text:
User talk:Ar

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Hi Ar :) Thanks for those edits to Mathematica, though I've got some questions that you may be probably be able to answer at Talk:Mathematica. Dysprosia 01:13, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

FYI
Just for your information, Ar, your questions that you posted at Clueless newbies have been answered by others at that same page. Thanks! Flcelloguy 18:43, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Comunleng VFD-2 Note
You are receiving this notice due to a consideration that has come up during a VFD for the article Comunleng. As there was no clear consensus in Comunleng's previous VfD, it has been nominated again. Please see Votes for deletion/Comunleng 2 for comments. The Literate Engineer 01:11, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Ernst Krenek Sardokai or Sardakai?
Grove give Sardokai with an 'o'. Do you have special information on this? Best -- Kleinzach 07:49, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ar


text:
Young European Socialists

Young European Socialists (YES), formerly the European Community Organisation of Socialist Youth (ECOSY), is an association of social democratic youth organisations in Europe and the European Union.

YES is the youth organisation of the Party of European Socialists (PES) and is a sister organization of the International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY). The seat of the organisation is Brussels.

Full members status is held to the European Youth Forum (YFJ) which operates within the Council of Europe and European Union areas and works closely with both these bodies.

History
YES was founded as the European Community Organisation of Socialist Youth (ECOSY) in November 1992 in Oegstgeest/The Hague. The preparatory committee consisted of Philip Cordery (MJS, France), Joris Jurriëns (JS-PvdA, Netherlands), Jens Geier (Jusos, Germany), Giustina Magistretti (Italy), and Pascal Smet (Belgium).

Before 1992 the European activities had been coordinated inside IUSY, especially in the European Leaders Meeting. The foundation of ECOSY had been controversial. In particular, the Austrians and the Swedes promoted an all-European organisation, including non-EU members.

The European Socialist Youth (ESY), founded in parallel, was only a weak organisation, a short time later renamed the European Committee, one of the IUSY continental committees.

The organisation's name was changed to Young European Socialists (YES) at the 11th Congress in Bommersvik in 2013.

Full members

 * — Forum of Eurosocialist Youth of Albania (FRESSH) also Youth Movement for Integration (LRI)
 * — YMI Albania
 * — Հայկական Երիտասարդաց Դաշնակցութիւն (ՀԵԴ)
 * — Sozialistische Jugend Österreich (SJÖ)
 * — Verband Sozialistischer StudentInnen Österreichs (VSStÖ)
 * — Jongsocialisten
 * — Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes (JS)
 * — Forum Mladih SDP / Social Democratic Youth (SDY)
 * — Европейска лява младежка алтернатива (ЕЛМА) / European Left Youth Alternative (ELYA)
 * — Младежко Обединение БСП (МБСП) / BSP Youth Union (BSPYU)
 * — SDP Youth Forum (FM SDP)
 * — EDEK Youth
 * — Republican Turkish Party (CTP) Youth
 * — Mladí Sociální Demokraté (MSD)
 * — Danmarks Socialdemokratiske Ungdom (DSU)
 * — Social Democratic Youth (SDY)
 * — Social Democratic Youth (SDY)
 * — Sosialidemokraattiset Opiskelijat (SONK)
 * — Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes (JS)
 * — Jusos in der SPD
 * — PASOK Youth
 * — Societas – Young Left
 * — Ungt Jafnaðarfólk (UJ)
 * — Labour Youth
 * — Giovani Democratici (GD)
 * — Federazione dei Giovani Socialisti (FGS)
 * — Jauniešu organizācija Restart.lv
 * — Lithuanian Social Democratic Youth Union (LSDYU)
 * — Jeunesses Socialistes Luxembourgeoises (JSL)
 * — Forum Zghazagh Laburisti (FZL)
 * — Youth Council of Democratic party of socialists (YCDPS)
 * — SDY Montenegro
 * — Jonge Socialisten in de PvdA (JS)
 * — Social Democratic Youth (SDY)
 * — Federacja Młodych Socjaldemokratów (FMS)
 * — Juventude Socialista (JS)
 * — Tineretul Social Democrat (TSD)
 * — Democratic Youth (DY)
 * — Social Democratic Youth (SDY)
 * — League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina Youth (LSVO)
 * — Mladí sociálni demokrati (MSD)
 * — Mladi forum Socialnih demokratov (Mladi forum SD)
 * — Joventut Socialista de Catalunya (JSC)
 * — Juventudes Socialistas de España (JSE)
 * — Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Ungdomsförbund (SSU)
 * — Socialdemokratiska Studentförbundet (SSF)
 * — JungsozialistInnen Schweiz / Jeunesse socialiste suisse / Gioventù Socialista Svizzera (JUSO/JS/GS)
 * — CHP Gençlik Kolları
 * — Young Labour
 * — National Labour Students United Kingdom
 * (Northern Ireland) — SDLP Youth
 * — Young Fabians (YF)

Observers
Beside these 52 full member organisations there are 13 observer members

 * — Маладыя сацыял-дэмакраты - Маладая Грамада (МСД-МГ) / (MSD-MH)
 * — Αγώνας / Agonas
 * — Young Socialists Georgia (YSG)
 * - SU Faroe Islands
 * — Young Meretz, Meretz Youth
 * — Democratic Dynamism Hungary
 * — Progressive Youth Organization (PYO)
 * — Arbeidernes ungdomsfylking (AUF)
 * — Fatah Youth
 * — Российский социал-демократический союз молодёжи (РСДСМ) / Russian Social-Democratic Union of Youth (RSDYU)
 * — Jeunes Socialistes Démocrates (JSD)
 * — SD Platform
 * — Union of Young Socialists (SMS)

Presidents
Since the founding of ECOSY in 1992 until 1997, the presidency rotated simultaneously with the EU Presidency
 * 1992 Tracy Paul (Young Labour)
 * 1993 Henrik Sass Larsen (Danmarks Socialdemokratiske Ungdom)
 * 1993 Ronald Gossiaux (Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes / Belgium)
 * 1994 Vasilis Togias (Neolaia Pasok)
 * 1994 Reinhold Rünker (Jusos in der SPD)
 * 1995 Renaud Lagrave (Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes)
 * 1995 Martin Guillermo (Juventudes Socialistas de España)
 * 1995 Paco-Luis Benitez (Juventudes Socialistas de España)
 * 1996 Vinicio Peluffo (Sinistra Giovanile)
 * 1996 Mick McLoughlin (Labour Youth)
 * 1997 Thomas Windmulder (Jonge Socialisten in de PvdA)

Afterwards, ECOSY has an elected president
 * 1997–1999 Andreas Schieder (Sozialistische Jugend Österreich)
 * 1999–2001 Hugues Nancy (Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes)
 * 2001–2003 Jan Krims (Verband Sozialistischer StudentInnen Österreichs)
 * 2003–2005 Anders Lindberg (Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Ungdomsförbund)
 * 2005–2009 Giacomo Filibeck (Sinistra Giovanile)
 * 2009–2011 Petroula Nteledimou (Neolaia PASOK)
 * 2011–2015 Kaisa Penny (Demarinuoret & SONK)
 * 2015–2017 Laura Slimani (Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes)
 * 2017–2019 Joao Albuquerque (Juventude Socialista)
 * 2019-2023 Alicia Homs (Juventudes Socialistas de España)
 * 2023-Present Enric López Jurado (Joventut Socialista de Catalunya)

Secretaries General

 * 1992–1997 Philip Cordery (Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes / France)
 * 1997–1999 Pau Solanilla (Juventudes Socialistas de España)
 * 1999–2003 Yonnec Polet (Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes / Belgium)
 * 2003–2005 Ilias Antoniou (Neolaia Pasok)
 * 2005–2009 Ania Skrzypek (Federacja Młodych Socjaldemokratów)
 * 2009–2011 Janna Besamusca (Jonge Socialisten in de PvdA)
 * 2011–2015 Thomas Maes (Jongsocialisten; ex Animo)
 * 2015–2017 Nina Živanović (SDY in SDU)
 * 2017–2019 Tuulia Pitkänen (Sosialidemokraattiset Nuoret / Finland)
 * 2019–2020 Maj Christensen Jensen (Danmarks Socialdemokratiske Ungdom)
 * 2020–2023 Ana Pirtskhalava (Young Socialists Georgia)
 * 2023–Present Sofie Amalie Stage (Danmarks Socialdemokratiske Ungdom)

Congresses

 * 1992 Oegstgeest/The Hague
 * 1994 Munich
 * 1997 Strasbourg
 * 1999 Toledo
 * 2001 Vienna
 * 2003 Bommersvik (Sweden)
 * 2005 Cascais (Portugal)
 * 2007 Warsaw
 * 2009 Brussels
 * 2011 Bucharest
 * 2013 Bommersvik (Sweden)
 * 2015 Winterthur
 * 2017 Duisburg
 * 2019 Helsinki
 * 2021 Malta/Hybrid
 * 2023 Barcelona

Summer camps

 * 1995 Rimini (Italy)
 * 1996 Iusy Festival Bonn
 * 1997 Mazagón (Spain)
 * 1998 Vienna (Austria)
 * 1999 Livorno (Italy)
 * 2000 Iusy Festival Malmö
 * 2001 Debrecen (Hungary)
 * 2002 Weißenbach (Austria)
 * 2003 Iusy Festival Kamena Vourla (Greece)
 * 2004 Năvodari (Romania)
 * 2005 Figueira da Foz (Portugal)
 * 2006 Iusy Festival Alicante
 * 2007 Iusy100 Berlin
 * 2008 Carpentras (France)
 * 2009 Iusy Festival Zánka (Hungary)
 * 2011 Iusy Festival Weißenbach (Austria)
 * 2012 Savudrija (Croatia) The Declaration
 * 2013 Foça (Turkey)
 * 2014 Iusy Festival Ghajn Tuffieha (Malta)
 * 2015 Santa Cruz (Torres Vedras) (Portugal)
 * 2016 Palermo (Italy)
 * 2018 Rota (Spain)
 * 2019 Varna (Bulgaria)
 * 2022 Vlorë (Albania)
 * 2024 Santa Cruz (Torres Vedras) (Portugal)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Young European Socialists


text:
Rendez-vous '87

Rendez-vous '87 was a two-game international ice hockey series of games between the Soviet Union national ice hockey team and a team of All-Stars from the National Hockey League, held in Quebec City. It replaced the NHL's All-Star festivities for the 1986–87 NHL season. The Soviet team was paid $80,000 for their appearance in Rendez-vous '87, while the NHLers raised $350,000 for the players' pension fund.

Rendez-vous '87 was designed as a follow-up to the Challenge Cup series in 1979, hoping that the team of NHL All-Stars could beat the Soviet team, unlike before. To this end, the series was a two-game affair instead of a three-game affair in 1979. (4-2) (4-5) (0-6) The two-game series took place during five days of festivities starting on February 9, 1987 and finishing on February 13. The series was very successful, with some, including Wayne Gretzky, calling for more international hockey, especially between Canada and the Soviet Union, the two top powers of hockey at the time. The teams split the games, with the NHL winning the first game, 4–3, followed by a Soviet 5–3 victory two nights later, with Russia outscoring the NHL team 8–7 on aggregate.

Television coverage
While the telecasts in Canada were on CBC as usual, they were not Hockey Night in Canada productions. The games were done as a CBC Sports production because Molson, which owned Hockey Night in Canada's rights at the time, was not allowed access to Le Colisée in Quebec City. Carling O'Keefe Breweries, owners of the Quebec Nordiques, assumed advertising rights for the telecasts, and the normal host(s) for Hockey Night in Canada in 1987, rookie Ron MacLean and Dave Hodge (before his late-season exit) were replaced by Brian Williams. Even the ice-blue blazers normally worn by Hockey Night in Canada commentators were replaced by the orange CBC sportcoats. Don Wittman and John Davidson called the action for CBC.

The games were shown in the United States on ESPN, with Ken Wilson and Bill Clement in the booth.

Uniforms
The NHL introduced unique All-Star uniforms to be worn for this series only. The overall design of the white jersey took its cues from the New Jersey Devils' red uniforms, with white replacing the Devils' red, orange replacing green, and black replacing white. The NHL shield was featured on the front, with two black stars to the left and right above the shield, and three additional black stars on each shoulder. The Rendez-vous '87 patch was worn on the right sleeve in lieu of the player number.

The Soviet team wore their standard red national team uniforms with white trim, with the Russian СССР on the front, and team captain Viacheslav Fetisov wearing a "К" for his captain's letter. The players' names on the back, however, were romanized.

Game One – February 11, 1987
NHL All-Stars won the game 4–3, thanks in part to the line of Wayne Gretzky, Jari Kurri and Esa Tikkanen. Dave Poulin scored the winning goal on a deflection from Mario Lemieux, but Lemieux was initially credited with the goal. On the bench, Lemieux could be seen pointing toward Poulin as the goal was announced.

 * Referee: Sergei Morozov
 * Linesmen: Ron Finn, Ray Scapinello

Game Two – February 13, 1987
The Soviets won the contest 5–3. This game featured the emergence of the young Soviet forward line consisting of Valeri Kamensky, Viacheslav Bykov, and Andrei Khomutov. After the game, the players on each team exchanged hockey sweaters as part of the hockey tradition.

 * Referee : Dave Newell
 * Linesmen : Ron Finn, Ray Scapinello
 * Series MVP's, NHL All-Stars Wayne Gretzky; Team USSR Valeri Kamensky

title: Rendez-vous '87


text:
Camassia quamash

Camassia quamash, commonly known as camas, kwetlal, small camas, common camas, common camash or quamash, is a perennial herb. It is native to western North America in large areas of southern Canada and the northwestern United States.

Description
Camassia quamash is a perennial plant with a herbaceous character that has a wide a wide range of variation across its geographical range. It is a monocot that has grasslike leaves, as typical of that group, that emerge from a persistent bulb. The bulb is of moderate size, 1 to 5 cm in diameter. The bulbs do not frequently cluster together and their surface is black while the interior is white with layers like that of an onion.

The leaves very rarely number more than nine on a plant and range in length from 10 to 60 cm. In comparison to their length they are quite narrow, 4 to 20 millimeters in width. The upper surface of the leaves may or may not have a pale, waxy coating depending on the variety. All the leaves spring from the base of the plant and the sturdy stem is leafless.

The flowering stems in wild or cultivated plants can be up to 80 cm, but may be as short as 20 cm. As the inflorescence does not have branches it is a raceme.

The pale blue to deep blue flowers appear in late spring to early summer (May to June in their native habitat). Each of the radially symmetrical, star-shaped flowers has six tepals, about 2.5 cm across, and six stamens.

The leaves and bulbs of the plant are similar to the toxic white-flowered meadow death-camas, a plant that is not in Camassia, but part of the death-camas genus (Toxicoscordion) and grows in the same areas.

Taxonomy

There are eight subspecies;
 * Camassia quamash subsp. azurea – small camas
 * Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora – small camas
 * Camassia quamash subsp. intermedia – small camas
 * Camassia quamash subsp. linearis – small camas
 * Camassia quamash subsp. maxima – small camas
 * Camassia quamash subsp. quamash – common camas
 * Camassia quamash subsp. utahensis – Utah small camas
 * Camassia quamash subsp. walpolei – Walpole's small camas

Synonyms
The superseded name for Camassia quamash subsp. quamash, Camassia esculenta (Nutt.) Lindl. , should not be confused with the superseded name Camassia esculenta (Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob. , (nom. illeg.) for Camassia scilloides.

Etymology
The genus name comes from the Nez Perce Indian name for this plant, and means "sweet". Qém'es, a term for the plant's bulb, which was gathered and used as a food source by tribes in the Pacific Northwest, and were an important food source for the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806). The bulbs are or were harvested and pit-roasted or boiled by women of the Nez Perce, Cree, and Blackfoot tribes.

Distribution and habitat

The species is native to western North America in large areas of southern Canada and the northwestern United States, from British Columbia and Alberta to California and east from Washington state to Montana and Wyoming.

Though the once-immense spreads of camas lands have diminished because of modern developments and agriculture, numerous camas prairies and marshes may still be seen today. In the Great Basin, expanded settlement by whites accompanied by turning cattle and hogs onto camas prairies greatly diminished food available to native tribes and increased tension between Native Americans and settlers and travelers. Both the Bannock and Nez Perce Wars began after Nez Perce became incensed at the failure of the US government to uphold treaties, and at settlers who plowed up their camas prairies, which they depended on for subsistence.

Cultivation
This bulb flower naturalizes well in gardens. The bulb grows best in well-drained soil high in humus. It will grow in lightly shaded forest areas and on rocky outcrops as well as in open meadows or prairies. Additionally, it is found growing alongside streams and rivers. The plants may be divided in autumn after the leaves have withered. Additionally, the plant spreads by seed rather than by runners.

Uses
Camas is grown as an ornamental plant. Even in the wild, large numbers of camas can color an entire meadow blue-violet.

Food
The bulbs of this Camassia species are edible and nutritious when roasted or boiled, but are easily confused with those of the death-camas. Though the white death-camas flowers are very different; the bulbs are difficult to distinguish.

Camas has been a food source for many native peoples in the western United States and Canada. After being harvested in the autumn, once the flowers have withered, the bulbs are pit-roasted or boiled. The latter produced a syrup. A pit-cooked camas bulb looks and tastes something like baked sweet potato, but sweeter, and with more crystalline fibers due to the presence of inulin in the bulbs—an oligosaccharide responsible for the copious flatulence caused by excessive consumption of undercooked bulbs. Bulbs can also be dried and pounded into flour, which can be used for baking or as a thickener. Native American tribes who ate camas include the Nez Perce, Cree, Coast Salish, Lummi, and Blackfoot tribes, among many others. Camas bulbs contributed to the survival of members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–06).

Camas bulbs (and bannock made from them) are listed in the Ark of Taste.

title: Camassia quamash


text:
Talk:Camassia

There are a variety of words being used interchangeably to refer to Camas (I have used camassia quamash, camas and blue camas in the edits I have posted). This isn't incorrect (based on my understanding of the topic), but it may be confusing to readers. This page could benefit from some etymological clarification if anyone feels up to it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rabdandr (talk • contribs) 23:12, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

Help! I evidently did something incorrectly and the image is not attached. Can someone help with this? The image is Camassia-quamash.jpg I appreciate any guidance.

Robbie Giles 16:38, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)

Please clarify about edibility of Quamash.

Questions
The range given in the first sentence doesn't include the range for Cammassia scilloides given later. Which is right? Also, which species does the subsection on "ornamental uses" apply to? —JerryFriedman 04:51, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

"Camas Hyacinth"?
As a resident in the Pacific NW, I've never heard this referred to as a hyacinth. The common name for these are "Camas lilies" -- which seems to be indicated by the otherwise non sequitor about Camassia being once considered part of the Lily family. -- llywrch (talk) 19:43, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Taxonomy
The line "Historically, the genus was thought to belong to the lily family (Liliaceae), sometimes narrowed down to the families Scillaceae or Hyacinthaceae" doesn't make sense to me, and I'm wondering what is actually meant? How can one family be "narrowed down" to another (or even to 2 others)? Is there actually a Scillaceae family, or is the sentence referring to the Scilloideae subfamily? PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 23:03, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Good points. I've edited the relevant bit and it's now accurate and I hope clear (tho' should probably have a reference showing the earlier placement in Liliaceae). Peter coxhead (talk) 08:45, 15 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks Peter, that is clearer now, although why have you used the word "sometimes" when describing where Camassia was placed after Liliaceae was split? PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 21:59, 15 May 2012 (UTC)
 * It was a bit of improper evasiveness pending finding some references. Historically when the old Liliaceae was split, different systems were used by different people (see List of systems of plant taxonomy). Dahlgren put it in Hyacinthaceae (e.g. ), of which Scillaceae is a synonym. Kubitzki put it in Agavaceae, which APG3 reduced to subfamily Agavoideae of Asparagaceae. I haven't been able to find out (yet) what the Thorne system did, and maybe it doesn't matter. I've done a bit more copy-editing and added references. Peter coxhead (talk) 08:33, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * The wording's pretty clear now, thanks. As an aside, I confess I hadn't realised that there were so many different taxonomic systems that were concurrent with one another. I was aware of various named systems, but had naively assumed that at any one time taxonomists agreed on which system should be used. I suppose it would be hoping too much to think that the introduction of DNA analysis has resulted / will result in greater agreement? PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 07:04, 17 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I've answered on your talk page. Peter coxhead (talk) 09:05, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Camassia


text: Category:BDSM organizations

title: Category:BDSM organizations


text:
Big Hill

The Big Hill on the Canadian Pacific Kansas City main line in British Columbia, Canada, was the most difficult piece of railway track on the Canadian Pacific Railway's route. It was situated in the rugged Canadian Rockies west of the Continental Divide of the Americas and Kicking Horse Pass. Even though the Big Hill was replaced by the Spiral Tunnels in 1909, the area has long been a challenge to the operation of trains and remains so to this day.

Construction
To complete the Pacific railway as quickly as possible, a decision was made to delay blasting a lengthy 1400 ft tunnel through Mount Stephen and instead build a temporary 8 mi line over it. Instead of the desired 2.2% grade (116 feet to the mile) a steep 4.5% (some sources say 4.4%) grade was built in 1884. This was one of the steepest adhesion railway lines anywhere. (4.5% = 1 in 22.22). It descended from Wapta Lake to the base of Mount Stephen, along the Kicking Horse River to a point just west of Field, then rose again to meet the original route.

Seen as a temporary solution, this grade was twice the percentage normally allowed for a downhill track. The first construction train to go down the pass ran away off the hill to land in the Kicking Horse River, killing three. The CPR soon added three safety switches (runaways) on the way down to protect against runaway trains. The switches led to short spurs with a sharp reverse upgrade and they were kept in the uphill position until the operator was satisfied that the train descending the grade towards him was not out of control. Speed was restricted to 8 mph for passenger trains and 6 mph for freight, and elaborate brake testing was required of trains prior to descending the hill. Nevertheless, disasters occurred with dismaying frequency.

Field was created as a work camp solely to accommodate the CPR's need for additional locomotives to be added to trains about to tackle the Big Hill. Here a stone roundhouse with turntable was built at what was first known simply as Third Siding. In December 1884 the CPR renamed it Field after C.W. Field, a Chicago businessman who, the company hoped, might invest in the region after he had visited on a special train they had provided for him.

At that time, standard steam locomotives were 4-4-0s, capable enough for the prairies and elsewhere, but of little use on the Big Hill. Baldwin Locomotive Works was called upon to build two 2-8-0s for use as Field Hill pusher engines in 1884. At the time they were the most powerful locomotives built. Two more followed in June 1886. The CPR began building its own 2-8-0s in August 1887, and over the years hundreds more were built or bought.

Spiral Tunnels

The Big Hill "temporary" line remained the main line for 25 years until the spiral tunnels were opened on September 1, 1909.

The improvement project was started in 1906, under the supervision of John Edward Schwitzer, the senior engineer of CPR's western lines. The first proposal had been to extend the length of the climb, and thus reduce the gradient, by bypassing the town of Field at a higher level, on the south side of the Kicking Horse river valley. This idea had quickly been abandoned because of the severe risk of avalanches and landslips on the valley side. Also under consideration was the extension of the route in a horseshoe loop northwards, using both sides of the valley of the Yoho River to increase the distance, but again the valley sides were found to be prone to avalanches. It was the experience of severe disruption and delay caused by avalanches on other parts of the line (such as at the Rogers Pass station, which was destroyed by an avalanche in 1899) that persuaded Schwitzer that digging spiral tunnels was the only practical but expensive way forward.

The route decided upon called for two tunnels driven in three-quarter circles into the valley walls. The higher tunnel, "number one", is about 1000 yd in length and runs under Cathedral Mountain, to the south of the original track. When the new line emerges from this tunnel it has doubled back, running beneath itself and 50 ft lower. It then descends the valley side in almost the opposite direction to its previous course before crossing the Kicking Horse River and entering Mount Ogden to the north. This lower tunnel, "number two", is a few yards shorter than "number one" and the descent is again about 50 feet. From the exit of this tunnel the line continues down the valley in the original direction, towards Field. The constructions and extra track effectively double the length of the climb and reduce the ruling gradient to 2.2%. The new distance between Field and Wapta Lake, where the track levels out, is 11+1/2 mi.

The contract was awarded to the Vancouver engineering firm of MacDonnell, Gzowski and Company and work started in 1907. The labour force amounted to about 1000 and the cost was about $1.5 million.

Regardless of the opening of the spiral tunnels, Field Hill remained a significant challenge and it was necessary to retain the powerful locomotives at Field locomotive depot. Even after the introduction of modern locomotives with dynamic braking and continuous pneumatic brakes, accidents were not eliminated. There were 64 derailments between Calgary and Field between 2004 and 2019.

On February 4, 2019, two of the three locomotives and 99 grain hopper railcars of westbound Canadian Pacific train 301 derailed at Mile 130.6, just outside of the western portal of Upper Spiral Tunnel. The three crew members were killed in the accident.

title: Big Hill


text:
User:Nabla

$$\nabla$$
Nabla,

I'm registered since 2004-07-31. I've been in and out, generally for months in a row, ever since. So don't be surprised if I'm either here for a while, or gone for long.

I am was  am an admin since 2005-10-07. I assure you that I will always use my powers in good faith, trying to follow Wikipedia's Policies and Guidelines. Yet I don't know them all, plus my understanding of them may be different from your's. So... if you disagree with any of my actions tell me so, politely please.

On 2012-01-08, I voluntarily resigned from admin, mainly for disagreeing with WP becoming a political party. Soon after, tired of the incredibly aggressive environment - including me becoming increasingly more aggressive than my usual self - I stopped editing. Late in 2012 I found myself to be back editing regularly, even if only a handful of edits per day. Christmas made me want to engage a bit further, ao I asked to be readmited as and admin on 2013-01-15, and it was granted soon after, on the 15th.

A few userboxes
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(Unbelievable...)

Here!
Want to know why here is a poor link word? Read it here! Good, now that you are... here, I'll tell you why: because 'here' says nothing about the page where your reader will land on (unless he lands... here!); assuming the page is not here - and it never is - then the text is 'there', there is not here (so you actually lied to your reader, how nasty is that?). Please, use meaningful link words, don't be lazy, help your reader.

WP:BABBLE
IMO it is within the WP:SPIRIT of many WP:PGs - namely WP:CIV, WP:BITE, WP:POINT, WP:EQ, amonst others - that using more than 2 WP:SCs per sentence should be a WP:BLOCK-on-sight offence.
 * At the moment of writing this WP:BABBLE did not exist; Wikipedia:Shortcut's are piped so that I do not block myself on sight!

Links!

 * Special:NewPagesFeed

WP

 * Template:Interlanguage_link
 * wp:Template messages
 * Redirect pages
 * User talk namespace
 * wp:Manual of Style
 * wp:Deletion process
 * wp:Dispute resolution
 * wp:WikiProject Stub sorting
 * Stub types
 * wp:WikiProject Science
 * wp:WikiProject Portugal
 * IPA

Sub

 * common.js
 * twinkleoptions.js
 * Work - Work1
 * Test - Test1
 * Todo changes
 * Watch changes
 * Books/Common Fauna of Portugal (a work in not-so-much progress...)
 * a test book
 * All

Copyright
I don't have much to license. I would use cc-by-nc-sa 3.0. But well... anything that allows other to expand, copy, or delete whatever I wrote is acceptable. Images, I'll upload none. Once I uploaded some images. The copyright notice I used, was later on changed, and re-changed. I doubt random users, or a lot of users, or the WMF have the right to change the copyright status set by the image author. So I doubt I'll upload any.

title: User:Nabla


text:
Mitral regurgitation

Mitral regurgitation (MR), also known as mitral insufficiency or mitral incompetence, is a form of valvular heart disease in which the mitral valve is insufficient and does not close properly when the heart pumps out blood. It is the abnormal leaking of blood backwards – regurgitation from the left ventricle, through the mitral valve, into the left atrium, when the left ventricle contracts. Mitral regurgitation is the most common form of valvular heart disease.

Definition
Mitral regurgitation, also known as mitral insufficiency or mitral incompetence, is the backward flow of blood from the left ventricle, through the mitral valve, and into the left atrium, when the left ventricle contracts, resulting in a systolic murmur radiating to the left armpit.

Signs and symptoms

Mitral regurgitation may be present for many years before any symptoms appear. The symptoms associated with MR are dependent on which phase of the disease process the individual is in. Individuals with acute MR are typically severely symptomatic and will have the signs and symptoms of acute decompensated congestive heart failure (i.e. shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea). In acute cases, a murmur and tachycardia may be the only distinctive signs.

Individuals with chronic compensated MR may be asymptomatic for long periods of time, with a normal exercise tolerance and no evidence of heart failure. Over time, however, there may be decompensation and patients can develop volume overload (congestive heart failure). Symptoms of entry into a decompensated phase may include fatigue, shortness of breath particularly on exertion, and leg swelling. Also, there may be development of an irregular heart rhythm known as atrial fibrillation.

Findings on clinical examination depend on the severity and duration of MR. The mitral component of the first heart sound is usually soft and with a laterally displaced apex beat, often with heave. The first heart sound is followed by a high-pitched holosystolic murmur at the apex, radiating to the back or clavicular area. Its duration is, as the name suggests, the whole of systole. The loudness of the murmur does not correlate well with the severity of regurgitation. It may be followed by a loud, palpable P2, heard best when lying on the left side. A third heart sound is commonly heard.

Patients with mitral valve prolapse may have a holosystolic murmur or often a mid-to-late systolic click and a late systolic murmur. Cases with a late systolic regurgitant murmur may still be associated with significant hemodynamic consequences.

Mitral regurgitation as a result of papillary muscle damage or rupture may be a complication of a heart attack and lead to cardiogenic shock.

Cause
The mitral valve apparatus comprises two valve leaflets, the mitral annulus, which forms a ring around the valve leaflets, and the papillary muscles, which tether the valve leaflets to the left ventricle and prevent them from prolapsing into the left atrium. The chordae tendineae is also present and connects the valve leaflets to the papillary muscles. Dysfunction of any of these portions of the mitral valve apparatus can cause regurgitation.

The most common cause of MR in developed countries is mitral valve prolapse. It is the most common cause of primary mitral regurgitation in the United States, causing about 50% of cases. Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve is more common in women as well as with advancing age, which causes a stretching of the leaflets of the valve and the chordae tendineae. Such elongation prevents the valve leaflets from fully coming together when the valve closes, causing the valve leaflets to prolapse into the left atrium, thereby causing MR.

Ischemic heart disease causes MR by the combination of ischemic dysfunction of the papillary muscles, and the dilatation of the left ventricle. This can lead to the subsequent displacement of the papillary muscles and the dilatation of the mitral valve annulus.

Rheumatic fever (RF), Marfan's syndrome and the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes are other typical causes. Mitral valve stenosis (MVS) can sometimes be a cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in the sense that a stenotic valve (calcified and with restricted range of movement) allows backflow (regurgitation) if it is too stiff and misshapen to close completely. Most MVS is caused by RF, so one can say that MVS is sometimes the proximal cause of MI/MR (that is, stenotic MI/MR) and that RF is often the distal cause of MVS, MI/MR, or both. MR and mitral valve prolapse are also common in Ehlers–Danlos syndromes.

Secondary mitral regurgitation is due to the dilatation of the left ventricle that causes stretching of the mitral valve annulus and displacement of the papillary muscles. This dilatation of the left ventricle can be due to any cause of dilated cardiomyopathy including aortic insufficiency, nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, and noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Because the papillary muscles, chordae, and valve leaflets are usually normal in such conditions, it is also called functional mitral regurgitation.

Acute MR is most often caused by endocarditis, mainly S. aureus. Rupture or dysfunction of the papillary muscle are also common causes in acute cases, dysfunction, which can include mitral valve prolapse.

Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of MR can be broken into three phases of the disease process: the acute phase, the chronic compensated phase, and the chronic decompensated phase.

Acute phase
Acute MR (as may occur due to the sudden rupture of the chordae tendinae or papillary muscle) causes a sudden volume overload of both the left atrium and the left ventricle. The left ventricle develops volume overload because with every contraction it now has to pump out not only the volume of blood that goes into the aorta (the forward cardiac output or forward stroke volume) but also the blood that regurgitates into the left atrium (the regurgitant volume). The combination of the forward stroke volume and the regurgitant volume is known as the total stroke volume of the left ventricle.

In the acute setting, the stroke volume of the left ventricle is increased (increased ejection fraction); this happens because of more complete emptying of the heart. However, as it progresses the LV volume increases and the contractile function deteriorates, thus leading to dysfunctional LV and a decrease in ejection fraction. The increase in stroke volume is explained by the Frank–Starling mechanism, in which increased ventricular pre-load stretches the myocardium such that contractions are more forceful.

The regurgitant volume causes a volume overload and a pressure overload of the left atrium and the left ventricle. The increased pressures in the left side of the heart may inhibit drainage of blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and lead to pulmonary congestion.

Compensated
If the MR develops slowly over months to years or if the acute phase cannot be managed with medical therapy, the individual will enter the chronic compensated phase of the disease. In this phase, the left ventricle develops eccentric hypertrophy in order to better manage the larger than normal stroke volume. The eccentric hypertrophy and the increased diastolic volume combine to increase the stroke volume (to levels well above normal) so that the forward stroke volume (forward cardiac output) approaches the normal levels.In the left atrium, the volume overload causes enlargement of the left atrium, allowing the filling pressure in the left atrium to decrease. This improves the drainage from the pulmonary veins, and signs and symptoms of pulmonary congestion will decrease.

These changes in the left ventricle and left atrium improve the low forward cardiac output state and the pulmonary congestion that occur in the acute phase of the disease. Individuals in the chronic compensated phase may be asymptomatic and have normal exercise tolerances.

Decompensated
An individual may be in the compensated phase of MR for years, but will eventually develop left ventricular dysfunction, the hallmark for the chronic decompensated phase of MR. It is currently unclear what causes an individual to enter the decompensated phase of this disease. However, the decompensated phase is characterized by calcium overload within the cardiac myocytes.

In this phase, the ventricular myocardium is no longer able to contract adequately to compensate for the volume overload of mitral regurgitation, and the stroke volume of the left ventricle will decrease. The decreased stroke volume causes a decreased forward cardiac output and an increase in the end-systolic volume. The increased end-systolic volume translates to increased filling pressures of the left ventricle and increased pulmonary venous congestion. The individual may again have symptoms of congestive heart failure.

The left ventricle begins to dilate during this phase. This causes a dilatation of the mitral valve annulus, which may worsen the degree of MR. The dilated left ventricle causes an increase in the wall stress of the cardiac chamber as well.While the ejection fraction is less in the chronic decompensated phase than in the acute phase or the chronic compensated phase, it may still be in the normal range (i.e.: > 50 percent), and may not decrease until late in the disease course. A decreased ejection fraction in an individual with MR and no other cardiac abnormality should alert the physician that the disease may be in its decompensated phase.

Diagnosis
There are many diagnostic tests that have abnormal results in the presence of MR. These tests suggest the diagnosis of MR and may indicate to the physician that further testing is warranted. For instance, the electrocardiogram (ECG) in long-standing MR may show evidence of left atrial enlargement and left ventricular dilatation. Atrial fibrillation may also be noted on the ECG in individuals with chronic mitral regurgitation. The ECG may not show any of these findings in the setting of acute MR.

The quantification of MR usually employs imaging studies such as echocardiography or magnetic resonance angiography of the heart.

Chest X-ray
The chest X-ray in individuals with chronic MR is characterized by enlargement of the left atrium and the left ventricle, and then maybe calcification of the mitral valve.

Echocardiogram
An echocardiogram is commonly used to confirm the diagnosis of MR. Color doppler flow on the transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) will reveal a jet of blood flowing from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular systole. Also, it may detect a dilated left atrium and ventricle and decreased left ventricular function. A transesophageal echocardiogram can give clearer images if needed as the back of the heart can also be viewed.

Electrocardiography
P mitrale is a broad, bifid notched P wave in several or many leads with a prominent late negative component to the P wave in lead V1, and may be seen in MR, but also in mitral stenosis, and, potentially, any cause of overload of the left atrium.

Quantification of mitral regurgitation
The degree of severity of MR can be quantified by the regurgitant fraction, which is the percentage of the left ventricular stroke volume that regurgitates into the left atrium.

 * regurgitant fraction  =   $$\frac{V_{mitral} - V_{aortic}} {V_{mitral}}  \times  100\%$$

where Vmitral and Vaortic are, respectively, the volumes of blood that flow forward through the mitral valve and aortic valve during a cardiac cycle. Methods that have been used to assess the regurgitant fraction in mitral regurgitation include echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, fast CT scan, and cardiac MRI.The echocardiographic technique to measure the regurgitant fraction is to determine the forward flow through the mitral valve (from the left atrium to the left ventricle) during ventricular diastole, and comparing it with the flow out of the left ventricle through the aortic valve in ventricular systole. This method assumes that the aortic valve does not have aortic insufficiency.Another way to quantify the degree of MR is to determine the area of the regurgitant flow at the level of the valve. This is known as the regurgitant orifice area and correlates with the size of the defect in the mitral valve. One particular echocardiographic technique used to measure the orifice area is measurement of the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA). The flaw of using PISA to determine the mitral valve regurgitant orifice area is that it measures the flow at one moment in time in the cardiac cycle, which may not reflect the average performance of the regurgitant jet.

Treatment
The treatment of MR depends on the acuteness of the disease and whether there are associated signs of hemodynamic compromise. In general, medical therapy is non-curative and is used for mild-to-moderate regurgitation or in patients unable to tolerate surgery.

In acute MR secondary to a mechanical defect in the heart (i.e., rupture of a papillary muscle or chordae tendineae), the treatment of choice is mitral valve surgery. If the patient is hypotensive prior to the surgical procedure, an intra-aortic balloon pump may be placed in order to improve perfusion of the organs and to decrease the degree of MR.

Medicine
If the individual with acute MR is normotensive, vasodilators may be of use to decrease the afterload seen by the left ventricle and thereby decrease the regurgitant fraction. The vasodilator most commonly used is nitroprusside.

Individuals with chronic MR can be treated with vasodilators as well to decrease afterload. In the chronic state, the most commonly used agents are ACE inhibitors and hydralazine. Studies have shown that the use of ACE inhibitors and hydralazine can delay surgical treatment of MR. The current guidelines for treatment of MR limit the use of vasodilators to individuals with hypertension, however. Any hypertension is treated aggressively, e.g. by diuretics and a low sodium diet. In both hypertensive and normotensive cases, digoxin and antiarrhythmics are also indicated. Also, chronic anticoagulation is given where there is concomitant mitral valve prolapse or atrial fibrillation.

Surgery
Surgery is curative of mitral valve regurgitation. There are two surgical options for the treatment of MR: mitral valve replacement and mitral valve repair. Mitral valve repair is preferred to mitral valve replacement where a repair is feasible as bioprosthetic replacement valves have a limited lifespan of 10 to 15 years, whereas synthetic replacement valves require ongoing use of blood thinners to reduce the risk of stroke. There are two general categories of approaches to mitral valve repair: resection of the prolapsed valvular segment (sometimes referred to as the "Carpentier" approach) and installation of artificial chordae to "anchor" the prolapsed segment to the papillary muscle (sometimes referred to as the "David" approach). With the resection approach, any prolapsing tissue is resected, in effect removing the hole through which the blood is leaking. In the artificial chordae approach, ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, or Gore-Tex) sutures are used to replace the broken or stretched chordae tendonae, bringing the natural tissue back into the physiological position, thus restoring the natural anatomy of the valve. With both techniques, an annuloplasty ring is typically secured to the annulus, or opening of the mitral valve, to provide additional structural support. In some cases, the "double orifice" (or 'Alfieri') technique for mitral valve repair, the opening of the mitral valve is sewn closed in the middle, leaving the two ends still able to open. This ensures that the mitral valve closes when the left ventricle pumps blood, yet allows the mitral valve to open at the two ends to fill the left ventricle with blood before it pumps. In general, mitral valve surgery requires "open-heart" surgery in which the heart is arrested and the patient is placed on a heart-lung machine (cardiopulmonary bypass). This allows the complex surgery to proceed in a still environment.

Due to the physiological stress associated with open-heart surgery, elderly and very sick patients may be subject to increased risk, and may not be candidates for this type of surgery. As a consequence, there are attempts to identify means of correcting MR on a beating heart. The Alfieri technique for instance, has been replicated using a percutaneous catheter technique, which installs a "MitraClip" device to hold the middle of the mitral valve closed.

Indications for surgery for chronic MR include signs of left ventricular dysfunction with ejection fraction less than 60%, severe pulmonary hypertension with pulmonary artery systolic pressure greater than 50 mmHg at rest or 60 mmHg during activity, and new-onset atrial fibrillation.

Epidemiology
Significant mitral valve regurgitation has a prevalence of approximately 2% of the population, affecting males and females equally. It is one of the two most common valvular heart diseases in the elderly, and the commonest type of valvular heart disease in low and middle income countries.

In a study of 595 male elite football players aged 18–38 and 47 sedentary non-athletes, mitral regurgitation was found in 20% football players and 15% in control group. Football players with mitral regurgitation were found to have larger mitral annulus diameter compared to athletes without regurgitation, and left atrium diameter was larger in athletes with MR.

title: Mitral regurgitation


text:
Medical University of Łódź

The Medical University of Łódź was founded on October 1, 2002, as a merger of the Medical Academy of Łódź (founded January 1, 1950) and the Military Medical Academy of Łódź (founded July 1, 1958). It is the largest teaching hospital unit in Poland and a European research center.

Structure
It comprises
 * 6 research institutes,
 * 49 chairs,
 * 7 fully equipped university teaching hospitals with a total capacity of 2900 beds, as well as
 * 438,000 specialist consultations every year in specialist outpatient clinics, in addition to the
 * collaboration with 22 international universities.

Aspect
At the Medical University of Lodz, students are instructed from a 250 plus Basic Science and Clinical Medicine Faculty, composed of physicians, teachers and researchers. Most faculty members of the university holds a dual MD/PhD. Degree, and all are board certified in their respective specialties.

The Medical University is the biggest state medical university in Poland implementing the following basic tasks:
 * educating students in medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and medicine-allied disciplines;
 * educating research staff and conducting research work;
 * conducting postgraduate training of highly qualified health care system staff;
 * participating in health care programs set by the social health care system.

The university made an important evolution of a unique system, based on the availability -during posted office hours- of all professors for individual consultations with students in their offices. This helps promote better interaction between students and faculty as opposed to the previous Soviet style system.

University teaching activity
The Process of education has been focused on preparing specialists for work in various communities and national health care systems. Our educational offer has been adjusted to requirement laid down in the resolutions validated by our Government within the European Union co-operation. Following the entry of Poland into the European Union on May 1, 2004, the university offers a chance of an automatic recognition of the Diploma of most of the faculties within all 25 countries of the European Union. Currently, over 8000 Polish Students are getting their education within medical and medicine-related areas at various faculties. Medical teaching in English was initiated in 2003/2004. Presently over 300 foreign students from various countries, primarily Saudi Arabia, but also the People's Republic of China, Iran, Republic of China (Taiwan), Kenya, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Nigeria, Sweden, Norway attend medical and dental courses. The quality of the medical curriculum is comparable among Polish universities, and subject to regular official inspections and rankings. In previous years, a few select students of the Faculty of Medicine have been the recipients of scientific awards like "Medical Laurels" of Polish Academy of Science or "Primus Inter Pares" - Best Student of the Polish Republic in the Lodz Region.

Science and research
Medical University of Lodz is one of the major medical research centers in Poland. In one academic year over a hundred research grants are awarded, as well as numerous research contracts. At present substantial number of individual research projects are being conducted. Medical University of Lodz has been carrying extensive international scientific cooperation with such foreign academic and research centers as:
 * The Catholic University in Nijmegen, Netherlands
 * Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
 * University of Toronto Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, Germany
 * Friedrich-Alexander Universitat, Erlangen, Germany
 * King's College London, UK
 * Universite degli Studi di Milano, Italy
 * The Human Craniofacial Institute in Dallas, United States
 * The Howard Hughes Medical Center, United States
 * The university in Bielefeld, Germany
 * Universite Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
 * University of Kuopio, Finland
 * Friedrich-Alexander Universitat Erlangen, Germany

The majority of university chairs, clinics and departments directly co-operate with foreign centers through staff Exchange programs.

Clinical activity
At present, Medical University has over 1600 hospital beds in Teaching Hospitals that provide medical services for patients, being the essential base for research work and undergraduate and postgraduate teaching. University Teaching Hospitals and University-affiliated department constitute a basic source for highly specialized diagnostic and treatment services provided by professors, associate professors and specialists of various medical disciplines who take care of health needs of the Lodz region community and promote health-related programs.

Students' academic activities
Students of the Medical University take part in ERASMUS – European international academic Exchange program. Within last few years there were almost 25 incoming students from France, Portugal, Spain and other parts of Europe and over 100 outgoing students in the frame of this exchange program. Students' Scientific Society has been involved in active popularization of research work among students, organization of scientific conferences and co-ordination of Students' Scientific Groups

Faculties
University had merged its faculties into three larger, list of faculties before merging: And after merging:
 * Faculty of Medicine
 * Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry
 * Faculty of Pharmacy
 * Faculty of Physiotherapy
 * Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery
 * Faculty of Health Sciences
 * Faculty of Military Medicine

 * Faculty of Medicine with Department of Dentistry and Department of Biomedical Sciences
 * Faculty of Pharmacy
 * Faculty of Health Sciences with Department of Nursery and Midwifery

Subjects
Medical University realise mostly Polish-language subjects/fields of studies:

 * Medicine
 * Military Medicine (together with Military University of Land Forces)
 * Dentistry
 * Biotechnology
 * Electroradiology
 * Pharmacy
 * Cosmetology
 * Medical Analytics
 * Physiotherapy
 * Nursery
 * Midwifery
 * Public Health
 * Emergency Medical Services
 * Dental Techniques
 * Dietetics

title: Medical University of Łódź


text:
Talk:Controversial issue

Hmm. Shouldn't this redirect point to the definition of controversy rather than the page in the Wikipedia namespace? --Shallot 16:46, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Controversial issue


text:
EverQuest: The Ruins of Kunark

EverQuest: The Ruins of Kunark (RoK, Kunark, or simply the Kunark expansion) is the first expansion to EverQuest, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG), released on April 14, 2000. It introduced a new land area to the game, the continent of Kunark, which had been previously unexplored. Through a mix of in-game events and fiction published on the web by Verant Interactive, the storyline of the discovery of Kunark was established.

General information
In terms of the game, The Ruins of Kunark had a different visual feel compared to the original zones in EverQuest: the color palette was more vibrant and many of the models used for the monsters were more detailed. This detail was most evident in the Iksar, a new playable race of lizard people introduced with the expansion. The Iksar had a number of racial advantages, including the ability to stay underwater for longer periods of time, additional regenerative powers, and an armor bonus. This was balanced by the fact that they were hated by all of the other races in the game and that there were very few places they could go without being attacked. They also could not wear plate armor.

The Kunark expansion also increased the maximum level a character could attain from 50 to 60, and introduced a substantial number of new and powerful monsters for characters above level 50 to fight. The most notable of these was Veeshan's Peak, a zone populated by dragons that was, at its release, declared to be the hardest zone that would be put into EverQuest. Another notable and deep dungeon is Sebilis, the lair of the undead dragon Trakanon, which required players to level past the previous limit and obtain improved gear introduced in the expansion.

The Ruins of Kunark was also the focus of 'epic quests', or quests for powerful weapons for each character class, which were introduced between the Kunark and Velious expansions as a source of further high-end content. The Kunark expansion was unique in its method of distribution. A player would order the expansion from Verant's online store, and it was then shipped directly to the player's home. Unforeseen shipping delays caused many players to miss the expansion's official opening date. Thereafter, most EverQuest expansions were either available in local stores, or downloaded directly from Verant, many weeks before the official opening date.

Reception
In the United States, The Ruins of Kunark sold 92,172 units between February 2000 through the first week of November alone. Desslock of GameSpot reported that the game and The Scars of Velious "sold well early in the year, but sales evaporated during the course of the summer, especially after the release of Camelot".

The Ruins of Kunark holds a 89% rating on GameRankings.

Richard Baguley for PC World said that "elfin magic, fierce foes, online action" are all here in the game.

Alex Handy for Computer Gaming World said that "it's hard to find problems with EverQuest. It's even harder to find problems with Ruins of Kunark, the expansion for the wildly successful massively multiplayer online role-playing game that has destroyed the lives of thousands".

Adam Duncan for Hyper said that "gamers who loved EQ will love Ruins of Kunark".

Chris Anderson for PC Zone said: "While Kunark doesn't radically change EQ's gameplay, it has enough to justify upgrading, and the extra space afforded on each server due to a partial exodus to Kunark makes it far more appealing".

During the 4th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences honored The Ruins of Kunark with the "Massive Multiplayer/Persistent World" award, and received nominations for "PC Game of the Year" and "Game of the Year".

Reviews

 * PC Player (German magazine)
 * Giochi per il mio computer (Italian)

title: EverQuest: The Ruins of Kunark


text:
Communist Party (Sweden)

The Communist Party (Kommunistiska partiet, K) is a Marxist–Leninist political party in Sweden started in 1970. From 1970 to 1977, it was known as the Communist League Marxist–Leninists (Revolutionaries) (Kommunistiska Förbundet Marxist-Leninisterna (revolutionärerna), KFML(r)) and from 1977 to 2004 as the Communist Party Marxist–Leninists (Revolutionaries) (Kommunistiska Partiet Marxist-Leninisterna (revolutionärerna), KPML(r)). At the 14th Party Congress held in Gothenburg in January 2005, it was decided to change the name to the current one.

KFML(r) was unofficially founded in 1970 by a splinter group from the pro-Chinese KFML, which in turn had split from the Eurocommunist Left Party in 1967. "The (r)s" ("(r)-arna") considered that KFML had approached reformism and was not a genuine workers' movement. In 1970, it began publishing the weekly Proletären (The Proletarian), and the group was officially registered as a political party in 1977. During the 1980s, KPML(r) achieved representation in some municipalities, including Gothenburg, Sweden's second-largest city. The Gothenburg region has always been the strongest area for the party, partly because the party was started there. During the period of 1970 to 1999, the party chairman was Frank Baude. Baude was succeeded by Anders Carlsson, who held the post as chairman between 1999 and 2014. Between 2014 and 2019 Robert Mathiasson was the chairman of the party, he was succeeded by Ulf Nilsson, who only led the party for a short time. Ulf Nilsson resigned as party chairman in January 2020. On the Communist Party's 19th congress in September 2020, Povel Johansson was elected new chairman.

Its members and sympathisers includes, or included, several Swedish celebrities such as actors Sven Wollter, Lasse Brandeby and Kent Andersson and musicians Ken, Totta Näslund and Fred Åkerström, all of whom have participated in events and gatherings arranged by the party.

Youth organisations
In the early days of the party, the pro-KFML(r) fractions of the United FNL Groups (DFFG) and of the Swedish Clarté League broke away and set up the Solidarity Front for the People of Indochina and Clarté (m-l) respectively. In 1972, these two structures were dissolved and merged into the Young Communist League of Sweden (Marxist-Leninists) (Sveriges Kommunistiska Ungdomsförbund (marxist-leninisterna), SKU (ml)), the new KFML(r) youth wing. Later a new students organisation, SKS (ml), was formed. Both SKU (ml) and SKS (ml) were disbanded towards the end of the 1970s as the party itself consisted mainly of young people.

In 1994, the party again launched a youth organization, Revolutionary Communist Youth (RKU).

International relations
The party upholds close relations with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the Communist Party of the Philippines, the Workers' Party of Belgium, the Communist Party of Greece, the Polisario Front and others.

During the North Korean famine, the party participated in charity fundraising for the delivery of humanitarian aid to North Korea. As a result, the party developed a degree of collaboration with the Workers' Party of Korea, although this cooperation did not persist to the present day.

Illegal surveillance by the Swedish Security Service
In 1969, governmental registration of an individual's political affiliation was made illegal in Sweden. However, in 2003 it was revealed that the Swedish Security Service (Säpo) already in 1970 had been secretly instructed by the Swedish government to continue surveillance of "key individuals" in some twenty organisations on the far-left and far-right of Swedish politics in spite of that ban. This surveillance continued until 1998. KFML(r)/KPML(r) and its associated organisations were among those put under such surveillance. When the files were made public, they revealed that the number of surveilled individuals of the party ranged from 2,012 in 1985 to 1,346 in 1998, which meant that almost all party members had been under surveillance.

Electoral results
The party does not participate in elections to the national nor the European parliaments. It does not participate in the national elections due to financial and tactical reasons whereas it advocates boycott of the European parliament elections. However, it does participate in the municipal elections in some Swedish municipalities. In 2010, the party participated in the elections in 18 municipalities, which is the largest number of municipalities so far. Its electoral results have fluctuated over time, with high results in various cities during the late 1990s (second-largest party in Karlshamn, for example). In the three most recent elections, the party has lost ground electorally.

title: Communist Party (Sweden)


text:
James E. Broome

James Emilius Broome (December 15, 1808 – November 23, 1883) was an American politician who served as the third governor of Florida from 1853 to 1857.

Early life and career
Broome was born in Hamburg, South Carolina and moved to Florida in 1837. He engaged in the mercantile business until he retired in 1841. In that same year, Governor Richard Keith Call appointed him to the position of Probate Judge of Leon County. He served in that position until 1848.

Political life
He was elected governor in 1852. A Democrat, he took office on October 3, 1853. He was an early States'-Righter. During his term, the Whig Party, the opposition to the Democrats at the time, controlled the Florida State Legislature. He vetoed so many of the bills that were passed by the legislature that he became known as the "Veto Governor". His gubernatorial stint ended on October 5, 1857. Broome served as a member of the Florida Senate in 1861. A large planter, he was very sympathetic to the Confederate cause.

Marriages
James E. Broome was married five times. In 1865, he moved to New York City. On a visit with his son in DeLand, Florida, Broome died in 1883.

title: James E. Broome


text:
The Normal

The Normal is the recording artist name used by English music producer Daniel Miller, a film editor at the time, who is best known as the founder of the record label Mute Records.

Background
In 1977, Miller had split up with his girlfriend. A friend suggested that he read a book the friend himself had just finished. The book was Crash (1973) by J. G. Ballard. He felt that Ballard's writing took him five minutes into the future; the novel was to be a major influence in the music he would produce as The Normal. Miller was disillusioned by the fact you needed to learn three chords to be in a punk band, so he decided to purchase a synthesiser. His thinking was that you only needed to learn to press one key on a synthesiser. After buying a Korg 700s synthesiser from Macari's music shop in London, Miller recorded and released a single under the name The Normal. This was "T.V.O.D."/"Warm Leatherette". Both tracks were minimalist electronic songs influenced by the Crash novel. He wanted the sound of the recordings to be visual, like driving along a highway between large buildings then going through a tunnel. The single was recorded in Daniel Miller's house using a TEAC four track tape recorder and the Korg miniKORG 700S synthesiser.

"Live at West Runton Pavilion", The Normal's second release, done with another Mute Records act, Robert Rental, was not well received. A strange release, it was a one-sided album (side two was left blank) of improvised electronic noises, in a plain purple dust jacket. Marat Records released the record in Germany as Daniel Miller Robert Rental Live, with a black and white picture sleeve, catalogue No. Marat Rough 017.

Influence on other artists
Songs by The Normal have been covered and performed by many notable artists such as Grace Jones, Sleep Chamber, Laibach, Chicks on Speed/Hell on a split-7", Giddle and Boyd Rice and in 2006 by Trent Reznor with Jeordie White and Peter Murphy. "Warm Leatherette" was performed live by Duran Duran in November 2007 as part of an electro medley during their 2008 tour, in support of their album Red Carpet Massacre.

Discography

 * The Normal - "T.V.O.D." / "Warm Leatherette" (Mute Records 1978)
 * Robert Rental & The Normal - Live at West Runton Pavilion, 6-3-79 (Rough Trade 1980)

title: The Normal


text:
List of 1989 Canadian incumbents

Crown

 * Head of State - Queen Elizabeth II

Federal government

 * Governor General - Jeanne Sauvé

Cabinet

 * Prime Minister - Brian Mulroney
 * Deputy Prime Minister - Don Mazankowski
 * Minister of Finance - Michael Wilson
 * Secretary of State for External Affairs - Joe Clark
 * Secretary of State for Canada - Lucien Bouchard then Gerry Weiner
 * Minister of National Defence - Perrin Beatty then Bill McKnight
 * Minister of National Health and Welfare - Jake Epp then Perrin Beatty
 * Minister of Regional Industrial Expansion - Robert de Cotret then Harvie André
 * Minister of the Environment - Lucien Bouchard
 * Minister of Justice - Joe Clark (acting) then Doug Lewis
 * Minister of Transport - Benoît Bouchard
 * Minister of Communications - Lowell Murray (acting) then Marcel Masse
 * Minister of Fisheries and Oceans - Tom Siddon
 * Minister of Agriculture - Don Mazankowski
 * Minister of Public Works - Otto Jelinek then Elmer MacKay
 * Minister of Employment and Immigration - Barbara McDougall
 * Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development - Bill McKnight then Pierre Cadieux
 * Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources - Marcel Masse then Jake Epp
 * Minister of Veterans Affairs - Gerald Merrithew

Parliament
See: 34th Canadian parliament

Party leaders

 * Progressive Conservative Party of Canada - Brian Mulroney
 * Liberal Party of Canada - John Turner
 * New Democratic Party- Ed Broadbent then Audrey McLaughlin
 * Reform Party of Canada - Preston Manning

Supreme Court Justices

 * Chief Justice: Brian Dickson
 * William McIntyre then Beverley McLachlin
 * Bertha Wilson
 * Antonio Lamer
 * Gérard V. La Forest
 * John Sopinka
 * Jean Beetz then Peter deCarteret Cory
 * Claire L'Heureux-Dubé
 * Gerald Eric Le Dain then Charles D. Gonthier

Other

 * Speaker of the House of Commons - John Allen Fraser
 * Governor of the Bank of Canada - John Crow
 * Chief of the Defence Staff - General P.D. Manson then General John de Chastelain

Premiers

 * Premier of Alberta - Don Getty
 * Premier of British Columbia - Bill Vander Zalm
 * Premier of Manitoba - Gary Filmon
 * Premier of New Brunswick - Frank McKenna
 * Premier of Newfoundland - Brian Peckford then Thomas Rideout then Clyde Wells
 * Premier of Nova Scotia - John Buchanan
 * Premier of Ontario - David Peterson
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island - Joe Ghiz
 * Premier of Quebec - Robert Bourassa
 * Premier of Saskatchewan - Grant Devine
 * Premier of the Northwest Territories - Dennis Patterson
 * Premier of Yukon - Tony Penikett

Lieutenant-governors

 * Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta - Helen Hunley
 * Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia - David Lam
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba - George Johnson
 * Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick - Gilbert Finn
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador - James Aloysius McGrath
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia -Alan Abraham then Lloyd Roseville Crouse
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario - Lincoln Alexander
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island - Robert Lloyd George MacPhail
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec - Gilles Lamontagne
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan - Sylvia Fedoruk

Mayors

 * Toronto - Art Eggleton
 * Montreal - Jean Doré
 * Vancouver - Gordon Campbell
 * Ottawa - James A. Durrell

Religious leaders

 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec - Cardinal Archbishop Louis-Albert Vachon
 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Montreal - Cardinal Archbishop Paul Grégoire
 * Roman Catholic Bishops of London - Bishop John Michael Sherlock
 * Moderator of the United Church of Canada - Sang Chul Lee

title: List of 1989 Canadian incumbents


text:
Karl Wolff

Karl Friedrich Otto Wolff (13 May 1900 – 17 July 1984) was a German SS functionary who served as Chief of Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS (Heinrich Himmler) and an SS liaison to Adolf Hitler during World War II. He ended the war as the Supreme SS and Police Leader in occupied Italy and helped arrange for the early surrender of Axis forces in that theatre, effectively ending the war there several days sooner than in the rest of Europe. He escaped prosecution at the Nuremberg Trials as a result of his participation in Operation Sunrise. In 1962, Wolff was re-arrested and prosecuted in West Germany for the deportation of Polish Jews, and he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for being an accessory to murder in 1964. He was released in 1971 due to his failing health, and died 13 years later.

Early life and career
Karl Friedrich Otto Wolff was born the son of a wealthy district court judge in Darmstadt on 13 May 1900. During World War I he graduated from school in 1917, volunteered to join the Imperial German Army (Leibgarde-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 115) and served on the Western Front. He rose to the rank of lieutenant and was awarded both the Iron Cross second class and first class.

After the war, Wolff was forced to leave the army because of the reduction of the German armed forces following the terms imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. Wolff was in the paramilitary Freikorps from December 1918 to May 1920. He started a two-year apprenticeship at the Bethmann Bank in Frankfurt and married Frieda von Römheld in 1923. The couple moved to Munich, where Wolff worked for Deutsche Bank. In June 1924 he was laid off and joined a public relations firm. Wolff may also have studied law, but never took any state exams. In 1925 he started his own public relations company which he operated in Munich until 1933.

Nazi Party and SS
Wolff joined the Nazi Party with card number 695,131 and the SS in October 1931. His SS membership number was 14,235 and he was commissioned as an SS-Sturmführer in February 1932.

From March 1933, after the Nazi Party had obtained national power, Wolff served as an adjutant to Franz Ritter von Epp, then-governor of Bavaria. Here he came to the attention of the head of the SS Heinrich Himmler who appointed Wolff his personal adjutant in June 1933. In 1936 Wolff became a member of the Reichstag. The same year Himmler named him chief of Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS to coordinate all contact and correspondence within the SS at both party and state levels.

By managing Himmler's affairs with the SS, the Nazi Party, state agencies and personnel, the eloquent and well mannered Wolff rose to become one of the key figures in Himmler's power regime. In addition, Wolff oversaw the economic investments made by the SS, was responsible for saving funds among Himmler's circle of friends and for connections to the SS organizations Ahnenerbe and Lebensborn. In 1939 he retroactively became head of the Main Office and SS liaison officer to Hitler. In 1936, Wolff left the Protestant Church. On 30 January 1937, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer (major general).

World War II
As was later revealed in the 1964 trial, during the early part of the Second World War, Wolff served as "Himmler's eyes and ears" in Hitler's headquarters. He would have been aware of significant events or could easily have access to the relevant information. Apart from the information passing across his desk, Wolff received (as Chief of Himmler's Personal Staff) copies of all letters from SS officers, and his friends at this point included Odilo Globocnik, the organiser of Operation Reinhard (in effect 1941 to 1943). Wolff's later denial of knowledge of Holocaust activities may be plausible only at the detailed level, but not of the extent of atrocities by the Nazi regime.

Incriminating letters show that Wolff was involved in the Holocaust. On 8 September 1939, shortly after the invasion of Poland, Wolff wrote to the Gestapo office in Frankfurt (Oder) and ordered the immediate "arrest of all male Jews of Polish nationality and their family members" and the confiscation of any wealth. In 1942 Wolff oversaw the deportation transports during "Grossaktion Warschau", the mass extermination of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto. When rail-transport bottlenecks occurred, Wolff communicated repeatedly with Reich Railway Director Albert Ganzenmüller. In a letter sent from the Führer Headquarters, dated 13 August 1942 and referring to transports of Jews to Treblinka extermination camp, Wolff thanked Ganzenmüller for his assistance:

"I note with particular pleasure from your communication that a train with 5,000 members of the chosen people has been running daily for 14 days and that we are accordingly in a position to continue with this population movement at an accelerated pace. I have taken the initiative to seek out the offices involved, so that a smooth implementation of the named measures appears to be guaranteed. I thank you once again for the effort and at the same time wish to ask you to continue monitoring these things. With best wishes and Heil Hitler, yours sincerely W."

According to Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, in August 1941, Himmler and Wolff attended the shooting of Jews at Minsk which had been organized by Arthur Nebe, who was in command of Einsatzgruppe B, a mobile killing unit. Nauseated and shaken by the experience, Himmler decided that alternative methods of killing should be found. On Himmler's orders, by the spring of 1942, the camp at Auschwitz had been greatly expanded, including by the addition of gas chambers, where victims were killed using the pesticide Zyklon B.

After the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in June 1942, Wolff developed a strong rivalry with other SS leaders, particularly with Heydrich's successor at the Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt or RSHA), Ernst Kaltenbrunner, and with Walter Schellenberg of the foreign intelligence service in the RSHA. His position was weakened by his frequent absences from Berlin, in part due to his suffering from pyelitis and renal calculus (kidney stones), which required surgery. Wolff fell out of favour with Himmler and was dismissed as his chief of staff. In April 1943, he was relieved of his duties as liaison officer to Hitler. Himmler announced he would temporarily take over Wolff's duties. A new replacement as liaison officer to Hitler's HQ did not occur until the appointment of Hermann Fegelein, who assumed the duty in January 1944. Wolff had particularly angered Himmler by his divorce and remarriage in March 1943. Himmler, who believed the family to be the nucleus of the SS, had denied Wolff permission to divorce, but Wolff had turned directly to Hitler. Himmler still appears to have considered Wolff a loyal member of the SS, for in September 1943 Wolff was transferred to Italy as Supreme SS and Police Leader.

In that position, Wolff shared responsibility for standard police-functions such as security, maintenance of prisons, supervision of concentration camps, and forced-labor camps - as well as the deportation of forced laborers with Wilhelm Harster, who was the Commander in Chief of the Security Police. When Wolff became Plenipotentiary General of the German Wehrmacht in July 1944, he also became responsible for anti-partisan warfare in occupied Italy. By now Wolff commanded the police and the entire rear army in Italy. So far Wolff's involvement in war crimes in Italy remains largely unclear, partially because source material on the degree to which SS units participated in Nazi security warfare is lacking. Although it seems as if US investigators were in possession of incriminating material in 1945 that indicated Wolff's approval of the executions that became known as the Ardeatine massacre, this evidence was deemed not sufficient for criminal charges. On 9 December 1944, Wolff was awarded the German Cross in Gold for using Italian units, with secondary German units, to destroy partisans and for the "maintenance of war production in the Italian territory". During this period he approved the project of the Marnate's Bunker, close to the German command of Olgiate Olona. By 1945 Wolff was acting military commander of Italy.

In 1945, Wolff, under Operation Sunrise, took over command and management of intermediaries (including the Swiss Intelligence officer, Captain Max Waibel) in order to make contact in Switzerland with the regional headquarters of the US Office of Strategic Services, under Allen W. Dulles, with a view to the surrender of German forces in and around Italy. After meetings in Zurich on 8 March 1945 and in Ascona on 19 March 1945 and a diplomatic standoff in Lucerne (23 to 25 April 1945) Wolff negotiated the surrender of all German forces in Italy (signed 29 April 1945, effective  2 May 1945), before the war in Europe officially ended with the  surrender of Germany signed on 8 May 1945. Wolff's capitulation of Italy to the Allies upset the plans of Admiral Karl Dönitz (German President from 30 April 1945) who envisaged a staged series of surrenders designed to give German troops and refugees more time to make their way west.

Trials and conviction
Arrested on 13 May 1945, he was imprisoned in Schöneberg. During the Nuremberg trials, Wolff was allowed to escape prosecution because of his early capitulation in Italy and by appearing as a witness for the prosecution at trial. Although released in 1947, he had been indicted by the post-war German government as part of the denazification process. Detained under house arrest, after a German trial, Wolff was sentenced to 5 years in prison in November 1948, for his membership in the SS. In June 1949, he was released from prison after his sentence was reduced to 4 years. After his release, Wolff worked as an executive for an advertising agency.

He took up residence with his family in Starnberg. In 1962, during the trial in Israel of Adolf Eichmann, evidence showed that Wolff had organized the deportation of Italian Jews in 1944. Wolff was arrested and put on trial in West Germany. In 1964, he was convicted of deporting 300,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp, which led to their murders. Sentenced to 15 years in prison in Straubing, Wolff served only part of his sentence and was released in 1971 following a heart attack.

Later life
After his release, Wolff retired to Austria. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Wolff returned to public life, frequently lecturing on the internal workings of the SS and his relationship with Himmler. This resulted in his appearing in television documentaries including The World At War saying that he witnessed an execution of twenty or thirty partisan prisoners in Minsk in 1941 with Himmler. In the early 1970s, Wolff promoted the theory of an alleged plot to kidnap Pope Pius XII. Most other allegations of such a plot are based on a 1972 document written by Wolff that Avvenire d'Italia published in 1991, and on personal interviews with Wolff before his death in 1984. Wolff maintained that on 13 September 1943, Hitler gave the directive to "occupy Vatican City, secure its files and art treasures, and take the Pope and Curia to the north". Hitler allegedly did not want the Pope to "fall into the hands of the Allies".

Wolff's reliability has been questioned by Holocaust historians, such as István Deák, a professor of history at Columbia University. Reviewing A Special Mission by Dan Kurzman, a promoter of the theory, Deák noted Kurzman's "credulity" and that the latter "uncritically accepts the validity of controversial documents and unquestioningly believes in the statements made to him by his principal German interlocutor, the former SS General Karl Wolff". He further criticized the book's "modest documentation" containing "a great number of vague or inaccurate references".

In the late 1970s Wolff also became involved with Stern journalist Gerd Heidemann. Together with Heidemann, he travelled through South America, where he helped to locate, among others, Klaus Barbie and Walter Rauff, with whom Heidemann conducted interviews for a series of articles. Wolff served as a consultant for the alleged Hitler Diaries and was upset when they turned out to be forgeries by Konrad Kujau. Asked to attend the trial of Heidemann and Kujau, Wolff declined; on 17 July 1984, he died in a hospital in Rosenheim. He was buried in the cemetery at Prien am Chiemsee on 21 July.

A few weeks before his death, Wolff declared the Islamic profession of faith, becoming a Muslim. At his grave, his daughter Fatima Grimm gave the funeral prayer in the presence of representatives of the Islamic Center of Munich (ICM). She was also a Muslim convert, doing so in 1960 while in Munich, later becoming a translator, author and speaker on Islam in Germany.

title: Karl Wolff


text:
Talk:1979 oil crisis

Comments
I believe this is incorrect. Price controls set by the US gov't caused a shortage (due to the price) that had more of an effect than the actaul shortage in resources (scarcity). Any ideas?--Vince251 16:58, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC) or wait.. this was 1973 not 1979..--Vince251 17:05, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've added some sources that assert that very thing. The amount of oil sold in the US was only 3.5% less than the previous year... not really enough to be a shortage. Price controls do cause shortages, however, because they don't provide enough supply to meet demand.--Gloriamarie (talk) 19:34, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

What is meant by "Yet oil lines did not reappear in the United States"? --Worldly 16:27, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I removed some vandalization. - 216.238.203.85 20:30, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

It would be good if someone could provide some context for the otherwise interesting statistic of 150,000 barrels of oil wasted per day idling in gas lines. How much gas was being consumed per game would be useful here. 216.15.125.156 00:41, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Can someone explain the logic for this claim: "Deregulating domestic oil price controls allowed domestic U.S. oil output to rise sharply from the large Prudhoe Bay fields, while oil imports fell sharply."?? The pipeline had begun operating only two years earlier, so production from Alaska was ramping up as drilling and consruction made more producion possible. Further, the price controls applied to only "old" oil, oil production in place in 1972, so all Prudhoe bay oil production was unregulated price "new" oil subsidized at the refinery by "old" oil refining price leveling. Deregulating "old" oil would reduce the subsidy to the "new" oil that required refinery modifications and more costly transport to the refineries, thus reducing the profit incentive to increase production more rapidly by paying for overtime labor, early completion bonuses, etc. The data for US oil production shows a decline after 1979 until prices had fallen significantly and Prudhoe bay production ramped up to its peak in the late 80s. Mulp (talk) 21:26, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

1 change
I made 1 small change to this article based on a purely factual mistake. This should in no way be taken as an endorsement of the content of this article, nor of the quality of the original statement i made factual changes to.

This entry needs serious reworking, and, when done, will probably provoke considerable disagreements between users. There are almost 2 camps when dealing with the energy crisis, those who see it as a product of government regulation and those that see it moreso as a product of international economic circumstances.

Long lines
It would be useful to reference this. Wikipedia is useless without reliable sources, and is, in all cases, not to be used as an authoritative source (as it simply tries to convey the meaning of others sources). One might wonder why I say this. Have, then, a look at Gary Becker's (Nobel Prize) blog. Cheers! Tazmaniacs

weasel words?
While I agree this article needs cleaning up, I don't think the weasel words tag really is needed here. Fanra 01:37, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Malaise speach
About the Malaise speach, this article is weak.I read that speach and almost every Carter's promisse was a failure.To example, he promissed that USA would be importting less oil in the future, than at that times.In fact, the american oil's importation is now more the double than in 1978.Caretr also promissed million of brents of oil from coal, every day in 1990.In fact, nothing was being produced and Syntetic Oil Corporation produced no syntetic oil, just burned money from american public.201.9.78.138 (talk) 00:56, 20 April 2008 (UTC)daltonagre

 * That's not really Jimmy Carter's fault. He lost the 1980 presidential election and was in no position to make good on his promises thereafter. The subsequent administration was not minded to continue his policies. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 19:28, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Carter put solar hot water panels on the White House roof, not solar power panels, which were still far to expensive for the average household. Solar hot water was much more economical and efficient during that period of high oil prices.  Regan had a much larger area of solar PV (electric power) panels installed on a large maintenance building on the White House grounds, to the left when you look at the White House across the big lawn, but never trumpeted the fact, and is usually ignored by the media.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.173.221.81 (talk) 19:07, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

 * If you are referring to this: http://www.solardesign.com/pdf/SolarToday-WhiteHouse.pdf that was actually Bush Jr.'s administration, not Reagan. CherylJosie (talk) 03:50, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

Automobile fuel economy
The section about automobile fuel economy comes across as a non-sequitur. It starts off by talking about the Corporate Average Fuel Economy regulations of 1978, which is sensible, but it then goes on about the transition in the US market from rear-wheel-drive to front-wheel-drive. I understand that American cars of the 1970s tended to have poor fuel economy, and they also tended to be rear-wheel drive, but the section doesn't make it clear that the two are linked. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 16:59, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * You raise some interesting points. I've taken the liberty of editing this bit out; it strays from the topic into a general essay on US automobile platforms in the mid-80s, and really belongs in another article. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 19:25, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Energy crisis or oil crisis ?
This article describes only oil-related events. It should be renamed 1979 oil crisis to be in line with the 1973 oil crisis of similar content, 1979 world oil market chronology, 1980s oil glut, etc.--Environnement2100 (talk) 23:55, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Carter administration embargo, 1979
In November 1979, the Carter administration decided an embargo over Iran oil, as a retaliation against the hostage crisis. I confirmed and reffed this fact. It is interesting to note that a a bona fide website such as the DoE's website seems oblivious of the fact: link to DoE's timeline. --Environnement2100 (talk) 11:02, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

 * But I think the energy crisis started in the Spring. (And it's perhaps natural and expected for writers and researchers to focus on the beginning, and basically to run out of steam.  And miss aspects of the end game, and the transition out of the crisis.)  FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 19:47, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

"Hence" doesn't follow
"Deregulating domestic oil price controls allowed domestic U.S. oil output to rise sharply from the large Prudhoe Bay fields, while oil imports fell sharply. Hence, long lines appeared at gas stations, as they had six years earlier during the 1973 oil crisis."

I don't undersand this "hence". Whether total production rose or fell (which isn't specified anyway) it does not follow that gas lines should appear. --ScottJ (talk) 18:13, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

early February 1979
http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U18uAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wtkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1213,1960377&dq=iran+energy-crisis&hl=en

early March '79, oil companies already limiting sales to retailers
U.S. Acts To Bar Shortages Of Unleaded Gas, Average Cost Would Rise By 3.4 Cents, The Blade (Toledo, Ohio), Washington (T-P), page one, top of the fold, March 2, 1979. Texaco To Close Area Gas Stations, Other Companies Limiting Fuel Sales To Retailers, The Blade (Toledo, Ohio), Associated Press, page 9, March 2, 1979.

Three Mile Island near-disaster on March 28, 1979, probably also led to increased worry about energy availability
Timeline of the accident at Three Mile Island, The Patriot-News [Central Pennsylvania], March 22, 2009.

I'm not sure this is at all relevant to the article. Maybe as an aside in another section (perhaps one about U.S. attitudes on energy?) but it doesn't really warrant such a large portion of the article. I'd like to have a discussion at removing this part. Owenh10 (talk) 15:43, 20 September 2020 (UTC)Owenh10

April 5, '79: Pres. Carter announces he will begin process of lifting federal price controls on U.S.-produced oil starting June 1, '79, and will complete process by October '81.
Carter demands energy sacrifices, Telegraph Herald, [Dubuque, Iowa and East Dubuque, Illinois], Washington (UPI), page 2, Friday, April 6, 1979.

‘A somber President Carter announced Thursday night he will lift oil price controls starting June 1 and demand other energy-saving sacrifices “in a great national effort to give us energy security.”

‘“I’ll give it to you straight: Each one of us will have to use less oil and pay more for it,” he said in a nationally broadcast, 24-minute energy policy address from the Oval Office. . .  ”

‘ .  .  .  Carter promised to fight for congressional enactment of taxes on the “huge and undeserved windfall profits” the oil companies will reap from decontrol. . .  ’

‘ .  .  .  But Carter made clear that, with or without such a tax, he will start lifting federal price controls from U.S.-produced oil as of June 1 and will complete that process by October 1981. . .  ’

--

http://books.google.com/books?id=mcY0NN_5dpoC&pg=PA310&dq=%221979+energy+crisis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Cqg_UbDLL4ae2QX43YEY&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%221979%20energy%20crisis%22&f=false

 * Wow. A great variety of sources for those who have the time.  FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 22:18, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

Early May '79 AP-NBC News poll: only 37% of Americans believe crisis is real, 9% not sure
Energy crisis still doubted by public, Free Lance-Star [Virginia], Evans Witt, Associated Press Writer, page 5, May 4, 1979.

" .  .  .  Americans say energy shortages are a hoax and that they don't like Carter's decision to lift price controls on domestic crude oil.  However, the public's distrust of oil companies runs do deep that, when faced with crude oil decontrol, they overwhelmingly favor a windfall profits tax on oil company profits.  .  .  "

" .  .  .  Fifty-four percent said the nation's energy shortages are a hoax.  Only 37 percent say the shortages are real.  Nine percent of the 1,600 adults interviewed nationwide by telephone were not sure.  .  .  "

" .  .  .  Those who say the energy crisis is a hoax come down 58-31 against lifting controls."

 * Whether or not the public is right, this widespread perception is one more fact which we should have in our article. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 00:34, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Poll: Americans Believe Gasoline Shortages Hoax, The Sumter Daily Item [South Carolina], New York (AP), page 9B, May 4, 1979. [<---pretty much the same article, which is to be expected for both are sourced to Associated Press.]

price change
This statement: "The price of crude oil rose to $39.50 per barrel over the next 12 months" is meaningless without context. It rose to 39.50 from where? What was the oil price before the shock? What was the % change? By itself, throwing out this number at the reader tells them nothing.Volunteer Marek (talk) 14:34, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

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Grammar/spelling errors
On the third paragraph additionally does not need to be there, add on a semicolon to the word before it. On the Iran section, remove what is inside the parentheses, remember it has to be neutral although it is helpful I would still recommend to remove (a long time opposition leader) and (skilled oil workers). However, if you do not want to remove them I would suggest adding it before or wording it differently in a way that will sound neutral. Lastly, on the Other Oil section describe what OPEC is first before you abbreviate it and remove the semicolon on [25].—Dlozano04 (talk) 18:36, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Ford instead of Nixon?
"Richard Nixon imposed price controls on domestic oil. Gasoline controls were repealed, but controls on domestic US oil remained." The author could have mixed up the 1973 crisis with the 1979 crisis and if that is the case this section should be removed. Since there is no citation it is unclear if this is the case or if the author meant to say president Ford or if they meant the price controls had remained in place since 1973. Either way more clarity is needed Bad Historiography (talk) 23:25, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1979 oil crisis