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Nissan 350Z

The Nissan 350Z (known as Nissan Fairlady Z (Z33) in Japan) is a two-door, two-seater sports car that was manufactured by Nissan Motor Corporation from 2002 until 2009 and marks the fifth generation of Nissan's Z-car line. The 350Z entered production in 2002 and was sold and marketed as a 2003 model from August 2002. The first year there was only a coupe, as the roadster did not debut until the following year. Initially, the coupe came in Base, Enthusiast, Performance, Touring and Track versions, while the Roadster was limited to Enthusiast and Touring trim levels. The Track trim came with lightweight wheels and Brembo brakes, but its suspension tuning was the same as all other coupes. The Nissan 350Z was succeeded by the 370Z for the 2009 model year.

Background
After the Nissan 300ZX was withdrawn from the U.S. market in 1996, Nissan initially tried to keep the Z name alive by re-creating the 240Z the following year. The car was conceived by Nissan's North American design team in their free time, and the concept was introduced in a four state Road Show in July 1998 to various car media, dealers, and employees. Yutaka Katayama, regarded as the "Father of the Z" unveiled the Z concept sketch to the public when he received a motor industry award. The design, representing a modern vision of the 240Z, did not please the original 240Z designer Yoshihiko Matsuo, who compared it to the Bluebird and Leopard.

The 240Z concept was produced for the Detroit Motor Show during the following August and September. Nissan was unhappy with the first design as they felt the original 200 bhp 2.4 L KA24DE engine that was going to be assigned made the car feel underpowered. They also felt the car was considered too "retro" or too "backward" resembling a futuristic 240Z; hence, a redesign was commissioned. During a press conference in February 2000, president Carlos Ghosn announced plans to produce the car as he felt the new model would help to assist the company's recovery.

The Z Concept was unveiled in Detroit Motor Show two years later, which was similar in body shape but with a new front end. The car then underwent a minor redesign and was eventually assigned the 3.5 L VQ35DE engine, hence becoming known as the 350Z.

240Z concept (1999)
Nissan unveiled the 240Z concept car at the 1999 North American International Auto Show, then later at the Los Angeles Auto Expo. The concept was based primarily on a design sketch by Manny Baker of Nissan's California design studio. In a reference to the original, it was a bright orange two-seater with swept-back styling. It was a fully functional car with its 2.4 L 4-cylinder KA24DE engine from the Nissan Altima producing 200 bhp and 180 lbft of torque, and not the Z-car's traditional 6-cylinder engine. It was thought a less than worthy successor to the line. The designers used an original 240Z to provide inspiration and the concept was created in only 12 weeks. Automotive critics described "it would be cool but get a new model." This design served the intended purpose of creating interest, in the public and the corporation, for a new Z car.

Design and layout
The 350Z is a front mid engine, rear-wheel-drive, two-door, two-seat sports car primarily designed by Ajay Panchal, part of a design team led by Diane Allen of Nissan Design America in San Diego, California in 2000. This program was inspired by the successful reception to the 1998 240Z concept model.

The vehicle has the long-hood short-deck design common to the Z-Car family. External design highlights include: sloping fastback style arched roof line, unique brushed aluminum door handles, high waistline, and bulging fenders that are pushed out to the corners of the vehicle.

The Interior design has brushed aluminum accents. The main gauge pod is mounted directly to the steering column allowing its movement to coincide with steering wheel adjustments. Additional gauges are mounted in a center triple gauge cluster (similar to the 240Z/260Z/280Z). Touring models are equipped with the Bose sound system get a six CD changer and 8-inch Bose subwoofer mounted behind the driver's seat. The 350Z's interior does not have a conventional glove box, but has storage compartments located behind and between the two seats.

Models
Released on July 2002 in Japan at reorganized Nissan Japanese dealerships called Nissan Blue Stage, and August 20, 2002 in the U.S., the 350Z coupé was available in 5 trim packages: '350Z' (Base), 'Enthusiast', 'Performance', 'Touring', and 'Track' editions. In Europe, only the 'Track' trim was available, although it was badged and marketed as '350Z'. The Base model did not include a VLSD or Traction Control and was only available with cloth seats. It did not include cruise control, nor power or heated seats. The Enthusiast model came with traction control, a VLSD, and cruise control. The Performance model came with larger 18-inch wheels, front air dam, rear spoiler, optional Brembo brakes, and VDC instead of Traction Control. Touring was made more of the luxury model. It had power, leather, heated seats, VDC, a VLSD, xenon headlamps, optional Brembo brakes, 18-inch wheels, and optional GPS Navigation. The Track model included Brembo brakes, front air dam, rear spoiler, traction control, cloth seats, 18-inch wheels, VLSD, and optional GPS Navigation.

In 2004 Nissan introduced the 350Z Roadster with an electrically retractable soft-top roof. In the U.S. market the car was available in two trim packages (Enthusiast and Touring), while in Europe, the same versions as the coupé were offered. Nissan added the Grand Touring (GT) trim to the Roadster trim packages for 2005.

In 2005 Nissan launched the 35th Anniversary edition, with a revised exterior and interior (see Special Editions below). Early 2005 model-year 35th anniversary edition models were equipped with the original VQ35DE engine with 287HP/274TQ and an automatic transmission. In January 2005, Nissan introduced the 35th Anniversary 6-speed manual models and Track models (mid-year introduction), which included the updated VQ35DE 300HP/260TQ 'Rev-up' engine and new updated CD009 manual transmission as well as minor changes to suspension tuning and parts.

For the 2006 model year, the 350Z received changes for its mid-cycle facelift. The VQ35DE 300HP/260TQ 'Rev-up' engine that was introduced mid-year 2005 on the Track and 35th Anniversary Edition with 6-speed manual transmission models was offered for every trim level that had a manual transmission option. The VQ35DE rated at 287 bhp and 274 lbft of torque continued to be offered with only the 5-speed automatic transmission. Additions included bi-xenon projectors, a revised front fascia, new LED rear lights, changes to the interior trim and speed sensitive steering. Trim levels above the basic enthusiast package received a brake system upgrade including a larger brake booster, front dual piston calipers and larger diameter brake disks. Touring and Grand Touring models had radio-steering controls standard, MP3 CD compatibility, and Satellite Radio became an available option.

For the 2007 model year, the 350Z was again moderately revised. The VQ35DE V6 was replaced with a new VQ35HR V6. It produced 306 bhp at 6800 rpm with 268 lbft of torque at 4800 rpm using the revised SAE certified power benchmark. The VQ35HR had a raised redline to 7500 rpm and more torque across the rpm range. The hood was redesigned with a bulge reminiscent of the original 240Z to accommodate the raised deck height of the new VQ35HR. In the U.S., trim levels were narrowed down to 350Z (base), Enthusiast, Touring, Grand Touring and NISMO, while in Europe the same trim levels remained. Bluetooth was added for the 2007 model year.

Fairlady Z Type E (2004)
A total of 5 units, called the Type E, were produced in Japan for homologation requirements to compete in the Super GT series. It has a longer nose and rear overhang, as well as several add-ons for aerodynamic purposes. The Type-E engine is rated at 213.99 kW at 6,200 rpm and 363 N·m of torque at 4,800 rpm.

350Z 35th Anniversary Edition (2005)
To commemorate the 35th anniversary of the debut of the Datsun 240Z, Nissan released a tuned version of the 350Z coupé. The 35th Anniversary Z was exhibited at the Specialty Equipment Marketing Association (SEMA) Show in Las Vegas on November 2, followed by the Miami Auto Show in early November. It went on sale in January 2005.

The 35th Anniversary Edition includes an updated VQ35DE 300 hp (224.99 kW) V6 engine for the six-speed manual transmission model. Other equipment (standard on six-speed manual-equipped versions) includes 18-inch (460 mm) cast aluminum-alloy wheels, front spoilers, Brembo brakes and special Z badging. The car was available in a special "Ultra Yellow", "Silverstone grey","Super Black" and "Pearl Blue" colors. The interior was also available with a black set configuration. Also included was a Bose 6-speaker premium sound system. A version of the 35th Anniversary Edition with a Gran Turismo 4 video game tie-in was also made.

350Z GT-S concept
During the 2006 Goodwood Festival of Speed, Nissan Technical Centre Europe (NTCE) unveiled the 350Z GT-S Concept. The GT-S had a unique radial flow supercharger that could be turned on or off via a switch on the dashboard, raising the VQ35DE engine output to 382.6 bhp and 424.8 Nm without modifications to the engine components. The car also had new body kit for more cooling and downforce and wider 245 and 265/40/18 tires. The car was tested by automotive journalists, but none were marketed.

2008 Tokyo Auto Salon concepts (2008)
The Nissan Fairlady Z Type F, Xanavi Nismo Z (Super GT 2007 GT500 Class), Endless Advan Z (series winner of Japan's Super Taikyu 2007 endurance series) and Fairlady Z Version Nismo Type 380RS were all unveiled at the 2008 Tokyo Auto Salon.

Fairlady Z Type F (2008)
The Fairlady Z Type F is a version of the Nissan Fairlady Z coupe and roadster for the Japanese market with:

 * Choice of 6 body colors (premium blaze red (3 coat color), premium sunshine yellow (3 coat pearl), premium mystic maroon (multiflex color), blade silver metallic, diamond black pearl, white pearl (3 coat pearl)
 * Exclusive red heated leather seats, red leather wrapped steering wheel, shift knob, parking brake lever, door trim and arm rest stage, aluminum door kickplates, Rays forged aluminum wheels, power seats (slide, reclining), BOSE audio system, Brembo brakes, and more. Buyers with Premium blaze red, Premium sunshine yellow, Premium mystic maroon color models (100 units each) before March 31, 2008 also received Fairlady Z original key holders.

The vehicles went on sale on January 10, 2008.

Nismo editions
Nissan's performance tuning division, Nismo, began producing modified versions of the 350Z shortly after its introduction.

Nismo R-Tune (2004)
The R-Tune was a kit sold directly to customers with modifications including new headers, cams, pulleys. The R-Tune voids the Nissan factory warranty, but gains significant horsepower, intended for track racers.

Nismo S-Tune GT (2005)
The S-Tune GT was released by Nismo to celebrate its success in the Super GT series. The S-Tune GT had revised long nose bodywork as in the Type-E, a modified version of the VQ35DE engine called the S1 which featured more power (316 PS / 232 kW / 311 hp) and a higher redline (7,200 rpm), as well as a sportier Nismo suspension.

20 were produced each month in Japan. Although Nissan did not officially sell S-Tune in UK, Nissan Motor (GB) Ltd. imported 1 S-Tune GT to UK.

Nismo 350Z (2007–2008)
The Nismo edition of the Nissan 350Z Coupé debuted at the New York International Auto Show on April 4, 2007. This version had the same engine as the regular 350Z (VQ35HR), but was only available with a 6-speed manual transmission and a viscous-type limited-slip differential (VLSD), Traction Control System (TCS) and a Nismo aerodynamics package based on the Super GT championship car, which included an aggressive front fascia with chin spoiler, side skirts, an extended rear fascia with an underbody diffuser and a rear wing. The vehicle also featured Nismo-tuned independent multi-link suspension developed by Yamaha, Brembo brakes with four-piston front and two-piston rear calipers (with 12.8 in front and 12.7 in rear rotors) and Nismo-branded gunmetal grey RAYS forged alloy wheels and a Nismo-branded tuned exhaust. Yamaha also included front and rear dampeners to help with stability of the chassis.

The conversion process for the Nismo 350Z began with a limited number of chassis being pulled from the assembly line to be sent to Nissan-tuner Autech to have structural seams hand-welded for greater body rigidity. This process made the Nismo 350Z a more capable track car than the other trim levels available at the time.

The Nismo 350Z went on sale in the USA in July 2007 at Nissan dealers. 1607 were produced for the 2007 and 2008 model years, and it was assumed that if there was a greater demand, more would be produced, limited to 10% of all 350Z sales. The Nismo model 350Z had a manufacturer's suggested retail price of $38,070 for the 2007 model year.

Nismo Type 380RS (2007)
Released as the road version for Japanese market of the Type 380RS-Competition race car, the Type 380RS includes a detuned version of the 380RS-C race engine, rated at 257 kW (350 PS/348 hp) at 7,200 rpm and 397 N·m (40.5 kgf·m/293 lbf·ft) of torque at 4,800 rpm. Brembo disc brakes are fitted, front and rear dampers from Yamaha and forged RAYS alloy wheels.

Nismo Type 380RS is priced 5.397 million (5.14 million+tax) yen ($38,695 USD). Only 300 units were produced from 2007 through 2008.

Nismo Type 380RS-Competition
The Nismo Type 380RS-Competition is the race car on which Nismo Type 380RS is based. The 3,798 cc engine (VQ38HR) is rated at 294 kW (400 PS) at 7,500 rpm and 421 N m (43 kgf m) of torque at 5,200 rpm. This in turn is based on the GT 500 race car that Nissan enters into the Super GT championship.

According to Nissan, the race car cost 26.25 million yen.

Police version
A Nismo version of the Fairlady Z was also used by the Tochigi Prefecture police force.

Grand Am
Since its introduction in 2002, it did not take long for drivers and teams to enter a 350Z for competition when B.J. Zacharias and Michiel Schuitemaker of Schuitemaker Motorsports helped the car to make its début in the Grand-Am Cup Series at the start of the 2003 season. They have taken a few podium finishes with Unitech Racing who is also the other team to field a Z33, but effort was proved to be successful under the name of Geddings Racing scoring wins along with the other current Grand-Am entrant East Competition Promotorsport. The Grand-Am Cup car has also been used in the new FIA GT4 European Cup. Schuitemaker Motorsports with drivers Michiel Schuitemaker and BJ Zacharias won 3rd place in the '03 Grand-Am Cup season. The following year, they improved and finished in 2nd place. After winning 3rd overall in the '03 season, Nissan had Wright Tuning build a new 350Z race car for the '04 season. This car differed from the '03 car in that it was completely stripped and seam welded. The cage was lighter and stiffer by using different diameter tubing where possible. The car used a Menard's built engine with a Pectel engine management system. Overall racing weight was 2450 lb which was the minimum allowable weight for its class. The '04 chassis proved to be the most successful chassis to run in Grand-Am to date. The '03 chassis was sold to a French team with Edouardo Atkatlan as the driver. It still competes in the European "Fun Races" today, winning 2nd place in the inaugural '07 race in Madrid, Spain.

JGTC/Super GT
The 350Z replaced the Skyline GT-R as the car for Nissan's factory and customer teams in the Super GT's GT 500 class. The cars used are heavily modified and had a longer nose and tail (requiring the production of the Type-E homologation special), carbon fiber bodywork, and a tube chassis. In 2004, Nismo won the GT500 championship. Until the 2007 season, the car was powered by a VQ30DETT V6, then a new 4.5L V8 powerplant was developed. The 350Z, with slightly more pedestrian modifications also competed in the GT300 class, having started there even before the Skyline GT-Rs were replaced, by teams such as Endless Sports and Mola. In 2003 Hasemi Sports won the GT300 championship with the 350Z. In the 2008 season, the 350Zs were all replaced by Nissan GT-Rs in the GT500 class, but they continued to be used in the GT300 class as the GT-Rs exceed the class's horsepower limits. Two 350Zs competed in the series and MOLA won both the Drivers' and Teams' championships in the GT300 class.

Super Taikyu
The Z33 also appears in Japan's Super Taikyu series, entered by C-West Labs.

British GT Championship
The British GT Championship also fielded a privateer 350Z which competed in the series until 2006.

SCCA
The 350Z is a popular choice for amateurs and professionals competing in SCCA events. T.C Kline achieved third place in the 2003 Touring 2 category in one of three Z33s that qualified to the SCCA T-2 runoffs that year. In the SCCA GT2 class, Jim Goughary took the title in the car's debut season.

The car has also seen success in SCCA solo events. In 2006, Carter Thompson's 350Z lost the SCCA National Championship by 0.1 second over two days of competition. The 350Z has achieved a high level of success at the National Solo Championships since 2006. Although production of the 350Z was discontinued in 2009, the car continues to compete in local and national SCCA events. As recently as 2015, 350Z solo drivers Jeff Stuart and Bryan Heitkotter were rated as the top two SCCA drivers competing in national autocross.

NASA
In 2012, NASA (National Auto Sport Association), created a class of racing specifically for the 350Z. The "Spec Z" class includes all trim levels of the popular 2003-2008 Nissan 350Z in a single class focused on close competition, parity and cost containment that will showcase driving ability and car setup skills. The road racing series is backed by Nissan Motorsports and BFG Tires. The 2012 class rules were in their infant stage, but solidified by mid-2012.

Drifting
The 350Z is a popular platform for import events and drifting, where in the latter, drivers including Ryuji Miki, Youichi Imamura, Tyler McQuarrie and Tanner Foust have used them with success in the D1 Grand Prix and Formula D series. During the 2006 D1 Grand Prix exhibition event at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway, Tanner Foust, driving a 350Z, became the first competitor to achieve a perfect score of 100. Two Z33s competed in the non-Japanese domestic D1 Grand Prix spin-off series, D1 Great Britain. In the 2007 season, both SVA Imports and Sumo Power competed using 350Zs in the European Drift Championship. In Formula D, Foust was awarded the runner-up spot in Round 1. In Round 2, Chris Forsberg scored a maiden victory in his 350Z Roadster equipped with a VK56DE from a Nissan Titan. Forsberg's win for the 350Z was followed-up by Youichi Imamura's win during the Las Vegas round of the US D1 Grand Prix series in his RB26DETT-engined car. Foust would eventually take his 350Z to the Formula D title.

Open road racing
Option magazine founder Daijiro Inada used an extensively modified 350Z, dubbed Option Stream Z, to compete in the Silver State Classic Challenge. The car was equipped with a GReddy/Trust T88 turbo-charger and was stroked to 3.8 L to produce over 900 bhp. The Option Stream Z appeared in the games Gran Turismo 4, Gran Turismo 5, and Gran Turismo (PSP).

Speed trials
In 2004, the tuner Dandy and magazine Option entered a Z33 known as the "Option Dandy 380Z" with a donor engine from a salvaged Stream Z with a deleted turbo, producing 370 bhp, to compete in the F/GT class for naturally aspirated grand touring sport cars at the Bonneville Speed Week. The car reached a speed of 151 mi/h, measured over a fixed distance.

Advertising and promotions
To promote the 350Z, Nissan released a short film, "The Run", with a 2003 model being driven in a high-speed run through city streets of up to 200 km/h. This took place through the narrow cobblestone streets of Prague in the Czech Republic, and lasted six and a half minutes.

The 350Z has been extremely popular with diecast manufacturers, with companies such as Hot Wheels releasing various colors and styles of the car over the years.

The 350Z benefitted in popularity by making an appearance in The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, where it was fitted with a Veilside bodykit, amongst other modifications, and was driven by the fictional character "Drift King" Takashi.

Reception
The 350Z has been given extensive coverage in the automotive press, and has obtained generally positive reviews. Eddie Alterman, senior editor of Automobile magazine, said of the 350Z "An outstanding performance value. They got all the important stuff right." While David Swigg of Motor Trend said "With a competent driver at the wheel and the traction control switched off, many Boxster drivers would be hard-pressed to post better lap times than with this Z." Top Gear magazine later awarded the Nissan Designers with the 2004 Top Gear Magazine Car of the year award.

Automotive journalists tend to praise the 350Z's value, performance, handling, and braking. Criticisms tend to be directed towards the grade of interior plastics, greater curb weight than its competitors, cabin ergonomics and engine refinement. Other reviews have criticised reflections off the back strut in the rear window.

The 350Z has been recognized including the following:

 * Japanese Performance Car of the Year 2007 TopSpeed Magazine
 * 10 Best Cars 2003 Car and Driver
 * Most Significant Vehicle of the Year. Two years running Edmunds.com
 * Editors' Most Wanted 2003 Edmunds.com
 * International Car of the Year: Most Sex Appeal Award 2003 Road and Travel
 * Canadian Car of the Year 2003 Automobile Journalists Association of Canada
 * Best New Design 2003 Automobile Journalists Association of Canada
 * Driver's Choice Best Performance Car 2003 MotorWeek
 * Winner 12 Best Cars Under 30K Road & Track
 * Car of the Year 2004 Top Gear Magazine
 * Automobile of the Year 2003 Automobile Magazine

In other media

 * Cover of Need for Speed: Underground 2, and the car owned by Rachel Teller in the game
 * Cover of Forza Motorsport 2 (and shared cover of Forza Motorsport)
 * Poster of The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

Safety
The 350Z came with front air bags in standard and supplemental side air bags and curtain air bags as an option. With 143 deaths per million registrations, the two-door 350Z has been one of the least safe 2005–2008 model cars in the United States.

NHTSA crash test ratings (2009 Roadster):

 * Frontal Crash Test – Driver:
 * Frontal Crash Test – Passenger:
 * Side Impact Rating – Driver:
 * Rollover Rating: 8.2%

title: Nissan 350Z


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Cambridge, Tasmania

Cambridge is a suburb in the greater area of Hobart, capital of Tasmania, Australia. It is in the City of Clarence local government area. The suburb is situated in close proximity to Hobart International Airport and the Cambridge Aerodrome (Cambridge Airport), and is approximately 18 km to Hobart via the Tasman Highway. In recent years Cambridge had developed an Industrial estate and has become a popular commuter town for people working in Hobart.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 1,161 people in Cambridge. 87.6% of people were born in Australia and 95.1% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 36.1%, Anglican 23.7% and Catholic 23.5%.

Retail/facilities of Cambridge

 * BP Service station
 * Cambridge Primary school
 * The Cambridge Centre Shopping Centre
 * Hartz Tasmania – Soft drinks

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cambridge, Tasmania


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Talk:Albanian Greek Catholic Church

Comments
Shouldn't the title of this page be Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?? The Albanian Catholic Church is in Albania, whereas these are Albanians living in Italy that constitute a seperate church. Correct me if I am wrong. Pmadrid 07:00, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The title "Albanian Catholic Church" is misleading. Since the vast majority of Albanian Catholics are of Latin Rite, would someone please change the title to "Albanian Byzantine Catholic Church". I do not know how to do it myself. Lima 16:06, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * done. If you want to rename articles in the future, use the tab marked "move" at the top of the page.  It will take you to a form, where you type in the new title for the article, and your reasons for moving it there.  It's really a pretty simple procedure.  Good luck. Gentgeen 18:29, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The definition The Albanian Byzantine Catholic Church is an autonomous Byzantine Rite particular Church of the Catholic Church is wrong: It is not autonomous but an Apostolic administrature and also a suffragan of the Metropole Tirana-Durres. See: de:Apostolische Administratur für Südalbanien--Unsigned comment

 * "Autonomous" in the sense of sui juris, having its own laws, yes; this needs clarification. --Chonak (talk) 16:58, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

Numbers
Does anyone has an estimation of the numbers? is there any particular area where they are concentrated? Thanks. Mountolive | Talk 05:56, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Most of the are part of the Arbëreshë community in Italy, while the ones in Albania are not as numerous.--Gaius Claudius Nero (talk) 21:12, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Catholic Church naming conventions RfC
There is currently an RfC at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Catholic Church) that may be of interest. Chicbyaccident (talk) 09:50, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Albanian Greek Catholic Church


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Lalitpur, India

Lalitpur is a city and a municipal board in Lalitpur District, India in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is also district headquarters of Lalitpur district. The city is part of Bundelkhand region.

Raja Sumer Singh, a chieftain from Central India, is said to have founded Lalitpur, and named it after his queen Lalita Devi, who cured him of a snake that lodged in his stomach, of which story parallels are heard in several places, {see Cunningham’s Archaeological Report, Vol. X)

History
Lalitpur was ruled by Bundela Rajputs. Raja Mardan Singh Bundela, the Bundela king of Lalitpur at the time was one of the prominent figures to take up arms against the British in the First War of Independence in 1857.

Demographics
As per provisional data of 2011 census, Lalitpur had a population of 133,305, out of which males were 69,529 and females were 54,062. The literacy rate is 82.39% with male literacy being 89.12% and female literacy being 75.06%.

Out of the total population, Hinduism is practised by 76.27% people, Islam 13.72%, Jainism 8.99% and the rest 1.02% follow other faiths.

Tourism
Deogarh is a village in Lalitpur district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located on the right bank of Betwa River and to the west of Lalitpur hills. It is known for Gupta monuments and for many ancient monuments of Hindu and Jain origins inside and outside the walls of the fort.The Dashavatara Temple is an early 6th century Vishnu Hindu temple located at Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh which is 25 kilometers from Lalitpur, in the Betwa River valley in northern-central India. It has a simple, one cell square plan and is one of the earliest Hindu stone temples still surviving today. Built in the Gupta Period, the Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh shows the ornate Gupta style architecture. Neelkantheshwar Temple is an ancient temple of Lord Shiva is situated at Lalitpur which is famous for its beautiful architecture.

Railway
Lalitpur Junction has very good rail connections with major Indian cities including New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Patna, Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Ujjain, Saugor, Puri, Allahabad, Bengaluru, Damoh, Jhansi. A new railway line connecting Lalitpur to Tikamgarh started in 2013.Now this line is extended up to Khajuraho. The nearest junctions are Jhansi Junction and Bina Junction in Madhya Pradesh.

The important trains such as the shatabdi express Malwa Express, Punjab Mail, Bhopal - Lucknow Express, Jabalpur - Jammu Tawi Express, Gondwana Express, Bhopal Express, Shatabdi Express, sachkhand express, shatabdi express, mahamana express, pathankot express, Pushpak Express, Kushinagar Express and many other trains stop at Lalitpur.

Road
The proposed North-south-Corridor of the Golden-Quadrilateral Highway project passes through lalitpur is completed.

Air
Lalitpur is the only place in Bundelkhand Region having an Airstrip maintained by the Airport Authority of India.

title: Lalitpur, India


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Jungle Hunt

Jungle Hunt, (ジヤングル・ハント) originally released as Jungle King, (ジャングル・キング) is a side-scrolling action game developed by Taito and released for arcades in 1982. It was originally distributed as Jungle King, then quickly modified and re-released as Jungle Hunt due to a copyright dispute over the player character's likeness to Tarzan. Jungle King, along with Moon Patrol released a month earlier, is one of the first video games with parallax scrolling.

The player controls an unnamed character moving through horizontally scrolling scenes to rescue a woman from cannibals by jumping from vine to vine, swimming a crocodile-infested river, and avoiding rolling rocks. In the original Jungle King release, the loincloth-wearing character resembles Tarzan. In the rebranded Jungle Hunt, the player character is an explorer, sporting a pith helmet and safari suit. Another re-theming of the arcade version was distributed as Pirate Pete in 1982.

Home versions of Jungle Hunt were published by Atari, Inc., sometimes under the Atarisoft label, for Apple II, Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit computers, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, VIC-20, and IBM PC compatibles.

Gameplay
The gameplay is split into four scenes, which have different objectives.

In Scene 1, the explorer is required to swing from vine to vine. This is accomplished by pressing the action key when two vines swing closely enough together. Timing is critical, and missing the vine causes the explorer to fall to the jungle floor, losing a life.

Scene 2 has the explorer navigating a crocodile-infested river. The explorer can attack the crocodiles from below with his knife, unless their mouths are open. The explorer must return to the surface periodically to breathe, where he cannot attack the crocodiles. Bubbles periodically rise from the bottom of the river, which can trap the explorer and carry him to the surface, potentially hitting crocodiles on the way.

Scene 3 involves the explorer dodging various-sized boulders rolling and bouncing towards him as he runs up the side of a volcano. Timing is critical as the differently sized boulders bounce at different speeds and heights, requiring the explorer to either jump or duck at the appropriate moment.

In the final scene, the explorer must evade cannibals while attempting to get to a woman being lowered into a flaming cauldron. After the player rescues the woman, the word "Congratulations!" appears, which is then followed by a message saying "I Love You!!!" followed by the woman kissing the explorer.

Further gameplay repeats the scenes with increased difficulty. On rounds other than the first, a cannibal appears in the tree of the cauldron scene and throws spears at the player.

Name change
The release of Jungle King with its Tarzan-like hero prompted legal action from the estate of Edgar Rice Burroughs. This resulted in the name being changed to Jungle Hunt with several cosmetic modifications:

 * 1) The main character is an explorer wearing a pith helmet and safari outfit.
 * 2) The swinging vines have slightly different visuals to pass them off as ropes.
 * 3) The Tarzan yell is replaced by the music from the end of the second scene.

Ports

Atari published home ports in 1983 under their own brand for the Atari 2600, Atari 5200, and Atari 8-bit computers. Ports for other platforms were released under the Atarisoft label: Apple II, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, VIC-20, IBM PC compatibles, and TI-99/4A. In the Atari-ported versions the hero is named Sir Dudley, and the girl, married to Sir Dudley, is Lady Penelope.

The Apple II and IBM PC versions were developed by Sierra On-Line.

Reception
In the United States, Jungle King was the top-grossing upright arcade cabinet on the monthly RePlay charts by October 1982. Jungle Hunt had also topped the RePlay charts by January 1983. By July 1983, it had sold an estimated 18,000 arcade cabinets in the United States, and it was one of the six top-grossing games during that period. Jungle King went on to be one of the thirteen highest-grossing arcade games of 1983.

Bill Kunkel reviewed Jungle King for Electronic Games magazine in early 1983, writing that it could become Taito's "biggest hit since Space Invaders" as it follows "the classic formula for successful videogames: easy to learn, difficult to master." He said it was "an undeniable kick the first few plays, but doesn't seem to hold up for extended periods of time" and called the graphics of the vine-swinging segment "downright hideous" but noted that "gamers seem to be enjoying it."

Raymond Dimetrosky of Video Games Player rated the Atari VCS version a B+, calling it a "quite good" considering the limitations of the VCS. William Michael Brown reviewed the Atari 5200 port in the September 1983 issue of Electronic Fun with Computers & Games, rating it a 3 out of 4. He called it a significant improvement over the "disappointing" Atari VCS version, saying it looks and plays better and brings "much of the coin-op challenge."

Jungle Hunt received a Certificate of Merit in the category of "Best Adventure Videogame" at the 5th annual Arkie Awards in January 1984.

Legacy
In November 1982, Taito released another version of the game in arcades as Pirate Pete with the same gameplay. The player character is now a pirate; the vines are replaced by ropes swinging from the masts of a very long ship; sharks swim the water instead of crocodiles; and sword-wielding pirates take the place of cannibals.

In 1983, Milton Bradley published a board game version of Jungle Hunt where ropes are a key element.

Jungle Hunt is included in the Taito Legends collection for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, and Xbox.

title: Jungle Hunt


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Jhansi

Jhansi is a historic city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Balwant Nagar was the old name of Jhansi. It lies in the region of Bundelkhand, on the banks of the Pahuj River, in the extreme south of Uttar Pradesh. Jhansi is the administrative headquarters of Jhansi district and Jhansi division. Also called the Gateway to Bundelkhand, Jhansi is situated near and around the rivers Pahuj and Betwa at an average elevation of 285 m. It is about 420 km from national capital New Delhi and 315 km from state capital Lucknow.

Jhansi is well connected to all other major towns in Uttar Pradesh by road and railway networks. The National Highways Development Project has supported development of the city. Jhansi is also being developed as the defense corridor by the NDA government which will boost the economy of the city and the region at the same time. The Srinagar to Kanyakumari north–south corridor passes closely to Jhansi, as does the east–west corridor; consequently there has been a sudden rush of infrastructure and real estate development in the city. Jhansi was adjudged the third cleanest city of Uttar Pradesh and the fastest moving city in the North Zone in Swachh Survekshan 2018 rankings. The development of a greenfield airport has been planned in the city. On 28 August 2011, Jhansi was selected among 98 cities for smart city initiative by the Government of India.

Name
According to Paul Whalley, the name Jhānsī means "covered in bushes or undergrowth", from a variant of standard Hindi jhāṛ ("bushes, undergrowth"; ultimately from Sanskrit jhāṭa). The ending -sī represents a reduced form of the Sanskrit genitive suffix -sya.

A fanciful old folk etymology for the name Jhānsī derives the name from Hindi jhāīṁ sī, meaning "like a shadow" (or, in context, "rather indistinct"). This was supposedly said by the raja of Jaitpur, when asked by his host Bir Singh Deo if he could see the fort at Jhansi from the rooftop of his palace in Orchha. (The Jaitpur raj was only founded well after Bir Singh's death, and the entire story is probably entirely spurious.)

Early history: Orchha and Mughal rule
Before the construction of Jhansi Fort on the Bangra hill in 1613, the site is said to have been covered by forest. The land then belonged to the nearby village of Lahargird, which itself belonged to the raja of Orchha's territory. Two Ahir pastoralists supposedly set up some huts at the foot of the hill to watch over their herds around 1553. The Orchha raja Bir Singh Deo later had the fort built in 1613, and a village grew up around it. The village was apparently called Balwantnagar at first; when Jhansi became the name is unknown.

After the death of Jhujhar Singh, Bir Singh's son and successor in Orchha, Jhansi came under Mughal control. Mughal troops and governors appear to have been posted here uninterrupted until the early 1700s.

Maratha rule
In 1722, Chhatrasal overran the Jhansi region as part of his new kingdom of Bundelkhand. However, in 1728, Muhammad Khan Bangash, the Nawab of Farrukhabad, drove him out and the area came back under Mughal control. Chhatrasal appealed for help to Baji Rao I, the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, and their combined forces drove out the Mughal army. In return, Chhatrasal granted Jhansi (among other places) to Baji Rao in his will when he died in 1731. In 1735, Raja Indargir Gosain, Maratha governor of Jhansi fort, rebelled and ultimately established a small principality based at Moth to the northeast. In 1742, the Peshwa put Naru Shankar in charge of Jhansi along with miscellaneous other places.

Naru Shankar's tenure as governor was pivotal in Jhansi's history. Up until now, Jhansi had been a fairly small village below the fort, but during this period it grew to become a large town. Naru Shankar undertook construction projects in the town, including a major expansion of the fort. He also populated Jhansi with deportees from other towns, primarily Orchha. (The rajas of Orchha moved their capital to Tikamgarh around this time, and the town of Orchha itself rapidly declined.)

Naru Shankar was replaced as governor by Madho (or Madhaji) Gobind Antia in 1757. Antia constructed a reservoir known as the Antia Tal outside the city walls, on the Gwalior road. Another governor, Babu Rao Kanahi, served after Antia but before 1761, when Ganesh Shambhaji is described as "the Maratha officer in charge of Jhansi". In November 1761, Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh, had begun a military campaign in Bundelkhand, and Ganesh Shambhaji decided to switch sides and join him. After what Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava describes as an "indiscriminate plunder of Jhansi" (he doesn't specify what this means), Ganesh Shambhaji jailed 52 of his Maratha colleagues and agreed to surrender Jhansi to Shuja-ud-Daula in return for a position in the Mughal service. After a detachment of Shuja-ud-Daula's captured the fortress of Moth, the Maratha governor of Jhansi (who Srivastava doesn't name) fearfully offered to submit and pay a 300,000-rupee tribute in return for being allowed to keep possession of the fort. Shuja-ud-Daula declined the offer and besieged the city. Its defenders surrendered on 1 February 1762. Shuja-ud-Daula appointed Muhammad Bashir as faujdar of the fort, and gave Ganesh Shambhaji the tax farm revenue for the district.

The Mughal rule of Jhansi only lasted for four years before Malhar Rao Holkar recaptured it for the Marathas. Naru Shankar was apparently re-appointed governor; after his death, he was succeeded by Vishwas Rao Lachman for five years.

Newalkar dynasty
The next governor was Raghunath Rao Newalkar. In late 1773, Shuja-ud-Daula sent another force south of the Yamuna, this time led by one Mir Naim, but they were defeated in a battle at Jhansi. Another Mughal-aligned force, led by Mirashgir, came to besiege Jhansi in late 1774, but the death of Shuja-ud-Daula in January 1775 resulted in the siege being abandoned. Raghunath Rao remained governor until his death in 1794; he had become practically independent by his death. He was succeeded by his brother Sheo Rao Hari, also called Sheo Rao Bhao. Sheo Rao was responsible for the construction of the city walls, which took place between 1796 and 1814. The Lachhmi Talao reservoir on the east side of town is sometimes attributed to Sheo Rao as well, although it has also been attributed to Anupgir Gosain of Moth instead.

Sheo Rao's descendants continued to rule what became known as Jhansi State until 1853. Sheo Rao himself signed the first treaty with the British in 1804, which established a military alliance between the two but still recognised Jhansi as a Maratha vassal. As part of the Treaty of Pune in 1817, overlordship was transferred from the Marathas to the British themselves.

The final ruler of Jhansi State was Gangadhar Rao, who ruled from 1842 to 1853. Gangadhar Rao was a patron of the arts and a capable administrator. His only son died in infancy, so before he died, he and his wife Lakshmi Bai adopted a five-year-old boy named Damodar Rao to serve as his successor. Although this was accepted practice in Hindu law, the British did not recognise Damodar Rao as a valid heir and, invoking the Doctrine of Lapse, declared that Jhansi State had escheated to the British government. Lakshmi Bai appealed to the British court of directors, but to no avail, and in March 1854 the British took control of Jhansi.

The newly-appointed British superintendent of Jhansi, Francis Gordon, wrote a report in 1854 documenting the state of the town at that time. He estimated that it had a population of 40,000 people. It was not an industrial centre of any kind, but he wrote that its commercial traffic was "enormous"; he estimated that 3 million rupees' worth of goods passed through Jhansi per year. Large amounts of grain, coming from farmland to the south and southwest, passed through Jhansi on its way north. Cotton was brought from the west and then transported north to Kalpi. Salt also came from the west. In exchange, the merchants from the south and west bought sugar and various kirana goods to sell back home.

From 1853 to 1861, a cantonment was built on the southeast side of town.

Rebellion of 1857
Several factors had contributed to tensions in Jhansi before the rebellion broke out. Besides the British annexation of Jhansi State, various other members of the landed aristocracy were upset by the British encroaching on their traditional authority. Local residents were also upset by the fact that the British had permitted cow slaughter after they took over Jhansi (it had previously been banned). Another grievance was that the British had suspended endowments to the temple of Mahalakshmi (the patron goddess of the Newalkar dynasty) which had previously come from revenue collected from certain villages.

At this point the garrison was composed entirely of Indian troops, and it consisted of five infantry companies, a cavalry force, and an artillery detachment, all commanded by British officers.

Tensions boiled over on 5 June. That afternoon, one company of the Jhansi infantry along with the artillery detachment surrounded and entered the star fort and magazine, under the pretext of an attack by dacoits. They announced their intention to garrison the star fort themselves. Most of the British civilians took shelter in the regular fort. The remaining four infantry companies along with the cavalry had not joined in at this point, and that they night slept in the barracks without incident. The next day, however, most of them rose up and attacked and killed the British officers on site. They made their way to the main fort, which the rebels encircled and besieged. This was short-lived and on the 7th the British surrendered. They were marched south to the Jokhan Bagh, just outside the city walls, and executed.

Lakshmi Bai's reign
On the 9th, there was a dispute between Lakshmi Bai and Sada Sheo Rao, a relative of her late husband, over who would rule in Jhansi, with both of them "bidding against each other" to win the support of the rebels. Lakshmi Bai offered much more and the rebels handed control of Jhansi to her. A proclamation was made saying "The people are God's, the country is the Padishah's, and the raj is Rani Lakshmi Bai's". Sada Sheo Rao assembled a force of 300 supporters, seized the fort of Karahra on 13 June, and attempted to proclaim himself ruler of Jhansi, but Lakshmi Bai sent troops after him and ultimately had him imprisoned and detained.

Her position now secure, Lakshmi Bai set up an administration in Jhansi. She set up a mint, raised an army, and strengthened the forts at Jhansi and Karahra. Attempting to stay on good terms with the British, she sent a letter to a British agent named Major Erskine saying that she had only aided the rebels under duress, disavowing the massacre of British prisoners, and presenting herself as just a caretaker until the British could reoccupy the area. Erskine responded by giving her full authorisation to rule on behalf of the British until their troops arrived and sent a proclamation that all were to obey her; he assured her that she would be treated well.

The main members of Lakshmi Bai's administration were her father, Moropant Tambe; Lalu, the paymaster; Lachman Rao, the diwan; and Kashi Nath, the tahsildar.

Meanwhile, the raja of Orchha, hoping to recover ancestral territories that had been conquered by the Marathas in the 1700s, invaded Jhansi. He presented himself to the British as a loyal ally of theirs fighting to suppress the rebellious rani of Jhansi. His troops looted the countryside and besieged Jhansi on 3 September. He lifted the siege on 22 October as reinforcements under the raja of Banpur came to assist the defenders. In early 1858, Lakshmi Bai finally drove the Orchha troops out of her territory, and had consolidated her control over all the territory that had belonged to Jhansi State before the British annexation.

As late as February 1858, Lakshmi Bai pledged loyalty to the British and sent them multiple letters promising to hand over Jhansi without a fight if they treated her honourably. However, governor-general Charles Canning had never wanted to follow through with Erskine's earlier proposition, and he considered the rani a rebel against British authority. On 11 February, Canning sent a letter to the British agent at Indore with instructions to try Lakshmi Bai before a special commission if captured. Lakhsmi Bai decided that she couldn't trust the British and her only option was to fight them. On 14 February, she issued a proclamation urging both Hindus and Muslims to take up arms against the British because "they would surely destroy the people's religion". At her disposal were 12,000 troops, including 400 cavalry and about 40 artillery pieces. She also made negotiations with rebel leaders including Tantya Tope.

Siege and capture by the British
Commanders under Lakshmi Bai had all the vegetation outside the fort burned so that advancing British troops could forage absolutely nothing for supplies. However, the rajas of Orchha and Gwalior provided plenty of supplies for the British and their horses, so it ended up being moot. British forces under Hugh Rose arrived at Jhansi on 21 March and began a siege the next day after some initial scouting. On the morning of 1 April, some 22,000 troops under Tantya Tope came to relieve the defenders of Jhansi. They engaged the British at Basoba, some ways away from Jhansi. Tantya Tope's forces successfully used a pincer formation to attack both flanks of British infantry, but a British cavalry counterattack used the same formation to envelop them, and Tantya's forces were routed.

On the morning of 3 April, the British stormed the city through a breach in the city wall. For the next two days, brutal hand-to-hand fighting took place in the streets as the British tried to advance toward the fort. During the night of 4-5 April, Lakshmi Bai escaped along with her bodyguards and followers and headed toward Kalpi. The British occupied the fort the following day. Rose's troops looted Jhansi, grabbing jewellery and other valuables and tearing down many of the houses and temples. The Sanskrit manuscript collection belonging to the royal family of Jhansi was destroyed. Rose, however, wrote to the governor-general that his troops had occupied the city peacefully and "behaved in an exemplary manner".

British Raj
After the rebellion was suppressed, the British rebuilt the cantonment of Jhansi south of the city walls. At first it was centrally located in the new district, but it went through repeated territorial flip-flopping which left the town at the extreme west of the district, effectively cut off from most of its associated territory. A treaty in 1861 transferred the town and fort of Jhansi, the parganas of Pachor and Karahra, and parts of parganas Jhansi and Bhander to Gwalior State. Jhansi was re-transferred to British rule in 1885 in exchange for the return of Gwalior, which the British had occupied after the uprising, as well as a payment of 15 lakh rupees. 58 villages were also transferred with Jhansi at the same time, making up the bulk of the Jhansi tehsil.

The railway came to Jhansi in 1889, when construction of the Indian Midland Railway was completed. Jhansi was both the headquarters of this railway as well as an important junction with lines heading to Kanpur and Agra. The railway quickly drew the bulk of the commercial traffic passing through the region, and Jhansi "sprang into sudden importance" as a commercial centre, surpassing Mau-Ranipur as the district's main trade centre.

In 1899, the Hardiganj market was opened on the site of a former royal garden. It grew to become the largest market in both the city and the district, supplying all the other markets with their own goods.

In 1886, the Indian National Congress came to Jhansi, and in 1888 Sripavati Ghosh was elected to serve as Jhansi's delegate in the Congress at Allahabad. The Congress's provincial conference was held in Jhansi in 1916, on the fort grounds and chaired by C. Y. Chintamani.

From 1926, the revolutionary Chandra Shekhar Azad was based in Jhansi, variously posing as a chauffeur and a mechanic.

Independent India
After the independence of India, Jhansi was included in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

Geography and climate
Jhansi is located at 25.4333 N 78.5833 E. It has an average elevation of 284 metres (935 feet). Jhansi lies on the plateau of central India, an area dominated by rocky relief and minerals underneath the soil. The city has a natural slope in the north as it is on the south western border of the vast Tarai plains of Uttar Pradesh and the elevation rises on the south. The land is suitable for species of citrus fruit and crops include wheat, pulses, peas, and oilseeds. The region relies heavily on monsoon the rains for irrigation purposes. Under an ambitious canal project (the Rajghat canal), the government is constructing a network of canals for irrigation in Jhansi and Lalitpur and some part of Madhya Pradesh. The trade in agricultural products (including grain and oilseeds) is of great economic importance. The city is also a centre of brassware manufacture.

Climate
Being on a rocky plateau, Jhansi experiences extreme temperatures. Winter begins in October with the retreat of the southwest monsoon (Jhansi does not experience any rainfall from the Northeast Monsoon) and peaks in mid-December. Temperatures are about 4 C minimum and 21 C maximum. Spring arrives by the end of February and is a short-lived phase of transition. Summer begins by April and summer temperatures can peak at 47 C in May. The rainy season starts by the third week of June (although this is variable year to year), while the monsoon rains gradually weaken in September and end before the last week of September. In the rainy season, the average daily high temperature hovers around 36 C with high humidity. The average rainfall for the city is about 1150 mm per year, occurring almost entirely within the three-and-a-half months of the Southwest Monsoon. In summer Jhansi experiences temperatures as high as 45 to 49 C degrees while in winter the temperatures can fall as low as 0 to 1 C as recorded in winter 2011.

Demographics
As of 2011 Indian Census, Jhansi city had a total population of 505,693, of which 265,449 were males and 240,244 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 55,824. The total number of literates in Jhansi city was 373,500, which constituted 73.9% of the population with male literacy of 78.9% and female literacy of 68.3%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Jhansi city was 83.0%, of which male literacy rate was 88.9% and female literacy rate was 76.6%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 110,318 and 1,681 respectively. Jhansi city had 91,150 households in 2011.

Hindi was the predominant language in the city, while Urdu was spoken by a minority.

The Jhansi urban agglomeration had a population of 547,638 which also included Jhansi Cantonment and Jhansi Railway Settlement.

Jhansi Cantonment
Jhansi Cantonment had a total population of 28,343 in 2011, of which 17,023 were males and 11,320 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 3,404. The total number of literates in Jhansi Cantonment was 23,354, which constituted 82.4% of the population. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Jhansi Cantonment was 93.6%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 4,735 and 28 respectively. It had 30,460 households in 2011.

Jhansi Railway Settlement
Jhansi Railway Settlement had a total population of 13,602 as of 2011, of which 7,226 were males and 6,376 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 1,168. The total number of literates in Jhansi Railway Settlement was 10,754, which constituted 79.1%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Jhansi Railway Settlement was 86.5%, of which male literacy rate was 92.1% and female literacy rate was 80.2%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 3,373 and 38 respectively. It had 30460 households in 2011.

Songs and Poems
A number of patriotic songs have been written about the Rani. The most famous composition about Rani Lakshmi Bai is the Hindi poem Jhansi ki Rani written by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan. An emotionally charged description of the life of Rani Lakshmibai, it is often taught in schools in India. A popular stanza from it reads: "बुंदेले हरबोलों के मुँह हमने सुनी कहानी थी, खूब लड़ी मर्दानी वह तो झाँसी वाली रानी थी।।"

Translation: "From the bards of Bundela we have heard this story / She fought valiantly like a warrior woman, she was the queen of Jhansi."

For Marathi people there is an equally well-known ballad about the brave queen penned at the spot near Gwalior where she died in battle, by B. R. Tambe, who was a poet laureate of Maharashtra and of her clan. A couple of stanzas run like this: "रे हिंदबांधवा, थांब या स्थळीं अश्रु दोन ढाळीं / ती पराक्रमाची ज्योत मावळे इथे झाशिवाली / ... /  घोड्यावर खंद्या स्वार, हातात नंगि तर्वार /  खणखणा करित ती वार /  गोर्‍यांची कोंडी फोडित पाडित वीर इथे आली /  मर्दानी झाशीवाली!"

Translation: "You, denizen of this land, pause here and shed a tear or two / For this is where the flame of the valorous lady of Jhansi was extinguished / … / Astride a stalwart stallion / With a naked sword in hand / She burst open the British siege / And came to rest here, the brave lady of Jhansi!"

Higher education

 * Bundelkhand University
 * Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University
 * Central Ayurveda Research Institute, formerly National Vrkshayurveda Research Institute

Medical and technical colleges
In October 2009, the Union health ministry gave approvals for setting up an institute equivalent to AIIMS, the first in Bundelkhand region and developing central agriculture university.
 * Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
 * Government Polytechnic Jhansi
 * Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, established 1968
 * Maharani Laxmi Bai Para medical Training College

Schools

 * Christ the King College, Jhansi
 * Army Public School, Jhansi
 * Blue Bells Public School, Jhansi
 * Bhani Devi Goyal Saraswati Vidhya Mandir Inter College
 * Cathedral College, Jhansi
 * Delhi Public School, Jhansi
 * Government Inter College, Jhansi
 * Gramodaya International College, Mauranipur
 * Gyan Sthaly Public Inter College, Jhansi
 * Hafiz Siddiqui National Inter College
 * Kendriya Vidyalaya, Jhansi
 * Mahatma Hansraj Modern School
 * Margret Leask Memorial College
 * Modern Public School, Jhansi
 * Rani Laxmibai Public School, Jhansi
 * RNS World School, Jhansi
 * Sainik School, Jhansi
 * Saraswati Pathshala industrial Inter College, Jhansi
 * Saraswati Vidya Mandir, Jhansi
 * Sheerwood College, Jhansi
 * St. Francis Convent School, Jhansi
 * St. Marks Public School
 * St. Columbus International Public School, Jhansi
 * Sun International School, Jhansi

Transport
The city is connected to other parts of India by railways and major highways.

Railways
Jhansi has its own division in the North Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. It lies on the main Delhi-Chennai and Delhi-Mumbai lines. The station code is VGLJ. Trains for every part of the country are available 24*7, The first ever Shatabdi Express commenced its journey from New Delhi to Jhansi Jn. Each and every train stops at Jhansi Jn.

Road transport
Jhansi is located at the junction of these National Highways: National Highway 27 (India) from Gujarat to Assam; National Highway 75 (India) from Gwalior to Rewa via Chhatarpur; National Highway 44 (India) from Jammu to Kanyakumari; and National Highway 39 (India). Thus, Jhansi commands a strategic position in the roadways network as highways in five different directions diverge from it.

The towns and major cities connected to it are Datia, Gwalior, Lalitpur, Agra, New Delhi, Bhopal, Prayagraj, Kanpur, Lucknow, Babina, Orchha, Banda, Shivpuri, Chhatarpur, Unnao Balaji, and Sagar.

Air transport
Jhansi Airstrip is a military aviation base built in the British era used by the Indian army and political visitors. Though there are provisions for private aircraft to land, there are no civil aviation operations. There had been a demand to make it operational for commercial purposes in the 1990s and again in the 2000s. The Uttar Pradesh government announced the construction of an all-new civil aviation base to support tourism in Bundelkhand in April 2011. As of 2020, the Kanpur Airport, located 228 km away, is the nearest major airport to Jhansi within the state, though Gwalior Airport in the neighbouring state of Madhya Pradesh is the nearest airport being located 102 km from Jhansi which has direct flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Indore, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Ahemdabad, Jammu, Pune and Chennai.

Armed forces
The Jhansi Cantonment was the site of the accommodation for British civil and military personnel in the period of British rule in India. Jhansi district is the headquarters of the 31st Indian Armoured Division, stationed at Jhansi-Babina. There has been a joint exercise from 1 to 30 March 2012 with the Singaporean Army at Jhansi witnessed by the President of India, Pratibha Patil.

Media
Amar Ujala, Dainik Jagran, Patrika, and Dainik Bhaskar are some of the newspapers with online news services.

Newspapers
Many national and local newspapers are published in Jhansi in Hindi, Urdu and English:

Radio
Jhansi has five radio stations: Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, 92.7 BIG FM, 103.0 AIR FM and 91.1 Red FM and 93.5 FM.

Sport
Sports stadiums in Jhansi are Dhyanchand Stadium, Railway Stadium, and LVM Sports Place. Dhyanchand Stadium is the best place in Jhansi to learn sports skills. Many Sports played in Dhyanchand Stadium like Hockey, cricket, football, chess and many more.

Notable people

 * Pradeep Jain Aditya, is an Indian politician from Indian National Congress (INC)
 * Ramesh Chandra Agarwal, media proprietor and founder-chairman of the Dainik Bhaskar group of newspapers
 * Edward Angelo (born 1870), Australian politician
 * Alexander Archdale, English actor in theatre and film
 * Chandra Shekhar Azad, Indian freedom fighter
 * Vinod Kumar Bansal, Bansal classes, Kota
 * Michael Bates, English actor; Last of the Summer Wine and It Ain't Half Hot Mum
 * Raja Bundela, Indian actor, producer, politician and civil activist
 * Major Dhyan Chand, (Padma Bhushan), former Indian Army officer and Indian field hockey player
 * Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar MCA & Member of Parliament 1952, MLC & Speaker Vidhan Parishad 1958, notable pleader, Social leader
 * Maithili Sharan Gupt, modern Hindi poet
 * Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard, explorer, adventurer, big-game hunter and marksman who improved to sniping practice in the British Army in the First World War
 * Indeevar, Hindi films lyricist
 * Piyush Jha, film director and screenwriter and novelist of Indian origin
 * Jhalkaribai, freedom fighter and advisor to Rani Lakshmi Bai
 * Rani of Jhansi, queen of Jhansi (1853–58), consort of Maharaja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar of Jhansi
 * Abdul Karim, an Indian attendant of Queen Victoria who served her during the final 15 years of her reign, gaining her maternal affection over that time.
 * Subodh Khandekar, Olympian hockey player
 * B. B. Lal, former Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), known for his contribution on Indus Valley Civilization, Mahabharat and Ramayana sites.
 * Pankaj Mishra, Indian essayist and novelist
 * Joy Mukherjee, Indian actor and director
 * Ram Mukherjee, Indian director
 * Sashadhar Mukherjee, producer of Hindi films
 * Subodh Mukherjee, director, producer, writer of Hindi cinema; hits include Paying Guest, Munimji, Love Marriage (parts were shot at Jhansi), and Junglee
 * Randeep Rai, Indian television and film actor
 * Gangadhar Rao, Raja of Jhansi State, 1838–53
 * Raaj Shaandilyaa, Bollywood writer and director
 * Anurag Sharma is a Bharatiya Janata Party politician and Member of Parliament in Lok Sabha from Jhansi-Lalitpur constituency of Uttar Pradesh
 * Vishwanath Sharma, owner of Baidyanath Group, parliamentarian
 * Amit Singhal, senior vice-president at Google
 * Surendra Verma, Hindi author and playwright
 * Vrindavan Lal Verma (9 January 1889 – 23 February 1969) was a Hindi novelist and playwright. He was honoured with Padma Bhushan for his literary works

Jhansi in literature
Two novels by John Masters are set in the fictional town of Bhowani. According to the author, writing in the glossary to the earlier novel, Nightrunners of Bengal, Bhowani is an "imaginary town. To get a geographical bearing on the story it should be imagined to be about where Jhansi really is - 25.27 N., 78.33 E." Nightrunners of Bengal is set during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 at "Bhowani" (the title alludes to the mysterious distribution of "chapatis" to village headmen which preceded the revolt). Bhowani Junction is set in 1946/47 the eve of independence. In each novel the main character is a British army officer named Colonel Rodney Savage, one of a succession of such men from the same family.

Christina Rossetti wrote a short poem about the fate of the Skene family at Jhansi during the Indian Mutiny. It is entitled "In the Round Tower at Jhansi - 8 June 1857". It was published in 1862 in the same volume as her more celebrated poem "Goblin Market". Some time afterward, Rossetti discovered that she had been misinformed about the husband and wife's suicide pact in the face of a murderous and implacable enemy ('The swarming howling wretches below' the tower walls) which is the poem's subject, but did not delete it from later editions. Jhansi is the centre of story in Vrindavan Lal Verma's Hindi novel 'Jhansi Ki Rani'. This novel tells the story of Jhansi ki Rani Lakshmibai, who fought bravely in 1858–59 to save Jhansi from the Britishers' attack.

title: Jhansi


text:
Yevno Azef

Yevno Fishelevich Azef (Е́вно Фи́шелевич (Евге́ний Фили́ппович) А́зеф, also transliterated as Evno Azef, 1869–1918) was a Russian socialist revolutionary who also operated as a double agent and agent provocateur. He worked as both an organiser of assassinations for the Socialist Revolutionary Party and a police spy for the Okhrana, the Russian Empire's secret police. He rose through the ranks to become the leader of the Socialist Revolutionary Party's terrorist branch, the SR Combat Organization, from 1904 to 1908.

After the revolutionary Vladimir Burtsev unmasked his activity in 1909, Azef fled to Germany, where he died in 1918.

Early life
Yevno Fishelevich Azef was born in Lyskava (now Brest Region, Belarus) in 1869, the second of seven children of a poor Jewish tailor. His father moved to Rostov with the family when Yevno was five and opened a drapery but barely made enough money to get his children through school. After leaving school around 1890, Azef worked as a journalist and a traveling salesman. In 1892, the police suspected him of distributing revolutionary literature. To avoid arrest, he embezzled 800 rubles and fled to Germany to first Karlsruhe and then Darmstadt. There, he studied to become an electrical engineer and joined a group of Russian social democrats.

Double agent
In April 1893, Azef wrote to the Okhrana, the Russian secret police, offering to inform on his fellow students, for money. Later that year, he moved to Berne in Switzerland, and in 1894 joined the Union of Socialist Revolutionaries Abroad, which was organised by the respected narodnik couple Chaim Zhitlovsky and Vera Lokhova.

When he graduated, in 1899, the Okhrana ordered him to return to Russia, where he joined the Northern Union of Socialist Revolutionaries, led by Andrei Argunov, and became, in effect, his right-hand man, even though Azef wanted the revolutionaries to resume the use of terrorist tactics, while Argunov did not believe in violence. He valued Azef's ability to resolve practical problems, such as setting up an underground printing operation, but was unaware that he was being assisted by the Okhrana. In November 1901, Argunov sent him to Europe to help unify the Northern, Southern and foreign Socialist Revolutionary unions into a single organisation. Argunov was arrested as soon as Azef had left Russia. In Switzerland in 1902, Azef became a founding member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, and served as deputy head of its combat organisation, headed by Grigory Gershuni, which was responsible for acts of terrorism.

Gershuni thought so highly of Azef that he nominated him as his successor, and so when Gershuni was arrested in spring 1903 after being betrayed by another double agent, Azef became head of the combat organisation, with Boris Savinkov as his deputy. Azef thus became both Russia's leading terrorist and most highly paid police informant. In that position he organized the assassination of Vyacheslav Plehve in 1904. Plehve, as minister of the interior, was Azef's nominal employer and the person who had ultimately authorised him to infiltrate the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Plehve had also made Gershuni's arrest the police's main priority, thus facilitating the rise of Azef. In 1905, Azef would organise the assassination of the Tsar's uncle Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, who served as Governor-General of Moscow.

The success of those two assassinations gave Azef immense prestige within the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Because he was so trusted, he was able to deliver a long list of his rivals within the SR Party over to the Okhrana to be arrested. Their names included Anna Yakimova, a veteran of the plot to kill Tsar Alexander II who had served 24 years in prison, and Zinaida Kopolyannikova, who was hanged in August 1906 for assassinating the head of the Tsar's lifeguards. In 1905 alone, according to researchers who accessed police records after the 1917 revolution, Azef informed against 17 of his subordinates within the SR Combat Organisation.

The assassinations of the Interior Minister and the Tsar's uncle also set off a crisis within the Okhrana. The Director of Police, Alexei Lopukhin, resigned, and was replaced by his rival Pyotr Rachkovsky, whom he despised. One of Rachkovsky's first actions was to sack Leonid Ratayev, who had been acting as Azef's handler, and to personally take over supervision of him. Azef's double dealing was also resented by the Okhrana's longer-serving officers, one of whom anonymously tipped off the Socialist Revolutionaries that the Okhrana had recruited two informers in their ranks, Azef, and a man named Tatarov. Boris Savinkov ordered for Tatarov to be killed: he was stabbed to death on 4 April 1906, but the Socialist Revolutionaries could not believe that Azef was also a spy. Nonetheless, fearing more leaks from within the Okhrana, Azef emigrated to Geneva.

He was in Helsinki in February 1906, when he learnt from a go-between named Pinchas Rutenberg that Father Gapon, the popular hero of the 1905 revolution, was also a police informant. Azef ordered that Gapon should be killed "like a snake", although he took care to ensure that his own paymaster, Rachkovsky, was not killed, too.

Exposure
Late in 1906, Vladimir Burtsev, a left-wing magazine editor, was approached by an Okhrana officer who had turned against the government who provided him with a wealth of accurate information, including the presence of a spy in the leadership of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, whose identity he did not know. Later, Burtsev spotted Azef riding through St Petersburg in an open cab when most revolutionaries were in hiding and suspected that he was the unidentified spy. Unable to prove his suspicions or to persuade any significant figures within the party to share them, Burtsev contrived to meet Alexei Lopukhin in the carriage of a train leaving Cologne and put it to him that Azef was a spy, which Lopukhin confirmed. Burtsev then wrote up the case against Azef and had it printed and dispatched to the Central Committee of the SR Party, who appointed three veteran revolutionaries (Vera Figner, German Lopatin and Prince Kropotkin) to a court of inquiry, which held a month-long hearing in Paris and concluded that Burtsev's claims should be taken seriously. Learning where Burtsev had gained his information, Azef secretly visited Petersburg to pressure Lopukhin to repudiate his story. Instead, Lopukhin approached Azev's former mentor, Andrei Argunov, in Petersburg to verify Burtsev's testimony and travelled to London to give the same information to three of the party's representatives. In January 1909, the Central Committee ordered Azef's assassination and tried to lure him to an isolated villa in France, but he fled to Germany.

His wife, Ljuba Mankin, who had been unaware of his double-dealing, divorced him and emigrated to the United States. One of his last acts as a spy was to denounce Lopukhin, who was exiled to Siberia for blowing Azef's cover.

In Germany, Azef lived with a singer and worked as a corset salesman and stock speculator to invest the money he had amassed during his career as a double agent. He was constantly in fear of being recognised and killed. From 1915 to 1917, during the First World War, he was interned by Germany as an enemy alien. In prison, he suffered from kidney disease.

Death
Yevno Azef died of renal failure in Berlin on April 24, 1918. He was buried in an unmarked grave in Friedhof Wilmersdorf.

Books

 * Nikolajewsky, B. Aseff the Spy: Russian Terrorist and Police Stool. Garden City, NY, 1934.
 * Pevsner, G. La Doppia Vita di Evno Azev (1869-1918). Milano: Mondadori, 1936. 315 pp.
 * Anna Geifman Entangled in Terror: The Azef Affair and the Russian Revolution. Scholarly Resources, 1999.
 * Richard E. Rubenstein Comrade Valentine: The True Story of Azef the Spy—The Most Dangerous Man in Russia at the Time of the Last Czars. Harcourt Brace and Company, 1994.
 * Shukman, H. (ed.) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution. Oxford, 1988.
 * Hildermeier, M. Die sozialrevolutionäre Partei Russlands. Cologne, 1978.

Novels

 * Rebecca West's The Birds Fall Down (1966) is a spy thriller based on the deeds of Azef.
 * Roman Gul's novel Azef (originally General B.O., 1929; later edition ) hewed closely to the facts, according to Allen Dulles.
 * Joseph Conrad's novel Under Western Eyes (1911, ) used elements of the Azef story.

title: Yevno Azef


text:
Rakhine

Rakhine may refer to:
 * Rakhine State, in Myanmar
 * Rakhine people, a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group
 * Rakhine language, a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Rakhine people

title: Rakhine


text:
Talk:Italo-Albanian Catholic Church

Albanian Catholic Church
Uh, I accidently moved the talk page of Albanian Catholic Church when I meant to move the actual Albanian Catholic Church to this location. Consequently, this page has no data and should be removed so that the other page can be moved here. Pmadrid 07:14, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved by Chonak' —innotata 16:23, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Italo-Greek Catholic Church → Italo-Albanian Catholic Church — That's the correct name, according to cnewa; the best source I could find regarding this naming issue. This article was moved to Italo-Greek Catholic Church, on 19 April 2007 by User:Miskin, a Greek editor with the summary "per article title in the Catholic Encyclopaedia"; probably thinking for this page, and I couldn't find anything related in that page. Then, this edit followed to match and support the move. Thanks.  kedadi al  18:50, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Support CNEWA is an organization part of the Catholic church, making it an expert on such issues.-- — ZjarriRrethues — talk 19:03, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Support the move. CNEWA is the papal agency. I think the pope and his agency know well what a catholic church is called. The confusion has arised from the fact that catholic Albanians in Italy follow the Byzantine rite (they are uniates), hence the name "Greek". However the Greeks in Italy are not catholics, but orthodox, the Church of Greece has never embraced catholicism since the Great Schism. --SulmuesLet's talk 19:11, 23 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. It would be fair to call it the Italo-Albanian Greek Catholic Church, analogous to the other Byzantine-rite churches called "Greek Catholic". -- Chonak (talk) 23:53, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * This move appears to be noncontroversial, so I have completed it. - Chonak (talk) 05:48, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved again?
The Italian name "Italo-Albanese" appears on the relevant diocesan pages of catholic-hierarchy.org, which copies its information from the Annuario Pontificio (Vatican yearbook). Is there a comparable reliable source to support the Italo-Greek name? If not, there seems to be no justification for the recent move that put the article back under "Italo-Greek Catholic Church". --Chonak (talk) 05:33, 27 February 2011 (UTC)
 * From an ecclesiastic point of view this church doesn't exist as one jurisdictional body, but it is simply a term used to list three separate and independent entities: the Eparchy of Lungro, the Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi, and the monastery of Grottaferrata. The first two being populated by Italo-Albanians, the monastery being simply of Byzantine (Greek) Rite. When these three entities are referred to together, they are called "Circoscrizioni Ecclesiastiche Bizantine Cattoliche in Italia" (Byzantine-Catholic Ecclesiastic Bodies in Italy) . So both names are unofficial, "Italo-Albenian" gives more an idea of the most of population it comprises, "Italo-Greek Catholic Church" gives more an idea of the Rite used, and it includes also the monastery of Grottaferrata which is not Italo-Albenian" in roots.A ntv (talk) 10:16, 27 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Please note, Byzantine Churches in communion with Rome are designated by two prefixes prior to the word Catholic - the first is of ethnic origin and the latter denotes the rite to distinguish it from the Roman/Latin amongst others (e.g. Syro-Malabar, Maronite, etc). The Italo-Greek Church refers first to the people, the Italians (i.e. Southern Italians, albeit Italians or persons of Hellenic extraction), and Greek because the Byzantine or Greek form of liturgy used in the celebration of the Holy Eucharist amongst other rituals.  Italo-Albanian Greek Catholic Church is more proper than the completely erroneous Italo-Albanian Catholic Church that is used commonly by those not well versed in the subject area.  The Ukrainian and Rusyn people of the Byzantine Catholic faith are referred to as Ukrainian Greek Catholics and Ruthenian Greek Catholics, respectively.  This is because they are Greek Rite Catholics but are from different ethnic groups and align themselved with counterparts on the Orthodox side.  The Italo-Greek Church existed prior to the Albanian population in Italy and the church is erroneous labeled Italo-Albanian because people of Albanian derivation are the majority of followers of this rite as most Italo-Greeks returned to the Greek Orthodox churches in communion Constantinople. Please pardon my grammar ... typing on my Blackberry LongIslander (talk) 22:14, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

Chonak - just saw your message. I will do my research so that I can source the name properly. Hope I have not been a nusiance in changing the name prior to sourcing ... my apologies. I am not that active on Wikipedia and should have did my due diligence prior to the change. — Preceding unsigned comment added by LongIslander (talk • contribs) 22:18, 27 February 2011 (UTC)
 * During some reserch by check some various sites for the regular use name:

For the area/ethnic "modifier", we have: For the "rite"/church identifier, we have: Unless we go with "Italo-Greek-Albanian Byzantine Catholic Church" for a compromise, it looks like "Italo-Albanese Byzantine Catholic Church" as the article name and listing "Italian (or Italo-)Byzantine-Catholic Church" (seems a more natural translation than "Byzantine-Catholic Ecclesiastic Bodies in Italy" for a Particular Church) as the official name and listing all the rest as other names. Spshu (talk) 17:06, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * catholic-hierarchy.org - Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi (Italo-Albanese) - Italo-Albanese Catholic Church of the Byzantine Tradition
 * byzcath.org Byzantine Catholic and other Eastern Catholic Churches List of Eparchies - Italo-Greek-Albanian Byzantine Catholics, Byzantine Italo-Greek-Albanian, Italo-Greek-Albanian Catholics
 * Giga-Catholic - Italo-Albanese Church
 * Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi - "Circoscrizioni Ecclesiastiche Bizantine Cattoliche in Italia" - Byzantine-Catholic Ecclesiastic Bodies in Italy
 * Dioceses in the World: Europe - ITALO-ALBANSK-BYSANTINERNE / Italo-Albanian Byzantine
 * Catholic Near East Welfare Association - The Italo-Albanian Catholic Church
 * Italo-Albanese - 4
 * Italo-Greek-Albanian - 3/if we only count byzcath.org only once: 1
 * Italo-Byzantine - 1
 * Byzantine Catholics - 3/2
 * Byzantine - 2/1
 * Catholics - 2/1

I suggest you contact Padre Bessarione Kryptoferritis who is a priest and administrator of the Abbey Church at Grottaferrata for official clarification.--68.196.236.115 (talk) 22:59, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

History needs cleanup and sourcing
The History section needs some rewriting to fix grammar errors, and needs better sourcing. Some of the terminology in the text (e.g., the use of the word "races" suggests that it is derived from some old published source(s), but the lack of ref tags in the text has left the sourcing unclear.  I recently marked the CathEnc article as one reference for the section, but that article only documents part of the information in the History section;  furthermore, it's a 1913 article, so there may be better sources available now. --Chonak (talk) 14:27, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Catholic Church naming conventions RfC
There is currently an RfC at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Catholic Church) that may be of interest. Chicbyaccident (talk) 09:50, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 11 February 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. There were two oppose votes, and four support votes (excluding nominator). Even though there was a sort of detailed discussion, consensus was in favour of move. There would be no prejudice, if another move request is filed with logical rational. — usernamekiran (talk)  20:22, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

Italo-Albanian Greek Catholic Church → Italo-Albanian Catholic Church – The original name of the church is "Chiesa cattolica Italo-Albanese" which literally translates "Italo-Albanian Catholic Church". The word "Greek" is not present in the original name and it should not be present in the translated name. JoeTBA (talk) 09:40, 11 February 2018 (UTC) *Support.--Calthinus (talk) 18:31, 11 February 2018 (UTC) Withdrawing my vote as to be honest I don't have enough expertise in this area. I still think my comment about frequency of usage in English ("Italo-Albanian Catholic Church" is the most common and more than the others put together) stands. --Calthinus (talk) 19:22, 17 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Support as per reasons outlined by .Resnjari (talk) 09:58, 11 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Support. Chicbyaccident (talk) 10:16, 11 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Huh? How do you get that the original name of the church is "Chiesa cattolica Italo-Albanese"/ "Italo-Albanian Catholic Church". When the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article title is "Italo-Greeks" not "Italo-Albanian". Further more, The Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi calls the church "Circoscrizioni Ecclesiastiche Bizantine Cattoliche in Italia"/"Byzantine-Catholic Ecclesiastic Bodies in Italy". Also, the name of an article is suppose to be based on WP:COMMONNAME not "original name". Spshu (talk) 20:16, 12 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Support. Yes "BYZANTINE" not "GREEK". "Byzantine" refers to a religious rite, "Greek" refers to a national identity. Your mistake here is that you are using the words "Byzantine" and "Greek" interchangeably. The Arbereshe are Albanian Byzantine Catholics not Greek Byzantine Catholics. "Byzantine" is not synonymous to "Greek". The Byzantine rite is used by most of the Balkan nations but that does not make these nations Greek. The tricky part here is that with nationalism the word "Greek" is used to identify today's modern Greeks. If we call it "Italo-Albanian Greek" that would be highly confusing for one could misunderstand the "Greek" in the title for an ethnicity, which is inaccurate. With that in light the only acceptable term here is "Italo-Albanian Byzantine Catholic Church". The [Greek Byzantine Catholic Church] is a different branch from the [Italo-Albanian Greek Catholic Church|Italo-Albanian Byzantine Catholic church]. Let us not confuse the readers. JoeTBA (talk) 01:52, 15 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment. You may not vote again, JoeTBA (since the nomination is a vote in support). Some of the Catholics in this Church are Greek, it is just now predominately Arbereshe/ Albanian. Secondly, there is a disambiguation hatnote at the top explaining the difference with the Albanian Church and a "name" section. I don't think any one is going to confuse this church with the Greek Church as it has Italo-Albanian in front. Third, you stated your support for this was based on its "original" name, thus my pointing to the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia stating that it is Italo-Greek. As, Bistropha points out below, Greek is appropriate do to its connection to the Byzantine rite as its language. Spshu (talk) 14:26, 15 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment. Actually, I think it will confuse just about anyone who does not know and the majority of casual people think of the "Greek" ethnicity when they hear the word "Greek". Like I said, nobody is against calling it "Italo-Albanian Byzantine Catholic Church", in fact that title still remains as an alias. Converting the "Byzantine" into "Greek" however can become misleading. As you can see and probably know, The [Greek Byzantine Catholic Church] has a page of it's own and if "Byzantine" and "Greek" were synonymous one would have called it "The Greek Catholic Church" or "The Greek Greek Catholic Church", but no, "Byzantine" is what exclusively points to the religious rite hence both words are used. P.S. I apologize for voting again. JoeTBA (talk) 06:39, 16 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment. Rereading your second vote is that you are suggesting another name "Italo-Albanian Byzantine Catholic Church" from what you originally nominated "Italo-Albanian Catholic Church". Second, there are/may be still those of Greek decent in Italy that are members of this church. What other churches there are doesn't effect what this church's article name would be. "Byzantine" and "Greek" are synonymous and Byzantine is not correct as a rite either, but Greek is so commonly used that there is an article on it at Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Greek Rites. The article also spells out that the official name of the rite is Constantinople not Byzantine (although it was the city's former name) and that Greek Rite was (and potential currently) commonly used name. The Territorial Abbacy of Saint Mary of Grottaferrata, which is an Ordinariate of this church, is of Greek origins. Arbëreshë, since it refers to Albanians in Italy, would thus be more correct (under your logic) for Italo-Albanian (thus suggesting Arbëreshë-Greek Catholic Church). But accuracy isn't a valid reason, the COMMONNAME is the primary standard for WP. Also at Exarchic Greek Abbey of Saint Mary of Grottaferrata they call their rite "Italo-Byzantine". Spshu (talk) 19:43, 16 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment: In this type of ecclesiastical terminology, "Greek-Catholic" does not relate to ethnicity, but to the Byzantine rite. See also, for an example, the Melkite Greek-Catholic Church, which is predominantly Arab in ethnicity and has followed the Byzantine rite in services for several hundred years. It appears with this name in the listing of Eastern churches on the "Catholic Hierarchy" site: . NB: this comment is not in support or opposition to the proposed move, but merely a clarification of terminology.  Bistropha (talk) 04:56, 15 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment. Thank you, I am aware, but at the same time if you clarified it then I think you know it can be a little confusing for those who don't know, which I think is the majority. I think it is best we avoid the confusion. Besides "Italo-Albanian Byzantine Catholic Church" is already in the article as an alias and sufficient. JoeTBA (talk) 07:13, 16 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Support as per Catholic-Hierarchy.org (CH) and Catholic Near East Welfare Association (CNEWA). – Βατο (talk) 10:24, 15 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment. Catholic Near East Welfare Association also uses The Byzantine Catholic Church in Italy (page 9) for this church. Spshu (talk) 14:26, 15 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment. Yes! As you can see it is called "The Byzantine Catholic Church", not "The Greek Catholic Church". JoeTBA (talk) 06:52, 16 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment. What is your point in repeating only a part of what is there ("Byzantine Catholic Church in Italy") as that doesn't support that CNEWA using only "Italo-Albanian Catholic Church" in support of the proposed article name.
 * Βατο, look again. Catholic-Hiearchy.com actually calls it "Italo-Albanese Catholic Church" not Italo-Albanian Catholic Church. Spshu (talk) 19:43, 16 February 2018 (UTC)
 * "Albanese" is Italian for Albanian. --Calthinus (talk) 22:01, 16 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Google results: "Italo-Albanian Catholic Church" gets the highest, 2960 results: [], while "Italo-Albanian Greek Catholic Church" gets 680 results [] and the Byzantine version gets 823 []. Seems "Italo-Albanian Catholic Church" is most common. --Calthinus (talk) 22:13, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose I know many people of such church and I attend their liturgies. The term Greek shall be kept because it is an old way, but common, to identify the liturgical rite (nowadays the more precise term byzantine is used, but till few years ago the only term used was Greek). That is important because the identity of such church is linked to the liturgical rite, not to ethnicity (they are all Italians since 4 centuries ago). In particular the Abbey of Grottaferrata which is part to such church has not an only Albanian origin. A ntv (talk) 09:48, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Edit
Changed "Congregation" to "Dicastery" in the introduction, to reflect the body's contemporary name.

Adelelcoolj (talk) 14:25, 19 June 2024 (UTC) Adelelcoolj (talk) 14:25, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Italo-Albanian Catholic Church