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Baron Strucker

Baron Wolfgang von Strucker is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. A former Nazi officer, he is one of the leaders of the Hydra terrorist organization, and the archenemy of Nick Fury and S.H.I.E.L.D. He has also come into conflict with the Avengers, and the interests of the United States, and is thus a fugitive. He has been physically augmented to be nearly ageless. While Strucker has been seemingly killed in the past, he returned to plague the world with schemes of world domination and genocide, time and time again.

The character has appeared in several media adaptations, including television series and video games. Strucker was portrayed by Campbell Lane in the 1998 TV film, Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., by Thomas Kretschmann in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and by Joey Defore as a teenager in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., also set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Publication history
Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appears in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #5 (1964).

Fictional character biography
Born in the late 19th century to a Prussian noble family who had relocated to Strucker Castle in Bavaria following the Franco-Prussian War, Wolfgang von Strucker became a Heidelberg fencing champion and was disfigured by facial scars.

Strucker fought for Germany during World War I, during which he first encountered the jewel "Momentary Princess", which was fated to appear and disappear at regular intervals of time. Wolfgang pursued the jewel in the decades that followed.

When Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany in 1933, Baron Strucker joined the Nazi Party, becoming infamous in the following years. In 1936, he and Geist, one of Hitler's top men, allied themselves with the Egyptian mentalist Amahl Farouk (secretly the Shadow King) in an attempt to dispute the lineage of England's royal family and install a new king who would be sympathetic to the Nazis. Their plot was thwarted by the Canadian adventurer Logan and the time-traveling members of Excalibur, Kitty Pryde and Phoenix.

In 1937, German Intelligence agent Strucker was sent to the United States to assassinate Senator Fulton, but he was foiled by brigand-for-hire Dominic Fortune.

World War II
As World War II began, Strucker was appointed wing commander of the Death's Head Squadron by Hitler, and, in 1941, he was sent to Madripoor to help the Hand ninja cult transform young Natasha Romanova into their master assassin, only to be defeated by Logan (yet to acquire the adamantium skeleton which would transform into Wolverine), Captain America, and Ivan Petrovitch. Later in 1941, Strucker invaded Latveria, seeking to use the Sturm-Fånger ("Storm-Catcher") to control cosmic energies; the device was wrecked by time-traveling members of X-Force.

After the United States entered the war, the First Attack Squad of Able Company (the Howling Commandos) became a constant thorn in the Nazis' side, and Hitler turned to Strucker, ordering him to publicly humiliate the Howlers' leader Nick Fury. Strucker challenged Fury to a duel on the island of Norsehaven, and Fury violated direct orders to meet Strucker and satisfy his pride. Before their duel with plywood swords, Strucker offered Fury a toast, and secretly drugged Fury's drink. As they fought, Strucker was surprised to find that despite his superior swordsmanship and the effects of the drug, Fury was a tenacious foe, but Fury finally succumbed to the drug's effects. Strucker had the event recorded and sent back to Germany as propaganda material to destroy Fury's reputation.

Hitler demanded that Strucker capture the Howlers so they could be executed in Berlin. Strucker assembled the Blitzkrieg Squad, who could match each of the Howlers skill for skill, but the Howlers defeated them at every turn. Strucker also led the Blitzkrieg Squad to England to assassinate Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, but they were foiled by the Invaders. Strucker finally abandoned the Blitzkrieg Squad, which was later led by Colonel Klaue.

While vacationing in Berlin, Strucker witnessed the Asgardian Thor's attack on the Chancellery, after which Strucker followed a bandaged man through a portal in space. Realizing he had traveled decades into the future, Strucker stole some history books about the end of World War II. He encountered the time machine's creator Doctor Doom, who allowed him to return to the past, not believing that Strucker could win the war even with the knowledge he had obtained.

Tiring of Strucker's failures, Hitler assigned him to topple the resistance in the French town of Cherbeaux, or else destroy the town. Strucker rounded up the resistance to send them to camps to avoid having to destroy the town, but the Howling Commandos derailed his train, freeing the captives. Hitler demanded that Strucker destroy the town, and Strucker set the explosives, but then came face-to-face with Fury, who had rigged an explosive powerful enough to kill Strucker. Caught in a stalemate, Strucker agreed to let the people of Cherbeaux evacuate so that he and Fury could battle again. When the evacuation was complete, Strucker and Fury fought while Cherbeaux was destroyed around them, and Fury lost Strucker in the upheaval. For allowing the evacuation of Cherbeaux, Hitler had Strucker marked for death by the Gestapo.

Strucker escaped Germany because of the Red Skull, Hitler's right-hand man, who foresaw Hitler's fall, and wanted an alternative power base. The Red Skull sent Strucker to Japan to form this organization, but Strucker intended to run it for himself. In Japan, Strucker joined forces with the Hand and an underground subversive movement which later became Hydra where he received help from Arnim Zola into establishing it. Strucker was instrumental in Hydra's earliest raids on war plants to supply their troops, and finally confronted the Supreme Hydra, claiming that as the organization's true mastermind, he should be Hydra's leader. The Supreme Hydra refused and shot him, but Strucker had worn a bulletproof vest, and slew the Supreme Hydra, claiming his title. Strucker also slew the jonin (leader) of the Hand in single combat, severing ties with the Hand to prevent Hydra agents from being seduced by promises of the dark power of the demonic Beast of the Hand.

Strucker moved Hydra's operations to a private island in the Pacific, named Hydra Island. After he used an undetectable "phantom" submarine to assault allied and Japanese ships, Hydra Island was investigated by the allies' Captain Savage and his Leatherneck Raiders, and the Japanese Samurai Squad. Captain Savage and the others managed to overcome Hydra's forces, and Strucker was forced to detonate the island. With Hydra's plans temporarily waylaid, Strucker was forced to return to Germany.

To regain Hitler's favor, Strucker subjected Fury to a hallucinogenic drug in Africa, offering the formula to Hitler if it proved successful in the field. Fury was overcome by the hallucinations, but the Howlers rescued him, enabling his recovery. Ever more uncomfortable with the progress of the war, Strucker continued to operate Hydra from the shadows while pretending to be a loyal Nazi, secretly funneling Hitler's resources into his own operation. He also obtained the Dragon of Death, a powerful Japanese submarine, and made it Hydra's new mobile headquarters. Using his knowledge of the future, Strucker attempted to complete Uranverein, a nuclear weapons project, before the United States, sending Hydra agents to obtain the materials. Learning of this plot, the Invaders ultimately scuttled the Dragon, again delaying Strucker's plans, and during the clash Strucker lost the books he had brought from the future. It is also likely that because of this scheme that Strucker inadvertently caused a bootstrap paradox that lead to the establishment of the United States' Manhattan Project which builds the atomic bombs and the eventual nuclear proliferation in the first place.

In 1944, Strucker encountered the Gnobians, a benevolent race of empathic extraterrestrials who had crashed near Gruenstadt. Realizing what their technology could do for Hydra, Strucker befriended the naïve creatures and killed the population of Gruenstadt to cover his tracks. The Howlers arrived, too late to prevent the tragedy, but fatally wounded Strucker. The Gnobians healed Strucker with their powers, but they went insane from absorbing some of his hate-filled psyche in the process. Strucker fled their crashed ship, taking discs of their information to his scientists. As Germany fell in 1945, Strucker had the Nazis' two greatest superhumans Master Man and Warrior Woman placed into suspended animation in opposite sides of Berlin to await later revival. Strucker also gave the Red Skull the gas used to preserve them, and it also preserved the Skull when he was buried alive in his bunker during a battle with Captain America.

Avoiding prosecution for war crimes, Baron Strucker had his scientists provide him with age-retarding serum so he could personally oversee Hydra's progress for decades to come. He and the Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp once captured the CIA's Agent Ten, who proved to be Strucker's old enemy Logan, but Logan was rescued by CIA agents Richard and Mary Parker.

Needing more finances for Hydra, Strucker abducted Gabrielle Haller, who had a map leading to a fortune in lost Nazi gold hidden within her mind, but Haller was defended by her friends, the mutants Charles Xavier and Erik Magnus, and Magnus took the gold for his own purposes.

Strucker married more than once in the years that followed resulting in a son named Werner, who resisted his father's influence, and twins Andrea and Andreas, who were genetically altered by Hydra scientists and developed super powers later in life. Strucker rebuilt Hydra Island, but concealed his role in the organization by using a front called "THEM", in which he was Grand Imperator. In this role, he assigned Arnold Brown to be his Imperial Hydra, supposedly the true master of Hydra. Brown's rule of Hydra ended when he was overcome by S.H.I.E.L.D., an espionage organization led by Nick Fury and designed to thwart Hydra, and the unmasked Brown was mistakenly shot by his own men as Hydra crumbled about him. THEM also found and revived the long-lost Red Skull, but Strucker finally abandoned THEM when the scientific research arm of Hydra and another branch splintered away to become A.I.M. and the Secret Empire, respectively.

Death
Strucker continued to conceal his identity, acting as Don Antonio Caballero, Emir Ali Bey, and S.H.I.E.L.D. agent John Bronson. He finally revealed himself as Hydra's true leader when he prepared to unleash the Death Spore bomb from Hydra Island. Invading the island, Nick Fury used masks to trick Strucker's men into shooting their leader. In a panic, Strucker ran into a chamber where nuclear processes were taking place, and was immediately incinerated. Soon afterwards, Fury set the Death Spore bomb to explode within Hydra Island's protective dome designed to keep the island safe from the spores, eradicating all Hydra personnel within.

Life Model Decoy
In the ensuing years, the roboticist Machinesmith built a robot duplicate of Strucker, using it to test the abilities and morality of Captain America. The robot fooled even S.H.I.E.L.D. into thinking they had captured the real Strucker. Strucker also lived on in the form of several different android LMDs (Life Model Decoy) based on his mind; one was activated on Hydra Island after Strucker's death and believed itself to be the true Strucker, finally meeting its doom battling Captain America, Fury, and the one-time Howling Commandos. Another tricked Canada's Department H into selling Hydra the battle-suit worn by their hero Guardian. The most destructive was the Deltite, an LMD Strucker had planted within S.H.I.E.L.D. to tear the organization apart, and ultimately wound up running S.H.I.E.L.D. and Hydra simultaneously, playing the two against each other. By the time the Deltite was finally revealed and destroyed, it had managed to sow distrust throughout S.H.I.E.L.D., and killed many agents, leading Fury to disband the organization.

Resurrection
Hydra suffered without Strucker's leadership, and the Red Skull championed an effort to bring the Baron back, providing a distraction to occupy Fury's newly-rebuilt S.H.I.E.L.D. while Hydra scientists found Strucker's body and sacrificed their lives to revive him with the Death Spore bonded to his form.

Thunderbolts
Strucker places the hero Abner Jenkins of the Thunderbolts into his debt by funding his team, and pits the team against threats he helped fund, including the Wrecking Crew, Fathom Five, and the Great Game.

Gorgon and Elsbeth stage a coup of Hydra and kill Strucker. This Strucker was subsequently revealed to be a clone, as the real Strucker was rescued and kept in stasis before being freed by the Swordsman (who turned out to be his son, Andreas) and then Baron Helmut Zemo. Strucker agreed to work with Zemo in his grand plan to take over the world and left together. Helmut Zemo is also responsible for the murder of Strucker's daughter Andrea.

Secret Invasion
During the "Secret Invasion" storyline, Strucker is attacked by Skrulls who are attempting to take over Hydra. However, he is able to defeat them and destroys his own headquarters in order to eliminate any remaining invaders. Strucker also reveals that he no longer adheres to orthodox Nazi beliefs, since he does not wish to "cleanse" the world, but simply to rule it.

Dark Reign
During the "Dark Reign" storyline, Strucker's longtime nemesis, Nick Fury, discovers that S.H.I.E.L.D. is, and always has been, controlled by Hydra. Strucker seems happy finding this out saying that "We've been dancing to the melody for so long, and finally you hear it too". Strucker calls forth all Hydra leaders (Kraken, Viper, Madame Hydra, and Hive), and resurrects the Gorgon for the purpose of "letting the world become aware of Hydra's true nature". However, Nick Fury was interfering in von Strucker's plans, so Strucker enlists the help of Norman Osborn, director of the corrupt H.A.M.M.E.R. agency, to take care of his nemesis. The news that Osborn had recently murdered his son Andreas had little impact on Strucker, who calmly declared that he now owed Osborn "two favors".

It is revealed that, at some point in the past, Baron Strucker, Nick Fury, and Hand grandmaster Soji Soma had a meeting with representatives of the organization Leviathan.

Along with Nick Fury, Baron Strucker was captured by the Kraken. It was revealed that not only was Kraken really Nick Fury's presumably dead half-brother Jake Fury (working with Nick the entire time), but it was revealed to a disbelieving Strucker that in fact S.H.I.E.L.D. had been controlling Hydra all along. Before being able to speak his final words, Nick Fury shot him in the head.

All-New, All-Different Marvel
As part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel branding, Strucker eventually emerges alive minus an eye and replaced with a prosthetic lens. He is described as no longer being Hydra's leader, though shown to still be heavily involved in international subversive dealings. In addition, a revived Andrea and Andreas mentioned that their father "took care" of their return from the dead when they were asked how they were revived.

After the defeat of the Secret Empire, Strucker is given praise as a national hero for leading the defeat of multiple Hydra splinter groups. He also appears as a member of the Power Elite.

Powers and abilities
Baron Strucker is a highly intelligent man in peak human physical condition. He is an exceptional hand-to-hand combatant, swordsman, and marksman. He is also a consummate military strategist and spy, and a master of disguise and excellent actor. He carries a sword and traditional firearms, but also wears the Satan Claw on his right hand: this metal gauntlet amplifies his strength and emits powerful electrical shocks. Strucker also uses serums developed by Hydra, enabling him to maintain his physical vigor at its height and retard his aging process, so that physically he remains the same, despite his advanced age.

Exposure to his Death Spore has bonded Strucker's DNA with the Death Spore, enabling him to be revived after seemingly being killed by gunshot wounds and radiation poisoning. Strucker can now release the Death Spore virus from his body at will, killing his victims nearly instantly. If Strucker is killed, the Death Spore viruses will allegedly be set free from his body and risk infecting the entire Earth.

Baron Strucker's children

 * Andrea von Strucker - Baron Strucker's daughter, twin sister of Andreas, and half-sister of Werner. Killed by Baron Helmut Zemo. An apparent clone of Andrea was created by Arnim Zola, but was murdered by Bullseye.
 * Andreas von Strucker - Baron Strucker's son, twin brother of Andrea, and half-brother of Werner. Killed by Norman Osborn.
 * Werner von Strucker - Baron Strucker's oldest son and half-brother of Andrea and Andreas. Killed by Baron Strucker.

Earth-Charnel
A sixth Baron Strucker was the dictator of Earth-9939 (Earth-Charnel) under the name Charnel. He was depicted as a necromantic who took over that Earth and created demon-drones called Spawn of Charnel to do his bidding. He was responsible for wiping out most of its heroes there. He paralyzed Thing, turned Mister Fantastic into putty, and destroyed Thor's people. However, Charnel along with his timeline was later destroyed by the bounty-hunter Death's Head.

This universe was used by Advanced Idea Mechanics Supreme Scientist Monica Rappaccini to conceal her hidden base until Hank Pym disrupted her machines.

Marvel Mangaverse
In the Marvel Mangaverse, Strucker was a leader of Hydra, as well as a powerful wizard. He attacked Stark Island and summoned Dormammu by using Tony Stark's gate to the Negative Zone. After that, Strucker was attacked and killed by Doctor Strange in a magical duel.

Marvel Noir
In the Marvel Noir universe, Baron Strucker is the second in command for Baron Zemo.

Old Man Logan
In the pages of "Avengers of the Wastelands" which takes place on Earth-21923 and serve as a sequel to Old Man Logan, Baron Strucker was among the villains that helped to kill the superheroes. Some years later, Baron Strucker reformed Hydra. He plotted to take over the territories that Doctor Doom rules over only for Doctor Doom to attack first which led to the death of Baron Strucker and the annihilation of Hydra.

Television

 * Baron Strucker appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Jim Ward. This version's youth is derived from the Satan Claw, which he uses to absorb life energy from others.
 * Baron Strucker appears in The Super Hero Squad Show, voiced by Rob Paulsen.
 * Baron Strucker appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Avengers Reassembled, voiced by J. P. Karliak.
 * Baron Strucker appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Robin Atkin Downes.

Film
Baron Strucker appears in Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Campbell Lane.

Marvel Cinematic Universe
Baron Strucker appears media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU):
 * Strucker first appears in a mid-credits scene of the film Captain America: The Winter Soldier, portrayed by Thomas Kretschmann.  Based in a Sokovian compound, he leads a Hydra cell in conducting experiments to create superhumans using Loki's scepter, which results in Wanda and Pietro Maximoff acquiring powers.
 * Strucker returns in the film Avengers: Age of Ultron. After the Avengers discover and raid his compound, Strucker is defeated by Steve Rogers and transferred to NATO's custody. Following this, Ultron kills Strucker.
 * A young Strucker appears in the TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode "Rise and Shine", portrayed by Joey Defore. In his youth, he was predetermined to lead Hydra and attended Hydra Academy.

Video games

 * Baron Strucker appears as a boss in Captain America: Super Soldier, voiced by Kai Wulff.
 * Baron Strucker appears as a boss in Marvel Avengers Alliance.
 * The MCU incarnation of Baron Strucker appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers.
 * Baron Strucker appears as a boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance 2.

Miscellaneous
Baron Strucker appears in The Avengers: United They Stand #2.

title: Baron Strucker


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Portsmouth Block Mills

The Portsmouth Block Mills form part of the Portsmouth Dockyard at Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, and were built during the Napoleonic Wars to supply the British Royal Navy with pulley blocks. They started the age of mass-production using all-metal machine tools (designed chiefly by Marc Isambard Brunel), and are regarded as one of the seminal buildings of the British Industrial Revolution. They are also the site of the first stationary steam engines used by the Admiralty.

Since 2003 English Heritage has been undertaking a detailed survey of the buildings and the records relating to the machines.

Development of Portsmouth Dockyard
The Royal Navy had evolved with Britain's development by the middle of the eighteenth century into what has been described as the greatest industrial power in the western world. The Admiralty and Navy Board began a programme of modernisation of dockyards at Portsmouth and Plymouth such that by the start of the war with Revolutionary France they possessed the most up-to-date fleet facilities in Europe.

The dock system at Portsmouth has its origins in the work of Edmund Dummer in the 1690s. He constructed a series of basins and wet and dry docks. Alterations were made to these in the course of the eighteenth century. One of the basins had become redundant by 1770 and it was proposed to use this as a sump into which all the water from the other facilities could drain. The water was pumped out by a series of horse-operated chain pumps.

In 1795, Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Bentham was appointed by the Admiralty, the first (and only) Inspector General of Naval Works with the task of continuing this modernisation, and in particular the introduction of steam power and mechanising the production processes in the dockyard. His office employed several specialists as his assistants — mechanists (engineers), draughtsmen, architects, chemists, clerks, and others. The Inspector General's office was responsible for the introduction at Portsmouth of a plant for the rolling of copper plates for sheathing ship's hulls and for forging-mills for the production of metal parts used in the construction of vessels. They also introduced similar modernisation at the other Naval dockyards in conjunction with M I Brunel and Maudslay.

By 1797 work had started on building additional dry docks and on deepening the basins, and Bentham realised that the existing drainage system would not cope with the increased demand. He installed a steam engine designed by a member of his staff, James Sadler, in 1798 which, as well as working the chain pumps, drove woodworking machinery and a pump to take water from a well round the dockyard for fire-fighting purposes. This well was some 400 ft away and the pumps operated by a horizontal reciprocating wooden spear housed in a tunnel running from the engine house to the top of the well. The Sadler engine was a house-built table engine installed in a single-storey engine house with integral boiler; it replaced one of the horse-drives to the chain pumps. This engine was replaced in 1807 in the same house by another, more powerful, table engine made by Fenton, Murray and Wood of Leeds and, in turn, in 1830 by a Maudslay beam engine.

In 1800 a Boulton and Watt beam engine was ordered as back-up and was housed in a three-storey engine house in line with the Sadler engine house. This engine was replaced in 1837 by another engine made by James Watt and Co.

Space was very tight and expansion of manufacturing facilities was not possible, so by 1802 the drainage basin was filled with two tiers of brick vaults—the lower layer to act as the reservoir, the upper layer as storage, and the roof of the latter being level with the surrounding land, so creating more space. This allowed the construction of two parallel ranges of three-storey wood mills, the southern to incorporate both engine houses and their chimney stacks, the chain pumps and some wood working machinery. The northern range was directly over the vaults and was to house more woodworking machinery. The buildings were designed by Samuel Bunce, the architect of Bentham's staff.

While the vaults were under construction Bentham was ordering woodworking machinery of his own design, mostly up-and-down saws and circular saws. These were fitted-up in both ranges, the power to drive them being transmitted from the engines to the north range by underdrives through the upper layer of vaults, and then by vertical shafts to the upper floors of the buildings. The final drives to the machines was by flat belts running on pulleys.

This machinery was planned to cut timber for the numerous smaller parts used in shipbuilding, especially joinery, which had previously been cut by hand, such as components for tables and benches, as well as small turned goods like belaying pins. There is evidence that he had developed a rotary wood-planing machine but details of this are obscure. There is also evidence that the complex housed a pipe boring machine, whereby straight elm trees were bored out for pump dales. These could be up to 40 ft long and were fitted through the decks of a vessel to pump seawater to the deck. There was a machine for making treenails—long wooden dowels used for fixing wooden parts of a ship together.

Blocks
The Royal Navy used large numbers of blocks, which were all hand-made by contractors. Their quality was not consistent, the supply problematic and they were expensive. A typical ship of the line needed about 1000 blocks of different sizes, and in the course of the year the Navy required over 100,000. Bentham had devised some machines for making blocks, but did not develop them and details of how they worked are now obscure. In 1802 Marc Isambard Brunel proposed to the Admiralty a system of making blocks using machinery he had patented. Bentham appreciated the superiority of Brunel's system and in August 1802 he was authorised by the Admiralty to proceed.

There were three series of block-making machines, each designed to make a range of block sizes. They were laid out to allow a production line, so each stage of the work progressed to the next in a natural flow. The yard between the two wood mill buildings was walled-off and roofed to form a new workshop to house the block-making machines. The first set, for medium blocks, was installed in January 1803, the second set for smaller blocks in May 1803, and the third set for large blocks in March 1805. There were numerous changes of layout and some modification of the plant until in September 1807 the plant was felt able to fulfil all the needs of the Navy: 130,000 blocks were produced in 1808.

The block-making processes using the machines
The machines were of 22 types and totalled 45. They were driven by two 30 hp steam engines. The machines included circular saws, pin turning machines and morticing machines. With these machines 10 men could produce as many blocks as 110 skilled craftsmen.

A pulley-block has four parts: the shell, the sheave, the pin for locating the latter in the shell and a metal bush, or coak, inserted into the sheave to save wear between it and the pin. Blocks can vary in size and in the number of sheaves.

The process of making the shells

 * Cut slices from the trunk of a tree, and from these slices by means of the circular saws cut rectangular blocks from which the shells were manufactured.
 * Bore a hole in the block for the pin, and at right angles to this a hole or holes to receive the morticing chisels (depending on the number of mortices). The clamp used to hold the block at the same time indented locating points by which the blocks were secured in the later machines, thus ensuring consistent location and measurement in the subsequent processes.
 * Mortice the blocks by a self-acting machine. The morticing chisel reciprocated vertically, and at the same time the vice gripping the block was gradually moved each cut. Once the length of the mortice had been cut the machine automatically stopped to allow the block to be replaced with a new one.
 * Cut the corners off the block by a circular saw with angled guides.
 * Shape the four faces of the blocks to a shallow curve. This was done by a machine where a number of blocks were clamped in the periphery of a revolving wheel. The cutter was swept in a curve across the faces of the blocks as they rotated. The radius of the curve was controlled by a former. After each cut the blocks were turned 90 degrees to bring up a new face.
 * Each block was then placed in a machine which scored a shallow groove, by means of a revolving cutter, to give a location for the securing ropes.

The process of making the pins

 * The pin blanks were forged slightly oversize with a square left on one end.
 * They were turned to size on the circular part in a special lathe.
 * They were given a burnished finish between hardened dies
 * One source says they were then tinned to preserve them from rust.

The process of making the metal coaks

 * These were cast in bell-metal and the mould left grease-retaining grooves in the inner bore. One end of the coak had a flange and a loose ring was supplied for the other end, together these parts gave a seating for the rivets which fixed the coak to the sheave.

Assembly process

 * The shells were smoothed by hand with a spokeshave and then the sheave and pin assembled. They were stored in the Block Mills and issued as demanded.

Significant features
These machines utilised several features for the first time which have since become commonplace in machine design.

 * The boring operation indented gauging points in the wooden blocks which the clamps of the later machines used to locate the blocks precisely. This meant that positioning of the block in later processes ensured accurate location in relation to the tool working on it.
 * Several of the machines had cone clutches.
 * Brunel used detachable tool bits held in tool holders very similar to those use now on general purpose lathes.
 * Expanding collet chucks were used to locate the sheaves by gripping the internal bore, during certain operations.
 * Two-jaw gripping chucks were used on some machines.  These were precursors of the three-jaw chucks used on lathes today.
 * The morticing machines could be set to stop automatically once the operation was finished.
 * interchangeability of the sheaves and pins was possible, since they were not married to a particular shell.
 * The work-flow is perhaps best described as batch production, because of the range of block sizes demanded. But it was basically a production-line system, nevertheless. This method of working did not catch on in general manufacturing in Britain for many decades, and when it did it was imported from America.
 * The entire system was designed to be worked by labourers and not apprentice-trained craftsmen. Each man was trained to operate two or more machines and could be moved round the plant as required.

The manufacture of the block-making machines
Brunel's patent specification shows wooden framed machines, which, while they show many of the principles of the machines actually installed bear little resemblance to the final designs. The machines submitted by Brunel to the Admiralty for evaluation are now in the National Maritime Museum. Once the contract with the Admiralty had been placed Bentham engaged Henry Maudslay to make them, and it is clear the final designs had considerable input from Bentham, Maudslay, Simon Goodrich, (mechanician to the Navy board) as well as Brunel himself. Due to Bentham's absence in Russia, it was Goodrich who actually brought the block mills into full production. Brunel's payment was based on the saving the Navy made with the new system.

These machines were almost entirely hand made, the only machine tools used being lathes to machine circular parts, and drilling machines for boring small holes. At that time there were no milling, planing or shaping machines, and all flat surfaces were made by hand chipping, filing and scraping. There is evidence that the grinding of flats was also done to get near-precision finishes. Each nut was made to fit its matching bolt and were numbered to ensure they were replaced correctly. This was before the days of interchangeability, of course. The materials used were cast and wrought iron, brass and gun metal. The use of metal throughout their construction greatly improved their rigidity and accuracy which became the standard for later machine tool manufacture.

Publicity
These machines and the block mills attracted an enormous amount of interest from the time of their erection, ranging from Admiral Lord Nelson on the morning of the day he embarked from Portsmouth for the Battle of Trafalgar on 1805, to the Princess Victoria at the age of 12, as part of her education. Even during the time of the Napoleonic Wars, until 1815 there was a stream of foreign dignitaries and military men wishing to learn. The machines were fully described and illustrated in the Edinburgh Encyclopædia (1811), Rees's Cyclopædia, (1812), the supplement to the 4th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1817) and the Encyclopædia Metropolitana. Later encyclopaedias such as Tomlinson's Encyclopaedia and the Penny Cyclopaedia derived their accounts from these earlier publications.

These accounts concentrated almost entirely on the blockmaking machinery, and ignored the saw-milling side of the mills, and in consequence modern commentators have not discussed this aspect of the Block Mills. The sawmills were important since Brunel was enabled to develop his ideas which he employed later in his private veneer mill at Battersea, and the Royal Navy sawmills at Woolwich Dockyard and Chatham Dockyard, as well as mills he designed for private concerns, such as Borthwick's at Leith in Scotland.

Later history
The Block Mills have remained in constant Navy occupation ever since and in consequence are not open to the public. Manufacture of blocks using these machines naturally declined over the years, production finally stopping in the 1960s, but some of the original machines, part of the transmission drives and the engine-house shells still survive in the buildings. The National Museum of Science and Industry, London, has a selection of machines, donated by the Admiralty between 1933 and 1951, and others are on display in the Dockyard Apprentice Museum at Portsmouth. Several websites claim that the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. also has machines from Portsmouth: this is a myth, according to the Institution.

The Block Mills have not been in use for many years, although a lot of the original pulley systems remain in situ, albeit in a poor state of repair. The building is also in a poor state of repair and is a high priority for both English Heritage and the Ministry of Defence. As of 2006 a project is under way to ensure the building and contents are preserved, if not restored.

title: Portsmouth Block Mills


text:
Talk:Chrysler F platform

Explain similarities to the later Chysler M platform, and differences between F and M from the traditional A, B, C, and E, such as the transverse torsion bars on the F and M vs the logitudinal on the A - E.

It's in the Volare/Aspen article.

title: Talk:Chrysler F platform


text: User talk:69.108.162.164

title: User talk:69.108.162.164


text:
Wolfgang Clement

Wolfgang Clement (7 July 1940 –27 September 2020) was a German politician and a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was the 7th Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 27 May 1998 to 22 October 2002 and Federal Minister of Economics and Labour from 2002 to 2005. He was an Honorary Member of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.

He was known for being one of the architects of the Agenda 2010 labor market reforms under chancellor Gerhard Schröder in the early 2000s. He was also credited with the merger of the federal ministry of economics and labor and the Hartz I through IV labor market reforms. The labor and welfare reforms have been credited with reducing unemployment and contributing to Germany's growth years. However, the reforms have been a divisive topic and created a lasting rift between the leftists and the centrists at the SPD.

Education and career
Clement was born on 7 July 1940 in Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, and was the son of a bricklayer. He completed his schooling Abitur at the Graf-Engelbert-Schule in Bochum. He then completed his apprenticeship, Volontariat, at the Westfälische Rundschau newspaper in Dortmund. He completed his degree in law at the University of Münster in 1965, including clearing the First State Examination, a qualification that allowed him to teach.

Clement later worked as an articled clerk and assistant at the Institute for Trial Law at the University of Marburg. In 1968, he returned to the Westfälische Rundschau, first as a political editor, and went onto become the head of political department, and then the deputy editor-in-chief of the newspaper. In 1986, Clement moved to the Hamburger Morgenpost, where he remained as editor-in-chief until 1989.

On 12 November 2004, he was presented with an honorary doctorate (Dr. h. c.) by the Ruhr University in Bochum.

Political career
Clement started his political career with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1970 and was a member of the party until 2008. Between 1981 and 1986, he was a spokesman for the party's federal executive board, and was also the deputy party whip between 1985 and 1986.

In 1989, he was appointed head of the State Chancellery of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) by then NRW Minister President Johannes Rau's government. He relinquished this position in favor of the position of State Minister of Special Tasks for NRW after the state elections in 1990. After the 1995 state elections, he was the State Minister of Economics and Small Business, Technology, and Transport.

Member of State Parliament (1993–2002)
Clement was a member of the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1 October 1993 to 6 November 2002. Between 1994 and 2001, he was also on the SPD State Executive in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), and was the deputy leader of the executive from 1996. He became a member of the SPD federal executive board in 1995, and served until his exit from the party in 2008.

Minister President (1998–2002)
Clement was elected as Johannes Rau's successor as the Minister president of North Rhine-Westphalia on 27 May 1998. With state debts in excess of 130,000 million marks (DEM), he announced drastic cuts and austerity measures including reduction in the size of his own cabinet.

In one of his first moves on 17 June 1998, he announced the merger of the Justice and Interior ministries into one entity. There were doubts if this decision was compatible with the German Constitution, as it was seen by some as a violation of the division of powers. On 9 February 1999, the Constitutional Court of North Rhine-Westphalia ruled that the amalgamation violated the rights of the state parliament. In addition with pressure from coalition partner Bündnis '90/Die Grünen (the Green party), the merger was canceled. He took on the responsibilities of justice minister for a brief period between 10 and 22 March 1999, before handing the position over to Jochen Dieckmann, who served as the Justice Minister for NRW through the end of the legislature term on 27 June 2000. During this period, Clement also served as the deputy chairman of the SPD from December 1999. In the 2000 state elections under his leadership, the SPD received 42.8% of the votes, a drop of 3.2% from the previous election. However, the party was able to form a coalition government with the Green Party. In this coalition, there were debates between Clement and the Green Party's Bärbel Höhn, who opposed the continuation of coal mining subsidies and the support for large industrial projects like the Garzweiler surface mine, that were supported by Clement.

After Clement started his term of office as state premier of North Rhine-Westphalia on 27 May 1998, four ministers resigned or left their position early —Minister for the Economy Bodo Hombach (moved to Bonn as Minister of the Chancellery), Justice Minister Reinhard Rauball (resigned after a week in position), Minister for European and Federal Affairs Detlev Samland (resigned due to tax misdemeanor), and Finance Minister Heinz Schleußer (Flugaffäre flights misuse). This was also the time when Clement proclaimed that the media industry in NRW would be the "engine of structural change" in the state. The move however, saw limited success. An animation studio in Oberhausen received €50 million in funding as part of this program, but generated limited employment in the end.

In Clement's time in office as the state premier of NRW, four parliamentary investigative committees, or Parlamentarische Untersuchungsausschüsse (PUAs), were set up: Review of state enterprises,  High Definition Oberhausen (HDO – PUA II),  High Definition Oberhausen (HDO – PUA III),  and ''Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale. ''

Federal Minister of Economics and Labour (2002–2005)
After the 2002 federal elections, Clement was part of the Social Democrats’ team in negotiations with the Green Party on a new coalition agreement for a government under the leadership of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. He gave up his office of Minister-President of NRW on 21 October 2002 and was appointed Federal Minister of Economics and Labour in the new government led by Schröder. In this role, he was taking over the newly created so-called “super ministry” that had been formed by the amalgamation of the Economic and Labour ministries.

The prevailing social democratic thinking in Europe was re-shaped by the Schröder-Blair paper of 1999, a joint working paper between German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and British Prime Minister Tony Blair, which introduced the "third way" or "Neue Mitte" in that a social democratic future required a comprehensive economization of society with the state withdrawing from the markets and other welfare measures. This represented an abrupt U-turn with respect to the exiting programs of the SPD. In continuation of this thinking, Schröder and Clement, came up with the Agenda 2010 series of reforms where the economy was given more freedom, and labor market reforms starting with the Hartz I through IV programs were introduced. Agenda 2010 was announced as the single largest reform efforts in post-war Germany, and included a set of actions that sought to rethink how the government organized education, social security, and employment. The market reforms relaxed labor market restrictions and reduced social benefits in a bid to boost employment. The reforms emerged to be a divisive topic in Germany with a section of the business community stating that these reforms laid the foundation for the sustainable and employment intensive recovery that took off in 2005. The labor and welfare reforms have been credited with reducing unemployment and contributing to Germany's growth years. However, the reforms led to a rift between the left and centrist sections of the SPD, driven by oppositions from the trade unions and social organizations, ultimately resulting in the split Germany's center-left, and led to the creation of the far-left party Die Linke and significantly weakened the SPD.

Following the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel was elected Chancellor on 22 November 2005, and Clement was replaced by Michael Glos.

On 31 July 2008, Clement was expelled from the SPD by the Landesschiedskommission (i.e. State arbitration board) of NRW after making a statement in which he advised against voting for the SPD. Clement went to the superior Bundesschiedskommission (Federal arbitration board) which subsequently cancelled the verdict on 24 November 2008. On 25 November, Clement announced his decision to leave the party. He went on to support the Free Democratic Party led by Christian Lindner, but did not join the party.

Life after politics
After leaving politics, Clement held various paid and unpaid positions. In 2006, he was appointed by the employers' and employees' organizations of Germany's construction sector –the German Construction Confederation (ZDB), the Central Federation of the German Construction Industry (HDB), and IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt (IG BAU) to mediate in a dispute over salary increases. In 2018, he again helped the two sides to agree on a pay hike of roughly 6 percent for more than 800,000 construction workers.

In 2007, Clement was awarded the Mercator Visiting Professorship for Political Management at the Universität Essen-Duisburg's NRW School of Governance.

In 2017, Federal Minister of Health Hermann Gröhe appointed Clement as Special Commissioner for Germany's candidacy to become the new headquarters of the European Medicines Agency (EMA). He was also an honorary member of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.

In addition, he was a member of multiple corporate boards and non-profit organizations (below):

Corporate boards

 * Deutsche Wohnen AG, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2011)
 * Peter Dussmann Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2011)
 * Energy Consulting Group, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2009)
 * Daldrup & Söhne AG, Chairman of the Supervisory Board (since 2008)
 * Citigroup, Member of the German Advisory Board (since 2006)
 * M. DuMont Schauberg, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2006)
 * Wolters Kluwer Deutschland, Chairman of the Advisory Board (since 2006)
 * Dussmann Verwaltungs AG, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2005)
 * RiverRock, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2009)
 * RSBK Strategie Beratung Kommunikation AG, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Shepard Fox Communications, Chairman of the Advisory Board
 * DIS AG, Member of the Supervisory Board (until 2016)

Non-profits

 * Ostinstitut Wismar, Chairman of the Board
 * Bonner Akademie für Forschung und Lehre praktischer Politik (BAPP), Member of the Board of Trustees
 * German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Member of the Advisory Council
 * Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Institute for Energy, Economics and Energy Law at the University of Bochum, Board of Trustees
 * Hertie School of Governance, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Friends of the Berlin State Opera, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Free Democratic Party (FDP), Member of the Business Forum

Personal life
Wolfgang Clement married his wife, Karin, in 1966 and went on to have five daughters and thirteen granddaughters. He died at his home in Bonn on 27 September 2020, at the age of 80. He had been suffering from lung cancer.

Clement's work ethic was praised by colleagues across both sides of the aisle. Peer Steinbrück his successor as the President Minister of NRW, recollecting their time together in NRW, noted that he could work with a "sensationally low need for sleep" working at his desk until 11 PM before heading out to Rhöndorf in Düsseldorf's old town for Altbiers, before returning to work at 7AM. Der Spiegel noted that "Er könne zwölf Glas Bier schneller trinken als andere zwölf Korn." or that "he could drink twelve glasses of beer faster than others could drink twelve shots". He had also won a beer drinking contest, by downing a glass of Kölsch beer in 1.5 seconds at a German beer association ceremony in Cologne being held at the 487th anniversary of the Beer purity law, or Reinheitsgebot, in 2003. In his own words, the secret was "Man muss nur das Zäpfchen zurückklappen!" or that "You just have to fold back the uvula!"

title: Wolfgang Clement


text: User talk:61.0.85.61

title: User talk:61.0.85.61


text: User talk:205.216.183.1

title: User talk:205.216.183.1


text:
Talk:Standing (law)

Consolidation
Regarding whether taxpayer standing should be incorporated in this article, I would argue that it should. The concepts of legislative standing, taxpayer standing, citizen's standing, organizational standing, third party standing, and statutory standing can all and should all be discussed in the same article, due to the fact that nearly every course in constitutional law covers them together, and many court cases discuss the sufficiency of plaintiff's standing under many grounds of standing. I'm not volunteering to write the article, but it makes sense to consolidate them together. 65.184.16.79 14:08, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Taxpayer standing and standing overlap quite a bit to the point that both need to be mentioned in each article. However, taxpayer standing is a notable enough doctrine in its own right. It would require too much length in the standing article to go into all the necessray detail, so that refers over here. That's why we still need this article Non Curat Lex (talk) 01:32, 9 April 2008 (UTC).

Is this purely a U.S. concept? The article discusses it exclusively as such, and I've never heard of it under any other country's legal system. I don't know what category to place it under. Postdlf 19:27, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I placed a source comment at the head of the article to alert future editors. Ellsworth 00:35, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * no it's not an american concept. it's roots come from the common law. for instance the rule within the law of contract that no one but a party to the contract can sue on the back of it involves locus standi issues. also any court in any jurisdiction common or civil law charged with constitutional interpretation will question locus standi of any applicant
 * preceding comment added 20:05, 24 March 2006 by 136.206.1.17

 * yes, it seems to be a more heavily-publicized element of the legal system in America, but it's really about having a right to complain -- check out this "standing cross-reference" for most of the 50 states, to get an idea of the case law: http://www.adventuresinlegalland.com/index.php?/content/view/52/27/ (I added this URL to the "external links" section since it is pretty bare, and it is valuable information on the topic)199.214.24.30 22:37, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not at all sure that this should be dealt with as a substantive legal matter at all. It would perhaps be better dealt with as a Latin definition and broad statement of effect, leaving elaboration of its legal content to the articles requiring to refer to it since, even within the same jurisdiction, its meaning can differ. For instance, in the UK it has a narrower meaning in judicial review actions than it does in other contexts and is narrowed still further when Human Rights Act considerations are in play. Antisthenes 14:44, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

PROBLEM - The Lujan case is mis-cited. There was no majority opinion by the Court as to redressability. If you look at the opinion, Scalia's Part III-B (redressability) did not receive a majority of votes, as Justice Marshall did not take part in the opinion.

Removed
i removed this sentence from the last part of the first paragraph because it was redundant. "To put it simply, the party suing has to have something to lose if the law is left on the books." (24.242.221.231 09:12, 17 April 2007 (UTC))

Separate Article for US
It would seem better to me that articles that contain significant technical information and citations of case law that are tied to one country should be represented in the Wikipedia by individual articles for each country. Kevin (talk) 14:17, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Is Martin relevant?
The article on Martin_v._Ziherl indicates that the plaintiff didn't challenge standing until appeal, and the appellate court simply ignored the issue because they're not supposed to consider standing arguments that were only made on appeal. This article, however, argues that the defendant does have standing. Which is correct? It's entirely possible that the defendant had standing, but the court didn't say so, and so we'll need a source for something other than the decision in Martin for verifiability for that claim; in the absence of such a source, though, we should probably find a better example than Martin here. --Geoffrey 11:59, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

vs. Right of Action
This article seems to need major editing, especially the US section. It's my understanding that to have standing is to have a Right of Action, and that what this article describes as standing is actually only one meaning of the word. Am I mistaken? If so, we should have citations.

I don't think I'm mistaken; It's simply "The legal right to initiate a lawsuit", per http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/s064.htm ! Right of Action I think the best remedy is for this US section of this article to be moved, e.g. to Constitutional Standing or Standing in the US Supreme Court], and a new article take its place, or it should redirect to [[Right of Action.  Thoughts?

FYI, I got interested because of questions raised when the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals punted the Prop 8 case back to the SCOTCA for a ruling on standing --Elvey (talk) 23:33, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

 * No, you're totally confused. You need to first try understanding what is a form of action under common law pleading, then the concepts of the cause of action and the primary right under code pleading, then the concepts of a claim and standing under notice pleading.  There is no such thing as a "right of action," only a form of action, a cause of action, or a claim.  --Coolcaesar (talk) 09:15, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Hmm... no such thing? The editors of Implied cause of action] have decided to use the phrase "right of action" 6 times.  And a google search for the phrase, in quotes, results in 12 million hits.  So there are a heckuvalot of folks talking about this thing that you say doesn't exist.  Perhaps you could clarify or cite, e.g. a source that defines standing as necessarily relating to a constitution rather than "The legal right to initiate a lawsuit", instead of simply saying 'No'.  http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/rtc95137.html  I understand the difference between common law and code claims.  Google hits on the phrase "standing under notice pleading" : 0. -- W☯W  t/c 04:45, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh. Well, some older cases and statutes used "right of action" interchangeably with "cause of action."  Nowadays, "cause of action" and "claim" are the preferred terminology.  The only context where "right of action" regularly appears in contemporary jurisprudence is in the phrase "private right of action."  But that's a distinct concept from standing.
 * For example, let's say your spouse's health insurer wrongfully denies coverage for a kidney transplant (which was clearly covered and for which a matching organ was available) and your spouse dies as a direct result. Let's further assume her health insurance was provided through her employer.  Both you and her estate would clearly have standing to bring a lawsuit, but neither would have a private right of action because ERISA doesn't provide one for survival or wrongful death situations. Furthermore, because ERISA federal preemption is so broad, you wouldn't be able to sue on any other cause of action, either.  That's a situation where the difference between standing and a private right of action is really important.  --Coolcaesar (talk) 05:36, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Ok, that makes sense. I see they're not the same now. I see we have Cause of action and Standing_(law).   Thanks.  But the main reason I started this thread is that the page indicates that in the US, at least, standing is necessarily about the constitution.  That's not true, or are you saying you disagree with that as well?-- W☯W  t/c 17:45, 14 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The lead paragraph was clearly written by someone who doesn't quite understand standing. The remainder of the discussion (under the "United States" heading) is largely correct.  That is, standing in U.S. federal law is a judicial gloss on the "cases and controversies" requirement in the Constitution.  The idea is that the Framers of the Constitution put that in there to prevent the judiciary from deciding advisory questions in the abstract, which are thought to interfere with the legislature's prerogative to thoroughly investigate difficult questions of public policy (that's why Congress has subpoena power) and write appropriate laws in response.
 * What is really messy about Perry v. Schwarzenegger---and why it got bounced to the Supreme Court of California---is that because it involves the ability to defend the constitutionality of a state law, it contains a difficult Erie doctrine issue. Erie Railroad v. Tompkins is one of the hardest and most fundamental cases in federal civil procedure which can take up to three to seven days of a standard civil procedure course.  --Coolcaesar (talk) 16:19, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

Countering systemic bias
This was touched on earlier in the talk page, but this article tends to reflect a US point of view. Fully 2/3 of the article is about the US, not counting the intro, which references the US throughout. We need more perspectives and from different places for this article. --Cromwellt|talk|contribs 02:24, 4 January 2014 (UTC)
 * There's several reasons for this, including the failure of most countries to adopt common sense reforms suggested by David Dudley Field II and the atrocious quality of their legal education systems. (I wrote most of the Lawyer article and added most of the citations, so I've actually read all the academic literature documenting these issues at length.) American lawyers are always drilled early on in law school to never stop asking "cui bono"---who is the real party in interest and who has standing. So they litigate those issues like crazy, which is why we have most of the case law on these issues.  --Coolcaesar (talk) 16:36, 15 December 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Third-party standing
Essentially the same topic Rathfelder (talk) 21:51, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose: The question of whether "third-party standing" and "standing" are essentially the same is really a matter of semantics. However, in American standing jurisprudence, one of the prudential limitations for standing is the prohibition against third-party claims (with many exceptions). To that extent, third-party standing is a well-definied subtopic within the broader subject of standing. Furthermore, the topic of third-party standing is such an expansive topic that I think it warrants its own article. It has received extensive coverage in legal scholarship, and I think the best way to convey that information to readers is through a standalone article (per WP:PAGEDECIDE). I think both the standing article and the third-party standing article could use some editing to help readers understand the context and scope of those concepts, but these really should be separate articles. -- Notecardforfree (talk) 17:13, 25 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose, basically per Notecardforfree. Third-party standing is a substantial subtopic. Discussion of third-party standing could be expanded in this article a bit, but to include all of the topic here would make it overwhelm the other aspects of standing discussed here. bd2412  T 17:46, 25 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose, for the reasons stated above. At first I was going to say they're the same topic, then I checked Google Books and realized a number of sources such as Linda Mullenix's textbook do treat third-party standing as a distinct subtopic of standing. --Coolcaesar (talk) 13:28, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose, for the cogent reasons stated above. In addition, this is more an issue of US law than that of other countries. Therefore, I suggest we change the title of Third-party standing to Third-party standing under US law. PraeceptorIP (talk) 02:22, 15 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I strongly disagree with that last suggestion. For things or concepts that are unique to one country, we normally do not mark that in the title unless disambiguation is actually required because of a collision with something somewhere else. That would be as silly as renaming Barack Obama to "Barack Obama in the United States." --Coolcaesar (talk) 16:30, 15 December 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected
I have semi-protected this article for three months due to significant vandalism/insertion of irrelevant conduct by IP-hopping anonymous editors. Neutralitytalk 19:59, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

Texas abortion law
Assuming usable sourcing exists (the question must have come up somewhere), could something to be added to this article or the third-party standing one, about the TX abortion law that allows uninvolved parties to sue anyone involved in an abortion procedure? This is not about the surrounding political controversy about abortion, but only about how the usual concept of standing is bypassed. Here is a newspaper article quoting some lawyers calling the statute a radical expansion of standing, but it is probably better to have (e.g.) some viewpoints from law journals. I don't have anywhere near enough legal knowledge to figure out how to write about this. Thanks. 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:D4A (talk) 19:23, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Added: the TX law is the Texas Heartbeat Act, and the current article about it doesn't say anything about this issue. 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:D4A (talk) 01:45, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Standing (law)


text:
Talk:Brabus

Untitled
From VfD:

Besides being a mess, it's just an ad. RickK 19:28, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this is a big name in Mercedes tuning, but if someone in the know wants to write a decent encylopedic article they can do better than this. Delete in current form keep new version. Ianb 20:40, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is certainly a major company, but I agree that the article sucks - I have edited it and verified what little information was there, and now I think it's an okay stub. Rdsmith4 | Talk 15:59, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Brabus' wroom is pretty famous. bbx 01:33, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks good to me, and not being a car-type-person, I'll take your word on notability.  --Ardonik 02:17, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep new version - David Gerard 12:29, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

This is worse than an advertisement. It seems to have been written by a PR person — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.125.217.136 (talk) 23:58, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

Requested move
This article has been renamed from BRABUS to Brabus as the result of a move request. - unopposed move to follow WP:MOSTM. Keith D (talk) 17:54, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

BRABUS → Brabus — It is a syllabic abbreviation, not acronym (i.e. Bra.Bus., not B.R.A.B.U.S.) so should not be written in all caps as per WP:MOS-TM guidelines. —Fatsamsgrandslam (talk) 19:03, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support. Agree that Manual of Style (trademarks) supports Brabus as the article name. Andrewa (talk) 02:05, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Support as per nominator of move. Llamasharmafarmerdrama (talk) 23:07, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. Writing own name in all capitals seems common among German companies, but rules of English say this should be written as "Brabus". Iamaleopard (talk) 21:58, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Per WP:MOS-TM, "Follow standard English text formatting and capitalization rules, regardless of the preference of the trademark owner." Examples of "Brabus" without all caps in external usage: BusinessWeek (USA), Edmunds.com (USA), Wheels 24 (South Africa), Autocar (GB), Jalopnik (Malaysia?). Fatsamsgrandslam (talk) 20:33, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Brabus SLS AMG specs
Is the "BRABUS SLS 700 BiTurbo" the SLS AMG Gullwing? I was wondering what the specs for the car are because I saw one the other day at a gas station near my apartment and it was supercharged, with a badge on the side reading "SUPER CHARGED / KLEEMANN", and the Brabus "B" in place of the Mercedes star in the grill. What are the specs on the engine other than it being supercharged? Is it the 6.3 liter V8 or something else? --RThompson82 (talk) 01:13, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

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100 Euro's?
It seems extremely unlikely that his cofounder really sold him the shares for 100 euro's. Since the euro was not introduced until 34 years later. The source is in Chinese 130.37.66.140 (talk) 11:58, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brabus


text:
Talk:1866 National Union Convention

Comment
I fear I may have conflated two events--there may have been separate conventions in Philadelphia for pro-Johnson and anti-Johnson factions in the summer of 1866. I haven't been able to find a good summary of the situation--only passing references here and there--usually only in the form of so and so was a delegate to either the National Union Convention or the Loyalist Convention of 1866 in Philadelphia. I'm going to leave it as is for now, but also wanted to leave a note for anyone who might have more knowledge about this. older ≠ wiser 19:29, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Conflation
The evident author of this entry has a separate statement that he/she fears he/she has conflated two events -- as indeed he/she has. There was a second convention in Philadelphia in the first week of September, 1866, which was attended by "Southern Loyalists," who supported the Radicals against president Johnson. That was a group that completely opposed the folks at the national Union Convention in August. The list of attendees in this article seems to have people from both events. I have deleted Ben Wade of Ohio and Frederick Douglass from this list, because they were definitely not at this Convention in August; I suspect there are other names that are listed there incorrectly.

David Stewart. 69.251.180.24 18:24, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Unref tag
I have added the unreferenced tag due to the above noted comments about the blending of two separte conventions. I know nothing of US politics or political history, so I can not even begin to address the issue, but it does need some attention. Thanks.--Jordan 1972 (talk) 00:48, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:1866 National Union Convention


text:
Beechcraft Starship

The Beechcraft Starship is a twin-turboprop six- to eight-passenger pressurized business aircraft produced by Beech Aircraft Corporation. Notable for its unusual canard design and extensive use of carbon fiber composite, it did not sell many units and production ceased in 1995, only six years after the Starship's first flight.

Development
Development of the Starship began in 1979 when Beech decided to explore designs for a successor to its King Air line of turboprops that would fly faster and carry more passengers. The design was originated by Beechcraft in January 1980 as Preliminary Design 330 (PD 330). On August 25, 1982, Beech contracted with Scaled Composites to refine the design and build an 85% scale proof-of-concept (POC) aircraft. One of the significant changes made to the design by Scaled Composites was the addition of variable geometry to the canard.

The POC aircraft first flew in August 1983. This aircraft had no pressurization system, no certified avionics, and a different airframe design and material specifications from the planned production Model 2000. Only one POC was built and it has since been scrapped.

Prototypes were produced even as development work was continuing—a system demanded by the use of composite materials, as the tooling required is very expensive and has to be built for production use from the outset. Beech built three airworthy full-scale prototypes. NC-1 was used for aerodynamic testing and had an ejection seat. This was the only Starship equipped with conventional electro-mechanical avionics. NC-2 was used for avionics and systems testing and NC-3 was used for flight management system and powerplant testing. NC-1 first flew on February 15, 1986.

The program was delayed several times, at first due to underestimating the developmental complexity and manufacturing learning curve of the production composite construction, and later due to the technical difficulties of correcting a pitch damping problem and developing the stall-warning system. By the end of development, the Starship had grown larger in cabin volume than the King Air 350 while having the same gross ramp weight of 15010 lb. Starship development cost $300 million. The first production Starship flew on April 25, 1989.

Design

The Starship is noteworthy for its unconventional carbon fiber composite airframe, canard design, lack of centrally located vertical tail, and pusher engine/propeller configuration. The aircraft employs a variable-sweep canard surface in order to counteract the nose-down pitch from extending the flaps.

Carbon fiber composite was used to varying degrees on military aircraft, but at the time the Starship was certified, no civilian aircraft certified by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration had ever used it so extensively. Beech chose carbon fiber composite for its durability and high strength-to-weight ratio. According to Beech, the Starship weighs less than it would have if it were built from aluminum. Nonetheless, the empty weight of production aircraft exceeded the target by several thousand pounds.

Beech studied several configurations before settling on a canard configuration in early 1980. As configured, the Starship is difficult to stall; the forward surface stalls before the main lifting surface, which allows the nose to drop and more-normal flight to resume.

A traditionally located vertical tail would have transmitted propeller noise into the airframe. In its place, directional stability and control is provided by rudders mounted on the winglets. Because of this addition Beechcraft called the winglets "tipsails".

Mounting the engines so that the propellers are facing rearward, pushing rather than pulling the aircraft, is done for the purpose of a quieter cabin, since the propellers are further back from the passengers and because vortices from the propeller tips do not strike the fuselage sides. However, the propellers are operating in a turbulent airflow in the pusher configuration (due to airflow past the wings moving aft in vortex sheets) and high-velocity exhaust gases are discharged directly into the propellers, producing more noise where they are than if the propellers had been in a tractor configuration.

Flight instrumentation for the Starship included a 14-tube Proline 4 AMS-850 "glass cockpit" supplied by Rockwell Collins, the first application of an all-glass cockpit in a business aircraft.

Operational history

Beech sold only eleven Starships in the three years following its certification. Beech attributed the slow sales to the economic slowdown in the late-1980s, the novelty of the Starship, and the tax on luxury items that was in effect in the United States at the time. However, "Reasons for the lack of demand probably included price, performance, and economic conditions. The list price in 1989 was $3.9 million, similar to the Cessna Citation V and Lear 31 jets, which were 89 and 124 knots faster than the Starship at maximum cruise, respectively. The Piper Cheyenne turboprop was faster and sold for $1 million less."

In an effort to stimulate demand, Beech began offering two-year leases on new Starships in 1991. One of the Starships appeared in the opening scenes of the Murder, She Wrote TV series episode "Terminal Connection" in 1991.

The last Starship, NC-53, was produced in 1995. In 2003 Beechcraft said that supporting such a small fleet of airplanes was cost-prohibitive and began scrapping and incinerating the aircraft under its control. The aircraft were sent to the Evergreen Air Center located at the Pinal Airpark in Arizona for destruction. Beech worked with owners of privately owned Starships to replace their airplanes with other Beech aircraft such as the Premier I jet.

In 2004, Raytheon sold off its entire inventory of Starship parts to a Starship owner for a fraction of its retail value.

Variants

 * Model 115
 * Conceptual 85% scale prototype, one built by Scaled Composites.

 * Model 2000
 * Initial production version. 20 produced including three pre-production airworthy prototypes.

 * Model 2000A
 * Beech did not serialise the 2000A as a distinct model and it was not issued a new FAA type certificate.

 * The final 2000A configuration had tuning-fork-type noise dampers and improved insulation to reduce cabin noise and redesigned exhaust stacks for more efficient engine airflow. Stall strips placed on the front wing to enhance stall behavior were removed. Elimination of the stall strips reduced stall speed by up to 9 kn, which allows the 2000A to takeoff from shorter runways. The 2000 had standpipes in the fuel tanks to artificially limit fuel capacity so the aircraft would meet a target payload weight. The standpipes were removed in the 2000A, increasing fuel capacity by 31 USgal. Both the maximum ramp weight and takeoff weight were increased by 500 lb and zero fuel weight was increased 400 lb.

 * Beech produced a kit to upgrade serial numbers NC-4 through NC-20 to 2000A specifications.

Aircraft on display

Several Starships have been donated to museums since the decommissioning program began. The Kansas Aviation Museum received the first donated aircraft, NC-41, in August 2003 and the Beechcraft Heritage Museum in Tullahoma, TN, received the second donated aircraft, NC-49, in September 2003. NC-42 was donated to the Museum of Flight in Seattle, WA, and is currently on loan to the Future of Flight at Paine Field in Everett, WA. NC-27 was donated to Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon in late 2003 and is currently on static display. NC-23 is on Airline Row at the Pima Air & Space Museum. NC-6 is on display in Liberal, KS, at the Mid-America Air Museum. Aircraft NC-28 is on display at the Queensland Air Museum, after it was used by the Queensland Institute for Aviation Engineering in Caloundra. Aircraft NC-14 is on display outside at the Southern Museum of Flight.

Surviving aircraft
In 2003 Evergreen Air Center sold 8 Starships back to private owners for $50,000 each. Most are being used for parts; however, one of these aircraft has since been made airworthy again. Some former Starship parts have been used on the Epic turboprop kitplane.

, nine Starships held an active registration with the FAA. Three Starships were registered in Oklahoma (NC-29, NC-35 & NC-45), one in Texas (NC-50), one in Colorado (NC-51), and four were registered to Beechcraft in Wichita, Kansas (NC-2, NC-8, NC-19 & NC-24). NC-51 was used as a chase plane during the re-entry phase of Burt Rutan's SpaceShipOne. In October 2008 NC-29 was the first of the five remaining privately owned airworthy Starships to complete RVSM certification, returning the aircraft's service ceiling to the original FL410 limit.

Salt Lake Community College used a Starship in their Aviation Maintenance program until late 2012 when it was sold and scrapped for parts.

As of September 2020, only six Starships are airworthy. Two Beechcraft Starships (NC-33 and NC-50) are located in Addison, Texas. NC-33 lost its data plate when it was scrapped, was subsequently registered in Mexico, but when brought back to the US, the FAA revoked its certificate. It is now registered in the experimental category as N903SC. The other airworthy Starships are located in Oklahoma (NC-35 and NC-45), Colorado (NC-51), and Germany (NC-29, though registered with the FAA by a company in Delaware).

title: Beechcraft Starship


text: Category:Tanzanian people

title: Category:Tanzanian people


text:
Petrissage

Petrissage (French, from 'to knead') is a massage technique that applies deep pressure to the underlying muscles. Kneading, wringing, skin rolling, and pick-up-and-squeeze are the petrissage movements. They are all performed with the padded palmar surface of the hand, the surface of the finger and also the thumbs.

During kneading, the hands should be moulded to the area and the movements should be slow and rhythmical, with the tissue between the hands as the focus of the work.

Knuckling is another form of kneading but using the knuckles to knead and lift in circular and upwards motions.

Scissoring is another petrissage movement that is performed only over a flat area with very little pressure. The index and middle fingers of both hands are only used for this movement. They are placed opposite each other and then are slowly worked towards each other lifting and releasing as they go.

It is also a term used in French professional bread baking describing a particular stage during dough development.

title: Petrissage


text:
User:Bourquie

I am currently living in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. I am an immigrant from Hong Kong, and has live in Canada since 1993. I am a dual citizen, holding citizenships of both Canada and China (Hong Kong permanent residency). My field of interests is history and politics, particularly topics about Greater China and overseas Chinese, World War I and World War II (espeically the Pacific threatre), and Sino-Japanese Relations. Despite my interest in the two world wars, I would say that I am more of a political and diplomatic historian than a military one. I am more into the political and diplomatic aspect of the two world wars than the battles itself. I am a graduate from the University of Alberta, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in history.

One of my goal is to tranlate more articles from English to Chinese, and vice versa.

I also like hockey. My favourite player is hall of famer Ray Bourque (hence the nickname).

Some of my works include:

 * Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China
 * History of Chinese immigration to Canada (both English and Chinese version) - (加拿大華人歷史)
 * Japanese Military Yen
 * Sook Ching Massacre (both English and Chinese version) - (肅清大屠殺)
 * Taipei Economic and Cultural Office (both English and Chinese version) (臺北經濟文化代表處)

 * and tranlated into Chinese...

 * Battle of Tannenberg (1914) - (坦南堡戰役)
 * Canadian House of Commons - (加拿大國會下議院)
 * First Battle of the Marne - (馬恩河戰役)
 * Frederick Banting - (班廷)
 * History of Canada - (加拿大歷史)
 * The Holocaust - (猶太人大屠殺)
 * Governor General of Canada - (加拿大總督)
 * Parliament of Canada - (加拿大國會)
 * Politics of Canada - (加拿大政治）
 * Polish September Campaign - (波蘭戰役)
 * Prime Minister of Canada - (加拿大總理)
 * Russian Revolution of 1917 - (1917年俄羅斯大革命)
 * Supreme Court of Canada - (加拿大最高法院)
 * Warsaw Uprising - (華沙起義)
 * Wannsee Conference - (萬湖會議)
 * Canadian Senate - (加拿大國會上議院)

I have partly contributed to:

 * One China Policy
 * Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes
 * Sino-Japanese Relations
 * Yasukuni Shrine

zh:User:Bourquie

title: User:Bourquie


text:
User:Spectatrix/temp/

=Akashic Records=

The Akashic Records are said to be the contents of a giant metaphysical library, an etheric database that contains information on every event to have ever occurred, including both thoughts and deeds. The records are recorded on a substance called Akasha, or ether. Akashic Records have also been likened to the information supposedly held in the collective unconscious.

History of Akashic Records
The word Akasha comes from Sanskrit and translates to "primary substance" or "ether". Although the earliest historical evidence of this term derives from about 7500 B.C., the Akashic Records themselves are said to have existed since the beginning of the planet.

title: User:Spectatrix/temp/


text:
Counts and dukes of Maine

The capital of Maine was Le Mans. In the thirteenth century it was annexed by France to the royal domain.

Dukes of Maine (duces Cenomannici)

 * Charivius (fl. 723) – appears as dux in a document of 723. Controlled twelve counties and the Diocese of Le Mans
 * Grifo (748–749) – given the twelve counties of Maine by his brother, Pepin the Short, as appeasement, but rebelled the next year.
 * Charles the Younger (790–811) – given the ducatus Cenomannicus to govern by his father, Charlemagne.
 * Lothair I (817–831) – given the ducatus as part of a division of the realm by his father, Louis the Pious.
 * Pepin I (831–838) – given the ducatus as part of a re-division of the realm by his father, Louis the Pious.
 * Charles the Bald (838–851) – given the ducatus on the death of Pepin by their father, Louis the Pious.
 * Robert the Strong (851/3–856) – given Maine, Anjou, and Touraine as dux and missus dominicus. Rebelled in 856.
 * Louis the Stammerer (856–858) – granted the twelve counties and a court at Le Mans by his father, Charles the Bald, until chased away by Breton rebels.

Counts of Maine

 * Banzleibs (fl. 830s)
 * Rorgon I (832–839)
 * Gauzbert (839–849)
 * Rorgon II (849–865)
 * Gauzfrid (865–878)
 * Reginald (878–885)
 * Roger (886–893)
 * Gauzlin II (893–895)
 * Roger (restored) (895–900)
 * Hugh I (900–950)
 * Hugh II (950–992)
 * Hugh III (992–1015)
 * Herbert I Wakedog (1015–1032)
 * Hugh IV (1036–1051)
 * under Angevin rule (1051–1063)
 * Herbert II (1058–1062)
 * Walter of Mantes (1062–1063)
 * Robert Curthose (1063–1069)
 * Hugh V (1069–1093)
 * Elias I (1093–1110), in opposition
 * Eremburga and Fulk V of Anjou (1110–1126), in opposition
 * Geoffrey of Anjou (1126–1151)
 * Elias II (1151)
 * Henry II of England (1151–1189)
 * Henry the Young King (1169–1183)
 * Richard the Lionheart (1189–1199)
 * John Lackland (1199–1204)
 * Arthur I, Duke of Brittany pretender (1199–1203)
 * annexed by France in 1204
 * John Tristan (1219–1232)
 * Charles I (1246–1285)
 * Charles II (1285–1290)
 * Charles III (1290–1314)
 * Margaret (1290–1299), Countess suo jure
 * Philip (1314–1328)
 * royal domain in 1328
 * Louis I (1339–1384)
 * Louis II (1384–1417)
 * Louis III (1417–1434)
 * Charles IV (1434–1472)
 * Charles V (1480–1481)
 * royal domain
 * Charles VI (?–1611)
 * Henry (1611–1621)
 * Charles VII (1621–1631)
 * Ferdinand (1631–1632)
 * Charles VIII (1632–?)
 * royal domain

Dukes of Maine (ducs du Maine)
In 1673, the title began to be used again. It was revived by Louis XIV for his first illegitimate son by his chief mistress, Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan. He used it until his death and also founded the semi-royal house of Bourbon du Maine, named after his title.
 * Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine (1673–1736)

title: Counts and dukes of Maine