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Gbe languages

The Gbe languages (pronounced ) form a cluster of about twenty related languages stretching across the area between eastern Ghana and western Nigeria. The total number of speakers of Gbe languages is between four and eight million. The most widely spoken Gbe language is Ewe (10.3 million speakers in Ghana and Togo), followed by Fon (5 million, mainly in Benin). The Gbe languages were traditionally placed in the Kwa branch of the Niger–Congo languages, but more recently have been classified as Volta–Niger languages. They include five major dialect clusters: Ewe, Fon, Aja, Gen (Mina), and Phla–Pherá.

Most of the Gbe peoples came from the east to their present dwelling-places in several migrations between the tenth and the fifteenth century. Some of the Phla–Pherá peoples however are thought to be the original inhabitants of the area who have intermingled with the Gbe immigrants, and the Gen people probably originate from the Ga-Adangbe people in Ghana. In the late eighteenth century, many speakers of Gbe were enslaved and transported to the New World: it is believed that Gbe languages played some role in the genesis of several Caribbean creole languages, especially Haitian Creole and Sranantongo (Surinamese Creole).

Around 1840, German missionaries started linguistic research into the Gbe languages. In the first half of the twentieth century, the Africanist Diedrich Hermann Westermann was one of the most prolific contributors to the study of Gbe. The first internal classification of the Gbe languages was published in 1988 by H.B. Capo, followed by a comparative phonology in 1991. The Gbe languages are tonal, isolating languages and the basic word order is subject–verb–object.

Geography and demography
The Gbe language area is bordered to the west and east by the Volta River in Ghana and the Weme River in Benin. The northern border is between 6 and 8 degrees latitude and the southern border is the Atlantic coast. The area is neighbored mainly by other Kwa languages, except for the east and north-east, where Yorùbá is spoken. To the west, Ga–Dangme, Guang and Akan are spoken. To the north, it is bordered by Adele, Aguna, Akpafu, Lolobi, and Yorùbá.

Estimates of the total number of speakers of Gbe languages vary considerably. Capo (1988) gives a modest estimate of four million, while SIL's Ethnologue (15th edition, 2005) gives eight million. The most widely spoken Gbe languages are Ewe (Ghana and Togo) and Fon (Benin, eastern Togo) at four million and 3 million speakers, respectively. Ewe is a language of formal education for secondary schools and universities in Ghana, and is also used in non-formal education in Togo. In Benin, Aja (740,000 speakers) and Fon were two of the six national languages selected by the government for adult education in 1992.

Classification
Greenberg, following Westermann (1952), placed the Gbe languages in the Kwa family of the Niger–Congo languages. The extent of the Kwa branch has fluctuated through the years, and Roger Blench places the Gbe languages in a Volta–Niger branch with former East Kwa languages to their east.

Gbe is a dialect continuum. Based on comparative research, Capo (1988) divides it into five clusters, with each cluster consisting of several mutually intelligible dialects. The borders between the clusters are not always distinct. The five clusters are:

Angela Kluge (2011) proposes that the Gbe languages consist of a dialect continuum that can be split into three large clusters.

 * Western Gbe varieties (Ewe, Gen, and Northwestern Gbe): Adan, Agoi/Gliji, Agu, Anexo, Aveno, Awlan, Be, Gbin, Gen, Kpelen, Kpési, Togo, Vhlin, Vo, Waci, Wance, Wundi (also Awuna?)
 * Central Gbe varieties: Aja (Dogbo, Hwe, Sikpi, Tado, Tala)
 * Eastern Gbe varieties (Fon, Eastern Phla–Pherá, and Western Phla–Pherá): Agbome, Ajra, Alada, Arohun, Ayizo, Ci, Daxe, Fon, Gbekon, Gbesi, Gbokpa, Gun, Kotafon, Kpase, Maxi, Movolo, Saxwe, Se, Seto, Tofin, Toli, Weme, Xwela, Xwla (Eastern), Xwla (Western) (also Wudu?)

Naming
The dialect continuum as a whole was called 'Ewe' by Westermann, the most influential writer on the cluster, who used the term 'Standard Ewe' to refer to the written form of the language. Other writers have called the Gbe languages as a whole 'Aja', after the name of the local language of the Aja-Tado area in Benin. However, use of this single language's name for the language cluster as a whole was not only not acceptable to all speakers but also rather confusing. Since the establishment of a working group at the West African Languages Congress at Cotonou in 1980, H. B. Capo's name suggestion has been generally accepted: Gbe, which is the word for 'language/dialect' in each of the languages.

Before 1600
Ketu, settlement in present-day Benin Republic (formerly known as Dahomey), might be an appropriate starting point for a brief history of the Gbe-speaking peoples. Ewe traditions refer to Ketu as Amedzofe ("origin of humanity") or Mawufe ("home of the Supreme Being"). It is believed that the inhabitants of Ketu were pressed westward by a series of wars between the tenth and the thirteenth century. In Ketu, the ancestors of the Gbe-speaking peoples separated themselves from other refugees and began to establish their own identity.

Attacks between the thirteenth and the fifteenth century drove a large section of the group still further westward. They settled in the ancient kingdom of Tado (also Stado or Stádó) on the Mono river (in present-day Togo). The Tado kingdom was an important state in West Africa up to the late fifteenth century.

In the course of the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the Notsie (or Notsé, Notsye, Wancé) kingdom was established by emigrants from the Tado kingdom; Notsie would later (around 1500) become the home of another group of migrants from Tado, the Ewe people. Around 1550, emigrants from Tado established the Allada (or Alada) kingdom, which became the center of the Fon people. Tado is also the origin of the Aja people; in fact, the name Aja-Tado (Adja-Tado) is frequently used to refer to their language. Aja is considered the mother tribe by the rest of Gbe speaking people as many of the tribes trace their migration routes through Aja Tado(formerly known as Azame).

Other peoples that speak Gbe languages today are the Gen people (Mina, Ge) around Anexo, who are probably of Ga and Fante origin, and the Phla and Pherá peoples, some of whom consist of the traditional inhabitants of the area intermingled with early migrants from Tado.

European traders and the transatlantic slave trade

Little is known of the history of the Gbe languages during the time that only Portuguese, Dutch and Danish traders landed on the Gold Coast (roughly 1500 to 1650). The trade of mostly gold and agricultural goods did not exercise much influence on social and cultural structures of the time. No need was felt to investigate the indigenous languages and cultures; the languages generally used in trade at this time were Portuguese and Dutch. Some loanwords remain from this period, for example atrapoe 'stairs' from Dutch trap and duku '(piece of) cloth' from Dutch doek or Danish dug. The few written accounts that stem from this period focus on trade. As more European countries established trade posts in the area, missionaries were sent out. As early as 1658, Spanish missionaries translated the Doctrina Christiana into the language of Allada, making it one of the earliest texts in any West African language. The Gbe language used in this document is thought to be a somewhat mangled form of Gen.

The relatively peaceful situation was profoundly changed with the rise of the transatlantic slave trade, which reached its peak in the late eighteenth century when as many as 15,000 slaves per year were exported from the area around Benin as part of a triangular trade between the European mainland, the west coast of Africa and the colonies of the New World (notably the Caribbean). The main actors in this process were Dutch (and to a lesser extent English) traders; captives were supplied mostly by cooperating coastal African states.

The Bight of Benin, precisely the area where the Gbe languages are spoken, was one of the centers of the slave trade at the turn of the eighteenth century. The export of 5% of the population each year resulted in overall population decline. Moreover, since the majority of the exported captives were male, the slave trade led to an imbalance in the female/male ratio. In some parts of the Slave Coast the ratio reached two adult women for every man. Several wars (sometimes deliberately provoked by European powers in order to divide and rule) further distorted social and economical relations in the area. The lack of earlier linguistic data makes it difficult to trace the inevitable linguistic changes that resulted from this turbulent period.

Colonisation and onwards
Around 1850, the transatlantic slave trade had virtually ceased. As the grip of European colonial powers strengthened, slave raiding became prohibited, trading focused on goods once more and the Europeans took it to be their calling to Christianize the colonized parts of Africa. In 1847 the Norddeutsche Missions-Gesellschaft (Bremen) started its work in Keta.

In 1857, the first Ewe grammar, Schlüssel der Ewesprache, dargeboten in den Grammatischen Grundzügen des Anlodialekts, was published by missionary J. B. Schlegel of the Bremen mission. Five different dialects of Gbe (at that time called the Ewé Language-Field) were already distinguished by Schlegel, notes Robert Needham Cust in his Modern Languages of Africa (1883). The dialects listed by Cust do not map exactly onto the five subgroups now distinguished by Capo, which is not too surprising since Cust himself admits that he relies on a multitude of often conflicting sources. Fon is in fact listed twice (once as 'the dialect of the province of Dahomé' and once as 'Fogbe').

Where previous literature consisted mostly of travel journals sometimes accompanied by short word lists, Schlegel's work marked the beginning of a period of prolific lexicographic and linguistic research into the various Gbe languages. Important writers of this period include Johann Gottlieb Christaller (Die Volta-Sprachen-Gruppe, 1888), Ernst Henrici (Lehrbuch der Ephe-Sprache, 1891, actually the first comparative Gbe grammar), J. Knüsli (Ewe-German-English Vocabulary, 1892) and Maurice Delafosse (Manuel Dahoméen (Fon), 1894).

In 1902 the missionary Diedrich Hermann Westermann contributed an article titled "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Yewe-Sprachen in Togo" to Zeitschrift für Afrikanische und Oceanische Sprachen. Westermann became one of the most productive and influential writers on the Gbe languages, and his output dominated the Gbe literature and analysis of the first half of the twentieth century. He wrote mainly on the Western Gbe languages, especially on Ewe (though he often used the term 'Ewe' to denote the Gbe dialect continuum as a whole). Among his most important works on Ewe are his A Study of the Ewe language (1930) and Wörterbuch der Ewe-Sprache (1954).

Renaissance du Gbe
From 1930 on, publications on various Gbe languages appeared rapidly, the vast majority of them dealing with individual Gbe languages. A significant exception is formed by the extensive comparative linguistic research of Hounkpati B Christophe Capo, which resulted in an internal classification of the Gbe languages and a reconstruction of the proto-Gbe phonology. Much of the comparative research for Capo's classification of the Gbe languages was carried out in the 1970s, and partial results were published in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the form of articles on specific phonological developments in various branches of Gbe and, notably, in the form of a unified standard orthography of Gbe. In his Renaissance du Gbe (1988), the internal classification of Gbe was published in full for the first time. In 1991, Capo published a comparative phonology of Gbe. In this period, Capo also initiated Labo Gbe (Int.), the 'Laboratory for research on Gbe languages', based in Benin, which has since fostered research and published several collections of papers on the Gbe languages.

In the early 1990s, SIL International initiated a study to assess which Gbe communities could benefit from existing literacy efforts and whether additional literacy campaigns in some of the remaining communities would be needed. Synchronised linguistic research carried out in the course of this study shed more light on the relations between the various varieties of Gbe. In general, the SIL studies corroborated many of Capo's findings and led to adjustment of some of his more tentative groupings.

Consonants
The following phonetic segments are attested in Gbe languages:

Notes
 * The apico-postalveolar consonants are generally written and transcribed with the symbols for the corresponding alveolar consonants, except for the voiced stop, which uses the symbol for the voiced retroflex stop . This is only to distinguish it from the lamino-dental voiced stop, and is not to be interpreted as the consonant being subapical.
 * The above table lists the attested phonetic segments. Some of the sounds listed here are in free variation with other sounds (e.g. r and r̃ with l and l̃). The reader is referred to the individual languages for an overview of their phoneme inventory.

No Gbe language exhibits all of the above forty-two phonetic segments. According to Capo (1991), all of them have the following twenty-three consonants in common: b, m, t, d, ɖ, n, k, g, kp, gb, ɲ, f, v, s, z, χ, ʁ, r, r̃, l, l̃, y, w.

Vowels
The following vowels are found in Gbe languages:

In general, each Gbe variety makes use of a subset of twelve vowels, seven oral and five nasalised. The vowels are attested in all Gbe languages.

Nasalization plays an important role in the vowel inventory: every vowel in the Gbe languages occurs in a non-nasalized and a nasalized form. Capo (1991) observes that the degree of nasality of nasal vowels is less when they occur after nasal consonants than after non-nasal ones.

Nasalization in Gbe
Capo (1981) has argued that nasalization in Gbe languages should be analyzed phonemically as a feature relevant to vowels and not to consonants. This means that nasal vowels are distinct from oral vowels, while nasal and voiced oral stops are treated as predictable variants. For example, non-syllabic nasal consonants are always followed by a nasal vowel, and syllabic nasal consonants are analyzed as reduced forms of consonant–vowel syllables. This analysis is in line with reconstructions of the proto-Volta–Congo language, for which similar proposals have been made.

Tone
The Gbe languages are tonal languages. In general, they have three tone levels, High (H), Mid (M), and Low (L), of which the lower two are not phonemically contrastive. Thus, the basic tonemes of Gbe are 'High' and 'Non-High', where the High toneme may be realised as High or Rising and the Non-High toneme may be realised as Low or Mid. The tones of Gbe nouns are often affected by the consonant of the noun stem. The voicing of this consonant affects the realisation of the Non-High toneme roughly as follows: If the consonant is a voiced obstruent, the Non-High toneme is realised as Low (è-ḏà 'snake') and if the consonant is a voiceless obstruent or a sonorant, the Non-High toneme is realised as Mid (ām̲ē 'person', à-f̱ī 'mouse'). The consonants that induce tonal alternations in this way are sometimes called depressor consonants.

Morphology
The basic syllable form of Gbe languages is commonly rendered (C1)(C2)V(C3), meaning that there at least has to be a nucleus V, and that there are various possible configurations of consonants (C1-3). The V position may be filled by any of the vowels or by a syllabic nasal. It is also the location of the tone. While virtually any consonant can occur in the C1 position, there exist several restrictions on the kind of consonants that can occur in the C2  and C3  positions. In general, only liquid consonants may occur as C2, while only nasals occur in the C3 position.

Most verbs in Gbe languages have one of the basic syllable forms. Gbe nominals are generally preceded by a nominal prefix consisting of a vowel (cf. the Ewe word , 'tooth'). The quality of this vowel is restricted to the subset of non-nasal vowels. In some cases the nominal prefix is reduced to schwa or lost: the word for 'fire' is izo in Phelá, ' in Wací-Ewe and ' in Pecí-Ewe. The nominal prefix can be seen as a relic of a typical Niger–Congo noun class system.

The Gbe languages are isolating languages, and as such express many semantic features by lexical items. Of a more agglutinative nature are the commonly used periphrastic constructions. In contrast to Bantu languages, a major branch of the Niger–Congo language family, Gbe languages have very little inflectional morphology. There is for example no subject–verb agreement whatsoever in Gbe, no gender agreement, and no inflection of nouns for number. The Gbe languages make extensive use of a rich system of tense/aspect markers.

Reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word, or part of it, is repeated. The Gbe languages, like most other Kwa languages, make extensive use of reduplication in the formation of new words, especially in deriving nouns, adjectives and adverbs from verbs. Thus in Ewe, the verb lã́, 'to cut', is nominalised by reduplication, yielding lãlã́, 'the act of cutting'. Triplication is used to intensify the meaning of adjectives and adverbs, e.g. Ewe ko 'only' → kokooko 'only, only, only'.

Grammar
The basic word order of Gbe clauses is generally subject–verb–object, except in the imperfective tense and some related constructions. The Gbe languages, notably Ewe, Fon and Anlo, played a role in the genesis of several Caribbean creole languages—Haitian Creole for example is classifiable as having a French vocabulary with the syntax of a Gbe language.

The Gbe languages do not have a marked distinction between tense and aspect. The only tense that is expressed by a simple morphological marker in Gbe languages is the future tense. The future marker is ná or a, as can be seen from the examples below.

Other tenses are arrived at by means of special time adverbs or by inference from the context, and this is where the tense/aspect distinction becomes blurred. For example, what is sometimes referred to as perfective aspect in Gbe blends with the notion of past tense since it expresses an event with a definite endpoint, located in the past (see example sentences below).

ŋútsu á a ɸlè xéxí

man DET FUT buy umbrella

'the man will buy an umbrella' (Ewegbe, future marker) ŋútsu á ɸlè xéxí

man DET buy:PFV umbrella

'the man bought an umbrella' (Ewegbe, perfective)

Focus, which is used to draw attention to a particular part of the utterance, to signify contrast or to emphasize something, is expressed in Gbe languages by leftward movement of the focused element and by way of a focus marker wɛ́ (Gungbe, Fongbe), yé (Gengbe) or é (Ewegbe), suffixed to the focused element.

àxwé yé Kòfí tù

house FOC Kofi build:PFV

'Kofi built A HOUSE' (Gengbe, focus)

Questions can be constructed in various ways in Gbe languages. A simple declarative sentence can be turned into an interrogative utterance by the use of the question marker à at the end of the sentence. Another way of forming questions is by using question words. These so-called question word questions are much akin to focus constructions in Gbe. The question word is found at the beginning of the sentence, as is the focus marker. The close relationship to focus is also clear from the fact that in Gbe, a sentence cannot contain a question word and a focused element simultaneously.

Afua de Gɛ à?

Afua reach:PFV Q

'Did Afua go to Accra?' (Ewegbe, question) étɛ́ Sɛ́ná xìá?

what Sena read:PFV

'What did Sena read?' (Gungbe, question word question)

Topicalization, the signalling of the subject that is being talked about, is achieved in Gbe languages by the move of the topicalized element to the beginning of the sentence. In some Gbe languages, a topic marker is suffixed to the topicalized element. In other Gbe languages the topic has to be definite. A topicalized element precedes the focused element in a sentence containing both.

...ɖɔ̀ dàn ɔ́, Kòfí wɛ̀ hùì ~

that snake DET Kofi FOC kill:PFV it

'...that the snake, KOFI killed it' (Fongbe, topic)

Negation is expressed in various ways in the Gbe languages. In general, three methods of negation can be distinguished: Languages like Gungbe express negation by a preverbal marker má; Fongbe-type languages express negation either like Gungbe, or with a sentence-final marker ã; and languages like Ewegbe require both the preverbal marker mé and a sentence-final marker o.

Gbe languages share an areal feature found in many languages of the Volta basin, the serial verb construction. This means that two or more verbs can be juxtaposed in one clause, sharing the same subject, lacking conjunctive markings, resulting in a meaning that expresses the consecutive or simultaneous aspect of the actions of the verbs.

Kofí trɔ dzo kpoo

Kofi turn:PFV leave:PFV quietly

'Kofi turned and left quietly' (Ewegbe, serial verb construction)

title: Gbe languages


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Udomporn Polsak

Major Udomporn Polsak (อุดมพร พลศักดิ์ ; born October 6, 1981) is a Thai weightlifter.

Udomporn Polsak was born in Nakhon Ratchasima. She graduated from the Bangkok College of Physical Education. She won a silver medal in combined lifts at the 2002 Asian Games, bronze at the 2002 World Championships, and gold at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games.

At the 2003 World Weightlifting Championships in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, she won a gold medal, with 100 kg in the snatch and a 222.5 kg total.

She was named 2003 Thai Athlete of the Year by the Sports Authority of Thailand.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens she became the first Thai woman to win an Olympic gold medal, with 97.5 kg snatching and 222.5 kg total.

She was given the honor to be the torch lighter at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games, held in her country.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Udomporn Polsak


text: Category:Weightlifters

title: Category:Weightlifters


text:
User:Katgirl

Who am I?
My name is Kat, and I'm female, therefore "KatGirl". My name has nothing to do with the Batman series or the small domesticated felines that are found in many homes across the globe.

Links

 * My home page
 * Friends of Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park

title: User:Katgirl


text: User talk:160.62.4.10

title: User talk:160.62.4.10


text:
Talk:Tired light effect

Ah! I didn't see this... I have started an article at tired light. Perhaps a merge? :-) --Jonathanischoice 11:51, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tired light effect


text:
Talk:Fairport Convention

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Superlatives in the lead
Th article claimed: The large number of personnel who have been part of the band are among the most highly regarded and influential musicians of their era and have gone on to participate in a large number of significant bands, or enjoyed important solo careers. Of course, all these superlatives go with neither reference nor quote. -- Zz (talk) 23:34, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
 * The person who wrote that was probably thinking of Sandy Denny, Ashley Hutchings, Dave Mattacks, Dave Pegg, Dave Swarbrick and Richard Thompson. Probably not everybody though. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 07:50, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

Improved Introduction
I finally got around to writing an introduction that properly summarizes the band's history and influence. It possibly has the opposite problem to the old one of now being too long, but I feel like two paragraphs on their first three years, one for the next 45, and one on their influence is about as laconic as you can get without leaving out significant parts of the story. I do welcome others improving on what I've done, though; in particular the final paragraph is as good as I could manage with summarizing their influence without merely spouting suparlatives or doubling the length of the intro. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.178.80.99 (talk) 10:45, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

Merge
I proposed merging Woodworm Records and Matty Grooves Records into this article, since the labels appear to have operated purely to put out records by Fairport and solo endeavors. (Perhaps they should be merged into a single standalone article themselves?) Chubbles (talk) 19:13, 19 June 2019 (UTC)
 * There is a good case for Woodworm Records and Matty Grooves Records to share one article, but I don't think that they should be merged into Fairport Convention. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 21:44, 19 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Agree with Rosie above. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:51, 19 June 2019 (UTC)

British Folk Band
What makes this group a British Folk Band? An English Folk Band would appear to be more a correct description and I propose to change it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.70.161.206 (talk) 10:54, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

Photographs Kralingen 1970
Please correct any mistakes! Vysotsky (talk) 10:01, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, these are correct. This is the "Full House" lineup, that period of more than a year (Dec 1969-Jan 1971) of relative stability without any membership changes. Four of the five photos also partially show other members; in each case, from left to right, they are:
 * Nicol, Mattacks, Swarbrick, Thompson.
 * Thompson
 * Swarbrick, Thompson
 * Nicol, Mattacks
 * Nicol, Pegg, Swarbrick
 * I don't know who the two guys are at the back of no. 3. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 09:31, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Vysotsky (talk) 09:57, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
 * This photograph seems to belong to the same series (Fairport at Kralingen), but as it isn't Dave Swarbrick, I guess the photographer turned to another group? Vysotsky (talk) 10:03, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fairport Convention


text: Category:Historical parks of Thailand

title: Category:Historical parks of Thailand


text:
Laure Manaudou

Laure Manaudou (born 9 October 1986) is a retired French Olympic, world and European champion swimmer. She has held the world record in freestyle events between 200 and 1500 meter. She is the daughter of a French father and a Dutch mother, and she is the older sister of Florent Manaudou who is also an Olympic gold medalist swimmer.

2004 Olympics
She won the gold medal in the women's 400-meter freestyle at the 2004 Athens Olympics. It was France's first gold medal ever in women's swimming and the first swimming gold medal won by a French athlete since Jean Boiteux's victory in the 400-meter men's freestyle event at Helsinki in 1952. Manaudou won the silver medal in the women's 800-meter freestyle at the Athens Olympics. In that race, she had a quick start but was passed down the stretch by Ai Shibata of Japan. She also won the bronze medal in the women's 100-meter backstroke, thus becoming only the 2nd Frenchwoman to win three medals in a single Olympic Games, Summer or Winter. The first one was the track and field athlete Micheline Ostermeyer in London in 1948. Manaudou was by far the best swimmer on the French team, but she did not have the team support to win a medal in the women's 4×200 m freestyle relay.

Manaudou is currently tied for third (three medals altogether) on the all-time list of French multiple female Winter or Summer Olympic medal winners along with Micheline Ostermeyer, Marielle Goitschel, Pascale Trinquet-Hachin, Perrine Pelen, Anne Briand-Bouthiaux, Marie-José Pérec, Félicia Ballanger and Camille Muffat. The all-time leader is the fencer Laura Flessel-Colovic, who has five Olympic medals.

2004 European Championships
Laure Manaudou won three gold medals at the 2004 European Swimming Championships in Madrid, Spain, in the 100-metre backstroke, 400-metre freestyle, and the 4×100-metre medley relay.

2005 World Championships
On 24 July 2005 at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Canada, Manaudou won the women's 400-m freestyle. Manaudou was under world record pace for the first half of the race. In the second half of the race, Manaudou was challenged by Shibata, her rival from the Olympics. Pundits were already predicting that Manaudou would eventually eclipse the world-record mark in the 400-m freestyle set by Janet Evans at the 1988 Summer Olympics. This would happen on 12 May 2006, as she broke Evans's world record of 4:03.85 during the final of the French championship in Tours with the time of 4:03.03.

2006 European Championships
On 12 May 2006, Manaudou broke Janet Evans's world record in the women's 400-meter freestyle swim that had stood for 18 years. Manaudou then held the same world record for nearly two years.

On 6 August 2006, on the final day of the 2006 European Swimming Championships in Budapest, she broke her own world record with a time of 4:02.13 in winning the 400-m freestyle title. She also won the 800-m freestyle (in European record time), 200-m individual medley and 100-m backstroke titles. In addition, she obtained the bronze medal in the 200-m freestyle, 4×200-m team freestyle and 4×100-m team medley. With her four titles, she equalled the record of the number of individual titles won in the same European swimming championships held by East Germany's Ute Geweniger (1981) and Hungary's Krisztina Egerszegi (1993).

2007 World Championships
Manaudou broke the 200-m freestyle world record at the 2007 World Swimming Championships in Melbourne in winning the final. She also won the 400-m freestyle event. She obtained silver medals in the 100-m backstroke and the 800-m freestyle, and a bronze for 4×200-m freestyle relay. In the 100-m backstroke, she became the second woman in history to swim under a minute in the event. She was leading the race in the 800-m final going into the last lap, but the American Kate Ziegler finally overtook her in the last metres to win by a margin of 28 cm. She was thus prevented from becoming the first female swimmer to win the 200-m, 400-m and 800-m freestyle titles at the same World Championships.

2008 Olympics
In the 2008 Summer Olympics, Manaudou was unable to recapture her form from the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. After starting strong and holding the lead at the 200-meter mark, she finished last (eighth) in the 400-m freestyle final with a finishing time of 4:11.26. After the defeat, Manaudou admitted giving up during the race after struggling to keep up. She then finished seventh in the 100-m backstroke final. In her final hope for a medal, in the 200-m backstroke, she finished last in her semifinal heat and was eliminated.

Retirement and comeback
On 17 September 2009, at 22 years of age, Manaudou announced through the newspaper Le Parisien her retirement from competitive swimming. She was quoted as saying, "It came to me little by little. I didn’t make it on impulse. It has matured slowly." In October 2010, she returned to training in the United States with the Auburn University Tigers swim team. She made her return to competition on July 14, 2011, in Tigers colours at a small swimming meet in Athens, Georgia, in the United States, where she set a personal record in the 50-m freestyle event (25.84 s).

2012 Olympics
Manaudou competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics in three events – 100 m backstroke, 200 m backstroke, and the 4 × 100 m medley relay. She failed to advance from the first round heats in all the three events. However, she was poolside on August 3 as her younger brother Florent won a surprise victory in the men's 50 m freestyle final, and embraced him following his victory

Personal life
The weekly magazine Paris Match ran a cover story on Manaudou in its 5–11 April 2007 issue.

Manaudou is now dating Fréro Delavega singer Jérémy Frérot, with whom she has two sons, and also a daughter from a previous relationship with Frédérick Bousquet.

Accomplishments
Between June 2004 and April 2008, Manaudou remained unbeaten in the 400-metre freestyle, winning 23 finals in succession.

 * WR : World record
 * ER : European record
 * NR : National record
 * CR : Championship record

Career best times

 * 200-m freestyle: 1.55.51
 * 400-m freestyle: 4:02.13
 * 800-m freestyle: 8:18.80
 * 100-m backstroke: 59.50
 * 200-m backstroke: 2:06.64

title: Laure Manaudou


text:
Talk:Lyall Watson

Untitled
Is this the same guy who provided the commentary for Channel 4's wonderful coverage of Sumo during the early years, which has now sadly been dropped and replaced with codswallop like Big Brother? --Phil | Talk 11:55, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)

Yes! Pawnkingthree 20:27, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * He has also left Santa Fe, New Mexico and moved full time to Ireland. Carptrash 20:42, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

He is now living with his brother is Australia and unfortunately is now very ill. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.71.140.115 (talk) 13:36, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Living with his brother in Australia or South Africa? Carptrash (talk) 14:03, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

I am moving this to the discussion page pending further veritication. Lyall's friends are very concerned that more information about this can not be found. ''He died on 25th June 2008 in Australia. '' if anyone can find an obituary please let us know. Carptrash (talk) 14:32, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

 * It's published in today's (Saturday 26 July) The Age. I totally missed his death and this came as a surprise to me.  It confirms he settled in Ireland but died of a stroke in Gympie, Queensland (that's pronounced with a hard "g" and rhymes with wimpy, for those who might be wondering), where his brother Andrew lives.  Another brother Craig lives in South Africa.  --  JackofOz (talk) 23:14, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Lyall Watson was one of the people discussed on the BBC Radio 4 programme Last Word on July 25, 2008. You should be able to find more information on the website of this programme, which you can find if you go to the BBC website and search the website for "Lyall Watson". ACEOREVIVED (talk) 16:15, 28 July 2008 (UTC) ACEOREVIVED (talk) 23:09, 27 July 2008 (UTC) The website is on

Watson's book "Supernature"
As stated in the body of the article, Mr Watson wrote Supernature.

In it he describes such matters as how a blunt razor blade sharpens itself overnight if left under a pyramid.

The clue to the true nature of the contents of this book come from Mr Watson's first name, sadly. Fletcherbrian (talk) 17:17, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

Correction to the above. The clue...lies in his middle name. Which he later used as his first name. 95.150.224.138 (talk) 10:12, 5 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lyall Watson


text:
Category:National parks of Thailand

See also: List of national parks of Thailand See also: List of Forest Parks of Thailand

title: Category:National parks of Thailand


text: User talk:217.27.197.106

title: User talk:217.27.197.106


text:
User:Barak Naveh

More info is available here

title: User:Barak Naveh


text:
Magnificent Seven

Magnificent Seven or Magnificent 7 may refer to:

Film

 * The Magnificent Seven, a 1960 western film
 * Return of The Magnificent Seven, a 1966 western film
 * Guns of the Magnificent Seven, a 1969 western film
 * The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins, a 1971 motion picture
 * The Magnificent Seven Ride!, a 1972 western film
 * The Magnificent Seven (2016 film), a 2016 remake of the 1960 western film
 * Magnificent 7, a 2005 television film based on the family of English writer Jacqui Jackson

Music

 * The Magnificent 7 (album), by The Supremes and The Four Tops
 * "The Magnificent Seven" (song), a single by The Clash

Television

 * The Magnificent Seven (TV series), a 1998–2000 television series based on the 1960 film
 * "Magnificent Seven", a 1993 episode of the Fox Network sitcom Married... with Children
 * "The Magnificent Seven" (Supernatural), a 2007 episode of the television series

Sports

 * Magnificent Seven (gymnastics), 1996 United States Olympic Women's Gymnastics Team
 * The Magnificent Seven (professional wrestling), a group of WCW professional wrestling heels in 2001
 * The Magnificent Seven, an alternative nickname to the Unsinkable Seven, the seven survivor competitors of the 1963 and 1968 East African Safari Rally
 * Magnificent Seven, two nicknames of thoroughbred horse racing meetings in which jockeys achieved seven victories in a single day:
 * Frankie Dettori at Ascot Racecourse, 1996
 * Richard Hughes (jockey) at Windsor Racecourse, 2012

Others

 * Magnificent Seven cemeteries, a group of London cemeteries constructed in the 19th century
 * The Magnificent Seven, a set of seven attainment badges created by Scouting Ireland S.A.I. in the late 1990s
 * Magnificent Seven stars, a nickname for a group of nearby isolated neutron stars
 * Magnificent Seven elephants, a set of bull elephants with particularly large tusks living in Kruger National Park
 * Magnificent Seven mansions, a group of mansions located in northern Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
 * Magnificent Seven (stocks), a group of highly-performing US stocks

title: Magnificent Seven


text:
Talk:Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film)

Tricks section
The stuff about Christine being tricked seems a bit unlikely. Googling her quote didn't get any hits apart from wikipedia. Any thoughts? Andjam 22:35, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, I removed the section as we have no reference. --Gosub 15:23, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Section in question:

 * Christiane Kubrick said in a 2005 interview in Australia, when asked about how "Dark Side of The Moon" came about: "We were tricked. Pure and simple. We should have been more alert, but at the time... you don't think of these sort of things." She seemed to regret having any involvement in the film mainly because what she said was edited and used out of context. The idea of suing the film makers came up but was quickly extinguished. "That's what they would want," she said.
 * Hi, it was myself who added that section and the quote itself. The interview was held at the ACMI (Australian Center of the Moving Image) in Melbourne, Australia as part of their Kubrick retrospective. I was in the audience for that interview and can swear on a stack of Bibles that the information posted was accurate. However, I do not know if the interview was recorded in any fashion by the Center, so I'm not sure if it can be backed up, but there was a number of people there who heard her say this. Gohst 03:47, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Having viewed this film many times (6?) I did not clearly gleen any direct quotes from the credits at the end of the film that gave it away as a ruse but instead gave me the impression that the drunken sots were too chummy with the camera people. Quotes of the exact phrases that give the "mocumentary" away are in order. This whole film reeks of damage control as video of the press conference where Armstrong seems puzzeled to be asked about seeing stars and then appears to say he "didn't remember seeing stars" and looks at his colleges for confermantion. If you have studied the topic you have seen the clip. The film does serve, deliberatly or not to deligitimise the valid questions about everything from operation paper clip to the current "office of strategic influence" those relivant sentiments are not scratched at all.user

 * LOL — NRen2k5 (TALK), 23:03, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Yes, and the Vietnamese villagers really did give the dead body of the CIA operative to their children to play with, just as the subtitles suggested. Nina 124.170.229.142 (talk) 12:56, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

I hope this section is still alive. The discussion regarding doubts re. tricks appears almost surrealistic when the quoted sources themselves confirm it. In the first link "Entretien avec William Karel", the director himself says very clearly that they were not informed of the actual purpose of the interview:

 * "Comment avez-vous procédé avec les protagonistes de votre film ? Comment les avez-vous convaincus d’entrer dans le jeu ?

 * Aucun n’est entré dans le jeu ! L’idée était de détourner des entretiens, et nous n’avons mis aucun des témoins dans la confidence, ni les gens de la NASA, ni Aldrin, ni la femme de Kubrick, ni le frère de celle-ci. Il y a juste sept comédiens à qui on a donné un texte et qui jouent certains témoins. Les images des conseillers de Nixon proviennent du film les Hommes de la Maison-Blanche. En détournant leurs témoignages, il suffisait d’avoir un “faux” témoin, en l’occurrence la secrétaire de Nixon, pour faire le lien et rendre l’histoire crédible. Aux “vrais” témoins, nous disions que nous faisions un film sur Kubrick, sur son film, sur la Lune ou sur la NASA, et nous leur posions des questions un peu vagues… "

Which means in English:

 * "None [of the protagonists] played the game! The idea was to twist interviews, and we didn't bring any witness into the secret, be it the NASA people, or Aldrin, or Kubrick's wife, or her brother. There are just seven actors, to whom we gave a text and who play some witnesses. [...] We told the "real" witnesses that we were making a film about Kubrick, his film, the moon or NASA, and we asked them fairly vague questions..."

This leaves no trace of doubt that these people were tricked. It may be due to not reading French that nobody seems to have noticed it before. Regardless, the present form of the paragraph, stating that some witnesses other than the actors were reading scripted lines is clearly in error and needs to be corrected.Jlbruyelle (talk) 16:25, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

Documentary or mockumentary?
On October 28, 2009, someone with the IP address of 195.132.20.5 decided to change "mockumentary" to "documentary". I believe that mockumentary is more appropriate, especially in view of the fact that this film is, quite possibly, the epitomy of what a mockumentary actually is. I am not arguing here whether Neil Armstrong actually did or did not walk on the moon. What I am saying, though, is that the filmmaker obviously intended this to be a mockumentary. I will nevertheless wait a day or two before reinstating the original term to allow the anonymous editor to express his view, in case he had a valid reason to edit the page as he did. — Oclupak (talk) 19:48, 30 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with you, and nobody has come forward, so I changed it back. Captain Chaos (talk) 17:36, 6 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Clearly not a documentary. Changed back to mockumentary.Catiline63 (talk) 06:39, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I would like to pint out that the film is at no time presented as mocumentary and is not the only place where the information provided has been aired. Did the film makers say this a a mocumentray, none of this is true. I would like to say that as someone not decided one way or another, that, by saying mockumentary so boldly you actually fictionalise what is well known arguement.

This sort of degredation of well presented material so wrong and helps to kill debate. It is similar in its methods to the criticism given to 911 conspiracy theorests and kills well reasond arguement and debate leaving us in a world where possible injustice can go unanswered.

Remove the word, it is not required. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.213.222.91 (talk) 03:18, 25 September 2010 (UTC) I have to agree with the above commenter in one sense and that is the fact that this movie was even mmade was to help deflect the coming storm of world wwide condemnation of NASA. If the Kubrick truths of aiding the moon landing declarations of NASA by making films and still photos for NASA ever comes to Light there will be a huge storm. The movie THE SHINING is reviewed by Researcher Jay Weidner and shows clear clues that the moviemaker Kubrick desperately wanted the world to know the truth and so he hid information about Apollo 11 and the fake moon films and pic in the movie...Look for the clues Weidner has Brilliantly uncovered and marvel at the pure genius of Stanley Kubrick all over again. and dont forget to call for criminal investigations of NASA managers from the moon landing era in the USA and any at NASA who have aided the cover up of the truth !Blondeignore (talk) 20:55, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Just so this discussion, by being unanswered, stirs up continued senseless discussion:

 * The film IS a mockumentary.

 * The joke is on the likes of "Researcher Jay Weidner" and apparently on the commentators, above. If anyone takes an interview with "Astronaut David Bowman" seriously or is not laughing at the subtitled line, "McDonald's wrappers everywhere!" they have missed the point, missed the joke, and really do not want their name attached to further comments in this section.-- cregil   (talk)  16:33, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

Characters (new section)
Added "Characters" section and list to the article.

Certainly helpful in dismissing the argument that this is something other than a mockumentary is the list of character names and of actors playing the parts-- derived from the listing at the end of the film. Information about the source of the character names has been provided when applicable.

That the credits are rarely found on Internet versions of the film may be a cause of some of the confusion. One might reasonably suspect that the credits were edited out from versions used on conspiracy sites by those with an intent to deceive.-- cregil  (talk)  21:07, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

Reception section
This section implied that the moon landing happened on 27th July. It was actually on July 21st, so I edited out the sentence that was in error.Jlbruyelle (talk) 17:03, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

See Also section
I don't see any relation between "Dark side of the moon" and "World War III" that appears in the links. I reckon it's a mistake and the link should be removed?

 * It was a reference to World War III (film), also a mockumentary and which also used a mix of real persons but out of context events and actors. I do not know of its addition or deletion to the "See Also" section adds to the article's usefulness.-- cregil   (talk)  16:07, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

Giveaways section
(***How is this not possible? Nixon won in November 1968, just months after the release of 2001. Nixon could have seen the movie and incorporated aspects of 2001 into his presidency. The master film reel of 2001 still exists much like the master recordings of all the pop stars. When Madonna releases a song, the real original master recording exists even today. So why can't someone in 2013 use film footage from 2001 again?***)

 * What the film says is not that Nixon used footage from 2001 - which would have been possible but would not account for the different spacecraft, spacesuits and moonscape. What the film says is that Nixon sent a CIA crew to the set of 2001 while it was being shot, which is simply impossible for the reason given in the article. Jlbruyelle (talk) 09:43, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film)


text:
Master aircrew

Master aircrew (MAcr) is the warrant-officer rank held by aircrew in the Royal Air Force. It is equivalent to warrant officer in other trades, and is effectively the highest non-commissioned aircrew rank. It has a NATO rank code of OR-9.

People holding this rank used to be referred to by different titles depending on their specialisation:
 * Master Signaller (MSig)
 * Master Engineer (MEng)
 * Master Air Electronics Operator (MAEOp)
 * Master Air Loadmaster (MALM).

This rank is the sole survivor of a system of separate ranks for aircrew which existed between 1 July 1946 and 1950 (another system for technical staff existed between 1950 and 1964). Other designations, such as master pilot and master navigator, once existed, but now these specialisations are only held by officers.

The badge of rank is a small version of the Royal Arms (as worn by a warrant officer) with an eagle below, all surrounded by a wreath. Master aircrew receive a warrant signed by the Secretary of State for Defence.

New Zealand
The Royal New Zealand Air Force used the rank until June 2007 when the Master Aircrew rank reverted to Warrant Officer.

title: Master aircrew


text:
Talk:Whitehaven

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title: Talk:Whitehaven


text:
Caveman (film)

Caveman is a 1981 slapstick comedy film written and directed by Carl Gottlieb and starring Ringo Starr, Dennis Quaid, Shelley Long and Barbara Bach. The film is set in prehistoric times and revolves around the rivalries between cavemen.

Plot
Atouk is a bullied and scrawny caveman living in "One Zillion BC – October 9th". He lusts after the beautiful but shallow Lana, who is the mate of Tonda, their tribe's physically imposing bullying leader and brutish instigator. After being banished along with his friend Lar, Atouk falls in with a band of assorted misfits, among them the comely Tala and the elderly blind man Gog. The group has ongoing encounters with hungry dinosaurs, and rescues Lar from a "nearby ice age", where they encounter an abominable snowman. In the course of these adventures, they discover sedative drugs and fire, invent cooking, music, and weapons, and learn how to walk fully upright. Atouk uses these advances to lead an attack on Tonda, overthrowing him and becoming the tribe's new leader. He rejects Lana and takes Tala as his mate, and they live happily ever after.

Cast

 * Ringo Starr as Atouk
 * Barbara Bach as Lana
 * Dennis Quaid as Lar
 * Shelley Long as Tala
 * John Matuszak as Tonda
 * Avery Schreiber as Ock
 * Jack Gilford as Gog
 * Ed Greenberg as Kalta
 * Cork Hubbert as Ta
 * Mark King as Ruck
 * Evan C. Kim as Nook
 * Carl Lumbly as Bork
 * Gigi Vorgan as Folg's Daughter
 * Paco Morayta as Flok
 * Jack Scalici as Folg
 * Miguel Ángel Fuentes as Grot
 * Erika Carlsson as Folg's Mate
 * Sara López Sierra as Folg's Younger Daughter
 * Esteban Valdez as Folg's Son
 * Juan Ancona Figueroa as Folg's Younger Son
 * Juan Omar Ortiz as Folg's Youngest Son
 * Anaís de Melo as Meeka
 * Tere Álvarez as Ock's Mate
 * Ana De Sade as Grot's Mate
 * Gerardo Zepeda as Boola
 * Hector Moreno	as Noota
 * Pamela Gual as Noota's Mate
 * Richard Moll as Abominable Snowman

Production
Filming was mostly done in the Sierra de Órganos National Park in the town of Sombrerete in the state of Zacatecas, Mexico. The river and fishing lake scene was shot in the Mexican state of Durango, and some scenes were filmed at the Churubusco Studios in Mexico City. The film features stop motion animated dinosaurs constructed by Jim Danforth, including a Tyrannosaurus Rex which in one scene becomes intoxicated by a cannabis-type drug, animated by Randall W. Cook. Danforth was a major participant in the special effects sequences, but left the film "about two-thirds of the way" (his words) through the work because the Directors Guild of America prohibited his contracted on-screen credit, co-direction with Carl Gottlieb. Consequently, Danforth's name does not appear on the film.

The film's dialog is almost entirely in "caveman" language, such as:
 * "aiyee" – help
 * "alunda" – love
 * "bobo" – friend
 * "caca" – shit
 * "gluglug" – drowned
 * "guwi" – out to get
 * "haraka" – fire
 * "kuda" – come
 * "macha" – monster
 * "nya" – no/not
 * "ool" – food
 * "pooka" – broken/pain
 * "ugh" – like
 * "ya" – yes
 * "zug zug" – sex/mate

At some showings audiences were issued a translation pamphlet for 30 "caveman words." The only English dialog present is used for comedic effect, when it is spoken by a caveman played by Evan Kim who speaks modern English but is understood by none of the other characters. Being a Korean caveman, by speaking English, he appears to be more advanced than the rest. At her audition, Long said she did not speak any English, but responded to everything with grunts.

Barbara Bach and Ringo Starr first met on the set of Caveman, and they married just over a year later.

Home media
The film was released on Region 1 DVD by MGM Home Entertainment on June 4, 2002. It was then released on February 17, 2015 on Blu-ray Disc by Olive Films.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 33% based on reviews from 21 critics, with an average rating of 4.7/10. On Metacritic the film has a score of 55% based on reviews from 7 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 stars out of a possible 4. The cast was "interesting", he wrote, but the main failing of Caveman was it being a spoof with "no popular original material for it to satirize. There has never been a really successful movie set in prehistoric times." Ebert and Gene Siskel both gave the film a negative "don't see it" review on their TV show but softened their criticism somewhat by noting that its dinosaur-related sequences were amusing.

Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film was "dopey, but it's also lots of fun", and that the real star was the special-effects dinosaur. Pauline Kael of The New Yorker gave it a positive review, calling it "a funky, buoyant farce."

Gary Arnold of The Washington Post gave it a mixed review. He was critical with the lack of originality but suggests younger audiences who have not seen it before may enjoy it. Arnold compares the film unfavorably to Three Ages, where Buster Keaton was able to bring his genius, Caveman struggles to overcome Starr's limits and director Gottlieb fails to make use of other talented actors such as Quaid, Schreiber, or Gilford.

title: Caveman (film)


text:
Ledo Road

Stilwell.jpeg [[Image:FlagsOverStilwellRoad.gif|thumb|A [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] soldier and a Chinese soldier place the flag of their ally on the front of their jeep just before the first truck convoy in almost three years crossed the China border en route from Ledo, India, to Kunming, China, over the Stilwell road in 1945]] [[Image:African-americans-wwii-009.jpg|thumb|"U.S.-built Army trucks wind along the side of the mountain over the Ledo supply road now open from India into Burma..."]]

The Ledo Road (လီဒိုလမ်းမ) was an overland connection between British India and China, built during World War II to enable the Western Allies to deliver supplies to China and aid the war effort against Japan. After the Japanese cut off the Burma Road in 1942 an alternative was required, hence the construction of the Ledo Road. It was renamed the Stilwell Road, after General Joseph Stilwell of the U.S. Army, in early 1945 at the suggestion of Chiang Kai-shek. It passes through the Burmese towns of Shingbwiyang, Myitkyina and Bhamo in Kachin state. Of the 1726 km long road, 1033 km are in Burma and 632 km in China with the remainder 61 km was in India. The road had the Ledo-Pangsau Pass-Tanai (Danai)-Myitkyina--Bhamo-Mansi-Namhkam-Kunming route.

To move supplies from the railheads to the Army fronts, three all-weather roads were constructed in record time during the autumn (fall) of 1943: Ledo Road in the north across three nations, which went on to connect to the Burma Road and supply China; the campaign-winning Central Front road within India from Dimapur to Imphal; and the southern road from Dohazari south of Chittagong in British India for the advance of troops to Arakan in Myanmar.

In the 19th century, British railway builders had surveyed the Pangsau Pass, which is 1136 m high on the India-Burma border, on the Patkai crest, above Nampong, Arunachal Pradesh and Ledo, Tinsukia (part of Assam). They concluded that a track could be pushed through to Burma and down the Hukawng Valley. Although the proposal was dropped, the British prospected the Patkai Range for a road from Assam into northern Burma. British engineers had surveyed the route for a road for the first 80 mi. After the British had been pushed back out of most of Burma by the Japanese, building this road became a priority for the United States. After Rangoon was captured by the Japanese and before the Ledo Road was finished, the majority of supplies to the Chinese had to be delivered via airlift over the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains known as the Hump.

After the war, the road fell into disuse. In 2010, the BBC reported "much of the road has been swallowed up by jungle."

Construction
On 1 December 1942, British General Sir Archibald Wavell, the supreme commander of the Far Eastern Theatre, agreed with American General Stilwell to make the Ledo Road an American NCAC operation. The Ledo Road was intended to be the primary supply route to China and was built under the direction of General Stilwell from the railhead at Ledo, Assam, in India, to Mong-Yu road junction where it joined the Burma Road. From there trucks could continue on to Wanting on the Chinese frontier, so that supplies could be delivered to the reception point in Kunming, China. Stilwell's staff estimated that the Ledo Road route would supply 65,000 tons of supplies per month, greatly surpassing tonnage then being airlifted over the Hump to China. General Claire Lee Chennault, the USAAF Fourteenth Air Force commander, thought the projected tonnage levels were overly optimistic and doubted that such an extended network of trails through difficult jungle could ever match the amount of supplies that could be delivered with modern cargo transport aircraft.

The road was built by 15,000 American soldiers (60 percent of whom were African-Americans) and 35,000 local workers at an estimated cost of US$150 million (or $2 billion 2017). The costs also included the loss of over 1,100 Americans lives, as many died during the construction, as well as the loss of many locals' lives. The human cost of the 1,079 mile road was therefore described as "A Man A Mile". As most of Burma was in Japanese hands it was not possible to acquire information as to the topography, soils, and river behaviour before construction started. This information had to be acquired as the road was constructed.

General Stilwell had organized a 'Service of Supply' (SOS) under the command of Major General Raymond A. Wheeler, a high-profile US Army engineer and assigned him to look after the construction of the Ledo Road. Major General Wheeler, in turn, assigned responsibility of base commander for the road construction to Colonel John C. Arrowsmith. Later, he was replaced by Colonel Lewis A. Pick, an expert US Army engineer.

Work started on the first 166 km section of the road in December 1942. The road followed a steep, narrow trail from Ledo, across the Patkai Range through the Pangsau Pass (nicknamed "Hell Pass" for its difficulty), and down to Shingbwiyang, Burma. Sometimes rising as high as 1400 m, the road required the removal of earth at the rate of 1800 m3/km. Steep gradients, hairpin curves and sheer drops of 60 m, all surrounded by a thick rain forest was the norm for this first section. The first bulldozer reached Shingbwiyang on 27 December 1943, three days ahead of schedule.

The building of this section allowed much-needed supplies to flow to the troops engaged in attacking the Japanese 18th Division, which was defending the northern area of Burma with their strongest forces around the towns of Kamaing, Mogaung, and Myitkyina. Before the Ledo road reached Shingbwiyang, Allied troops (the majority of whom were American-trained Chinese divisions of the X Force) had been totally dependent on supplies flown in over the Patkai Range. As the Japanese were forced to retreat south, the Ledo Road was extended. This was made considerably easier from Shingbwiyang by the presence of a fair weather road built by the Japanese, and the Ledo Road generally followed the Japanese trace. As the road was built, two 10 cm fuel pipe lines were laid side-by-side so that fuel for the supply vehicles could be piped instead of trucked along the road.

After the initial section to Shingbwiyang, more sections followed: Warazup, Myitkyina, and Bhamo, 600 km from Ledo. At that point the road joined a spur of the old Burma road and, although improvements to further sections followed, the road was passable. The spur passed through Namkham 558 km from Ledo and finally at the Mong-Yu road junction, 748 km from Ledo, the Ledo Road met the Burma Road. To get to the Mong-Yu junction the Ledo Road had to span 10 major rivers and 155 secondary streams, averaging one bridge every 4.5 km.

For the first convoys, if they turned right, they were on their way to Lashio 160 km to the south through Japanese-occupied Burma. If they turned left, Wanting lay 100 km to the north just over the China-Burma border. However, by late 1944, the road still did not reach China; by this time, tonnage airlifted over the Hump to China had significantly expanded with the arrival of more modern transport aircraft.

In late 1944, barely two years after Stilwell accepted responsibility for building the Ledo Road, it connected to the Burma Road though some sections of the road beyond Myitkyina at Hukawng Valley were under repair due to heavy monsoon rains. It became a highway stretching from Assam, India to Kunming, China 1736 km length. On 12 January 1945, the first convoy of 113 vehicles, led by General Pick, departed from Ledo; they reached Kunming, China on 4 February 1945. In the six months following its opening, trucks carried 129,000 tons of supplies from India to China. Twenty-six thousand trucks that carried the cargo (one way) were handed over to the Chinese.

As General Chennault had predicted, supplies carried over the Ledo Road at no time approached tonnage levels of supplies airlifted monthly into China over the Hump. However, the road complemented the airlifts. The capture of the Myitkyina airstrip enabled the Air Transport Command "to fly a more southerly route without fear of Japanese fighters, thus shortening and flattening the Hump trip with astonishing results." In July 1943 the air tonnage was 5,500 rising to 8,000 in September and 13,000 in November. After the capture of Myitkyina deliveries jumped from 18,000 tons in June 1944 to 39,000 in November 1944.

In July 1945, the last full month before the end of the war, 71,000 tons of supplies were flown over the Hump, compared to only 6,000 tons using the Ledo Road; the airlift operation continued in operation until the end of the war, with a total tonnage of 650,000 tons compared to 147,000 for the Ledo Road. By the time supplies were flowing over the Ledo Road in large quantities, operations in other theaters had shaped the course of the war against Japan.

When flying over the Hukawng Valley during the monsoon, Mountbatten asked his staff the name of the river below them. An American officer replied, "That's not a river, it's the Ledo Road."

American Army units assigned to the Ledo Road
The units initially assigned to the initial section were: In 1943 they were joined by:
 * 45th Engineer General Service Regiment (An African-American Unit)
 * 823rd Aviation Engineer Battalion (EAB) (An African-American Unit)
 * 848th EAB (An African-American Unit)
 * 849th EAB (An African-American Unit)
 * 858th EAB (An African-American Unit)
 * 1883rd EAB (An African-American Unit)
 * 236th Combat Engineer Battalion
 * 1875th Combat Engineer Battalion

From the middle of April until the middle of May 1944 Company A of the 879th Airborne Engineer Battalion worked 24 hours a day on the Ledo Road, construction of their base camp and Shingbwiyang airfield, before deploying to Myitkyina to improve the facilities of an old British airfield recently recaptured from the Japanese.

Work continued through 1944 in late December it was opened for the transport of logistics. In January 1945, four of the black EABs (along with three white battalions) continued working on the now renamed Stilwell Road, improving and widening it. Indeed, one of these African American units was assigned the task of improving the road that extended into China.

Comments on the construction of the road
Winston Churchill called the project "an immense, laborious task, unlikely to be finished until the need for it has passed".

The British Field Marshal William Slim who commanded the British Fourteenth Army in India/Burma wrote of the Ledo Road: "I agreed with Stilwell that the road could be built. I believed that, properly equipped and efficiently led, Chinese troops could defeat Japanese if, as would be the case with his Ledo force, they had a considerable numerical superiority. On the engineering side I had no doubts. We had built roads over country as difficult, with much less technical equipment than the Americans would have. My British engineers, who had surveyed the trace for the road for the first 80 mi, were quite confident about that. We were already, on the Central front, maintaining great labour forces over equally gimcrack lines of communication. Thus far Stilwell and I were in complete agreement, but I did not hold two articles of his faith. I doubted the overwhelming war-winning value of this road, and, in any case, I believed it was starting from the wrong place. The American amphibious strategy in the Pacific, of hopping from island to island would, I was sure, bring much quicker results than an overland advance across Asia with a Chinese army yet to be formed. In any case, if the road was to be really effective, its feeder railway should start from Rangoon, not Calcutta."

Post World War II
After Burma was liberated, the road gradually fell into disrepair. In 1955 the Oxford-Cambridge Overland Expedition drove from London to Singapore and back. They followed the road from Ledo to Myitkyina and beyond (but not to China). The book First Overland written about this expedition by Tim Slessor (1957) reported that bridges were down in the section between Pangsau Pass and Shingbwiyang. In February 1958 the Expedition of Eric Edis and his team also used the road from Ledo to Myitkyina en route to Rangoon, Singapore and Australia. Ten months later they returned in the opposite direction. In his book about this expedition The Impossible Takes a Little Longer, Edis (2008) reports that they have removed a yellow sign with India/Burma on it from the Indian/Burmese border and that they have donated it to the Imperial War Museum in London. For many years, travel into the region was also restricted by the Government of India. Because of continuous clashes between insurgents (who were seeking shelter in Burma) and the Indian Armed Forces, India imposed harsh restrictions between 1962 and the mid-1990s on travel into Burma.

Since an improvement in relations between India and Myanmar, travel has improved and tourism has begun near Pangsayu Pass (at the Lake of No Return). Recent attempts to travel the full road have met with varying results. At present the Nampong-Pangsau Pass section is passable in four-wheel drive vehicles. The road on the Burmese side is now reportedly fit for vehicular traffic. Donovan Webster reached Shingbwiyang on wheels in 2001, and in mid-2005 veterans of the Burma Star Association were invited to join a "down memory lane" trip to Shingbwiyang organised by a politically well-connected travel agent. These groups successfully travelled the road but none made any comment on the political or human rights situation on Burma afterward.

Burmese from Pangsau village saunter nonchalantly across Pangsau Pass down to Nampong in India for marketing, for the border is open despite the presence of insurgents on both sides. There are Assam Rifles and Burma Army posts at Nampong and Pangsau respectively. But the rules for locals in these border areas do not necessarily apply to westerners. The governments of both countries keep careful watch on the presence of westerners in the border areas and the land border is officially closed. Those who cross without permission risk arrest or problems with smugglers/insurgents in the area.

Current status
As of 2022, the road from Ledo to Nampong in India was a paved road, with the road going further to Pangsau Pass on India-Myanmar having restricted civilian access. From Pangsau to Tanai was a mud track, from Tanai to Myitkyina was a wide compacted-earth road maintained by a commercial plantation company, the road section from Myitkyina to China border was reconstructed by a Chinese company, from China border to Kunmin is a 6 lane highway.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Burmese government focused on the reconstruction of the Ledo Road as an alternative to the existing Lashio-Kunming Burma Road. The Chinese government completed construction of the Myitkyina-Kambaiti section in 2007. Rangoon-based Yuzana Company constructed the section between Myitkyina and Tanai (Danai) which was already operational in 2011 as the company owns thousands of acres of land there for its multiple crop plantation including sugarcane and cassava. India's government, however, fears that the road may be useful to militants in North East India who have hideouts in Myanmar.

In 2010 the BBC described the road as such: "Much of the road has been swallowed up by jungle. It is barely passable on foot and is considered too dangerous to use by many because of the presence of Burmese and Indian ethnic insurgents in the area....At present the road from Myitkyina to the Chinese border – along with the brief Indian section – is usable."

In 2014, to document the status of the road, photographer Findlay Kember, working on a photo feature for the South China Morning Post, traveled the entire length of the road across three nations on three different trips due to not being allowed to cross the international borders. In India, there is Stilwell park in Lekhapani near Ledo to mark the beginning of the Stilwell road, a World War 2-era cemetery between Jairampur and Pangsau Pass for the Chinese soldiers and labourers who built the road, a still existing bridge near Nampong nicknamed "Hell's Gate" due to treacherous conditions and landslides in the area. In Myanmar, he found villagers using a World War II gas tank as a water tank in Kachin state, and the gravel road between Myitkyina and Tanai was very wide and well used but unpaved. In China, he found World War II trenches in Songshan in Yunnan province which was a site of fierce battles between Japanese defenders and Chinese attackers in June 1944, and a brass relief honoring Chinese and American soldiers in Tengchong in Yunnan. A post went viral in Philippines in 2019 which showed the current picture of 24-zigzag hairpin turns of Stilwell road on a mountain slope in Qinglong County in Guizhou province of China. It turned out to be a photo taken by Findlay Kember on his earlier trip. In 2015, it was not possible to cross the border on the Ledo Road due to visa restrictions. In 2015, the section from Namyun to Pangsau Pass in Burma was a "heavily rutted muddy track" through the jungle according to a BBC correspondent.

In 2016, China called for restoration of Stilwell road.

title: Ledo Road


text:
Ruby Cabernet

Ruby Cabernet is a red Olmo grape variety that is a cross between Cabernet Sauvignon and Carignan. It can produce wines with good colour and a pleasant cherry flavour, but is mostly blended into bulk wines.

The purpose for the creation of the crossing of the grape varieties utilized to produce Ruby Cabernet was to obtain the superior quality of a Cabernet wine, and the resistance to heat of the Carignan combined in an inexpensive table wine. Even though the wine made from these grapes does not possess the distinctive flavor and the overall structure of other types of Cabernet wines, it does carry their fruitful essence.

The grape for this type of red wine was developed for California's hot climate, specially for regions such as the San Joaquin and the Napa Valleys. Ruby Cabernet has improved the quality of the bulk wines produced in these areas thanks to its natural, special acidity.

History
Ruby Cabernet is a cross between Cabernet Sauvignon and Carignan created in 1936 by Dr Harold Olmo at UC Davis in California. The intention was to combine Carignan's heat tolerance with Cabernet Sauvignon's quality, like the Cinsaut x Pinot noir cross that led to Pinotage a few years previously.

Argentina
A little is grown in Argentina for blending into bulk wines.

Australia
Small amounts are grown in the Hunter Valley and Murray-Darling region, disappearing into nondescript blends. However a few producers take the variety seriously. Andrew McPherson in Victoria uses the variety in several export wines f.x Full Fifteen exported to England and Denmark.

Brazil
Vale do São Francisco winery in Pernambuco, Brazilian Northeast region, successfully grows the variety and produces the wine Botticelli Coleção Ruby Cabernet. Vinícola Campos de Cima in Itaqui, Campanha Gaúcha, grows the grape and produces a 100% varietal of the wine Ruby Cabernet.

Mexico
Valle De Guadalupe, Baja California (near Ensenada) produces a very nice variety and quality wines. Included is Cabernet Franc - Malbec/Ruby Cabernet. Aguascalientes is also another wine region where wines with this grape are produced.

Chile
Some Ruby Cabernet is supposedly grown in Chile, but few wines will admit to it on the label.

Israel
A little Ruby Cabernet is used by the Tishbi winery in Zichron Ya'akov. Some 17 tons were harvested in 2012.

South Africa
For a while Ruby Cabernet was thought to hold a lot of promise for the hotter regions of South Africa, but in practice problems with fruit set have limited its success. It is successfully grown in the Robertson district, and forms the main ingredient of the Van Loveren "River Red" blend.

Spain
Several DOs on the Islas Canarias include Ruby Cabernet in their authorized list of grape varieties including DO Lanzarote, Tacoronte-Acentejo, Valle de Güímar, and Valle de la Orotava.

United States
Ruby Cabernet is mostly planted in California, particularly in the San Joaquin Valley where it adds colour and backbone to bulk wines. Vineyards where farming techniques are employed to maximize quality however can produce wines with exceptional aroma, flavor, and mouth feel.

Vine and Viticulture
The vine is very drought resistant, and stands up well to high winds. Poor fruit set has been a problem in South Africa, and it is vulnerable to powdery mildew. In California's San Joaquin Valley, vineyards should limit irrigation, thin crop, and expose fruit to the sun to maximize wine quality.

Vineyard ground
The vineyards on which grapes for Ruby Cabernet are grown, are seat on vigorous grounds filled with deep clay loam. The canopies on these vineyards are usually quite open and not completely erected. The spacing below the vineyard row is normally of about seven to eight feet for optimal vertical shoot positioning. In case of vineyards which are quadrilateral and divided in a horizontal way, the space must be of about six to seven feet.

title: Ruby Cabernet


text:
Mystery Girl

Mystery Girl is the twenty-second album by American singer Roy Orbison. It was his last album to be recorded during his lifetime, as he completed the album in November 1988, a month before his death at the age of 52, and it was released posthumously by Virgin Records on January 31, 1989. It includes the hit singles "You Got It", which was co-written by Orbison and his Traveling Wilburys bandmates Jeff Lynne and Tom Petty, and "She's a Mystery to Me", written by Bono and The Edge. The album was a critical and commercial success; it peaked at number 5 on the Billboard 200 in the United States, the highest position Orbison had achieved on that chart, and number 2 on the UK Albums Chart.

Mystery Girl was Orbison's first album of all-new material since 1979 and its success posthumously continued the resurgence that his career had undergone since 1986. Among the many other contributors to the album were Mike Campbell and other members of the Heartbreakers, T Bone Burnett, George Harrison, Jim Keltner and Rick Vito. For the 25th anniversary of its release, the album was reissued with bonus tracks including "The Way Is Love", a song recorded by Orbison on a cassette tape in the 1980s that was subsequently completed by his sons and producer John Carter Cash.

Recording
Before making Mystery Girl, Roy Orbison's last album of new material had been 1979's Laminar Flow. This release followed a run of commercial and critical failures in the United States since his years of international stardom in the early 1960s. From 1986, support from admirers such as filmmaker David Lynch and Bruce Springsteen reversed this trend, rescuing him from relative obscurity in his homeland as Orbison again became a popular concert draw. According to The Authorized Roy Orbison, recordings for Mystery Girl began in July 1987 at Ocean Way Studios in Hollywood with the track "(All I Can Do is) Dream You". Jeff Lynne, another long-time admirer, began writing songs with Orbison in Los Angeles over Christmas 1987. The track "You Got It" was written at this time and was a collaboration between Lynne, Orbison and Tom Petty. With Lynne as his producer, Orbison recorded "You Got It" in April 1988 at the garage studio of Petty's bandmate in the Heartbreakers, Mike Campbell.

Recording for the album continued alongside Orbison's involvement in the Traveling Wilburys, a supergroup project initiated by George Harrison and Lynne that also included Petty and Bob Dylan. Aside from further Lynne-produced sessions for Mystery Girl, to which Petty and Harrison contributed, Orbison recorded some of the songs with Campbell, T Bone Burnett and his wife Barbara Orbison each in the role of producer. The Heartbreakers played on much of the album, while Elvis Costello contributed the song "The Comedians".

The album was named after the chorus from the track "She's a Mystery to Me", which was written by U2's Bono and The Edge. In the documentary In Dreams: The Roy Orbison Story, Bono says he woke up for a concert soundcheck, following a late night listening to the soundtrack to Lynch's Blue Velvet, and had the tune of the title song in his head, figuring it was another Orbison song ("In Dreams" was the only Orbison song on that album). During the soundcheck, he performed "She's a Mystery to Me" for the other members of U2, who agreed that it sounded like an Orbison song. Orbison later met the band backstage at one of their concerts and subsequently asked Bono if he would like to write a song either with or for him.

Recording for the album was completed in November 1988. Having maintained a busy schedule of concert performances, Orbison told Johnny Cash at this time that he was experiencing chest pains and would need to do something about his health. On December 6, two days after performing a show in Highland Heights, Ohio, Orbison died of a heart attack, at the age of 52.

Release and reception
Mystery Girl was Orbison's first significant critical and commercial success as a solo artist since the mid-1960s. It was released on January 31, 1989 and followed the Wilburys' Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 into the higher reaches of the US albums chart. On April 8, 1989, Orbison became the first deceased musician since Elvis Presley to have two albums in the top five positions in the US, with the Traveling Wilburys album at number 4 and Mystery Girl at number 5. This was the highest placing he had achieved for an album in the US, and the single, "You Got It", which peaked at number 9, was Orbison's first top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 since "Oh, Pretty Woman" in 1964. In the United Kingdom, on the national chart dated to February 11, 1989, Mystery Girl was listed at number 2 (its peak position there), as the compilation The Legendary Roy Orbison was at number 3.

In his contemporary review for the Chicago Tribune, David Silverman lamented that, given the expectations caused by Orbison's death, "the publicity and fanfare have threatened to cheapen the album, reducing it to novelty status while directing attention away from its rightful distinction as one of Orbison's finest works – a comeback to match his legendary status." Silverman especially admired "Dream You" and said that the only weak track was "The Comedians", where "the openly rancorous story" was unsuitable for such "an unrequited romantic" as Orbison. By contrast, New York Times critic Stephen Holden highlighted "The Comedians" as the album's "outstanding song", saying that it was a "witty parody" of Orbison's 1961 hit "Running Scared" that the singer had succeeded in transcending from mere homage due to his expressive vocal. Holden added that, throughout Mystery Girl, "the singing, songwriting and production do a superb job of bringing Orbison up to date without diluting his haunted hyper-romantic fervor." The Deseret News' reviewer described it as a "great, great album" that sealed Orbison's comeback after the Traveling Wilburys' recent success and reinforced what a true loss his death was to popular music. The reviewer admired Orbison's ability to work effectively with his collaborators and highlighted "You Got It" as an "exceptional single" and "She's a Mystery to Me" as "perhaps the best song on the album".

In May 2014, Mystery Girl was reissued in a 25th anniversary edition. It included bonus material such as demos and a new song, "The Way Is Love", which was completed by John Carter Cash and Orbison's sons from a cassette demo recorded in around 1986.

Personnel

 * Core contributors
 * Roy Orbison – vocals, backing vocals, acoustic guitar (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10), electric guitar (track 6)
 * Jeff Lynne – electric guitar (tracks 1, 5), acoustic guitar (4) , keyboards (tracks 1, 4, 5) , piano (track 1) , bass guitar (tracks 1, 4, 5) , backing vocals (tracks 1, 4, 5, 9)
 * Tom Petty – acoustic guitar (tracks 1, 5), backing vocals (tracks 1, 2, 5)
 * Mike Campbell – electric guitar (tracks 2, 10), acoustic guitar (tracks 5, 9, 10) , bass (tracks 2, 10) , mandolin (track 5)
 * Jim Keltner – drums (tracks 2, 6–10)
 * Howie Epstein – bass guitar (tracks 6, 8, 9), backing vocals (tracks 2, 8–10)
 * Benmont Tench – piano (tracks 6, 8–10), organ (track 8) , cheap strings (track 6)
 * Additional musicians
 * Phil Jones – drums, percussion (track 1)
 * Michael Utley – string arrangements (tracks 1, 2, 7, 9)
 * Barbara Orbison – backing vocals (track 2)
 * Roy Orbison Jr. – backing vocals (track 2)
 * Al Kooper – organ (track 2)
 * Billy Burnette – acoustic guitar, backing vocals (track 3)
 * Rick Vito – electric guitar, backing vocals (track 3), slide guitar (track 9)
 * Tom "T-Bone" Wolk – bass guitar (track 3)
 * Buell Neidlinger – arco bass (track 3, 7)
 * Mickey Curry – drums (track 3)
 * George Harrison – acoustic guitar and background vocals (tracks 1, 4) (uncredited on "You Got It")
 * Ray Cooper – drums (track 4)
 * Louis Clark – string arrangements (tracks 4, 5)
 * Ian Wallace – drums, percussion (track 5)
 * Bono – electric guitar (track 6)
 * David Rhodes – electric guitar (track 7)
 * T Bone Burnett – electric guitar (track 7)
 * Mitchell Froom – piano (track 7)
 * Jerry Scheff – string bass (track 7)
 * David Miner – string bass (track 7)
 * Gary Coleman – percussion (track 7)
 * Steve Cropper – electric guitar (track 8)
 * The Memphis Horns – horns by Jim Horn, arranged by Steve Cropper (track 8)

Grammy Awards

 * width="35" align="center"|1990 ||"You Got It" || Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male || Nominated
 * width="35" align="center"|1990 ||"You Got It" || Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male || Nominated

title: Mystery Girl


text:
Talk:Sarajevo Canton

map
Nikola Smolenski wrote As I said when the article was featured, the map doesn't show entities and gives false impression that BH is divided in some equal somethings

 * So bold the line between the entities if you like. The map is otherwise perfectly fit AFAICT. Besides, regardless of the differences in the nature of the regions and the cantons, they're still both the third tier of subdivision in the country and it's logical to have them on the same map. --Joy [shallot]   12:16, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd do this myself, of course, but I can't draw well enough. Nikola 05:43, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Replaced the map now with one that has different pastel shades for the entities (also useful to diversify a little, Asim used the same color Morwen used for counties of .hr which would be pretty boring :). I'm going to make such maps for other cantons and regions too. --Joy [shallot]

 * It's still not good enough.
 * Borders are still of the same size. I would suggest that either the entity border is tickened (probably the international border would have to be thickened too) or the inter-entity borders are drawn dotted.
 * RS regions, have far less signifficance than Federation cantons. Their borders could be made even thinner (for example with rarer dots).

 * Well, the two groups are colored differently, this should delineate them well enough. Though I agree that the Regions are less significant -- in fact I wasn't able to find any significance in them... But more to the point, I don't know how to easily bold the borders in the Gimp :) I could do it manually but that'd be tedious. --Joy [shallot]  \

 * Brcko district has a shade close (if not same) as the Federation. If you want to stress that it's not in RS, fine, but then give it completely different shade.
 * Nikola 05:43, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually the shade of the district is left the same as the original, #c6c9ff, which is close to _both_ -- I moved the color of RS regions more towards the blue part of the specter (#c6daff), and the color of the F cantons more towards the red (#e0c7ff). The map of the district itself has it bright red because I thought it was so small nobody would notice it. Note also that many of the initially made maps don't even show the Posavina Canton because Asim forgot to draw it. Its area should be a bit larger than the Brčko District's, so it's an even worse problem :) --Joy [shallot]

if the city of Sarajevo has over 600.000 population how come...The Kanton has 400.000

President of the assembly
Currently, there is no proof Mirza Čelik is the president of the assembly. There are well substantiated claims the session during which he was chosen was illegal because it wasn't scheduled properly and illegally. Yes it was requested by the majority, as an urgent session, but the presidium, the sole body charged with deciding the urgency of the session, decided that there was no urgency at all, let alone the type (specified by the standing orders) that would warrant an urgent session. Also, the president (chairperson) of the assembly isn't chosen by the majority, according to the standing orders, rather by the internal agreement of presidium itself, which consists of the four representatives of the constituent peoples (Bosniaks, Croats, Serbs, and the Others) and a secretary of the assembly. The vote of the presidium was 3-2 in favour of not scheduling the session, and members were notified. The majority scheduled this illegal session without notifying the members of the presidium that voted against scheduling the session, and without notifying members of opposition. The members of the presidium heard about the session from the media, and came to inform members that arrived that the session will not be held because it was not scheduled, but the 18 members of the majority (there are 35 seats) elected, with 18-0 in favour, Mirza Celik as president (chairman) of the assembly, even though it is clearly unconstitutional and illegal. I ask of you name the right person which is still legally the president of the presidium in the adequate spot, or to at least leave it as currently vacant. I have links to substantiate these claims. 109.175.46.201 (talk) 18:57, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sarajevo Canton


text:
Talk:Propositional operator

Redirecting this to logical operator. Charles Matthews 12:22, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Propositional operator


text:
Talk:Yuuzhan Vong invasion

Help
I didn't read the books in this series. I need you guys to rework the page. As you can see, I just started a page for this. --B-101

Additions to the article
I forgot to mention that I added the "Beginnings of the war" and "The New Republic's retialation" paragraphs, I'll add the "Invasion of the Core worlds", "The GFFA creation", "The swing of the war effort", "The end of the war" later, and I might add a paragrapah on "The new Jedi purge", do you think it's pertinent? --MB

Spoilers in opening paragraph
Just a note to whoever is organizing this article... there is a rather large spoiler (deaths of major characters) in the intro... these should probably be moved... --Forcemasteryoda
 * Agreed, at the very least the spoiler warning needs to be moved to the top of the page. Stardust8212 02:26, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Lots of edits made
One question: Was this written by eight year olds? This page had the highest amount of copyedits I have ever seen. I made as many as possible of them, and it now reads much better in many ways: verb tenses, grammar, spelling, etc. You all can thank me later. Teh tennisman 20:28, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Worse- the masses of Star Wars fans who like whatever is new. --maru  (talk)  contribs 00:30, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Ooh. Painful. Teh tennisman 01:22, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

I would like to make a request...
Can somebody make the infobox about the war here? I would make it myself but, I don't know how.
 * Just did the infobox. I hope it helps. QelDroma06 05:05, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, that helps a lot.

Redirect/prod
I don't contest the prod, but suggest Yuuzhan Vong invasion might be better off as a redirect to New Jedi Order. --EEMIV (talk) 23:04, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
 * This seems like a very unlikely search term. Anyone looking for information about the conflict is probably going to end up at Yuuzhan Vong through the search box before getting to "Yuuzhan Vong invasion". Otto4711 (talk) 00:58, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yuuzhan Vong invasion


text:
Roger Clinton

Roger Clinton may refer to:

 * Roger Clinton Sr. (1908–1967), stepfather of U.S. President Bill Clinton
 * Roger Clinton Jr. (born 1956), half-brother of U.S. President Bill Clinton
 * Roger de Clinton (died 1148), 12th century English bishop

title: Roger Clinton


text:
User talk:Asgeirn

My homepage is at http://www.asgeirnilsen.com.

If you're fluent in Norwegian, you can also read my blog at http://asgeirn.blogspot.com.

title: User talk:Asgeirn


text:
User:Asgeirn

My homepage is at http://www.asgeirnilsen.com.

If you're fluent in Norwegian, you can also read my blog at http://asgeirn.blogspot.com.

title: User:Asgeirn


text: Category:Toyota vehicles

title: Category:Toyota vehicles


text: Category:Toyota

title: Category:Toyota