text:
Talk:Avianca

Fleet
There is a missing aircraft on the fleet section, Avianca currently has an order for 10 Airbus A350XWB-800 under the name or Synergy Aerospace. In addition to the 10 already signed orders there are 10 more options for A350XWB-800. We may want to include this into the fleet. DG (talk) 13:57, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Notes for suggested expansion of this article
According to this site: Airline History

 * Original name of the airline was Sociedad Colombo-Alemana de Transportes Aereos (SCADTA)
 * Apparently the full name of this airline is (or was at one time?) Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia
 * Name change to Avianca took place in 1940 after a merger with something called SCAO

Kevyn 10:10, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Chalk's Ocean Airways
Unfortunately, Chalk's Ocean Airways began operating several months before Avianca in 1919, but after KLM. Considering it is an official scheduled airline, recognized by IATA and has been so since then with its only days not operating being during World War 2, the claim the Avianca is the first airline of the Americas isn't entirly accurate. Being of Colombian descent, don't think I'm trying to descredit the airline, but I'd rather keep the article accurate than spare feelings and resentment of other Colombian nationals. -- SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  20:18, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

1919 or 1940?
Am I one the only one to notice a contradiction between two claims made in the article, i.e., Currently, Avianca holds the title as second oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name, second to KLM, and The airline was established in June 1940 by the merger of SCADTA and Servicio Aéreo Colombiano? The info box states it was founded in 1919, not 1940, by the way apoivre 21:17, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

There's definitely a problem, but I'm not equipped with the knowledge to fix it. It seems, from what this article and the one on SCADTA--the latter of which is a bit of a mess, by the way--say, that Avianca only became known as such after the 1940 merger. If this is the case, then the claim earlier in the article that Avianca is the second oldest airline in the world (after KLM) still operating under its original name would be false--since Chalk's Ocean Airways would predate it. But I don't know enough about the merger to do anything about it. I'll research a bit and come back to the page if I find anything. Buck 20:15, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I've looked into it, and it seems--much to the unhappiness of many of my fellow Colombians, I'm sure--that the real story is that Avianca didn't exist under that name until 1940, which means that this "flying under the same name longer" business doesn't apply to Avianca after all. Too bad, I guess, but it's better to have the story straight, right? I'll make the relevant changes. For more info, check out this web page (in Spanish), which seems to get the story across in a more or less coherent way. Buck 20:35, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Okk this article is from Aviacna web page "http://www.avianca.com/Inicio/Navegacion/AcercaAvianca/Nuestra+historia/en/NaceUnaHistoriaConAlas.htm"

"Thanks to the ingeniousness and adventurous spirit of a group of Germans and Colombians, Sociedad Colombo Alemana de Transporte Aéreo – SCADTA was founded in Barranquilla, Colombia on December 5, 1919. It was the first commercial airline founded in Latin America and the second one in the world.

The public document organizing Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia S.A. - Avianca was signed before a notary public in Barranquilla on June 14, 1940 as a result of the merger of SCADTA, already in American hands, and Servicio Aéreo Colombiano – SACO."  So Avianca started in 1919 as SCADTA.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.1.177.233 (talk) 14:03, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

 * You are misrepresenting the situation. Avianca was created from a merger of two other companies in 1940, it was not a simple name change. Look at British Airways; it can trace its lineage back to Imperial Airways, but it didn't exist until the 1970s. to cite another example, look at Air France, which again can trace its heritage back to just after World War One, but didn't exist until much later. The prior existence of both SACO and SCADTA is dealt with in the article (a bit too heavily in the case of SCADTA in my opinion), and I suggest that you accept the fact (and it is a fact) that Avianca came into being in 1940. Just in case you think I have a pro-Qantas bias, someone edited that article to suggest that it was now the oldest airline in the world following the Air France-KLM merger, and I reverted that edit as it wasn't true. YSSYguy (talk) 04:59, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Then Avianca was founded December 5 1919 (As Scadta) but with the current name since 14 June 1940 after the merger of SCADTA and SACO —Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.81.111.143 (talk) 05:27, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

This is in Spanish but is also taken directly from Avianca's Website. where it states the 90 years in operation. the fact that the company changed it's name does not mean it is not the same company just operating with another name because of a merge. Press Release 2009Press Release 2009 in addition Avianca's Adveritising is also showing 90 years. and also the spanish wiki shows 1919 as the foundation date. I hope this helps. you may translate them using google translator, or any other translation tool you may want. DG (talk) 22:30, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

 * The airline's website does not constitute a reliable third-party source. YSSYguy (talk) 23:03, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

okay what about a Colombian Goverment page: " 1919 El Piloto Knox Martin, realiza el Primer Vuelo Postal, entre la ciudad de Barranquilla y Puerto Colombia transportando en su pequeño avión una saca con 60 cartas dentro. Nace de ésta forma el correo aéreo en el mundo, pues no hay antecedentes, antes de esta fecha, sobre prestación de servicios aeropostales. El 18 de septiembre se funda la Compañía Nacional de Navegación Aérea que efectúa los primeros vuelos transportando despachos oficiales de correo. Se firma el primer contrato con el gobierno nacional para el transporte de correspondencia; infortunadamente éste no llega al término acordado, pues la vida de la Compañía es muy corta y desaparece a los pocos meses de sus fundación. El 05 de diciembre ciudadanos colombianos y alemanes fundan en Barranquilla la Sociedad Colombo Alemana de Transportes Aéreos "SCADTA", que se convertiría más tarde en Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia "AVIANCA"."

It is in Spanish, because Colombia is an Spanish speaking Country, and most of the governmental pages are in Spanish. however I have attached a translation here of what this article says under the section I have attached.

" 1919

The Pilot Knox Martin, made the first flight Postal, between the city of Barranquilla, Puerto Colombia in his small plane carrying a bag with 60 cards inside. It arises from this form airmail in the world because there is no history prior to this date, service provision Aeropostale. On 18 September is based National Air Navigation Company that made the first flights carrying official dispatches mail. First contract is signed with the national government to carry mail; unfortunately it does not reach the agreed term, then the Company's life is very short and disappears within months of its founding. December 05 Colombians and Germans founded the company in Barranquilla Colombo Alemana de Transportes Aereos "SCADTA" which later became Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia Avianca."

This just shows everyone how this is denoted as a change in Name due to an association. in another real life example if you change your name, your birth date still is the same. you are not born again, you have just changed your name. this is the way I see this.

any comments are welcome :) DG (talk) 17:38, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Not the same. A person is totally different to a company, This wasn't a change of name, it was a merger of two companies which formed a new company/identity. Both SACO and SCADTA ceased to operate/exist when Avianca was formed and began operating in 1940. Bidgee (talk) 13:47, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

 * For in which situation you are not concidering Alianza Summa which is also the merge of 3 mayor airlines in the country, in addition to that I gave some references showing how the Colombian Goverment accepts and trats Avianca as a 90 year old company. DG (talk) 14:03, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I am not familiar with Summa, but the article suggests that it was an operating alliance among three airlines that previously competed with each other and continued to operate as separate airlines after the alliance was formed. So - not a merger and not relevant to this discussion as far as I can tell. No-one has yet explained how or why Avianca's history should be treated differently to that of British Airways or Air France. The book The Struggle for Airways in Latin America, written in 1943, is quite clear as to what happened. SCADTA was 80% owned by Pan Am since 1931. After the formation of Avianca from the merger of SCADTA and SACO in 1940, Pan Am owned 60% of the new company, the Colombian government owned 15% and other interests owned the remaining 25%. I suggest that the Colombian government does not constitute an impartial reference either for reasons of national pride. YSSYguy (talk) 03:46, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

There are quite some points I would like to address here and excuse me for all what I'm going to write, hope you can all read through it. First of all, I have to say I am on the Avianca's 1919 foundation date side but not because I'm colombian but because there are some facts about it. As YSSYguy said before, he edited Qantas profile when someone changed it saying that now it's the oldest airline after KLM and Air France's alliance (which is clearly not accurate) so I think I can also keep nationalism bias at bay as long as there are good sources to rely on.

Second, I also agree with YSSYguy regarding why Avianca shouldn't be treated any differently than other airlines like Air France or British Airways (to mention some) that have their foundation dates after merging with some or many other previous airlines. Now, why those airlines don't have an older foundation date but the merging one? I have no idea... maybe there's a specific case for each one of them but all in all, Avianca's case is different and it's acknowledged by reliable and important sources.

Third, I also believe that the airline's website does not constitute a reliable third-party source and even though I think he goes a bit to far when he states that the "Colombian government does not constitute an impartial reference either for reasons of national pride", I will mention something particular about it later on.

There are also 2 particular aspects regarding this whole issue with Avianca. One is the role of SACO and the other one is the name change to Avianca. If, let's suppose, SACO was not involved at all and Scadta would've changed its name to Avianca, I guess we could all agree that its foundation date would've remained 1919, correct? After all, name or acronym change doesn't affect the origin of an airline... if not, then Avianca's foundation date would've changed when German Efromovich purchased it, changing its acronym to "Aerovías del Continente Americano". And second, the name change to Avianca. If Scadta would've continued operating under the same name after it took over SACO in 1940 (and kept it to this days), then we would agree that its foundation date was still 1919. Same example goes for Delta after it took over Northwestestern... or did Delta's foudnation date changed to January or February 2010? I don't think so.

And there's also this minor "technical" thing some people hold to... if it was a merger or if one airline took over the other one. In reality, you'll find it everywhere as a merger but it was a take over just as Delta and Northwestern, even though you'll find it on their article as a merger. Air France and KLM was not a merger, it was an alliance just as Summa was.

But in this case, Scadta HAD to change its name to Avianca because of the huge issues with the starting of World War II and any possible references to (nazi) German association, regardless if the airline was owned by Colombians, non nazi Germans, Americans or a mix of resources from different nations origin. The "alemana" (german) word in Scadta's acronym was no good. All in all, the year says it all: In the early 1940, Peter von Braun was forced to sell his shares in the airline to America's Pan Am and in june (same year), they completely removed the name "Scadta". As someone stated a long while ago, yes, all Scadta assets and staff (crew) remained the same. Saco was just a legal excuse to legitimize the name change after the so called "merger".

Going into the references, even though YSSYguy doesn't recognize the Colombian government as an impartial one, the Aeronáutica Civil (government agency in charge of regulating civil aviation, the aviation industry and of managing the Colombian airspace), released Resolution 04888 in 2001 stating (translated): "By Public Document 2374 of December 5th of 1919 from the Second Notary in Barranquilla, the "SOCIEDAD COLOMBO ALEMANA DE TRANSPORTES AEREOS -SCADTA", was constitued, and then, in june of (1940), changed its denomination for "AEROVÍAS NACIONALES DE COLOMBIA -AVIANCA". Source: http://www.anato.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=1&download=66 Do note I'm leaving aside their refernce to Avianca being the second oldest (active) commercial airline in the world. I'll adress that one later.

I guess it's much better to bring forth REALLY reliable third party sources (specially after all this long rant). Right now, I have 2 very good ones and if someone is not willing to accept this sources as valid, then I really have no idea what you want to read or from whom you'd like to read it. Basically, these references validates all the previous rant as they acknowledge Avianca as the second oldest airline in the world:

My first reference is Boeing. In 1937, Avianca (back then still known as Scadta) acquired 10 Boeing 247 airplanes. 70 years later, when Avianca in 2007 announced the order for 10 (funny, same number of airplanes lol) Boeing 787, John Wojick, vice president, Sales for Latin America and the Caribbean -- Boeing Commercial Airplanes, said: "This order reaffirms the enduring relationship Boeing has maintained with this historic airline for 70 years". In the same news release, Boeing references Avianca as "Colombia's largest airline and the second oldest commercial airline in the world". Source: http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q1/070329e_nr.html

My second reference is another famous airplane manufacturer: Airbus. When Avianca recieved its first Airbus 320, John Leahy, Airbus Chief Operating Officer, Customers said: "Avianca is the second oldest commercial airline in the world and we are honored to welcome such a prestigious airline amongst our big family of Airbus A320 operators". Source: http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/08_02_22_first_a2320_avianca.html Later, when Avianca recieved the first Airbus A330, the same John Leahy added: "We look forward to seeing our long range bestseller flying in the fleet of one of the longest established airlines of the world" Source: http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/08_10_03_avianca_a330200.html (all bold letters added by me)

So there are some historic events related to World War II, the clear and paramount need to change Scadta's name and the inclusion of SACO as the perfect excuse for the airline to take over it and legitimize the name change to Avianca. There's also a legal document from the Colombian government agency that specializes in these subjects. But above all, 2 key references from the two biggest airplane manufacturers in the world that oficially in their news releases, mention Avianca as the second oldest airline in the world. In Boeing's case, the timeline fits perfectly from 1937 to 2007 as they mention the 70 years that Avianca has been a Boeing user. Finally, I would like to bring a copy of the exact text that was written in 1940 in Barranquilla when the airline chaged its name to Avianca to prove (futher more) what was said back then, how Scadta didn't really ceased to exist but it was rebranded to Avianca taking as an excuse the "role" that Saco played but how all the previous assets from Scadta remained. I don't live in Barranquilla but maybe something could be worked out to get such Document...

I still don't understand the difference between Avianca and Air France and British Airways to mention some. But if Boeing and Airbus recognize it, if Avianca painted aircrafts to celebrate its 85 and 90 years (clearly not making up a random number) and if the Colombian government also recognizes it, there HAS to be a difference... and if not, then AF, BA and all other relevant active airlines should bring forth their reasons as to why their foundation dates should go before the ones they currently have if their cases have the same legal and historic benchmarks as Avianca's. Mekanos (talk) 05:12, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I see Mekanos's point about Airbus and Boeing. Mind it is possible that they get their info from Avianca... I'd argue that a Boeing press is a reliable source; we certainly consider them to be for info about the Boeing 787 and other aircraft pages. Perhaps some more discussion on this from YSSYguy and others? -- Flyguy649 talk 05:05, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Thank you Flyguy, now what date are we going to put, I see you have removed the lock for the page, but the date stills 1940. perhaps we shall wait for some other coments? DG (talk) 13:43, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, of course that the aircraft companies get info from the airlines. But I don't think that Boeing (or any other respectable aircraft manufacturer) would back up info that they dont take as reliable. They even mentioned about the 70 years that Avianca has been a Boeing user. Why would Boeing give Avianca all those years if it was not true? I still don't want to touch the main article until, as Flyguy said, we get some more discussion, or until a reasonable time has passed... Mekanos (talk) 19:08, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Boeing gets its information from the airline (Whether it is Qantas, Air New Zealand or Avianca) as boeing's goal is to sell, design and make aircraft and not doing its own independent investigation/research on an airlines history. Bidgee (talk) 06:35, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Well the Discussion was asking for reliable sources from a third source. Evidence has been provided from Colombian Goverment, Boeing, and Airbus. I personally think those 3 are very reliable sources. In fact Beoing and Airbus are oten used to citate other related articles. if we can not use them as a reliable source here. then all other uses must be discarted as well. and not only this one. it is either reliable or not. if it has previosly been used, them it will always be reliable. and once again if we are not going to recognize a goverment, and such big and important companies as sources, all the articles related to airlines in wikipedia are not reliable. as well as any other article citing sources from any Goverment. DG (talk) 08:59, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Yikes Bidgee, then what is a reliable source for you? Basically what you are saying is that you consider possible that Boeing or Airbus, the 2 biggest airplane manufacturers in the world, would accept as valid whatever info is given to them by the airlines? In that line of thought, if Avianca tells them that the company was founded in 1905 then they will consider it as true? Same for any other Airline... if Emirates tells them that they are the oldest airline still in operation, they will believe them just because it's the big Emirates Airline? I really don’t agree with your assumption that those aircraft manufacturers will take for granted anything that's thrown to them, regardless if it's history, fleet or any other matter. I don’t think we need a deep PhD academic research to consider it as a valid source. And finally, I agree on stating both dates on the info box but it makes no sense to have a "founded" and "commenced operations" dates as different. It's more logical to either have "founded" and "rebranded" or "commenced operations" and "rebranded". Mekanos (talk) 17:52, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

Accidents
I dont think it should be said the accidents are low for an airline of this age

They have lost 3 Jet Aircraft in there history to pilot error, and compared to the likes of Qanatrs which was founded a year later, which has never lost a jet, and many other airlines established in that time, there record isn't very low

220.237.34.224 16:10, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

It's meant to say that for an airline that's been part of a country with such a turbulent past, it's had a very low count. Qantas, being #1 in those terms, has come from a country that hasn't had to deal with the amount of domestic terrorism that a country like Colombia has, while other airlines in countries with such pasts have experience much worse hijackings and malcious attacks. For an airline that had to deal with gang plots to bomb aircraft foor three decades, losing only three jets does deserve this mention. -- SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  16:47, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Fokker 100
at the time Avianca only have 4 Fokker 100 they are still waiting for the other 9 to be delivered.

FEATURE ARTICLE
I THINK IN MY OPINION THAT WITH SOME EXTRA LINKS THIS ARTICLE COULD QUALIFY AS A FEATURE ARTICLE. User:ColBog

It needs some internal links, like a notes section (see: Footnotes), that's going to be one of the major objections if this is put up for FA now, also the images need to be organized and spaced out some more, they're rather cluttered, then you also have to do a bit of a wording rewrite, grammar is good, but wording tends to lag in some places. Also, all the new service announcements and speculated aircraft purchases need citations to back them. There needs to be an external link to a reliable source stating that these destinations and/or aircraft are being considered or have been announced. I suggest taking the article through peer review first and seeing how it fares there, that should give you a lot of pointers on what to trim before taking it to FA Candidacy. Good Luck! -- SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  00:48, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Just to check up...
Hi. I have taken a look at this page and made a few changes. Whilst it is a long article, there are some things which may need to be sorted out. I have made these changes -
 * Accidents on Avianca aircraft have been significantly low for an airline of its age and location within a nation that has struggled with drug trafficking and organized crime problems. - removed. Very much a value judgement and would rather leave this out of an encyclopedia. Let the reader decide - it seems like someone may try to justify these actions.
 * In the 1990s, after the death or arrest of various traffickers at the hands of Colombian police, Avianca was able to regain its status as one of the safest airlines in the world. - Unsourced statement without proof. Removed
 * They are for the exclusive use of those enjoying our Business Class ... - removed whole paragraph about lounges. Sounds like either copy-paste or advertisment. No-no.
 * I have removed the news section -- this is not WikiNews. All that should be covered in the History, etc. anyway
 * Removed notes section -- speculation.

Someone may want to take an ever closer look at the article -- to make sure that its totally fixed.-- Chris Lester   talk  16:39, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Subsidiaries
I think that the term "Subsidiaries" is misused in this page. In order to become a subsidiary, there has to be a parent-owned relationship, in which the parent company owns at least 51% of the subsidiary; there is also administrative parenthood required to be called a subsidiary, since the parent company has to regulate or control the administration of the owned institution. A subsidiary is different in significance compared to affiliated which in this case reflects more clearly the ownership situation of the airline. Avianca´s parent company is the Synergy Group (SG), at the same time SG owns the shares of other companies like Ocean Air, VIP Ecuador, etc... The fact that Avianca belongs to this conglomerate, does not mean that these airlines are its subsidiaries since Avianca does not own them. These companies are only members or affiliates from the same economic group.

Regards,

200.89.6.215 17:16, 10 April 2007 (UTC)MSevilla

Fully agree with this post. In addition, Volaris is not a subsidiary of Taca Airlines. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.103.43.60 (talk) 20:15, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

new livery
when did avicanca update its logo? it must have been in the last year or so, no? 71.234.109.192 (talk) 08:55, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

1990 crash controversy
I am wondering how (or whether) to incorporate information about the industry practice of restricting fuel to cut costs into the article without violating wikipedia guidelines. Are there any sources suggesting this did or did not contribute to the 1990 accident? 69.140.152.55 (talk) 20:29, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Article protection - date of founding
Following on from above and continuous edit warring at this article about that situation I have locked the article until consensus is formed. Please add your reasons for one or the other date below and I will consider when a reasonable amount of time has ensued.-- VS talk 02:17, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Avianca was founded in 1940 not 1919. If it was a simple rename of the company maybe but it wasn't a rename but a merger of SCADTA (which was founded in 1919) and SACO (founded in 1933), therefore creating a new company called Avianca in 1940 (which is the founded date). Avianca's own claim of being in the air for 85 years in 2004 is incorrect (Reason why Wikipedia doesn't allow primary sources) but in 1919 Avianca wasn't founded as it was SCADTA who was founded nor was Avianca founded in 1933 when SACO was founded. The name and company of Avianca was founded in 1940 due to the merger of two individual companies which ceased to exist in 1940. Bidgee (talk) 02:34, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Please check  from Avianca.com (the offical web site of AVIANCA), was not created a new company just changed the name of the company happened to be SCADTA AVIANCA never created a new company, at no time has been quoted the same source as Wikipedia. And I think that there is no source more reliable than the information given by the same airline through its website where it clearly says that 2004 brings 85 years of uninterrupted operation, and was founded in 1919.--Nicop (talk) 14:43, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Comment The two references you have provided are both the same - and they appear to support the argument that Avianca was founded in 1940 with the words The public document organizing Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia S.A. - Avianca was signed before a notary public in Barranquilla on June 14, 1940 as a result of the merger of SCADTA, already in American hands, and Servicio Aéreo Colombiano – SACO.  Do you have another reference?-- VS talk 20:49, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

 * As I have noted before, other airlines wih a just-as-impressive pedigree as Avianca's are deemed to have been in existence since the date of a merger; see British Airways and Air France. I see no reason for Avianca to be treated differently to these two very prominent airlines. YSSYguy (talk) 21:05, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Excuse me, if I begin to disagree with your idea of what happened with Avianca it's a case completely different from what British Airways or Air France actually happened with Avianca. Becuase what really happened was SCADTA was a simple change of name, which doesn't alter the foundation date, which is very different from a change of the company. SCADTA never altered anuthing, or even stopped from serving to change the name, i search others references to support de real idea.--Nicop (talk) 04:07, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Comment Nicop, please can you provide evidence of your claim above, and as per my comment a little further above please can you provide the correct address of the other diff?-- VS talk 06:59, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * There are all you want, but in Spanish, including the Chamber of Commerce, for there DIAN are all necessary information here in Colombia, but all in Spanish.--Nicop (talk) 16:16, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

 * So after stating that there is no more reliable information than the company's own website, and seeing that the company's website states that AVIANCA was formed in 1940 as the result of a merger between SCADTA and SACO, you think this information should now be ignored as being incorrect? YSSYguy (talk) 22:17, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Comment SCADTA and Avianca have been and will be the same company. It was a thin change of name because there was a unjustified suspicion about SCADTA links with Nazi Germany. This measure was promote by the U.S. government at that time. All German assets outside were intervened as precautionary measure for diminishing the Third Reich international influence. In the case of SCADTA, there was just a trivial change of name. All SCADTA assets and staff (crew) remained same. The merger with SACO was just a excuse to intervene German interests in Colombia. The U.S. government was satisfied removing the word "German" from the formal company name: Sociedad Colombo Alemana de Transportes Aéreos. Ju98_5 (talk) 05:20 p.m., 7 February 2009 (GTM-5)

 * But Ju98 5, what you have described is what happens during a merger, regardless of the reason for that merger (and it must be remembered that airline mergers often happened for political reasons). Two or more companies (of which one may be bigger than the other/s) come together, and a new company is formed with the same assets and the same staff. Why should Avianca be treated differently to Air Canada, Air France, American Airlines, British Airways or Delta Airlines, just to name a few? These are all airlines that can trace their history via mergers back to the 1920s (or 1919 in the case of Air France) but which have their dates of inception as the dates of the mergers that resulted in their current names. YSSYguy (talk) 22:52, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

 * It was just a trivial change of name. Nowadays, all the companies do it remaining same: En Colombia la aviación comercial ha tenido una importancia destacada desde sus albores como negocio, apenas iniciándose los años veinte del siglo pasado. En efecto, mediante Escritura Pública 2374 del 5 de diciembre de 1919 de la Notaría Segunda de Barranquilla fue constituida la SOCIEDAD COLOMBO ALEMANA DE TRANSPORTES AÉREOS, SCADTA, que luego, en junio de 1949, cambió su denominación por la de AEROVÍAS NACIONALES DE COLOMBIA. AVIANCA, hoy una de las aerolíneas solicitantes y la segunda más antigua en el mundo de la aviación comercial. Source: http://www.anato.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=1&download=66. Ju98_5 (talk) 09:00 p.m., 8 February 2009 (GTM-5)
 * Mail from Avianca, confirm Avianca was founded in 1919:

Señor xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Respetado señor:

Dando respuesta a su requerimiento nos permitimos ratificar la información de nuestra página web quien informa que nuestra compañía se fundo el 5 de diciembre de 1919 en Barranquilla bajo el nombre de SCADTA - Sociedad Colombo Alemana de Transporte Aéreo -, lo que significa que vamos para 90 años de existencia.

Mil gracias por entrar en contacto con nuestra Aerolínea. Esperamos de esta forma haber aclarado sus inquietudes.

Gracias por su atención, dejamos a su disposición el Departamento de Relaciones con el Cliente para cualquier inquietud adicional.

Cordialmente,

Bibiana Moreno Sánchez

Relaciones con el Cliente

Avianca

Rc-124899

Teléfono: 4013434 Bogotá

Fax:        4049048 Bogotá

E-mail:    bmoreno@avianca.com

Another question?.--Nicop (talk) 18:35, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment @ Nicop This detail does nothing to support your contention because (a) it is in Spanish, (b) it could have been written by anyone, (c) it appears to be written by a primary source - and we require reliable secondary sources from which we can verify such information. @ all editors - a consensus of thought seems to have occurred and on that basis I will be happy to close this discussion however I will wait until the weekend just in case there is some final information that persons would like to post at this thread.-- VS talk 21:29, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that nationalism or patriotism is distorting what actually happened. If SCADTA took over SACO the way that Qantas took over Australian Airlines, or American Airlines took over TWA, there would be no problem. But the airline itself on its website describes what happened as a merger. So, I would like my two earlier questions answered. 1. Should the Avianca website's statement that the airline was created in 1940 from a merger between SCADTA and SACO be ignored, and if so why? 2. Why should Avianca be treated differently to other airlines that were created from mergers? YSSYguy (talk) 21:42, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Unprotected
I've unprotected the page. If disputes break out that can not be resolved by discussion here, protection can be requested at WP:RFPP. -- Flyguy649 talk 21:59, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

Livery
I for one cannot understand the livery section, it is a table filled with dates and aircraft and something about Pan-Am and Eastern colours (not exactly the most straight-forward way to describe the livery!) this section and article would be very much enhanced with more pictures of the livery (so far there is a grand total of 2!) on from the 70s and the other one is most unclear and of poor quality. The British Airways one for example is much better with high quality pictures of all 4 BA liveries, with detailed description.SJHQC (talk) 21:57, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Revised Fleet Section
I revised the fleet section, removing the information that the Fokker 50 and Fokker 100 will be phased out. According to a recent article in "Airliner World", Avianca is happy with both aircraft and has no plans in the near future to replace them.

Operatin Income
The operating income is in COP which is good as this is a Colombian Airline. for general information this number shall also be put in Dollars, as COP does look pretty big and can be confusing to read. Asd of Today, the exhange rate for this is $1.892,99 COP for $1.00 USD. DG (talk) 10:13, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Subsidiary Info
Just looking at this article, there is allot of information that about Subsidiary airlines that is duplicated on that Subsidiary airline page. I have just removed a fleet table that had information about aircraft for Subsidiary airlines because that information is olso on the own subsidiary airline page. Should this type duplicate information be removed and we concentrate on Avianca rather than the Subsidiaries? Seems rather pointless to repeate this information. Other airlines are not like this on Wikipedia --JetBlast (talk) 15:26, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Help me is supposed to goon your talk page (User talk:JetBlast).  EBE123  talkContribs 10:56, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

 * What you are asking is a matter for discussion on this talk page. Wait for other editors to comment here. -- Donald Albury 11:00, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

Removal of content
In these number of edits i have removed a large amount of content. I have put the reasons by each edit. Most of it was lists of un-encyclopedic content. Also removed a section that was tagged with needing sources for the past 18 months. I have also removed some content from the fleet table to comply with policy. --JetBlast (talk) 22:12, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EwnSSfmkDNY/UaS3gGzjsEI/AAAAAAAABpw/I7gU5WUWIwQ/s640/375052_656844454342824_1697476416_n.jpg — Preceding unsigned comment added by 113.179.19.224 (talk) 00:58, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

Please edit this logo (font) from http://www.logomaker.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Avianca-Logo.png — Preceding unsigned comment added by 113.179.19.224 (talk) 01:02, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Avianca. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20141022165837/http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/AV to http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/AV#al_profile_tab_fleet

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:18, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Avianca. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100408163410/http://nasm.si.edu/events/pressroom/releaseDetail.cfm?releaseID=108 to http://www.nasm.si.edu/events/pressroom/releaseDetail.cfm?releaseID=108

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:34, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 one external links on Avianca. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.avianca.fr/NR/rdonlyres/7002E3BB-E719-4750-8A6B-D4E5FFBC3E63/14505/No519resultadosfinancierosAV09010310.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110704023748/http://190.24.134.67/sentencias/seccion%20primera/1989/ce-sec1-exp1989-n132.doc to http://190.24.134.67/sentencias/seccion%20primera/1989/ce-sec1-exp1989-n132.doc
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101114141827/http://www.staralliance.com:80/en/press/cmavta-prp to http://www.staralliance.com/en/press/cmavta-prp/
 * Added tag to http://www.avianca.fr/Inicio/Navegacion/AcercaAvianca/Flota+y+destino/es/Aerolineas-Aliadas-Destinos-Nacionales-Colombia-Internacionales.htm
 * Added tag to http://www.avianca.fr/Inicio/Navegacion/AcercaAvianca/Flota+y+destino/es/AerolineasAliadas.htm
 * Added tag to http://www.avianca.fr/Inicio/Navegacion/AcercaAvianca/Flota+y+destino/es/AerolineasAliadas.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090410051521/http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar:80/site/anteriores/561-570/566/SITE/rlineas566contenido.htm to http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/561-570/566/SITE/rlineas566contenido.htm
 * Added tag to http://www.avianca.fr/NR/rdonlyres/7002E3BB-E719-4750-8A6B-D4E5FFBC3E63/22880/No555C%C3%B3digoCompartidoAVLH031310.pdf
 * Added tag to http://www.larepublica.com.co/archivos/EMPRESAS/2011-01-27/avianca-taca-copa-airlines-y-united-airlines-establecen-acuerdos-de-cooperacion_120288.php
 * Added tag to http://www.avianca.fr/NR/rdonlyres/1E657667-7A62-4CA2-99E8-E2B03726B3BA/26126/N582alianzaDeprisaUPS080411.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151017230335/http://www.staralliance.com/en/about/airlines/ to http://www.staralliance.com/en/about/airlines/
 * Added tag to http://www.avianca.fr/en-ec/travel-information/before-your-flight/fleet.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150622063035/http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/corporate-information/key-documents/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=67290 to http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/corporate-information/key-documents/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=67290
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150622063035/http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/corporate-information/key-documents/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=67290 to http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/corporate-information/key-documents/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=67290
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150622063035/http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/corporate-information/key-documents/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=67290 to http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/corporate-information/key-documents/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=67290
 * Added tag to http://www.avianca.fr/NR/rdonlyres/7002E3BB-E719-4750-8A6B-D4E5FFBC3E63/13542/No504AV90a%C3%B1os041209.pdf
 * Added tag to http://www.avianca.fr/Inicio/Navegacion/AcercaAvianca/Nuestra+historia/es/Naceunahistoriaconalas.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:15, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Avianca. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.staralliance.com/en/press/cmavta-prp/
 * Added tag to http://www.colombia.noticiasabc.com/2009/04/12/recordando-los-10-anos-del-secuestro-del-fokker-de-avianca-2/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130603133322/http://www.exploretaca.com/eng/article.html?pagesrc=archives&id=1985 to http://www.exploretaca.com/eng/article.html?pagesrc=archives&id=1985

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:42, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Avianca. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140415224147/http://www.staralliance.com/es/press/cmavta-joining-prp// to http://www.staralliance.com/es/press/cmavta-joining-prp//

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:49, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

Map of Destinations
Is missing Germany since Munich is their destination from 16 November 2018. Has to be corrected. Tokota (talk) 06:06, 17 November 2018 (UTC)

Introduction
This is my first time reading this article and I think the introduction is way too long, which was what I thought of instantly. I think half or even 3 quarters of it should be split into another paragraph or two. It’s just really hard to read, especially if you have dyslexia. Fork99 (talk) 22:15, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Avianca


text: Category:History of Iraq

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:History of Iraq


text:
Talk:Wollastonite

Untitled
Text source: US Government: Public domain text. -- Chris 73 | Talk 10:12, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Edited by Yosuf Eshmawi as an "adopt-a-mineral" term paper for Geol3370 Introduction to Mineralogy, Prof. Jonathan Snow, University of Houston on Dec,07,07 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yosufesh (talk • contribs) 20:00, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wollastonite


text:
Kanda

Kanda may refer to:

People

 * Kanda (surname)
 * Kanda Bongo Man (born 1955), Congolese soukous musician

Places

 * Kanda, Tokyo, an area in Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
 * Kanda Station (Tokyo), a railway station in Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
 * Kanda River, a river in Tokyo, Japan
 * Kanda, Fukuoka, a town in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, in which the southern half of Kitakyushu Airport is located
 * Kanda Station (Fukuoka), a train station in Kanda, Fukuoka
 * Kanda, Bajhang, Nepal
 * Kanda, Bajura, Nepal
 * Kanda, Rapti, Nepal
 * Kanda, Uttarakhand, a town in Uttarakhand, India
 * Kanda, a town in Ngounié Province, Gabon
 * Kanda Estates, a residential development in Accra, Ghana
 * Kanda, Mohács, Hungary

Other uses

 * Kanda (lineage), a lineage and often ruling house or dynasty among the BaKongo specifically during the Kingdom of Kongo
 * Kanda language, also known as Angoram
 * Kanda Shrine, a landmark in Tokyo
 * Kanda Matsuri, a Japanese festival that takes place in Kanda, Tokyo
 * Kanda University of International Studies, a university in Chiba, Japan
 * Kanda or kenda, common names for the plant Macaranga peltata
 * , a Sanskrit word meaning "chapter", used in the names of the chapters of some Hindu books, e.g. the Ramayana, Shatapatha Brahmana etc.

title: Kanda


text:
Radical Democratic Party (Bulgaria)

The Radical Democratic Party (Радикалдемократическа партия) is a liberal party in Bulgaria. The party was founded in 1902 (other sources: 1905) by Naičo Canov and other dissidents from the Democratic Party. From 1918 party was led by Stoyan Kosturkov. It was banned in 1934, revived in 1944 and again banned in 1949. In 1989 the party was re-established. It elected as its leader Elka Konstantinova. She was succeeded in 1994 by Aleksander Jordanov, and the party became an affiliated member of the Union of Democratic Forces. In 1995 the party split, with one faction remaining inside the Union of Democratic Forces, and another faction becoming an independent party. Though the party still exists, it lacks its former influence.

title: Radical Democratic Party (Bulgaria)


text:
Zassenhaus lemma

In mathematics, the butterfly lemma or Zassenhaus lemma, named after Hans Zassenhaus, is a technical result on the lattice of subgroups of a group or the lattice of submodules of a module, or more generally for any modular lattice.

 * Lemma. Suppose $$G$$ is a group with subgroups $$A$$ and $$C$$. Suppose $$B\triangleleft A$$ and $$D\triangleleft C$$ are normal subgroups. Then there is an isomorphism of quotient groups:
 * $$\frac{(A\cap C)B}{(A\cap D)B} \cong \frac{(A\cap C)D}{(B\cap C)D}.$$

This can be generalized to the case of a group with operators $$(G, \Omega)$$ with stable subgroups $$A$$ and $$C$$, the above statement being the case of $$\Omega=G$$ acting on itself by conjugation.

Zassenhaus proved this lemma specifically to give the most direct proof of the Schreier refinement theorem. The 'butterfly' becomes apparent when trying to draw the Hasse diagram of the various groups involved.

Zassenhaus' lemma for groups can be derived from a more general result known as Goursat's theorem stated in a Goursat variety (of which groups are an instance); however the group-specific modular law also needs to be used in the derivation.

Resources

 * Carl Clifton Faith, Nguyen Viet Dung, Barbara Osofsky (2009) Rings, Modules and Representations. p. 6. AMS Bookstore, ISBN 0-8218-4370-2
 * Hans Zassenhaus (1934) "Zum Satz von Jordan-Hölder-Schreier", Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 10:106–8.
 * Hans Zassenhaus (1958) Theory of Groups, second English edition, Lemma on Four Elements, p 74, Chelsea Publishing.
 * Hans Zassenhaus (1934) "Zum Satz von Jordan-Hölder-Schreier", Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 10:106–8.
 * Hans Zassenhaus (1958) Theory of Groups, second English edition, Lemma on Four Elements, p 74, Chelsea Publishing.

title: Zassenhaus lemma


text:
River aux Sables

The River aux Sables, also known as the Aux Sables River and the Rivière aux Sables, is a river in Algoma and Sudbury Districts, Ontario, Canada, which flows from Lac aux Sables in Algoma District and empties into the Spanish River near the community of Massey.

The river is a well documented canoe route and notable for its free-flowing drainage and challenging whitewater. In particular, the southern portion of the river, with Class III and IV rapids, is renowned for white-water kayaking.

At one time, the river was used to transport logs to sawmills downstream. Just before its mouth, it flows through Chutes Provincial Park, which was named after chutes used to bypass rapids on this river. The river is now mainly used for recreational canoeing and kayaking.

Ontario Highway 810 follows the course of the river from Richie Falls in the north, south of Lac aux Sables, to Bull Lake in the south. Ontario Highway 553 continues south from there to Massey on Ontario Highway 17, first diverging from and then rejoining the river just north of Massey.

Tributaries

 * West River aux Sables

River aux Sables Provincial Park
The River aux Sables Provincial Park protects the entire river and its banks with the exception of some private lands near the town of Massey. It was established in 2006 and is intended to provide recreational paddling opportunities. The park area is also popular for fishing, hunting, and camping.

The park is a natural corridor, abutting the Mississagi River Provincial Park Additions in the north, and linked to Chutes Provincial Park in the south. One notable feature of the park is the riparian wetland in Tennyson Township, which has a complex arrangement of oxbow ponds and abandoned river channels with a wide variety of aquatic and marsh vegetation, and is home to migratory and breeding marsh birds and waterfowl.

It is a non-operating park, meaning that there are no facilities or services.

title: River aux Sables


text:
Rangiora

Rangiora is the largest town and seat of the Waimakariri District, in Canterbury, New Zealand. It is 29 km north of Christchurch, and is part of the Christchurch metropolitan area. With an estimated population of Rangiora is the 30th largest urban area in New Zealand, and the fifth-largest in the Canterbury region (behind Christchurch, Timaru, Ashburton and Rolleston).

Geography
Rangiora is 29 km north of Christchurch's Cathedral Square or 20 minutes drive north of the Christchurch International Airport. It is close to the northern end of Canterbury's Inland Scenic Route (formerly State Highway 72), which skirts the inner edge of the Canterbury Plains, running southwest to Timaru via Oxford and Geraldine. The Ashley River / Rakahuri is just to the north of the town.

Climate
Rangiora has an oceanic climate, (Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification), with warm summers and mild winters. Rangiora has an average annual mean of 11.5 C, an average annual high of 17.1 C and an average annual low of 6.0 C. January, the warmest month, has a mean of 16.7 C and an average high of 22.1 C, while the coolest month, July, has a mean of 6.1 C and an average low of 0.6 C.

Rangiora receives 575.1 mm of precipitation annually over 83.0 precipitation days, which is quite dry compared to some other cities in New Zealand. The wettest month is April, which receives 58.0 mm and the most precipitation on average over 7.7 precipitation days is a tie between June and July. The driest month is September, which receives 34.1 mm over 6.0 precipitation days while the least amount of precipitation is February. Rangiora receives 2191.7 hours of sunshine annually, with winter being less sunny compared to summer. November is the sunniest month, receiving 232.0 hours of sunshine on average, while June is the least sunniest month, receiving 125.0 hours of sunshine on average.

The highest official temperature ever recorded in New Zealand was 42.4 C at Rangiora on 7 February 1973.

Population
Rangiora is described by Statistics New Zealand as a medium urban area and covers 17.70 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, the town had a smaller boundary, covering 15.25 km2. Using that boundary, Rangiora had a population of 17,841 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,772 people (18.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 5,676 people (46.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 6,900 households, comprising 8,454 males and 9,399 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.9 males per female, with 3,270 people (18.3%) aged under 15 years, 2,997 (16.8%) aged 15 to 29, 7,179 (40.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 4,392 (24.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 93.2% European/Pākehā, 7.6% Māori, 1.3% Pasifika, 3.4% Asian, and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 17.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 49.6% had no religion, 40.5% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.4% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.2% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,851 (12.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 3,336 (22.9%) people had no formal qualifications. 2,163 people (14.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 6,483 (44.5%) people were employed full-time, 2,148 (14.7%) were part-time, and 417 (2.9%) were unemployed.

Attractions
Rangiora has become a gateway for local wineries, which have become popular in North Canterbury and, around Rangiora, there are a number to choose from. For more than twenty years the Rangiora Showgrounds has hosted an annual "petrol-head" show called Street Machines and Muscle Car Madness which features a large array of vehicles.

In 1956, Rangiora hosted New Zealand's first traction engine rally at the Rangiora Showgrounds. Eight traction engines, owned by members of the Southbrook Traction Engine Club, attended. In 2006, this notable milestone was celebrated by the arrival of visiting Burrell showman's engine Quo Vadis and accompanying carousel Gallopers Abreast from England to attend the celebrations.

Sports
Rangiora Football has undergone strong growth recently. The Mainpower Oval has hosted many national cricket matches and is also used by Canterbury Country cricket as its base. Rangiora High School has produced many excellent sportspeople in rugby, basketball, netball, athletics, and rowing in recent years. Former All Black captain Todd Blackadder and former Silver Fern player and Tall Fern captain Donna Loffhagen both attended Rangiora High School.

Culture
Rangiora boasts two theatre companies: The North Canterbury Musical Society and The Rangiora Players. There are also a number of music, dance and drama schools based in the town, including the Hartley School of Performing Arts. The Regent Cinema, which opened in 1926, was located within the historic Rangiora Town Hall from its opening in 1926 as Everybodys' Cinema until December 2012 when the Town Hall was closed. There were also screenings in the larger auditorium which also hosted live shows and youth events.

The studios of radio station Compass FM 104.9 are situated in Rangiora. Compass FM 104.9 is a not-for-profit community station covering the North Canterbury region of New Zealand. From a transmitter atop Mount Grey, the station can be heard over much of North Canterbury, including the Waimakariri District, much of the Hurunui District and Selwyn District, and in greater Christchurch.

Rangiora Town Hall
The Rangiora Town Hall was designed by Henry St. Aubyn Murray on the behalf of the Rangiora Borough Council, and built by F.Williamson of Christchurch at a cost of £10,850 NZP. Construction began in 1925, and the Hall was opened on 27 May 1926 by the Mayoress of the Rangiora Borough, Mrs Robina McIntosh. Seating 600, the main hall was designed to host both moving pictures, and also live performances from around the district. The original Rangiora Public Library was located on the first-floor along the northern (High Street) frontage. Originally the Rangiora Borough Council resolved to spend only £6,500 to build and furnish the hall, was obliged to loan some £8,000 from the Christchurch Tramway Board to finance the construction of the hall, outraging residents at the prospects of having to pay increased rates. The interior furnishings were paid for using the insurance monies from the Institute Hall, which had been burned down in 1926.

The building originally housed the Everybodys Theatre, from 1931 the Regent Theatre. The former ticket windows were located on either side of the main doors; these are still extant, though the windows have since been replaced with single panes of glass, and the internal walls of one of the ticket offices has been removed. The Hall also housed the library from 1926 to 1967, when it moved to the former Council Chambers. The Rangiora Borough Council occupied the former library space from 1967 to 1981, when the present Council offices were opened on the (former) Institute Hall property.

The building has been altered very few times since it was originally built. In the early 1970s, the building was altered by pushing the rear wall of the auditorium in, which resulted in the loss of 200 seats and reducing the current capacity to the present level of 380. With the introduction of television and video, the former library on the first-floor was converted in 1983 into a smaller second theatre, designed solely as a movie theatre, and which opened with the movie Star Wars: Return of the Jedi. The main theatre was still capable of showing movies as required, and the original projection room was still in place to facilitate hire of the main hall to show movies for special occasions until September 2013. The building has been shut down twice for work to be carried out; in 1999 access was improved to the fly floors and the present lighting gantry installed, and in 2009 the building received an electrical re-wire and the interior was refurbished.

At some point in the 1920s-1930s, two properties adjacent to the Town Hall along High Street were demolished, and the site turned into the Town Hall Reserve; this property separates the Town Hall and the Police Station, built in 1999 to replace another station that had become inadequate. There is also a small carpark to the south of the building, behind the stage area. This carpark also has a loading dock that leads directly into the stage left wing, allowing backdrops and other properties to be brought into the building.

In September 2010, the Town Hall was damaged by the 4 September earthquake. The last group to use the Town Hall was the Rangiora New Life School, whose Secondary students had performed Exodus - The Musical (written by Christopher Tambling and Michael Forster) over the week of 25–27 August. The building was out of service until mid-2011, when it was reopened for use again. While it had been undergoing repairs at the time of the 22 February earthquake, the building thankfully did not sustain any further damage, which would have prolonged the time required for repairs.

The first show to use the restored facility was the North Canterbury Musical Society with their performance of Guys and Dolls in June 2011. While the Hall appeared to be in good condition, it was later found by engineers to be below the 33% structural integrity requirements of the New Building Standards code introduced after the Canterbury earthquakes. In December 2011, Council engineers closed the Hall, necessitating the closure of the Regent Theatre, located in the former library.

The Regent Theatre, operated by Patrick Walsh, was relocated to the Waikari Town Hall, a temporary move which was later made permanent by the cancellation of Walsh's concession to operate the movie theatre in mid-2013. After Walsh stripped out his cinema, contractors Naylor Love began work on 16 September 2013 to demolish internal walls as part of a new Performing Arts centre, due to cost $10.9m NZD. Walsh's cinema closed on 31 October 2013 and may not return to the Town Hall.

The refurbished Town Hall was officially opened on 7 March 2015 by Waimakariri District mayor David Ayers, with the Rangiora Brass Band providing a short concert afterwards. The refurbished facility consists of the main auditorium seating 361 patrons, a multi-purpose hall seating 150, and two small cinemas. The multi-use hall is also equipped with cinema equipment, permitting three movies to be presented simultaneously. The cinema facility is branded "Town Hall Cinemas". In addition, the facility also houses four "studios", which are used by the North Canterbury Academy of Music for music teaching purposes for 36 weeks each year. There is also a function room and a green room.

The Rangiora Town Hall was registered by the Historic Places Trust as a Category II historic place on 6 September 1984. The Rangiora Town Hall is also listed on the council's Landmarks scheme. It received its Landmark status on 27 May 2010.

Heritage Precinct
Unofficially the High Street of Rangiora stretching from the Rangiora Town Hall at King Street up to Ashley Street is a 'heritage precinct' due to the presence of many historic buildings. Among them are the former Junction Hotel (1880), the Post Office (1936), the Farmers building (1919) and the Johnston Building (1896). Some of these buildings are listed under the council's Landmarks heritage scheme, along with the Town Hall.

Due to the September 2010 and February 2011 earthquakes, several buildings have been fenced off due to safety concerns. This has caused people to go elsewhere for shopping, thus 'killing' High Street. In 2012, it was confirmed that one non-heritage registered building, the Lamberts Building, would be demolished, while the fate of others remains unknown. The building was demolished in August 2012. Several notable items recovered during the work were donated by the contractor to the Rangiora Museum.

The fate of the former Junction Hotel (1880) and the neighbouring Pulley's Building (1923) was presently unknown as of September 2012. The lessor of a restaurant operating from the Junction Hotel has indicated an interest in purchasing the two properties and demolishing them to build a more modern structure. The Farmers building (1919), having initially survived the earthquakes, was demolished over July and August 2014. One other non-heritage building, formerly home to Paper Plus and Toyworld, has been demolished because it was earthquake-prone.

Since then, demolition work has begun on the Pulley's Building which was demolished on Thursday 28 February 2013. The fate of the Junction Hotel is yet undecided, necessitating the fence containing the structure to be left in place for the time being. The Farmers building is currently undergoing a thorough audit due to discrepancies in the owner's report and in the report commissioned by the insurers. It is believed that more buildings may be demolished due to the costs of strengthening the buildings to meet structural requirements, and also to restore them as necessary.

Museums
Rangiora is home to its own museum, located next to the Rangiora Bowling Club at 29 Good Street. This museum constitutes the upper floor of the former BNZ bank building that was located on Rangiora's High Street and shifted on to the current site in 1967. It contains items of historical interest from around the district. Later an extension consisting of a large display area and a collections archives room was added to the building.

The Rangiora and Districts Early Records Society, which operates the museum, was formed in 1960. Since its formation, the society has benefited from donations of some 5,000 objects and more than 11,000 photographs, and glass slides. The museum has become a repository for family histories, documents and photographs relating to those who settled in the area. These irreplaceable archives are of great value to those who are researching the history of Rangiora families.

The objectives of the Rangiora and Districts Early Records Society are to collect, study, preserve and display records, photographs and other material relating to the history of Rangiora and the surrounding district, to foster a knowledge of the history of Rangiora and the surrounding district among the Society's members and the general public and to provide and operate a museum pertaining to that history.

The society hosts monthly meetings at the Rangiora Museum, where there are talks by members and visiting speakers on various topics of local historical and community interest.

A second museum, the Northbrook Museum, is located to the east of the town, adjacent to the Northbrook Chapel. This museum is a private undertaking, and is open by request with entry by donation. The collection is housed in four buildings, with the third building housing a collection of historic shop interiors from 'heritage' Rangiora include a blacksmiths and the fourth housing a large collection of tractors. The museum grounds are also home to the former Rangiora Post Office clock tower, which was originally part of Rangiora's first post office, which was demolished in 1936 to make way for the current building.

The Northbrook Museum has taken delivery of further historic artifacts which have been displaced by the Canterbury earthquakes. In February 2013, the museum took delivery of the former 'Canterbury Draught' sign that had been located on top of the DB Breweries building in Christchurch. Plans have also been noted for a historic township to be constructed as part of the museum's expansion.

The Herons' Steam Museum is located to the west of the town, past the Rangiora Racecourse. Although not listed as open to the public, the museum contains (or contained) a collection of industrial displays, working models and steam machinery including several traction engines, which have been restored at the museum and made regular gala appearances in the past. This museum has been owned by the Heron family since its inception in the 1970s, and entrance is by donation.

Transport
Rangiora is linked by Metro Route B which links Kaiapoi, Christchurch and Princess Margaret Hospital via Main North Road and Flaxton Road.

Rail
The Main North Line reached Rangiora as part of the Canterbury Provincial Railways' 5' 3" gauge (1600mm) network that would eventually stretch north to Amberley. Southbrook was reached in July 1872, the extension to Rangiora being delayed by lack of chairs, until 5 November 1872. Rangiora was the terminus until the line was extended over the Ashley River bridge to Balcairn on 3 November 1875

A memorandum between the Resident Minister and the Superintendent of Canterbury specified that Rangiora and Kaiapoi should have station buildings of 50 ft by 16 ft, with 7 ft verandas and including a booking office, ladies room, waiting room and luggage room, with 100 ft platforms, urinals, closets, artesian wells and 90 ft by 30 ft goods sheds.

In 1875, a collision occurred between two trains at the Rangiora Station; although there were no fatalities, both engines were damaged as was some of the rolling stock involved.

In 1878, the railway was converted to the narrow gauge 3' 6" (1067mm) chosen by Sir Julius Vogel for the New Zealand Railways.

From 1878 until 1959, Rangiora was also the junction for the Oxford Branch, which ran from Rangiora to Oxford West station. A photo taken in about 1900 shows a station building located between the main line and the branch, at right angles to the current station. The branch was constructed to tap the timber and agricultural resources of the Oxford area, connected with the Eyreton Branch at Bennetts Junction and at Oxford West for the short Malvern Branch (as it was then known), which connected the Oxford Branch to Sheffield on the Midland Line. This line, known for its high road-rail bridge across the Waimakariri Gorge, was closed in 1931 after years of spasmodic use. The Eyreton Branch connection at Bennetts was also closed in 1931.

The Oxford Branch itself closed in 1959, although the formation, several goods sheds (at Fernside and Springbank) and the former East Oxford Station (demolished in 1999) were left as reminders of the old railway. The original line ran down past the Plough Hotel on High Street; while there are no signs of this, the railway later ran down Blackett Street and so the street is noticeably wider than most streets as it had to accommodate both the railway and the street.

In 2002, the Waimakariri District Council re-erected station nameboards along the line as memorials to the railway, including one at Bells, on the intersection of High Street and the Rangiora-Oxford Road. It was also noted in 2006 that the former Bennetts railway station had been acquired from its use as the Cust cricket pavilion for restoration at Oxford.

Suburban trains ran between Christchurch and Rangiora between 1878 and 30 April 1976, when declining patronage caused New Zealand Railways to discontinue the service. The station has since been converted at various times into a garden centre, and more latterly, The Station Cafè. The building today comprises the former stationmaster's office, waiting rooms, and lobby; originally built in an L-shape, the station has lost the extension which formerly held the women's and men's toilets, and other offices. The railway yard has also been reduced in size with the closure of the Oxford Branch. The yard presently comprises the mainline and two loops, one of which is disused following a derailment which damaged the points at the northern end of the second loop.

In 1945, the Main North Line railway from Christchurch to Picton was completed, passing through Rangiora. Since 1945, passenger services have connected Rangiora with Christchurch and Picton; initially, this service was provided by Vulcan railcars up until 1978, when they were replaced by locomotive-hauled trains. The TranzCoastal, later rebranded as the Coastal Pacific, passes through Rangiora heading north in the morning and south again in the afternoon. This has recently been cut back to three trains each way per week in the off-peak season, following a similar format applied to the Overlander between Auckland and Wellington in 2006.

Education
The town has several primary schools and two secondary schools. They are:

 * Ashgrove School, a state full primary (Year 1–8) school in the north-west of the town with a roll of students (as of  The school opened in 1967.
 * Rangiora Borough School, a state full primary (Year 1–8) school in the centre of the town with a roll of students (as of  The school opened in 1873.
 * St Joseph's School, a state-integrated Catholic full primary (Year 1–8) school in the centre of the town with a roll of students (as of  The school opened in 1887 as a private school and integrated into the state education system in the early 1980s.
 * Te Matauru Primary, a state full primary (Year 1–8) school in the south-west of the town with a roll of students (as of  The school opened in 2020.
 * Rangiora High School, a state co-educational secondary school, which serves Rangiora and the surrounding area, with a roll of students (as of  The school opened in 1884.
 * Rangiora New Life School, a state-integrated Christian area school (year 1–13) situated in the Rangiora suburb of Southbrook. The school opened in 1979 as a private school and integrated into the state education system in the early 1990s. It has a roll of students (as of

Population growth in the Rangiora area since the mid-2000s, especially following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, saw the town's primary schools start to approach capacity. In response to this, Te Matauru Primary opened in January 2020.

title: Rangiora


text:
Mary J. Rathbun

Mary Jane Rathbun (June 11, 1860 – April 4, 1943) was an American zoologist who specialized in crustaceans. She worked at the Smithsonian Institution from 1884 until her death. She described more than a thousand new species and subspecies and many higher taxa.

Biography
Mary Jane Rathbun was born on June 11, 1860, in Buffalo, New York, the youngest of five children of Charles Rathbun and Jane Furey. Her mother died when she was only one year old, and Mary was therefore "thrown on her own resources." She was educated in Buffalo, graduating in 1878, but never attended college.

Rathbun was 4 ft tall, and was noted for having a dry sense of humor. Rathbun first saw the ocean in 1881 when she accompanied her brother, Richard Rathbun, to Woods Hole, Massachusetts. He was employed as a scientific assistant to Addison Emery Verrill, alongside Verrill's chief assistant, the carcinologist Sidney Irving Smith. Rathbun helped label, sort and record Smith's specimens, and worked on crustaceans ever since. For three years, Rathbun worked on a voluntary basis for her brother, before being granted a clerkship by Spencer Fullerton Baird at the Smithsonian Institution.

After 28 years of working at the museum, Rathbun was promoted to assistant curator in charge of the Division of Crustacea. In 1915, after her retirement, the Smithsonian Institution designated Rathbun an "Honorary Research Associate," and in 1916 she was granted an honorary master's degree by the University of Pittsburgh. She qualified for a Ph.D. at George Washington University in 1917. Rathbun was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Washington Academy of Sciences, and the Wild Flower Preservation Society.

Rathbun died in Washington, D.C., on April 4, 1943, at the age of 82, from complications associated with a broken hip.

Publications
Rathbun's first publication was co-written with James Everard Benedict and concerned the genus Panopeus; it was published in 1891. She officially retired on December 31, 1914, but did not stop working until her death. Her largest work was Les crabes d'eau douce ("Freshwater crabs"), which was originally intended as a single publication, but was eventually published in three volumes between 1904 and 1906. She wrote or cowrote 166 papers in total, including descriptions of 1147 new species and subspecies, 63 new genera, one subfamily, 3 families and a superfamily, as well as other nomenclatural novelties. The taxa first described by Rathbun include important commercial species such as the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus, and the tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi.

Taxa
A number of taxa have been named in honor of Mary J. Rathbun:

 * Hamatoscalpellum rathbunae (Pilsbry, 1907)
 * Maera rathbunae Pearse, 1908
 * Paromola rathbuni Porter Mosso, 1908
 * Synalphaeus rathbunae Coutiere, 1909
 * Candidiopotamon rathbunae De Man, 1914
 * Pasiphaea rathbunae (Stebbing, 1914)
 * Petrolisthes rathbunae Schmitt, 1916
 * Periclimenes rathbunae Schmitt, 1924
 * Alpheus rathbunae (Schmitt, 1924)
 * Campylonotus rathbunae Schmitt, 1926
 * Callinectes rathbunae Contreras, 1930
 * Eriosachila rathbunae Maury, 1930
 * Tritodynamia rathbunae Shen, 1932
 * Sacculina rathbunae Boschma, 1933
 * Pinnixa rathbunae Sakai, 1934
 * Emerita rathbunae Schmitt, 1935
 * Callianassa rathbunae Schmitt, 1935
 * Solenocera rathbunae Ramadan, 1938
 * Thunor rathbunae Armstrong, 1949
 * Lysmata rathbunae Chace, 1970
 * Xanthias rathbunae Takeda, 1976
 * Cyphocarcinus rathbunae Griffin & Tranter, 1986
 * Asterias rathbunae Britajev, 1989
 * Lophaxius rathbunae Kensley, 1989
 * Rhynchocinetes rathbunae Okuno, 1996
 * Palaeopinnixa rathbunae Schweitzer & Feldmann, 2000
 * Marratha Ng & Clark, 2003

title: Mary J. Rathbun