text:
Canonical quantization

In physics, canonical quantization is a procedure for quantizing a classical theory, while attempting to preserve the formal structure, such as symmetries, of the classical theory to the greatest extent possible.

Historically, this was not quite Werner Heisenberg's route to obtaining quantum mechanics, but Paul Dirac introduced it in his 1926 doctoral thesis, the "method of classical analogy" for quantization,  and detailed it in his classic text Principles of Quantum Mechanics. The word canonical arises from the Hamiltonian approach to classical mechanics, in which a system's dynamics is generated via canonical Poisson brackets, a structure which is only partially preserved in canonical quantization.

This method was further used by Paul Dirac in the context of quantum field theory, in his construction of quantum electrodynamics. In the field theory context, it is also called the second quantization of fields, in contrast to the semi-classical first quantization of single particles.

History
When it was first developed, quantum physics dealt only with the quantization of the motion of particles, leaving the electromagnetic field classical, hence the name quantum mechanics.

Later the electromagnetic field was also quantized, and even the particles themselves became represented through quantized fields, resulting in the development of quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum field theory in general. Thus, by convention, the original form of particle quantum mechanics is denoted first quantization, while quantum field theory is formulated in the language of second quantization.

Single particle systems
The following exposition is based on Dirac's treatise on quantum mechanics. In the classical mechanics of a particle, there are dynamic variables which are called coordinates ($x$) and momenta ($p$). These specify the state of a classical system. The canonical structure (also known as the symplectic structure) of classical mechanics consists of Poisson brackets enclosing these variables, such as ${x, p} = 1$. All transformations of variables which preserve these brackets are allowed as canonical transformations in classical mechanics. Motion itself is such a canonical transformation.

By contrast, in quantum mechanics, all significant features of a particle are contained in a state  $$|\psi\rangle$$, called a quantum state. Observables are represented by operators acting on a Hilbert space of such quantum states.

The eigenvalue of an operator acting on one of its eigenstates represents the value of a measurement on the particle thus represented. For example, the energy is read off by the Hamiltonian operator $$\hat{H}$$ acting on a state $$|\psi_n\rangle$$, yielding $$\hat{H}|\psi_n\rangle=E_n|\psi_n\rangle,$$ where $E_{n}$ is the characteristic energy associated to this $$|\psi_n\rangle$$ eigenstate.

Any state could be represented as a linear combination of eigenstates of energy; for example, $$|\psi\rangle=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} a_n |\psi_n\rangle ,$$where $a_{n}$ are constant coefficients.

As in classical mechanics, all dynamical operators can be represented by functions of the position and momentum ones, $$\hat{X}$$ and $$\hat{P}$$, respectively. The connection between this representation and the more usual wavefunction representation is given by the eigenstate of the position operator $$\hat{X}$$ representing a particle at position $$x$$, which is denoted by an element $$|x\rangle$$ in the Hilbert space, and which satisfies $$\hat{X}|x\rangle = x|x\rangle$$. Then, $$\psi(x)= \langle x|\psi\rangle$$.

Likewise, the eigenstates $$|p\rangle$$ of the momentum operator $$\hat{P}$$ specify the momentum representation: $$\psi(p)= \langle p|\psi\rangle$$.

The central relation between these operators is a quantum analog  of the above Poisson bracket of classical mechanics, the  canonical commutation relation, $$[\hat{X},\hat{P}] = \hat{X}\hat{P}-\hat{P}\hat{X} = i\hbar.$$

This relation encodes (and formally leads to) the uncertainty principle, in the form $Δx Δp ≥ ħ/2$. This algebraic structure may be thus considered as the quantum analog of the canonical structure of classical mechanics.

Many-particle systems
When turning to N-particle systems, i.e., systems containing N identical particles (particles characterized by the same quantum numbers such as mass, charge and spin), it is necessary to extend the single-particle state function $$\psi(\mathbf{r})$$ to the N-particle state function $$\psi(\mathbf{r}_1,\mathbf{r}_2,\dots,\mathbf{r}_N)$$. A fundamental difference between classical and quantum mechanics concerns the concept of indistinguishability of identical particles. Only two species of particles are thus possible in quantum physics, the so-called bosons and fermions which obey the following rules for each kind of particle:

 * for bosons: $$\psi(\mathbf{r}_1,\dots,\mathbf{r}_j,\dots,\mathbf{r}_k,\dots,\mathbf{r}_N)=+\psi(\mathbf{r}_1,\dots,\mathbf{r}_k,\dots,\mathbf{r}_j,\dots,\mathbf{r}_N),$$
 * for fermions: $$\psi(\mathbf{r}_1,\dots,\mathbf{r}_j,\dots,\mathbf{r}_k,\dots,\mathbf{r}_N)=-\psi(\mathbf{r}_1,\dots,\mathbf{r}_k,\dots,\mathbf{r}_j,\dots,\mathbf{r}_N),$$

where we have interchanged two coordinates $$(\mathbf{r}_j, \mathbf{r}_k)$$ of the state function. The usual wave function is obtained using the Slater determinant and the identical particles theory. Using this basis, it is possible to solve various many-particle problems.

Classical and quantum brackets
Dirac's book details his popular rule of  supplanting  Poisson brackets   by  commutators:

One might interpret this proposal as saying that we should seek a "quantization map" $$Q$$ mapping a function $$f$$ on the classical phase space to an operator $$Q_f$$ on the quantum Hilbert space such that $$Q_{\{f,g\}} = \frac{1}{i\hbar}[Q_f,Q_g]$$ It is now known that there is no reasonable such quantization map satisfying the above identity exactly for all functions $$f$$ and $g$.

Groenewold's theorem
One concrete version of the above impossibility claim is Groenewold's theorem (after Dutch theoretical physicist Hilbrand J. Groenewold), which we describe for a system with one degree of freedom for simplicity. Let us accept the following "ground rules" for the map $$Q$$. First, $$Q$$ should send the constant function 1 to the identity operator. Second, $$Q$$ should take $$x$$ and $$p$$ to the usual position and momentum operators $$X$$ and $$P$$. Third, $$Q$$ should take a polynomial in $$x$$ and $$p$$ to a "polynomial" in $$X$$ and $$P$$, that is, a finite linear combinations of products of $$X$$ and $$P$$, which may be taken in any desired order. In its simplest form, Groenewold's theorem says that there is no map satisfying the above ground rules and also the bracket condition $$Q_{\{f,g\}} = \frac{1}{i\hbar} [Q_f,Q_g]$$ for all polynomials $$f$$ and $$g$$.

Actually, the nonexistence of such a map occurs already by the time we reach polynomials of degree four. Note that the Poisson bracket of two polynomials of degree four has degree six, so it does not exactly make sense to require a map on polynomials of degree four to respect the bracket condition. We can, however, require that the bracket condition holds when $$f$$ and $$g$$ have degree three. Groenewold's theorem can be stated as follows:

The proof can be outlined as follows. Suppose we first try to find a quantization map on polynomials of degree less than or equal to three satisfying the bracket condition whenever $$f$$ has degree less than or equal to two and $$g$$ has degree less than or equal to two. Then there is precisely one such map, and it is the Weyl quantization. The impossibility result now is obtained by writing the same polynomial of degree four as a Poisson bracket of polynomials of degree three in two different ways. Specifically, we have $$x^2 p^2 = \frac{1}{9} \{x^3,p^3\} = \frac{1}{3} \{x^2p,xp^2\}$$ On the other hand, we have already seen that if there is going to be a quantization map on polynomials of degree three, it must be the Weyl quantization; that is, we have already determined the only possible quantization of all the cubic polynomials above.

The argument is finished by computing by brute force that $$\frac{1}{9}[Q(x^3),Q(p^3)]$$ does not coincide with $$\frac{1}{3}[Q(x^2p),Q(xp^2)].$$ Thus, we have two incompatible requirements for the value of $$Q(x^2p^2)$$.

Axioms for quantization
If $Q$ represents the quantization map that acts on functions $f$ in classical phase space, then the following properties are usually considered desirable:
 * 1) $$Q_x \psi = x \psi$$ and $$Q_p \psi = -i\hbar \partial_x \psi $$     (elementary position/momentum operators)
 * 2) $$f \longmapsto Q_f $$   is a linear map
 * 3) $$[Q_f,Q_g]=i\hbar Q_{\{f,g\}}$$   (Poisson bracket)
 * 4) $$Q_{g \circ f}=g(Q_f)$$  (von Neumann rule).

However, not only are these four properties mutually inconsistent, any three of them are also inconsistent! As it turns out, the only pairs of these properties that lead to self-consistent, nontrivial solutions are 2 & 3, and possibly 1 & 3 or 1 & 4. Accepting properties 1 & 2, along with a weaker condition that 3 be true only asymptotically in the limit $ħ→0$ (see Moyal bracket), leads to deformation quantization, and some extraneous information must be provided, as in the standard theories utilized in most of physics. Accepting properties 1 & 2 & 3 but restricting the space of quantizable observables to exclude terms such as the cubic ones in the above example amounts to geometric quantization.

Second quantization: field theory
Quantum mechanics was successful at describing non-relativistic systems with fixed numbers of particles, but a new framework was needed to describe systems in which particles can be created or destroyed, for example, the electromagnetic field, considered as a collection of photons. It was eventually realized that special relativity was inconsistent with single-particle quantum mechanics, so that all particles are now described relativistically by quantum fields.

When the canonical quantization procedure is applied to a field, such as the electromagnetic field, the classical field variables become quantum operators. Thus, the normal modes comprising the amplitude of the field are simple oscillators, each of which is quantized in standard first quantization, above, without ambiguity. The resulting quanta are identified with individual particles or excitations. For example, the quanta of the electromagnetic field are identified with photons. Unlike first quantization, conventional second quantization is completely unambiguous, in effect a functor, since the constituent set of its oscillators are quantized unambiguously.

Historically, quantizing the classical theory of a single particle gave rise to a wavefunction. The classical equations of motion of a field are typically identical in form to the (quantum) equations for the wave-function of one of its quanta. For example, the Klein–Gordon equation is the classical equation of motion for a free scalar field, but also the quantum equation for a scalar particle wave-function. This meant that quantizing a field appeared to be similar to quantizing a theory that was already quantized, leading to the fanciful term second quantization in the early literature, which is still used to describe field quantization, even though the modern interpretation detailed is different.

One drawback to canonical quantization for a relativistic field is that by relying on the Hamiltonian to determine time dependence, relativistic invariance is no longer manifest. Thus it is necessary to check that relativistic invariance is not lost. Alternatively, the Feynman integral approach is available for quantizing relativistic fields, and is manifestly invariant. For non-relativistic field theories, such as those used in condensed matter physics, Lorentz invariance is not an issue.

Field operators
Quantum mechanically, the variables of a field (such as the field's amplitude at a given point) are represented by operators on a Hilbert space. In general, all observables are constructed as operators on the Hilbert space, and the time-evolution of the operators is governed by the Hamiltonian, which must be a positive operator. A state $$|0\rangle$$ annihilated by the Hamiltonian must be identified as the vacuum state, which is the basis for building all other states. In a non-interacting (free) field theory, the vacuum is normally identified as a state containing zero particles. In a theory with interacting particles, identifying the vacuum is more subtle, due to vacuum polarization, which implies that the physical vacuum in quantum field theory is never really empty. For further elaboration, see the articles on the quantum mechanical vacuum and the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics. The details of the canonical quantization depend on the field being quantized, and whether it is free or interacting.

Real scalar field
A scalar field theory provides a good example of the canonical quantization procedure. Classically, a scalar field is a collection of an infinity of oscillator normal modes. It suffices to consider a 1+1-dimensional space-time $$\mathbb{R} \times S_1,$$ in which the spatial direction is compactified to a circle of circumference 2$π$, rendering the momenta discrete.

The classical Lagrangian density describes an infinity of coupled harmonic oscillators, labelled by $x$ which is now a label (and not the displacement dynamical variable to be quantized), denoted by the classical field $φ$, $$\mathcal{L}(\phi) = \tfrac{1}{2}(\partial_t \phi)^2 - \tfrac{1}{2}(\partial_x \phi)^2 - \tfrac{1}{2} m^2\phi^2 - V(\phi),$$ where $V(φ)$ is a potential term, often taken to be a polynomial or monomial of degree 3 or higher. The action functional is $$S(\phi) = \int \mathcal{L}(\phi) dx dt = \int L(\phi, \partial_t\phi) dt \, .$$The canonical momentum obtained via the Legendre transformation using the action $L$ is $$\pi = \partial_t\phi$$, and the classical Hamiltonian is found to be $$H(\phi,\pi) = \int dx \left[\tfrac{1}{2} \pi^2 + \tfrac{1}{2} (\partial_x \phi)^2 + \tfrac{1}{2} m^2 \phi^2 + V(\phi)\right].$$

Canonical quantization treats the variables $φ$ and  $π$ as operators with canonical commutation relations at time  $t$= 0,  given by $$[\phi(x),\phi(y)] = 0, \ \ [\pi(x), \pi(y)] = 0, \ \ [\phi(x),\pi(y)] = i\hbar \delta(x-y).$$ Operators constructed from $φ$ and  $π$ can then formally be defined at other times via the time-evolution generated by the Hamiltonian, $$ \mathcal{O}(t) = e^{itH} \mathcal{O} e^{-itH}.$$

However, since $φ$ and $π$ no longer commute, this expression is ambiguous at the quantum level. The problem is to construct a representation of the relevant operators $$\mathcal{O}$$ on a Hilbert space $$\mathcal{H}$$ and to construct a positive operator $H$ as a quantum operator on this Hilbert space in such a way that it gives this evolution for the operators $$\mathcal{O}$$ as given by the preceding equation, and to show that $$\mathcal{H}$$ contains a vacuum state $$|0\rangle$$ on which $H$ has zero eigenvalue. In practice, this construction is a difficult problem for interacting field theories, and has been solved completely only in a few simple cases via the methods of constructive quantum field theory. Many of these issues can be sidestepped using the Feynman integral as described for a particular $V(φ)$ in the article on scalar field theory.

In the case of a free field, with $V(φ) = 0$, the quantization procedure is relatively straightforward. It is convenient to Fourier transform the fields, so that $$ \phi_k = \int \phi(x) e^{-ikx} dx, \ \ \pi_k = \int \pi(x) e^{-ikx} dx. $$ The reality of the fields implies that $$\phi_{-k} = \phi_k^\dagger,  \pi_{-k} = \pi_k^\dagger .$$The classical Hamiltonian may be expanded in Fourier modes as $$ H=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}\left[\pi_k \pi_k^\dagger + \omega_k^2\phi_k\phi_k^\dagger\right],$$ where $$\omega_k = \sqrt{k^2+m^2}$$.

This Hamiltonian is thus recognizable as an infinite sum of classical normal mode oscillator excitations $φ_{k}$, each one of which is quantized in the standard manner, so the free quantum Hamiltonian looks identical. It is the $φ_{k}$s that have become operators obeying the standard commutation relations, $[φ_{k}, π_{k}^{†}] = [φ_{k}^{†}, π_{k}] = iħ$, with all others vanishing. The collective Hilbert space of all these oscillators is thus constructed using creation and annihilation operators constructed from these modes, $$ a_k = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\hbar\omega_k}}\left(\omega_k\phi_k + i\pi_k\right), \ \ a_k^\dagger = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\hbar\omega_k}}\left(\omega_k\phi_k^\dagger - i\pi_k^\dagger\right), $$ for which $[a_{k}, a_{k}^{†}] = 1$ for all $k$, with all other commutators vanishing.

The vacuum $$|0\rangle$$ is taken to be annihilated by all of the $a_{k}$, and $$\mathcal{H}$$ is the Hilbert space constructed by applying any combination of the infinite collection of creation operators $a_{k}$† to $$|0\rangle$$. This Hilbert space is called Fock space. For each $k$, this construction is identical to a quantum harmonic oscillator. The quantum field is an infinite array of quantum oscillators. The quantum Hamiltonian then amounts to $$ H = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \hbar\omega_k a_k^\dagger a_k = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \hbar\omega_k N_k ,$$where $N_{k}$ may be interpreted as the number operator giving the number of particles in a state with momentum $k$.

This Hamiltonian differs from the previous expression by the subtraction of the zero-point energy $ħω_{k}/2$ of each harmonic oscillator. This satisfies the condition that $H$ must annihilate the vacuum, without affecting the time-evolution of operators via the above exponentiation operation. This subtraction of the zero-point energy may be considered to be a resolution of the quantum operator ordering ambiguity, since it is equivalent to requiring that all creation operators appear to the left of annihilation operators in the expansion of the Hamiltonian. This procedure is known as Wick ordering or normal ordering.

Other fields
All other fields can be quantized by a generalization of this procedure. Vector or tensor fields simply have more components, and independent creation and destruction operators must be introduced for each independent component. If a field has any internal symmetry, then creation and destruction operators must be introduced for each component of the field related to this symmetry as well. If there is a gauge symmetry, then the number of independent components of the field must be carefully analyzed to avoid over-counting equivalent configurations, and gauge-fixing may be applied if needed.

It turns out that commutation relations are useful only for quantizing bosons, for which the occupancy number of any state is unlimited. To quantize fermions, which satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle, anti-commutators are needed. These are defined by ${A, B} = AB + BA$.

When quantizing fermions, the fields are expanded in creation and annihilation operators, $θ_{k}^{†}$, $θ_{k}$, which satisfy $$\{\theta_k,\theta_l^\dagger\} = \delta_{kl}, \ \ \{\theta_k, \theta_l\} = 0, \ \ \{\theta_k^\dagger, \theta_l^\dagger\} = 0. $$

The states are constructed on a vacuum $$|0\rangle$$ annihilated by the $θ_{k}$, and the Fock space is built by applying all products of creation operators $θ_{k}^{†}$ to $|0\rangle$. Pauli's exclusion principle is satisfied, because $$(\theta_k^\dagger)^2|0\rangle = 0$$, by virtue of the anti-commutation relations.

Condensates
The construction of the scalar field states above assumed that the potential was minimized at $φ$ = 0, so that the vacuum minimizing the Hamiltonian satisfies $⟨φ⟩ = 0$, indicating that the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of the field is zero. In cases involving spontaneous symmetry breaking, it is possible to have a non-zero VEV, because the potential is minimized for a value $φ$ = $v$. This occurs for example, if $V(φ) = gφ^{4} − 2m^{2}φ^{2}$ with $g > 0$ and $m^{2} > 0$, for which the minimum energy is found at $v = ±m/\sqrt{g}$. The value of $v$ in one of these vacua may be considered as condensate of the field $φ$. Canonical quantization then can be carried out for the shifted field $φ(x,t) − v$, and particle states with respect to the shifted vacuum are defined by quantizing the shifted field. This construction is utilized in the Higgs mechanism in the standard model of particle physics.

Deformation quantization
The classical theory is described using a spacelike foliation of spacetime with the state at each slice being described by an element of a symplectic manifold with the time evolution given by the symplectomorphism generated by a Hamiltonian function over the symplectic manifold. The quantum algebra of "operators" is an $ħ$-deformation of the algebra of smooth functions over the symplectic space such that the leading term in the Taylor expansion over $ħ$ of the commutator $[A, B]$ expressed in the phase space formulation is $iħ{A, B}$. (Here, the curly braces denote the Poisson bracket. The subleading terms are all encoded in the Moyal bracket, the suitable quantum deformation of the Poisson bracket.) In general, for the quantities (observables) involved, and providing the arguments of such brackets, ħ-deformations are highly nonunique—quantization is an "art", and is specified by the physical context. (Two different quantum systems may represent two different, inequivalent, deformations of the same classical limit, $ħ → 0$.)

Now, one looks for unitary representations of this quantum algebra. With respect to such a unitary representation, a symplectomorphism in the classical theory would now deform to a (metaplectic) unitary transformation. In particular, the time evolution symplectomorphism generated by the classical Hamiltonian deforms to a unitary transformation generated by the corresponding quantum Hamiltonian.

A further generalization is to consider a Poisson manifold instead of a symplectic space for the classical theory and perform an ħ-deformation of the corresponding Poisson algebra or even Poisson supermanifolds.

Geometric quantization
In contrast to the theory of deformation quantization described above, geometric quantization seeks to construct an actual Hilbert space and operators on it. Starting with a symplectic manifold $$M$$, one first constructs a prequantum Hilbert space consisting of the space of square-integrable sections of an appropriate line bundle over $$M$$. On this space, one can map all classical observables to operators on the prequantum Hilbert space, with the commutator corresponding exactly to the Poisson bracket. The prequantum Hilbert space, however, is clearly too big to describe the quantization of $$M$$.

One then proceeds by choosing a polarization, that is (roughly), a choice of $$n$$ variables on the $$2n$$-dimensional phase space. The quantum Hilbert space is then the space of sections that depend only on the $$n$$ chosen variables, in the sense that they are covariantly constant in the other $$n$$ directions. If the chosen variables are real, we get something like the traditional Schrödinger Hilbert space. If the chosen variables are complex, we get something like the Segal–Bargmann space.

Historical References

 * Silvan S. Schweber: QED and the men who made it, Princeton Univ. Press, 1994, ISBN 0-691-03327-7

General Technical References

 * Alexander Altland, Ben Simons: Condensed matter field theory, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-84508-3
 * James D. Bjorken, Sidney D. Drell: Relativistic quantum mechanics, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1964
 * An introduction to quantum field theory, by M.E. Peskin and H.D. Schroeder, ISBN 0-201-50397-2
 * Franz Schwabl: Advanced Quantum Mechanics, Berlin and elsewhere, Springer, 2009 ISBN 978-3-540-85061-8
 * Franz Schwabl: Advanced Quantum Mechanics, Berlin and elsewhere, Springer, 2009 ISBN 978-3-540-85061-8

title: Canonical quantization


text:
Social Democratic Left Party of Sweden (1921)

Social Democratic Left Party of Sweden (Sverges Socialdemokratiska Vänsterparti, SSV) was a political party formed in 1921 after a split from the original SSV.

When the original SSV approved the 21 theses of the Communist International and in so doing changed its name to SKP (Communist Party of Sweden) in 1921, an anti-ComIntern minority was expelled and founded its own "SSV". This "SSV" existed between 1921 and 1923. The leader of this party was Ivar Vennerström. "SSV" participated in two elections, the parliamentary election of 1921 and the municipal election of 1922. In 1923 it merged with the Social Democrats.

Västerbottens Folkblad, a newspaper published in Umeå, was then a publication of this tendency. Today it is a social democratic magazine.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics was the sixteenth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event. It took place at the Helliniko Olympic Indoor Arena, a part of the Hellinikon Olympic Complex, in Athens, for the preliminary rounds, with the later stages being held in the Olympic Indoor Hall at the Athens Olympic Sports Complex.

Argentina, led by NBA standouts like Manu Ginóbili and Luis Scola, won the country's first (and, as of 2023, only) gold in the event.

In Olympic basketball tournaments, 12 teams take part. The host nation (Greece in 2004) automatically receives a berth in the tournament. By winning the two World Championship tournaments in 2002, FR Yugoslavia, now named Serbia and Montenegro, also put a team into the men's tournament and the United States a team in the women's tournament.

The remaining 10 spots in each tournament were allocated by the five Olympic zones. Each of these zones held its own tournaments to select its entries in the Olympic tournament. Africa was allocated one spot in each of these, Oceania was allocated two apiece, and Europe was allocated three. Furthermore, the Americas were allocated three teams for the men's tournament and just one in the women's tournament, whereas Asia was allocated just one in the men's tournament and three in the women's tournament.

The United States team's third-place finish in the men's tournament was an embarrassment for the country that birthed the sport. The following Summer Olympics, the U.S. was represented by the Redeem Team, sporting an improved roster led by international superstars like LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, and Dwyane Wade, under the coaching of Mike Krzyzewski, and returned the gold medal to America.

Qualification
A National Olympic Committee (NOC) may enter just one men's team with 12 players, and just one women's team with 12 players in the regional tournaments. The reigning world champions and the host country qualify automatically, as do the winners of the five continental championships, plus the runner-up and third place teams from the Americas and Europe competitions, and the runner-up Oceania in the men's tournament. For the women's tournament, the extra teams consisted of the runner-up and third place teams from Asia and Europe, and the runner-up from Oceania.

Format

 * Twelve teams are split into two preliminary round groups of six teams each.
 * The top four teams from both groups qualify for the knockout stage.
 * Fifth-placed teams from both groups compete for 9th place in an additional match.
 * Sixth-placed teams from both groups compete for 11th place in an additional match.
 * In the quarterfinals, the matchups are as follows: A1 vs. B4, A2 vs. B3, A3 vs. B2 and A4 vs. B1.
 * From the eliminated teams at the quarterfinals, the loser from A1 vs. B4 competes against the loser from B1 vs. A4 for 7th place in an additional match. The remaining two loser teams compete for 5th place in an additional match.
 * The winning teams from the quarterfinals meet in the semifinals as follows: A1/B4 vs. A3/B2 and A2/B3 vs. A4/B1.
 * The winning teams from the semifinals contest the gold medal. The losing teams contest the bronze.

Tie-breaking criteria:

 * 1) Head to head results
 * 2) Goal average (not the goal difference) between the tied teams
 * 3) Goal average of the tied teams for all teams in its group

Men
The men's event involved twelve teams split equally into two groups.

Group A:

Group B:

Women
The women's event involved 12 teams split in two groups.

Group A:

Group B:

Preliminary round
The four best teams from each group advanced to the quarterfinal round.

Preliminary round
The four best teams from each group advanced to the quarterfinal round.

title: Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics


text:
Jamming with Edward!

Jamming with Edward! is a 1972 album by three Rolling Stones band members (Mick Jagger, Charlie Watts and Bill Wyman) accompanied by Nicky Hopkins and Ry Cooder.

Background
The album was recorded at London's Olympic Studio on April 23, 1969, during the Let It Bleed sessions, and released on Rolling Stones Records in 1972. It consists of a series of loose jams performed by band members while waiting for Keith Richards to return to the studio. The reason for Richards' absence is uncertain; although it is commonly believed that he walked out over Cooder being brought in as a support guitarist, producer Glyn Johns has attributed his absence to a phone call from his girlfriend Anita Pallenberg. Although Jamming with Edward! reached No. 33 on the US charts in February 1972 during an 11-week stay, it failed to make the UK listings.

"Edward" is a nickname for pianist Nicky Hopkins, originating from some earlier studio conversation between Hopkins and another Rolling Stone, Brian Jones. Hopkins also contributed the cover art. In the original liner notes, Mick Jagger describes the album as "a nice piece of bullshit... which we cut one night in London, England while waiting for our guitar player to get out of bed. It was promptly forgotten (which may have been for the better) ... I hope you spend longer listening to this record than we did recording it." On the CD version there are additional notes written by Mark Paytress adding more context and describing the result as a "curio to top all curios, perhaps".

Johns said of the album: "[It] was just a joke really, just a laugh. I recorded it and they played it, and then, I don't know how long later, we dug the tapes out, I mixed it and they stuck it out on album. It didn't really warrant releasing really, but it was okay, a bit of fun, and there's some good playing on it."

According to Rolling Stone, the release was delayed for several months due to the appearance of an expletive on the back cover art, which was partially covered with stars in the ultimate release.

Remaster
Jamming with Edward! was remastered and reissued by Virgin Records in 1994.

Personnel

 * Ry Cooder – guitar
 * Mick Jagger – harmonica, vocals
 * Charlie Watts – drums
 * Nicky Hopkins – keyboards, piano
 * Bill Wyman – bass guitar

title: Jamming with Edward!


text:
Charles Murray (political scientist)

Charles Alan Murray (born January 8, 1943) is an American political scientist. He is the W.H. Brady Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C.

Murray's work is highly controversial. His book Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (1984) discussed the American welfare system. In the book The Bell Curve (1994), he and co-author Richard Herrnstein argue that in 20th-century American society, intelligence became a better predictor than parental socioeconomic status or education level of many individual outcomes, including income, job performance, pregnancy out of wedlock, and crime, and that social welfare programs and education efforts to improve social outcomes for the disadvantaged are largely counterproductive. The Bell Curve also claims that average intelligence quotient (IQ) differences between racial and ethnic groups are at least partly genetic in origin, a view that is now considered discredited by mainstream science.

Early life and education
Of Scotch-Irish ancestry, Murray was born on January 8, 1943, in Newton, Iowa, and raised in a Republican, "Norman Rockwell kind of family" that stressed moral responsibility. He is the son of Frances B. (née Patrick) and Alan B. Murray, an executive for the Maytag Company. His youth was marked by a rebellious and pranksterish sensibility. As a teen, he played pool at a hangout for juvenile delinquents, developed debating skills, espoused labor unionism (to his parents' annoyance), and on one occasion helped burn a cross that he and his friends had erected near a police station.

Murray credits the SAT with helping him get out of Newton and into Harvard. "Back in 1961, the test helped get me into Harvard from a small Iowa town by giving me a way to show that I could compete with applicants from Exeter and Andover," wrote Murray. "Ever since, I have seen the SAT as the friend of the little guy, just as James Bryant Conant, president of Harvard, said it would be when he urged the SAT upon the nation in the 1940s." However, in a 2012 op-ed published in The New York Times, Murray argued in favor of removing the SAT's role in college admissions, commenting that the SAT "has become a symbol of new-upper-class privilege, as people assume (albeit wrongly) that high scores are purchased through the resources of private schools and expensive test preparation programs".

Murray earned a BA in history from Harvard University in 1965 and a PhD in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1974.

Peace Corps
Murray left for the Peace Corps in Thailand in 1965, staying abroad for six years. At the beginning of this period, Murray kindled a romance with his Thai Buddhist language instructor (in Hawaii), Suchart Dej-Udom, the daughter of a wealthy Thai businessman, who was "born with one hand and a mind sharp enough to outscore the rest of the country on the college entrance exam". Murray subsequently proposed by mail from Thailand, and their marriage began the following year, a move that Murray now considers youthful rebellion. "I'm getting married to a one-handed Thai Buddhist," he said. "This was not the daughter-in-law that would have normally presented itself to an Iowa couple."

Murray credits his time in the Peace Corps in Thailand with his lifelong interest in Asia. "There are aspects of Asian culture as it is lived that I still prefer to Western culture, 30 years after I last lived in Thailand," says Murray. "Two of my children are half-Asian. Apart from those personal aspects, I have always thought that the Chinese and Japanese civilizations had elements that represented the apex of human accomplishment in certain domains."

His tenure with the Peace Corps ended in 1968, and during the remainder of his time in Thailand he worked on an American Institutes for Research (AIR) covert counter-insurgency program for the US military in cooperation with the CIA.

Recalling his time in Thailand in a 2014 episode of Conversations with Bill Kristol, Murray commented that his worldview was fundamentally shaped by his time there, "Essentially, most of what you read in my books I learned in Thai villages." He continued:, "I suddenly was struck first by the enormous discrepancy between what Bangkok thought was important to the villagers and what the villagers wanted out of government. And the second thing I got out of it was that when the government change agent showed up, the village went to hell in terms of its internal governance."

Murray's work in the Peace Corps and subsequent social research in Thailand for research firms associated with the US government led to the subject of his doctoral thesis in political science at MIT, in which he argued against bureaucratic intervention in the lives of Thai villagers.

Divorce and remarriage
By the 1980s, his marriage to Suchart Dej-Udom had been unhappy for years, but "his childhood lessons on the importance of responsibility brought him slowly to the idea that divorce was an honorable alternative, especially with young children involved."

Murray divorced Dej-Udom after fourteen years of marriage and three years later married Catherine Bly Cox (born 1949, Newton, Iowa), an English literature instructor at Rutgers University. Cox was initially dubious when she saw his conservative reading choices, and she spent long hours "trying to reconcile his shocking views with what she saw as his deep decency". In 1989, Murray and Cox co-authored a book on the Apollo program, Apollo: Race to the Moon. Murray attends and Cox is a member of a Quaker meeting in Virginia, and they live in Frederick County, Maryland near Washington, D.C.

Murray has four children, two by each wife. While his second wife, Catherine Bly Cox, had converted to Quakerism, Murray still considered himself an agnostic. Murray describes himself as a "wannabe Christian" who takes faith seriously but has yet to acquire deep faith.

Research
Murray continued research work at AIR, one of the largest of the private social science research organizations, upon his return to the US. From 1974 to 1981, Murray worked for the AIR eventually becoming chief political scientist. While at AIR, Murray supervised evaluations in the fields of urban education, welfare services, daycare, adolescent pregnancy, services for the elderly, and criminal justice.

From 1981 to 1990, he was a fellow with the conservative Manhattan Institute where he wrote Losing Ground, which heavily influenced the welfare reform debate in 1996, and In Pursuit. He has been a fellow of the conservative American Enterprise Institute since 1990 and was a frequent contributor to The Public Interest, a journal of conservative politics and culture. In March 2009, he received AEI's highest honor, the Irving Kristol Award. He has also received a doctorate honoris causa from Universidad Francisco Marroquín. Murray has received grants from the conservative Bradley Foundation to support his scholarship, including the writing of The Bell Curve.

Losing Ground
Murray argues in his book Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (1984) that social welfare programs actually hurt society as a whole, as well as the very people those programs are trying to help, and concludes that these programs should therefore be eliminated. Murray proposes three "laws" of social programs to defend this policy prescription:
 * 1) "Law of Imperfect Selection": Any objective rule that defines eligibility for a social transfer program will irrationally exclude some persons.
 * 2) "Law of Unintended Rewards": Any social transfer increases the net value of being in the condition that prompted the transfer.
 * 3) "Law of Net Harm": The less likely it is that the unwanted behavior will change voluntarily, the more likely it is that a program to induce change will cause net harm.

The Bell Curve
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (1994) is a controversial bestseller that Charles Murray wrote with Harvard professor Richard J. Herrnstein. The book's title comes from the bell-shaped normal distribution of IQ scores. Its central thesis is that in American society in the 20th century intelligence had become a better predictor of many factors including income, job performance, unwed pregnancy, and crime than one's parents' socio-economic status or education level. The book also argued that those with high intelligence (the "cognitive elite") were becoming separated from those with average and below-average intelligence, and that this constituted a dangerous social trend. He also warned of a merger of the "cognitive elite" with the "wealth elite", which would become increasingly isolated and could result in an authoritarian "custodial state". After its publication, academics criticized the book over his assertions on race and IQ. Some said it supported long-discredited "scientific racism" and a number of books were written to rebut The Bell Curve. Those works included a 1996 edition of evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould's The Mismeasure of Man; a collection of essays, The Bell Curve Wars (1995), reacting to Murray and Herrnstein's commentary; and The Bell Curve Debate (1995), whose essays similarly respond to issues raised in The Bell Curve. Arthur S. Goldberger and Charles F. Manski critiqued the empirical methods supporting the book's hypotheses.

The book's most controversial argument hinged on a hypothesized relationship between race and intelligence, specifically the hypothesis that differences in average IQ test performance between racial groups are at least partially genetic in origin. Subsequent developments in genetics research have led to a scholarly consensus that this hypothesis is false. The idea that there are genetically determined differences in intelligence between racial groups is now considered discredited by mainstream science.

Much of the work referenced by The Bell Curve was funded by the Pioneer Fund, which aims to advance the scientific study of heredity and human differences, and which has been accused of promoting white supremacist views, particularly scientific racism. Murray criticized the characterization of the Pioneer Fund as a racist organization, arguing that it has as much relationship to its founder as "Henry Ford and today's Ford Foundation".

Coming Apart
In his bestseller Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010 (2012), Murray describes diverging trends between poor and upper middle-class white Americans in the half-century after the death of John F. Kennedy. He focuses on white Americans in order to argue that economic decline in that period was not experienced solely by minorities, whom he brings into his argument in the last few chapters of the book. He argues that class strain has cleaved white Americans into two distinct, highly segregated strata: "an upper class, defined by educational attainment, and a new lower class, characterized by the lack of it. Murray also posits that the new [white] 'lower class' is less industrious, less likely to marry and raise children in a two-parent household, and more politically and socially disengaged."

Critics have suggested that he cherry-picked the data and time period under analysis, with Nell Irvin Painter, for example, writing that "behaviors that seem to have begun in the 1960s belong to a much longer and more complex history than ideologically driven writers like Mr. Murray would have us believe."

Op-ed writings
Murray has written opinion pieces for The New Republic, Commentary, The Public Interest, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, National Review, and The Washington Post. He has been a witness before United States House and Senate committees and a consultant to senior Republican government officials in the United States and other conservative officials in the United Kingdom, Eastern Europe, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

In the April 2007 issue of Commentary magazine, Murray wrote on the disproportionate representation of Jews in the ranks of outstanding achievers and says that one of the reasons is that they "have been found to have an unusually high mean intelligence as measured by IQ tests since the first Jewish samples were tested". His article concludes with an assertion: "At this point, I take sanctuary in my remaining hypothesis, uniquely parsimonious and happily irrefutable. The Jews are God's chosen people."

In the July/August 2007 issue of The American, a magazine published by the American Enterprise Institute, Murray says he has changed his mind about SAT tests and says they should be scrapped: "Perhaps the SAT had made an important independent contribution to predicting college performance in earlier years, but by the time research was conducted in the last half of the 1990s, the test had already been ruined by political correctness." Murray advocates replacing the traditional SAT with the College Board's subject achievement tests: "The surprising empirical reality is that the SAT is redundant if students are required to take achievement tests."

Public speech and protest at Middlebury College
On March 2, 2017, Murray was scheduled to speak at Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont, about Coming Apart: the State of White America, 1960–2010. Murray was invited to attend the college by Middlebury's American Enterprise Institute Club, who received co-sponsorship of the event from a professor in the political science department. Before Murray was able to speak, students within the hall rose to their feet and recited in unison a speech about the eugenicist implications of Murray's work. Students proceeded to chant and dance in the hall in an effort to stop Murray from speaking. Bill Burger, Middlebury College's Vice President of Communications, announced that the speech would be moved to another location. A closed circuit broadcast showed Murray being interviewed by political science professor Allison Stanger—chanting from protesters could be heard throughout the broadcast. After the interview, there was a violent confrontation between protesters—both from the college and the surrounding community—and Murray, Vice President for Communications Bill Burger, and Stanger (who was hospitalized with a neck injury and concussion) as they left the McCullough Student Center. Middlebury students said that Middlebury Public Safety officers instigated and escalated violence against nonviolent protesters and that administrator Bill Burger assaulted protesters with a car. Middlebury President Laurie L. Patton responded after the event, saying the school would respond to "the clear violations of Middlebury College policy that occurred inside and outside Wilson Hall". The school took disciplinary action against 74 students for their involvement in the incident.

Political views
Murray identifies as a libertarian. He has also been described as conservative,   far-right,    and as a white nationalist.

Education
Murray has been critical of the No Child Left Behind law, arguing that it "set a goal that was devoid of any contact with reality.... The United States Congress, acting with large bipartisan majorities, at the urging of the President, enacted as the law of the land that all children are to be above average." He sees the law as an example of "Educational romanticism [which] asks too much from students at the bottom of the intellectual pile, asks the wrong things from those in the middle, and asks too little from those at the top."

Challenging "educational romanticism", he wrote Real Education: Four Simple Truths for Bringing America's Schools Back to Reality, making the argument for "four simple truths", namely: ability varies, half of all children are below average, too many people are going to college, and that America's future depends on how we educate the academically gifted.

In 2014, a speech that Murray was scheduled to give at Azusa Pacific University was "postponed" due to Murray's research on human group differences. Murray responded to the institution by claiming that it was a disservice to the students and faculty to dismiss his research because of its controversial nature rather than the evidence. Murray also urged the university to consider his works as they are and reach conclusions for themselves, rather than relying on sources that "specialize in libeling people".

Economics
Murray has indicated that he believes that the government is over regulated and has expressed support for disobeying regulations he considers to be unjust.

Murray supports having simpler tax codes and decreasing government benefits, which could incentivize childbearing. In June 2016, Murray wrote that replacing welfare with a universal basic income (UBI) was the best way to adapt to "a radically changing U.S. jobs market" and defended that, as of 2014, the annual cost of a UBI in the US would have been about $200 billion cheaper than the current system.

Abortion
During an appearance at CPAC, Murray said of abortions: "It's a murder—it's a homicide—but sometimes homicide is justified". He has said that he believes that it is acceptable in certain situations including when a woman's life is at risk and when there is severe damage to the brain of the child. Murray has also indicated that he thinks that conservatives should put social issues like abortion on the back burner and has said they should seek a "moral suasion" rather than criminalization of issues like abortion and same-sex marriage.

Race
In Murray book The Bell Curve in chapters 13 and 14, where the authors wrote about the enduring differences in race and intelligence and discuss implications of that difference. They write in the introduction to chapter 13 that "The debate about whether and how much genes and environment have to do with ethnic differences remains unresolved," and that "It seems highly likely to us that both genes and the environment have something to do with racial differences." This stands in contrast to the contemporary and subsequent consensus of mainstream researchers, who do not find that racial disparities in educational attainment or measured intelligence are explained by between-group genetic differences.

Citing assertions made by Murray in The Bell Curve, The Southern Poverty Law Center labeled him a "white nationalist", charging that his ideas were rooted in eugenics. Murray disputed this. Francis Wheen summarized Murray's arguments as "Black people are more stupid than white people: always have been, always will be. This is why they have less economic and social success. Since the fault lies in their genes, they are doomed to be at the bottom of the heap now and forever." Other intellectuals have defended Murray against allegations of racism, including Sam Harris, Glenn Loury, Andrew Sullivan, James Flynn, and Kyle Smith.

Selected bibliography

 * A Behavioral Study of Rural Modernization: Social and Economic Change in Thai Villages, Praeger Publishers, 1977.
 * Beyond Probation: Juvenile Corrections and the Chronic Delinquent (with Louis A. Cox, Jr.), SAGE Publishing, 1979.
 * Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980, Basic Books, 1984, ISBN 0465042317. Analyzes welfare reform.
 * In Pursuit: Of Happiness and Good Government, Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 0671687433.
 * Apollo: The Race to the Moon (with Catherine Bly Cox), Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 978-0671706258.
 * The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (with Richard J. Herrnstein), Free Press, 1994, ISBN 0029146739.
 * What It Means to Be a Libertarian, Broadway Books, 1997, ISBN 0553069284.
 * "IQ and economic success", The Public Interest (1997): 128, 21–35.
 * Income Inequality and IQ, AEI Press, 1998.
 * The Underclass Revisited, AEI Press, 1999. PDF copy
 * Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950, HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 006019247X. A quantification and ranking of well-known scientists and artists.
 * In Our Hands: A Plan To Replace The Welfare State, AEI Press, March 2006, ISBN 0844742236.
 * Real Education: Four Simple Truths for Bringing American Schools Back to Reality, Crown Forum, August 2008, ISBN 978-0307405388.
 * Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010, Crown Forum, 2012, ISBN 0307453421.
 * The Curmudgeon's Guide to Getting Ahead: Dos and Don'ts of Right Behavior, Tough Thinking, Clear Writing, and Living a Good Life, Crown Business, 2014, ISBN 978-0804141444.
 * By the People: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission, Crown Forum, 2015, ISBN 978-0385346511.
 * Human Diversity: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class, Twelve, 2020, ISBN 978-1538744017
 * Facing Reality: Two Truths About Race in America, Encounter Books, 2021, ISBN 978-1641771979

In addition to these books, Murray has published articles in Commentary magazine, The New Criterion, The Weekly Standard, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and The New York Times.

title: Charles Murray (political scientist)


text:
Talk:Matthew Henson

Unnecessary Sexual Details
"Also like the expedition leader, he had a relationship with an Inuit woman, fathering a child with her." Why is this sentence in the 3rd paragraph of section 1? It is not relevant to his accomplishments as an arctic explorer. At best it feels tacked on and at worst it diminishes his accomplishments by placing undue attention on his sexual activity. In comparison, Robert Peary's wikipedia page mentions his affair in section 8 about family where it seems to make more sense (it also downplays the whole statutory rape thing but that's another story). Since the family section is already replete with salacious details about Henson's love life maybe we don't need it in the beginning. 2605:E000:150B:92A:3CE9:7A5:1E1B:C6AE (talk) 19:19, 15 February 2019 (UTC)JoshK

Untitled
"During their expeditions he and Peary fathered children with Eskimo women that were discovered by S. Allen Counter in a Greenland expedition as they were in their eighties."

What does "as they were in their eighties" mean ? Who were in their eighties and what does this have to do with the discovery made by Allen Counter ? Jay 17:35, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I totally agree. I have removed the "in their eighties" phrase, and re-worked the lead paragraph to more accurately convey the doubt of Peary's claim.

 * You might want to reconsider your doubts. In a number of Ameican publications of note, including the Johnson Publications, it was well-established that two of Peary's and Henson's sons have survived into their eighties, as of the 1978 publishing of these and other articles commenerating Mr. Henson. I don't know how you Wiki "scholars" authenticate the existence of living persons, but of these descendants, there hasn't been one refutation since. And understand, these two had the intelligence, and physical evidence to back up their claim. They might have long passed now. I'll try to get details and post them. Otherwise, feel free to utilize the online resources of the Shomburg Library and Museum for  African-American history.   http.//www.nypl/location/shomburg.  --69.119.72.223 (talk) 02:25, 24 September 2011 (UTC)Veryverser

 * You may want to read no original research, verifability and reliable sources to see how Wikipedia's volunteers "authenticate". --CutOffTies (talk) 03:05, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

 * The doubt about Peary's claim related to the North Pole, not to Counter's assertions about Henson's and his sons by Inuit women. When tracked down by Counter, the sons were octogenarians (thus, in their 80s). They visited the US in 1987, and descendants came the following year when Henson's remains were reinterred at Arlington Nat'l Cemetery.Parkwells (talk) 18:01, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

Tutoring of Captain Childs
I added a paragraph of the tutoring of Captain Childs and the places that Henson sailed around the world. I forgot to sign in though, lol. SO the IP address was actually me.

This was the source I used, http://www.unmuseum.org/henson.htm

Can someone wikify it? It just doesn't sound right.--Vscel4 18:16, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

The part about the tutoring by Captain Childs does not make sense in the context of the information earlier in the section. According to the existing content in the article, by this point in his life, Henson had already had several years of education ("paid for a few years of education for Matthew but soon died.[1] Henson attended a black public school for the next six years"). Is it plausible (let alone true) that Henson had had so many years of schooling under his belt, yet did not know how to read or write until Captain Childs came along? It does not make sense. Someone with correct information, please revise it. -- 2600:1702:2FF0:1D00:C0A:A892:4E24:FEF1 (talk) 04:28, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

Any reason for ethnicity in the lead?
Per MOSBIO this should be corrected. Thanks, --Tom 23:48, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
 * WP:MOSBIO says "Ethnicity should generally not be emphasized in the opening unless it is relevant to the subject's notability.", but I think it is relevant to the subject's notability. He was the first African-American to reach the North Pole, which is certainly notable. -kotra (talk) 22:54, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Look, Ma. I Made It; TOP OF THE WORLD!
Actually, there is contention with this assertion that Henson was simply the "first African-American" to reach the Pole. Because of the murderous prejudice, powered and sanctioned by the U.S. Goverment's legalized Segregation, harldly any dark-skinned persons (and I do mean red, yellow, brown-anyone darker than American actor Caesar Romero [old Garrett Morris joke],)in the sphere of WASP and European geo-policical influence were accorded any rights and human dignity given to the former. Henson was the "back-bone", and proved to be indispensible, and the ultimate "driving force" of Peary's expedition; not for only the successful eighth one sited, but also two previous ones that Perry pressed Henson into. All the equipment, rugged frontiers mangement, impromptu and innovative tool-making specifically made for the harsh environment; as well as the highly improbable task of learning the customs and LANGUAGE of the Inuit (of whom Peary had the utmost contempt, as his imperious racism kept him aloof from these people, whose help was critical for them making it to the Pole in the first place). Henson's work makes him a first-rate "wildreness" pioneer-frontiersman, as he literally 'carried' this final expedition the last socores of miles to the Pole, while Peary was virtually left behind near-dying of exposer, in addition to losing several toes to hypothermermia and frost burn! So, it seems as though Henson(and his two Inuit scouts, one of them reputed to be his son by an Inuit woman-further proving that Matthew Henson was not only with Peary FOR YEARS at his several, priorly-failed attempts for the Pole-but, as we have known for the past NINETY YEARS, the man was virtually all that propped up the so-called, pompously-named "Peary Expedition"-was indeed the FIRST HUMAN(along with the two Inuits)to reach the Pole! Would it displease you to be reminded that the Weriwether Lewis and William Clark expedition had an African-American servant named York with them the entire journey of their mapping expedition beyond the Allegheny Mountains(into the interior of what would later become the Mid-West territiories of the U.S.)? His assistance was as critical as Henson's, especially in putting the Ameican Aborigianls at ease, even saving Clark's life once from a grizzly bear! Finally, in Mr. Henson's autobiography, the facts rendering the expedtiion have hardly been refuted by the geographical and historical "authorities" for the past sixty years! (On this last point we are reminded that the newspaper man, Stanley ran into similiar, hostile skepticism when he tried to prove to a dislieiving Royal Geographical Society that he had successfully journied through the interior of the Congo, and found a the still-living cleric and missionary Livingston.) --69.119.72.223 (talk) 02:07, 24 September 2011 (UTC)Veryverser

 * If you have reliable sources to cite whatever you're trying to say, feel free to add it to the article. Posting long-winded comments like this on talk pages from various IPs is not going to help Wikipedia very much. --CutOffTies (talk) 03:05, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Webcomic
Not really related to improving the article, but this Hark! A Vagrant comic about Matthew Henson may be amusing. -kotra (talk) 22:57, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Not really (once you start listing all of the equally-notable stuff, it's just a trivia collection). If that particular instance was notable by itself, then it might be topical. Tedickey (talk) 23:14, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * It wasn't a suggestion for the article. I was just posting it here as it may be amusing to readers of this talk page. -kotra (talk) 23:56, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * It was amusing Tedickey (talk) 00:18, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Birthdate
This has gone back and forth a bit, so I thought this link may help Photo from Arlington National Cemetary --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 03:09, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for the confirming photo, I have seen multiple sources that put his birth date on 8/8/1866. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shaftster (talk • contribs) 03:40, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * About 60% say 8th, the remainder (including the only cited one before this point) say the 6th. In either case, the source should be given in the topic itself rather than in the change comments or this discussion page Tedickey (talk) 11:00, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Posthumous Rank
According to a letter to the editor of Smithsonian in its 11/2009 issue (vol 40 #8 pp 91-93 'Polar Legacies') by S. Allen Counter, Director, the Harvard Foundation, the US Navy in 6/2009 posthumously awarded Henson the rank of Command Master Chief Irish Melkite (talk) 08:39, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Kissin' Kousins?
Is there any possibility that Matthew Henson, the famed artic explorer and planter of the US flag at the North Pole, could be related to Josiah Henson, the "undergound railroad", abolitionist orator, author, and founder of a Canadian labor settlement in Ontario? He may not be a direct descendent; there is the issue of Josiah Henson's father being forcibly seperated from his father after the latter was tortured and then sold "down the river". Or Matthew could be either directly link to the elder Josiah Henson by simple relation (as is the American actress Taranji P. Henson) removed by a generation or two. Further strecthing this possibility, both men could be have been seperated by a common a common white ancestor two or three generations removed. DNA and ancestry quest can provide the answers. --67.86.107.30 (talk) 05:35, 22 September 2011 (UTC)Veryverser

 * I can't find a clear answer to this. According to these sources, it's a possible link  .  But this article makes it seem certain  --CutOffTies (talk) 05:55, 22 September 2011 (UTC)
 * About Josiah Henson...interesting that you asked about a possible familial relationship between Josiah Henson and Matthew Henson. From an article in The Baltimore Sun about a presentation by James Henson:

 * "After all, [James Henson's] great-uncle, Matthew A. Henson, was co-discoverer of the North Pole on April 6, 1909, with Adm. Robert E. Peary. (emphasis added)

 * "As scheduled, Henson, 67, was in the library's conference room at 2 p.m., ready to talk about Matthew Henson and Josiah Henson, his great-great-great uncle, whose life as a runaway slave and preacher who escaped to Canada was depicted in the anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.... (emphasis added)" Source: Powder, J. (2004, January 27). Descendant of slave, explorer talks of heroes. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved on August 15, 2015.

 * The question about a familial relationship to Matthew Henson was asked during an interview with Taraji P. Henson, who reported that Matthew Henson was a distant cousin -- a factoid that was also noted in her Wikipedia article on this site. Therefore, based on the familial relationship among Josiah, Matthew, and Taraji P. Henson, all of them appear to be related to each other along Taraji P. Henson's paternal (father's) branch. → Lwalt ♦ talk 03:56, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia isn't a repository of self-promotional claims by various people. A reliable source should be a third-party source. TEDickey (talk) 09:33, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

Photograph?
Whereas the source of the lead picture of Henson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matthew_Henson_1910.jpg is the reputable US Library of Congress, I think it is actually a picture of Peary! If you go down the article you will find a picture of Henson holding up a picture of Peary which looks suspiciously like the lead picture.

LuxNevada (talk) 10:31, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

 * The latter image is poor-quality, not a good clue TEDickey (talk) 11:00, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

 * You are stating the obvious. Do you have a better argument? LuxNevada (talk) 01:57, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

Matthew Henson was born on August 8th 1866 in Nanjemoy ,Maryland ,Usa. Matthew Henson was an explorer he visited places such as China Japan the Philippines France Africa and Southern Russia. then educating himself and becoming a skilled navigator. After that he got married in 1906 her name was Lucy Ross. his friend went with him to the north pole. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.0.52.2 (talk) 04:29, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

Matthew Henson was born on a farm in Nanjemoy ,Maryland on August 8th,1866. He was still a child when his parents Lemuel and Caroline died. He was sent to live with his uncle, who paid for his education until he died. After his uncle's death Henson got a job as a dishwasher at "Janey's Home Cooked Meals Café". At the age of twelve he went to sea as a cabin boy on a merchant ship called Katie Hines. The captain child's took him under his son. Childs and Henson were close for a long time. Henson sailed around the world for the next several years. He visited places such as China, Japan, the Philippines, France, Africa, and the Southern Russia, educated himself and became a skilled navigator — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.0.52.2 (talk) 05:14, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

Justinas explorer report
Matthew Henson was born on a farm in Najemoy Maryland on August 8th, 1866. He was sent to live with his uncle — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.0.50.219 (talk) 05:39, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

irrelevant link
So far, no independent, reliable sources have been offered for the section about Extended family. Keep in mind that it's one thing to claim to be related, but another thing to document it TEDickey (talk) 18:56, 2 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I recommend we delete it - nothing has been added to support those assertions in some time.Parkwells (talk) 03:14, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

 * agreed (the section isn't really topical in any case) TEDickey (talk) 07:17, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Matthew Henson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060127214822/http://www.usps.com/cpim/ftp/pubs/pub528.pdf to http://www.usps.com/cpim/ftp/pubs/pub528.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:10, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Matthew Henson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061008122032/http://www.ccboe.com/henson/ to http://www.ccboe.com/henson
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080302021500/http://www.ccboe.com/henson/mahframe.htm to http://www.ccboe.com/henson/mahframe.htm
 * Added tag to http://www.bcps.k12.md.us/School_Info/Index.asp?schoolNum=29&imageField.x=15&imageField.y=11
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070107220304/http://www.pgcps.org/~mhenson/ to http://www.pgcps.org/~mhenson

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:09, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Matthew Henson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060221135741/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~counter/culture.html to http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~counter/culture.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060221135741/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~counter/culture.html to http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~counter/culture.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:52, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

Younger sister named "M. Henson" not "S. Henson"
The older sister was named S. Henson. However, the wikipedia article wrongly identifies one of his younger sisters as "S. Henson". She would be correctly name "M. Henson" per the geneology cited:

108.228.226.220 (talk) 17:15, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Perhaps, but the link you gave is not a reliable source. TEDickey (talk) 18:21, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

"Extended family" section is redundant and non-notable
Under the heading "Family", the section clearly spells-out Henson's relevant family relations, but someone has gone on to add an "Extended family" section. It begins with "Matthew Henson's only descendants were the children of his Inuit son and their children." This is already stated in the second paragraph of the preceding section, where it says "...Henson fathered his only child, a son named Anauakaq, born in 1906. Anauakaq's children are Henson's only descendants..." making the addition thoroughly redundant. It goes on to say "...in his lifetime Henson had identified families of two nieces as being part of his extended birth family. They were Virginia Carter Brannum, daughter of Henson's sister Eliza Henson Carter of Washington, D.C., and Olive Henson Fulton of Boston, daughter of his half-brother." Daughters of half-brothers and their ilk are utterly irrelevant to this, or any, article about an individual who was noteworthy for expeditionary accomplishments which took place far from their family. Neither woman appears to have any notability (Google searches only refer to this article) and, assuming they were old enough to have attended Henson's funeral in 1955, and that either is still alive, they would be at least in their late-70s as of 2024 when I write this. The section goes on to state "Counter later recommended to the United States Navy and the National Geographic Society that Audrey Mebane, daughter of Virginia Brannum, and Olive Henson Fulton be designated as family representatives for any ceremonies honoring Henson." The notion of "designated family representatives" is an odd one, and in itself conveys neither notability nor weight, so it does not belong here. I think that the entire article would be strengthened by not wandering off into these kinds of digressions about distant family members. I propose it be removed. And for anyone who disagrees, I invite them to first consider whether or not an article about say, Paul Siple, who participated in 6 Antarctic expeditions between 1928-1957, should likewise include information about his extended family (it currently does not). Bricology (talk) 01:06, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matthew Henson


text:
Revolutionary Socialist Party (Sweden)

Revolutionära Socialistiska Partiet (Revolutionary Socialist Party), a Swedish political party founded in 1945, as the Independent Labour Party (Oberoende Arbetarpartiet). It was founded by a group that had split from the Left Socialist Party (VSP), when VSP had developed in a pro-Western direction. Leaders included Evald Höglund and Gottfrid Nyberg.

OAP published two issues of Vårt Ord.

In 1949 the group was reconstructed as Revolutionary Socialists (Revolutionära Socialister). RS became the first Swedish section of the Fourth International. The following year it changed name to RSP at a conference in Stockholm. The group gathered around a dozen persons.

RSP was active in the 1950 municipal elections in Stockholm (they got 1900 votes) and during the dockers' strike of 1951. RSP published two issues of Internationalen.

RSP was a short-lived party. Soon the leadership of FI ordered RSP to enter SAP and practice fraction politics, entryism, within this party. The members of RSP opposed this, and the organization was dissolved in 1953.

title: Revolutionary Socialist Party (Sweden)


text:
Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century

Duck Dodgers in the $24 1⁄2$th Century (spoken as "twenty-fourth-and-a-half") is a 1953 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. The cartoon was released on July 25, 1953, and stars Daffy Duck as space hero Duck Dodgers, Porky Pig as his assistant, and Marvin the Martian as his opponent. This cartoon marked the first of many appearances of the Duck Dodgers character.

Marvin the Martian had been introduced as an unnamed villain in Warner's cartoon Haredevil Hare (1948), playing opposite Bugs Bunny (Marvin would not receive his proper name until 1979). He was later given the title 'Commander, Flying Saucer X-2' in 1952's The Hasty Hare. The Duck Dodgers cartoon is an extended parody of the pulp magazine, newspaper comic strip, and comic book character Buck Rogers, and his longtime run of space adventures, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century.

In 1994, Duck Dodgers was voted #4 of The 50 Greatest Cartoons of all time by members of the animation field. Because he was such a fan of the short in particular, Star Wars creator George Lucas attempted to arrange that the short be shown before the original Star Wars film during its initial run in theaters. In 2004 at the 62nd World Science Fiction Convention, it was retrospectively nominated for a Retro Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation—Short Form.

Plot
In the latter half of 24th century, Duck Dodgers (Daffy Duck) is tasked with locating the uncharted "Planet X ", the only known remaining source for the dwindling element Illudium Phosdex, "the shaving cream atom". After a few small mishaps, Dodgers and his assistant, the "Eager Young Space Cadet" (Porky Pig) set off by rocket. Once in flight, Dodgers plots what becomes an enormously complicated and inefficient course to Planet X, whereas the Cadet suggests a much simpler route, following a path of nearby planets bearing the letters of the alphabet (in order from A onward). After scoffing at the idea, Dodgers suddenly comes up with the same idea and takes credit for it. The ship then flies past the lettered planets and arrives on Planet X.

Dodgers immediately claims the planet in the name of the Earth, but is quickly greeted by Marvin the Martian, as he claims it in the name of Mars. In the ensuing battle, Dodgers is shot multiple times in the face and disintegrated and reintegrated once. The battle continues through most of the film, until Dodgers finally declares enough is enough, and deploys his "secret weapon" that surrounds Marvin's ship with explosives. Marvin deploys the same type of weapon against Dodgers' ship. When the two simultaneously detonate their weapons, the entire planet is destroyed, save for a small chunk. Dodgers pushes Marvin off this chunk, and once again claims it in his own name, as the Cadet and Marvin are seen hanging from a root underneath the chunk. The Cadet sarcastically dismisses Dodgers' claim as a "Big deal."

Cast

 * Mel Blanc as Duck Dodgers, The Eager Young Space Cadet, Marvin the Martian and Dr. I.Q. Hi

Credits
The cartoon was directed by Chuck Jones (credited as Charles M. Jones), with the story by Michael Maltese, voices by Mel Blanc, and original music by Carl Stalling. The animation was credited to Lloyd Vaughan, Ken Harris and Ben Washam, with Harry Love receiving a credit for effects animation. The distinctive layouts were designed by Maurice Noble and the backgrounds produced by Phil DeGuard.

Uncredited are Stalling's quotations of "Powerhouse" and "Egyptian Barn Dance" (in the opening credits), by Raymond Scott.

Production
Jones saw Porky Pig's sidekick role as set apart from Daffy as the hero: "I always felt that Porky Pig was the subtlest of all the characters because he was consciously playing a part. He's obviously putting Daffy on, but it's a very subtle thing. In Duck Dodgers in the $24 1⁄2$th Century, he was playing the space cadet, but he was aware that he was playing it. He was like I would be in a class play — in which the hero really thought he was the character."

Reception
Comic book writer Mark Evanier writes, "Director Chuck Jones and writer Mike Maltese inverted the usual cartoon convention of having the hero conquer the villain. Here, Daffy pretty much conquers himself with faulty disintegration rays and faultier personal swagger. As with the other times Jones handled the duck, the Oliver Hardy principle prevails: The joke is never the destruction that befalls the luckless character but their loss of dignity afterward."

Sequels and related media

 * Duck Dodgers and the Return of the 24½th Century (1980)
 * Tiny Toon Adventures: "Duck Dodgers Jr.", segment in the episode "The Return of the Acme Acres Zone" (1990)
 * Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension (1996), a 3-D cartoon
 * Superior Duck (1996)
 * Attack of the Drones (2003)
 * Duck Dodgers (2003–2005), television series on Cartoon Network

Home media
This cartoon is available on Disc 2 of Volume 1 of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection and on Disc 2 of the Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1 Blu-ray box set, with the cartoon restored in high definition, as well as Disc 1 of The Essential Daffy Duck. The short was included as a bonus feature on Disc 1 of the Duck Dodgers: The Complete Series Blu-ray set.

In popular culture
The cartoon can be seen in the background of one scene in Steven Spielberg's film Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977).

In the Season One episode of the 1990s hit science fiction TV series Babylon 5 entitled Midnight on the Firing Line, the head of security Michael Garibaldi invites the Minbari ambassador Delenn to his quarters with him, where they share popcorn and a night of watching Duck Dodgers, although the comedy is lost on her. Daffy Duck is Michael Garibaldi's favorite cartoon character.

title: Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century


text:
Andy Richter

Paul Andrew Richter (born October 28, 1966) is an American actor, comedian, writer, and talk show announcer. He is best known as the sidekick for Conan O'Brien on each of O'Brien's talk shows: Late Night and The Tonight Show on NBC and Conan on TBS. He was also star of the Fox television series Andy Richter Controls the Universe. He voiced Mort in the Madagascar film franchise and Ben Higgenbottom in the animated television series The Mighty B! on Nickelodeon.

Early life
Richter, the second of four children, was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, to mother Glenda Swanson (née Palmer), a kitchen cabinet designer, and father Laurence R. Richter, who taught Russian at Indiana University for more than 32 years. Richter was raised in Yorkville, Illinois. He graduated from Yorkville High School in 1984, where he was elected Prom King. His parents divorced when he was 4 and his father later came out as bisexual. He is of Swedish-German descent.

Career
In the late 1980s, Richter attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and Columbia College Chicago as a film major. While at Columbia, he learned the basics of comedic acting and writing by starring in numerous student films and videos. After leaving Columbia in 1988, Richter worked as a production assistant on commercial shoots in Chicago. In 1989, he began taking classes at Chicago's Improv Olympic. He went from student to "House Performer" within a year. Richter branched out working with "The Comedy Underground" and the Annoyance Theatre. Richter wrote for the short-lived Jonathan Brandmeier television show.

In the early 1990s, the Annoyance Theatre hit gold when producer Joey Soloway staged The Real Live Brady Bunch with live, word-for-word performances of the '70s sitcom. The show was so popular that it attracted national attention and moved to New York City. Richter was not an original member of the cast but the actor who played "Mike Brady" in the Chicago cast opted not to go to New York. Richter asked Soloway if he could play "Mike" in New York and, since Soloway had not cast a replacement, he agreed.

Late Night with Conan O'Brien
At the same time The Real Live Brady Bunch was playing in New York, two fellow Annoyance members (Beth Cahill and Melanie Hutsell, who played Marcia and Jan Brady in the "Real Live Brady Bunch" stage show) were hired as cast members on Saturday Night Live. With friends on SNL, Richter attended after-show parties, where he met SNL writer Robert Smigel. Two years later, Smigel hired Richter as a writer for a new show he was producing, Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Smigel sent Richter to join Conan O'Brien on stage during a practice run-through when the production staff was testing lighting angles and sound, and noticed the two had a strong rapport. He became O'Brien's sidekick just weeks before the show began airing in 1993.

Richter departed from Late Night after the show on May 26, 2000. He later said of the decision, "After seven years of being on the show, I got itchy. I have a philosophy that if you enjoy good fortune, rather than sit there and say, "Oh, that's fine, this amount is good enough for me," you should try and push it. You should see how much you can stretch your good fortune. And I was curious."

After Late Night
Richter left his post at Late Night in 2000 to pursue a career acting in films and television. His first major venture, Fox's Andy Richter Controls the Universe, was canceled after two mid-season runs. His next Fox sitcom, Quintuplets, lasted one season. His 2007 television series, Andy Barker P.I., was co-written and executive produced by Conan O'Brien. In the series, Richter played an accountant who could not attract clients. After a woman comes to his office thinking he is the former tenant, a private investigator, she asks him to find her husband, who she thinks faked his death. Barker decides to pursue this job and becomes a private detective in earnest, and continues to do his accounting job, which seems to pick up as the series goes on. The series aired on NBC, with all six episodes in the first season on NBC.com. The series was canceled after very poor ratings, despite being named by Entertainment Weekly as one of the Top Ten Shows of 2007.

The Tonight Show
On February 24, 2009, it was announced that Richter would rejoin O'Brien as the announcer for The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien in Los Angeles. Richter frequently appeared in comedy sketches on the show and often commented and interacted with Conan during the opening monologue; he was also part of the show's writing staff. In mid-December 2009, Richter also began joining Conan on the couch during the celebrity interviews, much like he did in his former sidekick role on Late Night. Richter said he enjoyed having a steady paycheck again and not having to deal with production companies while developing television shows. Richter said, "Now I'm so happy to be back and making TV every night, not asking permission from somebody and waiting six months to get their sparklingly clear and cogent notes. And then wait another month for them to get back from Hawaii and say, 'Yes, now we can go make television.' I felt like a plumber who kept going into the building and saying, 'Can we put some pipes together?' and watching my wrenches gather dust."

Conan
When Conan O'Brien returned to the air as host of Conan on TBS in 2010, Richter followed and resumed his roles as announcer, writer, general sidekick and participant in comedy sketches.

The Three Questions with Andy Richter
Since June 2019, Richter has his own podcast on the Earwolf network.

Game shows
In 2010, Richter was considered to be a potential host of the classic Pyramid game show that was being developed for CBS, but was ultimately not picked up by the network. Had the series been picked up, it would not have affected Richter's role on Conan. On May 18, 2011, TBS announced development of a possible new version of Pyramid, again to be hosted by Richter.

In June 2010, Richter hosted the Team Coco Presents the Conan Writers Live comedy special for TBS at the Just for Laughs festival in Chicago. He hosted in place of O'Brien, who was prohibited from hosting any television program until fall 2010.

In July 2013, Richter signed up to host a game show called Step Up, which was ordered by Fox.

Richter holds the record for all-time highest one-day score on Celebrity Jeopardy!, winning $68,000 during a first-round game of the 2009–10 season's "Jeopardy! Million Dollar Celebrity Invitational". His earnings were donated to the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.

In January 2017, he began hosting the ABC game show Big Fan.

In September 2022, Richter appeared on the series premiere of Celebrity Jeopardy!. He got 2nd place and $30,000 for his charity The Los Angeles Regional Food Bank.

Other television appearances
In April 2002, Richter appeared in the Fox series Malcolm in the Middle. In "Clip Show", he played a psychiatrist giving therapy to Malcolm, Reese, and Dewey.

In October 2005, Richter appeared in the NBC sitcom Will & Grace. In "The Old Man and the Sea", he played an annoying blind date that was teased and misled by Grace Adler, who only dated him to prove she was not a snob.

Richter appeared in Monk as a murderer posing as Adrian Monk's best friend in the episode "Mr Monk Makes a Friend".

Richter appears in the Fox series Arrested Development in the 2006 episode "S.O.B.s." He plays every member of a fictional group of identical Richter quintuplets: Donnie, Chareth, Rocky, Emmett, and himself. He reprises the roles in several episodes of season 4, which aired in 2013 on Netflix.

From 2006 to 2008, Richter had a recurring role as "Sad Dad" Stan in the TV show The New Adventures of Old Christine.

He also provided the voice of Ben on the animated series The Mighty B!, played Simon Cristini on True Jackson, VP, and reprises the voice of Mort on The Penguins of Madagascar and All Hail King Julien.

Richter voiced himself in an episode of the 2021 Netflix animated sitcom Chicago Party Aunt.

Film
In addition to his television work, Richter has appeared in motion pictures such as Aliens in the Attic, Big Trouble, Elf, Seeing Other People, New York Minute, Dr. Dolittle 2, Madagascar, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, My Boss's Daughter, Scary Movie 2, Frank McKlusky, C.I., Pootie Tang, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Blades of Glory, Semi-Pro, Lenny the Wonder Dog, Dr. T & the Women and Cabin Boy.

Other appearances
In 2008, Richter appeared in composer Marc Shaiman's satirical mini-musical called "Prop 8 — The Musical". The three-minute video was distributed on the internet at FunnyOrDie.com. In addition to Richter, the cast includes Jack Black, John C. Reilly, Craig Robinson, and many other celebrities, directed by Adam Shankman. The video won the 2009 Webby Award category Comedy: Individual Short or Episode, and won a GLAAD media award.

In July 2009, Richter played for the American League as a first baseman in the 2009 Taco Bell All-Star Legends and Celebrity Softball Game. Representing the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Richter hit a home run in the game.

After the end of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien, Richter joined O'Brien on his Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour, a stage show touring the United States and Canada over the spring of 2010. Richter served in his usual role as announcer and sidekick. Due to performing with O'Brien, Richter was forced to drop out of the ''Jeopardy! Million Dollar Celebrity Invitational'', in which he was a semifinalist. Isaac Mizrahi replaced Richter in the tournament. Richter also made an appearance on the Disney Channel sitcom The Suite Life on Deck as a non-religious hooded brother, Brother Theodore in the episode "Silent Treatment".

In May 2021, Richter appeared on the Gus and Eddy Podcast hosted by comedy duo Gus Johnson and Eddy Burback.

Personal life
Richter was married to comedic actress and author Sarah Thyre from 1994 to 2019, and they have two children, a son born in 2000 and a daughter born in 2005. Thyre was a cast member on the comedy series Strangers with Candy, on which Richter made frequent cameo appearances. Richter and Thyre also appeared together playing Hansel and Gretel in an episode of the Upright Citizens Brigade sketch comedy series on Comedy Central in 1998. On April 13, 2019, Richter announced on his Twitter account that he and Thyre had separated and had begun divorce proceedings. In November 2022 he announced his engagement to Jennifer Herrera. They got married on June 10, 2023, in West Hollywood, with Conan O'Brien officiating.

Richter is a supporter of Planned Parenthood. At a fundraiser in 2016, he referenced abortion services provided in 1992 for Thyre when the couple had split and were each undergoing great personal difficulties. He stated that although they were very sad about the situation, they both knew it was the right decision for them. He also said that he is "eternally grateful" to the organization for allowing them to care for themselves and also for the ability to choose the time to bring children into their lives. The couple had been married 22 years at the time of his statements.

Richter is a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. After leaving Late Night with Conan O'Brien, he moved to Los Angeles.

On April 15, 2019, Richter joined other writers in firing their agents as part of the WGA's stand against the ATA and against film packaging, which they believed to be an unfair practice.

title: Andy Richter