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Cheating

Cheating generally describes various actions designed to subvert rules in order to obtain unfair advantages. This includes acts of bribery, cronyism and nepotism in any situation where individuals are given preference using inappropriate criteria. The rules infringed may be explicit, or they may be from an unwritten code of conduct based on morality, ethics or custom, making the identification of cheating conduct a potentially subjective process. Cheating can refer specifically to infidelity. Someone who is known for cheating is referred to as a cheat in British English, and a cheater in American English.

Academic

Academic cheating is a significantly common occurrence in high schools and colleges in the United States. Statistically, 64% of public high school students admit to serious test cheating. 58% say they have plagiarized. 95% of students admit to some form of cheating. This includes tests, examinations, copying homework, and papers. Only 50% of private school students, however, admit to this. The report was made in June 2005 by Rutgers University professor Donald McCabe for The Center for Academic Integrity. The findings were corroborated in part by a Gallup survey. In McCabe's 2,001 of 4,500 high school students, "74% said they cheated on a test, 72% cheated on a written work, and 97% reported to at least had copied someone's homework or peeked at someone's test. 1/3 reported to have repeatedly cheated." The new revolution in high-tech digital info contributes enormously to the new wave in cheating: online term-paper mills sell formatted reports on practically any topic, services exist to prepare any kind of homework or take online tests for students (despite the fact that this phenomenon, and these websites, are well known to educators), digital audio players can contain notes, and graphing calculators store formulas to solve math problems.

For centuries, rampant cheating and examiner-bribery were common problems for the Chinese civil service examinations, the main route to career success for literate men in imperial China, as detailed in books like the Ming-dynasty Book of Swindles.

Sports
Cheating in sports is the intentional breaking of rules in order to obtain an advantage over the other teams or players. Sports are governed by both customs and explicit rules regarding acts which are permitted and forbidden at the event and away from it. Forbidden acts frequently include performance-enhancing drug taking (known as "doping"), using equipment that does not conform to the rules or altering the condition of equipment during play, and deliberate harassment or injury to competitors.

High-profile examples of alleged doping cheating include Lance Armstrong's use of steroids in professional road cycling – particularly controversial as it is widely suspected that a high percentage of professional cyclists are using prohibited substances – Ben Johnson's disqualification following the 100 metres final at the 1988 Summer Olympics, and admissions of steroid use by former professional baseball players after they have retired, such as José Canseco and Ken Caminiti. A famous sporting scandal involving cheating via harassment and injury occurred in 1994 in figure skating when Tonya Harding's ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, and her bodyguard Shawn Eckhardt, hired Shane Stant to break Nancy Kerrigan's leg to remove her from the year's competitions and prevent her from competing with Harding. One of the most famous instances of cheating involving a prohibited player action occurred during the 1986 FIFA World Cup quarter-final, when Diego Maradona used his hand to punch the ball into the goal of England goalkeeper Peter Shilton. Using the hand or arm by anyone other than a goalkeeper is illegal according to the rules of association football.

Illegally altering the condition of playing equipment is frequently seen in bat sports such as baseball and cricket, which are heavily dependent on equipment condition. For example, in baseball, a pitcher using a doctored baseball, such as a spitball or an emery ball, or a batter using a corked bat are some examples of this. Tennis and golf are also subject to equipment cheating, with players being accused of using rackets of illegal string tension, or golf clubs of illegal weight, size, or make. Equipment cheating can also occur via the use of external aids in situations where equipment is prohibited – such as in American football via the use of stickum on the hands of receivers, making the ball easier to catch. An example of this is Hall of Famer Jerry Rice, who admitted to regularly and illegally using "stickum" throughout his career, calling into question the integrity of his receiving records.

Athletic cheating is a widespread problem. For example, in professional bodybuilding, cheating is now estimated to be so universal that it is now considered impossible to engage in professional competition without cheating and the use of supposedly banned substances; bodybuilders who refuse to take banned substances now compete in natural bodybuilding leagues.

Cheating may also be seen in coaching. One of the most common forms of this is the use of bribery and kickbacks in the player recruitment process. Such practices are widespread all across athletics, and are particularly visible in college sports recruitment. Another common form of cheating in coaching is profiteering in association with gamblers and match fixing. The most famous coach of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas Runnin' Rebels basketball team, Jerry Tarkanian, was accused of both recruitment fraud and gambling fraud over the course of his career and was the subject of intense NCAA scrutiny. Another form of this involves a team coach or other manager undertaking corporate espionage or another form of prohibited spying in order to obtain details about other teams' strategies and tactics. The 2007 New England Patriots videotaping controversy is an example of this, in which the New England Patriots were found to have videotaped an opposing team from an unapproved location while trying to obtain defensive signals. As was the Pittsburgh Steelers use of, at the time legal, performance enhancers. However, there was cheating proven by the Denver Broncos during their back-to-back titles in the late 1990s to circumvent the league's salary cap and obtain and retain players that they would otherwise not have been able to. Circumvention of rules governing conduct and procedures of a sport can also be considered cheating. a form of collusion.

An example of cheating via judging collusion occurred in the 2002 Winter Olympics figure skating scandal when the Russian team was awarded a gold medal over the Canadian team in an alleged vote-swapping judging deal; the Canadian team's silver medals were eventually upgraded to gold at a second awards ceremony and the French judge was suspended for misconduct. The head of the French skating federation was later also suspended, and both were banned from the 2006 Olympic Games. The International Skating Union modified its judging system as a result of this case.

Cheating is also used to refer to movements in strength training that transfer weight from an isolated or fatigued muscle group to a different or fresh muscle group. This allows the cheater to move an initial greater weight (if the cheating continues through an entire training set) or to continue exercising past the point of muscular exhaustion (if the cheating begins part-way through the set). As strength training is not a sport, cheating has no rule-based consequences, but can result in injury or a failure to meet training goals. This is because each exercise is designed to target specific muscle groups and if the proper form is not used the weight can be transferred away from the targeted group.

Video games
In video games, cheating can take the form of secret access codes in single-player games (such as the Konami code ) which unlock a bonus for the player when entered, hacks and exploits which give players an unfair advantage in online multiplayer games and single-player modes, or unfair collusion between players in online games (such as a player who spectates a match, removing limitations such as "fog of war", and reports on enemy positions to game partners).

Attitudes towards cheating vary. Using exploits in single-player modes is usually considered to be simply another form of exploring the game's content unless the player's accomplishments are to be submitted competitively, and is common in single-player games with a high difficulty level; however, cheating in multiplayer modes is considered immoral and harshly condemned by fair players and developers alike. Cheating allows casual players to complete games at much-accelerated speed, which can be helpful in some cinematic or single-player games, which can take a subjectively long time to finish, as is typical of the role-playing game (RPG) genre. While this may be seen as a hasty advantage causing no damage to anyone, in a multi-player game such as MMORPGs the repercussions of cheating are much more damaging, breaking the risk/reward curve of the game and causing fair players to lose online matches and/or character development. Cheating in those types of games is generally prohibited – though often widespread anyway. In many circles, the purchasing of items or currency from sources outside the game is also considered to be cheating. The terms of service from many games where this is possible directly prohibit this activity. One area where there is little consensus involves modern free-to-play business models which support and are supported by the exchange of real-world money for in-game services, items, and advantages. Games that grant excessive advantages only available to paying customers may be criticized as being 'pay to win' – sometimes considered a form of "cheating" that is actually legitimatized by the system – whilst games that limit real-money purchases to cosmetic changes are generally accepted as fair.

Another form of video game cheating is when a player does things to interact with game objects that are unforeseen by the programmers and break the intended function or reward system of the object. This can involve the way enemies are encountered, objectives met, items used, or any other game object that contains a software bug. One common example is the exploitation of errors in an enemy's pathfinding; if a player can cause an enemy to become "stuck" in a given terrain feature, that player can then usually kill the enemy from a distance without risk, even if much stronger, and achieve greater rewards than the player is intended to be able to at that level of progression. Another example was common in early first-person shooter games and involved skipping a weapon's reload timer by quickly switching weapons back and forth without actually reloading the weapons, resulting in what was effectively instant reloading. It also can be accomplished through means of altered game files substituted for the normal files, or image graphics changed to permit greater visibility of the targets, etc. – for example, replacing the colors on a dark-colored enemy intended to blend in with the background with a bright color permitting instant visibility and targeting. Generally speaking, there is often some concern that this is not truly cheating, as it is the fault of the programmers that such an exploit exists in the first place. However, technically, as with live sports, it is cheating if the player is not playing the game in a formally approved manner, breaking unwritten rules. In some cases, this behavior is directly prohibited by the terms of service of the game.

Gambling

The wagering of money on an event extends the motivation for cheating beyond directly participating competitors. As in sport and games, cheating in gambling is generally related to directly breaking rules or laws, or misrepresenting the event being wagered on, or interfering in the outcome. A boxer who takes a dive, a casino which plays with secretly loaded dice, a rigged roulette wheel or slot machine, or a doctored deck of cards, are generally regarded as cheating, because it has misrepresented the likelihood of the game's outcomes beyond what is reasonable to expect a bettor to protect himself against. However, for a bookmaker to flatter a horse in order to sell bets on it at shorter odds may be regarded as salesmanship rather than cheating, since bettors can counter this by informing themselves and by exercising skepticism. Doping a horse is a clear example of cheating by interfering with the instruments of the event under wager. Again, not all interference is cheating; spending money to support the health and well-being of a horse one has wagered on is not in itself generally regarded as cheating, nor is improving the morale of a sportsman one has backed by cheering for them. Generally, interference is more likely to be regarded as cheating if it diminishes the standard of a sporting competition, damages a participant, or modifies the apparatus of the event or game.

In the world of gambling, knowing a secret which is not priced into the odds gives a significant advantage, which may give rise to a perception of cheating. However, legal systems do not regard secretly making use of knowledge in this way as criminal deception in itself. This is in contrast to the financial world, where people with certain categories of relationship to a company are restricted from transacting, which would constitute the crime of insider trading. This may be because of a stronger presumption of equality between investors, or it may be because a company employee who also trades in the company's stock has a conflict of interest, and has thus misrepresented himself the company. An advantage player typically uses mental, observational or technical skills to choose when and how much to bet, and neither interferes with the instruments of the game nor breaks any of its rules. Representatives of the casino industry have claimed that all advantage play is cheating, but this point of view is reflected neither among societies in general nor in legislation. , the only example anywhere of a type of advantage play being unlawful is for an advantage player to use an auxiliary device in the U.S. State of Nevada, whose legislation is uniquely influenced by large casino corporations. Nonetheless it remains a widely held principle that the law should not impose any restraint over the method by which a player arrives at a playing or betting decision from information held by him lawfully and which he is not debarred from under the rules of the game. In "hole carding", a casino player tries to catch sight of the front of cards which are dealt face-down according to the rules. One way of cheating and profiting through gambling is to bet against oneself and then intentionally lose. This is known as throwing a game or taking a dive. Illegal gamblers will at times pay sports players to lose so that they may profit from the otherwise unexpected loss. An especially notorious case is the Black Sox Scandal, when eight players of the 1919 Chicago White Sox took payment from gamblers and intentionally played poorly. Another happened in boxing when Jake LaMotta famously took a dive against Billy Fox in order to obtain his entry to a championship match against Marcel Cerdan, a deal offered by the mobsters who controlled professional boxing.

Business
Various regulations exist to prevent unfair competitive advantages in business and finance, for example competition law, or the prohibition of insider trading.

The most extreme forms of cheating (e.g. attempting to gain money through outright deceit rather than providing a service) are referred to as fraud.

title: Cheating


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Talk:Norse mythology/Archive 2

"The problem with giants is just that they are [frequently] rude, boisterous, malignant, treacherous, uncivilized and homicidal."

- In contrast with the gods, who were [frequently] rude, boisterous, malignant, treacherous, uncivilized and homicidal. :-)

Regarding the two families of gods: the Germanic lanaguage contains a lot of non-Indoeuropean roots, which indicates a strong interaction with an aboriginal people

 * care to add a note in the article detailing this? user:sjc

OK, I just did. I was tempted to point out that of the mythical lands of origin Asgard and Vanaheim, the element -gard and -heim both denote 'home' or so. The root -gard is definitely Indoeuropean (compare -gorod or -grad in Slavic and hortus in Latin). I do not know about -heim. It may well be non-IE. If it is not, we might as well call the non-IE laguage 'vanic' or so.

 * Yes, nicely put. Thanks for your input. You might care to extend this argument in a separate article. user:sjc

The list of gods and other figures from Norse mythology gets rather long. Should we split it off at a separate list article? I'm not really sure, since I really hate unannotated lists. Many figures are already discussed in the text of course, but a list is also useful in some cases. Any suggestions? Jeronimo

Yes, I think that I would like to discuss this with Anders Torlind prior to doing this since his contributions to this article have been very significant first though. It would probably make sense to do so sometime in the future in my view, keeping lists in this article to the absolute minimum, i.e. retaining a listing of only the most significant deities, etc. user:sjc

OK, I'll leave it to you experts then. Jeronimo

 * I might recommend keeping a list of the real important ones on the page and spinning a new page off for a complete list. Greek mythology does this.

 * That would be a good idea. The lists in 'See also' are too long for the main article, but I'd like to see a small list (with ilinks in one place, instead of spread all over the article) *and* the mention of full lists sooner then at the very end of the article. You may also want to create a redirect or article/list on Norse pantheon while doing that. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 12:27, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Lauritz writes: I failed to find a complete mention of the view of the cosmos in this article. While it is mentioned that the sea encircles the world, this is not complete without the "tree stub" view, with the home of the gods in the centre and "Midgard" in the middle, followed by the home of the jotne before reaching the sea and the serpent. (Explains Tolkiens naming "Middle Earth") That is, if this is well-documented as an actual worldview, I got a lot of new info from this article and could well be wrong.

I am wondering if a sketch would do the trick. Of course, a sketch would be incomplete without Ratatosk scampering about the branches of Asken Yggdrasil, but I can't draw squirrels. I am no good with ash trees either come to think of it. AlainV 02:08, 2004 Feb 1 (UTC) - (The Sabine and Oscian tribes that formed the Roman Republic and Patrician class, and the Ionian and Dorian peoples who formed Greece of the heroic and classical eras were Nordic peoples who migrated from the north).

Care to substantiate that claim? It clearly seems POV to me, so I will remove it until it is proven as something other than a wannabe connection with southern grandeur by the north, written half-convincingly by propagandists ala saga-revisers and de-heathenisers in love with the Mediterranean braggarts versed in Rome, Athens and Troy,(oh-Thor's Thrudheim, and trying to make Odin's Aesir be Asiatic warriors(the Aesir meant Ash, but they were Indo-European), etc. From the same people who claimed Vinland meant Wine-land when in fact there is a completely different meaning, actually based upon REAL Norse words.  That's right folks, WE DO have a past filled with culture and civilization, not just some bloodlusty "barbarians", as those brainwashed by Christian teachings over the many oppressive hundreds of years have been 'led to believe'!)  User:Kenneth Alan

- On my hunt for references to Vanir/Aesir, I find a curious juxtaposition in this page:

"The Scandinavians recognized two "families" of deities, the Aesir and the Vanir. The distinction is relative, for the two were said to have made peace, exchanged hostages, intermarried and reigned together after a prolonged war, which the Aesir had finally won. Some gods belonged in both camps. Some scholars have speculated that this tale symbolized the way the gods of the invading Germanics supplanted the older nature-deities of the aboriginal peoples, although it should be firmly noted that this is conjecture."

So far so good. Notes interesting but definitely conjectural speculation by some scholars. Then however we go into the following:

"The Germanic Vanir corresponds to the Lake Vaanern as the children of Venus, Norse(Nerthus/Njord), Ynglings/Angles-Frisians/Franks (Yngvi-Freyr/Freya/Frigg). The Wane term comes from the same source as Vin/Win, meaning "friend", as in such names Ke-vin, Ga-vin, Bald-win, Wini-fred, etc, and resembling the words "vain" and "want", signifying desire and love. The Aesir are composed of the Donar/Danes(Thor/Thunder), Jutes/Geats/Gothen(Odin/Wotan/God/Good) and Teutons/Deutsch(Tue/Tyr) and the term Aesir comes from Aegir/Yggr of the Yggdrasil Ash tree, a blend between the words (ash)Ask-Aegir. The Saxons came from the Aesir, judging by their political maneuvers, and may be safe to assume they were newer formed than these other tribes, yet still behaved more like assertive Aesir than peaceful Vanir, despite their long history side by side with the Anglo-Frisian/Franks of the Vanir."

This all seems rather too definite and contractics the previous. The paragraphs seems to imply that various Germanic tribes split up under the banners of particular Norse gods and went their own separate ways, becoming important European peoples. This sounds like a theory, and should not be a statement of fact. Martijn faassen 22:16, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

If you wish, describe it as a theory, just please don't delete it. User:Kenneth Alan
 * I did not delete it. I've only deleted a single reference on Germanic languages. I do dispute that this is historical consensus and therefore should not be added as factual statements to wikipedia, but I may be flat out wrong. Show me. Martijn faassen 22:45, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I notice the article, though long, lacks structure. Besiddes discussing nordic mythology there is also a lot of analysis without a clear separation between the two. It also contains rather blatant POV statements like "An important insight into the laconic and pragmatic character of Norse mythology often neglected in encyclopedic works is that". A good first step would be to split off the analysis section more clearly. I'll get around to it eventually if nobody else is first. Martijn faassen 22:59, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I deleted the clause which said that Saemundur wrote the poetic edda. This was believed until the nineteenth century, but is now not assumed to be possible, as Saemundur died before people started writing scripts in Iceland.

I removed most the following:

 * An interesting aspect of this mythology is that it (along with many other polytheistic religions) is utterly lacking in dualism. Though often portrayed as the "bad guy", Loki is not primarily an adversary of the gods.  In fact he is often an ally and resource for Asgard.  He is also one of the four gods (under his alternate name of Lodur) that create mankind, along with Odin, Vile and Ve.

It is debatable (though likely enough) that Loki is identical to Lodur and the account the creation of mankind here is an idiosyncratic invented one based on two separate accounts in the extant texts, one naming Odin, Vili and Ve and one naming Odin, Hoenir and Lodur.

I reversed the point made about dualism which suggested uniqueness for Norse Mythology for features that are not very unique.

I agree with Martijn on the POV problem. This article jumps too much into pro-Nordic chauvinism. Even the word "Nordic" used here is one closely associated with particular racist theories. J.R.R. Tolkien strongly rejects the word in one of his letters for that reason. Much of what appears here about Nordic culture is is just as true of many other cultures. For example the futharc was only slightly developed by the Scandinavians in the letter shapes and meanings after being taken from southern Germans who themselves adapted it from north Italic variants of what became the Latin alphabet. Other cultures also adapted or borrowed writing systems. What has this to do with Norse mythology?

I suggest all this cultural irrelevance be removed. Discussion of common features of Scandinavian peoples and development of Scandinavian culture or cultures belongs in an article on Scandinavia. 204.101.137.194 18:24, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I have divided the text into chapters to make the text less confusing. Concerning the Scandinavian chauvinism of some contributors, I believe we'll have to live with it, since the mythology is a matter of pride for many Scandinavians. This is very unfortunate, though, since Norse mythology is Germanic mythology, or rather the best known version of Germanic mythology, and thus it concerns a vast amount of people. Wiglaf

 * I agree with the points raised in the above discussion - too much nordic cultural praise for my liking - the article needs to be to the point! I don't have much time to go into it now and edit it myself at the present, but will have a second look later.

 * Being a scandinavian myself, as well as a student of history, there is a lot of things that doesn't make much sense. A minor discussion on the geography shaping Nordic culture is fine, but I would like the sections on how 'technologically' and 'philosophically' superior Nordic people are, completely removed, or alternatively, discussed in the article on Scandinavia or similar. It is not dark 18 hours a day where I live, not even during winters, and I doubt it was in previous times. It seems in this article like nordic culture or nordic peoples have been completely severed from the history of Europe since the viking age, and hence blossomed, where everybody else has degenerated. While it is interesting to discuss how geography shapes culture and mythology, I feel this is way too much.

 * Additionally, the discussion on human sacrifice belongs in an article of its own, it is ludicrous, speculative and without any historical evidence whatsoever to connect Tollundmanden to Norse mythology. Other points in this section bear similar highly speculative traits, without historical grounds.

 * I would like to edit the article more thoroughly, when I find the time. Kind Regards, Morten 12:42, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

There could perhaps be some mention about how often these characters also end up in other fictional work. I now recall at least Douglas Adams' The Long Dark Tea-time of the Soul and Neil Gaiman's American Gods. There is quite a bit of duplicate text with other pages. I understand this page is being edited, though. --blades 01:22, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

Some explanation of the recent mass deletion would be appreciated. I have posted a message to this effect on the deleter's discussion page. AlainV 23:07, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Since there seems to be no standard for the names of the gods, we have started a page called Naming conventions (Norse mythology). Any opinions on what convention to choose are welcome.--Wiglaf 19:49, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

One more thing. How long is that BS about "Fågelkatt" going to remain in the article?--Wiglaf 22:33, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Norse mythology/Archive 2


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Life-support system

A life-support system is the combination of equipment that allows survival in an environment or situation that would not support that life in its absence. It is generally applied to systems supporting human life in situations where the outside environment is hostile, such as outer space or underwater, or medical situations where the health of the person is compromised to the extent that the risk of death would be high without the function of the equipment.

In human spaceflight, a life-support system is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in outer space. US government space agency NASA, and private spaceflight companies use the phrase "environmental control and life-support system" or the acronym "ECLSS" when describing these systems. The life-support system may supply air, water and food. It must also maintain the correct body temperature, an acceptable pressure on the body and deal with the body's waste products. Shielding against harmful external influences such as radiation and micro-meteorites may also be necessary. Components of the life-support system are life-critical, and are designed and constructed using safety engineering techniques.

In underwater diving, the breathing apparatus is considered to be life support equipment, and a saturation diving system is considered a life-support system – the personnel who are responsible for operating it are called life support technicians. The concept can also be extended to submarines, crewed submersibles and atmospheric diving suits, where the breathing gas requires treatment to remain respirable, and the occupants are isolated from the outside ambient pressure and temperature.

Medical life-support systems include heart-lung machines, medical ventilators and dialysis equipment.

Human physiological and metabolic needs
A crewmember of typical size requires approximately 5 kg of food, water, and oxygen per day to perform standard activities on a space mission, and outputs a similar amount in the form of waste solids, waste liquids, and carbon dioxide. The mass breakdown of these metabolic parameters is as follows: 0.84 kg of oxygen, 0.62 kg of food, and 3.54 kg of water consumed, converted through the body's physiological processes to 0.11 kg of solid wastes, 3.89 kg of liquid wastes, and 1.00 kg of carbon dioxide produced. These levels can vary due to activity level of a specific mission assignment, but must obey the principle of mass balance. Actual water use during space missions is typically double the given value, mainly due to non-biological use (e.g. showering). Additionally, the volume and variety of waste products varies with mission duration to include hair, finger nails, skin flaking, and other biological wastes in missions exceeding one week in length. Other environmental considerations such as radiation, gravity, noise, vibration, and lighting also factor into human physiological response in outer space, though not with the more immediate effect that the metabolic parameters have.

Atmosphere
Outer space life-support systems maintain atmospheres composed, at a minimum, of oxygen, water vapor and carbon dioxide. The partial pressure of each component gas adds to the overall barometric pressure.

However, the elimination of diluent gases substantially increases fire risks, especially in ground operations when for structural reasons the total cabin pressure must exceed the external atmospheric pressure; see Apollo 1. Furthermore, oxygen toxicity becomes a factor at high oxygen concentrations. For this reason, most modern crewed spacecraft use conventional air (nitrogen/oxygen) atmospheres and use pure oxygen only in pressure suits during extravehicular activity where acceptable suit flexibility mandates the lowest inflation pressure possible.

Water
Water is consumed by crew members for drinking, cleaning activities, EVA thermal control, and emergency uses. It must be stored, used, and reclaimed (from waste water and exhaled water vapor) efficiently since no on-site sources currently exist for the environments reached in the course of human space exploration. Future lunar missions may utilize water sourced from polar ices; Mars missions may utilize water from the atmosphere or ice deposits.

Food
All space missions to date have used supplied food. Life-support systems could include a plant cultivation system which allows food to be grown within buildings or vessels. This would also regenerate water and oxygen. However, no such system has flown in outer space as yet. Such a system could be designed so that it reuses most (otherwise lost) nutrients. This is done, for example, by composting toilets which reintegrate waste material (excrement) back into the system, allowing the nutrients to be taken up by the food crops. The food coming from the crops is then consumed again by the system's users and the cycle continues. The logistics and area requirements involved however have been prohibitive in implementing such a system to date.

Gravity
Depending on the length of the mission, astronauts may need artificial gravity to reduce the effects of space adaptation syndrome, body fluid redistribution, and loss of bone and muscle mass. Two methods of generating artificial weight in outer space exist.

Linear acceleration
If a spacecraft's engines could produce thrust continuously on the outbound trip with a thrust level equal to the mass of the ship, it would continuously accelerate at the rate of 32.2 ft/sec per second, and the crew would experience a pull toward the ship's aft bulkhead at normal Earth gravity (one g). The effect is proportional to the rate of acceleration. When the ship reaches the halfway point, it would turn around and produce thrust in the retrograde direction to slow down.

Rotation
Alternatively, if the ship's cabin is designed with a large cylindrical wall, or with a long beam extending another cabin section or counterweight, spinning it at an appropriate speed will cause centrifugal force to simulate the effect of gravity. If ω is the angular velocity of the ship's spin, then the acceleration at a radius r is:

$g = \omega^2 r$

Notice the magnitude of this effect varies with the radius of rotation, which crewmembers might find inconvenient depending on the cabin design. Also, the effects of Coriolis force (a force imparted at right angles to motion within the cabin) must be dealt with. And there is concern that rotation could aggravate the effects of vestibular disruption.

Gemini, Mercury, and Apollo
American Mercury, Gemini and Apollo spacecraft contained 100% oxygen atmospheres, suitable for short duration missions, to minimize weight and complexity.

Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle was the first American spacecraft to have an Earth-like atmospheric mixture, comprising 22% oxygen and 78% nitrogen. For the Space Shuttle, NASA includes in the ECLSS category systems that provide both life support for the crew and environmental control for payloads. The Shuttle Reference Manual contains ECLSS sections on: Crew Compartment Cabin Pressurization, Cabin Air Revitalization, Water Coolant Loop System, Active Thermal Control System, Supply and Waste Water, Waste Collection System, Waste Water Tank, Airlock Support, Extravehicular Mobility Units, Crew Altitude Protection System, and Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Cooling and Gaseous Nitrogen Purge for Payloads.

Soyuz
The life-support system on the Soyuz spacecraft is called the Kompleks Sredstv Obespecheniya Zhiznideyatelnosti (KSOZh) (Комплекс Средств Обеспечения Жизнедеятельности (KCOЖ)). Vostok, Voshkod and Soyuz contained air-like mixtures at approximately 101kPa (14.7 psi). The life support system provides a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at sea level partial pressures. The atmosphere is then regenerated through KO2 cylinders, which absorb most of the CO2 and water produced by the crew biologically and regenerates the oxygen, the LiOH cylinders then absorb the leftover CO2.

Plug and play
The Paragon Space Development Corporation is developing a plug and play ECLSS called commercial crew transport-air revitalization system (CCT-ARS) for future spacecraft partially paid for using NASA's Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) funding.

The CCT-ARS provides seven primary spacecraft life support functions in a highly integrated and reliable system: Air temperature control, Humidity removal, Carbon dioxide removal, Trace contaminant removal, Post-fire atmospheric recovery, Air filtration, and Cabin air circulation.

Space station systems
Space station systems include technology that enables humans to live in outer space for a prolonged period of time. Such technology includes filtration systems for human waste disposal and air production.

Skylab
Skylab used 72% oxygen and 28% nitrogen at a total pressure of 5 psi.

Salyut and Mir
The Salyut and Mir space stations contained an air-like Oxygen and Nitrogen mixture at approximately sea-level pressures of 93.1 kPa (13.5psi) to 129 kPa (18.8 psi) with an Oxygen content of 21% to 40%.

Bigelow commercial space station
The life-support system for the Bigelow Commercial Space Station is being designed by Bigelow Aerospace in Las Vegas, Nevada. The space station will be constructed of habitable Sundancer and BA 330 expandable spacecraft modules. "human-in-the-loop testing of the environmental control and life-support system (ECLSS)" for Sundancer has begun.

Natural systems
Natural LSS like the Biosphere 2 in Arizona have been tested for future space travel or colonization. These systems are also known as closed ecological systems. They have the advantage of using solar energy as primary energy only and being independent from logistical support with fuel. Natural systems have the highest degree of efficiency due to integration of multiple functions. They also provide the proper ambience for humans which is necessary for a longer stay in outer space.

Underwater and saturation diving habitats
Underwater habitats and surface saturation accommodation facilities provide life-support for their occupants over periods of days to weeks. The occupants are constrained from immediate return to surface atmospheric pressure by decompression obligations of up to several weeks.

The life support system of a surface saturation accommodation facility provides breathing gas and other services to support life for the personnel under pressure. It includes the following components: Underwater habitats differ in that the ambient external pressure is the same as internal pressure, so some engineering problems are simplified.
 * Gas compression, mixing and storage facilities
 * Chamber climate control system – control of temperature and humidity, and filtration of gas
 * Instrumentation, control, monitoring and communications equipment
 * Fire suppression systems
 * Sanitation systems

Underwater habitats balance internal pressure with the ambient external pressure, allowing the occupants free access to the ambient environment within a specific depth range, while saturation divers accommodated in surface systems are transferred under pressure to the working depth in a closed diving bell

The life support system for the bell provides and monitors the main supply of breathing gas, and the control station monitors the deployment and communications with the divers. Primary gas supply, power and communications to the bell are through a bell umbilical, made up from a number of hoses and electrical cables twisted together and deployed as a unit. This is extended to the divers through the diver umbilicals.

The accommodation life support system maintains the chamber environment within the acceptable range for health and comfort of the occupants. Temperature, humidity, breathing gas quality sanitation systems and equipment function are monitored and controlled.

MELiSSA
Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) is a European Space Agency led initiative, conceived as a micro-organisms and higher plants based ecosystem intended as a tool to gain understanding of the behaviour of artificial ecosystems, and for the development of the technology for a future regenerative life-support system for long term crewed space missions.

CyBLiSS
CyBLiSS ("Cyanobacterium-Based Life Support Systems") is a concept developed by researchers from several space agencies (NASA, the German Aerospace Center and the Italian Space Agency) which would use cyanobacteria to process resources available on Mars directly into useful products, and into substrates for other key organisms of Bioregenerative life support system (BLSS). The goal is to make future human-occupied outposts on Mars as independent of Earth as possible (explorers living "off the land"), to reduce mission costs and increase safety. Even though developed independently, CyBLiSS would be complementary to other BLSS projects (such as MELiSSA) as it can connect them to materials found on Mars, thereby making them sustainable and expandable there. Instead of relying on a closed loop, new elements found on site can be brought into the system.

title: Life-support system


text:
User:Adam Carr/Talk Archive9

Maps of France & Italy: Sorry, I didn't see the message about France. I am building List of Members of the European Parliament 2004-2009 which references the regions (along with those already mapped for European Parliament Election, 2004 (Ireland), and the pre-established States of Germany the Regions of England and the Voivodships of Poland). It seemed logical to put them on the elections page as was done for Ireland. I hope to add lists of candidates elected to each country, but this will take a few days. Possibly longer in Italy which is a mess due to candidates getting elected in multiple regions and only taking up one. Or even none!

Hope this is OK. --Keith Edkins 17:00, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

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Adam, this isn't your article. I know you put hard work, but everyone else is entitled to make the edits they feel they have to, as long as the edits help. Instead of just labeling my edit "dopey", make a case on why the section should be called "Modern Middle East". WhisperToMe 05:04, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

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Okay, I'll admit to screwing up in the German map thingie. But you could have been more respectful with that matter ;) Nor is it relevant.

You are acting like it's your article. As if it is forbidden and that I can't touch it. Instead of mentioning these past incidents and trying to color me as an uber-stupid user, why not just tell me why it's not good. You are beating around the bush. You are telling me irrelevant stuff about past disputes and not about the current issue. The current issue is the naming of the section. And for that matter, you have not studied my edit history at all.

Quit focusing on the past and get tell me why my current edit is so lame. If you say its lame because I'm the one who did made the edit and that you didn't even look at the edit, then I am going to tell you to please stop. WhisperToMe 05:54, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

You are still not focusing on the edit; you are focusing on me. Stop focusing on me. I'm none of your business here. Don't focus on the person. Focus on the edit.

But I got a 2nd opinion from someone on IRC, and he says that "Modern Middle East" is a bit ambiguous and I've decided that I'll stop on that issue now. :) WhisperToMe 06:25, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

WhisperToMe 06:25, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hi - I'd like to use some of your photos in other Wikipedia languages. Can you confirm whether they are available under the GFDL? Thanks. Ianb 18:59, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * specifically these: [Image:Ac.acropolis.jpg], [Image:Ac.omonia.jpg], and while I'm at ti [Image:Ac.charioteer3.jpg]. Ianb 06:21, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hi, I noticed your stance in the talk page on Poland's betrayal by the Western Allies and wanted to let you know that I have reopened the issue at VfD and wish for you to please cast your vote at VfD--naryathegreat 23:43, Jul 6, 2004 (UTC)

I've checked out Krusty's "sources" on the "land-bridge". Check this out: Talk:Eurasian Land-Bridge AndyL 15:21, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hi Adam, unfortunately the you uploaded does not work, so I deleted it from the article. Hope you can fix that. Get-back-world-respect 19:17, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Anti-Zionism

Adam, you are so predicatable. I was thinking "will Adam take 5 mins or 15 mins to make his usual reply?"; thanks for not disappointing me. Btw, don't threaten things, it is beneath you. Especially don't threaten to violate Wikipedia procedures. --Zero 04:53, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Adam, don't let Zero bully you. He's just anrgy that you won't let him remove huge chunks of the articles without offering something NPOV, or at least attemtping to be so, in its place. RK

LaRouche arbitration?

Were you aware that we are now in arbitration re:LaRouche? See Requests for arbitration/Lyndon LaRouche john k 08:51, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

License Hi, could you give the license of Image:Ac.athensarms.jpg ? We use it on french wp so we hope it is GFDL or DP ... Thanks in advance for the answer. Tipiac 10:49, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

We use it on fr: on fr:Image:Ac.athensarms.jpg

About Simonides and straw-man arguments against Jews

I am becoming very concerned about the behaviour of Simonides; he has already declared himself an enemy of "Zionist" contributions to Wikipedia, (although he has little idea of what this word really means; he uses this word as slur word.) Simonides's distortion of the content of the anti-Zionism article (and others), and his distortion of the views of Jewish groups, are straw-man attacks. As you know, no mainstream Jewish denomination, organization or group has ever claimed that a criticism of an Israeli policy or government is anti-Semitism; no on here on Wikipedia here is saying that either. Simonides' repeated claims to the contrary are Jew-baiting strawman attacks. They are not only factually false (and thus have no place in an encyclopedia), but will only serve to encourage open anti-Semitism. This isn't about a disagreement on how to phrase facts; this is about his manufactoring of false "facts" in order to hurt others whom he disagrees with. This behaviour is out of line, and if he continues, we may need to bring this up on the Wiki-En list. RK 13:41, Jul 12, 2004 (UTC)

It might sound pompous and anachronistic to put the full titles - and so it is - but that does not change either the history or the facts. You cannot merely present half the detail because it sounds pretty and looks nice. --JohnArmagh 16:19, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

In reply:-

On the Wikipedia edit page it does say that "If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then do not submit it."

I notice that today I have a banner asking me to consider donating to the Wikipedia - I was considering it, but there is little point if no-one likes what I write.

However, that said:-

Of course you are correct re the style of the monarch etc., and I would have corrected my errors shortly. However as you are so against the very style you may revert if you wish, however would you allow me to have my pompous and anachronistic page elsewhere on the Wikipedia?

I do think that it is of certain interest to see how the styles develop over time, and there may (hopefully) come a day when Australia and Great Britain (my two nationalities) have a republican constitution, and then the styles and titles will change completely.

regards --JohnArmagh 17:15, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Notwithstanding my comments above - I have reverted the article for you back to how it was before I edited it. --JohnArmagh 17:27, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hello sir, I have seen you are aware of Avala, well, he and his Serb nationalist friends have been major problem makers for quite some time now, you can see some of it on my talk page. I agree about the ban. --GeneralPatton 22:48, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hi Adam,

Thanks for your reply.

I do appreciate your (and others) stance on this. And I also very much welcome any information which assists in accuracy of the information and correcting errors.

Although it may appear from my pedantry that I am a proponent of the peerage system the contrary is the case. I would like to be able to demonstrate how the 'dignities of office' have been changing through history and from country to country and conforming to the acceptance of the conteporary 'society', and a historical list of officials seemed to be the ideal place. Because I have close links with Australia, and because Australia is growing away from the legacy of the archaic 'British' system it seemed ideal to demonstrate this initially with that country.

I do agree that most of those looking for a list of GGs etc. would expect to see a plain list of names and dates - but the thing which has got me is that when I am looking for the extra detail I can never find it, which is why I thought this the ideal opportunity to compile it in case there is anyone else in the world like me.

best regards Adam - hope to speak again soon --JohnArmagh 08:58, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I am not User:Dear Leader. BTW my edits are not idiotic if they difer from your point of view. If you want to ban me you will have to say:He edited that page in the way i don`t like it.

You can check IPs if you want but next time you call me an idiot I will report you.

[[User:Avala|Avala| ★ ]] 12:15, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hi Adam. You uploaded Image:Ac.yudhoyono1.gif. Did you convert this to GIF yourself? Do you have an original version of a better quality? — In general, it would be nice if you could use image description pages more: Describe both what the image depicts, and where you got it from. Thanks! :) Timwi 12:17, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Avala, along with his buddies User:Nikola Smolenski and User:Igor, has been inserting his Serb nationalist nonsense all over the place, although Avala is the least cunning of the bunch. Only way of reporting him as far as i know is listing him on Vandalism in progress. They deny they have an agenda, and often counter-report if you report them, but their revision histories tell a different story. It’s a tough fight with the extremists. I know people have nominated you for an Admin, and I really think you should accept because of cases like this. --GeneralPatton 17:49, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Epirus

Adam, are you of Greek descent? There is a mess over at Epirus and thought that perhaps you might have enough knowledge and perhaps be able to keep it neutral at the same time. I am Albanian, but I don't know that much about the modern Greek periphery. I have tried to tone it down and give the Albanian perspective, but both Greek and Albanian editors are making a mess of it. Dori | Talk 02:23, Jul 14, 2004 (UTC)

-- Hi Adam - Thanks for starting up my User page for me :)

I promised myself I'd get round to it - I suppose I need to get on with it now.

btw The picture is of the Church of Ireland cathedral, which is a nice enough building - except that I am R.C.

I'll keep the pic there anyway!

best wishes --JohnArmagh 09:54, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

- Re: Lafosse:-

Being someone who never believes anything just because it is in print, I suspected that was the case, however in the absence of anyone else claiming Stewart descent (and I believe there is a claimant in Sardinia) then I'll have him. Plus, like me, he looks OK in a kilt :)

--JohnArmagh 12:05, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for swatting that edit on Rauf Denktash. I thought Viero and myself had got them all. That fool added everyone from Michael Somare to Isabel Allende to the category. Ambivalenthysteria 08:19, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I've had to have Leo Strauss protected from him (see Talk:Leo Strauss). Counterculture needs work. AndyL 18:23, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

What would you think about having 'pedia articles on each of the federal electorates? Ambivalenthysteria 05:34, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Krusty the LaRouchie Clown has promoted his hero to the ranks of serious critics of the Frankfurt School; Angela has also protected the article on his version. I'm going to be offline for the day, so I can't deal with it. Will you be able to take a look? Thanks, 172 13:30, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC) - So what happens when (for instance) Angola has a Head of Government who is not a 'Prime Minister' or when the Head of State assumes the responsibilities of Head of Government as well. Is there then to be a separate list for each Head of Government who adopts a different title or standing? In this case anyone who wanted a list of Heads of Government would have to search through multiple lists for such information, and unless the lists were all sufficiently linked then the information may not be found. --JohnArmagh 09:04, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

So you are saying that where I have a valid expansion of existing relevant information I should incorporated it into an existing page even if the titled remit of that page is narrower than the additional information to be incorporated.

Previous experience of this (i.e. adding Administrators to a list of Governor-Generals) has not exactly met with universal acceptance ;)

Rulers does contain the information, but does this mean it is not required in the Wikipedia? Using this as a principal, the Wikipedia need not exist at all :) --JohnArmagh 09:44, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

edit wars

thanks for putting an end on the pointless and irritating edit war on Jong-il. (the same thing was also happening in Fidel Castro ,and was also ended by User:Evil saltine - --Cyprus2k1 10:18, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

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Adam, you mentioned on the holocaust talk page that you were thinking of rewriting the article. Are you still working on this? (I know it's currently protected, but I could unprotect it. . . It's been a week.) Quadell (talk) 17:26, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

Veritass

Adam I have respect for your background but....

EPIRUS, LOW ALBANIA by Sherif Delvina

1.1 Testimonies on Albanian authenticity in Epirus. The ethnological characteristics of Epirus are contraries to those of the neighboring Greece.

First, let us start with the position the king had in Epirus. In Epirus the king was not allowed to hold the crown on his head. The rights of the sovereign were limited. Without agreement of juridical institutions, the king could not produce coins, neither could he declare war to another state; nor even conclude peace treaties and alliances with other states. During the war, the king executed the function of a military leader of Epirus, having only rights to commit sacrifices. Look what Plutarch says about Epirus’ kings: “The kings, after committing sacrifices to war’s God in Passaron of Molossia, had the habit to bet with them to defend  the kingdom according to the existing laws. This ceremony was conducted in the presence of two other kings, surrounded by their friends, who, on this occasion exchanged a lot of presents”. Pouqueville (1770-1838), illuminist, consul of France near Ali Pasha Tepelena, Characterizes the Passaron of Epirus as “….the city where was seen, maybe for the first time, the august union of sovereign and people, that of monarchic power and liberty”. The ceremony of Passaron is quoted even by W. Tarn, to Antigonus Gonat. Kings such as, First Alceta, Arryba, Aeacidae, Pyrrhus, etc., were dethroned or killed according to the right of revocation. The position of women in Epirus changed from that in Hellas. In Greece reigned “tutela mulierum”. There, the women were excluded by law, from public life (ownership, citizenship and privileged situation, up to kingdom run). In Epirot coins the face of Diona is distinguished, on the side of Zeus of Dodona. In the numismatics of king Pyrrhus, the women held a remarkable place. These coins clearly speak of the high position the Epirus women held, in contrast with their companions’ position in Greece. This is also shown by the richness of female graves, discovered by archeological expeditions. Epirot dances, documented quite perfectly in painted ceramics are also evidence of the important place by the woman kept in this ancient land. A brass slab in Dodona, speaks of an Epirot woman, who offers her slave to another woman of this land, without any mediation.(C.Carapanos “Dodona and its Ruins”, page 55-56, Athens 1878). In Epirus, “tutela mulierum” was inexistent. This conclusion is issued by archaeologist Pierre Cabane. This tutelage was missing in that time even in Thessaly, the Greek researcher, A.M.Vavakos points out. This data coincides with the definition made by Herodotus for Thessaly. According to him, Thessalians were of Thesproti origin. Consequently, logic works. There are confirmed reasons that Epirus has issued brave women, who equaled in bravery with men. It is worth mentioning here the terrible Olympia, the mother of Alexander of Macedonia, who put the golden crown to the killer of her husband, Philip II, or Neris and Dejdameia, who were the last “forte men” of Aeacidae dynasty, which had vanished for ever and left the place to Epirot League. In Butrinto, Pierre Cabane tells, one third of slave owners were women. When he speaks about the limits of this originality, he makes known that the place held by women in Epirus and Northern Greece was the same as that held in Central and Northern Illyria. Reading the history of Epirus kings, you can find a lot of non-Greek names,Guiseppe Nensi observes in his work,”Pyrrhus” Torino, 1953. It is enough to mention Taryps, Arruba, Alceta, Aeacidae, whose historical beings could not be put in doubt. Typical are the names of Trojan cycle; Neoptolemus, Pyrrhus, Alexander, Teucer, Andromaca, etc. These kings made matching bondages with others, out of Epirus, as in the case of Olympia, nother of great Alexander with Philip II of Macedonia. Pyrrhus’s women were not Greek. Antigone was the daughter of Ptolemy, a Madedonian. Brikena was the daughter of Illyrian king, Bardylis, while Lanasa was the daughter of Dyonisus, the tyrant of Syracuse. According to well-known cartographer, Kiepert, the map 1: 5000 000  “Epirus and Thessaly”(Berlin, 1880), is presented as follows: Molossia, 3500 km2; Thesprotia, 2050 km2, and Chaonia, 2400 km2, the total of Epirot League, 7950 km2. In Epirot League, Mollosians occupied almost half of Epirot territory. On page 59 of the work “Pyrrhus”, of Pierre Leveque, it is observed that there existed a kinship tie between king of Taulants, Glaucias, and the royal family of Aeacidaes. Glaucias’s wife, Beroia was an Epirot princess. On page 89 of this book is shown Pyrrhus’s fidelity to his mother’s memory. In her memory, king Pyrrhus produced brass coins, which on the right had his beloved mother’s head, Phtia, daughter of Thessalian Menon. Based on Plutarch, Leveque(I IV) while speaking about the growing strength of Pyrrhus among Taulants, quotes:”The wild place of Taulants was just released of atrocity; it missed the lucidity of Hellenism, which Molossian prices had obtained from Greeks since the time of king Tharyps”. While on page 173, the same author notes:”We can say that Illyrians had remained more barbarous(read: non-Greeks) than Epirots, but Hellenism began to influence them”. The author here means the radiation of Helen culture, which at that time included a major part of ancient world. To “Old world”, vol.III, Chicago, USA, 1983, in “Epigraphic searches in Epirus”, there are noted too, seven months of Epirot old calendar: Gamilios, Apelaios, Agrianos, Kraneios, Halotropis, Datyos, Phoinikaios. But we have to assume the fact that suffixes are put because they are written in Greek language. The months of Epirot calendar are absolutely different from those of Greek calendar. The father of ancient history Herodotus, in his monumental work “The History”, book eight, paragraph 47, a book which is dedicated to muse Urania, confesses that the Thessproti are neighbors with Ambracias and Leucades, who came to Salamina battle against Persians from all corners of Greece. According to Herodotus, Greece ended in Leucades islands, which is to the west part of Acarnania and Ambracias of Ambracia city, the only Hellen colony in Epirot seashore. Epirus did not take part in Trojan War, neither in the war against Persian, nor in Peloponesian War, which was of a Greek character, because Epirus was not included in Hellen community. In Panhellenic Conference, organized by Pericles, none of Epirot cities took part, except for Ambracia, which as it is known, was a Greek colony (Plutarch,Pericles, XVII). For Ephor of Cuma Greece starts in Acarnania; this stands also for Strabo(VIII, 333) During all times Epirus, up to Berlin congress, remained out of Greece historical borders. Ancient historians consider Epirots as barbarous. It is known that at that time if one was called barbarous, it meant that he was not Greek. Greeks use today the word “Epirot” in order to hide the name “Albanian”. Albanians are the overwhelming majority of current Southern Albania inhabitants, which is extended up to Arta bay. Greeks, says Herodotus in his book VII, paragraph II, dedicated to Polymnia muse, charged king Leonidas with 300 Spartans to defend Thermopylae passes, on order to prohibit the entering of barbarians to Greece. Herodotus even in paragraph 146 of his book states that in the east of Thermopylae there was a step and impassable mountain, which extended up to Aeta mountain. To the east this road is limited by sea and some valleys and rivulets. There is only a passing way which goes to Phocis, Greece region, extended to the east by Aetolia. This pass, confesses Herodotus, is protected by a wall, constructed by inhabitants of Phocis. That wall was constructed, because they were frightened by Thessalians, who had come from Thesprotia and were placed in Aeolida (Thessaly).Phocis people had taken these measures to defend themselves from Thessalians, who wanted to subdue and to keep them under their yoke. In ancient times, Cams (Tsams) were neighbors with Phocis people and Thessaly was Thesproty land, thus, Cam. Herodotus data are accurate “he knew Greece quite well, had friendship with Athens’elite, with Pericles, Sofocles, etc. His writings both by the intellectual elite, and the people, were held in great esteem. We should not forget that he knew the places he had been. He was curious for everything, says Gustav Klotsch in       “ Histoire ancienne”, vol II, page 3. In page 4, he points out that the father of history remains an un-substituted cicerone for everybody who seeks to know about Greece of the fifth century before Christ. History has been, is and will be, as Latins say, life’s teacher. Here we reming all Albanian political parties that the ancient border of our country with Greece followed the line of Leucades islands, Ionian sea, Acarnania, Aetoli, Phocis, Locris, and ended in the Egean Sea. While today, Odysseus’s sons want to displace our border with Greece to Shkumbin River. The main regions of southern Albania, ethnically and historically Albanians, are even those of Filat, Paramythia, Gumenica and all Epirus up to Preveza, with Ioannina, Konica, Florina and Kastoria. In all these places, in particular in Cameri(Tsamuria), the Albanian language is spoken: it is spoken at home and in safe places out of home. In Greece exist severe orders, issued by Greek government, that Cams should not speak their language. These orders have banned the use of Albanian spoken language in that part of southern Albania, given to Greece by London conference of 1913. Large number of Orthodox people live in those areas, who speak Albanian language, as well as Albanian Muslims, compulsorily converted into Orthodox religion. These Albanians, in informal environments are called by Greeks, Albanophons Greeks, which mean Greeks speaking Albanian language. These inverted expressions, serve the organized chauvinist Pan-Hellenic goals and propaganda. The former Greece’s Prime Minister himself, the notorious chauvinist, Venizelos, confessed that Greece’s North is inhabited by Albanians. Let him speak:”It is absolutely exact that North population is of Albanian origin”. ( L. Skendo, Extrait de la Revue “Les peuples libres”, numero d’avril, les revendications albanaises, Lausanne, 1919). The word “North”, L. Skendo stresses, is understood Epirus to Arta bay.

And now let’s see Greek-Albanian border in the Middle Ages. George Acropolites (1217-1282) has written about the war fought by Epirus despot, Michael II against Byzantine troops. Let’s see what he says on this: “We retreated, thus, up to their borders (the troops of despot Michael II –SH.D), e.i. up to Pirene mountains( the mountains of today’s Pindus-SH.D), which separate Old and New Epirus from the old world.(Georgios Acropolites, Chronical work, publicher, Teubner, Lipsiae, 1903). Greek land, according to Georgios Acropolites, was beyond the mountains of Pindus, thus, Epirus is not a Greek land. We must not forget that Georgios Acropolites has been a diplomat, politian, historian and teacher of Byzantinum’s emperor, Theodor II Lascaris; he has also been chief commander of Byzantine army. But these aforementioned sayings, are admitted even by Theodor Scutariot, Byzantine historian, who was born and lived during the XIII century. He states all these in his work “ Introduction to Chronicles” (K.N.Sathas, Bibloteca Graeca medii aevi VII). George Pachimeris, Byzantine historian of the XII century, who during his life has held important state functions, considers Albanians as Illyrians. He limits Greece to the South Thessaly River. Let’s see what he says for Peneu river (Selemvria). Pachimeris emphasizes that: “Byzantium’s emperor, Michael VIII Peleologue ordered to attack Illyrians and tribal regions, as well as those beyond Peneu river, the so called, true Greece”. (“History”, First Volume, book II 26, page 137, Bonnae, 1835) Pachimeris confirmed that Hellas at that time was confined to today’s Selemvria River, yesterday’s Peneu. These Byzantine historians accurately confirm that Epirus and Macedonia had never been Greek lands. If we go back several centuries before the time of historian Pachimeris, we will see what Hellas included. The reply would be accurately given by Greek scholars. In Sinecdemos of Jerocles (VI century A.D) is pointed out that old Greece at that time included only regions of Beotia, of Attica, Phocis, Euboea and Peloponnesus. Donald Edgar Pitcher in “ An historical geography of the Ottoman Empire from the earliest times to the end of the sixteenth century”..Leiden E.Y.Brill, 1972, expressed himself as follows, about the expansion of Albanians in the second half of the XIV century: ”In the second half of XIV century, in North they extended ot Zeta (Montenegro) and in South between Epirus and Corinthian bay”. It is evident that old and new historians are of the same opinion about Greece’s historical frontiers. Greek chauvinists should never forget that possessions of Gjin Zebenishi were extended from Argiro to Glyk, while those of Gjin Bue Shpata up to Naupactus. Theodor Mommsen in “Storia di Roma Antica”, volume primo, Roma-Torino, Casa Editrice Nacionale, Poux Viarengo,1903, page 362 of book II, chapter VII writes:” Cosi rimesso nel retaggio paterno, tutti si strinsero intorno a lui. I valorosi Epiroti, gli Albanesi dell antichita”.( Thus, just when he was put at the head of kingdom(of fatherhood inheritance), all united around him (King Pyrrhus-SH.D.) Epirot bravemen, Albanians of ancient times). We must not forget that Theodor Momsen (1817-1903) is considered as the most distinguished researcher of ancient Roman world. His glory reached the apotheosis by winning the Nobel Price (1902) at the age of 85 years. He wrote a lot of books and, among them is ”The History of ancient Rome”, quoted above. But let’s proceed. Look here what the well-known Byzantine historian of VI century, Procope of Caesarea, says about our Greek neighbors:”In the war Greeks are called coward soldiers, as though Greece never had a right man”. (Procope of Caesarea, “Omnia”, vol. III, I, Lipsiae). This historian, in aforementioned paragraph sees the difference between Byzantium, which was a conglomerate of peoples, and Greece, which was a part of that multinational empire. The people of Byzantium people, according to Procope of Caesarea, did not feel like Greeks at all.

If you want me to reply to this, become a User so that I can reply on your Talk page. Adam 03:43, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Okay Adam thanks for writing. My User name is : Veritass. Thanks again.

Please don't indent your text because it appears in those funny boxes if you do. Adam 05:40, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Please don't misunderstand

Please don't misunderstand, I think your a jolly good chap, but your debate techniques would seem to lack a certain refinement. I don't have a survey of world jewry handy, but in my personal experience, most Jews are inter-marrying atheists, and more likely to be protesting Israeli policy w their Left-Wing friends than to come close to possesing the cahones needed to be a Zionist. If I were a Jew, I'd be in the Israeli military, and would favor an expansion of Israels borders similar to the westward expansion of the U.S. If I was a pali, I'd prob be making a bomb right now. I am neither, and like to think I'm objective, if not indifferent. How can I be indifferent when the whole mess is prob. the single most contentious political issue in the world today? and I must say, you have the strangest taste in art I've come across ;) Sam [Spade] 06:34, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Stupid and malicious

I live on W.P.A.F.B., (near Dayton, Ohio), U.S.A.. I used to be mistaken for a rabbi (my friends and family make fun of me for dressing/acting like an old man, and I had a long beard at that time) in Madison, Wisconsin, and had Jewish roommates there, etc... I have known alot of Jews. I know a half Jewish acquaintance that is acting as an independent reporter in Palestinian controlled areas in/near Israel, as we speak (unless he's dead, who knows). I have known right wing Jews, but very, very, very rarely. I’ve met ridiculous amounts of Left-wing and/or atheist Jews however. I chat online using at least a half-dozen chat engines, seeking out intellectual folks who want to chat about politics. I worked as a sociological surveyor and political pollster for years. I have a bit of perspective, trust me. I understand that wherever you live (Australia?) is very different from where I live, and that you life has been very different from mine, but please don't see that as a negative. I suggest we keep an open mind, an open eye, and make the most of this group editing process. What say you, good sir? Sam [Spade] 07:03, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I apologize for cursing, but clearly the consistent insults made me angry. Lets either resolve our personal differences in short order, or avoid each other entirely. I don't edit here in order to get into a bad mood, which is just where such hostilities put me. Sam [Spade] 07:38, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hi, the image of the Hippodrome you uploaded has no source information; I assume you took it yourself, but could you please mark it as such? You can find the image at Image:Ac.hippodrome1.jpg. Thanks very much, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 13:05, 2004 Jul 23 (UTC)

Speaking of Istanbul pictures, you wouldn't happen to have taken any photos of the old walls, would you? Or even the reconstructed ones...I was looking on the web for some for the Walls of Byzantium article, but they are all likely copyrighted. Adam Bishop 22:19, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Great! Byzantium did have a tiny wall but I doubt it remains at all (since it was in the middle of the city by the time the Theodosian Walls were built). The reason the page is under that name is because that's what the author happened to name it and no one has ever bothered to move it, but I will do so now that I am reminded. Adam Bishop 02:34, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I just want to say thank you for your contributions on the Thai royals, I only hope that it wasn't all you have in preparation about them. andy 12:04, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I can fully understand you got infected with the Thailand virus - I got it some years ago as well, and now I am researching Thai history and geography to make sure the country is well-covered here. So I really look forward to your next contributions. The temples you mentioned don't have articles yet - so far just Wat Phra Kaew und the Grand Palace, Bangkok are the only buildings in Bangkok which have an article. I have many photos of temples in Thailand, but hesitated to write about them so far - it's not easy to make them sound like from an encyclopedia, not a travel guide (like the one on Chiang Mai you cleaned up earlier). But I guess Wat Arun and Wat Po deserve an article on their own, and have enough to write about them. andy 11:56, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I copied this from my reaction on Ahoerstemeiers talk page: :It is very "dangerous" to write "negative" things about members of the royal family. I live in Thailand and know that making negative marks about the royal family can get somebody into big problems. No matter if it is the truth or not. Theoratically it can result in a block of wikipedia, they are blocking over 10.000 websites in Thailand already, part of them because they are negative about the government etc. For the list search at 2bangkok.com. Contact me through private email if you want and we will discuss it there.

About the other articles great if you can write them, I have read many of your contributions and I think they are great!! Waerth 14:08, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The marriage info is right, but he is married ... again. As for we should not let the Thai govt. dictate the content of our articles. It is known that when it comes to insulting the royal family they do sue around the world for that. Case in point being a restaurantholder in the US last year. I am also putting critical points about the Thai government like intimidation of demonstrators at the XV aids conference on the pedia, but in the Dutch version. Just to clarify on that matter. I am very carefull with matters relating to the royals as I know that that is a very sensitive point. With matters containing the government and pm Toxin I am not carefull. If you want me to elaborate on that please mail me privately (also for the gossip) Waerth 13:59, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Let me check om all those questions when me Thai friend comes back from his mission in Southern Thailand. The only thing is that IF he has A son with his 3rd wife HE will be the next one in line. They also might pass him over and make the next one in line king. Lot more where that comes from .... Waerth 10:29, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Rick Ross is an expert in destructive cults. His webpage provides a vast array of information on many such groups, including Larouche. Maybe some of the articles here will be of help. RK 17:51, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Rick Ross library of articles on LaRouche

Hi sir, I think you might be interested in that our old friend Avala has nominated one of his cronies for adminship over at Rfa. --GeneralPatton 22:54, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I left you a comment on the make up of the US Senate at Talk:U.S. Senate election, 2004. Enjoy it! -- iHoshie 07:24, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for adding the Chiang Mai images to Buddhism, they look nice. Had a question, though. The image you label as "Images of the Buddha", I figure, is probably not actually three images all of the same person. Any idea who is pictured? - Nat Krause 06:34, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't doubt that a given temple could have many images of Buddha, but for three of them to be arranged in a little display together like that seems strange. Unless you object, I'm going to change the caption to "images of Buddhist figures" or something like that. - Nat Krause 08:18, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, for the record, a) I am a Buddhist; b) on the other hand, I don't claim any special expertise on Buddhist iconography, particularly not in Thailand; c) I don't want my persistence to give the impression that there's anything important or offensive or something about this. I'm just being thorough.  Anyway, it seems to me that when groups of Buddhas are shown together, you still wouldn't say they are "images of the Buddha" so much as images of different Buddhas.  And for a Theravada temple to show 50 Buddhas together makes more sense than showing 3, because the former emphasizes that there have been a lot of Buddhas, whereas the latter, I'm not sure what the point is.  Theravada doesn't provide a lot of biographical detail on Buddhas other than Siddhartha, so I don't know why they would pick three to show us.  On the other hand, the statues in the back do look like Buddhas, to the effect that that's what I would think they were if I saw them in isolation.  That's why I would prefer some sort of waffle description. - Nat Krause 11:14, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, if you're sure, then I'll leave it the way it is. - Nat Krause 13:19, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

It would be great if you'd see my comment here\. You struck me as one of the sane ones. - Hephaestos|§ 02:21, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Arbitration ruling
In the arbitration matter of Lyndon LaRouche, the Arbitration Committee has found that you have engaged in personal attacks on Herschelkrustofsky in violation of our policy against personal attacks (see No personal attacks). We have therefore ruled that you will be banned from editing Wikipedia for a period of one day (start time depends on when an Admin issues the block). In the future please refrain from this behavior and use the proper channels of our dispute resolution system. Refer to Requests for arbitration/Lyndon LaRouche for details and for other rulings in this case. --mav 06:48, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

--- Just saw the Arthur Phillip page and saw you did a whole chunk of it. Just wanted to say kudo's :) (I was going to add in the information about the Aboriginals only to find you beat me to it) JohnLynch

World War II wiki-reader
Adam - In case you're interested, I've started a World War II wiki-reader project, and I'm looking for people who are interested - especially people who fact-check articles prior to printing. You can find more information at World War II wikireader. →Raul654 05:23, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

Lyndon LaRouche
Yes, User:Herschelkrustofsky is also subject to the no personal attacks policy. Could you please give me a link to the attack you speak of? When I have that I will see what I can do. I think the case is still open enough that a ruling could be added. Fred Bauder 11:29, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * A good place to look would be Herschelkrustofsky's own user page in which he writes about "organized groups of malicious editors" who "impose the most blatant and obvious propaganda". A quick perusal of Herschelkrustofsky's contributions gives a pretty good idea of whether or not he's likely to ever become a useful contributor. Jimbo Wales 20:45, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I found this while looking through the article, "There is no way this "dispute" can be "resolved," because LaRouchists are not amenable to rational discussion." Please try to avoid this sort of statement; it implies much. Fred Bauder 14:14, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement
Is there anything you think you can bring to U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement? The page is still a mess and I thought it'd be good to have someone knowledgeable contribute, given it's an issue of such contemporary relevance. Lacrimosus 01:32, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Richard Butler (diplomat)
Adam, let's agree that we're in raging agreement about getting Richard Butler (diplomat)'s entry correct and keeping it up-to-date. Well done, and I'm sorry for the cross-posting during the flurry of activity today. Peter Ellis 05:27, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Adam, fair enough that opinions should not be stated as facts, but what is it you're referring to by the "insinuating manner" of my edits? Cheers JackofOz 02:52, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Lyndon LaRouche
When can I expect a formal response to my request above re Herschelkrustofsky? This is a matter I take very seriously. Adam 07:28, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * See Requests for arbitration/Lyndon LaRouche/Proposed decision, Section Proposed findings of fact, where the following proposed finding, "6) User Herschelkrustofsky has engaged in personal attacks directed at User:Adam Carr though association with Adam Carr's employer, Michael Danby who he characterizes as "Australia's most outspokenly fascist Member of Parliament" see" has been added and is being voted on.

 * Also in the section Proposed remedies, "7) User Herschelkrustofsky is banned for one day for making personal attacks." and in the subsection Enforcement, "4) In the event of additional personal attacks by either party, either User Herschelkrustofsky or User Adam Carr are subject to short bans, the duration of the ban to gradually increase upon subsequent offenses." Fred Bauder 12:59, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

You propose:

 * If I might offer an opinion, the real problem is that Wikipedia has no strategy for defending itself against people who do not share its objectives. You may consider me to be rude etc, and that is no doubt true, but my reason for being here is to contribute to building a free-access world-class encyclopaedia, which I consider a noble project. I think you will agree that I have made some contribution to that objective. Herschelkrustofsky's only reason for being here is to promote LaRouchism, as you well know. He makes no useful contribution, and is a disruptive and destructive element. I fail to see why you permit him to be here at all. Wikipedia ought to be a community of people committed to its objectives. Once it is clear that a person does not share those objectives, and is here for some other reason, they should be, after due process, asked to leave. Adam 13:54, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think our editing restriction (and I still advocate 86ing him from the Lyndon LaRouche article) pretty much address the question of "only reason for being here is to promote LaRouchism". If he can't do that he will probably go away. Fred Bauder 14:59, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

What you propose would be a policy change and needs to be advocated and discussed before it could be adopted. Fred Bauder 14:54, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Adam Carr/Talk Archive9


text:
Talk:Spittoon

Questions for improving the article:
 * 1)Were spittoons ever common outside of the USA and Canada?
 * 2)What exactly is the difference between a spittoon and a cuspidor? My impression is that while the terms are sometimes used interchangably, the spitoon is specifically for chewing tobacco, while the cuspidor has wider uses, such as in dentist offices.

Wondering simply, -- Infrogmation 05:13, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, it's looking like spittoons were for spitting in general. Cuspidor is sometimes another name for the spittoon, but is also used for the dental sink. -- Infrogmation 23:01, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

additional images from memory.loc.gov

Topics for expanding the article
The near eastern spittoons or spitoon like items
 * What were they called?
 * When, where were they used?
 * What were they used for? Chewing anything?

Spittoon usage in Europe

Should dental cuspidor info go into article?

Cleaning spittoons: low class job, in US given to African Americans, recent immigrants. Fuller brush made special spittoon cleaning brushes.

Link to Inkjet Printers (disambig for Ink Spittoons)
Should there be a small disambig link to Inkjet printer, since they have components called "ink spittoons". Eptin

Wild West Tech
There are some phrases here (the paragraphs "Spittoons are flat-bottomed…" and on tuberculosis, at least) that are word for word or nearly so with the episode "Revenge Tech" on Wild West Tech. It appeared on this encyclopedia first, but I wonder if anyone knows of a common source both may have gotten the phrasing from. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.216.36.141 (talk) 13:34, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Spittoon
For the record, there are still spittoons in the gyms in oklahoma. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.200.212.172 (talk) 13:39, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spittoon