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Hugh Thompson Jr.

Hugh Clowers Thompson Jr. (April 15, 1943 – January 6, 2006) was a United States Army officer, serving as a warrant officer in the 123rd Aviation Battalion of the 23rd Infantry Division. He is credited with ending the Mỹ Lai Massacre of the South Vietnamese village known as Sơn Mỹ on March 16, 1968, alongside Glenn Andreotta and Lawrence Colburn.

During the massacre, Thompson and his Hiller OH-23 Raven crew, Andreotta and Colburn, stopped a number of killings by threatening and blocking American officers and enlisted soldiers of Company C, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade, 23rd Infantry Division. Additionally, Thompson and his crew saved a number of Vietnamese civilians by personally escorting them away from advancing United States Army ground units and assuring their evacuation by air. Thompson reported the atrocities by radio several times while at Sơn Mỹ. Although these reports reached Task Force Barker operational headquarters, nothing was done to stop the massacre. After evacuating a child to a Quảng Ngãi hospital, Thompson angrily reported to his superiors at Task Force Barker headquarters that a massacre was occurring at Sơn Mỹ. Immediately following Thompson's report, Lieutenant Colonel Frank A. Barker ordered all ground units in Sơn Mỹ to cease search and destroy operations in the village.

In 1970, Thompson testified against those responsible for the Mỹ Lai Massacre. Twenty-six officers and enlisted soldiers, including William Calley and Ernest Medina, were charged with criminal offenses; many were either acquitted or pardoned, notably excepting Calley, who was convicted and served a commuted sentence of three-and-a-half years under house arrest. Thompson was condemned and ostracized by many individuals in the United States military and government, as well as the public, for his role in the investigations and trials concerning the Mỹ Lai massacre. As a result of what he experienced, Thompson experienced post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, divorce, and severe nightmare disorder. Despite the adversity he faced, he remained in the Army until November 1, 1983, then continued to make a living as a helicopter pilot in the Southeastern United States.

In 1998, 30 years after the massacre, Thompson and the two other members of his crew, Andreotta and Colburn, were awarded the Soldier's Medal (Andreotta posthumously), the United States Army's highest award for bravery not involving direct contact with the enemy. Thompson and Colburn returned to Sơn Mỹ to meet with survivors of the massacre at the Sơn Mỹ Memorial in 1998. In 1999, Thompson and Colburn received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award.

Early life
Hugh Clowers Thompson Jr. was born on April 15, 1943, in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, to Wessie and Hugh Clowers Thompson. His family is from the Province of Georgia and Great Britain. He identified his paternal grandmother as being of Cherokee descent.

Hugh Clowers Thompson Sr. was an electrician and served in the United States Navy during the Second World War.

In 1946, the Thompson family relocated from Atlanta to Stone Mountain, Georgia. Thompson's brother and only sibling, Tommie Norman Thompson, was born in 1938 and served in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War. Thompson was a member of the Boy Scouts of America and his family was actively involved in the Episcopal Church. Hugh Clowers Thompson Sr. educated his children to act with discipline and integrity. The Thompson family denounced racism and ethnic discrimination in the United States and assisted many ethnic minority families in their community. Coming from a working-class family, Hugh Clowers Thompson Jr. plowed fields and later worked as an assistant for a funeral mortuary to support his family during his adolescence.

Thompson graduated from Stone Mountain High School on June 5, 1961. Following graduation, Thompson enlisted in the United States Navy and served in a naval mobile construction battalion at Naval Air Station Atlanta, Georgia, as a heavy equipment operator. Thompson married Palma Baughman in 1963. In 1964, Thompson received an honorable discharge from the Navy and returned to Stone Mountain to live a quiet life and raise a family with his wife. He studied mortuary science and became a licensed funeral director.

When the Vietnam War began, Thompson felt obliged to return to military service. In 1966, Thompson enlisted in the United States Army and completed the Warrant Officer Flight Program training at Fort Wolters, Texas, and Fort Rucker, Alabama. In late-December 1967, at the age of 25, Thompson was ordered to Vietnam and assigned to Company B, 123rd Aviation Battalion of the 23rd Infantry Division.

Mỹ Lai massacre intervention

On March 16, 1968, Thompson and his Hiller OH-23 Raven observation helicopter crew, Lawrence Colburn (gunner) and Glenn Andreotta (crew chief), were ordered to support Task Force Barker's search and destroy operations in Sơn Mỹ, Quảng Ngãi Province, South Vietnam. Song My Village was composed of four hamlets, Mỹ Lai, Mỹ Khê, Cổ Lũy and Tư Cung, and was suspected by the United States Army Military Intelligence Corps to be a Viet Cong stronghold.

Army intelligence concerning the presence of Viet Cong in Sơn Mỹ was inaccurate, however, and the village's population was predominately composed of neutral, unarmed rice-farming families. Reconnaissance aircraft, including Thompson's OH-23 crew, flew over the Sơn Mỹ vicinity but received no enemy fire. At 07:30, following a short artillery and helicopter gunship barrage, Company C (Charlie Company), 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment of Task Force Barker, led by Captain Ernest Medina, was landed by helicopters and moved into Sơn Mỹ.

Upon entering Sơn Mỹ, officers and soldiers of Company C moved through the Song My Village and vicinity, murdering civilians, raping women, and setting fire to huts. 1st Platoon of Company C, commanded by Lieutenant William Calley, forced approximately 70–80 villagers, mostly women and children, into an irrigation ditch and murdered the civilians with knives, bayonets, grenades, and small arms fire.

Thompson recounted at an academic conference on Mỹ Lai held at Tulane University in December, 1994: "We kept flying back and forth, reconning in front and in the rear, and it didn't take very long until we started noticing the large number of bodies everywhere. Everywhere we'd look, we'd see bodies. These were infants, two-, three-, four-, five-year-olds, women, very old men, no draft-age people whatsoever."

Thompson and his crew, who at first thought the artillery bombardment caused all the civilian deaths on the ground, became aware that Americans were murdering the villagers after a wounded civilian woman they requested medical evacuation for, Nguyễn Thị Tẩu (chín Tẩu), was murdered right in front of them by Captain Medina, the commanding officer of the operation. According to Lawrence Colburn,

"Then we saw a young girl about twenty years old lying on the grass. We could see that she was unarmed and wounded in the chest. We marked her with smoke because we saw a squad not too far away. The smoke was green, meaning it's safe to approach. Red would have meant the opposite. We were hovering six feet off the ground not more than twenty feet away when Captain Medina came over, kicked her, stepped back, and finished her off. He did it right in front of us. When we saw Medina do that, it clicked. It was our guys doing the killing."

Immediately after the execution, Thompson discovered the irrigation ditch full of Calley's victims. Thompson then radioed a message to accompanying gunships and Task Force Barker headquarters, "It looks to me like there's an awful lot of unnecessary killing going on down there. Something ain't right about this. There's bodies everywhere. There's a ditch full of bodies that we saw. There's something wrong here." Thompson spotted movement in the irrigation ditch, indicating that there were civilians alive in it. He immediately landed to assist the victims. Lieutenant Calley approached Thompson and the two exchanged an uneasy conversation.

Thompson: What's going on here, Lieutenant?

Calley: This is my business.

Thompson: What is this? Who are these people?

Calley: Just following orders.

Thompson: Orders? Whose orders?

Calley: Just following...

Thompson: But, these are human beings, unarmed civilians, sir.

Calley: Look Thompson, this is my show. I'm in charge here. It ain't your concern.

Thompson: Yeah, great job.

Calley: You better get back in that chopper and mind your own business.

Thompson: You ain't heard the last of this!

As Thompson was speaking to Calley, Calley's subordinate, Sergeant David Mitchell, fired into the irrigation ditch, killing any civilians still moving. Thompson and his crew, in disbelief and shock, returned to their helicopter and began searching for civilians they could save. They spotted a group of women, children, and old men in the northeast corner of the village fleeing from advancing soldiers from the 2nd Platoon, Company C. Immediately realizing that the soldiers intended to murder the Vietnamese civilians, Thompson landed his helicopter between the advancing ground unit and the villagers. He turned to Colburn and Andreotta and ordered them to shoot the men in the 2nd Platoon if they attempted to kill any of the fleeing civilians. While Colburn and Andreotta trained their guns on the 2nd Platoon, Thompson located as many civilians as he could, persuaded them to follow him to a safer location, and ensured their evacuation with the help of two UH-1 Huey pilots he was friends with.

Low on fuel, Thompson was forced to return to a supply airstrip miles outside the village. Before they departed the village, Andreotta spotted movement in the irrigation ditch full of bodies. According to Trent Angers in The Forgotten Hero of My Lai: The Hugh Thompson Story (2014),

"The helicopter looped around then set down quickly near the edge of the ditch. Andreotta had maintained visual contact with the spot where he saw the movement, and he darted out of the aircraft as soon as it touched the ground. Thompson got out and guarded one side of the chopper and Colburn guarded the other. Andreotta had to walk on several badly mangled bodies to get where he was going. He lifted a corpse with several bullet holes in the torso and there, lying under it, was a child, age five or six, covered in blood and obviously in a state of shock."

The child, Do Ba, was pulled from the irrigation ditch and after failing to find any more survivors, Thompson's crew transported the child to a hospital in Quảng Ngãi.

After transporting the child to the hospital, Thompson flew to the Task Force Barker headquarters (Landing Zone Dottie), and angrily reported the massacre to his superiors. His report quickly reached Lieutenant Colonel Frank Barker, the operation's overall commander. Barker immediately radioed ground forces to cease the "killings". After the helicopter was refueled, Thompson's crew returned to the village to ensure that no more civilians were being murdered and that the wounded were evacuated.

After the massacre
Thompson made an official report of the killings and was interviewed by Colonel Oran Henderson, the commander of the 11th Infantry Brigade (the parent organization of the 20th Infantry). Concerned, senior American Division officers cancelled similar planned operations by Task Force Barker against other villages (Mỹ Lai 5, Mỹ Lai 1, etc.) in Quảng Ngãi Province, possibly preventing the additional massacre of further hundreds, if not thousands, of Vietnamese civilians.

Initially, commanders throughout the American chain of command were successful in covering up the Mỹ Lai massacre. Thompson quickly received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions at Mỹ Lai. The citation for the award fabricated events, for example praising Thompson for taking to a hospital a Vietnamese child "...caught in intense crossfire". It also stated that his "...sound judgment had greatly enhanced Vietnamese–American relations in the operational area". Thompson threw away the citation.

Thompson continued to fly observation missions in the OH-23 and was hit by enemy fire a total of eight times. In four of those instances, his aircraft was lost. In the last incident, his helicopter was brought down by enemy machine-gun fire, and he broke his back in the resulting crash landing. This ended his combat career in Vietnam. He was evacuated to a hospital in Japan and began a long period of rehabilitation.

When news of the massacre publicly broke, Thompson repeated his account to then-Colonel William Wilson and then-Lieutenant General William Peers during their official Pentagon investigations. In late-1969, Thompson was summoned to Washington, DC to appear before a special closed hearing of the House Armed Services Committee. There, he was sharply criticized by congressmen, in particular Chairman Mendel Rivers (D-S.C.), who were anxious to play down allegations of a massacre by American troops. Rivers publicly stated that he felt Thompson was the only soldier at Mỹ Lai who should be punished (for turning his weapons on fellow American troops) and unsuccessfully attempted to have him court-martialed.

Thompson was vilified by many Americans for his testimony against United States Army personnel. He recounted in a CBS 60 Minutes television program in 2004, "I'd received death threats over the phone...Dead animals on your porch, mutilated animals on your porch some mornings when you get up."

After his Vietnam service, Thompson was assigned to Fort Rucker to become an instructor pilot and later received a direct commission, attaining the rank of captain and retired as a major. His other military assignments included Fort Jackson, South Korea, Fort Ord, Fort Hood and bases in Hawaii. He retired from the army in 1983.

Post-military life
Thompson became a helicopter pilot for the oil industry, operating in the Gulf of Mexico. In 1988 an English documentary film producer, Michael Bilton, working for Yorkshire Television, managed to contact Thompson via his mother, who was then widowed and living in Texas. At that point Thompson had all but disappeared from public life. Bilton had contacted former crew member Colburn, and put Thompson and Colburn in touch with each other after a gap of nearly 16 years. Both Thompson and Colburn had been trying to find each other, but without success. Thompson was living in Lafayette, Louisiana, and Colburn near Atlanta, Georgia. They quickly arranged a reunion. Bilton spent a long weekend with Thompson discussing the events at Mỹ Lai. It proved the beginning of a long friendship which lasted until Thompson's death.

Both Thompson and Colburn were interviewed for the film Four Hours in My Lai (1989) (Remember My Lai? on PBS) – which went on to win a British Academy Award and an international Emmy award. The interview showed Thompson relating what he had witnessed at Mỹ Lai: "Here we were supposed to be the guys in the white hats. It upset me". Bilton and his colleague Kevin Sim then began researching a book and Bilton conducted further interviews with Thompson and Colburn. When the book Four Hours in My Lai (1992) was published, it prompted a campaign to have the heroism of Thompson and his helicopter crew recognized. Several senior figures in the U.S. military supported the campaign, as did President George H. W. Bush. Thompson and Colburn were invited to speak to a wide range of audiences about the ethics of warfare including at West Point, a conference in Norway, and at Connecticut College in New London, where they were each awarded an honorary doctorate.

In 1998, Thompson and Colburn returned to the village of Sơn Mỹ, where they met some of the people they saved during the killings, including Thi Nhung and Pham Thi Nhanh, two women who had been part of the group about to be killed by Brooks's 2nd Platoon. Thompson said to the survivors, "I just wish our crew that day could have helped more people than we did." He reported that one of the women they had helped out came up to him and asked, "Why didn't the people who committed these acts come back with you?" He said that he was "just devastated" but that she finished her sentence: "So we could forgive them." He later told a reporter, "I'm not man enough to do that. I'm sorry. I wish I was, but I won't lie to anybody. I'm not that much of a man." Thompson and Colburn lit incense sticks and placed them in an urn by a stone marker at the irrigation ditch where many were murdered. They also dedicated a new elementary school for the children of the village.

Thompson later served as a counselor in the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairs, and gave a talk at the United States Naval Academy in 2003 and at West Point in 2005 on Professional Military Ethics. He also spoke at the United States Air Force Academy and to United States Marine Corps officers at Quantico. Thompson gave his first lecture to a U.S. Army audience, discussing physical and moral courage, at the U.S. Army Medical Department Center and School, Ft. Sam Houston, Texas, in 1998. Thompson and his crew's actions have been used as an example in the ethics manuals of U.S. and European militaries. Thompson received an honorary degree from Emory University and The Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library at Emory University holds a collection relating to the life and careers of Hugh Thompson and Lawrence Colburn. In 2005, he retired from Louisiana Veterans Affairs.

Recognition for actions at Mỹ Lai
In 1998, exactly 30 years after the massacre, Thompson, Andreotta and Colburn, were awarded the Soldier's Medal (Andreotta posthumously), the United States Army's highest award for bravery not involving direct contact with the enemy. "It was the ability to do the right thing even at the risk of their personal safety that guided these soldiers to do what they did", then-Major General Michael Ackerman said at the 1998 ceremony. The three "set the standard for all soldiers to follow". Additionally on March 10, 1998, Senator Max Cleland (D-Ga.) entered a tribute to Thompson, Colburn and Andreotta into the record of the U.S. Senate. Cleland said the three men were "true examples of American patriotism at its finest".

In 1999, Thompson and Colburn received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award. Later that year, both men served as co-chairs of STONEWALK, a group who pulled a one-ton rock engraved "Unknown Civilians Killed in War" from Boston to Arlington National Cemetery. In 2010, the Hugh Thompson Foundation was chartered in memory of Thompson's courage in halting the massacre. His biography The Forgotten Hero of My Lai: The Hugh Thompson Story by Trent Angers was included on the U.S. Army Chief of Staff's professional reading list.

Folk singer David Rovics wrote a song about the incident at Mỹ Lai titled "Song for Hugh Thompson". Ryan Costello of The Oaks wrote a song commemorating Hugh Thompson's heroism in For Hugh Thompson, Who Stood Alone on the album Our Fathers and the Things They Left Behind. Thom Parrott (also known as Tom Parrott) wrote the song "Pinkville Helicopter" about the massacre that is included on the Smithsonian Folkways CD collection Best of Broadside. Jonathan Berger composed a piano concerto dedicated to Hugh Thompson. Commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts, it was premiered at the United Nations General Assembly on January 24, 2001. A subsequent solo piano work, Elegy for the Victims of My Lai, adapted from the concerto was recorded and performed by pianist Sasha Toperich. The Kronos Quartet used Berger's music along with a libretto by Harriet Scott Chessman to compose a "monodrama" with tenor Rinde Eckert. Along with the strings of the quartet and various Vietnamese instruments played by the musician Van-Anh Vo, Eckert sang about Thompson's encounter with the massacre and the effect of the encounter on himself. The composition was presented at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in September 2017.

Death
At the age of 62, after extensive treatment for cancer, Thompson was removed from life support and died on January 6, 2006, at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Pineville, Louisiana. Colburn came from Atlanta to be at his bedside. Thompson was buried in Lafayette, Louisiana, with full military honors, including a three-volley salute and a helicopter flyover. On February 8, Congressman Charles Boustany (R-La.) made a statement in Congress honoring Thompson, stating that the "United States has lost a true hero, and the State of Louisiana has lost a devoted leader and dear friend."

title: Hugh Thompson Jr.


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Liberalism in Albania

This article gives an overview of liberalism in Albania. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it isn't necessary so that parties labeled themselves as a liberal party.

History
A form of radical liberalism was dominant shortly after independence, but became oppressed. After the restoration of democracy in the 1990s, liberalism was and is only a weak political factor. Two parties could be considered to embrace liberal values: the Democratic Alliance Party (Partia Aleanca Demokratike, member LI, ELDR) and the Unity for Human Rights Party (Partia Bashkimi për të Drejtat e Njeriut), which is the party of the ethnic minorities.

Democratic Party

 * 1924: The democratic faction of the Popular Party (Partia Popullore), led by Stylian Fan Noli seceded and established the liberal Democratic Party (Parti Demokratike).
 * 1924: The party is banned by the dictatorship

Democratic Alliance Party
1992: A liberal faction of the conservative Democratic Party of Albania (Partia Demokratike e Shqipërisë) seceded to form the present-day Democratic Alliance Party (Partia Aleanca Demokratike)

Liberal leaders

 * Stylian Fan Noli

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Liberalism in Albania


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List of governors of French Somaliland

This article lists the governors of French Somaliland and French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (Gouverneurs du Somaliland français et du Territoire français des Afars et des Issas) from 1884 to 1977. They administered the territory of modern-day Djibouti on behalf of the French Republic.

List
Complete list of governors of French Somaliland:

For continuation after independence, see: List of presidents of Djibouti

title: List of governors of French Somaliland


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M-227 (Michigan highway)

M-227 is a 6.834 mi north–south state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan. It consists largely of a segment of old U.S. Highway 27 (US 27) along the south and west sides of Marshall. The highway passes the airport and serves an industrial section of town north of the Kalamazoo River. M-227 was created as a part of a program to add additional routes into the state's highway system under the leadership of Governor John Engler.

Route description
M-227 starts at a diamond interchange with Interstate 69 (I-69) at exit 32 between Tekonsha and Marshall. From I-69, M-227 runs east on F Drive South north of Pine and Long lakes for approximately one mile (1.6 km). The highway runs through agricultural land and turns north to follow Old US 27/17 Mile Road. At Division Drive, M-227 passes into Marshall on Kalamazoo Avenue. The highway runs past the Brooks Field airport and the Alwin Downs Golf Course. Kalamazoo Avenue crosses the Kalamazoo River, and M-227 turns west along Industrial Road. This section of town is an industrial park, and M-227 curves north onto West Drive, crossing the Norfolk Southern Railroad. The northern terminus is BL I-94 (Michigan Avenue) on the west side of Marshall, near I-69. It lies only within Calhoun County and is entirely an undivided surface route.

Like other state highways in Michigan, M-227 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). In 2011, the department's traffic surveys showed that on average, 8.408 vehicles used the highway daily in Marshall south of Industrial Dive and 1,862 vehicles did so each day along F Drive, the highest and lowest counts along the highway, respectively. No section of M-227 is listed on the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.

History
Before the completion of I-69 near Marshall in late 1967, US 27 followed 17 Mile Road and Kalamazoo Avenue into Marshall. That routing was turned back to local control after the completion of I-69 to I-94. M-227 came into existence nearly 35 years after the completion of I-69 in southern Michigan and, except for the section of old US 27, was long a collection of unnumbered local surface roads. It was designated as a part of Governor John Engler's Rationalization program on October 1, 1998 and first signed in 2001.

title: M-227 (Michigan highway)


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Dance

Scope
This WikiProject aims primarily to categorize and organize the various Dance related articles. A large majority of them are currently stubs, or in desperate need of work, so through this project we hope to not only organize the articles appropriately, but also to expand those that need help. And well, to get rid of all those pesky red links. :-)

 * /General
 * /Strategy
 * /Assessment
 * /Redlinks
 * /Substubs

Improve the bird's eye view
The entire subject and Wikipedia's coverage of it is intended to be summarized in the Outline of dance. It in turn is part of Wikipedia's outline system which is one of Wikipedia's main contents systems.

Please look it over and fill-in missing topics. If Wikipedia has an article or article section about those topics, please add links to them.

While analyzing the outline, please answer the following questions (and fix the outline as needed):

 * 1) What's missing?
 * 2) Is the structure of the outline (sections and indents) representative of the subject?
 * 3) Does the outline help understand the relationships between the topics presented in the best way possible?

The overall purpose of the outline is to help readers comprehend the subject by showing what belongs to it, and within the subject what belongs to what.

The outline is a taxonomy of the subject, and also serves as a table of contents and navigation aid to browse Wikipedia's articles (and article sections) about the subject.

It is also a useful tool for the WikiProject to analyze, plan, develop, and revise dance-related material. It is a hub from which to organize related topics.

It was built as a "reverse outline", a structural model of an existing work, which in addition to being a summary of the work, can reveal the gaps and other weaknesses for revision purposes.

Please help improve it.

It's our bird's eye view.

Thank you.

Participate in this project

 * Red links and wanted articles should be inserted on the redlinks list

News
See also:
 * WikiProject Theatre News
 * WikiProject Musical Theatre News

Basic Articles
These should be the "main" articles regarding various types of dance that the rest of the articles are worked off of- they should also have categories backing them up as well.

 * Dance - Main parent article
 * 20th century concert dance
 * Modern dance
 * Australian Contemporary Dance
 * Breakdance
 * Ballet
 * Ballroom dance
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 * Folk dance (Traditional dance redirects to Folk dance)
 * Historical dance
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Specific Sub-topics

 * Dance education
 * Dance studio
 * Auditions, common schools (Juilliard)
 * Dance competition
 * Dance expressions, Hall of Fame Dance Challenge

Unclassified articles
Country and Western dance

Hierarchy definition

 * Concert dance / Performance dance
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 * Social dance
 * Participation dance
 * Ceremonial dance
 * Traditional dance (now it redirects to Folk Dance)

 * Formalized/Standardized Dances vs. Informal/Non-standardized/social dances

Version 1.0 assessments
For more information about Version 1.0 assessments, see WP:1.0 and WP:WVWP.
 * /Assessment
 * Category:WikiProject Dance articles
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Did you Know (DYK)
The following araticles appeared on the Main page in the Did you know section
 * Rolf de Maré - 7 November 2006
 * Ukrainian dance - 1 March 2006

Article Identification
The WikiProject Dance template, which creates this banner, should be placed on the talk page of all dance articles that are part of this project:

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 * Infobox dancer should be placed at the top of all articles about people in dance and filled in as far as possible
 * Infobox ballet should be placed at the top of all articles about different choreographed ballets and filled in as far as possible

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Possible Template option: User:Lyellin/Sandbox

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The following templates identify stubs within the category dance. Add the template to pages that need expanding. Please use the most specific stub-type possible.
 * Dance-stub
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Parentage
 * The parent of this WikiProject is the WikiProject Arts.

See also: WikiProject Culture

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 * WikiProject Ballet

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 * WikiProject Music
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 * WikiProject Lights Camera Wiki/Dance
 * nl:Wikipedia:WikiProject Belgische podiumkunsten/Dans

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Dance


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Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival

The Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival (งานประเพณีแห่เทียนเข้าพรรษาอุบลราชธานี), the most elaborate of the traditional parading of candles to wats (แห่เทียน), is held in Ubon Ratchathani, Isan, Thailand, around the days at of Asanha Puja (which commemorates Lord Buddha's first sermon) and Wan Kao Pansa (which marks the beginning of vassa).

At the start of the Lenten period, it is traditional in preparation for the rainy season for the devout to donate to items for the personal use of monks, and of candles to dispel gloom in their quarters and elsewhere within the wat. The latter is often the core event of many village celebrations, but is at its most elaborate in the Ubon Ratchathani version, which nowadays is a major event both for residents and for tourists: giant candles are paraded through the town, each representing a local temple, district or other institution. The more elaborate versions are accompanied by scenes of Hindu and Buddhist mythology sculpted in wood or plaster and coated with wax. Of course, these candles are never burned.

The candles are carved a couple of days before the procession. On Asanha Bucha day, the candles are taken to Thung Si Mueang, a park in the middle of the city, where they are decorated and then exhibited in the evening. On the same evening, there are small processions with lighted candles at several temples.

The procession takes place on the morning of Wan Kao Pansa. The candles are paraded through the city centre on floats, accompanied by representatives of the respective institutions. These are normally dancers or musicians in traditional dress.

In addition to the above, the festival is accompanied by the usual paraphernalia of feasting and games which attend any Thai festival.

title: Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival


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Talk:Online volunteer

If this is the incorrect place to ask just say so. But what makes this an encyclopedia article as opposed to a dictionary item?

I'm not asking to be mean, but I'm just asking so I know when I go to submit articles :) Now of course it can go on to be explained in a full-fledged article (how "online volunteers" began to become popular, etc) but at the moment (to me) it's only a dictionary item (not that that isn't a good start).--John Lynch 08:14, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Online volunteer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matsucom

Matsucom was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Matsucom has a single product, therefore it is non-notable. It seems to be the manufacturer, not the distributor (although I wouldn't swear to it). If deleted, the manufacturer link that was added to Watch should be deleted as well. Noisy 08:24, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - the company isn't (IMHO) notable enough to warrant replacing the current advert with an article about it. - TB 13:19, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, please. Lyellin 14:11, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The site www.pconhand.com clearly shows a following of many users and downloadable applications.  This is not a closed PDA, but a wristwatch programming platform with applications, games, a C compiler, and recently a BASIC compiler.  Seiko is the original manufacturer, listed under the Ruputer brand name.DanP 20:15, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Then why doesn't the article say that? And why isn't the article under the correct company name of Matsucom, Inc.? And why does it read like an advert, instead of a an encyclopedic article?
 * Seriously, you are welcomed to the Wikipedia community as the author of this article (and you seem to be following Meelar's injunction to be bold), and I would encourage you to respond to a challenge like this by developing your article – possibly taking the questions I've raised as starting points – and creating an article that will cause the other respondents to change their votes, or me to withdraw my proposal for deletion. If you scan the VfD page, you will find that there are a number of debates over articles which are relevant to very few people; most of which end in deletions, but some of which are turned around by a genuine effort to create an artcle that resonates with the spirit of Wikipedia.  I would hate to put you off at the beginning of a Wikipedia 'career', but one way to become a successful Wikipedians (from my perspective) is to hop about and help out all over the place, rather than just confining yourself to your own area of interest. Go ahead, make my day by sprucing the article up to make it truely worthy! Cheers, Noisy 20:57, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * delete. not notable --Jiang 10:57, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

OH? What happens if I DO edit this page? Hmmmm!


text:
User:Mindfsck

nt

title: User:Mindfsck


text:
Talk:Cornelis Vreeswijk

Untitled
The article as it stands today is written from a Swedish perspective, and we tend to assume, possessively, that Cornelis is Sweden's very own flying Dutchman, while his Dutch career must be comparatively insignificant. I don't know much about it, so I've left the original claim that in the Netherlands "he never achieved the fame he enjoyed in Sweden". But perhaps this could be denied, qualified, or alternatively fleshed out with a bit more detail from a Dutch perspective? Cornelis lived there for at least a couple of years during his productive years, he released records there (but how many and which ones?), and when I google for Dutch pages, I come up with a professional-looking site of the Dutch Cornelis Vreeswijk society (Cornelis Vreeswijk Genootschap), which I can't read. :-( Also, did he publish poetry in Dutch, are there books about him? Could a Dutch discography and bibliography be added to the article? Is any Dutch speaker out there willing to pitch in? Bishonen 08:32, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know that much about Cornelis Vreeswijk, but perhaps I can say a few things. There has been some interest in Cornelis in the media the last few years, and what I can remember from those stories is that he 1) was a singer, and 2) was very popular in Sweden. I think this article should be mainly from a Swedish perspective. I'll see if I can add a few things from Cornelis Vreeswijk or from the C.V. Genootschap site. Eugene van der Pijll 17:58, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * That's great! Thanks a lot, Eugene. I'd no idea that Cornelis (Swedes invariably refer to him by first name alone--in Sweden, of course, that's a pretty unique name) released that many Dutch records. What a productive guy he was, altogether. He really is universally beloved in Sweden, now that he's dead :-(, but I can remember when it was different--when the tabloids hounded him about tax debts and stuff. It's sad and ironic that his records are bringing in so much money posthumously, when he was in life always short of cash.
 * I've experimentally moved the paragraphs around some, and changed headline sizes, to make the structure more logical (see table of contents). I'm not sure--it certainly has some disadvantages, especially that of giving the little reflection "Nationality and style" a big honking headline which it hardly deserves. And that of ignoring the chronological story-line that you respected. Anyway, please feel free to just revert this change, if you don't like it--maybe I've given too much priority to having the TOC look good.
 * Maybe I should just delete "Nationality and style". What do you think?

 * The quote about the Swedish language certainly should stay. I have merged the paragraphs about his Dutch carreer and his nationality. I think those two paragraphs fit nicely together; I'm not too sure about the header "Dutch carreer", but I couldn't think of anything better. It would be nice if there is a quote from Cornelis about his Dutch, to compare with the one about the Swedish language, but I haven't found anything suitable.

 * Take a look, and if you don't like it, just change it.
 * Hey, what a good idea to merge them. :-) They fit nicely, as you say, and it helps the overall structure a lot. Yes, a quote from Cornelis himself about his Dutch in that paragraph ... that would be a lollipop. But I'm glad you found something about the sense of his Dutch style, and that it was a barrier. I'm sure he was in one sense perfectly bilingual, with Dutch spoken in the home all during his teens, and with all the connections and Dutch family stuff implied by his parents moving back to the Netherlands in, uh, 1961, I think it was. But in another way, his Dutch cultural references and slang etc would have been kind of frozen in time in 1949. Not what the cool people wanted to hear in the seventies.

 * I took the quote about Cornelis' Swedish from Klas Widén's short CV biography, which is available on the Cornelis Vreeswijksällskapet's site. Widén just says it's taken from "an interview", not what interview or when. (If he had, I would have, too.) It's annoying, because it seems quite possible that Cornelis might have said something about his Dutch in the same context. Hmmm ... You know, I think I might mail the secretary of the Sällskapet and ask if he knows. I've already talked with him on the phone, and he seemed delighted with the attention.

 * Thanks again, Eugene, I'm really enjoying this collaborative editing. This article is my first attempt. I mean, it's the first that I've substantially expanded.--Bishonen 22:13, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Btw, I notice that you italicize both album and song titles, while I use quote marks for both. I'm not sure about my system (I'm thinking possibly the correct thing would be italics for albums and quotes for songs). Are you sure about yours? Because if not, we might as well leave it inconsistent for a while, and I'll eventually burrow deep enough into the wikipedia site to discover what the house style is on this point. Thanks again.--Bishonen 20:25, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't think about it. I haven't written anything in wikipedia before about singers. I automatically put the titles in italics, because they are in Dutch. They should of course be in the house style (which I don't know), but it is at least clear what is meant now, even if it isn't consistent. Eugene van der Pijll 21:06, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yup, I've just hit the house style titles lode, at Wikipedia Manual of Style (titles). Album titles in italics and song titles within quote marks it is, and I've edited accordingly.Bishonen 20:31, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It is really pleasing to see how this article has evolved and improved since my original stub. I also see that some of my original information was incorrect (apparently Cornelis' father went to Sweden in 1947 but Cornelis came in 1949. And I had read in an article that Cornelis played Herod in Jesus Crist Superstar (The journalist and I thought theat role was perfect for him and I never questioned that info) but I am glad it has now been corrected to Pilate.) Great work! I wish some of my other articles received equally eager editing. ;-) (Paaskynen 06:15, 25 April 2006 (UTC))

 * I just edited the following sentence "and Vreeswijk never achieved the fame in the Netherlands as he did in his home country Sweden." Also based on this discussion here I think it's slightly incorrect to refer to Sweden as being Vreeswijk's home country. New sentence "and Vreeswijk never achieved the fame in the Netherlands as he did in Sweden."

Images
Ok so there were some arguments about the photo. Well, if nothing else, here are two album covers:

Fred-Chess 12:53, September 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks again, Fred. Sorry to be so quick to jump in with something negative every time; it's just that I've had a lot of time to think of a those negative angles during the long time I've been chasing images. :-( See how the album cover template says "to illustrate the album or single in question" in bold ? The article isn't about those albums, in fact they aren't mentioned in it. We might have a slim chance if we found a cover pic of one of Cornelis' original records (see discography, but Google doesn't hold out much hope). Those are at least mentioned on the page, and they could quite appropriately be mentioned in the actual text, too. Whereas the two above are unfortunately a couple of the many anthologies published after CV's death (or possibly before, not sure, but it doesn't make any difference). It's a shame, the Svenska Klassiker portrait is great! :-( Incidentally, the situation's just the same with the book cover I put in before: the article's not about the book, so we don't get to use that image either. But I do appreciate your interest. Bishonen | talk 13:52, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cornelis Vreeswijk


text:
Talk:Nord-Ost

Untitled discussion
My update is based on article on Izvestiya website which appeared there on August 2, 2004, as well as Nord-Ost's own website. Andris 08:34, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

It's true that Nord-Ost means "North-East" in German, but shouldn't it be pointed out that the German or Dutch names of the points of the compass are commonly used in Russian as spoken by seamen?

@unsigned and undated poster: If it's true, it should be added with a reliable reference. It seems very relevant.

"No original research", "Neutral point of view", and "Verifiability" are the three core content policies that determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Any notable addition should hopefully be fine if you follow these, but there are a ton of other guidelines that other editors can help you with if they think you violated any. If you don't want to edit the page because you're not sure about the policies linked, maybe you can post your new content on the article's talk page with their sources and request for other editors to check and publish them for you. Ken K. Smith (a.k.a. User:Thin Smek) (talk) 03:37, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

What is 'a former ball-bearing factory "culture hall"'?
Added clarify tag to this, because what is a "culture hall"? An internet search did not reveal anything like a definition, neither did a Wikipedia search. Wikipedia needs to be easy to understand: "He spent funds to convert a former ball-bearing factory "culture hall" into a modern theatre."

The first sentence of the "Initial siege" section of the Moscow theater hostage crisis article stated "The hostages were seized on 23 October at the House of Culture of State Ball-Bearing Plant Number 1 in the Dubrovka area of Moscow about four kilometers south-east of the Moscow Kremlin.[7]" However the cited reference, a BBC article, states: "The assault came more than two days after the Chechens seized control of the Palace of Culture theatre, about four kilometres (2.7 miles) south-east of the Kremlin." Ken K. Smith (a.k.a. User:Thin Smek) (talk) 03:18, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

Clarify
Added clarify tag for grammar and possibly a missing "but". Probably "fitted" instead of "fit"; should "The Russian" have a capital T? "Vasiliyev showed his financiers a marketing study stating that 30% of Moscow's population fit the profile audience that would be willing to pay for the production, due to changing sensibilities and increasing incomes The Russian theatre community had a prejudice against this kind of play." Ken K. Smith (a.k.a. User:Thin Smek) (talk) 03:19, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nord-Ost


text:
Talk:Olympiastadion (Berlin)

Hertha
Is this the stadium for Hertha?
 * Yes. ed g2s •  talk  10:34, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Detailed, interesting article...but needs copyedit
I also made an attempt to clean up this article, but it still needs work, especially towards the end. Simon, 5 January 2006

This is obviously translated from German. It's a lengthy article, with many interesting facts and tidbits, however, the grammar needs to be re-worked for flow, as it is very laborious for English readers to get through. --Sirimiri 17:44, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

I've given it a go. I hope I haven't introduced inaccuracies. Estrellador* 16:39, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks! I haven't combed through it yet....what can I say? But I aim to get to it one of these days... Any little bit helps :) --Sirimiri 05:41, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

I have time to go through the page, so i'm going to try to get it done over the next week or two --Vaud 17:15, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

It might help to get the german article this was translated from --Vaud 17:30, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

lol... wasnt translated at all, was all googling... I wrote it just having fun :) --Zzzzzzus 23:57, 13 November 2005 (UTC)zzzzzzus

It's been very entertaining correcting the grammar from the Spanish-influenced original text--Adel Montevega

Meter -> Metre
I've converted remaining meters to metres, the article should be consistent and more were already res. It is a European site anyway. . . John (Jwy) 02:48, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Since when are British European? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.194.224.36 (talk) 13:34, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

huh???
Can this be true? . After the war, the United Kingdom military occupation used it as its headquarters until 1994.

1994??? Maybe 1954? 75.80.24.43 21:49, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No, 1994 makes sense. West Berlin was occupied by the UK, US and France until 1994. - 52 Pickup 14:29, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, the British HQ was based not in the Olympic Stadium, but next door in the Sportforum. See here: http://www.alliierteinberlin.de/Grossbritannien_e.html 198.43.100.41 02:05, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Olympia (film) / Leni Riefenstahl?
Shouldn't there be some mention of the history of this stadium, being that Leni Riefenstahl made her movie "Olympia" her (be it in the old stadium)? Greetngs, RagingR2 11:45, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Olympiastadionlogo2.jpg
Image:Olympiastadionlogo2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 02:19, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

S-bahn station
It would be informative to mention the related Olympiastadion S-bahn station. Is it now back in use? When I visited and took photos in 1993, it had obviously been abandoned for many years—since the 1961 Berlin Wall or the 1945 end of WWII?  JGHowes   talk  14:21, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

back in the 1920s?
This article says:
 * After the war, the former Reichssportfeld was used as headquarters of the military occupation forces of Britain.
 * The British forces settled in the northern buildings of the March siblings (back in the 1920s),
 * The British forces settled in the northern buildings of the March siblings (back in the 1920s),
 * The British forces settled in the northern buildings of the March siblings (back in the 1920s),

Could "built in the 1920" have been intended? Michael Hardy (talk) 15:27, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

bizarre chronology
This weird paragraph appears here:
 * The Waldbühne was built by using the glacial river banks of the Berlin glacial valley. It is a reproduction of the old theater of Epidaurus (3rd century BC). The theater was then named "Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne" in homage to Dietrich Eckart.
 * The Waldbühne was built by using the glacial river banks of the Berlin glacial valley. It is a reproduction of the old theater of Epidaurus (3rd century BC). The theater was then named "Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne" in homage to Dietrich Eckart.

"Then" in this context would normally mean "at that time". What time is referred to??? The 3rd century BC?? Certainly that is false. The time when the theatre was built? But it doesn't say when that was! Michael Hardy (talk) 20:07, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Albert Speer's role in redesigning Otto March's "concrete structure with glass partition walls"?
On page 80 of the 1970 edition of Inside the Third Reich, Albert Speer writes that:

"The German Olympic Committee was thrown into a quandary when [so-and-so] showed Hitler the first plans for the rebuilding of the Olympic Stadium. Otto March...had designed a concrete structure with glass partition walls...Hitler went to inspect the site and came back in a state of anger and agitation...he would never set foot inside a modern glass box like that."

Speer continues:

"Overnight I made a sketch showing how the steel skeleton already built could be clad in natural stone and have more massive cornices added. The glass partitions were eliminated, and Hitler was content...Professor March agreed to the changes, and the Olympic Games were held in Berlin after all..."

I didn't see any mention of Speer's contribution to the Berlin Olympic Stadium in the article - have I missed something? I'm not a specialist on buildings, just interested in Speer, re-reading his memoirs and thought he claimed a role for himself in the redesign that was implemented. Has it not been added to the article for a particular reason? Thanks.  Azx2  17:53, 4 August 2013 (UTC)

Tenants
I removed several links from the tenant list as all of them are temporary events that the stadium hosted. Even the stadium's namesake wasn't a tenant, similar to the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. A tenant is typically a team or organization that is based at a facility and uses it as their home venue. The Olympic games are held at several venues, as are large tournaments like the World Cup. But the Olympics and the World Cup are not headquartered at that stadium; the organizations that run them are simply there in town for a fixed amount of time on a clearly temporary basis, similar to conference championship games and tournaments and the Super Bowl. --JonRidinger (talk) 20:16, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Capacity, permament and extended
Hello

I have introduced the concept of "permanent capacity" into the article. The reason for this is because the capacity can be extended, and I think we should descibe this extended capacity as it is used a few times per season. But what is the permanent capacity? The article about Hertha BSC says 74,064 and 74,255 seats. Other sources say 74,244. The official webpage of Hertha BSC says 74,649 and the official webpage of the Olympiastadion says 74,475. I guess that the permanent capacity has changed over times, but what is the current permanent capacity?

See:

http://www.herthabsc.de/de/stadion/olympiastadion/das-olympiastadion/page/598-1006-89--.html

http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/facts-and-figures.html

When I searched for information about the extended capacity I found two articles from 2014 that say that 405 new seats had been installed permanently and which gave a new (permanent) capacity of 74,649 seats. (That means that the previous permanent capacity was 74,244 seats). The same articles also say that the capacity can be further extended by adding a mobile stand with 1,548 seats to the Marathon Arch. The articles say that the extended capacity is 76,197 seats.

http://www.morgenpost.de/berlin-aktuell/article126119328/Berliner-Olympiastadion-erhaelt-405-zusaetzliche-Sitze.html

http://www.herthabsc.de/de/fans/kapazitaet-olympiastadion/page/4736--59-59--59.html

I would like to add these figures to the article, in order to describe the extended capacity, but it feels useless if the permanent capacity has changed since 2014. The extended capacity is the sum of the number of permanent seats plus the number of extensional seats. If the number of permanent seats is no longer the same as in 2014 (74,649 seats), the calculation is no longer valid for the current extended capacity.

What should I do?

My proposition is:

1. Use the detailed figures given by the official webpage of the Olympiastadion. 2. Just mention that the capacity can be extended and that the extended capacity was 76,197 seats in 2014.

EriFr (talk) 17:24, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

 * The article about Hertha BSC says that the extended capacity is 77,116 seats. This appears to be true, but for 2011 and 2013. See:

 * http://www.rp-online.de/sport/fussball/zweiteliga/77116-fans-im-berliner-olympiastadion-aid-1.2438543

 * http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/sport/hertha-erwaegt-aufbau-einer-zusatztribuene,10808794,22576180.html

 * EriFr (talk) 17:53, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

English vs. German title on English Wikipedia

The Olympic Stadium in Berlin certainly is not "widely known in English" as the Olympiastadion.

Olympiastadion is a German word and construct. This is English Wikipedia. Your revert is unfounded and preposterous. How can you possibly argue that this historically famous (or infamous) stadium is known in English as a Stadion, the German word? Quatsch! Ridiculous!

Consider:
 * The German Olympiastadion, Berlin gets 236,000 hits on Google..
 * The English Olympic Stadium, Berlin gets 1,570,000 hits – almost seven times as many as the German.

Please reconsider, and undo these mysterious, counter-intuitive, ill-advised and illogical reverts. Sca (talk) 21:20, 1 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Once again, as I mentioned on my talk page, I did a Google search, and for "Olympiastadion Berlin" I got 585,000 results, while "Olympic Stadium Berlin" got only 62,200 results . Lots of stadium names contain foreign words, yet they still often contain these words when referred to in English. Even UEFA refers to it as the Olympiastadion. This is a major stadium, so maybe gain consensus before deciding to move it and reword the entire article? Secret Agent Julio (talk) 02:51, 3 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Once again, this is English Wikipedia. Perhaps in the world of athletics the stadium is more widely known by its German name, even among English speakers, though I doubt the latter case.
 * I've been reading German history for a lifetime and I can tell you that in English historiography it's almost universally known as the Olympic Stadium (site of the 'Nazi' Olympics, Jesse Owens, Leni Riefenstahl, etc.). To anyone conversant in 20th century German history, of whom there are millions in the English-speaking world, it's quite annoying, even jarring, to see it referred to in English as the Olympiastadion.
 * I say this as one who has a good command of German and a fairly extensive frame of reference regarding 20th century German history, with all its deeply troubling issues.
 * Regarding the discrepancy between your hit counts and mine, I did use Firefox rather than Google, but in my non-techie way I didn't think that would make an appreciable difference. Sca (talk) 14:25, 3 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I do not understand this argument: "Olympiastadion is a German word and construct. This is English Wikipedia." What does it matter if the name contains German words? Several stadiums have names that contain foreign words (for examples, see: Stadio Olimpico and Stade de France). Do you think that we should also change the name "Stade de France" to "France Stadium"? This is, after all, English Wikipedia, not French Wikipedia... I think that Secret Agent Julio is completely right in his argument. The question is what name is better known, whether this name contains German words or not. I have no real opinion on that question, but I am not convinced that "Olympic Stadium, Berlin" is the name we should go with. I have noticed that British newspapers used both names in their reports on the 2015 UEFA Champions League final. /EriFr (talk) 23:24, 3 August 2016 (UTC)

 * The term Olympic stadium means a stadium used for the Olympics.
 * The term Olympiastadion means a stadium used for the Olympics.
 * The difference between the two terms is that one is English, the other in German. (It's more common in German to combine two or more words into longer words than it is in English.)
 * (In both cases the key words are borrowed from Greek and Latin, respectively.)
 * Here are links to two versions of Wikipedia. One is in English, the other in German.
 * It may reasonably be presumed that most readers of English Wikipedia speak English as a first or second language, and understand that language well. It may not be presumed that most of them speak German.
 * It may reasonably be presumed that most readers of German Wikipedia speak German as a first or second language, and understand that language well. It may not be presumed that most of them speak English (though many do).
 * Verstanden? Comprendre? Do you get my drift? Sca (talk) 22:25, 4 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I fully understand the language differences, but this is a not a simple question of writing with German words or English words. "Olympiastadion Berlin" is a name, just like "Stade de France". It is a registered trademark at the DPMA. I doubt that "Olympiastadion" is less comprehensible than "Stade de France" for English readers, but I have never read any suggestion to translate "Stade de France" to "France Stadium". It would be absurd for Wikipedia to translate names, simply to facilitate reading. However, I realize that names are often written differently in foreign languages, and that "Olympic Stadium Berlin" is sometimes used to denote the stadium in English speaking countries, but unless that name is the better known, I see no reason to change. /EriFr (talk) 11:56, 8 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Ok. Maybe I misunderstood your point. I think we can agree that both "Olympiastadion Berlin" and "Olympic Stadium Berlin" are used to denote the stadium in English speaking countries, but you suggest that we use "Olympic Stadium Berlin" since it is not written in German, and thus more comprehensible to English readers? Am I right? /EriFr (talk) 13:56, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes. Both versions are generic terms, just in different languages. And I reiterate my point above about English-language historiography using "Olympic Stadium" for this famous place. Thus, it seems only logical to use the English phrase on English-language Wiki.
 * Others may argue that encyclopedia readers should be, in effect, forced to learn the official name in the local language. I disagree. (Even though I can read German.) The purpose of an encyclopedia is to convey information in a manner readily understood by the readers. On English-language WP, would we title an article about the Olympic Stadium in Moscow Олимпиада стадиону, Москва (Olimpiada Stadiony, Moskva) just to use the Russian name? I don't think so. Sca (talk) 15:14, 8 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't think a non-Latin alphabet stadium name is very comparable to this situation. Some more comparable stadium names include:
 * Olympisch Stadion (Antwerp) in Belgium
 * Estadio Olímpico Benito Juárez in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico
 * Stadio Olimpico Del Ghiaccio in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
 * Stade olympique de la Pontaise in Lausanne, Switzerland
 * Estadio Olímpico Universitario in Mexico City, Mexico
 * Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir in Paris, France
 * Estádio Olímpico Monumental in Porto Alegre, Brazil
 * Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa in Quito, Ecuador
 * Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 * Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy
 * Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino in Turin, Italy
 * Not all "foreign" language stadium names are so complex that they require the reader to "learn the local language". In this case, the stadium is often referred to as the Olympiastadion, which is not very different than any of the above stadiums. Clearly other stadiums, like the Moscow Olympic Stadium, are going to be directly translated to English since Russian uses the Cyrillic alphabet. Secret Agent Julio (talk) 22:13, 8 August 2016 (UTC)
 * No one has offered a convincing rationale for not using the English term on English Wiki. Sca (talk) 01:53, 9 August 2016 (UTC)
 * In addition to the Google searches I mentioned, UEFA and FIFA both refer to it as the Olympiastadion. Secret Agent Julio (talk) 02:58, 9 August 2016 (UTC)
 * We should stick with the most commonly used name. The current name has been stable for quite some time, we should therefore reach consensus before it is changed.  I suggest you get familiar with: WP:COMMONNAME, WP:TITLECHANGES, and Article titles. /EriFr (talk) 14:18, 9 August 2016 (UTC)
 * The branding of the building is "Olympiastadion Berlin". This is another potential title for the article. (See the numerous stadiums in North America that are branded, and we use the branded name) For google search "olympic stadium" and berlin, I got 526,000 results. For "olympiastadion" and berlin, I got 418,000 results, so I don't think we have a "clear winner", as this seems 60-40. Why not simply name it according to the current branding "Olympiastadion Berlin" and be done with it? It is unambiguous, and I don't believe it is an issue for English readers. Stadion is not very different than the English word Stadium, which is, of course, a 'borrow word' itself. Alaney2k (talk) 17:00, 9 August 2016 (UTC)
 * And I forgot to mention that "stadion" is not originally a german word, but a greek word. Stadium is the Roman version of Stadion. So both are not German in origin. See Stadium. Alaney2k (talk) 17:07, 9 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Looks like your eagle eye missed the following comment posted by yours truly above:
 * (In both cases the key words are borrowed from Greek and Latin, respectively.) Sca (talk) 22:39, 9 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Too much writing. Alaney2k (talk) 04:25, 10 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I think Olympiastadion Berlin might be a better title according to the official stadium name. No need for the city to be in parentheses if it is part of the actual name. Secret Agent Julio (talk) 18:45, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

 * As far as I can figure out, those of you who favor Olympiastadion Berlin are viewing the issue from an athletics point of view. But the Olympic Stadium in Berlin is much more broadly significant than athletics due to its early history. The '36 Olympics were designed to showcase a "nice" Nazi Germany to the world – not the savage one that lay beneath the facade. The Juden unerwünscht signs were put away temporarily, and a few partly Jewish athletes, such as Helene Mayer, were actually allowed to participate.
 * Here's a better analogy than the Moscow Olympic Stadium mentioned above: On English WP, the article about the Berlin Wall is titled Berlin Wall, not Berliner Mauer.
 * – Schönen Tag noch. Sca (talk) 22:39, 9 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Clearly the Berlin Wall falls under WP:COMMONNAME, while the Olympiastadion is not as straightforward, as mentioned. Secret Agent Julio (talk) 00:56, 10 August 2016 (UTC)
 * While the '36 Olympics should not be forgotten, they were not memorable because of the name of the facilities. Alaney2k (talk) 04:25, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Bundesarchiv Bild 183-G00372, Berlin, XI. Olympiade, Eröffnung.jpg
 * The '36 Olympics will never be forgotten. They were notable because of the Nazis.

 * The rise of Nazism was the single most notable event of the 20th century, due to all its consequences.

 * – Sca (talk) 14:33, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, but what does that have to do with the stadium name? The article has maintained a stable title, so I do not see a reason to entirely change it. But I think Olympiastadion Berlin might be a more fitting title, since that is very similar to the current article title, and is also the official stadium name. Secret Agent Julio (talk) 18:40, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

Maintaining a stable article title is of no significance, either to the millions of readers of English Wikipedia or to the profound human issues that remain forever associated in English with the Olympic Stadium in Berlin and the Olympics staged there 80 years ago. Sca (talk) 21:12, 10 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Well, as mentioned, there is WP:TITLECHANGES. And the same argument could be made for the Stadio Olimpico to be renamed to Olympic Stadium (Rome), yet it uses the Italian name. There seems to be little compelling evidence that "Olympic Stadium Berlin" is clearly the WP:COMMONNAME. Secret Agent Julio (talk) 21:35, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Unsinn. Tschuß. Sca (talk) 00:37, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 21:32, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olympiastadion (Berlin)


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Commendation ceremony

A commendation ceremony (commendatio) is a formal ceremony that evolved during the Early Medieval period to create a bond between a lord and his fighting man, called his vassal. The first recorded ceremony of commendatio was in 7th century France, but the relationship of vassalage was older, and predated even the medieval formulations of a noble class. The lord's "man", might be born unfree, but the commendatio freed him.

When two men entered into a feudal relationship, they underwent the ceremony. The purpose of the commendation was to make a chosen person a vassal of a lord. The commendation ceremony is composed of two elements, one to perform the act of homage and the other an oath of fealty. In some countries, such as the Kingdom of Sicily, the commendation ceremony came to be referred to as investiture.

Etymology
The word vassal ultimately comes from the PIE root *upo "under". Becoming in the Proto-Celtic language *wasso- "young man, squire," literally "one who stands under," thence into: Welsh gwas "youth, servant," Breton goaz "servant, vassal, man," and Irish foss "servant". The Celtic word was taken into medieval Latin vassallus "man-servant, domestic, retainer." In Old French it became vassal "subject, subordinate, servant" (12c.), and thus into English with this sense.

Act of homage
The would-be vassal appeared bareheaded and weaponless as a sign of his submission to the will of the lord and knelt before him. The vassal would clasp his hands before him in the ultimate sign of submission, the typical Christian prayer pose, and would stretch his clasped hands outward to his lord.

The lord in turn grasped the vassal's hands between his own, showing he was the superior in the relationship, a symbolic act known variously as the immixtio manuum (Latin), Handgang (German), or håndgang (Norwegian). The vassal would announce he wished to become "the man", and the lord would announce his acceptance. The act of homage was complete.

"The vassus thus entered into a new realm of protection and mutual services. Through the touching of hands the warrior chief caused to pass from this own body into the body of the vassal something like a sacred fluid, the hail. Made taboo, as it were, the vassal thereupon fell under the charismatic power, pagan in origin, of the lord: his mundeburdium, or mainbour, true power, at once possessive and protective."

The physical position for Western Christian prayer that is thought of as typical today—kneeling, with hands clasped—may originate from the commendation ceremony. Before this time, European Christians prayed in the orans, which is the Latin, or "praying" position that people had used in antiquity: standing, with hands outstretched, a gesture still used today in many Christian rituals.

The gesture of homage (though without any feudal significance) survives in the ceremony for conferring degrees at the University of Cambridge.

Eginhard records the solemn commendation ceremony made to Pippin by Tassilo, duke of Bavaria in 757, ("commending himself in vassalage between the hands" (in vasatico se commendans per manus), he swore—and the word used is "sacramenta"—, placing his hands on the relics of the saints, which had apparently been assembled at Compiègne for the solemn occasion, and promised fidelity to the king and to his sons: the relics touched were those of Saint Denis, Saint Rusticus and Saint Éleuthère, Saint Martin and Saint Germain, a daunting array of witnesses. And the men of high birth who accompanied him swore likewise "...and numerous others", Eginhard adds.

Oath of fealty ceremony
The vassal would then place his hands on a Bible, or a saint's relic, and swear he would never injure the lord in any way and to remain faithful.

An example of an oath of fealty (German Lehneid, Dutch leenpligt): "I promise on my faith that I will in the future be faithful to the lord, never cause him harm and will observe my homage to him completely against all persons in good faith and without deceit."

Significance of commendation
Once the vassal had sworn the oath of fealty, the lord and vassal had a feudal relationship.

title: Commendation ceremony


text:
Glaucous macaw

The glaucous macaw (Anodorhynchus glaucus) is a critically endangered or possibly extinct species of large, blue and grey South American parrot, a member of a large group of neotropical parrots known as macaws. This macaw is closely related to Lear's macaw (A. leari) and the hyacinth macaw (A. hyacinthinus). In Guaraní, it is called guaa-obi after its vocalizations.

Description
The glaucous macaw is 70 cm long. It is mostly pale turquoise-blue with a large, greyish head. The term glaucous describes its colouration. It has a long tail and a large bill. It has a yellow, bare eye ring and half moon-shaped lappets bordering the mandible.

Range and decline
This bird was native to north Argentina, south Paraguay, the chaco and llano region of Bolivia near the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, northeast Uruguay, and Brazil. It became rare during the 19th century due to trapping and loss of habitat, and only two possible reports of wild birds were received in the 20th century. Expeditions by ornithologists to southwestern Paraguay during the 1990s failed to turn up any evidence of the species. Furthermore, only the oldest residents of the region had knowledge of the macaw, with the species last recorded in the 1870s. The bird's disappearance probably is linked to trapping of live adults for the wild bird trade and the wholesale felling of the yatay palm, Butia yatay, the nuts of which appear to have constituted its main food. Although suitable habitat remains in El Palmar National Park, in the Argentine province of Entre Ríos, as well as southern Brazil, no rumours of the bird's continued existence in the past several decades have proven credible. A search conducted by Joe Cuddy and Tony Pittman in 1992 concluded that the birds were extinct in their former range. Rumours persisted that blue macaws were seen in Argentina and Bolivia with a dealer in Rosario, Argentina, offering live specimens. The late George Smith gave many talks rich in conservation information on macaws, including this species, which he stated was not extinct in the wild, but existed in remote areas of Bolivia where he had encountered trappers who could identify this species. Moreover, he stated that stands of pure palm existed “as far as the eye could see” when he flew over the area which is yet to be investigated.

A 2018 study citing bird extinction patterns, the heavy destruction of its habitat, and the lack of any confirmed sightings since the 1980s recommended uplisting the species to Critically Endangered - Possibly Extinct.

title: Glaucous macaw


text:
Svyatoslav Fyodorov

Svyatoslav Nikolayevich Fyodorov (Святослав Николаевич Фёдоров; 8 August 1927 – 2 June 2000) was a Russian ophthalmologist, politician, professor, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. He is considered to be a pioneer of refractive surgery. He was also one of the candidates in the 1996 Russian presidential election, running as a member of the Party of Workers' Self-Government.

Life and career
Fyodorov was born in Proskurov, Ukrainian SSR (now Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine), to ethnic Russian parents. Fyodorov graduated from Rostov Medical Institute in Rostov on Don, then worked as a practicing ophthalmologist in a small town in Rostov Oblast.

Cataract surgery
In the 1960s he studied the pioneering work of the English ophthalmic surgeon Sir Harold Ridley, the inventor of the intraocular lens (IOL). Fyodorov began to use Ridley's intraocular lenses in his treatment of cataract. At first he used lenses manufactured by the Rayner company in England but he quickly moved to have his lenses manufactured inside the Soviet Union.

Refractive surgery
In the 1970s he developed the surgical technique he is most famous for, the radial keratotomy, to change the shape of the cornea and cure myopia. In 1986, Fyodorov designed the first posterior chamber phakic IOL in the "collar-button" or "mushroom" configuration and manufactured the pIOL from silicone. In 1980 he became the head of the Moscow Research Institute of Eye Microsurgery. In 1988 he founded the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex. In 1994 he endorsed and wrote the foreword to the American textbook (Radial and Astigmatic Keratotomy) by Dr. Spencer Thornton in which Thornton taught a surgical technique derived from but markedly different from the Fyorodov technique.

Politics
In the 1980s through the early 1990s, Fyodorov called for repeal of the Soviet Union's one-party system while still a member of the Communist Party.

Fyodorov was a member of the Congress of People's Deputies from 1989 to 1991.

In 1991 he rejected an offer by Boris Yeltsin to become Russia's premier.

Considered one of the Soviet Union's first highly successful practicing capitalists, he was a proponent for the denationalization of the economy. On June 12, 1991, the day of Russia's inaugural presidential election, Fyodorov told state media that he believed that Russia's revival hinged on the "de-statization" of property. Fyodorov argued that, "If in the US the main means of production are concentrated in the hands of 13% of the population", then Russia should distribute ownership of those resources among 50-60% of its population through the creation of "people's enterprises" and joint-stock companies. "We have the biggest scientific community in the world, where the intellectual component constitutes 90% of industrial costs. This factor plus our natural resources and territory give us a chance, in the course of one generation, to leave behind the US and, perhaps, Japan," he said.

In 1992 he became the co-chairman of the Party of Economic Freedom, an early liberal party.

Fyodorov was elected to the lower house of the Russian parliament, the State Duma, in 1995, the chairman of his own small party.

Considered to be on the center-left of the Russian political spectrum, Fyodorov was the founder and leader of the Party of Workers' Self-Government, which was one of the most influential social-democratic movements in Russia during the 1990s.

In 1994 Fyodorov had described his political objective by stating, "I want peasants to own farms, workers to own factories, physicians to own clinics, and everyone to pay a 30% tax, and the rest is theirs."

Presidential campaign
Fyodorov ran as the candidate of the Party of Workers' Self-Government in the 1996 Russian presidential election

As a presidential candidate, Fyodorov advocated for the mass creation of joint stock companies to guarantee workers a share of profits and allow them to actively participate in management of their companies. He dubbed this concept "democratic capitalism" or "popular socialism". Fyodorov advocated for economic freedom, simple and moderate taxation, stimulation of production, and a ban on exports of most raw materials. Fyodorov promised that his policies would double the nation's GDP within five years. Fyodorov proclaimed to draw inspiration in his politics from both Ross Perot and Deng Xiaoping.

Up until early May, Fyodorov unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate the creation of a third force coalition, with negotiations largely centering on a coalition between him and fellow candidates Yavlinsky and Lebed.

Death
Returning from an academic conference in 2000, Fyodorov died in a crash of his clinic's four-seater helicopter on the outskirts of Moscow.

Reception and legacy
In 2013, a profile of Dr. Fyodorov was included in a book called Saving Sight: An eye surgeon's look at life behind the mask and the heroes who changed the way we see, by Andrew Lam, M.D.

title: Svyatoslav Fyodorov


text:
Jinan incident

The Jinan incident ( ；; formerly romanised Tsinan) or 3 May Tragedy began as a 3 May 1928 dispute between Chiang Kai-shek's National Revolutionary Army (NRA) and Japanese soldiers and civilians in Jinan, the capital of Shandong province in China, which then escalated into an armed conflict between the NRA and the Imperial Japanese Army.

Japanese soldiers had been deployed to Shandong province to protect Japanese commercial interests in the province, which were threatened by the advance of Chiang's Northern Expedition to reunite China under a Kuomintang government. When the NRA approached Jinan, the Beiyang government-aligned army of Sun Chuanfang withdrew from the area, allowing for the peaceful capture of the city by the NRA. NRA forces initially managed to coexist with Japanese troops stationed around the Japanese consulate and businesses, and Chiang Kai-shek arrived to negotiate their withdrawal on 2 May. This peace was broken the following morning, however, when a dispute between the Chinese and Japanese resulted in the deaths of 13–16 Japanese civilians. The resulting conflict resulted in thousands of casualties on the NRA side, which fled the area to continue northwards toward Beijing, and left the city under Japanese occupation until March 1929.

Background
During the Northern Expedition to reunite China under a Kuomintang (KMT) government, foreign concessions and consulates in Nanjing in March 1927 and Hankou in April 1927 were attacked by the KMT's National Revolutionary Army (NRA) soldiers and Chinese civilians respectively in what came to be called the Nanking and Hankou incidents. Following these incidents, NRA commander Chiang Kai-shek made repeated statements to the effect that he would not tolerate anti-foreign attacks by his soldiers, and the KMT foreign minister Huang Fu said that they would "protect to their fullest ability the lives and property of foreigners in China in accordance with international law and usage". Despite these assurances, foreign powers, including the Japanese, remained concerned about the safety of their economic and political interests in China, and resolved that the Nanking incident would not be repeated. When the NRA forced back the Beiyang government-aligned "National Pacification Army" warlord coalition to Shandong province in May–June 1927, the Japanese, who considered the province within their sphere of influence, deployed four-thousand troops of the Kwantung Army to the cities of Qingdao and Jinan in what they called the "First Shandong Expedition" (第一山東出兵), ostensibly to protect Japanese civilians in anticipation of an NRA advance. NRA commander Chiang Kai-shek wanted to keep his troops away from Jinan, avoiding what he viewed as a useless and potentially costly clash with the Japanese. Similarly, Japanese prime minister Baron Tanaka Giichi knew that the deployment of troops could result in a conflict with the Chinese, which, rather than protecting Japanese citizens and economic interests, could further endanger them. As it happened, in an attempt to resolve the split between the Wuhan and Nanjing factions of the KMT, Chiang was forced to resign from his post of commander of the NRA and halt the Northern Expedition in August 1927, avoiding conflict. With the threat of the NRA advance gone, the Japanese withdrew their troops from Jinan in September 1927.

Chiang sought to avoid repetition of such conflicts and further Japanese interference, and on 5 November 1927, while he was nominally retired from leading the Northern Expedition, he met with Japanese prime minister Tanaka. During the meeting, Tanaka suggested that the Japanese would support only Chiang in China, and not interfere in Chinese domestic affairs. Chiang responded by saying he "understood" Japanese interest in China. When Tanaka said that Chiang should focus on consolidating his power in the territories under KMT control, rather than advance northward toward the Japanese sphere of influence in Fengtian clique-controlled Shandong and Manchuria, Chiang replied that this was not possible. The discussion, therefore, ended without a clear conclusion, though Tanaka was said to be hopeful for future meetings. Chiang, for his part, considered the meeting a failure, but maintained his approach of attempting to work with the Japanese to reach a solution that was amenable to both parties. Despite this, Chiang had only a tenuous hold on power in China, and relied in large measure on the promise to end foreign domination and re-unify the country to buttress his legitimacy.

NRA troops arrive in Jinan
By April 1928, Chiang Kai-shek had once again consolidated power, at which time he resumed the Northern Expedition. The NRA was able to quickly push back the forces of Beiyang-aligned warlord Sun Chuanfang, and advanced into Shandong. Sun retreated to Jinan by railway on 17–18 April, leaving the path to Jinan open to the NRA. When the Japanese learned of Sun's failure to defend Shandong, Prime Minister Tanaka, on the counsel of his military advisors, decided to deploy the 6th Division to Jinan on 19 April, in what was called the "Second Shandong Expedition" (第二山東出兵). Whilst Tanaka had misgivings about whether it was prudent to launch the expedition, his party, the Rikken Seiyūkai, had run on a platform of "protecting nationals on the spot" in the February 1928 election, limiting his ability to moderate the Japanese response. Even before Tanaka had given the order, troops under the command of General Fukuda Hikosuke had begun arriving in Jinan via the Qingdao–Jinan railway, possibly as early as 10 April. This was the first serious case of unilateral action by the post-Meiji Restoration Japanese military. The first substantial group of 475 troops, however, arrived in Jinan from Qingdao on 20 April. They were followed by over 4,000 more troops over the coming days. The arrival of the Japanese troops in Jinan, just as the Beiyang-aligned forces had retreated there, prompted suspicions about whether the Beiyang warlords had asked for a Japanese intervention. This was used as propaganda by the Kuomintang, though Beiyang government leader Zhang Zuolin denied doing any such thing. Both the Beiyang government and the KMT government in Nanjing protested against the Japanese action, deeming it a violation of Chinese sovereignty.

As the NRA launched a pincer attack on Jinan, the railways to Qingdao and Beijing were damaged, preventing warlord-aligned troops from receiving reinforcements. This also brought the NRA in conflict with the Japanese, who were guarding the Qingdao–Jinan railway, though no violence broke out at this stage. On 29 April, chaos erupted as the warlord troops began to flee northwards across the Luokou Yellow River Railway Bridge, abandoning Jinan. As they left the city, the warlord forces were reported to have engaged in looting, though Japanese-inhabited areas continued to be protected by Japanese troops. Public dissatisfaction with the presence of the Imperial Japanese Army in Shandong became increasingly evident, their presence viewed as a new attempt by the Japanese to seize control of the region, as they had in 1914 during the First World War. NRA troops marched into Jinan over the course of 30 April and 1 May, and took control without trouble. On 2 May, Chiang Kai-shek began negotiations with the Japanese to withdraw their troops, gave assurances to Japanese Major General Ryū Saitō that there would be no disruption in Jinan, and ordered his troops to proceed northward from Jinan with haste, so as to avoid any potential conflict. Following the negotiations, Saitō decided to begin preparations to withdraw the Japanese troops, and said that all security matters in Jinan would then be entrusted to Chiang. General Fukuda later gave his approval to this decision, and the Japanese troops began withdrawal during the night of 2–3 May.

3 May dispute between NRA and Japanese soldiers
The area remained quiet, though tense, until a clash erupted between Japanese and NRA soldiers during the morning of 3 May. The exact details of what instigated the clash are contested between the Japanese and Chinese sides. As the Japanese immediately destroyed the Chinese wireless station after the clash began, they were left in control of the only working line of communication out of Jinan, forcing foreign media reports to rely entirely on the Japanese version of the events. According to the official Japanese narrative, as reported by General Fukuda, a group of Chinese soldiers under the command of General He Yaozu, reputed to have been responsible for the Nanjing incident, broke into an office of the Japanese Manshū Nippō newspaper, and assaulted its proprietor at 09:30. A group of Japanese soldiers commanded by Captain Yoshiharu Kumekawa patrolling in the area rushed to the scene, and attempted to stop the Chinese soldiers. The Chinese soldiers then opened fire on the Japanese troops, causing the Japanese to return fire. In the Chinese version of events, as recorded by Chiang Kai-shek, a sick Chinese soldier who had attempted to seek treatment at a local Christian hospital with the help of a local labourer was blocked from proceeding down the street to the hospital by Japanese soldiers, sparking a verbal argument. The Japanese then shot and killed the soldier and the labourer. Different Chinese sources, however, reported different versions of the events, and this gave the impression that the Chinese were inventing stories to justify their behaviour. The Japanese version, however, is marked by its own association with the later use of disinformation tactics by the Kwantung Army in the Huanggutun and Mukden incidents.

Initial fighting and truce
Regardless of who started the clash, it quickly resulted in a full-scale conflict between the NRA and the Japanese Army. The Japanese reported that NRA soldiers had "run amok", causing mass destruction and a massacre of Japanese civilians, and the British Acting Consul-General reported that he had seen corpses of Japanese males that had been emasculated. In an incident that would provoke Chinese outrage, Japanese soldiers entered a building that the Chinese later said was their negotiation headquarters, and killed Chinese diplomat Cai Gongshi, eight members of his staff, seven NRA soldiers, and one cook. The exact nature of the killing is contested between the Japanese and Chinese sides, with the Japanese claiming they were attacked from the upper floors, and did not know that the building was a government office or that Cai held the position of negotiator. The Chinese, on the other hand, said that the building was clearly marked, and that Cai's nose, ears, and tongue were cut off, and his eyes gouged out, before he was executed. The other members of his staff were reported by the Chinese to have been stripped naked, whipped, dragged out to the back lawn and killed with machine guns. In response to these reports, Major General Ryū Saitō wrote that the Chinese account was "propaganda", that Cai was simply shot dead during ongoing fighting between the Japanese and Chinese, and that one cannot cut off ears or noses with a bayonet.

Negotiations to halt the escalating violence quickly began, with Chiang and Fukuda agreeing to a truce. Chiang, who was not interested in conflict with the Japanese, and wanted to continue the Northern Expedition, agreed to withdraw his troops from the city, leaving only a small number to keep order. On 4 May, however, the Japanese reported that their chief negotiator, Colonel Sasaki Tōichi, was robbed and nearly beaten to death, and only saved by intervention of one of Chiang's officers. In addition, they claimed that Chiang's promise to remove all Chinese soldiers from the Japanese-inhabited commercial area of the city had not been implemented. Speaking after the Sasaki incident, Major General Tatekawa Yoshitsugu said that it was "necessary for Japan to chastise the lawless Chinese soldiers in order to maintain Japan's national and military prestige". Responding to a request from General Fukuda, Prime Minister Tanaka ordered the despatch of reinforcements from Korea and Manchuria in the "Third Shandong Expedition" (第三山東出兵), which began arriving in Jinan on 7 May.

Japanese reprisal on Jinan
With his forces bolstered, General Fukuda issued a set of demands to the Chinese, to be met within twelve hours. These were: punishment of responsible Chinese officers, the disarming of responsible Chinese troops before the Japanese army, evacuation of two military barracks near Jinan, prohibition of all anti-Japanese propaganda, and withdrawal of all Chinese troops beyond 20 li on both sides of the Qingdao–Jinan railway. The Japanese knew that the Chinese would not be able to fulfil their demands within the stated timeframe. Instead, their issuance was designed to raise the morale of Japanese troops, cow the Chinese, and demonstrate the "determination" of the Japanese military to foreigners. As expected, the demands were viewed as humiliating and unacceptable by the Chinese. In response, Chiang, who had left the area, sent a courier to the Japanese garrison, stating that he would meet some, but not all of the stated demands. Fukuda, who deemed that his demands had not been met, launched a full-scale attack on the Chinese in Jinan in the afternoon of 8 May. Fighting was fiercest on the night of 9–10 May, with the Japanese using artillery to bombard the old walled city, where the remaining NRA troops had holed up. The civilian population of the old city were not warned in advance of the Japanese bombardment, which is thought to have resulted in many casualties. The final group of Chinese soldiers escaped under the cover of night on 10–11 May. By morning, the Japanese had gained full control of Jinan, and took up positions in the walled city. The city would remain under Japanese occupation until March 1929, when an agreement to settle the dispute over Jinan was reached. The period of occupation was defined by oppression, with freedom of the press and assembly proscribed, postal correspondence censored, and residents killed for alleged sympathies with the KMT.

Aftermath
Chiang apologised to the Japanese on 10 May and removed He Yaozu from his post. After the incident, Chiang decided he would write one "way to kill the Japanese" each day in his journal, and also wrote that he now thought the Japanese were China's greatest enemy. Justifying his backing down from conflict in Jinan, he added that "before one can settle scores, one must be strong". When Chiang lectured a group of Chinese army cadets on the subject, he urged them to turn their energies to washing away the shame of Jinan, but to conceal their hatred until the last moment. Japanese prime minister Tanaka, who also had hoped to avoid conflict, opened negotiations with Chiang, and close to a year later, in March 1929, an agreement was reached to share responsibility for the Jinan incident, settle the dispute, and withdraw all Japanese troops from Shandong.

If the incident had been an isolated example of Japanese assertion and Chinese resistance, a broader understanding might have been reached. Chiang's troops, however, continued to expand their control in northern China and the Japanese army's distrust of the forces of Chinese nationalism would only grow. According to historian Akira Iriye, the Jinan incident demonstrated the weak nature of the Japanese chain of command, and the powerlessness of civilian government officials to stop unilateral aggression by the military. Japanese army leaders, increasingly outside civilian control, feared that Chiang would respond to patriotic agitation and threaten their interests in southern Manchuria. Following the precedent of General Fukuda's unilateral action in Jinan, a group of officers of the Kwantung Army assassinated the leader of the Beiyang government and ruler of Manchuria Zhang Zuolin on 4 June 1928, setting off a chain of events that created the pretext for the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria.

According to cables sent from Kobe to Hong Kong, on May 1928, 11 or 7 Japanese were shot to death by a Chinese man in Kobe, Japan in revenge for the Jinan incident and then he committed suicide.

Dispute over photographs
According to Japanese researcher Masayoshi Hara, pictures of the corpses of massacred Japanese citizens undergoing autopsy in a Jinan hospital have been mistakenly used by Chinese publishers in textbooks as depicting the Japanese Unit 731 biological weapons experiments. They have also appeared in a museum in Jilin province, and in middle school textbooks. The same pictures have also been mistakenly used in Japan, such as in "The Road to the Tokyo Trials" by Kuriya Kentarō, and in a TV Asahi programme about the horrors of war. Some of these pictures can be viewed below.

title: Jinan incident


text:
User:Rajsekar

Rajsekar is a Homo sapiens.

title: User:Rajsekar