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JEdit

jEdit is a free software text editor available under GPL-2.0-or-later. It is written in Java and runs on any operating system with Java support, including BSD, Linux, macOS and Windows.

History
The development of jEdit was started by Slava Pestov in 1998, who left the project in 2006, handing development to the free software community.

Features
jEdit includes syntax highlighting that provides native support for over 200 file formats. Support for additional formats can be added manually using XML files. It supports UTF-8 and many other encodings.

It has extensive code folding and text folding capabilities as well as text wrapping that takes indents into account.

The application is highly customizable and can be extended with macros written in BeanShell, Jython, ECMAScript and some other scripting languages.

Plug-ins
There are over 150 available jEdit plug-ins for many different application areas.

Plug-ins are used to customize the application for individual use and can make it into an advanced XML/HTML editor, or an integrated development environment (IDE), with compiler, code completion, context-sensitive help, debugging, visual differentiation and language-specific tools.

The plug-ins are downloaded via an integrated plug-in manager which finds and installs them along with any dependencies. The plugin manager will track new versions and can download associated updates automatically.

Some available plug-ins include:
 * Spell checker using Aspell
 * Syntax and style checkers for various languages
 * Text auto-complete
 * Accents plugin that converts character abbreviations for accented characters as they are typed.
 * XML plugin that is used for editing XML, HTML, ECMAScript and CSS files. In the case of XML, the plug-in does validation. For XML, HTML and CSS, it uses auto-completion popups for elements, attributes and entities.

Reception
In general, jEdit has received positive reviews from developers.

Rob Griffiths wrote in April 2002 for MAC OS X HINTS saying he was "very impressed" and naming it "pick of the week". He cited its file memory upon reopening, its ability to notice if an open file was changed on disk by another program, syntax coloring, including that users can create their own color schemes, split windows feature, show line number feature, convertible tabs to soft-tabs and view sidebars. He also praised its customization possibilities using the extensive preferences panel and the "on the fly" search engine, which searches while typing. Griffiths noted that the application has a few drawbacks, such as that it is "a bit slow at scrolling a line at a time" and that because it is a Java application it doesn't have the full Aqua interface.

Also reviewing the application in April 2002, Daniel Steinberg writing for O'Reilly Media said: "The strength of jEdit for Java developers comes from the plug-ins contributed by the community...For the most part, there's nothing here that couldn't be done with BBEdit or even with Emacs or vi. jEdit packages the capabilities much more nicely and makes it easy to call often-used functionality using the plug-ins. Where I saw NetBeans as overkill, others may see jEdit as underkill for an IDE or overkill for a text editor. I find it Mac friendly and easy to use. I don't expect too much from it, so I tend to be pleased with what I get."

Scott Beatty reviewing jEdit on SitePoint in 2005 particularly noted the application's folding feature along with its search and replace and PHP syntax highlighting capabilities. He recommended the use of the PHPParser plug-in. PHPParser is a sidebar that checks for PHP syntax errors whenever a PHP code file is loaded or saved. He noted that downloading jEdit is simple, but that getting and installing the plug-ins to customize it for individual use can be a complex process: "Beware that a full setup requires a series of downloads, and that this process can take time."

Writing in December 2011, reviewer Rares Aioanei praised jEdit's versatility, stating "jEdit's design allows you to use it as a simple editor, but also use it as an IDE and expand its functionality via plugins so that it becomes exactly what you want it to be for the task or language at hand." but also adding that "jEdit is not, however, an IDE with everything but the Christmas tree, like Eclipse or Microsoft Visual Studio. Rather, it's a compact application for editing code, providing practical tools along with basic IDE features."

title: JEdit


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Talk:Alice (American TV series)

Merging Mel's Diner
Unlikely that this fictional restaurant is encyclopedically notable enough for its own article. Current article is very light on sources. 162 etc. (talk) 18:57, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 13:24, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Alice (American TV series)


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Vic Tayback

Victor Tayback (January 6, 1930 – May 25, 1990) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as diner owner Mel Sharples on the television sitcom Alice (1976–1985), as well as his multiple guest appearances on The Love Boat (1977–1987). The former earned him two consecutive Golden Globe Awards (for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series) and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series.

Early life
Tayback was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Syrian immigrant parents Helen (née Hanood) and Najeeb James Tayback. Both of his parents had emigrated to the United States from Aleppo. He moved with his family to Burbank, California during his teenage years and attended Burbank High School, from which he graduated in 1947. He also attended Glendale Community College and the Frederick A. Speare School of Radio and TV Broadcasting.

Career
Tayback served in the United States Navy before beginning his acting career at the age of 25. A lifetime member of the Actors Studio, he was a familiar face on television in the 1960s and 1970s, appearing on numerous series, including The Man from U.N.C.L.E., Star Trek, Bonanza, Here Come the Brides, That Girl, Gunsmoke, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Partridge Family, All in the Family, Fantasy Island, Columbo, and The Love Boat. He also appeared in many films such as Bullitt (1968), Papillon (1973), The Gambler (1974), The Cheap Detective (1978), and All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989), as well as more than 25 stage productions, including Twelve Angry Men, The Diary of Anne Frank, Death of a Salesman, and Brighton Beach Memoirs. He was the co-founder of the theater troupe Company of Angels.

Tayback's most famous role was handsome diner owner Mel Sharples in both the film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974) and the television series Alice (1976–1985). He was the only actor in the original film to reprise his role for the rest of the series. For the role, he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 1978 and won two consecutive Golden Globe Awards in 1980 and 1981.

Personal life
Tayback was married to Sheila Maureen Barnard (1932–2001) from March 16, 1963, until his death on May 25, 1990. They had a son, Christopher (born 1963), who is a business trial lawyer and former prosecutor.

Death
Tayback died of a heart attack at age 60 at Glendale Adventist Medical Center on May 25, 1990. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills).

Film

 * The Power of the Resurrection (1958) – Simon the Canaanite
 * T-Bird Gang (1959) – Cop #1 at gas station
 * Gangster Story (1959) – Norm, Resort Guard (uncredited)
 * North to Alaska (1960) – Roustabout (uncredited)
 * Five Minutes to Live (1961) – Fred Dorella
 * With Six You Get Eggroll (1968) – Truck Driver
 * Bullitt (1968) – Pete Ross
 * Blood and Lace (1971) – Calvin Carruthers
 * Emperor of the North Pole (1973) – Yardman
 * The Blue Knight (1973) – Neil Grogan
 * The Don Is Dead (1973) – Ralph Negri
 * Papillon (1973) – Sergeant
 * Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974) – Mario Pinski
 * The Gambler (1974) – One
 * Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974) – Mel
 * Report to the Commissioner (1975) – Lieutenant Seidensticker
 * Lepke (1975) – Lucky Luciano
 * No Deposit, No Return (1976) – Big Joe
 * The Big Bus (1976) – Goldie
 * Special Delivery (1976) – Wyatt
 * Mansion of the Doomed (1976) – Detective Simon
 * The Shaggy D.A. (1976) – Eddie Roschak
 * The Choirboys (1977) – Zoony
 * The Cheap Detective (1978) – Lieutenant DiMaggio
 * Treasure Island (1985) – Silver
 * Weekend Warriors (1986) – Sergeant Burdge
 * The Underachievers (1987) – Coach
 * Loverboy (1989) – Harry Bruckner
 * Beverly Hills Bodysnatchers (1989) – Lou
 * All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989) – Carface Caruthers (voice)
 * Horseplayer (1990) - George Samsa (Final film role)

Television

 * Alice (1976-1985) as Mel Sharples
 * Griff as Captain Barney Marcus. Series starred Lorne Greene in title role and Ben Murphy
 * Khan! as Lieutenant Gubbins
 * I Dream of Jeannie as Turhan In the episode "This Is Murder"
 * Buckskin (Episode: "The Battle of Gabe Pruitt") – Claude
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (Season 4 Episode 7: "A Man with a Problem") (1958) – Man Talking to Cab Driver
 * 77 Sunset Strip (1960) (Episode: Trouble in the Middle East) Bearded Rebel
 * Rawhide (Episode: "The Gray Rock Hotel") (1965) – Monte
 * F Troop (Episode: "Corporal Agarn's Farewell To The Troops") (1965) – Bill Colton
 * The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (Episode: "The Re-Collectors Affair") (1965) – Sargent
 * Daniel Boone (Episode: "Onatha") (1966) – Hongas
 * Family Affair (Episode: 8 Season 1 "Who's Afraid of Nural Shpeni?") (1966) - Policeman
 * Gunsmoke (Episode: "Ladies From St. Louis") (1967) – Gaines
 * Get Smart (Episode: "Appointment in Sahara") (1967) – Jamal
 * The Monkees (Episodes: "Your Friendly Neighborhood Kidnappers") (1966–1967) - George
 * The Monkees (1966) – Rocco in S1:E16, "Son of a Gypsy"
 * The Monkees (1967) – Chuche in S2:E5, "Art, for Monkees' Sake"
 * Here Come the Brides (recurring logger) (1968-1970)
 * Star Trek: The Original Series (Episode: "A Piece of the Action") (1968) – Jojo Krako
 * That Girl (1968) (Season 3 Episode 12) - Max
 * Lancer (Episode: "Devil's Blessing") (1969) - Porter
 * The Bill Cosby Show (Episode: "The Fatal Phone Call") (1969) - Calvin
 * Bonanza (Episode 358 "Caution, Easter Bunny Crossing". Season 11 Episode 25) (1970) - Everett Gaskell
 * ''The Partridge Family (Episode: Danny & The Mob) 1971
 * The Mary Tyler Moore Show (Episode: "Second Story Story") (1971) – Officer Jackson
 * Bewitched (Episode: "The Good Fairy Strikes Again") (1971) – Officer #1
 * Columbo (Episode: "Suitable for Framing") (1971) – Sam Franklin
 * The F.B.I. (Episode: "The Natural") (1971) - Ed Larch
 * The F.B.I. (Episode: "Dark Journey") (1972) - Neil Parks
 * Gunsmoke (Episode: "The Fugitives S18E7") (1972)- Bill Hankins
 * Arnie (Episode: "Boom or Bust") (1972) – Sergeant
 * The Bold Ones: The New Doctors (Episode: "Is This Operation Necessary?") (1972) – Frank Wells
 * Emergency! (Episode: "Boot") (1973) – Truck Driver.
 * All in the Family (Episode: "Et Tu, Archie?") (1974) – Joe Tucker
 * Barney Miller (Episode: "Stakeout", "The Social Worker") (1975) – Mr. Savocheck / Master Forger
 * The Practice (Episode: "The Choice") (1976) – Frankie Nyles
 * Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman (Episode: 29, Season: 1) (1976)
 * Hawaii Five-O (Episode: "Bones of Contention" ; "Angel in Blue") (1975–1978) – Martin Lynch / Parmel
 * The Eddie Capra Mysteries (Episode: "How Do I Kill Thee?") (1978) – Logan
 * $weepstake$ (Episode: "Billy, Wally and Ludmilla, and Theodore") (1979) – Sergeant Yarbrough
 * The Love Boat (Episode: "Friends & Lovers; Sergeant Bull; Miss Mother") (1980) – Sergeant Harry Beluski
 * Flo (Episode: "What Are Friends For?") (1981) – Mel Sharples
 * Fantasy Island (1979–1983, Multiple) – George Walters / Laura Walters / Norman Atkins / Chet Nolan / Melvyn Mews
 * T. J. Hooker (Episode: "Hooker's War") (1982) – Lieutenant Pete Benedict
 * Hotel (Episode: "Relative Loss") (1983) – Wallace Egan
 * Finder of Lost Loves (Episode: "Maxwell Ltd: Finder of Lost Loves Pilot") (1984) – Thomas Velasco
 * Murder, She Wrote (Episode: "One Good Bid Deserves a Murder") (1986) – Sal Domino
 * Crazy Like a Fox (1986)
 * The Love Boat (1977–1987, Multiple) – Himself / Jack Hamilton / Shelley Sommers / 'Dutch' Boden / Sergeant Harry Beluski / Harry Stewart
 * Adderly (1987) – Gregorin
 * Tales from the Darkside (Episodes: "The New Man", (as Alan Coombs) Season 1, 1984, and "Basher Malone" (as Tippy Ryan) Season 4, 1988)
 * MacGyver (1990, Episode: "Jenny's Chance") – George Henderson (final television appearance)

title: Vic Tayback


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clark Democrats

Clark Democrats was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

This page was originally listed at copyright problems because it's directly taken from a blog at forclark.com. At that time it was put there by an anon which later turned out to be Roseba (contribs), she herself is part of this movement called clark democrats and was involved in writing those 10 commandments. I've been having a discussion with her on my talk page about this whole issue which is an informative read.

She claims it to be an active and growing movement of thousands of individuals, citing this google search, however thats a search for clark+democrat which would turn up alot of false positives, this search of mine for "clark democrat" OR "clark democrats" should be a little more accurate with raughtly 6,530 hits.

In any case, the article reads more like a clark advertising booklet than an enyclopedia article, and really doesnt describe the phenomena, however not living in the US i dont really know if this is a valid topic that we should have an article on — and thats why it's here. -- Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason   22:36, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)

 * Keep. A search for "Wes Clark Democrats" turns up an official website (which I've added to the article) and a Yahoo! Newsgroup.  Seems legit (even though I've never heard of it).  (And no I'm not Wes Clark.)  --Wclark 22:59, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)
 * cleanup or delete, currently very unenyclopedic. It's not even obvious which Clark is meant, especially to non-USians. Ianb 23:43, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete until this movement can get more than one Google News hit. - SimonP 00:55, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm thinking this is neologistic at best, POV at worst. I've never heard the term at all.  Delete. - Lucky 6.9 01:41, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a soapbox, or a mirror.  Bacchiad 02:56, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete: Not a substantial 3rd party or subparty force at present and likely to vanish quickly. Geogre 14:11, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Reads like an infomercial and in need of POV work. That is already mentioned in the entry. Even if the movement vanishes quicky, it may be of historical interest to students of American political history, or the history of minor American political movements. Arevich 13:37, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - not really an article. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:24, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Thomas Dadford

Thomas Dadford Sr. (died 1809) was an English canal engineer as were his sons, Thomas Dadford Jr., John Dadford, and James Dadford.

Biography
Thomas Dadford probably originated from Stewponey or Stourton, Staffordshire, near Stourbridge. He started as one of James Brindley's many pupil-assistants, in which capacity he worked on the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal and the Birmingham Canal Navigations.

He was engineer and surveyor on the Dudley Canal until 1783, and consulted by them later when they were extending through Dudley Tunnel.

 * 1774 –  with John Priddy he surveyed the Stroudwater Canal
 * 1782 –  with Thomas (Junior), he made recommendations for improvements to the River Trent.
 * 1784 –  advised on the Coventry Canal's aqueduct over the River Tame.
 * 1789 –  cutting contractor on the Cromford Canal.
 * 1791, he became a shareholder of the Neath Canal.

The latter part of his career was spent in Monmouthshire, Glamorganshire, and Montgomeryshire, for example on the Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal in the early 1790s, often working with his two sons. He worked on many canal projects, including the Neath and the Aberdare, in many of which he was also a shareholder. Until 1794, with his son and Thomas Sheasby, he was engineer and contractor on the Glamorganshire Canal, until they had a row with the company and were arrested for alleged overpayments. The matter was later resolved in their favour and they were exonerated.

His last canal was the Montgomeryshire, where he succeeded his son John as engineer in July 1797.

title: Thomas Dadford


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Antonine Plague

The Antonine Plague of AD 165 to 180, also known as the Plague of Galen (after Galen, the Greek physician who described it), was a prolonged and destructive epidemic, which impacted the Roman Empire. It was possibly contracted and spread by soldiers who were returning from campaign in the Near East. Scholars generally believe the plague was smallpox, although measles has also been suggested,   and recent genetic evidence strongly suggests that the most severe form of smallpox only arose in Europe much later. In AD 169 the plague may have claimed the life of the Roman emperor Lucius Verus, who was co-regnant with Marcus Aurelius. These two emperors had risen to the throne by virtue of being adopted by the previous emperor, Antoninus Pius, and as a result, their family name, Antoninus, has become associated with the pandemic.

Ancient sources agree that the plague is likely to have appeared during the Roman siege of the Mesopotamian city of Seleucia in the winter of 165–166, during the Parthian campaign of Lucius Verus. Ammianus Marcellinus reported that the plague spread to Gaul and to the legions along the Rhine. Eutropius stated that a large proportion of the empire's population died from this outbreak. According to the contemporary Roman historian Cassius Dio, the disease broke out again 9 years later in 189 AD and caused up to 2,000 deaths a day in the city of Rome, 25% of those who were affected. The total death count has been estimated at 5–10 million, roughly 10% of the population of the empire. The disease was particularly deadly in the cities and in the Roman army.

The Antonine plague occurred during the last years of what is called the Pax Romana, the high point in the influence, territorial control, and population of the Roman Empire. Historians differ in their opinions of the impact of the plague on the empire in the increasingly troubled eras after its appearance. Historians have noted similar plagues in the Han Empire of China during the mid-to-late 2nd century AD that caused devastating effects there, at a time when ancient Chinese historians claimed diplomatic contacts were made with what they perceived to be the Roman Empire. Based on archaeological records, Roman commercial activity in the Indian Ocean extending to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia from ports of Roman Egypt seems to have suffered a major setback after the plague.

Economic growth and poor health
Epidemics were common in the ancient world, but the Antonine plague was the first known pandemic of the Roman Empire. The Antonine plague spread throughout the Roman Empire, and perhaps other areas, including China, and infected many millions of people. The pandemic erupted during the last years of what is often considered the "golden age" of Rome during the reign of co-emperor Marcus Aurelius. The Roman Empire at that time had a population estimated at 75 million people, about one-fourth of all human beings then living. Historians generally agree that the population of the Roman Empire peaked at about the time that the Antonine Plague appeared and, thereafter, population declined.

The economic prosperity of the Roman Empire notwithstanding, the conditions were propitious for a pandemic. The population was unhealthy. About 20 percent of the population—a large percentage by ancient standards—lived in one of hundreds of cities; Rome, with a population estimated at one million, being the largest. The cities were a "demographic sink" even in the best of times. The death rate exceeded the birth rate and a constant in-migration of new residents was necessary to maintain the urban population. As perhaps more than one-half of children died before reaching adulthood, the average life expectancy at birth was only in the mid-twenties. Dense urban populations and poor sanitation contributed to the dangers of disease. The connectivity by land and sea between the vast territories of the Roman Empire made the transfer of infectious diseases from one region to another easier and more rapid than it was in smaller, more geographically confined societies. Epidemics of infectious diseases in the empire were common, with nine recorded between 43 BC and 148 AD. The rich were not immune to the unhealthy conditions. Only two of emperor Marcus Aurelius' fourteen children are known to have reached adulthood.

A good indicator of nutrition and the disease burden is the average height of the population. The conclusion of the study of thousands of skeletons is that the average Roman was shorter in stature than the people of pre-Roman societies of Italy and the post-Roman societies of the Middle Ages. The view of historian Kyle Harper is that "not for the last time in history, a precocious leap forward in social development brought biological reverses". Despite increasing development, average height did not increase in Europe between 1000 and 1800, while it increased in the 5th and 6th centuries during late antiquity.

Spread of the disease
The traditional Roman view attributed the cause of the Antonine plague to the violation by the Roman army of a temple in the city of Seleucia during the Parthian campaign of Lucius Verus. The soldiers then carried it back to the Roman Empire from the Parthian Empire in early 166. However, the first documented case of the plague was in Smyrna (in Roman Anatolia) in 165 where the orator Aelius Aristides almost died from the disease. From the east the plague spread westward reaching Rome in 166 and nearly every corner of the empire by 172. The co-emperor Lucius Verus died from the plague in 169 and it ravaged the Roman army.

The plague endured until about 180 and another epidemic, possibly related, is reported by Dio Cassius to have struck the city of Rome in 189. Two thousand people in the city often died on a single day. Whether this new epidemic, or recurrence of the Antonine plague, impacted the empire outside the city of Rome is unknown.

Epidemiology
In 166, during the epidemic, the Greek physician and writer Galen traveled from Rome to his home in Asia Minor and returned to Rome in 168, when he was summoned by the two Augusti, the co-emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. He was present at the outbreak among troops stationed at Aquileia in the winter of 168/69. Galen briefly recorded observations and a description of the epidemic in the treatise Methodus Medendi ("Method of Treatment"), and he scattered other references to it among his voluminous writings. He described the plague as "great" and of long duration, and mentioned fever, diarrhea, and pharyngitis as well as a skin eruption, sometimes dry and sometimes pustular, that appeared on the 9th day of the illness. The information that was provided by Galen does not unambiguously identify the nature of the disease, but scholars have generally preferred to diagnose it as smallpox.

The historian William H. McNeill asserts that the Antonine Plague and the later Plague of Cyprian (251–c. 270) were outbreaks of two different diseases, one of smallpox and one of measles but not necessarily in that order. The severe devastation to the European population from the two plagues may indicate that people had no previous exposure to either disease, which brought immunity to survivors. Other historians believe that both outbreaks involved smallpox. The latter view is bolstered by molecular estimates that place the evolution of measles sometime after 1000 AD. However, Galen's description of the Antonine Plague is not completely consistent with smallpox.

Impact
Historians differ in their assessment of the impact of the Antonine Plague on Rome. To some, the plague was the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire. To others, it was a minor event, documented by Galen and other writers but only slightly more deadly than other epidemics which frequently ravaged parts of the empire. Estimates of the fatalities from the pandemic range from 2 to 33% of the Roman Empire's population with deaths between 1.5 and 25 million people. Most estimates coalesce around a fatality rate of about 10% (7.5 million people) of the total population of the empire with death rates of up to 15% in the cities and the army. If the pandemic was indeed smallpox, the number who died would have probably been about 25% of those infected as the survival rate from smallpox is often around 75%, or 3 out of 4 people infected.

The traditional view was expressed by Barthold Georg Niebuhr (1776–1831) who concluded that "as the reign of Marcus Aurelius forms a turning point in so many things, and above all in literature and art, I have no doubt that this crisis was brought about by that plague ... The ancient world never recovered from the blow inflicted on it by the plague which visited it in the reign of Marcus Aurelius." More recently, scholar Kyle Harper said something similar: the pandemic "in any account of Rome's destiny ... merit[s] a place squarely in the forefront." To the contrary, a team of six historians questioned the "extreme" position of Harper and others on this plague as "ignoring scholarship that suggests it had a less than catastrophic outcome," but the historians affirmed that "we do not doubt that disease and climate had some of the impact Harper describes."

Some historians have hypothesized that the epidemic resulted in a surge in the popularity of the cult of Asclepius, the god of medicine; the epigraphic record, however, shows no evidence of such increase in the cult's popularity.

Impact on the Roman army

The ancient chroniclers portray the plague as a disaster for the Roman army with the army "reduced almost to extinction." This came in 166 at the beginning at the Marcomannic Wars in which Germanic tribes were invading Roman territory south of the middle Danube River in what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and south to Italy. The impact of the plague forced Marcus Aurelius to recruit and train additional soldiers from among "gladiators, slaves, and bandits." After a delay of two years, in 169 the emperor launched an attack against the Germanic tribes. By 171, the Roman army had driven the invaders out of Roman territory. The war would continue sporadically until 180 when Marcus Aurelius died, possibly of the plague. The plague may also have impacted the Germanic tribes.

Indian Ocean trade and Han China
Although Ge Hong was the first writer of traditional Chinese medicine who accurately described the symptoms of smallpox, the historian Rafe de Crespigny mused that the plagues afflicting the Eastern Han Empire during the reigns of Emperor Huan of Han (r. 146–168) and Emperor Ling of Han (r. 168–189) – with outbreaks in 151, 161, 171, 173, 179, 182, and 185 – were perhaps connected to the Antonine plague on the western end of Eurasia. De Crespigny suggests that the plagues led to the rise of the cult faith healing millenarian movement led by Zhang Jue (d. 184), who instigated the disastrous Yellow Turban Rebellion (184–205). He also stated that "it may be only chance" that the outbreak of the Antonine plague in 166 coincides with the Roman embassy of "Daqin" (the Roman Empire) landing in Jiaozhi (northern Vietnam) and visiting the Han court of Emperor Huan, claiming to represent "Andun" (安敦; a transliteration of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus or his predecessor Antoninus Pius).

Raoul McLaughlin wrote that the Roman subjects visiting the Han Chinese court in 166 could have ushered in a new era of Roman Far East trade, but it was a "harbinger of something much more ominous" instead. McLaughlin surmised that the origins of the plague lay in Central Asia, from some unknown and isolated population group, which then spread to the Chinese and the Roman worlds. The plague caused "irreparable" damage to the Roman maritime trade in the Indian Ocean as proven by the archaeological record spanning from Egypt to India as well as significantly decreased Roman commercial activity in Southeast Asia. However, as evidenced by the 6th-century Christian Topography by Cosmas Indicopleustes, Roman maritime trade into the Indian Ocean, particularly in the silk and spice trades, certainly did not cease but continued until the loss of Egypt to the Muslim Rashidun Caliphate.

General and cited references

 * Bruun, Christer, "The Antonine Plague and the 'Third-Century Crisis, in Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn, Danielle Slootjes (ed.), Crises and the Roman Empire: Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Nijmegen, June 20–24, 2006. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2007 (Impact of Empire, 7), 201–218.
 * de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, pp. 514–515, ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
 * Gilliam, J. F. "The Plague Under Marcus Aurelius". American Journal of Philology 82.3 (July 1961), pp. 225–251.
 * Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE. BookSurge. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
 * Marcus Aurelius. Meditations IX.2. Translation and Introduction by Maxwell Staniforth, Penguin, New York, 1981.
 * McNeill, William H. Plagues and Peoples. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., New York, 1976. ISBN 0-385-12122-9.
 * Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Roman Empire as Known to Han China", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 119 (1999), pp. 71–79
 * Zinsser, Hans. Rats, Lice and History: A Chronicle of Disease, Plagues, and Pestilence (1935). Reprinted by Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc. in 1996. ISBN 1-884822-47-9.
 * Zinsser, Hans. Rats, Lice and History: A Chronicle of Disease, Plagues, and Pestilence (1935). Reprinted by Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc. in 1996. ISBN 1-884822-47-9.

title: Antonine Plague


text:
German order of battle for the invasion of Poland

This article details the order of battle of German military units during the invasion of Poland in 1939.

The German army's forces for the invasion of Poland (codename Fall Weiss, English - "Case White") were divided into Army Group North (consisting of the German 3rd and 4th armies) and Army Group South (consisting of the German 8th, 10th, and 14th armies, and the Slovak Army Group Bernolak).

Army Group C was on the western border of Germany defending against a potential French attack. This order of battle is for 04:47 on September 1, after which things started to get shuffled.

Oberkommando des Heeres
Oberkommando des Heeres was the High Command of the Heer. It controlled everything related to the Heer: Personnel, Training, Recruitment, Armaments, Transportation, Supplies, Medical Services, etc. An ongoing problem was that each service branch was its own "kingdom" resulting in massive inefficiency.

Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres Generaloberst Walter von Brauchitsch
 * Chef des Generalstab des Heeres General der Artillerie Franz Halder
 * Chief of the General Staff of the Army was the head of all of the departments of the Heer except for the armaments section and the replacement army.

 * Chef der Heeresrüstung und Befehlshaber des Ersatzheeres General der Artillerie Friedrich "Fritz" Fromm
 * Chief of Armaments and Commander of the Replacement Army controlled all army procurement and production, and all of the troops within Germany who were replacements for front line units.

Heeresgruppe Nord
Generaloberst Fedor von Bock

Heeresgruppe Nord's initial objectives were to capture the "Polish corridor" (4. Armee) and drive southwards towards Warsaw from East Prussia (3. Armee)

Army Group Reserve Troops
Directly subordinated to Heeresgruppe Nord

 * 10. Panzer-Division (Generalleutnant Ferdinand Schaal)
 * Panzer-Regiment 8
 * Infanterie-Regiment (mot.) 86, II./
 * Artillerie-Regiment (mot.) 29
 * I./ Aufklärungs-Regiment 8
 * 73. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Dr.phil.h.c. Friedrich von Rabenau)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 170, 186, 213
 * Artillerie-Regiment 173
 * 206. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Hugo Höfl)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 301, 312, 413
 * Artillerie-Regiment 206
 * 208. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Moritz Andreas)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 309, 337, 338
 * Artillerie-Regiment 208

3. Armee
3. Armee was based in East Prussia General der Artillerie Georg von Küchler

 * 3. Armee Reserves
 * 217. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Richard Baltzer)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 311, 346, 389
 * Artillerie-Regiment 217
 * 1. Kavallerie-Division (Oberst Kurt Feldt)
 * Reiter-Regiment 1, 2
 * Radfahr-Abteilung 1
 * reitende Artillerie-Abteilung 1
 * I. Armeekorps
 * Generalleutnant Walter Petzel m.F.b.
 * 11. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Max Bock)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 2, 23, 44
 * Artillerie-Regiment 11
 * 61. Infanterie-Division (Char. Generalleutnant z.V. Siegfried Haenicke)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 151, 162, 176
 * Artillerie-Regiment 161
 * Panzerverband Ostpreußen (AKA Panzer-Division Kempf) (Generalmajor Werner Kempf)
 * Panzer-Regiment 7
 * SS-Standard (mot.) "Deutschland"
 * SS-Artillerie-Standart/SS-TV
 * Grenzschutzabschnittskommando 15 (Generalmajor Wolf Schede)
 * 4 Grenzwacht-Regiments
 * XXI. Armeekorps
 * Generalleutnant Nikolaus von Falkenhorst
 * I./ Panzer-Regiment 10 (Oberstleutnant Friedrich-Wilhelm Sieberg)
 * 21. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Kuno-Hans von Both)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 3, 24, 45
 * Artillerie-Regiment 21
 * 228. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Hans Suttner)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 325, 356, 400
 * Artillerie-Regiment 228
 * Führungsstab z.b.V. 1 (also known as Kommandostab Wodrig, Korps Wodrig)
 * Generalleutnant Albert Wodrig
 * 1. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Joachim von Kortzfleisch)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 1, 22, 43
 * Artillerie-Regiment 1
 * 12. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Ludwig von der Leyen)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 27, 48, 89
 * Artillerie-Regiment 12
 * Gruppe Brand
 * Generalmajor Albrecht Brand
 * Kommandantur der Befestigungen bei Königsberg Albrecht Brand
 * Infanterie-Regiment "Gumbinnen"
 * Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment 152
 * 2 Grenzwacht-Regiments
 * Brigade Goldap (Oberst Hans-Erich Nolte)
 * IV./ Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment 161
 * II./ Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment 162
 * II./ Landwehr-Artillerie-Regiment 161
 * Brigade Lötzen (Generalmajor Otto-Ernst Ottenbacher)
 * Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment 161, 162
 * Landwehr-Artillerie-Regiment 161
 * 1 Grenzwacht-Regiment

4. Armee
4. Armee was based in Western Pomerania General der Artillerie Günther von Kluge

 * 4. Armee Reserves
 * 23. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Walter Graf von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 9, 67, 68
 * Artillerie-Regiment 23
 * 218. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Woldemar Freiherr Grote)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 323, 386, 397
 * Artillerie-Regiment 218
 * Grenzschutzabschnittskommando 1 (General der Flieger z.V. Leonhard Kaupisch)
 * 2 Grenzwacht-Regiments
 * 207. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Karl von Tiedemann)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 322, 368, 374
 * Artillerie-Regiment 207
 * Grenzschutzabschnittskommando 2 (Char. Generalleutnant Friedrich (Fritz) Büchs)
 * 4 Grenzwacht-Regiments
 * Grenzschutzabschnittskommando 12 (Generalmajor z.V. Hermann Metz)
 * Grenz-Infanterie-Regiment "Crossen", "Meseritz", "Schwerin"
 * 3 Grenzwacht-Regiments
 * II. Armeekorps
 * General der Infanterie Adolf Strauß
 * 3. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Walter Lichel)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 8, 29, 50
 * Artillerie-Regiment 3
 * 32. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Franz Böhme)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 4, 94, 96
 * Artillerie-Regiment 32
 * III. Armeekorps
 * General der Artillerie Curt Haase
 * 50. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Konrad Sorsche)
 * Grenz-Infanterie-Regiment 121, 122, 123
 * schw. Artillerie-Abteilung (mot.) 101
 * Brigade Netze (Generalmajor Eccard Freiherr von Gablenz)
 * 2 Grenzwacht-Regiments
 * XIX. Armeekorps
 * General der Panzertruppe Heinz Guderian
 * 3. Panzer-Division (Generalleutnant Leo Freiherr Geyr von Schweppenburg)
 * 3. Panzer-Brigade (Panzer-Regiment 5, 6), Panzer-Lehr-Abteilung
 * 3. Schützen-Brigade (Schützen-Regiment 3)
 * Artillerie-Regiment 75 (mot.)
 * 2. Infanterie-Division (mot.) (Generalleutnant Paul Bader)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 5 (mot.), 25 (mot.), 92 (mot.)
 * Artillerie-Regiment 2 (mot.)
 * 20. Infanterie-Division (mot.) (Generalleutnant Mauritz von Wiktorin)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 69 (mot.), 76 (mot.), 80 (mot.)
 * Artillerie-Regiment 56 (mot.)

Heeresgruppe Süd
Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt

Heeresgruppe Süd's initial objective was to drive from Silesia towards Warsaw (by 8. Armee and 10. Armee), and to destroy the Polish forces around Kraków (by 14. Armee)

Army Group Reserve Troops
Directly subordinated to Heeresgruppe Süd

 * 56. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Karl Kriebel)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 92, 171, 234
 * Artillerie-Regiment 156
 * 57. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Oskar Blümm)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 179, 199, 217
 * Artillerie-Regiment 157
 * 252. Infanterie-Division (Char. Generallutnant z.V. Diether von Boehm-Bezing)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 452, 461, 472
 * Artillerie-Regiment 252
 * 257. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Max von Viebahn)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 457, 466, 477
 * Artillerie-Regiment 257
 * 258. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Walter Wollmann)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 458, 478, 479
 * Artillerie-Regiment 258
 * VII. Armeekorps (General der Infanterie Eugen Ritter von Schobert)
 * 27. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Friedrich Bergmann)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 40, 63, 91
 * Artillerie-Regiment 27
 * 68. Infanterie-Division (Oberst Georg Braun m.F.b.)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 169, 188, 196
 * Artillerie-Regiment 168
 * XXII. Armeekorps (General der Kavallerie z.V. Ewald von Kleist)
 * 62nd Infantry Division (General Walter Keiner)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 164, 183, 190
 * 213th Infantry Division (General Rene de l'Homme de Courbiere)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 318, 354, 406
 * 221st Infantry Division (General Johann Pflugbeil)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 350, 360, 375
 * Enroute
 * 1. Gebirgs-Division (Generalmajor Ludwig Kübler)
 * Gebirgs-Jäger-Regiment 98, 99, 100
 * Gebirgs-Artillerie-Regiment 79
 * 2. Gebirgs-Division (Generalleutnant Valentin Feurstein)
 * Gebirgs-Jäger-Regiment 136, 137
 * Gebirgs-Artillerie-Regiment 111

8. Armee
8. Armee was based in northern Silesia General der Infanterie Johannes Blaskowitz

 * 8. Armee Reserves
 * 30. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Kurt von Briesen)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 6, 26, 46
 * Artillerie-Regiment 30
 * Grenzschutzabschnittskommando 13 (Generalleutnant z.V. Max von Schenckendorff)
 * 2 Grenzwacht-Regiments
 * Grenzschutzabschnittskommando 14 (Char. General der Kavallerie z.V. Kurt Ludwig Freiherr von Gienanth)
 * Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment 183
 * 2 Grenzwacht-Regiments
 * X. Armeekorps
 * General der Artillerie z.V. Wilhelm Ulex
 * 24. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Friedrich Olbricht)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 31, 32, 102
 * Artillerie-Regiment 24
 * XIII. Armeekorps
 * General der Kavallerie Maximilian Reichsfreiherr von und zu Weichs an der Glon
 * 10. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Conrad von Cochenhausen)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 20, 41, 85
 * Artillerie-Regiment 10
 * 17. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Herbert Loch)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 21, 55, 95
 * Artillerie-Regiment 17
 * SS-Infanterie-Regiment (mot.) „Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler" (SS-Oberstgruppenführer Josef "Sepp" Dietrich).

10. Armee
10. Armee was based in southern Silesia General der Artillerie Walter von Reichenau

 * 10. Armee Reserves
 * 1. leichte Division (Generalmajor Friedrich-Wilhelm von Loeper)
 * Panzer-Regiment 11, Panzer-Abteilung 65, 6
 * Schützen-Brigade (Schützen-Regiment 4)
 * Artillerie-Regiment 76 (mot.)
 * IV. Armeekorps
 * General der Infanterie Viktor von Schwedler
 * 4. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Erik-Oskar Hansen)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 10, 52, 103
 * Artillerie-Regiment 4
 * 46. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Paul von Hase)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 42, 72, 97
 * Artillerie-Regiment 115
 * XI. Armeekorps
 * General der Artillerie Emil Leeb
 * 18. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Friedrich-Carl Cranz)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 30, 51, 54
 * Artillerie-Regiment 18
 * 19. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Günther Schwantes)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 59, 73, 74
 * Artillerie-Regiment 19
 * XIV. Armeekorps (mot.)
 * General der Infanterie Gustav von Wietersheim
 * 13. Infanterie-Division (mot.) (Generalleutnant Moritz von Faber du Faur m.F.b.)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 33 (mot.), 66 (mot.), 93 (mot.)
 * Artillerie-Regiment 13 (mot.)
 * 29th Motorized Division (Generalleutnant Joachim Lemelsen)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 15 (mot.), 71 (mot.)
 * Artillerie-Regiment 29 (mot.)
 * XV. Armeekorps (mot.)
 * General der Infanterie Hermann Hoth
 * 2. leichte Division (Generalleutnant Georg Stumme)
 * Panzer-Abteilung 66
 * Kavallerie-Schützen-Regiment 6, 7
 * Artillerie-Regiment 78 (mot.)
 * 3. leichte Division (Generalmajor Adolf-Friedrich Kuntzen)
 * Panzer-Abteilung 67
 * Kavallerie-Schützen-Regiment 8, 9
 * Artillerie-Regiment 80 (mot.)
 * XVI. Armeekorps (mot.)
 * General der Kavallerie Erich Höpner
 * 1. Panzer-Division (Generalleutnant Rudolf Schmidt)
 * 1. Panzer-Brigade (Panzer-Regiment 1, 2)
 * 1. Schützen-Brigade (Schützen-Regiment 1)
 * Artillerie-Regiment 73 (mot.)
 * 4. Panzer-Division (Generalmajor Georg-Hans Reinhardt)
 * 5. Panzer-Brigade (Panzer-Regiment 35, 36)
 * Schützen-Regiment 12
 * Artillerie-Regiment 103 (mot.)
 * 14. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Peter Weyer)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 11, 53, 116
 * Artillerie-Regiment 14
 * 31. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Rudolf Kämpfe)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 12, 17, 82
 * Artillerie-Regiment 31

14. Armee
14. Armee was based in Moravia and Slovakia Generaloberst Wilhelm List

 * 14. Armee Reserves
 * 239. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Ferdinand Neuling)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 327, 372, 444
 * Artillerie-Regiment 239
 * Grenzschutzabschnittskommando 3 (Generalleutnant z.V. Georg Brandt)
 * 3 Grenzwacht-Regiments
 * Grenzschutzabschnittskommando 30 (Generalmajor Erwin Engelbrecht)
 * III./ Infanterie-Regiment 135
 * III./ Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 100
 * I./ Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 137
 * VIII. Armeekorps
 * General der Infanterie Ernst Busch
 * 5. Panzer-Division (Generalleutnant Heinrich von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel)
 * 8. Panzer-Brigade (Panzer-Regiment 15, 31)
 * Schützen-Regiment 13 (mot.), 14 (mot.)
 * Artillerie-Regiment 116 (mot.)
 * 8. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Rudolf Koch-Erpach)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 28, 38, 84
 * Artillerie-Regiment 8
 * 28. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Hans von Obstfelder
 * Consisted of the 7th, 49th, and 83rd Infantry Regiments
 * 239th Infantry Division (Commanded by General Ferdinand Neuling)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 7, 49, 83
 * Artillerie-Regiment 28
 * SS-Standart (mot.) "Germania" (SS-Standartenführer Karl-Maria Demelhuber)
 * XVII. Armeekorps
 * General der Infanterie Werner Kienitz
 * 7. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Eugen Ott)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 19, 61, 62
 * Artillerie-Regiment 7
 * 44. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Albrecht Schubert)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 131, 132, 134
 * Artillerie-Regiment 96
 * 45. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Friedrich Materna)
 * Infanterie-Regiment 130, 133, 135
 * Artillerie-Regiment 98
 * XVIII. Armeekorps
 * General der Infanterie Eugen Beyer
 * 2. Panzer-Division (Generalleutnant Rudolf Veiel)
 * 2. Panzer-Brigade (Panzer-Regiment 3, 4)
 * 2. Schützen-Brigade (Schützen-Regiment 2)
 * Artillerie-Regiment 74 (mot.)
 * 4. leichte Division (Generalmajor Dr.iur. Alfred Ritter von Hubicki)
 * Panzer-Abteilung 33
 * Kavallerie-Schützen-Regiment 10, 11
 * Artillerie-Regiment 102 (mot.)
 * 3. Gebirgs-Division (Generalmajor Eduard Dietl)
 * Gebirgs-Jäger-Regiment 138, 139
 * Gebirgs-Artillery-Regiment 112

Slovak Army Bernolak

 * Polní armáda "Bernolák" (Field Army Bernolak)
 * Generál 1. třídy Ferdinand Čatloš
 * 1. Divise "Jánošík" (Generál 2. třídy Antonin Pulanich)
 * Pěší pluk 1, 4, 6
 * Dělostřelecký pluk 1.
 * 2. Divise "Škultéty" (Podplukovník Ján Imro, (09.05.1939 Generál 2. třídy Alexandr Čunderlik))
 * Pěší pluk 3
 * Dělostřelecký pluk 2
 * 3. Divise "Rázus" (Plukovník Augustín Malár)
 * Pěší pluk 2, 21
 * Dělostřelecký pluk 3, 4
 * Pěší pluk 5

 * Undergoing Organization and Training
 * Infanterie-Regiment Großdeutschland (Oberstleutnant Hunold von Stockhausen).

Heeresgruppe C

Char. Generaloberst z.V. Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb

Heeresgruppe C's only duty was to protect the western border of Germany from any French attacks until stronger units could be sent back from the east. It was accomplished by deception. The units were generally under strength, most of the infantry unit were missing their heavy weapons platoons, and some entire battalions. There was almost no mobility, except for horses and bicycles. Some of the units were headquarters only to give the impression of a larger presence.

Army Group Reserve Troops
Directly subordinated to Heeresgruppe C

 * 76. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Maximilian de Angelis)

German High Command Reserve

 * 251. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Hans Kratzert)
 * 253. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant z.V. Friedrich "Fritz" Kühne)
 * 254. Infanterie-Division (Char. Generalleutnant z.V. Friedrich "Fritz" Koch)
 * 255. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Wilhelm Wetzel)
 * 256. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Josef Folttmann)
 * 260. Infanterie-Division (Char. Generalleutnant z.V. Hans Schmidt)
 * 262. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Edgar Theisen)
 * 263. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Franz Karl)
 * 267. Infanterie-Division (Char. General der Panzertruppe z.V. Ernst Feßmann)
 * 268. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Erich Straube)
 * 269. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Ernst Eberhard Hell)

5. Armee
5. Armee was based along the Luxembourg and Belgium border General der Infanterie z.V. Curt Liebmann

 * 5. Armee Reserves
 * 58. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Iwan Heunert)
 * 87. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Bogislav von Studnitz)
 * V. Armeekorps
 * General der Infanterie Richard Ruoff
 * 22. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Hans Graf von Sponeck)
 * 225. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Ernst Schaumburg)
 * VI. Armeekorps
 * General der Pioniere Otto-Wilhelm Förster
 * 1 Grenz-Infanterie-Regiment
 * XXVII. Armeekorps
 * Char. General der Infanterie z.V. Karl Ritter von Prager
 * 16. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Gotthard Heinrici)
 * 69. Infanterie-Division (Oberst Hermann Tittel)
 * 211. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Kurt Renner)
 * 216. Infanterie-Division (Char. Generalleutnant Hermann Boettcher)
 * XXX. Armeekorps
 * Generalleutnant Otto Hartmann
 * Generalkommando der Grenztruppen Eifel (General der Infanterie Erich Raschick) (later XXIII. Armeekorps)
 * 26. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Sigismund von Förster)
 * 86. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Joachim Witthöft)
 * 227. Infanterie-Division (Oberst Friedrich Zickwolff m.F.b.)
 * Grenz-Division Trier (Generalmajor Franz Mattenklott) (later 72. Infanterie-Division {19. September})
 * Grenzschutzabschnittskommando 9 (Oberst Hans von Sommerfeld)

1. Armee
1. Armee was based along the French border General der Infanterie Erwin von Witzleben

 * 1. Armee Reserves
 * 75. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Ing. Ernst Hammer)
 * 29. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Hans Stengel)
 * 214. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Theodor Groppe)
 * 209. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Hans Stengel)
 * 223. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Paul-Willi Körner)
 * 231. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Hans Schönhärl)
 * 246. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Erich Denecke)
 * IX. Armeekorps
 * General der Infanterie z.V. Hermann Geyer
 * 25. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Christian Hansen)
 * 33. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Hermann Ritter von Speck)
 * 71. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Wolfgang Ziegler)
 * XII. Armeekorps
 * General der Infanterie Walter Schroth
 * 15. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Walter Behschnitt)
 * 34. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Hans Behlendorff)
 * 52. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Karl-Adolf Hollidt)
 * 79. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Karl Strecker)
 * Grenzkommandantur Sankt Wendel (Generalmajor Karl Weisenberger)
 * Generalkommando der Grenztruppen Saarpfalz (General der Pioniere Walter Kuntze) (later XXIV. Armeekorps)
 * 6. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Arnold Freiherr von Biegeleben)
 * 9. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Georg von Apell)
 * 36. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Georg Lindemann)

7. Armee
7. Armee was based along the French border General der Artillerie Friedrich Dollmann

 * 7. Armee Reserves
 * 78. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Friedrich Brand)
 * 212. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Walter Friedrichs geboren Ochsenmayer)
 * 215. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Baptist Knieß)
 * Generalkommando der Grenztruppen Oberrhein (later XXV. Armeekorps)
 * General der Infanterie Alfred Wäger
 * 5. Infanterie-Division (Generalleutnant Wilhelm Fahrmbacher)
 * 35. Infanterie-Division (Generalmajor Hans Wolfgang Reinhard)
 * 14. Landwehr-Division (Generalmajor Ernst Richter) (later 205. Infanterie-Division)
 * SS-Standart (mot.) "Der Führer" (SS-Oberführer Georg Keppler)

Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe - Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschall Hermann Göring

 * Chef der Generalstabes der Luftwaffe - Oberst Hans Jeschonnek
 * Luftflotte 1 - Commanded by General der Flieger Albert Kesselring. Supporting Heeresgruppe Nord.
 * 1. Flieger-Division - Generalmajor Ulrich Grauert, Commanding:
 * I./ Kampfgeschwader 1, II./ Kampfgeschwader 26, Kampfgeschwader 27, I./ Kampfgeschwader 53, I./ Kampfgeschwader 152, Sturzkampfgeschwader 2, IV.(Stuka)/ Lehrgeschwader 1, I.(Jagd)/ Lehrgeschwader 2, Zerstörergeschwader 1
 * Luftgau-Kommando I (Königsberg) - Generalmajor Walter Mußhoff, Commanding: I./ Jagdgeschwader 1, I./ Jagdgeschwader 21
 * Luftgau-Kommando III (Berlin) - Generalmajor Hubert Weise, Commanding: I./ Jagdgeschwader 2
 * Luftgau-Kommando IV (Dresden) - Generalmajor Wilhelm Mayer, Commanding: I./ Jagdgeschwader 3, I./ Jagdgeschwader 20
 * Luftwaffenkommando Ostpreußen - Generalleutnant Wilhelm Wimmer, Commanding
 * Kampfgeschwader 3, I./ Sturzkampfgeschwader 1
 * Lehr-Division - Generalmajor Helmut Förster, Commanding: Lehrgeschwader 1 (3 Kampf Gruppe), Kampfgeschwader 2
 * Luftflotte 2 - Commanded by General der Flieger Hellmuth Felmy. Supporting Heeresgruppe C.
 * 3. Flieger-Division - Generalmajor Richard Putzier, Commanding:
 * I./ Kampfgeschwader 25, II./ Kampfgeschwader 28, I./ Kampfgeschwader 54
 * 4. Flieger-Division - General der Flieger Alfred Keller, Commanding:
 * I./ Kampfgeschwader 26, Kampfgeschwader 27, Kampfgeschwader 55
 * Luftgau-Kommando VI (Münster) - Generalmajor August Schmidt, Commanding: Jagdgeschwader 26, I./ Jagdgeschwader 52, II./ Zerstörergeschwader 26
 * Luftgau-Kommando XI (Hannover) - General der Flieger Ludwig Wolff, Commanding: II./ Jagdgeschwader 77, Zerstörergeschwader 26
 * Luftflotte 3 - Commanded by General der Flieger Hugo Sperrle. Supporting Heeresgruppe C.
 * 5. Flieger-Division - Generalmajor Robert Ritter von Greim, Commanding:
 * Kampfgeschwader 51, I./ Zerstörergeschwader 52
 * 6. Flieger-Division - Generalmajor Otto Deßloch, Commanding:
 * Kampfgeschwader 53, III./ Sturzkampfgeschwader 51, II./ Zerstörergeschwader 76
 * Luftgau-Kommando VII (München) - Generalleutnant Emil Zenetti, Commanding: I./ Jagdgeschwader 51, I./ Jagdgeschwader 71
 * Luftgau-Kommando XII (Wiesbaden) - Generalmajor Friedrich Heiligenbrunner, Commanding: Jagdgeschwader 53
 * Luftgau-Kommando XIII (Nürnberg) - Generalmajor Dr. Eugen Weißmann, Commanding: I./ Jagdgeschwader 70
 * Luftflotte 4 - Commanded by General der Flieger Alexander Löhr. Supporting Heeresgruppe Süd.
 * 2. Flieger-Division - Generalmajor Bruno Loerzer, Commanding:
 * Kampfgeschwader 4, Kampfgeschwader 76, Kampfgeschwader 77, I./ Sturzkampfgeschwader 2, I./ Zerstörergeschwader 76
 * Fliegerführer z.b.V. - Generalmajor Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, Commanding:
 * II.(Schlacht)/ Lehrgeschwader 2, I./ Sturzkampfgeschwader 76, Sturzkampfgeschwader 77, I./ Zerstörergeschwader 2
 * Luftgau-Kommando VIII (Breslau) - Generalmajor Bernhard Waber, Commanding: I./ Jagdgeschwader 76, I./ Jagdgeschwader 77
 * Luftgau-Kommando XVII (Wien) - Generalmajor Friedrich Hirschauer, Commanding
 * 7. Fliegerdivision - Generalmajor Kurt Student, Commanding:
 * Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 1, 2, Kampfgeschwader z.b.V. 1, Kampfgruppe z.b.V. 9
 * 16. Luftlande-Infanterie-Regiment of the 22. Infanterie-Division

Kriegsmarine
On August 30 the Polish Navy, realizing what was about to happen, sent three destroyers (Błyskawica, Grom, and Burza) to the UK. The group was spotted the 30th in the southern Baltic Sea by U 31 and again, in the Skagerrak, by U 19 on 31 August. Since the war had not started they were unmolested. With the destroyers gone some of the ships deployed to the Baltic were recalled and some sent to the North Sea. The fleet was in the process of shifting its deployment when the war broke out. Later, the submarines Orzeł and Wilk also made it to the UK, while the Sęp, Ryś and Żbik, sought internment in Sweden.

Kriegsmarine - Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine Generaladmiral Erich Raeder

 * Chef des Stabes der Seekriegsleitung (Skl) - Konteradmiral Otto Schniewind
 * Chef der Flotte / Flottenchef - Admiral Hermann Boehm
 * Befehlshaber der Panzerschiffe - Vizeadmiral Wilhelm Marschall
 * Befehlshaber der Aufklärungsstreitkräfte - Vizeadmiral Hermann Densch
 * Führer der Torpedoboote - Konteradmiral Günter Lütjens
 * Führer der Unterseeboote - Kapitän zur See Karl Dönitz
 * Führer der Unterseeboote West - Kapitän zur See Karl Dönitz
 * Führer der Unterseeboote Ost - Fregattenkapitän Oskar Schomburg

Under Direct Control of Seekriegsleitung (Skl)

 * Admiral Graf Spee (Panzerschiff) - Kapitän zur See Hans Langsdorff: en route to South Atlantic
 * Deutschland {Panzerschiff} - Kapitän zur See Paul Wenneker: North Atlantic
 * Altmark (Troßschiff) - Kapitänleutnant der Reserve Heinrich Dau: operating with ADMIRAL GRAF SPEE
 * Westerwald {Troßschiff} - Korvettenkapitän R. Peter Grau: operating with DEUTSCHLAND
 * U 27 - Kapitänleutnant Johannes Franz: North Atlantic
 * U 28 - Kapitänleutnant Günter Kuhnke: North Atlantic
 * U 29 - Kapitänleutnant Otto Schuhart: North Atlantic
 * U 30 - Kapitänleutnant Fritz-Juluis Lemp: North Atlantic
 * U 33 - Kapitänleutnant Hans-Wilhelm von Dresky: North Atlantic
 * U 34 - Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Rollman: North Atlantic
 * U 37 - Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schuch: North Atlantic
 * U 38 - Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Liebe: North Atlantic
 * U 39 - Kapitänleutnant Gerhard Glattes: North Atlantic
 * U 40 - Kapitänleutnant Werner von Schmidt: North Atlantic
 * U 41 - Kapitänleutnant Gustav-Adolf Mugler: North Atlantic
 * U 45 - Kapitänleutnant Alexander Gelhaar: North Atlantic
 * U 46 - Kapitänleutnant Herbert Sohler: North Atlantic
 * U 47 - Korvettenkapitän Gunther Prien: North Atlantic
 * U 48 - Kapitänleutnant Herbert Schultze: North Atlantic
 * U 52 - Kapitänleutnant Wolfgang Barten: North Atlantic

Marinegruppenkommando West
Oberbefehlshaber Marinegruppenkommando West - Admiral Alfred Saalwächter

 * Kommandierender Admiral der Marinestation der Nordsee - Admiral Rolf Carls
 * Führer der Unterseeboote West - Kapitän zur See Karl Dönitz
 * At sea (North Sea)
 * Nürnberg (light cruiser) - Kapitän zur See Otto Klüber (Flag Befehlshaber der Aufklärungsstreitkräfte - Vizeadmiral Hermann Densch)
 * Köln (light cruiser) - Kapitän zur See Theodor Burchardi
 * Königsberg (light cruiser) - Kapitän zur See Kurt Caesar Hoffmann
 * Leipzig (light cruiser) - Kapitän zur See Heinz Nordmann
 * U 9 - Kapitänleutnant Ludwig Mathes
 * U 12 - Kapitänleutnant Dietrich von der Ropp
 * U 15 - Kapitänleutnant Heinz Buchholz
 * U 17 - Kapitänleutnant Heinz von Reiche
 * U 19 - Kapitänleutnant Hans Meckel
 * U 21 - Kapitänleutnant Fritz Frauenheim
 * U 23 - Kapitänleutnant Otto Kretschmer
 * U 26 - Korvettenkapitän Klaus Ewerth
 * U 36 - Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Fröhlich
 * U 56 - Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Zahn
 * U 58 - Kapitänleutnant Herbert Kuppisch
 * U 59 - Kapitänleutnant Harald Jurst
 * At Wilhelmshaven
 * Scharnhorst {Schlachtschiff} - Kapitän zur See Otto Ciliax: Kriegsmarinewerft for modifications
 * Admiral Scheer {Panzerschiff} - Kapitän zur See Hans-Heinrich Wurmbach
 * Emden (light cruiser) - Kapitän zur See Werner Lange
 * Karlsruhe (light cruiser) - Kapitän zur See Friedrirch Rieve: refitting
 * 2. Zerstörerflottille - Kapitän zur See Friedrich Bonte:
 * Paul Jakobi (Z 5) - Korvettenkapitän Hans G. Zimmer: refitting (Flag 2. Zerstörerflottille)
 * Theodor Riedel (Z 6) - Korvettenkapitän Gerhardt Bohmig
 * Hermann Schoemann (Z 7) - Korvettenkapitän Theodor Detmers
 * Karl Galster (Z 20) - Korvettenkapitän Theodor Bechtolsheim
 * 4. Zerstörerflottille - Fregattenkapitän Erich Bey:
 * Hans Lody (Z 10) - Korvettenkapitän Hubert Freiherr von Wagenheim (Flag 4. Zerstörerflottille)
 * 5. Zerstörerdivision - Korvettenkapitän Herbert Friedrichs:
 * Dieter von Roeder (Z 17) - Korvettenkapitän Erich Holtorf
 * Hans Lüdemann (Z 18) - Korvettenkapitän Herbert Friedrichs (Flag 5. Zerstörerdivision)
 * 6. Torpedobootsflottille - Korvettenkapitän Georg Waue:
 * Iltis - Kapitänleutnant Heinz Schuur
 * Jaguar - Kapitänleutnant Franz Kolhauf
 * Leopard - Kapitänleutnant Karl Kassbaum (Flag 6. Torpedobootsflottille)
 * Luchs - Kapitänleutnant Eckart Prolss
 * Seeadler - Kapitänleutnant Werner Hartenstein
 * Wolf - Kapitänleutnant Lutz Gerstung
 * U 25 - Oberleutnant zur See Georg Heinz Michel: refitting
 * At Brunsbüttel
 * Gneisenau (battleship) - Kapitän zur See Erich Förste: Flottenflaggschiff
 * At Kiel
 * Schlesien {Linienschiff} - Kapitän zur See Kurt Utke
 * Admiral Hipper (heavy cruiser) - Kapitän zur See Hellmuth Heye: refitting
 * Blücher (heavy cruiser) - {Kapitän zur See Heinrich Woldag}: finishing at Deutsche Werke, commissioned September 20
 * Erich Koellner (Z 13) - Fregattenkapitän Alfred Schulze-Hinrichs: outfitting
 * Hermann Künne (Z 19)  - Fregattenkapitän Friedrich Kothe
 * Wilhelm Heidkamp (Z 21)  - Korvettenkapitän Hans Erdmenger: outfitting
 * 5. Torpedobootsflottille - Fregattenkapitän Rudolf Heyke:
 * Albatros - Kapitänleutnant Herbert Max Schultze
 * Falke - Kapitänleutnant Günter Hessler
 * Greif - Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Verlohr
 * Kondor - Kapitänleutnant Hans Wilcke
 * Möwe - Kapitänleutnant Konrad Edler von Rennenkampf
 * U 2 - Kapitänleutnant Helmut Rosenbaum: refitting
 * U 8 - Kapitänleutnant Georg Peters: refitting
 * U 10 - Kapitänleutnant Georg-Wilhelm Schulz: refitting
 * U 13 - Kapitänleutnant Karl Daublebsky von Eichhain: rearming / departs September 2 (Nordsee)
 * U 16 - Kapitänleutnant Hannes Weingaertner: rearming / departs September 2 (Nordsee)
 * U 20 - Kapitänleutnant Karl-Heinz Moehle: rearming / departs September 1 (Nordsee)
 * U 24 - Kapitänleutnant Udo Behrens: rearming / departs September 2 (Nordsee)
 * U 49 - Kapitänleutnant Curt von Gossler: training
 * U 51 - Kapitänleutnant Dietrich Knorr: training
 * U 53 - Kapitänleutnant Ernst-Gunther Heinicke: training
 * U 60 - Kapitänleutnant Georg Schewe: training
 * U 61 - Kapitänleutnant Jurgen Oesten: training
 * At Hamburg
 * Erich Giese (Z 12) - Korvettenkapitän Karl Smidt
 * At Bremen
 * Anton Schmitt (Z 22) - {Korvettenkapitän Friedrich Böhme}: finishing at DeSchiMAG, commissioned September 24
 * U 42 - Kapitänleutnant Rolf Dau: training
 * U 43 - Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Ambrosius: training
 * At Neustad
 * Unterseebootsschulflottille - Kapitänleutnant Heinz Beduhn:
 * U 1 - Kapitänleutnant Jurgen Deecke
 * U 3 - Kapitänleutnant Joachim Schepke
 * U 4 - Kapitänleutnant Harro von Klot-Heydenfeldt
 * U 11 - Kapitänleutnant Viktor Schultze: refitting?

Marinegruppenkommando Ost
Oberbefehlshaber Marinegruppenkommando Ost - Generaladmiral Conrad Albrecht

 * Kommandierender Admiral der Marinestation der Ostsee - Admiral Rolf Carls
 * At sea (Baltic)
 * 1. Zerstörerflottille - Kapitän zur See Wilhelm Meisel:
 * Georg Thiele (Z 2) - Korvettenkapitän Max-Eckart Wolff
 * Richard Beitzen (Z 4) - Korvettenkapitän Moritz Schmidt (Flag 1. Zerstörerflottille)
 * Erich Steinbrinck (Z 15) - Korvettenkapitän Rolf Johannesson
 * U 5 - Kapitänleutnant Gunter Kutschmann
 * U 6 - Kapitänleutnant Joachim Matz
 * U 7 - Oberleutnant zur See Otto Salmann
 * U 14 - Kapitänleutnant Horst Willner
 * U 18 - Kapitänleutnant Max-Hermann Bauer
 * U 22 - Kapitänleutnant Werner Winter
 * U 31 - Kapitänleutnant Wilfred Prellberg: Ostsee
 * U 32 - Korvettenkapitän Paul Buchel: Ostsee / returning to Kiel
 * U 35 - Kapitänleutnant Werner Lott: Ostsee / returning to Kiel
 * U 57 - Kapitänleutnant Claus Korth
 * At Danzig
 * Schleswig-Holstein (Linienschiff) - Kapitän zur See Gustav Kleikamp
 * Wolfgang Zenker (Z 9) - Korvettenkapitän Gottfried Ponitz
 * Bernd von Arnim (Z 11) - Korvettenkapitän Kurt Rechel
 * At Pillau
 * Friedrich Eckoldt (Z 16) - Korvettenkapitän Alfred Schemmel
 * Leberecht Maas (Z 1) - Korvettenkapitän Fritz Bassenge (Flag Führer der Torpedoboote Konteradmiral Gunther Lütjens)
 * At Stettin
 * Max Schulz (Z 3) - Korvettenkapitän Claus Trampedac: damaged in collision and not operational
 * At Swinemünde
 * Bruno Heinemann (Z 8) - Korvettenkapitän Fritz Berger
 * Friedrich Ihn (Z 14) - Korvettenkapitän Rudolf von Pufendorf


text:
Pedal curve

In mathematics, a pedal curve of a given curve results from the orthogonal projection of a fixed point on the tangent lines of this curve. More precisely, for a plane curve C and a given fixed pedal point P, the pedal curve of C is the locus of points X so that the line PX is perpendicular to a tangent T to the curve passing through the point X. Conversely, at any point R on the curve C, let T be the tangent line at that point R; then there is a unique point X on the tangent T which forms with the pedal point P a line perpendicular to the tangent T (for the special case when the fixed point P lies on the tangent T, the points X and P coincide) – the pedal curve is the set of such points X, called the foot of the perpendicular to the tangent T from the fixed point P, as the variable point R ranges over the curve C.

Complementing the pedal curve, there is a unique point Y on the line normal to C at R so that PY is perpendicular to the normal, so PXRY is a (possibly degenerate) rectangle. The locus of points Y is called the contrapedal curve.

The orthotomic of a curve is its pedal magnified by a factor of 2 so that the center of similarity is P. This is locus of the reflection of P through the tangent line T.

The pedal curve is the first in a series of curves C1, C2, C3, etc., where C1 is the pedal of C, C2 is the pedal of C1, and so on. In this scheme, C1 is known as the first positive pedal of C, C2 is the second positive pedal of C, and so on. Going the other direction, C is the first negative pedal of C1, the second negative pedal of C2, etc.

From the Cartesian equation
Take P to be the origin. For a curve given by the equation F(x, y)=0, if the equation of the tangent line at R=(x0, y0) is written in the form
 * $$\cos \alpha x + \sin \alpha y = p$$

then the vector (cos α, sin α) is parallel to the segment PX, and the length of PX, which is the distance from the tangent line to the origin, is p. So X is represented by the polar coordinates (p, α) and replacing (p, α) by (r, θ) produces a polar equation for the pedal curve.

For example, for the ellipse
 * $$\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1$$

the tangent line at R=(x0, y0) is
 * $$\frac{x_0x}{a^2}+\frac{y_0y}{b^2}=1$$

and writing this in the form given above requires that
 * $$\frac{x_0}{a^2}=\frac{\cos \alpha}{p},\,\frac{y_0}{b^2}=\frac{\sin \alpha}{p}.$$

The equation for the ellipse can be used to eliminate x0 and y0 giving
 * $$a^2 \cos^2 \alpha + b^2 \sin^2 \alpha = p^2,\,$$

and converting to (r, θ) gives
 * $$a^2 \cos^2 \theta + b^2 \sin^2 \theta = r^2,\,$$

as the polar equation for the pedal. This is easily converted to a Cartesian equation as
 * $$a^2 x^2 + b^2 y^2 = (x^2+y^2)^2.\,$$

From the polar equation
For P the origin and C given in polar coordinates by r = f(θ). Let R=(r, θ) be a point on the curve and let X=(p, α) be the corresponding point on the pedal curve. Let ψ denote the angle between the tangent line and the radius vector, sometimes known as the polar tangential angle. It is given by
 * $$r=\frac{dr}{d\theta}\tan \psi.$$

Then
 * $$p=r\sin \psi$$

and
 * $$\alpha = \theta + \psi - \frac{\pi}{2}.$$

These equations may be used to produce an equation in p and α which, when translated to r and θ gives a polar equation for the pedal curve.

For example, let the curve be the circle given by r = a cos θ. Then
 * $$a \cos \theta = -a \sin \theta \tan \psi$$

so
 * $$\tan \psi = -\cot \theta,\, \psi = \frac{\pi}{2} + \theta, \alpha = 2 \theta.$$

Also
 * $$p=r\sin \psi\ = r \cos \theta = a \cos^2 \theta = a \cos^2 {\alpha \over 2}.$$

So the polar equation of the pedal is
 * $$r = a \cos^2 {\theta \over 2}.$$

From the pedal equation
The pedal equations of a curve and its pedal are closely related. If P is taken as the pedal point and the origin then it can be shown that the angle ψ between the curve and the radius vector at a point R is equal to the corresponding angle for the pedal curve at the point X. If p is the length of the perpendicular drawn from P to the tangent of the curve (i.e. PX) and q is the length of the corresponding perpendicular drawn from P to the tangent to the pedal, then by similar triangles
 * $$\frac{p}{r}=\frac{q}{p}.$$

It follows immediately that the if the pedal equation of the curve is f(p,r)=0 then the pedal equation for the pedal curve is
 * $$f(r,\frac{r^2}{p})=0$$

From this all the positive and negative pedals can be computed easily if the pedal equation of the curve is known.

From parametric equations
Let $$\vec{v} = P - R$$ be the vector for R to P and write
 * $$\vec{v} = \vec{v}_{\parallel}+\vec{v}_\perp$$,

the tangential and normal components of $$\vec{v}$$ with respect to the curve. Then $$\vec{v}_{\parallel}$$ is the vector from R to X from which the position of X can be computed.

Specifically, if c is a parametrization of the curve then
 * $$t\mapsto c(t)+{ c'(t) \cdot (P-c(t))\over|c'(t)|^2} c'(t)$$

parametrises the pedal curve (disregarding points where c' is zero or undefined).

For a parametrically defined curve, its pedal curve with pedal point (0;0) is defined as
 * $$X[x,y]=\frac{(xy'-yx')y'}{x'^2 + y'^2}$$

 * $$Y[x,y]=\frac{(yx'-xy')x'}{x'^2 + y'^2}.$$

The contrapedal curve is given by:
 * $$t\mapsto P-{ c'(t) \cdot (P-c(t))\over|c'(t)|^2} c'(t)$$

With the same pedal point, the contrapedal curve is the pedal curve of the evolute of the given curve.

Geometrical properties
Consider a right angle moving rigidly so that one leg remains on the point P and the other leg is tangent to the curve. Then the vertex of this angle is X and traces out the pedal curve. As the angle moves, its direction of motion at P is parallel to PX and its direction of motion at R is parallel to the tangent T = RX. Therefore, the instant center of rotation is the intersection of the line perpendicular to PX at P and perpendicular to RX at R, and this point is Y. It follows that the tangent to the pedal at X is perpendicular to XY.

Draw a circle with diameter PR, then it circumscribes rectangle PXRY and XY is another diameter. The circle and the pedal are both perpendicular to XY so they are tangent at X. Hence the pedal is the envelope of the circles with diameters PR where R lies on the curve.

The line YR is normal to the curve and the envelope of such normals is its evolute. Therefore, YR is tangent to the evolute and the point Y is the foot of the perpendicular from P to this tangent, in other words Y is on the pedal of the evolute. It follows that the contrapedal of a curve is the pedal of its evolute.

Let C′ be the curve obtained by shrinking C by a factor of 2 toward P. Then the point R′ corresponding to R is the center of the rectangle PXRY, and the tangent to C′ at R′ bisects this rectangle parallel to PY and XR. A ray of light starting from P and reflected by C′ at R' will then pass through Y. The reflected ray, when extended, is the line XY which is perpendicular to the pedal of C. The envelope of lines perpendicular to the pedal is then the envelope of reflected rays or the catacaustic of C′. This proves that the catacaustic of a curve is the evolute of its orthotomic.

As noted earlier, the circle with diameter PR is tangent to the pedal. The center of this circle is R′ which follows the curve C′.

Let D′ be a curve congruent to C′ and let D′ roll without slipping, as in the definition of a roulette, on C′ so that D′ is always the reflection of C′ with respect to the line to which they are mutually tangent. Then when the curves touch at R′ the point corresponding to P on the moving plane is X, and so the roulette is the pedal curve. Equivalently, the orthotomic of a curve is the roulette of the curve on its mirror image.

Example
When C is a circle the above discussion shows that the following definitions of a limaçon are equivalent:
 * It is the pedal of a circle.
 * It is the envelope of circles whose diameters have one endpoint on a fixed point and another endpoint which follow a circle.
 * It is the envelope of circles through a fixed point whose centers follow a circle.
 * It is the roulette formed by a circle rolling around a circle with the same radius.

We also have shown that the catacaustic of a circle is the evolute of a limaçon.

Pedals of specific curves
Pedals of some specific curves are:

title: Pedal curve


text:
Restoule River

The Restoule River is a river in Parry Sound District in Central Ontario, Canada. It rises at Commanda Lake in geographic Patterson Township at the community of Restoule. It then flows north into Restoule Lake then north into Stormy Lake at Restoule Provincial Park, at the end of Ontario Highway 534. It then heads west into geographic Hardy Township to its mouth at the French River.

The total length of the river is about 40 km. From Lennon Lake in Hardy Township to the mouth, the river forms a boundary of the Dokis 9 First Nations reserve.

Tributaries

 * Portage Creek (left)
 * Burnt Lake Creek (right)

title: Restoule River


title: User:Ultimatum479


text:
Thomas Dadford Jr.

Thomas Dadford Jr. (ca. 1761 to 1801) was an English canal engineer, who came from a family of canal engineers. He first worked with his father in the north of Britain on the Stour and the Trent, but later independently, contributing to a number of canal schemes, mainly in Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire but also in Montgomeryshire and Ellesmere, before dying at the age of 40.

Family history
Thomas Dadford was born in Britain around 1761, the first son of Thomas Dadford Sr. and Frances Brown, who are believed to have been living in Wolverhampton at the time. His father was a canal engineer, and his brothers John Dadford and James Dadford also worked in this field. Thomas received his early training from his father.

On 15 August 1797, he married Ann Parker of Chaddesley Corbett, Worcestershire. Both were Christians of the Catholic faith. They had no children.

The marriage did not last long, as Thomas died on 2 April 1801. He died at Crickhowell, and was buried at Llanarth, Monmouthshire. The cause of his death is not known. When he died, he left no will, but his wife obtained letters of administration in her favour; and his "goods, chattels and credits" amounted to £2,000.

Working history
His father was the engineer for the Stourbridge Canal, and from 1776 Thomas assisted him. However, he was dismissed in the following year.

In 1782 he assisted his father again, with a survey of the River Trent, which was to be improved for navigation.

His next project, from 1790, was the construction of the Glamorganshire Canal, where he worked with his father and with Thomas Sheasby. In 1790 he assisted his father and brother John with a survey for the fledgling Neath Canal Company. The following year he became the engineer for the Neath Canal, and also became surveyor and engineer for the Leominster Canal, a position which he held until 1795, simultaneously with his other projects.

He supervised the construction of the Neath Canal from Neath to Ynysbwllog, where the canal was to cross the River Neath by an aqueduct; but in 1792 he resigned before the project was completed, in order to become engineer for the Monmouthshire Canal. He was contracted to devote three-quarters of his time to the canal, the main line of which was completed by 1796, and the remaining quarter enabled him to fulfill his obligation on the Leominster Canal. In addition to the canal, he supervised construction of five tramways for the canal company, which connected to quarries, ironworks and collieries, and an independent tramway, the Trevil Rail Road. The Monmouthshire Canal Company also asked him to survey the southern section of the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal, with a view to finding a high level route which would result in most of the canal being lock-free. This he did and the route was adopted. He retained his position as engineer to the Monmouthshire Canal until late 1798.

From 1794 he assisted his brother John, who was engineer on the Montgomeryshire Canal. He was criticized by that company for his lack of attendance, but still managed to be the contractor for one section in 1795 and 1796, and to inspect and report on the final route with his father in 1797.

From January 1796 he was engineer for the Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal, devoting one quarter of his time to this task, and was still acting in this capacity when he died.

His workload was prodigious, as he managed to fit in surveys for the Ellesmere Canal in 1793, a survey for the extension of the Neath Canal from Neath to Giant's Grave in 1798, and a new survey of the proposed route for the Aberdare Canal in 1800, amongst others.

Achievements
During his brief working life Thomas Dadford Jr. managed to achieve a great deal. Major structures for which he was responsible include the fourteen locks on the Monmouthshire Canal at Rogerstone, the embankment at Gilwern which enables the Brecon and Abergavenny Canal to cross the River Clydach and a four-arched stone-built aqueduct which carries the same canal over the River Usk at Brynich.

He had less success with tunnels. The Southnet Tunnel on the Leominster Canal collapsed in 1795 (for which he was criticized by the engineer John Rennie), and the Ashford tunnel on the Brecon and Abergavenny Canal collapsed during construction.

title: Thomas Dadford Jr.


text:
John Dadford

John Dadford was an English canal engineer, as were his father Thomas Dadford and brothers Thomas Dadford, Jr. and James Dadford. He lived from approximately 1769 to 1800, although neither date is known for certain.

Biography
John Dadford was the third son of the canal engineer Thomas Dadford and his wife Frances Brown, the daughter of a Wolverhampton toymaker called Samuel Brown. They lived in the Wolverhampton area, and it is probable that John was born in that area. His older brothers were Thomas and James, both of whom worked as canal engineers. He had a younger brother called William and a sister called Mary. He is known to have been a pupil at Sedgley Park Roman Catholic School between May 1778 and June 1781.

Career
By 1790, he was working as an engineer, assisting his father and his brother Thomas with surveys for the Neath Canal. His involvement with the construction of the Glamorganshire Canal is less certain, but quite likely. By 1792, he was working independently, surveying a route for a canal and tramway to connect the Neath Canal to the Glamorganshire Canal, and a route for a road along the Aberdare Valley. Between 1792 and 1793 he was employed as a carrier on the Glamorganshire Canal.

His next major project was the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal. When he first surveyed the line, it was to run from the Glangrwyney Ironworks near Gilwern to the River Usk at Newbridge, near Caerleon, but the northern terminus was then extended to Brecon, and negotiations with the Monmouthshire Canal resulted in a revised line, with the two canals joining at Pontymoile. A bill was presented to Parliament in January 1793, but after its second reading, the Monmouthshire Canal succeeded in making an amendment, for a somewhat different route which had been surveyed by his brother Thomas.

An Act of Parliament to authorise the canal was obtained in March 1793, and allowed either the company or owners of collieries to build tramroads from the canal to points up to 8 mi from it. Although no work on the canal had started, the company began building the Clydach Tramway, with Dadford as engineer. It used edge rails, like modern railways, which were laid on iron sleepers initially, but then on wooden sleepers. It is difficult to be certain which sections Dadford was responsible for, with Hadfield describing a tramroad from Gelli-felen colliery to Gilwern, which then crossed the River Usk to reach Glangrwyne, where iron from Ebbw Vale was worked in a forge Skempton describes a 5.5 mi tramroad from Llangroiney [Glangrwyne] to Gellifelen, and a second section from Gellifelen to Fossalog, near Nantyglo, while Gladwin and Gladwin describe a 1.4 mi route from Llammarch Colliery to Clydach Ironworks. Dadford's bridge over the Usk collapsed in February 1795, when the river was in flood, and the fact that he had not built flood relief culverts into the embankments on either side of the bridge was deemed to have been a contributory factor in its failure. In July 1794, he became the engineer for the Montgomeryshire Canal, which extended the Llanymynech Branch of the Ellesmere Canal from its terminus at Llanymynech to Newtown. It had been authorised in March 1794, and John was to be assisted by his brother Thomas. The route involved crossing the River Vyrnwy, where a five-arched aqueduct was built, each with a span of 39 ft, and crossing the River Rhiw at Berriew, where two 30 ft arches spanned the river, and there were two more arches on the land. One of the arches of the Vyrnwy aqueduct collapsed, and there were troubles with the Rhiw aqueduct. He resigned in July 1796 and emigrated to America. On his brother's suggestion, he was replaced by his father. The committee were critical of the Dadfords, but when they called in William Jessop to advise them, he suggested that such issues were merely teething problems, and were quite normal on such a project.

Legacy
It is not known what Dadford did after emigrating, and he was not mentioned in his father's will in 1809, which probably indicates that he died there before then. Despite the failure of some of his bridges, he was highly regarded, with the Monmouthshire Canal requesting that if anyone was sent down to inspect the works, they would prefer John Dadford to anyone else.

title: John Dadford


text: Talk:John Dadford

title: Talk:John Dadford


text:
Storsjön

Storsjön (, lit. 'The Great Lake') is the fifth largest lake in Sweden, with an area of 464 km2 and a greatest depth of 74 m. It is the largest lake in central Sweden, located in the province of Jämtland in modern Jämtland County. From Storsjön runs the river Indalsälven and the lake contains the major island Frösön. The city of Östersund is located on the east shore of the lake, opposite Frösön.

Storsjön is said to be the home of Storsjöodjuret, a cryptid lake monster not unlike the Loch Ness Monster, and every now and then there are new reports of people having spotted it. Descriptions of the creature have varied over the years. Some have described it as being serpentine in appearance, with multiple humps, a feline or canine-like head and grayish skin. Others have claimed that the creature is short in stature and morbidly obese, with a roundish skull.

The ferry company Vägverket Färjerederiet (run by the Swedish Road Authority) provides two ferry lines crossing the lake, one from Norderön to Håkansta and one from Isön to Norderön. They are replaced by ice roads during the winter, usually January–April.

title: Storsjön


text:
Talk:Thomas Dadford

Source
Source: Edward Paget-Tomlison's "Illustrated History of Canals & River Navigations" Andy Mabbett 22:46, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * What's the copyright date of that? RickK 22:48, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * No idea. Andy Mabbett 23:11, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Then doesn't that make this a copyright violation? RickK 19:14, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * No. Andy Mabbett 19:57, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Please explain why not. RickK 22:08, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Because I haven't breached anyone's copyright. If you think otherwise, please exlplain how you think I have. Andy Mabbett 22:11, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Um, because you cited a source above? RickK 23:12, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * There's a big difference between research and plagiarism! Andy Mabbett 10:42, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Then why is the source above necessary? RickK 19:06, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Dadford


text:
Talk:Thomas Dadford Jr.

source
Source: Edward Paget-Tomlison's "Illustrated History of Canals & River Navigations". Andy Mabbett 22:47, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Dadford Jr.


text:
Kenneth Halliwell

Kenneth Leith Halliwell (23 June 1926 – 9 August 1967) was a British actor, writer and collagist. He was the mentor, boyfriend, and murderer of playwright Joe Orton.

Childhood
Halliwell was born in Bebington near Liverpool. He was very close to his mother; when he was 11, he witnessed her death from a wasp sting at their family home.

Halliwell was a classics scholar at Wirral Grammar School, where he gained his Higher School Certificate in 1943. Eligible for military service in 1944, he registered as a conscientious objector, and was exempted conditional upon becoming a coal miner. After discharge in 1946, he acted for a time in Scotland and then returned home to act in Birkenhead. His father committed suicide in 1949 by inhaling coal-gas in a gas oven; Halliwell was the first to find the body the following morning, but he "stepped over the body, put the kettle on, made a cup of tea and had a shave" before he reported the death. Halliwell later moved to London to study drama at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), having inherited the family fortune.

Relationship with Orton
In 1951, he met fellow RADA student Joe Orton. Both men were struggling actors who became struggling writers; their common interests led to a lengthy romantic relationship. Halliwell, in the early years, seems to have been something of a mentor to Orton, who had had a rather cursory education, and helped to mould the writing style that would later be called "Ortonesque". The two men collaborated on several novels, including The Boy Hairdresser, which were not published until after their deaths.

From January 1959, Orton and Halliwell were involved in the theft and defacement of public library books. Halliwell became an illicit collage artist, while Orton wrote the fake blurbs for the flyleaf of the dust jackets. After their trial in 1962 the two men were given custodial sentences: Halliwell was sent to HM Prison Ford in Sussex for six months and Orton went to Eastchurch in Kent.

Orton's eventual success as a writer, which began not long after their release from prison, put a distance between the two men that Halliwell found difficult to handle. Towards the end of his life, Halliwell was on regular courses of anti-depressants.

Murder–suicide
On 9 August 1967, Halliwell mortally injured Orton with nine hammer blows to the head, then overdosed on pentobarbital (Nembutal) sleeping pills. Halliwell died first. Their bodies were discovered late the following morning, when a chauffeur arrived at the door of their Noel Road flat in Islington to collect Orton for a meeting with director Richard Lester to discuss filming options on Up Against It, an unproduced script by Orton, written in 1967 for the Beatles.

Halliwell's suicide note referred to the contents of Orton's diary as an explanation for his actions:

If you read his diary, all will be explained. KH PS: Especially the latter part.

This is presumed to be a reference to Orton's description of his promiscuity; the diary contains numerous incidents of cottaging in public lavatories and other casual sexual encounters.

In popular culture
In Prick Up Your Ears, the 1987 film based on Orton's life, Halliwell was portrayed by Alfred Molina.

In Fantabulosa!, the 2006 television play about Kenneth Williams, he was portrayed by Ewan Bailey.

British experimental music group Coil recorded three tracks titled "The Halliwell Hammers" for their 1995 album Worship the Glitch. The two primary members of Coil, John Balance and Peter Christopherson, were romantic partners through most of the band's existence, and much of their work was inspired by or dedicated to gay icons and personalities of the past.

Halliwell is the subject of a monologue, Especially The Latter Part, by Richard Ely. It premiered in Lichfield, in 2009.

The stage version of Prick Up Your Ears, written by Simon Bent, opened on the West End in London at the Comedy Theatre on 17 September 2009. Matt Lucas played Halliwell and Chris New played Orton. Con O'Neill took over the role of Halliwell after Lucas pulled out. The play closed on 15 November 2009.

In 2014, a collage by Halliwell was purchased by Islington Museum at auction for £2,800. In 2016 the same museum purchased at auction The Cat Screen, a four-panel described as "an important part of 1960s cultural history as well as an engaging piece of art work", for £8,000.

Works

 * The Protagonist (circa 1949), unproduced and unpublished play about Edmund Kean.
 * The Silver Bucket (1953), The Mechanical Womb (1955), The Last Days of Sodom (1955), novels co-written with Orton, all unpublished and now lost.
 * Priapus in the Shrubbery (1959), solo novel, unpublished and now lost.
 * Lord Cucumber and The Boy Hairdresser, novels co-written with Orton, published in 2001.

title: Kenneth Halliwell


text:
James Dadford

James Dadford (born 1769) was an English canal engineer.

Career
He was engineer of the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal from 1795 to 1800.

His father Thomas Dadford, and brothers Thomas Dadford, Jr. and John Dadford were also canal engineers.

title: James Dadford


text:
Talk:James Dadford

Thomas Dadford
Related to Thomas Dadford? Andy Mabbett 22:50, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Dadford


text:
François Simiand

François Joseph Charles Simiand (18 April 1873 – 13 April 1935) was a French sociologist and economist best known as a participant in the Année Sociologique. As a member of the French Historical School of economics, Simiand predicated a rigorous factual and statistical basis for theoretical models and policies. His contribution to French social science was recognized in 1931 when, at the age of 58, he was elected to the faculty of the Collège de France and accepted the chair in labor history.

Simiand's career was unusual. Like many destined to become influential academics in France, he entered the École Normale Supérieure and graduated in philosophy at the top of his class in 1896. However, he quickly became interested in law and economics and submitted a thesis on the wages of coal miners in France (1904) to the faculty of law rather than becoming an academic. As a result, he foreclosed forever the possibility of a prominent university appointment. Thus in 1901 he became the librarian for the French Ministries of Commerce and Labor, a post he held until the outbreak of World War I. From 1910 on he also taught Economic History at the École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, an institution which did not require a doctorate from its lecturers.

Toward the end of the nineteenth century Simiand joined the editorial board of the Année Sociologique. He became a central member of the group as editor of the economic sociology section and served as its expert on statistics. At the same time, as someone removed from the politics of French academics, he was at an institutional remove from Émile Durkheim's ambitions for transforming the French university.

Simiand moved further into the administrative apparatus of the French state during World War I when he left his position as a librarian for work in the Ministry of Armaments where he played a prominent role in making policy. After the war, he served for a year as the Director of Labor for the province of Alsace-Lorraine. In addition, he took up a more permanent position as a teacher at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers.

A student of Henri Bergson and Émile Durkheim, Simiand advanced a view of economics as a social science grounded in observable phenomena rather than convenient assumptions. This would imply a large program of historical and statistical research. Joseph Schumpeter, who denied the existence of a French or an Italian Historical School despite the historical current evident in their economics, acknowledged the significance of Simiand's contributions. In Schumpeter's view, Simiand should be considered a French Institutionalist.

Simiand's views on scope and method, which appear in La Méthode positive en science économique (1911), were applied in his studies of real wages, money and long economic cycles. They were applied in criticism of the work of contemporary economists, as well.

Works

 * Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Les classiques des sciences sociales: François Simiand.
 * "Méthode historique et Science social" Revue de synthèse historique (1903); re-edited Annales ESC 15, no. 1. París (1960)
 * Review of Vialles, La consommation et la crise Èconomique, in Année sociologique 7 p. 582 (1902/1903)
 * Review of May, Das Grundgesetz der Wirtschaftskrisen, in Année sociologique 7 p. 585 (1902/1903)
 * Le salaire des ouvriers des mines de charbon en France Societe Nouvelle de Librarie et D'edition, 1904
 * "La causalité en histoire" Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie 6, pp. 245–272, 276–290 (1906)
 * M. F. Simiand, Review of Jevons, Pareto and Marshall L'année sociologique pp. 516–45 (1909) New School Net (on line)
 * La Méthode positive en science économique (1911); in Critique sociologique de l'économie. Paris, PUF. VI ISBN 2-13-054756-7
 * Le Salaire: l'evolution sociale et la monnaie 3 vols., Librairie Felix Alcan, París (1932)
 * Recherches anciennes et nouvelles sur le mouvement général des prix du VXIe au XIXe siècle Paris, Domat-Montclirctien (1932)
 * Les Fluctuations économiques à longue période de la crise mondiale (1933)
 * "La monnaie, réalité sociale", Les Annales Sociologiques, série D, fascicule 1 p. 45 (1934); in Critique sociologique de l'économie. Paris, PUF. VI ISBN 2-13-054756-7
 * La psychologie sociale des crises et les fluctuations économiques de courte durée, Paris, Félix Alcan (1937). Originally published in Annales Sociologiques.

title: François Simiand