text:
User talk:Cyrius/Archive/2004/3/

Archives:
 * User talk:Cyrius/Archive/2004/1/
 * User talk:Cyrius/Archive/2004/2/

Sigh again...
Cyrius, I am the creator of the Streetstudio page. How exactly is a project that makes no money and is of arguably historic value self promotion? The 1981-82 American network television schedule is legit and my project isn't. This is one funky encyclopedia. ;-) Help me understand what gives here.

 * Because it's your project. Thus the "self". The text is not merely describing the project, but trying to attract interest to it. It reads like toned-down advertising copy. Thus the "promotion". Note that I am making no judgement about the project. Art is a large blind spot for me, and I can't claim to be able to evaluate its artistic merits.

 * I feel strongly about Wikipedia's policy of disallowing autobiographies. While Streetstudio isn't an autobiography in the strictest sense, it is still far too personal for you to be unbiased about it. Let someone else write the article.

 * As to it being unprofitable, who ever heard of art projects making money? -- Cyrius|✎ 06:30, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Frances
If there's one this year it will catch up with Arlene as the most used name. --Keith Edkins 20:04, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

European Union Olympic medals count for 2004
Hi there,

I wonder would you consider reversing your decision to delete this article. I have substantially rewritten it. A united EU team is not going to happen. I've discussed potential EU co-operation towards the olympics, and kept the table. I believe the table is valid, for us Europeans/EUians to see how the area has fared as a whole. Please comment on my talk page if you still feel the article should be deleted.

zoney | talk 00:59, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm still concerned as to the need to delete the table. It doesn't compare the EU with other countries you'll note - it compares member states. The tally at the bottom is only for reference. (Why on earth should one not be able to see how many medal winners came from Europe?) I really don't understand why there is such resistance to having this data in Wikipedia. I accept some of the arguments about the "discussion", it probably still needs cleared up a bit. (Although a significant proportion is not "theorising" now, and is merely facts. Had I the time, I would go look for what the EU is actually doing - as it's almost certainly involved in sports efforts of member states). But thanks for the reply at any rate. zoney █ █ █  talk 11:16, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

And now for something completely different...
Hmmm... noticed this unusual activity - any suggestions?

Contributions by User:QED:
 * 02:51, 19 Aug 2004 (hist) User talk:Benc (test to make sure "new messages" thingie works) (top)
 * 02:36, 19 Aug 2004 (hist) User talk:Benc/Doorbell (top)

And from User talk:Benc/Doorbell (The above listed edit)

 * i am an unused sock puppet saying hello :-)

I have no idea what action to take / get someone else to take, it's quite a bizarre thing to happen across, but I abhor sock-puppetry. Suggestions. (Should a note be left on User talk:Benc - of what nature?)

zoney | talk 02:04, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the explanation - it's not so mysterious now! I should have, of course, read Sock puppet first! zoney █ █ █  talk 12:18, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

...a man with two buttocks!
LOL! Just when I thought the weirdest substubs in the history of this site were from The Bandit, along comes these operatic things resplendent in their non-encyclopedianess. :^) I thought they were copyvios until I saw the punctuation.  Can we make these go away? - Lucky 6.9 03:50, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Great Galveston Hurricane
Hi, I saw this article on WP:PR, and left some comments there. A part of an otherwise great edit you made did not take very well it seems. Maybe some got missed when you pasted in text. Thanks - Taxman 22:53, Aug 19, 2004 (UTC)

User:Dpbsmith/Billion
Yeah, I just saw it and left a longish explanation in the VfD discussion. What I can't figure out is how Indrian stumbled across it. He meant well. He tried to synchronize the pages by copying the content of Billion into my user subpage! Doesn't really bother me. Some of the recent edits to Billion itself bother me a lot more. Thanks for calling it to my attention. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:06, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

?

Category:Atlantic hurricanes
Cyrius, do you have to be a sysop to edit the "Category:" articles?

BigT27 01:58, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Category:Atlantic hurricanes (2)
Because every time I click on "edit this page", the actual links to the articles don't come up.

BigT27 04:01, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

More Bandit musings
Actually, I was just trying to get a rise out of our annoying little pest. I figured we're either dealing with a bot or someone with incredibly thick skin! What does bother me are the users who don't do much more than remove the notices and format the bloody things. A formatted B-Movie Bandit substub is like tits on a warthog, if you'll pardon the indelicacy. I love seeing these things cleaned up for real, though. - Lucky 6.9 06:42, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Signature
If you don't mind, may I please copy your idea of using ✎ as a 'talk' icon in my signature? I'll specify that it was your idea in my user page if you want :) Thanks in advance -Frazzydee 06:11, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Image
Cyrius, thanks for the reminder. I've added one. Fuzheado | Talk 05:05, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Your VfD question
Hello, Cyrius, you asked on VfD why I didn’t tag Berjaya times square kl as copyvio when I’d discovered that it was. The answer is hardly of great interest to VfD-ers, so I’m putting it here on your page. I didn’t because I don’t know how. I’ve been reading around over the past few days trying to learn to do that very thing (in fact, my noting on VfD that Berjaya was cv was the fruit of some of that reading). Putting the template on a page is easy, but the prefatory matter on the Copyright problems page, about the other stuff you have to do if you put up the template, is just intimidating, to me. I’ve recently mastered putting stuff up/removing it on Cleanup, but this seems a lot more complicated. Also the page is kind of tougher in tone than the other how-to's (”be sure to follow the instructions in the section below”, and a crapload of ”see also” links prominently displayed right at the beginning), and, well, altogether, in this area I’ve only looked, not had the courage to touch, so far. I was hoping if I mentioned the copyvio, some more knowledgeable user might do the rest. I feel rather discouraged by getting your question instead, you know. Are you saying I shouldn’t do anything on Wikipedia because I don’t know to do everything? Bishonen 13:52, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Bishonen: The text does it. :) See also Templates. KeithTyler 18:42, Aug 30, 2004 (UTC)

Hurricane Frances
Hey, good catch! I had not noticed that Hermine and Gaston were in the same picture frame as Frances!!! Awolf002 01:37, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hurricane Mitch
Yeah, I should have done that. It was the wiki equivelant of a drunken dial. I wasn't drunk, but I just couldn't stand to see the article left a stub when the info was so readily available one link away. I figure, the main article should be longer than the summary on another page. It didn't occur to me that the wiki code ought be preserved.

In my defense ...
... about dated images, I was intending to notify them for deletion when the storm was over, honest. I'm a bit wary about the overwriting technique because I've seen cases where the new version doesn't display immediately, and sometimes not for several days - which wouldn't really meet our needs for a current event. I don't think there will be any more for Frances, anyway - it's a bit late to start evacuating now! --Keith Edkins 18:59, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Tail between legs..... or is it?
Hello Mr Cyrius Man (or Woman). I dunno if you remember, but a while ago, I really had a go at you, and was quite mean and ruthless. Anyway, for some reason, I suddenly feel like I should apologise. Though I stand by my original view (I forget what it was now) the method i went about it was un-nessecary and I can't justify it. Sorry. Though I could not blame you for ignoring this, it won't effect my enjoyment of this site, but just to let you know I over-reacted.--Crestville 20:00, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

VfD
Mmmmm... yummy. Thanks for the cookies. :-) SWAdair | Talk  01:13, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Category N redirects
Good change. Thanks. Elf | Talk 17:29, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Bah!
You're about a minute ahead of me in your edits on Ivan. I keep getting edit conflicts! :) Tom 00:06, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

re: Bradley Amendment
Good evening, Cyrius. On 28 Aug, you voted to delete the article about the Bradley Amendment because it was a POV rant. Even though the discussion period has run out, no one's acted on that thread yet. I've completely rewritten the article. I'd appreciate it if you'd take a read through and see if it's now worthy of a keep. Rossami 01:19, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

re: Jerry Remigius Kanagarajah
This Biography of H.R.H. Rajah Jerry Remigius Kanagarajah is provided by his website http://www.jaffnaroyalfamily.org/index2.htm.

H.R.H. Rajah Jerry Remigius Kanagarajah provides his biography for his membership within the Southeast Asia Imperial & Royal League. WOULD YOU PLEASE READ THE DISCUSSION BEFORE YOU SUSPEND MY PAGES, there is authority to use it.

tranvanba 10 September 2004 (UTC)

re: Southeast Asia Imperial & Royal League
My name is Tran Van Ba am Chancellor of the Order of Dragon of Annam and This site http://users.panola.com/vietnam/ belongs to My Highness Prince Nguyen Phuc Buu Chanh of Vietnam. I am contact person for this site, my email address is available on the site. Thank you, Tran Van Ba Chancellor of the Order of Dragon of Annam tran_van_ba@hotmail.com http://users.panola.com/vietnam/information-2.html

tranvanba 10 September 2004 (UTC)

re: Shwebomin
My name is Tran Van Ba am Chancellor of the Order of Dragon of Annam and This site http://users.panola.com/vietnam/ belongs to My Highness Prince Nguyen Phuc Buu Chanh of Vietnam. He is the President of the Southeast Asia Imperial & Royal League that H.R.H. Shwebomin serves as Honorary Treasurer. I am contact person for this site, my email address is available on the site. Thank you, Tran Van Ba Chancellor of the Order of Dragon of Annam tran_van_ba@hotmail.com http://users.panola.com/vietnam/information-2.html

tranvanba 10 September 2004 (UTC)

re: Southeast Asia Imperial & Royal League
My name is Tran Van Ba am Chancellor of the Order of Dragon of Annam and This site http://users.panola.com/vietnam/ belongs to My Highness Prince Nguyen Phuc Buu Chanh of Vietnam. I am contact person for this site, my email address is available on the site please see on the site the below picture  Contact: Nguyen Dynasty

Also my photo and picture is available on the site http://users.panola.com/vietnam/information-2.html with Emperor Bao Dai.

My email address on the site matches my email address registered here tran_van_ba@hotmail.com

You can see I am the same person from the email addresses.

Thank you, Tran Van Ba Chancellor of the Order of Dragon of Annam http://users.panola.com/vietnam/information-2.html

tranvanba 10 September 2004 (UTC)

Vietnam follies
Hi - it seems we've been involved in parallel issues on some of the articles edited by Tran Van Ba. Perhaps you could add your voice to the discussion on Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League? In case this becomes a conduct dispute, it would be good if at least two people had discussed the same article. I added a comment on his talk page under "Jerry Remigius Kanagarajah" too. Thanks...  ←Hob 01:09, 2004 Sep 12 (UTC) (also, I see you mentioned autobiographies above... here's one).

 * This has now gone to Requests for comment/Tran Van Ba Dunc_Harris|☺ 11:07, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Cyrius, I've added more specific charges and evidence to Requests for comment/Tran Van Ba; if you think they're fair, please add a certification. Thanks.  ←Hob 05:22, 2004 Sep 13 (UTC)

For those still interested in this VERY FRUSTRATING case, please note that the matter has moved to Requests for arbitration/Jimmyvanthach, and further evidence/discussion belongs on the Evidence and talk pages there. The evidence page is a bit of a mess now because it was copied from the Tran Van Ba discussion, but the guidelines say to let the arbitrators do all the refactoring, so I've just been adding stuff in a separate section. ←Hob 16:46, 2004 Oct 1 (UTC)

What the bleep.
Thanks a ton for helping out there, I probably should have realized # was not possible in article titles. (I also thanked Kate.) — siro  χ  o

Modding my stuph
Whats with the "lets mess with NightDragon" behavior? i belive my examples are fine, and why should they be del'd? and please, dont del the small networks, not all IRC users like big nets with stuffy admins. I belive that the article should inform the user on many types of diffrent IRC nets.

re: "AND DIE"
Oh yes, and i do not know how the sense of humor is over there in europe, but when i say "edit this and DIE" in my comment, that doesent mean that, if you edit it, im gonna get on a plane, and come to europe, and kill you.

Have a sense of humor, man!

-NightDragon

A new deletion approach
Well, I know I'll regret it, but here is a new proposal I'm working on. Comments welcome. (I'm guessing North Texas? Texas Tech?) Geogre 17:49, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Jimmy Van Thach
Do you think its worth going for a hard ban on this crank? It may be worth contacting Jimbo, though I can't log in to my hotmail at the moment to check the mailing list, otherwise I would go there. Dunc_Harris|☺ 17:17, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Back and blushing
Hi, Cy. Thanks for the note and the well-deserved "spanking." I appreciate the fact that you guys took the time to leave me messages. I'm going to be a very quiet little church mouse around here. No more Bandit for me, no sir. :^) - Lucky 6.9 02:50, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Libertarianism in Futurama
Oh right, I forgot about the whole assigned jobs bit... I guess the government fluctuates from episode to episode to suit the plot. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:34, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC)

Berate
"Don't berate us for not writing about a topic they don't know anything about."
 * That's not what I'm doing. I'm simply suggesting Wikipedians are given more opportunities to write above subjects which fall outside the usual parameters. After all, Wikipedia is surely about expanding human knowledge--Xed 04:20, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

beta Systemic Bias section
If you wish to help contribute to a beta version of a Wikipedia page section designed to counter-act Wikipedia's systemic bias, please sign the bottom of this section on the Village pump - Village_pump. If not, no worries.--Xed 04:20, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

TD Ivan
Nice catch thar! I was going to update the Hurricane Ivan page but it seems you got there first ^_^

Moving '16mm film' to '16 mm film' etc
Following the success with 7.26 mm caliber, I tried to find similar examples of units in titles. I have found some that deal with films. I managed to move '70mm film' to '70 mm film' but I can't move '16mm film' because there is already a redirect page at '16 mm film'. I am sure I will find a few more. Would you be kind enough to help me out again? Bobblewik (talk) 22:17, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Just found '35mm film'. Bobblewik (talk) 22:18, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

test
Er... This is just a test of User Talk. Did you receive notification of this message? Anyway... Nice work with the comprehensive Hurricane coverage. By the way... I am an EE major at an overrated private university somewhere in Texas.

I wasn't sure if there existed some special procedure for one to follow in order to notify another that he has left a message on their User_Talk page. I clicked your screenname from the History tab in the Hurricane Jeanne article because it was convienent.

Ssx 06:45, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Renominations to VfD
At Wikipedia talk:Deletion policy, you raised the concern that the poll was not well structured for people's actual votes. I've proposed a revote in a different format. I'd appreciate your comments and changes before people start really using the table. Rossami 14:47, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

U.S. Southern wikipedians' notice board/USSCOTW
The Southern Collaboration of the Week board is now up. Please vote or nominate other articles. The first voting ends on October 3. Mike H 14:20, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Your uploaded image
Thanks for uploading Image:Australian aboriginal flag.png. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know whether it's released under the GFDL, whether fair use is claimed, or what? Thanks,   – Quadell (talk) (help)   18:52, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * I had read the description, and I understand that you had converted an image first produced by Graham. That's why I listed the image as Unknown, not . You're still the person who uploaded this PNG image. Is the original on wikipedia? Where is it? It is in gif format, or jpg, or something else? Thanks,   – Quadell (talk) (help)   20:18, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ouch! Get up on the wrong side of the bed today, Cyrius? I was just hoping you'd know. Fear not: I'll leave you quite well alone.   – Quadell (talk) (help)   00:30, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

Image:Hurricane Ivan I-10 Damage.jpg
Cyrius, perhaps you could assist me with this, since we've discussed it previously. I, of course, have my own thoughts--which I believe to be quite valid--but the response I found myself initially typing seemed quite personal, and I wasn't sure it would be effective. I am hoping that some others could lend a more credible voice to the discussion before I chime in. At this point, I'm just frustrated because I've spent all this time trying to do the right thing by communicating and coordinating with the copyright holder--and writing descriptions and linking, etc.--only to have others trying, for whatever reason, to have the image removed. (I'm not, of course, referring to your original point, which was quite valid, and I believe has been addressed.) When, as you pointed out, there are so many images untagged or labeled Fair Use without any amplifying information whatsoever, and very few of them are listed for potential deletion, it all makes me kind of bitter, that's all. Thanks. Chris 04:33, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The Pembroke Hill School copyvios
Damn. Maybe I shouldn't be encouraging newbies to improve school stubs while under the pressure of a VfD deadline. Sorry about that. Glad you spotted them. Sorry I didn't. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:56, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cyrius/Archive/2004/3/


text:
Best Week Ever

Best Week Ever is an American comedy series created and executive produced for VH1 by Fred Graver. The series, which first aired from January 23, 2004, to June 12, 2009, is a spin-off of the I Love the... series and was renamed Best Week Ever With Paul F. Tompkins in October 2008. In January 2010, it was announced that the show was canceled. On August 3, 2012, VH1 announced the return of Best Week Ever. New weekly episodes began January 18, 2013, but on April 23, 2014, VH1 canceled the series again.

Format
Best Week Ever features comedians analyzing the previous week's developments in pop culture, including recent happenings in entertainment and celebrity gossip. It followed a similar format to that set by the mini-series I Love the 80s and its successors. Episodes aired on Fridays at 10:00 p.m. and repeated several times over the weekend. At the end of every episode, the show named which celebrity, group of people, or object had "the Best Week Ever". The program's original Typepad-hosted blog bestweekever.blogs.com originally served as an ersatz online writer's room, mainly used to preview the events in the news which would end up in the Friday episode. In 2006, BestWeekEver.tv was launched to serve as more of a daily blog mostly separate from the program itself (beyond promotions and tie-ins for the show), detailing humorous stories in the news, odd television and YouTube videos, and features main contributors Alex Blagg, Bob Castrone, Michelle Collins, Dan Hopper, and formerly Sara Schaefer's observations on pop culture and other items.

Single host
Beginning October 24, 2008, the show adopted a format with a single host who summarized the week's events. The show was renamed Best Week Ever With Paul F. Tompkins. Tompkins introduced topics from behind a podium, summarizing the week's events. Tompkins occasionally threw to panelists (usually Jessica St. Clair, Paul Scheer, Mike Britt, or Doug Benson) who offered their own take on a particular subject. Tompkins, a long-time panelist, had been with the show since its inception.

Weekly format
In both the original and latter format, each week consisted of four main segments and at least one peripheral segment. The first segment had no specific title and featured the biggest news stories of the week. The second segment was "The Sizzler". It featured Chuck Nice discussing the "hot" celebrity gossip. This section was formatted to satirize celebrity tabloid shows such as The Insider. Next was "In Case You Missed" which briefly showcases several short clips from the week's television (and occasionally the Internet and radio). The show ended with somebody being awarded "the Best Week Ever", an ironic prize usually given to somebody or something which had been featured extensively on news programs, a viral video (or any new meme), or prominent reality show contestant of the week. Recipients include Barack Obama (after beating out Hillary Clinton for the 2008 Democratic Presidential nomination), the Dramatic Prairie Dog, 2 Girls 1 Cup, and Midget Mac.

Additional programming
The show had podcast and IPTV elements, including Best Night Ever, where a host went through the night or weekend in television in a four-minute segment, and extra footage and segments on VH1's VSPOT online channel. For some time before the format change, VH1 began to have "Best Day Ever" episodes that aired Monday through Thursday for about five minutes and had different comedians go through the pop culture events of the day. Additionally, at the end of each calendar year, the show prepared a Best Year Ever special filled with "clips of celeb horrors of the past year".

Regular segments

 * "Eight Words or Less", Doug Benson reviewed popular movies in eight words or less.
 * "Paul F. Tompkins: Celebrity Defender.", In this segment Paul F. Tompkins attempted to comically defend celebrities while they are on trial.
 * "Doug Benson: Pop Culture Bachelor", comedian Doug Benson gave roses to events of the week he wanted to see more of, in a similar manner to the ABC show The Bachelor.
 * "Blind Item": A panelist offered clues as to the identity of a mystery celebrity, only to give a false answer contradictory to the correct identity.
 * "Doug Benson TSI: Trailer Scene Investigator". Doug Benson discussed recent movie trailers.
 * "The Express Lane", a quick review of the biggest pop culture stories.
 * "Five Good Reasons", coming up with reasons to do one particular unfavorable act, such as voting in the 2004 elections or see the worst movie of the week.
 * "Upgrade/Downgrade", giving a thumbs-up or -down on items in a certain category.
 * "What Your Purchases Say About You", decoding the hidden messages in your spending.
 * "Idol Worship", a recap of events on American Idol that week.
 * "Ask Best Week Ever", a segment in which a man would answer questions from fans.
 * "Hot/Not Hot", a summary of three weekly stories; the third was always of an odd theme.

Extended hiatus and cancellation
Normally, Best Week Ever would leave for a summer break during July and August and return in September. New York magazine reported that Best Week Ever was on an extended hiatus until January 2010 and that it would return in the fall with Paul F. Tompkins hosting. However, the staffers feared that the show would never come back. The last episode aired June 12, 2009, with Dan Moschella named as having had the Best Week Ever.

In January 2010, the show's website, BestWeekEver.tv announced the show's cancellation.

Reboot and second cancellation
On August 3, 2012, VH1 announced the return of Best Week Ever. New weekly episodes began January 18, 2013. However, on April 23, 2014, VH1 again canceled the series a second time.

Criticism
The series led to criticism of the people of America. In its recounting of the events of the past week, Best Week Ever had been seen as a sign of the short attention span of millions of Americans. In a 2005 interview on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, NBC Nightly News anchor Brian Williams said: "We have such short attention spans. Heck, VH1 has a show about last week". In an article on the Pipe Dream website about VH1's decade-retrospective shows, writer Jeanette Duffy noted that "VH1 has moved on from exploiting entire decades to making us reminisce over events that happened just days ago in the Best Week Ever", jokingly suggesting that cable networks might eventually produce the "Best Five Minutes Ever".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Best Week Ever


text:
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle

The men's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2004 Summer Olympics was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece. The event took place on 15 and 16 August. There were 59 competitors from 53 nations, with each nation having up to two swimmers (a limit in place since 1984).

In the lead-up to the final, the event was billed as The Race of the Century or the "greatest swimming race of all-time", due to its significance and high-class field. It featured four of the fastest swimmers in Olympic history: Ian Thorpe (Australia, world record holder in the event at the time), Pieter van den Hoogenband (Netherlands, defending Olympic champion), Grant Hackett (Australia, former world record holder in the event), and Michael Phelps (United States, later became the most decorated all-time Olympian, with a total of 28 medals). The eight finalists combined for 34 Olympic and 58 World Championship titles over their careers.

Thorpe edged out Pieter van den Hoogenband in the final 50 metres to claim his second gold at the Games and fifth career medal, following his triumph in the 400 m freestyle two days earlier. With only 50 metres to go, he powered past his arch-rival to touch the wall first in an Olympic record of 1:44.71, matching the third fastest swim over the distance. Van den Hoogenband, who led the field through the first three laps under a world record pace, won silver in 1:45.23. Meanwhile, Phelps finished the race with a bronze in an American record of 1:45.32, ending his hopes of equalling Mark Spitz's 1972 record of seven gold medals. (Phelps would pass that record in 2008.)

Thorpe and van den Hoogenband were the second and third men to win multiple medals in the 200 metre freestyle. Phelps would become the fourth in 2008.

Background
This was the 12th appearance of the 200 metre freestyle event. It was first contested in 1900. It would be contested a second time, though at 220 yards, in 1904. After that, the event did not return until 1968; since then, it has been on the programme at every Summer Games.

Four of the 8 finalists from the 2000 Games returned: gold medalist Pieter van den Hoogenband of the Netherlands, silver medalist Ian Thorpe of Australia, seventh-place finisher Rick Say of Canada, and eighth-place finisher Grant Hackett of Australia. Thorpe and van den Hoogenband had finished first and second, respectively, at both the 2001 and 2003 World Championships. American Klete Keller had taken third in 2001, with Hackett earning bronze in 2003. Added to this already strong field was Michael Phelps—an individual medley specialist who had set an American record in the 200 metre freestyle as the lead leg at the 2003 World Championships (not swimming the individual event there) and beaten Keller by six-tenths of a second at the U.S. trials.

The Cayman Islands, Chile, Georgia, Latvia, Macedonia, Morocco, and Serbia and Montenegro each made their debut in the event. Australia made its 12th appearance, the only nation to have competed in all prior editions of the event.

Competition format
The competition followed the format established in 2000, with three rounds: heats, semifinals, and a final. The advancement rule followed the format introduced in 1952. A swimmer's place in the heat was not used to determine advancement; instead, the fastest times from across all heats in a round were used. The top 16 swimmers from the heats advanced to the semifinals. The top 8 semifinalists advanced to the final. Swim-offs were used as necessary to break ties.

This swimming event used freestyle swimming, which means that the method of the stroke is not regulated (unlike backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly events). Nearly all swimmers use the front crawl or a variant of that stroke. Because an Olympic-size swimming pool is 50 metres long, this race consisted of four lengths of the pool.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows:

The following records were established during the competition:

Schedule
All times are Greece Standard Time (UTC+2)


text:
Testing effect

The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory. It is different from the more general practice effect, defined in the APA Dictionary of Psychology as "any change or improvement that results from practice or repetition of task items or activities."

Cognitive psychologists are working with educators to look at how to take advantage of tests—not as an assessment tool, but as a teaching tool since testing prior knowledge is more beneficial for learning when compared to only reading or passively studying material (even more so when the test is more challenging for memory).

History
Before much experimental evidence had been collected, the utility of testing was already evident to some perceptive observers including Francis Bacon who discussed it as a learning strategy as early as 1620. "Hence if you read a piece of text through twenty times, you will not learn it by heart so easily as if you read it ten times while attempting to recite it from time to time and consulting the text when your memory fails." Towards the end of the 17th Century, John Locke made a similar observation regarding the importance of repeated retrieval for retention in his 1689 book "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding". "But concerning the ideas themselves, it is easy to remark, that those that are oftenest refreshed (amongst which are those that are conveyed into the mind by more ways than one) by a frequent return of the objects or actions that produce them, fix themselves best in the memory, and remain clearest and longest there." Towards the end of the 19th century, Harvard psychologist William James described the testing effect in the following section of his 1890 book "The Principles of Psychology" "'A curious peculiarity of our memory is that things are impressed better by active than by passive repetition. I mean that in learning (by heart, for example), when we almost know the piece, it pays better to wait and recollect by an effort from within, than to look at the book again. If we recover the words in the former way, we shall probably know them the next time; if in the latter way, we shall very likely need the book once more.'"The first documented empirical studies on the testing effect were published in 1909 by Edwina E. Abbott which was followed up by research into the transfer and retrieval of prior learning. In his 1932 book Psychology of Study, C. A. Mace said: "'On the matter of sheer repetitive drill there is another principle of the highest importance: Active repetition is very much more effective than passive repetition. ... there are two ways of introducing further repetitions. We may re-read this list: this is passive repetition. We may recall it to mind without reference to the text before forgetting has begun: this is active repetition. It has been found that when acts of reading and acts of recall alternate, i.e., when every reading is followed by an attempt to recall the items, the efficiency of learning and retention is enormously enhanced.'"Studies in retrieval practice started in 1987 by John. L Richards, who published his findings in a newspaper in New York. Much of the confusion around early studies could have been due to constrained approaches not accounting for context. In more recent research with contributions from Hal Pashler, Henry Roediger and many others, testing knowledge can produce better learning, transfer, and retrieval results when compared to other forms of study that often use recognition like re-reading or highlighting.

Retrieval practice
In recent research, storage strength (how well an item is learned) and retrieval strength (how well an item can be retrieved) have become separate measures for retrieval practice. Retrieval strength (also known as recall accuracy) is typically higher for restudied words when tested immediately after practice, whereas tested words were higher as time moves on. This suggests using tests is more beneficial for long-term memory and retrieval which some authors believe is due to limited retrieval success during practice  supporting the idea that tests are learning opportunities.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging suggests that retrieval practice strengthens subsequent retention of learning through a "dual action" affecting the anterior and posterior hippocampus regions of the brain. This could support findings that individual differences in personality traits or with working memory capacity, don't seem to have any negative impacts of the testing effect, with a greater impact for lower ability individuals.

Despite some doubting knowledge transfer across a topic when testing with some studies showing contradictory evidence suggesting recognition was better than recall, inferential thinking has been supported and the transfer of learning is at its strongest with application of theory to practice, inference questions, medical education, and problems involving medical diagnosis. The transfer can occur across domains, paradigms, and help retention for material not on a final test. Using retrieval practices also produces less forgetting than studying and restudying while helping to identify misconceptions and errors  with effects lasting years.

Repeated testing
Repeated testing have shown statistical significance and results getting better than repeated studying which could be due to testing creating multiple retrieval routes for memory, allowing individuals to form lasting connections between items, or blocking information together which can help with memory retention and schema recall. Using spaced repetition has shown an increase on the testing effect with a greater impact with a delay in testing, but the delay could lead to forgetting or retrieval-induced forgetting.

Delaying the test after a session can have a greater impact so studying in the day should be tested in the evening with a delay, but studying in the evening should have an immediate test due the effect sleep has on memory. Despite divided attention being thought to decrease the testing effect, if it is from a different medium it could enhance the effect.

The rate of forgetting is not affected by the speed or degree of learning but by the type of practice involved.

Test difficulty
According to the retrieval effort hypothesis, "difficult but successful retrievals are better for memory than easier successful retrievals" which supports the idea of finding a desirable difficulty within the retrieval practice considering our memory biases. Learning a language was better when using unfamiliar words compared to familiar words, supporting higher difficulty resulting in greater learning. The difficulty relates to the likelihood of forgetting as the harder it is to remember, the more likely you are to remember and retain the information supporting the notion that more effort is required for longer lasting retention similar to the depth of processing at encoding. Therefore, lack of effort from students studying could be a factor that reduces its efficiency.

Increased difficulty shows decreased initial performance but increased performance on harder tests in the future, so retention and transfer suffer less when training is difficult. Even unsuccessful retrieval can enhance learning, as creating the thought helps with retention due to the generation effect. Like with processing time, it is the qualitative nature of the information that determines retention.

Getting feedback helps with learning but finding a desirable difficulty for the test combined with feedback is more beneficial than studying or testing without feedback. The Read, Recite, Review method has been proposed as a method to combine retrieval practice with feedback.

Test format
The test format doesn't seem to impact the results as it is the process of retrieval that aids the learning but transfer-appropriate processing suggests that if the encoding of information is through a format similar to the retrieval format then the test results are likely to be higher, with a mismatch causing lower results. However, when short-answer tests or essays are used greater gains in results are seen when compared to multiple-choice test

Cued recall can make retrieval easier as it reduces the required retrieval strength from an individual which can help short term results, but can hinder long term retrieval overtime due to reduced retrieval demand during practice. Quicker learning can reduce the rate of forgetting for a short period of time, but the effect doesn't last as long as more effortful retrieval. Cueing can be seen when encoding new information overlaps with prior knowledge making retrieval easier or from a visual or auditory aid.

Prior knowledge seems to increase the impact of retrieval practice, but should not be seen as a boundary condition as individuals with higher prior knowledge and individuals with lower prior knowledge both benefit. Pre-testing can be used to get greater results, and the post-testing can be used to facilitate learning and memory of newly studied information, known as the ''forward testing effect. '' Pre-test or practice test accuracy doesn't predict post test results as time affects forgetting

Pre-testing effect
The pre-testing effect, also known as errorful generation or pre-questioning, is a related but distinct category where testing material before the material has been learned appears to lead to better subsequent learning performance than would have been the case without the pre-test, provided that feedback is given as to the correct answers once the pre-testing phase is completed or further study is undertaken. Pre-testing has been shown to aid learning in both laboratory. and classroom settings. In terms of specific examples, pre-testing appears to be a beneficial strategy in language learning, science classrooms generally, and specifically with lower ability learners in Chemistry. Pre-testing also seems to be a good way of introducing a lecture series and reduces mind-wandering during lectures. However, while some studies show that it does not seem to be as effective as post testing overall, others show that it is at least as effective as post-testing. The pre-testing effect does appear to be more target focused on the specific material to be learned and should not be seen as correlated with more generalised curiosity. While the strategy has been demonstrated to have learning benefits across different age groups and subject matters, it also appears to be more suited for more concrete material such as learning facts and concepts. It can be used with a variety of materials, including reading passages, videos, and live lectures.

Practice methods
When compared to concept mapping alone, retrieval practice is more beneficial, despite students not seeing retrieval practice as a useful learning tool. When combined, learner performance was increased, suggesting concept mapping is a tool that should be combined with retrieval practice alongside other non-verbal responses. Retrieval helps with mental organization which can work well with concept mapping. Multimedia testing can be used alongside flashcards as a method of retrieval practice but removing cards too early can result in lower long term retention. Individuals may not correctly interpret the outcome of practice cards contributing to dropped cards which impact future retrieval attempts therefore resulting in lower results due to increased forgetting.

It is advised that students, people in care units and teaching professionals  use distributed retrieval practice with feedback to aid their studies. Interleaved practice, self-explanation, and elaborative interrogation can be useful but need more research. Summarization can be useful for individuals trained how to use to get the most from it. Keyword mnemonics and imagery for text have been somewhat helpful but the effects are often short lived. However, if each of these methods are integrated with retrieval elements the testing effect is more likely to occur.

Test benefits
A list of benefits of retrieval practice.

 * Aids later retention
 * Identifies knowledge gaps
 * Aids future related learning
 * Prevents interference from prior material in future learning
 * Aids transfer of knowledge to new contexts
 * Aids knowledge organization
 * Aids retrieval of untested information
 * Improves metacognitive monitoring
 * Provides feedback to instructors
 * Frequent testing encourages study intentions

Quizzes
A meta-analysis found the following links between frequent low-stakes quizzes in real classes and improved student academic performance:

 * There was an association between the use of quizzes and academic performance.
 * This association was stronger in psychology classes
 * This association was stronger in all classes when quiz performance could improve class grades.
 * Students doing well on quizzes tended to lead to students doing well on final exams
 * Regular quizzing increased the chances of students passing classes

Transfer of learning
Learning using retrieval practice appears to be one of the most effective methods for promoting transfer of learning. In particular the following three techniques have been identified as particularly beneficial for transfer especially when combined with feedback: i) Implementing broad rather than narrow retrieval exercises ii) Encouraging meaningful explanations of concepts or topics iii) Using a variety of complexity and formats with questions such as retrieval questions that require inference.

Complex materials
Some researchers have applied aspects of cognitive load theory to suggest the testing effect may disappear with increasing task difficulty due to increased element interactivity. This has been addressed in the literature with studies that show complex learning is benefitted by retrieval practice. Further research has demonstrated that higher-order retrieval does not need to be based on a lower-level factual recall, and that from the beginning of the learning period, both should be combined for best effect.

Future research
It has been suggested that as most studies on the impact of retrieval practice were conducted in WEIRD countries, this could cause a bias which should be explored in further studies.

title: Testing effect


text:
Jerry Adair

Kenneth Jerry Adair (December 17, 1936 – May 31, 1987) was an American Major League Baseball second baseman, shortstop and third baseman with the Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Sox, Boston Red Sox and the Kansas City Royals between 1958 and 1970. Adair spent one season in Japan playing for the Hankyu Braves. He batted and threw right-handed, stood 6 ft tall and weighed 175 lb.

Early life
Adair was born in Sand Springs, Oklahoma, and graduated from Charles Page High School. He played college baseball and basketball (under Hank Iba) at Oklahoma State University. Adair also played one year in a work/play program for the McPherson (Kansas) BJs in the Ban Johnson League. That year McPherson went to the National Ban Johnson League tournament finals played in Wichita. He pitched many games as well as playing the infield.

Baltimore Orioles
Adair was signed by the Baltimore Orioles out of Oklahoma State University on September 2, 1958, for a $40,000 bonus. He made his Major League Baseball debut with the club that day against the Washington Senators, coming into the game in the bottom of the 8th inning as a defensive replacement for shortstop Chuck Oertel. He did not get an at bat in the game. Adair's first big league at bat came on September 5 against the Boston Red Sox. After drawing a walk and scoring in the 8th inning, Adair reached base again in the ninth inning on a fielder's choice. He picked up his first big league hit (a single to left field) in a 3–2 Orioles win over the visiting New York Yankees on September 21. That season, he hit .105 (2-for-19) in 11 games with the Orioles, primarily playing shortstop.

He hit .314 (11-for-35) in 12 games in 1959 and went 1-for-5 (.200) in 3 games in 1960.

Adair's first full season in the big leagues came in 1961 with the Orioles, hitting .264 with 9 home runs and 37 RBI in 133 games. Although the majority of his time was spent at second base, he also played some shortstop and third base that year.

Once, during the 1964 season, he was struck in the mouth by a bad throw during the first game of a doubleheader with the Detroit Tigers. The resulting laceration required 11 stitches, but Adair was back in the park in uniform in time to play the entire second game.

In 1965, 28-year-old Adair hit .259 with 7 home runs and a career-high 66 RBI in 157 games with the Orioles. He was among American League leaders with 157 games (8th in the AL), 582 at bats (10th in the AL), 26 doubles (7th in the AL), 115 singles (10th in the AL) and 6 sacrifice flies (8th in the AL). As a result, Adair finished 17th in the AL MVP vote that was won by Zoilo Versalles of the Minnesota Twins.

Chicago White Sox
On June 13, 1966, Adair was traded by the Orioles with minor leaguer John Riddle to the Chicago White Sox for Eddie Fisher.

Boston Red Sox
On June 2, 1967, Adair was traded by the White Sox to the Boston Red Sox for Don McMahon and minor leaguer Rob Snow. Adair played well down the stretch with the Red Sox, hitting .291 with 3 homers and 26 RBI in 89 games, rounding out his season stats to .271 with 3 HR and 35 RBI in 117 games. With his pennant push performance at the plate, coupled with stellar defensive play, Adair finished 15th in the AL MVP balloting. Teammate Carl Yastrzemski won the award that year after claiming the elusive triple crown.

Kansas City Royals
Adair was taken by the Kansas City Royals with the 51st pick of the 1968 MLB expansion draft. In the Royals' inaugural season of 1969, the 32-year-old Adair hit .250 with 5 home runs and 48 RBI in 126 games.

In 1970, Adair hit just .148 (4-for-27) before being abruptly released on May 5 as he was about to board a plane to make a road trip to Baltimore with the team. Adair had spent much of spring training that year with his six-year-old daughter, Tammy, who had terminal cancer and eventually died and claimed the Royals let him go without taking the family's problems into consideration. Royals General Manager Cedric Tallis defended the team's decision to release Adair saying "We just felt he couldn't help the club".

Legacy
While having only a .254 career batting average, he was considered a good clutch hitter (Carl Yastrzemski wrote in his autobiography Baseball, The Wall, and Me "That man was one of the coolest clutch hitters I had seen"). However, his greatest strength was his defensive ability. Adair set then-major league records for single-season fielding percentage (.994) and fewest errors (5) in 1964, and followed that up by leading the league in fielding percentage again in 1965. He also set a record for consecutive errorless games by a second baseman (89), and consecutive chances handled without an error (458) from July 22, 1964, through May 6, 1965. In addition, he was considered a "gamer" who would often play when injured.

After leaving Major League Baseball, Adair played in Japan for a year, and later coached for the Oakland Athletics (1972–74) and the California Angels (1975), working under his former Oriole teammate and manager in Boston Dick Williams.

Adair died of liver cancer on May 31, 1987, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, at the age of 50.

title: Jerry Adair


text:
Sesame oil

Sesame oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from sesame seeds. The oil is one of the earliest-known crop-based oils. Worldwide mass modern production is limited due to the inefficient manual harvesting process required to extract the oil. Oil made from raw seeds, which may or may not be cold-pressed, is used as a cooking oil. Oil made from toasted seeds is used for its distinctive nutty aroma and taste, although it may be unsuitable for frying, which makes it taste burnt and bitter.

Manufacturing process
Sesame seeds are protected by a capsule which bursts only when the seeds are completely ripe, a process called dehiscence. The dehiscence time tends to vary, so farmers cut plants by hand and place them together in an upright position to continue ripening, until all the capsules have opened.

Tanzania remains the largest producer of sesame oil and also dominates the global consumption of this product. The African and Asian regions constitute the fastest-developing sesame oil markets. The steady growth in demand being observed here is in line with rising household income and urbanization, as well as an increase in the use of sesame oil for food products and Asian dishes.

While some manufacturers will further refine sesame oil through solvent extraction, neutralization, and bleaching in order to improve its cosmetic aspects, sesame oil derived from quality seeds already possesses a pleasant taste and does not require further purification before it can be consumed. Many consumers prefer unrefined sesame oil due to their belief that the refining process removes important nutrients. Flavor, traditionally an important attribute, was best in oils produced from mild crushing.

Sesame oil is one of the more stable natural oils, but can still benefit from refrigeration and from limited exposure to light and high temperatures during extraction, processing, and storage; this minimizes nutrient loss through oxidation and rancidity. Storage in amber-colored or opaque bottles can help to minimize light exposure.

Sesame oil is a polyunsaturated (PUFA) semi-drying oil. Commercial sesame oil varies in color from light to deep reddish-yellow depending on the color of the seed processed and the method of milling. Provided that the oil is milled from well-cleaned seed, it can be refined and bleached easily to yield a light-colored limpid oil. Sesame oil is rich in oleic and linoleic acids, which together account for 85% of the total fatty acids. Sesame oil has a relatively high percentage of unsaponifiable matter (1.5-2.3%). In India and in some other European countries, it is obligatory to add sesame oil (5-10%) to margarine and generally to hydrogenated vegetable fats which are commonly used as adulterants for butter or ghee.

Sesame seed market
About 65% of the annual US sesame crop is processed into oil, and 35% is used in food.

Nutrients
A 100 gram (100 ml) reference amount of sesame oil supplies 884 calories of food energy (table). The only essential nutrient having significant content in sesame oil is vitamin K, providing 13% of the Daily Value per 100 grams (table).

For fats, sesame oil is approximately equal in monounsaturated fat (oleic acid, 40% of total) and polyunsaturated fat (linoleic acid, 42% of total), together accounting for 80% of the total fat content (table). The remaining oil content is primarily palmitic acid, a saturated fat (about 9% of total, USDA table).

Potential for allergy
As with numerous seed and nut foods, sesame oil may produce an allergic reaction, although the incidence of this effect is rare, estimated at 0.1–0.2% of the population. Reports of sesame allergy are growing in developed countries during the 21st century, with the allergic mechanism from oil exposure expressed as contact dermatitis, possibly resulting from hypersensitivity to lignin-like compounds.

Cooking
Sesame oil made from seeds that have not been toasted is a pale yellow liquid with a pleasant grain-like odor and somewhat nutty taste, and is used as frying oil. Oil made from pressed and toasted sesame seeds is amber-colored and aromatic, and is used as a flavoring agent in the final stages of cooking.

Despite sesame oil's high proportion (41%) of polyunsaturated (omega-6) fatty acids, it is least prone, among cooking oils with high smoke points, to turn rancid when kept in the open. This is due to the natural antioxidants, such as sesamol, present in the oil.

Light sesame oil has a high smoke point and is suitable for deep-frying. Toasted sesame oil is not suitable, but it can be used to stir fry meats and vegetables, for sautéing, and to make omelettes.

Sesame oil is most popular in continental Asia, especially in East Asia and the South Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, where its widespread use is similar to that of olive oil in the Mediterranean.

 * East Asian cuisines often use roasted sesame oil for seasoning during cooking, or at the table.
 * The Chinese use sesame oil in the preparation of meals.
 * In Japan, rāyu is made of chili and sesame oil and used as a spicy topping on various foods, or mixed with vinegar and soy sauce and used as a dip.
 * In South India, before the advent of modern refined oils produced on a large scale, sesame oil was traditionally used for curries and gravies. It continues to be used, particularly in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, mixed with foods that are hot and spicy, as it neutralizes the heat. It is often mixed in with a special spice powder that accompanies idli and dosa, as well as rice mixed with spice powders (example, paruppu podi).

Religious uses
In Mandaeism, anointing sesame oil, called misha (ࡌࡉࡔࡀ) in Mandaic, is used during rituals such as the masbuta (baptism) and masiqta (death mass), both of which are performed by Mandaean priests.

Industrial uses
In industry, sesame oil may be used as:
 * a solvent in injected drugs or intravenous drip solutions
 * a cosmetics carrier oil
 * a coating for stored grains to prevent weevil attacks. The oil also has synergy effects with some insecticides.

Low-grade oil is used locally in soaps, paints, lubricants, and illuminants.

History
Historically, sesame was cultivated more than 5000 years ago as a drought-tolerant crop which was able to grow where other crops failed. Sesame was cultivated during the Indus Valley civilization and was the main oil crop. It was probably exported to Mesopotamia around 2500 BCE.

title: Sesame oil


text:
User:Neatnate

FYI: Common Mistakes
Here are some of the errors that I find myself correcting a lot:
 * Book titles that aren't italicized
 * Use of the hyphen instead of the dash, especially the em dash (—). Correct usage of the em dash, which may be inserted by typing : I invited her over for dinner—she accepted. The book—a gift from her late father—had faded print and a worn spine. Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court (1993—). And, if such phrases are unavoidable, "chronic pain—reduction techniques" (because this refers to the relief of 'chronic pain', not chronic techniques aimed at relieving pain, as "severe pain-reduction techniques" seems to indicate).

On pages related to Harry Potter

 * I checked the books: Muggle and Squib are capitalized, dementor is not (but Dementor's Kiss is).
 * It's perhaps debatable whether "Harry Potter" needs to be italicized when referring to the series, e.g. "in the fictional Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling." However, for the sake of uniformity in Wikipedia articles, I italicize it whenever I see it used this way, as it does refer to a part of a title which is common to all books in the series.
 * Someone's created the hp-stub template, so use  instead of   on incomplete Harry Potter-related articles.
 * Harry Potter is the article describing the series; Harry Potter (character), or Harry James Potter (which redirects to it), are used to refer to the character.

Focus
Current activity: mostly working on Harry Potter-related articles and copyediting random pages. Authored Magical beasts (Harry Potter), Knight Bus, Broderick Bode, N.E.W.T., and Ordinary Wizarding Level, among others. Created templates: Template:HP Place, Template:HP Association, Template:HP School

Alias: 216.196.166.173

TODO

 * Categorized watchlist: User:Neatnate/hplist
 * Work on Hebrew
 * Eliminate near-plagiarism in Newt Scamander
 * Add beasts considered mythical by most wizards to Magical beasts (Harry Potter)
 * Quidditch World Cup
 * Category:Harry Potter places
 * Quality Quidditch Supplies
 * 4 Privet Drive, Little Whinging, Surrey

title: User:Neatnate


text:
United Kingdom Climate Change Programme

The United Kingdom's Climate Change Programme was launched in November 2000 by the British government in response to its commitment agreed at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). The 2000 programme was updated in March 2006 following a review launched in September 2004.

In 2008, the UK was the world's 9th greatest producer of man-made carbon emissions, producing around 1.8% of the global total generated from fossil fuels.

Aim and progress

The aims of the programme are not only to cut all greenhouse gas emissions by the agreed 12.5% from 1990 levels in the period 2008 to 2012 (the international Kyoto commitment), but to go beyond this by cutting carbon dioxide emissions by 20% from 1990 levels by 2010.

When the original programme was published in 2000, it confirmed that UK emissions were already forecast to be around 15% lower by 2010.

As of March 2006, government projections were in line with the official energy policy of the United Kingdom) so that, by 2010, the UK will have reduced its carbon dioxide emissions by about 15-18% below 1990 levels, thus missing the government's internal target but achieving its Kyoto Protocol target, with a projected reduction of emissions from the basket of all greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide) of about 23-25% from 1990 levels.

2000 Climate Change Programme
The stated strategies of the 2000 programme were to:
 * Improve business’ use of energy, stimulate investment and cut costs;
 * Stimulate new, more efficient sources of power generation;
 * Cut emissions from the transport sector;
 * Promote better energy efficiency in the domestic sector, saving householders money;
 * Improve the energy efficiency requirements of the building regulations;
 * Continue cutting emissions from agriculture;
 * Ensure the public sector took a leading role.

Government actions
The following are among the actions taken to implement the strategy:

Climate Change Act
On 26 November 2008, after cross-party pressure over several years, led by environmental groups, the Climate Change Act became law. The Act puts in place a framework to achieve a mandatory 80% cut in the UK's carbon emissions by 2050 (compared to 1990 levels), with an intermediate target of between 34% by 2020 which would have risen in the event of a strong deal at the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.

Renewables Obligation
Introduced on 1 April 2002, the Renewables Obligation requires all electricity suppliers who supply electricity to end consumers to supply a set portion of their electricity from eligible renewables sources; a proportion that will increase each year until 2015 from a 3% requirement in 2002–2003, via 10.4% in 2010-2012 up to 15.4% by 2015–2016. The UK Government announced in the 2006 Energy Review an additional target of 20% by 2020–21. For each eligible megawatt hour of renewable energy generated, a tradable certificate called a renewables obligation certificate(ROC) is issued by OFGEM.

On or before 31 September following the RO year (1 Apr - 31 Mar) Suppliers can meet their Renewables Obligation by:
 * acquiring and redeeming ROCs,
 * paying a buy-out price equivalent to £33.24/megawatt hour in 2006/07 and rising each year with retail price index;or
 * a combination of redeeming ROCs and paying the buy-out price.

When a supplier meets all or part of its obligation by paying the buy-out price for each MWh of its obligation not discharged by the redemption of ROCs, the money is put into a holding account called the buy-out fund. The buy-out fund is recycled before 1 November to those electricity suppliers who presented ROCs against their Renewables Obligation. This 'recycling' is distributed equally for each ROC redeemed, those suppliers who did not redeem any ROCs will receive no 'recycling' from the buy-out fund.

The renewables obligation also makes requirements about how the electricity can be generated. An example is that the co-firing of biomass with coal is to be phased out - and will not be eligible for Renewable Obligation Certificates after 2016 (although the government has announced its intention to revisit the co-firing rules as part of the 2006 Energy Review).

The renewables transport fuel obligation is a separate law, which although is not in force yet, is set to become law. It would require bio-ethanol and bio-diesel to be added to road fuel, up to a limit of 2 or 5.75%. The land required for this would be considerable. It has been estimated (by the NFU) that the biomass could be grown by using all of the UK's net wheat exports, and growing wheat on 1,200 square kilometres of land.

Housing and community grants
Grants to assist with the installation of renewable energy sources in domestic properties and for community groups were made available through the Clear Skies organisation, and the Major Photovoltaics Demonstration programme. In 2006 these were replaced by the Low Carbon Buildings Programme (LCBP).

CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme
The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme is a mandatory cap and trade scheme, announced in May 2007, that will apply to large non energy-intensive organisations in the public and private sectors, including hotel chains, supermarkets, banks, central government and large Local Authorities. It is anticipated that the scheme will have cut carbon emissions by 1.2 million tonnes of carbon per year by 2020.

The CRC scheme will apply to organisations that have a mandatory half-hourly metered electricity consumption greater than 6,000 MWh per year. This roughly equates to an electricity bill above £500,000 (US$1,000,000), although it would apply to emissions from direct energy use as well as electricity purchased.

The Green Deal
The Green Deal is a policy to encourage energy efficiency improvements in the UK's building stock. It will be financed through loans attached to the energy bills of the improved properties - The green deal was dropped by government in 2015.

Electricity Market Reform
Electricity Market Reform is a UK programme seeking to decarbonise electricity generation in the UK by providing low carbon generators guaranteed income through a contract for difference arrangement.

It is made up of 2 mechanisms: Contracts for Difference (CfD) and the Capacity Market (CM).

Nottingham Declaration
Although not part of the central government programme, in local government, over 300 councils have signed up to the Nottingham Declaration, launched on 25 October 2000, committing them to work towards reducing emissions.

title: United Kingdom Climate Change Programme


text:
Ngāti Whātua

Ngāti Whātua is a Māori iwi (tribe) of the lower Northland Peninsula of New Zealand's North Island. It comprises a confederation of four hapū (subtribes) interconnected both by ancestry and by association over time: Te Uri-o-Hau, Te Roroa, Te Taoū, and Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei. The four hapū can act together or separately as independent tribes.

Ngāti Whātua's territory or rohe is traditionally expressed as, "Tāmaki ki Maunganui i te Tai Hauauru" and "Tāmaki ki Manaia i te Rawhiti". The northern boundary is expressed as, "Manaia titiro ki Whatitiri, Whatitiri titiro ki Tutamoe, Tutamoe titiro ki Maunganui". The southern boundary is expressed as, "Te awa o Tāmaki". The area runs from Tāmaki River in the south to Maunganui Bluff (at the northern end of Aranga Beach on the west coast) in the north, and to Whangarei Harbour on the east coast. By the time of European settlement in New Zealand, Ngāti Whātua's territory was around the Kaipara Harbour and stretching south to Tāmaki Makaurau, the site of present-day Auckland.

History
Ngāti Whātua descends from the ancestor Tuputupuwhenua (also known as Tumutumuwhenua). The iwi traces its arrival in New Zealand to the Māhuhu-ki-te-rangi canoe, which landed north of the Kaipara Harbour. They also descend from ancestors who migrated from Muriwhenua in the Far North and intermarried with the tribes in Ngāti Whātua's territory. By the 16th and 17th century, Ngāti Whātua had become established around the Kaipara Harbour.

Rivalry with Ngāpuhi escalated in the early 19th century when Ngāpuhi acquired muskets. Ngāpuhi attacked Ngāti Whātua in 1807 or 1808 in the battle of Moremonui north of Dargaville - probably the occasion of the first use of firearms in Māori warfare. Ngāti Whātua overcame the Ngāpuhi warriors with hand weapons while Ngāpuhi were reloading their muskets, winning a decisive victory over the attackers. Ngāpuhi, led by Hongi Hika, exacted revenge in 1825 when they defeated Ngāti Whātua in the battle of Te Ika a Ranganui near Kaiwaka.

On 20 March 1840 in the Manukau Harbour area where Ngāti Whātua farmed, paramount chief Apihai Te Kawau signed Te Tiriti o Waitangi, the Treaty of Waitangi. Ngāti Whātua sought British protection from Ngāpuhi as well as a reciprocal relationship with the Crown and the Church. Soon after signing the Treaty, Te Kawau offered land on the Waitematā Harbour to William Hobson, the new Governor of New Zealand, for his new capital. Hobson took up the offer and moved the capital of New Zealand to Tāmaki Makaurau, naming the settlement Auckland.

Ngāti Whātua came to national prominence in the 1970s in a dispute over vacant land at Bastion Point, a little way east of the Auckland city centre, adjoining the suburb of Ōrākei. The land, which the New Zealand government had acquired cheaply for public works many decades before, largely reverted to the tribe after a long occupation and passive resistance.

Governance
Te Runanga o Ngāti Whātua has a mandate, recognised by the New Zealand Government, to negotiate Treaty of Waitangi settlements for Ngāti Whatua. It is also a mandated iwi organisation under the Māori Fisheries Act, and an Iwi Aquaculture Organisation in the Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act. It represents Ngāti Whatua as an iwi authority under the Resource Management Act and is a Tūhono organisation.

The Runanga is a Māori Trust Board governed by 11 trustees from 5 takiwā or districts: 1 trustee from Ōrākei, 2 from South Kaipara, 3 from Otamatea, 1 from Whangarei and 4 from Northern Wairoa. As of 2022, the co-chairpersons of the trust are Allan Pivac and Dame Rangimarie Naida Glavish DNZM. JP, the Manahautū is Alan Riwaka, and the trust is based in Whangarei.

The iwi has interest in the territory of Northland Regional Council, Auckland Council, Kaipara District Council and Whangarei District Council.

Northern Wairoa

 * Ngāti Hinga hapū, based at Ahikiwi marae (Te Aranga Mai o te Whakapono wharenui), Kaihū
 * Ngāti Torehina, based at Taita marae (Kia Mahara Koutou wharenui), Māmaranui
 * Unidentified hapū, based at Kāpehu marae (Tāringaroa wharenui), Mititai, and Tama te Uaua marae (Tama te Uaua wharenui), Kaihū
 * Te Popoto, based at Ōtūrei marae (Rangimārie Te Aroha wharenui), Aratapu
 * Te Roroa, based at Pananawe marae (Te Taumata o Tiopira Kinaki wharenui), Waipoua; Te Houhanga marae (Rāhiri wharenui), Dargaville; Waikarā marae (Te Uaua wharenui), Aranga;
 * Te Uri o Hau, based at: Otamatea Marae, Kaipara, Maungataroto. Naumai marae (Ngā Uri o te Kotahitanga wharenui), Ruawai; Ōtūrei marae (Rangimārie Te Aroha wharenui), Aratapu; Rīpia marae (No wharenui), Rīpia, and Pouto; Waikaretu marae, Matakohe; Parirau Marae-Wharemarama (Te Uri-o-Hau).

Whangarei
The Whangarei district has four hapū (sub-tribes):
 * Patuharakeke hapū, based at Takahiwai marae (Rangiora wharenui), Takahiwai
 * Te Kuihi hapū, based at Tangiterōria marae (Tirarau wharenui), Tangiterōria
 * Te Parawhau hapū, based at Korokota marae (Tikitiki o Rangi wharenui), Tītoki and Tangiterōria marae (Tirarau wharenui), Tangiterōria
 * Te Uriroroi hapū, based at Toetoe marae (Toetoe wharenui), Ōtaika

Ōrākei

 * Ngā Oho, based at Ōrākei marae (with Tumutumuwhenua wharenui), Ōrākei
 * Te Taoū, based at Ōrākei marae (with Tumutumuwhenua wharenui), Ōrākei
 * Te Uri Ngutu, based at Ōrākei marae (with Tumutumuwhenua wharenui), Ōrākei

Radio station
Ake 1179 is the official radio station of Ngāti Whātua, but is not officially part of the iwi radio network. It broadcasts on in Auckland, and features a combination of urban contemporary music and traditional storytelling.

Notable people

 * Dame Naida Glavish, politician and community leader
 * Joe Hawke, politician and businessman
 * Josh Hohneck, rugby union player
 * Erana James, actress
 * Hugh Kāwharu, chief and academic
 * Merata Kawharu, writer and academic
 * Graham Latimer, former Māori Council president
 * Manos Nathan, ceramicist
 * Paraire Karaka Paikea, politician and church minister
 * Ōtene Pāora, Māori leader and land negotiator
 * Tame Te Rangi, civil servant and sports commentator
 * Ngapipi Reweti, land negotiator
 * Āpihai Te Kawau, tribal leader
 * Pāora Tūhaere, tribal leader
 * Diane Prince, artist, weaver and set designer
 * Sir William Richard Wright, treaty negotiator and member of the New Zealand Order of Merit

title: Ngāti Whātua


text:
IBM 740

The IBM 740 CRT Recorder was announced in 1954 and used with the IBM 701, IBM 704, and IBM 709 computers to draw vector graphics images, point by point, on 35 mm photographic film (i.e. microfilm). The 740 film recorder contained digital-to-analog converters and a 7-inch, high precision, electrostatic CRT. The raster size was 1,024 by 1,024, but only 256 resolved spots could be displayed on a vertical or horizontal line. Points could be displayed in one of two intensities, and a line could be drawn from a point, vertically or horizontally, to the edge of the display to form an axis.

Each point to be displayed was stored in a single 36 bit word, with 10 bits each for the X and Y coordinates, and 3 control bits, one to set either high or low intensity and two to indicate that an X or Y axis is to be drawn starting from the given point. If both the X and Y axis bits were set, a 45 degree line was drawn.

The 740's CRT used a short persistence P11 phosphor. The film used was 35 mm and was stored in a magazine that could hold up to 100 feet. ASA 200 speed film was recommended. The film could be advanced under computer control.

The IBM 780 CRT Display was a monitor that could be attached to the 740 and mirror to an operator what was being drawn on 740's CRT. The 780 had a 21-inch CRT with a longer persistence (2 second, nominal) P7 phosphor.

title: IBM 740


text:
Jonathan Mayhew

Jonathan Mayhew (October 8, 1720 – July 9, 1766) was a noted American Congregational minister at Old West Church, Boston, Massachusetts.

Early life
Mayhew was born at Martha's Vineyard, being fifth in descent from Thomas Mayhew (1592–1682), an early settler and the grantee (1641) of Martha's Vineyard and adjacent islands. Thomas Mayhew, Jr. (1622–1657), his son John (d. 1689) and John's son, Experience Mayhew (1673–1758), were active missionaries among the Indians of Marthas Vineyard and the vicinity.

Mayhew graduated from Harvard College in 1744 and in 1749 received the degree of D.D. from the University of Aberdeen.

Theological views
So liberal were his theological views that when he was to be ordained minister of the West Church in Boston in 1747, only two ministers attended the first council called for the ordination, and it was necessary to summon a second council. Mayhew's preaching made his church essentially the first Unitarian Congregational church in New England, though it was never officially Unitarian. He preached the strict unity of God, the subordinate nature of Christ, and salvation by character. Like other Unitarians of this time, Mayhew believed God punished whole communities if the people were not moral and pious enough. But Mayhew did affirm "the divinity of the Son of God" and never explicitly denied (as Arians do) that the Son is co-eternal with the Father.

On March 20, 1760, Boston experienced a fire that consumed over three hundred buildings and left about a thousand people without homes. Three days later, Mayhew preached a sermon that proclaimed that God had caused the fire to chastise Bostonians. Mayhew declared that God had “determined to let loose his wrath upon the city to ‘rebuke us in his anger, and chasten us in his hot displeasure’. ”  Therefore, Mayhew said, God “caused his wind to blow; and suddenly raised it to such a height, that all endeavours to put a stop to the raging flames, were ineffectual”. Mayhew finished his sermon by warning the people of Boston that unless they repented and reformed enough, they should expect an even greater punishment.

Political views
In politics, Mayhew bitterly opposed the Stamp Act, and urged the necessity of colonial union (or communion) to secure colonial liberties. He was famous, in part, for his 1750 and 1754 election sermons espousing American rights — the cause of liberty and the right and duty to resist tyranny; other famous sermons included "The Snare Broken," 1766. His sermons and writings were a powerful influence in the development of the movement for liberty and independence.

The extent of his political feeling can be seen in his Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission (complete text), a sermon delivered on the 100th anniversary of the execution of Charles I (January 30, 1649/50). Taking vigorous issue with recent efforts to portray Charles as a martyred monarch, Mayhew began with observations on the antiquity of English liberties. The English constitution, he asserted, “is originally and essentially free.” Roman sources, such as the reliable Tacitus, made it clear that “the ancient Britons … were extremely jealous of their liberties.” England’s monarchs originally held their throne “solely by grant of parliament,” so the ancient English kings ruled “by the voluntary consent of the people.” After forty pages of such historical discourse, Mayhew reached his major point: the essential rightness of the execution of an English king when he too greatly infringed upon British liberties.

The vigor of Mayhew’s sermon established his reputation. It was published not only in Boston, but also in London in 1752 and again in 1767. In Boston, John Adams remembered long afterward that Mayhew’s sermon, “was read by everybody.” Some would say later that this sermon was the first volley of the American Revolution, setting forth the intellectual and scriptural justification for rebellion against the Crown.

In 1763 he turned his attention to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, a branch of the Church of England established "to send priests and schoolteachers to America to help provide the Church's ministry to the colonists". His Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts was published in Boston and London and raised considerable opposition in England and America; Thomas Secker, then archbishop of Canterbury, wrote an Answer the following year.

In 1765, with the provocation of the Stamp Act fresh, Mayhew delivered another rousing sermon on the virtues of liberty and the iniquity of tyranny. The essence of slavery, he announced, consists in subjection to others—“whether many, few, or but one, it matters not.” The day after his sermon, a Boston mob attacked Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson’s house, and many thought Mayhew was responsible.

Mayhew was Dudleian lecturer at Harvard in 1765. He died July 1766.

A quarter century after his death, the following lines were delivered at the Harvard commencement address of 1792:

While Britain claim'd by laws our rights to lead, And faith was fetter'd by a bigot's creed. Then mental freedom first her power display'd and call'd a MAYHEW to religion's aid. For this great truth, he boldly led the van, That private judgment was the right of man.

title: Jonathan Mayhew


text:
Serial-position effect

Serial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst. The term was coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus through studies he performed on himself, and refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the recency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect).

One suggested reason for the primacy effect is that the initial items presented are most effectively stored in long-term memory because of the greater amount of processing devoted to them. (The first list item can be rehearsed by itself; the second must be rehearsed along with the first, the third along with the first and second, and so on.) The primacy effect is reduced when items are presented quickly and is enhanced when presented slowly (factors that reduce and enhance processing of each item and thus permanent storage). Longer presentation lists have been found to reduce the primacy effect.

One theorised reason for the recency effect is that these items are still present in working memory when recall is solicited. Items that benefit from neither (the middle items) are recalled most poorly. An additional explanation for the recency effect is related to temporal context: if tested immediately after rehearsal, the current temporal context can serve as a retrieval cue, which would predict more recent items to have a higher likelihood of recall than items that were studied in a different temporal context (earlier in the list). The recency effect is reduced when an interfering task is given. Intervening tasks involve working memory, as the distractor activity, if exceeding 15 to 30 seconds in duration, can cancel out the recency effect. Additionally, if recall comes immediately after the test, the recency effect is consistent regardless of the length of the studied list, or presentation rate.

Amnesiacs with poor ability to form permanent long-term memories do not show a primacy effect, but do show a recency effect if recall comes immediately after study. People with Alzheimer's disease exhibit a reduced primacy effect but do not produce a recency effect in recall.

Primacy effect
In psychology and sociology, the primacy effect (also known as the primacy bias) is a cognitive bias that results in a subject recalling primary information presented better than information presented later on. For example, a subject who reads a sufficiently long list of words is more likely to remember words toward the beginning than words in the middle.

Many researchers have tried to explain this phenomenon through free recall [null tests]. Coluccia, Gamboz, and Brandimonte (2011) explain free recall as participants trying to remember information without any prompting. In some experiments in the late 20th century, it was noted that participants who knew that they were going to be tested on a list presented to them would rehearse items: as items were presented, the participants would repeat those items to themselves and as new items were presented, the participants would continue to rehearse previous items along with the newer items. It was demonstrated that the primacy effect had a greater influence on recall when there was more time between presentation of items so that participants would have a greater chance to rehearse previous (prime) items.

Overt rehearsal was a technique that was meant to test participants' rehearsal patterns. In an experiment using this technique, participants were asked to recite out loud the items that come to mind. In this way, the experimenter was able to see that participants would repeat earlier items more than items in the middle of the list, thus rehearsing them more frequently and having a better recall of the prime items than the middle items later on.

In another experiment, by Brodie and Murdock, the recency effect was found to be partially responsible for the primacy effect. In their experiment, they also used the overt-rehearsal technique and found that in addition to rehearsing earlier items more than later items, participants were rehearsing earlier items later on in the list. In this way, earlier items were closer to the test period by way of rehearsal and could be partially explained by the recency effect.

In 2013, a study showed that primacy effect is also prominent in decision making based on experience in a repeated-choice paradigm, a learning process also known as operant conditioning. The authors showed that importance attached to the value of the first reward on subsequent behaviour, a phenomenon they denoted as outcome primacy.

In another study, participants received one of two sentences. For example, one may be given "Steve is smart, diligent, critical, impulsive, and jealous." and the other "Steve is jealous, impulsive, critical, diligent, and smart." These two sentences contain the same information. The first one suggests positive trait at the beginning while the second one has negative traits. Researchers found that the subjects evaluated Steve more positively when given the first sentence, compared with the second one.

Recency effect
Two traditional classes of theories explain the recency effect.

Dual-store models
These models postulate that study items listed last are retrieved from a highly accessible short-term buffer, i.e. the short-term store (STS) in human memory. This allows items that are recently studied to have an advantage over those that were studied earlier, as earlier study items have to be retrieved with greater effort from one’s long-term memory store (LTS).

An important prediction of such models is that the presentation of a distraction, for example solving arithmetic problems for 10–30 seconds, during the retention period (the time between list presentation and test) attenuates the recency effect. Since the STS has limited capacity, the distraction displaces later study list items from the STS so that at test, these items can only be retrieved from the LTS, and have lost their earlier advantage of being more easily retrieved from the short-term buffer. As such, dual-store models successfully account for both the recency effect in immediate recall tasks, and the attenuation of such an effect in the delayed free recall task.

A major problem with this model, however, is that it cannot predict the long-term recency effect observed in delayed recall, when a distraction intervenes between each study item during the interstimulus interval (continuous distractor task). Since the distraction is still present after the last study item, it should displace the study item from STS such that the recency effect is attenuated. The existence of this long-term recency effect thus raises the possibility that immediate and long-term recency effects share a common mechanism.

Single-store models
According to single-store theories, a single mechanism is responsible for serial-position effects. A first type of model is based on relative temporal distinctiveness, in which the time lag between the study of each list item and the test determines the relative competitiveness of an item’s memory trace at retrieval. In this model, end-of-list items are thought to be more distinct, and hence more easily retrieved.

Another type of model is based on contextual variability, which postulates that retrieval of items from memory is cued not only based on one’s mental representation of the study item itself, but also of the study context. Since context varies and increasingly changes with time, on an immediate free-recall test, when memory items compete for retrieval, more recently studied items will have more similar encoding contexts to the test context, and are more likely to be recalled.

Outside immediate free recall, these models can also predict the presence or absence of the recency effect in delayed free recall and continual-distractor free-recall conditions. Under delayed recall conditions, the test context would have drifted away with increasing retention interval, leading to attenuated recency effect. Under continual distractor recall conditions, while increased interpresentation intervals reduce the similarities between study context and test context, the relative similarities among items remains unchanged. As long as the recall process is competitive, recent items will win out, so a recency effect is observed.

Ratio rule
Overall, an important empirical observation regarding the recency effect is that it is not the absolute duration of retention intervals (RI, the time between end of study and test period) or of inter-presentation intervals (IPI, the time between different study items) that matters. Rather, the amount of recency is determined by the ratio of RI to IPI (the ratio rule). As a result, as long as this ratio is fixed, recency will be observed regardless of the absolute values of intervals, so that recency can be observed at all time scales, a phenomenon known as time-scale invariance. This contradicts dual-store models, which assume that recency depends on the size of STS, and the rule governing the displacement of items in the STS.

Potential explanations either then explain the recency effect as occurring through a single, same mechanism, or re-explain it through a different type of model that postulates two different mechanisms for immediate and long-term recency effects. One such explanation is provided by Davelaar et al. (2005), who argue that there are dissociations between immediate and long-term recency phenomena that cannot be explained by a single-component memory model, and who argues for the existence of a STS that explains immediate recency, and a second mechanism based on contextual drift that explains long-term recency. The recency effect as well as the ratio changes in Alzheimer's disease and therefore can be used as an indicator of this disease condition from the earliest stages of neurodegeneration

Related effects
In 1977, William Crano decided to outline a study to further the previous conclusions on the nature of order effects, in particular those of primacy vs. recency, which were said to be unambiguous and opposed in their predictions. The specifics tested by Crano were:

 * Change of meaning hypothesis: The items on the beginning of a list establish a theme that the participants expect the rest of the list to fall into. The participant modified the meaning of some of the words on the list to fit with the expectation he or she established. Watkins and Peynicioglu (1984) explain this as participants changing the meaning of words, deviating from the established theme, to reduce the amount of deviation in the information presented.
 * Inconsistency discounting: Participants would disregard information that was not consistent with previous items presented to them. In other words, discounting involves thinking of inconsistent information as having less value than information that is consistent with other information presented (Devine & Ostrom, 1985).
 * Attention decrement hypothesis: Information presented first has a greater influence on participants than information that is presented later, causing a primacy effect to occur, even if the information is consistent. Steiner and Rain (1989) explain people pay more attention to information presented at the beginning, but progressively pay less attention to the information presented to them. The primacy effect occurs because participants pay attention to the beginning information and ignore the information presented later. On the other hand, if participants are in a situation where they have to continuously pay attention to information, a recency effect may occur.

The continuity effect or lag-recency effect predicts that having made a successful recall, the next recalled item is less likely to come from a remote serial position, rather than a nearby serial position (Kahana, Howard, Zaromb & Wingfiend, 2002). The difference between the two items' serial position is referred to as serial-position lag. Another factor, called the conditional-response probability, is the likelihood of recalling a certain serial-position lag. A graph of serial-position lag versus conditional response probability reveals that the next item recalled minimizes absolute lag, with a higher likelihood for the adjacent than the previous one.

title: Serial-position effect


text: User talk:68.75.164.89

title: User talk:68.75.164.89