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Talk:List of liberal theorists

Lists
Overall, a List of Liberal Theorists is helpful to anyone seeking information on Liberalism and political philosophy. We should also see comparable lists for Conservative Theorists, Socialist Theorists, and Fascist Theorists. I know, I know, if I think there should be one, then I am free to create one! But at this time, I think I'll just urge that someone else with more time and energy to take on the chore. If someone does I promise to commend him/her for their efforts and then offer constructive criticism ;-) LAWinans (talk) 20:06, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

Liberal?
It is misleading, and perhaps disingenuous, to identify Libertarians such as Milton Friedman, Ayn Rand, Murray Rothbard, and Herbert Spencer, as Liberals alongside with T H Green, Lester Frank Ward and John Dewey, who believed in regulated markets, managed trade and an affirmative government. While Adam Smith may have been a “liberal” in the 18th century, in contemporary nomenclature he is a libertarian. It leaves the impression that these individuals share a common philosophy which is demonstrably untrue. LAWinans (talk) 20:06, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

missing
Some top liberals are missing: William Godwin, Thomas Szasz, Ayn Rand. and greeks like Pericles — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.180.24.26 (talk) 06:06, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

Where is Jean-Jacques Rousseau!?
While I enjoy the list so far, it is grossly incomplete without Rousseau.

Rousseau was a liberal? - news to me. Though the same applies to quite a number of the people already on this list.

Proposed criteria for including people on this page
Given that there are people on this page that I have never even heard of, and that it is inevitable that people will keep adding more and more obscure philosophers that others don't know much about, I think it is about time to develop a few criteria by which to judge the thinkers included on this page. I propose:

 * The theorist must have had a demonstrably international impact. People who promoted the cause of liberalism or a particular liberal party in some particular country but are not read elsewhere should not be included.
 * The theorist's work must have been at least translated into English. This is both a crude measure of notability and at the same time a practical consideration, for people reading the English Wikipedia are unlikely to be much helped by references to theorists they cannot read.
 * The theorist must be a theorist, not just a politician or political strategist. This is most easily measured by finding out if the theorist is cited by other theorists. Theorists may be economists, philosophers, lawyers, sociologists, or even poets, but they must have expressed themselves by way of substantial writing.
 * The theorist may have a classical liberal or a more egalitarian concept of liberty — but they must be concerned with the promotion of some form of liberty. Nozick and Rawls and Popper and Hayek all qualify, because they were all deeply concerned with liberty in one form or another.
 * A summary of their contribution, what is liberal about it, and how it fits in with the rest is required.

If people agree on these criteria, then there will be a basis from which to have a discussion when some random comes in and adds their favorite local celebrity populist-socialist-conservative-and-generally-unprincipled pamphleteer to the list. We can then point to these criteria and have a real argument, rather than pointing fingers. What do you say?Sjeng (talk) 14:28, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Fukuyama
These thinkers are arguably not "worthy" [Wayne's World style] to be on the list:

Fukuyama Flach Verhofstadt

 * I wonder about Fukuyama... In the article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama it is said: "Politically, Fukuyama is considered neoconservative." I also have the understanding, that he isn't particularly liberal in any meaning of the word. Is there somebody who for some reason wants to keep him on the list? If somebody has information, that Fukuyama is after all a liberal, I'd be interested to hear about it.

 * I think that Fukuyama is on there because of his theory of the "end of history" with liberal capitalism now the continuing form of government. Slizor 13:05, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Fukuyama is a funny case. Liberalism has usually taken a fairly down-to-earth, anti-historicist view of history. Mill talked about history as a struggle between Liberty and Authority, but he never implied that there was a great Plato-style Grand Scheme Of Things in which history inevitably moved in one direction or the other. Popper wrote entire books trying to prove how any historicism was bad by definition. Yet, the fall of the soviet union made it nearly inevitable (am I sounding historicist yet?) that somebody was going to say that if history didn't tend toward Platonic depravity or Christian salvation or Marxist communism or any of those other things that it evidently wasn't moving toward, maybe it tended toward liberty. I don't think Fukuyama is right, but I wouldn't want to be caught trying to exclude him from the abstract liberal pantheon of this wikipedia article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.205.183.128 (talk • contribs).

NPOV?
"It is intended to be suggestive rather than exhaustive." Suggestive in whose opinion? User:MPS
 * What do you mean> --Gangulf 20:59, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I really have to ask, if Amartya Sen makes the list of "liberal" thinkers, then what possible meaning can the word liberal have? QuartierLatin1968 08:16, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC

 * SO why should Amartya Sen not to be included? --Gangulf 09:52, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * He's a socialist economist. Okay, he might have a tangential relationship with liberalism -- perhaps he's moved closer to liberals in recent years, I haven't been following his career that closely -- but it seems to me this list includes socialists, right-libertarians, centrists, left-anarchists (witness Chomsky and Zinn), absolutely everybody. Who do we expect to exclude from the category of "liberalism"? QuartierLatin1968 18:57, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I do not agree with the remark on Sen. As far as I know he is not socialist at all. Other socialists are not included and you might read my remark on Chomsky, Stiglitz and Zinn below (I would delete them from the list. People who contribute to the development of the tehory of liberalism should be included. --Gangulf 09:08, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * You guys have no idea what you are talking about 1- Sen explicitly denies that he is a socialist or "communitarian" thinker. I asked him about it, personally. His work on allocation of goods and "development is freedom" is extremely influential, and not to socialists. Stiglitz a socialist? Again, not even close. He states that there are goods which the market does not produce because of assmetry of information, and therefore the way to correct this is not by having state run industries, but having a public good to produce the information. The smallest, not the largest possible change. The purpose of such a list is to be as broad as possible, to encompass the entire range of thought which has been incorporated into liberalism - not to promote one specific vision of it. That a good deal of previous work was trashed - without discussion is a bad sign. That the personal party affiliation or vague charges of someone being a "socialist" is being used to compile the list is, quite frankly, illiberal. Today's radicals are often tomorrows respected thinkers, and often thinkers begin adhering to radical groups, simply because they cannot get their ideas heard in any other venue. But the list should be deriven by the work and its results not membership in some clubl. Stirling Newberry 16:40, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Why this reference discrediting left-wing liberals? Right-wing libertarianism is not the sole inheritor of the liberal tradition, as much as they mistakenly love to think they are.
 * There are only a few libertarians listed and a lot of left wing liberals, like Dahrendorf, like Rawls, like Keynes etc. As a left-wing liberal (in the European sense of the word) I think that is important. But what did Zinn, Chomsky and Stiglitz contribute to liberal theory and why are they liberals? As far as I can guess, most people outside the US would consider them socialists. --Gangulf 18:53, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Chomsky's work on linguistics (remember this) comes up repeatedly in liberal circles particularly through the work of George Lakoff and is part of the response to post-structuralism. Manufacturing consent isn't socialist, it is, however, consumerist. Stirling Newberry 16:51, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Might I humbly suggest that the author add, next to the names of the individuals, the book or books (or papers or speeches or whatever) that led them to be included in this list?

 * You are welcome to expand the article. --Gangulf 07:04, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The point was you were disputing the authors choice of "listees" I offered a solution, have him list why they were included.

 * OK, I understand the point. When I have the time I will start adding remarks. In the meantime, everybody is welcome to add this kund of info. --Gangulf 21:05, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Stirling Newberry re-added Chomsky, Stiglitz and Wells without explaining why they should be added and without a reaction on the question asked before (12 october). I still doubt they should be included, So I would like to hear an argument to add them. I do not like the word vandalism in this context. I created the list and am open for additions. The list is pluriform with philosophers I wouldn't consider liberals (like Nozick), but others would argue why they should be added. I didn't find the argument on Chomsky, Stiglitz and Wells, so I am waiting for that. BTW I restored the list to a version in which Chomsky, Stiglitz are included, but with additions made on countries and years by some other people. Gangulf 21:34, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I do believe it would be historically appropriate--rather than simply an act of self-congratulatory sensitivity--to include some women who have contributed significantly to liberal thought. Martha Nussbaum, anyone? And then there's a certain Objectivist I'm sure the libertarians and other radical capitalists think is sorely lacking from this list. ..

 * By all means add Ayn Rand. Though I would argue objectivism violates the separation of church and state. Stirling Newberry 16:51, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I what way is wikipedia defining liberalism for this list? Liberalism is not the same thing as "left-wing". I see that Noam Chomsky and Gore Vidal are both on the list, and that there has been some dispute over Noam Chomsky. Should we be letting people self-define or should we be trying to make some sort of sense out of this mess? Chomsky has claimed to be the inheritor of classical liberalism, but does that actually make him a liberal (right wing libertarians claim the same)? So many different modern groups claim title to classical liberalism that self-definition on this type of list may be problematic; its sort of like a list of Christians, hopelessly long and ambiguous. millerc 22:58, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Liberalism is certainly not the same thing as left wing, but it is not the same thing as "anti-socialist, anti-welfare economics, anti-tax, anti-Democratic Party USA" either. Liberalism is a broad river in thinking - if Keynes can read, and praise The Road to Serfdom - then there is certainly room for a wide spectrum of reading. Stirling Newberry 19:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Please visit the page Liberalism for a discussion on liberalism. On the text there seems to be a broad consensus. Gangulf 19:12, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see a consensus at all. It appears that defining a liberal has turned into a political game. Certainly a lot of politicians have claimed to be liberal that weren't for freedom at all.  Maybe we should limit the list of liberal theorists to those who lived prior to the 20th century? --MeUser42 (talk) 11:45, 14 November 2012 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.192.168.25 (talk)

We shoud merge this page in Liberal bibliography Stirling Newberry 19:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I would not disagree. Lets name the new page Contributions to liberal theory. --Gangulf 18:07, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * There are too many right-wing libertarians and not enough left-wing people. Remember, Wikipedia is not "THE TRUTH AS REPORTED BY LIBERTARIANS"--right-wingers are NOT the only recipient of the liberal tradition, though they love to think that they are. By all means, add Keynes and Chomsky. They count.69.91.153.121 (talk) 17:50, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

Brentano, Russel and Durkheim
The label Kathedersozialist in the article on Brentano doesn't make him a socialist. Please read the German Wikipedia article on Kathedersozialismus. So I re-added Brentano. I am not convinced that Russell wasn't a liberal, het was an active member of the Liberal Party. I re-added Russel. On Durkheim: I do not know enough about him, so i wait further discussion. Electionworld 11:10, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see how a membership in any organisation would make sombody a "contributor to liberal theory", if he is advocating socialism. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell : "Politically, Russell envisioned a kind of benevolent, democratic socialism, not unlike the conception promoted by the Fabian Society." This is what is important from the point of view of whether he was contributing to socialism or liberalism, not what kind of membership card he had in his pocket. The name of this article is "Contributions to liberal theory", not "Celebrity members of liberal parties". Are you able to distinguish "liberal theory" from a "liberal party"? If not, you should concentrate to write to articles about liberal parties, and leave the articles about liberal theory untouched. I can tell you, that "liberal theory" is not something what is written by a member of a self-identified liberal party. Most of the most important liberal theorists were not members in any party.
 * I agree that party membership is not identical with being a liberal theorist, but as far as I learned about Russell his ideas developed over the years from being a free trade liberal to being a socialist. His first works, especially on german social democracy were clearly of a liberal identity. So therefore i maintain that he contibuted to liberal theory. Electionworld 15:17, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * If, on the other hand, you have better information about the the thoughts of Russell than the author or the article on Russell, please first correct that article about Russell, the add him to the contributors of liberal theory.

 * See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Durkheim : "Durkheim, a Jew and socialist..." -I don't know much about Durkheim, either, but wikipedia can't claim in one article that he was a socialist and in another that he was a liberal - unless you think these are the same think, as it seems.
 * I didn't add Durkheim. Electionworld 15:17, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I would also recommend that you would read again the "The Social Contract" http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/thesocialcontract/thesocialcontracttoc.htm of Rousseau and think over, whether this is the correct place for him. He was a democrat, but a totalitarian one. And as for Burke, he may have been liberal in his youth, but he didn't contribute much for liberalism then, and later he became known as the father of conservatism.
 * One can dispute Rousseaus liberalism, but he was listed not because he himself was a liberal, but his social contract theory contributed to liberal theory. Burke is by some (not by me) considered to be also contributing to liberal theory. It is not necesary to have a general consensus on somebody to be listed in this list. Electionworld 15:17, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hobbes supported an authoritarian society. Why isn't rather Hugo Grotius listed here? Hobbes didn't contribute anything to liberalism which Grotius hadn't already said, and Groyius at least supported free trade and at least some kind of right for the individuals to defend themselves, if not else.
 * Please feel free to add Hugo de Groot. Electionworld 15:17, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

One can dispute Rousseaus liberalism, but he was listed not because he himself was a liberal, but his social contract theory contributed to liberal theory.
 * How? Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke and Pufendorf had presented their social contract theories before Rousseau, and Rousseau didn't contribute anything liberal in his theory, which hadn't been said before. On the contrary, socialist, fascists, national socialists and even anarchists have been able to base their illiberal demands on Rousseau's theory.

Burke is by some (not by me) considered to be also contributing to liberal theory.
 * Did some of them add him to this list? And the only time he is claimed to be liberal in the wikipedia article about him is in the quotation from Marx. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke.

 * Anyway, even if Rousseau and Burke would have indeed contributed something small for liberalism, listing them gives wrong picture on liberalism, because they are better known of totally different kind of contributions.

It is not necesary to have a general consensus on somebody to be listed in this list.
 * So if somebody decides to add Marx, Rosenberg or Pinochet (like in the Swedish article about liberalism), that is OK? There must be some way they have influenced liberalism. If nothing else, at least they have caused some kind of liberal reactions against them and thus indirectly developed liberalism.

United Kingdom
The country of origin of some theorists was changed from England into the United Kingdom. I do not think I can agree, since at that time the UK didn't exist. I plan to revert that in some daysElectionworld 06:39, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Whatever, change them back if you want. I thought the point was to mark a present country. Otherwise it is also questionable, whether "Germany" was a country at the time of certain thinkers.

Between liberalism and libertarianism
There was a good reason why I removed this sublist, and I tried to explain it in the Edit summary, but it seems for vain. In the introduction of "American liberal theory" it is written: "Theorists who also had influence on liberalism outside the United States, like Rawls, Rothband, Dworkin, Rorty, Ackerman, Fukuyama and Nozick are listed above. Modern Classical liberal theorists are listed below."

I assume this describes the original situation. Fukuyama and Nozick have been listed above the sublist "American liberal theory", that means in the sublist "Mill and further, the development of (international) liberalism". I think their move to a separate list should have been explained at the first place, not their restaration back to the orginal list. But I don't see such explanations. In the case they are moved in the bottom, the introduction of "American liberal theory" should be modified accordingly.

If they are listed in "Mill and further, the development of (international) liberalism", I think that Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman and James Buchanan should be listed there, too. Especially as at least Mises and Friedman have described themselves "liberals", not "libertarians". I think I have also seen an article where Buchanan confessed that he supported "classical liberalism". Only Rothbards hasn't had influence on liberalism outside the United States, that's why I moved him to "American liberal theory". Though as an anarchist, maybe he shouldn't be even there.

And IF in the end somebody is going to restore "Between liberalism and libertarianism", please don't just restore an earlier version. There has been other changes than regrouping the lists, as well. I used hours to find out some of the literature and the years when they were published. Please don't wipe that work away just like that, without giving good reasons.

Now I'm going to restore them back, and I wish to see here some arguments, if they are moved back again.

 * I restored the separate section, but I used the modified texts (I didn't use the revert function). So I do not know. I do see a difference between mainstream liberalism and the -in between- form. Most European liberals wouldn't consider Milton Friedman as being a liberal (because of his Chile work, see Milton Friedman) and would have doubts on some of the other so-called classical liberals. If we want to find consensus, I would like to suggest to delete Friedman from the list (despite his own labeling als liberal) and to delete Rothbard. Electionworld 06:40, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * on what grounds is it suggested that rothbard be deleted? seems to me, from reading this page and Liberalism, that this entire pyramid is built on shifting and sloppy definitions, with perhaps the biggest fault in not addressing the duplicity of many who now claim the mantle of liberalism. i see sneaky pete maneuvering on this very page. rothbard deleted from an article about liberal theory? what am i missing? let's not forget that the root of liberalism is "free". that counts for nothing now? the criticism of libertarian inclusion in classical liberalism is that they want too much liberty? c'mon. this point can be addressed without knocking out some of the purest contributors to liberal theory. i'm all for not treating rothbard as a god, but let's not go the same distance in the other direction. SaltyPig 08:51, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * My suggestion to delete Rothbard has only to do with the earlier remark: Rothbards hasn't had influence on liberalism outside the United States. But may he belongs in the American liberal theorists. Electionworld 09:23, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * i'd very much like to see the criteria that support the claim of rothbard not having influence outside the US. but whatever -- this entire area seems more of an exercise for the initiated than a true attempt to share useful knowledge. SaltyPig 09:30, 2005 Apr 25 (UTC)

Regarding Milton Friedman, see for instance this interview, in which he states, that people such as himself and Hayek are the true liberals rather than those who in America call themselves "liberals". http://www.booknotes.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1226

Milton Friedman has also developed negative income tax and school vouchers, so he could be argued to be on the Left side of Hayek, who is accepted to the sublist "Mill and further, the development of (international) liberalism". Many European liberal parties support ideas developed by Friedman, although he isn't mentioned as the father of these ideas.

In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman#Political_controversy it is written, that Friedman didn't have a personal contact with Pinochet. The accusations that he would have supported dictature regime are fabricated and ill-grounded. It is true, that he visited Chile and South Africa, but he has visited also India, China and Mexico, and he is still not criticized for supporting the political or economical systems in these countries? Why is that?

As for Rothbard, there are some small radical groups in Europe, with perhaps tens of members, who support the ideas of his, but he isn't known in the mainstream European liberal movement. As far as I know, he has even less support in Africa, Australia and Asia. Therefore I moved him into the "American liberal theory". However, I didn't suggest deleting him, but I just pointed my suspicion about listing him, because he was an anarcho-capitalist, or market anarchist, not a liberal. Anarchism and liberalism are two different ideologies, as most people admit. He can be libertarian, as "libertarian" is a term which in America is used both for anarcho-capitalists and classical liberals, as the term "liberal" has become to mean something else than elsewhere. For the history of the term "libertarian", see http://web.archive.org/web/20040202152745/www.daft.com/%7Erab/liberty/history/index.html

But the difference between anarchists and liberals is not, that anarchists would support "too much" liberty, but in the view what is needed to maximize liberty. Liberals (starting from Locke) have seen anarchy as a threat to liberty, because it leads to despotism of stronger individuals against weaker individuals. Therefore the classical solution which the liberals have offered is the social contract, which leads to a limited government. Anarchists however claim, that the maximal liberty can be achieved without government. I'm not going to argue about who is right about it, I'm just pointing out, that this is the difference between anarchists and liberals. An anarchist isn't therefore some kind of a "superliberal". If SaltyPig considers, that anarchism advocates more liberty than liberalism, why not then list Rothbard in a list of anarchists? But the anarchists should be listed in the list of anarchists, not liberals.

International
There is a claim that the group of philosophers represented reveal an international liberal tradition, which is laughable. The number of Indian subcontintental, Middle Eastern, East Asian, African, and Latin American philosophers, political scientists and moralists is completely and utterly dwarfed by the number of Euro-Americans. This is not, for the skeptical, a reflection of any real dearth of liberal (or otherwise) thinkers in the rest of the world, but rather evidence of a complete lack of knowledge on the part of the collective of writers of this article. I cannot write for Wikipedia right now (I used to, but right now I'm off on a trip), but I wanted to alert anyone coming to this page that claims of the international character of the list presented are laughable at best, and anyone wishing to improve this article could either excise that 'international' claim or start earnestly researching major thinkers of liberal stances who came well before Descartes or were contemporary to earlymodern and modern European philosophers but unfortunately happened to be doing their thing outside of the Euro-American miliue. Remember all those Arabian philosophers, mostly quite liberal, who transmitted Aristotle and co. to Europe? Ever bothered finding out about the droves of Indian philosophers who, consistently from BCE to the time of the British Raj, upheld what might be considered liberal ideals such as anti-casteism and equality of sexes, even animal rights? This page has been found wanting. --68.173.46.79 15:30, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * If the anonymous user 68.173.46.79 had spent as much time improving the article as complaining (or laughing) about it, we would all be better off. Please be more positive and help us out. --Blainster 00:05, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Liberalism as ideology, is born in Europe, and first spread in America. It has just relatively recently spread outside Europe and America, and we have listed those liberal theorists outside these continents which we are aware of, some of them haven't perhaps even been that influential to the liberal theory, but we have listed them because we have tried to make the list geographically representative. (Likewise you would probably find more Chinese Confusian or Taoist philosophers than European ones.) If you are aware of some non-European or non-American liberal theorists, which aren't already listed, please go ahead, and add them. We have done our best.--213.243.155.252 14:46, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Introduction
Could the introduction of this article be written without mentioning the names? Now those names mentioned in the introduction are actually listed three times in this article, which is unnecessary.213.243.155.252 14:40, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Chomsky
I think that listing Chomsky in "Contributions to liberal theory" is a bit too much. Of course there has been some influences between different thinkers and traditions of thought, but if Chomsky is listed as a "liberal", then Karl Marx should be listed, as well. --213.243.157.134 10:56, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Chomsky is certainly not liberal. But there are others too. Probably there should be another page called "Contributions to 'U.S. new liberalism'", since that is very different from liberalism. Chomsky, Vidal, Stiglitz and others might fit in there. 80.186.243.217 14:07, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

"theorum [sic]"
Someone's made this page uneditable via a spam link. If anyone knows how to get around this, could they please fix this truly bizarre misspelling, which occurs in this article? Michael Hardy 02:30, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It looks like you fixed it already. No evidence of a problem now. --Blainster 19:26, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Brion Vibber was able to identify the URL that caused the problem. I deleted it. Michael Hardy 02:45, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

International/American Liberalism?
I don't quite understand the differences between American Liberalism and Modern (new, social, welfare) Liberalism. There seems to be some blind acceptance of Europeans using "liberalism" in the classical sense, which isn't accurate. Both of the forms of liberalism exist in Europe with a number of political parties supporting modern liberalism. It's also incorrect to think that modern liberalism started in the US. Slizor 15:59, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Frédéric Bastiat
Bastiat is neither a liberal, nor did he contribute anything to liberal theory. He is best described as a radical conservative or perhaps an early libertarian.

Aristotle
I feel that Aristotle should be added to the beginning of this list. If you read his "Politics", you will see that in the end he adovacted the form of government known as "Polity," or a democracy headed by elected representatives. This seems liberal enough to me.

What do other people think? --User:Zaorish

 * Seconded! Politics has been a source of inspiration for liberal/would-have-been-liberal-if-they-were-born-in-the-right-era thinkers throughout the ages. --(Mingus ah um 19:44, 19 July 2006 (UTC))

I added what I know. Cleanup and criticism are welcome, but please don't delete the entire thing without putting your argument here first. --Zaorish 19:12, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Why is Aristotle among the list of liberal thinkers? Liberalism is a product of modernity, mainly egalitarianism, which Aristotle didn't support.  Hence, an aristocracy, according to him, is the best or ideal regime.RetroLady64 (talk) 22:09, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
 * According to the introduction, liberalism is a product of the enlightenment. So, by definition we need to remove Aristotle and any other ancient on the list.  Just because their was overlap (i.e. support for private property) doesn't mean someone was a liberal thinker.  RetroLady64 (talk) 15:30, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand (Russia/Usa, 1905-1983), was a Russian-born American libertarian and philosopher best known for developing Objectivism. Widely regarded by serious philosophers and writers as a joke, she has a cult following for her books, particularly on the internet.
 * Some literature:
 * The Fountainhead
 * Atlas Shrugged
 * We the Living
 * Anthem

We have had a mini-edit-war going on over the inclusion/exclusion of Ayn Rand, so let's talk it out. By what reasoning are folks contesting or supporting her inclusion? DickClarkMises 20:17, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed the Ayn Rand entry the first time, because she is generally regarded as a libertarian (as the entry states), rather than a contributor to liberal theory. When it was restored, another editor added disparaging comments about her. Because WP does not condone personal attacks, I felt it was better to remove the entry again, rather than have it remain as "flame bait".  As you suggested, the term "liberal" has been used in widely varying ways, and this variance in use and understanding is probably the root of the problem here. --Blainster 23:55, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I would note that Hayek, Nozick, and (obviously) Rothbard are also often referred to as libertarians, as are at least several others on the list. Worth noting too is that Rand herself hated the term "libertarian" and refused to apply it to herself, although that isn't really that important for our purposes here. Now, I personally don't much care for Rand, but there are some serious scholars who have argued the merits of her contributions to liberal theory, including Roderick Long here. I would also note that the "Liberalism" infobox lists libertarianism as a school of liberalism. DickClarkMises 19:41, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that the broader the list becomes, the less useful it is. Perhaps the others you mentioned should be removed as well. But if other editors agree with your assessment of the scope of liberal theory, I will not further contest the addition. I hope you are committed to defending it from the inevitable vandal attacks.  --Blainster 09:34, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * As the original liberalism of Adam Smith & co was much like libertarianism of today, IMHO practically every libertarian thinker contributes to the "liberal theory". It is questionable however, if Ayn Rand was primarily a liberal theorist or rather an advocate. She did of course start her own branch of modern liberal thinking (objectivism) but most of her works were either inspiring fiction or more like philosophical pondering on free market rather than actual scientific theories or works of political philosophy. Since the list is already so long, I guess that more "academic" theorists of the libertarian branch of liberalism such as Rothbard, Hayek and Mises are enough. Anyways, funny that Joe Stiglitz made it to the list. Although he isn't easily classified, some of his thoughts are rather keynesian and he doesn't seem to be concerned on social liberties that much. JJohannes (talk) 19:57, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Rand has no place on this list. It seems pretty obvious that her inclusion here is misplaced. She was, at best, a popularizer of some rather wacky notions and should not be included in a list of serious thinkers. Calicocat (talk) 00:34, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

Proposals
Hm... Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski (1503-1572): religious tolerance, separation of church from state, equality of all against the law, Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki (1530-1607) whose works were widely read (i.e by Thomas Jefferson), and were so radical that they were at the time banned in England: that monarch can only rule with consent of the nation, and the law is above the rulers. Polish brethren: religious tolerance, and separation of the state and church (they were read by almost everyone in Europe, i.e Locke had a lot of their works). What do you think? Szopen 08:33, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

For addition, Jürgen Habermas and Seyla Benhabib —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.225.188.210 (talk) 01:06, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:44, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Absurdly liberal scope of what liberalism means.
This list is a joke. It includes everything from classical liberals (Locke) to proponents of natural order (Rothbard) to democratic socialism (Rawls, Schlesinger Jr.) to totalitarians and supporters total war (Lincoln). Almost everyone on this list would vehemently disagree with a good number of the others on this list, and would classify some of them as evil. Whatever liberalism means, it cannot be an all-encompassing term, for then it would mean nothing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.160.53.245 (talk) 21:21, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Agreed. The fact that this list includes Edmund Burke, one of the founders of modern conservatism, proves it is far too broad. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.114.215.206 (talk) 02:34, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree as well, and would challenge inclusion of Rand and Milton Friedman as well. These kinds of lists are always fraught with people who insist on pushing their point of view, but there are really a few square pegs jammed into round holes in this one and it should be pruned and weeded. Calicocat (talk) 00:39, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

There is a very easy explanation for the broad scope as well as all of the debate here in the article about who should be included and who shouldn't: Almost all political thinkers of the 20th century outside the Marxist and presumably Fascist tradition were deeply influenced by liberalism, particularly after the Second World War, there was simply no other ideology to rival it. If we take 19th century liberalism as the starting point, we are all liberals today. It is quite hard to find a mainstream political party in any European country, or the US for that matter, that is not heir to, has adopted or developed tons of 19th century liberalisms core tenets, nor are there many important political thinkers who haven't done the same. This whole discussion, including the list, is just a silly, vain exercise in trying to identify a tradition that has long ceased being coherent in any sense. Almost all political thought nowadays is in some way liberal thought. This conflict will only be resolved when the whole world is on your list. In any case, this discussion page has been a source of endless amusement to me, I have never before seen people struggle in such an amusing manner with Nietzsche's dictum that "only that which has no history can be defined". Keep it up!149.5.64.141 (talk) 15:09, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Anti-aristocracy is liberal?
Three issues: 1) Anti-aristocracy includes forms of communism, socialism and other populist governments. Several promoted self determination, the individual and nation. I am not saying they delivered.    Ayn Rand and Eric Hoffer qualify.  They are signiciant contributors. Karl Marx advocated worker as anindividual, self determination and nation. Your list must grow tremendously to include all theory that is "anti-aristocracy"

2) The contrast with "family and state" sounds like an orientation to the United States politics rather than global/international. Liberalism means something else in Europe too.  Are you alluding to USA political parties?  If so, the document has gross errors. Absolutely gross.

3) Economists talk about government policy, whether decided on by aristocracy, republic or democracy. The role of government Galbriath and Friedman theorize could be applicable to aristocracy or any other form of government.

In the USA, the terms, liberal and conservative are not defined by a position on aristocracy any longer. Although, both USA parties accuse each other of aristocartic behaviors. The terms relate to other things more ambiguous. USA political parties promote the individual, self determination, and a republic, each in its own peculiar way.

Where is David Hume ?
He is in the column on the right, but not in the article. Where is he ? He was much more important than many thinkers seen on this list. Besides, Hayek has been a famous Hume reader. --82.237.174.28 (talk) 13:15, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

David Hume was founder of conservatism, along with Burke and Tocqueville.

reorganizing the page
Instead of brief summaries, most of which need a immense amount of work, we should just create a bullet point list of liberal thinkers with links to their individual articles.RetroLady64 (talk) 22:14, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Edmund Burke and other problems
I'm proposing that we remove Edmund Burke from the list of liberal theorists. Certainly there exists overlap between Burke and Locke, especially in matters of rights and liberty but Burke seems to reject enlightenment rationalism because he found it the basis of political experimentation. I believe the problem with including Burke (and Aristotle too) reflects the general confusion of what constitutes a liberal theorist. Before we can truly resolve the matter of who to include and who to exclude, we need to grapple with the more pressing question of what qualifies a thinker as "liberal." Furthermore, I would also suggest removing Chomsky from the list. His work as a theorist of any sort is primarily in linguistics not politics. There he is primarily a public intellectual, not theorist. RetroLady64 (talk) 19:31, 15 October 2011 (UTC)
 * We need to avoid the pitfall of deciding on our own who is or isn't a liberal theorist. Out job, as Wikipedia editors, is to verifiably summarize reliable sources using the neutral point of view. If reliable sources say Burke or Chomsky are liberal theorists (or the equivalent) then they should be on the list. If there are not sources which say so then they shouldn't be on the list.
 * Unfortunately, this list is lacking sources which make the those necessary characterizations. I think we should extend your proposal to all entries which do not have a spefici source describing them as liberal theorists.   Will Beback    talk    19:16, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

 * For Burke in particular, I see in Google Books a number of sources which mention "Burke" and "liberalism" together. A chapter is titled "THE EMPIRICAL BASIS OF EDMUND BURKE'S CLASSICAL ECONOMIC LIBERALISM". Another book says "Burke's liberalism may seem moderate in quantity, but it had the merit of consistency." And so on.
 * As for Chomsky, Google books shows that many sources refer to his political theories. "Quite often, academics insist upon distinguishing Chomsky the linguist from Chomsky the political thinker for two sets of reasons... " "His analysis of the media is crucial to his political theory because it explains the way in which elites seek to divert attention away from an acknowledgement of the power they wield." "To many people any connections between Chomsky's political ideas and actions and his linguistic theories is absent or invisible (Salkie 1990)." "What is at stake are the inferences that one can draw from linguistic to political theories. Chomsky is well known not only for his work in linguistics and philosophy but also for his criticisms of American government policy,..." Based on those sources it appears he is in fact known as a political theorist.   Will Beback    talk    19:32, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Burke was considered a liberal theorist and rejected by English conservatives.  (See Eccleshall, Robert. English Conservatism since the Restoration (1990).)  Chomsky has written influential academic papers and books on political issues.  TFD (talk) 18:36, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Burke definitely belongs on the list. He argued most presuavsively to extending freedom to more people and against the rigid Statism of the time. I don't know what you mean by 'Enlighten Rationalism', but the goal is to get to 'more freedom'. --MeUser42 (talk) 11:45, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

Could Dr Jordan Peterson be considered a modern classical liberal?
No
 * I recall that he calls himself a classical liberal. We need a third-party reliable source to confirm. In the modern world, Peterson would be lumped together with conservatives. WIKINIGHTS talk 22:29, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

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John Milton
Shouldn't there be a section on John Milton? His work Areopagitica is one of the most famous publications in favour of freedom of speech/expression/press. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.229.187.122 (talk) 20:14, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

Laozi under-documentation
The section on Laozi (Lao Tzu) is uselessly short. It does not really explain any connection to humanism.--Kelvinnkat (talk) 08:14, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Keohane and Nye?
Hi everyone, Keohane and Nye are the two contemporary giants of (neo)liberalism and should really be listed here. Hopefully someone will have the time to add them. Cheers 88.12.178.3 (talk) 09:08, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of liberal theorists


text:
Atla (automobile)

The Atla is a French automobile that was manufactured from 1957 to 1959 in the commune of Garches in the western suburbs of Paris.

Background and development
The Atla was a project of Jacques Durand, who served as chief designer and assistant engineer. Prior to starting work on the Atla Durand made small-displacement engines for motorized toys and later began using the engines in his own line of scale-models of sports cars like the Jaguar D-Type and the Mercedes-Benz 300SL. In 1957 he visited the workshops of Chappe et Gessalin to see what was involved in producing automobile bodywork in fibreglass and soon progressed to making a body for a full-sized car of his own design. It was Durand who named the car the `Atla' ("A.T.L.A." in some references).

Development of the prototype took place in Durand's workshop in the cellar of his family's home in Antony. This was where the molds that would be used for laying up the fibreglass body were made and the first chassis was fabricated. It is said that Durand had to demolish the staircase going to the basement of the house to get the first car out of the workshop.

Durand designed a small berlinette whose shape drew on cars that he had already produced as scale-models. The Atla's nose was reminiscent of the D-type and it had "portes papillon", or gull-wing doors like those on the 300SL.

The car rode on a custom chassis that was designed for it by an acquaintance of Durand's named Charles Cusson. Cusson engineered a tubular steel space-frame that was very rigid and weighed approximately 40 kg.

Jean Schwab, who had a Renault dealership in Garches, not only handled sales of the car but also provided the financial support needed to put the car into full production and even supplied some of the necessary Renault parts used in building the car. Robert Jonet, who worked for Schwab, was transferred to the Atla shop full-time to assist in painting and trimming the cars. Schwab, who was a part-time racing driver, used his contacts to have the prototype Atla tested by the French automotive press. The magazine "l'Automobile" featured the car in an in-depth article and on its cover in its Issue 147 of July 1958. Feedback from these evaluations was used by the Atla team to make changes to the car before it went into production.

Production of the car was moved from Durand's workshop in Antony to Garches.

Atla Renault
Powering the car was Renault's Billancourt engine, mounted behind the rear wheels in a rear-engine, rear-wheel drive layout. The Atla could be bought in kit form or as a completed car. Two levels of kit were available. A basic kit included a bare body shell with the doors, hood and rear hatch mounted on hinges and the chassis with all attachment points and cost 250,000 Francs. A more complete kit could be had that included a painted body and an upholstered interior. This kit also came with all handles, a wiring loom and a fuel tank already installed. This version cost 650,000 Francs.

Complete cars were offered in four different versions; two standard and two competition. A completely assembled Atla Type 750 used the 747 cc version from the Renault 4CV that produced 21 hp, and came with a 3-speed manual transaxle. The Atla Type 850 used the 845 cc engine from the Renault Dauphine that developed 30 hp, and also had a 3-speed manual transaxle. The 750 model weighed just 495 kg and the 850 model was slightly heavier at 510 kg.

The first competition version, called either the Monza or Rally, also had a 750 cc engine but came with a 4-speed manual transaxle. The highest performance version was called the Sebring, and it came with an 850 cc engine and a 4-speed manual transaxle. A 5-speed transaxle was an option. Engines in the Monza/Rally and Sebring models were tuned by Autobleu and received Solex 32mm carburetors, performance camshafts, larger valves and new valve springs, modified cylinder heads and custom exhaust systems. These changes raised power output for the 750 to 32 hp and as much as 40 hp for the 850. The competition cars were slightly heavier than the standard cars.

Atla Panhard
At least one car was built with Atla bodywork and the air-cooled boxer-twin engine and transaxle from a Panhard Dyna Z in a front-engine, front-wheel-drive configuration. Apart from that the number built and attribution of the Atla Panhard is debated.

Some references say that the Panhard drive-train was a factory option, and that six cars were built by them at a second assembly location in Malakoff.

Others report that only one such car was built at the request of one specific customer. Uncorroborated claims have been made that it was built by another company and used the Atla body but a chassis from another car. An Atla Panhard was reported to be in the United States for several years before being repatriated to France.

Release to end of production
The prototype was complete by 1957 and the car went into production the next year. The Type 750 was priced at 860,000 Francs and the Type 850 cost 950,000 Francs. At a time when a Renault 4CV cost 419,000 Francs, a Dauphine 574,000 Francs and the larger Frégate 929,000 Francs the Atla was competitively positioned in the market.

After sales of about 20 cars the factory reviewed their production costs and increased the price of the car significantly, to 1,000,000 Francs. This major price increase caused orders to essentially stop, crippling the finances of the company. Production of the Atla ended shortly after, having only been built for little over one year. The total number of Atlas built is estimated to have been fewer than thirty cars.

After the Atla project ended Durand went on to design several other cars, the first of which was the Sera. He and Cusson also partnered on another short-lived car project called the ALPA years later.

Atla in motorsports
An Atla made several appearances in the short film "Au Rallye de Genève" of 1959.

An Atla-Renault was raced for several seasons in Sweden.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Atla (automobile)


text:
Orchestre de la Suisse Romande

The Orchestre de la Suisse Romande (OSR ) is a Swiss symphony orchestra, based in Geneva at the Victoria Hall. In addition to symphony concerts, the OSR performs as the opera orchestra in productions at the Grand Théâtre de Genève.

History
Ernest Ansermet founded the OSR in 1918, together with Paul Lachenal, with a contingent of 48 players and a season of six months' duration. Besides Swiss musicians, the OSR players initially came from other countries, including Austria, France, Germany and Italy. Ansermet gradually increased the percentage of Swiss musicians in the orchestra, attaining 80% Swiss personnel by 1946. He remained the music director of the OSR for 49 years, from 1918 to 1967.

A Swiss radio orchestra based in Lausanne was merged into the OSR in 1938. Subsequently, the OSR began to broadcast radio concerts regularly on Swiss radio. The orchestra had a long-standing contract for recordings with Decca Records, dating from the tenure of Ansermet, and made over 300 recordings for Decca, starting in 1947 with Debussy's La mer. The OSR premiered many works of the Swiss composers Arthur Honegger and Frank Martin. During the directorship of Armin Jordan (1985–1997), the OSR continued to make recordings on the Erato label.

From 2005 to 2012, Marek Janowski was the artistic director and music director of the OSR. He conducted the OSR in recordings for the Pentatone label. In September 2008, his initial 5-year contract had been extended to 2015, but in January 2010, in a change to the September 2008 contract extension, Janowski and the OSR mutually agreed on the scheduled conclusion of his directorship of the OSR after the 2011–12 season.

Following the announcement of Janowski's scheduled 2012 departure, attempts to secure Bertrand de Billy and Kazuki Yamada as the OSR's next artistic leader did not come to fruition. In September 2010, the OSR named Neeme Järvi as its ninth artistic and musical director, and in parallel, Yamada as principal guest conductor, with both appointments effective as of 2012, with initial contracts of 3 years for both conductors. Järvi has commercially recorded with the OSR for the Chandos label. He concluded his OSR directorship after the 2014–2015 season.

Jonathan Nott first guest-conducted the OSR in October 2014. Following these concert appearances, in January 2015, the OSR named Nott its next music and artistic director, effective January 2017. The OSR formalised the new contract and relationship with Nott in March 2016. In February 2021, the OSR announced the conversion of Nott's OSR contract into an evergreen, open-ended lifetime agreement with no set final date.

There is an anecdotal fact taken from recording notes by Roy Wallace that the orchestra's bass drum in their "golden age" of recording had the largest circumference in the world.

In 2023, Pierluigi Christophe Orunesu's company Cyber'Art developed the icologram initiative, a digital startup enabling virtual artist presence, and collaborated with the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande to record the first holographic symphonic performance presented at Artgenève 2024.

Artistic and musical directors

 * Ernest Ansermet (1918–1967)
 * Paul Kletzki (1967–1970)
 * Wolfgang Sawallisch (1970–1980)
 * Horst Stein (1980–1985)
 * Armin Jordan (1985–1997)
 * Fabio Luisi (1997–2002)
 * Pinchas Steinberg (2002–2005)
 * Marek Janowski (2005–2012)
 * Neeme Järvi (2012–2015)
 * Jonathan Nott (2017–present)

title: Orchestre de la Suisse Romande


text:
Coterra

Coterra Energy is a company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration organized in Delaware and based in Houston, Texas. The company has operations in the Permian Basin, Marcellus Shale, and the Anadarko Basin.

As of December 31, 2021, the company had 2892 e6BOE of estimated proved reserves, of which 85% was natural gas, 7% was petroleum, and 8% was natural gas liquids.

History
The company was formed as Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation, a subsidiary of Cabot Corporation. It became a public company via an initial public offering in February 1990. In March 1991, the company became 100% publicly owned.

In 1994, the company acquired Washington Energy Resources in a $180 million stock transaction.

In May 1995, the company ousted John Lollar, its chairman and CEO, in part due to the ill-timing of the acquisition of Washington Energy Resources.

In 1997, the company sold oil reserves and land in northwest Pennsylvania for $92.5 million.

In 2001, the company acquired Cody Energy for $230 million.

In June 2008, the company was added to the S&P 500.

In 2013, the company sold its assets in the Marmaton play of Oklahoma and West Texas for $160 million.

In March 2018, the company sold its assets in the Eagle Ford Group to KKR and Venado Oil & Gas.

In October 2021, the company acquired Cimarex Energy and was renamed Coterra Energy.

Environmental damage
In 2009, the company was cited for violations in regard to spills of toxic hydraulic fracturing fluids in Northeastern Pennsylvania.

In 2012, the company was cited for improper well construction that had resulted in polluted drinking water.

Restraining order on anti-fracking activist
In January 2014, the company sought, and a judge granted, a temporary injunction barring anti-fracking activist Vera Scroggins from entering on any of the 312.5 square miles of land in Pennsylvania owned or leased by the company. The company acknowledged that Scroggins had not violated any laws, but the lawsuit was due to her being a "nuisance" at company sites. In March 2014, the judge narrowed the injunction to prevent Scroggins only from going within 100 feet of an active well pad and 25 feet of an inactive well pad, access road or access road entrance.

title: Coterra


text:
Lake Compounce

Lake Compounce is an amusement park located in Bristol and Southington, Connecticut. Opened in 1846, it is the oldest continuously operating amusement park in the United States. It spans 365 acre, which includes a beach and a water park called Crocodile Cove, both included in the price of admission. The park was acquired from Kennywood Entertainment Company by Palace Entertainment, the U.S. subsidiary of Parques Reunidos. In addition to the 14th oldest wooden roller coaster in the world, Wildcat, its newer wooden roller coaster, Boulder Dash, has won the Golden Ticket Award for the #1 Wooden Coaster in the World for five consecutive years.

History
The lake's name is derived from Chief John Compound, a Mattatuck-Tunxis Native American. On December 3, 1684, his tribe signed a deed that left Compound's Lake to a group of white settlers, including John Norton, who had migrated to central Connecticut from Massachusetts. The property was left to the settlers in exchange for a small amount of money and miscellaneous items, including a large brass tea kettle.

Early days
The park's history goes back to 1846, when Gad Norton hired a scientist to perform an experiment using explosives, which failed. The experiment brought large crowds, which inspired Norton to open an amusement park. His park had public swimming and rowing on the lake, a gazebo for lakeside band concerts, and several rides. The park saw success as a picnic park through the post-American Civil War era.

In 1851, a California Gold Rush 49er named Isaac Pierce joined Norton to establish a firm. The two men petitioned local legislators and asked that their residences be ceded from the town of Southington to the town of Bristol. In 1895, a casino was built on the property, which was the first permanent building at the site. Later that year, the Bristol and Plainville Tramway Company constructed the Southington and Compounce trolley line. Shortly after, Lake Compounce purchased the Lake Compounce Carousel for $10,000. The Carousel is included in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1914, Lake Compounce opened Green Dragon, the park's first electric-powered roller coaster. The coaster was torn down in 1927 to make room for Wildcat, a wooden coaster designed by Herbert Schmeck and built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company.

The early 1930s brought more growth to the park. The casino was expanded with the addition of a dance floor. An all-time attendance record of 5,000 people was set in the spring of 1941, when Tommy Dorsey's reorganized band featured Frank Sinatra, who had yet to reach the height of his career.

The effects of the Great Depression and the growing usage of the automobile brought trolleys in the United States into a decline, which negatively impacted attendance at Lake Compounce. These same factors had similar effects on other parks in the New England region, such as Canobie Lake Park and Riverside Park. In 1944, Lake Compounce opened a steam railroad. It was designed and built by Connecticut actor William Gillette, the original actor of Sherlock Holmes in silent films.

New ownership
The park's success was stable until the late 1960s, when attendance began to decline. Lake Compounce remained under the ownership of the Pierce and Norton Corporation until 1966, when Edward G. Pierce sold his share to the Norton family. The Nortons owned and operated the park through 1985 and were able to restore some profitability and raise attendance. No major attractions were added during this time, and the Nortons listed the park for sale in 1984. In 1985, Lake Compounce was sold to the Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company, owners of Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, who briefly renamed the park to "Hershey's Lake Compounce". Factors such as poor marketing, low attendance, and repeated ride outages caused Hershey to sell the park after two seasons in 1987, a decision that upset local representatives.

In the spring of 1987, Joseph Entertainment Group (JEG), owned by Joseph Balestieri, bought the park and renamed it "Lake Compounce Festival Park". The park received renovations, and in 1988 a 20,000-seat outdoor amphitheater was added. One of the first notable musical acts to perform at the new venue was the group Milli Vanilli, and their live performance was broadcast on MTV in what was later recognized as the first public sign that they were lip-syncing. JEG focused more of their attention on concert promotion and neglected the amusement park portion of the property. The Wildcat roller coaster and other rides were nonoperational by 1991. That year, JEG's financial troubles were exposed when a check the company wrote to Guns N' Roses bounced, and the performance was cancelled. It was later discovered that JEG was nearly $900,000 behind in taxes and had not refunded nearly $300,000 to ticket-holders for 15 cancelled concerts.

At the end of the 1991 season, Joseph Entertainment Group filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy and did not open the park for the 1992 season. The park was put up for sale at a very low price. After being unable to find a buyer, JEG filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection and liquidated the park. The land and what was left of the rides and buildings were sold to Stephen Barberino. The park remained closed for the 1992 and 1993 seasons. In 1993, Funtime Parks, owner of Geauga Lake Park and Darien Lake Park, among other parks, became Barberino's management partner. The existing rides were repaired, several new rides were added, and waterslides were constructed on the beach and lake areas. The park reopened for the 1994 season. That year, Funtime merged with Premier Parks, which later became Six Flags. Premier Parks and Barberino then put Lake Compounce up for sale again in 1995. Companies including Cedar Fair, Alpha Smartparks, and the Kennywood Entertainment Company made offers.

Kennywood and Parques Reunidos
Early in 1996, Kennywood Entertainment Company, owners of Pittsburgh's Kennywood amusement park, signed an agreement to purchase Lake Compounce. That year the park added several new rides and a Boomerang roller coaster. The park prospered as a family amusement park, rather than a thrill park. In 2000, the roller coaster Boulder Dash was opened, and later received the 2004 Golden Ticket Award for the #1 Wood Roller Coaster from Amusement Today. In late 2007, Kennywood Entertainment Company sold its parks to the Spain-based Parques Reunidos company.

More recent plans have included a significant expansion of the Crocodile Cove water park. This has required the moving of nearby Mount Vernon Road to the north to allow the park more room for expansion. The road move was expected to cost $6 million, while the additions to the water park were expected to cost $15 million. In 2013, the park added the Bayou Bay wave pool. In 2014, the park added an off-site campground called Bear Creek Campground with cabins, tent and RV spaces, and a main lodge. The campground was renamed to Lake Compounce Campground in 2021 during park's 175th season.

In 2016, the park added a new roller coaster called Phobia Phear Coaster, a Sky Rocket II model from Premier Rides. Phobia Phear Coaster features three linear synchronous motor (LSM) launches and a heartline roll at 150 ft high. General Manager Jerry Brick stated that the coaster was the biggest investment in the park's history. In early July 2017, Lake Compounce shut down Sky Ride — a twenty-five minute round trip chairlift from the park up to the top of the Southington Mountain ridge. The non-ski chairlift was one of the rides brought to the park by Kennywood Entertainment in 1997. The decommissioning came after a chairlift accident at Six Flags Great Escape on June 24, 2017. The remote and inaccessible nature of the lift's path and terminus on top of Southington Mountain were cited by Brick as reasons for the closing.

Events
During October, the park runs a Halloween event. Many of the park's rides are run in the dark, and a haunted house called The Haunted Graveyard is opened. The attraction consists of a 45-minute walk-through of catacombs, castles, special effects, and graveyards. The Haunted Graveyard started in 1991 and relocated to Lake Compounce in 2001. Portions of the proceeds are donated towards the American Diabetes Association and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation.

During December, the park holds a Christmas experience for adults and children. There is a selection of children's and family rides open, as well as a place to meet Santa. The event also features a 100-foot-tall Christmas tree, which is the largest in Connecticut.

title: Lake Compounce


text:
Attila (automobile)

The Attila was an English automobile produced from 1903 to 1906; the car, which was the creation of the Hunslet Engine Company of Leeds, was a three-cylinder 20hp craft.

title: Attila (automobile)


text:
Cheaters (American TV series)

Cheaters is an American weekly syndicated reality television series featuring couples with one partner who is committing adultery, or cheating, on the other partner. Investigations are headed by the "Cheaters Detective Agency". The series premiered on October 2, 2000, and ended on May 17, 2021. It has been hosted by Tommy Habeeb, Joey Greco, Clark James Gable and Peter Gunz.

Format
Actor Joey Greco was the show's longest-running host, hosting from late 2002 to mid-2012 and returning briefly in 2015. At the onset of the show's 13th season, he was replaced by Clark James Gable, the grandson of legendary actor Clark Gable. Gable would host the series until his unexpected death in 2019 due to a drug overdose. In February 2020, it was announced via social media that Love & Hip Hop star Peter Gunz would become the new host beginning in October 2020. Filming of season 21 took place in Dallas during the summer of 2020, despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

The show's complainants can be either married or long-term significant others, and have included both opposite-sex and same-sex couples.

Each episode begins with a brief interview of the complainant, detailing how the complainant met their partner and what has led them to believe that the partner is cheating, citing suspicious activities or behavior. Next, the narrator (originally Robert Magruder from 2000-2015, then Ken Eaken since 2015) describes the progress of the investigation of the partner (referred to as "the suspect"). Private investigators follow the suspect over the course of several days or weeks at their home, workplace, and/or in public with their alleged paramour (dubbed "the companion"). If the complainant and suspect live together, hidden cameras are occasionally installed in their home. A recorded telephone conversation between the complainant and suspect, in which the suspect lies about his or her whereabouts, is also played.

When the investigation turns up enough evidence of the suspect's infidelity, the show enters its second segment, "the confrontation." The host meets with the complainant to reveal the findings of the investigation and shows them the evidence collected (originally on a video camera, then on an iPad). The host sometimes warns the complainant that the footage is disturbing or upsetting but the complainant nonetheless requests to see it. Graphic footage from the investigators—for example, the suspect and their companion engaged in a sexual act—is shown uncensored to the complainant but digitally blurred to the show's viewers; however, uncensored versions of the encounters have been released on DVD.

The briefing takes place when the suspect and their companion are concurrently being observed together nearby; the intent is to allow the complainant to catch the suspect in the act of infidelity. After contacting the detective on his cell phone to find out their whereabouts, the host and the complainant, along with a full crew of production personnel all carrying 35 mm cameras, and security personnel travel in a van and seek out and confront the alleged cheater. The confrontation often takes place in public places, such as bars, restaurants and parks, with the complainant and host both demanding an explanation from the suspect for their behavior. Confrontations are often violent in nature, forcing security guards to restrain the complainant, suspect and/or companion. Confrontations also have the potential to end badly, as in one episode where host Joey Greco was apparently stabbed during a confrontation on a yacht and transported to a hospital. However, it has been disputed whether or not the stabbing was real or staged. Suspects also have been known to push the security guards, which causes the security guards to push back and let them know that they will retaliate. In very rare cases, animals unwittingly featured will have their heads blurred out for humorous effect.

The final segment, "the conclusion," presents parting thoughts from the complainant, the suspect and their companion as they depart the scene of the confrontation. Next, updates from previous cases, including interviews from suspects and their companions, are presented. Lastly, the narrator describes what became of the complainant, the suspect and the companion (and in rare cases, others that may also be involved) after the show.

History
The show was created by Bobby Goldstein, an attorney in Dallas, Texas. It made its debut in 2000. The original host of the show was actor Tommy Habeeb aka "Tommy Grand" (2000–2002). 2004 brought syndication reruns of previous seasons, edited into a half-hour Monday-through-Friday strip format with new intros by Joey Greco as host. When Cheaters began airing in high-definition, the show's title card, used for eleven seasons, was altered to 3D, and more high-definition graphics were incorporated into the show.

Syndication
Cheaters aired two episodes on The CW Plus on Saturday nights: a one-hour-long episode followed by a 30-minute episode from 2006-2017 and again from 2018-2019. A 10-minute version of the show called Cheaters: Amazing Confrontations is available through on-demand services.

In 2006, G4 began showing the strip version with faster-paced editing and music due to complaints that the show seemed boring and contrived, as well as a different narrator, for weekly airings on its Midnight Spank block. On December 9, 2009, G4 moved this show to the short-lived "Junk Food TV" block. G4 stopped airing the show in December 2012.

In January 2017, the syndicated half-hour strip format version of Cheaters returned to cable television, this time on VH1 during late Friday nights/early Saturday & Sunday morning slots. Cheaters also re-aired on MTV2.

In October 2022, Pluto TV launched a Cheaters channel, airing episodes of the 30-minute strip format.

Until December 2022, Cheaters aired on Ion Mystery and TrueReal (prior to its merger with Defy TV).

Controversy and incidents
In 2002, the Houston Press tracked down several people who said they were paid $400 per show by one of the detectives of the agency to act on the show, and were paid $50 per referral of other actors. One performer said, "What [the show's private detective] told me was that some of the episodes are real, but... they would do these ringer episodes to supplement the show." The show's private investigator denies that he staged anyone's scenario and further added that the number of inquiries the agency receives made this unnecessary. The producers of Cheaters currently reiterate the reality of each episode in a legalistic message at its end, though a Federal Communications Commission representative confirmed to the Houston Press that "there's no law or regulation against presenting acted-out scenarios as reality on television."

On December 16, 2005, four employees of the show, the host Joey Greco, director Hunter Carson and two security guards, were indicted on charges of restraining a woman. On November 9, 2006, the four were acquitted. In another episode, Greco was detained at the scene of a bachelor party while helping a man confront his cheating fiancée. After Greco explained the situation about the couple to police, he was given a short talk about disturbing the peace and released with a written warning.

On November 3, 2009, Inside Edition reiterated the claim that the show was staged, citing several more actors who said they were paid to appear. One of them appeared in the Greco stabbing episode and claimed it was staged. Despite the depiction of a male being placed under arrest for stabbing Greco, Inside Edition found that no actual arrest matching that description was made by the Rowlett, Texas police department, where the episode took place. The ambulance shown, along with the EMS personnel appeared to be from "Greater Dallas EMS". Greater Dallas EMS was a private transfer ambulance in the Dallas area but would have never been dispatched for a 911 emergency. They are now out of business after being raided by the FBI in an investigation known as Operation Easy Rider. Physician–patient privilege would prevent the hospital that treated Greco from releasing records to Inside Edition. Nothing prevents the producers of Cheaters from voluntarily displaying the records, yet they have not done so. Despite the lack of records, Goldstein denied in an interview that the episode was staged. In a follow-up, aired on Inside Edition the following week (November 9, 2009), Greco was interviewed by investigative reporter Matt Meagher about the previous week's accusations. Greco declined to respond, claiming that he could not legally do so.

On August 8, 2010, an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission press release reported that Bobby Goldstein Productions, Inc., and Cheaters II, Ltd. (Civil Action No. 3:08-CV-1912-P) paid $50,000 to settle a sexual harassment lawsuit. The suit was brought on the behalf of two female office assistants who were the target of frequent sexual jokes and comments, unwanted physical advances, and propositions for sex. The alleged perpetrators included members of upper management. Says attorney Robert A. Canino, a regional attorney from the EEOC Dallas District Office, "just because the creator of Cheaters promotes a TV show business which thrives on featuring sexual transgressions, it is no justification for engaging in sexual improprieties which violate the employment rights of his female employees behind the scenes."

Merchandise
Visual Entertainment of Canada has released several best-of collections of Cheaters on DVD in Region 1. In addition the Cheaters Spy Shop was launched in September 2011 to sell items used on the show and has been promoted in episodes beginning in the Season 12. Cheaters DVD releases are uncensored, with language and sexual content (including occasional views of acts such as fellatio and penetration) shown unfiltered.

References in pop culture
The show has been parodied and referenced in several films and television shows, such as Janky Promoters (2009), George Lopez, Disturbia (2007), Sex Drive (2008), Just Go With It (2011), Mind of Mencia, TV: The Movie (2007), Talkshow with Spike Feresten, Workaholics, Unhitched, The Simpsons, and The Jay Leno Show.

In the 2020 song, "Need It", by Migos ft. NBA Youngboy from the former's Culture III, Migos member Offset sings during the chorus: "Then I leave her, I can’t get caught up, I can’t be on Cheaters".

In the song, "Hats Off" by Lil Baby & Lil Durk (off their collaborative project, The Voice of the Heroes, released in 2021), featured artist on the track, Travis Scott, raps during his verse: "Sorry, gotta fuck on the low, I can't make Cheaters." Scott was accused of cheating during his high-profile relationship with model/socialite Kylie Jenner.

title: Cheaters (American TV series)


text:
Automobili Turismo e Sport

ATS (Automobili Turismo e Sport) is an Italian automotive constructor. It once had a racing team that operated between 1963 and 1965, formed after the famous "Palace Revolution" at Ferrari.

Production history
The company was formed by Carlo Chiti and Giotto Bizzarrini, among others – intending for it to be a direct competitor to Ferrari both on the race track and on the street. Chiti and Bizzarrini built, with sponsorship from the Scuderia Serenissima's Count Giovanni Volpi, a road-going sports car and a Formula One racing car. It was presented in April 1963 at the Geneva Motor Show.

The sports car was the ATS 2500 GT, a small coupé developed by Chiti and Bizzarrini with a Franco Scaglione-designed bodywork built by Allemano. The engine was a mid-mounted 2.5 L V8 engineered by Chiti, capable of achieving 245 hp (180 kW) and accelerating to 257 km/h (160 mph). Only 12 cars were reportedly built, and few exist today. Apart from being the second mid-engine sports cars (the René-Bonnet / Matra Djet was presented five months earlier at the Salon de l'Autombile in Paris, France), the 2500 GT never gained fame or popularity, but its 90 degree DOHC V8 with a flatplane crankshaft was later developed into Alfa Romeo Tipo 33 engine in 2 L, 2.5 L and 3 L formats by Carlo Chiti at Autodelta.

Racing history
Construction of a Formula One car, the Tipo 100, began in mid-1962 on a farm near Bologna, with the car being unveiled in that city in December 1962. The Tipo 100 had a pencil thin body, and was powered by a V8 1,494cc engine, which featured fuel injection and double-overhead camshafts. The transmission was a 6-speed Colotti gearbox. Suspension consisted of rocker arms with inboard coils for the front, and double wishbones with coils for the rear, while disc brakes were mounted inboard. Total weight was just over 1,000 pounds. The cars were to be driven by Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti, who had both left Ferrari after a disappointing 1962 season. Motorcycle racer Mike Hailwood test-drove in February 1963.

Testing took place at Monza, but this was slow and tedious, as when something broke, the car had to be taken back to Bologna for repairs, and then taken back to Monza for further testing. One of the major problems was chassis flexing, which was fixed by the unusual method of reinforcing tubes being welded over the top of the engine. The car was entered for several non-Championship races early in the season, but was withdrawn, due to not being ready. A similar situation occurred for the Monaco Grand Prix, before the cars made their first appearance, at the Belgian Grand Prix.

Spectators, officials and fellow competitors were shocked by the Tipo 100's appearance. After looking so fantastic at the public unveiling back in Bologna, they now had rumpled body panels, pock marks and were poorly painted. The cars were oily and greasy, the body panels were ill-fitting. Due to the reinforcing tubes being over the top of the engine, they had to be sawed apart for an engine change, and then welded back into place. A new higher engine cover had been hurriedly fabricated to hide the tubes.

Both cars retired, as was the case with in the Dutch Grand Prix. The team did not attend the French, British and German races. The Tipo 100 returned for the Italian Grand Prix, and both cars started and finished, although a long way down the field – Hill 11th and Baghetti 15th. That was the only race where an ATS was classified as a finisher, with both cars retiring in the United States Grand Prix and Mexican Grand Prix, which marked the end of A.T.S as a Formula 1 team.

The ATS would later be used in the Derrington-Francis project spearheaded by the Rob Walker Racing Team's former chief mechanic, Alf Francis. The car made one appearance at a Formula 1 race, the 1964 Italian Grand Prix, driven Mário de Araújo Cabral, where it retired after 25 laps. This car was subsequently restored in the late 1990s, and has appeared in historic racing meetings since then.

Count Volpi subsequently backed the Serenissima marque which used much technology similar to ATS. Bruce McLaren used a Serenissima engine for a few Grands Prix in 1966.

Post-bankruptcy revival

After the demise of ATS, Bizzarrini moved to Lamborghini before building his own cars as Bizzarrini, while Chiti founded Autodelta together with fellow ex-Ferrari engineer Lodovico Chizzola, which would work closely with Alfa Romeo for the following decades.

In 2017, ATS introduced the GT, which uses McLaren's 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine, as seen on McLaren's new models. ATS has planned production of 12 cars.

ATS revealed their sister brand, ATS Corsa, but not much is known. Their only produced car is the Corsa RRTurbo. The car is in 1 game: Asphalt 9: Legends, as a C-class car.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Automobili Turismo e Sport


text:
Talk:Coterra

Name prior to merger?
What was the name of the company prior to the 2021 merger? The page reads: In October 2021, the company acquired Cimarex Energy and was renamed Coterra Energy.[10] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.147.226.240 (talk) 16:19, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

Untitled
"Cabot Oil produced 2.8 million barrels of oil and 71 billion cubic feet of natural gas in 2003."

What's that supposed to mean in standard units? Also, beware that the meaning of "billion" is not really well defined in English (different British and American usages). I'd prefer a power-of-10 indication. David.Monniaux 08:07, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

What is the reason for the different spellings in the name of the article (caboit, with an "i") and the company (cabot)? Is it intentional?
 * The original article was full of typos, I bet this was unintentional. David.Monniaux 09:31, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Company History
1888 – Cabot Corporation is Born

On January 1, 1888, Godfrey Lowell Cabot purchased his brother’s carbon black business and became the sole proprietor of the company that would become Cabot Corporation.

1891 – Drilling First Natural Gas Well

In order to secure an adequate supply of natural gas for his carbon black business, Godfrey Cabot started drilling his own wells. The first one was completed on October 26, 1891 in Armstrong County, not far from Cabot, PA, a town named for the company’s founder.

1899 – Expanding Into West Virginia

Cabot eventually expanded the company south into West Virginia, where he found promising new natural gas fields. Cabot drilled its first well there in September 1899.

1900 – 1925 – Natural Gas Business Grows

During the first quarter of the 20th century, Cabot built several carbon black plants in West Virginia. He also enjoyed a surplus of natural gas, which was sold to third parties for cooking, heating and illumination. Cabot later began selling gas to pipeline companies. As a result, Cabot’s natural gas business grew side-by-side with the company’s carbon black business.

1925 – Moving Into the Southwest

In 1925, Godfrey Cabot’s son, Tom Cabot, proceeded to expand Cabot’s geographical reach to the Southwest, where large oil fields had been discovered and casinghead gas was being flared.

1930s – Building More Texas Facilities

During the 1930s, Tom Cabot built eight carbon black plants in Texas and one in Oklahoma, using casinghead gas as feedstock. The company’s carbon black plants in the East were dismantled. But all the natural gas from those wells continued to be sold to third parties.

1935 – Drilling in Texas

With a long history of drilling in Appalachia and a prime location in the Texas oil patch, Cabot began drilling wells in Texas by 1935. The company has had a continuous presence in the Mid-Continent region ever since.

1937 – Building Gas Processing Plants

In 1937, Cabot started building gas processing plants in West Texas. The business continued to be developed over the years and was eventually sold in the 1980s.

1940s – Natural Gas Business Becomes Independent

Immediately after World War II, a new process for manufacturing carbon black using oil, rather than natural gas became popular. As a result, Cabot’s carbon black business and natural gas business were no longer interdependent. They began operating separately from each other.

1950s – Continued Expansion

Cabot’s Southwest natural gas and oil business expanded throughout the 1950s with active drilling programs being established in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Kansas.

1963-1969 – First Public Stock Offering

On April 24, 1963, Cabot Corporation became a publicly owned company. The initial public offering followed the death of Godfrey Lowell Cabot on November 2, 1962, at the extraordinary age of 101. During this period, Godfrey’s grandson, Louis Cabot, succeeded his father, Tom, as president of the company. (He later stepped down in 1969.) During the early 1960s, Cabot became one of the first independent oil and gas companies to drill offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. This remained a successful part of the company’s business until it was sold in the 1980s.

1973-1974 – Continued Growth and Pipeline Development

The worldwide energy crisis of 1973-74 sparked a period of growth for Cabot. The company increased drilling in the Mid-Continent, stepped up offshore drilling and made a significant discovery on Galveston Island. Cabot also began a large gas development program in West Virginia, which included upgrading the company’s pipeline gathering and distribution system to provide greater flexibility in bringing its product to market.

1980 – Returning to Pennsylvania

1980 marked the return of Cabot to Pennsylvania with a major, long-term natural gas development program in Crawford, Mercer and Venango Counties.

Late 1980s – Becoming Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation

During the late 1980s, Cabot sold much of its energy assets on and off shore in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Permian Basin. All remaining oil and gas assets were consolidated into Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation (NYSE: COGC).

1990s – 100% Publicly Owned

In 1990, Cabot sold 18% of its COGC stock to the public. In 1991, through a stock exchange offer, Cabot divested itself of the remainder of its COGC stock to become a 100% publicly owned company and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol COG.

2006 – Beginning Operations in the Marcellus

By 2006, Cabot began drilling operations within the Marcellus Shale formation of Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania.

2012 – Named One of Pennsylvania’s Top Producers

In 2012, Cabot was named one of the top producing natural gas companies in Pennsylvania. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cabot134 (talk • contribs) 13:05, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

0] —& nbsp;Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.147.226.240 ( talk ) 16:19, 4 November 2023 (UTC)  154.118.214.105 (talk) 10:29, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

Technology
improve the world  59.152.104.6 (talk) 22:19, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coterra


text:
Salvia subg. Perovskia

Salvia subgenus Perovskia is a group of species within the flowering plant genus Salvia, which prior 2017 were treated as the separate genus Perovskia. Members of the group are native to southwestern and central Asia. It includes the garden plant Russian sage (Salvia × floriferior).

The subgenus and former genus are named after the Russian general V. A. Perovski (1794-1857).

 * Species
 * 1) Salvia abrotanoides (Kar.) Systma – Tibet, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, western Himalayas of northern India
 * 2) Salvia bungei J.G.González, formerly Perovskia virgata Kudrjasch. – Tajikistan
 * 3) Salvia karelinii J.B.Walker, formerly Perovskia angustifolia Kudrjasch. – Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
 * 4) Salvia klokovii J.B.Walker, formerly Perovskia linczevskii Kudrjasch. – Tajikistan
 * 5) Salvia kudrjaschevii ( Gorschk. & Pjataeva) Systma – Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan
 * 6) Salvia pobedimovae J.G.González, formerly Perovskia botschantzevii Kovalevsk & Kochk. – Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan
 * 7) Salvia scrophulariifolia (Bunge) B.T.Drew – Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
 * 8) Salvia yangii B.T.Drew – Afghanistan, Pakistan, western Himalayas, Tibet, Xinjiang

 * Hybrids
 * 1) Salvia × floriferior Dolat. & Ziel. – so-called "Russian sage", also referred to as Perovskia × hybrida (unplaced taxon) and its synonym Perovskia × superba in Europe and Russia: (S. abrotanoides × S. yangii)
 * 2) Perovskia × intermedia Lazkov – Kyrgyzstan: (S. abrotanoides × S. karelinii)

Cultivation
Plants in cultivation are almost all hybrids, including Salvia 'Blue Spire', which is very likely Salvia × floriferior, a naturally occurring hybrid between the entire-leaved Salvia yangii and Salvia abrotanoides. The leaves of this breed have long narrow teeth (i.e. are laciniate), unlike S. yangii which has entire leaves with shallow teeth.

title: Salvia subg. Perovskia


text:
Åtvidaberg (automobile)

The Åtvidaberg was a Swedish automobile manufactured from 1910 to 1911.

began by importing an American Holsman high wheeler and using it as a pattern. The car used a flat-twin engine; its top speed was about 45 km/h. Some of the later engines had four cylinders. The gearbox was two-speed, and the entire engine was slid backwards under the frame to engage reverse. 35 cars were planned, of which 12 were built, the rest converted for use in railway inspection.

title: Åtvidaberg (automobile)


text:
Domab, Isfahan

Domab (, also Romanized as Domāb; also known as Dumāb) is a village in Eshen Rural District, Mehrdasht District, Najafabad County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 773, in 198 families.

Domab is located between the three cities of Khvansar, Najafabad and Golpayegan. Domab is approximately 2140 meters above sea level. Located on the southern slope of Dalan mountain, Domab is irrigated via seasonal rivers. Choghagodar is also nearby.

The village contains a museum with 200 artifacts, a library, computer center and film center. There is also a cultural house in the village.

History
Domab was referred to as Sabz Darreh Morad Abad in ancient documents. In those times, the settlement of Moradabad was most likely the nearest settlement to the Domab area. The cleaning of the Domab aqueduct led to the discovery of a stone lamp with Ostad Sha’Ban 1112 engraved on it.

It is assumed that Domab became a permanent settlement between the years 1100 and 1150 A.D. The founders of the village are thought to be two brothers, named Moheb and Saleh, who began the families of Mohebian and Salehian. The farm at Domab and its surrounding region were at first rented from Dehagh.

After World War II, inflation became a problem in the region, and quarrels broke out between Domab and neighboring settlements of Eshen, Rahmatabad, and Khundab. There was also agricultural rioting, recorded in the village historical register.

Haj Hassan Domabi, said to be the son of Moheb, led the settlers of Domab to purchase the land from Dehagh. They registered the settlement as a village in the division of Isfahan.

Haj Hassan implemented the construction of foundation plans for the settlement, a local bath, and a mosque. Eventually, for the establishment of security in the region, a large castle was constructed, presumed to be the largest castle in the region. Although smaller castles had existed prior to this one, the new castle provided additional security against highwaymen and plunderers.

A few decades after this, there were internal problems in the village, due to arguments between the Mirzabi tribe and the Mohebi tribe. Externally, there were issues too; the main reasons for these arguments were economic, but also social issues as well. Lack of water and ownership rights on land contributed to these problems, but on these issues, the Mirzabi and the Mohebi banded together to defend the village.

There is a historical story about Domabian people that tells there were all with tails after the fight with Mongoliasm; However it is not true.

title: Domab, Isfahan


text:
ATW

ATW may refer to:

Technology

 * Accelerator transmutation of waste, a way of processing radioactive waste
 * Atari Transputer Workstation, a computer produced in 1980s
 * Asynchronous TimeWarp, a technique used in virtual reality headsets

Entertainment

 * All Too Well, a song written by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and Liz Rose and performed by the former
 * Access 31, a former Perth television station with callsign ATW, now replaced by West TV
 * Air Transport World, a magazine
 * Ansem the Wise, a character from the Kingdom Hearts series
 * American Travelways, a fictional airline in the 1986 film The Delta Force
 * ATW (album), an album by All Them Witches

Organizations

 * American Theatre Wing, a theatre education organization
 * Arriva Trains Wales, a former train operating company in the United Kingdom
 * Atlantic and Western Railway, in North Carolina, United States

Places

 * Agua Tibia Wilderness, a protected area in California
 * Appleton International Airport (IATA airport code: ATW), in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States

Military

 * Anti-Tank Weapon, a weapon designed to destroy tanks.

Other

 * Around the World
 * Atsugewi language (ISO 639-3: atw), a language of North America

title: ATW


text:
Talk:Batavia (1628 ship)

Commentary
I've removed the bracketed commentary from the article text:

 * After leaving Cape Town, where they had stopped for supplies (Cape Town was founded on 6th April, 1652 so it seems improbable that this happened), Jacobsz deliberately steered the ship off course, away from the rest of the fleet.

Maybe someone can look into this claim? — Editør (talk) 10:59, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

What variety of English is used in this article?
What variety of English is in use in this article? Being significant in Western Australia I was expecting to see Australian English. I also see sp=us in some converts. Betterkeks (talk) 12:29, 30 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Reading MOS:ENGVAR, this does not look like "strong national ties" enough. The variant is then decided by the first telling usage in edit history. Could be en-US then, by what you wrote. -DePiep (talk) 11:39, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

 * So there are three candidate nations: Netherlands, Australia, United States. Reasons for strong national ties to Australia include: 1.

2. Dutch ship wrecked in what is today Australian territory.

3. One of first European ships to visit Australia.

4. One of first European ships to wreck on Western Australian coast.

5. Led to first European mass murder in Australia.

6. Survivors built the first and oldest surviving building of European origin in Australia.

7. Led to first European judicial trial in Australia.

8. Led to first execution of Europeans by Europeans in Australia.

9. Led to first European immigration (albeit involuntary) into Australia.

10. Under the ANCODS Agreement, Australia is responsible for looking “after all the artefacts recovered from the wrecks, including their recovery, conservation, storage and display.”

11. Western Australian Museum (WAN) carried out significant archaeological work.

12. Remains of hull raised and curated in WAM along with other artefacts.

13. Entire site of wrecking protected by Australian law.

14. Site and specific parts within it are listed and recognised in numerous heritage lists and are clearly of utmost significance to Australia. Betterkeks (talk) 07:30, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

Jacobsz role
Jacobsz never confessed his part and the co conspirators were executed so how does anyone know what he did or didn't do? 213.31.58.104 (talk) 14:26, 10 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Is this referring to Ariaen Jacobsz (there is more than one Jacobsz) and the mooted mutiny plot? ~ cygnis insignis 15:37, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Media
The works of Henrietta Drake-Brockman should be included.--Chianti (talk) 06:34, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Batavia (1628 ship)