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Talk:List of governors of Minnesota

Untitled
James B. Hughes who started the Minnesota Chronical was the first Territorial Governor for Minnesota. He was sent by President Zachary Taylor as a Whig agent and Territorial Governor, Ramsey soon followed Hughes as Hughes relocated to Hudson, Wisconsin.

Just a note: There are probably some glaring errors in the Lieutenant Governor side of the table here. I just quickly added it in. Hopefully someone will be able to go through and clear that up (as well as List of Lieutenant Governors of Minnesota) &madsh;Mulad 01:30, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I was thinking that the political color bar should not include the LT Governors, because prior to 1974 they were elected seperate and the lt gov may not have been the same party as the gov Smith03 02:21, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Kentucky and Delaware
I just happened to look at List of Governors of Kentucky and List of Governors of Delaware. These both achieved Featured List status. I think this one is very close, but I see that the "notes" columns are empty; perhaps we should work on putting relevant information there. Also, I wonder if the photos will be a detriment.--Appraiser 12:56, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. I added the "notes" column to standardize this list with the other featured governors lists.  This should be one of the last tasks to complete before nominating for featured status.  List of Governors of California and List of Governors of Alabama have also been featured.  The California list also contains pictures of nearly every governor, so we might be able to use the current pictures in this list if we can find some more.  Otherwise, we can pick out five or six notable governors (Pillsbury, Ramsey, Pawlenty, etc) like the other featured lists. -Gopherbone 13:26, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

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Governor photo and portrait use licensing
Note the following relevant to governors' photo and portrait use:   SWMNPoliSciProject (talk) 12:25, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

1962-63 recount 2 governors in term 53
E L Andersen should also be given credit for serving governor in Term 53. the term began in Jan 1963, all the other state officers (Lt Gov, AG SS etc) took their oath of office at that time. Lt Gov AM Keith began his term in Jan 1963, while Andersen remained gov pending the outcome  of the recount. Skippypeanuts (talk) 17:25, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

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There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of Governors of New York which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:30, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

James Janos
The note of his legal name was there for many years. I noticed you did a big rewrite of the article thank you although I noticed you removed the part of birth location why I don't know. If you want a source I am sure you could find it. I really don't believe you are questioning the truthfulness of it.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.116.171.31 (talk) 16:32, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not challenging the truthfulness, I'm challenging the laziness and necessity. I removed birth location because it's absolutely useless. --Golbez (talk) 17:29, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I guess my point is, if it's good enough for the state to use "Jesse Ventura" in the ballot and official results without a footnote, why do we need one? Why do we need to give the full legal name of anyone on here, let alone specifically him? And why only him? Why not do it for everyone? You say because it's substantially different but that's a judgment call, one could say that all nicknames and initials need to be spelled out. --Golbez (talk) 17:33, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

If you know of any of the other governors who ran under an assumed name by all means please add as well. Nicknames and initials are different then aka Jesse Ventura. AFter he took office he had to file something document with the sos to sign bills as JV. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.116.171.31 (talk) 18:32, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

 * I can think of a few right off the top of my head. Pat Brown, Jerry Brown. Jeb Bush. Fob James. "Nicknames and initials are different", I'd say that all four of the examples I just gave go beyond "nicknames and initials". They aren't simple "Richard->Rick" or "Walker->W.". But the best way for this was to not footnote every name based on what specific version we decided to use in the list; I just use the article name. If it's good enough for them, it's good enough for us. (note: not bringing married/maiden names into this as that's a different issue, but in the couple of places I've encountered it, yeah a note was needed because they had changed their legal name from what was on the ballot. Ventura didn't - from what I can tell, he was always listed as Jesse Ventura on the ballot.)
 * Tell you what: Use the correct efn template and give a source that it's somehow relevant that his legal name wasn't Jesse Ventura. Like, "after he took office he had to file something" then I'm sure you can source that info. But none of the sources you supplied do that. Hell, almost none of them say that his legal name at time of election was Janos, which is important for the fact that you're wanting to include.
 * I'm in an asshole mood today and I sorry I took that out on you, but the substance of what I'm saying remains my feelings: If it's good enough for the article name, then we should use it, and thus should only footnote it if he changed names during the term from what he was elected as. --Golbez (talk) 18:51, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * That source wasn't adequate. It's a source saying his legal name in 2012 was Janos. We need a source saying that his legal name during his administration, or during the election, was, preferably with information on why that is relevant (as you said, the SoS thing). and I repeat that I am being an asshole and I apologize for being a dick about ref/efn, I promise that if you find an adequate source, I'll format the note properly. --Golbez (talk) 20:14, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

I put in for a third opinion because I realized my recent mood issues and, I'll admit it, twinge of ownership, have made me not remotely objective enough for this. I've been rude and I'm sorry, and I'd like to see someone else chime in. If I'm wrong, then please say so and so be it. --Golbez (talk) 18:43, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

 * 1. Person 1 removes something that that has been in an article uncontroversially for years without discussing it on the talk page.
 * 2. Person 2 puts it back in.
 * 3. Person 1 has it on ey's watch page see it been added back in and removes it again put reason in edit comment.
 * 4. Person 2 adds it back explains why it is different than reason given for removal in edit comment.
 * 5. Person 1 reverses it back and states I don't want an edit war let's talk after reversing it back to eir's view.
 * 6. Person 1 points out it is not source even though the information is not being challenged for being true.
 * 7. Person 2 adds back with source (probably not formatted correctly) but still adds it back with source.
 * 8. This is a new one for me. Person 1 asks a 3rd party opinion who is mostly likely going to back up an "established registered wikipedian" vs the person who just edits unanimously.

This why I stop being a regular contributor on Wikipedia. Someone adds something truthful one person doesn't think it is needed and removes and the person tries to add it back and gets told about sources, edit wars etc. (the only thing missing was a threated block) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.116.171.31 (talk) 13:55, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

PS I note you never sourced the politcal parties for all the governors I would hate for someone to remove it as it is unsourced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.116.171.31 (talk) 13:57, 26 May 2023 (UTC) PSS If he was Jim Janos, Jimmy Janos, J.G. Janos, J. George Janos. I wouldn't be making the argument for the footnote. The name Jesse Ventura is a stage name not a childhood nickname, or maiden name or an adopted name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.116.171.31 (talk) 14:34, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

My interpretation:
 * Person 1 removes an unsourced, unnecessary factoid. It being there uncontroversially either means no one cared that it was unsourced or no one noticed.
 * Person 2 reverts.
 * Person 1 sees it and removes it with a reason.
 * Person 2 adds it back.
 * Person 1 says hey maybe we should discuss rather than edit warring.
 * Person 1 goes to the future and reminds you that just because something is true doesn't mean it doesn't need to be properly sourced.
 * Person 2 adds with an inaedequate source and thinks that's sufficient.
 * Person 1 then realizes he's been a twat and looks for someone else in the community to chime in because he no longer thinks he can ably deal with this situation, and doesn't care whether or not the IP he's talking to is an IP with a martyr complex or someone who's been here for 20 years. If it's new for you for someone to want to seek a third opinion rather than get riled in a fight that he doesn't want to be a part of, then maybe you need to interact with more humans.

I didn't source the parties directly, but we have links under each governor to source their general info, did you miss those? The reason dates need specific sourcing is because I've learned that modern sources are really really bad at old dates.

There's two questions at play here: Is his name relevant? And, if so, do we have a source? You've answered neither, and I wanted to stop asking. So, getting someone else. You want to get someone else? Go for it. If you are somehow offended that I *didn't want to fight with you anymore* then maybe you need to deal with your own issues. --Golbez (talk) 15:30, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

Well our IP friend decided a third opinion wasn't relevant, and well, okay. Fine. Fuck it. --Golbez (talk) 00:26, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of governors of Minnesota


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Nakakubiki District, Niigata

Niigata NakaKubiki-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Nakakubiki (中頸城郡) was a district located in Niigata, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 70,229 with a density of 104.35 persons per km2. The total area was 673.01 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of five towns and five villages:

 * Itakura
 * Kakizaki
 * Kiyosato
 * Kubiki
 * Myōkō
 * Myōkōkōgen
 * Nakagō
 * Ōgata
 * Sanwa
 * Yoshikawa

History
The district was founded in 1878, when the former Kubiki District split into Higashikubiki District, Nakakubiki District, and Nishikubiki District. At the time of founding, the district covered most of the city of Jōetsu (excluding the sections of Yasuzuka, Utakawa, Ōshima and Maki from Higashikubiki District, and the section of Nadachi from Nishikubiki District), the city of Myōkō, and parts of the city of Kashiwazaki (the areas of Agewa (Kamiwa), Takaze (Takahane) and Warabino from the former municipality of Kakizaki). The district seat was located at the village of Takagi (now the city of Jōetsu).

District Timeline

 * In 1911 - The town of Takada was elevated to city status.
 * On June 1, 1954 - Both the cities of Naoetsu and Arai were founded by merging with other municipalities.

Recent mergers

 * On January 1, 2005 - The towns of Itakura, Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, and the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki, Nakagō and Sanwa, along with the town of Yasuzuka, the villages of Maki, Ōshima and Uragawara (all from Higashikubiki District), and the town of Nadachi (from Nishikubiki District), were merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.
 * On April 1, 2005 - The town of Myōkōkōgen, and the village of Myōkō were absorbed into the expanded city of Arai and was later renamed the city to Myōkō at the same time. Therefore, Nakakubiki District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nakakubiki District, Niigata


text:
Nadachi, Niigata

Nadachi (名立町) was a town located in Nishikubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,229 and a density of 48.97 persons per km2. The total area was 65.94 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Nadachi, along with the town of Yasuzuka, the villages of Maki, Ōshima and Uragawara (all from Higashikubiki District), the towns of Itakura, Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, and the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki, Nakagō and Sanwa (all from Nakakubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.

title: Nadachi, Niigata


text:
John Farmer (composer)

John Farmer (c. 1570 – c. 1601) was an important composer of the English Madrigal School. He was born in England during the Elizabethan period, and was also known by his skillful settings for four voices of the old church psalm tunes. His exact date of birth is not known – a 1926 article by Grattan Flood posits a date around 1564 to 1565 based on matriculation records. Farmer was under the patronage of the Earl of Oxford and dedicated his collection of canons and his late madrigal volume to his patron.

In 1595, Farmer was appointed organist and master of children at Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, and also, at the same time, organist of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. In 1599, he moved to London and published his only collection of four-part madrigals, which he dedicated to Edward de Vere.

His Lord's Prayer is performed widely throughout many churches and cathedrals, mostly in Britain. It is included in Volume 2 of Oxford Choral Classics, published by Oxford University Press.

Giles Farnaby dedicated a pavan to him, included in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book as Farmer's Paven (no. CCLXXXVII).

Farmer's Divers & Sundry Waies was the source of the fugues in Michael Maier's book, Atalanta Fugiens. Of the 50 three-part fugues in Atalanta Fugiens, 40 have been shown by Ludwig to be based on Farmer's compositions in Divers & Sundry Waies.

Selected works

 * Fair Phyllis I Saw Sitting All Alone
 * Fair Nymphs, I Heard One Telling
 * A Little Pretty Bonny Lass
 * Take Time While Time Doth Last

title: John Farmer (composer)


text:
Te Wiki o te Reo Māori

Te Wiki o te Reo Māori (Māori Language Week) is a government-sponsored initiative intended to encourage New Zealanders to promote the use of the Māori language which is an official language of the country. Māori Language Week is part of a broader movement to revive the Māori language. It has been celebrated since 1975 and is currently spearheaded by Te Puni Kōkiri (the Ministry of Māori Development) and the Māori Language Commission, with many organisations including schools, libraries, and government departments participating.

History
In the early 1970s as a part of the Māori protest movement, activist group Ngā Tamatoa, the Te Reo Māori Society of Victoria University, and Te Huinga Rangatahi (the New Zealand Māori Students’ Association) presented a petition to Parliament, petitioned the government to teach te reo in schools. On 14 September 1972, this petition, signed by over 30,000 people was delivered to Parliament, and became a major event in the revitalisation of te reo in New Zealand. 14 September quickly began to be celebrated as Māori Language Day, and by 1975, this had grown to become the first Māori Language Week.

2008
The week in 2008 saw the release of Google Māori, a Māori-language translation of the search engine created as a collaboration between Potaua and Nikolasa Biasiny-Tule of Tangatawhenua.com, the Māori Language Commission and Google. The process took over a year and involved more than 40 people on the project, due to the difficulty of translating the technical terminology.

2014
For te Wiki o te Reo Māori in 2014, musicians Stan Walker, Ria Hall, Troy Kingi and Maisey Rika collaborated on the song "Aotearoa", as a challenge to get a second song in te reo to reach number one in New Zealand (after "Poi E" in 1984).

2015
On 2 August 2015 the Black Caps (the New Zealand national cricket team) played under the name of Aotearoa for their first match against Zimbabwe to celebrate Māori Language Week.

2016
Maimoa (then known as Pūkana and Whānau), a musical group created from the presenters of the Māori Television show Pūkana celebrated te Wiki o te Reo Māori by releasing the single "Maimoatia", written with Te Haumihiata Mason. The song topped the iTunes downloads chart in New Zealand, reaching number 4 on the Official New Zealand Music Chart's subchart for New Zealand musicians.

2017
The 2016 Disney film Moana was dubbed into Māori, premiering in Auckland on 11 September as a part of te Wiki o te Reo Māori 2017. Rachel House, Jemaine Clement, Temuera Morrison, and Oscar Kightley, all cast members of the original English language version of the film, reprised their respective roles in the te reo version. During the week, 30 theatres across the country held free screenings of the reo version.

2019
During Māori Language Week 2019, it was reported in New Zealand media that even kaumātua (elders) were learning te reo (Māori language). It was also reported that more than one fifth of book sales during that week were Māori.

To mark the 20th anniversary of the 1999 Rugby World Cup semi-final, where Hinewehi Mohi performed the national anthem in te reo, Mohi created Waiata / Anthems, an album where 11 New Zealand musicians re-recorded songs into te reo Māori. The album debuted at number 1 on the Official New Zealand Music Chart, and was one of the most successful albums of 2019 in New Zealand.

2021
At midday on 14 September 2021, te Wiki o te Reo Māori was celebrated with Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori – the Māori Language Moment, where over 1.1 million people pledged to use te reo at the same time. On the same day, the Māori Party launched a petition to change the country's name to Aotearoa.

Due to the success of Waiata / Anthems in 2019, the project was expanded to become Waiata Anthems Week, an annual release of a playlist in te reo Māori, with the goal of making the New Zealand music scene more bilingual. In 2021, more than 30 musicians participated in the project, including Six60, whose single "Pepeha" debuted at number two on the Official New Zealand Music Chart. Te Tairāwhiti (Gisborne Region)-based choir Ka Hao also saw charting success, with their single collaborating with songwriter Rob Ruha, "35" (a reference to State Highway 35), reaching number 25. September saw the release of many albums by popular musicians sung in te reo, including Lorde's Te Ao Mārama, Stan Walker's Te Arohanui, Alien Weaponry's Tangaroa, and Ka Hao's Ka Hao: One Tira, One Voice.

2022
The 2022 celebrations of Te Wiki o te Reo Māori marked 50 years since the Māori Language Petition was presented to parliament. To celebrate Te Wiki o te Reo Māori, Whittaker's released a special edition version of their milk chocolate, rebranded as Miraka Kirīmi (creamy milk) in te reo. The rebranding caused widescale controversy due to racist backlash criticising the rebranding, and sparked a response to support the naming of the chocolate bar in te reo.

The third Waiata / Anthems week was held prior to Te Wiki o te Reo Māori, including over 20 musicians releasing new music in te reo, and a new series of TVNZ documentaries following popular musicians producing Māori language songs. Among the most successful songs from the 2022 waiata include "Whāia te Māramatanga (Walk Right Up)" by Ladi6, a reimagining of Split Enz' "Six Months in a Leaky Boat" (1982) performed by Tim Finn and Hana Mereraiha, a remix of Moana and the Moahunters' 1991 single "AEIOU" by Tiki Taane, and "Ka Taria", performed by Rob Ruha and Drax Project.

title: Te Wiki o te Reo Māori


text:
Continuous wavelet

In numerical analysis, continuous wavelets are functions used by the continuous wavelet transform. These functions are defined as analytical expressions, as functions either of time or of frequency. Most of the continuous wavelets are used for both wavelet decomposition and composition transforms. That is they are the continuous counterpart of orthogonal wavelets.

The following continuous wavelets have been invented for various applications:

 * Poisson wavelet
 * Morlet wavelet
 * Modified Morlet wavelet
 * Mexican hat wavelet
 * Complex Mexican hat wavelet
 * Shannon wavelet
 * Meyer wavelet
 * Difference of Gaussians
 * Hermitian wavelet
 * Beta wavelet
 * Causal wavelet
 * μ wavelets
 * Cauchy wavelet
 * Addison wavelet

title: Continuous wavelet


text:
Fort Concho

Fort Concho is a former United States Army installation and National Historic Landmark District located in San Angelo, Texas. It was established in November 1867 at the confluence of the North and South Concho Rivers, on the routes of the Butterfield Overland Mail Route and Goodnight–Loving Trail, and was an active military base for the next 22 years. Fort Concho was the principal base of the 4th Cavalry from 1867 to 1875 and then the "Buffalo Soldiers" of the 10th Cavalry from 1875 to 1882. The troops stationed at Fort Concho participated in Ranald S. Mackenzie's 1872 campaign, the Red River War in 1874, and the Victorio Campaign of 1879–1880.

The fort was abandoned in June 1889, and over the next 20 years was divided into residences and businesses, with the buildings repurposed or recycled for their materials. Efforts to preserve and restore Fort Concho began in the 1900s and resulted in the foundation of the Fort Concho Museum in 1929. The property has been owned and operated by the city of San Angelo since 1935. Fort Concho was named a National Historic Landmark on July 4, 1961, and is one of the best-preserved examples of the military installations built by the US Army in Texas.

The Fort Concho Historic District covers the fort's original 40 acre grounds and 23 buildings, some of which are the oldest in San Angelo. , about 55,000 people visit the fort annually.

Operation by the US military
Fort Concho was established during the American colonization of Texas in the 19th century, a process that began in the 1820s with the immigration of Anglo-Americans into Spanish, later Mexican, Texas. Europeans first reached the Concho River valley in the 16th century. The Spanish established contact and then trade with the Jumano people, who inhabited the valley until they were driven out of it by the Apache peoples in the 1690s. The Apache were themselves expelled by the mid-18th century by the Comanche. However, in 1849, American colonists began crossing West Texas in large numbers to reach California, where gold had been discovered. To protect its citizens, the United States Army ordered the construction of a string of forts along the frontier's routes of travel from 1850 to 1852. Among those forts was Fort Chadbourne, established on October 28, 1852, and among those avenues was the Butterfield Overland Mail route, established in 1858 with Fort Chadbourne as one of its stations.

The beginning of the American Civil War in 1861 ended both enterprises. The Butterfield route moved out of Texas, and the federal government ceded its Texas forts to the Confederate States of America. Confederate Texas was unable to secure its territories, so as a consequence, white settlers retreated eastward throughout the war. After the end of the war in 1865, though, immigrants from the war-torn Southern States decamped for Texas. Many of these immigrants became cattle herders and followed routes such as the Goodnight–Loving Trail, established in 1866 on the Butterfield route – which brought large volumes of cattle through the Concho Valley.

Major General Philip Sheridan, appointed to command the postwar military district covering Texas and Louisiana on March 19, 1867, at first ignored reports of raiding by indigenous peoples, but later that year, the US Army was ordered to reoccupy its pre-war billets in Texas, and that May, Fort Chadbourne was reoccupied by the 4th Cavalry. Fort Chadbourne was, however, poorly supplied with water. The US Army decided to replace Fort Chadbourne with a new installation. They identified the junction of the Concho Rivers as an ideal site because of its proximity to the routes it was to guard and nearby grazing land, and the abundance of water.

In mid-1867, Major John Porter Hatch, commanding the 4th Cavalry, dispatched Lieutenant Peter M. Boehm to establish a camp on the Middle Concho, 50 mi to the south of Fort Chadbourne. Captain Michael J. Kelly and 50 troopers established this camp, albeit on the North Concho, and remained there over the summer of 1867. On November 28, 1867, the 4th Cavalry's H Company departed from Fort Chadbourne for the Conchos. H Company's commander, Captain George G. Huntt, named the site of the new fort "Camp Hatch", but changed it at Hatch's request to "Camp Kelly" in January 1868 to honor Kelly, who had died on August 13, 1867, of typhoid fever. Construction of a permanent outpost began on a site north of the camp, which was named Fort Concho in March 1868 by Edward M. Stanton, United States Secretary of War.

Construction

Captain David W. Porter, assistant quartermaster of the Department of Texas, was tasked with constructing Fort Concho on December 10, 1867. Progress was slow, as all building materials had to be shipped in and there was frequent bickering among the fort's officers, Huntt and Porter included. Porter employed civilian masons and carpenters, but also oversaw the construction of Forts Griffin and Richardson. As such, he was often not present at the fort to direct building work. In March 1868, Porter was replaced at Fort Concho by Major George C. Cram, who built a temporary guardhouse. Cram was also frequently absent from the fort, and in the year of his arrival had the regional mail line superintendent, Major Ben Ficklin, arrested. The United States Postmaster General intervened and by August, Cram was reassigned and construction was handed to Captain Joseph Rendlebrock, the 4th Cavalry's quartermaster. By the end of the year, Rendlebrock had completed the commissary, quartermaster's storehouse, and a wing of the hospital.

The first permanent military structures on the fort grounds, five of the officer's residences and the first regimental barracks, were completed by August 1869. They were followed over the next year by two more officer's residences, another barracks, and a permanent guardhouse and stables. Hatch pushed for the completion of the fort through 1870–71, directing the building of a quartermaster's corral and a wagon shed. In February 1872, however, budget cuts by the US War Department resulted in the dismissal of the civilian workers and another lull in construction. By the end of the year, Fort Concho consisted of four barracks, eight officers' residences, the hospital, a magazine, bakery, several storehouses, workshops, and stables.

In 1875, the parade ground was cleared and a flagstaff placed in its center. In the process, the adjutant's office was moved to the headquarters building. It was replaced in short order with a stone command structure, the headquarters building, built in 1876. Another officers' residence was built in 1877, as were the foundations for another that went unfinished for lack of funding. This building was completed in February 1879 as the schoolhouse and chapel. It was the final permanent structure completed at Fort Concho. By 1879, the fort was an eight-company installation. Construction had, by 1877, cost the US Army $1 million ($, adjusted for inflation) on land it had leased. Thirty-nine permanent buildings were on the fort grounds by April 1889.

Base of the 4th Cavalry

In the first seven months of Fort Concho's existence, its garrison – numbering 129, out of a force of 3,672 in Texas, according to the 1869 reports of the War Department – were occupied by its plodding construction. This was the cause of much criticism by local Texas newspapers; the frontier continued to retreat in the remaining years of the 1860s. Meanwhile, outside of building work, the garrison patrolled, scouted, and escorted cattle herds and wagon trains on the San Antonio–El Paso Road. There was thus little combat in Texas, according to the US Army records. Inaction by the army, whose garrisons were poorly and irregularly supplied, and criticism of that inaction, continued into 1871. Beginning with the creation of the Department of Texas that March, however, US Army activity in Texas changed. Sheridan adopted a strategy of feinting and constant movement early in the year, and then punitive expeditions in the winter, when the tribes' ponies would be weakest. As part of Sheridan's plan, the garrisons of the Texas forts established subposts. Among these were Fort Chadbourne, which was reoccupied, and Camp Charlotte, on the Middle Concho.

On February 25, 1871, Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie took command of the 4th Cavalry. He moved the regimental headquarters to Fort Richardson a month later, but kept a few companies at Fort Concho. These companies participated in an inconclusive campaign against the Kiowa from May to September 1871, returning to Fort Concho in November. Comanche and Kiowa raids became more frequent over the rest of 1871, prompting a number of expeditions that rarely saw Native Americans. A notable exception was a patrol carried out by Sergeant William Wilson from March 26 to 29, 1872, that led to the US Army's discovery of water in the Staked Plains and a large Comanche settlement at Mushaway Peak. Hatch, in charge of Fort Concho for Mackenzie, reported Wilson's findings, which were confirmed by another patrol by Captain Napoleon B. McLaughlen.

After Mackenzie and Hatch met with Brigadier General Christopher C. Augur, in command of the Department of Texas, Mackenzie and McLaughlen, commanding Companies D and I, departed from their respective installations on June 17. Over the following months, the 4th Cavalry explored the South Plains and fought the Comanche at the Battle of the North Fork on September 29. As a result of that battle, the 4th Cavalry captured 124 women and children, 116 of whom were taken back to Fort Concho on October 21. The captives were interned in the quartermaster's corral and remained there until the Department of Texas ordered their release on April 14, 1873. They departed Fort Concho on May 24 under escort from the 11th Infantry and arrived at Fort Sill on June 10.

On June 27, 1874, more than 200 indigenous warriors attacked a group of buffalo hunters camped at Adobe Walls, beginning the Red River War. In response, Augur ordered Mackenzie and the 4th Cavalry back to Fort Concho in July. By August, Sheridan, now commanding the Military Division of the Missouri, ordered five expeditionary forces of more than 3,000 soldiers each into the South Plains. The southern force, under Mackenzie, left Fort Concho on August 23, 1874, with eight companies of the 4th Cavalry, four of the 10th Infantry, and one from the 11th Infantry. Over the following year, Mackenzie chased the Comanche to their base of operations in the Palo Duro Canyon and destroyed it on September 28. His force continued to patrol the area over the winter, preventing the Comanche from rebuilding their supplies and forcing their return to their reservation.

Base of the 10th Cavalry

By 1875, Fort Concho had become one of the main US Army bases in Texas, but early in the year, the 4th Cavalry was transferred to Fort Sill to keep the South Plains nations on their reservation. They were replaced at Fort Concho by the 10th Cavalry, an all-black regiment commanded by Colonel Benjamin Grierson. He arrived at Fort Concho on April 17, 1875, and established the regimental headquarters there. Stationed at Forts Concho, Stockton, Davis, Quitman, and Clark, and their subposts, the 10th Cavalry was tasked with patrolling the frontier, escorting wagons and settlers, and mounting expeditions. Beginning in 1877, starving Plains tribes began killing buffalo hunters and raiding white settlements. In response, Grierson sent Captain Nicholas M. Nolan and a company of the 10th to subdue the raiders. Nolan set out in July, and achieved nothing but the death of four soldiers from the 10th Cavalry's Company A.

In late 1879, Grierson received word that a war party of Ojo Caliente and Mescalero Apache under Chief Victorio entered the Trans-Pecos. He left Fort Concho on March 23, 1880, at the head of five companies of the 10th Cavalry and some of the 25th Infantry to disarm the Mescaleros of the Fort Stanton reservation. Grierson's soldiers fought with Apache raiders over early April, then reached Fort Stanton on April 12. The disarmament was delayed until April 16 because of rains and resulted in failure when the Mescalero Apache escaped with most of their arms. Grierson returned to Fort Concho on May 16, but left the 10th Cavalry's M Company at the head of the North Concho in case the Apache appeared in the area.

On June 17, 1880, Nolan and a battalion of the 10th Cavalry at Fort Sill returned to Fort Concho by Grierson's order. Ten days later, Grierson sent Nolan to patrol the Guadalupe Mountains and himself set out from Fort Concho on July 10. Grierson harried Victorio over the summer until he was defeated at Rattlesnake Springs and driven into Mexico, where Victorio's band was destroyed on October 15, 1880, by the Mexican Army. The 10th Cavalry transferred permanently to Fort Davis, farther to the west, in July 1882.

Post-Texas Indian Wars and deactivation
On January 27, 1881, the Texas Rangers fought and defeated what was left of Victorio's band in the final battle of the American Indian Wars fought in Texas. The 10th Cavalry was replaced at Fort Concho in 1882 by the 16th Infantry, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Alfred L. Hough. Ten days before Hough and the regimental headquarters arrived at the fort that August, the Concho River flooded, destroying the town of Ben Ficklin and badly damaging San Angelo. As a result, the 16th Infantry spent its first week on-site rendering humanitarian aid. After recovering, San Angelo began to prosper, while Fort Concho declined from poor maintenance. From 1882 until the fort's final closure, it served primarily as a base for troops awaiting transfer elsewhere in Texas. When Fort McKavett was abandoned by the US Army in June 1883, its garrison moved to Fort Concho.

By the mid-1880s, ranches enclosed the surrounding plains with barbed-wire fencing; the soldiers, barred by law from cutting the wire, were reduced to patrolling roads. Many of the frontier forts, such as Forts Davis and Griffin, had either been abandoned or were awaiting deactivation. After the 16th Infantry left Fort Concho for Fort Bliss in February 1887, locals believed Fort Concho would also be abandoned. In early 1888, the 8th Cavalry gathered at Fort Concho from around Texas and then left in June for Fort Meade, South Dakota. With their departure, only the 19th Infantry's K Company was garrisoned at Fort Concho. On June 20, 1889, the men of K Company lowered the flag over the fort for the final time and left the next morning.

Relationship with San Angelo, Texas

In 1870, entrepreneur Bartholomew J. DeWitt purchased a half-section of land (0.5 mi2) across the Concho from Fort Concho. He divided the area into plots to build a town, later to be known as San Angelo. The township was not a profitable venture and its lots were sold at low prices. By 1875, San Angelo was a collection of saloons and brothels. Relations between the town and Fort Concho's garrison were strained and often outright hostile. Violence between Fort Concho's black servicemen and townspeople was common, and continued until the 10th Cavalry was replaced by the 16th Infantry in 1882. Humanitarian aid rendered to locals by the garrison, especially following the flood of 1882, eventually evaporated the lingering animosity.

Fort Concho was crucial to San Angelo's early growth. The presence of its garrison attracted traders and settlers and allowed diversification in the town's economy. The fort's chaplains were some of the first preachers and educators in the town and its medical staff, chiefly surgeon William Notson, also treated civilians. One of Notson's civilian assistants, Samuel L. S. Smith, became San Angelo's first physician, and in 1910 helped establish its first civilian hospital. The government-contracted merchants who serviced the fort would all settle in San Angelo and be counted among its architects.

Preservation

Following the closure of the fort in 1889, it was divided into commercial and residential lots and its buildings were accordingly renovated or demolished. Enlisted Barracks 3 and 4 were replaced with a series of residences, while the officers' residences were preserved as private homes. Additional buildings were built in and around the fort, including a school constructed on the parade ground in 1907. As early as 1905, however, influential locals tried to conserve the fort. J. L. Millspaugh, one of the merchants contracted to supply Fort Concho, suggested without success that the city buy it. That same year, realtor C. A. Broome formed the Fort Concho Realty Company in 1905 to sell his properties on the fort's grounds to the city. The eastern third of the fort grounds, which had remained preserved, was given to the city by the Santa Fe Railroad Company in 1913. Eleven years later, the Daughters of the American Revolution raised funds to preserve the fort and secured a designation for it as a Texas state historic site, with accompanying plaque.

In 1927, a local named Ginevra Wood Carson acquired a room in the Tom Green County Courthouse for an exhibit on local history, and there established what would become the Fort Concho Museum. After the museum began expanding into other rooms of the courthouse, Carson moved it into Fort Concho's headquarters building on August 8, 1930. Carson struggled to raise a sum of $6,000 ($, adjusted for inflation) to purchase the building from its owner, who in 1935 relented and accepted the $3,000 ($, adjusted for inflation) she had been able to raise. That same year, the city of San Angelo assumed partial administrative responsibility for the museum, to be managed by a board of directors headed by Carson until she retired in 1953. Funding for the museum was slashed during the Great Depression and World War II, though four buildings were acquired in 1939. Further acquisitions occurred in the later 1940s, until the 1950s Texas drought again strained municipal resources. The museum was made a department of the city of San Angelo in 1955, but only one property purchased in that decade; the Fort Concho Museum by this time controlled only about a quarter of the fort grounds. In the 1960s, the city of San Angelo sought to cede the Fort Concho Museum to the federal and state governments, but both were prioritizing other Texas forts.

On July 4, 1961, Fort Concho was named a National Historic Landmark District, and on October 15, 1966, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, by the National Park Service (NPS). A plan was prepared by the NPS in 1961, and again in 1967. In 1980, the Fort Concho Museum collaborated with Bell, Klein and Hoffman, an Austin-based architecture firm specializing in restorations, to prepare another, three-phase plan to acquire the rest of the fort's grounds and demolish its 19th and 20th century modifications. The museum began implementing that plan in 1981, spending over $900,000 ($). Those funds were raised by matched grants from the NPS via the Historic Preservation Fund. The parade ground was then brought fully under the museum's control with the move of the school to a new campus. An NPS survey in June 1985 found that the fort was in generally good condition, though a number of later buildings were still on its grounds. On January 1, 1986, it was named a Texas State Antiquities Landmark by the Texas Historical Commission. By 1989, the district consisted of 16 original buildings, six reconstructed buildings, and a stabilized ruin.

In 2015, an anonymous donor gave $2,000,000 ($, adjusted for inflation) to the Fort Concho Museum. Two years later, the museum announced that it would use the donated money and other proceeds to expand its visitors center and rebuild Barracks 3 and 4 over 2018. No commissions were made until December 2020, however, when the City of San Angelo announced imminent repairs to 14 buildings, and that the reconstructed Barracks 3 and the mess hall of Barracks 4 would house a research library on loan to the museum. A permit was issued for the reconstruction of Barracks 3 and 4 in September 2021.

Involvement in the YFZ ranch raid
On April 3, 2008, following a call from an alleged victim of abuse by members of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, a polygamist Mormon sect, Texas authorities raided the YFZ Ranch, 45 mi from San Angelo. The authorities began removing children from the ranch the next day, and relocated them to Fort Concho on April 5. The State of Texas was granted conservatorship over the children on April 7, and seven days later moved all women accompanying children older than five years to the Foster Communications Coliseum, also in San Angelo. On June 2, the Texas Supreme Court ruled that the seizure of the children was unlawful, and the children were released from state custody.

Grounds and architecture
the Fort Concho Historic District consists of 25 buildings standing on a 40 acre site, with a museum collection of 40,000 items. The district's boundaries are formed by East Avenue A and the railroad track to the north, South Oakes Street to the west, a fence behind Officer's Row to the south, and a service road behind the administrative buildings to the east. The fort is visited annually by 55,000 people.

Fort Concho, like the forts built and operated by the US Army in Texas, is not fortified. It was designed as a cantonment, where troops could recuperate after being on campaign. Its buildings are arranged around a parade ground, measuring 1000 ft long by 500 ft wide, that was the hub of its activity. The design of those buildings is a blend of the Neoclassical and Territorial styles, with the only ornament in the buildings being the stone lintels over each window. Each building was constructed from limestone upon a low-lying stone foundation, usually with an attached wooden veranda, with gabled roofs shingled in wood. A low, stone wall surrounded the fort to keep buffalo out of the fort. The material used in the fort's construction was sourced externally; the stone and mortar came from Ben Ficklin, to the south of the fort, and the wood was shipped from the Gulf Coast, as the native pecan and mesquite were unsuitable for construction.

Barracks Row

Barracks Row is made up by the six enlisted men's barracks that line the northern side of the parade ground. The barracks are rectangular, one-story dormitories with an attached kitchen and mess hall to the north of each barracks. They are topped with hipped roofs, crowned with one windcatcher and one single chimney each. A veranda wraps each barracks, but not their attached mess halls. North of the barracks are the stables, built like the rest of the fort, but with a flat roof.

Barracks 1 and 2 were built in 1869 and 1870, respectively, and each contained two cavalry companies. These barracks are unique in having sally ports at their centers for leading horses through, rather than around, the barracks to reach the stables. Barracks 1 had two dining halls to Barracks 2's one, but they were demolished sometime after the fort was abandoned. Barracks 1 is the visitor's center, while Barracks 2 is a display space housing wagons and replica artillery pieces. Barracks 1 and 2 were acquired by the Fort Concho Museum in 1981.

The other four barracks buildings were built to house infantrymen. Barracks 5 and 6 were built in 1871 and remodeled in the 1920s to house a unit of US National Guard. The buildings had mostly fallen to ruin by 1947, when they were purchased by the Fort Concho Museum. Reconstruction of Barracks 5 and 6 was completed in 1951 as living history spaces. A veranda wraps around the mess halls. Barracks 3 and 4, which were demolished after the fort was abandoned and remain ruins, were identical to Barracks 5 and 6.

Administrative Row

The commissary and quartermaster's warehouse, built to the same plan in 1868 and 1869, respectively, are the oldest buildings in the city of San Angelo. The commissary was purchased by the city government in 1939, but was used as a garage by the municipal transit department until 1974. It was restored in 1980 and then used as a meeting space. The quartermaster's warehouse opened in 1985 as an art museum.

The headquarters building was constructed on Grierson's orders in 1876, a decade into the fort's military operation. The building is U-shaped, opening to the east, with two chimneys in the main structure and one in the north and south wings. A veranda is attached to the façade and back of the building, between the wings. The headquarters building was used in various capacities in the 20 years after the US Army left Fort Concho. Four of the rooms on the ground floor, the court martial, orderly's room, adjutant's office, and regimental headquarters, have been remodeled to appear as they would have during the fort's military career. About 50 ft behind the headquarters building is the former residence of Oscar Ruffini, San Angelo's first civic architect. The house was moved to its present location on May 14, 1951.

The original hospital was built from 1868 to 1870. After the fort's deactivation, the hospital was used as a rooming house and for storage until it was destroyed by fire in 1911. The building was rebuilt in the mid-1980s with the aid of architectural and historical records. The hospital contains a museum about frontier medicine in its north ward, a library in the south ward, and general medical exhibits in the center.

Officers' Row

The Officers' Row are the ten buildings on the south side of the parade ground, comprised by Officer's Quarters 1 through 9 and the schoolhouse and chapel. These houses were built in several phases from 1869 to the mid-1870s. They generally follow an L-shaped plan with a primary residential building and kitchen, connected by a veranda. Interiors consisted of four equally sized rooms and a central hallway on the first floor and two more rooms on a second. The houses have three fireplaces; two in the main building and a third in the kitchen.

Officer's Quarters 1 was built from 1870 to 1872 and served as the commanding officer's residence. Grierson, who lived there from 1875 to 1882, added a kitchen and office onto the building, on the south and west ends, respectively, in 1881. Grierson also added a carriage house and placed locks on every door in the building. The Fort Concho Museum purchased the building in 1964. In 1994, it was renovated and became the Concho Valley Pioneer Heritage Center. Officer's Quarters 8 and 9 were built to the same plan as Officer's Quarters 1 and were also completed in 1872. Another room was added to the south side of Officer's Quarters 8 in 1936. Officer's Quarters 9 was restored to its original appearance in 1905.

Officer's Quarters 2, 4, 5, and 6 were all built in 1870 and all follow the general plan. Their roofs extend over the verandas to cover them. Officer's Quarters 2 was purchased by the Fort Concho Museum in 1952. Officer's Quarters 5 is a ruin; only its foundations remain. About 90 ft to the south of Officer's Quarters 5 is the site of a carriage house thought to be associated with the house. Officer's Quarters 6 was damaged by fire in 1961, but was repaired and turned into a living history exhibit.

Officer's Quarters 3 was built in 1870, possibly in March, which would make it the first of the officers' houses to be completed. The house was the fort commander's residence until Officer's Quarters 1 and 2 were finished. The building has a total of five rooms, as it lacks a second floor. The two structures making up Officer's Quarters 7 were built from 1870 to 1877 to house field officers and their families. The buildings form a duplex and stand to the same height and have two fireplaces each. A porch connects the 15 ft between the buildings. On July 13, 1990, the E. H. Danner Museum of Telephony, part of the West Texas Collection of Angelo State University, was opened in the building.

The schoolhouse and chapel was completed and dedicated on February 22, 1879, making it the last permanent structure to be completed during its military career. The chapel is built like the officers' residences and it was first intended to be another duplex. Funding was only sufficient for the foundation of the kitchen to be completed, so the building was finished as the present schoolhouse and chapel. After the US Army left, the building continued to function as a schoolhouse, and at one point, a private home. The Fort Concho Museum purchased the schoolhouse in 1946 and restored it with funds raised by US military personnel on nearby Goodfellow Air Force Base.

title: Fort Concho


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File:1943 arcade.png

Description
Representative screenshot from the arcade game 1943: The Battle of Midway.

Fair use rationale
This image falls under fair use in the article 1943: The Battle of Midway because:
 * 1) The image is low resolution
 * 2) The image is not used in a manner that is likely to replace the original market role of the original copyrighted media
 * 3) No free equivalent is available, nor could one be created

title: File:1943 arcade.png


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Nō, Niigata

Nō (能生町) was a town in the Nishikubiki District of Niigata Prefecture in Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 10,266 and a population density of 68.22 persons per km2. The total area was 150.49 km2.

On March 19, 2005, Nō, along with the town of Ōmi (also in Nishikubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Itoigawa.

title: Nō, Niigata


text:
Ōmi, Niigata

Ōmi (青海町) was a town located in Nishikubiku District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

Overview
Ōmi was located on the Japan Sea coast, about four hundred kilometres north-west of Tokyo. The town also had two additional neighborhoods, Oyashirazu and Ichiburi, located six kilometres and thirteen kilometres respectively further down the coast from the main part of Ōmi.

On March 19, 2005, Ōmi, along with the town of Nō (also from Nishikubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Itoigawa.

Demographics
The town was a classic case of rural decline now often found in modern Japan. Over a period of 30 years, the population had decreased from around 17,000 to 9,797 as of 2003, with a population density of 75.87 persons per km2. The total area was 129.13 km2. After graduating from high school, many young people are forced to move to major population centres for university or in search of work. This was reflected in the population, with the majority of residents aged over 35. Concurrently the number of students attending Ōmi Junior High School fell from 568 to below 300 over a period of 20 years.

Ōmi had many well-funded facilities, including regular local bus and train services (but only a few long-distance services), an indoor heated pool, gymnasium, baseball field, several small local parks, mountain camping sites, plus a new natural history museum, library, and performance hall seating 500 people.

However, there were only a few small local shops, supermarkets and restaurants, and no entertainment facilities. With the declining population many such facilities (such as the movie theatre and baseball stadium) were closed and demolished in recent years.

Travel information
Ōmi — The temple and park above Ōmi Kindergarten are quite pretty with a good view of the town. There is also a natural history museum at Kirara Ōmi Hall near the train station. Apart from these the only other real attractions are the nearby mountains and beach where one can go fossicking for jade washed down from Hisui Gorge in the nearby mountains.

Oyashirazu — An old village with many older houses. It is a popular beach during summer with some beer stalls, plus a "Sunset Station" (Pier Park) and shops.

Ichiburi — This is a quaint little fishing village with still many signs of old Japan.

Festivals
Ōmi no take no karakai is a traditional New Years event that has been carried out since the Edo period (1603–1867). The event is performed in competition between the Eastern area of the town and the Western side. It begins with "Omatsutori" on January 7, where the two sides try to compete over kazaritake (ornamental bamboo) and two bamboos (isamitake and awasetake) tell the fortune regarding any bumper crop. The isamitake and awasetake activities, where bamboo branches are hooked and pulled, are joined in by young and old alike while the audience cheers. Although it is said that there used to be a few similar examples of this kind of New Years event in Japan, this one in Ōmi is the only remaining one. This event was designated a National Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property on December 28, 1987.

Sister city relationship

 * 🇯🇵 Yamagata, Nagano

title: Ōmi, Niigata


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Chrysler E-Class

The Chrysler E-Class was a mid-size car produced by Chrysler. Introduced in 1983 on a stretched version of the Chrysler K platform, the E-Class was a less expensive, less equipped version of the similar 1983 New Yorker.

History
The Chrysler E-Class was targeted at those who wanted Chrysler luxury at a more affordable price than the flagship New Yorker. Due to this reason, the E-Class is the de facto replacement for the 1981 Newport, which had been Chrysler's cheaper, more basic version of the New Yorker. The E-Class was originally to be called the "Grand LeBaron", however Chrysler decided to name it "E-Class" in reference to the new E-platform.

The E-Class came with a number of features and options including a cassette player, split 50/50 front bench with middle seat mounted console, woodgrain interior trim, two-tone exterior paint, power window & door locks, and air conditioning. Engines were the 2.2 L naturally aspirated I4 and the Mitsubishi 2.6 L I4. 1984 saw the debut of fuel injection on the 2.2 L engine and an optional Garrett AiResearch T-03 turbocharger. Larger, wraparound tail lights were also added for 1984.

The E-Class however, was not a sales success. Sales of the more expensive New Yorker were nearly double the E-Class's sales for 1984. Its slow sales caused it to be dropped from Chrysler's lineup after only two years on the market. Rather than discontinue a lower-priced model to be sold on Chrysler-Plymouth lots, Chrysler gave the car a minor refreshment (it lost the waterfall grille and crystal pentastar hood ornament) and transferred it to Plymouth's lineup, where it became the Caravelle for 1985.

title: Chrysler E-Class


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Nishikubiki District, Niigata

Niigata NishiKubiki-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Nishikubiki (西頸城郡) was a district located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan that was dissolved in 2005.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 23,292 with a density of 67.40 persons per km2. The total area was 345.56 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of three towns:

 * Nadachi
 * Nō
 * Ōmi

 * Notes:

History
The district was founded in 1878, when the former Kubiki District was split into Higashikubiki District, Nakakubiki District, and Nishikubiki District. At the time of founding, the district covered the city of Itoigawa and the Nadachi section of the city of Jōetsu. The district seat was located at the town of Itoigawa (now the city of Itoigawa).

District Timeline

 * On April 1, 1954 - The former town of Itoigawa absorbed the villages of Uramoto, Shimohayakawa, Kamihayakawa, Yamatogawa, Saikai, Ōno (Daino), Nechi and Kotati (Otaki) to create the city of Itoigawa.

Recent mergers

 * On January 1, 2005 - The town of Nadachi, along with the town of Yasuzuka, the villages of Maki, Ōshima and Uragawara (all from Higashikubiki District), the towns of Itakura, Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, and the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki, Nakagō and Sanwa (all from Nakakubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.
 * On March 19, 2005 - The towns of Nō and Ōmi were merged into the expanded city of Itoigawa. Therefore, Nishikubiki District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Nishikubiki District, Niigata


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Plymouth Caravelle

The Plymouth Caravelle is a mid-size sedan that was introduced by Plymouth as a 1983 Canadian model. The Caravelle came to the United States in 1985 to replace the Chrysler E-Class. It was essentially identical to the concurrent Dodge 600. It was replaced by the Plymouth Acclaim in 1989. The Caravelle was Plymouth's first front wheel drive mid-size sedan.

The name of the vehicle was inspired by the word Caravel, a 15th-century sailing ship used by the Portuguese; the ship was noted for its speed and agility.

United States
For 1985, the Chrysler brand dropped its unsuccessful entry-level variant of the E platform, the Chrysler E-Class (the idea of a more mainstream Chrysler was not well received by consumers). Even though the Dodge 600 was mainstream, Dodges were not generally sold with Chryslers, so rather than only having the upscale New Yorker on Chrysler-Plymouth dealer lots, the former E-Class was given a new grille and rebranded as a Plymouth and thus the U.S. Caravelle was created. This model was slotted between the compact Reliant K and the large rear-wheel drive Gran Fury.

For its first year the Caravelle came in one trim level with a number of standard features, the Caravelle SE. These standard features including: AM/FM stereo, power windows, power locks, power adjustable mirrors, deck lid release, cruise control, air conditioning, and a 50/50 split front bench seat, with dual recliners. For 1986, the Caravelle was given a facelift, which rounded many of the sharp angles, giving it a more aerodynamic appearance. Also from 1986 onward, a base model was offered, without some of the standard features of the "SE". The Caravelle continued in the U.S. until 1988, when it was replaced by the new A body Acclaim for 1989. Unlike the identical Canadian Caravelle, a 2-door coupe model was never offered in the U.S.

Engines

 * 2.2L I4 - 96 hp (72 kW) and 119 ft.lbf of torque - 1985-1988
 * 2.2L I4 Turbo - 146 hp (109 kW) and 168 ft.lbf of torque - 1985-1988
 * 2.5L I4 - 100 hp (75 kW) and 136 ft.lbf of torque - 1986-1988
 * 2.6L I4 - 1986 (replaced by Chrysler's 2.5 L engine)

Trim levels
Trim levels for U.S. version, 1985-1988
 * SE - 1985-1988
 * base - 1986-1988

Production figures for U.S. version: Figures obtained from Encyclopedia of American Cars

Canada
In Canada, the Caravelle first appeared for the 1978 model year as a version of the Dodge Diplomat for Canadian Chrysler-Plymouth dealers. As all Chrysler Canada dealers sold Chryslers, only the top-of-the-line LeBaron was sold in Canada, and the Diplomat and Caravelle did not offer the top line models. The top of the range Caravelle was approximately $670 cheaper than the LeBaron. Between 1978 and mid-1981, all Caravelles were built at the Chrysler plant in St Louis. In 1983, Chrysler Canada added the E-body version of the Dodge 600, also offering it as a Plymouth Caravelle. The rear wheel drive Caravelle then became the Caravelle Salon, rather than taking the American "Gran Fury" name. Also in 1983, Chrysler Canada added a Caravelle version of the Dodge 400 2-door coupe. Thus the Caravelle name was used for three models in three sizes based on three platforms - K, E, and M.

The coupe was dropped after 1986 while sedan production came to an end in 1988. Like the U.S. version, the Canadian Caravelle was replaced by the Plymouth Acclaim for 1989. The Caravelle Salon, which was the original rear wheel drive version, survived until 1989.

title: Plymouth Caravelle


text:
Talk:Cryptographic hash function/to do

 * Terminology; a lot of alternative names for the crypto properties and functions which hold them; distinction between Keyed and unkeyed hash functions (stick to unkeyed here);
 * Discussion of the "Merkle-Damgård structure" that MD4/5, SHA etc follow; a diagram would be appropriate.
 * Hash functions constructed from block ciphers - Davies-Meyer etc. (Applied Cryptography goes into detail on these)
 * Hash functions used to construct other primitives; e.g. block ciphers from hash functions (e.g. SHACAL, BEAR and LION), stream ciphers (SEAL), MACs from hash functions (HMAC) and PRNGs.
 * Discuss recommended sizes for hash functions; quantify "hard", MD5CRK. Perhaps mention the birthday paradox?
 * Provide a little detail about specific, popular hash functions
 * Give an example of Yuval's collision attack on signing hashed messages.
 * History?
 * regarding this statement in the article, " Therefore, Alice writes down her solution, appends a random nonce, computes its hash and tells Bob the hash value (whilst keeping the solution secret)." Please clarify if Alice gives Bob the nonce in addition to the hash.
 * Discuss reverse lookup tables (such as http://md5.crysm.net/)
 * (Non technical) For some reason this article does not seem to print as a pdf from Wikipedia. I have no problem printing a pdf from my pc. Printing was tried on both Firefox and IE.

title: Talk:Cryptographic hash function/to do


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Dodge 600

The Dodge 600 is a mid-size car that was sold by Dodge from the 1983 to 1988 model year. Serving as the replacement of the Dodge 400 coupe and convertible, the 600 also included a four-door sedan. Within the Dodge car line, the 600 was slotted between the Dodge Aries (later, the Dodge Lancer) and the Dodge Diplomat.

The 600 coupe/convertible used the Chrysler K platform, shared with the Chrysler LeBaron; the four-door used the Chrysler E platform, an extended-wheelbase variant of the K platform. The 600 was a counterpart of the Plymouth Caravelle, the Chrysler E-Class, and the 1983-1988 Chrysler New Yorker.

Chrysler assembled the 600 four-door at Jefferson Avenue Assembly (Detroit, Michigan) and the two-door/convertible at Saint Louis Assembly (Fenton, Missouri). For 1989, the 600 was replaced by the Dodge Dynasty in the United States; in Canada (where the Dynasty were badged as a Chrysler), the 600 was replaced by the Dodge Spirit.

Debut
The 600 was intended to be Dodge's answer to the European sedans of the day. Its numerical name and rear-end styling was designed to evoke thoughts of Mercedes-Benz models, however it fell more in line with North American contemporaries such as the Chevrolet Celebrity, Pontiac 6000 and the Ford Fairmont (the 600 actually resembled the Dodge Mirada more than any European car). It debuted as a four-door sedan, available in two trims: Base and ES ("Euro Sport"). Power was provided by Chrysler's 2.2 L 4-cylinder engine, with the Mitsubishi-built 2.6 L 4-cylinder available as an option.

Sales of the 600 nearly doubled in its second year. This was in large part due to the addition of the former 400's coupe and convertible body styles to the 600's range (which continued to stay on the K platform). Like most midrange-to-upscale K-car derivatives, digital dashboards and the Electronic Voice Alert were options.

ES Turbo
Midway into 1984 Dodge introduced a sporty new "ES Turbo" package for convertibles. It featured Chrysler's new 2.2 L 142 hp Turbocharged engine (which also became an option on sedans and coupes) and a special sport-tuned "ES" suspension. The interior came with standard leather seats, digital dashboard, and four-spoke steering wheel (redesigned in 1985). Visual exterior cues differentiate ES models from base convertibles by way of blacked-out trim (replacing much of the chrome), 15-inch "pizza" style aluminum wheels, "ES" decklid badges, Turbo fender badges, and functioning dual hood vents.

Sales of the ES Turbo were initially slow, with only 1786 copies being sold for the 1984 model year. Output increased to 5621 for 1985, then eased to 4759 for 1986, after which the model was discontinued along with all 600 convertibles. Base price for the 1986 ES Turbo convertible was $14,856.

Midlife changes
Several changes were made to the 600 in 1985. The former base and ES trims were dropped, replaced by a new SE trim. This was due in part to the introduction of the Lancer, which would have competed directly with the 600 (the 5-speed manual transmission was no longer offered as well, in an attempt to keep competition between the Lancer and 600 to a minimum). The coupe and convertible remained relatively unchanged except for minor trim and interior changes. The only significant advancement was the replacement of the 2.2 L engine's two-barrel Holley electronic feedback carburetor by an electronic throttle-body fuel injection system.

The sedan's base trim returned in 1986, while all 600s were given new, restyled front and rear fascias (the front in particular adopted the now familiar "crosshair" grille, dropping the Mirada-inspired horizontal slats). The 2.6 L engine was replaced by a modified 2.5 L version of the Chrysler 2.2 L.

End of production
The phase out of the 600 started in 1987 with the coupe and convertible versions being discontinued in that year. Production of the sedan ended in 1988. The 600 was replaced by the 1988 Dodge Dynasty (badged as a Chrysler in Canada, whereas the Canadian successor is the Dodge Spirit).

There were negotiations to build the car in China after production ended. Hongqi imported a couple of 600s and applied a new rear end and Hongqi badging, intending to sell them as the Hongqi CA750F in China. However, Volkswagen's long-term outlook convinced the Chinese otherwise and Hongqi chose to build the Audi 100 instead, albeit fitted with a locally built version of Chrysler's 2.2-liter inline-four.

Production
Production Figures:

title: Dodge 600


text:
Light switch

In electrical wiring, a light switch is a switch most commonly used to operate electric lights, permanently connected equipment, or electrical outlets. Portable lamps such as table lamps may have a light switch mounted on the socket, base, or in-line with the cord. Manually operated on/off switches may be substituted by dimmer switches that allow controlling the brightness of lamps as well as turning them on or off, time-controlled switches, occupancy-sensing switches, and remotely controlled switches and dimmers. Light switches are also found in flashlights, vehicles, and other devices.

History, culture, examples, and style
The first light switch employing "quick-break technology" was invented by John Henry Holmes in 1884 in the Shieldfield district of Newcastle upon Tyne. The "quick-break" switch overcame the problem of a switch's contacts developing electric arcing whenever the circuit was opened or closed. Arcing would cause pitting on one contact and the build-up of residue on the other, and the switch's useful life would be diminished. Holmes' invention ensured that the contacts would separate or come together very quickly, however much or little pressure was exerted by the user on the switch actuator. The action of this "quick break" mechanism meant that there was insufficient time for an arc to form, and the switch would thus have a long working life. This "quick break" technology is still in use in almost every ordinary light switch in the world today, numbering in the billions, as well as in many other forms of electric switch.

The toggle light switch was invented in 1916 by William J. Newton.

As a component of an electrical wiring or home wiring system, the installation of light switches is regulated by some authority concerned with safety and standards. In different countries the standard dimensions of the wall mounting hardware (boxes, plates, etc.) may differ. Since the face-plates used must cover this hardware, these standards determine the minimum sizes of all wall mounted equipment. Hence, the shape and size of the boxes and face-plates, as well as what is integrated, varies from country to country.

The dimensions, mechanical designs, and even the general appearance of light switches have changed slowly over time. Switches typically remain in service for many decades, often being changed only when a portion of a house is rewired. It is not unusual to see century-old light switches still in functional use. Manufacturers introduce various new forms and styles, but for the most part decoration and fashion concerns are limited to the face-plates or wall-plates. Even the "modern" dimmer switch with knob is at least forty years old, and in even the newest construction the familiar toggle and rocker switch formats predominate.

Orientation
The direction which represents "on" also varies by country. In the US, Canada, European countries, Russia, etc., it is usual for the "on" position of a toggle switch to be "up", whereas in many other countries such as the UK, India, Australia, New Zealand (Commonwealth countries), Ireland and China, it is "down". (In multiway switching, the correspondence between a single switch's state and whether lights are on or off depends on the state of the other switch[es] in the circuit.)

Design
The switches may be single or multiple, designed for indoor or outdoor use. Optional extras may include dimmer-controls, environmental protection, weather and security protection. In residential and light commercial lighting systems, the light switch directly controls the circuit feeding the lamps. In larger lighting systems, for example warehouses or outdoor lighting systems, the required current may be too high for a manual switch. In these systems light switches control lighting contactors, a relay that allows the manual light switch to operate on a lower current, with smaller wiring than would be required in the main lighting circuit.

In the UK, putting 13 amp BS 1363 sockets on a lighting circuit is discouraged (although not outright prohibited), but 2 amp or 5 amp BS 546 outlets are often put on lighting circuits to allow control of free-standing lamps from the room's light switches. In North American site-built and mobile homes, often living rooms and bedrooms have a switched receptacle for a floor or table lamp. Such receptacles are referred to as ' or '.

Push button
The push-button light switch has two buttons: one that closes the contacts and one that opens the contacts. Pushing the raised button opens or closes the contacts and pops out the previously depressed button so the process can be reversed. In the U.S., the buttons were commonly black; the "on" button typically had a white mother-of-pearl (real or simulated) inlay to indicate its function. By convention, the switch was customarily installed with the "on" button on top. Push-button switch reproductions are available on the market today for vintage or authentic styling.

Toggle
The toggle mechanism provides "snap-action" through the use of an "over-center" geometry. The design was patented in 1916 by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg. The switch actuator does not control the contacts directly, but through an intermediate arrangement of springs and levers. Turning the actuator does not initially cause any motion of the contacts, which in fact continue to be positively held open by the force of the spring. Turning the actuator gradually stretches the spring. When the mechanism passes over the center point, the spring energy is released and the spring, rather than the actuator, drives the contacts rapidly and forcibly to the closed position with an audible "snapping" sound. This mechanism is safe, reliable, and durable, but produces a loud snap or click.

Illuminated switch
Illuminated switches incorporate a small neon lamp or LED, allowing the user easily to locate the switch in the dark. Household illuminated switches were introduced in the mid-1950s.

Single-pole illuminated switches derive the power to energize their in-built illuminating source (usually, a "neon" lamp) from the current passing through the lamp(s) which they control. Such switches work satisfactorily with incandescent lamps, halogen lighting, and non-electronic fluorescent fixtures, because the small current required for the switch's illuminating source is too small to produce any visible light from such devices controlled by the illuminated switch. However, if they control only compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and/or LED lamps, the small amount of current required to energize the lighting source within switch also slowly charges the internal input capacitor in the electronic ballast of the CFL or LED until the voltage across it rises to the point where it produces a brief discharge through the CFL. This cycle may repeat indefinitely, resulting in repetitive brief flashing of the lamp(s) (and the light inside the switch) while the illuminated switch is in the "off" position.

Rocker

An alternative design to the toggle switch is the rocker switch. Large switches of this design are commonly known in the United States as "decorator" or "Decora" style. "Decora" is a trademark of Leviton, and the term in recent years has become a genericized trademark in the United States for any rocker light switch regardless of brand. Switches of this design sit almost flush with the wall plate, and are activated by "rocking" a flat, broad lever, rather than pushing a short protruding actuator up or down.

In Europe, Brazil, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and India this type is near-universal, and toggle style switches would be considered old-fashioned.

Australian rocker switches
In Australia and New Zealand, a small rocker switch is almost universally used, in the form of a 16 mm switch mechanism, which is mounted from behind into a wall-plate—attaching via mounting lugs, as shown in the photo on the left. A slightly larger "cover plate", supplied with the wall-plate, or additional to it, then clips over the assembly, as an additional insulating barrier covering the deep set wall-plate mounting screws - which are "deep set" to prevent inadvertent human contact. The "cover plate" can be removed without the use of tools, such as when wall painting is required.

While larger "decorator" style switches are readily available in Australia, the advantage of the smaller mechanisms is that wall-plates are available to mount from one to six individual switch mechanisms, or other correspondingly sized "mechanisms" - such as dimmers and indicator lights - in the same space as one (or two) switches of larger design could be mounted. Since the mechanisms are small, they can also be mounted into "architrave" plates, for mounting in positions where it is not possible to mount a "standard" sized wall-plate. An example is shown in the picture below on the right. All of the switch mechanisms have no exposed metal parts requiring grounding (earthing). While switches, wall-plates, and cover plates from different manufacturers tend not to be interchangeable, switch mechanisms of this type have been available in Australia since 1951.

The keystone module system for extra-low voltage electrical jacks (patented in 1975) is somewhat similar in appearance to these modules, but the design of the keystone mountings are different, and keystone modules can be removed without a tool. (A similar system, but with bigger switches, is used in Italy.)

As shown in the disassembly photo, the switch actuator pivots in two holes in the sides of the plastic switch body. An actuator bar slides in two grooves inside the actuator, pressed down by a compression spring into a notch in the common contact bar. The common contact bar is free to rock on a small diameter rod, welded to the common terminal. However, because of the pressure applied by the compression spring, the common contact bar will always be held against one of the two contacts.

When the actuator is moved, mechanical energy is stored in the compression spring until the actuator passes its mid-position. At that time, the common contact bar is forced in the opposite direction by the compression spring, acting via the actuator bar, thus breaking the connection with the existing contact and making connection with the other contact. The common contact bar is made of copper, with an inlay of harder contact metal on the underside. While it is free to move the required distance lengthwise, it is constrained from moving sideways by the construction of the molded plastic body.

The screw terminals are hollow and allow up to at least three 1 mm (CSA) wires, twisted together, to be inserted to a depth of up to 10 mm and secured with a set screw. The contact terminal set screws are installed at a slight angle to allow easier screwdriver access after the switch mechanism has been installed into a wall-plate - before fixing the wall-plate to the wall. Also shown is a "loop" connection terminal. This terminal plays no part in the action of the switch but, because there is available space, it is provided as an insulated terminal for joining other wires, if required (such as the neutral wires). Each Australian rocker switch mechanism is actually a single-pole, double-throw (SPDT) Switch, also known as a "two-way switch", and has three terminals.

A switch of basically the same design is also used on Australian power outlet wall-plates. It is now extremely rare to find any other type of switch in Australian homes, although the Australian Wiring Standard AS 3112 does not forbid other types. While many variations of Australian designs and cover plates are available, some designers and renovators may import UK- and European-designed switches when they desire a particular finish. However, while standard Australian wall mounting plates have the same dimensions as those used in North America, they have different dimensions from those used in the UK or Europe.

Switches (and other mechanisms) of this Australian design series are currently available in the UK (and other countries), together with wall-plates appropriate to the mounting standards of the countries concerned.

For a short time, Australian rocker switches were exported to the United States in the 1960s. Although the switches had adequate ratings for usage on 120 V circuits and had advantages of compactness and distinctive appearance, they failed to establish themselves in the American market.

Tamper resistant

Where lighting circuits must not be accidentally switched off, for example, corridor and restroom lighting controls in public buildings such as schools, a tamper-resistant switch may be installed. These require a key to operate and so discourage casual or accidental operation of the switch.

Voltage class
In North American commercial and industrial lighting installations, lighting installed on 480Y/277 V 3-phase circuits uses voltages higher than the rating of common 120 V switches.

Mercury switch
Around the middle of the 20th century, "quiet" switches were introduced that used mercury to make the connection, avoiding the loud snap made by the spring-loaded toggle switches that were then the norm. One form of mercury light switch uses a sealed glass vial that is tipped by the toggle lever, causing a drop of liquid metallic mercury to roll from one end to the other, bridging a pair of contacts to complete the circuit. Another style of mercury light switch uses a metal wheel with an insulator separating the two halves that has a hole which allows the mercury to connect either side of the wheel in only one position.

Some of these switches were also equipped with a neon lamp connected across the contacts, and thus in series with the electrical load. This caused the indicator to glow faintly when the switch was off, as an aid to finding the switch in a dark room.

By the 1970s, other quiet switch designs that did not require mercury (and were thus simpler and cheaper to produce) came into widespread use, gradually replacing both conventional "snap" toggle switches and mercury-based quiet switches.

Pull-chain or pull-cord

A light switch combined with a light socket is sometimes installed in basement or utility areas of homes. The switch is operated by a pull chain or cord. It is also possible to have the cord-operated switch separate from the light socket, which is particularly common in British bathrooms. Until 2001, UK wiring regulations required that all bathroom switches were operated by pull cords.

Power cord mounted
This type of switch is mounted on the power cord, both in middle or at the end. They are light weight, and they are used mainly for low power devices, like table lamps, table fans, radios and many other low power devices. Usually they are single pole single throw, but can also double pole single throw. They can be mounted either in the middle of the plug and consumer or they may be mounted at the end of the cable. There are also more sophisticated cord mounted switches, like multiple switching (for lamps with more than one bulb, or fans with more speeds, in this case they have one input and 2 or more outputs), variators and dimmers (light dimmers, electric pillows and matresses or some fans with more speeds). Some older heaters may also use such switches, but with higher ratings. Usually their current rating is between 0.5 A, mainly limited to low powered lamps at mains voltage, up to 6 or even 10 A (like heaters). Higher current ratings may also allow usage in high current but low voltage (6-24 V) applications.

Dimmer switch
A dimmer switch, properly called a dimmer control, contains a solid-state circuit to allow changing the brightness by reducing the average voltage applied to the lamp.

Electronic switches

In principle, it is easy to design silent switches in which the mechanical contacts do not directly control the current, but simply signal a solid-state device such as a thyristor to complete the circuit. Many variations on this theme have been created and marketed. "Touch-plate" devices can be operated by touching or merely waving a hand near the switch. Touch switches have no moving parts and electronically switch the light circuit. these remain specialty items. Electronic switches provide flexibility in terms of different interfaces for their operations, such as touch plates, soft-touch controls, pressure or light sensor based control, interactive touch-screens (which are widely used in aircraft for lighting control), and others.

Public buildings such as hospitals frequently save energy by using motion detector switches, also known as occupancy sensors. The occupancy sensors can also be used in residential applications such as in bathrooms, garages, and hallways.

A wireless light switch provides remote control of lighting using a hand-held transmitter. While the controlling device may be a unit dedicated to this purpose, increasingly such switches may be controlled by the technology (such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi) now found in smartphones.

Wired remote control of lighting switches is also possible using, for example, X10 signaling over the power wires.

Multiway switching
Two or more light switches can be interconnected to allow control of lighting from, for example, two ends of a long hallway or landings at the upper and lower landings of a flight of stairs. Multiway switching is done using special switches that have additional contacts.

Materials
Earlier switches were made of porcelain in the surface-mounted version and operated as a rotary switch with a rotary mechanism. Later, more durable Bakelite and Ebonite was used. Today they are made of modern plastics, like Polycarbonate or fire resistant ABS. Some switches may also be manufactured from other plastics like polyamide, polypropylene or pvc but mainly limited to wire mounted switches (like night lamp switches) mainly due to reduced weight, and most such switches are not used in high power devices (mainly table lamps, table fans, some radios) mainly up to 2 amperes. In some cases, especially in hospitals and other public facilities, exposed parts of light switches are made of antimicrobial materials such as copper, for infection control.

title: Light switch


text:
Sekikawa

Sekikawa (関川村) is a village located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 5,291 in 1920 households, and a population density of 17.7 persons per km2. The total area of the village was 299.61 sqkm.

Geography
Sekikawa is located in mountainous northeastern Niigata Prefecture, bordered by Yamagata Prefecture to the east.

Surrounding municipalities

 * Niigata Prefecture
 * Murakami
 * Tainai
 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Oguni

Climate
Sekikawa has a Humid climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm, wet summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Sekikawa is 12.4 C. The average annual rainfall is 2687.2 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.1 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.0 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Sekikawa has declined steadily over the past 50 years.

History
The area of present-day Sekikawa was part of ancient Echigo Province. During the Edo period, much of the area was part of the holdings of Yonezawa Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. The area was organized as part of Iwafune District, Niigata following the Meiji restoration. The modern village of Sekigawa was established on August 1, 1954 by the merger of the villages of Seki, Shichikatani, and Kukatani. On August 1, 1954, Sekikawa merged with the neighboring village of Onnagawa.

Economy
The local economy is dominated by agriculture.

Education
Sekikawa has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Railway
JR East - Yonesaka Line
 * Echigo-Kanamaru - Echigo-Katakai - Echigo-Shimoseki - Echigo-Ōshima

title: Sekikawa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Donald Pogreba

More vanity. - Lucky 6.9 01:55, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Vanity. Delete. Spectatrix 02:08, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)
 * More vanity. Delete. Ianb 07:56, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I have a suggestion, though.  Someone should write Vanity article, an article that explains why personal vanity and tributes are not appropriate uses of WP resources.  Then we can institute redirects after deletion of some of the more well-meaning vanity articles.  It might save time, and if Vanity article is written pleasantly enough, save some hurt feelings, too. Geogre 12:41, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Arevich 15:49, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * keep...author was trying trying to add details for organizations that are accepted elsewhere in the wikipedia
 * comment: User 206.127.79.51 is the original contributor of the article in question.
 * Yup, I am the original contributor. But, I am not Don.  There are several individuals in this database that have made way less contributions.  Perhaps Wiki needs to take all of the biographical entries and make a WikiBio database.  Again, no vanity intended (it's not me!), I was just being complete.  Sorry.  Delete it.
 * comment: User 206.127.79.51, you might want to read this page and this one too. It's great you're contributing articles on notable organisations, although bear in mind personal association from these doesn't necessarily justify an article on yourself. --Ianb 18:15, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless some sort of notability can be shown. Even if Montana Forensics Educators Association is notable, that doesn't make its officers automatically notable. - Eisnel 19:38, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No more notable than any of the other high school teachers we've deleted in the recent past.  RickK 21:20, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - vanity - by someone connected to the person - Tεx  τ  urε  20:36, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Ambi 07:20, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Baryte

Untitled
I have added a redirect from Baryte (the British spelling) to this page.

Dlloyd 01:56, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I wish to also add that in some areas barite is also known as "heavy spar" (uSER: OBASSI, ETTU 12:12 6th AugusT 2004 (RMRDC, MAITAMA- ABUJA)

I note that 'baryte' is actually the official spelling approved by the International Mineralogical Association (see www.mindat.org for refs), so the redirections should actually be the other way round. 'Heavy spar' is an unofficial miners' term of historical interest. AGC.

No - keep as is. It's another British/American English thing. As per Wiki reccommendations we normally stay with first use which was the article creation 25 June 2002. IMA may reccommend baryte for whatever reasons, but wiki is not bound by the IMA in spelling issues. Google search returns 809,000 for barite versus 292,000 for baryte for whatever it's worth. The baryte redirect now only has five links. Vsmith 20:55, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually the IMA is on the same level as say the International zoological association and others. as the governing body the decision to use the Baryte spelling, the original spelling before the trend to "Americanize" mineral names, IS as binding as a nomenclature name for a primate species. Because the name change was only at most or two ago the google results are going to be skewed to the Barite spelling.  This page should be redirected to the offical spelling. Kevmin 21:15, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The USGS (an official organization) uses the spelling "barite", so I am going to reward "Barite is the unofficial American spelling." to "Barite is the official USGS spelling, and is the more common scientific spelling." While I support keeping the British/IMS spelling for the reasons above, I think this rewording better expresses the actual use of barite/baryte spelling for the mineral.130.39.191.251 (talk) 23:45, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Misidentified Specimen
The alleged specimen of "baryte (barite) with galena and hematite", is in fact Schalenblende - a layered botryoidal mixture of wurtzite (dark) and sphalerite (light) with minor galena and marcasite. It is from the Pomorzany Mine, Olkusz, Poland - a Mississippi Valley Type deposit in Triassic carbonates altered to Fe-rich dolomites. I have a polish geologist friend who's uncle (T. Stanislawski) works in the mine and she gave me a sample. I did a little research into the nature of the unusual material which I originally mistook for an strange form of Banded Iron Formation. --Diamonddavej (talk) 17:25, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Chembox removed
The chembox is for the chemical compound barium sulfate not the mineral. If more crystallographic info is needed, it can be added as a text section. Vsmith (talk) 23:32, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Barite rose
Why no mention of the common mineral specimen "Barite rose"? This is also confusingly known as Gypsum rosette, Selenite rose, and Desert rose. Clarification is needed! --Prof.Bastedo (talk) 18:17, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

Upgrading of barite
Both floatation separation and gravity separation can work to get high grade baryte. However, the floatation separation will get better baryte powder while gravity separation can help to get lumpy barite concentrate like 2-50mm.

1. Flotation separation This method works based on the chemical and physical property difference between barite surface and associated minerals surface; The main equipment includes crusher, circle vibrating screen, spiral classifier, agitator, flotation separator, ball mill, and other assistant devices.

2. Gravity Separation: This method works based on the density difference between barite and associated minerals density; The main equipment of crusher, circle vibrating screen, shaking table, jig can be involved in the gravity separation of the baryte concentration.

Density of barite is big, 4.4-4.6g/cm3, while that of its intergrowth impurity is small, like 2.2-2.7g/cm3, and this big density difference makes gravity separation an ideal way to get high-grade barite. In the acctual production of barite upgrading, the main separation machine is jig machine. The barite ore structure and its nature has too much with gravity separation efficiency and the recovery rate. Here the choosing of barite jig machine is the key to guarantee the beneficiation profit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 182.127.111.211 (talk) 02:13, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Barytes
I've introduced this name into the lede since it is one which in Britain at least will be the most well-used amongst many - going through the UK university system in the 1980s this was the only name used. I'd reference the Penguin Dictionary of Geology which offers it as the leading term with barite as a secondary term. Both are used by the British Geological Survey with barytes being used when the mineral is used as a commercial product in for example the BGS memoir to 1:50K geol map 111 of the Buxton area. Whether that's a widespread distinction would be interesting to know. cheers Geopersona (talk) 09:20, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baryte


text:
Molding

Moulding or molding may refer to:

 * Molding (decorative) or coving, a decorative feature along walls and ceilings, formed from marble, plaster, wood, stone etc.
 * Molding (process), in manufacturing
 * Automotive molding
 * Mold (cooking implement)

title: Molding


text:
Arakawa, Niigata

Arakawa (荒川町) was a town located in Iwafune District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,334 and a density of 308.74 persons per km2. The total area was 36.71 km2. Its train station is called Sakamachi.

On April 1, 2008, Arakawa, along with the town of Sanpoku, and the villages of Asahi and Kamihayashi (all from Iwafune District), was merged into the expanded city of Murakami.

title: Arakawa, Niigata


text:
Kamihayashi, Niigata

Kamihayashi (神林村) was a village located in Iwafune District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 10,228 and a density of 124.46 persons per km2. The total area was 82.18 km2.

On April 1, 2008, Kamihayashi, along with the towns of Arakawa and Sanpoku, and the village of Asahi (all from Iwafune District), was merged into the expanded city of Murakami.

Railway

 * JR East: Uetsu Main Line (Hirabayashi Station, Iwafunemachi Station)

Road

 * Japan National Route 7
 * Japan National Route 290
 * Japan National Route 345

title: Kamihayashi, Niigata