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Swiss Air Force

The Swiss Air Force (Schweizer Luftwaffe; Forces aériennes suisses; Forze aeree svizzere; Aviatica militara svizra) is the air component of the Swiss Armed Forces, established on 31 July 1914, three days after the outbreak of World War I, as a part of the army and in October 1936 as an independent service.

In peacetime, Dübendorf is the operational air force headquarters. The Swiss Air Force operates from several fixed bases (see current status) but its personnel are also trained to carry out air operations from temporary highway airstrips. In case of crisis or war, several stretches of road are specially prepared for this option.

Early years
The first military aviation in Switzerland took the form of balloon transport, pioneered by Swiss balloonist Eduard Spelterini, but by 1914 there was still little official support for an air corps. The outbreak of World War I changed opinions drastically and cavalry officer Theodor Real was charged with forming a flying corps. He commandeered three civilian aircraft at Bern's airfield and set about training the initial nine pilots at a makeshift airfield close to Wankdorf Stadium, later moving to a permanent home at Dübendorf. Switzerland remained neutral and isolated during the conflict, and the air corps confined its activities to training and exercises, reconnaissance and patrol. It was only with the worsening international situation in the 1930s that an effective air force was established at great cost, with up-to-date Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Morane-Saulnier D‐3800 fighters ordered from Germany and France respectively (the Moranes were licence-built in Switzerland). The Swiss Air Force as an autonomous military service was created in October 1936.

World War II

Although Switzerland remained neutral throughout World War II, it had to deal with numerous violations of its airspace by combatants from both sides – initially by German aircraft, especially during their invasion of France in 1940. Zealous Swiss pilots attacked and shot down eleven German aircraft, losing two of their own, before a threatening memorandum from the German leadership forced General Guisan to forbid air combat above Swiss territory.

Later in the war, the Allied bomber offensive sometimes took US or British bombers into Swiss airspace, either damaged craft seeking safe haven or even on occasions bombing Swiss cities by accident. Swiss aircraft would attempt to intercept individual aircraft and force them to land, interning the crews. Only one further Swiss pilot was killed during the war, shot down by a US fighter in September 1944. From September red and white neutrality bands were added to the wings of aircraft to stop accidental attacks on Swiss aircraft by Allied aircraft.

From 1943 Switzerland shot down American and British aircraft, mainly bombers, overflying Switzerland during World War II: six by Swiss air force fighters and nine by flak cannons. 36 Allied airmen were killed. On 1 October 1943 the first American bomber was shot down near Bad Ragaz: Only three men survived. Officers were interned in Davos, airmen in Adelboden. The representative of the U.S. military in Bern, U.S. military attaché Barnwell R. Legge, instructed the soldiers not to flee so as to allow the U.S. Legation to coordinate their escape attempts, but the majority of the soldiers thought it was a diplomatic ruse or did not receive the instruction directly.

On 1 October 1944 Switzerland housed 39,670 internees in all: 20,650 from Italy, 10,082 from Poland, 2,643 from the United States, 1,121 from the United Kingdom (including five Australians), 822 from the Soviet Union, and 245 from France. In September the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was commissioned by the U.S. Supreme Command to organize the escapes of 1,000 American internees, but the task was not effectively accomplished before late winter 1944/45. Soldiers who were caught after their escape from the internment camp, were often detained in the Wauwilermoos internment camp near Luzern.

Official Swiss records identify 6,501 airspace violations during the course of the war, with 198 foreign aircraft landing on Swiss territory and 56 aircraft crashing there.

With the threat of WW2 and the possible need for the army and civilian population to retreat into the mountains (Reduit) as proposed by General Guisan, it was clear that the army air force needed the ability to attack enemy ground forces in the mountains. To practice this Axalp was selected. After WW2 ground attack by jet aircraft was practiced at Axalp, including strafing and bombing exercises.

During the Cold War, military liaison officers from western, eastern and non-aligned nations were invited to the screenings. Nowadays Axalpfliegerschiessen ("Airshow Axalp") is a performance by the Air Force for anyone interested. It is the only event where everybody may have a look at a live exercise at 1,700 m (5,600 ft) above sea level. The use of helicopter ops at high altitudes, search & rescue and firefighting demonstrations also have become a large part of the Axalp air show.

Cold War

After World War II, the service was renamed Airforce and Anti-Aircraft Command (Schweizerische Flugwaffe Kommando der Flieger und Fliegerabwehrtruppen). In 1966, this became a separate service independent from the Army, under its present name Schweizer Luftwaffe.

With the prospect of a future World War 3 involving nuclear weapons, jet aircraft were purchased: 75 De Havilland Vampires in 1950, followed by over 100 De Havilland Venoms and the same number of Hawker Hunters. The Venoms served until 1983; Vampires until 1990 and Hunters even until 1994. In the late 1940s Switzerland purchased the North American P-51 Mustang from US surplus WW2 stock. The aircraft initially was intended as a stop-gap solution for the Swiss army in order to maintain a defence force during a time when the outdated Bf 109E's and Swiss built D-3801 Moranes were being phased out but the licensed production of the British designed Dh-100 Vampires and Dh-112 Venoms was not in full swing.

At the end of the 1950s, reflecting both the threat of possible invasion by the Soviet Union and a nuclear warfare, Swiss military doctrine changed to mobile defence that included missions outside its territory, in order to defeat stand-off attacks and nuclear threats, including the possibility of defensive employment of air-delivered nuclear weapons. However the inability to field a force capability to carry out such missions led to the return of traditional "protection of own territory" doctrine. Meanwhile, the army started preparing ad hoc airbases in the mountains, with sections of highway strengthened to act as runways and hangars carved out of the mountains.

In 1954 the first Air Radar Recruit School activated, the first early warning radar systems were installed and the concept of command & control facilities at mountain summits was introduced; leading to acquisition of the FLORIDA early warning and command guidance system in 1965 followed by the current FLORAKO system in 2003. At the same time, ground-based air defence (GBAD) projects were initiated such as radar-equipped medium-caliber guns with an integrated 63 Superfledermaus (Superbat) fire control system' as well as the BL-64 ‘Bloodhound’ air defence missile system (1964–1999).

After the prototypes EFW N-20 and FFA P-16, Switzerland did not invest in development combat aircraft anymore. In 1964 the procurement of the Dassault Mirage 3 fighters (1964–2002) caused a scandal due to severe budget overruns. The commander, the chief of the general staff and the minister of defence were forced to resign, followed by a complete restructuring of the air force and air defence units in 1968 and leading to separation of users and procurement officials.

In February 1968, the airfield brigade 32 was founded as part of a reorganization. The airbase group comprised all military airfields in Switzerland, around 16,000 members of the army. Built up by a:
 * brigadestaff, airfield regiments Valais (1), Berner Oberland (2), Central Switzerland and Ticino (3) and a nationwide operating Light airfield division.

In combination with the Bundesamt für Militärflugplätze (BAMF), this organization, together with its ZV Central Administration in Dübendorf, constituted a robust structure, which could be activated by mobilization within 48 hours.

The Patrouille Suisse aerobatics team was founded in 1964, the 50th anniversary year of Swiss army aviation.

In 1969, air force logistics and air defence were reassigned into brigades, the Armed Forces Meteo Group and Avalanche Rescue Service came under air force and air defence command and the Para Reconnaissance Company was established.

In the 1970s major manoeuvres with over 22,000 participants took place. A new air defence concept was also introduced in which the air superiority fighter in interceptor role stood central. In 1974 the first 2 Northrop F-5 Tiger fighters were tested and in 1978 the first F-5 Tiger fighter/interceptor squadron became operational.

Post-Cold War
In the late 1980s changing political and military world situations implied the need for multirole aircraft in the Air Force. After evaluation, the performance of the F/A-18 Hornet was decisive in its selection. Designed for carrier-borne operations, it was optimally suited to operate from very short runways with steep take-offs. Its radar allowed detection of multiple targets and simultaneously engaging with medium-range air-to-air missiles.

Between 1996 and 1999, 34 licence-built Hornets left the assembly lines at Emmen. As the F/A-18 size is larger than either the Mirage III or Tiger II the caverns in the mountains used to protect the aircraft had to be enlarged, a continuing process as of 2011.

The 100th anniversary of the Swiss Air Force has been celebrated in 2014 with the airshow Air14 at Payerne.

Missions
Switzerland is a small country which has always kept its neutrality. Therefore, its air component is also limited in size and not capable of fighting a long-term full scale air conflict. So the main Swiss Air Force mission is to guarantee Swiss air sovereignty and air defence throughout the country. This is achieved by:
 * maintaining general airspace control preventing unauthorised airspace intrusion through round-the-clock radar coverage (to be expanded by activation of ground-based air defence (GBAD) units)
 * a 24/7 air policing as an active airspace protection.

Its secondary missions are executing airlift, reconnaissance operations, and gathering and interpreting intelligence for the Swiss political and military leadership.

Status

Through the years, the Swiss Air Force traditionally had been a militia-based service, including its pilots. Its inventory existed of approximately 450 aircraft whose operational service life overlapped several eras. Beginning with its separation from the army in 1966 the Air Force has been reduced in size (currently about 230 fixed and rotary-wing aircraft) moving towards a small professional cadre with fewer reserves and conscripted supporting personnel. Currently the Swiss air force has a peacetime strength of 1,600 career military and about 20,000 reservists on call.

Its air defence consists of 30 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornets and 53 Northrop F-5 Tiger IIs (110 purchased in 1978–85). The F/A-18 pilots are career military; the F-5 pilots however are reservists (mostly air- or freight-liner pilots with F-5 rating). During reserve duty periods they are assigned to military duties refreshing their operational live flying training and rating. In 2008, the Swiss F-18 component reached its 50,000 flight hour milestone. Due to the RUAG Upgrade 21 (UG21) programme between 2004 and 2009 and the Mid-Life Update (MLU) its operational lifecycle will be guaranteed until 2022.

From 2011 the air force intended to start the Partial F-5 Tiger Replacement programme for 22 new aircraft with the JAS 39 Gripen, Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale as replacement candidates. In November 2011 the Swiss government announced its decision to buy 22 Gripen New Generation fighters. The contract for the 22 aircraft was signed at 3.1 billion Swiss francs. On 25 August 2012, the order was confirmed by both the Swedish and Swiss authorities.

The first new aircraft would be delivered in 2018 and the intention was to lease 11 current generation (eight JAS 39Cs/3 JAS 39Ds) Gripen fighters from 2016 to 2020 in order to train Swiss fighter pilots while avoiding expensive upkeep of the F-5s. However, in a national referendum in May 2014 a majority of Swiss rejected the purchase of the Gripen. This included continued operation of the Patrouille Suisse on F-5E.

To reduce the risk of a negative referendum outcome the Swiss defence ministry revised its procurement strategy. With its Air 2030 programme The Swiss government now opted for a planning order for a combined purchase of new fighters together with long-range groundbased air defences (GBAD). This programme valued at CHF8 billion ($8.1 billion), the biggest arms procurement programme in modern Swiss history. Defence minister Viola Amherd unveiled results of studies tackling the defence procurement package: fighters replacing both the current F-5 Tigers and F/A-18 Hornets scheduled to be retired in the 2020s as well as a reconfigured GBAD.

Armasuisse, the Federal Office for Defence Procurement, asked several firms to submit pricing for 40 aircraft including missile armament and logistics as well as an assessment of the number of aircraft necessary to fulfil Swiss needs and kicked off the competition for 5 types of combat aircraft under consideration (Eurofighter Typhoon, Boeing F-18 Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Lockheed Martin F-35A and Saab Gripen E) at Payerne airbase. With a reconfigured GBAD system covering appx 15,000 km2 in the densely populated Swiss plateau the balance between fighter aircraft and ground-based air defence would be ensured for the next decades. On the 30th of June 2021 the F-35A was announced as the winner of the competition.

On 10 December 2010, the last 20 outdated Aérospatiale Alouette III were replaced by two VIP configuration Eurocopter EC135s and 18 Eurocopter EC635s. The first EC-635 was delivered in 2008.

Limitations
In peacetime the air defence radar coverage is maintained on a 24/7 basis. Until late 2020, the aviator corps however was incapable of maintaining a matching state of readiness due to limited budget and lack of staff available and was operated from 06:00-22:00 local time only. This became painfully clear as the Swiss Air Force was unable to respond to the Ethiopian Airlines ET702 hijacking in February 2014 which occurred outside routine operating hours. Agreements with Italy and France in particular enabled fighters from both air forces to enter Swiss airspace to handle the threat.

The aim for a 24-hour Quick Reaction Alert readiness of two armed F/A-18 fighters was achieved on 31 December 2020.

A major problem in defending the Swiss airspace is the size of the country. The Swiss maximum extension is only 348 km. Commercial airliners may pass over in about 15–20 minutes, while fast jets would take even less time. However, noise-abatement issues traditionally caused problems for the Swiss Air Force because of the tourist industry. Due to these reasons, the Swiss Air Force is increasingly participating in air defence training exercises with many NATO counterparts. These exercises have covered the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, the Euro 2008 football championships, and the annual World Economic Forum.

Air defence, air surveillance and air policing
During the past 35 years, Swiss military and civil airspace control depended on the FLORIDA (FLugsicherungs Operations Radar IDentifikation Alarm – Flight Ops, Radar Identifying, and Alerting) air defense system.

Since its phasing out, however, the Swiss airspace control and defence is being carried out by the THALES Raytheon FLORAKO. This system is being operated from 4 fixed locations on the Pilatus, Scopi, Weisshorn and Weissfluh mountains.

At least one of these Command, Control, and Communications (C3) facilities is always connected to the Air Defence & Direction Center (ADDC or air ops centre) at Dübendorf Air Base and fully operational on-line on a 24/7 basis, monitoring Swiss airspace. Depending on the international situation, more facilities will be manned; in case of crisis or war (ADDC and 4 facilities operational) radarcoverage will be extended far beyond the Swiss boundaries. Each of these facilities is capable of making all battle management decisions in case of elimination of the ADDC or other facilities.

The first FLORAKO unit activated in 2003 and the operational lifetime of this hi-tech system is guaranteed by its manufacturers for at least 25 years. The system consists of:
 * A communication system KOMSYS. Integrating element of all geographically divided parts of the FLORAKO system uniting speech, data communications, and system commands in a single data network.
 * A radar station FLORES. Consisting of standard high-power search radars, advanced radars (search mode, high-update ratio, and special functions), and civil authority mono-pulse secondary radars. The 4 radar stations are the main data sources and are complemented by existing military and civil radar data.
 * A radar layer-system RALUS. Translating the data automatically into flight paths and producing a complete civil-military air picture for all authorities.
 * A warning message system LUNAS-EZ. AirOps Centres are the combining factors between the FLORAKO-system with real-time data (air picture, planning, and environmental data) and its military users. Workstations are identically configured and built accordingly to latest ergonomics, visual colour high resolution, menu guidance, and known user environment. The Dübendorf Air Defence & Direction Centre – as well as the air operations units in the Alps – are equally equipped, thus assuring full-time operational redundancy in producing the actual air-picture; permanent defence of airspace; early warning; command and control; coordination of civil and military air traffic and air policing.
 * The Military-Civil Airspace Management System MICAMS. This secondary system provides a computing backup for flexible airspace use for both civil and military flight security.

The radar system may eventually be completed by 2 mobile TAFLIR (TAktische FLIeger Radars – Tactical Flight Radars). These AN/MPQ-64 radars are a variant of the Northrop Grumman AN/TPS-75 and are deployable in areas of difficult terrain or where specific coverage is needed. Peacetime TAFLIR deployment locations are at Dübendorf Air Base and Emmen. In time of crisis or at war they can be deployed anywhere.

Air surveillance in Switzerland (including the airspace of Liechtenstein) is also called Permanent Air Surveillance (PLÜ); uninterrupted 24/365 coverage with the FLORAKO system, wherein the Identifications Officer (IDO) and Track Monitor (TM) monitor and represent the general Recognized Air Picture (RAP).

The Air Force has several operational centres. In peacetime, the primary military command centre is at Dübendorf Air Base joint with the civilian air traffic control Skyguide. The locations of the other operational centres are classified. The command centres are part of the unit "Einsatz Luftwaffe," the chief of which is directly subordinate to the commander of the Air Force. It consists of the operations center of the Air Force, redundant direct connections to the emergency organizations (air rescue and federal police), as well as to the 2 Skyguide air traffic centers (Geneva and Zurich) and to the relevant military and civilian air traffic control centers of neighboring countries.

Air policing is the main peacetime activity of the Swiss Air Force. The Air Force distinguishes two types of mission, live mission (observation, identification) and hot mission (intervention).

Ground based air defense
The Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD) is currently headquartered at Emmen airbase. Formerly it used the fixed emplacement BL-64 "Bloodhound" missile system. The current system uses three shorter ranged but mobile systems which may be deployed anywhere.
 * Rapier a mobile 10 km range surface-to-air system. Operated as towed four-missile launchers and related command and control vehicles – 40 units in service.
 * FIM-92 Stinger man portable 4.8 km range shoulder-launched infrared surface-to-air missile with a related Stinger Alert short range radar – 96 units in service.
 * Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon 4 km range towed anti-aircraft artillery operating with a Skyguard fire control radar with 15 km detection range. 24 units in service.

Supporting third party organisations
The Swiss Air Force supports third party organisations with equipment and staff. It provides the civilian radar Skyguide with FLORAKO radardata enabling safe air traffic management. Air Force helicopters and drones regularly conduct surveillance flights for the Border Guard Corps GWK, for general surveillance at major events and search flights (SAR) for national police and Rega (air rescue). The Fire Department also uses its drones and helicopters with FLIR to locate forestfires and to extinguish them with Bambibuckets. 3 helicopters supported Swisscoy in the KFOR, some supported in large-scale events for relief abroad (e.g. Sumatra after the tsunami). The Air Force supports the Federal Office of Public Health, National Emergency Operations Centre and conducts regular ENSI flights collecting airquality data and radioactivity measurements; it also does parabolic F-5 flights as part of the ARES program of the ETH Zurich and other research institutions. The Air Force also modified all diplomatic flights outside the opening times of the FOCA and represents the REGA (Swiss Air Rescue) communication systems. The Swiss Air Force operates the Rescue Coordination Center "RCC Zurich" on behalf of the FOCA at the Dübendorf Air Base.

The future

 * Planned acquisitions and projects in progress
 * FLORAKO upgrading: In 2017 Armasuisse and RUAG confirmed the contract with Thales for the upgrading of the Master A and M type radars in the FLORAKO system.
 * ADS15: As part of the Armament Program 2015, six Elbit Hermes 900 will replace the remaining 15 RUAG Ranger ADS-95s that are still in service by 2019.
 * Transport aircraft: In 2015, Minister of Defence Ueli Maurer gave assurances that a transport aircraft purchase was planned by 2018.
 * BODLUV2020: The three anti-aircraft systems (Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon FIM-92 Stinger and Rapier missile) should be replaced by 2020 by two systems which will have their command and control connected to the FLORAKO System.
 * 24h/365 QRA15: by 2020 the Swiss Air Force intends to have a round-the-clock 15 minutes Quick Reaction Alert capability (15 minutes from an alert to fighters becoming airborne) with fully armed F/A-18 fighter jets, based at Militärflugplatz Emmen and at Payerne Air Base (the main base for QRA operations); During this time, the presence of F/A-18s will be steadily increased to full strength at permanent readiness.
 * F/A-18 replacement: In June 2021, it was announced that the Lockheed F-35A had been chosen to replace Switzerland's fleet of F/A-18 Hornets. A total of 36 aircraft are planned to be procured, alongside which Switzerland will also purchase five MIM-104 Patriot SAM systems. Switzerland allocated $6.48 billion funds for total 36 F-35A fighter jets. Raytheon America to partner with Rheinmetall Air Defence and Radar Systems and Mercury Systems to provide Patriot air defense systems to Switzerland as part of $2.16 billion contract.

Former equipment
Former used radar systems
 * FLORIDA Airspace monitoring and management system- US origin – 1970/2003
 * SRF Airspace monitoring and management system- French origin – 1955/1970
 * LGR-1 Radar- US origin – 1948/1955
 * Target allocation radar TPS-1E- US origin Italian licensed – 1958/1989
 * Super Fledermaus- Swiss origin – 1965/1977
 * Fire control radar Mark VII- UK origin – 1958/1967

Former used anti-aircraft systems
 * Oerlikon 20 mm cannon- Swiss origin – 1937/1992 (L Flab Kan 37)
 * Oerlikon 20 mm cannon- Swiss origin – 1954/1995 (L Flab Kan 54 Oe)
 * Bloodhound missile system- UK origin – 1964/1999 (Flab Lwf BL 64)

Some systems have also been offered by Swiss and foreign companies to be trialled by the Swiss Air Force but these have never been purchased.
 * Fliegerabwehrpanzer 68 – Swiss origin – 1958/1964
 * RSA missiles – Swiss origin – 1946/ 1958
 * RSD 58 missiles – Swiss origin – 1952/1958
 * RSE Kriens missiles – Swiss origin – 1958/1966
 * MOWAG Shark – Swiss/UK origin – 1981/1983 with French Crotale missiles and the UK twin AAA Wildcat 2×30mm cannon.

Air demonstration teams
The Air Force has a number of aerobatic teams and solo display aircraft that are used to represent the Swiss Air Force at events around Europe:
 * Patrouille Suisse – An aerobatic team originally formed in 1964 with four Hawker Hunters, since 1996 used six Northrop F-5E in a red and white livery; the aircraft have been fitted with smoke generators.
 * PC-7 Team – A turboprop display team using nine Pilatus PC-7s turboprop trainers.
 * Hornet Solo Display – A single F/A-18 Hornet.
 * Super Puma Display – A single Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma.
 * Parachute Reconnaissance Company 17 performs parachute displays as the "Air Show Team".

Aircraft serial numbering
Swiss military aircraft are identified by a role prefix and number, the prefix or code identifies the role and the serial numbers the type or variant, the system was introduced in 1936.

This is followed by a number having from two to four digits

In four digit numbers, the first digit identifies the aircraft type. The next three are the sub-type and individual aircraft, with the first and sometimes second for the subtype; and the third and sometimes fourth for the individual aircraft, In the following examples, "x" identifies the individual aircraft:
 * Mirage IIIBS = J-200x
 * Mirage IIIDS = J-201x
 * Mirage IIIRS = R-21xx
 * Mirage IIIC = J-22xx
 * Mirage IIIS = J-23xx
 * F-5E = J-30xx (serials previously used for the FFA P-16)
 * F-5F = J-32xx
 * F/A-18C = J-50xx
 * F/A-18D = J-52xx

3 digit numbers Most aircraft have three numbers. These follow a broadly similar pattern to the four-digit numbers, although there are exceptions.

Transport aircraft have a first digit of 3 for helicopters and 7 for fixed wing aircraft.

2 digit numbers Target drones have only two numbers.

Radio callsigns
 * Bambini-Code – a tactical radio code used from the 1940s to the 1990s

title: Swiss Air Force


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Eugene Znosko-Borovsky

Eugene Znosko-Borovsky (Евге́ний Алекса́ндрович Зноско-Боро́вский; 16 August 1884 – 31 December 1954) was a Russian chess player, music and drama critic, teacher and author. Born in Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg Governorate, he settled in Paris in 1920, and lived there for the rest of his life.

Biography
Znosko-Borovsky learned to play chess as a young boy. He won prizes in local and regional tournaments, whilst progressing to a first-class education at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

Making his international chess tournament debut at Ostend in 1906, where he won the brilliancy prize for his game against Amos Burn, Znosko-Borovsky's playing career was frequently interrupted by other events in his life. Between 1909 and 1912 he was a prominent critic of the Modernist Apollo magazine, befriended many Russian poets and writers of the Silver Age, and was Nikolay Gumilev's second in his 1909 duel against Maximilian Voloshin. Decorated and wounded in military conflicts, he first served as a volunteer in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 and 1905 and was again called into service during World War I. Following evacuation, he was taken by a British ship to Constantinople and from there proceeded to Paris, which remained his home from 1920 onwards.

As a player, Znosko-Borovsky fell short of the very highest level. He did have some notable results in international competition, including Paris 1930, where he finished first without loss, ahead of Savielly Tartakower, Andor Lilienthal and Jacques Mieses, and first prize in the premier tournament at Folkestone 1933. Success often came in individual encounters with his more distinguished peers; he won impressive games against José Raúl Capablanca, Akiba Rubinstein, Max Euwe and Efim Bogoljubov as well as a short match with Edgard Colle in 1922. He was also highly skilled at simultaneous exhibition play.

In conversation and as a lecturer, teacher or writer of chess, his abilities were widely acknowledged, particularly in Russia and France where he contributed regular articles and columns to magazines and newspapers. Indeed, it was in the field of writing that he excelled, penning many popular books including The Evolution of Chess (1910), Capablanca and The Muzio Gambit (both 1911). Capablanca and Alekhine followed World War I and most of his later offerings were translated into English, principally The Middle Game in Chess, How Not to Play Chess, How to Play the Chess Openings, How to Play Chess Endings (1940), and The Art of Chess Combination.

Tribute
After hearing of his death, Gerald Abrahams wrote a personal tribute:

 * The death of Znosko-Borovsky deprives the chess world of one of the few survivors of an intellectually rich generation, the Russian Masters of the old regime ... My own memories of Znosko go back to 1923–24. I found him then, and at all times later, a stimulating friend and a delightful conversationalist in many subjects. His reputation as a dramatic and literary critic was, at one time considerable in Europe, though England knew little of this. Those who have read his chess works, however, must be aware that their writer was a kultur mensch in the best sense. Withal, he was stoical in adversity (adversity was always his lot) and possessed of great humour and resilience ... As a player, he suffered from the demands of a professionalism that is incompatible with great performance: but he leaves records of many games which reveal, if not genius, then a great talent ... those who knew him will all agree that his life enriched, and in a degree inspired, the chess world.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eugene Znosko-Borovsky


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Ericeira

Ericeira is a civil parish and seaside community on the western coast of Portugal (in Mafra municipality, located 35km northwest of the center of Lisbon, about 45km by road) considered the surfing capital of Europe. It is also one of only two European spots among the World Surfing Reserves because of its exceptional coastline conditions. Ericeira's population in 2011 was estimated in 10,260, covering an area of 12 km2.

Ericeira was a popular summer retreat for many of Lisbon's families in the 1940s and 1950s. Today, it is a popular destination for local and visiting tourists, as well as surfers from around the world (owing to the forty beaches with good conditions in the area).

History

The region's taxonomic name has a convoluted history. Ericeira is believed to have originated from Ouriceira, itself a derivative of Ouriço, referring to the name for sea urchins (used in the parish's coat-of-arms). One legend suggested that Ericeira was the terra de ouriços (land of ouriços), owing to what was assumed to be an abundance of sea-urchins along the beaches. However, recent investigations, archived in the Museum of the Misericórdia, confirm that the animal mentioned was not an "ouriço", but an "ouriço-caixeiro" (hedgehog), a species associated with the Phoenician goddess Astarte. The ancient settlement presumably dates from the passage and colonization of the Phoenicians.

The region's first foral (charter) dates to 1229, when it was issued by friar D. Fernão Rodrigues Monteiro, Master of the Cavalry and the Military Order of São Bento de Avis, which was later reformed by King Manuel, in 1513.

After the disappearance of King Sebastian of Portugal, during the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, there arose several pretenders to the throne. One of these was the King of Ericeira, a young hermit based in the Chapel of São Julião, south of the village of Ericeira, who passed himself off as Dom Sebastian. He crowned a Queen, distributed handouts and punished his detractors, conceding several noble titles. In the end, he was taken to the guillotine, and his supporters too ended-up on the gallows.

Ericeira was an area much frequented for its climatic and seaside comforts. In fact, Charles Lepierre, a chemical engineer referred to Ericeira's beaches as "a focus of the major concentration of iodine in all of the northern Portuguese coast". In 1803, the Bishop of Coimbra took regular baths in Ericeira, and the Royal Family including Queen Maria Pia of Savoy in 1864 also frequented its waters. At the end of the 19th century, beginning of the 20th century, many of Lisbon's local aristocracy began to build homes in the parish, including the Burnays, Ulriches and Rivottis.

The development of the commercial port made Ericeira a fundamental pole of the region's economy. Reports dating from 1834 noted the anchoring of 175 boats transporting products to the village, principally cereals (which were then distributed into the interior) while exports, especially wines and spirits, were sent to the Algarve, the islands and other locations. The customshouse in Ericeira supported an area extending from Cascais to Figueira da Foz, and the port was the fourth most important in the country, after Lisbon, Porto and Setúbal. With the construction of the western railway and the development of land transport, the port of Ericeira lost much of its importance. At the end of the 19th century, several warehouses and supply shops for sardine fishers were built, employing 500 men but altering the old fishing characteristics of the site. Ericeira's golden age of prosperity during the 19th century, when the port was the busiest in Estremadura.

During the Second World War, the region became a refuge for several foreign communities, including pockets of Poles, Germans, French, Belgians and Dutch expatriates fleeing Nazi persecution in their homelands.

Ericeira is more famously known for the day that King Manuel II of Portugal went into exile, from the Praia dos Pescadores, after the outbreak of the 5 October 1910 revolution. It was about 3:00 in the afternoon of 5 October 1910, when the 20-year-old monarch, accompanied by Queen Amélie of Orleans and Queen Mother Maria Pia, arrived from Mafra. Arriving by car, escaping from the recent Republican revolution in Lisbon, the king was bound for the royal yacht D. Amélia offshore. The details were later immortalized in 1928 by Júlio Ivo, then president of the municipal council of Mafra (during the presidency of Sidónio Pais, who explained: "...the automobiles stopped and the Royal Family got out, they followed the Rua do Norte to the Rua de Baixo, to the narrow lane that connects the two roads, almost in front of the Travessa da Estrela...On arrival at the Rua de Baixo, the Royal Family went in the following order: at the front, King Manuel; followed by Maria Pia, then Amélia... the King...climbed aboard the boat using crates and baskets of fish...the flagman signalled with his hat, and the first boat, the Bomfim, carrying the blue and white flag on the stern, followed by the rowers, taking the King...the crowds along the coast were immense. Everyone silent, but many with tears running from their eyes...The King was very pallid, Amélia animated, Maria Pia was overwhelmed...The boats had hardly come alongside the yacht when in the village there appeared, coming from Sintra, an automobile with civil revolutionaries, armed with carbines and bearing bombs, which they later indicated they were prepared to throw at the beach if they had reached it at the time of the departure...".

Its location, near Lisbon, and the development of the roadway network permitted, after the 1950s, a greater migration of summer sun-seekers, which helped to modify the character of the area. Initially a commercial fishing port, Ericeira was transformed into an urban agglomeration dependent on seasonal tourism. The devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary under her title of Our Lady of Good Voyage began in Ericeira.

Geography
Along its northern border is Coxos Break point, known as one of the best professional surfing areas in Europe, and not an area for beginners. The parish consists of the settlements Bairro Arsénio Amadeu, Calçadinha Preta, Ericeira, Fonte Boa, Fonte Boa dos Nabos, Lapa da Serra, Pinhal de Frades and Seixal.

Economy
Ericeira is a seaside town surrounded by many beaches and many surf spots recognized in Europe and the world as world class. Tourism-related businesses ranging from foodservice to hospitality, as well as commerce and fishing, are the main activities in the town.

Ericeira is the home to Portugal's first/largest surfing association/club, the Ericeira Surf Clube. Founded in 1993, it developed from the surfing unit of the Ericeira Naval Club, which organized local, regional and national competitions in surf, bodyboard, kneeboard and longboard throughout the years. In addition, the Surf Club began a school to train local athletes and visiting tourists who wanted to learn how to surf.

In the 2020s especially after the global pandemic, the town has become popular with internationally mobile freelancers - so called digital nomads - who are increasingly engaging with the local population, with co-working spaces, online community groups and meetups such as Open Coffee Ericeira becoming increasingly popular.

Civic

 * Café Arcada (Edifício na Praça da República/Café Arcadas/Sede da Junta de Turismo)
 * Casa da Avó Lúcia
 * Ericeira Casino (Casino da Ericeira/Auditório Jaime Lobo)
 * Estate of the Leitões (Quinta dos Leitões/Casal do Morgado dos Leitões)
 * Estate of Serrão Francão (Quinta de Serrão Franco)
 * Fountain of Cabo (Fonte do Cabo)
 * Fountain of Dolphins (Fonte dos Golfinhos)
 * Fountain of São Pedro (Fonte de Milreu/Fonte de São Pedro)
 * Fountain of Triton (Fonte do Casino/Fonte do Tritão)
 * Park of Santa Marta (Parque de Santa Marta)
 * Pillory of Ericeira (Pelourinho de Ericeira)
 * Hospital of the Misericórdia (Hospital da Santa Casa da Misericórdia da Ericeira)
 * Postal, Telegraph and Telephone (CTT) of Ericeira (Edifício dos Correios, Telégrafos e Telefones, CTT, da Ericeira)
 * Primary School of Ericeira (Escola Primária da Ericeira/Escola Básica do 1.º Ciclo e Jardim de Infância da Ericeira)

Military

 * Fort of Milreu (Zona Envolvente do Forte de Milreu)
 * Fort of Nossa Senhora da Piedade (Forte de Nossa Senhora da Piedade/Forte de Nossa Senhora da Natividade/Posto da Guarda Fiscal, GF, da Ericeira)

Religious

 * Chapel of Santa Mara (Capela de Santa Marta)
 * Chapel of Santo António (Capela de Santo António/Capela de Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem dos Homens do Mar)
 * Chapel of São Sebastião (Capela de São Sebastião)
 * Church of the Misericórdia (Igreja da Santa Casa da Misericórdia da Ericeira)
 * Church of São Pedro (Igreja Paroquial da Ericeira/Igreja de São Pedro)

Culture
The local philharmonic orchestra, currently named Filarmónica Cultural Ericeira, has existed since 1849.

Sport
The beach of Ribeira d'Ilhas, which routinely hosts a round of the ASP World Tour Surf Championship and is widely regarded as one of the best beaches in Europe for this sport, is located 2 km to the north of the town. In 2011, Ericeira was chosen by the WSR to be one of the World Surfing Reserves, together with Malibu and Santa Cruz in California, Manly Beach in Australia, and Huanchaco in Peru. The local council have redeveloped the Ribeira d'Ilhas foreshore to commemorate and show their support for the importance of surfing to the local culture and economy.

title: Ericeira


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Eccleshall

Eccleshall is a town and civil parish in the Stafford district, in the county of Staffordshire, England. It is located seven miles northwest of Stafford, and six miles west-southwest of Stone. Eccleshall is twinned with Sancerre in France.

History
According to the Domesday Book, Eccleshall in 1086 was no more than a small village of about one hundred inhabitants. A few fragments of stone at the base of the tower of the present Parish Church of Holy Trinity suggest that a stone church was in existence about this time and the base of a 10th-century cross still stands outside the church. The oldest part of the church, the pillars and arches of the nave, were begun in 1180 while the remainder of the church was completed during the 13th century, with a fine clerestory being added in the 15th century.

Eccleshall became important as a market town for the surrounding area. In 1153 it was granted the right to hold a weekly market. Around the beginning of the 13th century the village had become a town with the granting of ‘Borough’ status and by 1259 had obtained a charter to hold an annual fair at Ascensiontide. By the time of the survey of the bishop’s estates in 1298 about five hundred people lived in the village, mainly craftsmen or engaged in agriculture.

To the Bishop of Lichfield, Eccleshall was conveniently situated on the main road between the centres of the diocese in Chester, Lichfield and Coventry. Land was reputedly granted to St Chad and in 1200 Bishop Geoffrey de Muschamp was granted by King John a ‘licence to crenellate’ a castle. From then on until the 1860s the site would provide a residence for the Bishops of Lichfield.

However the ruins which exist today are those a later castle built in 1305 by Bishop William Langton, a friend of King Edward I and later Chancellor of England. This was the great era of castle building and he built an imposing fortress with four corner towers and a wide moat. Eccleshall castle briefly played a part in the War of the Roses, when it was used as a base for the Lancastrian Queen Margaret of Anjou and her troops before and after her defeat at the Battle of Blore Heath in 1459.

Bishop William Overton (1580–1609) was probably responsible, in 1580, for bringing two glass making families from Lorraine, Tyzack and Henzey to Bishop's Wood near Eccleshall to set up glass production. Manufacturing ceased around 1615, however, the site of one glass furnace has been excavated in recent times and is preserved and can be seen in Bishop's Wood.

In June 1643 the castle was besieged by Sir William Brereton and his Parliamentary forces encamped around the church. Their guns caused considerable damage to the walls but the castle held out. When the Parliamentary forces finally took the castle on 30 August they found that the bishop (Robert Wright) had died of a heart attack during the siege and most of the defenders were either drunk or had gone into town drinking in the taverns. The castle was sacked but enough of the building remained to be used as a prison for Royalist gentry.

With the development of turnpike trusts in the 18th century as a method of financing road building and improvements, coach travel throughout England had become faster and more reliable. With its position on the main London to Chester road Eccleshall became an important stopping point for coaches on several different routes and the town prospered, the inns in particular. Until recently the large stables at the Royal Oak Hotel could be seen.

For three centuries leather working and shoemaking had been important domestic industries in Eccleshall, but by the end of the 19th century both had almost ceased, with the growth of the mechanised shoe factories in nearby Stafford.

The film I Know Where I'm Going!, Powell and Pressburger's classic romantic comedy made in 1945 highlights Eccleshall in the scene where Joan Webster (Wendy Hiller) meets up with her father in London, and he informs her that he had travelled all the way from Eccleshall to see her that evening.

Community
The high street has numerous shops, pubs, restaurants and businesses. A farmers' market is held every month and the town holds its major festival every two years. The Eccleshall Show is held every summer at Sugnall Parks.

Eccleshall High Street, with many Georgian and earlier buildings, is a conservation area. The town has been a regular winner in the Britain in Bloom competition and, in summer, the main parts of Eccleshall are bedecked with colourful floral baskets, organised by the town's civic group, the 'Ecclian Society'.

Eccleshall F.C. are an English non-league football club. They play in the North West Counties League Division One. The reserves play in the Staffordshire County Senior League Premier Division.

HM Prison Drake Hall is a women's closed prison. It is approximately a mile north of the town, near the village of Sturbridge.

Nearby Cold Meece houses a British Army training area that used to be a Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Swynnerton. It is often used by the Air Training Corps and the Army Cadet Force.

Media
In terms of television, Eccleshall is served by BBC Midlands Today and ITV News Central.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Stoke, Signal Radio, and Greatest Hits Radio Staffordshire & Cheshire.

The local newspapers are the Staffordshire Newsletter and Express and Star, who have offices in Stafford, and The Stone and Eccleshall Gazette which comes from Stone.

Transport
The A519 road runs through the town. Junction 14 of the M6 motorway is five miles south of Eccleshall on the A5013.

The nearest railway station was Norton Bridge, three miles east, which formally closed in 2017. The nearest operational railway stations are Stafford and Stone.

Places of interest
Holy Trinity Church dates from 1195. The tombs of five Bishops of Lichfield lie in the church, that of William Overton beside the altar being particularly notable.

Eccleshall Castle was the palace of the Bishop of Lichfield. The Domesday Book details that the Eccleshall estate had been given to the Bishop of Lichfield some time before the Norman conquest, possibly as early as the 7th century. By the time Bishop John Lonsdale died in 1867 the lack of a railway was one of the main reasons that his successor Bishop Selwyn gave for the decision to sell the castle and thus sever the long association of Eccleshall with the Bishop of Lichfield. At the beginning of the last century the castle passed into the hands of the present owners, the Carter family (distant relations of former US President Jimmy Carter). The town itself was a relatively important market town by the time of the Wars of the Roses. In 1459, the castle was briefly a residence for the Queen, Margaret of Anjou, in her preparation for the Battle of Blore Heath, the site of which lies a few miles north of the town near Market Drayton. Later, the castle suffered damage during the English Civil War.

The restored Mill Meece Pumping Station is to the north of Eccleshall.

Eagle House, Eccleshall is a Grade II listed building in Eccleshall which is currently used as a Bed and Breakfast. Eagle House was originally erected to replace the old Eccleshall Poorhouse (Workhouse) and was built using construction materials from the demolished local Town Hall.

Twin towns
Eccleshall is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Sancerre, France

Industry
For three centuries leather working and shoemaking had been important domestic industries in Eccleshall, but by the end of the 19th century both had almost ceased, with the growth of the mechanised shoe factories in nearby Stafford. Glass production was important to the town in the 14th and 15th centuries.

Farming remains a major activity in the area.

Eccleshall has been the site for an operational biofuel power station since September 2007, fuelled by elephant grass, the majority of which is grown by local farmers within a 30-mile radius. The maximum capacity of 2.6MW makes Eccleshall one of the first carbon-neutral towns in the UK, according to the company that runs the plant.

Notable people

 * William Overton (c.1525–1609), an English bishop, he is buried in Holy Trinity Church, Eccleshall.
 * Samuel Butler (1774-1839), Bishop of Lichfield, previously headmaster of Shrewsbury School, died at Eccleshall Castle.
 * Charles E. Dudley (1780-1841), U.S. Senator from New York, Mayor of Albany, New York, member of the New York State Senate, born at Johnson Hall, Eccleshall.
 * John Lonsdale (1788–1867), Bishop of Lichfield, died at Eccleshall Castle and buried in Eccleshall.

Sport

 * Frederick Webster (1885 in Eccleshall — 1938), an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire in 1906.
 * Anthony Hobson (born in Eccleshall 1965), a former English cricketer. Hobson was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break
 * David Boden (born in Eccleshall 1970), a former English cricketer. Boden was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium-fast.
 * David Hibbert (born Eccleshall 1986), a former football striker; now a coach at Stoke City F.C.

title: Eccleshall


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Thomas Jaggar

Thomas Augustus Jaggar Jr. (January 24, 1871 – January 17, 1953) was an American volcanologist. He founded the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and directed it from 1912 to 1940. The son of Thomas Augustus Jaggar, Jaggar Jr. graduated with a PhD in geology from Harvard University in 1897. In 1902, he was one of the scientists that the United States sent to investigate the volcanic disasters at La Soufrière volcano, St Vincent, and Mont Pelée, Martinique, which he credited with inspiring him to make a life's work out of geology. He became head of the department of geology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1906.

Jaggar traveled to Hawaii in 1909, where he began fundraising to establish the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO). Jaggar became the first director of HVO in 1912, and remained at HVO until 1940, when he retired and became a research associate in geophysics at the University of Hawaii. Jaggar married twice in his life, and had two children. He died in 1953 in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Biography
Thomas Augustus Jaggar Jr. was born on January 24, 1871, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Thomas Augustus Jaggar and Anna Louisa (née Lawrence). Growing up, Jaggar Jr. hiked with his father, and in 1875 climbed Mount Vesuvius. His father was the first Bishop of Southern Ohio. Jaggar Jr. graduated with a baccalaureate degree in 1893 and a master's degree in 1894, both in geology and both from Harvard University. After studying petrography and mineralogy at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and Heidelberg University, he graduated with a Ph.D. in geology from Harvard in 1897. Jaggar was named an associate professor of geology at Harvard in 1903, and, during summers, worked for the United States Geological Survey (USGS). He felt strongly that experimentation was the key to understanding earth science. Jaggar constructed water flumes bedded by sand and gravel to understand stream erosion and melted rocks in furnaces to study the behavior of magmas.

As he matured as a scientist, he began to feel the increasing need for field experimentation. Jaggar wrote: "Whereas small scale experiments in the laboratory helped me to think about the details of nature, there remained the need to measure nature itself."

In May 1902, he was one of the scientists sent from the United States to investigate the volcanic disasters at Soufrière and Mont Pelée. With the help of the U.S. Navy and the National Geographic Society, Jaggar landed on the steaming shores of Martinique some 13 days after the disaster. The same year, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

In his autobiography published in 1956, Jaggar recounts, "It was hard to distinguish where the streets had been. Everything was buried under fallen walls of cobblestone and pink plaster and tiles, including 20,000 bodies....As I look back on the Martinique experience I know what a crucial point in my life it was....I realized that the killing of thousands of persons by subterranean machinery totally unknown to geologists...was worthy of a life work."

On April 15, 1903, Jaggar married Helen Kline, with whom he had two children, Russell Kline and Eliza Bowne. The couple divorced in 1914. In 1906 he became head of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's department of geology. The next 10 years of Jaggar's life brought expeditions to the scenes of great earthquakes and eruptions in Italy, the Aleutians, Central America, and Japan. With each trip, Jaggar became increasingly concerned that his field studies were but brief, inadequate snapshots of long-term, dynamic, earth processes. After the 1908 Messina earthquake killed 125,000 people near Mount Etna in Italy, Jaggar declared that "something must be done" to support systematic, ongoing studies of volcanic and seismic activity. He traveled to Hawaii in 1909 at his own expense, and determined that Kilauea was to be the home of the first American volcano observatory. He would work on that project the rest of his life.

He married co-worker Isabel Maydwell, a widowed schoolteacher from California, in 1917. Jagger established a volcano monitoring station at Mount Lassen and another two on the Aleutian Islands, though the Mount Lassen station did not survive the Great Depression. To explore inaccessible Aleutian Islands beaches, Jaggar designed amphibious vehicles which would form the basis of beach landing craft used by the United States military in World War II, an achievement for which he received the Franklin L. Burr Prize from the National Geographic Society in 1945. After his retirement from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) in 1940, Jaggar remained active at the University of Hawaii, where he was a research associate in geophysics. He died in Honolulu on January 17, 1953, at age 81.

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
After a lecture on his Martinique expedition in Honolulu, Jaggar was approached by Lorrin A. Thurston, a prominent Honolulu lawyer and businessman. Like Jaggar, Thurston believed that Kilauea was a prime site for a permanent volcano observatory and inquired of Jaggar, "Is it then a question of money?" Within a year of their conversation, Thurston and other businessmen raised financial backing for the Hawaii Volcano Research Association (HVRA). A small observing station was set up on the rim of Halemaumau crater (a pit crater inside Kilauea's summit caldera). In July 1909, Jaggar received funding of $25,000 from the Whitney Estate through the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for use in construction of the HVO; funding also came the HVRA and the people of Hilo. In 1912, construction of the HVO began: in February, prisoners sentenced to a term of hard labor by the Territory of Hawaii dug through Kilauea ash and pumice to a thick layer of pahoehoe lava on which to place concrete piers where seismometers would be mounted. In spring of that year, Jaggar left MIT to become the first director of the HVO.

During his early years as director, Jaggar struggled to obtain private endowments with the hope of eventually securing sponsorship by the federal government. At one point, Jaggar raised pigs to fund the HVO. In 1919, Jaggar convinced the National Weather Service to provide funding for the HVO. The USGS took over its operation in 1924, with the exception of a brief hiatus during the Great Depression when HVO was run by the National Park Service. The USGS established a Section of Volcanology in 1926, with Jaggar named as its first chief.

In 1922, he suggested using Kilauea's heat for geothermal energy:

"Volcano power for human use is a possibility, for heat is power, and volcanoes generate heat. ... Cracks near Halemaumau have opened from time to time which sometimes get hotter and hotter until they become glowing furnaces, emitting apparently merely hot air. If a boring will start such a furnace, then twenty holes at such a place will run a respectable engine."

On February 3, 1923, when an 8.4-magnitude earthquake hit the southeastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Jaggar tried to warn the Hilo harbormaster about the possibility that a tsunami could have been generated. Jaggar's warning was not taken seriously and one fisherman was killed when the tsunami hit, with damage estimated at $1.5 million. According to authors Boris W. Levin and Mikhail Nosov, this was the first tsunami warning in the "far field." In 1935, Jagger called on the United States Army to bomb lava flow that would soon reach the headwaters of the Wailuku River, which supplied water for the town of Hilo. His hope was that the lava tubes or channels could be destroyed, thereby robbing the advancing flow while feeding another flow that would re-cover the same area. The flow was bombed on December 27, and lava stopped flowing during the night or early morning of January 2, 1936. According to the United States Geological Survey, "Whether or not the bombing stopped the 1935 Mauna Loa lava flow remains a controversial topic today."

Jaggar remained director of HVO until 1940. The Thomas A. Jaggar Museum in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is named for him. In 2018, the museum closed when earthquakes associated with the eruption damaged its structure. , many of the museum's artifacts are in storage.

title: Thomas Jaggar


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Talk:Steve Peregrin Took

Email from Fee Warner
I just got this email, clears up possible copyvio issues:

Steve Took's Domain  to me, davidmantell2, Fee, fee More options	 4:59am (19 minutes ago) Hi, (copy to David) This is not in copyright violation on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Peregrin_Took as my friend David and I hold the copyright. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Steve_peregrin_took If you need confirmation go to the page which you've listed as the 'source' (http://www.stevetook.mercurymoon.co.uk/biography-1.html) and knock off the 'biography-1.html' to get back to the front of the web site. Use the email links to mail myself and David directly from the web site so we can confirm we do the site! (You'll see the two emails generated contain the same two email addresses we I've used and I've even CC'ed a copy of it to myself using my main www.MercuryMoon.co.uk domain address as Steve Took's domain is actually a subdomain of my own server space. Also this applies to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Took%27s_Shagrat which I wrote before I realised I needed to register so it only appears with my IP address of 80.3.64.7 I got a message saying it was copied from www.stevetook.mercurymoon.co.uk/biography-3.html. Please see the talk page on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Steve_Took%27s_Shagrat Love, Light & Peace Fee

Things look fine to me. Andre 09:20, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Many thanks Andre

 * Ditto. Sorry 'bout the mix-up.  It's just that real copyright violations present very real problems.  Welcome to the club. - Lucky 6.9 19:22, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Lazza
Is Lazza the same as Larry Wallis? I guessed at this because I've read a lot of British books, but I think that for most Americans the connection would be incomprehensible.

Also, somebody needs to make this article NPOV. I could do it by taking out a lot of modifiers (like "frankly gullible", "gloriously", and "brilliant"), but maybe it should be someone who knows something about the material. —JerryFriedman 18:36, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, I made sure that Lazza=Larry and did it myself. Maybe someone can smooth it over a bit.  —JerryFriedman 21:40, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

TOTAL NPOV PROBLEM
"The duo finagled their way into the very heart of the underground, manipulating and seducing the stoned (and frankly gullible) audiences with a synthesised veneer of mysticism and elfin sagacity, which pushed all the right buttons."

The paragraph quoted above has been removed. It's totally POV.

Barret/Took connection
I think it would be wise to tone down the Barrett/Took connection a little bit mainly because "possibly" has turned to "propably" in (for example) the case of Took's participation in Barrett's infamous "Rhamadan" track. And information about Barrett's supposed appearance on Steve's 70s demos did not emanate from any Barrett biographer, producer or musician, but from US label Cleopatra records who used the information to sell a compilation of Steve's demos in the early 90s. Therefore I (for one) remain sceptical. And as far as I can remember the "fact" that Took recorded with Barrett was established roughly around the same time as the (admittedly excelent) domain stevetook.co.uk. After all, there has been a book written that examins the paperwork relating to all Barrett's session in great detail, and we still don't have a clue who plays on Rhamadan do we? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Larstangmark (talk • contribs) 15:56, 6 June 2008 (UTC) Larstangmark (talk) 15:59, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Took's connections to Barrett are cross-referred in Barrett fanclub zine Terrapin from the early 70s 86.146.247.163 (talk) 02:31, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

template
Sorry, but the language and stuff is obviously that of a fan - which is fine enough but this is an encyclopedia. Hopefully someone who know their Took and an appropriate writing style will be able to make this page a better tribute to "that hippy bongo player". LessHeard vanU (talk) 21:24, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * "Hippy Bongo Player" ? Listen, Steve Took was a screaming rock n roll wildman singer-songwriter.  Steve's work as bongo player for Bolan was just his juvenilia (and Marc's).  Took's work 1969-1980 as a soloist and frontman of Shagrat/The Horns/etc was the serious mature work of his career.  And he wasn't a mild humble hippy from Narnia either, he was a wild chrome-plated Hard Rocking KER FLICKER KER FLASH! 2.24.70.231 (talk) 13:07, 11 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Have tidied it up to meet standards, while maintaining spirit of original. 86.146.247.163 (talk) 02:19, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Death address
Took was living and died at 100 Cambridge Gardens W10. I live at 98 Cambridge Gardens, it is the corner of Cambridge Gardens and St Marks Road W10. It is certainly not 'Notting Hill Gate', neither is it just off Portobello Road (Cambridge Gardens is rather a long road bisected by Ladbroke Grove) - it is 'North Kensington'; there is a world of diference between W11 and W10 - I have edited the entry accordingly. Incidentally the current occupants of no 100 were completely unaware of the connection with Took.

89.168.90.170 (talk) 22:58, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I well remember the apartment at 100 Cambridge Gardens, on the ground floor left. It was originally rented by Sandy and Rose, two girls from Swindon, late 1970 or early 71. Rose was John Manly's gf. Manly was already sharing with Paul Rudolph round at 164 Lancaster. Rapidly all kind of nefarious Fairies and associates moved in at 100 CG. I recall a little later when a used ambulance had been acquired and this was often used to liberate canisters of nitrous from the local hospital. Games of chance were a constant occupation including big money chess with the added frisson of lengthy intakes of nitrous inbetween each round. But I digress, for some reason, not based on any reliable source but my vague recollection, I thought Took was living in St Luke's Mews when he kicked it. Wwwhatsup (talk) 03:28, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Ah, well. I was only using other web biographies as the source of my information on 100 Cambridge Gardens. If it was St Luke's Mews then that is an entirely different matter - this needs clarifying, either from the death certificate or someone who personally knows.109.144.254.52 (talk) 11:40, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * He was living at Sam's place in Clydesdale House when he died. 100A Cambridge Gardens was the squat he shared with Russell Hunter and an American called KGR in 1971-1972. 86.131.176.245 (talk) 15:02, 24 February 2018 (UTC)

Stevetook.mercurymoon.co.uk & Syd Barrett
isn't Stevetook.mercurymoon.co.uk basically a fan site? I used to 'know' Fee (the "web mistress") via a Syd yahoo group & she was pretty much an obsessed fan of Steve Took - got forced out of the T-rex fan club & co set up a splinter group, either forced out her then fan partner for getting in the way of researching him the way she wanted or was the one dropped - forget which.

& a site introing itsubject as "DEFINITELY THE MOST MISUNDERSTOOD & UNDER-VALUED SINGER, SONG WRITER, MUSICIAN, SATIRIST OF THE 20th CENTURY" doesn't exactly sound like an non-biased/ reliable enclyopedia worthy source.

No sources but old discussions on Barrett fan yahoo groups (either Laughing Madcaps or might've been Vegetable Friends) decided Syd *might've* been there when that cd was recorded but more likely invented by Cleopatra & that Barrett def wasn't known as Crazy Diamond at the time.109.224.137.121 (talk) 04:36, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

 * CDs didn't exist in the early 1970s either. I expect it was a tape recording.  The "Crazy Diamond" credit is from the release on CD in 1991, when it definitely existed as a term for Syd Barrett and was probably given with hindsight by the CD sleeve compiler. 2.31.162.43 (talk) 16:25, 9 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The people behind the Steve Took's Domain (Fee and David) were behind the CD release of the Steve Took's Horns sessions on Cherry Red Records so clearly it is not just a fan site. And no-one's "dropped" anyone, so let's not go spreading idle gossip like that ... 81.151.227.206 (talk) 23:36, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

 * A Wikipedia article's sources do not have to comply with Wikipedia policies on NPOV etc. Only the Wikipedia article itself has to comply. 62.190.148.115 (talk) 10:33, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

Pocketful O'Nowt
Anon editors have posted and reverted on multiple occasions a "Legacy" section to promote a song about Took by a non-notable band Pocketful O'Nowt. They have in turn been reverted by Rothorpe, Robsinden, and me. I will revert once more, and suggest, if it happens again, we go for semi-protection. Wwwhatsup (talk) 13:19, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steve Peregrin Took


text:
Lec

Lec or LEC may refer to:

Organisations

 * Lake Erie College, a college in Painesville, Ohio
 * Lancaster Environment Centre, an interdisciplinary centre at Lancaster University, England

 * Lao Evangelical Church, a religious body in Laos
 * Laredo Entertainment Center, a sports arena in Laredo, Texas, US
 * LEC Refrigeration, former British white goods manufacturer now part of Glen Dimplex
 * LEC Refrigeration Racing, British Formula One constructor associated with the company
 * Little East Conference, an NCAA Division III collegiate athletic conference based in New England, US
 * Living Enrichment Center, a defunct New Thought church in Wilsonville, Oregon, US
 * Lonsdale Energy Corp, a centralized heating operation owned by North Vancouver, British Columbia
 * LucasArts Entertainment Company, the former videogame division of Lucasfilm

Places

 * Lec, former name of the city of Giżycko, Poland
 * LEC, Amtrak station code for Lake City (Amtrak station) in Florida, US
 * Lyonia Environmental Center, part of a nature reserve in Deltona, Florida

Science and technology

 * Light emitting capacitor, an electroluminescent panel
 * Light Emitting Ceramic, a particular brand of ceramic discharge metal-halide lamp
 * Light-emitting electrochemical cell, a solid-state device that generates light from an electric current
 * Line echo cancellation, a method to cancel or suppress echoes in an electrical signal
 * Liquid encapsulated Czochralski, a variant of the Czochralski process for growing crystals
 * Liver-expressed chemokine, a small chemokine also known as CCL16
 * Local exchange carrier, a type of telecommunication service provider
 * Lunar Equipment Conveyor, a device used on Apollo program missions to ferry equipment and samples in and out of the Lunar Module
 * Lymphoid endothelial cell - formed in lymphangiogenesis

Other uses

 * Legal Education Certificate, a professional certification allowing its holder to practice law in the Commonwealth Caribbean
 * Levelised energy cost, the average whole-lifetime cost of electricity from a power plant
 * Levy Exemption Certificate, issued to some emitters under the UK Climate Change Levy
 * Local enterprise company, a type of government-owned economic development organization in Scotland
 * Lee–Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mk I, a British rifle
 * Logic equivalence checking, alternate name for Formal equivalence checking, a process in electronic design automation
 * League of Legends EMEA Championship (LEC), formerly "League of Legends European Championship" (LEC) and "Europe League Championship Series" (EU LCS), Europe's top professional league in League of Legends

title: Lec


text:
MRCA

MRCA may refer to:
 * Member of the Royal College of Anaesthetists, United Kingdom
 * Most recent common ancestor, a term referring to the most recent ancestor any set of organisms are directly descended from
 * Mid-right coronary artery, one of several coronary arteries.
 * Multirole combat aircraft, the concept of an aircraft that can be used for more than one combat role; particularly:
 * The NATO Multi-Role Combat Aircraft – the project that became the Panavia Tornado
 * Indian MRCA competition, an ongoing competition to supply the Indian Air Force with 126 multirole combat aircraft

title: MRCA


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Avala

Case Closed on 17 Nov 2004

Please do not edit this page directly if you are not a participant in this case. Comments are very welcome on the Talk page, and will be read, in full. Evidence, no matter who can provide it, is very welcome at /Evidence. Evidence is more useful than comments.

Arbitrators will be working on a proposed decision at /Proposed decision.

Statement of complaint
Avala has been a difficult user for some time now, prone to personal attacks, belicosity on talk pages, and prone to either disregard or inability to comprehend Wikipedia policy and convention. He has a tendency towards abusive edit summaries, frivolous nominations on RFA and FAC, and edit warring. Detailed evidence can be found at User:Snowspinner/Avala Evidence.

I'd like to stress in this case that I do not think Avala is a bad user, or even editing in bad faith. I think Avala is a difficult user and a problem user. I'm hoping for the outcome of this to be something that helps the message that Avala is being disruptive to sink in - something an RfC and numerous users confronting Avala about his behavior have not achieved. My personal hope for an outcome would be something akin to the standing order being proposed for the case regarding Anthony. Snowspinner 22:37, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * I strongly agree with all Snowspinner has said. Ambivalenthysteria 04:18, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * As do I. Cribcage 21:20, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I, of course, disagree. Nikola 23:11, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I would like to request postponing arbitration for one week, because I will be on vacation. I informed Wikipedia about this earlier before on my talk page. I shall write complete answer to what is found in User:Snowspinner/Avala Evidence. It is located at User:Avala/Answer. [[User:Avala|Avala| ★ ]] 11:52, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * How about trying mediation? Fred Bauder 13:58, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * I do not think that would be fruitful, particularly after reading Avala's answer. Avala seems to be completely unaware of the issues that personal attacks, edit warring, and hostile posts on talk pages all cause. These issues have been pointed out to him in the past, and he refuses to see them as problems, always defending that his edit was right, that the people opposing him were POV warriors, that he was just discussing. I think it's telling that he notes that "Many times I said I PROPOSE A PEACEFUL SOLUTION" without seeming to note that the very tone of saying that in all caps negates the peacefulness of the solution. (Though I find Avala's whole response very telling - it displays almost every one of the issues I have with Avala's editing style) I don't feel that Avala has any investment in change nor any recognition that there is an issue, and suspect that Avala would not take the matter with enough seriousness or interest in reaching a conflict-free resolution for it to be an effective solution. I think that what is needed is for civility and compromise to no longer be optional for Avala. I hope that with some sanctions, Avala will finally recognize that this is a real issue. Snowspinner 15:03, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Statement by affected party
I can see that your only dream is to ban me because we dissagre in many subjects. I don`t think it is very democratic. Evidences you provided are mostly out of subject(80 "evidences"), because you posted every minor edit of mine for an example on discussion about templates nato/natom. "Many times I said I PROPOSE A PEACEFUL SOLUTION"- You seem not to read anything but just point to caps lock. The reason I wrote it like that in first place was to stop fighting in one article and to point to my compromise proposal (in my answer I just copy/pasted). You also said " that the people opposing him were POV warriors". You again said it yourself. I never said such a thing and please don`t post lies anymore! I said that is normal that everyone in here have some POV, but that it is really bad if you don`t respects other peoples POV(POV is nothing bad, it means Point of View, and everyone should have it unless they are invertebrate), and call for banning them. But I am not he one who said I like to poke Avala and soemthing like all edits by Avala are bad and POV. I think you should think a bit and see that this request for arbitration brought you 6 opposing votes. And differently from you I admit making mistakes, but I was also a good contributor many times and again many times proposed compromise solution. You never tried to rich compromise. Your favourite key seams to be "the revert key". I hope that you don`t expect my answer to be something like :sorry Snowspinner for voting against you on RfA, because I don`t think I am sorry at all after your last comment.

I wish you the best and hope that you will stop being agressive to me, that you will listen to the people because we don`t have anything against you [[User:Avala|Avala| ★ ]] 16:15, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I urge the committee not to send this to mediation. It is one such case where there is absolutely nothing mediation could achieve. It is not a dispute between two users, nor is it a dispute of the content of an article. Passing the buck to the Mediation Committee (as was tried last time Avala was put on here), will just delay the inevitable, annoy a lot of people, and perhaps lessen the opportunity to constructively encourage Avala to change his behaviour. Ambivalenthysteria 03:07, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by "delay the inevitable" ? What inevitable outcome are you expecting here ? SweetLittleFluffyThing
 * I was referring to arbitration. In my opinion, the issue wasn't going to go away, and needed to be heard by the AC if a positive outcome was to occur. I felt that if, as last time, it was sent back to the MC (due to a dispute that wasn't necessarily mediate-able, and the wide number of parties that have had issues with this user), then it would simply be delaying arbitration proceedings, rather than preventing them. Ambi 10:32, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrators' opinions on hearing this matter

 * 1) Accept. James F. (talk) 03:26, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Accept. Fred Bauder 12:00, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Accept. Gutza 15:04, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) The last time Avala was on RfA, he was making a request, over a single edit, and rejecting it was absolutely correct - I'm not going to accept every ill thought out arbitration request just on the offchance that the person making the request will themselves be the subject of an arbitration request some months later. On this new request, I'm undecided at present. Martin 00:05, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Accept. mav 09:20, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Final decision
Same numbering as used at /Proposed decision (vote counts are there as well)

Principles
1) Don't disrupt Wikipedia to prove a point. See Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point

2) The English language Wikipedia site is an international site which welcomes and expects participation by editors from all countries.

3) Editors with a national background, in this case, Serbian, are encouraged to edit from a Neutral Point of View, presenting the point of view they have knowledge of through their experience and culture without aggressively pushing their particular nationalist point of view by emphasizing it or minimizing or excluding other points of view.

4) Neutral point of view as defined on Wikipedia contemplates inclusion of all significant perspectives regarding a subject. While majority perspectives may be favored by more detailed coverage, minority perspectives should also receive sufficient coverage. No perspective is to be presented as the "truth"; all perpectives are to be attributed to their advocates. See Neutral point of view

5) Although negotiation is not explicitly mentioned in dispute resolution it is contemplated under the initial steps of Wikipedia's dispute resolution policies under language which suggests users who are in conflict talk to one another on their respective talk pages and on the talk page of any article in dispute. Effective negotiation often requires courtesy and respect for the other party and their point of view, see Wikiquette.

Findings of Fact
1) User Avala created a template, Template:NAM, which because of the large number of countries involves was quite large and would reasonably, if accepted by the Wikipedia community, be added to about 100 articles. Avala's initiative was contested by User Snowspinner who first blanked the template and then listed it as a candidate for deletion . See  where although the page was severely criticized there was failure to achieve a consensus to delete the page.

2) It is probable that to User Avala, who has a Serbian background, the Non-Aligned Movement which was founded by Tito has more significance than is usually accorded it by Wikipedia editors.

3) User Avala, in his attempts to find a solution to this problem created the templates, Template:NAMm and Template:NATOm.

4) The templates, Template:NAMm and Template:NATOm were not considered an acceptable solution to the "large template problem" and were deleted. User Avala tried out Template:NATOm in a few articles, see     and . These were promptly deleted and Avala did not pursue the matter.

5) Considering the matter of User Avala's actions concerning Template:NAM raised by User Snowspinner as a whole: Avala proposed an initiative which he attempted to defend when it was challenged but did not engage in behavior which violated Wikipedia policy, See Be bold in updating pages

6) User Avala created MediaWiki:Serbia and Montenegro, which is now Template:Serbia and Montenegro. This was criticized by Snowspinner and others as being "too small", see MediaWiki talk:Serbia and Montenegro and its page history. Avala's response to this criticism can fairly be criticized as defensive and insistent. The template remains in use, see Serbia and Montenegro.

8) In the face of general opposition from other editors, who felt that evidence of the charges was not sufficient, User Avala inserted into Milan Kucan and Janez Drnovsek notes that both men were being accused of war crimes. In pursuit of this objective Avala engaged in an edit war, see, For Drnovsek:    and . For Kucan:. In discussing these reversions, the following posts were made:. including these 4 insertions which occured in a period of 4 hours:, , , and. Again Avala was defensive, insistant and abusive.

Remedies
1) The above findings of fact show that Avala has often worked against consensus and majority opinion. We therefore rule that Avala must follow the majority opinion of the users involved concerning any controversial edits that Avala makes. One specific consequence is that violations of the three revert rule are not permitted. This probation period will last for one month.

2) For a period of 3 months, should a serious dispute arise between Avala and other users with respect to editing of an article Avala is required to cite substantial authority supporting the position he is taking and either enter the dispute resolution process regarding the matter or drop the matter. A serious dispute is defined as one in which any party to the dispute has reverted the other 3 times or more. After Avala makes his third revert he shall cease editing the article with respect to the disputed matter until completion of the dispute resolution process. Resolution of the dispute in his favor shall require verification that the authority cited adequately supports the information he advocates including in the article. With respect to matters of taste such as size of templates he is required to defer to majority opinion.

3) Given the fact that Avala is now editing at a low rate, we reserve the right to revisit the conduct issue of this user once/if Avala starts to edit at an increased rate again and other users complain about Avala's conduct. This probation would last one year.

Enforcement
1) Violation of the three revert rule will enable admins to ban Avala for 24 hours.