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Talk:Festa de l'Unità

The correct spelling is "festa de l'unità", where l'unità is the name of a newspaper (formerly the official newspaper of the communist party) that was used to promote it. 150.217.156.67 13:25, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Festa dell'Unità!
I'm from Tuscany I have been at a lot of this Feste and I have always seen written "Festa dell'Unità". It's true that the name of the newspaper is l'Unità but Festa de l'Unità in Italian don't sound well. I have even to say that the "Festa dell'Unità" still exist, even if the Italian Communist Party split up and formed the Leftish Democrats (Democratici di Sinistra) and the Communist Refondation Party (Partito della Rifondazione Comunista). This last has its newspaper and its own Festa, called Liberazione and Festa di Liberazione --150.217.179.141 15:36, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No, it's Festa de l'Unità. That is the official title, even if many people misspell it Festa dell'Unità.  See http://www.festaunita.it.  It is furthermore not true that the name does not sound right in Italian.  There is in fact no difference in pronunciation between the two, in standard Florentine Italian.  Chamaeleon 18:15, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Possibly, standard Florentine Italian is not standard Italian: a single "l" and a double one are sounded differently. Yougeeaw (talk) 04:35, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

The contributor of this note seems to be quite Florentine-centric. All "Feste dell'Unità" in region capitals are two week long or more. Yougeeaw (talk) 04:39, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

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R. J. Rushdoony

Rousas John Rushdoony (April 25, 1916 – February 8, 2001) was an Armenian-American Calvinist philosopher, historian, and theologian. He is credited as being the father of Christian Reconstructionism and an inspiration for the modern Christian homeschool movement. His followers and critics have argued that his thought exerts considerable influence on the evangelical Christian right.

Biography
Rousas John Rushdoony (Ռուսա Հովհաննես Ռշտունի) was born in New York City, the son of recently arrived Ottoman Armenian immigrants, Vartanoush (née Gazarian) and Yegheazar Khachig Rushdoony. Before his parents fled the Armenian genocide of 1915, his ancestors had lived in a remote area near Mount Ararat in what is now Turkey. It is said that since the year 320 AD, every generation of the Rushdoony family has produced a Christian priest or minister. Rushdoony himself claimed that his ancestors "would perpetually give a member of their family to be a priest to perform a kind of Aaronic priesthood as in the Old Testament, an hereditary priesthood. Whoever in the family felt called would become the priest. And our family did so. So from the early 300's until now there has always been someone in the ministry in the family."

Within weeks of arriving in America, his parents moved to the small farming community of Kingsburg, California, in Fresno County, where a number of other Armenian families had relocated. They then converted from the Armenian Apostolic Church to Presbyterianism. In Kingsburg, his father Yegheazar founded a church, Armenian Martyrs Presbyterian. Rousas learned to read English by poring over the family's King James Bible: "By the time I reached my teens I had read the Bible through from cover to cover, over and over and over again".

The family moved in 1925 for a short time to Detroit, where his father pastored another Armenian church. They returned to Kingsburg in 1931 and Rousas completed school in California. His father was pastor of Bethel Armenian Presbyterian Church in San Francisco in 1942. Rousas had a younger sister, Rose (named for their mother), and brother, Haig. His father died in Fresno in 1961.

Education
Rushdoony attended public schools where he learned English, though Armenian was the language spoken at home. He continued his education at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a B.A. in English in 1938, a teaching credential in 1939 and an M.A. in Education in 1940. Rushdoony and Arda Gent married in San Francisco the week before Christmas, 1943.

Rushdoony attended the Pacific School of Religion, a Congregational and Methodist seminary in Berkeley, California, from which he graduated in 1944. Through letters over the years he kept up his friendship with his Pacific School of Religion mentor, theology professor George Huntston Williams, who saw in him the "heir of a great national Christian heritage" who would "enunciate anew the Gospel which seems to have been forgotten for a season." In 1944 he was ordained by the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.

He was later awarded an honorary Ph.D. from Valley Christian University for his book, The Philosophy of the Christian Curriculum. Gary North stated that Rushdoony read at least one book a day, six days a week, for fifty years of his life, underlining sentences and making an index of its main ideas in the rear.

Ministry
Rushdoony and his wife Arda served for eight and a half years as missionaries to the Shoshone and Paiute Indians on the remote Duck Valley Indian Reservation in northern Nevada. They lived in the reservation's primary town, Owyhee. It was during their mission to the Native Americans that Rushdoony began writing.

Arda taught at the reservation school and at Sunday school, led a Girl Scout troop, coached the girls' basketball team, and visited with families. In 1945 they adopted Ronald, an orphaned baby from the reservation. Between 1947 and 1952 in Owyhee, four daughters were born to them. In late 1952 Rushdoony took an American Presbyterian Church pastorate at Trinity Presbyterian Church in Santa Cruz, California and the family left Duck Valley in January 1953. Their son Mark was born the next month in Santa Cruz.

In Santa Cruz, Rushdoony became a reader of the Christian libertarian magazine Faith and Freedom, which advocated an "anti-tax, non-interventionist, anti-statist economic model" in opposition to Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Faith and Freedom's views on government aligned with Rushdoony's fears of centralized government power, given the Rushdoony family's memories of the Armenian Genocide. Rushdoony contributed articles to Faith and Freedom, including one describing his observations of the Duck Valley Indian Reservation, arguing that government support had reduced residents to "social and personal irresponsibility".

The Rushdoonys separated in 1957 and later divorced. About this time, Rushdoony transferred his church membership from the American Presbyterian Church to the Orthodox Presbyterian denomination. The Orthodox Presbyterian Church's newsletter, The Presbyterian Guardian, reported in July 1958 that "the Rev. Rousas J. Rushdoony… was received and a new Orthodox Presbyterian Church organized, consisting of [sixty-six charter members] who had separated from the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. in Santa Cruz." In their petition the group asked that Rushdoony be ordained as their pastor and stated, "[W]e cannot abide in any church which seeks to define righteousness or sin, salvation or sanctification, except in terms of the Word of God. We have witnessed, here in Santa Cruz, against modernism, man-made perfectionism, and church bureaucracy". The newsletter article goes on to report, "The Presbytery in receiving the church also examined Mr. Thomas Kirkwood and Mr. Kenneth Webb as prospective elders, and they with Mr. Rushdoony were constituted the session of the church", and announced the publication of Rushdoony's By What Standard? later that year.

Later life
The May 1962 edition of The Presbyterian Guardian reported Rushdoony's resignation, noted as "reportedly to devote his time for his writing and lecturing." Rushdoony also married his second wife, Dorothy Barbara Ross Kirkwood, in 1962. She died in 2003.

Rushdoony moved to Los Angeles in 1965 and founded the Chalcedon Foundation; the monthly Chalcedon Report, which Rushdoony edited, began appearing that October. His daughter Sharon later married Gary North, a Christian Reconstructionist writer and economic historian. North and Rushdoony became collaborators and their partnership lasted until 1981 when it was ended due to a dispute over the content of one of North's articles. Following the dispute, North and Chalcedon continued to independently promote each other's views, but they did not reach a "truce" until 1995.

Under Rushdoony, the Chalcedon Foundation grew to twelve staff members with 25,000–40,000 people on their mailing lists during the 1980s. Chalcedon and Reconstructionism obtained the support of major Christian book publishers and endorsements from influential evangelical leaders including Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell and Frank Schaeffer (who later repudiated the movement).

RJ Rushdoony died in 2001 with his children at his side. Rushdoony's son, the Rev. Mark R Rushdoony, became and remains the president of the Chalcedon Foundation and editor of the Chalcedon Report.

Philosophical and theological contributions
Michael J. McVicar summarized Rushdoony's theology and philosophy as follows: "As a theologian Rushdoony saw human beings as primarily religious creatures bound to God, not as rational autonomous thinkers. While this may seem an esoteric theological point, it isn't. All of Rushdoony's influence on the Christian Right stems from this single, essential fact. Many critics of Christian Reconstructionism assume that Rushdoony's unique contribution to the Christian Right was his focus on theocracy. In fact, Rushdoony's primary innovation was his single-minded effort to popularize a pre-Enlightenment, medieval view of a God-centered world. By de-emphasizing humanity's ability to reason independently of God, Rushdoony attacked the assumptions most of us uncritically accept."

Rushdoony developed his philosophy as an extension of the work of Calvinist philosopher Cornelius Van Til. Van Til critiqued human knowledge in light of the Calvinist doctrine of total depravity. He argued that sin affected a person's ability to reason. In order to be rational, Van Til claimed, one must presuppose the existence of God and the inerrant, divine inspiration of the (Protestant) Bible. Rushdoony attended to the implications – where Van Til held true knowledge came from God, Rushdoony asserted that "all non-Christian knowledge is sinful, invalid nonsense. The only valid knowledge that non-Christians possess is 'stolen' from 'Christian-theistic' sources." In effect, Rushdoony extended Van Til's thinking from philosophy to "all of life and thought."

Early writings
Rushdoony began to promote the works of Calvinist philosophers Cornelius Van Til and Herman Dooyeweerd into a short survey of contemporary humanism called By What Standard?. Arguing for a Calvinist system of thought, Rushdoony dealt with subjects as broad as epistemology and cognitive metaphysics and as narrow as the psychology of religion and predestination. He wrote a book, The One And The Many: Studies in the Philosophy of Order and Ultimacy, using Van Tillian presuppositional philosophy to critique various aspects of secular humanism. He also wrote many essays and book reviews, published in such venues as the Westminster Theological Journal.

Homeschooling
Rushdoony's next focus was on education, especially on behalf of homeschooling, which he saw as a way to combat the intentionally secular nature of the U.S. public school system. By the early 1960s, he was active in the homeschooling movement, appearing as an expert witness in order to defend the rights of homeschoolers. He vigorously attacked progressive school reformers such as Horace Mann and John Dewey and argued for the dismantling of the state's influence on education in three works: Intellectual Schizophrenia (a general and concise study of education), The Messianic Character of American Education (a history and castigation of public education in the U.S.), and The Philosophy of the Christian Curriculum (a parent-oriented pedagogical statement).

History
Rushdoony then pursued history – of the world, of the United States, and of the church. He maintained that Calvinistic Christianity provided the intellectual roots for the American Revolution and thus had always had an influential impact in American history. The American Revolution, according to Rushdoony, was a "conservative counterrevolution" to preserve American liberties from British usurpation and it owed nothing to the Enlightenment. He further argued that the United States Constitution was a secular document in appearance only and did not need to establish Christianity as an official religion since the states were already Christian establishments. Drawing on the work of theologian Robert Lewis Dabney, Rushdoony argued that the American Civil War "destroyed the early American Republic, which he envisioned as a decentralized Protestant feudal system and an orthodox Christian nation." Rushdoony saw the North's victory as a "defeat for Christian orthodoxy." Some historians have argued that this aspect of Rushdoony's thought influenced some activists in the Neo-Confederate movement and Southern conservatives such as J. Steven Wilkins. He would further this study in his works on American ideology and historiography, This Independent Republic: Studies in the Nature and Meaning of American History and The Nature of the American System.

On the matter of Israel's place in history, he believed that the prophet Daniel "makes clear that God by-passed His chosen people in favor of four great monarchies...and then called forth a Fifth Monarchy which is by no means identified with Israel".

Christian Reconstruction
Rushdoony's most important area of writing, however, was law and politics, as expressed in his small book of popular essays Law & Liberty and discussed in much greater detail in his three-volume, 1,894-page magnum opus, The Institutes of Biblical Law. With a title modeled after Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, Rushdoony's Institutes was arguably his most influential work. In the book, he proposed that Old Testament law should be applied to modern society and that there should be a Christian theonomy, a concept developed in his colleague Greg Bahnsen's controversial book Theonomy in Christian Ethics, which Rushdoony heartily endorsed. In the Institutes, Rushdoony supported the reinstatement of the Mosaic law's penal sanctions. Under such a system, the list of civil crimes which carried a death sentence would include homosexuality, adultery, incest, lying about one's virginity, bestiality, witchcraft, idolatry or apostasy, public blasphemy, false prophesying, kidnapping, rape, and bearing false witness in a capital case. Although he supported the separation of church and state at the national level, Rushdoony also believed that both institutions were under the rule of God, and thus he conceived secularism as posing endless false dichotomies, which his massive work addresses in considerable detail. In short, he sought to cast a vision for the reconstruction of society based on Christian principles. The book was critical of democracy. He wrote that "the heresy of democracy has since then worked havoc in church and state ... Christianity and democracy are inevitably enemies" because democracy asserts the will of man over the will of God. According to Frank Schaeffer, who knew Rushdoony, Rushdoony supported the re-institution of the slave trade, corporal punishment for children, burning people at the stake and public executions.

Rushdoony believed that a republic is a better form of civil government than a democracy. According to Rushdoony, a republic avoided mob rule and the rule of the "51%" of society; in other words "might does not make right" in a republic. Rushdoony wrote that America's separation of powers between three branches of government is a far more neutral and better method of civil government than a direct democracy, stating "[t]he [American] Constitution was designed to perpetuate a Christian order". Rushdoony argues that the Constitution's purpose was to protect religion from the federal government and to preserve "states' rights."

Rushdoony's work has been used by Dominion Theology advocates who attempt to implement a Christian government subject to Biblical law in the United States. Authority, behavioral boundaries, economics, penology and the like would all be governed by biblical principles in Rushdoony's vision, but he also proposed a wide system of freedom, especially in the economic sphere, and claimed Ludwig von Mises as an intellectual mentor; he called himself a Christian libertarian.

Rushdoony was the founder in 1965 of the Chalcedon Foundation and the editor of its monthly magazine, the Chalcedon Report. He also published the Journal of Christian Reconstruction and was an early board member of the Rutherford Institute, founded in 1982 by John W. Whitehead.

In 1972, Cornelius Van Til "disclaimed affiliation" with Rushdoony and the Christian Reconstructionist movement, writing "...I am frankly a little concerned about the political views of Mr. Rushdoony and Mr. North and particularly if I am correctly informed about some of the views Gary North has with respect to the application of Old Testament principles to our day. My only point is that I would hope and expect they would not claim such views are inherent in the principles I hold".

Criticism
Rushdoony was, and remains, a controversial figure, as is the Christian Reconstructionist movement in which he was involved. Pointing to Rushdoony's support for the death penalty, the British Centre for Science Education decried his perceived dislike of democracy and tolerance. Furthermore, Rushdoony has been accused of Holocaust denial and racism.*Sugg, John. "A Nation Under God", Mother Jones, December 2005. "Rushdoony denied the Holocaust and defended segregation and slavery".
 * Braun, Aurel; Scheinberg, Stephen J. The Extreme Right: Freedom and Security at Risk, Westview Press, 1997, p. 71. "Rushdoony, a one-time John Birch society activist, has in his books 'maligned Jews, Judaism and Blacks, and [has] engaged in Holocaust "revisionism"'".
 * Lane, Frederick S. The court and the cross: the religious right's crusade to reshape the Supreme Court, Beacon Press, 2008, p. 40. "Despite its provocative suggestions, the book [Institutes of Biblical Law] did not receive widespread attention when it was published [...] in part because Rushdoony also used the work to deny the Holocaust, defend segregation and slavery, and condemn interracial, intercultural, and interreligious marriages."
 * Holthouse, David. "Casting Stones", Intelligence Report, Southern Poverty Law Center, Winter 2005. Retrieved November 4, 2009. "The elder Rushdoony was a racist and Holocaust denier who took his group's name from a medieval council of bishops that proclaimed the subservience of all nations and governments to God."
 * Schaeffer, Frank. Patience with God: Faith for People Who Don't Like Religion (or Atheism), Da Capo Press, 2009, p. 117. "Rushdoony was also a Holocaust denier."
 * Trueman, Carl R. Histories and Fallacies: Problems Faced in the Writing of History, Crossway, 2009, p. 30. "While Rushdoony's followers do not like to acknowledge his Holocaust Denial, it is incontestable that he held such a position..."
 * Brock, David. Blinded by the Right: The Conscience of an Ex-Conservative, Random House of Canada, 2003, p. 201. "Rushdoony was also a Holocaust denier."
 * Blumenthal, Sidney. The Clinton Wars, Plume, 2004, p. 319. "One of the members of the small founding board, RJ Rushdoony, was a Holocaust denier who favored the death penalty for homosexuals and doctors performing abortions."

According to Frank Schaeffer, Rushdoony believed that interracial marriage, which he referred to as "unequal yoking", should be made illegal; however, his son Mark R. Rushdoony stated that his father R. J. Rushdoony officiated at weddings between European American and African American couples, teaching that "I cannot forbid what God has not!" What R. J. Rushdoony actually thought was imprudent, according to his son Mark R. Rushdoony, were marriages in which there were significant cultural differences such as those between non-Christian war brides from Japan and American soldiers who, in Rushdoony's view, little understood one another; in his own life, the father of the first woman whom R. J. Rushdoony courted rejected Rushdoony's proposal citing cultural differences between their Swedish background and Rushdoony's Armenian background. Mark R. Rushdoony stated that R. J. Rushdoony's views "did not reflect on any race but on what could potentially create an unequal yoke" and asserted his own father's view that "Man ... cannot treat his fellow-men or any part of creation with contempt."

He also opposed "enforced integration", referred to Southern slavery as "benevolent", and said that "some people are by nature slaves". Kerwin Lee Klein, however, argues that Rushdoony was not a "biological racialist" and that for him "racism founded on modern biology simply represented another pagan revival."

In The Institutes of Biblical Law, he uses the 1967 work Judaism and the Vatican by Léon de Poncins as a source for Paul Rassinier's figure of 1.2 million Jewish deaths during the Holocaust, and the claim that Raul Hilberg calculated the number at 896,292, and further asserts that very many of these died of epidemics. He called the charge of 6 million Jewish deaths "false witness" against Germany. In 2000, Rushdoony stated concerning this passage in his Institutes: "It was not my purpose to enter a debate over numbers, whether millions were killed, or tens of millions, an area which must be left to others with expertise in such matters. My point then and now is that in all such matters what the Ninth Commandment requires is the truth, not exaggeration, irrespective of the cause one seeks to serve." Carl R. Trueman, Professor of Historical Theology and Church History at Westminster Theological Seminary wrote in 2009 regarding the passage and Rushdoony's Holocaust denial: "His sources are atrocious, secondhand, and unverified; that he held this position speaks volumes about his appalling incompetence as a historian, and one can only speculate as to why he held the position from a moral perspective… He deals with the matter under the issue of the ninth commandment and, ironically breaches it himself in his presentation of the matter."

Joe Boot, on the other hand, rejects Trueman's claim, arguing that Rushdoony's "sole point was to say that our society has become so desensitized to violence, brutality, and cruelty that citing murders in small numbers doesn't have the same psychological impact upon people anymore."

Murray Rothbard, a prominent figure in the American libertarian movement, disputed Rushdoony's claim of being a libertarian in a scathing book review of Rushdoony's Intellectual Schizophrenia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: R. J. Rushdoony


text:
Power Rangers S.P.D.

Power Rangers S.P.D. is the thirteenth season of the television series Power Rangers and is based on the 28th Super Sentai series Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger. The initials in the title stand for "Space Patrol Delta"; in Dekaranger, it stood for Special Police Dekaranger. The season debuted on February 5, 2005 as part of Jetix, originally airing on ABC Family; beginning with "Messenger, Part 2", the series moved to Toon Disney.

A Japanese dub of S.P.D. started airing on Toei's digital television channel in Japan starting in August 2011, with two DVD volumes released on August 5. It features the original Dekaranger cast members dubbing over the voices of their American counterparts (with the exception of Mako Ishino, who is the series' narrator rather than voicing her character's counterpart).

Plot

The story takes place in the year 2025, 21 years after the events of the previous season and two years after Cosmic Fury when Earth has welcomed alien beings to live peacefully with the human race. However, the peace is short-lived as the planet-conquering Troobian Empire and its leader Emperor Gruumm turns its destructive attention to Earth. When the Earth's first line of defense, the Space Patrol Delta A-Squad mysteriously vanishes without a trace, the protection of the planet falls to their replacements: B-Squad Rangers Schuyler "Sky" Tate, Bridge Carson and Sydney "Syd" Drew, under the guidance of their dog-like alien commander, Anubis "Doggie" Cruger. When reformed thieves Jack Landors and Elizabeth "Z" Delgado join the team as the Red and Yellow S.P.D Rangers, tensions threaten to tear them apart. With the alien threat growing stronger every moment, the Rangers must put aside their differences and go into action as one.

During B-Squad's attempts to hold off Gruumm's forces, including pictomancer Mora and bat-like Broodwing, the team discovers that Cruger used to be a Ranger himself, but fled to Earth and swore off his Ranger duties after failing to protect his home planet and the apparent death of his wife Isinia; however, attacks by old enemies reveal that Isinia is actually alive and in Gruumm's clutches, forcing him to return to active status as the Shadow Ranger. They are later joined by the Omega Ranger, a future version of a kid they saved sent back in order to prevent B-Squad's destruction from having a negative effect on his time.

Things come to a head when A-Squad returns and reveals they had not disappeared but in fact defected upon believing that fighting against Gruumm's forces was a losing battle, resulting in both Cruger and B-Squad being captured, though they quickly escape. As B-Squad subdue their rogue teammates and route the Troobian's invasion, Cruger battles Gruumm and rescues Isinia. However, Gruumm survives his army's destruction, leading to a final battle between him and Cruger, resulting in his arrest. Afterwards, Jack, having becoming disillusioned by the direction his life is going as a Ranger, abruptly leaves the team, prompting Cruger to promote Sky as the replacement Red Ranger.

Cast and characters
SPD Rangers
 * Brandon Jay McLaren as Jack Landors, the S.P.D. Red Ranger.
 * Chris Violette as Schuyler "Sky" Tate, the S.P.D. Blue Ranger.
 * Matt Austin as Bridge Carson, the S.P.D. Green Ranger.
 * Monica May as Elizabeth "Z" Delgado, the S.P.D. Yellow Ranger.
 * Alycia Purrott as Sydney "Syd" Drew, the S.P.D. Pink Ranger.
 * John Tui as Anubis "Doggie" Cruger, the S.P.D. Shadow Ranger.
 * Brett Stewart as Sam, the S.P.D. Omega Ranger.
 * Michelle Langstone as Dr. Katherine "Kat" Manx, the S.P.D. Kat Ranger.
 * Antonia Prebble as Nova, the S.P.D. Nova Ranger.

Supporting characters
 * Barnie Duncan as Piggy
 * Kelson Henderson as Boom
 * Beth Allen as Ally Samuels
 * Tandi Wright as the voice of Isinia Cruger
 * Paul Norell as Supreme Commander Fowler Birdie
 * John Tui as Sergeant Silverback

Villains
 * Rene Naufahu as Emperor Gruumm
 * Olivia James-Baird as Mora
 * Josephine Davison as Morgana
 * Jim McLarty as the voice of Broodwing
 * Derek Judge as the voice of Blue-Head Krybots
 * James Gaylyn as the voice of Orange Head Krybots and Zeltrax
 * Geoff Dolan as the voice of Omni The Magnificence

A-Squad
 * Gina Varela as Charlie, A-Squad Red Ranger.
 * Nick Kemplen (voice) as A-Squad Blue Ranger.
 * Thomas Kiwi & Nick Kemplen (voice) as A-Squad Green Ranger.
 * Allan Smith & Greg Cooper II (voice) as A-Squad Yellow Ranger.
 * Motoko Nagino & Claire Dougan (voice) as A-Squad Pink Ranger.

Guest Stars
 * James Napier Robertson as Conner McKnight, the Red Dino Ranger and Triassic Ranger.
 * Kevin Duhaney as Ethan James, the Blue Dino Ranger.
 * Emma Lahana as Kira Ford, the Yellow Dino Ranger.
 * Jeffrey Parazzo as Trent Fernandez, the White Dino Ranger and the voice of the Black Dino Ranger.
 * James Gaylyn as the voice of Zeltrax

Video game
There was one game produced for the Space Patrol Delta series, a side-scroller on the Game Boy Advance by THQ. The 6 rangers fight minor enemies until they encounter the main boss. There are racing levels which involve piloting the Red, Yellow, or Pink Delta Runners, a Space Invaders style targeting game with the Green Delta Runner, a racing level involving R.I.C. (the Rangers' robotic dog), and Megazord battle levels.

Comics
A new monthly comic strip based on the series appeared in every issue of Jetix Magazine in the UK in 2005. Jetix Magazine is the official magazine of Jetix, the channel that showed S.P.D. in the UK in 2006. The strip was the first Power Rangers strip to be written by Transformers writer Simon Furman, collaborating for the first time on the PR strip with equally popular TF artist Andrew Wildman, who had previously done artwork for other Power Rangers strips under Jetix Magazines' previous banner of Fox Kids' Wicked.

During the strip, a running subplot involving a rogue Krybot who had become self-aware and rebelled against Grumm gradually unfolded, he would resurface to warn SPD of Grumm's invasion attempt in the final story and supply Jack with a device that once inserted on the Terror, would incapacitate the Krybot fleet.

The strip ended with its own conclusion to the SPD series, the first time any comic strip version of Power Rangers has done a different take on a PR finale. In the strip, A-Squad is brainwashed instead of corrupted and turn against their superiors. The B-Squad regulars deal with them and help Cruger defeat and overcome both Grumm and Omni, before being promoted to A-Squad status.

In 2018, the SPD Rangers appeared in Boom! Studios's "Shattered Grid", a crossover event between teams from all eras commemorating the 25th anniversary of the original television series. It was published in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers #25-30 and various tie-ins. A Power Rangers SPD story by Caleb Goellner and Patrick Mulholland was published in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers 2018 Annual as part of the crossover.

title: Power Rangers S.P.D.


text:
USS Revenge (AM-110)

USS Revenge (AM-110) was a World War II-era Auk-class minesweeper in the service of the United States Navy. It was the sixth United States vessel named Revenge.

Revenge was laid down as Right on 19 June 1942 by Winslow Marine Railway and Shipbuilding Company, Seattle, Washington; launched on 7 November 1942; renamed Revenge 15 May 1943; and commissioned on 21 July 1943.

Marshall and Gilbert Islands campaign
After outfitting at Puget Sound Navy Yard, Revenge underwent shakedown out of San Pedro and San Diego, California. She departed on 13 October 1943 for further training in the Hawaiian Islands, and on 10 November she set course for Makin Island, the Gilberts, arriving two days later. After two days of minesweeping, she commenced anti-submarine patrol off Makin and Tarawa.

Following Christmas and training at Pearl Harbor, Revenge sailed for Kwajalein Atoll and commenced minesweeping operations on 13 January 1944. For a brief period following the invasion, she alternated between antisubmarine patrol and harbor entrance control. From the end of February through mid-May, she was utilized as an escort vessel, travelling between the Marshalls, the Gilberts and the Hawaiian Islands. She then returned to the west coast.

Philippines campaign
Upon completion of a short availability at Mare Island Navy Yard, Revenge again commenced escort duty out of Pearl Harbor. September brought the resumption of training exercises, this time at Hilo, after which she sailed for Manus, the Admiralties. On 11 October she headed for the Philippines and the invasion of Leyte.

The weather was exceedingly rough and, the night before the initial sweep, 20 foot seas were running. In spite of the weather, Mine Division 13 (of which Revenge was a unit) entered Leyte Gulf at daybreak with gear streamed. No navigational plots could be kept, nor could the ships remain on stations as the weather had reached typhoon intensity. No enemy action was observed, but activities were made hazardous by the abundance of floating mines and the difficulties involved in maneuvering the craft. Weather abated somewhat the next day and sweeping operations were earned out in a more normal fashion. After six days Revenge was credited with the destruction of nearly 70 mines.

Once the beachhead was secured and the anchorage made safe, the division continued clearance sweeps around Homonhon and Samar. On 27 November, USS Pursuit (AM-108) and Revenge made an exploratory sweep on the western side of Leyte.

Revenge was scheduled to participate in the invasion of Luzon early in January 1945, but, because of a damaged propeller shaft, she was ordered to Pearl Harbor for repairs. In February she was again assigned convoy duty, this time out of Ulithi, Western Carolines. Then, on 19 March she got underway with some 70 other minecraft for the invasion of Okinawa.

Okinawa invasion
No early difficulties were encountered off Okinawa by Revenge. She operated just off the invasion beaches, where strong tides caused some anxiety and these very tides caused USS Skylark (AM-63) to drift into unswept waters 28 March, where she struck a mine and sank. In the attendant rescue operations, Revenge cleared a path to one side of Skylark while USS Sage (AM-111) cleared a path to the other. Rescue work was so efficient that only five men died in the stricken minesweeper, and they were killed in the initial explosion.

For 76 days Revenge remained on patrol off Okinawa. In March her gunners detected and sank a Japanese suicide boat as it attempted to run in under cover of darkness. Late in June relief was assigned and Revenge called at Guam for two weeks of availability.

Post-war operations
In July Revenge returned to Okinawa, but soon departed with a small minesweeping group for the East China Sea. Then, on 27 August, Revenge went alongside USS Ellyson (DMS-19) to take aboard a Japanese pilot for the sweep of Tokyo Bay. The next morning Revenge led the group into Tokyo Bay. (The helmsman was Charles Quick ).There was a fairly wide channel, and safe anchorages were quickly charted for the rest of the fleet. The minesweepers then shifted operations to the coastline. After a month of such operations and some additional time in Tokyo Bay, the minesweepers were ordered to Sasebo.

Operations out of Sasebo took Revenge and her sisters into the East China Sea and the Straits of Formosa. She spent Christmas of 1945 in Shanghai, and in January 1946 returned Sasebo. In mid-January she sailed for San Pedro, California, and from there through the Panama Canal for Charleston, South Carolina, for inactivation overhaul. Following inactivation on 18 March 1947 she was assigned to the Texas Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Orange, Texas.

Second commission, 1951–1955
Recommissioned on 14 February 1951 Revenge provided training services along the east coast as well as in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Reclassified MSF-110 on 7 March 1955, she decommissioned two days later and was assigned to the Florida Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet, at Green Cove Springs, Florida.

Decommissioning and sale
In 1961 Revenge was transferred to the Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility, Orange, Texas, where she remained until struck from the Navy list on 1 November 1966. She was sold for scrap in May 1967.

Revenge earned six battle stars during World War II.

title: USS Revenge (AM-110)


text:
Wilhelm Maurenbrecher

Karl Peter Wilhelm Maurenbrecher (21 December 1838 – 6 November 1892, Leipzig) was a German historian.

He was born in Bonn and studied in Berlin and Munich under Leopold von Ranke and Heinrich von Sybel, being especially influenced by the latter historian. After conducting research work at Simancas in Spain, he successively became an associate and full professor of history at the University of Dorpat (1867).

Afterwards, he attained professorships in history at Königsberg (1869), Bonn (1877) and Leipzig (1884), where he was successor to his late friend Carl von Noorden.

As a Protestant historian, Maurenbrecher felt an obligation to treat Catholic history objectively. He shared Ranke's views in regards to the common origin of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. He chose the term "Catholic Reformation" as an indication of it being a positive tendency of reform rather than a defensive reaction to the Protestant Reformation. Maurenbrecher depicted the Dutch scholar Erasmus as a pioneer and proponent of Catholic reform.

Literary works
Many of Maurenbrecher's works are concerned with the Reformation, among them being: Other writings by Maurenbrecher include:
 * England im Reformationszeitalter (Düsseldorf, 1866) - England and the Age of Reformation.
 * Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten (Düsseldorf, 1865) - Charles V and the German Protestants.
 * Studien und Skizzen zur Geschichte der Reformationszeit (Leipzig, 1874) - Studies and sketches on the history of the Reformation.
 * Geschichte der Katholischen Reformation (Nördlingen, 1880, incomplete) - History of the Catholic Reformation.
 * Gründung des deutschen Reiches 1859-1871 (Leipzig, 1892; 1902) - Founding of the German Empire 1859–1871.
 * Geschichte der deutschen Königswahlen (Leipzig, 1889) - History of the German royal elections.

title: Wilhelm Maurenbrecher


text:
Extreme points of Ireland

This is a list of the extreme points of Ireland – the points that are furthest north, south, east or west in Ireland. It includes the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Often the term "Malin to Mizen" is used when encompassing the entire island from north to south. The geographical centre of Ireland is 8.85 kilometres north-northwest of Athlone Town.

Including islands
Points: Settlements:
 * Northernmost point: Tor Beg rock northeast of Inishtrahull, County Donegal, Republic of Ireland (ROI)
 * Southernmost point: Fastnet Rock southeast of Cape Clear Island, County Cork, ROI
 * Westernmost point: Tearaght Island, County Kerry, ROI
 * Easternmost point: Cannon Rock, County Down, Northern Ireland (NI)
 * Northernmost settlement: Ballyhillin, Inishowen Peninsula, County Donegal
 * Southernmost settlement: Clear Island, County Cork
 * Westernmost settlement: Dunquin, Dingle Peninsula, County Kerry
 * Easternmost settlement: Portavogie, Ards Peninsula, County Down (NI)

Mainland only
Points: Settlements:
 * Northernmost point: Banba's Crown (the tip of Malin Head), Inishowen Peninsula, County Donegal, Republic of Ireland (Latitude: 55° 23′ 4″ N)
 * Southernmost point: Brow Head (near Mizen Head), County Cork, Republic of Ireland (Latitude: 51° 26′ 52″ N)
 * Westernmost point: Dunmore Head, Dingle Peninsula, County Kerry, Republic of Ireland at (Longitude: 10° 28′ 46″ W)
 * Easternmost point: Burr Point, Ards Peninsula, County Down, Northern Ireland (Longitude: 5° 25′ 58″ W)
 * Northernmost settlement: Ballyhillin, Inishowen Peninsula, County Donegal, Ulster, Republic of Ireland
 * Southernmost settlement: Crookhaven, County Cork, Republic of Ireland
 * Westernmost settlement: Dunquin, Dingle Peninsula, County Kerry, Republic of Ireland
 * Easternmost settlement: Portavogie, Ards Peninsula, County Down, Northern Ireland

Altitude

 * Highest point: Carrauntoohil, County Kerry, Republic of Ireland (1,041 m / 3,466 ft)
 * Highest settlement: Meelin, County Cork, Republic of Ireland (254 m / 832 ft)
 * Lowest point: North Slob, County Wexford, Republic of Ireland

Many points are on, or near sea level, but due to high rainfall, there are no natural dry pieces of land below sea level - see rivers and loughs below.

Including islands

 * Northernmost point: Inishtrahull, County Donegal
 * Northernmost settlement: Ballyhillin, Inishowen Peninsula, County Donegal
 * Southernmost point: Fastnet Rock, County Cork
 * Southernmost settlement: Crookhaven, County Cork
 * Westernmost point: Tearaght Island, County Kerry
 * Westernmost settlement: Dunquin, Dingle Peninsula, County Kerry
 * Easternmost point: Lambay Island, County Dublin
 * Easternmost settlement: Wicklow, County Wicklow

Mainland only

 * Northernmost point: Banba's Crown (the tip of Malin Head), Inishowen Peninsula, County Donegal
 * Northernmost settlement: Ballyhillin, Inishowen Peninsula, County Donegal
 * Southernmost point: Brow Head (near Mizen Head), County Cork
 * Southernmost settlement: Crookhaven, County Cork
 * Westernmost point: Dunmore Head, Dingle Peninsula, County Kerry
 * Westernmost settlement: Dunquin, County Kerry
 * Easternmost point: Wicklow Head, County Wicklow
 * Easternmost settlement: Wicklow, County Wicklow

Altitude

 * Highest point: Carrauntoohil, County Kerry
 * Lowest point: North Slob, County Wexford
 * Highest settlement: Meelin, County Cork

Many points are on, or near sea level, but due to high rainfall, there are no natural dry pieces of land below sea level - see rivers and lochs below.

Including islands

 * Northernmost point: Skerriagh, Ballygill North, Rathlin Island at 55.3°N, -6.23333°W
 * Northernmost settlement: Rathlin Island, County Antrim at 55.28333°N, -6.18333°W
 * Southernmost point: Cranfield Point, County Down at 54.01667°N, -6.05°W
 * Southernmost settlement: Greencastle, County Down at 54.03333°N, -6.08333°W
 * Westernmost point – western part of Manger townland, County Fermanagh (immediately east of the Bradogue Bridge) at 54.46472°N, -8.1775°W
 * Westernmost settlement: Belleek, County Fermanagh at 54.8°N, -8.13333°W
 * Easternmost point: Canon Rock, County Down at 54.48333°N, -5.41667°W
 * Easternmost settlement: Portavogie, County Down at 54.45°N, -5.43333°W

Mainland only

 * Northernmost point: Benbane Head, County Antrim at 55.25°N, -6.46667°W
 * Northernmost settlement: Ballintoy, County Antrim at 55.23333°N, -6.35°W
 * Southernmost point: Cranfield Point, County Down at 54.01667°N, -6.05°W
 * Southernmost settlement: Greencastle, County Down at 54.03333°N, -6.08333°W
 * Westernmost point – western part of Manger townland, County Fermanagh (immediately east of the Bradogue Bridge) at 54.46472°N, -8.1775°W
 * Westernmost settlement: Belleek, County Fermanagh at 54.8°N, -8.13333°W
 * Easternmost point: Burr Point, Ards Peninsula, County Down at 55.48333°N, -5.43333°W
 * Easternmost settlement: Portavogie, County Down at 54.45°N, -5.43333°W

Altitude

 * Highest point: Slieve Donard, County Down (850 m / 2,789 ft)
 * Highest settlement: Greencastle, County Tyrone (188 m / 617 ft)

Many points are on, or near sea level, but due to high rainfall, there are no natural dry pieces of land below sea level.

title: Extreme points of Ireland


text:
Mando Diao

Mando Diao is an alternative rock band from Borlänge, Sweden. The band got their breakthrough with the release of the album Hurricane Bar. Their main fan base is in Sweden, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Japan. Band members are Björn Dixgård (vocals, guitar), Carl-Johan Fogelklou (bass), Daniel Haglund (keyboard) and Patrik Heinkipieti (drums).

Early years (1999–2002)
The roots of Mando Diao date back to 1999 when Björn Dixgård (vocals, guitar) and Daniel Haglund (keyboard) played in a band called Butler, which they had founded in the middle of the 1990s. In 1996, Gustaf Norén (vocals, guitar), joined the band. In 1999, Carl-Johan Fogelklou (bass, backing vocals) and Samuel Giers (drums) became members and completed the original band. The current line-up decided to take the project more seriously. Björn Dixgård and Gustaf Norén locked themselves up in a summer house and spent 14 months writing songs. They claim the Beatles as their original source of inspiration. Allegedly, Gustaf joined the band after he and Björn had talked all night about this band. The two renamed their band Mando Diao, a name that appeared to Björn Dixgård in a dream in which a man came up to him and shouted "Mando Diao!".

Mando Diao made their first public performances in the clubs of their hometown Borlänge in 1999. A local writer described them in an article as the best unsigned band he had ever seen. This was soon followed by a record deal with EMI Sweden.

First breakthrough (2002–05)
The release of their debut album Bring 'Em In in 2002, and of their first single "Sheepdog" made the band popular in Sweden; the 1960s and 1970s music style and sound as well as the singers´ voices were soon seen as the "typical" Mando Diao sound by their fans. Gustaf Norén once compared Bring 'Em In to music by The Kooks, the Small Faces and The Kinks, declaring his band's music best and even better than many albums by The Beatles or The Rolling Stones. The band began touring Sweden and other Scandinavian countries together with local bands as The Hellacopters or Kent.

Daniel Haglund left the band in 2003, due to some minor disputes, and was replaced by Mats Björke.

International success (2005–11)
With every album release, the band's international success increased; in 2007 Mando Diao appeared for the first time as headliner on a music festival, the Live Earth concert in Hamburg.

After the recording of Above And Beyond - MTV unplugged, Samuel Giers left the band at the beginning of 2011. Since September 2011, Mando Diao is supported by Patrik Heikinpieti (drums) and Daniel Haglund (guitar, keyboard).

Swedish album Infruset (2012)
In 2011, Gustaf Norén and Björn Dixgård began working on poems written by the Swedish poet Gustaf Fröding, and setting them to music. The result, their first album in Swedish, Infruset, was highly rated and appreciated all over Europe even before the official release. On 28 October 2012, the world premiere was broadcast as a live cinema event - Mando Diao live på bio in theaters and cinemas in Sweden, Germany and Switzerland.

Infruset has turned out to be the band's most successful album in Sweden: it has won a Swedish Grammis award, sold four times platinum in Sweden. Due to their success, the band was awarded with the Swedish Rockbjörnen, a fan award, as best livegroup in 2013. The album has been charting on the Swedish Albums Chart for 101 weeks from November 2012 until June 2015 and is Sweden's 9th all-time best-charting album. The single "Strövtåg i hembygden" remained in the Swedish radio top ten charts for 127 weeks in May 2015.

New influences and reorientation (since 2012)
On 23 April 2014 Mando Diao's seventh studio album Ælita was released in Sweden; the international release was on 2 May 2014. The first single, "Black Saturday", was released in Sweden on 11 January 2014. The new synth rock sound has led to many disputes amongst fans of the band and critics. The Russian synthesizer "Aelita" has been the source and inspiration for this album, leading away from the former music style.

On 18 November 2014, keyboard player Mats Björke officially left the band. His main focus is on working as producer in his own studio.

Projects (2015)
On 16 October 2014, "Love Last Forever", the official song for the ski world championship 2015 in Falun, featuring Maxida Märak, a young Swedish-Sámi artist and, who by her singing and wearing Sámi clothes while performing this song is raising awareness for the minority problems in Sweden, has been presented to the public. On 15 February 2015 "Love Last Forever" was performed during the opening ceremony in Falun.

With their new song "Leave No Trace" (March 2015) Mando Diao are supporting Låt Östersjön Leva - a project under the patronage of World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF); the issue is the protection of the wildlife and the heavily polluted Baltic Sea.

Björn Dixgård and Gustaf Norén, who emphasized the importance of all kinds of art, have supported the annual street art and music festival 164 festivalen by KFUM in Stockholm on 30 April 2015.

New era (2015)
On 3 June 2015, Gustaf Norén and Mando Diao separated. Norén was replaced by Jens Siverstedt on guitar and vocals.

Albums (2017–2023)
On 12 May 2017, Mando Diao released their eighth studio album, Good Times. The first single was released on 7 April 2017.

On 18 October 2019, BANG was released as Mando Diao's ninth studio album, continuing the band´s rock history.

On 12 June 2020, Mando Diao returned to the Swedish language with I Solnedgången - once again revisiting the poems by Gustaf Fröding, as well as adding lyrics written by Björn Dixgård's parents.

2022 saw the band back on the road promoting I solnedgången in the Nordics as well as releasing a string of EPs leading up the band's 11th studio album Boblikov's Magical World, released April 29, 2023. Håkan Sörle was introduced as the band's new guitarist on the show's following the album release.

Recordings
In September 2002, their first album Bring 'Em In was released in Sweden. It contains early demo versions of their songs, partly recorded in the basement of keyboardist Daniel Haglund. In 2003, the album was released internationally by MUTE label, along with their debut single Sheepdog.

, the band is hailed enthusiastically by the music press as one of the most sanguine newcomer bands of the year. Their second album Hurricane Bar was released in March 2004 and became an immediate international success. Their third album, Ode to Ochrasy, was released on 24 August 2006 and again was praised by the international music press, being unanimously described as the band's best album. By the end of 2006, the band released a DVD called Down in the Past, a documentary of the band's history, accompanied by rare interviews, concert snippets, backstage videos and unreleased songs. Ode to Ochrasy was released in the UK through the Nettwerk label on 2 April 2007, in a previously unreleased format including 4 bonus tracks. On 26 October 2007 the band released their fourth album Never Seen The Light Of Day.

Their fifth album, Give Me Fire, was released on 13 February 2009. The album's first single, Dance with Somebody, was released on 9 January 2009 and became the most sold single and most popular song of Mando Diao so far. The Malevolence Of Mando Diao 2002 - 2007 is a collection of B-sides and previously unreleased songs and was released on 12 October 2009. On 12 November 2010, the recording of their MTV Unplugged performance, Above And Beyond - MTV Unplugged, was released as CD and DVD. In December 2011, the band published Ghosts&Phantoms, a Christmas calendar for download, containing 24 non-released songs. Due to the calendar's success, Ghosts&Phantoms was released as vinyl LP limited edition. Mando Diao's Greatest Hits Volume 1 album was released on 6 January 2012, representing a collection of the band's best known songs.

Infruset, was released on 31 October 2012. It is the band's first album in their mother tongue, ten poems of Swedish poet Gustaf Fröding set to music. The album Infruset Guld, containing new Swedish songs and studio versions, was released on 5 June 2013.

A new album called Ælita was released in April 2014. The single "Black Saturday" was released in Sweden on 11 January. In contrast to earlier records of the band, Ælita belongs to the electronic rock genre. The album also features the cover shot for a gay magazine. This album has been released in Auro 3D immersive sound.

Touring
Mando Diao has been touring all over the world, though their biggest following is in Germany, Japan, and their homeland Sweden. In 2004/2005, they started a tour with appearances at big music festivals in Germany, Austria and Hungary. The band supported The Bravery on their tour in 2005, along with the Los Angeles band The Colour. On their 2006 European tour, they were supported by Razorlight and Johnossi, and for the British leg of the tour they were a joint support act for the Dirty Pretty Things along with Larrikin Love.

At the end of January 2007, Mando Diao were widely covered in the Swedish media because of an incident at their live concert on 27 January 2007. They were performing at the Amplified festival at Norrlands Opera House in Umeå when a part of the floor the audience was standing on collapsed, leaving at least 25 fans hurt. Five people were taken to the hospital with injuries such as broken arms and legs. According to the management of Norrlandsoperan, the hall had been checked, but they had never thought the floor, consisting of several moveable parts on concrete girders over a 3 m hole, wouldn't hold the 170 people in the room, since the fire department had given them approval for 800 people. After this unfortunate event, Mando Diao stayed in Umeå in case they could do anything to help the injured fans. They also visited the hospitalized fans personally.

Mando Diao appeared on 29 April 2007 at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and on 7 July 2007 they performed at the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg. Since the summer of 2007, Mando Diao has had support from a horn section consisting of renowned Swedish jazz musicians Nils Janson and Nils Berg.

Björn Dixgård toured Europe solo during the end of 2007.

On 3 November 2008 the band played one US date for the "Give Me Fire" tour with the Capshuns and We Barbarians at the Troubadour in Los Angeles.

On 2 September 2010 they recorded an MTV Unplugged concert at Union Film-Studios in Berlin, featuring guest appearances by Daniel Haglund, Ray Davies, Klaus Voormann, Juliette Lewis and Lana Del Rey. The concert was released on CD and DVD in late 2010.

Following the unplugged album, an acoustic tour was started in October 2011, with concerts taking place in Germany, Switzerland and Luxembourg.

In the summer of 2012, Mando Diao had appearances at four open air festivals in Croatia, Italy, Czech Republic and Hungary.

Mando Diao toured Sweden in the winter of 2013 and a Swedish summer tour (Folkparksturné) followed in the summer of 2013.

In 2014, there were appearances at open air festivals in Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Netherlands and Sweden. In November 2014, an autumn tour including Sweden, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland and Austria, took place.

Caligola
As of late 2011, Björn Dixgård and Gustaf Norén have a new side project with the Salazar Brothers, called Caligola. The project's first single, "Sting of Battle", was released on 27 December 2011, followed by the first album, Back to Earth, on 24 February 2012. The second single "Forgive Forget" was certified gold in Germany in May 2012.

In 2012, they appeared on the 10th track of Paul van Dyk's album Evolution, titled "If You Want My Love".

Discography

 * 2002: Bring 'em In
 * 2004: Hurricane Bar
 * 2006: Ode to Ochrasy
 * 2007: Never Seen the Light of Day
 * 2009: Give Me Fire!
 * 2012: Infruset
 * 2014: Ælita
 * 2017: Good Times
 * 2019: Bang
 * 2020: I Solnedgången
 * 2023: Boblikov's Magical World

Band members

 * Current members
 * Björn Dixgård - vocals, guitar (1999–present)
 * Carl-Johan Fogelklou - bass, backing vocals (1999–present)
 * Daniel Haglund - keyboards, organ (1999–2003; 2011–present)
 * Patrik Heikinpieti - drums, percussion (2011–present)
 * Håkan Sörle (2023–present)

 * Former members
 * Gustaf Norén - vocals, guitar (1999–2015)
 * Samuel Giers - drums, percussion (1999–2011)
 * Mats Björke - keyboards, organs (2004–2014)
 * Jens Siverstedt - guitar, backing vocals (2015–2022)

 * Timeline

title: Mando Diao


text:
Talk:Fold (geology)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 5 September 2019 and 3 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ekgeo.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:34, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Expansion of article to include...
Should this article be expanded to explain the differences between the different classes of folds? Class 1 a,b,c Class 2 and Class 3 folds should probably be better explained and perhaps pictures can be found. I think the short 3 line explanation is pretty convoluted. Mortalfunk (talk) 01:43, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

I find this page very poor at explaining to the general reader how these folds are formed: tectonic plates? Glaciers? What is the source of the pressure causing the folding? Too much technical jargon and not enough communication with the reader.Gobadan (talk) 04:30, 15 September 2013 (UTC).

 * we (Alejandro_Guevara_Alday and I) would like to make some few changes regarding the structure of this article and add additional definitions to make this article more accessible to all readers irrespective of their background. Illustrative pictures/photos could be added where needed. Ekgeo (talk) 08:17, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

I everyone! As my fellow commented up, we are doing some changes in the general structure of this Wikipedia article, first we found out that the main description of this article seems quite similar to one .pdf avaliable also on internet, who wants to check it by themself can follows the next link: Probably original text from where description comes

We are also adding new figures and photos to clarify all the fold components, for instance, instead to use two figures to illustrate them we created a new one to show all, later we are going to add so many photos as we can to illustrate each type of fold.

Please, if you want to see what we are doing please don't hesite to visit our sandbox and give us some feedback Alejandro_Guevara_Alday and Ekgeo sandbox, all your comment will be welcome Alejandro Guevara Alday (talk) 19:35, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

Headline text
A fold could be represented by a class of continuous transformations of a plane which do not preserve the distances between points.

Not in all cases. Folding mechanisms can be cylindrical equal-volume deformation, or assymmetric folding which does not preserve volume and relationships (isogonal distance). So, don't over-generalise. Rolinator 14:59, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

I will add clarifying picutes soon. Amunchie 01:34, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Fold (geology)
In keeping with the relatively recent name changes to the articles Fault (geology), Lineation (geology), Shear (geology), Foliation (geology) and several others, I thought it was probably right to rename this page this as well. If there are no objections, I'll do this in a few days time. Mikenorton 17:26, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Article naming is based upon commonly used names. The parenthesis is used for disambiguation.  I know in the field this is abbreviated to "fold", but is "geological fold" a more widely used term?  (SEWilco 17:57, 8 November 2007 (UTC))

 * Google scholar restricted to the phrase "geological fold" returns only 32 hits, whereas a general fold geology search returns 57,000 hits. I would opt for the Fold (geology) name. Vsmith 19:44, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I found similar results. Looks like the name should be changed.  (SEWilco 15:59, 9 November 2007 (UTC))

 * I'd be very happy to see the change. I've been meaning to propose it myself, but never got around to it. The term "geological fold" is rarely if ever used by geologists - the geological part being implied by context. Zamphuor 23:10, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Isoclinal
there is a word in this article I want to createin here — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tarix of Tajun (talk • contribs) 13:59, 22 September 2009

 * The word isocline (and also isoclinal) is used in both mathematics and geology with different meanings. I have created a redirect, Isocline (geology), to the section here on fold tightness, and I have added a hatnote to the isocline article.  Links in geological articles to "isocline" or "isoclinal" can usefully be changed to use "isocline (geology)".  I do not know how important the idea of an isocline is in geology, perhaps it should have its own section (in which case the redirect should be changed), or even its own article.  While exploring where to send the redirect, I found there are also separate articles for syncline and anticline, and I think they could be improved by reorganisation or merging. JonH (talk) 09:33, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Well spotted and a good solution. An isoclinal fold is just a geometric description, so I don't think a separate section, let alone an article would be justified. As to anticline and syncline, they should I think remain separate, but agree that they need some work. Mikenorton (talk) 11:44, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Explaining "synsedimentary"
Having read about lithification, synclines, and what syn- means, I'm still having trouble to understand what synsedimentary folds are, in the passage "Synsedimentary folds are those due to slumping of sedimentary material before it is lithified" at the very beginning.

Can this be clarified by a photo, illustration or explained in more detail with non-technical language?

I marked the passage with to wake the attention of more expert editors, please remove it when the passage is clarified. ~ Nelg (talk) 21:40, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Synsedimentary (or syndepositional, a term which is also used) describes something happening during the deposition of sediments, a related term is "growth fold". I'll try to improve the language. Mikenorton (talk) 22:53, 25 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I've linked the first use of synsedimentary to the wiktionary entry and added a bit to the 'Sedimentary folding' section to explain the usage. I hope that helps, let me know if that's not the case. Mikenorton (talk) 23:13, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Wow, that was fast. It cleared a lot, thanks! There's still a lot of intertextuality and referencing to structures or processes in geoscience-articles that are difficult to understand due to lack of images or animations. I have rudimentary skills of drawing vectors though, so I could contribute myself in subjects that I can understand. ~ Nelg (talk) 15:55, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

Change of title
As previously discussed on this page, (admittedly in 2007), the term "geological fold" is not common. Google Scholar now returns just 188 hits for that precise term compared to roughly a million for 'fold geology'. As this is not a "natural disambiguation", the title should be returned to how it was before. Mikenorton (talk) 10:05, 16 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I disagree. "Natural disambiguation" just means using a standard English phrase (without a parenthetical term) to refer to the subject. It doesn't have to be the most commonly used name either. "Fold geology" is not a grammatical English phrase, and in fact the only results for that exact phrase appear to be accidental couplings such as "...pressure solution in a buckle fold: Geology, v. 3". —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 12:29, 16 May 2019 (UTC)
 * To quote the guideline "Natural disambiguation that is unambiguous, commonly used, and clear is generally preferable to parenthetical disambiguation". "Geological Fold" is not commonly used, which is why it was changed to "fold (geology)" back in 2007. Mikenorton (talk) 12:38, 16 May 2019 (UTC)
 * As far as I am concerned, the move from "Fold (geology)" to "Geological Fold" is a case of trying to fix something that was not broken to begin with. I agree with Mikenorton that "fold (geology)" is much more understandable than "Geological Fold" and should not have been made at all and the title should be returned to how it was before. Besides, this move should not have been made without first discussing it. Paul H. (talk) 17:11, 16 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Parenthetical disambiguators are Wikipedia-specific, so I think it's useful to replace them with plain English titles wherever possible. One reason is intelligibility for visually impaired readers; screen reader software would read Fold (geology) aloud as Fold geology, which is a nonsense title. Geological fold may not be the most common name for the topic, but I was able to find both it and geologic fold used in several quality sources:     Both terms seem common and clear enough that these sources didn't need to give any detailed explanation when using them. And geological fold is certainly unambiguous, so I think WP:NCDAB criteria are resonably met. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 00:37, 17 May 2019 (UTC)
 * The main reason for the earlier change seems to have been that fold, full stop, is more commonly used in specialized literature and by professional geologists. But Wikipedia is a general encyclopedia, so titles should be as intelligible as possible to a wide readership. And the phrase geological fold was already being used in the lead sentence. All the name change did was match the title to the existing text. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 00:54, 17 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Better convinced by MikeNorton's argument. Vote for revert to Fold (geology). DanHobley (talk) 15:29, 3 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Talk page discussions don't normally proceed by majority vote. Can you explain why you find MikeNorton's argument more convincing? —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 00:30, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
 * They do however, proceed by consensus, which in this case has clearly not been established. Mikenorton (talk) 07:41, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Two weeks of WP:SILENCE plus a single "me too" comment doesn't imply much of a lasting dispute. What do you think about my points concerning intelligibility for a general audience, screen-reader users, and the fact that geological fold was already in the lead sentence? One of the sources cited in the article even uses the term geological fold and geological folding. A fold in this context is clearly a geological structure, so even if geological fold is not much used in specialized academic writing (because it would be needlessly repetitive), it seems like a sensible enough descriptive title for this article. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 13:14, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
 * You need to read what WP:SILENCE actually says. To quote "A corollary is that if you disagree, the onus is on you to say so" - well three of us have said so, so that does not constitute silence. Note also that it says "As far as the difference between dissent and silence is concerned, if you voice dissent, failure to make your dissent heated and continuous does not constitute silence and therefore does not constitute consent". I reiterate you have not established a consensus for your name change. Mikenorton (talk) 10:17, 5 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Due to the clear consensus to move it back to "fold (geology)", I have done so. Mikenorton (talk) 10:32, 5 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Just to wade in 'after the event' I will add my support for the reversion to Fold (geology), which follows the convention I would expect to be used right across Wikipedia for topics like this. Nick Moyes (talk) 09:11, 6 June 2019 (UTC)
 * In response to "One reason is intelligibility for visually impaired readers; screen reader software would read Fold (geology) aloud as Fold geology", I think this problem would be better addressed at the Wikipedia Manual of Style talk pages because it affects all Wikipedia articles that currently use a parenthetical qualifier in their title. Another point is that "geological" is a spelling used mostly outside North America (where "geologic" is used very much more often). "Fold (geology)" avoids problems with varieties of English. GeoWriter (talk) 12:39, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

Recent edits
The recent changes to this article are fairly major and it would be good to know what the overall plan and rationale is for the changes. I've reverted one edit, which removed the illustration of an extensional rollover fold without any explanation. Mikenorton (talk) 00:16, 24 December 2019 (UTC)
 * The editors who made the recent changes (Alejandro_Guevara_Alday and Ekgeo (talk) left their intensions under the top subject on this page rather than starting a new section at the bottom, oops

Christierowe (talk) 15:42, 2 January 2020 (UTC)

Geography
List any two conditions essential for folding to take place 197.184.182.213 (talk) 09:20, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fold (geology)


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List of Australian Open women's singles champions

The Australian Open is an annual tennis tournament created in 1905 and played on outdoor hard courts at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia.

The women's singles was first contested in 1922 along with the women's and mixed doubles competition as the last three events to be added. The Australian Open is played during two weeks mid-January, and has been chronologically the first of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987. The event was not held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II, and 1986 because Tennis Australia wanted to move the tournament start from mid-December 1986 to mid-January 1987. Margaret Court holds the all-time record for singles titles at this tournament with 11; 7 in the Amateur Era and 4 in the Open Era. Serena Williams holds the Open Era record with 7 singles titles.

History
Perth, Brisbane, Adelaide, Sydney, and Melbourne, Australia have all held the event. The competition switched locations every year before it settled in 1972 at the Kooyong Stadium, moving to Flinders Park, now Melbourne Park, in 1988. Several calendar changes took place for the Australian Open, from January to December in 1972 to bypass the January-to-June International Lawn Tennis Federation (ITLF) ban of World Championship Tennis (WCT) players; from late to early December in 1977 to avoid the Christmas holidays, which resulted in having two Opens in the season; and back to January, when the planned December 1986 edition was moved to early 1987, leaving no Open for the 1986 season.

An all British and an all American final were contested in 1935 and 1979 respectively, but otherwise every other final contested until 1980 featured an Australian player.

The women's singles' rules have undergone several changes, since the first edition. This event has been contested in a knockout format, and all matches played at the best-of-three sets. Since 1922, all sets have been decided in the advantage format, with six games and two games difference. The lingering death best-of-twelve points tie-break was introduced in 1971, and used for the first two sets since then, except from 1980 to 1982, when the tie-break was also played in final sets.

The court surface changed once, from grass (1922–1987) to hard courts, since the move to Flinders Park in 1988. No tennis player has won this event on both grass and Rebound Ace; Serena Williams is the only player to win the tournament on two different surfaces, winning her first three titles on Rebound Ace and her last four on Plexicushion.

The champion receives a miniature replica of the Daphne Akhurst Memorial Cup, named after the five-time champion, which was first awarded to the champion in 1934. In 2010, the winner received prize money of A$2,100,000.

In the Australasian Championship, Margaret Molesworth (1922–1923) and Daphne Akhurst (1925–1926) co-hold the records for most wins and most consecutive wins.

In the Australian Championships, Margaret Court (1960–1966) holds the records for most titles with seven wins, and most consecutive titles with seven from (1960–1966).

In the Australian Open, Serena Williams (2003, 2005, 2007, 2009–2010, 2015, 2017) has the most victories, with seven. The record for most consecutive titles is three held by the following players: Margaret Court (1969–1971), Evonne Goolagong (1974–1976), Steffi Graf (1988–1990), Monica Seles (1991–1993), Martina Hingis (1997–1999).

Overall in the Championship's history, Margaret Court (1960–1973) holds the records for most titles with eleven wins, and most consecutive titles with seven from (1960–1966).

This event has been won in straight sets during the Open Era of tennis by the following players: Margaret Court in 1969, 1970 and 1973, Virginia Wade in 1972, Kerry Melville Reid in 1977 January, Evonne Goolagong in 1975, 1976 and 1977 December, Chris O'Neil in 1978, Barbara Jordan in 1979, Hana Mandlíková in 1980 and 1987, Martina Navratilova in 1983, Steffi Graf in 1988, 1989 and 1994, Monica Seles in 1992 and 1996, Mary Pierce in 1995, Martina Hingis in 1997, 1998 and 1999, Lindsay Davenport in 2000, Jennifer Capriati in 2001, Amélie Mauresmo in 2006, Maria Sharapova in 2008, Victoria Azarenka in 2012, Li Na in 2014 and Serena Williams in 2007, 2009, 2015 and 2017.


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Talk:Ēostre

Brilliance
Brilliant! --Yak 13:45, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Correction about American Gods
The series is a book adaptation, and Eostre is already in the original book. It should be edited to refer to the book first, otherwise it's a misleading information.Monteparnas (talk) 22:35, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Article is fake
This article as it currently is reads like neopagan propaganda, full of stuff with no actual connection to Eostre (who is known solely from Bede, writing in Latin, so the macrons are fake), based on "sounds like." It's been faked, essentially. Can someone purge all the crap please? The Matronae Austriahennae - a triad of mother goddesses - does not mention Eostre, and obviously one goddess is not three. It's right to report scholarly speculation. It's not right to present it as fact. Demonteddybear100 (talk) 21:21, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Cam you humor me and cite some specific passages you think shouldn't been in the article. Saying the article's been faked is pretty inane--there's multiple citations to reliable sources in most paragraphs. Remsense   00:46, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Written Old English didn't have macrons -- it had the "apex" (an acute accent looking mark) which could indicate long vowels, but was not too commonly used. However, if a form has [eu] in Proto-Germanic, then by standard linguistic reconstructions it generally had a long "eo" in Old English, which is often transcribed with a macron in modern editions, without being "fake" at all. AnonMoos (talk) 03:36, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Re: "Based on 'sounds like'." -- And here we have a fine example of why school systems should provide at least a brief introduction to historical linguistics. That along with a unit on source literacy would go a long way.
 * Anyway, this article is extensively sourced. It even contains overviews of some of the most recent (peer-reviewed) discussion available on the topic. The reality is that very few scholars today find reason to argue that Bede invented the goddess. Today discussion (where it occurs at all) instead focuses on questions like whether to take seriously Shaw's 'localized goddess' proposal. :bloodofox: (talk) 07:03, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ēostre


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Talk:Phetchabun Mountains

Ermmm Andy, I have "studied" an number of different maps that I have on Thailand and none mentions "Petchabun mountains" I saw Luang Prabang range a couple of times and another name (forgot, will get it later). Where did you get the naming from? Waerth 13:49, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I have most of the info in the article from the book Thailand by Wolf Donner (ISBN 3534027795), which is a geographical book on Thailand, so at least in German usage that name is the correct one. And if you do a google search you will also find some hits for this name. It is of course possible that in English use a different name is more common, but I haven't found any (and a lot of the google hits are in english). The only thing I am not sure about yet is whether the continuation to the east is named "Dongrek mountains" (or Dongrek escarpment) for all its length, or only the easternmost part. andy 15:04, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I am sorry if I sound to sarcastic (I have been in TH to long) but I wonder if the Thais themselves have figured out an official name for the ranges yet? ;) Waerth 15:46, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I've come across some references to the Dong Phaya Yen range around there. But to confuse things, the following also mentions the Phang Hoei range:

 * ''Chaiyaphum is 332 km from Bangkok. Northbound, Highway 201 links Chaiyaphun with Loei and ends at Chaiyaphum is a mountainous province with two main ranges: The Dong Phaya Yen Mountains in the east and the Khao Khieo Mountains in the north.

 * The province lies at the western edge of Isan or Northeast region, separated from Thailand's central region by the Phang Hoei Range

 * Britannica online says the Khorat Plateau is bounded by the Mekong River (north and east on the Laos border), the Phetchabun and Phang Hoei ranges (west), and the Phanom Dong Rak Range (south)

 * Markalexander100 00:32, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * A jees .... so what shall we call them? Maybe I'll make a trip to some bookstores and look in some atlasses. Waerth 14:09, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Googleing for "Phang Hoei" gives one interesting NASA satellite image, at which it says it's a mountain chain northeast of Lom Sak and includes the Phu Kradung National Park; as well as which lists several mountain chains of Chaiyaphum, with the two westernmost Phu Phang Hoei and connects with Phu Phraya Fo which is part of the Petchabun Mountain Range. This might indicate that only the mountains west of the Menam Pa Sok are named Phetchabun mountains, yet my book explicitely put both chains together: Mit zwei nord-südlich verlaufenden Ketten, in deren Mitte das Tal des Mae Nam Pa Sok verläuft, bildet das Gebirge.... I also found one map which shows the "Phang Hoei" range - that one also names the chain west of the Pa Sok river, beginning north of highway 225 till near the border to Laos. Then at least my photo is correct, as it shows the western part. However I planned to write the article to be about all of the mountains which separate the Khorat plateau from the central plain.
 * But if you can find a good atlas or geographic book on Thailand let me know - then I will put that one on my shopping list for my next visit. So far most of the book on my list are about history only, so it'd make a good change. andy 20:19, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Phetchabun/Dong Phaya Yen
It was not easy, but I have tried to resolve some of the contradictions and difficulties consulting many atlases and texts. The difficulty that remains is that Pa Hin Ngam National Park, although partly in Si Thep District of Phetchabun Province, should be well into the Dong Phaya Yen Mountain area, provided the latter range is being considered as a separate range. Otherwise the Dong Phaya Yen is reduced to almost nothing.Xufanc (talk) 11:16, 2 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Regarding the Dong Phaya Yen, the name of this range could be a poetic or legendary name for the transitional geographic area, for it is not mentioned in This list in Thai Wikipedia, were the main mountain ranges of Thailand (most still red links) are shown in the upper section.(Xufanc (talk) 06:48, 5 April 2013 (UTC))

title: Talk:Phetchabun Mountains


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SS Oceanic (1870)

SS Oceanic was the White Star Line's first liner and first member of the Oceanic-class; she was an important turning point in passenger liner design. Entering service in 1871 for Atlantic crossings, she was later chartered to Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company (O&O) in 1875. The ship provided passenger service for O&O in the Pacific until 1895 when she was sold for scrap.

Design and construction
Oceanic was built by Harland and Wolff in Belfast, and was launched on 27 August 1870, arriving in Liverpool for her maiden voyage on 26 February 1871. Powered by a combination of steam and sail, she had twelve boilers generating steam at 65 pounds-force per square inch (450 kPa) powering a single four cylinder compound steam engine, 2 x 78 in and 2 x 41 in, with a stroke of 60 in. A single funnel exhausted smoke. Four masts carried sail; square sails on the first three masts, and fore-and-aft sails on the mizzenmast, for a four-masted barque rig. The hull was constructed of iron and divided into eleven watertight compartments. A crew of 143 operated the vessel.

The Oceanic had a capacity of approximately 1,000 third-class and 166 first-class passengers, known at the time as 'steerage' and 'saloon' class. The White Star Line was among only a handful of trans-Atlantic passenger lines to segregate their third-class accommodations; single men were berthed in the bow while berthing for single women and families was in the stern. First-class cabins were positioned amidship, away from ocean movements and the vibration of the engines.

The contemporary press described her "more an imperial yacht than a passenger liner".. Innovative features included running water and electric bells to summon stewards in the first-class cabins. Portholes in the ship were much larger than on contemporary liners, providing more light. The saloon dining room was large enough to seat all first-class passengers at once.

Oceanic was built at a cost of £120,000 She was the first White Star ship to use a name ending with ic, beginning a naming tradition which would last for the rest of the company's existence. She was to be the first ship of the Oceanic-class; a series of six sister ships constructed in rapid succession: SS Atlantic (1870), SS Baltic (1871), SS Republic (1871), SS Adriatic (1871) and SS Celtic (1872). All were of the same approximate dimensions with differences in tonnage, with the exception of the Adriatic and the Celtic, the designs for which were later modified to slightly increase their sizes.

Service history
Oceanic left for her maiden voyage from Liverpool on 2 March 1871. This was the White Star Line's inaugural service on the North Atlantic run against established competitors, and it initially failed to generate much custom, as Oceanic carried only 64 passengers, whilst 300 sailed on the parallel departure of the Cunard Line's Calabria. Not long after departing, she had to return because of overheated bearings. Her voyage restarted on 16 March. When she reached New York, she was visited by 50,000 people. From that point onward, business picked up and Oceanic was a success for the White Star Line.

In January 1872, Oceanic underwent a refit, during which a large forecastle was added to help prevent the bow being inundated during high seas. Two new boilers were added to increase steam pressure and thus engine power, and the four masts were shortened.

Oceanic continued sailing with the White Star Line on the Liverpool to New York City route until 11 March 1875, when she became surplus to the company's needs on the North Atlantic when the larger Britannic entered service. Instead, Oceanic was chartered to the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company (O&O) for service on the Pacific Ocean between San Francisco, Yokohama and Hong Kong. The White Star Line provided the officers, while the crew was Chinese. The ship itself remained in White Star Line colours, but flew the O&O flag. During the repositioning voyage from Liverpool to Hong Kong, Oceanic set a speed record for that route. Later, she also set a speed record for Yokohama to San Francisco in December 1876, of 14 days, 15 hours, and then broke her own record over that route in November 1889, with a time of 13 days, 14 hours and 5 minutes.

During 1879-80 she returned to Liverpool for another major refit, which included new boilers.

On 22 August 1888, Oceanic collided with the coastal liner SS City of Chester just outside the Golden Gate; the latter ship sank, killing 16 on board.

On 7 January 1890, Nellie Bly boarded Oceanic in Yokohama to cross the Pacific as part of her voyage Around the World in Seventy-Two Days. She arrived in San Francisco on 21 January 1890, which was a day behind schedule as a result of rough weather.

In 1895, Oceanic was returned to the White Star Line, which planned to modernise the ship, and put her back into service. She was sent back to Harland and Wolff for new engines to be installed, but when the ship was inspected closely, it was found not to be cost-effective to carry out the work. Instead, she was sold for scrap for £8,000, and left Belfast for the last time on 10 February 1896, under tow, for a scrapyard on the River Thames.

title: SS Oceanic (1870)


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List of US Open women's singles champions

The US Open women's singles championship is an annual tennis event that has been held since 1887 as part of the US Open tournament. The tournament is played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows – Corona Park, New York City.

The US Open is played during a two-week period in late August and early September and has been chronologically the last of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis year since 1987. The Philadelphia Cricket Club (1887–1920) and Forest Hills (1921–1977) hosted the event before it settled in 1978 at its current site. The United States Tennis Association is the national body that organizes this event.

The champion receives a full-size replica of the event's trophy engraved with her name. In 2022, the winner received prize money of US$2,600,000.

History
The format of the women's singles event has undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1888 through 1918, the event started with a knockout phase, the All-Comers singles, whose winner faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All-Comers winner was awarded the title by default six times (1893, 1899, 1900, 1905, 1906 and 1907) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1919 edition. Since 1887, all matches have been played as the best-of-three sets, except in the eleven-year period from 1891 until 1901, when the challenge round was scored the best-of-five-sets. From 1894 until 1901 the women were required to play best-of-five sets in both the all-comers final and the challenge round.

Format
Since 1887, the winner of the next game at five-games–all took the set in every match except the All-Comers final and the challenge round, which was won by the player who had won at least six games and at least two games more than his opponent. This advantage format was introduced for the final sets of early rounds, for women starting in 1887, and used for all sets in final rounds from 1887 through 1969. The tie-break system was introduced in 1970 for all sets, in its best-of-nine points sudden death version until 1974, and in its best-of-12 points lingering death version since 1975. The US Open is the only Grand Slam tournament to have a third set tie-break, which has occurred twice in women's singles finals in 1981 and in 1985.

Surface
The court surface changed twice, from grass (1887–1974), to Har-Tru clay (1975–1977), to hard courts since 1978. No women's tennis player won the event on all three surfaces, and no women's tennis player won it on both grass and clay. Chris Evert was the only one to win the event on clay and on hard court, thereby making her the only woman to win on two different surfaces at the event.

Finals

 * Key

U.S. National Championships

Statistics
In the U.S. National Championships, under the challenge round format, Elisabeth Moore (1896, 1901, 1903, 1905) holds the record for most singles titles with four and Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (1909–1911) holds the record for most consecutive women's singles titles at three. With four consecutive singles titles each, Molla Bjurstedt Mallory (1915–1918) and Helen Jacobs (1932–1935) hold the record for most consecutive women's singles titles won after the challenge round format was abolished. Bjurstedt Mallory's eight singles titles (1915–1918, 1920–1922, 1926) is the all-time record.

During the US Open, since the inclusion of the professional tennis players, Chris Evert (1975–1978) holds the record for most consecutive women's singles titles at four and the record for most overall titles at six (1975–1978, 1980, 1982) with Serena Williams (1999, 2002, 2008, 2012–2014).

This event has been won without losing a set during the open era by Margaret Court in 1969, Billie Jean King in 1971 and 1972, Evert in 1976, 1977 and 1978, Martina Navratilova in 1983 and 1987, Monica Seles in 1992, Steffi Graf in 1996, Martina Hingis in 1997, Lindsay Davenport in 1998, Venus Williams in 2001, Serena Williams in 2002, 2008 and 2014, Justine Henin in 2007 and Emma Raducanu in 2021.


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Talk:Carantanians

[Untitled]
Dear 194.249.36.106, the "barbaric state" simply means a state other than Roman Empire or a new state established after the fall of the Empire, not "underdevelop", "cruel" etc.!

Regards
 * TomS 13:53, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Are caranthanians called themselves as 'caranthanians'? If called, how name 'slovenian' survived?

Slovenians could have called there self Caranthanians if they wanted and maybe it would even be more suitable.

"Alpine Slavs"?
This is a peyorative way to call old slovenians. I think it offensive and following old pangermanistics ideas. If not, let´s call bavarians as "pre alpine Germans". I prefer to call things by their name. About the authors mentioned by Jalen they are known for beings nostalgic of Yugoslavia, I mean panslavic ideology.--Marcos G. Tusar (talk) 11:13, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carantanians


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Fundamental plane

The fundamental plane may refer to:

 * Fundamental plane (spherical coordinates), which divides a spherical coordinate system
 * Fundamental plane (elliptical galaxies), which shows an empirical relationship among mean surface brightness, velocity dispersion and effective radius of an elliptical galaxy

title: Fundamental plane