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Civilization Phaze III

Civilization Phaze III is the sixty-third album by Frank Zappa, released posthumously as a double album on October 31, 1994. It was the first studio album of new material from Zappa since 1986's Jazz from Hell. The album marks the third part of a conceptual continuity that started with We're Only in It for the Money (1968), with the second part being a re-edited version of Zappa's 1967 album Lumpy Gravy. Zappa described the album as a "two-act opera", but in lieu of traditional recitatives and arias, it alternates brief spoken word passages with musical numbers created on a Synclavier using a combination of sampled and synthesized sounds. Much of the sampled material in the second half of the album was originally recorded by Ensemble Modern and other musicians to Zappa's specifications.

The storyline of Civilization Phaze III involves a group of people living inside a piano, and the menacing reality of the outside world. The album's themes include personal isolation and nationalism. Much of the album's improvised dialogue was originally recorded as part of sessions which produced We're Only in It for the Money and Uncle Meat, which contained some dialogue by the same speakers, and some of the dialogue on this album previously appeared on the re-edited version of Lumpy Gravy released in 1968. New dialogue was recorded by Zappa in 1991, and includes similarly improvised dialogue by members of Ensemble Modern, Zappa's daughter Moon Unit and actor Michael Rapaport.

Background
In 1967, while recording We're Only in It for the Money with the Mothers of Invention, Frank Zappa discovered that the strings of Apostolic Studios' grand piano would resonate if a person spoke near those strings. The "piano people" experiment involved Zappa having various speakers improvise dialogue using topics offered by Zappa. Various people contributed to these sessions, including Eric Clapton, Rod Stewart and Tim Buckley. The "piano people" voices primarily consisted of Mothers of Invention bandmembers Motorhead Sherwood and Roy Estrada, Spider Barbour (leader of the rock band Chrysalis), All-Night John (the manager of the studio) and Louis Cuneo, who was noted for his laugh, which sounded like a "psychotic turkey".

In 1992, Zappa recorded The Yellow Shark with the Ensemble Modern orchestra, and sampled their instrumentation with his Synclavier. After revisiting his archives, he decided to create an album which would combine the 1967 "piano people" dialogue, Synclavier music, performances by the Ensemble Modern, and newly recorded dialogue. The project began under the title Lumpy Gravy, Phase 3 (with phase one being We're Only in It for the Money and phase two being the 1968 version of Lumpy Gravy), but was later changed to Civilization Phaze III.

Zappa recorded new dialogue segments to accompany the original "piano people" recordings. The new dialogue speakers included members of the Ensemble Modern, Moon Zappa, Dweezil Zappa and actor Michael Rapaport.

Concept and music
The album's storyline was conceived via improvised dialogue involving a series of randomly chosen words, phrases and concepts, which included motors, pigs, ponies, dark water, nationalism, smoke, music, beer and personal isolation. The music was conceived as an opera pantomime, and is dark and ominous. The Ensemble Modern samples allowed the Synclavier to produce richer-sounding music than Zappa's previous works using the machine, which produced the cruder-sounding music on albums such as Jazz from Hell. University of Washington music theory chair Jonathan W. Bernard suggests that Civilization Phaze III is heavily influenced by Zappa's disenchantment with avant-garde composition and Zappa's acute awareness of his own mortality. Bernard suggests that Civilization Phase III is Zappa's last, greatest attempt at being recognized as a composer of "serious music".

Release
Civilization Phaze III was the final album Frank Zappa completed before he died. It was published posthumously by Barking Pumpkin Records on October 31, 1994, solely as a mail order album, with no advertising or promotion; the album subsequently received a strong number of orders from Zappa's fanbase. Rykodisc was given the option of distributing the album nationally, but the label ultimately did not distribute it.

The album was also not released with Zappa's other works in the 2012 reissue of his catalog, but it can still be ordered from the artist's official website. "I think it's very much about finishing his life," said his widow, Gail Zappa, in an interview. "After he finished this, he said, 'I've done everything that I can'".

Reception
AllMusic reviewer François Couture wrote: "It belongs to his corpus of 'serious music'. [...] The original artwork and packaging are stunning and luxurious, a match for the music, some of the most compelling Zappa wrote outside of the rock realm." However, some critics felt that the "piano people" narrative did not hold up for a double album. The album won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Recording Package.

Personnel

 * Frank Zappa – producer, compiler, editor, composer, performer, conductor, liner notes
 * Ensemble Modern – orchestra
 * Dick Kunc – engineer (1967)
 * David Dondorf – engineer (1991)
 * Todd Yvega – engineer (1991)
 * Spencer Chrislu – engineer (1991)
 * Uri Balashov – cover design
 * Command A Studios – art direction

 * 1967 voices
 * Spider Barbour
 * All-Night John
 * Frank Zappa
 * Euclid James "Motorhead" Sherwood
 * Roy Estrada
 * Louis "The Turkey" Cuneo
 * Monica
 * Gilly Townley
 * Unknown Girl #1
 * Unknown Girl #2

 * 1991 voices
 * Moon Unit Zappa
 * Michael Rapaport
 * Ali N. Askin
 * Catherine Milliken
 * Walt Fowler
 * Todd Yvega
 * Michael Svoboda
 * Michael Gross
 * William Forman
 * Uwe Dierksen
 * Stefan Dohr
 * Daryl Smith
 * Franck Ollu
 * Hermann Kretzschmar
 * Dweezil Zappa

Note and references

 * Note

 * References

title: Civilization Phaze III


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Wolbachia

Wolbachia is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that can either infect many species of arthropod as an intracellular parasite, or act as a mutualistic microbe in filarial nematodes. It is one of the most common parasitic microbes of arthropods, and is possibly the most common reproductive parasite in the biosphere. Its interactions with its hosts are often complex. Some host species cannot reproduce, or even survive, without Wolbachia colonisation. One study concluded that more than 16% of neotropical insect species carry bacteria of this genus, and as many as 25 to 70% of all insect species are estimated to be potential hosts.

History
The genus was first identified in 1924 by Marshall Hertig and Simeon Burt Wolbach in the common house mosquito. They described it as "a somewhat pleomorphic, rodlike, Gram-negative, intracellular organism [that] apparently infects only the ovaries and testes". Hertig formally described the species in 1936, and proposed both the generic and specific names: Wolbachia pipientis. Research on Wolbachia intensified after 1971, when Janice Yen and A. Ralph Barr of UCLA discovered that Culex mosquito eggs were killed by a cytoplasmic incompatibility when the sperm of Wolbachia-infected males fertilized infection-free eggs. The genus Wolbachia is of considerable interest today due to its ubiquitous distribution, its many different evolutionary interactions, and its potential use as a biocontrol agent.

Phylogenetic studies have shown that Wolbachia persica (now Francisella persica) was closely related to species in the genus Francisella   and that Wolbachia melophagi (now Bartonella melophagi) was closely related to species in the genus Bartonella,  leading to a transfer of these species to these respective genera. Furthermore, unlike true Wolbachia, which needs a host cell to multiply, F. persica and B. melophagi can be cultured on agar plates.

Method of sexual differentiation in hosts
These bacteria can infect many different types of organs, but are most notable for the infections of the testes and ovaries of their hosts. Wolbachia species are ubiquitous in mature eggs, but not mature sperm. Only infected females, therefore, pass the infection on to their offspring. Wolbachia bacteria maximize their spread by significantly altering the reproductive capabilities of their hosts, with four different phenotypes:

 * Male killing occurs when infected males die during larval development, which increases the rate of born, infected females.
 * Feminization results in infected males that develop as females or infertile pseudofemales. This is especially prevalent in Lepidoptera species such as the adzuki bean borer (Ostrinia scapulalis).
 * Parthenogenesis is reproduction of infected females without males. Some scientists have suggested that parthenogenesis may always be attributable to the effects of Wolbachia, though this is not the case for the marbled crayfish. An example of parthenogenesis induced by presence of Wolbachia are some species within the Trichogramma parasitoid wasp genus, which have evolved to procreate without males due to the presence of Wolbachia. Males are rare in this genus of wasp, possibly because many have been killed by that same strain of Wolbachia.
 * Cytoplasmic incompatibility is the inability of Wolbachia-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females or females infected with another Wolbachia strain. This reduces the reproductive success of those uninfected females and therefore promotes the infecting strain. In the cytoplasmic incompatibility mechanism, Wolbachia interferes with the parental chromosomes during the first mitotic divisions to the extent that they can no longer divide in synchrony.

Effects of sexual differentiation in hosts
Several host species, such as those within the genus Trichogramma, are so dependent on sexual differentiation of Wolbachia that they are unable to reproduce effectively without the bacteria in their bodies, and some might even be unable to survive uninfected.

One study on infected woodlice showed the broods of infected organisms had a higher proportion of females than their uninfected counterparts.

Wolbachia, especially Wolbachia-caused cytoplasmic incompatibility, may be important in promoting speciation. Wolbachia strains that distort the sex ratio may alter their host's pattern of sexual selection in nature, and also engender strong selection to prevent their action, leading to some of the fastest examples of natural selection in natural populations.

The male killing and feminization effects of Wolbachia infections can also lead to speciation in their hosts. For example, populations of the pill woodlouse, Armadillidium vulgare which are exposed to the feminizing effects of Wolbachia, have been known to lose their female-determining chromosome. In these cases, only the presence of Wolbachia can cause an individual to develop into a female. Cryptic species of ground wētā (Hemiandrus maculifrons complex) are host to different lineages of Wolbachia which might explain their speciation without ecological or geographical separation.

Effect on aromatase
The enzyme aromatase is found to mediate sex-change in many species of fish. Wolbachia can affect the activity of aromatase in developing fish embryos.

a. Predator-prey interactions
Wolbachia may transfer from prey to predator through the digestive system. To do so, Wolbachia needs to first survive through the lumen secretion and then enter the host tissue through the gut epithelium. This route does not seem to occur frequently due to little evidence.

b. Host–parasitoid/parasite interactions
This may be one of the most common routes of Wolbachia host shifts. Compared to predator-prey interactions, the physical association between the host and parasites typically lasts longer, occurs at various developmental stages, and enables Wolbachia to directly contact various tissues.

Since this interaction may expose both sides to microbial exchange, one strategy for understanding the direction of transfer is to assess Wolbachia 's presence in close relatives on both sides, as the donor side generally has a larger diversity of infection.

One parasitoid species can infect multiple shared hosts, and one host species can infect multiple parasitoids. For instance, parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia can spread between Trichogramma parasitoid wasps sharing host eggs.

Parasites can also serve as a vector between infected and uninfected hosts without being infected. When the mouthparts and ovipositors of aphelinid parasitoid wasps become contaminated through feeding Wolbachia-infected Bemisia tabaci, it can infect the next host.

c. Shared plant and other food sources
This route applies to microbes that can survive either within or on the surface of the food. Experiments demonstrated that the Wolbachia wAlbB strain can survive extracellularly for up to 7 days, and up to 50 days for some strains in cotton leaf phloem vessels.

Plants are one of the best platforms for this route. By physical contact between arthropod mouthparts and plant tissue, the Wolbachia inhabiting the salivary glands of some insects may be transferred to the plants. As a result, arthropod species feeding on the same plants may share common Wolbachia strains.

Other insect food sources may also mediate Wolbachia horizontal transfer, such as the sharing of dung patches between two Malagasy dung beetle species.

Step 2: survival and proliferation in the new host
The pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the bacteria, such as peptidoglycan, can activate the host's innate immune responses. In response, some Wolbachia strains have a unique functional peptidoglycan amidase (AmiDwol) that cleaves its bacterial cell wall so that it can escape from immune responses. Besides the peptidoglycans, cell-to-cell movements of Wolbachia can also cause oxidative stress to the host and trigger the host's immune response. Therefore, Wolbachia has a triple-layer vacuole that acts as a mechanical shield to protect it from cellular immune responses.

Step 3: vertical transmission
Vertical transmission requires Wolbachia to reach germ line cells and maintain in the zygote. Wolbachia may initially occupy somatic stem cells as a stable reservoir and then use the host's vitellogenin transovarial transportation system to enter the oocyte. Once Wolbachia enter the zygote, they need to reach important host tissues without disrupting the embryo's development. This can be achieved using the host cytoskeleton, by bundling Wolbachia protein WD0830 to host actin filaments. They can also increase the division rate of germ-line stem cells to localize and increase their titer. Under natural conditions, successful vertical transmission of Wolbachia is challenging.

Step 4: spread within the host population
Invasion of a new population likely stems from specific phenotypic effects, including reproductive manipulations and/or providing direct fitness benefits to their female hosts.

Upon transferring into a new host, Wolbachia may retain its original phenotypic effects, induce a different phenotype, or have no detectable effect. For instance, a strain that induce male killing in the moth Cadra cautella induced Cytoplasmic incompatibility in a novel moth host Ephestia kuehniella.

Fitness advantages by Wolbachia infections
Wolbachia infection has been linked to viral resistance in Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila simulans, and mosquito species. Flies, including mosquitoes, infected with the bacteria are more resistant to RNA viruses such as Drosophila C virus, norovirus, flock house virus, cricket paralysis virus, chikungunya virus, and West Nile virus.

In the common house mosquito, higher levels of Wolbachia were correlated with more insecticide resistance.

In leafminers of the species Phyllonorycter blancardella, Wolbachia bacteria help their hosts produce green islands on yellowing tree leaves, that is, small areas of leaf remaining fresh, allowing the hosts to continue feeding while growing to their adult forms. Larvae treated with tetracycline, which kills Wolbachia, lose this ability and subsequently only 13% emerge successfully as adult moths.

Muscidifurax uniraptor, a parasitoid wasp, also benefits from hosting Wolbachia bacteria.

In the parasitic filarial nematode species responsible for elephantiasis, such as Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti, Wolbachia has become an obligate endosymbiont and provides the host with chemicals necessary for its reproduction and survival. Elimination of the Wolbachia symbionts through antibiotic treatment therefore prevents reproduction of the nematode, and eventually results in its premature death.

Some Wolbachia species that infect arthropods also provide some metabolic provisioning to their hosts. In Drosophila melanogaster, Wolbachia is found to mediate iron metabolism under nutritional stress and in Cimex lectularius, the Wolbachia strain cCle helps the host to synthesize B vitamins.

Some Wolbachia strains have increased their prevalence by increasing their hosts' fecundity. Wolbachia strains captured from 1988 in southern California still induce a fecundity deficit, but nowadays the fecundity deficit is replaced with a fecundity advantage such that infected Drosophila simulans produces more offspring than the uninfected ones.

Life-history consequences of Wolbachia infection
Wolbachia often manipulates host reproduction and life-history in a way that favours its own propagation. In the Pharaoh ant, Wolbachia infection correlates with increased colony-level production of reproductives (i.e., greater reproductive investment), and earlier onset of reproductive production (i.e., shorter life-cycle). Infected colonies also seem to grow more rapidly. There is substantial evidence that the presence of Wolbachia that induce parthenogenesis have put pressure on species to reproduce primarily or entirely this way.

Additionally, Wolbachia has been seen to decrease the lifespan of Aedes aegypti, carriers of mosquito-borne diseases, and it decreases their efficacy of pathogen transmission because older mosquitoes are more likely to have become carriers of one of those diseases. This has been exploited as a method for pest control.

Genomics
The first Wolbachia genome to be determined was that of strain wMel, which infects D. melanogaster fruit flies. This genome was sequenced at The Institute for Genomic Research in a collaboration between Jonathan Eisen and Scott O'Neill. The second Wolbachia genome to be determined was of strain wBm, which infects Brugia malayi nematodes. Genome sequencing projects for several other Wolbachia strains are in progress.

Horizontal gene transfer
Wolbachia species also harbor a bacteriophage called bacteriophage WO or phage WO. Comparative sequence analyses of bacteriophage WO offer some of the most compelling examples of large-scale horizontal gene transfer between Wolbachia coinfections in the same host. It is the first bacteriophage implicated in frequent lateral transfer between the genomes of bacterial endosymbionts. Gene transfer by bacteriophages could drive significant evolutionary change in the genomes of intracellular bacteria that were previously considered highly stable or prone to loss of genes over time.

Wolbachia also transfers genes to the host. A nearly complete copy of the Wolbachia genome sequence was found within the genome sequence of the fruit fly Drosophila ananassae and large segments were found in seven other Drosophila species.

In an application of DNA barcoding to the identification of species of Protocalliphora flies, several distinct morphospecies had identical cytochrome c oxidase I gene sequences, most likely through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) by Wolbachia species as they jump across host species. As a result, Wolbachia can cause misleading results in molecular cladistical analyses. It is estimated that between 20 and 50 percent of insect species have evidence of HGT from Wolbachia—passing from microbes to animal (i.e. insects).

Small RNA
The small non-coding RNAs WsnRNA-46 and WsnRNA-59 in Wolbachia were detected in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and Drosophila melanogaster. The small RNAs (sRNAs) may regulate bacterial and host genes. Highly conserved intragenic region sRNA called ncrwmel02 was also identified in Wolbachia pipientis. It is expressed in four different strains in a regulated pattern that differs according to the sex of the host and the tissue localisation. This suggested that the sRNA may play important roles in the biology of Wolbachia.

Role in parasites
Outside of insects, Wolbachia infects a variety of isopod species, spiders, mites, and many species of filarial nematodes (a type of parasitic worm), including those causing onchocerciasis (river blindness) and elephantiasis in humans, as well as heartworms in dogs. Not only are these disease-causing filarial worms infected with Wolbachia, but Wolbachia also seems to play an inordinate role in these diseases.

A large part of the pathogenicity of filarial nematodes is due to host immune response toward their Wolbachia. Elimination of Wolbachia from filarial nematodes generally results in either death or sterility of the nematode. Consequently, current strategies for control of filarial nematode diseases include elimination of their symbiotic Wolbachia via the simple doxycycline antibiotic, rather than directly killing the nematode with often more toxic antinematode medications.

Disease prevention

Naturally existing strains of Wolbachia have been shown to be a route for vector control strategies because of their presence in arthropod populations, such as mosquitoes. Due to the unique traits of Wolbachia that cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, some strains are useful to humans as a promoter of genetic drive within an insect population. Wolbachia-infected females are able to produce offspring with uninfected and infected males; however, uninfected females are only able to produce viable offspring with uninfected males. This gives infected females a reproductive advantage that is greater the higher the frequency of Wolbachia in the population. Computational models predict that introducing Wolbachia strains into natural populations will reduce pathogen transmission and reduce overall disease burden. An example includes a life-shortening Wolbachia that can be used to control dengue virus and malaria by eliminating the older insects that contain more parasites. Promoting the survival and reproduction of younger insects lessens selection pressure for evolution of resistance.

In addition, some Wolbachia strains are able to directly reduce viral replication inside the insect. For dengue they include wAllbB and wMelPop with Aedes aegypti, wMel with Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti.

Wolbachia has also been identified to inhibit replication of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in A. aegypti. The wMel strain of Wolbachia pipientis significantly reduced infection and dissemination rates of CHIKV in mosquitoes, compared to Wolbachia uninfected controls and the same phenomenon was observed in yellow fever virus infection converting this bacterium in an excellent promise for YFV and CHIKV suppression.

Wolbachia also inhibits the secretion of West Nile virus (WNV) in cell line Aag2 derived from A. aegypti cells. The mechanism is somewhat novel, as the bacteria actually enhances the production of viral genomic RNA in the cell line Wolbachia. Also, the antiviral effect in intrathoracically infected mosquitoes depends on the strain of Wolbachia, and the replication of the virus in orally fed mosquitoes was completely inhibited in wMelPop strain of Wolbachia.

The effect of Wolbachia infection on virus replication in insect hosts is complex and depends on the Wolbachia strain and virus species. While several studies have indicated consistent refractory phenotypes of Wolbachia infection on positive-sense RNA viruses in Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti and the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus,  this effect is not seen in DNA virus infection and in some cases Wolbachia infection has been associated or shown to increase single stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA virus infection. There is also currently no evidence that Wolbachia infection restricts any tested negative-sense RNA viruses   indicating Wolbachia would be unsuitable for restriction of negative-sense RNA arthropod borne viruses.

Wolbachia infection can also increase mosquito resistance to malaria, as shown in Anopheles stephensi where the wAlbB strain of Wolbachia hindered the lifecycle of Plasmodium falciparum.

However, Wolbachia infections can also enhance pathogen transmission. Wolbachia has enhanced multiple arboviruses in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. In another study, West Nile Virus (WNV) infection rate was significantly higher in Wolbachia (strain wAlbB)-infected C. tarsalis compared to controls.

Wolbachia may induce reactive oxygen species–dependent activation of the Toll (gene family) pathway, which is essential for activation of antimicrobial peptides, defensins, and cecropins that help to inhibit virus proliferation. Conversely, certain strains actually dampen the pathway, leading to higher replication of viruses. One example is with strain wAlbB in Culex tarsalis, where infected mosquitoes actually carried the west nile virus (WNV) more frequently. This is because wAlbB inhibits REL1, an activator of the antiviral Toll immune pathway. As a result, careful studies of the Wolbachia strain and ecological consequences must be done before releasing artificially-infected mosquitoes in the environment.

Strain wMel, mixed-sex
The World Mosquito Program (WMP) uses Wolbachia strain wMel to infect Aedes mosquitos. The mixed-sex mosquitos are intended to infect the local population with wMel, giving them transmission resistance.

In 2014, WMP released infected mosquitos in Townsville, an Australia city with 187,000 inhabitants plagued by dengue. For four years after introduction, no cases of dengue were reported. Trials in much smaller areas had been carried out, but a larger area had not been tested. No environmental ill-effects were reported. The cost was A$15 per inhabitant, but it was hoped that it could be reduced to US$1 in poorer countries with lower labor costs.

In 2016, WMP scientist Scott Ritchie proposed using wMel mosquitos to combat the spread of the Zika virus. A study reported that Wolbachia wMel has the ability to block Zika in Brazil. In October 2016, it was announced that US$18 million in funding was being allocated for the use of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes to fight Zika and dengue viruses. Deployment is slated for early 2017 in Colombia and Brazil.

Between 2016 and 2020, WMP conducted its first randomized controlled trial in Yogyakarta, an Indonesian city of about 400,000 inhabitants. In August 2020, the trial's Indonesian lead scientist Adi Utarini announced that the trial showed a 77% reduction in dengue cases compared to the control areas. This trial was the "strongest evidence yet" for the technique.

In 2017–2019, WMP released mosquitos in Niterói, Brazil.

In March 2023, Brazil's Oswaldo Cruz Foundation signed an agreement with WMP to provide funds for a large "mosquito factory" producing infected insects.

Male incompatibility
Another method to use Wolbachia in mosquitos exploits the cytoplamic incompatibility between infected males and uninfected females. If an uninfected female mates with an infected male, her eggs become infertile. With enough infected males released, the mosquito population would be reduced temporarily.

Verily, the life sciences arm of Google's parent company Alphabet Inc., uses this method. In July 2017, it announced a plan to release about 20 million Wolbachia-infected male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Fresno, California, in an attempt to combat the Zika virus. Singapore's National Environment Agency has teamed up with Verily to come up with an advanced, more efficient way to release male Wolbachia mosquitoes for Phase 2 of its study to suppress the urban Aedes aegypti mosquito population and fight dengue.

On November 3, 2017, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered Mosquito Mate, Inc. to release Wolbachia strain "ZAP"-infected male mosquitoes in 20 US states and the District of Columbia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wolbachia


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Young Mr. Lincoln

Young Mr. Lincoln is a 1939 American biographical drama western film about the early life of President Abraham Lincoln, directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda. Ford and producer Darryl F. Zanuck fought for control of the film, to the point where Ford destroyed unwanted takes for fear the studio would use them in the film. Screenwriter Lamar Trotti was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing/Original Story.

In 2003, Young Mr. Lincoln was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
In 1832, a family traveling through New Salem, Illinois in their wagon need groceries from Lincoln's store, and the only thing of value that they have to trade is a barrel of old books including a law book, Blackstone's Commentaries. After thoroughly reading the book, Lincoln opts for the law after receiving encouragement from his early, ill-fated love, Ann Rutledge, who soon dies. Too poor to own even a horse, he arrives in Springfield, Illinois, on a mule and soon establishes a law practice in 1837 with his friend, John Stuart. After a raucous, day-long Independence Day celebration, a man, Skrub White, is killed after he pulled a gun in a fight. The accused are two brothers, Matt and Adam Clay. Lincoln prevents the lynching of the accused at the jail by shaming the angry, drunken mob. He also convinces it that he really needs the clients for his first real case.

Admiring his courage, Mary Todd invites Lincoln to her sister's soiree. Despite being aggressively courted by the very polished Stephen Douglas, Mary is interested in Lincoln. She faithfully attends the trial of the Clay boys, sits in the front row, and listens closely.

The boys' mother, Abigail Clay, who witnessed the end of the fight, and Lincoln are pressured by the prosecutor to save one of the brothers at the expense of the other's conviction. However, the key witness to the crime, J. Palmer Cass, is a friend of the victim who claims to have seen the murder at a distance of about 100 yards under the light of the moon: "It was moon bright". However, Lincoln persists and is able, by using an almanac, to demonstrate that on the night in question, the moon had set before the time of death. He then drives Cass to confess that he had actually stabbed his friend.

Cast

 * Henry Fonda as Abraham Lincoln
 * Alice Brady as Abigail Clay (final film role)
 * Marjorie Weaver as Mary Todd
 * Arleen Whelan as Sarah Clay
 * Eddie Collins as Efe Turner
 * Pauline Moore as Ann Rutledge
 * Richard Cromwell as Matt Clay
 * Donald Meek as Prosecutor John Felder
 * Dorris Bowdon as Carrie Sue (Judith Dickens, who was obviously replaced by Bowden, is falsely credited)
 * Eddie Quillan as Adam Clay
 * Spencer Charters as Judge Herbert A. Bell
 * Ward Bond as John Palmer Cass
 * Milburn Stone as Stephen A. Douglas
 * Cliff Clark as Sheriff Gil Billing
 * Fred Kohler Jr. as Skrub White (uncredited)

Background
The film has as its basis the murder case against William "Duff" Armstrong, which took place in 1858 at the courthouse in Beardstown, Illinois, the only courthouse in which Lincoln practiced law that is still in use. Lincoln proved the witness against the accused was lying about being able to see by the light of the Moon, using an almanac. Armstrong was acquitted.

Critical reception
In a favorable review for The New York Times, Frank Nugent wrote that the film's tableaux of scenes and characters gave the film "the right to be called Americana," and praised Fonda's performance:"Henry Fonda's characterization is one of those once-in-a-blue-moon things: a crossroads meeting of nature, art and a smart casting director. Nature gave Mr. Fonda long legs and arms, a strong and honest face and a slow smile; the make-up man added a new nose bridge.... [Fonda's] performance kindles the film, makes it a moving unity, at once gentle and quizzically comic."In an essay that not only discusses the film but also sheds light on the Soviet view of Lincoln's career and mythos, Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein named Young Mr. Lincoln as the one American film that he most wishes he had made, lauding its "harmony," the "stylized daguerrotype manner" of its photography, and the sympathy and subtlety with which it portrays Lincoln, whom Eisenstein likens to Russian folk hero Ilya Muromets.

Adaptations
Young Mr. Lincoln was adapted as a radio play on the July 10, 1946, episode of Academy Award Theater.

The Village Theatre of Everett and Issaquah, Washington has commissioned a new musical based on the film titled Lincoln in Love, book and lyrics by Peter S. Kellogg and music by David Friedman.

title: Young Mr. Lincoln


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Talk:Redeemer Lutheran College

Untitled
Archived deletion debate for this article, consensus was to keep:

Since we're still removing entries on high schools --Rlandmann 04:33, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC) ,jb,
 * Keep. It's a perfectly good article. It's well-written. It's wikified. It's not an ad for the place. And what is with this sudden attempt to reverse precedent and put all high schools on VFD? Putting this here is pushing it too far. Ambivalenthysteria 08:00, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Properly written, a high school is important enough for wikipedia. -- Solitude 12:11, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete; though I will agree that the article is well-structured, it's the school itself that doesn't impress me. RLC is only 24 years old (see its homepage at http://www.rlc.qld.edu.au/ ) and a Google search returns just 381 hits.  Are we or are we not trying to catalog all of the world's secondary schools, no matter how notable, in this Wikipedia?  (And if we are, am I expected to add my former high school?)  --Ardonik 17:15, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, hopefully most colleges will get an article before too long Williamb 09:37, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Be aware, however, that in Australia "college" generally means what would be called a "high school" in the US. The US term "college" in the US is (again, generally) a "university" in Australia. To clarify - this particular article is about a small high school in the semi-rural outskirts of Brisbane. --Rlandmann 21:59, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep: According to Wile E. Heresiarch, the notability rule is in force for all schools. In which case the argument that it's a school is not sufficient for either a delete or keep.  By this standard, I feel that this particular school's parochial interests and desires to hit a subspecialist group allow it some distinction from its kin. Geogre 02:01, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I used to be pretty adamantly against keeping such articles, but then I realized how with categories, these admittedly trivial articles can be properly grouped with the communities in which they are notable and help flesh out information.  In other words, I now think there's a place for these.  Postdlf 02:53, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It sounds a bit like self-promo but there is information that is useful as well. I think school pages are extremely useful. Where else can you find info about schools as easily as on Wikipedia without going to the schools site? --Sekizaru 21:56, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

End archived discussion

For the deletion debate for Robin kleinschmidt see Talk:Robin kleinschmidt. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 21:13, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This article serves very little purpose. It is providing information that could easily be found on RLC's website.

Regarding controversies
Can all editors please note that we're here to be neutral and verifiable regarding the two controversies. I'll admit that my addition of the Darville claims needs a source, and I'm currently chasing one up. Regarding Warren Schneider, though, I will police any unwarranted additions thoroughly. If particular claims can be sourced, then source them as you add them. Just because he's been convicted of a serious crime doesn't mean that we can relax that policy. BigHaz - Schreit mich an (Review me) 07:40, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

The school has been involved (peripherally) in two controversial incidents during its existence to date. →Use of "peripherally" is patently incorrect (as well as stylistically unappealing). Child sex abuse happened at this school. That is not peripheral. Mike3685 (talk) 07:32, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Uniform Colours
An anonymous IP's been writing that the uniform is now "varying shades of yellow and green". Put simply, there's no proof of this that I can find (and this includes talking to people connected to the school). I'm not a betting man, but I'd lay odds this is your standard nonce-vandalism. BigHaz - Schreit mich an 11:27, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

-Bet a million your brother is Christopher Tornatore. He's a member of wikipedia and twice as nerdy o.0
 * Not in the slightest. I don't know the bloke you're talking about. Now, if you can't remain civil and refrain from personal attacks against other members, you might want to consider cooling off. BigHaz - Schreit mich an 06:47, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Logo
This is getting silly. There's no indication anywhere that a new logo was even suggested, let alone designed today. If a new logo appears, it'll need sourcing - same as everything else here. BigHaz - Schreit mich an 10:20, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

-then you'll have to wait till tommorow when the newsletter comes out. Until then!
 * I can wait as long as it takes. BigHaz - Schreit mich an 11:33, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Update: I'm told that the RLC Foundation has a new logo (or perhaps a logo, since nobody seems sure if there used to be one). None of my sources agree on what it looks like, or whether it can be described in the words used here. That said, sticking it in unsourced is never a good idea and one has to question the usefulness of a vague description of the logo of a body connected to the school in an article on the school itself. A few words about the Foundation wouldn't go amiss here, though. BigHaz - Schreit mich an 11:38, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Correction
"Most staff members are practising Lutherans" is not correct but most are practising Christians (teacher). I am making the relevant correction.
 * If you'd like to make that correction, you're welcome to (certainly at the time I wrote it, the majority were in fact Lutherans, but the demographics of schools change rapidly). However, this same IP has in fact made an edit attempting to say that the school colours are "various shades of green", which is neither relevant, accurate, nor a correction. BigHaz - Schreit mich an 11:46, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

BigHaz, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/138.217.181.239 indicates that I made only one edit to the article (changed the word Lutherans to Christians) and one addition to the discussion page declaring the edi. Therefore on what grounds do you villify me? I believe you have made a mistake.
 * My apologies, you're quite right. The comment was made during a sustained process of reverting vandalism to this article, and unfortunately I got two anonymous users (you and a vandal) confused. Again, I'm sorry about that and it won't happen again. BigHaz - Schreit mich an 06:47, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 10:31, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Redeemer Lutheran College


text:
Talk:Robin kleinschmidt

Archived copy of deletion debate for this article; consensus was to merge with his school

...so I guess we should also be removing articles on their founders --Rlandmann 04:34, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete & merge: However the debate goes on the school he founded, his notability is that he did it.  Long serving school masters, no matter how benign, get no entry.  Were we to allow the school founding as notability, we'd get in every Bob and Bobby who opened a car lot. Geogre 13:07, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Rhymeless is right: the material should be included in the school entry, if it stays, or the school info would be in this, if it stays. (High schools stay, so I'm figuring that it will be the survivor.) Geogre 17:18, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, a toughie. If the article on the school stays, probably merge and redirect.  Exploding Boy 15:42, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not as sure, myself. I might like to see it kept, tho Geogre's comment gives me a bit of a start; it could easily be seen as precedent, and even I'm not *that* inclusionary. Though if that is deemed impossible, it certainly deserves a merge with the school page. However, his last name deserves capitalisation. Rhymeless 16:48, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable. If we keep Redeemer Lutheran College, merge this article's content with it first.  --Ardonik 17:19, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with above—merged and redirect if school article kept. Postdlf 02:56, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

End archived discussion

title: Talk:Robin kleinschmidt


text:
User:Smear~enwiki

wave the sails!

title: User:Smear~enwiki


text:
Coloratura

Coloratura is an elaborate melody with runs, trills, wide leaps, or similar virtuoso-like material, or a passage of such music. Operatic roles in which such music plays a prominent part, and singers of these roles, are also called coloratura. Its instrumental equivalent is ornamentation.

Coloratura is particularly found in vocal music and especially in operatic singing of the 18th and 19th centuries. The word coloratura means "coloring" in Italian, and derives from the Latin word colorare ("to color").

History
The term coloratura was first defined in several early non-Italian music dictionaries: Michael Praetorius's Syntagma musicum (1618); Sébastien de Brossard's Dictionaire de musique (1703); and Johann Gottfried Walther's Musicalisches Lexicon (1732). In these early texts "the term is dealt with briefly and always with reference to Italian usage".

Christoph Bernhard (1628–1692) defined coloratura in two ways:

 * cadenza: "runs which are not so exactly bound to the bar, but which often extend two, three or more bars further [and] should be made only at chief closes" (Von der Singe-Kunst, oder Maniera, c. 1649)
 * diminution: "when an interval is altered through several shorter notes, so that, instead of one long note, a number of shorter ones rush to the next note through all kinds of progressions by step or leap" (Tractatus compositionis, c. 1657)

The term was never used in the most famous Italian texts on singing: Giulio Caccini's Le Nuove musiche (1601/2); Pier Francesco Tosi's, Opinioni de' cantori antichi e moderni (1723); Giovanni Battista Mancini's Pensieri, e riflessioni pratiche sopra il canto figurato (1774); Manuel García's Mémoire sur la voix humaine (1841), and Traité complet de l’art du chant (1840–47); nor was it used by the English authors Charles Burney (1726–1814) and Henry Fothergill Chorley (1808–1872), both of whom wrote at length about Italian singing of a period when ornamentation was essential.

Modern usage
The term coloratura is most commonly applied to the elaborate and florid figuration or ornamentation in classical (late 18th century) and romantic (19th century, specifically bel canto) vocal music. However, early music of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, and in particular, baroque music extending up to about 1750, includes a substantial body of music for which coloratura technique is required by vocalists and instrumentalists alike. In the modern musicological sense the term is therefore used to refer to florid music from all periods of music history, both vocal and instrumental. For example, in Germany the term coloratura (Koloratur) has been applied to the stereotypical and formulaic ornamentation used in 16th‑century keyboard music written by a group of German organ composers referred to as the "colorists" (Koloristen).

Despite its derivation from Latin colorare ("to color"), the term does not apply to the practice of "coloring" the voice, i.e. altering the quality or timbre of the voice for expressive purposes (for example, the technique of voix sombrée used by Gilbert Duprez in the 1830s).

Vocal ranges
The term is not restricted to describing any one range of voice. All female and male voice types may achieve mastery of coloratura technique. There are coloratura parts for all voice types in different musical genres.

Nevertheless, the term coloratura, when used without further qualification, normally means soprano di coloratura. A coloratura soprano role, most famously typified by the Queen of the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute, has a high range and requires the singer to execute with great facility elaborate ornamentation and embellishment, including running passages, staccati, and trills. A coloratura soprano has the vocal ability to produce notes above high C (C6) and possesses a tessitura ranging from A4 to A5 or higher (unlike lower sopranos whose tessitura is G4–G5 or lower).

Richard Miller names two types of soprano coloratura voices (the coloratura and the dramatic coloratura) as well as a mezzo-soprano coloratura voice, and although he does not mention the coloratura contralto, he includes mention of specific works requiring coloratura technique for the contralto voice.

Examples of coloratura music for different voice ranges include:

 * Mozart's Allelujah (from Exsultate, jubilate) may be arranged for and sung by a properly trained contralto, mezzo-soprano or soprano. The piece was written for soprano castrato.
 * The aria Every valley shall be exalted from Handel's Messiah is an example of a coloratura piece for tenor.
 * Each singer of a major role in Rossini's operas must have a secure coloratura technique.
 * Osmin, a character in Mozart's The Abduction from the Seraglio, is a coloratura role for a basso.
 * Agitata da due venti ("Agitated by two winds") a coloratura soprano aria, from Antonio Vivaldi's opera Griselda.
 * Naqui All'Affanno - Non Piu Mesta a coloratura contralto rondo, from Rossini's opera La Cenerentola.

title: Coloratura


text:
Talk:Kardeş Türküler

How can I add a link to a different wiki language?
It would be great if there were a way to link to the article in the Turkish Wikipedia. Unfortunately, there's a character in the title of the Turkish page which is making that impossible for me. - Kenwarren 04:41, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)

i'm in problam ! may be.•Unknown Infinite (talk) 10:46, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
i don't known what could i do. but that was my past. i don't know my future. all said that future we will not seen. I'm not seen.

my mind was confused in it. i want to live in normal,rich,happy life. i know i'll do for it but some where i fall down. the journey of human life that was so long either short.

i wanna help but I have only my body.

i have no purpose,i'm at 0 in a present. i'll do any thing you tell but i want to be prepared that, i know i'll done this but a human society call me any name of it (mad,psycho,sant,mahatma ,parmatma..etc..etc...) but, at last i'll told my self "u R none of this" u have no name.u r a unknown.

"my vision is to see the whole life like silence"

(life,world,galaxy ..etc)where to it start no one is say,but the one confidence & imagination & follows mr./mrs./sir.head etc...

can u be a head, if u be a head, u'll think some one follow me ,but u follow other or to aim"

manish_soni@yahoo.com.au

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title: Talk:Kardeş Türküler


text:
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (, meaning 'Afrikaner Resistance Movement'), commonly known by its abbreviation AWB, is an Afrikaner nationalist, white supremacist, and neo-Nazi political party in South Africa. Since its founding in 1973 by Eugène Terre'Blanche and six other far-right Afrikaners, it has been dedicated to secessionist Afrikaner nationalism and the creation of an independent Boer-Afrikaner republic or "Volkstaat/Boerestaat" in part of South Africa. During bilateral negotiations to end apartheid in the early 1990s, the organisation terrorised and killed black South Africans.

, it is reported that the organization has around 5,000 members, and uses social media for recruitment.

History
On 7 July 1973, Eugène Terre'Blanche, a former police officer, called a meeting of several men in Heidelberg, Gauteng, in the then-Transvaal Province of South Africa. He was disillusioned by what he thought were Prime Minister B.J. Vorster's "liberal views" of racial issues in the White minority country, after a period in which Black majorities had ascended to power in many former colonies. Terre'Blanche also worried about what he characterised as communist influences in South African society. He decided to form a group with six other like-minded persons, which they named the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement) (AWB), to promote Afrikaner and Christian nationalism. His associates elected him as head of the group, a position he held until he was murdered on his farm in April 2010.

Their objective was to establish an independent Boerestaat ("Boer State") for Boer-Afrikaner people only. It was to be independent of apartheid South Africa, which they considered too left-wing and liberal. The AWB was formed to try to regain the ground they thought lost after the Second Boer War; the men intended to re-establish the independent Boer Republics of the past: the South African Republic (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) and the Republic of the Orange Free State (Oranje Vrystaat). The organization was strongly antisemitic and advocated for the extermination of South Africa's Jewish population.

Apartheid era
During the 1970s and 1980s, the AWB attracted several thousand White South Africans as members. They opposed the reform of apartheid laws during the 1980s, harassing liberal politicians and holding large (and often quite rowdy) political rallies. Terre'Blanche used his flamboyant oratorial skills and forceful personality to win converts. He railed against the lifting of many so-called "petty apartheid" laws, such as the law banning interracial sex and marriage (the Race Relations Act), mixing of the races (Group Areas Act), as well as the government providing limited political rights to Indians and Coloureds (mixed-race individuals). During the State of Emergency (1984–86), AWB violence and murders of unarmed non-Whites were reported. The AWB especially opposed the then-illegal African National Congress (ANC). The ruling National Party considered the AWB to be little more than a fringe group.

The group operated relatively unhindered until 1986, when White South African Police (SAP) Police officers took the unprecedented step of using lachrymatory agent or tear gas against the AWB when they disrupted a National Party rally. In 1988, the organisation was estimated to have had support amongst 5–7% of the White South African population. In the Nick Broomfield documentary film, His Big White Self (2006), he claimed the organisation reached a peak of half a million supporters in its heyday.

During the end of apartheid
During the negotiations that led to South Africa's first non-racial election, the AWB engaged in violence and murder. During the Battle of Ventersdorp in August 1991, the AWB confronted police in front of the town hall where State President F. W. de Klerk was speaking, and "a number of people were killed or injured" in the conflict. Later in the negotiations, the AWB stormed the Kempton Park World Trade Centre where the negotiations were taking place, breaking through the glass front of the building with an armoured car. The police guarding the centre failed to prevent the invasion. The invaders then took over the main conference hall, threatening delegates and painting slogans on the walls, but left again after a short period. Six AWB members were sentenced to death for the murder of four black people at a fake roadblock they set up to terrorise black travellers. On 4 July 1990, members of the AWB detonated an explosive against the Vrye Weekblad newspaper, which they had accused of having a "liberal bias". This was the most serious attack in a string of explosive attacks. It was not until 20 March of the following year that a series of attacks hit the city of Ventersdorp, leaving only material damage.

In 1988, the AWB was beset by scandal when claims that Terre'Blanche had had an affair with journalist Jani Allan surfaced. In July 1989, Cornelius Lottering, a member of a breakaway AWB group Orde van die Dood (Order of Death), attempted to assassinate Allan by placing a bomb outside her Sandton apartment. Nick Broomfield's 1991 documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Driver's Wife claimed that Terre'Blanche had sex with Allan, a claim she denied. This led to Allan taking libel proceedings against the documentary broadcaster Channel 4 in 1992 at the London High Court. During the trial, several transcripts of their alleged unconventional sexual positions appeared in the South African and British press. Terre'Blanche also submitted a sworn statement to the London court denying that he had had an affair with Allan. Although the judge found that Channel 4's allegations had not defamed Allan, he did not rule on whether or not there had been an affair. In November 1993, the AWB signed a solidarity pact with the Inkatha Freedom Party, with the AWB providing the IFP with military training and agreeing that "Boer and Zulu would fight together for freedom and land should they be confronted by a common enemy".

On 28 April 1994, members of the AWB beat up African-American reporter Michael Allen of The New York Times while covering an AWB mobilization in Rustenburg. Despite the fact that the reporter was punched and kicked by several members of the AWB, his injuries were not serious.

Bophuthatswana crisis
In 1994, before the advent of majority rule, the AWB gained international notoriety in its attempt to defend the dictatorial government of Lucas Mangope in the homeland of Bophuthatswana. The AWB, along with a contingent of about 90 Afrikaner Volksfront militiamen, entered the capital Mmabatho on 10 and 11 March. The black policemen and soldiers of the Bophuthatswana Defence Force who were out in force to support President Mangope disappeared from the streets in protest at the AWB's actions and later turned on the militiamen at the airport at Mafikeng. One AWB member was shot and killed when the convoy attempted to leave the airport and continue on to Mmabatho. When in Mmabatho, the AWB and the Afrikaner Volksfront found themselves under continuous siege from both the Bophuthatswana Defence Force and Mmabatho citizens. When attempting to retreat from Mmabatho on 11 March, three AWB members were summarily killed after they had been wounded in a firefight, by a rogue Bophuthatswana Defence Force member who defected to the ANC. Nearby photojournalists and television news crews recorded the incident, which proved to be a public relations disaster for the AWB, demoralising its White members. The AWB claimed that they were asked into the country and only entered trying to help the Bophuthatswana Government, but the Tebbutt Commission found the "evidence is overwhelming that they entered the area uninvited and that they were not welcome there".

Post-apartheid
On 24 December 1996, members of the AWB planted two explosive devices at a Shoprite (South Africa) supermarket in Worcester, South Africa, killing four civilians and wounding 60 more approximately. Only two of the four bombs that had been installed detonated. Despite this the explosion killed four civilians, including three children. It was not until September 2013 when the victims and the perpetrators of the attack spoke, thanks to an initiative of the Victim-Aggressor Dialogue Program.

On 17 June 2001, Terre'Blanche was sentenced to six years in prison for assaulting a petrol station employee, John Ndzima, to such an extent as to cause permanent brain damage, and the attempted murder of a security guard and former employee, Paul Motshabi. Terre'Blanche was released in June 2004 after serving three years in Rooigrond Prison near Mafikeng. During his time in prison, he became a born-again Christian and claimed he had moderated many of his more ethno-nationalist views and preached reconciliation as 'prescribed by God'.

In April 2007, AWB posters appeared at the 13th Klein Karoo National Arts Festival in Oudtshoorn. Several posters made reference to the Bok van Blerk song "De la Rey", an Afrikaans hit record about the Boer General as well as to South Africa's former Coat of Arms. Organisers were quick to remove the posters.

In March 2008, the AWB announced it was re-activating for 'populist' reasons, citing the encouragement of the public. Reasons for their return include: the electricity crisis, corruption across government departments and rampant crime. Plans include a demand for land that they claim is legally theirs in terms of the Sand River Convention of 1852 and other historical treaties, through the International Court of Justice in The Hague if necessary, and if that failed, taking up arms. In April 2008, Terre'Blanche was to be the speaker at several AWB rallies in Vryburg, Middelburg and Pretoria. Several areas in South Africa have been earmarked as part of a future Volkstaat according to three critical title deeds. The areas include Vryheid in KwaZulu-Natal, the old Republics of Stellaland and Goshen in the far North-West and sections of the Free State.

The Mail & Guardian newspaper reported in 2008 that the AWB group has over 5,000 members, and appeals to 18- to 35-year-olds to join the organisation's youth wing. The South African press reported in 2016 that the AWB continue to use social media to recruit new members.

In 2010, Terre'Blanche was murdered by an employee on his farm, and Steyn von Rönge was announced as new leader of the organisation.

Logo

The AWB flag is composed of three black sevens forming a triskelion in a white circle upon a red background, similar to the flag of Nazi Germany. According to AWB, the sevens, 'the number of final victory', 'stand to oppose the number 666, the number of the anti-Christ'. Red is considered to represent Jesus' blood and the struggle of the Christians, while black stands for bravery. The inner white circle symbolises "purity" and "eternal life".

The AWB also uses the "Vierkleur", the original flag of the once independent South African Republic, the flag of the Orange Free State and the old flag of South Africa that was used from 1928 to 1994 but with the British flag replaced.

In fiction
The organisation is a popular antagonist amongst writers of alternate history literature. Several members of a fictionalised AWB are important characters in Harry Turtledove's American Civil War alternate history novel The Guns of the South (1992). The AWB also features prominently in Larry Bond's novel of a Cold War-era civil war/international conflict in South Africa, Vortex (1991). It also appears in Richard Herman Jr.'s novel, Iron Gate (1996).

title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging


text:
Talk:Freedom Evolves

NPOV
He says:

"moreover if people could opt out of moral responsibility, wouldn't they have to be locked up like dangerous animals"

yet this is precisely what *does* happen doesn't it??

Needs some NPOV work. --Anonymous

 * Yeah, it's based too heavily on the original author's interaction with the book. --User:Bbtommy (not logged in)

 * Wow.. it doesn't just need SOME NPOV, it needs to be rewritten entirely. The whole article is the author's biased opinion, both against the philosophy and the man. --Augur

 * Agreed. This is a horrible mess.  I'm dropping one paragraph as it has no content except bias.

 * This is basically a review of the book; it goes completely against the intention of Wikipedia. Maybe this should go up for deletion? --rem120

 * Guys, I gave it a bit of a rewrite- I think it is a lot more NPOV, and explains it a bit better. But I'm starting to read the book, so I can probably improve on it. BTW, does anyone know whether the link to the Amazon page about it is kosher? It contains a lot of reasonable quality reviews, but I worry it might be construed as commercial.  (and no, it defintely should not go up for deletion!) --maru 19:08, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Consider these two sentences:

 * "But it appears his view of free will is not particularly original or threatening"

 * And:

 * "The views are solidly presented, if not particularly new or groundbreaking."
 * Can these be described as maintaining NPOV at all? --Chasuk 16:15(PST), 14 July 2005

 * Chasuk- the current version of the article needs to be changed, preferably by someone who has actually read the book. "we can still be free in some other important senses. The important point for a compatibilist case is exactly what senses these might be, but Dennett is not very clear about this." <-- this is really offensive. Dennett has always been clear about the type of freedom we have: we are free to the extent that our brains allow us to make use of what we have learned in the past in order to help us generate useful behavior now and in the future. Dennett has emphasized the fact that we control our behavior, which is enough for morality. We need not worry about having more than an illusion of the God-like determinism-defying behavioral choice that philosophers have long seen as a requirement for human moralality. If someone wants to say that Dennett's work is not new, they need to cite other authors who did what Dennett does: weave materialism and evolutionary thinking into a naturalistic account of meaning, morality and freedom. --Memenen 02:39, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

The stuff about Dennett invoking quantum randomness is completely and totally wrong. Dennett's gone on at length about how quantum randomness is irrelevant and not a potential source of free will. This article isn't just biased, it's deeply ignorant and needs to be rewritten from scratch, or else removed entirely. It's worse than worthless. Alienus 16:26, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

where's the "E" word?
The current article is amazing....probably the only description of this book that does not discuss the importance of evolution in Dennett's argument (mentioning "evolves" in the title of the book does not count). --68.109.166.14 02:43, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I added some data about it and the game theoretical justifications. --maru 19:08, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Kill this page
Should we even have a page that's nothing more than a book review? Dennett's ideas should be covered under his own page, or on pages appropriate to the ideas themselves (compatibilism, behaviorism, etc), not here. Anyone think this page should be allowed to live? --Alienus 22:20, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * There are many good wikipedia articles about books. If you destroy this page, it will just be created again. --JWSchmidt 00:34, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No kidding. --Maru (talk) Contribs 01:12, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps there are many good articles, but this isn't one of them. Nor, for that matter, do I see anyone working to improve it.  I think it's time for us to either put up or shut up, so to speak. --Alienus 03:52, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Why? What deadline is there? --Maru  (talk) Contribs 04:33, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see any reason to think we'll EVER achieve a useful page on this topic, so it's not a matter of deadline but viability. Alienus 05:02, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * If you really feel that way, then go ahead and list this article on Articles for Deletion. I can tell you what will happen though: it will overwhelmingly be voted to keep, and I will improve the article with my copy sooner than I had planned or wanted to. That is all. It will definitely not be deleted. --Maru  (talk) Contribs 05:11, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't get it. Why did you restore the text I deleted? It's an opinionated book review from some guy's personal website. It's totally subjective. It is inappropriate to Wikipedia, and should never have been put in this article in the first place. I don't think that the article should be deleted, and a vfd will most likely result in a vote to cleanup rather than to delete. If you want to keep or rehibilitate portions of the review, go aherad. But there's no reason to keep the POV portions. — goethean ॐ 15:48, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I restored it because there was, for all its POV, a lot of good information in there. It is not ideal, but if we deleted everything but the ideal on Wikipedia, we'd be left with no articles. --Maru  (talk) Contribs 16:16, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Death by assimulation
What little content of value there is in this article should be scraped up and tossed back in with Daniel_Dennett. Alienus 07:15, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it is a waste of time to delete this wikipedia article. If it is deleted, it will simply be created again. As an alternative to deletion, I suggest that we start an article improvement process. As a first step, I suggest that everyone with a copy of the book agree to contribute a summary of the contents of one chapter and that we continue to add chapter descriptions to the article until the entire book is described. --JWSchmidt 16:00, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm impatient with that approach, so I made an attempt at removing some of the obvious problems. What now? Alienus 22:11, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * We should add a description of Dennett's treatment of evitability. --JWSchmidt 00:46, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Improvement suggestion
Could some further explanation be added about the book's conclusion that "Evitability ... actually requires, that human action be deterministic" i.e. what is the argument that leads to this? SP-KP 02:05, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:01, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Five Forms of Will
If i'm not mistaken, and i very well could be, dennett classifies five distinct forms of possible freewill (that works with causality and not against it such as the view that freewill is god-given) I don't remember his specific qualifiers but i believe a bad and second hand list would be something like:

 * 1) Imagined evitability or illusional freewill (An animal that believed it had free will would be more likely to avoid danger, so the illusion of freewill generates the capacity for it.)
 * 2) Pre evitablity or attempted freewill (an animal tries to avoid something, succeeds and hence believes it can do so again.)
 * 3) Accidental freewill (an animal avoids something by chance and from then on repeats the method of avoidance.)
 * 4) Discovered freewill (an animal seeks to avoid something in the future and finds a way of doing so that wasn't possible before [due to his lack of knowing it could])
 * 5) Post Evitability, or Corrective freewill (an animal fails to avoid, then 'learns' from his mistake.)

Someone with the book could skim and find dennett's actual classifications and explanations but unless there are objections i feel it would be a great inclusion.

title: Talk:Freedom Evolves


text:
User talk:Sm105

Proposed deletion of 2013 Ethiopian Air Force An-12 crash

The article 2013 Ethiopian Air Force An-12 crash has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Military aircraft accidents are rarely notable and I cant see anything in this accident of note

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. MilborneOne (talk) 11:27, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

Response
While I tend to agree with the general statement that "military accidents are rarely notable", this accident may fall under the exceptions to that rule. For starters, the accident took place at a civilian airport unlike most military accidents. Furthermore, the cargo of the aircraft is noteworthy as it demonstrates Ethiopia's participation in the supply chain to AMISOM/Somali military forces prior to the formal acknowledgement/inclusion of Ethiopian troops into AMISOM in January 2014. When the Somali conflict eventually ends and its history is finally written, this accident may actually be seen as one of the catalysts that drove Ethiopia to formally join the AMISOM command structure.

I believe that the accident meets Wikipedia's notability guidelines as it has received "significant coverage" from "reliable sources". Furthermore, as described above, it is likely to have "enduring historical significance" internationally, and unquestionably "widespread national impact" in Somalia and Ethiopia. Furthermore, as a fatal accident that occurred at a civilian airport, its inclusion in the various tables of aviation accidents helps contribute significantly to Wikipedia's value as a data resource.

SM105 (talk) 14:11, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

Nomination of 2013 Ethiopian Air Force An-12 crash for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article 2013 Ethiopian Air Force An-12 crash is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/2013 Ethiopian Air Force An-12 crash until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. ...William 14:43, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

Welcome to WikiProject Cricket
Hi Sm105,

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Response
It will be sorted out in the next few working days. Thanks for the reminder.

SM105 (talk) 12:29, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Sm105


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Writing Captions

How do you read an article? Start to finish without skipping, or do you survey the article before delving in deeper? Captions, together with their images, help the reader survey the article and lead the reader into the article. This project aims to improve captions in Wikipedia articles with pictures, in accordance with Captions.

Scope
This project aims to improve articles by writing good captions for images accompanying articles. Guidance can be found at Captions.

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title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Writing Captions


text:
Gríðr

Gríðr (Old Norse: ; or Gríd) is a jötunn in Norse mythology. She is the mother of Víðarr the silent and the consort of Odin. Saturn's moon Gridr was named after her.

Name
The poetic Old Norse name Gríðr has been translated as "vehemence, violence, or impetuosity". Its etymology is unclear.

Prose Edda
In Skáldskaparmál (The Language of Poetry), Gríðr is portrayed as equipping the thunder god Thor with her belt of strength, her iron glove, and her staff Gríðarvöl (Gríðr's-staff) on Thor's journey to the abode of Geirröðr.

Thor lodged for the night with a giantess called Grid. She was Víðarr the silent's mother. She told Thor the truth about Geirrod, that he was a cunning giant and awkward to deal with. She lent him a girdle of might and some iron gauntlets of hers, and her staff, called Grid's pole.

— Snorri Sturluson 18, trans. A. Faulkes, 1987. Skáldskaparmál Gríðr is also mentioned in a list of troll-wives ("I shall list the names of troll-wives. Grid and Gnissa, Gryla...").

Skaldic poetry
Gríðarvöl (Gríðr's staff) is also mentioned in the poem Þórsdrápa by the late-10th-century skald Eilífr Goðrúnarson. The feller of the dolphins of the steeps [giants] advanced with violent temper with Grid's pole.

— Eilífr Goðrúnarson trans. A. Faulkes, 1987. Þórsdrápa

Gríðr appears in 10th-century kennings for 'wolf' (the steed of troll-wife) and for 'axe' (that which is dangerous to the life-protector, i.e. shield or helmet). Battle raged when the feeder of Grid's steed [wolf], he who waged war, advanced with ringing Gaut's [Odin's] fire. Weird rose from the well.

— Kormákr Ögmundarson Skáldskaparmál 49, trans. A. Faulkes, 1987. Riders [seafarers] of Ræfil's land's [sea's] horses [ships] can see how beautifully engraved dragons lie just by the brow of the Grid of the life-protector.

— Einarr Skúlason Skáldskaparmál 49, trans. A. Faulkes, 1987.

Other texts
Saxo Grammaticus refers to her as Grytha, the wife of the legendary king Dan I of Denmark, "a lady whom the Teutons accorded the highest honour". A witch of the same name appears in Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra.

Theory
Her role as the donor of information and necessary items to the hero has been analyzed by folklorists as a commonplace of folk narrative.

title: Gríðr


text:
Talk:Thongchai McIntyre

Difficulty finding NPOV information
Thongchai is apparently extremely popular in Thailand, akin to Britney Spears in the U.S. or Ruben Blades in Panama.

As a result, it is extremely hard to find NPOV information about him.

Needs someone much closer to current Thai culture to expand on.

23:03, 28 May 2004 KeithTyler

Naming
Discussed at Talk:Bird_Macintyre. Markalexander100 04:52, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

2004 Merge
I propose merging both the pages at Bird MacIntyre. He's most often just called Bird, so that would be the best option, but there's already a pesky animal there. But since it's his most common name, it should still be in the article title. Markalexander100 04:51, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Merged here- tenth time lucky. Markalexander100 03:07, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

2008 Move
I'm moving the page to Thongchai McIntyre instead since he's never called by a nickname/surname combination. If Bird is to be used, it should be accompanied by a disambiguating phrase in parentheses, but his real name is comparably popular. --Paul_012 (talk) 16:59, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Circular Reference
Reference 2, birdthongchai.com, seems to list WP as a reference. This would make the reference recursive, and thus invalid. (equivalent to citing WP directly on WP) Suggest re-sourcing or just citing the Guardian artice. 71.105.3.130 (talk) 22:01, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Navigation box
I have pasted the (now deleted) navigation box above. It would be helpful to make sure this information is in the article. If more articles about his albums are created, then this navigation box may become useful. For now it only navigates one album, and two songs from that album. Thanks! Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 22:53, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Modification of external links reversed for unknown reason
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

Some user, Sro23, is constantly and without any(!) comment or communication (chat) except good faith and TW removing the links I just added to Thongchai McIntyre. Apparently only the GMMgrammy.com (record label) is allowed?!

Maybe the social media sites are not allowed, but why? I seen these on many more Wikipedia pages. Also library-like pages like IMDB and Discogs should have been allowed. And (again) why is only GMMgrammy.com, a record label allowed instead?

Anyway, I tried to ad the following links:
 * Bird Thongchai McIntyr @Discogs
 * Bird Thongchai McIntyr @IMDB
 * Bird Thongchai @Youtube
 * Bird Thongchai @Facebook
 * Bird Thongchai @Apple Music
 * Bird Thongchai @Last.fm
 * Bird Thongchai @AllMusic
 * Bird Thongchai @Spotify

If someone else wants to try to ad these sites be my guest as I don't want to play cat and mouse with some non-communicating user.

Cheers and good luck! --C Denninger (talk) 15:53, 10 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I've re-added a couple links. Eight external links is honestly ridiculous and borders on WP:LINKFARM. There is no need for so many. Sro23 (talk) 16:12, 10 May 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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title: Talk:Thongchai McIntyre


text:
Lorne, Victoria

Lorne is a seaside town on Louttit Bay in Victoria, Australia. It is situated about the Erskine River and is a popular destination on the Great Ocean Road tourist route. Lorne is in the Surf Coast Shire and at the had a population of 1,114 but this figure grows during the holiday season.

History
Prior to British settlement, Lorne was part of the traditional lands of the Gadubanud or King Parrot people of the Cape Otway coast according to Ian Clark,

Lorne is situated on a bay named after Captain Louttit, who sought shelter there in 1841 while supervising the retrieval of cargo from a nearby shipwreck. The coast was surveyed five years later in 1846. The first European settler was William Lindsay, a timber-cutter who began felling the area in 1849. The first telegraph arrived in 1859. Subdivision began in 1869 and in 1871 the town was named after the Marquess of Lorne from Argyleshire in Scotland on the occasion of his marriage to Princess Louise, one of Queen Victoria's daughters. The Post Office opened on 29 April 1874.

In 1891, the area was visited by Rudyard Kipling, who was inspired to write the poem Flowers, which includes the lines:

"Buy my hot-wood clematis, Buy a frond of fern, Gathered where the Erskine leaps Down the road to Lorne."

By 1922, the Great Ocean Road was extended to Lorne, making the town much more accessible. The first passenger road service to Geelong was established in 1924 and guesthouses began to appear after 1930.

Lorne Magistrates' Court closed on 1 October 1984.

Tourism
Popular local activities include traditional beach pursuits such as family bathing and surfing, as well as pier fishing for barracuda, whiting, and trevally. Teddy's Lookout lies at the end of George Street on the town's southern outskirts and offers fine views over the town, coastline, and Great Ocean Road. The Great Otway National Park is nearby; the Erskine River, which rises in the park and contains the Erskine Falls, has its mouth at Lorne.

The town's population swells to around 13,000 each New Year's Eve when the Falls Festival takes place. During the first weekend of January over 20,000 spectators visit Lorne when the town hosts the 1.2 km Pier to Pub swim (described in the Guinness Book of Records as "the largest organised ocean swim in the world" and currently capped at 4,000 competitors ), the 8 km Mountain to Surf run, and the Lorne Surf Boat Race. Terminating in Lorne on the Queen's Birthday was the Great Otway Classic Foot Race (no longer held). Fair on the Foreshore occurs on the first weekend in November.

The town has two pubs (The Grand Pacific Hotel and Lorne Hotel) and a number of cafes, restaurants, and bakeries, mostly located along Mountjoy Parade. As usual in a tourist town, there is a large number of boutiques and clothing stores, as well as a book store, art galleries, and craft shops. Lorne has the Great Ocean Road Museum, which describes the history of the road. Things to do in Lorne include strolling along the Great Ocean Road, visiting the Lorne Pier, surfing or exploring the Otway Ranges National Park. There are also many art galleries and cultural events to enjoy.

Sport
The town has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Colac & District Football League.

Golf and tennis are played at the Lorne Country Club on Holliday Road.

Education
Lorne has one school, Lorne P-12 College, that facilitates both primary and secondary education.

Climate
Lorne has an oceanic climate (Cfb) with mild summers and cool, damp winters.

Heritage listed sites
Lorne contains a number of heritage listed sites, including:

 * 35 Mountjoy Parade, Erskine House, Lorne
 * Great Ocean Road
 * 242-244 Mountjoy Parade, Jura, Lorne
 * 222 Mountjoy Parade, Leighwood
 * 76-80 Mountjoy Parade, Lorne Cinema
 * 18 Smith Street and 15 Grove Road, Lorne Primary School

Annual events

 * Pier to Pub
 * Falls Festival (New Years)
 * Great Ocean Road Marathon
 * Lorne Festival of Performing Arts
 * Lorne Film
 * Lorne Sculpture Biennale
 * Schoolies Week
 * Swing Bridge Model Boat Regatta
 * Caulfield Cup Punting Bonanza
 * Cox Plate Punting Bonanza

Notable people

 * Rod Sims (born 1950), former chair of the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC)
 * Jack Steven (born 1990), former AFL footballer at the St Kilda and Geelong football clubs.

title: Lorne, Victoria


text: User talk:64.12.116.145

title: User talk:64.12.116.145


text: User talk:12.223.246.177

title: User talk:12.223.246.177


text:
Talk:Howard R. Garis

Comments
This article has a surprising number of inaccuracies. It is true that he was prolific on his own behalf and for the Stratemeyer Syndicate. He wrote some 315 books for the Syndicate from 1905 to 1935 so it is a challenge for most people to keep up with them all. Garis only wrote some of the Baseball Joe series (v. 1-5 only) so that listing is inaccurate. The "Marion Davidson" Camp Fire Girls stories are not Stratemeyer Syndicate so do not belong in that discussion. Neither does his death date.

The most surprising error is to list the 5 volumes of the "Van Powell" Mystery Boys series as by Garis. This is incorrect. "Van Powell" is a pseudonym of Ardon Van Buren Powell (1886-1958). The Garis series also called the Mystery Boys was 2 volumes published by Milton Bradley

1 The Mystery Boys in Ghost Canyon (1930) 2 The Mystery Boys at Round Lake (1931)

To answer a question posted here, "Lang Campbell" is short for Lansing Campbell (1883-1937), the artist for the newspaper illustrations for the Uncle Wiggily bedtime stories. Those were reprinted in book form by Graham & Matlack and later C.E. Graham. Whitman did still later reprints with the Campbell illustrations for certain titles. Most of the thicker books with 12 or more illustrations had different artists who are not generally as beloved.

The Uncle Wiggily Game goes back to the 1920s.

Roger Garis' memoir, My Father Was Uncle Wiggily (McGraw-Hill, 1966), is a book that some look to for what books Howard and other members of his family wrote. However, it is incomplete and inaccurate at times. This is only natural since it was written by Howard's son about a half century after many of the events described when he was just an infant. As an example, when a young man, Roger was hired by Stratemeyer to write some books in the X Bar X Boys series. He relates it as if they were rewritten from dime novels. Instead they were written from new outlines that Stratemeyer composed. Another series, apparently forgotten by Roger, was the Nat Ridley Rapid Fire Detective series from 1926-27 where stories were indeed rewritten from dime novels for several volumes (later ones from outlines).

It is a very complex topic but deserves better treatment than it has received here. To many take Wikipedia entries as reliable and this is an example of an unreliable one at this time.

James D. Keeline Keeline (talk) 14:32, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
'Happy Home series' content merged and redirect set up from Happy Home Series. See old talk-page talk:Happy Home Series. Cheers, Safflle (talk) 22:58, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

What a surprise to learn that Garis, whose "Uncle Wiggily" series I loved as a child, was also the author of the "Tom Swift" series and the "Bobbsy Twins" as well!

Wotta guy! God rest his soul.

Richard Spindler Sebring, FL

We have been reading inherited Uncle Wiggily books for several months. The illustrator of all these books is Iang Campbell. I can find little about him from a Google search. Does anyone know anything?

Peder Schaefer Providence, RI

I had the "Uncle Wiggily" game from MB as a child in the early 60s. I have no idea when it was first published, but it's older than 1989 as claimed in the article.

15,000 Newspaper Stories
Regarding this:

"The first Uncle Wiggily story appeared January 10, 1910 ... the newspaper published an Uncle Wiggily story by Garis every day except Sunday... By the time Garis retired from the newspaper in 1947, he had written more than 15,000 Uncle Wiggily stories."

Even if Garis wrote right up to the last day of 1947, there are only 13,868 days from January 10, 1910 through December 31, 1947. Subtracting Sundays yields a maximum total output of about 11,886 stories, if Garis never missed a day.

Greg (talk) 03:58, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Howard R. Garis