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Talk:Consent

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dfranco3.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:20, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Actually its not an open question....

 * It is an open question as to whether one may consent to giving up the right to not consent to some action. For instance, if someone says "For the next 15 minutes I give up my right to refuse to have sex with you.  It is ok if I say 'No' and you go right ahead."

Roadrunner 01:16, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

But surely in that situation you are giving consent? "For the next 15 minutes, I give you consent to have sex with me, even if I say 'No'" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.21.7.64 (talk) 21:28, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Sociocracy
In the Sociocracy talk page soemone distinguishes between consent and consensus, saying that in the latter agreement is not required. The political bit is basically a stub. What excatly is meant by it? And should this not be turned into a disambiguation page, given that the two subjects are completely (?) different?

Also, does this apply to Wikipedia? DirkvdM 07:17, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Rape/sexual assault
I removed the reference to sexual assault because it was ambiguous. Consent is a defence against rape in the same way it's a defence against theft (we agreed to have sex; you gave me permission to use your car). So it's not an exception, at least not the way it read. Of course, sexual assault is more complex than theft, and if anyone wants to expand upon it, clearly, by all means do so.24.64.223.203 19:44, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Need to know if "tortious interference with contract" can be used as related to marriage. Ex: Wife leaves husband for rich guy who was aware of marriage. Husband tells rich guy to see his way out of the relationship, but he continues to see the married woman regardless.

In this case, the marriage is the "contract", and the rich guy is knowingly interfering with the contract being fulfilled.

Someone please tell me if this is a legitimate case that could be brought before the court??? And based on experience, if you could actually win in court???

Thanks, Single Dad

 * Wiki is not a free legal clinic for giving advice but the answer to your question (in English law only) lies in the conversion of divorce from "fault" to "no fault". When I started off doing divorce cases back in the 1950s, you petitioned against both the "wife" and the "other man". Even further back in time, there used to be actions for loss of consortium. But with the change to "no fault", husbands lost the right to blame third parties for the breakdown in their marriages. David91 02:11, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Excuse/justification
The text presents "consent" as an excuse, but it is more properly viewed as a justification--as those two terms are distinguished in contemporary legal theory. "Excuse" implies the conduct is wrongful. "Justification" indicates that the defence makes otherwise wrongful conduct non-wrongful. Consent renders conduct non-wrongful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.199.6.80 (talk) 13:10, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Consent is more than just a legal concept
The page currently begins "Consent as a term of jurisprudence is a possible defence"...which is only a limited interpretation of the word consent. The concept of consent is important not just in law, but in ethics, and I think it could be argued (I certainly feel this way) that issues of consent in law follow from issues in ethics. I can think of a lot of areas where this is true: sexual activity and in human relationships in general, in medicine, in marketing (great source on this: ), even in religion. I'd like to see either this page expanded to include discussion of more than just the legal term, or, to create separate pages on the other uses of the term and create a disambiguation page; and if we do this I think consent should take you directly to the general concept, not the specialized legal term, although I'm open to discussion on the matter. Cazort (talk) 19:26, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

 * So true. Any woman's group will tell you that any time a male takes advantage of someone drunk, on drugs, on rebound from a break up, ljkgifhpoefghjti[y9tobsolete law only. 69.23.124.142 (talk) 14:53, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Gender equality
It seems that archaic gender laws that segregated men and women in the economic and social spheres were based on the now-obsolete idea that the consent of a woman did not have the same value as the consent of a man. There should maybe be more research on this idea in order to better explain the West's evolution from a patriarchal society to an egalitarian society. ADM (talk) 18:38, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

With /without permission
Exactly explaning consnt is like rape you say No put they do it even if you don't want them to. It's like anything consent is not just all about rape. If your mom tell's you to do your homework and you don't that is switched around in consent but you were aloud to do it, you chose not to. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.155.70.175 (talk) 01:21, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

Why is discussion of consent/sexual here?
It seems to that the discussion at Consent should be in the Consent (criminal law) article. Why is it here in the article about tort law? Jytdog (talk) 01:53, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I guess it was felt that the sexual activity aspect of consent should be mentioned at this article. It's currently mentioned in this one and the Consent (criminal law) article. Per WP:Summary style, we could summarize the matter at this article and move the in-depth material to the Consent (criminal law) article. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 03:38, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree and suggest that there be a summary both in Consent (criminal law) and in Consent but point to the Sexual assault as it has consent 63 times in the article and inherently already has the meat and potatoes of what they all mean. You could also send to the Rape article but it only has the word consent 44 times. - Pmedema (talk) 03:11, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

"Consent thats a hot word"
User:72.50.144.17 - you have now twice now, (here and here) added the following:

"Consent thats a hot word".

The biggest issue here is that there is no title in the citation, and the link is just to https://www.nytimes.com -- there is insufficient information to verify the content and I even searched the NYT site and could not find what article this is referring to. So as it stands this violates the WP:VERIFY policy. Additionally the content is not really saying anything. Perhaps there is more that can be done with the source, but no one can tell without more information in the citation. At minimum -- what is the title of the article you are trying to cite? (NB - I searched the NYT for November 28, 2016 and the word "consent" (search result is here) and there is one article: which doesn't contain the quote nor mention somebody named "Griffin Aliff".   Jytdog (talk) 17:41, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

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detail fails
Most specifically, I see where contributors have had no exposure to lawyerese, but there's other fine-tuning to do as well.

I've marked up a couple of statements in Sexual activity. When the topic strays onto examining what is/isn't rape in a legalistic sense, legalistic sources should be cited (rather than sociological). This is not to minimize victims: it takes a judge &/or jury to verify that rape occurred, and that can occur whether or not the victim (as in cases of statutory rape) consented.

A paragraph in that section leads with In literature — as I could not readily determine WHICH literature, this should be spelled out or rewritten; as stands, it's weaselly, a pompous "some people." And, again: better a definitive legal work than a sociology paper.

In the lede: the proper term is not "expressed consent" but express consent. (At least, that's how I've heard it in every major-league sports broadcast I can remember for the past half-century, in a boilerplate statement that begins with "This copyrighted telecast…".) The first appears 20 times in W'pedia, many incorrect; the second, 84. The adjective express means "definitely stated, not merely implied" or "precisely and specifically identified to the exclusion of anything else." The common usage means merely to "convey [a thought or feeling] in words or by gestures and conduct" which makes "expressed" MUCH more wishy-washy than suitable here. (It is also weaselly that of the four "types of consent" it's the only one without an article link, and Expressed consent lazily routes to Consent.)

There is much too much hectoring in the lede about sexual consent. This is especially egregious seeing as Sexual consent is doing fine on its own, and there's ALSO Rape AND Consent (criminal law) (is anyone being properly diligent and assuring that these FOUR ARTICLES are all kept properly apace?). With that in mind, reducing both the size and depth of the entire Sexual activity section seems obvious — stick to the topic, and route the details elsewhere.

As the Tort section deals with lawyerese, every statement really must have a credible source, and this remains true if there's more than one statement made within a given sentence.

Also, it is NOT WP's PLACE to dispense legal advice, so examples MUST be specifically ascribed to a specific source. (I'm pretty certain that waivers of liability DO NOT reliably protect ANYONE from suit and are readily thrown out by courts, often because the defendant didn't bother to determine whether the plaintiff was at the time CAPABLE of giving informed consent, e.g. drunk).

Social science research is a bulky gray chunk that relies entirely on one citation, and that is wobbly at best being a few pages in a single paper that's not a common reference for sociologists.

The following Planning law has no support at all, and comes across as an utter no sequitur/brainfart. Maybe it'd fare better placed higher in the article — only, of course, properly sourced. Weeb Dingle (talk) 16:36, 24 August 2019 (UTC)

Requesting copy edit help
Hi,

In draft namespace I created a new article relating to one of well known feminist Category:Catchphrases namely Draft:My body my choice (Feminism) to be included in category Category:Feminist terminology. It is far from complete and needs proactive copy edit support to include related remaining aspects.

Suggestions about suitable references are welcome on Draft talk:My body my choice (Feminism)

Thanks in advance. Warm regards

Bookku (talk) 10:59, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

Why do the general words Age of Consent relate to sex only?
Hi,

It would be an interesting addition to the article if someone can find out why consent when referring to age of consent seems to refer to sex rather than anything that could be consented at a particular age.

Thanks in advance.

ZhuLien (talk) 10:16, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

"Concent" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concent&redirect=no Concent] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Duckmather (talk) 15:40, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Consent


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Plant-based diet

A plant-based diet is a diet consisting mostly or entirely of plant-based foods. Plant-based diets encompass a wide range of dietary patterns that contain low amounts of animal products and high amounts of fiber-rich plant products such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds. They do not need to be vegan or vegetarian, but are defined in terms of low frequency of animal food consumption.

Terminology
Origin of the term "plant-based diet" is attributed to Cornell University nutritional biochemist T. Colin Campbell who presented his diet research at the US National Institutes of Health in 1980. Campbell's research about a plant-based diet extended from The China Project, a decade-long study of dietary practices in rural China, giving evidence that a diet low in animal protein and fat, and high in plant foods, could reduce the incidence of several diseases. In 2005, Campbell and his son published The China Study, a best-selling book emphasizing the potential health benefits of a plant-based diet. Campbell also used the plant-based concept to educate consumers about how eating meat had significant environmental consequences.

Some authors draw a distinction between diets that are "plant-based" or "plant-only". A plant-based diet may be defined as consuming plant-sourced foods that are minimally processed.

A review analyzing the use of the term plant-based diet in medical literature found that 50% of clinical trials use the term interchangeably with vegan, meaning that the interventional diet did not include foods of animal origin. 30% of studies included dairy products and 20% meat.

In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that "plant-based diets constitute a diverse range of dietary patterns that emphasize foods derived from plant sources coupled with lower consumption or exclusion of animal products. Vegetarian diets form a subset of plant-based diets, which may exclude the consumption of some or all forms of animal foods." The WHO lists flexitarian, lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian, ovo-vegetarian, pescatarian and vegan diets as plant-based.

A 2023 review paper defined plant-based as "a dietary pattern in which foods of animal origin are totally or mostly excluded".

In 2024, the International Organization for Standardization drafted ISO 8700 on "Plant-based foods and food ingredients - Definitions and technical criteria for labelling and claims".

Motivation and prevalence
As of the early 21st century, some 4 billion people are estimated to live primarily on a plant-based diet, some by choice and some because of limits caused by shortages of crops, fresh water, and energy resources. Main motivations to follow a plant-based diet appear to be health aspirations, taste, animal welfare, environmental concern, and weight loss. In the U.S.A., people take individual action on climate change through their diet. Twenty-six per cent of those who eat a plant-based diet because they are "alarmed" about global warming — defined by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication as those who are "convinced global warming is happening, human-caused, an urgent threat" — and twenty-seven per cent eat a plant-based diet because they are "concerned" — they believe global warming is a real and serious threat and that humans are causing it, but they think climate impacts remain far enough in the future that they are a lower priority issue.

Health guidelines and research

Plant-based diets are of interest in preventing and managing chronic diseases. The British Dietetic Association stated that a plant-based diet "can support healthy living at every age and life stage", but as with any diet it should be properly planned. The Government of Canada and Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada issued 2024 guidelines for planning meals with plant-based protein sources, including menu ideas for substituting meats with plant foods.

Diet quality
Not all plant-based foods are equally healthy. Rather, plant-based diets including whole grains as the main form of carbohydrate, unsaturated fats as the main form of dietary fat, an abundance of fruit and vegetables, and adequate n-3 fatty acids can be considered healthy.

With processed plant-based foods, such as vegan burger patties or chicken-like nuggets, becoming more available, there is also concern that plant-based diets incorporating these foods may become less healthy.

In practice lacto-ovo vegetarians or vegans seem to have a higher overall diet quality compared with nonvegetarians. The reason for this is the closer adherence to health organisation recommendations on consumption of fruits, whole grains, seafood and plant protein and sodium. The higher diet quality in vegetarians and vegans may explain some of the positive health outcomes compared with nonvegetarians.

Vitamin B12
Plant-based foods are not a reliable source of vitamin B12 by default. A lack of B12 is associated with a range of conditions and it is essential for human health. Those eating a fully plant-based diet should ensure adequate B12 intake via supplementation or consumption of fortified foods, such as fortified plant milks or yogurts, nutritional yeast, or fortified cereals.

Even those eating a plant-based diet including a small amount of animal products are at an increased risk of a lower than recommended B12 intake without supplementation or regular consumption of fortified foods.

Weight
Observational studies show that vegetarian diets are lower in energy intake than non-vegetarian diets and that, on average, vegetarians have a lower body mass index than non-vegetarians.

Two reviews of preliminary research found that vegetarian diets practiced over 18 weeks or longer reduced body weight in the range of 2 - 3 kg, with vegan diets used for 12 weeks or longer reducing body weight by 4 kg.

In obese people, a 2022 review found that plant-based diets improved weight control, LDL and total cholesterol, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and fasting glucose.

Diabetes
Some reviews indicate that plant-based diets including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts are associated with a lower risk of diabetes.

Therefore, vegetarian and vegan diets are under clinical research to identify potential effects on type 2 diabetes, with preliminary results showing improvements in body weight and biomarkers of metabolic syndrome.

When the focus was whole foods, an improvement of diabetes biomarkers occurred, including reduced obesity. In diabetic people, plant-based diets were also associated with improved emotional and physical well-being, relief of depression, higher quality of life, and better general health.

The American College of Lifestyle Medicine stated that diet can achieve remission in many adults with type 2 diabetes when used as a primary intervention of whole, plant-based foods with minimal consumption of meat and other animal products. There remains a need for more randomized controlled trials "to assess sustainable plant-based dietary interventions with whole or minimally processed foods, as a primary means of treating diabetes with the goal of remission."

Cancer
Plant-based diets are associated with a decreased risk of colorectal and prostate cancer. Vegetarian diets are associated with a lower incidence from total cancer (-8%). A vegan diet seems to reduced risk of incidence from total cancer by -15%. However, there was no improvement in cancer mortality.

Microbiome
Preliminary studies indicate that a plant-based diet may improve the gut microbiome.

Cardiovascular diseases
A 2022 review of prospective cohort studies showed that vegetarian diets are associated with a 15% reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and 21% reduced risk in coronary artery disease, but with no effect on the risk of stroke; for vegan diets, only a reduced risk in coronary artery disease was found.

Other reviews found that plant-based diets, including vegan and vegetarian diets, may lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including blood pressure  and blood lipid levels. Randomized clinical trials also showed that the reduction in blood pressure (about 4 mmHg) associated with a vegan diet without caloric restrictions is comparable to reductions observed with dietary practices recommended by medical societies and use of portion-controlled diets.

Preliminary evidence indicates that people on a long-term vegan diet show improvements in cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors.

Bone health
The effect of plant-based diets on bone health is inconclusive. Preliminary research indicates that consuming a plant-based diet may be associated with lower bone density, a risk factor for fractures.

Inflammation
Plant-based diets are under study for their potential to reduce inflammation. C-reactive protein – a biomarker for inflammation – may be reduced by consuming a plant-based diet, particularly in obese people.

Mortality
A 2020 review stated that dietary patterns based on consuming vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, whole grains, unsaturated vegetable oils, fish, lean meat or poultry, and are low in processed meat, high-fat dairy and refined carbohydrates or sweets, are associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality.

Physical performance
In a meta-analysis published online in 2023, plant-based diets were shown to have a moderate positive effect on aerobic performance and had no effect on strength performance.

Sustainability
There is scientific consensus that plant-based diets offer lower greenhouse gas emissions, land use and biodiversity loss. In addition, dietary patterns that reduce diet-related mortality also promote environmental sustainablity.

As a significant percentage of crops around the world are used to feed livestock rather than humans, eating less animal products helps to limit climate change (such as through low-carbon diets) and biodiversity loss. Especially beef, lamb and cheese have a very high carbon footprint. While soy cultivation is a "major driver of deforestation in the Amazon basin", the vast majority of soy crops are used for livestock consumption rather than human consumption. Adopting plant-based diets could also reduce the number of animals raised and killed for food on factory farms.

Research from 2019 on six diets found the plant-based diets more environmentally friendly than the diets higher in animal-sourced foods. Of the six mutually-exclusive diets; individuals eating vegan, vegetarian and pescetarian diets had lower dietary-carbon footprints than typical omnivorous diets, while those who ate 'paleolithic' and ketogenic diets had higher dietary-carbon emissions due to their animal sourced foods.

A 2020 study found that the climate change mitigation effects of shifting worldwide food production and consumption to plant-based diets, which are mainly composed of foods that require only a small fraction of the land and CO2 emissions required for meat and dairy, could offset CO2 emissions equal to those of past 9 to 16 years of fossil fuel emissions in nations that they grouped into 4 types. The researchers also provided a map of approximate regional opportunities.

It may be possible to increase the transition from meat eating to a plant based diet through social contagion, by which behaviour, emotions, or conditions spread spontaneously through a group or network. A Max Planck Institute study from 2020 found that when meat-eaters are accompanied by vegetarians and have a choice of eating dishes with or without meat, they're more likely to choose a vegetarian dish. This probability increases as the number of vegetarians accompanying the meat eaters increases. Once enough people have been influenced, the community can reach a tipping point, in which a majority of people transition to a new habit; a 2018 study published in Nature claims that with only 25 per cent of a population, a minority perspective was able to overturn the majority.

According to a 2021 Chatham House report, supported by the United Nations Environment Programme, a shift to "predominantly plant-based diets" will be needed to reduce biodiversity loss and human impact on the environment. The report said that livestock has the largest environmental impact, with some 80% of all global farmland used to rear cattle, sheep and other animals used by humans for food. Moving towards plant-based diets would free up the land to allow for the restoration of ecosystems and the flourishing of biodiversity.

A 2022 study published in Nature Food found that if high-income nations switched to a plant-based diet, vast swaths of land used for animal agriculture could be allowed to return to their natural state, which in turn has the potential to pull 100 billion tons of out of the atmosphere by the end of the century. Around 35% of all habitable land around the world is used to rear animals used by humans in food production.

A 2023 study published in Nature Food found that a vegan diet vastly decreases the impact on the environment from food production, such as reducing emissions, water pollution and land use by 75%, reducing the destruction of wildlife by 66% and the usage of water by 54%. Another study published in the same year in Nature Communications found that replacing half of the beef, chicken, dairy and pork products consumed by the global population with plant-based alternatives could reduce the amount of land used by agriculture by almost a third, bring deforestation to a near-halt, restore biodiversity, and reduce GHG emissions from agriculture by 31% by 2050. However, the report also notes that a growing population and rising affluence are projected to increase demand for animal products which could have negative impacts on the environment.

Politics
A reduction in meat consumption and a shift to more plant-based diets is needed to reach climate targets, addressing public health problems, and protecting animal welfare. Research has been done on how to best promote such a change in consumer behaviour.

Some public health organisations advocate a plant-based diet due to its low ecological footprint. These include the Swedish Food Agency in its dietary guideline and a group of Lancet researchers who propose a planetary health diet. Vegan climate activist Greta Thunberg also called for more plant-based food production and consumption worldwide. A 2022 report by the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Council On Energy, Environment and Water included protecting animal welfare and adopting plant based diets on a list of recommendations to help mitigate the ecological and social crises bringing the world to a "boiling point".

Denmark and South Korea announced plant-based action plans in 2023.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Plant-based diet


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Rumford Medal

The Rumford Medal is an award bestowed by the Royal Society for "outstanding contributions in the field of physics". The award is named in honour of British scientist Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, who is noted for his works on thermodynamics and for establishing the Royal Institution. The award was created in 1796 after Thompson transferred £1,000 to the Royal Society in stocks, instructing the latter to grant the awardee the fund's interest as a premium. Thompson was awarded the inaugural award in 1800.

The award initially consisted of two medals, one each in silver and gold, struck in the same die. This was later replaced with a single medal made of silver gilt. The medal is awarded with a cash prize of £2,000. British painter Robert Smirke created the original design of the medal. The diameter of the medal is 3 inches (7.62 cm). The obverse featured a tripod altar with a flame upon it, circumscribed by a Latin inscription from Lucretius' poem De rerum natura "Noscere quae vis et causa". The reverse had the Latin inscription "Proemium optime merenti ex instituto Benj. a Rumford, S.R.I. Comitis: adjudicatum a Reg. Soc. Lond." surrounded by an ornamental border of leaves. This design was discontinued in 1863. As of 2024, the obverse of the medal has a portrait of Thompson, surrounded by the Latin inscription "Beniamin Ab Rvmford S. Rom. Imp. Comes Institvit" ("Benjamin Rumford, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, founded this"), with the Roman numeral MDCCXCVI (1796) on the exergue. The reverse has the Latin inscription "Optime In Lvcis Caloqisqve Natvra Exqvirena Merenti Adivdicat Soc: Reg: Lond." ("The Royal Society of London awards this to one outstandingly deserving in investigating the nature of light and heat") inscribed within a wreath of oak and laurel leaves bound with ribbons.

All citizens or residents of the Commonwealth of Nations or the Republic of Ireland for more than three years are eligible for the medal. Candidates for the medal are selected by the Royal Society Council on the recommendations of the Physical Sciences Awards Committee. Ten times during the early 19th century, no medals were awarded due to the unavailability of suitable candidates or political considerations of the Royal Society Council.

Since its inception, the medal has been granted to 107 scientists. It has been awarded to citizens of the United Kingdom sixty-six times, France fourteen times, Germany seven times, the Netherlands seven times, Sweden four times, the United States thrice, Italy twice, Hungary twice, and once each to citizens of Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Mexico and New Zealand. The medal has been awarded to multiple individuals twice: in 1896, to Philipp Lenard and Wilhelm Röntgen and in 1918, to Charles Fabry and Alfred Perot. From 1800 to 2018, the medal was awarded biennially; since then it has been awarded annually. The most recent recipient is British engineer and academic Polina Bayvel, who received it in 2023. Bayvel is also the only female recipient.

title: Rumford Medal


text:
Rumford Prize

Founded in 1796, the Rumford Prize, awarded by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, is one of the oldest scientific prizes in the United States. The prize recognizes contributions by scientists to the fields of heat and light. These terms are widely interpreted; awards range from discoveries in thermodynamics to improvements in the construction of steam boilers.

The award was created through the endowment of US$5,000 to the Academy by Benjamin Thompson, who held the title "Count Rumford of the United Kingdom," in 1796. The terms state that the award be given to "authors of discoverie's in any part of the Continent of America, or in any of the American islands." Although it was founded in 1796, the first prize was not given until 1839, as the academy could not find anyone who, in their judgement, deserved the award. The academy found the terms of the prize to be too restrictive, and in 1832 the Supreme Court of Massachusetts allowed the Academy to change some of the provisions; mainly, the award was to be given annually instead of biennially, and the Academy was allowed to award the prize as it saw fit, whereas before it had to give it yearly. The first award was given to Robert Hare, for his invention of the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe, in 1839. Twenty-three years elapsed before the award was given a second time, to John Ericsson.

The prize is awarded whenever the academy recognizes a significant achievement in either of the two fields. Awardees receive a gold-and-silver medal. Previous prizewinners include Thomas Alva Edison, for his investigations in electric lighting; Enrico Fermi, for his studies of radiation theory and nuclear energy; and Charles H. Townes, for his development of the laser. One man, Samuel Pierpont Langley, has won both the Rumford Prize and the related Rumford Medal (the European equivalent of the Rumford Prize), both in 1886. The most recent award was given in 2021 to Charles L. Bennett for his contributions to cosmology. The prize has been given to researchers outside of the United States only twice—once to John Stanley Plaskett, from British Columbia, and once to a group of Canadian scientists "for their work in the field of long-baseline interferometry."

List of recipients
Source: American Academy of Arts and Sciences: Past Prizes

References and notes

 * [a] In this sense, location refers to the recipient's place of work or association

title: Rumford Prize


text:
Hashem Aghajari

Seyyed Hashem Aghajari  (, born 1957) is an Iranian historian, university professor and a critic of the Islamic Republic's government who was sentenced to death in 2002 for apostasy for a speech he gave on Islam urging Iranians to "not blindly follow" Islamic clerics. In 2004, after domestic Iranian and international outcry, his sentence was reduced to five years in prison.

Overview
Hashem Aghajari served in the Iran-Iraq War where he lost his right leg below the knee, and his brother. He has been described as having an "impeccable Islamic revolutionary record."

He was a history professor at Tarbiat Modares University, a teacher-training college in Tehran. In June 2002, Aghajari gave an address in Hamadan commemorating the 25th anniversary of the death of Dr. Ali Shariati, criticized some of the present Islamic practices in Iran as being in contradiction with the original practices and ideology of Islam, and calling for "Islamic Protestantism" and reform in Islam. This prompted an "immediate outcry" from hardline clerics, who claimed that he was attacking "the Prophet of Islam and fundamental Shiite Islamic traditions", although Dr. Aghajari has repeatedly denied that his speech was intended as an attack on Islam or the Prophet.

Arrest, trial, sentence and imprisonment
He was arrested 8 August. The trial was criticized not only for its harshness but for falling "far short of international standards of due process," being "conducted behind closed doors", and giving the defendant "only limited access to his lawyer." According to the conservative newspaper Jumhuri Eslami, the Supreme Leader's order was (at first) "flagrantly" ignored by prosecutor general Abdolnabi Namazi. According to The Economist magazine, Supreme leader Khamenei ordered the judiciary to review Aghajari's death sentence, but "hardliners in the judiciary at first ignored" his order "then assigned their least lenient judges to the review."

Although other controversial death sentences have been reduced on appeal, Aghajari refused to appeal the ruling, announcing through his lawyer that "those who have issued this verdict have to implement it if they think it is right or else the judiciary has to handle it." While in prison his family reported that Aghajari's amputated leg stub was bruised and infected and that he was "unable to stand up, walk or use the prison's hygiene facilities." The human rights group, Amnesty International, campaigned against the sentence.

The death sentence was denounced by many. The Iranian parliament, President Mohammad Khatami, and Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri condemned it.

Demonstrations against the sentence began the day after it was made public on November 6. They are thought to have attracted no more than 5000 participants but nonetheless were "the most serious protests in Iran since 1999" and are thought to have provoked Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei to order a review of the verdict and a threat to use "popular forces" (Basij) against the demonstrators.

The sentence was later commuted to three years in jail, two years in probation, and five years' suspension of his social rights by the Supreme Court of Iran. In May 2004 the original regional court reinstated the death sentence, but the next month Iran's Supreme Court again reduced it.

He was released from prison July 31, 2004 after paying a bail of $122,500, according to the Associated Press.

He speaks out against the notion of the crime of apostasy during a seminar in 2008.

In 2014, he was again sentenced to one year in prison in charge of "propaganda against the regime".

Explanation
According to Mashallah Shamsolvaezin, a "leading Iranian newspaper editor and confidant of Iranian President Mohammad Khatami" interviewed by Newsweek magazine, the arrest and stiff sentence were an attempt to distract attention from two bills to increase the power of president and curb the hard-liner conservatives' supervisory power which reformist President Khatami had introduced into Parliament.

The failure of Iran's Hezbollah paramilitaries to make "a serious attempt to break up" the peaceful reformist student protests over the sentence was thought to be associated with Supreme Leader Khamenei's implicit criticism of the sentence and the "impartiality" of his failing to side with conservative hardliners.

Publications

 * The Role Of The Policies Of The Successors Of The Malikshah In The Political Instability Of The Seljuk State, 2018 (Co-author)
 * The challenge of carpet job-shop in the Qajar period with developments affected by the Industrial Revolution, Journal of Iranian Islamic Period History 2021. (Co-author)
 * The Influence of Nader Shah's Militarism Policies on the Iranian Foreign Trade, Journal of Iranian Islamic Period History 2018. (Co-author)

Awards and honors

 * Jan Karski Award for Moral Courage (2003)

title: Hashem Aghajari


text:
Oscar Acosta

Oscar Acosta may refer to:
 * Oscar Zeta Acosta (1935–1974), American attorney, politician, novelist and activist
 * Oscar Acosta (baseball) (1957–2006), American baseball player and pitching coach
 * Oscar Acosta (footballer) (born 1964), Argentine football midfielder
 * Oscar Acosta (Honduran writer) (1933–2014), Honduran poet and diplomat

title: Oscar Acosta


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Talk:Cultivation

Untitled
Previous content was:

Cultivation is the agricultural or horticultural process of tilling the soil, either to prepare the ground for sowing or planting, or to control weed growth between crop plants.

msg:stub

Assessment comment
Substituted at 21:21, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cultivation


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Category:Programming tools

This category lists programming tools, but not application software or system software.

title: Category:Programming tools


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Macdonald River (Bendemeer)

Macdonald River, a perennial river that is part of the Namoi catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.

Course and features
The river rises east of Niangala on the western slopes of the Moonbi Range and the Great Dividing Range and generally flows north west after its confluence with its major tributary, the Cobrabald River, and flows through Warrabah National Park before reaching its mouth, with the Namoi River; dropping 515 m over its course of 169 km.

From source to mouth, the river passes through or near the villages of Woolbrook and Bendemeer.

Recreation and development
Trout fishing is possible in the waters of the Macdonald River, its creeks and tributaries upstream of the New England Highway road bridge at Bendemeer. The Namoi River snapping turtle or Bell's turtle (Elseya belli) is a species of turtle found only in the upper reaches of the Namoi River, Gwydir River and Macdonald Rivers.

The T A Perry Bridge, that carries the New England Highway and crosses the Macdonald River, was completed in 1985, enabling a bypass of the village of Bendemeer.

In November 2008, torrential rain caused severe flooding in the Macdonald River and led to the area being declared a natural disaster area.

title: Macdonald River (Bendemeer)


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Alexandre Falguière

Jean Alexandre Joseph Falguière (also given as Jean-Joseph-Alexandre Falguière, or in short Alexandre Falguière) (7 September 1831 – 20 April 1900) was a French sculptor and painter.

Biography

Falguière was born in Toulouse. A pupil of the École des Beaux-Arts, he won the Prix de Rome in 1859; he was awarded the medal of honor at the Paris Salon in 1868 and was appointed Officer of the Legion of Honor in 1878.

Falguière's first bronze statue of importance was Le Vainqueur au Combat de Coqs (Victor of the Cockfight) (1864), and Tarcisius the Christian Boy-Martyr followed in 1867; both were exhibited in the Luxembourg Museum and are now in the Musée d'Orsay. His more important monuments are those to Admiral Courbet (1890) at Abbeville and the famous Joan of Arc. Other works include Eve (1880), Diana (1882 and 1891), Woman and Peacock (a. k. a. Juno and The Peacock), and The Poet, astride his Pegasus spreading wings for flight. He sculpted The Dancer, based on Cléo de Mérode which today is also in the Musée d'Orsay. In 1870 he helped create the snow sculpture, La statue de la Résistance.

To these works should be added his monuments to Cardinal Lavigerie and to Marquis de Lafayette (in Washington, DC), and his statues of Alphonse de Lamartine (1876) and St Vincent de Paul (1879), as well as the Honoré de Balzac, which he executed for the Société des gens de lettres on their rejection of that by Auguste Rodin; and the busts of Carolus-Duran and Ernest Alexandre Honoré Coquelin (1896).

Falguière was a painter as well as a sculptor. His Wrestlers (1875) and Fan and Dagger (1882; a defiant Spanish woman) were in the Luxembourg, and other pictures of importance are The Beheading of St John the Baptist (1877), The Sphinx (1883), Acis and Galatea (1885), Old Woman and Child (1886) and In the Bull Slaughter-House.

Falguière also taught; among his students were Francis Edwin Elwell, Ernest Henri Dubois, Julien Caussé, Laurent Marqueste, Henri Crenier and Théophile Barrau.

Falguière became a member of the Institut de France (Académie des Beaux-Arts) in 1882.

Falguière died in Paris in 1900 and was interred there in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, where his monument is by his pupil Marqueste.

title: Alexandre Falguière


text:
Talk:Hashem Aghajari

Untitled
You have not mentioned apostasy. Is this a "western" interpretation of the judgement ? Refdoc 01:31, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * No it's not. Apostasy was in the original judgement (which included the death sentence), but Aghajari was cleared of it in the recent ruling. I didn't have time to write much. Feel free to add. Roozbeh

 * I'm confused - the article says he criticised the regime, but he was convicted for Apostasy, which is essentially renouncing your religion. Which is it? Have we got the whole story here? --Commking 20:25, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * yes we've got the whole story. it's very simple really. dr aghajeri was (and is) generally opposed to the hardline faction of the iranian regime. in that particular speech however, as it says in the article, he made a comment that criticized some of the current religeous practices of the regime. this was the hardliner's chance to have him convicted of apostasy (the court interpreted his criticisms as apostasy). that's all that happened. Barnetj 12:25, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok - so criticism of the religious practices of the regime, in Iran at least, means Apostasy. This doesn't corresponde with how the wikipedia article on Apostasy defines it, that is leaving or changing ones religion. Perhaps this article can be clarified? --Commking 05:59, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

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Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 17:03, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hashem Aghajari


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Gymkhana

Gymkhana (جِم خانہ, جمخانه, जिमख़ाना, জিমখানা, জিমখানা) is a British Raj term which originally referred to a place of assembly. The meaning then altered to denote a place where skill-based contests were held. "Gymkhana" is an Anglo-Indian expression, which is derived from the Persian word "Jamat-khana". Most gymkhanas have a Gymkhana Club associated with them, a term coined during the British Raj for gentlemen's club.

More generally, gymkhana refers to a social and sporting club in the Indian subcontinent, and in other Asian countries including Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, and Singapore, as well as in East Africa.

Etymology
The first element of Gymkhana comes from gend meaning ball in Hindi/Hindustani/Khariboli. This element is distinct from the English word gym, short for gymnasium and gymnastics which has  Greek and Latin roots. The second element, khānā has a Persian origin, meaning a home or a compartment. In Persian, (خانه) is a term for dwelling, house. The court language of the Mughal Empire was Persian.

title: Gymkhana


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Anantapur

Anantapur, officially Anantapuramu, is a city in Anantapur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the mandal headquarters of Anantapuru mandal and also the divisional headquarters of Anantapur revenue division. The city is located on National Highway. It was also the headquarters of the Datta Mandalam (Rayalaseema districts of Andhra Pradesh and Bellary district of Karnataka) in 1799. It was also a position of strategic importance for the British Indian Army during the Second World War.

Geography
Anantapur is located at 14.68°N, 77.6°W. It has an average elevation of 335 m. It is located at a distance of 484 km from Vijayawada, 148 km from Kurnool and 210 km from Bengaluru which is the closest international airport.

Climate
Anantapur has a semi-arid climate, with hot and dry conditions for most of the year. Summer start in late February and peak in May with average high temperatures around the 37 C range. Anantapur gets pre-monsoon showers starting as early as March, mainly through north-easterly winds blowing in from Kerala. Monsoon arrives in September and lasts until early November with about 250 mm of precipitation. A dry and mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February; with little humidity and average temperatures in the 22 - 23 C range. Total annual rainfall is about 22 in.

Demographics
census, Anantapur city has a population of 340,613. The sex ratio was 995 females per 1000 males and 9% of the population was under 6 years old. Effective literacy is 82%, male literacy is 89% and female literacy is 75%. Telugu is the official and widely spoken language, in addition to it Urdu, Hindi, Kannada and Tamil languages are also spoken by significant minorities in the city.

Governance
Civic administration

Anantapuru Municipal Corporation is the civic body of Anantapuru.

Public utilities

Anantapuru Drinking Water Supply Project and Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust have also step forward in supplying clean water and concentrated mainly on eradicating fluorosis. The corporation supplies chlorinated water to the city from the summer storage tank located in the town.

Transport
Anantapur is well connected to the nearby major cities with National Highway 44 and National Highway 205 of National Highway network of India. The NH–44 connects it to Bangalore, which is towards south and Hyderabad, towards north, and NH 205 connects it to Chennai via Renigunta. The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation operates bus services from Anantapur bus station. The city has a total road length of 298.12 km.

Anantapuram provides rail connectivity for the city and is classified as an A–category station in Guntakal railway division of South Central Railway zone. The nearest International airport is Kempegowda International Airport, Bengaluru which is 190 kilometers away.

Culture
There are a few notable people from the town with their contributions to various fields such as politics, film industry and other areas. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was the former President of India and the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Paidi Lakshmayya was the first member of Parliament from Anantapur's Lok Sabha Constituency. Kallur Subba Rao was an Indian freedom activist and was the first speaker of Andhra Assembly, as well as Kadiri Venkata Reddy, who was an Indian film director, writer and also a producer. Sathya Sai Baba, was a Hindu spiritual leader; Bellary Raghava was an Indian playwright, thespian and film actor.

Cuisine
Millets such as, Jowar, Bajra,  Ragi are the food grains which are mostly used in food items. Peanuts are also popular and used in everyday food like chutney, Chikki and enjoyed as snack with boiled or spicy roasted peanuts.

Cityscape

Neighbourhoods and landmarks in and around the city are - Clock tower, Sapthagiri circle, ISKCON temple, the railway station area, bus station, Srikantam circle, Government Hospital, Court Road etc. Major landmark of city is railway overbridge near Clock tower connecting Newtown constructed in late 1960. As part of connecting heart of city with NH44 this landmark is in demolition and closed till new four-lane flyover is functional.

Education
The primary and secondary education is imparted by government, aided and private schools of the School Education Department of the state. The mediums of instruction that are followed by different CBSE schools like Kendriya Vidyalaya and Montessori Elite EM School, State board English mediums and Telugu mediums.

Anantapur is an important education centre of the district which has many schools, colleges and universities. Prominent institutions and universities include, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, JNTU Anantapur, Sri Sathya Sai University, central University of Andhra Pradesh, Government Medical College, Arts College, PVKK Institute of Technology, Central university of Andhra Pradesh[CUAP] etc.

Sports
Anantapur has many sports facilities and hosted the Irani Cup in 1963–64 when Rest of India scored their lowest total of 83 against the then Ranji trophy winners Bombay, played at the Sanjeeva Reddy stadium. Several Ranji trophy matches and other regional tournaments for basketball, badminton, etc. have been hosted in Anantapur.

The Anantapur Sports Village (ASV), located alongside the National Highway 7. The Anantapur Cricket Ground sits within a 40 acre complex which is managed by the Rural Development Trust (RDT). In October 2010, Rafael Nadal opened the Rafael Nadal Tennis School, which hosts district, state and national-level tournaments, as well as laying equal emphasis on the children's education and tennis training. There are several Indoor Stadiums for Basketball and Badminton under local bodies which conducts District, State and National Competitions. There are many coaching class for taekwondo and Karate. There are also coaching centres for swimming which conduct district competitions.

Temples
There are four temples under the management of Endowments Department.

And there are several important Temples which became good landmarks such as
 * Sri Kasivisweswara & Kodanda Rama Swamy Temples
 * Sri Virupakeshwara & Obuleswara Swamy Temple
 * Sri Peta Basaveswara Swamy Temple
 * Sri Rama Swamy temple
 * ISKCON temple
 * Sri Mounagiri Kshetram (39ft height Monolithic Hanuman statue)
 * Shivakoti temple
 * Harihara Temple
 * Sri Anjanayaswamy Temple

Hospitals

 * MGB Clinics
 * KIMS- Saveera hospital
 * Anantapur Government hospital
 * Super Specialty hospital

title: Anantapur


text:
Dysbarism

Dysbarism refers to medical conditions resulting from changes in ambient pressure. Various activities are associated with pressure changes. Underwater diving is the most frequently cited example, but pressure changes also affect people who work in other pressurized environments (for example, caisson workers), and people who move between different altitudes.

Ambient pressure
Ambient pressure is the pressure in the water around the diver (or the air, with caisson workers etc.). As a diver descends, the ambient pressure increases. At 10 m in salt water, it is twice the normal pressure than that at the surface. At 40 meters (a common recommended limit for recreational diving) it is 5 times the pressure than at sea level.

Pressure decreases as we rise above sea level, but less dramatically. At 3000 feet altitude (almost 1000 meters), the ambient pressure is almost 90% of sea level pressure. Ambient pressure does not drop to 50% of sea level pressure until 20,000 feet or 6,000 meters altitude.

Direct effects on tissues
This is not of practical importance, because the body is mostly composed of barely compressible materials such as water. People often wonder whether scuba divers feel their body being crushed by the pressure, but divers would have to reach depths of thousands of feet before their flesh began to suffer significant compression.

Gas filled spaces
Gas is very compressible. Humans have many air spaces: sinuses, middle ears, gas in our bowels, cavities in our teeth, and largest of all, our lungs. On land in our daily lives, the pressure in our air spaces is usually exactly the same as the pressure outside, because our air spaces are connected to the outside world. If there was a pressure difference between the outside world and one of our air spaces, then we experience painful pressure on the walls of that air space, as air pushes from the higher-pressure side to the lower-pressure side. This is why we sometimes get painful ears on air trips.

Dissolved gas
A percentage of the gas we breathe (air) is always dissolved in our blood, like the gas dissolved in a carbonated drink bottle with the lid on. If a person moves to a higher ambient pressure, then the gas inhaled is at a higher pressure, so more of it dissolves in the blood and diffuses into body tissues (Henry's and Fick's gas laws). If they slowly move back to a lower pressure, then the extra gas comes out slowly until they are back to their normal amount of dissolved gas. But if they move quickly to a lower ambient pressure, then the gas comes out of our blood and tissues violently, in large bubbles, in the same way that quickly removing the cap from a bottle of soft drink produces far more bubbles than slowly opening the bottle.

Types of dysbarism
Different types of illness result from increases in pressure (for example, descent during an underwater dive, descent during a plane flight), versus decreases in pressure (for example, coming up from a caisson, or ascending a mountain). Dysbarism comprises several types of illness:

Decompression sickness (DCS)
Decompression sickness, also called caisson workers' disease and the bends, is the most well-known complication of scuba diving. It occurs as divers ascend, and often from ascending too fast or without doing decompression stops. Bubbles are large enough and numerous enough to cause physical injury. It is quite possible that all divers have microbubbles in their blood to some extent, but that most of the time these bubbles are so few and so small that they cause no harm. When DCS occurs, bubbles disrupt tissues in the joints, brain, spinal cord, lungs, and other organs. Symptoms vary enormously. DCS may be as subtle as unusual tiredness after a dive, or an aching elbow, or a mottled skin rash. Or, it may present dramatically, with unconsciousness, seizures, paralysis, shortness of breath, or death. Paraplegia is not uncommon.

Nitrogen narcosis
Nitrogen narcosis is also called “L’ivresse des grandes profondeurs” or "rapture of the deep". Nitrogen comprises 79% of the air, but at surface pressures it has no sedating effect. At greater depths, however, nitrogen affects the brain in the same way as nitrous oxide (also known as laughing gas) and other anaesthetic gases. The effect is similar to the effects of alcohol, and to some extent there is cross-tolerance. Unlike alcohol, the onset and disappearance are near instantaneous. A diver may be quite clear-headed at 20 meters, and yet giddy and silly at 30 meters. Ascending to 20 meters will almost instantly clear the head.

Barotrauma
Barotrauma is injury caused by pressure effects on gas spaces. This may occur during ascent or descent. The ears are the most commonly affected body part. The most serious injury is lung barotrauma, which can result in pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, subcutaneous emphysema, and arterial gas embolism. All divers, commercial air travelers, people traveling overland between different altitudes, and people who work in pressurized environments have had to deal with some degree of barotrauma effect upon their ears, sinuses, and other air spaces. At the most extreme, barotrauma can cause ruptured eardrums, bleeding sinuses, exploding tooth cavities, and the lung injuries described above. This is the reason why divers follow a procedure of not holding their breath during ascent. By breathing continuously, they keep the airways open and avoid pressure differences between their lungs and ambient pressure.

Arterial gas embolism (AGE)
Arterial gas embolism (AGE) is a complication of lung barotrauma of ascent. It occurs when breathing gas is introduced to the circulation on the arterial side via lung over-pressure trauma. AGE can present in similar ways to arterial blockages seen in other medical situations. Affected people may suffer strokes, with paralysis or numbness down one side; they may suffer heart attacks; they may suffer pulmonary embolism with shortness of breath and chest pain. It is often impossible to distinguish AGE from DCS, but luckily it is rarely necessary for physicians to be able to distinguish between the two, as treatment is the same. Sometimes AGE and DCS are lumped into a single entity, Decompression Illness (DCI).

Classification
In addition to the foregoing, dysbarism is sometimes classified according to the source of the excess gas, with "trapped gas" dysbarism referring to the expansion of pockets that were already in a gaseous state in the body, and "evolved gas" dysbarism referring to gasses (primarily nitrogen or helium) dissolved in the body coming out of solution to form gas bubbles.

title: Dysbarism


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Comb over

Comb over was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep.

Amusing dicdef, but a dicdef nonetheless. How 'bout a nice transwiki? - Lucky 6.9 01:36, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * There's already a pre-existing entry at wiktionary. I think it's possible that this could be expanded beyond a dicdef. Maximus Rex 08:27, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It has possibilities to explain changes in fashion and its replacement with the "buzz cut", which makes it encyclopedic. keep Dunc_Harris|☺ 09:03, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Or there is a potential merge into baldness? Dunc_Harris|☺ 09:04, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with hairstyle or baldness and redirect. Also, change spelling to combover.  Exploding Boy 09:41, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. With work, this could become a nice encyclopedic article about a very common hairstyle. Kevyn 13:04, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Has potential for an encyclopedic entry on its cultural signifigance. -FZ 13:34, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. Let's move it to cleanup.  Who knows?  Maybe we have a future featured article here. :^P - Lucky 6.9 17:04, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a stub, not a deletion candidate.  Bacchiad 18:01, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Surely there's potential for expansion here? I'll add acouple more notables. Noisy 00:06, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If USA Today can have an article on Giuliani's switch from combover to slickback, then it's encyclopedic. I would definitely nominate this for article of the week once it survives vfd. - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 18:02, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)


text:
List of gangsters by city

This list includes gangsters and organized crime figures by area of operation/sphere of influence. Some names may be listed in more than one city.

Melbourne

 * Alphonse Gangitano
 * Graham "The Munster" Kinniburgh
 * Tony Mokbel
 * Jason Moran
 * Lewis Moran
 * Mark Moran
 * Nikolai Radev
 * Squizzy Taylor
 * Andrew "Benji" Veniman
 * Carl Williams

Sydney

 * George Freeman
 * Michael Kanaan
 * Lenny McPherson
 * Abraham Saffro

Blairmore

 * Florence Lassandro (1900–1923)
 * Emilio Picariello (1875 or 1879–1923)

Bradford

 * Giuseppe Ursino

Guelph

 * Tony Sylvestro

Hamilton

 * Agueci brothers
 * Carmen Barillaro (1944–1997)
 * Giacomo Luppino (1900–1987)
 * Enio Mora (1949–1996)
 * Angelo Musitano (1978–2017)
 * Pat Musitano (1968–2020)
 * Johnny Papalia (1924–1997)
 * Rocco Perri (1887–disappeared 1944)
 * Santo Scibetta
 * Bessie Starkman (1889 or 1890–1930)
 * Domenico Violi (born 1966)
 * Giuseppe Violi (born 1970)

Mississauga

 * Vincenzo DeMaria (born 1954)

Montreal

 * Francesco Arcadi (born 1964)
 * Richard Blass (1945–1975)
 * Maurice Boucher (1953–2022)
 * Alfonso Caruana (born 1946)
 * Frank Cotroni (1931–2004)
 * Vincenzo Cotroni (1911–1984)
 * Harry Davis (1898–1946)
 * Francesco Del Balso (1970–2023)
 * Raynald Desjardins (born 1953)
 * Juan Ramon Fernandez (1956–2013)
 * Lorenzo Giordano (1963–2016)
 * Antonio Macrì (1902–1975)
 * Salvatore Montagna 1971–2011)
 * Sabatino Nicolucci (born 1946/47)
 * Monica Proietti (1940–1967)
 * Paolo Renda (1939–declared dead in 2018 after missing since 2010)
 * Nicolo Rizzuto (1924–2010)
 * Vito Rizzuto (1946–2013)
 * Frank Ryan (1942–1984)
 * Gerlando Sciascia (1934–1999)
 * Réal Simard (born 1951)
 * Rocco Sollecito (1948–2016)
 * Paolo Violi (1931–1978)

Niagara Falls

 * Carmen Barillaro (1944–1997)
 * Nick Nero (born 1977)

Toronto

 * Agueci brothers
 * Salvatore Calautti (1971 or 1972–2013)
 * Martino Caputo (born 1973)
 * Giuseppe Coluccio (born 1966)
 * Cosimo Commisso (born 1950)
 * Raffaele Delle Donne (born 1967 or 1968)
 * Antonio Macrì (1902–1975)
 * Salvatore Miceli (born 1946)
 * Michele Modica (born 1955)
 * Gaetano Panepinto (1959–2000)
 * Roberto Pannunzi (born 1948)
 * Johnny Papalia (1924–1997)
 * Michele Racco (?–1980)
 * Johnny Raposo (1977–2012)
 * Norman Ryan (1895–1936)
 * Pietro Scarcella (born 1950)
 * Asau Tran (1952 or 1953–1991)
 * Paul Volpe (1927–1983)
 * Rocco Zito (1928–2016)

Vancouver

 * Bindy Johal (1971–1998)

Winnipeg

 * Michael Sandham (born 1970)
 * Danny Wolfe (1976–2010)
 * Richard Wolfe (1975–2016)

Woodbridge

 * Carmelo Bruzzese (born 1949)
 * Salvatore Calautti (1971 or 1972–2013)
 * Alfonso Caruana (born 1946)
 * Antonio Commisso (born 1956)
 * Raffaele Delle Donne (born 1967 or 1968)
 * Angelo Figliomeni
 * Pietro Scarcella (born 1950)
 * Carmine Verduci (1959–2014)

Cali

 * Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela
 * Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela
 * Mery Valencia

Medellín

 * José Abello Silva (born 1954)
 * Griselda Blanco
 * Pablo Escobar
 * Carlos Lehder Rivas
 * Fabio Ochoa Restrepo
 * Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez
 * José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha

Dublin

 * Martin Cahill, "The General" (1949–1994)
 * John Gilligan, "Factory John" (born 1952)
 * Gerry Hutch, "The Monk" (born 1963)
 * Daniel Kinahan
 * Christy Kinahan

Netanya

 * Asi Abutbul

Tel Aviv

 * Yaakov Alperon
 * Zeev Rosenstein

Naples

 * Renato vapone(born 1959) has one daughter Ariana age 18 years old originally from France move to the state 2013
 * Patrizio Bosti (born 1959)
 * Edoardo Contini (born 1955)
 * Maria Licciardi (born 1951)
 * Salvatore Lo Russo (born 1953)
 * Paolo Di Lauro (born 1953)
 * Cosimo Di Lauro (born 1973)
 * Marco Di Lauro (born 1980)
 * Vincenzo Licciardi (born 1965)
 * Francesco Mallardo (born 1951)
 * Giuseppe Dell'Aquila (born 1962)
 * Raffaele Amato (born 1965)
 * Cesare Pagano (born 1969)
 * Ketty Gabriele (born 1981)

Salerno

 * Francesco Matrone (1947-2023)

Siderno

 * Vincenzo DeMaria (born 1954)
 * Giuseppe Coluccio (born 1966)
 * Cosimo Commisso (born 1950)
 * Antonio Macrì (1902–1975)
 * Roberto Pannunzi (born 1948)
 * Michele Racco (?–1980)
 * Carmelo Bruzzese (born 1949)
 * Antonio Commisso (born 1956)
 * Carmine Verduci (1959–2014)

Oppido Mamertina

 * Saverio Mammoliti (born 1942)

Gioia Tauro

 * Girolamo Piromalli (1918–1979)

Tokyo

 * Hisayuki Machii (1923–2002)

Yokohama

 * Kakuji Inagawa (1914–2007)
 * Susumu Ishii (1924–1991)

Ciudad Juárez

 * Amado Carrillo Fuentes (1956–1997)
 * Vicente Carrillo Fuentes (born 1963)
 * Rafael Aguilar Guajardo (died 1993)
 * Pablo Acosta Villarreal (died 1987)

Guadalajara

 * Javier Barba-Hernandez (died 1986)
 * Rafael Caro Quintero (born 1952)
 * Juan José Esparragoza Moreno (born 1949)
 * Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo (born 1942)
 * Juan Matta-Ballesteros (born 1945)

Matamoros

 * Juan Nepomuceno Guerra (1915–2001)
 * Juan García Ábrego (born 1944)
 * Osiel Cárdenas Guillén (born 1967)
 * Antonio Cárdenas Guillén (1962–2010)
 * Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez (born 1971)
 * Arturo Guzmán Decena (1976–2002)
 * Mario Cárdenas Guillén
 * Rafael Cárdenas Vela

Nuevo Laredo

 * Miguel Treviño Morales (born 1970)
 * Alejandro Treviño Morales (born 1974)
 * Iván Velázquez-Caballero (born 1970)
 * José Treviño Morales

Reynosa

 * Samuel Flores Borrego (1972–2011)
 * Jaime González Durán (born 1971)
 * Mario Ramírez Treviño (born 1962)

Tijuana

 * Ramón Arellano Félix (1962–2002)
 * Benjamín Arellano Félix (born 1952)
 * Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix (1949–2013)
 * Carlos Arellano Félix (born 1955)
 * Francisco Javier Arellano Félix (born 1969)
 * Enedina Arellano Félix (born 1961)
 * Edgardo Leyva Escandón (born 1969)
 * Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano (born 1977)

Amsterdam

 * Hüseyin Baybaşin (born 1956)

Pruszków

 * Andrzej Kolikowski, "Pershing" (1954–1999)

San Juan

 * Martinez Familia Sangeros
 * Tony Tursi (1901–1989)

Caguas

 * Edsel Torres Gomez

București
The Patriarchy of the Romanian Orthodox Church, which spends an exaggerate and unverified sum for the new cathedral. The sum is bigger than what is needed for 1000 average houses while one can see beggars and homeless people in Romania.

Moscow

 * Sergey Mikhaylov
 * Semion Mogilevich (born 1946)

Saint Petersburg

 * Vladimir Kumarin (born 1958)

Gothenburg

 * Denho Acar (born 1974)

Ankara

 * Dündar Kılıç (1935–1999)

Istanbul

 * Nurullah Tevfik Ağansoy (1960–1996)
 * Alaattin Çakıcı (born 1953)
 * Abdullah Çatlı (1956–1996)
 * Sedat Peker (born 1971)
 * Mahmut Yıldırım (born 1951)
 * Kürşat Yılmaz

Liverpool

 * Tommy "Tacker" Comerford (1933–2003)
 * Paul Grimes (born 1950)
 * John Haase (born 1948)
 * Sean Mercer
 * Michael Showers (born 1945)
 * Curtis "Cocky" Warren (born 1963)
 * Anthony Whitney
 * Gary Whitney
 * Paul Whitney
 * John Kinsella (criminal)
 * Vincent Coggins
 * Francis Coggins
 * Ian Fitzgibbon
 * Jason Fitzgibbon
 * Peter Clarke
 * Stephen Clarke
 * Colin “Smigger” Smith

London

 * Terry Adams (1954–)
 * Patrick Adams (1956–)
 * Tommy Adams (1958–)
 * Ronnie Biggs (1929–2013)
 * Christopher Brayford (1965–)
 * Jack Comer (1912–1996)
 * George Cornell (1928–1966)
 * Dave Courtney (1959–2023)
 * Bobby Cummines (1951–)
 * Albert Dimes (1914–1972)
 * Buster Edwards (1931–1994)
 * Freddie Foreman (1932–)
 * Frankie Fraser, "Mad Frankie" (1923–2014)
 * Mickey Green (1942–2020)
 * William Hill (1911–1984)
 * David Hunt (1961–)
 * Carlton Leach
 * Ronnie Knight (1934–2023)
 * Kray twins (Reggie Kray 1933–2000; Ronnie Kray 1933–1995)
 * Mark Lambie
 * Tony Lambrianou (1942–2004)
 * Lenny McLean (1949–1998)
 * David McMillan (1956–)
 * Jack McVitie, "Jack the Hat" (1932–1967)
 * Kenneth Noye (1947–)
 * Joey Pyle (1937–2007)
 * Bruce Reynolds (1931–2013)
 * The Richardson Gang, Charlie and Eddie Richardson
 * Roy Shaw (1936–2012)
 * Alf White (1887–1942)
 * Charlie Wilson (1932–1990)
 * Gilbert Wynter (1961–1998)

Birmingham

 * Michael Michael
 * John Palmer (criminal) (1950-2015)

Manchester

 * Desmond Noonan (1959–2005)
 * Dominic Noonan (born 1964)
 * Anthony "White Tony" Johnson (1969–1991)
 * Lee Amos
 * Colin Joyce
 * Dale Cregan

Salford

 * Paul Massey (gangster) (1960–2015)
 * Mark Fellows (hitman)

Middlesbrough

 * Brian Charrington (born 1956)

Essex

 * Tony Tucker (1957–1995)
 * Patrick Tate (1958–1995)
 * Craig Rolfe (1969–1995)
 * Harry Roberts

Glasgow

 * Paul Ferris (Scottish writer)
 * Arthur Thompson
 * Tam McGraw
 * Ian McAteer

Widnes

 * Shaun Attwood

Boston

 * Gennaro Angiulo (1919–2009)
 * Joe Barboza (1932–1976)
 * James J. Bulger, "Whitey" (1929–2018)
 * Arthur Doe, Jr. (1960–2018)
 * Stephen Flemmi (born 1934)
 * Vincent Flemmi (1935–1979)
 * Jimmy Flynn (1934-2022)
 * Donald Killeen (1923–1972)
 * Johnny Martorano (born 1940)
 * Bernard McLaughlin (1921–1961)
 * Edward McLaughlin (died 1965)
 * Paul McGonagle (1939–1974)
 * James McLean (1929–1965)
 * Patrick Nee (born 1943)
 * James O'Toole (1929–1973)
 * Alex Rocco (1936–2015)
 * Frank Salemme (1933-2022)
 * Charles Solomon (1884–1933)
 * Vincent Teresa (1930–1990)
 * Kevin Weeks (born 1956)
 * Howie Winter (1929–2020)

Buffalo

 * Albert Agueci
 * Vito Agueci
 * Peter Magaddino (1917–1976)
 * Stefano Magaddino (1891–1974)
 * Joseph E. Todaro, "Lead Pipe Joe" (1923–2012)
 * Frank Valenti (1911–2008)

Chicago

 * Tony Accardo, Antonino "Joe Batters", "Big Tuna" (1906–1992)
 * Joseph Aiuppa, "Joey Doves" (1907–1997)
 * Felix Alderisio, "Milwaukee Phil" (1912–1971)
 * Harry Aleman (1939–2010)
 * Gus Alex, "Gussie", "Mr. Ryan" (1916–1998)
 * Louis Alterie, Leland A. "Two Gun" Varain (1886–1935)
 * Samuzzo Amatuna, "Smoots" (1899–1925)
 * Joseph Andriacchi (born 1932)
 * Donald Angelini, "The Wizard of Odds" (1926–2000)
 * Dominick Basso (1938–2001)
 * Sam Battaglia, "Teets" (1908–1973)
 * James Belcastro (1895–1945)
 * Fifi Buccieri (1907–1973)
 * Frank Buccieri, "The Horse" (1919–2004)
 * Marshall Caifano (1911–2003)
 * Frank Calabrese, Sr. (1937–2012)
 * Frank LaPorte, "Frankie" (1901-1972)
 * Nicholas Calabrese (1942-2023)
 * Al Capone, Alphonse "Big Al", "Scarface" (1899–1947)
 * Frank Capone, Salvatore (1895–1924)
 * Ralph Capone, Raffaele James "Bottles" (1894–1974)
 * Sam Cardinelli, [Cardinella] (1869–1921)
 * Samuel Carlisi (1914–1997)
 * Anthony Centracchio (1929–2001)
 * Jackie Cerone, "Jackie the Lackey" (1914–1996)
 * Eco James Coli (1922–1982)
 * James Colosimo, "Big Jim" (1878–1920)
 * Dominic Cortina (1925–1999)
 * William Daddano, Sr., "Willie Potatoes" (1912–1975)
 * Marco D'Amico (1936-2020)
 * William Dauber (1935–1980)
 * Mario Anthony DeStefano (1915–1975)
 * Sam DeStefano, "Mad Sam" (1909–1973)
 * John DiFronzo, "No Nose" (1928-2018)
 * John Dillinger (1903–1934)
 * Vincent Drucci, "Schemer" (1898–1927)
 * Terry Druggan, "Machine Gun" (1903–1954)
 * Ken Eto, "Joe the Jap", "Tokyo Joe", "Montana Joe" (1919–2004)
 * Joseph Ferriola (1927–1989)
 * Rocco Fischetti (1903–1964)
 * Louis Fratto, "Lew Farrell", "Cockeyed Louie" (1907–1967)
 * Sam Giancana, "Momo", "Mooney" (1908–1975)
 * Joseph Glimco, Joey, "Tough Guy", Joseph Glinico, Joseph Glielmi, "Little Tim Murphy" (1909–1991)
 * Jake Guzik, "Greasy Thumb" (1886–1956)
 * Murray Humphreys (1899–1965)
 * Joseph Lombardo, Sr., "Joey The Clown" (1929-2019)
 * James Marcello, "Jimmy the Man" (born 1943)
 * Louis Marino (1932-2017)
 * Jack McGurn, "Machine Gun," Vincenzo Antonio Gibaldi (1902–1936)
 * Bugs Moran (1893–1957)
 * Charles Nicoletti, "Chuckie", "The Typewriter" (1916–1977)
 * Frank Nitti, "The Enforcer" (1886–1943)
 * Dean O'Banion (1892–1924)
 * Ross Prio (1901–1972)
 * Paul Ricca, "The Waiter" (1897–1972)
 * John Roselli (1905–1976)
 * Frank Rosenthal, "Lefty" (1929–2008)
 * Michael Sarno (born 1958)
 * Gerald Scarpelli (1938–1989)
 * Frank Schweihs [Schwehis], "The German" (1932–2008)
 * Anthony Spilotro, "Tony the Ant," "Tough Tony" (1936–1986)
 * Michael Spilotro (1944–1986)
 * Victor Spilotro (1933–1996)
 * Al Tornabene, "Pizza Al" (1923–2009)
 * John Torrio, "The Brain"; "The Fox"; "Pappa Johnny" (1882–1957)
 * Frankie Yale (1893–1928)
 * Frank Zito (1893–1974)

Cleveland

 * Danny Greene (1933–1977)
 * James "Jack White" Licavoli (1904–1985)
 * John Nardi (1916–1977)
 * Alfred "Big Al" Polizzi (1900–1994)
 * John "John Scalise" Scalish (1912–1976)
 * Frank Milano (1891–1970)
 * Joseph "Big Joe" Lonardo (1884–1927)
 * Salvatore "Black Sam" Todaro (1885–1929)
 * John "Peanuts" Tronolone (1910–1991)
 * Anthony "Tony" Milano (1888–1978)
 * Angelo "Big Ange" Lonardo (1911–2006)

Dallas

 * Joseph Civello (1902–1970)

Detroit

 * see Purple Gang

 * Salvatore Catalanotte (1894–1930)
 * Anthony Giacalone, "Tony Jack" (1919–2001)
 * Kwame Kilpatrick (born 1970)
 * Vincent Meli (1921–2008)
 * Joseph Zerilli (1897–1977)

Galveston

 * Rosario Maceo (1887–1954)
 * Sam Maceo (1894–1951)
 * George Musey (1900–1935)
 * Johnny Jack Nounes (1890–1970)
 * Ollie Quinn (1893-1949)
 * Dutch Voight (1888-1986)

Kansas City

 * Charles Binaggio (1909–1950)
 * William "Willie the Rat" Cammisano, Sr. (1914–1995)
 * Anthony "Tiger" Cardarella (1926–1984)
 * Charles V. "Charley The Wop" Carrollo (1902–1979)
 * Anthony Civella (1930–2006)
 * Carl "Cork" Civella (1910–1994)
 * Giuseppe Nicoli "Nick" Civella (1912–1983)
 * Frank DeMayo (1885–1949)
 * Charles "Mad Dog" Gargotta (1900–1950)
 * Anthony "Tony" Gizzo (1902–1953)
 * Nicolo Impostato (1906–1979)
 * John Lazia (1896–1934)
 * Gaetano Lococo (1895–1993)
 * Tom Pendergast (1873–1945)
 * Peter Simone (born 1945)

Las Vegas

 * Charles Baron, "Babe" (1920s-1960s)
 * David Berman, "Davie the Jew" (1903–1957)
 * Herbert Blitzstein, "Fat Herbie" (1934–1997), representing the Chicago Outfit
 * Marshall Caifano, representing the Chicago Outfit (1911–2003)
 * Frank Cullotta, "The Las Vegas Boss" (1938-2020), representing the Chicago Outfit
 * Gus Greenbaum (1894–1958), representing the Chicago Outfit
 * John Roselli (1905–1976), representing the Chicago Outfit
 * Frank Rosenthal, "Lefty" (1929–2008)
 * Irving Shapiro, "Slick" (1904-1931)
 * Benjamin Siegel, "Bugsy" (1906–1947)
 * Anthony Spilotro, "Tony the Ant"; "Little Guy" (1938–1986), representing the Chicago Outfit
 * Michael Spilotro, "Micky" (1944–1986), representing the Chicago Outfit
 * Joseph Stacher, "Doc" (1902–1977)

Los Angeles

 * Girolamo Adamo, "Momo" (1884–1956)
 * Joseph Ardizzone, "Iron Man" (1884–1931)
 * Frank Bompensiero, "Bomp" (1905–1977)
 * Dominic Brooklier (1914–1984)
 * Frank Buccieri (1919–2004)
 * Jimmy Caci, "Jimmy" (1925–2011)
 * Mickey Cohen (1913–1976)
 * Frank DeSimone (1909–1967)
 * Rosario DeSimone, "The Chief" (1873–1946)
 * Vito Di Giorgio (1880–1922)
 * Joseph Dippolito, "Joe Dip" (1914–1974)
 * Jack Dragna (1891–1956)
 * Louis Tom Dragna (1920–2012)
 * Tom Dragna (1899–1977)
 * Rene Enriquez (born 1962)
 * Jimmy Fratianno, "Jimmy the Weasel" (1913–1993)
 * Nicholas Licata (1897–1974)
 * Carmen Milano, "Flipper" (1929–2006)
 * Peter Milano (1925–2012)
 * Joe Morgan, "Pegleg" (1929–1993)
 * Michael Rizzitello, "Mike Rizzi" (1929–2005)
 * Simone Scozzari, "Sam" (1900-1980)
 * Joseph Sica (1911–1992)
 * Johnny Stompanato (1925–1958)

Milwaukee

 * Felix Alderisio, (1912-1971) "Milwaukee Phil"
 * Frank Balistrieri (1918-1993)

Minneapolis–Saint Paul

 * Isadore Blumenfeld, “Kid Cann” (1900–1981)
 * Danny Hogan, “Dapper” (c. 1880–1928)
 * A. A. Ames, “Doc” (1842–1911)
 * David Berman (1903–1957)
 * Amanda Danielson (1984–Present)

New Jersey

 * Joseph Abate (1902-1996)
 * Philip Abramo, "The King Of Wall Street" (born 1945)
 * Anthony Accetturo, "Tumac" (born 1938)
 * Jose Miguel Battle, Sr. (1930–2007) "El Padrino" Former Godfather of "The Corporation" (a.k.a. The Cuban Mafia)
 * Ruggiero Boiardo, "Richie the Boot" (1890–1984)
 * Salvatore Briguglio, "Sally Bugs" (1930-1978)
 * Anthony Capo, "Tony" (1959/1960–2012)
 * Antonio Caponigro, "Tony Bananas" (Philadelphia family member based in North Jersey) (1912–1980)
 * Gerardo Catena, "Jerry" (1902–2000)
 * Angelo DeCarlo, "Gyp" (1902–1973)
 * Sam DeCavalcante, "The Plumber" (1912–1997)
 * Lawrence Dentico, "Larry Fab" (born 1923)
 * John DiGilio (1932–1988)
 * Vincent Palermo, "Vinny Ocean" (born 1944)
 * Angelo Prisco, "The Horn" (1939-2017)
 * Marco Reginelli (Philadelphia family member based in South Jersey) (1897–1956)
 * Giovanni Riggi, "John the Eagle" (1925–2015)
 * Nicodemo Scarfo, "Little Nicky" (Philadelphia family member based in Atlantic City) (1929–2017)
 * Giuseppe Schifilliti, "Pino" (born 1938)
 * Gaetano Vastola, "Corky" (born 1928)
 * Abner Zwillman, "Longie", "Al Capone of New Jersey" (1904–1959)

New Orleans

 * Sam Carolla (1896–1972)
 * Carlos Marcello (1910–1993)

New York City

 * Settimo Accardi, "Big Sam" (1902–1997)
 * Joe Adonis (1902–1971)
 * Evsei Agron (died 1985)
 * John Alite (born 1962)
 * Vincent Alo, "Jimmy Blue Eyes" (1904–2001)
 * Louis Amberg (1897–1935)
 * Victor Amuso, "Little Vic" (born 1934)
 * Albert Anastasia (1902–1957)
 * Anthony Anastasio, "Tough Tony" (1906–1963)
 * Marat Balagula (1943-2019)
 * Leroy Barnes (1933-2012)
 * Thomas Bilotti (1940–1985)
 * Joseph Bonanno, "Joe Bananas" (1905–2002)
 * Salvatore Bonanno (1932–2008)
 * Lepke Buchalter (1897–1944)
 * Louis Buchalter (1897–1944)
 * James Burke, "Jimmy the Gent" (1931–1996)
 * Anthony Casso, "Gaspipe" (1942–2020)
 * Louis Campagna, "Little New York" (1900–1955)
 * Anthony Carfano, "Little Augie Pisano" (1895–1959)
 * Paul Castellano, "Big Paul", called "PC" by his family. (1915–1985)
 * Gerardo Catena, "Jerry" (1902–2000)
 * Dominick Cirillo, "Quiet Dom" (1929-2024)
 * Vincent Coll, "Mad Dog" (1908–1932)
 * Joseph Colombo (1923–1978)
 * Jimmy Coonan (born 1946)
 * Mike Coppola, "Trigger Mike" (1904–1966)
 * Anthony Corallo, "Tony Ducks" (1913–2000)
 * Nicholas Corozzo (born 1940)
 * Frank Costello (1891–1973)
 * Steven Crea, "Wonderboy" (born 1947)
 * Edward Cummiskey, "Eddie the Butcher" (1934-1976)
 * Domenico Cutaia, "Danny" (1936–2018)
 * Alphonse D'Arco, "The Professor" (1932–2019)
 * Aniello Dellacroce, "Mr. Neil" (1914–1985)
 * Roy DeMeo (1942–1983)
 * Thomas DeSimone, "Two-Gun Tommy" (1950–1979)
 * Tom Devaney (died 1976)
 * Jack Diamond, "Legs" (1897–1931)
 * Johnny Dio (1914–1979)
 * Thomas Eboli, "Tommy Ryan" (1911–1972)
 * Carmine Fatico, "Charley Wagons" (1910–1991)
 * Mickey Featherstone (born 1948)
 * John Franzese, "Sonny" (1917–2020)
 * Michael Franzese, "Yuppie Don" (born 1951)
 * Christopher Furnari, "Christie Tick" (1924-2018)
 * Thomas Gagliano (1884–1951)
 * Carmine Galante (1910–1979)
 * Joey Gallo, "Crazy Joe" (1929–1972)
 * Carlo Gambino (1902–1976)
 * Vito Genovese (1897–1969)
 * Mario Gigante (1923-2022)
 * Vincent Gigante, "Chin" (1928–2005)
 * Gene Gotti (born 1946)
 * John Gotti (1940–2002)
 * John A. Gotti, "Junior" (born 1964)
 * Peter Gotti (1939–2021)
 * Richard G. Gotti (born 1967)
 * Richard V. Gotti (born 1942)
 * Sammy Gravano, "The Bull" (born 1945)
 * Henry Hill (1943–2012)
 * Vyacheslav Ivankov (1940–2009)
 * Ronald Jerothe, "Foxy" (1947–1974)
 * Gennaro Langella, "Jerry Lang" (1938–2013)
 * Meyer Lansky (1902–1983)
 * Philip Lombardo, "Benny Squint" (1908–1987)
 * Anthony Loria, Sr., "Tony Aboudamita" (died 1989)
 * Salvatore Lucania, "Charlie 'Lucky' Luciano" (1897–1962)
 * Frank Lucas (1930-2019)
 * Thomas Lucchese, "Three Finger Brown" (1899–1967)
 * Owney Madden (1891–1965)
 * Joseph Magliocco (1898–1963)
 * Vincent Mangano (1888–1951)
 * Francesco Manzo, "Frankie the Wop" (1925–2012)
 * Richard Martino (born 1961)
 * Joe Masseria, "Joe the Boss" (1886–1931)
 * Joe Massino, "Big Joey" (1943-2023)
 * Giuseppe Morello (1867–1930)
 * Nicholas Morello (1890–1916)
 * Willie Moretti, "Willie" (1894–1951)
 * Hughie Mulligan (died 1973)
 * Victor Orena, "Little Vic" (born 1934)
 * Vincent Papa (1917–1977)
 * Carmine Persico (1933-2019)
 * Joseph Pinzolo (1887–1930)
 * Joe Profaci (1897–1962)
 * Bosko Radonjich (1943–2011)
 * Philip Rastelli (1918–1991)
 * Abraham Reles (1906–1941)
 * Arnold Rothstein, "The Big Bankroll" (1882–1928)
 * Alex Rudaj (born 1968)
 * Anthony Salerno, "Fat Tony" (1911–1992)
 * Frank Scalice, "Don Cheech" (1893–1957)
 * Gregory Scarpa, "The Grim Reaper" and "The Mad Hatter" (1928–1994)
 * Nicolo Schiro, "Cola" (1872–1957)
 * Dutch Schultz (1901–1935)
 * Bugsy Siegel (1906–1947)
 * Mickey Spillane (1934–1977)
 * Harry Strauss, "Pittsburgh Phil" (1909–1941)
 * Anthony Strollo, "Tony Bender" (1899–1962)
 * Vojislav Stanimirović, "Mr Stan" Born (1937-2022)
 * Ciro Terranova, "The Artichoke King" (1888–1938)
 * Frank Tieri (1904–1981)
 * Joe Valachi (1903–1971)
 * Paul Vario (1914–1988)
 * Frankie Yale (1893–1928)

Philadelphia

 * Angelo Bruno (1910–1980)
 * Andrew Thomas DelGiorno (born 1940)
 * Jack Diamond (1897–1931)
 * Mickey Duffy (1888–1931)
 * Waxey Gordon (1888–1952)
 * Joseph Ida (1890-1970)
 * Phil Leonetti, "Crazy Phil" (born 1953)
 * Joseph Ligambi, "Uncle Joe" (born 1939)
 * Joseph Massimino
 * Joseph Merlino, "Skinny Joey" (born 1962)
 * Marco Reginelli, "Small Man" (1897–1956)
 * Harry Riccobene (1909–2000)
 * Harry Rosen, "Nig"
 * Salvatore Sabella (1891–1962)
 * Nicky Scarfo Jr., "Nicky" (born 1964)
 * Nicodemo Scarfo, "Little Nicky" (1929–2017)
 * Pat Spirito (1939–1983)
 * John Stanfa (born 1940)
 * Philip Testa, "Chicken Man" (1924–1981)
 * Salvatore Testa (1956–1984)

Pittsburgh

 * John Larocca (1956–1984)
 * Michael James Genovese (1984–2006)
 * John Bazzano Jr (2006–2008)
 * Thomas "Sonny" Ciancutti (2008–2021)

Providence

 * Nicholas Bianco (1932–1994)
 * Matthew L. Guglielmetti, Jr. (born 1949)
 * Luigi Manocchio (born 1927)
 * Raymond L.S. Patriarca (1908–1984)

St. Louis

 * Dinty Colbeck (1890–1943)

San Diego

 * Frank Bompensiero, "Bomp" (1905–1977)

San Francisco

 * James Lanza, "Jimmy the Hat" (1902–2006)

San Jose

 * Onofrio Sciortino (died 1959)

Tampa

 * Ignacio Antinori (1885–1940)
 * Santo Trafficante, Sr. (1886–1954)
 * Santo Trafficante, Jr. (1914–1987)

Wilkes-Barre/Scranton

 * Rosario "Russell" Bufalino (1903–1994)
 * John Sciandra (1899–1940)
 * Frank "The Irishman" Sheeran (1920–2003)

Hanoi

 * Dương Văn Khánh ( Khánh Trắng ) (1956-1998)
 * Nguyễn Thị Hạnh ( Hạnh Sự ) (born 1956)
 * Trần Quốc Sơn ( Sơn Bạch Tạng ) (born 1962)

Haiphong

 * Ngô Đức Minh ( Minh Sứt ) (1956-2018)
 * Vũ Hoàng Dung ( Dung Hà ) (1965-2000)
 * Ngô Chí Thành ( Thành Chân )
 * Phạm Đình Nên ( Cu Nên ) (1957-1997)

Saigon

 * Lê Văn Viễn ( Bảy Viễn ) (1904-1972)
 * Lê Văn Đại ( Đại Cathay ) (1940-1967)
 * Huỳnh Tỳ (1944-?)
 * Vũ Đình Khánh ( Sơn Đảo ) (1944-1975)
 * Trương Văn Cam ( Năm Cam ) (1947-2004)
 * Châu Phát Lai Em ( Lai Em ) (1959-2004)

Saada

 * Abdul-Malik al-Houthi (born 1979)
 * Badreddin al-Houthi (1926-2010)
 * Hussein al-Houthi (1959-2004)
 * Mohammed al-Houthi (born 1979)
 * Yahia al-Houthi (born 1961)
 * Fares Manaa (born 1965)
 * Mahdi al-Mashat (born 1986)
 * Abdullah al-Ruzami
 * Saleh Ali al-Sammad (1979-2018)

title: List of gangsters by city


text:
Gallatin School of Individualized Study

The Gallatin School of Individualized Study (commonly referred to as Gallatin) is a liberal arts school within New York University. Students at Gallatin design an interdisciplinary concentration based on their specific interests and career goals. Most courses can be taken at any of the schools within New York University, in addition to Gallatin's course offerings.

History
The school was founded in 1972 as the University Without Walls. In 1976, the school was renamed the Gallatin Division for Albert Gallatin (secretary of the treasury under Thomas Jefferson and the founder of New York University). In 1995, the school took its current name, the Gallatin School of Individualized Study.

Herbert London was the school's first dean through 1992. The Gallatin building is situated within the campus of New York University just east of Washington Square Park, at 1 Washington Place in Manhattan, New York City.

The Gallatin School's facilities on the corner of Washington Place and Broadway underwent a redesign in 2007–2008. It was the first renovation project at New York University to achieve LEED certification. The project earned a LEED Gold certification for renovating five floors (approximately 32,000 square feet) of the existing building, including the construction of a theater, art gallery, classrooms, studios, and offices. The main building is named after Georgina Bloomberg.

Academics
Gallatin students develop a concentration, as opposed to a major, that is individualized to suit their interests and goals. A concentration can encompass multiple areas of study and often involves taking courses in various schools within New York University. There are, however, general requirements for graduation. These start with foundation courses (a first year writing seminar, a first year research seminar, and multiple interdisciplinary seminars) and end with an intensive oral discourse called the "colloquium" which is held during a student's final semester.

title: Gallatin School of Individualized Study