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NHL entry draft

The NHL entry draft (Repêchage d'entrée dans la LNH) is an annual meeting in which every franchise of the National Hockey League (NHL) systematically select the rights to available ice hockey players who meet draft eligibility requirements (North American players 18–20 years old and European/international players 18–21 years old; all others enter the league as unrestricted free agents). The NHL entry draft is held once every year, generally within two to three months after the conclusion of the previous regular season. During the draft, teams take turns selecting amateur players from junior or collegiate leagues and professional players from European leagues.

The first draft was held in 1963, and has been held every year since. The NHL entry draft was known as the NHL amateur draft until 1979. The entry draft has only been a public event since 1980, and a televised event since 1984.

Up to 1994, the order was solely determined by the standings at the end of the regular season. In 1995, the NHL draft lottery was introduced where only teams who had missed the playoffs could participate. The lottery winner moved up the draft order a maximum of four places, meaning only the five worst teams, based on regular season points in a given season, could pick first in the draft, and no team in the non-playoff group could move down more than one place. The chances of winning the lottery were weighted towards the teams at the bottom of the regular season standings. From 2013 to 2015, there was no limit of moving up in the draft order, so the lottery winner would automatically receive the first overall pick, and any teams above it in the draft order would still move down one spot. From 2015 to 2020, there were three lottery winners that received the top three picks, and any teams above it in the draft order would move down no more than three spots. In 2021, the lottery system was changed to include two lottery winners, and they received the top two overall picks, and any teams above it in the draft order would move down no more than two spots.

Beginning in 2022, the two lottery winners are limited to move up no more than ten places in the draft order, meaning that only the bottom eleven teams based on regular season points, could win first pick in the draft. If a team outside the bottom eleven teams wins the first draft lottery they move up ten spots (e.g. fourteenth team wins the lottery and moves up to fourth overall) and lowest finishing team from the previous season is then awarded the first overall selection.

History
The first NHL entry draft (at that time known as the "NHL amateur draft") was held on June 5, 1963, at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Quebec. In 1967, NHL president Clarence Campbell and Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) president Fred Page announced a new tentative five-year agreement on August 19, 1966, with several proposed changes to the existing system, effective July 1, 1967. The direct sponsorship of junior teams by the NHL was to be phased out in the upcoming year, and no new sponsored players could be registered or be required to sign a contract restricting movement between teams. The agreement eliminated the A, B and C forms, which had angered the parents of amateur players and were the source of legal action threats when the professional team refused to release a player. Junior-aged players became eligible for the draft once they graduate from junior hockey, or to be signed as a free agent in the year the player reaches his 20th birthday. The NHL agreed to pay development fees to the CAHA for the drafted players. The new agreement came at a time that also leveled the playing field for new NHL clubs in the 1967 NHL expansion.

The NHL briefly changed the drafting age from 20 years old to 18-year-olds in 1974, to compete with the new WHA which was allowing teams to sign underage junior players. The 20-year old rule returned for the 1975 draft.

In 1979, the rules were changed allowing players who had previously played professionally to be drafted. This rule change was made to facilitate the absorption of players from the defunct World Hockey Association. Consequently, the name of the draft was changed from "NHL amateur draft" to "NHL entry draft". The draft age was also dropped to include 19-year old "underage" players. In 1980, the age was dropped further to 18, so that any player who is between the ages of 18 and 20 is eligible to be drafted. In addition, any non-North American player over the age of 20 can be selected. From 1987 through 1991, 18 and 19-year-old players could only be drafted in the first three rounds unless they met another criterion of experience which required them to have played in major junior, U.S. college and high school, or European hockey.

In 1980, the entry draft became a public event, and was held at the Montreal Forum. Prior to that year the entry draft was conducted in Montreal hotels or league offices and was closed to the general public. The first draft outside of Montreal was held at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Toronto, Ontario, in 1985. Live television coverage of the draft began in 1984 when the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation covered the event in both English and French for Canadian audiences. The 1987 entry draft, held at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan, was the first NHL draft to be held in the United States. SportsChannel America began covering the event in the United States in 1989.

Prior to the development of the draft, NHL teams sponsored junior teams, and signed prospects in their teens to the junior teams. Players were signed to one of three forms: the "A" form, which committed a player to a tryout; a "B" form, which gave the team an option to sign a player in return for a bonus; and the "C" form, which committed a player's professional rights. The "C" form could only be signed by the player at age eighteen or by the player's parents, often in exchange for some signing bonus. The first drafts (up until the 1968 amateur draft) were held to assign players who had not signed with an NHL organization before the sponsorship of junior teams was discontinued after 1968.

In October 2023, owners approved a proposal to switch the NHL Draft to a "decentralized" model in line with that of the NBA and NFL drafts, in which only prospects and team representatives will be present in-person at the Draft venue, and business would be conducted remotely from the teams' front offices. These changes are scheduled to take effect in 2025.

Selection order and draft lottery
The selection order in the NHL entry draft is determined by a combination of lottery, regular season standing, and playoff results. While teams are permitted to trade draft picks both during the draft and prior to it (sometimes several years prior), in all cases, the selection order of the draft picks is based on the original holder of the pick, not a team which may have acquired the pick via a trade or other means. The order of picks discussed in this section always references the original team.

The basic order of the NHL entry draft is determined based on the standings of the teams in the previous season. As with the other major sports leagues, the basic draft order is intended to favour the teams with the weakest performance who presumably need the most improvement in their roster to compete with the other teams. Subject to the results of the NHL draft lottery (discussed below), the teams pick in the same order each round, with each team getting one pick per round. The basic order of the picks is determined as follows:

 * 1) The teams that did not qualify for the playoffs the previous season (picks 1–16)
 * 2) The teams that made the playoffs in the previous season but did not win either their division in the regular season or play in the Conference Finals (picks 17–24 up to 28)
 * 3) The teams that won their divisions in the previous season but did not play in the Conference Finals (potentially picks 25–28)
 * 4) The teams that lose in Conference Finals (picks 29 and 30)
 * 5) The team that was the runner-up in the Stanley Cup Finals (pick 31)
 * 6) The team that won the Stanley Cup in the previous season (pick 32)

The number of teams in the second and third group depends on whether the Conference finalists also won their division. The teams in each group (other than the Stanley Cup winner and runner up) are ordered within that group based on their point totals in the preceding regular season (with the lowest point total picking first). Tie-breakers are governed by the same rules used to determine ties in the regular season standings. The order of picks 1–16 may change during the first round of the draft based on the results of the NHL draft lottery. In the subsequent rounds, the basic order based on point totals is used.

When teams lose their rights to a first-round draft choice, because that player was not signed to a contract and consequently re-entered the entry draft or became an unrestricted free agent, they are awarded a compensatory draft pick. This selection will be the same numerical choice as the first round draft pick who was not signed, but in the second round. For example, if a team cannot sign the seventh overall first round draft choice, it will receive the seventh pick in the second round of the next draft as compensation.

Draft lottery
At the conclusion of the regular season, the 16 teams that did not qualify for the playoffs are entered in a weighted lottery to determine the initial draft picks in the first round. The teams are seeded in the basic draft order based on their regular season point totals. The odds of winning the lottery are weighted on a descending scale that gives the greatest chance of winning to the team with the lowest point total (18.5%), and the worst chance to the team with the highest point total (1.0%).

The prize for winning the draft lottery is to be upgraded to the highest eligible pick in the first round of the draft, with each team that preceded the winner in the basic draft order bumped one pick lower. For example, if the team with the 5th worst point total wins the lottery, it would pick first, and the teams with the worst through 4th-worst records would pick second through fifth. The remaining teams would be unaffected. The teams would return to the basic order for the second and all subsequent rounds.

From its inception through 2015, there was one winner of the lottery; from 1995 to 2012, the team that won the draft lottery moved up no more than four positions in the draft order. If the winner of the lottery was among the five worst teams in a given season, that team won the first pick in the draft. Otherwise, the team will move up no more than four spots, and that team will not receive the first pick in the draft; from 2013 to 2015 the lottery winner received the first pick overall regardless of regular season point totals amongst the non-playoff teams. Beginning with the 2016 draft and lasting until the 2020 draft, the first three selections were determined by the lottery. Any team that did not make the playoffs had a weighted chance to be selected in the first, second, or third slot. Beginning in 2021, only two draws will be held for the first two selections. Starting with the 2022 lottery; the teams winning one of the two lotteries will only be allowed to move up a maximum of ten spots in the draft order, and teams will only be allowed to advance in the draft order because of winning a lottery twice in five years. The remaining teams maintains their order of selection based on the points accrued the previous season. As the lottery determines the top two slots, no team can drop more than two places from the position established based on previous season point totals.

The NHL draft lottery takes place just before or during the Stanley Cup playoffs and is hosted at the NHL Network's studios in Secaucus, New Jersey, from 2020 onwards. The draft lottery previously took place at Sportsnet's studios in Toronto from 2015 to 2019, and at TSN's studios in Toronto from 2006 to 2014.

The odds for the first overall pick are determined as follows:

Eligible players
All players who will be 18 years old on or before September 15 and not older than 20 years old before December 31 of the draft year are eligible for selection for that year's NHL Entry Draft. In addition, non-North American players aged 21 are eligible.

List of NHL entry drafts

 * Notes
 * 1) Originally scheduled to be hosted at Corel Centre; venue location changed due to scheduling conflict related to the league's CBA negotiations that ended the 2004–05 lockout.
 * 2) Originally scheduled to be hosted at the Bell Centre in Montreal, Quebec, from June 26–27 before the season was suspended after March 11, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic; draft was held via conference call as a result. The 2021 draft was also held via conference call due to the pandemic.
 * 3) The Arizona Coyotes forfeited their 2020 second-round pick as the result of a penalty due to violations of the NHL Combine Testing Policy during the 2019–20 NHL season. They also forfeited their 2021 first-round pick.

Broadcasting
SportsChannel America began covering the NHL Draft in the United States with the 1989 NHL Entry Draft being the first NHL draft ever televised.

Currently the rights to the draft are held by ESPN, Sportsnet, TVA Sports and the NHL Network which only broadcasts the second to last round of the draft.

Formerly the rights to the drafts were held by NBC Sports and were aired on NBCSN (formerly known as Versus from 2006 to 2011).

title: NHL entry draft


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Peter Dickinson

Peter Malcolm de Brissac Dickinson OBE FRSL (16 December 1927 – 16 December 2015) was an English author and poet, best known for children's books and detective stories.

Dickinson won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association for both Tulku (1979) and City of Gold (1980), each being recognised as the year's outstanding children's book by a British subject. Through 2020 he is one of eight writers to win two Carnegies; no one has won three. He was also a highly commended runner-up for Eva (1988) and four times a commended runner-up.

For his contributions as a children's writer Dickinson was a finalist for the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 2000.

Life
Dickinson was born in Livingstone, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), the second of the four sons of a man in the colonial service and a farmer's daughter. As a child he loved stories about knights in armour and explorers, such as Ivanhoe and King Solomon's Mines, and read "anything by Kipling", who influenced his writing greatly.

His parents moved to England so that he and his brothers could attend English schools. His father died suddenly but Dickinson entered Saint Ronan's prep school in 1936 with support from the family. His novel Hindsight is based on the period in Devon after the school was evacuated from Kent during the war. He entered Eton College in 1941.

Dickinson remained at Eton until 1946. After completing his national service (1946–48), he studied at King's College, Cambridge, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1951. For seventeen years he worked as assistant editor, resident poet and reviewer for Punch magazine. His first two books were published in 1968 and were very well received, one mystery for adults and one science fiction for children. He completed sequels to both debut novels and left Punch to be a full-time author next year. He continued to write poetry for entertainment and occasionally on commission.

Dickinson married Mary Rose Barnard in 1953; the couple had two daughters and two sons including the children's editor and publisher Philippa Dickinson and the writer John Dickinson. Mary Rose died in 1988.

In 1983, Dickinson had met Robin McKinley, an American author of fantasy, some written for children. After a long friendship, they married in 1991. She said in 2009 that she cannot judge the literary work of people she likes personally, but: "Fortunately I had been passionately devoted to his books years before I met him so I can merely go on thinking they're wonderful and he's brilliant now."

Dickinson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1999 and appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours. He was also chairman of the Society of Authors.

For years he listed manual labour as one pastime; at 85 he listed only bridge and gardening. He died after an illness on 16 December 2015, his 88th birthday.

Writer
Dickinson published almost fifty books, which fall into three general categories: crime fiction for adults (including the James Pibble series), speculative and supernatural fiction for older children, and simpler children's books. One of his few other books was the collection Chance, Luck and Destiny (1975), which he calls "prose and verse, fact and fiction, on the themes of the title". It won the second annual Boston Globe–Horn Book Award for children's nonfiction in 1977.

The "Changes" trilogy comprises three early books for children, The Weathermonger, Heartsease and The Devil's Children (1968 to 1970). It was heavily adapted in 1975 as a BBC TV series, The Changes. The trilogy was written in reverse order: The Devil's Children is actually the first book in terms of the trilogy's chronology, Heartsease the second, and The Weathermonger the third.

Dickinson's first two mysteries both won the Crime Writers' Association's Gold Dagger, Skin Deep in 1968 and A Pride of Heroes in 1969. He was at least as successful with his children's books. He won the 1977 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize for The Blue Hawk, an award judged by British children's writers, which no author may win twice. For Tulku (1979) he won both the Whitbread Children's Book Award and finally the Carnegie Medal after being a commended runner-up three times. He won the Carnegie again next year for City of Gold. In 1982 he was named to the International Board of Books for Young People Honor List for Tulku, and The Iron Lion was selected one of New York Times Notable Books. Eva (1988) was a runner-up for both the Carnegie (highly commended) and the Horn Book Award. In 2008 it won the Phoenix Award from the Children's Literature Association as the best English-language children's book that did not a major award when it was originally published twenty years earlier. Dickinson and The Seventh Raven (1981) had won the same award in 2001. The Kin (1998) made the Whitbread Award shortlist.

City of Gold and other stories from the Old Testament (Gollancz, 1980), illustrated by Michael Foreman, was a "radical" retelling of 33 stories, according to the retrospective online Carnegie Medal citation. "It is set in a time before the Bible was written down, when its stories where handed from generation to generation by the spoken word." Illustrator Foreman was highly commended runner-up for the Library Association's companion Kate Greenaway Medal.

A pair of alternative history novels, King and Joker (1976) and Skeleton-in-Waiting (1989), are based on the premise that Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence (1864–1892) survives and ultimately reigns as Victor I of England.

The biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award conferred by the International Board on Books for Young People is the highest recognition available to a writer or illustrator of children's books. Dickinson was one of five finalists for the writing award in 2000 (and the British nominee in 1988 as well).

A collection of his own previously published and new poetry, The Weir: Poems by Peter Dickinson, was published on the occasion of his 80th birthday in 2007, as a gift from his four children.

His last works were Earth and Air (Small Beer Press, 2012), and In the Palace of the Khans (Peter Dickinson Books, 2012). The former continues the "Tales of Elemental Spirits" whose first two volumes Water and Fire comprise stories by both Dickinson and Robin McKinley.

Dickinson's literary archive is one of those in the Seven Stories National Centre for Children's Books.

Motion pictures
In 1982, Rankin/Bass Productions released The Flight of Dragons, a made-for-TV animated film, aspects of which were based on Dickinson's book. The character design in the film bears a resemblance to the illustrations in the book. However, the novel The Dragon and the George by Gordon R. Dickson was the inspiration for the film's plot. One of the main characters is Peter Dickinson, the book's author himself struggling to complete his text.

Novels for children and young adults

 * Changes trilogy
 * The Weathermonger (1968)
 * Heartsease (1969)
 * The Devil's Children (1970), illus. Robert Hales

 * Other novels
 * Emma Tupper's Diary (1970)
 * Mandog (1972)
 * The Dancing Bear (1972), illus. David Smee
 * The Gift (1973)
 * The Blue Hawk (1976), illus. David Smee —winner of the 1977 Guardian Prize
 * Annerton Pit (1977), illus. Anne Yvonne Gilbert
 * Tulku (1979) —winner of the 1979 Carnegie Medal
 * The Seventh Raven (1981) —winner of the 2001 Phoenix Award
 * Healer (1983)
 * Eva (1988) —highly commended for the Carnegie Medal and winner of the 2008 Phoenix Award
 * AK (1990) —winner of the 1990 Whitbread Children's Book Award
 * A Bone from a Dry Sea (1992)
 * Shadow of a Hero (1993)
 * Time and the Clock Mice, Etcetera (1993), illus. Jane Chichester Clark
 * The Kin (1998)
 * Suth's Story
 * Noli's Story
 * Ko's Story
 * Mana's Story
 * The Lion Tamer's Daughter (1999)
 * The Ropemaker (2001)
 * The Tears of the Salamander (2003)
 * The Gift Boat (2004); US title: Inside Granddad
 * Angel Isle (2006); a sequel to The Ropemaker
 * In the Palace of the Khans (2012)

Mystery fiction for adults

 * James Pibble series
 * Skin Deep (1968); US: The Glass-Sided Ants' Nest
 * A Pride of Heroes (1969); US: The Old English Peep-Show
 * The Seals (1970); US: The Sinful Stones
 * Sleep and His Brother (1971)
 * The Lizard in the Cup (1972)
 * One Foot in the Grave (1979)

 * Other novels
 * The Green Gene (1973)
 * The Poison Oracle (1974)
 * The Lively Dead (1975)
 * King and Joker (1976)
 * Walking Dead (1977)
 * A Summer in the Twenties (1981)
 * The Last Houseparty (1982)
 * Hindsight (1983)
 * Death of a Unicorn (1984)
 * Tefuga (1985)
 * Skeleton-in-Waiting (1987)
 * Perfect Gallows (1988)
 * Play Dead (1991)
 * The Yellow Room Conspiracy (1992)
 * Some Deaths Before Dying (1999)

Children's picture books

 * The Iron Lion (1973), illus. Marc Brown, later Pauline Baynes
 * Hepzibah (1978), illustrated by Sue Porter
 * Giant Cold (1984), illus. Alan Cober
 * A Box of Nothing (1985)
 * Mole Hole (1987)
 * Chuck and Danielle (1996)

Short story collections

 * Merlin Dreams (1988)
 * The Lion Tamer's Daughter and other stories (1997)
 * Touch and Go (1999)
 * Water: Tales of Elemental Spirits (2002), by Dickinson and Robin McKinley; later, Elementals: Water
 * Fire: Tales of Elemental Spirits (2009), by Dickinson and Robin McKinley
 * Earth and Air: Tales of Elemental Creatures (2012), by Dickinson alone

Other books

 * Chance, Luck and Destiny (1975) —about probability and coincidence; winner of the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award, nonfiction category
 * The Flight of Dragons (1979), illus. Wayne Anderson —"speculative natural history" adapted by Rankin and Bass jointly with another work as the animated film The Flight of Dragons (1982)
 * City of Gold and other stories from the Old Testament (1980), retold by Dickinson, illus. Michael Foreman —winner of the 1980 Carnegie Medal

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Peter Dickinson


text: Category talk:Manhattan Project

title: Category talk:Manhattan Project


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Hennessy

Jas Hennessy & Cie., commonly known simply as Hennessy, is a French producer of cognac, which has its headquarters in Cognac, France.

It is one of the most known cognac houses, along with Martell, Courvoisier, and Rémy Martin, who together make around 45% of the world's cognac. Hennessy sells approximately 102 million bottles of its cognacs per year, making it the world's largest cognac producer, and in 2017 its sales represented around 60% of the US cognac market. As well as distilling cognac eaux-de-vie itself, the company also acts as a négociant.

The brand is owned by Moët Hennessy since a champagne & cognac merger in the early seventies, which is in turn owned by LVMH (66%) and Diageo (34%), Diageo acting as a controlling shareholder. Hennessy pioneered several industry-standard practices in the world of cognac, and its association with luxury has made it a regular point of reference in popular culture, especially in hip hop.

History
The Hennessy cognac distillery was founded by Irish Jacobite military officer Richard Hennessy in 1765, who had served in the army of Louis XV. He retired to the Cognac region, and began distilling and exporting brandies, first to Britain and his native Ireland, closely followed by the United States. In 1813 Richard Hennessy's son James Hennessy gave the company its trading name, Jas Hennessy & Co. He was also responsible for choosing Jean Fillioux as the house's Master Blender. A member of the Fillioux family has occupied the role ever since, a business relationship that has lasted eight generations and more than 250 years.

Hennessy became the world's leading exporter of brandy in the 1840s, a status it has never lost. By 1860, it represented one out of every four bottles of cognac sold internationally. Hennessy also instituted several of the conventions now used across the cognac industry. It was one of the first marques to sell bottles rather than casks of cognac, a process that helped it survive the Great French Wine Blight in the mid-nineteenth century. It was also the first cognac house to use star ratings, and the gradings V.S.O.P. and XO, which are today used by most other cognac producers.

The V.S.O.P. designation was first applied in 1817, when the Prince Regent (later King George IV) of Britain asked Hennessy to create a "very superior old pale" cognac, a description that had previously been applied to sherries. Maurice Hennessy, the grandson of Richard Hennessy, then introduced a star-based classification of cognac qualities in 1865 (a system simultaneously adopted by Hennessy's competitor Martell), which remained the industry standard of cognac age designation until the 1960s. Maurice Hennessy also created the XO ("extra old") designation in 1870, for cognacs which had undergone prolonged cask maturation.

A branch of the Hennessy family moved from France to England in the early 1900s. It established itself in the Army and in English politics, eventually earning the title of Baron Windlesham. Although family ties are alive, the English branch is no longer involved in the cognac business.

In 1944 Kilian Hennessy, a fifth-generation direct descendant of Richard Hennessy, began assisting his cousin Maurice Hennessy in running the business. Kilian Hennessy had intended to be a banker, but instead went on to position Hennessy as an international brand, travelling to Ireland, the United States and Asia to promote the brand. He first visited China in 1946, and the nation has since become the world's second-largest cognac market. In 1947, Hennessy's business relationship with Martell also came to a close, after the death of Maurice Firino-Martell.

Hennessy has also become a key part of major luxury conglomerates. In 1971 Kilian Hennessy spearheaded the company's merger with Moët et Chandon, to create Moët Hennessy which eventually went public and thrived financially. Moët Hennessy then announced a merger with Louis Vuitton, which already owned champagne brands, in 1987, creating the world's largest luxury brand conglomerate, Louis Vuitton • Moët-Hennessy or LVMH.

In 1988, a management crisis led to the group's takeover by Bernard Arnault, owner of the haute couture house Christian Dior, with the support of the Guinness brewery group. The so-called "LVMH affair" was so controversial in France that French President François Mitterrand referenced it in a televised address.

Kilian Hennessy remained on the company's advisory board until his death in 2010 at the age of 103. An eighth generation representative of the Hennessy dynasty, Maurice-Richard Hennessy, acts as one of the brand's global ambassadors. He had originally trained as a farmer before entering the family business.

From 2018 onward, Hennessy experienced production shortages caused in part by increased demand, bottle shortages, and frosts.

Marketing
Hennessy holds the largest collection of cognac eaux-de-vie in the world, with more than 470,000 casks in its cellars. Through a process of blending and maturation of varying lengths, it makes several distinct gradings of cognac. As well as its V.S and V.S.O.P. gradings, which make up the majority of its sales, Hennessy is known for expensive specialist cognacs, some of which are still blended by the Fillioux family.

Limited editions of Hennessy can contain more than one hundred different eaux-de-vie, some of which can be centuries old; they are traditionally accompanied with luxurious trimmings such as custom-made boxes and hand-blown carafes. A bottle of Richard Hennessy, for example, is priced at around USD$7,000, and comes in a Baccarat crystal decanter with matching glasses, a fusil, and a tray, all designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind.

Since 2009, Hennessy has released a number of collectible editions to mark anniversaries, special occasions, or collaborations with artists, designers and organisations, such as the NBA. It has collaborated with Zhang Enli, Les Twins, Refik Anadol, Kaws and Marc Newson among others.

Hennessy is also used as an ingredient in cocktails and mixed drinks, and is commonly served in nightclubs and bars. The company has launched a number of new products aimed at this on-premises market, including Pure White, Hennessy Black and Fine de Cognac, and promoted them accordingly. The rapper Nas has acted as a brand ambassador for the brand.

Hennessy has a substantial consumer base among African Americans, who drink the majority of the cognac consumed in the United States. Accordingly, the brand has also marketed itself with initiatives around black entrepreneurship and Black History Month.

Products

 * Hennessy V.S
 * Privilége V.S.O.P
 * Hennessy X.O
 * Hennessy X.X.O
 * Hennessy Master Blender's selection
 * Hennessy Paradis
 * Richard Hennessy
 * James Hennessy
 * Hennessy Paradis Imperial
 * Hennessy 8
 * Hennessy Timeless
 * Hennessy Ellipse
 * Hennessy Black
 * Hennessy Pure White
 * Hennessy Classivm
 * Hennessy Fine de Cognac

In popular culture
Hennessy has a long-standing relationship with African American culture, especially hip hop. It has been described as "synonymous with rap music and African Americans, who are the brand's major consumers and advocates". While music, especially the 2004 2Pac song "Hennessy" has been credited with popularising the drink, some historians have pointed to a much older relationship, which began when African American servicemen encountered cognac in France during World War I and World War II.

Hennessy has actively pursued this consumer group for decades. It targeted minority audiences as early as the 1950s, when it placed advertisements in African American magazines like Ebony and Jet, used African American models, and hired African American employees. By some estimates more than two thirds of Hennessy sold in the United States is consumed by African Americans. It is sometimes referred to as "Henny".

Hennessy appears frequently in the lyrics of popular music, and by one estimate the words "Hennessy" or "cognac" are referenced in more than 1,000 songs.

Some notable examples include "KC Tea" (2010) by Tech N9ne, "Hennessey" (2004) by 2Pac, "Hennesey n Buddah" (2000) by Snoop Dogg, "Hennessy" (2021) by Kodoku, "Love Scars" (2017) by Trippie Redd, "We Be Burnin'" (2005) by Sean Paul, "Boombayah" by K-pop group Blackpink, "Hennessy and Sailor Moon" (2016) by Yung Lean, "The Humpty Dance" (1990) by Digital Underground, "Pass Me Da Green" by Master P (1997), "Moodz" by Blackbear, "Red Bull & Hennessy" by Jenny Lewis, "6 Inch" by Beyoncé, "Blame It" by Jamie Foxx, "Henny & Gingerale" by Mayer Hawthorne, "N.Y. State of Mind" by Nas, "Heaven & Hennessey" by Nana, "Whistle" by D-Block Europe, "Better Now", "Pain" by 2Pac and "Rockstar (ft. 21 Savage)" by Post Malone. The cognac is referenced in the chorus of the Drake single "One Dance" (2016), which reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. The Rap duo Mobb Deep also wear Hennessy jerseys in their music video for their 1995 hit single "Shook Ones (Part II)".

In a 2019 interview with the South China Morning Post, Maurice-Richard Hennessy said that “the word ‘Hennessy’ goes well in a song", and disclosed that he had met several rap artists, who he thought were "nice people". He told the paper that "they often come from poor backgrounds and ask me about recommendations, how to drink it, how it's made.”

Hennessy is the drink of choice for Blues musician Del Paxton in the movie That Thing You Do! In the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Bond, rescued by a St. Bernard in Switzerland, curtly dismisses the dog and tells him to bring five star Hennessy.

At the 2009 VMAs interruption, Kanye West was reportedly intoxicated after drinking Hennessy and other various alcoholic drinks before his infamous interruption of Taylor Swift.

Hennessy Literary Awards
Hennessy sponsors the New Irish Writing competition in the Irish Independent, and the associated annual Hennessy Literary Award, that has launched such Irish writers as Joseph O'Connor, Dermot Bolger, Colm Ó Clúbhán, Patrick McCabe, Colum McCann, Frank McGuinness, Anne Enright, Hugo Hamilton, Dermot Healy and Neil Jordan.

Notable consumers
Hennessy was the favourite drink of Kim Jong-il, former Supreme Leader of North Korea. Hennessy once reported that Kim spent over $700,000 a year on Paradis cognac.

Rapper and actor DMX stated that Hennessy was his go-to alcoholic drink when he went clubbing. Actors, rappers and friends would further confirm his "love" for Hennessy.

title: Hennessy


text:
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 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Hi - I was just wondering about the following passage that you added to VIA Rail:

Officially, the move from the CP to CN line was to keep service to more remote communities on the CN line. However, this move was seen as somewhat more politically-motivated by some. Coincidentally, the CN route goes through more towns that voted Progressive Conservative. Harvey André, the Cabinet minister who represented Calgary in 1990, was fairly public about the fact that he did not care if he never saw a train again in his life. The CN line also went through Edmonton, the home of both Mulroney and Joe Clark.

No doubt moving The Canadian from the southern CP line to the northern CN line was as much politically-inspired as it was financially, but is there actual evidence that the ridings along the northern route did go PC and the south went Liberal or NDP? I'd find it hard to believe that the majority of ridings in the west didn't go PC in 1988. It is true that André & Clark as PC cabinet ministers in Mulroney's gov't didn't do much to help VIA but I was confused when you say Mulroney & Clark were from Edmonton? Clark is from the Calgary area & in the 1970s-1980s, his riding was in High River, Alberta - outside Calgary. Mulroney never lived in any province except Quebec - he was from Baie Comeau, about 7 hours east of Quebec City.

Cheers, Plasma east 08:37, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

User Categorisation
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Ontario page as living in or being associated with Ontario. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Ontario for instructions.--Rmky87 02:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andrew Dunning


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blue Sun Band

The bands own web page says they are local and have no released records. Not notable enough? Likewise the band's lead member, Fabian Doles and Shelley Doles. DJ Clayworth 16:45, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all: Band vanity, plus a substub. Geogre 17:21, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Looking at the pages, these look like guys you'd book to play at your wedding / insert name of social event here. Put an ad in the local rags in Cologne, guys. Delete. Ianb 19:05, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * These all lead back to those doggone "Delk" articles that are already up for discussion. You'd think with a CV like this that "Fabian" would get a clue and read the rules.  Delete all from anon user.  Somebody needs to have a discussion with him/her. - Lucky 6.9 21:33, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Dependency hell

Dependency hell is a colloquial term for the frustration of some software users who have installed software packages which have dependencies on specific versions of other software packages.

The dependency issue arises when several packages have dependencies on the same shared packages or libraries, but they depend on different and incompatible versions of the shared packages. If the shared package or library can only be installed in a single version, the user may need to address the problem by obtaining newer or older versions of the dependent packages. This, in turn, may break other dependencies and push the problem to another set of packages.

Problems
Dependency hell takes several forms:

 * Many dependencies
 * An application depends on many libraries, requiring lengthy downloads, large amounts of disk space, and being very portable (all libraries are already ported enabling the application itself to be ported easily). It can also be difficult to locate all the dependencies, which can be fixed by having a repository (see below). This is partly inevitable; an application built on a given computing platform (such as Java) requires that platform to be installed, but further applications do not require it. This is a particular problem if an application uses a small part of a big library (which can be solved by code refactoring), or a simple application relies on many libraries.
 * Long chains of dependencies
 * If app depends on liba, which depends on libb, ..., which depends on libz. This is distinct from "many dependencies" if the dependencies must be resolved manually, e.g., on attempting to install app, the user is prompted to install liba first and on attempting to install liba, the user is then prompted to install libb, and so on. Sometimes, however, during this long chain of dependencies, conflicts arise where two different versions of the same package are required (see conflicting dependencies below). These long chains of dependencies can be solved by having a package manager that resolves all dependencies automatically. Other than being a hassle (to resolve all the dependencies manually), manual resolution can mask dependency cycles or conflicts.
 * Conflicting dependencies
 * Solving the dependencies for one software may break the compatibility of another in a similar fashion to whack-a-mole. If app1 depends on libfoo 1.2, and app2 depends on libfoo 1.3, and different versions of libfoo cannot be simultaneously installed, then app1 and app2 cannot simultaneously be used (or installed, if the installer checks dependencies). When possible, this is solved by allowing simultaneous installations of the different dependencies. Alternatively, the existing dependency, along with all software that depends on it, must be uninstalled in order to install the new dependency. A problem on Linux systems with installing packages from a different distributor (which is not recommended) is that the resulting long chain of dependencies may lead to a conflicting version of the C standard library (e.g. the GNU C Library), on which thousands of packages depend. If this happens, the user will be prompted to uninstall all those packages.

 * Circular dependencies
 * If application A depends upon and can't run without a specific version of application B, but application B, in turn, depends upon and can't run without a specific version of application A, then upgrading any application will break another. This scheme can be deeper in branching. Its impact can be quite heavy if it affects core systems or update software itself: a package manager (A), which requires specific run-time library (B) to function, may break itself (A) in the middle of the process when upgrading this library (B) to next version. Due to incorrect library (B) version, the package manager (A) is now broken, thus no rollback or downgrade of library (B) is possible. The usual solution is to download and deploy both applications, sometimes from within a temporary environment.

 * Package manager dependencies
 * It is possible for dependency hell to result from installing a prepared package via a package manager (e.g. APT), but this is unlikely since major package managers have matured and official repositories are well maintained. This is the case with current releases of Debian and major derivatives such as Ubuntu. Dependency hell, however, can result from installing a package directly via a package installer (e.g. RPM or dpkg).

 * Diamond dependency
 * When a library A depends on libraries B and C, both B and C depend on library D, but B requires version D.1 and C requires version D.2. The build fails because only one version of D can exist in the final executable.
 * Package managers like yum are prone to have conflicts between packages of their repositories, causing dependency hell in Linux distributions such as CentOS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

Solutions

 * Removing dependencies
 * Many software libraries are written in a generous way, in an attempt to fulfill most users' needs, but sometimes only a small portion of functions are required in the host code. By examining the source, the functionality can be rewritten in a much more compact way (with respect to the license). In general, this can reduce significantly the application code and, later, the maintenance costs, and programmers can improve their software writing skills.

 * Version numbering
 * A very common solution to this problem is to have a standardized numbering system, wherein software uses a specific number for each version (aka major version), and also a subnumber for each revision (aka minor version), e.g.: 10.1, or 5.7. The major version only changes when programs that used that version will no longer be compatible. The minor version might change with even a simple revision that does not prevent other software from working with it. In cases like this, software packages can then simply request a component that has a particular major version, and any minor version (greater than or equal to a particular minor version). As such, they will continue to work, and dependencies will be resolved successfully, even if the minor version changes. Semantic Versioning (aka "SemVer" ) is one example of an effort to generate a technical specification that employs specifically formatted numbers to create a software versioning scheme.

 * Private per application versions
 * Windows File Protection introduced in Windows 2000 prevented applications from overwriting system DLLs. Developers were instead encouraged to use "Private DLLs", copies of libraries per application in the directory of the application. This uses the Windows search path characteristic that the local path is always prioritized before the system directory with the system wide libraries. This allows easy and effective shadowing of library versions by specific application ones, therefore preventing dependency hell.
 * PC-BSD, up to and including version 8.2, a predecessor of TrueOS (an operating system based on FreeBSD) places packages and dependencies into self-contained directories in /Programs, which avoids breakage if system libraries are upgraded or changed. It uses its own "PBI" (Push Button Installer) for package management.

 * Side-by-side installation of multiple versions
 * The version numbering solution can be improved upon by elevating the version numbering to an operating system supported feature. This allows an application to request a module/library by a unique name and version number constraints, effectively transferring the responsibility for brokering library/module versions from the applications to the operating system. A shared module can then be placed in a central repository without the risk of breaking applications which are dependent on previous or later versions of the module. Each version gets its own entry, side by side with other versions of the same module.
 * This solution is used in Microsoft Windows operating systems since Windows Vista, where the Global Assembly Cache is an implementation of such a central registry with associated services and integrated with the installation system/package manager. Gentoo Linux solves this problem with a concept called slotting, which allows multiple versions of shared libraries to be installed.

 * Smart package management
 * Some package managers can perform smart upgrades, in which interdependent software components are upgraded at the same time, thereby resolving the major number incompatibility issue too.
 * Many current Linux distributions have also implemented repository-based package management systems to try to solve the dependency problem. These systems are a layer on top of the RPM, dpkg, or other packaging systems that are designed to automatically resolve dependencies by searching in predefined software repositories. Examples of these systems include Apt, Yum, Urpmi, ZYpp, Portage, Pacman and others. Typically, the software repositories are FTP sites or websites, directories on the local computer or shared across a network or, much less commonly, directories on removable media such as CDs or DVDs. This eliminates dependency hell for software packaged in those repositories, which are typically maintained by the Linux distribution provider and mirrored worldwide. Although these repositories are often huge, it is not possible to have every piece of software in them, so dependency hell can still occur. In all cases, dependency hell is still faced by the repository maintainers.

 * Installer options
 * Because different pieces of software have different dependencies, it is possible to get into a vicious circle of dependency requirements, or an ever-expanding tree of requirements, as each new package demands several more be installed. Systems such as Debian's Advanced Packaging Tool can resolve this by presenting the user with a range of solutions, and allowing the user to accept or reject the solutions, as desired.

 * Easy adaptability in programming
 * If application software is designed in such a way that its programmers are able to easily adapt the interface layer that deals with the OS, window manager or desktop environment to new or changing standards, then the programmers would only have to monitor notifications from the environment creators or component library designers and quickly adjust their software with updates for their users, all with minimal effort and a lack of costly and time-consuming redesign. This method would encourage programmers to pressure those upon whom they depend to maintain a reasonable notification process that is not onerous to anyone involved.

 * Strict compatibility requirement in code development and maintenance
 * If the applications and libraries are developed and maintained with guaranteed downward compatibility in mind, any application or library can be replaced with a newer version at any time without breaking anything. While this does not alleviate the multitude of dependency, it does make the jobs of package managers or installers much easier.

 * Software appliances
 * Another approach to avoiding dependency issues is to deploy applications as a software appliance. A software appliance encapsulates dependencies in a pre-integrated self-contained unit such that users no longer have to worry about resolving software dependencies. Instead the burden is shifted to developers of the software appliance. Containers and their images (such as those provided by Docker and Docker Hub) can be seen as an implementation of software appliances.

 * Portable applications
 * An application (or version of an existing conventional application) that is completely self-contained and requires nothing to be already installed. It is coded to have all necessary components included, or is designed to keep all necessary files within its own directory, and will not create a dependency problem. These are often able to run independently of the system to which they are connected. Applications in RISC OS and the ROX Desktop for Linux use application directories, which work in much the same way: programs and their dependencies are self-contained in their own directories (folders).
 * This method of distribution has also proven useful when porting applications designed for Unix-like platforms to Windows, the most noticeable drawback being multiple installations of the same shared libraries. For example, Windows installers for gedit, GIMP, and HexChat all include identical copies of the GTK toolkit, which these programs use to render widgets. On the other hand, if different versions of GTK are required by each application, then this is the correct behavior and successfully avoids dependency hell.

Platform-specific
On specific computing platforms, "dependency hell" often goes by a local specific name, generally the name of components.

 * DLL Hell – a form of dependency hell occurring on 16-bit Microsoft Windows.
 * Extension conflict – a form of dependency hell occurring on the classic Mac OS.
 * JAR hell – a form of dependency hell occurring in the Java Runtime Environment before build tools like Apache Maven solved this problem in 2004.
 * RPM hell – a form of dependency hell occurring in the Red Hat distribution of Linux and other distributions that use RPM as a package manager.

title: Dependency hell


text:
Channelization

Channelization may refer to:

 * Channelization (roads), the separation of divergent traffic flows within a roadway
 * Channelization (rivers), the alteration of a waterway to improve its characteristics for shipping
 * Channelization (telecommunications), the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals on the same line

title: Channelization


text:
Isobutyric acid

Isobutyric acid, also known as 2-methylpropanoic acid or isobutanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid with structural formula (CH3)2CHCOOH. It is an isomer of butyric acid. It is classified as a short-chain fatty acid. Deprotonation or esterification gives derivatives called isobutyrates.

Isobutyric acid is a colorless liquid with a somewhat unpleasant odor. It is soluble in water and organic solvents. It is found naturally in carobs (Ceratonia siliqua), in vanilla, and in the root of Arnica dulcis, and as an ethyl ester in croton oil.

Production
Isobutyric acid is manufactured by the oxidation of isobutyraldehyde, which is a byproduct of the hydroformylation of propylene.

It can also be prepared by the high pressure hydrocarboxylation (Koch reaction) from propylene:
 * CH3CH=CH2 +  CO  +  H2O   →   (CH3)2CHCO2H

Isobutyric acid can also be manufactured commercially using engineered bacteria with a sugar feedstock.

Laboratory methods
Many routes are known including the hydrolysis of isobutyronitrile with alkalis and the oxidation of isobutanol with potassium dichromate in the presence of sulfuric acid. In the presence of proton donors, the action of sodium amalgam on methacrylic acid also gives isobutyric acid.

Reactions
The acid reacts as a typical carboxylic acid: it can form amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives. Its acid chloride is commonly used as the intermediate to obtain the others. When heated with a chromic acid solution it is oxidized to acetone. Alkaline potassium permanganate oxidizes it to α-hydroxyisobutyric acid, (CH3)2C(OH)-CO2H.

Uses
Isobutyric acid and its volatile esters are present naturally in a wide variety of foods and, at varying concentrations, can impart a range of flavors. The compound's safety as a food additive was reviewed by an FAO and WHO panel, who concluded that there were no concerns at the likely levels of intake.

Biology
In humans, isobutyric acid is a minor product of the gut microbiome and can also be produced by metabolism of its esters found in food. It has a characteristic odor like rancid butter (4-carbon organic compounds take the root, butyl, which is in turn from butyric which is in turn from the Latin word for butter and the Greek, βούτυρον) but anosmia for it has been reported in about 2.5% of people.

The metabolism of isobutyric acid in plants has been studied.

Isobutyric acid, along with several other short-chain fatty acids collectively known as "copulins," is found abundantly in human vaginal secretions. Levels of isobutyric acid fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle, and it is hypothesized to act as an indicator of ovulatory status. Similar cycles are observed in chimpanzees.

title: Isobutyric acid


text:
Turbinia

Turbinia was the first steam turbine-powered steamship. Built as an experimental vessel in 1894, and easily the fastest ship in the world at that time, Turbinia was demonstrated dramatically at the Spithead Navy Review in 1897 and set the standard for the next generation of steamships, the majority of which would be turbine powered. The vessel is currently located at the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne, North East England, while her original powerplant is located at the Science Museum in London.

Development
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the modern steam turbine in 1884, and having foreseen its potential to power ships, he set up the Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in 1897. To develop this, he had the experimental vessel Turbinia built in a light design of steel by the firm of Brown and Hood, based at Wallsend on Tyne in the North East of England.

The Admiralty was kept informed of developments, and Turbinia was launched on 2 August 1894. Despite the success of the turbine engine, initial trials with one propeller were disappointing. After discovering the problem of cavitation and constructing the first cavitation tunnel, Parsons' research led to his fitting three axial-flow turbines to three shafts, each shaft in turn driving three propellers, giving a total of nine propellers. In trials, this achieved a top speed of more than 34 kn, so that "the passengers aboard would be convinced beyond all doubt Turbinia was Charles Parsons' winning North Sea greyhound".

The turbines were directly driven, as geared turbines were not introduced until 1910. Even after the introduction of geared turbines, efficiency of even the largest axial steam turbines was still below 12% and Turbinia was even less efficient. Despite this, it was a dramatic improvement over predecessors.

Demonstration
Parsons' ship turned up unannounced at the Navy Review for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria at Spithead, on 26 June 1897, in front of the Prince of Wales, foreign dignitaries, and Lords of the Admiralty. As an audacious publicity stunt, Turbinia, which was much faster than any other ship at the time, raced between the two lines of navy ships and steamed up and down in front of the crowd and princes, while easily evading a navy picket boat that tried to pursue her, almost swamping it with her wake.

Photographer and cinematographer Alfred J. West took several photographs of Turbinia travelling at full speed at the review. He was subsequently invited by Sir Charles Parsons to film and photograph the vessel within the River Tyne and the adjacent North Sea; the pictures captured remain the defining image of Turbinia at speed. From this clear demonstration of her speed and power and after further high speed trials attended by the Admiralty, Parsons set up the Turbinia Works at Wallsend, which then constructed the engines for two prototype turbine-powered destroyers for the Navy, HMS Viper (1899) and HMS Cobra (1899), that were launched in 1899. Both vessels were lost to accidents in 1901, but although their losses slowed the introduction of turbines, the Admiralty had been convinced. In 1900, Turbinia steamed to Paris and was shown to French officials, and then displayed at the Paris Exhibition.

The first turbine-powered merchant vessel, the Clyde steamer TS King Edward, followed in 1901. The Admiralty confirmed in 1905 that all future Royal Navy vessels were to be turbine-powered, and in 1906, the first turbine-powered battleship, the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought (1906), was launched.

Crosby incident
On 11 January 1907, Turbinia was struck and nearly cut in two by Crosby – a ship being launched across-river from the south bank of the Tyne. She was repaired and steamed alongside RMS Mauretania (1906) (also a turbine-powered vessel) after the launch of the great ocean liner. However, mechanical problems prevented Turbinia from accompanying Mauretania down the River Tyne to the sea.

As a museum ship
The company decided to slow down the deterioration of Turbinia by lifting her out of the water in 1908, and in 1926, the directors of the Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company offered the ship to the Science Museum, London. Turbinia was sectioned in to two halves, the rear complete with engines and propellers, was put on display in the South Kensington museum in London, which did not have the space to accommodate the full ship. The fore section was presented in 1944 to Newcastle Corporation, and placed on display in the city's Exhibition Park. In 1959, the Science Museum removed the aft section of Turbinia from display, and by 1961, using a reconstructed centre section, Turbinia was now reassembled and on display in the Newcastle Municipal Museum of Science and Industry. In 1983, a complete reconstruction was undertaken.

On 30 October 1994, 100 years after her launch, Turbinia was moved to Newcastle's Museum of Science and Engineering (later renamed the Discovery Museum) and put on display to the public in March 1996. Listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, in 2000, the vessel was the focal point of a year-long, £10.7 million redevelopment programme at the Discovery Museum. The gallery around Turbinia was the first area to be refurbished, with the main part of the work involving raising the roof by one storey to create viewing galleries on three levels.

title: Turbinia


text:
User talk:Enzoten

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Image license
I see that you have uploaded some nice images (such as Image:Italy.cinque.terre.vernazza.01.jpg, Image:Italy.cinque.terre.monterosso.01.jpg, Image:Italy.cinque.terre.corniglia.01.jpg, and Image:Italy.cinque.terre.manarola.01.jpg). If these are your own photos could please indicate this and the license on the image description by adding or , for GFDL or public domain respectively. Thanks, Maximus Rex 10:52, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Image:Italy.cinque.terre.vernazza.01.jpg
Greetings. I have listed Image:Italy.cinque.terre.vernazza.01.jpg on Images and media for deletion because it has no source or licensing information, and it's not listed in any articles. If you would like this image to be kept, please add source and licensing information, and include it in an article. If you need any help with this, just ask me. Thanks! – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 18:58, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Enzoten


text:
Ford Boss 302 engine

The Ford Boss 302 (formally the "302 H.O.") is a high-performance "small block" 302 cuin V8 engine manufactured by Ford Motor Company. The original version of this engine was used in the 1969 and 1970 Boss 302 Mustangs and Cougar Eliminators and was constructed by attaching heads designed for the planned 351 Cleveland (which debuted the following year) to a Ford small block. The construction was aided by the two engines sharing a cylinder head bolt pattern, though the Boss heads had to have their coolant passages slightly modified.

An entirely new Boss 302 engine was introduced for the 2012 Ford Mustang using a variant of the Ford Modular engine.

Design
The Ford small-block V8-based 1969–70 302 H.O. "Boss 302" engine was developed in 1968 for the SCCA's 1969 Trans-Am road racing series. Available only in the Boss 302 Mustang, it derived from a line that traced to the Ford 289 HiPo engine, not a stock "Windsor" 302. It had its own block, based based on a unique thin-wall, high nickel content nodular iron casting, with performance upgrades that included solid lifters, much stronger 4-bolt rather than 2-bolt main crankshaft bearings, threaded rather than compression freeze plugs, and custom-fitted canted valve heads that gave it larger valves than on most engines more than a third greater in displacement. These "better breathing" heads were being developed for the planned 351 Cleveland (which debuted in late 1969 Mustangs) and shared a common cylinder head bolt pattern, but required slight modification of their coolant passages and special head gaskets to work on the Boss 302. Adjustable rocker studs, new long slot rockers, and closed 62cc combustion chamber heads were all used.

The block had a thicker deck and a taller intake manifold to accommodate the heads. The engine also had a distinct harmonic balancer, crankcase windage tray, bigger diameter alternator pulley (from the 289 HiPo), and bigger diameter power steering pulley, all to accommodate a higher-revving engine than the standard 302. Valve covers gained two bolts (up to eight), and were chromed in 1969 and cast aluminum in 1970. The high-performance connecting rods are the same as used in the 289 HiPo, 5.155" vs 5.09" for the stock Windsor 302. They are capable of handling up to ~8k RPM, aided by a spot face for 3/8 in bolts with a unique football-shaped head (vs 5/16 for standard small blocks), and beefier cap. The crankshaft was a cross-drilled high-strength steel forging with hollow crankshaft throws; the cross-drilling was eliminated in 1970 for better reliability. The cam and lifters are high lift, with the cam featuring 290 degrees duration and .477 in of lift.

The wide and large port heads with staggered valve placement give the 302 H.O. high power capabilities. Because of the pent-roof design of the heads, the Boss also had forged pop-up pistons to achieve the desired 10.5:1 compression ratio. Early units were typically characterized by very large intake 2.23 in and exhaust 1.7 in valves sitting in a small quench style combustion chamber. Exhaust valves were sodium-filled to aid cooling. Valve springs were dual units with an inner and outer spring to minimize harmonic resonance at high RPM. The heads feature steel spring seats, screw-in rocker studs, pushrod guide plates to aid in pushrod stability at high RPMs, and adjustable rocker arms. Fuel was provided by a Holley 780 cuft/min manual choke carburetor. The taller intake required a thinner spacer, which incorporated an aluminum tube for the PCV hose and was made of phenolic resin to help isolate the carburetor from the heat of the intake. Ignition was handled by a dual point distributor firing unique small-diameter 14 mm AF 32 Autolite spark plugs necessary to fit within the tight confines of the combustion chamber alongside the very large valves.

At idle, a properly tuned engine's solid lifters produce a significant amount of 'chatter', giving the engine a unique sound.

Redline was 6,150 rpms, and power output conservatively rated at 290 hp gross at 5,200 RPM with maximum torque of 290 lbft at 4300 RPM. The Boss 302 engine competes well with other high performance 'small blocks', such as the Chevy 302, the Chrysler 340, and the AMC 360.

The name "Boss", popular 1960s slang for "excellent" or "very cool", got attached to the Boss 302 Mustang by stylist Larry Shinoda in recognition of the enthusiasm of his boss, new Ford president Semon "Bunkie" Knudson (who had brought Shinoda over from GM's Chevrolet Division) for the car. Knudson told his designers, "I want to design a car that's the coolest Mustang out there. I don't want somebody else's name on it, like a Shelby." The model's widespread popularity resulted in the term "Boss 302" displacing "302 H.O.", the engine's formal name, in popular use.

This engine was also optional in the Mercury Cougar Eliminator, with a total of 169 produced in 1969 and 469 assembled in 1970.

New Boss 302 (2007-)
The new Boss 302 engine was unveiled in the 2006 SEMA show.

In 2007, Ford Racing began marketing new crate engines using the "Boss 302" moniker with displacements between 4.95 to 5.9 L that are rated from 340 to 360 hp.

The double overhead cam, variable valve timing 444 hp Ford Modular "Coyote-Boss" engine is also marketed as a crate engine by Ford Racing.

title: Ford Boss 302 engine


text:
Talk:La Paz (disambiguation)

Untitled
What about The Paz, Manitoba? It may not even be Spanish... 142.177.24.141 16:59, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:La Paz (disambiguation)


text: Talk:Outlook Express

title: Talk:Outlook Express


text:
Palaeoloxodon

Palaeoloxodon is an extinct genus of elephant. The genus originated in Africa during the Early Pleistocene, and expanded into Eurasia at the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene. The genus contains some of the largest known species of elephants, over 4 m tall at the shoulders, including the African Palaeoloxodon recki, the European straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) and the South Asian ''Palaeoloxodon namadicus. P. namadicus'' has been suggested to be the largest known land mammal by some authors based on extrapolation from fragmentary remains, though these estimates are highly speculative. In contrast, the genus also contains many species of dwarf elephants that evolved via insular dwarfism on islands in the Mediterranean, some only 1 m in height, making them the smallest elephants known. The genus has a long and complex taxonomic history, and at various times, it has been considered to belong to Loxodonta or Elephas, but today is usually considered a valid and separate genus in its own right.

Taxonomy
Prior to the description of the genus, Palaeoloxodon species were initially placed in the genus Elephas (which includes the Asian elephant). In 1924, Matsumoto Hikoshichirō circumscribed Palaeoloxodon as a subgenus of Loxodonta (African elephants). It included the "E. antiquus—namadicus group", and he designated the Japanese "E. namadicus naumanni Mak." as its type species. Palaeoloxodon was often historically considered to be a subgenus or a synonym of Elephas due to morphological similarities between the two genera, though the results of morphological cladistic analyses finding Elephas and Palaeoloxodon to not be each others closest relatives led to this relationship being questioned by other authors. In 2016, a study of the straight-tusked elephant (P. antiquus) mitochondrial genome and part of the nuclear genome found that the mitochondrial sequences were nested within the diversity of those of the African forest elephant, Loxodonta cyclotis, with the partial nuclear genome supporting P. antiquus as more closely related to L. cyclotis than the African bush elephant, L. africana. A later study published in 2018 by the same authors based on the complete nuclear genome revised these results, and suggested P. antiquus had a complex hybridization history, with around 60% of its nuclear genome coming from a lineage most closely related to modern African elephants but which diverged before the split between the two living species, around 5% from Mammuthus and 36% deriving from L. cyclotis. The ancestry from L. cyclotis was more closely related to modern West African populations of the forest elephant than to other forest elephant populations, while the mammoth ancestry was basal to the split between woolly and Columbian mammoths, probably from shortly after the split between the ancestors of mammoths and Asian elephants. The hybridisation probably took place in Africa, where Palaeoloxodon was dominant for most of the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, with the mammoth hybridisation suggested to have taken place earlier than the hybridisation with forest elephants.

Analysis of mitochondrial genomes, including Palaeoloxodon individuals from Northern China indicates Palaeoloxodon individuals harboured multiple separate mitochondrial genome lineages derived from African forest elephants, some being more closely related to some West African forest elephant groups than to others. It is unclear as to whether this is the result of multiple hybridisation events, or whether multiple mitochondrial lineages were introgressed in a single event. It has been found that mitochondrial genome of Chinese Palaeoloxodon specimens clustered with a P. antiquus individual from western Europe, which belonged to a separate clade than other sampled European P. antiquus specimens. The relatively low divergence between the mitochondrial genomes of the European P. antiquus individual and the Chinese Palaeoloxodon specimens may indicate that the populations of Palaeoloxodon across Eurasia maintained gene flow with each other, but this is uncertain.

Diagram of the relationships of elephant mitochondrial genomes, after Lin et al. 2023:

Mainland species

 * P. recki (Synonym: Elephas recki) (East Africa), the oldest species and ancestor of all later species
 * P. jolensis (Synonym: Elephas iolensis) the last (late Middle-Late Pleistocene) representative of Palaeoloxodon in Africa
 * P. antiquus (Synonym: Elephas antiquus) (Straight tusked elephant) (Europe, Western Asia)
 * P. huaihoensis (China)
 * P. namadicus (Synonym: Elephas namadicus) (Indian subcontinent, possibly also elsewhere in Asia), the largest in its genus, and possibly the largest terrestrial mammal ever
 * P. naumanni (Synonym: E. namadicus naumanni) (Japan, possibly also China and Korea)
 * ?P. turkmenicus known from a single specimen found in the Middle Pleistocene of Turkmenistan, with possibly attributable remains known from Kashmir, validity uncertain.

Mediterranean island dwarfs
These Mediterranean insular dwarf elephant species are almost certainly descended from P. antiquus

Other indeterminate dwarf Palaeoloxodon species are known from other Greek islands, including Rhodes and Kasos.
 * P. creutzburgi (Crete)
 * P. xylophagou (Cyprus)
 * P. cypriotes (Cyprus)
 * P. lomolinoi (Naxos)
 * P. tiliensis (Tilos)
 * P. mnaidriensis (Sicily and Malta)
 * P. falconeri (Sicily and Malta)

Description
Most species of Palaeoloxodon are noted for their distinctive parieto-occipital crests present at the top of the cranium. The crest functioned to anchor muscle tissue, including the splenius as well as an additional muscle layer called the "extra splenius" (which was likely similar to the "splenius superficialis" found in Asian elephants, and which may have been an extension of the rhomboideus cervicis muscle) which wrapped around the top of the head to support it. The development of the crest is variable depending on the species, growth stage and gender, with females and juveniles having less developed or absent crests. The crest likely developed as a response to the large size of the head, which in proportional and absolute terms are the largest in size of any proboscideans. The skull is proportionally short and tall, with the premaxillary bones containing the tusks being flared outwards. The tusks have relatively little curvature, and are proportionally large, and somewhat twisted, with the tusk alveoli (sockets) being divergent from each other at least in Pleistocene species. These tusks could reach 4 m in length, and probably over 190 kg in weight in the largest species, larger than any recorded in modern elephants.

The molar teeth of Palaeoloxodon species typically show a "dot-dash-dot" wear pattern, with the enamel folds concentrated into a major central structure at the midline of the tooth, which are flanked by smaller folds on either side, and the crowns of the tooth are generally proportionally narrow. While during the early evolution of the genus, the molar teeth had a low number of lamellae and were brachydont (low crowned), in Pleistocene species the teeth became very hypsodont (high crowned) and increased the number of lamellae, though the lamellae frequency is distinctly lower than that reached by advanced mammoth species.

Species of Palaeoloxodon varied widely in size. Large bulls of Palaeoloxodon recki, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Palaeoloxodon namadicus and Chinese Palaeoloxodon are thought to have exceeded modern elephants in size, over 4 m tall at the shoulder and greater than 12 tonnes in body mass. In a 2015 study, one fragmentary unlocated femur of P. namadicus described in the 19th century was estimated to have belonged to an individual 5.2 m tall and 22 tonnes in weight, exceeding the estimates for the otherwise largest known land mammals, the paraceratheres. However, this estimate is highly speculative and the author suggested that it should be "taken with a grain of salt". In contrast, some of the island dwarf species are the smallest elephants known. The smallest species, P. cypriotes and P. falconeri, were only 1 m tall as fully grown adults, with the bulls of P. falconeri only having an estimated body mass of 250 kg.

Ecology
Species of Palaeoloxodon are thought to have similar social behaviour to modern elephants, with herds of adult females and juveniles, as well as solitary adult males. The African species of Palaeoloxodon, as well as P. namadicus are suggested to have been grazers, while P. antiquus is suggested to have been a variable mixed feeder that consumed a considerable amount of browse.

Evolution
Palaeoloxodon first unambiguously appears in the fossil record in Africa during the Early Pleistocene, around 1.8 million years ago as the species Palaeoloxodon recki ileretensis (it is contested whether earlier "E. recki" subspecies are related to Palaeoloxodon).  P. recki was the dominant elephant in East Africa for most of the Pleistocene. A population of P. recki migrated out of Africa at the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene around 0.8 to 0.6 Mya, diversifying into the radiation of Eurasian Palaeoloxodon species, including P. antiquus, and P. namadicus. The precise relationships of the Eurasian taxa to each other are obscure. The arrival of P. antiquus in Europe co-incides with the extinction of Mammuthus meridionalis and its replacement by Mammuthus trogontherii, suggesting that it might have shared a similar dietary niche and outcompeted the former. P. antiquus was able to disperse onto many islands in the Mediterranean, undergoing insular dwarfism and speciating into numerous distinct varieties of dwarf elephants. Palaeoloxodon fossils are abundant in China and are assigned to three species, P. namadicus, P. naumanni and P. huaihoensis. However, the relationships of Chinese Palaeoloxodon are currently unresolved and it is unclear how many species were present in the region.

Extinction
The timing of the extinction of the last Paleoloxodon species in Africa, P. jolensis, is uncertain. While often suggested to have gone extinct during the Late Pleistocene, most specimens of the species are poorly dated and dating of specimens from Kenya suggests that it went extinct there around 130,000 years ago, at the end of the Middle Pleistocene. Most Eurasian species of Palaeoloxodon became extinct towards the end of the Last Glacial Period. The youngest records of P. antiquus are from the Iberian Peninsula, dating to around 44-43,000 years ago, with footprints from the southern part of the peninsula possibly extending the record to 28,000 years ago. The youngest Japanese records of P. naumanni date to around 24,000 years ago. The timing of extinction of Chinese Palaeoloxodon and Indian P. namadicus is uncertain, but claims of a Holocene survival are not substantiated for either region. The youngest dates for the Sicilian dwarf elephant P. cf. mnaidriensis date to 32-20,000 years ago, while the youngest dates for the Cyprus dwarf elephant P. cypriotes are around 12,000 years ago. P. tiliensis from the Greek island of Tilos was suggested to have survived as recently as 3,500 years Before Present based on preliminary radiocarbon dating done in the 1970s, which would make it the youngest surviving elephant in Europe, but this has not been thoroughly investigated.

Relationship with humans
Remains of the species P. recki, P. antiquus, P. cypriotes and P. naumanni have been found associated at a number of sites with stone stools and/or with cut marks on their bones, suggesting that they were butchered, with some sites presenting clear evidence of hunting. These sites span from the Early Pleistocene, at least 1.3 but possibly as early as 1.6 million years ago to around 12,000 years ago, with the makers of the sites including both archaic humans (P. antiquus and P. recki) and modern humans (P. naumanni and P. cypriotes).

title: Palaeoloxodon


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Morris water navigation task

The Morris water navigation task, also known as the Morris water maze (not to be confused with water maze), is a behavioral procedure mostly used with rodents. It is widely used in behavioral neuroscience to study spatial learning and memory. It enables learning, memory, and spatial working to be studied with great accuracy, and can also be used to assess damage to particular cortical regions of the brain. It is used by neuroscientists to measure the effect of neurocognitive disorders on spatial learning and possible neural treatments, to test the effect of lesions to the brain in areas concerned with memory, and to study how age influences cognitive function and spatial learning. The task is also used as a tool to study drug-abuse, neural systems, neurotransmitters, and brain development.

Overview
The basic procedure for the Morris water navigation task is that the rat is placed in a large circular pool and is required to find an invisible or visible platform that allows it to escape the water by using various cues. Many factors can influence the rats' performance, including their sex, the environment in which they were raised, exposure to drugs, etc. There are three basic tactics for the rats to escape the maze: a praxic strategy (remembering the movements needed to get to the platform), a taxic strategy (the rat uses visual cues to reach their destinations), or spatial strategy (using distal cues as points of reference to locate themselves). There are a variety of paradigms for the water maze that can be used to examine different cognitive functions. In particular, cognitive flexibility can be assessed using a water maze paradigm in which the hidden platform is continually re-located.

History
The Morris water navigation task was conceived by Richard G. Morris (then at the University of St Andrews) in 1981 as an alternative to the radial maze. The test was developed to study spatial learning and how it differed from other forms of associative learning. Originally rats, now more commonly mice, were placed in an open pool and the latency to escape was measured for up to six trials a day for 2–14 days. Several variables are used to evaluate an animal's performance. For example, a "probe trial" measures how long the test subject spends in the "target quadrant" (the quadrant with the hidden platform). More elaborate trials alter the location of the hidden platform, or measure distance spent swimming in the pool before reaching the platform. Over the years, many different versions of this test have been performed with a large amount of variables. For example, neuroscientists examine the effect of differences of sex, weight, strength, stress levels, age, and strain of species. The results vary dramatically, so researchers cannot draw conclusions unless these variables are kept constant. Many different size pools have been used throughout the history of this task, but it has been shown that this does not have a significant impact on the results of the test. In early versions of the task, researchers only timed latency to escape, however video tracking devices are now routinely used to measure the path to escape, time spent in each quadrant, and distance traveled in the pool.

Original experiment
In Morris' first experiment, the apparatus was a large circular pool, 1.30 m across and 0.60 m high. The purpose of the original experiment was to show that spatial learning does not require the presence of local cues, meaning that rats can learn to locate an object without any auditory, visual, or olfactory cues.

Analysis
The earliest measure of learning is escape latency, which is the time it takes to find the platform. However, this measure is confounded by swimming speed, not necessarily a cognitive factor, and path length between point of origin and platform is a parameter more closely related to spatial learning. Further parameters are the Gallagher measure, the average distance to the platform, and the Whishaw corridor test, which measures time and path in a strip directly leading from swim-start to platform. Other parameters are measured during probe trials: the escape platform is removed and the mice or rats are allowed to search for it for a fixed time (often 60 seconds). Variables measured are time and path length in quadrants, time near platform, and platform crossings.

Comparison to maze tasks
Like other spatial tasks, such as the T-maze and radial arm maze, the Morris water navigation task is supposed to measure spatial memory, movement control, and cognitive mapping. The T-maze and radial arm maze are much more structured in comparison. The T-maze, for instance, only requires the rat or mouse to make a binary decision, choose left or right (or East or West). In the Morris water navigation task, on the other hand, the animal needs to decide continually where to go. Another reason this task became popular is that rats (but not mice) are natural swimmers, but dislike colder water (mice simply dislike water of any temperature), so in order to perform the task they do not need to be motivated by food deprivation or electrical shock. The mobility of the platform allows for experiments on learning and relearning. Also, the apparatus set-up and costs are relatively low.

Weaknesses
When the searching times for the platform in the target quadrant are reduced in the probe trial, this is seen as direct evidence that the spatial memory of the rat must be impaired. However, many times the reason for a lengthier amount of time spent looking for the platform, or the lack of searching in the target quadrant, has nothing to do with an effect on the rat's spatial memory, but is actually due to other factors. A large study of performance in mice concluded that almost half of all variance in performance scores was due to differences in thigmotaxis, the tendency of animals to stay close to the walls of the pool. About 20% of the variability was explained by differing tendencies of mice to float passively in the water until "rescued" by the experimenter. Differences in spatial memory were only the third factor, explaining just 13% of the variation between animals' performance.

title: Morris water navigation task


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Bellevue, Tennessee

Bellevue is a neighborhood of Nashville, situated about 13 miles southwest of the downtown area via Interstate 40. It is served by the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County. The 2016 population estimate for Bellevue's two main zip codes was 77,862.

In the 1950s, Bellevue was a small community which existed primarily to serve the needs of nearby farms. It was mostly along the railroad tracks near the Harpeth River, and had only a few buildings such as a hardware store, post office, and a Masonic lodge hall. I-40 was built through Bellevue in the early 1960s and suburbanization of the community was made official when the United States Postal Service changed the office's designation from "Bellview, Tennessee" to a branch of the Nashville office in the late 1970s.

Since the year 2000, Bellevue has grown in population and development in the established areas along Old Hickory Boulevard, Sawyer Brown Road, McCrory Lane, and Tennessee State Highway 100. Three commercial retail hotspots in the Bellevue area are near the Highway 70S/I-40 interchange, at the intersection of Highway 70S and Old Hickory Boulevard; and near the intersection of Old Harding Pike and Highway 100.

Bellevue is a popular destination for nature lovers because of several attractions such as the massive Warner Parks that feature miles of paved and unpaved trails for hikers and cyclists, the Harpeth River Greenway, as well as the beginning access point for the multi-state recreational highway known as the Natchez Trace Parkway.

Bellevue is the home to One Bellevue Place, a retail lifestyle center on the property formerly known as Bellevue Center Mall on Highway 70S. This shopping area includes a coffee shop, a hotel and numerous restaurants and retail establishments, anchored by a Sprouts Farmer's Market grocery store, AMC Bellevue 12 theatre, and the Bellevue Community Center and Ford Ice Center.

On May 2, 2010, the Bellevue area was hard-hit by a devastating flood, but in the following decade it rebounded and experienced transformative residential and commercial development.

Demographics
According to the census of 2000, there were 37,062 people and 14,807 households in Bellevue. There were an average of 2.5 persons per household.

In 1990, 76% of people aged 25 or older had a high school education or better. The median income was $40,328.

As of 2016 the population had risen to 77,862.

Notable residents include Ruby Amanfu (recording artist, producer and Grammy, Soul Train and BET Award nominated songwriter), Sam Ashworth (songwriter) (songwriter, producer and recording artist), George Boebecker, Jr. (founder of Crocs), Cecil Branstetter (architect of Metro Nashville Charter and founder of Branstetter, Stranch & Jennings law firm), Luke Combs (country music artist), Abraham Louis Demoss (Civil War Captain and founder of Bell Vue), Gabe Dixon (keyboard with the Tedeschi Trucks Band, solo artist and former leader of the Gabe Dixon Band), Sylvia Ganier (food policy advocate and founder of Green Door Gourmet farm in Nashville), Bill Evans (saxophonist) (jazz musician who played with Miles Davis and others), Rasa Hows (builder of Hows-Madden House), Noah Liff (businessman and namesake benefactor of Noah Liff Opera Center, home of the Nashville Opera), Col. Littleton (founder of Col. Littleton Leather), Bo Mitchell (Tennessee Representative), Charlie Peacock (producer and recording artist), Henry Rollins (storyteller, writer, singer and former member of Black Flag (band)), Brenda Stein (wood working artist), Jane Branstetter Stranch (U.S. Court of Appeals Judge), Sylvain Sylvain (rock guitarist and member of the New York Dolls), Bill Wade (former NFL Player), Lainey Wilson (songwriter and recording artist), and Jeff Zentner (fiction author).

Bellevue Public Library
Bellevue's first library service was via bookmobile during World War II. The Bellevue Public Library opened in 1984 in the old woodshop/agriculture classroom building of the original Bellevue High School, built in 1931 and torn down in 1981 when the new Bellevue High School was built on the other side of Colice Jeanne Road. The former gymnasium at the back of the school became part of the Bellevue Community Center. Both the woodshop/agriculture building and the gymnasium were added in the 1950s.

The new Bellevue Branch Library opened in January, 2015. The new Bellevue Branch features a children's area, teen area, computer space, café style coffee and vending area as well as meeting room space.

Bellevue Park
Bellevue Park is located on Colice Jeanne Road in Bellevue across from Bellevue Middle School and next to the Bellevue Branch Library. It is part of the Metro Nashville Parks System. The park is more commonly referred to as Red Caboose Park by locals due to the red caboose that sits on site. The park also has a log cabin (which was built by the town's founder, Abraham Louis Demoss, prior to 1800, and moved to the park from its original location a couple of miles away in about 2005) onsite. The park features an exercise path for walkers and joggers, as well as a playground built by community volunteers in 1996 as part of the Bellevue Bicentennial Celebration.

Red Caboose Park is the site of the annual Bellevue Community Picnic, which attracts around 20,000 people each year.

Gower Elementary School
Gower Elementary was built in 1989 and teaches grades preK-4 and is part of the "Hillwood Cluster". It is located off of I-40 at 650 Old Hickory Boulevard in Bellevue, Nashville, Tennessee. The immediate area was formerly known as the "Gower" or "Gower School" community. The school's enrollment is currently [2014] approximately 650 students.

Harpeth Valley Elementary School
Harpeth Valley Elementary School was founded in 1939 and teaches grades PreK-4. It is located on the outskirts of Bellevue along State Route 100. The current school was built in 1996 and has enrollment of more than 700 students. Harpeth Valley Elementary School was the inspiration for the title of the hit country song "Harper Valley PTA".

Bellevue Middle School
Bellevue Middle School is located in the heart of the town on Colice Jeanne Road with the students coming primarily from Bellevue and the immediate surrounding areas. It was founded in 1970 and teaches grades 5 through 8. At the site of the former Bellevue High School, the school was renovated in 2002 and has an enrollment of 680 students.

James Lawson High School
In Fall 2023, James Lawson High School, a new $150 million facility a 273-acre campus off Highway 70S in Bellevue, replaced Hillwood High School. Located in nearby West Meade, Hillwood High School served ninth through twelfth grade students living in Bellevue and surrounding areas until the end of the 2022-23 academic year.

Private Schools

 * Nashville Christian School
 * Ensworth High School

Athletics
Bellevue is the home of The Bellevue Steelers of the Tennessee Youth Football Alliance, who have been a part of the Bellevue community since 1977. Bellevue is also home of BSAA, Inc. at the Reese Smith Jr. Baseball & Softball Park, which includes Babe Ruth League and Cal Ripken Jr. League Baseball. Thousands of Bellevue's youth have played baseball here from tee ball through high school. The BBA Youth Basketball program also makes its home in Bellevue. The Bellevue Basketball Association has offered a Youth Sports Basketball program to tens of thousands of Nashville's youth since the 1970s. The Harpeth Youth Soccer Association (HYSA) was founded in 1989 in Bellevue. More than 2,000 youth participate in the soccer league each year. The HYSA complex, located on Coley Davis Drive was decimated by the May 2010 Tennessee floods, but reopened in 2011.

title: Bellevue, Tennessee


text:
User:Etoile

Shopping online for deals on some writable media.

title: User:Etoile


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Moët & Chandon

Moët & Chandon, also known simply as Moët, is a French fine winery and part of the luxury goods company LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE. Moët et Chandon is one of the world's largest champagne producers and a prominent champagne house. Moët et Chandon was established in 1743 by Claude Moët, and today owns 1190 ha of vineyards, and annually produces approximately 28,000,000 bottles of champagne.

History
Moët et Chandon began as Moët et Cie (meaning "Moët & Co."), established by Épernay wine trader Claude Moët in 1743, and began shipping his wine from Champagne to Paris. The reign of King Louis XV coincided with increased demand for sparkling wine. Soon after its foundation, and after son Claude-Louis joined Moët et Cie, the winery's clientele included nobles and aristocrats.

In 1833, the company was renamed Moët et Chandon after Pierre-Gabriel Chandon de Briailles, Remy Moët's son-in-law, joined the company as a partner of Jean-Remy Moët, Claude Moët's grandson.

Following the introduction of the concept of a vintage champagne in 1840, Moët marketed its first vintage in 1842. Their best-selling brand, Brut Imperial, was introduced in the 1860s. Their best known label, Dom Perignon, is named for the Benedictine monk remembered in legend as the "Father of Champagne". The brand was owned by Champagne Mercier but was given to Moët in 1927.

Moët & Chandon merged with Hennessy Cognac in 1971 and with Louis Vuitton in 1987 to become LVMH (Louis-Vuitton-Moët-Hennessy), the largest luxury group in the world, netting over 16 billion euros in fiscal 2004. Moët & Chandon was holding a royal warrant as supplier of champagne to Queen Elizabeth II.

In 2006, Moët et Chandon Brut Impérial issued an extremely limited bottling of its champagne named "Be Fabulous", a special release of its original bottle with decorative Swarovski crystals, marking the elegance of Moët et Chandon.

Dom Pérignon
Dom Pérignon is a brand of champagne produced by Moët & Chandon. It is named after Dom Pierre Pérignon, a Benedictine monk who was an important quality pioneer for Champagne wine but who, contrary to popular myths, did not discover the champagne method for making sparkling wines. Dom Pérignon was the first prestige cuvée, an idea proposed by Englishman Laurence Venn. The first vintage of Dom Pérignon was 1921 and was only released for sale in 1936. It is a vintage champagne, meaning that it is only made in the best years, and all grapes used to make the wine are harvested in the same year. Many champagnes, by contrast, are non-vintage, meaning that the champagne is made from grapes harvested in various years.

Current production
Around 5 million bottles are produced in each vintage. The wine is 60% Chardonnay and 40% Pinot noir, with 6 g/L dosage. According to Tom Stevenson, "All vintages need at least 12 years ageing to nurture Dom Pérignon's signature silky mousse". As of 2020, the current release of Dom Pérignon is from the 2010 vintage and the current release of Dom Pérignon Rosé is from the 2006 vintage. the senior winemaker was Richard Geoffroy, who has been chef de cave for Dom Pérignon since 1990.

Domaine Chandon
In 1973, the then Moët-Hennessy company founded Domaine Chandon, an outpost winery in the Napa Valley. It was the first French-owned sparkling wine venture in the United States. The fine dining restaurant étoile was located at the winery, until it closed in December 2014.

Chandon had already founded an outpost in Argentina in 1959, and was doing the same in the southern city of Garibaldi in Brasil in 1973. Domaine Chandon was later established in 1986 in Australia in Coldstream, Victoria, in the Ningxia region in China in 2013 and India's Nashik region in 2014.

Sponsorships
Moët was the official Formula One champagne provider between 1966 and 1999 and again from 2016 until 2017 when they signed a deal with champagne maker Carbon.

On 30 November 2012, Swiss tennis player Roger Federer became Moët et Chandon's brand ambassador. On 30 September 2015, Chandon announced it would be a sponsor of the McLaren F1 team starting 2016.

Pronunciation
Moët is pronounced with a "t" at the end ('mo-et') as the French-born founder's surname is assumed to be of non-French (alleged Dutch-German) origin.

Songs
In the band Queen's song "Killer Queen", the lead singer Freddie Mercury sings "She keeps her Moët et Chandon in her pretty cabinet".

Musician Prince mentions "a little Spanish man offering wine and Moët" in his song "Mr. Goodnight" from his Planet Earth album.

In his song "Big Poppa", the rapper Notorious B.I.G. sings "at the back of the club sipping Moët is where you'll find me".

In his song, "Comin Thru", Chali 2na sings "I don't drink, my glass never will hold Moët".

In his song "Check Out My Melody", Rakim says: "Emcees that wanna be best, they're gonna be dissed if they don't get from in front of All they can go get is me a glass of Moët, A hard time, sip your juice and watch a smooth poet".

In his song "Curls", MF Doom sings, "Yup, you know it, growin' up too fast; showin' up to class with Moet in a flask".

In his song, "The Way Life Goes", the rapper Lil Uzi Vert sings "She's sipping Moët, and yeah, I swear it gets her wetter".

Craig David mentions Moët as part of his week-long date plans in the song "7 Days."

In his song "Bloodless", Andrew Bird sings "And the poets, they explode like bombs, While the gentry is drinking Moët Chandon".

In her song "The Roof", Mariah Carey sings "So we finished the Moët and started feeling liberated".

In his song "Cristal & MOЁT", a Russian rapper Morgenshtern sings "I pour Cristal or Chantel MOЁT, you were dreaming about it, now it's mine".

In his song “Represent,” rapper Nas sings “Yo, they call me Nas, I’m not your legal type of fella, Moët drinkin’, marijuana smokin’ street dweller”. Moët is also mentioned in his song "It Ain't Hard to Tell" in the lyric "I drink Moët with Medusa, give her shotguns in Hell; From the spliff that I lift and inhale; it ain't hard to tell". The champagne is also mentioned in his songs Reach Out and Affirmative action.

In her song "The Motto", American singer Ava Max sings "popping that Moët, baby lets make some bubbles".

In her song "Muñecas", Argentinian singer Tini Stoessel sings "bottles are uncorked, tonight there will be rain of Moët".

Incident
In June 2022, the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority warned that the 3-liter champagne bottle from Moët & Chandon Ice Impérial contained MDMA, killing a person in Germany.

title: Moët & Chandon