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Caesar Cardini

Cesare Cardini (also known as Caesar Cardini and César Cardini, February 24, 1896 – November 3, 1956) was an Italian restaurateur, chef, and hotel owner who, along with his brother Alex Cardini (November 23, 1899 – December 22, 1974), is credited with creating Caesar salad at his Tijuana restaurant, Caesar's.

Biography
Caesar Cardini was born as Cesare Cardini in Baveno, a comune on the shore of Lago Maggiore, and had seven siblings: Bonifacio, Annibale, Nereo, Alessandro, Carlotta, Gaudenzio and Maria. While the sisters, Bonifacio, and Annibale stayed in Italy, the other three brothers emigrated to America; Nereo opened a small hotel near the casino in Santa Cruz, California; Alessandro and Gaudenzio eventually were in the restaurant business in Mexico City. Alessandro, called Alex in the US, is reported to have been Caesar's partner in Tijuana, Mexico. Cesare sailed as a steerage passenger on board the RMS Olympic which arrived at the Port of New York on May 1, 1913. After inspection at Ellis Island, he boarded a train bound for Montreal.

Cesare eventually returned to Italy but returned to the United States in 1919. With his partner William Brown, he ran Brown's Restaurant in Sacramento, then moved to San Diego. At that time, he established the first of several restaurants in Tijuana, where he could avoid the restrictions of Prohibition. He married the musician Camille D. Stump on August 27, 1924, in Santa Ana, California. The couple had one daughter, Rosa Maria Cardini (1928–2003).

Cardini is credited with creating Caesar salad in 1924. Guests regularly crossed the California border to Tijuana for alcohol, not legally available in the U.S. during prohibition, and came to dine at Caesar's restaurant. According to a 1987 interview with his daughter Rosa, on July 4, 1924, they came in such numbers that Caesar "simply wasn't prepared for that many people" and he improvised by making the salad "to give the dinner guests a show as well as a meal", putting together the ingredients in the middle of the dining room. It soon became fashionable among Hollywood celebrities, especially after he had moved his restaurant a few blocks to the hotel, which was built around 1929 (nowadays called Hotel Caesar's).

After the repeal of the Volstead Act and the Mexican government's enactment of a ban on gambling, business from tourism to Tijuana drastically fell off. Cardini quit his Mexican businesses in 1936 and moved back to San Diego to establish the Caesar Cardini Cafe. For several years, he operated Tavern Hacienda in San Diego, the Beacon Inn in Cardiff-by-the-Sea and his own Caesar Cardini Villa in Chula Vista.

The family moved to Los Angeles about 1938 and Cardini focused on the production and marketing of his salad dressing which he trademarked in 1948. He died in Good Samaritan Hospital on November 3, 1956, in Los Angeles following a stroke at his home at 8738 Bonner Drive and was buried in Inglewood Park Cemetery. His daughter took control of Caesar Cardini Foods Inc. Later, the Cardini's brand was sold, and is now owned by the T. Marzetti specialty salad dressing company. It is still popular and offers more than a dozen varieties of the original recipe.

Legacy
In Tijuana, Caesar's Restaurant and Bar on Avenida Revolución, now under Baja Med celebrity chef Javier Plascencia, serves the "original Caesar's salad".

title: Caesar Cardini


text:
Noble M12

The Noble M12 is a two-door, two-seat sports car designed and engineered by English automobile manufacturer Noble Automotive with production outsourced to Hi-Tech Automotive of South Africa.

Variants
Over the course of its lifespan, the car evolved through many variations, culminating with the M400 as the ultimate variation. Only 220 Noble GTO-3Rs and M400s were imported to the U.S.; they are the only Nobles to have been officially available in the American market. The U.S. production rights to the M12s and M400s were sold in February 2007 to 1G Racing from Ohio. Due to the high demand for these cars, 1G Racing (now Rossion Automotive) released its improved variation based on the M400, Rossion Q1. Salica Cars planned to build variants based on the Noble M12 but they appear to have remained a project.

Like the Noble M10, the Noble M12 is a two-door, two-seat model, originally planned both as a coupé and as a convertible but the production cars were only produced in the coupé bodystyle. All cars have been powered by modified bi-turbocharged Ford Duratec V6 engines. The M12 has a full steel roll cage, steel frame, and G.R.P. (fiberglass) composite clam shell body parts. Although looking to be track derived, the M12 is a street-legal vehicle, ready for both road and track. The Noble M12 GTO-3R is equipped with Garrett T25 twin-turbochargers. Weight is 2381 lb. Acceleration from 0-60 mph in 3.7 seconds was published in the official brochure of the M12 GTO-3R, Road & Track indicated a 0-60 mph performance of 3.3 seconds, but subsequently listed it as 3.5 seconds. Top speed is listed as 185 mph and lateral Gs are reported in excess of 1.2.

The Noble M400 is equipped with higher-flow, Garrett T28 twin-turbochargers. Weight is 2337 lb.

The Rossion Q1 has a weight of 2300 lb and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 3.4 seconds (company spec).

The only convertible variant (the M12 GTC) was shown at motor shows but was canceled, and was never produced by Noble. In 2008, Salica Cars proposed the Salica GTC, offered both as a complete car and as a conversion kit to transform an M12/400 coupé into a convertible, but it never materialized.

In popular media
The M12 was reviewed briefly in the show Top Gear and can be driven in the Forza video game franchise.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Noble M12


text: Category:Pedophilia

title: Category:Pedophilia


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Pacheco

Pacheco is a Portuguese and Spanish surname deriving from the Latin Paccieaus as well as the Basque Patxi, a variation of Francisco. It may refer to:

General

 * Alex Pacheco (activist) (born 1958), animal rights activist, co-founder of PETA.
 * Ángel Pacheco (general) (1793–1869), Argentine military officer who later became one of the top commanders in the Confederacy during the dictatorship of Juan Manuel de Rosas
 * Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco (1713–1785), Spanish cartographer and artist
 * Cosme Pacheco (c.1803–c.1851), Peruvian cavalry officer, in military campaigns for the independence of Peru, 1821-1825
 * Duarte Pacheco Pereira (c. 1460–1533), Portuguese sea captain, soldier, explorer and cartographer
 * José Francisco Pacheco (born 1951), Portuguese educator
 * Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco (1650–1725), Spanish aristocrat, politician, academician and general
 * María Pacheco Padilla (c. 1496–1531), Spanish military defender of the city of Toledo
 * Rafael Pacheco (born 1954), Spanish astronomer
 * Rodrigo Pacheco, 3rd Marquess of Cerralvo (c. 1565–1652), Spanish nobleman, inquisitor of Valladolid, and viceroy

In arts and entertainment

 * Alexis Mateo Pacheco (born 1979), Puerto Rican drag queen
 * Ana Maria Pacheco (born 1943), Brazilian artist
 * Arturo Pacheco Altamirano (1903–1978), Chilean painter
 * Carlos Pacheco (born 1962), Spanish comic book artist
 * Fernando Castro Pacheco (1918–2013), Mexican painter
 * Fernando González Pacheco (1932–2014), Colombian television presenter
 * Francisco Pacheco (1564–1644), Spanish painter and writer on art theory
 * Francisco Pacheco (born 1955), Venezuelan singer
 * Ivo Pacheco (born 1989), Portuguese musician known professionally as IVVVO
 * Johnny Pacheco (1935–2021), Dominican musician, composer, producer and bandleader. Creator of Fania All-Stars. Coined the term "Salsa"
 * "Mizzy" Pacheco (21st century), former lead singer of the American alternative rock band Against All Will
 * Richard Pacheco (born 1948), American pornographic actor, real name Howie Gordon
 * Tom Pacheco, (born 1946) American singer and songwriter
 * Joaquín Monserrat (1921–1996), known as Pacheco, Spanish comedian and host of children programs
 * María Luisa Pacheco (1919–1982), was a Bolivian painter and mixed-media artist who emigrated to the United States.

Writers

 * Agustín Díaz Pacheco (born 1952), Spanish writer
 * Cristina Pacheco (1941–2023), Mexican journalist, writer and television personality
 * Ibéyise Pacheco (born 1961), Venezuelan journalist and writer
 * Jesús López Pacheco (1930–1997), Spanish-Canadian writer
 * José Emilio Pacheco (1939–2014), was a Mexican poet, essayist, novelist and short story writer
 * Luis Pacheco de Narváez (1570–1640), Spanish writer on fencing
 * Luiz Pacheco (1925–2008), Portuguese writer, publisher, polemicist and literary critic

Politicians

 * Abel Pacheco (born 1933), Costa Rican politician and former President
 * Abel Pacheco Junior (born 1987), American politician
 * Bob Pacheco (born 1934), American politician
 * Gregorio Pacheco (1823–1899), Bolivian politician and former President
 * Ivonne Ortega Pacheco (born 1972), Mexican politician
 * Jorge Pacheco Areco (1920–1998), Uruguayan politician and former President
 * José Andrés Pacheco de Melo (1779–c. 1820), Argentine statesman and priest
 * José Condungua Pacheco (born 1958), Mozambican politician
 * José Pacheco Pereira (born 1949), Portuguese politician and historian
 * Juan Pacheco (1419–1474), Castilian noble
 * Lopo Fernandes Pacheco (died 1349), Portuguese noble
 * Luisa Teresa Pacheco (died 2023), Venezuelan politician
 * Marc Pacheco (born 1952), American politician
 * Nick Pacheco (born 1964), American politician
 * Rod Pacheco (born 1958), American politician
 * Romualdo Pacheco (1831–1899), American politician
 * Rubén Pacheco (Costa Rica), Costa Rican politician
 * Rubén Pacheco (Venezuela), Venezuelan diplomat
 * Víctor Cervera Pacheco (1936–2004), Mexican politician

Athletes

 * Alex Pacheco (born 1973), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Alfredo Pacheco (1982–2015), Salvadoran footballer
 * Andrei Pacheco (born 1984), footballer from Trinidad and Tobago
 * Antonio Pacheco D'Agosti (born 1976), Uruguayan footballer
 * Augusto Pacheco Fraga (born 1988), Brazilian footballer
 * Dani Pacheco (born 1991), Spanish footballer
 * Darwin Pacheco (born 1976), Honduran footballer
 * Edgar Pacheco (born 1977), Portuguese footballer
 * Édgar Pacheco (born 1990), Mexican footballer
 * Eduardo Pacheco (Brazilian footballer) (born 1987), Brazilian footballer
 * Fábio Pacheco (born 1988), Portuguese footballer
 * Ferdie Pacheco (1927–2017), United States boxing physician
 * Henrique Pacheco Lima (born 1985), Brazilian footballer
 * Irene Pacheco (born 1971), Colombian boxer
 * Isadora Pacheco (born 2005), Brazilian skateboarder
 * Isiah Pacheco (born 1999), American football player
 * Jaime Pacheco (born 1958), Portuguese football manager
 * Maz Pacheco (born 1998), English footballer
 * Nilton Pacheco (1920–2013), Brazilian basketball player
 * Raúl Pacheco (born 1979), Peruvian long-distance runner
 * Rodrigo Pacheco (badminton) (born 1983), Peruvian badminton player
 * Rommel Pacheco (born 1986), Mexican diver
 * Tony Pacheco (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Víctor Pacheco (footballer, born 1974) (born 1974), Colombian footballer
 * Vinícius Pacheco (born 1985), Brazilian footballer

title: Pacheco


text:
HIH

HIH may refer to:

 * His or Her Imperial Highness, a title used for members of an imperial family
 * HIH Insurance, a former Australian insurance company
 * Harstad University College (Norwegian: Høgskolen i Harstad, HiH)
 * Heart in Hand (band), an English band
 * Pamosu language's ISO code
 * "Harleys in Hawaii", a song by Katy Perry, 2019

title: HIH


text:
Curzio Malaparte

Curzio Malaparte (9 June 1898 – 19 July 1957), born Kurt Erich Suckert, was an Italian writer, filmmaker, war correspondent and diplomat. Malaparte is best known outside Italy due to his works Kaputt (1944) and The Skin (1949). The former is a semi-fictionalised account of the Eastern Front during the Second World War and the latter is an account focusing on morality in the immediate post-war period of Naples (it was placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum).

During the 1920s, Malaparte was one of the intellectuals who supported the rise of Italian fascism and Benito Mussolini, through the magazine 900. Despite this, Malaparte had a complex relationship with the National Fascist Party and was stripped of membership in 1933 for his independent streak. Arrested numerous times, he had Casa Malaparte created in Capri where he lived under house arrest. After the Second World War, he became a filmmaker and moved closer to both Togliatti's Italian Communist Party and the Catholic Church (though once a staunch atheist), reputedly becoming a member of both before his death.

Background
Born Kurt Erich Suckert in Prato, Tuscany, Malaparte was a son of a German father, Erwin Suckert, a textile-manufacturing executive, and his Lombard wife, née Evelina Perelli. He was educated at Collegio Cicognini in Prato and at La Sapienza University of Rome. In 1918 he started his career as a journalist. Malaparte fought in World War I, earning a captaincy in the Fifth Alpine Regiment and several decorations for valor.

His chosen surname Malaparte, which he used from 1925 onward, means "evil/wrong side" and is a play on Napoleon's family name "Bonaparte" which means, in Italian, "good side".

National Fascist Party
In 1922, he took part in Benito Mussolini's March on Rome. In 1924, he founded the Roman periodical La Conquista dello Stato ("The Conquest of the State", a title that would inspire Ramiro Ledesma Ramos' La Conquista del Estado). As a member of the Partito Nazionale Fascista, he founded several periodicals and contributed essays and articles to others, as well as writing numerous books, starting from the early 1920s, and directing two metropolitan newspapers.

In 1926, he founded with Massimo Bontempelli the literary quarterly "900". He later became a co-editor of Fiera Letteraria (1928–31), and an editor of La Stampa in Turin. His polemical war novel-essay, Viva Caporetto! (1921), criticized corrupt Rome and the Italian upper classes as the real enemy (the book was forbidden because it offended the Royal Italian Army).

Coup d'État: The Technique of Revolution
In Coup d'État: The Technique of Revolution, first published in French in 1931 as Technique du coup d`Etat, Malaparte set out a study of the tactics of coup d'etat, particularly focusing on the Bolshevik Revolution and that of Italian fascism. Here he stated that "the problem of the conquest and defense of the State is not a political one ... it is a technical problem", a way of knowing when and how to occupy the vital state resources: the telephone exchanges, the water reserves and the electricity generators, etc. He taught a hard lesson that a revolution can wear itself out in strategy. He emphasizes Leon Trotsky's role in organising the October Revolution technically, while Lenin was more interested in strategy. The book emphasizes that Joseph Stalin thoroughly comprehended the technical aspects employed by Trotsky and so was able to avert Left Opposition coup attempts better than Kerensky.

For Malaparte, Mussolini's revolutionary outlook was very much born of his time as a Marxist. On the topic of Adolf Hitler, the book was far more doubtful and critical. He considered Hitler to be a reactionary. In the same book, first published in French by Grasset, he entitled chapter VIII: A Woman: Hitler. This led to Malaparte being stripped of his National Fascist Party membership and sent to internal exile from 1933 to 1938 on the island of Lipari.

Arrests and Casa Malaparte
He was freed on the personal intervention of Mussolini's son-in-law and heir apparent Galeazzo Ciano. Mussolini's regime arrested Malaparte again in 1938, 1939, 1941, and 1943, imprisoning him in Rome's jail Regina Coeli. During that time (1938–41) he built a house with the architect Adalberto Libera, known as the Casa Malaparte, on Capo Massullo, on the Isle of Capri. It was later used as a location in Jean-Luc Godard's film Le Mépris.

Shortly after his time in jail he published books of magical realist autobiographical short stories, which culminated in the stylistic prose of Donna come me (Woman Like Me, 1940).

Second World War and Kaputt
His remarkable knowledge of Europe and its leaders is based upon his experience as a correspondent and in the Italian diplomatic service. In 1941 he was sent to cover the Eastern Front as a correspondent for Corriere della Sera. The articles he sent back from the Ukrainian Fronts, many of which were suppressed, were collected in 1943 and brought out under the title The Volga Rises in Europe. The experience provided the basis for his two most famous books, Kaputt (1944) and The Skin (1949).

Kaputt, his novelistic account of the war, surreptitiously written, presents the conflict from the point of view of those doomed to lose it. Malaparte's account is marked by lyrical observations, as when he encounters a detachment of Wehrmacht soldiers fleeing a Ukrainian battlefield,

In the foreword to Kaputt, Malaparte describes in detail the convoluted process of writing. He had started writing it in the autumn of 1941, while staying in the home of Roman Souchena in the Ukrainian village of Pestchianka, located near the local "House of the Soviets" which was requisitioned by the SS; the village was then just two miles behind the front. Souchena was an educated peasant, whose small home library included the complete works of Pushkin and Gogol. Souchena's young wife, absorbed in Eugene Onegin after a hard day's work, reminded Malaparte of Elena and Alda, the two daughters of Benedetto Croce. The Souchena couple helped Malaparte's writing project, he keeping the manuscript well hidden in his house against German searches and she sewing it into the lining of Malaparte's clothing when he was expelled from the Ukrainian front because of the scandal of his articles in Corriere della Sera. He continued the writing in January and February 1942, which he spent in Nazi-occupied Poland and at the Smolensk Front. From there he went to Finland, where he spent two years - during which he completed all but the final chapter of the book. Having contracted a serious illness at the Petsamo Front in Lapland, he was granted a convalescence leave in Italy. En route, the Gestapo boarded his plane at the Tempelhof Airport in Berlin and the belongings of all passengers were thoroughly searched. Fortunately, no page of Kaputt was in his luggage. Before leaving Helsinki, he had taken the precaution of entrusting the manuscript to several Helsinki-based diplomats: Count Agustín de Foxá, Minister at the Spanish Legation; Prince Dina Cantemir, Secretary of the Romanian Legation; and Titu Michai, the Romanian press attaché. With the help of these diplomats, the manuscript finally reached Malaparte in Italy, where he was able to publish it.

One of the most well-known and often quoted episodes of Kaputt concerns the interview which Malaparte - as an Italian reporter, supposedly on the Axis side - had with Ante Pavelić, who headed the Croat puppet state set up by the Nazis.

Milan Kundera's view of the Kaputt is summarized in his essay The Tragedy of Central Europe:

According to D. Moore's editorial note, in The Skin,

The book was condemned by the Roman Catholic Church, and placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. The Skin was adapted for the cinema in 1981.

From November 1943 to March 1946 he was attached to the American High Command in Italy as an Italian Liaison Officer. Articles by Curzio Malaparte have appeared in many literary periodicals of note in France, the United Kingdom, Italy and the United States .

Film directing and later life
After the war, Malaparte's political sympathies veered to the left and he became a member of the Italian Communist Party. In 1947, Malaparte settled in Paris and wrote dramas without much success. His play Du Côté de chez Proust was based on the life of Marcel Proust and Das Kapital was a portrait of Karl Marx. Cristo Proibito ("Forbidden Christ") was Malaparte's moderately successful film—which he wrote, directed and scored in 1950. It won the "City of Berlin" special prize at the 1st Berlin International Film Festival in 1951. In the story, a war veteran returns to his village to avenge the death of his brother, shot by the Germans. It was released in the United States in 1953 as Strange Deception and voted among the five best foreign films by the National Board of Review. He also produced the variety show Sexophone and planned to cross the United States on bicycle. Just before his death, Malaparte completed the treatment of another film, Il Compagno P.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Malaparte became interested in the Maoist version of Communism. Malaparte visited China in 1956 to commemorate the death of the Chinese essay and fiction writer, Lu Xun. He was moved and excited by what he saw, but his journey was cut short by illness, and he was flown back to Rome. Io in Russia e in Cina, his journal of the events, was published posthumously in 1958. He willed his house in Capri to the Chinese Writers Association as a study and residence center for Chinese writers. But at the time of his death in 1957 there were no diplomatic relations with the People's Republic, so the transfer could not take place, and the family succeeded in changing the will.

Malaparte's final book, Maledetti toscani, his attack on middle and upper-class culture, appeared in 1956. In the collection of writings Mamma marcia, published posthumously in 1959, Malaparte writes about the youth of the post-World War II era with homophobic tones, describing it as effeminate and tending to homosexuality and communism; the same content is expressed in the chapters "The pink meat" and "Children of Adam" of The Skin. He died in Rome from lung cancer on 19 July 1957.

Cultural representations of Malaparte
Malaparte's colorful life has made him an object of fascination for writers. The American journalist, Percy Winner, wrote about their relationship during the fascist ventennio (twenty year period) and the Allied Occupation of Italy, in the lightly fictionalized novel, Dario (1947) (where the main character's last name is Duvolti, or a play on "two faces"). Recently, the Italian authors Rita Monaldi and Francesco Sorti published Morte Come Me (Death Like Me, 2016). Set on Capri in 1939, it gives a fictionalized account of a mysterious death in which Malaparte was implicated.

Main writings

 * Viva Caporetto! (1921, A.K.A. La rivolta dei santi maledetti)
 * Technique du coup d'etat  (1931) translated as Coup d'État: The Technique of Revolution, E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1932
 * Donna come me (1940) translated as Woman Like Me, Troubador Italian Studies, 2006 ISBN 1-905237-84-7
 * The Volga Rises in Europe (1943) ISBN 1-84158-096-1
 * Kaputt (1944) ISBN 0-8101-1341-4 translated as  New York Review Books Classics, 2007
 * La pelle (1949) ISBN 0-8101-1572-7 translated as The Skin by David Moore, New York Review Books Classics, 2013, ISBN 978-1-59017-622-1 (paperback)
 * Du Côté de chez Proust (1951)
 * Maledetti toscani (1956) translated as Those Cursed Tuscans, Ohio University Press, 1964
 * The Kremlin Ball (1957) translated by Jenny McPhee, 2018 ISBN 978-1681372099
 * Muss. Il grande imbecille (1999) ISBN 978-8879841771
 * Benedetti italiani postumo (curato da Enrico Falqui) (1961), edito da Vallecchi Firenze (2005), presentazione di Giordano Bruno Guerri ISBN 88-8427-074-X
 * The Bird that Swallowed its Cage: The Selected Writings of Curzio Malaparte adapted and translated by Walter Murch, 2013 ISBN 9781619022812
 * Diary of a Foreigner in Paris, translated by Stephen Twilley (New York Review Books Classics, 2020)

Filmography

 * The Forbidden Christ (1950)

title: Curzio Malaparte


text:
Sanlúcar de Barrameda

Sanlúcar de Barrameda, or simply Sanlúcar, is a city in the northwest of Cádiz province, part of the autonomous community of Andalucía in southern Spain. Sanlúcar is located on the left bank at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River opposite the Doñana National Park, 52 km from the provincial capital Cádiz and 119 km from Sevilla capital of the autonomous region Andalucía. Its population is 68,656 inhabitants (National Institute of Statistics 2019).

Sanlúcar has been inhabited since ancient times, and is assumed to have belonged to the realm of the Tartessian civilization. The town of San Lucar was granted to the Spanish nobleman Alonso Pérez de Guzmán in 1297.

Its strategic location made the city a starting point for the exploration, colonization and evangelization of America between the 15th and 17th centuries. Sanlúcar lost much of its strategic value after 1645 because of the disgrace of the House of Medina Sidonia, the general decline of Spain under Charles II, the relocation of the Casa de Contratación to the town of Cadiz in 1717, and the Lisbon earthquake of 1755.

In the 19th century the economy of the city was converted to viticulture and summer tourism. The 20th century brought destruction and political upheaval as it did elsewhere in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Sanlúcar was declared a Cultural Historical-artistic site in 1973. Since the restoration of democracy (1975–1982) its town council has borrowed heavily, making Sanlúcar the city with the lowest per capita income in Spain.

Currently (2010) Sanlúcar is a summer tourist destination famous for its cuisine, especially manzanilla (a variety of fino sherry) and prawns. It is internationally renowned for beach horse racing and flamenco music. Less well known but equally important are the historical archives of the House of Medina Sidonia (Archivo de la Casa de Medina Sidonia); the major part of the patrimony of the House of Medina Sidonia is located in the palace of the same name. The patron saint of the city is Our Lady of Charity, to whom it was dedicated in 1917.

Etymology
Concerning the etymology of both names, there is no consensus among scholars, but several hypotheses have been advanced:

 * Sanlúcar's name may have derived from the Arab šurūq (Arabic: شروق), the Arabic name for the Levant wind called sirocco or jaloque.
 * According to the National Statistics Institute of Spain, the Sanlúcar toponym does not exist. However, there is historical mention of Brother Alfonso Sanlúcar de Barrameda, a Franciscan who was bishop of the Canaries-Rubicon in the period 1404–1417, and Fray Juan de Sanlúcar, a Franciscan who served in the same office from 1470–1474. As for the name Barrameda, it is unique to people born in the Canary Islands, according to census data from 1 January 2006. The historical relations between the House of Medina Sidonia, Sanlúcar, and the Canaries may explain the presence of these surnames in the Canaries. Barrameda was derived from bar-am-ma'ida, an Arabic phrase for "water well of the plateau".

Geography
Sanlúcar de Barrameda is located on the Atlantic coast of the autonomous community of Andalusia, in the province of Cadiz, specifically on the left side of the mouth of the Guadalquivir River, which separates the provinces of Huelva and Seville. The municipality covers an area of 174.3 km2 with 6 km of beaches.

The city is part of the tourist area known as the Costa de la Luz (Coast of the Light), about 44 km from the provincial capital of Cádiz. This includes the marshes of the Pinar de la Bonanza Algaida and the marshes of the Guadalquivir, part of the Doñana Natural Park.

Sanlúcar de Barrameda borders the municipalities of Trebujena, Jerez de la Frontera, Rota, Puerto de Santa María, and Chipiona. Its topography is shown in the MTN50 sheet (scale 1:50,000) No. 1047 of the National Topographic Map.

History
In 1264, after Sanlúcar de Barrameda was seized from the Moors by King Alfonso X of Castile, it was reconstituted as the capital of the Señorío de Sanlúcar, and became during the 15th and 16th centuries one of the most important ports for trade connecting the Atlantic coast with the Mediterranean.

After the discovery of the New World, Sanlúcar developed as a port for refitting ships, and was the point of departure for various Spanish conquistadors. On 30 May 1498 Christopher Columbus left for his third voyage from Sanlúcar (See Voyages of Christopher Columbus). Another historical departure was that of Ferdinand Magellan on 10 August 1519, who with a fleet of five ships under his command left Seville and traveled down the Guadalquivir to Sanlúcar de Barrameda at its mouth, where they remained more than five weeks. Sanlúcar also witnessed the arrival in 1522 of the last surviving ship of Magellan's expedition, the Nao Victoria commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, which was the first ship to circumnavigate the world.

Alonso Fernández de Lugo, conqueror of the Canary Islands, of La Palma (1492) and Tenerife (1495), and subsequently the governor of the islands, was born in Sanlúcar.

The ill-fated expedition to Florida led by Pánfilo de Narváez left from Sanlúcar on 17 June 1527. Only four members survived including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca who described the expedition in his work Naufragios.

Main sights
Sights include:
 * The Castle of Santiago, from the 15th century
 * The palace of the Infantes of Orleans and Borbón, which is now used as the City Hall
 * Church of Nuestra Señora de la O
 * The palace of the dukes of Medina Sidonia, which now houses the municipal archives
 * The Convent of Santo Domingo, a 16th-century building
 * Las Covachas

Culture

Sanlúcar de Barrameda is one of Spain's three better-known sherry-producing towns. (The other two are Jerez de la Frontera, for which sherry is named, and El Puerto de Santa María.)

Although a seaside town, Sanlúcar de Barrameda is also home to the oldest horse races in Spain and some of the oldest in Europe. The races take place just before sunset along the beach at the mouth of the river Guadalquivir every August before thousands of spectators. Contested at distances of 1500 m and 1800 m, these were the first regulated horse races in Spain; the riders wear distinctive colours and caps.

Other annual events include the Sanlúcar Tapas Fair, a local gastronomy competition; the Feria de la Manzanilla in late May, which is held at the beginning of the Noches de Bajo de Guía flamenco season; classical and jazz festivals; and the occasional concert by a major act. The city is also known for the Rocio pilgrimage, one of the more popular expressions of the Roman Catholic faith; it can be compared to the pilgrimages to Santiago or Lourdes.

Sanlúcar has had since ancient times a popular taste for bullfighting and has given the world of bullfighting several well-known bullfighters including Manuel Hermosilla y Llanera, José Martínez Ahumada ("Limeño"), Francisco Ojeda González ("Paco" Ojeda), Julio Vega Rodríguez ("Marismeño"), José Luis Parada, and Manuel Rodríguez Blanco ("El Manguin").

People
People in Sanlúcar historically worked primarily in agriculture (mainly viticulture) and fishing (especially for the famous Sanlúcar prawn). These two occupations were naturally concentrated in different parts of the town, and until the modernizing trends of the last few decades, there were marked distinctions between the people living in each area. People living near the sea, in the area known as Bajo de Guía, were almost exclusively dedicated to fishing. Now these same people combine fishing with managing restaurants that rely on fresh fish and shellfish for their menus. People living in the higher elevations away from the sea, in a part of the town known as the Barrio Alto, formerly dedicated themselves exclusively to agriculture. However, with the advent of mechanisation this sector requires less manpower throughout the year, and most farm workers now work only seasonally during the grape harvest, in the so-called "sherry triangle".

The centre of Sanlúcar developed as a commercial hub, with a cityscape of intermixed historic buildings (monasteries, churches, etc.) and more modern ones. This part of the city developed at the beginning of the 20th century as the neighbourhood of the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. Sanlúcar was then a popular beach resort; presently the people living in this area are generally linked to local wine-making interests and the tourist industry.

Doñana National Park

Because of its position at the mouth of the Guadalquivir, Sanlúcar is a convenient home base for exploring the nearby Doñana National Park (Parque Nacional de Doñana) and its natural features. Within the park lies the Marisma de Hinojos (Salt Marsh of Fennel Plants); also within its precincts is the possible site of the legendary lost city of Tartessos, the capital of an ancient civilization that predated the Phoenicians in Iberia.

title: Sanlúcar de Barrameda


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John Merriman Reynolds

John Merriman Reynolds (March 5, 1848 – September 14, 1933) was a lawyer, publisher and politician from the state of Pennsylvania.

Early life
Reynolds was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, near Quarryville, about twelve miles south of the city of Lancaster, to parents Patrick Hewitt and Ann (née Barnett) Reynolds. His father, Patrick, was one of the well-to-do farmers of this locality and an influential citizen. He dealt quite extensively in livestock, and he also operated a grist-mill. Patrick, a native of Ireland, was eight years old when he arrived in Lancaster County with his parents.

Education
John Reynolds attended the public schools in Lancaster and graduated from the First Pennsylvania State Normal School, Millersville, Pennsylvania, (now Millersville University of Pennsylvania) in 1867 and from Columbian College (now George Washington University) in Washington, D.C., in 1895. He was principal of public schools of Bedford, Pennsylvania, 1867-1869. He studied law, was admitted to the bar February 15, 1870, and commenced practice in Bedford. He became publisher and half-owner of the Bedford Gazette in 1872, which he edited until August 1, 1880, when he devoted full attention to his growing law practice.

Pennsylvania offices
Reynolds was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in October 1872, taking his seat in January 1873 as the youngest member of the body at age 24. He was re-elected in 1873 and was actively concerned in framing much of the legislation necessary to put in force the new constitution of the state adopted in 1873. He declined to be a candidate for re-election but was elected prosecuting attorney of Bedford County, serving from 1875 to 1879, at which time he declined renomination. In 1882, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Pennsylvania Senate. He was president of the board of education of Bedford 1884-1900. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1888 and 1892. He engaged in the banking business in 1893.

National offices
President Grover Cleveland appointed Reynolds Assistant Secretary of the Interior, serving from April 15, 1893, to June 1, 1897. In 1896, unable to support the policies of the Democratic presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, Reynolds left the party and actively campaigned for the Republican candidate, William McKinley. In 1897, Reynolds was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States.

House of Representatives
In November 1904, Reynolds was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives for the 59th, 60th, and 61st Congresses.

Pennsylvania Lieutenant Governor
He resigned in 1911 to become the tenth lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania, which he held from January 17, 1911 to January 19, 1915. He resumed the practice of law and again engaged in banking in Bedford. He was a member of the commission to revise the banking laws of the State of Pennsylvania 1917-1925.

Death and burial
Reynolds died in Bedford and is interred in Bedford Cemetery. He was an active member of the Episcopal church, having served as vestryman, warden and superintendent of the Sunday-school. He was also a Royal Arch Mason and a Knight Templar.

title: John Merriman Reynolds


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User:Silvermane

Seasons in English football RC

Seasons in Scottish Football RC

title: User:Silvermane


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Water frame

The water frame is a spinning frame that is powered by a water-wheel.

History
Richard Arkwright, who patented the technology in 1769, designed a model for the production of cotton thread, which was first used in 1765. The Arkwright water frame was able to spin 96 threads at a time, which was an easier and faster method than ever before. The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas Highs by clockmaker John Kay, who was hired by Arkwright. Being run on water power, it produced stronger and harder yarn than the "spinning jenny", and propelled the adoption of the modern factory system.

Another water-powered frame for the production of textiles was developed in 1760 in the early industrialized town of Elberfeld, Prussia (now in Wuppertal, Germany), by German bleach plant owner Johann Heinrich Bockmühl.

The name water frame is derived from the use of a water wheel to drive a number of spinning frames. The water wheel provided more power to the spinning frame than human operators, reducing the amount of human labor needed and increasing the spindle count dramatically. However, unlike the spinning jenny, the water frame could spin only one thread at a time until 1779, when Samuel Crompton combined the two inventions into his spinning mule, which was more effective.

The water frame was originally powered by horses at a factory built by Arkwright and partners in Nottingham. In 1770, Arkwright and his partners built a water-powered mill in Cromford, Derbyshire.

Cromford
In 1771, Arkwright installed the water frame in his cotton mill at Cromford, Derbyshire, on the River Derwent, creating one of the first factories that was specifically built to house machinery rather than just bring workers together. It was one of the first instances of the working day being determined by the clock instead of the daylight hours and of people being employed rather than just contracted. In its final form, combined with his carding machine, it was the first factory to use a continuous process from raw material to finished product in a series of operations.

Arkwright played a significant role in the development of the factory system as he combined water power, the water frame, and continuous production with modern employment practices.

International success
The water frame played a significant role in the development of the Industrial Revolution – first in England, but soon also in continental Europe after German entrepreneur Johann Gottfried Brügelmann managed to find out details of the technology, which had been kept very secret; disclosure of details was punishable by the death penalty. Brügelmann managed to build working water frames and used them to open the first spinning factory on the continent, built in 1783 in Ratingen and also named "Cromford", from where the technology spread over the world. The factory building today hosts a museum, which is the world's only place to see a functioning water frame.

Samuel Slater brought the water frame to America, circumventing the 1774 English ban on textile workers leaving and memorizing details of its construction; he left for New York in 1789. Moses Brown and Slater partnered to create the Slater Mill in Pawtucket in 1793, the first water-powered machine to make thread in America.

title: Water frame


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Owatonna

Owatonna is both a city and a township in Steele County, Minnesota, in the United States:

 * Owatonna, Minnesota
 * Owatonna Township, Steele County, Minnesota

title: Owatonna


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Owens

Owens may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Owens Station, Delaware
 * Owens Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota
 * Owens, Missouri
 * Owens, Ohio
 * Owens, Virginia

People

 * Owens (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Owens Brown, American politician and activist in West Virginia
 * Owens Wiwa, Nigerian doctor and human rights activist

Other uses

 * Owens v Owens, 2018 divorce case in the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
 * Victoria University of Manchester, once known as Owens College (an unofficial name sometimes used by staff and students at UMIST)
 * Owens Corning, an American glass company

title: Owens


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Slush (disambiguation)

Slush is a slurry mixture of liquid and solid forms of water.

Slush may also refer to:
 * Slush (album), the experimental 1997 album by the band OP8
 * Slush (event), a startup conference in Northern Europe
 * Slush casting, a metal casting process
 * Slush flow, type of snow avalanche
 * Slush fund, an auxiliary monetary account or a reserve fund
 * Slush hydrogen, a combination of liquid hydrogen and solid hydrogen
 * Slush pile, unsolicited manuscripts
 * Slush powder, polymers that can absorb large amounts of a liquid
 * Slushy, also known as a Slush, a blended ice drink, with sugar, fruit, and/or other flavorings

title: Slush (disambiguation)


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Owensville

Ownesville may refer to:

 * Owensville, California
 * Owensville, Indiana
 * Owensville, Maryland
 * Owensville, Missouri
 * Owensville, Ohio
 * Owensville, Texas

title: Owensville


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Joe Mauer

Joseph Patrick Mauer (born April 19, 1983) is an American former professional baseball catcher and first baseman, who spent his entire 15-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career with the Minnesota Twins. Widely regarded as the greatest contact hitter of all time at the catcher position in his prime, Mauer is the only catcher in MLB history to win three batting titles, and the only catcher to ever win a batting title in the American League (AL).

Mauer received six All-Star selections and won three consecutive Gold Glove Awards (2008–2010), five Silver Slugger Awards (including three in a row) and the 2009 AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award. , he is the most recent catcher to win (or even place in the top three in the voting) the MVP award in the American League, and one of only two catchers to win an MVP in the 21st century along with Buster Posey. Mauer was selected by the Twins as the first overall pick of the 2001 MLB draft and was a fan favorite during his career in large part due to him being a Minnesota native. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 2024.

High school career
Mauer played football, basketball, and baseball for St. Paul's Cretin-Derham Hall Raiders. In his senior year, he became the only athlete ever to be selected as the USA Today High School Player of the Year in two sports (football in 2000 as a quarterback and baseball in 2001 as a catcher).

In December 2009, Sports Illustrated magazine included Mauer in its article on ten "signature" moments in U.S. high-school sports in the 2000–2009 decade, referring to his selection by the Minnesota Twins as the first pick in the 2001 Major League Baseball draft.

Baseball
Mauer attended the same high school as Baseball Hall of Famer and former Milwaukee Brewer Paul Molitor who later became his major league manager with the Twins. Molitor has said that Mauer "has the best swing he had ever seen". Jim O'Neill, Mauer's baseball coach at Cretin-Derham Hall, said his former student "has been groomed for this job since he was a little boy. Mauer's dad, Jake, created a contraption for Joe he later named the 'Quickswing.' The device dropped balls down a tube from eye level and released them at waist level." Mauer had been asked to leave his T-ball league at the age of four, because he was hitting the ball too hard for the other players. "Another guy that came from Cretin-Derham Hall, Paul Molitor, was very similar, [and] had a good short swing," O'Neill said. "And they're both able to wait on the ball so long because they don't have the big swing. Like anything, you keep simple and keep it small or short, there's not a lot of holes in it and not a lot of room for errors."

A stand-out in baseball, Mauer struck out only once during his four-year high school career (though he did strike out in the All-Star game his senior year which isn’t included in his overall stats). He hit .605 during his senior season. Years later, Mauer laughingly told an interviewer: "I can remember the time I did strike out. It was junior year, and it was in the state tournament. I came back to the bench and everybody thought something was wrong with me." Mauer's high school batting average exceeded .500 every year. He also set a Minnesota high school record and tied the national preps mark by hitting a home run in seven consecutive games. Mauer caught for the Team USA Junior National team from 1998 to 2000 and hit .595 during his final year on the team. He was voted best hitter at the World Junior Baseball Championship in Canada in 2000. In 2001, Mauer was voted the United States District V Player of the Year.

Basketball
Mauer averaged more than 20 points a game as a point guard for Cretin-Derham Hall. He was also named to the All-State team during his final two years on Cretin-Derham's basketball team.

Football
Mauer had an accomplished high school football career. In 2000, he appeared in the Faces in the Crowd section in Sports Illustrated. During his senior season as the Raiders' quarterback, Mauer completed 178 of 269 passes (66% completion percentage), for 3,022 yards, 41 touchdowns and five interceptions. He finished his two-year career as a starter with 5,528 yards and 73 touchdowns, leading the Raiders to two consecutive Class 5A State Championship Game appearances and winning the title in 1999, the Raiders' first.

Mauer was honored as the 2001 Gatorade National Player of the Year, was named to the USA Today All-USA high school football team, was honored as USA Today's Player of the Year, was a Reebok/ESPN High School All-American, and was awarded Player of the Year for the game that would go on to be known as the U.S. Army All-American Bowl. Mauer was also named National High School Quarterback of the Year in 2000 by The National Quarterback Club.

Professional career
After committing to play football at Florida State University, Mauer ultimately decided instead to enter the Major League Baseball Draft. Mauer was selected by the Twins as the first overall pick of the 2001 draft, ahead of college pitcher Mark Prior, who was taken second overall by the Chicago Cubs. Mauer was part of the United States' roster at the 2003 All-Star Futures Game at U.S. Cellular Field before being promoted to the Twins' roster in 2004 after his predecessor, A. J. Pierzynski, was traded to the San Francisco Giants, in the 2003 offseason.

2004–2005
Mauer made his major league debut on April 5, 2004, and finished the game 2-for-3, hitting a single off Rafael Betancourt of the Cleveland Indians for his first major-league hit. A knee injury to his left medial meniscus on April 7, 2004, required surgery and sidelined Mauer for more than a month. After a rehabilitation stint with the Twins' Triple-A affiliate, the Rochester Red Wings, Mauer returned to the Twins' lineup in June. In July, pain and swelling in his knee forced an early end to Mauer's 2004 season. Following his injury-shortened 2004, Mauer signed a contract for under a million with the Twins on January 24, 2005. In 2005, Mauer returned to the Twins' lineup for his first full major league season, and batted .294 with 144 hits, nine home runs and 55 RBI in 131 games.

2006–2008
In his 2006 season, Mauer became the first catcher in American League history to lead the American League in batting average, finishing with an average of .347. Mauer's performance during the months of May and June garnered attention from the national media. He recorded a .528 batting average over the first ten days of June and hit .452 over the course of the month. He was also the first player since Mike Piazza in 1997 to reach base four or more times for five consecutive games. On June 12, Mauer was named the American League Player of the Week by Major League Baseball for his performance the week of June 4–11, during which he hit .625 (15-for-24) with five doubles, 4 RBI and two stolen bases.

Mauer recorded his first five RBI game June 26, against the Los Angeles Dodgers. Mauer followed that up with his first career five-hit game on June 27, also against the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was also named MLB Player of the Month for June after batting .452 with a .624 slugging percentage and .528 on-base percentage, 11 doubles, 14 RBI and 18 runs. Along with Johan Santana (Pitcher of the Month) and Francisco Liriano (Rookie of the Month), Mauer was part of the first-ever single-team sweep of MLB's three monthly awards. On July 2, Mauer was selected by the players to his first All-Star Game. Mauer appeared on the cover of the August 7, 2006 issue of Sports Illustrated.

Mauer finished the 2006 regular season with a .347 batting average, edging the New York Yankees' Derek Jeter and Robinson Canó to win the American League batting title and become the first-ever American League catcher to win the crown and the first catcher to claim the title since Ernie Lombardi in 1942 with the Boston Braves. His .347 average was the highest in the Major Leagues, a feat not achieved by the previous three catchers to win NL batting titles. He was the youngest player to win a batting title since Alex Rodriguez in 1996. After going 2-for-4 in the last game of the 2006 regular season, Mauer confessed to reporters, "When I told you I wasn't thinking about the batting title? I was lying. I've never been that nervous in my life. I haven't felt anything like that since Opening Day as a rookie." Mauer won his first Silver Slugger Award in 2006, along with teammate Justin Morneau.

On February 11, 2007, Mauer agreed to a four-year, $34 million contract with the Twins to avoid arbitration. The deal ensured that Mauer would remain in Minnesota long enough to play in the Twins' Target Field in 2010. On July 21, Mauer hit his first career inside-the-park home run against Angels pitcher Scot Shields. It was his fifth home run of the season, and there were two players on base when he hit the homer. It was the first inside-the-park home run by a catcher since Kelly Stinnett did it for the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2005. Mauer finished the 2007 season batting .293 with seven home runs and 60 RBI in 109 games.

In 2008, Mauer became the first American League catcher to win the batting title twice when he led the AL with an average of .328. He also recorded nine home runs and 85 RBI in 146 games. On July 6, Mauer was announced as the starting catcher for the American League in the 2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Mauer underwent surgery for kidney obstruction on December 22. Mauer won his first Gold Glove award in 2008, announced on November 6. He finished fourth in the balloting for American League Most Valuable Player, behind Dustin Pedroia, Justin Morneau, and Kevin Youkilis.

2009: MVP Season
In 2009, Mauer became the first catcher to lead the majors in batting average, on-base percentage, and slugging percentage in a single year, and the first player to lead the American League in all three since George Brett did so in 1980. Mauer's .365 average, which is the highest mark among catchers (with at least 3.1 plate appearances per game) since 1901, and the highest by a Twin since Rod Carew's .388 in 1977, led Major League Baseball. Mauer also won his second consecutive Gold Glove in 2009. Mauer was named the American League's 2009 MVP by a near-unanimous decision (27 out of 28 first place votes).

On March 11, Mauer was diagnosed with inflammation in the sacroiliac joint by team doctors following a magnetic resonance arthrogram. He was unable to take part in team workouts during spring training due to the pain in his lower back, which he first began experiencing late in the 2008 season. Mauer missed the start of the 2009 regular season and returned on May 1. He went 2-for-3 with an RBI and three runs scored in his first game back, hitting a home run on his first swing of the season.

After his return on May 1, Mauer had the best month of his career, batting .414 with 11 home runs and drove in 32 RBI in 28 May games, becoming the first-ever Twins player to reach that mark in a single month. During the week of May 18–24, Mauer led the major leagues in batting average at .458 (11-for-24), RBI with 13, and runs scored with 12, also hitting four home runs and accumulating 25 total bases. On May 26, he was named MLB Player of the Week for his performance. Through the month of May, Mauer led the major leagues in average at .414, on-base percentage at .500, and slugging percentage at .838, in addition to his home run and RBI totals, earning him his second Player of the Month Award honors. Mauer appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated for a second time on June 24. An additional 25,000 copies of the magazine were sent to Minnesota for the occasion. He was selected to the 2009 MLB All-Star Game as the starting catcher and participated in the Home Run Derby, losing a tiebreaker to Albert Pujols in the first round.

The Twins trailed the Detroit Tigers by seven games in the American League Central division at the start of September, but rallied, winning 17 of their last 21 games to finish the season tied atop the division. On October 6, the Twins beat the Tigers 6–5 in Game 163, a 12-inning one-game playoff, to secure the division title. In 2009, Mauer led the American League in batting average (.365), on-base percentage (.444), slugging percentage (.587), and OPS (1.031), all of which were career-highs. Mauer became the first catcher to lead the league in all four offensive categories in a single season, and the first catcher to win three batting titles. At the time, he had won as many batting championships in a span of four years as all other Major League catchers in the history of baseball combined. Two National League catchers had won a total of three batting titles: Eugene "Bubbles" Hargrave in 1926, and Hall of Famer Ernie Lombardi in 1938 and 1942 (Buster Posey won his NL batting title in 2012). Mauer also established career-highs in hits (191), home runs (28), RBIs (96), extra-base hits (59), total bases (307), bWAR (7.8, including 7.7 oWAR), and fWAR (8.4), as well as near-personal bests in every other offensive category across 138 games.

Facing the Yankees in the ALDS, Mauer continued to swing the bat well, recording five hits in 12 at-bats plus two walks, but the Twins were swept by the eventual World Series champions in three games. On October 29, Baseball America named Mauer its 2009 Major League Player of the Year. On November 23, Mauer was named the 2009 American League Most Valuable Player by the Baseball Writers' Association of America over Yankees teammates Mark Teixeira and Derek Jeter, earning 27 of the 28 first-place votes. This made Mauer the second catcher in 33 years to win the AL MVP. He also received both a Gold Glove and Silver Slugger award for the second year in a row.

2010–2012
On March 21, 2010, Mauer agreed to an eight-year contract extension with the Twins worth $184 million which took effect in the 2011 and ran through the 2018 season. It was the richest contract paid to a catcher in the history of Major League Baseball. On July 26, 2010, Mauer hit a home run and drove in a career-high seven runs in the Twins' 19–1 win over the rival Kansas City Royals. He hit his 1,000th career Major League hit on September 14, 2010 against the Chicago White Sox at U.S. Cellular Field. Mauer underwent arthroscopic knee surgery after the 2010 season, and missed most of spring training due to a difficult recovery from the operation. After further difficulties during the first days of the season, he was placed on the disabled list immediately after the Twins' game on April 15. Team doctors believed his problem, termed a "bilateral leg weakness", was due to too light a workload during spring training. Mauer returned to game action as a designated hitter in extended spring training on May 25, and made his first post-DL appearance as a catcher in another extended spring training game on June 2. The following week, he went on a further rehabilitation assignment to the Twins' Class A affiliate, the Fort Myers Miracle, a team managed by his older brother Jake. After Mauer caught several games with the Miracle, it was speculated he could return to the Twins as early as June 16 or 17, but Twins manager Ron Gardenhire did not commit to a return date. Mauer returned to play with the Twins on June 17, 2011 and received a standing ovation from the fans.

Mauer made his first Major League start at first base on July 7, 2011, in Chicago, where he turned the first ball hit to him into an unassisted double play. In all, he had 13 putouts and two assists and went 3-for-5 at the plate with 2 RBI in a 6–2 victory over the White Sox. On August 18, 2011, Mauer played his first game in right field. He had three putouts and went 1-for-3 with an RBI in an 8–4 Twins loss against the New York Yankees.

Mauer struggled the entire summer with various ailments, from complications due to surgery at the beginning of the season to a bout of pneumonia at the end of the season, and had undoubtedly the worst season of his career. He played in only 82 games all year (career 126 average per season, not counting the 35 games he played in 2004), batted only .287 (career .323), and caught only 52 games. He hoped to return to form in 2012.

At the start of spring training, Mauer expressed strong dissatisfaction with the previous season, saying "I've kind of been answering...questions [about last season] all winter, and it left a bad taste in a lot of people's mouths, and mine included, but it's a new year, and as soon as we can forget about 2011, the better, and focus on not letting it happen again." On July 1, it was announced that he would be headed for his fifth All-Star Game. Mauer's batting average was .325 in the first half of the season, including four homers and 36 RBI. By mid-July, Mauer had the second-highest batting average in the American League. On August 27, Mauer played his 832nd game at catcher for the Twins, breaking a franchise record set by Earl Battey.

2013–2018
Mauer was the Twins' Opening Day catcher, with Ryan Doumit as his backup, and also saw time at first base and designated hitter. Through the first half, he hit .320 with eight home runs, 32 RBI and 50 runs including consecutive four-hit games against the Angels in April and a 15-game hitting streak from April 30 to May 18. He was named to his sixth All-Star Game as the starting catcher. On August 20, Mauer went on the 7-day disabled list with concussion-like symptoms. In his absence, Doumit, Chris Herrmann and Josmil Pinto started at catcher. Mauer never returned to the line-up and his season ended after 113 games. For the season, he hit .324/.404/.476 with 11 home runs, 47 RBI, 62 runs, 35 doubles and 61 walks in 113 games, while earning the 2013 AL Silver Slugger Award at catcher. He and former Yankee Horace Clarke are the only hitters ever to break up three no-hitter bids in the ninth inning.

After the 2013 season, the Twins announced that Mauer would permanently move to first base in order to protect their star player from further concussions and the day-to-day physical wear of being a major league catcher. In 2014, Mauer played in 120 games, compiling a slash line of .277/.361/.371 with four home runs, 55 RBI, 60 runs, and 27 doubles.

Mauer struck out over 100 times for the first time in his career in 2015. He set career marks in games played (158), plate appearances (666) and at bats (592), while batting a career-low .261 with 10 home runs and 66 RBI in 134 games. However, his defense at first base improved, as he committed only two errors all season at first base.

Mauer started his 13th Opening Day in 2017, tying with Harmon Killebrew for the franchise record. For the season, Mauer batted .305 with seven home runs, 71 RBI and an .801 OPS in 141 games.

On April 12, 2018, Mauer became the 287th player in the history of Major League Baseball to collect 2,000 hits with a two-run seventh inning single off White Sox pitcher Aaron Bummer.

In the ninth inning of the last game of the 2018 MLB season on September 30, 2018, at Target Field, amidst speculation that he would retire at the end of the year, Mauer made an appearance as catcher for the first time since his concussion in 2013, before being removed for backup Chris Gimenez after one pitch. He exited to a standing ovation from the crowd and both dugouts. In his last season, he batted .282/.351/.379 with six home runs and 48 RBI in 127 games, and led all major league hitters with a batting average of .407 with runners in scoring position, and saw the highest percentage of fastballs of all MLB hitters (63.6%).

On November 9, 2018, Mauer officially retired from baseball in an open letter to Twins fans. The Twins announced they would retire Mauer's No. 7 during the 2019 season, eventually setting the date as June 15.

MLB records
Mauer holds the MLB single-season records for the highest single-season batting average for catchers (.365), which he set in 2009 and the highest single-season on-base percentage for a catcher (.444), which he also set in 2009. His career on-base percentage is the highest among major league catchers with a minimum of 500 games played. Mauer is also the first AL catcher to win a batting title and holds the record for the most batting titles by a catcher in a career (3).

Career statistics
In 1,858 games over 15 seasons, Mauer posted a .306 batting average (2,123-for-6,930) with 1,018 runs, 428 doubles, 30 triples, 143 home runs, 923 RBIs, 939 bases on balls, .388 on-base percentage and .439 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .995 fielding percentage at catcher and .996 fielding percentage at first base. Mauer had five career five-hit games and 23 four-hit games in his MLB career.

Hall of Fame candidacy
Mauer became eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2024. He received 293 votes, 76.1% of the total, enough to be enshrined on his first ballot. He was just the third catcher to be elected on his first ballot, after Johnny Bench and Iván Rodríguez. Additionally, he became the fourth first overall draft pick to be inducted, after Ken Griffey Jr., Chipper Jones, and Harold Baines. Mauer was also the first Hall of Famer to play his entire career in the 21st century and the first to be drafted in that century.

International career
Mauer was selected as a catcher and first baseman for Team USA in the 2013 World Baseball Classic.

Other work
Mauer modeled for Perry Ellis in the 2004–05 off-season, and is featured in television commercials for Head & Shoulders, Pepsi, ESPN, Fox Sports Net, PlayStation 3, Gatorade and my29.

Mauer's family manufactured and sold a product called Joe Mauer's Quickswing. Invented by Mauer's father, the device allows kids to practice hitting on their own.

Mauer's Quickswing Camp is held annually in the winter at a St. Paul area college. The camp teaches youth the basics of batting skills. Mauer taped an episode of Homecoming with Rick Reilly for ESPN on January 27, 2010, at Cretin-Derham Hall High School, his alma mater, in St. Paul, Minnesota. The episode aired on April 12, 2010.

Mauer appeared in a TV commercial for Explore Minnesota, the state tourism agency, in March 2011.

Video games
Mauer was the cover athlete for Sony Computer Entertainment's MLB 10: The Show and MLB 11: The Show game for the PlayStation platform.

The game's tagline, "Well played, Mauer", used by actor Jerry Lambert (playing the role of fictional vice president Kevin Butler) in television commercials promoting the game (in the ad, Mauer and Butler were playing MLB 11 and Mauer hits a home run to deep right field), was mimicked by Twins announcer Dick Bremer during a game versus the visiting Kansas City Royals on June 10, 2010. Royals outfielder Mitch Maier fouled back a pitch from Twins pitcher Brian Duensing. The ball traveled over the protective net behind the home plate area. Mauer tracked the ball, reached around the screen, and caught it, leading Bremer to exclaim, "Did he catch that? Oh, well played, Mauer!" The catch is featured in MLB 11: The Show's "Joe Mauer" introductory vignette.

Mauer appeared as a playable pro in Backyard Baseball 2009.

Personal life
Mauer shared a house with former Twins teammate Justin Morneau in Saint Paul, Minnesota, during the 2006 season. Mauer wore long sideburns throughout his big league career, and on August 10, 2006, the Twins held "Joe Mauer Sideburns Night" in his honor. The first 10,000 fans were given synthetic sideburns with double-sided tape to share in Mauer's trademark look.

On December 11, 2011, Mauer announced his engagement to Saint Paul nurse Maddie Bisanz, his girlfriend of about 18 months and a fellow graduate of Cretin-Derham Hall High School. The couple was married on December 1, 2012, at Nativity of Our Lord Catholic Church in Saint Paul. Justin Morneau was a groomsman. The Mauers' twin daughters were born on July 24, 2013. On November 14, 2018, they welcomed a son.

In 2012, Mauer bought a house in Sunfish Lake, Minnesota, a Saint Paul suburb.

Relatives
In the 2001 draft, the Twins also selected Joe's older brother Jake in the 23rd round (677th overall). Jake played at the University of St. Thomas in Saint Paul. Some observers concluded that this was an attempt to induce Joe to sign a contract, but Mike Radcliff, the scouting director of the Twins, denied this. Jake Mauer ended his playing career after the 2005 season but went on to manage the Gulf Coast League Twins (Rookie-level). After winning the GCL South with the Twins in 2009, Jake moved up to the High-A Fort Myers Miracle and managed the team for two seasons. Following the Twins' agreement to add the Cedar Rapids Kernels as the team's Low-A affiliate in November 2012, Mauer was named the team's manager.

Mauer's other brother, Billy, signed with the Twins as an undrafted free agent in 2003 and pitched in the organization for three seasons before chronic shoulder problems forced him to retire from the game. He ended his minor league career with a 3–4 record and 3.66 earned run average (ERA) in 43 games. Billy now owns Mauer Chevrolet and Mauer Buick GMC, auto dealerships in the Twin Cities suburb of Inver Grove Heights.

Joe’s father, Jake Mauer II developed the Mauer Quickswing, a hitting aid for players. Along with his brothers Billy and Jake and Baseball Hall of Fame player Paul Molitor (who would eventually become manager of the Twins for Joe’s final two seasons before retirement) Joe appeared in promotional videos for the equipment. In January 2023, Jake Mauer II passed away from lung cancer and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Joe's cousin, Ken Mauer, is a former referee in the NBA. Another cousin, Mark Mauer, is a former college football coach and player.

title: Joe Mauer


text:
Owosso

Owosso may refer to a location in the United States:

 * Owosso, Michigan, a city in Shiawassee County
 * Owosso Township, Michigan, adjacent to the city

title: Owosso


text:
Owyhee

Owyhee or Owhyhee is an older English spelling of Hawaii, used in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It is found in the names of certain locations in the American part of the Pacific Northwest, which were explored and mapped by expeditions whose members included native Hawaiians:

 * Owyhee, Idaho, an unincorporated community in Ada County
 * Owyhee, Nevada, a community in north-central Nevada
 * Owyhee County, Idaho, the southwesternmost county of Idaho
 * Owyhee River, a river in Idaho, Nevada, and Oregon
 * Owyhee Dam, a dam on the river
 * Lake Owyhee, a lake in Oregon
 * Owyhee Desert, a desert in Nevada and Idaho
 * Owyhee Mountains, a mountain range in Idaho and Oregon

title: Owyhee


text:
Shooting brake

Shooting-brake (alternately spelled shooting break) is a car body style which originated in the 1890s from horse-drawn carriage origins. The first automotive shooting brakes were manufactured in the early 1900s in the United Kingdom. The vehicle style became popular in England during the 1920s and 1930s, and was produced by vehicle manufacturers or as conversions by coachbuilders. The term was used in Britain interchangeably with "estate car" from the 1930s but has not been in general use for many years and has been more or less superseded by the latter term.

Since the 1960s, the term has evolved, describing cars combining elements of both station wagon and coupé body styles, with or without reference to the historical usage for shooting parties. During the 1960s and early 1970s, several high-end European manufacturers produced two-door shooting brake versions of their sports cars. Following a hiatus from the mid 1970s until the early 2010s, the shooting-brake body style entered a resurgence.

Horse-drawn origins

A horse-drawn shooting brake was a variation of the break (also spelled brake). Originally built as a simple but heavy frame for breaking in young horses to drive, over time it became a gentleman-driven vehicle and was popular for such aristocratic sports as shooting parties. Taking the design from the rear-loading horse-drawn sporting vehicle, the station wagon was born, retaining the term "shooting brake".

Definition
There is no universally agreed definition of a shooting brake as an autobody style; however the common themes are the coupé and station wagon, and the historical usage of the vehicle for hunting trips. Descriptions of the body style and usage of the term include:
 * "A sleek wagon with two doors and sports-car panache, its image entangled with European aristocracy, fox hunts, and baying hounds".
 * "A cross between an estate and a coupé".
 * "Essentially a two-door station wagon".
 * An interchangeable term for estate car (station wagon). In France, a station wagon is marketed as a break, once having been called a break de chasse, which translates as "hunting break".
 * A body style with "a very interesting profile. It makes use of the road space it covers a little better than a normal coupé, and also helps the rear person with headroom. ... The occasional use of the rear seat means you can do one of these cars, even if such a wagon lacks the everyday practicality of four doors."
 * A vehicle conceived "to take gentlemen on the hunt with their firearms and dogs. ... Although [its] glory days came before World War II, and it has faded from the scene in recent decades, the body style is showing signs of a renaissance [as of 2006]. ... The most famous shooting brakes had custom two-door bodies fitted to the chassis of pedigreed cars."

1900s to 1950s

In the early 1900s, the Scottish Albion Motors began producing shooting brake models, described in the weekly magazine The Commercial Motor as having "seats for eight persons as well as the driver, whilst four guns and a large supply of cartridges, provisions baskets and a good 'bag' can be carried." The 1912 Hudson Model 33 was described in England as a shooting brake, on the basis that "it was also used to carry the beaters to and from the location of the shoot, and for bringing back the game shot".

Early motorized safari vehicles were described as shooting brakes with no windows or doors. One such description read: "Instead roll-down canvas curtains were buttoned to the roof in the case of bad weather. These cars were heavy and comfortable in good weather and allowed quick and silent exit as no shooting was permitted from the vehicles." During the 1920s and 1930s, shooting brake vehicles were popular in England and were produced as shooting brakes from the factory or converted by coachbuilders. The term "estate car" began to be used instead of shooting brake, as the use of the vehicle expanded from just shooting parties to other domestic uses including ferrying guests and their luggage to and from railway stations.

1960s to 1990s
During the 1960s and early 1970s, several high-end European manufacturers produced two-door shooting brake versions of their sports cars, including the 1960 Sunbeam Alpine Shooting Brake and 1965 Aston Martin DB5 Shooting Brake. The 1966 Sunbeam Alpine was a limited-production three-door variant of its two-door open sports car with leather interior and walnut trim, selling at a price double its open counterpart and marketed as a shooting brake. The Aston Martin DB5, DB6, and DBS shooting brakes were custom manufactured by coachbuilder Harold Radford from 1965 until 1967.

A prototype DB5 shooting-brake was custom produced by the factory for David Brown, an avid hunter and dog owner, and a further 11-12 coupés were custom modified for Aston Martin by independent coachbuilder, Harold Radford. In August 2019 a DB5 sold for a record $1.765m (£1.456m), making it the most valuable Shooting Brake bodied-car of any marque sold at auction. In 1992, Aston Martin manufactured in-house a limited production shooting brake variant of its Virage/Vantage, including a four-door shooting brake.

Other cars combining elements of a wagon and coupé have been described but were never formally marketed as shooting brakes, including the Reliant Scimitar GTE (1968–1975),  the Volvo P1800 ES (1972–1973),   and the later 480 (1986–1995) – marketed as a coupé, and with a sporty, low nose featuring pop-up headlights, but with a distinctly estate-like rear body. The 1998 BMW Z3 Coupé (plus associated M Coupé model) is also typically referred to as a shooting brake.

2000s to present
Mostly dormant since the mid-1970s, the shooting brake term was used in 2004 to describe the Chevrolet Nomad concept car. The following year, the Audi Shooting Brake concept car debuted at the Tokyo Motor Show. Several other cars have been described by journalists as shooting brakes, including 2005 Dodge Magnum Station Wagon,  2006 Renault Altica concept car, 2008 Mini Clubman, 2011 Fisker Surf concept car, and the 2011 Ferrari FF. The first production model of the 21st century marketed as a shooting brake was the 2012 Mercedes Benz CLS-Class Shooting Brake (X218), which was previewed as the Shooting Brake concept car at Auto China. This model has four passenger doors, which is at odds with some definitions of a shooting brake as having two doors. In 2015, Mercedes-Benz added the smaller CLA-Class four-door shooting brake to the model range.

The 2018 Porsche Panamera Sport Turismo, along with the Volkswagen Arteon despite the Arteon having five doors, are both described by their manufacturer as shooting brakes. The trend is to associate the shooting brake body style with "performance" and also making the cars "more practical" than a coupé. The marketing descriptions have been further blurred between variations of the terms with names such as sports tourer, sportback, or "shooting break" as a way to differentiate from SUVs and reposition ordinary body styles with "sleeker lines" in the minds of consumers to "ooze sex appeal". BMW unveiled the Concept Touring Coupé based on the Z4 at the Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este in 2023.

title: Shooting brake


text:
Chrząszcz

Chrząszcz (beetle, chafer) by Jan Brzechwa is a tongue-twister poem famous for being considered one of the hardest-to-pronounce texts in Polish literature. It may cause problems even for adult, native Polish speakers.

The first few lines of the poem:

The first line "W Szczebrzeszynie chrząszcz brzmi w trzcinie" (In Szczebrzeszyn a beetle buzzes in the reed) is a well-known Polish tongue-twister and dates to at least the 19th century.

Thanks to the poem, the town of Szczebrzeszyn is widely known in Poland. A monument to the beetle was erected there in 2002, and a yearly sculpture festival has been held there ever since.

Chrząszcz was translated into English by Walter Whipple as Cricket (whose Polish equivalent, świerszcz, is also considered difficult to pronounce for non-Polish speakers).

title: Chrząszcz


text:
Oxbow (disambiguation)

An oxbow is part of oxen tack: a u-shaped collar, the upper parts of which are fastened to a yoke.

Oxbow also commonly refers to a wide meander in a river; the land enclosed by such a loop; or, when the meander is cut off, the resulting oxbow lake.

Oxbow may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * "Oxbow", a song by Waxahatchee from her album Saint Cloud
 * Oxbow (band), a music group from San Francisco
 * The Oxbow, an 1836 painting by Thomas Cole
 * The Oxbow Cure, a 2013 Canadian independent film

Communities
Listed alphabetically by province or state

Canada

 * Oxbow, New Brunswick, a community in Victoria County
 * Oxbow, Saskatchewan, a town

United States

 * Oxbow Estates, Arizona, a census-designated place in Gila County
 * Oxbow, Maine, an unincorporated township in Aroostook County
 * Oxbow, New York, a hamlet in Jefferson County
 * Oxbow, North Dakota, a small city in Cass County
 * Oxbow, Oregon, a populated place in Baker County
 * Oxbo, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Canada

 * Oxbow National Historic Site, an historic place in Northumberland County, New Brunswick, Canada

United States

 * Oxbow Archeological District, near Midland, Michigan
 * Oxbow Historic District, in northern Newbury, Vermont
 * Oxbow National Wildlife Refuge, in Middlesex and Worcester counties in Massachusetts
 * Oxbow Park (Seattle), a public park in Washington state
 * Oxbow Park and Zollman Zoo, a campground and zoo located in Olmsted County, Minnesota
 * Oxbow Regional Park, a natural area park in Oregon

Waterways, lakes, and dams

 * The Oxbow (Connecticut River), a body of water in Northampton, Massachusetts, and subject of a Thomas Cole painting
 * Oxbow Creek, a tributary of Tunkhannock Creek in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
 * Oxbow Dam, located on the Snake River at the Idaho-Oregon border
 * Oxbow Inlet, a tributary of Oxbow Creek in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
 * Oxbow Lake (New York), in Hamilton County, New York
 * Oxbow Lake (Virginia), in Saint Paul, Virginia

Other uses

 * Oxbow (horse), the 2013 Preakness Stakes winner
 * Oxbow (surfwear), a French sporting equipment and apparel company
 * Oxbow Airport, located adjacent to Oxbow, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Oxbow code, fragments of program code that were once needed but which are now never used
 * Oxbow complex, a Late Archaic period complex situated in the Northern Great Plains
 * Oxbow Corporation, an American energy company owned by Bill Koch
 * Oxbow orthohantavirus, an RNA virus
 * Oxbow School, a single semester high school in Napa, California
 * Ox-Bow School of Art and Artists Residency, in Saugatuck, Michigan

title: Oxbow (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Hamadan

old comments from 2004
Mani1 claims that most people of the city speak Persian. I have removed it, unless we can be pointed to a source of the claim. This is rather important since we wan't to make sure we don't sacrifice accuracy in favor of one kind of nationalism or another. roozbeh 13:05, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

HAMEDAN NOT HAMADAN
hamedan in correct and hamadan is incorrect

all people of hamedan city speak persian

but in the north part of province their languages is -torki- and in the south of hamedan province their language is -lori-

 * Whoever wrote "Hamedan" is correct not "Hamadan". You need to educate yourself a little better about this subject.  "Hamedan" is Turkish corruption of "Hamadan", in the same way that "Azer" is Turkish corruption of "Azar".  But the name "Hamadan" is directly from "Hagmatana" and that is from Old Persian, and there is no confusions or doubts about this fact in scholarship.

 * It is true that "Hamadan" may be closer to the original pronounciation of the original name of the city. But for the purposes of an encyclopedic article, the modern pronounciation should be used (in the same sense that we refer to persian language as "Farsi" not "Parsi" Persian_language.) Anecdotally, as someone who lived in Hamedan for more than 20 years, I've never heard a resident of the city pronounce it as Hamadan. (I've occasionally, but not often, heard it pronounced that way from other Persian speakers not from Hamedan.)

 * I also removed the claim that the tomb of "Esther and Mordechai" is in Hamadan, for obvious reasons. First and foremost, Eshter and Mordechai do not exist in any authentic historical documents other than religious texts of the Jews. Even many Jewish scholars accept that the story is probably a didactic one and not an actual historical event.  There has been extensive academic debate on this subject and there is no evidence to prove the historical authenticity of the story of Esther.  Secondly, even if the story of Esther was true, on what basis is it claimed that their tombs are in the city of Hamadan ?!!
 * Are you serious? Are you claiming that the tomb doesn't exist or that remains of "Esther and Mordechai" are not in it? I've "seen" the monument iteself, although I've never been inside. Again, anecdotally, every native resident of the city refers to the monument as Tomb of Esther and Mordechai. It simply does not have any other name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2620:0:1003:1019:8991:CC48:A987:3D84 (talk) 16:32, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

Hamedani Persians pronouce the name of this city Hemedan! with E Tehrani Persians pronouce it as Hamedun! Other Persians pronouce it as Hamedan!

Hamadan (as it written in article) is not correct and is not used by persians!

94.184.141.134 (talk) 04:30, 29 April 2015 (UTC)

Hello. Hamadān is NOT correct. I am a Hemadānian. Non of native speakers in Hamedan or even in Iran, doesn't pronounce Hamadān! Source of this pronunciation in article hasn't any historical source! پسرک کبریت فروش (talk) 18:47, 16 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Article should be renamed to Hamedan as it is pronounced Hamédan.24.4.242.48 (talk) 11:41, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Read COMMOMNAME. This is the English Wikipedia, not the Persian one. --HistoryofIran (talk) 12:40, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

Hamadan history needs to be expanded
Iranian websites say its Ecbatana itself? for example....Today's Hamadan is what is left of Ecbatana?
 * Sassanid period? Is this Ecbatana? The Britannica is hinting that it was suburb. The Arabs mention the standard Garrison settlement in Hamadhan.
 * The Arab period 7th-10th century.
 * The Persian renaissance 10th century-current.--Skatewalk 03:17, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

This garbled text at the end of the history must be written in proper english and then placed in the correct position by whoever inserted it: "the most famost thing in hamedan is :katibe ganjname .the khashaiar .raine of Iran in 2500 years a go crit it . the mianing of this written is: A great god is Ahuramazda," ........etc. --AssegaiAli (talk) 11:54, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

these days uggh smelly arab sandniggers are spread all over the place!!!!lmfao

Tomb of Esther and Mordechai
The artical mentions "A traditional tomb housing the biblical Esther and her uncle Mordechai is located in Hamadan." Read the biblical text (Esther 2:7). Mordechai was Esthers COUSIN, not her uncle.

That Mordechai is really buried here is highly doubtful. According to Jewish tradition, Mordechai went up to the Land of Israel at the end of the 70 year exile, and lived there for many years, serving as a member of the Great Assembly. There is no record of his returning to Persia, or of his bones being take there for buriel. 71.190.25.204 (talk) 14:30, 11 January 2011 (UTC) Text has been edited to reflect the above concerns. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Giorgies (talk • contribs) 14:52, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

Request to add photos

siamak sabet 22:59, 24 February 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Siamaksabet (talk • contribs)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Unopposed for over two weeks. History was also an absolute mess with multiple cut-and-paste moves so a histmerge was required. Jenks24 (talk) 13:03, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

Hamedan → Hamadan – According to reliable sources in English, the correct name of this city is Hamadan. --Relisted. Armbrust The Homunculus 10:21, 12 August 2014 (UTC) In fact 04:59, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Please consider this false redirection, as well. Thanks. In fact 05:21, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:Hamadan


text:
Rendering (animal products)

Rendering is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable, usable materials. Rendering can refer to any processing of animal products into more useful materials, or, more narrowly, to the rendering of whole animal fatty tissue into purified fats like lard or tallow. Rendering can be carried out on an industrial, farm, or kitchen scale. It can also be applied to non-animal products that are rendered down to pulp. The rendering process simultaneously dries the material and separates the fat from the bone and protein, yielding a fat commodity and a protein meal.

Input sources
In animal products, the majority of tissue processed comes from slaughterhouses, but also includes restaurant grease, butcher shop trimmings, and expired meat from grocery stores. This material can include the fatty tissue, bones, and offal, as well as entire carcasses of animals condemned at slaughterhouses and those that have died on farms, in transit, etc. The most common animal sources are beef, pork, mutton, and poultry.

Process variations
The rendering process varies in a number of ways:
 * Whether the end products are used as human or animal food depends on the quality of input material and the processing methods and equipment.
 * The material may be processed by wet or dry means.
 * In wet processing, either boiling water or steam is added to the material, separating fat into a floating phase.
 * In dry processing, fat is released by dehydrating the raw material.
 * The temperature range used may be high or low.
 * Rendering may be done either in discrete batches or in a continuous process.
 * The processing plant may be operated by an independent company that buys input material from suppliers, or by a packing plant that produces the material in-house.

Rendering processes for edible products
Edible rendering processes are basically meat processing operations and produce lard or edible tallow for use in food products. Edible rendering is generally carried out in a continuous process at low temperature (less than the boiling point of water). The process usually consists of finely chopping the edible fat materials (generally fat trimmings from meat cuts), heating them with or without added steam, and then carrying out two or more stages of centrifugal separation. The first stage separates the liquid water and fat mixture from the solids. The second stage further separates the fat from the water. The solids may be used in food products, pet foods, etc., depending on the original materials. The separated fat may be used in food products, or if in surplus, may be diverted to soap making operations. Most edible rendering is done by meat packing or processing companies.

Rendering processes for inedible products
Materials that for aesthetic or sanitary reasons are not suitable for human food are the feedstocks for inedible rendering processes. Much of the inedible raw material is rendered using the "dry" method. This may be a batch or a continuous process in which the material is heated in a steam-jacketed vessel to drive off the moisture and simultaneously release the fat from the fat cells. The material is first ground, then heated to release the fat and drive off the moisture, percolated to drain off the free fat, and then more fat is pressed out of the solids, which at this stage are called "cracklings" or "dry-rendered tankage". The cracklings are further ground to make meat and bone meal.

A variation on a dry process involves finely chopping the material, fluidizing it with hot fat, and then evaporating the mixture in one or more evaporator stages. Some inedible rendering is done using a wet process, which is generally a continuous process similar in some ways to that used for edible materials. The material is heated with added steam and then pressed to remove a water-fat mixture that is then separated into fat, water, and fine solids by stages of centrifuging and/or evaporation. The solids from the press are dried and then ground into meat and bone meal. Most independent renderers process only inedible material.

Kitchen rendering
Rendering of fats is also carried out on a kitchen scale by chefs and home cooks. In the kitchen, rendering is used to transform butter into clarified butter, suet into tallow, pork fat into lard, and chicken fat into schmaltz.

History
The development of rendering was primarily responsible for the profitable utilization of meat industry by-products, which in turn allowed the development of a massive industrial-scale meat industry that made food more economical for the consumer. Rendering has been carried out for many centuries, primarily for soap and candle making. The earliest rendering was done in a kettle over an open fire. This type of rendering is still done on farms to make lard (pork fat) for food purposes. With the development of steam boilers, it was possible to use steam-jacketed kettles to make a higher grade product, and reduce fire danger. From at least 1896, yellow grease has referred to lower-quality grades of tallow (cow or sheep fat) from animal rendering plants.

A further development came in the 19th century with the use of steam digesters: a tank used as a pressure cooker where steam was injected into the material being rendered. This process is a wet rendering process called "tanking" and was used for edible and inedible products, although better grades of edible products were made using the open kettle process. After the material is tanked, the free fat is run off, the remaining water ("tank water") run into a separate vat, and the solids removed and dried by pressing and steam-drying in a jacketed vessel. The tank water was either run into a sewer or it was evaporated to make glue or protein concentrate to add to fertilizer. The solids were used for fertilizer.

The pressure tank made possible the development of the Chicago meat industry in the United States—with its concentration in one geographic area—because it allowed the economic disposal of byproducts which would otherwise overwhelm the environment in that area. At first, small companies that sprang up near the packers did the rendering. Later the packers entered the rendering industry. Gustavus Swift, Nelson Morris, and Lucius Darling were among the early pioneers of the U.S. rendering industry, with their personal backing and/or direct participation in the rendering industry.

Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle (1906), an exposé on the Chicago meat processing industry which created public outrage. His work helped the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1907 which paved the way for the creation of the FDA. In 2012, the occupation of renderer appear in a list of "dirtiest jobs".

Innovations came rapidly in the 20th century. Some of these were the uses for rendered products, and others were the rendering methods. In the 1920s, a batch dry rendering process was invented; the material was cooked in horizontal steam-jacketed cylinders (similar to the fertilizer dryers of the day). Advantages claimed for the dry process were economy of energy, better protein yield, faster processing, and fewer noxious odors. Over the years, the wet "tanking" process was replaced with the dry process. By the end of World War II, most rendering installations used the dry process. In the 1960s, continuous dry processes were introduced, one using a variation of the conventional dry cooker and the other making use of a mincing and evaporation process to dry the material and yield the fat. In the 1980s, high energy costs popularized the various "wet" continuous processes. These processes were more energy efficient and allowed the re-use of process vapours to pre-heat or dry the materials during the process.

After WWII, synthetic detergents arrived, which displaced soaps in domestic and industrial washing. In the early 1950s, over half of the inedible fat market vanished. Diversion in these materials into animal feeds soon replaced the lost soap market and eventually became the single largest use for inedible fats.

The widespread use of "boxed beef", where the beef was cut into consumer portions at packing plants rather than local butcher shops and markets, meant that fat and meat scraps for renderers stayed at the packing plants and were rendered there by packer renderers, rather than by the independent rendering companies.

The rejection of animal fats by diet-conscious consumers led to a surplus of edible fats, and the resultant diversion into soapmaking and oleochemicals, displacing inedible fats and contributing to the market volatility of this commodity.

Advantages and disadvantages
The rendering industry is one of the oldest recycling industries, and made possible the development of a large food industry. The industry takes what would otherwise be waste materials and makes useful products such as fuels, soaps, rubber, plastics, etc. At the same time, rendering reduces what would otherwise be a major disposal problem. As an example, the United States annually recycles more than 21 million metric tons of highly perishable and noxious organic matter. In 2004, U.S. industry produced over 8 million metric tons of products, of which 1.6 million metric tons were exported.

Usually, materials used as raw materials in the rendering process are susceptible to spoilage. However, after rendering, the materials are much more resistant to spoiling. This is due to the application of heat either through cooking in the wet rendering process or the extraction of fluid in the dry rendering process. The fat obtained can be used as low-cost raw material in making grease, animal feed, soap, candles, biodiesel, and as a feed-stock for the chemical industry. Tallow, derived from beef waste, is an important raw material in the steel rolling industry, providing lubrication when compressing steel sheets.

Meat and bone meal in animal feed was one route for the late-20th century spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad-cow disease, BSE), which is also fatal to humans. Early in the 21st century, most countries tightened regulations to prevent this.

General references

 * Lyman, Howard, F. (1998). Mad Cowboy. Simon & Schuster, New York.
 * Render Magazine (April 2005), National Renderer's Association.
 * Meeker, David L. Essential Rendering: All About The Animal By-Products Industry. National Renderer's Association.
 * Burnham, Frank. North American Rendering: The Source of Essential High Quality Products. National Renderer's Association.
 * Clemen, Rudolph (1978). Rendering, The Invisible Industry, Aero Publishers.
 * Young, H.H. (1927). By-Products of the Meat-Packing Industry, University of Chicago Press.
 * Franco, Don and Swanson, Winfield (1996). The Original Recyclers, APPI, FPRF and NRA.

title: Rendering (animal products)