text:
Ford Pinto engine

The Ford Pinto engine was the unofficial name for a four-cylinder internal combustion engine built by Ford Europe. In Ford sales literature, it was referred to as the EAO or OHC engine and because it was designed to the metric system, it was sometimes called the "metric engine". The internal Ford codename for the unit was the T88-series engine. European Ford service literature refers to it as the Taunus In-Line engine (hence the TL codenames). In North America it was known as the Lima In-Line (LL), or simply the Lima engine due to its being manufactured at Lima Engine in Lima, Ohio.

It was used in many European Ford cars and was exported to the United States to be used in the Ford Pinto, a successful subcompact car of the 1970s, hence the name which is used most often for the unit. In Britain, it is commonly used in many kit cars and hot rods, especially in the 2-litre size.

Pinto OHC (TL)
In Europe, the Pinto OHC was introduced in 1970 to replace the Essex V4 used in the Corsair as that range was subsumed into the Mk3 Cortina and Taunus V4 for the German Fords range (mainly the new Taunus TC). It was the first Ford engine to feature a belt-driven overhead camshaft (thus the name). Early Pinto engines suffered from excessive cam and follower wear, this was later addressed by nitriding the cam lobes and followers, and the fitment of a spray bar, which sprayed oil directly at the camshaft. All standard production Pinto engines had a cast iron cylinder block and a cast iron, crossflow, single overhead camshaft cylinder head with two valves per cylinder operated by finger followers.

Applications:
 * Ford Taunus/Ford Cortina (TC1 (1970-76), TC2 (1976-82))
 * Ford Escort Mk1 RS2000
 * Ford Escort Mk2 RS2000, Mexico
 * Ford Capri (Mk2 & Mk3 (1974-86))
 * Ford Sierra (1982-1992)
 * Ford Granada Mk1&2 (Mk1 (1974-77); Mk2 (1977-85))
 * Ford Scorpio/Granada Mk3
 * Ford Transit (1978-1994)
 * TVR Tasmin 200

The Pinto engine was available in five displacements: 1294 cc, earlier 1593 cc, later 1598 cc, 1796 cc and the 1993 cc. Later 1998 cc. Due to emission requirements, it was phased out towards the end of the 1980s to be replaced by the CVH engine and DOHC engine, the latter being (contrary to popular belief) a completely new design and not a twin-cam development of the Pinto unit. The only DOHC direct derivative of Pinto engine is the Cosworth YB 16-valve engine, powering Ford Sierra and Ford Escort RS Cosworth variants and featuring a cast aluminium alloy cylinder head developed specially by Cosworth fitted to a modified Pinto cast iron block.

The final Pinto engines used in Ford of Europe production vehicles were the 1598 cc litre versions used in the Sierra until 1991, and the last 1998 cc units were used in the Transit until 1994.

1.3 (TL13)
The smallest member of the family was the 1294 cc which had a 79x66 mm bore and stroke. It was produced in two compression ratio versions: The fuel was supplied by the Motorcraft single-barrel (1V) carburetor in the early models (until April 1979), and Motorcraft VV ("variable venturi") carburetor for the vehicles built after April 1979.
 * TL13L – the low compression (LC) variant, which developed 40 - 43 kW / 90 - 92 Nm depending on carburetor model, had a compression ratio of 8.0:1 and the engine codes started with 'JA'
 * TL13H — the high compression (HC) variant, which developed 43 - 46 kW / 97 - 98 Nm depending on carburetor model had a compression ratio of 9.0:1 and the engine codes started with 'JC'

Applications:
 * 1970–1982 Ford Taunus (engine codes JAA/JCA, JAC/JCC, JAR/JCR)
 * 1972–1974 Ford Capri (engine code JCE)
 * 1982–1984 Ford Sierra (engine code JCT)

Early low compression variant (TL16L)
Initially, the 1593 cc had a bore of 87.7 mm and shared the crankshaft with the 1.3 L model with a stroke of 66 mm giving the displacement of 1593 cc. The TL16L had a compression ratio of 8.2:1 and developed 48 - 51 kW of power and 111 - 113 Nm of torque depending on the carburetor and application. As the 1.3 L model, it used the Motorcraft 1V and, later, the Motorcraft VV carburetors. The engine code of the low compression variant started with 'LA'.

Applications:
 * 1970–1982 Ford Taunus / Ford Cortina (engine codes LAA, LAD, LAR)
 * 1979–1986 Ford Transit (engine code LAT)
 * 1975–1985 Ford Capri (engine codes LAC, LAN)

Early high compression variant (TL16H)
The HC version of the early 1593 cc had the same bore and stroke as the LC version, but the compression ratio was higher (9.2:1), allowing it to produce 53 kW of power and 118 Nm of torque. It used the same carburetor models as the low compression version (Motorcraft 1V and Motorcraft VV).

Applications:
 * 1970–1982 Ford Taunus / Ford Cortina (engine codes LCA, LCJ, LCR)
 * 1982–1984 Ford Sierra (engine codes LCT, LCS)
 * 1975–1985 Ford Capri (engine codes LCE, LCN)
 * 1981–1985 Ford Granada (engine code LCK)
 * 1983–1984 Anadol A8-16 SL

Increased performance (GT) variant (TL16G)
From the beginning of the production run, the 1593 cc had a special, 'sporty' version which featured: With such an improvement package, the engine produced 66 kW of power and 125 Nm of torque.
 * modified cylinder head (larger inlet valves and 2.0 L camshaft with higher valve lifts)
 * DGAV 32/36 Weber carburetor
 * tubular exhaust manifold

Applications: 1970-1976 Ford Cortina GT (engine code LEA)
 * 1970–1973 Ford Taunus GT (engine code LEA)
 * 1970–1976 Ford Taunus GXL (engine code LEA)
 * 1970–1976 Ford Cortina GXL (engine code LEA)
 * 1976–1982 Ford Taunus / Ford Cortina S / GLS / Ghia S (engine codes LEC, LEE)
 * 1975–1978 Ford Escort Mexico
 * 1972–1976 Ford Capri GT (engine codes LEC, LEE)

Late variant (TL16E)
At the beginning of 1984, Ford Pinto engine displacement range switched from 1.3/1.6/2.0 to 1.6/1.8/2.0. The newly introduced 1.8 L engine used the 2.0 L crankshaft, so to uniform engine parts for the whole range after dropping the 1.3 L — the 1.6 L was redesigned to also take the 2.0 L crankshaft which had a 76.95 mm stroke. This of course led to bringing the bore down to 81 mm to keep the displacement within range — it was now 1598 cc. The TL16E became now the only available 1.6 L engine of the Pinto range. Although the compression ratio was raised to 9.5:1, the power figures did not differ much from the earlier TL16H version — the engine developed 56 kW of power and 123 Nm of torque. This engine is sometimes referred to as 1.6 E-Max engine.

Applications:
 * 1984–1989 Ford Sierra (engine codes LSE, LSD)

1.8 (TL18H)
The 1798 cc Pinto engine was introduced in 1984 as a replacement for the "old" 1.6 L. The engine had an 86.2 mm bore and 76.95 mm stroke giving the displacement of 1796 cc. Output was 66 kW of power and 140 Nm. Fuel was supplied by the Pierburg 2E3 28/32 carburetor.

Applications:
 * 1984–1989 Ford Sierra (engine codes REB, RED, REF)
 * 1985–1992 Ford Scorpio (engine code REC)

2.0 (TL20)
The 1993 cc was used in many Ford vehicles from the early 1970s. Due to its robustness and high tuning potential, it was often used as an aftermarket engine upgrade or base for building race and rally engines — not exclusively in Ford cars. The engine has bore of 90.8 mm and 77 mm stroke giving the displacement of 1993 cc. It was manufactured in several variants:

Low compression variant (TL20L)
Three completely different LC variants of the 2.0 L were produced. One was used on the 1970–1982 Ford Taunus export version to Sweden — fitted with the Weber DGAV 32/32 carburetor and compression ratio lowered to 8.2:1 to meet the rigorous emission specifications; it delivered 64 kW of power and 140 Nm of torque. The second one was used on 1978–1991 Ford Transits and P100 models. With modified induction and Motorcraft 1V carburetor, it produced 57 kW of power and 156 Nm of torque available at only 2800 rpm. The compression ratio in this case was also 8.2:1. The Transits also used the third variant called the "Economy" engine. The power figure of this one was even lower — it developed only 43 kW.

Applications:
 * 1970–1982 Ford Taunus Sweden export version (engine code NA)
 * 1978–1994 Ford Transit (engine codes NAT, NAV, NAW, NAX, NBA)
 * 1988–1993 Ford P100 (engine code NAE)
 * 1977–1986 Ford Transit "Economy" version (engine code NUT)

Standard (high compression) variant (TL20H)
Although Ford marked its standard 2.0 L engine as HC, it actually uses engine codes meant for the 'increased performance variant' engines (coding starting with 'NE'), these have a compression ratio of to 9.2:1. This engine used different carburetor models across the years:
 * Weber DGAV 32/36 - on all cars up to 1987
 * Weber DFTH 30/34 - from 1987 until the end of production run (1989)
 * Weber DFAV 32/36 - on engines exported to USA

The engine produced 74 kW of power and 156 Nm of torque, though a few models with a higher output were produced (for example an 81 kW version used in 1976 Ford Escort RS2000).

Applications:
 * 1973–1980 Ford Escort RS2000 (engine codes NEA, NE)
 * 1974–1982 Ford Taunus / Ford Cortina (engine codes NEG, NER)
 * 1975–1985 Ford Capri (engine codes NEE, NEN)
 * 1973–1984 Ford Granada (engine codes NEB, NEH, NEK)
 * 1983–1989 Ford Sierra (engine codes NES, NET, NEJ, NE5)
 * 1985–1989 Ford Granada and Ford Scorpio (engine code NEL, NER, NE4)
 * 1971–1974 Ford Pinto

Injection variant (TL20EFI)
The injected 2.0 L used the Ford EEC-IV engine control system which brought the output up to 85 kW of power and 160 Nm of torque, although much of this increased performance can be attributed to the improved design of the EFI variants cylinder head. As the EEC-IV installation on most of those engines contains some Bosch parts that are easily visible in the engine compartment (air flow meter of the electromechanical "flap" type, injectors, fuel pressure regulator etc.), it is often - but falsely believed that they are fitted with the Bosch L-Jetronic injection system. Some of the TL20EFI engines have closed-loop lambda control, while others are lacking that feature.

Applications:
 * 1985–1992 Ford Sierra (engine codes N4, NRD, N4B: 74 kW; NRB, NR2, N4A, N4I: 85 kW)
 * 1985–1992 Ford Granada and Ford Scorpio (engine code NRA, NRC, NRI)
 * 1991–1994 Ford Transit (engine code NCA)

Single point injection variant (TL20CFI)
This variant was used in Ford Transit exclusively. The power output was 57 kW.

Applications:
 * 1985–1992 Ford Transit (engine code N6T)

Cosworth YB (CH20EFI)
In the beginning of the 1980s, Cosworth developed a 16-valve performance head conversion for the Pinto engine. This was seen by a Ford executive who asked Cosworth to develop it with a turbo for use in the new Ford Sierra RS Cosworth. The engine is therefore based on a modified Pinto block topped with the Cosworth-developed alloy head and Garrett turbo.

2.0
The 2.0 litre version was a narrower-bore version of the original 2.3 liter "Lima" four. Bore and stroke are 89.3 and 79.4 mm, respectively, for an overall displacement of 1990 cc. This engine was installed in the 1983-1988 Ford Rangers and in some Argentinian Ford Taunus.

 * Applications:
 * Ford Ranger (North America)
 * Ford Taunus Argentina models

2.3 (LL23)
The Ford Pinto used the OHC version, a 2301 cc unit introduced in 1974 which has a 96.04 mm bore and 79.4 mm stroke. This version lasted until 1997 in various guises. The earliest units produced 66 kW and 160 Nm. This engine has also been known as the Lima engine, after the Lima Engine plant in Lima, Ohio, where it was first manufactured (it was also manufactured in Brazil starting in 1974).

In 1979-80, a draw-through, non-intercooled turbo version was produced for Mustang Cobras and some Capris. Lack of dealership and owner training resulted in many stuck turbochargers and other maintenance problems. They were limited to 5 psi of boost, though Ford Motorsport sold a wastegate with an adjustable rod which allowed an increase up to 9 psi. It was used in this carbureted form in a number of passenger cars, from the Fairmont Futura Turbo to the 1979 Indy Pace Car edition Mustang.

In 1983, Ford introduced a fuel-injected version of the turbocharged engine, which was used in the Thunderbird Turbo Coupe and the Turbo GT trim of the Mustang. In 1984, the Mustang SVO was introduced with an intercooler, initially producing 175 hp and later increased to 205 hp in 1985½. After the SVO was discontinued, the intercooler was added to the Turbo Coupe. Output for this turbo/intercooled version was 190 hp and 240 Nm for the 1987-88 models with the five-speed (T-5) manual transmission. In addition to the 1983-1984 Mustang Turbo GT and 1983-1986 Turbo Coupe, the non-intercooled version of the engine was also used in the 1985-89 Merkur XR4Ti and 1984-1986 Mercury Cougar XR7, producing 155 hp and 190 lbft.

A dual-spark version (with two spark plugs per cylinder, distributor-less ignition, and reduced main bearing sizes) was introduced in the 1989 Ford Ranger and 1991 Ford Mustang. This version produced 105 hp and 183 Nm.

 * Applications:
 * Naturally aspirated
 * 1986-1987 Ford Aerostar
 * 1977-1982 Ford Courier
 * 1974-1980 Ford Pinto
 * 1983-1997 Ford Ranger/Mazda B-Series (North America)
 * 1974-1993 Ford Mustang
 * 1975–1979 Ford Maverick Brazilian models
 * Ford Jeep CJ-5 Brazilian models
 * Ford Rural, F-75 pick up Brazilian models
 * Ford Taunus Argentina models
 * Ford Sierra Argentina models
 * Ford Falcon (Argentina)
 * 1978-1983 Ford Fairmont
 * 1974-1980 Mercury Bobcat
 * 1979-1986 Mercury Capri
 * 1978-1983 Mercury Zephyr
 * 1983–1986 Ford LTD
 * 1983-1986 Mercury Marquis
 * Turbo
 * 1979–1981 Ford Mustang
 * 1979-1981 Mercury Capri
 * 1980 Ford Fairmont (all body styles except wagons)
 * 1980 Mercury Zephyr (all body styles except wagons)
 * 1985–1989 Merkur XR4Ti
 * 1983–1986 Thunderbird Turbo Coupe
 * 1984–1986 Mercury Cougar XR7
 * 1983–1984 Mustang Turbo GT (W Code)
 * 1983–1984 Capri Turbo RS
 * Turbo/Intercooler
 * 1984–1986 Ford Mustang SVO
 * 1987–1988 Ford Thunderbird Turbo Coupe

2.5 (LL25)
A stroked by 7 mm version of the 2.3 OHC Ford Ranger engine appeared in 1998 yielding 2504 cc. In addition to the longer stroke, it used higher-flow cylinder heads utilizing narrower 7 mm valve stems. Crankshaft counterbalance weights were increased in count from 4 to 8. Output was 119 hp and 202 Nm. It was replaced in 2001 by the Mazda-derived Duratec 23, but Ford Power Products continues to sell this engine as the LRG-425.

Applications:
 * 1998–2001 Ford Ranger
 * 1998–2001 Mazda B2500

title: Ford Pinto engine


text:
User:Swanky~enwiki

My Web:http://swanky.adsldns.org My Blog:ciyawasay : swanky & shumi

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Swanky~enwiki


text: Category:1892 films

title: Category:1892 films


text:
Alfred A. Taylor

Alfred Alexander Taylor (August 6, 1848 – November 25, 1931) was an American politician and lecturer from eastern Tennessee. He served as the 34th governor of Tennessee from 1921 to 1923, one of three Republicans to hold the position from the end of Reconstruction to the latter half of the 20th century. He also served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives, from 1889 to 1895.

In 1886, Taylor ran for governor against his younger brother, Democrat Robert Love Taylor (1850–1912), in a memorable campaign known as the "War of the Roses." Canvassing the state together, the brothers often engaged in light-hearted banter and played fiddles, in contrast to previous gubernatorial campaigns, which involved fierce debates. Taylor ran for governor again in 1910, but lost his party's nomination to Ben W. Hooper. He was victorious in 1920 due in large part to divisions within the Democratic Party over taxes and women's suffrage.

Early life
Taylor was born in the Happy Valley community of Carter County, Tennessee, the second son of Nathaniel Green Taylor, a congressman, Methodist minister, and poet, and Emaline Haynes Taylor, an accomplished pianist. Nathaniel Taylor was a Whig (many of whom later became Republicans), while his wife's family, among them her brother, Landon Carter Haynes, were Democrats. Alfred followed his father into the Republican Party, while his brother, Robert, followed their mother's family into the Democratic Party.

Taylor attended Duffield Academy in Elizabethton, Tennessee and Buffalo Institute (modern Milligan College) in Carter County, Tennessee. Following the outbreak of the Civil War, Nathaniel Taylor supported the Union, and the Taylors were forced to move to the North. During this period, Alfred attended Pennington Seminary in Pennington, New Jersey.

In 1867, Taylor accompanied his father, then Commissioner of Indian Affairs under President Andrew Johnson, to join the Indian Peace Commission in Kansas in an effort to end the Plains Wars. The commission negotiated the Medicine Lodge Treaty with the southern Plains Indians, bringing about their removal to reservations in Indian Territory. In 1924, Taylor wrote an account of this trip and published it in the Chronicles of Oklahoma.

After his study of law, Taylor was admitted to the bar in 1870 and commenced practice in Jonesborough, Tennessee.

Early political career
Taylor was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1874, and served one term. Among his initiatives was the creation of Unicoi County in 1875. He would later refer to the county as, "my baby." Taylor served as an elector for Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, and would serve as an elector in the three subsequent presidential campaigns.

In 1878, Taylor sought his party's nomination for the 1st district congressional seat held by Augustus Pettibone. Although Taylor had popular support, Pettibone managed to win the nomination at the party's convention, angering Taylor's supporters. Taylor's brother, Robert (a Democrat), ran against Pettibone in the general election, and with the support of both Democrats and his brother's disgruntled supporters, captured the seat. He was defeated for reelection by Pettibone after just one term, and no Democrat has been elected to the seat since.

In Tennessee's 1886 gubernatorial race, Republicans, hoping to exploit divisions within the Democratic Party, nominated Alfred Taylor as their candidate. Democrats nominated his brother, Robert, believing him the best person to unite the party and counter Alfred's popular appeal. The brothers canvassed the state together, drawing large crowds, and engaging in light-hearted political debate and playing fiddles while the crowd danced. At a stop in Madisonville, Robert stated that he and Alfred were both roses, though he was a white rose while Alfred was a red rose. When their respective supporters wore white and red roses, the contest became known as the "War of the Roses" (the name also hearkened to the 15th-century English conflict). On election day, Robert won by about 16,000 votes.

The 1886 campaign boosted Alfred Taylor's popularity. In 1888, he successfully ran for the 1st district congressional seat, defeating Democrat David P. Wilcox by 7,000 votes. He was reelected in 1890, edging Roderick R. Butler (who ran as an independent) by less than a thousand votes. He was reelected to a third term in 1892. During his congressional tenure, Taylor supported the McKinley Tariff, a protectionist measure that raised tariffs on imports by 50%. He also supported the Lodge Bill, which would have provided protections for black voters in the South.

After leaving Congress, Taylor joined his brother, Robert, on the lecture circuit. They cowrote and presented a popular lecture entitled "Yankee Doodle and Dixie." The tour was a major financial success, netting the brothers tens of thousands of dollars.

In 1906, Taylor ran as an independent for the 1st district seat against state Republican Party boss, Walter P. Brownlow, but was defeated by a substantial margin. In 1910, Taylor sought the Republican nomination for governor, but was defeated by Ben W. Hooper. Hooper then proceeded to defeat Alfred's brother, Robert, in the general election.

Governor
In 1920, the 71-year-old Taylor was nominated by Republicans for governor. His opponent was the Democratic incumbent, Albert H. Roberts, who had alienated a significant portion of his party by enacting unpopular tax reforms and helping ratify the 19th Amendment (which gave women the right to vote). On the campaign trail, Taylor travelled with a four-piece quartet (consisting of three of his sons and their friend), and told the story of "Old Limber," a foxhound who, in spite of his old age, could still outrun the pack. As he also supported the 19th Amendment, he campaigned primarily against Roberts' tax reforms. On election day, he defeated Roberts 229,143 votes to 185,890. It was the state's first gubernatorial election in which women could vote.

Following his inauguration, Taylor focused on what he termed the "Big Four" issues: tax reform, rural school reform, highways, and the economy. Although most of his agenda was blocked by the state legislature (which was controlled by Democrats), he created the position of tax commissioner, obtained funding for a state historical commission, and resolved several labor disputes. He also helped convince the federal government to convert a nitrate plant built for World War I at Wilson Dam in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, into an electrical power plant for the benefit of the inhabitants of the Tennessee Valley.

In 1922, the Democratic Party nominated former party leader Austin Peay to oppose Taylor for governor. Peay lacked the charisma of Taylor, and resorted to delivering basic stump speeches, in contrast to Taylor's entertaining rallies. Peay had the support of entrepreneur Clarence Saunders (the founder of Piggly Wiggly), and with the Democratic Party once again unified, he defeated Taylor on election day, 141,002 votes to 102,586.

Later life
Following his defeat in the 1922 governor's race, Taylor returned to his farm near Johnson City, Tennessee. He died on November 25, 1931, and was buried in the city's Monte Vista Cemetery.

Family
Taylor's great-grandfather, General Nathaniel Taylor (1771–1816), served during the War of 1812. Another great-grandfather, Landon Carter (1760–1800), was a Revolutionary War veteran for whom Carter County was named. Taylor's uncle, Landon Carter Haynes, was a leading East Tennessee Democrat during the Civil War, and served in the Confederate Senate. Taylor was a cousin of Nathaniel Edwin Harris, who served as Governor of Georgia from 1915 to 1917.

Taylor married Jennie Anderson in 1881, and they had ten children together. Their son, Robert Love Taylor (1899–1987), named for Alfred's brother, became a United States federal judge.

title: Alfred A. Taylor


text:
User talk:172/VTsIOM sandbox

Various facts on VCIOM breakup found on Russian websites. Not sure which of them merit inclusion, but I am writing then down so that I don't lose them. Andris 14:09, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * the new director of VCIOM is Valeriy Fedorov (Валерий Федоров), a 29-year old political scientist with no experience in public opinion polls, formerly a director of Center of political trends(Центра политической конъюнктуры). One site refers to him as a member of presidential administration but this is not confirmed on his CV, unless the Center of political trends is related to the administration. He has assembled a new VCIOM stuff, mostly from little-known people.
 * On founding VCIOM, Levada, in an interview refers to Tatyana Zaslavskaya (Татьяна Заславская) и Boris Grushin (Борис Грушин) who created VCIOM in 1987 and invited Levada there.
 * VCIOM had conducted over 1000 polls before the breakup.
 * There is conflicting data about response from other Russian sociologists to VCIOM breaking. One source claims they support Levada, another claims they were silent, except for Grushin.
 * Some sources report that every person in old VCIOM left with Levada.
 * Putin talked about VCIOM management change when at Columbia University in Sept. 2003 (same source). He was supportive of change but said he is not familiar with details.
 * Levada reportedly claimed that he disrupted at least three attempts to convince Putin that his approval rating is considerably lower than it actually was (same source).

Great work! Thanks! I added each of the facts. Although the article is still unfinished (an intro and section on methodology are still needed), I think that it's now ready to be posted. I'll go ahead and and post it on VTsIOM. 172 12:14, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the short description of VTsIOM in late 1980's could be expanded to discuss in greater detail the types of surveys it conducted. Also, in my understanding, Grushin more than anyone else was important in blazing paths in public opinion research in the SU.  In some special topics various others participated both in media based polls and other surveys.  For example, a family budget survey was conducted for many years by, I believe, Goskomstat. And ethnosociologists such as Arutiunian, Guboglo, and Drobizheva (connected, I believe, with the Institute of Ethnography) carried out many surveys during this era (and even earlier) on ethnic attitudes and language use, most famously in Tatarstan but also Moldova and elsewhere. But only after VTsIOM was established did polling on virtually all topics become mainstream.  There were several other "entrepreneurs," however, who also started to do serious survey research in the period both in Russia, Ukraine, and the Baltic.  They in effect started the "business" of polling, even though they may have used their affiliation with the Institute of Sociology and other bodies to strengthen their bona fides at the time. Many of the early surveys were still rather limited in the quality of their sampling, professionalism of the interviewers and management staff, and analysis.  Still, it was Levada as head of VTsIOM who was recognized as the leading force in this area at the time. And this work was endorsed heavily by people like Tatiana Zaslavskaya to demonstrate not only that "opinion exists" in this society that had often been denied its voice (Levada, I believe, even wrote a book by the title "Mnenie Yest'" ("Opinion Exists")) but also that opinion matters.Mack2 20:02, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:172/VTsIOM sandbox


text:
BFI TV 100

The BFI TV 100 is a list of 100 television programmes or series that was compiled in 2000 by the British Film Institute (BFI), as chosen by a poll of industry professionals, with the aim to determine the best British television programmes of any genre that had been screened up to that time.

Selection and criteria
The British Film Institute television programme poll was conducted in the year 2000, and its results are reflected in the list that appears in a following section. Initially, a 'big list' of 650 programmes was drawn up by BFI personnel. Television programmes no longer extant in the archives were excluded from consideration. The provisional list was split into six categories: Single Dramas, Drama Series and Serials, Comedy and Variety, Factual, Children's/Youth, and Lifestyle & Light Entertainment. Some programmes were represented in the list by an entire series; however, for some series—e.g., the anthology The Wednesday Play and the current affairs programme This Week—individual episodes were listed. News stories were mostly excluded, with exceptions such as the coverage of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales (on the basis that it would be impossible to determine whether it was the coverage or the news itself that made them important). Sport was excluded for similar reasons, and also because many events such as the 1966 World Cup, while important to those in England, would not necessarily matter to those in other areas of the UK.

The provisional list of 650 was then distributed to 1,600 television industry professionals in the UK, who were each given 30 votes. Each voter was required to cast a minimum of three votes in every category. The judges were also asked to name their top overseas programme (where the U.S. sitcom Frasier was chosen).

List
The following are the results of the poll, as reported by the BFI and other sources. Because the list reports decisions made in the year 2000, programmes and series are presented as they were perceived in that year; as such, ones not yet having concluded by the year 2000 are presented as having an open-ended date span in the "Year(s)" column, even if they have subsequently ended. The Genre column, added to the original table, may have a lot of crossover genres and is intended as guide to the "main" genre of each programme.

BBC led broadcasters in terms of numbers of programmes/series produced, with 70. Granada Television was the second most represented with 7, and Thames Television and Channel 4 tied for third with 6 each. Central produced four of the listed titles, while ATV produced two, and London Weekend Television, ABC Weekend TV and Associated-Rediffusion produced one each.

Further reading and viewing

 * BBC News article regarding the list, and giving the first 20 on the list.
 * BBC News article regarding the list, and giving the first 20 on the list.

title: BFI TV 100


text: Category:1894 films

title: Category:1894 films


text: Category:Ukrainian musical groups

title: Category:Ukrainian musical groups


text:
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Stonyhurst College

Stonyhurst College is a co-educational Catholic private school, adhering to the Jesuit tradition, on the Stonyhurst Estate, Lancashire, England. It occupies a Grade I listed building. The school has been fully co-educational since 1999.

A precursor institution of the college was founded in 1593 by Father Robert Persons SJ at St Omer, at a time when penal laws prohibited Catholic education in England. After moving to Bruges in 1762 and Liège in 1773, the college was headed for oblivion, but for the generosity of an old boy, Thomas Weld (of Lulworth), who intervened. Weld's enormous benefaction enabled the expatriated school to establish itself on English soil in 1794 when it was granted the Stonyhurst estate. It provides boarding and day education to approximately 450 boys and girls aged 13–18. On an adjacent site, its preparatory school, St Mary's Hall, provides education for boys and girls aged 3–13.

Stonyhurst Hall
The earliest deed concerning the Stanihurst is held in the college's Arundell Library; it dates from approximately 1200. In 1372, a licence was granted to John de Bayley for an oratory on the site. His descendants, the Shireburn family, completed the oldest portion of the extant buildings. Richard Shireburn began building the hall, which was enlarged by his grandson Nicholas who also constructed the ponds, avenue and gardens. Following his death, the estate passed to his wife and then to sole heir, their daughter, Mary, the Duchess of Norfolk.

Great benefactor emerges
In 1754, it was inherited by her cousin, Edward Weld (Senior), the subject of controversy and two trials, one for impotency. After his death it passed to Weld's eldest son, also Edward. Unfortunately, this Edward, who was to be Maria Fitzherbert's obscure first husband, fell off his horse three months after the wedding and not having had time to sign the will before he died of his injuries, the estate passed to Edward senior's third son and Edward's youngest brother, Thomas. Thomas Weld and his wife had many children and great swathes of land which he distributed among his progeny. However, as a former pupil of the English Jesuit Colleges of St Omer and Liège, and already a philanthropist, he stepped in to save the refugee Jesuit schools over the Channel and resolved in 1794 to donate his Lancashire estate, including the buildings, with 30 acre of land to the Society of Jesus for the purpose of settling them and their evacuated charges from Northern France and the Austrian Netherlands.

The college
The story of the school may be traced back to establishments in St Omer in what was then the Spanish Netherlands in 1593, where a college, under the Royal Patronage of Philip II of Spain, was founded by Fr Robert Persons SJ for English boys unable to receive a Catholic education in Elizabethan England. As such it was one of several expatriate English schools operating on the European mainland. In 1762, the Jesuits were forced to flee and re-established their school at Bruges. The school was moved in 1773 to Liège, where it operated for two decades before moving to Stonyhurst on 29 August 1794. Schooling resumed on 22 October that year.

The college flourished during the 19th century: the Society of Jesus was re-established in Britain at Stonyhurst in 1803, and over the century, student numbers rose from the original twelve migrants from Liège. By the turn of the following century, it had become England's largest Catholic college. Stonyhurst Hall underwent extensive alterations and additions to accommodate these numbers; the Old South Front was constructed in 1810, only to be demolished and replaced with much grander buildings in the 1880s. A seminary was constructed on the estate, and an observatory and meteorological station erected in the gardens. The 20th century saw the gradual hiring of a mostly lay staff, as the number of Jesuits declined. The seminary at St Mary's Hall was closed, and the school discontinued its education of university-aged philosophers. With the closure of Beaumont College in 1967 and the transfer away from the Society of Jesus of Mount St Mary's College, Spinkhill, Derbyshire, in 2006, Stonyhurst became the sole Jesuit public school in England.

Since the Second World War, the buildings have been refurbished or developed. Additions include new science buildings in the 1950s and 1960s, a new boarding wing in the 1960s, a new swimming pool in the 1980s and Weld House in 2010. The school became fully co-educational in 1999.

Hodder Place, St Mary's Hall and Hodder House
The original preparatory school to Stonyhurst, Hodder Place, came into the hands of the Jesuits as part of the estate donated by alumnus Thomas Weld. Originally used as a novitiate, it became a preparatory school to the college in 1807.

St Mary's Hall, on an adjoining site to Stonyhurst, was built as a Jesuit seminary in 1828 (extended in the 1850s) and functioned until 1926, when the seminarians moved to Heythrop Hall. The poet Gerard Manley Hopkins, and John Tolkien, son of J. R. R. Tolkien, trained as priests there. During World War II, the English College left Benito Mussolini's Italy and occupied the hall. After their return to Rome, St Mary's Hall opened as a middle school in 1946. At the same time, Hodder Place continued to educate those aged eight to eleven, until its closure and conversion into flats in 1970. Hodder Place pupils moved up to St Mary's Hall to form Hodder Playroom. As successor to Hodder Place, St Mary's Hall has a claim to being the oldest surviving preparatory school in Britain.

In 2004, the old gymnasium at St Mary's Hall was converted into new nursery and infant facilities named Hodder House, for those aged three to seven.

Religious life
The college is Catholic and has had a significant place in English Catholic history for many centuries (including controversial events such as the Popish Plot and Gunpowder Plot conspiracies). It was founded initially to educate English Catholics on the continent in the hope that, through them, Catholicism might be restored in England.

Finally, the school settled in England in 1794 and the Society of Jesus was officially re-established in Britain in 1803. Stonyhurst remained the headquarters of the English Province until the middle of the century; by 1851, a third of the Province's Jesuits were based there. Until the 1920s, Jesuit priests were trained on site in what is today the preparatory school. There was a drop in vocations after World War I and the seminary was closed. The number of Jesuits teaching at Stonyhurst fell to a third of the staff within a decade. Since then, the Jesuit presence has been in decline, but the school continues to place Catholicism and Jesuit philosophy at its core under the guidance of a Jesuit-led chaplaincy team and the involvement of the Jesuits in its governance.

Chapels
The school has one main church, St Peter's, and five chapels: the Boys' Chapel, the Chapel of the Angels, the Sodality Chapel, the St Francis Chapel and the St Ignatius Chapel. The last two are both within the towers of St Peter's Church, and are not normally used by pupils. The Sodality Chapel is the home of the relics of the 3rd-century Roman convert St Gordianus. The Jesuits brought his remains from the College of St Omer and held them beneath the altar since 1859. His bones were temporarily removed in 2006 while the chapel underwent restoration, but they have since been returned. The chapel is again used by the re-established Sodality. Adjacent to the Old Infirmary is the Rosary Garden, a place for spiritual contemplation, at the centre of which is a stone statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

St Peter's Church underwent extensive repair and refurbishment in 2010–11. Most of the Victorian stencilling was not restored, although the whitewash was removed from the stencilling above the altar.

Traditions
It is a long-standing practice, as with many Jesuit schools around the world, that pupils write A.M.D.G. in the top left hand corner of any piece of work they do. It stands for the Latin phrase Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam which means For the Greater Glory of God. At the end of a piece of work they write L.D.S. in the centre of the page. It stands for Laus Deo Semper which means Praise to God Always. These are both traditional Jesuit mottoes.

Charitable status
As a registered charity, Stonyhurst is obliged to provide benefits to the wider community under the terms of the Charities Act 2006. As such, the college is home to the local Catholic parish church, which receives worshippers from Hurst Green every day. Its sports facilities, including the swimming pool and all-weather pitch are available for public use; the latter was used for competitors training for the London 2012 Olympic Games. Much of the estate has public access; in particular the gardens and tea house are visited during the summer months, while the college plays host to tours, antiques fairs, food festivals, music concerts, conferences and weddings. The school has relationships with several state schools, arranging shared activities with their pupils, in particular those serving special needs children. In addition, the school makes available some places to pupils offered on scholarship, bursaries or free of charge; almost a third of current pupils receive financial support for their places.

Motto
The French motto Quant je puis is central to the ethos of the school, which focuses upon the all-round development of the individual. It is inherited from the Shireburn family who once owned the original mansion on the site; the family emblem is emblazoned, in stone, with the motto, above the fireplace in the Top Refectory.

Academic
Academic standards are high: 93% of GCSE students attain 9-4 grades; there is a 100% pass rate at A-Level; and 100% of A-Level leavers take up places at universities (10% to Oxbridge) or on gap year schemes. The school's most recent inspection rated much of the education and pastoral provision as 'outstanding'. In 2023, 40% of students scored A*-A for A Levels while 46% of students that took the GCSEs scored 9-7.

Ten GCSEs are usually taken by each pupil, consisting of five compulsory subjects (Religious Studies, Mathematics, English Language and Literature, and a modern language (French, German or Spanish) plus Information Technology and Personal, Social Education, with five other options from humanities, sciences, or arts subjects. In Poetry (lower sixth), four or five AS-Levels are taken from a choice of 25 subjects, with a weekly Theology class. One of these may be dropped and the remainder, or all, taken on to A-Level. Six A* – C grades are the requirement for Sixth Form entry. Each academic department has dedicated teaching rooms around the school, in addition to the general classrooms and playroom study places.

Education during the college's early history was based on St Ignatius' Ratio Studiorum, with emphasis upon theology, classics and science, all of which still feature prominently in the curriculum. The educational practice, observed at the College of St Omer, of dividing a class into Romans and Carthaginians continued long after the migration to Stonyhurst but is not employed today; each pupil would be pitched against an opponent with the task of picking up on the other's mistakes in an attempt to score points.

Until Catholics were admitted to Oxbridge in 1854, Stonyhurst was also home to "philosopher gentlemen" studying BA courses under the London Matriculation Examination system. Their numbers began to fall after 1894 and the department was closed in 1916.

Libraries and collections
Stonyhurst College has four main libraries: the Arundell, the Bay, the Square and the More (dedicated to Saint Thomas More).

The More Library is the main library for students while the 'House Libraries' (the Arundell, the Bay, and the Square) contain many artefacts from the Society of Jesus and English Catholicism. The Arundell Library, presented in 1837 by Everard, 11th Baron Arundell of Wardour, is the most significant; it is not only a country-house library from Wardour Castle but also has a notable collection of 250 incunabula, medieval manuscripts and volumes of Jacobite interest, signal among which is Mary Tudor's Book of Hours, which it is believed was given by Mary, Queen of Scots to her chaplain on the scaffold. The manuscript Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines was written in 1354 by Henry, Duke of Lancaster. To these were added the archives of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, which include 16th-century manuscript verses by St Robert Southwell SJ, the letters of St Edmund Campion SJ (1540–81) and holographs of the 19th-century poet Gerard Manley Hopkins. The Arundell Library has a copy of the Chronicles of Jean Froissart, captured at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, and held the 7th-century Stonyhurst Gospel of St John before it was loaned to the British Library, as well as a First Folio of Shakespeare.

Among those collections kept away from public view are numerous blood-soaked garments from Jesuits martyred in Japan, the skull of Cardinal Morton, ropes used to quarter St Edmund Campion SJ, hair of St Francis Xavier SJ, an enormous solid silver jewel-encrusted monstrance, the Wintour vestments, a cope made for Henry VII, and a thorn said to be from the crown of thorns placed upon Jesus' head at the crucifixion.

The school owns paintings, including a portrait of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and another of the Jesuit Henry Garnet. In the Stuart Parlour are portraits of Jacobites including James Francis Edward Stuart, and his sons Charles Edward Stuart and Henry Benedict Stuart. There are also several original engravings by Rembrandt and Dürer, such as the 'Greater Passion' and the 'Car of Maximillian'.

Observatory
The school has a functioning observatory which was built in 1866. An older observatory, built in 1838, is now the Typographia Collegii, but was once one of seven important stations in the country when the Meteorological Office came under the auspices of the Royal Society. The records of temperature taken there start from 1846 and are the oldest continuous daily records in the world. During the nineteenth century, the observatory was maintained by the astronomer priests, Fr Alfred Weld, Fr Perry and Fr Sidgreaves whose research included astronomy, geomagnetrometry and seismology. Astrophysicist Pietro Angelo Secchi, director of the Vatican Observatory, also taught astronomy at the college during the period. Sir Edward Sabine chose the observatory as one of his main stations when conducting a magnetic survey of Britain in 1858. Five years later Fr Sidgreaves began the first series of monthly geometric observations, which continued until May 1919. During the course of the twentieth century, the observatory fell out of use and its telescope, parts of which dated to the 1860s, was sold after the Second World War. When its private owner came to sell it, the college was able to buy it back and restore it to its original home. The observatory is today used for astronomical purposes again, whilst also functioning as one of four weather stations used by the Met Office to provide central England temperature data (CET).

"The observatory has been made famous by many astronomers of wide reputation," says Britannica.

Music, drama and art
Music plays a prominent rôle in school life. All those entering the school in Lower Grammar (year nine) are obliged to learn to play an orchestral instrument. There are two choirs: the Chapel Choir, which sings regularly at mass, and the Schola Cantorum, composed of teachers and pupils, which sings at concerts and public events such as the May celebration in the college amphitheatre. Pupils participate in the school orchestra and various bands, whilst the staff band is a feature of the Poetry Banquet and Rhetoric Ball.

Drama is equally important, with plays staged throughout the school year, the main performance being at Great Academies, whilst some students take Theatre Studies as an additional AS Level subject. The college has a traditional theatre, the Academy Room, and a high-tech theatre built at St Mary's Hall as part of the Centenaries Appeal in 1993. The latter plays host to the annual Ribble Valley International Piano Week. Several former pupils have gone on to achieve success upon the stage, including OSCAR-winning actor and director Charles Laughton and BAFTA-winning director and producer Peter Glenville.

Art is an important part of the curriculum, and is compulsory for those in Lower Grammar (year nine). There is a dedicated art studio in addition to a separate design and technology centre. Student artwork is displayed on the walls of the Lower Gallery, including a portrait of the Queen painted by Isobel Bidwell during the Golden Jubilee year; upon receipt of a copy, the Queen's lady-in-waiting said that "The Queen was delighted to see the painting and know that it is on display in the school".

Literary associations
Stonyhurst has provided inspiration for poets and authors who include former classics teacher Gerard Manley Hopkins, whose poems feature details of the local countryside, and former pupil Sir Arthur Conan Doyle whose "Baskerville Hall" was modelled on Stonyhurst Hall, and who named Sherlock Holmes' nemesis, Moriarty, after a fellow pupil. J. R. R. Tolkien wrote part of The Lord of the Rings in a classroom on the Upper Gallery during his stay at the college where his son taught Classics; his "Middle-earth" is said to resemble the local area, while there are specific resonances in names such as "Shire Lane", (the name of a road in Hurst Green) and the "River Shirebourn" (the Shireburns built Stonyhurst). Poet Laureate Alfred Austin, and the poet Oliver St John Gogarty ("Stately plump Buck Mulligan" in James Joyce's Ulysses) were educated at the school, (as were the sons of Oscar Wilde and Evelyn Waugh). George Archer-Shee, at the centre of Terence Rattigan's play The Winslow Boy, is an alumnus.

The school runs its own publication company, St Omer's Press, which publishes religious literature, and first began when the college was located at St Omer in Flanders.

Sport
Pupils are required to participate in games on a regular basis. The school plays rugby union and other sports. Since turning fully co-educational, hockey and rounders have widened the sports programme.

Rugby
Stonyhurst College Rugby Union Football Club (SCRUFC) has played a big part in the life of the school, despite only supplanting football as the school's primary sport in 1921. All boys are encouraged to play when they enter Lower Grammar but are not required to play throughout their time at the school. Stonyhurst has a successful rugby season, with games well supported by pupils, staff and parents. Sporting rivalry is particularly prominent against fellow Catholic independent schools Ampleforth College, Mount St Mary's College and Sedbergh School in Cumbria. The Stonyhurst Sevens take place annually, attracting large crowds and teams from all over the country.

The school has produced sixteen international rugby players (England (5), Ireland (6), Scotland (1) Italy (1), the USA (1) Bermuda (1) and the Bahamas (1)), as well as players for the Barbarians and the British and Irish Lions. Most recently they include Iain Balshaw and Kyran Bracken, who both played for England when they won the 2003 Rugby World Cup, whilst another member of that team, Will Greenwood, went to Stonyhurst Saint Mary's Hall, where his mother taught maths until 2007. Current pupils of the school have won places to represent Spain, Mexico (under 19s) the Irish Exiles and the Welsh Exiles (under 19s). Old boys have also played at varsity level and have won blues for Oxford or Cambridge.

Stonyhurst has had well-known coaches, including former England coaches Ben Sanders, Dick Greenwood and Brian Ashton who coached the first XV. Many pupils have represented Stonyhurst in the England Schools U16 and U18 Rugby teams. These include Daniel Mckenzie and Andy Fuller who both received an U18 England cap in 2000.

Stonyhurst Football
Stonyhurst Football, inherited from the College of St Omer (along with Stonyhurst Cricket), was played between the handball walls on the Playground. The game was discontinued with the advent of association football but was re-established in 1988 when a "Grand Match" was played at Great Academies; traditionally a "Grand Match" was played on Shrove Tuesday and was the primary Stonyhurst Football match of the season. The teams were England vs France (although during the Crimean War England vs Russia was played and more recently England vs Ireland was played in the 1980s). The last game took place in 1995.

Rhetoric vs. Hodder cricket and rounders
Towards the end of the Summer Term each year, Rhetoric boys issue a challenge, written in Latin, to the boys in preparatory at Stonyhurst Saint Mary's Hall, inviting them to compete in a cricket match. Preparatory respond in turn, also in Latin. The Rhetoricians take part wearing fancy dress, and are traditionally defeated by preparatory. In 2003, the tradition was adopted by the girls who issued a Latin challenge to preparatory girls inviting them to compete at rounders.

Officer Training Corps (OTC)
The Stonyhurst Officer Training Corps assembled for the first time on 16 October 1900, in the Ambulacrum, overseen by The First Volunteer Battalion, the East Lancashire Regiment who gave instruction in drill and musketry. The original uniform was scarlet with a white piping and slouch hat, which was changed to khaki before the First World War. The Corps was granted the honour of representation at the Coronation of 1910 and sent members to the Royal Review at Windsor in 1911. It also appeared on parade annually for the spectacle of the Corpus Christi celebrations until the practice became obsolete after Vatican II.

Combined Cadet Corps (CCF)
After the Second World War, school OTCs were succeeded by the Combined Cadet Force. Stonyhurst's is run from the College Armoury adjoining the Ambulacrum and Shooting Range, led by a team of officers under a Major assigned to the school. It meets weekly on a Thursday afternoon and comprises the following platoons named after Stonyhurst's seven Victoria Cross winners:

Junior company

 * Costello Platoon (Lieutenant Edmund William COSTELLO V.C., Malakand, India 1897)
 * Coury Platoon (Second Lieutenant George Gabriel COURY V.C., Guillemont, Somme 1916)
 * Liddell Platoon (Captain John Aiden LIDDELL V.C, Ostend, Belgium 1915)
 * Kenna Platoon (Captain Paul Aloysius KENNA V.C., Khartoum, Sudan 1898)

Senior company

 * Dease Platoon (Lieutenant Maurice James DEASE V.C., Mons, Belgium 1914)
 * Jackman Platoon (Captain James Joseph Bernard JACKMAN V.C., Ed Duda, Tobruk, 1941)
 * Andrews Platoon (Captain Harold Marcus ERVINE-ANDREWS V.C., Dunkirk 1940)
 * Support Platoon

Those in Grammar Playroom (year ten) are automatically enrolled in the CCF and are given the option of continuing at the end of the year, following a summer camp which takes place at a local barracks. Training involves a range of activities such as drill (marching and related manoeuvres), shooting, learning how to assemble and clean weapons, tactical planning and team work. The school supplies pupils with uniform, the orderliness of which is rigorously enforced and inspected each week. Each platoon is led by a Junior Under Officer, his sergeant and corporals who are sixth form students.

Military careers
Some pupils have gone on to receive places at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. This follows a long tradition of service from Stonyhurst pupils: many Old Stonyhurst (O.S.) were killed in the two World Wars and are commemorated on the war memorial at the end of the Upper Gallery.

The Stonyhurst War Records were published in their honour. A memorial at the top of the main staircase records the names of the six O.S. killed in the Boer War.

Playroom system
Unlike most English public schools, Stonyhurst is organised horizontally by year groups (known as playrooms) rather than vertically by houses, although the girls are also split into junior and senior houses. Each playroom has an assigned playroom master, with each cohort moving through the playrooms, having a sequence of playroom masters (rather than a single housemaster).

Lines
In addition to the horizontal division of the school into playrooms, there is also a vertical grouping which cuts through the year groups, the "lines", and is used mostly for competitive purposes in sport and music. The lines and colours are as follows:
 * Campion (red) (named after St Edmund Campion)
 * St Omers (yellow, though brown for sporting attire) (named after St Omer, the town the school was founded in)
 * Shireburn (green) (named after the Shireburn family which built Stonyhurst)
 * Weld (blue) (named after Thomas Weld who donated Stonyhurst to the Jesuits)

Notable events in the school year
The Ascensio Scholarum, inherited from the College of St Omer, in its present form, is the opening address of the headmaster at the beginning of the year to the entire school gathered in the Academy Room. Previously, it was a formal transition for pupils from one playroom to the next at the beginning of the year, which involved a pupil from each year announcing to the playroom of the year below them that the next playroom had been vacated by the senior pupils. The students and their belongings would then move up to their next playroom.

"Great Academies" takes place annually at the end of the first half of the summer term. Although different in its present form, it is a continuation of a tradition begun at St Omers, with the first taking place at Stonyhurst on 6 August 1795. Today, it is an occasion when the school is on display – there are exhibitions, musical performances, the school play, sporting events, as well as prize-giving and the headmaster's speech, culminating with the Rhetoric Ball and Rhetoric Mass the following morning.

Stonyhurst Association
After less formal arrangements had been made for many years, the Association was formed in 1879. Its primary objective is to foster a strong spirit of union amongst past pupils and friends of Stonyhurst, which has been achieved in a variety of ways reflecting the spirit of succeeding generations. Recently, there has been a strong charitable emphasis, embedded with similar developments at the college. This was formalised in 1985, when the Association was granted charitable status by the Charity Commission. It also supports charities connected to the school including Eagle Aid.

Alumni
Stonyhurst has educated prominent individuals in every area, from statesmen to sportsmen, and actors to archbishops. Seven alumni have been awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry; paintings of them adorn the walls of the Top Refectory in the school. The school's alumni include three saints, twelve Beati, seven archbishops, seven Victoria Cross winners, a Peruvian president, a Bolivian president, a New Zealand prime minister, a signatory of the American Declaration of Independence and several writers, sportsmen, and politicians.

Notable alumni include: Contemporaries
 * Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signatory of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
 * Arthur Conan Doyle, author of Sherlock Holmes
 * St Thomas Garnet SJ, canonised saint and protomartyr of St Omers, one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
 * John Harbison, first State Pathologist of Ireland
 * Joseph Mary Plunkett, Irish signatory of the Irish Proclamation of Independence leading activist in the Easter Rising, for which he was executed
 * John Francis Moriarty, Attorney General for Ireland
 * Richard More O'Ferrall, Governor of Malta and Irish landownder.
 * Sir Frederick Weld, New Zealand prime minister
 * Eduardo Lopez de Romaña, president of Peru
 * Lieutenant Maurice James Dease, was the first posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross during WWI, fought and died at the Battle of Mons
 * Thomas Meagher, Irish poet, leader of the Young Ireland movement, American Civil War Brigadier General, and Acting Governor of the Montana Territory.
 * Daniel Carroll, brother of John and cousin of Charles, one of only five men to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.
 * John Carroll, brother of Daniel and cousin of Charles, served as first bishop and archbishop in the United States, founder of Georgetown University.
 * Joe Ansbro, Scottish rugby international
 * Crispian Hollis, Bishop of Portsmouth
 * Michael D. Hurley, Cambridge don engaged in literature, philosophy and theology
 * Paul Johnson, writer, artist and popular historian
 * Professor Gabriel Leung, GBS, JP, Dean of the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong
 * Mark Thompson, former Director-General of the BBC
 * Chris Morris, satirist, BAFTA winner
 * Tom Morris, theatre director, producer and writer, and Tony Award winner
 * Matt Greenhalgh, screenwriter, BAFTA winner
 * Tim Hetherington, photographer, Oscar nominee
 * Patrick Rock former government deputy director of policy for Prime Minister David Cameron and convicted sex offender*
 * Bill Cash, MP for Stone, Staffordshire and prominent Brexiteer
 * Patrick McGrath, novelist

Notable masters

 * Brian Ashton, history master and England rugby coach.
 * Dick Greenwood, Assistant bursar and England rugby coach.
 * Christopher Hollis, assistant master, history master (1925–1935), author, politician and president of the Oxford Union.
 * Gerard Manley Hopkins, classics master and poet.
 * Stephen Joseph Perry, astronomy master.
 * Alfred Weld SJ, director of the Observatory, grandson of founder Thomas Weld (of Lulworth)
 * Pietro Angelo Secchi, astronomy master, astrophysicist, and director of the Vatican Observatory.
 * George Tyrrell, philosophy master and Roman Catholic modernist.

Headmasters
Since the college's foundation in Flanders in 1593, there have been 78 headmasters, (variably known as presidents, rectors, superiors and directors). Until the appointment of Giles Mercer in 1985, the headmaster had always been a member of the Society of Jesus. There have been three lay headmasters.

 * St Omer, Bruges, Liège (1593–1794)
 * See: Heads of St Omer, Bruges, Liège

 * Stonyhurst (1794–present)
 * Presidents
 * Marmaduke Stone SJ (1794–1808)
 * Nicholas Sewall SJ (1808–1813)
 * John Weld SJ (1813–1816)
 * Nicholas Sewall SJ (1816–1817)

 * Rector and Headmaster
 * Charles Plowden SJ (1817–1819)
 * Joseph Tristram SJ (1819–1827)
 * Richard Norris SJ (1827–1832)
 * Richard Parker SJ (1832–1836)
 * John Brownbill SJ (1836–1839)
 * Francis Daniel SJ (1839–1841)
 * Andrew Barrow SJ (1841–1845)
 * Richard Norris SJ (1845–1846)
 * Henry Walmesley SJ (1846–1847)
 * Richard Sumner SJ (1847–1848)
 * Francis Clough SJ (1848–1861)
 * Joseph Johnson SJ (1861–1868)
 * Charles Henry SJ (1868–1869)
 * Edward Purbick SJ (1869–1879)

 * William Eyre SJ (1879–1885)
 * Reginald Colley SJ (1885–1891)
 * Herman Walmesley SJ (1891–1898)
 * Joseph Browne SJ (1898–1906)
 * Pedro Gordon SJ (1906–1907)
 * William Bodkin SJ (1907–1916)
 * Edward O'Connor SJ (1916–1924)
 * Walter Weld SJ (1924–1929)
 * Richard Worsley SJ (1929–1932)
 * Edward O'Connor SJ (1932–1938)
 * Leo Belton SJ (1938–1945)
 * Bernard Swindells SJ (1945–1952)
 * Francis Vavasour SJ (1952–1958)
 * Desmond Boyle SJ (1958–1961)

 * Headmasters
 * Frederick J. Turner SJ (1961–1963)
 * George Earle SJ (1963–1971)
 * Michael Bossy SJ (1971–1985)
 * Giles Mercer (1985–1996)
 * Adrian Aylward (1996–2006)
 * Andrew Johnson (2006-2016)
 * John Browne (2016-present)

 * Headmasters of Hodder Place & St Mary's Hall (1807–present)
 * See: Headmasters of Stonyhurst Saint Mary's Hall

Controversy
James Chaning-Pearce, a priest who taught at the school, was gaoled for sexually assaulting pupils between 1987 and 1995. The youngest victim was a boy of 12. In 1999, the Lancashire Constabulary conducted "Operation Whiting", which looked into allegations of abuse at the school dating back to the 1970s. This resulted in two convictions, one of which was quashed on appeal. On 14 May 2002, a parliamentary committee member described the operation as "a scandal in itself" and an "expensive... fiasco".

Another priest, Father Paul Symonds, at Stonyhurst between 1972 and 1979, was arrested in November 2009 for having allegedly abused a 13-year-old boy for three years. The case was dropped by the CPS Lancashire, a year later and was revealed in March 2014.

In 2014, Stonyhurst was fined £100,000 and ordered to pay £31,547.78 in legal costs for the prosecution after pleading guilty to a breach of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 for health and safety failings after a stonemason working for the college developed silicosis, a potentially fatal lung disease. The college made the stonemason, who had worked for the college for almost 12 years, redundant, four months after his diagnosis.

title: Stonyhurst College


text: Category:1897 films

title: Category:1897 films


text:
Talk:Stonyhurst College

Archive
I have archived old discussions on this page, which can be found here: Archive 1

Orexis bouleutike (talk) 23:23, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I have created a talk archive on a separate page: Talk:Stonyhurst College/Archive 1. --Snigbrook ( talk ) 23:47, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

GA fail
I'm sorry, but I am quick failing the GA nom of this article for inadequate referencing. There are entire paragraphs and sections without references. Please fully reference the article before re-nomination. Thanks. Nikki 311  00:35, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject banner comments

 * WikiProject Schools: Looks solidly-written and well-referenced with plenty of references and pictures. All it needs to be GA is a review request. Adam McCormick (talk) 00:43, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * WikiProject Lancashire and Cumbria: importance reflects the architectural status of the building more than anything else.
 * WikiProject Catholicism: the college occupies an important place within English Catholicism, and in particular Jesuit history, thus deserving a higher importance rating 163.1.126.5 (talk) 22:56, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Eighth Victoria Cross Winner?!
According to Hewitson, Stonyhurst College, Present and Past (1878, Fishergate, Preston), page 265, among Stonyhurst's alumni is a man named Lieutenant General Hon. Henry Hugh Clifford VC CB. He won the Victoria Cross for gallant conduct at the Battle of Inkerman in the Crimean War. Either the author has confused him with the other Hugh Clifford who went to Stonyhurst and made a mistake, or the College has a forgotten VC winner. I've looked him up on the internet but cannot find any mention of his schooling. The family appears to have had strong links to the school and is related to the Weld family (grandson of Thomas Weld, benefactor of Stonyhurst - so likely that he would be schooled there). Can anyone clear this up? I may contact the Association office or Mrs Graffius, the curator, about this (when I get chance). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.156.197.117 (talk) 10:57, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Apparently Hewitson confused him with his cousin. 7 VCs after all. 163.1.126.5 (talk) 16:43, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Classroom Names
I've added the ones I know. Could someone plese fill in the rest. 86.156.197.117 (talk) 11:09, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Importance rating
I have upgraded this article to high importance which brings it on a par with Ampleforth College. As a leading Catholic school with important alumni the school easily justifies the high importance rating. Dahliarose (talk) 10:28, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Correction
I have had to re-correct the question of Lancashire being a Roman Catholic County. I have demonstrated above [see archive of this page] that Lancashire was not a catholic county or predominantly a catholic county whatever Muir says -see the 1851 religious returns. Chasnor15

Lancashire may not have had a majority Catholic population. The idea is that the locality in which Stonyhurst lies did have a strong Catholic presence, whether or not the county as a whole did is not the issue. In any case the majority of Lancashire's population lived in the growing south - Manchester/Liverpool area, which is very different to the rural area around Stonyhurst. I have looked at your comments above, but I still cannot see how it affects the area where Stonyhurst is. I don't think Muir is just talking about the 19th Century. John de Bayley was licensed to have an oratory on the site in the C14th - the area's Catholic history goes back a long way!

Orexis bouleutike (talk) 00:03, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Splitting and Summarising
I have been splitting the article as it has become too long. The new articles form the Stonyhurst College series. I am aware that the summaries I have left in place of the previous material are somewhat inadequate, so please do improve upon them, but note that all the information which was there has been moved to a new location - it has not been deleted. This also enables further expansion, especially to the history section, which I intend to contribute to myself over the summer.

Orexis bouleutike (talk) 19:51, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

I have finished splitting and have removed the "too long" box. I think the page is much easier to navigate and comprehend now, though I hope to improve upon it still further. I did create a separate article concerned with the headmasters from St Omers to the present, but it was nominated for deletion so I have split the list between this page and the St Omers one. I hope the article feels and looks better!

The references still need to be improved so that the article can gain 'good article' status. I have re-positioned the pictures as they are laid out on those articles which have GA status. Also a crest would be good if anyone has an image of it.

Orexis bouleutike (talk) 23:57, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Stonyhurst Website copies Wikipedia article!
I was very interested to read an article on the Stonyhurst website about its observatory, more so when I recognised the wording and realised that the observatory's potted history had been lifted directly from this page (compare the dates). Is that allowed? http://www.stonyhurst.ac.uk/article_1138.shtml

Orexis bouleutike (talk) 16:41, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh yes ... anyone can copy wikipedia ... its what it is for! But wikipedia cannot take others work and present it as original or infringe others copyright Victuallers (talk) 14:49, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Some requests

 * 1) In a recent article of Edward Oldcorne it says "Oldcorne's portrait, painted after his death for the Gesù, survived,". What is Gesu? Is this the Jesuits? The quote is from the Catholic encyclopedia of 1913.
 * 2) Do you have that portrait of Father Oldcorne or do you know where it is? I notice you say that you have one of Henry Garnet or Ralph Ashley etc. - Is it possible to get photo's of these? Could they be loaded on wikipedia?
 * 3) Brilliant school wikipedia articles - I see you have not made GA yet .... but you will! (I have seen literally 100s of school articles). Oh and I think the importance id wrong. You are not High but Top. Victuallers (talk) 15:42, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Surely there is no need to have Alumni/ae? Alumni is quite acceptable when describing a group of both sexes.. 129.67.138.26 (talk) 21:19, 3 March 2009 (UTC) Concerned, Oxford

Pre-GAC review comment
Although the article has seemingly improved greatly since its last GAC nom, especially in regards to its sourcing, there is a problem with the current citations in that most of them are not formatted properly per WP:CITE. Pertinent information is missing from a majority of the citations, including but not limited to author, publisher, published date and access date. For examples of citation templates (which are not required but very useful), see WP:CITET. Also, are the works listed under "Sources" used as sources? If so, they need to be cited specifically (including necessary information described above). If they are not used, the section should be renamed "Further reading". These issues need to be taken care of in order for the article to be promoted to GA-class. María ( habla con migo ) 18:27, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Thanks. I'll sort this out now... Orexis bouleutike (talk) 18:56, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: Stonyhurst College
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User:Orexis bouleutike/Userboxes/Stonyhurst College

Orexis bouleutike (talk) 18:44, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Too long
This article is far too long for what is, frankly a second division public school. Stonyhurst College is not an Eton, Harrow, Bedales, Winchester etc. and yet it has an article far longer than any of these more prominent schools - even Downside and Ampleforth - the other major Catholic British public schools have much shorter articles despite being more famous - someone please rectify this! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guyaubreydevito (talk • contribs) 18:13, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Surely the onus is on the editors of the articles for those schools to improve them? Why should this be shortened? This is a source of information; isn't that what an encyclopaedia is meant to be? And who are you to judge what makes a good/famous school? 94.197.242.248 (talk) 22:37, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Look mate, I realise that I am probably chatting to someone associated with the school, hence your stance but I must reiterate that the length of this article superficially suggests that the institution has a high level of notoriety - which simply isn't true. I don't want you to take my word for it, but instead please refer to the Tatler good schools guide 2010. This guide is considered to be the definitive source for judging a schools prestige and, Stonyhurst is not present in the latest edition, nor indeed in any other edition I can recall. If you follow the link you will see my point: http://guides.tatler.co.uk/WCS/Schools/2010/ Of course long articles are good but everything should be put in perspective and for Stonyhurst to have an entry longer than Eton's is bizarre, for what is currently, not a 'premier league' public school. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.246.34.95 (talk) 12:19, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

 * That's not how Wikipedia works. I'm sure you can find short articles on important subjects and long articles on trivial subjects. Length of article does not indicate importance. If there is specific information in this article you think is non-encyclopaedic or non-notable, please identify it. Otherwise, if you think the Eton article should be longer than this article (e.g.), go and add to the Eton article. --  Dr Greg   talk  15:53, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Absolutely, Wikipedia is here to provide information. Any judgement as to the importance or interest of any piece of information or article is by definition subjective.

It is curious that someone who thinks this article to be unimportant / uninteresting still finds it interesting enough not only to look at but to enter into a discussion about. I would have thought if the article is of no interest one would simply not bother to read it.

A number of people have clearly put a great deal of time and effort into a subject that is a) of interest to them and b) indisputably of some importance to the Jesuits in the UK, English recusant Catholic history as well as the wider development of Jesuit education around the world. I think that is more than enough to justify the article if justification were necessary.

As to the importance of the school, there are a number of authoritative ways to rank / rate a school, though most serious educational attempts to do so are controversial. Marketing opportunities provided by The Tatler (A society and fashion magazine) is certainly not one of them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.148.140.161 (talk) 14:28, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Okay, firstly 'Dr Greg', those who contribute to wikipedia or edit wikipedia accept responsibility for the whole site, of course folks are always going to work to their own academic disciplines and cerebral strengths but I fear that this particular article is written like a brochure by those connected with the school. As this is probably the case both the neutrality and credibility of this article are thrown into question. It seems as well that y'all failed to understand my point about Stonyhurst having a longer article than Eton's so I will illustrate my point with a comparison with analogous pairs of articles: (i) Alan Redpath and David Cameron - both conservative MP's but one would balk if Redpath had a longer article than Cameron's (ii) Steven Gerrard and Jay Spearing - both footballers for Liverpool FC but again one significantly more famous than the other (iii) Leonardo da Vinchi and Dinos Chapman... I would go on but I feel that I shouldn't have to... Everyone else on wikipedia manages to adhere to these unwritten principles, that are so blindingly obvious that these disputes are (thankfully) very rare, so why can't you guys?! Also if I might add; it does seem like the article contributers are over compensating for something by making this article so very long. Secondly anyone who knows anything about Public Schools in the UK knows that they are to be judged by notoriety - I am not talking about some league table based on GCSE results! Of course we all hark back to the days when judging a public school's credentials was done only by reaching for a copy of J.G. Cotton Minchin's 'Our Public Schools' but depressingly the Tatler good schools guide is the only decent guide around and, being a high society magazine in many ways makes it a most suitable reference. 86.176.70.174 (talk) 15:29, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

The line of argument seems to be in two parts; a)Stonyhurst is not a high society school therefore b) Stonyhurst should not have a longer entry in Wikepedia than schools that are high society schools e.g Eton because there is an unspoken agreement that less well regarded subjects have shorter articles than better regarded subjects within the same category.

So let’s deal with these in turn:

a)	I think it safe to say that a school of whatever sort is still primarily a school with its primary business and responsibility being the education of its pupils, as such any school should be judged primarily on the quality of education it provides. The recent substantive and authoritative inspection report on Stonyhurst makes it very clear that the school provides a very good education. The Jesuit ethos of Stonyhurst would mot likely bar or at least undermine the school in seeking to have a ‘High Society’ reputation so the school is entirely consistent with its own aims in offering extensive bursaries to less well off students and thereby becoming less ‘High Society’ than it might otherwise be given its ‘Public School’ History. As such it is also entirely consistent to judge the school more on the quality of education it provides that on a subjective reading of its social fashionability. i.e. To insist on ranking schools by their social status is only one way of ranking schools and to many peoples minds clearly not the most important and therefore clearly not to be enforced on Wikepedia or anywhere else, except of course in Tatler where the main interest is social status consistent with that magazines central interest in social status.

Stonyhurst is a leading choice of school among the catholic upper and upper middle classes, hence the numebnr of aristocrats and members of the gentry that make up the old boy list. I would suggest that there is a number of considerably less smart or 'posh' schools in that list. It's history speaks for itself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.25.109.196 (talk) 14:15, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

b)	The argument that within Wikepedia subjects within categories should have a length proportional to their perceived significance is entirely out of keeping with Wikepedia which exists to make available as much information as possible on any subject at all.

I think it is also important to bear in mind that quibbling over the social status of various British independent boarding schools can look somewhat obscene when set in the international context of Wikepedia i.e. in a world where the presence of real poverty that causes real suffering makes the distinction between these schools look somewhat insignificant / petty compared to the chasm between rich and poor globally. A chasm that education ought to be seeking to reduce and therefor a point not irrelevant to the discussion of any school. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.148.138.67 (talk) 16:32, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Or even better why not take your concerns to the Wikipedia editors (who have already listed this under their 'Good Articles'). That should bring this rather bizarre discussion to a close. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.148.138.46 (talk) 13:35, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Sister school
Beaumont College is said to be a sister school, although it closed down in 1967. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.194.200 (talk) 13:19, 7 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The word "formerly" has now been added. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.27.109.117 (talk) 15:45, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The sister school has disappeared now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.132.251.193 (talk) 13:07, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

Morton
Morton seems to have died a natural death in 1500. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.194.200 (talk) 11:18, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Category:Old Stonyhursts rename
At present there is a discussion relating to the renaming of this category. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at this discussion page. Please note that the discussion is not a majority vote so contributions should be based on Wikipedia policies and independent sources. Cjc13 (talk) 13:49, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

Anachronism
In undertaking some casual copyediting in the Libraries subsection here, I saw one of those inappropriate news items by which Wikipedia is too often distorted:"'The Stonyhurst copy of the Chronicles of Jean Froissart, captured at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, are currently on loan to the Royal Armouries in Leeds, where they are the centrepiece of a new exhibition.'" A quick search revealed that the subject exhibition ended on 6 April 2008. The particular edit was made on 28 January 2008, meaning that the misinformation had been published for nearly four years. For God's sake, where were the people who have this article on their watchlist? Have the administrators never considered banning edits using the word "currently", which is, of course, a nonsense in a non-static, undated non-paper encyclopedia? Cheers, Bjenks (talk) 01:49, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 36 one external links on Stonyhurst College. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
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External links modified
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External links modified
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GAR likely needed
There are multiple valid maintenance tags on this page (added by four separate editors), which indicate that the article has issues with sourcing, tone, and boosterism. In particular, there seem to be a lot of primary sources and the tone seems to be somewhat story-like. If this is not fixed soon, this article may have to go to WP:GAR. Epicgenius (talk) 01:11, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stonyhurst College


text: Category:1898 films

title: Category:1898 films


text: Category:Swiss musical groups

title: Category:Swiss musical groups


text:
Talk:Franco Malerba

Pesto
There is a persistent story that Malerba smuggled his own supply of pesto onboard the Shuttle... does anyone know if there's actual confirmation of this, or just a bad joke? -FZ (talk) 14:19, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Even if he did, unless there's another pesto I'm not familiar with, I don't see why bringing sauce on a space ship is important (let alone mildly interesting) to note. 76.104.78.25 (talk) 20:45, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

1989 Astronaut Group
The infobox says he was part of the 1989 ESA Group, yet the ESA astronaut page says he was never part of ESA, unlike some other French and German astronauts who trained separately but transferred in to ESA. This should be looked into and fixed, but I certainly don't know for sure what is correct. 74.83.1.69 (talk) 14:32, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Franco Malerba


text: Category:1899 films

title: Category:1899 films


text:
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Proposed deletion of Robot Battle

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title: User talk:Kaoru~enwiki


text: Category:Polish musical groups

title: Category:Polish musical groups


text:
Andreas Kunstein

Andreas Kunstein (born 25 June 1967) is a German composer who was born in Brühl (North Rhine-Westphalia). In his youth, he received piano lessons and wrote his first compositions. After finishing high school, he studied history and philosophy in Düsseldorf.

He also had private composition lessons with David Graham and Ratko Delorko. During 1992–1998 he studied composition at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen, with Wolfgang Hufschmidt. At the Rotterdam Hogeschool voor Muziek en Dans, he completed his studies in composition with Peter-Jan Wagemans and Klaas de Vries in April 2002. He participated in masterclasses of Manfred Trojahn, Edison Denisov and George Crumb, amongst others.

His 13 Epigrams for Orchestra were nominated for the Dutch Young Composers Prize in 2000. In 1998, Andreas Kunstein received the scholarship of the Otmar Alt Foundation and in 2003 he received a scholarship of the Kulturfonds Foundation for the "Künstlerhaus Lukas".

Andreas Kunstein is counted as one of the Rotterdam School composers.

Works
Works by Kunstein have been published by Donemus, including:
 * Toccata for piano (1980/1991)
 * Fantasy in G-minor for piano (1991)
 * String quartet No. 1 (1992)
 * 10 Epigrams for toy piano (1992) (Version for piano: 1996)
 * Woodwinds Quintet (1993)
 * String quartet No. 2 (1994)
 * Mutter denkt nach for mezzo-soprano and piano (text: Hedda Zinner, 1929) (1995)
 * 2 Portraits for piano (1995–1997)
 * 13 Epigrams for orchestra (1998) (New version: 2000)
 * String Trio (1992/1999)
 * Szenen aus einem Studentenleben for orchestra (2001–2002) (Version for piano: 2001)
 * String quintet (2002)
 * Suite for orchestra (2002) (Version for 2 pianos: Suite for 2 pianos)
 * Music for 2 Pianos and Percussion (2003)
 * Turbulences for big band (2003)

His 10 Epigrams for toy piano appeared in 1994 on CD SST 31112 played by Bernd Wiesemann and his 10 Epigrams for piano appeared on NCC 8007 played by Ratko Delorko.

title: Andreas Kunstein


text:
Adabas D

Adabas D is a relational database management system owned by Software AG since 1994, when Software AG acquired SQL-Datenbanksysteme GmbH from Siemens Nixdorf AG.

SAP AG's MaxDB is based on ADABAS D version 6.1.15.57, licensed from Software AG in 1997, and originally sold as SAP DB. MaxDB is provided for use with SAP, as an alternative to other more costly RDBMS systems.

Star Division (and later Sun Microsystems) used Adabas D for its product StarOffice, and the personal edition of Adabas D was included in SuSE Linux. An Adabas D adapter was provided in OpenOffice.org.

title: Adabas D


text: Category:1900 films

title: Category:1900 films