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Cella

In Classical architecture, a cella or naos  is the inner chamber of an ancient Greek or Roman temple. Its enclosure within walls has given rise to extended meanings, of a hermit's or monk's cell, and since the 17th century, of a biological cell in plants or animals.

Greek and Roman temples
In ancient Greek and Roman temples the cella was a room at the center of the building, usually containing a cult image or statue representing the particular deity venerated in the temple. In addition, the cella may contain a table to receive supplementary votive offerings such as votive statues of associated deities, precious and semi-precious stones, helmets, spear and arrow heads, swords, and war trophies. No gatherings or sacrifices took place in the cella as the altar for sacrifices was always located outside the building along the axis and temporary altars for other deities were built next to it. The accumulated offerings made Greek and Roman temples virtual treasuries, and many of them were indeed used as treasuries during antiquity.

The cella was typically a simple, windowless, rectangular room with a door or open entrance at the front behind a colonnaded portico facade. In larger temples, the cella was typically divided by two colonnades into a central nave flanked by two aisles. A cella may also contain an adyton, an inner area restricted to access by the priests—in religions that had a consecrated priesthood—or by the temple guard.

With very few exceptions, Greek buildings were of a peripteral design that placed the cella in the center of the plan, such as the Parthenon and the Temple of Apollo at Paestum. The Romans favoured pseudoperipteral buildings with a portico offsetting the cella to the rear. The pseudoperipteral plan uses engaged columns embedded along the side and rear walls of the cella. The Temple of Venus and Roma built by Hadrian in Rome had two cellae arranged back-to-back enclosed by a single outer peristyle.

Etruscan temples
According to Vitruvius, the Etruscan type of temples (as, for example, at Portonaccio, near Veio) had three cellae, side by side, conjoined by a double row of columns on the façade. This is an entirely new setup with respect to the other types of constructions found in Etruria and the Tyrrhenian side of Italy, which have one cell with or without columns, as seen in Greece and the Orient.

Egyptian temples
In the Hellenistic culture of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in ancient Egypt, the cella referred to that which is hidden and unknown inside the inner sanctum of an Egyptian temple, existing in complete darkness, meant to symbolize the state of the universe before the act of creation. The cella, also called the naos, holds many box-like shrines. The Greek word "naos" has been extended by archaeologists to describe the central room of the pyramids. Towards the end of the Old Kingdom, naos construction went from being subterranean to being built directly into the pyramid, above ground. The naos was surrounded by many different paths and rooms, many used to confuse and divert thieves and grave robbers.

Christian churches
In early Christian and Byzantine architecture, the cella or naos is an area at the center of the church reserved for performing the liturgy.

In later periods a small chapel or monk's cell was also called a cella. This is the source of the Irish language cill or cell (Anglicised as Kil(l)-) in many Irish place names.

title: Cella


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User:MattKingston/Nursing

Nursing is a profession focused on assisting individuals, families and communities in attaining, re-attaining and maintaining optimal health, wellness, and functioning. Nurses practice in a wide range of settings from hospital to visiting people in their homes. It is a universal phenomenon, appearing in some form in every culture. Nursing is the most diverse of all healthcare professions.

Definitions of nursing
Because of the great variety of roles that a nurse fills, the profession has always had difficulty defining exactly what nursing is. Florence Nightingale said "I use the word nursing for want of a better. It has been limited to signify little more than the administration of medicines and the application of poultices. It ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and administration of diet--all at the least expense of vital power to the patient." The American Nurses' Association (1980) has defined nursing as "the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems." Modern definitions of nursing define it as a science and an art that focuses on quality of life as defined by persons and families. Nursing is not only concerned about health and functioning but with quality of living and dying, lived experience, and universal lived experiences of health.

Nursing theories
Like other maturing disciplines, nursing has developed different theories that are aligned with diverging philosophical beliefs and paradigms or worldviews. Nursing theories help nurses to direct their activities in order to accomplish specific goals with people. Nursing is a knowledge based discipline committed to the betterment of humankind. Just as medical diagnoses help in the planning, implementing, and evaluation of medical care, Nursing diagnoses help in the planning, implementing, and evaluation of nursing care.

Nurses believe that the nursing profession is an essential part of the society from which it has grown. The authority for the practice of nursing is based upon a social contract that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as mechanisms for public accountability.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:MattKingston/Nursing


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Winters (name)

Winters is a surname, and may refer to the following people:

Men

 * L. Alan Winters (born 1950), British development economist
 * Alex Winters (born 1977), Welsh children's television presenter and actor
 * Ben H. Winters (born 1976), American author, journalist, teacher and playwright
 * Bernie Winters (1930–1991), English comedian
 * Bill Winters (born 1961), American banker
 * Bob Winters (fl. 1940s–1970s), American comic juggler and occasional actor
 * Brendan Winters (born 1983), American basketball player
 * Brian Winters (born 1952), American basketball player and coach
 * Charles Winters (1913–1984), American who smuggled B-17 bombers to Israel in 1948
 * Chet Winters (born 1960), running back in the National Football League
 * Chuck Winters (born 1974), Canadian football player
 * Clarence Winters (1899–1945), American baseball pitcher
 * Dan Winters (born 1962), American portrait photographer, illustrator, filmmaker, and writer
 * David Winters (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Dean Winters (born 1964), American television actor
 * Dee Winters (born 2000), American football player
 * Eddie Winters (fl. 2010s), American police officer and politician
 * Frank Winters (ice hockey), known as Frank "Coddy" Winters (1884–1944), American ice hockey player
 * Frank Winters (born 1964), American NFL football player
 * Fred Winters (born 1982), Canadian male volleyball player
 * Frederick Winters, American weightlifter and Olympic medalist
 * Ian Winters (1921–1994), Scottish footballer
 * Jeffrey A. Winters, American political scientist
 * Jesse Winters (1893–1986), American baseball player
 * John D. Winters (1916–1997), American historian
 * John Winters (footballer) (born 1960), English footballer
 * Jonathan Winters (1925–2013), American comedic actor
 * Joseph Winters (1824–1916), African-American abolitionist and inventor
 * Kenneth W. Winters (born 1934), Kentucky legislator
 * Larry Winters (1956–2015), American professional wrestler and trainer
 * Lawrence Winters (1915–1965), American opera singer
 * Leo Winters (1922–2005), Oklahoma politician
 * Mark Winters (born 1971), boxer from Northern Ireland
 * Matt Winters (born 1960), baseball player from Buffalo, New York
 * Michael Sean Winters, American journalist and writer
 * Michael Winters (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Mike and Bernie Winters (Mike 1930–2013, Bernie 1932–1991), double-act of British comedians
 * Nathan Winters (born 1978), American politician from Wyoming
 * Nip Winters (1899–1971), pitcher in Negro league baseball
 * Patrick Winters (1904–1994), Irish-born Pallottine priest
 * Paul Winters (American football) (born 1958), American college football coach
 * Paul Winters (hurler) (born 1994), Irish hurler
 * Philip C. Winters (born 1937), Republican politician
 * Ralph E. Winters (1909–2004), Canadian-born film editor
 * Richard Winters (1918–2011), officer with the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment during World War II
 * Robbie Winters (born 1974), Scottish footballer
 * Robert Winters (1910–1969), Canadian politician
 * Robin Winters (born 1950), American conceptual artist and teacher
 * Roland Winters (1904–1989), American actor
 * Roy Winters (born 1975), English rugby union player
 * Scott William Winters (born 1965), American actor
 * Theodore H. Winters Jr. (1913–2008), American Navy flying ace during World War II
 * Time Winters American actor, born 1956 in Lebanon, Oregon
 * Yvor Winters (1900–1968), American literary critic and poet

Women

 * Amy Winters (born 1978), Australian Paralympic athlete
 * Anne Winters (actress) (born 1994), American actress
 * Anne Winters (poet), leftist American poet
 * Charlotte Winters (1897–2007), last surviving female American veteran of The First World War
 * Deborah Winters (born 1953), American actress and realtor
 * Gloria Winters (1931–2010), American television actress
 * Ivy Winters (born 1986), American drag performer, singer, and actor
 * Jackie Winters (1937–2019), American politician
 * Jane Winters (born 1970), British professor of digital humanities
 * Joan Winters (1909–1933), American Broadway dancer
 * Kari-Lynn Winters (born 1969), Canadian children's author and literacy researcher
 * Kathleen Winters (1949–2010), American author and aviator
 * Keelin Winters (born 1988), American footballer and daughter of Brian Winters
 * Lisa Winters (born 1937), American model and December 1956 Playmate of the Month
 * Marian Winters (1920–1978), American dramatist and actress
 * Michelle Winters, Canadian writer and artist
 * Mickey Winters (born 1940), American model and September 1962 Playmate of the Month
 * Pepper Winters, American novelist born in Hong Kong
 * Rebecca Winters, pseudonym of Rebecca Burton (1940–2023), American novelist
 * Ruby Winters (1942–2016), American soul singer
 * Shelley Winters (1920–2006), American actress
 * Topaz Winters (born 1999), Singaporean writer

Fictional characters

 * Cher Winters, from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks
 * David Winters, portrayed by Paul Petersen in the 1958 film Houseboat
 * David Winters, portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 2008 film Emotional Arithmetic
 * Delores Winters, a DC Comics character
 * Drucilla Winters, from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless
 * Ethan Winters, from Capcom's survival horror game Resident Evil 7 & Resident Evil 8
 * Malcolm Winters, from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless
 * Maggie Winters character portrayed by Faith Ford in the American CBS sitcom of the same name
 * Max Winters character in the 2007 CGI Superhero film "TMNT"
 * Neil Winters, from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless
 * Norah Winters, from Marvel Comics
 * Olivia Winters, from the CBS Daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless
 * Talia Winters, on the science fiction television show Babylon 5
 * Victoria Winters, in the cult classic series Dark Shadows
 * Arthur Coleman Winters, portrayed by Colin Stinton from the British Series, "Doctor Who"

title: Winters (name)


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Ben Marcus

Ben Marcus (born October 11, 1967) is an American author and professor at Columbia University. He has written four books of fiction. His stories, essays, and reviews have appeared in publications including Harper's, The New Yorker, The Paris Review, Granta, The New York Times, GQ, Salon, McSweeney's, Time, and Conjunctions. He is also the fiction editor of The American Reader. His latest book, Notes From The Fog: Stories, was published by Alfred A. Knopf in August 2018.

Life
Marcus grew up in Austin, the son of a retired mathematician and the literary critic and Virginia Woolf scholar Jane Marcus. His father is Jewish and his mother is of Irish Catholic background; Marcus had a Bar Mitzvah.

Marcus received his bachelor's degree in philosophy from New York University and an MFA from Brown University.

Marcus is a professor at Columbia University School of the Arts. He is the editor of The Anchor Book of New American Short Stories, and the fiction editor at The American Reader. For several years he was the fiction editor of Fence.

He lives in New York City and is married to the writer Heidi Julavits. He has two children.

Influences
Marcus's influences include Virginia Woolf, Franz Kafka, Donald Barthelme, Richard Yates, Flannery O'Connor, Thomas Bernhard, Padgett Powell, J. M. Coetzee, David Ohle, Kōbō Abe, Garielle Lutz, and George Saunders.

Awards and honours

 * 2014 Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award shortlist Leaving the Sea
 * 2014 Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Prize, shortlist, The Flame Alphabet
 * 2013 Guggenheim Fellow
 * 2013 Berlin Prize Fellowship
 * 2009 Creative Capital Award for Innovative Literature
 * 2008 Morton Dauwen Zabel Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters
 * 1999 Whiting Award
 * 2000 National Endowment for the Arts, Fellowship in fiction, Creative writing
 * Pushcart Prize (three times)

Novels

 * Notable American Women (2002)
 * The Flame Alphabet (2012)

Short fiction

 * Collections
 * The Age of Wire and String (1995), short stories
 * Leaving the Sea (2014), short stories
 * New American Stories (2015), short stories
 * Notes from the Fog, Knopf, (2018), ISBN 978-1101947456 short stories
 * Stories
 * "Elevation of the Prison Bed", The Barcelona Review, 1997
 * The Father Costume (2002), novella with art by Matthew Ritchie
 * "The Dark Arts", The New Yorker, May 20, 2013
 * "The Loyalty Protocol", Granta 122: Betrayal, Winter 2013 (Subscription Required)
 * "The Grow Light Blues", The New Yorker, June 22, 2015
 * Tool, a short story written as a review of a woo
 * "Cold Little Bird", New Yorker, October 19, 2015
 * "Cold Little Bird", New Yorker, October 19, 2015

Other works

 * Text for the photography book by Kahn & Selesnick Scotlandfuturebog (2002). Aperture Foundation, New York City, ISBN 0-89381-935-2.
 * The Anchor Book of New American Short Stories (2004), editor
 * The Moors (2010)
 * Chemical Seuss, from benmarcus.com
 * Thomas Bernhard, from benmarcus.com
 * On the Lyric Essay, from benmarcus.com
 * Why experimental fiction threatens to destroy publishing, Jonathan Franzen, and life as we know it: A correction, a response to an essay by Mr. Franzen, from Harpers.org

title: Ben Marcus


text:
1873 in art

Events from the year 1873 in art.

Events

 * Early – Pre-Raphaelite painter Simeon Solomon is arrested in a public urinal in London and convicted and fined for gross indecency.
 * May – Vincent van Gogh is re-located to London by his employer, the art dealers Goupil & Cie.
 * World exhibition in Vienna.
 * Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organize the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc. for the purpose of exhibiting artworks independently.
 * The collection forming the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria is moved to the Palazzo dei Priori, Perugia.
 * New Accademia delle Arti del Disegno established in Florence.
 * Leslie Ward, as "Spy", begins producing caricatures for the British magazine Vanity Fair.
 * Michelangelo's statue of David is removed from the Piazza della Signoria in Florence to the Galleria dell'Accademia.

Works

 * William-Adolphe Bouguereau – Nymphs and Satyr
 * Edward Burne-Jones – Love Among the Ruins (original watercolour version)
 * Alexandre Cabanel – La Comtesse de Keller
 * Gustave Caillebotte – Nude woman lying on a couch
 * Philip Hermogenes Calderon – Letter From Daddy
 * Walter Crane – Shelley's Tomb in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome
 * Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville – The Last Cartridges (Les dernières cartouches)
 * Edgar Degas – A Cotton Office in New Orleans
 * Hans Gude – Nødhavn Ved Norskekysten
 * Winslow Homer – The Boat Builders
 * William Holman Hunt – The Shadow of Death
 * Rudolf Koller – Gotthardpost
 * Ivan Kramskoi
 * Ivan Shishkin
 * Leo Tolstoy
 * Édouard Manet
 * Le Bon Bock ("The Good Pint") (Philadelphia Museum of Art)
 * The Railway ("The Gare Saint-Lazare") (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.)
 * Jan Matejko – Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God
 * Pál Szinyei Merse – Picnic in May (National Gallery of Hungary, Budapest)
 * Claude Monet
 * The Artist's House at Argenteuil
 * Camille Monet on a Garden Bench
 * Poppies Blooming
 * Albert Joseph Moore – Follow-my-Leader
 * Camille Pissarro – Self-portrait
 * Ilya Repin – Barge Haulers on the Volga
 * John Roddam Spencer Stanhope – The Gentle Music of a Bygone Day
 * Heinrich Strack – Berlin Victory Column
 * James McNeill Whistler – Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 2: Portrait of Thomas Carlyle

Births

 * January 28 – Charles Sims, English painter (suicide 1928)
 * February 14 – Albert Guillaume, French painter and caricaturist (died 1942)
 * March 13 – Léon Delagrange, French sculptor and aviator (died 1910)
 * April 3 – Rista Vukanović, Serbian Impressionist painter and husband of painter Beta Vukanović (died 1918)
 * April 4 – Élie Faure, French art historian (died 1937)
 * April 24 – André Bauchant, French painter (died 1958)
 * May 10 – Carl Eldh, Swedish painter and sculptor (died 1954)
 * July 6 – Ethel Sands, American-born painter (died 1962)
 * July 7 – Albert Moulton Foweraker, English painter (died 1942)
 * October 12 – Nadežda Petrović, Serbian Fauvist painter (died 1915)
 * December 5 – Julian Smith Australian surgeon and photographer was born in England (died 1947)
 * date unknown – Jane Emmet de Glehn, American painter (died 1961)
 * approximate date – Olowe of Ise, Yoruba wood sculptor (died c. 1938)

Deaths

 * March 25 – Wilhelm Marstrand, Danish painter (born 1810)
 * April 17 – Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy, Russian painter, engraver and silhouettist (born 1783)
 * April 28 – Giovanni Maria Benzoni, Italian sculptor (born 1809)
 * May 13 – Konstantin Danil, renowned Serbian painter (born 1798)
 * May 19 – Charles Lucy, English painter (born 1814)
 * July 8 – Franz Xaver Winterhalter, German painter (born 1805)
 * October 2 – Cornelius Varley, English watercolor painter (born 1881)
 * October 9 – John Evan Thomas, Welsh sculptor (born 1810)
 * November 25 – Hans Harder, Danish painter and drawing master (born 1792)
 * November 27 – Edmund Thomas Parris, English historical, portrait, subject, and panorama painter, book illustrator, designer and art restorer (born 1793)
 * December 9 – William Bent Berczy, painter and political figure in Upper Canada (born 1791)
 * date unknown
 * Nikola Aleksić, Serbian portraitist in both the Biedermeier and Nazarene movement (born 1808)
 * Thomas Frank Heaphy, English miniature painter (born 1813)
 * Ignatius Josephus van Regemorter, Flemish historical, landscape, and genre painter and engraver (born 1785)

title: 1873 in art


text:
Kitchen god

Kitchen gods are mythical beings that represent abstract concepts such as luck or just propel the minor changes of everyday life. Little things that cannot be explained, such as losing small objects like socks in the laundry, are often attributed to these creatures because the explanation eludes the believer.

title: Kitchen god


text:
Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League

Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League (VCML; Liên Minh Quân Chủ Lập Hiến Đa Nguyên Việt Nam) is a monarchist and anti-communist organization based in the United States, which seeks the restoration of the Nguyễn dynasty to the throne of Vietnam under a constitutional monarchy, similar to those in Cambodia and Thailand. The VCML's position is that Emperor Bảo Đại was the last legitimate ruler of Vietnam. Bảo Đại and his children do not support the VCML or their political aspirations.

History
The VCML was established in 1993 by its current President and Regent of the Imperial Nguyen dynasty Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Chánh, a member of the Vietnamese royal family who fled from South Vietnam for political reasons after 1975.

Vietnam's last emperor, Bảo Đại, lived in Europe until his death on 30 July 1997. His son, Crown Prince Bảo Long, intentionally remained out of politics and lived quietly in Paris, France until his death on 28 July 2007. His brother, Prince Bảo Thăng, did not support the VCML through to his death on 15 March 2017. The position of Head of the Imperial House is now held by Prince Phúc Bảo Ngọc.

Political positions
The VCML believes that "only the limited monarchy of the Imperial Nguyen Dynasty can succeed in preserving the cultural independence of Vietnam" and that "only a government that upholds Vietnamese nationalism and personal freedom can fully succeed in restoring the nation".

The VCML has repeatedly denounced the communist government of Vietnam over corruption and human rights abuses.


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Baščaršija Nights

Baščaršija Nights (also known as Nights of Baščaršija; Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Baščaršijske noći / Башчаршијске ноћи) is the biggest culture festival in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Taking place throughout July every year, it celebrates various aspects of the nation's culture, and includes performances of classical music, rock and roll and folk music; live theatre; various exhibits and folklore displays; as well as books, film, children's programming, opera and ballet.

Performances usually take place outdoors, in the streets of Sarajevo's Old Town district and its historic Baščaršija neighborhood. Admission is free. It is estimated that about 150,000 people attend the festival's 40–50 events each year.

The first day of the festival always features a performance by the Sarajevo Philharmonic Orchestra, which is attended by numerous city and canton politicians.

A concert by popular Bosnian singer Dino Merlin concluded the festival in 2000. It was held in Stadium Koševo and was sold out. The first Bosnian opera in history was part of the festival in 2003, as well as a performance by local rockers Zabranjeno pušenje.

title: Baščaršija Nights


text:
1874 in art

Events from the year 1874 in art.

Events

 * February–March – A memorial exhibition of drawings and watercolors by Viktor Hartmann is held at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg and inspires his friend Modest Mussorgsky to compose the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition.
 * April 15–May 15 – First exhibition by the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs is held in a private studio (belonging to Nadar) outside the official Paris Salon; on April 25, Louis Leroy reviewing the exhibition in the French satirical newspaper Le Charivari under the heading "L'Exposition des impressionistes", coins the term "Impressionism" to describe the movement, with particular reference to Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (1872), first exhibited here and in May sold to the businessman and collector Ernest Hoschedé. Renoir exhibits six works, including La Loge. The only female exhibitor is Berthe Morisot.
 * Summer – Monet visits Amsterdam.
 * August 22 – English illustrator Helen Paterson marries Irish poet and editor William Allingham and becomes a watercolourist under her married name.
 * c. December 19 – Monet begins painting his Snow at Argenteuil series.
 * December 22 – Berthe Morisot marries Eugène, brother of Édouard Manet, at Passy.
 * Goya's Black Paintings are transferred to canvas.

Works

 * April 26 – Confederate Obelisk (Atlanta)
 * Peter Nicolai Arbo
 * Dagr
 * Self-portrait
 * Thomas Jones Barker – Balaklava – One of the Six Hundred
 * Caroline Shawk Brooks – Dreaming Iolanthe (butter sculpture; first version)
 * Ford Madox Brown – Cromwell on his Farm
 * Edward Burne-Jones – The Beguiling of Merlin
 * Louis Buvelot – Macedon Ranges
 * Edgar Degas – The Dance Class
 * Pere Borrell del Caso – Escaping Criticism
 * Thomas Eakins – Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand
 * Henri Fantin-Latour – Still Life with Pansies (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
 * Luke Fildes – Applicants for Admission to a Casual Ward
 * Emmanuel Frémiet – Joan of Arc (formerly in the Place des Pyramides, Paris)
 * Walter Greaves – Old Battersea Bridge
 * Armand Guillaumin – La Seine (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
 * Winslow Homer – Farmer with a Pitch Fork
 * Vilhelm Kyhn – Sildig Sommeraften ved Himmelbjærget ("Late Summer Evening near Himmelbjerget")
 * Édouard Manet
 * Boating (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
 * Argenteuil
 * Claude Monet Painting in his Studio
 * Antonin Mercié – Gloria Victis (sculpture)
 * Claude Monet – The Railway Bridge at Argenteuil
 * Albert Joseph Moore – Shells
 * Thomas Moran – Chasm of the Colorado
 * Berthe Morisot – The Butterfly Hunt
 * John Pettie – Jacobites
 * Camille Pissarro – Portrait of Cézanne
 * Illarion Pryanishnikov – Episode in the War of 1812
 * Pierre-Auguste Renoir
 * Danseuse
 * La Loge
 * La Parisienne
 * Dante Gabriel Rossetti
 * The Damsel of the Sanct Grael or Holy Grail
 * Proserpine (Tate Britain)
 * Alfred Sisley – Misty Morning
 * James Tissot
 * Frederick Burnaby
 * London Visitors
 * On the Thames (approximate date)

Births

 * February 23 – Arnold Friedman, American modernist painter (died 1946)
 * March 9 – John Duncan Fergusson, Scottish Colourist painter (died 1961)
 * March 23 – Henri Manguin, French Fauvist painter (died 1949)
 * April 7 – Frederick Carl Frieseke, American-born painter (died 1939)
 * May 11 – Einar Jónsson, Icelandic sculptor (died 1954)
 * July 24 – Félix Pissarro, French-born painter (died 1897)
 * July 28 – Joaquín Torres García, Uruguayan painter (died 1949)
 * October 16 – Otto Mueller, Silesian painter (died 1930)
 * October 21 – Charles R. Knight, American animal painter (died 1953)
 * November 9 – Julio Romero de Torres, Andalusian painter of female nudes (died 1930)
 * December 18 – Frank O. Salisbury, English portrait and official painter (died 1962)
 * date unknown
 * Mabel Esplin, English stained-glass artist (died 1921)
 * Dorothea Sharp, English painter (died 1955)

Deaths

 * January 29 – John Christian Schetky, Scottish-born marine painter (born 1778)
 * April 19 – Owen Jones, British architect, interior designer and pioneer of chromolithography (born 1809)
 * April 20 – Alexander Hunter Murray, fur trader in Canada and artist (born 1818/1819)
 * May 5 – Marc-Charles-Gabriel Gleyre, Swiss painter in France (born 1806)
 * June 14 – Julien-Léopold Boilly, French draughtsman and watercolorist (born 1796)
 * July 25 – Edward Troye, Swiss-born American equine painter (born 1808)
 * August 27 - John Henry Foley, Irish sculptor (born 1818)
 * November 21 – Marià Fortuny, Catalan painter in Italy (born 1838)
 * December 6 – Gustaf Wappers, Flemish painter in France (born 1803)
 * October 28 – William Henry Rinehart, American sculptor in Italy (born 1825)
 * date unknown – Henry Bryan Ziegler, British landscape and portrait painter (born 1798)

title: 1874 in art


text:
Truckee (disambiguation)

Truckee may refer to:

People

 * Truckee (chief), a Northern Paiute leader, father of Chief Winnemucca and grandfather of Sarah Winnemucca

Places

 * Truckee, California, a city named after Chief Truckee
 * Little Truckee River, flows into Truckee River
 * Truckee Meadows, a valley in northern Nevada
 * Truckee Range, a mountain range located in western Nevada
 * Truckee River, a river in northern California and northern Nevada

Other uses

 * The "Truckee" test, part of the Operation Dominic series of nuclear tests
 * USS Truckee (AO-147), a U.S. Navy fleet oiler commissioned in 1955 at the Navy Ship Yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and named for the Truckee River; her home port was Norfolk, Virginia

title: Truckee (disambiguation)


text:
Nasolacrimal duct

The nasolacrimal duct (also called the tear duct) carries tears from the lacrimal sac of the eye into the nasal cavity. The duct begins in the eye socket between the maxillary and lacrimal bones, from where it passes downwards and backwards. The opening of the nasolacrimal duct into the inferior nasal meatus of the nasal cavity is partially covered by a mucosal fold (valve of Hasner or plica lacrimalis).

Excess tears flow through the nasolacrimal duct which drains into the inferior nasal meatus. This is the reason the nose starts to run when a person is crying or has watery eyes from an allergy, and why one can sometimes taste eye drops. This is for the same reason when applying some eye drops it is often advised to close the nasolacrimal duct by pressing it with a finger to prevent the medicine from escaping the eye and having unwanted side effects elsewhere in the body as it will proceed through the canal to the nasal cavity.

Like the lacrimal sac, the duct is lined by stratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells, and is surrounded by connective tissue.

Clinical significance
Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct may occur. This leads to the excess overflow of tears called epiphora (chronic low-grade nasolacrimal duct occlusion). A congenital obstruction can cause cystic expansion of the duct and is called a dacryocystocele or Timo cyst. Persons with dry eye conditions can be fitted with punctal plugs that seal the ducts to limit the amount of fluid drainage and retain moisture.

During an ear infection, excess mucus may drain through the nasolacrimal duct in the opposite way tears drain.

The canal containing the nasolacrimal duct is called the nasolacrimal canal.

In humans, the tear ducts in males tend to be larger than the ones in females.

title: Nasolacrimal duct


text:
Flesch–Kincaid readability tests

The Flesch–Kincaid readability tests are readability tests designed to indicate how difficult a passage in English is to understand. There are two tests: the Flesch Reading-Ease, and the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level. Although they use the same core measures (word length and sentence length), they have different weighting factors.

The results of the two tests correlate approximately inversely: a text with a comparatively high score on the Reading Ease test should have a lower score on the Grade-Level test. Rudolf Flesch devised the Reading Ease evaluation; somewhat later, he and J. Peter Kincaid developed the Grade Level evaluation for the United States Navy.

History
"The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the U.S. Navy in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team. Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information), usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula, computer aids for editing tests, illustrated formats to teach procedures, and the Computer Readability Editing System (CRES).

The F–K formula was first used by the Army for assessing the difficulty of technical manuals in 1978 and soon after became a United States Military Standard. Pennsylvania was the first U.S. state to require that automobile insurance policies be written at no higher than a ninth-grade level (14–15 years of age) of reading difficulty, as measured by the F–K formula. This is now a common requirement in many other states and for other legal documents such as insurance policies.

Flesch reading ease
In the Flesch reading-ease test, higher scores indicate material that is easier to read; lower numbers mark passages that are more difficult to read. The formula for the Flesch reading-ease score (FRES) test is:

$$ 206.835 - 1.015 \left( \frac{\text{total words}}{\text{total sentences}} \right) - 84.6 \left( \frac{\text{total syllables}}{\text{total words}} \right) $$

Scores can be interpreted as shown in the table below.

Reader's Digest magazine has a readability index of about 65, Time magazine scores about 52, an average grade six student's written assignment (age of 12) has a readability index of 60–70 (and a reading grade level of six to seven), and the Harvard Law Review has a general readability score in the low 30s. The highest (easiest) readability score possible is 121.22, but only if every sentence consists of only one-syllable words. "The cat sat on the mat." scores 116. The score does not have a theoretical lower bound; therefore, it is possible to make the score as low as wanted by arbitrarily including words with many syllables. The sentence "This sentence, taken as a reading passage unto itself, is being used to prove a point." has a readability of 69. The sentence "The Australian platypus is seemingly a hybrid of a mammal and reptilian creature." scores 37.5 as it has 24 syllables and 13 words. While Amazon calculates the text of Moby-Dick as 57.9, one particularly long sentence about sharks in chapter 64 has a readability score of −146.77. One sentence in the beginning of Scott Moncrieff's English translation of Swann's Way, by Marcel Proust, has a score of −515.1. Proust, Marcel. "Swann's Way." In Search of Lost Time. 2004. Translated by C.K. Scott Moncrieff (1922). web. March 21, 2014.

"But I had seen first one and then another of the rooms in which I had slept during my life, and in the end I would revisit them all in the long course of my waking dream: rooms in winter, where on going to bed I would at once bury my head in a nest, built up out of the most diverse materials, the corner of my pillow, the top of my blankets, a piece of a shawl, the edge of my bed, and a copy of an evening paper, all of which things I would contrive, with the infinite patience of birds building their nests, to cement into one whole; rooms where, in a keen frost, I would feel the satisfaction of being shut in from the outer world (like the sea-swallow which builds at the end of a dark tunnel and is kept warm by the surrounding earth), and where, the fire keeping in all night, I would sleep wrapped up, as it were, in a great cloak of snug and savoury air, shot with the glow of the logs which would break out again in flame: in a sort of alcove without walls, a cave of warmth dug out of the heart of the room itself, a zone of heat whose boundaries were constantly shifting and altering in temperature as gusts of air ran across them to strike freshly upon my face, from the corners of the room, or from parts near the window or far from the fireplace which had therefore remained cold—or rooms in summer, where I would delight to feel myself a part of the warm evening, where the moonlight striking upon the half-opened shutters would throw down to the foot of my bed its enchanted ladder; where I would fall asleep, as it might be in the open air, like a titmouse which the breeze keeps poised in the focus of a sunbeam—or sometimes the Louis XVI room, so cheerful that I could never feel really unhappy, even on my first night in it: that room where the slender columns which lightly supported its ceiling would part, ever so gracefully, to indicate where the bed was and to keep it separate; sometimes again that little room with the high ceiling, hollowed in the form of a pyramid out of two separate storeys, and partly walled with mahogany, in which from the first moment my mind was drugged by the unfamiliar scent of flowering grasses, convinced of the hostility of the violet curtains and of the insolent indifference of a clock that chattered on at the top of its voice as though I were not there; while a strange and pitiless mirror with square feet, which stood across one corner of the room, cleared for itself a site I had not looked to find tenanted in the quiet surroundings of my normal field of vision: that room in which my mind, forcing itself for hours on end to leave its moorings, to elongate itself upwards so as to take on the exact shape of the room, and to reach to the summit of that monstrous funnel, had passed so many anxious nights while my body lay stretched out in bed, my eyes staring upwards, my ears straining, my nostrils sniffing uneasily, and my heart beating; until custom had changed the colour of the curtains, made the clock keep quiet, brought an expression of pity to the cruel, slanting face of the glass, disguised or even completely dispelled the scent of flowering grasses, and distinctly reduced the apparent loftiness of the ceiling."

The U.S. Department of Defense uses the reading ease test as the standard test of readability for its documents and forms. Florida requires that insurance policies have a Flesch reading ease score of 45 or greater.

Use of this scale is so ubiquitous that it is bundled with popular word processing programs and services such as KWord, IBM Lotus Symphony, Microsoft Office Word, WordPerfect, WordPro, and Grammarly.

Polysyllabic words affect this score significantly more than they do the grade-level score.

Flesch–Kincaid grade level
These readability tests are used extensively in the field of education. The "Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level Formula" presents a score as a U.S. grade level, making it easier for teachers, parents, librarians, and others to judge the readability level of various books and texts. It can also mean the number of years of education generally required to understand this text, relevant when the formula results in a number greater than 10. The grade level is calculated with the following formula:

$$ 0.39 \left ( \frac{\mbox{total words}}{\mbox{total sentences}} \right ) + 11.8 \left ( \frac{\mbox{total syllables}}{\mbox{total words}} \right ) - 15.59 $$

The result is a number that corresponds with a U.S. grade level. The sentence, "The Australian platypus is seemingly a hybrid of a mammal and reptilian creature" is an 11.3 as it has 24 syllables and 13 words. The different weighting factors for words per sentence and syllables per word in each scoring system mean that the two schemes are not directly comparable and cannot be converted. The grade level formula emphasizes sentence length over word length. By creating one-word strings with hundreds of random characters, grade levels may be attained that are hundreds of times larger than high school completion in the United States. Due to the formula's construction, the score does not have an upper bound.

The lowest grade level score in theory is −3.40, but there are few real passages in which every sentence consists of a single one-syllable word. Green Eggs and Ham by Dr. Seuss comes close, averaging 5.7 words per sentence and 1.02 syllables per word, with a grade level of −1.3. (Most of the 50 used words are monosyllabic; "anywhere", which occurs eight times, is the only exception.)

Limitations
As readability formulas were developed for school books, they demonstrate weaknesses compared to directly testing usability with typical readers. They neglect between-reader differences and effects of content, layout and retrieval aids.

title: Flesch–Kincaid readability tests


text:
Y. Bhekhirst

Y. Bhekhirst is an outsider musician based in New Hyde Park, New York.

History
Although not much is known about him, his sole known record, Hot in the Airport, released in 1986 and re-released in 1994 on New Hyde Park-based label HDG Records, is prized by some outsider music collectors for its decidedly dadaistic, shambling songs. Both releases of Hot in the Airport were cassette-only. The title track of the album, which has been described as "oblique", was released contemporaneously as a 7-inch single, and has been anthologized in the compilation Interesting Results: Music by a Committee of One. Slightly more polished musically than the other songs, it includes a number of lines sung in Spanish.

Information on Y. Bhekhirst is scarce. Irwin Chusid, who brought Bhekhirst's music to the public's attention in the mid-90s with Songs in the Key of Z, reported that a man calling himself Y. Bhekhirst was distributing his cassettes in New York record stores; handing them over to the clerks and then walking out abruptly without further explanation. Chusid and former colleague Michelle Boulé played selections from Hot in the Airport on numerous occasions when they worked together at station WFMU.

Searches at the U.S. Copyright Office have revealed that a man named José Hugo Díaz Guzmán (born in 1946 and also known as Pepe Díaz Guzmán) is somehow involved with Y's music, as the name "H. Díaz" or "H. Díazg" shows up on most known releases of material from Hot in the Airport. Some have speculated that Díaz Guzmán and Bhekhirst are the same individual.

Under various pseudonyms (such as "Al Pol", "Al Phol", "Al Phool" and "Al Phooz"), Díaz Guzmán appears to have copyrighted numerous songs and cassette recordings, the earliest in 1981 and the latest in 1992.

Discography
Albums
 * Hot in the Airport (1986)

title: Y. Bhekhirst


text:
Gil Kane

Gil Kane (born Eli Katz, Elija Kacs; April 6, 1926 – January 31, 2000) was a Latvian-born American comics artist whose career spanned the 1940s to the 1990s and virtually every major comics company and character.

Kane co-created the modern-day versions of the superheroes Green Lantern and the Atom for DC Comics, and co-created Iron Fist and Adam Warlock with Roy Thomas for Marvel Comics. He was involved in the anti-drug storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98, which, at the behest of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, bucked the then-prevalent Comics Code Authority to depict drug abuse, and ultimately spurred an update of the Code. Kane additionally pioneered an early graphic novel prototype, His Name Is... Savage, in 1968, and a seminal graphic novel, Blackmark, in 1971.

In 1997, he was inducted into both the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame and the Harvey Award Jack Kirby Hall of Fame.

Early life and career
Gil Kane was born Eli Katz (Elija Kacs) on April 6, 1926, in Latvia to a Jewish family that immigrated to the U.S. in 1929, settling in Brooklyn, New York City. His father was a struggling poultry merchant. Kane attended high school at Manhattan's School of Industrial Art, but left in his senior year when he saw an opportunity to work at MLJ Comics (later Archie Comics). He recalled in a 1996 interview,

"[F]rom the time I was 15, I was going up to the comics offices. ... My first job came the next year at 16. During my summer vacation [between years of high school], I went up and got a job working at MLJ in 1942 ... I was in my last year in high school [when I left]. I was 16 and I'd already started my last year but I'd already gotten my job the summer before at MLJ, so I didn't want to give up my job. I quit school in the last grade."

Until being fired after three weeks, Kane worked in production, "putting borders on pages. The letterers would only put in the lettering, not the balloons, so I would put in the borders, balloons, and I'd finish up artwork—whatever had to be done on a lesser scale." Within "a couple of days" of being let go, "I got a job with Jack Binder's agency. Jack Binder had a loft on Fifth Avenue and it just looked like an internment camp. There must have been 50 or 60 guys up there, all at drawing tables. You had to account for the paper that you took." Kane began penciling professionally there, but, "They weren't terribly happy with what I was doing. But when I was rehired by MLJ three weeks later, not only did they put me back into the production department and give me an increase, they gave me my first job, which was 'Inspector Bentley of Scotland Yard' in Pep Comics, and then they gave me a whole issue of The Shield and Dusty, one of their leading books". He would also do spot illustrations for other studios.

His earliest known credit is inking Carl Hubbell on the six-page Scarlet Avenger superhero story "The Counterfeit Money Code" in MLJ's Zip Comics #14 (cover-dated May 1941), on which he signed the name "Gil Kane". Other early credits include some issues of the company's Pep Comics, sometimes under pseudonyms including Stack Til and Stacktil, and, in conjunction with artist Pen Shumaker, Pen Star. He even used his birth name on rare occasions, including on at least one story each in the Temerson / Helnit / Continental publishing group's Terrific Comics and Cat-Man Comics.

In 1944 he did his first work for the future Marvel Comics, as one of two inkers on the 28-page "The Spawn of Death" in the wartime kid-gang comic Young Allies #11 (March 1944), and the future DC Comics, as the uncredited ghost artist for Jack Kirby on the Sandman superhero story "Courage a la Carte" in Adventure Comics #91 (May 1944). That same year Kane either was drafted or enlisted in the Army and served in the World War II Pacific theater of operations. After 19 months in the service, he returned to in December 1945. All-American Publications editor Sheldon Mayer hired him in 1947, for a stint that lasted six months. He contributed again to the "Sandman" feature in Adventure Comics and, as penciler Gil Stack and inker Phil Martel, to the "Wildcat" feature in Sensation Comics. Around this time, he said, he "worked with director Garson Kanin when he was involved in TV", drawing storyboards.

In 1949, Kane began a longtime professional relationship with Julius Schwartz, an editor at National Comics, the future DC Comics. Kane drew stories for several DC series in the 1950s including All-Star Western and The Adventures of Rex the Wonder Dog.

Silver Age of Comic Books
In the late 1950s, freelancing for DC Comics precursor National Comics, Kane illustrated works in what fans and historians call the Silver Age of Comic Books, creating character designs for the modern-day version of the 1940s superhero Green Lantern, for which he pencilled most of the first 75 issues of the reimagined character's comic. Comics historian Les Daniels praised Kane's work on the character, stating "The design was part of an approach that emphasized grace as well as strength, an approach especially notable in Kane's flying scenes ... Green Lantern appeared to soar effortlessly across the cosmos." DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz noted in 2010 that Kane "modeled the Guardians on Israeli founding father David Ben-Gurion, even as the human figures in the cast tended to mimic Kane's own tall, elongated build." Kane and writer John Broome's stories for the Green Lantern series included transforming Hal Jordan's love interest, Carol Ferris, into the Star Sapphire in issue #16. Black Hand, a character featured prominently in the "Blackest Night" storyline in 2009–2010, debuted in issue #29 (June 1964) by Broome and Kane. The creative team created Guy Gardner in the story "Earth's Other Green Lantern!" in issue #59 (March 1968).

Kane similarly co-created an updated version of the Atom with writer Gardner Fox. Kane — who by 1960 was living in Jericho, New York, on Long Island — also drew the youthful superhero team the Teen Titans, a revival of Plastic Man, and, in the late 1960s, such short-lived titles as Hawk and Dove and the licensed-character comic Captain Action, based on the action figure. Kane and Marv Wolfman created an origin for Wonder Girl in Teen Titans #22 (July–Aug. 1969) which introduced the character's new costume.

He briefly freelanced some Hulk stories in Marvel Comics' Tales to Astonish, first under the pseudonym Scott Edward and then in his own name, defying the practice in which DC artists moonlighting at Marvel used pseudonyms. He and writer/editor Stan Lee introduced the Abomination as an enemy of the Hulk in Tales to Astonish #90 (April 1967). Kane also freelanced in the 1960s for Tower Comics' T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, a superhero/espionage title, as well as the "Tiger Boy" strip for Harvey Comics. Kane then found a home at Marvel, eventually becoming the regular penciller for The Amazing Spider-Man, succeeding John Romita in the early 1970s, and becoming the company's preeminent cover artist through that decade. Kane's first Spider-Man storyline culminated in the death of supporting character George Stacy.

During that run, he and editor-writer Stan Lee produced in 1971 a three-issue story arc in The Amazing Spider-Man #96-98 (May–July 1971) that marked the first challenge to the industry's self-regulating Comics Code Authority since its inception in 1954. The Code forbade mention of drugs, even in a negative context. However, Lee and Kane created an anti-drug storyline conceived at the behest of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and upon not receiving Code Authority approval, Marvel published the issues without the Code seal on their covers. The comics met with such positive reception and high sales that the industry's self-censorship was undercut, and the Code soon afterward was revamped. Another landmark in Kane's Spider-Man run was the arc "The Night Gwen Stacy Died" in issues #121–122 (June–July 1973), in which Spider-Man's girlfriend Gwen Stacy, as well as the long-time villain Green Goblin were killed, an unusual occurrence at the time.

With writer Roy Thomas, Kane helped revise the Marvel Comics version of Captain Marvel, and revamped a preexisting character as Adam Warlock. Kane and Thomas co-created the martial arts superhero Iron Fist, and Morbius the Living Vampire. Kane and writer Gerry Conway transformed John Jameson, an incidental character in The Amazing Spider-Man series, into the Man-Wolf.

Conway, Kane's collaborator on the death-of-Gwen-Stacy storyline and elsewhere, described Kane in 2009 as

"... a marvelous draftsman and an idiosyncratic storyteller. I quickly learned that working with him Marvel-style (that's when a writer gives the artist a plot and the artist breaks down the story, panel by panel and page by page) could sometimes result in lopsided storytelling; the first two-thirds of a story would be leisurely paced, and the last third would be hellbent-for-leather as Gil tried to make up for loose storytelling in the first half [ sic ] . So after doing a few stories with him in my usual loosely plotted style, I began giving him tighter plots, indicating where the story had to be by such-and-such a page. He seemed to prefer this, and I'm generally happier with the later stories we did together than the first few."

Pioneering new formats
Kane's side projects include two long works that he conceived, plotted and illustrated, with scripting by Archie Goodwin (writing under the pseudonym of Robert Franklin): His Name Is... Savage (Adventure House Press, 1968), a self-published, 40-page, magazine-format comics novel; and Blackmark (1971), a science-fiction/sword-and-sorcery paperback published by Bantam Books and one of the earliest examples of the graphic novel, a term not in general use at the time. Howard Chaykin served as Kane's assistant during the production of Blackmark and would call Kane "the most influential male" in his life.

Later career
During the 1970s and 1980s, Kane did character designs for various Hanna-Barbera and Ruby-Spears animated TV series including The Centurions which he co-created with Jack Kirby. In 1974 he contributed to redesigning the obscure Marvel Comics character the Cat into Tigra, and three years later created the newspaper daily comic strip Star Hawks with writer Ron Goulart. The strip, which ran through 1981, was known for its experimental use of a two-tier format during the first years. During this decade he also illustrated paperback and record-album covers, drew model box art, and co-wrote, with John Jakes, the 1980 novel Excalibur! He drew the John Carter, Warlord of Mars series for Marvel beginning in June 1977.

In 1971, Kane met Michel "Greg" Regnier, then the editor of French-Belgian comics anthology Tintin Weekly. He ended up creating a science fiction/fantasy tale called Jason Drum, about an astronaut stranded on a sword and sorcery world. The series debuted in Tintin weekly, making the cover of #202 (July 1979). Due to a medical emergency Kane reached out to Joe Staton to help with layouts and, starting with Tintin #205, uninked penciled pages were sent to France. Belgian artist Franz inked five pages of Kane’s pencils and pencilled and inked the last pages of the story himself (in #206 and 207 [Aug. ’78]). After his recovery, Kane lost contact with Tintin. In 2006 Kane´s friend Gary Groth and publisher at Fantagraphics discovered that Kane did evidently finish the Jason Drum project with 44 fully inked pages with dialogue. The project had never been published in English, but the original 27 page version assisted by Staton and Franz was published in some other languages including Swedish (as back-up in Lee Falk's The Phantom in 1980).

Kane was one of the artists on the double-sized Justice League of America #200 (March 1982). and had a brief run on The Micronauts series in 1982 In the early 1980s, he shared regular art duties on the Superman feature in Action Comics with Curt Swan and contributed to the 1988 Superman animated TV series. The Brainiac character, a nemesis of Superman, was revised by Kane and Marv Wolfman in Action Comics #544 (June 1983). He was one of the contributors to the DC Challenge limited series in 1986. Kane was the artist on the early Green Lantern serial in the short-lived anthology Action Comics Weekly from issues #601–605 with writer James Owsley, and illustrated the Nightwing cover for issue #627 in 1988. He returned to drawing the Atom in the Sword of the Atom limited series, a collaboration with writer Jan Strnad. In 1989–1990 Kane illustrated a comic-book adaptation of Richard Wagner's mythological opera epic The Ring of the Nibelung.

During the following decade, Kane drew for publishers including Topps Comics, for which he illustrated a miniseries adaptation of the film Jurassic Park; Malibu Comics, for which he and writer Steven Grant created the superhero Edge for a 1994–95 miniseries; Awesome Entertainment, in which he illustrated Alan Moore's four-page Kid Thunder story "Judgment Day: 1868" in Judgment Day Alpha #1 (June 1997); and DC, for which he drew several Superman stories. He was one of the many creators who contributed to the Superman: The Wedding Album one-shot wherein the title character married Lois Lane. He and his former apprentice Howard Chaykin worked together again on a three-part story for Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight #24–26 (Nov. 1991 – Jan. 1992) and the Superman: Distant Fires one-shot (1998).

Kane collaborated with writer Mark Waid on The Life Story of the Flash graphic novel. As well during that decade, he designed the set of the 1997 Santa Monica Playhouse production of the play Lovely!.

Though his last full comic during his lifetime was Awesome's 40-page Judgment Day: Aftermath #1 (March 1998) — written by Moore and featuring the characters and teams Glory, Spacehunter, Youngblood and others in individual tales — his final narrative works, all for DC, were penciling the two-page "Antibiotics: The Killers That Save Lives" in Celebrate the Century: Super Heroes Stamp Album #5 (1999); portions of seven pages and the cover, all shared with humor artist Sergio Aragonés, of DC's Fanboy #2 (April 1999); and a two-page pastiche of 1970s Hostess Fruit Pie superhero ads, "The Star Sheriffs", in Green Lantern Secret Files and Origins #2 (Sept. 1999). His last published comics art during his lifetime was a one-page illustration in Dark Horse Comics' Sin City: Hell and Back #4 (Oct. 1999). Posthumously published was his final completed work, the two-issue Green Lantern / Atom story in Legends of the DC Universe #28–29 (May–June 2000); and four years later, the final issue, drawn in the mid-1990s, of Malibu's planned four-issue miniseries Edge, as part of the iBooks hardcover collection The Last Heroes.

Death and legacy
He remained active as an artist until his death on January 31, 2000, in Miami, Florida from complications of lymphoma. He was survived by his second wife, Elaine; as well as a son and two stepchildren, Scott, Eric and Beverly. For a time the family lived in Wilton, Connecticut, where he was drama chairman of the Wilton Arts Council. His final home was Aventura, Florida.

An homage to Kane and to writer John Broome appears in In Darkest Night, a novelization of the Justice League animated series. The book refers to the Kane/Broome Institute for Space Studies in Coast City. The Broome Kane Galaxy in Green Lantern: Emerald Knights is named for him and John Broome. Writer Alan Moore made Kane a character in Awesome Comics' Judgment Day: Aftermath which Kane illustrated.

While he was alive, Kane was made the lead character in writer Mike Friedrich's story "His Name Is... Kane" (a play on Kane's His Name Is... Savage) in DC Comics' supernatural anthology House of Mystery #180 (June 1969). In the six-and-a-half-page tale, penciled by Kane and inked by Wally Wood, frustrated comic-book artist Gil Kane kills his House of Mystery editor, Joe Orlando. Orlando, also an artist, and Friedrich exact revenge by drawing Kane into artwork that is then framed and mounted in the house.

Kane's work has been extensively reprinted. Marvel Comics released Marvel Visionaries Gil Kane in 2002 and DC Comics published Adventures of Superman: Gil Kane in 2013. IDW Publishing released an "artist's edition", a reproduction of the original art, of Kane's Spider-Man work in 2012.

Awards and exhibitions
Kane received numerous awards over the years, including the 1971, 1972, and 1975 National Cartoonists Society Awards for Comic Books: Story, and the group's "Newspaper Strip: Story Strip Award" for 1977 for Star Hawks.

He also received the comic book industry's Shazam Award for Special Recognition in 1971 "for Blackmark, his paperback comics novel" and was given an Inkpot Award in 1975. Kane was named to both the Eisner Award Hall of Fame and the Harvey Award Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1997.

Work by Kane was part of the 1995 Muckenthaler Cultural Center exhibit "KAPOW: A Showcase of Superheroes", in Fullerton, California.

Adventure House Press

 * His Name Is... Savage (1968)

DC Comics

 * Action Comics (Superman) #539–541, 544–546, 551–554, 642 (four pages only), 715; (Green Lantern) #601–605, (Nightwing cover art) #627 (1983–95)
 * Adventure Comics #92–99, 101–102, 425 (1944–46, 1972)
 * Adventures of Rex the Wonder Dog #3–46 (1952–59)
 * All-American Men of War #12 (1954)
 * All-American Western #107–108, 114–115, 117–126 (1949–52)
 * All Star Comics #53 (1950)
 * All-Star Western #58–75, 80–119 (1951–61)
 * All-Star Western vol. 2 #3–4, 6, 8 (1970–71)
 * Atari Force #3, 5 (1982–83)
 * Atom #1–37 (1962–68)
 * Batman #208 (1969)
 * Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight #24–26 (1991–92)
 * Blue Beetle #22 (1988)
 * Blue Devil #7 (1984)
 * Boy Commandos #30–31, 35 (1948–49)
 * Captain Action #2–5 (1968–69)
 * DC Challenge #4 (1986)
 * DC Comics Presents (Johnny Thunder) #28; (Rex the Wonder Dog) #35; (Superman and Shazam!) Annual #3 (1980–84)
 * Detective Comics (Batman and Robin) #371, 374; (Elongated Man) #368, 370, 372–373; (Batgirl) #384–385, 388–389, 392–393, 396, 401, 406–407; (Robin) #390–391, 394, 398–399, 402–403; (Catwoman) #520 (1967–82)
 * Doomsday Annual #1 (1995)
 * Falling in Love #3, 5, 32, 70, 73 (1956–65)
 * Fanboy #2 (1999)
 * The Flash #195, 197–199 (1970)
 * Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion #13 (1973)
 * Girls' Love Stories #32 (1954)
 * Girls' Romances #25, 29, 107 (1954–65)
 * Green Lantern, vol. 2, #1–61, 68–75, 156; (Green Lantern Corps) #177 (1960–70, 1982–84)
 * Green Lantern Corps #223–224 (1988)
 * Green Lantern Secret Files and Origins #2 (1999)
 * Hawk and the Dove #3–6 (1968–69)
 * Hopalong Cassidy #123–135 (1957–59)
 * House of Mystery #180, 184, 196, 253, 300 (1969–82)
 * House of Secrets #85 (1970)
 * Jimmy Wakely #6–11, 15–18 (1950–52)
 * Justice League of America #200 (six-pages only)(1982)
 * Legends of the DC Universe (Green Lantern and the Atom) #28–29 (2000)
 * Life Story of the Flash HC (1997)
 * Metal Men #30–31 (1968)
 * Mr. District Attorney #15 (1950)
 * Mystery in Space #3–5, 12–16, 18–43, 47, 50, 53–54, 56, 59–61, 67, 100–102 (1951–61, 1965)
 * Our Army at War #1, 3 (1952)
 * Plastic Man #1 (1966)
 * Power of Shazam! #14, 19 (this issue with Joe Staton) (1996)
 * Ring of the Nibelung #1–4 (miniseries) (1990)
 * Secret Hearts #22, 35, 95 (1954–64)
 * Secret Origins vol. 2 (Blue Beetle) #2; (Midnight) #28 (1986–88)
 * Sensation Comics #70–74, 89 (Wildcat); #101, 103–106 (Astra); #109 (1947–52)
 * Sensation Mystery #115 (1953)
 * Showcase (Green Lantern) #22–24; (the Atom) #34–36 (1959–62)
 * Star-Spangled Comics #31–32 (1944)
 * Star Spangled War Stories #55, 169 (1957–73)
 * Static #31 (1996)
 * Strange Adventures #7–8, 11, 16, 25–29, 31, 35–81, 83, 106, 108, 113, 124–125, 130, 138, 146, 148, 151, 153–154, 15, 159, 173–174, 176, 179, 182, 184–186; (Adam Strange) #222 (1951–70)
 * Super DC Giant #S-15 (1970)
 * New Adventures of Superboy (comic book) (covers only) 32, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 43–49 (1982–84)
 * Superman (Fabulous World of Krypton) #367, 375; (Superman 2021) #372 (1982)
 * Superman vol. 2 #99, 101–103 (1995)
 * Superman: Blood of My Ancestors (with John Buscema) (2003, posthumous)
 * Superman: Distant Fires (1998)
 * Superman Special #1–2 (1983–84)
 * Superman: The Wedding Album (among other artists) (1996)
 * Sword of the Atom #1–4 (miniseries), Special #1–2 (1983–85)
 * Tales of the Green Lantern Corps Annual #1 (1985)
 * Tales of the Unexpected #88 (1965)
 * Talos of the Wilderness Sea (1987)
 * Teen Titans #19, 22–24 (1969)
 * Teen Titans vol. 2 #12 (1997)
 * Time Warp #2 (1979)
 * Vigilante #12–13 (1984)
 * Weird Mystery Tales #10 (1974)
 * Weird Western Tales #15, 20 (1972–73)
 * Western Comics #44–76 (Nighthawk); #77–85 (Matt Savage) (1954–61)
 * Witching Hour #12 (1970)
 * World's Finest Comics (Green Arrow and Black Canary) #282–283; (Captain Marvel) #282 (1982)
 * Young Romance #175 (1971)

Le Lombard

 * Tintin (magazine) (Jason Drum) #202 – 205 (1979)

Malibu Comics

 * Edge #1–3 (1994)

Marvel Comics

 * Adventure into Fear (Morbius) #21 (1974)
 * Adventures into Terror #13, 17, 21 (1952–1953)
 * Adventures into Weird Worlds #12 (1952)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man #89–92, 96–105, 120–124, 150; Annual #10, 24 (1970–76, 1990)
 * Astonishing Tales (Ka-Zar) #11, 15 (1972)
 * Captain America #145 (with John Romita Sr.) (1972)
 * Captain Marvel #17–21 (1969–70)
 * Conan the Barbarian #12, 17–18, 127–134, Annual #6; Giant-Size #1–4 (1971–1982)
 * Creatures on the Loose (Gullivar Jones) #16–17 (1972)
 * Daredevil #141, 146–148, 151 (1977–78)
 * Deadly Hands of Kung Fu (Sons of the Tiger) #23 (1976)
 * Ghost Rider #21 (1976)
 * Giant-Size Defenders #2 (1974)
 * Giant-Size Super-Heroes #1 (Spider-Man, the Man-Wolf, and Morbius) (1974)
 * Girl Confessions #31 (1952)
 * Inhumans #5–7 (1976)
 * The Invincible Iron Man #43–50 (1972)
 * John Carter, Warlord of Mars #1–10 (1977–78)
 * Journey into Mystery, vol. 2, #1–2 (1972)
 * Jungle Action, vol. 2 (Black Panther) #9 (1974)
 * Ka-Zar the Savage #11–12, 14 (Zabu backup stories) (1982)
 * Kull and the Barbarians #2 (1975)
 * Lovers #58 (1954)
 * Marvel Comics Presents (Two-Gun Kid) #116 (1992)
 * Marvel Fanfare (Mowgli) #9-11 (1983)
 * Marvel: Heroes & Legends #2 (1997)
 * Marvel Premiere (Adam Warlock) #1–2; (Iron Fist) #15 (1972–74)
 * Marvel Preview (Blackmark) #17 (1978)
 * Marvel Tales #117 (1953)
 * Marvel Team-Up (Spider-Man team-ups) #4–6, 13–14, 16–19, 23 (1972–74)
 * Marvel Two-in-One (The Thing team-ups) #1–2 (1974)
 * Men's Adventures #21 (1953)
 * Micronauts #38, 40–45 (1982)
 * Monsters Unleashed #3 (1973)
 * My Own Romance #27 (1953)
 * Mystic #8, 24 (1952–53)
 * New Warriors Annual #4 (1994)
 * Savage Sword of Conan #1–4, 8, 47, 63–65, 67, 85–86 (1974–83)
 * Savage Tales (Conan) #4 (with Neal Adams) (1974)
 * Scarlet Spider #1 (1995)
 * Spider-Man #63 (1995)
 * Star Trek #15 (1981)
 * Supernatural Thrillers #3 (1973)
 * Suspense #14 (1952)
 * Tales of Suspense (Captain America) #88–91 (1967)
 * Tales to Astonish (Hulk) #76, 88–91 (1966–67)
 * Thor #318 (1982)
 * Vampire Tales (Morbius, the Living Vampire) #5 (1974)
 * War Comics #19 (1953)
 * Warlock #1–5 (1972–73)
 * Web of Spider-Man Annual #6 (1990)
 * Werewolf by Night #11–12 (1973)
 * What If? (Avengers) #3, (Spider-Man) #24 (1977–80)
 * Worlds Unknown #1–2 (1973)
 * Young Allies #11 (1944)

Quality Comics

 * Doll Man #19 (1948)

Tower Comics

 * Noman #1 (1966)
 * T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1, 5, 14, 16 (1965–67)

title: Gil Kane


text:
Winterton, Lincolnshire

Winterton is a market town and civil parish in North Lincolnshire, England, 5 mi north-east of Scunthorpe. The 2021 census found 4,765 inhabitants living in the town. Winterton is located near the banks of the Humber and is 8 mi south-west of the Humber Bridge which can be seen from many parts of the town.

As of 2022, the mayor of Winterton is Marilynne Harrison.

History
Winterton has a history going back to Roman times and several large mosaic floors and other Roman remains have been found there.

In October 1968, during road-widening works on the A1077, workers found a massive stone coffin containing a skeleton later identified as being that of a young woman aged between 20 and 25 years of age, who stood 5 ft tall (the so-called Winterton Lady). She was of high status, as evidenced by the high quality of the coffin made from a single block of limestone and she was also found to be laid on a sheet of lead. Down the hill from this spot are the remains of one of the Winterton Roman villas, which is famous for its mosaic pavements where it is most likely she lived.

Both Winterton and neighbouring Winteringham seem to contain mention of Winter or Wintra, the first of the kings of Lindsey with any pretence to an historical basis (after the mythological Woden). The position of the two settlements on the south bank of the Humber, close to the point where the main Roman road from the south reaches the river, may be significant, as it is the obvious point from where the settlement of Lindsey is likely to have originated.

The town was also served by the former North Lindsey Light Railway which connected the town to Scunthorpe via Winteringham. The former railway station is now long since closed and is currently disused. The station was between the town and neighbouring village Thealby.

Winterton Agricultural Show
The Winterton Agricultural Society was formed in 1872 to further the interests of a rapidly modernising agricultural community. For many years the society held a two-day Agricultural Show and sports in the town. Today, the two day show occupies over 20 acres, which the society now owns to accommodate the growing demand for trade stands, sideshows and entertainment. The show caters for many agricultural and countryside pursuits involving all elements of the local and neighbouring communities. It successfully blends a variety of events appealing to both rural and town dwellers; as a consequence it is very well supported, drawing crowds in excess of twelve thousand from across the region.

Toponymy
The village's name is thought to mean the ‘farmstead, the village or the estate of the Winteringas ', who were perhaps followers or dependants of someone called Winter or Wintra. In the Domesday Book of 1086 the place is called variously Wintrintune, once; Wintrintone, four times; Wintritone, twice and Wintretune, once.

Notable people

 * Wallace Sargent – Former director of the Palomar Observatory, he was one of the world's foremost astronomers and a leading academic at the California Institute of Technology. Born in nearby Elsham, he attended school at Winterton Primary School
 * Neville Tong – cyclist
 * William Fowler – (1761–1832); artist, architect and builder

Twinning
Winterton has been twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Saffré, France - since 1993.

title: Winterton, Lincolnshire