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Pathmark

Pathmark is a supermarket brand owned by Allegiance Retail Services, a retailers’ cooperative based in Iselin, New Jersey, USA. Pathmark currently has one location in East Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, which it has operated since 2019.

From 1968 until 2015, Pathmark operated a chain of supermarkets throughout the northeastern United States. The chain was founded by Supermarkets General, which previously operated ShopRite stores as a member of the Wakefern cooperative and chose to go into business for itself as a direct competitor. The company would eventually take the Pathmark name and would later be purchased by competing supermarket chain A&P in 2007.

Before its initial closure, Pathmark previously operated stores in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. In 2007, Supermarket News ranked Pathmark No. 31 in its annual "Top 75 North American Food Retailers" based on Pathmark's 2006 estimated sales of $4.1 billion (~$ in ). Based on 2005 revenue, Pathmark was the 67th largest retailer in the United States.

Pathmark is well known by baby-boomers and millennials for its radio and television commercials starring character actor James Karen, who was the chain's spokesperson for more than 20 years. Pathmark's original spokesperson was Arlene Francis, who appeared in its commercials beginning almost immediately after Pathmark left the ShopRite cooperative. Peter "Produce Pete" Napolitano had starred in many of the company's commercials from 2001 until 2009.

After A&P filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2015, Pathmark’s remaining stores were liquidated and closed.

In 2016, Allegiance Retail Services purchased the Pathmark name and all intellectual property with the intention of reviving the well-known brand. The brand’s first new location under Allegiance ownership opened April 12, 2019, in Brooklyn, NY. The company has stated that they will see how this first location performs before opening additional locations.

History
Pathmark began when some of the supermarkets of the Wakefern Food Corporation, parent company of ShopRite, broke away in 1968, as some independent New Jersey grocers felt they needed to compete better with large supermarket chains. Some members of the cooperative agreed to operate their stores under the ShopRite name. Wakefern was both a wholesale operation and a retail operation; among its members was a subgroup, Supermarkets Operating Co., in Union, New Jersey, formed in 1956 by Alex Aidekman, Herb Brody, and Milt Perlmutter. This company opened ShopRite stores; in 1963 it branched into nonfood retail by acquiring Crown Drugs.

Supermarkets Operating Co. and General Super Markets (another subgroup within Wakefern) merged in 1966 to become Supermarkets General Corporation, with Perlmutter as president. Supermarkets General operated 75 ShopRite stores across Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania by 1966, with annual sales of about $420 million (~$ in ). Supermarkets General achieved high volume by opening large stores in densely populated areas and keeping prices low on both nationally branded-goods and private-label items.

1960s
In 1968, Supermarkets General left the Wakefern cooperative, renaming its ShopRite stores Pathmark. Although Supermarkets General had other holdings, including the recently acquired Genung's, Howland's, Goerke's and Steinbach department store chains (the first three eventually were merged into Steinbach in the 1970s) and Rickel home centers, Pathmark was its major operation. Pathmark's stores included not only supermarkets (33 of which had a drug department with a pharmacy) but 11 freestanding drugstores and 11 gasoline stations.

Pathmark's 81 supermarkets were accounting for about 85 percent of Supermarkets General's sales and 80 percent of its earnings in 1969.

1970s
The number of Pathmark supermarkets had reached 91 in October 1971, with 38 others either a gas station or a drugstore. In May 1972, all but 2 of the 96 supermarkets began operating seven days a week, and around the clock during the work week ("TWEN-ty four hours a day," in the words of television spokesman/actor James Karen, from the 1970s to the mid 1990s.) It was the first New York-area supermarket chain to have stores with overnight hours.

In 1974, Pathmark pioneered the use of computer scanners at checkout counters.

In 1975, Pathmark, as part of a negotiated deal with the United Farm Workers, agreed to lead a delegation of East Coast-based supermarket chains to lobby the California Legislature on the passage of the first legislation in the nation that provided a mechanism for farmworkers to choose union representation by secret ballot. The legislation ended the conflict between the Teamsters and UFW.

In 1977, after relative stagnation, Pathmark opened its first Super Center, a larger, discount grocery store which also offered health and beauty aids, small appliances, and videotape rentals. These 50000 sqft units generally were expanding and renovating existing stores. By December Pathmark had pharmacies in 81 of its 103 supermarkets, horticulture departments in 64, bakery departments in 60, and "mini-bank branches" in 13. In its 1977 annual report, Supermarkets General claimed its sales per store were the highest in the industry. "Pathmark does more than three times the business in a store only 33% larger than the industry average," the report said.

In its 1978 annual report, Supermarkets General claimed Pathmark had become the top supermarket chain in the New York area, with a 15-percent sales share. Twelve of its 109 stores now were Super Centers. That year, Pathmark sales volume was $1.8 billion; the chain contributed 82 percent to corporate profits. About 60 percent of the volume was generated in stores opened, enlarged, or substantially remodeled in the mid-1970s. Perlmutter died in 1978 and was succeeded by Louis Lowenstein as chief executive officer of Supermarkets General.

After about a year Lowenstein was removed and replaced by vice chairman Herb Brody, who shortly before his death in 1985 was succeeded by president Leonard Lieberman, who remained CEO until the company went private, co-founder Alex Aidekman remained on board as one of the CEOs until his retirement in 1987, but died in 1990.

1980s
Pathmark sales reached $2.8 billion (~$ in ) in 1982, when it was the nation's 10th-largest supermarket chain. Of the 121 units, 62 were Super Centers, 27 included a Barnes & Noble mini-bookstore, 19 had a cheese shop, and 13 were freestanding drug stores. Pathmark continued to dominate Supermarkets General's sales and operating profits, with 87 and 83 percent of the corporate total respectively. Pathmark opened its first Manhattan superstore, a 42600 sqft unit, in Pike Slip, near Chinatown, in 1983. The chain was still No. 1 in the New York metropolitan area in 1985, with a 12.5 percent sales share.

To foil a takeover bid by Dart Group Corp., management took Supermarkets General private in a $2.1 billion (~$ in ) leveraged buyout in 1987, in which Merrill Lynch Capital Markets Inc. received 55 percent of the shares, Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U.S., 35 percent, with management retaining 10 percent. Servicing the debt ($1.6 billion in early 1990, half of it in junk bonds) soon proved a problem. The company sold 25 of its free-standing drug stores in New Hampshire and Massachusetts to the Mellville Corp., which at the time operated CVS Stores.

Although corporate sales reached $6 billion (~$ in ) in fiscal 1989 (which ended January 28, 1989), the 51-unit Rickel subsidiary was performing poorly, while Pathmark, now with 142 stores, had slipped to third place in the New York area. Many Pathmark units had become, according to a Forbes article, "unkempt, dirty, and outmoded." The article goes on with "continues to stock scores of the dreary no-frills offerings customers have shunned for years." Merrill Lynch fired Chief Executive Kenneth Peskin, replacing him with Jack Futterman. The only bright spot for the parent company was its 66-unit Purity Supreme division, consisting of Massachusetts grocery and convenience store chains acquired in 1984. This division was sold in 1991 for about $265 million (~$ in ). (Supermarkets General's department stores had been sold in 1986.)

Supermarkets General lost money in each fiscal year from 1988 to 1993, and sales volume annually during FY 1989 to 1993. In fiscal 1993 it lost a record $617 million on sales of $4.34 billion, mainly reflecting a $600 million writedown of goodwill (the premium paid in excess of assets) in the 1987 buyout. The company's interest payments, averaging between $160 million and $180 million yearly on its debt, were hampering its efforts to modernize its stores and keep pace with competitors. Pathmark now had 146 supermarkets, 33 freestanding drug stores, and 7 distribution-processing facilities.

1990s
In March 1993, Supermarkets General wanted to take Pathmark public, but backed off due to insufficient investor interest. That October, in a corporate reorganization, Supermarkets General Corp., a subsidiary of Supermarkets General Holdings Corp., changed its name to Pathmark Stores, Inc.; in essence, it recapitalized $1.3 billion in outstanding debt. Pathmark lowered its interest costs, from 13 percent to 9 percent of revenue, increasing cash flow, which allowed Pathmark to increase capital investment. Rickel was spun off; it was sold in 1994.

Pathmark now was betting on stores larger in size than its Super Centers. The Pathmark 2000 format, introduced in 1992, consisted of units up to 64000 sqft. In 1995 there were 27 such stores, including some remodeled Pathmarks. The stores emphasized perishables, including produce, seafood, baked goods, flowers, plus health and beauty aids, in hoping to compete with drug store and discount competitors. These goods had higher profit margins than packaged groceries. Pathmark 2000 stores also featured a customer service desk for product returns, video rentals, film processing, and UPS delivery; and restrooms with tables for changing diapers. There were 44 such stores in May 1996, with 53 in February 1997.

In 1994, Pathmark added to its private-label products, introducing an upscale line, Pathmark Preferred, to its generic and mid-tier brands. Pathmark's over 3,300 private-label items were accounting for about 24 percent of its sales. In late 1995, Pathmark launched Chef's Creations, which offered a menu of entrees, side dishes, and salads, made daily by a team of chefs. In late 1996, Pathmark introduced Chef's Creations To Go, fresh, prepackaged meals for takeout, offering choice entrees and side dishes in microwavable containers. An outside manufacturer was preparing these meals to Pathmark's specifications.

By summer 1994, Pathmark regained popularity among New Yorkers, according to one survey that found it to be the city's most popular supermarket chain. About one-sixth of city residents were regular Pathmark shoppers; most of those cited its low prices. The top-ranking chain in Brooklyn, the Bronx, and Staten Island, Pathmark now was operating 17 superstores in the city. Meanwhile, Pathmark's eight Connecticut units had declining sales each quarter. In 1992, two Connecticut supermarkets were converted to a new deep-discount drug store format, Pathmark Super-Drug, which reduced the perishable selection but greatly increased the store's general-merchandise offerings, as well as added a warehouse-sized package section. By 1994, another four Connecticut Pathmark supermarkets were converted. Pathmark Super-Drug stores were modeled after similar chains, such as Phar-Mor and RX Place (operated by Woolworth).

Pathmark was named 1995 "Pharmacy Chain of the Year" by the magazine Drug Topics, the first time a supermarket had won the award. Of Pathmark's 142 supermarkets, all had pharmacies except 6 found in shopping centers where there were lease restrictions. According to Pathmark, it was the leader in filling prescriptions in the New York area, and was participating in over 200 major insurance plans. Prescriptions accounted for nearly 7 percent of Pathmark's sales volume in 1994. Futterman, Pathmark's chief executive officer, is, in fact, a registered pharmacist.

In June 1995, Pathmark reduced its pharmacy operations, selling 30 of its 36 freestanding drugstores to Rite Aid Corp. for $60 million (~$ in ). These pharmacies had accounted for sales of $145 million (~$ in ) in FY 1995, about 3.5 percent of Pathmark's total. A company executive said that although the 30 stores were profitable, Pathmark had decided to concentrate on supermarket pharmacies, which were more efficient and attractive to customers. Pathmark's remaining 6 drugstores, operating under the "Super Drug" banner in Connecticut, were closed in 1995 and 1996. In September 1998, Pathmark's two remaining Connecticut supermarkets, in Bridgeport and Norwalk, were closed, signaling Pathmark's exit from New England.

Construction began in August 1997 on Pathmark's controversial $14.5 million (~$ in ) supermarket on 125th Street in Manhattan's East Harlem. This 53000 sqft unit was the largest supermarket in Harlem, and had been bitterly opposed by owners of neighborhood convenience stores. This Pathmark was expected to generate hundreds of construction jobs, and within the store, which would include a pharmacy and a Chase bank branch. Pathmark was planning its biggest Bronx store in 1998: a 55000 sqft unit on 10 acre in the blighted area east of Crotona Park.

Supermarkets General cut its losses in fiscal year 1994 (ending January 29, 1994, which the company defined as 1993) to $17 million (excluding extraordinary items and accounting changes) on net sales of $4.21 billion. It had its first profitable year in fiscal year 1995 (ended January 28, 1995) since fiscal year 1987, earning $10 million (not counting a $13 million credit for prior losses) on $4.21 billion in net sales. Pathmark sales were $3.84 billion and $3.79 in fiscal 1994 and 1995 respectively.

In fiscal year 1996 (ending February 3, 1996), Supermarkets General had net income of $77 million on sales of $3.97 billion. Pathmark's sales were $3.85 billion. In fiscal year 1997 (ending February 1, 1997), the parent company had a net loss of $20 million on sales of $3.71 billion. This included a charge the company took for the upcoming sale of 12 unprofitable Pathmark stores, mostly in southern New Jersey. Pathmark's supermarket sales came to all but $9 million of the corporate total. Same-store sales decreased 2.8 percent from the previous fiscal year, primarily due to heavy competition. James Donald, Futterman's successor as chief executive officer, laid off over 200 employees at Pathmark's Woodbridge, New Jersey headquarters in March 1997.

Woodbridge was home to Pathmark's corporate headquarters, and distribution facilities for dry groceries, meat, dairy, and delicatessen products, plus a distribution facility for frozen food in Dayton, New Jersey, a complex for dry groceries in New Brunswick, New Jersey; and one for general merchandise (health care, beauty products, pharmaceuticals, and tobacco) in Edison, New Jersey. It had processing facilities for delicatessen products in Somerset, New Jersey and for banana ripening in Avenel, New Jersey. Pathmark's stores ranged from 26,000 to 66500 sqft in size. All but five were either Pathmark 2000 or Super Center stores, and all but seven included a pharmacy.

In October 1997 Pathmark announced that C&S Wholesale Grocers of Brattleboro, Vermont would take over its distribution facilities and become the chain's supplier for almost all groceries and perishables. Pathmark received $50 million from the deal, which was used towards its $1.47 billion debt.

In 1999, Pathmark proposed the sale of itself to Royal Ahold, a Dutch supermarket company which operated Edwards stores in the New York area. Under the terms of the deal, Edwards Super Food Stores would become Pathmarks. The sale was abandoned after the FTC rejected Ahold's offer to divest overlapping stores, saying the offer would "not preserve competition" in the New York area. Ahold decided to cancel the acquisition; in 2000 it announced that it would rebrand Edwards stores as Stop & Shop.

2000s
Because the FTC did not allow Pathmark's acquisition plans, it filed for bankruptcy in July 2000, recovering early the next year. Pathmark, in 2001, bought six Grand Union supermarkets that Ahold was unable to buy. In 2005, the Yucaipa Companies bought a 40 percent stake in Pathmark.

In February 2007, Pathmark partnered with Wild Oats Markets by adding Wild Oats-brand private label goods to the 141 Pathmarks. Approximately 150 organic and natural products were included in the partnership, among them: Italian sodas, balsamic vinegar, organic fruit spreads, and flatbread crackers.

The A&P Takeover
Later in 2007, Pathmark's competitor A&P bought it for $665 million (~$ in ); pending shareholder approval, along with complying with anti-trust laws. Conditions for the acquisition included the sale of six Pathmarks to competitors. Pathmark and A&P remained separate banners. Store level staff were not affected, while buying and back-office functions were consolidated. The merger was approved on December 3, with the sale completed that month.

Pathmark Sav-A-Center
In spring 2008, Pathmark introduced a "price impact" store concept, under the Pathmark Sav-A-Center brand. This format was introduced to remodeled stores in Irvington and South Edison, New Jersey. The Sav-A-Center name had been used for A&P stores in the 1980s, and for an A&P-owned chain of stores in the New Orleans area which were sold in 2007.

After the concept was tested in the two Northern New Jersey stores, A&P announced the conversion of 16 Pathmark Super Centers, plus 8 of the 13 Philadelphia-area A&P Super Fresh stores to the Pathmark Sav-A-Center banner. A&P eventually rolled out the Sav-A-Center branding to Pathmark's website and circulars.

In 2009, several changes were made to Pathmark. Among them, the North Edison, New Jersey store was closed, and a former A&P in nearby South Plainfield opened as a Pathmark Sav-A-Center. The North Plainfield Pathmark also closed as part of this store consolidation. Meanwhile, A&P was updating its former Super Center branding by retrofitting older stores with new interior decor to comply with its Sav-A-Center branding.

2010s
In autumn 2010, A&P closed 25 stores, including some Pathmark stores.

In August 2011, a Super Fresh store opened in the Northern Liberties section of Philadelphia in place of a planned Pathmark, reflecting the parent company's diminished faith in the Pathmark banner.

A&P's bankruptcy filings
On December 12, 2010, A&P filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, citing assets of $2.5 billion and debts totaling $3.2 billion. The company emerged from bankruptcy protection on March 13, 2012, making its six supermarket divisions, including Pathmark, private.

On July 26, 2013, the Wall Street Journal reported that A&P is seeking to sell the company after emerging from bankruptcy in 2012.

On July 19, 2015, A&P filed for Chapter 11 protection for the second time in less than five years. By November 25, 2015 all Pathmark stores were either closed or sold to other chains such as Acme Markets, Stop & Shop, Key Food, ShopRite, and other competitors. The 156-year history of A&P also disappeared.

Slogans

 * Shop Pathmark, the store for value (1968–1978)
 * All Signs Point to Pathmark for One Stop Shopping (1978–1981)
 * You've got Pathmark. Who could ask for anything more? (1978–1981)
 * We're Pathmark, We're All-Ways There! (1981–1982)
 * Savings all over means savings over all (1982–1984)
 * You're the one who's number one (1984–1988)
 * Pathmark, More Value For Your Dollar (1988–1990)
 * Count on Pathmark For Savings That Count (1991–1992)
 * Count on Pathmark For Savings That (Really) Count (1991–1994)
 * Pathmark, Your Place to Really Save (1993–1994)
 * Shop Smart, Pathmark Smart (1994–1997)
 * Pathmark, The way it should be! (1997–2000)
 * Pathmark, Take a Fresh Look (2000–2002)
 * Get a Little More at Pathmark (2002–2004)
 * Pathmark, It's about time (2004–late 2006)
 * Go Fresh. Go Local. (2006–2008)
 * Fresh For Less (2008)
 * Count On Pathmark When It Counts (2008–2009)
 * Pathmark! Save all over the place! (2009 – April 2010)
 * Where the only prices are low prices. (April 2010 – January 2011)
 *  Your Store For Value! (January 2011 – March 2011)
 * Great Food. Great Value. (March 2011 – November 2015)
 * We priced it right (April 2019 – Present)
 * Pathmark makes life easier. (January 2019 – Present)

title: Pathmark


text:
Antipope Philip

Antipope Philip (fl. 8th century) was an antipope who held office for just one day, on 31 July 768.

In 768, Philip was a priest serving in the monastery of St. Vitus on the Esquiline. Rome was in turmoil following the death of Pope Paul I, as rival factions sought to elect a pope to succeed him. The Primicerius, Christophorus, and his son Sergius, the papal treasurer, had sought Lombard help to depose Pope Constantine II, who was the candidate of the military faction in Rome.

The Lombard king, Desiderius, agreed to provide troops, and sent a Lombard priest, Waldipert, to act as his representative, with authority to deal with Christophorus and Sergius. Waldipert accompanied Sergius in an attack on Rome that ended Constantine's papacy. When Constantine had been taken captive, Waldipert, without alerting Sergius, and most likely following instructions from Desiderius, collected a number of Romans and entered the Monastery of St. Vitus on the Esquiline on Sunday, 31 July. There they approached Philip, declared that Saint Peter had chosen him as pope, and escorted him to the Lateran Basilica.

Here, after having the customary prayers read over him by a bishop found for the occasion, Philip held the traditional feast in the Lateran palace, attended by a number of dignitaries from both Church and State. Christophorus had by now returned to Rome and was approaching the city gates. Learning of Philip's uncanonical election, he stated to the Romans who had gone out to greet him, that he would not enter Rome until Philip was removed. Philip's election was declared invalid, he was declared guilty of simony, the pontifical garments were removed from him, and he was forced to return to his monastery. Christophorus entered Rome and oversaw the election of Stephen III.

After his deposition and return to the monastery, Philip was never seen nor heard from again, and died in obscurity.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Antipope Philip


text:
Edwin Black

Edwin Black (born February 27, 1950) is an American historian and author, as well as a syndicated columnist, investigative journalist, and weekly talk show host on The Edwin Black Show. He specializes in human rights, the historical interplay between economics and politics in the Middle East, petroleum policy, academic fraud, corporate criminality and abuse, and the financial underpinnings of Nazi Germany.

Early years
Black is the son of Holocaust survivors from Poland. His mother, Ethel "Edjya" Katz, from Białystok, told of narrowly escaping death during the Holocaust by escaping a boxcar en route to the Treblinka extermination camp as a 13-year old in August 1943. After escaping, she was shot by militiamen and then rescued by a Polish Jewish fighter whom she later married. Black's father described escaping death by fleeing to the woods from a long march to an isolated "shooting pit" and subsequently fighting the Nazis as a Betar partisan. The pair survived World War II by hiding in the forests of Poland for two years, emerging only after the end of the conflict and emigrating to the United States.

Of his own origins, Black has written: "I was born in Chicago, raised in Jewish neighborhoods, and my parents never tried to speak of their experience again."

In his book The Transfer Agreement Black notes that following in the beliefs of his parents, he was from his earliest days a supporter of the State of Israel. As a young man he spent time on a kibbutz, visited Israel on several other occasions, and gave earnest consideration to permanent residency there.

Career
Black began working as a professional journalist while still in high school, later attending university where he further developed the craft. He also was a frequent freelance contributor to the four major Chicago newspapers of the day, the Tribune, the Daily News, the Sun-Times, and Chicago Today, as well as such weeklies as Chicago Reader and Chicago Magazine. In the late 1970s, he was the editor of Chicago Monthly.

In 1978, Black interviewed the American Civil Liberties Union lawyer who represented members of the American Nazi Party, which had marched provocatively through the predominantly Jewish Chicago suburb of Skokie. In preparing himself for that interview, Black's interest was piqued by the hidden history of relations between the government of Adolf Hitler and German-Jewish Zionists during the first years of the Nazi regime. Five years of research followed, ending in the 1984 publication of his first book, The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine.

In the early 1990s Black served as the editor-in-chief for OS/2 Professional magazine and OS/2 Week and reported on OS/2 users and technology.

Black's books have typically made use of networks of volunteer and professional researchers assembled for each project. Three years before completion of his 2001 book, IBM and the Holocaust, Black began to put together what would ultimately become a team of more than 100 researchers, translators, and assistants to work on discovery and analysis of primary source documents written in German, French, and Polish. In all, more than 20,000 documents from some 50 different libraries, archives, museums, and other collections were assembled and analyzed in the writing of the book.

In the fall of 2012, it was reported that Plan B, the production company owned by actor Brad Pitt, had taken an option on a cinematic adaptation of Black's IBM and the Holocaust. Marcus Hinchey, co-writer of the 2010 film All Good Things, was tapped for script-writing responsibilities.

Black has written on topics beyond that of 1933-1945 German history, including books on the issue of oil dependence, the history of Iraq, and alternative energy. He is presently a syndicated columnist in publications in the United States, Israel, and elsewhere.

Black has also occasionally written on the subject of film and television music, contributing opinion pieces and composer interviews to various print and online publications. An aficionado of musical soundtracks, Black regularly credits specific works which have provided "musical inspiration that propelled the writing" in the introductory notes to each book.

In 2010, in his book The Farhud, the author resurrected the so-called "Forgotten Pogrom," the bloody June 1–2, 1941 pogrom against the Jews of Baghdad, known as The Farhud, sometimes called the Iraqi Kristallnacht. In 2015, Black founded the annual commemoration, International Farhud Day, which he proclaimed at the United Nations in a live globally-streamed event. The remembrance has been recognized and observed in many countries and in 2021, it was reported in the media that 10,000 people in numerous countries lit candles.

The author has coined or popularized certain words and terms. These include: "petropolitical" in lectures during the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo; "digital ghetto" and/or "algorithm ghetto" in 2001 during lectures on the book IBM and the Holocaust, and again at the 2018 Michigan Holocaust Day Commemoration. Black is also the originator of International Farhud Day, June 1, commemorating the 1941 massacre of Jews in Iraq, which was proclaimed at the United Nations in a live globally-streamed event in 2015. He also originated the Yom HaGirush commemoration, November 30, commemorating the expulsion of 850,000 Jews from Arab countries after the State of Israel was declared its independence, in a broadcast of the Edwin Black Show in 2021.

He has written an article critical of Wikipedia, "Wikipedia—The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge."

Selected book tours
From May 31 to June 3, 2016, it was widely reported, Black embarked upon a 100-hour, four-city, three-country commemoration book tour, this to observe International Farhud Day on the 75th anniversary of the Farhud. Black originated International Farhud Day the year before. The tour began May 31, in the morning in the House of Representatives in Washington, then shifted to the Edmond J. Safra Congregation in New York the evening that same day. On June 2, he led the book and commemoration ceremony in London with the Israeli Embassy at the Lauderdale Rd Synagogue. On June 3 he arrived in Israel for a series of Farhud book and commemoration events that ended with a ceremony in the Israeli Knesset.

In November and December 2014, he went on a 45-event "Human Rights Tour." In North Carolina, Black reportedly appeared nine times in three days speaking out against the persecution of Yazidis, Shia Muslims, and Christians in Iraq, racial injustice in America, and its impact on the November elections, as well as environmental injustice arising out of oil addiction, journalistic ethics in covering human rights, bias against Jews in Israel, and a health care crisis in the Middle East.

In February and March 2014, Black embarked upon a "Parliamentary Tour" in which he appeared at four parliaments in a four-week period, including the House of Commons in London, the European Parliament in Brussels, the Israeli Knesset in Jerusalem, and the Foreign Affairs Committee of the United States House of Representatives in Washington D.C.

Literary
Black's ten works of non-fiction have been translated into an array of non-English languages, including French, Polish, Hungarian, Dutch, German, Spanish, Japanese, Portuguese, and Hebrew.

 * 2007: Honorable Mention for General Non-Fiction Books from the ASJA for the book Internal Combustion.
 * 2005: Best World Affairs Book Award from the Great Lakes chapter of the World Affairs Council for Banking on Baghdad.
 * 2003: Donald Robinson Award for Investigative Journalism from the ASJA for the article "Final Solutions: How IBM Helped Automate the Nazi Death Machine in Poland," published in The Village Voice.
 * 2003: Outstanding Book Award: General Nonfiction from the American Society of Journalists and Authors (ASJA) for the book IBM and the Holocaust.
 * 1985: Carl Sandburg Award of the Friends of the Chicago Public Library for best non-fiction book of 1984, for The Transfer Agreement.

Human rights

 * 2016: "Moral Compass Award" from The Holocaust Museum and Education Center of Southwest Florida for lifelong achievement.
 * 2011: "Moral Courage Award" for War Against the Weak, granted by The Initiative for Moral Courage, San Diego State University, and Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice, The Center for Ethics in Science and Technology, USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education, The Anti-Defamation League, California State University, San Marcos Arts & Lectures, Institute for World Justice, Daniel Pearl Music Days, Harmony for Humanity, Armenian Law Students Association, and Thomas Jefferson School of Law.
 * 2011: "Drum Major for Justice Award" for War Against the Weak, granted by North Carolina Central University.
 * 2011: "Justice for All Award," for War Against the Weak, granted in a Congressional ceremony by the American Association of People with Disabilities.

Governmental

 * 2016: "Special Tribute" from The State of Michigan Legislature, 98th Legislature, for his research and achievement on the topic of Slavery to Freedom, signed and presented by State Representatives Sheldon Neely, Samir Singhm and State Senator Curtis Hertel Jr.
 * 2007: "Commendation Award," from the State of California, for achievement in alternative energy, signed and presented by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.
 * 2006: "Commendation Award," from the City of Los Angeles, for lifetime achievement in community service, signed and presented by Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa.
 * 2003: "Edwin Black Day," from the City of Las Vegas, for lifetime achievement in investigative journalism, signed and presented by Mayor Oscar Goodman.

Organizational

 * 2010: "Merit Citation" from Hadassah for The Farhud.
 * 2007: "Integrity Award" from American Jewish Congress, for lifetime achievement.
 * 2004: "Dona Gracia Medal" from International Association of Sephardic Progress for Banking on Baghdad.
 * 1984: "Extraordinary Service" from the Jewish War Veterans for The Transfer Agreement.

Energy

 * 2007: "The Thomas Edison Award" from the American Jewish Congress for Internal Combustion.
 * 2007: "The Green Globes" from the Harmony Festival, for Internal Combustion.

Books

 * The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine. New York: Macmillan, 1984.
 * Format C: (novel) Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 1999.
 * War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race. New York: Basic Books, 2003.
 * Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000-Year History of War, Profit, and Conflict. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
 * Internal Combustion: How Corporations and Governments Addicted the World to Oil and Derailed the Alternatives. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006.
 * The Plan: How to Rescue Society When the Oil Stops — or the Day Before. (cover title) Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 2008.
 * Nazi Nexus: America's Corporate Connections to Hitler's Holocaust. Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 2009.
 * The Farhud: The Arab-Nazi Alliance in the Holocaust. Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 2010.
 * British Petroleum and the Redline Agreement. Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 2011.
 * Financing the Flames: How Tax-Exempt and Public Money Fuel a Culture of Confrontation and Terror in Israel. Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 2013.
 * Financing the Flames: How Tax-Exempt and Public Money Fuel a Culture of Confrontation and Terror in Israel. Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 2013.

Anthology contributions

 * Götz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth, The Nazi Census: Identification and Control in the Third Reich. Introduction and translation by Edwin Black. Additional translation by Assenka Oksiloff. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004.
 * John Friedman (ed.), The Secret Histories: Hidden Truths That Challenged the Past and Changed the World. New York: Picador Books, 2005. Chapter: IBM and the Holocaust.
 * Eric Katz (ed.), Death By Design: Science, Technology, and Engineering in Nazi Germany. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006. Chapter: IBM and the Holocaust.
 * Alan Dershowitz (ed.), What Israel Means to Me: By 80 Prominent Writers, Performers, Scholars, Politicians, and Journalists. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006. Chapter: Israel and Me.
 * Michael T. Wilson (ed.), Democracy: Opposing Viewpoints. Farmington Hills, MI : Greenhaven Press/Thomson Gale, 2006. Chapter: On Democracy.
 * Arthur L. Caplan (Editor), Robert Arp (Editor), Contemporary Debates in Bioethics, Wiley Blackwell; 2013. Chapter: Human Genetic Enhancement—The Slippery Slope to Genocide.
 * Fernando De Maio (Editor), M.D. Raj C. Shah MD (Editor), John Mazzeo (Editor), David A. Ansell MD (Editor), Community Health Equity: A Chicago Reader Paperback, University of Chicago Press; 2019. Chapter: Racism in Red Blood Cells.

Contributions to video and film documentaries

 * IBM's Role and the Holocaust, Guerrilla News Network, 2002.
 * Racism: A History, BBC, 2007.

title: Edwin Black


text:
Antipope Dioscorus

Dioscorus (died 14 October 530) was a deacon of the Alexandrian and the Roman church from 506. In a disputed election following the death of Pope Felix IV, the majority of electors picked him to be pope, in spite of Pope Felix's wishes that Boniface II should succeed him. However, Dioscorus died less than a month after the election, allowing Boniface to be consecrated pope and Dioscorus to be branded an antipope.

Deaconry
Originally a deacon of the Church of Alexandria, Dioscorus was forced to flee as an opponent of Miaphysitism, arriving in Rome around 506 during the Laurentian schism. There, he was adopted into the ranks of the Roman clergy, and soon acquired considerable influence in the Church of Rome. Jeffrey Richards credits him with persuading king Theodoric the Great to recognize Symmachus as the rightful pope. Later, under Pope Hormisdas, he served as papal apocrisiarius, or legate, to the court of Emperor Justinian I at Constantinople, ending the Acacian schism, and was instrumental in persuading Hormisdas to reject Theopaschism. During the pontificate of Felix IV he became the recognized head of the pro-Byzantine party.

Papal selection
Pope Felix IV wished Boniface to succeed him, partially to avoid the riots that had occurred on his own accession. Further, Richards describes him as being part of the pro-Gothic party of clergy, bishops and aristocrats, and his "principal concern, however, was to ensure that the pro-Gothic party remained in control of the papacy." During the sixth century a tradition had evolved where popes would informally nominate their successors, but Felix went even further and issued a praeceptum formally nominating Boniface, and on his sickbed gave his pallium to him, on the condition that should Felix recover Boniface would return it. However, the Senate was outraged that it had been preempted from the process, and issued an edict forbidding anyone from accepting the nomination or discussing it during Pope Felix's life, on pain of exile and confiscation of property. Richards notes that the clergy did not voice a similar outrage, "perhaps because the majority of the clergy agreed on this occasion with the senate in censuring the action of Pope Felix".

When the election was held in the Lateran palace on 22 September 530 following the death of Felix, a majority of the electors voted for Dioscorus; Richards concludes at least 60 of the Roman priests supported Dioscorus, based on their subsequent act of submission.Boniface's supporters retreated to the Basilica Julia, where they elected Boniface. Dioscorus was later recognized as pope by the East. Although his prospects for his consecration looked dark, the dispute was resolved when Dioscorus died three weeks later on 14 October. The pro-Byzantine faction was left leaderless; Felix's wishes were acceded to with his chosen candidate becoming Boniface II.

Legacy
According to the Liber Pontificalis, Boniface forced the clergy who had nominated Dioscorus to sign a retraction and condemn his memory. This document was later destroyed, although the Liber Pontificalis contains contradictory accounts: in one passage, Pope Agapetus I burned the document in front of an audience at the beginning of his tenure, while in another, it was Boniface himself who burned the document.

title: Antipope Dioscorus


text:
User talk:Munge

Re: Para and Mu
I left the response on my talk page, for continuity's sake. -- कुक्कुरोवाच|Talk‽ 17:07, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hinayana
Are you still going to do something with Talk:Hinayana/Article Sandbox? It looks promising... Greetings, Sacca 02:05, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

I appreciate your message to me, and I'm sorry that I can't get too much involved with this issue at present, as I'm tied up with other things. But thanks again for writing. All the best to you. From Tony. TonyMPNS 12:48, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Hallo Munge. Good to hear from you. I'm a bit short of time at present - but I tend to agree with you that the main usage of the term "Hinayana" in the Mahayana sutras is rather belittling (although in some sutras it is indicated that Hinayana is a kind of preliminary stage - after which Mahayana can be followed). The sutras tend to talk more of "sravakas" and "pratyekabuddhas", rather than "Hinayana". And definitely the sravakas and pratyekabuddhas are not without merit or worthy of respect (according to the Mahayana sutras). The only really "hopeless" cases are the "icchantikas" (well - even they have some hope - but they are deemed to be the worst of all bad human beings!). I think you are right to suggest that the idea of "Hinayana" is that those who set out in the Hinayana ("inferior vehicle") can still reach Nirvana - but not the highest Nirvana/ Awakening which is the domain of a samyaksambuddha. It seems that according to the Mahayana, one needs to have the aspiration to liberate all beings from samsara if one wants to attain full Buddhahood (and therewith the highest level of Nirvana - as in the Mahayana there are different levels of Nirvana).

Hinayana/Article Sandbox
A template has been added to the article Hinayana/Article Sandbox, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. Postcard Cathy 18:01, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Hinayana not orginally Hinayana ?
I thought I would let you know that there is rather startling new research from Seishi Karashima, the leading Japanese authority on the philology of the early Lotus Sutra. I do not have time myself to include these findings in the artcle, but he has demonstrated fairly convincingly that the whole Hīnayāna / Mahāyāna / Buddhayāna etc terminology is based on a scribal misunderstanding. As you may know, it is now believed that the very earliest Mahāyāna sutras were written in some form of Prakrit where sound-clusters are simplified. Thus, he shows that these terms were actually written as hīnajāna /  mahājāna  /  buddhajāna. Later as sutras were Sanskritized, the ambiguity of the Parakrit led to the intended meaning being misunderstood and wrongly converted into Hīnayāna / Mahāyāna / Buddhayāna, possibly due to conceptual contamination from the parable of the burning house. What they should actually be in Sanskrit is hīnajñāna /  mahājñāna  /  buddhajñāna ! A number of the very early Central Asian mss do actually have these forms and not the -yāna versions. Try reading the early Mahayana texts with this substitution -- the first quote from the 8000 PP becomes much more meaningful -- it's all about insight and knowledge.--Stephen Hodge 23:08, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Buddhist polemics
An article that you have been involved in editing, Buddhist polemics, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you. linca linca  15:33, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Hinayana/Article Sandbox
I didn't delete the page. It was moved by User:Gurch to Talk:Hinayana/Sandbox, and is still there. All I deleted was a redirect that had only ever been a redirect. Hut 8.5 08:40, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Borges
Please, do go for it. The article could use an expert eye, and some sourcing from scholarly texts. I'd love to see it worked up into an WP:GA at some point, and improved before that. I am not Borges scholar, but am happy to support as I can. I have some biographical reference texts but little on theme. All power to your elbow, by friend. Span (talk) 14:40, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Munge


text: User talk:68.54.99.131

title: User talk:68.54.99.131


text:
Antipope Clement III

Guibert or Wibert of Ravenna (c. 1029 – 8 September 1100) was an Italian prelate, archbishop of Ravenna, who was elected pope in 1080 in opposition to Pope Gregory VII and took the name Clement III. Gregory was the leader of the movement in the church which opposed the traditional claim of European monarchs to control ecclesiastical appointments, and this was opposed by supporters of monarchical rights led by the Holy Roman Emperor. This led to the conflict known as the Investiture Controversy. Gregory was felt by many to have gone too far when he excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and supported a rival claimant as emperor, and in 1080 the pro-imperial Synod of Brixen pronounced that Gregory was deposed and replaced as pope by Guibert.

Consecrated as Pope Clement III in Rome in March 1084, he commanded a significant following in Rome and elsewhere, especially during the first half of his pontificate, and reigned in opposition to four successive popes in the anti-imperial line: Gregory VII, Victor III, Urban II, and Paschal II. After his death and burial at Civita Castellana in 1100 he was celebrated locally as a miracle-working saint, but Paschal II and the anti-imperial party soon subjected him to damnatio memoriae, which included the exhuming and dumping of his remains in the Tiber. He is considered an anti-pope by the Roman Catholic Church.

Early life
He was born into the noble family of the Correggio, probably between 1020 and 1030. He had family connections to the margraves of Canossa. A cleric, he was appointed to the Imperial chancellorship for Italy by Empress Agnes in 1058, which position he held until 1063. In 1058 he participated in the election of Pope Nicholas II but on the death of Nicholas in 1061, Guibert sided with the imperial party to elect Cadalous of Parma as Antipope Honorius II against Pope Alexander II. Owing to the active support of Duke Godfrey of Lorraine, of Archbishop Anno II of Cologne, and especially of Peter Damian, Alexander was soon recognized even in Germany and by Empress Agnes which may have been the reason of Guibert's dismissal in 1063 from the chancellorship.

Guibert apparently continued to cultivate his contacts within the German court, for in 1072, Emperor Henry IV named him archbishop of the vacant see of Ravenna. And, although Pope Alexander II was reluctant to confirm this appointment, he was persuaded by Hildebrand to do so, perhaps as a compromise for peace. Guibert then took an oath of allegiance to the pope and his successors and was installed at Ravenna in 1073.

Quarrels with Pope Gregory
Shortly after Pope Alexander II died Hildebrand was proclaimed the next pope, being installed as Pope Gregory VII on 29 April 1073. Guibert attended the first Lenten Synods of Pope Gregory in March 1074 in Rome at which important laws were passed against simony and the incontinence of the clergy, and lay investiture. The Imperial appointed German bishops were the most important officials of the empire, and a means to balance the ambitions of the territorial princes.

Guibert soon emerged as one of the most visible leaders of opposition to the Gregorian reforms. Having attended Gregory's first Lenten Synods, Guibert refused to attend the next, the Lenten Synod of 1075, although he was bound by oath to obey the summons to attend. Guibert was unsympathetic to Gregory's opposition to the Imperial Court, which Guibert had served as Chancellor of Italy. By his absence Guibert demonstrated his opposition to Gregory VII, who now suspended him for his refusal to attend the synod.

It was in this same year that Emperor Henry IV began his open conflict with Gregory. At the synod of Worms in January 1076, a resolution was adopted deposing Gregory, and in this decision the pro-imperial bishops of Transalpine Italy joined. Among these must have been Guibert, for he shared in the sentence of excommunication and interdiction which Gregory VII pronounced against the Transalpine bishops at the Lenten Synod of 1076.

Shortly after, in April 1076, bishops and abbots of the imperial Transalpine party convened at Pavia under the presidency of Guibert and proclaimed the excommunication of Gregory VII; a messenger, bearing a caustic personal letter from Henry, was dispatched with the Pavian reply to the pope. In response to the action of Henry's 1076 Synod of Worms, Gregory excommunicated Henry IV. Gregory excommunicated Guibert by name at the Lenten Synod of February 1078 and with him his main accomplice Archbishop Tebaldo of Milan.

Reign as Imperial Opposition Pope
During the next four years, the Emperor and the Pope reconciled but then quarreled again, and, facing a rebellion among the German nobles, Emperor Henry threatened to depose Pope Gregory. Carrying out his threats, Henry summoned his German and Transpadine partisans to a Synod at Brixen in June 1080, which drew up a new decree purporting to depose Pope Gregory VII, and which Henry himself also signed, and then proceeded to elect Guibert, the excommunicated Archbishop of Ravenna, as pope in opposition to Pope Gregory, whom the Synod considered deposed; Guibert took the name Clement III. Henry recognized Guibert as pope, swearing that he would lead him to Rome, and there receive from his hands the imperial crown.

With Rudolph of Swabia, leader of the rebellious nobles, having fallen mortally wounded at the Battle of Mersburg in 1080, Henry could concentrate all his forces against Gregory. In 1081, he marched on Rome, but failed to force his way into the city, which he finally accomplished only in 1084.

Henry entered Rome on 21 March 1084, and succeeded in gaining possession of the greater part of the city. Gregory took refuge in Castel Sant'Angelo. On 24 March, Guibert was enthroned as pope in the church of St. John Lateran as Clement III, and on 31 March he crowned Henry IV as Emperor at St. Peter's.

However, with news of the approach of the Norman army of Gregory's ally, Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, Henry and Guibert abandoned Rome, and, in revenge for Matilda of Tuscany's support of Gregory, Henry ravaged her possessions in Tuscany. Guibert withdrew to Ravenna, where he still held the title of archbishop. His influence, after Henry IV's withdrawal from Italy, was largely concentrated in Ravenna and a few other districts of Northern Italy, but he also retained some support in Rome.

Gregory was liberated, but the people were incensed by the excesses of his Norman allies, and he was compelled to leave Rome. He withdrew to Monte Cassino, and later to the castle of Salerno by the sea, in 1084, where he died in the following year, 25 May 1085.

The German episcopate stood divided. While bishops of Gregory VII's party held a Synod in Quedlinburg, at which they denounced and condemned Guibert, partisans of Henry held a rival Synod at Mainz in 1085, where they approved the deposition of Gregory and the elevation of Guibert. This conflict continued even after the death of Gregory, during the entire reigns of whose successors, Pope Victor III, Pope Urban II, and Pope Paschal II, Guibert continued to be regarded as pope by Henry and his party.

Victor III, who was elected after a prolonged vacancy caused by the critical position of the Church in Rome, was compelled, eight days after his coronation in St. Peter's on 3 May 1087, to flee Rome before the partisans of Guibert. The latter were in turn assailed by the troops of Countess Matilda, and entrenched themselves in the Pantheon. However, at the threats of the emperor, Victor was obliged to flee once more.

The succeeding pope, Urban II (1088–1099), spent most of the first half of his pontificate in exile, in southern Italy and in France. Late in 1093 he managed to obtain a foothold in Rome, with help from the Frangipane family, and gradually expanded his power there.

By 1089, Clement III was back in Rome, where in June, he held a Synod declaring invalid the decree of excommunication launched against Henry, and various charges were made against the supporters of Urban II, the pope of the anti-imperial party. Still, by the mid-nineties his power and authority began to wane. The greater part of the city of Rome was captured by an army under Count Hugh of Vermandois, brother of the King of France. The party of Guibert retained only the Castle of Sant' Angelo, and even this in 1098 fell into the hands of Vermandois.

In 1099, he repaired to Albano after the accession of Paschal II (1099–1118), hoping again to become master of Rome, but Norman troops compelled him to withdraw. He reached Civita Castellana, where he died 8 September 1100. His followers elected a successor to Guibert, the Antipope Theodoric, who, however, was not a serious threat to the popes of the anti-imperial line, now considered canonical.

title: Antipope Clement III


text: File:Whatshappening.jpg

title: File:Whatshappening.jpg


text:
Capitulation of Wittenberg

The Capitulation of Wittenberg (Wittenberger Kapitulation) was a treaty on 19 May 1547 by which John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, was compelled to resign the title of elector. The Electorate of Saxony and most of his territory, including Wittenberg, passed from the elder Ernestine line to the cadet Albertine line of the House of Wettin.

Wittenberg had become the focus of the Protestant Reformation. In 1517, Martin Luther had nailed his 95 Theses against Indulgences on the door of the castle church at Wittenberg, the opening act of the Reformation. In 1520 he burned the papal bull condemning him, and in 1534 the first Lutheran Bible was printed there. The Elector of Saxony was the most important patron of the Lutheran Reformation.

In 1547, Emperor Charles V, with the assistance of the Duke of Alva, captured Wittenberg after the Battle of Mühlberg, where John Frederick I was taken prisoner. The Duke of Alva then presided over a court-martial and condemned John Frederick to death. To save his life, the Elector conceded the defeat of Wittenberg and resigned the government of his country in favor of his relative, Maurice of Saxony. His sentence was thereupon commuted to imprisonment for life. Rescued on 1 September, 1552, he returned to Saxony in a triumphal march, and removed the seat of government to Weimar.

Wittenberg declined after 1547, when Dresden, residence of the Albertine dukes, replaced it as the Saxon capital.

title: Capitulation of Wittenberg


text:
User:Reinaldo~enwiki

Hi!

title: User:Reinaldo~enwiki


text:
SIX Swiss Exchange

SIX Swiss Exchange (formerly SWX Swiss Exchange), based in Zürich, is Switzerland's principal stock exchange (the other being BX Swiss). SIX Swiss Exchange also trades other securities such as Swiss government bonds and derivatives such as stock options.

SIX Swiss Exchange is completely owned by SIX Group, an unlisted public limited company itself controlled by 122 banks or financial institutions.

The exchange in its current state was founded in 1993 by merging the Geneva Stock Exchange, the Basel Stock Exchange and the Zürich stock exchange into the Verein Schweizerische Effektenbörse (German for "Swiss Securities Exchanges Association"), publicly known in English as Swiss Exchange. The newly created association took over trading in 1995. It was the first stock exchange in the world to incorporate a fully automated trading, clearing and settlement system.

The association was renamed to SWX Swiss Exchange in 1999. In 2002, the association was changed to a public limited company called SWX Swiss Exchange AG. In July 2004, it rejected a merger proposal from Deutsche Börse, which analysts anticipated as profitable for many small companies listed on SWX Swiss Exchange. In 2008, SWX Swiss Exchange merged with SIS Group and Telekurs into the new SIX Group, and was renamed as SIX Swiss Exchange, which is still its name as of 2020.

SIX Swiss Exchange maintains several major indices. The most known index is the SMI, or Swiss Market Index, which consists of the 20 largest and most liquid companies of the SPI. The SPI, or Swiss Performance Index, contains more than 200 companies listed on the exchange that meet requirements. The SLI, or Swiss Leader Index, is a capped index with some of the largest 30 companies. The SBI, or Swiss Bond Index, tracks obligations emitted in Swiss francs. The market capitalization of all companies listed at SIX Swiss Exchange amounted in 2018 to 1.6 trillion Swiss francs, making it one of the top exchanges in the world by capitalization.

On 23 August 2023, the company formed EuroCTP as a joint venture with 13 other bourses, in an effort to provide a consolidated tape for the European Union, as part of the Capital Markets Union proposed by the European Commission.

First Swiss exchanges
The first exchanges in Switzerland were created locally in major Swiss cities throughout Switzerland, with the authorization of the Cantonal authorities. Geneva paved the way in the year 1850, when the Société des agents de change réunis (United Brokers Association) was founded. Its trading floor was opened in 1855 and approved by the Grand Council of Geneva in 1856. The Basler Börse followed in 1866 or 1876 (sources disagree) in Basel, as well as another one in Zürich in 1873. The Berne exchange, which still exists today, was founded in 1884. Smaller exchanges were also created in Lausanne in 1873, in St. Gallen in 1887 and in Neuchâtel in 1905. The exchanges were subject by the Cantons to a value added tax.

During the First World War, all Swiss exchanges were closed, with the exception of bond trading in the Geneva exchange. The depression of 1920–21 was followed by a bull market in the 1920s, during which a new exchange building (alte Börse, German for "old exchange") was constructed in Zürich at Bleicherweg 5, near Paradeplatz. The building is still standing, but no longer used as an exchange.

After the Great Depression of the 1930s, a federal banking law was introduced. This law is still in effect today and, in its form as of 2020, requires permission by the FINMA to do banking activities, as well as due diligence and banking secrecy. An exchange law was also discussed, but not introduced. Finally, Swiss exchanges were required to unite under a securities exchange association in order to set up a registration office, so that the Swiss National Bank could have the desired influence.

Post-war era
After the Second World War, banking fees for trades on exchanges were unified in a broker conference. In the middle of the 1950s, the revenues of the exchanges reached new highs as in times before or between the wars until 1929. This development continued until the Kennedy Slide of 1962, which was triggered by measures against the economic slowdown, the New York crash, and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Following the deregulation and the termination of the Bretton Woods System (fixed exchange rates) by the United States, in the 1970s, a fundamental transformation of the economy and of the financial landscape started, which is still ongoing today. Fluctuating exchange rates carried new risks for the economy and a need for hedging solutions arose. Finance derivatives were introduced as a response to this need and in 1973, the Chicago Board Options Exchange was created as an exchange that only handles derivatives. With the oil crisis of 1974, the economy went through the biggest after-war recession since 1931. In Switzerland, the oil shock led to such a rush on investment money that it was considered to close the exchanges.

New economy
The Geneva Stock Exchange, the Basel Stock Exchange and the Zürich stock exchange merged into SWX Swiss Exchange in 1993. On 16 August 1995, the closing bells rang for the last time on the trading floors, ending an era spanning more than a century. They were superseded with the world's first automated trading, clearing and settlement system.

After the international financial markets recovered from the 1997/1998 Asian crisis and the 1998 Russian crisis, there was a period of two years of lasting bull market from October 1998. This bull market was mainly driven by the new economy boom and transition of this time. However, the boom was more limited on Swiss stock indices, since they are dominated by pharmaceutical, food and financial values, while Internet companies and technology companies play only a secondary role. Hence, it was only in May 2000 that the Swiss Performance Index crossed again the peak of 5,237 points that it had reached before the Russian crisis. It reached its then all-time high of 5,770 points on 23 August 2000. The bursting of the dot-com bubble sent stock prices down worldwide, and did not spare Swiss stock indices. The SPI entered a bear market. It had lost more than 20% from its previous peak by 22 March 2001, on which day it reached a temporary bottom.

After a short recovery phase, the SPI started to erode continuously from May 2001. The 9/11 attacks accelerated this evolution, started with the bursting of the dot-com bubble, further. The SPI reached its bottom of 2,603 points one and a half years later, on 12 March 2003, at the peak of the SARS-epidemic and the Iraq war.

SIX Group
In May 2007, the SWX Group, the SIS Group and Telekurs Group announced their merger to a new holding called Swiss Financial Market Services AG. The merger was official in 2008 and the new company was renamed to SIX Group AG. SWX Swiss Exchange was renamed to SIX Swiss Exchange in the same year.

Eurex
From 1998 to 2012, SIX Swiss Exchange owned 15% of Eurex, the world's second largest futures and derivatives exchange, after the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, along with its German partner Deutsche Börse (85%). Deutsche Börse purchased the 15% ownership from SIX Swiss Exchange in 2012, becoming its sole owner.

SWX Europe
SWX Swiss Exchange, as was its new name since 1999, acquired the stock exchange platform Tradepoint, renamed as Virt-x, for the trading of 32 Swiss bluechip stocks, regulated by the British Financial Services Authority. The new platform was opened on 25 June 2001. The main goals were on the one hand to build a pan-European exchange and on the other hand to mitigate the migration of the trading volume on SMI stocks to the London exchange.

The listed companies were offered the choice between two market segments for SMI stocks: The EU-regulated market segment and the UK-exchange-regulated market segment. Both segments were subject to the regulations of the British Financial Services Authority, and the EU segment was in addition subject to EU regulations.

Virt-x was renamed to SWX Europe in 2008. SWX Europe came to a halt in 2009 and the trading was transferred to SIX Swiss Exchange.

International Securities Exchange
On 30 April 2007, SWX Swiss exchange acquired, jointly with Deutsche Börse, the US option exchange ISE. With the acquisition of International Securities Exchange Holding (ISE), one of the largest trading platforms for finance derivatives emerged. The price for ISE was $2.8 billion and it was financed through Eurex, which was then owned 85% by Deutsche Börse and 15% by SWX Swiss Exchange. The revenue of ISE was about $178 million in 2006, and the profit around $55 million. The ISE remains independent and keeps its structure and branding.

Scoach
On 1 January 2007, SWX Swiss Exchange and Deutsche Börse jointly started and managed an exchange for structured products, a joint venture called Scoach.

In February 2013, Scoach was split into Scoach Europa AG, fully owned by Deutsche Börse, and Scoach Schweiz AG, fully owned by SIX Swiss Exchange. Scoach Schweiz AG was renamed to SIX Structured Products in November 2013.

AsiaNext
In 2021, SIX Group established AsiaNext, a digital asset exchange for institutions, as a joint venture with SBI Digital Asset Holdings. In 2023, AsiaNext has received a license as a Recognized Market Operator (RMO) by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Headquarters
Headquarters were moved to Selnaustrasse in 2002. In 2017, they moved again to the Hard Turm Park in Zürich-West.

Technological advances
For the first time in the world, in 1962, an exchange TV broadcast was introduced in Basel and Zürich. Banks started to use computers, while exchanges followed more hesitantly. In 1964, Telekurs was mandated by the Zürich stock exchange to investigate how computer technologies could be used on the exchange. Only in the 1980s did computers finally find their way into exchanges. On 8 December 1995, an advanced electronic system for the processing of foreign stock in the domestic exchange market was introduced, on 2 August 1996 that of Swiss stock and options. Finally, on 16 August 1996, bonds were also electronically traded and the trading floor was discontinued.

On 3 December 2020, SIX Swiss Exchange, in collaboration with the Bank for International Settlements and Swiss National Bank, completed a wholesale central bank digital currency proof-of-concept on a distributed digital asset platform.

Other services
SIX Swiss Exchange is part of the SIX Group, which provides a number of other financial market infrastructure services in Switzerland. These include clearing, acting as central counterparty, custody services, market data services, share registry, payment services, and running the real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system on behalf of the central bank of Switzerland, the Swiss National Bank.

title: SIX Swiss Exchange


text:
Talk:E. C. Segar

Cause of Death
On the www.popeye.com page, under the History tab, it says that Segar died of leukemia, not "a liver disease" as this article states. Do we have any more reliable sources that could confirm one or the other? -T —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.55.46.62 (talk) 08:19, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I just added a reference that includes a scan of Segar's death certificate, which lists COD as portal cirrhosis. PacificBoy  12:10, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

Real life Popeye?
After some exensive research, I believe the cartoon "Popeye the Salor Man" by Elzie Crisler Segar was based on a real life character named Zebulon Northrup Tilden aka: Zeb Tilden. His boat was the Alice S. Wentworth which sank in Boston Harbor tied up to The Athanis Pier 4 Restorant in 1966. Zeb was tall,crossed eyed,very strong,smoked a corn-cob pipe,loved to cook,especialy green vegitables,was a ladies man,(married 3 times)was fond of talking and singing to himself habitually and he looked like the caractor in the cartoon. Please respond to: eddentch@hotmail.com
 * Actually, Segar is believed to have based Popeye on Frank "Rocky" Fiegle, a man who was handy with his fists during Segar's youth in Chester, Illinois (Segar based nearly all of his characters on Chester residents). It's been said that Segar actually sent Fiegle checks in the 1930s.  PacificBoy  12:18, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

Article name
Current Wikipedia practice is to list people under the name they are best known, and then list their full or real name in the first paragraph. I've moved this page accordingly. --Chowbok 16:18, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

Addition of a "disambiguation" topic.
There is a "People Mover" train station named Segar too so I'm gonna modify the page by merely adding an "Other Meanings" section -- no more, no less, no distractions, and no disruptions.

Notify me if there's problems Dexter 20:15, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Trivia
Segar's given names, Elsie Crisler, are borrowed for the name of Pullapart Boy's zombie puppy in Steven Weissman's "Yikes!" comics. Asat 06:49, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Early work
According to this, "Charlie Chaplin's Comic Capers" began in 1915, a year earlier than the article says. Segar's early pre-Popeye history really should be expanded. Jmj713 (talk) 02:33, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:E. C. Segar


text: User talk:62.244.184.66

title: User talk:62.244.184.66


text: Category:Administrative divisions of Scotland


text:
Talk:Krum

Untitled
I think that the role of Krum as the first Bulgarian legislator is too neglected. The legacy part should be enlarget or a subtitles called " internal policy" or somewhat should be made. A list of the laws should be published.It can also include the Avar legend.According to it after coquering the Avars Khan Krum asked some of the prisoners-of-law about the reasons for the fall of their state and their answers gave him the idea for creating laws,common for Bulgars and Slavs.Also Krum is the first to admisnistrate the Bulgarian state,dividing it into ten comitopuli. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vitosha (talk • contribs) 12:38, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Very good article. I just would like to point out a slight lack of coherence in the way the places are named. If it is being used Constantinople and not Istambul, shouldn't it be said Mesemvria instead of Nessebar? Since obviously Nessebar is less known than Istambul, maybe to avoid confussion it could be written like this: "Bulgarians attacked Mesemvria (now Nessebar)."

History lover.

Language?
What language did he speak? Was his language already Slavic? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.135.62.100 (talk) 04:04, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Dates?
What does this mean? "from after 796/ before 803 to 814" Someone who knows about this may want to edit! Isoxyl 18:41, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I too was confused by this. Hu Gadarn 14:48, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Oh oh, the strange dates has returned. Can anyone tell me what this means:"from after 796 before 803 to 814"? This needs an edit but I don't even know what this means and thus I cannot edit this. Thanks, Hu Gadarn 22:47, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I will explain that: In 796 his predecessor Kardam was last mentioned and in 803 there were the first records of Krum. This is why the historians argue for the exact year of Krum's succession to the throne, but it is usually accepted the years 802 or 803. My own opinion is 803. If you want to, I may correct it and write 803. --Gligan 19:32, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Chronology
I also found the article somewhat confusing. There is very little context or preface before we jump right into the action. Also, there isn't even a link to the Battle of Pliska. Odd. Hu Gadarn 14:48, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

"Influence in literature" needs editing
I think the "influence in literature" section contains a highly dubious information. It claims that Krum was the prototype for Shakespeare's Prospero (and some other characters of other authors) and points to a Bulgarian web page as a source. Being a Bulgarian myself I know all too well that local historiographs engage in embellishments (mostly minor, but still annoying). I researched on Google and failed to locate any source of information other than the mentioned web page and its derivatives. I doubt that Shakespeare would know that much of an ancient ruler of an obscure (at that time non-existing) state. I further don't believe that if true this fact would remain known only to the authors of the Bulgarian web page. In addition, it was never mentioned during any course in Bulgarian history or literature which I have had. Finally there is grave spelling mistake - the name of Gryphius is given as "Grifius" wich further undermines the authority of the source. I recommend deleting this info.

I tried to edit out this part but for some reason it remains unchanged. What's the matter? I am new to wikipedia I must be doing something wrong. Can you help me on it?

Any maps?
Can we have some maps of the territory of the Bulgarian Empire under Krum please?

Krum today
I concur with te removal of the "Krum today" section (as per the query from an unregistered user). This material has no value here. Hu Gadarn 19:34, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

crap
I delete some of it. I'm sorry. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.225.206.193 (talk) 20:17, 21 February 2007 (UTC).

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 18:18, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Family History
"Krum was described and potrayed by the Byzantine chronists as a light-hairеd man with light eyes, especially taking into consideration that there is no evidence for the existence of blond people on the Balkans till the arrival of the Slavs."

What kind of nonsense is this? No body knows whether people were blond or not specifically, so how can you say that all Balkan people are brunettes. In addition ancient Greek texts describe the Thracians as being typical Europeans, a mixture of brunettes, blonds, and redheads. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.106.10.82 (talk) 03:36, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Blond and light-eyed inhabitants on the Balkans
This: "a light-hairеd man with light eyes, especially taking into consideration that there is no evidence for the existence of blond people on the Balkans till the arrival of the Slavs."

is a racist or a rather ethnic discriminatory remark, showing little knowledge and understanding of what migration and the shape of an ethnic group or a nation are. All Slavs are not blond, just like all other type of Caucasians are not brunettes. Also, this sounds like the Turkic theory of the origin of the Bulgars that is very dubious in in itself, not to mention the fact that Turks too were a good mixture of everything. I am about to remove this part in a few days unless someone has something reasonable to say about it. I find it insulting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.228.42.158 (talk) 20:12, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

Slavs are not particularly blond. They are originated from centre-eastern Europe, nearly the same areas as Bulgars. Scandinavians are know to be blond (some 95% to some extent). However, based on the DNA studies, the gene mutation leading to blonder skin tones and blue eyes did not happen in Scandinavia but likely closer to Black Sea. Migrations brought the gene to the Nordic countries. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.129.201.45 (talk) 06:41, 1 August 2015 (UTC)

Krum an Emperor?
I haven't seen a source stating that Krum used the title "emperor" (or some equivalent). The title that is typically used by Bulgarian and foreign historians is "khan", which is why I reverted a recent edit. See e.g. RJ Crampton's Concise History of Bulgaria or Encyclopedia Britannica Tropcho (talk) 15:03, 4 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I'll accept the "khan" argument based on Britannica but the promacedonia link is still a problem and should be removed. Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 15:30, 4 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi Chris, if you look at the history of the article you'll see that the title "emperor" was introduced recently without sources. Earlier today I merely restored the pervious version. Of course, just because a version has been around for a long time does not mean that it's right, but I believe that in this case it's not difficult to see that "khan" is the title used by most reliable sources (if not all). In case Zlatarski, Crampton, and Encyclopaedia Britannica are not sufficient, you can also have a look at The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 2, The (old) Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4 or Steven Runciman's History of the First Bulgarian Empire. As far as I can tell, the issue is not contentious at all.

 * Regarding the promacedonia.org link: as mentioned in the edit summary, promacedonia.org is not the source, it has just made Zlatarski's text (which is in the public domain) available, a bit like archive.org. Perhaps more importantly, you can convince yourself that there's no promacedonia.org link in the article at all. I only included it in the edit summary, mostly for the sake of the person whose changes I was reverting. Tropcho (talk) 16:14, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

A quick search at Google Books turns up a number of sources referring to Khan Krum, for instance Fine and Oxford. Better for use here might be this passage, which includes a cursory explanation of the title. An English langage source would be preferable, and "promacedonia.org" screams POV, even if they are simply reprinting a text. Laszlo Panaflex (talk) 16:20, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/52-manasses-chronicle.jpg
 * In the medieval chronic of Manasseh, Krum had been entitled as "Kanas (Knyaz). Please, refer here:

Ot the top is cleraly written: "КРОУМА КНѪЗА" - Many Thanks to Spiri! :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Христо Зарев Игнатов (talk • contribs) 13:38, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

 * You are citing a single primary source, when we have numerous preferable secondary sources in English that use the term Khan. Please review the policies on reliable sources and naming conventions. Your edit is also incoherent and breaks the format of the page. Laszlo Panaflex (talk) 19:37, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Dear Zaslo, we all sorry for the broken format - that is noted.
 * As to the "sources" - there are plenty.... contradicting sources for that period and subject. The point is that here it A FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA unlike THE CONVENTIONAL ONES! - Elsewhere there will no need of Wikipedia, to exist! So, dear young friend, if someone wishes to refer to the conventional (official) mainstream and simplified sources... He may! Here I, YOU, THEY... may interfere... and we do! Please, regard the primal sources are frequently "heavier" than the ones, compiled 1000 years latter! - Be healthy! --212.5.158.237 (talk) 10:11, 29 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Please review the Wikipedia policies I linked to in my previous post. On English Wikipedia, we use translations most common in English, and secondary sources are preferred over primary sources.  Please stop making these changes to the page. Laszlo Panaflex (talk) 12:39, 29 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Also, the links you keep adding to the External Links sections are no longer functional. Please stop adding dead links back to the page.  Your editing is becoming increasingly disruptive.  Please stop.  Laszlo Panaflex (talk) 12:45, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

 * We will provide s\one to check the "dead links". - Regards! --212.5.158.149 (talk) 17:29, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

Varbitsa_Pass mention a source by Vasil Zlatarski and Steven Runciman
According to the article, both scholars mention the battle between Krum and Nikephorus' forces that their description bring us the question, "how shall local and Western sources be treated ?" --- Ktsquare (talk) 17:11, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

Khan vs kynaz
You don't have consensus for the use of the term kynaz over the current version with khan. Unless you can convince the community of your point of view you're going to have to accept use of the term khan. Chris Troutman ( talk ) 12:04, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

There appear to be several editors (or perhaps one or two plus IP variations) changing 'khan' to 'knyaz' on numerous pages relating to this era. Now they are adding a citation to protobulgarians.com in support (e.g, here). The site is in Bulgarian, so I cannot evaluate it, but the name alone suggests a nationalist POV. We have numerous solid and authoritative sources, including Fine, using the term 'khan' for leaders during that period. WP:RS states a preference for English-language sources on English-language WP, so the protobulgarians site is shaky to begin with. Overturning the usage of 'khan' in solid academic sources based on a non-English web site of dubious origin should require a convincing argument, so these changes should be viewed with skepticism. Unfortunately, the editors pushing this change do not appear to have the language skills necessary to address this issue properly. (I'm pinging some of the editors who have been involved in these edits to seek wider opinion:, , , .) Laszlo Panaflex (talk) 15:09, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi! IMO there's really not much more to be said here. This is a typical nationalist attempt to rewrite the fact that the Bulgars who gave their name to Bulgaria were a Turkic nomadic people by inventing Slavic etymologies, pretty much as ardent Russian nationalists deny that the Rus' were Scandinavians. Constantine  ✍  16:22, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Yup, Laszlo Panaflex, your summary is spot on. To be blunt, this often follows the ridiculous logic of "Bulgarians cannot possibly have any Turkic blood because the Turks had us enslaved for five centuries and they are evil." Or that coupled with wishful thinking that the Bulgars were Aryans...  — Toдor Boжinov — 17:16, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Todor should have forgotten his mother language. - Nothing personal, but there is no other explanation, of impossibility to read ta simple expression. However, I already pointed at least two sources, apart of the originally shown on the same pages.

I can no imagine, that is possible to see a clear text, in our case, this is the famous "KANASUBIGI" and to stay unable to read it... I can not believe, that Todor Bozhinov is a Bulgarian?! Simply to say: The mentioned rulers originate one from another. They had been assigned to several titles (archont, vasileus, emperors, king etc>), but NEVER "HANS", or "khans"! - No such traces existing... Opposite - in their own mother tongue, (Bulgarian Slavic), it is clear that they were called "Knyaz"! - That is clearly shown in the Manasseh chronicle, for example. On the Wiki-pages, of the many of ruler, you had mentioned, SOMEONE- not me, had posted illustration. They clearly show.. fore you before your very same eyes, what is written there: "kanasubigi". That is a wrongly marked (not in our that time's letter system), and it is written without spaces as it was all over the Europe, at that times. Many of the scholars, that YOU, ALL OF YOU (or someone else), not me had pointed as "sources", trying to read the expression, "kanasubigi", are passing trough many and different complicated ways to 2 readings: "A great ruler" or "A ruler form God". - That is what THEY, THE SCHOLARS, say... The simple answer is BEFORE everyone eyes: "Kanas ut Boga" - it is same even now in Bulgarian language, and in the most of the Slavic tongues! - It is exactly same! - Knyaz ot Boga! - Ruller from the God. That is before all the eyes, and that is why, EVEN IF ONLY ME SAY IT, it should be accepted at least for a talk and as an alternative theory, by now! - This is strange, to ask me to prove that the water is wet! - Go out under the rain and have it! - open your eyes and see it! No one could be so blind, to reject a clearly seen thing! Now, what happened in the media - Wikipedia?! - This is NOT ONLY ONE MAN WORK! - I MEAN, IT IS NOT ONLY ME DOING ALL THIS EDITIONS! There are at least few people, that never new, who also make it, and I never asked them for it! - And really, there are few other editors which I asked to take part in this conversations, exactly as you do now. So, finally, let us clear for the moment only this point - with the titles. There is no break of any rule. Good night! --Христо Зарев Игнатов (talk) 21:06, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Hristo, first of all, the inscriptions of the Bulgarian khans where kanasubigi is mentioned are in Greek, not Bulgarian. My mother tongue is not medieval Greek and I cannot have forgotten it if I had never known it in the first place. Second, it has been clearly explained to you by Constantine already that the Bulgarian translation of the Manasses Chronicle is a source from the 14th century and it cannot be a reliable reference for royal titles in the 7th-9th centuries.
 * What you are expected to — but cannot possibly — bring to the table is proof that knyaz is established in modern Bulgarian and international historiography as the title of Bulgarian rulers before Boris I. And this you cannot do because the established title is khan.
 * Basically of this has been repeated before already and I don't believe this discussion is getting anywhere. So I'd like to invite you to bring your enthusiasm to edit Wikipedia to another topic where your contributions will be more useful and positive.  — Toдor Boжinov — 08:19, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Dear Todor, we all agree that the famous scriptures "KANASUBIGI" / "KANASUBAGA" are made in so called "Greek" alphabet. That is why, they were written initially wrong way - the Latin and the Greek letters systems, are lack of some specific signs (from the times till now) for the specific SLAVIC sounds like ю, я, ъ, й, ь and even more for ѣ and Ѫ. If you thing about the true solution of the topic, you may refer to the old, so called "slavonic-chirche" book and you will see the way that title is written in Cyrillic letter system: КНЯЗ / "кънѧѕь". So, that impossibility to make the scripture correct way, using only the 24 Greek letters vs 40 Bulgarian ones, followed to have it the way, we now discuss: KANAS ->"кънѧѕь". That is all.  - P.S. Dear Todor, if you feel your lack of having enough deep and wide knowledge about the history and linguistic matter, please, let the other to do it! https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7 - Good day! -212.5.158.183 (talk) 09:44, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

 * This is an interesting theory, but complete hogwash. The title "kanasubigi" is attested already from the 8th century, the Old Slavonic alphabet was not created until the 860s. And Greek traditionally prefers a phonetic approximation of foreign names, never strict transliteration as you suggest. So if a Greek-speaker wrote "kanasubigi", then that was what he heard. Constantine  ✍  20:10, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

The anonymous users and some registered try to change khan to knyaz on Bulgarian Wikipedia, too. There we have blocked some of the addresses and have locked some of the articles. --Lord Bumbury (talk) 11:36, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Dear Constantine, Constantine, your y'days statement is precisely what our colleagues stated a bit up: The "Greek" wrote precisely what he listened but not understood! - He listened the whole expression as one word: "KANASUBIGI" or sometimes "KANASUBAGA". The clear and strait reading of the expression is open for every normal, Slavic speaking person in the world: KANAS U BOGA - "Княз от(у) Бога" - that makes sense and no one can deny it, without to make himself seeming irregular type of person.
 * I also may contribute with a pretty high number of other arguments and sources but for today will limit to point other Slavic words, definitely used by the Bulgarians at that time: Malamir (Slavic - "A Little Peace"), Bezmer (Slavic: literally - "Without a measure", Endless); Umor = Umeren - (Slavic - "Tempered"); Vineh - slavic... etc...
 * I am pretty sure, that the warriors as Lord Bumbury Lord Bumbury will feel better if they also proceed to use the common sense in the common work!
 * Good days and long, happy editing to all concerned! ;) --212.5.158.170 (talk) 08:52, 8 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Other pages and edit summaries link to this discussion. Please stop changing the header of the thread as it breaks those links. Laszlo Panaflex (talk) 13:57, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

This article seems to be a bit lopsided
How reliable is Michael the Syrian? The article seems to regard Nikephoros I as a war criminal but Krum as a hero. The by no means squeamish Warren Treadgold doesn't mention any particular atrocities committed by either party. He does mention sacking on both sides and he does say that the garrison at Pliska was slaughtered, but that isn't really of note - Krum himself butchered people as he found necessary. There is no mention of calculated brutality. But it looks like this article, like so many others, has become the victim of nationalism. Sorte Slyngel (talk) 21:54, 26 July 2015 (UTC)

I agree with above. It fails to mention that when capturing Serdica he massagered the whole garrison of 6000 men to which he had given his word on safe passage (see the article on the siege of Serdica). There is clearly a nationalistic tone in this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.129.201.45 (talk) 06:48, 1 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the tip. I added the slaughter at Serdica to the article to be fair to both sides. Sorte Slyngel (talk) 16:47, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

 * PS: Should we make a bet about when the first nationalist undoes this change? :-) Sorte Slyngel (talk) 16:49, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

Etymology of his name
Has this cited source been accepted by anyone other than Turks? I don't know Turkish, but doesn't he say that names like Malamir and Presian are also Turkish? Belleten, Volume 52, Issue 203 5.53.249.34 (talk) 11:36, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Krum