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Greco-Roman wrestling

Greco-Roman (American English), Graeco-Roman (British English), or classic wrestling (Continental English) is a style of wrestling that is practiced worldwide. Greco-Roman wrestling was included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 and has been in every edition of the summer Olympics held since 1904. This style of wrestling forbids holds below the waist, which is the main feature that differentiates it from freestyle wrestling (the other form of wrestling contested at the Olympics). This restriction results in an emphasis on throws, because a wrestler cannot use trips to bring an opponent to the ground or hook/grab the opponent's leg to avoid being thrown.

Greco-Roman wrestling is one of several forms of amateur competitive wrestling practiced internationally. The other wrestling disciplines sanctioned by United World Wrestling are: men's freestyle wrestling, women's freestyle wrestling, grappling (submission wrestling), pankration, Alysh (belt wrestling), Pahlavani wrestling, and beach wrestling.

History
The name "Greco-Roman" applied to this style of wrestling as a way of purporting it to be similar to the wrestling formerly found in the ancient civilizations surrounding the Mediterranean Sea especially at the ancient Greek Olympics. At that time, the athletes initially wore skintight shorts but later wrestled each other naked.

It is speculated that many styles of European folk wrestling may have spurred the origins of Greco-Roman wrestling. According to United World Wrestling, a Napoleonic soldier named Jean Exbrayat first developed the style. Exbrayat performed in fairs and called his style of wrestling "flat hand wrestling" to distinguish it from other forms of hand-to-hand combat that allowed striking. In 1848, Exbrayat established the rule that no holds below the waist were to be allowed; neither were painful holds or torsions that would hurt the opponent. "Flat hand wrestling" or "French wrestling" (as the style became known) developed all throughout Europe and became a popular sport. The Italian wrestler Basilio Bartoletti first coined the term "Greco-Roman" for the sport to underline the interest in "ancient values." Many others in the 18th and 20th centuries sought to add value to their contemporary athletic practices by finding some connections with ancient counterparts. The 18th century work Gymnastics for Youth by Johann Friedrich Guts Muths described a form of schoolboy wrestling called "orthopale" (used by Plato to describe the standing part of wrestling) that did not mention any lower-body holds. Real ancient wrestling was quite different; see Greek wrestling.

The British never really enjoyed Greco-Roman wrestling in comparison to its less restrictive counterpart, freestyle wrestling, and neither did the Americans, despite the efforts of William Muldoon (a successful New York barroom freestyle wrestler who served in the Franco-Prussian War and learned the style in France) to promote it in the United States after the Civil War. However, on the continent of Europe, the style was highly promoted. Almost all the continental European capital cities hosted international Greco-Roman tournaments in the 19th century, with much prize money given to the place winners. For example, the Czar of Russia paid 500 francs for wrestlers to train and compete in his tournament, with 5,000 francs awarded as a prize to the tournament winner. Greco-Roman wrestling soon became prestigious in continental Europe. It was the first style registered at the modern Olympic Games, beginning in Athens in 1896 with one heavyweight bout, and grew in popularity during the 20th century. It has always been featured in the Olympic Games, except during the Paris Olympic Games in 1900 and the St. Louis Olympic Games of 1904, when freestyle first emerged as an Olympic sport.

Perhaps the most well-known of Greco-Roman wrestlers in the 19th century was Georg Hackenschmidt born in Dorpat, Russian Empire, and nicknamed "The Russian Lion". Hackenschmidt in 1898 at the age of 21 and with 15 months of training defeated the experienced Paul Pons in a match in Saint Petersburg, Russia. In 1900, he won professional tournaments in Moscow and St. Petersburg and a series of international tournaments after that. After defeating Tom Jenkins (from the United States) in both freestyle and Greco-Roman matches in England, Georg Hackenschmidt wrestled exclusively freestyle in order to compete better against English, Australian, and American opponents. Winning more than 2,000 victories in Greco-Roman and freestyle, Hackenschmidt served as the physical education adviser to the House of Lords after his retirement.

Professional matches in Greco-Roman wrestling were known for their great brutality. Body slams, choke-holds, and head-butting was allowed, and even caustic substances were used to weaken the opponent. By the end of the 19th century, gouging with the nails, punching, and violently slamming the arms together around the opponent's stomach were forbidden. Greco-Roman matches were also famous for their length. Professionally, it was not uncommon for there to be matches lasting two or three hours. William Muldoon's bout with Clarence Whistler at the Terrace Garden Theater in New York lasted eight hours before ending in a draw. Even in the 1912 Olympics, a match between Martin Klein of Russia (Estonia) and Alfred Asikainen of Finland lasted for eleven hours and forty minutes before Martin Klein won. He received the silver medal because he was too tired to compete in final match next day. That record was later published at Guinness World Records. The International Amateur Wrestling Federation (IAWF) took over the regulation of Greco-Roman wrestling in 1921. Since then matches have been dramatically cut short, and today all movements that put the life or limb of the wrestler in jeopardy are forbidden. Professional wrestler Lou Thesz, who initially trained extensively in Greco-Roman, popularised the Greco-Roman backdrop during early televised professional matches.

In Olympic competition, countries of the former Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Turkey, South Korea, Romania, Japan, Sweden, and Finland have had great success. Carl Westergren of Sweden won three Greco-Roman gold medals in 1920, 1924, and 1932, and was the first Greco-Roman wrestler to do so. Alexander Karelin did the same in 1988, 1992, and 1996. Ivar Johansson of Sweden won gold medals in Greco-Roman in 1932 and 1936 and also a gold medal in freestyle in 1932. The United States Olympic delegation (exclusively wrestling freestyle before) first entered Greco-Roman wrestling in 1952 and has taken three gold medals, won by Steve Fraser and Jeffrey Blatnick in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, and by Rulon Gardner at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia.

Weight classes
Currently, international Greco-Roman wrestling is divided into five main age categories: U15, U17 (Cadets), U20 (Juniors), Seniors U23, or Seniors. For men, there is also a special category for some Greco-Roman competitions, "Veterans", for men ages 35 and older, presumably featuring the same weight classes as seniors. Also, all of the men's age categories and weight classes can be applied to freestyle wrestling. Wrestlers after weigh-in may only wrestle in their own weight class. Wrestlers in the senior age category may wrestle up a weight class except for the heavyweight division (which starts at a weight more than 96 kg for the men). Different nations may have different weight classes and different age categories for their levels of Greco-Roman competition.

Structure of tournament
A typical international wrestling tournament takes place by direct elimination with an ideal number of wrestlers (4, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc.) in each weight class and age category competing for placement. The competition in each weight class takes place in one day. The day before the wrestling in a scheduled weight class and age category takes place, all the applicable wrestlers are examined by a physician and weighed-in. Each wrestler after being weighed on the scale then draws a token randomly that gives a certain number.

If an ideal number is not reached to begin elimination rounds, a qualification round will take place to eliminate the excess number of wrestlers. For example, 22 wrestlers may weigh-in over the ideal number of 16 wrestlers. The six wrestlers who drew the highest numbers after 16 and the six wrestlers who drew the six numbers immediately before 17 would then wrestle in six matches in the qualification round. The winners of those matches would then go on to the elimination round.

In the "elimination round", the ideal number of wrestlers then pair off and compete in matches until two victors emerge who will compete in the finals for first and second place. All of the wrestlers who lost to the two finals then have the chance to wrestle in a "repechage round". The repechage round begins with the wrestlers who lost to the two finalists at the lowest level of competition in the elimination round. The matches are paired off by the wrestlers who lost to one finalist and the wrestlers who lost to the other. The two wrestlers who win after every level of competition are the victors of the repechage round.

In the "finals", the two victors of the elimination round compete for first and second place.

In all rounds of the tournament, the wrestlers compete in matches paired off in the order of the numbers they drew after the weigh-in.

After the finals match, the awards ceremony will take place. The first place and second place wrestlers will receive a gold and silver medal, respectively. (At the FILA World Championships, the first place wrestler will receive the World Championship Belt.) The two repechage round winners will each be awarded third place with a bronze medal. The two wrestlers who lost in the finals for the third place are awarded fifth place. From seventh place down, the wrestlers are ranked according to the classification points earned for their victories or losses. If there is a tie among wrestlers for classification points, the ranking is determined in this order from the highest to the lowest: Wrestlers who remained tied after that will be awarded placements ex aequo. Wrestlers classified from the fifth to the 10th place will receive a special diploma. The wrestling tournaments in the Olympic Games and the Senior and Junior World Championships are designed to take place over three days on three mats.
 * Most victories earned by fall
 * Most matches won by technical superiority
 * Most periods won by technical superiority
 * Most technical points scored in the tournament
 * Least technical points scored in the tournament

Layout of the mat
The match takes place on a thick rubber circular mat that is shock-absorbing to ensure safety. For the Olympic Games, all World Championships, and World Cups, the mat has to be new. The main wrestling area has a nine-meter diameter and is surrounded by a 1.5 meter border of the same thickness known as the "protection area". Inside the nine meter in diameter circle is a red band of one meter in width that is on the outer edge of the circle and is known as the "red zone". The red zone is used to help indicate passivity on the part of a wrestler; thus, it is also known as the "passivity zone". Inside the red zone is the "central wrestling area" which is seven meters in diameter. In the middle of the central wrestling area is the "central circle", which is one meter in diameter. The central circle is surrounded by a band 10 centimeters wide and is divided in half by a red line eight centimeters in width. The diagonally opposite corners of the mat are marked with the wrestlers' colors, red and blue.

For competition in the Olympic Games, the World Championships, and the Continental Championships, the mat is installed on a platform no greater than 1.1 meters in height. If the mat lies on a podium and the protection margin (covering and free space around the mat) does not reach two meters, then the sides of the podium are covered with 45° (degree) inclined panels. In all cases, the color of the protection area is different from the color of the mat.

Equipment

 * A "singlet" is a one-piece wrestling garment made of spandex that should provide a tight and comfortable fit for the wrestler. It is made from nylon or lycra and prevents an opponent from using anything on the wrestler as leverage. One wrestler usually competes in a red singlet and the other in a blue singlet.
 * A special pair of "shoes" is worn by the wrestler to increase his mobility and flexibility. Wrestling shoes are light and flexible in order to provide maximum comfort and movement. Usually made with rubber soles, they help give the wrestler's feet a better grip on the mat.
 * A "handkerchief", also called a "bloodrag", is carried in the singlet. In the event of bleeding, the wrestler will remove the cloth from his singlet and attempt to stop the bleeding or clean up any bodily fluids that may have gotten onto the mat.
 * "Headgear", equipment worn around the ears to protect the wrestler, is optional in Greco-Roman. Headgear is omitted at the participant's own risk, as there is the potential to develop cauliflower ear.

The match
A match is a competition between two individual wrestlers of the same weight class. In Greco-Roman wrestling, a jury (or team) of three officials (referees) is used. The referee controls the action in the center, blowing the whistle to start and stop the action, and supervises the scoring of holds and infractions. The judge sits at the side of the mat, keeps score, and occasionally gives his approval when needed by the referee for various decisions. The mat chairman sits at the scoring table, keeps time, is responsible for declaring technical superiority, and supervises the work of the referee and judge. To call a fall, two of the three officials must agree (usually, the referee and either the judge or the mat chairman).

Modern format
In modern Greco-Roman wrestling, matches are contested over two three-minute halves with the winner being decided by fall, technical superiority or cumulative points across both periods (decision). The modern format emphasizes wrestling on the feet instead of mat wrestling (par terre); in contrast to the older format, par terre now only occurs as a result of a takedown/throw or when a wrestler commits an infraction (eg: passivity).

Before each match, each wrestler's name is called, and the wrestler takes his place at the corner of the mat assigned to his color. The referee then calls them to his side at the center of the mat, shakes hands with them, inspects their apparel, and checks for any perspiration, oily or greasy substances, and any other infractions. The two wrestlers then greet each other, shake hands, and the referee blows his whistle to start the period. Upon conclusion of the match, the referee stands at the center of the mat facing the officials' table. Both wrestlers then shake hands, and stand on either side of the referee to await the decision. The referee then proclaims the winner by raising the winner's hand with each wrestler then shaking hands with the referee and his opponent's coach.

Old format
Prior to recent rule changes, a wrestler wins the match when he has won the majority of periods. For example, if one competitor were to win the first period 1-0 and the second period 1-0, the match would be over. However, if the other competitor were to win the second period, then a third and deciding period would result. Only a fall, injury default, or disqualification terminates the match; all other modes of victory result only in period termination. One side effect of this format is that it is possible for the losing wrestler to outscore the winner. For example, periods may be scored 3-2, 0-4, 1-0, leading to a total score of 4-6 but a win for the wrestler scoring fewer points. This format was changed

Each Greco-Roman period is broken up into a phase for wrestling from the neutral position and a maximum of two par terre (ground wrestling) phases. During the wrestling phase from the neutral position, both wrestlers compete for takedowns and points for 60 seconds as usual. At the end of the first minute, in general, the wrestler who has scored the most points will receive the advantage in an Olympic lift from an open par terre position on the other wrestler. This position is known as "par terre". If neither wrestler at this point has any points, the referee will toss a colored disk, with a red-colored side and a blue-colored side. The wrestler who won the colored disk toss will receive the advantage in the Olympic lift.

The wrestler who lost the colored disk toss then places his hands and knees in the center circle, with the hands and knees at least 20 centimeters apart and the distance between the hands a maximum of 30 centimeters. The arms of that wrestler would be stretched out, the feet would not be crossed, and the thighs would be stretched out forming a 90-degree angle with the mat. The wrestler who won the colored disk toss would then be allowed to step beside the wrestler on the bottom, not touching him with his legs. If the wrestler who won the colored disk toss wished, he could place one knee on the mat. The top wrestler would then wrap his hands and arms around the bottom wrestler's waist and execute the Olympic lift (called an upside-down belt hold) at the beginning of the first 30 seconds. The bottom wrestler could then attempt to defend himself.

At the end of first thirty seconds, the clinch position is reversed with the other wrestler receiving the Olympic lift, and the period continuing for the remaining 30 seconds. The period is decided by who accumulated the most points during both standing and ground phases. During each ground phase, if the top wrestler cannot score, the other wrestler is awarded one point. In the case of no scoring moves being executed during either ground phase the score will be 1-1, and in this case generally the wrestler to score last will be awarded the period.

Scoring
In Greco-Roman wrestling, as well as in freestyle wrestling, points are awarded mostly on the basis of explosive action and risk. For example, when one wrestler performs a grand amplitude throw that brings his opponent into the danger position, he is awarded the greatest number of points that can be scored in one instance. Also, a wrestler who takes the risk to briefly roll on the mat (with his shoulders in contact with the mat) could give a certain number of points to his opponent. Scoring can be accomplished in the following ways:
 * Takedown (2 to 5 points): A wrestler is awarded points for a takedown when the wrestler gains control over his opponent on the mat from a neutral position (when the wrestler is on his feet). At least three points of contact have to be controlled on the mat (e.g. two arms and one knee; two knees and one arm or the head; or two arms and the head).
 * Five points are awarded for a takedown brought about by a throw of grand amplitude (a throw in which a wrestler brings his opponent off of the mat and controls him so that his feet go directly above his head) either from the standing or par terre position into a direct and immediate danger position.
 * Four points are generally awarded for a takedown brought about by a grand amplitude throw that does not bring his opponent in a direct and immediate danger position or for a takedown in which a wrestler's opponent is taken from his feet or his stomach to his back or side (a throw of short amplitude) so that he is in the danger position.
 * Two points are awarded for a takedown brought about by a wrestler taking his opponent from his feet to his stomach or side such that his back or shoulders are not exposed to the mat.
 * Reversal (1 point): A wrestler is awarded one point for a reversal when the wrestler gains control over his opponent from a defensive position (when the wrestler is being controlled by his opponent).
 * Exposure also called the "Danger Position" (2 points): A wrestler is awarded points for exposure when the wrestler exposes his opponent's back to the mat for several seconds. Points for exposure are also awarded if a wrestler's back is to the mat but the wrestler is not pinned. Criteria for exposure or the danger position is met when 1) a wrestler's opponent is in a bridge position to avoid being pinned, 2) a wrestler's opponent is on one or both elbows with his back to the mat and avoids getting pinned, 3) a wrestler holds one of his opponent's shoulders to the mat and the other shoulder at an acute angle (less than 90 degrees), 4) a wrestler's opponent is in an "instantaneous fall" position (where both of his shoulders are on the mat for less than one second), or 5) the wrestler's opponent rolls on his shoulders. A wrestler in the danger position allows his opponent to score two points. An additional "hold-down point" may be earned by maintaining the exposure continuously for five seconds.
 * Penalty (1 or 2 points): Under the 2004–2005 changes to the international styles, a wrestler whose opponent takes an injury time-out receives one point unless the injured wrestler is bleeding. Other infractions (e.g. fleeing a hold or the mat, striking the opponent, acting with brutality or intent to injure, and using illegal holds) are penalized by an award of either one or two points, a "caution", and a choice of position to the opponent.
 * Out of bounds (1 point): Whenever a wrestler places his foot in the protection area, the match is stopped, and one point is awarded to his opponent.

Classification points are also awarded in an international wrestling tournament, which give most points to the winner and in some cases, one point to the loser depending on the outcome of the match and how the victory was attained. For example, a victory by fall would give the winner five classification points and the loser no points, while a match won by technical superiority with the loser scoring technical points would award three points to the winner and one point to loser.

The full determinations for scoring are found in the UWW International Wrestling Rules

Victory conditions
A match can be won in the following ways:
 * Win by fall: The objective of the wrestling match is to attain victory by what is known as the fall. A fall, also known as a pin, occurs when one wrestler holds both of his opponents' shoulders on the mat simultaneously. In Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling, the two shoulders of the defensive wrestler must be held long enough for the referee to "observe the total control of the fall" (usually ranging from one half-second to about one or two seconds). Then either the judge or the mat chairman concurs with the referee that a fall is made; if the referee does not indicate a fall, and the fall is valid, the judge and the mat chairman can concur together and announce the fall. A fall ends the match entirely regardless of when it occurs. In the United States, for the Kids freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling division (wrestlers ages 8 to 14) in competitions sponsored by USA Wrestling, it is specified that a fall must be held for two seconds.
 * Win by technical superiority (also called "technical fall"): If a fall is not secured to end the match, a wrestler can win a period simply by points. If one wrestler gains an eight-point lead over his opponent at any break in continuous action, he is declared the winner of the match by technical superiority.
 * Win by decision: If neither wrestler achieves either a fall or technical superiority, the wrestler who scored more points during the match is declared the winner. If the score is tied, the winner is determined by certain criteria. First, the number of cautions given to each wrestler for penalties; next, the value of points gained (that is, whether a wrestler gained points based on a two-, four-, or five-point move); and finally, the last scored technical point are taken into account to determine the winner. Generally, the wrestler who scored the last technical point will be awarded the period.
 * Win by default: If one wrestler is unable to continue participating for any reason, or fails to show up on the mat after his name was called three times before the match begins, his opponent is declared the winner of the match by default, forfeit, or withdrawal as the case may be.
 * Win by injury: If one wrestler is injured and unable to continue, the other wrestler is declared the winner. This is also referred to as a "medical forfeit" or "injury default". The term also encompasses situations where wrestlers become ill, take too many injury time-outs, or bleed uncontrollably. In the event a wrestler is injured by his opponent's illegal maneuver and cannot continue, the wrestler at fault is disqualified.
 * Win by disqualification: If a wrestler is assessed three "cautions" for breaking the rules, he is disqualified. Under other circumstances, such as flagrant brutality or gross disrespect for officials, the match will be ended immediately and the offending wrestler ejected from the tournament.

Team scoring in tournaments
In an international wrestling tournament, teams enter one wrestler at each weight class and score points based on the individual performances. For example, if a wrestler at the 60 kg weight class finishes in first place, then his team will receive 10 points. If he were to finish in tenth place, then the team would only receive one. At the end of the tournament, each team's score is tallied, and the teams are then placed first, second, third, etc.

Team competition
A team competition or dual meet is a meeting between (typically two) teams in which individual wrestlers at a given weight class compete against each other. A team receives one point for each victory in a weight class regardless of the outcome. The team that scores the most points at the end of the matches wins the team competition. If there are two sets of competitions with one team winning the home competition and one winning the away competition, a third competition may take place to determine the winner for ranking purposes, or the ranking may take place by assessing in order: 1) the most victories by adding the points of the two matches; 2) the most points by fall, default, forfeit, or disqualification; 3) the most matches won by technical superiority; 4) the most periods won by technical superiority; 5) the most technical points won in all the competition; 6) the least technical points won in all the competition. This works similarly when more than two teams are involved in this predicament.

Olympic and world champions

 * Aleksandr Karelin – three-time Olympic Champion and nine-time World Champion
 * Mijaín López – four-time Olympic Champion and five-time World Champion
 * Carl Westergren – three-time Olympic Champion and one-time World Champion
 * Valery Rezantsev – two-time Olympic Champion and five-time World Champion
 * Artur Aleksanyan – Olympic Champion and four-time World Champion
 * Hamid Sourian- Olympic Champion and six-time World Champion
 * Levon Julfalakyan – Olympic and World Champion
 * Rovshan Bayramov – World Champion
 * Karam Gaber – Olympic Champion
 * Mohammad Reza Geraei – Olympic and World Champion
 * Mohammad Hadi Saravi – World Champion
 * Hamza Yerlikaya – two-time Olympic Champion and three-time World Champion
 * Rıza Kayaalp – five-time World Champion
 * Omid Norouzi – Olympic and World Champion
 * Ramazan Şahin – Olympic and World Champion
 * Hamid Sourian – Olympic Champion and six-time World Champion
 * Ghasem Rezaei – Olympic Champion
 * Vincenzo Maenza – two-time World Champion
 * Armen Nazaryan – Olympic Champion
 * István Kozma – two-time Olympic Champion and three-time World Champion
 * Nikolay Balboshin – Olympic Champion and five-time World Champion
 * Roman Vlasov – two-time Olympic Champion and two-time World Champion
 * Hassan Rangraz – World Champion
 * Firouz Alizadeh – World Champion
 * Sim Kwon-Ho – two-time Olympic Champion and two-time World Champion
 * Mnatsakan Iskandaryan – Olympic Champion and three-time World Champion
 * Ara Abrahamian – two-time World Champion
 * Ali Akbar Yousefi – World Champion
 * Viktor Igumenov – five-time World Champion
 * Roman Rurua – Olympic Champion and four-time World Champion
 * Aleksandr Kolchinsky – two-time Olympic Champion and one-time World Champion
 * Imre Polyák – Olympic Champion and three-time World Champion
 * Rulon Gardner – Olympic and World Champion
 * Dennis Hall – World Champion
 * Meisam Dalkhani – World Champion
 * Heiki Nabi – two-time World Champion
 * Hector Milian – Olympic and World Champion
 * Vladimir Zubkov – four-time World Champion
 * Dremiel Byers – World Champion
 * Jeff Blatnick – Olympic Champion
 * Steve Fraser – Olympic Champion
 * Luis Enrique Mendez – World Champion
 * Farid Mansurov – Olympic Champion and two-time World Champion
 * Saied Abdevali- World Champion

Mixed martial arts

 * Dan Severn – only UFC Triple Crown Champion in history, member of UFC Hall of Fame
 * Dan Henderson – Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler, UFC Middleweight Tournament winner
 * Chael Sonnen – UFC fighter
 * Jon Jones – two-time UFC Light Heavyweight Champion, UFC Heavyweight Champion
 * Randy Couture – six-time UFC Champion, oldest champion in UFC history at 43, member of UFC Hall of Fame
 * Alexander Volkanovski – UFC Featherweight Champion
 * Movsar Evloev – UFC fighter
 * Matt Lindland – Olympic silver medalist in Greco-Roman, UFC fighter
 * Don Frye – member of UFC Hall of Fame
 * Mark Madsen – Olympic silver medalist in Greco-Roman, UFC fighter
 * Matt Hamill – UFC fighter
 * Joe Warren – Olympic gold medalist in Greco-Roman, former Bellator Featherweight Champion and Bellator Bantamweight Champion
 * Brandon Vera – first ONE Heavyweight Champion, UFC fighter

Professional wrestling

 * Verne Gagne
 * Lou Thesz
 * George Hackenschmidt
 * Karl Gotch
 * Alberto Del Rio
 * Khosrow Vaziri
 * Brad Rheingans
 * Yuji Nagata
 * Chad Gable
 * Otis Dozovic
 * Joe Hendry

title: Greco-Roman wrestling


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ATC code H04

H04AA Glycogenolytic hormones

 * H04AA01 Glucagon
 * H04AA02 Dasiglucagon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ATC code H04


text:
User:Didactohedron/Greek myth

Mortals and Demigods
Old:

title: User:Didactohedron/Greek myth


text:
ATC code H05

H05AA Parathyroid hormones and analogues

 * H05AA01 Parathyroid gland extract
 * H05AA02 Teriparatide
 * H05AA03 Parathyroid hormone
 * H05AA04 Abaloparatide
 * H05AA05 Palopegteriparatide

H05BA Calcitonin preparations

 * H05BA01 Calcitonin (salmon synthetic)
 * H05BA02 Calcitonin (pork natural)
 * H05BA03 Calcitonin (human synthetic)
 * H05BA04 Elcatonin

H05BX Other anti-parathyroid agents

 * H05BX01 Cinacalcet
 * H05BX02 Paricalcitol
 * H05BX03 Doxercalciferol
 * H05BX04 Etelcalcetide
 * H05BX05 Calcifediol
 * H05BX06 Evocalcet

title: ATC code H05


text:
Galatea (mythology)

Galatea (Γαλάτεια; "she who is milk-white") is the post-antiquity name popularly applied to the statue carved of ivory alabaster by Pygmalion of Cyprus, which then came to life in Greek mythology.

Galatea is also the name of a sea-nymph, one of the fifty Nereids (daughters of Nereus) mentioned by Hesiod and Homer. In Theocritus Idylls VI and XI she is the object of desire of the one-eyed giant Polyphemus and is linked with Polyphemus again in the myth of Acis and Galatea in Ovid's Metamorphoses. She is also mentioned in Virgil's Eclogues and Aeneid.

Etymology
Though the name "Galatea" has become so firmly associated with Pygmalion's statue as to seem antique, its use in connection with Pygmalion originated with a post-classical writer. No extant ancient text mentions the statue's name, although Pausanias mentions a statue of Calm, Galene (Γαλήνη). As late as 1763, a sculpture of the subject shown by Falconet at the Paris Salon (see illustration) carried the title Pygmalion aux pieds de sa statue qui s'anime ("Pygmalion at the feet of his statue that comes to life"). That sculpture, currently at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, now bears the expected modern title Pygmalion and Galatea.

According to Meyer Reinhold, the name "Galatea" was first given wide circulation in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's scène lyrique of 1762, Pygmalion. The name had become a commonplace of pastoral fictions, because of the well-known myth of Acis and Galatea; one of Honoré d'Urfé's characters in L'Astrée was a Galatea, though not this sculptural creation.

Myth
The story of Pygmalion appeared earliest in a Hellenistic work, Philostephanus' history of Cyprus, "De Cypro". It is retold in Ovid's Metamorphoses, where the king Pygmalion is made into a sculptor who fell in love with a marble statue he had crafted with his own hands. In answer to his prayers, the goddess Aphrodite brought it to life and united the couple in marriage. This novella remained the classical telling until the end of the seventeenth century. The trope of the animated statue gained a vogue during the eighteenth century.

The daemon of Pygmalion's goddess, animating her cult image, bore him a son Paphus—the eponym of the city of Paphos—and Metharme. Of "this ecstatic relationship", Meyer Reinhold has remarked, "there may be lurking a survival of the ancient cult of the Great Goddess and her consort".

Cinyras, perhaps the son of Paphus, or perhaps the successful suitor of Metharme, founded the city of Paphos on Cyprus, under the patronage of Aphrodite, and built the great temple to the goddess there.

Bibliotheke, the Hellenistic compendium of myth long attributed to Apollodorus, mentions a daughter of Pygmalion named Metharme. She was the wife of Cinyras, and the mother of Adonis, beloved of Aphrodite, although Myrrha, daughter of Cinyras, is more commonly named as the mother of Adonis.

It was commonly rumored in Roman times that Praxiteles's cult image of Aphrodite of Knidos in Aphrodite's temple was so beautiful that at least one admirer arranged to be shut in with it overnight.

Interpretation
The myth indicates that a cult image of Aphrodite was instrumental in some way in the founding myth of Paphos. It also seems axiomatic, apart from miraculous intervention, that the living representative of a cult image could be none but the chief priestess. Robert Graves gives a socio-political interpretation of the story, as a mythologized overthrow of a matrilineal cult. In his view Pygmalion, the consort of the goddess's priestess at Paphos, kept the cult image of Aphrodite as a means of retaining power during his term, after which, Graves speculates, he refused to give up the goddess's image "and that he prolonged this by marriage with another of Aphrodite's priestesses—technically his daughter, since she was heiress to the throne—who is called Metharme ("change"), to mark the innovation".

William Moulton Marston drew inspiration from the Galatea and Pygmalion myth in creating his allegorical myth of Wonder Woman's clay birth, with Hippolyte being in the "Pygmalion" role sculpting her daughter Wonder Woman (as the "Galatea") from clay and given life by Aphrodite's breath. It was Marston's intention to express the creative power of a mother's love for a child and that Wonder Woman is the product of her mother's rearing, and therefore personifying much of her mother's qualities of independence, self sufficiency, strength of character, non-limiting beliefs, etc.

title: Galatea (mythology)


text: Category:Acornsoft games

title: Category:Acornsoft games


text: Category:Acorn Archimedes games

title: Category:Acorn Archimedes games


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Category:ZX Spectrum games

This category contains video games for the ZX Spectrum 8-bit home computer.

title: Category:ZX Spectrum games


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Category:Tatung Einstein games

This category contains computer games made for, or ported to, the Tatung Einstein.

title: Category:Tatung Einstein games


text: User:De.Shannon

title: User:De.Shannon


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Kiamba, Sarangani

Kiamba, officially the Municipality of Kiamba (Lungsod sa Kiamba; Inged nu Kiamba, Jawi: ايڠد نو كيامب; Bayan ng Kiamba), is a  1st class municipality in the province of Sarangani, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 65,774 people.

It is bordered on the west by Maitum, on the east by Maasim, on the north by South Cotabato, and on the south by the Celebes Sea.

Notable residents include Manny Pacquiao. It is the hometown of his wife Jinkee Pacquiao.

History
The area of what is now known as MAKIMA was first inhabited by T'boli tribes people who mostly occupied the highlands. The lowlands and plains were mostly occupied by Maguindanaons especially Sultanate of Maguindanao then Sultanate of Buayan and the Sangil people who mostly are from Balut and Sangili islands, occupied the areas near the sea. The Ilocanos who are originally from Luzon only came to the area around 1920's onwards as they heed the government's homesteading and resettlement plan. Visayans later followed.

The municipality was formed on August 18, 1947, when Executive Order No. 82 was signed by the government by merging the municipal districts of Kraan and Kling.

Maitum on the west became an independent municipality in 1959. In 1971, Maasim, on the east, also became an independent municipality.

Barangays
Kiamba is politically subdivided into 20 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
 * Badtasan
 * Bialong
 * Datu Dani
 * Gasi
 * Kapate
 * Katubao
 * Kayupo
 * Kling (Lumit)
 * Lagundi
 * Lebe
 * Lomuyon
 * Luma
 * Maligang
 * Nalus
 * Poblacion
 * Salakit
 * Suli
 * Tablao
 * Tamadang
 * Tambilil

Demographics
The majority of the population speak Cebuano, although early settlers were of Ilocano origin, as a result of assimilation into the majority Cebuano-speaking society due to the huge influx of migrants from Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, and other Cebuano-speaking parts of Mindanao residing in the area over the years. There are a lot of Moro people (Sangil and Maguindanaon) who settles in the area long before the Christians from Luzon (and later Visayas) came. One of the indigenous peoples living in mountainous areas of Kiamba is known as T'boli.

Economy
The economy of Kiamba is largely based on agriculture with vast ricefields surrounding the municipality. Aqua-culture is the second biggest income earner, notably the culture of milkfish and shrimps (locally called "sugpo" or "lukon") for export. Also, coastal communities depend on deep-sea fishing as a primary livelihood.

Tourism
Various attractions include:
 * The Timpuyog festival celebrates the town's foundation anniversary. Timpuyog is an Ilocano word for unity, and the festival includes tribal shows and a carnival. Kiamba celebrates the Timpuyog Festival and Foundation Anniversary every February 14.
 * Tuka Marine Park, a protected area where fishing is banned. It has four protected coves and only one (Tuka 2) is open to the public. The site has coral formations.
 * Short, narrow roads lined with Japanese era houses
 * Waterfalls in lush rainforests (ex. Nalus Falls)
 * Beaches of Kiamba (ex. Wakap Beach in Datu Dani)
 * Cockfights

References in Media
Kiamba was the setting of the final, climactic segment of the action-adventure film Uncharted, being the supposed hiding spot of Magellan's lost treasure.

Education

 * Kiamba National High School
 * Notre Dame of Kiamba
 * Southern Cotabato Academy
 * J.B.T. Caing Sr. Memorial Integrated School
 * James L. Chiongbian National Trade School (Formerly Kling National High school)
 * Cabales-Enarbia Integrated School
 * Salakit National High School
 * Goldenstate College of Kiamba
 * Euro Asia College of Technology Incorporated

FM Stations

 * 88.9 DABIG C Radio (Prime Broadcasting Network)
 * 100.5 Muews Radio (Sagay Broadcasting Corporation)
 * 101.3 Radyo Natin (Manila Broadcasting Company/Radyo Natin Network)
 * 104.9 Brigada News FM (Brigada Mass Media Corporation)

Cable and Satellite TV

 * Kiamba Cable TV Service Cooperative
 * Sarangani Cable Corporation

title: Kiamba, Sarangani


text: User talk:67.124.150.247

title: User talk:67.124.150.247


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Talk:Robson Arms

Nevermind I've figured it out now. GaryEH

-Can anyone tell me where my original page is? I've searched everywhere for it, including the page "Copyright Problems" (where the it says it is) but the link simply redirects me back to the page that has been removed. Does this mean that my work has disappeard? Does this mean I have to start again? Anyone?- GaryEH

-

I am the Executive Producer of the show. I edited the material as to be presented in a non-promotional way. To be used as information only. This was taken from from material I was involved in originating. There is no possible way this could have been copied from another copywrited site. In fact it was nothing like the link provided by the person who deleted it except for cast names, but it is after all a television show. The cast would be the same on both sites. The link that was posted and supposedly taken from is a CTV site is similar information but in no way was it the same. And as far as I could tell there was no link to that site in Wikipedia. CTV required the rights from the producers (us) not the other way around. The following is what is precieved a copyvio. I am the EP of the show and perhaps I should write this in the comments. I am just learning how to navigate these waters. In the futer I will write the explaination.

The following is a copy of the site in question.

Robson Arms Production is underway on this 13-episode, half-hour series that promises to take viewers behind a new door every week at “Robson Arms”, a once-grand low-rise apartment building in Vancouver’s crowded and eclectic West End. Each episode brings a new story and characters, weaving intriguing glimpses of characters from past and future episodes. Though every tenant is different, their stories each strike a chord as they deal with the most basic of human needs: the desire to connect. Fresh, inspired and comedic, “Robson Arms” has drawn some of Canada’s most exciting acting talent to the small screen. Celebrity cast includes Margot Kidder (“Superman”, “Crime and Punishment”), Megan Follows (“Anne of Green Gables”, “Law and Order”), Mark McKinney (“Kids in the Hall”, “Slings and Arrows”), William B. Davis (“The X-Files”, “100 Days in the Jungle”), Tobias Mehler (“Taken”) and Gabrielle Miller (“Corner Gas”). They will be joined by series regular John Cassini (“NYPD Blues”, “Seven”) who stars as the building's appealing but sleazy Superintendent “Yuri”. Additional guest stars appearing throughout the season include Gabrielle Rose (“Milgaard”, “The Sweet Hereafter”) Kevin McNulty (“Last Wedding”, “Stealing Sinatra”), Alisen Down (“Mysterious Ways”), Fred Ewanuick (“Corner Gas”, “Delicate Art of Parking”) and Zak Santiago (“Human Cargo”, “Stargate SG-1”) as well as featuring cameo appearances from Will Sasso and Brent Butt. “Robson Arms” features some of the country’s hottest new writing and directing talents and is a co-production between Vancouver-based Omni Film Productions and Halifax-based Creative Atlantic Communications in association with CTV.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Robson_Arms"

Just curious if your show is ever going to audition the many trying-at-working actors in Vancouver for all the parts where you've imported people from Toronto to play Vancouverites. And, speaking as a long-time Vancouverite and (though not currently) one-time West Ender, other than the mountain bikes, mentions of the Grind and cappucino bars, I frankly have to say that the show has nothing "Vancouver" about it; even the sense of humour is off for the way BCers joke. And while there's some authenticity having a Toronto actor playing a transplanted Toronto lawyer, Mark McKinney as one of the male leads comes across more as transplanted Yorkville than any of the slimeball yuppie lawyers of my experience. Maybe it's just that your show represents the "new Vancouver", not the way we used to be, who we really are; instead, it's a pastiche of all the navel-gazing typical of newly-arrived Vancouverites. I submit that the show could be a lot funnier, and a lot more interesting, if it actually tried to express what BC is about; instead of trying to come up with a formula sitcom that Toronto audiences can tell themselves Vancouver is about; not that Frazier has much to do with life in Seattle, either, or Mary Tyler Moore had anything to do with life in the Twin Cities. But after years upon years of eastern media domination, and given the HUGE talent pool of actors in Vancouver, why is it so few of them were even auditioned for the leads and supporting cast, and none of them were cast. Are Torontonians really that much more talented that they should be flown out here to play Vancovuerites, when there are so many Vancouverites available and, in fact, more suited to the roles?Skookum1 20:21, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Copyvio?
Moved from Copyright problems: End moved text
 * Robson Arms - from release, as posted on talk:Robson Arms. Radagast 03:52, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * That seems to have been resolved a long time ago...? --rbrwr± 11:13, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I thought I saw Brent Butt and Nancy Robertson in the promo commercials? Am I seeing things? -- Earl Andrew - talk 06:50, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Oh, probably. Anybody from the other side of the Rockies shows up on the show sooner or later...(not that you'd see a BC Actor, except in one-liner bits); part of the reason for this, if you note all the actor creds listed, is that BC actors don't get the creds to get the higher-ranked parts, so can't even appear in shows about their own city, except as bit-parts. But stars from a Toronto show about a smalltown gaspump in Saskatchewan? Sure, they'll do just fine to play British Columbians, since directors and production don't think British Columbians are qualified to play themselves.Skookum1 20:29, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Well let's look at this. 81 speaking parts in season one. 15 or so casting sessions in Vancouver and one in Halifax. Out of 81 speaking parts 6 people were brought in from out of town, Mark McKinney, Meagan Follows, Margo Kidder and Shirley Douglas were offered parts. Two auditioned in Halifax as it was a co-production with a Halifax based company. So that leaves 75 speaking parts for Vancouver actors. Of those 75, 12 were larger or equal to the roles performed by the 6 actors above including John Cassini who was the only character to appear in every episode. 4 more were at least equal to some of the non Vancouver cast. Of the guests in question Mr. Butt and Ms. Robertson live in Vancouver.

The showrunners who cast and wrote Robson Arms both live in the Vancouver area. One has lived there for 30 years in fact.

And for the record Corner Gas originated in Vancouver and through the Vancouver office of CTV and, was developed as a co-production with a Regina company.

Just didn't want to leave anyone with the wrong impression about what this show is about or who is running it. And of course all of the local actors it really does employ.Scorn 19:47, 2 September 2006 (UTC) —

DVD release?
I heard tell at one point there was going to be a DVD release of the series. Given the success of Corner Gas on DVD, will there be such a release for Robson Arms? (This should be added to the article if true). 23skidoo 17:25, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robson Arms


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Poldasht

Poldasht is a city in the Central District of Poldasht County in Iran's West Azerbaijan province, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

At the 2006 census, the city population was 8,584 residents in 2,205 households, when it was in the former Poldasht District of Maku County. The following census in 2011 counted 9,963 people in 2,658 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Poldasht County. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 11,472 people in 3,377 households. The city lies on the western bank of the Aras River.

Poldasht is a Persian word meaning arable land by the bridge. The city is situated near the border crossing with the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. Across the Poldasht-Shah Takhti Bridge over the Aras is the Azerbaijani village of Şahtaxtı. It is one of the two Iran-Nakhchivan border crossings; the other is located near the city of Jolfa in East Azerbaijan Province. Also adjacent to Poldasht is the Aras River Dam.

title: Poldasht


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jaywalker (Magazine of the Arts)

Jaywalker (Magazine of the Arts) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Your basic combination of vanity and blatant advertising. - Lucky 6.9 08:25, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Just found out this same user added a wiki for this entry to the list of magazines in Canada. Removed it until we decide what to do with this. - Lucky 6.9 08:32, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It looks like a serious magazine. Secretlondon 12:09, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I think it's a serious magazine, too. Seriously.  It's just that it seems to be too local and too small.  Inasmuch as it's printed on an office printer & is by subscription only, it's in between a free weekly (in the US Creative Loafing, CityPaper) and a 'zine.  Too small to be notable. Geogre 12:56, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought a major goal of wikipedia was to increase important local content. Keep. Rhymeless 16:42, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Didn't think it was important. 'Zines are all over, and they're often really fun, but I think important shows in spread, professionalism, unless there is a lot of peer testimony. Geogre 17:15, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought a major goal of the Wikipedia was to be an encyclopedia, not a collection of ads and blurbs for 1-year-old local magazines. Delete.  --Ardonik 17:52, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: advert, no evidence of notability. Wile E. Heresiarch 19:12, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for good measure. Ambivalenthysteria 07:09, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Anagenesis

Anagenesis is the gradual evolution of a species that continues to exist as an interbreeding population. This contrasts with cladogenesis, which occurs when there is branching or splitting, leading to two or more lineages and resulting in separate species. Anagenesis does not always lead to the formation of a new species from an ancestral species. When speciation does occur as different lineages branch off and cease to interbreed, a core group may continue to be defined as the original species. The evolution of this group, without extinction or species selection, is anagenesis.

Hypotheses
One hypothesis is that during the speciation event in anagenetic evolution, the original populations will increase quickly, and then rack up genetic variation over long periods of time by mutation and recombination in a stable environment. Other factors such as selection or genetic drift will have such a significant effect on genetic material and physical traits that a species can be acknowledged as being different from the previous.

Development
An alternative definition offered for anagenesis involves progeny relationships between designated taxa with one or more denominated taxa in line with a branch from the evolutionary tree. Taxa must be within the species or genus and will help identify possible ancestors. When looking at evolutionary descent, there are two mechanisms at play. The first process is when genetic information changes. This means that over time there is enough of a difference in their genomes, and in the way that species' genes interact with each other during the developmental stage, that anagenesis can thereby be viewed as the processes of sexual and natural selection, and genetic drift's effect on an evolving species over time. The second process, speciation, is closely associated with cladogenesis. Speciation includes the actual separation of lineages, into two or more new species, from one specified species of origin. Cladogenesis can be seen as a similar hypothesis to anagenesis, with the addition of speciation to its mechanisms. Diversity on a species-level is able to be achieved through anagenesis.

Anagenesis suggests that evolutionary changes can occur in a species over time to a sufficient degree that later organisms may be considered a different species, especially in the absence of fossils documenting the gradual transition from one to another. This is in contrast to cladogenesis—or speciation in a sense—in which a population is split into two or more reproductively isolated groups and these groups accumulate sufficient differences to become distinct species. The punctuated equilibria hypothesis suggests that anagenesis is rare and that the rate of evolution is most rapid immediately after a split which will lead to cladogenesis, but does not completely rule out anagenesis. Distinguishing between anagenesis and cladogenesis is particularly relevant in the fossil record, where limited fossil preservation in time and space makes it difficult to distinguish between anagenesis, cladogenesis where one species replaces the other, or simple migration patterns.

Recent evolutionary studies are looking at anagenesis and cladogenesis for possible answers in developing the hominin phylogenetic tree to understand morphological diversity and the origins of Australopithecus anamensis, and this case could possibly show anagenesis in the fossil record.

When enough mutations have occurred and become stable in a population so that it is significantly differentiated from an ancestral population, a new species name may be assigned. A series of such species is collectively known as an evolutionary lineage. The various species along an evolutionary lineage are chronospecies. If the ancestral population of a chronospecies does not go extinct, then this is cladogenesis, and the ancestral population represents a paraphyletic species or paraspecies, being an evolutionary grade.

In humans
The modern human origins debate caused researchers to look further for answers. Researchers were curious to know if present day humans originated from Africa, or if they somehow, through anagenesis, were able to evolve from a single archaic species that lived in Afro-Eurasia. Milford H. Wolpoff is a paleoanthropologist whose work, studying human fossil records, explored anagenesis as a hypothesis for hominin evolution. When looking at anagenesis in hominids, M. H. Wolpoff describes in terms of the 'single-species hypothesis,' which is characterized by thinking of the impact that culture has on a species, as an adaptive system, and as an explanation for the conditions humans tend to live in, based on the environmental conditions, or the ecological niche. When judging the effect that culture has as an Adaptive System, scientists must first look at modern Homo Sapiens. Wolpoff contended that the ecological niche of past, extinct hominidae is distinct within the line of origin. Examining early Pliocene and late Miocenes findings helps to determine the corresponding importance of Anagenesis vs. Cladogenesis during the period of morphological differences. These findings propose that branches of the human and chimpanzee once diverged from each other. The hominin fossils go as far as 5 to 7 million years ago (Mya). Diversity on a species-level is able to be achieved through anagenesis. With collected data, only one or two early hominin were found to be relatively close to the Plio-Pleistocene range. Once more research was done, specifically with the fossils of A. anamensis and A. afarensis, researchers were able to justify that these two hominin species were linked ancestrally. However, looking at data collected by William H. Kimbel and other researchers, they viewed the history of early hominin fossils and concluded that actual macroevolution change via anagenesis was scarce.

Phylogeny
DEM (or Dynamic Evolutionary Map) is a different way to track ancestors and relationships between organisms. The pattern of branching in phylogenetic trees and how far the branch grows after a species lineage has split and evolved, correlates with anagenesis and cladogenesis. However, in DEM dots depict the movement of these different species. Anagenesis is viewed by observing the dot movement across the DEM, whereas cladogenesis is viewed by observing the separation and movement of the dots across the map.

Criticism
Controversy arises among taxonomists as to when the differences are significant enough to warrant a new species classification: Anagenesis may also be referred to as gradual evolution. The distinction of speciation and lineage evolution as anagenesis or cladogenesis can be controversial, and some academics question the necessity of the terms altogether.

The philosopher of science Marc Ereshefsky argues that paraphyletic taxa are the result of anagenesis. The lineage leading to birds has diverged significantly from lizards and crocodiles, allowing evolutionary taxonomists to classify birds separately from lizards and crocodiles, which are grouped as reptiles.

Applications
Regarding social evolution, it has been suggested that social anagenesis/aromorphosis be viewed as universal or widely diffused social innovation that raises social systems' complexity, adaptability, integrity, and interconnectedness.

title: Anagenesis


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Talk:Chris Holmes

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Untitled
Will now you do! Chris Holmes is my only best friend that i have left,all the others are dead! I went to school with chris, and we were on the same baseball team. Mr.Lucas was are coach back then, and chris could have made a career in baseball.Man! was he good.But his guitar and his long hair came first.I remember when a minister offer chris, $500.00 dollars to cut his long hair.It took him about 30 seconds to say no thanks. Man! $500.00 bucks was a lot of money back then. Even back then chris knew exactly what he wanted.

title: Talk:Chris Holmes


text:
Thingoe Rural District

Thingoe Rural District was a rural district in the county of West Suffolk, England between 1894 and 1974. It was named after the ancient Hundred of Thingoe ("thing-hoe" – "assembly-mound") and administered from Bury St Edmunds, which it surrounded.

History
Thingoe Rural District was formed under the Local Government Act 1894.

On 1 April 1935 the parish of Depden was transferred to the Clare Rural District. On the same date the district was enlarged by the transfer of the civil parishes of Barnham, Barningham, Coney Weston, Euston, Fakenham Magna, Hepworth, Honington, Hopton, Knettishall, Market Weston, Sapiston, and Thelnetham from the disbanded Brandon Rural District.

The district was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. Since 1 April 1974 it has formed part of the Borough of St Edmundsbury.

Parishes
At the time of its dissolution it consisted of the following 58 parishes. • # Ampton

• # Bardwell

• # Barnham

• # Barningham

• # Barrow

• # Bradfield Combust

• # Bradfield St Clare

• # Bradfield St George

• # Brockley

• # Chedburgh

• # Chevington

• # Coney Weston

• # Culford

• # Denham St Mary

• # Euston

• # Fakenham Magna

• # Flempton

• # Fornham All Saints

• # Fornham St Genevieve

• # Fornham St Martin

• # Great Barton

• # Great Livermere

• # Great Saxham

• # Great Whelnetham

• # Hardwick

• # Hargrave

• # Hawstead

• # Hengrave

• # Hepworth

• # Honington

• # Hopton

• # Horringer

• # Ickworth

• # Ingham

• # Ixworth Thorpe

• # Ixworth

• # Knettishall

• # Lackford

• # Little Livermere

• # Little Saxham

• # Little Whelnetham

• # Market Weston

• # Nowton

• # Pakenham

• # Rede

• # Risby

• # Rushbrooke

• # Rougham

• # Sapiston

• # Stanningfield

• # Stanton

• # Thelnetham

• # Timworth

• # Troston

• # West Stow

• # Westley

• # Whepstead

• # Wordwell

title: Thingoe Rural District


text:
Roderic

Roderic (also spelled Ruderic, Roderik, Roderich, or Roderick; Spanish and Rodrigo, لذريق; died 711) was the Visigothic king in Hispania between 710 and 711. He is well-known as "the last king of the Goths". He is actually an extremely obscure figure about whom little can be said with certainty. He was the last Goth to rule from Toledo, but not the last Gothic king, a distinction which belongs to Ardo.

Roderic's election as king was disputed and he ruled only a part of Hispania with an opponent, Achila, ruling the rest. He faced a rebellion of the Basques and the Umayyad invasion. He was defeated and killed at the Battle of Guadalete. His widow Egilona is believed to have married Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, the first Muslim governor of Hispania.

Early life
According to the late Chronicle of Alfonso III, Roderic was a son of Theodefred, himself a son of king Chindaswinth, and of a woman named Riccilo. Roderic's exact date of birth is unknown but probably was after 687, estimated from his father's marriage having taken place after his exile to Córdoba following the succession of King Egica in that year.

Usurpation
According to the Chronicle of 754, Roderic "tumultuously [tumultuose] invaded the kingdom [regnum] with the encouragement of [or at the exhortation of] the senate [senatus]." Historians have long debated the exact meaning of these words. What is generally recognised is that it was not a typical palace coup as had occurred on previous occasions, but rather a violent invasion of the palace which sharply divided the kingdom.

It is probable that the "invasion" was not from outside the kingdom; because the word regnum can refer to the office of the king, it is likely that Roderic merely usurped the throne. Nonetheless, it is possible that Roderic was a regional commander (dux of Baetica in later, legendary sources) or even an exile when he staged his coup.

The "tumult" which surrounded this usurpation was probably violent, though whether or not it involved the deposition or assassination of the legitimate king, Wittiza, or was a consequence of his recent natural death has divided scholars. Some scholars believe that the king Achila, who ruled in opposition to Roderic, was in fact Wittiza's son and successor and that Roderic had tried to usurp the throne from him.

The senate with which Roderic accomplished his coup was probably composed of the "leading aristocrats and perhaps also some of the bishops." The participation of churchmen in the revolt is disputed, some arguing that the support of the bishops would not have led to the act being labelled a usurpation. The body of leading temporal and ecclesiastical lords had been the dominant body in determining the Visigothic succession since the reign of Reccared I. The palatine officials, however, had not been much affected by royal measures to decrease their influence in the final decades of the kingdom, as their effecting of a coup in 711 indicates.

Division of the kingdom
After the coup, the division of the kingdom into two factions, with the southwest (the provinces of Lusitania and western Carthaginiensis around the capital Toledo) in Roderic's hands and the northeast (Tarraconensis and Narbonensis) in the hands of Achila is confirmed by archaeological and numismatic evidence. Roderic's twelve surviving coins, all bearing the name Rvdericvs, were minted at Toledo, probably his capital, and "Egitania", probably Idanha-a-Velha. The regions in which the coins have been discovered do not overlap and it seems highly probable that the two rulers ruled in opposition from different regions. It is unknown to whom the provinces of Gallaecia and Baetica fell. That Roderic and Achila never appear to have come into military conflict is probably best explained by the preoccupation of Roderic with Arab raids and not to a formal division of the kingdom.

A Visigothic regnal list mentions "Ruderigus" as having reigned seven years and six months, while two other continuations of the Chronicon Regum Visigothorum record Achila's reign of three years. In contrast to the regnal lists, which cannot be dated, the Chronicle of 754, written at Toledo, says that "Rudericus" reigned for a year.

War with the Muslims
According to the Chronicle of 754, Roderic immediately upon securing his throne gathered a force to oppose the Arabs and Berbers (Mauri, whence the word "Moors"), who were raiding in the south of the Iberian peninsula and had destroyed many towns under Tariq ibn Ziyad and other Muslim generals. While later Arabic sources make the conquest of Hispania a singular event undertaken at the orders of the governor Musa ibn Nosseyr of Ifriqiya, according to the Chronicle, which was written much nearer in date to the actual events, the Arabs began disorganised raids and undertook to conquer the peninsula only with the fortuitous death of Roderic and the collapse of the Visigothic nobility.

Paul the Deacon's Historia Langobardorum records that the Saracens invaded "all Hispania" from Septem (Ceuta).

Roderic made several expeditions against the invaders before he was deserted by his troops and killed in battle in 711 or 712. The Chronicle of 754 claims that some of the nobles who had accompanied Roderic on his last expedition did so out of "ambition for the kingdom", perhaps intending to allow him to die in battle so that they could secure the throne for one of themselves. Whatever their intentions, most of them seem to have died in the battle as well.

Other historians have suggested that low morale amongst the soldiery because of Roderic's disputed succession was the cause of defeat. The majority of Roderic's soldiers may have been poorly trained and unwilling slave conscripts; there were probably few freemen left fighting for the Goths.

The location of the battle is debatable. It probably occurred near the mouth of the Guadalete river, hence its name, the Battle of Guadalete. According to Paul the Deacon, the site was the otherwise unidentifiable "Transductine promontories".

According to the Chronicle of 754, the Arabs took Toledo in 711 and executed many nobles still in the city on the pretense that they had assisted in the flight of Oppa, a son of Egica. Since it took place, according to the same chronicle, after Roderic's defeat, either the defeat must be moved back to 711 or the conquest of Toledo pushed back to 712; the latter is preferred by Collins. It is possible that the Oppa who fled Toledo and was a son of a previous king was the cause of the "internal fury" which wracked Hispania at the time recorded in the Chronicle. Perhaps Oppa had been declared king at Toledo by Roderic and Achila's rivals, either before Roderic's final defeat or between his death and the Arab capture of Toledo. If so, the death of the nobles who had "ambition for the kingdom" may have been Oppa's supporters who were killed in Toledo by the Arabs shortly after the battle in the south.

According to a 9th-century chronicle, a tombstone with the inscription Hic requiescit Rodericus, rex Gothorum (here rests Roderic, king of the Goths) was found at Egitania (modern Idanha-a-Velha, Portugal). According to the legend of Nazaré the king fled the battlefield alone. Roderic left a widow, Egilo, who later married one of the Arabic governors of Hispania, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa.

In legend and literature

According to a legend that was for centuries treated as historical fact, Roderic seduced or raped the daughter of Count Julian, known in late accounts as Florinda la Cava. The tale of romance and treachery has inspired many works.

Roderic appears in Nights 272 and 273 of the One Thousand and One Nights. In the story, he opens a mysterious door in his castle that was locked and sealed shut by the previous kings. He discovers paintings of Muslim soldiers in the room and a note saying that the city of Toledo will fall to the soldiers in the paintings if the room is ever opened. That coincides with the fall of Toledo.

Roderic is a central figure in the English playwright William Rowley's tragedy All's Lost by Lust, which portrays him as a rapist usurped by Count Julian and the Moors.

The Scottish writer Walter Scott and the English writers Walter Savage Landor and Robert Southey handled the legends associated with those events poetically: Scott in "The Vision of Don Roderick" in 1811; Landor in his tragedy Count Julian in 1812; and Southey in "Roderick the Last of the Goths", in 1814.

The American writer Washington Irving retold the legends in his Legends of the Conquest of Spain (1835), mostly written while living in that country. These consist of "Legend of Don Roderick", "Legend of the Subjugation of Spain", and "Legend of Count Julian and His Family".

Roderic has been mentioned in Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "Egotism; or, The Bosom-Serpent" by the name of "Don Rodrigo, the Goth" as a sinner that shares a common vice with "a man of impure life, and a brazen face".

In Alexander Pushkin's unfinished poem Rodrik (Russian Родрик) Roderic survives the last battle, becomes a hermit and gets a promise of victory from Heaven.

Roderic has been the subject of two operas: Rodrigo by George Frideric Handel and Don Rodrigo by Alberto Ginastera.

Roderic appears as a minor character in the first half of Portuguese early Romantic writer Alexandre Herculano's novel Eurico, o Presbítero ("Euric, the Presbyter", 1844).

Roderic's story is told the British West End musical La Cava (2000).

title: Roderic


text: Category:Spiderweb Software games

title: Category:Spiderweb Software games


text:
Salamaua

Salamaua (Samoahafen) was a small town situated on the northeastern coastline of Papua New Guinea, in Salamaua Rural LLG, Morobe province. The settlement was built on a minor isthmus between the coast with mountains on the inland side and a headland. The closest city is Lae, which can be reached only via boat across the gulf.

History
In the 1920s prospective gold miners used Salamaua as a staging post to explore for gold in the inland areas. Gold was discovered at Wau and miners came from all over and made for the goldfields via the rough Black Cat Track.

The town was captured by the Japanese on 8 March 1942 during World War II and later retaken by Australian and United States forces led by General Douglas MacArthur on 11 September 1943 during the Salamaua–Lae campaign. During reoccupation the town was destroyed.

Today the villages of Kela and Lagui occupy the site, as well as holiday houses that are mainly owned by expatriates based in Lae.

title: Salamaua


text:
Hugh Hopper

Hugh Colin Hopper (29 April 1945 – 7 June 2009) was a British progressive rock and jazz fusion bass guitarist. He was a prominent member of the Canterbury scene, as a member of Soft Machine and other bands.

Early career
Starting in 1963 as bassist with The Daevid Allen Trio, alongside drummer Robert Wyatt, he alternated between free jazz and rhythm and blues. In 1964 with Brian Hopper (his brother), Robert Wyatt, Kevin Ayers and Richard Sinclair he formed The Wilde Flowers, a pop music group. Although they never released any records during their existence (a compilation was released 30 years later), The Wilde Flowers are acknowledged as the founders of the Canterbury scene and spawned its two most important groups, Soft Machine and Caravan.

With Soft Machine (1968–1973)
Hopper's role with Soft Machine was initially as the group's road manager, but he already composed for their first album The Soft Machine and played bass on one of its tracks. In 1969 he was recruited to be the group's bassist for their second album, Volume Two and, with Mike Ratledge and Robert Wyatt, he took part in a recording session for a solo album of Syd Barrett's (formerly of Pink Floyd, with whom the early Soft Machine had regularly gigged ). Hopper continued with Soft Machine, playing bass and contributing numerous compositions until 1973. During his tenure the group evolved from a psychedelic rock group to an instrumental jazz-rock fusion band. In 1972, shortly before leaving Soft Machine, he recorded the first record under his own name, 1984 (named after George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four). This was a decidedly non-commercial record featuring lengthy solo pieces using tape loops as well as shorter pieces with a group. Hopper later reminisced about the record, "I don't think a lot of it was very successful, but I remember sitting for about three or four hours at Advision trying to record the sound of a mosquito so that I could use that as a bit of a loop."

1973 until 2009
After leaving Soft Machine, through the end of the 1970s, he worked with such groups as Stomu Yamashta's East Wind, Isotope, Gilgamesh, and the Carla Bley Band. He also played in a couple of cooperative bands alongside former Soft Machine saxophonist Elton Dean: Hopper/Dean/Tippett/Gallivan (with pianist Keith Tippett and drummer Joe Gallivan) and Soft Heap (with keyboard-player Alan Gowen and drummer Pip Pyle).

In the early 1980s Hopper gave up playing music for a couple of years, but by the mid-1980s he was actively working with several bands, including Pip Pyle's Equipe Out and Phil Miller's In Cahoots. He also began playing with a group of Dutch musicians in a band initially called Hopper Goes Dutch. After French guitarist Patrice Meyer joined, this group became known as the Hugh Hopper Franglo-Dutch Band.

After many years working primarily in instrumental, jazz-oriented groups including Short Wave, in the mid-1990s Hopper began occasionally working again in more rock-oriented vocal contexts, including several collaborations with the band Caveman Shoestore (using the name Hughscore) and with singer Lisa S. Klossner. He also returned to his early tape loop experiments, but now using computer technology, in recordings such as Jazzloops (2002).

In the 1990s and 2000s several projects led Hopper to revisit his Soft Machine past. In 1998 he was asked to participate in a project by the French jazz collective Polysons, joining them in performances of Softs classics which featured Polysons members (Pierre-Olivier Govin and Jean-Rémy Guédon on saxes, Serge Adam on trumpet and François Merville on drums) plus organist Emmanuel Bex. The resulting Polysoft group was re-activated in 2002–03 to perform at Parisian club Le Triton, with fellow ex-Softs Elton Dean sitting in, resulting in a live CD, Tribute To Soft Machine, released on the club's own label.

Also in 2002–04, Hopper, Dean and two other former Soft Machine members (drummer John Marshall, and guitarist Allan Holdsworth) toured and recorded under the name SoftWorks. With another former Soft Machine member, guitarist John Etheridge, replacing Holdsworth, they toured and recorded as Soft Machine Legacy, playing some pieces from the original Soft Machine repertoire as well as new works. Three albums of theirs were released: Live in Zaandam (CD, rec. 2005/05/10), New Morning – The Paris Concert (DVD, rec. 2005/12/12) and the studio album Soft Machine Legacy (CD, 2006, rec. 09/2005). After Elton Dean died in February 2006, Theo Travis replaced him, and Soft Machine Legacy recorded the album Steam, released in 2007.

Other occasional projects were Soft Bounds (with French musicians Sophia Domancich and Simon Goubert, first with Elton Dean and then Simon Picard), which like PolySoft released a live CD recorded at the Triton club, and Clear Frame, an improvising group with Charles Hayward, Lol Coxhill and Orphy Robinson (augmented for their first release by Robert Wyatt on cornet). Hopper also appeared on the 2004 debut solo album by No-Man singer Tim Bowness (My Hotel Year, on One Little Indian Records.

Hopper recorded two solo albums for, and established an online shop via, the highly regarded UK-based internet label, Burning Shed. He worked with Japanese musician and composer Yumi Hara Cawkwell as a duo called HUMI. They had a tour of Japan planned for early 2008, which did not happen due to Hopper's health.

Hopper was diagnosed with leukaemia in June 2008 and underwent chemotherapy. As a result of his illness and the treatment, he cancelled all his concert appearances. A Hugh Hopper benefit concert took place in December 2008 at the 100 Club in London and featured In Cahoots, members of Soft Machine Legacy, Delta Sax Quartet, Sophia Domancich and Simon Goubert, Yumi Hara Cawkwell, and the Alex Maguire Sextet. Another benefit was planned for late June 2009. He married his partner Christine on 5 June 2009 and died of leukaemia on 7 June. His funeral, a Tibetan Buddhist ceremony to respect Hugh's wishes, was held on 25 June 2009.

A series of ten CDs of unreleased live and studio recordings began release in 2014 by Gonzo MultiMedia to benefit Hugh's family.

Under his name

 * 1973: 1984
 * 1974: Monster Band (released 1979)
 * 1976: Hopper Tunity Box
 * 1984: Hugh Hopper and Odd Friends (EP, released 1993)
 * 1987: Alive!
 * 1990: Meccano Pelorus
 * 1994: Hooligan Romantics
 * 1994: Carousel
 * 1996: Best Soft (compilation)
 * 2000: Parabolic Versions (collaborations)
 * 2003: Jazzloops (collaborations)
 * 2007: Numero D’Vol (Moonjune-Bandcamp)
 * 2008: The Gift Of Purpose (live recording by Bone)
 * 2014: Volume 1: Memories (archival collection)
 * 2014: Volume 2: Frangloband (Triton Club, Paris, 2004)
 * 2014: Volume 3: North & South (with Mike Travis, Aberdeen, 1995)
 * 2014: Volume 4: Four by Hugh by Four (Bimhuis, Amsterdam, 2000)
 * 2014: Volume 5: Heart to Heart (with Phil Miller, Amsterdam, 2007)
 * 2014: Volume 6: Special Friends (Short Wave concerts 1992 through 1995)
 * 2014: Volume 7: Soft Boundaries (Triton Club, Paris, 2005)
 * 2014: Volume 8: Bass On Top (studio, Israel, 2007)
 * 2015: Volume 9: Anatomy of Facelift (five performances of "Facelift" by Soft Machine, 1969 through 1971)
 * 2015: Volume 10: Was A Friend (various one-off collaborations)

Collaborations

 * 1976: Cruel But Fair (Hugh Hopper, Elton Dean, Keith Tippett, Joe Gallivan)
 * 1977: Mercy Dash (Hugh Hopper, Elton Dean, Keith Tippett, Joe Gallivan; released 1985)
 * 1978: Rogue Element (Soft Head: Hugh Hopper/Elton Dean/Alan Gowen/Dave Sheen)
 * 1979: Soft Heap (Soft Heap: Hugh Hopper/Elton Dean/Alan Gowen/Pip Pyle)
 * 1979: Al Dente (Soft Heap: Hugh Hopper/Elton Dean/Alan Gowen/Pip Pyle, live)
 * 1980: Two Rainbows Daily (Hugh Hopper & Alan Gowen)
 * 1980: Bracknell-Bresse Improvisations (Hugh Hopper, Alan Gowen, Nigel Morris; released 1996)
 * 1983: Somewhere in France (Hugh Hopper & Richard Sinclair; released 1996)
 * 1993: Short Wave Live (Hugh Hopper, Didier Malherbe, Phil Miller, Pip Pyle)
 * 1994: A Remark Hugh Made (Hugh Hopper & Kramer)
 * 1995: Adreamor (Hugh Hopper & Mark Hewins)
 * 1996: Elephants in your head? (MASHU: Mark Hewins/Shyamal/Hugh Hopper)
 * 1997: Huge (Hugh Hopper & Kramer)
 * 1998: Different (Hugh Hopper & Lisa S. Klossner)
 * 1998: The Mind in the Trees (Hugh Hopper, Elton Dean, Frances Knight, Vince Clarke; released 2003)
 * 2000: Cryptids (Hugh Hopper & Lisa S. Klossner)
 * 2000: The Swimmer (Hugh Hopper, Jan Ponsford, Frances Knight, Vince Clarke; released 2005)
 * 2002: Flight'n Shade (Hugh Hopper & Micaël Gidon)
 * 2003: Home (Jeff Sherman with Hugh Hopper)
 * 2003: In a Dubious Manner (Hugh Hopper & Julian Whitfield)
 * 2004: The Stolen Hour (comics by Matt Howarth)
 * 2004: Bananamoon Obscura No. 2 - Live in the UK (Hugh Hopper, Daevid Allen, Pip Pyle)
 * 2007: Numero D'Vol (Hugh Hopper, Simon Picard, Steve Franklin, Charles Hayward)
 * 2007: 'Branes (Jeff Sherman & Hugh Hopper)
 * 2008: Dune (Humi: Hugh Hopper & Yumi Hara Cawkwell)
 * 2008: Goat Hopper (Hugh Hopper & Honey Ride Me A Goat)

With Soft Machine
Studio albums (see Soft Machine discography for live albums)
 * 1968: The Soft Machine (played on one track as a guest musician but also has writing credits on several tracks)
 * 1969: Volume Two (first album as an official band member)
 * 1970: Third
 * 1971: Fourth
 * 1972: Fifth
 * 1973: Six
 * 2003: Abracadabra (as Soft Works)
 * 2006: Soft Machine Legacy (as Soft Machine Legacy)
 * 2007 Steam (as Soft Machine Legacy)

Contributions

 * 1962-9 Various Artists: Canterburied Sounds
 * 1963 Daevid Allen Trio: Live 1963
 * 1965-69: The Wilde Flowers: The Wilde Flowers
 * 1968: Robert Wyatt: '68 (released 2013)
 * 1969: Syd Barrett: The Madcap Laughs (two tracks)
 * 1969: Kevin Ayers: Joy of a Toy
 * 1973: Stomu Yamashta's East Wind: Freedom Is Frightening
 * 1974: Robert Wyatt: Rock Bottom
 * 1974: Robert Wyatt: Theatre Royal Drury Lane
 * 1974: Stomu Yamashta: One by One
 * 1975: Isotope: Illusion
 * 1976: Isotope: Deep End
 * 1976: Gary Windo: His Master's Bones
 * 1978: Carla Bley Band: European Tour 1977
 * 1978: Gilgamesh: Another Fine Tune You've Got Me Into
 * 1981: Gilli Smyth & Mother Gong: Robot Woman
 * 1984: Robert Wyatt: Work In Progress (EP)
 * 1985: Pip Pyle: L'Equipe Out
 * 1985: In Cahoots: Cutting Both Ways
 * 1986: Patrice Meyer: Dromedaire viennois
 * 1987: Anaid: Belladonna
 * 1989: In Cahoots: Live 86–89
 * 1991: Lindsay Cooper: Oh Moscow
 * 1992: Daevid Allen: Twelve Selves
 * 1994: Richard Sinclair: R.S.V.P.
 * 1994: Conglomerate: Precisely the Opposite of What We Know to Be True
 * 1995: Kramer: Still Alive In 95
 * 1995: Various Artists: Unsettled Scores
 * 1995: Caveman Hughscore: Caveman Hughscore
 * 1995: Gizmo: Eyewitness
 * 1997: Hughscore: Highspot Paradox
 * 1998: Pip Pyle: 7 Year Itch
 * 1998: Brainville: The Children's Crusade
 * 1999: Caravan: All Over You Too
 * 1999: Hughscore: Delta Flora
 * 2001: Glass Cage: Glass Cage Paratactile
 * 2002: Soft Works: Abracadabra
 * 2002: Polysoft: Tribute to Soft Machine
 * 2003: Glass: Live at Progman Cometh
 * 2003: Robert Wyatt: Solar Flares Burn for You
 * 2003: Soft Mountain: Soft Mountain
 * 2003: Bone: Uses Wrist Grab
 * 2004: Soft Bounds: Live at Le Triton
 * 2004: Brian Hopper: If Ever I Am
 * 2005: Glass: Illuminations
 * 2005: NDIO: Airback
 * 2005: Brainville: Live in the UK
 * 2005: Soft Machine Legacy: Live in Zaandam
 * 2006: Soft Machine Legacy: Soft Machine Legacy
 * 2007: Delta Saxophone Quartet: Dedicated To You... But You Weren't Listening: The Music of Soft Machine
 * 2007: Soft Machine Legacy: Steam
 * 2008: Clear Frame: Clear Frame
 * 2008: Brainville3: Trial by Headline

Filmography

 * 2015: Romantic Warriors III: Canterbury Tales (DVD)

title: Hugh Hopper