text:
Restricted representation

In group theory, restriction forms a representation of a subgroup using a known representation of the whole group. Restriction is a fundamental construction in representation theory of groups. Often the restricted representation is simpler to understand. Rules for decomposing the restriction of an irreducible representation into irreducible representations of the subgroup are called branching rules, and have important applications in physics. For example, in case of explicit symmetry breaking, the symmetry group of the problem is reduced from the whole group to one of its subgroups. In quantum mechanics, this reduction in symmetry appears as a splitting of degenerate energy levels into multiplets, as in the Stark or Zeeman effect.

The induced representation is a related operation that forms a representation of the whole group from a representation of a subgroup. The relation between restriction and induction is described by Frobenius reciprocity and the Mackey theorem. Restriction to a normal subgroup behaves particularly well and is often called Clifford theory after the theorem of A. H. Clifford. Restriction can be generalized to other group homomorphisms and to other rings.

For any group G, its subgroup H, and a linear representation ρ of G, the restriction of ρ to H, denoted

 * $$ \rho \, \Big|_H $$

is a representation of H on the same vector space by the same operators:

 * $$ \rho\,\Big|_H(h) = \rho(h). $$

Classical branching rules
Classical branching rules describe the restriction of an irreducible complex representation ($\pi$, V) of a classical group G to a classical subgroup H, i.e. the multiplicity with which an irreducible representation (σ, W) of H occurs in π. By Frobenius reciprocity for compact groups, this is equivalent to finding the multiplicity of π in the unitary representation induced from σ. Branching rules for the classical groups were determined by
 * between successive unitary groups;
 * between successive special orthogonal groups and unitary symplectic groups;
 * from the unitary groups to the unitary symplectic groups and special orthogonal groups.

The results are usually expressed graphically using Young diagrams to encode the signatures used classically to label irreducible representations, familiar from classical invariant theory. Hermann Weyl and Richard Brauer discovered a systematic method for determining the branching rule when the groups G and H share a common maximal torus: in this case the Weyl group of H is a subgroup of that of G, so that the rule can be deduced from the Weyl character formula. A systematic modern interpretation has been given by in the context of his theory of dual pairs. The special case where σ is the trivial representation of H was first used extensively by Hua in his work on the Szegő kernels of bounded symmetric domains in several complex variables, where the Shilov boundary has the form G/H. More generally the Cartan-Helgason theorem gives the decomposition when G/H is a compact symmetric space, in which case all multiplicities are one; a generalization to arbitrary σ has since been obtained by. Similar geometric considerations have also been used by to rederive Littlewood's rules, which involve the celebrated Littlewood–Richardson rules for tensoring irreducible representations of the unitary groups. has found generalizations of these rules to arbitrary compact semisimple Lie groups, using his path model, an approach to representation theory close in spirit to the theory of crystal bases of Lusztig and Kashiwara. His methods yield branching rules for restrictions to subgroups containing a maximal torus. The study of branching rules is important in classical invariant theory and its modern counterpart, algebraic combinatorics.

Example. The unitary group U(N) has irreducible representations labelled by signatures

 * $$\mathbf{f} \,\colon \,f_1\ge f_2\ge \cdots \ge f_N$$

where the fi are integers. In fact if a unitary matrix U has eigenvalues zi, then the character of the corresponding irreducible representation πf is given by

 * $$ \operatorname{Tr} \pi_{\mathbf{f}}(U) = {\det z_j^{f_i +N -i}\over \prod_{i<j} (z_i-z_j)}.$$

The branching rule from U(N) to U(N – 1) states that

 * {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"

 * $$\pi_{\mathbf{f}}|_{U(N-1)}= \bigoplus_{f_1\ge g_1 \ge f_2\ge g_2\ge \cdots \ge f_{N-1}\ge g_{N-1}\ge f_N} \pi_{\mathbf{g}}$$
 * }

Example. The unitary symplectic group or quaternionic unitary group, denoted Sp(N) or U(N, H), is the group of all transformations of HN which commute with right multiplication by the quaternions H and preserve the H-valued hermitian inner product

 * $$ (q_1,\ldots,q_N)\cdot (r_1,\ldots,r_N) = \sum r_i^*q_i$$

on HN, where q* denotes the quaternion conjugate to q. Realizing quaternions as 2 x 2 complex matrices, the group Sp(N) is just the group of block matrices (qij) in SU(2N) with

 * $$q_{ij}=\begin{pmatrix}

\alpha_{ij}&\beta_{ij}\\ -\overline{\beta}_{ij}&\overline{\alpha}_{ij} \end{pmatrix},$$

where αij and βij are complex numbers.

Each matrix U in Sp(N) is conjugate to a block diagonal matrix with entries

 * $$q_i=\begin{pmatrix}

z_i&0\\ 0&\overline{z}_i \end{pmatrix},$$

where |zi| = 1. Thus the eigenvalues of U are (zi±1). The irreducible representations of Sp(N) are labelled by signatures

 * $$\mathbf{f} \,\colon \,f_1\ge f_2\ge \cdots \ge f_N\ge 0$$

where the fi are integers. The character of the corresponding irreducible representation σf is given by

 * $$ \operatorname{Tr} \sigma_{\mathbf{f}}(U) = {\det z_j^{f_i +N -i +1 } - z_j^{-f_i - N +i -1}\over \prod (z_i-z_i^{-1})\cdot \prod_{i<j} (z_i +z_i^{-1} - z_j - z_j^{-1})}.$$

The branching rule from Sp(N) to Sp(N – 1) states that

 * {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"

 * $$\sigma_{\mathbf{f}}|_{\mathrm{Sp}(N-1)}= \bigoplus_{f_i \ge g_i\ge f_{i+2}} m(\mathbf{f},\mathbf{g}) \sigma_{\mathbf{g}}$$
 * }

Here fN + 1 = 0 and the multiplicity m(f, g) is given by

 * $$ m(\mathbf{f},\mathbf{g})=\prod_{i=1}^N (a_i - b_i +1)$$

where

 * $$ a_1\ge b_1 \ge a_2 \ge b_2 \ge \cdots \ge a_N \ge b_N=0$$

is the non-increasing rearrangement of the 2N non-negative integers (fi), (gj) and 0.

Example. The branching from U(2N) to Sp(N) relies on two identities of Littlewood:

\begin{align} & \sum_{f_1\ge f_2\ge f_N\ge 0} \operatorname{Tr}\Pi_{\mathbf{f},0}(z_1,z_1^{-1},\ldots, z_N,z_N^{-1}) \cdot \operatorname{Tr}\pi_{\mathbf{f}}(t_1,\ldots,t_N) \\[5pt] = {} & \sum_{f_1\ge f_2\ge f_N\ge 0} \operatorname{Tr}\sigma_{\mathbf{f}}(z_1,\ldots, z_N) \cdot \operatorname{Tr}\pi_{\mathbf{f}}(t_1,\ldots,t_N)\cdot \prod_{i<j} (1-z_iz_j)^{-1}, \end{align} $$

where Πf,0 is the irreducible representation of U(2N) with signature f1 ≥ ··· ≥ fN ≥ 0 ≥ ··· ≥ 0.

 * $$\prod_{i<j} (1-z_iz_j)^{-1} = \sum_{f_{2i-1}=f_{2i}} \operatorname{Tr} \pi_{f}(z_1,\ldots,z_N),$$

where fi ≥ 0.

The branching rule from U(2N) to Sp(N) is given by

 * {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"

 * $$\Pi_{\mathbf{f},0}|_{\mathrm{Sp}(N)}= \bigoplus_{\mathbf{h}, \,\,\mathbf{g},\,\, g_{2i-1}=g_{2i}} M(\mathbf{g}, \mathbf{h};\mathbf{f}) \sigma_{\mathbf{h}}$$
 * }

where all the signature are non-negative and the coefficient M (g, h; k) is the multiplicity of the irreducible representation πk of U(N) in the tensor product πg $$\otimes$$ πh. It is given combinatorially by the Littlewood–Richardson rule, the number of lattice permutations of the skew diagram k/h of weight g.

There is an extension of Littlewood's branching rule to arbitrary signatures due to. The Littlewood–Richardson coefficients M (g, h; f) are extended to allow the signature f to have 2N parts but restricting g to have even column-lengths (g2i – 1 = g2i). In this case the formula reads

 * {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"

 * $$\Pi_{\mathbf{f}}|_{\operatorname{Sp}(N)}= \bigoplus_{\mathbf{h}, \,\,\mathbf{g},\,\, g_{2i-1}=g_{2i}} M_N(\mathbf{g}, \mathbf{h};\mathbf{f}) \sigma_{\mathbf{h}}$$
 * }

where MN (g, h; f) counts the number of lattice permutations of f/h of weight g are counted for which 2j + 1 appears no lower than row N + j of f for 1 ≤ j ≤ |g|/2.

Example. The special orthogonal group SO(N) has irreducible ordinary and spin representations labelled by signatures

 * $$ f_1\ge f_2 \ge \cdots \ge f_{n-1}\ge|f_n|$$ for N = 2n;
 * $$ f_1 \ge f_2 \ge \cdots \ge f_n \ge 0$$ for N = 2n+1.

The fi are taken in Z for ordinary representations and in ½ + Z for spin representations. In fact if an orthogonal matrix U has eigenvalues zi±1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n, then the character of the corresponding irreducible representation πf is given by

 * $$ \operatorname{Tr} \, \pi_{\mathbf{f}}(U) = {\det (z_j^{f_i +n -i} + z_j^{-f_i-n +i}) \over \prod_{i<j} (z_i +z_i^{-1}-z_j-z_j^{-1})}$$

for N = 2n and by

 * $$\operatorname{Tr} \pi_{\mathbf{f}}(U) = {\det (z_j^{f_i +1/2 +n -i} - z_j^{-f_i -1/2-n +i})\over \prod_{i<j} (z_i +z_i^{-1}-z_j-z_j^{-1}) \cdot\prod_k(z_k^{1/2} -z_k^{-1/2})}$$

for N = 2n+1.

The branching rules from SO(N) to SO(N – 1) state that

 * {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"

 * $$\pi_{\mathbf{f}}|_{SO(2n)}= \bigoplus_{f_1\ge g_1 \ge f_2\ge g_2\ge \cdots \ge f_{n-1}\ge g_{n-1}\ge f_n \ge |g_n|} \pi_{\mathbf{g}}$$
 * }

for N = 2n + 1 and

 * {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"

 * $$\pi_{\mathbf{f}}|_{SO(2n-1)}= \bigoplus_{f_1\ge g_1 \ge f_2\ge g_2\ge \cdots \ge f_{n-1}\ge g_{n-1}\ge |f_n|} \pi_{\mathbf{g}}$$
 * }

for N = 2n, where the differences fi − gi must be integers.

Gelfand–Tsetlin basis
Since the branching rules from $$U(N)$$ to $$U(N-1)$$ or $$SO(N)$$ to $$SO(N-1)$$ have multiplicity one, the irreducible summands corresponding to smaller and smaller N will eventually terminate in one-dimensional subspaces. In this way Gelfand and Tsetlin were able to obtain a basis of any irreducible representation of $$U(N)$$ or $$SO(N)$$ labelled by a chain of interleaved signatures, called a Gelfand–Tsetlin pattern. Explicit formulas for the action of the Lie algebra on the Gelfand–Tsetlin basis are given in. Specifically, for $$N=3$$, the Gelfand-Testlin basis of the irreducible representation of $$SO(3)$$ with dimension $$2l+1$$ is given by the complex spherical harmonics $$\{Y_m^l | -l\leq m\leq l\}$$.

For the remaining classical group $$Sp(N)$$, the branching is no longer multiplicity free, so that if V and W are irreducible representation of $$Sp(N-1)$$ and $$Sp(N)$$ the space of intertwiners $$Hom_{Sp(N-1)}(V,W)$$ can have dimension greater than one. It turns out that the Yangian $$Y(\mathfrak{gl}_2)$$, a Hopf algebra introduced by Ludwig Faddeev and collaborators, acts irreducibly on this multiplicity space, a fact which enabled  to extend the construction of Gelfand–Tsetlin bases to $$Sp(N)$$.

Clifford's theorem
In 1937 Alfred H. Clifford proved the following result on the restriction of finite-dimensional irreducible representations from a group G to a normal subgroup N of finite index:

Theorem. Let π: G $$\rightarrow $$ GL(n,K) be an irreducible representation with K a field. Then the restriction of π to N breaks up into a direct sum of irreducible representations of N of equal dimensions. These irreducible representations of N lie in one orbit for the action of G by conjugation on the equivalence classes of irreducible representations of N. In particular the number of distinct summands is no greater than the index of N in G.

Twenty years later George Mackey found a more precise version of this result for the restriction of irreducible unitary representations of locally compact groups to closed normal subgroups in what has become known as the "Mackey machine" or "Mackey normal subgroup analysis".

Abstract algebraic setting
From the point of view of category theory, restriction is an instance of a forgetful functor. This functor is exact, and its left adjoint functor is called induction. The relation between restriction and induction in various contexts is called the Frobenius reciprocity. Taken together, the operations of induction and restriction form a powerful set of tools for analyzing representations. This is especially true whenever the representations have the property of complete reducibility, for example, in representation theory of finite groups over a field of characteristic zero.

Generalizations
This rather evident construction may be extended in numerous and significant ways. For instance we may take any group homomorphism φ from H to G, instead of the inclusion map, and define the restricted representation of H by the composition

 * $$ \rho\circ\varphi \, $$

We may also apply the idea to other categories in abstract algebra: associative algebras, rings, Lie algebras, Lie superalgebras, Hopf algebras to name some. Representations or modules restrict to subobjects, or via homomorphisms.

title: Restricted representation


text:
WSF

WSF can refer to:

 * Windows Script File
 * Washington Square Films, an American production and management company
 * Washington State Ferries
 * World Science Festival
 * World Social Forum
 * World Squash Federation
 * World Snooker Federation
 * Workers Suffrage Federation, later Workers Socialist Federation
 * Women's Sport Foundation, later Women's Sport and Fitness Foundation
 * World Strongman Federation
 * Wyższa Szkoła Filologiczna (Philological School of Higher Education), Wrocław, Poland

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: WSF


text:
User talk:Shotsy

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
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 * Pages needing attention
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 * Village pump
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 * IRC channel
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 02:36, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shotsy


text:
Interstate 395

Interstate 395 is the designation for the following five existing Interstate Highways in the United States, all of which are related to I-95:
 * Interstate 395 (Connecticut–Massachusetts), a spur from I-95 to Auburn, Massachusetts
 * Interstate 395 (Florida), a spur in Miami, Florida
 * Interstate 395 (Maine), a spur in Bangor, Maine
 * Interstate 395 (Maryland), a spur in Baltimore, Maryland
 * Interstate 395 (Virginia–District of Columbia), a spur from I-95 to Washington, D.C.

Other:
 * Interstate 395 (Delaware), a proposed portion of I-95 in Delaware, when it was under construction
 * Schuylkill Expressway in Pennsylvania, part of which was at one point intended to be numbered I-395

title: Interstate 395


text:
You Boyz Make Big Noize

You Boyz Make Big Noize is the fourteenth and final studio album by the British rock group Slade. It was released on 27 April 1987 and reached number 98 in the UK Albums Chart. The album was largely produced by bassist Jim Lea, with two tracks produced by John Punter and another two by Roy Thomas Baker. It was the last studio album by the original lineup, prior to their split in 1992.

The US version of the album, which was released on the CBS label on 3 August 1987, replaced "Fools Go Crazy" with the title track "You Boyz Make Big Noize", which was recorded after the UK and European release of the album.

Background
Following Slade's decision to stop touring in 1984, the band continued to record new material. The 1985 album Rogues Gallery had been a hit across Europe but saw only limited success in the UK and US. When the band set out to record their next album in 1986, they hoped to record a hit album that would put Slade back into the public eye. Initially the band hired producer Roy Thomas Baker to produce the album, but the band felt his working methods were too lengthy and expensive. In the end, Baker completed two tracks, John Punter produced another two and Jim Lea finished the rest.

The lead single, "Still The Same" was released in February 1987 and stalled at No. 73. A lack of airplay on Radio One was seen as an important factor for the chart position as the single had been B-Listed and not A-Listed on the radio's playlist. The second single, "That's What Friends Are For" was released a week before the album in April and reached No. 95. The poor chartings saw RCA unwilling to invest large amounts of money into promoting the album, which reached No. 98 in the UK. In July, a non-album single of the same name, "You Boyz Make Big Noize" was released by the band under the Cheapskate label. It was distributed by RCA and reached No. 94. Around the same time, "Ooh La La in L.A." was released from the album in America by CBS and Germany by RCA. The lack of commercial success resulted in the end of the band's contract with RCA. Despite this, the album track "We Won't Give In" was later released on the Cheapskate label as the album's fourth and final single, but only reached No. 121 in the UK.

In a mid-1986 interview, lead vocalist Noddy Holder spoke of the upcoming album: "We've finally got it finished and feel we have some of the best songs we've ever written." Speaking in a late 1987 fan club interview, Lea commented of his production work on the album: "When I listened to You Boyz Make Big Noize, which is the last thing I did, I thought "this really stands up, I can put this on and be proud of it"."

Due to Holder's personal reasons, the idea of touring to promote the album was ruled out. Speaking in a 1987 fan club interview, guitarist Dave Hill said: "We could announce a tour now, but caution tells us that we'd do better to announce one on the back of a hit. We haven't called it a day on the touring and if luck would have it, we could be touring after this LP." Responding to rumours of the band splitting up, Hill replied: "Fans might be feeling a little left out and a bit disappointed, but they've got to understand that 21 years now is a long time to stay together as a group. We are a little older and we are still trying. I think that deep-seatedly within the group, every one of us would play live, but what we are searching for is a way to take us to another stage of success."

Without a contract with a major label, Slade would not record another album again. In 1991, the band recorded two new singles for Polydor, "Radio Wall of Sound" and "Universe", but would split up shortly after in 1992. Drummer Don Powell later recalled of the album: "It wasn't us, there was no identity on that album. It would have been nice for the original band to have gone out with a better album, like the Slade in Flame album or Slayed?. It was like a certain magic was missing. The closeness that we'd had wasn't there."

Recording
You Boyz Make Big Noize was recorded at Wessex Studios, Portland Studios, Redan Studios and Music Works. The album's title was chosen after Betty, a Wessex Studios tea-lady, commented to Slade "you boys make big noise" during a recording session. For the album, Holder and Lea demoed around eighteen tracks, while Hill put forward four of his own demos.

In an early 1987 fan club interview, Powell spoke of the album's completion: "We finished the album yesterday, actually. We spent yesterday piecing it together and sorting out the running order. We know exactly which tracks will be on the album – all of which is new material. The album has taken us a long time to record, especially the tracks that John Punter and Roy produced. We spent the first two days with Roy just trying to get the drum sound as he wanted it. He had forty odd mikes over my kit, and it sounded like thunder in the studios. The album is more of a sing-a-long one, as opposed to a heavy metal album."

In a late 1986 fan club interview, Lea spoke of the band's work with Roy Thomas Baker: "I was out with Roy one night, and he got serious for one moment, and said "The only reason I'm here with you lot is because right now in America all the young bands, certainly in Los Angeles, are searching for the formula that Slade created – commercial songs with that edge, and that sound where it all comes out as one". Roy Thomas Baker was the one who put the word 'producer' on the modern map of production – it was a great compliment from him."

Promotion
The album received little promotion from the label, largely due to the disappointing sales of "Still the Same". No music videos were filmed to promote the singles. In a 1987 fan club interview, Hill discussed the song's failure: "''Still the same' is basically being regarded as a flop in terms of what was expected of it. I think the record company were mostly disappointed as it was them rather than the group who chose it. We brought this record out, not in the usual Christmas period, which on the face of it seemed to me to be a feasible idea as an attempt to get away from the 'Slade only exist at Christmas time' situation. On listening to opinion though, it seems to have been regarded as another 'My Oh My'-type song, which perhaps should have come out at Christmas. When 'My Oh My' was released, it was just as slow to take off, but as soon as we got the radio play, it rocketed. 'Still the Same' did virtually the same chart-wise in its first few weeks, but at the point where 'My Oh My' picked up radio play, 'Still the Same' was dropped completely.'"

Critical reception
Upon its release, John Gibson of the Edinburgh Evening News commented how the band were "hangin' on in there, determined to stay with chart trends" and added, "So determined here that they could pass for metallists. Call it the mature side of Slade." Paul Taylor of the Manchester Evening News stated that Slade are "still in a class of their own for the blindingly obvious sway-along rock melody". He continued, "In the cold light of day, it's lumbering and cliché-ridden, but with the right company and the odd beverage, who can say they have not bopped joyfully to Noddy Holder's gravelly tones? This album provides more of the same – more polished in production than of old, but still taken from the first pages of the ABC of yob rock." Mark Kearns of the Harrow Leader remarked that Slade "still have the knack of knocking out catchy, if vacuous, tunes" and felt that "there's no real quality here, but a certain dogged persistence that pays dividends". Jon Hotten of Kerrang! was mixed in his review, nothing that while "all the songs bear the unmistakable Slade stamp, 12 potential singles, 12 stomp-along, shout-it-out choruses", there was "nothing remotely new" within the "12 terrace anthems" and even Holder, who "as ever sings his heart out", "sounds a little jaded after all this time". He concluded, "At last Slade have carved a comfortable little niche for themselves under the heading 'British Institution', and their necks are getting a bit old and scraggy for sticking out now. If you like Slade, you'll like this, if you don't, then I don't think this is the album to convert you."

In the US, reviews were generally positive. Billboard recommended the album and commented that the "long-lived glam rockers cleave to their formula of raucous, guitar-based rock with shout-along choruses". Cash Box noted the album "pulls no punches with Noddy Holder belting out the melodic stompers". Jim Zebora of Record-Journal considered it to "prove that these rocking old-timers still have what it takes in the world of pop metal" and continued, "Perhaps the thing that Slade does best and what makes their playing so entertaining is the mixture of rocking sincerity and good humor about what it all means. 'Sing Shout (Knock Yourself Out)' describes this philosophy in song, and boy does it make you want to move. If this were a just world, Slade would still be making hit records. That they're not just doesn't seem to be their fault." The Press of Atlantic City wrote, "Today, Slade continue to play it heavy but their records are far more positive than most of the sonically similar newer acts. Yes, there is a sense of joy in their sound. Their British football cheer choruses remain, as does the blurry guitar mix."

Eric McClary of the Reno Gazette-Journal described the album as "basher rock all in the spirit of fun" and "good-time music for rugby players and drinking buddies", with "simple unison choruses", "sentimental lyrics" and "lots of optimism". He concluded, "Slade is not deaf to new rock sounds, but the lads know what's kept them going all these years: teary-eyed pub anthems and carousing party tunes. See if you can resist them – I can't." David Emerson of The Boston Globe remarked that Slade's "style of bombastic, teen anthems has changed little", with "songs of defiance, camaraderie, and rock as savior still hold[ing] court in their much copied high camp fashion". He added, "While their songs generally lack the speed of some of their descendants (AC/DC, Mötley Crüe etc...), they show here that they can still make big noize with the best of them. For those of you so inclined, take out your air guitar and turn up the volume." Tom Harrison of the Canadian newspaper The Province noted, "The Troggs of the '80s are as unrepentantly loud as the LP's title proclaims. This is bubblegum heavy metal worthy of the Archies and I mean that as a compliment. As one song suggests, 'Sing Shout (Knock Yourself Out)'." Dale Winnitowy of The Surrey Leader praised it as "glorious, trashy pop-rock tailor-made for excessive volume", with Slade "still best at dynamite teen anthem sing-a-longs like the title song, 'Me and the Boys', 'Sing Shout (Knock Yourself Out)', and 'It's Hard Having Fun Nowadays'".

In a retrospective review, Doug Stone of AllMusic praised Slade for "constantly deliver[ing] the goods", despite being "nuked by the mainstream, metalheads, critics, and America", and noted that every track "stomps out a variation on the Slade theme of 'Sing Shout (Knock Yourself Out)'". He added, "Face facts, AC/DC stole Slade's shtick all those years ago and now can't write its way out of a six pack, while these crazee boyz are still having fun slinging crisp chops and heavy hooks. Kudos. That's what Slade is for."

Personnel
Slade
 * Noddy Holder – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Dave Hill – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Jim Lea – bass guitar, keyboards, guitars, backing vocals
 * Don Powell – drums, percussion

Production
 * Jim Lea – production (tracks 4–7, 9–12), arrangement (all tracks)
 * John Punter – production (tracks 3, 8)
 * Roy Thomas Baker – production (tracks 1, 2)
 * Gerrard Johnson – keyboard programming
 * Pete Hammond – keyboard programming
 * Dave Garland – engineering
 * Jerry Napier – engineering
 * Mark Dearney – engineering
 * Matt Butler – engineering
 * Trevor Hallesey – engineering

title: You Boyz Make Big Noize


text:
Robert Coates

Robert Coates is the name of:

 * Robert Coates (actor) (1772–1848), British would-be-actor, famous for his atrocious skills
 * Robert Coates (cricketer) (1881–1956), New Zealand cricketer
 * Robert Coates (writer) (1897–1973), American novelist, short-story writer and art critic
 * Robert Coates (politician) (1928–2016), Canadian politician

title: Robert Coates


text:
Energy Plaza

Energy Plaza is a skyscraper in the City Center District of downtown Dallas, Texas, United States, north of Thanks-Giving Square at 1601 Bryan Street. Designed by I.M. Pei and Partners, the building is 192 m and 49 stories, making it the ninth-tallest building in Dallas.

The building itself is based on a design using three triangles. The communications tower at the top of the building is a small version of the Star Tower broadcast tower line from Landmark Tower Company, which went bankrupt after its owner and chief design engineer died from a heart attack in 2002.

Construction on the building began in May 1980 and the building opened in August 1983 for the Atlantic Richfield Company to be used as their regional headquarters. The structure's original name was the ARCO Tower. Energy Future Holdings, Oncor Electric Delivery, and FuelcoLLC.com, are the primary tenants. Other notable tenants include Civitas Capital Management LLC. The building is connected to the Dallas Pedestrian Network and the Bullington Truck Terminal.

title: Energy Plaza


text:
Interstate 195

Interstate 195 (I-195) is the designation for the following six existing Interstate Highways in the United States, all of which are related to I-95:
 * Interstate 195 (Maine), a spur in Saco
 * Interstate 195 (Maryland), a spur to BWI Airport
 * Interstate 195 (New Jersey), a spur to the Jersey Shore
 * Interstate 195 (Rhode Island–Massachusetts), a spur to Cape Cod
 * Interstate 195 (Virginia), a spur in Richmond
 * Interstate 195 (Florida), a spur in Miami

Other
 * Interstate 195 (District of Columbia), a future designation for the north–south portion of I-395 from the Southeast–Southwest Freeway to New York Avenue
 * Interstate 195 (Delaware), a proposed portion of I-95 in Delaware, while under construction

title: Interstate 195


text:
User talk:Farkas2029

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
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 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
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 * IRC channel
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 02:46, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Kenneth Barnard Keating.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Kenneth Barnard Keating.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. ЭLСОВВОLД talk 17:56, 22 July 2008 (UTC)  -- ЭLСОВВОLД  talk 17:56, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

United States congressional delegations from Texas
Can you add a citation to Andrew J. Hamilton that supports him being an Independent Democrat rather than a member of the Democratic Party (United States) or some other "Democratic" party? The Handbook of Texas reference on that page doesn't specify "Independent." davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  00:34, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. I went to Google Book Search and in 30 minutes found the information quickly and easily. He ran against a Democrat, how could there be 2 Democrats running for the same office in the general election. Now the burden of proof is on you to show me he ran as a true Democrat against another true Democrat otherwise the information stays.Farkas2029 (talk) 02:24, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
 * This is the outcome I was looking for. There is a lot of unsourced, dubious-looking, but true information out there on Wikipedia, and the best way to protect it from people who would boldly delete is to get someone who knows the topic to find a reference for it.  davidwr/  (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  06:41, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

2019 US Banknote Contest
Sent by ZLEA at 23:30, 19 October 2019 (UTC) via MediaWiki message delivery (talk)

title: User talk:Farkas2029


text:
Conversion disorder

Conversion disorder (CD), or functional neurologic symptom disorder, is a diagnostic category used in some psychiatric classification systems. It is sometimes applied to patients who present with neurological symptoms, such as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, which are not consistent with a well-established organic cause, which cause significant distress, and can be traced back to a psychological trigger. It is thought that these symptoms arise in response to stressful situations affecting a patient's mental health or an ongoing mental health condition such as depression. Individuals diagnosed with conversion disorder have a greater chance of experiencing certain psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and personality disorders compared to those diagnosed with neurological disorders. Conversion disorder was retained in DSM-5, but given the subtitle functional neurological symptom disorder. The new criteria cover the same range of symptoms, but remove the requirements for a psychological stressor to be present and for feigning to be disproved. The ICD-10 classifies conversion disorder as a dissociative disorder, and the ICD-11 as a dissociative disorder with unspecified neurological symptoms. However, the DSM-IV classifies conversion disorder as a somatoform disorder.

Signs and symptoms
Conversion disorder begins with some stressor, trauma, or psychological distress. Usually the physical symptoms of the syndrome affect the senses or movement. Common symptoms include blindness, partial or total paralysis, inability to speak, deafness, numbness, difficulty swallowing, incontinence, balance problems, seizures, tremors, and difficulty walking. The symptom of feeling unable to breathe, but where the lips are not turning blue, can indicate conversion disorder or sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis and narcolepsy can be ruled out with sleep tests. These symptoms are attributed to conversion disorder when a medical explanation for the conditions cannot be found. Symptoms of conversion disorder usually occur suddenly. Conversion disorder is typically seen in people aged 10 to 35, and affects between 0.011% and 0.5% of the general population.

Conversion disorder can present with motor or sensory symptoms including any of the following:

Motor symptoms or deficits:
 * Impaired coordination or balance
 * Weakness/paralysis of a limb or the entire body (hysterical paralysis or motor conversion disorders)
 * Impairment or loss of speech (hysterical aphonia)
 * Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or a sensation of a lump in the throat
 * Urinary retention
 * Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures or convulsions
 * Persistent dystonia
 * Tremor, myoclonus or other movement disorders
 * Gait problems (astasia-abasia)
 * Loss of consciousness (fainting)

Sensory symptoms or deficits:
 * Impaired vision (hysterical blindness), double vision
 * Impaired hearing (deafness)
 * Loss or disturbance of touch or pain sensation

Conversion symptoms typically do not conform to known anatomical pathways and physiological mechanisms. It has sometimes been stated that the presenting symptoms tend to reflect the patient's own understanding of anatomy and that the less medical knowledge a person has, the more implausible are the presenting symptoms. However, no systematic studies have yet been performed to substantiate this statement.

Sexual dysfunction and pain are also symptoms of conversion disorder but if a patient only has these symptoms, they should be diagnosed with sexual pain disorder or pain disorder.

Definition
Conversion disorder is now contained under the umbrella term functional neurological symptom disorder. In cases of conversion disorder, there is a psychological stressor.

The diagnostic criteria for functional neurological symptom disorder, as set out in DSM-5, are:

1. The patient has at least one symptom of altered voluntary motor or sensory function.

2. Clinical findings provide evidence of incompatibility between the symptom and recognised neurological or medical conditions.

3. The symptom or deficit is not better explained by another medical or mental disorder.

4. The symptom or deficit causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning or warrants medical evaluation. Specify type of symptom or deficit as: Specify if: Specify if:
 * With weakness or paralysis
 * With abnormal movement (e.g. tremor, dystonic movement, myoclonus, gait disorder)
 * With swallowing symptoms
 * With speech symptoms (e.g. dysphonia, slurred speech)
 * With attacks or seizures
 * With amnesia or memory loss
 * With special sensory loss symptoms (e.g. visual blindness, olfactory loss, or hearing disturbance)
 * With mixed symptoms.
 * Acute episode: symptoms present for less than six months
 * Persistent: symptoms present for six months or more.
 * Psychological stressor (conversion disorder)
 * No psychological stressor (functional neurological symptom disorder)

Exclusion of neurological disease
Conversion disorder presents with symptoms that typically resemble a neurological disorder such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, hypokalemic periodic paralysis or narcolepsy. The neurologist must carefully exclude neurological disease, through examination and appropriate investigations. However, it is not uncommon for patients with neurological disease to also have conversion disorder.

In excluding neurological disease, the neurologist has traditionally relied partly on the presence of positive signs of conversion disorder, i.e. certain aspects of the presentation that were thought to be rare in neurological disease but common in conversion. The validity of many of these signs has been questioned, however, by a study showing they also occur in neurological disease. One such symptom, for example, is la belle indifférence, described in DSM-IV as "a relative lack of concern about the nature or implications of the symptoms". In a later study, no evidence was found that patients with functional symptoms are any more likely to exhibit this than patients with a confirmed organic disease. In DSM-V, la belle indifférence was removed as a diagnostic criterion.

Another feature thought to be important was that symptoms tended to be more severe on the non-dominant (usually left) side of the body. There have been a number of theories about this, such as the relative involvement of cerebral hemispheres in emotional processing, or more simply, that it was "easier" to live with a functional deficit on the non-dominant side. However, a literature review of 121 studies established that this was not true, with publication bias the most likely explanation for this commonly held view. Although agitation is often assumed to be a positive sign of conversion disorder, release of epinephrine is a well-demonstrated cause of paralysis from hypokalemic periodic paralysis.

Misdiagnosis does sometimes occur. In a highly influential study from the 1960s, Eliot Slater demonstrated that misdiagnoses had occurred in one third of his 112 patients with conversion disorder. Later authors have argued that the paper was flawed, however, and a meta-analysis has shown that misdiagnosis rates since that paper was published are around four percent, the same as for other neurological diseases.

Deliberate feigning
Conversion disorder, by its nature, is more prone to deliberate feigning. One neuroimaging study suggested that feigning may be distinguished from conversion by the pattern of frontal lobe activation.

Psychological mechanism
The psychological mechanism of conversion can be the most difficult aspect of a conversion diagnosis. Even if there is a clear antecedent trauma or other possible psychological trigger, it is still not clear exactly how this gives rise to the symptoms observed. Patients with medically unexplained neurological symptoms may not have any psychological stressor, hence the use of the term "functional neurological symptom disorder" in DSM-5 as opposed to "conversion disorder", and DSM-5's removal of the need for a psychological trigger.

Treatment
There are a number of different treatments available to treat and manage conversion syndrome. Treatments for conversion syndrome include hypnosis, psychotherapy, physical therapy, stress management, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Treatment plans will consider duration and presentation of symptoms and may include one or multiple of the above treatments. This may include the following:
 * 1) Occupational therapy to maintain autonomy in activities of daily living;
 * 2) Physiotherapy where appropriate.
 * 3) Treatment of comorbid depression or anxiety if present.
 * 4) Educating patients on the causes of their symptoms might help them learn to manage both the psychiatric and physical aspects of their condition. Psychological counseling is often warranted given the known relationship between conversion disorder and emotional trauma. This approach ideally takes place alongside other types of treatment.

There is little evidence-based treatment of conversion disorder. Other treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnosis, EMDR, and psychodynamic psychotherapy, EEG brain biofeedback need further trials. Psychoanalytic treatment may possibly be helpful. However, most studies assessing the efficacy of these treatments are of poor quality and larger, better controlled studies are urgently needed. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is the most common treatment, however boasts a mere 13% improvement rate.

Prognosis
Empirical studies have found that the prognosis for conversion disorder varies widely, with some cases resolving in weeks, and others enduring for years or decades. There is also evidence that there is no cure for conversion disorder, and that although patients may go into remission they can relapse at any point. Furthermore, many patients can get rid of their symptoms with time, treatments and reassurance.

Frequency
Information on the frequency of conversion disorder in the West is limited, in part due to the complexities of the diagnostic process. In neurology clinics, the reported prevalence of unexplained symptoms among new patients is very high (between 30 and 60%). However, diagnosis of conversion typically requires an additional psychiatric evaluation, and since few patients will see a psychiatrist it is unclear what proportion of the unexplained symptoms are actually due to conversion. Large scale psychiatric registers in the US and Iceland found incidence rates of 22 and 11 newly diagnosed cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively. Some estimates claim that in the general population, between 0.011% and 0.5% of the population have conversion disorder.

Culture
Although it is often thought that the frequency of conversion may be higher outside of the West, perhaps in relation to cultural and medical attitudes, evidence of this is limited. A community survey of urban Turkey found a prevalence of 5.6%. Many authors have found occurrence of conversion to be more frequent in rural, lower socio-economic groups, where technological investigation of patients is limited and people may know less about medical and psychological concepts.

Gender
Historically, the concept of 'hysteria' was originally understood to be a condition exclusively affecting women, though the concept was eventually extended to men. In recent surveys of conversion disorder (formerly classified as "hysterical neurosis, conversion type"), females predominate, with between two and six female patients for every male but some research suggests this gender disparity may be confounded by higher rates of violence against women.

Age
Conversion disorder may present at any age but is rare in children younger than ten or in the elderly. Studies suggest a peak onset in the mid-to-late 30s.

History
The first evidence of functional neurological symptom disorder dates back to 1900 BC, when the symptoms were blamed on the uterus moving within the female body. The treatment varied "depending on the position of the uterus, which must be forced to return to its natural position. If the uterus had moved upwards, this could be done by placing malodorous and acrid substances near the woman's mouth and nostrils, while scented ones were placed near her vagina; on the contrary, if the uterus had lowered, the document recommends placing the acrid substances near her vagina and the perfumed ones near her mouth and nostrils."

In Greek mythology, hysteria, the original name for functional neurological symptom disorder, was thought to be caused by a lack of orgasms, uterine melancholy and not procreating. Plato, Aristotle and Hippocrates believed a lack of sex upsets the uterus. The Greeks believed it could be prevented and cured with wine and orgies. Hippocrates argued that a lack of regular sexual intercourse led to the uterus producing toxic fumes and caused it to move in the body, and that this meant all women should be married and enjoy a satisfactory sexual life.

Donald Capps argues that the diseases Jesus allegedly healed, such as paralysis and blindness, were actually forms of conversion disorder. He describes Jesus as a "village psychiatrist", who believed that his words had power.

From the 13th century, women with hysteria were exorcised, as it was believed that they were possessed by the devil. It was believed that if doctors could not find the cause of a disease or illness, it must be caused by the devil.

At the beginning of the 16th century, women were sexually stimulated by midwives in order to relieve their symptoms. Gerolamo Cardano and Giambattista della Porta believed polluted water and fumes caused the symptoms of hysteria. Towards the end of the century, however, the role of the uterus was no longer thought central to the disorder, with Thomas Willis discovering that the brain and central nervous system were the cause of the symptoms. Thomas Sydenham argued that the symptoms of hysteria may have an organic cause. He also proved the uterus is not the cause of symptoms.

In 1692, in the US town of Salem, Massachusetts, there was an outbreak of hysteria. This led to the Salem witch trials, where the women accused of being witches had symptoms such as sudden movements, staring eyes and uncontrollable jumping.

During the 18th century, there was a move from the idea of hysteria being caused by the uterus to it being caused by the brain. This led to an understanding that it could affect both sexes. Jean-Martin Charcot argued that hysteria was caused by "a hereditary degeneration of the nervous system, namely a neurological disorder".

In the 19th century, hysteria moved from being considered a neurological disorder to being considered a psychological disorder, when Pierre Janet argued that "dissociation appears autonomously for neurotic reasons, and in such a way as to adversely disturb the individual's everyday life". However, as early as 1874, doctors including W. B. Carpenter and J. A. Omerod began to speak out against the hysteria phenomenon as there was no evidence to prove its existence.

Sigmund Freud referred to the condition as both hysteria and conversion disorder throughout his career. He believed those with the condition could not live in a mature relationship, and that those with the condition were unwell in order to achieve a "secondary gain", in that they are able to manipulate their situation to fit their needs or desires. He also found that both men and women could have the disorder.

Freud's model suggested the emotional charge deriving from painful experiences would be consciously repressed as a way of managing the pain, but that the emotional charge would be somehow "converted" into neurological symptoms. Freud later argued that the repressed experiences were of a sexual nature. As Peter Halligan comments, conversion has "the doubtful distinction among psychiatric diagnoses of still invoking Freudian mechanisms".

Pierre Janet, the other great theoretician of hysteria, argued that symptoms arose through the power of suggestion, acting on a personality vulnerable to dissociation. In this hypothetical process, the subject's experience of their leg, for example, is split off from the rest of their consciousness, resulting in paralysis or numbness in that leg.

Later authors have attempted to combine elements of these various models, but none of them has a firm empirical basis. In 1908, Steyerthal predicted that: "Within a few years the concept of hysteria will belong to history... there is no such disease and there never has been. What Charcot called hysteria is a tissue woven of a thousand threads, a cohort of the most varied diseases, with nothing in common but the so-called stigmata, which in fact may accompany any disease." However, the term "hysteria" was still being used well into the 20th century.

Some support for the Freudian model comes from findings of high rates of childhood sexual abuse in conversion patients. Support for the dissociation model comes from studies showing heightened suggestibility in conversion patients. However, critics argue that it can be challenging to find organic pathologies for all symptoms, and so the practice of diagnosing patients with such symptoms as having hysteria led to the disorder being meaningless, vague and a sham diagnosis, as it does not refer to any definable disease. Furthermore, throughout its history, many patients have been misdiagnosed with hysteria or conversion disorder when they had organic disorders such as tumours or epilepsy or vascular diseases. This has led to patient deaths, a lack of appropriate care and suffering for the patients. Eliot Slater, after studying the condition in the 1950s, stated: "The diagnosis of 'hysteria' is all too often a way of avoiding a confrontation with our own ignorance. This is especially dangerous when there is an underlying organic pathology, not yet recognised. In this penumbra we find patients who know themselves to be ill but, coming up against the blank faces of doctors who refuse to believe in the reality of their illness, proceed by way of emotional lability, overstatement and demands for attention... Here is an area where catastrophic errors can be made. In fact it is often possible to recognise the presence though not the nature of the unrecognisable, to know that a man must be ill or in pain when all the tests are negative. But it is only possible to those who come to their task in a spirit of humility. In the main the diagnosis of 'hysteria' applies to a disorder of the doctor–patient relationship. It is evidence of non-communication, of a mutual misunderstanding... We are, often, unwilling to tell the full truth or to admit to ignorance... Evasions, even untruths, on the doctor's side are among the most powerful and frequently used methods he has for bringing about an efflorescence of 'hysteria'".

Much recent work has been done to identify the underlying causes of conversion and related disorders and to better understand why conversion disorder and hysteria appear more commonly in women. Current theoreticians tend to believe there is no single cause for these disorders. Instead, the emphasis tends to be on the patient's understanding and a variety of psychotherapeutic techniques. In some cases, the onset of conversion disorder correlates to a traumatic or stressful event. There are also certain populations that are considered at risk for conversion disorder, including people with a medical illness or condition, people with personality disorders or dissociative identity disorder. However, no biomarkers have yet been found to support the idea that conversion disorder is caused by a psychiatric condition.

There has been much recent interest in using functional neuroimaging to study conversion. As researchers identify the mechanisms which underlie conversion symptoms, it is hoped they will enable the development of a neuropsychological model. A number of such studies have been performed, including some which suggest the blood-flow in patients' brains may be abnormal while they are unwell. However, the studies have all been too small to be confident of the generalisability of their findings, so no neuropsychological model has been clearly established.

An evolutionary psychology explanation for conversion disorder is that the symptoms may have been evolutionarily advantageous during warfare. A non-combatant with these symptoms signals non-verbally, possibly to someone speaking a different language, that she or he is not dangerous as a combatant and also may be carrying some form of dangerous infectious disease. This can explain that conversion disorder may develop following a threatening situation, that there may be a group effect with many people simultaneously developing similar symptoms (as in mass psychogenic illness), and the gender difference in prevalence.

title: Conversion disorder


text:
User:Frenchgeek

fr:Utilisateur:Frenchgeek

Hello! My name is Stewart Caswell, and I am 28 years old. Right now I am attending the University of Southern Maine and will be getting my French degree... eventually.

Pages translated from the French Wikipedia
Communards' Wall | Slit-scan photography | Gaston Lagaffe

Pages translated from the English Wikipedia
Diana Spencer | Buck Owens

Articles initiated
Miss USA

Articles I'm Currently Working On
Pont autoroutier de l'Interstate-35 Ouest du Mississippi

title: User:Frenchgeek


text:
Expedition 8

Expedition 8 was the eighth expedition to the International Space Station.

Mission parameters

 * Perigee: 384 km
 * Apogee: 396 km
 * Inclination: 51.6°
 * Period: 92 min
 * Docked: 20 October 2003 – 07:15:58 UTC
 * Undocked: 29 April 2004 – 20:52:09 UTC
 * Time Docked: 192 days, 13 h, 36 min, 11 s

Mission objectives
Expedition 8 Commander and NASA Station Science Officer Michael Foale, Flight Engineer Alexander Kaleri and ESA Astronaut Pedro Duque docked the Soyuz TMA-3 with the International Space Station at 07:15:58 UTC on 20 October 2003. At the time of docking, both spacecraft orbited the Earth above Russia.

Once the Expedition 7 crew undocked, Foale and Kaleri settled down to work, beginning a more than six-month stint focused on Station operations and maintenance.

The new station crew, along with Duque, launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 05:38:03 UTC, on 18 October 2003.

Foale and Kaleri departed the station for earth aboard the Soyuz TMA-3 spacecraft on 29 April 2004 along with ESA Astronaut André Kuipers, who had arrived with the Expedition 9 crew aboard Soyuz TMA-4 nine days earlier.

Spacewalks
The Expedition 8 crew conducted the first two-person spacewalk at the International Space Station. Unlike previous spacewalks conducted by ISS crews, there was not a crewmember inside the Station as the spacewalkers worked outside. The spacewalk was based out of the Pirs docking compartment; the spacewalkers wore Russian Orlan space suits.

This was the 52nd spacewalk devoted to Space Station assembly, operations and maintenance, bringing the cumulative total to 322 hours and 32 minutes. It was the 27th based out of the Station, bringing the total to 155 hours and 17 minutes.

title: Expedition 8


text:
Alan Macnaughton

Alan Aylesworth Macnaughton (July 30, 1903 – July 16, 1999) was a Canadian politician and was Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada from 1963 to 1966.

Macnaughton was born in Greater Napanee, Ontario, and educated at Upper Canada College. He studied law at McGill University (BCL 1929) and began a law practice in Montreal, where he served as a Crown Attorney from 1933 to 1942.

Macnaughton first won a seat in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1949 election when he was returned as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Mount Royal. Macnaughton served as Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee after the 1958 election, and his performance in that position led to the newly elected Liberal government nominating him for the position of Speaker following the 1963 election.

Macnaughton presided over a House of Commons led by a minority government in which no party had control of the House, resulting in long and bitter debates that made it a challenge for any speaker to maintain order.

Acrimonious debates included that over the adoption of a new flag of Canada as well as scandals like the Munsinger affair. As Speaker, he attempted to bring in procedural reforms to make Parliament more efficient. He established four subcommittees of the Special Committee on Procedure and Organization, each chaired by a member of a different political party (Liberal, Progressive-Conservative, Social Credit, and New Democrat). The result of this process were recommendations for new procedures of time allocation in debates, a new committee structure, the abolition of the right to appeal rulings of the Speaker, research budgets for members and other changes most of which were ultimately implemented.

During the Flag Debate, Macnaughton set a precedent by allowing the motion to be split into two and allowing separate motions on making the Maple Leaf the new flag and using the Union Flag as a symbol of Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. This was the first time a Speaker took it upon his own authority to split a motion. Macnaughton did so in the hope of facilitating debate and calming the House.

Late in his term as Speaker, he served as a production consultant on the politically-themed CBC Television drama series Quentin Durgens, M.P..

Macnaughton did not contest the 1965 election, and retired from electoral politics. Future prime minister Pierre Trudeau succeeded him as MP for Mount Royal.

In 1966, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson recommended that Macnaughton be appointed to a seat in the Senate of Canada. He served in that body until his retirement in 1978. In 1994, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

In 1967, Macnaughton founded World Wildlife Fund Canada (WWF-Canada), which is the Canadian branch of the global conservation organization, World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly named World Wildlife Fund).

Archives
There is an Alan Macnaughton fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

title: Alan Macnaughton


text:
User talk:Djyang~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 02:55, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

You're invited! New England Wikimedia General Meeting
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2nd Annual Wikimedia New England General Meeting
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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Djyang. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Djyang~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Djyang~enwiki


text:
User talk:SirFrog

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 02:55, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Thanks Sam. :) I am presently trying to fill out the Tennessee state parks with some basic information.  Hopefully this contribution will help the Wikipedia community - SirFrog 14:45, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Shiloh
I moved your article on Shiloh National Park to its proper name at Shiloh National Military Park. This is an important distinction under the organization of the NPS and presumably the laws which established it. Rmhermen 15:56, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:SirFrog


text:
Alan MacNaughton

Alan MacNaughton may refer to:

 * Alan Macnaughton (1903–1999), Canadian politician
 * Alan MacNaughtan (1920–2002), British television actor

title: Alan MacNaughton


text:
Rogers Wireless

Rogers Wireless Inc. is a Canadian wireless telephone company headquartered in Toronto, providing service nationally throughout Canada. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rogers Communications. The company had revenues of just under $15.1 billion in 2018. Rogers Wireless is the largest wireless carrier in Canada, with 13.7 million subscribers as of Q2 2023.

The company was originally started by David Margolese as an expansion of his pager firm, Canadian Telecom, formed in 1978. With the 1983 introduction of AMPS, the first North American standard for cell phones, Margolese started plans to expand the company into this new market. This required large amounts of capital. A group of private investors consisting of Margolese, Ted Rogers, Marc Belzberg and Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien formed the newly renamed Cantel in 1984 and opening for service in July 1985.

Rogers purchased a controlling interest in the company in 1986, and bought out all of the shares of the other members by 1990. Starting in 1984, he also purchased an increasing share of CNCP Telecommunications, who operated a number of microwave relay networks suitable for carrying long distance calls. AT&T purchased a share of the new company, which also allowed Cantel to avoid using Bell Canada lines for access into the U.S. where possible. In 2003, the company was renamed Rogers Wireless, and in 2004 Rogers bought out AT&T's remaining shares. The same year, Rogers purchased Microcell Solutions, today known as Fido, Canada's first user of GSM systems as opposed to the more widespread (in North America) CDMA. The company then expanded GSM service throughout their network.

Rogers Wireless has remained Canada's leading wireless provider throughout its history. This was aided in its early Cantel years by the slow uptake of cellular service by Bell Canada and the limited capital of smaller players like BC Tel and Shaw Communications. The use of GSM proved to be a major boon when the iPhone was released in 2007 and only ran on GSM. This handed the company exclusive access to this product until 2009 when Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility agreed to share towers and switch/upgrade to UMTS/HSPA in time to capture the lucrative international market as part of the 2010 Winter Olympics. Today, Rogers retains its preeminent position with widespread service, continued acquisitions, and the use of fighter brands like Fido and Chatr.

History
Rogers Wireless was founded by Ted Rogers, David Margolese, Marc Belzberg and Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.

In 1978, future Sirius XM Radio founder David Margolese dropped out of university and founded the paging company Canadian Telecom. Foreseeing that cellular wireless technology would be used for more than simply voice calls, Margolese proposed a plan to obtain a license for Canada’s cellular phone rights. At the time, there were no such licenses or commercial cellular services in existence, as the wireless technology was still in the laboratory and experimental.

Needing significant financing, he approached Rogers Communications, which was owned by Ted Rogers, to partner with him. Rogers ultimately joined with Margolese, Marc Belzberg of First City Financial and Telemedia founder Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien to form Cantel, which Margolese named after Canadian Telecom. In 1984, the group was granted Canada’s national cellular license. Cantel launched service on July 1, 1985.

In 1986, Ted Rogers purchased a controlling stake in Cantel, which was at the time Canada's only national supplier of cellular telephone service. Over the next four years, Rogers bought out his partners, becoming the sole owner of Cantel. Cantel was later renamed Cantel AT&T, Rogers Cantel AT&T and Rogers AT&T Wireless; in December 2003, the company became known by its current name, Rogers Wireless, which led to Rogers purchasing AT&T’s 34% stake in the company for $1.8 billion the following year.

Spectrum Purchases
Through spectrum auctions, Rogers has made the following purchases of spectrum:

Networks
Rogers operates GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G NR networks in all of Canada's provinces and offers roaming in Canada's territories.

AMPS
Rogers previously operated an AMPS/D-AMPS network in the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands in Canada. The network was shut down on May 31, 2007.

GSM
Since 2002, the company's 2G GSM network with EDGE has operated in Canada. It provides compatibility for GSM-based devices, including those frequently used by international travelers. However, this technology is limited to speeds up to 236 kilobits per second, which is only about four times the speed of dial-up.

The 1900 MHz PCS network was shut down on June 7, 2021. 850 MHz was retired on December 31, 2021, for business class IoT devices. Other devices can still connect to the 850MHz 2G GSM network in existing markets as of September 2023.

UMTS
In 2006, Rogers became the first Canadian carrier to operate a 3G UMTS/HSPA network, which was upgraded to HSPA+ in 2009. Enhancements included download speeds of up to a theoretical 21 Mbit/s. Further enhancements increased the download speeds up to a theoretical 42 Mbit/s.

Rogers' UMTS network coverage is in all Canadian provinces and operating on 850 MHz but is in none of the territories.

It is impossible to travel between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts in Canada without encountering a gap in cellular coverage as there are areas lacking cellular coverage in both British Columbia and Ontario.

The 1900 MHz PCS network was shut down on June 7, 2021 and the 850 MHz network will remain active until at least December 31, 2025.

LTE
In July 2011, Rogers was the first Canadian telecom operator to launch a commercial long-term evolution (LTE) network. In May 2013, Rogers deployed LTE service on its 2600 MHz spectrum in some markets, which the company began marketing as LTE Max. LTE Max is available in a fraction of Rogers' LTE coverage area. On April 17, 2014, Rogers launched LTE service on its 700 MHz spectrum.

Rogers has not announced its goals for expanding LTE coverage across Canada, but announced plans in June 2014 to have LTE coverage expanded to 98.3% of the population of British Columbia by the end of 2016.

According to Rogers, as of December 31, 2016, its LTE coverage reached 95% of the Canadian population.

On March 31, 2015, Rogers Wireless launched voice over LTE (VoLTE), the first carrier in Canada to offer this service.

Cat-6 LTE-Advanced has been available since January 2015, through carrier aggregation of band 4 and band 7, with a maximum download speed of 225 Mbit/s.

5G NR
Rogers launched its 5G network in January 2020 and uses Block I from the 2500Mhz Frequency Block Plan. The company stated that rollout will expand to use its further reaching 600 MHz spectrum later in the year for improved 5G coverage. As of December 16, 2020, Rogers offers both NSA mode and SA modes in select markets. Rogers was the first Canadian carrier to offer 5G service.

Rogers partnered with Swedish Telecom giant Ericsson to launch its 5G wireless technology. Today, Rogers's 5G network is live in more than 160 communities across Canada, including Calgary, Toronto, Vancouver, Ottawa, and Montreal.

Radio frequency summary
The following is a list of known frequencies that Rogers employs in Canada:

Products
Rogers Wireless carries feature phones, and smartphones that support either Android OS or iOS.

On Demand Mobile
Customers with select smartphones, tablets, computers, LG Smart TVs, Xbox 360 and Xbox One gaming systems can use the Rogers On Demand mobile service, which was renamed Rogers Live before its current incarnation, Rogers Anyplace TV. Rogers Anyplace TV offers TV shows, movies and sports on demand.

Fido
In 2004, Rogers bought Canada’s first and, at the time, only other GSM provider, Fido, along with Fido’s partner, Sprint Canada, for a total of $1.4 billion. At the time, Fido had nearly 1.3 million customers. In 2008, Fido was rebranded as a discount mobile virtual network operator with a new logo and cheaper plans.

Chatr
Rogers launched the Chatr Mobile brand in mid-2010 in response to the emergence of new phone carriers Mobilicity, Public Mobile, and Freedom Mobile (previously Wind Mobile) to directly compete with the new carriers in their coverage areas. Chatr became a cheaper option than Fido, making Fido more of a mid-range offering.

Retail presence
Rogers has its own corporate retail stores, known as Rogers Plus, and also allows third parties to become exclusive dealers. Best Buy and Walmart stores in Canada provide Fido products along with prepaid and postpaid services. Additionally, Loblaw Companies stores sell prepaid feature phones and top-up vouchers. Loblaw stores have a special booth, called The Mobile Shop, where the phones are displayed.

Former retailers
While Shoppers Drug Mart carried only Rogers Wireless prepaid phones at one time, the stores temporarily partnered with Rogers. As a result, Shoppers stores added both prepaid and postpaid products and services for Rogers and its two other brands, Fido and Chatr. As of March 2011, however, Shoppers stores ended their partnership. They only sell prepaid top-up vouchers for these providers.

Misdirected phone charges
In 2005, Rogers lost a court case against an Osgoode Hall Law School university professor, Susan Drummond, over a $12,000 charge for overseas calls that was placed on her bill after the phone was stolen, for which the company insisted she pay. Following the case becoming public knowledge, Ted Rogers issued a formal apology and cancelled the charges. Drummond filed a lawsuit, for which she was then also paid punitive and compensatory damages. Drummond and her partner Harry Gefen published further on the case in an SSHRC funded research project, and for which she and her partner were cited by Time magazine as "heroes of the year" in 2007. During her research, Drummond showed that the phones of Rogers executives had been cloned by members of Hezbollah and used to make thousands of overseas phone calls in 1997 and 1998. It also turned up information that Rogers had been allowing phones that they were alerted had potentially fraudulent call patterns to continue to remain functional despite the warning.

Text messaging charges
On July 7, 2009, Rogers Wireless began charging a nominal fee for incoming text messages to customers without a text messaging plan. The change was similar to policies of charging for incoming text message that were adopted in August 2008 by Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility. Some users complained that Rogers had unilaterally changed the terms of their contracts. The company maintained that changes to services and fees are permitted in the "terms of service" document.

Government Regulatory Recovery Fee
Rogers has been criticized for its Government Regulatory Recovery Fee (GRRF), formerly known as the System Access Fee (SAF). The fee ranges between $1.93 to $3.35 per month. On July 4, 2012, Rogers announced it would no longer be charging a separate GRRF fee to new customers, instead raising the price of the Monthly Service Charge. The bills of existing customers would remain the same. An $18 billion class action lawsuit against: Bell, Rogers, and Telus, originally filed in a Saskatchewan court in 2004 regarding these hidden fees, is still pending.

Anticompetitive tactics
Rogers launched the Chatr brand with low-end feature phones and pricing plans similar to that of new entrants such as Wind Mobile, Mobilicity and Public Mobile. Chatr was criticized for being a fighter brand created by Rogers. The brand's "fewer dropped calls" claim was disputed by the Competition Bureau. In 2013, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice ruled that Chatr's advertising of fewer dropped calls, in connection with its 2010 launch, was fair and accurate.

title: Rogers Wireless


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject C/errno.h

errno.h is a header file component of a POSIX compliant operating system such as UNIX or Linux. Its function is to list operating system error code numbers, English code words, and comments. A cut-down version of errno.h is also required by the C standard.

On December 19, 2003 the SCO Group issued DMCA notices to selected Fortune 1000 companies, alleging the errno.h file was copied from UNIX into Linux without authorisation. Linus Torvalds, the creator and trademark holder of Linux, has denied SCO's claim, saying he wrote the code himself.

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject C/errno.h


text:
Jim Turner

Jim Turner may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Jim Turner (editor) (1945–1999), editor at Arkham House
 * Jim Turner (comedian) (born 1952), American comedian and actor
 * Jim Turner (singer) (born 1946), American country singer and songwriter on The Lawrence Welk Show

American football

 * Jim Turner (center) (1912–1995), American football player
 * Jim Turner (placekicker) (1941–2023), American football player

Other sports

 * Jim Turner (baseball) (1903–1998), Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Jim Turner (basketball), American basketball player
 * Jim Turner (sailor) (born 1975), New Zealand Olympic sailor

Others

 * Jim Turner (criminal) (fl. 1854–1866), American criminal figure, pugilist, and enforcer for Tammany Hall
 * Jim Turner (politician) (born 1946), U.S. Congressman from Texas
 * James Harvey Turner (1930–1991), Mississippi state legislator

title: Jim Turner


text:
Talk:Tri Nations Series/Points Sheet

This is a worksheet of all point-scorers in the Tri Nations - certainly too much detail for the main article, but if kept up-to-date, it can be used to make sure the "Top 10 Point Scorers" also stays up-to-date. —Stormie 03:05, 6 August 2004 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-Australia match, July 30 2005. —Dale Arnett 17:37, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-New Zealand match, August 7 2005. —Dale Arnett 15:03, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-New Zealand match, August 13 2005. —Stormie 12:15, August 13 2005 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-South Africa match, August 20 2005. —Dale Arnett 13:25, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-South Africa match, August 27 2005. —Stormie 10:05, August 27 2005 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-Australia match, September 3 2005. —Stormie 09:45, September 3 2005 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-Australia match, July 8 2006. —Stormie 16:07, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-South Africa match, July 15 2006. —Stormie 06:22, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-South Africa match, July 22 2006. —Stormie 00:56, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-New Zealand match, July 29 2006. —Stormie 12:13, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-South Africa match, August 5 2006. —Stormie 09:05, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-Australia match, August 19 2006. —Stormie 20:41, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-New Zealand match, August 26 2006. —Stormie 23:16, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-New Zealand match, September 2 2006. —Stormie 05:49, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-Australia match, September 9 2006. —Stormie 22:28, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-Australia match, June 16 2007 and South Africa-New Zealand match, June 23, 2007. —Stormie 15:28, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-New Zealand match, June 30 2007. —Stormie 12:08, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-South Africa match, July 7 2007. —Stormie 12:00, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-South Africa match, July 14 2007 and New Zealand-Australia match, July 21 2007. —Stormie 23:17, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-South Africa match, July 5 2008. —Stormie (talk) 09:38, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-South Africa match, July 12 2008. —Stormie (talk) 00:42, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-South Africa match, July 19 2008. —Stormie (talk) 22:39, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-New Zealand match, July 26 2008. —Stormie (talk) 07:59, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-Australia match, August 2 2008. —Stormie (talk) 09:44, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-New Zealand match, August 16 2008. —Stormie (talk) 15:19, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-Australia match, August 23 2008. —Stormie (talk) 22:13, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-Australia match, August 30 2008. —Dale Arnett (talk) 22:03, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-New Zealand match, September 13 2008. —Dale Arnett (talk) 18:04, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-Australia match, July 18 2009. --Stormie (talk) 21:21, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-New Zealand match, July 25 2009. --Stormie (talk) 04:06, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-New Zealand match, August 1 2009. --Stormie (talk) 01:12, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Updated through South Africa-Australia, August 8 2009. --Stormie (talk) 11:58, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-New Zealand match, August 22 2009. --Stormie (talk) 02:51, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-South Africa match, August 29 2009. --Stormie (talk) 22:52, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Updated through Australia-South Africa match, September 5 2009. --Stormie (talk) 01:27, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-South Africa match, September 12 2009. --Stormie (talk) 04:46, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

Updated through New Zealand-Australia match, September 19 2009. --Stormie (talk) 09:49, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

PLAYER                 TEAM    TRIES   CONV    PEN     DROP    POINTS ---    -       ---         -- Carter                  NZ      5       43      82      2       363 Mehrtens               NZ      1       34      82      3       328 Burke                  Aus     7       19      65      1       271 Montgomery             SA      4       26      43      3       210 Mortlock               Aus     9       21      37              198 Giteau                 Aus     7       25      33      3       193 Spencer                NZ      3       21      32              153 Steyn, Morne           SA      1       6       23      3       95 van Straaten           SA              5       28              94 Cullen                 NZ      16                              80 Rokocoko               NZ      14                              70 de Beer                SA      2       13      9       2       69 Howlett                NZ      13                              65 Pretorius              SA      1       9       10      4       65 Marshall               NZ      9                               45 Tuqiri                 Aus     9                               45 James                  SA      1       4       9       1       43 Coen                   SA              3       11      1       42 Donald                 NZ              3       12              42 McCaw                  NZ      8                               40 Roff                   Aus     8                               40 Rogers                 Aus     5       3       3               40 Stransky               SA      1       2       10              39 Fourie                 SA      7                               35 Habana                 SA      7                               35 Latham                 Aus     7                               35 Paulse                 SA      7                               35 Flatley                Aus             3       9               33 Larkham                Aus     6                       1       33 du Preez               SA      6                               30 Joubert, Marius        SA      6                               30 Tune                   Aus     6                               30 Steyn, François        SA              1       7       2       29 Knox                   Aus     1       7       3               28 Wilson                 NZ      5                       1       28 McAlister              NZ      2       2       4               26 Ashley-Cooper          Aus     5                               25 de Villiers            SA      5                               25 Umaga                  NZ      5                               25 Woodcock               NZ      5                               25 MacDonald              NZ      2       4       2               24 Gregan                 Aus     4                       1       23 Greeff                 SA      2       4               1       21 Brown                  NZ              1       6               20 Bunce                  NZ      4                               20 Lomu                   NZ      4                               20 Mealamu                NZ      4                               20 Muliaina               NZ      4                               20 Nokwe                  SA      4                               20 Nonu                   NZ      4                               20 Skinstad               SA      4                               20 van der Westhuizen     SA      4                               20 Eales                  Aus             3       4               18 Mauger                 NZ      3                       1       18 Pienaar                SA      2               2               16 Alatini                NZ      3                               15 Andrews                SA      3                               15 Fleck                  SA      3                               15 Gear                   NZ      3                               15 Gerrard                Aus     3                               15 Jacobs                 SA      3                               15 Little                 Aus     3                               15 Matfield               SA      3                               15 Paul                   Aus     3                               15 Randell                NZ      3                               15 Rossouw                SA      3                               15 Russell                SA      3                               15 Smith                  Aus     3                               15 Weepu                  NZ      3                               15 Barnes                 Aus     1                       3       14 du Toit                SA      1       1       2               13 Hougaard               SA              2       3               13 Honiball               SA              3       2               12 Chisholm               Aus     2                               10 Cross                  Aus     2                               10 Dalton                 SA      2                               10 du Randt               SA      2                               10 Elsom                  Aus     2                               10 Horan                  Aus     2                               10 Horwill                Aus     2                               10 Januarie               SA      2                               10 Kefu                   Aus     2                               10 Mitchell               Aus     2                               10 Penalty Try            NZ      2                               10 Rathbone               Aus     2                               10 Sailor                 Aus     2                               10 Sivivatu               NZ      2                               10 Smith                  NZ      2                               10 Swanepoel              SA      2                               10 van Niekerk            SA      2                               10 Waugh                  Aus     2                               10 Joubert, Andre         SA      1               1               8 Bands                  SA      1                               5 Bekker                 SA      1                               5 Bennett                SA      1                               5 Bowman                 Aus     1                               5 Brooke                 NZ      1                               5 Brosnihan              SA      1                               5 Burger                 SA      1                               5 Cannon                 Aus     1                               5 Connors                Aus     1                               5 Cronje                 SA      1                               5 de Kock                SA      1                               5 Delport                SA      1                               5 Dowd                   NZ      1                               5 Drotske                SA      1                               5 Eaton                  NZ      1                               5 Ellis                  NZ      1                               5 Erasmus                SA      1                               5 Evans                  NZ      1                               5 Fava                   Aus     1                               5 Garvey                 SA      1                               5 Grey                   Aus     1                               5 Hammett                NZ      1                               5 Hendriks               SA      1                               5 Herbert                Aus     1                               5 Hoiles                 Aus     1                               5 Holmes                 Aus     1                               5 Hore                   NZ      1                               5 Hynes                  Aus     1                               5 Ieremia                NZ      1                               5 Jack                   NZ      1                               5 Jane                   NZ      1                               5 Johansson              Aus     1                               5 Jones, Ian             NZ      1                               5 Jones, Michael         NZ      1                               5 Kaino                  NZ      1                               5 Kronfeld               NZ      1                               5 Kruger                 SA      1                               5 Lauaki                 NZ      1                               5 Leonard                NZ      1                               5 Manu                   Aus     1                               5 Meeuws                 NZ      1                               5 Mulder                 SA      1                               5 Ndungane, Odwa         SA      1                               5 O'Connor, James        Aus     1                               5 Osborne                NZ      1                               5 Penalty Try            Aus     1                               5 Pietersen              SA      1                               5 Robertson              NZ      1                               5 Robinson               Aus     1                               5 Ross, Isaac            NZ      1                               5 Sharpe                 Aus     1                               5 Snyman                 SA      1                               5 Staniforth             Aus     1                               5 Teichmann              SA      1                               5 Terblanche             SA      1                               5 Thorne                 NZ      1                               5 Tialata                NZ      1                               5 Toeava                 NZ      1                               5 Turner                 Aus     1                               5 van der Westhuyzen     SA      1                               5 van Heerden            SA      1                               5 Wannenburg             SA      1                               5 Willemse               SA      1                               5 Williams               SA      1                               5 Edmonds                Aus                     1               3 Walker                 Aus                     1               3

title: Talk:Tri Nations Series/Points Sheet