1998, a "Technical Update" was applied to the M62, resulting in the M62TU variants. New features include single-VANOS (variable valve timing for the intake camshaft) and electronic throttle control. The engine management was updated to Motronic ME7.2.

Versions
Figures specified are for European models.

M62B35
The M62B35 has a bore of 84 mm and a stroke of 78.9 mm.

Applications:
 * 1996–1998 BMW 5 Series (E39) 535i
 * 1996–1998 BMW 7 Series (E38) 735i/735iL

M62TUB35
In 1998, the Technical Update was applied, resulting in the M62TUB35. Versions used in the E39 5 Series application have slightly more power than versions used in the E38 7 Series.

Applications:
 * 1998–2001 BMW 7 Series (E38) 735i/735iL - 175 kW
 * 1998–2003 BMW 5 Series (E39) 535i - 180 kW

M62B44
The M62B44 has a bore of 92 mm and a stroke of 82.7 mm.

Applications:
 * 1996–1998 BMW 5 Series (E39) 540i
 * 1996–1998 BMW 7 Series (E38) 740i/740iL
 * 1997–1999 BMW 8 Series (E31) 840Ci

M62TUB44
In 1998, the Technical Update was applied, resulting in the M62TUB44. In the United States, power for TU models was increased to 216 kW.

Applications:
 * 1998–2003 BMW 5 Series (E39) 540i
 * 1999–2001 BMW 7 Series (E38) 740i/740iL
 * 1999–2003 BMW X5 (E53) X5 4.4i
 * 2000–2004 Morgan Aero 8
 * 2002–2005 Range Rover

M62TUB46
The M62TUB46 is based on the M62TUB44. Revisions include full metal vanos hubs. 10.5mm lift intake and exhaust camshafts. Stronger valve springs. Bore of 93 mm and stroke of 85 mm. Underdriven crank shaft drive pulley. Two-piece oil scraper ring instead of three-pieces. 93 mm pistons with reduced height due to the increased stroke.

Applications:
 * 1999–2001 Alpina B10 V8
 * 2000–2004 Morgan Aero 8 GTN
 * 2002–2004 BMW X5 (E53) X5 4.6is

Alpina F3
The Alpina F3 was developed by Alpina and based on the M62B44 engine. Released late in 1996 it used a modified M62B44 block supplied to Alpina from BMW featuring a bore of 93mm. It also featured a modified cylinder head, different intake camshafts, a crankshaft with increased stroke along with different pistons, a different air intake manifold and exhaust manifolds as well as custom engine programming. It has a bore of 93 mm and a stroke of 85 mm.

Applications:
 * 1996-1998 Alpina B10 V8

Alpina F4
Following with updates to the regular production M62B44 the F4 was a revised version of the Alpina F3 engine and featured variable valve timing on the intake camshafts, an electronically controlled throttle body and a slight increase in power. The Alpina F4 received a revision into the F4/1 in late 2000 which slightly increased fuel efficiency while decreasing its emissions output although power output remained the same. It has a bore of 93 mm and a stroke of 85 mm.

Applications:
 * 1998-2000 Alpina B10 V8
 * 2000-2002 Alpina B10 V8/1

Alpina F5
The F5 was Alpina's final iteration of the M62B44 engine, it featured all the same technology as the F4/1 but with an increased displacement due to an increased stroke thanks to a modified crankshaft. The increased stroke necessitated an oil pan with additional clearance as well as revised intake camshafts and exhaust camshafts from the M62B46 production engine. It has a bore of 93 mm and a stroke of 89 mm.

Applications:
 * 2002-2004 Alpina B10 V8S
 * 2002-2003 Alpina Roadster V8

Racing Dynamics R52
Based on the production M62B44 the Racing Dyamics R52 engine featured a billet crankshaft, special pistons with stock connecting rods and a modified cylinder head which work together to raise the compression ratio to 11.3:1. It also features custom tubular exhaust manifolds, different camshafts and a modified engine computer which lets the engine spin to its 7,200 rpm redline. It has a bore of 94 mm and a stroke of 93.0 mm.

Applications:
 * 1999-2001 Racing Dynamics R52 Sport

S62
The BMW S62 engine (full model code S62B50) is the high-performance variant of the M62, which is fitted to the E39 M5 and the E52 Z8. The S62 was BMW's first V8 engine to have double-VANOS (variable valve timing on the intake and exhaust camshafts).

The S62 engine produces 294 kW at 6600 rpm and 500 Nm at 3800 rpm. The redline is 7000 rpm. The bore and stroke are 94 mm and 89 mm respectively. This results in a displacement of 4941 cc, compared with the 4398 cc of the largest M62 engine at the time.

Other differences compared to the M62 include:
 * Individual throttle bodies for each of the eight cylinders, which are electronically actuated and have driver-selectable "normal" and "sport" mode throttle response.
 * Compression ratio is 11.0:1, compared with 10.0:1 for the M62
 * A double-row timing chain, compared with the single-row chain used by the M62
 * Hollow camshafts.
 * Engine control unit is a Siemens MSS 52
 * Dual air intakes and mass flow sensors
 * A semi-dry sump oil system, consisting of two additional scavenging pumps which activates during hard cornering

Like the M62, the S62 has an aluminium block and head. The S62 was assembled at BMW's Dingolfing plant.

Applications:
 * 1998–2003 BMW M5 (E39)
 * 2000–2003 BMW Z8
 * 2005–2010 Ascari KZ1
 * 2006 Ascari A10

Bentley Arnage
The 1998-2000 Bentley Arnage (Green Label) is powered by a Cosworth-developed twin-turbo version of the M62B44. This engine produces 349 hp and 420 lbft.

title: BMW M62


text:
User talk:Jjensen

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Thank You
Jjensen - Thank you for correcting the error for the Kautokeino/Karasjok home of the Sámi Parliament in the lavvu artical. Dinkytown (talk) 00:57, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi
Just wondering if you would like to help with some stubs I wish to bring up to Good Article status ? (Ice Explorer (talk) 17:22, 24 November 2009 (UTC))

Unreferenced BLPs
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title: User talk:Jjensen


text:
Dharavi

Dharavi is a residential area in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It has often been considered to be one of the world's largest slums. Dharavi has an area of just over 2.39 km2 and a population of about 1,000,000. With a population density of over, Dharavi is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.

The Dharavi slum was founded in 1884 during the British colonial era, and grew because the expulsion of factories and residents from the peninsular city centre by the colonial government and from the migration of rural Indians into urban Mumbai. For this reason, Dharavi is currently a highly diverse settlement religiously and ethnically.

Dharavi has an active informal economy in which numerous household enterprises employ many of the slum residents —leather, textiles and pottery products are among the goods made inside Dharavi. The total annual turnover has been estimated at over US$1 billion.

Dharavi has suffered from many epidemics and other disasters, including a widespread plague in 1896 which killed over half of the population of Bombay. Sanitation in the slums remains poor.

History
In the 18th century, Dharavi was an island with a predominantly mangrove swamp. It was a sparsely populated village before the late 19th century, inhabited by Koli fishermen. Dharavi was then referred to as the village of Koliwada.

Colonial era
In the 1850s, after decades of urban growth under East India Company and British Raj, the city's population reached half a million. The urban area then covered mostly the southern extension of Bombay peninsula, the population density was over 10 times higher than London at that time.

The most polluting industries were tanneries, and the first tannery moved from peninsular Bombay into Dharavi in 1887. People who worked with leather, typically a profession of lowest Hindu castes and of Muslim Indians, moved into Dharavi. Other early settlers included the Kumbhars, a large Gujarati community of potters. The colonial government granted them a 99-year land-lease in 1895. Rural migrants looking for jobs poured into Bombay, and its population soared past 1 million. Other artisans, like the embroidery workers from Uttar Pradesh, started the ready-made garments trade. These industries created jobs, labor moved in, but there was no government effort to plan or investment in any infrastructure in or near Dharavi. The living quarters and small scale factories grew haphazardly, without provision for sanitation, drains, safe drinking water, roads or other basic services. But some ethnic, caste and religious communities that settled in Dharavi at that time helped build the settlement of Dharavi by forming organizations and political parties, building school and temples, constructing homes and factories. Dharavi's first mosque, Badi Masjid, started in 1887 and the oldest Hindu temple, Ganesh Mandir, was built in 1913.

Post-independence
At India's independence from colonial rule in 1947, Dharavi had grown to be the largest slum in Bombay and all of India. It still had a few empty spaces, which continued to serve as waste-dumping grounds for operators across the city. Bombay, meanwhile, continued to grow as a city. Soon Dharavi was surrounded by the city, and became a key hub for informal economy. Starting from the 1950s, proposals for Dharavi redevelopment plans periodically came out, but most of these plans failed because of lack of financial banking and/or political support. Dharavi's Co-operative Housing Society was formed in the 1960s to uplift the lives of thousands of slum dwellers by the initiative of Shri. M.V. Duraiswamy, a well-known social worker and Congress leader of that region. The society promoted 338 flats and 97 shops and was named as Dr. Baliga Nagar. By the late 20th century, Dharavi occupied about 432 acre, with an astounding population density of more than 2,900 people per hectare (1,200/acre).

Redevelopment plan

There have been many plans since 1997 to redevelop Dharavi like the former slums of Hong Kong such as Tai Hang. In 2004, the cost of redevelopment was estimated to be. Companies from around the world have bid to redevelop Dharavi, including Lehman Brothers, Dubai's Limitless and Singapore's Capitaland Ltd. In 2010, it was estimated to cost to redevelop.

The latest urban redevelopment plan proposed for the Dharavi area is managed by American-trained architect Mukesh Mehta. The plan involves the construction of 30000000 sqft of housing, schools, parks and roads to serve the 57,000 families residing in the area, along with 40000000 sqft of residential and commercial space for sale. There is still a significant local opposition to the plans, largely because existing residents still feel 350 sqft of revised permanent alternate accommodation per tenant is not adequate each. Furthermore, only those families who lived in the area before 2000 are slated for resettlement. Concerns have also been raised by residents who fear that some of their small businesses in the "informal" sector may not be relocated under the redevelopment plan. Due to this opposition, a trust has been proposed called the Dharavi Community Land Trust that will be made up of community members, landowners and neighborhood associations.

In 2008 German students Jens Kaercher and Lucas Schwind won a Next Generation prize for their innovative redevelopment strategy designed to protect the current residents from needing to relocate.

Other redevelopment schemes include the "Dharavi Masterplan" devised by British architectural and engineering firm Foster + Partners, that proposes "double-height spaces that create an intricate vertical landscape and reflect the community's way of life" built-in phases that the firm says would "eliminate the need for transit camps," instead catalyzing the rehabilitation of Dharavi "from within."

A Dubai-based firm, SecLink Group, has planned to redevelop the slum into a completely new area. On setting up of the SPV, the private firm will have to bring in the equity of Rs 400 crore, while the state government will invest another Rs 100 crore. The company planning to do it is also building infrastructure and affordable housing projects in Singapore and Dubai. Following the empowered committee's nod, the senior state officials said that an MoU will soon be executed between the state government, and the Dharavi Redevelopment Project Authority (DRPA) and the company. With an almost estimated cost of over Rs 26,000 crore, the Dharavi makeover project is the biggest brownfield redevelopment project in India. To make the redevelopment more economically viable, the state government's plan is involving transforming the region into a hub for commercial and business activity. Dharavi is close to the Bandra Kurla Complex, which is India's richest business district and one of the richest in Asia.

In the spring of 2023, it became known that the Indian billionaire Gautam Adani intends to do the reconstruction of Dharavi. Adani Properties Pvt. offers the largest amount of construction investments - 615 million dollars. Mumbai authorities estimate the total cost of the work at $2.4 billion.

As of April 2024, a survey is being conducted by Adani Group to rehabilitate Dharavi residents for redevelopment.

Demographics
The total current population of Dharavi slum is unknown because of floating population of migrant workers coming from neighbouring Gujarat state, albeit voter turnout of 2019 state legislative assembly election was 119,092 (Average 60% turnout). Some sources suggest it is 300,000 to about a million. With Dharavi spread over 500 acre, it is also estimated to have a population density of 869,565 people per square mile. With a literacy rate of 69%, Dharavi is the most literate slum in India.

The western edge of Dharavi is where its original inhabitants, the Kolis, reside. Dharavi consists of various language speakers such as Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, and many more.

About 29% of the population of Dharavi is Muslim. The Christian population is estimated to be about 6%, while the rest are predominantly Hindus with some Buddhists and other minority religions. Among the people, about 20% work on animal skin production, tanneries and leather goods. Other specialise in pottery work, textile goods manufacturing, retail and trade, distilleries and other caste professions – all of these as small-scale household operations. The slum residents are from all over India, people who migrated from rural regions of many different states. The slum has numerous mosques, temples and churches to serve people of Hindu, Islam and Christian faiths; with Badi Masjid, a mosque, as the oldest religious structure in Dharavi.

Location and characteristics
Dharavi is a large area situated between Mumbai's two main suburban railway lines, the Western and Central Railways. It is also adjacent to Mumbai Airport. To the west of Dharavi are Mahim and Bandra, and to the north lies the Mithi River. The Mithi River empties into the Arabian Sea through the Mahim Creek. The area of Antop Hill lies to the east while the locality called Matunga is located in the South. Due to its location and poor sewage and drainage systems, Dharavi particularly becomes vulnerable to floods during the wet season.

Dharavi is considered one of the largest slums in the world. The low-rise building style and narrow street structure of the area make Dharavi very cramped and confined. Like most slums, it is overpopulated.

Economy
In addition to the traditional pottery and textile industries in Dharavi, there is an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of Mumbai. Recycling in Dharavi is reported to employ approximately 250,000 people. While recycling is a major industry in the neighborhood, it is also reported to be a source of heavy pollution in the area. The district has an estimated 5,000 businesses and 15,000 single-room factories. Two major suburban railways feed into Dharavi, making it an important commuting station for people in the area going to and from work.

Dharavi exports goods around the world. Often these consist of various leather products, jewellery, various accessories, and textiles. Markets for Dharavi's goods include stores in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. The total (and largely informal economy) turnover is estimated to be between US$500 million, and US$650 million per year, to over US$1 billion per year. The per capita income of the residents, depending on estimated population range of 300,000 to about 1 million, ranges between US$500 and US$2,000 per year.

A few travel operators offer guided tours through Dharavi, showing the industrial and the residential part of Dharavi and explaining about the problems and challenges Dharavi is facing. These tours give a deeper insight into a slum in general and Dharavi in particular.

Utility services
Potable water is supplied by the MCGM to Dharavi and the whole of Mumbai. However, a large amount of water is lost due to water thefts, illegal connection and leakage. The community also has a number of water wells that are sources of non-potable water.

Cooking gas is supplied in the form of liquefied petroleum gas cylinders sold by state-owned oil companies, as well as through piped natural gas supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.

There are settlement houses that still do not have legal connections to the utility service and thus rely on illegal connection to the water and power supply which means a water and power shortage for the residents in Dharavi.

Sanitation issues
Dharavi has severe problems with public health. Water access derives from public standpipes stationed throughout the slum. Additionally, with the limited lavatories they have, they are extremely filthy and broken down to the point of being unsafe. Mahim Creek is a local river that is widely used by local residents for urination and defecation causing the spread of contagious diseases. The open sewers in the city drain to the creek causing a spike in water pollutants, septic conditions, and foul odours. Due to the air pollutants, diseases such as lung cancer, tuberculosis, and asthma are common among residents. There are government proposals in regards to improving Dharavi's sanitation issues. The residents have a section where they wash their clothes in water that people defecate in. This spreads the amount of disease as doctors have to deal with over 4,000 cases of typhoid a day. In a 2006 Human Development Report by the UN, they estimated there was an average of 1 toilet for every 1,440 people.

Epidemics and other disasters
Dharavi has experienced a long history of epidemics and natural disasters, sometimes with significant loss of lives. The first plague to devastate Dharavi, along with other settlements of Mumbai, happened in 1896, when nearly half of the population died. A series of plagues and other epidemics continued to affect Dharavi, and Mumbai in general, for the next 25 years, with high rates of mortality. Dysentery epidemics have been common throughout the years and explained by the high population density of Dharavi. Other reported epidemics include typhoid, cholera, leprosy, amoebiasis and polio. For example, in 1986, a cholera epidemic was reported, where most patients were children of Dharavi. Typical patients to arrive in hospitals were in late and critical care condition, and the mortality rates were abnormally high. In recent years, cases of drug resistant tuberculosis have been reported in Dharavi.

Fires and other disasters are common. For example, in January 2013, a fire destroyed many slum properties and caused injuries. In 2005, massive floods caused deaths and extensive property damage.

The COVID-19 pandemic also affected the slum. The first case was reported in April 2020.

In the media
In the West, Dharavi was most notably used as the backdrop in the British film Slumdog Millionaire (2008). It has also been depicted in a number of Indian films, including Deewaar (1975), Nayakan (1987), Salaam Bombay! (1988), Parinda (1989), Dharavi (1991), Bombay (1995), Ram Gopal Varma's "Indian Gangster Trilogy" (1998–2005), the Sarkar series (2005–2017), Footpath (2003), Black Friday (2004), Mumbai Xpress (2005), No Smoking (2007), Traffic Signal (2007), Aamir (2008), Mankatha (2011), Thalaivaa (2013), Bhoothnath Returns (2014), Kaala (2018) and Gully Boy (2019).

Dharavi, Slum for Sale (2009) by Lutz Konermann and Rob Appleby is a German documentary. In a programme aired in the United Kingdom in January 2010, Kevin McCloud and Channel 4 aired a two-part series titled Slumming It which centered around Dharavi and its inhabitants. The poem "Blessing" by Imtiaz Dharker is about Dharavi not having enough water. For The Win, by Cory Doctorow, is partially set in Dharavi. In 2014, Belgian researcher Katrien Vankrunkelsven made a 22-minute film on Dharavi which is entitled The Way of Dharavi.

Hitman 2, a video game released in 2018, featured the slums of Mumbai in one of its missions. The Mumbai based video game Mumbai Gullies is expected to feature the slums of Dharavi in the fictional map.

title: Dharavi


text:
Category:BMW engines

This category contains links to pages for BMW engine families.

title: Category:BMW engines


text:
Napoleon Dynamite

Napoleon Dynamite is a 2004 American independent coming-of-age teen comedy film produced by Jeremy Coon, Chris Wyatt, and Sean Covel, written by Jared and Jerusha Hess, and directed by Jared Hess. The film stars Jon Heder in the role of the titular character, a nerdy high-school student who deals with several dilemmas: befriending an immigrant who wants to be class president, awkwardly pursuing a romance with a fellow student, and living with his quirky family.

The film was Hess's first full-length movie and is partially adapted from his earlier short film, Peluca (2002). Napoleon Dynamite was acquired at the Sundance Film Festival by Fox Searchlight Pictures, which partnered with Paramount Pictures and MTV Films for the release. Filming was done at Preston High School and in different areas in Franklin County, Idaho, in the summer of 2003. It debuted at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2004. Most of the situations in the movie are loosely based on the life of Jared Hess. The film's total worldwide gross revenue was $46.1 million. The film has since developed a cult following and was voted at number 14 on Bravo's 100 funniest movies.

Plot
Napoleon Dynamite is a socially awkward 16-year-old from Preston, Idaho, who lives with his grandmother, Carlinda, and his even more awkward older brother, Kip. Napoleon daydreams his way through school, reluctantly dealing with various bullies who torment him.

Carlinda is injured in a quad-bike accident and asks their Uncle Rico to look after the boys while she recovers. Rico, a middle-aged and flirtatious former high-school athlete who lives in a conversion van, treats Napoleon like a child. He takes advantage of the visit to team up with Kip in a get-rich-quick scheme by selling items door-to-door. Kip wants money to pay for his internet girlfriend, LaFawnduh, to travel from Detroit to see him while Rico believes riches will help him get over his failed dreams of NFL stardom and the recent breakup with his girlfriend.

Napoleon becomes friends with two students at his school: Deb, a shy girl who runs various small businesses to raise money for college, and Pedro, a bold yet calm transfer student from Juárez, Mexico. Preparations begin for the high school dance. Pedro asks Summer Wheatley, a popular and snobby girl, to be his dance partner, but is rebuffed. He then asks Deb, who gladly accepts. Pedro encourages an upset Napoleon to find a date for himself, and he picks a popular classmate, Trisha, from the school yearbook. As a gift, he draws an unintentionally bad picture of her and delivers it to Trisha's mother, who is one of Rico's customers. Rico tells embarrassing stories about Napoleon to evoke sympathy from Trisha's mother, who buys his wares and forces Trisha to reluctantly accept Napoleon's invitation. Trisha goes to the dance with Napoleon but soon abandons him, leading Pedro to let Deb dance with Napoleon.

Pedro decides to run for class president, pitting him against Summer. The two factions put up flyers and hand out trinkets to students to attract voters. To increase their respect by demonstrating "skills," Napoleon and Pedro enter a Future Farmers of America competition, grading milk and cow udders. They do well and win medals, but this does little for their popularity. Incidentally, Napoleon visits a thrift store and buys an instructional dance videotape called D-Qwon's Dance Grooves.

Kip's girlfriend, LaFawnduh, arrives from Detroit and gives him an urban makeover, outfitting him in hip-hop regalia. Seeing that he is learning to dance, LaFawnduh gives Napoleon a mixtape.

Rico's ongoing sales scheme causes friction with Napoleon as he continues to spread embarrassing rumors about Napoleon to prospective customers. Rico tries to sell Deb a breast-enhancement product, claiming it was Napoleon's suggestion, which causes her to break off their friendship. His scheme ends after his sales pitch to the wife of the town's martial arts instructor, Rex, goes awry: Rex assaults Rico after unexpectedly arriving during his demonstration of the breast-enhancement product.

Summer gives a speech before the student body on election day, and then presents a dance skit to "Larger than Life" by the Backstreet Boys with a school club. A despondent Pedro gives an unimpressive speech after discovering he is also required to perform a skit. To save Pedro's campaign, Napoleon gives the sound engineer LaFawnduh's mixtape and spontaneously performs an elaborate dance routine to "Canned Heat" by Jamiroquai. Proving himself to be a skilled dancer, Napoleon's routine receives a standing ovation from students, stunning Summer and her boyfriend, Don.

Pedro becomes the class president, Kip and LaFawnduh leave on a bus for Michigan, Rico reunites with his estranged girlfriend, Grandma returns from the hospital, and Napoleon and Deb reconcile and play tetherball.

In a post-credits scene set two months later, Kip and LaFawnduh get married, and Napoleon arrives at the wedding late with a wild honeymoon stallion which he tamed for Kip and LaFawnduh to ride out on.

Origin

In 2002, Brigham Young University film students Jon Heder and Jared Hess collaborated on a class project; the result was a 9-minute short movie shot on black-and-white 16mm film entitled Peluca about a nerdy high school student named Seth.

Peluca was shown at the 2003 Slamdance Film Festival and was well received. Jeremy Coon convinced Hess to drop out of school and adapt it into a feature-length film, and he helped him to find investors for the project. Hess sent the short film and the script to a variety of different casting directors, many of whom thought that the idea was "too weird or they just didn't like the character," Hess explained. One casting director suggested Jake Gyllenhaal over unknown actor Jon Heder for the lead role but Hess believed Heder was the only actor to play the part. Jason Lee was offered the role of Uncle Rico while Brad Garrett auditioned for Rex and enjoyed the script, but decided not to commit. Actor Vincent Gallo was also considered and almost cast as Uncle Rico. Heder was paid $1,000 for starring in the film, but successfully negotiated to receive more after the film became a runaway success.

Filming and setting
Hess shot the film on location in Preston, in southeastern Idaho, located near the Utah border, in July 2003. Operating on a tight budget of $400,000, Hess cast many of his friends from school, including Heder and Aaron Ruell, and he relied on the generosity of Preston locals, who provided housing and food to crew members. Among the established actors in the cast was comedy veteran Diedrich Bader, who filmed his scenes as virile martial art instructor Rex in one day. He recalled in 2011 that Napoleon Dynamite "still to this day [is] one of the two top scripts I've ever read", alongside Office Space (1999), one of his most-recognized roles. "It was very, very hot," Hess recalled in a Rolling Stone interview. "But it was so much fun being in this rural farm town making a movie. We shot it in 23 days, so we were moving very, very fast; I just didn't have a lot of film to be able to do a lot of takes. It was a bunch of friends getting together to make a movie. It was like, 'Are people going to get this? Is it working?'"

Hess describes the film as being "so autobiographical". "I grew up in a family of six boys in Preston, Idaho, and the character of Napoleon was a hybrid of all the most nerdy and awkward parts of me and my brothers growing up. Jerusha really was like Deb growing up. Her mom made her a dress when she was going to a middle school dance and she said, 'I hadn't really developed yet, so my mom overcompensated and made some very large, fluffy shoulders.' Some guy dancing with her patted the sleeves and actually said, 'I like your sleeves ... they're real big,"' Hess said in an interview with Rolling Stone.

The film is set during the 2004–2005 school year, as shown on Napoleon's student ID card in the title sequence. The film contains several culturally retroactive elements harkening back between the 1970s to 1990s. For example, Deb wears a side ponytail and Napoleon wears Moon Boots, both popular fashion trends of the 1980s. One scene is set at a school dance that plays only 1980s music such as Alphaville's "Forever Young," whereas an earlier scene features students performing a sign language rendition of "The Rose" (1980), originally made popular by Bette Midler (it was actually sung in the film by L.A.-based studio session vocalist Darci Monet, who was never credited or paid any residuals for her work ). Much of the technology in the film is also archaic; Napoleon uses a top-loader VCR and Walkman cassette player, Kip connects to the Internet via a pay-per-minute dial-up connection and Uncle Rico drives a 1975 Dodge Tradesman. The song Napoleon Dynamite dances to at the end of the film—"Canned Heat" by Jamiroquai—came out in 1999.

Opening sequence
The film was originally made without opening titles. Audiences at test screenings were confused about when the film was set. Eight months after the film was completed, the title sequence was filmed in cinematographer Munn Powell's basement. Ruell, who played Kip, suggested the idea of the title sequence. The sequence shows a pair of hands placing and removing several objects on a table. Objects like plates of food had the credits written in condiments, while other objects like a Lemonheads box or a tube of ChapStick had the credits printed on them. Hess explains: "So this question came up a few times and the Fox Searchlight marketing people were like 'maybe we could do something to say that this is happening now' because I kept explaining to them that I grew up in a small town in Idaho and that things are more, you know, functional and fashion doesn't matter as much ... It's kind of weird, but because they wanted to show that the film takes place now, there's a title where a hand pulls Napoleon's school ID out of a wallet and it says '2004'." On the studio's reaction to the sequence, Hess adds: "We actually had Jon Heder placing all the objects in and out [of frame], and then showed it to Searchlight who really liked it and thought it was great, but some lady over there was like 'There are some hangnails or something – the hands look kinda gross! It's really bothering me, can we re-shoot some of those? We'll send you guys a hand model.' We were like 'WHAT?!'. This, of course, was my first interaction with a studio at all, so they flew out a hand model a couple weeks later, who had great hands but was five or six shades darker than Jon Heder. So we reshot, but they're now intermixed, so if you look there are like three different dudes' hands (our producers are in there too). It all worked out great, though, and was a lot of fun."

Dance scene
The Hesses wrote the climactic dance scene because they knew Heder liked to dance. "Jared's wife was like, 'Jon, I hear you're pretty good dancer. I've seen you boogie; it's pretty sweet,'" recalled Heder. "And I was like, 'Well, I like to dabble.' I liked to mess around sometimes in front of friends and dance. But I did take pride in it. I won't be modest. I wasn't great but I did like to mess around ... Cut to two years later: after we had shot the short, they were like, 'Okay we're going to have you dancing in the movie as the climax. This is going to make or break the film.'"

When it came to shooting the dance scene for the final film, the producers scheduled to film it towards the end of the film. When they finally got to the scene, they were running out of money and film. They only had one roll of film (approximately 10.5 minutes) left to shoot.

"It was a lot of pressure," Heder observed. "I was like, 'Oh, crap!' This isn't just a silly little scene. This is the moment where everything comes, and he's making the sacrifice for his friend. That's the whole theme of the movie. Everything leads up to this. Napoleon's been this loser. This has to be the moment where he lands a victory. He gets up there, and it's quiet: no reaction from the audience."

The dance was spontaneously improvised by Heder, with some choreography help from Tina Majorino, and additional moves taken from Saturday Night Fever, Michael Jackson, and Soul Train. "They were like, 'No, Jon, just figure it out.' So I just winged it. I danced three times and they took the best pieces from each of those."

"When you're shooting in independent film, you don't know what you're going to get the rights to," Heder explained. "We thought Jamiroquai might be expensive. So we danced to three different songs. To that song and another Jamiroquai song, "Little L." We danced to Michael Jackson, something off of Off the Wall. Just those three. And then we got the rights to Jamiroquai. And I think that was half our budget."

Origin of the name "Napoleon Dynamite"
Upon the film's release, it was noted that the name "Napoleon Dynamite" had originally been used by musician Elvis Costello, most visibly on his 1986 album Blood & Chocolate, although he had used the pseudonym on a single B-side as early as 1982. Filmmaker Jared Hess states that he was not aware of Costello's use of the name until two days before the end of shooting, when he was informed by a teenage extra. He later said, "Had I known that name was used by anybody else prior to shooting the whole film, it definitely would have been changed ... I listen to hip-hop, dude. It's a pretty embarrassing coincidence." Hess claims that "Napoleon Dynamite" was the name of a man he met around 2000 on the streets of Cicero, Illinois, while doing missionary work for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Costello believes that Hess got the name from him, whether directly or indirectly. Costello said, "The guy just denies completely that I made the name up ... but I invented it. Maybe somebody told him the name and he truly feels that he came to it by chance. But it's two words that you're never going to hear together."

Release
Napoleon Dynamite premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 17, 2004, where it was picked up by Fox Searchlight Pictures. Shortly after, Fox collaborated with Paramount Pictures and MTV Films to release the film, with Fox handling North American distribution, and Paramount and MTV distributing internationally. The film was theatrically released in the United States on June 11, 2004.

Anniversary screenings and 4K restoration
On June 9, 2014, the film was screened at Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Los Angeles to celebrate its 10th anniversary. In addition, a bronze statue of Napoleon Dynamite, complete with tetherball, was placed at the 20th Century Fox studio lot.

A 20th anniversary screening of the film took place at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2024, to commemorate the festival's 20th anniversary, in the form of a new 4K restoration from the original 35mm negative produced by Searchlight Pictures and its parent company Walt Disney Studios, under the supervision of Hess. On the announcement, he remarked "Returning to Sundance with Napoleon Dynamite feels like a homecoming. When it premiered at the festival 20 years ago, we never anticipated the incredible reaction it would receive ... It's always been a very personal film for Jerusha and me, so the love affair it's had with audiences all these years continues to delight us. To commemorate its 20th anniversary, we are thrilled to screen this newly restored version ... The restoration team did an amazing job bringing to life new details from the original film's negative that we'd never seen before. We can't wait to share it!"

The director and several cast members attended the Sundance screening in Park City, Utah. Efren Ramirez reprised part of Pedro's speech at the student assembly by saying, "I really don't have much to say. Have a happy Sundance."

Home media
Napoleon Dynamite was released on VHS and DVD on December 21, 2004, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in North America and by Paramount Home Entertainment in all other territories. The DVD is a double-sided disc containing full screen and letterbox versions of the film, plus Peluca and deleted scenes—all with audio commentary. A 2-disc edition (dubbed "Like, the Best Special Edition, Ever!") was released in 2006 with additional deleted scenes, promotional material and a second commentary track, but fell out of print in favor of the first edition DVD and the Blu-Ray.

The "10th Anniversary Edition" Blu-ray was released on June 2, 2014.

Lawsuit against Fox Searchlight Pictures
On August 30, 2011, the film's production company Napoleon Pictures filed a lawsuit against Fox Searchlight Pictures for $10 million for underreporting royalties and taking improper revenue deductions. In its term sheet, Fox agreed to pay 31.66% of net profits on home video. The lawsuit said that a 2008 audit revealed that Fox was only paying net royalties on home videos at a 9.66% rate, and there were underreported royalties and improper deductions.

Napoleon Pictures also alleged that Fox had breached the agreement in multiple other respects, including underreporting pay television license fees, failing to report electronic sell-through revenue, charging residuals on home video sales, as well as overcharging residuals on home video sales, deducting a number of costs and charges Fox had no right to deduct and/or for which there is no supporting documentation.

In May 2012, Fox went to trial after failing to win a summary judgment on the case. The trial began on June 19, 2012. On November 28, 2012, a 74-page decision sided with Fox on 9 of the 11 issues. Napoleon Pictures was awarded $150,000 based on Fox accounting irregularities.

Box office
Despite a very limited initial release, Napoleon Dynamite was a commercial success. It was filmed on an estimated budget of a mere $400,000, and less than a year after its release, it had grossed $44,940,956. It also spawned a slew of merchandise, from refrigerator magnets to T-shirts and Halloween costumes.

Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 72% of 175 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.40/10. The website's consensus reads, "A charming, quirky, and often funny comedy." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 64 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine complimented the film, saying, "Hess and his terrific cast – Heder is geek perfection – make their own kind of deadpan hilarity. You'll laugh till it hurts. Sweet." The Christian Science Monitor called the film "a refreshing new take on the overused teen-comedy genre" and said that the film "may not make you laugh out loud – it's too sly and subtle for that – but it will have you smiling every minute, and often grinning widely at its weirded-out charm."

Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice praised the film as "an epic, magisterially observed pastiche on all-American geekhood, flooring the competition with a petulant shove." In a mixed review, The New York Times praised Heder's performance and the "film's most interesting quality, which is its stubborn, confident, altogether weird individuality", while criticizing the film's resolution that comes "too easily." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one-and-a-half stars, writing that he felt that "the movie makes no attempt to make [Napoleon] likable" and that it contained "a kind of studied stupidity that sometimes passes as humor". At the time, Entertainment Weekly critics gave it a grade C and C− respectively. Entertainment Weekly later ranked Napoleon #88 on its 2010 list of The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years, saying, "A high school misfit found a sweet spot, tapping into our inner dork." The film was on several year-end lists. Rolling Stone placed it at number 22 of the 25 Top DVDs of 2004.

Awards

 * Best Feature Film at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival the same year. The film's budget was only $400,000. When the film rights were sold to a major distributor, Fox Searchlight Pictures, Fox supplied additional funds for the post-credits scene.
 * In 2005, the film – itself an MTV Films production – won three MTV Movie Awards, for Breakthrough Male Performance, Best Musical Performance, and Best Movie. The film is #14 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies".
 * It won the 2005 Golden Trailer Awards for Best Comedy.
 * It won the 2005 Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Score (John Swihart).
 * Four awards at the Teen Choice Awards. Choice Movie: Female Breakout Star for Haylie Duff, Choice Movie: Dance Scene, Choice Movie: Hissy Fit for Jon Heder, and Choice Movie: Comedy.
 * The 2004 Film Discovery Jury Award for Best Feature
 * April 2005, the Idaho Legislature approved a resolution commending the filmmakers for producing Napoleon Dynamite, specifically enumerating the benefits the movie has brought to Idaho, as well as for showcasing various aspects of Idaho's culture and economy.

Possible sequel
After nearly two decades of rumors, it was reported in September 2020, that a sequel to Napoleon Dynamite was in discussion. Heder stated that he is interested in a darker take on the film's characters instead of rehashing the original film's plot: I feel like the future for Napoleon would be a lot more raw and edgy. So whatever he comes up with would be fun to explore, because I think whatever Jared comes up with wouldn't be your typical, 'Let's do a sequel where they all look the same and they all act the same.' I think it would be an interesting development in their lives.

Ramirez improvised a script for a sequel in which Pedro is married to Summer Wheatley, has five kids and owns a bakery. In the same hypothetical script, Kip has fulfilled his dream to become a cage fighter, while Rico has ventured into a new business that he believes will make him rich.

In January 2023, Heder stated that he believed a sequel was "inevitable" and reiterated his interest in displaying a darker tone for the sequel.

Animated series
In April 2010, Fox announced that an animated series was in development, with the original cast reprising their roles. The series debuted on Sunday, January 15, 2012. Director Jared Hess, his co-screenwriter wife Jerusha, and Mike Scully produced the show in association with 20th Century Fox Television. On May 14, 2012, it was announced that Fox had canceled the series after 6 episodes. The complete series was released on DVD on November 4, 2014, by Olive Films.

Related appearances
The 2010 film When in Rome features Jon Heder portraying Lance, a street magician who attempts to impress the film's protagonist Beth, played by Kristen Bell. In one scene, Lance introduces her to his assistant Juan, played by Efren Ramirez, reuniting the actors.

In 2016, Burger King brought back the cheesy tots menu item. This was followed by an ad featuring Heder and Ramirez as patrons with Ramirez having bought the item and Heder listlessly asking if he can have one, only to grab the whole lot and shove them into his pants.

For the film's 20th anniversary, Ore-Ida produced a new commercial with Heder fully reprising the role of Napoleon Dynamite, now promoting "tot-protecting" pants.

Legacy
The term "The Napoleon Dynamite Problem" has been used to describe the phenomenon where "quirky" films such as Napoleon Dynamite, Lost in Translation (2003) and I Heart Huckabees (2004) prove difficult for researchers to create algorithms that are able to predict whether or not a particular viewer will like the film based on their ratings of previously viewed films.

For several years the city of Preston held a "Napoleon Dynamite Festival" in the summer. Many of the featured festival themes related to events occurring during the film. For example: Tetherball Tournament, Tater Tot Eating Contest, Moon Boot Dance, Impersonation, Look-A-Like Contest, Football Throwing Contest and more. Fifteen years after the film came out fans continue to visit Preston, primarily as a side trip as they make their way to Yellowstone National Park.

The success of Napoleon Dynamite led to other films set in small towns, such as Little Miss Sunshine (2006) and Juno (2007), which would have similar critical, popular, and financial success.

title: Napoleon Dynamite


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BMW S38

The BMW S38 is a straight-6 DOHC petrol engine which replaced the M88 and was produced from 1984–1995. The S38 was originally produced for North America as an equivalent to the M88 with slightly lower power output. In 1989, power output of the S38 was increased and it became the worldwide replacement for the M88.

In 1998, the BMW M5 switched to the S62 V8 engine. There is therefore no direct successor to the S38, however the BMW S50 engine took over as BMW's high performance straight-6 engine.

Design
The S38 is based on the M88/3 engine. Compared to the M88/3, the S38 has a lower compression ratio (9.8:1), simplified exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, dual-row timing chain and a shorter camshaft duration. As per the M88/3, the S38 uses a DOHC valvetrain with shim-and-bucket valve actuation. Air intake is via six individual throttle bodies with intake trumpets, fed by a cast aluminum intake plenum.

S38B35
The initial version of the S38 has a bore of 93.4 mm and a stroke of 84 mm.

Applications:
 * 1986–1987 E28 M5 - Canada, Japan and US
 * 1986–1988 E24 M6 - Canada, Japan and US
 * 1987–1989 E24 M635CSi - models with catalytic converter

S38B36
For the S38B36, the displacement was increased to 3535 cc. This was achieved by increasing the stroke by 2 mm to 86 mm, by using a new forged steel crankshaft. Other changes included revised camshafts, compression ratio increasing to 10:1, a variable-length inlet manifold (to improve low-rev torque), equal length stainless steel exhaust headers a hotwire mass airflow sensor (MAF) and Bosch Motronic engine management.

Applications:
 * 1988–1992 E34 M5 (worldwide)
 * 1989–1993 E34 M5 - Canada and US

S38B38
In late 1991, BMW further enlarged the S38 engine to 3795 cc, by increasing the bore to 94.6 mm and the stroke to 90 mm. Power increased to 250 kW at 6,900 rpm and torque increased to 400 Nm at 4,750 rpm.

The engine management was upgraded to Motronic 3.3 and the ignition system was upgraded to coil-on-plug ignition. Other changes included the compression ratio increasing to 10.5:1, a dual-mass flywheels, an exhaust manifold made of Inconel, larger intake and exhaust valves, lighter pistons, and the throttle bodies increasing by 4 mm to 50 mm.

Applications:
 * 1991–1995 E34 M5 - European-specification

title: BMW S38


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Talk:List of California county name etymologies

We might want to make sure that what this page says jibes with what each of the individual county articles says. I wrote most of them, which I got from the invididual county articles. For example, Amador County says:
 * The county is named for Jose Maria Amador, soldier, rancher and miner, who was born in San Francisco in 1794, the son of Sergeant Pedro Amador, a Spanish soldier who settled in California in 1771. In 1848, Jose Maria Amador, with several Native Americans, established a successful gold mining camp near the present town of Amador. In Spanish, the word amador means "one who loves."
 * This is different from what this page says. RickK 19:49, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

Origin of "Orange County"
Orange County is not named for the City of Orange. That error has been corrected.--Truthiness 03:35, 7 November 2006 (UTC)


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Category:BMW

This category contains articles related to BMW, a luxury automobile manufacturer.

title: Category:BMW


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Cadet Instructors Cadre

The Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC; Cadre des instructeurs de cadets) consists of approximately 7,500 Canadian Forces (CF) training officers. The branch is the largest single group within the Canadian Forces reserve force subcomponent Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) and is the largest officer branch in the Canadian Forces. The COATS subcomponent of the Reserve Force employs members from all branches and occupations of the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force of the Canadian Forces.

Cadets are youth 12 to 18 years of age, and participate in 1,150 Sea and Army Cadet Corps and Air Cadet Squadrons located across Canada.

According to Canadian Forces Chief of Review Services, about 45% of all CIC branch personnel have former Regular Force or Primary Reserve service. Some are former cadets who wish to continue their involvement in the Canadian Cadet Organizations: the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets, Royal Canadian Army Cadets, and Royal Canadian Air Cadets. Others are recruited from the general population.

title: Cadet Instructors Cadre


text: User talk:84.65.91.171

title: User talk:84.65.91.171


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Independent Operational Group Polesie

Independent Operational Group Polesie (Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna Polesie, SGO Polesie) was one of the Polish Army Corps (Operational Groups) that defended Poland during the Invasion of Poland in 1939. It was created on 11 September 1939 and was commanded by general Franciszek Kleeberg. The SGO is most notable for fighting in the battle of Kock, the last battle of the Invasion of Poland.

Tasks
The SGO was created on the orders of the Polish Commander in Chief on 9 and 11 September due to German breakthroughs and was tasked with defending the region of Polesie (see also Polesie Voivodeship), defined by the lines of Muchawiec and Prypeć rivers, with the towns of Brześć (Brest) and Pińsk (where the SGO HQ was located). The SGO was to prevent Polish forces in central Poland from being encircled from the east.

Operational history
From 14 September the units of the SGO faced the German XIX Panzer Corps under Heinz Guderian. The forces under general Konstanty Plisowski defended the town of Brześć (Brest) from 16 to 19 September while the forces under colonel Adam Epler defended Kobryń from 16 to 18 September.

After the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, Kleeberg at first followed orders from Polish High Command and retreated towards the Romanian border (see Romanian Bridgehead). On 22 September, cut off from his superiors, he decided to aid besieged Warsaw. As they were running low on supplies, Kleeberg decided to recapture the town of Dęblin, where the Polish Army had large stores of supplies. On 28 September Warsaw capitulated; Kleeberg - at that time having crossed the Bug river near Włodawa - decided that the units would advance west and organize large scale partisan warfare from local forest complexes near Świętokrzyskie Mountains. In the days of 29–30 September the units were engaged by the Soviet Red Army but were able to defeat them. From 2 October the SGO, at that point the last organized regular unit of the Polish Army, fought against the German forces of XIV Mechanized Corps in the battle of Kock. Despite immense German numerical superiority, the Polish forces were able to score several tactical victories; however they were increasingly running low on supplies, including ammunition. Hence on 5 October Kleeberg decided to capitulate; the fighting ended in the early hours of October 6. He was the last Polish general to capitulate in the Polish Defensive War; he is also considered one of the few Polish generals of the September 1939 campaign to have not been defeated in battle (along with Gen. Maczek).

Not all of the Polesie Group soldiers capitulated; many dispersed and continued guerrilla warfare, most notably major Henryk Dobrzański and his Detached Unit of the Polish Army, which is credited with being the first Polish partisan unit and was active until the spring of 1940.

Organization
The SGO was commanded by general Franciszek Kleeberg, his chief of staff was colonel M. Łapicki. Kleeberg was tasked with organizing his group from various small units in the Polesie region; most of them were either reserve and mobilizing or second line such as the National Defense units; the notable exception were the elite Border Protection Corps (KOP) units and the Riverine Flotilla of the Polish Navy.

On 14 September, when the group was engaged by German forces, it was composed of:
 * "Kobryń Group" (seven infantry battalions) - under col. Adam Epler
 * "Brześć Group" (five infantry battalions, two light tank companies, two armored trains under gen. Konstanty Plisowski
 * "Drohiczyn Poleski Group" (three infantry battalions) - under col. Kazimierz Gorzkowski
 * "Jasiołda Group" (one infantry battalion) - under mjr Ludwik Rau
 * Riverine Flotilla of the Polish Navy

Over the next two weeks the group sustained casualties but it was also reinforced by various units from the disintegrating Polish army, including defenders of the Sarny Fortified Area. The total strength of the SGO was 18,000 soldiers.

On 29 September, after reorganization, the group was composed of:
 * Polish 50th Infantry Division (reserve, later nicknamed "Brzoza" after its commander) under col. Ottokar Brzoza-Brzezina
 * Polish 60th Infantry Division (reserve, later nicknamed "Kobryń") under col. Adam Epler
 * Improvised Cavalry Division "Zaza" (pl) (improvised, nicknamed "Zaza") under gen. Zygmunt Podhorski (mostly based on Podlaska Cavalry Brigade and Suwalska Cavalry Brigade from Independent Operational Group Narew)

title: Independent Operational Group Polesie


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The Rotters' Club

The Rotters' Club may refer to:

 * The Rotters' Club (album), a 1975 album by the Canterbury scene band Hatfield and the North
 * The Rotters' Club (novel), a 2001 novel by Jonathan Coe
 * The Rotters' Club (TV series), a 2005 television adaptation of the novel starring Rebecca Front

title: The Rotters' Club