text:
Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque

Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque (Gazi Husrev-begova džamija, Gazi Hüsrev Bey Camii) is a mosque in the city of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Built in the 16th century, it is the largest historical mosque in Bosnia and Herzegovina and one of the most representative Ottoman structures in the Balkans. Having been Sarajevo's central mosque since the days of its construction, today it also serves as the main congregational mosque of the Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the Baščaršija neighborhood in the Stari Grad municipality and, being one of the main architectural monuments in the town, is regularly visited by tourists.

History
The Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque was built in 1530 as the central object of the Beg's endowment, which also included a maktab and a madrasa (Islamic primary and secondary schools), a bezistan (vaulted marketplace), a hammam (public bathplace) etc. The foundation of this waqf by the contemporary Ottoman governor of Bosnia had a crucial point in the development of the town. The architect's name is unknown, but after some speculations, which even included famous Mimar Sinan as an option, most scholars agreed that Acem Esir Ali "Alaüddin", an Ottoman mimar of Persian ancestry, is the most probable builder. It is still possible that Sinan himself did inspect the work on the spot, since he was in the region at the time. Historical documents testify that Ragusan masons, requested from their government by Gazi Husrev-beg, participated in the building process.

Gazi Husrev-bey Mosque was the first mosque in the world to receive electricity and electric illumination in 1898 during the period of Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Architecture
The mosque belongs to the type of complex-spaced, multi-domed mosques and it is a represent of the Early Period of Classical Ottoman Architecture (sometimes referred to as Early Istanbul Style). The central rectangular space, framed by high walls and covered with a dome resting on pendentives, represents the spine of the structure, while lower extensions lean to it and expand the volume of the interior space. The qibla side of the mosque is extended with a rectangular space which is covered by a semi-dome resting on two highly developed muqarnas structures. They stand in function of pendentives, reducing the rectangular outline of the ground level to the near semi-circle shape in level of the semi-dome. This area houses central architectural elements with religious purposes: mihrab, minbar and kursi and, being open to the central space with a huge arch, represents the focal point of the mosque. Two smaller spaces, called tetime (sg. tetima) are located on the left and right sides of the central space, placed furthest from the Kibla side. They are covered by two lower domes resting on pendentives.

The exterior is dominated by the main dome, topped out only by a simple, yet monumental minaret. The entry side is marked with a portico resting on four wide columns and covered with little domes, only the central one, above the portal, being a bit greater than others, and resting on muqarnas-adorned pendentives, in contrast to others which are laid on simple, plain-surfaced pendentives. The monumental portal is richly decorated with muqarnas, as well as columns' capitals. In his legacy, he stated: "Good deeds drive away evil, and one of the most worthy of good deeds is the act of charity, and the most worthy act of charity is one which lasts forever. Of all charitable deeds, the most beautiful is one that continually renews itself."

Destruction and reconstruction
During the Siege of Sarajevo, Serbian forces purposely targeted many centers of the city's culture, such as museums, libraries, and mosques, and fired on them generally. As the largest and best known, the Beg's mosque was an obvious target. Having suffered a significant amount of destruction, the reconstruction of the Mosque started with foreign - mainly Saudi - aid in 1996, right after the war. The old and faded layer of Austro-Hungarian decoration was removed and, since remains of older, historical layers of decorative painting weren't found, a completely new interior was designed and applied by Bosnian calligrapher Hazim Numanagić in 2001/2002. Austro-Hungarian decoration, performed mostly in pseudo-Moorish style, remains only on the portal of the Mosque today.

title: Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque


text:
Fernando de la Cerda (1255–1275)

Ferdinand de la Cerda (23 October 1255 – 25 June 1275) was the heir apparent to the Crown of Castile as the eldest son of Alfonso X and Violant of Aragon. His nickname, de la Cerda, means "of the bristle" in Spanish. There are various accounts of the origin of this name, including that it was a reference to being born with a full head of hair or that he was born with a hairy mole, resembling a bristle or mane, on his chest or back according to different accounts.

In November 1268 Ferdinand married Blanche, the daughter of King Louis IX of France. They had two sons:

 * Alfonso de la Cerda (1270-1333), who was believed to have married Matilde of Narbonne, daughter of Viscount Aimery VI of Narbonne. Recent research showed that Alfonso de la Cerda married Matilde of Brienne, daughter of John I of Brienne. They had four sons and three daughters.
 * Fernando de la Cerda (1275-1322), who married Juana Núñez de Lara, called "la Palomilla", Lady of Lara & Herrera, daughter of Juan Núñez de Lara “el Mayor” and Teresa Álvarez de Azagra. They had one son and three daughters. One daughter, Blanca Núñez de Lara, was the mother-in-law to King Henry II of Castile.

Ferdinand became regent of Castile in November 1274 when his father left for Germany. In May 1275 the Marinids from Morocco landed in Spain upon call from Muhammad II of Granada and attacked Castile. Ferdinand raised troops and moved south from Burgos to defend the kingdom but died unexpectedly in Villa Real on 25 June 1275 leaving Castile open to invasion. His sons did not inherit the throne of their grandfather, since their uncle Sancho, who had repulsed the Moorish invasion, usurped the throne.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fernando de la Cerda (1255–1275)


text:
Category talk:Professional wrestling

Discussion
I think there should be a sub-category for professional wrestlers. Help to sift things out a bit. Oberiko 00:41, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

New Subcat
i think we should add another sub catagory for TV shows/PPV's, but i cant think of a good name for it; Professional wrestling productions (maybe), or Professional wrestling shows. Paulley 11:33, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Professional wrestling within Category:Wrestling
Category:Professional wrestlers by nationality and its sub-cats belong within the hierarchy Category:Wrestlers by nationality.

you removed them in December 2017 on the grounds that wrestling is not a sport, referring to a discussion at WP:PW, presumably Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Professional_wrestling/Archive_100

Regardless of whether it is a sport, I am sure that in the understanding of most readers, "professional wrestlers" are "wrestlers".

I have reinstated that category and the national sub-categories A to D. Please would you reinstate the rest? – Fayenatic  L ondon 09:38, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I now see that you have taken this further and removed the year categories and perhaps all of the hierarchy. IMHO it would have been better to seek a stronger consensus before making all those changes.

 * Please let me know if you come across parents that have been deleted after you emptied them, and I will help by undeleting them. I stumbled across the above because some of the wrestling categories which became empty were listed as "emptied out of process".

 * please also contribute, as you reverted me at . – Fayenatic  L ondon 09:53, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I just don't agree that every professional wrestler could be considered a "wrestler" based on what wrestling is. A lot of modern pro wrestling has more elements of other martial arts and some pro wrestling like hardcore wrestling has little semblance to the actaul sport or act.★Trekker (talk) 09:56, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I have reverted all your changes as you did not have consensus to make this change. There is a very clear distinction between wrestlers and professional wrestlers. If you look at the criteria for inclusion WP:NSPORTS clearly states that Any athletic entertainment event where the results are at least partially predetermined or scripted is not covered by this page. For participants in such events (e.g. Professional wrestling), see WP:ENTERTAINER. You state I need a stronger consensus yet the guideline for sports inclusion specifically states that they are not under sports. So if they arent then please explain why they should be considered a sport for category. -  Galatz Talk  11:57, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * You seem to be relying on a distinction between which guideline within Category:Wikipedia notability guidelines applies to those topics. That does not determine whether one category should be a sub-category of another.
 * Do you have a stronger policy-based reason to remove all professional wrestling categories from Category:Wrestling hierarchy? In English Wikipedia, categories allow somewhat loose connections. There is clearly a connection in this case, as Professional wrestling says it is often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling, and the other main page Wrestling says An alternate version of traditional wrestling is professional wrestling. Wrestling in this style is often concluded in a raised ring; akin to boxing; and have pre-determined winners.
 * As you have removed the hierarchical (parent-child) navigation links, I suggest at the least that See also category should be used instead, on both sides.
 * To seek a clear consensus, I suggest nominating the categories that you have freshly re-emptied at WP:CFD. – Fayenatic  L ondon 14:48, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I believe you are missing my point with the WP:NSPORT comparison. I am pointing out the consistency of not having professional wrestling listed as a sport creates across wikipedia. Doesn't it seem a little silly to say "This guy is an athlete, so lets see if he meets the criteria for entertainers, since he isn't an athlete." Obviously that doesn't make any sense, but that what your argument is in favor of.
 * I am not sure exactly which policy you are basing "categories allow somewhat loose connections" connections on. From what I see at WP:SUBCAT it says If logical membership of one category implies logical membership of a second (an is-a relationship), then the first category should be made a subcategory (directly or indirectly) of the second. I do not see "logical member" other than the fact that people will often call professional wrestling, wrestling for short. As for your Wrestling article comment, the line you are quoting is unsourced and draws no comparisons two, however they state that it is a fact. I have therefore tagged that and added a hidden explanation, as far as I can tell, this portion of your argument is based entirely WP:OR.
 * Therefore I believe having emptied the categories and PRODing them is the correct approach to take. -  Galatz Talk  15:28, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I have started a discussion at Categories for discussion/Log/2018 February 13, so please contribute there. – Fayenatic  L ondon 22:19, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Note, per your suggestion I did put See also category at the top of Category:Wrestling and Category:Wrestlers. -  Galatz Talk  15:50, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks, but if these categories are to remain segregated, IMHO there should instead be "see also" links on both sides (former parent and former child) where you removed the previous categorisation, not just at the top. – Fayenatic  L ondon 22:19, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Professional wrestling


text:
Georges Fournier

Georges Fournier (21 November 1881 – 1 December 1954) was a French astronomer.

He observed the planet Mars with great detail. In 1909 he was credited with discovering clouds on the planet. During the campaign to observe Mercury between 1924 and 1929, he was the only experienced observer who doubted the deduced rotational period. It later (in 1965) turned out to be incorrect.

A crater on Mars was named in his honor.

title: Georges Fournier


text: User talk:130.13.76.243

title: User talk:130.13.76.243


text:
Key (company)

Key is a Japanese visual novel studio known for making dramatic and plot-oriented titles. It was formed on July 21, 1998, as a brand under the publisher Visual Arts, and is located in Kita, Osaka.

Key's debut visual novel Kanon (1999) combined an elaborate storyline, up-to-date anime-style art, and a musical score which helped to set the mood for the game. Key's second game, Air (2000), had a similarly complex storyline to Kanon and a more thorough gameplay. Both Kanon and Air were originally produced as adult games, but this trend was broken with Key's third title Clannad (2004), released for all ages. Key has released 18 visual novels to date, the latest being Stella of The End (2022). Key has worked in the past with Interchannel and Prototype for the consumer port releases of the brand's games. Key has collaborated with P.A. Works and Aniplex to produce three original anime series: Angel Beats! (2010), Charlotte (2015), and The Day I Became a God (2020). The crossover anime series Kaginado premiered in 2021. The multimedia project Prima Doll includes an anime series that aired in 2022, and a four-volume visual novel series.

Co-founder Jun Maeda is a prominent figure in the brand, having contributed to the planning, scenario, and music composition in the majority of Key's visual novels. Na-Ga, Key's main artist, mainly worked with background art in earlier games, but with Key's sixth game Little Busters! (2007) was given the position of co-art director with former Key artist Itaru Hinoue. Shinji Orito, Key's main composer and another co-founder, has composed music for the majority of Key's titles.

Key has been an active participant at the Comiket convention since Comiket 57 in 1999, where they sold Kanon-related products; Key's latest appearance at Comiket was at Comiket 99 in 2021. In 2001, Visual Arts created the record label Key Sounds Label to release music albums and singles with music related to Key's visual novels. Between 2007 and 2010, Key produced an Internet radio show called Key Net Radio in regard to the brand.

History
Before forming Key, the founding members worked for another visual novel development company called Nexton under the brand Tactics. At the time of Dōsei's production, Tactics' first game, four of Key's original staff worked on the game: Itaru Hinoue as art director, Shinji Orito as musical composer, and Miracle Mikipon and Shinory contributing to the computer graphics. After Dōsei, the rest of Key's founding staff—Naoki Hisaya, Jun Maeda and OdiakeS—joined Tactics and contributed to two more games: Moon released on November 21, 1997, and One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e released on May 29, 1998. Due to differing opinions between Nexton and most of the production staff in Tactics on how to produce the brand's next game, most of Tactics' staff left Nexton to pursue work in another publishing company where they could have the freedom to produce their next game.

Itaru Hinoue, who had previously worked at Visual Arts once before, introduced Key's founding members to the president of Visual Arts, Takahiro Baba. Baba gave the developers the freedom they desired, and they officially transferred to Visual Arts where they formed Key on July 21, 1998. With the production of Key's debut title Kanon still in its early stages, a brand name had still not been decided on by the developers. The tentative brand name was Azurite (アズライト) at first, but Jun Maeda was not pleased with this and wanted a name that would capture the image of the brand. Maeda came upon the name Key when he saw it on a sign for a musical instrument store he would always pass on his way to work and instantly liked the name. The name Key for the studio was ultimately decided by majority rule. Key released Kanon on June 4, 1999, as an adult game, though the scenes containing adult content were kept to a minimum. This gave the player more of a focus on the characters' stories and on the visuals and music, especially for a visual novel at the time of its release. A year later, on September 8, 2000, Key released their second game Air, which was also an adult game and similar in storytelling to Kanon.

Key's third game Clannad is a visual novel similar to Key's previous games, but contains no adult content. Clannad was meant to be released in 2002, but was delayed, leading to the game finally being released on April 28, 2004. Seven months after Clannad's release, Key released their shortest game, Planetarian: The Reverie of a Little Planet, on November 29, 2004 with a rating for all ages. Planetarian, in contrast to Key's past games, is a linear visual novel that does not require the user to make choices during gameplay; this is what is referred to as a kinetic novel. The brand's fifth game is Tomoyo After: It's a Wonderful Life, an adult game and spin-off of Clannad released on November 25, 2005, which expanded on the scenario of the heroine Tomoyo Sakagami from Clannad. Key released their sixth game, Little Busters!, on July 27, 2007 with no adult content, but released another version of the game entitled ''Little Busters! Ecstasy'' on July 25, 2008, with added adult content, story, and visuals.

In commemoration of Key's ten-year anniversary, Key and Visual Arts held a two-day event between February 28 and March 1, 2009, called "Key 10th Memorial Fes: Ano Hi kara Hajimatta Bokura no Toki o Kizamu Uta" (～あの日から始まった僕らの時を刻む唄～). Key collaborated with P.A. Works and Aniplex to produce the anime series Angel Beats! that aired between April and June 2010. Key's eighth game Kud Wafter was released on June 25, 2010, as an adult spin-off of Little Busters!, which expanded on the scenario of the heroine Kudryavka Noumi from Little Busters! and Ecstasy. Key released their ninth game Rewrite on June 24, 2011, with a rating for all ages, and an all ages fan disc to Rewrite titled Rewrite Harvest festa! was released on July 27, 2012. In commemoration of Key's 15-year anniversary, the visual novel adaptation Angel Beats! 1st Beat was released on June 26, 2015. Key again collaborated with P.A. Works and Aniplex to produce the anime series Charlotte that aired between July and September 2015. Key released the kinetic novel Harmonia on September 23, 2016, and it was available in English before its Japanese release on December 29, 2016. Key released the visual novel Summer Pockets on June 29, 2018; an expanded version titled Summer Pockets Reflection Blue was released on June 26, 2020. Key collaborated for a third time with P.A. Works and Aniplex to produce the anime series The Day I Became a God that aired between October and December 2020.

Key announced the development of three kinetic novels in October 2020: Loopers, Lunaria: Virtualized Moonchild, and Stella of The End. Loopers was released on May 28, 2021. Lunaria: Virtualized Moonchild was released on December 24, 2021. Stella of The End was released on September 30, 2022. Key also revealed in October 2020 the multimedia project Prima Doll in collaboration with plastic model and figurine manufacturer Kotobukiya. A 12-episode anime television series for Prima Doll aired between July and September 2022. Key released the Planterian Ultimate Edition on September 3, 2021, which also included Planetarian: Snow Globe, a kinetic novel version of the previously released prequel short story of the same name. Key collaborated with video game developer Wright Flyer Studios to produce the mobile role-playing game Heaven Burns Red released on February 10, 2022 for iOS and Android devices. A four-volume kinetic novel series for Prima Doll began with volume one released on April 28, 2023. Volume two will be released on May 31, 2024. Key announced a new visual novel named Anemoi on November 15, 2023. A new kinetic novel titled Kōsai Toshi: Augment Protocol (虹彩都市 augment protocol) set for release in 2024 was announced on December 15, 2023.

Key Sounds Label
In 2001, Visual Arts created the record label Key Sounds Label (KSL). The music albums and singles released by Key after this were put under this label, meaning that this does not include the first two albums and one single which were released before it was officially formed. The first album on this label was Humanity..., though the only direct connection to Key's works is that it contains a remixed version of the opening theme to Air. The albums under the label are mainly composed by Key's signature composers: Jun Maeda, Shinji Orito and Magome Togoshi. Three of the singles feature songs sung by Lia and one album, Love Song, features the singer Riya from Eufonius. Three drama CDs have been released as well.

To celebrate Key's ten-year anniversary, Key hosted a concert called KSL Live World 2008: Way to the Little Busters! EX on May 10, 2008, in Tokyo, Japan, and again on May 17, 2008, in Osaka, Japan. Each time, the concert lasted for two and a half hours and featured songs sung by Lia, Rita, Chata, and Tomoe Tamiyasu who have previously sung songs for singles and albums released under Key Sounds Label. Another concert called KSL Live World 2010: Way to the Kud-Wafter was held in Tokyo between May 21–22, 2010. A third content called KSL Live World 2013: Way to the Little Busters! Refrain was held in Koto, Tokyo on September 16, 2013. A fourth concert called KSL Live World: Way to the Angel Beats! -1st- was held in Akihabara, Tokyo on April 11 and April 12, 2015. A fifth concert called KSL Live World 2016: The Animation Charlotte & Rewrite was held in Toyosu, Tokyo on April 30, 2016.

Key Net Radio
Key produced 30 episodes of an Internet radio show called Key Net Radio (Keyらじ) in regard to the brand between December 13, 2007 and August 30, 2010. It was hosted by Shinji Orito and Itaru Hinoue of Key, and another woman named Chiro who works for Pekoe, another visual novel studio under Visual Arts. Listeners could submit thoughts about the show and any requests they may have for the show, along with submitting questions to the host trio. The broadcasts were available via download on Key's official website and were available for download on the radio show's official blog for the first nine broadcasts. The broadcasts could also be listened to on Visual Arts' YouTube channel named Visual Channel.

For the first six episodes, the show had five corners, or parts, which started with opening greetings from the hosts and went on to thoughts and impressions that listeners had about the show. This moved on to an informal talk between the hosts, followed by a section where entries previously submitted by listeners concerning their enthusiasm for Key were read by the hosts. The fourth corner concerned answering questions that had been submitted by listeners, and the final corner had Orito playing the flute; listeners could submit suggestions for songs he was to play. Two more corners were added starting with the seventh broadcast. The first corner added concerns scary stories that the hosts can tell themselves, or read from submissions by listeners, and was added partly because Hinoue enjoys such stories. The second corner added deals with submissions by listeners describing a new fictional character, and Hinoue takes these submissions and forms a new fictional character out of combining elements from multiple submissions together. During the broadcasts, tracks from the soundtracks released under Key Sounds Label play in the background.

Comiket involvement
Comiket, short for Comic Market, is a large comic convention held twice a year in Tokyo, Japan during August and December, which are referred to as the summer and winter Comic Markets, respectively. Key has been an active participant in the convention since Comiket 57 in December 1999, where they sold Kanon-related products (as Kanon was their only release at the time); one such product was a Zippo lighter. The first Air-related products Key sold at the convention were at Comiket 59 in December 2000. Typical products include: postcards, telephone cards, calendars, posters, and albums. The products Key sells at Comiket are all related to the visual novels the brand produces.

Key, through Visual Arts, generally participates at the winter Comiket in conjunction with other brands under Visual Arts, but has been known to appear at the summer Comiket too, such as with Comiket 70 in August 2006 where they sold Planetarian: The Reverie of a Little Planet related products. The combined total of the products Key sells at a given Comiket range in price between 3,000 and 5,000 yen. This includes the selling of music albums released under Key's record label Key Sounds Label which has been releasing albums since Comiket 60 in August 2001 with the release of the label's first two albums, Humanity... and "Natsukage / Nostalgia". If there are any unsold products by the end of a given Comiket, Visual Arts has been known to set up an online mail order to sell the remaining goods from all the brands under Visual Arts that participated at Comiket. After Comiket 73 in December 2007, Visual Arts started taking mail orders on March 4, 2008, and only six days later on March 10, 2008, Key reported that all of Key's goods sold at Comiket 73 were now sold out. At the end of the second day of Comiket 75 in December 2008, all of Key's goods at the convention were sold out.

Main
Key's main staff members are attached to the visual novel studio, and therefore Visual Arts. One of the founding members of Key, Jun Maeda, has worked on the planning for the individual projects and was one of the main scenario writers; he has also composed music for the majority of Key's games. Maeda stepped down as the main scenario writer after ''Little Busters! Ecstasy'', but continues to work on the music for Key's games. However, Maeda designed the Angel Beats! 1st Beat visual novel and partially wrote its scenario, in addition to providing the original concept for Summer Pockets. Na-Ga, Key's main artist, mainly worked with background art in earlier games, but was first given the position of co-art director with former Key artist Itaru Hinoue with Little Busters!. Further computer graphics have been provided in the past by Shinory and Mochisuke, two graphic artists in Key. Shinji Orito, another founding member and Key's main composer, has composed music for the majority of Key's games.

Former and outsourced
Many of Key's staff have left the brand over time, or have been employed as outsourced contributors. Naoki Hisaya had worked as one of the main scenario writers for Kanon, but once the project was complete, he left the brand. Another member of the staff that made Kanon was OdiakeS, an outsourced composer who has since helped Key with two music albums, one each released for Air and Clannad, but has done nothing with Key since 2004. Three staff members only worked with Key on Air: Takashi Ishikawa as one of the scenario writers, Tomotaka Fujii as a scenario assistant, and Din as a background artist. Air and Clannad had Tōya Okano and Kai who contributed as scenario writers. Kai later headed the planning of Kud Wafter, as well as contributing on the scenario of Angel Beats, Harmonia and Summer Pockets. One of the original computer graphics artists, Miracle Mikipon, left after Clannad. Two other outsourced graphic artists, Minimo Tayama and Torino, have often contributed on Key's games. Scenario writer Yūichi Suzumoto worked with Key between Air and Planetarian. Eeji Komatsu worked as the art director for Planetarian, and another artist, Fumio, worked as the art director for Tomoyo After.

Leo Kashida worked as an outsourced writer with Key on Tomoyo After, Little Busters! and Angel Beats. Chika Shirokiri, another outsourced writer who worked with Key on Little Busters!, also wrote the scenario for Kud Wafter. Manack and members of PMMK composed music in Little Busters!, and members of MintJam helped with arrangement. Magome Togoshi had been with Key since before Kanon's release, working as one of the signature composers, but left the brand in October 2006 after contributing to the soundtrack of Little Busters!. Jun'ichi Shimizu composed all the music in Kud Wafter. Two outsourced writers worked on the scenario for Rewrite and its fan disc Rewrite Harvest festa!: Ryukishi07 of 07th Expansion, and Romeo Tanaka. Rewrite and Harvest festa! also featured three outsourced musical composers: Maiko Iuchi of I've Sound, Sōshi Hosoi, and Ryō Mizutsuki. Mizutsuki later returned to compose music for Harmonia and Summer Pockets. At the time Maeda stepped down as the main scenario writer, Yūto Tonokawa joined Key and first worked on the scenario in Little Busters!. Tonokawa later contributed to the scenario in Rewrite and Harvest festa!, but resigned from Key in 2015. Itaru Hinoue, one of Key's founding members, was Key's main artist and was the sole art director and character designer for six of Key's games. Hinoue resigned from Key in September 2016 after working on Harmonia.

Impact
According to Satoshi Todome's work, A History of Adult Games, Key's impact on the visual novel (primarily the adult game variant) world stems from before Key was formed and most of the founding members of Key worked for Tactics under Nexton. Due to an influence by Leaf's visual novel To Heart released in 1997, the developers at Tactics created a simple formula for a game: a comedic first half with a heart-warming romantic middle followed by a tragic separation and finally an emotional reunion formed what is known as a "crying game" or "nakige". The main purpose of such a game is to make the player feel for the characters and make them cry due to emotional scenarios which serves to leave a bigger impact on the player after the game is over. Tactics' second title One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e was created based on this formula.

After One was complete, the development team quit Tactics to form Key where they developed their first title Kanon also based upon this formula. Kanon was "heavily hyped [and] had gamers impatient until its release. It was only one game released by Key so far, and yet [it] had already sent major shockwaves around the industry. And yet another game [Air], two years later, sent even more shockwaves. Air was equally hyped and well received." The success of One and Kanon on Key's formula to create a "crying game" was later adopted by other visual novel developing companies which were influenced by this formula. Examples of this include: Kana: Little Sister by Digital Object, the Memories Off series by KID, D.C.: Da Capo by Circus, Snow by Studio Mebius (also under Visual Arts), and Wind: A Breath of Heart by Minori.

Ryukishi07 of 07th Expansion wrote in 2004 how he was influenced by Key's works during the planning of Higurashi no Naku Koro ni. Ryukishi07 played Key's games as a reference, among other visual novels, and analyzed them to figure out the reason why they were found to be so popular. He figured that the secret was due to how the stories would start with ordinary, enjoyable days, but then a sudden occurrence would happen leading the player to cry due to the shock value. He used a similar model for the basis of Higurashi but instead of leading the player to cry, Ryukishi07 wanted to scare the player with the addition of horror elements. In this way, Ryukishi07 wished to be in some way associated with Key who he described as a "masterpiece maker".

Key is one of 17 brands under Visual Arts with games included in the Lycèe Trading Card Game published by Broccoli. Characters from Key's first five games through Tomoyo After were included in the first three out of four Visual Arts card sets, and characters from Little Busters! through Rewrite were featured in the fifth through seventh Visual Arts card sets. There are also numerous rare promotional cards with characters from Key titles. Other big-name visual novel companies included in the card game include: AliceSoft, August, Leaf, Navel, and Type-Moon.

Leaf, Key BBS
A bulletin board system (BBS) based on the interface of the large Japanese Internet forum 2channel (2ch) was formed on January 26, 2000, named "Leaf, Key BBS" (leaf,key掲示板), otherwise nicknamed as "Leaf-Key Board" (葉鍵板). The board originated from 2ch's video game discussion board due to a dispute involving the game Kizuato in December 1999; Kizuato was an early game of another visual novel producing brand named Leaf. Ultimately, fans of the game moved to 2ch's adult game board, but there was not much resolution, and at the time Key fans on the board were being shunned for discussions on Kanon and, at the time, Key's upcoming game Air. This resulted finally with the Leaf and Key fans moving away from 2ch and forming again on the PINKchannel Internet forum. The board serves as a discussion board for anything related to Leaf and Key. This includes the games the companies produce, but also the companies themselves and the staff that make up those companies. The BBS gets approximately 900 posts per day as of March 2010. Like 2ch, the board has a default anonymous posting setting, and the default name is "Nanashi-san Dayomon" (名無しさんだよもん), a reference to the heroine Mizuka Nagamori from One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e who frequently ends her sentences with "dayo" and "mon".

title: Key (company)


text: User talk:66.92.33.145

title: User talk:66.92.33.145


text:
Leaf (Japanese company)

Leaf is a Japanese visual novel studio under the publisher Aquaplus, and has offices in Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, and Tokyo. It and its competitor Key (to which it is often compared) are two of the most popular and successful dedicated visual novel studios operating today. It was launched out of obscurity by its early release To Heart. Leaf used the XviD video codec in several games: Aruru to Asobo!!, Tears to Tiara, Kusari, and ToHeart2 X Rated. Since XviD is free software, released under the GPL, Leaf was obligated to release the source code to those games under the same license. One still requires the game data to actually play the games with the source code. In addition, a free software game engine, named xlvns, was developed soon after Leaf released its first three visual novels. Characters from Utawarerumono, Tears to Tiara, To Heart, and Kizuato are playable in Aquapazza: Aquaplus Dream Match, a fighting game developed by Aquaplus featuring characters from various Leaf games.

Titles

 * DR2 Night Janki (1995)
 * Filsnown (1995)
 * Leaf Visual Novel Series (LVNS)
 * Shizuku (1996)
 * Kizuato (1996)
 * To Heart (1997)
 * Routes (2003)
 * White Album (1998)
 * Comic Party (1999)
 * Magical Antique (2000)
 * Tasogare (2001)
 * Abyss Boat (2002)
 * Utawarerumono (2002)
 * December When There Is No Angel (2003)
 * Tears to Tiara (2005)
 * Kusari (2005)
 * To Heart 2 XRATED (2005)
 * FullAni (2006)
 * To Heart 2: Another Days (2008)
 * Kimi ga Yobu, Megido no Oka de (2008)
 * White Album 2: Introductory Chapter (2010)
 * Hoshi no Ouji-kun (2011)
 * White Album 2: Closing Chapter (2011)
 * Tears to Tiara II: Haou no Matsuei (2013)
 * Utawarerumono: Itsuwari no Kamen (2015)

Leaf amusement softs

 * Saorin to Issho!! (1996)
 * Hatsune no Naisho!! (1997)
 * Inagawa de Ikou!! (2000)
 * Aruru to Asobo!! (2004)
 * Manaka de Ikuno!! (2009)

title: Leaf (Japanese company)


text:
User:Carptrash

'''For reasons that they can't understand, this editor is not able to sign on to wikipedia at home so they can only edit as themselves elsewhere. Since this editor does not get out much, well it is a problem.'''

A message from a valued co-editor and friend. ''' Hallo, dear old Carptrash. Still insisting on behaving like a human rather than a wikipedian? '''

Who am I?

 * Carp:
 * verb (used without object)
 * 1.
 * to find fault or complain querulously or unreasonably; be niggling in criticizing; cavil:
 * to carp at minor errors.
 * noun
 * 2.
 * a peevish complaint.
 * And if you don’t know “trash” you probably won’t do very well on English wikipedia.

There is another longer and more complicated explanation involving a several step process getting there from another internet name, “carpe mañana” to carptrash. But that’s for another day.

BREAKING NEWS
I am in fact not me at all but a sock puppet. For those of you, or both of you, or whomever reads this, the rational is clearly laid out here.

Sockpuppet investigations/Gamaliel (suddenly there is nothing there! This was a blue link 4 minutes ago.)

The proof is that after a month or so of my first editing I was making significant edits (gee, maybe that's why I started editing?) and then more than a dozen years later I reverted something that an editor did not want reverted and lo-and-behold, I must be a sock. Food for thought.

Me
An attempt at user boxes.

Breitbart News has this to say about me: "All mention of the Ngo assault was subsequently removed by editor “Carptrash,” whose profile page includes multiple images of himself in an anarchist shirt, one time while brandishing a blunt instrument." Just for the record, those pictures were of my Halloween costume that year, in one of them I am wearing a tiara, hardly standard antifa issue.

I just resurrected
this old section of my user page, the so called "23 (sometimes 27) words and phrases".

I have a list of words or phrases that, to me, when I hear them or read them, or say them or write them, typically mean, "in my opinion."

 * 1) "Everybody who isn't a paid whore can see" (a great new one from a wikipedia discussion)
 * 2) "according to all accounts" (ran into this today-not referenced)
 * 3) It should be noted
 * 4) It must be noted (found in an article today)
 * 5) history shows us . ..
 * 6) the fact is
 * 7) the truth is
 * 8) in reality
 * 9) in theory
 * 10) obviously
 * 11) in the final analysis
 * 12) I know
 * 13) everyone knows
 * 14) most people say
 * 15) common sense will tell you
 * 16) always, or "never" for that matter
 * 17) actually
 * 18) it's indisputable
 * 19) everyone agrees
 * 20) of course
 * 21) There can be no doubt that...
 * 22) Indubitably,...
 * 23) I think we can agree that...
 * 24) clearly
 * 25) pure and simple
 * 26) without a doubt
 * 27) correct me if I'm wrong
 * 28) normal
 * 29) certainly
 * 30) on the other hand
 * 31) strictly speaking
 * 32) it can't be argued
 * 33) unquestionably
 * 34) according to unbiased observers,
 * 35) tell it like it is
 * 36) for sure, I'm sure, any sure
 * 37) in the real world
 * 38) the undisputed truth
 * 39) or just "undisputed"
 * 40) what are you talking about?
 * 41) it is said
 * 42) you must agree that
 * 43) you can't deny that
 * 44) seemingly
 * 45) apparently
 * 46) supposedly
 * 47) naturally
 * 48) typically
 * 49) most words with ‘ly’ on the end
 * 50) appropriate
 * 51) in any case
 * 52) No one disputes
 * 53) exactly
 * 54) "the energy of that (or her or him) is..."
 * 55) it's been proven
 * 56) It seems appropriate
 * 57) but at the end of the day . . .....
 * 58) seems reasonable
 * 59) "anyone with half a brain knows..."
 * 60) "but the big problem is  . . . ....... "
 * 61) the real deal  (plucked from User:JackofOz/Favourites)
 * 62) "That's the end of the story. "
 * 63) ...and I don't think I'm alone in this,...
 * 64) by and large,...
 * 65) it should be eminently clear by now
 * 66) if you would take off your rose-colored glasses for a minute,...
 * 67) ultimately
 * 68) experts say, or agree, or all know
 * 69) At the end of the day,
 * 70) the important thing ...* natural law says . . ....
 * 71) a sure sign
 * 72) a forgone conclusion.
 * 73)  End of story
 * 74) The policy clearly states...
 * 75) ... Feel free to add more

Recently
An editor (of course anonymous) posted of me, "Furthermore, the definition (of racism) that Carptrash added is communist/far-left propaganda. Any source that says "institutional, structural, and systemic" when discussing racism is using far-left polemic garbage from the Marxist, anti-Semitic, and anti-white critical race theory pseudoscientific ideology." (Back to me) I want to state that I am not now, nor ever have been a member of the Communist Party and certainly do not consider myself to be a Marxist, anti-semitic or anti-white. Often at these moments I am accused of being anti-male, so I will deny that too.

Now I discover, while I am complaining about the SPLC that, ""Scratch a group complaining about the SPLC, and there's a 99.9% likelihood you'll find a hate group." So what do you think, am I a Marxist leftist or a Confederate loving' right wing hate group member? It's so confusing. Carptrash (talk) 00:06, 15 October 2017 (UTC)

A "conversation" with wikipedia
I'd like to thank the Wikipedia Foundation for their recognition of my editing efforts. Although the process was not seamless I have long come to understand that there are speed bumps on the road of life and if I hit them wrong it can create a bit of a jarring effect.

Next
I have declared all my edits to be a diabolic mixture of opinion and original research. Just so that I can't be accused of doing this anonymously, the names I've used while posting pictures are EEK, eek, ****************** and probably a few more variations on this.

However, I am now amending this stance to state that all of my edits are carefully and thoroughly researched and if the documentation seems to be missing it is just because some vandal probably removed it.

I feel that I am likely in the top one million editors in both number of edits and number of articles created. However I am much more proud to include myself in the Top 100 Monkeys.

And further more
I just discovered that my 5th anniversary (July 2009) on wikipedia just passed. Life is supposed to be interesting. I also just discovered some links at the bottom of my user page that informed me that I've done over 10,000 edits and created 139 articles. Life goes on. And I can now update this to my 10th year here and 20,000 edits. I think.

And I just love it when
as happened today,  an editor corrects a spelling mistake that I made something like 5 years ago. It's a real feel good place.

Works in progress
Sort of always a work in progress and a good place for a wikibreak without have to leave wikipedia.
 * History of fountains in the United States
 * User:Phaedriel/Soundtrack of Wikipedians
 * Meetup/Santa Fe/ArtAndFeminism 2016

User:Carptrash/sandbox - which is now Sculptors at the Columbian Expo or something

WikiProject Women in Red/Art
 * - the article on Talbot Hamlin, sidetracked by all the political stuff there.
 * Confederates in Congress
 * [] - Statuary talk page
 * [] Wash Post
 * [] How to remove a confederate

Okay
I am back in a different mood. different mode. A different everything. i can't really explain why rhigh now because oof being watched. Did you ever get the feeling that everything that you did and said was being recoreded? I mean, by somene else?/ everything. Sure, you are probably thinking, this boy is off his rocker. Stark raving madd. More later
 * This section was done while being filmed by a BBC film crew for some show they were doing. they wanted me typing, which is for me a slow, almost painful process.  Fortunately they were not filming my monitor, just me.  Here is a link to something related to that.  http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/digitalrevolution/2009/10/rushes-sequences-einar-kvaran.shtml
 * and another.
 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/virtualrevolution/interviews.shtml
 * and yet another
 * http://www.flickr.com/photos/60188803@N00/sets/72157622199565367/

This is sort of a fun thing too. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html

I do feel good about these
I am, it turns out, not me at all but a sock puppet. For those of you, or both of you, or whomever reads this, the rational is clearly laid out here.

Sockpuppet investigations/Gamaliel (this charge lasted about 47 minutes or so). Darn!

The proof is that after a month or so of my first editing I was making significant edits (gee, maybe that's why I started editing?) and then more than a dozen years later I reverted something that an editor did not want reverted and lo-and-behold, I must be a sock. Food for thought. Anyway, I suspect that when this all plays out I will deem it an honor to be on the other side of some fence from User:MrCharlesBlack. Any way, he sort of got his pecker smacked for filing a "Bogus Sockpuppet Investigation."

Stumbled upon your user page in my morning ramble through Wikipedia, and it made me laugh. So:

(To subscribe, Women in Red/Invite list. Unsubscribe, Women in Red/Opt-out list)

The Fortune Cookie instead of a T-shirt Barnstar
  Sculpture art

Thank you, Einar, for quality articles about sculpture as part of architecture and its people, beginning with Corrado Parducci and not ending with Stripped Classicism, done in collaboration, for excellent images including Phallic architecture, for your indisputable collection of POV phrases, for, - you are an awesome Wikipedian!

--Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:31, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

Missvain (talk) 16:44, 12 March 2011

Barn Star editing
I didn't need this but might as well stash this here.

Thanks for your photo
your photo of Utah Phillips at the haymarket remembered gathering in 1986. I've included it to replace one of the lost graphics in the book mob action against the state. If you want me to send you a digital copy, get in touch. Brian.
 * I left a message on your discussion page, but the bottom line is "send Away." I left an address there.  Einar

testing, testing, 1,2,3. ..

I was tickled to discover that the Encyclopedia Britannica was using one of my pictures in their Spandrel article. They actually got it from Bela Pratt. Imagine the fuss if we used one of their pictures. Or anything. https://www.britannica.com/technology/spandrel-architecture

Here is Grandad's trip to Europe in 1919.....

from the past
Earlier Once again I sort of feel my life sort of sucked out of me by. . . a bunch of wikipedia related things. Do folks really believe that some one is going to come flying out of the woodwork and object to File:ER Kvaran Sri Lanka, mid 1950s.jpg or File:Matt_Gordon,_Flying_Tiger_c._1943.jpg. a picture that a high school friend ("He was never my 'boyfriend!'") gave my mother shortly before he died in WWII? Yet the letter of the law must be obeyed. Ands so it shall, I am sure.

Pictures from my failed attempt to create a Phallic architecture article
Einar, don't forget the Ypsi water tower
 * And by an odd "coincidence" (is there really such a thing?) the picture used in wikipedia for the Ypsilanti Water Tower was already mine.

 * Don't overlook the Florida State Capitol. Phallus plus balls. See https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=florida+state+capitol&view=detailv2&&id=2533A6E0848E53BE5DE112D3D6B7519F729277DF&selectedIndex=41&ccid=K7Eu3ork&simid=608032624244490335&thid=OIP.M2bb12ede8ae42b2f08456d51480aff43o0 deisenbe (talk) 18:54, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

Perhaps we need to start an article called
Statues to NOT visit on a first date, unless. . ..... Statues TO visit on a first date? And while this might seem like both original research and opinion, what the heck. Carptrash (talk) 23:48, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

Pictures about to be deleted Sept. 2011
I need a place to stash this for a while.

The lost Louis Sullivan stencil designs
This could be clearer, so here is what I wrote about these pictures at Talk:Home Building Association Bank
 * While visiting the building in 1985 I discovered that the outside door leading to the upstairs was not locked, so I went in. I discovered a staircase that led to the second floor, which was being renovated. I included a not very interesting picture of the space in the gallery on the article page. However, more interesting, and, it turned out, disturbing, was a door that had been added halfway up the stairs. It too was unlocked, this was small town Ohio after all, and upon opening and entering through it I discovered myself on what was essentially a dropped ceiling, added when the building had been converted into an ice cream parlor some years previously. The space was being used for storage, but it also held all the refrigeration equipment that was needed downstairs. As I looked around, mostly up, I discovered that I was surrounded by the most astounding designs that I had ever seen. They were what remained of the stenciled patterns that Sullivan had produced here. I was to discover that these, along with those in the Chicago Stock Exchange and the bank in Owatonna were considered to be his best. They consisted of something like 60 different patterns overlaid on each other. However, to my everlasting horror, the paintings that I had discovered were peeling off the walls. Literally. pieces a foot or two long were hanging off the walls and ceilings. I was tempted to just pull some off, but did not. Unfortunately the pictures that I took did not come out very well, but I have included them here anyway. Carptrash 17:52, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Jacob Epstein
Have to say, that's an edit war I'm not getting into, because the potential resolutions aren't that enlightening. I mean, if they're going to squabble, squabble over something with stakes. Hey, by the way, did you see the work at architectural sculpture? Care to jump in? --Lockley (talk) 17:43, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phaedriel/Soundtrack_of_Wikipedians# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lar/Wikipedian_Bookshelf#

clean up

Works in progress and useful links

 * New pages patrol - for checking for block copying

 * List of best-selling music artists

WikiProject Women in Red/Art

http://sites.temple.edu/endangeredmurals/murals/texas/

User:Carptrash/Glendale Veterans War Memorial
 * an other

User:Carptrash/Einar Ragnarsson Kvaran
 * and even

User:Carptrash/Piccirilli projects

User:carptrash/Italian Renaissance sculpture

User:Carptrash/Ragnar Kvaran

Start your article in your user space, creating it as User:Yourusername/Person covered, e.g. User:Wikiwonder/Ann Raymondia.

Check this out sometime
[] its the Commons:Freedom of panorama campaign.

Dick van Aggelen
I 'll find this in this link: http://hooksanalysis.wordpress.com/tag/the-small-faces/

“Whole Lotta Love” bears little resemblance to “You Need Love” as recorded in 1962 by Muddy Waters and owned by Willie Dixon (now by his estate). The track is, however, closely related to The Small Faces’ 1966 song “You Need Loving” (which is based on the same Muddy Waters track that was owned by Willie Dixon). Same story by the song Venus of Shocking Blue which stil gives Robbie van Leeuwen as composer, but it's a revision of "The Banjo Song by The Big 3. But that song has its orgins in the old song "Oh Sussana" written by Stephen Foster. See this wiki page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Lotta_Love

Dick

Archives
| New Pages

List of Wikipedians by article count

This user
just discovered that s/he is in the top 5,000 wikipedians, but has no desire to pass the editor next up on the list because s/he believes that that editor is probably doing a great job.

Another place to go every now and again. List of Wikipedians by article count

And, List of Wikipedians by number of edits

oh my gosh
thanks! "clink!" --Lockley (talk) 02:13, 2 October 2012 (UTC)
 * well, if you're coming over, I'll run down to the corner store and pick up some vodka and a couple of limes. Get ready to talk about Sacajawea and Eva Emery Dye and whatever you want to talk about.  Hope your back's better!  --Lockley (talk) 02:37, 2 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Ohhhhh tempting, tempting. My back is better but still not up to (opinion) 943 miles (even more kilometers). Carptrash (talk) 02:48, 2 October 2012 (UTC)

Joe Tyler
Has replied, you are OK to upload the image you discussed. License is CC-BY-SA-3.0, add OTRS pending and let me know - I have to add the actual ticket number  Ron h jones (Talk) 21:40, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

a "Me" and " My Brother "

More wikiancestors

 * Thomas Lewis (Virginia politician)

More stuff

 * Wikipedia:File copyright tags/All
 * List of Wikipedians by number of edits (2986) (2971) (2948) (2928) (2904) (2852) (2828) (2783) (2623) (2565) (2518) (2450) (2400) (2314) (2264) (2159)
 * Category:User he-3
 * Another toy

Testing, testing, 1,2,3
|Hammond’s March of Civilization; A Historical Atlas

The struggle
Someone just showed me this:
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=upload&user=Carptrash

a test []

SFN question
I usually don't use SFN for other than books and journal articles. See SS Clifton is an example where the citations are repeated. I just used the to pick up the earlier reference   I think Scallop]] does, however, use it for journal articles. so take a look. Gerda Arendt is a citation genius and would surely help. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 20:51, 28 October 2017 (UTC)
 * BTW, WP:SFN only works if there are four or fewer authors. You will note in the  SS Clifton that I did find A neat way to link the page numbers in the sfn format.  Takes some extra screwing around.  7&6=thirteen (☎) 21:05, 28 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Put another way, just use the address 300 times. Though perhaps I shall try GA.  I get (am) very frustrated with formatting issues (currently have one wrapped around my neck and am slowly lifting my feet off the floor with it) and am looking for easy answers to problems that do not have easy answers. Burt thank you for trying.  Carptrash (talk) 21:21, 28 October 2017 (UTC)

 * I'd be happy to help, if you point me in the right direction. 22:03, 28 October 2017 (UTC) 7&6=thirteen (☎) 20:34, 2 November 2017 (UTC)

A metric to warm your heart and sustain your editing
I've been putting that on some of the talk pages of articles I've worked on. Gives you a feel for the utility of your efforts. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 21:23, 28 October 2017 (UTC)

Robert "Big Mojo" Elem
Speaking of notability of musicians... 7&6=thirteen (☎) 19:25, 2 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I nominated this for a DYK. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 20:34, 2 November 2017 (UTC)

Kos Minar
Ran across this article, and surprisingly it made me think of your hobbies. Hope all is well. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 20:07, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

bas relief on buildings
You were looking for bas relief on buildings, right? How about these: Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 22:37, 29 November 2019 (UTC)
 * File:West Cinema, Cedartown, GA, US (1).jpg
 * File:West Cinema, Cedartown, GA, US (2).jpg
 * File:West Cinema, Cedartown, GA, US (3).jpg

title: User:Carptrash


text:
Phil Bengtson

John Phillip Bengtson (July 17, 1913 – December 18, 1994) was an American football player and coach. He was a longtime assistant coach in college football and the National Football League (NFL), chiefly remembered as the successor to Vince Lombardi as head coach of the Green Bay Packers in 1968.

Career
Bengtson was a native of Roseau, Minnesota, and played tackle under Bernie Bierman at the University of Minnesota during the 1930s. In 1934, he earned All-America honors with the Golden Gophers, working in tandem with a player who went to coaching immortality: quarterback Bud Wilkinson.

Bengtson took his first assistant coaching job at the University of Missouri in 1935, but soon returned to his alma mater as line coach, staying through the 1939 season. Beginning in 1940, he moved to Stanford University, where he served as an assistant coach for 12 years. Bengtson moved to the professional level in 1952 with the nearby San Francisco 49ers.

In seven seasons with the Niners, Bengtson served under three head coaches: (Buck Shaw, Red Strader, Frankie Albert) before being dismissed with Albert after the 1958 season. Soon after, he was one of the first four assistants hired in Lombardi's first week with the Packers in early February 1959.

Bengtson was the only assistant coach to stay for the entire nine-year tenure of Lombardi (1959–1967). His work as defensive coordinator of the Packers established his coaching ability and put him in line to succeed Lombardi. From 1961 to 1967, the Packers captured five NFL titles, and the first two Super Bowls.

Bengtson replaced Lombardi following the 1967 season; his low-key approach was in sharp contrast to the often-volatile Lombardi. With the aging of key players, this translated into mediocrity for the franchise. Bengtson's Packers were 20–21–1 in his three seasons as head coach. After a 6–8 record in 1970, he was relieved of his duties, replaced by Missouri head coach Dan Devine for the 1971 season. Devine lasted four seasons with the Packers, moving back to the collegiate level at the University of Notre Dame following the 1974 season. Lombardi's former quarterback, Bart Starr, became the head coach of the Packers in 1975. In 1985, he was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.

Bengtson resurfaced with the San Diego Chargers and New England Patriots, becoming the interim head coach of the Patriots in late 1972. Later, he was named the team's Director of Pro Scouting, staying through the 1974 season. Bengtson died at age 81 after a long illness at his home in San Diego on December 18, 1994.

Head coaching record
* Interim head coach

title: Phil Bengtson


text:
Trans-Mississippi Exposition

The Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition was a world's fair held in Omaha, Nebraska, from June 1 to November 1 of 1898. Its goal was to showcase the development of the entire West from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Coast. The Indian Congress was held concurrently. Over 2.6million people came to Omaha to view the 4,062 exhibits during the five months of the Exposition. President William McKinley and William Jennings Bryan were among the dignitaries who attended at the invitation of Gurdon Wattles, the event's leader. A hundred thousand people assembled on the plaza to hear them speak. The Expo stretched over a 180 acre tract in North Omaha and featured a 2000 ft lagoon encircled by 21 classical buildings that featured fine and modern products from around the world.

One reporter wrote, "Perhaps the candid Nebraskan would tell you in a moment of frank contriteness that the prime object of this exposition was to boom Omaha."

Timeline

The decision to hold [an] Exposition was made in late 1895 by a small committee of Omaha businessmen determined to hold the Expo, led by banker Gurdon Wattles. In making their decision, the committee set aside several sites for consideration, including an area near 16th Avenue and Pershing Drive in East Omaha, near the now-dry Florence Lake. It was the preferred site for the Exposition early in 1897. 400 acre surrounding the tract that became Miller Park was considered the strongest contender towards the middle of the year. However, both sites ended up losing out to a site in North Omaha later in the year when Omaha banker Herman Kountze donated land in his Kountze Place development to the City of Omaha. After the Expo some of that land would become Kountze Park.

Many important developments happened throughout the city before the opening of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. They included the opening of the Burlington Train Station in downtown Omaha.

During the Expo, on August 31, 1898, the committee declared "Cody Day" in honor of Buffalo Bill Cody. Cody brought his "world-famous" Wild West Show back to the Omaha Driving Park where it was formally founded several years earlier.

October 12 was "President's Day" at the Expo and featured a speech by President William McKinley focused on international affairs and the necessity of not being isolationist.

The total attendance was 2,613,508, and the total receipts were $1,924,077. The following year after the Expo some members of its managing committee decided to host another Expo-type event, which became the Great American Exposition in summer 1899.

Construction
Many temporary buildings, structures, and features were installed for the Exposition. Thomas Rogers Kimball and C. Howard Walker were named co-architects-in-chief for the event. The two men were responsible for the overall site development, including perimeter buildings. They designed several major buildings, some smaller structures and the Arch of States, which was a main entrance.

All these structures were temporary by design, built at about half the cost of permanent buildings. The lower cost allowed the construction of larger structures. The construction of the hundreds of temporary buildings at the Expo was notable because of the almost exclusive usage of a new, cheap and pliable building material called staff. It allowed Expo designers to construct visual reproductions of Grecian and Roman temples, fine European buildings, and more. The buildings were constructed of strips of wood covered with staff.

The Grand Court of the 1898 Trans-Mississippi Exposition was located on the current site of Kountze Park.

Commemoration
The Post Office Department issued a series of nine postage stamps to mark the Exposition, each depicting a Western scene. Now known as the Trans-Mississippi Issue and considered among the finest stamps produced by the US, they are highly prized by collectors; a complete unused set is worth about US$5,000. The stamps were reissued in 1998 for a limited time. 1¢ postal cards were also issued.

A monument to the exposition was placed in Omaha's Kountze Park, the former site of the exposition, during a Centennial celebration of the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition in 1998.

title: Trans-Mississippi Exposition


text:
Kanishka II

Kanishka II (Brahmi: 𑀓𑀸𑀡𑀺𑀱𑁆𑀓; ) was one of the emperors of the Kushan Empire from around 225–245 CE. He succeeded Vasudeva I who is considered to be the last great Kushan emperor.

Rule
While he upheld Kushan rule in northern India, it is likely that Kanishka II lost the western part of his empire, namely Bactria/Tokharistan to the Sasanian Shapur I (240-272 CE), whose conquests would be consolidated by the Kushano-Sassanians. In his inscriptions at Naqsh-e Rostam Shapur now claimed that he controlled the realm of the Kushans (Kūšān šahr) "up to Purushapura" (Peshawar), suggesting that he may have expanding even beyond the Hindu-Kush at the expense of the Kushans. The rock inscription at Rag-i-Bibi further support this view.

Several overstrikes by the Kushano-Sasanian Peroz I Kushanshah over coins of Kanishka II are known, and it is from the time of Peroz that the first Kushano-Sasanian coins were issued south of the Hindu-Kush.

Kanishka II may have retaken control of Gandhara at one point, as well as Kapiśa, and there are suggestions that following these successes he may have created a second Era of Kanishka in celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the original one.

title: Kanishka II


text:
Vima Kadphises

Vima Kadphises (Greek: Οοημο Καδφιϲηϲ Ooēmo Kadphisēs (epigraphic); Kharosthi: 𐨬𐨁𐨨 𐨐𐨫𐨿𐨤𐨁𐨭 ', ') was a Kushan emperor from approximately 113 to 127 CE. According to the Rabatak inscription, he was the son of Vima Takto and the father of Kanishka.

Genealogy
The connection of Vima Kadphises with other Kushan rulers is described in the Rabatak inscription, which Kanishka wrote. Kanishka makes the list of the kings who ruled up to his time: Kujula Kadphises as his great-grandfather, Vima Taktu as his grandfather, Vima Kadphises as his father, and himself Kanishka:

"... for King Kujula Kadphises (his) great grandfather, and for King Vima Taktu (his) grandfather, and for King Vima Kadphises (his) father, and *also for himself, King Kanishka" (Cribb and Sims-Williams 1995/6: 80) Emperor Vima Kadphises expanded the Kushan territory in Afghanistan and north-west India, where he may have replaced the Indo-Scythian ruler Sodasa in Mathura.

Coins
He was the Kushan emperor to first introduce gold coinage, in addition to the existing copper and silver coinage. Most of the gold seems to have been obtained through trade with the Roman Empire. The gold weight standard of approximately eight grams corresponds to that of Roman coins of the 1st century. Gold bullion from Rome would be melted and used for the Kushan mints, into three denominations: the double stater, the stater, and the quarter starter (or dinara).

The usage of gold testifies to the prosperity of the Kushan Empire from the time of Vima, being the center of trade between the Han dynasty of China (where Vima was known as 阎膏珍), Central Asia and Alexandria and Antioch in the West. The Kushan were able to maintain and protect the Silk Road, allowing silk, spices, textiles or medicine to move between China, India and the West. In particular, many goods were sent by ship to the Roman empire, creating a return flow of gold coins, Greek wine and slaves. Works of arts were also imported from all directions, as indicated by the variety and quality of the artefacts found in the Kushan summer capital of Bagram in Afghanistan. A strong artistic syncretism was stimulated, as indicated by the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara.

Roman history relates the visit of ambassadors from the Indian kings to the court of Trajan (98–117 CE), bearing presents and letters in Greek, which were sent either by Vima Kadphises or his son Kanishka.

Most of Vima's coins feature the Buddhist symbol of the Triratana on the reverse (or possibly Shiva's symbol for Nandi, the Nandipada), together with Hindu representations of Shiva, with or without his bull. Often time, a Trishul is depicted along with Shiva.

title: Vima Kadphises


text:
Houseplant

A houseplant, sometimes known as a pot plant, potted plant, or an indoor plant, is an ornamental plant that is grown indoors. As such, they are found in places like residences and offices, mainly for decorative purposes. Common houseplants are usually tropical or semi-tropical, and are often epiphytes, succulents or cacti.

Early history
The history of houseplants is intertwined with the history of container gardening in general. Ancient Egyptians and Sumerians grew ornamental and fruiting plants in decorative containers. Ancient Greeks and the Romans cultivated laurel trees (Laurus nobilis) in earthenware vessels. In ancient China, potted plants were shown at garden exhibitions over 2,500 years ago.

In the medieval era, gillyflowers were displayed in containers.

Early modern era

During the Renaissance (15th–16th centuries), plant collectors and affluent merchants from Italy, the Netherlands and Belgium imported plants from Asia Minor and the East Indies. Creeping groundsel was introduced in Malta and the rest of Europe in the 15th century as an ornamental plant.

In the 17th century, fascination in exotic plants grew among the aristocracy of France and England. Inventor and writer Sir Hugh Platt published Garden of Eden in 1660, a book which directed indoor plant growing methods. Wealthy British households purchased imported fruit trees, especially citrus trees, to grow in specialized orangeries. Less wealthy people would also grow plants, especially flowers, indoors. Orange trees became less fashionable as international commerce in oranges became more widespread. Succulents, such as aloes, were also cultivated.

18th century
In the early 18th century, windows in London became wider and brighter, expanding the opportunities for the lower classes to grow plants indoors.

The expansion of European colonialism brought Europeans into contact with a wide variety of new plants, especially tropical plants more suited to growing as houseplants. Explorers and botanists brought over 5,000 species to Europe from South America, Africa, Asia and Australia.

Forcing plants to bloom out of season, especially bulbs, grew in popularity during the 18th century. The decorative pot or cachepot specifically for growing houseplants (as opposed to a simple terracotta pot, or a decorative vase) was developed in this era as ceramic manufacturing took off.

Plant breeding developed in the late 17th and 18th centuries. These innovations were drawn and presented in the botanical gardens and in private court collections. At the end of the 18th century, flower tables became part of the salons. Furthermore, nurseries were flourishing in the 18th century, which stocked thousands of plants, including citrus, jasmines, mignonette, bays, myrtles, agaves and aloes.

19th century

The Victorian era saw the first use of houseplants by the middle class, which were perceived as a symbol of social status and moral value. Some foliage plants which tolerated the typical gloomy and snug environment inside a Victorian house became popular. The quintessential Victorian plants were palms (such as kentia palms and parlour palms), the cast iron plant, and ferns. Ferns were grown in Wardian cases, an early type of terrarium. Geraniums were often placed on window ledges and in drawing rooms and were the most affordable houseplant for the average Briton.

In 1818, orchids were introduced to Europe when they were used as packing material for the shipment of other rare plants. German ivy was introduced in the United States sometime in the 19th century as a houseplant.

Other typical Victorian houseplants included mop-head chrysanthemums and yuccas.

At the end of the 19th century, the range already included begonias, cineraria, clivia, cyclamen and flamingo flowers, but also leafy ornamental plants such as silver fir, ornamental asparagus, lilium, snake plant, and rubber tree.

20th century
In the early 20th century, there was a turn against houseplants as they were seen as dated relics of the cluttered Victorian era. When there were houseplants, the more architecturally shaped cacti and succulents were the most common. In the 1920s, commercial houseplant production began in California, focused on the Kentia palm and the pothos, later expanding to include Philodendron and Araucaria species in the 1940s.

During World War II, houseplants became more common in offices, which began to more closely resemble the domestic environment as more women entered the workforce.

By 1960, Florida produced more than 55% of American houseplants, and has since remained the main producer of houseplants for the American market. Philodendrons, rubber plants and geraniums were mainstays of the postwar era. Many plants entered the United States and the United Kingdom through the influence of Scandinavian design, which featured plants. Tropical plants like bromeliads, birds of paradise, and philodendrons were popular accents in tiki-themed spaces. The postwar years also saw a broader commercialization of houseplants. In the 1960s, plant care labels were introduced, and garden centers became ubiquitous in the 1970s.

A lush display of houseplants fit into the environmentalist and hippie movements in the 1970s; a large indoor garden is characteristic of 1970s design. Leafy plants were popular, particularly ferns and spider plants, often in macramé hanging planters. Monstera deliciosa, ferns, aloes and snake plants (Dracaena sp., usually sold under their former genus of Sanseveria) were also popular. Terrariums and bottle gardens began to appear as well.

In the 1980s, houseplants were often limited to large, lush statement pieces, particularly in bathrooms. The rise of shopping malls with large skylights created a new place for plants to be grown. In the 1990s, moth orchids became trendy. The 1990s also brought a wave of interest in artificial plants.

21st century

Beginning in the mid-to-late 2010s, fashionable plants from earlier decades were revitalized and popularized by social media, especially Instagram, with "plantstagram" becoming a major driver of trendy plants. In 2015, 5million Americans took up plant-related hobbies. In 2017, 30% of American households purchased at least one houseplant.

Interest in houseplants exploded during the COVID-19 pandemic that began in early 2020. With people forced to spend more time indoors, many sought to fill their homes with houseplants. Plants were mentioned on Instagram an average of more than 3,000 times a day in July 2021 and the hashtag "#plantmom" had been used more than 2.6million times. Plant sales in 2020 were at an all-time high, which brought concerns about the environmental impact of the industry.

Some of the most popular plants in the 2020s are the Monstera deliciosa and other aroids, as well as the fiddle-leaf fig. This era saw a larger interest in growing plants with interesting or attractive forms or foliage, rather than focusing solely on flowers.

Care
Houseplants have care requirements that differ from plants grown outdoors. Moisture, light, soil mixture, temperature, ventilation, humidity, fertilizers, and potting are all important factors. Each plant species has different care requirements, and care requirements can vary based on the specific pot, location in a particular home and potting mix used.

Most houseplants are species that have adapted to survive in a temperature range between 15 and 25 C year-round, as those adapted for temperate environments require winter temperatures outside of normal indoor conditions. Within that limitation, there are houseplants which are native to many different types of habitats, from tropical rainforests to succulents and cacti native to deserts. Many houseplants are either epiphytes or live in seasonally dry ecosystems that help them adapt to the dry indoor air and inconsistent watering many houseplants are subject to. Often, houseplants from tropical areas are understory plants, and because they grown in shady conditions naturally, they are often able to thrive in lower-light conditions.

Selected houseplants are typically of healthy origin, with tidy leaves and upright stems. Houseplants which survive in conditions similar to a homeowner's living space will have a higher probability of survival. Tropical houseplants which grow under high thresholds of heat, for instance, will grow sun leaves which contain fewer chloroplasts. Plants which grow in the shade will grow shade leaves, containing more chloroplasts. Horticulturists at Texas A&M University recommend acclimatization, a gradual process in which plants with too much or too little light or heat exposure are balanced accordingly to prevent overexposure. The brightness and strength of the light source under which a plant lives, including how long it spends under that light source, is vital to its survival. Other factors, like humidity and ventilation, must be kept under regular levels to prevent plant failure and susceptibility to disease.

Houseplants are typically grown in specialized soilless mixtures called potting compost (in the UK), potting mix, or potting soil. Most potting mixes contain a combination of peat or coir and vermiculite or perlite.

Keeping plants consistently too wet ("overwatering") leads to the roots sitting in water, which often leads to root rot. Root rot is the most common cause of death for houseplants but keeping houseplants too dry ("under-watering") can also be detrimental.

Plants require nitrate, phosphate, and potassium to survive, as well as micronutrients including boron, zinc, manganese, iron, copper, molybdenum, and chlorine. Houseplants do not have access to these nutrients unless they are fertilized regularly.

House plants are generally planted in pots that have drainage holes, to reduce the likelihood of over-watering and standing water. Pots are typically broken down into two groups: porous and non-porous. Porous pots (usually terracotta) provide better aeration as air passes laterally through the sides of the pot. Non-porous pots such as glazed or plastic pots tend to hold moisture longer and restrict airflow.

Houseplants experience a range of pests. Fungus gnats, spider mites, mealybugs, thrips and scale are common pests.

With the right care, succulents avoid pests and diseases and achieve optimal growth. By picking the right succulent and taking care of its soil and watering needs, the houseplant lives long to serve its purpose.

Alternative growing methods
Houseplants are also grown in a variety of media other than potting mix, often in a hydroponic or semi-hydroponic system. This may overlap with aquascaping. Materials like sand, gravel, brick, expanded clay aggregate and styrofoam may be employed.

Some epiphytic plants may be grown mounted, either with their roots in potting mix and their stems attached to supports, or with their roots wrapped in sphagnum moss and attached to a vertical surface with wire. This can also overlap with the practice of kokedama.

Production
Houseplants are obtained either by collecting wild specimens of plants, or by growing them in greenhouses or commercial nurseries.

Wild collection of plants for the houseplant trade is a major threat to many species, especially plants with limited native ranges. Plants which are particularly threatened in this way are cacti, succulents, and carnivorous plants, especially Venus flytraps.

Plants grown for commercial production may be produced from seed, by using traditional propagation techniques, or through tissue culture. In 2002, the wholesale value of foliage plants grown in the United States was roughly $700million, mostly grown in Florida. In 2018, houseplant growers in the Netherlands produced 1billion houseplants for the European market.

Air quality
Although houseplants are commonly considered to have an active, positive effect on indoor air quality, much of the non-academic reporting on the subject is based on experiments involving the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the air, the evidence for which is unclear.

The 1989 NASA Clean Air Study was set up to research ways to clean the air in sealed environments such as space stations. This included an early study on the ability of potted plants to remove VOCs, which concluded that plants, specifically a combination of their roots and the soil microorganisms, were highly effective. However, this study tested plants in ways which are not representative of an indoor environment; in sealed chambers and with highly elevated levels of the VOCs benzene, trichloroethylene and formaldehyde. Subsequent studies have confirmed the combined role of soil and roots and showed that they were effective at cleaning in higher VOC concentrations, but only at lower concentrations after the process had been "kick-started" by a higher level of exposure. Others have shown that is possible to artificially enrich the soil directly with VOC-degrading bacteria and achieve the same result, and posited that exposure to high VOC levels (or low levels but in bursts) during experiments and the subsequent increase in such bacteria may have been a cause of the large differences seen in the results of various studies. A 2019 review paper calculated that it would require between 10 and 1000 houseplants per square meter to achieve the same level of VOC removal as occurs from passive exchange between indoor and outdoor air.

Houseplants do have a statistically significant effect on the concentrations of both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in normal indoor environments, reducing carbon dioxide levels by 10–25% and carbon monoxide levels by up to 90%.

Indoor environment
Plants also appear to affect the indoor microbiome, increasing the number and diversity of bacteria in homes, while reducing fungal diversity. They tend to increase humidity, reduce temperature swings, and reduce noise.

Human well-being

There are also many claimed psychological and physiological benefits to having houseplants. A 2022 systematic review with some meta-analyses included 42 studies which together measured the following human functions to study the benefits of indoor plants:

Physiology:
 * Reaction time
 * Pain tolerance
 * Skin and body temperature
 * Blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, blood saturation, blood volume pulse and power spectral density
 * Respiratory rate
 * Cortisol level, galvanic skin response (electrodermal activity)
 * Salivary amylase activity
 * Critical flicker fusion frequency

Cognition:
 * Reaction time
 * Performance on various tasks: sorting, productivity, association, reading, information processing, vigilance, reading span, digit span, and the stroop task
 * Neurobehavioral functioning assessment
 * Brain activity
 * Eye movement
 * Academic grades

Behavior:
 * Pain tolerance and pain killer consumption
 * Sick leave, workplace misconduct

Health:
 * Pain tolerance
 * Pain killer consumption
 * Sick leave
 * Hospitalization days

Most but not all studies found a positive effect of plants. Each of the above functions was found to be influenced positively by the majority of the studies which measured it. The authors only had enough good-quality comparable data to synthesize six areas, from which they confirmed a statistically significant improvement only in diastolic blood pressure and academic performance.

A critical review of the experimental literature concluded in 2009:

"The reviewed studies suggest that indoor plants can provide psychological benefits such as stress-reduction and increased pain tolerance. However, they also showed substantial heterogeneity in methods and results. We therefore have strong reservations about general claims that indoor plants cause beneficial psychological changes. It appears that benefits are contingent on features of the context in which the indoor plants are encountered and on characteristics of the people encountering them."

Houseplants can offer minor recovery from stress when instituted as part of an environment. The presence of a houseplant in an office setting can also increase productivity. A 2004 controlled study discovered that houseplants can improve mental focus, stabilize mood, and raise psychological motivation when present in otherwise unadorned environments.

Tropical and subtropical

 * Aglaonema (Chinese evergreen)
 * Alocasia and Colocasia spp. (elephant ear)
 * Anthurium spp.
 * Aphelandra squarrosa (zebra plant)
 * Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine)
 * Aspidistra elatior (cast iron plant)
 * Begonia species and cultivars
 * Bromeliaceae (bromeliads, including air plants)
 * Calathea, Goeppertia and Maranta spp. (prayer plants)
 * Chlorophytum comosum (spider plant)
 * Citrus (compact cultivars such as the Meyer lemon)
 * Cyclamen
 * Dieffenbachia (dumbcane)
 * Epipremnum aureum (pothos)
 * Ferns and plants treated like ferns, such as Asparagus aethiopicus (asparagus fern) and Nephrolepis exaltata (Boston fern)
 * Ficus spp., including Ficus benjamina (weeping fig), Ficus elastica (rubber plant) and Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig)
 * Hoya spp.
 * Orchidaceae (orchid) spp.
 * Peperomia spp.
 * Palms, such as Chamaedorea elegans (parlor palm) and Dypsis lutescens (areca palm),
 * Philodendron spp.
 * Monstera species (Swiss cheese plants)
 * Heptapleurum arboricola (umbrella plant)
 * Sinningia speciosa (gloxinia)
 * Spathiphyllum (peace lily)
 * Stephanotis floribunda (Madagascar jasmine)
 * Streptocarpus, including Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia (African violets)
 * Tradescantia zebrina (purple wandering Jew)
 * Pilea peperomioides
 * Scindapsus pictus (satin pothos)

Succulents

 * Aloe spp. including Aloe vera
 * Cactaceae (cacti)
 * Epiphyllum (orchid cacti)
 * Mammillaria
 * Opuntia (paddle cacti, including the prickly pear)
 * Zygocactus (Christmas cactus)
 * Gymnocalycium mihanovichii (chin cactus)
 * Crassula ovata (jade plant)
 * Echeveria spp.
 * Haworthia spp.
 * Dracaena spp., including plants formerly in the genus Sansevieria, such as the snake plant or mother-in-law's tongue, Dracaena trifasciata.
 * Senecio angulatus (creeping groundsel)
 * Senecio rowleyanus (string of pearls)
 * Yucca spp.

Forced bulbs
Many forced bulbs are also temperate.
 * Crocus
 * Hippeastrum (amaryllis)
 * Hyacinthus (hyacinth)
 * Narcissus (narcissus or daffodil)

Temperate plants

 * Hedera helix (English ivy)
 * Saxifraga stolonifera (strawberry begonia)

title: Houseplant


text:
Inaya Day

Inaya Day (born Inaya Davis, January 17, 1977) is an American singer, best known for her vocal work on house music tracks such as "Horny '98" by Mousse T, and her cover version of "Nasty Girl" by Prince protégées Vanity 6.

Early career
Day started singing in church in Brooklyn, New York. She attended the prestigious High School of Music and the Performing Arts, and went on to study musical theater at the University of Bridgeport. She also appeared on Broadway, notably as understudy to Stephanie Mills as "Dorothy" in The Wiz, and stepped into the lead role in Washington, D.C., and St. Louis, Missouri.

She has had extensive experience as a session musician, having appeared on tracks by Michael Jackson, Al Green, Puff Daddy, MC Lyte, Queen Latifah, Monie Love, Big Daddy Kane and Jonathan Butler. Day has also written songs for Randy Crawford and Bootsy Collins, and has writing credits on Missy Elliott's"Gossip Folks" (the second single from her Under Construction album), on which Day co-wrote the hook and provided backing vocals.

House music

Day was introduced to house music in 1996 when she was asked to do a demo. She met German record producers Boris Dlugosch and Mousse T, who produced a dance single "Keep Pushin", which went on to reach No. 2 on the Billboard dance charts. She then sang chorus for Mousse T's track "Horny", which later gained in popularity when additional vocals from the duo Hot 'N' Juicy were added to the song. "Horny" reached No. 1 on the Billboard dance chart. The follow-up song "Hold Your Head Up High", with Booom!, reached No. 6 on the Billboard dance chart.

In 1997, she released the club anthem "Movin' Up", credited as DJ Mike Cruz Presents Inaya Day and Chyna Ro. For this record, long time friend and actress Tichina Arnold lent her vocals but chose to use the moniker Chyna Ro for the project. She again teamed up with Cruz for "Can't Stop Dancing" which reached No. 1 on the Billboard club play chart.

In 2004 she sang on a track by the Australian dance producer mrTimothy called "I Am Tha 1", credited to Mr Timothy featuring Inaya Day, which went to the top of the Australian dance charts and top 30 in the Australian pop charts. She also sang on his next single "Stand By Me" later that year. "Nasty Girl" was first released in Australia, reaching the top 20, and it was then released in the UK in July 2005, and reached No. 9 there. Later that year, she also guest featured on "The Glamorous Life", a single by T-Funk, an alternate alias of mrTimothy. In June 2007, Day released a cover version of the 1988 Big Pig song, "Breakaway", which itself was a cover of the song "I Can't Break Away" by Chuck Jackson.

Family life
Day is also the cousin of Solomon Roberts Jr., the bandleader and co-founder of the Dance/funk group Skyy, for which she has confirmed as she is serving as a contributor as part of a profile on the group in an Unsung episode that will in March 2020.

Discography

 * 1996 – "Can't Stop Dancin'" – Cruz and Bugz – No. 1 Billboard dance chart
 * 1997 – "Movin' Up (Take My Problems to the Dance Floor)" – Mike Cruz featuring Inaya Day and Tichina Arnold China Ro – No. 2 Billboard dance chart
 * 2000 – "Feel It" – with DJ Dome – UK No. 51
 * "I'm Touched" – DJ Dove featuring Inaya Day
 * "Shout It Out" – Inaya Day meets Louis Benedetti
 * 1999 – "Just Can't Get Enough" – Harry "Choo Choo" Romero Presents Inaya Day – No. 39 UK
 * "I Will" – Mongobonix featuring Inaya Day
 * "Hold Your Head Up High" – Boris Dlugosch Presents Booom!
 * "Keep Pushin' On" – Boris Dlugosch remix
 * 2004 – "Better Things" – Afropeans
 * 2004 – "I Am tha 1" – Mr Timothy featuring Inaya Day
 * 2005 – "Nasty Girl" – produced by Mousse T. and So Phat! (cover of the Vanity 6 song)
 * 2005 – "The Glamorous Life" – by T-Funk featuring Inaya Day
 * 2006 – "Stand By Me" – Mr Timothy featuring Inaya Day
 * 2007 – "Breakaway"
 * 2008 – "Say You Will"
 * 2008 – "Natural High" – Michael Woods Feat. Inaya Day
 * 2009 – "Take Me Up" – Inaya Day vs. Leggz & Femi B
 * 2009 – "Got 2 Get Up" – Mr Timothy featuring Inaya Day
 * 2009 – "Let There Be" – Inaya Day and Antoine Dessante
 * 2010 – "Superstar" – Inaya Day and DJ Eako
 * 2010 – "Never Had Another Love" – Mike Cruz presents Inaya Day
 * 2010 – "Better Days" – Inaya Day and Native Sons
 * 2010 – "All I'm Sayin' (Just Hold On)'" – Inaya Day and Nick J
 * 2010 – "Joy" – Inaya Day and Antoine Dessante
 * 2010 – "Til The Morning Comes" – Inaya Day vs Diego Ray & Nick Corline
 * 2010 – "Do The Right Thing" – Quentin Harris and Inaya Day
 * 2011 – "Chase me" – Inaya Day
 * 2011 – "Rapid Fire (Rapido)" – Inaya Day & Giangi
 * 2011 – "Where Are They Now" – Inaya Day & Dmitry Filatov
 * 2011 – "Sweet Lover" – Inaya Day vs Menini & Viani
 * 2011 – "Next To You" – Inaya Day
 * 2011 – "Time Is Now" – Inaya Day and Mangesto
 * 2011 – "Lose My Worries" – Inaya Day & Ralf Gum
 * 2011 – "My Love" – Inaya Day vs Sem Thomasson & Siege
 * 2011 – "One Way" – Inaya Day
 * 2012 – "That Place" – Dunk N' Aliens feat Mia & Inaya Day
 * 2012 – "Redemption" – DeVonde & Mangesto feat Inaya Day
 * 2012 – "Jump Up & Down" – Mike Cruz produces Inaya Day & Mark Shine
 * 2012 – "Long Day" – Inaya Day Allstars featuring Crystal Waters
 * 2013 – "Like You" – Ridney & Inaya Day
 * 2013 – "Make Some Noise" – Inaya Day & DJ Escape
 * 2014 – "Shelter Me" – Lee Dagger, featuring Inaya Day
 * 2015 – "Stranded" – Dirty Disco, featuring Inaya Day
 * 2016 – "Do What We Do" – Bit Error & Country Club Martini Crew feat. Inaya Day
 * 2016 – "Keep Pushin'" – Tujamo, featuring Inaya Day
 * 2016 – "One Night In Heaven" – Toy Armada and DJ Grind feat. Inaya Day
 * 2020 – "Love Like This" – (Greg Gould feat. Inaya Day) on the album 1998

title: Inaya Day


text:
Henry of Ghent

Henry of Ghent (c. 1217 – 29 June 1293), also known as Henricus de Gandavo and Henricus Gandavensis, was a scholastic philosopher who acquired the nickname of Doctor Solemnis (the "Solemn Doctor").

Life
Henry was born in the district of Mude, near Ghent. He is supposed to have belonged to an Italian family named Bonicolli, in Dutch Goethals, but the question of his name has been much discussed (see authorities below). He studied at Ghent and then at Cologne under Albertus Magnus. After obtaining the degree of doctor he returned to Ghent, and is said to have been the first to lecture there publicly on philosophy and theology.

Attracted to Paris by the fame of the university, he took part in the many disputes between the orders and the secular priests, on the side of the latter. While Henry was a regent master at the University of Paris, the Condemnations of 1277 took place. The bishop of Paris, Stephen Tempier, promulgated a condemnation of some 219 propositions put forth by the masters of the Faculty of Theology. Henry had a hand in the creation of these propositions and because of that he was summoned to the papal legate after a fellow Augustinian, Giles of Rome. The summons was supposed to change Henry's mind concerning Thomas Aquinas and his unicity thesis (which stated that the human soul, the substantial form of the body, is the undivided principle of the individual's life, sensitivity and rationality). Following the publication of the papal bull Ad fructus uberes by Pope Martin IV in 1281, Henry supported the secular clergy against the Mendicant Orders over the question of the 'reiteration of confession' (the obligation to confess to their parish priest, at least once a year, sins already confessed to a friar). Henry was engaged in this violent controversy for the rest of his life. He died at Tournai (or Paris).

Being of essence
Henry argued that not only do individual creatures have a being corresponding to their essence - the being of essence or esse essentiae, they also have a 'somethingness' (aliquitas). The being created by God is not the being of actual existence, but the being of essence, also called esse latissimum (being in the widest sense), or esse communissimum, the most general form of being. The determination of essence respecting its being made actual is a delimitation, or specification, of that being. Thus, esse essentiae comes first, then comes esse aliquid per essentiam, being a something through essence, finally the whole essence thus made up is put into actuality.

Intentional distinction
An intentional distinction is where the very same thing is expressed by different concepts in different ways (Quodl. V, q. 12). Unlike a purely logical distinction, an intentional distinction always implies a sort of composition, although it is minor with regard to that implied by a distinction in reality.

For example, rational and animal, as they are found in man, is not a distinction of reason, since one is not a definition of the other. Nor is a real distinction, otherwise the conjunction of 'animal' and 'rational' in some particular person would be purely accidental (per accidens). Therefore, there must be some intermediate distinction, which Henry defines as 'intentional'. This principle was later developed by Scotus into the formal distinction.

Illumination
Henry's doctrines are infused by a strong Platonism. He distinguished between knowledge of actual objects and the divine inspiration by which we cognize the being and existence of God. The first throws no light upon the second. Individuals are constituted not by the material element but by their independent existence, i.e. ultimately by the fact that they are created as separate entities. Universals must be distinguished according as they have reference to our minds or to the divine mind. In the divine intelligence exist exemplars or types of the genera and species of natural objects.

On this subject Henry is far from clear; but he defends Plato against the current Aristotelian criticism, and endeavours to show that the two views are in harmony. In psychology, his view of the intimate union of soul and body is remarkable. The body he regards as forming part of the substance of the soul, which through this union is more perfect and complete.

Scientific knowledge
Henry's standards for truth exceeded what is now commonly accepted in science. Following closely Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, he demanded that "First, it must be certain, i.e. exclusive of deception and doubt; secondly, it must be of a necessary object; thirdly, it must be produced by a cause that is evident to the intellect; fourthly, it must be applied to the object by a syllogistic reasoning process". He thus excluded from the realm of the knowable anything about contingent objects. In this respect he was contradicted by his younger contemporary Duns Scotus.

Works
Works by Henry of Ghent include: A work mistakenly attributed to Henry of Ghent is the Affligem Catalogus virorum illustrium, first published in De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis (ed. Suffridus Petri) (Cologne, 1580).
 * Quodlibeta Theologica (Paris, 1518; Venice, 1608 and 1613), a quodlibeta.
 * Summae quaestionum ordinarium (Paris, 1520; Ferrara, 1646).
 * Henrici de Gandavo Opera Omnia Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1979 sqq.
 * Syncategoremata Henrico de Gandavo adscripta edited by H.A.G. Braakhuis, Girard J. Etzkorn, Gordon Wilson. With an introduction by H.A.G. Braakhuis; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2010.

Translations

 * Henry of Ghent's Summa of Ordinary Questions. Article One: On the Possibility of Knowing Translation with an introduction and notes by Roland J. Teske, S.J. South Bend, St. Augustine Press, 2008. ISBN 1-58731-359-6.
 * Henry of Ghent's "Summa": The Questions on God's Existence and Essence (Articles 21-24). Translation by Jos Decorte (†) and Roland J. Teske, S.J. Latin Text, Introduction, and Notes by Roland J. Teske, S.J. (Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 5). Louvain/Paris: Peeters, 2005. ISBN 978-90-429-1590-9.
 * Henry of Ghent's "Summa": The Questions on God's Unity and Simplicity (Articles 25-30). Latin Text, Introduction, Translation, and Notes by Roland J. Teske, S.J. (Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 6). Louvain and Paris: Peeters, 2006. ISBN 978-90-429-1811-5.
 * Juan Carlos Flores, Henry of Ghent: Metaphysics and the Trinity; with a Critical Edition of Question Six of Article Fifty-Five of the Summa Quaestionum Ordinariarum, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2006.
 * Henry of Ghent, Quodlibetal Questions on Free Will. translated by Roland J. Teske, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1993. ISBN 9780585141206
 * Henry of Ghent, Quodlibetal Questions on Moral Problems, translated by Roland J. Teske, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2005.

title: Henry of Ghent


text:
NTU

Ntu is a village in Nagaland, India.

NTU may stand for:

Higher education

 * Nantong University, a public university in Nantong, Jiangsu, China
 * Nanyang Technological University, a public autonomous university in Singapore
 * National Taiwan University, a public university in Taiwan
 * National Technological University, a public university in Argentina
 * National Textile University, a public university in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
 * North Texas University, a public university in Texas, United States
 * Northern Territory University, a public university in Darwin, Australia
 * Nottingham Trent University, a public university in the United Kingdom

Organizations

 * National Taxpayers Union, a nonprofit organization in the United States
 * National Team Unity, a political party in Trinidad and Tobago
 * National Television Company of Ukraine, a Ukrainian television broadcaster

Place

 * Naval Air Station Oceana (IATA code), a military airport in Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States

Technological terms

 * Network Termination Unit, a networking device that connects the PSTN to CPE
 * Nephelometric Turbidity Unit, a measure of the cloudiness of a liquid
 * Nevada–Texas–Utah Retort, a shale oil extraction technology
 * New Threat Upgrade, a US Navy anti-air warfare ships system upgrade
 * NTU method uses the Number of Transfer Units to calculate the effectiveness of a heat exchanger

title: NTU