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Gibson ES-335

The Gibson ES-335 is a semi-hollow body semi-acoustic guitar introduced by the Gibson Guitar Corporation as part of its ES (Electric Spanish) series in 1958. It features a solid maple wood block running through the center of its body with upper bouts that are hollow and two violin-style f-holes cut into the top over the hollow chambers. Since its release, Gibson has released numerous variations of and other models based on the design of the ES-335.

The ES-335 is currently manufactured at the Gibson Nashville facility. It was also produced at Gibson Memphis from 2000 until 2019, when the Memphis facility was closed.

History
Before 1952, Gibson produced only hollow-body guitars, which are prone to feedback when amplified loudly. That year saw the introduction of their first solid-body, the Gibson Les Paul, a significantly different instrument from Les Paul's early electric guitar experiment, "The Log", which consisted of a center block with detachable chambers on both sides, a neck, hardware, and a pickup attached. By 1958 Gibson was making a few solid-body models which had much lower feedback and better sustain but lacked the darker, warmer tone and unamplified volume of hollow bodies. The ES-335 was an attempt to find a middle ground: a warmer tone than a solid body produced with almost as little feedback. Though semi-hollow-bodies like the ES-335 are essentially a compromise of earlier designs, they are for this reason extremely flexible, as evidenced by the ES-335's popularity in a wide range of music, including blues, jazz, and rock. With a basic price of $267.50, it quickly became a best-seller, and has been in continuous production since 1958.

The first major update came in mid 1962, with the most visible change being the neck markers; early models had dots (hence "dot neck"), later models had blocks.

Models
Some models (ES-347, ES-369) feature a coil split switch, which allows the humbuckers to produce a "single-coil" sound. The ES-335 Pro, ES-335TD CRS and CRR models were equipped with Gibson "Dirty Fingers" humbuckers, which had a significantly higher output than the standard pickups.

The company has produced a number of signature guitars as well, such as Trini Lopez-inspired model (1964–1970) with narrow diamond-shaped soundholes replacing the f-holes, a Firebird-style headstock with all the tuners on one side, and slashed-diamond inlays. In September 2007, Gibson introduced the DG-335, designed in collaboration with Dave Grohl, a variation on the Trini Lopez Gibson; the Grohl model has a stopbar tailpiece and Gibson's new Burstbucker humbuckers. Other signature models have included the heavily customized Alvin Lee "Big Red" 335. A reissue of the 1963 model was a 2014 "Editor's pick" in Guitar Player magazine, at $4000.

Trini Lopez

Two Trini Lopez signature models were developed based on the ES-335 model, known as the Trini Lopez Standard and the Trini Lopez Custom. They were initially produced from 1964 to 1971, and reissues have been produced periodically since the initial run.

The Trini Lopez Standard featured the same body shape and profile as the ES-335, with diamond-shaped holes in the place of the f-shaped holes, a Gibson Firebird headstock, split diamond inlays on the fingerboard, a trapeze tailpiece with a plaque with Trini Lopez's name, and a standard cherry red finish. A modified version of the Trini Lopez Standard, with a stop-tailpiece and a custom Pelham Blue finish is used by Dave Grohl as his primary stage guitar; the Gibson Custom Shop produced a market version known as the "DG-335" in 2015.

The Trini Lopez Custom came in a standard cherry sunburst finish, had a thicker body and cutout bouts with pointed tips instead of the standard rounded tips (similar to the Gibson Barney Kessel Custom guitar), a more ornate pickguard, and different locations for its two selector switches, but otherwise had the same tailpiece, fingerboard, headstock, and electronics as the Trini Lopez Standard.

ES-345
The Gibson ES-345 (semi-hollow) was first produced in 1958 as an upscale version of the ES-335. Although the design is very similar to the 335, the 345 featured a multi-position "Varitone" switch located just above the lead tone and volume controls, which added various combinations of inductors and capacitors to the electronic pickup circuit of the guitar in order to alter its resonant frequency and add "color" to the sound. The ES-345 also featured an optional stereophonic output jack, gold plated hardware, large split parallelogram fingerboard inlays (similar to ES 175), and a thicker three-ply edge binding than that of the ES-335.

Notable users include Chuck Berry, B.B. King, Freddie King, Bill Nelson, Jorma Kaukonen, Fred Frith, Porl Thompson of The Cure, Steve Howe, Bob Welch, Elvin Bishop and the character of Marty McFly in the 1985 comedy film Back to the Future. British guitar player John McLaughlin owns a Sunburst ES-345 modified with a Bigsby tailpiece and a scalloped fingerboard. He played this guitar in the One Truth Band and Trio of Doom.

The ES-345 was discontinued in 1981, one year after the Gibson Lucille, which is based on the ES-355 (see below), was launched. The differences between the two models are: As of 2020, The ES-345 is back in production. Instead of the Varitone switch and stereo output, this new version differentiates from the ES-335 mostly in its traditional aesthetics, but does feature a thermally-engineered maple centerblock and quartersawn adirondack spruce bracing.
 * The headstock inlay on ES-345 is a "small crown" rather than the "split-diamond" custom inlay on the ES-355.
 * The position markers on ES-345 are "split parallelogram" rather than the "block" inlays used on the ES-355. Also, the first fret on the ES-345 is not inlaid.
 * The stereo output wiring and the Varitone was factory-installed on the ES-345 and ES-355TD-SV, but not on the unmodified ES-355TD (mono version).
 * The vibrato unit (Vibrola or Bigsby) was an option on the ES-345; In contrast, it was factory-installed on most ES-355s (except for the earlier models in the 1950s, final models after 1979, and Lucille).

ES-355

The Gibson ES-355 (Thinline semi-hollow, Double pickups) was at the top of Gibson's range of thinline semi-hollowbody electric guitars. It was manufactured from 1958 to 1982, fitted with the Varitone Stereo option (SV), as the ES-355TD-SV released in 1959. This guitar is now available in reissues from Gibson's main line or custom shop.

The headstock has a split-diamond inlay rather than the smaller crown inlay on the 335/345, in addition to a multiple-layered binding. The fingerboard inlays are inlaid mother-of-pearl blocks, beginning at the first position of the fretboard. In addition to the headstock, binding is also applied to the fretboard and both the front and the back edges of the body. Rather than the rosewood fretboard on a 335 or 345, both variations of the 355 have an ebony fingerboard for a 'smoother' sound. Reissues use a richlite fingerboard. Early models of Epiphone's limited edition budget version had an ebony fingerboard but the later issues had a rosewood board.

The ES-355 was available with a Vibrola vibrato unit or a Bigsby vibrato tailpiece. It was also available with a stereo output and Varitone tone filter circuitry. When fitted with the optional stereo wiring and Varitone, the model was known as the ES-355TD-SV.

Lucille (B.B. King signature model)

The best-known user of the ES-355 is probably B.B. King, whose trademark guitar, Lucille, was the basis for a 1981 signature model. It has the optional stereo wiring and Varitone circuitry as standard. It differs from the ES-355 by having a maple neck instead of mahogany, the name "Lucille" on the headstock, and the lack of an F-hole on its top.

EB-2 and EB-2D
The EB-2 was first produced in 1958 as the bass version of the ES-335. Having the same body as the ES-335, it held a 30.5" scale neck and hardware borrowed directly from the Gibson EB-0.The pickup was actually a single coil with the polepieces on the lower edge of the black cover until mid 1959.The humbucking pickup has the poles in the center of a black cover. In 1959, a "baritone-switch" was added to filter the output from the neck humbucker and give it more of a guitar-like sound. The EB-2 was discontinued at the end of 1961, being replaced by the EB-3. Due to a boom in the use of the EB-2 and its sibling, the Epiphone Rivoli, in the Merseybeat in England in the early sixties, production restarted in 1964, with a 2-pickup version called the EB-2D being added to the line in 1966. In 1972 the EB-2 line was discontinued.

CS Series
The CS-336 is a smaller version of the ES-335. The back and sides of this guitar are constructed from a single piece of carved mahogany, and its reduced size is closer to that of the Les Paul. Also available, the CS-356 has gold plated hardware and multiple binding on the body, neck and headstock. In 2007, Gibson introduced the ES-339 with the size of the CS-336 and the laminate construction of the ES-335.

DG-335
Dave Grohl received an early 60s 335 from Axl Rose as a gift, which was handpicked by Slash. Grohl called it the “nicest I have ever played in my life”. His own version, the DG-335 is based on the Trini Lopez Standard specs, but in a different color and with a stop tailpiece instead of the Trini Lopez's trapeze tailpiece.

Chris Cornell ES-335
Chris Cornell 335s are based on the Gibson ES-335. The Chris Cornell ES-335 Tribute was designed by Gibson and Chris himself based on the guitars he played in the 80's and 90's, mostly Gretsch Jet models, but in Gibson's own 335 style, using the same construction of a typical 335 with the 3ply maple top, maple center block, mahogany neck, rosewood fretboard, but with Lollartron™ pickups in the neck and bridge, resembling the classic look on the Filter'tron™ pickups, used extensively by Gretsch. Also they feature one model (Olive Dab Green) with a Bigsby B7 vibrato tailpiece and another (Satin Ebony) with a Tune O Matic tailpiece.

Epiphone
Gibson also markets a much less expensive version of the ES-335 under its Epiphone brand, called the Dot (referring to its dot-style inlay). Other Epiphone semi-hollowbody style models include the Sheraton (a fancier version of the co-developed ES-335, released the same week, it can make equal claim as the first semi-hollowbody), the Riviera, and the Dot Studio, though some of those are modeled after other guitars in the ES series.

From 1958 to 1970, Epiphone guitars were produced in Gibson's Kalamazoo, MI factory, and shared the similar design, materials and electronics as their Gibson counterparts. The Riviera, Sheraton, Rivoli and Newport models shared similarities with the Gibson ES-335, EB-2 and EB-0 models, respectively. In 1970, Epiphone production ceased in the Kalamazoo plants and Epiphones were made at the Matsumoku factory in Japan. Later Epiphones were constructed under contract with Samick in Korea. Since 2002, almost all Epiphones have been made in the 'Gibson' Qingdao plant in China.

As of 2012, Epiphone also produces the ES-335 PRO, ES-339 PRO, ES-345 Stereo, ES-355, and the Lucille. The ES-335 Pro and ES-339 both feature coil-tapped humbuckers, activated by pull-push volume knobs; the ES-355, gold hardware and a Bigsby tremolo, while the ES-345 Stereo has a Bigsby and VariTone control. The Lucille meanwhile, also features a VariTone control and, in keeping with BB King's Gibson signature model, no f-holes and a fine tuning stop bar tailpiece.

Other
Other models based on the 335 include the ES-333, the ES-340 (the toggle switch has settings of the pickups in-phase, pickups out-of-phase and standby), the ES-347 (includes a coil tap, block markers on an ebony fretboard, fine tuning tailpiece and, on earlier models, a brass nut, and a greater sustain block), the ES-339, essentially a 335 with the body reduced to Les Paul size; and the Gibson Les Paul signature bass.

Although the ES-330 resembles the 335, it is actually fully hollow (as opposed to semi-hollow) and features two P-90 pickups (as opposed to 2 humbucking pickups), and it was designed as the successor to the Gibson ES-225.

title: Gibson ES-335


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AVMA

AVMA may refer to:

 * Action Against Medical Accidents, the UK charity for patient safety and justice
 * American Veterinary Medical Association, a not-for-profit association representing more than 99,500 U.S. veterinarians
 * MTV Australia Awards (previously AVMAs), Australia's first awards show to celebrate both local and international acts

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AVMA


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Meyer Levin

Meyer Levin (October 7, 1905 – July 9, 1981) was an American novelist. Perhaps best known for his work on the Leopold and Loeb case, Levin worked as a journalist (for the Chicago Daily News and, from 1933 to 1939, as an editor for Esquire).

Career
Levin was born in Chicago. He published six novels before World War II. Though critical response was good, none were successful financially. Reporter (1929) was a novel of the modern newspapers, Frankie and Johnny (1930) an urban romance, Yehuda (1931) takes place on a kibbutz, and The New Bridge (1933) dealt with unemployed construction workers at the beginning of the Depression. In 1937, Levin published The Old Bunch, a story of immigrant Chicago Jewry that James T. Farrell called "one of the most serious and ambitious novels yet produced by the current generation of American novelists." Citizens (1940) was a fictional account of the 1937 strike at the Republic Steel Company plant outside Chicago.

He also wrote and directed a documentary titled "The Illegals", for the Office Of War. The film dealt with the smuggling of Jews out of Poland.

Levin was a war correspondent in Europe during World War II, representing the Overseas News Agency and the Jewish Telegraphic Agency.

After the war, Levin wrote, with the approval of the Frank family, a play based on The Diary of Anne Frank, but his play was not produced. Instead a version of the same story dramatized by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett reached Broadway. Levin sued for plagiarism.

Meyer wrote the 1956 novel Compulsion, inspired by the Leopold and Loeb case. The novel, for which Levin was given a Special Edgar Award by the Mystery Writers of America in 1957, was the basis for Levin's own 1957 play adaptation and the 1959 film based on it, starring Orson Welles. Compulsion was "the first 'documentary' or 'non-fiction novel' ("a style later used in Truman Capote's In Cold Blood and Norman Mailer's The Executioner's Song").

Levin died in Jerusalem.

Novels

 * The Reporter (1929)
 * Frankie and Johnny (1930)
 * Yehuda (1931)
 * The Golden Mountain: Marvelous Tales of Rabbi Israel Baal Shem and of his Great-Grandson, Rabbi Nachman, Retold from Hebrew, Yiddish and German Sources (1932)
 * The New Bridge (1933)
 * The Old Bunch (1937)
 * Citizens (1940)
 * My Father's House (1947)
 * Compulsion (1956)
 * Eva (1959)
 * The Fanatic (1964)
 * The Stronghold (1965)
 * Gore and Igor (1968)
 * The Settlers (1972)
 * The Spell of Time (1974)
 * The Harvest (1978)
 * The Architect (1981), (fictionalized life of Frank Lloyd Wright)
 * "Classic Chassidic Tales" (1932), a gathering of the scattered legends of Baal Shem Tov

Autobiographical works

 * In Search (1949)
 * The Obsession (1974)

Judaica

 * Beginnings in Jewish Philosophy
 * The Story of Israel
 * An Israel Haggadah for Passover
 * The Story of the Synagogue
 * The Story of the Jewish Way of Life
 * ''Hassidic Stories"

Awards

 * 1966: National Jewish Book Award for The Stronghold
 * 1967: National Jewish Book Award for The Story of Israel

title: Meyer Levin


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title: User talk:203.124.128.117


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title: User talk:216.181.179.230


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CORDIC

CORDIC (coordinate rotation digital computer), Volder's algorithm, Digit-by-digit method, Circular CORDIC (Jack E. Volder), Linear CORDIC, Hyperbolic CORDIC (John Stephen Walther),  and Generalized Hyperbolic CORDIC (GH CORDIC) (Yuanyong Luo et al.),  is a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions, square roots, multiplications, divisions, and exponentials and logarithms with arbitrary base, typically converging with one digit (or bit) per iteration. CORDIC is therefore also an example of digit-by-digit algorithms. CORDIC and closely related methods known as pseudo-multiplication and pseudo-division or factor combining are commonly used when no hardware multiplier is available (e.g. in simple microcontrollers and field-programmable gate arrays or FPGAs), as the only operations they require are additions, subtractions, bitshift and lookup tables. As such, they all belong to the class of shift-and-add algorithms. In computer science, CORDIC is often used to implement floating-point arithmetic when the target platform lacks hardware multiply for cost or space reasons.

History
Similar mathematical techniques were published by Henry Briggs as early as 1624 and Robert Flower in 1771, but CORDIC is better optimized for low-complexity finite-state CPUs.

CORDIC was conceived in 1956 by Jack E. Volder at the aeroelectronics department of Convair out of necessity to replace the analog resolver in the B-58 bomber's navigation computer with a more accurate and faster real-time digital solution. Therefore, CORDIC is sometimes referred to as a digital resolver.

In his research Volder was inspired by a formula in the 1946 edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics:

\begin{align} K_n R \sin(\theta \pm \varphi) &= R \sin(\theta) \pm 2^{-n} R \cos(\theta), \\ K_n R \cos(\theta \pm \varphi) &= R \cos(\theta) \mp 2^{-n} R \sin(\theta), \\ \end{align} $$ where $$\varphi$$ is such that $$\tan(\varphi) = 2^{-n}$$, and $$K_n := \sqrt{1 + 2^{-2n}}$$.

His research led to an internal technical report proposing the CORDIC algorithm to solve sine and cosine functions and a prototypical computer implementing it. The report also discussed the possibility to compute hyperbolic coordinate rotation, logarithms and exponential functions with modified CORDIC algorithms. Utilizing CORDIC for multiplication and division was also conceived at this time. Based on the CORDIC principle, Dan H. Daggett, a colleague of Volder at Convair, developed conversion algorithms between binary and binary-coded decimal (BCD).

In 1958, Convair finally started to build a demonstration system to solve radar fix–taking problems named CORDIC I, completed in 1960 without Volder, who had left the company already. More universal CORDIC II models A (stationary) and B (airborne) were built and tested by Daggett and Harry Schuss in 1962.

Volder's CORDIC algorithm was first described in public in 1959,    which caused it to be incorporated into navigation computers by companies including Martin-Orlando, Computer Control, Litton, Kearfott, Lear-Siegler, Sperry, Raytheon, and Collins Radio.

Volder teamed up with Malcolm McMillan to build Athena, a fixed-point desktop calculator utilizing his binary CORDIC algorithm. The design was introduced to Hewlett-Packard in June 1965, but not accepted. Still, McMillan introduced David S. Cochran (HP) to Volder's algorithm and when Cochran later met Volder he referred him to a similar approach John E. Meggitt (IBM ) had proposed as pseudo-multiplication and pseudo-division in 1961. Meggitt's method also suggested the use of base 10 rather than base 2, as used by Volder's CORDIC so far. These efforts led to the ROMable logic implementation of a decimal CORDIC prototype machine inside of Hewlett-Packard in 1966, built by and conceptually derived from Thomas E. Osborne's prototypical Green Machine, a four-function, floating-point desktop calculator he had completed in DTL logic in December 1964. This project resulted in the public demonstration of Hewlett-Packard's first desktop calculator with scientific functions, the HP 9100A in March 1968, with series production starting later that year.

When Wang Laboratories found that the HP 9100A used an approach similar to the factor combining method in their earlier LOCI-1 (September 1964) and LOCI-2 (January 1965) Logarithmic Computing Instrument desktop calculators, they unsuccessfully accused Hewlett-Packard of infringement of one of An Wang's patents in 1968.

John Stephen Walther at Hewlett-Packard generalized the algorithm into the Unified CORDIC algorithm in 1971, allowing it to calculate hyperbolic functions, natural exponentials, natural logarithms, multiplications, divisions, and square roots. The CORDIC subroutines for trigonometric and hyperbolic functions could share most of their code. This development resulted in the first scientific handheld calculator, the HP-35 in 1972. Based on hyperbolic CORDIC, Yuanyong Luo et al. further proposed a Generalized Hyperbolic CORDIC (GH CORDIC) to directly compute logarithms and exponentials with an arbitrary fixed base in 2019. Theoretically, Hyperbolic CORDIC is a special case of GH CORDIC.

Originally, CORDIC was implemented only using the binary numeral system and despite Meggitt suggesting the use of the decimal system for his pseudo-multiplication approach, decimal CORDIC continued to remain mostly unheard of for several more years, so that Hermann Schmid and Anthony Bogacki still suggested it as a novelty as late as 1973    and it was found only later that Hewlett-Packard had implemented it in 1966 already.

Decimal CORDIC became widely used in pocket calculators, most of which operate in binary-coded decimal (BCD) rather than binary. This change in the input and output format did not alter CORDIC's core calculation algorithms. CORDIC is particularly well-suited for handheld calculators, in which low cost – and thus low chip gate count – is much more important than speed.

CORDIC has been implemented in the ARM-based STM32G4, Intel 8087,    80287,  80387  up to the 80486 coprocessor series as well as in the Motorola 68881  and 68882 for some kinds of floating-point instructions, mainly as a way to reduce the gate counts (and complexity) of the FPU sub-system.

Applications
CORDIC uses simple shift-add operations for several computing tasks such as the calculation of trigonometric, hyperbolic and logarithmic functions, real and complex multiplications, division, square-root calculation, solution of linear systems, eigenvalue estimation, singular value decomposition, QR factorization and many others. As a consequence, CORDIC has been used for applications in diverse areas such as signal and image processing, communication systems, robotics and 3D graphics apart from general scientific and technical computation.

Hardware
The algorithm was used in the navigational system of the Apollo program's Lunar Roving Vehicle to compute bearing and range, or distance from the Lunar module. CORDIC was used to implement the Intel 8087 math coprocessor in 1980, avoiding the need to implement hardware multiplication.

CORDIC is generally faster than other approaches when a hardware multiplier is not available (e.g., a microcontroller), or when the number of gates required to implement the functions it supports should be minimized (e.g., in an FPGA or ASIC). In fact, CORDIC is a standard drop-in IP in FPGA development applications such as Vivado for Xilinx, while a power series implementation is not due to the specificity of such an IP, i.e. CORDIC can compute many different functions (general purpose) while a hardware multiplier configured to execute power series implementations can only compute the function it was designed for.

On the other hand, when a hardware multiplier is available (e.g., in a DSP microprocessor), table-lookup methods and power series are generally faster than CORDIC. In recent years, the CORDIC algorithm has been used extensively for various biomedical applications, especially in FPGA implementations.

The STM32G4 series and certain STM32H7 series of MCUs implement a CORDIC module to accelerate computations in various mixed signal applications such as graphics for human-machine interface and field oriented control of motors. While not as fast as a power series approximation, CORDIC is indeed faster than interpolating table based implementations such as the ones provided by the ARM CMSIS and C standard libraries. Though the results may be slightly less accurate as the CORDIC modules provided only achieve 20 bits of precision in the result. For example, most of the performance difference compared to the ARM implementation is due to the overhead of the interpolation algorithm, which achieves full floating point precision (24 bits) and can likely achieve relative error to that precision. Another benefit is that the CORDIC module is a coprocessor and can be run in parallel with other CPU tasks.

The issue with using Taylor series is that while they do provide small absolute error, they do not exhibit well behaved relative error. Other means of polynomial approximation, such as minimax optimization, may be used to control both kinds of error.

Software
Many older systems with integer-only CPUs have implemented CORDIC to varying extents as part of their IEEE floating-point libraries. As most modern general-purpose CPUs have floating-point registers with common operations such as add, subtract, multiply, divide, sine, cosine, square root, log10, natural log, the need to implement CORDIC in them with software is nearly non-existent. Only microcontroller or special safety and time-constrained software applications would need to consider using CORDIC.

Rotation mode
CORDIC can be used to calculate a number of different functions. This explanation shows how to use CORDIC in rotation mode to calculate the sine and cosine of an angle, assuming that the desired angle is given in radians and represented in a fixed-point format. To determine the sine or cosine for an angle $$\beta$$, the y or x coordinate of a point on the unit circle corresponding to the desired angle must be found. Using CORDIC, one would start with the vector $$v_0$$:

 * $$v_0 = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}.$$

In the first iteration, this vector is rotated 45° counterclockwise to get the vector $$v_1$$. Successive iterations rotate the vector in one or the other direction by size-decreasing steps, until the desired angle has been achieved. Each step angle is $$\gamma_i = \arctan{(2^{-i})}$$ for $$i = 0, 1, 2, \dots$$.

More formally, every iteration calculates a rotation, which is performed by multiplying the vector $$v_i$$ with the rotation matrix $$R_{i}$$:

 * $$v_{i+1} = R_i v_i.$$

The rotation matrix is given by

 * $$R_i = \begin{bmatrix}

\cos(\gamma_i) & -\sin(\gamma_i) \\ \sin(\gamma_i) & \cos(\gamma_i) \end{bmatrix}.$$

Using the trigonometric identity:

 * $$\begin{align}

\tan(\gamma_i) &\equiv \frac{\sin(\gamma_i)}{\cos(\gamma_i)}, \end{align}$$

the cosine factor can be taken out to give:

 * $$R_i = \cos(\gamma_i) \begin{bmatrix}

1 & -\tan(\gamma_i) \\ \tan(\gamma_i) & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$$

The expression for the rotated vector $$v_{i+1} = R_i v_i$$ then becomes:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix}

x_{i+1} \\ y_{i+1} \end{bmatrix} = \cos(\gamma_i) \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -\tan(\gamma_i) \\ \tan(\gamma_i) & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_i \\ y_i \end{bmatrix},$$

where $$x_i$$ and $$y_i$$ are the components of $$v_i$$. Setting the angle $$\gamma_i$$ for each iteration such that $$\tan(\gamma_i) = \pm 2^{-i}$$ still yields a series that converges to every possible output value. The multiplication with the tangent can therefore be replaced by a division by a power of two, which is efficiently done in digital computer hardware using a bit shift. The expression then becomes:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix}

x_{i+1} \\ y_{i+1} \end{bmatrix} = \cos(\arctan(2^{-i})) \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -\sigma_i 2^{-i} \\ \sigma_i 2^{-i} & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_i \\ y_i \end{bmatrix},$$

and $$\sigma_i$$ is used to determine the direction of the rotation: if the angle $$\gamma_i$$ is positive, then $$\sigma_i$$ is +1, otherwise it is −1.

The following trigonometric identity can be used to replace the cosine:

 * $$\cos(\gamma_i) \equiv \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \tan^2{\gamma_i}}}$$,

giving this multiplier for each iteration:

 * $$K_i = \cos(2^{-i}) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + 2^{-2i}}}.$$

The $$K_i$$ factors can then be taken out of the iterative process and applied all at once afterwards with a scaling factor $$K(n)$$:

 * $$K(n) = \prod_{i=0}^{n-1} K_i = \prod_{i=0}^{n-1} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + 2^{-2i}}},$$

which is calculated in advance and stored in a table or as a single constant, if the number of iterations is fixed. This correction could also be made in advance, by scaling $$v_0$$ and hence saving a multiplication. Additionally, it can be noted that

 * $$K = \lim_{n \to \infty} K(n) \approx 0.6072529350088812561694$$

to allow further reduction of the algorithm's complexity. Some applications may avoid correcting for $$K$$ altogether, resulting in a processing gain $$A$$:

 * $$A = \frac{1}{K} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \prod_{i=0}^{n-1} \sqrt{1 + 2^{-2i}} \approx 1.64676025812107.$$

After a sufficient number of iterations, the vector's angle will be close to the wanted angle $$\beta$$. For most ordinary purposes, 40 iterations (n = 40) are sufficient to obtain the correct result to the 10th decimal place.

The only task left is to determine whether the rotation should be clockwise or counterclockwise at each iteration (choosing the value of $$\sigma$$). This is done by keeping track of how much the angle was rotated at each iteration and subtracting that from the wanted angle; then in order to get closer to the wanted angle $$\beta$$, if $$\beta_{n+1}$$ is positive, the rotation is clockwise, otherwise it is negative and the rotation is counterclockwise:

 * $$\beta_0 = \beta $$

 * $$\beta_{i+1} = \beta_i - \sigma_i \gamma_i, \quad \gamma_i = \arctan(2^{-i}).$$

The values of $$\gamma_n$$ must also be precomputed and stored. For small angles it can be approximated with $$\arctan(\gamma_n) \approx \gamma_n$$ to reduce the table size.

As can be seen in the illustration above, the sine of the angle $$\beta$$ is the y coordinate of the final vector $$v_n,$$ while the x coordinate is the cosine value.

Vectoring mode
The rotation-mode algorithm described above can rotate any vector (not only a unit vector aligned along the x axis) by an angle between −90° and +90°. Decisions on the direction of the rotation depend on $$\beta_i$$ being positive or negative.

The vectoring-mode of operation requires a slight modification of the algorithm. It starts with a vector whose x coordinate is positive whereas the y coordinate is arbitrary. Successive rotations have the goal of rotating the vector to the x axis (and therefore reducing the y coordinate to zero). At each step, the value of y determines the direction of the rotation. The final value of $$\beta_i$$ contains the total angle of rotation. The final value of x will be the magnitude of the original vector scaled by K. So, an obvious use of the vectoring mode is the transformation from rectangular to polar coordinates.

Implementation
In Java the Math class has a  method to perform such a shift, C has the ldexp function, and the x86 class of processors have the   floating point operation.

Hardware example
The number of logic gates for the implementation of a CORDIC is roughly comparable to the number required for a multiplier as both require combinations of shifts and additions. The choice for a multiplier-based or CORDIC-based implementation will depend on the context. The multiplication of two complex numbers represented by their real and imaginary components (rectangular coordinates), for example, requires 4 multiplications, but could be realized by a single CORDIC operating on complex numbers represented by their polar coordinates, especially if the magnitude of the numbers is not relevant (multiplying a complex vector with a vector on the unit circle actually amounts to a rotation). CORDICs are often used in circuits for telecommunications such as digital down converters.

Double iterations CORDIC
In two of the publications by Vladimir Baykov, it was proposed to use the double iterations method for the implementation of the functions: arcsine, arccosine, natural logarithm, exponential function, as well as for the calculation of the hyperbolic functions. Double iterations method consists in the fact that unlike the classical CORDIC method, where the iteration step value changes every time, i.e. on each iteration, in the double iteration method, the iteration step value is repeated twice and changes only through one iteration. Hence the designation for the degree indicator for double iterations appeared: $$i = 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2\dots$$. Whereas with ordinary iterations: $$i = 0, 1, 2\dots$$. The double iteration method guarantees the convergence of the method throughout the valid range of argument changes.

The generalization of the CORDIC convergence problems for the arbitrary positional number system with radix $$R$$ showed that for the functions sine, cosine, arctangent, it is enough to perform $$R - 1$$ iterations for each value of i (i = 0 or 1 to n, where n is the number of digits), i.e. for each digit of the result. For the natural logarithm, exponential, hyperbolic sine, cosine and arctangent, $$R$$ iterations should be performed for each value $$i$$. For the functions arcsine and arccosine, two $$R - 1$$ iterations should be performed for each number digit, i.e. for each value of $$i$$.

For inverse hyperbolic sine and arcosine functions, the number of iterations will be $$2R$$ for each $$i$$, that is, for each result digit.

Related algorithms
CORDIC is part of the class of "shift-and-add" algorithms, as are the logarithm and exponential algorithms derived from Henry Briggs' work. Another shift-and-add algorithm which can be used for computing many elementary functions is the BKM algorithm, which is a generalization of the logarithm and exponential algorithms to the complex plane. For instance, BKM can be used to compute the sine and cosine of a real angle $$x$$ (in radians) by computing the exponential of $$0+ix$$, which is $\operatorname{cis}(x) = \cos(x) + i \sin(x)$. The BKM algorithm is slightly more complex than CORDIC, but has the advantage that it does not need a scaling factor (K).

title: CORDIC


text: User talk:213.240.6.7

title: User talk:213.240.6.7


text:
Shinjū

Shinjū (心中) is a Japanese term meaning "double suicide", used in common parlance to refer to any group suicide of two or more individuals bound by love, typically lovers, parents and children, and even whole families. A double suicide without consent is called and it is considered as a sort of murder–suicide.

Lovers committing double suicide believed that they would be united again in heaven, a view supported by feudal teaching in Edo period Japan, which taught that the bond between two lovers is continued into the next world, and by the teaching of Pure Land Buddhism wherein it is believed that through double suicide, one can approach rebirth in the Pure Land.

Etymology
The word shinjū is formed by the characters for "mind/heart" (心) and "center/inside" (中). In this usage it literally means "heart-inside" or "oneness of hearts", probably reflecting a psychological link between the participants.

In popular culture
In Japanese theater and literary tradition, double suicides are the simultaneous suicides of two lovers whose personal feelings (人情) or love for one another are at odds with giri, social conventions or familial obligations. Double suicides were rather common in Japan throughout history and double suicide is an important theme of the puppet theater repertory. The tragic denouement is usually known to the audience and is preceded by a michiyuki, a small poetical journey, where lovers evoke the happier moments of their lives and their attempts at loving each other.

The term plays a central role in works such as Shinjū Ten no Amijima (The Love Suicides at Amijima), written by the seventeenth-century tragedian Chikamatsu Monzaemon for the bunraku puppet theater. It would later be adapted as a film in 1969 under the title Double Suicide in English, in a modernist adaptation by the filmmaker Masahiro Shinoda, including a score by Toru Takemitsu.

In the preface for Donald Keene's book Bunraku, writer Jun'ichirō Tanizaki complained about the too-long endings known to be common in double suicide plays. In his novel Some Prefer Nettles, he parodies the notion of shinjū and gives it a social and sensual double suicide with no clear ending.

title: Shinjū


text:
1992 NHL entry draft

The 1992 NHL Entry Draft was the 30th NHL Entry Draft. It was held on June 20 at the Montreal Forum in Montreal, Quebec. A total of 264 players were drafted.

The last active player in the NHL from this draft class was Sergei Gonchar, who retired after the 2014–15 season.

Selections by round
Club teams are located in North America unless otherwise noted.

Round one

 * 1)  Toronto's' first-round pick went to the Islanders as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992 that sent the Islanders' first and second-round picks in the 1992 Entry Draft to Toronto in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  The Islanders's' first-round pick went to Toronto as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992 that sent Toronto' first-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft to the Islanders in exchange for the Islanders' second-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 3)  Minnesota's' first-round pick went to San Jose as the result of a trade on May 31, 1991 that sent future considerations (San Jose's promised to Minnesota not to draft Mike Craig in the 1991 NHL Dispersal Draft) to Minnesota in exchange for Minnesota's second-round pick in the 1991 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 4)  Winnipeg's first-round pick went to Chicago as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992, that sent Chicago's first (# 17 overall) and second-round (# 27 overall) picks in the 1992 Entry Draft to Winnipeg in exchange for Winnipeg's second-round pick (# 12 overall) in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 5)  Washington acquired this pick with first-round picks in the 1991 Entry Draft, 1993 Entry Draft, 1994 Entry Draft and 1995 Entry Draft as compensation on July 16, 1990 after St. Louis signed free agent Scott Stevens.
 * 6)  Pittsburgh's first-round pick went to Philadelphia as the result of a trade on February 19, 1992 that sent Kjell Samuelsson, Rick Tocchet, Ken Wregget and Philadelphia's third-round pick in the  1993 Entry Draft to Pittsburgh in exchange for Brian Benning, Mark Recchi and this pick.
 * Pittsburgh previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade with Los Angeles on February 19, 1992 that sent Paul Coffey to Los Angeles in exchange for Brian Benning, Jeff Chychrun and this pick.
 * 1)  Chicago's first-round pick went to Winnipeg as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992, that sent Winnipeg's first (# 12 overall) and second-round (# 36 overall) picks in the 1992 Entry Draft to Chicago in exchange for Chicago's second-round pick (# 27 overall) in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 2)  Washington's' first-round pick went to Toronto as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992 that sent Toronto' second and third-round picks in the 1992 Entry Draft with a  fourth-round pick in the 1993 Entry Draft to Washington in exchange for Washington's fourth-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.

Round two

 * 1)  Chicago's second-round pick went to Winnipeg as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992, that sent Winnipeg's first (# 12 overall) and second-round (# 36 overall) picks in the 1992 Entry Draft to Chicago in exchange for Chicago's first-round pick (# 17 overall) in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * Chicago previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade with San Jose on September 9, 1991 that sent Doug Wilson to San Jose in exchange for Kerry Toporowski and this pick.
 * 1)  Toronto's second-round pick went to Quebec as the result of a trade on November 17, 1990 that sent Aaron Broten, Lucien DeBlois and Michel Petit to Toronto in exchange for Scott Pearson, Toronto's second-round pick in the 1991 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 2)  Toronto's second-round pick went to Washington as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992 that sent Washington's first and fourth-round picks in the 1992 Entry Draft to Toronto in exchange for Toronto's third-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft, a fourth-round pick in the 1993 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * Toronto previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade with the Islanders on June 20, 1992 that sent Toronto' first-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft to the Islanders in exchange for the Islanders' first-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 1)  Boston's second-round pick went to Vancouver as the result of a trade on January 16, 1991 that sent Petri Skriko to Boston in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  Winnipeg's second-round pick went to Chicago as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992, that sent Chicago's first (# 17 overall) and second-round (# 27 overall) picks in the 1992 Entry Draft to Winnipeg in exchange for Winnipeg's first-round pick (# 12 overall) in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 3)  Hartford's second-round pick went to Montreal as the result of a trade on September 17, 1991 that sent Andrew Cassels to Hartford in exchange for this pick.
 * 4)  Washington's second-round pick went to Hartford as the result of a trade on September 8, 1991 that sent Sylvain Cote to Washington in exchange for this pick.

Round three

 * 1)  Toronto's third-round pick went to Washington as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992 that sent Washington's first and fourth-round picks in the 1992 Entry Draft to Toronto in exchange for Toronto's second-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft, a fourth-round pick in the 1993 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 2)  Philadelphia's third-round pick went to Boston as the result of a trade on January 2, 1992 that sent Garry Galley, Wes Walz and Boston's third-round pick in the 1993 Entry Draft to Philadelphia in exchange for Brian Dobbin, Gord Murphy, Philadelphia's fourth-round pick in the 1993 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 3)  Chicago's third-round pick went to Edmonton as the result of a trade on October 2, 1991 that sent Steve Smith to Chicago in exchange for Dave Manson and this pick.

Round four

 * 1)  Philadelphia's fourth-round pick went to Hartford as the result of a trade on November 13, 1991 that sent Kevin Dineen to Philadelphia in exchange for Murray Craven and this pick.
 * 2)  The Islanders' fourth-round pick went to Buffalo as the result of a trade on October 25, 1991 that sent Benoit Hogue, Uwe Krupp, Dave McLlwain and Pierre Turgeon to the Islanders in exchange for Randy Hillier, Pat LaFontaine, Randy Wood and this pick.
 * 3)  Minnesota's fourth-round pick went to Montreal as the result of a trade on August 7, 1990 that sent Bobby Smith to Minnesota in exchange for this pick.
 * 4)  Edmonton's fourth-round pick went to the Rangers as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992, that sent the Rangers' fourth-round (# 96 overall) and eighth-round (# 190 overall) picks in the 1992 Entry Draft to the Edmonton in exchange for this pick.
 * 5)  Boston's fourth-round pick went to Minnesota as the result of a trade on August 21, 1990 that sent Ken Hodge Jr. to Boston in exchange for this pick.
 * 6)  Detroit's fourth-round pick went to New Jersey as the result of a trade on November 27, 1990 that sent Paul Ysebaert to Detroit in exchange for Lee Norwood and this pick.
 * 7)  Washington's' fourth-round pick went to Toronto as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992 that sent Toronto' second and third-round picks in the 1992 Entry Draft with a fourth-round pick in the 1993 Entry Draft to Washington in exchange for Washington's first-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 8)  The Rangers' fourth-round pick went to Edmonton as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992, that sent Edmonton's fourth-round (# 85 overall) pick in the 1992 Entry Draft to the Rangers in exchange for the Rangers' eighth-round pick (# 190 overall) in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.

Round five

 * 1)  Hartford's fifth-round pick went to the Islanders as the result of a trade on October 30, 1990 that sent Marc Bergevin to Hartford in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  Buffalo's fifth-round pick went to Toronto as the result of a trade on March 10, 1992 that sent Dave Hannan to Buffalo in exchange for this pick.
 * Buffalo previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade with Minnesota on May 26, 1991 that sent that sent Darcy Wakaluk to Minnesota in exchange for Buffalo's eighth-round pick in the 1991 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 1)  Winnipeg's fifth-round pick went to Buffalo as the result of a trade on October 11, 1991 that sent Mike Hartman, Dean Kennedy and Darrin Shannon to Winnipeg in exchange for Gord Donnelly, Dave McLlwain, cash and this pick.
 * 2)  St. Louis' fifth-round pick went to Vancouver as the result of a trade on March 5, 1991 that sent Garth Butcher and Dan Quinn to St. Louis in exchange for Geoff Courtnall, Robert Dirk, Sergio Momesso, Cliff Ronning and this pick.

Round six

 * 1)  Hartford's sixth-round pick went to Calgary as the result of a trade on August 26, 1991 that sent Paul Fenton to Hartford in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  Edmonton's sixth-round pick went to Boston as the result of a trade on September 11, 1991 that sent Norm Foster to Edmonton in exchange for this pick.
 * 3)  Washington's sixth-round pick went to Hartford as the result of a trade on October 1, 1990 that sent Dave Tippett to Washington in exchange for this pick.

Round seven

 * 1)  Buffalo's seventh-round pick went to Winnipeg as the result of a trade on June 22, 1991 that sent Tom Draper to Buffalo in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  Los Angeles' seventh-round pick went to the Islanders as the result of a trade on February 18, 1992 that sent Steve Weeks to Los Angeles in exchange for this pick.

Round eight

 * 1)  Winnipeg's eighth-round pick went to St. Louis as the result of a trade on November 26, 1991 that sent Mario Marois to Winnipeg in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  Los Angeles' eighth-round pick went to Detroit as the result of a trade on August 15, 1990 that sent Shawn McCosh to Los Angeles in exchange for this pick.
 * 3)  San Jose' eighth-round pick went to Detroit as the result of a trade on March 9, 1992 that sent Johan Garpenlov to San Jose in exchange for Bob McGill and this pick.
 * San Jose previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on March 9, 1991 that sent Ken Hammond to Vancouver in exchange for this pick.
 * 1)  The Rangers' eighth-round pick went to Edmonton as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992 that sent Edmonton's fourth-round (# 85 overall) pick in the 1992 Entry Draft to the Rangers in exchange for the Rangers' fourth-round pick (# 96 overall) in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * The Rangers previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on December 26, 1991 that sent Greg Millen to Detroit in exchange for this pick.

Round ten

 * 1)  Edmonton's tenth-round pick went to Winnipeg as the result of a trade on June 12, 1991 that sent Winnipeg's fifth-round pick in the 1991 Entry Draft to Edmonton in exchange for John LeBlanc and this pick.

Round eleven

 * 1)  St. Louis' eleventh-round pick went to Winnipeg as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992 that sent Winnipeg's eleventh-round pick in the 1993 Entry Draft to St. Louis in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  Chicago's eleventh-round pick went to Boston as the result of a trade on January 8, 1992 that sent Steve Bancroft and Boston's eleventh-round pick in the 1993 Entry Draft to Chicago in exchange for this pick.
 * 3)  Pittsburgh's eleventh-round pick went to St. Louis as the result of a trade on October 2, 1990 that sent Gordie Roberts to Pittsburgh in exchange for this pick.
 * 4)  The Rangers' eleventh-round pick went to Ottawa as the result of a trade on June 20, 1992 that sent Ottawa's eleventh-round pick in the 1993 Entry Draft to the Rangers in exchange for this pick.

title: 1992 NHL entry draft


text:
Talk:Pearl necklace

Mammary intercourse link removed
There is no essential connection between the sexual act of creating a pearl necklace (ejaculating on another person's neck) and mammary intercourse. Mammary intercourse, if not done to completion, will not result in a pearl necklace being made. Even done to climax, if the woman's breasts are quit large and firmly sqeezed together, none of the semen from the ejaculation may be deposited on her neck, but will remain below the intermammary sulcus. And a pearl necklace can be made maturbating at a womans neck or by withdrawing from another sexual activity with just enough time to position ones self to ejaculate on the neck. A separate article "pearl necklace (sexuality)" should be used to refer to the association between mammary intercourse and the pearl necklace. A new article would clear up this confusion. --Sneezy-pantz 05:47, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

The pearl necklace is often viewed as a marking of a man's territory. To release a "gift" of a pearl necklace through orgasm is thought to be a method of conquering. In addition, the allowance of receiving the sticky gift- expelled aggressively on the neck-is considered an act of acceptance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:B8F6:A120:746A:F36E:3203:1142 (talk) 20:14, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

Other Terms?
And... what are the other terms when the semen is on the breasts rather than the neck or face in the end ?

SweetLittleFluffyThing 21:30, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

as

Bias
"The greatest trio of unsung musical revolutionaries of our generation"? Does this not sound biased? Irunwithscissors 01:23, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Pearl necklace (sexuality)
Might I inquire why Pearl necklace (sexuality) isn't linked on this particular disambiguation page? 87.234.117.25 21:28, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pearl necklace


text:
Siege of Rhodes (305–304 BC)

The Siege of Rhodes in 305–304 BC was one of the most notable sieges of antiquity, when Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus I, besieged Rhodes in an attempt to make it abandon its neutrality and end its close relationship with Ptolemy I.

The attempt ultimately proved unsuccessful, but the scale of the siege, along with the logistical, strategic, and engineering efforts of Demetrius Poliorcetes, cemented his reputation as a military engineer and city conqueror. The significant defense mounted by the Rhodians was also noted by the sources, and thus the siege gradually established itself, within Greek and Roman antiquity, as one of the most notable sieges of their shared past.

To celebrate their victory, the Rhodians erected the Colossus of Rhodes, usually considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Background
The island of Rhodes was a mercantile republic with a large navy which controlled the entrance to the Aegean Sea. Rhodes maintained treaties of neutrality with other empires to protect trade. However, they had a close relationship with Ptolemy I and Demetrius was worried Rhodes would supply him with ships. Demetrius also saw the possibility of Rhodes being used as a base of operations. The decision to lay siege to Rhodes was influenced by these fears but it was also effectively a piratical enterprise by Demetrius. Much of the Greek world, regardless of whether they were allies of Demetrius or not, apparently also viewed the siege as a pirate attack and sympathized with the Rhodians, and this attitude existed even in Macedonia.

Demetrius brought an army of roughly 40,000 men, whilst the Rhodians had a force of 6,000 citizens, 1000 metics and aliens, and an unspecified number of slaves, whom the Rhodians promised to buy and free from their masters if they proved themselves in battle.

Along with a fighting fleet of 200 ships and 150 auxiliary vessels, Demetrius also enlisted the aid of many pirate fleets. Over 1,000 private trading vessels followed his fleets in anticipation of the plunder his successes would bring. Diodorus Siculus reports that the whole strait between Rhodes and the mainland was filled by Demetrius’ armada.

Siege
The city and main harbor of Rhodes was strongly fortified and Demetrius was unable to prevent supply ships from running his blockade, so capturing the harbor was his main objective. He first built his own harbor alongside the original and constructed a mole from which he deployed a floating boom, but Demetrius ultimately never succeeded in taking the harbor. Meanwhile, his army ravaged the island and built a huge camp next to the city, but just out of missile range. Early in the siege the walls were breached and a number of troops entered the city but they were all killed and Demetrius didn't press the attack. The walls were subsequently repaired.

Both sides used many technical devices during the siege such as mines and counter-mines and various siege engines. Demetrius even built the now notable siege tower, known as the Helepolis, in his attempt to take the city.

The citizens of Rhodes were successful in resisting Demetrius; after one year he abandoned the siege and signed a peace agreement (304 BC) which Demetrius presented as a victory because Rhodes agreed to remain neutral in his war with Ptolemy (Egypt). The unpopularity of the siege may have been a factor in its abandonment after only one year.

Several years later the Helepolis, which had been abandoned, had its metal plating melted down and - along with the money from selling the remains of the siege engines and equipment left behind by Demetrius - was used to erect a statue of their sun god, Helios, now known as the Colossus of Rhodes, to commemorate their heroic resistance.

Popular culture
L. Sprague de Camp used the siege and the building of the Colossus in one of his historical novels, The Bronze God of Rhodes.

Alfred Duggan's novel on the life of Demetrius, Elephants and Castles, also covers the siege.

The fifth novel in Christian Cameron's Tyrant series, Destroyer of Cities, features the siege of Rhodes.

Emma Lazarus wrote a poem contrasting the Statue of Liberty to Colossus titled The New Colossus.

title: Siege of Rhodes (305–304 BC)


text:
Federation of Liberals

The Federation of Liberals (Federazione dei Liberali, FdL) was a minor liberal political party in Italy.

The party was founded on 6 February 1994 as the legal successor of the Italian Liberal Party (PLI): Alfredo Biondi, incumbent president of the PLI, was elected president and Raffaello Morelli coordinator. In the 1994 general election most FdL members supported Patto Segni, while Biondi (and some of the Liberals gathered in the Union of the Centre) were elected with Forza Italia. The FdL failed to file lists for the subsequent European Parliament election.

In 1995 the party was joined by the Liberal Democratic Union, whose leader Valerio Zanone was elected president, replacing Antonio Baslini.

In the 1996 general election Zanone and Morelli sided the FdL with The Olive Tree and, more specifically, with Democratic Union. In the 1999 European Parliament election the party formed a joint list with the Italian Republican Party. In both cases no Liberals were elected.

In the 2001 general election the FdL sided with Democracy is Freedom (DL). Zanone, a keen supporter of that alliance, joined DL's national board in 2002 and was elected to the Senate in the 2006 general election,  while Morelli was more critical. The majority of the party sided with the latter, but the final fracture with Zanone happened only in 2005. In the meantime, in the 2004 European Parliament election the FdL had formed joint lists with the Federation of Liberal Democrats.

After that, the party, which is still active and more recently took part in European Choice for the 2014 European Parliament election, has suffered a steady decline.

Leadership

 * President: Alfredo Biondi (1994), Antonio Baslini (1994–1995), Valerio Zanone (1995–2004), Raffaello Morelli (2005–c.2014)
 * Coordinator/Secretary: Raffello Morelli (1994–2005)

title: Federation of Liberals


text:
Category:Automotive technologies

This category refers to technologies commonly found in cars. Many of these technologies also have other applications.

title: Category:Automotive technologies


text:
Italy of Values

Italy of Values (Italia dei Valori, IdV) is a populist and anti-corruption political party in Italy. The party was founded in 1998 by former Mani pulite prosecutor Antonio Di Pietro, who entered politics in 1996 and finally left the party in 2014. IdV has aimed at gathering and giving voice to different sectors of the Italian society. From the beginning of its existence one of its major issues has been the so-called "moral issue". In the early 2010s, IdV was eclipsed by the new-born Five Star Movement, founded by comedian Beppe Grillo, which used the same populist and anti-corruption rhetoric.

Background and formation (1996–2001)
Antonio Di Pietro was minister of Public Works in the Prodi I Cabinet from May to November 1996, when he resigned because he was under investigation in Brescia. In November 1997 Di Pietro was elected senator for The Olive Tree in a by-election in Mugello, a stronghold of the Democrats of the Left (DS) in Tuscany, with 67.7% of the vote, much more than centre-right independent Giuliano Ferrara (16.1%) and Communist Sandro Curzi (13.0%).

In March 1998, Di Pietro established Italy of Values (IdV), alongside Willer Bordon of the Democratic Union and Rino Piscitello and Franco Danieli of The Network, led by Leoluca Orlando (a future IdV member).

In February 1999, Di Pietro integrated IdV into The Democrats, a new centrist party founded by Romano Prodi with the goal of transforming The Olive Tree coalition in a single "Democratic" party. In the 1999 European Parliament election The Democrats scored 7.7% and Di Pietro was elected MEP. He was also appointed organisational secretary and Senate floor leader of the party. In April 2000, Di Pietro abruptly left in opposition to the appointment of Giuliano Amato, a long-time member of the Italian Socialist Party (which was the main subject of investigation of Di Pietro as prosecutor), as Prime Minister of Italy after the resignation of Massimo D'Alema. Shortly afterwards, Di Pietro set up IdV again.

IdV took part to the 2001 general election as a stand-alone party on a populist platform, which included tough management of illegal immigration and protest against waste of public money. IdV's campaign was focused principally against Silvio Berlusconi, who was the candidate for Prime Minister of the House of Freedoms (CdL) centre-right coalition. IdV won 3.9% in the election, 0.1% short of the 4% threshold, and obtained no seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The party elected one senator, Valerio Carrara, but, after a few days from the election, he surprisingly switched to Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI) party, leaving IdV without parliamentary representation for the next five years.

From isolation to electoral success (2001–2009)
In the 2004 European Parliament election Di Pietro teamed up with Achille Occhetto, a former leader of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), under the banner "Civil Society Di Pietro–Occhetto". The electoral list gained 2.1% of the national vote and both men were elected MEPs. After the election, Occhetto immediately renounced to his seat and was replaced by Giulietto Chiesa, a communist journalist, who sat with the Party of European Socialists Group.

In 2005 IdV joined The Union, a new centre-left coalition led by Prodi, who won the primary election with 74.2% of the vote, defeating also Di Pietro (3.3%). In early 2006 Leoluca Orlando, former mayor of Palermo, some splinters from the Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEUR), including Pino Pisicchio and Egidio Pedrini, and former DS such as Fabio Evangelisti and Federico Palomba, joined the party, in an effort of broadening its electoral base.

The Union narrowly won the 2006 general election, IdV scored a mere 2.1% and Di Pietro was sworn in as Minister of Infrastructures in the Prodi II Cabinet.

After the fall of Prodi's government, Di Pietro formed an alliance with the Democratic Party (PD) for the 2008 general election. The coalition was defeated by Berlusconi's centre-right, but IdV obtained 4.4% of the vote, 29 deputies and 14 senators. Following the election, IdV formed its own groups in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, instead of joining the Democrats in a joint group as promised, and started a competition with its main ally. In October 2008, Veltroni, who distanced from Di Pietro many times, declared that "on some issues he [Di Pietro] is distant from the democratic language of the centre-left"; however, the PD decided to support Carlo Costantini (IdV) in the 2008 regional election in Abruzzo. Costantini was defeated, but in the event IdV came close to the PD (15.0%–19.6%).

In the 2009 European Parliament election the list got 8.0% of the national vote, quadrupling the votes obtained five years before and gaining 7 seats. In the run-up for the election Di Pietro recruited to run in IdV lists Pino Arlacchi, a former senator for the DS, Gianni Vattimo, a left-wing philosopher, Maurizio Zipponi, a former trade unionist and deputy of the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), and Luigi de Magistris, a left-wing former prosecutor of Catanzaro who inquired Romano Prodi. Arlacchi, De Magistris and Vattimo were all elected to the European Parliament. From the results of the European election, IdV was the fourth largest party in the country.

Following these results, Di Pietro said that IdV "will remove his name from the symbol of the party, in order to build something larger, more useful and that represents something more important". He also said that "we need to become a great progressive party that supports a proposal for a credible government". The party's executive decided not to remove the name of its founder, considering that name still too important for the party.

Populist turn and discontents (2009–2013)
Since de Magistris's strong showing in the 2009 European election there was talk of an underground row between him and Di Pietro for the leadership of the party. Moreover, as some members of the party were entailed with corruption charges, others like Francesco Barbato urged Di Pietro to be more earnest in cleaning up the party. De Magistris, keen on aligning the party with the far left and the most radical groups in opposition to Berlusconi, dubbed Di Pietro as too moderate and denounced that the party "risks of becoming the DC of the third millennium". While the party's grassroots supported a change of leadership and de Magistris initially did not rule this out, the party's old guard (Silvana Mura, Massimo Donadi, Felice Belisario, Luigi Li Gotti and Leoluca Orlando) staunchly defended the leader. Finally an agreement was reached between the two: during 5–7 February 2010 party congress de Magistris would support Di Pietro in exchange of a leading role in the party. In any event Di Pietro was re-elected as party president unopposed, while de Magistris did not become party secretary as he wanted.

The populist course taken by the party, that enforced its co-operation with the far left, and the emergence of more "extreme" figures like de Magistris led Pino Pisicchio and his centrist faction to leave the party in order to join Francesco Rutelli's Alliance for Italy (ApI) in November 2009. While leaving the party along with other three MPs, Pisicchio told the press that lining up IdV in the "antagonist camp" was a departure from its original nature of a "centrist party of liberal-democratic inspiration". Giuseppe Astore, a senator, offered similar views: "De Magistris is too far on the left for me ... . I want a reformist not an extremist party". In the summer of 2010 two MEPs, Arlacchi and Vincenzo Iovine, left IdV citing the lack of democracy in the party. Arlacchi, a former senator of the PDS, joined the PD, while Iovine, a former Christian Democrat, the ApI. In December two deputies, Antonio Razzi and Domenico Scilipoti, left the party in order to support Berlusconi's government.

In early 2011 IdV proposed three referendums. Thanks to its activists, the party was able to collect two million signatures among the Italian population in support of these referendums, which were concerned with the abrogation of the so-called legittimo impedimento (an Italian law which permits the Prime Minister to postpone potential trials if prosecuted by the judiciary), the abrogation of a law allowing the construction of nuclear power plants in Italy and the abrogation of a law allowing the privatisation of water management. The referendums took place in June 2011 and the "yes" prevailed in all three cases.

On 30 May 2011 de Magistris was elected mayor of Naples by a landslide. The IdV candidate, who had received just 27.5% of the vote in the first round (enough to beat the Democratic candidate off the second round), won a thumping 65.4% of the vote against the centre-right candidate in the run-off. This was a huge success for IdV and its main ally, the Federation of the Left, which together also gained the majority in the municipal council. On 21 May 2012 the party had another major electoral breakthrough when Leoluca Orlando was elected mayor of Palermo with 72.4% of the vote in a run-off. Both mayors would distance from IdV in a few years.

In October 2012 IdV came under pressure after some news inquiries reported obscurities in party finances, while suffering heavy losses in opinion polls due to the success of a new protest party led by comedian Beppe Grillo, the Five Star Movement (M5S). In an interview to Il Fatto Quotidiano, Di Pietro declared IdV "dead" and, foreseeing its exclusion from Parliament after the next election, stated that the party would fight from the outside and would endorse the M5S. Grillo proposed Di Pietro as President of the Republic, but ruled out any alliance between M5S and IdV. The interview caused unrest within party ranks and led to the exit of a "moderate" wing led by Massimo Donadi, who was replaced as floor leader in the Chamber by Antonio Borghesi. Donadi, along with other three deputies (Nello Formisano, Giovanni Paladini and Gaetano Porcino) and one senator (Stefano Pedica), launched Rights and Freedom (DL), which later joined the Democratic Centre (CD).

In October 2012, de Magistris quit the party and formed the Orange Movement (MA), which was joined by many IdV left-wingers. As soon as late December, both IdV and MA were founding components of Civil Revolution (RC), a far-left coalition led by Antonio Ingroia.

Decline and re-organisation (2013–present)
In the 2013 general election RC won a mere 2.2% of the vote and IdV was thus out of Parliament for the first time in almost ten years.

After RC's debacle, Di Pietro resigned from party president. On 13 May Di Pietro, on behalf of the party's executive, announced that the experience of RC was over for IdV and that the party would elect a new leader during a congress to be held in June. In the meantime, Leoluca Orlando, Felice Belisario, Carlo Costantini and other leading members of IdV left the party to launch the 139 Movement (139 being the number of the articles of the Italian Constitution).

In the 2014 European election, IdV received just 0.65% of the vote, losing the party's remaining representation in the European Parliament.

In the party congress, convened for 28–30 June, delegates chose the new leader, a secretary instead of a president, among five candidates: Antonio Borghesi, Matteo Castellarin, Ignazio Messina, Niccolò Rinaldi and Nicola Scalera. In the last ballot Messina was elected with 69.1% of the vote over Rinaldi, who had received the endorsements of Borghesi, Castellarin and Scalera. In October Di Pietro left the party altogether.

Since 2015 the party was joined by three senators (Alessandra Bencini, Maurizio Romani and Francesco Molinari) and saw the return of a deputy (Formisano). In 2017, Formisano left again in order to join the Democratic and Progressive Movement (MDP), which was also joined by Di Pietro.

In December 2017 IdV was a founding member of the Popular Civic List (CP), a centrist electoral list within the centre-left coalition, along with Popular Alternative (AP), the Centrists for Europe (CpE), Solidary Democracy (DemoS), the Union for Trentino (UpT), Italy Is Popular (IP), and minor parties/groups.

In the 2018 general election, CP obtained 0.5% and no seats, and IdV was again excluded from Parliament.

In 2022, Ignazio Messina announced the federation of IdV with Us with Italy and the support for Us Moderates (a centrist list within the centre-right coalition) in the 2022 general election.

Ideology and factions
While the party had been generally aligned with the centre-left, its members had been very diverse ideologically, ranging from the far left (i.e. Franca Rame, a former member of Soccorso Rosso, and Pancho Pardi, a former activist of Potere Operaio) to the right, thanks to the populist message of the party. The party includes former Communists and former LN members, as well as former MSI members and several former Christian Democrats. According to 2009 a study by Pino Pisicchio, a political scientist who was then deputy of IdV, 57.1% of the party's MPs were former Christian Democrats or members of post-Christian Democratic parties (including 11.9% from the UDEUR), 9.5% were former Communists, 4.8% came from far-left parties and movements, 2.4% were former MSI members and 2.4% former LN members.

The party is a supporter of legality, law and order, the police forces, first-past-the-post voting, federalism, corporate reform, lowering the costs of politics, improving the efficiency of public services, fighting corruption, simplifying trials bureaucracy to achieve faster verdicts and regulating conflict of interest.

During the Prodi II Cabinet IdV was one of the most centrist voices in the centre-left coalition and sometimes, despite its harsh criticism of Berlusconi, it switched sides in Parliament on some key issues. At some point, Di Pietro even proposed an electoral alliance between its party, the UDEUR and the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), while ruling out any future alliance with the far left. Also during the Berlusconi IV Cabinet, IdV supported some plans of the government, notably the introduction of fiscal federalism; however, due to its uncompromising anti-berlusconismo, IdV has been at times very popular among left-wing voters, a fact that was highlighted also by the increasing number of communists in party ranks and often forms stable alliances with the parties of the far left at the local level, such as in the case of Luigi de Magistris' election as mayor of Naples or in the 2012 regional election in Sicily. The shift to the left embodied by the emergence of figures like de Magistris and Franco Grillini (honorary president of Arcigay, who joined in November 2009). was criticised by Pisicchio because, in his view, it was endangering the centrist nature of the party. The party has also continued to recruit people on the right, such as Alessandro Cè, a social-conservative former member of Lega Nord.

The fact that IdV was a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, formerly known as European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR), does not mean that it is a liberal party. Notwithstanding its former European affiliation, the party has rarely been regarded as liberal in Italy due to its "justicialist" and "populist" tendencies; the party's character is that of a "protest party" and it opposes many policies generally supported by liberals. On the left, Di Pietro is described as a right-wing populist by Fausto Bertinotti, as well as by some political commentators. According to Panorama, the reason for these bitter comments by Bertinotti is that Di Pietro is very able to attract votes from the far-left electorate, as well as the right, and this could prevent a resurgence of those parties which were driven out of Parliament in the 2008 general election. During a council meeting in Rome, ELDR President Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck underlined that European Liberals are honored to have IdV as one of its Italian member parties as it exemplifies a political party of integrity and high quality politics. Di Pietro added that "ELDR as the common house of European Liberals is the political home for us in terms of common convictions and a strong support for the cause of political freedoms in Italy". During the 2010 party congress, Di Pietro remarked IdV's liberal identity and denounced what he called "Berlusconi's false liberalism".

In May 2012, IdV became the first Italian political party to announce publicly that it would push for marriage equality. Di Pietro said: "Our party has been the first in Italy to follow U.S. president Barack Obama. We invite other Italian parties to support gay marriage. You don't have to be shy, you have to say yes".

Popular support
The 2001–2010 electoral results in the 10 most populated regions of Italy, plus Abruzzo and Molise (the party's main strongholds), are shown in the table below. Generally speaking, the party is stronger in the South than in the North, where the protest vote is absorbed primarily by Lega Nord.

Leadership

 * President / Secretary: Antonio Di Pietro (1998–1999, 2000–2013), Ignazio Messina (2013–present)
 * Honorary President: Antonio Di Pietro (2013–2014)
 * Spokesperson: Alessandra Paradisi (1998–1999), Elio Veltri (2000–2002), Giorgio Calò (2002–2005), Nello Formisano (2005–2006), Leoluca Orlando (2006–2013)
 * Organisation Coordinator: Antonio Borghesi (2000–2005), Felice Belisario (2005–2008), Ivan Rota (2008–2013), Luciano Pisanello (2013–2017)
 * Treasurer: Silvana Mura (2000–2013), Ivan Rota (2013–present)
 * Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Massimo Donadi (2006–2012), Antonio Borghesi (2012–2013), Nello Formisano (2014–2016)
 * Party Leader in the Senate: Aniello Formisano (2006–2008), Felice Belisario (2008–2013), Alessandra Bencini (2015–2018)
 * Party Leader in the European Parliament: Niccolò Rinaldi (2009–2013), Giommaria Uggias (2013–2014)

title: Italy of Values


text:
IMP (programming language)

IMP is an early systems programming language that was developed by Edgar T. Irons in the late 1960s through early 1970s, at the National Security Agency (NSA). Unlike most other systems languages, IMP supports syntax-extensible programming.

Even though, IMP excludes many defining features of that language, while supporting a very non-ALGOL-like one: syntax extensibility.

A compiler for IMP existed as early as 1965 and was used to program the CDC 6600 time-sharing system, which was in use at the Institute for Defense Analyses since 1967. Although the compiler is slower than comparable ones for non-extensible languages, it has been used for practical production work.

IMP compilers were developed for the CDC 6600, Cray, PDP-10 and PDP-11 computers. Important IMP versions were IMP65, IMP70, and IMP72.

Extensible syntax in IMP72
Being an extensible syntax programming language, IMP allows a programmer to extend its syntax, although no specific means are provided to add new data types or structures to it. To achieve its syntax-extensibility, IMP uses a powerful parse algorithm based on a syntax graph and several connectivity matrices. The programmer may add new Backus–Naur form (BNF) productions to the graph.

IMP72's syntax is extended by means of extended-BNF syntax statements included in a source code program. The mechanism is so powerful, that it allowed the implementation of the language by itself, i.e., by an IMP72 source file consisting entirely of syntax statements, which was input to a trivial compiler which was initially able to translate the simplest case of the syntax statement. There is also a simple form of the syntax statement which looks like a macro to the casual user.

Basically, the syntax statement is an augmented BNF production with associated semantics added on the right: For example, to add the construct described by the following BNF: with the semantics that  should translate to , the programmer would only need to insert the following IMP statement: The semantic-part can also contain calls to semantic routines, as in the following syntax statement: The semantic part of this statement consists of a call on the semantic routine. The arguments are the octal constant, the semantic routine call  , and  , which is the object on top of the stack at the moment this production is invoked. is a semantic routine which respectively takes as its arguments a PDP-10 machine language opcode, a register object, and any other object, and produces an object whose value is the result of executing the designated machine instruction using as address field the object which is its last argument. In this example, the opcode  designates the   instruction, and thus the result of the above syntax statement will be to compile code to compute the absolute value of.

Folklore operating system
IMP was the language used on NSA's homegrown time-sharing operating system named Folklore.

title: IMP (programming language)


text:
Inglewood, Queensland

Inglewood is a rural town and locality in the Goondiwindi Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Inglewood had a population of 936 people.

Geography
The town sits on the southern Darling Downs midway between the larger centres of Warwick and Goondiwindi on the Cunningham Highway. It is 150 km south-west of Toowoomba. The Inglewood–Texas Road runs to the south. The Millmerran–Inglewood Road (State Route 82) runs to the north.

It is part of the Border Rivers region of waterways. The confluence of the Macintyre Brook and Canning Creek is sited just north of Inglewood, with the brook running 270° around the town.

Olive growing is a comparatively new industry in the area. Other established industries include sheep and cattle raising, grain growing and timber harvesting. Tobacco growing was common around Inglewood over the last 60 years.

History
Bigambul (also known as Bigambal, Bigumbil, Pikambul, Pikumbul) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Bigambul people. The Bigambul language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Goondiwindi Regional Council, including the towns of Goondiwindi, Yelarbon and Texas extending north towards Moonie and Millmerran.

English botanist and explorer Allan Cunningham has been credited with being the first European to discover the Inglewood area. He passed through east of the present township in May 1827. The first settlement in the area was known as Browns Inn and was an important watering point for bullock teams moving west. The inn opened in the late 1850s on the south side of Macintyre Brook.

In April 1862, a town was surveyed by L.F. Landsbergon on the higher northern side of Macintyre Book. Plans were drawn up for the present site and the name changed from Pariagna to Inglewood by Landsberg using a compound word ingol (an Aboriginal word meaning cypress pine) and the English word wood referring to a clump of trees on the northern side of the brook.

Inglewood Post Office opened on 16 September 1866. Most of the hinterland consisted of station holdings which were selected as early as 1848 and were the start of the wool, cattle and wheat base of the region.

Inglewood State School opened on 13 February 1872 as a primary with a secondary department opened on 25 January 1960.

Anglican and Catholic churches opened in 1894 and 1902 respectively.

Inglewood Presbyterian Church was officially opened and dedicated by Reverend Richard Kerr on Sunday 30 September 1906.

The Thane-to Inglewood section of the South Western railway line opened on 8 July 1907, with Inglewood being served by the Inglewood railway station. The station was originally called 'Pariagna' but the name was changed to Inglewood when the town's name changed. The next section from Inglewood to Goondiwindi was completed on 13 October 1908.

Nine years later Inglewood became a rail junction when the line to Texas was opened. It carried freight, including fuel to, and ore from, the Silverspur mine east of Texas. The Texas rail line was closed in 1994, due to lack of passengers and the usage of trucks to move freight. Local dairying was served by a branch factory of the Warwick Co-operative between 1940 and 1960.

A hospital was built in 1921.

In 1925, Pugh's Queensland Directory recorded four hotels in Inglewood, two sawmills, a picture show and several other stores and tradespeople.

On 16 February 1922, the Inglewood War Memorial was dedicated by the Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for the Carnarvon, Major Edward Costello, as part of at the official opening of the Inglewood Memorial Hospital.

St Maria Goretti's School opened on 5 February 1951 by the Sisters of St Joseph after having been blessed by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Toowoomba, Joseph Basil Roper on 28 January 1951. The school was named in honour of St Maria Goretti, an Italian girl who had been canonised in 1950 and a popular choice of the Italian immigrant families of the district. The school had 51 students in its first year.

Coolmunda Dam was built in 1968, where there was previously the Coolmunda School.

The Inglewood Public Library building was opened in 1996 with a minor refurbishment in 2011.

Inglewood town was the council seat of the former Shire of Inglewood until its amalgamation to form part of the larger Goondiwindi Region in 2008.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Inglewood has a population of 1,069 people.

In the, the locality of Inglewood had a population of 954 people.

In the, the locality of Inglewood had a population of 936 people.

Education
Inglewood State School is a government primary and secondary (Early Childhood to Year 10) school for boys and girls at Chilcott Street (-28.4161°N, 151.077°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 141 students with 17 teachers (14 full-time equivalent) and 17 non-teaching staff (10 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

St Maria Goretti School is a Catholic primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at Elizabeth Street (-28.413°N, 151.0803°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 23 students with 5 teachers (4 full-time equivalent) and 3 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent).

Because Inglewood only offers schooling up to Year 10, students often travel daily to Goondiwindi by bus service (established in 1993) or attend boarding schools in Warwick, Toowoomba and Brisbane to complete Years 11 and 12.

Facilities
Inglewood has a public library open to the community, a Civic Centre which hosts local events and plays, sports grounds, tennis courts, swimming pool, golf course, and bowling club. The Goondiwindi Regional Council operates a public library in Inglewood at the Civic Centre, corner of Albert and Elizabeth Streets.

Our Lady of the Southern Cross Catholic Church is on the western corner of George and Elizabeth Streets (-28.4136°N, 151.0806°W).

Inglewood Presbyterian Church is at 15 Regent Street.

Attractions
Inglewood's main attraction is Lake Coolmunda, 13 km east of town. The lake is a popular location for water skiing, sailing, canoeing, fishing, camping and bird watching. The Inglewood & District Historical Society runs a small exhibit in the Inglewood Heritage Centre showcasing the history of exploration, settlement, education, culture, agriculture, industry and transportation in the area.

Climate
Inglewood has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa).

title: Inglewood, Queensland


text:
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy

Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (Democrazia è Libertà – La Margherita, DL), commonly known simply as The Daisy (La Margherita), was a centrist  political party in Italy. The party was formed from the merger of three parties within the centre-left coalition: the Italian People's Party, The Democrats and Italian Renewal. The party president and leader was Francesco Rutelli, former mayor of Rome and prime ministerial candidate during the 2001 general election for The Olive Tree coalition, within which The Daisy electoral list won 14.5% of the national vote.

The Daisy became a single party in February 2002. It was set up by former left-leaning Christian Democrats,  centrists, social-liberals (former Liberals and former Republicans), as well as other left-wing politicians from the former Italian Socialist Party and Federation of the Greens.

On 14 October 2007, DL merged with the Democrats of the Left to form the Democratic Party (PD).

History
The idea of uniting the centrist components of The Olive Tree, which were divided in many parties, was discussed at least from 1996. In the 1996 general election, there were actually two centrist lists within the Italian centre-left coalition: the Populars for Prodi, an electoral list including the Italian People's Party (PPI), Democratic Union (UD), the Italian Republican Party (PRI) and the South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP), and that of Italian Renewal (RI), including the Segni Pact (PS) and Italian Socialists (SI), which later merged into the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI) in 1998. In 1998 splinters from the centre-right coalition formed the Democratic Union for the Republic (UDR), later transformed into Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEUR), to support the D'Alema I Cabinet. In 1999 splinters of PPI, UD and other groups formed The Democrats (Dem).

Between 1998 and 2000, there were several precursors of such idea at the regional and local level in Northeast Italy, notably the Reformist Popular Centre in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the Daisy Civic List in Trentino, the Autonomist Federation in Aosta Valley and Together for Veneto in Veneto. Initially some of these experiments were intended to include both Christian-inspired parties and secular ones, such as SDI and PRI. However, on 12 October 2000, only PPI, Dem, UDEUR and RI agreed to join forces with a joint list called "The Daisy" for the 2001 general election. The Daisy, led by Francesco Rutelli (who was also candidate for Prime Minister for the whole centre-left), won 14.5% of the vote, only two points less than the Democrats of the Left (DS).

Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy was established as a single party during the founding congress of Parma in March 2002. On that occasion the Italian People's Party, The Democrats and Italian Renewal merged to form the new party, while the UDEUR decided to remain separate.

In the 2006 general election, The Daisy was member of the victorious alliance The Union, and won 39 out of 315 senators. The Olive Tree list, of which DL was a member since the 2004 European Parliament election, won 220 seats out of 630 in the Chamber of Deputies. On 14 October 2007, DL, DS and numerous minor parties merged to form the Democratic Party (PD), a unitary centre-left party in anticipation of a move to a two-party system.

Ideology
Democracy Is Freedom was a pro-European centrist party, with a strong support among Catholics, especially progressive ones: the party was described as "social Christian". The party put together social conservatives with social progressives, economic liberals and social democrats. Many former members of the Italian People's Party, one of the ancestor parties of DL, were members or close supporters of the Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions (CISL), the Catholic trade union.

After the 2004 European elections the new party decided not to become a member of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR) or of the European People's Party, but founded the European Democratic Party (EDP) together with the Union for French Democracy. In the European Parliament, the EDP and ELDR Europarties established the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group (ALDE).

In 2005, DL participated in the foundation of the Alliance of Democrats, a worldwide network of centrist parties, along with the New Democrat Coalition of the United States Democratic Party, the EDP member parties and the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats.

Members
Leading members of the party included:
 * Former Christian Democrats: Gerardo Bianco, Rosy Bindi, Enzo Carra, Pierluigi Castagnetti, Luigi Cocilovo, Sergio D'Antoni, Ciriaco De Mita, Giuseppe Fioroni, Dario Franceschini, Enrico Letta, Renzo Lusetti, Nicola Mancino, Franco Marini, Sergio Mattarella, Lapo Pistelli, Vittorio Prodi, Rosa Russo Jervolino, Patrizia Toia
 * Former Socialists: Laura Fincato, Giuseppe La Ganga, Linda Lanzillotta, Enrico Manca, Pierluigi Mantini, Tiziano Treu
 * Former Social Democrats: Franco Bruno, Andrea Papini, Italo Tanoni
 * Former Liberals: Cinzia Dato, Natale D'Amico, Lamberto Dini, Valerio Zanone
 * Former Republicans: Enzo Bianco, Sandro Gozi, Antonio Maccanico, Roberto Manzione
 * Former Radicals: Francesco Rutelli, Roberto Giachetti
 * Former Greens: Paolo Gentiloni, Ermete Realacci, Francesco Rutelli, Gianni Vernetti
 * Former Communists: Willer Bordon, Massimo Cacciari, Maurizio Fistarol, Antonio Polito

Factions
DL was mainly composed of four factions, the first three of them supporting Francesco Rutelli's leadership:
 * Rutelliani. Rutelli's own group, composed of Paolo Gentiloni, Roberto Giachetti, Renzo Lusetti, Ermete Realacci, Gianni Vernetti, Luigi Lusi, Rino Piscitello, Maurizio Fistarol and Riccardo Villari. This group was supportive of the idea of forming a 'Democratic Party' with DS, but they wanted to model it on the United States Democratic Party and for this reason they supported the foundation of the European Democratic Party. Many Rutelliani, including Francesco Rutelli himself, eventually left the Democratic Party to found the Alliance for Italy on 11 November 2009.
 * Popolari. This group represented the core of the former Italian People's Party (a leftist Christian democratic party), as Franco Marini, Ciriaco De Mita, Pierluigi Castagnetti, Gerardo Bianco, Nicola Mancino, Enrico Letta, Dario Franceschini, Giuseppe Fioroni, Rosy Bindi, Lapo Pistelli and Sergio D'Antoni. This group supported Rutelli as leader of the party, although there were some differences about the future Democratic Party with DS, as Popolari were proud of their supposedly Christian-democratic identity and some of them preferred to re-join the European People's Party, rejecting the idea of joining the Party of European Socialists.
 * Teodem. This was a group of socially conservative Christian democrats, formed by Paola Binetti, Luigi Bobba, Enzo Carra, Patrizia Toia, Emanuela Baio Dossi and Marco Calgaro. Usually considered the right wing of the party, they supported Rutelli as leader of the party.
 * Ulivisti. This group represented the core of the former Democrats, as Arturo Parisi, Enzo Bianco, Willer Bordon, Antonio Maccanico, Franco Monaco, Pierluigi Mantini, Marina Magistrelli, Roberto Manzione, Cinzia Dato and Giovanni Procacci. This group, very close to Romano Prodi, was the most supportive of the Democratic Party project and tended to be more secular, although most of its members had Catholic connections.

Popular support
The electoral results of Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below. As DL was founded in 2002, the electoral results from 1994 to 2001 refer to the combined result of the precursor parties.

The results of 1994 (general) refer to the combined result of PPI, Segni Pact and AD, those of 1994 to the combined result of PPI and Pact of Democrats (joint-list of Segni Pact and AD, including also SI), those of 1996 (general and Sicilian regional) to the combined result of the joint-list of PPI and UD and RI (whose list was composed of the Segni Pact and SI), those of 1999 (European) and 2000 (regional) to the combined result of PPI, Dem and RI, those of 2001 (general and Sicilian regional) the DL federation (comprising at the time PPI, Dem, UDEUR and RI).

From 2004 (European) the results refer to DL, formed by PPI, Dem and RI, after the defection of UDEUR. The result for the 2006 general election refers to the election for the Senate, indeed DL contested the election for the Chamber of Deputies in a joint list with Democrats of the Left.

Leadership

 * President: Francesco Rutelli (2001–2007)
 * President of the Federal Assembly: Arturo Parisi (2001–2006), Willer Bordon (2006–2007), Enzo Bianco (2007)
 * Executive Coordinator: Dario Franceschini (2001–2006), Antonello Soro (2006–2007)
 * Organizational Secretary: Franco Marini (2001–2006), Nicodemo Nazzareno Oliverio (2006–2007)
 * Party Treasurer: Luigi Lusi (2001–2007)
 * Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Pierluigi Castagnetti (2001–2006), Dario Franceschini (leader of The Olive Tree's group, 2006–2007)
 * Party Leader in the Senate: Willer Bordon (2001–2006), Luigi Zanda (deputy-leader of The Olive Tree's group, 2006–2007)
 * Party Leader in the European Parliament: Lapo Pistelli (2004–2007), Alfonso Andria (2007–2008), Gianluca Susta (2008–2009)

title: Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy


text: User talk:68.48.16.117

title: User talk:68.48.16.117