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Christian Lorenz

Christian "Flake" Lorenz (born 16 November 1966) is a German musician. He is best known as the keyboardist in Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein, as well as the main composer of the band along with guitarist Richard Kruspe. He was also a member of the East German punk band Feeling B.

Feeling B
In 1983, at age 16, Lorenz began to play in the band Feeling B with Paul Landers and Aljoscha Rompe, a Swiss singer living in East Berlin. He stayed with the band for about ten years. Feeling B started out firmly grounded in the underground punk scene.

Lorenz lived in an apartment with Landers during their early years. When they were not playing gigs, they would sell jackets made from cut-up bed sheets and dusters on the black market. Two jackets a month meant as much money as an average salaried worker. "It was quite easy to make a living; not to work and stay out of trouble," said Landers, "You only got problems if you were caught."

The group disbanded in the mid-1990s. On special occasions, the band members would get together for concerts at punk festivals, until Rompe died in November 2000 of an asthma attack.

Rammstein
In 1994, Till Lindemann, Richard Kruspe, Oliver Riedel and Christoph Schneider entered and won the Berlin Senate Metro beat contest that allowed them to professionally record a four track demo. Paul Landers formally joined the band, followed by Lorenz. He was initially reluctant to join his five bandmates and had to be pestered into becoming a member of Rammstein, as he thought they would be too boring. Eventually, he agreed to join, and the group began work on their first album, Herzeleid (Heartache).

In early live performances of the song "Bück dich" ("Bend down" or "Bend over"), Lorenz and vocalist Till Lindemann engaged in simulated sodomy with a liquor-squirting dildo. On 23 September 1998, in Worcester, Massachusetts (USA) Lindemann and Lorenz were arrested and charged with lewd and lascivious behavior. A statement from Sergeant Thomas Radula of the Worcester Police Department stated that Lindemann was simulating sex with Lorenz onstage "using a phallic object that shot water over the crowd". They were held and released the following day on US$25 bail. After months of legal debate, they were fined US$100.

Until 2002, Lorenz would "surf" the audience in an inflatable rubber dinghy during the performance of "Seemann" ("Seaman"). Riedel took his place in 2002. According to Lorenz, the change occurred because he was injured too often. During a 2001 concert in St. Petersburg, Lorenz was tipped out of the boat by the crowd and almost completely undressed. Despite this, Lorenz returned to riding the dinghy for Rammstein's 2009 tour during the performance of "Haifisch" ("Shark"). During a concert in Gothenburg, Sweden on 30 July 2005, Till Lindemann suffered a knee injury when Lorenz accidentally ran into him with the Segway he rides during the performance of "Amerika" ("America"). This caused concerts scheduled in Asia to be cancelled.

In 2005, Lorenz suffered from mumps, causing concerts in South America to be cancelled.

In January 2012, Lorenz, along with Lindemann, was interviewed by heavy metal anthropologist Sam Dunn for the VH1 Classic series Metal Evolution, on the topic of shock rock.

Personal life
Lorenz has been divorced once and has five children. On 12 September 2008, Lorenz married artist Jenny Rosemeyer, who provided the whistling for Rammstein's song "Roter Sand". He has a brother who is four years older. Lorenz is an amateur painter and likes classic cars. He has a Mercedes and is involved in the vintage car hire business. In November 2011 Lorenz's house was set on fire. The police managed to identify and capture the arsonist, a 28-year-old male with a criminal record who crashed his car nearby while fleeing from the scene.

Nicknames
Lorenz commonly goes by the nicknames "Flake" (pronounced as "Flak-eh" in German) and "Doktor". "Doktor" came about because at one point he wanted to be a surgeon, but he was unable to study to become one because of his refusal to join the East German military. In a 16 December 2000 interview, he stated that "Flake" is his proper name.

Religion and politics
Lorenz has stated "I disapprove of religions which are made into rigid institutions. I also think that religious fanaticism and missionary work are dangerous."

Lorenz has criticized the United States which, in a 2001 interview, he called a "sick and decadent country with no culture". However, in the same interview, he stated: "I prefer playing in the USA [over Germany] because the attitude to music is more relaxed [in America]," and also opined that he favored the American city of Seattle when touring.

On 5 October 2005, Lorenz appeared briefly on Deutsche Welle. When asked how he felt about the reunification of Germany, he said he misses the way things were then. "Even if the GDR survived, I still would've stayed a musician. The increased size of the world also brought the danger of being compared to all of the international acts. The bands which were in the east were the only ones there, and if you were successful there, you were successful. I miss the simplicity. You went into a bar, ordered a beer, and you got a beer!... They didn't ask if you wanted... with a head or without a head, foam top or bottom... It really gets on my nerves having all of these choices I really don't want". In 2014, in an essay titled "I'm missing the GDR" Flake Lorenz stated "I miss the GDR even today. More so than the bands from that time."

In a 2014 interview with Rolling Stone, Lindemann stated that "Flake is still a citizen of the GDR, and he will die a citizen of the GDR". In a 2019 interview with Metal Hammer, he recalled life in East Germany as "free of trouble and pressure, we all had enough money to live".

title: Christian Lorenz


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RAF Lakenheath

Royal Air Force Lakenheath or RAF Lakenheath is a Royal Air Force station near the village of Lakenheath in Suffolk, England, UK, 4.7 mi north-east of Mildenhall and 8.3 mi west of Thetford. The installation's perimeter borders Brandon.

Despite being an RAF station, Lakenheath currently only hosts United States Air Force (USAF) units and military personnel. The host wing is the 48th Fighter Wing (48 FW), also known as the Liberty Wing, assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA). The wing operates the F-15E Strike Eagle and the F-35A Lightning II.

First World War
The first use of Lakenheath Warren as a Royal Flying Corps airfield was during the First World War, when the area was made into a bombing and ground-attack range for aircraft flying from RFC Feltwell and RFC Thetford.

Second World War
In 1940, the Air Ministry selected Lakenheath as an alternative for nearby RAF Mildenhall and used it as a decoy airfield. Surfaced runways were constructed in 1941, with the main runway being 3,000 ft, and the two subsidiary runways at 2,000 ft.

In late 1941, Lakenheath was used by RAF flying units on detachment. The station soon functioned as a Mildenhall satellite base with Short Stirling bombers of No. 149 Squadron dispersed from the parent airfield as conditions allowed. The squadron exchanged its Vickers Wellingtons for Stirlings late in November 1941. After becoming fully operational with its new aircraft, the squadron moved into Lakenheath on 6 April 1942 and remained until mid 1944 when the squadron moved to RAF Methwold in Norfolk.

One Stirling pilot, Flight Sergeant Rawdon Middleton, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for valour on the night of 28–29 November 1942, when despite serious face wounds and loss of blood from shell-fire during a raid on the Fiat works at Turin in Italy, he brought the damaged aircraft back towards southern England. With fuel nearly exhausted his crew were ordered to bail out.

On 21 June 1943, No. 199 Squadron was established as a second Stirling squadron. It conducted mine laying operations at sea before moving to RAF North Creake in Norfolk on 1 May 1944. No. 149 Squadron ended its association with RAF Lakenheath the same month, taking its Stirlings to RAF Methwold. The reason for the departure of the two bomber squadrons was Lakenheath's selection for upgrading to a Very Heavy Bomber airfield, which left the airfield closed to aircraft until 1948.

Strategic Air Command
Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union in Europe began as early as 1946. In November, President Harry S. Truman ordered Strategic Air Command (SAC) B-29 Superfortress bombers to Europe. Truman decided to realign United States Air Force Europe (USAFE) into a permanent combat-capable force. In July 1948, B-29s of the SAC 2nd Bombardment Group were deployed to Lakenheath. The first USAFE host unit at Lakenheath was the 7504th Base Completion Squadron, being activated in 1949.

The 3909th moved to RAF Greenham Common in Berkshire during 1954. It was replaced by the 3910th Air Base Group in 1955. On 30 April 1956, two Lockheed U-2s were airlifted to Lakenheath to form CIA Detachment A. The first flight of the U-2 was on 21 May. The Central Intelligence Agency unit did not remain long, moving to Wiesbaden Air Base, West Germany in June 1956.

On 10 October 1956, a United States Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmaster disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean after departure from RAF Lakenheath for a flight to Lajes Field in the Azores. The aircraft was on a Military Air Transport Service flight carrying 50 members of the 307th Bombardment Wing, on their way home to the United States after a temporary duty assignment and a U.S. Navy crew of nine. All 59 personnel on board were lost.

48th Tactical Fighter Wing

Following French president Charles de Gaulle's insistence in 1959 that all non-French nuclear-capable forces should be withdrawn from his country, the USAF began a redeployment of its North American F-100-equipped units from France. The 48th Fighter Wing left its base at Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, France on 15 January 1960, its aircraft arriving at Lakenheath that afternoon.

The tactical components of the 48th TFW upon arrival at Lakenheath were:

 * 492d Tactical Fighter Squadron (LR, blue colours)
 * 493d Tactical Fighter Squadron (LS, yellow colours)
 * 494th Tactical Fighter Squadron (LT, red colours)

The period between 1972 and 1977 can be described as a five-year aircraft conversion. Beginning in late 1971, the 48th TFW started its conversion to the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II. The conversion to the F-4D took several years, with initial operational capability being achieved on 1 July 1975. The F-4's service with the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing was short, as operation "Ready Switch" resulted in 48th Tactical Fighter Wing receiving General Dynamics F-111s Mountain Home AFB, Idaho in October 1976.

African-American Servicemembers during the Cold War
After the US desegregated the military in 1948, a little community of mixed-race children, whose mothers were British and whose fathers were black American servicemembers based at Lakenheath, formed in Norwich.

Vanessa Baird, whose father was a black GI based in Lakenheath airfield and whose mother was a Liverpudlian, was born in April 1958. Her father did not know about the birth. Her mother's family was very disapproving after they found out. So Vanessa and her mother went to Norwich. There, according to Baird, some of the women married black GIs and went to the US with them.

Elaine Brown had a similar experience to Vanessa. Her mother met black GI Harold Grigsby when he was based at Lakenheath in the early 1950s. Her father was sent back to the US before Elaine was born in 1953. Elaine's mother told her her father's name and that he was from Washington DC. In 1996 with her husband Elaine finally found her father and met her American family.

Strike Eagle, 1992–2014
Lakenheath received its first McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagles in 1992. On 16 December 1992, the last F-111 departed the base. Along with its departure, the 493d FS was inactivated, but then reactivated as an F-15 Eagle squadron.

On 2 March 2011, members of the 48th Security Forces Squadron were involved in a shooting at Frankfurt Airport in Germany. The members were on a bus bound for Ramstein Air Base in Germany when they were attacked by a lone gunman.

On 22 March 2011, F-15E 91-0304 crash-landed and was destroyed in eastern Libya after reportedly suffering from a mechanical failure. Both crewmen ejected and were safely recovered. On 7 January 2014, a Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk from the base crashed following a bird strike while on a low-level training exercise with another helicopter (also a Pave Hawk), into the Cley Marshes near Cley next the Sea on the nearby North Norfolk coast. All four occupants died in the crash.

On 8 October 2014, F-15D 86-0182 belonging to the 493rd Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in a field outside Spalding, Lincolnshire. The pilot successfully ejected and was shortly recovered back to Lakenheath on board a Pave Hawk.

A U.S. Marine Corps Boeing F/A-18 Hornet of VMFA-232 "Red Devils" from MCAS Miramar, California, crashed after taking off from RAF Lakenheath on 21 October 2015. The pilot, Major Taj "Cabbie" Sareen (34), did not survive.

In addition to supporting three combat-ready squadrons of fighter aircraft, the Liberty Wing housed the 56th Rescue Squadron's HH-60G combat search and rescue helicopters. The 56th Rescue Squadron re-located to Aviano Air Base in 2018.

On 15 June 2020, an F-15C belonging to the 493d Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in the North Sea, 74 nautical miles east of Scarborough at about 54.35°N, 1.66667°W. The body of pilot 1st Lt. Kenneth Allen was found deceased.

F-35A Lightning II
In January 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that from 2020, Lakenheath would become home to 54 of the US Air Force's Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II multi-role fighters. The aircraft would be split between two squadrons and there would be an increase of 1,200 military personnel and between 60 and 100 civilian workers at the station. The F-35 would operate alongside the two existing F-15E squadrons based at Lakenheath.

The 495th Fighter Squadron was reactivated on 1 October 2021 to be the first Lightning II squadron at Lakenheath, with the first aircraft arriving on 15 December 2021.

F-35 Infrastructure
In 2017, a F-35 campus was being constructed on the south side of the airfield to accommodate the new aircraft. As of 2018, the main new operational buildings being developed as part of the F-35 project were as follows: a two six-bay maintenance hangars – Space for service, maintenance, storage, and staff support facilities (to be known as Hangars 4-1 and 4–2), hangar 6 (Consolidated Parts Store) – Single-storey extension to the southern side of Hangar 6, including offices and warehouses and the storage of aircraft equipment and parts., a dual squadron operations/aircraft maintenance unit (a three-storey building to provide combined facilities for two squadrons comprising Squadron Operations and Aircraft Maintenance Unit (AMU) facilities, including mission planning, administration space in the operations section and offices to manage the maintenance of aircraft and storage space), a corrosion control and wash rack facility – Comprising single-storey hangar to maintain aircraft including a paint and sanding booth and wash rack, a Flight simulator facility ( a single-storey building to accommodate six F-35A flight simulators, administration, records, classrooms, brief/debrief rooms, and storage space, a field training detachment facility (a three-storey building to provide F-35A maintenance, including classrooms and administration rooms),  aircraft ground equipment facilities (a single storey building extension and new covered storage associated with an existing building used for maintenance), a fuel system maintenance dock (a single storey hangar with fuel system maintenance dock), a munitions maintenance facility (a single storey building extension and new covered storage to an existing building for the maintenance of munitions), residential accommodation (a three or four-storey dormitory for up to 144 beds), a dining facility, a munitions storage administration maintenance building, a hospital up to four storeys to provide inpatient services, outpatient and speciality care clinics, ancillary services, support and medical administrative functions and a high school to house about 560 students.

The airfield operational surfaces were also being expanded as follows: Charlie Apron, used by F-15s was to be redeveloped and extended to allow the parking of up to forty-two F-35A aircraft in dual-occupancy shelters constructed from a light weight, canopy structure with open sides to a total area of Charlie Apron of about 78,392 square metres, combining the retained area of 58,780 square metres with the new area of 19,612 square metres. It was to be connected to maintenance hangars 4-1 and 4-2 and the squadron operations/AMU building. Alpha-Bravo Apron was to be extended to accommodate existing F-15 aircraft using Charlie Apron to an area of about 54,179 square metres, combining the retained area of 39,750 square metres with the new area of 14,429 square metres, to accommodate up to thirty-eight F-15 aircraft on the open apron which would not feature any shelters.

Infrastructure delivery
Investment of $148.4 million (£116.7M) for the delivery of F-35A infrastructure at Lakenheath was authorised by the US administration in August 2018.

In November 2018, the Defence Infrastructure Organisation awarded a £160M contract for infrastructure work to a joint venture between Kier Group and VolkerFitzpatrick.

To make way for the F-35 Campus, demolition of the first of eighteen buildings began in March 2019. The work on Alpha-Bravo Apron was completed in August 2020, allowing F-15E Strike Eagle operations of the 492nd and 494th Fighter Squadrons to be consolidated on one ramp.

Accidents involving nuclear weapons
Two accidents involving nuclear weapons happened at RAF Lakenheath, in 1956 and 1961.

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at RAF Lakenheath.

United States Air Force
United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA)

 * 48th Fighter Wing
 * 48th Operations Group
 * 48th Operations Support Squadron
 * 492nd Fighter Squadron – F-15E Strike Eagle
 * 493rd Fighter Squadron – F-35A Lightning II
 * 494th Fighter Squadron – F-15E Strike Eagle
 * 495th Fighter Squadron – F-35A Lightning II
 * 48th Maintenance Group
 * 48th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 * 48th Component Maintenance Squadron
 * 48th Equipment Maintenance Squadron
 * 48th Maintenance Operations Squadron
 * 48th Munitions Squadron
 * 748th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 * 48th Medical Group
 * 48th Dental Squadron
 * 48th Inpatient Operations Squadron
 * 48th Medical Operations Squadron
 * 48th Medical Support Squadron
 * 48th Surgical Operations Squadron
 * 48th Mission Support Group
 * 48th Civil Engineer Squadron
 * 48th Communications Squadron
 * 48th Contracting Squadron
 * 48th Force Support Squadron
 * 48th Logistics Readiness Squadron
 * 48th Security Forces Squadron
 * 48th Fighter Wing Staff Agencies
 * Judge Advocate Office
 * Public Affairs
 * 48th Comptroller Squadron
 * Safety - Occupational/Weapons/Aviation
 * Equal Opportunities
 * Sexual Assault Prevention
 * Protocol
 * Inspector General

The base also has 1,500 British and US civilian staff, that serve the base at the site.

Nuclear Weapons
Although never officially confirmed, US nuclear weapons were based at Lakenheath from the first deployment of SAC aircraft to the base in the 1950s until the 1990s. As of 2024, no US nuclear weapons are known to be based in the UK. In February 2024, US documents detailing the awarding of contracts to build new storage facilities for nuclear cores stimulated public discussion in East Anglia that nuclear weapons may be redeployed to Lakenheath in the near future.

Gate guardian
RAF Lakenheath's gate guardian is North American F-100D Super Sabre, serial number '54-2269'. The aircraft was originally delivered to the French Air Force. On return it was moved to the "Wings of Liberty Memorial Park" at RAF Lakenheath. Firstly it was painted as  '55-4048' , latterly as  '56-3319' .

Protests
Since the base's founding, RAF Lakenheath has been targeted for numerous peace protests from groups such as Stop the war coalition and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

Pershing
Lakenheath was one of the proposed sites of the NATO Pershing II Missile System. The deployment of the Missile system sparked protests all over Western Europe, and RAF Lakenheath was one of the most prominent military sites. The radical historian E.P. Thompson wrote in a pamphlet that basing the system at RAF Lakenheath directly endangered the lives of those in the nearby city of Cambridge:"'...Lakenheath is, by crow or cruise, just over twenty miles from Cambridge. It is possible that Cambridge but less probable that Oxford will fall outside the CEP. Within the CEP we must suppose some fifteen or twenty detonations at least on the scale of Hiroshima, without taking into account any possible detonations, release of radio-active materials, etc., if the strike should succeed in finding out the cruise missiles at which it was aimed.'"A semi-permanent 'peace camp' was set up outside RAF Lakenheath. In 1985, the future Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams was arrested for singing psalms at a CND protest at Lakenheath.

Libya
Over 1,000 people demonstrated outside RAF Lakenheath in protest at the 1986 United States bombing of Libya.

Iraq war and later
The 2003 invasion of Iraq sparked a new wave of peace protests. In one incident, 9 protestors gained access to the base by cutting through its perimeter fence. The protestors rode bicycles along the main runway, before chaining themselves together.

Activists later established a 'peace camp' outside RAF Lakenheath to draw attention to the base.

In 2006, a group of 200 people protested against the alleged nuclear weapons stored at RAF Lakenheath. Addressing the crowd was Jeremy Corbyn, who cycled to RAF Lakenheath from the railway station in Ely. There were further protests on this issue in 2008.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: RAF Lakenheath


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Sandanski

Sandanski (Сандански ; Σαντάνσκι, formerly known as Sveti Vrach, Свети Врач, until 1947) is a town and a recreation center in southwestern Bulgaria, part of Blagoevgrad Province. Named after the Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary Yane Sandanski, it is situated in Sandanski–Petrich Valley at the foot of Pirin Mountains, along the banks of Sandanska Bistritsa River. Sandanski is about 20 km away from the Bulgaria-Greece border and 100 km away from the Aegean Sea.

The town has a convenient location, a mild to warm climate (with the highest average annual temperature in the country, +16°C) and relatively high concentration of thermal water springs, which all make it a popular destination for relaxation and recreation.

Geography
Sandanski is located in the Sandanski–Petrich Valley, surrounded by the Pirin, Belasitsa and Ograzhden mountain ranges. The town is about 160 km south from Bulgaria's capital Sofia along the major European Route E79. Following the same route at almost the same distance is Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city.

Sandanski has developed in an amphitheatrical fashion on the outer south-west flanks of Pirin Mountains along the lower reaches of Sandanska Bistritsa River. The town's altitude varies between 240 and 300 meters. Its geographical location between Kresna and Rupel Gorges determines town's mild winter temperatures. Statistically Sandanski has the warmest temperatures in Bulgaria with a total of around 2700 annual sunshine hours.

Within a short drive from Sandanski is Melnik, the smallest town in Bulgaria in terms of population, but an attractive tourist destination for its authentic architecture and wine production. In a close proximity are the village of Rozhen and Rozhen Monastery. The Ancient Roman city of Parthicopolis was located nearby.

Climate
Sandanski has a temperate climate (Köppen Climate Classification: Cfa). Summers are very hot and dry with occasional thunderstorms and during heat waves the temperature may exceed 40 °C reaching to 45 °C, the highest recorded temperature in the city. Winters are damp and relatively mild, lasting for about three months from December through February. Springs and falls are generally about two months each. The summer is the longest season in Sandanski, lasting 4 months – from early June to late September. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year except for July and August when droughts often occur.

Climate table:

Municipality
Sandanski is the seat of Sandanski Municipality, which includes the following 54 places:

Honour
Sandanski Point on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the town of Sandanski.

title: Sandanski


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Road cycling

Road cycling is the most widespread form of cycling in which cyclists ride on paved roadways. It includes recreational, racing, commuting, and utility cycling. As users of the road, road cyclists are generally expected to obey the same laws as motorists, however there are certain exceptions. While there are many types of bicycles that are used on the roads such as BMX, recumbents, racing, touring and utility bicycles, dedicated road bicycles have specific characteristics that make them ideal for the sport. Road bicycles have thinner tires, lighter frames with no suspension, and a set of drop handle bars to allow riders to get in a more aerodynamic position while cycling at higher speeds. On a flat road, an intermediate cyclist can average about 18 to 20 mph, while a professional rider can average up to 25 mph. At higher speeds, wind resistance becomes an important factor; aerodynamic road bikes have been developed over the years to ensure that as much as possible of the rider's energy is spent propelling the bike forward.

History
In 1817, Karl von Drais created the first bicycle which used heavy steel and wood, but since then, the road bicycle industry has adopted aluminum, carbon fiber, and titanium as the main materials for production. The first steel bicycles weighed as much as 80 pounds, whereas the lightest carbon fiber road bikes now can weigh as little as thirteen pounds.

On May 31, 1868, cycling officially became a sport with the first race occurring at Saint-Cloud Park in France. While this first race was not considered a road race, road cycling races began to pop up throughout Europe in the 1870s. Road cycling as a form of recreational activity as well as a way to commute began to gain traction shortly after these first road races. Since its origins, millions of people have adopted road cycling for either recreation or commuting.

In 2020, it was estimated that about 44.5 million people worldwide participate in road cycling, which is an increase of about five million people since 2019. Demand for road bicycles as well as other types of bicycles continued to increase throughout 2021.

Riding safety
Sharing the roadways with other motorists is an unavoidable aspect of road cycling, so road cyclists are generally expected to follow the same laws as their motorist counterparts. That being said, road cyclists also have the same fundamental rights as motorists. In the U.S., laws for cyclists vary by state, so it is important to keep up to date on your state's road cycling laws. You can find a breakdown of all cycling laws by state here.

Helmets
While laws on wearing helmets vary by jurisdiction in the United States, Australia and New Zealand, helmets significantly reduce the risk of serious injury and death in the event of an accident.

Crash prevention
In 2019, 846 cyclists were killed in road related accidents in the United States. Most fatal bike crashes were caused between 6 P.M. and 9 P.M. and about 78% of fatal crashes in 2019 were in urban areas.

Some tips for crash prevention are:

 * Check to make sure that your brakes work.
 * Wear reflective gear as much as possible.
 * If you have shoe laces, make sure they are tied so they do not get caught in the drivetrain.
 * Plan your route with caution.
 * Use bike lanes as much as possible.
 * Invest in a rear tail light.

Road cycling industry
Some of the major companies within the road cycling industry are:

 * Accell Group
 * Atlas Cycles (Haryana) Ltd.
 * Avon Cycles Ltd.
 * Cervelo
 * Dorel Sports
 * Giant Bicycles
 * Merida Industry Co., Ltd
 * Pinarello
 * Shimano
 * SRAM
 * Specialized Bicycle Components, Inc.
 * Scott Sports SA
 * Trek Bicycle Corporation

title: Road cycling


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Petrich

Petrich (Петрич ) is a town in Blagoevgrad Province in southwestern Bulgaria, located in Sandanski–Petrich Valley at the foot of the Belasica Mountains in the Strumeshnitsa Valley. According to the 2021 census, the town has 26,778 inhabitants.

It is the seat of Petrich Municipality.

Petrich is located close to the borders with Greece and North Macedonia. The crossing into North Macedonia is known as Novo Selo-Petrich, as the first settlement across the border is Novo Selo.

Petrich Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Petrich.

History
Petrich was included in the territory of the Bulgarian State during the reign of Knyaz Boris I (r. 852–889). During the Middle Ages it was a Bulgarian fortress of importance during Tsar Samuil's wars (r. 997–1014) with Byzantium. During Ottoman rule, it formed part of the Rumeli Eyalet, and in the 19th century became a kaza of the Sanjak of Serres in the Salonica Vilayet. From 19 January 1892, Petrich and its district were included in the Bulgarian Exarchate, before being included in Bulgaria following the Balkan Wars in 1912–13.

In October 1925 it was the site of a brief conflict between Greece and Bulgaria sometimes called the War of the Stray Dog.

Antiquity
Petrich is one of the old towns in the valley of the middle Struma. According to local historians, the present-day town of Petrich is the heir to the ancient Thracian settlement located at the southern foot of the Kozhuh hill. In this area, located 10 km northeast of the modern city, in the 4th century BC, a Thracian settlement of the Medi tribe emerged. In the 1st century BC. the Romans conquered the lands of the Medes and then the small settlement near Kozhuh became a well-fortified Roman city - a fortress that protected the middle reaches of the Struma and Rupel gorge. According to the interpretation of the Roman historian Titus Livy, it is assumed that this city was called Petra. Archaeological excavations show that it existed until the 6th century, when it was burned by the Slavs. It is assumed that the remaining living inhabitants left the burned town and settled at the foot of the nearby mountain Belasitsa, which marked the beginning of today's town of Petrich, adding to the old name the Slavic ending "-ich".

Recent archaeological research and the location of the ancient city of Heraclea Sintica in the Kozhuh area prove that there is no continuity between this city, located in the lands of the Thracian Sinti tribe, and modern Petrich, but a hiatus of several centuries. The earliest settlements on the site of the city appear only in the X - XI century. Petrich was formed as a significant settlement and regional center only at the end of the XII - XIV century.

The Middle Ages
The Petrich region was annexed to the Bulgarian state in 837 as a result of the war of the Bulgarian Khan Presian against Byzantium. At the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 11th century, the lands around Petrich occupied an important military-strategic place in Samuel's state. In 1014, not far from today's town, in the so-called Kleidion gorge, a decisive battle took place between the Bulgarian troops led by Tsar Samuel and the troops of the Byzantine Emperor Basil II. The remains of Samuel's fortress still remind of the blinding of the captured 14,000 Bulgarian soldiers. For this act the Byzantine emperor Basil II received the nickname Bulgarian Assassin.

During the period XII - XIV century Petrich became a strong fortress - part of the fortification system in southwestern Bulgaria. This is evidenced by the remains of the medieval fortress Gyaur Kalesi, around which the city originally arose. At least in the XIII - XIV century the city consists of two parts - a fortress, i.e. fortified city core and unfortified outer city, but with entrance-exit arteries guarded by towers.

Petrich was first mentioned in written sources in the deeds of the Serbian magnates Jovan Dragaš and Konstantin Dragaš, who in 1376 - 1377 donated local properties to the Russian monastery "St. Pantaleimon" in Mount Athos. The town fell under Ottoman rule after 1395, when together with its surroundings it was included in the Kyustendil Sanjak as a center of independent Nahiyah.

In the Ottoman Empire
During the years of Ottoman rule, Petrich acquired a Muslim appearance. The Bulgarians fled to the opposite Ograzhden mountain to stay away from the arbitrariness of the Turks. The Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi visited Petrich in 1652 and reported that the palanquin had 240 not very well-developed houses with gardens. There are all two neighborhoods with a mosque, a chapel, two inns and only one bathroom. The center is a kaaza with 80 villages. There are 50 shops, which suggests the level of crafts and trade.

Revival struggles
During the Bulgarian National Revival, Petrich rose to a new life. It fueled a stubborn struggle against Greekism to impose the Bulgarian language in schools and the church. In 1855 a Bulgarian monk from Hilendar was appointed a teacher in the town, who, seeing that no one in Petrich spoke Greek, began teaching in Bulgarian, but was soon dismissed. After 1856 Pancho Popmihov opened a private school, where he taught Greek and Bulgarian. In 1857, with the labor and funds of the entire Christian population of the city, the Church of the Assumption was built. A service in Greek was introduced in the temple, and a Greek school was opened in its yard. It is housed in the house of Ivan Popmanolev, donated by his wife to the Church of the Assumption.

Climate
Petrich has a mediterranean climate (Köppen Climate Classification Csa) with an average annual temperature of 15.6 °C (60 °F). The town experiences some continental influence, especially in winter, which is cool, but warm for Bulgarian standards.

Petrich is the sunniest city in Bulgaria slightly ahead of Sandanski with yearly sunshine hours exceeding 2,700 on average.

Summer is hot and sunny and it is the longest season in Petrich, lasting from May through September, even as late as October. The average summer temperature is around 25 °C. In July, the sunniest month, Petrich receives 373 hours of sunshine, making it one of the sunniest places in Continental Europe. Winter season, around two months, starts in late December and lasts until early February. Average winter temperature is one of the highest in the country with average around 5 °C. In December, the darkest month, there are 103 hours of sunshine, on average.

Climate table:

Economy
The town is an agricultural centre for fruit, vegetables and tobacco. It has three factories, making water level detectors, details for cranes and a furniture factory.

Broadcasting station
There is a 500 kW mediumwave broadcasting station working on 747 kHz. It uses as antenna a 205-metre-tall guyed mast insulated with an additional cage antenna. This mast was built in 1977.

International relations

 * Twin towns - Sister cities

 * 🇬🇷 Serres, Greece

title: Petrich


text:
Lakenheath

Lakenheath is a village and civil parish in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England. It has a population of 4,691 according to the 2011 Census, and is situated close to the county boundaries of both Norfolk and Cambridgeshire, and at the meeting point of The Fens and the Breckland natural environments.

Lakenheath is host to the largest United States Air Force base in the United Kingdom, RAF Lakenheath.

Lakenheath Fen Nature Reserve, created in 1996, restored wetlands from agricultural fields that were growing carrots. In May 2007, it was reported that cranes were nesting in the site for the first time since the fen lands were drained in the 16th century.

The village has a single Victorian primary school, constructed in 1878, which was extended in 1969, again in 2004 and most recently in 2010/2011. There is a small shopping street on which a variety of multi-cultural shops, restaurants, and services are available. Horse-riding services are also present. The village has a modern library with various amenities. Along this main road there is a small hotel, skate park, and a children's play park.

Lakenheath has two pubs though historically it had at least sixteen more. The Plough Inn (also known as the Wok n Rock) is a spacious flint-faced 19th-century bar, Far Eastern restaurant and takeaway. It reopened at the end of 2013 after being closed for two years. The other pub is the Brewer's Tap. The Royal British Legion was a members-only club, but closed in April 2012.

Lakenheath is remarkable for its medieval church, built about 900 years ago in wood, eventually being rebuilt in the local flint construction style. The church on the exterior has an embattled parapet that has an array of gargoyles and other carved faces at the string course at the base. The interior includes medieval paintings and carvings on the pews. The faces of the church's wooden angels bear the scars of the English Civil War, as none of the angels retained their original facial detail, due to religiously motivated vandalism by puritan soldiers. In early 2009, the church received a large grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund and local organisations to restore its rare medieval wall paintings. The wall paintings, depicting local saint St Edmund, angels, and birds amongst other subjects, are believed to date from the 13th century.

As well as the Anglican parish church, Lakenheath has churches representing the Methodist, Strict Baptist and Pentecostal (AOG) denominations. All three of the non-Anglican church buildings are also primarily constructed of local flint, albeit with later modifications in brick.

The recently built pavilion now houses the local cricket club and hosts various events.

Lakenheath also boasts a football club playing at ‘The PIt’ stadium in the village. The club, in 2021 won promotion to the Thurlow Nunn League Premier Division, the highest they have ever been and, won the Suffolk Senior Cup for the second time in their history.

Transportation
Lakenheath railway station, 3 mi north of the village, sees very little passenger service.

There are regular bus services to the neighbouring towns of Brandon, Mildenhall and Thetford plus buses to Bury St. Edmunds operated on school/college days which are available to the general public.

RAF Lakenheath
Lakenheath is host to the largest deployment of United States Air Force personnel in the United Kingdom: RAF Lakenheath. The social impact of the United States Air Force fighter airbase and its nearby sister, RAF Mildenhall, on the economy of Lakenheath and on the nearby towns and villages is important. The United States has maintained a presence in the community since bombers were stationed there during WWII conducting raids on Europe. The base has a population of around 6000 service personnel.

Prehistory and archaeology
During the Ice Age, the River Bytham flowed through the area that is now Lakenheath, depositing much of the modern geology found in the area.

Excavation of three early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries at RAF Lakenheath between 1997 and 2002 uncovered a total of 394 inhumation and 17 cremation burials, including one 6th-century grave with a horse burial: a man was buried next to a fully armoured horse.

History
During the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, Sir John Cavendish, the Chief Justice of the King's Bench and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge was pursued by rebels and caught and killed in Lakenheath.

The village was struck by an F0/T1 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day.

Climate
Lakenheath has an oceanic climate similar to the rest of the region of East of England. It is therefore warmer and drier than the average climate of the British Isles due to its relative distance to the low-pressure dominated coastal weather systems of the Atlantic.

title: Lakenheath


text:
Razlog

Razlog (Разлог ) is a town and ski resort in Razlog Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province in southwestern Bulgaria. It is situated in the Razlog Valley and was first mentioned during the reign of Byzantine emperor Basil II.

The municipality
The municipality of Razlog comprises the villages of Banya, Gorno Draglishte, Dolno Draglishte, Dobarsko, Bachevo, Godlevo, and Eleshnitsa with a total population of 20,410 inhabitants. Each has its own charm.

The fairy-tale village of Dobarsko, hidden in the outskirts of Rila, maintains the legends of the Dobarsko Singing School. One can see here the church "Saints Theodor Tiron and Theodor Stratilat" (1614) — a National Monument of Culture with high architectural and artistic culture. The murals depicting Jesus Christ in what observers claim to be a jet rocket astonishes foreigners as well as Bulgarians. The icons in the Tzar (King) Row of church "Sretenie Gospodne" (1860) were painted by Simeon D. Molerov, a representative of the Bansko Painting School.

History
During his 1894–1896 trip in the region of Macedonia, Bulgarian geographer Vasil Kanchov visited Razlog (then known as Мехомия, Mehomiya) and reported that it numbered 820 households, of which 500 of Eastern Orthodox Bulgarians, 300 of Muslim Bulgarians (Pomaks), 16 of Protestant Bulgarians and 5 of Eastern Orthodox Aromanians, for a total population of around 4,620. According to the same author's 1900 study on the population of Macedonia, Razlog was populated by 4,970 people, of which 3,200 Christian Bulgarians, 1,460 Muslim Bulgarians, 80 Turks, 200 Romani and 30 Aromanians.

The town's population actively participated in the Kresna-Razlog and Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, Razlog, which was part of the Sanjak of Siroz in the Salonika Vilayet as "Razlık", itself being liberated from Ottoman rule in 1912.

In 1925, the town was renamed from Mehomia to Razlog.

The municipality of Razlog and the whole Razlog valley possess rich inheritance of cultural monuments from different ages and civilizations. There are seven cultural monuments in the territory of Razlog. These are the Christian temples: Saint Georgi Pobedonoset (built in 1834 in Razlog); Saint Gerogii (built in 1834 in Banya village); Uspenie Bogorodichno (built in 1835 in Dolno Draglishte village) — the iconostasis in this temple was made by one of the most prominent representatives of the wood-carving school in Tryavna: Dosyu Koyuv; Saint Bogoroditsa in Dolno Draglishte village, specialists suppose that the temple was built before the 16th century; Sretenie Gospodne (built in 1860 in Dobarsko village); and Saint Theodor Тiron and Theodor Stratilat (built in 1614 in Dobarsko village). This temple has unique mural paintings; it is a cultural monument under the protection of UNESCO.

There are 70 houses in the municipality, which are archeological monuments. They are mainly from the age of the Revival — the so-called "Razlog-Chepino" houses.

The historic museum in Razlog presents a collection of pottery from the 19-20th century, local traditional hand-made textiles and bell-mouldings.

During the Second Balkan War (1913), the area around the town was a major battlefield between the Greek and Bulgarian armies. The town was captured by the Greek forces on 9 July (O.S.), recaptured by the Bulgarians on 16 July, and again to the Greeks on 18 July. After the following peace treaty Razlog was ceded to Bulgaria.

Razlog developed as a centre of winter tourism in the 1990s and 2000s owing to its favourable position in the vicinity of the Pirin, Rila and Rhodope mountains.

Culture
Razlog is a town with rich cultural traditions and customs kept through the centuries with the spirit of original Bulgarian values.

Two of the most significant folklore events in Bulgaria are organized and held in Razlog. These are the New Year's Kukeri holidays and the gathering for folk art "Pirin sings".

Proof for the original kukeri traditions is the insignia of honour, given to the municipality of Razlog by Henri Van der Kroon, president of the International Federation of European and Mediterranean carnival towns in May 2004. As a member of this federation, the kukeri groups from the municipality of Razlog regularly participate in the events organised by it. Unique is the gathering for folk art "Pirin songs", which is visited on a mass scale and takes one of the leading positions in organization and artistic organization. The gathering in the "Yavorov" hut has become tradition in the recent years. The hut is one of the most visited locations in the Pirin mountain. It was built 72 years ago and during the summer season it turns out to be small for numerous tourists. Interests for the tourists are local "valevitsi, craftsmen's shops and culinary art of Razlog with the scent of the   "kapama", "chumlek", "church's beans", "sugrena banitsa", etc. Of great interest are also the Easter and Christmas holiday, religious and general life customs, such as Todor's day (horse race), Voditsi (celebration of Yordan's day with throwing of a cross into water), Grandmother's day, Proshki, etc.

Education and sports
A big part of the specialized schools in the region are in Razlog; they provide qualified labor for the sectors of the economy and development in the municipality.

The education network in the Municipality of Razlog comprises nine municipality schools, two of which are primary, six secondary, there is one school with special classes in English, Mathematics with German; there are also four national schools. Specialists in the field of business administration and management in hotels and culinary arts, electronics, transportation, and agriculture are prepared in the professional high school of tourism, the professional transport high school and professional mechanization and agriculture high school.

In 1999 "ASIX"-Razlog was established, a club for martial arts, in which about 60 children train actively. The members of this club have won many prizes from republican, Balkan and international tournaments. There were more than 30 medals from the republican tournament in Karate-do and Ju-jitsu in 2006.

Other sports developed in the municipality are volleyball, football, taekwondo, chess and sport orientation. The most developed sport in the town is volleyball. The local team Pirin (Razlog) is among the best teams in the elite volleyball division in Bulgaria and often produces players for the national volleyball teams of the country. The football team has achieved good results for the last several years and now it is taking part in the second professional division in Bulgaria.

Nature
Nature is the greatest asset of Razlog valley. North of the town is the kingdom of the Rila National Park. Pirin rises to the south — the mountain that Slavs called "Mountain of Gods" (Perun). The Pirin National Park is included in the convention for the Preservation of World Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites. In Pirin, there are more than 100 bird species and over 1100 plant species among which is the symbol of the mountain: the edelweiss. There are 42 mammal species: chamois, bears and others.

The most precious parts of Pirin are designated reserves. "Bayuvi Dupki - Djinjiritsa" is a biosphere reserve under the auspices of UNESCO, where unique formations of white and Macedonian and Bosnian pine trees are to be found, together with more than 27 Bulgarian and 43 Balkan relict species.

Investments
In recent years the municipality of Razlog has attracted foreign investment, connected to the development of modern technologies in the fields of machine-building, electronics, and furniture production.

For the period 2005-2006 projects for near 50 million levs were implemented, and the investments applied for the beginning of 2006 were 100 million euro. The biggest private sites are the resort complex "Katarino SPA", "Hotel Razlog" with total investment of near 15 million euro. Of the foreign investments, the biggest are cleaning station for waste water for 6 million euro and road II-19 "Simitli-Razlog-Sadovo" which connects Bulgaria and Greece for 20 million euro.

The Pirin Golf & Country Club complex is in the Betolovoto location, at the foot of the Pirin mountain, with views to the Rila and Rodopi mountains. Besides the golf course with 18 holes and service buildings, the complex includes construction of a "Welcome zone" with car park, residential zone, center (commercial center, restaurants, cafes), horse base, and sports complex.

Imminent is the realization of a project including completion of ski-zone "Kulinoto", building of water park and other concomitant structures.

At the moment there are perspective researches for supplying Bansko, Razlog, Dobrinishte village and Banya village with natural gas, after which the construction of gas-conveying and distributing networks may begin in the locations foreseen for gasification.

Twin towns

 * 🇮🇹 Pineto, Italy (since 2016 in the frameworks of the SISTERS Twinning project)
 * Šibenik, Croatia (since 2016 in the frameworks of the SISTERS Twinning project)

title: Razlog


text:
Cornershop

Cornershop are an English indie rock band best known for their single "Brimful of Asha", originally released in 1997 and, in a remixed version, topping the UK chart in 1998. The band was formed in 1991 by Wolverhampton-born Tjinder Singh (singer, songwriter, and guitar), his brother Avtar Singh (bass guitar, vocals), David Chambers (drums) and Ben Ayres (guitar, keyboards, and tamboura), the first three having previously been members of Preston-based band General Havoc, who released one single (the Fast Jaspal EP) in 1991. The band name originated from a stereotype referring to British Asians often owning corner shops. Their music is a fusion of Indian music, indie rock, alternative and electronic dance music.

Formation and early years: 1991–1996
Tjinder Singh formed General Havoc whilst a student at Lancashire Polytechnic in Preston, in 1987. He relocated to Leicester, where his brother and sister lived, and formed Cornershop in 1991 along with his brother Avtar, and Chambers and Ayres, while working as a barman at Leicester's Magazine pub, also a popular local music venue. The band played their first gig at Leicester's O'Jays venue. In the early 1990s, when singer Morrissey was being vilified by the UK music press after accusations of racism, the band were invited to comment and the Melody Maker ran a story featuring the band burning a picture of the singer outside the offices of EMI.

Their debut release, the In The Days of Ford Cortina EP, was pressed on "curry-coloured vinyl" and contained a blend of Indian-tinged noise pop. The sound mellowed somewhat with the release of debut album Hold On It Hurts in 1994, described by Trouser Press as "a politically charged popfest, ten tracks of noisy delights that meld incisive social commentary with a firm hold on British post-punk." The album impressed David Byrne sufficiently for him to sign the band to his Luaka Bop label. Although David Chambers left the band in 1994, replaced by Nick Simms, the band re-emerged in 1995 with the "6 a.m. Jullandar Shere" single and the album Woman's Gotta Have It, also touring the United States including some dates on the Lollapalooza tour. The band also toured Europe with Beck, Stereolab and Oasis.

Mainstream success: 1997–2001
The band released their critically acclaimed album When I Was Born for the 7th Time in September 1997. The album featured collaborations with Allen Ginsberg, Paula Frazer, Justin Warfield and a Yoko Ono- and Paul McCartney-approved cover of "Norwegian Wood" recorded in the Punjabi language. The album was produced by Tjinder Singh and Dan the Automator. Rolling Stone called it one of the essential recordings of the 1990s. The album was ranked No. 1 on Spin's list of 'Top 20 Albums of the Year' (1998)

The track "Brimful of Asha" topped the Festive 50 rundown of John Peel's tracks of the year in 1997.

Norman Cook (a.k.a. Fatboy Slim) loved the track and remixed the song, which became popular worldwide. The song was a tribute to the prolific Indian playback singer, Asha Bhosle, and Tjinder's musical influences such as Trojan Records and vinyl culture in general.

In 2000, Ayres and Singh released a disco inspired album, Disco and the Halfway to Discontent, as part of their side-project, Clinton. This album inspired the launch of the London-based clubnight called Buttoned Down Disco, which took its name from the third track on the album.

Further success: 2002–2010
Their next official Cornershop release was the 2002 album, Handcream for a Generation, which featured Noel Gallagher on guitar.

According to their official website, Cornershop have been making a film about London's independent music industry since 2003. In 2004 the band released the track 'Topknot' featuring the vocals of Bubbley Kaur on Rough Trade Records. In February 2006, some four years after their last album, they released another single "Wop the Groove" featuring guest vocals from Happy Mondays backing singer Rowetta.

In 2008, their song "Candyman" was featured in the Nike advertisement for the LeBron James VI shoe, called the Six "Chalk" commercial.

Cornershop released an album Judy Sucks a Lemon for Breakfast in July 2009, preceded by the single "The Roll-Off Characteristics (Of History in the Making)" in May on their own record label called Ample Play.

Recent years: 2011–present
In 2011, Cornershop were awarded a prize for Commitment to Scene in the UK Asian Music Awards.

An album Cornershop and the Double 'O' Groove Of, a collaboration with Punjabi folk singer Bubbley Kaur, was released in March 2011 to critical acclaim in the UK. The band also set up the Singhles Club Club, a subscription service featuring a series of musically diverse collaborations and exclusive digital artwork.

The band's eighth album Urban Turban was released on 14 May 2012 and the ninth album Hold On It's Easy was released on 2 February 2015. In July 2015 they released a single "Pinpoint" with Welsh singer Angharad Van Rijswijk aka Accü

In 2017 they gave an instrumental track called 'Demon is a Monster' to the anti-Brexit podcast 'Remainiacs' to use as a theme tune. The track was then released digitally. Cornershop were fiercely anti-Brexit. In March 2020, they released a new album, England Is a Garden to generally positive reviews. The first official video from the album accompanying the track 'St Marie under Canon' was released in February 2020.

Band members

 * Current members
 * Tjinder Singh – vocals, guitars, bass, dholki (1991–present)
 * Ben Ayres – guitars, tamboura, keyboards, tambourine, vocals (1991–present)
 * Nick Simms – drums, vocals (1995–present)
 * Peter Bengry – percussion (1995–present)
 * Adam Blake – sitar, guitars (2009–present)
 * Pete Downing – guitars (2009–present)
 * James Milne – bass

 * Former members
 * Avtar Singh – bass, guitars, vocals (1991–1995)
 * David Chambers – drums (1991–1995)
 * Anthony "Saffs" Saffery – sitar, guitars, keyboards (1994–2002)
 * Wallis Healey – guitars (1994–1995)
 * Pete Hall – percussion (1995)

title: Cornershop


text:
Talk:Turtle Bay, Manhattan

Comment
As someone who lives in Turtle Bay, I've always thought of 42nd Street as the neighborhood's southern boundary. The Turtle Bay Association website states the boundary to be 43rd Street, but the website itself is inconsistent on the point. Its list of "Places of Interest" includes Ralph Bunche Park and the Ford Foundation headquarters, each of which extends from 42nd to 43rd. In addition, NY Bytes uses 42nd Street. I've changed "43rd" to "42nd" but I'll admit that, like most NYC neighborhood boundaries, this one is somewhat subjective. JamesMLane 18:53, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The website was where I got the boundary information. I'm working in that neighborhood for the summer, and I've noticed that many buildings have "Turtle Bay" incorporated in some way in the name—are there any as far down as 42nd St?  Postdlf 13:21, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

No such businesses occur to me offhand. I have a very dim memory that, years ago, there was a "Turtle Bay" something-or-other around 41st Street, illustrating that businesses will take names that aren't always accurate. I think the best reason to stay with 42nd Street is that the UN is so commonly referred to as being at Turtle Bay. Drawing the line at 43rd would divide the UN site. JamesMLane 04:50, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, we could say that it goes up to but not including 42nd St... 42nd St itself just seems of such a different character.  Otherwise, the Chrysler Building is in Turtle Bay.  Postdlf 05:07, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Turtle Bay on land, or the East River?
This article has coordinates on land, and the text is almost entirely about the neighborhood, except a short bit about the colonial era history. My question is whether this article should have an entry in the Bays of New York catalog. To me, on land, no, on water, yes, but this is not what the article is about. --DThomsen8 (talk) 21:58, 19 August 2012 (UTC)
 * There is no longer a "bay" at Turtle Bay -- it was filled in long ago, and when it existed it as more of a cove than a bay. I guess it depends on what the focus of the "Bays" catalog is. Beyond My Ken (talk) 00:02, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

Name origin
This has got to be one of the poorest written "explanations" for a name place in the history of Wikpedia:

 * Turtle Bay, a cove of the East River, received its name in the 17th century by its resemblance in shape to that of a knife, "deutal" being Dutch for "knife".

I suppose we're supposed to guess that someone or another eventually confused the Dutch word for "knife" with the English word for "schildpad", but if that's the case, it needs to be spelled out. It certainly is going to go over the head of many readers. I'd do it myself, but I'm uncertain if my conclusions are the correct ones (which serves to demonstrate how poorly it is written). Un sch  ool  02:32, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Dutch for knife is "mes" and not much else
I highly doubt, that "deutal" means anything in Dutch and suspect that it likely means nothing at all in any language. Dutch for knife is "mes" and for dagger is "dolk". Pronouncing "deu-tal" points to French sounds in the first syllable like "deux" (English two), given the realitively close relation of Dutch and French. Nothing points to knife and there is just no word like it. Certainly not a proof, but a strong indicator, is a web search for "deutal": It finds this entry to wikipedia and nothing else. Thorsten (talk) 08:11, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

Reading the article again I gather that the bay might have had the role of a "key" position in the development. Dutch for "key" is "sleutel" and that sounds rather close turtle. Thorsten (talk) 08:15, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Turtle Bay, Manhattan


text:
Simitli

Simitli (Симитли ) also known as Simitliya (Симитлия), is a town in Blagoevgrad Province in southwestern Bulgaria. It has a population of 7,454 and is located 17 km south of Blagoevgrad. It is the seat of Simitli Municipality.

Geography
The town is located in the Simitli Valley at the foothills of the Rila, Pirin, and Vlahina mountain ranges. Simitli is on both banks of the river Struma, at the confluence with its tributary the Gradevska reka. Geographical locations of note are the Komatinski Cliffs between Brestovo and Sushitsa, the Kresna Gorge along the Struma, and the foothills of the Pirin Mountains at Senokos.

Transportation
Simitli lies along the parallel Struma motorway and first class I-1 road along the Struma valley, part of European route E79, that link the capital Sofia and the provincial centre Blagoevgrad with Greece at Kulata. At Simitli the second class II-19 road branches off I-1 heading to the town and winter resort of Bansko in the Razlog Valley. Simitli is also part of the Bulgarian State Railways network from Sofia to Greece.

Tourism
Some of the best whitewater rapids in the Balkans can be found on the Struma river in the Kresna Gorge. The rafting and kayaking season is from April to July and there is guided rafting every weekend. Simitli is also part of the EuroCup circuit for the European Rafting Federation every year. Every second weekend of January, there is a Kukeri or Surva festival held in the local stadium by E-79 which rivals Razlog and Pernik's own Kukeri Festivals.

title: Simitli


text:
Talk:San Jose Sharks

Made a few changes
Ive removed the unsourced trivial traditions section. as well as the notable players since there is already a hall of famers section. 69.157.53.186 (talk) 01:56, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The traditions section has reappeared since you deleted it. Rather than delete it again, I've improved the tone and made it more concise.  I'm not convinced though that the pre-game celebration is notable and/or encyclopedic.  --76.200.102.245 (talk) 17:56, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Olympic Participation
How about a section on Sharks' olympic participation, including 4 gold and a silver medalist in the 2010 winter games? -24.130.65.122 (talk) 23:04, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Personally, I think this little bit of trivia is irrelevant to the Sharks overall history, but a mention should certainly be made at 2009–10 San Jose Sharks season. Resolute 23:43, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Thats not the Sharks though, thats the respective countries they played for when they won the medals. -Xcuref1endx (talk) 23:10, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

Sharks' arenas
What's the history between San Jose Sharks and Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Arena, a.k.a Oracle Arena? There's no mention about any relations between this particular arena and the team in the article, but Template:San Jose Sharks has it listed. Any thoughts? – Sabbatino (talk) 08:36, 10 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I removed it, good catch. The Sharks went directly from the Cow Palace to their current arena.  It is possible that they may have played a game or two in Oakland, but that would be trivial, and no more worthy of mention than any other one-off neutral site location for other teams. Resolute 18:29, 10 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Wanted to do it myself, but thought I'd ask first. – Sabbatino (talk) 14:49, 12 October 2015 (UTC)

Evander Kane
So yeah, I heard the news. Is he really injured, or has he just been on a far too soon bereavement leave this whole time? If it's the latter the roster table should be updated.  danny music editor  oops 22:11, 14 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Unless he is put on the IR officially we shouldn't change the table. But that being said probably not a big deal either way. -DJSasso (talk) 11:23, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:San Jose Sharks


text:
Yoshikazu Yasuhiko

Yoshikazu Yasuhiko (安彦 良和) is a Japanese animator, manga artist, and anime director. He is best known for being the character designer and animation director of the original Mobile Suit Gundam anime, which began in 1979. That same year, he began working as a manga artist, which had been his dream since childhood. His manga have been critically acclaimed and have won numerous awards.

Early life
Born 1947 in Engaru, Hokkaidō, Yasuhiko started to draw manga in third grade of elementary school. In high school, he learned the basics of Marxism from a teacher and was inspired by it. At the time, the world's focus was on the Vietnam War, a proxy war between the capitalist United States and socialist Soviet Union. Yasuhiko said seeing a superpower such as the US burn down a small country naturally made him "anti-American". Additionally, he viewed Japan as complicit in the war by supporting the US through Yokota Air Base and Misawa Air Base, while claiming to have a pacifist constitution, something he called unforgivable. Yasuhiko began attending Hirosaki University in 1966. A member of the New Left, he became a leader in the Zenkyōtō student movement and involved in the anti-war protests. In September 1969, Yasuhiko was arrested on suspicion of breaking and entering into Hirosaki University, and subsequently expelled.

Career
After moving to Tokyo at age 22, Yasuhiko joined Mushi Productions' training school and began working as an animator despite dreaming of becoming a manga artist. He has since admitted that he had no interest in animation and did not know what the job would entail, he simply applied to the newspaper advertisement on a whim in order to make a living. It was not until he storyboarded Space Battleship Yamato (1974) that he began to find the job interesting. Yasuhiko later went freelance and worked on various anime productions for film and television. Some of his most notable works as character designer and director are Brave Reideen, Combattler V, Mobile Suit Gundam, and Giant Gorg. Less well known is the fact that he was the original character designer for Dirty Pair, when he illustrated the Haruka Takachiho short stories that became the 1980 fixup novel The Great Adventures of the Dirty Pair.

Yasuhiko said he had given up on manga because he was under the impression that manga artists had to use pens and he was personally unable to draw sufficiently with one. But while working on Space Battleship Yamato, he visited Leiji Matsumoto who told him that manga artists could use brushes too. Yasuhiko made his manga debut with Arion (1979–1984). In 1981 he won the Seiun Award in the art category. Yasuhiko turned Arion into an animated film that he directed and co-wrote in 1986. That same year, he began the manga Venus Wars (1986–1990), which he also later adapted into a film. Yasuhiko became a full-time manga artist in 1989. He serialized Namuji from 1989 to 1991. It won an Excellence Award at the 1992 Japan Cartoonists Association Awards. In the mid-1990s, Yasuhiko created works such as Joan, a three-volume story of a young French girl living at the time of the Hundred Years' War, whose life parallels that of Joan of Arc; and Jesus, a two-volume biographical manga about the life of Jesus Christ. Yasuhiko created Ōdō no Inu from 1998 to 2000. In 2000, it earned him an Excellence Prize at the Japan Media Arts Festival.

Yasuhiko serialized Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin for ten years, from 2001 to 2011. He stated that, in his mind, "Gundam" is only the original 1979 anime series and that it is the only one that he takes responsibility for. The artist also said that subsequent installments in the franchise focused more on the "Newtypes" seen in the series, which lead to critics and otaku misunderstanding the theme of Gundam. Yasuhiko further stated that the perpetrators of the Tokyo subway sarin attack in 1995 were "undoubtedly familiar" with Gundam and the "Newtypes". As such, "I had to do another job to correct the distortions in understanding 'Gundam'--, which was why I ended up drawing 'The Origin' in response to Sunrise's request." The manga has over 10 million copies in circulation, and earned him the 2012 Seiun Award in the comics category. He returned to animation in the 2010s to direct Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin's anime adaptations. Yasuhiko then created Ten no Ketsumyaku, about a student in Manchuria on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, for Monthly Afternoon between January 2012 and September 2016. In 2015, he won a special award for lifetime achievement at the Animation Kobe Awards. Yasuhiko began Inui to Tatsumi -Siberia Shuppei Hishi- in Monthly Afternoon on September 25, 2018. The historical series set during the Siberian Intervention was announced as being his last serialized manga. He was honored with a special award for lifetime achievement at the 44th Japan Academy Film Prize in 2021. He also received a lifetime achievement award at the 2022 film awards held by the Agency for Cultural Affairs. Yasuhiko stated that the 2022 film Mobile Suit Gundam: Cucuruz Doan's Island, which he directed, would be his last work in animation.

Style
As a child, Yasuhiko was particularly fond of Mitsuteru Yokoyama's art. His own manga are known for their action scenes. Yasuhiko does not create memos, sketches or names in advance, he draws directly onto manuscript BB Kent paper in pencil. Unusually, after deciding the page's panel layout, he begins by drawing characters' faces. Also unusually, he inks every part of his manga with a Sakuyo brush, except the panels, which are done first with a fineliner pen. He goes through two or three brushes for a 30-page chapter. Yasuhiko said he does not know how to use white ink, so he inks around negative space that he leaves in.

Michael Toole of Anime News Network wrote that by defining the look of Gundam's characters, Yasuhiko also defined the look of science fiction anime characters in the 1980s in general by extension. Yasuhiko signs his artwork as "YAS".

Television

 * Wandering Sun (1971) (character design)
 * Zero Tester (1973) (animator)
 * Space Battleship Yamato (1974) (storyboards)
 * Brave Raideen (1975) (character design, animation director)
 * Wanpaku Omukashi Kum Kum (1975) (screenplay, original creator, character design, animation director)
 * Combattler V (1976) (character design)
 * Robokko Beeton (1976) (character design, animation director)
 * Zambot 3 (1977) (character design)
 * The Adventures of the Little Prince (1978) (character design)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam (1979) (character design, chief animation director, key animation)
 * Shiroi Kiba White Fang Monogatari (1982) (character design, animation director)
 * Giant Gorg (1984) (chief director, storyboard (eps. 1, 4), original creator, character design, animation director)
 * Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (1985) (character design)
 * Super Atragon (1995) (character design)
 * Strange+ (2014) (end credit illustration for ep. 8)

OVA

 * Kaze to Ki no Uta Sanctus: Sei Naru ka na (1987) (director, storyboard)
 * Crusher Joe OAV (1989) (character design)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn (2009) (original character design, illustrations for the original light novel)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin (2015) (chief director, storyboard eps. 1–4, original manga, character design)

Film

 * Crusher Joe the Movie (1983) (director, script, screenplay, storyboard, character design, animation director)
 * Arion (1986) (director, character design)
 * Venus Wars (1989) (original story, director, character design)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam F91 (1991) (character design)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam: Cucuruz Doan's Island (2022) (director)

Manga

 * Arion (1979–1984)
 * Kurd no Hoshi (1985–1987)
 * Venus Wars (1986–1990)
 * C Kouto (1987–1988)
 * Namuji (1989–1991)
 * Nijiiro no Trotsky (1990–1996)
 * Zinmu (1992–1995)
 * Anton (1992–1995)
 * Joan (1995–1996, spelled Jeanne in Japanese)
 * Jesus (1997)
 * Maraya (1998)
 * Waga na wa Nero (1998–1999)
 * Ōdō no Inu (1998–2000)
 * Dattan Typhoon (2000–2002)
 * Nomi no Ō (2001)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin (2001–2011)
 * Alexandros Sekai Teikoku e no Yume (2003)
 * Uruwashijima Yume Monogatari (2006–2012)
 * Ten no Ketsumyaku (2012–2016)
 * Inui to Tatsumi -Siberia Shuppei Hishi- (2018–present)

Other work

 * "Sora no Uta ~Higher and Higher~/Hisōbi" (2019) – single from the band Luna Sea – two cover illustrations for the limited edition release
 * "The Beyond" (2020) – single from the band Luna Sea – cover illustration

title: Yoshikazu Yasuhiko


text:
Talk:Freedom from Torture

Untitled
Why the change to 'Britain' ? MF has centres in London, Glasgow and Leeds, 'Britain' is just England and Wales.

 * Britain is England, Wales and Scotland MyNameIsClare   talk  11:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Article name
The name of the article gives the subject's name incorrectly. It should be "Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture". I propose a Move to the organisation's proper name including article. In the meanwhile I'll create a Redirect from the propere name to here. Opbeith (talk) 22:10, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

Name change
We have changed our name — Preceding unsigned comment added by Freefromtorture (talk • contribs)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Freedom from Torture. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110130105951/http://nrif.homeoffice.gov.uk/Health/SpecialistSupport/TortureViolence/survivorsoftorture.asp?oi=06-05-01 to http://nrif.homeoffice.gov.uk/Health/SpecialistSupport/TortureViolence/survivorsoftorture.asp?oi=06-05-01

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title: Talk:Freedom from Torture


text:
Carlisle Castle

Carlisle Castle is a stone keep medieval fortress located in the city of Carlisle near the ruins of Hadrian's Wall. First built during the reign of William II in 1092 and rebuilt in stone under Henry I in 1122, the castle is over 930 years old and has been the scene of many episodes in British history.

This Castle played an extremely important part in the English Scottish wars (the Wars of Scottish Independence). It has been the centre of many wars and invasions. During the Jacobite Rising of 1745–6, Carlisle became the last English fortress to undergo a siege. The castle was listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument on 7 August 1996.

Today the property is managed by English Heritage and is open to the public. Until 2006, the castle was the administrative headquarters of the former King's Own Royal Border Regiment and until 2019 it was the county headquarters to the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment. A museum to the regiment is within the castle walls.

History
Carlisle Castle was first built during the reign of William II of England, the son of William the Conqueror. At that time, Cumberland (the original name for north and west Cumbria) was still considered a part of Scotland. William II ordered the construction of a Norman style Motte and Bailey castle in Carlisle on the site of the old Roman fort of Luguvalium, dated by dendrochronology to 72AD, with the castle construction beginning in 1092.

In 1122, Henry I of England ordered a stone castle with towers to be constructed on the site. Thus a keep and city walls were constructed. The existing keep dates from somewhere between 1122 and 1135. The tower keep castle is one of only 104 recorded examples, most being found on the Welsh border.

The act of driving out the Scots from Cumberland led to many attempts to retake the lands. The result of this was that Carlisle and its castle would change hands many times for the next 700 years. The first attempt began during the troubled reign of Stephen of England.

On 26 March 1296, John 'The Red' Comyn, since the fourth quarter of 1295 Lord of Annandale, led a Scottish host across the Solway to attack Carlisle. The then governor of the castle, Robert de Brus, deposed Lord of Annandale, successfully withstood the attack, before forcing the raiders to retreat back through Annandale to Sweetheart Abbey. From 22 July to 1 August 1315, Scottish forces laid siege to the Castle. However, the Scottish lacked the resources needed to maintain a siege and withdrew.

From the mid-13th century until the Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland in 1603, Carlisle Castle was the vital headquarters of the Western March, a buffer zone to protect the western portion of the Anglo-Scottish border.

Henry VIII converted the castle for artillery, employing the engineer Stefan von Haschenperg. For a few months in 1567, Mary, Queen of Scots was imprisoned within the castle, in the Warden's Tower. Later, the castle was besieged by the Parliamentary forces for eight months in 1644, during the English Civil War.

The last battles for the city of Carlisle and its castle were during the Jacobite rising of 1745 against George II. The forces of "Prince" Charles Edward Stuart travelled south from Scotland into England reaching as far south as Derby. Carlisle and the castle were seized and "fortified" by the Jacobites. However they were driven north by the forces of William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the son of George II. Carlisle was recaptured, and the Jacobites were jailed and executed. That battle marked the end of the castle's fighting life, as defending the border between England and Scotland was not necessary with both countries again one in Great Britain.

After 1746, the castle became somewhat neglected, although some minor repairs were undertaken such as that of the drawbridge in 1783.

Some parts of the castle were then demolished for use as raw materials in the 19th century to create more or less what is visible to the visitor today. In 1851 the barracks were occupied by the 33rd Regiment of Foot with 10 officers, 150 soldiers, 2 servants and 25 soldiers' wives and children. The Army moved in to take hold of the castle and in 1873 a system of recruiting areas based on counties was instituted under the Cardwell Reforms and the castle became the depot for the 34th (Cumberland) Regiment of Foot and the 55th (Westmorland) Regiment of Foot. Under the Childers Reforms, the 34th and 55th regiments amalgamated to form the Border Regiment with its depot in the castle in 1881. The castle remained the depot of the Border Regiment until 1959, when the regiment amalgamated with the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) to form the King's Own Royal Border Regiment. The Army Reserve still use parts of the castle: 8 Platoon C Company 4th Battalion the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment are based within the Burma Block alongside a Multi Cap-Badge detachment of the Army Reserve, including Medics, Engineers, Logisticicians, Intelligence and Infanteers from other Cap Badges.

Carlisle Castle was listed as (List Entry Number: 1014579) in August 1996, by what is now Historic England. The listing for the Scheduled Ancient Monument status includes "the upstanding and buried remains of Carlisle medieval tower keep castle, two lengths of Carlisle city wall, a 16th century battery, and the buried remains of much of the Roman fort known as Luguvalium, a large part of which underlies the later castle."

In 2016, Historic England undertook the first official investigation into the historic graffiti and carvings scattered over the castle site, using photogrammetric techniques to record findings. The ‘Prisoners’ Carvings’ in the Keep, and a medieval door covered in etchings, were laser scanned, photographed and filmed, alongside a Roman altar stone, medieval and postmediaeval graffiti and carvings across the complex, to produce 3D models as a record of their current condition.

Museum
The Castle houses Cumbria's Museum of Military Life. The museum "relates the history of Cumbria’s County Infantry Regiment, the Border Regiment and the King’s Own Royal Border Regiment and local Militia", according to Visit Cumbria guide.

List of governors
Governors appointed by:
 * Henry II (1154–1189):
 * 1175– Robert de Vaux, Baron of Gilsland (died c.1195) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1174–1183)
 * Hugh Bardulf (died 1203) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1199)
 * John (1199–1216):
 * William de Stuteville, Baron of Lyddal (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1198,1200)
 * ?-1215 Robert de Ros, Baron of Wark (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1212–1215)
 * 1215–1216 Robert de Vaux, Baron of Gilisland
 * Henry III (1216–1272):
 * 1216– Robert de Veteripont (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1216)
 * 1217– Walter de Gray (Archbishop of York)
 * Robert de Vaux
 * 1248– William de Dacre (died 1258) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1236–1247)
 * Thomas de Multon (de Lucy)
 * John Baliol (later King of Scotland) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1248)
 * -1255 & 1267- Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1255,1283)
 * William III de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1255,1259)
 * –1258 William de Dacre (died 1258)
 * 1260– Eustace de Baliol (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1261)
 * 1265– Roger de Leyburne (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1265)
 * Edward I (1272–1307):
 * Robert de Hampton (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1274)
 * Richard de Holebrok
 * John de Swinburn (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1277)
 * 1278– Gilbert de Curwen of Workington (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1278,1308)
 * William de Boyville (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1282)
 * 1295– Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale
 * c.1296 Michael de Harcla (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1285)
 * 1302– John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle
 * Alexander de Bassenthwaite (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1307, 1309)
 * Edward II (1307–1327):
 * Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall (executed 1312)
 * 1315– Ralph Fitzwilliam, Baron of Greystoke (died 1316)
 * c.1315 John de Castre (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1310,1311,1316)
 * c.1315–1323 Andrew de Harcla, 1st Earl of Carlisle (executed 1323) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1311,1312,1318,1319) (Warden of the Western March, 1319–)
 * 1323– Anthony Lord Lucy of Cockermouth (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1318,1323,1338)
 * John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle (2nd time) (died 1324)
 * Edward III (1327–1377):
 * February 1327– Anthony Lord Lucy of Cockermouth
 * c.1332 Ralph Dacre, 1st Baron Dacre (died 1339) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1332)
 * c.1337 John de Glanton
 * John Kirkby (bishop of Carlisle)
 * Sir Hugh de Moresby (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1331)
 * Thomas, Lord Lucy (died 1365) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1345) (Warden of the Western March, 1346–)
 * Roland de Vaux (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1338)
 * Sir Richard de Denton (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1336)
 * Sir Hugh de Lowther (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1325,1351,1354)
 * 1376– Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1377)
 * Richard II (1377–1399):
 * Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland (Warden of the Western March, 1384–)
 * 1384–1392 Thomas de Clifford, 6th Baron de Clifford (jointly) (joint Warden of the Western March, 1386–)
 * 1385– Ralph, Lord Neville de Raby (jointly) (joint Warden of the Western March, 1386–)
 * John Lord Ross of Hamlake
 * 1395– John Holland, Earl of Huntington (Warden of the Western March, 1398–) (executed 1400)
 * Sir Lewis Clifford
 * Henry IV (1399–1415);
 * Henry Lord Percy, surnamed Hotspur, Governor and General of the Marches
 * Henry VI (1421–1471)
 * John Skipton (appointed February 1427, died February 1434)
 * Edward IV (1442–1483);
 * Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III of England) (Warden of the Western March, 1471–1485)
 * Richard III (1483–1485):
 * 1483–?1485 William Musgrave
 * Henry VII (1485–1509);
 * 1485–?1502 Sir Richard Salkeld of Corby (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1483, 1495)
 * 1502–?1525 Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre (Warden of the Western March, 1490–1525)
 * Henry VIII (1509–1547);
 * 1525– Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (7 years old) (Warden of the Marches, 1525–)
 * 1525–1527 Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland (Deputy)
 * 1527–1534 William Lord Dacre of Gillesland (Warden of the Western March, 1527–1534)
 * 1534–1542 Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland (Warden of the Western March, 1534–1542)
 * 1542–?1549 Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton (died 1568) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1529,1535,1539) (Warden of the Western March, 1542–1549)
 * Edward VI (1547–1553):
 * 1549–1550 William Lord Dacre of Gillesland
 * 1551–?1553 John Conyers, 3rd Baron Conyers (Warden of the Western March, 1551–1553)
 * Mary I (1553–1558):
 * William Lord Dacre of Gillesland
 * Elizabeth I (1558–1603):
 * William Lord Dacre of Gillesland (died 1563)
 * c.1560–1591 Henry Lord Scrope of Bolton (Warden of the Western March, 1560–1591)
 * 1593–?1603 Thomas Lord Scrope of Bolton (last Warden of the Western March, 1593–1603)
 * Charles I (1625–1649):
 * 1640– Sir Nicholas Byron (afterwards Governor of Chester, 1644)
 * c.1644 Sir Henry Stradling (Royalist)
 * 1644 Sir Thomas Glemham
 * 1645 Sir John Brown (Parliamentarian)
 * 1645 Sir William Douglas (Covenanter/Parliamentarian)
 * c.1648 Sir Philip Musgrave Bt (resigned July 1648) (Royalist)
 * October 1648– Sir William Livingston
 * 1649–1651 Colonel Thomas Fitch (MP for Carlisle, 1654–55) (Parliamentarian)
 * June 1651– Sir Philip Musgrave Bt
 * 1658–1659 Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle
 * February 1660 – November 1660 Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle

Post-Restoration of the monarchy

 * Charles II (1660–1685):
 * December 1660: Sir Philip Musgrave, 2nd Baronet (died 1678)
 * 1678–c.1685: Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle (died 1685)
 * 1684/5: Sir Christopher Musgrave, 4th Baronet
 * James II (1685–1688):
 * 1687: Sir Francis Howard of Corby (catholic)
 * December 1688: Sir Christopher Musgrave, 4th Baronet (MP for Carlisle, 1681–90)
 * William III (1689–1702):
 * 1689: Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet
 * December 1689: Jeremiah Bubb (died 1692) (MP for Carlisle 1689–92)
 * March 1693 – 1738: Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle
 * George II (1727–1760):
 * 1738: Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle
 * 27 October 1739: Lt Gen. John Folliot
 * 12 August 1749: Gen. Sir Charles Howard
 * 1752: Gen. John Stanwix
 * George III (1760–1820):
 * July 1763: Henry Vane, 2nd Earl of Darlington
 * 22 September 1792: Lt Gen. Montgomery Agnew
 * 8 September 1818: Lt Gen. Robert Burne
 * George IV (1820–1830):
 * 18 June 1825: Maj. Gen. Sir George Adam Wood Kt. CB
 * William IV (1830–1837):
 * 28 April 1831 – 1837: Lt Gen. Hon. James Ramsay, son of the Earl of Dalhousie (last governor)
 * Victoria (1837–1901):

The post of Governor of Carlisle was abolished in 1838.

Lieutenant-Governors of Carlisle

 * 1724–1749: Sir Charles Howard
 * 12 August 1749: Cromwell Ward
 * 19 March 1812: John Farquharson

Arthurian Legend
In a 14th century poem, legend has it that Sir Gawain, one of the Knights of the Round Table, stayed at the Castle of Carlisle while on a hunting expedition in the haunted Inglewood Forest. He then slept with the Carle's wife and killed him. This poem has strong parallels with another 14th century poem about Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The story has since been re-adapted many times most recently in films from 1973, 1984 and 2021.

By some accounts, Carlisle Castle is none other than Camelot, the mythical seat of King Arthur's court.

title: Carlisle Castle


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Talk:Christoph Schneider

Untitled
Recent stub created from Rammstein. Tweak, wikify, stubify and keep. --Rossumcapek 18:59, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * See also other band members stub pages at Richard Z. Kruspe-Bernstein, Paul Landers, Till Lindemann, Oliver Riedel, Christoph "Doom" Schneider, and Christian "Flake" Lorenz. --Rossumcapek 19:09, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Um, Yeah. About the discussion...I think that Christoph "Doom" Schneider is a good drummer, even though I question his use of Tama and Meinl. If I had any question for him (Probably won't be answered because 1 he speaks little English and 2 he probably doesn't know about wikipedia) It would be thus: What happened in the second album, Sehnsucht? Almost all the drumming was just basic beats on the snare, bass, and hi-hat. Well, any ways, I have Reise,Reise and absolutely love it. -Rammstein fan

Complete rewrite of Christoph Schneider
I will be completely rewriting this article, and adding onto this, with the user Certeis. Anyone who wants to help is welcome to. We will also be cleaning up and adding on to Paul Landers' article in the near future.

I have also decided to help the rewriting of this article, as nothing much seems to have been done since I last looked.Lithium 21:01, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

cleanup rationale
This article seems to be a series of cut & paste dumps from a fan site. Much comes from here, where the author seems to have released the work from copyright. Much of the information is trivial, without context, and in interviewer/interviewee format, rather than paragraphs. I had to read far down the page to figure out who this person IS. Joyous 19:24, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm planning to clean up the article thoroughly, when I get a chance. However, if anyone wants to beat me to it, be my guest. --mdd4696 04:32, 3 November 2005 (UTC) I forgot. Perhaps I'll come back another time... ~MDD4696 02:04, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

I would like to mention that this article doesnt really say anything at all. Its not very informative. There is no mention of his style, musical notation or why the hell his spitzname is "Doom"

For the guy who complained about Meinl and Tama equipment. Meinl has some really unique sounds and the meld well with Rammstein music. Tama is a professional drumset with great character. Listen if I were going to be sponsored by Thunder and they paid me to play their shit I would.

height
There exist no official height listings for any of the band members,Stop adding them. Whoever is adding them is getting them off of some free site that just added any height they thought the band was.The heights are incorrect.

Spanish?
Why is part of it in Spanish?.

Is part of it in Spanish?

siblings
the entry states that Schneider is the eldest of six siblings, then goes on to say he has six siblings - consistency please!

It says seven.

Unsourced information
I've removed the following information from the article. If someone can find the newspaper that was mentioned, please re-add it and add the proper reference. ~MDD4696 02:41, 20 March 2006 (UTC) According to a Russian newspaper Schneider married his girlfriend on May 14th.They met when the band was in Moscow during their last gig. She works for a tourist agency that showed them some of the things around Moscow. Policemen surrounded the area where the wedding took place and the hotel,so that none of the German paparazzi could get close to them. They live in Berlin but don't see each other as often as they'd like because Schneider is often away on tour. She's 10 and a half years younger than him. They only speak English to one another because both know the language. Schneider is learning Russian and she is learning German. His mom is a music teacher and his dad is a director at the Berlin Opera. They had a traiditonal Russian wedding. His mom immediately saw Regina as her daughter to be and she never felt this way about his first marriage.

That info is from http://p214.ezboard.com/fbuckdichfurrammsteinfrm19.showMessage?topicID=40.topic

The Internet Movie Database (IMDB) says that He is indeed married to a Regina Gizatulina. Cannot find anything on the other stuff though.

Children
How do we know Schneider has a child? I don't recall seeing anything to suggest he has, and in an interview Richard stated he had none (admittedly, that interview was quite a few years ago). But do we have any sources, or anything to confirm it? NixieRawrr (talk) 17:20, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 11:04, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Equipment
He has switched to Sonor: http://www.sonor.com/pbas/Sonor_FE/sonor/english/nachricht-detail_qf.html?a-news-n_SearchId=296 Aml_0000 (talk) 07:19, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Also, he has switched to Sabian: http://www.sabian.com/EN/artists/Christoph_Schneider.cfm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.71.128.2 (talk) 07:21, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christoph Schneider


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Strategic luck

Idiosyncratic term. It's not used in formal game theory. A google search suggests it's not in popular use, either. That leaves... nowhere, as far as I can tell. Isomorphic 19:00, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: idiosyncratic neologism. I haven't seen this term in print, and a Google search doesn't substantiate it. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:36, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Appears to be a neologism from an OCT 2001 Mississippi State University report on "The War on Terrorism." Three years later "strategic luck" still only gets 26 hits.  Delete.  SWAdair | Talk  02:43, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Occasional use before that (I found it in a Ueenet archive discussion of Robert Jordan's books in 1999... definitely hitting the big time, here)... but it doesn;t seem worth keeping. Delete. -FZ 14:58, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: What?!  It appears in games such as Magic: The Gathering and Puerto Rico?  Puerto Rico is a game?  It's lucky?  What?  Make it go away. Geogre 03:45, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Strategically duck and delete. Ianb 05:53, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've played Puerto Rico, and there's strategy and pure luck involved, not strategic luck. Seems like a load of rubbish, stubbed up to look like a real theory.  Delete.  Wooster 19:01, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Odisha Communist Party

The Odisha Communist Party is a political party in the Indian state of Odisha. OCP was formed in the beginning of the 1990s as a splinter group of Communist Party of India (Marxist). The party is led by Ajeya Rout. When the split occurred the dissidents tried to capture the trade union structure of CPI(M) in the mining areas in northern Odisha. This led to violent conflict. But the OCP-ers themselves came from southern Odisha, and they were not able to convince the northern grassroots to follow them. In the end the OCP-ers had to leave the mining areas. Today OCP is more or less defunct. It has good relations with the Indian National Congress, who gave OCP an office in the state capital Bhubaneshwar.

Radhakanta Sethi, who was elected to the Odisha legislative assembly as a CPI(M)-candidate, joined OCP in 1992 after a period as an independent.

OCP participates in the Confederation of Indian Communists and Democratic Socialists.

title: Odisha Communist Party


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HMS Bamborough Castle (K412)

HMS Bamborough Castle was one of 44 Castle-class corvettes built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Completed in mid-1944 she sank the U-boat GS U-387 on 9 December. Aside from a brief period assigned to the Fishery Protection Squadron in 1946, the rest of her career was spent as part of the fleet reserve until she was scrapped in May 1959.

Design and description
The Castle-class corvette was a stretched version of the preceding Flower class, enlarged to improve seakeeping and to accommodate modern weapons. The ships displaced 1010 LT at standard load and 1510 LT at deep load. They had an overall length of 252 ft, a beam of 36 ft and a deep draught of 14 ft. They were powered by a pair of triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The engines developed a total of 2880 ihp and gave a maximum speed of 16.5 kn. The Castles carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of 6500 nmi at 15 kn. The ships' complement was 99 officers and ratings.

The Castle-class ships were equipped with a single QF 4 in Mk XVI gun forward, but their primary weapon was their single three-barrel Squid anti-submarine mortar. This was backed up by one depth charge rail and two throwers for 15 depth charges. The ships were fitted with two twin and a pair of single mounts for 20 mm Oerlikon light AA guns. Provision was made for a further four single mounts if needed. They were equipped with Type 145Q and Type 147B ASDIC sets to detect submarines by reflections from sound waves beamed into the water. A Type 277 search radar and a HF/DF radio direction finder rounded out the Castles' sensor suite.

Construction and career
Bamborough Castle was laid down by J. Lewis & Sons at their shipyard in Aberdeen on 1 July 1943 and launched on 11 January 1944. She was completed on 30 May and served as a convoy escort, sinking the German U-boat GS U-387 in the Barents Sea with depth charges on 9 December 1944. The ship was placed in reserve on 25 May 1945. Bamborough Castle was reactivated in January 1946 and assigned to the Fishery Protection Flotilla based at Plymouth before she returned to reserve in 1947. The ship was sold for scrap in 1959 and arrived at Llanelli on 22 May to be broken up.

title: HMS Bamborough Castle (K412)