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User talk:Bogatyr~enwiki

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Roman the Great
You recently created the article Roman the Great. I did a litel cleanup on it. I have some questions and comments.

Before the birth date you listed "a." Did you mean this to stand for "about"? the wikipedia standard is to use "c." for circa. Dit it apply to the birth date only or to both dates.

You wrote "Roman Mstyslavych was reputed by victory hikes against Polovtsi in 1197-1198, 1201 and 1204". I don't know what this means -- did he defeat the Polovtsi, or was rumored to ahve doe so, or did he gain reputation for doing so, or what?

You wrote "He lived mostly in peace with Hungary and Poland, won uneasy neighbours." this doesn't make sense as written do you mean that his realtions with Hungary and Poland were uneasy, although mostly peaceful?

Note that I put the alternate form of his name in bold. this is the wikipedia standard.

Note that I removed the links to years. See Manual of Style (dates and numbers). Links to dates are mostly only useful when they are to full dates, not just years.

Note that I added royal-stub. Please add a proper stub tag to short articles. see WP:STUB for more info.

Please feel fre to leave me a msg on my talk page with any questions. DES (talk) 08:03, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for your resposne to me about this article, and for your fuirther significant exapansion and improvement of it. I have another question:

 * You refer to "hikes" and to "victory hikes". Do these mean "marches" or "attacks" or "assults"? Is a "victory hike" a "victorious assault" or "successful attack"? If not, what do you mean by this term? I have generally seen "hike" used in english to eman a pleasnt walk by one or a few people, undertaken for sport or pleasure through more or less wild or natural areas. I don't think this is the sense in which you are using the word. Please help me understand. DES (talk) 15:50, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

You wrote: ''Hike: I mean "a victorious campaign" ! Hike = campaign in my text. Sorry for my bad English language ! :)''

 * Not a problem. I wanted to amke sure of your meaning so i didn't intorduce inaccuaracy into the article. Thank you for contributing when english is not your native language.

 * By the way, you can sign your msgs with four tildas, like this ~ . This will be automatically converted into a link to your user page, and the date and time. DES (talk) 16:18, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

UA/RU get-togethers at Wikipedia
Hi, Bogatyr! And welcome. You might be interested to check out the current WP portals for these countries. Ukraine portal is located at Wikiportal/Ukraine. Also, take a note at two notice boards which a parts of the portal: Wikiportal/Ukraine/New article announcements and Wikiportal/Ukraine/Ukraine-related Wikipedia notice board, with the latter being for announcements other than new articles. In similar fashion the Russia Portal (Wikiportal/Russia) and its similar boards at Wikiportal/Russia/New article announcements and Wikiportal/Russia/Russia-related Wikipedia notice board are worth to be added to your watchlist. Adding all four is probably a good idea. Feel free to contact me for any reason. Пока! --Irpen 16:26, August 14, 2005 (UTC)

Valentyna Shevchenko
Could you please note what was the original page for the Shevchenko's bio? Even if the page is not online anymore we can often find it through web.archive.org and list it as a source. See for instance the ref #8 (Mariana Hausleitner) in Rumanization. Thanks, --Irpen 20:04, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * BTW, Happy New Year! :) --Irpen 20:05, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject France
Hello! We are a group of editors working to improve the quality of France related articles. You look like someone who might be interested in joining us in the France WikiProject and so I thought I'd drop you a line and invite you! We'd love to have you in our project :-) STTW (talk)  15:15, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Survey Invitation
Hi there, I am a research student from the National University of Singapore and I wish to invite you to do an online survey about Wikipedia. To compensate you for your time, I am offering a reward of USD$10, either to you or as a donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. For more information, please go to the research home page. Thank you. --WikiInquirer 06:53, 16 March 2007 (UTC)talk to me

Unspecified source for Image:Bandera.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Bandera.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 10:06, 25 June 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Liftarn 10:06, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Bogatyrchuk.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Bogatyrchuk.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 20:39, 20 October 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. 91.65.124.174 20:39, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bogatyr. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bogatyr~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:42, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:09, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bogatyr~enwiki


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Gaston Tissandier

Gaston Tissandier (November 21, 1843 – August 30, 1899) was a French chemist, meteorologist, aviator, and editor. He escaped besieged Paris by balloon in September 1870. He founded and edited the scientific magazine La Nature and wrote several books.

His brother was illustrator Albert Tissandier. His son Paul became a well known aviator in his own right.

Biography
Gaston Tissandier was born in Paris in 1843. He studied chemistry and in 1864 became the head of the experimental laboratory of Union nationales. He was also a teacher at Association polytechnique. His interest in meteorology led him to take up aviation.

His first trip in the air was conducted at Calais in 1868 together with, where his balloon drifted out over the sea and was brought back by an air stream of opposite direction in a higher layer of air. In September 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, he managed to leave the besieged Paris by balloon.

His most adventurous air trip took place near Paris in April 1875. He and companions, journalist, and , naval officer, were able to reach in a balloon the magnificent altitude of 8,600 meters (28,200 feet). Both of his companions died from breathing the thin air. Tissandier survived, but became deaf. He described the symptoms of altitude sickness.

In 1883, Tissandier fit a Siemens electric motor to an airship, thus creating the first electric-powered flight.

Tissandier reported his meteorological observations to the French Academy of Sciences. In 1873 he founded the weekly scientific magazine La Nature, which he edited until 1896, after which it was continued by others. He also authored several books:

Works

 * Eléments de Chimie (1870)
 * L'Eau (1867)
 * La Houille (1886)
 * Histoire de mes ascensions récit de quarante voyages aériens (1868-1886) (1887; German edition 1872)
 * En ballon! Pendant le siège de Paris. Souvenirs d'un aéronaute (1871)
 * Les Merveilles de la photographie (1874)
 * Histoire de la gravure typographique (1875)
 * Simples notions sur les ballons (1876)
 * A history and handbook of photography (La photographie, 1873)
 * Le Grand Ballon captif à vapeur de M. Henry Giffard (1879)
 * Les Martyrs de la science (1879)
 * Observations météorologiques en ballon. Résumé de 25 ascensions aérostatiques (1879)
 * Les ballons dirigeables: Application de l'électricité à la navigation aerienne; [Ouvrage accompagné de 35 fig. et de 4 pl. hors texte] (1885)
 * La photographie en ballon, avec une table (1886)
 * Histoire des ballons et des aéronautes célèbres (1890)
 * La Tour Eiffel de 300 mètres: description du monument, sa construction, ses organes mécaniques, son but et son utilité. Avec une lettre autographie de G. Eiffel (1889)
 * Bibliographie aéronautique: Catalogue de livres d'histoire, de science, de voyages et de fantaisie, traitant de la navigation aérienne ou des aérostats (1887)

Besides these scientific works, Tissandier also published several titles for the youth, such as Les récréations scientifiques ou l'enseignement par les jeux (1880), perhaps the very first title in the genre of books of simple science experiments that anybody can conduct in their own home. Its chapters were in part based on the column "physique sans appareils" (physics without apparatus) in La Nature.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gaston Tissandier


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Tsar Bell

The Tsar Bell (Царь–колокол; Tsar'-kolokol), also known as the Tsarsky Kolokol, Tsar Kolokol III, or Royal Bell, is a 6.14 m, 6.6 m bell on display on the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin. The bell was commissioned by Empress Anna Ivanovna, niece of Peter the Great.

It has never been in working order, suspended, nor rung.

The present bell is sometimes referred to as Kolokol III (Bell III), because it is the third generation.

General description
The Tsar Bell is located between the Ivan the Great Bell Tower and the Kremlin Wall. Made of bell bronze, the bell cracked during a fire after being completed and has never been rung. The bell is the largest bell in the world, weighing 201924 kg, with a height of 6.14 m and diameter of 6.6 m, and thickness of up to 61 cm. The broken piece weighs 11500 kg.

The bell is decorated with relief images of baroque angels, plants, oval medallions with saints, and nearly life-size images of Empress Anna and Tsar Alexey, who was reigning at the time the previous Tsar Bell was cast.

History
The history of Russian bell founding goes back to the 10th century, but in the medieval Russian Orthodox Church, bells were not typically rung to indicate church services, but to announce important ceremonies and celebrations, and as an alarm in case of fire or enemy attack. One of the largest of the early bells was the original Tsar Bell, cast in the 16th century. Completed in 1600, it weighed 18000 kg and required 24 men to ring its clapper. Housed in the original wooden Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin, it crashed to the ground in a fire in the mid-17th century and was broken to pieces.

The second Tsar Bell was cast in 1655, using the remnants of the former bell, but on a much larger scale. This bell weighed 100000 kg, but was again destroyed by fire in 1701.

After becoming Empress, Anna ordered that the pieces be cast into a new bell with its weight increased by another hundred tons, and dispatched the son of Field Marshal Münnich to Paris to solicit technical help from the master craftsmen there. However, a bell of such size was unprecedented, and Münnich was not taken seriously. In 1733, the job was assigned to local foundry masters, Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail, based on their experience in casting a bronze cannon.

A pit 10 m deep was dug (near the location of the present bell), with a clay form, and walls reinforced with rammed earth to withstand the pressure of the molten metal. Obtaining the necessary metals proved a challenge, for in addition to the parts of the old bell, an additional 525 kg of silver and 72 kg of gold were added to the mixture. After months of preparation, casting work commenced at the end of November 1734. The first attempt was not successful, and the project was incomplete when Ivan Motorin died in August, 1735. His son Mikhail carried on the work, and the second attempt at casting succeeded on November 25, 1735. Ornaments were added as the bell was cooling while raised above the casting pit through 1737.

However, before the last ornamentation was completed, a major fire broke out at the Kremlin in May 1737. The fire spread to the temporary wooden support structure for the bell, and fearing damage, guards threw cold water on it, causing eleven cracks, and a huge 10432.6 kg slab to break off. The fire burned through the wooden supports, and the damaged bell fell back into its casting pit. The Tsar Bell remained in its pit for almost a century. Unsuccessful attempts to raise it were made in 1792 and 1819. Napoleon Bonaparte, during his occupation of Moscow in 1812, considered removing it as a trophy to France, but was unable to do so, due to its size and weight.

It was finally successfully raised in the summer of 1836 by the French architect Auguste de Montferrand and placed on a stone pedestal. The broken slab alone is nearly three times larger than the world's largest bell hung for full circle ringing, the tenor bell at Liverpool Cathedral.

For a time, the bell served as a chapel, with the broken area forming the door.

Voltaire once joked that the Kremlin's two greatest items were a bell which was never rung and a cannon (the Tsar Pushka) that was never fired.

Bell diagnostics
In the mid-1980s, some deformation of the pedestal was noticed, as a result of which there were concerns about the possible growth of cracks in the bell. At the request of the Minister of Culture of the USSR and in accordance with the instructions of the Minister of Defense of the USSR, the Military Academy named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky (now Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces) was commissioned in 1986 to carry out a complex of works on the restoration and preservation of the Tsar Bell. The actual condition of its cracks was assessed using the acoustic emission (AE) method. To conduct the AE diagnostics of the bell, employees of the Research Institute of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics of Rostov State University were involved under the guidance of the head of the AE laboratory, Ph.D. S. I. Builo. On behalf of the F. E. Dzerzhinsky Academy, these works were provided by Colonel, Ph.D. A. I. Gnevko. Diagnostics of the Tsar Bell was carried out in two stages using an in-house hardware AE complex brought from Rostov-on-Don.

At the first stage, the parameters and features of the AE radiation of the bell material were investigated. This part of the work was carried out on the territory of the F. E. Dzerzhinsky Academy when testing specially made large-sized (more than 10 cm thick and weighing about 100 kg) samples made of a bronze alloy identical to the bell material. At the second stage, acoustic calibration and diagnostics of the Tsar Bell itself were carried out on the territory of the Kremlin. The work on the bell consisted, if we do without scientific terms, as if in "listening" to it for the presence of ultrasonic radiation of growing cracks. It was found that the condition of the Tsar Bell at the time of diagnosis is satisfactory, and in the near future it is not in danger of catastrophic destruction.

To further monitor the condition of the bell cracks, Rostov residents were asked to make a multi-channel AE diagnostic system with the installation of a separate sensor at the top of each of the large cracks. However, for the permanent installation of AE receiving sensors on the bell, it was necessary to coordinate many different issues. For example, it was necessary to prove that a constantly working system listening to the bell would not be able to listen to anything else "wrong" around and so on. However, as a result of restructuring during Perestroika, further assessment of the bell was deprioritized; the discussion and coordination of issues surrounding its preservation have since been delayed.

Judging by some external signs, a slight deformation of the bell still continues. The "tradition" of pushing metal coins into the cracks of the bell is also alarming. And if earlier small coins had a composition close to the bell material, then the current ones are made of completely different metals, which in the presence of moisture can cause noticeable electrochemical corrosion of the material inside the cracks. For a reliable assessment of the condition of the Tsar Bell in the future, it is necessary to periodically conduct a procedure for diagnosing the possible growth of cracks in its walls by non-destructive testing methods.

Computational simulation of sound
In the spring of 2016, a team of University of California, Berkeley; Stanford University; and University of Michigan researchers publicly performed an electronic reproduction of how the Tsar Bell would sound if it had not been damaged during casting. To simulate the sound of the bell, the team researched the bell's material characteristics and constructed a polygon mesh that modeled the shape of the bell. The team then used finite element analysis to compute the component frequencies of the bell when rung. For the first public performance, a stack of twelve speakers installed below the campanile on the UC Berkeley campus played the digital simulation of the Tsar Bell. The fundamental frequency of the sound was approximately 81 Hz. The American disk jockey DJ Spooky composed New Forms (2016), a duet for carillon and the reproduction of the Tsar Bell.

title: Tsar Bell


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User:AntJulie

AntJulie is a biologist and an unrepentant antenna-head. She is especially fond of Hymenoptera these days, but has also shared her living and working spaces with countless butterflies and moths, numerous giant millipedes, and, at one point, a large tropical centipede named Nigel. Though not actually an ant, she is an aunt, and would like to thank the kids in her extended family for supplying her with so many terrific toy bugs!

title: User:AntJulie


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Protvino

Protvino (Протвино́) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located about 100 km south of Moscow and 15 km west of Serpukhov, on the left bank of the Protva River. Population:

History
Construction of an urban-type settlement intended to house a large high energy physics research laboratory started in 1958, and the Rosatom Institute for High Energy Physics was opened here in 1965. The institute is known for the 70 GeV proton accelerator which was the largest in the world at the time it was launched in 1967, and other physics research. Town status was granted in 1989. The UNK Collider was the last big planned particle accelerator.

Among the discoveries made at IHEP are that of antihelium and the Serpukhov cross-section effect.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Protvino Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Protvino Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Protvino Urban Okrug.

Transport
In the city the Protvino railroad station is located, although it is only used for cargo transport. Public transport is provided by buses.

Twin towns – sister cities
Protvino is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Antony, France
 * 🇺🇸 Bowling Green, United States
 * 🇧🇾 Gomel, Belarus
 * 🇧🇾 Lahoysk, Belarus
 * 🇺🇸 Milan, United States
 * 🇫🇮 Somero, Finland

Notable people

 * Nixelpixel (born 1993), feminist and cyber activist
 * Vitali Yelsukov (born 1973), football player
 * Anatoli Bugorski (born 1942), survivor of a particle accelerator accident

title: Protvino


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Light field

A light field, or lightfield, is a vector function that describes the amount of light flowing in every direction through every point in a space. The space of all possible light rays is given by the five-dimensional plenoptic function, and the magnitude of each ray is given by its radiance. Michael Faraday was the first to propose that light should be interpreted as a field, much like the magnetic fields on which he had been working. The term light field was coined by Andrey Gershun in a classic 1936 paper on the radiometric properties of light in three-dimensional space.

The term "radiance field" may also be used to refer to similar, or identical concepts. The term is used in modern research such as neural radiance fields

The plenoptic function

For geometric optics—i.e., to incoherent light and to objects larger than the wavelength of light—the fundamental carrier of light is a ray. The measure for the amount of light traveling along a ray is radiance, denoted by L and measured in W·sr−1·m−2; i.e., watts (W) per steradian (sr) per square meter (m2). The steradian is a measure of solid angle, and meters squared are used as a measure of cross-sectional area, as shown at right.

The radiance along all such rays in a region of three-dimensional space illuminated by an unchanging arrangement of lights is called the plenoptic function. The plenoptic illumination function is an idealized function used in computer vision and computer graphics to express the image of a scene from any possible viewing position at any viewing angle at any point in time. It is not used in practice computationally, but is conceptually useful in understanding other concepts in vision and graphics. Since rays in space can be parameterized by three coordinates, x, y, and z and two angles θ and ϕ, as shown at left, it is a five-dimensional function, that is, a function over a five-dimensional manifold equivalent to the product of 3D Euclidean space and the 2-sphere.

The light field at each point in space can be treated as an infinite collection of vectors, one per direction impinging on the point, with lengths proportional to their radiances.

Integrating these vectors over any collection of lights, or over the entire sphere of directions, produces a single scalar value—the total irradiance at that point, and a resultant direction. The figure shows this calculation for the case of two light sources. In computer graphics, this vector-valued function of 3D space is called the vector irradiance field. The vector direction at each point in the field can be interpreted as the orientation of a flat surface placed at that point to most brightly illuminate it.

Higher dimensionality
Time, wavelength, and polarization angle can be treated as additional dimensions, yielding higher-dimensional functions, accordingly.

The 4D light field

In a plenoptic function, if the region of interest contains a concave object (e.g., a cupped hand), then light leaving one point on the object may travel only a short distance before another point on the object blocks it. No practical device could measure the function in such a region.

However, for locations outside the object's convex hull (e.g., shrink-wrap), the plenoptic function can be measured by capturing multiple images. In this case the function contains redundant information, because the radiance along a ray remains constant throughout its length. The redundant information is exactly one dimension, leaving a four-dimensional function variously termed the photic field, the 4D light field or lumigraph. Formally, the field is defined as radiance along rays in empty space.

The set of rays in a light field can be parameterized in a variety of ways. The most common is the two-plane parameterization. While this parameterization cannot represent all rays, for example rays parallel to the two planes if the planes are parallel to each other, it relates closely to the analytic geometry of perspective imaging. A simple way to think about a two-plane light field is as a collection of perspective images of the st plane (and any objects that may lie astride or beyond it), each taken from an observer position on the uv plane. A light field parameterized this way is sometimes called a light slab.

Sound analog
The analog of the 4D light field for sound is the sound field or wave field, as in wave field synthesis, and the corresponding parametrization is the Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral, which states that, in the absence of obstacles, a sound field over time is given by the pressure on a plane. Thus this is two dimensions of information at any point in time, and over time, a 3D field.

This two-dimensionality, compared with the apparent four-dimensionality of light, is because light travels in rays (0D at a point in time, 1D over time), while by the Huygens–Fresnel principle, a sound wave front can be modeled as spherical waves (2D at a point in time, 3D over time): light moves in a single direction (2D of information), while sound expands in every direction. However, light travelling in non-vacuous media may scatter in a similar fashion, and the irreversibility or information lost in the scattering is discernible in the apparent loss of a system dimension.

Image refocusing
Because light field provides spatial and angular information, we can alter the position of focal planes after exposure, which is often termed refocusing. The principle of refocusing is to obtain conventional 2-D photographs from a light field through the integral transform. The transform takes a lightfield as its input and generates a photograph focused on a specific plane.

Assuming $$L_{F}(s,t,u,v)$$ represents a 4-D light field that records light rays traveling from position $$(u,v)$$ on the first plane to position $$(s,t)$$ on the second plane, where $$F$$ is the distance between two planes, a 2-D photograph at any depth $$\alpha F$$ can be obtained from the following integral transform:

\mathcal{P}_{\alpha}\left[L_{F}\right](s, t) = {1 \over \alpha^2 F^2}\iint L_F\left(u\left(1 - \frac{1}{\alpha}\right) + \frac{s}{\alpha}, v\left(1 - \frac{1}{\alpha}\right) + \frac{t}{\alpha}, u, v\right)~dudv $$,

or more concisely,

 * $$\mathcal{P}_{\alpha}\left[L_{F}\right](\boldsymbol{s})=\frac{1}{\alpha^{2} F^{2}} \int L_{F}\left(\boldsymbol{u}\left(1-\frac{1}{\alpha}\right)+\frac{\boldsymbol{s}}{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{u}\right) d \boldsymbol{u}$$,

where $$\boldsymbol{s}=(s,t)$$, $$\boldsymbol{u}=(u,v)$$, and $$\mathcal{P}_{\alpha}\left[\cdot\right]$$ is the photography operator.

In practice, this formula cannot be directly used because a plenoptic camera usually captures discrete samples of the lightfield $$L_{F}(s,t,u,v)$$, and hence resampling (or interpolation) is needed to compute $ L_{F}\left(\boldsymbol{u}\left(1-\frac{1}{\alpha}\right)+\frac{\boldsymbol{s}}{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{u}\right)$. Another problem is high computation complexity. To compute an $$N\times N$$ 2-D photograph from an $$N\times N\times N\times N$$ 4-D light field, the complexity of the formula is $$O(N^4)$$.

Fourier slice photography
One way to reduce the complexity of computation is to adopt the concept of Fourier slice theorem: The photography operator $$\mathcal{P}_{\alpha}\left[\cdot\right]$$ can be viewed as a shear followed by projection. The result should be proportional to a dilated 2-D slice of the 4-D Fourier transform of a light field. More precisely, a refocused image can be generated from the 4-D Fourier spectrum of a light field by extracting a 2-D slice, applying an inverse 2-D transform, and scaling. The asymptotic complexity of the algorithm is $$O(N^2 \operatorname{log}N)$$.

Discrete focal stack transform
Another way to efficiently compute 2-D photographs is to adopt discrete focal stack transform (DFST). DFST is designed to generate a collection of refocused 2-D photographs, or so-called Focal Stack. This method can be implemeted by fast fractional fourier transform (FrFT).

The discrete photography operator $$\mathcal{P}_{\alpha}\left[\cdot\right]$$ is defined as follows for a lightfield $$L_{F}(\boldsymbol {s},\boldsymbol {u})$$ sampled in a 4-D grid $$\boldsymbol {s} = \Delta s \tilde{\boldsymbol {s}},$$ $$\tilde{\boldsymbol {s}} = -\boldsymbol {n}_{\boldsymbol {s}}, ..., \boldsymbol {n}_{\boldsymbol {s}}$$, $$\boldsymbol {u} = \Delta u \tilde{\boldsymbol {u}}, \tilde{\boldsymbol {u}}=-\boldsymbol {n}_{\boldsymbol {u}},...,\boldsymbol {n}_{\boldsymbol {u}}$$:

 * $$\mathcal{P}_{q}[L](\boldsymbol{s})=

\sum_{\tilde{\boldsymbol{u}}=-\boldsymbol{n}_{\boldsymbol{u}}}^{\boldsymbol{n}_{\boldsymbol{u}}} L(\boldsymbol{u} q+\boldsymbol{s}, \boldsymbol{u}) \Delta \boldsymbol{u}, \quad \Delta \boldsymbol{u}=\Delta u\Delta v, \quad q=\left(1-\frac{1}{\alpha}\right)$$

Because $$(\boldsymbol{u} q+\boldsymbol{s}, \boldsymbol{u}) $$ is usually not on the 4-D grid, DFST adopts trigonometric interpolation to compute the non-grid values.

The algorithm consists of these steps:

 * Sample the light field $$L_{F}(\boldsymbol {s},\boldsymbol {u})$$ with the sampling period $$\Delta s$$ and $$\Delta u$$ and get the discretized light field $$L^d_{F}(\boldsymbol {s},\boldsymbol {u})$$.
 * Pad $$L^d_{F}(\boldsymbol {s},\boldsymbol {u})$$ with zeros such that the signal length is enough for FrFT without aliasing.
 * For every $$\boldsymbol {u}$$, compute the Discrete Fourier transform of $$L^d_{F}(\boldsymbol {s},\boldsymbol {u})$$, and get the result $$R1$$.
 * For every focal length $$\alpha F$$, compute the fractional fourier transform of $$R1$$, where the order of the transform depends on $$\alpha$$, and get the result $$R2$$.
 * Compute the inverse Discrete Fourier transform of $$R2$$.
 * Remove the marginal pixels of $$R2$$ so that each 2-D photograph has the size $$(2{n}_{\boldsymbol {s}}+1)$$ by $$(2{n}_{\boldsymbol {s}}+1)$$

Methods to create light fields
In computer graphics, light fields are typically produced either by rendering a 3D model or by photographing a real scene. In either case, to produce a light field, views must be obtained for a large collection of viewpoints. Depending on the parameterization, this collection typically spans some portion of a line, circle, plane, sphere, or other shape, although unstructured collections are possible.

Devices for capturing light fields photographically may include a moving handheld camera or a robotically controlled camera, an arc of cameras (as in the bullet time effect used in The Matrix), a dense array of cameras, handheld cameras, microscopes, or other optical system.

The number of images in a light field depends on the application. A light field capture of Michelangelo's statue of Night contains 24,000 1.3-megapixel images, which is considered large as of 2022. For light field rendering to completely capture an opaque object, images must be taken of at least the front and back. Less obviously, for an object that lies astride the st plane, finely spaced images must be taken on the uv plane (in the two-plane parameterization shown above).

The number and arrangement of images in a light field, and the resolution of each image, are together called the "sampling" of the 4D light field. Also of interest are the effects of occlusion, lighting and reflection.

Illumination engineering
Gershun's reason for studying the light field was to derive (in closed form) illumination patterns that would be observed on surfaces due to light sources of various shapes positioned above these surface. The branch of optics devoted to illumination engineering is nonimaging optics. It extensively uses the concept of flow lines (Gershun's flux lines) and vector flux (Gershun's light vector). However, the light field (in this case the positions and directions defining the light rays) is commonly described in terms of phase space and Hamiltonian optics.

Light field rendering
Extracting appropriate 2D slices from the 4D light field of a scene, enables novel views of the scene. Depending on the parameterization of the light field and slices, these views might be perspective, orthographic, crossed-slit, general linear cameras, multi-perspective, or another type of projection. Light field rendering is one form of image-based rendering.

Synthetic aperture photography
Integrating an appropriate 4D subset of the samples in a light field can approximate the view that would be captured by a camera having a finite (i.e., non-pinhole) aperture. Such a view has a finite depth of field. Shearing or warping the light field before performing this integration can focus on different fronto-parallel or oblique planes. Images captured by digital cameras that capture the light field can be refocused.

3D display
Presenting a light field using technology that maps each sample to the appropriate ray in physical space produces an autostereoscopic visual effect akin to viewing the original scene. Non-digital technologies for doing this include integral photography, parallax panoramagrams, and holography; digital technologies include placing an array of lenslets over a high-resolution display screen, or projecting the imagery onto an array of lenslets using an array of video projectors. An array of video cameras can capture and display a time-varying light field. This essentially constitutes a 3D television system. Modern approaches to light-field display explore co-designs of optical elements and compressive computation to achieve higher resolutions, increased contrast, wider fields of view, and other benefits.

Brain imaging
Neural activity can be recorded optically by genetically encoding neurons with reversible fluorescent markers such as GCaMP that indicate the presence of calcium ions in real time. Since light field microscopy captures full volume information in a single frame, it is possible to monitor neural activity in individual neurons randomly distributed in a large volume at video framerate. Quantitative measurement of neural activity can be done despite optical aberrations in brain tissue and without reconstructing a volume image, and be used to monitor activity in thousands of neurons.

Generalized scene reconstruction (GSR)
This is a method of 3D reconstruction from multiple images that creates a scene model comprising a generalized light field and a relightable matter field. The generalized light field represents light flowing in every direction through every point in the field. The relightable matter field represents the light interaction properties and emissivity of matter occupying every point in the field. Scene data structures can be implemented using Neural Networks,   and Physics-based structures,  among others. The light and matter fields are at least partially disentangled.

Holographic stereograms
Image generation and predistortion of synthetic imagery for holographic stereograms is one of the earliest examples of computed light fields.

Glare reduction
Glare arises due to multiple scattering of light inside the camera body and lens optics that reduces image contrast. While glare has been analyzed in 2D image space, it is useful to identify it as a 4D ray-space phenomenon. Statistically analyzing the ray-space inside a camera allows the classification and removal of glare artifacts. In ray-space, glare behaves as high frequency noise and can be reduced by outlier rejection. Such analysis can be performed by capturing the light field inside the camera, but it results in the loss of spatial resolution. Uniform and non-uniform ray sampling can be used to reduce glare without significantly compromising image resolution.

Theory

 * Adelson, E.H., Bergen, J.R. (1991). "The Plenoptic Function and the Elements of Early Vision", In Computation Models of Visual Processing, M. Landy and J.A. Movshon, eds., MIT Press, Cambridge, 1991, pp. 3–20.
 * Arvo, J. (1994). "The Irradiance Jacobian for Partially Occluded Polyhedral Sources", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press, pp. 335–342.
 * Bolles, R.C., Baker, H. H., Marimont, D.H. (1987). "Epipolar-Plane Image Analysis: An Approach to Determining Structure from Motion", International Journal of Computer Vision, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1987, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 7–55.
 * Faraday, M., "Thoughts on Ray Vibrations", Philosophical Magazine, S.3, Vol XXVIII, N188, May 1846.
 * Gershun, A. (1936). "The Light Field", Moscow, 1936. Translated by P. Moon and G. Timoshenko in Journal of Mathematics and Physics, Vol. XVIII, MIT, 1939, pp. 51–151.
 * Gortler, S.J., Grzeszczuk, R., Szeliski, R., Cohen, M. (1996). "The Lumigraph", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press, pp. 43–54.
 * Levoy, M., Hanrahan, P. (1996). "Light Field Rendering", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press, pp. 31–42.
 * Moon, P., Spencer, D.E. (1981). The Photic Field, MIT Press.
 * Wong, T.T., Fu, C.W., Heng, P.A., Leung C.S. (2002). "The Plenoptic-Illumination Function", IEEE Trans. Multimedia, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 361–371.

Analysis

 * G. Wetzstein, I. Ihrke, W. Heidrich (2013) "On Plenoptic Multiplexing and Reconstruction", International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV), Volume 101, Issue 2, pp. 384–400.
 * Ramamoorthi, R., Mahajan, D., Belhumeur, P. (2006). "A First Order Analysis of Lighting, Shading, and Shadows", ACM TOG.
 * Zwicker, M., Matusik, W., Durand, F., Pfister, H. (2006). "Antialiasing for Automultiscopic 3D Displays", Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, 2006.
 * Ng, R. (2005). "Fourier Slice Photography", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press, pp. 735–744.
 * Durand, F., Holzschuch, N., Soler, C., Chan, E., Sillion, F. X. (2005). "A Frequency Analysis of Light Transport", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press, pp. 1115–1126.
 * Chai, J.-X., Tong, X., Chan, S.-C., Shum, H. (2000). "Plenoptic Sampling", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press, pp. 307–318.
 * Halle, M. (1994) "Holographic Stereograms as Discrete imaging systems", in SPIE Proc. Vol. #2176: Practical Holography VIII, S.A. Benton, ed., pp. 73–84.
 * Yu, J., McMillan, L. (2004). "General Linear Cameras", Proc. ECCV 2004, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 14–27.

Cameras

 * Marwah, K., Wetzstein, G., Bando, Y., Raskar, R. (2013). "Compressive Light Field Photography using Overcomplete Dictionaries and Optimized Projections", ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH).
 * Liang, C.K., Lin, T.H., Wong, B.Y., Liu, C., Chen, H. H. (2008). "Programmable Aperture Photography:Multiplexed Light Field Acquisition", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH.
 * Veeraraghavan, A., Raskar, R., Agrawal, A., Mohan, A., Tumblin, J. (2007). "Dappled Photography: Mask Enhanced Cameras for Heterodyned Light Fields and Coded Aperture Refocusing", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH.
 * Georgiev, T., Zheng, C., Nayar, S., Curless, B., Salesin, D., Intwala, C. (2006). "Spatio-angular Resolution Trade-offs in Integral Photography", Proc. EGSR 2006.
 * Kanade, T., Saito, H., Vedula, S. (1998). "The 3D Room: Digitizing Time-Varying 3D Events by Synchronized Multiple Video Streams", Tech report CMU-RI-TR-98-34, December 1998.
 * Levoy, M. (2002). Stanford Spherical Gantry.
 * Levoy, M., Ng, R., Adams, A., Footer, M., Horowitz, M. (2006). "Light Field Microscopy", ACM Transactions on Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH), Vol. 25, No. 3.
 * Ng, R., Levoy, M., Brédif, M., Duval, G., Horowitz, M., Hanrahan, P. (2005). "Light Field Photography with a Hand-Held Plenoptic Camera", Stanford Tech Report CTSR 2005–02, April, 2005.
 * Wilburn, B., Joshi, N., Vaish, V., Talvala, E., Antunez, E., Barth, A., Adams, A., Levoy, M., Horowitz, M. (2005). "High Performance Imaging Using Large Camera Arrays", ACM Transactions on Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH), Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 765–776.
 * Yang, J.C., Everett, M., Buehler, C., McMillan, L. (2002). "A Real-Time Distributed Light Field Camera", Proc. Eurographics Rendering Workshop 2002.
 * "The CAFADIS camera"

Displays

 * Wetzstein, G., Lanman, D., Hirsch, M., Raskar, R. (2012). "Tensor Displays: Compressive Light Field Display using Multilayer Displays with Directional Backlighting", ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH)
 * Wetzstein, G., Lanman, D., Heidrich, W., Raskar, R. (2011). "Layered 3D: Tomographic Image Synthesis for Attenuation-based Light Field and High Dynamic Range Displays", ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH)
 * Lanman, D., Wetzstein, G., Hirsch, M., Heidrich, W., Raskar, R. (2011). "Polarization Fields: Dynamic Light Field Display using Multi-Layer LCDs", ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH Asia)
 * Lanman, D., Hirsch, M. Kim, Y., Raskar, R. (2010). "HR3D: Glasses-free 3D Display using Dual-stacked LCDs High-Rank 3D Display using Content-Adaptive Parallax Barriers", ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH Asia)
 * Matusik, W., Pfister, H. (2004). "3D TV: A Scalable System for Real-Time Acquisition, Transmission, and Autostereoscopic Display of Dynamic Scenes", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press.
 * Javidi, B., Okano, F., eds. (2002). Three-Dimensional Television, Video and Display Technologies, Springer-Verlag.
 * Klug, M., Burnett, T., Fancello, A., Heath, A., Gardner, K., O'Connell, S., Newswanger, C. (2013). "A Scalable, Collaborative, Interactive Light-field Display System", SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers
 * Fattal, D., Peng, Z., Tran, T., Vo, S., Fiorentino, M., Brug, J., Beausoleil, R. (2013). "A multi-directional backlight for a wide-angle, glasses-free three-dimensional display", Nature 495, 348–351

Archives

 * "The Stanford Light Field Archive"
 * "UCSD/MERL Light Field Repository"
 * "The HCI Light Field Benchmark"
 * "Synthetic Light Field Archive"

Applications

 * Grosenick, L., Anderson, T., Smith S. J. (2009) "Elastic Source Selection for in vivo imaging of neuronal ensembles." From Nano to Macro, 6th IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging. (2009) 1263–1266.
 * Grosenick, L., Broxton, M., Kim, C. K., Liston, C., Poole, B., Yang, S., Andalman, A., Scharff, E., Cohen, N., Yizhar, O., Ramakrishnan, C., Ganguli, S., Suppes, P., Levoy, M., Deisseroth, K. (2017) "Identification of cellular-activity dynamics across large tissue volumes in the mammalian brain" bioRxiv 132688; doi: Identification of cellular-activity dynamics across large tissue volumes in the mammalian brain.
 * Heide, F., Wetzstein, G., Raskar, R., Heidrich, W. (2013) "Adaptive Image Synthesis for Compressive Displays", ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH)
 * Wetzstein, G., Raskar, R., Heidrich, W. (2011) "Hand-Held Schlieren Photography with Light Field Probes", IEEE International Conference on Computational Photography (ICCP)
 * Pérez, F., Marichal, J. G., Rodriguez, J.M. (2008). "The Discrete Focal Stack Transform", Proc. EUSIPCO
 * Raskar, R., Agrawal, A., Wilson, C., Veeraraghavan, A. (2008). "Glare Aware Photography: 4D Ray Sampling for Reducing Glare Effects of Camera Lenses", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH.
 * Talvala, E-V., Adams, A., Horowitz, M., Levoy, M. (2007). "Veiling Glare in High Dynamic Range Imaging", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH.
 * Halle, M., Benton, S., Klug, M., Underkoffler, J. (1991). "The UltraGram: A Generalized Holographic Stereogram", SPIE Vol. 1461, Practical Holography V, S.A. Benton, ed., pp. 142–155.
 * Zomet, A., Feldman, D., Peleg, S., Weinshall, D. (2003). "Mosaicing New Views: The Crossed-Slits Projection", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI), Vol. 25, No. 6, June 2003, pp. 741–754.
 * Vaish, V., Garg, G., Talvala, E., Antunez, E., Wilburn, B., Horowitz, M., Levoy, M. (2005). "Synthetic Aperture Focusing using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transform", Proc. Workshop on Advanced 3D Imaging for Safety and Security, in conjunction with CVPR 2005.
 * Bedard, N., Shope, T., Hoberman, A., Haralam, M. A., Shaikh, N., Kovačević, J., Balram, N., Tošić, I. (2016). "Light field otoscope design for 3D in vivo imaging of the middle ear". Biomedical optics express, 8(1), pp. 260–272.
 * Karygianni, S., Martinello, M., Spinoulas, L., Frossard, P., Tosic, I. (2018). "Automated eardrum registration from light-field data". IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)
 * Rademacher, P., Bishop, G. (1998). "Multiple-Center-of-Projection Images", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press.
 * Isaksen, A., McMillan, L., Gortler, S.J. (2000). "Dynamically Reparameterized Light Fields", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press, pp. 297–306.
 * Buehler, C., Bosse, M., McMillan, L., Gortler, S., Cohen, M. (2001). "Unstructured Lumigraph Rendering", Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press.
 * Ashdown, I. (1993). "Near-Field Photometry: A New Approach", Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, Vol. 22, No. 1, Winter, 1993, pp. 163–180.
 * Chaves, J. (2015) "Introduction to Nonimaging Optics, Second Edition", CRC Press
 * Winston, R., Miñano, J.C., Benitez, P.G., Shatz, N., Bortz, J.C., (2005) "Nonimaging Optics", Academic Press
 * Pégard, N. C., Liu H.Y., Antipa, N., Gerlock M., Adesnik, H., and Waller, L.. Compressive light-field microscopy for 3D neural activity recording. Optica 3, no. 5, pp. 517–524 (2016).
 * Leffingwell, J., Meagher, D., Mahmud, K., Ackerson, S. (2018). "Generalized Scene Reconstruction." arXiv:1803.08496v3 [cs.CV], pp. 1–13.
 * Mildenhall, B., Srinivasan, P. P., Tancik, M., Barron, J. T., Ramamoorthi, R., & Ng, R. (2020). “NeRF: Representing scenes as neural radiance fields for view synthesis.” Computer Vision – ECCV 2020, 405–421.
 * Yu, A., Fridovich-Keil, S., Tancik, M., Chen, Q., Recht, B., Kanazawa, A. (2021). "Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networks." arXiv:2111.11215, pp. 1–25
 * Perez, C. C., Lauri, A., Symvoulidis, P., Cappetta, M., Erdmann, A., & Westmeyer, G. G. (2015). Calcium neuroimaging in behaving zebrafish larvae using a turn-key light field camera. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 20(9), 096009-096009.
 * León, K., Galvis, L., and Arguello, H. (2016). "Reconstruction of multispectral light field (5d plenoptic function) based on compressive sensing with colored coded apertures from 2D projections" Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia 80, pp. 131.
 * León, K., Galvis, L., and Arguello, H. (2016). "Reconstruction of multispectral light field (5d plenoptic function) based on compressive sensing with colored coded apertures from 2D projections" Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia 80, pp. 131.

title: Light field


text:
Edward H. East

Edward Hazzard East (October 1, 1830 – November 12, 1904) was an American attorney, judge, and politician. He served as Secretary of State for the state of Tennessee from 1862 to 1865, having been appointed by Andrew Johnson, the state's military governor under the Union Army occupation during the Civil War. East briefly served as the state's acting governor during the interim between Johnson's inauguration as U.S. Vice President on March 4, 1865, and the inauguration of the state's "elected" governor, William G. Brownlow, on April 5, 1865.

Life and career
East was born in Davidson County, Tennessee, one of ten children of Edward Hyde East and Celia Buchanan East. His paternal grandfather, Benjamin East, had migrated from England in the 18th century. His father served as a justice of the peace for Davidson County, and was a supporter of Whig presidential candidate Hugh Lawson White in 1836.

East enrolled in Washington Institute in Nashville in the late 1840s, and graduated with a degree in literature in 1850. He then studied law at the Cumberland University Law School (now the Cumberland School of Law), graduating with a Bachelor of Laws in 1854. Afterward, he practiced law in Nashville.

In 1859, East, a lifelong Whig, was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives as a member of the Opposition Party (which the state's Whigs had formed after the collapse of the national Whig Party). In the months leading up to the Civil War, East steadfastly opposed secession. When the state began to align itself with the Confederacy, he resigned his seat. While he supported the Union, he refused to take up arms against the South, and retired from public life.

In March 1862, the Union Army occupied Nashville, and former governor Andrew Johnson was appointed military governor of the state. Shortly afterward, Johnson set up a cabinet: East was appointed Secretary of State, Joseph S. Fowler was appointed Comptroller, and Horace Maynard was appointed Attorney General. When Johnson was elected Vice President on Lincoln's ticket in November 1864, authorities realized there would be a month between Johnson's inauguration as Vice President on March 4, 1865, and the inauguration of William G. Brownlow as governor on April 5. Several of Lincoln's advisors suggested he appoint Brownlow military governor for this interim, but Lincoln chose to allow East to continue as acting governor. The official Tennessee Blue Book does not recognize East's governorship and does not include East in its official list of former governors.

When Johnson became president following Lincoln's assassination, he asked East to serve in his cabinet, but East declined. East served as chancellor for Davidson County from 1869 to 1870, and chancellor for the state's Seventh Division (created by the 1870 state constitution) from 1870 to 1872. Afterward, he worked as counsel for the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway.

In 1874, East was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives, and served as Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. As such, he was instrumental in convincing the state to acknowledge and resolve its debt issues. The state's Greenback Party nominated East as their candidate for governor in 1878, but he declined the nomination. In 1892, East ran for governor on the Prohibition Party ticket, but placed a distant fourth behind Democrat Peter Turney, Republican George W. Winstead, and Farm-Labor incumbent John P. Buchanan.

Death
East died in Davidson County on November 12, 1904. He is interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Nashville.

Family life and public service
East was the second husband of Ida Horton. Edward and Ida had two daughters, Edine and Bessie. Ida was active in the Temperance movement.

East served on the inaugural Board of Trust of Vanderbilt University. He was also president of the Board of Trust for the Tennessee School for the Blind in Nashville, and president of the Board of Directors for the Tennessee Hospital for the Insane. In 1880, he was awarded an honorary LL.D from the University of Nashville. East represented the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, at the Methodist Ecumenical Council in London in 1881.

title: Edward H. East


text:
Sertã

Sertã is a municipality in Castelo Branco District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 15,880, in an area of 446.73 km2.

The present mayor is José Farinha Nunes, elected by the PSD. The municipal holiday is the June 24.

General information
Local sports club: Sertanense Futebol Clube (mainly devoted to soccer, playing (2004-2005) the 3rd Division Championship).

Local newspaper: A Comarca da Sertã (weekly)

Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 10 civil parishes (freguesias):

 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

!Parish name !Population (2011) !Area km2
 * Cabeçudo
 * align="right"|957
 * align="right"|10.39
 * Carvalhal
 * align="right"|465
 * align="right"|10.02
 * Castelo
 * align="right"|1,046
 * align="right"|24.57
 * Cernache do Bonjardim, Nesperal e Palhais
 * align="right"|3,625
 * align="right"|101.58
 * Cumeada e Marmeleiro
 * align="right"|731
 * align="right"|51.73
 * Ermida e Figueiredo
 * align="right"|423
 * align="right"|42.74
 * Pedrógão Pequeno
 * align="right"|753
 * align="right"|36.86
 * Sertã
 * align="right"|6,196
 * align="right"|80.95
 * Troviscal
 * align="right"|864
 * align="right"|53.37
 * Várzea dos Cavaleiros
 * align="right"|820
 * align="right"|34.51
 * }
 * align="right"|80.95
 * Troviscal
 * align="right"|864
 * align="right"|53.37
 * Várzea dos Cavaleiros
 * align="right"|820
 * align="right"|34.51
 * }
 * align="right"|34.51
 * }

Notable people

 * Nuno Álvares Pereira (born 1360 in Cernache de Bonjardim - 1431) a Portuguese general, he became a mystic and was beatified by Pope Benedict XV, in 1918, and canonised by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009
 * João Castel-Branco Goulão (born 1954 in Cernache do Bonjardim) a physician and the current national drug coordinator for Portugal

title: Sertã


text:
CP 55,940

 CP 55,940 is a synthetic cannabinoid which mimics the effects of naturally occurring THC (one of the psychoactive compounds found in cannabis). CP 55,940 was created by Pfizer in 1974 but was never marketed. It is currently used as a research tool to study the endocannabinoid system.

Pharmacology
CP 55,940 is 45 times more potent than Δ9-THC, and fully antagonized by rimonabant (SR141716A). It is considered a full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors and has Ki values of 0.58 nM and 0.68 nM respectively, but is an antagonist at GPR55, the putative "CB3" receptor. CP 55,940 binding has been detected in the cytosol of rat brain cerebral cortex. It can upregulate 5-HT2A receptors in mice.

In vitro studies
CP 55,940 induced cell death in NG 108-15 Mouse neuroblastoma x Rat glioma hybrid brain cancer (genetically engineered mouse x rat brain cancer) cells.

In vivo studies
CP 55,940 showed protective effects on rat brain mitochondria upon paraquat exposure.

It also showed neuroprotective effects by reducing intracellular calcium release and reducing hippocampal cell death in cultured neurons subjected to high levels of NMDA.

title: CP 55,940


text:
List of colonial governors of the British Virgin Islands

List of colonial governors of the British Virgin Islands


text:
Per Brinch Hansen

Per Brinch Hansen (13 November 1938 – 31 July 2007) was a Danish-American computer scientist known for his work in operating systems, concurrent programming and parallel and distributed computing.

Early life and education
Per Brinch Hansen was born in Frederiksberg, an enclave surrounded by Copenhagen, Denmark. His father, Jørgen Brinch Hansen, worked as a civil engineer, becoming a leading expert in soil mechanics, and later accepting a professorship at Technical University of Denmark. His mother, Elsebeth Brinch Hansen (née Ring), was the daughter of Danish composer Oluf Ring and worked as a hairdresser before marrying.

Brinch Hansen attended Skt. Jørgens Gymnasium and then studied electrical engineering at Technical University of Denmark where he sought an area to pursue that "was still in its pioneering phase" on the belief that "If a subject was being taught, it was probably already too late to make fundamental contributions." After a seven-week student internship at IBM's Hursley Laboratory in England, he decided to dedicate his career to computers. Initially focused on computer construction, reading a book on the IBM 7030 Stretch project that described computer organization from a programmer's point of view refocused his interest toward becoming a computer architect.

Regnecentralen
After completing a Master of Science degree in electronic engineering in 1963, Brinch Hansen landed a job at Regnecentralen, then a research institution under The Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber), working in the compiler group, led by Peter Naur and Jørn Jensen. There, his first significant project was writing a parser for a COBOL compiler for the Siemens 3003 computer.

Subsequently, he wrote a file system to be used during execution of the compiled COBOL programs, later observing:

"I now understand that it was really a small operating system, I had programmed. However, in the mid 1960s, the dividing line between language implementation and operating systems was still not clearly understood."

In 1966, Brinch Hansen moved to Henning Isaksson's hardware group at Regnecentralen, by then a company with shareholders. Together with Peter Kraft, he defined the computer architecture and instruction set for Regnecentralen's third computer, the RC 4000, using ALGOL 60 as a hardware description language to produce a formal specification.

Inexperienced with multiprogramming, he used a copy of Cooperating Sequential Processes Edsger Dijkstra had sent him to understand process synchronization using semaphores, and then implemented a specialized RC 4000 real-time monitor for use in managing a fertilizer plant. Peter Kraft and Charles Simonyi, who was still a teenager, wrote a p-code interpreter and data logging task programs that were compiled to p-code.

In the summer of 1967, Brinch Hansen left Regnecentralen's hardware group to become head of RC 4000 software development, where he led a team including Jørn Jensen, Peter Kraft and Søren Lauesen in defining a general-purpose RC 4000 multiprogramming system, with a goal to avoid developing a custom real-time control operating system for every RC 4000 installation, and to support batch processing and time-sharing as well. The resulting system was not a complete operating system, but a small kernel providing the mechanisms upon which operating systems for different purposes could be built. By the spring of 1969, a well-documented, reliable version of the RC 4000 multiprogramming system was running.

Carnegie Mellon University
In late 1970, Brinch Hansen moved to Pittsburgh, accepting an invitation from Alan Perlis to visit the department of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University as a research associate, while he wrote the first systematic textbook on operating system principles. During this time, at the 1971 Summer School in Marktoberdorf and a symposium in Belfast, Brinch Hansen, Tony Hoare and Dijkstra began to discuss ideas that evolved into the monitor concept. In the spring of 1972, after reading about the class concept invented by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard for Simula 67, Brinch Hansen completed his text with a chapter on resource protection that proposed the first monitor notation, using shared classes. In 1973, Operating System Principles was published, becoming the first comprehensive textbook on operating systems.

California Institute of Technology
In July 1972, Brinch Hansen joined the faculty of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) as an Associate Professor of computer science, where he began work on defining a programming language with concurrent processes and monitors. In April 1974, he distributed a technical report on Concurrent Pascal. A Concurrent Pascal compiler for the PDP 11/45, written by Brinch Hansen's doctoral student, Al Hartmann, was released in January 1975. Subsequently, Brinch Hansen began writing model operating systems in Concurrent Pascal, to evaluate the language. In May 1975, he completed Solo, a single-user operating system for development of Concurrent Pascal programs. Next, he rewrote the original RC 4000 real-time scheduler in Concurrent Pascal, taking three days to write it, and three hours of machine time to systematically test it.

When the Caltech computer science department shifted focus toward computer engineering and away from programming Brinch Hansen decided to leave, rather than to seek tenure there.

University of Southern California
In 1976, Brinch Hansen chose University of Southern California (USC) for his next post, so that his family could remain in their Altadena home. Joining the faculty as a tenured full professor, and first chair of a newly created computer science department, he led efforts to identify and attract top-notch faculty to build a first rate department. By 1980, USC's computer science department was ranked by the National Research Council as one of the top ten in the US.

While at USC, Brinch Hansen wrote his second book, The Architecture of Concurrent Programs, based on his work developing operating systems with Concurrent Pascal. Published in 1977, it was the first book on concurrent programming. In 1978, Brinch Hansen became the first computer scientist awarded the Doctor Technices degree, the highest academic distinction within engineering and technological science in Denmark, for the work documented in The Architecture of Concurrent Programs. Later in 1978, Brinch Hansen published the Distributed Processes language concept, proposing the use of remote procedure calls to synchronize processes running across a microcomputer network.

Also in 1978, L. J. Sevins and Steve Goings from Mostek visited Brinch Hansen at USC, where he outlined a low-cost multiprocessor architecture. Mostek began a project to implement such a multiprocessor, with Brinch Hansen working as a consultant. Brinch Hansen developed a new concurrent programming language, Edison, for the project. As with the RC 4000 project, Edison was also used as a formal specification language for the hardware. Mostek got an initial 4-node multiprocessor working and Brinch Hansen wrote a portable Edison compiler on a PDP 11/55, but shortly after, United Technologies acquired Mostek and cancelled the project. In 1982, Brinch Hansen moved the Edison system to an IBM Personal Computer (PC), and then published his third book, Programming a Personal Computer.

In 1982, Brinch Hansen was named the first Henry Salvatori Professor of Computer Science at USC.

University of Copenhagen
In 1984, feeling homesick for Denmark after 14 years abroad, Brinch Hansen left USC and joined the faculty of the University of Copenhagen as a Professor of datalogy. In 1985, he was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Later in 1985, his fourth book Brinch Hansen on Pascal Compilers, which he used for his own compiler course, was published.

While designing a multicomputer operating system for Danish company GN Elmi, Brinch Hansen concluded he needed a new language, this time leveraging the message passing paradigm of Hoare's CSP. The resulting language, Joyce, removed a major limitation of CSP by introducing parallel recursion. Brinch Hansen developed a portable implementation on an IBM PC.

Syracuse University
After finding that neither he nor his family felt at home in Denmark, Brinch Hansen decided to return to the US, but discovered that their immigration status required them to do so very quickly. Brinch Hansen contacted John Reynolds at Syracuse University and in 1987 he joined the faculty as a Distinguished Professor.

Working with his student Rangachari Anand, Joyce was moved to an Encore Multimax 320 multiprocessor at SU's Northeast Parallel Architectures Center. Recognizing the scaling limitations of multiprocessors, however, Brinch Hansen sought a suitable multicomputer for further work. Acquiring a Meiko Computing Surface in 1989, he began experimenting with scientific applications by developing parallel programs for Householder's method (reduction) and then N-body simulation as learning exercises, and was surprised to find that both programs had nearly identical control structures. Concluding that both fit an "all-pairs paradigm," he then focused on exploring reusable parallel algorithm structures he termed "programming paradigms" or "generic programs" (later, popularly known as "design patterns"). In 1995, Brinch Hansen's fifth book, Studies in Computational Science: Parallel Programming Paradigms was published, with programs rewritten in SuperPascal, a fully implemented publication language he created for parallel algorithms.

Last years
In his later years, Brinch Hansen published a retrospective of his most important papers, The Search for Simplicity (1996), a text for a course in programming for non-majors, Programming for Everyone in Java (1999), a retrospective on the evolution of operating systems, Classic Operating Systems: From Batch Processing to Distributed Systems (2001), and a retrospective on the evolution of concurrent programming, The Origin of Concurrent Programming: From Semaphores to Remote Procedure Calls (2002). He self-published a 2004 memoir, A Programmer's Story: The Life of a Computer Pioneer, on his website.

In 2002, Brinch Hansen was awarded the IEEE Computer Pioneer Award "For pioneering development in operating systems and concurrent programming exemplified by work on the RC 4000 multiprogramming system, monitors, and Concurrent Pascal."

On July 31, 2007, Brinch Hansen died, shortly after being diagnosed with terminal cancer.

Personal life
Brinch Hansen met his wife Milena (née Hrastar) on a class trip to Yugoslavia in 1962. They married in 1965 and had two children, daughter Mette and son Thomas.

Scientific contributions and influence
In a career spanning five decades, Brinch Hansen made seminal contributions in the areas of operating systems, concurrent computing and parallel and distributed computing that were influential in shaping the development of those fields and advancing them from ad hoc techniques to systematic engineering disciplines. The influence of his work was amplified by his "relentless search for simplicity," his insistence on clarity, writing and rewriting his papers many times before publishing them, becoming "one of the best explainers in the business," and his commitment to testing concepts in working systems – Brinch Hansen implemented and distributed working systems for new concepts he developed, noting:

"It is not uncommon for a computer scientist to make a proposal without testing whether it is any good in practice. After spending 3 days writing up the monitor proposal and 3 years implementing it, I can very well understand this temptation. It is perhaps also sometimes a human response to the tremendous pressure on university professors to get funding and recognition fast.

Nevertheless, we must remember that only one thing counts in engineering: Does it work (not 'might it work' or 'wouldn't it be nice if it did')?"

Operating systems
The RC 4000 multiprogramming system introduced the now-standard concept of an operating system kernel and the separation of mechanism and policy in operating system design. Modern microkernel architectures trace their roots to the extensible nucleus architecture of the RC 4000. Improving microkernel performance was a major theme in operating system research for three decades after the RC 4000.

Brinch Hansen's text, Operating System Principles, was the first comprehensive textbook on operating systems. Eventually published in six languages (English, Japanese, German, Czech, Polish and Serbo-Croatian), it remained in print for decades, and years after the RC 4000 system it described had become outdated. In 1990, nearly two decades after its initial publication, P. J. Plauger reviewed it, saying:

"This book is terribly dated. It describes many of the RC4000's operating-system algorithms. The RC4000 is slow, small, and starved for peripherals by today's standards. The algorithms are presented in a subset of Pascal. Why bother?

The answer is that Brinch Hansen is one of the best explainers in the business. He explains things clearly and to the point. He has an eye for the general principle behind the example, but manages to avoid unnecessary abstraction. After all these years, he is still a pleasure to read."

In 2005, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) members voted Operating System Principles a top 25 classic book, in a survey to choose out-of-print classic books to add to the ACM Digital Library. Operating System Principles ranked 15th in the survey, appearing on 8.8% of ballots. It is now available from the ACM Digital Library.

Using Concurrent Pascal, Brinch Hansen demonstrated that it was feasible to fully implement operating systems in high level languages, and that doing so reduced the development effort by one to two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, entire operating systems could be published, and understood in their entirety. Brinch Hansen did precisely that in The Architecture of Concurrent Programs, leading Roy Maddux and Harlan Mills to declare:

"Part two of the book is indeed remarkable. Here, an entire operating system is visible, with every line of program open to scrutiny. There is no hidden mystery, and after studying such extensive examples, the reader feels that he could tackle similar jobs and that he could change the system at will. Never before have we seen an operating system shown in such detail and in a manner so amenable to modification."

Concurrent programming
Brinch Hansen and Hoare developed the monitor concept. Brinch Hansen published the first monitor notation, adopting the class concept of Simula 67, and invented a queueing mechanism. Hoare refined the rules of process resumption. Brinch Hansen created the first implementation of monitors, in Concurrent Pascal. More than a dozen additional monitor-based languages had been created by 1990: Simone, Modula, CSP/k, CCNPascal, PLY, Pascal Plus, Mesa, SB-Mod, Concurrent Euclid, Pascalc, Concurrent C, Emerald, Real-time Euclid, Pascal-FC, Turing Plus, Predula.

Concurrent Pascal was the first concurrent programming language: the first language developed specifically for concurrent programming, and more importantly, the first language to demonstrate that it was possible to incorporate secure, high-level facilities for concurrency, where the system could guarantee that processes access disjoint sets of variables only and do not interfere with each other in time dependent ways. Hoare described it as "an outstanding example of the best of academic research in this area."

Source and portable code for Concurrent Pascal and the Solo operating system were distributed to at least 75 companies and 100 universities in 21 countries, resulting in its widespread adoption, porting and adaptation in both industry and academia. Greg Andrews observed that Concurrent Pascal and monitors "greatly influenced most subsequent concurrent language proposals."

Brinch Hansen's The Architecture of Concurrent Programs was the first book on concurrent programming, and was eventually published in three languages (English, Japanese, and German). More than a dozen years after its publication, P. J. Plauger observed:

"Sure, improvements have been made in the past dozen years. We have better synchronization algorithms and fancier (if not necessarily better) languages with concurrency control. But you won't find a better overview of concurrent programming than this book. At least I haven't found one."

In 2005, ACM members voted The Architecture of Concurrent Programs a top 25 classic book, ranking it 18th in the survey, and appearing on 8% of ballots. It is now available from the ACM Digital Library.

Distributed computing and remote procedure call
Remote procedure calls used in modern operating systems trace their roots back to the RC 4000 multiprogramming system, which used a request-response communication protocol for process synchronization.

In his 1978 paper on distributed processes, Brinch Hansen proposed a language for distributed computing based on external requests consisting of procedure calls between processes. This later became known in an operating system context as the remote procedure call.

Later, Brinch Hansen developed two languages extending Hoare's CSP message-passing paradigm with parallel recursion, and showed how to efficiently implement such.

Honors and awards

 * Doctor Technices, Technical University of Denmark, for The Architecture of Concurrent Programs, 1978
 * First Henry Salvatori Professor of Computer Science, University of Southern California, 1982
 * IEEE Fellow, 1985
 * Distinguished Professor, Syracuse University, 1987
 * Chancellor's Medal, Syracuse University, 1989
 * IEEE Computer Pioneer Award, for pioneering development in operating systems and concurrent programming exemplified by work on the RC 4000 multiprogramming system, monitors, and Concurrent Pascal, 2002

Programming languages

 * Concurrent Pascal (1975)
 * Distributed Processes (1978)
 * Edison (1981)
 * Joyce (1987)
 * SuperPascal (1993)

Quotations

 * Writing is a rigorous test of simplicity: It is just not possible to write convincingly about ideas that cannot be understood
 * Programming is the art of writing essays in crystal clear prose and making them executable

Publications

 * Books
 * Operating System Principles (1973, ISBN 0-13-637843-9)
 * The Architecture of Concurrent Programs (1977, ISBN 0-13-044628-9)
 * Programming a Personal Computer (1983, ISBN 0-13-730267-3)
 * Brinch Hansen on Pascal Compilers (1985, ISBN 0-13-083098-4)
 * Studies in Computational Science: Parallel Programming Paradigms (1995, ISBN 0-13-439324-4)
 * The Search for Simplicity: Essays in Parallel Programming (1996, ISBN 0-81-867566-7)
 * Programming for Everyone in Java (1999, ISBN 0-387-98683-9)
 * Classic Operating Systems: From Batch Processing to Distributed Systems (editor, 2001, ISBN 0-387-95113-X)
 * The Origin of Concurrent Programming: From Semaphores to Remote Procedure Calls (editor, 2002, ISBN 0-387-95401-5)
 * A Programmer's Story: The Life of a Computer Pioneer (2004, available at http://brinch-hansen.net/)

 * Selected papers
 * The Cobol compiler for the Siemens 3003, BIT 6, 1 (1966), 1–23 (with Roger House)
 * Design Considerations for the RC 4000 Computer, Regnecentralen, Copenhagen, Denmark (1966) (with Peter Kraft)
 * The logical structure of the RC 4000 computer, BIT 7, 3 (1967), 191– 199
 * The RC 4000 real-time control system at Pulawy, BIT 7, 4 (1967), 279–288
 * RC 4000 Software: Multiprogramming System, Part I General Description, Regnecentralen, Copenhagen, Denmark (1969) 13–52
 * RC 4000 Software: Multiprogramming System (Complete), Regnecentralen, Copenhagen, Denmark (1969)
 * RC 4000 Computer: Reference Manual, Regnecentralen, Copenhagen, Denmark (1969)
 * The nucleus of a multiprogramming system, Communications of the ACM 13, 4 (April 1970), 238–242
 * An outline of a course on operating system principles, in Operating Systems Techniques, Proceedings of a Seminar at Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, August–September 1971. C. A. R. Hoare and R. H. Perrott, Eds. Academic Press, New York (1972), 29–36
 * Structured multiprogramming, Communications of the ACM 15, 7 (July 1972), 574–578
 * Shared Classes, in Operating System Principles, Section 7.2 Class Concept, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, (July 1973), 226–232
 * Testing a multiprogramming system, Software: Practice and Experience 3, 2 (April–June), 145–150
 * The programming language Concurrent Pascal, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 1, 2 (June 1975), 199–207
 * The Solo operating system: a Concurrent Pascal program, Software— Practice and Experience 6, 2 (April–June 1976), 141–149
 * The Solo operating system: processes, monitors and classes, Software— Practice and Experience 6, 2 (April–June 1976), 165–200
 * The Programmer as a Young Dog, English translation by the author of Programmøren som hvalp, In Niels Ivar Bech—en epoke i edbudviklingen i Danmark, P. Sveistrup, P. Naur, H.B. Hansen, and C. Gram, Eds., (in Danish), Data, Copenhagen, Denmark, (1976), 65–68
 * Experience with modular concurrent programming, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 3, 2 (March 1977), 156–159
 * Design Principles, in The Architecture of Concurrent Programs, Chapter 1 Design Principles, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, (July 1977), 3–14
 * Network: A multiprocessor program, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 4, 3 (May 1978), 194–199
 * Distributed processes: A concurrent programming concept, Communications of the ACM 21, 11 (November 1978), 934–941
 * Reproducible testing of monitors, Software: Practice and Experience 8, 6 (November–December), 721–729
 * A keynote address on concurrent programming, Keynote address for the IEEE Computer Software & Applications Conference, Chicago, IL, November 1978, Computer 12, 5 (May 1979), 50–56
 * The Design of Edison, Software: Practice and Experience 11, 4 (April 1981), 363–396
 * Joyce—A programming language for distributed systems, Software— Practice and Experience 17, 1 (January 1987), 29–50
 * The Joyce Language Report, Software: Practice and Experience 19, 6 (June 1989), 553–578
 * A multiprocessor implementation of Joyce, Software: Practice and Experience 19, 6 (June 1989), 579–592
 * The nature of parallel programming, Inaugural Symposium at Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, March 1989, In Natural and Artificial Parallel Computation, M.A. Arbib and J.A. Robinson, Eds. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, (1990), 31–46
 * The linear search rediscovered, Structured Programming 11, (1990), 53–55
 * Householder reduction of linear equations, ACM Computing Surveys 24, 2 (June 1992), 185–194
 * Monitors and Concurrent Pascal: A personal history, 2nd ACM Conference on the History of Programming Languages, Cambridge, MA, April 1993, In SIGPLAN Notices 28, 3 (March 1993), 1–35
 * Model programs for computational science: A programming methodology for multicomputers, Concurrency—Practice and Experience 5, 5 (August 1993), 407–423
 * Parallel Cellular Automata: A model program for computational science, Concurrency—Practice and Experience 5, 5 (August 1993), 425–448
 * Multiple-length division revisited: A tour of the minefield, Software: Practice and Experience 24, (June 1994), 579–601
 * SuperPascal—A publication language for parallel scientific computing, Concurrency—Practice and Experience 6, 5 (August 1994), 461–483
 * Interference control in SuperPascal—A block-structured language parallel language, The Computer Journal 37, 5 (1994), 399–406
 * Efficient parallel recursion, SIGPLAN Notices 30, 12 (December 1995), 9–16
 * The All-Pairs Pipeline, in Studies in Computational Science, Chapter 4: The all-pairs pipeline. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, (March 1995), 73–89
 * Balancing a Pipeline, in Studies in Computational Science, Chapter 5: Balancing a pipeline. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, (March 1995), 90–100
 * Java's insecure parallelism, SIGPLAN Notices 34, 4 (April 1999), 38–45
 * The evolution of operating systems, In Classic Operating Systems: From Batch Processing to Distributed Systems, P. Brinch Hansen, Ed., Springer-Verlag, New York (2001)
 * The invention of concurrent programming, In The Origin of Concurrent Programming: From Semaphores to Remote Procedure Calls, P. Brinch Hansen, Ed., Springer-Verlag, New York (2002)

title: Per Brinch Hansen


text:
Wyeth (disambiguation)

Wyeth was an American pharmaceutical company.

Wyeth may also refer to:

Places

 * Wyeth, Missouri, United States
 * Wyeth, Oregon, United States
 * Wyeth Heights, Antarctica

Other

 * Wyeth (name), including a list of people with the name
 * 5090 Wyeth, main-belt asteroid

title: Wyeth (disambiguation)


text: User talk:80.116.69.81

title: User talk:80.116.69.81


text: Category:Kennel clubs

title: Category:Kennel clubs


text:
David Thewlis

David Wheeler (born 20 March 1963), better known as David Thewlis, is an English actor and filmmaker. He is known as a character actor and has appeared in a wide variety of genres in both film and television. He has received the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor and nominations for two BAFTA Awards, Golden Globe Award, Primetime Emmy Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award.

Thewlis made his film debut in Little Dorrit (1987) and acted in the Mike Leigh films Life is Sweet (1990) and Naked (1993), winning the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for the latter. He then appeared in films such as Black Beauty (1994), Restoration (1995), James and the Giant Peach (1996), Dragonheart (1996), and Seven Years in Tibet (1997). He became more widely known to film audiences for his roles as Remus Lupin in the Harry Potter franchise (2004–2011) and Ares / Sir Patrick Morgan in Wonder Woman (2017). Other film roles include Kingdom of Heaven (2005), The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (2008), War Horse (2011), The Theory of Everything (2014), Anomalisa (2015), I'm Thinking of Ending Things (2020), and Enola Holmes 2 (2022).

Thewlis's most notable television roles include V. M. Varga in the third season of FX's Fargo (2017), the voice of the Shame Wizard in the Netflix animated sitcoms Big Mouth (2017–present) and Human Resources (2022–2023), Christopher Edwards in the HBO miniseries Landscapers (2021), John Dee in the Netflix drama series The Sandman (2022), and Fagin in the Disney+ tv series The Artful Dodger (2023). His performance in Fargo earned him nominations for an Emmy, a Golden Globe, and a Critics' Choice Award.

Early life
Thewlis was born David Wheeler in Blackpool on 20 March 1963, the son of Maureen (née Thewlis) and Alec Raymond Wheeler. His parents ran a toy and wallpaper shop. He has an older and a younger sibling. As a teenager, he played in a rock band called QED and played lead guitar with a punk rock band called Door 66. He was educated at Highfield High School in Blackpool's Marton area. He later enrolled in the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, graduating in 1984.

Acting
He changed his surname to Thewlis, his mother's maiden name, after attempting to register with the actors' union and discovering that his birth name was already being used by someone else. His first professional role after doing so was in the play Buddy Holly at the Regal in Greenwich and in a commercial for Kellogg's Bran Flakes. In theatre, Thewlis has starred in Sam Mendes' The Sea at the Royal National Theatre, Max Stafford-Clark's Ice Cream at the Royal Court Theatre, The Ruffian on the Stairs/The Woolley at Farnham, and The Lady and the Clarinet at the King's Head Theatre.

He went on to play small roles in high-profile series such as BBC's Only Fools and Horses in 1985 and The Singing Detective in 1986, before being offered a more significant part in Alan Clarke's Road and in the ITV sitcom Valentine Park in 1987. That same year Thewlis made his film debut in Little Dorrit.

His first big-screen leading role was opposite Clive Owen in the little-seen Vroom directed by Beeban Kidron in 1988, and he then starred in Paul Greengrass's anti-Falklands drama Resurrected in 1989, playing a presumed-dead soldier who returns to Britain. He also collaborated with Mike Leigh on Life Is Sweet in 1990, in which he played Jane Horrocks' character's lover, licking chocolate sauce off her naked body. He continued playing low-key supporting roles in films such as Damage in 1992, directed by Louis Malle and The Trial in 1993 directed by David Hugh Jones.

Thewlis's breakout role was 1993's Naked, as the main character, Johnny, a homeless, highly intelligent, embittered, rambling street philosopher, for which Thewlis was established as one of the great actors of his generation and named Best Actor by the National Society of Film Critics (United States), the London Film Critics Circle, the Evening Standard, the New York Film Critics' Circle and the Cannes Film Festival. That same year, he appeared on television as a sexual predator named James Jackson in Prime Suspect 3, opposite Helen Mirren and Ciarán Hinds.

During the 1990s, Thewlis appeared in a variety of films, mostly fantasy and period, including Restoration (1995), Black Beauty (1994), Total Eclipse (1995) with Leonardo DiCaprio, The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996), Dragonheart (1996), and Seven Years in Tibet (1997), opposite Brad Pitt. He was nominated for a British Independent Film Award for Divorcing Jack (1998), and played Clov in a television film of Samuel Beckett's Endgame (2000). Notable appearances also include Bernardo Bertolucci's Besieged (1998), the Coen brothers' The Big Lebowski (1998), and Paul McGuigan's Gangster No. 1 (2000), opposite Paul Bettany and Malcolm McDowell.

He auditioned for the role of Quirinus Quirrell in the Chris Columbus directed film Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, but the part went to Ian Hart. Despite missing out on the first film, he was cast in 2004 as Professor Remus Lupin in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. He did not have to audition as he was director Alfonso Cuarón's first choice for the role. Thewlis reprised the role in four other films in the series.

He appeared as an SS Commandant of a Nazi death camp and father of the main character in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, which was well received. Other credits include Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven (2005), Terrence Malick's The New World (2005), and The Omen (2006).

Thewlis played the late Dr Michael Aris, husband of Nobel Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma, with Malaysian actress Michelle Yeoh as Suu Kyi, in the biopic The Lady directed by Luc Besson. In 2012, he received an International Festival of Independent Cinema Off Plus Camera Award. In the same year, he also played in Separate We Come, Separate We Go, directed by Harry Potter co-star Bonnie Wright.

In June 2015, Thewlis was reported to be filming scenes for a Donald Crowhurst biopic, The Mercy, on the beach at Teignmouth, Devon, playing Donald Crowhurst's press agent, Rodney Hallworth, while Colin Firth would play Donald Crowhurst. He also starred in Regression, a thriller released in autumn 2015. In September 2015, Thewlis starred as Inspector Goole in Helen Edmundson's BBC TV adaptation of J. B. Priestley's An Inspector Calls. In October 2015, he played King Duncan in the film Macbeth.

Thewlis portrayed Ares in Wonder Woman (2017), the DC Comics film featuring the character of the same name. He briefly reprised his role as Ares in Justice League (2017). That same year, he appeared as V. M. Varga, the main antagonist of the third season of Fargo. His performance was critically acclaimed, and earned him nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award, Critics' Choice Television Award and Golden Globe Award as a supporting actor.

He has voiced the Shame Wizard in the Netflix animated sitcom Big Mouth (2017–present) and its spin-off Human Resources (2022–2023).

Thewlis starred in the Netflix film I'm Thinking of Ending Things (2020), the HBO miniseries Landscapers (2021), the Netflix drama series The Sandman (2022), the Netflix film Enola Holmes 2 (2022), and the animated film The Amazing Maurice (2022). In 2023, he played Fagin in The Artful Dodger.

Filmmaking
Thewlis directed Hello, Hello, Hello in 1995, for which he was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Short Film. He also wrote, directed and starred in the feature Cheeky (2003).

Writing
Thewlis's black comedy novel set in the art world, The Late Hector Kipling, was published by Simon & Schuster in 2007. His second book, Shooting Martha, was published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson in 2021.

Upcoming roles
Thewlis will appear in the film Littlemouth, and has been cast as Peylak in the third, fourth and fifth installments in the Avatar film series.

He will also portray the Greek god Hades in the Netflix series Kaos, and star as Sherlock Holmes in Sherlock & Daughter for The CW.

Personal life
Thewlis was married to Welsh director and actress Sara Sugarman from 1992 until 1994. He then had a relationship with the English actress Kate Hardie for 3 years.

He was in a relationship with the English actress Anna Friel from 2001 until late 2010. Their daughter, Gracie, was born on 9 July 2005.

Thewlis married the French designer and artist Hermine Poitou on 5 August 2016. They live in Sunningdale, Berkshire.

title: David Thewlis


text:
Talk:Dodge Omni

redirect
I'm not sure I agree with redirecting the Horizon to the Omni. Although they were very similar, some differences did emerge during the history of the two vehicles. There was no performance Horizon sedan like the Omni GLH, and the Omni was not involved in the Horizon unsafe handling controversy. The article as it now stands indicates that only Plymouth had a pickup, but Dodge did have a version called the Rampage. Conflating the two together seems to me to yield less precision, not more, which is surely not what Wikipedia ought to be aiming at. RivGuySC 19:30, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Tata nonsense
A bit about this car being built by Tata was added by a troublesome public ip in January 2009 - I just removed it now, over eight years later. There is no support for this; depressing that it lasted here so long.  Mr.choppers |  ✎  05:37, 8 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi, actually I think this may be accurate, at least according to Hemmings . Search that linked article for Tata and you'll see. EnPassant♟♙ (talk) 21:46, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

 * That is yet another case of people perpetuating Wikipedia hoaxes... Tata Motors Cars contains a chronological list of their products. I am a bit of an Indian car nerd (see my heavy involvement at Sipani and Standard (Indian automobile)) and trust me, the Omni/Horizon was not assembled there in any way, shape, or form. Best,  Mr.choppers |   ✎  02:31, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok, thanks for explaining. It sounded weird to me too, but figured I'd search first. EnPassant♟♙ (talk) 15:25, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Hemmings of all people, too!  Mr.choppers |   ✎  18:12, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

"Main"" template
The Main template linking to the GLHS article does not belong where people keep inserting it. Per the template documentation

When a Wikipedia article is large, it is often written in summary style. This template is used after the heading of the summary, to link to the subtopic article that has been summarized. For Category namespace, please use Cat main instead.

Use of this template should be restricted to the purposes described above. It is not to be used as a substitute for inline links or Furthertemplate. The latter is used when the section expounds a specific aspect of the topic instead of summarizing its article. For example, in phthalate, the template under the "Endocrine disruptor" section should not be Main|Endocrine disruptor, because the section specifically deals with phthalate as an endocrine disruptor and not endocrine disruptors in general.

This template should also not be used in lead sections. A lead section is always a summary of its own article, not any other; as such, the only appropriate target for a Main link in the lead section would be the article itself, which is not useful. Broader may be appropriate in this case.

The GLHS is already briefly covered in a paragraph under the GLH section and the article about that car is wikilinked. Furthermore the GLH-S article is NOT the main article covering the GLH. Please stop inserting it as it's both redundant and being used incorrectly. EnPassant♟♙ (talk) 18:40, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Ah, sorry, I misinterpreted your edit summary ("That isn't the main article, it's for a different variant of this car") as signifying you thought Shelby GLH-S was specifically about the Charger-based GLH-S. I went ahead and swapped the template for the Further template. I agree with whoever originally added template:main to the page that providing a visible link to the GLH-S is appropriate, as one would not naturally expect there to be a separate article for the GLH-S.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  21:25, 21 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The only problem now is that 'Further' is redundant as the GLH-S is already wikilinked in the paragraph that mentions it (Shelby Automobiles purchased the final 500 1986 GLH-T (all in black) and used them as the basis for the 1986 Shelby GLHS ("Goes Like Hell S'more")). So either the wikilink or Further should be removed. EnPassant♟♙ (talk) 21:43, 21 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Oh, sure. Agreed.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  01:13, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

Dodge deathtrap
From someone who has seen a number of these cars after significant accidents, It's mind-boggling that nothing is mentioned in this article about how dangerous this model is/was. Depending upon the speed before collision, it would take rescue crews from 30 minutes to over an hour's worth of work, literally having to cut the body of the car completely apart down to the undercarriage, in order to free the occupants! 97.107.37.1 (talk) 14:55, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dodge Omni


text:
User talk:Ianturton

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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title: User talk:Ianturton


text:
User talk:Azhrarn

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Azhrarn


text:
User:Avala/EII

 * - Britannica
 * -Encarta
 * - BARTLEBY
 * -who is the ruler
 * -uses HM, but still it is a cafe
 * - royalty
 * - even BBC
 * -infoplease

title: User:Avala/EII