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Talk:Theurgy

Not magic
' Prayers to a God to accomplish a practical, physical goal (such as personal benefit or material gain) are the domain of practical magic. '

 * The above is from the article, now removed. Sam [Spade] 01:21, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I question the use of the word 'magic' because that does not really describe what theurgy is. Theurgy can involve some types of magic, but in general theurgy is actions, such as ritual or perhaps prayer, that seeks to unite the soul with God. I'm going to do some research and change the intro a bit, but would like to see if anyone has a response first. I certainly agree that prayer is not magic. The sentence above should perhaps change the word 'prayer' to 'incantations' or something. --DanielCD 20:55, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree w you. Magic is widely seen as against God, opposite of prayer, blessings, miracles, etc... On the other hand, while Theurgy does seem to embrace mysticism, the goal is a oneness w God, an ambition no pious person should take offense to. Sam [Spade] 20:58, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Woof. Gotta disagree with this. Theurgy is *certainly* magic. Its goals are different, but it's still trying to accomplish something outside the generally available channels. Also, let's not be too Judeo-Christian-centric here, if we can help it. Practical magic is perfectly all right in Hinduism and Taoism, for instance, if done for the proper goals. Certainly, though, I do see your (pl) point that magic and religion have a fuzzy separator. Perhaps we could add a paragraph describing the debate between those who want to equate magic and religion (lots of anthropologists) and those who find strong differences (lots of other anthropologists!)? I'd prefer that than just glossing out "magic" entirely.--Peccavimus 02:44, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * No, it isn't. Magic is seen as extremely wicked in Hinduism, and I can't imagine it would be very different in Buddhism (which aims to renounce all worldly desires, mind you ;). Even in pagan cultures there is a tremendous stigma against witches. Just take a look at modern witch-hunts in africa. Their done by pagan people, not judeau christians (who have mostly given up believing in witches long ago). Sam [Spade] 03:33, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * By most Esoteric and Hermetic writers, such as Aleister Crowley and Israel Regardie, Magic is indeed synonymous with the divine process of Theurgy. The matter may be resolved as follows: Magic is a term that corresponds to two practices. One is Theurgy, the divine working which brings about Henosis; and Goetia, or "black magic" that is concerned with selfish gain by the use of demons and the like.  The former is taught by most Occult writers to be the proper definition of Magic (Theurgy), while the latter is a gross distortion of it.  Given that these topics were revived in the 20th century and earlier by these individuals that held Magic to be the art of Theurgy, this view should be given some thought before dismissing it. Yogensha

 * “Woof. Gotta disagree with this. Theurgy is *certainly* magic. Its goals are different, but it's still trying to accomplish something outside the generally available channels. Also, let's not be too Judeo-Christian-centric here, if we can help it. Practical magic is perfectly all right in Hinduism and Taoism, for instance, if done for the proper goals.” No, there’s no ‘certainty’ to the claim that theurgy is magic or that opposing the label is being ‘Judeo-Christian-centric’ (and yes, I understand that I’m pretty late to the party). Theurgy is neither Hinduism nor Taoism, just as it is not Judaism, for instance. So let’s not be too ‘South Asian’ or ‘East Asian centric’ either. Furthermore, opposing the label ‘magic’ for theurgy is not being ‘Judeo-Christian-centric.’ It is a central feature of theurgic Neoplatonism. Iamblichus (who is the central figure in theurgic Neoplatonism), was adamant that theurgy was neither magic nor sorcery. I recommend reading Crystal Addey’s book Divination and Theurgy in Neoplatonism: Oracles of the Gods (Abingdon: Routledge, 2016), pp. 32-38, 171-213 and Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington, “Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite,” in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2019 Edition (ed., Edward N. Zalta), part 4.2. -- Carissimi (talk) 02:22, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

Magic in Hinduism et al.
The Atharva-Veda is nothing more than a collection of spells. I'm not sure how you can say magic is regarded badly in Hinduism when one of the Vedas is concerned with it. Certainly, *some* magic is frowned on. But that's far different from *all* magic.

Many individual Christians practice folk magic with no expectation that they will be punished for it. Ask a Catholic how to sell a house sometime.

Buddhism does tend to frown on practical magic, but there are many Tantric Buddhist practices that must be regarded as magical in nature.

An entire system of Jewish magic, the Cabala, focuses both on mystical and practical concerns.

The fact is, all of these religious technologies are also magical technologies if one shifts the focus. A Catholic burying a plaster saint upside down in his lawn is performing a religious act -- granted, one not specifically sanctioned by Rome, but religious none-the-less. he is not, however, performing an act of Theurgy.

And although you're right that certain types of magic were frowned on in *some* pagan cultures, others encouraged it. The Lapps were renowned for their magical knowledge, and the Norse had their seid-witches. --Peccavimus 04:21, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thats all true, but frankly the word "magic" has bad connentations. For me it means "stuff thats not real". For some people, (like my wife, and pretty much any conservative christian) magic=satanism. Its important to be semantically clear, and the word "magic" isn't. Sam [Spade] 05:11, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Seeing your point
I do see your point. Of course, in anthropology, "magic" has a very specific definition -- unfortunately, it's one that's been in considerable contention for, oh, fifty or sixty years.

The devision between the two fields of magic, theurgy and thaumaturgy is both a pretty old one and a pretty well-accepted one by those who claim to practice some form of magic (for example, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn made the distinction). I can see why some groups, such as -- say -- conservative Christian groups or devout Muslims or any other religion that forbids the practice of "magic" might be offput by description of magic that purports to be an avenue to the divine.

Still: the neutral viewpoint demands that one approach a subject from a non-judgemental position. Most of those people practicing theurgy and calling it theurgy also consider it magic (and, usually, neither evil or unreal). Whether Plotinus, Iamblichus, and -- oh, say, Bal Shem Tov, considered it magic. . . well, no. They didn't have the word. Or, arguably, the concept. They probably considered it something more akin to what we used to call "natural philosophy" before we made up the word "science."

As a scholar, I have to admit, this kind of semantic tangle kind of thrills me. :) It's a mess!  And I love playing in messes.

Still, practicalities intrude: so, I think that the article should maintain at least one link to magic (paranormal), and a recognition that a lot of people consider theurgy to be magic. Maybe you could add a disclaimer or edit the religious stuff at the end to reflect the other viewpoint? I think the best avenue is to include both viewpoints. --Peccavimus 08:22, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree again. The best way to handle any conflict of POV's is to include both. Point + counterpoint = gestalt ;) Its also more fair to the reader, who may have either POV, some unknown other, or perhaps none, coming to our article seeking to be informed, rather than swayed. I definitely think a link to magic is appropriate, as well as mention that many consider this to be magic. That said I son't like statements like the one I removed above, stating that "prayer is magic" or anything of that sort. Mentioning the various viewpoints impartially is always the best way to go in situations like these, IMO. Sam [Spade] 18:46, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

What I am saying is that Theurgy doesn't equal (=) magic, as far as the defining statement. Magic covers some of what theurgy is, but is not totally equivalent to it. I don't mean at all to banish the term 'magic' from the article, even include it in the definition perhaps, but not as equivalent. I'd just want to clarify what the difference is. I don't think religious rituals are 'magic', and much of what theurgy is is religious ritual. I guess my perspective comes from my studying it exclusively from the ancient history POV. All religions have some ritual, so do all religions partake of magic? I'm educated enough to split hairs too thin, but I think this is worth considering. Thanks for the responses; I'm just happy someone else besides me cares. --DanielCD 19:34, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the left hand path / right hand path dicotomy which some "magical" type people view as important are relevant (if controvercial) to this subject. Mention of these views would need to be handled carefully, but would prob be enlightening here. As best as I can tell, theurgy would be seen as right hand path by those who find the label useful. Sam [Spade] 21:01, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Just want to say I like the new intro. --DanielCD 00:35, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Sentence in last paragraph
Hey. I love the article. I did, however, find the following sentence incomprehensible in the Christian theurgy section:

"In Greek orthodox christianity may of the services and the even baptism contain as Vladimir Lossky refer to christian theurgy."

Huh? :) As I can not even tell what the original sentence was supposed to be, I thought I'd just put it down here so that the editors who are familiar with this article can decipher it. :-) Thanks. Kephera975 14:11, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It's been changed to

 * "In Greek Orthodox Christianity, many of the services, including even baptism may contain theurgy (as Vladimir Lossky refers to Christian theurgy) in a thaumaturgical way, similar to magic."

 * This seems to imply that Vladimir Lossky refers to "Christian theurgy" as "theurgy". Why are we pointing out that someone calls something by its name? Would we say

 * "the forests contain tigers (as Vladimir Lossky refers to Bengal Tigers)"

 * 194.247.82.75 08:45, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

unreferenced
This tag only belongs on articles without even one reference or external link that is related to the article content. Currently there are 74,296 articles with this tag, many of these, such as this one, actually do have at least one reference or external link. By removing the tag from articles, such as this one, which have such a link we can expose the articles that are truly unreferenced and in most need of a review. This is why I am removing the tag that has been here since June of 2006 and replacing it with refimprove which alerts everyone the article needs works done on referencing but separates from the articles which have not a single reference or external link. I am not sure what anyone thinks unreferenced will accomplish that refimprove will not.-- Birgitte SB  13:33, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree about external links, they are not references. I agree that an article with even one reference should be changed to refimprove, but I don't agree with counting external links as references when they are not designated as such. IPSOS (talk) 13:35, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * If you don't see the differences in quality between the articles with one external link and none at all, you haven't spent much time looking through Category:Articles lacking sources. Referencing standards have changed monumentally over the years.  We cannot discount sources just because they are not designated as references according to the latest standards.  We really need to expose the articles without even one external link, so they can be dealt with.  My motivation is simply to expose the articles with nothing at all in order to find those which need to be deleted.  That is what I am trying to accomplish.  After nearly a year of being tagged, what do you think unreferenced will accomplish on this article that refimprove will not?-- Birgitte  SB  14:05, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theurgy


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Chapacuran languages

The Chapacuran languages are a nearly extinct Native American language family of South America. Almost all Chapacuran languages are extinct, and the four that are extant are moribund, with the exception of Wari'. They are spoken in Rondônia in the southern Amazon Basin of Brazil and in northern Bolivia.

According to Kaufman (1990), the Chapacuran family could be related to the extinct Wamo language.

Angenot (1997)
List of Chapacuran languages from Angenot (1997):

Spoken in Brazil:
 * Torá
 * Urupá
 * Jarú
 * Jamará
 * Oro Win
 * Wariʼ (Pakaas Novos)
 * Tapoaya
 * Kutiana
 * Matáwa (Matáma)
 * Kumana (Cautario)
 * Uomo
 * Urunamakan
 * Kujuna
 * Pawumwa-Wanyam
 * Abitana-Wanyam
 * Kabishi-Wanyam
 * Miguelenho-Wanyam

Spoken in Bolivia:
 * Moré (Iten)
 * Muré
 * Itoreauhip
 * Rokorona
 * Herisobokono
 * Chapakura (Huachi, Tapakura)
 * Kitemoka (Kitemo)
 * Napeka (Nape)
 * Kusikia-Manasi

Birchall (2013)
Birchall et al. (2013) classify the dozen known Chapacuran languages as follows:

 * Chapacuran
 * Kitemoka–Tapakura
 * Chapacura
 * Quitemo
 * Moreic–Waric
 * Moreic–Tor
 * Nuclear More
 * Itene (90 speakers)
 * Cumana (3 speakers)
 * Torá
 * Waric
 * Urupa–Yaru:
 * Urupa
 * Yaru
 * Wanham–Wari–Oro Win
 * Wanham
 * Wari–Oro Win
 * Oro Win (5 speakers)
 * Wari' (2,700 speakers)
 * (position unclear) Napeca (Nape)
 * (position unclear) Rocorona (Ocorono)

All languages are rather closely related.

Extinct languages for which Loukotka says 'nothing' is known, but which may have been Chapacuran, include Cujuna, Mataua, Urunumaca, and Herisobocono. Similarities with Mure appear to be loans.

Birchall, Dunn & Greenhill (2016)
Birchall, Dunn & Greenhill (2016) give the following phylogenetic tree of Chapacuran, based on a computational phylogenetic analysis.

Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Irantxe, Puinave-Kak, and Arawa language families due to contact.

Varieties
Below is a full list of Chapacuran language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

 * Chapacura / Huachi / Tapacura - extinct language once spoken on the Blanco River and around Lake Chitiopa, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
 * Irene / Moré - spoken on the Guaporé River, Azul River, and Mamoré River, Beni province, Bolivia.
 * Itoreauhip - spoken between the Guaporé River and Azul River in Bolivia.
 * Quitemo - once spoken on the Uruvaito River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
 * Nape - once spoken in the same country on Lake Chitiopa.
 * Mure - once spoken on the San Martín River in Bolivia.
 * Rocorona - once spoken on the San Martín River.
 * Herisebocon - once spoken on the Rapulo River near the old mission of San Borja, Bolivia. (Unattested.)
 * Wañám / Huanyam / Pawumwa - spoken between the São Miguel River and São Domingo River, territory of Rondônia, Brazil.
 * Abitana - spoken as a dialect of the Wañám language at the sources of the São Miguel River, Brazil.
 * Kumana / Cautario - spoken between the Guaporé River and Cautario River, Rondônia.
 * Pacahanovo / Uari Wayõ - spoken on the Pacaás Novos River, Rondônia.
 * Kabixi - spoken between the São Miguel River and Preto River, Rondônia, now perhaps extinct.
 * Mataua - spoken in the western area of the Cautario River. (Unattested.)
 * Urunamacan - spoken to the north of the Wañám tribe, Rondônia, Brazil. (Unattested.)
 * Uómo / Miguelheno - spoken on the São Miguel River. (Unattested.)
 * Tapoaya - spoken by an unknown tribe at the sources of the Cautario River. (Unattested.)
 * Cujuna - spoken by a very little known tribe, now perhaps extinct, to the north of the Kumaná tribe. (Unattested.)
 * Urupá / Ituarupa - spoken on the Urupá River, Rondônia.
 * Yarú - spoken by a few families on the Jaru River.
 * Yamarú - extinct language once spoken on the Jamari River. (Unattested.)
 * Torá / Tura - formerly spoken on the Marmelos River and Paricá River, state of Amazonas; now by a few individuals on the Posta Cabeça d'anta, state of Amazonas.

Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chapacuran languages.

Proto-language
Below are Proto-Chapacuran (Proto-Chapakura) reconstructions from the Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL) online, cited from Angenot de Lima (1997). English glosses are from DiACL, and the original Portuguese glosses are from Angenot de Lima (1997). For the full list of original Portuguese glosses, see the corresponding Portuguese article.

 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"

! Proto-Chapacuran !! English gloss !! Portuguese gloss !! Scientific name
 * *haɾam || to button || ||
 * *hoɾam || chin || ||
 * *ja: || to say, to speak || ||
 * *jaw || pillar, to grind with a stone || ||
 * *jaʔ || to bathe || ||
 * *jikat || penis || ||
 * *jowin || monkey species || macaco-prego || Sapajus
 * *ju: || to keep secret || seguir às escondidas ||
 * *juk || to push, to remove || ||
 * *kamaɲʔ || bland, without salt || ||
 * *kap || caterpillar species || ||
 * *kapam || pamonha (traditional food) || ||
 * *kaɾaʔ/*hwaɾaʔ || large, fat || ||
 * *kat, *kawʔ || river dolphin || ||
 * *kat, *ɾat || to yawn || ||
 * *katim || foot || ||
 * *katinʔ || large tick || ||
 * *katʃak/*katʃok || to tickle, tickling || ||
 * *katʃin || pineapple || ||
 * *kawʔ || to eat || ||
 * *kawa: || tree species || árvore-rochinha ||
 * *kawa: || kind of small arrow, used by children playing || ||
 * *kawit || parrot species || papagaio-curica ||
 * *kedzek || to lick || ||
 * *kenum || cocoa || ||
 * *kijiʔ || to descend, to lower || ||
 * *kinam || jaguar, dog || ||
 * *kipun || tail || ||
 * *kipwin || (to be) cold || ||
 * *kitam || bridge, jirau grill || ponte, grelha para moquear ||
 * *kiw || to bite, to chew || ||
 * *kiwoʔ || arrow (generic) || ||
 * *koki: || piranha || ||
 * *kom || to sing (people) || ||
 * *komeN || sun || ||
 * *koɾa: || paddle || ||
 * *koɾan || palm species || palmeira-carundaí || buriti?
 * *kotem || red, ripe || ||
 * *kotok/*koɾok || to knock down fruits by beating the tree || ||
 * *kɾam || elbow, joint || ||
 * *kɾan || ant species || formiga-saúva || Atta
 * *kɾik || to see, to observe, to look || ||
 * *kɾom || to enter, inside || ||
 * *kuk || to pull, to drag || ||
 * *kunʔ || tree species || árvore-cachimbeira, jequitibá-vermelho; sal || Cariniana rubra
 * *kunu: || to stink, bad smell || ||
 * *kut || to pick, to catch || ||
 * *kwaɾaʔ || common armadillo || ||
 * *ma(w) || to go || ||
 * *madzan || kind of yam || batata-cará ||
 * *makiʔ || to come, to arrive || ||
 * *manaʔ || anger, brave || ||
 * *mapak || corn || ||
 * *mapawʔ || club, baton || ||
 * *mapom || fat, grease || ||
 * *mapwip || kind of small bow || ||
 * *maɾam || to paint, to write || ||
 * *mawi: || to steal, thief || ||
 * *mawin || annatto (tree species), wood for making fire || || Bixa orellana
 * *mekuʔ || crab || ||
 * *mem || red, ripe || ||
 * *mikop || paca || ||
 * *mitʃem || black || ||
 * *mo: || to run || ||
 * *mokon || rope, cord, string, thread || ||
 * *mom || to swell because of illness, to have a tumor || ||
 * *moɾoʔ || flour || ||
 * *mowawʔ || tucumã palm larva || broca do tucumã || larva of Astrocaryum aculeatum
 * *mowin || pus, infection, tumour || ||
 * *muɾinʔ || swallow || ||
 * *mwijak || wild hog || ||
 * *n(e/o)n || to whistle with help from the hand || ||
 * *nak || to smell, to sniff || ||
 * *naɾan || pitch/tar (of jatobá tree); light || breu (de jatobá); luz || Hymenaea courbaril
 * *natan || face, front || ||
 * *nok || to hate, to reject || ||
 * *nok || to suckle || ||
 * *nopon || tree species || árvore-itaúba || Mezilaurus itauba
 * *pa: || to beat, to slap || ||
 * *padzaw || pubic hair || ||
 * *pakaʔ || red, ripe || ||
 * *pana: || tree (generic), wood, log || ||
 * *papat || bamboo species, kind of arrow, bomboo knife || taquara (esp.); flecha (esp.); faca de bambu ||
 * *papop || wind || ||
 * *paɾV: || bow (generic) || ||
 * *patiʔ || animal (generic), fish || ||
 * *pawʔ || to tie (up) || ||
 * *paʔ || to kill, to hunt, to beat to death || ||
 * *pijeʔ || newborn child || ||
 * *pikot || giant armadillo || tatu gigante ||
 * *pipon || bird species || cujubim || Pipile cujubi
 * *piɾamʔ || squirrel || quoati-puru, esquilo ||
 * *pitʃak || to scratch, to itch || ||
 * *pitʃi: || horn || ||
 * *piwan || tarantula || aranha caranguejeira ||
 * *piʔ || to dance || ||
 * *pok || thigh, upper leg || ||
 * *pon || to fart || ||
 * *pot || to pull out || ||
 * *pot || to get, to tear, to extract || ||
 * *potʃ || to cook; to spit || cozinhar; cuspir ||
 * *poʔ || to wake up, to rouse || ||
 * *pɾin || parakeet || ||
 * *pɾu: || to kill, to hit a target with an arrow || ||
 * *pu: || to blow, to light a fire || ||
 * *puɾek || to miss the target with an arrow || ||
 * *pwe: || to sit || ||
 * *pwikun || stone, rock || ||
 * *pwin || to leave behind || ||
 * *pwiɾan || boa || ||
 * *pwit || to break, to cut, to extract, to unrip || ||
 * *pwiti: || large horsefly || ||
 * *pwitsi: || palm species || palmeira-totai || Acrocomia aculeata subsp. totai
 * *pwitsop || porcupine, hedgehog || ||
 * *pwiw || flower || ||
 * *ɾi:(tan) || banana (generic) || ||
 * *tajin || charcoal || ||
 * *takat || wax (honey, ear, for arrow, etc.) || ||
 * *takawʔ || kind of fish || peixe-cará || Geophagus brasiliensis
 * *takiʔ || to fly, to leave flying || ||
 * *tan || leaf, one || ||
 * *tapan || monkey species || macaco-saguim || Callitrichidae; Callithrix jacchus
 * *tapiw || agouti || ||
 * *tapot || straw, cover/roofing of house || ||
 * *tata: || father (1SG.POSS) || ||
 * *tataw || rope made of tree fibers; horn || envira (esp.); chifre ||
 * *tatsam || to laugh, to smile || ||
 * *tatʃiʔ || husband || ||
 * *tawan || lazy, sulky, disobedient || ||
 * *tawi: || bee (generic), honey || ||
 * *tawit || fence, surrounded || ||
 * *taʔ || to cut || ||
 * *tikat || to finish || ||
 * *tim || heart || ||
 * *tipan || arm || ||
 * *tipat || wing || ||
 * *tipoʔ || to follow a trail || ||
 * *titimʔ/*tiɾimʔ || to lie down || ||
 * *tok || to drink || ||
 * *tok || eye, grain, seed, stone || ||
 * *toke: || chestnut, Brazil nut || ||
 * *tom || to burn, black || ||
 * *tomiʔ || to say, to speak || ||
 * *ton || to knock down fruits by beating the tree || ||
 * *top || to explode, to break corn || ||
 * *topak || mouth, lips, to speak || ||
 * *topan || skin, peel, bark || ||
 * *topop || basket (generic) || ||
 * *toɾo: || to swell, to ferment, to cause swelling || ||
 * *totʃam || clay || ||
 * *totʃik || bee species, honey || abelha-lambeolho; seu mel || Leurotrigona muelleri
 * *towa: || turtle, tortoise; rubber cylinder (?) || tartaruga, tracaja, jabuti; tambor de caucho ||
 * *towan || kind of fruit || fruta-murisi || Byrsonima crassifolia
 * *towaʔ || white, bright color, daybreak/dawn || ||
 * *towin || parrot species || papagaio-curica ||
 * *toʔ || to beat, to open, to crack, to cut || ||
 * *tɾakom || bamboo, taboca (bamboo species) || bambu; taboca || Guadua weberbaueri
 * *tɾakop || fermented drink || ||
 * *tɾamaʔ || man || ||
 * *tɾamwin || red macaw || ||
 * *tɾan tɾan || guan bird || jacu || Penelope
 * *tɾapo: || white hair || ||
 * *tɾawan || liver; palm species, fish species || fígado; palmeira-patua; patua; surubim || Pimelodidae
 * *tɾik || coal, ember || ||
 * *tɾot || aricuri palm leaf || || Syagrus coronata
 * *tʃak || to suck on a fruit || ||
 * *tʃek || day || ||
 * *tʃijat || net || ||
 * *tʃik || one || ||
 * *tʃikinʔ || nail, claw; traíra (fish species) || unha, garra; traíra (peixe) || Erythrinidae
 * *tʃin || to throw || ||
 * *tʃitot || country, to plant || ||
 * *tʃiw || (to be) cold || ||
 * *tʃok || to suck "noisily", to make a "sucking" sound || ||
 * *tʃom || to step; to insist || pisar, bater o pé ||
 * *tʃopin || to spit || ||
 * *tʃoraw || swallow || ||
 * *tʃowiʔ || rain, winter || ||
 * *tʃup || to kiss "noisily" || ||
 * *tun || hair, coat || ||
 * *tut || to walk || ||
 * *wak || to add, to pile up || ||
 * *waki: || toad species || ||
 * *wan || to copulate, to have sex || ||
 * *wana: || way, path, road || ||
 * *waɲam || Indian of enemy tribe || ||
 * *waɾak || sap, sperm, vaginal secretion || ||
 * *watam || kind of fruit || ||
 * *watʃik || common opossum || mucura || Didelphis marsupialis
 * *wet || to marry || ||
 * *weʔ || to vomit || ||
 * *wijak || to scrape with a knife || ||
 * *wijam || small || ||
 * *wina: || to raise an animal, to tame/domesticate || ||
 * *wina: || grandson || ||
 * *winimʔ || to wait, to except || ||
 * *witʃiʔ || to roast on coal/ember || ||
 * *ʔajiʔ || older brother || ||
 * *ʔaka: || to sing (of bird), to cackle, to cry || ||
 * *ʔakom || water; river; rain || ||
 * *ʔakop || manioc, cassava || ||
 * *ʔam || edge, margin || ||
 * *ʔamiʔ || to give || ||
 * *ʔamon || excrements, feces, intestines, belly || ||
 * *ʔamwi: || very, much || ||
 * *ʔaɲ || to cry || ||
 * *ʔanin || younger sister || ||
 * *ʔapa: || palm species || palmeira-marayau || Bactris major
 * *ʔapam || shoulder || ||
 * *ʔapan || kind of fruit || ||
 * *ʔapaʔ || maternal grandmother || ||
 * *ʔapi: || thorn, needle, hook || ||
 * *ʔapi: || father-in-law || ||
 * *ʔapiʔ || to finish || ||
 * *ʔapo: || uncle (aunt's husband) || ||
 * *ʔapop || caiman || jacaré ||
 * *ʔatat || bone, leg || ||
 * *ʔataw/*ʔaɾaw || back, shoulders || ||
 * *ʔatin || younger brother || ||
 * *ʔatɾim || house, traditional village (maloca) || ||
 * *ʔatʃaʔ || younger sibling || ||
 * *ʔatʃem || to sneeze || ||
 * *ʔaw || to spill liquid, to bleed, to leak, to drain, to drip || ||
 * *ʔawan || bitter || ||
 * *ʔawan || tree species with venomous bark || ||
 * *ʔawan || pig, hog, capybara || ||
 * *ʔawi: || good, beautiful, tasty || ||
 * *ʔawik || blood || ||
 * *ʔawin || sky, height, to charge upwards || ||
 * *ʔawom || cotton; clothes; dove/pigeon species || algodão; roupa; pomba (esp.) ||
 * *ʔawum || 2SG || ||
 * *ʔenem || brother-in-law (sister's husband) || ||
 * *ʔep || pillar, to grind with a stone || ||
 * *ʔeɾum || trumpeter (bird species) || jacamim || Psophia
 * *ʔew || burn || ||
 * *ʔewu: || toucan || ||
 * *ʔihwam || fish (generic) || ||
 * *ʔijat || tooth, beak || ||
 * *ʔijaʔ || vessel made of palm || vasilha feita de cacho de palmeira ||
 * *ʔijewʔ || paternal grandfather || ||
 * *ʔiji: || palm species || palmeira-bacaba || Oenocarpus bacaba
 * *ʔijinʔ || fear, to fear || ||
 * *ʔijoʔ || to put out, to erase || ||
 * *ʔikan || kind of mosquito || mosquito-catoqui ||
 * *ʔikat || medicine man, sorcerer || ||
 * *ʔikat || to break || ||
 * *ʔikim || chest, thorax || ||
 * *ʔikit || knife, iron instrument || ||
 * *ʔiman || hole, vagina || ||
 * *ʔimiʔ || kind of mosquito or fly || pium, borrachudo || Simuliidae
 * *ʔimwinʔ || tapir || ||
 * *ʔimwiʔ || to die, dead || ||
 * *ʔinamʔ || pregnant || ||
 * *ʔinawʔ || bat || ||
 * *ʔinaʔ || mother || ||
 * *ʔipa: || to open (eyes, door) || ||
 * *ʔipan || to fall, to be born || ||
 * *ʔipik || latex, rubber || seringa; borracha ||
 * *ʔipwik || anteater species || tamanduá-mirim || Tamandua tetradactyla
 * *ʔiɾam || açaí palm || palmeira-açai ||
 * *ʔiɾiʔ || (to be) right, truth || ||
 * *ʔit || body || ||
 * *ʔitak || to swallow || ||
 * *ʔitaʔ/*ʔiɾaʔ || to urinate || ||
 * *ʔite: || father (1SG.POSS) || ||
 * *ʔitʃe: || fire, firewood || ||
 * *ʔitsim || night || ||
 * *ʔitʃin || centipede, millipede || ||
 * *ʔiwʔ || louse || ||
 * *ʔiwan || to get home || ||
 * *ʔiwi: || mat || ||
 * *ʔiwiʔ || smoke || ||
 * *ʔodzip || palm species || palmeira-najá || Attalea maripa
 * *ʔojam || spirit, soul of a corpse || ||
 * *ʔojop || pacu (fish species) || ||
 * *ʔokin || scorpion || ||
 * *ʔokon || palm species || palmeira-real / buriti || Mauritia flexuosa
 * *ʔomaʔ || to live, to have, to exist || ||
 * *ʔomi: || scrubland, bush, firm land || ||
 * *ʔon || to whistle without help from the hand || ||
 * *ʔonaɲ || palm species || palmeira-buruburu || Astrocaryum murumuru
 * *ʔonok || navel, belly button || ||
 * *ʔop || to dance || ||
 * *ʔopaʔ || bagre (fish species) || bagre ||
 * *ʔopi: || woodworm/beetle species || caruncho rola-bosta; besouro (esp.) ||
 * *ʔopot || kind of liana used for binding || cipó-ambé, usado para amarrar ||
 * *ʔoɾam || cheek || ||
 * *ʔorawʔ || mushroom species || ||
 * *ʔoro: || people of, clan of, kind of || ||
 * *ʔoɾom || gourd, calabash || ||
 * *ʔoɾot || to break out (2nd permanent tooth of a child) || ||
 * *ʔotin || curassow (bird species) || mutum || Cracidae
 * *ʔoto: || gourd, calabash || ||
 * *ʔotsiw || monkey species || macaco-de-cheiro amarelo || Saimiri
 * *ʔowam || kind of fish || peixe-jeju || Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus
 * *ʔowit || wart || ||
 * *ʔoβi: || anum (bird species) || || Crotophaga
 * *ʔukun || flesh (of the body), body || ||
 * *ʔum || hand || ||
 * *ʔumwe: || bird (generic) || ||
 * *ʔupwek || head || ||
 * *ʔupweɲ || to sleep || ||
 * *ʔuɾin || ant species || formiga-da-castanha ||
 * *ʔutuɾ || nose || ||
 * *ʔutut || urine || ||
 * *ʔuwe: || older sister || ||
 * *ʔuwew || paternal grandmother || ||
 * *ʔuwit || name || ||
 * *ʔuʔ || ant species || formiga-saraça ||
 * }
 * *toʔ || to beat, to open, to crack, to cut || ||
 * *tɾakom || bamboo, taboca (bamboo species) || bambu; taboca || Guadua weberbaueri
 * *tɾakop || fermented drink || ||
 * *tɾamaʔ || man || ||
 * *tɾamwin || red macaw || ||
 * *tɾan tɾan || guan bird || jacu || Penelope
 * *tɾapo: || white hair || ||
 * *tɾawan || liver; palm species, fish species || fígado; palmeira-patua; patua; surubim || Pimelodidae
 * *tɾik || coal, ember || ||
 * *tɾot || aricuri palm leaf || || Syagrus coronata
 * *tʃak || to suck on a fruit || ||
 * *tʃek || day || ||
 * *tʃijat || net || ||
 * *tʃik || one || ||
 * *tʃikinʔ || nail, claw; traíra (fish species) || unha, garra; traíra (peixe) || Erythrinidae
 * *tʃin || to throw || ||
 * *tʃitot || country, to plant || ||
 * *tʃiw || (to be) cold || ||
 * *tʃok || to suck "noisily", to make a "sucking" sound || ||
 * *tʃom || to step; to insist || pisar, bater o pé ||
 * *tʃopin || to spit || ||
 * *tʃoraw || swallow || ||
 * *tʃowiʔ || rain, winter || ||
 * *tʃup || to kiss "noisily" || ||
 * *tun || hair, coat || ||
 * *tut || to walk || ||
 * *wak || to add, to pile up || ||
 * *waki: || toad species || ||
 * *wan || to copulate, to have sex || ||
 * *wana: || way, path, road || ||
 * *waɲam || Indian of enemy tribe || ||
 * *waɾak || sap, sperm, vaginal secretion || ||
 * *watam || kind of fruit || ||
 * *watʃik || common opossum || mucura || Didelphis marsupialis
 * *wet || to marry || ||
 * *weʔ || to vomit || ||
 * *wijak || to scrape with a knife || ||
 * *wijam || small || ||
 * *wina: || to raise an animal, to tame/domesticate || ||
 * *wina: || grandson || ||
 * *winimʔ || to wait, to except || ||
 * *witʃiʔ || to roast on coal/ember || ||
 * *ʔajiʔ || older brother || ||
 * *ʔaka: || to sing (of bird), to cackle, to cry || ||
 * *ʔakom || water; river; rain || ||
 * *ʔakop || manioc, cassava || ||
 * *ʔam || edge, margin || ||
 * *ʔamiʔ || to give || ||
 * *ʔamon || excrements, feces, intestines, belly || ||
 * *ʔamwi: || very, much || ||
 * *ʔaɲ || to cry || ||
 * *ʔanin || younger sister || ||
 * *ʔapa: || palm species || palmeira-marayau || Bactris major
 * *ʔapam || shoulder || ||
 * *ʔapan || kind of fruit || ||
 * *ʔapaʔ || maternal grandmother || ||
 * *ʔapi: || thorn, needle, hook || ||
 * *ʔapi: || father-in-law || ||
 * *ʔapiʔ || to finish || ||
 * *ʔapo: || uncle (aunt's husband) || ||
 * *ʔapop || caiman || jacaré ||
 * *ʔatat || bone, leg || ||
 * *ʔataw/*ʔaɾaw || back, shoulders || ||
 * *ʔatin || younger brother || ||
 * *ʔatɾim || house, traditional village (maloca) || ||
 * *ʔatʃaʔ || younger sibling || ||
 * *ʔatʃem || to sneeze || ||
 * *ʔaw || to spill liquid, to bleed, to leak, to drain, to drip || ||
 * *ʔawan || bitter || ||
 * *ʔawan || tree species with venomous bark || ||
 * *ʔawan || pig, hog, capybara || ||
 * *ʔawi: || good, beautiful, tasty || ||
 * *ʔawik || blood || ||
 * *ʔawin || sky, height, to charge upwards || ||
 * *ʔawom || cotton; clothes; dove/pigeon species || algodão; roupa; pomba (esp.) ||
 * *ʔawum || 2SG || ||
 * *ʔenem || brother-in-law (sister's husband) || ||
 * *ʔep || pillar, to grind with a stone || ||
 * *ʔeɾum || trumpeter (bird species) || jacamim || Psophia
 * *ʔew || burn || ||
 * *ʔewu: || toucan || ||
 * *ʔihwam || fish (generic) || ||
 * *ʔijat || tooth, beak || ||
 * *ʔijaʔ || vessel made of palm || vasilha feita de cacho de palmeira ||
 * *ʔijewʔ || paternal grandfather || ||
 * *ʔiji: || palm species || palmeira-bacaba || Oenocarpus bacaba
 * *ʔijinʔ || fear, to fear || ||
 * *ʔijoʔ || to put out, to erase || ||
 * *ʔikan || kind of mosquito || mosquito-catoqui ||
 * *ʔikat || medicine man, sorcerer || ||
 * *ʔikat || to break || ||
 * *ʔikim || chest, thorax || ||
 * *ʔikit || knife, iron instrument || ||
 * *ʔiman || hole, vagina || ||
 * *ʔimiʔ || kind of mosquito or fly || pium, borrachudo || Simuliidae
 * *ʔimwinʔ || tapir || ||
 * *ʔimwiʔ || to die, dead || ||
 * *ʔinamʔ || pregnant || ||
 * *ʔinawʔ || bat || ||
 * *ʔinaʔ || mother || ||
 * *ʔipa: || to open (eyes, door) || ||
 * *ʔipan || to fall, to be born || ||
 * *ʔipik || latex, rubber || seringa; borracha ||
 * *ʔipwik || anteater species || tamanduá-mirim || Tamandua tetradactyla
 * *ʔiɾam || açaí palm || palmeira-açai ||
 * *ʔiɾiʔ || (to be) right, truth || ||
 * *ʔit || body || ||
 * *ʔitak || to swallow || ||
 * *ʔitaʔ/*ʔiɾaʔ || to urinate || ||
 * *ʔite: || father (1SG.POSS) || ||
 * *ʔitʃe: || fire, firewood || ||
 * *ʔitsim || night || ||
 * *ʔitʃin || centipede, millipede || ||
 * *ʔiwʔ || louse || ||
 * *ʔiwan || to get home || ||
 * *ʔiwi: || mat || ||
 * *ʔiwiʔ || smoke || ||
 * *ʔodzip || palm species || palmeira-najá || Attalea maripa
 * *ʔojam || spirit, soul of a corpse || ||
 * *ʔojop || pacu (fish species) || ||
 * *ʔokin || scorpion || ||
 * *ʔokon || palm species || palmeira-real / buriti || Mauritia flexuosa
 * *ʔomaʔ || to live, to have, to exist || ||
 * *ʔomi: || scrubland, bush, firm land || ||
 * *ʔon || to whistle without help from the hand || ||
 * *ʔonaɲ || palm species || palmeira-buruburu || Astrocaryum murumuru
 * *ʔonok || navel, belly button || ||
 * *ʔop || to dance || ||
 * *ʔopaʔ || bagre (fish species) || bagre ||
 * *ʔopi: || woodworm/beetle species || caruncho rola-bosta; besouro (esp.) ||
 * *ʔopot || kind of liana used for binding || cipó-ambé, usado para amarrar ||
 * *ʔoɾam || cheek || ||
 * *ʔorawʔ || mushroom species || ||
 * *ʔoro: || people of, clan of, kind of || ||
 * *ʔoɾom || gourd, calabash || ||
 * *ʔoɾot || to break out (2nd permanent tooth of a child) || ||
 * *ʔotin || curassow (bird species) || mutum || Cracidae
 * *ʔoto: || gourd, calabash || ||
 * *ʔotsiw || monkey species || macaco-de-cheiro amarelo || Saimiri
 * *ʔowam || kind of fish || peixe-jeju || Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus
 * *ʔowit || wart || ||
 * *ʔoβi: || anum (bird species) || || Crotophaga
 * *ʔukun || flesh (of the body), body || ||
 * *ʔum || hand || ||
 * *ʔumwe: || bird (generic) || ||
 * *ʔupwek || head || ||
 * *ʔupweɲ || to sleep || ||
 * *ʔuɾin || ant species || formiga-da-castanha ||
 * *ʔutuɾ || nose || ||
 * *ʔutut || urine || ||
 * *ʔuwe: || older sister || ||
 * *ʔuwew || paternal grandmother || ||
 * *ʔuwit || name || ||
 * *ʔuʔ || ant species || formiga-saraça ||
 * }
 * *ʔep || pillar, to grind with a stone || ||
 * *ʔeɾum || trumpeter (bird species) || jacamim || Psophia
 * *ʔew || burn || ||
 * *ʔewu: || toucan || ||
 * *ʔihwam || fish (generic) || ||
 * *ʔijat || tooth, beak || ||
 * *ʔijaʔ || vessel made of palm || vasilha feita de cacho de palmeira ||
 * *ʔijewʔ || paternal grandfather || ||
 * *ʔiji: || palm species || palmeira-bacaba || Oenocarpus bacaba
 * *ʔijinʔ || fear, to fear || ||
 * *ʔijoʔ || to put out, to erase || ||
 * *ʔikan || kind of mosquito || mosquito-catoqui ||
 * *ʔikat || medicine man, sorcerer || ||
 * *ʔikat || to break || ||
 * *ʔikim || chest, thorax || ||
 * *ʔikit || knife, iron instrument || ||
 * *ʔiman || hole, vagina || ||
 * *ʔimiʔ || kind of mosquito or fly || pium, borrachudo || Simuliidae
 * *ʔimwinʔ || tapir || ||
 * *ʔimwiʔ || to die, dead || ||
 * *ʔinamʔ || pregnant || ||
 * *ʔinawʔ || bat || ||
 * *ʔinaʔ || mother || ||
 * *ʔipa: || to open (eyes, door) || ||
 * *ʔipan || to fall, to be born || ||
 * *ʔipik || latex, rubber || seringa; borracha ||
 * *ʔipwik || anteater species || tamanduá-mirim || Tamandua tetradactyla
 * *ʔiɾam || açaí palm || palmeira-açai ||
 * *ʔiɾiʔ || (to be) right, truth || ||
 * *ʔit || body || ||
 * *ʔitak || to swallow || ||
 * *ʔitaʔ/*ʔiɾaʔ || to urinate || ||
 * *ʔite: || father (1SG.POSS) || ||
 * *ʔitʃe: || fire, firewood || ||
 * *ʔitsim || night || ||
 * *ʔitʃin || centipede, millipede || ||
 * *ʔiwʔ || louse || ||
 * *ʔiwan || to get home || ||
 * *ʔiwi: || mat || ||
 * *ʔiwiʔ || smoke || ||
 * *ʔodzip || palm species || palmeira-najá || Attalea maripa
 * *ʔojam || spirit, soul of a corpse || ||
 * *ʔojop || pacu (fish species) || ||
 * *ʔokin || scorpion || ||
 * *ʔokon || palm species || palmeira-real / buriti || Mauritia flexuosa
 * *ʔomaʔ || to live, to have, to exist || ||
 * *ʔomi: || scrubland, bush, firm land || ||
 * *ʔon || to whistle without help from the hand || ||
 * *ʔonaɲ || palm species || palmeira-buruburu || Astrocaryum murumuru
 * *ʔonok || navel, belly button || ||
 * *ʔop || to dance || ||
 * *ʔopaʔ || bagre (fish species) || bagre ||
 * *ʔopi: || woodworm/beetle species || caruncho rola-bosta; besouro (esp.) ||
 * *ʔopot || kind of liana used for binding || cipó-ambé, usado para amarrar ||
 * *ʔoɾam || cheek || ||
 * *ʔorawʔ || mushroom species || ||
 * *ʔoro: || people of, clan of, kind of || ||
 * *ʔoɾom || gourd, calabash || ||
 * *ʔoɾot || to break out (2nd permanent tooth of a child) || ||
 * *ʔotin || curassow (bird species) || mutum || Cracidae
 * *ʔoto: || gourd, calabash || ||
 * *ʔotsiw || monkey species || macaco-de-cheiro amarelo || Saimiri
 * *ʔowam || kind of fish || peixe-jeju || Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus
 * *ʔowit || wart || ||
 * *ʔoβi: || anum (bird species) || || Crotophaga
 * *ʔukun || flesh (of the body), body || ||
 * *ʔum || hand || ||
 * *ʔumwe: || bird (generic) || ||
 * *ʔupwek || head || ||
 * *ʔupweɲ || to sleep || ||
 * *ʔuɾin || ant species || formiga-da-castanha ||
 * *ʔutuɾ || nose || ||
 * *ʔutut || urine || ||
 * *ʔuwe: || older sister || ||
 * *ʔuwew || paternal grandmother || ||
 * *ʔuwit || name || ||
 * *ʔuʔ || ant species || formiga-saraça ||
 * }
 * *ʔiwiʔ || smoke || ||
 * *ʔodzip || palm species || palmeira-najá || Attalea maripa
 * *ʔojam || spirit, soul of a corpse || ||
 * *ʔojop || pacu (fish species) || ||
 * *ʔokin || scorpion || ||
 * *ʔokon || palm species || palmeira-real / buriti || Mauritia flexuosa
 * *ʔomaʔ || to live, to have, to exist || ||
 * *ʔomi: || scrubland, bush, firm land || ||
 * *ʔon || to whistle without help from the hand || ||
 * *ʔonaɲ || palm species || palmeira-buruburu || Astrocaryum murumuru
 * *ʔonok || navel, belly button || ||
 * *ʔop || to dance || ||
 * *ʔopaʔ || bagre (fish species) || bagre ||
 * *ʔopi: || woodworm/beetle species || caruncho rola-bosta; besouro (esp.) ||
 * *ʔopot || kind of liana used for binding || cipó-ambé, usado para amarrar ||
 * *ʔoɾam || cheek || ||
 * *ʔorawʔ || mushroom species || ||
 * *ʔoro: || people of, clan of, kind of || ||
 * *ʔoɾom || gourd, calabash || ||
 * *ʔoɾot || to break out (2nd permanent tooth of a child) || ||
 * *ʔotin || curassow (bird species) || mutum || Cracidae
 * *ʔoto: || gourd, calabash || ||
 * *ʔotsiw || monkey species || macaco-de-cheiro amarelo || Saimiri
 * *ʔowam || kind of fish || peixe-jeju || Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus
 * *ʔowit || wart || ||
 * *ʔoβi: || anum (bird species) || || Crotophaga
 * *ʔukun || flesh (of the body), body || ||
 * *ʔum || hand || ||
 * *ʔumwe: || bird (generic) || ||
 * *ʔupwek || head || ||
 * *ʔupweɲ || to sleep || ||
 * *ʔuɾin || ant species || formiga-da-castanha ||
 * *ʔutuɾ || nose || ||
 * *ʔutut || urine || ||
 * *ʔuwe: || older sister || ||
 * *ʔuwew || paternal grandmother || ||
 * *ʔuwit || name || ||
 * *ʔuʔ || ant species || formiga-saraça ||
 * }
 * *ʔotin || curassow (bird species) || mutum || Cracidae
 * *ʔoto: || gourd, calabash || ||
 * *ʔotsiw || monkey species || macaco-de-cheiro amarelo || Saimiri
 * *ʔowam || kind of fish || peixe-jeju || Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus
 * *ʔowit || wart || ||
 * *ʔoβi: || anum (bird species) || || Crotophaga
 * *ʔukun || flesh (of the body), body || ||
 * *ʔum || hand || ||
 * *ʔumwe: || bird (generic) || ||
 * *ʔupwek || head || ||
 * *ʔupweɲ || to sleep || ||
 * *ʔuɾin || ant species || formiga-da-castanha ||
 * *ʔutuɾ || nose || ||
 * *ʔutut || urine || ||
 * *ʔuwe: || older sister || ||
 * *ʔuwew || paternal grandmother || ||
 * *ʔuwit || name || ||
 * *ʔuʔ || ant species || formiga-saraça ||
 * }
 * *ʔupwek || head || ||
 * *ʔupweɲ || to sleep || ||
 * *ʔuɾin || ant species || formiga-da-castanha ||
 * *ʔutuɾ || nose || ||
 * *ʔutut || urine || ||
 * *ʔuwe: || older sister || ||
 * *ʔuwew || paternal grandmother || ||
 * *ʔuwit || name || ||
 * *ʔuʔ || ant species || formiga-saraça ||
 * }
 * *ʔuwe: || older sister || ||
 * *ʔuwew || paternal grandmother || ||
 * *ʔuwit || name || ||
 * *ʔuʔ || ant species || formiga-saraça ||
 * }
 * *ʔuʔ || ant species || formiga-saraça ||
 * }
 * }

title: Chapacuran languages


text:
Józefów (disambiguation)

Józefów (derived from Józef, Polish version of the name Joseph) is a very common placename in Poland.

 * Towns:
 * Józefów in Masovian Voivodeship, near Warsaw
 * Józefów, Biłgoraj County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)

 * Villages:
 * Józefów, Gmina Bełchatów in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Drużbice in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Brzeziny County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Kutno County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Łask County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Łęczyca County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Opoczno County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Poddębice in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Zadzim in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Kodrąb in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Ładzice in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Przedbórz in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Rawa County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Sieradz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Skierniewice County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Tomaszów Mazowiecki County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Wieluń County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Wieruszów County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Zgierz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Józefów, Chełm County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Gorzków in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Józefów, Lublin County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Józefów, Łuków County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Mełgiew in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Piaski in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Józefów, Włodawa County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Józefów, Mielec County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
 * Józefów, Stalowa Wola County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Górzno in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Żelechów in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Goszczyn in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Pniewy in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Legionowo County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Lipsko County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Mińsk County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Radom County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Kampinos in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Dąbrówka in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Strachówka in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Zwoleń in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Tczów in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Żyrardów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Godziesze Wielkie in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Lisków in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Opatówek in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Krotoszyn County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Ostrów Wielkopolski County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Pleszew County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Dobra in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Gmina Władysławów in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Józefów, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
 * Józefów, Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)

title: Józefów (disambiguation)


text:
MTH

MTH may refer to:

 * Florida Keys Marathon Airport, US, IATA airport code
 * MTH Electric Trains, toy train manufacturer
 * MTH Racing engines, Austrian manufacturer

title: MTH


text:
ATC code D03

D03AX Other cicatrizants

 * D03AX01 Cadexomer iodine
 * D03AX02 Dextranomer
 * D03AX03 Dexpanthenol
 * D03AX04 Calcium pantothenate
 * D03AX05 Hyaluronic acid
 * D03AX06 Becaplermin
 * D03AX09 Crilanomer
 * D03AX10 Enoxolone
 * D03AX11 Sodium chlorite (tetrachlorodecaoxide)
 * D03AX12 Trolamine
 * D03AX13 Betulae cortex
 * D03AX14 Centella asiatica herba, incl. combinations
 * D03AX15 Trafermin
 * D03AX16 Beremagene geperpavec
 * QD03AX90 Ketanserin

D03BA Proteolytic enzymes

 * D03BA01 Trypsin
 * D03BA02 Clostridiopeptidase
 * D03BA03 Bromelains
 * D03BA52 Collagenase, combinations

title: ATC code D03


text:
Minister of Veterans Affairs (Canada)

The minister of veterans affairs (ministre des anciens combattants) is the minister of the Crown responsible for the Veterans Affairs Canada, the department of the Government of Canada responsible for administering benefits for members and veterans of the Canadian Armed Forces, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and their family members and caregivers.

Since forming government in 2015, Justin Trudeau has appointed the minister of veterans affairs as associate minister of national defence.

History
The position was created in the Canadian Cabinet in 1944. The Department of Veterans Affairs was created out of the Department of Pensions and National Health, and was given the responsibility of administering benefits for war veterans. Its first responsibility was assisting in the reintegration of demobilised soldiers into civilian life and assisting them with health care, education, employment, income support, and pensions.

The department is largely responsible for medical care, rehabilitation, and disability pensions and awards for Veterans. Appeals from departmental decisions on disability pensions and awards are presented by Veterans to the Veterans Review and Appeal Board; Veterans Affairs Canada provides Veterans appearing before the Board with the assistance of lawyers from the semi-autonomous Bureau of Pensions Advocates free of charge.

List of ministers
Key:

{{legend||Liberal Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Conservative Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

Prior to 1944, the responsibilities of the current Veterans Affairs portfolio were part of the now-defunct post of Minister of Pensions and National Health.

Military service
Many ministers, all of whom were officers, have had prior military experience. The posting does not, however, require prior military service.

title: Minister of Veterans Affairs (Canada)


text:
Talk:Judiciary of Hawaii

Okina or not

 * As someone who has actually worked for the Hawai'i State Judiciary, I take offense at the recent deletion of all use of the 'okina in this article. The official rendering of the Hawai'i State Judiciary, as prescribed by law, in fact uses the 'okina -- on the official seal, all official docket forms, all case files, all published opinions of the associate justices and the chief justice and the official website. The name is actually trademarked for official use with the 'okina.  It is Hawai'i State Judiciary, not Hawaii State Judiciary.  --Gerald Farinas 01:24, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Done, rather belatedly I'll admit. Hurrah for Special:Random Cynical 13:34, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * As discussed in the style guide, there two different issues: the "name" of the article which determines the actual URL, and orthography within the body. Right now the name has an appostrophe in it, not exactly an okina. The policy would be to just name the article without any special characters, but use the template for okina, a slightly different character than an appostrophe.

The other issue I care about is where to talk about the courts of the Kingdom of Hawaii. W Nowicki (talk) 17:54, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

History article?
Back to my question: does anyone have a preference as to where we can talk about the history, e.g. courts before statehood? I guess I would just add a history section here, and perhaps a list of notable chief justices, until there is enough material for a separate article. Any objection? W Nowicki (talk) 19:41, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060625094626/http://www.ncsconline.org/ to http://www.ncsconline.org/

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title: Talk:Judiciary of Hawaii