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Sam Hui

Samuel Hui Koon-kit (born 6 September 1948), usually known as Sam Hui, is a Hong Kong musician, singer, songwriter and actor. He is credited with popularising Cantopop both via the infusion of Western-style music and his usage of vernacular Cantonese rather than written vernacular Chinese in biting lyrics that addressed contemporary problems and concerns. Hui is considered by some to be the first major superstar of Cantopop, known as the God of Song. As an actor, he is well-known for portraying the main character "King Kong" in five installments of the Aces Go Places film series.

Early life
Hui was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China in 1948. His parents were both musicians; his father was a traditional Chinese musician while his mother was a Chinese opera singer. In 1950, along with his three older brothers, Michael, Ricky, and Stanley, Hui and his parents arrived in Hong Kong as refugees in 1950, originally living in Diamond Hill. Hui graduated from the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Hong Kong, Ying Wa College and St. Francis Xavier's College, Tai Kok Tsui in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Hui worked with Michael and Ricky on several comedies in the early 1970s. Hui has also gained credit for popularising Cantopop, by incorporating the idiosyncrasies of Western popular music into the old Cantopop genre.

Singer
In the 1960s, Hui began his singing career. In 1967, Hui joined record label Diamond Records.

Hui started his television career as a host on a youth music TV show on the TVB network. Hui and his brother Michael Hui became hosts in the Hui Brothers Show, which premiered on April 23, 1971.

Hui became the lead musician of a band The Lotus.

In the 1970s, Hui performed English songs that were popular in Britain and the United States. He wrote the theme songs for the comedies produced by his brother, Michael Hui, and started performing Cantonese songs. Sam Hui's first Cantonese hit, "Eiffel Tower Above the Clouds" (鐵塔凌雲) – originally titled "Here and Now" (就此模樣) – was first played on the Hui Brothers Show in April 1972.

Hui signed a contract with Polydor and produced his first single in English, "April Lady".

Hui's first Cantonese album, Games Gamblers Play, was the partial soundtrack to the Michael Hui-directed film of the same name. This album became popular, selling 200,000 copies, and was one of the major musical works that helped to start the popularity of Cantopop.

Hui's music gained popular appeal, particularly with the working class, for its simplicity and the relevance of the lyrics. A prolific songwriter, a noted recurring theme in his music is that it often describes or humorously satirises Hong Kong society and events.

In 1976, Hui's singing and acting career took off after the release of the breakout album The Private Eyes, the soundtrack to the 1976 film The Private Eyes.

In the album The Private Eyes, it humorously reflected on the harsh realities of middle and lower-income Hong Kongers. Others such as "Song of Water Use" (制水歌), which referenced the days of water rationing during the 1960s, and "Could Not Care Less About 1997" (話知你97), which encouraged Hong Kong people to adopt a carpe diem attitude instead of worrying about the imminent handover to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997, were more topical in nature and referenced local events. While some of his songs are lighthearted, others carried philosophical messages brought out through artful use of Chinese words that have multiple symbolism. Examples can be seen in his farewell song in 1992 and "From the Heart of a Loafer" (浪子心聲), where for Cantopop, the sophisticated language and messages were rare in the lyrics of contemporary artists.

On June 17, 1979, Hui became the first singer from Hong Kong to perform at the Tokyo Music Festival.

Film
Hui signed a contract with Golden Harvest in 1971. On a personal note, Hui is closer to his middle brother Ricky (deceased 8 November 2011) than to their oldest brother Michael. Sam and Michael reportedly fell out with each other after their pre-1985 successes. However, in Michael's Chicken and Duck Talk (1988), Hui appeared in a short 1-minute cameo, playing the role of himself as master of ceremonies at the grand opening of Danny's Chicken, and contributed to its theme song for its end credits entitled "You Have Your Say" (你有你講). Then in 1990, the three brothers reunited in Front Page, a lampoon on Hong Kong's sometimes over-zealous entertainment news industry. Hui also collaborated with several popular singers such as Leslie Cheung both musically and on-screen culminating in the hit single written by Hui and composed by Cheung entitled Silence is Golden (沉默是金), which Cheung also sung as a solo track on his 1987 album, Hot Summer, as well as the catchy tune, I've Never Been Afraid (我未驚過) in 1989 as the end theme for Aces Go Places 5: The Terracotta Hit.

Hui also starred in the Aces Go Places, a series of Hong Kong action–comedies in the 1980s, with Karl Maka.

He was once seriously injured while filming The Legend of Wisely in Tibet due to lack of oxygen, thereafter falling very ill and many of his fans pointed out that this near fatal accident may have been pivotal on his decision to retire as they superstitiously believed that he was haunted by a spirit.

Retirement
During the late 1980s, Hui's father advised him to retire to avoid the stresses he endured from hosting concerts. Hui's "lack of oxygen" suffered on a previous film, was actually carbon monoxide poisoning. His mother purportedly also had reservations about his performing, including that he might injure himself on stage.

A Hong Kong concert in 1990 supposedly marked his early retirement, however Hui then agreed to host a 42-show concert series. Around the time of the 30th show, Hui's father died but despite his grief, he continued to host.

Farewell concerts
In 1991 to 1992, Hui held a many farewell concerts. Hui hosted a total of 14 shows in Hong Kong preempting his actual retirement.

Hui is known as the Canto-pop godfather and the Elvis Presley of Hong Kong.

Hui also hosted shows in Canada, in Vancouver, at the Pacific Coliseum, and Toronto, Ontario, which he dedicated to his late father. Despite reiterating his plans for retirement, Hui came back for a short stint in the movie Winner Takes All co-starring Nicholas Tse and Ruby Lin. This he maintained, was a result of being unable to ignore his heart's desire. Widely acclaimed as the "God of Song" in Hong Kong (the first singer to be so acknowledged), he decided to come out of retirement in 2004 and held multiple comeback concerts in which he was welcomed by a Hong Kong public at sell-out shows. In these concerts, he paid tribute to his recent passed close colleagues, Leslie Cheung and Anita Mui in 2003 and claimed that their deaths had influenced his decision to return to performing, culminating in his 2004 comeback song '04 Bless You ('04 祝福你). Hui performed in a concert in Kuala Lumpur on 19 and 20 February 2005 with his brother, Ricky Hui, and sons but has not made active plans for any follow-ups. He also performed in Vancouver on 15 December 2005 and in Singapore on 29 March 2008.

In 2007, Hui signed with EC Music and released his first album in 17 years, named "Life is Good" (人生多麼好).

Personal life
In December 1971, Hui married Rebecca "Rebu" Fleming, a Filipino-American. They have two sons, Ryan Hui and Scott Hui. Hui and his family live in Hong Kong. Ryan Hui is a singer-songwriter and has released several albums, and Scott Hui is a film director.

Cantonese albums

 * 1974
 * 1975 The Last Message
 * 1976 The Private Eyes
 * 1978 Fortune God Comes
 * 1978 The Contract
 * 1979
 * 1980
 * 1981 Security Unlimited (摩登保鑣)
 * 1982
 * 1983
 * 1983
 * 1984
 * 1985
 * 1986
 * 1986
 * 1987 Band
 * 1987
 * 1988 Sam and Friends
 * 1989
 * 1990
 * 1990
 * 2004
 * 2007

English albums

 * 1971 Time of the Season
 * 1974 Morning After
 * 1975 Interlude
 * 1977 Came Travelling

Films

 * 1973 Back Alley Princess (馬路小英雄)
 * 1973 The Tattooed Dragon (龍虎金剛)
 * 1974 Chinatown Capers (小英雄大鬧唐人街)
 * 1974 Naughty! Naughty! (綽頭狀元) – Wu Te-chuan, a conman.
 * 1974 Games Gamblers Play (鬼馬雙星)
 * 1975 The Last Message (天才與白痴)
 * 1976 The Private Eyes (半斤八兩)
 * 1978 The Contract (賣身契)
 * 1981 Security Unlimited (摩登保鑣)
 * 1982 Aces Go Places (最佳拍檔)
 * 1983 Aces Go Places 2 (最佳拍檔大顯神通)
 * 1984 Aces Go Places 3 (最佳拍檔之女皇密令)
 * 1984 A Family Affair (全家福)
 * 1985 Working Class (打工皇帝)
 * 1986 Aces Go Places IV (最佳拍檔千里救差婆)
 * 1987 The Legend of Wisely (衛斯理傳奇) – as Producer.
 * 1988 Chicken and Duck Talk (雞同鴨講) – Cameo
 * 1989 Aces Go Places 5: The Terracotta Hit (新最佳拍檔)
 * 1990 The Dragon from Russia (紅場飛龍)
 * 1990 The Swordsman (笑傲江湖) – Ling Wu Chung
 * 1990 Front Page (新半斤八兩)
 * 1993 Laughter of the Water Margins (水滸笑傳)
 * 1993 All's Well, Ends Well Too (花田囍事)
 * 2000 Winner Takes All (大贏家)

title: Sam Hui


text:
Obe

Obe or OBE may refer to:

People

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 * Obe Geia (born 1989), Australian rugby league player
 * Amir Obè, stage name of American rapper and producer Amir Obeid (born 1989)
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Education

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 * Officer of the Order of the British Empire (post-nominal: OBE), a grade of the British order of chivalry
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 * Original Black Entertainment TV, a British-based television network that operated between 2003 and 2011
 * OBE, IATA airport code for Okeechobee County Airport, Florida, United States

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Obe


text:
Lamrim

Lamrim (Tibetan: "stages of the path") is a Tibetan Buddhist textual form for presenting the stages in the complete path to enlightenment as taught by Buddha. In Tibetan Buddhist history there have been many different versions of lamrim, presented by different teachers of the Nyingma, Kagyu and Gelug schools. However, all versions of the lamrim are elaborations of Atiśa's 11th-century root text A Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment (Bodhipathapradīpa).

History
When Atiśa, the originator of the lamrim came from India to Tibet, he was asked by king Jang Chub Ö to give a complete and easily accessible summary of the doctrine in order to clarify wrong views, especially those resulting from apparent contradictions across the sutras and their commentaries. Based upon this request he wrote the Bodhipathapradīpa ("A Lamp for the Path to Awakening"), teaching what came to be known as the lamrim for the Tibetans. Atiśa's presentation of the doctrine later became known as the Kadampa tradition in Tibet.

According to Tsong Khapa, in his Lam Rim Chen Mo ("The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment"), Atiśa took the number and order of the subjects in Maitreya-natha and Asaṅgas Abhisamayalankara ("Ornament of clear realizations"), which was based on the wisdom sutras, as the basis to write the Bodhipathapradīpa. In the Abhisamayalankara they emphasised the hidden meanings of the sutras. Tibetan Buddhists thus believe that the teachings of the lamrim are based on the sutras that the Buddha taught and therefore contains the essential points of all sutra teachings in their logical order for practice.

Gampopa, a Kadampa monk and student of the famed yogi Milarepa, introduced the lamrim to his disciples as a way of developing the mind gradually. His exposition of lamrim is known in English translation as "The Jewel Ornament of Liberation" and is studied to this day in the various Kagyu schools of Tibetan Buddhism.

The main Lam Rim text in the Nyingma tradition is Longchen Rabjampa's Finding Rest in the Nature of Mind, along with its voluminous auto-commentary, The Great Chariot. Both lay out the entire scope of the buddhist teachings according to the view of the Nyingma school, from the foundational practices through to Dzogchen.

Tsongkhapa, founder of the Gelug school which is primarily based on Atiśa's Kadampa school, wrote one of his masterpieces on lamrim: The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path of Enlightenment (Tib. Lam-rim Chen-mo) which has about 1000 pages, and is primarily based on literary sources. There is also a medium-length lamrim text by Tsongkhapa (200 pages) and a short one, called Lam-rim Dü-dön (Tib.), which is recited daily by many Gelugpas and is about 10 pages long.

The Lamrim was the first Tibetan text translated into a European language by Ippolito Desideri, a Jesuit missionary, who visited Tibet and made an extensive study of Tibetan Buddhism from 1716 to 1721. Desideri studied the Lam Rim Chen Mo of Tsongkhapa, and his manuscript describing Tibet was one of the most extensive and accurate accounts of Buddhist philosophy until the twentieth century.

Three kinds of motivation
The starting point of the lamrim is a division of Buddhist practitioners into beings of three scopes, based upon the motivation of their religious activity. Disregarded in this division are individuals whose motives revolve around benefits in their current life. Striving for a favorable rebirth is implicitly the minimum requirement for an activity or practice to be classified as spiritual.

Atiśa wrote in "Lamp of the Path" (verse 2) that one should understand that there are three kind of persons:
 * 1) Persons of modest motive search for happiness within samsara; their motive is to achieve high rebirth. Buddhists traditionally consider that this domain includes followers of most non-Buddhist religions who strive for a rebirth in a heaven.
 * 2) Persons of medium motive are searching for their own ultimate peace and abandoned worldly pleasure. This includes the paths of pratyekabuddhas and śravakabuddhas, which seek personal liberation alone, the traditional goal of Hīnayāna practice.
 * 3) Persons of high motive, who, based on their insight of their own suffering, seek by all means to stop the suffering of all beings. This is the Mahāyāna Bodhisattva path of the samyaksaṃbuddhas, who practice the six Perfections.

One of the formulaic presentations of the Buddhist path in the Nikayas is anupubbikathā, "graduated talk" or "progressive instruction," in which the Buddha talks on generosity (dāna), virtue (sīla), heaven (sagga), danger of sensual pleasure (kāma ādīnava) and renunciation (nekkhamma). When the listener is prepared by these topics, the Buddha then delivers "the teaching special to the Buddhas," the Four Noble Truths (cattāri ariya-saccāni), by which arises "the spotless immaculate vision of the Dhamma." In the Tibetan Lamrim teachings, the Bodhisattva-path, with its training of the six perfections, is added to this formula.

Subjects of the lamrim
Although lamrim texts cover much the same subject areas, subjects within them may be arranged in different ways. The lamrim of Atiśa starts with bodhicitta, the altruistic mind of enlightenment, followed by taking the bodhisattva vows. Gampopa's lamrim, however, starts with the Buddha-nature, followed by the preciousness of human rebirth. Tsongkhapa's texts start with reliance on a guru (Tib.: lama), followed by the preciousness of human rebirth, and continue with the paths of the modest, medium and high scopes. Longchenpa's lamrim begins with the four thoughts that turn the mind, and proceeds through to the two stages of vajrayana practice and dzogchen.

Gampopa, Tsongkhapa, Longchenpa, and others, expanded the short root-text of Atiśa into an extensive system to understand the entire Buddhist philosophy. In this way, subjects like karma, rebirth, Buddhist cosmology and the practice of meditation are gradually explained in logical order.

Outline of Topics
An example of the outline for lamrim teachings is that of Liberation in the Palm of your Hand by Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo. An abbreviated and annotated outline follows to show the structure of this lamrim:

 * Introduction
 * the identities and lineages of the authors of the lamrim (Shakyamuni Buddha, Atisha, Dromtoenpa, etc.), to establish the authenticity of the teaching
 * the greatness of the lamrim itself, to gain respect for it
 * the way the instructions are to be received and given
 * the way the students are to be guided through the subjects. This fourth subject has two divisions:
 * the way to rely on a spiritual guide
 * the way to train your mind on the basis of the correct way to rely on the spiritual guide. This last heading contains the rest of the instructions under the headings:
 * the way to encourage yourself to take the essence of this precious human rebirth
 * the way to take the essence of this precious human rebirth (that is: training your mind in the paths of the three scopes included within the lamrim)

Striving for a rebirth in the upper realms:
 * The path shared with persons who have the modest scope motivation
 * the reality that this life will end and that you will die
 * the suffering in a rebirth in the lower realms (a rebirth as hell being, hungry ghost or animal, which you want to avoid)
 * (so you) take refuge in the three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha
 * (and adjust your behavior of body, speech and mind according to the) law of cause and effect/ karma which will lead you to a favorable rebirth within cyclic existence in the human-, demigod-, or god realm.

Striving for liberation of cyclic existence. The training in the medium scope path will lead to the development of the wish to be liberated from all un-free rebirths in cyclic existence through the power of afflictive emotions and karma. It consists of:
 * The path shared with persons who have the medium scope motivation
 * The Four Noble Truths:
 * The truth of suffering (in cyclic existence in general, including the favorable rebirths)
 * The truth of the causes of suffering (the afflictive emotions, especially ignorance)
 * The truth of cessation (there is a state that is free of suffering and its origins)
 * The truth of paths (the way to attain this state free of suffering and its causes by practicing ethics, concentration and wisdom)

 * Another presentation of the middle scope subjects is the presentation of the 12 links of dependent arising

Striving for complete buddhahood:
 * The path for persons who have the high scope motivation
 * Developing mind of enlightenment (bodhicitta), the wish to become a buddha for the welfare of all sentient beings:
 * the advantages of the mind of enlightenment;
 * the way to develop the mind of enlightenment
 * the 7-point instruction in seeing all sentient beings as your mothers (from previous lives and contemplating their kindness towards you)
 * the instruction on how to exchange your self-interest for others' interest (by looking at the drawbacks of self-cherishing and the advantages of cherishing others)

 * the way to train your mind after developing the mind of enlightenment, by training the six perfections:
 * training in the perfection of generosity
 * training in the perfection of ethics
 * training in the perfection of patience
 * training in the perfection of joyful effort
 * training in the perfection of concentration
 * training in the perfection of wisdom

Gelug Lamrim tradition
The study of Lamrim is a major focus of the Gelug school and numerous Gelug figures wrote Lamrim works. A collection of important Lamrim works is known as the Eight Great Commentaries (on Atisha's Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment). The 14th Dalai Lama frequently teaches on these works. These are:

 * 1) The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (lam rim chen mo) by Je Tsong Khapa
 * 2) The Medium Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (lam rim ‘bring po) by Je Tsong Khapa
 * 3) The Concise Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (lam rim bsdus don) also known as Song of the Stages of the Path (lam rim nyams mgur) by Je Tsong Khapa
 * 4) The Essence of Refined Gold – Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (lam rim gser zhun ma) by His Holiness the Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso.
 * 5) The Easy Path – Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (lam rim bde lam) by Panchen Lobsang Chokyi Gyaltsen.
 * 6) The Sacred Words of Manjushri – Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (lam rim ‘jam dpal zhal lung) by the Fifth Dalai Lama, Lobsang Gyatso
 * 7) The Swift Path – Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (lam rim myur lam) by Panchen Lobsang Yeshe
 * 8) Essence of Fine Speech – Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (lam rim legs gsung nying khu) by Ngawang Drakpa of Dagpo

Classical Lamrim Books (in historical order)

 * Atisha's Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment by Geshe Sonam Rinchen, Snow Lion Publications
 * The Jewel Ornament of Liberation by Gampopa, translated and annotated by Herbert V. Guenther (1986). Shambala Publications, ISBN 0-87773-378-3 (pbk)
 * The Jewel Ornament of Liberation by Gampopa, translated by Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen Rinpoche (1998). Snow Lion Publications - Ithaca, New York, with a foreword by The Dalai Lama, ISBN 1-55939-092-1.
 * Engaging by Stages in the Teachings of the Buddha, 2 vols., by Phagmodrupa (Gampopa's disciple), Otter Verlag, Munich
 * Longchen Rabjam, Finding Rest in the Nature of Mind, Padmakara Translation Group (Boston: Shambhala, 2017)
 * Finding Rest in the Nature of Mind (sems nyid ngal gso), is a complete lam rim in 13 chapters written in verse form. It covers the ground, path, and fruition as well as the view, meditation and conduct according to the Nyingma school, beginning from the foundational four reflections that turn the mind through to the two stages of vajrayana practice and the view and practice of dzogchen, blending the sutra presentation of buddha nature with the tantric view of the luminous, empty, spontaneously present primordial ground of pristine awareness. Longchenpa composed three auto-commentaries on the root text: one short, one extensive, and one which lays out the practice instructions:
 * The short auto-commentary: Garland of White Lotuses (Tib. padma dkar po’i phreng ba).
 * The extensive auto-commentary: The Great Chariot (Tib. shing rta chen po)
 * The Great Chariot is currently (as of 2022) in preparation for publishing by the Library of Tibetan Classics, translated by Ives Waldo. The digital version of the translation in progress is available online at Wisdomlib. The Library of Tibetan Classics, under the direction of Geshe Thupten Jinpa, PhD., has prepared a critical edition of the Tibetan text.
 * The practice instructions: The Excellent Path to Enlightenment (Tib. byang chub lam bzang), Khenpo Gawang Rinpoche and Gerry Winer (translators), Jewelled Lotus, 2014.
 * The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment
 * Sonam Gyatso (bSod Nams rGya mTso, the third Dalai Lama), Lam rim gser zhun ma. English translation by Glenn H. Mullin; 1st edition titled Essence of Refined Gold by the Third Dalai Lama: with related texts by the Second and Seventh Dalai Lamas (Dharamsala, HP, India: Tushita Books, 1978); 2nd edition titled Selected Works of the Dalai Lama III: Essence of Refined Gold (Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion, 1985).
 * Sonam Gyatso (bSod Nams rGya mTso, the third Dalai Lama), Lam rim gser zhun ma. English translation by Glenn H. Mullin; 1st edition titled Essence of Refined Gold by the Third Dalai Lama: with related texts by the Second and Seventh Dalai Lamas (Dharamsala, HP, India: Tushita Books, 1978); 2nd edition titled Selected Works of the Dalai Lama III: Essence of Refined Gold (Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion, 1985).
 * Sonam Gyatso (bSod Nams rGya mTso, the third Dalai Lama), Lam rim gser zhun ma. English translation by Glenn H. Mullin; 1st edition titled Essence of Refined Gold by the Third Dalai Lama: with related texts by the Second and Seventh Dalai Lamas (Dharamsala, HP, India: Tushita Books, 1978); 2nd edition titled Selected Works of the Dalai Lama III: Essence of Refined Gold (Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion, 1985).
 * Sonam Gyatso (bSod Nams rGya mTso, the third Dalai Lama), Lam rim gser zhun ma. English translation by Glenn H. Mullin; 1st edition titled Essence of Refined Gold by the Third Dalai Lama: with related texts by the Second and Seventh Dalai Lamas (Dharamsala, HP, India: Tushita Books, 1978); 2nd edition titled Selected Works of the Dalai Lama III: Essence of Refined Gold (Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion, 1985).
 * Sonam Gyatso (bSod Nams rGya mTso, the third Dalai Lama), Lam rim gser zhun ma. English translation by Glenn H. Mullin; 1st edition titled Essence of Refined Gold by the Third Dalai Lama: with related texts by the Second and Seventh Dalai Lamas (Dharamsala, HP, India: Tushita Books, 1978); 2nd edition titled Selected Works of the Dalai Lama III: Essence of Refined Gold (Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion, 1985).

Modern Lamrim Books & Commentaries

 * Wake Up To Your Life: Discovering the Buddhist Path of Attention. Ken McLeod. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062516817
 * Practicing the Path: A Commentary on the Lamrim Chenmo, Yangsi Rinpoche, Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-346-X
 * Steps on the Path to Enlightenment, Volume 1: A Commentary on the Lamrim Chenmo, The Foundational Practices, by Geshe Lhundub Sopa, Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-303-6
 * Steps on the Path to Enlightenment, Vol.2: Karma : A Commentary on the Lamrim Chenmo by Geshe Lhundub Sopa, Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-481-4
 * Illuminating the Path to Enlightenment, TDL Publications, ISBN 0-9623421-6-5
 * Joyful Path of Good Fortune: The Complete Buddhist Path to Enlightenment, Tharpa Publications (2nd. ed., 1995) ISBN 978-0-948006-46-3
 * The New Meditation Handbook: Meditations to Make Our Life Happy and Meaningful, Tharpa Publications (2003) ISBN 978-0-9817277-1-4
 * Path to Enlightenment in Tibetan Buddhism, Geshe Acharya Thubten Loden, Tushita Publications, ISBN 0-646-16500-3
 * Meditations on the Path to Enlightenment, Geshe Acharya Thubten Loden, Tushita Publications, ISBN 0-646-27043-5
 * Essence of the Path to Enlightenment, Geshe Acharya Thubten Loden, Tushita Publications, ISBN 0-646-34241-X
 * Guided Meditations on The Stages of the Path, Thubten Chodron, Snow Lion Publications, ISBN 978-1-55939-281-5

title: Lamrim


text:
Ray Jackendoff

Ray Jackendoff (born January 23, 1945) is an American linguist. He is professor of philosophy, Seth Merrin Chair in the Humanities and, with Daniel Dennett, co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University. He has always straddled the boundary between generative linguistics and cognitive linguistics, committed to both the existence of an innate universal grammar (an important thesis of generative linguistics) and to giving an account of language that is consistent with the current understanding of the human mind and cognition (the main purpose of cognitive linguistics).

Jackendoff's research deals with the semantics of natural language, its bearing on the formal structure of cognition, and its lexical and syntactic expression. He has conducted extensive research on the relationship between conscious awareness and the computational theory of mind, on syntactic theory, and, with Fred Lerdahl, on musical cognition, culminating in their generative theory of tonal music. His theory of conceptual semantics developed into a comprehensive theory on the foundations of language, which indeed is the title of a monograph (2002): ''Foundations of Language. Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution''. In his 1983 Semantics and Cognition, he was one of the first linguists to integrate the visual faculty into his account of meaning and human language.

Jackendoff studied under linguists Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he received his PhD in linguistics in 1969. Before moving to Tufts in 2005, Jackendoff was professor of linguistics and chair of the linguistics program at Brandeis University from 1971 to 2005. During the 2009 spring semester, he was an external professor at the Santa Fe Institute. Jackendoff was awarded the Jean Nicod Prize in 2003. He received the 2014 David E. Rumelhart Prize. He has also been granted honorary degrees by the Université du Québec à Montréal (2010), the National Music University of Bucharest (2011), the Music Academy of Cluj-Napoca (2011), the Ohio State University (2012), and Tel Aviv University (2013).

Interfaces and generative grammar
Jackendoff argues against a syntax-centered view of generative grammar (which he calls syntactocentrism), at variance with earlier models such as the standard theory (1968), the extended standard theory (1972), the revised extended standard theory (1975), the government and binding theory (1981), and the minimalist program (1993), in which syntax is the sole generative component in the language. Jackendoff takes syntax, semantics, and phonology all to be generative, interconnected via interface components. The task of his theory is to formalize the proper interface rules.

While rejecting mainstream generative grammar due to its syntactocentrism, the cognitive semantics school has offered an insight that Jackendoff would sympathize with, namely, that meaning is a separate combinatorial system not entirely dependent upon syntax. Unlike many of the cognitive semantics approaches, he contends that neither syntax alone should determine semantics, nor vice versa. Syntax need only interface with semantics to the degree necessary to produce properly ordered phonological output (see Jackendoff 1996, 2002; Culicover & Jackendoff 2005).

Contribution to musical cognition
Jackendoff, together with Fred Lerdahl, has been interested in the human capacity for music and its relationship to the human capacity for language. In particular, music has structure as well as a "grammar" (a means by which sounds are combined into structures). When a listener hears music in an idiom he or she is familiar with, the music is not merely heard as a stream of sounds; rather, the listener constructs an unconscious understanding of the music and is able to understand pieces of music never heard previously. Jackendoff is interested in what cognitive structures or "mental representations" this understanding consists of in the listener's mind, how a listener comes to acquire the musical grammar necessary to understand a particular musical idiom, what innate resources in the human mind make this acquisition possible and, finally, what parts of the human music capacity are governed by general cognitive functions and what parts result from specialized functions geared specifically for music (Jackendoff & Lerdahl, 1983; Lerdahl, 2001). Similar questions have also been raised regarding human language, although there are differences. For instance, it is more likely that humans evolved a specialized language module than having evolved one for music, since even the specialized aspects of music comprehension are tied to more general cognitive functions.

title: Ray Jackendoff


text:
Category:Universities and colleges in Montana

Institutions of higher education in the U.S. state of Montana.


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Godfrey of Fontaines

Godfrey of Fontaines (born sometime before 1250, died 29 October 1306 or 1309), in Latin Godefridus de Fontibus, was a scholastic philosopher and theologian, designated by the title Doctor Venerandus. He made contributions to a diverse range of subjects ranging from moral philosophy to epistemology. However, he is best known today for his work on metaphysics.

Early biography
Godfrey was born sometime before 1250 in the principality of Liège in present-day Belgium. He was likely born at Fontaines-les-Hozémont, a château owned by his noble family.

Formation
Godfrey was a student at the University of Paris by at least 1277, but more probably as early as 1270, as he was likely there during the second regency of Thomas Aquinas (1269-1272) who had returned to Paris from the Santa Sabina studium provinciale. Aquinas' teaching was perhaps the strongest influence on Godfrey's own thought, though he differed on issues such as the principle of individuation, and the distinction between essence and existence in material things. A notebook from his student years has been dated around 1271 to 1274 demonstrating his familiarity with views proposed by Siger of Brabant and Boethius of Dacia, leading representatives of the radical Aristotelian movement in the Arts faculty at the time.

Career
He was a "Magister", or Master of Theology at the University of Paris by at least 1285 because that is when he gave his first Quodlibet, which means he had earned his Magister regens in Theology by this time and because one would have to be at least thirty-five for this honor; this offers the reasoning that his year of birth is 1250 or earlier. He was Magister regens from 1285 to 1299 and then again in 1303 to 1304. Godfrey was held in high esteem during his life, and held a number of ecclesiastical offices, including Canon of Liège, Canon of Tournai, Provost of St. Severin in Cologne (1287–1295), and possibly Canon of Paris. In 1300 he was chosen to be the Bishop of Tournai, but he chose not to take the position due to a contested election. Godfrey left Paris between his final Quodlibet in 1298-1299 and 1303/1304 yet returned before he died on 29 October 1306 or 1309. He had compiled a large library during his lifetime, which he donated to the Sorbonne upon his death; a portion of which is still intact.

Writings
The most significant of Godfrey's writings are transcriptions of Quodlibets, of which he participated in fifteen during his tenure at the University of Paris. These were week-long sessions held before Christmas and Easter in which participating Masters were required to answer questions chosen by their students. This was taxing to the Master, who would have to argue a thoughtful and researched answer on an incredibly diverse range of subjects. Many Masters chose not to engage in the Quodlibets. Godfrey of Fontaines completed at least fifteen Quodlibetal sessions. Hence, Godfrey discussed a very wide range of issues. These and other writings show him to have been not merely a distinguished theologian and philosopher, but also a canonist, jurist, moralist, and conversationalist, who took an active part in the various ecclesiastical, doctrinal, and disciplinary disputes that stirred Paris at that period. Godfrey was reportedly influenced by Thomas Aquinas, and was a defender of Thomism against his contemporaries. Thomism was a novel theory at the time, and was condemned by Étienne Tempier, Bishop of Paris (Condemnation of 1277), and opposed by John Peckham and many others. This is despite Godfrey attacking the mendicant orders throughout his career, whereas Aquinas was a member of the Dominican mendicant order. Wippel says Godfrey opposed the mendicant orders due to the belief that "those who had confessed to mendicants by reason of the privileges granted to the latter by Pope Martin's bull were still bound to confess the same sins once again to their own priests."

One of Godfrey's largest contributions was to the field of metaphysics. He was opposed to platonic arguments advanced from his contemporaries, such as Henry of Ghent. For example, he argued against the concept of platonic ideal forms, and that something's essential substance and existence were one and the same. His philosophy was strongly influenced by Aristotle. In the Quodlibetal VIII, Godfrey argues against the Franciscan Christian order and lays an early groundwork of political philosophy where he discusses the ideas of natural rights. Godfrey believed that natural law was dependent on individual self-preservation rather than a religious obligation; he says “because by natural law each person is obliged to maintain his life…each person has dominion and a certain right in the common exterior goods of this world, a right that he cannot licitly renounce”, says author Jussi Varkemma as noted in Conrad Summenhart's Theory of Individual Rights. He objects that the fundamental Franciscan approach to rights is illicit to human activity and natural rights. He says later that everyone has a right to subsistence - a right that people can never renounce. This applies to the mendicant orders because it applies to all members of society.

Stephen D. Dumont quotes Godfrey, in the book Philosophical Debates at Paris in the Early 14th Century, that" “Medieval sources are nearly unanimous in identifying Godfrey as a prominent source for the unusual but very influential account of intention and remission known as the "succession of forms"." As explained by Dumont, intension and remission of forms concerns the problem of a change of degree within a given kind of quality, like the shading of a color, adjustment of heat or even the altering of moral or cognitive habits. Godfrey held the position that all specific forms are “in their nature indivisible, invariable, and lacking in degrees” (43) and “the specific form of a quality in itself does not undergo any intension or remission but does so insofar as it is individuated in a subject.” This line of thought differs drastically from other thinkers around this time like Thomas Aquinas and Henry of Ghent, who held that there was a variation of specific forms which are divisible extensions. Godfrey refutes their claims through the reasoning that because qualities cannot change in degree because they are indivisible, then they must change insofar as they are individuals, so he concludes that a “change in degree in an individual quality will also be a change of the individual itself, even when its species remains the same”.

Nine other noteworthy topics that Godfrey wrote about in the Quodlibetal are Subject of metaphysics, Division of being, Analogy of being, Transcendentals, Essence and existence, Knowledge of God's existence and essence, Eternity of the world, Substance and accidents, and Abstraction.

Influence
The XIV Quodlibeta of Godfrey, extensively studied and multiplied in manuscript form in the medieval schools, were published for the first time at the beginning of the 20th century. A critical edition of the first four of them appeared in the series "Les Philosophes Belges, Textes et Etudes" (II, "Les quatre premiers Quodlibets de Godefroid de Fontaines", by de Wulf and Pelzer, Louvain, 1904).

Sometime in the 14th century, Godfrey, though well known in his own time, fell out of favour into near-total obscurity. Thomas Aquinas sparked plenty of controversy and discussion in philosophy and theology in the last quarter century of the 13th century. Many significant writers lived during this period, but for the most part, until the 20th century only Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus received any recognition. Godfrey may have been just as significant in his own time as these two, yet for some reason his works were only edited and published as of the early 20th century. This may have more to do with his political affiliation than anything else. Religious Scholars of this time became well known in the long run based mainly on how well promoted they were by the mendicant orders. Thomas Aquinas was promoted by the Dominican order, and Duns Scotus was promoted by the Franciscan order. Despite this, Godfrey of Fontaines' writings had, by the 1960s, regained much popularity.

title: Godfrey of Fontaines


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Category:Universities and colleges in Nebraska

Institutions of higher education in the U.S. state of Nebraska.


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James B. Francis

James Bicheno Francis (May 18, 1815 – September 18, 1892) was a British-American civil engineer, who invented the Francis turbine.

Early years
James Francis was born in South Leigh, near Witney, Oxfordshire, in England, United Kingdom. He started his engineering career at the early age of seven as he worked as his father's apprentice at the Porth Cawl Railway and Harbor Works in South Wales. When he turned 18, he decided to emigrate to the United States, in 1833. His first job was in Stonington, Connecticut, as an assistant to the railway engineer George Washington Whistler Jr., working on the New York and New Haven Railroad. A year later, James and his boss, Whistler, travelled north to Lowell, Massachusetts, where at the age of 19, he got a draftsman job with the Locks and Canal Company, and Whistler became chief engineer.

A few years later, in 1837, Whistler resigned, and went to work on Russia's major railroads. Before departing, he appointed Francis chief engineer, and sold him his house on Worthen Street. In same year, James married Sarah W. Brownell in Lowell on July 12. Their first son, James Jr., was born March 30, 1840, and then they had five more children.

In 1841 came his first major project for the company. Francis was to analyse how much water each mill factory was using from the company's channel system. Impressed by his abilities, the company named him "Manager of Locks and Canals" in 1845.

As manager and chief engineer, Francis was responsible for the construction of the Northern Canal and Moody Street Feeder. These two canals, built in the late 1840s and early 1850s, completed the 5.6 mile long Lowell canal system, and greatly increased the industrial power of the thriving industrial city's mill complexes.

During his work on the Lowell systems, Francis was also consulted on many other water projects nationwide. When New York needed to increase their water supply, he consulted on the construction of the Quaker Bridge Dam on the Croton River in New York. He also consulted on the dam at Saint Anthony Falls on the Mississippi River.

Their son James fought in the American Civil War as a second lieutenant in 1861. He was wounded in the hand at the Battle of Antietam as a captain, and finished the war in July 1865 as lieutenant colonel.

Francis was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1865.

Fire sprinkler system
In 1845, Francis developed the first sprinkler systems ever devised in the United States. However, any use of the system would flood the entire structure and its contents. It was not until 1875 that Henry S. Parmelee invented a sprinkler head that activated only one head at a time.

Turbines
Francis became fascinated with and tinkered with turbine designs, after Uriah A. Boyden first demonstrated his Boyden turbine in Lowell. The two engineers worked on improving the turbine. And in 1848, Francis and Boyden successfully improved the turbine with what is now known as the Francis turbine. Francis's turbine eclipsed the Boyden turbine in power by 90%. In 1855, Francis published these findings in the "Lowell Hydraulic Experiments".

Flood control
In 1850, Francis ordered the construction of the Great Gate over the Pawtucket Canal to protect the downtown mills from any devastating floods. This project quickly became known as "Francis's Folly", given that no one believed it would work, let alone ever be needed. But less than two years later, in 1852, the gates saved the city of Lowell from the devastating floods of 1852, and again in 1936, 1938, 2006, and 2007 by preventing the Merrimack River from entering the canal system. However, arson damage to the wooden gate in the 1970s, and the difficult method of dropping it (by breaking a large chain link) prompted the city to use a more modern steel-beam bulkhead in its place in 2006. For his efforts in saving the city from great disaster Francis was awarded a massive silver pitcher and a salver by the City of Lowell.

In 1886, Francis teamed up with two other civil engineers; Eliot C. Clarke and Clemens Herschel to study and publish their findings in the "Prevention of Floods in the Valley of Stony Brook" which laid out a flood prevention system for the city of Boston. The detailed study reviewed the Forest Hills, Hyde Park, Franklin park and Roslindale sections of the city that were subject to flooding.

Later years
Francis stayed active on all levels of involvement in the city of Lowell, and served as an alderman from 1862 to 1864.

In 1865, Francis researched and published his findings on cast iron, and its use in structural columns in "The Strength of Cast-Iron Columns".

In 1874, Francis served on the American Society of Civil Engineers committee to investigate the cause of the breach of the Mill River dam in Massachusetts. Also on the committee were engineers Theodore Ellis and William Worthen. The investigation proceeded quickly and its report was published within a month of the disaster. It concluded that no engineer was responsible for the design and that it was the “work of non-professional persons”. “The remains of the dam indicate defects of workmanship of the grossest character.”

Francis originated scientific methods of testing hydraulic machinery, and was a founding member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and its president in 1880.

Francis formula
In 1883, Francis completed his calculation standards for water flow rates, now known as the Francis equation or Francis formula, usually used in fluid dynamics in conjunction with calculating weirs. The equation is

$Q = 3.33 h_1^{3 /2} (L-0.2h_1)$

where: Q is the discharge in cubic feet per second over the weir,

L is the length of the weir in feet, and

h1 is the height of the water above the top of the weir.

He remained at the Locks and Canal Company for his entire career, until retirement in 1884 at the age of 69, and remained on as a consultant right up until his death. His son James took over as chief engineer. The rest of his life he spent with his wife Sarah, and their six children in their home on Worthen Street, which was Whistler's old home and now is the Whistler House Museum of Art.

Francis was called to duty in 1889 as a member of an ASCE committee to examine the cause of the Johnstown Flood disaster when the South Fork Dam in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, broke, killing over 2,200 people. Although the report was completed by January 1890, it was immediately suppressed and not released to other ASCE members or the public until mid-1891, two years after the 1889 flood. Francis himself presented the results of the investigation at the ASCE convention in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The other three committee members did not attend. Although Francis’ name headed the report, the de facto chairman of the committee was Max Becker, a railroad engineer based in Pittsburgh with virtually no experience in dams or hydraulic engineering. According to Francis, it was Becker who delayed the release of the report. A detailed discussion of the South Fork investigation, the participating engineers, and the science behind the 1889 flood was published in 2018.

Francis died on September 18, 1892, at the age of 77, and is buried at Lowell Cemetery under a massive pillar of cut granite stones, symbolizing the stones used to make the canals.

Honors
For all his contributions to the world of engineering and his personal generosity, the following are named in his honor:
 * James B. Francis College of Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Lowell; Masters, Ph.D and D.Eng. Engineering degrees and research in over seven Engineering programs, including Plastics and Nuclear Engineering.
 * Francis Gate, Lowell, Massachusetts
 * Francis turbine
 * Francis system: an early fire protection sprinkler system
 * Francis formula: describes water as it goes over dams. It is used today in fluid mechanics as an equation for the calculation of water flow rate over a rectangular weir in terms of length and head.

Notable uses of the Francis turbine
Today, the Francis turbine is the most widely used water turbine in the world, including China's new Three Gorges Dam as the world's second largest hydroelectric power station in the world, with a future installed capacity of 22,500 MW. With the incorporation of the Francis turbine into almost every hydroelectric dam built since 1900, it is responsible for generating almost one fifth of all the world's electricity:

 * Älvkarleby Hydroelectric Power Station 1911, in Sweden – early hydroelectric plant in country
 * Hoover Dam 1936, Nevada/Arizona – 2,080 MW, world-renowned and once the largest hydroelectric power station in the world
 * Grand Coulee Dam 1942, in Washington – 6,809 MW, largest power station in country
 * Dez Dam 1963, in Iran – 520 MW, major project in country at time of construction
 * Gordon Dam 1978, in Tasmania – 432 MW, tallest dam in country
 * Dalešice Hydro Power Plant 1978, in Czech Republic – 480 MW, tallest dam in country
 * Jinping-I Dam 2013, in China – 3,600 MW, tallest dam in the world
 * Robert-Bourassa generating station 1981, in Canada – 5,616 MW, largest power station in country
 * Itaipu Dam 1984, in Brazil/Paraguay –14,000 MW, largest power station in the Americas
 * Victoria Dam 1985, in Sri Lanka – 210 MW, tallest dam in country

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Night Life (video game)

Night Life (ナイトライフ) is an erotic simulation game by Kōei, released for the PC-8801 computer in April 1982.

It was one of the earliest commercial Japanese erotic computer games, featuring sexually explicit images, and a precursor to the modern eroge genre. Night Life was marketed as an aid for the sex life of couples. It included such features as a schedule to determine a woman's period, and a catalog of possible sexual positions, with artwork consisting of black-and-white outlines.

The PC-8801 version got an English translation patch on May 19, 2022.

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Walter Frederick Gale

Walter Frederick Gale (27 November 1865 – 1 June 1945) was an Australian banker. Gale was born in Paddington, Sydney, New South Wales. He had a strong interest in astronomy and built his first telescope in 1884.

He discovered a number of comets, including the lost periodic comet 34D/Gale. He also discovered five southern double stars with the prefix GLE, and several dark sky objects, including the planetary nebula, IC 5148 in Grus. In 1892, he described oases and canals on Mars. He was awarded the Jackson-Gwilt Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1935 for "discoveries of comets and his work for astronomy in New South Wales."

A crater on Mars, Gale Crater, was named in his honour. It was selected as the 2012 landing site for the Curiosity Rover.

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Grand River Hospital

Grand River Hospital is a hospital located in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. The hospital operates two campuses, Kitchener-Waterloo Health Centre and Freeport Health Centre, which were independent hospitals that merged to form Grand River Hospital in April 1995.

The hospital has over 650 beds and 15 specialized programs and services: surgery, children's program, childbirth, medical imaging, mental health and addictions, withdrawal management, medicine, stroke, complex continuing care, rehabilitation, cancer, critical care, renal, emergency, pharmacy and lab. The hospital also provides renal dialysis and cancer satellite programs in Guelph, Palmerston, Fergus and Mt Forest Centre in Guelph, along with the Hazelglen Outreach Mental Health service in Kitchener.

On September 22, 2019, Grand River Hospital integrated all of their systems into a new central computer system in order to improve efficiency for patient care.

KW Site
The KW Site of Grand River Hospital was previously known as the K-W Health Centre and the Berlin-Waterloo Hospital. It is located on King Street West, near the Waterloo border, the Ion rapid transit light rail station and the CTV Kitchener studios. It was founded in 1895 on land donated by entrepreneur Joseph E. Seagram. The Grand River Regional Cancer Centre opened at this site in 2003. The site is supported by the Kitchener Helipad located southeast at the corner of Walter Street and Wellington Street South.

Freeport Site
The Freeport Site of Grand River Hospital was previously known as the Freeport Sanitorium. It is located on King Street East on the shore of the Grand River. It was a tuberculosis sanatorium in the early 20th century, and in the late 1980s was transformed into a regional chronic care facility, as a new structure was built onto the previous one, expanding it. Complex continuing care, rehabilitation and the Waterloo-Wellington breast centre are located at this site. In November 2010, a new Specialized Mental Health program opened at Freeport, with all clinical practice based on the Recovery philosophy. This service is for patients living with severe and persistent mental illness, who would have previously been sent to London, Ontario.

The unique architecture of Freeport Centre is award winning; "its overall planning concept of simulating a village, complete with a courtyard cum town square, [distinguishes] it from many of its predecessors in long-term care architecture." This has made it attractive as a filming location, as seen in two movies, Away from Her, directed by Sarah Polley; and Cold Creek Manor, directed by Mike Figgis.

Mental health
Withdrawal Management, located near the KW site at 52 Glasgow, Grand River Hospital supports the only withdrawal management centre within Waterloo-Wellington Regions. This facility has 24 hour monitoring of non-medical withdrawal for men and women, and a day program to help individuals maintain abstinence and help to transition to other community supports.

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Talk:National Geographic Bee

Just a note for frequent editors
Hello everyone, the entire Wikipedia community appreciates those who edit this page, as we try to improve this encyclopedia for all. However, I would like to request something of those people who commonly edit this page. I would assume that the majority of people that edit this page are current or previous competitors in the National Geographic Bee. As a result, many editors on this page enter information from firsthand accounts, resulting in the fact that this is an unreferenced page.

I also was a competitor in the 2014 Nationals, and I saw some placings on the state champions list that were obviously incorrect. I have since removed the information, but I please request that editors do not add original research to this article, as it can cause inadvertent placing of incorrect information. Smileguy91 Spread the knowledge! 00:49, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

New photos?
Can someone upload newer, more relevant photos from the National Geographic Bee? There are definitely newer, higher-resolution photos out there that would be more appropriate for this article. LuckyWiki26 (talk) 15:31, 10 February 2017 (UTC)

Extensive discussion of the rules?
Especially now that National Geographic has discontinued the Bee -- but even before, when the Bee was still an active competition -- does Wikipedia really need such extensive discussion of how the rounds and eliminations of the competition work? That portion of the article is not even sourced. But unless you or someone close to you was actually going to compete in the Bee, I doubt you would be interested in content such as this:
 * If there was a tie for the championship round or third place, there would be an elimination round. For example, if four players are left and three made their second mistake, the fourth advances to the championship round and the other three enter the tiebreaker. The moderator then asked each of the three players, at the same time, to write their answers to the same question. In this special round, questions could be repeated by players but they could not ask how to spell a given word. As a result, if one of three responses was correct, the player would rise to the championship round and the other two moved to the tiebreaker round until a third-place winner determined.

Can this be cut down significantly? --Metropolitan90 (talk) 01:56, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

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Alford Manor House

The Manor House is a Grade II* listed building which can be found on West street within Alford, Lincolnshire, England. It is believed to be the largest thatched manor house in England and was built to a traditional H plan in 1611. It is a very rare example of a composite structure, featuring a wooden frame with reed and plaster (visible from within the house), encased in brick. Ground-floor and first-floor rooms feature design interventions from Georgian through to Victorian times, while the attic floor is virtually untouched since 1611.

The house was possibly built by a John Hopkinson  The house owes much of its existence to the wealth of one of its owners, Sir Robert Christopher. Christopher fought for the Royalist cause in the civil war and was knighted by Charles II following the restoration. The house was inherited by his granddaughter, Lucy, who married John Manners, Duke of Rutland. Thereafter Alford Manor House was inhabited by tenants, one of whom was John Higgins, who arrived in about 1820. He was a friend of Charles Darwin's father, Robert, and was the local Land Agent. He established his office in the nineteenth century annex which you can see on the east wing of the house.

It was his descendant, Dorothy Higgins, a doctor and member of Alford Town Council, who bought the property in 1958 and gave it to the town in 1967. Alford Civic Trust was established then to manage and look after the property.

The house itself is unusual in its construction: most properties of the period were built using a wooden frame with wattle and daub infill, or with a brick infill, so that the wooden beams would be visible from the outside as well as from inside the property. However, Alford Manor House was encased in brick, and the brick was not merely ornamental: it was tied into the structure of the building via wall plates and floor joists.

The house was renovated and re-thatched during the period 2004–2006.

The house is owned by Alford and District Civic Trust Ltd which is a Registered Charity (No. 252330).

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Talk:Radioactive contamination

Firefox
just to note that this article renders badly in the firefox browser —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.56.118.248 (talk) 21:48, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Image
I changed the main image from Image:Rad-warning.png to Image:Correct-radiation-warning.png, because the latter's dimensions are more closely based on official specifications (and the former was upside down, as well). I don't think anyone will mind, obviously it's no slant against whoever did the first one, just a correction (since I happened to have made a "correct" version a few years ago and still had the file on my computer). --Fastfission 01:25, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Isn't there a new symbol for radioactivity now? We should keep the old one too, but the new one shows the radioactive-symbol with rays comming out of it and a stick-person running away from it (I also think there is a scull there...). --Koppe 11:50, 26 April 2007 (CET)

Extensive editing
I rewrote most of this entry to better define radioactive contamination. Contrary to the original tone of the article, not all radioactive contamination is deadly. Extensive contamination certainly can be, and there are links to such events at the bottom of the page. --Ike 21:42, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

REmoved from page
I removed this from page because I dont think it does anything to explain the concept of contamination and basically its irrelevant to the article.

''Many radioactive isotopes are produced artificially, either for their specific properties (such as medical radioisotopes) or as a byproduct (such as fission products). Some radioisotopes exist in nature, including uranium, thorium, and some isotopes of potassium and carbon. Radioisotopes share the property of spontaneous transformation, where an atom of a given element will transform into a different element, emitting radiation in the process.''

--Light current 03:48, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

The pre-1964 athmosphere was really terrible.
During the 1960s (before and shortly after the Test Ban Treaty) there was tremendous radiactivity in the air, especially in the stratosphere. Here is something a retired hungarian fighter pilot told us during an aviation enthusiast club:

1., They flew MiG-21F-13 twice supersonic light jetighters from 1962. At this time military doctrine was high altitude aerial warfare and most flight were made between 15 to 20 kilometer altitude.

2., Pilots' anti-G garments and breathing hoses began materially deteriorating after six months use, due to intense rays from the radioactive dust that entered the cockpit via the air pressurizing system. Especially rubber tissue fell apart quickly. This was never seen with lower altitiude transsonic planes like the MiG-17.

3., Fighter pilots' flight time had to be limited to 60 hours a year due to dangers of high dosage, but sometimes they flew 80 due to crew shortage. Lady flight doctors were eventually replaced with male doctors, after they refused to sign pilot's flight clearance sheets over radiation concerns. A lot of pilots suffered radiation related long-term ill health. (Early fighter jets also had "leaky" radars that sent a measurable fraction of the emitted radio energy backwards, so pilots in the cockpit were like a chicken in the microwave oven. It hurt the guys' balls especially.)

4., Nowadays fighter pilots fly about 160-180 hrs a year in the richer countries, but supersonic and above 11 kilometers high flights are very rare in modern militaries, they do terrain following flights nowadays and the radation danger is thus greatly limited. The air is also cleaner due to end of worldwide bomb testing.

5., Apparently the american SST, anglo-french and soviet Tu-144 plans for supersonic airliners were among the major reasons for test ban treaty. It would be impossible for the Concorde to fly 18km high in an open-air nuke testing world, the passangers would be irradiated with a dose several times of a chest X-ray due to stratospheric radioactive dust. Even today, they have to descend to 11km and fly subsonic when the solar flare alert rings. 195.70.32.136 11:17, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * can anybody explain the mechanics of this? i know there is radiation coming from space, but what is he exactly talking about ? dust from atom bomb tests ? why is it only in the upper parts of the athmosphere ? shouldn't dust fall down again ? aren't these cockpit's 100% airtight ??? when i sit on a plane isn't that all airtight and pressurized and oxygen-masks-from-above? i seem to have missed a few things. please explain.--83.189.62.136 14:20, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Question
Could anyone tell me whether there are scientific models to decontaminate environment. Considering a contaminated site of nuclear testing - is there a way to minimize the natural decay time so that the site is useable again? - Oliver
 * Decay time cannot be altered - it is a feature of the atom itself. Decontamination usually involves scrapping off the contaminated soil and burying it somewhere else - or just adding a new layer on top of the old contaminated one. Rmhermen 19:33, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Stupid Question
There is this belief (in effect based on Magical thinking's law of contagion) that material that is exposed to radioactivity becomes radioactive itself. Should this be mentioned in some way or is this more for snopes? A friend of mine talked about this, and i wanted to show him wrong, went to wikipedia, and there was nothing there. in the end i convinced him, that the absence of a mentioning strengthens my position. but it would have been better to see it here. would it ?--83.189.62.136 14:13, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

answer #1

 * It is possible, under certain circumstances; some types of high-energy ionizing radiation can definitely cause a nuclear reaction which
 * cause the irradiated object to become (usually weakly) radioactive. The worst, of course, occurs when the nuclear reaction generates a
 * new isotope which is highly radioactive on its own accord.

 * This is probably most common with proton, neutron, or alpha radiation, since they contain hadrons and therefore are more likely to
 * trigger a nuclear reaction. Beta (electron) or X-ray/gamma radiation would be less likely to do so.  Neutrons are particularly dangerous
 * in this respect, since they do not have to overcome the Coulomb barrier. See Neutron activation.
 * Hpa (talk) 20:48, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

answer #2

 * Review some of the Criticality accident items, especially the SL-1. If the radiation is intense enough, non-radioactive
 * metals can be transformed into radioactive forms by neutron bombardment. Gemstone irradiation also has details

Watchpup (talk) 13:06, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Periodic Table
The Periodic table that shows the reactivity of elements overlaps with the words above it slightly. The bottom of the letters like p and g are cut off. It might only be with Windows Explorer. I don't really know how to change it so will someone else please do it. 82.3.186.129 (talk) 19:02, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I can't see the effect you're describing in Chrome or IE. Mishlai (talk) 23:43, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

I'm noticing something else about the Periodic Table. The color legend has 6 colors and the list below shows 6 levels, but there are in actuality 8 colors used on the Table. Is this intentional? If so, why? Are those colors supposed to mean something else entirely that isn't dealt with in this article?Theroguex (talk) 03:57, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

So how much of a threat would Pa-231 represent?
Just wanted to ask. 23191Pa (chat me, but mind the alphas!) 03:51, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

Dispute of the definition
As a certified NRRPT, I have to dispute the definition provided. My thoughts are twofold, when would radioactive contamination be desirable? We define it as unintended or undesired... so when would it be desired? Further this definition implies that if the contamination was intended/desired that it would not meet the definition of radioactive contamination. Another question would be if a radioactive source was unintentionally left at a restaurant, it would obviously be undesired, so would it be "radioactive contamination?" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Matthayes3741 (talk • contribs) 02:05, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm a little confused - the definition provided defines radioactive contamination as unintended or undesired. For the question regarding a source left at a restaurant - it could be called radioactive contamination, but if it is a sealed source, it probably wouldn't be.  SCStrikwerda (talk) 14:21, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

Exposure versus contamination
This article is currently incorrect in regards to the depiction of radioactive exposure = radioactive contamination. As per this article - http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/radiation/Radaccident/expvscon.html, they are NOT the same. 24.115.224.246 (talk) 01:56, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

The lead section has been re-written to make this point. Dougsim (talk) 11:49, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

Wordy para in lead section & talk page guidelines
The last paragraph in the lead section is too much. Not suitable for a lead section in this article. The first two sentences could stay but the rest should be moved to the relevant article Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster if not already available there.

Also, there is a lot of irrelevant discussion on this talk page. Please be aware of talk page guidelines wp:talk "provide space for editors to discuss changes to its associated article or project page. Article talk pages should not be used by editors as platforms for their personal views on a subject." David Woodward ☮ ♡♢☞☽ 03:12, 4 September 2013 (UTC)

Sources of nuclear or radioactive hazard
Answer 2409:4063:6E02:DE15:BD8E:6F9C:E1C:5B22 (talk) 17:38, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Radioactive contamination


text:
Talk:BITNET Relay

Predecessor to Relay?
There was a program that (I believe) started with "B" that was a direct predecessor to the RELAY system: does anyone else remember using it? I created my "SAREK" nick on that system in 1986, and carried it over to RELAY and other systems as time went on. --SarekOfVulcan 01:27, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it was the "Billy" mentioned here.--SarekOfVulcan 01:07, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Rename to Bitnet Relay
I never heard it called "Bitnet Relay Chat", when I joined it it was the "Interchat Relay Network", all Relay nodes introduced themselves as such. We in Nijmegen mostly used the "say" message processor, written by SuperTed/Okkie, which took the horrible header off the messages from RSCS and made it easier to send such messages with very short commands. -Rhialto.

I removed this passage as it applies to any chat system. When the counterpart is busy you multiplex: "As a strategy to deal with long lag times, users would talk to many people at once in a round-robin fashion as replies were returned."

Also, Rhialto, you are right - nobody ever called it "Bitnet Relay Chat," it was simply referred to as Relay as in "Meet you on relay after class". I think it would be more appropriate to rename the article into Bitnet Relay. Maybe the word chat actually came in because of the CHAT MODULE that most IBM/VM users had to have more comfortable user interface. Or maybe because of the word Interchat. Interchat Relay Network was how the system announced itself after /SIGNON. Nobody used that either. We could rename this article as such, but by trying out both names on google it seems that Bitnet Relay is by far a more popular way to reference this system. --lynX 12:05, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * ... putting name change into action --lynX 08:04, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Why this topic has no inline source ?
I feel this topic is needing inline sources or else it must be deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Notabede (talk • contribs) 05:52, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Chat"
Of possible interest to historians: before Relay there was "Chat", written by Bryan Davis while he was a student at State College Area High School (hence before 1985) and while he was affiliated with the Penn State Engineering Computer Lab (PSUECL). Chat was reached at CHAT@PSUECL, but was retired due to network inefficiency (RELAY's relay architecture was designed to address this kind of inefficiency). A hint of documentation of this is found in "Relay History": "I was a little late getting started to have used the original one at PSU". If Jeff Kell refers to Chat as "the original one" (on BITNET), it might well be. I don't know how to contact Bryan, but it might be possible. Bryan Davis worked at PSUECL under the supervision of Bryan Jensen, who also might remember Chat. Happy hunting! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.112.194.9 (talk) 05:11, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

Deletion of sample output by Pppery
User:Pppery I contest that the section you have removed acts more like a textual (and thus more accessible) form of screenshot of how an interactive session looked like. It didn't really contain any instructions or explanations. As per #NOTMANUAL/6: "examples intended to inform rather than to instruct, may be appropriate for inclusion in Wikipedia articles" bkil (talk) 18:43, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry, no. Including the output of  clearly is an explanation. And even so the point of this article is to explain what the software is at a broad scale, not nitty-gritty details of how it works as the example did. * Pppery * it has begun...  18:59, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

So could it stay as a form of textual screenshot if we snipped the bulk of the help output? -bkil (talk) 19:23, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * What purpose would it serve? the point of this article is to explain what the software is at a broad scale, not nitty-gritty details of how it works as the example did * Pppery * it has begun... 19:29, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:BITNET Relay


text:
Talk:Orkut Büyükkökten

Years Active
I noticed that though Orkut was born in 1975, this article claims he has been "active" since 1987. Does that mean he was programming when he was 12 years old? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.169.251.116 (talk) 14:00, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

There is some serious discussion over whether Orkut actually developed the software while working for Affinity Engines. Needs further development.

Is it really necessary to say "Turkish software engineer" if the article states that he's from Turkey? Seems redundant to me, but YMMV. -Etoile 23:25, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * If saying, for example, "American

The article should certainly mention that he was one of the founders of Affinity Engines, the creators of the InCircle social networking system. Also Affinity Engines' claims should be mentioned. --Patriotoftruth 19:25, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

The claim that Büyükkökten could become the richest man on earth because he gets paid for every action on orkut sounds highly unlikely. Orkut is a free service without advertising therefore generating no (direct) income. It seems to me that Google would have better ways to spend its money.--Tchoutoye 03:00, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Capitalisation of Orkut
Per WP:MOSTM: Lowercased trademarks with no internal capitals should always be capitalized. Hence Orkut. Chris cheese whine 21:25, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. — Ambuj Saxena (talk) 05:19, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Spelling
Could somebody who can read his name add there a fonetic version, please? Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.105.216.200 (talk) 13:43, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

Quality and repetitiveness
Just how many times, in how many different ways, does the same uncited content have to be repeated? This needs to be fixed by someone familiar with the subject matter before someone jumps the gun and just deletes it. 71.204.133.75 09:24, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Does Orkut has other surname?
I heard first that Orkut was called Orkut Surabishian, so an armeny(from Armenia) surname. someone please tell me if he has this surname. thank you!

[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:189.12.47.142| Messege]

 * Never heard about it, and a Google search of Surabishian gives 0 hits, likewise Surabişyan (with Turkish characters). Ask the person you got the info from. DenizTC 04:44, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

What does Orkut mean?
Does anyone know what 'Orkut' means literally(in turkish)?

Pai.vishnu 04:36, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It is the name of creator, probably you knew it, just wanted to point out. Turkish names don't need to have a meaning (at least in modern Turkish). I checked the dictionary of the Turkish Language Association, it is not listed there. DenizTC 04:41, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Ha ha ha, are you kidding me? My name is Sezer and it has a meaning. Orkut name refers to very old Turkish, before A.D 1000, it is related to clans which were moving like nomads during that time. I am sure he is not from Armenian origin becaue of the roots of the name refers to very Turkic grounds. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.118.33.36 (talk) 00:05, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

"I am sure he is not from Armenian origin becaue (sic) of the roots of the name refers to very Turkic grounds" is a fairly uninformed deduction because of this concept: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Armenians

This is spreading, is it true?
!!!!!Truth Behind Orkut!!!!!!

A guy lost his girlfriend in a train accident... but the gal's name nowhere appeared in the dead list. This guy grew up n became IT technical architect in his late 20's, achievement in itself!!.

He hired developers from the whole globe and plan to make a software where he could search for his gf through the web.. Things went as planned... n he found her, after losing millions of dollars and 3 long years!! It was time to shut down the search operation, when the CEO of Google had a word with this guy n took over this application,

This Software made a whopping 1 billion dollars profit in its first year, which we today know as ORKUT.

The guy's name is ORKUT BUYUKKOTEN. Yes its named after him only. Today he is paid a hefty sum by Google for the things we do like scrapping. He is expected to b the richest person by 2009.

ceo 06:22, 14 April 2008 (UTC)'''

No, it isn't. --201.82.133.244 (talk) 19:41, 15 September 2008 (UTC) -- Given that he's got a husband, erm, probably not. Rsynnott (talk) 15:50, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

photo
someone please edit the photo to remove the text "art by arun" or get some other photo. Perryizgr8 (talk) 19:13, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

What is 'Efficient PDA' supposed to mean?
Article includes: "His research at Stanford focused on Web search and efficient PDA" The last phrase doesn't make sense. PDA is an acronym for Personal Digital Assistant, i.e. electronic diary, etc. The definition of what constitutes an 'efficient' PDA is highly subjective. Is it intended to mean, for example, 'efficient use of PDAs', 'efficient manufacture of PDAs', 'efficient design of PDAs', 'efficiencies obtainable by use of PDAs', 'efficient ways of working with PDAs', etc.

Wikipedia is let down again and again by poorly constructed English, especially so-called 'American English', which seems often to be a euphemism for, 'say what you like, how you like, ignoring grammar and spelling and expect the recipient of your message to be able to interpret it clearly and unambiguously'. (Sorry to sound 'American-ist', but the standard of language in much American usage (relentlessly sprayed to the world via TV programs and Hollywood) is truly appalling to an educated person, including, of course, an educated American person).

This is supposed to be some sort of Encyclopedia, after all! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.137.167.10 (talk) 22:41, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

 * At the time the Palm Pilot (III and beyond) were the toy of choice. I watched as his graduate work progressed and sat in on Orkut's PhD defense. 143.232.210.150 (talk) 18:16, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

adam turkmus
vayy 78.190.79.195 (talk) 11:47, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orkut Büyükkökten


text:
Lippstadt

Lippstadt is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the largest town within the district of Soest. Lippstadt is situated about 60 kilometres east of Dortmund, 40 kilometres south of Bielefeld and 30 kilometres west of Paderborn.

Geography
Lippstadt is situated in the Lippe valley, roughly 70 kilometres east of Dortmund and roughly 30 kilometres west of Paderborn. The historic town centre is situated between several branches of the river Lippe.

Division of the town
Lippstadt consists of 18 districts:

History
Lippstadt was founded in 1168 by Bernhard II zur Lippe. In the early 13th century Lippstadt, with a population of 2700, had four parish churches. There was an Augustinian abbey which had existed since 1281. From 1400, the enclave and town of Lippstadt were to be a condominium shared by the county of Lippe and the counts of Cleves-Mark, who were succeeded by the Hohenzollerns (Brandenburg/Prussia), a situation that endured until the middle of the 19th. century.

Heinrich von Ahaus founded one of his communities for women of the Brethren of the Common Life there.

In 1523 it formed a defensive alliance together with the neighbouring cities of Osnabrück, Dortmund, Soest and Münster.

Augustinians studying at the University of Wittenberg brought Martin Luther's doctrine home with them. Thus in 1524 Lutheran doctrines were preached at Lippstadt by their prior Westermann, and the town was one of the first to embrace Lutheranism officially, though it resisted the rise of Calvinism in rural areas of Westphalia.

Colonel Edward Morgan, (c. 1616 – after 1665), a Royalist during English Civil War 1642–1649, was Captain General of the Kings (Charles I) forces in South Wales. After the King's arrest and execution, he fled to the continent, and married Anna Petronilla the daughter of Baron von Pöllnitz from Westphalia, Governor of Lippstadt. They had six children, two sons, and four daughters. He was later appointed Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica 1664–65. His nephew Henry Morgan left his Jamaican property to his godsons Charles Byndloss (b.1668) and Henry Archbold on condition they adopted the surname of Morgan. These were the children of his two cousins Anna Petronilla Byndloss (née Morgan), and Johanna Archbold (née Morgan).

In 1821 the Papal Bull "De salute animarum", made over to the Bishopric of Paderborn the Lippian parishes of Cappel, Lipperode and Lippstadt, which had previously belonged to the Archbishopric of Cologne without producing any ensuing agreement with the state of Lippe.

In 1851 the whole of Lippstadt, which up to then had been divided between the Kingdom of Prussia and Lippe, was added to the Prussian royal province of Westphalia.

In 1944 a women's subcamp of Buchenwald was founded in Lippstadt. It was also the site of a displaced persons camp in the years following World War II. On 1 April 1945 the US 2nd Armored Division made contact with the 3rd Armored Division at Lippstadt, effecting junction of the US Ninth Army with the US First Army, and seized the city from scattered resistance.

Economy
Lippstadt serves as headquarters of international automotive supplier's Hella and HBPO Group. It is also home to a factory of large-diameter antifriction bearings, seamless-rolled rings manufacturer Rothe Erde.

Road Transport
The important road to get to Lippstadt is the Bundesstraße 55. This street goes from north to south of the city. At north, Lippstadt connects with Rheda-Wiedenbrück and the Autobahn 2 (Dortmund-Hannover). Southwards it connects with the Bundesstraße 1 and the Autobahn 44 (Dortmund-Kassel) by passing through the town of Erwitte.

Rail Transport
The Lippstadt train station (Bahnhof Lippstadt) lies on the Hamm-Warburg railway. It has a railway service with ICE, IC and region train. Passengers can change direction with Kassel, Dresden, München and Düsseldorf networks.

Region Train Networks

 * RE 1,Nordrhein-Westfalen-Express, comes from Parderborn through Ruhrgebiet region and Düsseldorf, and it also passes Cologne and end up at Aachen station.
 * RB 89,Ems-Börde-Bahn, takes only 30 minutes to Hamm-Münster

BUS
The bus system in Lippstadt is provided by Regionalverkehr Ruhr-Lippe (RLG). The system consists of 3 major types of bus networks. City-Bus Networks

The city-bus networks
The city-bus networks in Lippstadt consist of five lines (C1-C5). The bus lines start every 30 minutes from Bustreff am Bahnhof and travel via five different routes to different destinations.
 * C1: From Bustreff am Bahnhof to Wohnpark Süd - Landsberger Rd
 * C2: From Bustreff am Bahnhof to Pappelallee - Landsberger Rd.
 * C3 : From Bustreff am Bahnhof to Cappel
 * C4 : From Bustreff am Bahnhof to Lipperbruch
 * C5 : From Bustreff am Bahnhof to Lipperode

Region-Bus Networks
The City-Bus Network does not provide coverage in some areas. However, passengers can use Region-Bus Networks instant. Region-Bus Networks, a bus network providing transportation between cities, has individual timetables and destinations. The regular service Region-buses (S60, R61-64, R66, R73, 70 and 80.1) covers Beakum, Rheda-Wiedenbrück and Rietberg. In addition, there is the Schnellbus from Lippstadt passing through Erwitte to Warstein every hour.

Bus at the weekend
On the weekend, there are a few buses in the evening so passengers have to use Nachtbusse or Anrufsammeltaxis which passengers have to call before travelling.

Airport
The nearest airport from Lippstadt is Paderborn/Lippstadt Airport. The airport is located in Büren-Ahden. They do not have direct public transport from Lippstadt to the airport. However, passengers can catch the RE1 train to Paderborn Hbf and then go to the terminal by Schnellbus S60 from Paderborn Hbf.

Twin towns – sister cities
Lippstadt is twinned with:
 * Uden, Netherlands (1971)

Notable people

 * David Gans (1541–1613), Jewish mathematician, historian, astronomer and astrologer
 * Kaspar Ulenberg (1549–1617), Catholic convert, theological writer and translator of the Bible
 * Anton Praetorius (1560–1613), theologian, fighter against witchcraft trials and torture
 * Burghard Freiherr von Schorlemer-Alst (1825–1895), politician
 * Anthony Eickhoff (1827–1901), German-American author and politician
 * Rudolph Blankenburg (1843–1918), American businessman, manufacturer and mayor of Philadelphia, studied in Lippstadt
 * Otto Steinbrinck (1888–1949), industrialist and WW1 U-boat commander
 * Martin Niemöller (1892–1984), theologian
 * Conrad Hansen (1906–2002), classical pianist
 * Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (born 1955), footballer

title: Lippstadt


text: Category:Universities and colleges in New Mexico


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrew holloway

Andrew holloway was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE.

vanity page. Maximus Rex 01:38, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Easily the worst ever. Again I have to ask why people just don't read the part about not writing about themselves?  He at least read the part about how to wiki...so he makes one for his brother!  Speedy if possible.  I am SO tired of seeing crap like this linger for five days. - Lucky 6.9 01:41, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with Lucky, it should be a candidate for speedy deletion. Kenwarren 01:42, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * But how do we separate actual vanity articles from articles on people that the deleter hasn't heard of? Secretlondon 05:10, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the usual method is the "Google test". Kenwarren 14:15, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Google doesn't cover everything. Secretlondon 14:17, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * True, but in this case the only Google hit for this particular Andrew Holloway is his personal web site at IIT. And he's a college student; they usually aren't what I would call encyclopedic. - Kenwarren 16:05, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: The Google test is useful but overused IMO. This article qualifies for delete because it doesn't meet the standards of even a basic stub, which is to say what is being described and why it deserves an article. The Google test could overturn this if he turned out to have a lot of relevant hits, but it's not necessary to support deletion. Google can also be used to help verify the information, and IMO that's a far more important use of Google. Vote below. Andrewa 03:52, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * "Left-handed and proud!" The time he wasted creating a second homepage on the Wikipedia could have been used to copyedit a more deserving article.  Oh, well, live and learn.  And delete .  --Ardonik 02:06, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete in any case: This is not a newbie trying to make a user page? If not, slap it.  If so, politely urge proper compliance, etc. Geogre 02:13, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Joke or vanity by anon. Andrewa 03:52, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.   — Chameleon My page/My talk 13:18, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - simple vanity. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:27, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)