text:
Latimeria

Latimeria is a rare genus of fish which contains the only living species of coelacanth. It includes two extant species: the West Indian Ocean coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) and the Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis). They follow the oldest known living lineage of Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish and tetrapods), which means they are more closely related to lungfish and tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles and mammals) than to the common ray-finned fishes and cartilaginous fishes.

They are found along the coastlines of the Indian Ocean and Indonesia. Since there are only two known species of coelacanth and both are threatened, it is one of the most endangered genera of animals in the world. The West Indian Ocean coelacanth is a critically endangered species.

Biological characteristics
Based on growth rings in the creatures' ear bones (otoliths), scientists infer that individual coelacanths may live as long as 80 to 100 years. Coelacanths live as deep as 700 m (2300 ft) below sea level, but are more commonly found at depths of 90 to 200 m.

Living examples of Latimeria chalumnae have a deep blue color which probably camouflages them from prey species; however, the Indonesian species (L. menadoensis) is brown.

Coelacanth eyes are very sensitive, and have a tapetum lucidum. Coelacanths are almost never caught in the daytime, but have been caught at all phases of the moon. Coelacanth eyes have many rods, receptors in the retina that help animals see in dim light. Together, the rods and tapetum help the fish see better in dark water.

Coelacanths are opportunistic feeders, hunting cuttlefish, squid, snipe eels, small sharks, and other fish found in their deep reef and volcanic slope habitats. Coelacanths are also known to swim head down, backwards or belly up to locate their prey, presumably using their rostral glands.

Scientists suspect that one reason this fish has been so successful is that specimens are able to slow down their metabolisms at will, sinking into the less-inhabited depths and minimizing their nutritional requirements in a sort of hibernation mode. The coelacanths which live near Sodwana Bay, South Africa, rest in caves at depths of 90 to 150 m during daylight hours, but disperse and swim to depths as shallow as 55 m when hunting at night. The depth is not as important as their need for very dim light and, more importantly, for water which has a temperature of 14–22 °C. They will rise or sink to find these conditions. The amount of oxygen their blood can absorb from the water through the gills is dependent on water temperature.

Scientific research suggests the coelacanth must stay in cold, well-oxygenated water or else its blood cannot absorb enough oxygen. The fish seems to be very well adapted to its environment, which is seen as one of the reasons why it has the slowest evolving genome of all known vertebrates.

Reproduction
Female coelacanths give birth to live young, called "pups", in groups of between five and 25 fry at a time; the pups are capable of surviving on their own immediately after birth. Their reproductive behaviors are not well known, but it is believed that they are not sexually mature until after 20 years of age. It was thought that gestation time was 13 to 15 months, though research carried out in 2021 now suggests a gestation period of up to five years.

First find in South Africa
On December 23, 1938, Hendrik Goosen, the captain of the trawler Nerine, returned to the harbour at East London, South Africa, after a trawl between the Chalumna and Ncera Rivers. As he frequently did, he telephoned his friend, Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, curator at East London's small museum, to see if she wanted to look over the contents of the catch for anything interesting, and told her of the strange fish he has set aside for her.

Correspondence in the archives of the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB, formerly the JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology) show that Goosen went to great lengths to avoid any damage to this fish and ordered his crew to set it aside for the East London Museum. Goosen later told how the fish was steely blue when first seen, but by the time the 'Nerine' entered East London harbour many hours later, the fish had become dark grey.

Failing to find a description of the creature in any of her books, she attempted to contact her friend, Professor James Leonard Brierley Smith, but he was away for Christmas. Unable to preserve the fish, she reluctantly sent it to a taxidermist. When Smith returned, he immediately recognized it as a type of coelacanth, a group of fish previously known only from fossils. Smith named the new coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae in honor of Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer and the waters in which it was found. The two discoverers received immediate recognition, and the fish became known as a "living fossil". The 1938 coelacanth is still on display in the East London, South Africa, museum.

However, as the specimen had been stuffed, the gills and skeleton were not available for examination, and some doubt therefore remained as to whether it was truly the same species. Smith began a hunt for a second specimen that would take more than a decade.

Comoros

Smith distributed thousands of flyers with a photograph of the fish, description, and reward, but World War II interrupted the search. He also did not know that the 1938 specimen near South Africa was about 1800 mi south of its normal habitat. The 100 Pound sterling reward was a very substantial sum to the average subsistence fisherman of the time. Fourteen years later, one specimen was found in the Comoros, but the fish was no stranger to the locals; in the port of Domoni on the Comoran island of Anjouan, the Comorians were puzzled to be so rewarded for a "gombessa" or "mame", their names for the nearly inedible fish that their fishermen occasionally caught by mistake.

The second specimen, found just before Christmas 1952 by Comoran fisherman Ahamadi Abdallah, was described as a different species, first as Malania hunti and later as Malania anjounae, after Daniel François Malan, the South African Prime Minister who had dispatched an SAAF Dakota at the behest of Professor Smith to fetch the specimen. It was later discovered that the lack of a first dorsal fin, at first thought to be significant, was caused by an injury early in the specimen's life. Malan was a staunch creationist; when he was first shown the primitive creature, he exclaimed, with a twinkle, "My, it is ugly. Do you mean to say we once looked like that?" The specimen retrieved by Smith is on display at the SAIAB in Grahamstown, South Africa where he worked.

A third specimen was caught in September 1953 and a fourth in January 1954. The Comorans are now aware of the significance of the endangered species, and have established a program to return accidentally-caught coelacanth to deep water.

As for Smith, who died in 1968, his account of the coelacanth story appeared in the book Old Fourlegs, first published in 1956. His book Sea Fishes of the Indian Ocean, illustrated and co-authored by his wife Margaret, remains the standard ichthyological reference for the region.

In 1988, marine biologist Hans Fricke was the first to photograph the species in its natural habitat, 180 m off Grand Comoro's west coast.

Second species in Indonesia
On September 18, 1997, Arnaz and Mark Erdmann, traveling in Indonesia on their honeymoon, saw a strange fish enter the market at Manado Tua, on the island of Sulawesi. Mark thought it was a gombessa (Comoro coelacanth), although it was brown, not blue. An expert noticed their pictures on the Internet and realized its significance. Subsequently, the Erdmanns contacted local fishermen and asked for any future catches of the fish to be brought to them.

A second Indonesian specimen, 1.2 m in length and weighing 29 kg, was captured alive on July 30, 1998. It lived for six hours, allowing scientists to photographically document its coloration, fin movements and general behavior. The specimen was preserved and donated to the Bogor Zoological Museum, part of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences.

DNA testing revealed this specimen differed genetically from the Comorian population. Superficially, the Indonesian coelacanth, locally called raja laut (king of the sea), appears to be the same as those found in the Comoros, except the background coloration of the skin is brownish-gray rather than bluish. This fish was described in a 1999 issue of Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des sciences Paris by Pouyaud et al. It was given the scientific name Latimeria menadoensis. A recent molecular study estimated the divergence time between the two coelacanth species to be 40–30 mya.

On May 19, 2007, Justinus Lahama, an Indonesian fisherman, caught a 1.3-metre-long, 50 kg/110 pound coelacanth off the coast near Manado, on northern Sulawesi Island near Bunaken National Marine Park. After spending 30 minutes out of water, the fish, still alive, was placed in a netted pool in front of a restaurant at the edge of the sea. It survived for 17 hours. Coelacanths usually live at depths of 200–1,000 metres. The fish was filmed by local authorities swimming in the metre-deep pool, then frozen after it died. AFP claim French, Japanese and Indonesian scientists working with the French Institute for Development and Research carried out a necropsy on the coelacanth with genetic analysis to follow. The local university is now studying the carcass.

iSimangaliso Wetland Park in South Africa
In South Africa, the search continued on and off over the years. A 46-year-old diver, Rehan Bouwer, lost his life searching for coelacanths in June 1998.

On 28 October 2000, just south of the Mozambique border in Sodwana Bay in the St. Lucia Marine Protected Area, three deep-water divers, Pieter Venter, Peter Timm, and Etienne le Roux, made a dive to 104 metres and unexpectedly spotted a coelacanth.

Calling themselves "SA Coelacanth Expedition 2000", the group returned with photographic equipment and several additional members. On 27 November, after an unsuccessful initial dive the previous day, four members of the group, Pieter Venter, Gilbert Gunn, Christo Serfontein, and Dennis Harding, found three coelacanths. The largest was between 1.5 and 1.8 metres in length; the other two were from 1.0 to 1.2 metres. The fish swam head-down and appeared to be feeding from the cavern ledges. The group returned with video footage and photographs of the coelacanths.

During the dive, however, Serfontein lost consciousness, and 34-year-old Dennis Harding rose to the surface with him in an uncontrolled ascent. Harding complained of neck pains and died from a cerebral embolism while on the boat. Serfontein recovered after being taken underwater for decompression sickness treatment.

In March–April 2002, the Jago Submersible and Fricke Dive Team descended into the depths off Sodwana and observed 15 coelacanths. A dart probe was used to collect tissue samples.

Tanzania
Coelacanths have been caught off the coast of Tanzania since 2004. Two coelacanths were initially reported captured off Songo Mnara, a small island off the edge of the Indian Ocean in August 2003. A spate of 19 more specimens of these extremely rare fishes weighing between 25 and 80 kg were reported netted in the space of the next five months, with another specimen captured in January 2005. A coelacanth weighing as much as 110 kg was reported by the Observer newspaper in 2006.

Officials of the Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme, which has a long-term strategy for protecting the species, see a connection with the timing of the captures with trawling - especially by Japanese vessels - near the coelacanth's habitat, as within a couple of days of trawlers casting their nets, coelacanths have turned up in deep-water gill nets intended for sharks. The sudden appearance of the coelacanths off Tanzania has raised real worries about its future due to damage done to the coelacanth population by the effects of indiscriminate trawling methods and habitat damage.

Hassan Kolombo, a programme co-ordinator, said, "Once we do not have trawlers, we don't get the coelacanths, it's as simple as that." His colleague, Solomon Makoloweka, said they had been pressuring the Tanzanian government to limit trawlers' activities. He said, "I suppose we should be grateful to these trawlers, because they have revealed this amazing and unique fish population. But we are concerned they could destroy these precious things. We want the government to limit their activity and to help fund a proper research program so that we can learn more about the coelacanths and protect them."

In a March 2008 report, the Tanzania Natural Resource Forum, a local environmental nongovernmental organization, warned that a proposed port project at Mwambani Bay could threaten a coastal population of coelacanth.

Evolutionary relationships
Latimeria is the type genus of Latimeriidae, a group of coelacanths that first appeared in the Early Triassic. Within Latimeriidae, it has been found by cladistic analysis to be most closely related to the genus Swenzia, known from the Late Jurassic of Europe, leaving a long ghost lineage of over 150 million years from its closest relative.

title: Latimeria


text:
St. Peter's Square (disambiguation)

St. Peter's Square is a plaza located in front of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City.

St. Peter's Square may also refer to:

 * St Peter's Square, London
 * St Peter's Square, Manchester, England
 * St Peter's Square tram stop in Manchester
 * One St Peter's Square, a high-rise office building in Manchester
 * Two St Peter's Square, a high-rise office building in Manchester
 * 3 St Peter's Square, a high-rise hotel and aparthotel in Manchester
 * St. Peter's Square (Fort Wayne, Indiana)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St. Peter's Square (disambiguation)


text: Category:Frontier Records albums

title: Category:Frontier Records albums


text:
St. Peter's Square

Saint Peter's Square (Forum Sancti Petri, Piazza San Pietro ) is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave in Rome, directly west of the neighborhood (rione) of Borgo. Both square and basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus whom Catholics consider the first Pope.

At the centre of the square is the Vatican obelisk, an ancient Egyptian obelisk erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later, including the massive Doric colonnades, four columns deep, which embrace visitors in "the maternal arms of Mother Church". A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno in 1613.

History
The open space which lies before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini from 1656 to 1667, under the direction of Pope Alexander VII, as an appropriate forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace". Bernini had been working on the interior of St. Peter's for decades; now he gave order to the space with his renowned colonnades, using a simplified Doric order, to avoid competing with the palace-like façade by Carlo Maderno, but he employed it on an unprecedented colossal scale to suit the space and evoke a sense of awe.

There were many constraints from existing structures (illustration, right). The massed accretions of the Vatican Palace crowded the space to the right of the basilica's façade; the structures needed to be masked without obscuring the papal apartments. The Vatican obelisk marked a centre, and a granite fountain by Maderno stood to one side: Bernini made the fountain appear to be one of the foci of the ovato tondo embraced by his colonnades and eventually matched it on the other side, in 1675, just five years before his death. The trapezoidal shape of the piazza, which creates a heightened perspective for a visitor leaving the basilica and has been praised as a masterstroke of Baroque theater (illustration, below right), is largely a product of site constraints.

According to the Lateran Treaty the area of St. Peter's Square is subject to the authority of Italian police for crowd control even though it is a part of the Vatican state.

Colonnades
The colossal Doric colonnades, four columns deep, frame the trapezoidal entrance to the basilica and the massive elliptical area which precedes it. The ovato tondo's long axis, parallel to the basilica's façade, creates a pause in the sequence of forward movements that is characteristic of a Baroque monumental approach. The colonnades define the piazza. The elliptical center of the piazza, which contrasts with the trapezoidal entrance, encloses the visitor with "the maternal arms of Mother Church" in Bernini's expression. On the south side, the colonnades define and formalize the space, with the Barberini Gardens still rising to a skyline of umbrella pines. On the north side, the colonnade masks an assortment of Vatican structures; the upper stories of the Vatican Palace rise above.

Obelisk

At the center of the ovato tondo stands the Vatican obelisk, an uninscribed Egyptian obelisk of red granite, 25.5 m tall, supported on bronze lions and surmounted by the Chigi arms in bronze, in all 41 m to the cross on its top. The obelisk was originally erected in Heliopolis, Egypt, by an unknown pharaoh.

The Emperor Augustus had the obelisk moved to the Julian Forum of Alexandria, where it stood until AD 37, when Caligula ordered the forum demolished and the obelisk transferred to Rome. He had it placed on the spina which ran along the center of the Circus of Nero. It was moved to its current site in 1586 by the engineer-architect Domenico Fontana under the direction of Pope Sixtus V; the engineering feat of re-erecting its vast weight was memorialized in a suite of engravings. The obelisk is the only obelisk in Rome that has not toppled since antiquity. During the Middle Ages, the gilt ball atop the obelisk was believed to contain the ashes of Julius Caesar. Fontana later removed the ancient metal ball, now in a Roman museum, and found only dust inside; Christopher Hibbert however writes that the ball was found to be solid. Though Bernini had no influence in the erection of the obelisk, he did use it as the centerpiece of his magnificent piazza, and added the Chigi arms to the top in honor of his patron, Alexander VII.

Paving
The paving is varied by radiating lines in travertine, to relieve what might otherwise be a sea of setts. In 1817 circular stones were set to mark the tip of the obelisk's shadow at noon as the sun entered each of the signs of the zodiac, making the obelisk a gigantic sundial's gnomon. Below is a view of St. Peter's Square from the cupola (the top of the dome) which was taken in June 2007.

Spina
St. Peter's Square today can be reached from the Ponte Sant'Angelo along the grand approach of the Via della Conciliazione (in honor of the Lateran Treaty of 1929). The spina (median with buildings which divided the two roads of Borgo Vecchio and Borgo nuovo) which once occupied this grand avenue leading to the square was demolished ceremonially by Benito Mussolini himself on October 23, 1936, and was completely demolished by October 8, 1937. St. Peter's Basilica was now freely visible from the Castel Sant'Angelo. After the spina, almost all the buildings south of the passetto were demolished between 1937 and 1950, obliterating one of the most important medieval and renaissance quarters of the city. Moreover, the demolition of the spina canceled the characteristic Baroque surprise, nowadays maintained only for visitors coming from Borgo Santo Spirito. The Via della Conciliazione was completed in time for the Great Jubilee of 1950.

title: St. Peter's Square


text:
User talk:Metamatic

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lst27 02:07, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

US Attack Article
You might want to consider merging the US Attacks on Other Countries article with List of U.S. military history events. I still think your article contains useful info but the title is still biased (see discussion on Talk:US Attacks on Other Countries). The List of U.S. military history events article is more comprehensive and would benefit from your list. --Alabamaboy 18:55, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:48, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

July 2023
Hello, I'm Doniago. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Jessie's Girl, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Please review WP:IPCV as well. DonIago (talk) 02:19, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Metamatic


text:
Category:Fictional musical groups

Fictional musical groups.

title: Category:Fictional musical groups


text:
Ko Pha-ngan

Ko Pha-ngan (เกาะพะงัน,, ) is an island in the Gulf of Thailand in Surat Thani Province of southern Thailand. Ko Pha-ngan has two sister islands: the larger Ko Samui to the south and the smaller Ko Tao to the north.

 * Estimated perimeter: 40 km (estimated 10 hr average walking time)
 * From mainland: about 55 km
 * From Ko Samui: about 15 km
 * From Ko Tao: about 35 km
 * Main town: Thong Sala
 * Highest Point: Khao Ra, 630 m

History
The name Ko Pha-ngan derives from the word "ngan", meaning "sandbar" in southern Thai. There are many sandbars offshore.

Ko Pha-ngan has been a longtime favorite of past kings of Thailand. King Chulalongkorn (King Rama V) visited Ko Pha-ngan 14 times during his reign.

The Bronze Drum of Dongson Culture (500–100 BCE) that was found on Ko Samui in 1977 is evidence that there were settlements of people on Ko Samui, Ko Pha-ngan, and their islets more than 2,000 years ago. Some historians and archaeologists believe that the first group to migrate to Ko Pha-ngan were Austronesian peoples who traveled by boat from the Malay Peninsula.

Over the last century the island's population has steadily expanded, first living off the sea and the land and farming coconuts. Later, tin mining became part of the economy. In the 1970s the mining industry faltered and finally petered out. Over the next decade, tourism took hold and now it is primarily a tourist destination. Fishing and coconut farming remain important to the local economy.

Due to its topography, the population hugs the coastline. The mountainous interior is generally inaccessible. More than half the island is designated as a national park and Ko Pha-ngan has more than 80 km2 of relatively unspoiled rain forest with diverse flora and fauna.

Ko Pha-ngan is also considered a spiritual place, with numerous Buddhist temples and a thriving spa, retreat, and meditation industry.

Transport
Visitors can reach the island by commercial boats from the mainland from three ports in Samui, three in Surat Thani, and one in Chumphon. The main boat transport companies are Seatran Discovery, Lomprayah, Raja Ferry, Hadrin Queen, Nighboat, and Songserm.

There used to be an option to reach Ko Pha-ngan by car ferry from Ko Samui (Raja Ferry Port, which is 9 km from Ko Pha-ngan) and from Donsak on the mainland.

Since 2012 Kannithi Aviation (Kan Air) has attempted to construct an airport on the island. Kan Air has spent 500 million baht to acquire about 32 ha of land to build a passenger terminal capable of handling 1,000 passengers a day and a 1095 m runway to accommodate turboprop aircraft such as Kan Air's ATR 72-600 series. The project, originally estimated at 900 million baht, now estimated to cost two billion baht, has faced inflated costs, delays resulting from the yet-to-be-issued environmental impact assessment, and other complications, which pushed back initial plans to open in 2014.

Central administration
Ko Pha-ngan together with Ko Tao and a few minor islands forms the district (amphoe) Ko Pha-ngan (148 km2). The district is divided into three subdistricts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 17 administrative villages (mubans).

Local administration
The district has four subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambons):
 * Ko Pha-ngan (Thai: เทศบาลตำบลเกาะพะงัน) consisting of parts of subdistricts Ko Pha-ngan and Ban Tai.
 * Phet Pha-ngan (Thai: เทศบาลตำบลเพชรพะงัน) consisting of parts of subdistrict Ko Pha-ngan.
 * Ban Tai (Thai: เทศบาลตำบลบ้านใต้) consisting of parts of subdistrict Ban Tai.
 * Ko Tao (Thai: เทศบาลตำบลเกาะเต่า) consisting of subdistrict Ko Tao.

History
Originally the island was administered by Ko Samui District. The minor district (king amphoe) Ko Pha-ngan was established on 1 October 1970, then consisting of the two tambons, Ko Pha-ngan and Ban Tai. It was upgraded to a full district on 12 April 1977. Ko Tao subdistrict was established on 15 August 1982 by splitting off the three administrative villages on Ko Tao Island from Ko Phangan subdistrict.

Environmental issues
the island receives about 458,000 visitors per year. They and the island residents generate about 7,300 tonnes of solid waste per year. Untreated wastewater discharges and ongoing coral bleaching are also issues.

The Thai government, the local government, local nonprofit organizations such as EcoThailand Foundation and Trash Hero, local businesses such as the Sea Flower Bungalows, Sarikantang Resort, and locals, both Thai citizens and expatriates, have worked for years to preserve, clean, and restore Koh Phangan, which is unique in the Gulf of Thailand.

On May 2014, The Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (Onep) declared Koh Samui, Koh Tao, and Koh Phangan districts in Surat Thani province part of an environmentally protected zone after nine years of efforts to regulate commercial development on the islands.

The Onep declaration, which came into force on May 30, means commercial activity on Koh Samui, Koh Tao, Koh Phangan, and 39 other islands in those districts will be restricted to preserve the environment. Onep deputy secretary-general Noppadol Thiyajai said: "We hope the declaration will at least help maintain the environment on the islands. We understand the measure may not result in significant environmental improvements, but it is better than having nothing."

The TAT has helped the island to be promoted as a Green Island following the strong will of its inhabitants.

The fauna and flora of the island of Koh Phangan is exceptional, rare pink dolphins are even spotted its waters.

The island is regularly under the spotlights for its remarkable community involving both Thai and Foreigners working more and more together for a sustainable and socially fair tourism benefiting directly the local community.

The island is also strongly engaged in organic sustainable farming producing and produces a large amount of organic fruits, vegetables, fertilisers and insect repellents. The Raitiaviset farm is a perfect example of this success.

In popular culture
Ko Pha-ngan featured prominently in Alex Garland's 1996 novel The Beach and is also mentioned in the 2006 song Magick by the new rave band Klaxons (but probably more as a reference to the 1996 novel The Beach than the island itself).

The Full Moon Party is a monthly dance music festival set on Hat Rin Nok Beach scheduled every month at full moon. The event primarily features electronic music and attracts around 30,000 party-goers in a normal month. Steps are being taken to make Ko Pha-ngan a more family-friendly tourist destination, promoting the island's natural attractions and also stepping up the police presence; road blocks with stop and search procedures are commonplace and undercover police also patrol parties.

The song "Vision in Blue" on the album The Golden Ratio by Ace of Base mentions Ko Pha-ngan.

DJ/producer Ashley Wallbridge titled his 2012 song "Kopanang", an anglicized version of Ko Pha-ngan.

The British psychedelic rock band Ozric Tentacles featured a song called Ko Pha-ngan on their 1989 album The Bits Between The Bits.

In 2016, Infected Mushroom collaborated with Hatikva 6 to release a song called "Hotel Koh Phangan."

Drain Gang collaborative album Trash Island was created on Ko Pha-ngan, with most of its tracks being recorded in a vacation home on the island, and a set of individual covers of each song also shot on various points on the island. The album cover is a picture of a trash fire occurring on the island at the time.

Thai schools
There are about 10 Thai governmental schools for children on Koh Phangan. The education is free, but the learners are required to speak and write in Thai Language.

Schools for foreigners
There are some private educational institutions following the national curriculum of England.

Nurseries
The Learning Tree Nursery & Kindergarten was opened in 2008 for children 2 to 7 years old.

Seeds of Phangan Kindergarten ages 2-5.

Babelikoh nursery was opened in 2022 for toddlers from 1 to 3 years old.

Primary
Si Ri Panya International School opened in 2012 provides education for children 5 to 11 years old (Key stages 1 & 3).

Secondary
Si Ri Panya International School provides education for children ages 11–16 (Key stage 3) following the British National Curriculum and the Cambridge Curriculum.

Tutorial & vocational
Wisdom College Tutorial and Vocational school starts Forest Schools primary programme for children 7-9 years old.

Wisdom College Tutorial and Vocational School mirrors the Cambridge curriculum for children 10 to 18 years old (Key stage 3).

title: Ko Pha-ngan


text:
Charles Wheeler (painter)

Charles Arthur Wheeler OBE, DCM (4 January 1881 – 26 October 1977) was an Australian painter.

Born in New Zealand, he arrived in Australia about 1891.

In World War I, he enlisted in the 22nd Battalion, Royal Fusiliers. His Distinguished Conduct Medal (DSM) (1916) was awarded for actions at Vimy Ridge.

He won the Archibald Prize for 1933.

In 1939 he was appointed master of the painting school at the national gallery, Melbourne.

title: Charles Wheeler (painter)


text: User talk:202.0.38.148

title: User talk:202.0.38.148


text: Category:Museums in Canada

title: Category:Museums in Canada


text:
Beira, Mozambique

Beira is the capital and largest city of Sofala Province, in the central region of Mozambique.

Beira is where the Pungwe River meets the Indian Ocean. It is the fourth-largest city by population in Mozambique, after Maputo, Matola and Nampula. Beira had a population of 397,368 in 1997, which grew to 530,604 in 2019. A coastal city, it holds the regionally significant Port of Beira, which acts as a gateway for both the central interior portion of the country as well as the land-locked nations of Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi.

Originally called Chiveve after a local river, it was renamed Beira to honour the Portuguese Crown prince Dom Luís Filipe (titled Prince of Beira, itself referring to the traditional Portuguese province of Beira), who had visited Mozambique in the early 19th century. It was first developed by the Portuguese Mozambique Company in the 19th century, supplanting Sofala as the country's main port. It was then directly developed by the Portuguese colonial government from 1947 until Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal in 1975. Beira is the second largest seaport for international cargo transportation to Mozambique after Maputo. In March 2019, the city was heavily damaged by Cyclone Idai, destroying up to 90% of the city.

Geography
Beira is located on the Mozambique Channel, an arm of the Indian Ocean located between Madagascar and Mozambique. The city sits north of the mouth of the convergence of two major rivers of Mozambique: the Buzi River and the Pungwe River. The Buzi crosses 250 km across Manica and Sofala provinces to form a wide estuary. The Pungwe crosses 400 km from the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe also through Manica and Sofala provinces to Beira.

History
The city was established in 1890 by the Portuguese and soon supplanted Sofala as the main port in the Portuguese-administered territory. Originally called Chiveve, after a local river, it was renamed to honor the Portuguese Crown prince Dom Luís Filipe who, in 1907, was the first member of the Portuguese royal family to visit Mozambique. Traditionally the Portuguese Crown prince carried the title of Prince of Beira, a historical province of mainland Portugal.

The Portuguese built the port and a railway to Rhodesia, Portuguese families settled in the newly founded locality and started to develop commercial activities. With the growth of the village, in 1907 the Portuguese Crown elevated Beira to the status of city (cidade). Headquarters of the Companhia de Moçambique (Mozambique Company) from 1891, the city's administration passed from the trading company to the Portuguese government in 1942.

In 1966, the construction of a new railway station was completed. Before Mozambique's independence from Portugal, as a city of Portuguese Mozambique, Beira was noted for its well-equipped seaport, one of the major facilities of its kind in all East Africa, tourism, fishing and trade. The city prospered as a cosmopolitan port with different ethnic communities (Portuguese, Indian, Chinese, Bantus such as the Sena and Ndau) employed in administration, commerce, and industry.

A large English-speaking population was the result of being a favourite holiday destination for white Rhodesians. One reminder of this is the Grande Hotel, built by the Portuguese, near the shore of the Indian Ocean. By 1970, the city of Beira had 113,770 inhabitants.

Independence
After independence from Portugal in 1975, many white ethnic Portuguese left the city. Mozambique was ravaged by a civil war from 1977 to 1992, opposing Marxist FRELIMO, which controlled the government, to the rebels of RENAMO, descending to near total chaos in a couple of years. The famine, disease and poverty-stricken country collapsed. In Beira, the famous Grande Hotel was occupied by around 1,000 homeless Beirans, and by the end of the civil war it was in near-ruins.

The 2000 Mozambique flood devastated Beira and the surrounding region, leaving millions homeless and severely damaging the local economy.

During the campaign for the local elections in 2013, which culminated in the victory of the Democratic Movement of Mozambique (MDM) in the municipality, the Munhava district was the scene of violent clashes between police and supporters of the MDM.

In 2019, Cyclone Idai caused extreme devastation in Beira. It struck the city on March 14, 2019, with winds of up to 177 km/h (106 mph), and caused flooding up to six meters deep across Mozambique.

Climate
Beira features a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw). Average temperature in January is 28.5 °C and in July (the coldest month) it's 21 °C. The rainy season runs roughly from November to April.

Water and Sanitation
Access to drinking water and sanitation in Mozambique was historically a major problem, alike many of the sub-Saharan African nations. It has been estimated that in developing countries, around 80% of all disease arises as a direct result of inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene, and contaminated water.

According to the United Nations Environment Programme, each day around six thousand people die from diseases caused by poor sanitation, while another 300 million Africans have no access to clean water.

For Mozambique in 1992, around a fifth of the country's households had access to potable water and the situation for wastewater provision was even worse. This was a serious public health issue in an area where cholera, dysentery and other water-borne diseases are endemic.

With the inauguration of the new water treatment plant at Mutua in May 2007, an important milestone was passed in Mozambique's ambitious drive towards improving its provision of potable water and sanitation.

Doubling the supply of water to the cities of Beira and Dondo, the plant was opened by the country's President Armando Emílio Guebuza the day after he formally launched the next stage of the project to deal with Beira's sewage. Construction of the Beira treatment plant was carried out during a period of 30 months and was completed in June 2012.

This latest part of the scheme consists of rehabilitating the existing sanitation network, together with the construction of a number of new system elements to extend and upgrade the sewers, wastewater treatment facilities and a drainage system.

The new water plant cost €5.6m, while the Beira sanitation system cost €62.65m, with the EU providing €52.95m, and the remaining €9.7m provided by the Mozambique Government.

Transportation
Beira has long been a major trade point for exports coming in and out of Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia and other Southern African nations. Because of this, the port of Beira is the second largest in Mozambique.

The importance of the port was shown during the Mozambique Civil War, when Zimbabwean troops protected the Beira–Bulawayo railway and Beira to Mutare highway in order to continue trade. The railway to Zimbabwe was originally in 1890, but was converted to  in 1900.

In 2008, the Mozambique transportation minister, Paulo Zucula, stated that the government is planning on modernizing the Beira and more northern Nacala ports for an estimated cost of $900m; $500m and 400m respectively. The government has also stated that it plans on modernizing surrounding railway and highway infrastructure so that the port is better connected to the nation's mines.

There is also a ferry service in Beira, linking the city to neighboring cities, including Nova Sofala and other coastal towns. Beira is served by an airport to the northeast of the city, with both domestic and international flights.

Education
The city has three public university campuses, namely the Zambeze University (with headquarters and rectory in the city), the Licungo University and the Higher Institute of Health Sciences.

One of the major universities here is the Catholic University of Mozambique which was established in 1996 by the Catholic church and affiliated with the International Federation of Catholic Universities (IFCU). This private university is locally known as Universidade Catolica de Mocambique (UCM) and has been officially recognized by Mozambique's Ministry of Education and Culture (or Ministério da Educação e Cultura) which oversees the overall education system.

A second major university is the Jean Piaget University of Mozambique, locally termed da Universidade Jean Piaget de Moçambique(UNIPIAGET). This Portugal based University was founded in 2004 by Instituto Piaget, a non-profit cooperative, and is just one of seven campuses established across the globe.

There is a Portuguese international school, Escola Portuguesa da Beira.

Places of worship
Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beira (Catholic Church), Reformed Church in Mozambique, Igreja Presbiteriana de Moçambique (both World Communion of Reformed Churches), Convenção Baptista de Moçambique (Baptist World Alliance), Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, Assemblies of God, Zion Christian Church, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. There are also Muslim mosques.

Sports
The city is home to Clube Ferroviário da Beira (basketball).

International relations
Beira has been twinned with Bristol, UK, since 1990 and the Bristol-Beira Link manages a range of projects in education, culture, commerce, and disability.

Twin towns — sister cities
Beira is twinned with:
 * Bristol, United Kingdom (since 1990)
 * Porto, Portugal
 * 🇺🇸 Boston, United States (since 1990)
 * 🇮🇹 Padua, Italy
 * Coimbra, Portugal (since 1997)
 * 🇲🇩 Bender, Moldova
 * Luanda, Angola
 * Gqeberha, South Africa (since 2008)

Notable people

 * Mia Couto (born 1955), writer
 * Pedro Boese (born 1972), artist
 * Carlos Cardoso (1951-2000), journalist
 * Tasha de Vasconcelos (born 1966), actress, top model
 * Reinildo Mandava (born 1994), association football player

title: Beira, Mozambique


text:
Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (novel)

Even Cowgirls Get the Blues is a 1976 novel by Tom Robbins.

Plot summary
Sissy Hankshaw, the novel's protagonist, is a woman born with enormously large thumbs who considers her mutation a gift. The novel covers various topics, including free love, feminism, drug use, birds, political rebellion, animal rights, body odor, religion, and yams.

Sissy capitalizes on the size of her thumbs by becoming a hitchhiker and subsequently travels to New York. The character becomes a model for The Countess, a male homosexual tycoon of menstrual hygiene products. The Tycoon introduces Sissy to a staid Mohawk named Julian Gitche, whom she later marries. In her later travels, she encounters, among many others, a sexually open cowgirl named Bonanza Jellybean and an itinerant escapee from a Japanese internment camp happily mislabeled The Chink. The Chink is presented as a hermetic mystic and, at one point writes on a cave wall, "I believe in everything; nothing is sacred. I believe in nothing; everything is sacred." and frequently says "Ha Ha Ho Ho and Hee Hee." A flock of whooping cranes also makes frequent appearances throughout the novel, which includes details of their physical characteristics and migratory patterns. Robbins also inserts himself into the novel (as a character).

Film adaptation
The novel was made into a 1993 film directed by Gus Van Sant and starring Uma Thurman, Lorraine Bracco, Pat Morita, Angie Dickinson, Keanu Reeves, John Hurt, Rain Phoenix, Ed Begley, Jr., Carol Kane, Victoria Williams, Sean Young, Crispin Glover, Roseanne Arnold, Buck Henry, Grace Zabriskie, and Treva Jeffryes. Robbins himself was the narrator.

Literary significance and criticism
"Cowgirls ..." has been considered by Gus Van Sant to be a 'hippy' novel. Robbins writes short chapters filled with philosophical asides and quips (such as noting that because amoebae reproduce by binary fission, the first amoeba is still alive), often speaking to the reader (chapter 88 begins with the narrator noting that the book now has as many chapters as a piano has keys).

In popular culture

 * John Cale, formerly of The Velvet Underground, named a song and album after the novel.
 * The band Nightmare of You based the song "Thumbelina" on the book.
 * The band The Gaslight Anthem titled a song on their album The '59 Sound after the novel.
 * Rodney Crowell named a song after the novel that was recorded by Emmylou Harris on her Blue Kentucky Girl album.
 * James Lee Stanley released an album of the same name, intended as a soundtrack to the novel.
 * Matthew Milia of the band Frontier Ruckus released a mixtape titled "Even F*ckboys Get the Blues", a play on the novel's title.

Development history
The novel was originally to be published by Doubleday as they had right-of-first-refusal to Robbins's second book. However Robbins terminated his contract with Doubleday for a better offer from editor Ted Solotaroff and Bantam Books. Bantam was mass-paperback publisher, and they auctioned the rights for hardcover to Houghton Mifflin.

Partial publication history
Even Cowgirls Get the Blues was first published in 1976 by Houghton Mifflin. It was concurrently released as both a hardcover and trade paperback novel. It was later released as a mass-market paperback by Bantam Books.

 * First hardcover edition: ISBN 0-395-24305-X, Houghton Mifflin, 1976.
 * First trade paperback edition: ISBN 0-395-24510-9, Houghton Mifflin, 1976.
 * First mass-market paperback edition Bantam Books, 1977. Reissued in 1990 with ISBN 978-0-553-34949-8

title: Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (novel)


text:
Black Repartition

Black Repartition (Чёрный передел; also known as Black Partition) was a revolutionary organization in Russia in the early 1880s.

Black Repartition (BR) was established in August-September 1879 after the split of Zemlya i volya (Land and Liberty). The name comes from the Russian countryside, where rumors circulated among peasants about the approaching repartition. "Chyornyi" in this context does not literally mean "black", but instead "general" or "universal".

Originally, the BR members shared the ideas of Zemlya i volya, renounced the necessity of political struggle and were against terror and conspiracy tactics of Narodnaya Volya. BR preferred propaganda and agitation ('agitprop') as their tactics. The organizers of BR’s central body in Saint Petersburg were Georgi Plekhanov, Pavel Akselrod, Osip Aptekman, Lev Deich, Vera Zasulich and others. This group organized a print shop and started publishing magazines Black repartition and Core (Зерно, or Zerno), simultaneously developing ties with students and workers. BR’s peripheral organs were active in Moscow, Kharkov, Kazan, Perm, Saratov, Samara and other cities.

After Plekhanov, Deich, Zasulich and some other BR members had emigrated in the beginning of 1880, Anatoly Bulanov, M.Reshko, K.Zagorsky, M.Sheftel and others replaced them as BR’s leaders. They opened a new printing-house in Minsk and widened their contacts with workers. BR’s central body moved to Moscow.

In the spring of 1880, BR members Yelizaveta Kovalskaya and Nikolai Schedrin organized the Worker’s Union of Southern Russia (Южнорусский рабочий союз, or Yuzhnorusskiy rabochiy soyuz), which comprised several hundreds of workers.

By this time, BR’s vision of revolution had changed in a number of ways. The arrests in 1880-1881 significantly weakened the organization. Seeing the success of Narodnaya Volya, many BR members (Yakov Stefanovich, Bulanov and others) adopted its ideology. By the end of 1881, BR ceased to exist as an organization but separate BR clubs continued to operate up until the mid-1880s. Plekhanov, Deich, Zasulich along with other ex-members of BR embraced Marxism and created the first Russian Marxist organization called Emancipation of Labor (Освобождение труда, or Osvobozhdeniye truda) in Geneva in 1883.

title: Black Repartition


text:
Cedarhurst

Cedarhurst may refer to:

 * Cedarhurst, New York, a village in Nassau County, New York
 * Cedarhurst (LIRR station), a railroad station in the village
 * Cedarhurst, also known as Cordenio Severance House, a historic mansion in Minnesota
 * Cedarhurst, a historic Gothic Revival residence also known as the Sherwood Bonner House in the East Holly Springs Historic District

title: Cedarhurst


text:
Pelletier

Pelletier is a common surname of French origin. Notable people with this surname include:

 * Anne-Marie Pelletier, French Bible scholar
 * Anne-Sophie Pelletier, French politician
 * Annie Pelletier, Canadian diver
 * Benoît Pelletier, Quebec Liberal Party minister and MNA in the National Assembly
 * Bronson Pelletier, Canadian actor
 * Bruno Pelletier, Canadian musician
 * David Pelletier, Canadian figure skater
 * Delphine Pelletier, French triathlete
 * Gérard Pelletier, Canadian journalist
 * Hélène Pelletier-Baillargeon, Canadian journalist and writer
 * Irvin Pelletier, Canadian politician
 * Jacques Peletier du Mans, French humanist, poet and mathematician
 * Jakob Pelletier, Canadian ice hockey player
 * Jared Pelletier, Canadian film director
 * J.D. Denis Pelletier, judge serving on the Canadian Federal Court of Appeal
 * Jean Pelletier, Canadian politician
 * Jean-Jacques Pelletier, Canadian philosopher and author
 * Jean-Marc Pelletier, Canadian hockey goaltender
 * Joel Pelletier, American artist, musician and writer
 * Madeleine Pelletier, French feminist and psychiatrist
 * Marie Denise Pelletier, francophone Canadian singer
 * Mary Euphrasia Pelletier, French religious sister and saint
 * Marie-Ève Pelletier, Canadian former tennis player
 * Narcisse Pelletier, Cabin boy abandoned on the coast of Cape York Peninsula in Australia in 1857 and spent 17 years among the Aborigines.
 * Nicolas Jacques Pelletier, French highwayman, first person executed by guillotine in France
 * Pedro Eugenio Pelletier, French-born Dominican Republic independence war commandant and national heroe.
 * Pierre-Joseph Pelletier, French chemist
 * Pol Pelletier, Canadian actor, director, and playwright
 * Wilfrid Pelletier, Canadian orchestra conductor
 * Yannick Pelletier, Swiss chess player
 * Yves P. Pelletier, Quebec actor and comedian

Place names
 * Lac Pelletier No. 107, a rural municipality in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.
 * Lac Pelletier, hamlet in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.

title: Pelletier


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Interstate 495 (New York City)

Interstate 495 (New York City) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP with a reversal of the redirection and a recommendation to reduce the content in Interstate 495. Rossami 22:17, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Listed here by User:Bumm13 after he cut-and-pasted the content to Interstate 495. keep, and revert Interstate 495. - UtherSRG 02:24, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Interstate 495 (New York City) is redundant as there is already an article on Interstate 495, which takes precedence over a route in a particular city. I-495 is not famous like, say, the Capital Beltway in Washington, DC and does not warrant a separate article. Furthermore, Interstate 495 was nothing more than a disambiguation page with city article links rather than actual links to separate articles using the I-495 designation, which isn't appropriate usage for a disambiguation page. -- Bumm13 02:45, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Properly it should redirect to Long Island Expressway, not vice versa, since the LIE is by far the more common name for the highway. -- Decumanus 02:45, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This is one example of what had been a few irregularly named articles on Interstate highways. The only other currently remaining is Capital Beltway, which is also an Interstate 495. I made a proposal at Talk:Capital Beltway which has garnered zero response so far. I implemented it for the other less-well-known highways. Bumm13 is quite correct that unlike all of the other three-digit Interstate articles, I-495 was a disambiguation page. I suggest 1) that Interstate 495 (New York City) be moved to Long Island Expressway; 2) that the I-495 article contain only bare minimum of details on both the LIE and the Capital Beltway with links to both articles for more detailed information; and 3) that neither the LIE or Capital Beltway be included in Category:U.S. Interstate Highway system (it just messes up the symmetry of the category listing). older ≠ wiser 03:26, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the LIE rename is a good choice in this case. I'm not sure about all the other recommendations, except that I also agree that Capital Beltway not get sole possession of the name.  I think we're facing an ambiguity created by the US government, rather than one that we made. Geogre 12:37, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: There are also stretches of "I-495" interstate in Delaware, Massachusetts and Maine. - Centrx 19:11, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: all of the various stretches of I-495 are already listed on the Interstate 495 article. older ≠ wiser 20:50, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: Only because that article was changed from a disambiguation page, including a cut-and-paste move from I-495 (NYC). - UtherSRG 21:12, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: No, actually they were all already listed there--otherwise it wouldn't have been much use as a disambiguation page. Bumm13 expanded it (although I agree the cut-n-paste from I-495 (NYC) was inappropriate. older ≠ wiser 21:22, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
The Ropers

The Ropers is an American sitcom television series that aired on ABC from March 13, 1979, to May 15, 1980. It is a spin-off of Three's Company and loosely based on the British sitcom George and Mildred, which was itself a spin-off of Man About the House, on which Three's Company was based.

It was taped at CBS Television City in the Fairfax District of Los Angeles, where its parent series, Three's Company, was taping at the time, from February to April 1979 (Season 1) and from July 1979 to February 1980 (Season 2).

Plot
The series focused on couple Stanley (Norman Fell) and Helen Roper (Audra Lindley), who were landlords to Jack, Janet and Chrissy on Three's Company.

In this spin-off, the Ropers have sold their apartment building in the Three's Company episode "An Anniversary Surprise" (season 3, episode 20) to live in the upmarket community of Cheviot Hills, where the social-climbing Helen struggled to fit in with her neighbors. Stanley made little attempt to fit in with the standards of the community, thereby causing Helen much embarrassment.

As was the case during their time on Three's Company, opening credits for The Ropers alternate between Audra Lindley and Norman Fell being credited first.

Main characters

 * Stanley Roper (Norman Fell) —A lower-middle-class, frugal, and often embarrassing retiree, who moved to Cheviot Hills after he is duped into buying a townhouse
 * Helen Roper (Audra Lindley) —A sexually frustrated, social-climbing middle-aged woman who tries to fit into the community despite her husband Stanley's constant boorishness. Despite her attempts to fit in, she often proves herself to be as bumbling as her husband.
 * Jeffrey P. Brookes III (Jeffrey Tambor) —The snobbish realtor who is also the Ropers' next-door neighbor.
 * Anne Brookes (Patricia McCormack) —Brookes' long-suffering, down-to-earth homemaker wife, who looks after the house and their young son David. She and Helen become friendly, despite their husbands' frequently adversarial relationship with one another.
 * David Brookes (Evan Cohen) —Jeffrey and Anne Brookes' 7-year-old son who is always tempted to bother Mr. Roper, which his father doesn't approves of.

Recurring characters

 * Jenny Ballinger (Louise Vallance) (season 2)—A young woman who had been living in the Ropers' storeroom
 * Ethel Ambrewster (Dena Dietrich) —Helen's snobby elder sister; gives Helen an air kiss every time she sees her.
 * Hubert Ambrewster (Rod Colbin)—Ethel's husband and Helen's brother-in-law
 * Debbie Hopper (Lois Areno) —The girl Stanley sees at the hot tub in the neighborhood
 * Joey (Richard B. Shull) —Stanley's best friend and one of Helen's enemies
 * Hilda (Lucy Lee Flippin/Darcy Pulliam) (season 2)—Helen's sister who has five children and one on the way with her husband, "Fertile" Freddy
 * Mother (Lucille Benson) —The mother of Helen, Hilda, and Ethel.

Creation
After the enormous success of Three's Company in its short first season in 1977, ABC head Fred Silverman was anxious to capitalize on the show's success. In early 1977, Silverman approached Fell and Lindley with the subject of doing a spin-off from the show after its first full season wrapped in the spring of 1978. Both actors as well as the Three's Company producers backed off as the show had yet to prove itself for an entire season. With the show's continued success in its second season, however, the idea was brought up again in 1978, this time by Three's Company's own producers as well as new ABC head Tony Thomopolous (Silverman had gone to NBC). The idea intrigued Lindley, but Fell was extremely reluctant, as he was satisfied with his role on a show that was already a proven hit. Fell feared that a spin-off would be unsuccessful and thus put him out of a good role and a job. To alleviate his fears, Three's Company producers contractually promised Fell that they would give the new series a year to prove itself. If the show were to be canceled prior to that time, then he and Lindley would return to Three's Company. A reluctant Fell agreed to the new terms.

Like Three's Company, The Ropers was introduced as a late season replacement series in the spring of 1979 premiering the same night as Three's Company on ABC's successful Tuesday night lineup, airing at 10pm. In its first season, the ratings for the show were very high (the show finished at number 8 for the 1978–79 season), and had the second-highest series premiere rating at the time. After the season premiere, Three's Company went on hiatus, but The Ropers still did well. ABC reran the episodes over the summer of 1979 (in August on Sundays) where they continued to achieve high ratings leading many to believe that the series would enjoy a long run.

Cancellation
At the beginning of the 1979–80 season, ABC moved the show to Saturdays at 8pm, resulting in an audience drop that put it near the bottom of the ratings. Being placed on Saturday nights, rather than on the ABC Tuesday night lineup, caused an immediate fall into the bottom ten (number 52 out of 61 shows for the week of September 17–23, its second week of the season) as the show was in direct competition with the NBC show CHiPs. The show later moved to 8:30pm on Saturdays by January 1980. The move upset Fell to the point that he actually went to ABC headquarters in New York to plead with the network to move the show to a better time slot. His effort was in vain, however, and the show continued to pull in low ratings. The drop in ratings and the fact that the show was not pulling in the key young demographic audience led to announcement of the show's cancellation by ABC in May 1980. The last three episodes aired Thursdays at 9:30pm after Barney Miller in May 1980. Audra Lindley stated in Chris Mann's 1997 book about Three's Company that she was surprised that The Ropers had been cancelled after a late-season surge in the series ratings had allowed it to finish the 1979–80 season at number 25; the Nielsen ratings for that year, however, list the series Soap at number 25.

With the series canceled, Fell approached Three's Company producers about the Ropers returning to the show. However, during the time The Ropers was on the air, the landlord characters had been replaced on Three's Company by Ralph Furley (Don Knotts). The addition had worked well and Three's Company had retained its popularity. The idea of returning Fell and Lindley to their original Three's Company roles was undesirable to producers and ABC, mainly because they had one character playing the landlord role now as opposed to two, which would require more money to be paid out per episode; the cancellation of The Ropers came just as Suzanne Somers began to renegotiate her contract, which would lead to her very public contract dispute during the 1980–81 television season and her departure from the series. The cancellation of The Ropers came just one month after the one-year contractual deadline had passed. Fell would later state that he always believed the decision to pull the plug on the show had been made much earlier, but that the network deliberately postponed making the cancellation official until after the one-year mark specifically to be relieved of the obligation to allow Fell and Lindley to return to Three's Company. There was an attempt by producers to sell the show to Silverman over at NBC; Silverman, however, passed on it too.

Despite the hard feelings, in March 1981 both Fell and Lindley made one final guest appearance on Three's Company (in Season 5, Episode #18 "Night of The Ropers") nearly a year after the end of their own series before the characters were retired for good. For audiences, it was a chance to see all of the three landlord characters – played by Fell, Lindley, and Knotts – on the same stage.

Tambor appeared on Three's Company that same season playing a different character, a wealthy but unwelcome suitor of Chrissy's cousin Cindy (Season 5, Episode #13). Tambor also made other guest appearances on Three's Company, portraying different characters.

The show was included in Time magazine's "Top 10 Worst TV Spin-Offs".

In July 2002, TV Guide named The Ropers the 49th worst TV series of all time.

Proposed spin-off
In 1986, distributor D. L. Taffner revealed its plans for a spin-off of The Ropers called Three Apartments. The spin-off would again star Fell and Lindley, this time as landlords of a three-unit apartment building. The show was offered as either a two-year, 44-episode package in syndication starting April 1987, or as a 52-episode package on NBC-owned station checkerboards beginning in September 1987. Guest stars would include John Ritter, Joyce DeWitt, Richard Kline and Don Knotts from Three's Company; Robert Mandan from Three's a Crowd; and Jim J. Bullock and Nancy Dussault from Too Close for Comfort/The Ted Knight Show. Three Apartments was to replace The Ted Knight Show, a fellow Taffner-distributed show that ended production after the death of show namesake Ted Knight in August 1986. The spin-off was withdrawn in January 1987 because of a glut of syndicated sitcom offerings, a lack of time slots, and a difficult advertising market.

Home Media
On December 22, 2023, along with a re-release of the complete series of Three's Company for its 40th anniversary, Visual Entertainment Incorporated released the series and Three's a Crowd for their very first home video releases on DVD.

Syndication
The Ropers was aired in syndication on local channels in the 1980s and early 1990s, but has had limited airings in recent years, likely because, due to its relatively short network run—roughly a season-and-a-half—there are not enough episodes to strip the show. Two episodes of the series, however, play in the syndication package of Three's Company. When initially offered in syndication, the series ran under the title Three's Company's Friends, The Ropers. That version used an instrumental version of the original series' theme song. Six episodes of the series were aired on TV Land in September 2006, and four episodes were aired on WGN America in October 2008.

Beginning in January 2011 Antenna TV, a television network designed for digital television subchannels and owned by Tribune Broadcasting, aired the sitcom. The series started on Tuesday, February 15, 2011, and went through one entire rotation of all episodes before being removed from the lineup. On August 29, 2011, the show returned to the lineup as the Three's Company cycle again came to the point of the series where the Ropers left.

Antenna TV usually shows back-to-back episodes of Three's Company. But when the cycle comes to the point of the Ropers' departure, the network then airs The Ropers following a single episode of Three's Company until the end of the Ropers cycle, then resumes the back-to-back Three's Company airings.

Beginning in 2015, Antenna TV began airing the series on weekends back to back with the other Three's Company spin-off series Three's a Crowd.

The Ropers can currently be seen on Pluto TV channel Classic TV Comedy and Tubi.

title: The Ropers


text:
Unreal mode

In x86 computing, unreal mode, also big real mode, flat real mode, or voodoo mode is a variant of real mode, in which one or more segment descriptors has been loaded with non-standard values, like 32-bit limits allowing access to the entire memory. Contrary to its name, it is not a separate addressing mode that the x86 processors can operate in. It is used in the 80286 and later x86 processors.

Mechanism
For efficiency reasons, the 80286 and all later x86 processors use the base address, size and other attributes stored in their internal segment descriptor cache whenever computing effective memory addresses, even in real mode. Therefore, a modification of the internal segment descriptor allows altering some properties of segments in real mode, like the size of addressable memory. This technique became widely used and is supported by all Intel processors.

A program in unreal mode can call 16-bit code programmed for real mode (BIOS, DOS kernel and drivers) without any thunking. This makes an unreal mode driver simpler than a DPMI driver. However unreal mode is incompatible with protected mode operating systems such as Windows 3.x/9x/NT and OS/2.

Big real mode has a 1 MiB code segment and a 4 GiB data segment.

Uses
HIMEM.SYS uses this feature (both 286 and 386 variants) to address extended memory, unless DOS is switched to run in a virtual 8086 mode that is incompatible with unreal mode.

One of the very few games—if not the only one—that used unreal mode was Ultima VII.

Unreal mode is used by BIOS code as this is the initial mode of modern Intel processors. Furthermore, the System Management Mode (SMM) in Intel 386SL and later processors places the processor in huge real mode.

Some boot loaders (such as LILO) use the unreal mode to access up to 4 GiB of memory.

Enabling unreal mode
The 80286 microprocessor can be put into unreal mode only with help of the undocumented instruction LOADALL to modify the hidden segment base registers to point to the source or target memory location above 1 MiB.

To put an 80386 or higher microprocessor into unreal mode, a program must first enter protected mode, find or create a flat descriptor in the GDT or LDT, load some of the data segment registers with the respective protected mode "selector", and then switch back to real mode. After returning to real mode, the processor will continue using the cached descriptors as established in protected mode, thus allowing access to 4 GiB of extended memory from real mode.

Starting with the 80386, real mode programs can use the 32 bit registers with the Address Size Override Prefix. This allows programs to use an address like DS:[EBX]. In normal real mode, a fault occurs if EBX exceeds 0xFFFF. In unreal mode, the access is allowed.

Variants of unreal mode
As described above, unreal mode usually involves using one or more data selectors to address data in memory more efficiently. This has been common practice and often referred to as "flat real mode" or "big real mode". The term "unreal mode" was introduced in 1991 by Rakesh K. Agarwal.

32-bit code
The "huge real mode" (named in Ralf Brown's interrupt list) or "unREAL" mode (named by Tomasz Grysztar) adds the ability to run 32-bit code with a 4 GiB code segment. This is achieved by loading the code selector (CS) from a descriptor having the 32-bit attribute ("D" bit) set to 1. This mode allows for avoiding Operand Size Override prefixes normally required when using 32-bit addressing in 16-bit code segment, but is more difficult to set up due to interaction with interrupts.

The use of a 32-bit CS was described in Agarwal's 1991 article introducing the term "unreal mode". This mode is used in Grysztar's open-source FASM and Helix RM386, a commercial DOS Extender bundled by Logitech mouse drivers. Grysztar wrote a description of techniques used for entering this mode and handling interrupts in 2010. He also reports that most of the CPUs he tested supports this previously-unknown mode, with the exception of a CPU of unknown model ("I think it was manufactured by Cyrix") and in a later user report, the Bochs and DOSBox emulators.

title: Unreal mode


text:
United States congressional delegations from Montana

Since Montana became a U.S. state in 1889, it has sent congressional delegations to the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. Each state elects two senators to serve for six years. Before the Seventeenth Amendment took effect in 1913, senators were elected by the Montana State Legislature. Members of the House of Representatives are elected to two-year terms, one from Montana's at-large congressional district. Before becoming a state, the Territory of Montana elected a non-voting delegate at-large to Congress from 1864 to 1889.

A total of 54 people have served either the Territory or State of Montana: 17 in the Senate, 32 in the House, and five in both houses. The longest-serving senator is Max Baucus, in office from 1978 to 2014. The longest-serving representative is Pat Williams, in office for 18 years from 1979 to 1997. One woman has been a member of Montana's congressional delegation, Jeannette Rankin, as a representative. She was the first woman in the United States Congress.

The current dean of the Montana delegation is Senator Jon Tester, having served in the Senate since 2007.

United States Senate
Each state elects two senators by statewide popular vote every six years. The terms of the two senators are staggered so that they are not elected in the same year. Montana's senators are elected in the years from classes I and II. Senators were originally chosen by the Montana Legislature until the Seventeenth Amendment came into force in 1913.

There have been twenty-two senators elected from Montana, of whom fourteen have been Democrats and eight have been Republicans. Montana's current senators are Democrat Jon Tester, in office since 2007, and Republican Steve Daines, in office since 2015.

Delegates from Montana Territory
The Territory of Montana was an organized incorporated territory of the United States formed on May 26, 1864. The territory initially consisted of present-day Montana. The boundaries of the territory did not change during its existence.

The territorial delegates were elected to two-year terms. Delegates were allowed to serve on committees, debate, and submit legislation, but were not permitted to vote on bills. Delegates only served in the House of Representatives as there was no representation in the Senate until Montana became a state.

Members of the United States House of Representatives
Members of the House of Representatives are elected every two years by popular vote within a congressional district. Montana currently has two congressional districts. Every ten years, the number of congressional districts is reapportioned based on the state's population as determined by the United States census; Montana had had two districts from 1913 to 1993 and one at-large district from 1993 to 2023.

There have been 34 people, including just one woman, who have served as representatives from Montana: 15 Democrats, 20 Republicans and 1 Populist. Ryan Zinke and Matt Rosendale are the current officeholders.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/One religion state

Content is "da state is smelly." Useless article. Neutrality 02:38, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Texas State Technical College

Texas State Technical College (TSTC) is a public community college with its main campus near Waco, Texas. TSTC is the State of Texas's only public multicampus technical college, offering associate degrees and certificates in technical skills and trades on 10 campuses throughout the state. TSTC's headquarters are located north of Waco and are co-located with the Waco campus, the oldest TSTC location and flagship location. TSTC also operates campuses in Harlingen, Marshall, Red Oak, Abilene, Breckenridge, Brownwood, Sweetwater, Williamson County, and Fort Bend County.

History
TSTC was established in 1965 as the James Connally Technical Institute (JCTI) of Texas A&M University to meet the state's evolving workforce needs. At the time, Governor John Connally (no relation) predicted that it would be "the most sophisticated technical-vocational institute in the country."

In 1967, JCTI expanded to include a South Texas campus in Harlingen.

In 1969, the JCTI colleges separated from Texas A&M University and became an independent state system, with its own board of regents, taking the name Texas State Technical Institute. Texas State Technical Institute-Waco (TSTI-Waco) was the first school in the United States to offer an associate of applied science degree in laser electro-optics technology. The program began in September 1969. The name changed to its present one in 1991.

As the need for technical education increased in Texas, TSTC opened additional campuses in Amarillo (this campus later left TSTI to become part of Amarillo College) and Sweetwater in 1979, McAllen (1983, no longer part of the system), Abilene (1985), Breckenridge (1989), Brownwood (1991), and Marshall (1991; became a separate college in 1999).

On September 1, 1999, the Marshall extension center was officially designated a stand-alone campus by the Texas Legislature, and it became known as Texas State Technical College Marshall. In 2011, the Legislature redefined the TSTC West Texas campus as one that serves West Texas with four strategically positioned, permanent locations at Sweetwater, Abilene, Breckenridge, and Brownwood. In 2013, the Texas Legislature authorized the creation of an extension center in Ellis County creating TSTC Marshall North Texas Extension Center also known as TSTC North Texas.

In 2015, TSTC and the Greater Fort Bend Economic Development Council unveiled plans to build a permanent campus in Rosenberg. The grand opening was celebrated in the fall a year later, bringing manufacturing, engineering, and information technology programs to the community.

TSTC collaborates with educational partners from throughout Texas to bring additional educational options to students. TSTC has partnerships in Hutto and Richmond working closely with a number of universities, school districts, colleges, and other entities to help provide a strong workforce for the future of Texas.

Academics
TSTC is a technical college designed to provide vocational and technical education to people entering the workforce or in the midst of a career change. As such, it primarily offers the associate of applied science (AAS) degree (along with certificates of completion). In 2009, TSTC Harlingen received approval from the Texas Legislature and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board to add associate of science (AS) degrees to its traditional offerings for those students desiring to transfer to a university or enter the workforce directly with an associate of science in biology, computer science, engineering, mathematics, physics, nursing preparatory, and health professions. Additionally, the Harlingen college began offering fields of study in combination with the academic core, which when transferred to a Texas public college or university, can substitute for freshman and sophomore major requirements.

Governance
The Texas State Technical College is governed by a nine-member board of regents and operated under the direction of a chancellor. These regents, who provide a statewide perspective, are appointed by the governor to six-year terms. The board meets quarterly to provide leadership and enact policies for the successful management and operation of the system. The colleges operate under the rules and regulations of the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. The Texas State Technical College Chancellor is Michael L. Reeser.

Extension center
TSTC administers an extension center in partnership with Temple College at the East Williamson County Higher Education Center in Williamson County.

Accreditation
Texas State Technical College is accredited to award AAS degrees and certificates of completion by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Students may review accreditation records in the Texas State Technical College Office of the Chancellor. Texas State Technical College is a member of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers and is listed in that association's Report of Credit Given.

Wind power
In response to the growing need for technical training involving wind power, TSTC Sweetwater created the first community college wind-energy program in Texas, and constructed a demonstration 2MW 60Hz DeWind D8.2 prototype wind turbine for student training in 2007. Texas State Technical College has partnered with Pinnacle Career Institute in Kansas City to offer the wind turbine technician program.

title: Texas State Technical College


text:
Talk:Latrine

2004
"Latrina is the Latin term for "latrine." There were many public latrines in cities across the Roman Empire, and they were generally unisex. Men and women sat down together "cheek-to-cheek" on the seats (which had no partitions) and talked with one another as they went to the bathroom, but one example of the relative lack of a "privacy" ethic in the ancient world. After going to the bathroom, the users would wash their hands under a stream of running water which also flushed the toilet." Moved here from stub "Latrina". If any of this is true, work it into the entry. Wetman 02:44, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

A section on warfare
Warfare section seems a bit out of place. I suggest moving it to the talk page until it is rounded out a bit more than some random seeming fact.Pengortm (talk) 19:36, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I moved it below rather than deleting it as I was so tempted to do.

Warfare
The Jordanian army broke down stones from graves on the Mount of Olives and used them for army latrines.

Merge latrine article with toilet article? I would say no
The question has been asked if the latrine article should be merged into the toilet article. I would say no. Reason: latrine has a different connotation to toilet (I tried to explain that in the article), and is also more related to "historic things" and "communal things". I think one day in the future, we will probably only have toilets and the word latrine might be phased out. So far it is still common in the term "pit latrine". So I would say this short article on latrines should stay.

If some people have more information about historical aspects of those Roman latrines or latrines during warfare, this could be added here.

I also saw the word latrine used in documents about prison camps, concentration camps and alike. Might be interesting to explore this a little bit further in this article (by someone else). EvM-Susana (talk) 08:55, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

Added information on slit-trench and shallow trench latrine
I have moved some information across that was formerly on the page for pit latrines: Slit-trench and shallow-trench latrines. It fits better here. We could also add more information on deep-trench latrines (use the same references as that provided for the shallow trench, i.e. publication from WEDC). EvM-Susana (talk) 10:14, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

Use content from the French version of the latrine article? Merge latrine and toilet?
There is now a note that there is material in the French version of Wikipedia on the French "latrine". I had a quick look at it. What they have put there seems to be what we have in the English version in the article on "toilet" (including dry toilet) or "pit latrine". If we find useful content, this could be moved across. However, the English page for latrine should in my opinion say small like it is now, and focussed on the historical usage of the word latrine and perhaps those army latrines and emergency latrines as mentioned above. I had a look in the German Wikipedia and there, "latrine" redirects to "toilet", i.e. no separate page for latrine (this Latin word appears more or less the same in English, German, French, Spanish). This would also be an option for the English version to do such a merger. I actually had argued against that abbove in this talk page in October 2014. But the question might be worth re-visiting if the two pages shouldn't be merged. See also talk page of [User:EChastain|EChastain] for related discussion. EvM-Susana (talk) 08:36, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

Unlike modern installations...

 * unlike modern installations, the Romans saw no need to provide privacy for individual users

May I question this statement? If there had been stall walls, probably they would have been of wood. They would have disappeared within a few years. --2A02:908:898:9780:113A:CE27:5B9A:FFE4 (talk) 21:22, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Latrine


text:
Shatterday

"Shatterday" is the first segment of the premiere episode of the first season of the television series The Twilight Zone. The story follows a man who finds that a double of himself has moved into his apartment and is taking over his life. The segment is nearly a one-man show for featured actor Bruce Willis; all the other significant characters appear only offscreen.

Opening narration
"Some push for what they need; some push for what they want. Some people, like Peter Jay Novins, just push. If they do it hard enough, and long enough, something might just push back... from the Twilight Zone."

Plot
Peter Jay Novins is at a bar and accidentally dials his own home phone number. The phone is answered by someone who claims to be Peter Jay Novins and sounds just like him. Flustered, Peter leaves the bar and uses a phone booth to call his house. He gets himself again and begins to believe that the man on the other end of the line is his doppelganger. Peter thinks about heading over to his apartment, but the man on the phone warns him against it and tells him that because Peter's life is terrible, he is going to change it.

Peter cashes out his bank account, calls the grocery store and insults them to ensure that Peter B (the doppelganger still in the apartment) cannot get food delivered. He hopes this will force Peter B to eventually leave the apartment and allow him to move back in, reclaiming his life. However, Peter B already used the $200 that was stashed away to stock up on groceries. He tells Peter A that he figures that Peter A is a piece of him that wandered off while he was sleeping. Peter A, however, thinks that it's possible that when he went to a friend's lab and a picture of his "aura" was taken, it somehow "stole" something from him.

As days go by, Peter A becomes increasingly sick, while Peter B makes major changes to his life: He patches things up with his estranged mother and invites her to live with him, turns down an unethical advertising job that he had previously accepted, tries to make amends with an ex-girlfriend who left her husband to pursue their affair only for Peter to dump her when he tired of their relationship, and plans to marry his current girlfriend and have children. Peter B visits Peter A's hotel room to finally meet him face to face, telling him that he is being replaced and is becoming a memory. Peter B reveals that things are going well with him and that he has put his life in order—something Peter A failed to do. He asks Peter A if there is anything he would have done differently. He says no. As Peter B leaves, Peter A wishes him well, shakes his hand, and then disappears.

Closing narration
"Peter Jay Novins, both victor and victim, of a brief struggle for custody of a man's soul. A man who lost himself, and found himself, on a lonely battlefield, somewhere in the Twilight Zone."

Production
This segment is based on the short story of the same name by Harlan Ellison, which was first published September 1975 in Gallery and later gave its title to a collection of his short stories. The short story uses all seven days of one week: Someday, Moansday, Duesday, Woundsday, Thornsday, Freeday, Shatterday. Ellison got the idea for the story while living in New York City and waiting for his date at a restaurant. His date was running late so he tried calling her up but, distracted by the noise, dialed his own number instead. After several rings he realized his mistake, and was inspired by thoughts of what would happen if he had answered the phone at his house.

Though the teleplay is credited solely to Alan Brennert, the opening scene was scripted by Ellison himself. Brennert had extensively revised the opening scene from the short story, in which Peter Novins almost immediately accepts that the man on the other end of the line is himself, because this would not be believable in television format. Ellison disliked the revisions and, after he rejected six different drafts of the opening scene by Brennert, executive producer Philip DeGuere suggested that he simply script that scene himself. He inserted the line "Alan, is that you? You imitate me better than anyone else!" as a playful homage to Brennert.

Unlike later episodes, "Shatterday" was shot on film, not video. During filming of one of the hotel scenes, actor Bruce Willis, in a display of method acting, warmed up for the scene by screaming curses and punching the wall behind the bed. This performance caused him to lose his voice over the course of several takes, and the day's filming had to be halted early.

In the few shots where the two Peters appear on-screen together, the new Peter was played by Willis, while the old Peter was played by a body double.

Syndication
This episode was shown as a stand-alone half-hour episode in syndication on the Chiller TV network instead of one segment from the original hour-long episode.

title: Shatterday


text: Category:Computer viruses

title: Category:Computer viruses