text:
Postage stamps and postal history of the North German Confederation

One of the functions of the North German Confederation was to handle the mail and issue postage stamps, which it began doing, by means of the North German Postal Union (Norddeutscher Postbezirk), on 1 January 1868.

To accommodate the different monetary systems in use by the various states, it issued a series valued in groschen for the Northern District, and another using kreuzer for the Southern District, distinguishing them by framing the value number in a circle for the groschen stamps, and in an oval for the kreuzers. All of these stamps were inscribed "NORDDEUTSCHER POSTBEZIRK".

In addition, there was a special quarter-schilling stamp for Hamburg, with the additional inscription "STADTPOSTBRIEF HAMBURG".

Early in 1869 the stamps were issued with perforations, the previous issues having been rouletted. On 1 March, 10 gr and 30 gr values were issued, notable for being printed on goldbeater's skin, a scheme to prevent reuse of these high-value stamps.

Confederation stamps were superseded on 1 January 1872 by the first issues of the German Empire.

Coverage
The coverage of the North German Postal Union was described as follows:

 * The federal territories comprise Anhalt, Bremen, Brunswick, Hamburg, Lippe, Lübeck, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Prussia together with Lauenburg, Reuss senior line, Reuss junior line, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, Grand Duchy of Saxony, Kingdom of Saxony, Schaumburg-Lippe, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Upper Hesse (part of Hesse north of the Main), and Waldeck.

Upper Hesse was administered as part of the postal union even though the Grand Duchy of Hesse was not a member of the North German Confederation.


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David Arquette as current IP owner
Amazon Alexa reports that David Arquette is the current owner of the Bozo IP, having acquired it from Larry Harmon Pictures. - knoodelhed (talk) 03:46, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bozo the Clown


text: Talk:Orbital bombardment

title: Talk:Orbital bombardment


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of British Central Africa

The British Central Africa Protectorate existed in the area of present-day Malawi between 1891 and 1907.

First stamps
The first postage stamps of the protectorate were issued in April 1891, produced by overprinting the Rhodesian stamps of the British South Africa Company with B.C.A.. A number of new post offices opened during the year, including Blantyre, Zomba, Chiromo, Port Herald, Fort Mlange, Fort Johnston at the southern end of the lake, and Karonga at the northern end of the lake. Chiromo was the main sorting office until after the Shire Highlands Railway was opened in 1908, when Limbe became the postal hub.

Surcharges
Surcharged BSAC stamps were necessary in 1892, 1893, and 1895. 1895 also saw the introduction of stamps printed for the protectorate, featuring the protectorate's coat of arms and inscribed BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. The 1895 issue was printed by De La Rue on unwatermarked paper, but from February 1896 on the paper had either the Crown over CC or Crown over CA watermarks.

In August 1897 a new design was introduced, still using the coat of arms, but with a clear instead of a lined background.

In 1898 the supply of one-penny stamps ran out. Initially the 3-shilling postage stamp was surcharged, but on 11 March the government began to use embossed revenue stamps overprinted with INTERNAL / POSTAGE.

Twentieth century
In 1901, the 1d, 4d, and 6d values of the 1897 stamps were printed in different colours. In 1903 a new series of stamps was issued, featuring the profile of King Edward VII and inscribed BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA / PROTECTORATE, with denominations from one penny to ten pounds.

From 1908 stamps were issued by the Nyasaland Protectorate, and from 1964 Malawi.

Postal stationery
The first items of postal stationery, for the British Central Africa Protectorate, were registration envelopes in 1892. Between 1892 and 1895 a total of 14 different registration envelopes have been identified as having been produced by overprinting British South Africa Company registration envelopes with BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA ADMINISTRATION. During 1895 and 1896 three registration envelopes were designed and printed for the protectorate.

In 1893 two different postcards were issued using British South Africa Company postcards overprinted BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA in an ornamental frame. New postcards designed for the protectorate were issued in 1896 (3 postcards), 1898 (2 postcards) and 1904 (2 postcards).

One newspaper wrapper was made available for use in 1899.

When the protectorate's name was changed to Nyasaland Protectorate all items of postal stationery continued to be valid.


text:
Dhampir

In Balkan folklore, a dhampir is a mythical creature that is the result of a union between a vampire and a human. This union was usually between male vampires and female humans, with stories of female vampires mating with male humans being rare.

Etymology
The word dhampir is an Albanian word from which it evolved through Albanian sound changes. Superficially it seems to derive from the Gheg Albanian words dhamb 'tooth' and pir 'to drink'.

Variants
Mythical creatures like dhampirs are widely associated with Balkan folklore. In the rest of the region, terms such as Serbian vampirović, vampijerović, vampirić (thus, Bosnian lampijerović, etc.) literally meaning "vampire's son", are used.

In other regions the child is named "Vampir" if a boy and "Vampirica" if a girl, or "Dhampir" if a boy and "Dhampirica" if a girl. In Bulgarian folklore, numerous terms such as glog (lit. "hawthorn"), vampirdzhiya ("vampire" + nomen agentis suffix), vampirar ("vampire" + nomen agentis suffix), dzhadadzhiya and svetocher are used to refer to vampire children and descendants, as well as to other specialized vampire hunters. Dhampiraj is also an Albanian surname.

Origin
In the Balkans it was believed that male vampires have a great desire for human women, so a vampire will return to have intercourse with his wife or with a woman to whom he was attracted in life. In one case, a Serbian widow tried to blame her pregnancy on her late husband, who had supposedly become a vampire, and there were cases of Serbian men pretending to be vampires in order to reach the women they desired. In Bulgarian folklore, vampires were sometimes said to deflower virgins as well. The sexual activity of the vampire seems to be a peculiarity of South Slavic vampire belief as opposed to other Slavs, although a similar motif also occurs in Belarusian legends.

Features
Legends state that dhampirs were, for the most part, normal members of the community. But dhampirs, especially male, of paternal vampire descent could see invisible vampires and practice sorcery, often starting careers as vampire hunters, which would be practiced for generations from father to son. Some traditions specify signs by which the children of a vampire can be recognized. Albanian legends state they have untamed dark or black hair and are very cunning or courageous in nature. They are not attracted to blood and can eat normally like other human beings, though the option to bite other living beings in order to extend one's life is always an open choice.

When being compared to a vampire, dhampirs are said to be very lethal towards the blood drinkers, since a dhampir's blood and spit is like an acid for the vampires, making them impossible to be bitten. Due to having mixed blood, a dhampir will not be burned by the sun.

In Bulgarian folklore, possible indications include being "very dirty", having a soft body, no nails or bones (the latter physical peculiarity is also ascribed to the vampire itself), and "a deep mark on the back, like a tail." In contrast, a pronounced nose was often a sign, as were larger than normal ears, teeth or eyes. According to J. Gordon Melton, from his book, The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead, in some areas, a true dhampir possessed a "slippery, jelly-like body and lived only a short life—a belief... that vampires have no bones."

In modern culture
Examples of modern dhampir characters include Blade, a vampire-slaying hero in the Marvel comics and movies, and Rayne (BloodRayne), the red-headed anti-heroine protagonist of the comic series, videogame franchise, and film, all of the same name.

Dhampirs also appear in the works of Scott Baker, Nancy A. Collins, Millie Devon, Barb and J. C. Hendee, and Rebecca York.

title: Dhampir


text:
Larache

Larache (العرائش) is a city in northwestern Morocco. It is on the Moroccan coast, where the Loukkos River meets the Atlantic Ocean. Larache is one of the most important cities of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region.

Many civilisations and cultures have influenced the history of Larache, starting in the ancient city of Lixus during the 12th centuryBCE. Between the period of being a strategic Berber town and then a Phoenician trading centre to Morocco's independence era around the 1950s, Larache was a nexus for many cultures.

History
The city is not mentioned in Arabic historical sources until the 13th century. It was founded by the Idrisite Banu 'Arus. Because of the abundant vines in the area, they named it al-'Ara'ish, meaning "trellis of grape vines", or al-'Arīsh mtā' Bnī 'Arūs ("grape vine trellis of the Banu 'Arus") in longer form. The Almohad caliph Ya'qub al-Mansur (r. 1184–1199) built a fortress here in the late 12th century. In 1270, the Spanish led a successful raid on the city.

In 1471, the Portuguese settlers from Asilah and Tangier drove the inhabitants out of Larache, and again it remained uninhabited until the Saadi Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh decided to repopulate it and build a stronghold on the plateau above river Loukos. He constructed a fortress at the entrance to the port as a means of controlling access to the river.

For a long time, attempts by the Portuguese, Spanish and French to take it met with no success. The Portuguese established the nearby Graciosa fortress in 1489. The Kasbah, which was built in 1491 by Moulay en Nasser, later became a pirate stronghold.

In 1610, the town passed to the Spanish, who stayed there until 1689, but who mainly used the ports as trading stops and never really administered the town. Moulay Ismail finally conquered Larache in 1689.

Attacks on Larache continued, but it still remained in Muslim hands. In 1765, a French fleet failed in the Larache expedition. In 1829, the Austrians punitively bombarded the city due to Moroccan piracy. Due to the colonisation era Spain took Larache in 1911 and held it for 45 years until 1956.

On 7 March 2023, Moroccan archaeologists discovered an ancient tomb dating back over 2,000 years to the Mauretanian period.

Geography
The city is located on the northwestern coast of Morocco, on the south bank at the mouth of the Loukkos River. It is roughly 80 km southwest of Tangier. The city consists of a compact medina (historic old town), situated next to the river, and a larger "new town", established outside the old medina by the Spanish colonial administration after 1911 and stretching southwards over the coastal plateau.

Climate
Larache has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) with heavy rainfall. The summers are moderately hot and sunny - ideal for the city's beaches - and the winters are wet and cool. The record high temperature of 46.4 °C was registered on July 10, 2021.

Demographics
In the 2014 Moroccan census Larache recorded a population of 125,008 inhabitants.

Economy
Larache's economy is focused on agriculture, fishing, and manufacturing. Its port exports produce, timber, and wool.

Landmarks

 * Port Lixus
 * Plaza de España
 * Oued Loukos (Loukkos River)
 * Charie Mohammed Al-Khamis (Boulevard Mohammed V)
 * Storks Castle
 * Boukharis House
 * Torres Park
 * Jardin of Lions
 * The Conservatory of Music
 * Kessba, Gebibat & Bab Behar (Old Medina)
 * Port of Larache
 * Dghoghi Houses
 * Balcon Atlantico
 * Grave of Jean Genet

Lixus
Lixus is the site of an ancient city located in Morocco just north of the modern seaport of Larache on the bank of the Loukkos River. It was built by a Berber king in 1180 BC. Lixus was one of the Kingdom of Mauretania's ancient cities.

It was settled by the Phoenicians in the 7th century BC. Lixus was part of a chain of Phoenician/Carthaginian settlements; other major settlements further to the south are Chellah and Mogador. When Carthage fell to Ancient Rome, Lixus, Chellah and Mogador were annexed to the Kingdom of Mauretania.

This ancient Mauritanian city gradually grew in importance, later coming under Carthaginian domination. After the destruction of Carthage, Lixus fell to Amazigh (Berber) control, reaching its zenith during the reign of the Mauritanian king Juba II.

Some ancient Greek writers located at Lixus the mythological garden of the Hesperides, the keepers of the golden apples. The name of the city which was often mentioned by writers from Hanno the Navigator to the Geographer of Ravenna and confirmed by the legend on its coins and by an inscription. The ancients believed this to be the site of the Garden of the Hesperides and of a sanctuary of Hercules, where Hercules gathered gold apples, more ancient than the one at Cadiz, Spain. However, there are no grounds for the claim that Lixus was founded at the end of the second millennium BC. Life was maintained there nevertheless until the Islamic conquest of North Africa by the presence of a mosque and a house with a patio with walls covered with painted stuccos.

Education
The Colegio Español Luis Vives, a Spanish international school, is in Larache.

Notable people

 * Sidi Jilali bin Abd Allah El-Masbahi, native of Saqiyat al-Hamar, is considered a saint of Larache.
 * Lalla Mennana El-Mesbahi (El-Masbahiya), his daughter, is also considered a saint and patroness of the city.
 * Tayeb bin Mohamed bin Laarbi El-Mesbahi, The great-grandson of Lalla Mennana, who was in charge of her mausoleum and one of the most revered persons in the city.
 * Jean Genet lived for several years and had requested to be buried there. His grave is in the Spanish cemetery of Larache.
 * Amina Filali, whose suicide in 2012 sparked a political debate on women's rights and article 475 of the Moroccan penal code.
 * Juan Goytisolo, Spanish novelist, is buried in the Spanish cemetery of Larache.
 * Mounir Nasraoui, the father of Lamine Yamal, the Spanish national football team's youngest player, was born in Larache.

Sister cities

 * 🇪🇸 Almuñécar, Spain

title: Larache


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of Cape Juby

Cape Juby is the name of the former southern part of the spanish protectorate of Morocco (1912–1956). Its on the coast of southern Morocco, near its border with Western Sahara, directly east of the Canary Islands.

In 1912, Spain negotiated with France (who controlled the affairs of Morocco at the time) for concessions on the southern edge of Morocco. The final Spanish protectorate included a southern strip centred on Cape Juby. On July 29, 1916, Francisco Bens officially occupied Cape Juby. The location was used as a staging post for airmail flights.

When Morocco became independent in 1956, it asked for the cession of Moroccan areas controlled by Spain. After some resistance and some fighting in 1957 during the Ifni War, Cape Juby was ceded to Morocco in 1958. The region is now also known as the Tarfaya Strip.

Overprinted stamps
Spain issued a large number of overprinted postage stamps for Cape Juby. The first set, in 1916, were surcharges reading CABO JUBI on stamps of Río de Oro. Thereafter overprints read "Cabo Jubi" in various forms, on stamps of Spain from 1919 to 1929, and then on stamps of Spanish Morocco. Overprinted sets of Spanish Moroccan stamps were issued in 1934 through 1940, 1942, 1944, 1946 and 1948.

Most of the issues were printed in larger quantities than the residents of Cape Juby could ever possibly use, were sold to collectors, and are today still quite common, with minimal value. The 1916 issue and the highest values of later issues command prices in the US$50 range.

From 1950, Cape Juby used stamps of Spanish Sahara.


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New Era University

New Era University (NEU) is a private educational institution in the Philippines, run by the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC). Although it is associated with the INC, it is a non-sectarian university. Its main campus is at New Era, Quezon City, within the Central Office Complex of the INC. Aside from its flagship Quezon City campus, it has four other campuses around the Philippines, including one in San Fernando City (Pampanga), in Lipa City (Batangas), in General Santos, and in Baras (Rizal).

Founded on June 17, 1975, it was known as the New Era Educational Institute, and was located in Echague, Quiapo, Manila, along Carlos Palanca St. It initially offered only secondary education (high school) but later expanded in 1977 to serve technical and vocational courses under its Center for Livelihood and Skills Training (CLST). It also offers graduate programs.

In 1981, it was renamed New Era College after the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (MECS) granted collegiate status, and later in June 1995, to its present name, New Era University, when the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) granted university status.

It is run by the INC for the educational needs of INC members, although it accepts enrollments from non-INC members as well. Formerly, under the university umbrella, it ran the College of Evangelical Ministry (now Iglesia Ni Cristo (Church of Christ) School for Ministers), where the Church teaches its male members to become ministers.

Other colleges include College of Engineering and Technology, College of Nursing, College of Business Administration, College of Arts and Sciences, College of Education, College of Music, College of Law, College of Computer Studies, College of Accountancy, School of Graduate Studies, and the then new College of Communication, College of Medicine, and Center for Medical and Health Allied Sciences. It offers new courses in the Philippines, including BS Real Estate Management and BS Criminology.

NEU is the legal owner of the Philippine Arena, which is the largest indoor arena in the world with a seating capacity of over 50,000.

It annually hosts its graduation ceremonies at the Philippine Arena in Ciudad de Victoria, which is being developed because there is a proposal to move the main campus of NEU to this location.

Networks

The University is a member of National Athletic Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities (NAASCU), an athletic association of colleges and universities in the Philippines, established in 2001. It is a member of Philippine Association for Technological Education (PATE) and is affiliated with Eagle Broadcasting Corporation.

Developments

New Era University submitted itself to voluntary accreditation. Today, four programs of the University enjoy Level II step 1 reaccreditation with the benefit of full curricular deregulation (Master of Arts in Education, Business Education and Administration courses, Arts and Sciences Courses, and Education Courses).

The students, faculty and staff members, and administration conduct community extension services. The Balik-Aral Program for out-of-school youths is conducted by NEU in coordination with the Department of Education Culture and Sports, now the Department of Education (DepEd) and the Iglesia ni Cristo Social Services Department. This programme brings classes for the out-of-school youth right in their own vicinity using the local facilities of the Church, the expertise of NEU-trained teachers and the teaching-learning modules from DepEd.

With the CHED implementation of the National Service Training Program (NSTP) in June 2002, NEU received commendations from town mayors and community leaders for its implementation of all three NSTP components: Literacy Training Service, Community Welfare Service Training, and Reserved Officers Training Corps.

New Era University will soon have its Bocaue/Santa Maria Campus being built as part of Philippine Arena complex in Ciudad de Victoria at Bocaue, Bulacan. It has also established two more colleges – College of Medicine and College of Architecture.

Notable alumni

 * Elaine Duran - Tawag ng Tanghalan Season 3, 2019 Grand Champion of It's Showtime in ABS-CBN
 * Klaudia Koronel - Filipino businesswoman and actress
 * Gladys Reyes - Filipino actress best known for her role as "Clara" in Mara Clara
 * Anthony Taberna - ABS-CBN reporter and broadcaster

title: New Era University


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John MacDermott, Baron MacDermott

John Clarke MacDermott, Baron MacDermott,, PC (NI) (12 April 1896 – 13 July 1979), was a Northern Irish politician, barrister, and judge who served as Attorney-General for Northern Ireland, a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, and Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland. He was the first law lord to be appointed from Northern Ireland.

The son of a Belfast Presbyterian clergyman, MacDermott served with distinction with the British Army on the Western Front during the First World War, winning a Military Cross, before reading Law at the Queen's University of Belfast. After being called to the bar in both Dublin and Belfast, he acquired a busy practice in Northern Ireland, taking silk in 1936. In 1938, he was elected to the Northern Ireland House of Commons as an Ulster Unionist member, rejoined the British Army the following year on the outbreak of the Second World War, and was released from military service in 1941 to enable him to become Minister of Public Security in the Government of Northern Ireland. In 1941, he became Attorney-General for Northern Ireland, serving until his elevation to the Northern Irish High Court in 1944.

In 1947, MacDermott was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and was elevated to the House of Lords. In 1951, he returned to Belfast to become Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, though he continued to sit occasionally in London. He retired in 1977, and in the same year was severely wounded in a terrorist attack whilst delivering a lecture. He died two years later. His son, also John Clarke MacDermott, was a Lord Justice of Appeal in Northern Ireland.

Biography
John Clarke MacDermott was born in Belfast in 1896, the third surviving son and sixth of seven children of the Reverend John MacDermott DD, a Presbyterian clergyman who was minister of Belmont and moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, and of his wife Lydia Allen MacDermott (née Wilson), the daughter of a Strabane solicitor. He was educated at Campbell College, Belfast, from where he won a scholarship to read Law at the Queen's University of Belfast in 1914.

During the First World War, he served with the machine gun battalion of the 51st (Highland) Division in France, winning the Military Cross in 1918.

After serving with the Machine Guns Corps in France, Belgium and Germany during the First World War, for which he was awarded the Military Cross and reached the rank of Lieutenant, MacDermott was called to the Bar of Ireland in 1921.

Eight years later he was appointed to determine industrial assurance disputes in Northern Ireland, and in 1931 he became a lecturer in Jurisprudence at Queen's University, teaching for four years.

In 1936 he was made a King's Counsel, and two years later he was elected to the Northern Ireland House of Commons as an Ulster Unionist member for Queen's University.

In 1940, MacDermott was appointed Minister of Public Security in the Government of Northern Ireland, and the following year became the Attorney General for Northern Ireland. He was succeeded in this post by William Lowry, whose son, Lord Lowry, would eventually succeed MacDermott as Lord Chief Justice. In 1944 he resigned his parliamentary seat on appointment as a High Court Judge for Northern Ireland, and three years later, on 23 April 1947 was made a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, becoming a life peer as Baron MacDermott, of Belmont in the City of Belfast.

Lord MacDermott returned from the House of Lords to take up his appointment as Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland; his successors to the latter office have become Law Lords subsequently. Whilst LCJ, he was affectionately known as "the Baron".

In 1977, aged over eighty, Lord MacDermott offered to redeliver a lecture at the Ulster College, which had been interrupted by a bomb meant for him and which had severely wounded him.

Having been made a Northern Ireland Privy Counsellor seven years earlier, Lord MacDermott was sworn of the British Privy Council in 1947.

Four years later, in 1951, he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, a post he held for twenty years. He was also Pro-Chancellor of his alma mater from 1951 to 1969. In 1958, he chaired the commission on the Isle of Man Constitution. He died in 1979.

In 1926, he wed Louise Palmer Johnston, later Lady MacDermott. Their son, Sir John MacDermott, was also sworn into the British Privy Council in 1987, as a Lord Justice of Appeal in Northern Ireland. He later became a Surveillance Commissioner for Northern Ireland.

title: John MacDermott, Baron MacDermott


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of Eastern Rumelia

Eastern Rumelia or Eastern Roumelia was an autonomous province (vilayet) in the Ottoman Empire from 1878 to 1908; however, it was under Bulgarian control beginning in 1885 (see Bulgarian unification). The province is remembered today by philatelists for having issued postage stamps from 1881 on,  although a postcard was issued locally for internal use in 1880.

The 1878 Treaty of Berlin provided for the Ottoman Empire to issue special stamps for Eastern Rumelia. However, they were slow to do so. In 1880, in part a reaction to the local postcard, the Turkish government sent some 50,000 piasters worth of Turkish stamps overprinted with "ROUMELIE / ORIENTALE" in an oval. The Eastern Rumelian government found these to be unsatisfactory in presenting the province as an autonomous region, and refused to issue them. A compromise was reached, new stamps specifically printed for Eastern Rumelia were sent from Constantinople and both versions were issued on 16 January 1881.

Overprints on stamps of Turkey were made locally. First was an "R.O." that was stamped both on regular Turkish stamps and the oval overprinted ones. This was done in Philippopolis. In addition, a pattern of bars was sometimes used. All of these overprints are uncommon and extensively counterfeited.

The stamps that were specifically printed for Eastern Rumelia used design elements from the existing Ottoman postage stamps, differing from them by having the Greek inscription Ανατολική Ρωμυλία (Anatolian (i.e. Eastern) Rumelia) above the "Emp. Ottoman" and with French and Bulgarian inscriptions of the name in small letters along the left and right sides. In 1884, a 5 paras stamp and a ten paras stamp of a second issue of this design, with changed colors, were issued. Higher denominations for the 1884 issue were prepared, but not issued. Both of these sets, 1881 and 1884, were printed in Constantinople. Most of these types are quite common, but perforation variations can be scare.

On September 10, 1885, the existing Rumelian issues were overprinted with two different images of the Bulgarian lion, and then with the lion in a frame and "Bulgarian Post" in Bulgarian (Cyrillic letters). As with the first overprints, these are uncommon, with prices ranging from US$ 6 to $ 200, and counterfeits are widespread. From 1886 on, the province used Bulgarian stamps.


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Postage stamps and postal history of the Leeward Islands

The British Leeward Islands - Antigua, Dominica, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Christopher (St. Kitts), and the Virgin Islands all used postage stamps inscribed "LEEWARD ISLANDS" between 1890 and 1 July 1956, often concurrently with stamps inscribed with the colony's name.

The issue of 1890 was a key plate stamp design with the usual profile of Queen Victoria, eight values ranging from 1/2d to 5 shillings. In 1897 they were overprinted with a logo commemorating Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, and in 1902 the 4, 6, and 7d were surcharged with a value of 1d.

The 1890 issue design was also used for stamps of King Edward VII, as well as for King George V and George VI, with several changes of watermark and colours. In 1928 a large one-pound stamp was introduced, and updated for the new monarch when George VI took the throne.

The common design commemorative stamps of the Commonwealth between 1946 and 1949 included stamps inscribed "LEEWARD ISLANDS". In 1951 the West Indies University issue reflected the changeover to cents and dollars, as did the Queen Elizabeth II definitive series of 1954.


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands.

The islands in the South Pacific Ocean were a British protectorate from 1892 and colony from 1916.

First stamps
The first mail service to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands was ad hoc, depending on which ships were calling at the various islands. A regular service began in 1911; Edward VII postage stamps of Fiji were overprinted GILBERT & ELLICE / PROTECTORATE and put on sale on 1 January of that year, followed in March by a set of four stamps depicting a Pandanus tree, inscribed GILBERT & ELLICE ISLANDS / PROTECTORATE.

George V and George VI
These were followed in 1912 by George V stamps of the common type, inscribed GILBERT & ELLICE ISLANDS. A new definitive series came out starting 14 January 1939, featuring local scenery and a profile of George VI. These were updated in 1956 with a profile of Elizabeth II.

Queen Elizabeth II
A set of four stamps on 1 May 1960 commemorated the 60th anniversary of the discovery of phosphate at Ocean Island. The definitive series of 1965 depicted daily activities of the natives, but a decimal currency conversion necessitated surcharges in 1966 and a reissue of the stamps in 1968. The colony issued about 10-15 stamps per year thereafter, usually as sets of four, until the end of 1975.

Establishment of Kiribati & Tuvalu
In 1976, the islands became two separate colonies and later independent as Kiribati and Tuvalu.

The Gilbert Islands issued stamps under that name before attaining independence on 12 July 1979 as the Republic of Kiribati. The first stamps of Kiribati were a pair issued on 19 November 1979 to mark the independence of the country.

The Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau was established on 1 January 1976, which was the day the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony was dissolved and Tuvalu established as a separate British dependency. The first stamp issue was a set of provisional overprinted definitive stamps and a commemorative set of three stamps. The first postage stamp cancellation devices were put into use the same day.

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Scott catalogue
 * Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald, 1986. ISBN 0-356-10862-7


text:
Talk:Traverse City, Michigan

Climate Redo
Climate table should use Weather Infobox instead of just a table. —Preceding unsigned comment added by NiX0n (talk • contribs) 20:53, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

aerial photo
Anybody know where we can get a nice photograph of downtown Traverse City for this article? T Garth 05:37, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

No

I live here, and I know that my dentist's office has an amazing photo. I'll search.

At this point I think any photo of the downtown area would do. TC is a beautiful city and this article is seriously lacking pictures. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.227.209.13 (talk) 12:13, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I agree someone should put some up... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.245.235.23 (talk) 04:16, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Here is a link to my Flickr Stream. Use any of the photos for TC you like (please note, photos are still CC by myself but can be used on this site). http://www.flickr.com/photos/zakfamily/sets/72157594444872434/ -Ken

Need history section
Somebody needs to add a history section... why is it called traverse city etc. 132.159.147.99 15:56, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I agree
My late great-grandfather lived here.They should have quite a few photos.

Gordie Howe
I believe he keeps a summer home in the area, and used to own a namesake restaurant there. Is this "trivia" or should can I add something under the Sports section?

Film Festival
Someone should put out a link to the Traverse City Film Festival

Current Mayor
I added the current mayor and a link to the election results. --Ajorb11 06:02, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Cityscape as a subject matter heading. See Cadillac, Michigan HELP!
I think that the Traverse City article would benefit from a paragraph or two on the subject of the Cityscape. An example of such a discussion is at Cadillac, Michigan. Unfortunately, I do not really have the subject matter expertise to write this intelligently about Traverse City, so I am asking for HELP.

Thanks. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 23:24, 8 January 2008 (UTC)Stan

"ADVERT" Tag Removed
I fail to see any content on this page that is non-factual, or that is "puffing up" the city beyond what is true. Nevertheless, I have edited the introduction. If anyone disagrees with the tag removal, please change the offending verbiage rather than slapping on the "ADVERT" tag. --Judolphin (talk) 00:16, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Traverse City pronunciation
The article has this: Traverse City (pronounced /ˈtrævər ˈsɪti/) The "S" in Traverse has been dropped. This is obviously wrong (to me). OTHO, I am not familiar with the layout of these phonetics, so I hesitate to make the change. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 16:59, 31 August 2010 (UTC) Stan
 * As a former resident and frequent visitor to Traverse City, I can tell you that many people actually drop the "s" in Traverse and elide it into the soft "c" of City. In effect, the locals make it one word, not two.  Imzadi  1979   →  18:04, 31 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I confirm this colloquial pronunciation description is mostly accurate. It serves as dialectal identification of how the name is pronounced, but usually IPA pronunciation information is used for translational language bridging, or for intra-lingual reference to standardized language rules.  Just because we locally merge and pronounce the name that way doesn't mean the defined english pronunciation of the word 'Traverse' is different.  Therefore, it may be desirable to identify the pronunciation entry as colloquial to ensure technical accuracy and maintain encyclopedic value, since the english pronunciation of "Traverse City" as /'trævərs 'siti/, or more accurately /trə'vərs 'siti/ (based on the old French, but with little emphasis on the second syllable), is also and officially correct. D. R. Shoup (talk) 23:45, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

Everyone agrees Traverse City is great. However...
Miami is "subtropical." Traverse City is not. Glad we cleared that up.

Please do not damage the credibility of the article by puffing, exaggerating or distorting facts. I removed the advertising tag from the page several months ago. I will be glad to put it back if people can't have a semblance of objectivity. --Judolphin (talk) 00:34, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

 * "Moderation" is relative. "Subtropical" is not.  In any event, the tempering effect of Lake Michigan on the climate is real, and accounts in part of the Old Mission Peninsula AVA and Leelanau Peninsula AVA (and others) and the cherry production on the Leelanau Peninsula and Old Mission Peninsula.  It would be true, however, that the snow and winter weather could fairly be described as "severe".  So maybe there is a way to massage the wording?  7&6=thirteen (talk) 21:22, 10 November 2010 (UTC)Stan

Stan,

For what it's worth, I think the latest edit is good. "Temperate" is actually technically accurate, which is my mistake. "Moderate" is vague and should probably be avoided IMO. Subtropical, as both of us have stated is not just laughable, but also factually incorrect. If anyone wants to add a sentence about the GTB or Lake Michigan moderating the weather, it would be a useful piece of information that should be added with a proper citation. --Judolphin (talk) 00:34, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

 * MY PROPOSED LANAGUAGE: Its location on the 45th parallel is tempered by the strong and moderating effects of Lake Michigan and Grand Traverse Bay, which have a particularly noteworthy effect on the peninsulas that branch north of the city.  As a result they have viticulture and cherry production.Traverse City Climate Narrative which list as a Source: Michigan State Climatologist's Office.

 * The Traverse City narrative itself states: “The lake effect on Traverse City's climate is quite strong during much of the year. The lake effect increases cloudiness and snowfall during the fall and winter and also modifies temperatures, keeping them cooler during the late spring and early summer, and warmer during the late fall and early winter. In the late winter as ice builds up on Grand Traverse Bay and Lake Michigan, Traverse City is subjected to temperature variations which are more closely associated with interior locations. Cherry orchards are found on the Old Mission Peninsula and on many of the hillsides along the east shore of the east arm of Grand Traverse Bay where prevailing westerly winds and the cold lake water is most effective in modifying the climate. Diminished wind speeds or winds which do not traverse large unfrozen lakes often produce clearing skies and the colder temperatures expected at continental locations.”
 * This might be a good beginning. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 03:02, 16 November 2010 (UTC) Stan

Sounds good to me. Thanks for your help. --Judolphin (talk) 13:28, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Religion
Can someone please explain what a "various population" is? It reads as though it was written by a bible thumper trying to sound enlightened by mentioning Jews, Unitarians (as Universalists--though some Unitarians consider themselves Christian) and "various" populations. If we mean that Traverse City has a mosque, Buddhist or Hindu temple, say so. If we mean that Traverse City (gasp) has agnostics, athiests, Druids and Wiccans, say so. But no one wants to be referred to as a "various" person. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.245.123.94 (talk) 02:02, 6 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed. If all else fails, just take the section out.  all communities have houses of worship.  To list them all would be a violation of WP:NOTDIR, to only list some would be POV. Gtwfan52 (talk) 07:44, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

Two major tornadoes since 1950
There have been two major tornadoes since 1950 in Traverse City on April 3, 1956 and June 26, 1969.--Kevjgav (talk) 07:22, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

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Traverse City Flag and Seal premission
Hey. I recently received permission after talking to the City Clerk of Traverse City to upload my SVG files to be used only on the Traverse City page. You undid and said "still not properly licensed (the permission means nothing in this context)" and then my svg was deleted with my proof. Please elaborate by what you mean by not properly licensed and how i can fix that. Have a nice night. --Cookieman1.1.1 (talk) 00:41, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I mentioned this on your Commons talk page, but I'll elaborate here.
 * The image is under copyright. The permission statement from the city clerk does not change that fact.
 * The permission statement did not explicitly license the image. The clerk did not give us permission to upload the image under a different license. The clerk would have to have specified the exact license and version of that license to be used to be a proper grant. There was no mention at all of any license.
 * Any proper license cannot limit the use of the image to a specific article, so again, it's meaningless to us.
 * You had no permission/license to upload a screenshot of the email to Commons.
 * The text displayed is the writing of the city clerk, not your own. He would retain a copyright in that text automatically under US law.
 * Furthermore, the copyright on the graphical elements of the screenshot are owned by creators of the software involved. This complicates the status of the screenshot further.
 * As a side note, the screenshot revealed some personally identifying information about yourself that you may or may not have wanted to be publicly available. Its best that the image be deleted all around.
 * As a matter of fair-use, no permission was needed from the city to host the image here under WP:NFCC. Had you just uploaded the SVG to the English Wikipedia and not to Wikimedia Commons, and had you used a proper fair-use rationale (FUR), the SVG could be used, and there would be no need to bother the city clerk at all.
 * However, you're trying to upload the image to Commons, which does not allow fair-use content, so the image must be uploaded under a proper license, and in this case, the grant of that license should be logged with commons:COM:OTRS.
 * That all said: we already have an appropriate PNG version of the image uploaded here with an appropriate FUR. Creation of an SVG version is problematic because the vectorization could be given its own copyright, while the raster graphic does not have those complications. In short, we don't need a different graphic at this time.  Imzadi 1979  →   01:04, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

 * So it can possibly be used if i uploaded it on Wikipedia itself using FUR? Sorry if im asking smooth brain question here, i usually upload everything on commons. --Cookieman1.1.1 (talk) 01:08, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
 * possibly, but there are complicating factors related to vectorization. It's best to just use the PNG/raster version currently in use and skip making an SVG/vector version.  Imzadi 1979  →   01:12, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

Caption Correction
In the top right corner of the article it says, "From left to right, top to bottom: Traverse City as seen from the Open Space; the former Traverse City State Hospital; the Boardman River flowing under the South Union Street Bridge; the Grand Traverse County Courthouse; the State Theatre"

By my reading, the identification of the State Hospital and the County Courthouse are reversed. If not, then the captions on the linked fotos are incorrect. Please verify and correct if needed.

GMD3006 (talk) 17:02, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * They are reversed, and I've flipped the captions to fix that.  Imzadi 1979  →   17:21, 23 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Traverse City, Michigan


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of French Sudan

French Sudan (Soudan Français) was established in the late nineteenth century and occupied roughly the same territory as modern Mali.

First stamps
From 1894 to 1902, the colony of French Sudan used the general issues of the French colonies (Alphée Dubois and Group types) with the name of the colony. In 1903, the group-type stamps were marked "SENEGAMBIA AND NIGER", the new name of the colony. In 1906, new stamps were issued marked "Upper Senegal and Niger", a state which came into existence in 1904, with varied illustrations including colonial personalities: General Louis Faidherbe and Governor-General Noël Ballay in 1906 and a Tuareg horseman in 1914. All the above stamps of this colony with its successive names became uncommon for letters until 1920.

In 1920, Upper Senegal and Niger became French Sudan and some of its regions became Upper Volta and Niger. The Tuareg horseman stamps were widely used in these three colonies until the late 1920s. From 1931 to 1944, the subjects were the Colonial Exhibition of 1931, Pierre and Marie Curie, the explorer René Caillié or the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. But the subjects of the issues from 1931 became the most common. They include a Fulani milkmaid, the door of the Djenne residence, and a boatman on the river Niger.

French West Africa
From 1944 to 1959, the French West Africa issues were used in the French Sudan.

Various territories were joined in 1895 by the French colonial authorities in a federation known as French West Africa (AOF). These territories included Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea (now Guinea), Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) and Dahomey (now Benin). The French colonial territories in the federation issued their own postage stamps until 1943. In many cases, the stamps were inscribed with the name of the federation "Afrique Occidentale Française" as well as the colony's own name.

In 1943 and 1944, stamps of Senegal and Mauritania were overprinted with new values and valid throughout French West Africa.

The first issues printed specifically for the federation were the Eboue common design type and a definitive series depicting colonial soldiers, both in 1945. A series of 1947 featured 19 scenes and people of the various colonies, then during the 1950s, there were about 30 various commemoratives. The last issue inscribed "Afrique occidentale française" and "RF" was the Human Rights issue of December 1958.

It was followed by a Stamp Day issue on March 21, 1959, which omitted the federation's name and was inscribed "CF" along with "Dakar-Abidjan" for use in Ivory Coast and Senegal.

Independence
French Sudan joined in a short-lived federation with Senegal in 1959, but ties to both countries quickly weakened. In 1960, French Sudan formally became the Republic of Mali.

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Stanley Gibbons catalogue


text:
Talk:Sherwood Park

Requested move
Sherwood Park, Alberta → Sherwood Park – Sherwood Park only page about a community on disambiguation page and just typing Sherwood Park brings you here.Kyle1278 (talk) 00:57, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose. two ambiguous terms, one of them a common place word. --Qyd (talk) 13:36, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Largest hamlet in the world
How is this calculated? What's the source? The word 'hamlet' means different things in different countries. - Aucitypops (talk) 09:36, 22 May 2009 (UTC)
 * It's been re-branded as a "urban service area". So was Fort McMurray, which has more people. Statement removed. --Qyd (talk) 13:29, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Requested move_2

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus to move. Ucucha 06:54, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Sherwood Park, Alberta → — With a population of over 61,000, and meeting the requirements for a city, I believe that it should be like most other cities and Fort McMurray, and drop the ", Alberta" suffix. 117Avenue (talk) 04:54, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. I agree that in this case the place is the primary topic. Nothing else at Sherwood Park (disambiguation) would warrant that, and Sherwood Park already redirects here. Good Ol’factory (talk) 05:54, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Might as well keep things as they stand. There's no advantage in shortening the title when the redirect already points there. Si Trew (talk) 13:33, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose - keep dab term for uniform naming pattern. --Qyd (talk) 13:47, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm telling you it is not uniform, Fort McMurray, the only other urban service area, doesn't have a ", Alberta", and its population is only slightly larger, the only thing that makes it different, is that it once had city status. Twelve cities (13 come September 5) have populations less than Sherwood Park, and 5 have already dropped the Alberta, plus two towns. 117Avenue (talk) 23:30, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The proposal actually conforms with WP:CANSTYLE, which is the guideline in question. Good Ol’factory (talk) 23:34, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * You have that backwards, my proposal conforms with WP:NAME, Qyd's comments conforms with CANSTYLE, which contradicts it, but has an exception for cities that are a primary topic. 117Avenue (talk) 00:16, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, the section Good Olfactory refers to in WP:CANSTYLE applies to cites only. Fort Mac should also be moved back to the dab'ed title. So should all other Canadian communities if you ask me. --Qyd (talk) 16:06, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
 * As explained in List of communities in Alberta, they are essentially cities, we list them with the cities in the subdivision template. If your option goes forward Fort McMurray, Drumheller, and Okotoks, will have to be moved, which I disagree with, because Fort Mac and Okotoks are unique names, and qualify for city status, and Drumheller because it previously held city status. 117Avenue (talk) 23:54, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Don't even know why CANSTYLE would want to treat cities differently than other populated placed. As far as notability goes, SP is essentially a city; it's larger than most cities in AB. Good Ol’factory (talk) 00:45, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Support Use the simplest name whenever possible. Adding Alberta to the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for Sherwood Park (disambiguation) is unnecessary qualification. -- Ja Ga  talk 21:39, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

There is a move discussion in progress on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Alberta which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. 117Avenue (talk) 00:33, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

For the record, Qyd is incorrect in asserting that the guideline spelled out at WP:CANSTYLE is for cities only. Any settlement which either has a unique name, or can be convincingly demonstrated to be the primary topic for a non-unique name, may be moved to a disambiguated title regardless of whether it's a city, a town, a village, a hamlet or an unincorporated two-house crossroads on the highway — as one might well know if one were to actually read the footnote after the word "cities" in the very first sentence. Bearcat (talk) 21:10, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

History
This section seems more than a little biased. 161.19.64.243 (talk) 20:57, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Biased towards/against what? 117Avenue (talk) 23:30, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Sports
The sports section needs to be heavily updated. I live in Sherwood Park, and have been playing football for years. That info as been there for a long time, and as a firsthand source I tried editing the section. Someone changed it back to information from around 2005/06. Chasmosaurus13 (talk) 15:50, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

 * You as a first hand source is original research, which is not permitted on Wikipedia. Any new additions to the Sports section should have cited sources that are considered reliable to maintain Wikipedia's policy of verifiability. Hwy43 (talk) 04:41, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

Mayor
The mayoral section needs to be updated to reflect Roxanne Carr's win of the recent municipal election, but i'm terrible at sourcing info. Could anyone help me with the process? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chasmosaurus13 (talk • contribs) 05:12, 22 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Carr doesn't become mayor until she's sworn in. 117Avenue (talk) 05:36, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sherwood Park


text:
Anna Quindlen

Anna Marie Quindlen (born July 8, 1952) is an American author, journalist, and opinion columnist.

Her New York Times column, Public and Private, won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1992. She began her journalism career in 1974 as a reporter for the New York Post. Between 1977 and 1994 she held several posts at The New York Times. Her semi-autobiographical novel One True Thing (1994) served as the basis for the 1998 film starring Meryl Streep and Renée Zellweger.

Life and career
Anna Quindlen was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 8, 1952, the daughter of Prudence (née Pantano, 1928–1972) and Robert Quindlen. Her father was Irish American and her mother was Italian American. Quindlen graduated in 1970 from South Brunswick High School in South Brunswick, New Jersey, and then attended Barnard College, from which she graduated in 1974. She was married to New Jersey attorney Gerald Krovatin, whom she met while in college. Their sons Quindlen Krovatin and Christopher Krovatin are published authors, and daughter Maria is an actress, comedian and writer.

Anna Quindlen left journalism in 1995 to become a full-time novelist.

In 1999, she joined Newsweek, writing a bi-weekly column until she announced her semi-retirement in the May 18, 2009, issue of the magazine. Quindlen is known as a critic of what she perceives to be the fast-paced and increasingly materialistic nature of modern American life. Much of her personal writing centers on her mother, who died from ovarian cancer, when Quindlen was 19 years old.

She has written nine novels, several of which have been adapted into motion pictures. One True Thing was made into a feature film in 1998. It starred Meryl Streep, who received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for the role. Black and Blue and Blessings were made into television movies in 1999 and 2003, respectively.

Quindlen participates in LearnedLeague under the name "QuindlenA".

One True Thing
In 1994, her semi-autobiographical novel, titled One True Thing, was published. The book focuses on the relationship between a young woman and her mother, who is dying from cancer. Quindlen's own mother, Prudence Quindlen, died in 1972 while in her 40s from ovarian cancer. At the time Quindlen was a college student, but came home to take care of her mother. In 1998, a film of the same name was released. The movie starred Meryl Streep and Renée Zellweger as Kate and Ellen Gulden, fictionalized versions of Prudence and Anna Quindlen. Streep was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.

Criticism
Writing in The New Republic, critic Lee Siegel cited Quindlen as an example of the "monsters of empathy" who "self subjugate and domesticate and assimilate every distant tragedy". He coined the term "The Quindlen Effect" to describe this phenomenon and suggested that it began with her Times column of December 13, 1992, in which Quindlen assailed the four alleged perpetrators of the Glen Ridge rape. "True to her niche," Siegel wrote, "Quindlen attacked with scathing indignation actions that no sane Times reader would ever defend." Siegel also referred to Barbara Kingsolver in the same essay, along with Quindlen, derisively as "Nice Queens".

In 1999, Villanova University invited Anna Quindlen to deliver the annual commencement address. But once the announcement was made, a group of anti-abortion students planned a protest against Quindlen's positions on reproductive rights, and she withdrew as speaker. The following year, however, she spoke at Villanova's graduation.

Nonfiction

 * A Quilt of a Country* (2001)
 * Living Out Loud (1988)
 * Thinking Out Loud (1994)
 * How Reading Changed My Life (1998)
 * Homeless (1998)
 * A Short Guide to a Happy Life (2000) ISBN 978-0-375-50461-7 from part of a cancelled commencement address that was to be given at Villanova
 * Loud and Clear (2004)
 * Imagined London (2004)
 * Being Perfect (2005)
 * Good Dog. Stay. (2007)
 * Lots of Candles, Plenty of Cake  (2012)
 * Nanaville: Adventures in Grandparenting (2019)
 * Write for Your Life (2022)

Novels

 * Object Lessons (1991)
 * One True Thing (1994)
 * Black and Blue (1998)
 * Blessings (2002)
 * Rise and Shine (2006)
 * Every Last One: A Novel (2010)
 * Still Life with Bread Crumbs (2013)
 * Miller's Valley (2016)
 * Alternate Side (2018)
 * After Annie (2024)

Children's books

 * The Tree That Came To Stay (Illustrated by Nancy Carpenter) (1992)
 * Happily Ever After (Illustrated by James Stevenson) (1997)

New table pictorials

 * Naked Babies (Photographs by Nick Kelsh) (1996)
 * Siblings (Photographs by Nick Kelsh) (1998)

Speeches

 * 1999 commencement speech, Mount Holyoke College
 * 2000 commencement speech, Villanova University
 * 2002 commencement speech, Sarah Lawrence College
 * 2006 commencement speech, Colby College
 * 2008 commencement speech, Kenyon College
 * 2009 commencement speech, Wesleyan University
 * 2011 commencement speech, Grinnell College
 * 2017 commencement speech, Washington University in St. Louis

Industry awards

 * 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary
 * 2001 Mothers At Home Media Award
 * 2001 Clarion Award for Best Regular Opinion Column in a magazine
 * 2002 Clarion Award for Best Opinion Column from the Association for Women in Communications

Honorary degrees

 * Colby College
 * Dartmouth College
 * Denison University
 * Grinnell College, May 2011
 * Hamilton College, May 2006
 * Kenyon College, May 2008
 * Moravian College
 * Mount Holyoke College
 * Nantucket High School
 * Penn State
 * Sarah Lawrence College
 * Smith College
 * Springfield College, May 2018
 * Stevens Institute of Technology
 * Villanova University
 * Washington University in St. Louis
 * Wesleyan University

Other awards from universities

 * University Medal of Excellence from Columbia
 * Poynter Fellow in Journalism at Yale
 * Victoria Fellow in Contemporary Issues at Rutgers
 * Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * Honorary Doctorate from The Pennsylvania State University (Aug.18 2007)
 * Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from Washington University in St. Louis. (pending for 2017)

Other awards

 * 2006 Amelia Earhart Award from Crittenton Women's Union
 * 2016 inductee into the New Jersey Hall of Fame

title: Anna Quindlen


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Postage stamps and postal history of French Congo

The French Congo was a French colony established in the present-day area of the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and the Central African Republic. It began in 1880 as a protectorate, and its borders with Cabinda, Cameroons, and the Congo Free State were established by treaties over the next decade. French Congo was temporarily divided between Gabon and Middle Congo in 1906, before being reunited as French Equatorial Africa in 1910 in an attempt to copy the relative success of French West Africa.

The first postage stamps for the colony were overprints issued in 1891 on the generic issue for the French colonies. They read "Congo français" followed by the value; either 5c, 10c, or 15c. In 1892 the omnibus Navigation and Commerce issue included stamps inscribed "CONGO FRANCAIS". A pictorial series followed in 1900; its images included a leopard, Bakalois woman, and a coconut grove, printed in pairs of colors, some rather garish. A couple of provisional surcharges on the Navigation and Commerce stamps proved necessary in 1900, and two more were needed on the pictorials in 1903.

The watermarks of the pictorials of 1900 are unlike any other watermarks used in the French area: they are plant branches, with thistle for the low values (up to 15c), rose for middle values (up to 75c), and an olive branch for the three franc values.

Stamps of French Congo were replaced by the issues of Gabon and Middle Congo in 1904.


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Postage stamps and postal history of Bergedorf

Bergedorf's postal authority issued only five stamps between 1861 and 1867. Bergedorf is the smallest field of German stamp collecting.

Historical development
Due to its good geographic location, Bergedorf and environs (the Bi-Urban Condominium of the sovereign city states of Lübeck and Hamburg to be precise) had already received postal services from the Hanseatic league early on. The city's postal connections to neighbouring Hamburg were especially well developed at an early stage.

Since the 1420 Treaty of Perleberg, Bergedorf with Geesthacht and the Vierlande municipalities (Altengamme, Curslack, Kirchwerder and Neuengamme) had belonged to both of the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg and Lübeck, therefore named Beiderstädtischer Besitz (Bi-Urban Condominium). Because the condominium belonged to both cities, the curious condition arose where the condominium's post could not be administered by either Hamburg or Lübeck. Therefore, the condominium formed its own tiny autonomous postal jurisdiction. Several other principalities also established postal departments in the condominium's capital Bergedorf city. In 1746, Electoral Hanover set up its own postal department in Bergedorf city, which lasted as Royal Hanoverian post until 1846. In 1785, the dynasty of Thurn und Taxis succeeded Hanover and established its own postal department, which was not closed until 1851. In 1839, Prussia finally opened a postal department in Bergedorf city as well.

From 1806 to 1813, the condominium was first occupied, and as of 1811 annexed by the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. During this time, the postal system was taken over by the Imperial French Post.

Finally on 1 April 1847, the Beiderstädtisches Postamt (Bi-Urban Mail) or Lübeck-Hamburgisches Postamt (Postal Department of Lübeck and Hamburg) emerged from the Prussian postal department. In the following years, this arrangement was extended. In 1856, further departments opened in the condominial territory, namely in the Geesthacht exclave (since 1937 no part of the region any more) and in Kirchwerder.

From 1855 to 1856, the Bi-Urban Mail signed several postal agreements modelled on the German-Austrian Postal Treaty, including agreements with Prussia and Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

After Hamburg and Lübeck had already issued their first stamps in 1859, Bergedorf followed in 1861. However, Hamburg's stamps were officially sold beside those from the Bi-Urban Mail at the post office counters.

Stamp issues by the Bergedorf Bi-Urban Mail
On 1 November 1861, five definitive stamps with values of ½, 1, 1½, 3, and 4 Hamburg Schillings (16 schillings made up 1 Hamburg mark) were issued in Bergedorf. These five values could satisfy the postal tariffs for all distance and weight needs of the time. At that time (1863), only 12,468 people lived in the whole postal region. The imperforated definitive stamps were printed when required and were valid until 31 December 1867. The stamps are square in shape. Besides the value, the country's name and the term "Postmarke", the centre of each stamp depicted one half of the coat of arms of each of Hamburg and Lübeck.

The Bergedorf stamp series is often referred to as a "growing series" because each value is a little bit larger than its predecessor. Thus, the 4 Schilling value looks twice as large as the ½ Schilling value. Together with the different paper colours of the values, the sizing helped to distinguish between the various stamps.

Unification with Hamburg
Effective 1 January 1868, the Free and Hanseatic city of Hamburg bought Lübeck's share in the Bi-Urban Condominium which passed completely into the former's ownership. On this date, the joint entry into the North German Confederation (the predecessor of the 1871 German Empire) took place. Since that time, the postal history of Bergedorf shares that of the North German Confederation. Bergedorf's five stamps were only valid until that day.


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Washington State Route 518

State Route 518 (SR 518) is a 3.42 mi state highway located entirely within King County in the U.S. state of Washington. The freeway begins in Burien at an interchange with SR 509 and travels east to serve Seattle–Tacoma International Airport and intersect SR 99 in SeaTac. SR 518 continues east into Tukwila and ends at an interchange with Interstate 5 (I-5), as the freeway becomes I-405. The highway was codified in 1937 as the western segment of Secondary State Highway 1L (SSH 1L) and designated as SR 518 during the 1964 highway renumbering. During the 1970s, the roadway was widened into a freeway to serve the airport and serves over 100,000 vehicles per day.

Route description

SR 518 begins at a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 509 east of Burien and travels east as a divided freeway, passing north of Highline High School. The freeway intersects Des Moines Memorial Drive and 154th Street north of Seattle–Tacoma International Airport and continues east into SeaTac. SR 518 intersects the Airport Expressway and International Boulevard, signed as SR 99, south of the Tukwila International Boulevard station. The freeway follows the Central Link light rail line into Tukwila and intersects 51st Avenue before an interchange with I-5. At the interchange, located northwest of the Westfield Southcenter Mall, the Central Link turns north along I-5 and SR 518 ends as the roadway continues east as I-405 towards Renton.

Every year, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume. This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. In 2011, WSDOT calculated that between 38,000 and 102,000 vehicles per day used the highway, mostly between Seattle–Tacoma International Airport and I-5. SR 518 is designated as part of the National Highway System and as a Highway of Statewide Significance for serving Seattle–Tacoma International Airport.

History

A highway between Burien and Tukwila has existed since the 1890s and was first codified in 1937 as a segment of SSH 1L, which extended from PSH 5 in Renton west to intersect PSH 1 and US 99 in Tukwila and end at SSH 1K south of Sunnydale, later renamed Burien. The section between PSH 5 in Renton and PSH 1 in Tukwila was removed in 1957 after the construction of the Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, located on PSH 1 and US 99. The remaining highway was later re-designated as SR 518 during the 1964 highway renumbering, being codified as such in 1970. The western terminus of SR 518, an interchange with SR 509, was opened to traffic in November 1968, while the Airport Expressway was opened in 1970 and widened in the 1990s by the Port of Seattle. The freeway segment between SR 99 and I-5 was built in the 1970s. No major revisions to the route of SR 518 have occurred since the 1990s, however SR 99 from SR 518 to SR 599 was removed to the highway system in 2003.

Beginning in 2005, an elevated light rail guideway was constructed on the north side of SR 518, for Sound Transit's Central Link line serving Downtown Seattle, the Rainier Valley and Sea-Tac Airport. The construction led to nighttime closures of the highway and other interruptions until construction finished in 2007. Tukwila International Boulevard station was built to the north of SR 518 at its interchange with SR 99 (International Boulevard) near Sea-Tac Airport.

title: Washington State Route 518


text:
Carathéodory's theorem (convex hull)

Carathéodory's theorem is a theorem in convex geometry. It states that if a point $$x$$ lies in the convex hull $$\mathrm{Conv}(P)$$ of a set $$P\subset \R^d$$, then $$x$$ lies in some $$d$$-dimensional simplex with vertices in $$P$$. Equivalently, $$x$$ can be written as the convex combination of at most $$d+1$$ points in $$P$$. Additionally, $$x$$ can be written as the convex combination of at most $$d+1$$ extremal points in $$P$$, as non-extremal points can be removed from $$P$$ without changing the membership of $$x$$ in the convex hull.

An equivalent theorem for conical combinations states that if a point $$x$$ lies in the conical hull $$\mathrm{Cone}(P)$$ of a set $$P\subset \R^d$$, then $$x$$ can be written as the conical combination of at most $$d$$ points in $$P$$.

Two other theorems of Helly and Radon are closely related to Carathéodory's theorem: the latter theorem can be used to prove the former theorems and vice versa.

The result is named for Constantin Carathéodory, who proved the theorem in 1911 for the case when $$P$$ is compact. In 1914 Ernst Steinitz expanded Carathéodory's theorem for arbitrary sets.

Example
Carathéodory's theorem in 2 dimensions states that we can construct a triangle consisting of points from P that encloses any point in the convex hull of P.

For example, let P = {(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1)}. The convex hull of this set is a square. Let x = (1/4, 1/4) in the convex hull of P. We can then construct a set {(0,0),(0,1),(1,0)} = ′, the convex hull of which is a triangle and encloses x.

Proof
Note: We will only use the fact that $$\R$$ is an ordered field, so the theorem and proof works even when $$\R$$ is replaced by any field $$\mathbb F$$, together with a total order.

We first formally state Carathéodory's theorem:

The essence of Carathéodory's theorem is in the finite case. This reduction to the finite case is possible because $$\mathrm{Conv}(S)$$ is the set of finite convex combination of elements of $$S$$ (see the convex hull page for details).

With the lemma, Carathéodory's theorem is a simple extension: $$

$$

Alternative proofs use Helly's theorem or the Perron–Frobenius theorem.

Carathéodory's number
For any nonempty $$P\subset \R^d$$, define its Carathéodory's number to be the smallest integer $$r$$, such that for any $$x\in \mathrm{Conv}(P)$$, there exists a representation of $$x$$ as a convex sum of up to $$r$$ elements in $$P$$.

Carathéodory's theorem simply states that any nonempty subset of $$\R^d$$ has Carathéodory's number $$\leq d+1$$. This upper bound is not necessarily reached. For example, the unit sphere in $$\R^d$$ has Carathéodory's number equal to 2, since any point inside the sphere is the convex sum of two points on the sphere.

With additional assumptions on $$P\subset \R^d$$, upper bounds strictly lower than $$d+1$$ can be obtained.

Dimensionless variant
Recently, Adiprasito, Barany, Mustafa and Terpai proved a variant of Caratheodory's theorem that does not depend on the dimension of the space.

Colorful Carathéodory theorem
Let X1, ..., Xd+1 be sets in Rd and let x be a point contained in the intersection of the convex hulls of all these d+1 sets.

Then there is a set T = {x1, ..., xd+1}, where $x_{1} ∈ X_{1}, ..., x_{d+1} ∈ X_{d+1}$, such that the convex hull of T contains the point x.

By viewing the sets X1, ..., Xd+1 as different colors, the set T is made by points of all colors, hence the "colorful" in the theorem's name. The set T is also called a rainbow simplex, since it is a d-dimensional simplex in which each corner has a different color.

This theorem has a variant in which the convex hull is replaced by the conical hull. Let X1, ..., Xd be sets in Rd and let x be a point contained in the intersection of the conical hulls of all these d sets. Then there is a set T = {x1, ..., xd}, where $x_{1} ∈ X_{1}, ..., x_{d} ∈ X_{d}$, such that the conical hull of T contains the point x.

Mustafa and Ray extended this colorful theorem from points to convex bodies.

The computational problem of finding the colorful set lies in the intersection of the complexity classes PPAD and PLS.

title: Carathéodory's theorem (convex hull)


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The Shubert Organization

The Shubert Organization is a theatrical producing organization and a major owner of theatres based in Manhattan, New York City. It was founded by the three Shubert brothers — Lee, Sam, and Jacob J. Shubert — in the late 19th century. They steadily expanded, owning many theaters in New York and across the United States. Since then it has gone through changes of ownership, but it is still a major theater chain.

History
The Shubert Organization was founded by the Shubert brothers, Sam S. Shubert, Lee Shubert, and Jacob J. Shubert of Syracuse, New York – colloquially and collectively known as "The Shuberts" – in the late 19th century in upstate New York, entering into New York City productions in 1900. The organization produced a large number of shows and began acquiring theaters. Sam Shubert died in 1905; by 1916 the two remaining brothers had become powerful theater moguls with a nationwide presence.

In 1907, the Shuberts tried to enter vaudeville with the United States Amusement Co. In the spring of 1920 they made another attempt, establishing the Shubert Advanced Vaudeville with Lee Shubert as President and playing two shows per day in Boston, Dayton, Detroit, Cleveland, Chicago, Philadelphia and in September 1921 opening in New York.

In April 1922, the Shuberts teamed with Isidore Herk and E. Thomas Beatty formed the Affiliated Theatres Corporation, which would book shows for the chain. Faced with fierce competition from the B. F. Keith Circuit, the Shuberts closed their vaudeville operation in February 1923.

By 1929, the Shubert Theatre chain included Broadway's most important venues, the Winter Garden, the Sam S. Shubert, and the Imperial theaters, and owned, managed, operated, or booked nearly a thousand theaters nationwide. The company continued to produce stage productions in New York until the 1940s, returning to producing Broadway productions in the 1970s after a hiatus.

The company was reorganized in 1973, and as of 2016 owned or operated seventeen Broadway theaters in New York City, two off-Broadway theaters — Stage 42 and New World Stages — and the Forrest Theatre in Philadelphia. It leases Boston's Shubert Theatre to the Citi Performing Arts Center. Shubert Ticketing, which includes Telecharge, handles tickets for 70 theaters.

Several former Shubert-owned theaters across the United States are still referred to by the Shubert name. One of the most famous is the New Haven Shubert, the second theater ever built by the Shubert Organization. Until the 1970s, major Broadway producers often premiered shows there before opening in New York. It was immortalized in many mid-20th century films, such as All About Eve.

Another important regional theater was the Shubert in Chicago, Illinois, located within the Majestic Building at 22 West Monroe Street. Originally known as the Majestic Theatre, the Shubert Organization purchased it in 1945 and rechristened it the "Sam Shubert Theatre". The Shuberts sold the theatre to the Nederlander Organization in 1991 and is now known as the CIBC Theatre.

In 2016, it sold its longtime headquarters at 1700 Broadway to Ruben Cos for $280 million.

Broadway

 * Ambassador Theatre
 * Ethel Barrymore Theatre
 * Belasco Theatre
 * Booth Theatre
 * Broadhurst Theatre
 * Broadway Theatre
 * John Golden Theatre
 * Imperial Theatre
 * Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre
 * James Earl Jones Theatre
 * Longacre Theatre
 * Lyceum Theatre
 * Majestic Theatre
 * Music Box Theatre
 * Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre
 * Shubert Theatre
 * Winter Garden Theatre

Off-Broadway

 * Stage 42
 * New World Stages

Regional

 * Forrest Theatre (Philadelphia)
 * Shubert Theatre (Boston)

Broadway

 * Avon Theatre
 * Adelphi Theatre (1944–1970)
 * Bijou Theatre
 * Casino Theatre (from 1903)
 * Central Theatre (1918–1988)
 * Century Theatre
 * Century Theatre Roof
 * Comedy Theatre (1909–1931)
 * Cosmopolitan Theatre
 * Maxine Elliott Theatre (1906–1956)
 * Forrest Theatre (1925–1945)
 * 44th Street Theatre (1912–1945)
 * Nora Bayes Theatre (on roof)
 * 49th Street Theatre
 * 46th Street Theatre (1935–1945)
 * Sam H. Harris Theatre
 * Herald Square Theatre (1900–?)
 * Hippodrome Theatre (1906-1915)
 * Jolson's 59th Street Theatre
 * Lyric Theatre (1903–?)
 * Madison Square Theatre
 * Majestic Theatre (Columbus Circle)
 * Manhattan Center (1911–1922)
 * Morosco Theatre
 * National Theatre (?-1956)
 * New Century Theatre
 * Princess Theatre (29th St) (1902–1907)
 * Ritz Theatre (1921–1956)
 * St. James Theatre (1941–1957)
 * Waldorf Theatre (Fiftieth Street, East of Broadway )

Subway Circuit

 * Bronx Opera House, Bronx
 * Grand Opera House, Brooklyn
 * Riviera Theatre, Manhattan
 * Shubert Majestic Theatre, Brooklyn
 * Teller's Shubert Theatre, Brooklyn

Regional

 * Harmanus Bleecker Hall (Albany)
 * Capitol Theatre (Albany)
 * Auditorium Theatre (Baltimore)
 * Boston Opera House (Boston)
 * Colonial Theatre (Boston) (?-1957)
 * Columbia Theatre (Boston) (1903–1904)
 * Majestic Theatre (Boston) (1903–1956)
 * Plymouth Theatre (Boston) (1927–1957)
 * Wilbur Theatre (Boston)
 * Teck Theatre (Buffalo)
 * Blackstone Theatre (Chicago) (1948–1989)
 * Erlanger Theatre (Chicago)
 * Garrick Theater (Chicago) (1903–?)
 * Great Northern Theatre (Chicago)
 * Olympic Theatre (Chicago)
 * Princess Theatre (Chicago)
 * Grand Opera House (Chicago)
 * Shubert Theatre (Chicago) (1945–1991)
 * Cox Theatre (Cincinnati)
 * Shubert Theatre (Cincinnati)
 * Colonial Theatre (Cleveland)
 * Hanna Theatre (Cleveland)
 * Cass Theatre (Detroit) (1926–1962)
 * Garrick Theatre (Detroit)
 * Shubert-Lafayette Theatre (Detroit) (1925–1957)
 * Parsons Theatre (Hartford)
 * Murat Theatre (Indianapolis)
 * Shubert Theatre (Kansas City)
 * Shubert's Missouri Theatre (Kansas City)
 * Shubert Theatre (Los Angeles) (1972–2002)
 * Shubert Theatre (Newark)
 * Shubert Theatre (New Haven) (1914–1941)
 * Adelphi Theatre (Philadelphia)
 * Chestnut Street Opera House (Philadelphia)
 * Locust Theatre (Philadelphia) (?-1956)
 * Lyric Theatre (Philadelphia)
 * Shubert Theatre (Philadelphia) (1918–1957)
 * Walnut Street Theatre (Philadelphia) (1941–1969)
 * Providence Opera House (Providence)
 * Shubert Theater (Saint Paul) (1910–1933)
 * Alvin Theatre (Pittsburgh)
 * Duquesne Theatre (Pittsburgh)
 * Pitt Theatre (Pittsburgh)
 * Baker Theatre (Rochester) (1899–?)
 * Cook Opera House (Rochester) (1898–1899)
 * Curran Theatre (San Francisco)
 * Garrick Theatre (St. Louis)
 * Shubert Theatre (St. Louis)
 * Bastable Theatre (Syracuse) (1897–?)
 * Grand Opera House (Syracuse)
 * Wieting Opera House (Syracuse)
 * Town Hall Theatre (Toledo) (1945–1953)
 * Royal Alexandra Theatre (Toronto)
 * Rand Opera House (Troy, New York)
 * Majestic Theatre (Utica)
 * Belasco Theatre (Washington, D.C.)
 * Poli's Theatre (Washington, D.C.)
 * Shubert Theatre (Washington, D.C.)
 * Shubert-Garrick Theater (Washington, D.C.)
 * National Theatre (Washington, D.C.) (1980–2012)
 * Playhouse Theatre (Wilmington, Delaware)

London

 * Waldorf Theatre (1905–1909)

title: The Shubert Organization


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Postage stamps and postal history of the Far Eastern Republic

The Far Eastern Republic, sometimes called the Chita Republic, existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of Siberia. It was formed from the Amur, Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and Primorye regions. In theory, it extended from Lake Baikal to Vladivostok but, in May 1921, the Priamur and Maritime Provinces seceded. Although nominally independent, it was largely controlled by the RSFSR and its main purpose was to be a democratic buffer state between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan during the Russian Civil War to avoid war with Japan. Initially, its capital was Verkhneudinsk (now Ulan-Ude), but from October 1920 it was Chita. On 15 November 1922, after the war ended and the Japanese withdrew from Vladivostok, the Far Eastern Republic was annexed by Soviet Russia.

Coalition Government
In 1920 the RSFSR, by agreement with the communists, social revolutionists and social democrats, formed a three-party coalition government called the "Far Eastern Republic" (F.E.R.). The first Chairman of the F.E.R. was Alexander Krasnochekoff. In September 1920 this government ordered its Central Postal Administration to collect all stocks of the remaining tsarist postage stamps from all post offices in the area of the F.E.R. Large supplies of the Imperial Russian 1909-1917 'Arms' issue were on hand at the main post office of Khabarovsk and also at Vladivostok. At first mail was franked with these 'Arms' stamps and the still-current Kolchak (Siberia) overprinted stamps. This introduced the danger of revenue loss due to imported 'Arms' stamps. The decision was hence made to overprint all the 'Arms' stamps with the Russian initials 'DBP' meaning "Far Eastern Republic" (Дальне-Восточная Республика), and to accept only overprinted stamps for franking within the F.E.R. The exact issue date remains uncertain; sources mention November 23 as well as December 12, 1920.

After the 'DBP' or DVR overprinted stamps were exhausted, four different new stamps modelled on the Tsarist 'Arms' type of 1909-1917 were printed in 1921 in Vladivostok. The exact issue date is unknown; estimates of production numbers range from 600,000 to 1,000,000.

Priamur Provisional Government, Merkulov
In May 1921 a White movement coup d'état took place in Vladivostok. The new authorities there declared the abolition of the F.E.R. government and formed the Priamur Provisional Government (Временное Приамурское Правительство; VPP). headed by the brothers Spiridon Merkulov and Nikolai Merkulov. On May 22, 1922 an overprint was applied by the Vladivostok State Bank to four of the 1921 definitive issues consisting of an oval and '26.V.1921-1922'. It commemorated the first anniversary of the Merkulov government. The stamps were to be used in the Southern Primorsk Oblast. Issue numbers were low, about 2,000.

In addition to these overprints a representative of the Merkulov government had the Tsarist 'Arms' type of 1909-1917 overprinted in 1921 at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. The overprint bears the letters 'N na A/PVP', and the new gold-kopeck values. It was done by handstamp since all the printing works in Nikolayevsk-on-Amur had been destroyed.

Priamur Rural Area Government, Diterikhs
The local population administered by the rural assembly ('Zemskoe Sobranie') was discontented with the Merkulov government. The rural assembly appointed General Mikhail Konstantinovich Diterikhs (Михаи́л Константи́нович Ди́терихс) as Governor and military commander of the rural armed forces (Zemskaya Rat) of the Priamur Zemstvo territory. Shortly after his appointment, Diterikhs overthrew the Merkulov government, and renamed the area 'Priamurskii Zemskii Krai' (Priamur Rural Area). Diterikhs did not recognize the F.E.R. and had the 'DVR', the 1921 regular issues and Imperial Russian 1909-1917 'Arms' issue overprinted 'Priamurskii Zemskii Krai'. The stamps were overprinted by the Vladivostok State Bank between August and September 1922, and used in the Southern Primorsk Oblast between September and December 1922.

Military Revolutionary Committee
In October 1922 the Japanese evacuated the Maritime Province and Diterikhs, defeated by the F.E.R. army on 14 October 1922, fled abroad. The Bolsheviks took Vladivostok on 25 October 1922 and set up a Military Revolutionary Committee. 10,000 Sets definitive stamps of the F.E.R. were overprinted '1917.7.XI.1922', commemorating the fifth anniversary of the October Revolution, and issued on November 7, 1922. These stamps were used until early 1923.

The F.E.R. ceased to exist as an independent state on November 15, 1922. During 1923 and early 1924 various Siberian stamp issues remained in circulation, mostly the Chita issues.

Postal stationery
In 1920 the Coalition Government had Postal stationery produced by overprinting Tsarist Russian postal cards and newspaper wrappers which already had different designs of impressed stamp applied to show that postage had been pre-paid. Similar to the stamps the overprint consisted of the Russian initials 'DBP' meaning Far Eastern Republic (Dalne-Vostochnaya Respublika), and was placed horizontally on the imprinted stamp.

Four different postal cards were used. Postal cards of 3 kopeks (1909), 4 kopeks (Romanov card of 1913) 5 kopeks brown (Kerensky card of 1917) and 5 kopeks reply card (Kerensky card of 1917) were overprinted.

Tsarist wrappers of 1890 and 1891, the 1 kopek orange and 2 kopek green were used. Four different wrappers can be distinguished although some catalogues subdivide each 2 kopek wrapper into two types with differences in size, making a total of six different wrappers.

Collecting stamps and postal stationery of the Republic of the Far East
Several of the above stamps were produced in large numbers, and are readily available today, while others are very rare. Genuine usages on cover are seldom seen for some issues, and are somewhat scarce for most. Some alleged stamp issues of the Far Eastern Republic should be treated with caution, as there is no evidence they were ever postally used. These include the so-called Nikolaevsk-on-Amur issue and the 1923 Vladivostok Airmail issue. Fantasy issues also exist, such as the "Pribaikal" overprints.

The stamps and postal stationery of the Russian civil war period are a complex topic giving an advanced collector a great philatelic challenge.

Stamp societies

 * ArGe Russland/UdSSR Arbeitsgemeinschaft Russland/UdSSR e.V. is a German-based Russian philatelic society
 * BSRP British Society of Russian Philately is a British-based Russian philatelic society
 * The Rossica Society of Russian Philately is a US-based Russian philatelic society


text:
Handbook of Texas

The Handbook of Texas is a comprehensive encyclopedia of geography, history, and historical persons of Texas, United States, published by the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA).

History
The original Handbook was conceived by TSHA President Walter Prescott Webb of The University of Texas history department. It was published as a two-volume set in 1952, with a supplemental volume published in 1976.

In 1996, the New Handbook of Texas was published, expanding the encyclopedia to six volumes and over 23,000 articles.

In 1999, the Handbook of Texas Online went live with the complete text of the print edition, all corrections incorporated into the handbook's second printing, and about 400 articles not included in the print edition due to space limitations. The handbook continues to be updated online, and contains over 25,000 articles. The online version includes entries on general topics, such as "Texas Since World War II", biographies such as notable Texans Samuel Houston and W. D. Twichell, ranches such as the Matador, and geographical entries such as "Waco, Texas".

title: Handbook of Texas