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National Bureau of Economic Research

The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) is an American private nonprofit research organization "committed to undertaking and disseminating unbiased economic research among public policymakers, business professionals, and the academic community." The NBER is known for proposing start and end dates for recessions in the United States.

Many chairpersons of the Council of Economic Advisers were previously NBER research associates, including the former NBER president and Harvard professor, Martin Feldstein. The NBER's current president and CEO is James M. Poterba of MIT.

Founding
The NBER was established in 1920 due to debates during the Progressive era over income distribution. Founded by Malcolm Rorty and Nachum Stone, the NBER aimed to fill the information gap on economic data. The organization's research is restricted to presenting data and findings without making policy recommendations.

Early years
The NBER initially received support from the Carnegie Foundation, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Foundation, and various corporations. Columbia University professor Wesley Clair Mitchell was the first director of research, guiding the organization's research for 25 years. The NBER's initial projects included measuring labor's share of national income and studying unemployment and business-cycle fluctuations.

Simon Kuznets
In 1927, Mitchell brought in Simon Kuznets, who later played a pivotal role in developing the US national income accounts. Kuznets' work laid the foundation for the Nobel Prize he received in 1971.

Post-War expansion
After World War II, the NBER expanded its research scope. Arthur Burns succeeded Mitchell as research director. The 1950s and 1960s saw groundbreaking work by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz on monetary policy's impact on business cycles. Research in labor economics also flourished during this period.

Presidential leadership
Arthur Burns became NBER's president in 1956, followed by John R. Meyer in 1967. Meyer introduced several initiatives, including two NBER journals and the establishment of NBER offices in various cities.

Martin Feldstein era
In 1977, Martin S. Feldstein became the NBER's president, transforming the organization. He expanded the NBER's network of university-based affiliates, moved its headquarters to Cambridge, and introduced the NBER Working Paper Series. Feldstein also established research programs focusing on specific areas and initiated the NBER Summer Institute.

Recent years
James Poterba succeeded Feldstein in 2008, continuing the NBER's expansion. The number of affiliated researchers grew significantly, and new programs and working groups were introduced. The NBER now distributes over 1,200 new research studies annually and holds around 125 meetings each year on various economic topics.

Research
The NBER's research activities are mostly identified by 20 research programs on different subjects and 14 working groups.

Research Programs
 * Asset Pricing
 * Children
 * Corporate Finance
 * Development Economics
 * Development of the American Economy
 * Economic Fluctuations and Growth
 * Economics of Aging
 * Economics of Education
 * Environment and Energy Economics
 * Health Care
 * Health Economics
 * Industrial Organization
 * International Finance and Macroeconomics
 * International Trade and Investment
 * Labor Studies
 * Law and Economics
 * Monetary Economics
 * Political Economy
 * Productivity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship
 * Public Economics

Working Groups
 * Behavioral Finance
 * Chinese Economy
 * Cohort Studies
 * Economics of Crime
 * Entrepreneurship
 * Risks of Financial Institutions
 * Household Finance
 * Innovation Policy
 * Insurance
 * Market Design
 * Organizational Economics
 * Personnel Economics
 * Race and Stratification in the Economy
 * Urban Economics

Conferences
The NBER convenes over 120 meetings each year at which researchers share and discuss their latest findings and launch new projects. The Summer Institute, a collection of nearly 50 smaller meetings, is held annually in July.

Winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
(In descending chronological order and by last name)

 * Claudia Goldin, 2023
 * Ben Bernanke, 2022
 * Joshua Angrist, 2021
 * David Card, 2021
 * Guido Imbens, 2021
 * Abhijit Banerjee, 2019
 * Esther Duflo, 2019
 * Michael Kremer, 2019
 * William Nordhaus, 2018
 * Paul Romer, 2018
 * Richard Thaler, 2017
 * Oliver Hart, 2016
 * Bengt Holmström, 2016
 * Angus Deaton, 2015
 * Lars Peter Hansen, 2013
 * Robert J. Shiller, 2013
 * Alvin E. Roth, 2012
 * Thomas J. Sargent, 2011
 * Christopher A. Sims, 2011
 * Peter Diamond, 2010
 * Dale T. Mortensen, 2010
 * Paul Krugman, 2008
 * Finn E. Kydland, 2004
 * Edward C. Prescott, 2004
 * Robert F. Engle, 2003
 * George Akerlof, 2001
 * Joseph Stiglitz, 2001
 * James Heckman, 2000
 * Daniel McFadden, 2000
 * Robert C. Merton, 1997
 * Myron Scholes, 1997
 * Robert Lucas Jr., 1995
 * Robert Fogel, 1993
 * Gary Becker, 1992
 * George Stigler, 1982
 * Theodore Schultz, 1979
 * Milton Friedman, 1976
 * Wassily Leontief, 1973
 * Simon Kuznets, 1971

Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) Chairs
(In descending chronological order)

 * Cecilia Rouse, 2021–2023
 * Alan Krueger, 2011–2013
 * Austan Goolsbee, 2010–2011
 * Christina Romer, 2009–2010
 * Edward Lazear, 2006–2009
 * Ben Bernanke, 2005–2006
 * Harvey S. Rosen, 2005
 * Greg Mankiw, 2003–2005
 * Glenn Hubbard, 2001–2003
 * Janet Yellen, 1997–1999
 * Joseph Stiglitz, 1995–1997
 * Michael Boskin, 1989–1993
 * Martin Feldstein, 1982–1984
 * Arthur F. Burns, 1953–1956

Other notable members
(In alphabetical order by last name)

 * Daron Acemoglu
 * Alberto Alesina
 * Susan Athey
 * Robert Barro
 * Olivier Blanchard
 * John H. Cochrane
 * Aaron Edlin
 * John Lipsky
 * Francis Longstaff
 * Alan Marcus
 * James A. Robinson
 * Richard N. Rosett
 * Anna Schwartz
 * Eduardo Schwartz
 * Andrei Shleifer
 * Richard Zeckhauser

Funding
According to the NBER, they are funded by grants from government agencies, private foundations, by corporate and individual contributions, and by income from the NBER's investment portfolio. The largest donators currently are the National Institute of Health, the National Science Foundation, the Social Security Administration, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Policy impact
In a 2010 report by the University of Pennsylvania, the NBER was ranked as the second most influential domestic economic policy think tank (the first was the Brookings Institution).

Recession markers
The NBER is also known for its start and end dates of US recessions. The NBER is claimed by some to serve the role as an arbiter of whether the U.S. is in a recession or not. The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) does not function as a real-time arbiter in determining the onset and duration of recessions but rather serves as a retrospective marker. The origins of this role can be traced to the 1960s when the Commerce Department began publishing a digest that relied on NBER's analysis of the business cycle. The recession markers are made by the Business Cycle Dating Committee, whose eight members are selected by the president of the NBER. The eight members tend to be highly distinguished economists. The NBER's Business Cycle Dating Committee, responsible for officially dating recessions, does not make real-time judgments or predict economic downturns. The committee's meetings are held on the third floor of NBER's headquarters. The meetings are neither publicized nor on a fixed schedule. The board's decisions are not always unanimous, but the disagreements within the committee tend not to be about the presence of a recession; rather they are about the specific start and end points of the recession.

The NBER uses a broader definition of a recession than commonly appears in the media. A definition of a recession commonly used in the media is two consecutive quarters of a shrinking gross domestic product (GDP). In contrast, the NBER defines a recession as "a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales". Business cycle dates are determined by the NBER dating committee. Typically, these dates correspond to peaks and troughs in real GDP, although not always so.

The NBER prefers this method for a variety of reasons. First, they feel by measuring a wide range of economic factors, rather than just GDP, a more accurate assessment of the health of an economy can be gained. For instance, the NBER considers not only the product-side estimates like GDP, but also income-side estimates such as the gross domestic income (GDI). Second, since the NBER wishes to measure the duration of economic expansion and recession at a fine grain, they place emphasis on monthly—rather than quarterly—economic indicators. Finally, by using a looser definition, they can take into account the depth of decline in economic activity. For example, the NBER may declare not a recession simply because of two quarters of very slight negative growth, but rather an economic stagnation. However, they do not precisely define what is meant by "a significant decline", but rather determine if one has existed on a case by case basis after examining their catalogued factors which have no defined grade scale or weighting factors. The subjectivity of the determination has led to criticism and accusations committee members can "play politics" in their determinations.

Though not listed by the NBER, another factor in favor of this alternate definition is that a long-term economic contraction may not always have two consecutive quarters of negative growth, as was the case in the recession following the bursting of the dot-com bubble.

Announcement of end of 2007–2009 recession
In September 2010, after a conference call with its Business Cycle Dating Committee, the NBER declared that the Great Recession in the United States had officially ended in 2009 and lasted from December 2007 to June 2009. In response, a number of newspapers wrote that the majority of Americans did not believe the recession was over, mainly because they were still struggling and because the country still faced high unemployment. However, the NBER release had noted that "In determining that a trough occurred in June 2009, the committee did not conclude that economic conditions since that month have been favorable or that the economy has returned to operating at normal capacity. Rather, the committee determined only that the recession ended and a recovery began in that month. A recession is a period of falling economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. The trough marks the end of the declining phase and the start of the rising phase of the business cycle."

title: National Bureau of Economic Research


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John Vikström

John Edvin Vikström (born 1 October 1931) is a Finnish priest. He served as the Archbishop of Turku and Finland from 1982 to 1998.

Personal life
John Edvin Vikström was born to parents Edvin and Hilma Vikström. In 1957 he married teacher Birgitta Vikström (b. Hellberg) who died in 1994. John Vikström has three children. His brother Erik Vikström and his son Björn Vikström are both his successors as bishop of Porvoo/Borgå.

Archbishop of Turku and Finland 1982–1998
As the 53rd successor of St. Henry, Vikström's era was far reaching. During his term as the Archbishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the Church carried out many reforms. The Church was given a new Bible translation and a new hymnbook, the ordained ministry has been opened to women, church law was reformed and liturgical reform was undertaken. The Church of Finland was also active ecumenically.

Archbishop emeritus John Vikström continues to be a popular speaker in academia and business.

John Vikström has also publicly embraced the idea of a basic income as a solution to social exclusion:

"In this way, even working a little would be possible and would make sense. The system would not push people into idleness and divide citizens into winners and losers as cruelly as is the case now. I look at the question from the point of view of human dignity. A basic income paid to everyone would be less humiliating than the present benefit system can sometimes become. Basic income would send every citizen the following encouraging and motivating message: 'You are important. You are not a burden, but a resource. You are important by being a human being for others. Whatever work you do, in whatever situations, whether or not you are paid to do it, you still contribute to building our society."

The archbishop has placed the chairmanship of the Church's Social-Ethical Forum as his priority. The forum's aim is to resolve problems in the status of the elderly and poor in Finland.

An acclaimed author of numerous books and papers, his correspondence with Jörn Donner was voted as Book of the Year in 2002.

Theological merits
Studies and career
 * Helsinki University:
 * Bachelor of Theology (1956)
 * Åbo Akademi:
 * Licenciate of Theology (1962)
 * Doctor of Theology (1966) (subject of doctorate: Religion and Culture)
 * Stipendiate of World Council of Churches in Tübingen, Germany (1956–1957)
 * Ordained 12 June 1956
 * Ex officio position in the Esbo Swedish parish (1957)
 * Pastor of Diaconia in the Borgå Diocese (1957–1961)
 * Assistant of Systematic Theology (1963–1964), lecturer at Åbo Akademi (1966–1970)
 * Associate Professor of Ethics and Philosophy of Religion at Åbo Akademi (1970)
 * Bishop of Borgå Diocese (1970–1982)
 * Archbishop of Turku and Finland (1982–1998)

Awards and prizes
 * Honorary doctor:
 * Leningrad Theological Academy (1985)
 * Budapest Lutheran Theological Academy (1987)
 * Finlandia University, Hancock, United States (1998)
 * Åbo Akademi (2002)
 * University of Vaasa (2006)
 * Hallberg Prize (1967)
 * Swedish Cultural Fund Prize (1981)
 * Decoration of the Grand Cross of German Democratic Republic (1989)
 * Order of the White Rose – Grand Cross (1986)
 * Cross of Apostle and Evangelist Mark, 1st Class (1989)
 * Order of the Holy Lamb, Commander 1st Class (1991)
 * Medal of Jordanian Independence, 1st Class (1993)
 * Lambeth Cross (1994)
 * Anders Chydenius Prize (1995)
 * Swedish Finland Award, in silver (1996)
 * Finland's Communal Union Award, in gold (1997)
 * Friends of the Swedish Folk School Award (1998)
 * Medal of Merit, Defence Forces of Finland, in gold (1998)
 * Medal of Journalism and Press (1999)
 * Cross of Maarjamaa (2001)
 * Cross of St. Henry (2007)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Vikström


text:
John Balfour, 1st Baron Kinross

John Blair Balfour, 1st Baron Kinross (born 11 July 1837 – 22 January 1905) was a Scottish lawyer and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1899.

Early life
Balfour was born in the manse at Clackmannan, the son of Rev. Peter Balfour ("Perpendicular Peter"), minister of Clackmannan and his wife Jane Ramsay Blair, daughter of John Blair.

He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and then studied law at Edinburgh University, becoming an advocate of the Scottish bar in 1861.

Career
He served as Advocate Depute from 1870 to 1872, and in 1880 was made a Queen's Counsel. He was a Deputy Lieutenant for Edinburgh. At the 1880 general election, Balfour stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Ayrshire North but in a by election six months later was elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Clackmannan and Kinross.

He was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland in 1880 and in 1881 he succeeded this appointment by becoming Lord Advocate, a post he held for four years. In 1882 he became a Privy Counsellor. He served as the elected Dean of the Faculty of Advocates twice: from 1885 to 1886, and from 1889 to 1892.

In 1892, on the return of the Liberals to power, Balfour was again appointed Lord Advocate, finally resigning on the fall of Lord Rosebery's government in 1895. In 1899 he was appointed Lord Justice General of Scotland and Lord President of the Court of Session.

In the 1902 Coronation Honours list it was announced that he would receive a barony, and on 15 July 1902 he was created Baron Kinross, of Glascune in the County of Haddingtonshire. He took the oath and his seat in the House of Lords the following month, on 7 August.

Personal life

On 4 August 1869 Balfour married Lilias Oswald Mackenzie daughter of Donald Mackenzie, styled Lord Mackenzie, a Lord of Session, and Janet Alice Mitchell. They had one son who lived with the family and was trained as an advocate:

 * Patrick Balfour, 2nd Baron Kinross (1870–1939), who married Caroline Elsie Johnstone-Douglas, a daughter of Arthur Johnstone-Douglas.

After the death of his first wife, he married secondly the Hon. Marianne Eliza Moncrieff in 1877. Marianne was a daughter of James Moncreiff, 1st Baron Moncreiff. Together, they were the parents of five children, four sons and one daughter, including:

 * Hon. James Moncreiffe Balfour (1878–1960), who married Madeline Maude Graham Watson, daughter of James Graham Watson (brother-in-law of Sir Robert Tuite Boothby), in 1908.
 * Hon. John Ramsay Blair Balfour (1881–1964), a Lt.-Cdr. in the Royal Navy who died unmarried.
 * Hon. Harry Robert Chichester Balfour (1882–1964), who married Dorothy Constance Chetwynd, a daughter of Henry Goulburn Willoughby Chetwynd and Eva Constance Elizabeth Fanny Berney, in 1921.
 * Hon. Norman Frederick William Balfour (1884–1954), the Vicar of Leafield who died unmarried.
 * Hon. Isobel Nora Gwendoline Balfour (1885–1961), who married Capt. Percival Henry Havelock Bailey, in 1908.

Lord Kinross died 22 January 1905, at his home at 6 Rothesay Terrace in Edinburgh, and was buried in the "Lords Row" in Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh. His descendants are buried with him.

title: John Balfour, 1st Baron Kinross


text:
FC Politehnica Iași (1945)

Fotbal Club Politehnica Iași, commonly known as Politehnica Iași or simply Poli Iași, was a Romanian football club from the city of Iași, Iași County.

Named after the Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași, the team was founded in 1945. Its home stadium was the Stadionul Emil Alexandrescu, where it played in blue and white until being dissolved in 2010. In the same year, a successor club was formed under the name of ACSMU Politehnica Iași and currently competes in the first division.

History
The club was established as Sportul Studențesc Iași by a group of students on 27 April 1945, and first received the name of Politehnica one month later (Asociația Sportivă Politehnica Iași). It alternated between Romania's second and first leagues. They played in the Liga I for 28 seasons during the periods: 1960–61, 1962–1967 (under the name CSMS Iași), 1968–1972, 1973–1981, 1982–1990, 1995–96, and 2004–2010.

Recent history
2004–05 season

Politehnica started the 2004–05 season by winning only two points in eight rounds. After manager Vasile Simionaș was replaced with Ionuț Popa, Politehnica won the following fixture away against Steaua București, Adrian Cristea scoring the only goal of the match. The team gradually lifted itself from the bottom of the table, finally finishing 9th with 38 points.

In the Romanian Cup they were eliminated in the first round (sixteen-finals) by UTA Arad with 1–0.

2005–06 season

The 2005–06 season was a relatively good one for the Iași-based team, whose objective was to avoid relegation. They narrowly lost both matches against the future champions Steaua and the away match with runners-up Rapid București, all with the score of 1–0, after three penalty kicks. They also lost 2–0 against Dinamo București at home. However, they drew away against a weakened Dinamo team, after a second-half goal by Daniel Rednic. Politehnica Iași eventually finished 10th with 39 points.

In the Romanian Cup they reached the quarter-finals, eliminating Unirea Dej (2–0) and FC Vaslui (2–1 AET) in the progress. They were eliminated by Rapid after a last-minute goal and after the referee disallowed a controversial goal scored in the second half by Politehnica.

During the season Politehnica experienced major financial problems, which resulted in the impossibility to buy better players for the team and difficulties encountered in receiving the club license necessary for playing in the 2006/07 season in Liga I. The license was finally obtained after the efforts made by chairman and mayor of Iași Gheorghe Nichita.

2006–07 season

Politehnica Iași started the season with the same financial problems, resulting in only four players joining the team in the pre-season break and many salaries and debts paid late. In addition, the conflict between Gheorghe Nichita and Iași prefect Radu Prisăcaru concerning public funding of the club and interference by the press spiced up the atmosphere. Despite all odds, Politehnica kept itself between the top six teams after the first 12 matches and was unbeaten for eight consecutive matches (seven in Liga I and one cup match), drawing at home with Steaua (1–1), Rapid and FCU Politehnica Timișoara (0–0). A negative run followed with one point in seven league matches and was followed by a 4–0 away victory against local rivals Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț. Politehnica finally finished 13th with 40 points.

The team qualified for the second time in a row in the quarter-finals of the Romanian Cup, disposing of Universitatea Cluj (2–1) and Farul Constanța (1–0), however, they were eliminated by Poli Timișoara, score 1–2.

2009–10 season

The club relegated from the Liga I at the end of the season.

Dissolution
After it relegated in 2010, the club became bankrupt because of debts that were accumulated during the years.

The football tradition in Iași has been continued by Politehnica Iași (2010), which regard themselves as the continuation of the original team. In 2018, they earned the right to use the logo and name of FC Politehnica.

Honours

 * Liga II
 * Winners (6): 1959–60, 1961–62, 1967–68, 1972–73, 1981–82, 2003–04
 * Runners-up (4): 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1993–94
 * Liga III
 * Winners (1): 2001–02

Rivalries with other clubs
Politehnica Iași had a rivalry with FC Vaslui and Oțelul Galați.

Former managers

 * 🇷🇴 Ion Unguroiu (1960–1961)
 * 🇷🇴 Traian Iordache (1962–1963)
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Teașcă (1963–1965)
 * 🇷🇴 Augustin Botescu (1965–1967)
 * 🇷🇴 Ion Zaharia (1967–1968)
 * 🇷🇴 Șerban Iustin (1968–1970)
 * 🇷🇴 Vintilă Mărdărescu (1970–1972)
 * 🇷🇴 Ilie Oană (1973–1977)
 * 🇷🇴 Leonida Antohi (1977–1981)
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Constantin (1981–1982)
 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Marica (1982–1983)
 * 🇷🇴 Ion Motroc (1982–1983)
 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Marica (1983–1984)
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Ianul (1983–1984)
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Simionaș (1983–1984)
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Oțet (1984–1985)
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Simionaș (1984–1985)
 * 🇷🇴 Dumitru Anton (1995–1996)
 * 🇷🇴 Leonida Antohi (1995–1996)
 * 🇷🇴 Narcis Ciocîrlan (1995–1996)
 * 🇷🇴 Silviu Stănescu (1995–1996)
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Moldoveanu (1996–1997)
 * 🇷🇴 Marian Moldovan (1997–1998)
 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Marica (1998)
 * 🇷🇴 Ion Moldovan (1998–1999)
 * 🇷🇴 Mihai Dănilă (1999–2000)
 * 🇷🇴 Leonida Nedelcu (1999–2000)
 * 🇷🇴 Ion Dumitru (2000–2001)
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Simionaș (2001–2002)
 * 🇷🇴 Marin Barbu (2002–2003)
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Simionaș & Narcis Ciocîrlan (2003–2004)
 * 🇷🇴 Ionuț Popa (2004–2008)
 * 🇮🇹 Cristiano Bergodi (2008–2009)
 * 🇷🇴 Ionuț Popa (2008–2009)
 * 🇷🇴 Dumitru Dumitriu (2009–2010)
 * 🇷🇴 Petre Grigoraș (2009–2010)

title: FC Politehnica Iași (1945)


text:
CS Politehnica Iași

CS Politehnica Iași is a Romanian sports society from Iași, Romania, founded in 1967.

title: CS Politehnica Iași


text:
File talk:Cold fusion electrolysis.PNG

It's Dewar, not Dewer, Theresa, but this time I'll let you edit the drawing. :-) -- Heron 12:41, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Never mind. I had some spare time and fixed it for you.  Hope you don't mind my tinkering. -- Heron 10:44, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: File talk:Cold fusion electrolysis.PNG


text:
Cartesian coordinate robot

A Cartesian coordinate robot (also called linear robot) is an industrial robot whose three principal axes of control are linear (i.e. they move in a straight line rather than rotate) and are at right angles to each other. The three sliding joints correspond to moving the wrist up-down, in-out, back-forth. Among other advantages, this mechanical arrangement simplifies the robot control arm solution. It has high reliability and precision when operating in three-dimensional space. As a robot coordinate system, it is also effective for horizontal travel and for stacking bins.

Configurations
Robots have mechanisms consisting of rigid links connected together by joints with either linear (prismatic P) or rotary (revolute R) motion, or combinations of the two. Active prismatic P and active revolute R joints are driven by motors under programmable control to manipulate objects to perform complex automated tasks. The linear motion of active prismatic P joints may be driven by rotary motors through gears or pulleys. Cartesian coordinate robots are controlled by mutually perpendicular active prismatic P joints that are aligned with the X, Y, Z axes of a Cartesian coordinate system. Although not strictly ‘robots’, other types of manipulators, such as computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines, 3D printers or pen plotters, also have the same mechanical arrangement of mutually perpendicular active prismatic P joints.

Joint topology
A single chain of links and joints connects a moving object to a base of serial manipulators. Multiple chains (limbs) connect the moving object to the base of parallel manipulators. Most Cartesian coordinate robots are fully serial or a combination of serial and parallel connected linkages. However, there are some Cartesian coordinate robots that are fully parallel-connected.

Degrees of freedom
Since they are driven by linear active prismatic P joints, Cartesian coordinate robots typically manipulate objects with only linear translation T degrees of freedom. However, some Cartesian coordinate robots also have rotational R degrees of freedom.

Construction
Each axis of a Cartesian coordinate robot typically is a linear stage consisting of a linear actuator geometrically parallel with linear bearings. The linear actuator is typically between two linear bearings spaced apart from each other to support moment loads. Two perpendicular linear stages stacked on top of each other form an XY table. Examples of XY tables include the XY axes of milling machines or precision positioning stages. At least one of the linear stages of cantilevered Cartesian coordinate robots is supported at only one end. Cantilevered construction provides accessibility to parts for pick-and-place applications such as laboratory automation for example. Cartesian coordinate robots with the horizontal member supported at both ends are sometimes called gantry robots; mechanically, they resemble gantry cranes, although the latter are not generally robots. Gantry robots are often quite large and may support heavy loads.

Applications
Popular applications for Cartesian coordinate robots are computer numerical control machines (CNC machine) and 3D printing. The simplest application is used in milling machines and plotters where a tool such as a router or pen translates across an X-Y plane and is raised and lowered onto a surface to create a precise design.

Pick and place machines are another application for Cartesian coordinate robots. For example, overhead gantry Cartesian robots are applied for continuous parts loading and unloading on CNC lathes production lines, performing 3-axis (X, Y, Z) pick and place operations of heavy loads with high speed performance and high positioning accuracy. In general, overhead gantry Cartesian robots are suitable for many automation systems.

title: Cartesian coordinate robot


text:
Talk:Happiness (1998 film)

References to use

 * Please add to the list references that can be used for the film article.

Clean up
The original text still reads like a review, but I wikified it a bit and fixed some typos Thermopyle 12:43, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)

 * Still reads too much like a review or essay. Anyon care if we shorten it a bit?

Secretagentwang 15:25, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Happiness is a movie about...happiness
I tidied up the plot a bit; it's really not necessary to point out all the times a character's "happiness" is affected just because that's the name of the movie.69.249.217.119 16:35, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

This has got to be one of the most pretentious articles on wikipedia. 70.143.52.140 (talk) 22:51, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Not a good article. The plot summary does not stick to the narrative but throws in lots of opinionated commentary on how happy or otherwise the characters seem. There is very little other info that you would usually see on a film article (cast, etc.), & NO CITATIONS at all, even for the controversy, or the quote from Robert Ebert, which according to the writer "puts in nicely" (redundant phrase!). In fact I don't know why this quote appears as the sole item under the heading Criticism. It says virtually nothing about the critical reaction to the film. (77.102.170.83 (talk) 23:57, 21 February 2008 (UTC))

 * Agreed. It's just ridiculous. Vordabois (talk) 12:00, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Huh?
...in the next scene by literally, essentially, robbing her. Which does he do, literally rob her or essentially rob her? He can't do both. MusicMaker5376 18:12, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

I am going to change the "Happiness" entry a bit.
I am going to fix a few errors on this page. It's full of misspellings and the grammar is pretty horrible.

--Thedanielwilliams 04:43, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

I'd like to attempt a rewrite as well. The original author seems pretty fond of the passive voice and I don't think his synopsis does this movie any justice.

--Thedanielwilliams 04:53, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Seems like the synopsis is missing anything on the youngest sister. -Hellkyte

In the plot section I changed the last two words from "achieves it" to "succeeds", since "achieves it" changes tenses. Pirchlogan (talk) 21:10, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Happiness DVD cover.jpg
Image:Happiness DVD cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 00:02, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

I came
This seems to be a very popular meme across the internet from the final scene in the film. Should it be mentioned? 99.139.120.111 (talk) 03:46, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Black comedy
I've changed the genre to "black comedy" which I think is more appropriate. There is not very much actual romance in the movie, instead I really think its a schoolbook example of black comedy. Kopmis (talk) 11:50, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

I jerk off vs. I'd jerk off
There seems to be disagreement among editors as to what Bill says to Billy in the last of their father-son talks. Looking at the page history, Tony Sandel and 70.35.163.76 seem to think that he says "I'd" whereas 65.25.203.163 and I think he says "I". Evidence I have that it's "I" is that that's what it says on this script http://sfy.ru/sfy.html?script=happiness

Addmittidly, that is a slightly different script to the script in the actual movie, perhaps it was the original script. Matthew Fennell (talk) 10:00, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

The question from Billy is "Would you...?" In that case, the answer would be "I'd" since it needs to contain would to follow the logic. Deliusfan (talk) 03:40, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

Plot needs reworking
The way it currently reads, one would think the movie is merely a series of vignettes centering on one person at a time, but that's not true at all. The film proceeds in a linear fashion time wise from beginning to end.

Can someone untangle the plot into its correct flow? Right now it reads like the remixed Arrested Development: Fateful Consequences. Deliusfan (talk) 03:38, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Happiness (1998 film)


text:
New Worlds (magazine)

New Worlds was a British science fiction magazine that began in 1936 as a fanzine called Novae Terrae. John Carnell, who became Novae Terrae's editor in 1939, renamed it New Worlds that year. He was instrumental in turning it into a professional publication in 1946 and was the first editor of the new incarnation. It became the leading UK science fiction magazine; the period to 1960 has been described by science fiction historian Mike Ashley as the magazine's "Golden Age".

Carnell joined the British Army in 1940 following the outbreak of the Second World War and returned to civilian life in 1946. He negotiated a publishing agreement for the magazine with Pendulum Publications, but only three issues of New Worlds were produced before Pendulum's bankruptcy in late 1947. A group of science fiction fans formed a company called Nova Publications to revive the magazine; the first issue under their management appeared in mid-1949. New Worlds continued to appear on a regular basis until issue 20, published in early 1953, following which a change of printers led to a hiatus in publication. In early 1954, when Maclaren & Sons acquired control of Nova Publications, the magazine returned to a stable monthly schedule.

Roberts & Vinter acquired New Worlds in 1964 when Michael Moorcock became editor. By the end of 1966, financial problems with their distributor led Roberts & Vinter to abandon New Worlds, but with the aid of an Arts Council grant obtained by Brian Aldiss, Moorcock was able to publish the magazine independently. He featured experimental and avant-garde material, and New Worlds became the focus of the "New Wave" of science fiction. Reaction among the science fiction community was mixed, with partisans and opponents of the New Wave debating the merits of New Worlds in the columns of fanzines such as Zenith-Speculation. Several of the regular contributors during this period, including Brian Aldiss, J. G. Ballard, Thomas M. Disch, and Moorcock himself, became major names in the field. By 1970, Moorcock was too in debt to continue with the magazine, and it became a paperback quarterly after issue 201. The title has been revived multiple times with Moorcock's direct involvement or approval; by 2021, 22 additional issues had appeared in various formats, including several anthologies.

Early years
In 1926, Hugo Gernsback launched Amazing Stories, the first science fiction (sf) magazine. It was soon followed by other US titles also specialising in sf, such as Astounding Stories and Wonder Stories. These were distributed in the UK, and British fan organisations began to appear. In 1936, Maurice K. Hanson, a science fiction fan living in Nuneaton, founded a fanzine called Novae Terrae (Latin for "new lands" or "new worlds") for the local branch of the Science Fiction League. Hanson moved to London and his fanzine became the official publication of the Science Fiction Association, founded in 1937.

Arthur C. Clarke, John Carnell and William F. Temple became involved in Novae Terrae's production. In 1939 Hanson gave up the editorship to Carnell, who retitled the fanzine New Worlds and restarted the numbering at volume 1 number 1; the first issue under Carnell's control was dated March 1939. Carnell wanted to turn New Worlds into a professional magazine, and through W.J. Passingham, a writer, had begun discussions with a publisher named The Worlds Says Ltd. In January 1940 Carnell was asked to put together three issues, and Carnell and Passingham each put up £50 towards costs. Carnell solicited material from British authors including John F. Burke, C.S. Youd, and David McIlwain, and acquired Robert A. Heinlein's "Lost Legion", but in March internal strife led to the collapse of The World Says. Alfred Greig, the director, returned to his native Canada without repaying Carnell and Passingham, and no issues were ever printed.

Carnell felt that the cover artwork, which he considered to be weak, was partly responsible for the poor sales. He put together a new design, based on covers from two US science fiction magazines, and gave it to artist Victor Caesari to complete. The resulting space scene was the cover for the second issue, which appeared in October 1946; in combination with Pendulum's investment in promoting the magazine this led to much better sales, and the second issue sold out completely. Pendulum rebound the remaining copies of the first issue with the second cover design, and repriced them at 1/6 (7.5p); the first two issues had been priced at 2/- (10p). The new cover and price were much more popular and the repackaged first issue, like the second, soon sold out.

Pendulum Publications produced one more issue in October 1947, shortly before going bankrupt and thus leaving New Worlds without a publisher. The magazine was saved by a group of sf fans who since 1946 had been meeting regularly on Thursday nights at the White Horse public house on New Fetter Lane, near Fleet Street. At one of those meetings it was suggested that they form a company to revive New Worlds; one of those present, Frank Cooper, recently retired from the Royal Air Force, agreed to look into what would be necessary to start a new company.

Nova Publications
In May 1948 Carnell announced at a science fiction convention in London that plans were well underway to form a new company, to be called Nova Publications Ltd. Nova raised £600 in capital and was launched in early 1949. There were initially six directors: the chairman was John Wyndham, and the remaining board members were G. Ken Chapman, Frank Cooper, Walter Gillings, Eric C. Williams, and John Carnell. A printer was found near Stoke Newington, where Frank Cooper was based, and the first issue (numbered 4, to follow on from the three Pendulum issues) appeared in June. It was planned to move to regular quarterly publication, and subsequently to a bimonthly schedule. To keep costs down Nova decided to handle the distribution themselves; this was not easy but Cooper and his assistant, Les Flood, were sufficiently successful that in July the decision was taken to go ahead with the planned quarterly schedule. A fifth issue appeared in September, and the sixth issue early the following year, dated Spring 1950.

In 1950, with New Worlds on a stable quarterly schedule, Nova Publications decided to launch a companion, Science Fantasy. They chose Walter Gillings as the editor; but he was replaced by Carnell after two issues, partly because Nova could not afford to pay two editorial salaries, and partly because of "fundamental differences of opinion". At the end of 1951 New Worlds went bimonthly, and by the middle of the year had reached a circulation of 18,000. The price had been reduced to 1/6 with the third issue, but with paper costs rising Nova looked for a cheaper printer. The new printer, The Carlton Press, was supposed to take over production with the May 1953 issue (number 21), but the issue was late, and had to be dated June 1953 instead. The issue was shoddily produced, which dismayed Nova's board, and printers' strikes caused further delays. Nova discovered that The Carlton Press was an agent with no printing facilities; they farmed out work to other printers, but were only able to get their commissions executed when they paid off any prior debts to those printers. Issue 22 was repeatedly delayed; proofs appeared in August, and the issue was promised for November. Even this schedule was not adhered to, and Carnell received a copy of the print run in January 1954. The copy was dated 1953 (with no month), and since this made it useless for distribution in 1954, Carnell refused to accept the print run.

While the dispute with the printers was going on, Carnell and Maurice Goldsmith, a journalist acquaintance of Carnell's, put together a small conference of well-known science fiction authors, including Arthur C. Clarke and John Wyndham. Goldsmith covered the conference for Illustrated, a weekly magazine, and the article caught the attention of Maclaren & Sons Ltd, a technical trade publisher interested in launching a new sf magazine. Carnell turned down the offer because of his loyalty to Nova Publications, but subsequent discussions ultimately led to Maclaren taking control of Nova, with a commitment to produce New Worlds on a monthly basis and Science Fantasy on a bimonthly schedule. By January 1954, when The Carlton Press delivered the incorrectly dated issue 22, the acquisition by Maclaren was complete, and Maclaren's legal department was helpful in resolving the dispute. The printing press which had printed the issue was not paid by The Carlton Press, so an injunction was obtained that sequestered the issues to avoid them being sold to recover the printing costs. Carnell retained the copy he had been sent in January, and it is thought that this is the only copy that exists of The Carlton Press's version of this issue, as the remainder of the printing run was destroyed after the court case. The cover painting, by Gerard Quinn, was subsequently used on issue 13 of Science Fantasy, and all the stories and editorial material eventually appeared in later issues of New Worlds over the next year.

The financial support that Maclaren provided meant that once issue 22 appeared in April 1954, it was the start of a regular monthly schedule that lasted until 1964 with just one hiccup: a printing dispute in 1959 delayed the August issue and it was combined with the September issue. Despite this stability, New Worlds's circulation began to decline in the early 1960s. Nova Publications had launched a third magazine, Science Fiction Adventures, in 1958, but both it and Science Fantasy were also losing readers, and in May 1963 Science Fiction Adventures was cancelled. In September of that year Nova's board decided to close down both New Worlds and Science Fantasy, and in preparation for the change Carnell signed a contract in December 1963 to edit an original anthology series, New Writings in SF, for publisher Dennis Dobson.

Roberts & Vinter
When Michael Moorcock, who by this time had begun selling stories to Carnell, heard of the plans to cease publication of New Worlds and Science Fantasy, he wrote a letter that appeared in issue 141 lamenting the loss to the British science fiction field of both the magazines and Carnell himself. Carnell did not want to continue to edit the magazines in addition to New Writings in SF, and recommended Moorcock to Warburton. Kyril Bonfiglioli, an Oxford art dealer who was a friend of Brian Aldiss, also expressed an interest. Warburton gave Moorcock the choice of which magazine to edit; Moorcock chose New Worlds, and Bonfiglioli became the new editor of Science Fantasy. Moorcock wanted to switch to a large format, and showed Warburton a dummy issue he had made up, but Warburton insisted on a paperback format in order to fit in with the other titles they were producing, though he agreed to revisit the format in the future if sales improved. The first issue under Moorcock's control was number 142, dated May/June 1964. The schedule was initially bimonthly, but at the start of 1965 it returned to a stable monthly schedule.

In July 1966 Roberts & Vinter's distributor, Thorpe & Porter, went bankrupt, owing Roberts & Vinter a substantial sum. The resulting financial pressure led Roberts & Vinter to focus on their more profitable magazines, and they made plans to close down both Science Fantasy and New Worlds. After hearing of these plans, Moorcock and Warburton began to consider forming a separate company to continue publishing New Worlds, and Brian Aldiss contacted well-known literary figures such as J.B. Priestley, Kingsley Amis, Marghanita Laski, and Angus Wilson to gain support for an application for a grant from the British Arts Council in late 1966. In early January 1967 Aldiss discovered that the grant application would be successful, and that New Worlds would be awarded £150 per issue, though in the event the grant certification was delayed until at least May. The grant was enough to enable the magazine to continue, though it would not cover all costs. A publisher still had to be found, and both Fontana and Panther Books expressed an interest, but the promise of the money and the prestige of an Arts Council grant convinced Warburton to stay involved personally. While these negotiations were going on, two more issues were assembled from backfile material and donated stories. Roberts & Vinter had ceased to exist by this time, so a sister company, Gold Star Publications, became the publisher for both these issues, with Warburton and Aldiss providing Gold Star with personal financial guarantees. These two issues appeared in March and April 1967, but the latter was mistakenly also dated March in the indicia. Science Fantasy, which by this time had been retitled SF Impulse, was not continued but was merged with New Worlds as of the first Gold Star issue, though nothing of SF Impulse's design or content was visible in New Worlds.

Arts Council
Delays led to a skipped month, with the December 1967 and January 1968 issues being combined into one, but a monthly schedule returned thereafter. The March 1968 issue contained the third instalment of Norman Spinrad's novel Bug Jack Barron, which included some fairly explicit sex scenes. A member of parliament complained in the House of Commons that the Arts Council was "sponsoring filth"; and soon W.H. Smith and John Menzies, the two main retail outlets for magazines in the UK, withdrew the magazine from sale. The complaints came at the time when the Arts Council was considering renewing the grant for another year, and it appeared for a while that New Worlds would have to cease publication, but eventually the grant was renewed. With money from advertising, and a substantial contribution from Moorcock himself, the magazine was able to survive.

The loss of revenue caused by the withdrawal from sale of the March 1968 issue was exacerbated by a temporary ban on the magazine in South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, and by John Menzies' subsequent decision not to stock New Worlds. W.H. Smith left it to their individual branch managers to decide whether or not to carry the magazine. Stonehart were unhappy with developments and refused to pay the printers, who in turn withheld the printed copies. The Arts Council money had been intended for the contributors, but a disagreement over the grant led to Stonehart's refusal to pay them as well. Some negative coverage appeared in the press as a consequence of the distribution ban. The grant was eventually renewed, but by late that year Moorcock paid contributors and printing bills and severed relations with Stein and Stonehart after the July 1968 issue and switched distributors to independent Moore Harness (Time Out, Private Eye).

Without reliable distribution at the leading newsagents, New Worlds had to rely on unconventional distribution and subscriptions. The magazine was not especially profitable, and since Moorcock had not formed a company to publish it, he was personally responsible for its costs. To bring in cash he had been writing fantasy novels at a very rapid rate since early 1968, and from early 1969 the editorial work was given to various others, primarily Charles Platt and Langdon Jones. A regular monthly schedule was adhered to from January until July 1969, at which point came another financial blow when it was discovered that half of the print run of 20,000 was being held back by the distributors. Moorcock attempted to regroup by reducing the number of pages in each issue, and because he was again forced to write as much as he could to earn enough to pay New Worlds's bills, he turned over almost all editorial duties to Charles Platt, though others involved with the magazine also took turns at the editorial work over the next few issues. Moorcock was £3,000 in debt, and in combination with the Arts Council's decision not to renew their grant he found himself with no option but to cease publication on a monthly schedule and arrange a quarterly schedule in paperback format published by Sphere Books. The April 1970 issue, the 200th, was the last that went out to the distributors; one more issue was prepared and posted to subscribers as the 'Special Good Taste Issue' the following March. In 1957 the magazine won a Hugo Award and under Moorcock's editorship several serials and novellas won Hugo and Nebula awards for serials and novellas including Moorcock's own Behold the Man, Brunner's Stand on Zanzibar, Ellison's A Boy and his Dog and Delany's Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones.

Later incarnations
When Moorcock realised that the magazine would have to fold, he made arrangements with Sphere Books to continue New Worlds as a quarterly paperback anthology series. Sphere produced eight issues, although the quarterly schedule was not adhered to after the fourth issue; the eighth issue appeared in 1975. Six issues were reprinted in the US. The early issues did well financially, with about 25,000 copies sold, not counting US sales. Moorcock turned over the editorship to Charles Platt with the sixth volume, and to Hilary Bailey thereafter, to give himself more time to devote to his own writing: he also commented that by this time "I no longer had my editorial touch (I couldn't read sf at all)". Sphere cancelled the series after two more issues; it was briefly taken over by Corgi Books, but sales were weak and Corgi dropped the series with New Worlds 10 in 1976, although according to Moorcock he and Bailey decided to end the series when they got into disagreements with Corgi. In the US Berkley Books published volumes 1 through 4, and when they dropped the series Platt, who was a consulting editor at Avon Books, reprinted two further volumes, number 6 and 7 of the UK series.

In 1978 the magazine was revived by Moorcock again, this time in a fanzine format. Four more issues appeared, professionally printed and with various editors, between Spring 1978 and September 1979. There followed a gap until 1991, when New Worlds again reappeared as a paperback anthology series, this time edited by David S. Garnett. Four volumes appeared between 1991 and 1994, published by Victor Gollancz. Moorcock edited a fiftieth anniversary issue in 1996, and Garnett subsequently edited one more issue of the anthology. Together with the earlier fanzine, magazine and anthology versions, these took the issue numbering from 212 through to 222.

In 2021 the magazine was revived once again by Nick Gevers and Peter Crowther at PS Publishing as an anthology series with paperback and limited signed hardcover editions.

Carnell
The lead story of the first issue of New Worlds was Maurice Hugi's "The Mill of the Gods". John Russell Fearn contributed four stories, under his own name and three pseudonyms, and William Temple provided "The Three Pylons", a fantasy which turned out to be the most popular story in the issue. Science fiction historian Mike Ashley regards the next two issues as an improvement on the first; the second issue contained John Wyndham's "The Living Lies", under his "John Beynon" alias, and the third contained "Inheritance", an early story by Arthur C. Clarke. Wyndham's story, about hostility and bigotry shown by settlers on Venus to the Venusian natives, was reprinted in Other Worlds in 1950, while "Inheritance" later appeared in Astounding Science Fiction.

The acquisition of Nova Publications by Maclaren in 1954 gave New Worlds the stability to establish itself as a leading magazine. Ashley describes the period from 1954 to 1960 as a "Golden Age" for New Worlds. Carnell bought J. G. Ballard's first sale, "Escapement", which appeared in the December 1956 New Worlds; Ballard went on to become a significant figure in the genre in the 1960s. Ballard was grateful to Carnell for the support he provided Ballard in the late 1950s. Much of Ballard's work appeared in New Worlds and Science Fantasy, and Ballard later recalled that Carnell "recognized what I was on about from a very early stage and he encouraged me to go on writing in my own way." Carnell also published much of Brian Aldiss's early work in Science Fantasy and New Worlds. John Brunner, later to become one of the most successful British science fiction writers, appeared regularly in the Nova magazines, starting with "Visitors' Book" in the April 1955 New Worlds. James White began publishing with "Assisted Passage" in the January 1953 New Worlds, and in 1957 began his popular Sector General series, about a hospital for aliens, with "Sector General" in the November 1957 issue. John Wyndham, who was already well known outside the genre for works such as The Day of the Triffids, began a series about the Troons, a space-going family, with "For All the Night" in the April 1958 issue. Arthur C. Clarke, another successful British sf writer of the period, wrote relatively few short stories for the British market, but published "Who's There" in the November 1958 New Worlds. Colin Kapp began his popular "Unorthodox Engineers" series with "The Railways up on Cannis", in October 1959. Other less well-known writers who were prolific during the late 1950s included J. T. McIntosh, Kenneth Bulmer, and E. C. Tubb.

New Worlds has been credited with "shap[ing] the way science fiction developed" as a genre. It "did the most" of any magazine for British science fiction, helping to revive a nationalist style of speculative fiction in the 1950s; Roger Luckhurst called it "the most important British sf journal". Particularly influential were Clarke's "Guardian Angel" (published in 1950), and the work of Brian Aldiss, John Brunner and J. G. Ballard. Mike Ashley argued that New Worlds and Science-Fantasy were "the bedrock of high-quality science fiction in Britain". Female readership for the magazine was between 5 and 15 percent, according to surveys conducted during the 1950s. The magazine became increasingly popular among a younger demographic: readers 19 and under made up 5 percent of total readership in 1954, 18 percent in 1958, and 31 percent in 1963. The same polls also showed an increase in the number of science and technology workers reading the magazine during that period. Among the best artists of this period were Brian Lewis, Gordon Hutchings, and Gerard Quinn, whose art is regarded by Ashley as comparable in style to Virgil Finlay's work. In 1957 Carnell stopped using interior art, saying that "art work in the digest-size magazines is as out-of-date as a coal fire".

In Ashley's view, the quality of New Worlds began to drop in the early 1960s. It still ran popular series such as White's Sector General stories, and printed some well-received stories such as Harry Harrison's "The Streets of Ashkelon", about a clash between an atheist (the protagonist) and a priest, on another planet. Because of the subject matter, it took six years for Harrison to find an editor willing to accept the story; when Aldiss bought it for an anthology, Carnell agreed to print it in New Worlds, where it appeared in September 1962. J.G. Ballard continued to publish in New Worlds, but was now sending his more conventional stories to the US magazines, and submitting his more experimental pieces to Carnell. Examples from 1961 to 1964 include "The Overloaded Man", "The Subliminal Man", "End-Game", and "The Terminal Beach", with themes of psychological stress, and changes to the nature of perception and of reality.

Moorcock
When Roberts & Vinter made the decision to close down New Worlds in 1963, Moorcock and Ballard considered publishing a new magazine that would be willing, as Carnell had been, to publish experimental material. Moorcock assembled a dummy issue, and later described his intentions: "It would be on art paper, to take good quality illustrations; it would be the size of, say, Playboy so that it would get good display space on the newsstands; it would specialise in experimental work by writers like [William] Burroughs and [Eduardo] Paolozzi, but it would be 'popular', it would seek to publicise such experimenters; it would publish all those writers who had become demoralised by a lack of sympathetic publishers and by baffled critics; it would attempt a cross-fertilization of popular sf, science and the work of the literary and artistic avant garde." Moorcock also wrote a letter to Carnell setting out his thoughts on what science fiction needed: "Editors who are willing to take a risk on a story and run it even though this may bring criticism on their heads." The letter was published in the final Nova Publications issue, which also carried the announcement that Moorcock would be taking over from Carnell as editor of New Worlds, though Moorcock had been unaware he would be considered for the post when he wrote his letter.

Moorcock's first issue, dated May/June 1964, bore a cover by James Cawthorn illustrating the first instalment of Ballard's novella "Equinox"; Ballard also contributed a book review of William Burroughs' Dead Fingers Talk, and stories by Brian Aldiss, Barrington Bayley, and John Brunner completed the issue. Moorcock's editorial included a quote from a radio interview with William Burroughs to the effect that "If writers are to describe the advanced techniques of the Space Age, they must invent writing techniques equally advanced in order properly to deal with them." Within the first few issues, Moorcock printed stories intended to demonstrate his editorial goals. The most controversial of these was Langdon Jones' "I Remember, Anita ...", which appeared in the September/October 1964 issue; the story contained sex scenes that led to arguments in the magazine's letter column, and some regular subscribers abandoned the magazines, though overall circulation increased.

Moorcock contributed a substantial amount of material, under his own name and under pseudonyms such as James Colvin; some of these stories were fairly traditional, but contributions such as the Jerry Cornelius stories, which began with "Preliminary Data" in the August 1965 issue, were much more experimental. He also printed his novella "Behold the Man" in the September 1966 issue; the story, about a time traveller who returns to the time of Christ, won him a Nebula Award the following year. Ballard also began to write some of his most controversial stories, including "You: Coma: Marilyn Monroe" in the June 1966 issue, and "The Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Considered as a Downhill Motor Race", in March 1967; both had been previously published in Ambit, a literary magazine, in 1966.

Many writers now found New Worlds to be a market in which they could publish experimental material. Charles Platt, David I. Masson, and Barrington Bayley were among the British writers in this group, and Moorcock also attracted work from US writers such as John Sladek, Roger Zelazny and Thomas M. Disch. Zelazny's contributions included "For a Breath I Tarry" in March 1966, and Disch published several short stories and the novel Echo Round His Bones, which was serialized starting in the December 1966 and January 1967 issues. Disch commented that he had been unable to find a publisher for the novel in the US.

In the mid-1960s, the term "New Wave" began to be applied to the more experimental work that Moorcock was publishing, and New Worlds was soon regarded as the leading publication in the New Wave movement. In addition to the experimental material, Moorcock attempted to keep the existing readership happy by publishing more traditional science fiction; in the words of sf historian Colin Greenland, he "changed the contents of the magazine much more slowly than he pretended to". Traditional sf stories bought by Moorcock include Vernor Vinge's first story, "Apartness", which appeared in June 1965; he also printed material from Bob Shaw, early stories by Terry Pratchett, and, in March 1965, Arthur C. Clarke's "Sunjammer".

Arts Council and after
When Moorcock took over publication of New Worlds from Roberts & Vinter he changed the format from digest to a larger size with good quality paper that allowed better use of artwork. The first issue in this format, July 1967, contained part one of Disch's Camp Concentration, written for the magazine and refused by its American publisher because of the explicit language used by the protagonist. Disch afterwards recalled that some of the experimental language in the book was written in the knowledge that New Worlds was available as a market for unconventional fiction. Other new writers who appeared in the magazine include M. John Harrison and Robert Holdstock, who both appeared in the November 1968 issue, and Michael Butterworth whose work first appeared in the May 1966 edition. The December 1968 issue included Samuel R. Delany's "Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones", and Harlan Ellison's "A Boy and His Dog" appeared in April 1969; Ellison won a Nebula Award, and Delany both a Nebula and a Hugo, though it was not until the stories were reprinted in book form that they were widely noticed.

The July 1967 issue of New Worlds contained Pamela Zoline's first story, "The Heat Death of the Universe", which used entropy, a frequent theme in New Worlds, as a metaphor. The story is one of the best examples of the new approach Moorcock was taking with the magazine: in the words of critic Edward James, the goal was to "use science-fictional and scientific language and imagery to describe perfectly 'ordinary' scenes of life, and by doing so produce altered perceptions of reality in the reader". "Inner space", a term originally coined by J.B. Priestley, was also used to describe the focus of the stories Moorcock printed, in contrast to traditional science fiction's focus on outer space, and James regards the term as "the watchword of the British New Wave, and the shibboleth by which one recognized those who had abandoned Gernsback and Campbell." The methods and interests of these writers were quite different from those of traditional science fiction: the concern was with internal rather than external reality, and experimental techniques, unusual juxtapositions of material, and a focus on psychological concerns were the norm.

With the switch to anthology format, some of the more experimental material disappeared. In his editorials, Moorcock made it clear that he did not want to exclude traditional sf stories; he wanted to eliminate the genre boundaries completely, and have science fiction treated as part of the mainstream of fiction. The quarterlies were labelled as science fiction since Sphere knew that would increase sales. The stories printed in the anthologies were generally downbeat. New writers who appeared for the first time in the quarterly anthology series included Marta Randall (under the name Marta Bergstrasser), Eleanor Arnason, Geoff Ryman, and Rachel Pollack (as Richard A. Pollack).

Issue 212 reprinted a piece written by Moorcock and M. John Harrison that was a spoof issue of The Guardian; it had been published in Frendz, an underground paper, in 1971. The next two issues also contained mock newspaper stories; issue 215 contained more conventional material, including a Jerry Cornelius story written by Charles Partington. Issue 216, the last of the late 1970s issues, reintroduced the mock news stories. The 1990s anthology series did not try to recapture the atmosphere or style of the 1960s or 1970s New Worlds. It contained some well-received material, including stories by Moorcock, Paul Di Filippo, and Ian McDonald, but was financially unsuccessful. The current revival from PS Publishing began in 2021.

New Worlds and the "New Wave"
New Worlds' greatest influence on science fiction came in the 1960s, with the "New Wave" that began with Moorcock's polemical editorials. Moorcock asserted in 1965 that a writer of good sf "can learn from his predecessors, but he should not imitate them"; and he was soon publishing stories that were quite different in technique and style from anything that had appeared before, not just in New Worlds itself, but in any of the sf magazines. Moorcock's goal was to use the magazine to "define a new avant-garde role" for the genre. New Worlds thus became the "ideological center of the [New Wave] movement to rejuvenate conjectural literature".

The term "New Wave" did not always meet with approval among those who were regarded as part of it (this included Moorcock, who denied that he was creating a movement). Brian Aldiss, for example, wrote to Judith Merril in 1966 that he suspected the term was "a journalistic invention of yours and Mike Moorcock's", and added "I feel I am no part of the New Wave; I was here before 'em, and by God I mean to be here after they've gone (still writing bloody science fiction)!" Merril was an important advocate for New Worlds and the New Wave, and popularized the latter in her anthology England Swings SF, which appeared in 1968; she spent almost a year in London, living near Moorcock, when researching the anthology in 1966–1967. Merril and writer Christopher Priest were among those who used the term "New Wave" to describe the work being done in New Worlds, but Aldiss was not the only writer to object to the term, and it never received a generally accepted definition. Critic Brian Attebery characterizes it as a "disruptive, existentially fraught and formally daring" style; Peter Nicholls hesitates to define it but comments that "perhaps the fundamental element was the belief that sf could and should be taken seriously as literature". In a 1967 interview, Ballard, one of the writers most closely associated with the New Wave, described modern US sf as extrovert and optimistic, and contrasted it with "the new science fiction, that other people apart from myself are now beginning to write", which he saw as "introverted, possibly pessimistic rather than optimistic, much less certain of its own territory."

Whatever the exact definition of the term, between 1964 and 1966, New Worlds was at the forefront of the New Wave movement. Two guest editorials in 1962 and 1963 ("Which way to Inner Space?" by Ballard and "Play with Feeling" by Moorcock) were arguably the "first glimmerings" of New Wave ideas in sf magazines. Latham suggests that these were "the first volleys in the polemical offensive they would launch once [Moorcock] gained control of the magazine and installed [Ballard] as his resident visionary". The response to the New Wave from critics and sf fans was varied. Christopher Priest called New Worlds a "New Wave prozine", but lauded the talents of its writers and its experimental stories (with the exception of Ballard's The Crystal World, which he deemed "tedious and wearying"). Ian McAuley suggested the magazine's editors were "plugging the 'inner-space' jazz for all its [sic] worth". Mike Ashley argued that New Worlds was instrumental in promoting authors who would not otherwise have been published (a suggestion with which Bould and Butler concur). Ballard was a particular focus of both praise and vehement criticism, and was vigorously defended by Moorcock. Peter Weston took an "even-handed approach" by praising New Worlds in Speculation editorials, in contrast with his largely negative columnists.

Beginning in 1966, US fanzines began responding to New Worlds and its detractors, and the debate spread to the professional US magazines as well. Merril praised Disch and Ballard's contributions to New Worlds in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction; Algis Budrys in Galaxy rebutted her viewpoint and condemned both authors. Frederik Pohl called New Worlds "damned dull", advocating a return to adventure stories. American science fiction authors "were finding it increasingly difficult to avoid partisan alignments in the developing New Wave war" because of the preponderance of columns and letters in American magazines both for and against New Worlds and New Wave in general. Latham suggests that "the New Worlds editorial conclave was actively working within fandom to counteract the Old Guard assaults".

By the end of the 1960s, New Worlds and the New Wave's connection to and influence on science fiction was becoming tenuous. In the August 1969 issue, Platt asserted that "New Worlds is not a science-fiction magazine", and Moorcock likened it to an avant-garde and experimental literary review. The sf world had lost interest in New Worlds, and it had become, in Ashley's words, "a revolution running out of energy". In the longer term it proved influential, despite the lack of wide acceptance at the time: in the words of sf historian Brian Stableford, "the paths beaten by the New Worlds writers are now much more generally in use".

Bibliographic details
The following table shows the editorial succession at New Worlds, indicates which issues appeared from which publisher,  and gives the format, page count and price of each issue:  Dates in [square brackets] indicate the approximate date that an issue was released in cases where a month did not appear on the magazine.

There were US reprints of six of the New Worlds Quarterly anthology series. The first four were published by Berkley Books; Avon Books picked up two more of the series after Berkley dropped it, but since the fifth volume had been missed by that time, Avon retitled volumes 6 and 7 as New Worlds Quarterly 5 and New Worlds Quarterly 6.

US editions
A US reprint edition of New Worlds ran briefly in 1960, published by Great American Publications, who at the time were the publishers of Fantastic Universe, edited by Hans Stefan Santesson. The first issue appeared in March 1960; it omitted Carnell's name, and credited Santesson as editor. Although the fiction consisted entirely of reprints, with all but one story coming from the British New Worlds, this was not declared to the reader. Carnell was unhappy with the results of this attempt to break into the US market, but in the event Great American collapsed later that year and only five issues appeared, on a monthly schedule from March to July. The contents of the issues did not correspond to specific British issues: the majority were taken from New Worlds but one story was reprinted from Nova's edition of Science Fiction Adventures, and three were taken from Fantastic Universe, which had ceased publication with its March 1960 issue.

Subsequently the British edition was released in the US essentially unchanged, with a cover date delayed by one month, starting with issue 99 (October 1960).

Anthologies
Several anthologies of stories from New Worlds have been published, including:

title: New Worlds (magazine)


text:
Talk:New Worlds (magazine)

Reprint?
Is it correct to say that the US-based New Worlds was a reprint? I thought it was but Strauss's 1951-1965 index shows Aldiss "Planet of Death" only in New Worlds US. Notinasnaid 12:52, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) 1`

Orphaned references in New Worlds (magazine)
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of New Worlds (magazine)'s orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "issues": From Science Fantasy (magazine): See the individual issues. For convenience, an online index is available at  From Authentic Science Fiction: See the individual issues. From Analog Science Fiction and Fact: See the individual issues. For convenience, an online index is available at and

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 00:52, 13 May 2011 (UTC)
 * This has been fixed. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 16:40, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

2011 relaunch
I've cut the announcement of the 2011 relaunch; here's the text I cut:
 * In April, 2011, news broke that the Daves Dream Company, under the direction of Dick Jude, David Hodson, David Tamlyn, Roger Gray and Felix Jude-West - had reached an agreement with Michael Moorcock to revive New Worlds, and that Moorcock agreed to lend his name to the masthead of the magazine and to contribute editorial pieces. The new publishers said that the magazine will appear in both electronic and traditional print formats and will be backed up by a website with extensive editorial features free to all interested readers.
 * The publishers anticipate that the new incarnation of the magazine will debut in September/October 2011, initially on a quarterly publishing schedule. Subscribers will receive both the electronic and printed versions of the magazine. Subscription rates and details will appear on www.newworlds.co.uk when the website goes live in June/July 2011.

The cite is to |SF Signal. I asked Ealdgyth, a frequent source reviewer at FAC, if she would regard SF Signal as a reliable source, and she said no. If this happens it will be covered by Locus, and since that is a reliable source we would be able to add it at that point. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 17:13, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

Reprint editions
I am having some trouble sourcing the overseas editions. Per this page there was a Canadian edition in the mid 1950s and a New Zealand edition from the 1950s for some time, but neither are mentioned in any of my bibliographic sources. Searching on used.addall.com finds the February and March 1955 issues of the Canadian version, so it appears they really do exist. If anyone knows of a site that can be used as a reliable source, please post a note here. I don't think philsp.com can be used since it's self-published. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 17:35, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

WP:COLOUR
WP:COLOUR states that articles should not convey information solely by use of colour, as this articles does in the tables with coloured legends. Alarbus (talk) 15:11, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The only thing that's conveyed by colour is who was editor, and that's repeated in the bibliographic details section at the end of the article, so I think it's OK as it stands -- the information is not conveyed "solely" by use of colour. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 04:38, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Notes on influence and litcrit
The "influence" paragraph is left over from before I starting working on this article, as are the two paragraphs above it. I'll keep working through the contents and reception section since I think that can be a fairly straightforward listing of notable stories and review commentary; it shouldn't take me long, and then I can stand adding some material to the influence section.

I saw your edit summary about whether to split out the litcrit from the influence section. I think it depends on how much useful material we find. I can source some of the influence section from straightforward genre histories; they'll talk about to what extent New Worlds-type stories began to be seen elsewhere, and so forth. The litcrit stuff is mostly going to be about the content of the stories, and mostly won't confine itself to the magazine, so we may find that much of the material you find by searching for New Worlds is actually more suited for the New Wave science fiction article (which we could work on if you like, or we could just park the source info on that talk page).

I think the influence section needs to cover:
 * the contemporary reception within sf -- how did writers, readers, fans, other editors react? How did they change their writing or reading or editing in response?
 * the impact on the careers of the associated writers -- particularly Moorcock, Aldiss and Ballard, but maybe also Sladek, Disch, Priest, and possibly others.
 * the way sf changed after New Worlds -- had it really made a difference? Was it a symptom or a cause of the changes in sf over the next ten or twenty years?  What is the historical importance of the magazine?

I don't know what we'll find in the literature search, so it's hard to categorize it, but some is likely to fall into the above categories. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 01:36, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Based on my preliminary search, New Worlds is credited with making a significant difference in the development of sf as a genre, although I haven't yet seen many specifics on that. I have actually found some material about the magazine as independent of the stories and the new wave movement - I'll add that in a bit. Nikkimaria (talk) 03:33, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * It looks like there's some influence material in Transformations, which I don't have - can you take a look? Nikkimaria (talk) 04:20, 20 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I should be able to take a look tonight and post something. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 20:48, 20 February 2012 (UTC)

Check an edit
Nikkimaria: I just split a sentence to organize the influence section more chronologically; there won't be much on the fifties so I wanted to assemble it in the first para. The Ashley quote I moved is definitely related to the 50s, but you supported it with two other cites from sources I don't have. Can you check to make sure they're still in the right place, or if they should be moved to the 1950s para? Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 15:31, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Also, what era does this quote refer to - 50s or 60s? "New Worlds has been credited with "shap[ing] the way science fiction developed" as a genre", from James & Mendlesohn. Mike Christie (talk - contribs -  library) 15:38, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The first two cites fit the 1960s; the James and Mendlesohn doesn't specify an era, and is making a general point, so I think is fine where it is. Nikkimaria (talk) 20:01, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Influence/New Wave section
Nikkimaria, I've restructured the section a bit and retitled it, since it seems sensible, given the sources, to talk about the interaction with the New Wave specifically. A couple of issues.

 * The 1950s para is short and seems out of place. Perhaps it should be moved to the Carnell part of "Contents and reception"? That would work with the retitling of "Influence" to its current title, which excludes the 1950s.  If you can confirm the question I have above about which sources are talking about which decades, I will make that change.
 * I think the general sequence of the section is starting to take shape but I'm not yet happy with it; it doesn't yet read with much flow. I think the sequence is something like:
 * Intro -- New Wave triggered by Moorcock editorials, lots of response from writers, contents of New Worlds changed a lot
 * Comments like Ballard's about what he was trying to accomplish, attempted definitions and characterizations of the New Wave
 * Initial response and proselytization -- Merril advocacy, England Swings SF, lack of interest in the label from writers such as Aldiss
 * Antagonistic response from, in particular, Americans such as Pohl, and from many readers
 * Fizzling out of the movement at the end of the 1960s but ongoing influence within the genre -- e.g. editors such as Knight

If you agree in outline I will have another go at assembling this when I get some more time. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 17:47, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Mostly I agree with that proposed outline. However, it might also work to keep some of the interaction between US writers wrt New Wave - Merril, others responding to Merril, Merril countering - as well as the US response directly to New Worlds. Nikkimaria (talk) 20:01, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Redrafted section
Nikkimaria, could you take a look at User:Mike_Christie/Sandbox and let me know what you think? I've tried to rewrite the section for sequence and flow, without worrying about sourcing the statements; I think everything there can be sourced. If we can get it right in that format I can bring it back here and add back the sourcing. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 19:00, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Worlds (magazine)


text:
User:JamesMLane/John Kerry Silver Star

''Note: This is a proposal for sections of the main article concerning Kerry's Silver Star and related issues. With reference to the section numbers in the version protected by Mirv (02:16, 13 Aug 2004), this proposal would: Ignore the Table of Contents on this version. I've set the headings up so that they'll look right if plugged into the John Kerry article, even though it makes the ToC look wrong here.
 * 1) replace the main section on the Silver Star with the new text below;
 * 2) replace the top-level (two equal signs) heading "Criticism of military service and awards" with a new heading "Controversies over military service and awards" and return that heading to being a subheading (three equal signs) under "Military Service";
 * 3) under the "Controversies" subheading, leave the first subsubsection, on "First Purple Heart", as it is now, but replace the next two subsubsectons with new text below.

New text to replace "Silver Star", protected as 2.2.4:

Silver Star
Historian Douglas Brinkley wrote Tour of Duty: John Kerry and the Vietnam War.

Eight days later, on February 28, the incident for which Kerry was awarded the Silver Star occurred. On this occasion, Kerry was in tactical command of his Swift boat and two others. Their mission included bringing a demolition team and dozens of South Vietnamese soldiers to destroy enemy sampans, structures and bunkers. Along the Bay Hap River, they ran into an ambush. Kerry directed the boats “to turn to the beach and charge the Viet Cong positions,” and he “expertly directed” his boat’s fire and coordinated the deployment of the South Vietnamese troops, according to the Navy’s medal citation to Kerry. When Kerry heard that another Swift boat had been ambushed, he and his crew rushed to assist them. Kerry’s boat came under fire from several Viet Cong B-40 rockets, with one hitting and shattering the crew cabin windows. The normal procedure would have been to fire to shore and then retreat to an off-shore location. Instead, Kerry ordered the navigator to take the boat ashore, directly towards the enemy's position. A Viet Cong soldier with a rocket launcher appeared and, though wounded by the Swift boat’s machine gun, was still alive and holding a weapon that could have seriously damaged or destroyed the boat. The boat’s machine gun had jammed. Kerry leaped ashore and, followed by one of his crew members, pursued the man and killed him. The medal citation notes that Kerry “then led an assault party and conducted a sweep of the area” until the enemy had “been completely routed”. As the Swift boats returned from the mission they again came under fire, but Kerry “maneuvered his craft through several strafing runs which completely silenced the enemy.”

The mission was judged highly successful for having destroyed numerous targets and confiscated substantial combat supplies while sustaining no casualties. Kerry's commanding officer, Capt. George Elliott, joked that he didn't know whether to court-martial him for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew. He chose to recommend that Kerry be decorated. Admiral Zumwalt flew in to personally award the Silver Star to Kerry.

In one of his very few public comments about the incident, Kerry said, "It is a matter of record, what I did in Vietnam. And over the months that I was in combat, yes, we know that we were responsible for the loss of enemy lives. But that's war."

Sources close to Kerry say the incident had a profound effect on him: "It's the reason he gets so angry when his patriotism is challenged. It was a traumatic experience that's still with him, and he went through it for his country." It affects the way Kerry lives his life every day, the source said, since "he knows he very well would not be alive today had he not taken the life of another man [he] never ever met."

New text to replace current "Criticism of military service and awards" section, which would become a subsection:

First Purple Heart
(unchanged from language in protected version)

Silver Star
The details surrounding Kerry's Silver Star have become controversial in the course of the Presidential election. In 1996, when Kerry was criticized about it during his Senate campaign, Elliott, the commander who had recommended the award, came to his defense. As recently as June 2003, Elliott was quoted as saying the award was "well deserved" and that he had "no regrets or second thoughts at all about that."

In July 2004, however, Elliott signed an affidavit that stated in part, "When Kerry came back to the United States, he lied about what occurred in Vietnam..." Thereafter, the Boston Globe quoted Elliott as having said, "It was a terrible mistake probably for me to sign the affidavit with those words. I'm the one in trouble here ... I knew it was wrong ..In a hurry I signed it and faxed it back. That was a mistake." . In August 2004, however, Elliott contended that the newspaper had substantially misquoted him. He signed a new affidavit that stated, "Had I known the facts, I would not have recommended Kerry for the Silver Star for simply pursuing and dispatching a single wounded, fleeing Viet Cong". Yet to be clarified is whether Elliott would still recommend the award in consideration of the other factors recounted in the citation. Elliot also avers in the second affidavit that he has no personal knowledge of the circumstances of the shooting, but rather relied on passages from Kerry's biography for his initial statement that Kerry had been dishonest.

On the specific issue of the death of the lone Viet Cong soldier with a rocket launcher, Kerry’s crew members who were there that day do not agree with Elliott’s characterization of the event. They contend that the enemy soldier, although wounded, was still a threat. Fred Short said that the Viet Cong had only been “winged” by the boat’s .50 caliber M-60 machine gun. "But the guy didn't miss stride. I mean, he did not break stride." The Viet Cong had passed up a chance for an initial shot at the boat, possibly fearing that he was too close and would be injured himself. As the Swift boat reached the shore, he was running away, but still had a loaded rocket launcher and could have turned and fired. "If this guy would have got up, and he had a clear shot at us, we would have been history," crewmember Gene Thorson said. "Wouldn't have been no doubt about it." Short said, "The guy was getting ready to stand up with a rocket on his shoulder, coming up. And Mr. Kerry took him out …… he would have been about a 30-yard shot. ... [T]here's no way he could miss us." Del Sandusky, Kerry’s second in command, described the consequences to the lightly armored Swift boat: "Charlie would have lit us up like a Roman candle because we're full of fuel, we're full of ammunition." It is the crew members’ opinion that Kerry had to kill the Viet Cong soldier to save his boat and crew.

Swift Boat Veterans for Truth
Also criticizing Kerry are over 200 other Vietnam Era veterans. As the presidential campaign of 2004 developed, they formed the group Swift Boat Veterans for Truth (SBVT). They have questioned Kerry's service record and his medals. Several SBVT members were in the same unit with Kerry, but of Kerry's direct former crewmates, all of them except one support his presidential bid.

title: User:JamesMLane/John Kerry Silver Star


text:
New Worlds

New Worlds may refer to:

Publishing

 * New Worlds (magazine), a British science fiction magazine
 * "New Worlds" (comics), a X-Men storyline by Grant Morrison
 * New Worlds, an imprint of Caliber Comics

Music

 * New Worlds (album), an album by Charlotte Hatherley
 * New Worlds, a song on the BBC Radiophonic Music compilation

Other uses

 * New Worlds (TV series), an historical drama
 * New Worlds Mission, a NASA project
 * New Worlds Project, a creative writing project
 * Star Trek: New Worlds, a strategy game

title: New Worlds


text:
Talk:Kharkiv

Archives
Please see the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ukrainian subdivisions. Irpen 20:23, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

Summary of older discussions:

 * Archive 2004-2009
 * Archive 2010-2015

Demographics
The article has been showing the following table:

The citations for the 2001 census data have a problem.

 * This does not contain data on ethnicity. This shows population breakdown for Kharkiv Oblast by city and district of city, and by area for rural parts of the oblast.  The Ukrainian-language version is more detailed that the English language version of the census page.

 * This purports to have the following data for the city of Kharkiv: ''Демография: Национальный состав Харькова (Перепись 2002 г.) Русские: 33.2% Украинцы: 62,8% Другие национальности: 4% [Demography: National composition of Kharkov (Census of 2002) Russian: 33.2% Ukrainians: 62.8% Other nationalities: 4%]

There is a page from the Ukrainian census of 2001 that has data for Kharkiv Oblast (i.e. not just Kharkiv but other towns and rural areas).(Eng) (Ukr) This gives data for 1989 and 2001: 1989 Kharkiv Oblast
 * Ukrainians 62.8%
 * Russians 33.2%
 * Belarusians 0.7%
 * Jews 1.5%

2001 Kharkiv Oblast
 * Ukrainians 70.7%
 * Russians 25.6%
 * Belarusians 0.5%
 * Jews 0.4%

Your will notice that the figures from the vharkov.ru website are exactly the same for Ukrainians and Russians as the data for 1989 for Kharkiv Oblast stated in the 2001 census documents.-- Toddy1 (talk) 14:47, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 December 2022
Hiya, You might want to remove Moscow as a sister city 😅. 31.161.144.192 (talk) 22:02, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I do not see Moscow listed as a sister city. Ymblanter (talk) 22:17, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @Ymblanter It was listed on infobox, but I'm not sure whether should be removed or not. Lemonaka (talk) 12:57, 26 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I see thanks. Yes, I removed four Russian cities from the list, it is clear they are not sister cities anymore. Ymblanter (talk) 13:12, 26 December 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Lemonaka (talk) 13:38, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:41, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Будинок держпромисловості 1.jpg

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 28 March 2023
Fixing typos 2600:1700:2432:E000:F99A:4A7A:1EE7:F7B5 (talk) 18:00, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. M.Bitton (talk) 22:01, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kharkiv


text:
User:Ice

I tend to idle a lot, but I'm active enough to not be totally dead.

If you want a detailed description of who I am, I honestly don't do that...

Wouldn't be able to get the needed citations anyway.

title: User:Ice