text:
Gezer

Gezer, or Tel Gezer (גֶּזֶר), in تل الجزر – Tell Jezar or Tell el-Jezari is an archaeological site in the foothills of the Judaean Mountains at the border of the Shfela region roughly midway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. It is now an Israeli national park. In the Hebrew Bible, Gezer is associated with Joshua and Solomon.

The archaeological site of Tel Gezer rises to an elevation of 229 m above sea-level, and affords a commanding prospect of the plains to the west, north and east.

Gezer became a major fortified Canaanite city-state in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. It was later destroyed by fire and rebuilt. The Amarna letters mention kings of Gezer swearing loyalty to the Egyptian pharaoh. Its importance was due in part to the strategic position it held at the crossroads of the ancient coastal trade route linking Egypt with Syria, Anatolia and Mesopotamia, and the road to Jerusalem and Jericho, both important trade routes. In Roman and Byzantine times, the site was sparsely populated. Later, In the modern era, Tel Gezer was the site of the Palestinian village of Abu Shusheh, the residents of which were expelled by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Ancient Egyptian sources
Gezer is mentioned in the victory stele of Merneptah, dating from the end of the 13th century BCE.

Biblical conquest under Joshua
The biblical story of the Israelite conquest of Canaan under their leader Joshua mentions a certain "king of Gezer" who had gone to help his countrymen in Lachish, where he met his death. Gezer is listed in the Book of Joshua as one of the cities allotted to the tribe of Ephraim, as well as a Levitical city, one of ten allotted to the Levite children of Kehoth – the Kohathites. Eusebius (4th century CE), describing the biblical Gezer of his day, writes: "Gazer [sic]. The lot of Ephraim, set aside for Levites. And Joshua besieged it, killing its king (Josh. 10:33) . Solomon also built here (1 Kings 9:15–16) . It is now called Gazara, a village of Nikopolis (Emmaus), [which is a place located] 4 milestones from it in the north. The tribe of Ephraim did not expel the foreigners from it (Judges 1:29)."

The Egyptian sack of Gezer
According to the Hebrew Bible, the only source for this particular event, the Sack of Gezer took place at the beginning of the 10th century BCE, when the city was conquered and burned by an unnamed Egyptian pharaoh, identified by some with Siamun, during his military campaign in Philistia. This anonymous Egyptian pharaoh then gave it to King Solomon as the dowry of his daughter. Solomon then rebuilt Gezer and fortified it.

The Bible states: "This is the account of the forced labor that King Solomon conscripted to build the house of the Lord and his own house, the Millo and the wall of Jerusalem, Hazor, Megiddo, Gezer, Lower Beth-horon, Baalath, Tamar in the wilderness, within the land, as well as all of Solomon’s storage cities, the cities for his chariots, the cities for his cavalry, and whatever Solomon desired to build... (Pharaoh king of Egypt had gone up and captured Gezer and burned it with fire, and had killed the Canaanites who lived in the city, and had given it as dowry to his daughter, Solomon's wife;"

Identifying the biblical pharaoh
The only mention in the Bible of a pharaoh who might be Siamun (ruled 986–967 BCE) is the text from 1 Kings quoted above, and we have no other historical sources that clearly identify what really happened. As shown below, Kenneth Kitchen believes that Siamun conquered Gezer and gave it to Solomon. Others such as Paul S. Ash and Mark W. Chavalas disagree, and in 2001 Chavalas states that "it is impossible to conclude which Egyptian monarch ruled concurrently with David and Solomon". Professor Edward Lipinski argues that Gezer, then unfortified, was destroyed late in the 10th century (and thus not contemporary with Solomon) and that the most likely Pharaoh was Shoshenq I (ruled 943–922 BCE). However, the archaeological evidence recovered at the site indicates that Gezer was previously destroyed in an earlier stratum, around the times of Siamun.

Lindelle C. Webster's excavation team concluded recently that correlation of Stratum IX, in Tel Gezer, with Solomon’s era and Siamun "[is] improbable [as the end] of Tandy Stratum 10A is estimated by [radiocarbon] within the 11th century BCE, contemporary with the 21st Dynasty of Egypt but too early for Solomon by any estimate," and that correlation of Stratum 7 "with Shishak/[Shoshenq I]'s [e]nd boundary, (927–885 BCE, 68.3% hpd), [included in] the biblical date for Shishak’s campaign [d]oes not fit well with current [radiocarbon]-based estimates for [Shoshenq I]." They estimate Shoshenq I's reign within the Stratum 8 destruction of Tel Gezer, which has been radiocarbon dated to the mid-10th century BCE (c. 969-940 BCE with 68.3% hpd, and 991-930 BCE with 95.4% hpd).

Tanis temple relief
One fragmentary but well-known surviving triumphal relief scene from the Temple of Amun at Tanis believed to be related to the sack of Gezer depicts an Egyptian pharaoh smiting his enemies with a mace. According to the Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen, this pharaoh is Siamun. The pharaoh appears here "in typical pose brandishing a mace to strike down prisoners(?) now lost at the right except for two arms and hands, one of which grasps a remarkable double-bladed axe by its socket." The writer observes that this double-bladed axe or 'halberd' has a flared crescent-shaped blade which is close in form to the Aegean-influenced double axe but is quite distinct from the Canaanite double-headed axe, which has a different shape that resembles an X. Thus, Kitchen concludes Siamun's foes were the Philistines, who were descendants of the Aegean-based Sea Peoples and that Siamun was commemorating his recent victory over them at Gezer by depicting himself in a formal battle scene relief at the temple in Tanis. Alternatively, Paul S. Ash had put forward a detailed argument that Siamun's relief portrays a fictitious battle. He points out that in Egyptian reliefs Philistines are never shown holding an axe, and that there is no archaeological evidence for Philistines using axes. He also argues that there is nothing in the relief to connect it with Philistia or the Levant.

Location

Gezer was located on the northern fringe of the Shephelah region, approximately 30 km northwest of Jerusalem. It was strategically situated at the junction of the Via Maris, the international coastal highway, and the highway connecting it with Jerusalem through the valley of Ayalon, or Ajalon. The nearest modern-Israeli settlement to the archaeological site is Karmei Yosef.

Verification of the identification of this site with biblical Gezer comes from a dozen bilingual inscriptions in either Hebrew or Aramaic, and Greek, found engraved on rocks several hundred meters from the tell. These inscriptions from the 1st century BCE read "boundary of Gezer" and "of Alkios" (probably the governor of Gezer at the time). The discovery of these boundary stones near the archaeological site makes it the first biblical city to be positively identified.

Today's archaeological site spans an area of 130 dunams (32 acres), and contains 26 levels of settlement, from the Chalcolithic to the early Roman periods (3500 BCE to 100 CE). Most of the remains date from the Middle and Late Canaanite and the Israelite periods.

Chalcolithic
The first settlement established at Tel Gezer dates to the end of the 4th millennium BCE during the Chalcolithic period, when large caves cut into the rock were used as dwellings.

Early Bronze Age
At the beginning of the Early Bronze Age (early 3rd millennium BCE), an unfortified settlement covered the tell. It was destroyed in the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE and subsequently abandoned for several centuries.

Middle Bronze Age
In the Middle Bronze Age IIB (MBIIB, first half of the 2nd millennium BCE), Gezer became a major city, well fortified and containing a large cultic site. It may have grown due to MBIIA-sites like Aphek becoming weaker.
 * Fortifications

On the north side of the city, the fortifications consisted of at least two lines of defense surrounding the tell. Some excavators have noted as many as three defensive walls built in different periods: an outer earthen rampart, a central wall and an inner wall. In what remained of the outer rampart, it reached a height of about 5 metres, and was built of compacted alternating layers of chalk and earth covered with plaster. The inner wall measured 4 metres in width and was made of large stone blocks, reinforced with towers. The city gate stood near the southwest corner of the wall, was flanked by two towers which protected the wooden doors, a common design for its time. The tell was surrounded by a massive stone wall and towers, protected by a 5 m earthen rampart covered with plaster. The wooden city gate, near the southwestern corner of the wall, was fortified by two towers.

 * Cultic site with massebot

Cultic remains discovered in the northern part of the tell were a row of ten large standing pillars, known as or, singular , oriented north–south, the tallest of which was three meters high, with an altar-type structure in the middle, and a large, square, stone basin, probably used for cultic libations. The exact purpose of these megaliths is still debated, but they may have constituted a Canaanite "high place" from the Middle Bronze Age, ca. 1600 BCE, each masseba possibly representing a Canaanite city connected to Gezer by treaties enforced by rituals performed here. Both the number and size of the standing stones confer a unique character to this cultic site. Such massebot are found elsewhere in the country, but those from Gezer massebot are the most impressive examples. The area was almost completely cleared by Macalister. The remains were re-excavated in 1968. A double cave beneath the high place was shown to be predating it and not connected to it.

Late Bronze Age
In the Late Bronze Age (second half of the 2nd millennium BCE) a new city wall, 4 m thick, was erected outside the earlier one. It is a very rare example of Late Bronze Age fortifications in the country, witness for the elevated political status of Gezer in southern Canaan during Egyptian rule.

Thutmosid Period
The Canaanite city was destroyed in a fire, presumably in the wake of a campaign by the Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose III (ruled 1479–1425 BCE). The oldest known historical reference to the city is to be found on an inscription of conquered sites at Thutmose's temple at Karnak. A destruction layer from this event was found in all excavated areas of the tell.

Amarna Period
The Tell Amarna letters, dating from the 14th century BCE, include ten letters from the kings of Gezer swearing loyalty to the Egyptian pharaoh. The city-state of Gezer (named Gazru in Babylonian) was ruled by at least three leaders during the 20-year period covered by the Amarna letters. Discoveries of several pottery vessels, a cache of cylinder seals and a large scarab with the cartouche of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III attest to the existence of a city at Gezer's location in the 14th century BCE—one that was apparently destroyed in the next century —and suggest that the city was inhabited by Canaanites with strong ties to Egypt.

In the 14th century BCE, a palace was constructed on the high western part of the tell, the city's acropolis. Archaeologists also discovered remains of what might have been the Egyptian governor's residence from the same period in the northern part of the tell.

Ramesside Period
In the late reign of Ramesses II, climate became drier and colder causing turmoil in the Mediterranean from around 1250 BCE, eventually leading to the Late Bronze collapse. The death of Ramesses II caused cities in Canaan to rebel to become independent. Merneptah of Egypt, who succeeded Ramesses II, had to regain control and boasted about his capture of Gezer. A massive fiery destruction seems to support this in excavations done by Prof. Steven Ortiz.

Toward the end of the Bronze Age, the city declined and its population diminished.

Iron Age

In 12th and 11th centuries BCE, a large building with many rooms and courtyards was situated on the acropolis. Grinding stones and grains of wheat found among the sherds indicate that it was a granary. Macalister describes the Iron Age construction of an olive press with collecting vats. Local and Philistine vessels attest to a mixed Canaanite/Philistine population.

The 10th century BCE seems to have been a period of notable urban development for the city until it became destroyed in the third quarter of that century, probably as a result of Shoshenq I's campaign in Canaan at that time.

Israelite city gate, wall
On the southern slope about 200 meters east of the gate from the Middle Bronze Age IIB, there is what is now known as the "Solomon Gate". This area was excavated at the beginning of the 20th century by Macalister, who defined the remains discovered there as a "Maccabean citadel" from the 2nd century BCE, because on one of the stones a curse against Simon was found engraved in Greek (Macalister 1912, vol. I: 209–23; 236–56).

After the discovery of identical gates from the time of King Solomon in Megiddo and Hazor, and following what is told in the Bible about the construction projects of this king in the three cities, Yigael Yadin proved in 1957 that in fact the Hasmonean citadel was no other than a gate from the days of Solomon. In the excavations of the 1960s, the entire gate was revealed. It is identical in plan and size to the other two mentioned and is connected by a casemate wall. On both sides of the passageway within the gate are four pairs of pillars and three pairs of cell-like chambers. In front of the entranceway stood two towers. At the gate, a construction of hewn-stone in the style typical of the days of Solomon is evident. The Solomon Gate has since been reinterpreted by some as dating from several centuries later, by virtue of the fact that the gate was rebuilt, although recent radiocarbon tests support an early date for the strata at the site.

Tiglath-Pileser III and the Neo-Assyrian period
The Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III put Gezer under siege between the years 734 and 732 BCE. The city was probably captured by the Assyrians at the end of the campaign of Tiglath-Pileser III to Canaan. At any rate, a fiery destruction so severe befell the city at this time, insofar that it reduced the upper two courses of stone in the inner casemate wall to powdery lime. A reference to Gezer's destruction appears in a cuneiform relief from the 8th-century BCE royal palace of Tiglath-Pileser III at Nimrud. The city inscribed on the relief is called 'Gazru'.

Hellenistic period
Stamped Rhodian amphora handles, a Tyrian lead weight of the Tanit series, and a didrachm of Ptolemy VI found in situ suggest a Hellenistic occupation from the end of the 3rd century BCE to 142 BCE.

According to the book of 1 Maccabees, Simon Thassi captured Gazara and expelled the population during the Maccabean Revolt. He then brought in new settlers of devout Jews and fortified it, making it part of the Hasmonean kingdom. Gezer became known as Gazara in the Hellenistic period and became an important city for the Hasmonean rulers.

Notwithstanding Simon's capture of Gezer in circa 142 BCE, Josephus alludes to the fact that Gezer returned under Seleucid control in the days of Antiochus VII Sidetes and during the high-priesthood of Simon's son, John Hyrcanus.

Josephus, in both his Antiquities (12.7.4.; 13.6.7.; 13.9.2.) and in the Jewish War (1.2.2.), cites the Book of Maccabees as his primary source for these events and retains the Greek form of the name Gazara, meaning, Gezer.

Elsewhere, Josephus (Jewish War 1.170) wrote that a certain "Gadara" was one of the five synedria, or regional administrative capitals of the Hasmonean realm, established by Aulus Gabinius, the Roman proconsul of Syria, in 57 BCE. The name has been edited to "Gazara" in the Loeb edition (Jewish War 1.170). However, in this case, other researchers prefer one of two candidates from Transjordan, Gadara in Perea, or Gadara of the Decapolis (see more at Perea and Gadara (disambiguation)).

Roman and Byzantine periods
Gezer was sparsely populated during Roman times and later times, as other regional population centers took its place. Archaeological finds attesting to the Hellenistic and early Roman periods include two bath houses discovered in situ, as well as a number of ritual baths (mikveh) and rock tombs. The site continued to be occupied after the destruction of the Second Temple, but was gradually abandoned during the late Roman-early Byzantine period.

Crusader period
In 1177, the plains around Gezer were the site of the Battle of Montgisard, in which the Crusaders under Baldwin IV defeated the forces of Saladin. There was a Crusader Lordship of Montgisard and apparently a castle stood there, a short distance from Ramleh.

Early modern and modern periods
R.A. Stewart Macalister who excavated the ruin in the years 1902–1905 and 1907–1909 has noted that around the year 1869 the mound and other parts of the lands of the village of Abû Shûsheh were acquired by Messrs. Bergheim, who had been bankers in Jerusalem. Their acquisition of these lands would prove "a fortunate circumstance" for the excavator, as the site was later put at the disposal of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

Canaanite water system
A large Canaanite (Bronze Age) water system comprising a tunnel going down to a spring, similar to those found in Jerusalem, Tel Hazor and Tel Megiddo, was first excavated by Macalister and was re-excavated as part of the 2006–2017 campaigns of the Tel Gezer Excavation and Publication Project.

In 2010 a team from the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary ("NOBTS"), in partnership with the Israeli Parks Authority and the Israeli Antiquities Authority, launched an effort to clear a massive water tunnel, discovered first by Macalister over a hundred years earlier. Macalister never fully excavated the tunnel because a strong storm blew debris back into the tunnel and he considered it too expensive and time consuming to re-excavate the site.

In 2011 professor Dennis Cole, archaeologist Dan Warner and engineer Jim Parker from NOBTS, and Tsvika Tsuk from the Israeli Parks Authority, led another team in an attempt to finish the effort. In just two years the teams removed approximately 299 tons of debris from the ancient water system.

In 2012, the team uncovered a large sealed cavern about nine meters beyond the water pool and "Macalister's Causeway."

In 2013, the team began an effort to preserve the ancient Canaanite mudbrick gate and complex near the water system.

In the Water System: "Most of the first two weeks of the dig were spent searching for the bottom step and cleaning Macalister’s causeway. Tons of debris and rocks were removed in the process. When the bottom step was located and the causeway area clear, the team excavated three probes in the pool area. Each of the pool probes reached a depth of more than six feet before the end of the season and the bottom of the pool was discovered in only one probe (Eastern probe)—the one just below the bottom step of the water shaft."

The debris removal and excavation continued until the summer of 2017.

Gezer calendar

One of the best-known finds is the "Gezer calendar". This is a plaque containing a text appearing to be either a schoolboy's memory exercises, or a text designated for organising the collection of taxes from farmers. Another possibility is that the text was a popular folk song, or child's song, listing the months of the year according to the agricultural seasons. It has proved to be of value by informing modern researchers of ancient Middle Eastern script and language, as well as the agricultural seasons.

Boundary stones

Thirteen boundary stones have been identified near the tell, distanced between less than 200 metres to almost 2 km from it, probably dating from the Late Hellenistic period (late 2nd – 1st century BCE), the most recent having been found by archaeologists from SWBTS in 2012. See also Location.

There are only a few "lost" biblical cities that have been positively identified through inscriptions discovered by means of archaeological work (surveys or digs). Gezer is the first among them, thanks to Clermont-Ganneau's discovery of three such inscribed stones in 1874 and of a fourth in 1881.

Ten of the thirteen inscriptions are bilingual, including the first three ones, containing two distinct parts, one in Greek and one either Hebrew or Aramaic, and written in what is known as square Hebrew characters. Clermont-Ganneau's reading of the Hebrew/Aramaic part as "the boundary of Gezer" was later confirmed. The inscriptions' Greek part contains personal names, either (H)alkios, Alexas, or Archelaos, for instance Clermont-Ganneau's four stones were all bearing the inscription "of Alkios". Sometimes the two parts are upside-down, or "tête-bêche", in relation to each other, on the last discovered one the lines being separated by a line and the Hebrew/Aramaic inscription > "Teḥum Gezer" ("the boundary of Gezer") facing the tell. With the discovery of the last nine inscriptions it became evident that their distribution does not support Clermont-Ganneau's initial interpretation, of them marking Gezer's Sabbath limit, but rather that they probably mark the boundaries between private estates, or between city land and these estates. Analysis of the lettering have led to the conclusion that they were all contemporaneous, with opinions based on palaeography and history slightly diverging in regard to their date – either Hasmonean or Herodian. The earlier date and the Hebrew script can be connected to what is known from the First Book of Maccabees about Simon replacing the gentile inhabitants with Jewish ones The later date can be supported by a scenario in which Herod, after acquiring the lands of the vanquished Hasmoneans, gave them to (H)alkios, Archelaos and Alexas, all three names mentioned by Josephus for members of a powerful land-owning family from Herod's court.

Language: Hebrew or Aramaic
David M. Jacobson wrote that the inscriptions are in Hebrew and that this suggests a need for a closer look at their date.

Other scholars are not convinced that the language of the inscriptions is Hebrew and not Aramaic, leaving both options as possible as is the case in the Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae.

Egyptian-era remains
In July 2017, archaeologists discovered skeletal remains of a family of three, one of the adults and a child wearing earrings, believed to have been killed during an Egyptian invasion in the 13th century BCE. A 13th-century BCE amulet, various scarabs and cylinder seals were also found on the site. The amulet bears the cartouches—or official royal monikers—of the Egyptian pharaohs Thutmose III and Ramses II.

Archaeological excavation history
Archaeological excavation at Gezer has been going on since the early 20th century, and it has become one of the most excavated sites in Israel. The site was identified with ancient Gezer by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau in 1871. R. A. Stewart Macalister excavated the site between 1902 and 1909 on behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Twentyone quarterly dig reports were published in the Palestine Exploration Quarterly. Macalister recovered several artifacts and discovered several constructions and defenses. He also established Gezer's habitation strata, though due to poor stratigraphical methods, these were later found to be mostly incorrect (as well as many of his theories). In 1914 and 1921 Raymond-Charles Weill dug there, focusing mainly on the Bronze and Iron Age Tombs. Results were not published due the Weill's assistant Paule Zerlwer-Silberberg dying in a camp in occupied France and the excavation data was lost at that time. Surprisingly, the master thesis of that assistant, about the dig, was recently discovered and was published in 2012. Alan Rowe briefly visited the site in 1934. Between 1964 and 1974 G.E. Wright, William Dever and Joe Seger worked at Gezer on behalf of the Nelson Glueck School of Archaeology in the Hebrew Union College and Harvard University. Dever worked there again in 1984 and 1990, with the Andrews University.

Latest excavations and surveys (2006–2017)
Excavations were renewed in June 2006 by a consortium of institutions under the direction of Steve Ortiz of the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (SWBTS) and Sam Wolff of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). The Tel Gezer Excavation and Publication Project is a multi-disciplinary field project investigating the Iron Age history of Gezer. The effort completed in 2017.

The first season of the Gezer excavations concluded successfully and revealed some interesting details. Among other things is a discovery of a thick destruction layer may be dated to the destruction at the hands of the Egyptians, which some associate with the biblical episode from : "Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, had attacked and captured Gezer, killing the Canaanite population and burning it down. He gave the city to his daughter as a wedding gift when she married Solomon."

In 2013, two separate archaeological survey-excavations were conducted at Tel Gezer, one by Tsvika Tsuk, Yohanan Hagai, and Daniel Warner, on behalf of the IAA, and the other led by a team of archaeologists from the SWBTS and Andrews University's Institute of Archaeology.

title: Gezer


text:
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), part of UK Research and Innovation, is a non-departmental public body (NDPB), and is the largest UK public funder of non-medical bioscience. It predominantly funds scientific research institutes and university research departments in the UK.

Purpose
Receiving its funding through the science budget of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), BBSRC's mission is to "promote and support, by any means, high-quality basic, strategic and applied research and related postgraduate training relating to the understanding and exploitation of biological systems".

Structure
BBSRC's head office is at Polaris House in Swindon - the same building as the other councils of UK Research and Innovation, AHRC EPSRC, ESRC, Innovate UK, MRC, NERC, Research England and STFC, as well as the UKSA. Funded by Government, BBSRC invested over £498 million in bioscience in 2017–18. BBSRC also manages the joint Research Councils' Office in Brussels – the UK Research Office (UKRO).

History
BBSRC was created in 1994, merging the former Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC) and taking over the biological science activities of the former Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC).

Chairs
 * Sir Alistair Grant (1994–1998)
 * Dr Peter Doyle CBE (1998–2003)
 * Dr Peter Ringrose (2003–2009)
 * Prof Sir Tom Blundell FRS (2009–2015)
 * Prof Sir Gordon Duff (2015–present)

Chief executives
 * Prof (now Sir) Tom Blundell FRS (1994–1996)
 * Prof Ray Baker CBE (1996–2002)
 * Prof (now Dame) Julia Goodfellow CBE (2002–2007)
 * Prof Douglas Kell CBE (2008–2013)
 * Dr Jackie Hunter CBE (from 21 October 2013)
 * Prof Melanie Welham FRSB (2016–2018)

Executive chairs

 * Prof Melanie Welham FRSB (2018–2023)
 * Prof Guy Poppy (2023–2024)
 * Prof Anne Ferguson-Smith FRS (2024–) (from 1 July 2024)

Governance and management
BBSRC is managed by the BBSRC Council consisting of a chair (Professor Martin Humphries), an executive chair (Professor Guy Poppy) and from ten to eighteen representatives from UK universities, government and industry. The council approves policies, strategy, budgets and major funding.

A research panel provides expert advice which BBSRC Council draws upon in making decisions. The purpose of the research panel is to advise on:

 * the development and implementation of the council's strategic plans
 * the competitiveness, relevance, economic impact, and societal considerations of the science and innovation activities funded by BBSRC
 * opportunities for partnership with national and international organisations

Boards, panels and committees
In addition to the council and the research panel, BBSRC has a series of other internal bodies for specific purposes.

 * Appointments Board
 * Remuneration Board
 * Strategy Advisory Panels – eight panels advise and report to the BBSRC Executive Chair
 * Research Committees – five committees award research grants in specific science areas

Institutes
The council strategically funds eight research institutes in the UK, and a number of centres.

They have strong links with business, industry and the wider community, and support policy development.

The institutes' research underpins key sectors of the UK economy such as agriculture, bioenergy, biotechnology, food and drink and pharmaceuticals. In addition, the institutes maintain unique research facilities of national importance.

 * Babraham Institute (BI) (Cambridge)
 * Earlham Institute (EI) (formerly The Genome Analysis Centre) (Norwich)
 * The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), part of Aberystwyth University (Aberystwyth)
 * John Innes Centre (JIC) (Norwich)
 * The Pirbright Institute (Pirbright), formerly the Institute for Animal Health (IAH)
 * Quadram Institute (Norwich), formerly the Institute of Food Research
 * The Roslin Institute (RI) (Midlothian), part of the University of Edinburgh
 * Rothamsted Research (Harpenden and North Wyke)

Other research institutes have merged with each other or with local universities. Previous BBSRC (or AFRC) sponsored institutes include:
 * Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research (IGER – Aberystwyth), merged with the University of Aberystwyth 2008
 * Letcombe Laboratory
 * Long Ashton Research Station (LARS – Bristol)
 * the Plant Breeding Institute (PBI – Cambridge)
 * the Weed Research Organisation (WRO – Oxford)
 * Silsoe Research Institute (SRI – Bedfordshire) was closed in 2006.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Portsdown Hill

Portsdown Hill is a long chalk ridge in Hampshire, England. The highest point of the hill lies within Fort Southwick at 131m above sea level. The ridge offers good views to the south over Portsmouth, the Solent, Hayling Island and Gosport, with the Isle of Wight beyond. The hill is on the mainland, just to the north of Ports Creek, which separates the mainland from Portsea Island, on which lies the main part of the city of Portsmouth, one of the United Kingdom's main naval bases. To the north lies the Forest of Bere, with the South Downs visible in the distance. Butser Hill can be seen on a clear day. The hill is formed from an inlier of chalk which has been brought to the surface by an east–west upfold of the local strata known as the Portsdown Anticline.

Southwick House is close by the north side of the hill, the HQ for U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower during the D-Day invasions; the generals prayed together before D-Day at Christ Church Portsdown, on the hill, which has a memorial window. The A3(M) motorway cuts through the east side of the hill while the original A3 climbs over the centre by the George Inn pub and Christ Church. The nearest railway stations (from west to east) are Portchester, Cosham and Bedhampton. There are many stories about real and imagined tunnels in the hill. The area contains active military research establishments, including one of the core sites of Dstl (known as Dstl Portsdown West) and sites run by QinetiQ. Part of the hill has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Most of the southern flank of the ridge is designated as access land under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 and thereby freely available for the public to enjoy on foot.

During the early part of the English Civil War, Royalist forces from Portsmouth were involved in a number of skirmishes with Parliamentarians on the hill

In the Victorian era the hill was home to a fair on Easter Mondays.

Portsdown Forts
The forts on Portsdown Hill were built as a result of the 1859 Royal Commission, as part of a series of fortifications built to defend Portsmouth and its dockyard (five miles away) from a possible attack from inland, as the development of rifled gun barrels made it possible for an invading army to land elsewhere, circle around to the top of the hill and bombard the city from there, rendering the existing Hilsea Lines at the bottom of the ridge useless. A series of six forts were planned along the 10 km of the ridge. From west to east they are forts Fareham, Wallington, Nelson, Southwick, Widley and Purbrook. The line was finished off at the eastern end with Crookhorn Redoubt and Farlington Redoubt. The main threat was perceived to be from Napoleon III of France, but this receded soon after the forts' completion. Due to this they became known as "Palmerston's Folly" but, though never needed for their original purpose, were useful anti-aircraft gun emplacements during World War II.

Fort Fareham is now a small industrial estate. The remains of the Fort are Grade II listed.

Fort Wallington has been largely demolished to make way for an industrial estate. What remains is now a Grade II Listed Building.

Fort Nelson has been extensively restored as an artillery museum run by the Royal Armouries. It is a Grade I Listed Building, the highest level of designation.

Fort Southwick was for many years an Admiralty Research Establishment, sold in 2003 for housing. It is also now a Grade I Listed Building.

Fort Widley is owned by Portsmouth council, hosting a stable and various community rooms. Tours run on summer weekends. It is Grade II* Listed.

Fort Purbrook is open occasionally for craft fairs. It is also home to an activity centre which offers (but is not limited to) archery, rifle shooting and indoor rock-climbing. It is also Grade II* Listed. In October 2021, the fort was one of 142 sites across England to receive part of a £35-million injection into the government's Culture Recovery Fund.

Guarding Fort Purbrook, the Crookhorn redoubt suffered from subsidence, and was demolished by 1876. The Farlington redoubt had only the ditches and gun positions dug, and was finally demolished in the 1970s. The tunnel between Crookhorn and Purbrook has been rediscovered.

Portsdown also gave its name to an army estate in Singapore. Long after the British army moved out (1967) the Portsdown estate continues to thrive, with Portsdown Road the main road running through the middle.

Fort Widley Fort Purbrook Fort Southwick Fort Nelson

Portsdown SSSI
Over fifty hectares of the south face of the hill are a Site of Special Scientific Interest owing to its chalk grassland habitat. Grazing ceased in the early 1950s, and consequently the site was gradually invaded by scrub, mostly hawthorn, dogwood, and wild privet. An intensive restoration programme funded by the Countryside Commission and Portsmouth City Council was initiated in 1995; large areas of scrub have now been cleared by machine, and flowers and grasses allowed to regenerate naturally. Scrub re-encroachment is controlled by cattle and horses which graze overwinter.

Several species of butterfly became extinct owing to the loss of habitat to scrub, notably the Adonis blue, silver-studded blue, dingy skipper, and dark green fritillary. Others such as the chalkhill blue and small blue were at the brink of extinction, but are now flourishing again. Indeed, the hill has now probably the largest metapopulation of the small blue in the UK.

Portsdown Technology Park
Portsdown Technology Park is located near Fort Southwick on Portsdown Hill. It is home to a number of defense companies including Qinetiq and BAE Systems. Within the park is a building featuring radar towers similar to a Type 45 destroyer, which are visible to a wide area of Hampshire. The site is the former home of the Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment. DSTL has a smaller site situated to the west of Fort Southwick.

title: Portsdown Hill


text:
Randy Spelling

Randall Gene Spelling (born October 9, 1978) is an American life coach and former actor. He is the brother of Tori Spelling and the son of Candy and Aaron Spelling.

Early life
Spelling was born in Los Angeles. He has an older sister, actress and reality television personality Tori Spelling. He attended Montclair College Prep.

Career
In 1995 when Spelling was 17 years old, he played the role of Flipper Gage in the teen-oriented drama Malibu Shores, which was produced by his father. Spelling said he took the role because the characterization was completely different from himself.

He also carried out a guest role on the popular series Beverly Hills 90210 alongside his sister Tori Spelling.

Spelling was later cast as Sean Richards in Sunset Beach, again produced by his father.

In 2007, Spelling took part in his own reality television series, Sons of Hollywood, which aired on the A&E Network. He starred alongside Sean Stewart and David Weintraub.

As of 2009, he works as a life coach between Portland, Oregon and West Los Angeles.

Personal life
Spelling married Leah Stutz (now Leah Spelling) on September 25, 2010. The couple have two daughters.

Starring roles

 * Malibu Shores (1996) as 'Flipper' Gage
 * Sunset Beach (1997–99) as Sean Richards
 * Sons of Hollywood (2007) as Himself

Selected guest-starring roles

 * Beverly Hills, 90210 as Ryan Sanders/Kenny (1992–2000: 14 episodes)
 * 7th Heaven as Alex Mandelbaum (2004: one episode)

Movie/mini-series/special roles

 * Held for Ransom (2000) as Dexter
 * National Lampoon Presents Dorm Daze (2003) as Foosball
 * Hoboken Hollow (2005) as Parker Hilton
 * Hot Tamale (2006) as Harland Woodriff
 * National Lampoon's Pledge This! (2006) as Kelly
 * Cosmic Radio (2007) as Marty
 * Dimples (2008) as Billy

title: Randy Spelling


text:
Oslo University College

Oslo University College (Høgskolen i Oslo; HiO) was the largest state university college in Norway from 1994 to 2011, with more than 18,000 students and approximately 1800 employees. Oslo University College merged with Akershus University College to form Oslo and Akershus University College in 2011, and this institution became Oslo Metropolitan University in 2018.

OUC was established on 1 August 1994 when the Norwegian college system was restructured and 18 smaller colleges in the Oslo area merged. From the 2000s most of the school was located in the city centre of Oslo along Pilestredet street. The main campus was the previous Frydenlund Brewery near Bislett stadium. OUC offered the broadest portfolio of professional studies available in Norway. The language of instruction was Norwegian.

Faculties

 * Faculty of Art, Design and Drama
 * Faculty of Social Sciences
 * Faculty of Education and International Studies
 * Faculty of Engineering
 * Faculty of Health Sciences
 * Faculty of Journalism, Library and Information Science
 * Faculty of Nursing

Centres

 * Centre for Educational Research and Development
 * Centre for the Study of Professions
 * National Centre for Multicultural Education
 * Learning Centre

title: Oslo University College


text:
Talk:Pigwidgeon

I would have thought that Ron's owl Pigwidgeon was more likely to be a Eurasian Pygmy Owl which is native to the Old World rather than the exclusively New World Elf Owl. --Phil | Talk 09:59, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)

Pig was on the promotional picture from the Goblet of Fire. I saw it on VTM. And can you give me the citate that it is a male? In the Polish edition of HP Ron talks to it like to female...

But read the Goblet of Fire and he refers to him by a Male.

Merging with Ron
I think this article should be merged with Ron, the same way as Trevor is in Neville's or some other pets in Hagrid's. Lord Opeth 22:44, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pigwidgeon


text:
ND Gorica

Nogometno društvo Gorica, commonly referred to as ND Gorica or simply Gorica, is a Slovenian football club based in Nova Gorica that competes in the Slovenian Second League, the second tier of Slovenian football. They are one of the most successful Slovenian clubs with four Slovenian PrvaLiga and three Slovenian Cup titles. The club plays its home matches at the Nova Gorica Sports Park, which has a capacity of 3,100 seats.

Yugoslav period (1947–1991)
The history of football in the Goriška region goes back to 1907, when the first football club Jugoslavija was formed by the Slovenes of Gorizia.

October 1947 marks the beginning of the club with the foundation of FD Gorica in Šempeter pri Gorici, where it operated until 1963. They started in the second-level but quickly promoted to the Slovenian Republic League in 1950 under the new name Železničar Nova Gorica. Five years later they became republic champions and qualified for the Yugoslav Second League, which was club's biggest achievement during the time of Yugoslavia. In 1963 the club merged with Branik Solkan and the club's activity was transferred to Nova Gorica, where it remains ever since. They stabilised as a mid-table club in the 1960s, renamed as NK Vozila in 1971 and achieved better results only in the last years before Slovenia's independence. Managed by Pavel Pinni, Vozila finished third in the 1988–89 season of the Slovenian Republic League.

Slovenian independence (1991 to present)
Following Slovenia's independence in 1991, the club played in the 1. SNL under the name HIT Gorica and during the 1995–96 season, Gorica won the Slovenian championship for the first time. In the next season, the club played its first Slovenian Supercup final and won their second trophy with a 3–1 victory over Olimpija. During the league domination of Maribor, the club managed to win two Slovenian cup titles in a row (2000–01 and 2001–02).

On the last day of the 2003–04 season on 30 May 2004, Gorica won its second title after one of the most dramatic rounds in the Slovenian league history. Before the last round, Maribor was leading the table with 54 points, one point ahead of Gorica. In the final round, Maribor played an away match against their rivals Mura and Gorica played at home against Koper. Maribor lost the game 2–1 after a second-half comeback by Mura, meaning that Gorica, who eventually won against Koper 2–0, had secured their second title.

The second title started an impressive run for Gorica as the team won another two league titles in a row (2004–05 and 2005–06). After the last title, Gorica was a runner-up in the 2006–07 and 2008–09 seasons, while finishing third in 2007–08 and 2009–10.

In 2013, Gorica started cooperating with the Italian club Parma. On 21 May 2014 they won their first trophy after eight years as they defeated Maribor 2–0 in the cup final. After 28 seasons in the top division, Gorica was relegated for the first time in the 2018–19 season after losing the relegation play-offs against Tabor Sežana.

Honours
League
 * Slovenian First League
 * Winners (4): 1995–96, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06
 * Runners-up (5): 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2016–17
 * Slovenian Second League
 * Winners: 2021–22

Cup
 * Slovenian Cup
 * Winners (3): 2000–01, 2001–02, 2013–14
 * Runners-up (2): 2004–05, 2023–24
 * Slovenian Supercup
 * Winners: 1996
 * Runners-up: 2014

Domestic league and cup results

 * Key

 * P – Matches played
 * W – Matches won
 * D – Matches drawn
 * L – Matches lost
 * GF – Goals for
 * GA – Goals against
 * Pts – Points

European record
All results (home and away) list Gorica's goal tally first.

 * Notes
 * PR: Preliminary round
 * Q: Qualifying round
 * 1Q: First qualifying round
 * 2Q: Second qualifying round
 * 3Q: Third qualifying round
 * 1R: First round
 * 2R: Second round

Notable managers
The following managers have won at least one trophy when in charge of Gorica since Slovenia's independence in 1991:

title: ND Gorica


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Najiib KHODABUX

Only 4 Google hits for the name, after lowercasing the name. SWAdair | Talk 10:01, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. IMHO this can go straight to . -- Solitude 10:15, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is the sort of thing speedy deletion was designed for.  --Ardonik 10:24, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: He supports IT. (Legalize it?) Nonsense. (Yes, yes, info. tech.) Geogre 13:12, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Rimshot, please. SPEEDY delete Mr. KHODABUX. - Lucky 6.9 22:58, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * IT from Mr. Khodabux? Terrible joke. Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 18:42, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
FC Sheriff Tiraspol

Fotbal Club Sheriff Tiraspol (ФК Шериф Тирасполь), commonly known as Sheriff Tiraspol or simply Sheriff, is a professional football club based in Tiraspol, a city located in the unrecognised breakaway state of Transnistria, that plays in the Super Liga, the top tier of Moldovan football. Founded in 1997 as Tiras Tiraspol and rebranded the following year as Sheriff, it quickly established itself within Moldovan football.

"The Wasps" recorded their debut in the first league in the 1998–99 season, when they also won their first trophy, the Moldovan Cup. They have since amassed 21 championship titles, 12 Cups, and seven Super Cups–all competition records. On the European stage, Sheriff has reached the group stage of the UEFA Europa League on six occasions and in 2021 became the first ever Moldovan side to reach the group stages of the UEFA Champions League, where they would go on to notch a win against eventual champions Real Madrid before eventually bowing out of the competition.

The club takes its current name from its main sponsor, Sheriff, a company which operates nearly all forms of profitable private industries in Transnistria. Home games are played in yellow and black kits at the Sheriff Stadium, to which the club moved in 2002 and which has a capacity of 12,746.

History
The club was originally established in 1996 and introduced in the Moldovan "B" Division as FC Tiras Tiraspol. On 4 April 1997, former policeman Viktor Gushan, owner of the conglomerate Sheriff which remains a key sponsor, refounded it as FC Sheriff Tiraspol.

Sheriff achieved promotion to the second tier of Moldovan football, the Moldovan "A" Division, and under the guidance of Ahmad Alaskarov was charged with leading the team to the Moldovan top division. Later that year the club won the championship by 14 points, being promoted to Divizia Națională. The club won its first major honour with the 1999 Moldovan Cup. In the final at the Republican Stadium, Sheriff scored an injury-time equaliser before winning the match against Constructorul Chișinău 2–1 after extra time. Sheriff's first National Division title came in the 2000–01 season, which also included their second Moldovan Cup triumph as they beat Nistru Otaci on penalties after a goalless match. The league triumph was the first of a run of ten consecutively up to 2010, also including league-cup doubles in 2002, 2006 and 2008–10. Sheriff won each Moldovan Super Cup from 2004 to 2010, but did not have to play a match on four occasions due to winning it on default through a double. Sheriff were denied an 11th-straight title by Dacia Chișinău in 2010–11, but reclaimed the title the following season. In 2014–15, Sheriff again lost the championship despite being level with both Milsami Orhei and Dacia Chișinău at the top of the table with 55 points; Milsami would finish in first place because of its superior head-to-head record against both Sheriff and Dacia, with Dacia second and Sheriff third, despite Sheriff having the superior goal difference amongst the clubs.

The team won the Commonwealth of Independent States Cup in 2003 and 2009, becoming the first team from Moldova to win an international title. Sheriff were the first club in Moldova to sign players from Brazil and Africa.

Europe
From 2001–02 to 2008–09, the club tried to reach the group stage in the UEFA Champions League every year, but failed in the second qualifying round every time. Its European fortunes improved after 2009. Sheriff has appeared in three UEFA Europa League group stages (2009–10, 2010–11, 2013–14) with decent results, although they didn't manage to qualify to the knock-out stage. In 2017, they qualified to the group stage for the fourth time, after beating favorites Legia Warsaw on away goals in the play-off round.

2009–10 UEFA Europa League
In the 2009–10 season, Sheriff finally reached the third qualifying round when they defeated Inter Turku. In the next round, Sheriff defeated Slavia Prague 1–1 on aggregate, progressing via the away goal rule due to Nadson's 94th-minute strike in the second leg. They were then eliminated from the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League by Greek club Olympiacos in the qualifying play-off for a spot in the group stage. Sheriff lost 2–0 in the first leg at home, and 1–0 in the second leg away.

However, by virtue of losing in the play-off round, Sheriff qualified for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage, where they were drawn into Group H alongside Fenerbahçe, Twente and Steaua București. On 17 September 2009, their first Europa League match, Sheriff drew 0–0 away against Steaua. On 1 October, Sheriff's first Europa League home match, the club lost 1–0 to Fenerbahçe. On 22 October, Sheriff produced a stunning 2–0 home victory over Twente, ending Twente's 17-match unbeaten run. 2 December, Sheriff drew 1–1 at home with Steaua. Sheriff failed to progress past the group stage after finishing third in Group H with five points, ahead of Steaua.

2010–11 UEFA Champions League
In the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League, on 14–20 July 2010, Sheriff defeated Dinamo Tirana in the second qualifying round (3–1, 0–1). Then, on 4 August, the club defeated Dinamo Zagreb on penalties (6–5) after identical 1–1 draws at home and away, thereby reaching the play-off round. On 18–24 August, in the play-off round against Basel, Sheriff lost 1–0 in Switzerland before losing 3–0 at home.

2010–11 UEFA Europa League
Dropping to the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League after their play-off defeat to Basel, Sheriff was drawn into Group E alongside Dynamo Kyiv, AZ and BATE Borisov. After losing their first match 2–1 away against AZ on 15 September 2010, on 30 September, Sheriff defeated Dynamo Kyiv 2–0 at home. After losing two-straight matches against BATE – 0–1 at home and 3–1 away on 21 October and 4 November respectively – on 2 December, Sheriff drew 1–1 with AZ at home, then on 15 December, Sheriff drew 0–0 against Dynamo Kyiv away in Kyiv. Accumulating five points, Sheriff failed to progress past the group stage after finishing last in Group E.

2013–14 UEFA Europa League
In the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League, Sheriff played in a group with Tottenham Hotspur, Anzhi Makhachkala and Tromsø, in which they finished third.

2017–18 UEFA Europa League
In the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League, Sheriff played in a group with Lokomotiv Moscow, Copenhagen, Fastav Zlín, in which they finished third once more.

2021–22 UEFA Champions League
In the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League, Sheriff became the first Moldovan team to qualify for the group stages of the competition after a 3–0 aggregate win over Dinamo Zagreb. They were drawn into Group D to face Inter Milan, Real Madrid and Shakhtar Donetsk. On 15 September, Sheriff won their opening group game, 2–0 against Shakhtar Donetsk, before following it up with an upset 2–1 away victory over Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu on 28 September 2021, with Sébastien Thill scoring the winning goal in the 89th minute. Despite losing their next three games against Inter Milan and Real Madrid, they secured qualification for the preliminary knockout round of the Europa League on 24 November 2021 when Shakhtar Donetsk lost to Inter Milan. They ended their campaign with a 1–1 away draw with Shakhtar Donetsk, which meant they ended up with a very respectable 7 points from their 6 games.

2021–22 UEFA Europa League
Sheriff had serious squad problems before the start of the UEFA Europa League knockout rounds. The departure of important players such as Cristiano da Silva Leite, Frank Castañeda, Danilo Arboleda, Dimitris Kolovos and Fernando Peixoto Costanza caused serious problems in the squad. Sheriff replaced all the departures with new players like Regi Lushkja, Gaby Kiki, Renan Guedes and Patrick Kpozo. However, the rules of the Moldovan championship allow teams to announce their new players from 23 February. Since the deadline for registration in the Europa League was February 2, coach Yuriy Vernydub was obliged to include players who had not played much in the starting line-up, such as Stjepan Radeljić, Stefanos Evangelou and Charles Petro.

They were the first ever Moldovan side to play in the knockout stages of a European competition, and were drawn against S.C. Braga of Portugal. They won 2–0 in the initial home leg - with the goalscorers being Sébastien Thill and Adama Traoré in a game where Sheriff put in a solid performance despite having a vastly different squad to the one that stunned Real Madrid. Finally, the European campaign ended with a 2–0 defeat and a dramatic penalty shootout that ended 3–2 in favour of Braga.

Stadium
Sheriff Arena is the home ground of Sheriff Tiraspol and is owned by the corporation Sheriff. Construction of the ground began on 1 August 2000 and was completed in May 2002, with the official opening in July 2002. It was renovated in 2011. The stadium has a seating capacity for 12,746 spectators and is eligible for FIFA/UEFA international events. Beside Sheriff, the stadium has also hosted matches for FC Tiraspol and the Moldova national team.

Aside from the main arena of Sheriff Sports Complex, there is also an 8,000 seater stadium, Malaya Sportivnaya Arena, also situated in the same complex, along with eight training fields, a covered training centre, housing for the players, a college for students and a five-star hotel.

In June 2022, UEFA ordered that no European games would be permitted to be played in Transnistria, as a direct consequence of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Sheriff played all of their home fixtures in the 2022–23 UEFA Europa League and 2022–23 UEFA Europa Conference League at Zimbru Stadium in Chișinău.

Honours
{{legend|gold|Record}}

Records and statistics

 * Most appearances (443): Vazha Tarkhnishvili
 * Most goals (71): Alexey Kuchuk
 * Record victory (19 October 2005, Moldovan Cup): Sheriff–Viitorul Orhei, 16–0
 * Record defeat (UEFA Europa League, 5 October 2023): Slavia Prague–Sheriff, 6–0
 * Biggest win in UEFA competition (23 July 2013): Sheriff–Sutjeska, 5–0
 * Appearances in UEFA Champions League: 13
 * Appearances in UEFA Europa League: 7
 * Player with most UEFA appearances: Vazha Tarkhnishvili (54)
 * Top scorers in UEFA club competitions: Ziguy Badibanga (8)

European record
Legend: GF = Goals For. GA = Goals Against. GD = Goal Difference.

UEFA rankings
For the 2024-25 European season, Sheriff Tiraspol is ranked 77th in the UEFA club coefficient rankings, up from 85th the previous season. As of 18 July 2024. Source

Board of directors

 * As of 25 April 2024

Managers

 * 🇦🇿 Ahmad Alaskarov (1997–1998)
 * 🇧🇾 Sergei Borovski (2 January 1998 – 1 January 1999)
 * 🇲🇩 Ivan Daniliants (1999–2000)
 * 🇺🇦 Oleksandr Holokolosov (2001–2002)
 * 🇷🇴 Mihai Stoichiță (1 January 2002 – 30 June 2002)
 * 🇷🇴 Gavril Balint (1 July 2002 – 30 June 2003)
 * 🇺🇦 Ihor Nakonechny (1 July 2003 – 30 June 2004)
 * 🇧🇾 Leonid Kuchuk (1 January 2004 – 31 December 2009)
 * 🇧🇾 Andrei Sosnitskiy (1 January 2010 – 30 April 2011)
 * 🇧🇾 Vitali Rashkevich (30 April 2011 – 29 May 2012)
 * 🇷🇸 Milan Milanović (1 July 2012 – 10 August 2012)
 * 🇧🇾 Vitali Rashkevich (interim) (11 August 2012 – 15 August 2012)
 * 🇷🇴 Mihai Stoichiță (15 August 2012 – 2 April 2013)
 * 🇪🇸 Juan Ferrando (interim) (3 April 2013 – 8 July 2013)
 * 🇪🇸 Juan Ferrando (July 2013 – December 2013)

P – Total of played matches W – Won matches D – Drawn matches L – Lost matches GS – Goal scored GA – Goals against %W – Percentage of matches won Nationality is indicated by the corresponding FIFA country code(s).
 * Notes:

title: FC Sheriff Tiraspol


text:
FC Gomel

FC Gomel (ФК Гомель), or FK Homiel, is a Belarusian football club based in the city of Gomel. Their home stadium is Central Stadium.

History
Teams from Gomel (usually city or raion selection or railway-based team Lokomotiv, but not always) played in the Belarusian SSR championships since the early 1920s. In 1946, Byelorussian SSR league for one season becomes one of the zones of the USSR 3rd level league, and Lokomotiv Gomel became the first city team to play in the Soviet league.

The modern Gomel team was founded in 1959 as Lokomotiv Gomel. They played at the 2nd level of Soviet football between 1959 and 1968. The results varied between seasons, as the team managed to finish 1st in their zone in 1962 as well as last in 1959 and 1963. However, because Soviet league system structure was changing almost every season in the 1950s and 1960s, Lokomotiv wasn't promoted or relegated until another league reorganisation in 1969.

Gomselmash played at the 3rd level of Soviet football between 1969 and 1989, until further league reorganisation in 1990, after which the team was relegated to the 4th level.

In 1992, Gomselmash joined the newly formed Belarusian Premier League. The first years were unsuccessful and the team relegated in 1995. They changed name to the current one, FC Gomel, the same year. In 1998, Gomel returned to Premier League and achieved much better results than before (champions title in 2003, 2nd place in 2007 and 3rd in 1999). The team also won the Belarusian Cup in 2002 and made it to the final in 2004.

In 2012, they played English club Liverpool in the UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds. In the first leg they lost 0–1 and lost again away at Anfield in the second leg 3–0.

Name changes

 * 1959: Lokomotiv Gomel
 * 1965: Spartak Gomel
 * 1969: Gomselmash Gomel
 * 1976: Mashinostroitel Gomel
 * 1978: Gomselmash Gomel
 * 1995: Gomel

Honours

 * Belarusian Premier League
 * Winners (1): 2003
 * Runners-up (1): 2007
 * 3rd place (2): 1999, 2011
 * Belarusian Cup
 * Winners (3): 2002, 2011, 2022
 * Runners-up (1): 2004
 * Belarusian Super Cup
 * Winners (1): 2012
 * Runners-up (1): 2023

Current squad
As of July 2024

League and Cup history

 * Soviet Union

 * 1 Finished last in its zone, but saved from relegation due to 2nd level (Class B) expansion from 7 to 9 territorial zones (from 101 to 142 teams) in 1960.
 * 2 No promotion to the Top League in 1962 was awarded due to Top League (Class A) reduction from 22 to 20 teams in 1963. Lokomotiv's play-off performance didn't affect its next season league allocation. Winning their zone allowed them to stay on the second level (Class B), which was reduced from 10 zones (150 teams) in 1962 to a single group of 18 teams in 1963.
 * 3 Finished last, but saved from relegation due to 2nd level (Class A Second Group) expansion from 18 to 27 teams in 1964.
 * 4 Play-off with the best-placed Belarusian team from the 3rd level (Class B) in 1968 for the right to play on the 2nd level (Class A Second Group) in 1969.
 * 5 Play-off with the lowest-placed Belarusian team from the 2nd level (Class A Second Group) in 1969 for the right to play in Class A Second Group (which becomes the 3rd level league next year due to introduction of Class A Top Group as the Top level) in 1970.
 * 6 Finished last in its zone, but saved from relegation due to 3rd level (Class A Second Group, renamed to Second League since next season) expansion from 3 to 6 territorial zones (from 66 to 124 teams) in 1971.
 * 7 In 1973, every draw was followed by a penalty shoot-out, with a winner gaining 1 point and loser gaining 0.
 * 8 Though finished 14th from the 22 teams in 1989, Gomselmash relegated as the Second League (3rd level) was reduced from 9 zones (195 teams) to 3 zones (66 teams) and the Second Lower League with 9 zones was introduced as a 4th level.

 * 🇧🇾 Belarus

Managers

 * Pavel Baranov (1959)
 * Gleb Rabikov (1960–61)
 * Vadim Radzievski (1962 – July 63)
 * Sergei Korshunov (July 1963)
 * Vasiliy Yermilov (1964–65)
 * Alexander Sagreski (1966)
 * Vladimir Eremeev (1967–68)
 * Viktor Korotkevich (1969–70)
 * Leonard Adamov (1971–72)
 * Leonid Yerochovich (July 1973)
 * Yevgeniy Glemboski (July 1973–74)
 * Viktor Korotkevich (1975 – July 77)
 * Alexander Tschirimisin (July 1977–80)
 * Kasimir Symanski (1981–83)
 * Nikolay Kiselyov (1984)
 * Viktor Korotkevich (1985 – July 87)
 * Valery Janotschkin (July 1, 1987 – Dec 31, 1987)
 * Yuriy Golovey (July 1988)
 * Alexander Pryazhnikov (July 1988–90)
 * Kasimir Symanski (1991)
 * Vladimir Astratenko (1992–93)
 * Viktor Korotkevich (1993–94)
 * 🇧🇾 Nikolai Gorjunov (1994–96)
 * Yuriy Grunov (1997)
 * 🇧🇾 Valery Janotschkin (Jan 1, 1998 – May 15, 1999)
 * 🇧🇾 Vyacheslav Akshayev (Jan 1, 1999 – June 30, 2000)
 * 🇧🇾 Aleksandr Kuznetsov (August 2000 – May 1)
 * 🇧🇾 Valery Janotschkin (May 15, 2001 – Sept 1, 2001)
 * 🇷🇺 Sergei Podpaly (Aug 1, 2001 – June 26, 2004)
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Kuznetsov (July 1, 2004 – Aug 12, 2005)
 * 🇧🇾 Nikolai Gorjunov (Aug 15, 2005 – July 1, 2006)
 * 🇷🇺 Viktor Papayev (July 5, 2006 – Oct 27, 2006)
 * 🇧🇾 Vladimir Golmak (interim) (Oct 28, 2006 – Jan 8, 2007)
 * 🇧🇾 Anatoliy Yurevich (Jan 9, 2007 – Aug 5, 2008)
 * 🇧🇾 Andrey Yusipets (Aug 15, 2008 – Aug 30, 2009)
 * 🇧🇾 Leonid Borsuk (interim) (Sept 1, 2009 – Dec 13, 2009)
 * 🇧🇾 Oleg Kubarev (Dec 14, 2009 – Dec 9, 2012)
 * 🇧🇾 Alyaksey Merkulaw (Dec 10, 2012–)

title: FC Gomel


text: Category:Objectivist poets

title: Category:Objectivist poets


text:
Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi

Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi (lit. 'Helsinki's Football Club'), commonly known as HJK Helsinki (HJK Helsingfors), or simply as HJK (Finnish pronunciation; hoo-jii-koo), is a Finnish football club based in Helsinki. The club competes in Veikkausliiga, the top division of the Finnish football league system. Founded in 1907, the club has spent most of its history in the top tier of Finnish football. The club's home ground is the 10,770-seat Bolt Arena, where they have played their home games since 2000.

Generally considered as Finland's biggest club, HJK is the most successful Finnish club in terms of championship titles with 33. The club has also won 14 Finnish Cups and 6 Finnish League Cups. Many of Finland's most successful players have played for HJK before moving abroad. The club has also similar success with women's Kansallinen Liiga.

HJK is the only Finnish club that has participated in the UEFA Champions League group stage. In 1998, they beat Metz in the play-off round to clinch their place in the competition for the following season. HJK have also participated twice in the group stages of the UEFA Europa League in 2014–15 and 2022–23 respectively, along with appearing twice in the UEFA Europa Conference League. The club's highest score in a European competition came during the 2011–12 season, with a 13–0 aggregate victory over Welsh champions Bangor City, which included a 10–0 home win.

HJK's traditional kit colours have long been blue and white striped shirts with blue shorts and socks. The club's crest has been nearly untouched for a century, it has only undergone one minor font change in order to modernize it.

20th century
The club was founded as Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi – Helsingfors Fotbollsklubb in 1907 by Fredrik Wathén. The founding meeting was held at a bowling alley in Kaisaniemi Park in May. The first ever competitive fixture was played against Ekenäs IF in Ekenäs. HJK won 2–4.

Early on, HJK became popular amongst Finnish-speaking students, while Swedish-speaking students preferred to play mainly for Unitas or HIFK. In late 1908, after a heated debate, the language was switched to unilingually Finnish and this resulted in many Swedish-speaking members switching over to HIFK and other clubs, although a few chose to stay.

In 1909, the colours blue and white were chosen to support the fennoman movement and bandy was introduced as the club's second official sport. The club moved from Kaisaniemi Ground to the new Eläintarha Stadium. At the end of the year, Fredrik Wathen was forced to leave his post as the club's chairman due to illness.

In 1910, Lauri Tanner became the longest-running club chairman to date. The same year, the club's first international match was played, against Eriksdals IF from Stockholm in Kaisaniemi. The first championship title was won in 1911. In 1915, the club moved to newly build Töölön Pallokenttä. In 1916, tennis was introduced as the third official sport in HJK, and it was played in the club until the early 1920s. During the Finnish Civil War in 1918, two HJK club members, fighting for the "Whites", were killed.

In 1921, the first bandy championship was won and during the following five seasons, HJK reached five finals, winning three more titles. Bowling was added to the club's repertoire in 1925, but the bowlers formed their own club, Helsingin Keilaajat, the following year. In 1928, ice hockey became an official sport and the first championship was won in 1929. League format was introduced to Finnish football in 1930 but HJK failed to qualify for the first season. In 1931, HJK played their first season in the league, however at the end of the season, they were relegated.

During World War II, HJK lost 22 members serving in the military, of which nine fell in the Winter War, twelve in the Continuation War and one in the Lapland War. In 1943, handball was introduced as the club's sixth official sport. HJK won one silver and two bronze medals in handball during the following three seasons but did not gain further success. Handball was first of HJK's sports where women also competed. The women's team played a total of 22 seasons at the highest level; their highest finish was fourth.

In 1963, HJK played their last ever season in the second level of the football pyramid, winning 20 out of 22 matches and scoring 127 goals. In 1964, the newly promoted club won their tenth championship title and the following season, in 1965–66, they played their first European Cup match, against Manchester United at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium. However, a 2–9 aggregate loss resulted in HJK's elimination from the competition.

In 1966, the club secured their first ever cup title by winning KTP 6–1 in the final in front of 7,000 spectators. Bandy section was disbanded in the late 1960s. The last official sport, figure skating, was added into the club's repertoire in 1966, was abolished in 1972. The ice hockey section was also disbanded in 1972 and the last season in handball was played in 1978. Hereafter, HJK therefore only participated in football following 69 years as a multisport club.

1998–1999: First Champions League appearance
The 1998–99 season saw HJK become the first and, to date, only Finnish club to play in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League after defeating Metz in the second qualifying round. The club also managed a respectable five points in their group, defeating Benfica at home and earning draws at home to 1. FC Kaiserslautern and away to Benfica. They lost to PSV twice and to Kaiserslautern away.

2000–2018: First Europa League appearance
The club's current home stadium, the Bolt Arena, was opened in 2000. The 20th championship title was won in 2002, and in 2008 the club won its tenth Finnish Cup title. The 2009 season was the start of a championship run that resulted in six titles in a row from 2009 to 2014.

In 2014, HJK became the first Finnish club to play in the UEFA Europa League group stage after defeating Rapid Wien in the play-off round. HJK, with wins over Torino and Copenhagen at home, finished third in their group with six points.

HJK made several acquisitions during the winter of 2015, including Córdoba forward Mike Havenaar, J-league playmaker Atomu Tanaka and Birmingham City holding midfielder Guy Moussi. With the new signings on their side, HJK began the season on a high by winning the league cup, a feat they had not accomplished since 1998. HJK also played its first local derby against HIFK since April 1972, drawing 1–1. However, HJK could not replicate the league success they had enjoyed for the last six seasons, finishing the 2015 season in third place, behind champions SJK and runners-up RoPS.

During the 2017 campaign the club lost only three games, which resulted in a domestic double.

HJK won the 2018 Veikkausliiga, 16 points clear at the top.

2019–2023: Toni Koskela era
HJK failed to win the 2019 championship, as KuPS won the league. HJK's season was unusually unsuccessful, manager Mika Lehkosuo was replaced by Toni Koskela mid-season, and the club finished in a disappointing 5th place in the league with 37 points. During the season, HJK named Miika Takkula their new sporting director in July.

Koskela's first three full seasons have seen HJK win three titles in a row, including the club's 30th championship in 2020. HJK also won the Finnish cup in 2020. For the 2022 season, HJK loaned in some new additions like Conor Hazard, Nassim Boujellab, Bojan Radulović and Malik Abubakari. The club's 2022 title was a remarkable 11th in 15 years.

The club has also fared well in European competitions under Koskela. During the 2021 season, HJK qualified for the 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League group stage, where they finished 3rd in the group with six points. During the 2022 season, HJK qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Europa League for only the second time in the club's history, by defeating Silkeborg IF 2–1 on aggregate in the play-off round. HJK's group included Italian AS Roma, Spanish Real Betis, and Bulgarian Ludogorets. Despite valiant home performances, HJK performed poorly on the road, losing all three away games with a total goal difference of 0–7. HJK ended the campaign fourth in the group with a single point, from a 1–1 draw to Ludogorets at home.

HJK started the 2023 Veikkausliiga season relatively poorly, and eventually head coach Koskela was dismissed following a 1–0 victory at home against Larne FC in July.

2023: Korkeakunnas
Koskela was replaced by his last season's assistant coach Toni Korkeakunnas. Korkeakunnas led HJK to a third consecutive European group stage, advancing to the 2023–24 UEFA Europa Conference League, by defeating Romanian champions Farul Constanta in the play-off round 3–2 on aggregate. HJK also renewed their league title for the fourth straight season, on a goal difference against KuPS.

After the season, the club announced that Toni Korkeakunnas will not receive a contract extension, and that the new manager would be announced soon. It was also announced earlier in late August 2023, that sporting director Miika Takkula departs from the club. In September, Vesa Mäki was named as his replacement as a new sporting director.

2024: Sibila and Virta
On 3 November 2023, the club announced that they had appointed Spanish coach Ferran Sibila as the manager of HJK on a two-year deal, starting in January 2024. On 21 December 2023, it was reported by Helsingin Sanomat that Sibila lacks the required UEFA Pro -coaching licence, and thus would not be eligible to work as a head coach in Veikkausliiga. The club's new sporting director Vesa Mäki, who was in charge of recruiting Sibila, said in the media that Sibila is going to start the required UEFA Pro -training in February 2024 in Sweden, or the club could name their assistant coach Ossi Virta as an associate head coach with Sibila.

On 3 January 2024, it was reported in Swedish media that Sibila was not granted a spot in the aforementioned UEFA Pro -training class by Swedish FA. The next day, HJK announced that the club will comply with the licence requirements set by Veikkausliiga, Finnish FA and UEFA. On 12 January 2024, HJK appointed Ossi Virta as the club's new interim head coach, until Sibila is able to attend the UEFA Pro -class.

During the 2024 pre-season, reigning Veikkausliiga Top Goalscorer Bojan Radulović was sold to Huddersfield Town and Defender of the Year Tuomas Ollila was acquired by Paris FC.

2024–present: Korkeakunnas returns
On 20 May 2024, Ferran Sibila and the sporting director Vesa Mäki were both sacked and Toni Korkeakunnas was appointed the head coach of the first team again.

Badge
In 1910, HJK arranged competition to find a crest for club, but the club board wasn't happy with the proposals. The crest was finally designed by Osmo Korvenkontio in 1913, it has only gone through minor changes during history.

Colours
First kit of HJK was plain white shirt, black shorts and black socks with few white horizontal stripes on top. In 1909 HJK introduced its trademark blue and white striped shirt. Blue and white colours were homage to fennoman movement. Black trunks still remained for decades. Shirt was changed to unicolour blue for season 1973 due to pressure from sponsors. In attempt to professionalize hockey department club had fallen in to financial despair and sponsors demanded more visibility for their logos. Clubs financial situation had improved by 1986 and due fans demands shirt was changed back to striped by the end of the year and has remained so ever since.

Football

 * Veikkausliiga:
 * Winners (33): 1911, 1912, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1923, 1925, 1936, 1938, 1964, 1973, 1978, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
 * Runners-up (14): 1921, 1933, 1937, 1939, 1956, 1965, 1966, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2016
 * Finnish Cup:
 * Winners (14): 1966, 1981, 1984, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2016–17, 2020
 * Runners-up (6): 1975, 1985, 1990, 1994, 2010, 2021
 * Finnish League Cup:
 * Winners (6): 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2015, 2023
 * Runners-up (3): 1995, 2009, 2012

Women's football

 * Finnish Women's Championship:
 * Winners (23): 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991. 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2019
 * Finnish Women's Cup:
 * Winners (17): 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2017, 2019

Ice hockey

 * Finnish Championship:
 * Winners (3): 1928–29, 1931–32, 1934–35
 * Runners-up (6): 1930–31, 1932–33, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1971–72
 * Finnish Cup:
 * Winners (1): 1970

Bandy

 * Finnish Championship:
 * Winners (5): 1921, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1937
 * Runners-up (3): 1925, 1927, 1946

Figure skating

 * Finnish Champions
 * Pia Wingisaar: 1966, 1967
 * Anuliisa Numminen: 1970
 * Tarja Säde: 1971
 * Tarja Näsi: 1972

League history

 * 84 seasons in Veikkausliiga/SM-Sarja
 * 6 seasons in Ykkönen/Suomisarja
 * Sources:

Supporters and rivalries
HJK Helsinki supporters Historically HJK had a wide support within Finnish speaking, prosperous middle class of Helsinki. The club's supporters were often nationalistic after the fashion of almost every other Finnish FA club at the time. Leftist working class' clubs played their own leagues and competitions under the Finnish Workers' Sports Federation. However, The club remained open to all 'honorable citizens' regardless of their native language, race or social class, and always had members from other communities as well. Before the 1970s HJK came to be known especially as a Töölöan club due to most of their activity taking place in this particular district.

During recent decades the club's old image as a prosperous, middle class group from Töölö has largely disappeared due to social changes in Finland as well as migration from inner city to housing projects built during the mass migration from the countryside during the 1960s and the 1970s.

The Helsinki Derby and other local rivalries
HJK's main rivals in Helsinki were widely considered to be Kiffen, HPS and HIFK. In the past these were the four big clubs from Helsinki. The clubs were mainly separated by language, HJK and HPS being Finnish speaking clubs whereas HIFK and KIF were Swedish speaking. These four clubs competed also in bandy, ice hockey and handball. The support for HJK mainly came from around the inner city and after 1940s also from Töölö, in its early years HPS Support came from same areas as HJK. Later in 1940s and 1950s when HJK support shifted more towards Töölö area, HPS gained more support in Vallila and Alppila districts, this was mostly due their youth activities taking part in those particular areas, these boundaries were not strict however and each of the four clubs had support, players and members across the city. HJK were already founding youth teams to new suburbs in 1960s and their reputation as a Töölöan club was short lived. KIF and HPS were both struggling to survive and were both relegated to lower leagues after 1964 season and rapidly lost their support. KIF made a brief two season stint to first level in 1977–78. While both KIF and HPS are still active as of 2020, they have spend their recent decades playing in lower levels, HPS focusing more on youth football in northern Helsinki.

HJK and HIFK share the biggest rivalry being two of the oldest and most successful clubs. Both were also successful in Bandy which was major winter sport in the first half of the 20th century, KIF and HPS gained lesser success. Also in Ice Hockey clubs faced numerous times and played more seasons in first level than HPS or KIF. A match between these two clubs is called as Stadin derby. Language was the biggest separating factor between the clubs, HIFK was the club of choice for the Swedish speaking population of the city and HJK for the Finnish speaking. In 2015 HIFK was promoted back to the top flight after 40 years of struggling in the lower leagues having played their last season in the top division in 1972. Since HJK ceased their activity in other sports during the 1960s and 1970s the rivalry faded away on a large scale and in recent decades many even supported both clubs at the same time, HJK in football and HIFK in ice hockey. However, due to the rise of the Finnish supporter scene in the 2000s, there is a high tension between the most vocal supporters.

HJK shared a short but fierce rivalry with FC Jokerit around the late 1990s and the early 2000s. Jokerit were well supported due to their popular ice hockey section and the clubs also competed against each other in ice hockey in the late 1960s and the early 1970s.

Multiple Helsinki based clubs have played in the league but due to their short term visits and relatively low support base large scale rivalries were never born. Some notable clubs were Ponnistus, FinnPa, Pallo-Pojat and Helsingin Toverit.

Helsinki-Lahti rivalry
HJK has competed against Lahti based clubs from the 1960s, between 1964 and 1980 HJK and Lahden Reipas had a minor rivalry as both clubs gained good success winning some titles and were also generally well supported. Reipas also won seven cup titles against one of HJK. Reipas was relegated after 1980 season. More notable rivalry was against Kuusysi from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s. Between 1981 and 1992 HJK won six league titles against Kuusysi's five, both clubs also won the cup twice, facing two times in the finals (which were both won by HJK). Both clubs also performed well in the European competitions. In 1996 both the Lahti clubs merged and FC Lahti was born, HJK and FC Lahti matches are more known from outside pitch activities, some crowd disturbances and small fights have occurred which otherwise are rare in Finnish football. Due to a relatively short distance between the two cities, these matches often draw more notable away support than others.

HJK-Haka rivalry
HJK and Valkeakosken Haka are the two most successful clubs in Finnish football, HJK with 27 league and 12 cup titles and Haka with 9 league and 12 cup titles. The match is also considered as "urban vs. rural" rivalry as HJK is a club from Finland's biggest city Helsinki and Haka is representing the small town of Valkeakoski.

Reserve team
HJK's reserve team Klubi 04 currently plays in the Ykkönen, Finnish third-tier.

Coaching Staff
Updated 6 June 2024

Performance Unit
''Also with Women's team and Reserve team. Updated 30 March 2022''

Boardroom
Updated 20 May 2024

Managers

 * 🇫🇮 Yrjö Larha (1933–1944)
 * 🇫🇮 Eino Nuutinen (1945–1947)
 * 🏴 George Duke (1948–1949)
 * 🇫🇮 Eino Nuutinen (1950)
 * 🇭🇺 János Nagy (1951)
 * 🇫🇮 Eino Nuutinen (1952)
 * 🇫🇮 Niilo Nordman (1953–1955)
 * 🇫🇮 Aatos Lehtonen (1956–1958)
 * 🇫🇮 Aulis Rytkönen (1960–1971)
 * 🇫🇮 Raimo Kauppinen (1 January 1972 – 1974)
 * 🇫🇮 Kai Pahlman (1973–1974)
 * 🇫🇮 Aulis Rytkönen (1 July 1975 – 1979)
 * 🇫🇮 Raimo Kauppinen (1975–31 December 1979)
 * 🇫🇮 Martti Kuusela (1 January 1980 – 31 December 1981)
 * 🇫🇮 Raimo Kauppinen (1 January 1981 – 1982)
 * 🇫🇮 Thure Sarnola (1982)
 * 🇫🇮 Miikka Toivola (1983–1984)
 * 🇫🇮 Jyrki Heliskoski (1 January 1985 – 31 December 1989)
 * 🇫🇮 Martti Kuusela (1 January 1990 – 31 December 1990)
 * 🇫🇮 Jyrki Nieminen (1 January 1991 – 31 December 1991)
 * 🇫🇮 Jari-Pekka Keurulainen (1 January 1992 – 31 December 1994)
 * 🇸🇪 Bo Johansson (1 January 1995 – 31 December 1995)
 * 🇫🇮 Tommy Lindholm (1 January 1996 – 8 July 1996)
 * 🇫🇮 Jari-Pekka Keurulainen, 🇫🇮 Martti Kuusela (8 July 1996 – 31 December 1996)
 * 🇫🇮 Antti Muurinen (1 January 1997 – 31 December 1999)
 * 🇫🇮 Jyrki Heliskoski (1 January 2000 – 31 December 2001)
 * 🏴 🇫🇮 Keith Armstrong (1 January 2002 – 5 September 2007)
 * 🇫🇮 Aki Hyryläinen (6 September 2007 – 10 October 2007)
 * 🇫🇮 Antti Muurinen (10 October 2007 – 31 December 2012)
 * 🇫🇮 Sixten Boström (1 Jan 2013–28 April 2014)
 * 🇫🇮 Mika Lehkosuo (29 April 2014 – 22 May 2019)
 * 🇫🇮 Toni Koskela (22 May 2019 – 13 July 2023)
 * 🇫🇮 Toni Korkeakunnas (13 July 2023 – 31 December 2023)
 * 🇫🇮 Ossi Virta and 🇪🇸 Ferran Sibila (1 January 2024 – 20 May 2024)
 * 🇫🇮 Toni Korkeakunnas (20 May 2024 – present)

Captains

 * 🇫🇮 Mika Nurmela (2007)
 * 🇫🇮 Tuomas Aho (2008)
 * 🇫🇮 Tuomas Haapala (2009)
 * 🇫🇮 Ville Wallén (2010–2013)
 * 🇫🇮 Teemu Tainio (2014)
 * 🇫🇮 Markus Heikkinen (2015)
 * 🇫🇮 Sebastian Sorsa (2016)
 * 🇧🇷/🇫🇮 Rafinha (2017–2018)
 * 🇫🇮 Sebastian Dahlström (2019)
 * 🇫🇮 Nikolai Alho (2020)
 * 🇫🇮 Daniel O'Shaughnessy (2021)
 * 🇫🇮 Miro Tenho (2022–2023)
 * 🇫🇮 Joona Toivio (2024–present)

UEFA club competition record
Updated 9 July 2024.

UEFA Club Ranking
This is the current UEFA Club Ranking.

title: Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi


text:
User talk:HaNcI

Selam
Selam, Türk karşıtı kullanıcı Khoikhoi ingilizce wikipedia'da adminlik için şansını deniyor.Daha fazla türk gelirse bunu engelleyebiliriz. Oyunu burdan kullanabilirsin Teşekkürler. (85.97.143.5 18:26, 26 March 2006 (UTC))

Merhaba
I really enjoyed your article on Denizli. I have corrected your English and hope the article gives a real flavior of Denizli - is that where you are from originally? Yazdiginiz beni çok merakli ettirdi - iyi sanslar ve kendinize iyi bakin.

Image copyrights
Thanks for uploading Image:Pamukkale.jpg and Image:Pamukkale2.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   — Edwin Stearns | Talk 22:32, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Here are some more images that you've uploaded, that need info on their source and copyright status: Image:Hierapolis_street.jpg, Image:Hierapolis_theatre.jpg. Silverfish 15:08, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Opening Links in New Window
Did you ever get a response to your discussion point about a link type that opens a new browser window?

Your original discussion point.

Post your answer here. I'll check back.

Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Sunbul Effendi
Hi HaNcI- as a Turkish wikipedian, I am seeking your comments on Votes for deletion/Sunbul Effendi. As it the article topic is related to Turkey, I assume Turkish Wikipedians are more likely than most to know whether the article is Wikipedia-worthy --AYArktos 00:22, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

VikiProje Türkiye'ye davet / Invitation to join WikiProject Turkey

{unblock-auto|1=81.214.127.3|2={openproxy}|3=Freakofnurture}

 * I checked that IP address and I am unable to verify that it is still an open proxy. Someone might want to check again latter. ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 12:51, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I added the IP to WP:OP for re-checking. Mango juice talk 14:45, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok; apparently it's not an open proxy anymore, so I've unblocked. Mango juice talk 15:15, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

File:Hierapolis street.jpg missing description details
Dear uploader: The media file you uploaded as File:Hierapolis street.jpg is missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors to make better use of the image, and it will be more informative for readers.

If you have any questions please see Help:Image page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 15:09, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

File:Hierapolis theatre.jpg missing description details
Dear uploader: The media file you uploaded as File:Hierapolis theatre.jpg is missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors to make better use of the image, and it will be more informative for readers.

If you have any questions please see Help:Image page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 15:11, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of HindII

A tag has been placed on HindII requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be an unambiguous copyright infringement. This page appears to be a direct copy from https://books.google.com/books?id=O7P1AKmoUCcC&pg=PA190. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images taken from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites or other printed material as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to use it for any reason — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. The same holds if you are not the owner but have their permission. If you are not the owner and do not have permission, see Requesting copyright permission for how you may obtain it. You might want to look at Wikipedia's copyright policy for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. DferDaisy (talk) 23:12, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:HaNcI


text:
Tim Dudfield

Mr. Timothy (a.k.a. 'T-Funk', real name Tim John Dudfield ) is an Australian dance music producer and DJ. Over the years, he has worked on projects by a wide variety of artists including Madonna, INXS, Felix da Housecat, E Smoove, Inaya Day, Slinkee Minx, Brandy, Cher, Craig David, and Steve Silk Hurley.

Career
In 2002, he released his debut single "Keep Rockin", which failed to chart. In 2004, he recorded "I Am tha 1" with American singer Inaya Day. The song reached peaked at number 28 on the ARIA charts on 12 July 2004. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2004, the song was nominated for Best Dance Release.

On 18 October 2004, MrTimothy released "Stand By Me" also featuring Inaya Day. The song peaked at number 59 on the ARIA charts. charted. In November 2004, MrTimothy released his debut studio album This Is Tha 1. Two further singles were released from the album; "4 Ever" and "I'm On My Way".

In 2005, MrTimothy changed his name to T-Funk and released a cover of "The Glamorous Life", again with Inaya Day. The song peaked at number 31 on the ARIA charts. In 2006, he released "Be Together" with Katie Underwood which also peaked at number 31 on the ARIA charts. In 2007, T-Funk returned to MrTimothy and released "I Don't Think That You Know" with Nat Dunn.

In April 2008, mrTimothy released a remix album of Katie Noonan's studio album Skin, titled Second Skin. The album debuted and peaked at number 19 on ARIA Dance Chart on 28 April 2008.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. CMr Timothy was nominated for one award.

 * 2004
 * "I Am Tha 1"
 * Best Dance Release
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: Tim Dudfield


text:
Sgùrr Alasdair

Sgùrr Alasdair is the highest peak of the Black Cuillin, and the highest peak on the Isle of Skye and in the Inner Hebrides, and indeed in all the Scottish islands, at 992 m. Like the rest of the range it is composed of gabbro, a rock with excellent grip for mountaineering. It is named after Alexander Nicolson, who made the first recorded ascent in 1873. Prior to this the mountain had been locally known as Sgurr Biorach.

Ascent
As with other hills of the Cuillin, a head for heights and scrambling ability are needed to attain the summit. The least technical route follows a feature known as the "Great Stone Chute", a scree gully that leads up from the corrie of Coire Lagan to a bealach just below the main ridge. From this col, a pleasant scramble (Grade 2 standard) up the well scratched east ridge leads to the narrow summit.

Other routes require scrambling ability or rock climbing; while there are rock climbs directly up the flanks, the only other way of reaching the summit via a ridge is the south-west ridge, a Grade 3 scramble that begins up a scratched chimney which can be accessed from the summit of Sgùrr Sgumain or from Coir' a' Ghrunnda; there is also a slightly easier route from the top of this chimney directly up a shallow gully on the south face. The summit of Sgùrr Alasdair can be attained by a short detour (from Sgùrr Theàrlaich) off the main ridge by climbers undertaking the full traverse of the Cuillin ridge, or by those following the circuit of Coire Lagan.

title: Sgùrr Alasdair


text:
Talk:Seatbelts (band)

new york section
I never knew this until today, but: some of the Cowboy Bebop soundtrack tunes were recorded by some american musicans from New York. Most notably, "Odd Ones." These musicians should be properly credited on the seatbelts wiki, I think. Although, I'm not sure if "The Seatbelts" somehow excluded the NY musicians, if "The Seatbelts" were strictly the entourage hired by Yoko Kanno in Japan. In any case, the wiki says the seatbelts did all the soundtrack to Cowboy Bebop, but the members listing doesn't list the New York musicians. http://www.jazzmess.com has all the information. Part of the reason I never knew that there were NY/american musicians doing some of the soundtrack work is that... The Seatbelts wiki didn't mention them.128.119.233.91 05:10, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Discography section
Like most bands on wikipedia, The Seatbelts diserve a discography section. I added one, and I am currently in the middle of giving each album it's own page. For continuitie's sake, I moved Ask DNA back into a seperate page, but it shouldn't be a problem any more, given that every album has it's own page. OnionRingOfDoom 02:47, 13 December 2005 (UTC)OnionRingOfDoom

Tim Jensen?
Does anyone have any info on Tim Jensen, besides the fact that he writes the lyrics for most of Yoko Kanno's vocal songs? I can't seem to find ANYTHING on google, besides liner notes and credits attributed to him. I have a feeling that Tim Jensen is a psudonym... OnionRingOfDoom 15:32, 13 December 2005 (UTC)OnionRingOfDoom

---Tim Jensen is not a psudonym, he's a real person. He's notibly voice in the opening theme to cowboy bebop, the one that ends with "3...2...1 let's jam"

BAND SCORE

 * "COWBOY BEBOP BAND SCORE Three,Two,One,Let's Jam!"
 * (ISBN 4-89601-413-8)MOVIC
 * Tank!/Rush/SPACE LION/Cats on Mars/MEMORY/THE REAL FOLK BLUES

--6286f (talk) 15:03, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

 * "BAND SCORE COWBOY BEBOP BEST SCORE"
 * (ISBN 978-4-7732-2929-5)k.m.p.
 * Tank!/Rush/SPACE LION/PIANO BLACK/RAIN/Cats on Mars/BLUE/CALL ME CALL ME/Ask DNA/No reply/Gotta Knock a little harder/THE REAL FOLK BLUES

 * "PIANO SCORE COWBOY BEBOP"
 * (ISBN 978-4-7732-2920-2)k.m.p.
 * Tank!(Piano Solo)/WALTZ for ZIZI(Piano Solo)/PIANO BLACK(Piano Solo)/PIANO BLACK(Piano Duet)/RAIN(Piano&Vocal)/MEMORY(Piano Solo)/Piano Bar I(Piano Solo)/THE REAL FOLK BLUES(Piano&Vocal)/Cats on Mars(Piano Solo)/Green Bird(Piano Solo)/ELM(Piano&Vocal)/The EGG and YOU(Piano Solo)/BLUE(Piano&Vocal)/CALL ME CALL ME(Piano&Vocal)/FLYING TEAPOT(Piano&Vocal)/No reply(Piano&Vocal)/Dijurido(Piano&Vocal)/Gotta Knock a little harder(Piano&Vocal)

 --9601U (talk) 06:38, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Fiction/real life
I think we need to split the band info and discography into fictional and real life parts. In the Bebop universe, Seatbelts was a band produced by "Y.K." and which was very popular in the Solar System from 2040s to 2070s. As far as I know, the band is not actually mentioned in the series but only in the OST booklets.

Information sources:

Liner notes from OST 1

MC talk on Music for Freelance

Discography in the Cowboy Bebop Tank!The!Best! liner notes

Real life: concert infos? Earth Girls are Easy tour? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.200.0.253 (talk) 00:08, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Band name is simply Seatbelts, not The Seatbelts
This seems to be a long standing error. The band name is Seatbelts, without the "The" nominator. This is shown on the band's official website and just the transliteration of the Japanese kana: シートベルツ (Shītoberutsu). If their name were The Seatbelts, the kana would have read ザ　シートベルツ (Za Shītoberutsu). Additionally, in the live recordings Future Blues DVD, guest vocalist Mai Yamane introduced the band as "Seatbelts" in English (I can provide proof, but it'd be a copyright infringement to upload the video).

Usually there is confusion over whether to call the band "Yoko Kanno/Seatbelts", "Yoko Kanno and Seatbelts" "Seatbelts feat. Yoko Kanno" etc, but never whether the band has the "The" nominator.

Correcting this will require hanging the title of the article, and presumably the URL? I'm not so confident in how to go about these changes - I'll leave this discussion open to others before I try making changes myself.

Miksemerts (talk) 08:33, 13 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed and will do. –Quiddity (talk) 04:15, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seatbelts (band)


text:
Discrete valuation

In mathematics, a discrete valuation is an integer valuation on a field K; that is, a function:

 * $$\nu:K\to\mathbb Z\cup\{\infty\}$$

satisfying the conditions:

 * $$\nu(x\cdot y)=\nu(x)+\nu(y)$$
 * $$\nu(x+y)\geq\min\big\{\nu(x),\nu(y)\big\}$$
 * $$\nu(x)=\infty\iff x=0$$

for all $$x,y\in K$$.

Note that often the trivial valuation which takes on only the values $$0,\infty$$ is explicitly excluded.

A field with a non-trivial discrete valuation is called a discrete valuation field.

Discrete valuation rings and valuations on fields
To every field $$K$$ with discrete valuation $$\nu$$ we can associate the subring

 * $$\mathcal{O}_K := \left\{ x \in K \mid \nu(x) \geq 0 \right\}$$

of $$K$$, which is a discrete valuation ring. Conversely, the valuation $$\nu: A \rightarrow \Z\cup\{\infty\}$$ on a discrete valuation ring $$A$$ can be extended in a unique way to a discrete valuation on the quotient field $$K=\text{Quot}(A)$$; the associated discrete valuation ring $$\mathcal{O}_K$$ is just $$A$$.

Examples

 * For a fixed prime $$p$$ and for any element $$x \in \mathbb{Q}$$ different from zero write $$x = p^j\frac{a}{b}$$ with $$j, a,b \in \Z$$ such that $$p$$ does not divide $$a,b$$. Then $$\nu(x) = j$$ is a discrete valuation on $$\Q$$, called the p-adic valuation.
 * Given a Riemann surface $$X$$, we can consider the field $$K=M(X)$$ of meromorphic functions $$X\to\Complex\cup\{\infin\}$$. For a fixed point $$p\in X$$, we define a discrete valuation on $$K$$ as follows: $$\nu(f)=j$$ if and only if $$j$$ is the largest integer such that the function $$f(z)/(z-p)^j$$ can be extended to a holomorphic function at $$p$$. This means: if $$\nu(f)=j>0$$ then $$f$$ has a root of order $$j$$ at the point $$p$$; if $$\nu(f)=j<0$$ then $$f$$ has a pole of order $$-j$$ at $$p$$. In a similar manner, one also defines a discrete valuation on the function field of an algebraic curve for every regular point $$p$$ on the curve.

More examples can be found in the article on discrete valuation rings.

title: Discrete valuation