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Channel (geography)

In physical geography and hydrology, a channel is a landform on which a relatively narrow body of water is situated, such as a river, river delta or strait. While channel typically refers to a natural formation, the cognate term canal denotes a similar artificial structure.

Channels are important for the functionality of ports and other bodies of water used for navigability for shipping. Naturally, channels will change their depth and capacity due to erosion and deposition processes. Humans maintain navigable channels by dredging and other engineering processes.

By extension, the term also applies to fluids other than water, e.g., lava channels. The term is also traditionally used to describe the waterless surface features on Venus.

Formation
Channel initiation refers to the site on a mountain slope where water begins to flow between identifiable banks. This site is referred to as the channel head and it marks an important boundary between hillslope processes and fluvial processes. The channel head is the most upslope part of a channel network and is defined by flowing water between defined identifiable banks. A channel head forms as overland flow and/or subsurface flow accumulate to a point where shear stress can overcome erosion resistance of the ground surface. Channel heads are often associated with colluvium, hollows and landslides.

Overland flow is a primary factor in channel initiation where saturation overland flow deepens to increase shear stress and begin channel incision. Overland flows converge in topographical depressions where channel initiation begins. Soil composition, vegetation, precipitation, and topography dictate the amount and rate of overland flow. The composition of a soil determines how quickly saturation occurs and cohesive strength retards the entrainment of material from overland flows. Vegetation slows infiltration rates during precipitation events and plant roots anchor soil on hillslopes.

Subsurface flow destabilizes soil and resurfaces on hillslopes where channel heads are often formed. This often results in abrupt channel heads and landslides. Hollows form due to concentrated subsurface flows where concentrations of colluvium are in a constant flux. Channel heads associated with hollows in steep terrain frequently migrate up and down hillslopes depending on sediment supply and precipitation.

Natural channels
Natural channels are formed by fluvial process and are found across the Earth. These are mostly formed by flowing water from the hydrological cycle, though can also be formed by other fluids such as flowing lava can form lava channels. Channels also describe the deeper course through a reef, sand bar, bay, or any shallow body of water. An example of a river running through a sand bar is the Columbia Bar—the mouth of the Columbia River.

A stream channel is the physical confine of a stream (river) consisting of a bed and stream banks. Stream channels exist in a variety of geometries. Stream channel development is controlled by both water and sediment movement. There is a difference between low gradient streams (less than a couple of percent in gradient or slightly sloped) and high gradient streams (steeply sloped). A wide variety of stream channel types can be distinguished (e.g. braided rivers, wandering rivers, single-thread sinuous rivers etc.). During floods, water flow may exceed the capacity of the channel and flood waters will spill out of the channel and across the valley bottom, floodplain or drainage area.

Examples of rivers that are trapped in their channels: Grand Canyon and Black Canyon of the Gunnison.

In a larger nautical context, as a geographical place name, the term channel is another word for strait, which is defined as a relatively narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water. In this nautical context, the terms strait, channel, sound, and passage are synonymous and usually interchangeable. For example, in an archipelago, the water between islands is typically called a channel or passage. The English Channel is the strait between England and France.

Waterflow channels
The channel form is described in terms of geometry (plan, cross-sections, profile) enclosed by the materials of its bed and banks. This form is under influence of two major forces: water discharge and sediment supply. For erodible channels the mutual dependence of its parameters may be qualitatively described by Lane's Principle (also known as Lane's relationship): the product of the sediment load and bed Bukhara size is proportional to the product of discharge and channel slope.

Nautical channels

A term "navigable channel" is used as a nautical term to mean a lane for ship travel, frequently marked (cf. Buoy) and sometimes dredged. Thoresen distinguishes few categories of channels, from A (suitable for day and night navigation with guaranteed fairway depth) all the way to D with no navigational aids and only estimated depths provided to the shipmaster. With regard to the dredging, channels can be unrestricted (wide enough to accommodate 10-15 widths of a largest ship used in this channel, semi-restricted with limited dredging in shallow waters, and fully restricted, where the entire channel is dredged. The latter, entirely human-made, channel is frequently called a canal, with the Panama Canal providing an example.

The term not only includes the deep-dredged ship-navigable parts of an estuary or river leading to port facilities, but also to lesser channels accessing boat port-facilities such as marinas. When dredged channels traverse bay mud or sandy bottoms, repeated dredging is often necessary because of the unstable subsequent movement of benthic soils.

Responsibility for monitoring navigability conditions of navigation channels to various port facilities varies, and the actual maintenance work is frequently performed by a third party. Storms, sea-states, flooding, and seasonal sedimentation adversely affect navigability. In the U.S., navigation channels are monitored and maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), although dredging operations are often carried out by private contractors (under USACE supervision). USACE also monitors water quality and some remediation. This was first established under the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 and modified under acts of 1913, 1935, and 1938. For example, the USACE developed the Intracoastal Waterway, and has the Mississippi Valley Division responsible for the Mississippi River from the Gulf to Cairo, Illinois, the North Atlantic Division for New York Harbor and Port of Boston, and the South Pacific Division for Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach. Waterways policing as well as some emergency spill response falls under United States Coast Guard jurisdiction, including inland channels serving ports like Saint Louis hundreds of miles from any coast. The various state or local governments maintain lesser channels, for example former Erie Canal.

title: Channel (geography)


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Delivery versus payment

Delivery versus payment or DvP is a common form of settlement for securities. The process involves the simultaneous delivery of all documents necessary to give effect to a transfer of securities in exchange for the receipt of the stipulated payment amount. Alternatively, it may involve transfers of two securities in such a way as to ensure that delivery of one security occurs if and only if the corresponding delivery of the other security occurs.

This is done to avoid settlement risk such as where one party fails to deliver the security when the other party has already delivered the cash when settling a securities trade.

History
The market crash of October 1987 drew global attention to potential weaknesses in the standards applied for clearance and settlement. Numerous studies resulted, among which was one from the Group of Thirty which pioneered standards for providers of securities settlement services. The report included nine recommendations, one of which was that "Delivery versus payment (DvP) should be the method for settling all securities transactions with systems in place by 1992."

In December 1990, the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS), consisting of representatives from the major central banks, initiated further study of DVP. Its report in September 1992 found three ways of achieving DvP:
 * 1) Transfer of securities and funds done on a trade-by-trade basis, with final transfer of securities occurring at the same time as the final transfer of funds;
 * 2) Transfer of securities on a gross basis, with final transfer of securities occurring throughout the day, but funds transfer on a net basis at the end of the day;
 * 3) Transfer of both securities and funds on a net basis, with final transfers occurring at the end of the day.

Operational perspective
From an operational perspective DVP is a sale transaction of negotiable securities (in exchange for cash payment) that can be instructed to a settlement agent using SWIFT Message Type MT 543 (in the ISO15022 standard). Use of such standard message types is intended to reduce risk in the settlement of a financial transaction, and enable automatic processing. Ideally, title to an asset and payment are exchanged simultaneously. This may be possible in many cases such as in a central depository system such as the United States Depository Trust Corporation.

Non-DvP
Non-DvP settlement processes typically expose the parties to settlement risk. They are known by a variety of names, including free delivery, free of payment or FOP delivery, or in the United States, delivery versus free. FOP settlement involves delivery of the securities without a simultaneous transfer of funds – hence 'free of payment'. Funds may either be remitted by other, mutually agreed means, or payment may not be made at all. This is the case in the transfer of securities gifted or inherited, or, in a country retaining paper securities certificates, in the dematerialisation of such securities, by transfer FOP into the name of the electronic custodian, with beneficial ownership retained by the transferor.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Delivery versus payment


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A Fistful of TOWs

A Fistful of TOWs, often abbreviated FFT, is a series of modern warfare miniatures wargame rules first published in 2000. The first edition was self-published, subsequent editions were published by Fistful of Games.

Description
A Fistful of TOWs – TOW stands for "tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided missiles" — is a set of rules designed for wargames with 6 mm miniatures at a scale of either 1" = 100 metres or 1 cm = 100 metres. The rules for modern combat have specifically been designed to provide relatively fast play.

Unlike boxed set wargames like Panzergruppe Guderian or War in Europe that include a map, counters and set of rules focussed on a particular conflict or series of conflicts, FFT is not designed for specific battles or conflicts. Instead the generic rules outline how combat and movement happen in any scenario — including airborne and amphibious assaults, airstrikes, and chemical weapons — and provide statistics on various army units, vehicles, tanks, and aircraft as well as army lists so that players can design their own scenarios for any modern conflict.

The much-expanded third edition includes 96 pages of army lists including: In addition to core and supplemental rules, the third edition also includes 128 pages of data for armaments, armored vehicles, artillery, and aircraft from the First World War to the present.
 * World War II lists for German, American, British, French, and Polish units.
 * American army from the Korean War to present
 * Russian Army from 1970-2015
 * most NATO armies in the 1980s-1990s
 * Arab-Israeli units involved in the Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur War
 * Australian units 1966-2015
 * North Vietnam/Vietcong during American involvement in the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1973

This gives players the ability to design scenarios for almost any historical global conflict of the twentieth century. These rules have become popular for designing modern conflict scenarios in time-limited settings such as wargaming conventions. FFT has also been used by Rand Corporation in developing modern wargaming concepts for the U.S. Department of Defense.

Gameplay
Each turn, which covers 5–7 minutes of game time, uses an "I Go, You Go" (IGOUGO) format where one player moves and fires, then the other player has the same opportunities.

Movement
Each unit can either move normally or strategically (double movement). A unit that moves strategically cannot participate in combat during the rest of that turn, and defensively is more vulnerable.

Combat
For ranged combat, the active player chooses a target at which to fire, and rolls a number of six-sided dice equal to the Rate of Fire of the attacking unit. The die roll required is equal to the range rating of the attacker's weapon. Depending on terrain, the target may get a saving throw to negate the attack.

During close combat, the same rules are used, but the defender fires first. If the attacker survives, the attacker returns fire. This continues until either the attacker or defender has been destroyed.

Publication history
In the late 1990s, Ty Beard became frustrated with slow-moving wargames. After a particularly trying session of Combined Arms — a miniatures wargame published by Games Designers Workshop — in which only four turns were completed in 8 hours, Beard decided to design a streamlined system to produce faster-moving games. The result was a set of rules for modern combat titled A Fistful of TOWs, a coil-bound paperback self-published in 2000 written by Beard with contributions by Dave Burnett, Paul Minson, and Bob Mackenzie. In 2010, Fistful of Games released a second edition of the rules, a 204-page coil-bound softcover book written by Ty Beard that expanded the timeline of the rules back as far as 1946.

In 2011, Fistful of Games released a greatly-expanded 458-page third edition written by Ty Beard and Paul Minson that expanded the timeline back to 1915.

Future planned additions to the series are FFT:2030, covering the hypothetical wars of the mid-21st century, and Railgun: 2100, covering science fiction armored combat.

Reception
Mark Severin thought that despite the length of the second edition, the rules were "easy to read and very well presented." He also liked the executive summary included with each chapter and the detailed table of contents.

In 2020, researchers at Rand Corporation looked for a commercial wargame that would serve their combat simulation research purposes and wrote that "Ground combat experts on the research team determined that FFT3 represented ground combat at the required level of granularity to allow our research team to simulate [remotely operated] and fully autonomous combat vehicles." The authors concluded that they were able to obtain the research results they needed using FFT3, saying, "Using the FFT3 commercial wargame as a basis, the researchers demonstrated how postulated [artificial intelligence and machine learning] capabilities could be incorporated into a tactical ground combat wargame."

title: A Fistful of TOWs


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Stoglav

The Book of One Hundred Chapters, also called Stoglav (Стоглав) in Russian ("Hundred chapters"), is a collection of decisions of the Russian church council of 1551 that regulated the canon law and ecclesiastical life in the Tsardom of Russia, especially the everyday life of the Russian clergy.

The book is shaped in the form of answers to some 100 questions posed by Ivan IV of Russia. A constant theme running through the chapters is the Byzantine symphonia (harmony) between the 'priesthood' and the 'kingdom'.

The Book of Hundred Chapters canonized the native Muscovite rituals and practices at the expense of those accepted in Greece and other Eastern Orthodox countries. As a result this church code was never accepted by the Russian monks residing on Mount Athos.

In the mid-17th century, the Old Believers championed the Stoglav in order to undermine Patriarch Nikon's authority and his ecclesiastical reforms. The Great Moscow Synod of 1667 condemned the Stoglav and its practices as heretical and banned the book from usage for 200 years. This contributed to a great schism of the Russian church known as the Raskol.

There are at least 100 manuscripts of the Stoglav, all of them produced by the Old Believers. The official church historians of the 18th and 19th centuries (such as Platon Levshin) discarded these texts as spurious. Their authenticity was reasserted by historian Ivan Belyayev in 1863.

title: Stoglav


text:
Talk:Representative sequences

Untitled
what vandal did this?

Warning box
Warning box moved to section "Bioinformatics" because we think it concerns only that section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yensaa (talk • contribs) 11:43, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Representative sequences


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alteroo

This is just an advertisement/press release for this company, devoid of facts MDCore 12:42, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I disagree. Read the article.... it doesn't read like marketing spiel, dressed up with flowery language and superlatives. Do a search at google for Linux and open source in Jamaica or Linux in the Caribbean, you will discover that there is a significantly small number of Linux/Open Source companies in this region, which makes this at least regionally significant.
 * Comment: User:208.131.185.194 is the original contributor of the article in question . Ianb 01:21, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Clean Up: It's a press release at present.  Stripped down to its bare facts, without the business-speak, the company might well be notable/unique enough, but the POV has to go. Geogre 13:10, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Lose the POV. Keep the article. Arevich 18:56, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete advertisement for just-started company - does not appear to be notable. Nearly all of the google hits appear to be from TechJamaica.com, and from a "Last 5 Links Added" list at that. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:30, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete with the utmost prejudice. Follow the link under "David Bain" and the website there tells you that the company just started this month.  Postdlf 20:03, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm all for open source, but this is an ad for a startup: "Alteroo - New Company I'm launching a new company in July". Good luck, but delete. Ianb 20:55, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: vanity. Bacchiad 21:35, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:48, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Elf-friend 18:38, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alteroo


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Tamatoa V

Tamatoa V, born Tamatoa-a-tu Pōmare, (23 September 1842, Moorea – 30 September 1881, Papeete), King of Raiatea and Taha'a, was a son of Queen Pōmare IV of Tahiti.

Life
Adopted by Tamatoa IV King of Raiatea and Tah'aa, he succeeded him on 19 August 1857 and crowned at Opoa by The Rev. Platt, 1 December 1860. Deposed on 8 February 1871. He married Moe Ma-hea-nu'u-a-Mai (Princess Moe-a-Mai) (elder daughter of Te-He-papai Ma-hea-nu'u-a-Mai, of Fa'a'ā, Judge of the High Court, Pastor and Member of the Supreme Council of Churches) and had two sons and four daughters:

 * Prince Teri’i-'o-uru-maona-tane Pomare (12 July 1867 – 15 December 1872), designated Crown Prince of Tahiti as Pōmare VI in eventual succession to his uncle Pōmare V.
 * Princess Teri’i-vae-tua-vahine Pomare (22 September 1869 – 4 December 1918), designated Heiress Presumptive of the Crown of Tahiti on the death of her older brother (15 December 1872), later designated Heiress Apparent in succession to Pōmare V (24 September 1877), in preference to any children that Queen Marau might give birth. Married 29 April 1884 (divorced 21 January 1893) to Teri’itonorua Norman Brander.
 * Princess Ari‘i-'otare Teri‘i-maevarua III (28 May 1871 – 19 November 1932), last Queen of Bora Bora. Married 9 January 1884 (divorced in 1887) to Prince Teri'i Hinoi-a-tua Pomare, chief of Hitia'a.
 * Prince Tamatoa-tane (22 September 1872 – 25 August 1873).
 * Princess Teri’inavahoroa-vahine Tamatoa Pomare Matauira (7 November 1877 – 3 December 1918), married firstly 27 August 1896 to 'Opuhara Salmon (d. 6 August 1908) and secondly 24 December 1910 to Teuraiterai Mote Salmon (d. 21 April 1926), her brother-in-law.
 * Princess 'O 'Aimata Teri’i-vahine-i-titaua-'o-ote-ra’i (29 June 1879 – 3 April 1894).

He died at Papeete, 30 September 1881. He was succeeded by Tahitoe, a member of the cadet branch of the Tamatoa Royal Family.

When George Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke visited the islands with Dr. George Henry Kingsley in 1870, he was stricken by his wife's charm and beauty and referred to the king and queen as "Beauty and the Beast."

title: Tamatoa V


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Non-DVP

Non-DVP trading is defined as securities trading where a client's custodian will have to release payment or deliver securities on behalf of the client before there is certainty that it will receive the counter-value in cash or securities, thus incurring settlement risk.

DVP stands for delivery versus payment. A party to a transaction pays for something when it is delivered. When there is a delivery from A to B, delivery is made by A, receipt is had by B. B, the party that receives, is obliged to make a payment.

The issue revolves around:
 * 1) the timing of the transaction
 * 2) the value of the transaction, and
 * 3) the trustworthiness of A and B.

The ideal situation is timing is matched for delivery/receipt and payment without any lag or deferral. If A and B had previous dealings and are completely trustworthy, then they may not mind delay of one or two working days. Whereas if trust has not been established, delay of one hour means the transaction is non-DVP. In terms of value, the larger the value, the greater the urgency for everything to be completely wrapped up.

Note: Whenever there is a delivery, there is a receipt; also known as non-RVP (non-Receipt versus payment).

title: Non-DVP


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DTC

The DTC may refer to:

Places

 * Desert Training Center, a World War II training area located mostly in southwestern California and western Arizona
 * Downtown Transit Center (TC), San Joaquin Regional Transit District
 * Denver Technological Center, a business park in Denver and Greenwood Village, Colorado

Companies and organizations

 * Developmental Test Command, a component of the United States Army
 * Defence Technology Centres, British military research facilities
 * Delhi Transport Corporation, the bus transport provider in Delhi
 * Depository Trust Company, American securities depository, subsidiary of Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC)
 * Diamond Trading Company, rough diamonds sales and distribution arm of De Beers
 * Digital Trust Center, Dutch organisation and platform with the aim to help businesses with digital matters
 * Doctoral Training Centres, British centres for managing PhD studies
 * Discount Tire Company, an American tire and wheel retailer

Software

 * Direct-threaded code, a compiler implementation technique.
 * Distributed Transaction Coordinator, in Microsoft Servers for a subsystem concerned with atomic transactions across multiple datastores
 * Domain Technologie Control, a Web-based control panel for admin and accounting for hosting web and e-mail services
 * Diagnostic Trouble Code, in the automotive industry, codes that are prescribed by SAE standards to help track problems in a vehicle detected by its on-board computer

Sports

 * Danish Touring Car Championship, Danish touring car racing series
 * Deutsche Tourenwagen Cup, a former German touring car racing series

Business methods and techniques

 * Design-to-cost, a cost management technique
 * Direct-to-consumer, business model focusing on e-commerce of a single product category
 * Direct to Consumer (Retail), describes the sales channel where the original equipment manufacturer sells directly to the consumer (instead of using wholesale channel)
 * Direct-to-consumer advertising, the term for sale of goods without intermediary third parties

Arts and entertainment

 * DTC: Yukemuri Junjo Hen from High & Low, 2018 Japanese film
 * High&Low: The DTC, 2017 Japanese streaming show

Tax

 * Direct Taxes Code, changes in tax slabs
 * Disability Tax Credit, Canadian benefit

Science

 * Dithiocarbamate, a chemical
 * d-tubocurare, a neuromuscular blocking agent
 * Digital-to-time converter (a.k.a. digital delay generator), an electronic circuit or piece of equipment that generates precise delays defined by a digital control signal
 * Digitally tuned capacitor, a type of electrical capacitor whose capacitance can be changed by means of a digital control signal
 * Direct Torque Control, a method to control electric motors with very good torque dynamics
 * Direct traffic control, a method of authorizing track occupancy on American railroads
 * Dynamic Traction Control, a system that controls a car's traction according to many conditions

Other

 * dtc (trigraph), in linguistics

title: DTC


text:
Henry Christopher McCook

Henry Christopher McCook (July 3, 1837 – 1911) was an American Presbyterian clergyman, naturalist, and prolific author on religion, history, and nature. He was a member of the celebrated Fighting McCooks, a family of Ohio military officers and volunteers during the American Civil War.

Life and work
McCook was born in New Lisbon, Ohio, to Dr. John McCook and Julia Sheldon McCook. He learned the printing trade as a youth, then taught school for several years. attended Jefferson College. He was a member of the Franklin Literary Society and founded the chapter of Theta Delta Chi at Jefferson College. After graduation in 1859, he studied theology privately and in the Western Theological Seminary in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. With the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted in the 41st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment as a chaplain with the rank of first lieutenant, and helped tend the wounded. As a minister in Clinton, Illinois, St. Louis, and Steubenville, Ohio, McCook became known for his compassion and intellect, and for his leadership in the movement to create Sunday Schools. In 1869, he became pastor of the Seventh Presbyterian church of Philadelphia, where he lived for the rest of his life. He spent his summers studying the behavior of ants and spiders. He published his observations and discoveries in a number of journals and books, as well as in a series of well-received illustrated children's books that explained the insects characteristics and traits in language and drawings for young minds. Many of McCook's books used illustrations drawn by Daniel Carter Beard, the founder of the Boy Scouts of America.

In the summer of 1877, he travelled to Texas to study agricultural ants. Two years later, McCook wrote The Natural History of the Agricultural Ant of Texas. In 1889–93, he published his most ambitious work, American Spiders and Their Spinning Work, in three illustrated volumes. He also wrote a book on his ancestors in the Whiskey Rebellion, and delivered a number of papers on Civil War history at meetings of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States veterans organization.

McCook was Vice President of both the American Entomological Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences. In 1880, Lafayette College conferred the degree of Doctor of Divinity to McCook. In 1895, he designed the official flag of the city of Philadelphia. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1896. He again served as an Army Chaplain during the Spanish–American War in 1898.

McCook's works

 * Object and Outline Teaching (1871)
 * The Last Year of Christ's Ministry (1871)
 * The Last Days of Jesus (1872)
 * The Tercentenary Book (1873)
 * Mound-Making Ants of the Alleghenies, Their Architecture and Habits (1877)
 * The Natural History of the Agricultural Ant of Texas (1879)
 * Historic Ecclesiastical Emblems of Pan-Presbyterianism (1880)
 * Honey and Occident Ants (1882)
 * Tenants of an Old Farm: Leaves From the Note-book of a Naturalist (1884)
 * The Women Friends of Jesus (1884)
 * The Gospel in Nature (1887)
 * American Spiders and Their Spinning Work (1893)
 * Old Farm Fairies: A Summer Campaign Against King Cobweaver's Pixies (1895)
 * The Latimers: A Tale of the Western Insurrection of 1794 (1897)
 * The Senator: A Threnody (life of Marcus A. Hanna) (1905)
 * Nature's Craftsmen: Popular Studies of Ants and Other Insects (1907)
 * Ant Communities and How They Are Governed: A Study in Natural Civics (1909)
 * Prisca of Patmos: A Tale of the Days of St. John I (1911)

title: Henry Christopher McCook


text:
User:Wilfried Derksen/draft

an abandoned draft of Liberalism.

title: User:Wilfried Derksen/draft


text:
DTCC

DTCC is a four-letter initialism for:

 * Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation
 * Delaware Technical Community College
 * Danish Touring Car Championship

title: DTCC


text: User talk:63.197.16.149

title: User talk:63.197.16.149


text:
Wertheim

Wertheim may refer to:

 * Wertheim (surname)
 * Wertheim (company), a company that manufactures vacuum cleaners
 * Wertheim (department store), a chain of German department stores
 * Wertheim & Co., an investment firm
 * Wertheim am Main, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 * Wertheim National Wildlife Refuge, a protected wetlands on Long Island, New York
 * Wertheim Piano, an Australian brand of piano
 * Wertheim-Meigs operation, a surgical procedure for the treatment of cervical cancer

title: Wertheim


text: Template:Wiktionary redirect

title: Template:Wiktionary redirect


text:
Felix Santschi

Felix Santschi (1 December 1872 – 20 November 1940) was a Swiss entomologist known for discovering that ants use the sun as a compass and for describing about 2000 taxa of ants.

Santschi is known for his pioneering work on the navigational abilities of ants. In one experiment, he investigated the way harvester ants used the sky to navigate. He found that as long as even a small patch of sky was visible, the ants could return directly to the nest after gathering food. However, when the sky was completely hidden, they lost their sense of direction and began moving haphazardly. Some seventy years later it was shown that ants are guided by the polarization of light.

title: Felix Santschi


text:
Talk:Targum Onkelos

Not everything in the world has to be related to modern Jewish denominations. This is an issue that has been discussed for a very long time. It properly belongs in a section on "history."Dovi 12:59, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

This is a quote by User:66.108.191.130 moved from the main page: I just want to point out that Onkelos was a convert. He started late down the path of a life of God and still managed to be a great scholar. His translation is not only a translation but also a commentary. Today we would consider such a work "biased" or just a bad translation, it was not intended to supplant, but rather to explain the Hebrew text. Let us pray that all of us, no matter when we begin to take our faiths or beliefs seriously, we will walk with the divine and serve as a beacon to others as Onkelos did. Frikle 06:39, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Onkelos / אונקלוס and Aquilas / עקילס, two names for the same person
I wanted to use this section to discuss how it is that we know that Oneklos (Hebrew: אונקלוס) and Aquilas (Hebrew: עקילס) are one and the same person. Please raise your thoughts, and please give me a few days to collect the information that I have on this subject. I have no problem mentioning that some persons view them as two individuals, but it is by no means the consensus of scholars. The scholarly consensus is what should be given more weight. As it is, you were giving more weight to the fringe-view. Let's discuss it here. Onkelos is a convert to Judaism, and besides his Aramaic translation which he made with the assistance and help of Rabbi Yehoshua and Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, he also made a Greek translation of the Bible for Greek readers. Since this article is NOT about Onkelos, but rather about his Aramaic translation, the subject matter of his identity should only briefly be touched here.Davidbena (talk) 19:12, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * It was only the first sentence that suggested they were separate people, and I have added quotes to hopefully make that sentence clearer. Ar2332 (talk) 20:36, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Since the following excerpt, taken from Epiphanius' treatise On Weights and Measures, is an important historical anecdote, I will copy and paste it here:
 * In folios [47a–49a]; [51d–52a]; [56d–57b] Epiphanius, in his treatise "On Weights and Measures" (Syriac version), names four major translations of the Hebrew Bible, made in the Greek tongue: the LXX (Septuagint) made by the seventy-two translators, another by Aquila (Aquilas) of Pontus, one by Theodotion, and yet another by Symmachus. Immediately thereafter, in folios [54a–55c], he writes more explicitly about Aquilas, saying:
 * "Concerning Aquila: In the twelfth year of Hadrian, Aquila became known. […] "[He] (Hadrian) came to Palestine – which is also called Judea, forty-seven years after the destruction of Jerusalem. And he went up to Jerusalem, the famous and illustrious city which Titus, the son of Vespasian, overthrew in the second year of his reign. And he found the temple of G-d trodden down and the whole city devastated save for a few houses, etc." […] "Therefore Hadrian made up his mind to [re]build the city, but not the temple. And he took the Aquila mentioned above, who was a Greek interpreter, since Hadrian was also a Greek – now Aquila was related to the king by marriage and was from Sinope in Pontus – and he established him there in Jerusalem as overseer of the work of rebuilding the city." […] "[He] (Aquilas) having cursed Christianity and renounced his life he became a proselyte and was circumcised as a Jew. And, being painfully ambitious, he dedicated himself to learning the language of the Hebrews and their writings. After he had first been thoroughly trained for it, he made his translation." […] "And this second translation by Aquila (i.e. the Aramaic translation, Targum Onkelos) came about after such a (long) time as this, the number of the years of which we have written above."Davidbena (talk) 23:25, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * , shalom. As for the exchange of names, this is very common with the Jerusalem Talmud and Midrash Rabba, where Onkelos is also called Aquilas. You may wish to see the Tosefta (Demai 6:12), where it says concerning Onkelos the proselyte that he divided his father's inheritance along with his brothers, but that he behaved stringently with himself by confiscating his portion of the inheritance and throwing it into the Salt Sea. The Jerusalem Talmud (Demai 6:7), relating to the same incident in Tractate Demai, here, calls him Aquilas the proselyte! There are other names that change between the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud; for example: Rav Assi in the Babylonian is called Rav Yessa in the Jerusalem Talmud, but they are one and the same person, just as scholars have noted.---Davidbena (talk) 00:45, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

Disputed line
""Onkelos' Aramaic translation of the Five Books of Moses is almost entirely a word-by-word, literal translation of the Hebrew Masoretic Text, with very little supplemental material in the form of aggadic paraphrase.""

According to the article, the Masoretic Text was prepared between the "7th and 10th centuries of the Common Era (CE)" and the Targum Onkelos "thought to have been written in the early 2nd-century CE", so this is unlikely. Editor2020 (talk) 22:35, 18 September 2021 (UTC)

It's comparing it perhaps to a modern version of the MT, but may have been taken from some other MT-like manuscript. Misty MH (talk) 17:23, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Did they give the right reference? Deuteronomy 23:18?
"(Deuteronomy 23:18) (Aramaic: לָא תְהֵי אִתְּתָא מִבְּנָת יִשְׂרָאֵל לִגְבַר עֶבֶד וְלָא יִסַּב גּוּבְרָא מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אִתָּא אָמָא, in Hebrew characters) [= "There shall not be a woman of the daughters of Israel married to a man who is a slave; nor shall a man of the sons of Israel be married to a woman who is a maidservant"], instead of "There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel."" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum_Onkelos

Did they get the right reference?

Other versions:

Deuteronomy 23:18 (NASB20) “You shall not bring the earnings of a prostitute or the money for a [fn]dog into the house of the LORD your God as payment for any vowed offering, because both of these are an abomination to the LORD your God. FN: "Prob. refers to a male prostitute".

Deuteronomy 23:18 (NIV) You must not bring the earnings of a female prostitute or of a male prostitute[fn] into the house of the LORD your God to pay any vow, because the LORD your God detests them both. FN: "Hebrew of a dog".

Deuteronomy 23:18 (YLT) thou dost not bring a gift of a whore*, or a price of a dog, into the house of Jehovah thy God, for any vow; for the abomination of Jehovah thy God are even both of them. *whore: An older meaning meant prostitute.

Copy-Pasted without footnote markings:

Deuteronomy 23:18 (NASB95) “You shall not bring the hire of a harlot or the wages of a dog into the house of the LORD your God for any votive offering, for both of these are an abomination to the LORD your God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (NKJV) “You shall not bring the wages of a harlot or the price of a dog to the house of the LORD your God for any vowed offering, for both of these [are] an abomination to the LORD your God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (KJV) Thou shalt not bring the hire of a whore, or the price of a dog, into the house of the LORD thy God for any vow: for even both these [are] abomination unto the LORD thy God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (ASV) Thou shalt not bring the hire of a harlot, or the wages of a dog, into the house of Jehovah thy God for any vow: for even both these are an abomination unto Jehovah thy God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (ESV) You shall not bring the fee of a prostitute or the wages of a dog into the house of the LORD your God in payment for any vow, for both of these are an abomination to the LORD your God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (RSV) You shall not bring the hire of a harlot, or the wages of a dog, into the house of the LORD your God in payment for any vow; for both of these are an abomination to the LORD your God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (NIV) You must not bring the earnings of a female prostitute or of a male prostitute into the house of the LORD your God to pay any vow, because the LORD your God detests them both.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (NET) You must never bring the pay of a female prostitute or the wage of a male prostitute into the temple of the LORD your God in fulfillment of any vow, for both of these are abhorrent to the LORD your God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (HNV) You shall not bring the hire of a prostitute, or the wages of a dog, into the house of the LORD your God for any vow: for even both these are an abomination to the LORD your God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (CSB) “Do not bring a female prostitute’s wages or a male prostitute’s earnings into the house of the L ORD your God to fulfill any vow, because both are detestable to the L ORD your God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (WEB) Thou shalt not bring the hire of a harlot, or the price of a dog into the house of the LORD thy God for any vow: for even both these are abomination to the LORD thy God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (DBY) Thou shalt not bring the hire of a harlot, or the price of a dog, into the house of Jehovah thy God for any vow; for even both these are an abomination to Jehovah thy God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (NLT) When you are bringing an offering to fulfill a vow, you must not bring to the house of the LORD your God any offering from the earnings of a prostitute, whether a man or a woman, for both are detestable to the LORD your God.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (BBE) Do not take into the house of the Lord your God, as an offering for an oath, the price of a loose woman or the money given to one used for sex purposes in the worship of the gods: for these two things are disgusting to the Lord your God.

5 Mose 23:18 (LUT) Du sollst keinen Hurenlohn noch Hundegeld in das Haus des HERRN, deines Gottes, bringen aus irgend einem Gelübde; denn das ist dem HERRN, deinem Gott, beides ein Greuel.

Deuteronomy 23:18 (VUL) non offeres mercedem prostibuli nec pretium canis in domum Domini Dei tui quicquid illud est quod voverint quia abominatio est utrumque apud Dominum Deum tuum

Deuteronomy 23:18 (LXX) (23:19) οὐ προσοίσεις μίσθωμα πόρνης οὐδὲ ἄλλαγμα κυνὸς εἰς τὸν οἶκον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου πρὸς πᾶσαν εὐχήν ὅτι βδέλυγμα κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σού ἐστιν καὶ ἀμφότερα

Misty MH (talk) 17:21, 26 November 2021 (UTC)
 * This is a very obscure passage of the Deuteronomistic law, with no parallel in previous books of the Tanach. Starting from the LXX and Vulgate and going forward is interesting, albeit upside down. But the main citation, the original one, is missing, and it should be:

 * But, the Onkelos version given at the beginning is really 23:18, which in the MT would be
 * But, the Onkelos version given at the beginning is really 23:18, which in the MT would be

 * So the discrepancy refers to the words Kdeshah and Kadesh. The modern interpretations interpret the term as connected to prostitution, while Onkelos interprets them as referring to slavery of some kind. warshy (¥¥) 17:50, 26 November 2021 (UTC)
 * So the discrepancy refers to the words Kdeshah and Kadesh. The modern interpretations interpret the term as connected to prostitution, while Onkelos interprets them as referring to slavery of some kind. warshy (¥¥) 17:50, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

warshy (¥¥) 17:43, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Oops. I forgot that in certain books, the Jewish versions differ by a verse from the Christian versions. The reference in Christian versions is Deuteronomy 23:17. Misty MH (talk) 17:56, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Note that I cannot edit my long comment in the app. So it will remain that way until I can perhaps later delete all the extra stuff that doesn't need to be there. :( Misty MH (talk) 17:58, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Targum Onkelos


text:
The Strand Magazine

The Strand Magazine was a monthly British magazine founded by George Newnes, composed of short fiction and general interest articles. It was published in the United Kingdom from January 1891 to March 1950, running to 711 issues, though the first issue was on sale well before Christmas 1890. Its immediate popularity is evidenced by an initial sale of nearly 300,000. Sales increased in the early months, before settling down to a circulation of almost 500,000 copies a month, which lasted well into the 1930s.

It was edited by Herbert Greenhough Smith from 1891 to 1930. The popularity of Sherlock Holmes became widespread after first appearing in the magazine in 1891. The magazine's original offices were on Burleigh Street off The Strand, London. It was revived in 1998 as a quarterly magazine.

Publication history
The Strand Magazine was founded by George Newnes in 1890, and its first edition was dated January 1891. The magazine's original offices were located on Burleigh Street, off the Strand, London. The first editor was Herbert Greenhough Smith, who remained the editor until 1930. The magazine published factual articles in addition to fictional short stories and series. It was targeted at a mass market readership. The initial price of an issue was sixpence, about half the typical rate for comparable titles at the time. Initial sales were around 300,000, and circulation soon rose to half a million.

The magazine also published a United States edition from February 1891 through February 1916. In its early years, the contents of the US edition were identical with those of the UK edition, though usually with a one-month time lag. As the years went on there were some differences in the contents of the two editions, reflecting fiction for which The Strand did not hold the US rights (such as The Return of Sherlock Holmes, which was commissioned by Collier's magazine) and non-fiction that would not interest most US readers (such as articles about personalities in the House of Commons). The circulation of the US edition was minimal in the early 1890s but was reported at 150,000 by 1898. The US edition was discontinued in 1916 due to logistical difficulties arising from World War I. The American edition was edited by J. Walter Smith.

The magazine format changed to the smaller digest size in October 1941. The Strand Magazine ceased publication in March 1950, forced out of the market by declining circulation and rising costs. Its last editor was Macdonald Hastings, distinguished war correspondent and later TV reporter and contributor to the Eagle boys' comic. In 1961, the magazine was briefly revived as The New Strand under the editorship of Noni Jabavu.

It was normally bound as six-monthly volumes, from January to June and July to December, but from the mid-1930s this varied, and the final volumes in the late 1940s ran from October to March and April to September, the final volume CXVIII (118) running from October 1949 to March 1950.

The magazine was revived in 1998 in the US (see below).

Fiction

The Sherlock Holmes short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle were first published in The Strand in the UK. Some of the stories were previously or simultaneously published in US magazines, while several were first published in the United States in the US edition of The Strand Magazine a month after being published in the UK edition. 38 of the Sherlock Holmes stories, including The Hound of the Baskervilles, were illustrated by Sidney Paget in The Strand. Paget's illustrations helped form the popular image of Holmes. With the serialisation of Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles, sales reached their peak. Readers lined up outside the magazine's offices, waiting to get the next installment. Doyle also wrote other stories that were published in The Strand Magazine.

A number of short stories by Agatha Christie were first published in The Strand in the UK, such as the Hercule Poirot stories collected in The Labours of Hercules. Many short stories by P. G. Wodehouse, including most of Wodehouse's Jeeves short stories, were first published in The Strand in the UK (some were published earlier or in the same month in US magazines).

Other contributors included E. W. Hornung, Graham Greene, Rudyard Kipling, W. Somerset Maugham, E. Nesbit, Dorothy L. Sayers, Georges Simenon, Leo Tolstoy, and H. G. Wells, as well as Grant Allen, Margery Allingham, H. C. McNeile (aka Sapper), J. E. Preston Muddock, E. C. Bentley, Mary Angela Dickens, C. B. Fry, Walter Goodman, W. W. Jacobs, Arthur Morrison, Edgar Wallace, Max Beerbohm and Dornford Yates.

Puzzles and non-fiction
In addition to the many fiction pieces and illustrations, The Strand has been also known for some time as the source of ground-breaking brain teasers, under a column called "Perplexities", first written by Henry Dudeney. Dudeney introduced many new concepts to the puzzle world, including the first known crossnumber puzzle, in 1926. In that same year, Dudeney produced an article, "The Psychology of Puzzle Crazes", reflecting and analysing the demand for such works. He edited Perplexities from 1910 until he died in 1930. G. H. Savage became the column's editor, soon to be joined by William Thomas Williams (as W. T. Williams), who in 1935 authored the best-known cross-figure puzzle of today. The puzzle goes by many names, the original being "The Little Pigley Farm". It has also been known as "Dog's Mead", "Little Pigley", "Little Piggly Farm", "Little Pigsby", "Pilgrims' Plot", and "Dog Days".

Some articles by Winston Churchill were published in the magazine. Once a sketch drawn by Queen Victoria of one of her children appeared with her permission.

Cover
The magazine's iconic cover, an illustration looking eastwards down London's Strand towards St Mary-le-Strand, with the title suspended on telegraph wires, was the work of Victorian artist and designer George Charles Haité. The initial cover featured a corner plaque showing the name of Burleigh Street, home to the magazine's original offices. The lettering on the plaque in Haité's design was later changed when Newnes moved to the adjacent address of Southampton Street. A variation of the same design was featured on the cover of a sister title, The Strand Musical Magazine.

1998 revival
The Strand was brought back into publication in 1998 as a quarterly magazine, now based in Birmingham, Michigan, US. It has published fiction by many well-known writers including John Mortimer, Ray Bradbury, Alexander McCall Smith, Ruth Rendell, Colin Dexter, Edward Hoch, James Grippando, and Tennessee Williams. The magazine features stories from emerging crime and mystery writers in addition to stories by established writers.

title: The Strand Magazine


text:
Category:Car platforms

This category contains links to car platforms used around the world.

title: Category:Car platforms


text:
Toys Went Berserk

Toys Went Berserk were an Australian post-punk outfit that formed in late 1985. They released two studio albums, The Smiler with a Knife (1989) and Sensory (1990), before disbanding in early 1992. They subsequently reformed in 1998, 2005 and 2016.

History
Toys Went Berserk were formed in Sydney in December 1985 by Lesley-Anne "Coo" Bennett on lead vocals and piano (ex-Lavender Disaster), Andy Jarvis on guitar (ex-Dusk Furrow), Mark Nicholson on drums (ex-Happy Hate Me Nots), Bill Quarry on bass guitar (ex-Box of Fish), and Steve Turbit on guitar. Lavender Disaster were a Perth-based band with Coo Bennett on lead vocals, Brett Ford on drums, Peter Hartley on guitar and Danny Vervest on bass. Both Ford and Hartley were later members of the Kryptonics and Lubricated Goat. Bruce Griffiths told Steve Gardner of Noise for Heroes that the group, "sounded like a 'tough Blondie'."

According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, Toys Went Berserk "derived [their] moniker from a lyric line in the Siouxsie and the Banshees song 'Spellbound'." They provided energetic live performances and their music (comparable to bands such as Skeletal Family, Siouxsie and the Banshees and Xmal Deutschland), which was quite distinctive in the Sydney scene of the time. Gardner opined, "They aren't like the standard Sydney band, influenced by Detroit music, 'Burn My Eye' T-shirt on back, stacks of Marshalls behind them. They have other influences. As opposed to big distorted power chords or strong leads, the guitar tends to be more in the way of textured, treated chords; very echo-ey. The drumming is inventive yet driving, with many interesting touches to add spice to standard beats. The bass tends to be mixed back, while Coo's vocal provide a large part of the character and melody to the songs."

The group's first recorded track, "One Day (My Head Is Going to Explode)", appeared on a various artists' four-track extended play, Trousers in Action No. 2 (August 1986), via Aberrant Records. It was previously performed by Lavender Disaster and was written by Coo's brother Phil Bennett; it was recorded at Sound Barrier studios in June with Jonathan Summers as audio engineer. This was followed by their debut single, "Guns at My Head" (October), which had been recorded at the same session as "One Day" and in early 1987 by an 8 song double 12" EP "Pieces", also recorded at Sound Barrier. In June 1987 Turbit was replaced briefly on guitar by Carolyn Polley.

Toys Went Berserk issued their first full-length studio album, The Smiler with a Knife, on 7 November 1989 with Rob Younger (Died Pretty, Dubrovniks, The Plunderers) producing at Trafalgar Studios in June and July of that year. Gardner felt, "[it] features the sort of clear and solid sound that he's becoming famous for. Yet the band had a lot of misgivings about using him at first; they are not at all interested in the Detroit sound, and they associated Younger with that through his Birdman past. And although the new lp certainly isn't a Detroit metal record, there's no question it has a tougher, more immediate sound."

Before the album was recorded Polley had left to join indie rockers Big Heavy Stuff and Toys Went Berserk continued as a four-piece. They released numerous records, including six singles and three albums (two on vinyl and one CD), and toured in the United States and Australia. Their goth-influenced version of Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" was featured on Andrew Denton's ABC-TV program, The Money or the Gun, and was later released on a various artists compilation album, Stairways to Heaven (1993).

The band recorded their second studio album, Sensory(1990), at Fort Apache Studios, near Boston, with Gary Smith (Throwing Muses, Pixies, the Chills) in August. They returned to the US in the following year to tour. They have supported international acts the Cramps, the Sugarcubes, the Fall, Dinosaur Jr. and the Selector during their six-year lifetime. Toys Went Berserk split in early 1992.

Afterwards
Following the break-up of Toys Went Berserk, Bennett and Jarvis, who were domestic partners, moved to England and started new bands, Feast (1993–98) and then Houdini (1998–2001). In late 2003 they returned to Perth to start their own record label, Trickster Music and released an album as Houdini Twins. Toys Went Berserk have regrouped for reunion shows: firstly in 1998, then in 2005, to promote the release of a compilation double album, The Bitter & the Sweet: Best and Rarest. It included most of their studio releases, plus selected demos and live recordings. In 2016 the band performed a joint 30th anniversary show in Sydney, with contemporaries, Ratcat.

Bennett and Jarvis continued in other Perth-based outfits, Rocket to Memphis (RTM) and Catzilla. RTM released four CDs of swamp, rockabilly and garage rock n roll music, Swampwater Shuffle (2007), Hip-Shakin' Voodoo (2009), "Jungle Juice" (2011) and "Do the Crawl" (2013) and two vinyl singles, "I'm Bad" (2011) and "Go Go" (2013), and toured both Japan and the United Kingdom. Catzilla play garage rock n roll, featuring Bennett on vocals and keyboards and Jarvis on guitar. They released a vinyl EP, Going Wild (2016), a self-titled album in 2017 and have also toured Japan.

Albums

 * The Smiler With A Knife (1989)
 * Sensory (1991)

Compilations

 * Pieces - re-released with bonus tracks as an LP on red vinyl (1989)
 * The Bitter & The Sweet – Best & Rarest (2005)

Singles & EPs

 * Don't Run Away / Guns At My Head (7", 1986)
 * Pieces - 8 track mini-album released as a double 12" (1987)
 * No Warning / Inseparable (7", 1988)
 * Forever & A Day / Something Better (7", 1988)
 * Have No More (12", 1989)
 * Brand New Life / Stairway To Heaven (7", 1990)
 * Wheels In Motion / Spot (7", 1990)
 * Worlds Away - CD single containing four songs (Worlds Away, Cowards Beware, Have No More, Brand New Life) from The Smiler With A Knife. Re-mastered from the original analogue master tapes and sold at Toys' 30th anniversary reunion concert at The Factory Theatre (Marrickville, Sydney) on October 14, 2016.

title: Toys Went Berserk


text:
List of Nissan platforms

Nissan platforms include:

 * Renault-Nissan B platform
 * Renault–Nissan C platform
 * Renault–Nissan Common Module Family
 * Renault–Nissan D platform
 * Nissan F-Alpha platform
 * Nissan FF-L platform
 * Nissan MS platform
 * Nissan FM platform
 * Nissan S platform

title: List of Nissan platforms


text:
Ehm Welk

Emil "Ehm" Welk (August 29, 1884 – December 19, 1966) was a German journalist, writer, professor and founder of Volkshochschulen (adult education centres). He became known for his work Die Heiden von Kummerow (The Heathens of Kummerow) and used Thomas Trimm as a pseudonym.

Life
Welk was born as the son of a farmer in Biesenbrow (now part of Angermünde), Brandenburg. After frequenting the village school, the 16-year-old moved away from home, completed a commercial education, worked on the sea and as a journalist for several papers, e.g. in Brunswick for the Braunschweiger Allgemeiner Anzeiger, whose editor-in-chief he was from 1910 on to 1919. Afterwards, he worked for the Braunschweiger Morgenzeitung.

During these times, Welk experienced the German Revolution in Brunswick. His experiences later built the background for the novel Im Morgennebel, that describes true Brunswick events and people of these times in a not much encrypted way. This novel's manuscript, that employed Welk for a long time, was already finished in 1940 but not published until 1953 in East Germany

In 1922 Welk traveled to the United States and Latin America. One year later, he went back to Weimar Germany and worked as a writer and journalist, mainly in Berlin and neighbourhood. Two revolutionary dramas, Gewitter über Gotland (1926) and Kreuzabnahme (1927), caused scandals and had to be taken out of the theatres' repertoires – despite their popular success.

In 1934, one year after Hitler's Machtergreifung, Welk, under the pseudonym Thomas Trimm, wrote an open letter in the Grüne Post titled Auf ein Wort, Herr Minister, in which he criticised Nazi press censorship under Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. The writer was then arrested and imprisoned in KZ Oranienburg for a short while. After his discharge (that was mainly due to protests by foreign journalists), he was banned from his profession.

In 1935, Welk settled in the Spreewald with his wife Agathe Lindner, who was also a writer; she is known for her novel Juliane Wied and was together with Welk from 1924 until his death. Despite the ban, Welk began writing again, but only wrote – seemingly – "unpolitical books". In this era, his successful novels Die Heiden von Kummerow (1937), Die Lebensuhr des Gottlieb Grambauer (1938), and Die Gerechten von Kummerow (1943) were born. These novels described life in northern Germany's villages in a humorous way. It is supposed today that the character Martin Grambauer wears autobiographical traces of his author, while Gottlieb Grambauer is a tribute to the author's father.

After 1945, Welk ceased his literary work for a few years. He stayed in East Germany and founded six Volkshochschulen (adult education centres) in Mecklenburg. In 1946, he became director of a Volkshochschule in Schwerin.

In 1950, Welk moved to Bad Doberan and began with writing again. He received several awards of the GDR (e.g. the Nationalpreis in 1954), and became an honorary citizen of the towns Bad Doberan and Angermünde. At the University of Greifswald, he became an honorary doctor in 1956 and professor of the philosophy faculty in 1964.

Welk died in 1966 in Bad Doberan.

Censorship
Before World War II Welk was often compared with the "hunger priest" Wilhelm Raabe and with Gustav Freytag. In the GDR Die Heiden von Kummerow and Die Gerechten von Kummerow were his most popular works; they were seen as a German pendant to Guareschi's narrations about Don Camillo and Peppone. The film Die Heiden von Kummerow und ihre lustigen Streiche was, in 1967, one of the rare co-productions of the GDR and West Germany. DEFA made another movie of the book in 1982. The rest of Welk's works were republished by the GDR after his death, but some of them were modified deeply. It is not clear whether Welk wanted to remove Nazi-adopted text or censored himself because of being influenced by upcoming new dictatorship or GDR editors made modifications. Compared to the first edition of Die Heiden von Kummerow, for instance, later releases were anti-military in nature. Several words ("König" instead of "General", "hottentotisch" instead of "polnisch") were changed, as were contents and motives. Christian and biblical elements were replaced by belief in revolution and class conflict. For instance, Krischan's humbleness when he is banished from the village is not Christian anymore, but self-accusing- he accuses himself of not having supported the revolt of the seamen.

Selected works

 * Gewitter über Gotland (drama, 1927)
 * Kreuzabnahme (drama, 1927)
 * Michael Knobbe oder Das Loch im Gesicht (comedy, 1931)
 * Die schwarze Sonne (biography of Emin Pascha, 1933)
 * Die Heiden von Kummerow (novel about a youth spent in a village, 1937)
 * Die Lebensuhr des Gottlieb Grambauer (historic novel: „Ein Jahrhundert preußisch-deutscher Geschichte von einem fernen Dorfwinkel aus beobachtet" (according to the foreword), 1938)
 * Der hohe Befehl (historic novel about World War I and German POWs in Russia, 1939)
 * Die wundersame Freundschaft (about people and animals, 1940)
 * Die Gerechten von Kummerow (novel – sequel to Die Heiden von Kummerow, 1943)
 * Die stillen Gefährten (about living with animals, 1943)
 * Der Nachtmann – Geschichte einer Fahrt zwischen hüben und drüben (1949)
 * Mein Land, das ferne leuchtet (novel, 1952)
 * Im Morgennebel (novel about November Revolution in Brunswick, 1953)
 * Kein Hüsung (movie script, 1954)
 * Mutafo (grotesque seamen’s stories, 1955)
 * Der Hammer will gehandhabt sein (narrations, 1958)
 * Der wackere Kühnemann aus Puttelfingen (satirical novel, 1959)

Literature and films about him

 * Ingeborg Gerlach: Ehm Welk: „Im Morgennebel“. Entstehung und Rezeption des Romans. In: Braunschweigisches Jahrbuch, volume 75, Brunswick 1994
 * Konrad Reich: Ehm Welk – Stationen eines Lebens. Rostock: Hinstorff, 1976
 * Matthias Friske: Kummerow im Bruch hinterm Berge.
 * Christian Lehmann: "Im Bruch hinterm Berge – Ehm Welk und Biesenbrow", Dokumentary film, DEFA, 1978

title: Ehm Welk


text:
Carter Burwell

Carter Benedict Burwell (born November 18, 1954) is an American film composer. He has frequently collaborated with the Coen brothers, having scored most of their films. He has also scored films by other directors such as Bill Condon, Todd Haynes, Spike Jonze, Martin McDonagh, James Foley, Brian Helgeland, and John Lee Hancock. Burwell received Academy Award nominations for Best Original Score for Haynes's Carol (2015) and McDonagh's films Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017), and The Banshees Of Inisherin (2022).

Early life and education
Burwell was born in New York City, the son of Natalie (née Benedict), a math teacher, and Charles Burwell, who founded Thaibok Fabrics, Ltd. He graduated from King School in Stamford, Connecticut with George Hofecker and other notables and Harvard College, where he was a cartoonist for The Harvard Lampoon.

Career
As a film composer, Burwell has had a long-working relationship with the Coen brothers, providing music for every film they have made (except for Inside Llewyn Davis and O Brother, Where Art Thou). Among his best known film scores are Miller's Crossing (1990), And the Band Played On (1993), Conspiracy Theory (1997), Hamlet (2000), The Spanish Prisoner (1997), Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (2007), In Bruges (2008), Twilight (2008), Where the Wild Things Are (2009), The Blind Side (2009), and Breaking Dawn - Part 1 (2011) and Part 2 (2012). Burwell wrote and recorded the original score for the film The Bourne Identity, but director Doug Liman wanted something else and replaced it with a score by John Powell.

The ethos of the punk rock movement gave Burwell the impetus to start performing. He performed in New York with several bands, notably The Same, Thick Pigeon, and Radiante. Burwell played in Thick Pigeon with Stanton Miranda; the group released two albums, Too Crazy Cowboys (Factory) and tracks on Miranda Dali (Crepuscule), originally released as a Miranda solo project but later reissued as a Thick Pigeon release. On Burwell's soundtrack for Psycho III, Miranda was a featured singer.

By 1986 he had composed the music for a dance piece, RAB, which premiered at the Avignon Festival. At the same time, he was touring worldwide with The Harmonic Choir, David Hykes' experimental vocal group, which specialized in overtone singing.

Burwell used the country music genre as the basis for his score for the Coens' Raising Arizona in 1987. From 1982 to 1987 he worked at the New York Institute of Technology.

His work has alternated between live performance, dance and theater commissions, and film scoring. His chamber opera, The Celestial Alphabet Event, was presented in New York in 1991, and other theater pieces include Mother (1994) and Lucia's Chapters (2007), both with the experimental theater group Mabou Mines.

In April 2005, Burwell composed and conducted music performed by The Parabola Ensemble for the plays Sawbones, written and directed by the Coen brothers, Hope Leaves the Theater, written and directed by Charlie Kaufman, and Anomalisa, written and directed by Kaufman as Francis Fregoli. This was a segment of the sound-only production "Theater of the New Ear", which debuted at St. Ann's Warehouse in Brooklyn, New York, with support from Sirius Satellite Radio. It was also performed at the Royal Festival Hall in London, England, in May 2005, and at Royce Hall in Los Angeles, California, in September 2005, as part of the UCLA Live Festival.

In 2009, Burwell was the recipient of the ASCAP Henry Mancini Award from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. In 2010, he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for Where the Wild Things Are.

In 2015, he received the Distinguished Film Composer award from the Middleburg Film Festival, and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association award for Best Music Score for Anomalisa and Carol. He was nominated for the Annie Award for Music in an Animated Feature Production for Anomalisa and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for Carol. In 2016, he received the Satellite Award for Best Original Score and the Best Score award by the International Cinephile Society for Carol. Burwell was awarded Film Composer of the Year by the World Soundtrack Awards, and the score for Carol received the Public Choice Award for the Best Score of the Year.

Burwell received his first Academy Award for Best Original Score nomination for Carol, his second for Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, and his third for The Banshees Of Inisherin .

Personal life
Burwell married Christine Sciulli in 1999.

, Burwell lives in Napeague, New York.

title: Carter Burwell