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Proportion (mathematics)

A proportion is a mathematical statement expressing equality of two ratios.

$$a:b=c:d$$

a and d are called extremes, b and c are called means.

Proportion can be written as $$\frac{a}{b}=\frac{c}{d}$$, where ratios are expressed as fractions.

Such a proportion is known as geometrical proportion, not to be confused with arithmetical proportion and harmonic proportion.

Properties of proportions

 * Fundamental rule of proportion. This rule is sometimes called Means‐Extremes Property. If the ratios are expressed as fractions, then the same rule can be phrased in terms of the equality of "cross-products" and is called Cross‐Products Property.
 * If $$\ \frac ab=\frac cd$$, then $$\ ad=bc$$

 * If $$\ \frac ab=\frac cd$$, then $$\ \frac ba=\frac dc$$
 * If $$\ \frac ab=\frac cd$$, then
 * $$\ \frac ac=\frac bd$$,
 * $$\ \frac db=\frac ca$$.

 * If $$\ \frac ab=\frac cd$$, then
 * $$\ \dfrac{a+b}{b}=\dfrac{c+d}{d}$$,
 * $$\ \dfrac{a-b}{b}=\dfrac{c-d}{d}$$.

 * If $$\ \frac ab=\frac cd$$, then
 * $$\ \dfrac{a+c}{b+d}=\frac ab =\frac cd$$,
 * $$\ \dfrac{a-c}{b-d}=\frac ab =\frac cd$$.

History
A Greek mathematician Eudoxus provided a definition for the meaning of the equality between two ratios. This definition of proportion forms the subject of Euclid's Book V, where we can read:

"Magnitudes are said to be in the same ratio, the first to the second and the third to the fourth when, if any equimultiples whatever be taken of the first and third, and any equimultiples whatever of the second and fourth, the former equimultiples alike exceed, are alike equal to, or alike fall short of, the latter equimultiples respectively taken in corresponding order."

Later, the realization that ratios are numbers allowed to switch from solving proportions to equations, and from transformation of proportions to algebraic transformations.

Arithmetic proportion
An equation of the form $$a-b = c-d$$ is called arithmetic proportion or difference proportion.

Harmonic proportion
If the means of the geometric proportion are equal, and the rightmost extreme is equal to the difference between the leftmost extreme and a mean, then such a proportion is called harmonic: $$ a : b = b : (a - b) $$. In this case the ratio $$ a : b $$ is called golden ratio.

title: Proportion (mathematics)


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Clonmany

Clonmany is a village and civil parish in north-west Inishowen, in County Donegal, Ireland. The Urris valley to the west of Clonmany village was the last outpost of the Irish language in Inishowen. In the 19th century, the area was an important location for poitín distillation. Outside the village, there are a number of notable townlands, including Kinnea (Rockstown), Crossconnell, Dunaff, and Leenan.

Name
The name of the town in Irish - Cluain Maine has been translated as both "The Meadow of St Maine" and "The Meadow of the Monks", with the former being the more widely recognized translation. The village is known locally as "The Cross", as the village was initially built around a crossroads.

History
The parish was home to a monastery that was founded by St Columba. It was closely associated with the Morrison family, who provided the role of erenagh. The monastery possessed the Míosach, an 11th-century copper and silver shrine, now located in the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin. The village claims to be the youngest in Inishowen. The 18th century travel writer - Richard Pococke - did not mention the village when he toured the area in 1752. The village is mentioned in Topographia Hibernica, published in 1795. It did not feature in the census of 1841 or 1851. In the 1861 census, 112 inhabitants are recorded as living in Clonmany in 21 houses. A further 3 houses are recorded as uninhabited.

Poitin Republic of Urris
In the early 19th century, Urris - a valley three miles west of Clonmany - became a centre of the illegal poitín distillation industry. The Urris Hills were an ideal place for poitín-making. The area was surrounded by mountains and only accessible through Mamore Gap and Crossconnell. Notwithstanding its remote location, Derry was about 16 miles away, providing a major market for the trade. To protect their lucrative business, the locals barricaded the road at Crossconnell to keep out revenue police, thus creating the "Poitin Republic of Urris". This period of relative independence lasted three years. But in 1815, the authorities re-established control of the Urris Hills and brought this short period of self-rule to an end.

1840 earthquake
In 1840, the village experienced an earthquake, a comparatively rare event in Ireland. The shock was also felt in the nearby town of Carndonagh. The Belfast News Letter from Tuesday, 28 January 1840 reported that "In some places those who had retired to rest felt themselves shaken in their beds, and others were thrown from their chairs, and greatly alarmed."

The "Waterloo Priest"
Fr. William O'Donnell, also known as the "Waterloo Priest", was a prominent figure in the Parish of Clonmany from 1829 to 1853. Born in Cockhill, Buncrana in 1779, he initially declined the opportunity to become a priest after graduating from Maynooth College. Instead, he joined the army and fought in the Peninsular war, participating in the battles of Vitoria, Roncesvalles, Pyrenees, and ultimately at the Battle of Waterloo.

In 1819, Fr. O'Donnell was ordained and began serving as parish priest in Lower Fahan and Desertegney. He later moved to Clonmany in 1829, where he remained until his death in 1856. During his time in Clonmany, Fr. O'Donnell became deeply devoted to the people of the parish and worked tirelessly to improve their lives. He established five National schools in the Parish and was a strong advocate for the rights of local people.

In 1838, during the latter years of the tithe war, Fr. O'Donnell was jailed for non-payment of tithes to the Church of Ireland. He was imprisoned in Lifford Prison and became a national focal point in the campaign against the tithe system. Fr. O'Donnell continued his efforts to aid the people of Clonmany during the devastating Great Famine of 1845–1849. He set up a Relief Committee for Clonmany in 1846 to provide assistance to those suffering from starvation. Fr. O'Donnell died on February 10, 1856, in his residence in Clonmany at the age of 77.

Great Famine
Clonmany and its surrounding areas were severely impacted by the devastating potato blight, which led to the Irish Famine and caused significant loss of life among the rural population. As early as December 1845, signs of the impending disaster became apparent as the potato crop in Clonmany began to fail. The Church of Ireland Rector of Clonmany, Reverend George H. Young, reported to the Banner of Ulster newspaper that approximately half of the harvested potatoes were diseased, and an estimated three-fourths of the crop had already been lost. The situation was dire, and the availability of seed for the next season was uncertain.

In response to the crisis, local clergy members from both the Roman Catholic and Protestant communities made commendable efforts to raise funds and provide relief. By January 1847, a local relief committee was actively collecting funds to provide emergency food supplies. However, the scale of the crop failure and the outbreak of diseases like dysentery overwhelmed their endeavors.

The committee reached out to local landlords, appealing for financial assistance and forgiveness of rent arrears for struggling tenants. The response from landlords varied, with some demonstrating willingness to help, while others were not as supportive. Financial contributions came from Michael Loughrey, a local landlord associated with Binion Hall. Conversely, John Harvey and Mrs. Merrick expressed their refusal to support the relief efforts until outstanding rent arrears and other expenses were settled. The correspondence between the committee and the local landlords was subsequently published in the Derry Journal. During this period, the Derry Sentinel reported that Clonmany was witnessing a death rate of five to six individuals per day.

Trawbreaga Bay Fishing Disaster
On April 23, 1847, a fishing boat originating from the Isle of Doagh, located just outside Clonmany, embarked on a routine fishing trip with a crew of eight individuals. While navigating Trawbreaga Bay, the boat was unexpectedly overturned by a sudden swell, despite the seemingly calm weather conditions. Seven members of the crew perished as a result. The victims were identified as Donald Doherty, the boat's owner and a father of six; Patrick Doherty, who left behind a wife and three children; James MacLoughlin, survived by his wife and four children; Patrick (Roe) Doherty, a husband and father of one; William (Noher) Doherty, an unmarried young man; Hugh M'Cool, and John McLoughlin. William Doherty, the eighth person on board, managed to swim ashore and survive.

Land Wars in the 19th Century
In the 19th century, the rural areas around Clonmany saw conflicts about land ownership and tenant rights. A movement known as the Ribbon men gained popularity in the 1830s as they protested against landlords and their agents. In February 1832, a crowd of up to three thousand local tenants launched an attack on the properties of two prominent landlords, Michael Doherty of Glen House and Neal Loughrey of Binnion. The protesters demanded reduced rents and the elimination of tithe payments to the Church of Ireland. Unrest continued in mid-1833 when a local man named O'Donnell had his house destroyed by rioters due to his occupation of an evicted tenant's property. Additionally, rioters targeted the forge of the local blacksmith, a man called Conaghan, for providing services to the tithe agent. Properties belonging to individuals employed by landlords were also vandalized by the rioters.

In February 1834, a detachment of the 1st Royals Regiment from the Londonderry Garrison was stationed in the village to provide support to the civil authorities. However, further unrest erupted in April 1834, leading to property destruction by large rioting crowds.

Violence resurfaced in June 1838 when a group of local people attacked the residence of an absentee landlord, Mrs. Merrick, who was visiting the area to inspect her properties. In September 1838, the home of Mrs. Merrick's bailiff, Hugh Bradley, was assaulted. Bradley was severely beaten, and his house was ransacked by armed men. Mrs. Merrick later offered a reward of £100 for any information regarding the attacks on Bradley. The Times of London described the situation as “..security there is none for either life or property in the unhappy district of Clonmany”.

On the evening of November 3, 1841, the Binion estate belonging to Michael Loughrey suffered an attack. Eight stores of oats and several haystacks were simultaneously set on fire.

In 1852, local tenants targeted Charles McClintock, a civil engineer surveying local properties on behalf of Michael Doherty, one of the main landlords in the area. The attackers fired shots into McClintock's bedroom and pelted his house with rocks.

At times, the violence assumed a sectarian character. In January 1861, the Protestant chapel in Clonmany was attacked, with smashed windows and a destroyed door.

During the 1880s, evictions and protests against landlordism became relatively common occurrences. In January 1881, four local men were arrested for unlawful assembly and riotous behavior after assaulting a bailiff employed by landlord Harvey. A Clonmany branch of the Land League was established, named after the organization's founder, Michael Davitt. The activities of the Land League in the area were frequently reported by the Derry Journal, which documented a steady stream of protests and evictions throughout the 1880s.

The local Catholic clergy actively defended tenant rights and, in collaboration with the Land League, advocated on behalf of individual tenants to local landlords. In December 1885, the clergy and Land League representatives met with Mr. Loughrey, a landlord known for his strained relationship with tenants. When the Land League representatives commented on the low value of land, Mr. Loughrey retorted, "the tenants were too cheaply rented, that they wanted to drive me and my family to the workhouse, but I will take steps to draw a good many there along with me." The Loughrey estate was one of the largest in the area.

Evictions often led to protests. To stop these protests, landlords would often bring in police and soldiers. Sometimes, tenants would owe years of rent before they were evicted. For example, on June 1, 1881, 80 armed police entered Clonmany to oversee a series of evictions organised jointly by four local landlords. The Land League and the local parish priest, Father Maguire, organised a protest march against the evictions. The evictions were a difficult process. Bailiffs were often not sure where properties were located, and they sometimes evicted the wrong people. There were also disputes about whether the rents had been paid. In March 1882, the Derry Journal reported that a further 18 evictions had taken place on the Loughrey estate which made over 100 individuals homeless.

The eviction of Catherine Doherty in August 1882 was typical. She was a widow who lived in Cleagh, a townland just outside Clonmany. She had accumulated significant arrears before her landlord took proceedings against her. The Derry Journal recorded the event. "The first house visited was that of widow Catherine Doherty. She owed two years' rent. A writ was served on her May, 1881, Just two days after the rent became due. She tried to have a settlement effected but all in vain. She offered two years' rent (£8 11s) with the half the costs, but that offer was flatly refused by the agent, who would accept nothing less than the entire amount of rent and costs, to be paid before he would leave the house. The Rev. Father O'Doherty, P.P., Father Maguire, and Father McCullagh were in attendance during the first eviction, and reasoned with Mr. Harvey for long time.

Men were ordered clear out the furniture. This occupied a considerable time. The usual formalities being gone through of binding up the doors, giving possession to the agent. The ranks of the soldiers and police were ordered (to) march to Rooskey, where the next eviction was (to) come off. Denis O'Donnell, three in family, was the tenant. His time of redemption having expired"

Concerns about extent of evictions around the Clonmany was raised in parliament by the Irish Nationalist MP O'Donnell. In March 1882, he asked the Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland if he knew about:"'the extensive evictions of tenants, for arrears of rent, are taking place, or are about to take place, in the districts of Clonmany, Binnion, Garryduff, Adderville, and Cardonagh, in the county of Donegal; whether it is true that meetings of the inhabitants to protest against these evictions, and to invite public sympathy with poor tenants, on the ground of their incapability to pay the unreduced rents accumulating since the years of distress, have been prohibited by the Government'."In May 1883, Thomas Sexton (the Irish Nationalist MP for Sligo) questioned the conduct of the Royal Irish Constabulary towards evicted tenants in Clonmany in parliament. Mr. Sexton reported that a tenant farmer named Doherty was prevented by the police from erecting huts for evicted families. He stated that 23 families, comprising 108 people, sought refuge in Clonmany, with up to four families sleeping in one small house. Sir George Trevelyan, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, disputed this account, arguing that Doherty wished to build his hut near evicted farms, requiring the police to establish an outpost for property protection, which would incur local costs.

In September 1885, landlords sent "Emergency Men" to claim farms from evicted tenants. After the tenants were removed from their homes, they continued to use the land to grow crops. The "Emergency men" arrived to take possession of these crops. In order to protect these new arrivals, the police were required to station half a dozen men in the district.

Protests often targeted individuals who had assisted in evictions. In July 1888, seven men were accused of interfering with the burial of Patrick Cavanagh. He was a former veteran of the Crimean War who worked on the Loughery estate. Cavanagh had become unpopular after he became the caretaker of the properties of recently evicted tenants. The seven accused men were John O'Donnell, William Harkin, William Gubbin, Patrick Gubbln, Owen Doherty, from Clonmany; Constantine Doherty, from Cleagh; and Michael Doherty, from Cloontagh. The men filled up the newly dug grave with large stones and preventing the body from entering the graveyard. No one in the village was prepared to supply a coffin for Cavanagh. The local Catholic Clergy begged the demonstrators to allow the burial to proceed. The demonstrators threatened that if the body were buried in the graveyard that they would dig it up. Eventually, the Local Government Board issued an administrative order to remove the body for interment in the Carndonagh Workhouse cemetery. The case aroused much interest and was reported widely across the United Kingdom. Two of the accused - Owen Doherty and Constantine Doherty - were found guilty of unlawful assembly and sentenced to six months imprisonment. The remaining men were discharged.

First World War
The area around Clonmany has strong military associations. In 1914, the British Army opened a training camp named Glenfield Camp, which was located near Glen House, Straid. Up to 5,000 soldiers were garrisoned at Glenfield, including battalions from the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, the Devonshire Regiment and the Royal Irish Fusiliers.

While stationed at Clonmany, Thomas Rowlands of the 4th Reserve Battalion, The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry was awarded the Albert Medal for bravery. On October 21, 1918, a grenade with an ignited fuse accidentally fell into the firing bay. Rowlands shouted for the party to take cover and exit the trench. However, one soldier failed to move. Rowlands, displaying great courage, returned to the trench, retrieved the grenade, and threw it over the parapet, where it exploded.

There were also military establishments in Leenan and Dunree. The latter fort was first established during the Napoleonic wars. Both Leenan and Dunree were used to guard the entrance of Loch Swilley, which was used to station part of the Royal Navy's Atlantic Fleet. These latter two camps formed part of the Treaty Ports, which the UK Armed Forces continued to use after the Irish Free State was established. These camps were transferred to the Irish Armed Forces in October 1938.

Irish War of Independence
The Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) resulted from the Irish people's desire for home rule and autonomy. The conflict involved the Irish Republican Army (IRA) using guerrilla warfare against British forces, leading to violence and reprisals. The war ended with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921) establishing the Irish Free State.

In early 1920, an IRA company was formed in Clonmany. It was part of the 2nd Battalion of the Donegal IRA based in Carndonagh, which included companies from Clonmany, Culdaff, Malin, Malin Head, and Carndonagh.

In August 1920, the IRA conducted raids to seize firearms from local residents, prompting British forces to raid Clonmany in November 1920. These searches resulted in damage to properties and the discovery of significant amounts of ammunition.

In April 1921, farmer Joseph Doherty of Lenan was found guilty of possessing firearms not under military control. A shotgun was found in his mother's home, but Doherty claimed ignorance and suggested it was planted. He refused to acknowledge the court's authority, seen as evidence of his affiliation with an illegal society.

One of the most notorious incidents to occur in Clonmany during the conflict took place on May 10, 1921, when two Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) constables, Alexander Clarke and Charles Murdock, were abducted and subsequently murdered by the IRA. Clarke and Murdock, both stationed at the RIC Barracks in Clonmany, were kidnapped while taking an evening walk near Straid. Clarke was shot and thrown into the sea, with his body washing up on the seashore near Binion the following day. Constable Murdock, originally from Dublin, reportedly survived the initial attack, managed to escape, and sought refuge among residents of Binion. However, he was betrayed to the IRA, resulting in his murder. To this day, Murdock's body remains undiscovered, although local tradition suggests that he may have been buried in a bog near Binion Hill. In June 1921, a military court convened in Clonmany to conduct a postmortem examination on Constable Clarke. The court concluded that Clarke died from gunshot wounds to the heart, jaw, and neck, and noted the absence of his firearm and ammunition. Clarke, who was 23 years old and unmarried at the time of his death.

A few days after the murders of Constables Murdock and Clarke, six bridges along the road between Buncrana and Clonmany were destroyed by explosives. This effectively cut off a large part of North Inishowen and delayed the return of Constable Clarke's body to England. The authorities had to ask local people to help repair the bridges so that the body could be transported.

Several weeks later, on July 10, 1921, Crown Forces conducted raids on a number of houses in Clonmany in search of Sinn Féin activists. While three young men from the village were initially arrested, they were subsequently released shortly afterward and allowed to return home.

In July 1921, railway workers stationed at Clonmany railway station refused to transport British soldiers. As a result, the soldiers were removed from the train and sent back to Leenan Fort.

Civil War
The Irish Civil War, which took place from 1922 to 1923, was a deeply divisive conflict that broke out a few months after the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The treaty had established the Irish Free State but left contentious issues unresolved, particularly the question of whether to accept limited independence or push for a complete break from British rule and establish a republic. The conflict pitted anti-treaty irregular forces against the National Army. Ultimately, the National Army emerged victorious, resulting in the establishment of the Irish Free State as a self-governing dominion within the British Commonwealth.

During the early stages of Irish Civil War, Clonmany was captured by the Free State's National Army. A train was commandeered from Buncrana. On July 1, 1922, it moved troops to Clonmany and later onto Carndonagh. The capture of Clonmany was peaceful. When the troops arrived in Carndonagh, a gun battle broke out with Anti-Treaty Irregulars, who had taken up positions in the workhouse. The Irregulars agreed to surrender after the Free State Army had opened fire with a machine gun.

Second World War
During the mid-20th century, a cottage based textiles industry had developed around Clonmany. During the war, many local women were contracted to make shirts for the British Army. These contracts were allocated to cottage producers by firms in Buncrana and Derry that were unable to manage the large orders from the British War Office.

In August 1940, a body washed up on the shore at Gaddyduff, Clonmany. The body was recovered by Mr. Denis Kealey, a farmer's son, of Leenan. A postcard was found on the body indicating that the victim was Giovanni Ferdenzi ; an Italian migrant to the UK, who lived in Kings Cross. He was previously held at Worth-Mills Internment Camp. The cause of death was heart failure due to exposure. The body was given Catholic burial at Clonmany. Giovanni was being transported to Canada on SS Arandora Star, which was sunk by a U-Boat on 2 July 1940. A second unidentifiable body was washed ashore on Ballyliffin strand.

During the war, mines regularly washed up around the Clonmany shoreline. In June 1942, a mine exploded at Urris. The Irish military also rendered another mine harmless after it washed ashore at Ballyliffin. In March 1946, eight mines were destroyed by the Irish Army after they had floated close to the shoreline between Ballyliffin and Clonmany. The mines appeared after a heavy storm.

Post-War period
At 2 am on November 21, 1994, the village experienced a minor earthquake. The seismic event measured 2.1 on the Richter Scale.

Twenty-first century
Clonmany was connected to internet broadband in April 2005.

Seven young local men and a pensioner died in a road accident just outside the village on the evening of July 11, 2010. The event received national media coverage.

Floods, storms, beaches and dangerous sea currents
The village periodically suffers from Atlantic storms causing flooding, particularly after heavy summer rainfall. On 28 May 1892, three hours of torrential rain led to the breaking of Clonmany river banks, flooding hundreds of acres and causing crop and livestock losses. In December 1894, another storm damaged church roofs and blew away thatched cottage roofs, destroying agricultural production.

Significant flooding occurred in 1924. In October 1945, four bridges over the Clonmany river were swept away, dislocating traffic between Clonmany and Buncrana. In September 1952, heavy rain caused the Clonmany riverbanks to break, flooding corn fields, especially around Crossconnell. In August 1952, heavy rain and high tide flooded the village itself. In late August 2017, heavy rains caused severe flooding, with residents being rescued and the R238 road closed. The R238 road, which links the village with Dumfree, was closed after a bridge collapsed. The Irish defense forces were deployed to help with rescue and cleanup efforts. The area was highlighted in the 2014 Flood Risk Assessment Report for potential flood protection due to rising sea levels.

There are several beaches around Clonmany that attract tourists. However, these beaches have dangerous sea currents, posing a risk to swimmers. In August 1945, a 15-year-old boy drowned while bathing at Clonmany Strand. In September 1959, two young men, aged 26 and 15, drowned at Tullagh Beach after encountering difficulties while swimming.

Places of Interest
St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church - An example of a pre-emancipation Catholic Church. The building was started around 1814, with an extension to north to form T- plan built in 1833. A three-stage tower on square-plan was built in 1843.

Clonmany Church of Ireland Parish Church - Located in Straid, just outside the village. Built in 1772 and altered in 1830. The building is now a ruin but is accessible to visitors. The graveyard also contains a number of graves of early eighteenth-century date and maybe earlier, that predates the present edifice and may be associated with an earlier church on the site.

Clonmany Bridge - The Clonmany Bridge, built around 1800, is a triple-arch structure with humpbacked design over the Clonmany River. Constructed using local rubble stone, it features round-headed arches with stone voussoirs, cutwaters, and a crenellated parapet. Despite some modern modifications, the bridge retains its original character and contributes to the scenic rural landscape. It is an important element of the area's built and transport heritage, predating the establishment of Clonmany village. The bridge's robust construction and picturesque appearance reflect the craftsmanship of the masons involved. It was in existence in 1814, when it is outlined in Revd. Molloy's Statistical Account of the Parish of Clonmany.

Clehagh Thatched Cottage - Located behind the church, the detached single-storey house, built c. 1820, showcases traditional architecture. It features a thatched roof with latticed restraining ropes and cast-iron stays. The walls are made of limewashed render on random rubble stone. Historical records from around 1837 show a house on this site.

Climate
Clonmany, situated on the Inishowen peninsula and nestled alongside Lough Swilly, benefits from its location with a pleasant and moderate climate. The area experiences temperate, mild summers and winters that rarely dip below freezing temperatures. In terms of average temperatures, this region tends to be warmer than the national average during winter and cooler than the national average during summer.

Education
Clonmany and the surrounding area is home to four primary schools. The first one is Clonmany N.S. Another local option is Scoil Naomh Treasa, also known as Tiernasligo N.S. Additionally, there's Scoil Phádraig located at Rashenny and Scoil na gCluainte, also referred to as Cloontagh National School. The majority of students from these schools move on to Carndonagh Community School in Carndonagh for their secondary education. Some others opt for Scoil Mhuire or Crana College in Buncrana. There used to be a national school in Crossconnell, which was established in the 19th century. However, it was shut down in the late 1960s.

Transport
Clonmany railway station opened on 1 July 1901, but finally closed on 2 December 1935. The station was a stop on the Londonderry and Lough Swilly Railway Company (The L&LSR, the Swilly) that operated in parts of County Londonderry and County Donegal.

Culture and tourism
During the week of the Irish August public holiday, Clonmany hosts an annual event known as the Clonmany Festival. One of the highlights of this festival is the Clonmany Agricultural Show and Sheepdog Trials, which specifically takes place on the Tuesday of the festival week.

Details of local culture, history and traditions were recorded in "The Last of the Name". A local schoolteacher Patrick Kavanagh (not the poet) wrote down numerous stories remembered by a Clonmany local, Charles McGlinchey.

Sports
The Clonmany Tug of War team, formed in 1946, has achieved six world gold medals and twenty All-Ireland titles.

The village's soccer team, Clonmany Shamrocks, plays at Shamrocks Park, Gort, Clonmany. During the 2008/2009 season, the club won the Knockalla Caravans Ulster Senior Cup, a competition organized by the Ulster Football Association.

Urris is the local GAA team and the home ground is situated in Straid, Clonmany. The team colors are red and black.

Folklore
Clonmany is associated with a folktale concerning a priest and his encounter with fairies. According to the story, the fairies or the little people are fallen Angels who cannot obtain Christian salvation. A priest is walking on the road from Clonmany to Ballyliffen. He meets a group of fairies who ask him if they can be saved. He throws his prayer book at the fairies who instantly run away. Afterwards, the priest continues on his journey.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clonmany


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User talk:Trond Jerve

I have contributed on the issue The Battle of Stiklestad as part of the 2004-EMBA study at BI, Oslo.

title: User talk:Trond Jerve


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Slide (baseball)

In baseball, a slide is the action of a player, acting as a baserunner, who drops his body to the ground once he is very close to the base he is approaching and slides along the ground to reach the base. Sliding is widely considered to be an essential component of baserunning in both baseball and softball.

A baserunner may slide into a base in a number of different ways and for a number of perceived reasons, including to avoid a tag out, to avoid overrunning the base, and to interfere or avoid contact with the defensive player protecting the base. Players determine whether they will benefit by sliding in a particular game situation. Adult amateur players may also consider the question of whether or not the increased risk of injury will make a slide worthwhile.

Players generally slide feet-first but sometimes also use a head-first technique. Strictly speaking, going headfirst into a base constitutes more of a dive than a slide, but the term "slide" is still commonly used. This alternate method has been used in Major League Baseball at least since the middle-1880s when the innovation was popularized by the St. Louis Browns of the American Association. Yet even in the majors, it remained relatively uncommon until it became popularized by Pete Rose in the 1960s. Headfirst sliding has since become a common practice for various players on all levels of professional baseball, but it is often restricted on the amateur level.

Avoiding a tag out
On plays in which the baserunner may be tagged out by the opposing defensive player covering the base, the baserunner's body being down on the ground presents the lowest-profile target for the defensive player to tag. This makes it slightly more difficult for the defensive player to apply the tag in time to put out the baserunner.

Avoiding overrunning the base
Sliding helps a runner stop his forward momentum through the friction created between the body and the ground, thus reducing the likelihood that he will run past the base after touching it. This is important because in most cases a runner is in jeopardy of being tagged out if he loses contact with the base (the most common exception is that a batter-runner may overrun first base when initially reaching that base as long as he immediately returns to first base without attempting to advance to second base). Because the runner must balance the need to reach a base as quickly as possible with the need to avoid overrunning the base, sliding provides a rapid means for the runner to decelerate, allowing the baserunner to run at top speed as long as possible before needing to slow down.

Interfering with the defensive player (take-out slide)
Sliding can sometimes be used as a means of interfering with the play of the opposing defensive player who is covering the base being approached. For example, when it is possible that a double play might occur, and the baserunner approaching second base has already been put out, he might still try to slide toward the defensive player who intends to throw the ball to first base. If the defensive player moves away from second base as he prepares to throw the ball toward first, the baserunner may still slide directly toward the defensive player, even though that means sliding away from second base itself. This has the effect of hampering that defensive player's ability to complete the play, either directly by making physical contact with him, or indirectly by distracting him by making him fearful of such contact. A slide performed exclusively for the purpose of hampering the play of the defense is called a "take-out slide".

Whether a particular instance of a take-out slide is legal within the rules of baseball is a judgement call made by the umpire, usually based upon how close the baserunner comes to the base they are approaching during the slide. If a baserunner strays too far from the base when attempting a take-out slide, the umpire may declare the slide to be an example of illegal interference and call an extra out. As a general (but not absolute) guideline, even if the baserunner clearly slides toward the defensive player and away from the base, so long as the baserunner comes close enough to the base that he is able to touch it with some part of his body during the slide, the slide will be ruled to be legal. On the flip side, the fielder will often be granted the neighborhood play under such circumstances.

Avoiding collision or injury from errant throw
Particularly for younger players, proper sliding technique has been shown to protect the runner and fielder from colliding and can prevent the runner from being hit by an errant throw. For this reason, most youth baseball leagues now advise teaching proper sliding technique at a young age and urge kids to slide feet-first into any base (except first base) whenever there is a potentially close play. This concept is somewhat more controversial in adult amateur baseball/softball leagues since the risk of injury from sliding increases with age.

Speed impact of sliding
The television series MythBusters tested participants' baserunning speed with and without sliding, and found that in cases where the runner needs to stop on the base, sliding into that base instead of staying upright provided a split second of advantage, suggesting the more rapid deceleration as the key. However, when removing the need to stop, the general belief within baseball circles is that remaining upright and running all the way to the base at top speed allows a baserunner to reach the base faster than sliding. Consequently, on plays during which neither being tagged out nor being put in jeopardy by overrunning the base is at issue (e.g., when approaching first base after having batted the ball and nobody is trying to make a tag play), players are usually advised not to slide. Nonetheless, this conventional wisdom is not universally accepted, and as such, some players may feel that sliding will get them to the base more quickly and will thus choose to do so despite advice to the contrary.

Risks associated with sliding
One study in The American Journal of Sports Medicine followed seven softball and three baseball teams in Division I of the NCAA, and found the overall incidence of injuries sustained while sliding was 9.51 per 1000 slides. Softball players had about twice the incidence of sliding injuries as baseball players in the study. 11% (four out of 37) of the injuries caused the player to miss more than 7 days of participation.

Because baseball shoes are spiked on the bottom, sliding with the spikes up increases the probability of injury to the defensive player covering the base. Knowledge of this fact can often increase the defensive player's fear of the possible contact from an impending slide and thus increase his distraction while attempting to make a play.

title: Slide (baseball)


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User talk:Lo fye

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title: User talk:Lo fye


text:
Private island

A private island is a disconnected body of land wholly owned by a private citizen or corporation. Although this exclusivity gives the owner substantial control over the property, private islands remain under the jurisdiction of national and sometimes local governments. Their size can vary widely, from that of a typical suburban yard to several hundred square kilometers.

Geographic distribution
Southeast Asia has numerous islands, with Indonesia being an archipelago of 17,000 islands and the Philippines having around 7,100. Real estate laws restrict foreigners' ability to buy property in the geographical area, and many islands either have unclear ownership rights or are already settled. Private islands that are available in Southeast Asia's real estate market are also prohibitively costly due to being in high demand by hotel developers. Developments address these difficulties by selling private islands that have villas and neighbor islands that have high-end hotels; the proximity keeps costs of habitation down.

Europe has hundreds of thousands of islands, many of which are privately owned. With 17,000 islands in Finland, 221,831 islands in Sweden and thousands in Croatia, Europe is increasingly becoming a hotspot for private island holidays. Many islands, although privately owned, are not suitable for development due to legal and governmental restrictions or due to the physical characteristics of the island.

The Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic feature a number of private islands, typically run as sheep raising family farms and tourist destinations. Prominent among these is Weddell Island, one of the largest private islands in the world, with a surface area of 265.8 km2. While the Hawaiian island of Lanai is still bigger at 364 km2, technically it might not qualify as part of its territory (about 2%) does not belong to the principal owner.

Swains Island in the Tokelau archipelago has been owned by the family of Eli Hutchinson Jennings since 1856. In the late 1910s, the U.S. and Britain agreed that the island fell under U.S. jurisdiction, and in 1925 it was administratively joined with American Samoa. In the 1950s, after a labor dispute between the Jennings family and workers on its corpa plantation, a form of local government was established for the island, but the Jennings's ownership of the entire island was affirmed.

Ownership
Virtually all islands in the world are claimed and governed by some national government. That nation's laws apply, and any attempt by the owner to claim sovereignty would generally be unrealistic. Nevertheless, some people still try to set up their own micronations on islands, like real-estate millionaire Michael Oliver's attempt at building a libertarian city-state called the Republic of Minerva in the southern Pacific Ocean. There are widely varying government policies regarding private islands: for instance, islands off the coast of China, like any other land within the country, cannot be purchased outright, but only leased from the government for a maximum period of 50 years.

"Private" islands in the United Kingdom, Brazil, Chile and some other countries are not always legally entirely private – in some cases foreshore, such as a beach, is owned by the government, and is hence publicly accessible property, despite what the owners of the land on the island may wish to claim. The same applies to freedom to roam in Nordic countries: only the yard of a house and the immediate vicinity is legally protected against trespassing, and the water bodies around the island are freely navigable.

There are many thousands of uninhabited islands in the world with potential for commercial development of tourist resorts or private recreational use. Some islands can be bought undeveloped, while others already have roads and/or houses. Islands are also available for rent. Many celebrities have their own private islands.

Commercial development of uninhabited islands can raise ecological concerns, as many have a fragile environment.

Real estate
The real estate market for private islands varies globally. Prices tend to be lower in Nova Scotia, parts of Michigan and Maine, and parts of Central America; and higher in Europe, the Bahamas, and Oceanic countries like French Polynesia. Islands with amenities have higher market value and are not sold as frequently. Some are available for travelers to rent, a trend which increased in the 2000s with economic recession making it more difficult for some owners to maintain them.

In the 2000s, the United States housing bubble increased the cost-per-acre for private islands. The effect was fueled by the advent of the Internet, which provided greater access to island inventories. Conservation groups' efforts to restrict development reduced the supply of private islands in the market, raising prices.

Cruise lines
Since 1992 a number of cruise lines have acquired "private islands" to offer their customers exclusive beach experiences. Such islands (or sections thereof) were further developed to have restaurants and perhaps additional attractions such as parasailing, waterparks, zip lines, horseback riding, spas and more. Some islands have piers, others are reached by tender. The purchase of an island allows the cruise line to achieve greater control over the venue and to influence the quality of experience of their passengers. Certain private islands may be used not only by the cruise line that bought the property but also by associated lines.

List of "private islands" of cruise lines

 * Castaway Cay, owner Disney Cruise Line, pier access
 * Lookout Cay at Lighthouse Point, owner Disney Cruise Line, pier access
 * Labadee, Haiti, a peninsula, Royal Caribbean International, pier access
 * Great Stirrup Cay, Bahamas, Norwegian Cruise Line
 * Little Stirrup Cay (Coco Cay), Bahamas, Royal Caribbean International, pier access
 * Harvest Caye, Belize, Norwegian Cruise Line
 * Half Moon Cay or Little San Salvador Island, Bahamas, Holland America Line
 * Princess Cays, part of Eleuthera, Bahamas, Princess Cruises, bought in 1992
 * Ocean Cay MSC Marine Reserve, Bahamas, MSC Cruises
 * Sir Bani Yas Island 'Beach Oasis' at Sir Bani Yas, Abu Dhabi, MSC Cruises

List of high-profile island owners

 * Gianni Agnelli, Estate of – Dino Island off the Calabria
 * Pamela Anderson – Greece in The World, United Arab Emirates
 * Bacardi family – near Grenada
 * Richard Branson – Necker Island & Moskito Island, British Virgin Islands; and Makepeace Island Australia.
 * Raymond Burr – Naitoumba, Fiji
 * Nicolas Cage – Leaf Cay, Bahamas
 * Arnaud Henry Salas-Perez Prince Obolensky –Patroklos Island, Greece
 * David Copperfield – Musha Cay, Bahamas
 * Edward de Bono – Green Island – Australia, Tessera – Italy, Reklusia – Bahamas.
 * Leonardo DiCaprio – Blackadore Caye, Belize
 * Celine Dion – Île Gagnon, Quebec.
 * Larry Ellison – 98% of Lanai, one of the Hawaiian Islands.
 * Jeffrey Epstein – Little Saint James, U.S. Virgin Islands until his death in 2019
 * Disney family – Echo Island, San Juan Islands, Washington, US
 * Du Pont family – Cherry Island, Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, US
 * Errol Flynn – Navy Island, Port Antonio, Jamaica
 * Mel Gibson – Mago Island, Fiji
 * Bear Grylls – St. Tudwal's Island West, Wales, UK
 * Gene Hackman – Fawn Island, San Juan Islands, Washington State, US
 * Nick Hexum – Melody Key, Florida
 * Faith Hill and Tim McGraw – Goat Cay, Exuma, Bahamas
 * Jim Jannard – Kaibu Island & Vatu Vara Island, Fiji; and Spieden Island, San Juan Islands, Washington State, US
 * Dean Kamen – North Dumpling Island, New York, US
 * John Lennon – Dorinish Island in Clew Bay, County Mayo, Ireland
 * Ricky Martin – Angra dos Reis, Brazil
 * Dietrich Mateschitz – Laucala, Fiji
 * Eddie Murphy – Rooster Cay, Bahamas
 * Peter Nygård – Nygard Cay, Bahamas
 * Aristotle Onassis – Skorpios Island, Greece
 * Michael Ondaatje – Several islands, Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Roberto Ongpin – Balesin Island, in Polillo, Quezon, Philippines
 * Baron Rothschild – Bell Island, Bahamas
 * Steven Spielberg – two islands, in an undisclosed location in the Madeira Archipelago
 * Ted Turner – St. Phillips Island, South Carolina, US
 * Robin Williams – Pender Harbour, British Columbia, Canada

title: Private island


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Harry Stovey

Harry Duffield Stovey (né Stowe; December 20, 1856 – September 20, 1937) was an American 19th-century Major League Baseball player and the first player in major league history to hit 100 home runs. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Stovey played for fourteen seasons in the majors and was appointed player-manager on two separate occasions during his career.

Known today as both a prolific home run hitter and base-stealer, he led the league in both categories multiple times in his career, including a season record of fourteen home runs in 1883 and a league-leading 97 stolen bases in 1890. He stole 509 bases in his career, which is tied for 35th all-time; among players who played in fifteen seasons or less, he ranks sixth. Stovey finished in the top ten in home runs eleven times (1880–1886, 1888–1991), which included time in three leagues; he led a league in home runs five times. He also finished in the top ten in runs scored ten times, batting average six times, and on-base percentage seven times. He was the first to wear sliding pads and among the first to slide feet first.

Philadelphia Defiance
In 1877, Harry began his career in the pitcher’s box and graduated out of the ranks of a Philadelphia amateur team called the Defiance (the Philadelphia Defiance were a professional team, part of the league Alliance).

New Bedford
In 1878, Frank Bancroft, owner/manager of the New Bedford Baseball Club, engaged Stovey to join his pitching staff. When the New Bedfords' John Piggot, first baseman, became ill during their first exhibition game of the season, Stovey was asked to take over, and played brilliantly enough that he replaced Piggott as the starting first basemen for the entire season.

Worcester
Harry was an outfielder / first baseman in 1880 for the Worcester Worcesters under the surname of Stovey instead of his birth name of Stowe due to his desire to keep his family from discovering he was making his career at baseball, which was seen at the time as not a respectable profession. He made an immediate impact that first season, leading the league with 14 triples and six home runs, while also finishing in the top ten in many other offensive categories. On July 17, he hit his first major league home run off Jim McCormick of the Cleveland Blues.

For the 1881 season, his offensive numbers did not slow down, again finishing in the top ten in several offensive categories, though he did not lead the league in any this time around. On August 17, 1881, Worcester suspended Captain Mike Dorgan‚ and Stovey took over the position for the remainder of the season. Lee Richmond‚ who had quit because of conflicts with Dorgan‚ rejoined the team after this switch.

In 1882, his last season for the Worcesters, his batting average saw an increase, up to .289 from .270 the year before, but his numbers in relation to the rest of the league took a slight dip. He ranked third in the league in runs scored, with 90, and fourth in the league in home runs, with five.

Philadelphia
For the 1883 season, Stovey moved on to play for the Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association, and it was during the next seven years when he had his best years, and made his greatest impact on the game. His first season in Philadelphia saw him set the single season record for home runs with fourteen, breaking the old mark of nine set by Charley Jones in 1879. That year, the Athletics won the league pennant, doing so with a record of 66–32 beating St. Louis by one game. Stovey kept this record for only one season, as Ned Williamson set a new mark the very next season with 27. Not only did he set the home run record, he batted .306, and led the league in runs scored with 110, doubles with 31, and games played with 112, while also finishing in the top five in most offensive categories. It was also the first of nine straight seasons where he collected 200+ total bases and 100+ runs scored.

The offensive explosiveness continued throughout his stay in Philadelphia, leading the league in runs scored four times, doubles once, triples three times, and home runs three times. The accumulation of home runs led him to become the career home run leader, overtaking Charley Jones with his 51st career homer on September 28, 1885. He held onto the career lead for a season until he was passed for a short period of time by Dan Brouthers for the 1886 and the 1887 seasons. Stovey regained the lead, and held it until Roger Connor passed him in 1895. 1886 was the first season with recordable data for stolen bases (albeit without caught stealing). That year, he led the league with 68 stolen bases.

Boston
In 1890, the Players' League, a rival league to the National League and the American Association, began, and it attracted many of the game's star players, including Stovey who "jumped" to the Boston Reds. He had a good season, batting .299, hit eleven triples, and twelve home runs while totaling 97 stolen bases. On September 3, 1890, Stovey became the first player to hit 100 homers for a career, off Jersey Bakley in a game against Cleveland, a significant milestone in a day when home runs were relatively rare. The Reds won the league pennant with a record of 81–48 (6½ games over Brooklyn) to garner Stovey's second league championship.

After the 1890 season, the Players' League folded with many of the players returning to their former ballclubs. Stovey‚ who played with the Athletics in 1889, was not claimed by that club through a clerical error, so on February 5, 1891, he signed with the Boston Beaneaters of the National League. In 134 games, he led the league that season with sixteen home runs and twenty triples, while also hitting .279 with 31 doubles as well. It proved to be last great season of his career.

Baltimore / Brooklyn
Stovey played only 38 games for the Beaneaters in 1892, before he was released on June 20, but he was quickly signed by the Baltimore Orioles. He finished the season with a .272 batting average with the Orioles and hit eleven triples, including three in one game on July 21 in a 10–3 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates. In a total of 112 games, he batted .235/.326/.371 with 101 hits and 67 RBIs.

The 1893 season was Stovey's last season in the majors, playing 56 total games. He was released by the Orioles on May 22 after only eight games, and was signed three days later on May 15 by the Brooklyn Grooms. He finished the season with the Grooms and retired after the season was over.

Career statistics
In 1,489 games over fourteen seasons, Stovey posted a .288 batting average (1,775-for-6,153) with 1,495 runs, 348 doubles, 176 triples, 122 home runs, 912 RBI, 509 stolen bases, and 664 bases on balls. He finished his career with a .943 fielding percentage playing the outfield and first base.

Post-career
After his career, Stovey returned to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he had begun his baseball career, in order to manage the local amateur team in 1893. He subsequently worked as a police officer in the city. Stovey died at the age of 80 in New Bedford, and is interred at Oak Grove Cemetery.

The Nineteenth Century Committee of the Society for American Baseball Research named Stovey the Overlooked 19th Century Baseball Legend for 2011 — a 19th-century player, manager, executive or other baseball personality not yet inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York.

title: Harry Stovey


text:
Mercury Villager

The Mercury Villager is a minivan that was marketed by Mercury from 1993 to 2002. Taking its name used by Mercury to denote its wood-trimmed station wagons, the Villager was developed in a joint venture between Ford and Nissan; the latter manufacturer marketed the line as the Nissan Quest. The first front-wheel drive van produced by Ford, the Mercury Villager was introduced between the Ford Aerostar and the Ford Windstar, competing against Chrysler minivans and the General Motors APV minivans.

Two generations of the model line were produced, with the Villager undergoing a full redesign for 1999. In a first for the minivan segment, the model line replaced a removable rear seat with a design that was repositionable (dependent on passenger or cargo use). The Villager was the last Mercury developed with the lightbar grille used by the brand.

The Villager was produced alongside the Nissan Quest by Ford at its Ohio Assembly facility (Avon Lake, Ohio) alongside the Ford Econoline/Club Wagon. After 2002, the Ford-Nissan joint venture ended, with both companies developing minivans on their own. Nissan released a new generation of the Quest, while the Villager was replaced entirely; for 2004, Mercury released a revived Monterey as its second minivan (a divisional counterpart of the Ford Freestar).

Nameplate
The Edsel division of Ford introduced the Villager nameplate for the 1958 model year, with the Edsel Villager serving as its mid-range station wagon. Offered in a four-door configuration with a fully-painted exterior, the Villager was marketed through the 1960 model year. Following the demise of Edsel, Mercury reintroduced the Villager nameplate for the 1962 model year as part of the Comet compact series. Again denoting a station wagon, the Comet Villager was offered with simulated woodgrain trim.

From 1962 to 1984, Mercury marketed the Villager as the Mercury counterpart of the Ford "Squire" trim, denoting wood-trim station wagons (excluding the full-size Mercury Colony Park). The Comet Villager was produced from 1962 to 1967 and was followed by five more uses of the Villager name, including the Montego (1970–1976), Bobcat (1975–1980), Cougar (1977 and 1982), Zephyr (1978–1981) and Lynx (1981–1984).

Following the introduction of the 1983 Marquis, the Villager nameplate was dropped from wood-trim station wagons; while offered with wood trim, the Marquis adopted the Brougham name (the Mercury Sable that replaced it was never offered with the option).

Development
At the beginning of 1988, Ford and Nissan entered a joint venture to develop an all-new minivan sold by both automakers. Under the terms of the agreement, the development and engineering of the vehicles was done by Nissan (in the United States); the company also supplied the engine and transmission. Ford would manufacture the vehicles in its own facility, providing components for the vehicle.

Development officially commenced later that year, codenamed VX54. The program would replace two existing Nissan product lines developed in Japan (the Van and the Axxess) and Ford would market its version as a Mercury (the VX54 program coincided with the simultaneous development of the WIN88 program, later the Ford Windstar). The final designs were chosen by Nissan in 1989, with both companies commencing testing of prototypes in 1990; real-world testing was done through 1991, as development concluded at the end of that year.

During the 1980s, family-use vehicles transitioned from full-size station wagons towards minivans. In place of the full-size Mercury Colony Park, during the development process, designers benchmarked the mid-size as its goal for features, ride, and handling. Along with deriving the front lightbar grille from the Sable, the Villager adopted its two-way liftgate (hatchback rear window) from the station wagon.

While all-wheel drive was initially planned in the VX54 program, slow sales of Chrysler AWD minivans led to Ford dropping it from development of the Villager.

First generation (1993–1998)
Launched in July 1992 as a 1993 model, the Mercury Villager was introduced at the 1992 Chicago Auto Show. Introduced alongside the Nissan Quest, the 1992 Mercury Villager was the first Mercury since 1960 produced without a Ford counterpart.

Chassis specification
The first-generation Villager uses the front-wheel drive Ford VX54 platform. While using a Ford codename, the platform is an evolution of the 1989-1994 Nissan Maxima (J30 chassis). Using a 112.2-inch wheelbase, the chassis shares nearly an identical wheelbase with a standard-wheelbase 1984-1995 Chrysler minivan (an inch longer than a short-wheelbase Chevrolet Astro).

The Villager uses MacPherson struts for the front suspension and leaf springs for the solid rear axle. The front brakes were vented discs with rear drums (Rear disc brakes were included on models equipped with the trailer towing package); anti-lock brakes were fitted as standard equipment.

Powertrain
The first-generation Villager (and its Quest counterpart) was powered by a single engine through its production. Sharing its engine with the Nissan Maxima, the Villager was powered by a 3.0L Nissan VG30E V6 (detuned from 160 to 151 horsepower). A Jatco-supplied 4-speed automatic was the sole transmission offering.

In the development of the VX54 model line, Ford requested several design changes from Nissan before it would use the engine. Along with making the VG30E a non-interference engine, Ford requested the addition of an oil level sensor and the relocation of the oil filter assembly (for better access).

Body design
At 190 inches long, the first-generation Villager nearly matches the extended-length 1991–1995 Chrysler minivans in length. In contrast to the Aerostar, the Villager was produced solely as a passenger van and in a single body length. All versions were produced with single sliding door.

In line with the Mercury Sable and Mercury Topaz sedans, the Villager was distinguished from its Nissan Quest counterpart by its front lightbar grille. While the Quest was styled with a monochromatic exterior (for all trims), the Villager used multiple two-toned exterior trims (base trims used wide gray moldings, in line with the 1992 Grand Marquis). To aid aerodynamics, the exterior door handles were faired into the doors. In a minivan first, the rear liftgate was modeled after compact station wagons; the rear window opened independently from the door.

For 1996, the exterior underwent a mid-cycle revision. A conventional grille (modeled after the Sable and Mystique) replaced the lightbar, with restyled taillamps (joined by a red panel), badging, and the introduction of monochromatic exterior trim (for lower trims).

While the exterior and interior of the vehicle was designed primarily by Nissan, many interior components were sourced from Ford. In line with the Aerostar, the Villager was equipped with optional rear-seat radio controls and air-conditioning vents. Along with folding/removable second-row seats (bench or bucket, dependent on trim), the third-row bench seat was mounted on sliding tracks, allowing the interior to be reconfigured (for passengers or cargo) without its removal. To meet passive-restraint requirements, the Villager was initially equipped with automatic seatbelts (the only American-market minivan to do so); for 1994, a driver-side airbag was added, with dual airbags becoming standard for 1996 (replacing the automatic seatbelts).

Trim
For 1993, the Villager was offered with GS and LS trim levels, in line with Mercury sedans. The second-row seat of the GS was a two-passenger bench seat; the LS was available with either a bench seat or two bucket seats. At its launch, the exterior of the GS was produced with wide gray door/bumper moldings (similar to the 1992 Grand Marquis), switching to monochromatic trim for the 1996 model year (with optional two-tone trim); the LS was offered with standard two-tone trim from 1993 to 1998.

Villager Nautica
In 1994, Mercury introduced the Nautica special edition of the Villager. In line with Eddie Bauer-edition Ford vehicles (including the Aerostar minivan), the trim denoted the namesake clothing company. Externally denoted by a blue-and-white color scheme (with a yellow pinstripe), the Nautica was fitted with multi-color leather seats (blue with white inserts); a complimentary luggage set included Nautica-designed duffel bags. For the 1996, multiple two-tone color schemes joined the blue/white exterior.

Second generation (1999–2002)
For the 1999 model year, Mercury introduced the second-generation Villager. Again a counterpart of the Nissan Quest, the 1999 Villager shared no sheetmetal with its predecessor. As with the larger Ford Windstar, a central change of the redesign included the addition of a second sliding door.

Chassis specification
Carried over from the previous generation, the Ford VX54 platform underpinned the second-generation Mercury Villager and Nissan Quest, sharing its 112.2-inch wheelbase. Retuned for a softer ride, the second-generation Villager retained its suspension configuration from the previous generation, including front MacPherson struts and a rear beam axle. The front brakes were vented discs with rear drum brakes; ABS was offered as an option.

Powertrain
The second-generation Villager received a new V6 engine, again supplied by Nissan. For 1999, the 3.3L VG33E V6 replaced the previous 3.0L V6; producing 170 hp, the engine was shared with Nissan light trucks and SUVs in the United States. A Jatco-supplied 4-speed automatic was the sole transmission paired with the engine.

Body design
While sharing its wheelbase with its predecessor, the second-generation Villager was five inches longer than its predecessor; slightly larger than the Toyota Sienna, the Villager was approximately six inches shorter than the extended-length GM and Chrysler minivans (and the Ford Windstar). In contrast to its competitors (except the Chrysler Town & Country), the second-generation Villager/Quest was sold solely with two sliding doors, abandoning the previous single side-door configuration.

While again sharing most body stampings, the exterior of the second-generation Quest and Villager were designed separately, with Ford designer Moray Callum responsible for the exterior of the Villager. In place of the chrome-ringed horizontal grille, the Villager adopted a waterfall-style grille (with a much larger Mercury emblem); the rear fascia was given a red trim panel between the taillamps (with amber turn signals). Several design features from the first generation made a return, including the design of the exterior door handles and the two-way rear liftgate.

Carrying over the reconfigurable 3rd-row seat design from the previous generation, the cargo area was revised with the addition of a removable parcel shelf. For 2000, a 3-person 2nd-row seat was introduced (increasing capacity to 8) as an option. As a $1,295 option, a rear-seat entertainment system was introduced, including a flip-down LCD screen connected to a VCR or video-game console.

For 2001, the front and rear fascias were revised; the Mercury emblem was centered and enlarged on the grille and liftgate (the foglamps were changed to round lenses). The instrument panel was redesigned (the electronic instrument panel returned as an option).

Trim
Abandoning the GS/LS trim nomenclature used by the previous generation, the second-generation Villager was offered in three trim levels: Villager, Villager Sport, and Villager Estate; the special-edition Nautica trim was discontinued. Externally, the standard Villager was offered in monochromatic colors or with a silver lower body; the Sport was painted with a gray lower body and received upgraded suspension settings and larger wheels and tires. The Estate was distinguished by a gold lower body, wheels, and badging.

Chinese production
From 1995 to 2001, the first-generation Mercury Villager was marketed by Chinese auto manufacturers through the use of CKD kits. Guangzhou Yunbao (today part of Dongfeng Fengshen) marketed the Yunbao YB6480; traditionally using CKD vehicles from Nissan, the YB6480 retained its Mercury badging. As largely the same vehicle, Dongfeng Fengshen marketed the Villager as the Fengshen EQ6482. While the bodies were manufactured in the United States (for CKD purposes), the engines were manufactured in China (marketed through manufacturers in joint ventures with Nissan).

Through its passenger car division, Guangdong Bus Works produced the GDK6480; with nearly all assembly completed in the United States, only a few parts were added to the vehicle in China.

Replacement

In 2000, Ford and Nissan chose to end their joint venture, as both companies had commenced design work on new generations of the Ford Windstar and the Nissan Quest. Following a shortened 2002 model year, the Ford-Nissan joint venture was concluded. The final Mercury Villager was assembled on June 27, 2002.

After skipping the 2003 model year, both Mercury and Nissan were to reenter the minivan segment. A third generation of the Quest was developed and manufactured by Nissan in the United States (derived from the Maxima), while Mercury replaced the Villager with the Monterey, a counterpart of the Freestar (as Ford had renamed the Windstar), intended to compete directly against the Chrysler Town & Country.

title: Mercury Villager


text:
Talk:Javelin (disambiguation)

Ancient weapon
There really needs to be an article on the javelin as an actual ancient thrown weapon, not just a sporting event. . . . (Maybe I'll find time to write it.) ---Michael K. Smith 16:40, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This article seriously needs attention, it's getting vandalized alot. User:superknijn

Contested move request

 * Javelin (disambiguation) → Javelin — I think Javelin should be the title for the disambiguation page, not redirect to Javelin (weapon). Just my opinion but, if this request were to be contested, at least move Javelin (weapon) to Javelin for consistency.  ~ I'm anonymous
 * It is unclear to me whether the secondary meaning (the Olympic discipline of the javelin) is called "javelin" often enough to warrant the disambiguation page being at javelin, or rarely enough, that javelin (weapon) should be moved there. I think this one needs to be opened up to the wider community. --Stemonitis 08:04, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Requested move - 8 May 2007
rename

This stems from the proposal made above. Javelin currently redirects to Javelin (weapon), while other meanings are discussed at Javelin (disambiguation). One of these articles needs to move, and I'm not sure which. The question is, what do most people expect to see at javelin? Is it the ancient weapon (javelin (weapon), which does not include the modern sporting javelin)? Is it the sporting discpiline (javelin throw)? Is it something else? Share your thoughts, please. --Stemonitis 19:37, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * See, this is exactly why Javelin should be the name for the disambiguation page. Hence, I still support the move from Javelin (disambiguation) to Javelin.  ~ I'm anonymous

 * Support making Javelin the disambiguation page. Neier 00:18, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

This article has been renamed from Javelin (disambiguation) to javelin as the result of a move request. --Stemonitis 06:41, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm new here so I'm not sure of what is the proper protocol for changing stuff (I've already changed the disambig page before I saw this discussion. Nevertheless I'm now at my graduate studies in history and Javelin is foremost a weapon, like sword, lance, dagger and so on. I do thing the above mention remarks are correct and the javelin throw should be at least partly incorporated into javelin (weapon), since they have close historical ties. I'm sorry for my unintentional impoliteness for changing the page before entering the discussion (I'll learn better next time). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.108.92.137 (talk) 20:41, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I reverted both of your edits because they were before any discussion. Wikipedia encourages people to make bold edits, but these changes were already discussed before and your edits were contrary to what was decided.  You are welcome to bring up the topic again, as you have, but changes like that should only take place after it is obvious that a concensus has formed to support them.  Wikipedia is an odd place in many ways, where concensus doesn't mean "majority vote" and such, and while I agree that Javelin is first a weapon, the reasoning for it being a disambig page is that the majority of people looking up "javelin" aren't looking for the weapon.  The goal in this case is convenience.  If they search for "javelin weapon" it will auto take them to the right page anyway.  For my 2c, I always recommend people start making small edits on article topics they know and like, reading the policies, and within a time you become more comfortable with what you can do, what you shouldn't do, and requires discussion first.  Even then, it can get rowdy, so never take it personal.  I would strongly recommend you go ahead and signup for a real name on Wikipedia.  Like it or not, people take names much more serious than IP numbers.  This is because most of the vandalism/problems come from just IPs rather than registered users.  It isn't required, but helpful.  Pharmboy (talk) 20:53, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Reconsidering this page

 * Javelin (weapon) → Javelin and Javelin → Javelin (disambiguation) Request edited to reflect intended request. —  AjaxSmack   05:14, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

I think we should reconsider using Javelin as a disambiguation page. The original meaning of javelin is the weapon. All other meanings are derivative of its original meaning. If you check the dictionary it gives you the weapon as the first definition (try M-W for example). But most important to wiki users is the consistency of the terms in each subject. Every general weapon's name has a disambiguation page, but it always secondary for the weapon page, e.g. lance, sword, dagger, shield, armour, helmed etc. with pike the only exception, I don't know why. Therefore I think Javelin should be the weapon page and have a reference to the disambig page like the above mentioned examples. Nik Sage ( talk / contrib ) 03:51, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Comment I think you need to rewrite your request, Javelin → Javelin (weapon) doesn't make sense, since Javelin is already a dab page, and moving it to weapon makes no sense. 70.55.85.140 (talk) 08:06, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Comment it's a piece of sports equipment used in an Olympic sport. That is the most commonly encountered usage in English in the public mind. 70.55.85.140 (talk) 08:06, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I've reshuffled the structure of the disambig to make it clearer (and removed some of the cruft). That possibly clears things up a bit. Megapixie (talk) 09:06, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * CommentI meant to put the javelin (weapon) as the page people will receive when entering javelin. From that page there will be a reference to a disambig page, the as in sword, lance, spear, shield and armour. Considering the second remark all the English dictionaries I've checked put the weapon as the first meaning. There could be a section on the weapon article considering javelin throw and its relation to ancient Greek warfare. Besides it's the same for spear which is a weapon but most people today think it is a fishing equipment and the common use of armour is relating to a protective outer layer of a vehicle or a ship ( talk / contrib ) 03:26, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Disagree: Whilst it might be likely that many people are interested in the thrown weapon meaning there are far too many other meanings which are in common and constant use. The use of the disambig page as the initial target (as per discussion above about its move) makes more sense therefore. Editors are easily able to opint their links at the correct target and readers are the ones we are helping here by having the disambig page. --AlisonW (talk) 08:45, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Support. The only other item on the list at javelin solely called "javelin" is the javelin (rocket) which is a three-sentence stub.  All others are qualified (and, as with the rocket, are derivative). —   AjaxSmack   05:16, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Comment concerning AlisonW disagreement. Wikipedia is more about convention then common or constant use. The ancient weapon convention is to make them the main page and all other meanings in the disambig page (as I explained and demonstrated in my previous comments). Furthermore I've googled all of the terms in the disambig page and compared it to two searches that are quite restrictive to javelin (1. javelin & ancient & medieval 2. javelin & spear). Javelin as a pre-modern ranged weapon gave about a million results in both searches. All the other meanings gave much less besides Javelin software which gave 700,000 results. So even if look at common and constant use it is evident that the weapon is the principal meaning and all other meanings are derivatives (like the MGM-52 Lance or Lance Armstrong in the Lance disambig page). ( talk / contrib ) Nik Sage (talk) 08:00, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Support as obviously the usual meaning of the word "javelin". Srnec (talk) 04:52, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Statistics about the javelin please? What's the maxium range? Average weight? Stuff like that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.121.21.29 (talk) 01:32, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Javelin (disambiguation)


text:
Template talk:Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea

Usually, in South Korean books, Web sites, etc., Seoul is listed first, then the metropolitan cities, then the provinces. I've flipped the 3 categories around here so that they conform with the general order. --Sewing 16:41, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * There has been some controversy over this, but I think that we should keep the Seoul-first format. -- Visviva 09:10, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Short forms
The short forms currently used here are the standard ones, two syllables for each province. These (Chungbuk, Jeonnam, etc.) are the forms most commonly used, in both English and Korean; they also have the convenient feature of fitting more neatly into the box than would the full names. -- Visviva 13:41, 29 May 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Nina Gilbert

Deletion discussion: Votes for deletion/Nina Gilbert DJ Clayworth 16:41, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nina Gilbert


text: Category:Battles of the Great Northern War


text:
User talk:Flamingo~enwiki

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title: User talk:Flamingo~enwiki


text:
User:Balthas

My name is Balthas and I fully support the core idea of Wikipedia: sharing and jointly vetting information. I believe that this is the way knowledge societies will ultimately be built. So I try to contribute here and there as time permits ... my contributions on Wikipedia and contributions on wikidata.

To my surprise, there was no English version of the article on "knowledge commons" by 2010, although wikipedia itself is a vast "knowledge commons", so please support me to promote the "knowledge commons" by editing the article :-) (German "Wissensallmende" has been there since 2004)

BTW: More information regarding my person and some publications on Free Software and Development, Open Innovation and the knowledge commons is available online at http://www.knowledge-commons.de.

title: User:Balthas


text:
Dwagie

Tseng Kuan-jung (, c. 1979), professionally known as Dwagie, is a Taiwanese rapper, best known for using Taiwanese in his performances. His first solo album, Lotus from the Tongue (舌粲蓮花, 2002), was billed as the first full rap album in the Chinese-speaking world. He has also collaborated with fellow rapper MC HotDog.

Outside of the hip hop scene he is best known for his best-selling single, "Taiwan Song", which projects an unapologetic Taiwanese assertiveness. The title is a playful pun on the Mandarin word for "ode" (頌, pinyin: sòng), which also sounds like a Taiwanese word for "feeling good" (爽, POJ: sóng), as well as the English word "song".

The 8 March 2004 Asian issue of Time describes him as a writer of "pro-Taiwan rap" and the "poster boy of the DPP's southern youth vote campaign" during the 2004 presidential election. He was also featured in a segment of the 2007 Discovery Channel special The Mystical Tainan (謎樣台南). He became a proponent of humane treatment for stray animals in 2009, and has featured their point of view in his music. Dwagie supports trap, neuter, release programs in Taiwan, and has collaborated with others, such as Lotus Wang, Yang Lie, and Su Tseng-chang, to film public service announcements on stray cats, in DVD and online form.

In 2014, he collaborated with Nas on the track "Refuse to Listen". In 2016, he collaborated with Raekwon of Wu-Tang Clan on the track "Words to Trump".

title: Dwagie


text:
Aioi

Aioi (Japanese: 相生) may refer to:

Places in Japan

 * Aioi, Tokushima (相生町 Aioi-chō), the former name of a town in Naka District, Tokushima
 * Aioi, Hyōgo (相生市 Aioi-shi)), a city in Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Aioi Bridge (相生橋 Aioi hashi), a T-shaped bridge in the center of Hiroshima

Train stations in Japan

 * Aioi Station (Gifu), located in Gujō, Gifu Prefecture
 * Aioi Station (Gunma), located in Kiryū, Gunma Prefecture
 * Aioi Station (Hyōgo), located in Aioi, Hyōgo, Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Nishi-Aioi Station, also located in Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Sanuki-Aioi Station, located in Higashikagawa, Kagawa Prefecture

People

 * Chieko Aioi (相生 千恵子), Japanese actress and voice actress
 * Takahide Aioi (相生 高秀), fighter pilot in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) who subsequently became a commander of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
 * Yoshitaro Aioi (相生 由太郎) (ja:Yoshitaro Aioi), Japanese entrepreneur who played a significant role in Manchuria during the Meiji, Taisho, and Showa eras

Other

 * Yūko Aioi (相生 祐子), a fictional character in the Japanese comedy manga Nichijou
 * Aioi Insurance company, a Japanese insurance company

title: Aioi


text:
CHX

Chx may refer to:

 * Chamonix, a town in the French Alps
 * Chancellor of the Exchequer
 * Chicago Stock Exchange
 * Charing Cross railway station (National Rail code) in London
 * Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque
 * CHX, the IATA airport code for Changuinola "Capitán Manuel Niño" International Airport in Changuinola, Panama
 * Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells

title: CHX


text: Category:Black holes

title: Category:Black holes


text:
Kasai

Kasai or Kasaï may refer to:

Congo

 * Congo-Kasaï, one of the four large provinces of Belgian Congo
 * Kasaï District, in the Kasai-Occidental province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Kasai Province, one of the provinces of the Congo
 * Kasaï region in the center of Congo

Japan

 * Kasai District, Hokkaido, a district of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan
 * Kasai Rinkai Park, in Edogawa, Tokyo
 * Kasai Station, in the Kasai section of Edogawa, Tokyo, Japan
 * Kasai, Hyōgo is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan

Other uses

 * Kangsabati River, or Kasai River in India
 * Kasai procedure, a pediatric surgery commonly for biliary atresia
 * Kasai (surname), a Japanese surname, lit. meaning "fire"

Congo

 * Air Kasaï, an airline in Barumbu, Kinshasa, Congo
 * Compagnie du Kasai, a concession company of the Congo
 * Kasai Allstars, a 25-piece musical collective based in Kinshasa, Congo
 * Kasai River disaster, a passenger ferry capsized in Congo
 * Kasai River, in Angola and the Congo

title: Kasai


text:
Kawanishi

Kawanishi may refer to:

Places

 * Kawanishi, Hyōgo
 * Kawanishi, Nara
 * Kawanishi, Yamagata
 * Kawanishi, Niigata – now merged into Tōkamachi

People with the surname

 * Hide Kawanishi (川西 英), Japanese painter
 * Shigeko Kawanishi (川西 繁子), Japanese swimmer
 * Takumi Kawanishi (川西 拓実), Japanese idol

Other uses

 * Kawanishi Aircraft Company, a former Japanese aircraft manufacturer

title: Kawanishi


text:
Karl I, Prince of Liechtenstein

Karl I (30 July 1569 – 12 February 1627) was the first member of the Liechtenstein family to become a monarch of Liechtenstein; thus, he was the founder of the Princely Family of Liechtenstein.

Karl was the elder son of Hartmann II, Baron of Liechtenstein (1544–1585) and his wife, Countess Anna Maria of Ortenburg (1547–1601). Emperor Rudolf II of the Holy Roman Empire appointed Karl as chief intendant (Obersthofmeister), an important position at his court. Karl held this position until 1607. In a dispute over land between Rudolf II and the heir presumptive to the throne, Archduke Matthias, Karl sided with Matthias. Liechtenstein played a leading role as adviser and supporter of Matthias in the coup against Emperor Rudolf II. Now-Hungarian King Matthias made him a hereditary prince in 1608, in thanks for Karl's aid. In his politics and assertiveness as advisor to Matthias, he rivaled Melchior Khlesl, Bishop of Vienna, who ultimately prevailed over Liechtenstein and became the new minister-favourite of King and later Emperor Matthias.

In 1614, Karl added the Duchy of Troppau to his possessions. In thanks for further aid at the Battle of White Mountain, Karl was appointed to the positions of proconsul and vice-regent of Bohemia in 1622, and he was bestowed with the Order of the Golden Fleece.

He gained the Duchy of Troppau on 28 December 1613 and the Silesian Duchy of Jägerndorf on 15 March 1622, along with much confiscated "rebel property", and he commissioned the ducal hat of Liechtenstein.

He became a Catholic in 1599. In 1605, Karl established the first branch north of the Alps of the Hospitaller Order of Saint John of God, at Feldsberg in Lower Austria (now Valtice, Czech Republic).

He was the 352nd Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria. He died in Prague.

Marriage and issue
In 1600, Karl married Anna Maria Šemberová, Baroness of and Černá Hora and Lady of Aussee (1575–1625). They had at least four children:
 * Princess Anna Maria Franziska (7 December 1601 – 26 April 1640), married Maximilian, Prince of Dietrichstein (1596 – 1655).
 * Princess Franziska Barbara (1604–1655), married Wenzel Werner of T'Serclaes, Count of Tilly (1599 – 1653).
 * Prince Heinrich (died young).
 * Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein (11 April 1611 – 5 April 1684).

title: Karl I, Prince of Liechtenstein


text:
Nishiwaki

Nishiwaki can refer to:

 * Nishiwaki, Hyōgo, Japan
 * Nishiwakishi Station
 * Junzaburō Nishiwaki (1894–1982), Japanese writer
 * Michiko Nishiwaki (born 1957), Japanese actress
 * Takatoshi Nishiwaki (born 1955), governor of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan

title: Nishiwaki


text:
Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein

Karl Eusebius (11 April 1611 – 5 April 1684) was the Prince of Liechtenstein. He inherited this title in 1627 from his father Karl I. He was 16 and thus considered underage, and his uncles Prince Gundakar and Maximillian acted as regents until 1632. From 1639 to 1641 Karl was Chief Captain of High and Low Silesia.

After the Thirty Years' War Karl effectively restored his dominions economically. Karl was also an extensive patron of architecture of the period. He formed the early plans for Plumlov Castle, which in fact his son the future Hans-Adam I oversaw the construction of.

He died in Schwarzkosteletz.

Marriage and issue
Karl married his niece, Princess Johanna Beatrix von Dietrichstein-Nikolsburg (c. 1625 – 26 March 1676) on 6 August 1644. They had nine children:

 * Princess Eleonora Maria (1647 – 7 August 1704).
 * Princess Anna Maria (1648–1654).
 * Princess Maria Theresia (1649–1716).
 * Princess Johanna Beatrix (1650–1672); Married Maximilian II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1641–1709).
 * Prince Franz Dominik (died 1652).
 * Prince Karl Joseph (died 1653).
 * Prince Franz Eusebius (1654–1655).
 * Princess Cecilia (died 1655).
 * Prince Johann Adam Andreas (known as Hans-Adam I, Prince of Liechtenstein) (1662–1712).

In popular culture
Karl Eusebius plays a prominent role in several of the works in the 1632 series of alternative history novels and stories.

title: Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein


text:
Sanda Ladoși

Sanda Ladoși (born 2 January 1970 in Târgu Mureș) is a Romanian singer.

As a child, Sanda sang in various choirs and groups. Near the age of 10 she began to study music and learned piano, classical guitar and singing. Since she was born into a family of teachers, she pursued studies in education. However, she gave up her teaching career almost as soon as she graduated from Târgu Mureș. She moved to Bucharest to follow her dream of becoming a professional singer, while also studying law at the city's Titu Maiorescu University.

She has performed duets with Romanian stars such as Marcel Pavel, Ștefan Iordache, Ioan Gyuri Pascu, and Aurelian Temișan. She has performed at many concerts across Romania and at a great number of summer festivals abroad. She has released five albums to date and toured worldwide. She released her fifth album Khalini in 2006, which includes the song "I Admit". With "I Admit", she won in 2004 the Romanian National Selection for the Eurovision Song Contest at Istanbul. In the international finals, she came in 18th.

Sanda was also chosen to dub Mulan in the series Sofia the First.

title: Sanda Ladoși