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Harmala alkaloid

Harmala alkaloids are several alkaloids that act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These alkaloids are found in the seeds of Peganum harmala (also known as Harmal or Syrian Rue), as well as Banisteriopsis caapi (ayahuasca), leaves of tobacco and coffee beans. The alkaloids include harmine, harmaline, harmalol, and their derivatives, which have similar chemical structures, hence the name "harmala alkaloids". These alkaloids are of interest for their use in Amazonian shamanism, where they are derived from other plants. Harmine, once known as telepathine and banisterine, is a naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloid that is structurally related to harmaline, and also found in the vine Banisteriopsis caapi. Tetrahydroharmine is also found in B. caapi and P. harmala. Dr. Alexander Shulgin has suggested that harmine may be a breakdown product of harmaline. Harmine and harmaline are reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (RIMAs). They can stimulate the central nervous system by inhibiting the metabolism of monoamine compounds such as serotonin and norepinephrine.

The harmala alkaloids occur in Peganum harmala in concentrations of roughly 3%, though tests have documented anywhere from 2–7% or even higher, as natural sources tend to vary widely in chemical makeup. Harmala alkaloids are also found in the Banisteriopsis caapi vine, the key plant ingredient in the sacramental beverage ayahuasca, in concentrations that range between 0.31 and 8.43% for harmine, 0.03–0.83% for harmaline and 0.05–2.94% for tetrahydroharmine. Although other psychoactive plants are occasionally added to ayahuasca to achieve visionary states of consciousness, the recipes vary greatly and no single combination is common. Peganum harmala, normally consumed as a tea or used as an incense, is mentioned in classical Persian literature both as a sacred sacrament and as a medicine. The harmala alkaloids are not especially psychedelic, even at higher dosages, when hypnagogic visions, alongside vomiting and diarrhea, become the main effect.

Harmala alkaloids are also found in many other plants, such as Passiflora. The leaves of P. incarnata have been reported variously to give 0.005%, 0.12%, and 0% harmala alkaloids.

Telepathine
Telepathine was originally thought to be the active chemical constituent of Banisteriopsis caapi, a key plant ingredient in the preparation of ayahuasca; a sacramental beverage from the Amazon. This isolated chemical was so named because of the reported effects of ayahuasca among the indigenous users, including: collective contact with and/or visions of jaguars, snakes, and jeweled birds, and ancestral spirits; the ability to see future events; and as the name suggests, telepathic communication among tribal members. It was assumed to be a newly discovered chemical at the time, however, it was soon realized that telepathine was already more widely known as "harmine" from its previous discovery in Peganum harmala (Syrian Rue).

Uses

As mentioned above, some harmala alkaloids can be used as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) to facilitate the ingestion of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and other tryptamines; while not generally used as a hallucinogen alone, there are reports of such use. In high doses, it acts as purgative. Harmala alkaloids from Banisteriopsis caapi have been used to treat Parkinson's disease. As a benzodiazepine site inverse agonist, harmala alkaloids are used as a model for essential tremor (ET) when injected to animals. Rats being treated with harmaline exhibit severe tremors after 5–7 minutes. Individuals diagnosed with essential tremor have been found to have elevated blood levels of harmala alkaloids.

Harmala alkaloids interact with smoked cannabis when either smoked/vaporized, or taken orally as an extract or as a tea. Reports are scarce, but generally users experience more intense cannabis-like effects, as well as mild psychedelic effects such as hallucinations, ego dissolution, and increased emotions, especially in large doses.

Unlike MAOIs such as phenelzine, harmine and harmaline are reversible and selective meaning they do not have nearly as high a risk for "cheese syndrome" caused by consuming tyramine-containing foods, which is a risk associated with monoamine oxidase A inhibitors, but not monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. Both MAO-A and MAO-B break down tyramine, but large doses of harmala alkaloids begin to affect MAO-B as well.

Anticancer
Isolated harmine was found to exhibit a cytotoxic effect on HL60 and K562 leukemic cell lines. This action might explain the previously observed cytotoxic effect of P. harmala on these cancer cells."

Australia
Harmala alkaloids are considered Schedule 9 prohibited substances under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.

Exceptions are made when in herbs, or preparations, for therapeutic use such as: (a) containing 0.1 per cent or less of harmala alkaloids; or (b) in divided preparations containing 2 mg or less of harmala alkaloids per recommended daily dose.

Chemical forms

 * Harmine: C13H12N2O
 * 7-Methoxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole

 * [[Image:Harmine structure.svg|200px]]

 * Harmine is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA).

 * Harmaline: C13H14N2O
 * 4,9-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole

 * [[Image:Harmaline structure.svg|200px]]

 * Harmaline is also a RIMA.

 * Harmalol: C12H12N2O
 * 1-Methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-7-ol

 * [[Image:Harmalol.svg|200px]]

 * Tetrahydroharmine: C13H16N2O
 * 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-harmine

 * [[Image:Tetrahydroharmine structure.svg|200px]]

 * Harmalane: C12H10N2
 * 1-Methyl-3,4-dihydro-beta-carboline. Harmalan occurs in foodstuffs.

 * [[Image:Harmalane.svg|160px]]

 * Isoharmine: C13H12N2O

 * Isoharmine.svg

 * Harmine acid methyl ester:
 * Methyl 7-methoxy-beta-carboline-1-carboxylate
 * Methyl 7-methoxy-beta-carboline-1-carboxylate.svg

 * Harmilinic acid:
 * 7-Methoxy-3,4-dihydro-beta-carboline-1-carboxylic acid
 * Harmalinic acid.svg

 * Harmanamide:
 * 1-Carbamoyl-7-methoxy-beta-carboline
 * Harmanamide.svg

 * Acetylnorharmine:
 * 1-Acetyl-7-methoxy-beta-carboline
 * Acetylnorharmine.svg

title: Harmala alkaloid


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List of universities and colleges in Hungary

Universities in Hungary have generally been instituted by Act of Parliament under the Higher Education Act. For new public universities and private universities, approval is required from the Ministry of responsible for the education and later from the Hungarian National Assembly. The Hungarian public higher education system includes universities and other higher education institutes, that provide both education curricula and related degrees up to doctoral degree and also contribute to research activities. In general, public Hungarian universities don't charge tuition fees.

The following is a list of universities and colleges of higher education in Hungary (listed alphabetically and grouped by location and funding), followed by a list of defunct institutions.

Privately or church funded universities

 * Debrecen Reformed Theological University
 * Milton Friedman University

Former universities

 * Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical University (merged with others to form University of Szeged in 2000)
 * Attila József University (merged with others to form University of Szeged in 2000)
 * Debrecen University of Agricultural Sciences (merged with others to form University of Debrecen)
 * Franz Joseph University (ceased operation in 1945)
 * Gödöllő University of Agricultural Sciences (merged with others to form Szent István University in 2000)
 * Hungarian University of Applied Arts (renamed to Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design in 2006)
 * Hungarian University of Physical Education (merged with Semmelweis University)
 * Imre Haynal University of Health Sciences Budapest (merged with Semmelweis University)
 * Janus Pannonius University (merged with others to form University of Pécs in 2000)
 * Lajos Kossuth University (merged with others to form University of Debrecen)
 * Miklós Zrínyi University of National Defence (merged with others to form National University of Public Service in 2012)
 * University Medical School of Debrecen (merged with others to form University of Debrecen)
 * University Medical School of Pécs (merged with others to form University of Pécs in 2000)
 * University of Horticulture and Food Industry (merged with others to form Szent István University in 2000)
 * University of Sopron (merged with others to form University of Western Hungary in 2000)
 * University of Veterinary Science (merged with others to form Szent István University in 2000)

State funded

 * Hungarian Dance Academy

Privately or church funded

 * Avicenna International College
 * Baptist Theological Academy
 * Bhaktivedanta Theological College
 * Budapest College of Management
 * Budapest Contemporary Dance Academy
 * CBS Central European International College
 * Duna International College
 * Gábor Dénes College
 * The Gate of the Teaching Buddhist College
 * Harsányi János College
 * International Business School, Budapest
 * International Pető András Institute of Conductive Education for the Motor Disabled and Conductor-Teacher Training College
 * John Wesley Theological College
 * Pentacostal Theological College
 * Sapientia School of Theology
 * Milton Friedman University
 * Sola Scriptura Theological College
 * Szent Pál Academy
 * Wekerle Business School

State funded

 * College of Szolnok, Szolnok
 * Eötvös József College, Baja
 * Kecskemét College, Kecskemét

Privately or church funded

 * Adventist Theological College, Pécel
 * Apor Vilmos Catholic College, Vác
 * Archiepiscopal Theological College of Veszprém, Veszprém
 * College of Modern Business Studies, Tatabánya
 * Gál Ferenc Theological College, Szeged
 * Győri Theological College, Győr
 * Kodolányi János University, Budapest, Székesfehérvár, Orosháza
 * Pápa Theological Academy of the Reformed Church, Pápa
 * Sárospatak Theological Academy of the Reformed Church, Sárospatak
 * Szent Atanáz Greek Catholic Theological Institute, Nyíregyháza
 * Szent Bernát Theological College, Zirc
 * Theological College of Eger, Eger
 * Theological College of Esztergom, Esztergom
 * ., Pécs
 * Tomori Pál College, Kalocsa

Former colleges of higher education

 * Berzsenyi Dániel College (merged with University of West Hungary)
 * Kölcsey Ferenc Reformed Teacher's Training College (merged with Debrecen Reformed Theological University)
 * Police College (merged with others to form National University of Public Service in 2012)
 * Vitéz János Roman Catholic Teacher's Training College (merged with Pázmány Péter Catholic University)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Hang Jebat

Hang Jebat (Jawi: ; born c. 1400) was the closest companion of the legendary Malaccan hero Hang Tuah. Regarded in Malaysia as one of the greatest silat exponents in history, he is well known for his vengeful rebellion against the Malacca Sultan whom he served.

Biography
After Hang Tuah was sentenced to death, Hang Jebat was conferred the coveted Taming Sari kris, a weapon formerly used by Hang Tuah. Believing that Hang Tuah was unjustly murdered by the sultan he served, Hang Jebat turned against the ruler to avenge his friend's death. No one knew that the bendahara (chief minister) went against the royal decree and hid Hang Tuah in a remote area.

With the kris in his possession, Hang Jebat was undefeatable and there was not one person in the palace who was capable of killing him. Hang Jebat's revenge allegedly became a palace killing spree or furious rebellion against the sultan (sources differ as to what actually occurred). It remains consistent, however, that Hang Jebat wreaked havoc onto the royal court, and the sultan was unable to stop him, as none of the warriors dared to challenge the more ferocious and skilled Hang Jebat.

After learning from the bendahara that Hang Tuah was still alive, the sultan had him recall the warrior and gave him full amnesty. The sultan then ordered Hang Tuah to kill Hang Jebat. Being unquestionably loyal to the ruler, Hang Tuah obeyed the sultan's bidding and went on to challenge Hang Jebat. After fighting in a battle that lasted for seven days, Hang Tuah eventually managed to reclaim the Taming Sari by tricking Hang Jebat. Although stabbed by Tuah, Hang Jebat bandaged his wounds and ran amok in the city square for three days, killing thousands of people before retreating to Tuah's house and dying in his friend's arms.

Hang Jebat's famous quote during the fight was "Raja adil raja disembah, raja zalim raja disanggah" meaning "A fair king is a king saluted, a tyrant king is a king disputed." This went against Tuah's philosophy of loyalty without question.

After the fight, the sultan ordered his men to tear down, burn and throw the ashes of the house into the sea. Two months later, when a lady of the bendahara's retinue, Dang Wangi gave birth to Jebat's son, the sultan ordered Hang Tuah to throw the baby into the sea as well. Instead, the laksamana entrusted the child, Hang Nadim, to the bendahara. The child was then taken to Singapura where he was raised.

Namesakes
KD Jebat (FFG29), a Lekiu-class frigate in the Royal Malaysian Navy, is named after him. The decommissioned frigate KD Rahmat was to be called KD Hang Jebat, but engine problems during building trials caused the navy to change her name to Rahmat. One of the oldest engines that pulls the trains along the Singapore-Malaysia rail route is also named after him.

In Singapore, there exists a minor road off Portsdown Avenue named "Jalan Hang Jebat" and a namesake mosque, Masjid Hang Jebat at the road's end.

title: Hang Jebat


text:
Category:Hot Spring County, Arkansas

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Hot Spring County, Arkansas


text:
Talk:Latécoère 28

The old data table:

Old talk on placement of this table: Talk:Aeritalia G.91/Full Spec

title: Talk:Latécoère 28


text:
Color a Dinosaur

Color a Dinosaur is a 1993 electronic coloring book video game for young children. It was developed by FarSight Studios for the Nintendo Entertainment System.

Gameplay
The player colors various dinosaurs by using the provided dinosaur images and palettes. Players can either color using the free form mode or in the automatic mode where they only choose a color.

Intended for ages 3 to 6, the game lacks sophisticated features such as animation and minigames, and the basic colors are either brightly colored patterns or limited variations on pink or red. An extra set of patterns can be reached by pressing the Select button.

Reception
The September 1997 issue of Nintendo Power presented the votes of twelve staff members, to list their top 100 games of all time. This list also includes a 10 worst games of all time, placing Color a Dinosaur at 9th. The article described the game as Mario Paint "without anything fun in it" and that "even the producer of the game (Seth, wherever you are) would roll his eyes when reminded of this prehistoric patsy."

title: Color a Dinosaur


text:
Native chemical ligation

Native Chemical Ligation (NCL) is an important extension of the chemical ligation concept for constructing a larger polypeptide chain  by the covalent condensation of two or more unprotected peptides segments. Native chemical ligation is the most effective method for synthesizing native or modified proteins of typical size (i.e., proteins< ~300 AA).

Reaction
In native chemical ligation, the ionized thiol group  of an N-terminal cysteine residue of an unprotected peptide  attacks the C-terminal thioester of a second unprotected peptide, in an aqueous buffer at pH 7.0 and room temperature. This transthioesterification step is reversible in the presence of an aryl thiol catalyst, rendering the reaction both chemoselective and regioselective, and leads to formation of a thioester-linked intermediate. The intermediate rapidly and spontaneously rearranges by an intramolecular S,N-acyl shift that results in the formation of a native amide ('peptide') bond  at the ligation site (scheme 1). Remarks :

The initial transthioesterification step of the native chemical ligation reaction is catalyzed by thiol additives. The most effective and commonly used thiol catalyst is 4-mercaptophenylacetic acid (MPAA), (ref).
 * Thiol additives :

The key feature of native chemical ligation of unprotected peptides is the reversibility of the first step, the thiol(ate)–thioester exchange reaction. Native chemical ligation is exquisitely regioselective because that thiol(ate)–thioester exchange step is freely reversible in the presence of an added arylthiol catalyst. The high yields of final ligation product obtained, even in the presence of internal Cys residues in either/both segments, is the result of the irreversibility of the second (S-to-N acyl shift) amide-forming step under the reaction conditions used.
 * Regioselectivity:

No side-products are formed from reaction with the other functional groups present in either peptide segment (e.g. Asp, Glu side chain carboxylic acids; Lys epsilon amino group; Tyr phenolic hydroxyl; Ser, Thr hydroxyls, etc.).
 * Chemoselectivity of NCL :

Historical context
In 1992, Stephen Kent and Martina Schnölzer at The Scripps Research Institute developed the "Chemical Ligation" concept, the first practical method to covalently condense unprotected peptide segments; the key feature of chemical ligation is formation of an unnatural bond at the ligation site. Just two years later in 1994, Philip Dawson, Tom Muir and Stephen Kent reported "Native Chemical Ligation", an extension of the chemical ligation concept to the formation of a native amide ('peptide') bond after initial nucleophilic condensation formed a thioester-linked condensation product designed to spontaneously rearrange to the native amide bond at the ligation site.

Theodor Wieland and coworkers had reported the S-to-N acyl shift as early as 1953, when the reaction of valine-thioester and cysteine amino acid in aqueous buffer was shown to yield the dipeptide valine-cysteine. The reaction proceeded through the intermediacy of a thioester containing the sulfur of the cysteine residue. However, Wieland's work did NOT lead to the development of the native chemical ligation reaction. Rather, the study of amino acid thioester reactions led Wieland and others to develop the 'active ester' method for the synthesis of protected peptide segments by conventional chemical methods carried out in organic solvents.

Features
Native chemical ligation forms the basis of modern chemical protein synthesis, and has been used to prepare numerous proteins and enzymes by total chemical synthesis. The payoff in the native chemical ligation method is that coupling long peptides by this technique is typically near quantitative and provides synthetic access to large peptides and proteins otherwise impossible to make, due to their large size, decoration by post-translational modification, and containing non-coded amino acid or other chemical building blocks.

Native chemical ligation is inherently 'Green' in its atom economy and its use of benign solvents. It involves the reaction of an unprotected peptide thioester with a second, unprotected peptide that has an N-terminal cysteine residue. It is carried out in aqueous solution at neutral pH, usually in 6 M guanidine.hydrochloride, in the presence of an arylthiol catalyst and typically gives near-quantitative yields of the desired ligation product.

Peptide-thioesters can be directly prepared by Boc chemistry SPPS; however, thioester-containing peptides are not stable to treatment with a nucleophilic base, thus preventing direct synthesis of peptide thioesters by Fmoc chemistry SPPS. Fmoc chemistry solid phase peptide synthesis techniques for generating peptide-thioesters are based on the synthesis of peptide hydrazides that are converted to peptide thioesters post-synthetically.

Polypeptide C-terminal thioesters can also be produced in situ, using so-called N,S-acyl shift systems. Bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amido group, also called SEA group, belongs to this family. Polypeptide C-terminal bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amides (SEA peptide segments) react with Cys peptide to give a native peptide bond as in NCL. This reaction, which is called SEA Native Peptide Ligation, is a useful variant of native chemical ligation.

In making peptide segments that contain an N-terminal cysteine residue, exposure to ketones should be avoided since these may cap the N-terminal cysteine. Do not use protecting groups that release aldehydes or ketones. For the same reason, the use of acetone should be avoided, particularly in washing glassware used for lyophilization.

A feature of the native chemical ligation technique is that the product polypeptide chain contains cysteine at the site of ligation. The cysteine at the ligation site can be desulfurized to alanine, thus extending the range of possible ligation sites to include alanine residues. Other beta-thiol containing amino acids can be used for native chemical ligation, followed by desulfurization. Alternatively, thiol-containing ligation auxiliaries can be used that mimic an N-terminal cysteine for the ligation reaction, but which can be removed after synthesis. The use of thiol-containing auxiliaries may not be as effective as ligation at a Cys residue. Native chemical ligation can also be performed with an N-terminal selenocysteine residue.

Polypeptide C-terminal thioesters produced by recombinant DNA techniques can be reacted with an N-terminal Cys containing polypeptide by the same native ligation chemistry to provide very large semi-synthetic proteins. Native chemical ligation of this kind using a recombinant polypeptide segment is known as Expressed Protein Ligation. Similarly, a recombinant protein containing an N-terminal Cys can be reacted with a synthetic polypeptide thioester. Thus, native chemical ligation can be used to introduce chemically synthesized segments into recombinant proteins, regardless of size.

title: Native chemical ligation


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Talk:Adbusters

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mic1121. Peer reviewers: Mic1121.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:24, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adbusters


text:
Category:NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the government agency responsible for the United States' space program and long-term general aerospace research.

title: Category:NASA


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Talk:Fiat G.91

Page needs to be updated to show the return to airworthiness last week of a G.91, which was restored as part of the Italian Air Force's centennial.
There are many news pieces on the web and on YouTube re: the G.91's return to flight. Raywode (talk) 22:41, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Please make it easier on other editors by actually listing a few of these sources, so they don't have to search for themselves. Thanks. BilCat (talk) 01:54, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fiat G.91


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Renault 21

The Renault 21 is a large family car produced by French automaker Renault between 1986 and 1994. It was also sold in North America initially through American Motors dealers as the Renault Medallion and later through Jeep-Eagle dealers as the Eagle Medallion. A total of 2,096,000 units were produced.

The Renault 21 saloon was launched in the beginning of 1986, as the successor to the successful Renault 18, and this was followed a few months later by the seven seater station wagon, the R21 Nevada, marketed as the Savanna in the United Kingdom. In 1987, What Car? awarded the Renault 21 GTS Best Family Saloon. The Renault 21 Savanna was awarded Car of the Year, as well as Best Family Estate.

Design
Unusually, the Renault 21 was offered with disparate engine configurations. The 1.7 litre version featured a transverse engine and transmission, but Renault had no gearbox suitable for a more powerful transverse engine: accordingly, faster versions featured longitudinally mounted engines. The two versions featured (barely perceptibly) different wheel bases: the engines were all relatively compact four-cylinder units and the engine bay was large enough to accept either configuration without reducing passenger space.

However, at a time when production technologies were relatively inflexible, the need to assemble differently configured engine bays on a single production line, along with the supplementary inventory requirements imposed both on Renault and on the dealership network, did compromise the Renault 21's profitability.

The Nevada/Savanna station wagon/estate version was slightly longer than the saloon, and was available configured with seven seats, two of those a forward-facing foldable bench seat for children (up to about age 10) that used up much of the luggage space when up. It had roof rack side rails as standard.

History
First unveiled on 20 November 1985 and officially launched in February 1986, the R21 gave Renault a new competitor in this sector after eight years of the R18, which was declining in popularity after a very strong start to its commercial life. It had a razor like design, which was different from contemporary cars of the era, e.g. the Ford Sierra (with its "jelly mould" design) and the Opel Ascona.

It was sold in right hand drive for the United Kingdom from June 1986.

The car was revamped considerably in May 1989, both technically and aesthetically – the new sleeker outward appearance was similar to the also recently revamped Renault 25, and a liftback body style was also added to the range (which soon became more popular than the saloon in France) along with a sporty 2.0 L Turbo version. Of the saloons, the TXi 2.0 12v and 2.0 turbo were also available with the four-wheel-drive Quadra transmission. The Nevada wagons received four-wheel-drive in the eight-valve 2.0 and in the naturally aspirated 2.1 Diesel, as the 12-valve and the turbo were not available with this body style. The front-wheel-drive 21 Turbo was capable of 227 km/h. At the 1989 Frankfurt Motor Show the fuel injected 2.2i model was introduced, originally reserved for the German market (being a different model than the earlier 2.2s built for the US) where insurance and tax regulations suited larger engines with less peak power. Injected engines were equipped by Renix engine control unit, developed by a joint venture by Renault and Bendix. This car was also available with four-wheel-drive, exclusively as a Nevada.

The Renault 21 liftback and saloon petrol models ceased production in the beginning of 1994, following the launch of the all new Laguna liftback, but the diesels and the Nevada/Savanna remained on the market, until their replacement Laguna variants were launched (end of 1994 for the diesels, and end of 1995 for the Nevada/Savanna).

A Renault 21 TSE, donated as a personal gift to Václav Havel by the president of Portugal Mário Soares just before the Velvet Revolution, served for a while as the official state car of the President of Czechoslovakia in 1989.

Argentina
The R21 was built in Argentina at the Renault facility in Santa Isabel (Córdoba Province) from late 1988 until early 1996. Production continued in Argentina for some years after its demise in European markets. Two body styles were built: saloon and Nevada (station wagon). It has been equipped with both petrol and diesel engines, (carburetor for the early production, fuel injection for the later engines).

The available engines ranged from 1.8 liters (92CV carbureted/95CV injection), 2.0 liters (110CV without catalytic converter/105CV with catalytic converter), up to 2.2 liters (120CV without catalytic converter/110CV with catalytic converter), as well as the 2.1-liter diesel version (72CV) The liftback was imported from France and called by the trim "Alizé". It was replaced for the Laguna.

Turkey
The R21 was manufactured in Turkey in the beginning of 1990s under the name Optima (entry model), Manager (1.7L 90 hp), and at the top-of-the-line the 2.0-liter fuel injected "Concorde." Later on, the "Manager 2000" with a 2 L 122 PS engine was introduced. The Oyak-built Renault 21 was produced and sold up to the end of 1996 in Turkey.

United States and Canada
The R21 was also sold in the United States and Canada from 1987 to 1988 as the Renault Medallion and later in 1988 until the end of the line in 1989 as the Eagle Medallion with the 2.2 L engine as the only powerplant. However, the car was only on sale for a few months in 1987 before Renault sold its investment in American Motors Corporation (AMC) to Chrysler. AMC dealers were now under the newly formed Jeep-Eagle Division of Chrysler, and now as Jeep-Eagle dealers, they continued to sell the car as the Eagle Medallion until 1989. The North American version had somewhat different styling to comply with front and rear impact regulations and different lighting standards.

Colombia
The 21 was launched in Colombia in 1987. Initially, it was available in four door body, with 2.0 L longitudinal engine. In October of the same year, the Renault 21 Nevada was launched, with the same engine as the saloon. in 1989 Sociedad de Fabricación de Automotores S.A. (SOFASA) launched a version called RS with the 1.6-liter C2L engine, also used in the TXE version of the Renault 9. In 1990, the name was replaced by the Étoile. The three available versions available were:
 * TS Saloon, Break, Penta (hatchback body) Engine 1.6  L 73 PS, manufactured until 1994
 * Tx with engine 2.0 L 100 PS
 * Txi after called Bravo: engine 2.2 L 128 PS.

Engines

 * 1.4 L (1397 cc) petrol OHV 8 valve I4; 68 PS; top speed: 165 km/h (Turkish development from C series block, called C2J, also available in Portugal and Yugoslavia)
 * 1.4 L (1397 cc) petrol OHV 8 valve I4; 70 PS; top speed: 168 km/h
 * 1.6 L (1565 cc) petrol OHV 8 valve I4; 73 PS; top speed: 165 km/h; 0–100 km/h: 12.0 s (Argentinian development from C-series block, called C2L, available in Argentina and Colombia)
 * 1.7 L (1721 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 carb.; 76 PS; top speed: 173 km/h; 0–100 km/h: 12.0 s (Available in TL and TLE models)
 * 1.7 L (1721 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 SPI; 75 PS; top speed: 172 km/h; 0–100 km/h: 12.5 s
 * 1.7 L (1721 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 carb.; 90 PS; top speed: 185 km/h; 0–100 km/h: 10.7 s (Available in TS, RS, GTS and TSE models)
 * 1.7 L (1721 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 carb.; 88 PS; top speed: 181 km/h
 * 1.7 L (1721 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 MPI; 95 PS; top speed: 185 km/h; 0–100 km/h: 10.7 s
 * 2.0 L (1995 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 MPI; 135 PS; top speed: 220 km/h; 0–100 km/h: 10.9 s (Available in GTX and TXE models)
 * 2.0 L (1995 cc) petrol SOHC 12 valve I4; 136 PS; top speed: 230 km/h ; 0–100 km/h: 9.2 s (available in the TXi and TXi Quadra models)
 * 2.0 L (1995 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 MPI turbo; 175 PS; top speed: 227 km/h; 0–100 km/h: 7.4 s (available in Turbo and Turbo Quadra models).
 * 2.0 L (1995 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 MPI turbo; 175 PS; top speed: 222 km/h; 0–100 km/h: 7.8 s
 * 2.2 L (2165 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 MPI; 110 PS; top speed: 192 km/h ; 0–100 km/h: 9.9 s
 * 1.9 L (1870 cc) diesel SOHC 8 valve I4; 65 PS; top speed: 160 km/h; 0–100 km/h: 16.0 s (available in SD and GSD models)
 * 2.1 L (2068 cc) diesel SOHC 8 valve I4; 67 PS; top speed: 164 km/h ; 0–100 km/h: 15.6 s (available in TD and GTD models)
 * 2.1 L (2068 cc) diesel SOHC 8 valve I4; 73 PS; top speed: 170 km/h ; 0–100 km/h: 15.1 s
 * 2.1 L (2068 cc) diesel SOHC 8 valve I4 turbo; 88 PS; top speed: 177 km/h ; 0–100 km/h: 11.8 s

title: Renault 21


text:
Carl Perkins Bridge

The Carl D. Perkins Bridge is a cantilever bridge that spans the Ohio River between Washington Township, Scioto County, Ohio and South Portsmouth, Greenup County, Kentucky. The bridge carries the two lanes of State Route 852 and Truck Route U.S. Highway 23. The bridge connects to Kentucky Route 8.

History
In July 1978, inspections of the original U.S. Grant Bridge found serious deterioration in its suspension cables. The bridge was closed to traffic and was rehabilitated over an 18-month period. With future traffic projected to increase compounded with a decline in level of service on the original U.S. Grant Bridge, the Kentucky Department of Transportation (KYDOT) and the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) agreed to begin planning for a new bridge. The 1978 Surface Transportation Assistance Act authorized the construction of a new bridge across the Ohio River in Portsmouth. In the environmental impact statement, it was decided the new bridge would be located 1.1 mi downstream from the U.S. Grant Bridge.

The bridge opened on January 28, 1988. It is named after the late Carl D. Perkins, Congressman from the 7th District of Kentucky.

During the demolition of the original U.S. Grant Bridge and the construction of its replacement upstream, it was the only highway bridge connecting Ohio to Kentucky at Portsmouth. The Perkins Bridge also served as a detour for U.S. Highway 23 during this time period.

title: Carl Perkins Bridge


text:
You Can Play These Songs with Chords

You Can Play These Songs with Chords is an early (1996–97) demo from the rock band Death Cab for Cutie, which at the time consisted entirely of founder Ben Gibbard. This demo was originally released on cassette by Elsinor Records. It proved so popular, Gibbard recruited other musicians to make a full band, which would go on to record Something About Airplanes, the band's debut studio album.

You Can Play These Songs with Chords was expanded with ten more songs and re-released on October 22, 2002, through Barsuk Records on the heels of the success of The Photo Album.

Original release
All songs written by Benjamin Gibbard.

Re-issue additional tracks
All songs written by Benjamin Gibbard, Nick Harmer and Christopher Walla except as otherwise noted.

Personnel

 * Ben Gibbard – vocals, guitar, bass guitar, piano, drums
 * Nathan Good – drums, tambourine
 * Nick Harmer – bass guitar
 * Christopher Walla – guitar, vocals "New Candles" and "Tomorrow"

title: You Can Play These Songs with Chords


text:
Carl D. Perkins

Carl Dewey Perkins (October 15, 1912 – August 3, 1984 ), a Democrat, was an American politician and member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Kentucky serving from 1949 until his death from a heart attack in Lexington, Kentucky in 1984.

Early years
Carl Dewey Perkins was born in Hindman, Kentucky on October 15, 1912, to Dora Calhoun Perkins and James Perkins. Perkins attended high school at Hindman High School and Caney Junior College (now Alice Lloyd College). He worked as a teacher in a Knott County School for 90 students. He then went on to attend the Jefferson School of Law (now known as the University of Louisville School of Law) and graduated in 1935. He passed the bar and served a term as a commonwealth attorney for the thirty-first judicial district of Kentucky.

In 1938 Perkins married Verna Johnson and they had one son, Carl C. Perkins.

During World War II, Perkins enlisted in the United States Army and served a tour in Europe.

In 1940, Perkins was elected as a member of the Kentucky General Assembly was then elected Knott County Attorney in 1941 and reelected in 1945. Perkins resigned January 1, 1948 so that he could counsel the Department of Highways for Frankfort, Kentucky.

He was elected to serve as a Kentucky Representative in 1948 winning against the incumbent Wendell H. Meade.

Congress
In 1948 Perkins ran against the incumbent Congressman from Kentucky's 7th District, Wendell H. Meade. Perkins unseated Meade and was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-first and to the seventeen succeeding Congresses and served from January 3, 1949, until his death. Perkins was the chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor (Ninetieth through Ninety-eighth Congresses, 1967–1984). While a part of the committee, his work helped produce the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 and Head Start. The local Head Start in his home city of Hindman, Kentucky is named after Congressman Perkins.

Unlike most Southern Democrats, Perkins was a pro-labor New Deal liberal. Perkins did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto, and voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964 (where Perkins was the only yes vote from Kentucky), and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Death
Carl D. Perkins died August 3, 1984, in Lexington, Kentucky after complaining of feeling ill on a flight from Washington. He fell ill on the plane and was pronounced dead of a heart attack on arrival at St. Joseph's Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky.

His funeral was widely attended as he was widely regarded as a popular Kentucky politician over the course of his career. Many of his colleagues flew to Kentucky to pay their respects along with thousands of native Kentucky residents.

The funeral proceedings were hosted in the Knott County High School gymnasium that was filled to capacity by colleagues and constituents of the congressman all of which were there to pay their respects. Notable attendees included Senator Edward Kennedy, House Majority Leader Jim Wright, Congressman William H. Natcher and House Speaker Thomas P. O'Neil who gave the eulogy.

Perkins was succeeded in office by his son, Carl C. Perkins.

Legacy
Perkins's legacy of support to education and the under-privileged is shown by the federal student loan called the Perkins Loan, named for him, as is the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act of 2006, which provides federal money for vocational education. The Carl D. Perkins Bridge crossing the Ohio River, the Carl D. Perkins Building on the campus of Eastern Kentucky University, and the Carl D. Perkins Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Ashland, Kentucky are named after him. The vocational school in Hindman, Kentucky at Knott County Central High School, Carl D. Perkins Job Corps at Prestonsburg and Carl D. Perkins Rehab Center at Thelma are also named in his honor. Kentucky highway 80 in Hazard, Kentucky is named the Carl D. Perkins Parkway. The Carl D. Perkins Parkway stretches from Hazard, Kentucky through Carl D. Perkins home county of Knott county, Kentucky. The Carl D. Perkins Parkway connects to the Hal Rogers Parkway in Hazard, Kentucky.

Perkins' grave site is in Hindman, Kentucky, in a public cemetery named "Mountain Memory Gardens". However, he was originally buried at a private cemetery near his home in Hindman. In 2007 Perkins's body was moved to where he is presently buried at Mountain Memory Gardens. Verna J. Perkins sold the old house and the land. She had since retired to a home for the elderly in Lexington, where she died in 2012.

title: Carl D. Perkins


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Netphoria

Might not be encyclopedia material: "On September 5 2003 Netphoria held its annual "hot dog eating contest". mayfuck beat out my best buddy tariq, Netphoria's long-time champion wiener-chugger, by 16 wieners in the last 30 seconds of the final round." Wyllium 04:39, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)

 * Might not be? Is not. Delete. -- Ferkelparade π 07:03, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Someone has apparently confused Wikipedia with a weblog. Delete. Average Earthman 08:24, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Not notable, delete. But do we have anything about web forums on What's in, what's out? And do we have a general criterion about, let me call it the "minimum interested audience size" for an article? The non-notable-high-school-retentionist camp, which now that I think of it has been somewhat muted lately, generally argued that high schools were important to "thousands" of alums, implying that an article should be kept if there were thousands of people potentially interested in it. By that reasoning, a web forum with three thousand members could quality. I, of course, would like to see the bar set much higher than "thousands." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 12:47, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Presumably, to most people their high school is more important to them than any web forum they belong to (the dear old alma mater and all that). Of course, I can't speak for that group, but that would be my guess. Anyway, delete this. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 13:13, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)
 * Delete: Quickly, while the "It's a fact so it goes in and we're not paper and this is important to the people who read it" folks are on vacation in Truth or Consequences, New Mexico.  (Just kidding.  I have a long voting record on forums.) Geogre 13:38, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Their own words "one of the longest-running and most popular Smashing Pumpkins message boards and fansites" seems to indicate that Netphoria is only one of many "longest-running and most popular" websites devoted to Smashing Pumpkins. It is probably just exagerated hype. Forum memership of 3,083 is not very many for a "long runing" forum, however long that might be. Forums tend to attract people who post a little and then drop out but remain listed among members forever. In forums something like 10% of the members usually produce about 90% of the posts. I'm probably still listed on countless forums I've forgotten entirely. For any website to have its own article requires notability. It should stand out in some way, should be extra-famous or notorious. Large membership alone shouldn't enter into consideration at all. I don't see 3,083 as a large membership in any case. Jallan 15:15, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a web directory, and it's certainly not a place for stupid comments about various forumgoers' genitalia.   — Gwalla | Talk 16:26, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This was, for many years, the authoritative Smashing Pumpkins news and fan site, but with the band's breakup it's degenerated into just another Web forum populated by angsty teenagers.  This is deserving of an external link, not an article of its own.  Austin Hair 04:40, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * What are we, a repository of crappy websites? "Dee L (Cursing word with "ing") eat" Seriously though, this is ridiculous idea.  Also what is with the thing about sitting on a net and talking about life?  Some kind of stupid joke, that is all I am going to say.  DELETE
 * Keep, this is a fairly popular website. anthony (see warning) 20:53, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as soon as possible. I will be happy to come and deal with this as soon as the debate period has passed. DJ Clayworth 21:10, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Valence shell

Untitled
The passage beginning

..."For organometallic compounds containing transition metals"

seems odd and out of place, but would make sense if the words

"organometallic compounds containing" were deleted.

I've not edited the page, as perhaps I'm missing something, but I suspect that someone had an accident cutting and pasting and didn't realise that those words had been inserted.

Richard Jones — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.88.6.98 (talk) 04:38, 17 August 2004 (UTC)

Target
Related to talk:Period 4 element : is it correct that the page redirects to electron shell not to valence electron? Incnis Mrsi (talk) 09:21, 19 August 2019 (UTC)
 * As the target says, the term "valence shell" is rather ill-defined for groups 3 through 11 and the lanthanides and actinides included, because valence electrons for those elements come from multiple shells (e.g. Sc–Cu can use 3d and 4s). It is true that for groups 3–10, the main contribution is from their d-shells, but the s-shells make some contribution too (there is sd hybridisation, after all). Double sharp (talk) 13:13, 19 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Let’s put aside transition elements for a while. What should be the “valence shell” for p-elements in period 8? The classical (n-based) definition of a shell works no more. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 13:27, 19 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Element 172 would have a stable octet of 9s$2$ 9p$2 1/2$ 8p$4 3/2$ as the valence shell, so we could consider 9s+9p1/2+8p3/2 to be the "valence shell" for those p-elements. Double sharp (talk) 14:05, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

There is “electron shell” (having a staunchly n-based definition, although recently added disclaimer that it frequently fails), there is also an article “valence electron” (giving a lot of examples but no definition), and this page redirects to “electron shell”. The current situation is very poor anyway, waiting for suggestions. We have at least three situations: “classical” p-elements (where n-shells work well), transition (d and f) elements, and “spin–orbit” p-elements. The definition eventually must cover all three cases. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 19:18, 19 August 2019 (UTC)
 * A common-sense definition of valence shells (which lets you talk about transition metals, etc.) would be "the set of all orbitals that can be used for chemistry for that element", even if they might not have the same n, because those will be the orbitals that contain the valence electrons. This should always be some subset of the subshells corresponding to a row of the periodic table, i.e. {1s}, {2s, 2p}, {3s, 3p}, {4s, 3d, 4p}, {5s, 4d, 5p}, {6s, 4f, 5d, 6p}, {7s, 5f, 6d, 7p}, {8s, 8p1/2, 5g, 6f, 7d, 9s, 9p1/2, 8p3/2} (further we have not predicted far enough, but at least 6g, 7f, and 8d ought to be in the next set). This is because of the general rule that you cannot "breach a period" and take electrons past a noble-gas closure if you started after one, though relativity might create an exception for E119 and maybe E120 by destabilising 7p3/2. As the eighth period is expected to be so long, orbitals with low angular momenta active at the start of it will sink down into the core even before we reach the end (which is why 8s+8p1/2 get replaced by 9s+9p1/2 when we get to the d-block and p-block of that period), but the end result of listing all the valence orbitals still gives a subset of the set of orbitals that are supposed to correspond to the period. Double sharp (talk) 06:28, 20 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I have settled this question in favour of valence electron. Valence "shell" is not a shell. It is a misnomer. To be honest it doesn't have much to do with an electron shell but everything to do with valence electron. Google searches indicate that valence shell and valence electron are mostly frequently discussed together and are the top two searches for valence_something. The word "valence" is primarily a chemistry term for binding power so it makes sense that all orbitals that can bind are counted in the valence shell. Now electron shell is back to describing what it does best: n stands for shell, l stands for subshell.--Officer781 (talk) 05:54, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Valence shell


text:
Seixal

Seixal is a Portuguese city and municipality, located in the district of Setúbal, in the metropolitan area of Lisbon. Its population includes 184,269 inhabitants (2011), in an area of 93.58 km2 that includes six parishes. It is situated across the Tagus River estuary from Lisbon. Its seat is the city of Seixal, a centre of 31,600 inhabitants situated along the Rio Judeu.

The current Mayor is Paulo Silva.

History

The toponymy Seixal comes from a type of smooth stone (seixo) that is found in rivers; the name evolving from the name used to describe the geomorphology of the region.

Since the Roman era, the Tagus bay has been a region of human settlement, from many of the archaeological discoveries at Quinta do Rouxinol, in Corroios, and Quinta de S. João, in Arrentela (beginning in the period of the Portuguese Age of Discovery). A land of fishermen and signeurial holdings, the municipality of Seixal evolved over the centuries, always with the connection to the river. It was across the Tagus that many of the region's products (fishe, cereals, salt, olive oil, wine and fruits) were exported to the regional capital.

In the 15th century, due to its prime location, various dockyards and shipbuilders began constructing river boats and trans-Atlantic ships. At the same time, the tides of the region were used to develop mills, such as the tidal mill in Corroios in 1403, fostering various the millers, caulkers and carpenters along the river. It was in Seixal that the brothers Vasco da Gama and Paulo da Gama built vessels for the trip to India. While Vasco da Gama was in Lisbon to prepare the trip, Paulo da Gama commanded carpenters and caulkers in the construction of the ships. Estevão da Gama, the father of the brothers, was commander of Seixal. The construction of the ships was the beginning of what is known as the Portuguese Discoveries. The settlement at this time was actually a part of the parish of Arrentela, then a division of Almada.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the population of the territory numbers three dozen homes, and by the 18th century there was a population of 400 inhabitants.

After the Liberal revolution, during the administrative reforms of 1836, during the reign of Queen Maria II of Portugal, Seixal obtained the status of municipality. A few years later (1895), this status, was extinguished. At that time Amora was integrated into the municipality of Almada, while Arrentela, Aldeia de Paio Pires and Seixal was annexed into the municipality of Barreiro. Yet, three years later the municipality of Seixal was newly instituted.

As a consequence, by the 18th century, the municipality became an aristocratic retreat for the nobility in nearby Lisbon, resulting in the construction several vacation properties or villas, such as Quinta da Fidalga, Quinta do Alamo, Quinta da Trindade, Quinta de São Pedro and Quinta de Cheiraventos.

Around the bay there are several factories that were important in the development of the municipality, such as the Fábrica de Vidros da Amora (Amora Glass Factory, the Companhia de Lanifícios da Arrentela (Arrentela Wool Co.), the Mundet Cork Factory in Seixal; and the cod drying buildings on the Ponta dos Corvos. These early factory installations transformed the municipality from a rural outpost into an industrial centre, eventually resulting in the installation of the steelmaker Siderurgia Nacional in 1961.

In 1966, a bridge was inaugurated over the Tagus providing a direct, stable link to Lisbon.

The civil parish of Corroios was created in 1976. On 27 May 1993, the parish of Fernão Ferro was established, following the division of the old parish of Arrentela; and on 20 May, the towns of Seixal and Amora evolved to the status of city.

Geography
Seixal is situated on the peninsula of Setúbal and is part of the metropolitan area of Lisbon. The municipality is bordered to the east by the municipality of Barreiro, south by Sesimbra, west by Almada (with which it has a strong affinity) and the north by the Tagus estuary, through which connects to Lisbon.

The Bay of Seixal is part of the Tagus River Estuary, that is fed by several rivers and confluents that extend to the sea; classified as a Reserva Ecológica Nacional (National Ecological Reserve), the bay and small tributaries are part of one of the most important humid zones in Portugal, supporting an elevated biodiversity and exceptional landscape.

Seixal is one of the eight municipalities with the most inhabitants in Portugal, and is composed of four parishes occupying a territory of 95 km2:
 * Amora
 * Corroios
 * Fernão Ferro
 * Seixal, Arrentela e Aldeia de Paio Pires

Although the municipal population continued to grow with development, after the 1970s there was a boom in the population, due to improvements in accessibility and mobility, principally due to public transport, its location to Lisbon and installation of economic activities within the territory. This growth transformed, in a short time, from a territory predominantly rural into an urban municipality, consisting of agglomerations of large dimensions focusing on various establishments and social centres. This growth resulted in the 1993 elevation of Seixal and Amora into cities, and the establishment of Corroios into the status of town.

Economy
Seixal's industrial tradition dates to the shipbuilding industries during the Age of Discoveries. Its privileged location near the capital, with ease of access along the river, contributed to the establishment of various industries. By the early 1990s, heavy industry and manufacturing ceased to be an important motivator of the local economy, with the small and medium logistics and service industries established in modern industrial parks: there are roughly 15,000 companies. Approximately 556 hectares of the municipality (or 6.2% of the area) is occupied by economic activities, with the municipal planning authority adding an additional 364 hectares (3.8%) to industry.

Two of the most recent investment catchment operations is Seixal Business Park, an area next to the Coina node where are headquartered 69 companies, representing about 1,500 jobs, and the study redefine the spatial organization of the area occupied by the former National Steel Company (Siderurgia National do Seixal). These two projects converge on the new Economic Activities Park Seixal County, an area with a total of 700 hectares.

Another area of investment in the county is the tourism. With a wide river front and a large area of tree mass, there are numerous business activities with potential for tourism and leisure. The Office of Business Support - GAE (Gabinete de Apoio ao Empresário), inserted into the GAE Network of Setubal, can support routing of investment through support provided by trained personnel. Here you can learn about business creation, licensing, support and investment incentives, camarários requirements, suitable sites for the installation of economic activities and interpretation of PDM - Municipal Master Plan, as well as other information about the business.

Transport
The principal road network that crosses the municipality, guarantees the connections north to Almada and Lisbon, some 15 km away, in addition to Setúbal, including the A2 motorway. The A33 motorway also constitutes a vital variant along the Setúbal peninsula, allowing connection along two bridges over the Tagus, and facilitate inter-municipal commerce.

The rail-lines connecting Lisbon to Fogueteiro, across the 25 April Bridge (Ponte 25 de Abril), reinforces these roadway connections.

Inland navigation across the Tagus estuary is a vital link economically, as well as a tourist link, with catamaran service provided by Transtejo & Soflusa (with 15 minute service) to Cais do Sodré in Lisbon.

A lowland community, Seixal provides bike paths along the bay that link Amora and Seixal, passing through the parishes of Seixal, Arrentela and Amora.

Culture
Throughout there are secular or religious celebrations that highlight the calendar year, including the Modern Music Festival of Corroios and Seixal Jazz.

But, the primary event of the social year is the Avante! Festival, the annual festival of Portuguese Communist Party, that attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors. The event consists of a three-day music festival with hundreds of Portuguese and international bands and artists across five different stages, in addition to ethnographic demonstrations, gastronomy, social debates, books and music fair, the Avanteatro (theatre) and sporting events. Several foreign communist parties also participate. The events preparation begins following the conclusion of the annual festivities, through the initiative of party members and youth volunteers.

Sport
Seixalíada is the community's annual sporting event bringing together the region's athletes in various sporting activities from track to water event, forming a mini-Olympiad.

Notable people

 * Helder Bataglia dos Santos (born 1947) a Portuguese-Angolan businessman; manages financial projects in Angola, the Congos, South Africa and Mozambique.
 * Emanuel Jardim Fernandes (born 1944) a Portuguese politician and MEP from 2004 to 2009
 * Tiago Amaral (born 1999) stage name TAY, a trap and R&B singer and self taught dancer.

Sport

 * António Simões (born 1943) a former footballer with 429 club caps and 46 with Portugal
 * José Henrique (born 1943) a retired footballer with 288 club caps and 15 with Portugal
 * Manuel Correia (born 1962) a former footballer with 444 club caps and a current manager.
 * Carlos Mendes Varela (born 1984) a French professional rugby league footballer.
 * Luís Leal (born 1987) a footballer with over 250 club caps and 16 for São Tomé and Príncipe

title: Seixal


text: Category:Livingston County, Michigan

title: Category:Livingston County, Michigan


text:
Category:Opera genres

Classification: Performing arts: Opera: Genres

title: Category:Opera genres


text:
Talk:Atlantic Charter

Untitled
The article states that Hitler adopted the Final Solution in retaliation for the US/UK Atlantic Charter - what's the evidence for this claim?

Atlantic Charter
I see you still report that the "atlantic Sharter" was signed on Aug. 14, 1941. Signing implies affixing your signature to paper to attest to something. I'm fond of fountain pens. Churchill used Conway Stewart fountain pens. So, what color ink did Churchill use to sign the "Charter"? What brand of pen did FDR use? Parker? Sheaffer? This was a momentous occasion, was it not? He wouldn't have used a Papermate. Didn't exist. Funny thing is that you won't find the original document with their original signatures on it because none exist. But you say it was signed. Okay. What does the Office of War Information do in 1943? You should know. You show an example in your references. Do a search under "OWI No. 50" and you'll find a propaganda poster printed by the OWI in 1943. 1943. Since this was such a momentous occasion, what was the earliest date that Roosevelt actually used the term "Atlantic Charter"? You say it was signed Aug. 14, 1941. Roosevelt must have made mention of the signing of such an important document. Do you think he mentioned it in his report to Congress? September 1941? How about October 1941? Not until November 1941?? But it was so important! Well, how about Churchill? When did Churchill first use the term "Atlantic Charter"? Better yet, what was the very first recorded instance of the the term "Atlantic Charter" being used in public? During the "Atlantic Conference" that was officially known as "Operation Riviera"? No one used the term "Atlantic Charter" before the London Daily Herald, a Socialist Newspaper, on or about August 19, 1941. Prior to that the thing was referred to as the "Joint Statement" or "Joint Declaration" because that's what it was: It was a press release issued on Aug. 14, 1941 at 9:00 am EST in Washington, DC. Oh yes. Churchill first used the term "Atlantic Charter" on August 24th during the world-wide broadcast of his report to Parliment.So how did "history" get it wrong? You'll have to credit FDR with that. He tried to pull a fast one on Churchill. FDR knew it wasn't signed and he knew Churchill wouldn't agree to break up the Great British Empire. The truth never stopped FDR. We have copies of his original coded radio-telegram telling Stephen Early exactly what to say in the press release. FDR uses the term "signed" and he uses Churchill's name. During a press conference on December 19, 1944 FDR admits that "Nobody ever signed the Atlantic Charter."

I was just looking for a source document. The Avalon Project doesn't have any source documents.

Again, I have to wonder at how many millions of history books exist that claim that the Atlantic Charter was signed off Newfoundland on Aug. 14, 1941 or Aug. 12, 1941. Americans use the 14 date and the British tend to use the 12 date. No, there weren't two signings. That's another story, but FDR and Churchill were thousands of miles apart on Aug. 14, 1941 on different ships.

If you still think there really was a signed "Atlantic Charter", please contact the U.S. National Library of Congress and ask for the location of the archival document. Then try the same thing with the Churchill Society in England. Keep looking. Keep asking. You'll learn something about how "history" becomes history.

Frank Branzuela Anchorage, Alaska
 * Frank, thanks for the fascinating info. I removed an Aug 21, 2004 edit that had added the signing bit back in, but you know, you are able to edit the article yourself. You seem quite knowledgable about this matter. older ≠ wiser 22:41, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC)Y

Haha! I just watched an episode of the documentary miniseries Hell On Earth that dates the signing of the Atlantic Charter to 13 August, 1941 — neatly bisecting the two controversial claims. :D — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.69.190.222 (talk) 13:44, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

Destruction of Tyranny
Point six reads: "after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny"; the word tyranny was specifically chosen over regime, government, state or other terms. It essentially says that the Nazi regime could survive, commisurate with Point three of the charter, provided the Nazi regime withdrew from its occuppied territorries. Nowhere is there a call for the "destruction of the Nazi regime". Shouldn't some mention be made of this? That Churchill & Roosevelt essentially were willing to allow the Nazi regime to survive, provided it withdrew to within its own borders. Nobs 02:12, 22 Apr 2005

Final Solution?
I am not sure how correct it is by saying the Atlantic Charter caused the final solution, ehich is what is being implied. Indeed Hitler saw the AC as evidence of collusion between USA and Britain but did this lead to him agreeing to the Final Solution? Some even argue that Hitler knew little about the mass killings of Jews.

 * The mass killing of Jews had already started at the time of the Atlantic Charter, and no serious historian links it to the Atlantic Charter, so I have removed this abominable attempt at blaming the "Final Solution" on Churchill and Roosevelt.--193.175.194.60 13:51, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Wrong! I'm watching a documentary (The Atlantic Charter - The End of Colonialism) that says the A.C. changed Hitler's mind - before, he was going to wait for the end of the war to implement the Final Solution. 68.183.223.103 (talk) 23:45, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism
Below the image galary is the word: "hhhhhhhhhhhiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii" I'm assuming this is vandalism and so I tried to delete it, but I couldn't find it in the edit part for the image gallery section. I'm not wikiliterate, so its probably my fault for not seeing it. (By the way, this is computer at a high school where all the ip addresses are shared. I don't know who to contact, but someone needs to let an admin know to block the edits coming from this school.  I've noticed my school is one that often vandalises Wikipedia). --204.57.106.93 17:09, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Looks like someone fixed it while I was typing my annonyingly long message, so never mind. (But still, someone please block this IP adress. --204.57.106.93 17:10, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Two proposals
That it's made explicit that the USA hadn't entered WWII at the time of the charter and that the various governments mentioned that adopted the charter were governments in exile.--Mongreilf 16:17, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Atlantic_Charter
What does one MP's disagreement with Allied policy for a postwar Germany have to do with the "aftermath" of this charter? And how is this rhetorical point of view encyclopaedic? Should this article contain mention of each instance where the charter has been invoked to support or oppose a policy? Kablammo 19:14, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I totally agree with you. In my opinion the whole paragraph in its current form should be removed until somebody writes a neutral account of the aftermath, e.g. the connection to the creation of the United Nations or the "constitutional reality" of the charter. The anecdotal and higly selective version of this paragraph is not encyclopaedic. --Baikonur (talk) 11:09, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Inter-Allied Meeting in London on September 24, 1941
There was a common declaration of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary specifying their dissents to the charter. 77.131.91.102 (talk) 22:38, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Discussion of how there never was a signed Charter
I have restored the second paragraph to the version before addition on 4 April by User:Aklogos of a long unsourced passage about how there never was a signed document. From a quick look at Churchill's History I think that may well be source-able, but it belongs in a para at the end of the article, not taking over the intro. I will come back within 2 days to amplify this para. and start a discussion. JohnCD (talk) 19:06, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Atlantic Charter (note by Aklogos moved here by JohnCD from his talk page)
To verify that FDR stated that no "Atlantic Charter" had been signed, go to the NARA Website. Do a search under FDR, oral press conferences, December 19, 1944, and read the transcript.

To verify what Churchill had to say about the drafting of the "Atlantic Charter" statement, see page 443 and 444, in volume 3 of Churchill's "The Second World War", published April 1950.

To verify who wrote the first draft of the "Atlantic Charter" see archived records of memorandums of conversations and meetings held August 9, 1941 thru August 12, 1941, at fdrlibrary, in the psf files, box1. The first draft had only five points, not eight.

To verify that there is no formal "Atlantic Charter" document in federal records, contact any reference librarian at the U.S. Library of Congress and ask if there is any such signed document in their records, apart from the famous propaganda poster (OWI Poster No. 50) that was printed up in 1943.

To verify that there is likewise no signed "Atlantic Charter" in England, contact the Churchill Society or the British Library, both in London.

To verify that the Daily Herald coined the term "Atlantic Charter" and was the originating source for the term, contact the British Library in London which has archival copies of the Daily Herald. Then research all other major British and American contemporary newspaper articles from August 14, 1941 and the subsequent week to learn how other newspapers referred to the joint statement. It was referred to as a "Joint Statement" and a "Joint Declaration", with one New York newspaper even calling it the "American Mein Kampf", a name that didn't stick.

Neither Churchill nor FDR referred to their joint statement as the "Atlantic Charter" until about a week after the Daily Herald article appeared.

You can go through all of Churchill's speeches and you won't find him using the term "Atlantic Charter" in public until August 24, 1941 during his live publicly broadcast report to Parliament.

To read what Churchill's own feelings were about the "Atlantic Charter" in 1942, read the transcript of what he stated before the House of Commons in November of 1942. He said that they (FDR and Churchill) felt that it primarily applied to nations in "Europe now under the Nazi yoke." See the National Archives of the United Kingdom, extract from speech by Prime Minister Churchill to the House of Commons, November of 1942.

What the "Atlantic Charter" was NOT is equally as important as what it was, what it was intended to be, and then what it came to represent later. It was not a "document" apart from notes, and the mimeographed press release that Stephen Early handed out. That press release written by FDR specifically said (in quotes) that it was signed, and that the press release was to say "signed". It was not signed. It was not a treaty. It had no legal standing apart from being a press release of a "joint declaration." But equally as important is the fact that for 68 years we have been teaching our students that it was a document that was signed on August 14, 1941 off the coast of Newfoundland. (Neither FDR's nor Churchill's ship was anywhere near Newfoundland by August 14, 1941. Both ships had departed the area on August 12, 1941.)  See log of President's Cruise, fdrlibrary, psf file, box 1. The "Atlantic Charter" was not a "document" in exactly the same sense that the Gettysburg Address was not a "document".

To verify FDR's specific telegraphed instructions to Stephen Early, again, see fdrlibrary, psf files, box 1.

If anyone feels strongly that the "Atlantic Charter" was actually signed, then by all means, search for a copy with genuine signatures to substantiate your assertion. But before you begin your search, keep in mind that both Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill publicly said that neither one of them signed "it". FDR went even further, saying that "it" was just "scribbled" on "bits of paper" by aides. See the transcript of the December 19, 1944 press conference.

Aklogos (talk) 05:04, 24 April 2009 (UTC)Aklogos
 * I don't think it's disputed, certainly not by me, that there never was a signed piece of paper or that the name "Atlantic Charter" wasn't used initially; but it doesn't seem to me all that important. The important and interesting thing is that the two leaders met and agreed a form of words for a joint declaration; the mechanics of signatures and paper are a detail. However I have moved the discussion of that out of "reaction" into a section of its own and expanded it slightly, and added a section about the name. I'm not sure either of those matters now needs mention in the introductory paragraphs, but those seem to me unsatisfactory anyway, so I am leaving them for the moment, together with the tag. If I can think of a better version, I will propose it. JohnCD (talk) 21:28, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Referencing
I've done my best to add sources to this article however there are still a lot more that needs to be done. One specific point I think should be raised is on 'The ideals expressed through the eight points of the Atlantic Charter were so popular that the United States Office of War Information distributed 240,000 posters of it in 1943 (OWI Poster No. 50).' in the Origins section. I think this is a case of not perhaps trusting a source wholeheartedly. The OWI is at this stage effectively a propaganda organisation for the US government. They would want to promote the AC by posters if there was a demand for them or not. It is because of this that I contest this source being used as a reference to the popularity of the AC.Nome3000 (talk) 04:19, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
 * the media in fact embraced it. As Printer's Ink reported in 1944, "Newspapers, radio, posters, songs and pageants carried the story of the Atlantic Charter and its provisions to most every part of the nation." Rjensen (talk) 08:28, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Again however, that doesn't necessarily prove popularity. During war time the press would be under closer control by the government and will print or broadcast what they are instructed to. all that shows is that someone is trying to make it popular. 'Sadly the Charter fell flat. In polls few Americans could remember its specifics' Nicholas Cull, "Selling peace: the origins, promotion and fate of the Anglo-American new order during the Second World War", Diplomacy and Statecraft, vol 3#1 1996, pp.16. Although I get the impression from the article that its lack of popularity is in the early years of its release and that it did become popular later on. This is however only looking at American public opinion, I'm sure it was very popular in the colonies but this needs to be noted in detail here.Nome3000 (talk) 12:37, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 'US government's own propaganda organization, the Office of War Information (OWI)'Nicholas Cull, "Selling peace: the origins, promotion and fate of the Anglo-American new order during the Second World War", Diplomacy and Statecraft, vol 3#1 1996, pp.18. is evidence to my earlier point.Nome3000 (talk) 12:42, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
 * the best evidence comes from Norman Rockwell's visual depiction of the Atlantic Charter in his "Four Freedoms" -- which were wildly popular at the time and are still very well known. They were not government produced. Rjensen (talk) 12:47, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
 * But this isn't a 'visual depiction of the Atlantic Charter' its of the Four Freedoms which, although they are covered in the points of the AC, are a separate entity in themselves. FDR made a speech in January '41 where he talked about the four freedoms and that is from where they gained their notability. The AC was 7 months later and is a totally different document although it is about a broadly similar subject. People may have know about the four freedoms but not known they were in the AC or that perhaps knew the four freedoms in the AC but not the other points in it. That would be because of the fame and popularity of the FF not the AC itself which is the point that's being claimed here.Nome3000 (talk) 18:18, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

Discussing details around the Atlantic Charter
It is written that 'militarists of the Japanese Government' were rallying. Can anyone provide a source for this information, please?

Who exactly were present to discuss the initial charter? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stjohn1970 (talk • contribs) 08:48, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

main point about atlantic charter
main point about atlantic charter — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.180.131.117 (talk) 17:58, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

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text:
Fairey Gannet

The Fairey Gannet is a carrier-borne aircraft that was designed and produced by the British aircraft manufacturer the Fairey Aviation Company. It was developed for the Royal Navy, being the first fixed-wing aircraft to combine both the search and strike portions of anti-submarine warfare (ASW) operations to be operated by the Fleet Air Arm (FAA).

The Gannet was originally developed to meet a Second World War era requirement for a dual-role ASW and strike to equip the FAA. It was a mid-wing monoplane with a tricycle undercarriage and a crew of three, with a double turboprop engine driving two contra-rotating propellers. On 19 September 1949, the prototype Gannet performed its maiden flight. Four years later, it was brought into regular service with the FAA. The service would use the type from the majority of its aircraft carriers throughout the Cold War. Various export customers were also secured for the Gannet, including the Royal Australian Navy, the German Navy, and the Indonesian Navy, most of these operating the aircraft exclusively from land bases.

During the 1960s, the Royal Navy transitioned to using helicopters, such as the Westland Whirlwind HAS.7, for ASW operations. Accordingly, several Gannets were adapted to perform alternative operations, such as an airborne electronic countermeasures platform and carrier onboard delivery aircraft. Perhaps the most extensive variant of the type was the Gannet AEW.3, which was developed as a carrier-based airborne early warning platform and was operated exclusively by the FAA. The service disposed of its Gannets on 15 December 1978, roughly aligning with the withdrawal of the last of the Royal Navy's large fleet carriers.

Background
According to the aviation historian H. A. Taylor, the origins of what would become the Gannet can be traced back to 1935, when the Fairey Aviation Company started development of the unsuccessful Fairey Prince that used an unusual twin-engine arrangement. Formal design work on the Gannet commenced in response to the issuing of requirement GR.17/45 in 1945, under which the Admiralty sought a new twin-seat aircraft capable of performing both anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and strike missions. Two rival aircraft manufacturers, Fairey and Blackburn Aircraft, opted to produce responses. Fairey's submission was known as the Type Q or Fairey 17 (these designations being sources from the naming of the requirement), while Blackburn's was the Blackburn B-54 / B-88.

For 18 months, Fairey investigated the use of a single Rolls-Royce Tweed turboprop engine to power their proposed aircraft, however, this option was discontinued to concentrate on other efforts. Instead, Fairey approached the engine manufacturer Armstrong Siddeley to develop a new engine based on the existing Armstrong Siddeley Mamba turboprop: the Double Mamba (otherwise known as the "Twin Mamba"). This engine basically comprised a pair of Mamba engines that were mounted side-by-side and sharing a common gearbox. The proposal was enthusiastically accepted and formal design work on the engine stated in December 1945.

The acceptance of this proposal enabled Fairey to develop a rather atypical propulsion arrangement for their proposed aircraft, which was normally only possible for a single engined aircraft. Via the use of a pair of coaxial contra-rotating propellers fitted on the nose of the aircraft, various advantages were presented over conventional twin-engine counterparts; one engine could be shut down and its propellers feathered without producing asymmetry and therefore control difficulties. Shutting down one of the two engines in flight would reduce fuel consumption and extend the aircraft's range.

On 12 August 1946, Fairey was awarded an initial contract to produce two prototypes; Blackburn also received a competing contract to build its own prototypes. One reason for the ordering of multiple prototypes was so that alternative engines, such as the Napier Nomad, could be test flown, although some of these alternatives would never actually be fitted. Another reason was the relatively radical engine arrangement and the high proportion of original design features incorporated into the aircraft.

Into flight
On 19 September 1949, the prototype performed its maiden flight from Aldermaston outside Reading, flown by R. G. Slate; this milestone occurred ten months ahead of Blackburn's competing prototype. While some elements of the prototype proved relatively trouble-free, such as the Double Mamba engine, several early test flights had been troubled by flight control difficulties. These issues, such as sharp trim changes, did not delay the next stage of testing, which commenced in November of that year at Fairey's White Waltham facility. On 25 November 1949, the prototype crash-landed during an unstable landing, leading to three months of repairs.

On 1 March 1950, flight testing resumed with the repaired prototype. By this point, several of the handling issues had been appropriately remedied along with several other faults, yet difficulties with holding the nosewheel up during landings remained. Two months later, sufficient progress had been made to proceed with a formal assessment by naval test pilots at RAF Boscombe Down as well as to begun preliminary carrier trials. On 19 June 1950, the prototype conducted the first deck landing by a turboprop aircraft on HMS Illustrious (R87), piloted by Lieutenant Commander G. Callingham.

On 6 July 1950, the second prototype took to the skies, joining the flight test shortly thereafter. As a result of changes to the operational requirements, this aircraft featured numerous changes from the first prototype, such as a third canopy for an additional crew member and an extended bomb bay. To accommodate the latter, the radome had to be repositioned rearwards; the first prototype was modified to reflect these changes for the aerodynamic trials.

In May 1952, the first prototype returned to Boscombe Down to conduct deck landing assessments and trials, having been configured to represent a production-standard aircraft by this point. Changes included the repositioning of the main landing legs rearwards by 12 inches. Following a full series of handling trials, further carrier trials were performed aboard HMS Eagle (R05). On 13 March 1951, Fairey received an initial order for 100 Gannet AS.1s from the British Government; this had been placed as a 'super-priority' on account of the Korean War. In 1953, quantity production of the type commenced.

On 9 June 1953, the first production Gannet performed its initial flight from RAF Northolt and was put to work in the latter stages of the flight test programme. One serious flaw encountered during the later stage of trials was instances of compressor stalls; the type was grounded for two months while the propeller control system was modified accordingly. One early production aircraft appeared at the 1953 Society of British Aerospace Companies (SBAC) display at Farnborough. On 5 April 1954, four Gannets were formally handed over to the FAA at RNAS Ford.

Further development
The development of several variants of the Gannet started relatively early. On 16 August 1954, the first Gannet T.2, a dedicated trainer variant made its initial flight; it was furnished with dual controls in the forward cockpits, with a retractable periscope for the second cockpit, while the radar apparatus and scanner equipment were deleted. Production of the Gannet was shared between Fairey's factories at Hayes, Middlesex and Heaton Chapel, Stockport / Manchester (Ringway) Airport. During 1954, production commenced at Heaton Chapel, the first aircraft from this production line flew on 5 October of that year. That same month, tropical trials were conducted in Khartoum.

During the late 1950s, an improved ASW model, the Gannet AS.4, and its T.5 trainer equivalent were developed. The improvements included the fitting of an up-rated Double Mamba engine. Several were refurbished with new electronics and radar, thus were re-designated Gannet AS.6.

During 1958, the Gannet was selected to replace the Douglas Skyraider in the airborne early warning and control (AEW) role. In order to accommodate the systems required for this new mission, the Gannet underwent a significant redesign that saw a new version of the Double Mamba installed, new radome mounted under the aircraft, the tailfin increased in area, the undercarriage lengthened and the weapons bay removed. A total of 44 aircraft (plus a single prototype) of the AEW.3 version were produced.

Design
The Fairey Gannet is a carrier-borne turboprop-powered aircraft. It was typically operated by a crew of three, a pilot and two aerial observers. The pilot was seated directly above the aircraft's Double Mamba engine and behind the gearbox and contrarotating propellers in a position that conferred a favourable view over the nose for carrier operations. The first observer was seated underneath a separate canopy that was directly aft of the pilot's position. On the production aircraft, a second observer was also present in their own cockpit that was located over the wing trailing edge. This addition disturbed the airflow over the horizontal stabiliser, necessitating the addition of small finlets on either side.

The wing of the Gannet folded in two places, forming a distinctive Z-shape on each side, to minimise its space requirements while being stowed onboard aircraft carriers. The first fold was upwards, at about a third of the wing span where the inboard anhedral (down-sweep) changed to the outboard dihedral (up-sweep) of the wing (described as an inverted gull wing). The second wing fold was downward, at about two-thirds of the wing span. The length of the nosewheel shock absorber caused the Gannet to have a distinctive nose-high attitude, which was a common characteristic of carrier aircraft of the era.

The Gannet had a sizable internal bomb bay within the fuselage; it was the first British aircraft in FAA service to be capable of storing all its munitions (other than rockets) within an internal bomb bay. Such munitions could include depth charges, sonobouys, homing torpedoes, bombs, markers, and mines. Hard points beneath the outer wings could carry up to 16 Mk.8 or 24 Mk.5 rocket projectiles; other equipment included 100 gallon external fuel tanks. The primary search apparatus was the Air-to-Surface Vessel (ASV) radar, which made use of a retractable radome positioned underneath the rear fuselage just to the aft of the bomb bay.

The Armstrong Siddeley Double Mamba engine consisted of two Mamba engines that were mounted in a side-by-side arrangement and coupled through a common gearbox to coaxial contra-rotating propellers. Each engine drove its own propeller, and power was transmitted by a torsion shaft which was engaged through a series of sun, planet, epicyclic and spur gears to give a suitable reduction ratio and correct propeller-shaft rotation. The ASMD.1 engine (2950 hp) was used in the Gannet AS.1; ASMD.3 (3145 hp) in the AS.4; and ASMD.4 (3875 hp) in the AEW.3 variant. The Double Mamba engine could be run with one Mamba stopped and its propeller feathered, to conserve fuel and extend endurance when cruising; stopping one engine on a conventional twin-engined plane would normally create thrust asymmetry, whereas the centreline-mounted propeller arrangement avoided this. The Mamba exhausts were situated on each side of the fuselage, at the root of the wing trailing edge. The gas-turbine engine could run on kerosene, "wide-cut" turbine fuel or diesel fuel, allowing the Admiralty to eliminate the dangerous high-octane petroleum spirit required to operate piston-engined aircraft from carriers.

In FAA service, the Gannet generally wore the standard camouflage scheme of a Sky (duck-egg blue) underside and fuselage sides, with Extra Dark Sea Grey upper surfaces, the fuselage demarcation line running from the nose behind the propeller spinner in a straight line to then curve and join the line of the fin. Code numbers were typically painted on the side of the fuselage ahead of the wing; roundel and serial markings were behind the wing. The T.2 and T.5 trainers were finished in silver overall, with a yellow "Trainer band" on rear fuselage and wings.

Operational history
During April 1954, deliveries of the Gannet AS.1 formally commenced. On 17 January 1955, the 826 NAS became the RN's first operational Gannet squadron, which promptly embarked on the modernised aircraft carrier HMS Eagle (R05). During its initial at-sea deployment in the Mediterranean, no serious issues were encountered with the Gannet aside from the standard teething issues. Later that same year, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) stood up their first two Gannet squadrons.

The RAN ultimately operated 33 Gannet AS.1 and three T.2 trainers. They were primarily flown from the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne (R21) as well as the shore base HMAS Albatross (air station) near Nowra, New South Wales. During 1967, the RAN withdrew its surviving 24 Gannets from service.

By the mid-1960s, the Royal Navy's Gannet AS.1 and AS.4 models had been replaced by the Westland Whirlwind HAS.7 helicopters. FAA Gannets continued to operate as electronic countermeasures (ECM) aircraft: the ECM.6. Several Gannet AS.4s were converted to COD.4s for Carrier onboard delivery—the aerial supply of mail and light cargo to the fleet.

Starting in May 1958, West Germany's Navy commenced operations of the Gannet AS.4; the country would obtain 15 Gannet AS.4s and a single T.5. German Gannets operated as the ASW squadron of Marinefliegergeschwader 2 (2nd Naval Aviation Wing) from Jagel and Sylt. During 1963, the squadron was reassigned to MFG 3 at Nordholz Naval Airbase, where they remained until replaced by the newer and larger Breguet Br.1150 Atlantic three years later.

During January 1959, Indonesia ordered 18 Gannet AS.4 and T.5s for the Indonesian Navy. These were purchased from Fairey via the Ministry of Supply and were re-modelled from existing Gannet AS.1s and T.2s prior to delivery. Several were used as ground-based trainers only. Additional Gannets were later acquired by other countries.

Accidents and mishaps

 * 21 November 1958 – Fairey Gannet AS.1, WN345, suffered a belly landing during a test programme, forced by a partially deployed nosewheel. The pilot landed gear-up on a foam-covered runway at RAF Bitteswell, suffering minimal damage. After repair, the Gannet was back in the air within weeks.
 * 30 January 1959 – A Royal Australian Navy Gannet on a trip from Bankstown to Nowra broke up in mid-flight over the Sydney suburb of Sylvania, killing the pilot.
 * 29 July 1959 – Royal Navy Fairey Gannet AS.4, XA465, unable to lower the undercarriage, made a power-on deck belly landing into the crash barrier on HMS Centaur (R06). The crew was uninjured but the airframe was written off, salvaged in Singapore, but ending up at the fire dump of Singapore Naval Base.
 * 9 April 1962 – Two Fairey Gannet AEW.3s of 849 Sqn FAA RN (XL499 "426" and XP197 "414") collided at night and crashed into the English Channel 15 miles off The Lizard, Cornwall. All six crew were killed.
 * 23 January 1964 – Royal Navy Fairey Gannet ECM.6 XG832 suffered double engine failure caused by a phosphor bronze bushing on the idler gear of the port engine's primary accessory drive failing. Fine metal particles from the gear were carried away by the shared oil system of the two engines, causing both to be destroyed. All three crew bailed out near St Austell and survived.
 * 12 May 1966 – German Navy AS.4 UA-115 crashed shortly after takeoff from Kaufbeuren, killing all three crew members. The crash was deemed the result of pilot error.

Harness restraint issues
Tests on the harness restraint system in the Gannet were carried out after a midflight failure due to the release cables binding. The accident was the result of an unrelated engine failure, but the primary issue was the failure of the harness quick-release mechanism.

A brief report in Cockpit, Q4 1973, concerning the accident: "A Gannet was launched at night from Ark Royal and climbed to 4,000 ft. Shortly afterwards the starboard engine ran down to 60%. Attempts to feather and brake the engine, and a subsequent re-light were unsuccessful and the aircraft was unable to maintain height. (It is considered that the most likely cause of the accident was disconnection of the HP cock linkage). Both observers bailed out at 1,800 ft, but when the pilot, Lieutenant Keith Jones, tried to bail out he could not free himself from the 'Negative g' strap. However, the rest of the harness had fallen clear and so the pilot was committed to a ditching without any restraint from shoulder or lap straps. This was successfully accomplished and the aircrew were all recovered safely and uninjured ...

Although the ditching was successful, the most disturbing factor of the accident was the inability of the pilot to release himself from 'Negative g' strap ..."

Operators
🇦🇺
 * Fleet Air Arm
 * 724 Squadron RAN
 * 725 Squadron RAN
 * 816 Squadron RAN
 * 817 Squadron RAN

 * Marineflieger
 * Marinefliegergeschwader 2 (1958–1963)
 * Marinefliegergeschwader 3 (1963–1966)

🇮🇩
 * Indonesian Navy Naval Aviation

 * Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm
 * 700 Naval Air Squadron
 * 703 Naval Air Squadron
 * 703X Flight
 * 719 Naval Air Squadron
 * 724 Naval Air Squadron
 * 725 Naval Air Squadron
 * 728 Naval Air Squadron
 * 737 Naval Air Squadron
 * 744 Naval Air Squadron
 * 796 Naval Air Squadron
 * 810 Naval Air Squadron
 * 812 Naval Air Squadron
 * 814 Naval Air Squadron
 * 815 Naval Air Squadron
 * 816 Naval Air Squadron
 * 817 Naval Air Squadron
 * 820 Naval Air Squadron
 * 824 Naval Air Squadron
 * 825 Naval Air Squadron
 * 826 Naval Air Squadron
 * 831 Naval Air Squadron
 * 847 Naval Air Squadron
 * 849 Naval Air Squadron
 * 1840 Naval Air Squadron Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve

Australia
On display:
 * Gannet AS.1 XA334, Camden Museum of Aviation, New South Wales
 * Gannet AS.1 XA331, Queensland Air Museum, Caloundra, Queensland.
 * Gannet AS.1 XA434 at the Fleet Air Arm Museum, Nowra, New South Wales
 * Gannet AS.1 XG789 the Australian National Aviation Museum, Moorabbin, Victoria.
 * Gannet T.5 XG888 at the Fleet Air Arm Museum, Nowra, New South Wales

Germany
On display:
 * Gannet AEW.3 XL450, at the Flugausstellung Hermeskeil.
 * Gannet AS.4 UA-113, at the Aeronauticum Marinefliegermuseum Nordholz e.V
 * Gannet AS.4 UA-112 at the Technik Museum Speyer
 * Gannet AS.4 UA-110 painted as UA-106 at Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow

Indonesia
On display:
 * Gannet AS.1, Serial no. AS07 painted as AS101 at Juanda Naval Air Station in Surabaya.
 * Gannet AS.1, Serial no. AS05 painted as AS105 at Bumi Moro Museum TNI-AL Loka Jala Crana in Surabaya.
 * Gannet AS.1, Serial no. AS00 at Satria Mandala Armed Forces Museum in Jakarta.

United Kingdom
On display:
 * Gannet COD.4 XA466 at the Fleet Air Arm Museum, RNAS Yeovilton
 * Gannet T.2 XA508, Midland Air Museum, Coventry
 * Gannet T.5 XG883, Museum of Berkshire Aviation, Woodley, Berkshire, England
 * Gannet ECM.6 XG831 at Davidstow Airfield and Cornwall at War Museum, Cornwall.
 * Gannet ECM.6 XA459 at Solway Aviation Museum, England
 * Gannet ECM.6 XG797 at the Imperial War Museum at Duxford Airfield, Cambridgeshire
 * Gannet AEW.3 XL497 at the Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum, Scotland
 * Gannet AEW.3 XL502 at Yorkshire Air Museum, England
 * Gannet AEW.3 XL503 at the Fleet Air Arm Museum, RNAS Yeovilton
 * Gannet AEW.3 XP226 at the Newark Air Museum, England

Under restoration or stored:
 * Gannet ECM.6 / AS.4 XA460 currently under restoration at the Ulster Aviation Society Museum, Maze Long Kesh, Lisburn, Northern Ireland
 * Gannet T.5 XG882 is on the former RAF Errol, between Dundee and Perth, Scotland; however, the aircraft is unprotected and is derelict
 * Gannet AEW.3 G-KAEW (XL500) undergoing a full restoration to airworthiness at South Wales Aviation Museum (SWAM), former RAF St Athan site at Picketston, near Cardiff

United States
Airworthy:
 * Gannet T.5 XT752, Wings of Steel Foundation, Wisconsin

On display:
 * Gannet AEW3 XL482 at the Pima Air Museum, Arizona

title: Fairey Gannet


text: Category:Rensselaer County, New York

title: Category:Rensselaer County, New York


text:
Demulcent

A demulcent (derived from the demulcere "caress") is a mucilaginous or oleaginous preparation that forms a soothing protective film over a mucous membrane, relieving minor pain and inflammation of the membrane. However, they generally help for less than 30 minutes.

Demulcents are sometimes referred to as mucoprotective agents. Demulcents such as pectin, glycerin, honey, and syrup are common ingredients in cough mixtures and cough drops.

Examples
Natural demulcents include slippery elm, pectin, licorice-root and marsh-mallow.

Synthetic demulcents include methylcellulose, propylene glycol, and glycerin.

title: Demulcent