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Policenauts

Policenauts (ポリスノーツ) is a graphic adventure game developed and published by Konami. It was written and directed by Hideo Kojima, and originally released for the PC-9821 in 1994. A hard science fiction story, Policenauts is set in the mid 21st century and follows Jonathan Ingram, an astronaut recently recovered floating in space in cryosleep after an accident at a space colony sent him drifting into space for 24 years. Now a detective in Los Angeles, Ingram travels back to the colony to investigate the murder of his ex-wife and her husband's disappearance. As he begins his investigation, he starts to uncover an illegal organ trafficking ring.

Kojima conceived Policenauts while working on Snatcher (1988), and began development in 1990. He wanted the production quality to match that of major motion pictures, and created a scripting engine to give him more creative control. Drawing creative influences from American buddy television shows, contemporary social debates on anti-Japanese sentiment and organ transplantation, and Japan's heightened interest in space travel following the first Japanese man's trip to space in 1990, he sought to explore the concept of how living in space may affect human society and life, socially and physiologically. The original PC-9821 release utilized pixel art, while the 3DO, PlayStation, and Sega Saturn ports featured cel animation by Anime International Company.

An English localization was planned for the Saturn but was eventually cancelled, with Kojima citing technical problems with the translation. After interest in Kojima's work grew following the release of Metal Gear Solid (1998), demand for a translation built until a fan translation of the PlayStation version was released in 2009. Critics have praised Policenauts for its animation, voice acting, and overall presentation; several commentators have analysed its cinematic influences from films in the science fiction, action, comedy, and buddy-cop genres, while others noted its reflection of Kojima's fascination with science and technology, and have praised its storyline, technical writing and worldbuilding.

Gameplay
Policenauts is a graphic adventure game with a point-and-click interface. It has also been called a visual novel and an interactive movie. The player moves a cursor freely across the screen to click on objects to examine them. During conversations, the player is given dialogue options to choose from. Once the right object in the scene has been examined or the dialogue options have been exhausted, the game progresses to the next scene in the story. In versions with cel animation, these scenes the player must examine are stills from the animated cinematics, so the game moves seamlessly between them and cutscenes. There are occasional action scenes where the player must fire a gun at enemies in a first-person perspective. The Sega Saturn version supports a light gun for these segments.

Plot
In 2013, Los Angeles Police Department officer Jonathan Ingram (Hideyuki Tanaka) was one of five "Policenauts", police officers who received astronaut training to protect Beyond Coast, humanity's first functional self-supporting space colony. During the test of a new space suit, an accident causes Jonathan to drift into space, presumed dead by his colleagues. In reality, the cryogenic survival system in the suit preserved him, and he is found and revived 25 years later. During that time, Beyond Coast has become the principal development location for potential interstellar travel, and is protected by a dedicated police force dubbed the Beyond Coast Police Department (BCPD).

In 2040, Jonathan has become a private investigator on Earth in Old Los Angeles. He is visited by his former wife Lorraine (Chiyoko Kawashima), who remarried while he was presumed dead. Lorraine asks for Jonathan's help in solving the disappearance of her husband, Kenzo Hojo; the only clues are a torn leaf, a set of capsules, and the word "Plato". Jonathan is reluctant to take her case at first, but after Lorraine leaves his office, she is murdered by a man in a black motorcycle suit. After failing to catch the culprit, Jonathan decides to fulfill Lorraine's final request and travels to Beyond, where he is reunited with his former LAPD partner, BCPD Vice Department chief Ed Brown (Shōzō Iizuka), who agrees to help Jonathan investigate the circumstances surrounding Hojo's disappearance and Lorraine's murder along with Vice Unit members Meryl Silverburgh (Kyoko Terase) and Dave Forrest (Bin Shimada).

During their investigation, Jonathan receives information from Karen (Kikuko Inoue), Lorraine's daughter with Hojo, that Hojo was growing increasingly stressed working at Tokugawa Pharmaceuticals, which is helping research medical solutions to health problems caused by living in space. Jonathan and Ed also run into former Policenauts Gates Becker (Osamu Saka) and Joseph Tokugawa (Iemasa Kayumi), the latter of whom Jonathan suspects of being involved. They receive further leads from a former co-worker of Hojo's; the informant is later killed and used to lure Jonathan and Ed into an unsuccessful booby trap. Hojo's body is eventually found, and Jonathan is framed for the killings. Tokugawa and Becker are revealed to have both been responsible for Jonathan's accident, and the prime movers behind an illegal drug and organ trafficking ring designed to counteract the negative side-effects of being in space for long periods of time.

Hojo became involved in the conspiracy to save Karen from her terminal bone cancer, but eventually tried to break away and was murdered. With help from Ed and Meryl, Jonathan storms the Tokugawa headquarters, killing Lorraine's assassin and then confronts Becker. When apparently cornered, Jonathan tricks Becker into revealing the whole scheme through a live video feed, exposing the scandal to Beyond Coast. Ed saves Jonathan by killing Becker, while Meryl and the remaining police arrest Tokugawa. Jonathan donates his bone marrow to Karen upon learning that he is her biological father, and returns to Earth.

Development
Policenauts was developed by Konami and directed by Hideo Kojima. Kojima began to explore concepts for Policenauts during the development of Snatcher (1988) when memory limitation issues prompted them to take a break. He wanted the game to remain in the adventure genre, feeling it was the best method to express what he wanted with video games. He was also growing frustrated with game development and wanted more creative control. After the release of Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake (1990), he developed a scripting engine so he could maintain control over when animations and music played instead of the programmers. Development on Policenauts began in earnest in 1990 and lasted four years.

Kojima wanted to explore a near future scenario that could realistically occur rather than outlandish science fiction. The game's story was influenced by news that captured his interest at the time. One such influence was the public debate over organ transplantation and brain death injuries. Another influence was the rise in anti-Japanese sentiment caused by the American crime film Rising Sun (1993). Some Asian-Americans held protests, fearing the negative characterization of Japanese in the film would lead to hate crimes. Space travel was also an influence after Toyohiro Akiyama became the first Japanese person to travel to space in 1990. Concurrently, many NASA documents about space travel and its effects on the human body were being published in Japan for the first time and were hot topics among Kojima's friends and family. Kojima was curious as to what effect living in space would have on the human body, relationships, and wondered what facets of humans would be exposed in space. He chose to explore these concepts in Policenauts. Kojima mixed his space interests with the aforementioned social issues to build the thematic basis of Policenauts and hoped the players would ponder these topics. Earth was called "Home" in the game while the space colony was named "Beyond", names chosen to reflect a parent-child relationship. "Beyond" also references the colony's distance from Home and the 25 years protagonist Jonathan Ingram passed through during his cryosleep. Kojima hoped that these names would reflect the persistence of human society and relationships, even after extreme technological advances. The colony's cylindrical shape was inspired by Gundam. Policenauts was originally titled Beyond, but Konami changed the name after they were unable to trademark it.

Kojima's familiarity with film and television influenced the cinematography in Policenauts. Though not attempting to use video games as a vehicle for presenting movies, he wanted to fill what he perceived to be a lack of production quality in games. Kojima worked to take the excellence of acting, lighting, direction, and storytelling in filmmaking and match that quality in his games. He took inspiration from American buddy television shows he enjoyed growing up like Starsky & Hutch. The game was originally going to be marketed as a "Cinematic Virtual Reality". Konami did a trademark search early in development that turned up empty, but by 1994, the "Virtual Reality" term had been trademarked so it was dropped.

Release
Policenauts was first released for the PC-9821 on July 29, 1994. Kojima received a letter from a hearing-impaired player after release, upset that modern games like Policenauts with its CD-ROM technology were replacing game text with actual speech. Kojima originally omitted subtitles to evoke a cinematic feel, but he added them for following versions to satisfy the players. The first port was for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer and released on September 29, 1995. A short demo with a game glossary, artwork, and design documents was released on April 21, 1995, called the Pilot Disk. The 3DO version and subsequent console ports had a drop in display resolution, and used newly animated full motion video in contrast to the animated stills used in the PC version. The visuals were animated by Anime International Company using traditional cel animation techniques.

The next port was for the PlayStation, released on January 19, 1996. A bonus disc called Policenauts Private Collection was released concurrently which has most of the same content as the 3DO's Pilot Disk bonuses plus storyboards and the game script, as well as select shooting segments from the main game. The full motion videos in this version run slower at 15 frames per second (FPS) compared to 24 on the 3DO. Some story details that suggested subplots were also removed. The PlayStation launched while Konami was still developing Policenauts for the PC-9821. Seeing the system's potential, Kojima promised himself he would make a Metal Gear game for the system, though first he ported Policenauts. In contrast to computer games, Sony and other console manufacturers ran quality testing on games for their consoles to check for bugs and rate game content. When Policenauts was being evaluated, Shuhei Yoshida of Sony Computer Entertainment told Kojima they were discussing the extent of breast jiggling in the game. This version was re-issued on August 7, 2003, through Konami's online store, and it was re-released digitally on PlayStation Store on May 14, 2008.

The final port was for the Sega Saturn, released on September 13, 1996. The version comes packaged in a slipcase containing the game case itself and a hardbound art book. It also includes some additional scenes and some modified story details, including the readdition of removed details in the PlayStation version. Kojima insisted that the Saturn port have increased video fidelity, retaining the 3DO's original 24 FPS and not using Cinepak encoding. The port also includes light gun support, a concept Kojima had since the inception of a Saturn port. His hope was that players would feel more emotion using the gun in Policenauts than in games like Lethal Enforcers (1992) which he felt did not evoke empathy. The Saturn version also has some of the content featured in the Pilot Disk and Private Collection bonus discs released on previous consoles, such as some of the making-of videos and an interview with voice actress Kikuko Inoue (unlocked after completing the game once), as well as the glossary, which is now accessible during play, allowing players to look up keywords whenever they are first used in the story.

Localization
An official English translation of Policenauts was announced for release on the Sega Saturn in 1996 in North America. It appeared in catalogs with promotional box artwork, but the game never materialized. Kojima discussed making an English translation three times, but encountered translation difficulties. As he explained, the Japanese dialogue was parsed into phrases with flags the program could reference, and making English dialogue work with this system would be too difficult. According to Jeremy Blaustein, who worked in Konami's international business department and led the translations of Snatcher and Metal Gear Solid (1998), there were never plans to localize Policenauts. He personally felt it was one of Kojima's weaker games, not enjoying the "space cowboy" theme and feeling it lacked the tension and humor of Snatcher. Industry journalists have speculated in hindsight that Konami may have passed on localization because of Snatcher 's commercial failure and Policenauts ' long scenes and protracted dialogue during an era of heightened consumer interest in 3D action games.

After the successful release of Metal Gear Solid, fan interest grew in Snatcher and Policenauts. Around 2000, a petition on the Konami of America online message boards prompted the subsidiary to discuss localizing Policenauts with Konami of Japan. Their attempts were unsuccessful because Kojima did not want to work on older games. In response to the PS One re-release in 2003, fans organized an email campaign to pressure Konami to localize the game once again. Their attempt was publicized and supported by IGN.

Work on an English fan translation began in 2002. In February 2007, the team announced it was nearing completion with a planned release in the second half of the year. Other help was provided by YouTuber Slowbeef. The translation was finally released two years later in August 2009 as a patch for the PlayStation version. It can be played on an emulator, or a PlayStation modified to read CD-Rs by ripping the game files from retail discs, applying the English patch, and burning the patched game to CD-Rs. Because some fans consider the Sega Saturn version a superior port, fans released a translation patch for it in 2016.

Reception
In Japan, critics praised Policenauts for its high level of presentation. Both Sega Saturn Magazine and Famitsu praised the quality of animation, voice acting, and its engrossing setting. Sega Saturn Magazine felt it was more like a movie than a game and praised its unique blend of genres, but found some of the text difficult to understand and warned that its heavy scientific writing may not be suitable for everyone. Famitsu described the narrative as "hardboiled". Both publications recommended Policenauts to fans of adventure games and anime.

The game was also reviewed in contemporary Western publications despite its lack of localization. Computer and Video Games previewed the 3DO version and considered it a sequel to Snatcher. They felt the game had an interesting plot, "bizarre and inventive" characters, and appreciated the "level of senseless violence and gratuitous rudity of graphics." GameFan reviewed the PlayStation and Saturn ports; they felt it pushed the genre of interactive movies better than previous games in the genre and praised the game's intricate technical details, although they cautioned that its specificity may put off some players. They also praised its suspenseful storytelling, and felt it was worth players' time even though it emphasized text over action. They concluded that Policenauts was "a masterful achievement, a near-future scenario so intricately detailed, well thought out and full of originality it puts Hollywood's best attempts at sci-fi to shame." Konami was busy releasing many sports games at the time, so GameFan feared it would not be localized.

Retrospective
Policenauts has continued to receive praise for its writing and presentation in retrospective reviews. Critics highlighted Kojima's cinematic influences from science fiction films, buddy cop films, and other Eastern and Western films: in particular, the character designs drew comparisons to Lethal Weapon (1987). Mark Ryan Sallee of IGN called the game a manifestation of Kojima's film obsessions, and accomplished in its "unique direction and striking moods" thanks to the strength of its animation and vocal performances. Comparing the game's production values to anime of the mid-1990s, Bob Mackey of 1Up.com liked how the game transitioned seamlessly between cutscene and gameplay, and preferred this style of presentation to games with high-quality cinematics that do not complement the gameplay. N. Ho Sang and Peter Tieryas of Kotaku wrote that "Its flashes of Lethal Weapon-esque intrigue give way to the deep metaphysical meanderings that makes for the usual Kojima mind meld on top of fantastic production values and mesmerizing art."

Kojima's fascination with space and future technology was noted in several reviews, and the elaborate detail placed into describing hypothetical technologies and commonplace items was frequently singled out for praise. Critics also felt the game's scientific terminology and dark themes were well-translated by fans into English. Regarding the game's story, Sallee wrote that the "somber dialogue" progressed it in a unique way. Kurt Kalata of Hardcore Gaming 101 criticized the story as predictable, and described it as "empty, merely a buddy cop film with some sci-fi elements". Parkin found that despite ostensibly being a detective story, the game's narrative was thematically concerned with middle age, and was fascinated by the game's focus on middle-aged characters as opposed to adolescents in most other games. Sam Bishop of IGN also praised the game's strong characterization.

The game did receive some criticism. Some felt its moments of sexual humor — notably the option for Jonathan to grope the breasts of many of the game's female characters ― conflicted with its otherwise serious tone; Mackey explained that this was a remnant of the game's original release on Japanese computers during a time when the market was flooded with hentai games. Concerning criticisms of its slow pace, Mackey wrote that the game requires patience, while Kalata criticized the lack of a dialogue skip option. Parkin wrote that its format is outdated and not for everyone, but still called it "a triumph of gentle interactive storytelling", and felt it could be enjoyed by those with interests in "thrillers, point and click adventures, science fiction homage and Japanese esoterica".

Legacy
Policenauts was not well known in the West until the fan translation was released in 2009. Critics have expressed interest in a re-release or sequel. Sam Bishop of IGN included it among a list of games he wanted to see receive a high-definition remaster. N. Ho Sang and Peter Tieryas of Kotaku included it on a list of desired sequels, and expressed interest in a proper English port of the original. Writing in 2013, Jon Leo of GameSpot wrote that he wanted to see the game re-released for the PlayStation 4, feeling it could be a good mainstream push for visual novels and adventure games. While still working with Konami in 2012, Kojima expressed interest in exploring a follow-up to Policenauts, but felt it was difficult to carry out from a business perspective. Bob Mackey of 1UP.com criticized Konami for failing to acknowledge or pursue localization of Policenauts and other non-Metal Gear games by Kojima.

In retrospect, the game is often called a spiritual successor to Snatcher. Sang and Tieryas wrote that "Snatcher was a masterpiece. Policenauts took it a step further." IGN called them "arguably two of the biggest cyberpunk/sci-fi games to ever grace consoles", and Eurogamer described Policenauts' sci-fi elements as "some of the medium's strongest." Both games are credited for establishing Kojima's style that propelled him to excellence with his later games. Some of the Policenauts staff went on to hold lead development roles on Kojima's later efforts, including the Zone of the Enders and Metal Gear series. The character Meryl Silverburgh and the Tokugawa Corporation in Policenauts were repurposed for the Metal Gear series.

title: Policenauts


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Delafield

Places in the United States

 * Delafield, Illinois, an unincorporated community
 * Delafield, Wisconsin, a city
 * Delafield (town), Wisconsin
 * Delafield Township, Jackson County, Minnesota

People

 * E. M. Delafield (1890–1943), British writer of the 1930s and 1940s
 * Edward Delafield (1794–1875), American physician, father of Francis Delafield and brother to Richard Delafield
 * Edward Coleman Delafield (1878–1976), American banker and soldier, president of the Bank of America
 * Edward Henry Delafield (1880–1955), American politician and landowner
 * Francis Delafield (1841–1915), American physician
 * Joseph Delafield (1790–1875), American officer in the War of 1812, lawyer and diplomat
 * Richard Delafield (1798–1873), Union Army major general during the American Civil War
 * Rufus King Delafield (1802–1874), American banker and manufacturer
 * Violetta White Delafield (1875–1949), American botanist, mycologist, scientific illustrator and horticulturist

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Delafield


text:
Talk:Export of cryptography

name change?
since this page is mostly about export of cryptography in the United States, maybe this should be moved to a page titled "Export of cryptography in the United States" with some editing, and/or this page be edited to reflect a more worldwide view (that ambox has been there since this edit in Oct 2007, and not much has been done (or so it seems) --Anon126 (talk - contribs) 07:55, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

 * +1 Go for it. -- intgr [talk] 00:00, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

Is the new text forthcoming?
With all defects, this was a useful article. Is there a volunteer to write the new text? If not, it makes sense to copy at least part of the text back from Export of cryptography in the United States. Dimawik (talk) 00:13, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Export of cryptography


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Talk:Mills' Mess

Learning section
As suggested, the "learning" section should be replaced with a description of the trick. Now, I started to write one, but pretty soon I realized that 1) It's damn hard to describe Mills mess with words so that it makes sense to someone who doesn't know the trick already 2) There's probably gazillion descriptions of Mills mess written already on the net. With little googling, I found an example by Eric Grannan (link); someone who doesn't know Mills mess could tell if it makes any sense or not. But for clarity, I suppose it should include some sort of illustration. Maybe still pictures from a video with arrows for flight paths? --Pestis 11:17, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Rubenstein's Revenge
I think Rubenstein's Revenge should either be removed from this page (and probably made into it's own article) or if not, Burke's Barrage should be added. Rubenstein's Revenge is not really a variant of Mills Mess. Instead, it's a simple extension of Burke's Barrage. --Lovelace 02:07, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't even think that Burke's Barrage should be added, let alone Rubenstein's Revenge. Both of these tricks are different enough to be considered a separate trick.  The only thing they really share with Mills Mess is a crossing of the arms.  I vote to create separate articles for these tricks, and to remove them from this article. --BennyD 01:28, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. Moved it to Rubenstein's Revenge. Larspedia 17:52, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Apparently it was added back in 9 years after it was removed. Not sure what to make of that except that whoever added it back obviously didn't read the Talk page. --Lovelace (talk) 03:18, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

No apostrophe
According to the external link from this page, it should be "Mills Mess" without an apostrophe.

The logic behind this is that the creator was called Mills. However this means that the correct spelling should be Mills' mess, with the apostraphe going after the s to indicate the mess belongs to Mills.

 * I believe it's "the Mills mess", where the name is used as an adjective (like the Washington monument) rather than as a posessive noun. —Rory ☺ 11:33, Sep 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * but the washington monument is a monument to washington, not one belonging to washington, the Lincoln memorial is one of washington's monuments. Surely putting his name at the front was intended to make it a possessive, ive never met Mills, but am sure he wanted it to be his mess rather than just a word that happens to be the same as his name. Nez

 * Steve Mills himself stated that the correct name for the trick is "the Mills Mess". Like "the Newton method", or "the Clinton presidency", the name is used in adjectival form. —Rory ☺ 14:12, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * If you use 'The Newton Method', you are using Newton's method.
 * If you read about 'the Clinton presidency' you're reading about Clinton's presidency.
 * If you perform 'the mills mess' you're performing mills' mess.
 * Without a 'the' it has to be mills' mess.
 * see also Archimedes' screw Pythagoras' Theorem

 * Read the article. It begins "The Mills Mess..." That's correct. I fail to see the problem with that grammar. Consider a Dell computer. It's not "Dell's computer". In this case it's not "Mills' Mess", it's a Mills Mess, or the Mills Mess, or even my Mills Mess. That is how the term is used, that is how Mills himself used it, it's completely grammatically sound (as long as an article (the, a, my) is used). Where's the problem? —Rory ☺ 18:02, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm a juggler (sorry I don't have an account yet). Everywhere I've seen "Mills Mess", it has always been "Mills Mess", no apostrophe.   Part of the grammatical confusion is that the added apostrophe conflicts with the 30 or so years of verbal tradition.  The historical pronunciation of "Milz Mess" then becomes "Milzes Mess" which is verbally incorrect.  If Mr. Hess owns a house, it is pronounced "Mr. Hessez house" not "Mr. Hess house".  In the history of its pronunciation, "Mills Mess" has always been pronounced as "Milz Mess".  Moreover the following are also correct in the verbal tradition.
 * I tried Mills Mess last night. (grammatically wrong, verbally right)
 * Bill, your Mills Mess looks real ugly. (grammatically and socially wrong, verbally right)
 * I taught four jugglers the Mills Mess pattern last month. (correct)
 * So yes, it should probably be in fact called "Mills' Mess", but that would break a 30+ year verbal tradition among jugglers.

I added apostrophes to all instances of "Mills Mess" since the name should indeed be spelled "Mills' Mess" or "Mills' mess", to give credit to Steve Mills. However, I do not know how to rename the article to "Mills' Mess"; whoever chooses to rename should also set up a redirect from "Mills Mess" to "Mills' Mess". To be grammatical, I can say "His Mills' Mess looks good" because: 1. "Mills' Mess" is the name of the trick, so "Mills' Mess" can be used the same way as other trick names including "Windmill" and "Reverse fountain" ; and 2. "Mills'" can be considered an adjective describing "Mess"; hence the example sentence is grammatical. However, in many cases, grammar is irrelevant because the oral pronunciation is the same, as mentioned above. Mooseandbruce1 (talk) 06:53, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

5-ball Rubenstein's Revenge?
Has anyone seen a 5-ball version of Rubinstein's Revenge? I suspect not, though this article implies that it's been done...

Eric's Extension
I'm surprised there was no mention of Eric's Extension in the list of variations. It is a well-known variation, so I added it myself. --BennyD 01:28, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Adding back variations
Although I agree with removing the learning section, I think the section on variations was appropriate and replaced it. If you think it should be deleted or removed I'd be more than happy to discuss options. Sbacle 03:47, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Title caps
Is there a reason for this article being at "Mills Mess" rather than "Mills mess"? Hyacinth (talk) 04:16, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Mills Gift
There was a line about Steve Mills asking it to be renamed “Mills Gift”.

please do not include this.

why?

A one time facebook post with minimal reach asking for renaming by the creator done in a strange tone shouldn’t be part of this page.

1. It’s irrelevant as no one is going to call it this. Most don’t pay attention to this. If they did they wouldn’t use the name. Especially when he made the request in an inappropriate manner. The reach of this facebook post was minimal.

2. His official page still reads “Steve Mills is creator of the Mills Mess”. So we can’t take it seriously.

And a post after the “Mills Gift” post (Jan 9 2023) on Jan 15th had him refer to the trick as Mills Mess in an earnest way.

Meaning it may have been a joke.

3. Steve Mills had the trick named after him even though he invented it. He didn’t create the name. Any name change would not be up to him really.

No one is going to use the Mills Gift name when referring to the trick.

24.52.221.206 (talk) 03:38, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mills' Mess


text: Category:Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War


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Louis Raemaekers

Louis Raemaekers (April 6, 1869 – July 26, 1956) was a Dutch painter, caricaturist and editorial cartoonist for the Amsterdam newspaper De Telegraaf during World War I, noted for his anti-German stance.

Early life
He was born and grew up in Roermond, Netherlands during a period of political and social unrest in the city, which at that time formed the battleground between Catholic clericalism and liberalism. Louis’ father published a weekly journal called De Volksvriend (Friend of the People) and was an influential man in liberal circles. His battle against the establishment set the tone for his son's standpoint several decades later, when he fought against the occupation of neutral Belgium at the start of the First World War. His mother was of German descent. He was trained – and later working – as a drawing teacher and made landscapes and children's books covers and illustrations in his free time. In 1906 his life took a decisive turn when he accepted the invitation to draw political cartoons for leading Dutch newspapers, first from 1906 to 1909 for the Algemeen Handelsblad and from 1909 onwards for De Telegraaf.

First World War
Immediately after the Germans invaded Belgium, Louis Raemaekers became one of their fiercest critics. His message was clear: the Netherlands had to take sides for the Allies and abandon its neutral stance. His graphic cartoons depicted the rule of the German military in Belgium, portrayed the Germans as barbarians and Kaiser Wilhelm II as an ally of Satan. His work was confiscated on several occasions by the Dutch government and he was criticized by many for endangering the Dutch neutrality. The minister of Foreign Affairs John Loudon invited Raemaekers, the owner of De Telegraaf H.M.C. Holdert and the editor-in-chief Kick Schröder under pressure from the German government to a meeting, at which he requested them to avoid ‘anything that tends towards insulting the German Kaiser and the German army’. It was not possible to prosecute Raemaekers for as long as the country was not under martial law. But the pressure on him continued, also from Germany: in September 1915 the rumor even started circulating that the German government had offered a reward of 12,000 guilders for Raemaekers, dead or alive, but proof of an official statement has never been found.

Louis Raemaekers achieved his greatest successes outside his native country. He left for London in November 1915, where his work was exhibited in the Fine Art Society on Bond Street. It was received with much acclaim. Raemaekers became an instant celebrity and his drawings were the talk of the town: ‘they formed the subject of pulpit addresses, and during two months, the galleries where they have been exhibited have been thronged to excess. Practically every cartoon has been purchased at considerable prices.’ He decided to settle in England and his family followed in early 1916. His leaving the Netherlands for London was a godsend for all concerned. Henceforth, the Dutch government could distance itself from the cartoonist and his work in its diplomatic relations, thus stabilising its position vis-à-vis Germany, while Raemaekers himself could cease his hopeless campaign to get the Netherlands to abandon its neutral stance. He may also have realised for himself that his aim of persuading his country to take up arms and thus avoid the fate of Belgium was not very realistic. From early 1915 Raemaekers' cartoons had already appeared in British newspapers and magazines. In early 1916 he signed a contract with the Daily Mail and they appeared in this newspaper on a regular basis for the next two years.

War propaganda
The most important aspect of Raemaekers’ career is undoubtedly his role in Allied war propaganda. Soon after his arrival in London he was contacted by Britain's War Propaganda Bureau Wellington House namely to ensure the mass distribution of his work both in England and elsewhere in support of Allied propaganda. Forty of his most captive cartoons were published in Raemaekers Cartoons, which was immediately translated in eighteen languages and distributed worldwide in neutral countries. This was the beginning of a new phase in his life, one which brought him world renown. Among the Allies and in neutral countries, it was specifically Raemaekers' alleged neutral status that gave him credibility. This was most effusively expressed by his good friend Harry Perry Robinson, a not totally unbiased journalist from The Times in Raemaekers' album The Great War: a Neutral’s Indictment (1916): ‘Raemaekers’ testimony is a testimony of an eye-witness. He saw the pitiable stream of refugees which poured from desolated Belgium across the Dutch frontier; and he heard the tale of the abominations which they had suffered from their own lips. ... His message to the world, therefore, when he began to speak, had all the authority not only of a Neutral who was unbiased, but of a Neutral who knew.’

After the first exhibition in London, many others followed suit, first in the United Kingdom and France, soon afterwards in many countries over the world. Albums, pamphlets, posters, postcards and cigarette cards bearing reproductions of his work soon became also available. His drawings were even recreated as tableaux vivants. The total number of Raemaekers' cartoons distributed in this major propaganda effort increased quickly into the millions.

United States
From the summer of 1916 onwards efforts were made to distribute Raemaekers' work in the most powerful of the neutral countries, the United States. At the request of Wellington House Raemaekers visited the USA in 1917 to draw attention to his work. The United States had declared war on Germany shortly before, and the Allies hoped that his presence would sway public opinion to their cause. His tour was a triumph. Raemaekers gave lectures and interviews, drew caricatures for the movie cameras, was a popular guest at society functions, and met President Woodrow Wilson and former President Theodore Roosevelt. Soon after his arrival he signed – to everyone's surprise – a contract with the International News Service, the syndicate of William Randolph Hearst. The Hearst newspapers were viewed as pro-German and had been cut off from all Allied news sources. But Raemaekers' own theory: "this is the most important target group because the readers are poisoned daily by tendentious articles" proved successful. Statistics show that by October 1917, more than two thousand American newspapers had published Raemaekers’ cartoons in hundreds of millions of copies. The popularisation of his work is regarded as the largest propaganda effort of the First World War.

Between the wars
Following the end of the First World War, Louis Raemaekers settled in Brussels. He was an advocate of the League of Nations and devoted many sketches and articles to the cause of unity in Europe. Meanwhile, he kept a close and suspicious eye on events in Germany. Interest in his work waned in Britain and France, where his war cartoons were still fresh in the public's memory. People had had enough of his depictions of atrocities. A Dutch publisher rejected a collection of his illustrations because ‘the public is rather weary of war topics’. In 1927 he created a comic book about TBC named Gezondheid Is De Grootste Schat. In the thirties, however, people began to think that Raemaekers might be right about Germany. He grew more productive, but the artistic and content-related quality of his work suffered proportionately. He remained loyal to De Telegraaf until well into the thirties, even after the paper's management became pro-German. He took the same stance as during the First World War towards the Hearst Press: these readers were his most important target group.

Second World War and last years
Raemaekers fled to the United States shortly before the start of the Second World War and remained there until 1946, when he returned to Brussels. He had not been forgotten in the Netherlands, but it was only on his eightieth birthday, in 1949, that his native country gave him the recognition that he had long desired: he was made an honorary citizen of the City of Roermond. After an absence of almost forty years, Raemaekers returned to the Netherlands in 1953.

He died in Scheveningen near The Hague in 1956.

Legacy
In the summer of 1956, The Times published the obituary of a man who had enjoyed a worldwide reputation during the First World War: ‘Louis Raemaekers, the biting anti-German cartoonist of the 1914-18 War, died on July 26, 1956 at Scheveningen, near The Hague, at the age of 87. It has been said of Raemaekers that he was the one private individual who exercised a real and great influence on the course of the 1914-18 War. There were a dozen or so people – emperors, kings, statesmen, and commanders-in-chief – who obviously, and notoriously, shaped policies and guided events. Outside that circle of the great, Louis Raemaekers stands conspicuous as the one man who, without any assistance of title or office, indubitably swayed the destinies of peoples.’

List of decorations and honorary memberships

 * 1) Chevalier in the Order of the Legion of Honour, France 1916
 * 2) Honorary Citizen of Paris, France 1916
 * 3) Fellow Honoris Causa of The Royal Society of Literature, United Kingdom 1916
 * 4) Co-founder of the League of Neutral Countries, 1916
 * 5) Membre d'Honneur de la Presse Internationale, Paris 1916
 * 6) Honorary Member of The Saintsbury's Club, London 1917
 * 7) Honorary Member of The Three Arts Club, London 1917
 * 8) Honorary Member of the Royal Society of Miniature Painters, London 1917
 * 9) Membre d'Honneur de la Ligue des Poilus de France en Belgique, 1918
 * 10) Diploma of Honour of the League of Neutral Countries, 1918
 * 11) Dutch representative to the League of Nations, 1918
 * 12) Chevalier de l’Ordre de Léopold, Belgium 1920
 * 13) Doctor Iuris Honoris Causa University of Glasgow, United Kingdom 1922
 * 14) Officer in the Order of the Legion of Honour, France 1925
 * 15) Commander in the Order of the Crown of Italy 1927
 * 16) Commandeur de l'Ordre de la Couronne, Belgium 1929
 * 17) Commander in the Order of Polonia Restituta, Poland 1929
 * 18) Commander in the Order of the Three Stars, Latvia 1929
 * 19) Honorary Member of the Royal Choral Society "Mastreechter Staar", Maastricht (NL) 1930
 * 20) Commander in the Order of St. Sava, Serbia 1933
 * 21) Officer in the Order of Oranje-Nassau, Netherlands 1934
 * 22) Commander in the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, Lithuania 1935
 * 23) Fellow of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, United Kingdom 1937
 * 24) Honorary Member of the International Mark Twain Society, Saint Louis MO (USA) 1937
 * 25) Honorary Citizen of Roermond (NL) 1949

Books with his artwork

 * 1) Raemaekers’ War Cartoons, volume 1 (1917)
 * 2) Raemaekers’ War Cartoons, volume 2 (1917)
 * 3) Raemaeker’s Cartoons: with accompanying notes by well-known writers
 * 4) Through the Iron Bars
 * 5) Raemaeker’s Cartoon History of the War, vol I.

title: Louis Raemaekers


text:
Talk:Option style

Too technical
I think this page needs to be reworded and slightly dumbed down. I understand it because I'm already very familiar with the concepts but an average person would probably be confused. Also most of the links go back to this page due to redirects, I believe the redirects should be removed so more in depth discussion on different options can take place. I'll start working on sub pages sometime in the future. Ignignot 14:10, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

"Bermudan"
Not sure if that is correct. The proper adjectival form of "Bermuda" is "Bermudian", so if it's the adjective you want, that's the correct spelling. Noel (talk) 20:11, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * you're right - technically it should be "Bermudian". Unfortunately, the bankers who came up with the term used Bermudan, and that's what this type of option has always been called. - DocendoDiscimus 23:42, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * They also call it "bermudan" not "Bermudan". Pcb21| Pete 00:01, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Origin
Does someone know why options are described as "american", "european", "asian", etc. ? Obviously, it has nothing to do with the continents since most options traded in the world are american-style.

 * The story I've heard is European options were the original, only type of option, and an American came up with the new type of option you could exercise any time, and as a stab at the Europeans, he named the simpler option European and the more difficult one American. Bermuda is between America and Europe so Bermudian options are similar to both.  I don't know the origins for the others though.

Good job
Thank you very much for this article. It gets one's terminology straight. I have been searching for the definition of a "best of" option for ages. Now I know it is one of the rainbow options and can learn more about it under the correct name. This is what I call the gift of knowledge! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.108.109.102 (talk) 15:39, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Binary options
Binary options do not seem path dependent, and the site for them does not mention path dependence. Should this option be in another section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.38.109.188 (talk) 12:26, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Australian Option
Has anyone heard of an Australian option? An article in Applied Mathematical Finance (Dec 2014) discusses their "solutions." Vinzklorthos (talk) 14:40, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Option style


text:
Dennis DeConcini

Dennis Webster DeConcini (born May 8, 1937) is an American lawyer, philanthropist, politician and former U.S. senator from Arizona. The son of former Arizona Supreme Court judge Evo Anton DeConcini, he represented Arizona in the Senate as a Democrat from 1977 until 1995. After his re-election in 1988, no Arizona Democrats were elected to the Senate for 30 years until Kyrsten Sinema won his former seat in 2018.

Early life and education
DeConcini was born in Tucson, Arizona, the son of Ora (née Webster) and Evo Anton DeConcini.

His father was judge on the Arizona State Superior Court for 10 years, then served as the Arizona Attorney General for one two-year term from 1948 to 1949 before being appointed to the Arizona State Supreme Court, where he served as a judge for four years, from 1949 to 1953. DeConcini received his bachelor's degree from the University of Arizona in 1959, and his LLB from the University of Arizona in 1963. He then worked as a lawyer for the Arizona Governor's staff from 1965 to 1967. DeConcini attended The JAG School at the University of Virginia and entered U.S. Army JAG Corps.

Dennis DeConcini rejoined the law firm of DeConcini McDonald Yetwin and Lacy, which he and his father had co-founded in 1968, after leaving the Senate in 1995.

He is a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.

Career
DeConcini served one elected term as Pima County, Arizona, Attorney (1973–1976), the chief prosecutor and civil attorney for the county and school districts within the county.

He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1976 as a Democrat, defeated Republican representative Sam Steiger for the open seat left by retiring Republican senator Paul Fannin. DeConcini served three terms in the Senate.

Panama Canal
DeConcini sponsored an amendment (the DeConcini Reservation) to the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977 which allows the United States "to take such steps as each [the U.S. or Panama] deems necessary, in accordance with its constitutional processes, including the use of military force in the Republic of Panama, to reopen the Canal or restore the operations of the Canal, as the case may be." The DeConcini amendment, which establishes the use of US military force in Panama, is written and signed by Omar Torrijos in the Instrument of Ratification, but it is alleged that it does not exist. "The DeConcini amendment does not exist, and I maintained that and I continue to maintain it," is what Carlos López Guevara expressed. In the same statement issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, mentioned above by former negotiator Carlos López Guevara, the De Concini Amendment is addressed, arguing that it "was neutralized by the leadership amendment or Church amendment", contained in the Treaty of the Panama Canal. López Guevara spoke about the book "Panama Odyssey" by former US ambassador, William Jorden. "I am going to quote in English what the Senate, President Carter, Undersecretary of State Christopher Warren, Ambassador Jorden and the Panamanian team did, to explain why the Church amendment is the rebellion of a group of liberal senators against the DeConcini amendment," he said. "Why was the Church amendment made?" López Guevara asked himself, before answering by quoting Jorden's book: To disown (page 563), to undo (page 567) to neutralize (page 567). . 571) to balance (page 571), as content move (page 583), etc. "These are the arguments that a Panamanian patriot has to use to say that what the Senate did when approving the Church amendment was to eliminate the interventionist effects of the DeConcini amendment, because in this way, it was "neutralized," said the lawyer. Asked if the fact that the Church amendment is part of the Panama Canal Treaty, which ends next December, is a reason for it not to have effect on the Neutrality Treaty, which does not end on that date, and which has no termination date, López Guevara responded that "it doesn't matter because it is part of that negotiation." "INTERVENTIONIST" PACT.

Keating Five
DeConcini was widely noted as a member of the Keating Five in a banking and political contribution ethics investigation during the 1980s which grew out of the U.S. Savings and Loan Crisis. The Senate investigation involved Charles Keating and Lincoln Savings/Continental Homes, the sixth largest employer in the state of Arizona at the time. The Senate Ethics Committee looked into the actions of five United States senators in relation to their actions connected with Charles Keating and concluded that Senators DeConcini, McCain, Glenn and Riegle "broke no laws or Senate ethics rules, but were aggressive in their actions on behalf of Charles Keating." Specifically, DeConcini was judged to have "acted improperly" and did not run for a fourth term.

Senate committees
In the 101st Congress, DeConcini served on the Senate Appropriations Committee, chairing the Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service and General Government. He also served on the Subcommittees on Defense, Energy and Water Development and Foreign Operations, and on the Senate Judiciary Committee, chairing the Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks. He served on the Subcommittees on Antitrust, Monopolies and Business Rights, the Constitution and the Courts.

In 1993 and 1994, DeConcini chaired the Select Intelligence Committee.

Appointments
In February 1995 DeConcini was appointed by President Bill Clinton to the board of directors of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), where he served until May 1999.

In 2006, he and former Del E. Webb Construction Company President Anne Mariucci were selected by Governor of Arizona Janet Napolitano to sit on the Arizona Board of Regents.

Congressional papers
DeConcini's congressional papers are held at the University of Arizona Libraries, Special Collections.

Business career
DeConcini served on the board of directors of the Corrections Corporation of America (now known as CoreCivic) from 2008 to 2014. Starting in 2010, some individuals protested his membership on the board, saying his involvement is "not suitable for a public figure like DeConcini." Although he claims he has not lobbied for harsher immigration laws and sentencing practices, he admits meetings with the Arizona Department of Corrections Director Chuck Ryan and "publicly speaking in favor of" for-profit prisons.

It was alleged that, in 1979, DeConcini had insider knowledge about the proposed route of the Central Arizona Project and that he used this knowledge to purchase land that he resold six years later to the federal government for a gain of almost $1,000,000.

Philanthropy
DeConcini is a member of the board of directors of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC), a global nonprofit organization that combats child sexual exploitation, child pornography, and child abduction.

Book

 * Senator Dennis DeConcini: From the Center of the Aisle by Dennis DeConcini & Jack L. August Jr., (University of Arizona Press February 1, 2006); ISBN 978-0-8165-2569-0

title: Dennis DeConcini


text:
Delavan

Delavan may refer to a community in the United States:

 * Delevan, California, formerly Delavan
 * Delavan, Illinois
 * Delavan, Kansas
 * Delavan, Minnesota
 * Delavan, Wisconsin, a city
 * Delavan (town), Wisconsin, a town
 * East Delavan, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, a census-designated place
 * Delavan Township, Illinois
 * Delavan Township, Faribault County, Minnesota

title: Delavan


text:
Dodgeville

Dodgeville may refer to:

 * Dodgeville, Iowa
 * Dodgeville, Michigan
 * Dodgeville, Wisconsin, a city
 * Dodgeville (town), Wisconsin, a town adjacent to the city
 * Dodgeville, a village in Attleboro, Massachusetts
 * Dodgeville Mill

title: Dodgeville


text:
Vehicle bus

A vehicle bus is a specialized internal communications network that interconnects components inside a vehicle (e.g., automobile, bus, train, industrial or agricultural vehicle, ship, or aircraft). In electronics, a bus is simply a device that connects multiple electrical or electronic devices together. Special requirements for vehicle control such as assurance of message delivery, of non-conflicting messages, of minimum time of delivery, of low cost, and of EMF noise resilience, as well as redundant routing and other characteristics mandate the use of less common networking protocols. Protocols include Controller Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN) and others. Conventional computer networking technologies (such as Ethernet and TCP/IP) are rarely used, except in aircraft, where implementations of the ARINC 664 such as the Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet are used. Aircraft that use Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX) include the B787, the A400M and the A380. Trains commonly use Ethernet Consist Network (ECN). All cars sold in the United States since 1996 are required to have an On-Board Diagnostics connector, for access to the car's electronic controllers.

Background
The main driving forces for the development of vehicle network technology have been the advances made in the electronics industry in general and government regulations imposed, especially in the United States, in order to make the automobiles environmentally friendly.

With stringent emission standards for automobiles, it became impossible to attain the required degree of control without the help of on-board computing devices. On-board electronic devices have also contributed substantially to vehicle performance, occupant comfort, ease of manufacture and cost effectiveness.

At one time, a car radio was likely the only electronic device in an automobile, but now almost every component of the vehicle has some electronic feature. Typical electronic modules on today's vehicles include the Engine Control Unit (ECU), the Transmission Control Unit (TCU), the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and body control modules (BCM).

An electronic control module typically gets its input from sensors (speed, temperature, pressure, etc.) that it uses in its computation. Various actuators are used to enforce the actions determined by the module (turn the cooling fan on, change gear, etc.). The modules need to exchange data among themselves during the normal operation of the vehicle. For example, the engine needs to tell the transmission what the engine speed is, and the transmission needs to tell other modules when a gear shift occurs. This need to exchange data quickly and reliably led to the development of the vehicle network, as the medium of data exchange.

The automotive industry quickly realized the complexity of wiring each module to every other module. Such a wiring design would not only be complex, it would have to be altered depending on which modules were included in the specific vehicle. For example, a car without the anti-lock brake module would have to be wired differently than one that included anti-lock brakes.

The industry's answer to this problem was to create a central network in the vehicle. Modules could be 'plugged' into the network and would be able to communicate with any other module that was installed on the network. This design was easier to manufacture, easier to maintain and provided the flexibility to add and remove options without affecting the entire vehicle's wiring architecture. Each module, a node on the vehicle network, controls specific components related to its function and communicates with the other modules as necessary, using a standard protocol, over the vehicle network.

Networks were not new, but their application to the vehicle was. The networks for the vehicles called for:
 * Low cost
 * Immunity from external noise
 * Ability to operate in harsh environments
 * Overall robustness and reliability

Although the vehicle network made modest demands on data throughput, the demand for more on-board computing is continuing to drive changes to these networks to provide higher-speed communication between modules. The control area network include the receiver and transmitter for the host to controller transmission and interlinking between the computers

Protocols, physical media and connectors
There are several network types and protocols used in vehicles by various manufactures. Many companies are encouraging a standard communication protocol, but one has not been settled on.

Protocols
Common vehicle buses protocols include:
 * A²B - (Automotive Audio Bus) An audio distribution protocol developed by Analog Devices
 * AFDX
 * ARINC 429
 * Byteflight
 * CAN – (Controller Area Network) an inexpensive low-speed serial bus for interconnecting automotive components
 * D2B – (Domestic Digital Bus) a high-speed multimedia interface
 * FlexRay – a general purpose high-speed protocol with safety-critical features
 * IDB-1394
 * IEBus
 * I²C
 * ISO 9141-1/-2
 * J1708 and J1587
 * J1850
 * J1939 and ISO 11783 – an adaptation of CAN for commercial (J1939) and agricultural (ISO 11783) vehicles
 * Keyword Protocol 2000 (KWP2000) – a protocol for automotive diagnostic devices (runs either on a serial line or over CAN)
 * LIN – (Local Interconnect Network) a very low cost in-vehicle sub-network
 * MOST – (Media Oriented Systems Transport) a high-speed multimedia interface
 * Multifunction Vehicle Bus – part of the Train Communication Network IEC 61375.
 * SMARTwireX
 * SPI
 * VAN – (Vehicle Area Network)
 * UAVCAN – (Uncomplicated Application-level Vehicular Communication And Networking) mostly used in electric aircraft, drones, satellites, and robotics.

Physical transmission media
Some examples of physical transmission media use in vehicle networks:
 * Single wire
 * Twisted Pair
 * Fibre optic
 * IEEE 1394
 * MIL-STD-1553, developed for use in military avionics, it is now widely used in spacecraft too. Adopted for the MiG-35.
 * MIL-STD-1773, roughly MIL-STD-1553 with optic cabling
 * Power-line communication

Connectors

 * OBD-2 (16 pin)

Additionally, many major car manufacturers use their own proprietary vehicle bus standards, or overlay proprietary messages over open protocols such as CAN.

 * J1939 (9 pin)

Commercial class vehicles have Type-I or Type-II connectors that support CAN based communication per the SAE J1939 protocol.

title: Vehicle bus


text:
Eendracht

The Eendracht is a former tidal branch of river Scheldt that has been channelised to form the northern stretch of the Scheldt-Rhine Canal. It flows from the Zoommeer lake (formerly part of the Oosterschelde) near Bergen op Zoom past the town and eponymous island of Tholen towards the former island of Sint Philipsland, where it used to end in the Krabbenkreek estuary. The passage to the estuary has been closed off, however, and an additional stretch of canal was dug to connect the Eendracht to the Krammer lake, itself a former estuary closed off from the sea during the Delta Works. The Eendracht is probably the last remaining remnant of the Striene river.

title: Eendracht


text:
Martius

Martius may refer to:
 * Martius (month) the month of March on the ancient Roman calendar
 * Campus Martius, the "Field of Mars" in ancient Rome
 * Telo Martius, an ancient name for Toulon, France

People

 * Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868), German botanist
 * Hedwig Conrad-Martius (1888–1966), German phenomenologist
 * Carl Alexander von Martius (1838–1920), German chemist, company founder and entrepreneur

Other uses

 * Dryocopus martius, the black woodpecker
 * Martius yellow, a chemical compound and dye
 * Trachycarpus martianus, also known as Martius' fan palm
 * Hofmann-Martius rearrangement, in chemistry

title: Martius


text:
Talk:Jimmy Corrigan, the Smartest Kid on earth

From VfD:

Capital E missing. The page with the capital E already exists. Helldjinn 14:23, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirected to Jimmy Corrigan. Keep harmless redirect.  (Any decision about the relative noteworthiness of Jimmy Corrigan would require a separate nomination.)  Rossami 15:22, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Rossami, keep harmless redirect. Thue | talk 16:20, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed: redirect, though I wonder whether it should be to Jimmy Corrigan or Jimmy Corrigan, the Smartest Kid on Earth? I vote the former, because the latter is too cumbersome. Geogre 17:34, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: The latter is already a redirect to the former. Didn't want to create a double redirect. Rossami
 * Potential readers should be aware that the plot does not catch in the first dozen or more pages, so initial patience is needed. How duh can it get? If you can "get" Lord of The Rings in the first hundred pages, you're doing better than most. What kind of intellectual vacuum does this article occupy? Denni ☯ 02:27, 2004 Aug 14 (UTC)
 * No kidding, Denni - so edit it to be better, why don't you.  —Hob←Talk 03:28, 2004 Aug 15 (UTC)
 * Because (a) I couldn't care less about Jimmy Corrigan, (b) my Wikiplate is full of other projects, (c) I think this kind of nonsense is not appropriate to Wikipedia, and (d) a vote to delete is not an obligation to fix. Hope this answers your question. Denni ☯ 20:35, 2004 Aug 15 (UTC)

end moved discussion


text:
User:Auximines/1983-1987

1983

 * Phil Collins - You Can't Hurry Love
 * January 15 for 2 weeks
 * Men At Work - Down Under
 * January 29 for 3 weeks
 * Kajagoogoo - Too Shy
 * February 19 for 2 weeks
 * Michael Jackson - Billie Jean
 * March 5 for 1 week
 * Bonnie Tyler - Total Eclipse Of The Heart
 * March 12 for 2 weeks
 * Duran Duran - Is There Something I Should Know
 * March 26 for 2 weeks
 * David Bowie - Let's Dance
 * April 9 for 3 weeks
 * Spandau Ballet - True
 * April 30 for 4 weeks
 * New Edition - Candy Girl
 * May 28 for 1 week
 * The Police - Every Breath You Take
 * June 4 for 4 weeks
 * Rod Stewart - Baby Jane
 * July 2 for 3 weeks
 * Paul Young - Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home)
 * July 23 for 3 weeks
 * KC and the Sunshine Band - Give It Up
 * August 13 for 3 weeks
 * UB40 - Red Red Wine
 * September 3 for 3 weeks
 * Culture Club - Karma Chameleon
 * September 24 for 6 weeks
 * Billy Joel - Uptown Girl
 * November 5 for 5 weeks
 * The Flying Pickets - Only You
 * December 10 for 5 weeks

1984

 * Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace
 * January 14 for 2 weeks
 * Frankie Goes to Hollywood - Relax
 * January 28 for 5 weeks
 * Nena - 99 Red Balloons
 * March 3 for 3 weeks
 * Lionel Richie - Hello
 * March 24 for 6 weeks
 * Duran Duran - The Reflex
 * May 5 for 4 weeks
 * Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go Go
 * June 2 for 2 weeks
 * Frankie Goes to Hollywood - Two Tribes
 * June 16 for 9 weeks
 * George Michael - Careless Whisper
 * August 18 for 3 weeks
 * Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You
 * September 8 for 6 weeks
 * Wham! - Freedom
 * October 20 for 3 weeks
 * Chaka Khan - I Feel For You
 * November 10 for 3 weeks
 * Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better
 * December 1 for 1 week
 * Frankie Goes to Hollywood - The Power Of Love
 * December 8 for 1 week
 * Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas?
 * December 15 for 5 weeks

1985

 * Foreigner - I Want To Know What Love Is
 * January 19 for 3 weeks
 * Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson - I Know Him So Well
 * February 9 for 4 weeks
 * Dead Or Alive - You Spin Me Round (Like A Record)
 * March 9 for 2 weeks
 * Philip Bailey (duet with Phil Collins) - Easy Lover
 * March 23 for 4 weeks
 * USA For Africa - We Are The World
 * April 20 for 2 weeks
 * Phyllis Nelson - Move Closer
 * May 4 for 1 week
 * Paul Hardcastle - 19
 * May 11 for 5 weeks
 * The Crowd - You'll Never Walk Alone
 * June 15 for 2 weeks
 * Sister Sledge - Frankie
 * June 29 for 4 weeks
 * Eurythmics - There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart)
 * July 27 for 1 week
 * Madonna - Into The Groove
 * August 3 for 4 weeks
 * UB40, guest vocals by Chrissie Hynde - I Got You Babe
 * August 31 for 1 week
 * David Bowie & Mick Jagger - Dancing In The Street
 * September 7 for 4 weeks
 * Midge Ure - If I Was
 * October 5 for 1 week
 * Jennifer Rush - The Power Of Love
 * October 12 for 5 weeks
 * Feargal Sharkey - A Good Heart
 * November 16 for 2 weeks
 * Wham! - I'm Your Man
 * November 30 for 2 weeks
 * Whitney Houston - Saving All My Love For You
 * December 14 for 2 weeks
 * Shakin' Stevens - Merry Christmas Everyone
 * December 28 for 2 weeks

1986

 * Pet Shop Boys - West End Girls
 * January 11 for 2 weeks
 * A-Ha - The Sun Always Shines On TV
 * January 25 for 2 weeks
 * Billy Ocean - When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going
 * February 8 for 4 weeks
 * Diana Ross - Chain Reaction
 * March 8 for 3 weeks
 * Cliff Richard & The Young Ones, featuring Hank Marvin - Living Doll
 * March 29 for 3 weeks
 * George Michael - A Different Corner
 * April 19 for 3 weeks
 * Falco - Rock Me Amadeus
 * May 10 for 1 week
 * Spitting Image - The Chicken Song
 * May 17 for 3 weeks
 * Doctor and the Medics - Spirit In The Sky
 * June 7 for 3 weeks
 * Wham! - Edge Of Heaven
 * June 28 for 2 weeks
 * Madonna - Papa Don't Preach
 * July 12 for 3 weeks
 * Chris De Burgh - The Lady In Red
 * August 2 for 3 weeks
 * Boris Gardiner - I Want To Wake Up With You
 * August 23 for 3 weeks
 * The Communards - Don't Leave Me This Way
 * September 13 for 4 weeks
 * Madonna - True Blue
 * October 11 for 1 week
 * Nick Berry - Every Loser Wins
 * October 18 for 3 weeks
 * Berlin - Take My Breath Away
 * November 8 for 4 weeks
 * Europe - The Final Countdown
 * December 6 for 2 weeks
 * The Housemartins - Caravan Of Love
 * December 20 for 1 week
 * Jackie Wilson - Reet Petite
 * December 27 for 4 weeks

1987

 * Steve 'Silk' Hurley - Jack Your Body
 * January 24 for 2 weeks
 * Aretha Franklin & George Michael - I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)
 * February 7 for 2 weeks
 * Ben E. King - Stand By Me
 * February 21 for 3 weeks
 * Boy George - Everything I Own
 * March 14 for 2 weeks
 * Mel and Kim - Respectable
 * March 28 for 1 week
 * Ferry Aid - Let It Be
 * April 4 for 3 weeks
 * Madonna - La Isla Bonita
 * April 25 for 2 weeks
 * Starship - Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now
 * May 9 for 4 weeks
 * Whitney Houston - I Want To Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)
 * June 6 for 2 weeks
 * The Firm - Star Trekkin'
 * June 20 for 2 weeks
 * Pet Shop Boys - It's A Sin
 * July 4 for 3 weeks
 * Madonna - Who's That Girl
 * July 25 for 1 week
 * Los Lobos - La Bamba
 * August 1 for 2 weeks
 * Michael Jackson with Siedah Garrett - I Just Can't Stop Loving You
 * August 15 for 2 weeks
 * Rick Astley - Never Gonna Give You Up
 * August 29 for 5 weeks
 * MARRS - Pump Up The Volume
 * October 3 for 2 weeks
 * The Bee Gees - You Win Again
 * October 17 for 4 weeks
 * T'Pau - China In Your Hand
 * November 14 for 5 weeks
 * Pet Shop Boys - Always On My Mind
 * December 19 for 4 weeks

title: User:Auximines/1983-1987


text:
User:Auximines/1989-1991

1989

 * Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You
 * January 7 for 3 weeks
 * Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Something's Gotten Hold Of My Heart
 * January 28 for 4 weeks
 * Simple Minds - Belfast Child
 * February 25 for 2 weeks
 * Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts
 * March 11 for 2 weeks
 * Madonna - Like A Prayer
 * March 25 for 3 weeks
 * The Bangles - Eternal Flame
 * April 15 for 4 weeks
 * Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart
 * May 13 for 1 week
 * The Christians, Holly Johnson, Paul McCartney, Gerry Marsden, Stock Aitken & Waterman - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey
 * May 20 for 3 weeks
 * Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss
 * June 10 for 2 weeks
 * Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life (How Ever Do You Want Me)
 * June 24 for 4 weeks
 * Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You
 * July 22 for 2 weeks
 * Jive Bunny & the Mastermixers - Swing The Mood
 * August 5 for 5 weeks
 * Black Box - Ride On Time
 * September 9 for 6 weeks
 * Jive Bunny & the Mastermixers - That's What I Like
 * October 21 for 3 weeks
 * Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World
 * November 11 for 2 weeks
 * New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff)
 * November 25 for 3 weeks
 * Jive Bunny & the Mastermixers - Let's Party
 * December 16 for 1 week
 * Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas?
 * December 23 for 3 weeks

1990

 * New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough
 * January 13 for 2 weeks
 * Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow
 * January 27 for 1 week
 * Sinéad O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U
 * February 3 for 4 weeks
 * Beats International featuring Lindy Layton - Dub Be Good To Me
 * March 3 for 4 weeks
 * Snap! - The Power
 * March 31 for 2 weeks
 * Madonna - Vogue
 * April 14 for 4 weeks
 * Adamski - Killer
 * May 12 for 4 weeks
 * Englandneworder - World In Motion
 * June 9 for 2 weeks
 * Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands
 * June 23 for 5 weeks
 * Partners in KRYME - Turtle Power
 * July 28 for 4 weeks
 * Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini
 * August 25 for 3 weeks
 * The Steve Miller Band - The Joker
 * September 15 for 2 weeks
 * Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven
 * September 29 for 4 weeks
 * The Beautiful South - A Little Time
 * October 27 for 1 week
 * The Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody
 * November 3 for 4 weeks
 * Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby
 * December 1 for 4 weeks
 * Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day
 * December 29 for 1 week

1991

 * Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter...To The Slaughter
 * January 5 for 2 weeks
 * Enigma - Sadness Part 1
 * January 19 for 1 week
 * Queen - Innuendo
 * January 26 for 1 week
 * The KLF featuring Children of The Revolution - 3AM Eternal
 * February 2 for 2 weeks
 * The Simpsons - Do The Bartman
 * February 16 for 3 weeks
 * The Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go
 * March 9 for 2 weeks
 * Hale and Pace - The Stonk
 * March 23 for 1 week
 * Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only
 * March 30 for 5 weeks
 * Cher - The Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss)
 * May 4 for 5 weeks
 * Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up
 * June 8 for 3 weeks
 * Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do
 * June 29 for 2 weeks
 * Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You
 * July 13 for 16 weeks
 * U2 - The Fly
 * November 2 for 1 week
 * Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy
 * November 9 for 2 weeks
 * Michael Jackson - Black Or White
 * November 23 for 2 weeks
 * George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me
 * December 7 for 2 weeks
 * Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives

title: User:Auximines/1989-1991


text:
Streets

Streets is the plural of street, a type of road.

Streets or The Streets may also refer to:

Music

 * Streets (band), a rock band fronted by Kansas vocalist Steve Walsh
 * Streets (punk album), a 1977 compilation album of various early UK punk bands
 * Streets..., a 1975 album by Ralph McTell
 * Streets: A Rock Opera, a 1991 album by Savatage

 * "Streets" (Doja Cat song), from the album Hot Pink (2019)
 * "Streets", a song by Avenged Sevenfold from the album Sounding the Seventh Trumpet (2001)
 * The Streets, alias of Mike Skinner, a British rapper
 * "The Streets" (song) by WC featuring Snoop Dogg and Nate Dogg, from the album Ghetto Heisman (2002)

Other uses

 * Streets (film), a 1990 American horror film
 * Streets (ice cream), an Australian ice cream brand owned by Unilever
 * Streets (solitaire), a variant of the solitaire game Napoleon at St Helena
 * Tai Streets (born 1977), American football player
 * Will Streets (1886–1916), English soldier and poet of the First World War
 * The Streets (performance art), by Abel Azcona

title: Streets


text:
The Toynbee Convector

"The Toynbee Convector" is a science fiction short story by American writer Ray Bradbury. First published in Playboy magazine in 1984, the story was subsequently featured in a 1988 short story collection also titled The Toynbee Convector.

Plot summary
Roger Shumway, a reporter, is invited to visit Craig Bennett Stiles, a 130-year-old man also known as the Time Traveler. This is the first interview Stiles has granted since after his return from the future, 100 years earlier. Stiles had claimed then that he invented a time machine (which he privately refers to as his Toynbee Convector, although he does not reveal the name of the device to anyone until much later). Stiles used the machine to travel forward in time about a hundred years from what was an economically and creatively stagnant society (c. 1984). On returning to that present, he showed evidence — films and other records collected on his journey — showing that humanity developed an advanced civilization with many marvelous and helpful inventions, and a restored natural environment. He also claimed to have then destroyed the machine deliberately to prevent anyone else doing the same.

Initially, people were skeptical of the Traveler's claims, but they are unable to explain or disprove the authenticity of the records brought from the future. Inspired by the prospect of a utopian future, many people began projects to fulfill the vision and create the world the Traveler claims to have seen.

A hundred years later, the perfect world of Stiles' visions has come to pass, just as he saw in his time travel. Now 130 years old, Stiles recounts the story to Shumway. Stiles calmly reveals what really happened, simply stating, "I lied." Since he knew the people of the world had it in them to create a utopia, he created the illusion of one, to give humanity a goal, and hope. Because of people's belief in the illusion, the imagined utopian future became reality. After explaining his actions, Stiles presents Shumway with the evidence of his fraud on several recorded tapes and cassettes. Stiles then steps into a machine of his own creation, which he calls "a real time machine". Turning the machine on, electricity pulses through it and Stiles' body, taking his life. Shumway is then left with the decision to either reveal Stiles' deception to the world or destroy the evidence, thus perpetuating Stiles' utopian tale. Turning the machine on once again, in order to destroy it, Shumway quietly drops the evidence into an incinerator set into the wall nearby and exits Stiles' home via a glass elevator.

Adaptation/ Origin of Title
Within the story, Stiles says that he chose the name "Toynbee Convector" for his machine, being inspired by "a historian named Toynbee": "... that fine historian who said any group, any race, any world that did not run to seize the future and shape it was doomed to dust away to the grave, in the past." This is a reference to Arnold J. Toynbee, who proposed that civilisation must respond to a challenge in order to flourish. This allusion is made more explicit in the television adaptation, written by Bradbury himself for The Ray Bradbury Theater. In this adaptation, first broadcast in 1990, Stiles refers to Toynbee by his full name and quotes directly from the author. The episode starred James Whitmore (as Stiles) and Michael Hurst (as Roger Shumway).

title: The Toynbee Convector


text:
Talk:Environmental scanning

Title, focus
I wonder if there is not a better title for this article. It really seems to be about Business environment scanning or something like that. The environment (biophysical) is there, but only to a limited degree. Thanks, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 14:57, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

Title, focus
I suggest the title: Environmental scanning (Business)

Also this article is not linked to existing articles with more detailed overlapping content, such as these: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEST_analysis

and with broader contexts such as http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_analysis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_analysis

The references could be more relevant, use main stream authors in this topic from above articles. Jpaulc (talk) 00:14, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The contents of the tow articles refer to the same concept. - Joxemai (talk) 11:01, 17 October 2013 (UTC) ✅

title: Talk:Environmental scanning