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Medical University of Białystok

The Medical University of Białystok (UMB; Polish: Uniwersytet Medyczny w Białymstoku) is a medical university located in Białystok, the capital of Podlaskie Voivodeship in northeastern Poland.

The university is home to the Medical Department with a Division of Dentistry and a six-year M.D. program taught in English (English Division), Pharmacology Department with Medical Analytics Division, and a Nursing and Health Protection Department with divisions in Physiotherapy, Medical Rescue, Obstetrics, Public Health and Nursing.

History
The official application for the establishment of the Medical Academy in the Białystok was submitted by Chairman of the Voivodeship National Council in Białystok, Mieczysław Tureniec at the meeting of that body, on July 21, 1949. He argued as follows: "...One of the reasons preventing the introduction of universal free health care today is the lack of doctors. The outcome of the war for the medical world in Poland was catastrophic. We had about 12,500 before the war, about 50% died, now we have about 7,300 doctors. […] The government appreciates the seriousness of the threat and has already launched, in addition to the medical faculties at the Universities of Warsaw, Kraków, Łódź, Poznań, Wrocław and Lublin, the Medical Academies in Gdańsk, Szczecin and Bytom. […] In the near future we have to establish another Medical Academy. The question arises where it is to be established. […] If we take a look at the map, it becomes clear that the Academy must be established in Białystok."

The Medical University of Białystok was created in accordance with an order of the Council of Ministers signed on February 3, 1950. The initial activities for establishing the university occurred at the beginning of 1949. The founding father of the university was Dr. Jerzy Sztachelski and Professor Tadeusz Kielanowski presided as the first rector.

The main seat of the Medical University of Białystok was (and is still) in the 18th century Branicki Palace, the most magnificent and precious historic structure in Białystok. The first theoretical science departments were housed adjacent to the palace in Collegium Primum. In the second year of existence the university obtained the right to confer scientific degrees. In 1953, the first clinical departments were created, and in 1954, Collegium Universum was built to house the majority of the theoretical science departments. In 1955, the academic journal, Annals of the Medical University of Białystok, was issued for the first time and is still being published today. In 1956, another academic journal, Medyk Białostocki, was briefly published before it prematurely discontinued. In 2000, the decision to resume publication of the Medyk Białostocki was made.

The State Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Białystok was opened in 1962 and in 1968 the Division of Dentistry was created. In 1977, the Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Medical Analytics was established; there was no initial recruitment until 1987, when the first group of students began their studies at the Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Medical Analytics. In 1982, Collegium Pathologicum was opened and the Children's Teaching Hospital began admitting patients in 1988. In 1999, Collegium Novum was opened, with the Division of Nursing also created that same year. In 2004, the English Division was created and the inaugural class of the English-language six-year M.D. program began their studies in 2005.

Location
The university makes use of number of buildings, most of them located in the city's central district, among them in the historic building from the 18th century, Branicki Palace.

Numbers
The total number of students is 5,500. Medical studies at the university take six years to complete. Dentistry and Pharmacy take five years to complete.

The academic faculty is composed of 115 professors, 153 habilitated doctors, and approximately 800 academic teachers.

Many of the university graduates hold executives positions in other medical universities and medical center in Poland and abroad. Over 13,000 graduates have obtained a degree from the Medical University in Białystok.

Students
One of the oldest student organizations is the University Choir. It was founded in 1951 by a group of students, but today it is a mixed choir which consists of students and doctors of the university. The choir performs oratorio works as well as sacred and secular a cappella compositions. The University Choir takes part in many international festivals and competitions in both Poland and abroad. The UMB Choir won 2 gold medals, in the Sacred Music and Contemporary Music categories, at the 2019 'Mundi Cantat' International Choir Competition in Olomouc, Czech Republic.

The Students’ Scientific Society is an organization of medical students and interns engaged in the work of Students’ Scientific Circles operating in almost all departments of the university. They carry out laboratory experiments, conduct clinical research and acquire practical skills. Some of the students are co-authors of publications in Polish and foreign professional journals. The Polish Dental Students Association was founded in 1997 in Wroclaw. The main goal of the association is to create the structures that represent dentistry students and look after their business in different areas. In the spring semester of 2018, the American Medical Student Association - Białystok Chapter (AMSA Białystok) was established at the Medical University of Białystok. The organization's goal is to help students which aim to become doctors in the United States in the process of taking the USMLE and their future career path. AMSA Białystok also organizes social events, fundraisers and community service programs, as well as collaborating with UMB's other student organizations, such as IFMSA Białystok and GMS (German Medical Students) Białystok e.v.

Faculty

 * Rector: Professor Adam Jacek Krętowski
 * Vice Rector of Students Affairs: Professor Adrian Chabowski
 * Vice Rector for Scientific Affairs: Professor Marcin Moniuszko
 * Vice Rector for Clinical Affairs: Professor Janusz Bogdan Dzięcioł
 * Dean of the Faculty of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry and English Division: Assoc. Professor Tomasz Hryszko
 * Professor Dr. Jakub Chlebowski was a Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor

Teaching hospitals
University Clinical Hospital in Białystok (Polish: Uniwersytecki Szpital Kliniczny w Białymstoku) is a teaching and research center for UMB's various departments. In addition, it offers a wide variety of health services, ranging from simple procedures to highly specialized ones, all financed by the Ministry of Health. Approximately 55,000 patients are hospitalized at the UMB Clinical Hospital yearly, and approximately 203,000 patients are provided with consultations.

University Children Clinical Hospital in Białystok (Polish: Uniwersytecki Dziecięcy Szpital Kliniczny im. dr Ludwika Zamenhofa) is the second biggest hospital in the city. Its modern equipment and professional teaching staff make up an excellent teaching base for medical students. About 10,000 sick children are hospitalized here yearly. Another 120,000 are given consultations in out-patient departments.

Accreditation and International Recognition
The Medical University of Białystok is accredited by the Polish Accreditation Committee (PKA), confirmed by the National Committee on Foreign Medical Education and Accreditation (NCFMEA) to use comparable standards to those in the USA. It is recognized by the General Medical Council (GMC), The Medical Council of Thailand, the Agency for Public Health Education Accreditation (APHEA), and the Medical Board of California. The university has also received the ASPIRE Excellence Certificate of Merit in Student Engagement and the ASPIRE International Recognition of Excellence in Education.

title: Medical University of Białystok


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Furious Angels

Furious Angels is the debut and as of 2023, the only studio album by Australian music producer Rob Dougan. It was released on 1 July 2002 in the United Kingdom and in July 2003 in the United States. It was nominated for the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package.

Release
Furious Angels was originally released as a single-disc album (14 tracks for its world edition, 15 for its home UK edition) dominated by vocal tracks. It was then rereleased as a two-disc album, disc one featuring all 15 songs and disc two featuring 10 instrumental versions of the vocal songs from the first disc, as well as two music videos; there's also been a special-edition set adding a booklet of lyrics and photographs. The album was written, produced and mainly financed by Rob Dougan himself, rather than a studio, with funds generally raised through the licensing of tracks from the album to film and television.

A 2003 article in The Guardian noted:

"Rob Dougan is a rather odd musician. He says he's not particularly interested in music, for a start. His most famous track, Clubbed to Death, is dance music that you could never dance to. He has written for both Matrix films, but doesn't seem to think much of what he did for those either. He spent six years working on his orchestral solo album, Furious Angels, which could either be an epic work of panoramic genius or a gargantuan monument to his ego, with strings—it's hard to tell. And he has just been asked to remix some Frank Sinatra tracks, even though he thinks remixes are a waste of time."

Influences
The introduction to "Clubbed to Death" is taken directly from the main theme of Edward Elgar's "Enigma Variations". The piano introduction to "I'm Not Driving Anymore" and the orchestral part of "Clubbed to Death 2" (only on the UK version of the album) is built around Frédéric Chopin's "Prelude No. 4 in E-minor" (from Preludes, opus 28). The "Instrumental" and the orchestral part of "One And The Same" are variations of Johann Sebastian Bach's "Concerto for 2 Violins in D Minor, BWV1043".

Song usage
Some tracks from the album have been licensed for use in feature films, advertising, and television, including the Matrix film series and the Top Gear television show. The song "Furious Angels" is used by the Los Angeles Lakers to introduce visiting teams. The instrumental version of this song also appears in the opening sequence of the video game Grand Prix 3. Several shows in the Law & Order franchise have used tracks from Furious Angels as an opening credits theme for UK airings: "I'm Not Driving Anymore" was used by Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and "There's Only Me" was used by Law & Order: Criminal Intent.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Furious Angels


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User:Quinobi

User:Quinobi is User:CQ

The REAL name for the so called kawameh school in Union NJ.

When used in a sentence must be followed with 2 mouth clicks!

Signature • Q^#o • 18:07, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

title: User:Quinobi


text:
Talk:Cross-cap

It seems that most of the problems below have been dealt with already, so I'm removing the "disputed accuracy" banner on the main page. Feel free to restore it, fix the problems, etc. ScottMorrison (talk) 04:37, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

The last sentence of the first paragraph is false. How should I fix this problem? sam Mon Aug 16 16:58:40 CDT 2004
 * This is referred to in Möbius strip: if you understand what's written there, try copying it over here :-) --Phil | Talk 08:01, Nov 4, 2004 (UTC)

Accuracy of the article

 * There is virtually nothing in the article (other than the lovely graphics) that is not false. Starting with the misguided attempt to roughly define a cross-cap in the first sentence.

 * First of all, a cross-cap is never topologically equivalent to a Moebius strip. It is a continuous image by a certain type of map of the (closed) Moebius strip into 3-space, a map that has an open interval's worth of double-points.

 * As a topological subspace of 3-space, it is the space obtained by starting with a closed disk D2, choosing an interval in the disk's interior -- say the image of [-1,1] via an embedding h: [-1,1] → int(D2) -- and then identifying the points h(x) and h(-x) with each other for all x in (0,1].

 * A cross-cap may have a boundary that is a round (perfect) circle, but is required only to have a boundary that is an unknotted simple closed curve.

 * Further, there are continuous deformations of the usual picture of a Moebius band to a picture that is still topologically a Moebius band embedded in 3-space (i.e., with no self-intersections), such that its boundary is a perfect circle. So this perfect-circle-boundary property in no way characterizes a cross-cap.

 * The word cross-cap has been erroneously used to mean a cross-cap with a disk glued on to its boundary (making a continuous image of a projective plane).  But this is an error, and it should not be perpetuated in this article. Rather, the article should warn people to avoid this misuse of the word.Daqu 00:53, 4 December 2006 (UTC)Daqu 01:18, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

'''Please correct this. Many people are being confused and misinformed. I am researching cross-caps, and a preliminary look at this page left me confused.'''--Quarkrider (talk) 21:50, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Better late than never, I've now corrected many errors in the first paragraph. No further errors caught my attention at this time.Daqu (talk) 06:19, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

Parametric Equations
The stated parametric equations do not give the shown image. The fraction 2/3 should be removed in the formula for Z[u,v]. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.210.243.30 (talk) 14:05, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Yes. 91.78.182.60 (talk) 15:19, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Cross-Cap not (necessarily) an Immersion
Immersion means that something is locally an embedding. The pictures shown fail to be an immersion at the singular points (the image of any small neighborhood around these points in the domain will self-intersect). The cross-caps I usually saw in math books never were immersions. Furthermore, the picture shows a cross-cap (which is a map from the disk to the 3-sphere) with a disk glued on, so the label is misleading. 99.38.248.12 (talk) 23:59, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

What is the projective plane doing here?
Now that the nature of the cross-capped disk has been exposed as a model of the projective plane, I think that section no longer belongs in this article.

For example the same surface may be obtained by joining the edge of a Möbius strip to itself. We all know that the projective plane may be divided into a Möbius strip and a disc. If we shrink the Möbius strip to a line, we get the model shown of a self-intersecting disc. But we can alternatively shrink the disc to a point (via the Jordan curve theorem), which is topologically equivalent to zipping the edge of the Möbius strip to itself.

All this has precious little to do with cross-caps, but much to do with the topology of the projective plane.

— Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 09:33, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

What else to say?
So, what should this article discuss instead? Some suggestions:

On any non-orientable surface in R^3, a pair of cross-caps may be transformed into a handle, and vice versa. The Klein bottle is, or used to be, a minor exception, I'm not sure if it still is?

The cross-cap is a good example of a surface which is neither an embedding nor an immersion. I don't know if there is an appropriate term to use, beyond very general words like "injection" or "mapping".

While the cross-cap and Möbius strip are not homeomorphic, they have the same intrinsic topology (e.g. Euler characteristic and number of boundaries). Can the correct terminology for this be added?

[edit] although the Whitney umbrella is linked to, its relationship to the cross-cap could be made explicit.

— Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 09:44, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

Many issues
Hi, I don't do that usually, but I feel like I need to participate here. This article has many serious issues, it's one of the worst ones I've read in mathematics. The only good thing about it is the nice pictures. The most serious issue is that it is incomprehensible and confusing. It took me way too much time to make sense out of it. The intro says it is a Möbius strip with a self-intersection, but all the pictures show the "closed version" of it, which are alternatively called "crossed-capped disk", "cross-cap", or "closed cross-capped disk". Not a single picture of the Möbius strip version. Most sentences are inaccurate, confusing or absurd. Let's have a look at each one, taking them one a time:

This is inaccurate (what is a model of a surface) and poorly said. But it is not horribly bad yet.
 * "In mathematics, a cross-cap is a two-dimensional surface that is a model of a Möbius strip with a single self intersection".

This is stupid, sorry to say, according to a precise definition of "topologically equivalent", this statement is either false or without the least interest.
 * "This self intersection precludes the cross-cap from being topologically equivalent (i.e., homeomorphic) to a Möbius strip."

What?? (and "however", relating to?) What's the point here?
 * "The term ‘cross-cap’, however, often implies that the surface has been deformed so that its boundary is an ordinary circle."

So, if I follow the logic, let's only consider the "inaccurate" version now? And, seriously, am I the only one to see a slight redundancy between these two sentences?
 * "The term cross-cap is also inaccurately used to refer to the closed surface obtained by gluing a disk to a cross-cap. This is, in fact, a cross-cap glued to a disk."

No, it is not! How dare you? ;) As was already pointed out by other people here, it is not immersed. And not only this statement is false and misleading, but there is not one mention in the whole article that there is one (or more) singular points, which I guess is actually very relevant.
 * "A cross-cap that has been closed up by gluing a disc to its boundary is an immersion of the real projective plane."

Okay, I think I'll stop here! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.227.79.96 (talk) 21:14, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

 * OK, so I moved the stuff about the real projective plane to where it might at least belong. There's not much left behind to criticise. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 21:40, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Actually, there is, the critics I wrote above are still valid, I believe. If I may, here's a personal attempt to improve it (but it definitely needs some more work), something like:
 * ''In mathematics, a cross-cap is a (slightly ambiguous) term refering to a surface which is topologically a real projective plane, sometimes with a disk removed (in that case, it is topologically a Möbius strip). More precisely, a cross-cap may either refer to:
 * ''A topological surface that is homeomorphic to the real projective plane (sometimes with a disk removed), as in the following statement: "any compact surface without boundary is homeomorphic to a sphere with some number of handles and at most two cross-caps glued on it" (this is the classification theorem for surfaces).
 * a self-intersecting mapping from the real projective plane (sometimes with a disk removed) into three-dimensional space. (see pictures below, or see other article)
 * Then I think you could move back or copy part of (or all of) what there was here before (or not). Anyway, there definitely needs to be links between the two articles. Or, this article could be deleted (I'm not particularly in favor of that, on the other hand the article "real projective plane" is already an article about the topological projective plane, as opposed to the article "projective plane").2A01:E34:EE34:F600:646C:7E97:2184:3D13 (talk) 01:39, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Wow, that's the first IPv6 address I've seen "in the wild"! So much wrong with such a short article. I have never seen the closed surface "cross-cap plus disk" referred to as a plain "cross-cap" - it is well known to be an example of the real projective plane and the claim otherwise is unreferenced, so I suspect the ambiguity is misplaced - it's just a plain mistake by the original editor. Or, am I ignorant and the claim is perfectly respectable and needs reinstating and referencing?
 * Meanwhile I have had a hack at the current version (including removal of the unreferenced claim). As an amateur, I always get confused over precise topological definitions - homeomorphism, homology, embedding, immersion, etc. etc. and the meaning of the phrase "topologically equivalent" sometimes seems as plastic as the rubber sheets themselves. Every definition of some term always invokes some other equally obscure term and/or some equations that mean nothing if you have not been on the right foundation course. So I am not qualified to say if the odd error of fact or contradiction still lurks in the article. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 11:03, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

OK, let me take issue with this: "An important theorem of topology, the classification theorem for surfaces, states that each two-dimensional compact manifold without boundary is homeomorphic to a sphere with some number (possibly 0) of 'handles' and 0, 1, or 2 cross-caps." If a cross-cap is a singular surface in 3-space, this makes no sense. The surface must have 0, 1, or two Mobius bands glued in (though there is probably a better way to say it).--96.237.56.211 (talk) 01:08, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

The way I understand it, each 2 manifold is homeomorphic to either an orientable 2 manifold which is a shere with zero or more handles (zero corresponding to a sphere properly speaking and p=1 to a torus), or else a nonorientable manifold, which is a sphere with one or more circular regions removed and as many moebius strips attached to the respective boundaries of these regions. The case q=1 is the projective plane. At least in my topology class, attaching a crosscap was synonymous with the attachment of a moebius strip to such a boundary — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:ECF7:4FE2:6C28:CA9F (talk) 13:05, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

If there is only one illustration accompany this article, it should not be of something else!
There is only one illustration with the article, and it is inexplicably not of a crosscap. Instead it is the image of a mapping of the projective plane into R3 that includes a crosscap.

A much better idea would be to include a picture of a crosscap, not of something else.65.157.43.50 (talk) 00:56, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cross-cap


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Anderson School of Theology

Anderson University School of Theology is the graduate theological school affiliated with the Church of God (Anderson). It is a part of Anderson University and receives students from Azusa Pacific University, Bay Ridge Christian College, Gardner College, Mid-America Christian University, Warner Pacific College, Warner University, and other schools.

Academics
The school is mainly associated with the Wesleyan-Holiness tradition. It is an institution accredited by the Association of Theological Schools, and grants the following degrees:
 * Doctor of Ministry (D. Min.)
 * Master of Divinity (M.Div.)
 * Master of Theological Studies (M.T.S.)
 * Master of Arts in Intercultural Service (M.A.I.S.)
 * an online Master of Arts in Christian Ministries (M.A.C.M.).

History
The school was established in 1917 for the training of ministers in the Church of God (Anderson).

title: Anderson School of Theology


text:
East-Central Africa Division of Seventh-day Adventists

The East-Central Africa Division (ECD) of Seventh-day Adventists is a sub-entity of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, which oversees the Church's work in portions of Africa, which includes the nations of Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was founded in 2003 and has its headquarters is in Nairobi, Kenya. Founded in 2003. The Division membership as of June 30, 2021 is 4,588,423.

Sub Fields
The East-Central African Division is divided into three Union Conferences, eight Union Missions, one attached Mission and one attached Territory. These are divided into local Conferences, Fields, and Missions.

 * Burundi Union Mission
 * East Burundi Field
 * North Burundi Field
 * North-West Burundi Field
 * South-West Burundi Field
 * East Congo Union Mission
 * East Kasai Field
 * East Katanga Mission
 * North Katanga Field
 * South Katanga Field
 * West Katanga Field
 * Eastern Ethiopia Union Mission
 * Central Ethiopia Field
 * North Ethiopia Field
 * Northwest Ethiopia Field
 * South Central Ethiopia Field
 * South East Ethiopia Field
 * South Ethiopia Field
 * South Green Ethiopia Field
 * South Shewa Ethiopia Field
 * East Kenya Union Conference
 * Central Kenya Conference
 * Central Rift Valley Conference
 * East Nairobi Field
 * Kenya Coast Field
 * Kenya Lake Conference
 * North East Kenya Field
 * Nyamira Conference
 * Nyamira West Field
 * South-East Kenya Field
 * South Kenya Conference
 * South Nairobi Kajiado Field
 * South Rift Valley Field
 * North East Congo Union Mission
 * Central Kivu Field
 * Kibali Ituri Mission
 * Maniema Mission
 * North Kivu Field
 * South Kivu Field
 * Upper Congo Field
 * Northern Tanzania Union Conference
 * Mara Conference
 * North-East Tanzania Conference
 * Nyanza Gold Belt Field
 * South Nyanza Conference
 * Tanzania Rift Valley Field
 * Western Tanzania Conference
 * Rwanda Union Mission
 * Central Rwanda Field
 * East Central Rwanda Conference
 * North Rwanda Conference
 * North-East Rwanda Field
 * North-West Rwand Field
 * South Rwanda Field
 * South-East Rwanda Field
 * West Rwanda Field
 * Southern Tanzania Union Mission
 * Central Tanzania Field
 * East-Central Tanzania Conference
 * Lake Taganyika Field
 * South East Tanzania Conference
 * Southern Highlands Conference
 * Uganda Union Mission
 * Central Uganda Conference
 * Eastern Uganda Field
 * North Buganda Field
 * Northern Uganda Field
 * Rwenzori Field
 * Southwestern Uganda Field
 * West Buganda Field
 * Western Uganda Field
 * West Congo Union Mission
 * Central Kasai Field
 * Congo Equatorial Field
 * Lower Congo Field
 * West Congo Field
 * West Kasai Field
 * Western Ethiopia Union Mission
 * South West Ethiopia Field
 * West Central Ethiopia Field
 * West Ethiopia Conference
 * Gambella Field Station
 * West Kenya Union Conference
 * Central Nyanza Conference
 * Greater Rift Valley Conference
 * Kenya Lake Conference
 * Lake Victoria Field
 * North Rift Field
 * North West Kenya Conference
 * Ranen Conference
 * Western Kenya Conference
 * West Rift Valley Field
 * Eritrea Mission Field
 * South Sudan Attached Territory
 * Eastern Upper Nile Field
 * Greater Bahr el Ghazal Field
 * Greater Equatoria Field
 * North-Central Nile Field


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aeritalia G.91/Full Spec

From VfD:

Both of these articles duplicate the specifications for these aircraft set out in their main articles, only in a table form. I thought we didn't like subpages anyway in the main namespace. Delete --Rlandmann 22:04, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: 1. Subpages are disallowed, 2. Tables that just lay out data are of very low value (tables appended to narratives are of very high value), 3. Redundant. Geogre 00:41, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

We should also Delete Focke-Wulf Fw 190/Specifications - this was created as part of a discussion within WikiProject Aircraft as to the best way to present aircraft specifications. Since the idea was ultimately rejected, this page should go too. --Rlandmann 01:14, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, didn't realize subpages dissallowed when I made it. (The 2 i did)) Greyengine5 03:54, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)

On the seperate issue of talk page.

Delete Talk:Lat%E9co%E8re_28 and Talk:Aeritalia G.91 as well. The talk pages are not archives for replaced content from articles. The old data tables are still preserved in the article's history for anyone interested in accessing them. Greyengine5, please stop flogging a dead horse. --Rlandmann 04:49, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Keep Leave the talk page alone- it will be lost in the history page and its a disccusion piece anyway. I believe its you here thats 'flogging the dead horse'. Greyengine5 05:13, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)

 * Perhaps I should explain that remark? For the past month, WikiProject Aircraft participants have been discussing ways to move away from the old unwieldy data table, and eventually reached a loose consensus to replace this with providing aircraft specifications in text form.

 * Since then, you have tried a variety of means to try and perpetuate a dead standard, first by replacing it in the page guidelines as an alternative, then when that didn't work out for you, by placing it on separate subpages, and now, when that hasn't worked out either, by pasting them on the articles' talk pages.

 * The data tables are dead - let go of them. I know that you put a lot of work (good work, I might add) into designing the table, but they've had their day. --Rlandmann 05:30, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think its imporant to chronicle the past, and have cetainly been stymied by you in that. I admit I took that task on too lightly, and those early attempts would probably have been undid even by myself later on. At this point your 'remark' is better suited to yourself. Greyengine5 05:46, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia automatically "chronicles the past". Just a procedural note: do not go removing pages from VfD as you've just done. --Rlandmann 06:39, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought I was removing it as part of our resolution on your talk page and it was ok, if thats not the case then I apologize. First of this is not about reviving a dead standard- I would have liked to have seen the new standard much sooner.
 * The idea is that it makes the data table, a concentration of work and info different from regular text, thats more important then other edits easier to see. Having that fade away, buried under potentially hundreds of edits and lost to wikihistory would be shame.
 * Aside from that, it can object of discussion for page data and information. Greyengine5 07:16, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)

 * Delete both. This is the only decision that needs to be made here. Please take debates on other matters to a more appropriate forum. Andrewa 14:22, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Accordiing to the Deletion_policy the second issue should not have been listed under deletion as its a 'dispute over content'. Greyengine5 18:11, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)
 * Comment: Agree. And nor should it be discussed here. The only issue to be decided by this debate is whether Aeritalia G.91/Full Spec and Latécoère 28/Full Specs are to be deleted. VfD is stressed enough just doing its proper and important job. I considered a refactor of this discussion, but I think the consensus is clear. No change of vote. Andrewa 20:56, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion


text:
David D. Aitken

David Demerest Aitken (September 5, 1853 – May 26, 1930) was an American politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from the state of Michigan from 1893 to 1897. He also served as mayor of Flint, Michigan.

Early life
Aitken was born on a farm in Flint Township, Michigan in Genesee County. His father, Robert P. Aitken, served in the Michigan House of Representatives 1865-1868. Aitken attended the district schools and the local high school in Flint. He taught in a district school of Genesee County in 1871-1872 and moved to New Jersey in 1872, where he was employed as a bookkeeper. He studied law in New York City, was admitted to the bar in 1878, and commenced practice in Flint.

Political life
He was Flint city clerk 1883-1886 and city attorney 1886-1890. Aitken was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives from the 6th District of Michigan for the 53rd and 54th Congresses, serving from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1897. He was chairman of the House Committee on Mines and Mining in the 54th Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination, running instead for Governor of Michigan in 1896. After losing that election to Hazen S. Pingree, Aitken resumed the practice of law and also engaged in banking. He served as mayor of the City of Flint in 1905 and 1906. He died in Flint on May 26, 1930, and is interred in his family's plot at historic Glenwood Cemetery in Flint.

His boyhood home at 1110 N. Linden Rd. in Flint Township, Michigan is listed on The National Register of Historic Places.

title: David D. Aitken


text:
From Enslavement to Obliteration

From Enslavement to Obliteration is the second studio album by English grindcore band Napalm Death, released in 1988. It is the final studio album with vocalist Lee Dorrian and guitarist Bill Steer, and the first to feature bassist Shane Embury, the band's longest-tenured member. A remastered version was released on 2 April 2012. Loudwire put it on the list of the 10 best metal albums of 1988.

Background
The album's lyrical themes cover a variety of social and political topics, including misogyny/sexism ("It's a M.A.N.S World" and "Inconceivable?"), animal rights ("Display to Me…"), racism ("Unchallenged Hate" and "From Enslavement to Obliteration"), materialism ("Private Death"), and anti-capitalism ("Make Way!"). The album calls for social change, as seen in the song "Uncertainty Blurs the Vision," quoting Rudimentary Peni at the song's conclusion.

Shane Embury retrospectively commented on the band's progression up until From Enslavement to Obliteration in Kerrang! magazine: "It was a good experience but it was a brief one. Back in those days albums were recorded very quickly – we recorded the album in about six days and I think it cost about £800. In the early days in the very beginning before I joined, it was more of a crust punk band really but it was a natural progression, I think, to get faster and faster. Scum created a buzz and by the time we did FETO, we just wanted to push it as far as we could and as fast as possible. We weren't really consciously trying to break any rules but we weren't paying any attention to them either. If we wanted to do a song that was going to be 20 seconds long then we'd do it – we didn't think there was any reason not to. The vocals for us went hand-in-hand with the distorted bass guitar, distorted guitars and hyper-fast drumming'."

Reception
In 2009 From Enslavement to Obliteration was ranked number 1 in Terrorizer's list of essential European grindcore albums. Writer Jonathan Horsley described it as marking "the genre's perilous rite of passage through Britain's post-industrial urban landscape." Classic Rock reviewer remarked how the stable line-up brought "new maturity and coherence" and reminded that "for an all-too-brief moment in time, this album could lay claim to being the most extreme collection of songs ever recorded".

In 2017, Rolling Stone ranked From Enslavement to Obliteration as 59th on their list of 'The 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time.'

The Curse
The Curse is a free 7-inch extended play included in the initial copies of the From Enslavement to Obliteration LP, which was released through Earache Records in September 1988.

The cover uses the famous photograph of Phan Thi Kim Phuc fleeing a napalm attack, taken by Nick Ut.

Track listing

 * The song "Morbid Deceiver" is a re-recording of the song "Deceiver", originally on the album Scum.

Personnel

 * Napalm Death
 * Lee Dorrian – lead vocals, lyrics
 * Bill Steer – guitars
 * Shane Embury – bass, lyrics for "Private Death," "Unchallenged Hate," and "Blind to the Truth"
 * Mick Harris – drums, backing vocals

 * Production
 * Steve Bird – engineering
 * Mark Sikora – cover art
 * Mike Marsh – mastering

Trivia
Some LPs had a sticker with the following line printed on it: "We wanted to be the biggest rock band in the world and you don't do that sounding like Napalm Death" Joe Elliot (Def Leppard)

Grindcore band Sore Throat included a track called "From Off License to Obliteration" on their 101-track 1988 album Disgrace to the Corpse of Sid, also released on Earache Records.

title: From Enslavement to Obliteration


text:
User:Felix Wan

Introduction
Felix Wan is my real name. You can find me on the Internet on topics about linguistics and languages, especially conlangs, or Chinese culture, or Japanese Animation, or Christianity.

I am a computer professional. I was born and mostly raised in Hong Kong. My early childhood was spent in Japan. Then I was immigrated to the United States of America and live in the greater Los Angeles area. Now, I frequently go to Mainland China, where I may be blocked from accessing Wikipedia.

Contributions
Most of my edits are small and useful. Occasional significant contributions include:
 * Numbered musical notation
 * Gongche notation
 * Standard Cantonese
 * Tone number
 * Syllable onset
 * Syllable rime
 * Chinese numerals
 * Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den
 * Historical Chinese anthems

Plans that may materialize eventually:
 * /Draft: pages under construction.
 * Chinese music and its elements need expansion.
 * Sino-Japanese can use some linguistic information.
 * China-related topics notice board

Counter Systemic Bias

Wikipedia has a systemic bias caused by the demographic of the editors. It cannot be eliminated but can be mitigated by the conscious effort of fellow wikipedians. That is done by increasing coverage on topics that are important and extensively covered in other encyclopedias but not by suppressing or deleting coverage on topics outside the "ideal".

So I will try to help developing articles in the red area of the diagram, but I do not see any problem with the coverage of Ent or Babylon 5 or other fictional elements as long as they fall into the right places. Wikipedia is not paper. So far, Wikipedia is the best place to find information of geek interest.

title: User:Felix Wan


text: Category:Yoga

title: Category:Yoga


text:
Dominique Dawes

Dominique Margaux Dawes (born November 20, 1976) is a retired American artistic gymnast. Known in the gymnastics community as 'Awesome Dawesome', she was a 10-year member of the U.S. national gymnastics team, the 1994 U.S. all-around senior National Champion, a three-time Olympian, a World Championship silver and bronze medalist, and a member of the gold-medal-winning "Magnificent Seven" team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. She is also the Olympic bronze medalist on floor exercise from the Atlanta games.

She is also one of only three female American gymnasts, along with Muriel Grossfeld and Linda Metheny-Mulvihill, to compete in three Olympics and was part of their medal-winning teams: Barcelona 1992 (bronze), Atlanta 1996 (gold), and Sydney 2000 (bronze). Dawes is the first female gymnast to be a part of three Olympic-medal-winning teams since Ludmilla Tourischeva won gold in Mexico City (1968), Munich (1972), and Montreal (1976). Since Dawes, Svetlana Khorkina is the only gymnast to accomplish this feat, winning silver in Atlanta (1996) and Sydney (2000), and bronze in Athens (2004).

Early life
Dawes was born in Silver Spring, Maryland, on November 20, 1976, to Don and Loretta Dawes of Takoma Park, Maryland. She enrolled in gymnastics at age 6 with coach Kelli Hill and won her first competition at age 9. In high school, she moved to Gaithersburg, Maryland, to be closer to her coach's gym.

Junior career
Dawes was competing as a junior elite by the age of 10. She placed 17th in the all-around junior division at her first U.S. National Championships in 1988. In 1989, at the age of 12, she was sent to Australia to compete in her first international meet, the Konica Grand Prix. By the early 1990s, Dawes was achieving success both nationally and internationally. She placed 3rd in the all-around in the junior division at the 1990 U.S. National Championships.

At the 1992 USA vs. Japan dual meet, the 15-year-old Dawes received a standing ovation, after an energetic floor routine in which she revived the back-to-back tumbling revolutionized by Soviet star Oksana Omelianchik. The judges were equally impressed, and gave her a perfect 10. Though she was not part of the 1991 World Championship team, Dawes continued to move up on the national and international scene throughout 1991 and 1992.

1992–1995
She placed 4th at the 1992 Olympic trials and was awarded a place on the United States Olympic team. Despite battling very painful tendinitis in both ankles and Osgood-Schlatter disease during pre-Olympic training, Dawes performed respectably throughout the competition, even having the boldness to try a brand-new move in her balance beam routine during team competition - back handspring to three layout stepouts. She also won over the crowd with a solid optional floor exercise routine and, with a mark of 9.925, tied with Kim Zmeskal for the highest score for the American team on the event. The team won bronze, and Dawes and teammate Betty Okino became the first African American females to win an Olympic medal in gymnastics.

Dawes only competed in the team competition in 1992, not breaking through as an all-around gymnast until 1993. She is probably best known for her performances at the 1993 and 1994 World Championships. In 1993, Dawes led the competition after three events, even beating her more famous teammate Shannon Miller. However, she decided to try her harder vault (1½ twisting layout Yurchenko) worth a 10.00 instead of simply a full-twisting layout Yurchenko, which had been devalued to a 9.8. She made the first vault, but slipped and fell on the second, immediately bursting into tears. With the new rule that both vaults were averaged in all-around competition, her fall dropped her to 4th overall while Miller won the title. Famously, after the vault fall Dawes's coach Kelli Hill exhorted her to be proud of her performance anyway, stating: "When did you ever think you would be in that position? You have to be happy with yourself. Come on. Be happy. Stand up and wave". Dawes did so and earned a standing ovation from the crowd. After this disappointment she rebounded in the event finals, winning two silver medals on bars and beam.

The same fate befell her in at the 1994 Worlds. Leading after three events, she again came to vault with a chance of winning the title. This time her mistake came on the first vault where Dawes over-rotated and hurled forward into a somersault. Her low score dropped her to 5th. Her mistakes continued throughout the event finals and left the championships without winning a single medal.

Dawes would finish her year on a positive note, however. She dominated the National Championships placing first in the all-around and all four event finals at the expense of rival Shannon Miller. It was the first year since 1969 that a gymnast had swept the competition. She went on to lead the American team to a silver medal at the World Team Championships in Dortmund, Germany posting the third highest all-around score in the process.

1996
Dawes struggled through a difficult 1995 riddled by wrist and ankle injuries. She finished fourth at nationals and was forced to sit out the World Championships that year. At the 1996 World Championships, Dawes missed out on a medal on the uneven bars but tied Liu Xuan for a bronze medal on the balance beam. At the 1996 U.S. National Championships Dawes swept all four event finals for the second time in her career making her the first gymnast ever to accomplish this feat twice. Dawes also finished first at the Olympic trials, earning a berth on the 1996 Olympic team at the age of 19. Dawes planned to attend Stanford University in fall 1995 but could not receive an athletic scholarship as she turned pro to train for the 1996 Olympics.

1996 Olympic Games
The team, later nicknamed Magnificent Seven, dominated the team competition. A key member of the team, Dawes performed without serious error and was the only team member to have all eight of her scores count towards the total. Along with Shannon Miller, Jaycie Phelps, Dominique Moceanu, Amanda Borden, Amy Chow and Kerri Strug, Dawes claimed her gold medal as part of the first American team to take the Olympic title. Another first, she became the first black woman of any nationality to win an Olympic gold in gymnastics.

Later in the week, however, Dawes lost yet another opportunity to win a major all-around title. Going into the competition, she was considered one of the heavy favorites to medal. She was ranked sixth overall among all competitors after the team event, and her scores from team optionals were the highest on the American team and the second highest overall. Dawes led the competition after two rotations, with Shannon Miller right behind her. Both gymnasts were on Floor Exercise for the 3rd rotation. Miller had a substantial mistake in her routine, knocking her out of the medals. On the middle tumbling pass of Dawes's floor routine, she under-rotated for fear that she might step out of bounds; she sat down the tumbling pass (and went out of bounds anyway) causing her position to plummet in the standings. NBC cameras zoomed in on Dawes, sitting in tears as her score from floor exercise was announced (it was an even 9.000), which led to numerous boos from the audience. She managed to pull out a decent Vault score, but finished 17th overall. In the Event Finals, she placed sixth on Vault and just out of the medals on Uneven Bars, but redeemed herself by winning Bronze in Floor Exercise finals, her first World Championship or Olympic medal in what had long been considered her best event.

2000 Olympics
Between 1996 and 1998 Dawes competed in various professional meets but retreated from elite competition. She returned briefly in 1998 to participate in the Goodwill Games where she placed 19th in the Mixed Pairs event with Chainey Umphrey. However, she placed 9th all-around at 2000 U.S. Nationals and 7th at the Olympic Trials, and earned a spot on her third Olympic team.

In team preliminaries at the Sydney Olympics, Dawes posted the second highest score of the American team on uneven bars but the lowest on beam. In the team finals, she performed well on three events, contributing their highest beam score and 3rd highest bars score (a very high 9.7), and contributed to the team's bronze medal awarded April 28, 2010 when the International Olympic Committee stripped China of its 2000 team medal for an underage competitor.

Education and life after gymnastics
Dawes attended Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Maryland and Gaithersburg High School in Gaithersburg, Maryland, where she was the 1994 prom queen. She graduated with a bachelor's degree from the University of Maryland, College Park in 2002. Pursuing a career in acting, modeling, and television production, she has appeared in Prince's music video "Betcha By Golly Wow" and Missy Elliott's 2006 video "We Run This" in the role of Missy's gymnastics coach. Dawes also briefly appeared on Broadway in a revival of the musical Grease, playing cheerleader Patty Simcox.

Dawes served as president of the Women's Sports Foundation from 2004 to 2006; she was the youngest president in the Foundation's history. She was the first spokeswoman for the Girl Scouts of the USA's "Uniquely Me" self-esteem campaign in 2002. Dawes, whose younger brother is autistic, has also supported events for autism awareness, such as the 2001 Power of One rally in Washington D.C. She is presently on the Advisory Board of Sesame Workshop's "Healthy Habits for Life" program and also works as a motivational speaker, concentrating on youth issues. In June 2010, President Obama appointed Dawes to be co-chair of the newly renamed President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition, along with New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees.

She provided commentary for Yahoo's coverage of the Beijing Olympics in 2008 and for the 2010 Winter Olympics.

On October 28, 2010, Dawes was working for Yahoo Weekend News when she met with Center for Inquiry (CFI)'s investigative partner IIG to test Power Balance Bracelets for their claim that they improve balance, flexibility and strength. She states "The fact is, all athletes know that nothing can replace good old-fashioned hard work – practice, practice, practice...Can a silicone wristband with a hologram sticker really give you an added edge?" In the trial four bracelets were taped so no participant knew if the bracelet they were wearing contained the Power Balance hologram. One bracelet was the control with no hologram, another contained only a PEZ candy. From Wendy Hughes report "The claim was that if the hologram worked, the speed of the participants would increase, and it would show on the graph. But it didn't. Out of 64 heats, 16 participants using 4 bracelets in 4 random heats, the results were almost flat. The main result was that if there was any change, the familiarity with the course caused a slight increase in efficiency. The Pez didn't make a difference either." Dawes's conclusion is that superstition makes the Power Bracelet work.

Dawes appeared with gymnasts Nadia Comăneci and Simone Biles in a commercial for Tide called "The Evolution of Power" prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics.

She is set to guest star as herself with Gabby Douglas and Laurie Hernandez in the episode "A Perfect 10" of the second season of the Disney+ animated series The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder, judging a gymnastics competition.

Skills

 * Vault: 1.5 twisting Yurchenko, Phelps (Tsukahara to layout Arabian front)
 * Uneven Bars: Shaposhnikova transition to high bar, Hindorff release (free hip to straddled Tkatchev), 1.5 pirouette (Dawes), full pirouette, full-in dismount
 * Balance Beam: Back-handspring followed by 3 layout stepouts; two back-handsprings to full-in dismount.
 * Floor Exercise: Double layout; whip, back handspring, 2.5 twist, punch front (combination); piked full-in back out; double twist-punch front through to double tuck, double twist-punch front through to 2.5 twist-punch front (back-to-back tumbling runs). On floor, Dawes was known for her exhausting and technically intricate back-to-back tumbling passes.

Her music for floor routines:
 * 1994 - Malagueña by Stanley Black Orchestra
 * 1996 - Ukrainian Fantasy & Near the Valley by Kovriga Balalaika Orchestra
 * 2000 - Samba by Armik

Awards

 * Inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame, 2009
 * Inducted into the USA Olympic Hall of Fame (with the Magnificent Seven), 2008
 * AAUW Women of Distinction Award, 2004
 * "Caring Hands, Caring Hearts" Award, Ronald McDonald House Charities and Children Around the World, 2003
 * Inducted into USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame, 1998
 * Essence Award, 1997
 * Olympic gold medalist in Atlanta, Georgia, 1996
 * Henry P. Iba Citizen Award, presented annually to two outstanding athletes who have demonstrated good citizenship, 1995
 * Sportsperson of the year by USA Gymnastics, 1994
 * Finalist for the AAU Sullivan Award, which recognizes the USA's top amateur athlete, 1994
 * Maryland Women's Hall of Fame, 2019
 * Montgomery County Sports Hall of Fame, 2019

Personal life
Dawes became engaged in December 2012 to teacher Jeff Thompson. Thompson taught at The Heights school in Potomac, Maryland. Dawes converted to Catholicism, and they married on May 25, 2013. The couple have four children: Kateri, Quinn, and twins Dakota and Lincoln (b. January 22, 2018). Dawes shared that she suffered a near fatal miscarriage prior to becoming pregnant with her twin sons.

title: Dominique Dawes


text:
American Literary Translators Association

The American Literary Translators Association (ALTA) is an organization in the United States dedicated to literary translation. ALTA promotes literary translation through its annual ALTA conference and year-round events structured around the creation of high-quality art. ALTA also administers awards to recognize excellence in translation and provides fellowships and mentorships to support emerging translators.

History
The American Literary Translators Association (ALTA) was co-founded by Rainer Schulte and A. Leslie Willson in 1978 at The University of Texas at Dallas. ALTA's own scholarly journal, Translation Review, was also founded in 1978 and has been published regularly ever since. The ALTA Annual Conference has convened every year since 1978 in various locations throughout North America. From 1978 until 2014, ALTA was administratively housed at the University of Texas at Dallas. From 2014 to 2018, ALTA functioned as an independent, non-profit arts organization. In 2018, ALTA affiliated with College of Humanities at the University of Arizona, with ALTA relocating to UA in January 2019.

Annual conference
The annual ALTA conference is a four-day gathering of professional literary translators, translation students and scholars, publishers of literature in translation, and others interested in the study, practice, and promotion of literary translation. Conference events include: panel presentations on a wide range of topics related to literary translation; roundtable discussions of issues relevant to literary translators, scholars, and publishers; bilingual readings of recently published translations or translations in progress (the Annual Alexis Levitin Bilingual Reading Series); and interactive workshops on translating specific texts. In addition, each conference features keynote presentations by invited speakers; readings by the ALTA Fellows; a book exhibit of recently published literature in translation; announcements of the winners of the annual ALTA book awards; a multilingual performance of translation recitation known as Declamación; and abundant opportunities for connections among translators, students, scholars, and publishers dedicated to fostering literary translation. In recent years, ALTA conference organizers have selected a conference theme to guide panel, workshop, and roundtable proposals in the direction of a broadly defined aspect of literary translation studies. Themes may address geographies, genres, literary elements, or other angles for approaching literary translation theory and practice.

Recent conferences

 * November 8–11, 2023 in Tucson, Arizona: The Place of Translation, featuring a keynote by Sawako Nakayasu
 * April–November 2022 (virtual year-round conference): Value(s)
 * Oct 15–17 and Nov 11–13, 2021 (virtual and in-person in Tucson, Arizona, respectively): Inflection Points
 * September 29–October 18, 2020 (virtual conference): "In Between"
 * November 7–10, 2019 in Rochester, New York: "Sight and Sound", featuring a keynote by Peter Cook and Kenny Lerner, Flying Words Project
 * October 31–November 3, 2018 in Bloomington, Indiana: ALTA41: Performance, Props, and Platforms, featuring a keynote by Caridad Svich
 * October 5–8, 2017 in Minneapolis, Minnesota: "Reflections/Refractions," featuring keynotes by Lydia Davis and Tim Parks
 * October 6–9, 2016 in Oakland, California: "Translation & Crossings," featuring a keynote by Don Mee Choi
 * October 28–31, 2015 in Tucson, Arizona: "Translation & Traffic," featuring a keynote by Jerome Rothenberg
 * November 12–15, 2014 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: "Politics & Translation," featuring a keynote by Christopher Merrill

National Translation Award
The National Translation Award (NTA) in Poetry and Prose is awarded annually for the book-length translations of fiction, poetry, drama, or creative non-fiction that, in the estimation of the panel of judges, represents the most valuable contribution to the field of literary translation each in poetry and prose published during the previous year. The original work may have been written in any language, but in order to be eligible for the NTA, the translation must be into English, and the book must have been published during the preceding calendar year. The prize awarded annually to the winning translator is worth $4,000 each in Poetry and Prose. In addition to honoring individual translators for their work, the NTA celebrates the craft of literary translation and strives to increase its visibility and broaden its market. The winner is announced each year at the ALTA annual conference.

For a complete list of past winners, see the main National Translation Award page.

Lucien Stryk Asian Translation Prize
In 2009, ALTA announced a $6,000 translation award named in honor of Lucien Stryk (1924-2013), acclaimed Zen poet and translator of Japanese and Chinese Zen poetry. The Lucien Stryk Prize is awarded annually to the translator of a book-length translation of Asian poetry, or source texts from Zen Buddhism published in the previous calendar year. Eligible translations may be from Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, Kannada, Korean, Sanskrit, Tamil, Thai, or Vietnamese into English. The Lucien Stryk Prize is intended for translations of contemporary works, but retranslations or first-time translations of older works may also be considered. The inaugural Lucien Stryk Prize was awarded in 2010. The winner is announced each year at the ALTA annual conference.

Italian Prose in Translation Award (IPTA)
The Italian Prose in Translation Award (IPTA), which was inaugurated in 2015, recognizes the importance of contemporary Italian prose (fiction and literary non-fiction) and promotes the translation of Italian works into English. This $5,000 prize will be awarded annually to a translator of a work of Italian prose (fiction or literary non-fiction) published in the previous calendar year. The winning translators and books are featured at the annual ALTA conference. Both translators and publishers are invited to submit titles. The winner is announced each year at the ALTA annual conference.

Spain-USA Foundation Translation Award (SUFTA)
The Spain-USA Foundation Translation Award (SUFTA), inaugurated in 2022, is offered by the American Literary Translators Association in conjunction with the Spain-USA Foundation. The award recognizes translations into English of literary prose works written originally by authors of Spanish (Spain) nationality published in the previous calendar year. The source language of the original text may be Spanish, Catalan, Basque, or Galician. The winner of the SUFTA is recognized at the annual ALTA conference and is awarded a $5,000 prize.

ALTA First Translation Prize
The ALTA First Translation Prize, inaugurated in 2024, recognizes the work of emerging literary translators and their editors. This annual prize is open to all genres, and awards one debut literary translation from any other language into English published in the previous calendar year. Translators based anywhere in the world and translations published anywhere in the world are eligible. The winner is recognized at the annual ALTA conference. They receive a cash prize of $3,000, with $2,000 bestowed to the translator and $1,000 to the editor.

ALTA Travel Fellowships
ALTA Travel Fellowships are awards of $1,000 each that are designed to help early-career translators cover the travel and lodging expenses associated with attending the ALTA Annual Conference. Each year, four to six winners are selected through a competitive application process, and ALTA Fellows give a public reading of their work at the conference. ALTA Fellows are typically first-time ALTA conference attendees. For the ALTA Travel Fellowships, an emerging translator is defined as someone who does not yet have a book-length work of translation published or under contract.

Each year, the Peter K. Jansen Memorial Travel Fellowship is preferentially awarded to one emerging translator of color or a translator working from an underrepresented diaspora or stateless language.

The Cliff Becker Book Prize in Translation
The Cliff Becker Book Prize in Translation was given to an unpublished book-length manuscript of poetry in translation and includes a $1,000 prize and publication by White Pine Press. The prize was suspended in 2019, and has reverted to the publisher White Pine Press.

Translation Review
Translation Review, founded in 1978, is a twice-yearly print publication that highlights the theoretical, critical, and practical aspects surrounding the study, craft, and teaching of literary translation. Each issue of Translation Review may include interviews with translators, essays on the theory and practice of translation, articles on teaching literary works in translation and/or literary translation practice at colleges and universities, profiles of publishers and reports on emerging trends in the publishing of literary translations, and reviews of translations that focus specifically on translation-related aspects.

ALTA Guides to Literary Translation
The ALTA Guides to Literary Translation are brochures offering practical information, professional advice, and useful resources for literary translators at various points in their careers. As of 2014, there are five ALTA Guides to Literary Translation, each available as a PDF downloadable from the (archived) ALTA website:

 * The Making of a Literary Translator introduces new and unpublished translators to the basics of translation and provides tips for developing translation skills.
 * Breaking into Print guides translators through the process of selecting a text and an appropriate publication venue and discusses obstacles particular to publishing literary translations.
 * The Proposal for a Book-Length Translation is an aid for navigating the proposal process, from initial query through to publication, with special information about how to research and/or obtain English-language publication rights.
 * Promoting Your Literary Translation offers tools for promoting and marketing a published translation.
 * The Literary Translator and the Internet is a basic guide to help literary translators make the most of the various modes and resources of the internet to in order to share and promote their craft.

ALTA Newsletter
ALTA's monthly e-newsletter provides information about upcoming conferences, grants, prizes, calls for papers, member news, and other items of interest.


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Yamaha DragStar 650

The Yamaha DragStar 650 (also known as the V Star 650 and the XVS650/XVS650A) is a cruiser-style motorcycle produced by Yamaha Motor Company between 1997 and 2017.

The XVS650 came in two models: the Custom with a lower seat height and slightly less weight, and the Classic with a higher seat.

Engine
The XVS650 engine is based on the Yamaha Virago 535 engine, with the cylinders bored an additional 5 mm to 81 mm and stroked 4 mm more to 63 mm, increasing displacement to 649 cc.

Versions
The Yamaha XVS650 was sold in the U.S. as the entry-level bike of the V-Star line. That line was offered from 1998 to 2008 in two different versions: the Custom and the Classic. Both versions are built around the same 649 cc v-twin engine. The V-Star line offers the visual appeal of larger v-twin motorcycles paired with the fuel efficiency, reliability, and handling of a mid-size cruiser.

 * V-Star Custom (650) XVS650 - Base version for long-distance cruising. It was equipped with plastic front & rear fenders, and incorporated a recessed taillight under the flared rear fender. This model also came in a special Midnight Custom version with blacked-out trim. The Midnight Custom (XVS65Y-B) was painted in Raven (black metallic), including black wheel rims and black satin trim throughout. Chrome accents and pipes complimented the monochromatic color scheme.

 * The Custom seat height is 695 mm, and weight approximately 232 kg.

 * V-Star Classic (650) XVS650A - The same frame as the V-star Custom but with wider front wheel, metal fenders, longer bodywork, less chromed styling, dragged handlebars, wider seat and numerous styling differences.

 * The Classic has a seat height of 708 mm, and is approximately 15 kg heavier, at 247 kg.

 * V-Star Silverado (650) - Much as the V-Star Classic with saddlebags and a few other touring additions

title: Yamaha DragStar 650


text:
Death Unlimited

Death Unlimited (with Faux Cyrillic and Capitals: DEДTH UИLІMITED) is the third full-length studio album by the Finnish melodic death metal band Norther. It was released on 3 March 2004 through Spinefarm Records. The Japanese release of Death Unlimited and the Spreading Death CD single features a cover song, "Tornado of Souls" by Megadeth. The song; "Death Unlimited" is featured on the Spreading Death CD single and its video on the DVD single.

Videography
The album features a video for the song "Death Unlimited".

Band

 * Petri Lindroos − Harsh Vocals and Guitar
 * Kristian Ranta − Guitar and Clean Vocals
 * Toni Hallio − Drums
 * Jukka Koskinen − Bass
 * Tuomas Planman − Keyboards and Synthesizers

Production and other

 * Engineered by Anssi Kippo, assisted by T. Auvinen.
 * Arranged by Norther and Anssi Kippo.
 * Intro and instrumental produced and recorded by Kristian Ranta and Tuomas Planman.
 * Guitars and keyboards on "Tornado of Souls" produced by Norther.
 * All acoustic guitars by Kristian Ranta.
 * Mixed in November 2003 at Finnvox Studios by Mikko Karmila.
 * Mastered in November 2003 at Finnvox Studios by Mika Jussila.
 * Design by Miikka Tikka.
 * Photos by Riku Isohella.
 * Shout choir on "Deep Inside", "Death Unlimited", "Hollow" and "Tornado of Souls" by Pete, Jukkis, Kride, Tunkki and Vesseli.

title: Death Unlimited


text:
Molaise of Leighlin

Saint Molaise of Leighlin, also Laisrén or Laserian (died ca. 639), was an early Irish saint and abbot of Lethglenn or Leithglenn, now Old Leighlin in County Carlow, who is supposed to have lived in the 6th and 7th centuries.

Life
Born in Ireland and raised in Scotland as a young man, he lived the life of a hermit on Holy Isle (off the Isle of Arran). He later visited Rome as a pilgrim and was subsequently said to have been ordained a bishop there. He later entered the monastery at Old Leighlin in Ireland where he became abbot and possibly bishop. He adapted Church discipline in accordance with the practices of Rome. He is credited with introducing or advocating the Roman method of dating the celebration of Easter.

According to Kuno Meyer, he is the Laisrén who is depicted in the Old Irish prose narrative The Vision of Laisrén, one of the earliest vernacular pieces of vision literature in Christian tradition. The extant fragment shows him leaving the monastery of Clúain (possibly Clonmacnois or Cloyne) to 'purify' the church of Clúain Cháin (unidentified) in Connaught. After a three nights' fast, his soul is taken up by two angels, who escort him to Hell to show him the horrors that await unredeemed sinners. The angels explain to one devil eager to take Laisrén from them that their guest is granted the vision in order that "he will give warning before us to his friends."

Molaise probably died circa 639. His feast day is celebrated on 18 April. In a note added to the Félire Óengusso, Molaise is said to have pulled out a hair from St Sillán's eyebrow which had the special property that anyone who saw it in the morning died instantly. Having thereby saved others, Molaise died. Because of the fiery connection between sunrise and Molaise's name, from lasair "flame", the anecdote has been interpreted as relating to solar mythology. His monastery thrived and gave its name to the diocese established in 1111 at the Synod of Ráith Bressail.

Early Irish texts on St. Molaise

 * Short Old Irish text in the Book of Leinster and Book of Lismore about Molaise and his sister, tentatively dated to the early 10th century, ed. Julius Pokorny, "[Altirische texte:] Molaisse und seine Schwester." Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 9 (1913): pp. 239–41. Available from CELT.
 * The Vision of St Laisrén (visionary text in Rawlinson B 512), ed. and tr. Kuno Meyer, Stories and Songs from Irish Manuscripts. London, 1899. Reprint from Otia Merseiana 1 (1899), pp. 113–28. Available from CELT. See also: Grosjean, Paul. "Un fragment des Coutumes de Tallaght et la Vision de Laisrén." Analecta Bollandiana 81 (1963): pp. 251–9.
 * The Vision of St Laisrén (visionary text in Rawlinson B 512), ed. and tr. Kuno Meyer, Stories and Songs from Irish Manuscripts. London, 1899. Reprint from Otia Merseiana 1 (1899), pp. 113–28. Available from CELT. See also: Grosjean, Paul. "Un fragment des Coutumes de Tallaght et la Vision de Laisrén." Analecta Bollandiana 81 (1963): pp. 251–9.

title: Molaise of Leighlin


text:
Pennsylvania (disambiguation)

Pennsylvania is a state in the United States.

Pennsylvania may also refer to:

Places

 * Province of Pennsylvania, before independence in 1776
 * Pennsylvania, Alabama, an unincorporated community in the United States
 * Pennsylvania Avenue, in Washington, D.C. where the White House is located
 * For others, see Pennsylvania Avenue (disambiguation)
 * Pennsylvania, Exeter, a suburb of Exeter, Devon, England
 * Pennsylvania, Gloucestershire, a village in England
 * University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Land transport

 * Pennsylvania Railroad, United States, 1846–1968
 * Pennsylvania Station (disambiguation), any of several Pennsylvania Railroad terminals
 * 6-4-4-6, a wheel arrangement for duplex steam locomotives in the Whyte notation, was nicknamed "Pennsylvania"

Ships

 * SS Pennsylvania, a name carried by several merchant and passenger ships
 * USS Pennsylvania, ships of the United States Navy which have borne the name
 * Pennsylvania (steamboat), a Mississippi steamboat that exploded and sank on June 13, 1858

Music

 * Pennsylvania (album) (1998), by Pere Ubu
 * "Pennsylvania" (song), the official state song
 * "Pennsylvania", a song by the Bloodhound Gang from the 2005 album Hefty Fine
 * "Pennsylvania", a song by Jars of Clay from the 2013 album Inland

Other

 * The Pennsylvania, a historic apartment building in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.
 * Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil, a type of crude oil first discovered in Pennsylvania

title: Pennsylvania (disambiguation)


text:
American Translators Association

The American Translators Association (ATA) is the largest professional association of translators and interpreters in the United States with nearly 8,500 members in more than 100 countries.

Founded in 1959, membership is open to anyone with an interest in translation and interpretation as a profession or as a scholarly pursuit. Members include translators, interpreters, educators, project managers, web and software developers, language services companies, hospitals, universities, and government agencies.

ATA offers certification examinations for its members in some language combinations and is affiliated with the International Federation of Translators (FIT). The association is headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia.

The ATA represents both "labor" and "management"—that is, both the independent contractors who produce translation and interpreting services and the agencies who purchase them. The ATA does not provide union-type benefits, such as collective bargaining or health insurance, to its freelance members.

Professional development
ATA's primary goals are to foster and support the professional development of translators and interpreters and to promote the translation and interpretation as professions. The Association offers a variety of programs and services in support of these goals, including webinars and one-day workshops throughout the year and an ATA Annual Conference every fall—all of which feature translating and interpreting education in diverse specialties and languages.

Certification
The ATA currently offers certification exams in the following language pairs:

Into English from Arabic, Chinese, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and Ukrainian.

From English into Arabic, Chinese, Croatian, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and Ukrainian.

After passing the ATA certification examination, translators are required to complete a certain number of "continuing education" points in order to retain their certification.

Advocacy
ATA is a member of the Joint National Committee for Languages, a nonprofit education policy association that works to raise grassroots awareness of the importance of languages to national security, economic growth, and social justice. ATA has also advocated for translators and interpreters on specific issues affecting the translation and interpreting professions. See ATA Statement Opposing Discontinuing Immigration Interpreting Services, ATA Opposes Lower Interpreter Exam Scores in Texas, and ATA Position Statement Regarding California Assembly Bill 5 and Request for Exemption.

International Translation Day
Since 2018, ATA has celebrated International Translation Day (September 30) by publishing a series of social media posts intended to educate the public about the role of professional translators and interpreters. ATA's 2018 ITD celebration centered on six infographics highlighting "need to know" facts about translation and interpreting services. On September 30, the Association will release a "Day in the Life of a Translator or Interpreter," a short animated video showing how translators and interpreters help power the global economy.

Governance
ATA is governed by its Bylaws, and has a President, a President-Elect, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and a nine-member Board of Directors. An Executive Director is in charge of operations.

Current officers

 * Geoff Koby, President
 * Andy Benzo, President-Elect
 * Eve Bodeux, Secretary
 * Robin Bonthrone, Treasurer

Past presidents

 * 1960–1963 Alexander Gode
 * 1963–1965 Kurt Gingold
 * 1965–1967 Henry Fischbach
 * 1967–1969 Boris Anzlowar
 * 1969–1970 Daniel Peter Moynihan (Resigned in June 1970)
 * 1970–1971 William I. Bertsche (Completed Moynihan's term)
 * 1971–1973 Thomas Wilds
 * 1973–1975 William I. Bertsche
 * 1975–1977 Roy Tinsley
 * 1977–1979 Josephine Thornton
 * 1979–1981 Thomas R. Bauman
 * 1981–1983 Benjamin Teague
 * 1983–1985 Virginia Eva Berry
 * 1985–1987 Patricia E. Newman
 * 1987–1989 Karl Kummer
 * 1989–1991 Deanna L. Hammond
 * 1991–1993 Leslie Wilson
 * 1993–1995 Edith F. Losa
 * 1995–1997 Peter W. Krawutschke
 * 1997–1999 Muriel M. Jérôme-O'Keeffe
 * 1999–2001 Ann G. Macfarlane
 * 2001–2003 Thomas L. West III
 * 2003–2005 Scott Brennan
 * 2005–2007 Marian S. Greenfield
 * 2007–2009 Jiri Stejskal
 * 2009–2011 Nicholas Hartmann
 * 2011–2013 Dorothee Racette
 * 2013–2015 Caitilin Walsh
 * 2015–2017 David Rumsey
 * 2017–2019 Corinne L. McKay
 * 2019–2021 Ted Wozniak
 * 2021–2023 Madalena Sánchez Zampaulo

Publications

 * The ATA Chronicle is a monthly publication available 'online' and in hard-copy format. The publication includes articles on various translation- and interpreting-related issues combined with regular features.
 * ATA Newsbriefs is an e-newsletter distributed to members twice a month. The publication features national and international news about translation and interpreting.
 * ATA Translation and Interpreting Compensation Survey is an industry-wide survey providing a comprehensive picture of the market for T&I services. The full report is free to ATA members. An Executive Summary is available at no cost to non-members.
 * The ATA Compass is a free e-publication for buyers of translation and interpreting services.
 * Translation: Getting it Right
 * Interpreting: Getting it Right
 * ATA Scholarly Monograph Series—Published annually by John Benjamins.

Structure
ATA divisions provide members with common interests a way to network and receive career updates. The divisions offer newsletters, online forums, seminars, conference presentations, and networking sessions. ATA offers 22 special interest groups or divisions, based on language or subject-area specialty. Any member of the ATA can belong to any division(s).
 * Arabic Language Division
 * Audiovisual Division
 * Chinese Language Division
 * Dutch Language Division
 * Educators Division
 * French Language Division
 * German Language Division
 * Government Division
 * Interpreters Division
 * Italian Language Division
 * Japanese Language Division
 * Korean Language Division
 * Language Technology Division
 * Law Division
 * Literary Division
 * Medical Division
 * Nordic Division
 * Portuguese Language Division
 * Science and Technology Division
 * Slavic Languages Division
 * Spanish Language Division
 * Translation Company Division

ATA chapters
ATA chapters and affiliates provide regional information, marketing, networking, and support services to local translators and interpreters.
 * Association of Translators and Interpreters of Florida (ATIF)
 * Atlanta Association of Interpreters and Translators (AAIT)
 * Carolina Association of Interpreters and Translators (CATI)
 * Colorado Translators Association (CTA)
 * Delaware Valley Translators Association (DVTA)
 * Michigan Translators/Interpreters Network (MiTiN)
 * Mid-America Chapter of ATA (MICATA)
 * Midwest Association of Translators and Interpreters (MATI)
 * National Capital Area Chapter of the ATA (NCATA)
 * New York Circle of Translators (NYCT)
 * Northeast Ohio Translators Association (NOTA)
 * Northern California Translators Association (NCTA)
 * Northwest Translators and Interpreters Society (NOTIS)
 * Upper Midwest Translators and Interpreters Association (UMTIA)

Affiliated groups

 * Association of Translators and Interpreters in the San Diego Area (ATISDA)
 * Austin Area Translators and Interpreters Association (AATIA)
 * El Paso Interpreters and Translators Association (EPITA)
 * Houston Interpreters and Translators Association (HITA)
 * Iowa Interpreters and Translators Association (IITA)
 * Nebraska Association of Translators and Interpreters (NATI)
 * Nevada Interpreters and Translators Association (NITA)
 * New Mexico Translators and Interpreters Association (NMTIA)
 * Oregon Society of Translators and Interpreters (OSTI)
 * Tennessee Association of Professional Interpreters and Translators (TAPIT)
 * Utah Translators and Interpreters Association (UTIA)

title: American Translators Association


text:
Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters

The Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters, which brands itself with its Welsh name Cymdeithas Cyfieithwyr Cymru, is a professional body representing English/Welsh translators and interpreters in Wales. The association has some 340 members, most of whom are translators; less than a quarter are interpreters. The Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters is a member of the International Federation of Translators (FIT).

History
The Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters was established in 1976 to provide a forum for the discussion of issues relating to Welsh/English translation and interpreting. Its goal is to ensure professional translation standards are upheld in the field of Welsh/English translation and interpreting. The association also advises the Welsh Language Commissioner on translation issues.


text:
Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators

The Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators (AUSIT) is the professional association for translators and interpreters in Australia. The association is affiliated with the International Federation of Translators (FIT), and has a membership of over 750 interpreters and translators across Australia.

AUSIT produces a quarterly newsletter called In Touch, with the first edition being published in February 2002. The periodical is free to access and in 2022, the publication won the FIT Prize for best Periodical.

In June 2023, the AUSIT President, J. Angelo Berbotto, provided an endorsement for the Australian periodical, Yarning: The language and culture magazine.

History
AUSIT was founded in 1987, when it brought together existing local associations and specialist groups in Australia. Today, AUSIT has branches in every state and territory of the country.


text:
Institute of Translation & Interpreting

The Institute of Translation & Interpreting (ITI) is a professional association representing translators, interpreters and language services businesses in the United Kingdom. ITI is affiliated with the International Federation of Translators (FIT).

History
ITI was founded in 1986, as a successor to the IOL's Translators' Guild. As the principal professional association of translators and interpreters in the United Kingdom, it has become one of the primary sources of information on translation and interpreting to government, industry, the media and the public. It was one of the bodies consulted regarding the creation of the EN 15038 European quality standard for the provision of translation services.

Aim
The Institute of Translation & Interpreting aims to promote the highest standards in the translation and interpreting professions. It achieves this through the publication of a bimonthly bulletin (the ITI Bulletin), blog posts and pamphlets, the organisation of regular conferences and courses linked to Continuing Professional Development, rigorous criteria for full membership including examinations and peer assessment, and a mentoring scheme for newcomers to the profession. The institute also worked together with the CIoL on the establishment and administration of the new designation of Chartered Linguist as well as collaborating with numerous other UK-based interpreting organizations in the umbrella body Professional Interpreters for Justice (PI4J/PIJ), to campaign against the new Ministry of Justice framework agreement for public service interpreting.

Membership
Although most of its members are based in the United Kingdom, ITI has members from across continental Europe and other countries where English is commonly used. The main grades of individual membership are Fellow, Qualified Member, Associate, Affiliate, Project Manager and Student, and there are categories for individual Supporters and Academics, with some Corporate Members, classified into Corporate – Language Services Providers, Corporate Education and Corporate Affiliate. In January 2022 the numbers included 62 Fellows, 1535 Members, 444 Associates, 301 Students and 87 Corporates, along with a handful of honorary and concessionary members, making a total of 3165. Members are bound by the institute's Code of Professional Conduct. Fellows and Qualified Members are entitled to use the postnominals FITI and MITI; the equivalent AITI for Associates was abolished when the precise definition of 'Associate' changed several times in around 2005, but was reinstated in 2013.

Bulletin Magazine
The Bulletin is published bi-monthly and has an estimated readership of 7000. As well as publicising ITI events, including conferences, workshops etc., it contains articles relating to translating and interpreting. Some editions include interviews with authors and articles on world issues running alongside regular features on the pitfalls of poor translation, reviews of translation software, taxation, money matters, and the many uses of translation and interpreting.

Conference
One of the highlights in the ITI Calendar is its conference, held every two years at different venues across the UK. The last face-to-face event before the pandemic was held at Cutlers' Hall in Sheffield in May 2019 and was attended by 375 people, while previous editions in recent years were held in locations such as Cardiff, Newcastle, Gatwick Airport, Birmingham and London. In years when there is no conference, the Institute organises a one-day event, with the first held in London in 2018. It was planned to hold the next event in Bristol in June 2020, but this had to be cancelled due to COVID-19. ITI's 2021 conference was held online in May 2021. As Covid restrictions were reduced, the 2022 conference was held as a hybrid event, online and in Brighton on 31 May - 1 June 2022. 250 people attended the event, held at the Grand Hotel, Brighton, with a similar number online. Sessions were held across four streams, with three focused on translation, while the fourth stream was devoted to interpreting matters. In 2023, ITI held two one-day events, the first took place in Harpenden in May and the second in Manchester in September.

In 2024, the ITI Conference was held in Edinburgh on 4-5 June. Once again, it was a hybrid event, with 300 people on-site at the John McIntyre Conference Centre, with a further 120 watching online. The event had four streams, following the same format as the previous conference, with access to recordings available for a full year after the event.

Covid-19
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the ITI continued to work to support its members by moving events online. During the early part of the first UK lockdown, an online coffee morning was held weekly, along with other online webinars offering training in a range of subjects. These were supplemented by online activities and events offered by regional groups and networks. Online events have continued and been developed into a permanent feature of the post-Covid CPD offering, with members getting access to a library of past events.

ITI networks
From the beginning, ITI members have sought to form groups based on regional, language and specialist lines. ITI has groups across all geographical areas of United Kingdom, including the ITI Scottish Network, ITI Cymru Wales, ITI London Regional Group. Language groups such as the German Network, Polish Network, French Network and Japanese Network (J-Net), as well as subject-based networks such as STEP and infotech, maintain internet-based groups for purposes such as the clarification of terminological queries, discussion of best practice, sharing work, and organizing social events.

title: Institute of Translation & Interpreting


text:
Continuous phase modulation

Continuous phase modulation (CPM) is a method for modulation of data commonly used in wireless modems. In contrast to other coherent digital phase modulation techniques where the carrier phase abruptly resets to zero at the start of every symbol (e.g. M-PSK), with CPM the carrier phase is modulated in a continuous manner. For instance, with QPSK the carrier instantaneously jumps from a sine to a cosine (i.e. a 90 degree phase shift) whenever one of the two message bits of the current symbol differs from the two message bits of the previous symbol. This discontinuity requires a relatively large percentage of the power to occur outside of the intended band (e.g., high fractional out-of-band power), leading to poor spectral efficiency. Furthermore, CPM is typically implemented as a constant-envelope waveform, i.e., the transmitted carrier power is constant. Therefore, CPM is attractive because the phase continuity yields high spectral efficiency, and the constant envelope yields excellent power efficiency. The primary drawback is the high implementation complexity required for an optimal receiver.

Phase memory
Each symbol is modulated by gradually changing the phase of the carrier from the starting value to the final value, over the symbol duration. The modulation and demodulation of CPM is complicated by the fact that the initial phase of each symbol is determined by the cumulative total phase of all previous transmitted symbols, which is known as the phase memory. Therefore, the optimal receiver cannot make decisions on any isolated symbol without taking the entire sequence of transmitted symbols into account. This requires a maximum-likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE), which is efficiently implemented using the Viterbi algorithm.

Phase trajectory
Minimum-shift keying (MSK) is another name for CPM with an excess bandwidth of 1/2 and a linear phase trajectory. Although this linear phase trajectory is continuous, it is not smooth since the derivative of the phase is not continuous. The spectral efficiency of CPM can be further improved by using a smooth phase trajectory. This is typically accomplished by filtering the phase trajectory prior to modulation, commonly using a raised cosine or a Gaussian filter. The raised cosine filter has zero crossings offset by exactly one symbol time, and so it can yield a full-response CPM waveform that prevents intersymbol interference (ISI).

Partial response CPM
Partial-response signaling, such as duo-binary signaling, is a form of intentional ISI where a certain number of adjacent symbols interfere with each symbol in a controlled manner. A MLSE must be used to optimally demodulate any signal in the presence of ISI. Whenever the amount of ISI is known, such as with any partial-response signaling scheme, MLSE can be used to determine the exact symbol sequence (in the absence of noise). Since the optimal demodulation of full-response CPM already requires MLSE detection, using partial-response signaling requires little additional complexity, but can afford a comparatively smoother phase trajectory, and thus, even greater spectral efficiency. One extremely popular form of partial-response CPM is GMSK, which is used by GSM in most of the world's 2nd generation cell phones. It is also used in 802.11 FHSS, Bluetooth, and many other proprietary wireless modems.

Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying
Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) is a commonly used variation of frequency-shift keying (FSK), which is itself a special case of analog frequency modulation. FSK is a method of modulating digital data onto a sinusoidal carrier wave, encoding the information present in the data to variations in the carrier's instantaneous frequency between one of two frequencies (referred to as the space frequency and mark frequency). In general, a standard FSK signal does not have continuous phase, as the modulated waveform switches instantaneously between two sinusoids with different frequencies.

As the name suggests, the phase of a CPFSK is in fact continuous; this attribute is desirable for signals that are to be transmitted over a bandlimited channel, as discontinuities in a signal introduce wideband frequency components. In addition, some classes of amplifiers exhibit nonlinear behavior when driven with nearly discontinuous signals; this could have undesired effects on the shape of the transmitted signal.

Theory
If a finitely valued digital signal to be transmitted (the message) is m(t), then the corresponding CPFSK signal is

 * $$s(t) = A_c \cos\left(2 \pi f_c t + D_f \int_{-\infty}^{t} m(\alpha) d \alpha\right)\,$$

where Ac represents the amplitude of the CPFSK signal, fc is the base carrier frequency, and Df is a parameter that controls the frequency deviation of the modulated signal. The integral located inside of the cosine's argument is what gives the CPFSK signal its continuous phase; an integral over any finitely valued function (which m(t) is assumed to be) will not contain any discontinuities. If the message signal is assumed to be causal, then the limits on the integral change to a lower bound of zero and a higher bound of t.

Note that this does not mean that m(t) must be continuous; in fact, most ideal digital data waveforms contain discontinuities. However, even a discontinuous message signal will generate a proper CPFSK signal.

title: Continuous phase modulation


text:
Araneus diadematus

The spider species Araneus diadematus is commonly called the European garden spider, cross orbweaver, diadem spider, orangie, cross spider, and crowned orb weaver. It is sometimes called the pumpkin spider, although this name is also used for a different species, Araneus marmoreus. It is an orb-weaver spider found in Europe, where it is native, and North America, where it was introduced.

Range
A. diadematus has a holarctic distribution throughout Europe and across North America, from southern Canada to Mexico, and from British Columbia to Newfoundland.

Size and markings
Individual spiders' colourings can range from extremely light yellow to very dark grey, but all A. diadematus spiders have mottled white markings across the dorsal abdomen, with four or more segments forming a cross. The markings are formed in cells filled with guanine, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism.

Adult females range in length from 6.5 to 20 mm, while males range from 5.5 to 13 mm. Occasionally, the female will eat the male directly after mating. (See video below.)

Specialization
The legs of orb-weaver spiders are specialized for spinning orb webs. The webs are built by the larger females, which hang head down in the center of the web or remain hidden in nearby foliage, with one claw hooked to a signal line connected to the main orb, waiting for a disturbance to signal the arrival of prey. Prey is then quickly wrapped in silk and bitten, and the prey may hang on the web to be stored for later consumption. The initial bite serves to paralyze the prey and minimize the danger of the spider herself being stung or bitten, and the enzymes thus injected serve to begin liquefaction of the prey's internal structures.

Alongside the use of the web to capture other prey, the spiders are also cannibals and prey on each other, but this only happens just before, during, or just after sexual activity. They attack based on their size, sexual experience, and hunger levels.

A. diadematus is a reclusive creature and only bites humans if cornered or otherwise provoked. It responds to a disturbance by vibrating rapidly in its web until it becomes a blur, a reaction that is assumed to confuse potential predators.

title: Araneus diadematus


text:
New Zealand Society of Translators and Interpreters

The New Zealand Society of Translators and Interpreters (NZSTI) (or, in Māori, Te Ropu Kaiwhakamaori a-waha, a-tuhi o Aotearoa) is the professional association for translators and interpreters in New Zealand. Its mission statement:

"NZSTI is a nationally representative body of translators and interpreters that provides a networking forum for its members, represents members' interests, and promotes continued professional development, quality standards and awareness of the profession within government agencies and the wider community. ". NZSTI is affiliated with the International Federation of Translators (FIT) and has a close relationship with SLIANZ, the Sign Language Interpreters Association of New Zealand (which has its own seat on the NZSTI National Council).

History
NZSTI was established in 1985 and has three regional branches in the three main centres of New Zealand: Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. As well as an annual conference (to be held in Wellington in 2009), the branches hold regular activities through the year to support local members.

Membership
NZSTI has seven categories of membership: "member" (or "ordinary member"), "affiliate", "observer", "fellow", "retired member", "honorary member" and "foreign member". An online directory is available with a search function by name, by language combinations and by mode (whether a translator or interpreter).