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On shell and off shell

In physics, particularly in quantum field theory, configurations of a physical system that satisfy classical equations of motion are called on the mass shell (on shell); while those that do not are called off the mass shell (off shell).

In quantum field theory, virtual particles are termed off shell because they do not satisfy the energy–momentum relation; real exchange particles do satisfy this relation and are termed on (mass) shell. In classical mechanics for instance, in the action formulation, extremal solutions to the variational principle are on shell and the Euler–Lagrange equations give the on-shell equations. Noether's theorem regarding differentiable symmetries of physical action and conservation laws is another on-shell theorem.

Mass shell
Mass shell is a synonym for mass hyperboloid, meaning the hyperboloid in energy–momentum space describing the solutions to the equation:

 * $$E^2 - |\vec{p} \,|^2 c^2 = m_0^2 c^4$$,

the mass–energy equivalence formula which gives the energy $$E$$ in terms of the momentum $$\vec{p}$$ and the rest mass $$m_0$$ of a particle. The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four-momentum; in Einstein notation with metric signature (+,−,−,−) and units where the speed of light $$c = 1$$, as $$p^\mu p_\mu \equiv p^2 = m_0^2$$. In the literature, one may also encounter $$p^\mu p_\mu = - m_0^2$$ if the metric signature used is (−,+,+,+).

The four-momentum of an exchanged virtual particle $$X$$ is $$q_\mu$$, with mass $$q^2 = m_X^2$$. The four-momentum $$q_\mu$$ of the virtual particle is the difference between the four-momenta of the incoming and outgoing particles.

Virtual particles corresponding to internal propagators in a Feynman diagram are in general allowed to be off shell, but the amplitude for the process will diminish depending on how far off shell they are. This is because the $$q^2$$-dependence of the propagator is determined by the four-momenta of the incoming and outgoing particles. The propagator typically has singularities on the mass shell.

When speaking of the propagator, negative values for $$E$$ that satisfy the equation are thought of as being on shell, though the classical theory does not allow negative values for the energy of a particle. This is because the propagator incorporates into one expression the cases in which the particle carries energy in one direction, and in which its antiparticle carries energy in the other direction; negative and positive on-shell $$E$$ then simply represent opposing flows of positive energy.

Scalar field
An example comes from considering a scalar field in D-dimensional Minkowski space. Consider a Lagrangian density given by $$\mathcal{L}(\phi,\partial_\mu \phi)$$. The action

 * $$S = \int d^D x \mathcal{L}(\phi,\partial_\mu \phi)$$

The Euler–Lagrange equation for this action can be found by varying the field and its derivative and setting the variation to zero, and is:

 * $$\partial_\mu \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial (\partial_\mu \phi)} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \phi}$$

Now, consider an infinitesimal spacetime translation $$x^\mu \rightarrow x^\mu +\alpha^\mu$$. The Lagrangian density $$\mathcal{L}$$ is a scalar, and so will infinitesimally transform as $$\delta \mathcal{L} = \alpha^\mu \partial_\mu \mathcal{L}$$ under the infinitesimal transformation. On the other hand, by Taylor expansion, we have in general

 * $$\delta \mathcal{L} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \phi} \delta \phi + \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial (\partial_\mu \phi)} \delta( \partial_\mu \phi) $$

Substituting for $$\delta \mathcal{L}$$ and noting that $$\delta( \partial_\mu \phi) = \partial_\mu ( \delta \phi)$$ (since the variations are independent at each point in spacetime):

 * $$\alpha^\mu \partial_\mu \mathcal{L} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \phi} \alpha^\mu \partial_\mu \phi + \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial (\partial_\nu \phi)} \alpha^\mu \partial_\mu \partial_\nu \phi $$

Since this has to hold for independent translations $$\alpha^\mu = (\epsilon, 0,...,0), (0,\epsilon, ...,0), ...$$, we may "divide" by $$\alpha^\mu$$ and write:

 * $$ \partial_\mu \mathcal{L} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \phi} \partial_\mu \phi + \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial (\partial_\nu \phi)} \partial_\mu \partial_\nu \phi $$

This is an example of an equation that holds off shell, since it is true for any fields configuration regardless of whether it respects the equations of motion (in this case, the Euler–Lagrange equation given above). However, we can derive an on shell equation by simply substituting the Euler–Lagrange equation:

 * $$ \partial_\mu \mathcal{L} = \partial_\nu \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial (\partial_\nu \phi)} \partial_\mu \phi + \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial (\partial_\nu \phi)} \partial_\mu \partial_\nu \phi $$

We can write this as:

 * $$ \partial_\nu \left (\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial (\partial_\nu \phi)} \partial_\mu \phi -\delta^\nu_\mu \mathcal{L} \right) = 0 $$

And if we define the quantity in parentheses as $$T^\nu{}_\mu$$, we have:

 * $$\partial_\nu T^\nu{}_\mu = 0$$

This is an instance of Noether's theorem. Here, the conserved quantity is the stress–energy tensor, which is only conserved on shell, that is, if the equations of motion are satisfied.

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title: On shell and off shell


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Mad Hatter (DC Comics)

The Mad Hatter (Jervis Tetch) is a supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman. He is modeled after the Hatter from Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, a character often called the "Mad Hatter" in adaptations of Carroll. A scientist who invents and uses technological mind control devices to influence and manipulate the minds of his victims, the Mad Hatter is one of Batman's most enduring enemies and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up Batman's rogues gallery.

The Mad Hatter has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including feature films, television series, and video games. He has been voiced by Roddy McDowall in the DC animated universe and Peter MacNicol in the Batman: Arkham video game series, among others. He has also been portrayed in live-action by David Wayne in the 1960s Batman series, and Benedict Samuel in the Fox series Gotham. A variation of the character named Liam Crandle appeared in the third season premiere of the Arrowverse series Batwoman, portrayed by Amitai Marmorstein.

Publication history and characterization
Created by Bill Finger and Lew Sayre Schwartz, the Mad Hatter made his first appearance in Batman #49 (October 1948). Jervis Tetch is fascinated with hats of all shapes and sizes, as well as the Lewis Carroll's children's book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, particularly favoring the chapter "A Mad Tea Party". According to Dr. Blakloch of Arkham Asylum:

"Jervis is obsessive-compulsive, and highly delusional. He's got an immature self-image, so he identifies more with children than adults. Oh and he's a genius, too. (BPD)"

Blakloch also notes that when agitated, Tetch begins rhyming as a defence mechanism. Tetch often quotes and makes reference to Carroll's Wonderland novels, and sometimes even fails to discern between these stories and reality. In addition to his obsession with Lewis Carroll, Tetch has also shown an additional obsession with hats. In Secret Six, he will not eat a piece of food that does not have a hat on it, and states that he is not interested in the sight of his naked teammate Knockout because she is not wearing a hat. In the graphic novel Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth, it is strongly implied that he is a pedophile. His storylines in Streets of Gotham #4 and Jeph Loeb and Tim Sale's Batman: Haunted Knight also imply an unhealthy fixation on children, such as when he kidnaps a young Barbara Gordon and forces her into a tea party dressed as Alice, as well as kidnapping other runaway children and dressing them up like characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

Backstory
Growing up, Tetch was a lonely, awkward child, shunned by other children and living in his own fantasy world. As an adult, he becomes a neuroscientist, and at some point moves into a boarding house owned by Ella Littleton. There he befriends Ella's daughter, Connie, and her friends in her junior high school computer club, sometimes helping them with their projects. A few years later, when Connie is in high school, she gets pregnant. Fearing the reaction of her extremely strict mother, Connie lies to her and claims she had been raped by someone on her high school's baseball team, the Gotham Hawks. Ella, in turn, approaches Tetch for help and convinces him that the Gotham Hawks are "bad kids". Tetch agrees to use his mind control technology on a member of the team, making him use a pipe bomb to kill the other players. Although this is Tetch's first known criminal act, his involvement in the locker room bombing would not be discovered until years later.

Golden Age
In his first appearance as the Mad Hatter, Tetch attempts to steal a trophy from the Gotham Yacht Club, and begins a crime spree that ends when he is foiled by Batman while he is trying to rob spectators from a high society horseshow. Tetch is subsequently sent to Arkham Asylum (although his fate is not revealed until Detective Comics #510). The Mad Hatter is not seen again in the Golden Age of Comic Books.

Silver Age
In the Silver Age of Comic Books, an impostor Mad Hatter appears and clashes with Batman many times. He is revealed as an impostor when the Mad Hatter finally reappears, claiming to have "disposed of the impostor" (although the impostor would return one last time in Detective Comics #573 in 1987). Accompanied by several henchmen and a pet chimpanzee (named "Carroll Lewis", although the Mad Hatter claims that the chimp refuses to tell him how it came to have that moniker), the Mad Hatter kidnaps Lucius Fox, the C.E.O. of Wayne Tech. Although he holds Lucius Fox for ransom, the Mad Hatter also unveils a device allowing him to copy the knowledge in Fox's brain, which he intends to use to make an additional fortune. However, Lucius Fox is rescued by Batman, who also captures the Mad Hatter and his henchmen.

The Mad Hatter's next appearance marks the first time he is portrayed in comics with the mind-controlling devices for which he would eventually become best known. Allying himself with other villains in an attempt to kill Batman, Hatter uses a mind-controlling hat on Scarecrow, forcing the villain (who had been paralyzed with fear) to fight. When Batman overcomes his attackers, Tetch flees and appears to die on a bridge under the wheels of a train. In actuality he had escaped by jumping onto a truck that had been passing underneath the bridge. Subsequent encounters with Batman resulted in Tetch being sent to Arkham.

During another early encounter with Batman, the Mad Hatter escapes from Arkham in time for Halloween, and makes his home in an old mansion that had been abandoned after a gruesome murder years before. Retreating deeply into his delusions about Wonderland, Tetch offers sanctuary to runaway children, asking them in return to dress up as characters from Alice in Wonderland and attend his tea parties, where he serves them drugged tea to keep them sedated. Around this time, the teenage Barbara Gordon comes to Gotham City, having been adopted by her uncle, Commissioner Jim Gordon, following the death of her parents. Barbara sneaks out against her uncle's orders, and goes to Gotham Park, where she soon finds herself being chased by a group of masked men with knives. The group surround her, and begin implying that they will molest or rape her, provoking her to scream for help. The Mad Hatter appears and scares the men away with his gun. Tetch takes her to his "Wonderland", where she is expected to play the role of Alice. When she refuses to drink tea and asks to leave, Tetch angrily smashes a teapot, scaring another of the runaways into sneaking away while Tetch's attention is on Barbara. The boy leads the police and Batman to Tetch's hideout, and Tetch is defeated by Batman while Commissioner Gordon rescues Barbara.

When Black Orchid visits Arkham Asylum, attempting to find out more about her past from Poison Ivy, she is assisted by Tetch. After Ivy refuses to help Orchid, Tetch tries to cheer her up. He also reveals he has been helping other inmates at Arkham, such as bringing Ivy things to make her plant-animal hybrids with. "I believe in helping people," he explains. "We were all put here for a purpose, I say. But it's still nice to get a thank-you." Tetch is delighted to receive a small flower as thanks for his help. Tetch is also aware of Animal Man's identity as Buddy Baker. He is seen laughing hysterically in Arkham with the final page of "The Return with the Man of the Animal Powers", the second Animal Man story, after which he is dragged back to his cell.

In the Knightfall saga, the Mad Hatter is the first to strike, following the breakout from Arkham. He invites all criminals to a tea party to which Batman and Robin would come. One of the criminals was Film Freak, on whom Tetch uses a mind control device, sending him to find the person that broke them out of Arkham. Batman and Robin come and defeat the Mad Hatter as Film Freak is defeated by Bane. In Robin: Year One, millionaire third-world dictator Generalissimo Lee hires the Mad Hatter to kidnap a number of young girls using his mind control devices. The Mad Hatter does so by implanting the devices in Walkmen, which he gives out to girls at Dick Grayson's school. The young Robin manages to defeat the Mad Hatter, however.

Another plan consisted of implanting his devices in "free coffee and donuts" tickets he handed out in front of the police stations in Gotham. That plan had him controlling most of the cops in the city, inciting them to steal for him, and ultimately to riot. He even had Gotham police detectives Crispus Allen and Renee Montoya break into a bank for him. Sasha Bordeaux helped Batman stop him this time around. The Mad Hatter shows up in Gotham City after it is rocked by a devastating earthquake. He adds to his body count, callously murdering a policeman. His goal is to unearth a trove of valuables, which in the end turn out to be classic hats. Tetch's role in the deaths of the Gotham Hawks High School Baseball team is eventually discovered by detectives in the Gotham City Police Department. Tetch, imprisoned at Arkham at the time, is interviewed to try to find his motive. After sending the police away, telling them that the team had been "bad kids" and that they "deserved it", Tetch contacts Ella Littleton and warns her that the police might uncover her role in the bombing. Tetch had given her one of his mind-controlling hats years before, which she used to try to take control of a guard and try to help Tetch escape from Arkham. The Hatter is caught as he tries to escape, and the mind-controlled guard fires on police before dying in return fire. Tetch himself is shot multiple times and left in critical condition. Distraught at the news, Elle Littleton inadvertently tells her daughter Connie that Tetch had killed the team for her, to "avenge her honor". Connie informs the police of everything that had happened, and Ella Littleton is arrested. While working with Black Mask, the Mad Hatter implants a mind control chip directly into Killer Croc's brain, which causes him to mutate again due to the virus he had been injected with by Hush and the Riddler. Killer Croc embarks on a quest to get payback on those responsible for his mutation, and starts with the Mad Hatter. Batman arrives in time to save him, but Killer Croc escapes. During Infinite Crisis, the Mad Hatter is first seen being roundly beaten by Argus, and then later fighting with the Secret Society of Super Villains during the Battle of Metropolis.

"One Year Later"/Secret Six
During One Year Later, Tetch is revealed to have been involved in the plot by the Great White Shark to frame Harvey Dent for murdering various Gotham criminals in the Detective Comics storyline Face The Face. The capacity in which he is involved is left vague, however. Tetch's base of operations in Gotham City is destroyed following a search for an atomic weapon, by the former Robin, Tim Drake, and the current Captain Boomerang, Owen Mercer. A recording of Tetch appears on a monitor screen and tells them that the roof will be the final hat they will ever wear as it falls down on them. Robin and Boomerang narrowly escape the building. He is later approached by Cat-Man, and he joins the members of the Secret Six to oppose the Secret Society of Super Villains; they have recruited him in hopes of a defense against Doctor Psycho's mind control abilities. When Rag Doll attacks the Secret Six under Dr. Psycho's control, Tetch puts on what he calls his "thinking cap" and goes into a seizure. After the Six crash-land, they are attacked by the Doom Patrol, who come close to apprehending the Six until Mad Hatter steps in and uses his mind control abilities to subdue the Doom Patrol singlehandedly, going so far as to almost make Elasti-Girl eat Beast Boy before Scandal stops him.

In a later issue of Secret Six, Tetch reveals that he has designed a hat to make him happy beyond the measures of what illegal drugs can. He also states that he has planted miniature listening devices around the House of Secrets to keep tabs on his fellow members. After revealing the true motives of Scandal Savage to leave the team, the Secret Six go after her, finding themselves at Vandal Savage's temple in the mountains, where Doctor Psycho starts attacking the team. Tetch easily gets the upper hand on Doctor Psycho until Cheshire appears and stabs him in the back with a poisoned dagger. Scandal tends to Hatter's wound, and Catman administers an antidote to Tetch. While the Six face off against Cheshire and Vandal Savage, Hatter takes on Doctor Psycho one on one, and emerges victorious despite his injuries, gravely injuring Dr. Psycho with Cheshire's dagger. At the end of the miniseries, Hatter saves Scandal from falling to her death, and the Six befriend him. As Hatter stands atop Savage's destroyed base with Rag Doll, he promises to be a very good friend in return. Rag Doll then pushes Hatter off the roof, seemingly to his death, saying there was "only room for one dandy freak on the team". However, it is revealed on the final page that Tetch survived the fall. Heartbroken, he vows revenge on the rest of the Six. Prior to the events of Gotham Underground, Tetch falls victim to his own mind control devices at the hands of Tweedledum and Tweedledee. The two force him to "lead" a gang of Wonderland-related criminals called the Wonderland Gang through various gimmicky heists before Batman deduces the Tweeds to be the true masterminds. Once the three are returned to Arkham, the Hatter quickly exacts revenge on the two, manipulating them into a bloody brawl with his mind control chips.

Gotham Underground and Salvation Run
More recently, Mad Hatter appears in Gotham Underground #1 (August 2007), alongside Scarecrow, Hugo Strange, the Penguin, and Two-Face, who have gathered together to assist him in escaping Gotham in light of the disappearance of other villains due to the Suicide Squad and Amanda Waller kidnapping and deporting villains offworld in Countdown to Final Crisis. During their meeting, however, the Suicide Squad break into the building and arrests them. He is later seen on the Hell World in Salvation Run #2 (January 2008), confirming that he has indeed been deported off-world. He appears briefly during the final issue as the Parademons attack, and escapes the Hell Planet alive thanks to Lex Luthor's device.

DC Infinite Halloween Special
In the first issue of DC Infinite Halloween Special, Hatter recounts a first-person perspective story of a small boy whose parents are murdered before his eyes by a blood-sucking humanoid bat. The story follows closely the actual origin story of Batman and is a close approximation of the Red Rain 'universe' (noted in the Countdown Presents: The Search for Ray Palmer series as Earth-43), wherein Batman is, in fact, a vampire.

"Final Crisis"
In the 2008 DC storyline "Final Crisis", Dan Turpin has been approached by the Question with regards to a recent string of child disappearances related to a mysterious group called The Dark Side Club. Turpin subsequently discovers that the club is led by Darkseid, who has taken on a human form after the events of Death of the New Gods. He is gathering a group of children together and infusing them with the Anti-Life Equation as part of his broader plan to enslave and devastate the human race. In Final Crisis #2 (2008), Turpin discovers that Tetch played an instrumental role in assisting Darkseid in gathering the children together through the use of his mind-control hats. Turpin, overcome with a violent rage that he himself does not understand, viciously beats Tetch. Upon threats of brain damage, Tetch confesses that the children have been taken to Blüdhaven. Confused and unsure of himself, Turpin then leaves and boards a bus to Blüdhaven. Final Crisis Secret Files and Origins #1 also reveals that Darkseid's Justifiers helmets are a combination of Apokoliptic technology and the Hatter's mind control circuitry.

Secret Six redux
Secret Six #6 (February 2009) reveals that Mad Hatter has hired the Six to break Tarantula out of Alcatraz, to deliver her as well as a "Get Out of Hell Free" card created by Neron to Gotham City. Doing so has put the Six directly in the line of retribution from Junior, Ragdoll's psychotic sister. Junior believes that the Neron card is key to saving her soul from eternal damnation, and will stop at nothing to reclaim it from Tarantula and the Six. It seems that Junior's wrath is not the motivation behind Tetch's hiring the Six to perform this mission. He has made it clear his intention is to ensure the Six safely reach Gotham. The story is ongoing, and Tetch's full plan has yet to be revealed, although it is made clear in the same issue that Tetch intends to murder each member of the Six as part of his revenge. Tetch observes as the Six battle Junior and his goons on Gotham Bridge and when the battle ceases he confronts them, telling them how they betrayed him. Rag Doll throws Tetch's hat over the edge and Tetch jumps off after it.

"Batman: Life After Death"
Tetch next shows up, seemingly uninjured from his battle with the Secret Six, working with the Penguin, who is planning on killing the new Black Mask. He assists the Penguin in attaching a mind control device to a gas mask, which is placed on Batman's head to turn him into a puppet to assassinate Black Mask. The plot fails, and Batman recovers before killing Black Mask. Following this, Tetch is shown once again incarcerated in Arkham. He hires Deathstroke and the Titans to free him, and escapes just prior to a massive prison riot.

The New 52
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Jervis Tetch is portrayed as suffering from hypogonadism, which prevents him from physically maturing. He begins taking testosterone-enhancing drugs that permanently impair his mental stability. His parents commit him to Arkham Asylum after he has a drug-induced psychotic breakdown, during which he begins referring to himself as "the Mad Hatter". He is eventually freed by the White Rabbit. He uses his mind control technology to make a passenger train full of people commit suicide, assisted by his henchmen, the Tweed Brothers. He then uses his technology to drive several Gothamites insane. Batman eventually foils his plan and throws him through a glass rooftop.

Mad Hatter and the Tweed Brothers next appear after Black Mask escapes Arkham Asylum. When Black Mask attempts to regain control over his False Face Society, he comes into conflict with the Mad Hatter, who sees Black Mask as a rival due to Black Mask's similar mind control abilities. Both the Mad Hatter and Black Mask engage in battle, only for Batman to intervene and subdue them both.

The Mad Hatter resurfaces, selling his mind control hats all over Gotham and holding casting calls at his missile launch facility base, all to recreate a “perfect day” he had years before at a theme park with his childhood sweetheart, Alice. He creates a replica of the theme park in his base and takes control of all the people he sold the hats to all to become the pedestrians in the park. He goes to Alice's house, where he finds to his dismay that she has become an alcoholic and a drug addict. He bludgeons her to death to “put her out of her misery”. He attempts to cast a new Alice with “mind controlled girls”, but ultimately kills them for falling short of his ideal. In frustration, he makes his mind control subjects walk into the sewer and drown themselves.

The Mad Hatter becomes obsessed with Bruce Wayne's new girlfriend, Natalya Trusevich, and has the Tweed Brothers kidnap her. She spurns the Mad Hatter's advances, but he realizes she knows Batman's secret identity and torture her for the information. In the end, she refuses to give the information, and he throws her out of a helicopter to her death. An enraged Batman hunts him down and nearly drowns him, only to revive him at the last minute when his conscience gets the better of him.

DC Rebirth
In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, Mad Hatter is among the villains.

Skills and abilities
While the Mad Hatter has no inherent superpowers, he is a brilliant 'neurotechnician' with considerable knowledge on how to dominate and control the human mind, either through hypnosis or direct technological means. Usually, the Hatter places his mind control devices in the brims of hats, but has been known to utilize other devices as well. More recently, he has been able to directly influence the minds of others at a distance without any apparent equipment. However, this is most likely not a newly emerging superhuman ability; more likely, his skill at miniaturizing and concealing technology, and advances upon his original technology, have probably allowed him to develop technology that permits him to use a device hidden upon his person (such as in his hat) to project mind controlling powers in the manner of a meta-human ability such as telepathic powers.

The Mad Hatter is not above using his own inventions on himself, such as creating a hat that can cause him both extreme bliss, as well as return him to lucidity when he deems it necessary. Despite his small stature, the Mad Hatter has been known to exhibit surprising strength and agility from time to time. In the graphic novel Madness, the Mad Hatter is shown as impressively holding his own in a fistfight with Batman atop a moving train.

Appearance
The Mad Hatter has gone through many changes in his physical appearance over the years, but the basic look remains the same. In his debut, he was a very short brown (or auburn) haired man. When he reappeared in the early 1980s, he was depicted as of average height, with blonde hair. In later years, he was short again but with white hair. Today, Tetch has red hair much like his impostor did, but his size and height still seem to vary. Constants throughout his depictions are a slightly overlarge head and (more recently) very large teeth. In Secret Six #6 (December 2006), Tetch claims to suffer from macrocephaly.

Reception
The character of the Mad Hatter has been analyzed as a stereotypical depiction of a villainous European in fiction.

Other characters named Mad Hatter

After the real Jervis Tetch/Mad Hatter had been sent to Arkham Asylum following his debut, a very different Mad Hatter appeared, who claimed to be Jervis Tetch. This Mad Hatter first appeared in Detective Comics #230 (April 1956) by Bill Finger, and Sheldon Moldoff, and, unlike the original, was tall, red-headed, stocky and sported a gaudy mustache. He was primarily a thief who was obsessed with completing his private collection of hats from all nations, cultures, and historical periods. He often constructed various weaponry concealed inside his hats like flamethrowers and buzzsaws. The headgear he wanted most was, of course, Batman's cowl. In numerous attempts, he tried to de-cowl Batman. After many tries, he was successful by spraying the cowl with a radioactive substance. Batman then went to nuclear lab and as he was preparing to leave, he set off the radiation detectors. He then had to remove it and handed it to one of Mad Hatter's henchmen who was disguised as one of the lab workers. No sooner did the Mad Hatter put it in his collection than Batman and Robin arrived. They had traced the cowl with their "super sensitive Geiger counter" in the Batplane. Later on, in Batman #297 (March 1978), the impostor Mad Hatter claimed to have gone straight, but that turned out to be a lie. In 1981, it was revealed that he was in fact an impostor when the real Jervis Tetch returned. The real Hatter claimed to have killed his impostor, but the impostor Mad Hatter reappeared alive in 1987 in Detective Comics #573, where he ended up being beaten by Batman. He was treated to a cameo appearance in Secret Origins (vol. 2) #44 (1989) where he is seen in his cell at Arkham making paper hats in the story "His Name is Clayface III". Upon seeing him, one Arkham guard tells another: "He could murder ya a thousand different ways if we let 'im have any real hat--! But that doesn't stop him from tryin'!" The impostor Mad Hatter appeared in Batman #700 (2010) under the moniker the "Hatman", as well as in a flashback to his Mad Hatter days.

Alternative versions
As one of Batman's most recognizable and popular opponents, the Mad Hatter appears in numerous comics that are not considered part of the regular DC continuity, including:

 * In the Batman comic strip, the Mad Hatter is a computer programing genius who discovered that his products were depleting the ozone layer. Jervis Tetch is betrayed by his business partners to keep him from reporting to the EPA. Injected with hallucinogens, Tetch was driven permanently mad, and his partners had him locked up in Arkham Asylum. There, he realized that he was driven mad with poisons from his own industry, just as hatters were, and that he was himself now “mad as a hatter!” He became obsessed with hats, which he used as a tool for revenge. After creating a mind-controlling computer chip, Tetch gave a rigged hat to the Arkham warden and secretly took control of Asylum. He then sent rigged hats to his business partners, forcing them to commit suicide. Realizing that he had a good thing going, Tetch used Arkham as his base of operations, robbing banks and experimenting his technology on inmates like the Joker, before he was eventually stopped by Batman and Harvey Dent.
 * In the Elseworlds tale Batman: Crimson Mist- the third part of the trilogy that began with Batman & Dracula: Red Rain, which saw Batman become a vampire, the Mad Hatter makes a cameo during the vampire Batman's assault on Arkham Asylum, in which Batman kills and beheads him.
 * In the Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles crossover, the Mad Hatter is turned into a mutant rabbit by the Shredder, along with other mutated inmates of Arkham Asylum. After Shredder being defeated by Batman and the Turtles, the police scientists have managed to turn Jervis and the rest of inmates at Arkham back to normal and are currently in A.R.G.U.S. custody.
 * Jervis Tetch appears in the 2017 series Batman: White Knight. This version's technology is used by Jack Napier (who in this reality was a Joker who had been force fed an overdose of pills by Batman which temporarily cured him of his insanity) to control Clayface. Particles from Clayface's body were then slipped into the drinks of other Batman villains so that Napier could control them by way of Clayface's ability to control parts of his body that had been separated from him. He assists Neo Joker in stealing his technology back from Napier so she can control the villains, and he remains as her sidekick for the rest of the story.
 * In Mother Panic: Gotham A.D., the Mad Hatter is depicted as having been killed by the Joker during his short-lived heroic stint.

Live-action

 * The Jervis Tetch incarnation of the Mad Hatter appears in Batman (1966), portrayed by David Wayne. This version's appearance is based on the imposter Mad Hatter, as the series was produced before he was revealed as such. Additionally, he wears a trick top hat containing mechanical eyes capable of firing hypnotic beams that render victims unconscious and is obsessed with stealing hats, particularly Batman's cowl.
 * Jervis Tetch appears in Gotham, portrayed by Benedict Samuel. Introduced in the third season, this version is a professional hypnotist who can control people's minds via his voice and a "ticking" device. He is also known for dressing himself, his henchmen, and his victims as characters from Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland as well as creating a virus from his sister Alice's blood that turns people into homicidal maniacs. In the fourth season, Tetch joins Jerome Valeska's "Legion of Horribles" to assist them in spreading chaos throughout Gotham and acquires his "Mad Hatter" moniker from Oswald Cobblepot. In the fifth season, Tetch was put in charge of Ace Chemicals and brainwashed Jim Gordon and Leslie Thompkins as part of a plan to make Bruce Wayne relive his parents' death.
 * An original incarnation of the Mad Hatter named Liam Crandle appears in the Batwoman episode "Mad as a Hatter", portrayed by Amitai Marmorstein. He is a mentally ill teenager and a fan of Alice, seeing her as a victim of society. After buying Jervis Tetch's hat online, he takes Mary Hamilton's graduation ceremony hostage using the hat's technology, only to be foiled by Batwoman, Batwing, and Alice. Crandle is later incarcerated while Tetch's hat is confiscated.

Animation

 * The Jervis Tetch incarnation of the Mad Hatter appears in The Batman/Superman Hour episode "A Mad, Mad Tea Party", voiced by Ted Knight. This version has trained white rabbits, a hat-shaped car, and henchmen dressed as Wonderland characters.
 * The Batman (1966) incarnation of the Mad Hatter appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold.
 * The Jervis Tetch incarnation of the Mad Hatter appears in the Young Justice: Outsiders episode "Triptych", voiced by Dwight Schultz. This version is a member of Simon Stagg's metahuman trafficking operation.
 * The Jervis Tetch incarnation of the Mad Hatter appears in the Harley Quinn episode "Another Sharkley Adventure", voiced by Griffin Newman. This version comes off as a creep and pervert to others due to his abnormal behavior, though he repeatedly denies these claims. Tetch kidnaps Harley Quinn and Batgirl and attempts to use them as test subjects for his mind-controlling hats, with which he plans to enslave Gotham's citizens, though the former manages to talk him into releasing her by claiming they are both villains. However, Harley quickly regrets abandoning Batgirl and returns to rescue her. After Batgirl comments that Harley is not as villainous as she believes herself to be, the latter beats Tetch to death with her baseball bat to prove her otherwise.

DC Animated Universe
The Jervis Tetch incarnation of the Mad Hatter appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by Roddy McDowall. This version is a blond British man with a large overbite that gives him a Cheshire Cat-like smile.
 * Introduced in the Batman: The Animated Series episode "Mad as a Hatter", Tetch is initially a technical and electronics genius who experiments with animals using mind-controlling microchips stored within hats to stimulate brain waves. He falls in love with his secretary, Alice Pleasance, who does not reciprocate his feelings. Donning the guise of the Mad Hatter and using Alice in Wonderland as inspiration, he attempts to win Alice's affection by taking her out on the town after her boyfriend dumps her. However, she misinterprets the gesture as a way to cheer her up and unwittingly spurns his affections. Driven over the edge, Tetch uses his microchips to turn Alice into his robotic puppet until Batman defeats him. Episode writer Paul Dini once claimed that the episode was inspired by a true story involving a technical designer who had unrequited feelings for someone at work and committed a workplace shooting. In the episode "Perchance to Dream", Tetch uses an electronic helmet to trap Batman in a virtual reality realm that gives him his greatest desires in an attempt to remove the Dark Knight from his life. Once he gets free however, Batman defeats Tetch and leaves him for the police. In the episode "The Worry Men", Tetch creates the eponymous dolls using his chips to hypnotize Gotham's elite into giving him large sums of money so he can acquire an island where he can live in peace. However, Batman stops him and gives Tetch his own "Worry Man" to stop him from committing more crimes. Tetch also makes minor appearances in the episodes "Trial" and "Make 'Em Laugh".
 * Tetch returns in The New Batman Adventures. For this series, he was redesigned to resemble a short, thin, rodent-like man with a paler complexion and dark green outfit.
 * Tetch appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Knight Time". After discovering Bruce Wayne was hypnotized by nanites, Superman and Robin join forces to find Tetch, who they believe is the culprit. Upon capturing him however, they find that he is not responsible. Tetch examines the nanites and, based on their highly advanced technology, speculates that they are of extraterrestrial origin. The heroes later discover the nanites were created by Brainiac.
 * While Tetch does not appear in Batman Beyond, when asked about his fate, the show's creator Paul Dini jokingly stated that he along with the Riddler reformed and founded a men's clothing store.

Film

 * The Mad Hatter was considered by Mark Protosevich to appear in Batman Unchained, with Rowan Atkinson and Robin Williams being considered for the role, but was dropped in favor of the Scarecrow and Harley Quinn.
 * The Jervis Tetch incarnation of the Mad Hatter appears in Batman: Bad Blood, voiced by Robin Atkin Downes. This version works for the League of Assassins as one of Talia al Ghul's henchmen and helped turn Heretic into the perfect soldier for the League. After Heretic captures Batman, Tetch reprograms his mind to follow Talia's orders and reveal his and his allies' secrets. Batman helps the League infiltrate the World Tech Summit and take over Wayne Enterprises' technologies, Tetch brainwashes all of the attending politicians and dignitaries into obeying Talia. However, he is killed by a system overload caused in the ensuing battle between Batman's allies and Talia's henchmen.
 * The Mad Hatter makes a cameo appearance in Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants, voiced by an uncredited Alastair Duncan.
 * The Batman (1966) incarnation of the Mad Hatter makes a cameo appearance in Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders.
 * The Batman (1966) incarnation of the Mad Hatter makes a cameo appearance in Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold.
 * The Mad Hatter appears in Batman: The Long Halloween, voiced by John DiMaggio.

Video games

 * The Mad Hatter appears as a boss in The Adventures of Batman & Robin. This version's appearance is based on that of the Batman: The Animated Series version coupled with elongated eyelashes on his left eye similarly to Alex DeLarge's. Additionally, he commands an army of robots based on characters from Alice in Wonderland.
 * The Mad Hatter appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Aaron Mace.
 * The Mad Hatter appears in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.

Lego Batman

 * The Jervis Tetch incarnation of the Mad Hatter appears as a boss and unlockable character in Lego Batman: The Videogame, with vocal effects provided by Chris Edgerly. This version is one of the Joker's lieutenants and is armed with a small handgun.
 * The Mad Hatter appears as an optional side boss and unlockable playable character in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, voiced by Townsend Coleman.
 * The Mad Hatter appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Nolan North.
 * The Batman: The Animated Series incarnation of Jervis Tetch / Mad Hatter appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains via the "Batman: The Animated Series Level Pack" DLC.

Batman: Arkham
The Jervis Tetch incarnation of the Mad Hatter appears in the Batman: Arkham series, voiced by Peter MacNicol.
 * According to Batman: Arkham Asylum writer Paul Dini, the Mad Hatter was originally planned to appear in the game via a level where Batman discovers him in a child's hedge maze within the titular asylum's Botanical Gardens while Poison Ivy controls her plants to slow Batman down. However, the idea did not fit the game's tone and the Mad Hatter's appearance was dropped.
 * In Tetch's first physical appearance in Batman: Arkham City, it is revealed that Hugo Strange manipulated him into conducting inhumane behavior control experiments on Arkham Asylum patients in exchange for a consistent supply of tea and multiple "Alices" for Tetch to do with as he pleases. He is additionally an inmate of Strange's city-prison, Arkham City, where he has formed a small gang of mind-controlled henchmen.
 * In the prequel Batman: Arkham Origins, a younger Tetch has yet to call himself the Mad Hatter, struggles to perfect his mind control technology, and has his first encounter with Batman after challenging him to rescue his latest "Alice".
 * As of the Batman: Arkham Knight DLC side mission "Wonderland", Tetch has taken to speaking in cryptic rhymes. He turns himself into the GCPD and demands to speak with Batman, challenging him to find and rescue three police officers he has taken hostage. Once Batman finds two of them, Tetch hypnotizes him into seeing a storybook-esque world in an attempt to make Batman kill the third officer and become his latest "Alice". However, Batman once again resists Tetch's mind control, escapes the hallucination, and incarcerates him.

Miscellaneous

 * The DC Animated Universe (DCAU) incarnation of Jervis Tetch / Mad Hatter appears in a series of tie-in comic books:
 * In Batman & Robin Adventures #17, he tries to force Alice Pleasance to marry him with a mind-control chip, but Robin forces the Dream Inducer onto Tetch's head, which inadvertently causes him to suffer a permanent mental break with reality. He is returned to Arkham Asylum while living a happy life with Alice in his mind.
 * In Justice League Unlimited #8, it was revealed that years of using his mind-controlling technology had rotted Tetch's mind and driven him mad.
 * An aged Tetch appears in Batman Beyond (vol. 2). After his mind was "burnt out" years prior during his final battle with Batman, Tetch was incarcerated in the mental institution wing of a Neo-Gotham hospital since Arkham Asylum had closed down.
 * As of the Justice League Beyond story arc "Flashdrive", Tetch had died, with his body being kept in a vault underneath Wayne Manor along with the rest of Batman's deceased rogues.
 * The Mad Hatter appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comic book. Terrified of being removed from Arkham Asylum by the Justice League, he disappears with help from the Flash. Years later, the Mad Hatter resurfaces to meet with Black Mask, Bronze Tiger, Man-Bat, Scarecrow, Tweedledum and Tweedledee before they are interrupted by Damian Wayne and defeated by a Deadman-possessed Bronze Tiger.
 * The Batman (1966) of Mad Hatter appears in Batman '66 alongside his brother, Morris Tetch / Clock King.

title: Mad Hatter (DC Comics)


text:
Talk:John McEwen

Right of veto
When Menzies retired in 1966, McEwen became the longest-serving figure in the government, and he had a right of veto over government policy

 * Comment: I wonder if this is the best way of putting it. It could suggest he had some formal veto power from the Constitution or wherever.  That certainly wasn't the case.  He had a political power in that, if the Liberal PM didn't do what McEwen wanted, he would pull his Country Party out of the Coalition.  He used this threat to very effectively deny McMahon the prime ministership.  Maybe "he had an effective veto over government policy"?  --  JackofOz (talk) 05:46, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Caretaker, interim or acting PM?

 * I'm more curious (going by the infobox & lead) how McEwin was serving as both prime minister & deputy prime minister, simulataneously. GoodDay (talk) 18:13, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I think that you might be mistaken, @GoodDay. John McEwen was (caretaker) Prime Minister until 10 January 1968. His successor, John Gorton, was appointed Prime Minister on that day and, in turn, Gorton appointed McEwen the first (formal) Deputy Prime Minister. There was, presumably, a short period on that day when was neither Prime Minister nor Deputy Prime Minister. McEwen was also the de facto Deputy Prime Minister under Harold Holt, but the office had not yet been formally 'invented' so he cannot be said to have held it during his short term as Prime Minister. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 19:08, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * We have a problem then as he's described here as the 18th prime minister. I noticed this possible mistake in the intros & infoboxes of several Australian prime ministers, who are fully or partially described as acting, interim or caretaker prime ministers at the Prime Minister of Australia article. The bios aren't lining up with the office article. GoodDay (talk) 19:11, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid that I don't know enough about numbering practice to add to that discussion, but perhaps we could make a decision here as to which term to use for these three individuals, for consistency: acting, interim or caretaker. I have no real strong feelings, though would probably veer away from acting, as it does sound slightly more official than the other two and it isn't commonly used, as far as I can tell. Interim and caretaker sound pretty much the same to me, but if I had to choose one then I'd probably go for caretaker. I can't really put into words why I prefer it though! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 19:25, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, it would appear that instead of 18th Prime Minister of Australia in the infobox & intro. McEwen should have it as Interim Prime Minister of Australia, in the intro & infobox. However, that then would throw off the numbering of the others. GoodDay (talk) 19:34, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Hmm. I notice that the official website of the Australian Prime Minister describes Scott Morrison as the 30th, so perhaps it is common practice (unlike with US Presidents) to count acting/interim/caretaker Prime Ministers in totals. By the way, do you have an opinion on "acting" v "interim" v "caretaker"? FollowTheTortoise (talk) 19:39, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * My goal is just to create consistency between those bios & the PM article, either way. GoodDay (talk) 19:41, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree that it would be good to get a consensus on this matter (or, more specifically, on these two matters). I've sent out the bat signal to check that there aren't any other editors who want to voice their thoughts before we come to a conclusion. Like you, however, I'm not going to lose any sleep over this! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 19:55, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * For the record, @JackofOz has voiced their support here for "interim", but not in any infobox or template, just in the main text. They also called the trio "...fully Prime Ministers". I completely agree with their assessment and would be happy to use "interim". FollowTheTortoise (talk) 20:00, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * We gotta centralise this discussion at Prime Minister of Australia with links to said discussion, to the affected bios. GoodDay (talk) 20:03, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Can't we centralise the discussion here? Since it's already the longest one and I've already sent out links to this page? FollowTheTortoise (talk) 20:13, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

Cool & I also mentioned the inconsistencies at the Australian noticeboard. GoodDay (talk) 20:21, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * There's a fact sheet here about the caretaker conventions, with a section on caretaker prime ministers. It specifically lists Fraser, Page, Forde and McEwen as caretaker prime ministers, the latter three for their entire term. They are officially sworn in as prime minister so their term dates and numbering should reflect that. Interim prime minister just means the same thing as caretaker, both can be used (for example the National Museum of Australia refers to Page and Fraser as "interim prime minister"). Acting prime minister is a different thing, when the officeholder is not sworn in and just performs the functions of the role while the prime minister is overseas, on leave or unwell. --Canley (talk) 23:15, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I think this distinction is best made in prose not in the infobox. They were all official prime ministers and they are always numbered as such, and from my experience usually not highlighted in lists of officeholders. They all undertook official actions ranging in significance - Forde attending Curtin's funeral, McEwen discussing foreign policy following Holt's memorial service, Page speaking on the floor of parliament. For Page and Forde calling them caretakers is also kind of retrospective, as they were a real chance of continuing on as PM. I would also oppose listing Fraser's first term separately as I don't think that's something other sources do. Ivar the Boneful (talk) 00:28, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree (strongly) with Ivar the Boneful. I also dispute the (brief) mention in the MAD fact sheet above relevant to this situation ("considered to have been purely caretaker prime ministers") - if that language were put in a Wikipedia article, I'd be tagging it with "by who?". A Trove search for "Forde" "Prime Minister" in July 1945 turns up 1862 results, which overwhelmingly just refer to him being sworn in as Prime Minister (apart from references to him being Acting PM before he was sworn in). Repeating the same search with "caretaker" added winds up with 4 results, none of them using the term in this context. The Drover's Wife (talk) 03:15, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * , I found the words caretaker, interim, acting at the Prime Minister of Australia article. This sparked my curiosity, when I never seen those words in any of the related bios. GoodDay (talk) 03:22, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, you've said this, but if you don't have anything further to add best not clog up the talk page threads. The Drover's Wife (talk) 04:13, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth, I don't think that this discussion is clogging up any talk page threads and I thank GoodDay for starting it. I also think that there is a clear consensus:
 * To number Earle Page, Frank Forde, John McEwen and Malcolm Fraser like any other Prime Minister, as the official website of the Australian Prime Minister seemingly does.
 * To not to use the term "acting", which as Canley put into better words than I could, suggests a different thing.
 * To, if we decide to use "caretaker" or "interim", only use these terms in the text and not in infoboxes etc.
 * The question now turns on whether to use "caretaker", "interim", neither or another word to describe these premierships. JackofOz has voiced their support for "interim", while Canley, Skyring and I have said that both "caretaker" and "interim" would be acceptable. Both Ivar the Boneful and The Drover's Wife have, I believe, voiced their support for neither. And, finally, @Skyring has voted against using "interim" here. I hope that this is an acceptable sum up. Let me know if I've missed anything or got anything wrong. Thanks! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 11:26, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * What shall we delete (if at all) from the prime minister article? GoodDay (talk) 16:15, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I suppose that it would be the terms "caretaker" and "interim" in the 'Acting Prime Ministers and succession' section (though I see no reason to remove the three examples altogether) and the yellow colouring and use of "(Caretaker)" in the 'List' section. I added those features to the article, so I don't foresee it upsetting anyone. If I had to pick a side, I'd choose to keep them, as I think that they help our readers understand the manner of these Prime Minister's appointments and why their terms are so short, but I'm more than happy to go with the consensus (if anyone can find one)! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 17:10, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * - the second two sentences of the "Acting Prime Ministers and succession" section is plainly factually wrong as to Page and Forde, as the links I shared above as an example make very obvious for Forde, if less wrong about McEwen (who was not appointed "interim PM" but did accept the role on essentially an interim basis). The cited source is just factually wrong, too, and is a poor-quality source for the claim considering the alternatives we have available - it's essentially some rando SBS journalist's opinion. The "features" in the list don't "help our readers understand the manner of these Prime Minister's appointments" - they're just wrong. The article really needs to be cleaned up to stick to actual facts where those three are concerned. The Drover's Wife (talk) 22:06, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear, is it the terms "caretaker"/"interim" that you take issue with, or something more fundamental? And perhaps we could replace the SBS source with the fact sheet that Canley has linked above, if we are still to include the fact that these Prime Ministers were appointed after their predecessors deaths? FollowTheTortoise (talk) 22:28, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * The terms "caretaker"/"interim". I also think the fact sheet is highly debatable - the claim they were "generally considered to be" interim/caretaker is manifestly untrue in terms of contemporaneous sources for Forde and Page and cites no sources for believing that of later historical scholarship. We can absolutely include the fact that these Prime Ministers were appointed after their predecessors deaths, but our discussion of the circumstances of that appointment needs to be based in actual fact (or any opinion cited to someone whose opinion we might care about). The Drover's Wife (talk) 22:36, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * That makes sense to me! The consensus seems to be leaning against using those terms at all, which I'd be happy with, but I'd just like to leave it a little longer so that we can hear anybody's voice who hasn't spoken up yet. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 22:45, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I don't mind using interim or caretaker in the text - as appropriate o a case by case basis - but not in infoboxes. Once they are commissioned, they are the Prime Minister, and that's all there is to it. --Pete (talk) 16:19, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the clarification! I've edited my comment. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 17:10, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * There's a clear difference between caretaker and interim. All PMs who call a general election become caretaker PMs for the duration of the election campaign. There are now explicit written Caretaker Conventions that make it clear what a caretaker PM can and cannot do, but there was always at least an unwritten rule about these things. They cannot make major appointments, for example. Fraser was unusual in that he was a caretaker PM at the very start of his tenure (11 Nov 75) until the result of the December 75 election was clear. Then he was caretaker again before the 1977, 1980 and 1983 elections.
 * What's different about people who have been appointed PM following the death of the incumbent is that it has been commonly understood that the relevant party would make a permanent choice soon, and probably a different person, but the nation cannot do without a PM in the interim, so in that sense it's only a temporary, interim appointment. But despite that, for however long it may go for, the person appointed (interim) PM can do all the things that any other PM can do. He could get the Queen to agree to the next governor-general, for example. This is starkly different from a PM in a caretaker role, and that's why "caretaker" should not be used for interim prime ministers. "Interim" is the only appropriate word. --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  22:51, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your thoughts! That was really interesting to read. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 16:12, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

May I make a suggestion. We continue this discussion at the Australian prime minister article. At least the bit about what should & shouldn't be in that article? GoodDay (talk) 21:45, 21 August 2021 (UTC)
 * This discussion is already linked from everywhere relevant, and it needs to stop randomly jumping around talk pages. The Drover's Wife (talk) 00:42, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Section paragraph-in-question
From the prime minister's article "If the Prime Minister were to die, then the Deputy Prime Minister would be appointed Prime Minister by the Governor-General, until the government votes for another member to be its leader. This happened when Harold Holt disappeared in 1967, when John McEwen was appointed interim Prime Minister. On the other two occasions that the Prime Minister has died in office, in 1939 and 1945, Earle Page and Frank Forde, respectively, were appointed caretaker Prime Minister. " GoodDay (talk) 08:09, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

 * The section makes a distinction that does not exist between the "interim" McEwen and the "caretaker" Page and Forde, which all the more peculiar because the only difference between them is that Page and Forde were not just assuming the role until someone else was elected but failed to gain support when they attempted to retain the role. The Drover's Wife (talk) 08:18, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * All 'three' individuals mentioned, are listed as prime ministers in their bios & not interim or caretaker prime ministers. GoodDay (talk) 09:26, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * It also seems to be incorrectly implying McEwen was deputy prime minister and the others were not. All were de facto deputy PM's but none were gazetted as deputy PM at the time they became PM. I'm not sure about the current phrasing as it suggests an obligation. I would go for something like "on each of the three occasions a PM has died, the deputy PM has been appointed as a successor with the understanding they would resign if their party/coalition elected a different leader". Ivar the Boneful (talk) 09:43, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I had deleted the words interim & caretaker from the section, but (check article's history) another editor reverted me. Thus the discussion we're having. GoodDay (talk) 09:59, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I reverted, since the user had no explanation for his edits beyond reverting for the sake of it. The Drover's Wife (talk) 11:40, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Something is amiss. I'm looking over the Prime Minister of Australia article & I don't see where you removed the words 'interim' & 'caretaker'. You deleted the "Former Prime Ministers" section. I'm talkin' about the middle paragraph in the "Acting Prime Ministers" section. GoodDay (talk) 18:32, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry, was confused - have self-reverted. The Drover's Wife (talk) 23:29, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I've just (again) removed the terminologies interim & caretaker from the article-in-question. Hopefully this time, Skyring/Pete won't revert. GoodDay (talk) 00:43, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Apologies for not replying for a couple of days. but I'm more than happy about the current state of the Prime Minister of Australia article, which now doesn't use either term. And I've also noticed the discrepancy between the Parliamentary Education Office source saying that John McEwen was Deputy Prime Minister in 1967 and Wikipedia stating that the job didn't exist at that point (Wikipedia being where I got my knowledge of this from).
 * This book by Vernon Bogdanor (on page 86) says that McEwen was deputy prime minister and that he was appointed caretaker prime minister (all of these terms are in lowercase in the source). This discussion is effectively closed now, but I just thought that it was interesting to note! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 23:36, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:John McEwen


text:
User talk:Katechrist

Hello Kate, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. For ideas of what to put on your user page, see User page.

If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Angela. 01:11, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, welcome. Just noticed that you had signed on and are an SF-Bay-Area person, too (I'm in San Jose). You're welcome to ask anyone questions and of course you're very welcome to edit and add articles--which I see you've been doing with enthusiasm!  Elf | Talk 19:10, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Katechrist


text:
List of 1991 Canadian incumbents

Crown

 * Head of State - Queen Elizabeth II

Federal government

 * Governor General - Ray Hnatyshyn

Cabinet

 * Prime Minister - Brian Mulroney
 * Deputy Prime Minister - Don Mazankowski
 * Minister of Finance - Michael Wilson then Don Mazankowski
 * Secretary of State for External Affairs - Joe Clark then Barbara McDougall
 * Minister of National Defence - Bill McKnight then Marcel Masse
 * Minister of National Health and Welfare - Perrin Beatty then Benoît Bouchard
 * Minister of Industry, Science and Technology - Benoît Bouchard then Michael Wilson
 * Minister of the Environment - Robert de Cotret then Jean Charest
 * Minister of Justice - Kim Campbell
 * Minister of Transport - Doug Lewis then Jean Corbeil
 * Minister of Communications - Marcel Masse then Perrin Beatty
 * Minister of Fisheries and Oceans - Bernard Valcourt then John Crosbie
 * Minister of Agriculture - Don Mazankowski then Bill McKnight
 * Minister of Public Works - Elmer MacKay
 * Minister of Employment and Immigration - Barbara McDougall then Bernard Valcourt
 * Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources - Jake Epp
 * Minister of Forestry - Frank Oberle
 * Minister of Veterans Affairs - Gerry Merrithew

Parliament
See: 34th Canadian parliament

Party leaders

 * Progressive Conservative Party of Canada - Brian Mulroney
 * Liberal Party of Canada - Jean Chrétien
 * Bloc Québécois - Lucien Bouchard
 * New Democratic Party- Audrey McLaughlin
 * Reform Party of Canada - Preston Manning

Supreme Court justices

 * Chief Justice: Antonio Lamer
 * Beverley McLachlin
 * Bertha Wilson then Frank Iacobucci
 * William Stevenson
 * Gérard V. La Forest
 * John Sopinka
 * Peter deCarteret Cory
 * Claire L'Heureux-Dubé
 * Charles D. Gonthier

Other

 * Speaker of the House of Commons - John Allen Fraser
 * Governor of the Bank of Canada - John Crow
 * Chief of the Defence Staff - General John de Chastelain

Premiers

 * Premier of Alberta - Don Getty
 * Premier of British Columbia - Bill Vander Zalm then Rita Johnston then Michael Harcourt
 * Premier of Manitoba - Gary Filmon
 * Premier of New Brunswick - Frank McKenna
 * Premier of Newfoundland - Clyde Wells
 * Premier of Nova Scotia - Roger Bacon then Donald Cameron
 * Premier of Ontario - Bob Rae
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island - Joe Ghiz
 * Premier of Quebec - Robert Bourassa
 * Premier of Saskatchewan - Grant Devine then Roy Romanow
 * Premier of the Northwest Territories - Dennis Patterson then Nellie Cournoyea
 * Premier of Yukon - Tony Penikett

Lieutenant-governors

 * Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta - Helen Hunley then Gordon Towers
 * Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia - David Lam
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba - George Johnson
 * Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick - Gilbert Finn
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador - James Aloysius McGrath then Frederick Russell
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia - Lloyd Roseville Crouse
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario - Lincoln Alexander then Hal Jackman
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island - Marion Reid
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec - Martial Asselin
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan - Sylvia Fedoruk

Mayors

 * Toronto - Art Eggleton, then June Rowlands
 * Montreal - Jean Doré
 * Vancouver - Gordon Campbell
 * Ottawa - James A. Durrell then Marc Laviolette then Jacquelin Holzman

Religious leaders

 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec - Archbishop Maurice Couture
 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Montreal - Cardinal Archbishop Jean-Claude Turcotte
 * Roman Catholic Bishops of London - Bishop John Michael Sherlock
 * Moderator of the United Church of Canada - Walter H. Farquharson

title: List of 1991 Canadian incumbents


text:
Jeff Agoos

Jeffrey Alan Agoos (born May 2, 1968) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a defender. He is one of the all-time appearance leaders for the United States national team. Agoos served as the Sporting Director for the New York Red Bulls, and currently is the Vice President of Competition for Major League Soccer.

Agoos won a record five MLS championships: three with D.C. United, and two with the San Jose Earthquakes. He also won the 1996 U.S. Open Cup, and was the 2001 MLS Defender of the Year. He was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 2009.

Early life
Agoos (nicknamed Goose) was born in Geneva, Switzerland, as his father was working overseas there for Caterpillar Construction Company. He grew up in Texas, and attended J.J. Pearce High School in Richardson, Texas. He was named a two-time Parade Magazine High School All-American as well as a Dallas All-Sports Athlete-of-the-Year. Agoos is Jewish, and during the summer of 1985, represented the United States at the 1985 Maccabiah Games and was at 17 the youngest player on the team.

Youth career
From 1986 to 1990, Agoos played soccer for Bruce Arena at the University of Virginia. During his four seasons with the Cavaliers, earned First-Team All-American honors twice, in 1988 and 1990 and is the only 4-time All American in Uva's history. He finished second in Hermann Award voting his senior season.

In 1989, his junior year, Virginia went to the NCAA championship game where it fought the Santa Clara University to a 1–1 draw after 4 overtimes. While the teams wanted to continue to play, NCAA officials ended the game and declared the two teams co-champions. At the time there were no penalty kicks to end a tie. At the end of the season, Agoos represented the United States at the 1989 Maccabiah Games.

Club career
Upon graduating from college, Agoos played for the Maryland Bays of the A-League in 1991. On February 13, 1991, the Dallas Sidekicks of the Major Indoor Soccer League drafted Agoos with the second overall pick of the 1991 draft. He played in thirty games in the 1991–1992 season, scoring seven goals. In 1992, he left the Sidekicks to play full-time for the U.S. national team, but Dallas again selected him in a draft, this time the 1993 Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL) draft, but he did not re-sign with the team. On June 26, 1994, after being cut from the U.S. roster for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Agoos signed with the Los Angeles Salsa for the 1994 American Professional Soccer League season. The Salsa went to the playoff semifinals that season as Agoos was selected Second Team All League. In the fall of 1994, he moved to Germany, where he played for SV Wehen during the 1994–95 season.

Major League Soccer
Agoos returned from Germany in 1995 to sign with Major League Soccer. While waiting for the new league's first season, Agoos served as an assistant coach to Bruce Arena at the University of Virginia. In order to create a league, MLS allocated various recognized players to each team. As part of this process, the league allocated Agoos to D.C. United where he joined Bruce Arena, the team's first coach. That year, Agoos won the first MLS Championship as well as the U.S. Open Cup. He followed it up the next year with his second MLS Championship. In 1998, D.C. United achieved its greatest accomplishment when it defeated Vasco de Gama to take the Interamerican Cup. Agoos then won his third MLS Championship with D.C. United in 1999. He spent 2001 through 2004 with the San Jose Earthquakes, and proceeded to win his fourth and fifth MLS Championships. Agoos was named MLS Defender of the Year in 2001 and earned a place in the MLS Best XI three times (1997, 1999, and 2001). In 2005, Agoos was named to the league's tenth anniversary All-Time Best XI. He was traded to the MetroStars after the 2004 season for a fourth-round draft pick. In ten years in MLS, Agoos scored 11 regular-season goals and added 25 assists in 244 matches. In 2005, he was named to the MLS All-Time Best XI, before retiring December 8, 2005.

International career
Agoos represented Team USA at the 1985 Maccabiah Games in Israel. At 17 years of age, he was the youngest player on the team.

Agoos made his debut with the United States national team on January 10, 1988, against Guatemala. His first national team goal came just three days later on January 13, 1988, also against Guatemala. He was the last member to be cut from the U.S. squad for the 1994 FIFA World Cup and he burned his uniform upon hearing the news. He made the squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France but did not play a single minute, in favor of David Regis. In the World Cup in South Korea/Japan at the age of 34, Agoos started the first three games (he scored an own goal to finish the scoring in the surprising win against Portugal) until he suffered a calf injury against Poland. He later missed the rest of the tournament. He was capped a total of 134 times for the U.S. Agoos earned his last cap against Wales on May 26, 2003.

Agoos was also a member of the 1992 Team USA Futsal team which won a silver medal at Hong Kong. He earned ten caps and scored two goals with the futsal team.

Post-playing career
Agoos was named as New York Red Bulls' Technical Director on September 28, 2006, serving under head coach Bruce Arena. He officially joined the Bulls organization on January 1, 2007. On January 7, 2008, he was promoted to Sporting Director.

In 2009 Agoos was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame.

On March 28, 2011, Agoos was hired by MLS as their Technical Director of Competition. He will work on planning and competition strategies.

International

 * Scores and results list the United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Agoos goal.

Honors
D.C. United
 * MLS Cup: 1996, 1997, 1999
 * MLS Supporters' Shield: 1997, 1999
 * U.S. Open Cup: 1996
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 1998
 * InterAmerican Cup: 1998

San Jose Earthquakes
 * MLS Cup: 2001, 2003

United States
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2002

Individual
 * MLS 25 Greatest
 * MLS All-Star: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
 * MLS Best XI: 1997, 1999, 2001
 * MLS Defender of the Year Award: 2001
 * MLS All-Time Best XI
 * National Soccer Hall of Fame: 2009 Inductee

title: Jeff Agoos


text:
IBM System/23 Datamaster

The System/23 Datamaster (Model 5322 desktop model and Model 5324 floor model ) is an 8-bit microcomputer developed by IBM. Released in July 1981, the Datamaster was the least expensive IBM computer until the far less expensive and far more popular IBM PC was announced in the following month.

Description
The Datamaster is an all-in-one computer with text-mode CRT display, keyboard, processor, memory, and two 8-inch floppy disk drives in one cabinet. The processor is an 8-bit Intel 8085 running at 4.77 MHz, with bank switching to manage 128 KB of memory. Available RAM was 32 KB (expandable to 128 KB ), and the machine had four internal expansion slots. It could display 80 × 24 characters of text (each character with 10 × 14 pixels) with 256 possible characters, similar to the IBM PC's Code page 437, on a built-in 12" green phosphor CRT.

The intention of the Datamaster was to provide a computer that could be installed and operated without specialists. A BASIC interpreter was built-in to the system. IBM decided to merge the Datamaster's BASIC implementation with System/34 BASIC, which reportedly delayed the Datamaster by almost a year. When introduced, a single-screen Datamaster sold for around US$9000 1981. A second keyboard and screen could be attached in an extended configuration.

Influence on later IBM systems
The familiarity the design group gained on the Datamaster project encouraged selection of an Intel CPU for the IBM PC. The delay caused by the decision to reuse System/34 BASIC in the Datamaster was one of the factors in IBM's selection of Microsoft BASIC for the PC (the other being the popularity of Microsoft BASIC on home computers at the time).

A number of hardware components from the Datamaster were reused in the later IBM PC. The PC's expansion bus, later known as the ISA bus, was based on the Datamaster's I/O bus. The Datamaster's Model F keyboard with its 5251-style key arrangement was also reused in the PC, albeit with a serial interface (instead of the parallel one used on the Datamaster) and a new external housing.

title: IBM System/23 Datamaster


text: Category:Hasbro

title: Category:Hasbro