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George Gervin

George Gervin (born April 27, 1952), nicknamed "the Iceman", is an American former professional basketball player who played in both the American Basketball Association (ABA) and National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Virginia Squires, San Antonio Spurs, and Chicago Bulls. Gervin averaged at least 14 points per game in all 14 of his ABA and NBA seasons, and finished with an NBA career average of 26.2 points per game. Widely regarded as one of the greatest shooting guards in NBA history, in 1996 Gervin was named as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History, and in 2021, Gervin was named as one of the 75 greatest players in NBA history.

Early life
George Gervin was born on April 27, 1952, in Detroit, Michigan. Gervin attended Martin Luther King, Jr. High School. He struggled on and off the court until his senior year, when a growth spurt allowed him to average 31 points and 20 rebounds and lead his school to the state quarterfinals. He was a Detroit Free Press All-State selection in 1970.

College career
Gervin received a scholarship to play under Coach Jerry Tarkanian at California State University, Long Beach, but he had such a culture shock that he returned home before the first semester was over. He transferred to Eastern Michigan University in Ypsilanti, Michigan and averaged 29.5 points as a sophomore forward in 1971–72.

While competing in an NCAA College Division national semifinal game in Evansville, Indiana, Gervin punched a Roanoke player. Gervin was suspended for the following season and eventually was removed from the team. Invitations to try out for the Olympic and Pan-American teams were withdrawn.

Pontiac Chaparrals (1972–1973)
In 1972–73, Gervin initially played in Michigan for the Pontiac Chaparrals of the Continental Basketball Association.

Virginia Squires (1973–1974)
While playing with Pontiac, Gervin was spotted by Johnny Kerr, a Vice President, Basketball Operations for the Virginia Squires of the ABA. In January 1973, Kerr signed Gervin to the Squires for a $40,000 a year contract.

Gervin's time in Virginia would be short-lived, however. The Squires' finances had never been stable, and they had been forced to start trading their best players to get enough money to stay alive. In the space of only four months, they traded Julius Erving and Swen Nater for cash and/or draft picks. During the 1974 ABA All-Star Weekend, rumors abounded that the Squires were in talks about dealing Gervin for cash. The rumors turned out to be true; on January 30, Gervin was sold to the Spurs for $228,000. The ABA tried to block the trade, claiming that by trading their last legitimate star, the Squires were holding a fire sale. However, a court sided with the Spurs. Within two years, the Squires were no more.

San Antonio Spurs (1974–1985)
After two seasons in the ABA, Gervin became NBA eligible in time for the 1974 NBA draft. The Phoenix Suns selected Gervin in the third round with the 40th pick, however Gervin elected to stay in the ABA and kept playing for the Spurs. With Gervin as the centerpiece, the Spurs transformed from a primarily defense-oriented team into an exciting fast-breaking team that played what coach Bob Bass called "schoolyard basketball". Although the Spurs never won an ABA playoff series during Gervin's first three years there, their high-powered offense made them very attractive to the NBA (along with their attendance figures in a relatively small media market), and the Spurs joined the more established league as part of the 1976 ABA–NBA merger. Right before the final ABA season, the Spurs had acquired star power forward Larry Kenon via trade, forming an offensively dominant one-two punch of both he and Gervin in order to strengthen their lineup and compete for a championship. In the final season of the ABA in 1976, the Spurs finished 3rd in a five-team postseason Playoff, which meant they faced the #2 seed New York Nets for the right to play in the 1976 ABA Finals. The Spurs pushed the Julius Erving-led Nets to a Game 7, but the Nets prevailed 121-114 on their way to the Finals, which they won.

Gervin's first NBA scoring crown came in the 1977–78 season, when he narrowly edged David Thompson for the scoring title by seven-hundredths of a point (27.22 to 27.15). Although Thompson came up with a memorable performance for the last game of the regular season, scoring 73 points, Gervin maintained his slight lead by scoring 63 points (including a then NBA record 33 points in the second quarter) in a loss during the last game of the regular season. With the scoring crown in hand, he sat out some of the third, and all of the fourth quarter. In the 1978–79 NBA season, the Spurs finished 48–34 with the second seed in the Eastern Conference, they had made it past Julius Erving and the Philadelphia 76ers in the second round, beating them in seven games as Gervin led the league in playoff scoring with 28.6 ppg. They were one win away from making it to the 1979 NBA Finals as they were up 3–1 against the Washington Bullets in the Conference Finals but collapsed by losing three straight to lose the series. Kenon would become a free agent and sign with the Bulls after the following season.

Despite disappointing playoff eliminations and not making it to the finals, Gervin was committed to the Spurs, showing no frustration towards his teammates, thus living up to his nickname and went on to lead the NBA in scoring average three years in a row from 1978 to 1980 (with a high of 33.1 points per game in 1979–80), and again in 1982. Prior to Michael Jordan, Gervin had the most scoring titles of any guard in league history. In 1981, while sitting out three games due to injury, Gervin's replacement, Ron Brewer, averaged over 30 ppg. When Gervin returned, he scored 40+ points. When asked if he was sending a message, Gervin said, "Just the way the Lord planned it" and added, "Ice be cool" (with Ron Brewer). In the 1981–82 season, the Spurs would once again compete for a championship, by then the Spurs had just become a Western Conference franchise, finishing second in the conference with a 48–34 record. Gervin carried the team in scoring by leading the league with 29.4 ppg, they had made it back to the Conference Finals but got swept by the number one seeded Los Angeles Lakers who would end up winning the championship that year. In the 1982 offseason, the Spurs drafted high-scoring guards Oliver Robinson of UAB and Tony Grier from South Florida and also traded for all-star center Artis Gilmore to take some offensive pressure off Gervin. This time with the addition of Gilmore, high-scoring forward Mike Mitchell, and some fresh young talent, the Spurs were once again a title contender in the 1982–83 season, finishing 53–29 with the number two seed in the Western Conference, making it back to the Conference Finals once again with Gervin leading the way, averaging 25.2 ppg, only to be defeated yet again by the top-seeded Los Angeles Lakers in six games.

Chicago Bulls (1985–1986)
Right before the 1985–86 season, Gervin was traded to the Chicago Bulls for forward David Greenwood after missing multiple preseason workouts amid the possibility of being relegated to the bench by new head coach, Cotton Fitzsimmons. The Bulls' rising star Michael Jordan stated he was "unhappy" after the trade. This season would be Gervin's last season in the NBA before retiring from the league. Although by this time he was aging and no longer at an all-star level, Gervin was still effective on the Bulls roster, averaging 16.2 ppg, had another 40-point game performance (a season-high 45 points against the Dallas Mavericks) and played all 82 games. The Bulls finished 30–52 but it was enough for a playoff berth clinching the number 8 seed in the Eastern Conference. The last NBA game of Gervin's career was April 20, 1986, Jordan's remarkable 63 point game against the Boston Celtics in Game 2 of the first round. Gervin recorded an assist and a personal foul in five minutes of play and the Bulls would later get swept by the Celtics in the first round.

Banco di Roma (1986–1987)
When he left the NBA, Gervin played for several years in Europe: In Italy for Banco Roma during the 1986–87 season where he averaged 26.1 points per game.

Quad City Thunder (1989)
In between his years of playing in Europe, Gervin also played for the Quad City Thunder of the now defunct Continental Basketball Association (different from the CBA he began his career with).

TDK Manresa (1989–1990)
Gervin played in the Spanish National Basketball League for TDK Manresa team (he was 38 years old at the time). At this point in his career he had lost some of his quickness, but his scoring instinct remained; he averaged 25.5 points, 5 rebounds and 1.2 assists, and in his last game he scored 31 points and grabbed 15 rebounds to keep Manresa in the first Spanish division.

San Antonio Spurs (1992–1994)
Gervin coached for the Spurs from 1992 to 1994 and participated in the 1992 NBA All-Star Legends Game, where he scored 24 points and grabbed 11 rebounds in 16 minutes.

Legacy

Nicknamed "Iceman" for his cool demeanor on the court, Gervin was primarily known for his scoring talents. He had also received the nickname because of his rare ability to play the game of basketball at a high level without sweating.

Gervin's trademark move was the finger roll, which he executed with unusual delicacy, touch, and range. Typically used by others to shoot short layups, Gervin's effectiveness with the shot extended all the way to the free-throw line.

Gervin's legacy has inspired other athletes. Basketball great Gary Payton has stated his childhood idol was Gervin and that he was his favorite player to watch. Gervin was also idolized by former NFL and Heisman-winning quarterback Ty Detmer. Detmer records in his autobiography that he was elated to receive Gervin's autograph one day as a youth in San Antonio.

In 2021, to commemorate the NBA's 75th Anniversary The Athletic ranked their top 75 players of all time, and named Gervin as the 42nd greatest player in NBA history.

Awards and records
Gervin was inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1996; additionally, his #44 jersey has been retired by the Spurs and he was named as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. In 2009, Gervin was ranked #45 on SLAM Magazine's Top 50 NBA Players of All Time. In 2021, he was also named as one of the 75 greatest player in NBA history.

He remains active in the San Antonio community with his seven organizations designed specifically for underprivileged kids, including the George Gervin Youth Center. Gervin has said that his own experience as an underprivileged child in Michigan inspired him to get involved.

At the time of his trade to the Bulls, he held nearly every significant scoring record in Spurs history. Many of his records have been surpassed by David Robinson and Tim Duncan. Gervin retired with the most blocks by any guard in NBA history.

Though an NBA and ABA All-Star and Hall of Famer, Gervin never made an appearance with a team in either an NBA or ABA championship series during his 13-year career in American professional basketball.

 * One of three players in NBA history to average 30 PPG and shoot 50 percent on field goals in a season as a guard.
 * Includes Michael Jordan, Stephen Curry and Shai Gilgeous-Alexander.

Post-playing career
Since retiring from professional basketball, George Gervin has been active in the San Antonio community by designing organizations for underprivileged children. In 1991, he established the George Gervin Youth Center.

Personal life
Gervin was born and raised in Detroit, Michigan.

In 1976, Gervin married Joyce King. The couple divorced in 1984 then remarried in 1985. They also have three children. The eldest child named George Gervin, Jr. (nicknamed "Gee"), played for the Harlem Globetrotters and was a fan favorite while playing for the Norrköping Dolphins of the Swedish League. Gervin, Jr. also played professionally in Mexico. Gervin's sister, Barbara Gervin-Hawkins, is a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives. Gervin's younger brother, Derrick is a retired basketball player who mostly played in the CBA and Europe.

Playoffs
Source:

title: George Gervin


text:
Hellinikon Olympic Complex

The Hellinikon Olympic Complex is a closed, partially demolished sports complex, situated at Elliniko, a suburban town in the southern part of the Athens urban agglomeration, approximately 16 kilometres from the Olympic Village. It was built on the site of the former Hellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics. It consists of five separate venues.

Hellinikon Indoor Arena
The Indoor arena was an arena adjacent to the Fencing Hall. It hosted the Basketball preliminary matches and the Handball finals at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The facility seats 15,000 spectators for basketball, although only 10,700 seats were made publicly available during the Olympics - and seats 13,500 fans for handball - though only 10,300 seats were made publicly available during the games. The facility was completed on May 31, 2004 and officially opened on July 30, 2004.

During the 2004 Summer Paralympic Games, the Indoor Arena was the venue for Wheelchair rugby. It has also been the home arena of the Greek basketball club Panionios, and it has also hosted several finals matches of the Greek Cup. The Greek basketball club Panellinios also played European cup home games at the arena.

It was demolished in 2022.

Fencing Hall
Demolished along with the arena and other buildings in 2022.

Olympic Baseball Centre
The Olympic Baseball Centre in Athens consists of two Baseball stadiums. It was the site of the Baseball games at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The larger stadium seats 8,700 fans-though only 6,700 seats were made publicly available during the Olympics; the smaller stadium seats 4,000 spectators, though only 3,300 seats were made publicly available during the Games. The facility had to be constructed with significant foreign help in the design, as there were only a handful of dusty baseball diamonds in the whole of Greece before the 2004 Olympics were awarded to Athens in 1997. Construction on the facility was completed on February 27, 2004, and it was officially opened on August 12, 2004, a day before the Opening Ceremonies. During the 2004 Summer Paralympic Games, the Olympic Baseball Centre was the venue for Archery. Demolished in 2023.

Olympic Canoe-Kayak Slalom Centre
Only venue of the complex that will not be demolished after the Hellenikon Metropolitan Park is built. The venue will be transformed to a pond.

Post-Olympics Development
The table below lists the current status and usage of the Hellinikon Olympic Complex facilities. Venues in italics have been demolished.

The site was used to house refugee populations in the current Refugee crisis in Europe. The three camps were home to over three thousand refugees living in mostly tented accommodation.

There are currently works under way to convert much of the former Hellinikon International Airport site to a metropolitan park, that requires demolishing of the complex's venues.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hellinikon Olympic Complex


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Pogo (dance)

The pogo is a dance in which the dancers jump up and down, while either remaining on the spot or moving around; the dance takes its name from its resemblance to the use of a pogo stick, especially in a common version of the dance, where one keeps one's torso stiff, one's arms rigid, and one's legs close together. Pogo dancing is most associated with punk rock, and is a precursor to moshing.

Style
The basic steps allow for a variety of interpretations, some of which might appear quite violent. Pogo dancers have their choice of:
 * Keeping their torsos rigid or thrashing them about;
 * Holding their arms stiffly at their sides or flailing them;
 * Keeping their legs together or kicking about; or
 * Jumping straight up and down, jumping in any direction, or spinning in the air.

History
In The Filth and the Fury, Sex Pistols bassist Sid Vicious claimed that he invented the pogo sometime around 1976 at punk shows in the early days of London's punk scene. Vicious supposedly invented the dance as a way of mocking people who came to see Sex Pistols' performances, but who were not part of the punk movement. Whether Vicious actually invented the dance or not, the pogo quickly became closely associated with punk rock. Shane MacGowan, himself an early follower of the punk scene, also attributes pogo dancing to Vicious, claiming that a leather poncho he wore to gigs prevented him from any form of dancing other than jumping up and down. In her autobiography, ''Clothes, Clothes, Clothes. Music, Music, Music. Boys, Boys, Boys.'', Viv Albertine of The Slits claims that the Pogo was inspired by the way Sid jumped up and down while playing saxophone.

title: Pogo (dance)


text: User talk:64.230.105.237

title: User talk:64.230.105.237


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Triple conjunction

A triple conjunction is an astronomical event when two planets or a planet and a star appear to meet each other three times during a brief period, either in opposition or at the time of inferior conjunction, if an inferior planet is involved. The visible movement of the planet or the planets in the sky appears therefore normally prograde at the first conjunction, retrograde at the second conjunction, and again prograde at the third conjunction.

The lining-up of three planets is a particular case of syzygy.

There are three possible cases of triple conjunctions.

Between Mercury and Venus
At nearly every superior conjunction of Venus (when Venus passes behind the Sun) there is a triple conjunction between Mercury and Venus. In most cases the second conjunction is not visible, because both planets have too small elongation from the Sun.

Triple conjunctions between Mercury and Venus are also possible when they are passing between Earth and the Sun at the same time. This event is much rarer, and also in this case the second conjunction is usually not observable.

Of inferior planets with superior planets or stars
If Mars is in conjunction with the Sun, there is often a triple conjunction between Mars and Mercury or between Mars and Venus. In the events in which Mercury is involved, the second conjunction is invisible because of small elongation from Sun; both other events are difficult to see because of the nearness to horizon and the relatively low brightness of Mars, which is there always near its greatest distance from Earth, barely visible.

For a Mars–Venus triple conjunction all three events can almost always be seen, but Mars is dim because of its great distance from the Earth.

Triple conjunctions between the inferior planets Mercury and Venus and the superior planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, dwarf planet Pluto or with stars take place when these objects are at the same time in conjunction to Sun while Mercury or Venus are at inferior conjunction. Frequently the second conjunction takes place when both bodies are too close to the Sun in order to be seen, while the other conjunctions are easily visible, especially if the other body is Jupiter, Saturn or a bright star.

With the dim planets Uranus, Neptune and dwarf planet Pluto the visibility of such an event is difficult, because of the low elongation from Sun.

Triple conjunctions of Mercury and Venus with the exterior planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and dwarf planet Pluto happen relatively frequently (approximately once in 10 years).

Between two exterior planets
These are the most interesting triple conjunctions, because all three conjunctions can be seen very easily, because of the great elongation of the planets or stars involved.

Triple conjunctions between the bright exterior planets are very rare: the last triple conjunctions between Mars and Jupiter occurred in 1789–1790, in 1836–1837 and in 1979–1980. The next events of this kind will be again in 2123 and in 2169–2170.

The last triple conjunctions between Mars and Saturn took place in 1779, 1877 (only in right ascension) and in 1945–1946. The next triple conjunction between these planets will occur in 2148–2149, in 2185 and in 2187.

For both at triple conjunctions between Mars and Jupiter and for triple conjunctions between Mars and Saturn it is possible that two such events follow at an interval of only 2 years. This last happened for Mars and Jupiter in 927 and 929 and will be again in 2742 and 2744. It last happened for Mars and Saturn in 1742–1743 and 1744–1745 and will occur again in 2185 and 2187.

Conjunctions between Jupiter and Saturn—so-called great conjunctions, and are sometimes triple (seven times between AD 1200 and 2400). The three conjunctions occur several months apart, over a broad range of elongations from the sun. The most historically important triple conjunction was that one between Jupiter and Saturn in 7 BCE-5 BCE, which has been proposed as the explanation for the star of Bethlehem. Triple conjunctions between Jupiter and Saturn last took place in 1682–1683, 1821 (only in right ascension), 1940–1941 and 1981. It will not occur again until 2238–2239.

There are more frequent triple conjunctions of Jupiter with Uranus or Neptune. They are unspectacular, but offer a good possibility for amateur astronomers to find these dim planets. The last triple conjunction between Jupiter and Uranus was in 2010–2011 and the next will be in 2037–2038. The last between Jupiter and Neptune was in 2009 and the next will be in 2047–2048.

At each opposition, because of the visible loop movement of the planets, there are triple conjunctions between the planet and some stars. Triple conjunctions between planets and bright stars close to the zodiac are not so frequent (approximately 2 events in 10 years).

Of the planets Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune in ecliptic longitude between 1800 and 2100
Note that conjunctions in right ascension and ecliptic longitude need not take place on the same date. It is possible that there is a triple conjunction in right ascension, but not in ecliptic longitude and vice versa.

title: Triple conjunction


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Talk:Molecular assembler

I'm done with the major edit. I believe I was fair and made the article much more readable and understandable. However I'm not an expert in this area, so I encourage others to check that I did not misinterpret anything.

There were two small pieces that I removed because they seemed to be unfounded conjecture of the previous author and nonetheless seemed rather out of place and strongly biased. I'm including them here so others can decide whether they really should be reintroduced (hopefully with some references to support them and a more neutral tone):

 * "This parallels how the US biotechnology industry prevailed on George W. Bush to abandon treaties on biotechnology supervision, and on "dual-use technology", to prevent the use of either in weapons."

 * Link to "Weapons of mass destruction"

Dmeranda 07:23, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is a confusing mix of factual information with a somewhat biased (at least in tone) discussion of ecological politics. From the history it appears to have suffered from lively debates between authors of differing opinions. But this has resulting in a page which is not structured to make it easy for new readers to understand. As a detached observer I'm going to try to reorganize this page to make it better. I will attempt to leave all content, but calm it down to provide a more neutral point of view. — Dmeranda 05:26, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree, the controversy section is realy quite tangential to the molecular assembler concept. I think this would be best moved off this page entireley. Some of these points are covered in the Nanotechnology page already under dangers, this section would probably do well to be moved there under a political controversy section. --Swamp Ig 04:33, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

So K. Eric Drexler attempts to distinguish the field of nanotechnology from molecular nanotechnology, and gives us assembler (nanotechnology), and then someone chips in with "molecular assembler"? Personally, if they didn't add anything unique or notable in any way, then I'd say this article gets "eaten" by the molecular nanotechnology article or the assembler (nanotechnology) article. After all, MNTing means something (Broderick, The Spike). Also, who cares about assembler the programming language anymore? It's a museum meme. --Couttsie 09:49, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

I have tried to address the point of view problem. I think this was due to confusion from the wider discussion of the concerns of nanotechnology and the more distant and fantastic danger of molecular assemblers. The definition is still very bad. I think that there maybe multiple definitions out there. It would be better if it were referenced to an outside source. --M_stone 22:55, 16 June 2006

Where can I get one? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.108.42.5 (talk) 12:21, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Molecular assembler


text:
Hullabaloo

Hubbabaloo or hullaballoo may refer to:

 * Hullabaloo (band), a punk band
 * Hullabaloo (song), a 1990 single by Absent Friends
 * Hullabaloo (festival), a music festival at the University of California San Diego
 * Hullabaloo (film), a 1940 film
 * Hullabaloo (rave), a former Canadian rave promotion company
 * Hullabaloo (The Farm album), 1994
 * Hullabaloo (TV series), a 1960s NBC musical variety series
 * Hullabaloo Soundtrack, a 2002 compilation album and DVD by Muse
 * Tulane Hullabaloo, the student newspaper of Tulane University
 * The Hullaballoos, a British Invasion rock and roll band

title: Hullabaloo


text:
Talk:Variable

Initial comments
I made some changes to the "Names of variables" section:
 * The section discussed many attributes that belonged in the identifier article. I've reworded and moved a few paragraphs (for example about naming conventions and Lisp symbols) for that reason.
 * I replaced the discussion of namespaces by a link to the namespace (computer science) article.
 * Changed the section name to "variable names".

-- Eelis 01:17, 2005 May 23 (UTC)

The term "variable" is also used in scientific experimentation. I see nothing speaking about an experimental variable here. My guess is this is *by far* the most commonly used meaning of the noun in the non-math non-computer general population.69.40.254.72 (talk) 15:08, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

-

I think the text in the "Computer programming" section of this revision is much more clear and readable than the current text. It is far from perfect but the current text has a lot of bad English and ambiguous sentences, and uses erratic terms, such as "life-time" in place of the standard term "extent". I think it is a better place to work from than the current text. I'd revert -- but I wrote much of the old text and am certainly biased. Anyone else watching? --FOo 05:30, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It's been almost two weeks with no comment, so I'm restoring several paras of the older version, somewhat improved and better laid-out. --FOo 12:17, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it is a matter of perference. I replaced the old text by a new one for the same reason the old text uses unheard term like extent instead of life-time and is rather unorgainzed and spending too much on somehow irrelevant topics like scoping. There is an article about scope so this article should not spend too much on it. Particularly, the article is making a wrong impression about storage. The key to understand variables is binding. Scopes merely help binding and unbinding process. GC, for instance, has nothing to do with variables. Objects that are not realized by any variable could exist and can be reclamied or not. I believe the new one is far clear on this matter. True, I have removed some parts in the old text so later I will try to merge them into one. -- Taku 03:07, Aug 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * While I respect your views, I do not believe they are representative of the field we are discussing. The terms scope and extent are in standard use in computer science.    The term "lifetime" (not "life-time") is sometimes used as a synonym for "extent", but Google searches suggest it is less common.

 * You have eradicated several paragraphs of useful discussion of scope and extent, of typed and untyped variables, of function parameters, and storage of variables. While you may believe these are not relevant, they are most certainly related in computer science literature. Garbage collection, for instance, has substantial effects on the way programmers use variables.

 * I agree with you on the importance of the concept of binding. Please consider working this in to the larger, more complete text rather than deleting wholesale sections that I and others have written. I am restoring the deleted material in parallel with your text. I will be soliciting comment from others who have edited this article recently on how the two can be reconciled. --FOo 01:29, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I have heard both terms lifetime and extent used for variables. I don't think one is particularly more clear than the other, but perhaps they both should be mentioned the first time. I may try to work on the phrasing there, but the english in that whole paragraph is a mess. ("life-time" is a mispelling IMHO.) Also, I think scope should be described in terms of binding, as scope and extent are only related for the special case of local variables, and are not related when refering to static variables, global variables, dynamic variables, class variables, etc... This paragraph is really just a disorganized jumble of concepts. The concepts of scope, lifetime, binding, gc'ing, etc., all need to be defined each in their own paragraph before you try to relate them and mix them together. I think it is very helpful, however, to include (limited) examples of languages that use each technique. The concept of Garbage collection is extremley important. C and assembly programmers will not survive until they understand these things and how they relate to the lifetime of a variable, which may exceed its scope or may be exceeded by its scope. (I.e., passing a reference to a variable that is about to die is a bug. Allowing a reference to go out of scope without freeing its target (and thus ending its lifetime) is a different bug.)  Does extent apply to a length of (run)time, a length of code, or both? This needs to be clarified. --ssd 03:31, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this quote from Guy L. Steele's Common Lisp: the Language describes the interplay between scope and extent well:

 * [T]he notions of scope and extent are frequently useful. These notions arise when some object or construct must be referred to from some distant part of a program. Scope refers to the spatial or textual region of the program within which references may occur. Extent refers to the interval of time during which references may occur.

 * In other words, scope is a lexical fact, but extent a runtime (dynamic) fact. I would go so far as to say that scope has to do with names, extent with bindings of variables to values, and memory allocation with values (or rather, data objects that represent values). If a name is out of scope, you can't even bind it; if it is out of extent, you can't refer to it except to bind it, which gives it a new extent; if its value is still taking up memory when it's out of extent, it's a leak (in C) or garbage (in Java or Lisp).

 * When a variable binding extends (in time) as the program's execution passes out of the variable's scope, this is no bug. It is a Lisp closure or a C static variable: when execution passes back into the variable's scope, the variable may be referred to again. But when a variable's extent ends, it becomes unbound -- if it is still in scope, referring to it is an error (or, in C, gets you a nice arbitrary value).

 * Extent is related to memory reclamation. When a variable becomes unbound, if its value is occupying storage it must be reclaimed. This is where memory allocation (be it manual or automatic) comes in. In a non-gc system like C, it is a memory leak bug when an object (a data representation of a value) continues to take up storage after no more variables are bound to it. In a gc system like Java or Lisp, it is no bug; the gc reclaims the storage. --FOo 04:57, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Heh, now to incorporate that nice description into the article... --ssd 00:06, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I think you might be misinterpreting that a bit... The extent of a binding has nothing to do with the extent of the value that happens to be bound to it at some point in time (which could be different from what was bound at another point in time). Lisp has a dynamic-extent declaration which can be used to indicate that the extent of the value assigned to a binding is dynamic and the object can be stack-allocated, for example.

I think there needs to be a more clearly defined seperation between variables in CS and variables in mathematics - there is a quite distinct treatment of the two. Perhaps the section for CS can look something like Operator - cover a short paragraph or two on the important topics and leave the important treatment to the respective articles? Dysprosia 11:58, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hello. I wonder about the reference to Help:Variable in this article. I'm not in favor of self-references within WP but I can see that someone might easily come here looking for special wiki variables. Suggestions? Regards & happy editing, Wile E. Heresiarch 15:57, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Merge Computer Science split
I merged the two versions of the Computer Science section. Hopefully I have included everything and not offended anybody. The Rod 00:31, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Class variable
Class variable redirects here, but the article never defines what it means. Someone feel up to integrating a description? Night Gyr 18:47, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Shifting from syntax to semantics
The first part of the article is clear in its adoption of a syntactic perspective on variables:

"a variable is a _symbol_ denoting a quantity..."

The first reference to Computer Science is also consistent with the syntactic view

"in computer science, it _represents_ a place where a quantity can be stored"

However, in the section "Computer programming", the perspective changes and variables becomes things which are denoted rather than denotations:

"a variable can be thought of as a place to store a value"

so, a variable _represented_ a place and now it _is_ a place. The shift in perspective continues with:

"More precisely, a variable binds (associates) a name (sometimes called an identifier) with the location; a value in turn is stored as a data object in that location so that the object can be accessed later via the variable, much like referring to someone by name"

to have a name, a variable must be in the semantics not the syntax.

So where do variables belong? to the syntax or to the semantics?

Both perspective are possible and defendable, but a single one should be consistently adopted to avoid confusion.

Thanks for the otherwise clear contribution.

fabio

(fabio.simeoni@cis.strath.ac.uk) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.41.247.128 (talk • contribs) 2006-03-08 09:56:18  (UTC)

 * Most programming languages do not expose the construct which clears up this confusion. That construct is the symbol. The only languages I know of which expose symbols are Lisp dialects (including Scheme) and to a lesser extent Python (in which symbols can be accessed as hash entries).

 * Most languages have the idea of a "symbol table", or a lookup table mapping variable names to locations in memory. In Lisp, program code can directly manipulate entries in its own symbol table. For instance, there is a symbol named PRINT. That symbol is a data structure, that contains (among other things) a pointer to a piece of code: a function that knows how to print things. The string "PRINT" is the symbol-name of the symbol; and the printing function itself is the symbol's symbol-function. The symbol serves as a mapping from one to the other.

 * In Lisp, you can refer to the symbol itself, by using the quote operator: 'PRINT evaluates to the symbol itself, not to the printing function. This is analogous to the notion of quotation in real-world languages: a cow is a beast with four legs that eats grass; but the word "cow" has three letters and is in English. When you evaluate the word "cow", you ask, "What does the word "cow" mean?" and the answer is the beast with four legs that eats grass. Likewise in Lisp, if you execute (SYMBOL-FUNCTION 'PRINT) you will get a piece of notation representing the printing-function itself.

 * In Python, if you define a global variable named "cow", and then look in the hash table returned by the globals function, you will see an entry where the string "cow" is mapped to the value of that variable. That's the same sort of thing. At a Python prompt, you can confirm this:

>>> cow = "I Go Moo" >>> globals["cow"] 'I Go Moo'

 * In other words, the globals hash-table is a mapping from strings to values; it is the symbol table. Each entry in it, a key-value binding, is a variable.

 * A symbol isn't a variable by itself. In Lisp, you can have symbols that are not bound to any value; they are not variables. If you write 'FOO you are making a symbol with the name "FOO" but no value. If you try to evaluate this symbol -- (EVAL 'FOO) -- you get an error. Likewise in Python, if you enter a string that is not the name of any variable (in the global symbol table or the current local one) you get an error.

 * So a variable is really a mapping between a name (a symbol in Lisp, a string in Python) and a value. The name by itself is just a symbol (or identifier in C-ish languages). --FOo 03:09, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

General Overview
Quote:

 * For instance, in the formula: x + 1 = 5, x is a variable which represents an "unknown" number.

It doesn't represent an unknown number, x = 4 Jackliddle 14:58, 30 May 2006 (UTC) I think what they were trying to prove is its not a given fact you have to use your brain to figure out x. I.e. $$y2=18$$ you would have to figure it out 18 divided by 2 = 9. Hence, y=9Ashwariak 18:49, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Add part on variables in physical sciences, engineering? Split, maybe?
As it stands, the article is structured somewhat strangely. There are four paragraphs talking about the term in different fields, then there is a moderately long discussion of the term in applied statistics, a throwaway section on the term in basic mathematics, and then the bulk of the article is about variables in computer science, getting very detailed and technical. If I have time, I might write a section or a part of a section on variables in physical science, but the contents of that section (whether written by me or someone else) will not have much to do with what we've already got on variables in computer science. I think we should split the page into "Variable (applied mathematics and physical science)" and "Variable (computer science)", and possibly also "Variable (statistics)".--Atemperman 20:03, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I say "throwaway", of course, to mean that the section is rather stubby and not at the level of detail and thoroughness of the other sections, not that it should be thrown away.
 * While I'm in favour of splitting off the computer science content, I'm not clear on the best way of dealing with variables in the sciences. There are big differences in how variables work in mathematics versus statistics, so a split on this basis makes some sense, but they also have a lot in common. I'm less convinced that a split based on application area would be sensible. A split between the natural and social sciences might work, but statistical methods are used in the physical sciences, and some social sciences rely heavily on mathematics (e.g. economics). And biology is a real mixture. Perhaps we should wait until there is enough mathematical/physical stuff to see if there is a real conflict with the statistical/social side. I agree mathematics and the physical sciences could do with better coverage here. -- Avenue 00:10, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

uh...what is the history of the unknown variable?

interpolation: rv example
The perl example already has two variables ($sName and $sGreet), so there is no need to add a third ($v). The print function is included in the example strictly for display purposes only. Technically it is not relevant to interpolation, at least not in Perl. I will re-edit to make it more clear. Thanks! dr.ef.tymac 14:03, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

pending removal ;; variable name as only way to access value in memory
Commented out a section that implied variable identifier is the only way to access value (object) in memory. Unless someone wishes to clarify, the content will be removed. Thanks! dr.ef.tymac 17:03, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

you need to rap the variable sentince together to give a complete thought

Extent (lifetime) of a variable
This article mention of variable extent, and tries to differentiate it from scope, but I think it needs its own section, which at a bare minimum should enumerate the different kinds of extents and their labels in different langauges (i.e., global, static, heap, local, stack, whatever) and how it interacts with the data segment and memory segmentation. --ssd 17:41, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Sub-pages at the end of this article now cover most of what I wanted. heap is not listed yet.  I suppose I should dig around and find or write something. --ssd 07:06, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Controlled Variable, Independent Variable, and Whaaa?????
Very confused, any insights? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.71.249.209 (talk) 21:20, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

IPA transcription
I am not a phonetician, but the IPA transcription doesn't seem quite right to me. It seems to be that the first syllable, transcribed as /vær/, as written, would be pronounced with the vowel of the first syllable of carry, whereas in my experience, it is pronounced like the word care, so I think it should be transcribed more like /vɛər/. I know that accents with the marry-Mary-merry merger will pronounce them the same, but they are distinct for many speakers and the transcription should reflect this. Furby100 07:38, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree the IPA notation chosen looks wrong. It also disagrees with the OED entry (which agrees with Furby100's suggestion), hence I'm changing it.  —DIV (128.250.80.15 (talk) 05:09, 29 September 2008 (UTC))
 * Further, the OED puts an optional "ə" before the "l". I'm not sure where WP stands on not ripping off all the entries in the OED, and just how 'optional' the "ə" is, so I haven't added it.
 * Also, with my browser and browser settings the "r" currently runs into the "ɪə". I've no idea how to fix this, or whether it's an issue for many other readers.  —DIV (128.250.80.15 (talk) 05:15, 29 September 2008 (UTC))

Entity
The article speaks of entity. What is an entity (computer science) (currently red link)? Thanks! --Abdull (talk) 12:07, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Changing the Lisp code to C++?
Would it be okay if I changed the Lisp code to C++, seeing as C++ is typically a more widely recognized programming language then Lisp? ShawnStovall (talk) 07:15, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Discrete/continuous not related to level of measurement
According to a link on "Measurement theory" at the bottom of the level of measurement entry, "Measurement level has nothing to do with discrete vs. continuous variables." In light of this, I removed the sentence (in the "In applied statistics" section) that said "This [the distinction between discrete and continuous variables] is referred to as the level of measurement."

I also added the "level of measurement" link to the "See also:" links at the bottom of the section.

2rock (talk) 11:29, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Variables in computing
The "Computer programming" section was badly written and had some nonsensical or too specific assertions that weren't true for all paradigms. I've tried to generalize and clean it, if you find I've removed something important feel free to discuss. Diego (talk) 12:01, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

A constant is a datum whose value cannot be changed once it is initially bound to a value.
This feels wrong to me (and I studied computer science). I don't think we call all such values constants; we reserve the term for identifiers that denote a fixed and given value. A final variable is not a constant, and neither is a variable in functional programming! The person who provided the definition may have been confused by C/C++'s çonst keyword, but that keyword doesn't define constants even in C/C++ jargon, if I'm not mistaken. Rp (talk) 01:38, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

You are correct. For example, in the general second degree polynomial ax^2 + bx + c, a, b, and c are constants which can be assigned any (fixed) values, but those values vary from one problem to another. Rick Norwood (talk) 14:27, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

 * This sentence doesn't ring true to me: In purely functional computer programming, all data are constants, because there is no assignment.
 * Variables in functional programming are like the x in the ax^2 + bx + c polynomial, they have one single value once they've been bound but it's not always the same one (i.e. it can be different at different function calls). This is different than a,b,c which will have only one value in a given problem, during the complete program execution. Diego (talk) 22:03, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The sentence talks about data, not variables. Perhaps an overly subtly distinction.
 * Yes, it is, in my opinion, because it disregards the fact that an encyclopedia should use its terms like a dictionary, i.e. in the senses that they are actually used, rather in a sense that the writer makes up on the spot in order to best match whatever he is trying to describe (as happens in scientific articles). Rp (talk) 12:00, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Variables in functional languages are not really variables as such, they are simply names that have values are certain points of a programs execution.
 * Absolutely, but they are universally called variables, and that is what matters in this context. Rp (talk) 12:00, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Harking back to the discussion of 'final' variables, this usage is really an overload on the term variable. Languages have things called variables and some languages create an entity that is has some of the properties of a variable bt is actually a constant.  Perhaps the best idea is to discuss this issue in the article. Derek farn (talk) 01:11, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Of course variables in FP and logic programming are variables, they are bound during the execution to different values or to partial data structures that become incrementally completed (as the unbound substructures get lazily bound). That sentence would at least be factually incorrect, at worst meaningless. Oh, and "names that have values are certain points of a programs execution" is also what variables are in imperative programming, the only difference is in the lack of assignment operators and referential transparency.
 * At this point I'd like to see what authoritative sources has to say about the topic. I've never seen something referred as "constant data" as a technical term in programming, "constant" is always a property of variables or objects. Diego (talk) 11:46, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, there is no such technical term, although the notion is well known (as e.g. the const keyword proves). The point is that the term constant in computer science is not usually applied to data, but to identifiers, and more particularly, a constant is a specific type of identifier in most programming languages, with a value that is typically fixed with the program's source code. Rp (talk) 12:00, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Tokens such as 3 are often called literals or integer literals in language specifications. In C and C++ it can also be a constant expression.  Correct usage of the term constant is probably most commonly as an adjective (eg, has a constant value) and this is shortened to constant and used as a noun. Derek farn (talk) 12:29, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Why don't you fix that one. I'm a mathematician, not a computer scientist. Rick Norwood (talk) 14:21, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I'll try. Rp (talk) 12:00, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * "Constant" means different things to different people. There's a mathematical joke that "variables don't; constants aren't" -- because a "variable" in a given equation does not vary at all, but merely represents a fixed value that is unknown ... whereas some uses of "constant", such as a constant of integration, may assume any arbitrary value. The point of a constant of integration is to represent that the value of an indefinite integral is a set of functions; it is "constant" only in the sense that it is a real number not dependent upon a variable.

 * On the other hand there is the use of "constant" to mean a known value that is commonly referred to, such as pi. It is typical to say that pi is a constant. (It is not usually said, but is true anyway, that 3 is a constant!) This sense of "constant" is distinct from the sense in "constant of integration", just as the equation sense of "variable" is distinct from statistics' "random variable" (which do vary).

 * In a single-assignment language, the value of a variable never varies once established. But it may still be useful to have a distinction between variables (e.g. local variables of a function, which get bound to new values when a function call is evaluated) and constants (e.g. pi, which is always the same in any function or program). And this is indeed the way that programmers working in single-assignment languages use the words: functions have local variables, not "local constants". --FOo (talk) 21:34, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * In most programming languages, 3 is not a constant, in the sense they use the word constant. Your sense of constant does not actually correspond to the way in which the term is normally used when talking about programming languages.  This is why I oppose to it being given such prominence in the article: it is highly confusing. Rp (talk) 12:00, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I was not arguing with you; I was talking about different uses of "constant" and "variable", both in mathematics and in programming. 3 and pi are both "constants" in the sense used in mathematics. --FOo (talk) 07:21, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * They are not known as "constants" in any of the mathematics I've seen (at school or in university). However you are right in that the term constant is often used in mathematics in the sense of a constant factor, and pi may occur there (e.g. in the constants of polynomials).  I have rewritten the initial section in the hope of making things clearer, please revise! Rp (talk) 09:06, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * See, e.g., Mathematical constant and, for a mention of 0 and 1 as "constants", Euler's identity. The words "constant" and "variable" have lots of uses. --FOo (talk) 09:33, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Calling 0, 1 or i "constants" is unusual if not incorrect. The definition of constant given in that article is lacking in my opinion: every mathematical constant is a number, but not vice versa. Rp (talk) 20:04, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

 * In what area are 0, 1, and i not considered constants? Certainly they are considered constants in analysis. Rick Norwood (talk) 14:15, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Perhaps. From analysis, on which I'm not exactly an expert, I really only know constant terms and related, relative uses of the term. Rp (talk) 00:03, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Should we mention Finagle's variable constant, which equals the right answer divided by your answer? Rick Norwood (talk) 14:38, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Not in the present article (which I reached by following Constant (computer science). Rp (talk) 13:51, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

On a related note, the classification of a constant as a particular type of variable pains my sense of terminology. I've always seen them used in opposition: an identifier may be a constant, or a variable, or perhaps something else. Rp (talk) 13:51, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Naming conventions
I've been bold and added a lot of unsourced (but I'm quite sure it's not incorrect) information about mathematical variable naming conventions. I hope I haven't gone too far. Leon math (talk) 23:02, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

I've renamed it to "Name Conventions". I don't see the need for there gerund.

I think the stats should be separate article.

SimonTrew (talk) 01:35, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

Split mathematics and CS content in separate articles
I want to propose to fork this article in two, separating the details for variables in maths to those in computer science. The subtleties are too much for all the exceptions to make sense in a single article. There could be a brief section explaining what both concepts have in common, but the general usage is too different in both areas for them to be explained in a single page. Diego (talk) 12:31, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Split, but into three parts: mathematics, statistics and computing. Relevant stuff in statistics has been reduced, probably by someone with little connection to stats. Melcombe (talk) 14:30, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Note added... see Talk:Variable above.Melcombe (talk) 14:35, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

This article should be an overview, with sections. For example, ==computer science== {main: variables in computer science}

Rick Norwood (talk) 15:25, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

I prefer to keep it as a single article because there are numerous connections and contrasts between the senses of variables in different disciplines. Somebody that wants to read about "variables" in general is likely to want to know about the connections and differences. That said, I admit that the article is not entirely coherent right now. I intend to work on it.

Reddyuday (talk) 11:53, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

I browsed the article for the first time today. I think I agree with Diego above – the article should be split. The similarities between variables in mathematics and computer science are mostly curiosities. They are not very interesting to someone who reads the article from a maths or cs point of view, and I suspect comparing them back and forth would just frustrate such a reader. I think the reader who 'wants to read about "variables" in general' is rare. JöG (talk) 19:50, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, let's split it up. I think the article now has enough content that a three-way split (mathematics, statistics and computing) makes sense, as suggested by Melcombe. This page should be either a brief overview or a disambigution page. -- Avenue (talk) 22:21, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Split executed. See Variable (programming) and Variable (mathematics) --Cybercobra (talk) 01:34, 5 April 2009 (UTC)
 * And, done. Sub-split the math version if 3-way split is still desired. --Cybercobra (talk) 02:06, 5 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Well done, thanks! Some polishing is still desired, e.g. crossreferencing between them, splitting out Constant (programming), etc. Rp (talk) 07:42, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Variable


text:
Talk:Clement Clarke Moore

Move
Shouldn't this page really be at Clement Clarke Moore?! I've never heard him referred to as 'Clement Moore' without middle name. Quill 05:33, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * His only full-length biography is titled Clement Clarke Moore. Wetman 05:38, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * That's good enough for me; I've moved it and fixed all the links Quill 03:28, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course, the only thing he's known for (the poem he probably didn't write) is always credited to "Clement Moore". - Nunh-huh 03:33, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Clarify
1) What does this sentence mean? "Later in life, however, Moore was in the habit of writing out fair copies of the poem when asked to do so, and facsimiles have been published twice." What is a fair copy?  I would fix this but I don't know how.  What are the facsimiles of?  The poem or of the fair copies? Anyone understand this? hdstubbs

A fair copy: "(of a manuscript) having few alterations or corrections; "fair copy"; "a clean manuscript"" (www.thefreedictionary)

2) What does this sentence mean? "He was the only son of Benjamin Moore, a president of Columbia College per support from student, Alexander Hamilton and Protestant Episcopal Church for the state of New York." ?

This is means that Bishop Benjamin Moore was asked to stay on at King's College and become the temporary replacement for the man who held the office before him. Political changes were happening that directly involved King's College which even led to its name change: Columbia University. Moore was supported by a majority of students led in part by young Alexander Hamilton, who asked that he stay at the school and become the interim president when the prior man was forced out due to his loyalty to the crown. Several faculty members left, fighting was taking place in the immediate vicinity, Tories were moving to places like Nova Scotia. Ironically, Bishop Moore had the sad duty of reading last rites to Alexander Hamilton after his duel.

3) The section on Children talks of a grandson. Aside from punctuation and grammar problems, it's pretty incoherent. The point seems to be that one grandfather started a competition that Clement Clarke Moore won, and the grandchild eventually inherited some of it? After rereading it I'm still not sure what it means.

Biography
Shouldn't this be more of a biographical page about Moore rather than an additional dispute about the authoriship of Twas the Night Before Christmas? CJJDay 21:11, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

This is what Clement Moore wanted to be remembered for by his children, fame not being one of his priorities and vanity not one of his values:

From a Father to His Children After Having His Portrait Taken for Them

by Clement Clarke Moore (1779-1863)

This semblance of your parent's time-worn face Is but a sad bequest, my children dear: Its youth and freshness gone, and in their place The lines of care, the tracks of many a tear!

Amid life's wreck, we struggle to secure

Some floating fragment from oblivion's wave: We pant for somewhat that may still endure, And snatch at least a shadow from the grave. Poor, weak, and transient mortals! why so vain

Of manly vigour or of beauty's bloom? An empty shade for ages may remain When we have mouldered in the silent tomb. But no! it is not we who moulder there;

We, of essential light that ever burns, We take our way through untried fields of air, When to the earth this earth-born frame returns. And 'tis the glory of the master's art

Some radiance of this inward light to find; Some touch that to his canvass may impart A breath, a sparkle of the immortal mind. Alas! the pencil's noblest power can show But some faint shadow of a transient thought, Some waken'd feeling's momentary glow, Some swift impression in its passage caught.

Oh! that the artist's pencil could pourtray

A father's inward bosom to your eyes; What hopes, and fears, and doubts perplex his way, What aspirations for your welfare rise. Then might this unsubstantial image prove,

When I am gone, a guardian of your youth, A friend for ever urging you to move In paths of honour, holiness, and truth. Let fond imagination's power supply

The void that baffles all the painter's art; And when those mimic features meet your eye, Then fancy that they speak a parent's heart. Think that you still can trace within those eyes

The kindling of affection's fervid beam, The searching glance that every fault espies, The fond anticipation's pleasing dream. Fancy those lips still utter sounds of praise,

Or kind reproof that checks each wayward will, The warning voice, or precepts that may raise Your thoughts above this treach'rous world of ill. And thus shall Art attain her loftiest power;

To noblest purpose shall her efforts tend: Not the companion of an idle hour, But Virtue's handmaid and Religion's friend.

Moore's 'A Visit' and 'Lines to Southey' comparison for thought
As a comparison to "A Visit" the following is a heart breaking poem written by Clement Clarke Moore in direct response to writings of then well-known English poet, Robert Southey. Moore read Southey's work and commented not only on the quality of his writing but also on their similar personal losses. Clement Clarke Moore and his wife lost their 6th child, daughter Emily, on April 19, 1828, age 6yrs and 6 days. His wife died on April 4th, 1830. Second eldest daughter, Charity, died on Dec. 14, 1830 at age 14. 'Lines To Southey' was also included in Moore's book, Poems, New York: Bartlett & Welford, 1844.

"The 'Lines to Southey' were written but never sent, after reading the dedication of that poet of 'A Tale of Paraguay' to his daughter, Edith May Southey. In Moore's poem he laments the loss of his wife and two of his children; and his grief has a note that makes its way to the heart in spite of the formal versification that hinders its free motions." - Clarence Cook, Century Magazine, December 1897, by permission of the Century Company.

The above paragraph was taken from a genealogical history including Clement Clarke Moore's family entitled: Rev. John Moore of Newtown, Long Island and some of his Descendants, Compiled by James W. Moore, Lafayette College. Chemical Publishing Company, Easton Pennsylvania. MCMIII. (1903). p. 107. Reprints of this out-of-print book are available via Higginson book company.

'Lines to Southey' from Poems, 1844.

Southey, I love the magic of thy lyre, That calms, at will, or sets the soul on fire; Whose changeful notes through ev'ry mode can stray, From deep-toned horror to the sprighliest lay. In Fancy's wilds with you I love to roam, Where all things strange and monstrous make their home. And when from wild imagination's dreams You wake to holy or heroic themes, My spirit owns the impulse of your strains; My circling blood flows freer through my veins.

Yet not amid these wonders of your art I find the trembling key-note of my heart. 'Tis not the depth and strength of tone that bring Responsive murmurs from a neighboring string. Soft sympathetic sounds and tremors rise Only from chords attun'd to harmonize. 'Tis when you pour the simple plaintive strain That tells a fond bereaved parent's pain, 'Tis when you sing of dear ones gone to rest, I feel each fibre vibrate in my breast. Alas! too well, bereavement's pangs I know; Too well, a parent's and a husband's woe.

To crown the num'rous blessings of my life, I had sweet children and a lovely wife. All seem'd so firm, so ordered to endure, That, fool! I fancied all around secure. Heav'n seem'd to smile; Hope whisper'd to my heart, These love-wrought ties shall never rudely part; But Time, with sow advance and gentle hand, Shall loosen, one by one, each sacred band. The old shall first drop peaceful in the tomb, And leave the young to fill their vacant room. Life's pleasures shall not wither at a blow, But quiet pass, with mild decay and slow. The buoyant joys of youth, so bright and fair, Like rainbow tints, shall mellow into air.

But sad reality has prov'd how vain This faithless prospect of a dreaming brain. Death's icy hand, within three fleeting years, Has chang'd this scene of bliss to sighs and tears. One lovely innocent was snatch'd away -- A rose-bud, not half-open'd to the day -- I saw my wife, then to the grave descend, Beloved of my heart, my bosom friend. So interwoven were our joys, our pains, That, as I weeping follow'd her remains, I thought to tell her of the mournful scene -- I could not realize the gulph between.

This was not all; there was another blow Reserv'd to put the finish to my woe. A sweet endearing creature, perish'd last, In youth's first spring, all childhood's dangers past -- Oh! awful trial of religion's power, To see a suffering innocent's last hour! But mark me well -- I would not change one jot Of Heaven's decrees, to meliorate my lot: Farewell to early bliss, to all that's bright! No thought rebels; I know, I feel 'tis right. Nor should I mourn as though of all bereft: Some transient pleasures, here and there, are left; Some short-liv'd flowers that in the forest bloom, And scatter fragrance in the settled gloom.

I look not round, and peevishly repine, As though no other sorrow equall'd mine. I boast no proud preeminence of pain -- But oh! these spectres that infest my brain! My death-struck child, with nostrils breathing wide, Turning in vain, for ease, from side to side; The fitful flush that lit her half-closed eye, And burned her sunken cheek; her plaintive cry; Her dying gasp; and as she sank to rest, Her wither'd hands cross'd gently o'er her breast.

My dying wife's emaciated form, So late, with youthful spirit fresh and warm. The deep, but noiseless anguish of her mind At leaving all she lov'd on earth behind. The silent tear that down her cheek would stray, And wet the pillow where resign'd she lay. Her stiffen'd limbs, all powerless and weak; Her clay-cold parting kiss; her pale damp cheek; Her awful prayer for mercy, at the last, Fainter and fainter, till her spirit pass'd -- The image of the next lov'd suffer too Is ever, ever present to my view. Her cease cough -- her quick and panting breath, With all the dreadful harbingers of death. No anxious mother watching at her side, To whisper consolation as she died.

Oh! do not ask me why I thus complain To you a stranger, far across the main -- Bear with a bleeding heart that loves to tell Its sorrows, and on all pangs to dwell. A strange relief the mourner's bosom knows In clinging close and closer to its woes. In unheard plaints it consolation finds, And weeps and murmurs to the heedless winds.

Author: Clement Clarke Moore; Father of nine, married once, devoted husband and father. Widower at 51 left with 7 surviving children to raise. Philanthropist.

Soon after 'Poems' was published, Moore lost his oldest daughter, Margaret Elliott Moore Ogden on April 13, 1845. She had recently given birth to a son named Clement Moore Ogden on Feb. 24th of 1845 and he died at the age of 2, on Nov. 11th, 1847.

It is not surprising that more lighthearted poetry did not follow. 'A Visit' has endured. And so have Moore's descendants. So has his support of the General Theological Seminary - which sits on land that was once his apple orchard on the Chelsea Farm, before becoming part of the growing city a few miles to its south. Like so many gentlemen of his day, writing poems was something Moore did as a creative outlet. It is hard to imagine he expected to be remembered for it.

Moore and Slavery
Added an internal section about Moore's ownership of slaves and his opposition to abolishment of slavery. Other references include his own tracts. --Chalyres 02:22, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

I noted this addition, and was fairly offended by the fact that you irrelevantly connect this fact to his authorship of the "Visit from St. Nicholas" poem. It's fine that you note that he's a slave-owner - that's a valid, and important historical note about Moore, as a historical figure. But the fact that he had slaves while he wrote that poem is irrelevant to both Moore's personal history, and irrelevant to the poem. It was simply a spiteful connection. Of course, you'll probably ignore this - but I just thought I'd point it out. Frankly, your behavior by including this little jab is petty and self-serving, when considered in light of the fact that Moore owned slaves at a time when a considerable percentage of Americans found it to be acceptable. Piperatthegates2 19:39, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to agree. I took out the reference about the timing of his owning slaves. I also took out the part where he opposed suffrage for people who didn't own land. That's completely unrelated to his owning slaves, so if you want to put it in, give it its own section. As it stood before, you may as well just had a section that said "Clement Moore was a benighted, evil person" which would hardly be NPOV. -- HowardW, Jan 13, 2007

QUESTIONABLE CONTENT. I don't know enuf about Clement Moore, but the following phrase does not seem to fit in appropriately in the biography. Perhaps someone with more knowledge can make the correct changes. "...per support from student, Alexander Hamilton and Protestant Episcopal Church for the state of New York"

Moore and Slavery - a Slave helmed the sleigh in his famous poem
For the person 'fairly offended' some time ago (14 years prior to this comment, I must note), according to a NYT article discussing an exhibit at the NY Historical Society, connecting his enslavement of others to his poem is not 'irrelevantly' as there is a document at the Society that places a slave as the operator of the sleigh itself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.175.32.100 (talk) 00:05, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * That's not what the source says, it says " As one document at the Historical Society shows, Moore was a slave owner, and some historians have recounted a journey to the market to buy a Christmas turkey, the event said to have inspired the poem, in a sleigh driven by a slave." Doug Weller  talk 14:48, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Livingston as "Visit" claimaint
The article states that Livingston never claimed authorship of "A Visit From St. Nicholas." Livingston couldn't have claimed authorship. He  died before it was published. I vote for the removal or clarification of this statement. Graymornings 22:48, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Henry Livingston, Jr. lived until 1828 and the poem was first published in 1823 in the Troy Sentinel. He was alive for five years after it had been circulated publicly. Coincidentally, Troy had an Episcopal Church that was part of the region that was covered by Clement Clarke Moore's father until 1816 and his successor at Trinity Church afterwards. The Bishop of New York was the bishop for the entire state and either traveled extensively or was in turn visited by his ministers regarding matters of the church. This may help answer how the daughter of the minister from Troy was in the Moore's personal residence when the poem was first read to the children of the Moore family. It was the minister's daughter who brought it back with her to Troy, hence its publication there, first, in 1823.

[Note: The above comment refers to the Henry Beekman Livingston article, not this article. It should probably be moved to that page.] 12.15.114.194 (talk) 16:39, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Hand-written copy of "A Visit" in New Brunswick?
I'm not sure how to cite this, so I present it here for discussion and advice. I was intrigued to read that "There is reputed to be another handwritten copy of the poem by Moore in the archives of the New Brunswick Museum in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada," so I decided to follow up on it by writing to the museum. I was rewarded with a sheet of notes on Moore items in the museum's collection and a scan of the handwritten poem itself. In the notes, it is mentioned that the watermark is 1825, though the poem itself is undated, and that the curators think that the handwriting is that of Mary Odell, a close family friend of the Moores. I haven't had a chance to study the scan closely, and it's a little difficult to read, but I have noticed that the reindeer aren't presented quite in the order we're used to seeing today:

Now Dancer and Prancer - now Dasher and Vixen

On Comet, on Cupid - on Donder and Blixen -

Clement Clarke Moore was...?
The opening of this article violates the standard for articles. A biography of a person—living or dead—should follow this format:

 * John Doe ( – ) was a .

This article doesn't state what Moore was (profession), just that he was perhaps the author of a famous poem. From the rest of the information in the article, I can't tell what he did in life, other than maybe was some sort of clergyman. Can someone clarify what he did in life, besides writing one poem? — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 17:52, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I found the info in an old version of the article. Please expand if you know anymore about his life. — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 17:56, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I've expanded it a bit. I was aware of the problem you describe in the lede, but the trouble is that Moore is really only notable for the fact that his huge inherited estate was developed into the neighborhood of Chelsea, and for the poem.  As far as I can tell his scholarship is not particularly noteworthy, although I guess it is what he "did".  He is basically a rich guy who got richer by devleoping the land he has given at birth. Beyond My Ken (talk) 18:58, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

Reorganize some
Put material about his mother in girlhood in his early life. Makes separate section on "Marriage and family", as standard in bios. Reduce duplication of material - repetitive on land development, even same words.Parkwells (talk) 15:34, 5 December 2015 (UTC)

Editorial Conclusion, Conclusion in Conflict With Related Entries
I'm a relative novice to disputes on Wikipedia, so forgive any failures to adhere to any bylaws, statutes, dogmas, or dictums.

The concluding paragraph of the introduction to the article reads "Scholars once debated the identity of the author, but the latest work proves definitively that Moore was not the author, but that Henry Livingston was."

First of all, that's a torturously awkward sentence. But the greater concern is that the sentence presents a definitive conclusion (i.e., "proves definitively") about an ongoing debate, and fails to identify the evidence for this absolute and final conclusion, obliquely attributing it to "the latest work." Academics, as recently as 2016, continue to assert that Moore authored "The Night Before Christmas." There have been no intervening developments to suggest that the matter has been settled. If anything, the debate should be characterized as "ongoing," the way it's currently characterized in the "The Night Before Christmas" and "Henry Livingston" entries.

I propose to excise the "definitive conclusion." It doesn't seem like a controversial idea to me, but I'll give it a few days. You never know anymore, in an era where Wikipedia has become a battleground to "decide" "facts", rather than a resource from which to learn them.

ICHH 16 (talk) 16:50, 28 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Clement Clarke Moore


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Missouri Bootheel

On 1 August 2004, The Missouri Bootheel was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP the now-harmless redirect. Rossami 05:02, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The following proposal and its discussion are invalid here, as indicated below.

*This violates the Wikipedia naming convention (begins with the) and was a sub-stub. I redirected the page to Bootheel, a fairly comprehensive article on the Missouri Bootheel. The page was also listed on Pages needing attention. Mateo SA 05:35, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

*Keep valid redirect. RickK 05:58, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC) *Keep redirect -- Chris 73 | Talk 12:23, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC) *Keep the redirect & kill the original & let our bootheels be wandering. Geogre 14:09, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The nominator appropriately converted the stub into a redirect to Bootheel. Whether before or after doing that, he also decided the name was a bad title that should not appear even on a redirect. In any case, he made the redir ineffective by putting a VFD notice on it; i have removed that notice.

There could be controversy about which title is better, but that is not a VfD discussion. The nominator was clearly correct in deciding that there should be one article in place of the original two, and shows no sign of doubt about it. The only deletion-related question is whether the Missouri Bootheel should exist, and that became a Redirects for deletion question when the article turned into an redirect.

I would move the nomination and debate to the proper page (altho IMO votes cast here probably would not be valid votes after that move), except that IMO anyone reading the criteria at Redirects for deletion would conclude the nomination should fail. I am drawing the attention of the nominator to this, and he of course can decide whether to make an RfD nomination anyway. (If so, he may want to notify those who voted here.) --Jerzy(t) 22:25, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Customer support

Customer Support is a range of services to assist customers in making cost effective and correct use of a product. It includes assistance in planning, installation, training, troubleshooting, maintenance, upgrading, and disposal of a product. Regarding technology products such as mobile phones, televisions, computers, software products or other electronic or mechanical goods, it is termed technical support.

Phone and Emails are the primary means to offer web-based assistance for your customers when matters do not require an immediate answer. Low-cost, non-intrusive and anywhere-anytime access are some of the advantages of email-based communications. Trouble Ticketing System and CRM Applications help keep track of a series of follow-up correspondence with a particular customer. Services offered via email response management is claims processing, polling/media analysis, subscription services, troubleshooting, complaint registrations etc.

Being a successful Customer Support agent requires a full skillset of abilities that will allow one to communicate efficiently with the customer and provide fast and effective solutions to their problems.

title: Customer support


text:
Menko

Menko (めんこ, 面子), also known as Bettan or Patchin, is a Japanese card game played by two or more players. It is also the name of the type of cards used to play this game. Each player uses Menko cards made from thick paper or cardboard, printed on one or both sides with images from anime, manga, and other works. A player's card is placed on the hardwood or concrete floor and the other player throws down his card, trying to flip the other player's card with a gust of wind or by striking his card against the other card. If he succeeds, he takes both cards. The player who takes all the cards, or the one with the most cards at the game's end, wins the game.

Menko has been popular since the Edo period. They were originally known as men'uchi (面打) and were made by putting clay in molds which were then baked. Its quick and simple rules have made it popular among children of all age groups. Because technique is just as important as power in this game, smaller children can compete fairly with older players.

The pictures on these cards reflect the popular culture of their time, and Menko cards from the past reflect important information about their era. In the Edo and early Meiji period, images like ninja and samurai were popular. Before World War II, the most popular images were of the military, like fighter planes and battleships. After the war, characters from anime and manga were popular, as well as baseball players. Collectors of Japanese baseball cards collect baseball menko. In the late 1980s to early 1990s, Menko cards were decorated with holographs and sparkles.

title: Menko


text:
User:Ieshan~enwiki/standard.css

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Visual approach slope indicator

The visual approach slope indicator (VASI) is a system of lights on the side of an airport runway threshold that provides visual descent guidance information during final approach. These lights may be visible from up to 8 km during the day and up to 32 km or more at night.

Standard VASI

Basic visual approach slope indicators consist of one set of lights set up 7 m from the start of the runway. Each light is designed so that it appears as either white or red, depending on the angle at which it is viewed. When the pilot is approaching the lights at the proper angle, meaning the pilot is on the glide slope, the first set of lights appears white and the second set appears red. When both sets appear white, the aircraft is too high, and when both appear red it is too low. This used to be the most common type of visual approach slope indicator system; however, it is being phased out and replaced by precision approach path indicators (PAPIs), which are closer together and therefore more efficient to sight and maintain.

A mnemonic to remember the colors and their meaning is:

 * White over White, you're high as a kite / you'll fly all night / check your height / you're out of sight / too much height.
 * Red over White, you're alright / height's alright.
 * Red over Red, you're dead / pilot's dead.

(White over Red is not possible.)

Simple VASIs are obsolete, having been deleted from ICAO Annex 14 in 1995, however T-VASIS and AT-VASIS are still specified. T-VASIS is defined as twenty light units symmetrically disposed about the runway centre line in the form of two wing bars of four light units each, with bisecting longitudinal lines of six lights". AT-VASIS is an abbreviated form of T-VASIS, defined as "ten light units arranged on one side of the runway in the form of a single wing bar of four light units with a bisecting longitudinal line of six lights."

Tri-color VASI
A tri-color system consists of a single-light unit projecting a three-color visual approach path. Below the glide path is indicated by red, on the glide path is indicated by green, and above the glide path is indicated by amber. When descending below the glide path, there is a small area of dark amber. Pilots should not mistake this area for an “above the glide path” indication.

Pulsating VASI
The pulsating visual approach slope indicator (PVASI) is a system similar in purpose to a VASI, but only consists of one piece of equipment. It indicates the pilot's height on approach with a mix of red and white, steady and pulsating light. Pulsating white light indicates that the aircraft is too high, whereas steady white indicates being on the glide path. Steady red light is meant to show a position only slightly below glide path, with pulsating red light being indicative of a position well below glide path. This type of system is less prevalent than other visual glide slope indicators like regular VASIs or PAPIs, as of May 2022 there were only 84 PVASIs installed at 51 airports and heliports in the United States and its territories according to Federal Aviation Administration data, compared to 6730 PAPIs and 623 VASIs.

title: Visual approach slope indicator


text: User talk:65.112.2.12

title: User talk:65.112.2.12


text:
Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre

The Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre (Ολυμπιακό Κωπηλατοδρόμιο Σχοινιά) was built to host the rowing and canoe sprint events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Greece.

It is the most northerly venue of the 2004 Games situated to the east of the town of Marathon. It covers 1.24 km2 and has a spectator capacity of 14,000. It is a part of Schinias National Park.

Although not fully completed until January 31, 2004, it held its first successful competition, the World Rowing Junior Championships, in August 2003. During these championships, many boats became waterlogged due to gale-force winds and the resulting water conditions. Most of the final rounds were raced over a shortened course to avoid worse water in the second half of the 2 km lake.

During construction there was controversy over environmental destruction as wetlands were remodelled for its construction.

The centre is one of only three FISA-approved training centers in the world, the others being in Munich and Seville. It hosts domestic rowing and canoeing meetings, and has hosted the 2008 European Rowing Championships in September 2008. After the 2004 Olympics, the facility was completely reconstructed by the German company Hochtief.