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Queensland Rail

Queensland Rail (QR) is a railway operator in Queensland, Australia. Owned by the Queensland Government, it operates local and long-distance passenger services, as well as owning and maintaining rolling stock and approximately 6600 km of track and related infrastructure.

Early history
Queensland Railways was the first operator in the world to adopt a narrow gauge (in this case ) for a main line, and this remained the system-wide gauge in Queensland to the 21st century.

The colony of Queensland separated from New South Wales in 1859, and the new government was keen to facilitate development and immigration. Improved transport to the fertile Darling Downs region situated west of Toowoomba was seen as a priority. As adequate river transport was already established between the capital Brisbane and the then separate settlement of Ipswich, the railway commenced from the latter locality and the initial section, built over the relatively flat, easy country opened to Bigge's Camp, at the eastern base of the Little Liverpool Range, on 31 July 1865. Called the Main Line, the only significant engineering work on that section was the bridge over the Bremer River to North Ipswich.

Tunneling excavation through the Little Liverpool Range delayed the opening of the next section to Gatton by 10 months, but the line was opened to Toowoomba in 1867, the ascent of the Main Range being the reason for the adoption of narrow gauge.

Built by the Queensland Government to the unusual (for the time) gauge of, the line largely followed the alignment surveyed by a private company, the Moreton Bay Tramway Company, which had proposed to build a horse-drawn tramway but had been unable to raise funds to do so beyond an initial start on earthworks.

The adoption of a narrow gauge was controversial at the time and was largely predicated by the government's desire for the fastest possible construction timeframe at the least cost. This resulted in the adoption of sharper curves and a lower axle load than was considered possible using the standard gauge, and an assessment at the time put the cost of a narrow gauge line from Ipswich to Toowoomba at 25% of the cost of a standard gauge line. In a colony with a non-indigenous population of 30,000 when the decision was made, it is understandable.

The network evolved as a series of isolated networks. It wasn't until the completion of the North Coast line in December 1924 that all were joined. The exception was the Normanton to Croydon line which always remained isolated. At its peak in 1932, the network totaled 10500 km.

Changing transport patterns resulted in the closure of many development branch lines from 1948 onwards, but at the same time the main lines were upgraded to provide contemporary services, and from the 1970s an extensive network of new lines was developed, particularly to service export coal mines.

Electrification
Commencing in November 1979, the Brisbane suburban network was electrified.

In 1978, discussions were commenced on the possible electrification of the Blackwater and Goonyella coal networks. This was due to an expected increase in coal traffic across the networks, an ageing diesel-electric locomotive fleet and the increase in diesel fuel costs. By early 1983, a decision had been made to electrify the networks and by early 1984, contracts were already starting to be let for the new locomotives and other works for the project. The decision was made to electrify with the 25 kV AC railway electrification system as used on the Brisbane suburban network. This would allow future connection of the Brisbane network with the coal networks via the North Coast line.

The project was to be carried out in four stages:

 * Stage 1: Electrification of the main line from Gladstone to Rockhampton, including parts of Rockhampton marshalling yard, then west to Blackwater and the coal mines in the area. This was a total of 720 km of the track.
 * Stage 2: Electrification of the coal lines south of Dalrymple Bay and Hay Point, then west through the Goonyella system, southwest to Blair Athol and south to Gregory – linking the Goonyella system to the Blackwater system. This was a total of 773 km of the track.
 * Stage 3: Electrification of the main western line from Burngrove to Emerald. This would allow electric freight from Rockhampton to Emerald.
 * Stage 4: Electrification of the line from Newlands coal mine to Collinsville and northeast to Abbott Point. This stage never went ahead. In 1986, it was decided to electrify the North Coast line between Brisbane and Gladstone instead and this became known as Stage 4.

Interstate freight expansion
In September 1999, Queensland Rail was rebranded as QR. In March 2002, Queensland Rail purchased Northern Rivers Railroad and rebranded it Interail, fulfilling a long-held ambition of expanding beyond its state borders.

In March 2003, Queensland Rail entered the Hunter Valley coal market when Interail commenced a contract from Duralie Colliery to Stratford Mine. Another coal contract was won in late 2003 for the haulage of coal from Newstan Colliery, Fassifern to Vales Point Power Station. In 2004, Interail began running Brisbane to Melbourne and Sydney to Melbourne intermodal services. In June 2005, Queensland Rail acquired the CRT Group.

In June 2006, the Western Australian business of the Australian Railroad Group was purchased.

Privatisation and the current era
QR was responsible for all Queensland freight services, and from 2002 operated interstate services under the Australian Railroad Group, Interail and QR National brands. These were all spun out into a separate entity in July 2010, and later privatised as Aurizon.

In June 2009, the Queensland Government announced the privatisation of Queensland Rail's freight business. This resulted in Queensland Rail's freight assets being transferred to QR National (now Aurizon) from 1 July 2010.

In April 2013, the Queensland Parliament passed the Queensland Rail Transit Authority Bill 2013 that restructured Queensland Rail. The explanatory notes published for the bill outlined that the existing Queensland Rail Limited entity would remain although no longer be a government-owned corporation and that entity would become a subsidiary of a new Queensland Rail Transit Authority (QRTA), in effect creating a Queensland Rail group. Under the revised arrangements Queensland Rail Limited retained assets and liabilities and staff were transferred to the QRTA. As a result of transferring the staff to the QRTA, the government moved those employees from the federal industrial relations system to the state-based industrial relations system, giving the state more control over industrial arrangements. In November 2013, five labour unions commenced legal proceedings in the High Court of Australia alleging that the QRTA was subject to the federal industrial jurisdiction rather than the state system. In April 2015, the court ruled the QRTA was subject to the Fair Work Act 2009 and the federal industrial relations jurisdiction.

Commissioners
The Commissioners of the Queensland Railways were:

 * 23 December 1863 – October 1864: Abraham Fitzgibbon
 * 28 October 1864 – 29 April 1869: Arthur Orpen Herbert

Note: from 29 April 1869 to 15 July 1870, the Secretary for Public Works was appointed Commissioner for Railways.

 * 15 July 1870 – 12 March 1885: Arthur Orpen Herbert
 * 12 March 1885 – 29 July 1889: Francis W. Curnow

Note: from 29 July 1889 a Board of three Commissioners was appointed to reduce political influence. This was reduced back to a single Commissioner in September 1895.

 * 29 July 1889 – 30 June 1896: John Mathieson (Chief Commissioner)
 * 29 July 1889 – September 1895: Robert John Gray (1st Assistant Commissioner)
 * 29 July 1889 – 13 December 1894: Andrew Johnston (2nd Assistant Commissioner)
 * 1 July 1896 – 30 September 1902: Robert John Gray
 * 5 November 1902 – 24 March 1911: James Forsyth Thallon
 * 30 March 1911 – 31 May 1911: Thomas Mulhall King
 * 1 June 1911 – 31 October 1918: Barnard Charles Evans
 * 1 November 1918 – 28 February 1938: James Walker Davidson
 * 1 March 1938 – 28 February 1941: Curteis Anthony Murton
 * 9 March 1941 – 27 February 1948: Percy Robert Turner Wills
 * 1 March 1948 – 31 August 1952: Timothy Edward Maloney
 * 1 September 1952 – 31 August 1962: Gerald Vincent Moriarty
 * September 1962 – 4 July 1976: Alva George Lee
 * 5 July 1976 – 17 December 1982: Percy James Goldston
 * 13 January 1983 – April 1986: Douglas Vernon Mendoza
 * 20 May 1986 – 31 July 1989: Ralph T. Sheehy
 * 1 August 1989 – December 1989: Ross William Dunning
 * December 1989 – 7 October 1990: Robin G. Read (Acting Commissioner)
 * 8 October 1990 – 30 June 1991: Vincent John O'Rourke

Note: from 1 July 1991 the position of Commissioner for Railways ceased to exist, replaced by a Chief Executive Officer, reporting to a board of Directors.

South East Queensland rail
QR operates urban and interurban rail and bus services throughout South East Queensland as part of the Translink network. Rail services operate on twelve lines; Beenleigh, Caboolture, Cleveland, Doomben, Exhibition, Ferny Grove, Gold Coast, Ipswich-Rosewood, Redcliffe Peninsula, Shorncliffe, Springfield and Sunshine Coast. QR operate these with the Electric Multiple Units (EMU), Suburban Multiple Units (SMU), Interurban Multiple Units (IMU) and New Generation Rollingstock (NGR) class electric multiple units.

Due to low patronage, the Corinda to Yeerongpilly and Doomben to Pinkenba lines have had their services replaced by buses, while due to track capacity constraints, services on the Sunshine Coast between Caboolture and Nambour are supplemented by a bus service. However, track duplication is currently underway, to improve the efficiency of the Sunshine Coast Line.

Long-distance trains
Queensland Rail operate five long-distance passenger rail services, under the brand name Queensland Rail Travel:

 * Tilt Train: Brisbane to Rockhampton
 * Spirit of Queensland: Brisbane to Cairns
 * Spirit of the Outback: Brisbane to Longreach
 * Westlander: Brisbane to Charleville
 * Inlander: Townsville to Mount Isa

Connecting road coach services are operated.

Annual patronage all travel and tourism servies in 2022-23 was 690,000. In 2007/08, the subsidy for the Brisbane-Cairns route (NCL) was $130 million, or $900 per passenger. In 2001/02 it was $270 million.

Tourist trains
Queensland Rail also operate these tourist trains:
 * Gulflander: Normanton to Croydon
 * Kuranda Scenic Railway: Cairns to Kuranda

Former services
Queensland Rail operated many named trains including:
 * Capricornian: Brisbane to Rockhampton, operated from 1970 until 1993 when replaced by the Spirit of the Outback
 * Great South Pacific Express: Kuranda to Sydney luxury train operated from 1999 until 2003
 * The Midlander: Rockhampton to Winton, operated from 1954 until 1993 when replaced by the Spirit of the Outback
 * Savannahlander: Cairns to Forsayth, operated from 1995 until 2004 when contracted out to a private operator
 * Spirit of Capricorn: Brisbane to Rockhampton, operated from 1988 until 2003
 * The Sunlander: Brisbane to Cairns, operated from 1953 until 2014 when replaced by the Spirit of Queensland

Rolling stock
QR sourced steam locomotives from many manufacturers including Armstrong Whitworth, Avonside Engine Company, Beyer, Peacock & Company, Dübs & Co, Kitson & Co, Nasmyth, Wilson & Co, Neilson and Company, North British Locomotive Company, Vulcan Foundry and Yorkshire Engine Company all of the United Kingdom, Baldwin Locomotive Works of the United States, as well as Australian manufacturers Clyde Engineering, Evans, Anderson, Phelan & Co, Islington Railway Workshops, Newport Workshops, Phoenix Engine Company, Toowoomba Foundry and Walkers Limited. It also built some in-house at North Ipswich Railway Workshops.

In 1936, the company owned 750 locomotives, 67 railcars, 998 coaches, 94 mail cars, 177 brake vans and 18.699 goods wagons.

Dieselisation commenced in 1952 with early purchases being imported from GE Transportation and English Electric, before standardising on locally made products from A Goninan & Co, Clyde Engineering, English Electric and Walkers Limited. Electric locomotives were purchased from Clyde Engineering, Walkers Limited and Siemens. Electric multiple units have been purchased from Walkers Limited, Downer Rail and Bombardier Transportation, the latter of two which are still present in Queensland to this day.

With the closure of many rural branch lines in the 1990s there was excess motive power on the QR and it was chosen to standardise by using Clyde based diesel locomotives. Most, if not all of the English Electric locomotives were withdrawn by 2000.

In June 2021 QR announced that it had shortlisted 3 applicants (Alstom, CAF and Downer Rail) to manufacture 20 (later expanded to 65) new electric multiple units. These will allow for expansion of the fleet and retiring of the remaining EMU and ICE units.

This table only includes locomotives owned by Queensland Rail. QR also hires locomotives from Aurizon as required.

Workshops
From its inception, QR's primary workshops were the North Ipswich Railway Workshops. It was replaced by the Redbank Railway Workshops in the 1960s. The Mayne Yard rail precinct is now the forefront for the repairs and maintenance of the fleet.

Incidents
Notable incidents involving Queensland Rail include:

 * On 9 June 1925, 9 people were killed in an Accident near Traveston, atop a timber trestle bridge aboard the Rockhampton Mail service. The train was reported to have derailed, causing 2 cars (1 Passenger Car, and 1 Baggage Car) to fall into the Traveston Creek. The incident overall caused 9 Fatalities and over 50 Injuries.
 * On 5 May 1947, a crowded charter train de-railed and crashed near Camp Mountain due to excessive speeds down a hill and a bend with 16 deaths.
 * On 25 February 1960, the East Bound Midlander Derailed and Crashed 1.5 km away from Bogantungan (Located Between Emerald and Barcaldine) on the now called Spirit of the Outback Service. Floodwaters, had washed away a tree which hit some pylons holding the Medway Creek Bridge up. The East bound Train hauled by two C17 locomotives, at the time had 120 passengers on-board. When the service arrived at the bridge at 2:32am, it plunged 7 – 1/2M into the creek bed after the bridge gave way. Floodwater quickly filled carriages. Both locomotives ended up in the water, as well as three passenger cars. Overall, 7 People lost their lives and 43 people injured. The Medway Creek disaster is seen as the worst in QR's History.
 * On 23 March 1985, two passenger trains collided head-on near Trinder Park station on the Beenleigh line. Two people died (one of whom was the driver of the south-bound train), and 31 people sustained injuries. Affected units EMU11 and EMU27 were both travelling concurrently on the single track section of the line, despite several "fail-safe" measures and the use of RCS (remote control signalling).
 * On 21 September 2001, EMU units 05 and 60 collided with a cattle train near Petrie, causing two carriages of Unit 05 and one carriage of Unit 60 to be scrapped, with the three remaining carriages merged to form EMU 60.
 * On 15 November 2004, a Diesel Tilt Train VCQ5 derailed at Berajondo on the North Coast Line due to excessive speed resulting in injuries to over 100 people.
 * On 14 September 2012, EMU41 collided with a heavy vehicle that became grounded on the level crossing at St Vincent's Road, Banyo, on the Shorncliffe line. The train driver performed all necessary braking measures, however they were not alerted in time and the train collided with the vehicle, causing extensive damage to the vehicle and the train (along with another train that was in the stationary near the crash). Injuries were sustained by both drivers.
 * On 31 January 2013, IMU173 failed to stop at Cleveland station and collided with the station toilet block resulting in major damage to the train and minor injuries to several commuters and staff.
 * On 18 June 2021, A Queensland Rail operated Train – at the time being used for Driver Training Collided with a Loaded Aurizon Coal Train, at Westwood, West of Rockhampton. The Incident Occurred at 11:26am on an Aurizon operated trainline, the locomotive was travelling to Bluff. The Queensland Rail Locomotive had 3 Drivers onboard, 2 of which Suffered injuries. There was 1 Fatality. The QR locomotive 2471 sustained severe damage, with the Aurizon Locomotive sustaining less Substantial damage. A report of the incident is due in Q2 2022.

Sunlander 14
In December 2014, the Queensland Audit Office published a report about QR's Sunlander 14 project. The Sunlander 14 project had a scope to acquire a total of 25 carriages to replace The Sunlander passenger train with a new Diesel Tilt Train, purchase additional luxury cars, for the two existing Diesel Tilt Trains and refurbish their existing carriages.

The project was initially costed at $195 million and allowed for the operation of five services a week. However, costs had risen by 2012, and the Queensland Auditor-General reported that the eventual cost would be from $358 to $404 million, because QR had failed to take into account the requirement for upgraded maintenance facilities, as well as en route provisioning. The Auditor-General also believed, due to issues with the business case that QR had overestimated how popular the new service would be, and had a mistaken belief that the 'luxury' component of the train would attract more high-paying customers.

In 2013, the project was scaled back, with the train length being reduced to nine cars by removing the luxury sleepers and restaurant cars. That resulted in a revised project cost of $204 million. The Auditor-General's report in particular highlighted that due to the fixed-price construction contract the cost per train car increased and that opportunities were missed to pursue broader long distance train fleet renewal.

Redcliffe Peninsula railway line and subsequent driver shortages
The Redcliffe Peninsula railway line opened on 4 October 2016 and created a revised timetable that resulted in a 9% increase in services across the network. Queensland Rail did not have sufficient traincrew to operate the increased services. On 21 October a substantial interruption of service occurred involving the cancellation without notice of 167 services (12% of the scheduled services for the day) due to compulsory rest periods required for the train crew (a break of at least 32 hours required when a crew member has worked 11 consecutive days or 14 consecutive shifts).

Following the service interruptions, the head of the train service delivery unit was stood down. and an interim timetable implemented that reversed the increase in services and demand for traincrew. Several weeks after the service interruptions, Queensland Rail CEO Helen Gluer announced her resignation from the company, along with chairman Michael Klug. It was announced on 27 October 2016, that the Director-General of the Department of Transport and Main Roads, Neil Scales, would replace Helen Gluer and that an inquiry known as the Queensland Rail Train Crewing Practices Investigation would be led by Phillip Strachan into the events.

On 25 December 2016, another substantial service cancellation event occurred due to a lack of available traincrew to operate the services. On that day, 261 services, or 36% of scheduled services did not operate. The underlying reason for the cancellations was a lack of available drivers to operate services. Queensland Rail's Chief Operating Officer resigned several days later.

The inquiry into Queensland Rail's train crewing conducted by Phillip Strachan was completed in February 2017. The report made a number of findings and provided 36 recommendations that the Queensland Government accepted. The findings included that Queensland Rail had experienced a 9% increase in demand for traincrew due to the revised timetable while also experiencing a 7% decrease in traincrew productivity as a result of revised industrial arrangements, had intentionally operated for a number of years with an under-supply of traincrew and utilised the shortfall to provide paid overtime opportunities, had reduced train crew intake during 2014–15 in the lead-up to the opening of the new line, had restrictions on external recruitment and had a longer driver training period than like organisations. The report also highlighted unclear governance arrangements and a short term focus within the operations section that relied on intuition rather than accurate forecasting and a reluctance to share bad news as contributing factors. The recommendations from the report centred around demand management, supply management, people and process management and governance arrangements.

Following the completion of the Strachan inquiry, Philip Strachan was appointed as Chair of the Queensland Rail Board replacing Acting Chair Nicole Hollows, who had been appointed following the resignation Michael Klug. A Citytrain Response Unit was established within the Department of Transport and Main Roads to oversee the implementation of the recommendations from the Strachan inquiry. The Citytrain Response Unit subsequently commissioned a whole of business review into the organisation that was conducted by Deutsche Bahn and delivered in July 2017 and published reports tracking the progress of the implementation of the recommendations. Executive bonus payments were also suspended for 2017.

title: Queensland Rail


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File:Vangelis China.jpg

Fair use in China (Vangelis album)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Vangelis China.jpg


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Into Thin Air

Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster is a 1997 bestselling nonfiction book written by Jon Krakauer. It details Krakauer's experience in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster, in which eight climbers were killed and several others were stranded by a storm. Krakauer's expedition was led by guide Rob Hall. Other groups were trying to summit on the same day, including one led by Scott Fischer, whose guiding agency, Mountain Madness, was perceived as a competitor to Hall's agency, Adventure Consultants.

Summary
Krakauer describes the events leading up to his eventual decision to participate in an Everest expedition in May 1996, despite having mostly given up mountain climbing years before. Krakauer was a journalist for the adventure magazine Outside, and initially his intention to climb Everest had been purely professional. He had planned to climb only as far as the mountain's base camp, and to report on the commercialization of the mountain. However, the idea of going to Everest reawakened his childhood desire to climb the mountain. Krakauer asked his editor to put off publishing the story for a year so that he could train for a climb to the summit.

From there, the book moves between describing events that took place on the mountain, and the unfolding tragedy, which occurs during the push to the summit. (The 1996 expedition season saw eight recorded deaths, including that of Krakauer's guide, Rob Hall. It also saw the third-highest recorded number of deaths on the mountain in a single day. The April 2015 Nepal earthquake had caused the most, at 21.) Krakauer concludes that essential safety methods that had been adopted over the years by experienced guides on Everest were sometimes compromised by the competition between rival guiding agencies to get their respective clients to the summit.

Controversy
Krakauer's recounting of certain aspects of the climb generated criticism, both from some of the climb's participants and from fellow mountaineers such as Galen Rowell. Much of the criticism centers on Krakauer's account of how Anatoli Boukreev, an experienced Kazakh high-altitude climber and guide for Scott Fischer, had handled the climb. Boukreev had descended the summit before his clients did, ostensibly out of concern for their safety, in order to prepare for potential rescue efforts. Although Krakauer acknowledged that Boukreev's efforts after descending the mountain were heroic (he engaged in repeated solo rescue efforts, saving at least two climbers' lives), he questioned Boukreev's judgment during the climb, in particular his decision to descend from the summit ahead of his clients, his decision to not use supplementary oxygen, his choices of gear on the mountain, and his interactions with clients. Boukreev provided a rebuttal to these claims in his 1997 book, The Climb.

Mountaineer Galen Rowell criticized Krakauer's account, citing numerous inconsistencies in his narrative, and observed that Krakauer had been sleeping in his tent while Boukreev was rescuing other climbers. Rowell argued that not only were Boukreev's actions heroic, but his judgment was also prescient: “[Boukreev] foresaw problems with clients nearing camp, noted five other guides on the peak [Everest], and positioned himself to be rested and hydrated enough to respond to an emergency. His heroism was not a fluke."

Krakauer's account has also been criticized for omitting to mention that the team members were receiving accurate daily weather forecasts and knew about the impending storm in advance.

In Krakauer's 1999 paperback edition of Into Thin Air, he addresses some of the criticisms in a detailed postscript.

Adaptation
Film rights for Into Thin Air were purchased by Sony almost immediately after the book's publication. The book was adapted into the TV movie Into Thin Air: Death on Everest (1997), starring Peter Horton as Scott Fischer and Christopher McDonald as Krakauer. The book and the film both contain the same strong editorial viewpoint regarding the fundamental causes of the tragedy, although the film differs sharply from the book in details regarding responsibility.

The 2015 film Everest, by director Baltasar Kormákur, depicts the same events as the book, with actor Michael Kelly portraying Krakauer. According to Kormákur, it is not based on Krakauer's book.

title: Into Thin Air


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Maple Leaf Rag

The "Maple Leaf Rag" (copyright registered on September 18, 1899) is an early ragtime musical composition for piano composed by Scott Joplin. It was one of Joplin's early works, becoming the model for ragtime compositions by subsequent composers. It is one of the most famous of all ragtime pieces. Its success led to Joplin being dubbed the "King of Ragtime" by his contemporaries. The piece gave Joplin a steady if unspectacular income for the rest of his life.

Despite ragtime's decline after Joplin's death in 1917, the "Maple Leaf Rag" continued to be recorded by many well-known artists. The ragtime revival of the 1970s brought it back to mainstream public notice once again.

Background

The "Maple Leaf Rag" is associated with the city of Sedalia, Missouri, although there is no record of Joplin having a permanent residence there before 1904. Joplin arrived in Sedalia in 1894 as a touring musician and stayed with the family of Arthur Marshall, who later became one of Joplin's students and a ragtime composer in his own right. Joplin played as a solo musician at dances and at the major black clubs in Sedalia, among them the "Maple Leaf Club". It is possible that the rag was named after the Maple Leaf Club, although there is no direct evidence to prove the link, and there were probably many other possible sources for the name in and around Sedalia at the time.

Although there were hundreds of rags in print by the time of the "Maple Leaf Rag's" publication, Joplin was not far behind. His first published rag was "Original Rags" (March 1899). The "Maple Leaf Rag" was already known in Sedalia prior to its publication in 1899; composer and pianist Brun Campbell claimed to have seen the manuscript of the work in or around 1898. Prior to its publication, Joplin anticipated that the piece would be a success—he told Arthur Marshall that "The Maple Leaf will make me the king of ragtime composers".

The exact circumstances which led to publication of the "Maple Leaf Rag" are unknown, and there are versions of the event which contradict each other. After approaching several publishers, Joplin signed a contract with John Stillwell Stark on August 10, 1899 for a royalty of one cent ($0 in ) on all sales of the rag, with a minimum sales price of 25 cents($0 in ). The "Maple Leaf Rag" was published between August 10 and September 20, 1899, when the United States Copyright Office received two copies of the score. It was reissued in 1900 or 1901 with a new cover showing a green maple leaf and a photograph of Joplin. In 1903, Stark issued a "Maple Leaf Rag Song", an arrangement of Joplin's music with words by Sydney Brown.

Structure
The "Maple Leaf Rag" is a multi-strain ragtime march with athletic bass lines and offbeat melodies. Each of the four parts features a recurring theme and a striding bass line with copious seventh chords. The piece may be considered the "archetypal rag" due to its influence on the genre; its structure was the basis for many other rags, including "Sensation" by Joseph Lamb.

It is more carefully constructed than almost all the previous rags, and the syncopations, especially in the transition between the first and second strain, were novel at the time.

Generally, the "Maple Leaf Rag" is considered difficult to play; a pianist must have very good coordination in the left hand to perform it successfully, particularly for the trio, which involves leaps of two octaves. When it was published, it was considered significantly more difficult than the average Tin Pan Alley and early ragtime sheet music common at the time.

"Gladiolus Rag", a later composition by Joplin, is a developed variant of the "Maple Leaf Rag" showcasing Joplin's increasing musical sophistication, and is usually played at a somewhat slower tempo. In addition, the first strain of Joplin's "The Cascades", "The Sycamore", "Leola", and "Sugar Cane" are modeled on the structure Joplin created for the first strain of "Maple Leaf Rag".

The composition starts in the key of A-flat major and changes to D-flat major during the first part of the trio, then modulates back to A-flat major.

Lyrics
In 1903, Stark issued a "Maple Leaf Rag Song", an arrangement of Joplin's music with words by Sydney Brown. Brown's lyrics tell the story of a poor man from Accomack County, Virginia, who stumbles into a ballroom where, in spite of his anxiety over the state of his appearance, he manages to wow the crowd with the Maple Leaf Rag. While the men are jealous of his dancing abilities and draw their razors, the women love him, and the "finest belle" sends for a carriage and the two of them ride away.

Modern ragtime composer Ron O'Dell has commented that the song has characteristics in common with rap, such as the lyrical themes, the lyrics being written in the African American Vernacular English of the time, and the fact that the lyrics are sung over the least melodic strain of the music.

Popularity and legacy
There have been many claims about the sales of the "Maple Leaf Rag", for example that 1 million copies of the sheet music were sold in the composer's lifetime, making Scott Joplin the first musician to sell 1 million copies of a piece of instrumental music. Joplin's first biographer Rudi Blesh wrote that during its first six months the piece sold 75,000 copies, and became "the first great instrumental sheet music hit in America". However, research by Joplin's later biographer Edward A. Berlin demonstrated that this was not the case; the initial print-run of 400 took one year to sell, and under the terms of Joplin's contract with a one-cent royalty would have given Joplin an income of $4, or approximately $0 in. Later sales were steady and would have given Joplin an income which would have covered his expenses; in 1909 estimated sales would have given him an income of $600 annually (approximately $0 in ).

In addition to sales of sheet music, it was also popular in orchestrations for dance bands and brass bands for years. Joplin failed to repeat the success of Maple Leaf Rag, with none of his other famous rags (such as "The Entertainer") garnering as much popularity as the Maple Leaf Rag did. The royalties earned by the sheet music sales did provide Joplin with a steady income for the rest of his life, however.

Soon after the publication of the "Maple Leaf Rag", the earliest recordings of the rag took place; band leader Wilbur Sweatman recorded it onto Phonograph cylinder a year later, but there are no known copies which have survived. The earliest surviving record of the rag comes from the second known recording of the rag by the United States Marine Band from 1906. While Joplin never made an audio recording, his playing is preserved on seven piano rolls for use in mechanical player pianos. All seven were made in 1916. Berlin theorizes that by the time Joplin made these recordings he may have been experiencing discoordination of the fingers, tremors and an inability to speak clearly, symptoms of syphilis, the disease that took his life in 1917. The recording of "Maple Leaf Rag", on the Aeolian Uni-Record label from June 1916 was described by biographer Blesh as "shocking ... disorganized and completely distressing to hear". Berlin notes that the "Maple Leaf Rag" roll was "painfully bad" and likely to be the truest record of Joplin's playing at the time. The roll, however, does not reflect his abilities earlier in life.

The piece was a selection in the White Star Line songbook in the early 1900s, and could have possibly been played aboard the RMS Titanic during its ill-fated maiden voyage in 1912.

The tune continued to be in the repertoire of jazz bands decades later, with artists such as the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in the 1920s, and Sidney Bechet in the 1930s giving it up-to-date adaptations, maintaining a timeless quality to it. As an indication of its persistent popularity and recognition, it was performed on phonograph records six times in each of the three decades after its first publication. In 1930, it was featured in the gangster movie classic, The Public Enemy. "Maple Leaf Rag" was the Joplin piece found most often on 78 rpm records.

In November 1970, Joshua Rifkin released a recording called Scott Joplin: Piano Rags on the classical label Nonesuch, which featured as its first track the "Maple Leaf Rag". It sold 100,000 copies in its first year and eventually became Nonesuch's first million-selling record. The Billboard "Best-Selling Classical LPs" chart for September 28, 1974 has the record at number 5, with the follow-up "Volume 2" at number 4, and a combined set of both volumes at number 3. Separately both volumes had been on the chart for 64 weeks. The album was nominated in 1971 for two Grammy Award categories: Best Album Notes and Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra), but at the ceremony on March 14, 1972, Rifkin did not win in any category. In 1979 Alan Rich in the New York Magazine wrote that by giving artists like Rifkin the opportunity to put Joplin's music on disk Nonesuch Records "created, almost alone, the Scott Joplin revival."

An 8-bit version of the music is used in the 1983 Bally Midway arcade game Domino Man as background music.

The "Maple Leaf Rag" is still a favorite of ragtime pianists, and has been described as an "American institution... still in print and still popular". As the copyright has expired, the composition is in the public domain. It appears in the soundtracks of hundreds of films, cartoons, commercials, and video games. In 2004, Canadian radio listeners voted it the 39th greatest song of all time.

Most recently, Maple Leaf Rag was featured as one of the piano exam pieces in Grade 8 for the years 2025 and 2026, by the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM).

In Joplin's will, he requested that "Maple Leaf Rag" be played at his funeral. When preparations were being made, however, his wife, Lottie Stokes did not allow it because she did not think it was a proper funeral song. She later admitted regretting that decision her whole life.

title: Maple Leaf Rag


text:
Alsace (automobile)

The Alsace was an American automobile manufactured by Piedmont between 1920 and 1921 for Automotive Products Co. of New York, made with right-hand drive for export purposes.

The car differed from other Piedmont products chiefly because it used a Rolls-Royce-shaped radiator. It had a wheelbase of 116 in and employed a 3.1 litre four-cylinder Herschell-Spillman engine.

title: Alsace (automobile)


text:
User talk:Keracim

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Keracim


text:
Bellaire High School

Bellaire High School may refer to:

 * Bellaire High School (Michigan)
 * Bellaire High School (Ohio), Bellaire, Ohio
 * Bellaire High School (Texas), Bellaire, Texas (Houston metropolitan area)

title: Bellaire High School


text:
Process calculus

In computer science, the process calculi (or process algebras) are a diverse family of related approaches for formally modelling concurrent systems. Process calculi provide a tool for the high-level description of interactions, communications, and synchronizations between a collection of independent agents or processes. They also provide algebraic laws that allow process descriptions to be manipulated and analyzed, and permit formal reasoning about equivalences between processes (e.g., using bisimulation). Leading examples of process calculi include CSP, CCS, ACP, and LOTOS. More recent additions to the family include the π-calculus, the ambient calculus, PEPA, the fusion calculus and the join-calculus.

Essential features
While the variety of existing process calculi is very large (including variants that incorporate stochastic behaviour, timing information, and specializations for studying molecular interactions), there are several features that all process calculi have in common:

 * Representing interactions between independent processes as communication (message-passing), rather than as modification of shared variables.
 * Describing processes and systems using a small collection of primitives, and operators for combining those primitives.
 * Defining algebraic laws for the process operators, which allow process expressions to be manipulated using equational reasoning.

Mathematics of processes
To define a process calculus, one starts with a set of names (or channels) whose purpose is to provide means of communication. In many implementations, channels have rich internal structure to improve efficiency, but this is abstracted away in most theoretic models. In addition to names, one needs a means to form new processes from old ones. The basic operators, always present in some form or other, allow:

 * parallel composition of processes
 * specification of which channels to use for sending and receiving data
 * sequentialization of interactions
 * hiding of interaction points
 * recursion or process replication

Parallel composition
Parallel composition of two processes $$\mathit{P}$$ and $$\mathit{Q}$$, usually written $$P \vert Q$$, is the key primitive distinguishing the process calculi from sequential models of computation. Parallel composition allows computation in $$\mathit{P}$$ and $$\mathit{Q}$$ to proceed simultaneously and independently. But it also allows interaction, that is synchronisation and flow of information from $$\mathit{P}$$ to $$\mathit{Q}$$ (or vice versa) on a channel shared by both. Crucially, an agent or process can be connected to more than one channel at a time.

Channels may be synchronous or asynchronous. In the case of a synchronous channel, the agent sending a message waits until another agent has received the message. Asynchronous channels do not require any such synchronization. In some process calculi (notably the π-calculus) channels themselves can be sent in messages through (other) channels, allowing the topology of process interconnections to change. Some process calculi also allow channels to be created during the execution of a computation.

Communication
Interaction can be (but isn't always) a directed flow of information. That is, input and output can be distinguished as dual interaction primitives. Process calculi that make such distinctions typically define an input operator (e.g. $$x(v)$$) and an output operator (e.g. $$x\langle y\rangle$$), both of which name an interaction point (here $$\mathit{x}$$) that is used to synchronise with a dual interaction primitive.

Should information be exchanged, it will flow from the outputting to the inputting process. The output primitive will specify the data to be sent. In $$x\langle y\rangle$$, this data is $$y$$. Similarly, if an input expects to receive data, one or more bound variables will act as place-holders to be substituted by data, when it arrives. In $$x(v)$$, $$v$$ plays that role. The choice of the kind of data that can be exchanged in an interaction is one of the key features that distinguishes different process calculi.

Sequential composition
Sometimes interactions must be temporally ordered. For example, it might be desirable to specify algorithms such as: first receive some data on $$\mathit{x}$$ and then send that data on $$\mathit{y}$$. Sequential composition can be used for such purposes. It is well known from other models of computation. In process calculi, the sequentialisation operator is usually integrated with input or output, or both. For example, the process $$x(v)\cdot P$$ will wait for an input on $$\mathit{x}$$. Only when this input has occurred will the process $$\mathit{P}$$ be activated, with the received data through $$\mathit{x}$$ substituted for identifier $$\mathit{v}$$.

Reduction semantics
The key operational reduction rule, containing the computational essence of process calculi, can be given solely in terms of parallel composition, sequentialization, input, and output. The details of this reduction vary among the calculi, but the essence remains roughly the same. The reduction rule is:

x\langle y\rangle \cdot P \; \vert \; x(v)\cdot Q \longrightarrow P \; \vert \; Q[^y\!/\!_v] $$

The interpretation to this reduction rule is: The class of processes that $$\mathit{P}$$ is allowed to range over as the continuation of the output operation substantially influences the properties of the calculus.
 * 1) The process $$x\langle y\rangle \cdot P$$ sends a message, here $$\mathit{y}$$, along the channel $$\mathit{x}$$. Dually, the process $$x(v)\cdot Q$$ receives that message on channel $$\mathit{x}$$.
 * 2) Once the message has been sent, $$x\langle y\rangle \cdot P$$ becomes the process $$\mathit{P}$$, while $$x(v)\cdot Q$$ becomes the process $$Q[^y\!/\!_v]$$, which is $$\mathit{Q}$$ with the place-holder $$\mathit{v}$$ substituted by $$\mathit{y}$$, the data received on $$\mathit{x}$$.

Hiding
Processes do not limit the number of connections that can be made at a given interaction point. But interaction points allow interference (i.e. interaction). For the synthesis of compact, minimal and compositional systems, the ability to restrict interference is crucial. Hiding operations allow control of the connections made between interaction points when composing agents in parallel. Hiding can be denoted in a variety of ways. For example, in the π-calculus the hiding of a name $$\mathit{x}$$ in $$\mathit{P}$$ can be expressed as $$(\nu\; x)P$$, while in CSP it might be written as $$P \setminus \{x\}$$.

Recursion and replication
The operations presented so far describe only finite interaction and are consequently insufficient for full computability, which includes non-terminating behaviour. Recursion and replication are operations that allow finite descriptions of infinite behaviour. Recursion is well known from the sequential world. Replication $$!P$$ can be understood as abbreviating the parallel composition of a countably infinite number of $$\mathit{P}$$ processes:

!P = P \mid !P

$$

Null process
Process calculi generally also include a null process (variously denoted as $$\mathit{nil}$$, $$0$$, $$\mathit{STOP}$$, $$\delta$$, or some other appropriate symbol) which has no interaction points. It is utterly inactive and its sole purpose is to act as the inductive anchor on top of which more interesting processes can be generated.

Discrete and continuous process algebra
Process algebra has been studied for discrete time and continuous time (real time or dense time).

History
In the first half of the 20th century, various formalisms were proposed to capture the informal concept of a computable function, with μ-recursive functions, Turing machines and the lambda calculus possibly being the best-known  examples today. The surprising fact that they are essentially equivalent, in the sense that they are all encodable into each other, supports the Church-Turing thesis. Another shared feature is more rarely commented on: they all are most readily understood as models of sequential computation. The subsequent consolidation of computer science required a more subtle formulation of the notion of computation, in particular explicit representations of concurrency and communication. Models of concurrency such as the process calculi, Petri nets in 1962, and the actor model in 1973 emerged from this line of inquiry.

Research on process calculi began in earnest with Robin Milner's seminal work on the Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) during the period from 1973 to 1980. C.A.R. Hoare's Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) first appeared in 1978, and was subsequently developed into a full-fledged process calculus during the early 1980s. There was much cross-fertilization of ideas between CCS and CSP as they developed. In 1982 Jan Bergstra and Jan Willem Klop began work on what came to be known as the Algebra of Communicating Processes (ACP), and introduced the term process algebra to describe their work. CCS, CSP, and ACP constitute the three major branches of the process calculi family: the majority of the other process calculi can trace their roots to one of these three calculi.

Current research
Various process calculi have been studied and not all of them fit the paradigm sketched here. The most prominent example may be the ambient calculus. This is to be expected as process calculi are an active field of study. Currently research on process calculi focuses on the following problems.

 * Developing new process calculi for better modeling of computational phenomena.
 * Finding well-behaved subcalculi of a given process calculus. This is valuable because (1) most calculi are fairly wild in the sense that they are rather general and not much can be said about arbitrary processes; and (2) computational applications rarely exhaust the whole of a calculus. Rather they use only processes that are very constrained in form. Constraining the shape of processes is mostly studied by way of type systems.
 * Logics for processes that allow one to reason about (essentially) arbitrary properties of processes, following the ideas of Hoare logic.
 * Behavioural theory: what does it mean for two processes to be the same? How can we decide whether two processes are different or not? Can we find representatives for equivalence classes of processes? Generally, processes are considered to be the same if no context, that is other processes running in parallel, can detect a difference. Unfortunately, making this intuition precise is subtle and mostly yields unwieldy characterisations of equality (which in most cases must also be undecidable, as a consequence of the halting problem). Bisimulations are a technical tool that aids reasoning about process equivalences.
 * Expressivity of calculi. Programming experience shows that certain problems are easier to solve in some languages than in others. This phenomenon calls for a more precise characterisation of the expressivity of calculi modeling computation than that afforded by the Church–Turing thesis. One way of doing this is to consider encodings between two formalisms and see what properties encodings can potentially preserve. The more properties can be preserved, the more expressive the target of the encoding is said to be. For process calculi, the celebrated results are that the synchronous π-calculus is more expressive than its asynchronous variant, has the same expressive power as the higher-order π-calculus, but is less than the ambient calculus.
 * Using process calculus to model biological systems (stochastic π-calculus, BioAmbients, Beta Binders, BioPEPA, Brane calculus). It is thought by some that the compositionality offered by process-theoretic tools can help biologists to organise their knowledge more formally.

Software implementations
The ideas behind process algebra have given rise to several tools including:

 * CADP
 * Concurrency Workbench
 * mCRL2 toolset

Relationship to other models of concurrency
The history monoid is the free object that is generically able to represent the histories of individual communicating processes. A process calculus is then a formal language imposed on a history monoid in a consistent fashion. That is, a history monoid can only record a sequence of events, with synchronization, but does not specify the allowed state transitions. Thus, a process calculus is to a history monoid what a formal language is to a free monoid (a formal language is a subset of the set of all possible finite-length strings of an alphabet generated by the Kleene star).

The use of channels for communication is one of the features distinguishing the process calculi from other models of concurrency, such as Petri nets and the actor model (see Actor model and process calculi). One of the fundamental motivations for including channels in the process calculi was to enable certain algebraic techniques, thereby making it easier to reason about processes algebraically.

authors: Угур Алекперов

title: Process calculus


text:
User talk:AntonR~enwiki/Wikipedia People

 * Erik Möller - content partnership coordinator for the Wikimedia foundation
 * Jimbo Wales - Founder. (Designer?)
 * Cyrius - Admin. helped me initially (7/21/04) with various questions on IRC


text:
User talk:Jalbro

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Jalbro


text:
The Living Theatre

The Living Theatre is an American theatre company founded in 1947 and based in New York City. It is the oldest experimental theatre group in the United States. For most of its history it was led by its founders, actress Judith Malina and painter/poet Julian Beck. After Beck's death in 1985, company member Hanon Reznikov became co-director with Malina; the two were married in 1988. After Malina's death in 2015, her responsibilities were taken over by her son Garrick Maxwell Beck, Tom Walker and Brad Burgess. The Living Theatre and its founders were the subject of the 1983 documentary Signals Through the Flames.

History
In the 1950s, the group was among the first in the U.S. to produce the work of influential European playwrights such as Bertolt Brecht (In The Jungle of Cities in New York, 1960) and Jean Cocteau, as well as modernist poets such as T. S. Eliot and Gertrude Stein. One of their first major productions was Pablo Picasso's Desire Caught By the Tail; other early productions were Many Loves by William Carlos Williams and Luigi Pirandello's Tonight We Improvise. Based in a variety of small New York locations which were frequently closed due to financial problems or conflicts with city authorities, they helped to originate off-off-Broadway and off-Broadway as significant forces in U.S. theater. Their work during this period shared some aspects of style and content with Beat generation writers. Also during the 1950s, the American composer Alan Hovhaness worked closely with the Living Theatre, composing music for its productions. In 1959, their production of The Connection attracted national attention for its harsh portrayal of drug addiction and its equally harsh language. In the early 1960s the Living Theatre was host to avant-garde minimalist performances by artists including Simone Forti and Robert Morris.

The Brig (1963), an anti-authoritarian look at conditions in a Marine prison, was their last major production in New York before a tax dispute led to the closure of the theatre space and the brief imprisonment of Beck and Malina. Judith defended Julian at the IRS hearing dressed like Portia from The Merchant of Venice. For the rest of the 1960s, the group toured chiefly in Europe. They produced more politically and formally radical work carrying an anarchist and pacifist message, with the company members creating plays collectively and often living together. Major works from this period included the adaptations Antigone, Frankenstein, and Paradise Now, which became their best-known play. Paradise Now, a semi-improvisational piece involving audience participation, was notorious for a scene in which actors recited a list of social taboos that included nudity, while disrobing; this led to multiple arrests for indecent exposure. The group returned to the U.S. in 1968 to tour Paradise Now, Antigone, Mysteries and Smaller Pieces, and Frankenstein. "That madman who inspires us all, Artaud, does have some advice," Beck said in an informal address at Yale University after his return, "and I think he is the philosopher, for those of us who work in theatre, whom we can reach toward most quickly, of whom we can say, yes, here is one man since Rousseau who does uphold the idea of the non-civilized man." He added: "Our work had always striven to stress the sacredness of life." In 1971 they toured in Brazil, where they were imprisoned for several months, then deported.

The Living Theatre has toured extensively throughout the world, often in non-traditional venues such as streets and prisons. It has greatly influenced other American experimental theatre companies, notably The Open Theater (founded by former Living Theatre member Joseph Chaikin) and Bread and Puppet Theater. The Living Theatre's productions have won four Obie Awards: The Connection (1959), The Brig (1963 and 2007), and Frankenstein (1968). In 2006, The Living Theatre signed a 10-year lease on the 3500 sqft basement of a new residential building under construction at 21 Clinton Street, between Houston and Stanton Streets on Manhattan's Lower East Side. The Clinton Street theater is the company's first permanent home since the closing of The Living Theatre on Third Street at Avenue C in 1993. The company moved into the completed space in early 2007 and opened in April 2007 with a revival of The Brig by Kenneth H. Brown, first presented at The Living Theatre at 14th Street and Sixth Avenue in 1963. The re-staging, directed by Judith Malina, won Obie Awards for Direction and Ensemble Performance.

In October 2006, the company opened a revival of Mysteries and Smaller Pieces, the 1964 collective creation that defined the interactive and Artaudian style for which the company became famous.

In late 2007 / early 2008 the company founder Judith Malina performed in Maudie and Jane, a stage adaptation, directed by Reznikov, of the Doris Lessing novel, The Diary of Jane Somers.

In April 2008, Hanon Reznikov suffered a stroke. He died on May 3, 2008.

In 2010, the company presented Red Noir, adapted and directed by Judith Malina. In 2011, the company presented Korach, by Malina, and a revival of Seven Meditations on Political Sado-Masochism, directed by Malina and Tom Walker. Also in 2011, the company created The Plot Is The Revolution, starring Malina and Silvia Calderoni, a co-production with the Italian group Motus. In 2012, the company presented The History of the World, written and directed by Malina. In 2013, the company presented Here We Are, written and directed by Malina. The company also vacated its Clinton Street space.

In 2014, Judith Malina's play No Place to Hide premiered at the Clemente Soto Velez Center on the Lower East Side. The production later took to the streets of New York for the Underground Zero Festival, and was performed at Burning Man. Malina was writing Venus and Mars when she died in April 2015.

Goals and influences
From its conception, The Living Theatre was dedicated to transforming the organization of power within society from a competitive, hierarchical structure to cooperative and communal expression. The troupe attempts to do so by counteracting complacency in the audience through direct spectacle. They oppose the commercial orientation of Broadway productions and have contributed to the off-Broadway theater movement in New York City, staging poetic dramas.

The primary text for The Living Theatre is The Theatre and its Double, an anthology of essays written by Antonin Artaud, the French playwright. It was published in France in 1937 and by the Grove Press in the U.S. in 1958. This work deeply influenced Julian Beck, a bisexual painter of abstract expressionist works. The troupe reflects Artaud's influence by staging multimedia plays designed to exhibit his metaphysical Theatre of Cruelty. In these performances, the actors attempt to dissolve the "fourth wall" between them and the spectators.

Plays and publications

 * The Connection
 * The Brig
 * Mysteries
 * Antigone (adaptation)
 * Frankenstein
 * Paradise Now
 * The Living Book of the Living Theatre (1971)
 * The Legacy of Cain (1970–1978)
 * Turning the Earth
 * Seven Meditations on Political Sado-Masochism
 * Six Public Acts
 * The Money Tower
 * ''Prometheus at the Winter Palace (1978)
 * The Antigone of Sophocles (1979)
 * Masse Mensch (1980)
 * The Yellow Methuselah (1982)
 * The Archaeology of Sleep (1983)

title: The Living Theatre


text: Category:X-15 program

title: Category:X-15 program


text: Category:Theatre companies

title: Category:Theatre companies


text:
User:Jengod/Philip F. Thomas

Phillip Francis Thomas (September 12, 1810–October 2, 1890) was an American lawyer and politician.

Born in Easton, Maryland, he graduated from Dickinson College in Pennsylvania in 1830. He studied law and became a lawyer in Easton.

He was a delegate to the Maryland's constitutional convention in 1836 and a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1838, 1843, and 1845.

He was elected as a Democrat to the 26th Congress in 1838 but declined to run again 1840. He returned to his law practice, but returned to politics eight years later when he was elected Governor of Maryland, a position he held through 1851.

From 1851 to 1853 he was Comptroller of the United States Treasury and then collector of the port of Baltimore from 1853 to 1860, and United States Commissioner of Patents for a fragment of that year (February through December).

He was appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury in the Presidential Cabinet of President James Buchanan and served from December 12, 1860 to January 14, 1861.

When Howell Cobb, the 22nd Secretary of the Treasury resigned in 1860, Buchanan appointed Thomas the 23rd Secretary. Thomas reluctantly accepted the position. Immediately upon entering office, Thomas had to market a bond to pay the interest on the public debt. There was little faith in the stability of the country due to the threat of secession by the Southern states, and the war appeared inevitable. Northern bankers refused to invest in Thomas's loan, wary that the money would go to the South. Thomas resigned after only a month in response to his failure to obtain the loan

Two years later he again became a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1863. He presented credentials as a Senator-elect to the United States Senate for the term beginning March 4, 1867, but was not seated. He was then elected as a Democrat to the 44th Congress (1875–1877) and declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1876.

He was unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate in 1878; went back to the Maryland House of Delegates twice again, in 1878 and 1883. And then resumed the practice of law in Easton.

He died in Baltimore in 1890 and is buried in Spring Hill Cemetery in Easton.

title: User:Jengod/Philip F. Thomas


text: Template:Copy to Wikisource

title: Template:Copy to Wikisource


text:
Legacy Centre of Excellence

The Legacy Centre of Excellence is an intercultural arts centre in the Newtown area of Aston, Birmingham, England.

History
The centre occupies the site of the former Aston Hippodrome, which was a major variety theatre between 1908 and 1960. The Aston Hippodrome hosted performances by the likes of Charlie Chaplin, Laurel and Hardy, Judy Garland and Morecambe and Wise. The building was demolished in 1980, but in 1991 Birmingham City Council set up a project to create a new cultural facility on the site, specifically to reflect the highly diverse culture of the surrounding area.

The Drum started hosting events in 1994, the first being an exhibition called Negritude. In 1996, the singer Cleo Laine accepted a cheque from the National Lottery on behalf of The Drum. The Drum Arts Centre was fully opened in 1998 and established itself as the United Kingdom's national centre for Black British and British Asian arts. Activities included music, drama, spoken word, exhibitions, visual arts, comedy and dance.

In October 2013, during Black History Month, The Drum was visited by then British Prime Minister David Cameron, who was shown around the venue by its CEO Charles Small.

In 2014, poet Benjamin Zephaniah and musician Courtney Pine were made patrons of The Drum, using their influence to help raise funds for a refit of the venue. In 2015, the establishment was approved for its first major renovation and extension since it first opened.

Closure
In March 2016, however, the decision was taken liquidate, amid financial troubles. The announcement to close was caused outrage among community representatives and residents. Birmingham musician Laura Mvula described the news as "terrible". An online community petition to save the venue from closure was signed by 3,294 people but was unsuccessful in its campaign. The Drum Arts Centre permanently closed its doors on 30 June 2016.

Reopening
The centre was reopened in September 2019 under new management as the Legacy Centre of Excellence, billed by its new owners as "Europe’s largest independent Black-owned Business and Arts Centre".

Facilities
The centre has two auditoria, the 350-seat main auditorium and a 120-seat Andy Hamilton Studio, named after saxophonist Andy Hamilton. It also has an exhibition space, a cafe-bar, a business suite and a multimedia production suite.

The venue is also available for private hire.

title: Legacy Centre of Excellence


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nereus infotek

Ad, non-notable firm providing software to the mortgage intermediary market place. Few google hits. Ianb 00:01, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's a substub about a company that provides a specialist piece of software to a very specialized industry in only one nation.  The article conveys no notability for a product that is niche. Geogre 03:48, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * They might be notable in their extremely limited market. As the article doesn't scream "ad" like so many have recently, I'm just going to be neutral. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:40, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:02, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Postdlf 04:06, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Alta Car and Engineering Company

The Alta Car and Engineering Company was a British sports and racing car manufacturer, commonly known simply as Alta. Their cars contested five FIA World Championship races between 1950 and 1952, as well as Grand Prix events prior to this. They also supplied engines to a small number of other constructors, most notably the Connaught and HWM teams.

Early history
The company was founded by engineer Geoffrey Taylor (1903–1966) in Surbiton, Surrey, and produced its first automobile in 1929. Alta's first vehicle was a sports car powered by a 1.1L engine, featuring an aluminium block, wet liners, and shaft-driven twin overhead camshafts, which Taylor designed himself. It was offered in naturally aspirated or supercharged form giving 49 or. A choice of four speed non-synchromesh or pre-selector gearboxes was available. These were mounted on a low-slung chassis frame with open two- or four-seat bodies. Thirteen were made, of which five are thought to survive.

This design, and its later 1.5L and 2L sister cars, sold steadily, but in limited numbers, right up to the outbreak of war in 1939. With the highest power option the car was capable of 120 mi/h and 0–60 mph in 7 seconds. In 1937 the company introduced front independent suspension to the chassis. They became popular among club racers due to their ability to be converted easily from 1.5L to 2L or vice versa, allowing drivers on a limited budget to contest more than one class without having to buy a second car.

In 1934, Taylor produced the first Alta to be designed solely for competition. The resulting light-weight, off-set single seat voiturette cars achieved quite a reputation in shorter events such as hill-climbs, sprints, and time-trials. Once again, Alta's keen pricing, in comparison to the expensive ERA models, resulted in many sales to amateur racers. However, a lack of reliability kept the Alta name out of the long distance Grand Prix events. A revised voiturette design appeared in 1937, with independent front suspension. George Abecassis had some success with this design, winning a string of events before the Second World War interrupted. As war approached, Taylor was drafting designs for a new straight-8 engine and a third-generation voiturette, this time with fully independent suspension. This last prewar car was highly advanced for its time, and was very nearly complete in late 1939. However, as soon as war was declared, Alta's production capabilities were given over to the war effort, and production of the new designs was halted.

In February 2018, a 1936 Alta 2-Litre Sports (chassis no. 64S) sold at Bonhams' Paris auction for 345,000€ inc. premium.

Alta GP
Despite Alta's diminutive size, and their status as a primarily road car manufacturer, Alta was in fact the first British constructor to produce a new Grand Prix car following the end of World War II. Austerity limitations of raw materials did not stop Taylor beginning production of designs he had been developing throughout the war years, and the Alta GP car appeared in 1948. He also restarted production of the road-going sports cars, although without further development funding the popularity of these models rapidly dwindled. Prior to 1948, the last pre-war Alta was campaigned with varying degrees of success.

The Alta GP car was a development of the pre-war design, but was powered by a supercharged 1.5L engine, developing approximately 230bhp, and retained the 4-speed pre-selector gearbox of the prewar cars. Taylor developed the independent suspension design further, introducing wishbones and rubber linkage bushings. The first car was supplied to privateer driver George Abecassis, who campaigned it throughout 1948 and into 1949, but only finished once. Abecassis would go on to use Alta engines to power his HWM team from 1951 to 1955.

Modifications were made to the bodywork and gearchange for the subsequent 1949 and 1950 GP2 and GP3 vehicles, GP3 also gaining a two-stage supercharger. Once again they were built to order, and supplied to Geoffrey Crossley and Joe Kelly respectively. Crossley took GP2 to the 1949 Belgian Grand Prix, but could only manage seventh place. In 1950 he set a number of speed records over 50 miles, 50 km and 100 km at the Montlhéry circuit. Kelly concentrated mostly on Irish races, and his best finish was third in the 1952 Ulster Trophy. Both drivers took their respective chassis to the 1950 British Grand Prix, the first ever Formula One World Championship race. However, while Kelly finished, he was unclassified; Crossley retired with a transmission fault.

Kelly later carried out extensive modification and rebuilding work on GP3, running it as the Irish Racing Automobiles (IRA) car during 1952 and 1953. His most significant change was to replace the Alta engine with a Bristol unit.

Alta F2
Lacking the funding necessary to develop a Formula One successor to the GP design, Taylor decided to move into the junior Formula Two category. The engine produced was a 1970 cc inline 4-cylinder, naturally aspirated unit, developing around 130 bhp. Unfortunately, Alta's own chassis design followed the preceding GP car very closely, and this resulted in an overweight car considering the greatly reduced power available from the unsupercharged motors. Tony Gaze and Gordon Watson took F2/1 and F2/2 on a tour of European races, but good results were hard to come by.

Although according to Dennis Jenkinson's book Historic Racing Cars the uncompleted GP4 machine was converted and became F2/3 this was not correct and chassis GP4 was sold to Bobbie Baird in Ireland and eventually became a Jaguar engined 2 seater sportscar. It competed in this form and still exists as a Jaguar 2 seater sportscar. F2/3 was no more successful than its siblings. F2/4 followed in construction and was sold to Orlando Simpson before Peter Whitehead placed an order for what was to become the last Alta car built: F2/5. This F2 Alta was entered for World Championship Grands Prix events, first driven by himself in the 1952 French Grand Prix, and then by his half-brother Graham Whitehead at the 1952 British Grand Prix. Neither run produced a points finish, but this was not to be the last time that the Alta name appeared in Formula One.

Alta the engine supplier
While the F2 engine might have been overwhelmed by the chassis' bulk, tweaks made by Peter Whitehead to the unit in his car showed that the design had tuning potential. Alta engines had already been used by the HWM team since 1949, and from 1953 many more mechanics would come to know the Taylor-designed power plant. Peter Whitehead led the way by removing the engine from F2/5 and installing it into a Cooper T24 chassis, which he ran in the 1953 British Grand Prix. Also present at Silverstone that day were no fewer than four Alta-powered HWM cars. HWM had, the previous year, scored what was Alta's only significant victory, when Lance Macklin won the 1952 BRDC International Trophy race at Silverstone. Over the next few years 1.5L and 2.5L Alta engines would find their way into many British-built F1 hopefuls, the most successful of which were Connaught and Cooper. Ultimately the engine would prove to be capable of approximately 240 bhp. With the collapse of Connaught in 1959, the Alta name disappeared from Formula One for good.

Aftermarket speed equipment
After World War Two, Alta produced aftermarket speed equipment. Their best known product was an overhead valve head conversion kit for the early Morris Minor & Morris Eight, which came with a flathead engine. This allowed the 27 BHP flathead to double its power. They also made high compression cylinder heads for the Austin 7.

Recent history
Geoffrey Taylor died in 1966 at the age of 63. In 1976, his son Michael attempted to revive the Alta name with a Formula Ford car but was not successful. A handful of the pre-war sports and single seat cars survive, all in private ownership. GP101, which was originally owned by George Abecassis, was rebuilt for Phil Scragg as a hill climb car and is still in use. F2/5 has been reunited with its original powerplant and has participated in a number of Historic race meeting in recent years, including the 1999 Goodwood Revival meeting.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

n.b. Prior to there was no Constructor's World Championship, hence constructors were not awarded points.

title: Alta Car and Engineering Company


text:
Talk:Lethal Weapon 2

Portrayal of South Africans
I have added the section on the portrayal of white South Africans in the film once again. I consider it to be relevant information that can be verified by confirming that the facts mentioned about the emblems and accents and suchlike are actually correct (which they are). Foreign audiences get the wrong idea about pre-1994 South Africa too easily from movies such as this. Please discuss before just removing the section again. Oom Kosie 00:22, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

I've removed the following block of text:

The South Africans arrive towards the start of the film when a foreign man is driving a car full of Krugerrands and he gets caught by the police. Krugerrands are like the British pennies, but a South African equivalent. Their house falls off its stilts and blows up, killing several of the bad guys. The two leading terrorists survive and are found putting drugs back onto a German ship heading for Capetown towards the end of the film. Patsy Kensit's character is shot by one of the terrorists because she was in bed with the enemy, and she is thrown into the sea. Mel fights with one of the bad guys and punches him in the face, and shoots him. Danny's character, seen as an inferior by the villains, shoots the bad guy in the head and saves Mel from bleeding to death.

It starts out synopsis-like, but seems to turn into simply a list of unrelated events. Damien Prystay 00:03, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Lethal Weapon 2 Poster.jpg
Image:Lethal Weapon 2 Poster.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:46, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

The South African Government?
As is, the plot section implies that the entire drug operation was ultimately being run by the Apartheid government back in South Africa, with Rudd simply being the chief of the American arm of their opperations. I don't recall ever seeing anything that implied the South African government was behind the drug ring. I always understood the movie to be portraying Rudd as the true head-honcho of the drug ring and he was simply using his diplomatic immunity to protect his side business, but that this use of his immunity was not at all sanctioned by his superiors in Cape Town. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.148.183.5 (talk) 18:56, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 February 2020
Corect budget and box office catalog.afi.com/Film/58168-LETHAL-WEAPON2?sid=8d2c5da2-b74c-45a6-bc32-ffeaffac65bc&sr=9.629954&cp=1&pos=2 2607:FEA8:4EA0:451E:7042:D8BD:662C:23A (talk) 16:25, 22 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 14:35, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lethal Weapon 2


text: Category:Brazilian military aircraft

title: Category:Brazilian military aircraft


text:
User talk:Misery9944

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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do not sign articles
Signing talk pages is recommended; but signatures in articles will be deleted. Please do not sign articles. Mkmcconn — 03:37, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Legend Of Zelda
Do you really think that we need a seperate page for every character, weapon, and location that has been in a Legend of Zelda game? Imagine if we did this for every single gaming series. Sunfist

Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
Hello. I just noticed that you've created a lot of articles on The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time items and characters. I really think it would be better to have all the information on these items in the main Ocarina article. -RedWordSmith 03:46, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hello! Welcome to wikipedia, great work on the Legend of Zelda items! I'm going to be moving all your work into the article: The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time_weapons_and_items just to its all in one place and easy to read :). I hope you continue your great work, you seem to have been missing for a week now :(. I hope you'll help me move all your work to the new area, see you. --ShaunMacPherson 08:38, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Spirit Temple listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Spirit Temple. Since you had some involvement with the Spirit Temple redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 23:22, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

Ice Cavern listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Ice Cavern. Since you had some involvement with the Ice Cavern redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 23:24, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

Fire Temple listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Fire Temple. Since you had some involvement with the Fire Temple redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 15:20, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Misery9944


text:
Talk:Sleepwalking

School Project
As a project for school, I am required to edit this article, and I see that a lot of editing has been done already!

As an important subject in my sleeping and dreaming class, I think it would be very important to see more information about the reasons as to why not wake a sleep walker and maybe throw more rare cases in. For example, I personally know my mother eats cotton balls when she sleep walks when she is stressed. Nothing else, no food, just cotton balls! How strange is that? (She doesn't swallow them though) If waking the sleep walker is

I also noticed the statistics comments, and noticed that was basically fixed, so that is perfect!

Cannot wait to do more research on this topic

76.84.119.31 (talk) 03:28, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

Sam.kazda04 (talk) 01:40, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

Hello y'all! I'm editing this article as a project for school as well. You all have made such great contributions to the article and I enjoyed reading it. Hopefully my edits continue to improve its greatness. Happy editing! CleanBean (talk) 18:08, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Hey y'all! I just made some more edits to the article under the "Associated disorders" and "Consequences" subsections!CleanBean (talk) 05:00, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

My Sleepwalking theory

 * -A Sleep Disorder Theory

Half-sleep
I'm not sure if this belongs here, fix if necessary. I have experienced a sort of half-sleep on many occasions over the last 10 years or so. I remain aware during this state. My body movement is locked down, presumably because of a part of the brain that evolved to stop our ancestors and other animals becoming easy food when sleepwalking. I remember reading of an experiment where researches destroyed that particular part of a cat's brain (cruel bastards), and when the cat went to sleep and entered REM, it moved around, 'chasing imaginary prey'.

Anyway, I find in that state I am able to retain some degree of control. I have been able to open my eyes and look around, and can make limited movements of limbs. When I enter that state, I can hear odd sounds, either rapid high pitched pulsing, or, as happened a few days ago, ultra-rapid 'noise' (for lack of a better term). I can always wake up properly by concentrating. I am seriously not making this up. I would love to learn more about this. Is there a sleep doctor in the house?

DooMDrat 01:48, Dec 5, 2004 (AEST)

 * I experience that state from time to time. It is called sleep paralysis.  Some people prefer to call it awareness during sleep paralysis, but it's the same thing.  Check out the links I just provided to read up on it.  Regards. :-)   — Frecklefoot | Talk 23:34, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

Still no citations
Hi guys. I'm DrowningInRoyalty here, again. I'm still waiting on those citations. I really don't have the time to do so, so I'd appreciate if someone could go out and get them. If not, well, I'll try and gather up some of my time to gather reasonable sources and add the citations and remove what is false. Thanks. DrowningInRoyalty

Wiki Education assignment: Psychology Capstone
— Assignment last updated by Rahneli (talk) 13:54, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

Earlier history
It seems odd that there is seemingly no history of the subject prior to the 18th century. Sleepwalking, along with sleep-talking, famously features in Macbeth (we even have a separate article dedicated to the sleepwalking scene), strangely not mentioned in this article, but aren't there any earlier mentions of the phenomenon? I find that difficult to believe, given that the phenomenon should have occurred in antiquity, as well. (Unless human psychology has somehow radically changed since then.)

It seems possible to me that the Latin adjective lunaticus 'moonstruck' (whence lunatic) can also refer to somnambulism, given that the German word mondsüchtig typically refers to sleepwalking, and is sometimes used to translate moonstruck. Although lunaticus is usually considered to refer only to epilepsy or insanity, this may be doubted, also given that the ancient term epilepsia does not always refer to the modern concept of epilepsy, either. But I haven't been able to find anything specific about this. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 07:03, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sleepwalking


text:
Altena (automobile)

The Altena was a Dutch motorcycle and automobile made by NV Haarlemsche Automobiel & Motorrijwielfabriek, based in Haarlem-Heemstede from 1900 to 1906.

The first car built was powered by a 3.5 hp De Dion single-cylinder powerplant. From 1905 models having 8, 10, and 12 hp engines were offered.

The company was declared bankrupt in 1906 but a few cars were advertised into 1907.

It is estimated that some 40 or 50 cars were made.

Literature

 * Harald H. Linz, Halwart Schrader:  The big automobile Encyclopedia , BLV, München 1986, ISBN 3-405-12974-5.
 * G. N. Georgano:  cars. Encyclopédie complète. 1885 à nos jours.  Courtille, 1975 (French)
 * G. Marshall Naul, "Altena", in G.N. Georgano, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885-1968 (New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1974), pp. 38.

Links
Google Übersetzer für Unternehmen:Translator ToolkitWebsite-Übersetzergoogle Über Google ÜbersetzerCommunityMobilÜber GoogleDatenschutzerklärung & Nut
 * GTÜ Society for Technical Supervision mbH (accessed on 22 December 2013)

title: Altena (automobile)


text:
Origin (comics)

Origin (alternatively known as Wolverine: Origin or Origin: The True Story of Wolverine) is a six-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics from November 2001 to July 2002, written by Bill Jemas, Joe Quesada and Paul Jenkins, and illustrated by Andy Kubert (pencils) and Richard Isanove (color).

Origin tells the story of the superhero Wolverine, best known as a member of the X-Men. Since the character first appeared in the early 1970s his history had often been shrouded in mystery, with bits of information revealed piecemeal over time (notably in Weapon X), but this series was the first to reveal Wolverine's early days and his original background. In their introductions, some of those who worked on the series express their reluctance to reveal the actual origins of one of the comic world's most popular and mysterious characters. Even Wolverine himself has few recollections of where he came from, and this was considered an essential part of his appeal.

Plot
The series reveals that Wolverine was born James Howlett, the son of rich plantation owners in late-19th-century Canada. He is a sickly child who suffers from allergies, so his loving father, John Howlett, Jr., brings an orphaned girl named Rose up from the town to be his companion. The two children also often play with Dog Logan, son of the Howletts' cruel groundskeeper, Thomas Logan (who looks a lot like the fully-grown Wolverine). Readers are led to believe that Dog was the young Wolverine, but this is later revealed to be not the case. The children's friendship is spoiled by the tension between the boys' fathers centering on James' mother, Elizabeth, who went mad after her first son, John, died under mysterious circumstances years earlier. Rose later stumbles upon Elizabeth changing, and sees that she has three parallel scars along her ribs, hinting that John Howlett III had claws.

As a result of beatings and alcohol, Dog, over the next few years, becomes increasingly like his father, and his misdeeds, including an attempted assault on Rose and the killing of James' dog, become so violent that he and his father are expelled from the manor. Thomas returns for the purpose of robbing the Howlett estate and to convince Elizabeth to leave with him (it is implied that they had an affair and that Thomas may be the biological father of Elizabeth's sons).

John Howlett enters the bedroom after hearing noises. Thomas kills John Howlett with a shotgun blast in front of all three children and Elizabeth. The horror of his father's death causes James' powers to manifest for the first time, and he uses his claws to kill Thomas and injure Dog, before lapsing into shock. Elizabeth tells James "Not you too" (implying that something similar had happened to his deceased brother), rejecting him with disgust. James escapes and Rose follows him. Meanwhile, Elizabeth, surprisingly, cradles the body of Thomas Logan rather than that of her husband. After a few moments, with her shallow grip on reality shattered, she picks up Thomas' shotgun and kills herself in front of Dog.

Questioned by the police, Dog accuses Rose of the killings and the fact that she fled the scene with James appears to confirm this. James is still in shock and appears to have no recollection of what happened. This loss of memory is due to Wolverine's/James' healing factor which, in effect, "healed" (by putting up a mental block) the mentally devastating traumas of witnessing his father's death, the confusion at his mother's anger towards him and the pain and surprise caused by the sudden manifestation of his claws.

Rose seeks help from her aunt, her only relative, who rejects her, and even James' grandfather drives them both from the house due to the manifestation of James' powers, mentioning he has had to deal with this sort of thing before. They are given some money and take the train from Alberta to British Columbia, where they are given work in a stone quarry by the foreman, Smitty. Rose claims that her male companion is her cousin and, since they are on the run, calls him Logan to conceal his identity; though why she should choose the name of their enemy remains unexplained.

Over several years James/Logan strengthens physically, to the point where he no longer resembles the sickly child he had been, although his memory is still shattered. He often goes into the woods to hunt game, typically among a pack of wolves. He quickly becomes the head of the pack, and begins using his claws to hunt. He turns down Rose's offers to tell him about his past, and reacts angrily when the subject comes up. She therefore keeps detailed notes in her diary.

James becomes close to the foreman, Smitty, who, in turn, develops romantic feelings toward Rose, which she returns. He courts her with books, including poetry by William Blake and a history of the samurai (warriors whom Wolverine of the X-Men would later model himself after). Logan's public identity as her cousin makes it impossible for him to declare his own feelings for her. He seems to deal with his feelings by working hard at the quarry, and is given the nickname Wolverine by the local population, who compare his intense digging to a wolverine going after a root. He also develops a deep resentment of the camp's obese cook, "Cookie" Malone, who goes out of his way to cause trouble for Logan from the time he and Rose arrive. After years of enduring Malone's abuses, Logan eventually gives him a beating after the cook provokes an explosion in the quarry.

Smitty eventually asks Rose to marry him, which she accepts, and Smitty informs her that the cage fights are a fast and easy way to earn some extra money. He asks her to leave with him, which she is reluctant to do because of Logan. Logan sees Rose kissing Smitty and, feeling betrayed, later confronts her and confesses his feelings to her, though she rejects him for Smitty after he turns down her offer for him to go with them. Just before the couple leaves to be wed, Dog comes to the bar, originally sent by Old Man Howlett, on his deathbed, to find his heir. Logan works out his violence in a series of cage fights, and confronts Smitty at the last cage fight after venting his fury on Malone, and quickly has him at his mercy. Despite mixed feelings, Logan wishes Rose to be happy and allows Smitty to defeat him purposely.

After the last cage fight, Dog confronts Logan. Dog blames Logan for the events that led to his father's death and is actually there for revenge. In the ensuing fight, Logan gives Dog a beating, but as he is about to kill him, Rose is accidentally impaled on Logan's claws. Logan goes mad with grief (his healing factor throwing up another mental block due to accidentally killing his first love) and runs into the woods, where he stays for an as yet unknown amount of time, living like a wild animal. Smitty attempts to find him during this period and tries to bring him back to humanity, but fails as Logan no longer wishes to be found.

Logan would not let Rose tell him about his past, which he had forgotten anyway. Malone steals Rose's few belongings, and contemptuously burns her diary which contains the truth of Logan's past.

Themes
Psychologist Suzana E. Flores argues that the narrative depicts complex childhood trauma and its effects, including dissociative amnesia and hypervigilance. Among other causes, Logan 's mother shows traits of a "consciously absent mother" partly as the result of the loss of her first child prior to his birth, and this led her to be "unable to conceptualize caring for another child."

Production
For decades, Wolverine's origins had been a mystery. After the success of the first X-Men film, it was decided if the character's origin wasn't told in the comic, it would be told on the film.

Paul Jenkins wanted certain characters, artwise and relationship-wise, to resonate with those knowledgeable about Wolverine's character history. Smitty was supposed to look somewhat like Cyclops, and his relationship with Jean Grey lookalike Rose to be what sparks Wolverine's jealousy in his fictional future. Similarly, Dog was to be a representation of Sabretooth, Wolverine's greatest nemesis.

When an interviewer asked Jenkins whether the character Dog Logan was Sabretooth, Jenkins replied that he had not intended it to be him, but said he wouldn't have a problem with another writer doing it later. In April 2009, Marvel Comics released a one-shot specialty comic entitled X-Men Origins: Sabretooth, which was part of a series of origin stories for a number of other X-Men characters. The comic chronicled some of Sabretooth's earliest childhood experiences. Within the comic, it is revealed that Sabretooth's childhood and early life, with the exception of being in an abusive family, differs distinctly from the life of Dog as shown in the Origin mini-series.

Sales
The final issue #6 of Origin was ranked second in sales for the January 2002 period with pre-order sales of 166,997.

Sequel
At 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International, Marvel announced a sequel to the original limited series titled Origin II. Written by Kieron Gillen with art by Adam Kubert, brother of original artist Andy Kubert, the first issue was released in December 2013.

In other media
The film X-Men Origins: Wolverine, partially inspired by Origin, wherein James Howlett in 19th-century Canada discovers his mutant powers and Victor Creed is Logan's half brother.

In the video game X-Men Origins: Wolverine, a trivia caption on the loading screens says Victor Creed's nickname as a boy was "Dog".

title: Origin (comics)