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Deadshot

Deadshot (Floyd Lawton) is a character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by David Vern Reed and Lew Schwartz, based on a concept from Batman co-creator Bob Kane, the character made his first appearance in Batman #59 (June 1950). The introduction story features Deadshot using standard firearms while wearing a tuxedo, top hat, and simple domino mask. The character was not seen again until twenty-nine years later when writer Steve Englehart along with artists Marshall Rogers and Terry Austin retooled him in Detective Comics (vol.1) #474 (1979), now presenting him with customized wrist-mounted guns and a unique mask featuring a multi-use lens over his right eye. Since then, he has been a recurring character in Batman comics. Since 1986, Deadshot has also been frequently portrayed in comics books featuring the Suicide Squad.

Deadshot is an expert in firearms and an excellent sniper who regularly boasts of never missing a shot. He is often considered one of the deadliest assassins in the DC Universe. Lawton is eventually brought to justice by the superhero Batman, who becomes Lawton's most recurring enemy over the years (though he also occasionally comes into conflict with other heroes). While typically portrayed as a supervillain, he is also sometimes depicted as an antihero as a member of the Suicide Squad where he fights more dangerous villains and threats, his need to protect those he regards as family, and his occasional efforts to hold himself accountable to a personal code of ethics.

The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including television series, feature films and video games. Deadshot was portrayed by Bradley Stryker in the final season of Smallville, by Michael Rowe in the live-action Arrowverse franchise, and by Will Smith in the DC Extended Universe film Suicide Squad (2016).

Fictional character biography
In his debut story, Floyd Lawton is shown to be an independently wealthy man with a trusted staff member and valet named Stevens. Gotham's wealthier citizens, such as businessman Bruce Wayne, refer to Lawton as someone "new" to Gotham City. Following his recruitment to Task Force X (the "Suicide Squad"), Lawton's past is further explained by therapist Dr. Marnie Herrs.

As a child, Floyd Lawton and his older brother Edward "Eddie" Robert Lawton are raised in a wealthy family that has great influence over their community. Their father George Lawton owns interests in much of the local real estate and hold sway over the local police, while their mother Genevieve Pitt Lawton, a prize-winning sharp shooter, controls the Pitt banking businesses. The Lawton parents are seen as a power couple in their society circles, but in private they grow to hate each other. By various accounts, Floyd is repeatedly judged by his parents for not matching the achievements of his brother in academics and sports, leading the younger Lawton child to act out in various ways.

When Eddie is in his mid-teens and Floyd is around 12 years old, Genevieve tells her sons about her husband's infidelities and the many abuses she suffers under him, then asks the boys to kill George. Floyd attempts to warn George, but Eddie locks his younger brother in the nearby boathouse and then locks the doors of the family home so no one can enter or intrude on the killing. Floyd escapes, grabs a hunting rifle, and climbs a nearby tree to get a better view through all the windows of the family home. Seeing Eddie enter the house library to shoot their father, Floyd fires his rifle, hoping to disarm his brother. But the tree branch Floyd is on suddenly gives way and throws off his aim, causing him to shoot Eddie dead just as the elder brother shoots at their father. Eddie's aim is also thrown off, leading his bullet to strike and shatter George Lawton's spine rather than killing him.

Refusing to have his family name tarnished by the scandal that would occur, George Lawton arranges with the police to cover up details of the crime. The official report concludes that an unknown sniper opened fire twice on George Lawton and that his son Eddie heroically died while diving into the path of the second bullet. As punishment for her efforts, George Lawton refuses to divorce Genevieve and instead forces her to live on a limited allowance and in isolation in another, smaller house the Lawton's own on the outskirts of town. After high school, Floyd Lawton leaves his family home to travel. Despite his later claims that he felt nothing on seeing his brother die, he often shows anger when recalling the incident and Eddie's death inspires him to swear that in the future when he fires a gun, he will "never miss."

The next several years of Floyd Lawton's life before his arrival in Gotham City are not fully explained in the comics, though it is eventually revealed that as a young man he did meet David Cain, a highly skilled assassin who years earlier had been one of the teachers of Batman during the hero's many years of preparation for crime-fighting. As a member of the League of Assassins, who sometimes take private contracts but are also available as operatives of the terrorist Ra's al Ghul, David Cain is an expert in marksmanship, hand-to-hand combat techniques, martial arts, and military tactics, and he trains Floyd Lawton in all these areas. Floyd later remarks that Cain was his "best teacher." While the canon comic books do not give much further detail regarding if Floyd Lawton had other training under other teachers, media such as the Arkham Asylum video games propose he served for a time in the US Army where he received sniper training.

Lawton becomes a hired assassin in Europe and South America, staying largely unknown to authorities but gaining a reputation among certain gangs and cartels as a killer who never misses. At some point, Floyd Lawton marries a woman named Susan and they have a child together, a boy named Edward after Floyd's deceased brother. Floyd later divorces Susan and removes himself from her and Edward's life. He later claims he did this because Susan saw him not as who he is but who she thought he could be, and that his presence endangered the lives of happiness of her and Edward.

Gotham City
Eventually, Floyd takes residence in Gotham City and hires an assistant and trusted valet named Steven. He decides to become an influential figure and crime lord, similar to how his parents operated in his home town. While attending a charity ball, Floyd witnesses Gotham City's hero Batman apprehend a group of thieves. Seeing Batman as a rival, Floyd decides to reduce the hero's influence on Gotham before fully embarking on a criminal career. Donning a tuxedo, top hat, gun belt, and domino mask, Lawton operates publicly in Gotham City as a vigilante called Deadshot and uses his marksmanship abilities to disarm criminals without killing them.

Batman becomes suspicious of Deadshot and eventually learns his true motives and identity. Later, Deadshot reveals himself and attempts to kill Batman but is shocked when each of his shots miss. Batman taunts that Deadshot has no nerve to properly face and kill an opponent. In truth, Batman had gotten to Deadshot's weapons ahead of time and altered their sights to throw off his aim, hoping to shake the villain psychologically.

Publicly exposed, Deadshot is taken to trial and imprisoned. After some time, he becomes resentful that he is considered a forgotten enemy of Batman's while others such as the Penguin and Riddler gain greater renown. At his first opportunity, he escapes imprisonment and decides to prove himself in combat against Batman with new, wrist-mounted guns, customized body armor, and a mask that helps his already impressive aim. Despite his efforts, Deadshot is once again defeated by Gotham City's hero. After escaping authorities again, Deadshot once again becomes an assassin for hire rather than focusing on revenge against the Dark Knight.

Suicide Squad
Government operative Amanda Waller gets permission to revive Task Force X, a special operations group that in the past was also known as the Suicide Squad. Under Waller's leadership, Task Force X is no longer a group of government and military operatives but now is primarily made up of incarcerated super-villains who are considered expendable if lost on dangerous missions and are promised reduced prison time in exchange for their services.

After being defeated by the Flash, Floyd Lawton is imprisoned again and transferred to Belle Reve, a prison in Louisiana that also serves as the secret hub for the new Suicide Squad. There, Deadshot is recruited by Amanda Waller. It is later said Deadshot is selected not only due to his skills but also because mandated therapy sessions have revealed he sometimes is prone to a "death-wish", internally hoping a proper enemy will end his life in a dramatic battle (it is also suggested this is why he initially decorates his second costume with a target on his chest). During his time with the team, Deadshot frequently clashes with teammate Captain Boomerang and field leader Rick Flag (for whom Floyd develops a grudging respect).

Soon after Deadshot joins the Suicide Squad, Batman learns of the team's existence and confronts them, threatening to expose that the US government is employing super-villains for covert and possibly illegal missions. Amanda Waller counters that public exposure of Task Force X will force her to reveal Batman's true identity. Before Batman leaves, Deadshot threatens him but the Dark Knight remarks that Lawton always "pulls" his shots when they are in battle with each other. Therapist Dr. Marnie Herrs later agrees with this conclusion, remarking that Deadshot sometimes sabotages his own efforts as if inviting his opponents to take advantage of the situation and end his life.

Deadshot's son Edward, now about eight years old, is kidnapped by a gang of criminals hoping to manipulate Floyd. One of the gang members, Wes Anselm, is a pedophile with documented incidents of assaults against children. When Deadshot hunts down the gang, Wes grabs young Eddie and knocks him out, then flees with the boy in a car. Later, Deadshot finds Wes in his apartment and Eddie lying dead. Wes implies the boy struggled against an assault, which resulted in Wes becoming enraged and killing him. Deadshot takes revenge by delivering several non-lethal gunshots to Wes before finally killing him.

Having learned that Eddie's kidnapping was part of a complicated plot by Genevieve Lawton to inspire Floyd to finally kill his father, Deadshot returns to his home town. Confronting his mother in her home, Deadshot first intends to kill her but then reconsiders when his therapist Marnie Herrs points out that Genevieve also has her own desire for death and hopes to be killed as she does not wish to harm herself. Rather than possibly give her the outcome she desires, Deadshot chooses not to kill his mother and instead shoots her with a precision shot to the spine, causing her to be a paraplegic. Deadshot remarks that this is fitting since her efforts to kill George Lawton only resulted in his own paralysis, and now they are a "matched set."

Later on, a US senator threatens to expose the Suicide Squad to the world. Task Force X field leader Rick Flag decides to assassinate the senator and Deadshot is ordered to stop Flag. On the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, Deadshot publicly kills the senator himself, justifying that this is in compliance with his literal orders: "Stop Flag from killing the senator. Exact words." DC police then gun down Deadshot where he stands, but he survives his wounds and after a hospital stay and physical therapy he returns to active duty with the Suicide Squad.

Lawton's uniform is stolen by a man who then uses the Deadshot name and equipment to commit crimes and murders. After Lawton kills the impostor while the man is still dressed in the Deadshot uniform and mask. Later, Floyd is haunted by the experience of having shot down his own "image" and for some time does not fix the fatal bullet hole that now occupies his uniform.

Eventually, the Suicide Squad operations are temporarily halted and Deadshot returns to his own life and agenda. At one point, he becomes a host body for the demon lord Neron and nearly kills a kindergarten class. To Lawton's relief, he is stopped and then relieved of his demonic possession by the Justice League. Later on, Deadshot accepts a contract to kill the Pope, but is thwarted by Wonder Woman.

After both of his parents die, Deadshot inherits some of their documents and belongings. He find a letter from Michelle Torres, a woman who claims Floyd Lawton is the father of her daughter Zoe Torres. Deadshot visits Michelle Torres in the Triangle, a neighborhood of Star City. Realizing Zoe is indeed his daughter, he recognizes Michelle as a sex worker he spent time with years before. Haunted by the memory of abandoning his son Eddie and later finding him dead, Floyd decides to take up temporary residence in the Triangle and look after Zoe and Michelle. He learns more about Zoe as a person, such as that she is proud of her Cuban and Italian heritage, and he comes to understand the different criminal gangs and slum lords that threaten the Triangle. Announcing his presence, Deadshot begins systematically fighting the corruption in the Triangle, hoping to make it a safer place for Zoe and Michelle. This results in the local population advocating to protect Deadshot from vigilantes such as local hero Green Arrow, and also leads to a new romance between Michelle and Floyd.

As supervillains with a grudge against Deadshot begin appearing in the Triangle, Lawton decides to put distance between himself and Michelle and Zoe. After setting up a school scholarship for Zoe, Deadshot kills several supervillains targeting him and then fakes his own death in an explosion. He decides to act more covertly for the time being. His efforts in the Triangle also inspire Green Arrow to take more interest in the area, ensuring the Zoe and Michelle's neighborhood remains protected.

Lawton decides to do right by his daughter, and embarks on a lethal war on the local gangs that plague the area. The series ends with Deadshot faking his death, having realized a normal life is not for him, but also having mostly cleared up the area and convincing Green Arrow to patrol it more regularly.

Secret Six
During the 2005–2006 Infinite Crisis storyline, Deadshot briefly operates with a short-lived incarnation of the Secret Six, joining other villains who are recruited by the mysterious Mockingbird (a temporary alias used by Lex Luthor). For accepting membership, Deadshot is offered the reward of ruling North America; if he declines, his punishment will be the destruction of the Triangle in Star City, where Michelle and Zoe still live. At the conclusion of their main objective, Deadshot is rewarded with significant money that he then sends to Michelle.

Despite no longer being employed by Lex Luthor, the Secret Six remain active for a time and Deadshot stays on as a member. He develops a grudging friendship with teammate Catman, another former enemy of Batman's. When this version of the Secret Six disbands, Deadshot is said to have returned to Amanda Waller's new Suicide Squad.

While part of the Suicide Squad, Deadshot is sent against the villains Pied Piper and Trickster and then seemingly kills Trickster. These events occur during the year-long series Countdown. Like many events depicted in that series, Trickster's death is later contradicted by other stories.

Amanda Waller decides to exile all criminals with superhuman abilities to another planet, without trial. The Suicide Squad works on rounding up as many villains as possible, sending them to another planet via the dimensional space-bridge known as a boom tube (a product of New Gods technology). After helping the effort, Deadshot is betrayed and exile to the planet as well, as he is still a supervillain as far as Amanda Waller and Rick Flag are concerned. Eventually, the exiled villains escape back to Earth.

Secret Six volume 2
Deadshot, along with Scandal Savage, Bane, Rag Doll and Catman reunite the Secret Six. The team is hired to retrieve Tarantula from Alcatraz Island, and find a card which she stole from Junior, a mysterious villain who supposedly runs the entire West Coast mob. Junior has practically the entire villain community at her beck and call, as many fear her methods and formidability. The Six later learn that the card in question was made by the demon lord Neron and serves a special function: "Get Out Of Hell Free."

Soon, the Six are attacked by a small army of super-villains, all wanting to recover the card and collect the reward of $20 million for each of the Six. It is later revealed that Junior is in fact Rag Doll's sister, as well as the daughter of the first Rag Doll.

The Six escape and head for Gotham City, only to be attacked by Junior and the Super villains. It is revealed that they were initially hired by the Mad Hatter, simply so they would be killed. Tarantula sacrifices herself and Junior, seemingly destroying the card as well in the process. It is later revealed that Scandal is now in possession of the card.

While on a mission to Gotham City to kill several of Batman's allies, the Six are ambushed by a group of superheroes who have come to assist Batman. Deadshot is rendered unconscious by Green Lantern and the rest of the Six are similarly defeated soon after.

The New 52
In The New 52 (a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), a new timeline is presented which features a Deadshot with a significantly different past. Rather than a child of wealth, he is a child born to poverty who then joins the military before becoming an assassin for hire. He has a daughter named Suchin Lawton who has Japanese heritage. His children from the previous timeline, Edward and Zoe, are not mentioned.

Before joining the Suicide Squad, Lawton is described as a Batman villain and a rival of Mad Dog, a bounty hunter. He also is bitter enemies with Captain Boomerang. In the New 52 stories, he no longer sports his trademark mustache except at one point to grow one to cover a scar. A mercenary protégé of Lawton named Will Evans tried to usurp his role as Deadshot but was killed by Lawton.

Deadshot is arrested for a failed assassination of a U.S. Senator by Batman and is sentenced to life in prison. Later, he is recruited to be part of the Suicide Squad in exchange for early release. Deadshot is made team leader due to his skill under pressure. He develops a casual relationship with new teammate Harley Quinn. Deadshot later grows disillusioned with the group after a planned visit with his daughter, his first since his arrest, is withheld from him.

Deadshot ultimately sacrifices his life to kill the evil cult member Regulas. Deadshot is later resurrected, possibly through genetic material taken from Resurrection Man during an earlier mission.

During the 2013–2014 "Forever Evil" story line, the Justice League teams are seemingly killed. To ensure Earth is protected, Amanda Waller pays Deadshot to reunite the Suicide Squad. Deadshot's first visit is to Harley Quinn.

DC Rebirth
Following the events of DC Rebirth in 2016, Deadshot's pre-New 52 history is restored. When a character mentions having heard that Deadshot grew up in poverty, Lawton now remarks that this was a lie he told.

In the story "The War of Jokes and Riddles," it is retroactively revealed that soon after his first defeat at Batman's hands, Deadshot sided with the Joker in a gang war against the Riddler and other criminals. At one point during this gang war, Deadshot spends five days battling the assassin Deathstroke, who sides with the Riddler. After the conflict causes multiple deaths, Batman arrives and defeats both criminals, leaving Deadshot hospitalized with severe head trauma.

Deadshot returns to service with the Suicide Squad. After several more missions, he is seemingly killed by Black Mask.

Powers and abilities
Deadshot has no superhuman powers but is the top marksman in the DC Universe. He possesses superhuman-like accuracy, and regularly boasts that he "never misses" his target. Deadshot once shot an apple off of Captain Boomerang's head with his eyes closed. He also intentionally grazed the skull of Enchantress while she was flying, since he was asked to take her down non-lethally. He is so skilled that he can make his shots ricochet from structures and kill multiple targets at the same time. He can even shoot around corners. Deadshot is also a tactical genius and master strategist and is also a highly skilled demolitions expert.

Deadshot has access to a vast array of weaponry, most notably, his sniper rifle and twin machine guns mounted on each arm. Deadshot is allegedly bilingual, and learned to speak Russian as a youth.

Deadshot has proven to be a formidable hand-to-hand combatant when needed due to his excellent physical condition and training as an assassin. He has gone toe-to-toe against Batman on several occasions and has also fought Deathstroke to a standstill. He is adept in Karate, Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, Boxing, Krav Maga and Muay Thai. He is also an expert in many different styles of knife fighting. Lawton also possesses advanced knowledge of the human anatomy and knows all the weak spots and pressure points of the human body.

Other versions

 * Deadeye, a fusion of Deadshot and Marvel Comics character Bullseye, appears in the Amalgam Comics universe.
 * Deadshot appears in Tiny Titans.
 * An alternate timeline incarnation of Deadshot appears in The New 52: Futures End. This version is an inmate of Belle Reve Penitentiary who lost an arm under unspecified circumstances before being freed by Amanda Waller and sacrificing himself to fight a clone of Deathstroke.

Animation

 * Deadshot appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by Michael Rosenbaum.
 * After making minor appearances in Justice League, he returns in the sequel series Justice League Unlimited episode "Task Force X", in which he is recruited by Project Cadmus to join the eponymous team in stealing the Annihilator automaton from the Justice League's Watchtower.
 * Additionally, Deadshot was considered to appear in preceding series The New Batman Adventures, but was ultimately cut.
 * Deadshot appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Night of the Batmen!", voiced by Tom Kenny.
 * Deadshot appears in Justice League Action, voiced by Christian Slater. This version wields futuristic weaponry.
 * Deadshot makes non-speaking cameo appearances in Harley Quinn.
 * Deadshot appears in Suicide Squad Isekai, voiced by Reigo Yamaguchi.

Live-action

 * Deadshot appears in the tenth season of Smallville, portrayed by Bradley Stryker. This version is a member of the Suicide Squad who sports long hair and western/steampunk-inspired attire.
 * Floyd Lawton / Deadshot appears in TV series set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Michael Rowe.
 * Primarily appearing in Arrow, this version is a former soldier who became estranged from his wife and daughter, Susan and Zoe, due to suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Introduced in the first season, he is hired to kill various targets in Starling City, but encounters John Diggle, who holds a grudge against him for killing the former's brother Andy, A.R.G.U.S., and the "Hood", who takes out one of Lawton's eyes, which Lawton replaces with a cybernetic prosthetic he received from China White. In the second season, Diggle and A.R.G.U.S. agent Lyla Michaels break Lawton out of a Russian prison so A.R.G.U.S. can recruit him into their Suicide Squad. In the third season episode "Suicidal Tendencies", the squad is sent to Kasnia to rescue hostages and U.S. senator Joseph Cray from terrorists. After the mission is revealed to be a ruse orchestrated by Cray, Lawton seemingly sacrifices himself to help the rest of the group escape and is presumed dead, though Diggle later states that his body was never recovered. Series co-developer Marc Guggenheim confirmed that Lawton had been pulled from the series after news broke that the character would appear in the DC Extended Universe film Suicide Squad. Despite this, Diggle suffers a hallucination of Lawton in the fifth season episode "A Matter of Trust".
 * An Earth-2 incarnation of Lawton appears in The Flash episode "Welcome to Earth-2". This version is a heroic officer of the Central City Police Department who ironically gained the nickname "Deadshot" for his poor marksmanship.

Animation

 * Deadshot appears in a self-titled segment of Batman: Gotham Knight, voiced by Jim Meskimen. Similar to his original comic book appearances, this version dresses in an elegant fashion and displays a fear of death.
 * Deadshot makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Superman/Batman: Public Enemies.
 * Deadshot appears in Batman: Assault on Arkham, voiced by Neal McDonough. This version is a veteran member and leader of Amanda Waller's Suicide Squad who had a one-night stand with teammate Harley Quinn and displays a rivalry with Captain Boomerang.
 * Deadshot appears in Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay, voiced again by Christian Slater.
 * Deadshot makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Injustice.

Live-action

 * Floyd Lawton / Deadshot appears in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) film Suicide Squad, portrayed by Will Smith.  This version is race swapped and reputed to be the "most wanted hitman in the world". After being apprehended by Batman prior to the film and incarcerated in Belle Reve Penitentiary, Lawton is blackmailed by Amanda Waller into joining Task Force X, which he derisively refers to as a "Suicide Squad". After helping the squad defeat the Enchantress, Lawton is allowed supervised visits with his daughter Zoe in addition to having ten years removed from his sentence.
 * While it was reported that Idris Elba would replace Smith as Lawton in the DCEU film The Suicide Squad due to scheduling conflicts, it was later decided that Elba would portray Robert DuBois / Bloodsport instead, leaving the door open for Smith to return.

Video games

 * Deadshot appears in Batman: The Video Game.
 * Deadshot appears as a background non-player character (NPC) in Injustice: Gods Among Us via the Stryker's Island stage. Additionally, the DCEU incarnation and the Arkham Origins incarnation appear as playable characters in the mobile version.
 * Deadshot appears as a playable character in Suicide Squad: Special Ops.
 * Deadshot appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Deadshot appears as a playable character in Injustice 2, voiced by Matthew Mercer. This version is a reluctant member of Gorilla Grodd's Society who was forced to join after Grodd implanted a nano-bomb in his head.

Lego

 * Deadshot appears as an unlockable character in the Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita versions of Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes.
 * Deadshot appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Robin Atkin Downes.
 * Deadshot appears in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced again by Matthew Mercer. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.

Batman: Arkham
Two incarnations of Deadshot appear in the Batman: Arkham franchise.
 * The first incarnation of Deadshot appears as a boss in Batman: Arkham City, voiced by Chris Cox.
 * A young Deadshot appears as a boss in Batman: Arkham Origins.
 * Deadshot appears in Batman: Arkham Origins Blackgate.
 * The second incarnation of Deadshot appears as a playable character in Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League, voiced by Bumper Robinson. This version is an African-American who claimed the latter was an impostor. Through in-game audio logs and conversations, this Deadshot is established as the original version, while the other Deadshot is speculated to be a multiversal variant.

Miscellaneous

 * Deadshot appears in the Young Justice tie-in comic book.
 * The Arrowverse incarnation of Deadshot appears in the Arrow tie-in comic book of the same name, the non-canonical tie-in comic Arrow: Season 2.5, and The Flash: Season Zero, with the last two seeing him continuing to work for A.R.G.U.S.'s Suicide Squad.
 * Deadshot appears in the Batman: Arkham Knight prequel comic book as a member of Harley Quinn's Suicide Squad. While on a mission for Amanda Waller, Deadshot saves Batman from Killer Croc and temporarily joins forces with him to investigate Simon Stagg's "Project: Meta" before attempting to betray him, only to be foiled and arrested by Commissioner Jim Gordon, though Waller helps Deadshot escape GCPD custody.
 * Deadshot serves as inspiration for The Killer, who appears in Mark Millar's Wanted, based on Tommy Lee Jones' likeness.
 * A character based on the Killer called "Cross" appears in the film adaptation, portrayed by Thomas Kretschmann, and Wanted: Weapons of Fate.
 * Deadshot appears in the Batman: The Telltale Series tie-in comic "The Sins of the Father". This version killed his parents as a child after they killed his older brother Eddie, subsequently becoming a military contractor and member of the Suicide Squad.

title: Deadshot


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K. C. Constantine

Carl Constantine Kosak (1934 – March 23, 2023), better known by the pen name K. C. Constantine, was an American mystery author.

Little is known about Kosak, as he preferred anonymity and gave only a few interviews. He was born in McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, and served in the Marines in the early 1950s. He was an alumnus of Westminster College in New Wilmington, Pennsylvania, and claimed that he "flunked freshman composition twice" because he "did not know how to make an English sentence." (As reported in the bulletin of that college's "Friends of the Library" Autumn, 1990.) He lived in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, with wife Linda (they married in 1962) and continued after she died in 2018.

Other than that, the information is sketchy. He may have been a minor league baseball player (some had even been suggesting that Kosak was a pseudonym for former Major League baseball player Phil Rizzuto), and he may have studied at the University of Iowa's writers' program in the 1960s. Other evidence suggests he never got near a baseball and instead was a journalist at a western Pennsylvania newspaper.

Kosak continued to work a day job until 1993, when he lost his job and turned to writing full-time. He worked for several years as an English teacher at Seton Hill University (then Seton Hill College) in Greensburg, where he taught creative writing and composition until his refusal to complete his master's degree prompted his dismissal.

His most famous creation is Mario Balzic, police chief in fictional Rocksburg, Pennsylvania. Rocksburg is a by-product of Kosak's hometown, McKees Rocks, and the nearby cities Greensburg and Johnstown. Kosak is much more interested in the people in his novels than the actual mystery, and his later novels become ever more philosophical, threatening to leave the mystery/detective genre behind completely. In 1989, Constantine was nominated for the Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Novel for the Mario Balzic novel Joey's Case. In 1999 Booklist ranked Blood Mud among the year's best crime novels, saying (along with Brushback), "Constantine has given us two more superb police procedurals and a wonderful opportunity to renew our acquaintance with one of the most memorable characters in contemporary crime fiction."

In May 2011, Kosak appeared in person for the first time at the 16th annual Festival of Mystery held at the Greek Orthodox Church in Oakmont, signing his books and giving a live interview.

Kosak died on March 23, 2023, at the age of 88. Mysterious Press announced they would be publishing a final novel—more than twenty years after his last publication—entitled Another Day's Pain.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: K. C. Constantine


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User:Richard Taylor

Richard Taylor's contributions to the wikipedia

Richard Taylor's Web Page

title: User:Richard Taylor


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of revolutionaries

One man's revolutionary being anothers terrorist, I suspect this list (currently containing only one entry) should be overthrown. - TB 14:40, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

Ardonik 06:25, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inherently POV and contains very little information. Andris 16:16, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, isn't this useless. The peasants are revolting! :^)) - Lucky 6.9 17:33, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * "You're telling me!" Seriously, the article is not only inherently POV, but it's also too nebulous.  We would have political, religious, scientific, and cultural revolutionaries.  Further, each person coming to Wikipedia who searched for the term would be looking for revolutionaries of his or her own particular state; therefore, a master list would require lots of scrolling.  Finally, lists are things that atlases and gazettes do. Geogre 18:56, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but rename (to "political revolutionaries"). Wikipedia has thousands of less worthy lists on all sorts of irrelevant pop culture topics. Obviously needs content, but the intent is clear.--Gene_poole 23:59, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * There are definately lists-of-particular-revolutionary-types to be compiled, but rather than throw this single-item list to cleanup, might I suggest that it be deleted to allow a more thiughtful editor a clean slate in deciding what they should be ? - TB 09:10, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nice idea. A more specific name change could help this grow beyond a single entry and we'd eventually have a rather important list.  Keep if renamed. - Lucky 6.9 00:30, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, for two reasons:
 * Can you imagine how difficult it will be to decide what names to put on a political revolutionaries article while still maintaining a neutral point of view? How long before George W. Bush's name ends up on the list and an argument breaks out on the talk page?
 * Nobody looks for a mere list of people considered revolutionary; they look for the movers and shakers in a particular revolutionary war. --
 * Comment: 1. Not difficult at all - eg Vladimir Lenin, Rosa Luxembourg, Ho Chi Minh, Mao Tse Tung are all obvious inclusions for starters. 2. Nobody? Really? How do you know?.--Gene_poole 01:01, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful. Ambivalenthysteria 07:00, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - a one entry list is not useful, "revolutionaries" is both broad and vague. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:46, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Come and see the violence inherent in the system! DannyBoy | Talk
 * Delete, by the way. DannyBoy | Talk 16:10, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I think that it would be near impossible to decide who to include. SamH 14:34, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Although potentially useful, a nPOV will be impossible, and as said, 'revolutionaries' is too broad a term. Darksun 18:50, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Mountain (disambiguation)

A mountain is a type of landform.

Mountain or Mountains may also refer to:

United States

 * Mountain (CDP), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Mountain, North Dakota, a town
 * Mountain, Wisconsin, a town
 * Mountain States, one of the nine US geographic divisions; a subregion of the Western United States
 * Mountain Township (disambiguation)

Other places

 * Mountain, Manitoba, a rural municipality in Canada
 * Mountain Province, a province in the Cordillera Region of the Philippines
 * Mountain, a hamlet in Queensbury, West Yorkshire, England

People

 * Mountain (surname)
 * Man Mountain Rock, later stage name used by professional wrestler Maxx Payne
 * Mountain Fiji, a female professional wrestler from the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling

Films

 * Mountain (2015 film), a 2015 Israeli film
 * Mountain (2017 film), a documentary

Groups

 * Mountain (band), an American rock band
 * Mountains (band), an American drone band who record for Thrill Jockey

Albums

 * Mountain (Leslie West album), a 1969 solo album by future Mountain frontman Leslie West
 * Mountain, a 2004 album by the Finnish rock band Circle
 * Mountains (Steamhammer album), 1970
 * Mountains (Mary Timony album), 2000
 * Mountains (Lonestar album), 2006
 * Mountains (Nils Lofgren album), 2023

Songs

 * "Mountain" (Chocolate Starfish song), a 1994 single from Chocolate Starfish's self-titled studio album
 * "Mountain", a song by Good Charlotte from The Chronicles of Life and Death, 2004
 * "Mountain" (Sam Ryder song), a 2023 single
 * "Mountains" (Biffy Clyro song), a single released in 2008 by Biffy Clyro
 * "Mountains" (Lonestar song), a 2006 single from this album
 * "Mountains" (Prince song), 1986 song by Prince from the album Parade
 * "Mountains", a song on the Emeli Sandé album Our Version of Events
 * "Mountains", a song by Lucy Spraggan

Other music

 * Mountain Records, a record label
 * Mountain Music (disambiguation), several meanings

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Mountain (advertisement), a 2003 advertisement for the PlayStation 2 video game console
 * Mountain (TV series), a BBC production presented by Griff Rhys Jones
 * Mountain (video game), a video game by David OReilly
 * Planine (English: Mountains), a 1536 book by Croatian Petar Zoranić

Transport

 * Edel Mountain, a South Korean paraglider designed for mountain descents
 * Mountain Station, a train station in New Jersey, United States
 * Mountain railroad steam locomotive, classified as 4-8-2 in the Whyte notation

Other uses

 * Mountain climate, a crude geographical term used for the kind of climate in the mountains
 * Mountain Time Zone, one of the time zones of North America
 * Mountain range, a set of mountains
 * Mountain soap, rock clay

title: Mountain (disambiguation)


text: User talk:69.157.200.158

title: User talk:69.157.200.158


text:
SubEthaEdit

SubEthaEdit is a collaborative real-time editor designed for Mac OS X. The name comes from the Sub-Etha communication network in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series.

History
SubEthaEdit was first released under the name Hydra in early 2003 but, for legal reasons, the name was changed to SubEthaEdit in late 2004.

The first version of Hydra was built in just a few months with the intent of winning an Apple Design Award, which it did at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference 2003. In 2007, TheCodingMonkeys licensed the "Subetha Engine" to Panic for use in Coda.

In June 2014, SubEthaEdit 4 was released, distributed exclusively in the Mac App Store. With version 5 released in 2019, the application became free and open source, under the MIT license.

Features
Apart from the usual text-editing capabilities, collaborative editing is one of SubEthaEdit's key features. The collaboration is document-based, non-locking, and non-blocking. Anyone participating in the collaborative edit can type in the document anywhere at any time. Using Bonjour (formerly Rendezvous) and BEEP, SubEthaEdit works without any configuration on the LAN but can also coordinate collaborative editing over the Internet. SubEthaEdit can be used for distributed pair programming and collaborative note-taking in conferences.

Other SubEthaEdit features include:
 * Regular expression search and replace in many regexp dialects
 * Customizable syntax highlighting and symbol pop-up for more than twenty languages — and over 40 user contributed languages.
 * Full line-ending and character encoding support (including Unicode)
 * Live-updating preview of rendered HTML documents using WebKit

title: SubEthaEdit


text:
Cesky Terrier

The Cesky Terrier (, 'Bohemian Terrier' or 'Czech Terrier') is a small terrier type dog originating in  Czechoslovakia.

History
The Cesky Terrier was created by a Czech breeder, František Horák, in 1948, as a cross between a Sealyham Terrier and a Scottish Terrier, to create a terrier suitable for hunting in the forests of Bohemia. Although not a trained scientist, Horák worked for many years as a research assistant at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and used knowledge gained there in his dog breeding. Czechoslovakia was ruled by a communist regime at the time; when Horák's dogs became more popular around the world, he began to receive a large volume of mail from outside the country, which earned him the attention of the secret police. Horák died in 1997.

The Cesky Terrier was recognized for international competition by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1963 as breed number 246 in Group 3, Terriers. The breed is now recognized by all of the major kennel clubs in the English-speaking world. The Cesky Terrier is one of the six most rare dog breeds worldwide.

The breed was first imported into the US in the 1980s by a group of enthusiasts. They formed the Cesky Terrier Club of America in January 1988. As interest grew, the breed became eligible to join the American Kennel Club (AKC) Foundation Stock Service Program from January 1, 2004, allowing it to compete in AKC Earthdog tests. At this stage the American Cesky Terrier Fanciers Association was formed and recognised by the AKC. It is the club accepted as the parent club by the AKC. However, the Cesky Terrier Club of America remains active in promoting the breed in the USA. From mid-2011, the Cesky Terrier was able to compete in the terrier group in America as it was accepted for entry in the AKC Stud Book.

The breed first arrived in the UK in 1989 and had to compete from the imported register. The Cesky Terrier was recognised by the Kennel Club (UK) in 1990 and on January 1, 2000, it gained rare breed status. It has since competed successfully in show competition in the UK.

Appearance
The Cesky Terrier is a well-muscled, short legged, well-pigmented, hunting terrier of a rectangular format. The Cesky has natural drop ears, a natural tail, and sports a long, silky with slight texture coat in shades of gray from charcoal to platinum (black pigmented) or rarely brown (liver pigmented). The Cesky is longer than it is tall and has a topline that rises slightly to the rear.

Breed standard
The FCI Breed Standard gives the ideal measurements for the Cesky Terrier as:
 * Height – Height at withers Ideally 11.5 in for a male and 10.5 in for a female; no less than 9.5 in and no more than 12.5 in.
 * Weight – Weight is ideally between 13 and 22 lb.
 * No Cesky in good muscular condition and otherwise well balanced shall be penalized for being only Slightly outside the Ideal height or weight.
 * Length – The length of body, measured from sternum to buttocks ideally between 16 and 17 in. To be in a ratio of approximately 1 1/2 (Length) to 1 (Height). The overall balance is more important than any single specification.
 * Girth of thorax (behind elbows) – The girth of the body measured at the thorax, behind the elbows ideally is 17 to 18 in.

Head Neck, Topline and Body
 * Expression—Calm and kind.
 * Eyes - Slightly deep set with a friendly expression, of medium size. The color is brown or dark brown in all shades of grey dogs, liver in Brown dogs. Entropion or Ectropion is a disqualifying fault.
 * Ears - Medium size, dropping in such a way to well cover the orifice. Ears are set rather high with forward edge lying close to the cheek. Shaped like a triangle, with the shorter side of the triangle at the fold of the ear.
 * Head – Head is ideally 8 inches long, 3.5 to 4 inches wide and is shaped like a long, blunt wedge. The plane of the forehead forms a slight but definite stop with the bridge of the nose. The breadth between the ears is slightly larger for a dog than a bitch.
 * Skull – Skull is shaped like a blunt wedge with the broadest part between the ears which apers moderately towards the supraorbital ridges. Occipital protuberance easy to palpate, cheek bones moderately prominent. Frontal furrow only slightly marked.
 * Muzzle - Nasal Bridge straight. Narrow foreface undesirable.
 * Stop – Not accentuated but apparent.
 * Nose – Dark and well developed. The color is black in all shades of grey and liver in brown dogs.
 * Lips—Relatively thick, fitting neatly.
 * Bite—Scissors or level bite, complete dentition preferred. Absence of 2 premolars in lower jaw not to be penalized. Absence of more than 4 teeth or any incisors is a disqualifying fault.
 * Teeth – Set square to the jaw, strong and regularly aligned.
 * Neck – Well muscled and strong. Medium-long, carried on a slant.
 * Topline – Not straight but with a slight rise.
 * Body – Fully muscled, oblong. Withers not very pronounced with the neck set rather high. Croup is strongly developed, muscular; pelvis moderately slanting. Hip bones often slightly higher than the withers.
 * Chest – More cylindrical than deep.
 * Ribs – Well sprung.
 * Underline – Ample belly and slightly tucked up. Flanks well filled.
 * Loins – Relatively long, muscular, broad and slightly rounded.
 * Tail – Ideal length is 7 to 8 in inches, relatively strong and low set. Tail may be carried downward or with a slight bend at tip; or carried saber shaped horizontally or higher. All of these tail carriages are considered correct with none having preference over the other. Curled tail or carried over the back to be penalized.

Forequarters
 * Angulation—Moderately well angulated.
 * Shoulder – Muscular, well laid back and powerful.
 * Elbows – Somewhat loose, yet not turned in or out.
 * Legs – Short, straight, well boned and parallel. Dewclaws may be present.
 * Feet – Large, well-arched toes with strong nails and well-developed thick pads.

Hindquarters
 * Angulation—Well angulated.
 * Legs – Strong, parallel and well muscled.
 * Upper Thigh - Well Muscled.
 * Stifle—Well bent.
 * Second Thigh—relatively short
 * Hock Joint - Strong and well developed. Set relatively high.
 * Feet – Smaller than forefeet, well arched toes, strong nails and thick well developed pads.

Coat
 * Long, fine, firm with slight texture, slightly wavy with a silky gloss. Not overdone with too much furnishings. Faults: Curly, Coarse or cotton-wool like texture. The Cesky Terrier is groomed by clipping and scissoring into a saddle pattern on the body, with the longer hair ending in a V on the tail. A "U" shape is cut out of the top lateral portion of the front legs and Areas of the neck, head, chest, shoulder, tail and rear thigh from the top of the V on the tail to the top of the hock and round the vent is clipped shorter to achieve this appearance and to highlight the well developed muscles of the Cesky Terrier. The Hair on the fore face from mid eye to the rear edge of the lip line is not to be clipped thus forming brows and a beard. The transition between clipped and unclipped areas should be pleasing to the eye and never abrupt.

Color
 * The Cesky Terrier has two varieties of color: In mature dogs, 3 years or older: 1. Any shade of gray from charcoal to platinum gray with Black pigment. 2. Coffee Brown with Liver pigment. Black may appear on the head, beard, cheeks, ears, feet and tail. White, grey, brown and yellow markings are permitted on the head, beard, cheeks, neck, chest, limbs and around the vent. A white collar or white tip is permitted on the tail. The base color must always be predominant. Faults: Long brindled coat on dogs older than 2 years, white covering more than 20%, and a white blaze are disqualifying faults.

Gait
 * The action should be free, driven and enduring. Gallop rather slow but lasting. The forelegs extend in a straight line forward.

Temperament
The breed standard calls for a calm dog, and aggression is a disqualifying fault. Cesky Terriers are reputed to be less active and quieter than other terriers. This may or may not make them suitable pets for families with children.

Care
The coat of the Cesky Terrier is not stripped (dead hair pulled out with the fingers or a special knife) as in other terriers, but rather is clippered. .) The longer hair should be brushed daily.

Health
This breed occasionally suffers from the Scotty Cramp, a minor problem causing awkward movement, but it is not life-threatening.

Breeding stock should be checked for hip dysplasia, patella luxation, cardiac abnormalities, PLL (primary lens luxation) and other eye disorders such as cataracts, thyroid issues, degenerative myelopathy, and Type 3 von Willebrand disease, all of which have been documented issues in the breed.

title: Cesky Terrier


text:
User:Rik G.

Base: Nijmegen, Netherlands

title: User:Rik G.


text:
Madan, Smolyan Province

Madan (Мадан ) is a town in Smolyan Province, the very south of Bulgaria in the Yellow Share of the Rhodope Mountains. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Madan Municipality. In 2019, the town had a population of 6,597.

Geography
Madan is a part of Ardino Ridge, sloping down to the northeast between the rivers Arda and Varbitsa. In the central part of the Yellow Share rise the peaks Buchovitsa (1404 m), Veternitsa (1372 m) and Petrovitsa (1309 m).

The end of the ridge is Alada Peak (1241 m). From all sides the Yellow Share is separated by mountain-spurs, whose segmentations gradually slope down and vanish into the valleys of the rivers. The river system of the region is presented by the basins of the upper reaches of some of the longer rivers – to the north the basin of the Arda River with the headers Elhovska and Chepinska Rivers.

History and population
Madan is an ancient ore-miners' settlement, the extraction of lead ore having begun around 5th-4th century BC.

Most of the town's population consists of local Pomaks and a minority of Eastern Orthodox Bulgarians.

Honour
Madan Saddle on Smith Island, South Shetland Islands is named after Madan.

title: Madan, Smolyan Province


text:
Talk:Euhemerus

Untitled

 * NOTE: this article has employed the usage BC/CE since its inception.'' (Wetman 10:22, 5 January 2007 (UTC))

Neutrality
User: Wetman has largely rewritten this article, originally from the 1911 Britannica. Judging from the changes, the problem with the original is that it didn't sneer at Euhemerus and his followers enough. The article is now a rather POV history of euhemerism, with excessive emphasis on the bleeding obvious: that Euhemerus's book was fiction, euhemerism is only a theory, and the shocking idea that the early Christians were hostile to paganism.

I was particularly taken aback by the following statement:

"Thus few students of comparative religion would now agree with the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica that 'all theories of religion which give prominence to ancestor worship and the cult of the dead are to a certain extent Euhemeristic.'"

Which is something of a misrepresentation of the original article:

"All theories of religion which give prominence to ancestor worship and the cult of the dead are to a certain extent Euhemeristic. But as the sole explanation of the origin of the idea of gods it is not accepted by students of comparative religion."

144.138.194.37 14:47, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * "Sneering"? Why? We don't even have any text of Euhemerus to sneer at? Euhemerism is a reductive explication of myth. An axiom derived from the definition of "euhemerist." I do disapprove of "it" without a clear antecedent, as in the anonymous example above. Wetman 17:48, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I don't understand this dispute. Nor do I understand the "Thus few students of comparative religion would now agree with the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica" statement. The "thus" seems a non sequitur to me. isn't "theories of religion which give prominence to ancestor worship and the cult of the dead" pretty much synonymous to "Euhemerism"? dab (ᛏ) 14:27, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes indeed. "Thus" is not required. Can you reword my clumsy phrasing to show what— we all agree— "Euhemerism" means? --Wetman 16:49, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

To Dbachmann: What don't you understand about the dispute? It was Wetman who rewrote the passage you quote to disagree with the statement, "theories of religion which give prominence...", which you find a reasonable definition of euhemerism (and now he apparently agrees with you). In my opinion he did this to justify his rewriting the article in line with his own bias, which he admits to above: I do disapprove of "it". He also removed the dispute message from the article without justifying it. 144.138.194.63 13:37, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Just fix the text to satisfy your own standards won't you. We'd fence with you, but we're out of toothpicks. And log in.--Wetman 18:50, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The part at the end of the introduction stating: ""Euhemerism" is sometimes used to mean naive reductionisms by modern secular thinkers, who 'mis-understand religious people and behavior by attributing to them only those motives (economic, psychological, utilitarian) which the secular thinkers comprehend.'" violates neutrality and needs to be revised. A lot. GeddyIsGodYYZ 13:19, 16 Nov 2006

split?
I think it is time to split the biographical Euhemerus article from the concept of Euhemerism. dab (ᛏ) 17:21, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Seconded. --Ghirlandajo 17:45, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thirded. Andrewaskew (talk) 06:51, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I propose that we split this page for content reasons. At the moment it is serving two purposes, a biography of Euhemerus and a study of Euhemerism. These are sufficently distinct that readers will most likely be looking for one or the other, not always both.

 * Euhemerism is currently a section redirect to this article. There is sufficient material here that neither article would become a stub. --Andrewaskew (talk) 06:51, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

 * ✅ --Andrewaskew (talk) 07:03, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

Greek name
Does "Euhemerus" mean "Good day" in Greek?

Latter Day Saints
I fail to see how the elevation of Adam to an angel in the belief system of the Latter Day Saints qualifies as euhemerism. It doesn't sound like they are *explaining* a myth as originating in some historical event; rather, they believe both that Adam was a historical figure and that he *literally* became an angel. At least that's the way I read it; some who may be more familiar with LDS beliefs might disagree. 24.159.255.29 04:30, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Agreed.

Date
What is meant to be conveyed by the following passage: "Euhemerus (Ευήμερος) (flourished around 316 BC)"? To say that a person "flourished" is too unclear for an encyclopedia entry. As I am unfamiliar with anything about Euhemerus besides what appears on his page on de.Wikipedia, I am reluctant to change the entry, but will give the dates listed on the German page: 340 BC-260 BC. -THELEG

 * Is it better now? No actual year for Euhemerus is possible, only his contemporaneity with Cassander. --Wetman 10:22, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Use as a Noun
The word 'euhemerus', which brought me to this article, was only known to me as a substantive term for a "lawgiver" or other founder of a religious tradition, a generalization of the individuals to whom it was applied. In spite of significant exposure to Western classics, such as Diogenes Laertius, I was unaware it was an eponymous term, probably because of there being no surviving writings or successor schools. I think there should be some mention of this modern use which embodies the topic in the article.

 * OED doesn't give euhemerus as an eponymous noun, just euhemerist and euhemerism..--Wetman 21:05, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Which edition? Lycurgus 08:16, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Euhemerist / Evemerist transliteration
Many of us would appreciate seeing the alternative transliteration of "euhemerism," to wit "evemerism," included in the dictionary/wikipedia. This word "euhemerism" is currently enjoying some degree of popularity, but the fact remains that nobody is running around today saying "Euhemeros," "euhemerism" or "euhemerist" because these transliterations are difficult to pronounce. Thus, these words have been transliterated from the Greek also as "Evemerus," "evemerism" and "evemerist," for the same reason that the word "euangelion" became "evangelism."

Here are a few book citations where the transliteration "evermerism" is proffered:

In "Christianity and Mythology" (1900, p. 315), J.M. Robertson comments about "Euhemerism (or Evemerism, as the word ought to be written in English)..."

A search of Google books will reveal the use of this term and spelling as "evemerism" dating back to at least as early as 1856, in the London Quarterly, v. 6, which has an entire chapter entitled "Evemerism Fills All History with Fictions."

In the mid-20th century, Edouard Dujardin said:

"Evemerism is the doctrine of Evemeras, a Greek philosopher of the fourth century BC, according to whom the gods were men..."

Furthermore, a Google Book search for the transliteration "evemerist" or "evemerism" reveals 208 books using those terms. Many of those books are 100 years old, given the transliteration authority.

Experts in ancient and modern Greek assert that such a transliteration is appropriate, pointing to the word "evangelist," which, like "Euhemeros" is spelled with a "u" or upsilon in the orignal Greek. Yet, in modern Greek the "eu" is pronounced "ev." As Wikipedia states:

"The word evangelist comes from the Koine Greek word e?a??????? (transliterated as 'euangelion') via Latinised 'Evangelium,' as used in the canonical titles of the four Gospels, authored by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John (also known as the Four Evangelists)....The verb form of euangelion, euangelizo (transliterated "evangelism")

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism#Etymology

The same process may be found with the Greek word "I thank" or "thank you," which is spelled "eucharisto" but which is pronounced "eVkhareesto." Because of the difficulty in pronunciation and the fact that the word is in reality pronounced "evemerism," we are requesting that you included this transliteration in your dictionary/website.

The following relevant link may be helpful: http://www.freethoughtnation.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=2160

Thank you for your attention to this matter. Jose5643 15:48, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

If I remember well, all the "Chariots of fire"-like theories of alien visitors in ancient times are based on euhemerism... Shouldn't this be included in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.214.125.117 (talk) 13:42, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Euhemerus


text:
User:Kelvinc

''Please do not edit this page. Use User talk:Kelvinc instead. A previous version of this page is archived.''

After a long hiatus from active editing, I am mostly updating curling article to help out WP:CURLING. simple:User:Kelvinc fr:User:Kelvinc zh:User:Kelvinc zh-yue:User:Kelvinc

title: User:Kelvinc


text:
Misha

Misha (Миша), also known as Mishka (Мишка) or The Olympic Mishka (Олимпийский Мишка), is the name of the Russian Bear mascot of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games (the XXII Summer Olympics). He was designed by children's books illustrator Victor Chizhikov.

Misha is the first mascot of a sporting event to achieve large-scale commercial success in merchandise. The Misha doll was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies, appeared on several merchandise products and had both an animated short film (animated by Soyuzmultfilm) and a television series (animated by Nippon Animation), all of which are now common practice not only in the Olympic Games, but also in the FIFA World Cup and other events' mascots.

Origins of the name Misha
In Russian, Misha is a short form for the Russian male name Mikhail (Michael), and Mishka is a diminutive of Misha.

This name, in any of its forms, is a common colloquialism in Russian for a bear, because it is similar to the standard name for 'bear,' медведь (medved' ). Also, most anthropomorphic bears in Russian fairy tales have this name. It is thought to originate as a euphemism for medved' , which was tabooed because of magical thinking that letting out the "true name" of the dangerous animal may cause it to come and attack. Medved' (which means "honey-eater") itself is thought to be older Proto-Slavic euphemism for Proto-Indo-European *r̥tḱos.

Origins
In 1977, the committee organizing the Olympics held a contest for the best illustration of a bear. The judges chose Victor Chizhikov's design depicting a smiling bear cub wearing a blue-black-yellow-green-red (colors of the Olympic rings) weightlifter's belt, with a golden buckle shaped like the five rings. Misha's design of a small, cuddly and smiling bear cub was evidently intended to counter the "big and brutal Russian Bear". Misha was confirmed as an official mascot on 19 December 1977. Chizhikov complained that the country reneged on a promise to grant him the copyright to his bear which deprived him of royalties, although the Russian Olympic Committee stated "in accordance with the Olympic Charter, after Dec. 31 of the year in which the Olympic Games had been held, all the rights to the intellectual property and the symbols of the Olympics go the International Olympic Committee".

Misha's origins were depicted in the 1979 animated film Baba Yaga is against!

During the closing ceremony of the 1980 Olympic Games, a giant effigy of Misha the Bear holding a cluster of balloons was paraded in the stadium. On one side of the stadium where the Olympic Torch was situated, there was a placard mural of Misha which shed tears of happiness from his left eye. At the end of the ceremony, Misha with his balloons was released and rose in the air away from the stadium, and this nostalgic moment has been fondly remembered by Russians. A few hours later Misha landed on Vorobyovy Gory and later was exhibited at the Exhibition Centre.

Legacy
Misha also appeared in the 1980 Olympics episode of the Soviet cartoon Nu, pogodi!, handing trophies to the Wolf and the Hare.

In 1988, in connection with the 60th anniversary of Mickey Mouse, a special magazine was produced in which Mickey Mouse and Misha met.

Misha's designer, Viktor Chizhikov, accused the designer of the polar bear mascot (named Bely Mishka, and is said to be Misha's grandson) for the 2014 Sochi Olympics of plagiarism. Chizhikov noted that the Bely's facial features were all taken from Misha, saying "they just pumped him up and made him fatter". Chizhikov also complained that Bely and the other two mascots (the Hare and Leopard) was lacking personality. As a result of these issues, as well as being denied the copyright to Misha, Chizhikov declined to help when asked by the organizers of the 2014 Winter Olympics closing ceremony.

A short clip of the 1980 Summer Olympics closing ceremony of Misha's departure was shown in the closing ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics, afterward the giant animatronic polar bear Mishka blew out the 2014 Games Olympic torch and sheds a tear (in a nod to Misha's tears during the end of the 1980 Games).

The main character of the manga series Uchi no Maid ga Uzasugiru is named after Misha.

In the 2017 film Salyut-7, a plush toy of Misha is used as a Zero-G indicator by the cosmonauts.

Misha the Little Bear
Misha the Little Bear (こぐまのミーシャ), is an anime television series produced by Nippon Animation and Asahi Broadcasting Corporation and directed by Yoshikata Nitta. It aired in Japan on TV Asahi from 6 October 1979 to 5 April 1980, running for 26 episodes. It reran on Home Drama Channel in 1999, and again in 2009 on AT-X. Though it has never been released on DVD, it is available on various paid video distribution services in Japan.

The series was inspired by the mascot introduced for the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow. Character designer Isamu Kumada based the design for Misha on Chizhikov's illustrations. The opening and ending animations were unfinished at the time of the first episode's broadcast, and the onscreen lyrics for the songs were also omitted. From episode 2 onwards, the main staff and theme song credits were marked in blue, and finished versions were used, which also displayed the lyrics. At the end of the opening, the 1980 Olympics emblem logo was added with text indicating that the characters were being used with the consent of the Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games in Moscow.

title: Misha


text:
Talk:Representable functor

Definition
I think it is much clearer to say that a functor is representable if it is naturally isomorphic to Hom(A,-) for some A; which is why I rewrote it that way. I think the way it is written now obscures this fact, and makes the notion seem more complicated that it really is. The fact that every functor can be represented by a pair (A,φ) is important, but secondary. -- Fropuff 14:59, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)

 * My feeling was only that the natural transformation should be specified as given, because the functors have to be naturally isomorphic in that way. Isn't that right? If not, then your edits are how the page should be. If so, maybe something like '... naturally isomorphic to Hom(A,-) for some A. This natural isomorphism should be...'
 * If it was like that already, I apologize. I can't remember. -- mat_x 21:17, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Every natural isomorphism will necessarily be of the stated form. To see this let Φ : Hom(A,-) → F be any natural isomorphism. Define φ ∈ F(A) by φ = ΦA(idA). Then for any morphism u : A → X one can show that ΦX(u) = (Fu)(φ) by following idA around the commutative square induced by Hom(A,u) and ΦA. -- Fropuff 23:04, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)

 * OK. Reminds me of Yoneda's lemma. mat_x 08:00, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Ha. You are right of course. The argument I gave above is just one version of Yoneda's lemma. I think I finally understand that lemma. Perhaps something like that should go in the article too. Fropuff 00:21, 2004 Jul 30 (UTC)

 * Yes, I guess they are pretty intertwined. I think we both have the same idea about how this article should go. I'm happy to let you make the changes above. mat_x 10:50, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Confusing Notation
"represented by (FX, ηX(•)) where X = {•} is a singleton set" is unnecessarily confusing notation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.28.92 (talk) 15:19, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Representable functor


text:
Old Carleton County Court House

The Old Carleton County Court House is an 1833 court house in Upper Woodstock, New Brunswick, Canada.

The Courthouse was built in 1833. A new courthouse was constructed, obviating the need for the old one, which was used as a horse barn from 1911 until 1960 when it was purchased by the Carleton County Historical Society. It was designated as a protected heritage site in 1977.

It is open to the public Monday to Saturday from 11am-7pm from July 1 to August 31, Monday to Saturday, and at other times by appointment. The Victorian Christmas Concert is held here on the last weekend in November.

Renovation work on the roof was begun in December 2012.

History
The George Gee trial was held here, as was that of Minnie Bell Sharp, wife of Edwin Tappan Adney.

title: Old Carleton County Court House


text:
Jagged Alliance

Jagged Alliance is a series of turn-based tactics video games. The first games in the series were released for DOS. From Jagged Alliance 2 on, the games were developed using DirectX for native Windows operation. Jagged Alliance 2 was also released for Linux and is available on Steam and on GOG.com for Windows.

Overview
The Jagged Alliance games center on strategically controlling mercenary squads, on and off the field, who complete various missions such as freeing countries from oppressive dictators. The games feature a mix of turn-based battle simulation, 4X (explore, expand, exploit, and exterminate) elements and role-playing.

Humour via spoken character comments is a trademark of the series. The personalities of the individual mercenaries range from mildly eccentric to disturbed. This contrasts the games' setting which is otherwise closely linked to such subjects as war and death. Each mercenary is an individual with their own traits. Part of the strategy was the player's freedom to select a multi-faceted team to win the game in different ways. Not all teams would work; for example, Ivan and his nephew Igor, who work well together, are hated by Steroid, the Polish bodybuilder. "Buns", a Danish markswoman, hates "Fox", a medic with centerfold looks. In contrast, "Fox" loves working with "Grizzly," on whom she has something of a crush.

The mercenaries may be out on various assignments, determined randomly, so that the available pool of characters is never the same for each game.

The player has to maintain a level of reputation in the Jagged Alliance games. If the player gets their troops killed often, regularly hires and dismisses members or generally is insensitive (such as not paying for deceased merc body shipments back home), their reputation will lower. Bad player's reputation affects all mercenaries. Mercs may demand a significant pay raise to consider working for the player. Hired mercenaries may quit unless the player discreetly pays them a bonus. And only desperate-for-work mercs will agree to work for really notorious players.

Intellectual property
The intellectual property (IP) for Jagged Alliance has been exchanged between many companies. The series and IP were created by Mad Labs Software, who later became a part of the publisher for the first game, Sir-Tech Software, Inc., along with a transfer of IP. The second game, Jagged Alliance 2, was also started by Sir-Tech. When Sir-Tech's publishing arm went bankrupt, the game rights were transferred to its development house Sir-Tech Canada and published by TalonSoft. By the time Jagged Alliance 2: Unfinished Business was released, Sir-Tech's publishing arm was out of business and the game was released by Interplay. Subsequently TalonSoft went bankrupt. At the moment Strategy First owns the IP and has published Jagged Alliance: Wildfire. Strategy First made several attempts to extend the series with Jagged Alliance 3D and Jagged Alliance 3, both of which never saw the light of day. Strategy First was acquired by Silverstar Holdings, which then ran into financial problems and was delisted by NASDAQ. It is unclear what effect this will have on future games using the Jagged Alliance IP, though in the final SEC filing before being delisted Silverstar stated that it had reached a settlement of some issues with Russia-based Akella: "Akella and 3A Entertainment have the option to acquire certain intellectual property rights for the Jagged Alliance and Disciples franchises for an additional $100,000".

The first Jagged Alliance game was developed by MadLab Software, Montreal. Qc, the following three games were developed by Sir-Tech Development based in Ottawa, Ontario. Ian Currie, Shaun Lyng and Linda Currie were the lead designers on the Jagged Alliance series. MadLab was absorbed by Sir-Tech Canada but the company shut down in late 2003.

Nordic Games acquired the rights for Jagged Alliance in 2015 after bitComposer's bankruptcy.

Jagged Alliance
Released in 1995 for MS-DOS, this first game of the series tasks the player with freeing the fictional island of Metavira from the greedy Santino. The player must recruit mercenaries as they explore, capture, and hold new territory. The natives harvest the valuable trees from which a revolutionary medicine can be extracted; a result of the island having been used as a nuclear testing ground in 1952. The more trees the player holds, the more income they make. Income can be used to hire native guards and hire more mercenaries to take the offensive and clear more sectors of enemies.

This game features a top-down perspective of the game field for battles, with character portraits framing the view on the left and right sides. A separate map view shows the entire country broken up into distinct conquerable sectors.

Jagged Alliance DS
In May 2009, a Nintendo DS Jagged Alliance game was released, based on the original Jagged Alliance.

Jagged Alliance: Deadly Games
Released in 1996, Deadly Games is a DOS sequel to the original game. It features a different format, however, and is considered by some to be more of a spin-off than a sequel. This game features the same engine and top-down perspective as the original game.

Jagged Alliance 2
This game was released in 1999 for Windows and was later ported to Linux by Tribsoft. The mission of this second official game of the series is to free the country of Arulco from its evil dictator Queen Deidranna. Deidranna married the democratically elected King of Arulco, then launched a coup d'état eight years ago, deposing her husband and taking power for herself. The player is "hired" by the exiled king, Enrico Chivaldori, to free his homeland of Deidranna's dictatorial regime.

Gameplay is similar to the original grand adventure style of Jagged Alliance, but features higher-resolution graphics and an isometric pseudo-3D view of the battleground. The terrain has two height levels (ground and rooftops) for player / enemy sprites and a basic physics engine for thrown objects and ballistics. It also features "destructible terrain" in that players are able to blow open walls and buildings with explosives. The game also takes place across diverse and rather imaginative locations, including a multi-level prison facility, a school, a hospital, surface-to-air missile (SAM) sites, a swamp and a junkyard.

The weapons arsenal has grown considerably to include a variety of weapons based on real-life counterparts (such as automatic weapons, shotguns, rocket launchers) and also fictional weapons like an auto firing rocket rifle. There are some more role-playing elements like specialty professions and the possibility to create a custom mercenary as well.

Mercs can talk to one another during missions, usually spouting one-liners and other comments to each other.

In June 2005, Pocket PC Studios and Strategy First announced a conversion of Jagged Alliance 2 Gold for the Nintendo DS. This was never released.

JA2 has been extensively modded by fans of the series. Most notable include, but are not limited to: v1.13,  Urban Chaos, Deidranna Lives, Renegade Republic. and JA2-Stracciatella.

Jagged Alliance 2: Unfinished Business
Jagged Alliance 2: Unfinished Business, alternatively known as Jagged Alliance 2.5, is a short, mission-based standalone sequel released by Sir-Tech in 2000. This release adds some tweaks to the combat engine, as well as a scenario editor, yet the gameplay remains largely unchanged. It allows importing of the character created for JA2 with his or her final stats; the improved stats of other mercenaries will then be imported too.

A new plot is introduced in Unfinished Business. The original owners of Arulco's lucrative mines have returned and established a missile base in the nearby country of Tracona, demanding the mines are returned to them. They destroy Arulco's now-empty Tixa prison as an example of what happens if their demands are not met. The player must put a team of mercenaries together to infiltrate Tracona and disable the missile base.

Jagged Alliance 2: Gold Pack
Jagged Alliance 2: Gold Pack was published by Strategy First on August 6, 2002 and adds the improvements of Unfinished Business to the final release of Jagged Alliance 2. Unfinished Business and a scenario editor are also included in the package.

Gold Pack introduces notable changes to the difficulty setting. The player choosing an advanced difficulty level may also decide to make the player turns timed and whether to disallow saving during combat, as opposed to the original Jagged Alliance 2, which set these settings automatically.

Jagged Alliance 2: Wildfire
Jagged Alliance 2: Wildfire, version 5, was programmed by i-Deal Games and published by Strategy First in 2004 as an official expansion pack. The game's sourcecode was also published in the package, albeit under license. The project had started as a hobby add-on by Serge "WildFire" Popoff, who decided to make it commercial since version 4.

Compared to the original Jagged Alliance 2, Wildfire 5 has not altered the game engine or controls and can be considered a mod. The focus was instead directed into designing revamped environments, new items and stronger enemies. This presents players with a more challenging campaign, however the goals and progression remain the same. In terms of gameplay features, the game remains almost unchanged.

Soon after release, i-Deal Games terminated relations with Strategy First stating "...SF fulfilled none of it's [sic] obligation of contract and paid no single cent to i-Deal Games...". Consequently, WF5 remains largely unpatched, only minor hotfixes were published. I-Deal Games also stated that buggy version were released by Strategy First.

After the falling out with Strategy First, i-Deal Games developed another version of Wildfire, identified as "version 6", with Zuxxez Entertainment (now TopWare Interactive AG) as distributor.

contains changed source code, a tweaked graphics engine that allows for a higher resolution, introduces new mercenaries and increases squad size from 6 to 10. It can be patched up to version 6.04 (for English version), up to 6.06 (for German version), or up to 6.08 (for Russian version).

WF5 can not be upgraded to and patches for  can not be applied. See Digital distribution for further details.

Jagged Alliance 2 Wildfire (v5) was distributed electronically by Strategy First. Jagged Alliance 2 Wildfire (v6) was distributed electronically by Zuxxez Entertainment. Two versions of the same game (Wildfire) exist due to the game's publisher Strategy First, Inc. falling out after a disagreement with the game's developer, I-Deal Games Studios concerning expenses. Version 5 is the version published by SF before this spat and so is more problematic than v6, the version released through Zuxxez and others by the developer since the incident.

Jagged Alliance 3D / Hired Guns: The Jagged Edge
Strategy First and Game Factory Interactive announced in June 2004 that Russian developer MiST Land South would develop the next two games in the Jagged Alliance series: Jagged Alliance 3D (JA3D) and Jagged Alliance 3 (JA3).

Jagged Alliance 3D was envisioned as "JA2 in 3D", or basically the same game as Jagged Alliance 2 but using a 3D engine. Jagged Alliance 3 would be the "true sequel" to JA2, a full-fledged game in the same spirit as JA2, and using the engine developed for JA3D. JA3D would come out quickly, within a year or two of the release of the generally successful Wildfire mod, and be followed by Jagged Alliance 3. SFI choose GFI because GFI had already released Cops 2170, a tactical-strategy game published by SFI in North America. The two companies already had a relationship, and it was felt the JA3D project could be mutually beneficial.

From statements made by both Strategy First and Game Factory Interactive, it is apparent that GFI assumed the costs for the development, with SFI providing the intellectual property and the overall vision for the project. This arrangement proved to be very cumbersome, and prone to misunderstandings and confusion. SFI, naturally enough, had very ambitious goals for JA3D while GFI sought to control development costs and time.

The initial plan was for GFI to use a modified Cops 2170 engine to quickly produce JA3D. However, GFI already had a second strategy game in production, ALFA: Anti-terror, and they made the decision to use this engine for both games. GFI planned to set the game in Africa, which was fine with SFI. However, GFI ran into trouble with the strategic layer for Jagged Alliance. They proposed a mission-based structure for JA3D instead. There would be no free-flowing strategic layer, as in Jagged Alliance and Jagged Alliance 2 where the player made strategic movement decisions, and initiated attacks on a map. Instead, the game would be structured like Jagged Alliance: Deadly Games, with a series of missions, which were essentially combat-only levels. SFI was resistant to the idea, but agreed to it, feeling this would shorten the development time. Besides, JA3D was always intended as a bridge between JA2 and JA3, so it was acceptable that it was not a "full game".

In 2004, initial screenshots of the new engine were released, showing a somewhat primitive 3D engine with familiar Jagged Alliance characters, such as Shadow.

In May 2005, the MiST Land South developers announced they would be discarding the turn-based combat system in favor of real-time combat. The turn-based combat had been a hallmark of Jagged Alliance from the very beginning, and it was a major reason why most fans stayed with the game. This announcement was a surprise to Strategy First, and was very quickly vetoed by Richard Therrien, VP product development of SFI.

In September 2005, SFI withdrew the rights for Jagged Alliance 3 from GFI, leaving them with the JA3D license only.

A pre-beta version of JA3D was shown at the 2006 E3 convention, and received a generally favorable reception. The gameplay appeared to be very similar to Jagged Alliance 2, with updated and improved graphics, as well as a 3D combat engine.

On July 20, 2006, Game Factory Interactive announced that MiST Land South was being dissolved, as of August 1, 2006.

In August 2006, SFI withdrew the rights to JA3D as well. GFI claims that the game simply did not fit within SFI's plans. SFI, on the other hand, states that JA3D was in an incomplete state and not ready for the scheduled release date. It was obvious that SFI, having faced years of development without any progress, had finally given up on the project.

This left GFI with no rights to use any of the intellectual property of JA3D, including characters and story line. GFI now plans to rework the characters and story to remove Jagged Alliance-specific details, and will publish the game under a different name. In a September 3, 2006 post on its discussion boards, GFI claims that SFI owes it money, but this is denied by SFI without further elaboration. One of the changes GFI plans to make to JA3D is the introduction of a strategic layer.

In November 2007 Game Factory Interactive released Hired Guns: The Jagged Edge. The game does not have any storyline or characters in common with JA2, as GFI lost the rights to use any of the intellectual property of Strategy First. Still, it is seen as a spiritual successor; the game is structurally similar to Jagged Alliance series and features a mercenary-themed plot, turn-based gameplay, and a familiar game interface.

Jagged Alliance 3 development continues
Strategy First intended to produce Jagged Alliance 3 internally, with head developer Thiessen promising a much more open experience than any other Jagged Alliance game. There were expected to be five separate factions to fight in JA3, instead of a single enemy. Characters were said to have their own agendas and allegiances in addition to randomization of various settings of the game upon startup in order to make it less predictable; a character who was allied with the player in one game could be their enemy in the next. Player actions were also said to influence how the characters of the world react to them.

In December 2006, Strategy First outsourced Jagged Alliance 3 again. The publisher, along with Russian developers Akella and F3games, were to create the game, setting an approximate release date of late 2008.

As of October 2008 the game has been delayed again, and Akella's website was displaying a release date of Q1 2010. This delay was likely due to publishers demand to improve graphics.

On December 21, 2009, a German language game site reported that Akella had stopped development on Jagged Alliance 3. Strategy First had made no statement on the future of the Jagged Alliance series.

On March 9, 2010, German outfit bitComposer Games (now bitComposer Interactive) picked up the rights to the PC strategy series, and started "preliminary development" on the third full game for release in 2011. In August 2015, Nordic Games (now THQ Nordic) acquired the rights from bitComposer. “The decision to acquire Jagged Alliance was an absolute no-brainer for us”, commented Reinhard Pollice, Business & Product Development Director at Nordic Games, although no immediate announcement has been made regarding their specific plans for the series.

On September 17, 2021, during the THQ Nordic 10th Anniversary Digital Showcase Jagged Alliance 3 was announced for PC, now in development by Haemimont Games. It was released on July 14, 2023.

Jagged Alliance: Back in Action
On August 20, 2010, bitComposer Games announced Jagged Alliance: Back in Action, a full-scale remake of Jagged Alliance 2. It was originally titled Jagged Alliance: Reloaded. The game was demonstrated at GDC 2011 and released on February 9, 2012.

The stated goal of the remake was to improve the original game concept as well as the visual weaknesses of the original. The story and content are noticeably different from the original as well, with key strategic elements such as boardable vehicles and training of militia removed. Mercenaries are easier to train and permanently hired for a one-time fee rather than the time-based pay of the original. Conversation trees with NPCs have been replaced with linear "talk or stop talking" dialogue. Humorous cut-scenes featuring the exploits of the Queen have also been removed.

Jagged Alliance: Back in Action features then-modern 3D graphics in an isometric perspective. The user interface was completely redesigned and includes a new detailed tutorial that helps new players to learn how to play the game properly. The new real time "Plan & Go" system optionally removes the classic Jagged Alliance staple of turn based gameplay. It also initially removed the fog of war, making the tactical element of the game simpler and faster to play as it was unnecessary for the player to prepare for enemy surprise attacks or ambushes with all enemies immediately visible. A fog of war system was added to the game post-release called tactical mode, which requires mercenaries to acquire a line of sight on an enemy for them to become visible. The developers estimate that the remake will take players around 70 hours to complete.

The critical reception was mixed at best, with armchairempire.com saying "Jagged Alliance: Back In Action is, and probably will for many years hence be, the definitive textbook example of how to mess up by the numbers when attempting to "relaunch" a classic franchise". Even Finnish Pelit magazine, in one of the most positive reviews internationally, stated "Back in Action is not a bad game, but pales in comparison to its father".

The first downloadable content pack Shades of Red was released for Jagged Alliance: Back in Action on May 18, 2012.

The second downloadable content pack Point Blank was released on June 14, 2012.

Jagged Alliance: Crossfire
On June 13, 2012, bitComposer Games and Kalypso announced the first add-on to Jagged Alliance: Back in Action. The standalone add-on, Jagged Alliance: Crossfire adds new mercenaries, new environments and new weapons.

The setting of Crossfire takes place shortly after the events of Jagged Alliance 2 at Khaanpa, a small micronation located somewhere in the volatile Asia region. A huge temple has been uncovered and with it a large vein of coltan ore. This triggers a destructive religious conflict funded by the resources which had led to the deaths of many innocent people caught in crossfire, as the leader of the Jenitenn Cult profits from the disaster through humanitarian aid. The United Nations is unwilling to send peacekeepers in a possible chance to fail in peacekeeping efforts and the ambassador of Khaanpa sends AIM to defuse the threat. Upon the death of the leader of the cult, a volcanic eruption occurs near Khaanpa and the UN finally sends in a peacekeeping effort to help rebuild the nation in the wake of the crossfire.

It was released on August 24, 2012, on Steam in a downloadable format and elsewhere on September 25, 2012 as a physical product.

Jagged Alliance: Crossfire was developed by the Coreplay Studio in Munich.

Jagged Alliance Online
Jagged Alliance Online was developed by Vienna-based Cliffhanger Productions and features full 3D graphics. It was a free-to-play game made in Unity. It had single-player and player versus player missions.

The MMO offers the usual Jagged Alliance game mechanics, a mix of turn-based combat and real-time action. From a 3D isometric perspective, each player controls and maintains a group of mercenaries and is tasked to use their abilities to complete missions and collect money and build reputation. To succeed, players are required to train and equip their mercenaries with better weapons and tools. Players can also help each other working together to complete battlegrounds and there are also player versus player battles. Players operate from a Headquarters which can be built up and improved upon. From here players can send their mercenaries on over 100 missions around the globe. Although the game is free, there is additional single player content that needs to be purchased, which can be done so online.

gamigo AG and bitComposer Games announced at Gamescom 2010 that a new title, Jagged Alliance Online, a web browser tactical MMORPG was in development and due for a 2011 release. A closed beta version was released on November 18, 2011. A multiplayer mode was added to the beta on January 16, 2012. An open beta version was released on February 16, 2012. The game received a major update before a 2013 Steam release.

Jagged Alliance Online won the 2012 Deutscher Entwicklerpreis for best browser game.

Jagged Alliance Online was shut down in April 2015. A successor, Jagged Alliance Online: Reloaded, was released in May 2015 by Cliffhanger Productions. Reloaded was shut down on November 30, 2018.

Jagged Alliance: Flashback
In April 2013, Full Control, a Denmark-based game studio, launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund Jagged Alliance: Flashback. The Kickstarter campaign was successful on May 23, 2013, resulting in the game being fully funded including its firsts stretch goal. The game was released on October 21, 2014.

Upon release Jagged Alliance: Flashback received mostly negative reviews from both critics and players alike and, as a result of poor sales, the developers of Full Control announced that they would no longer be providing support for the game. Full Control went out of business shortly afterwards due to financial difficulties.

Jagged Alliance: Rage!
Jagged Alliance: Rage! is set 20 years after the first Jagged Alliance. The game was developed by now-defunct Vienna-based developer Cliffhanger Productions and published by HandyGames on December 6, 2018.

Other media
In March 2007, Strategy First announced that they had penned a deal for the creation of a film based upon the Jagged Alliance property. The movie license was acquired by Los Angeles-based Union Entertainment.

On October 20, 2017, Underground Games announced a board game based on the franchise, titled Jagged Alliance: The Board Game. The game was originally planned for a 2018 release but this was delayed to 2019. Charles Theel of Strategy Gamer gave the game a positive review, saying: "This is a high quality game, full stop."

title: Jagged Alliance


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