text:
Origin of Symmetry

Origin of Symmetry is the second studio album by English rock band Muse, released on 18 June 2001 through Taste Media. It was produced by John Leckie, who produced Muse's debut album, Showbiz (1999), and David Bottrill.

Origin of Symmetry reached number three on the UK Albums Chart and was certified platinum. Four singles were released: "Plug In Baby", "New Born", "Bliss", and "Hyper Music" / "Feeling Good". As of 2018, Origin of Symmetry had sold more than two million copies worldwide. It received mostly positive reviews, with critics praising its blend of rock and classical music. It has since been named one of the greatest rock albums of the 2000s by several publications.

For the album's 20th anniversary in 2021, Muse released a remixed and remastered version, Origin of Symmetry: XX Anniversary RemiXX.

Writing
Origin of Symmetry has been described as alternative rock, progressive rock, hard rock, and space rock. Muse developed it during their tour for their debut album, Showbiz. "Feeling Good", a cover, was written for Broadway by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse in 1964, and first recorded by Nina Simone for her 1965 album I Put a Spell on You.

The album title derives from the 1994 book Hyperspace by the theoretical physicist Michio Kaku, which suggests the title The Origin of Symmetry for a future book about the discovery of supersymmetry, a reference to On the Origin of Species. According to the Muse songwriter, Matt Bellamy: "Everyone's been writing about the origin of life so now they'll start looking at the origin of symmetry; there's a certain amount of stability in the universe and to find out where it originates from would be to find out if God exists." Whereas the Showbiz lyrics had "wallowed in heartbroken angst", Bellamy's lyrics moved to "sci-fi surrealism".

Recording
After completing the Showbiz tour, Muse recorded "Plug In Baby", "Bliss", "New Born" and "Darkshines" with the producer David Bottrill, forming the "backbone" of Origin of Symmetry. To capture their live energy, Muse recorded together as a band, with some overdubs.

After Bottrill departed to work on the Tool album Lateralus, Muse enlisted John Leckie, who had produced ''Showbiz.  They recorded in Sawmills in Fowey, Cornwall; Ridge Farm Studio in Surrey; Real World Studios in Box, Wiltshire; and David Gilmour's Astoria'' houseboat studio on the Thames. While they were working in Real World Studios, they went to a church in Bath to record a church organ for "Megalomania".

Having mainly recorded Showbiz with a Gibson Les Paul guitar, Bellamy recorded Origin of Symmetry using a custom Manson guitar equipped with a built-in Fuzz Factory, a fuzz distortion effect. It was the first of many collaborations between Bellamy and Manson.

Release
Origin of Symmetry was released on 18 June 2001. It was originally scheduled for release in the United States through Maverick Records, which had also released Showbiz. However, Muse left Maverick when they demanded Bellamy rerecord the album with less falsetto, and it was not released in the US until 2005.

Critical reception
Origin of Symmetry received mainly positive reviews. Roy Wilkinson of Q praised it as an "astonishing record... where extra-terrestrial fascinations meet the classical world's more unhinged impulses", adding that "comparisons with Radiohead that dogged Muse's early career now seem all but obsolete". Roger Morton of NME called the album a "reinvention of grunge as a neo-classical, high gothic future rock, full of flambéed pianolas and white-knuckle electric camp ... It's apparent that Muse can handle their brutal arias." Q named Origin of Symmetry one of the 50 best albums of 2001, while Kerrang! named it the ninth-best.

The Guardian's Betty Clarke panned Origin of Symmetry as "unbelievably overblown, self-important and horrible". The Stylus critic Tyler Martin felt that Muse were "very good at their craft", but that "the constant overplaying of everything waters it all down immensely".

Legacy
Origin of Symmetry has made appearances on lists of the greatest rock albums of the 2000s. In 2006, Q named it the 74th-greatest album of all time, and in 2008 Q readers voted it the 28th-best British album. Kerrang! named it the 20th-best British rock album and the 13th best album of the 21st century. For its 10th anniversary, Muse performed Origin of Symmetry in its entirety at the Reading and Leeds Festivals on 26 August and 28 August 2011.

In a retrospective review, Natalie Shaw of BBC Music wrote that Origin of Symmetry "shows a band with the drive and unfettered ambition to create a standalone marvel which not only awakens the ghosts and clichés from prog's pompous past, but entirely adds its own voice". He said that many elements of the band's later albums, such as Black Holes and Revelations (2006), could be traced back to the album. The author Amy Britton argued that on Origin of Symmetry Bellamy "progressed [his band]'s sound so much that he earned a new title – this generation's guitar hero," highlighting "Plug In Baby" and "New Born". In a retrospective review in 2021, the Pitchfork critic Jazz Monroe wrote: "Muse were playing melodrama as teenage realism, an extremely, ridiculously honest noise ... By combining goth vulnerability with sci-fi scale and hard-rock drama, [Origin of Symmetry] captures a paradox of young romance: on one hand, Bellamy sounds wracked with despair, but he proclaims his heartbreak with the glee of an ecstatic preacher."

Reissues
On 6 December, 2019, Origin of Symmetry was remastered and reissued as part of the Origin of Muse boxset, alongside Showbiz, demos, live performances and other material. On 18 June 2021, the album's 20th anniversary, Muse released a remixed and remastered version, Origin of Symmetry: XX Anniversary RemiXX. A collaboration with the producer Rich Costey, who worked on several later Muse albums, it features a "more open, dynamic and less crushed sound". The new mixes also restore elements that were originally muted or obscured, such as string sections on "Space Dementia", "Citizen Erased" and "Megalomania", and a harpsichord on "Micro Cuts". The album features new cover artwork by Sujin Kim. The Pitchfork critic Jazz Monroe described the reissue as "definitive ... even more colossal and timeless".

Track listing

 * Most streaming services place "Feeling Good" as the eighth track, between "Micro Cuts" and "Screenager", and include "Futurism" as the 12th track. The Japanese and XX Anniversary RemiXX editions place "Futurism" as the 11th track.

Personnel
Personnel adapted from Origin of Symmetry liner notes

Muse
 * Matthew Bellamy – lead vocals, guitars, piano, keyboards; Wurlitzer piano and megaphone (track 10) ; pipe organ (track 11) ; string arrangement, production, mixing
 * Chris Wolstenholme – bass guitar, backing vocals; double bass (track 10) ; vibraphone, production, mixing
 * Dominic Howard – drums, percussion, production, mixing

Guest musicians
 * Jacqueline Norrie – violin
 * Sara Herbert – violin
 * Clare Finnimore – viola
 * Caroline Lavelle – cello

Additional personnel
 * David Bottrill – production and engineering (tracks 1, 2, 5 and 9)
 * John Leckie – production and engineering (tracks 3, 4, 6-8, 10 and 11)
 * Ric Peet – engineering (tracks 3, 4, 6-8, 10 and 11)
 * Steve Cooper – additional engineering (tracks 1, 2, 5 and 9)
 * Chris Brown – additional engineering and programming (tracks 3, 4, 6-8, 10 and 11)
 * Mark Thomas – assistant engineering (tracks 2, 4, 5 and 7)
 * Claire Lewis – assistant engineering (tracks 3, 4, 6-8, 10 and 11)
 * Damon Iddins – assistant engineering
 * Mirek Styles – assistant engineering
 * John Cornfield – mixing
 * Ray Staff – mastering
 * William Eagar – artwork

Notes and references
Notes

References

title: Origin of Symmetry


text:
Television producer

A television producer is a person who oversees one or more aspects of video production on a television program. Some producers take more of an executive role, in that they conceive new programs and pitch them to the television networks, but upon acceptance they focus on business matters, such as budgets and contracts. Other producers are more involved with the day-to-day workings, participating in activities such as screenwriting, set design, casting, and directing.

There are a variety of different producers on a television show, including showrunners, executive producers, supervising producers, coordinating producers, field producers, line producers, among other roles on a television crew.

Writer as "producer"
Because of the restrictions the Writers Guild of America screenwriting credit system places on writing credits, many script writers in television are credited as "producers" instead, even though they may not engage in the responsibilities generally associated with that title. On-screen, a "producer" credit for a TV series will generally be given to each member of the writing staff who made a demonstrable contribution to the final script. The actual producer of the show (in the traditional sense) is listed under the credit "produced by".

Bill Lawrence, a television screenwriter, producer, director and series creator (Scrubs, Cougar Town and Spin City) explained during an interview on Off Camera that: "... the end credits of a TV show, it will say Staff Writer, Story Editor, Executive Story Editor, Co-Producer, Producer, Supervising Producer, Co-Executive Producer, Executive Producer. (While) (s)omeone else will (also) be Executive Producer because they help to run the room, every other title is just ... writer who's been here one year, writer who's been here two years, writer who's been here three years, ... and it's just a pay scale."

Notable television producers

 * J. J. Abrams: Alias, Lost, Fringe, Person of Interest
 * Mara Brock Akil: The Game, Girlfriends
 * David Angell: Frasier, Wings, Cheers
 * Desi Arnaz: I Love Lucy (1952–1956), Those Whiting Girls, The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour (1957–1960), The Fountain of Youth, The Texan, The Ann Sothern Show (1958–1961), New Comedy Showcase, The Untouchables (1961–1962), The Lucy Show (1962–1963), The Mothers-In-Law (1967–1969), Land's End
 * Nick Bakay: Sabrina the Teenage Witch, The King of Queens, 'Til Death, Two and a Half Men, Mom, The Kominsky Method
 * Alan Ball: Six Feet Under, True Blood
 * Chuck Barris: The Dating Game, The Gong Show, The Newlywed Game, Treasure Hunt
 * Biddy Baxter: Blue Peter (1962–65; editor 1965–1988)
 * Thom Beers: Deadliest Catch, Lobster Wars, numerous other Discovery Channel series
 * Bradley Bell: The Bold and the Beautiful (1995–present)
 * William J. Bell: The Young and the Restless (1973-2005), The Bold and the Beautiful (1987-1995)
 * Donald P. Bellisario: Magnum, P.I., Airwolf, JAG, NCIS, Quantum Leap
 * David Benioff: Game of Thrones
 * Rick Berman: Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager, Star Trek: Enterprise
 * Eric Bischoff: WCW Monday Nitro
 * Linda Bloodworth-Thomason: Designing Women, Evening Shade, Hearts Afire
 * Andy Bobrow: Community, Malcolm in the Middle
 * Steven Bochco: Hill Street Blues, L.A. Law, NYPD Blue
 * Yvette Lee Bowser: Living Single, For Your Love, Half & Half
 * Kevin S. Bright: Friends, Veronica's Closet, Jesse, Joey
 * James L. Brooks: The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda, Taxi, The Simpsons, The Tracey Ullman Show, Lou Grant
 * Jerry Bruckheimer: The Amazing Race, Cold Case, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Cyber, CSI: Miami, CSI: NY, Without a Trace
 * Mark Burnett: The Apprentice, Survivor, Rock Star, Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?, The Contender, The Voice, Beat Shazam, The World's Best
 * Stephen J. Cannell: The Rockford Files, The Greatest American Hero, 21 Jump Street, The A-Team, Hardcastle and McCormick, Hunter, Riptide, Stingray, Wiseguy, Renegade, Silk Stalkings, The Commish
 * Marcy Carsey: 3rd Rock from the Sun, A Different World, The Cosby Show, Cosby, Roseanne, Cybill
 * Chris Carter: The X-Files, Millennium, Harsh Realm, The Lone Gunmen
 * Shaun Cassidy: American Gothic, Invasion, Ruby & The Rockits
 * Ilene Chaiken: The L Word
 * David Chase: The Sopranos
 * Marc Cherry: Desperate Housewives, The Golden Girls
 * Stephen Colbert: Strangers with Candy, The Colbert Report
 * Betty Corday: Days of Our Lives (1966-1987)
 * Ken Corday: Days of Our Lives (1985–present)
 * Ted Corday: Days of Our Lives (1965-1966)
 * David Cormican: Between, Shadowhunters, The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe
 * Simon Cowell: The X Factor, Britain's Got Talent, America's Got Talent
 * Ron Cowen: Queer as Folk USA
 * David Crane: Dream On, Friends, Veronica's Closet, Jesse, The Class, Episodes
 * Carlton Cuse: The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr., Nash Bridges, Lost, Bates Motel, The Strain
 * Greg Daniels: The Office, King of the Hill, The Simpsons
 * Mike Darnell: 500 Questions, The World's Best, Mental Samurai
 * Larry David: Seinfeld, Curb Your Enthusiasm
 * Michael Davies: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (1999-2010)
 * Russell T Davies: Queer as Folk UK, Doctor Who (2005 revival), Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures
 * Frederick de Cordova: The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1970-1992)
 * John de Mol: Big Brother, Fear Factor, Deal or No Deal
 * Suzanne de Passe: Lonesome Dove, Sister, Sister, Smart Guy
 * Roger Dobkowitz: The Price Is Right (1984–2008)
 * David Doyle: Poker Superstars Invitational Tournament, Puppy Bowl
 * Tina Fey: 30 Rock, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
 * Jeff Franklin: Full House, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper
 * Lowell Ganz: Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley, Joanie Loves Chachi
 * Larry Gelbart: M*A*S*H, AfterMASH
 * Michael Gill: Civilisation, Alistair Cooke's America
 * Vince Gilligan: Breaking Bad
 * Mark Goodson: Beat the Clock, Card Sharks, Classic Concentration, Family Feud, I've Got a Secret, Match Game, Password, The Price Is Right, Tattletales, To Tell the Truth, What's My Line?
 * Lauren Graham: Gilmore Girls
 * Brad Grey: It's Garry Shandling's Show, The Larry Sanders Show, The Sopranos
 * Merv Griffin: Jeopardy!, Wheel of Fortune
 * Paul Haggis: Due South
 * Alan Hardwick: Yorkshire Television
 * Dan Harmon: Community
 * Don Hewitt: 60 Minutes
 * Stephen Hillenburg: SpongeBob SquarePants
 * Roy Huggins: Baretta, The Fugitive, The Rockford Files
 * Armando Giovanni Iannucci, OBE: The Thick of It, Veep
 * Marta Kauffman: Dream On, Friends, Veronica's Closet, Jesse, Related, Grace and Frankie
 * David E. Kelley: Ally McBeal, Boston Legal, Boston Public, Chicago Hope, Picket Fences, The Practice
 * Michael Patrick King: Sex and the City
 * Eric Kripke: Supernatural, Revolution
 * Matt Kunitz: Fear Factor, Wipeout
 * Verity Lambert: Doctor Who, Adam Adamant Lives!, Jonathan Creek
 * John Langley: COPS
 * Peter Lassally: The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, Late Night with David Letterman, Late Show with David Letterman, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson
 * Lynn Marie Latham: Knots Landing, Homefront, The Young and the Restless
 * Bill Lawrence: Scrubs, Cougar Town, Spin City
 * Norman Lear: All in the Family, Good Times, Maude, One Day at a Time, Sanford and Son
 * Ron Leavitt: Married... with Children, Unhappily Ever After
 * Damon Lindelof: Lost, The Leftovers, Watchmen
 * Daniel Lipman: Queer as Folk (US)
 * Chuck Lorre: Grace Under Fire, Cybill, Dharma & Greg, Two and a Half Men, The Big Bang Theory, Mike & Molly, Mom
 * Seth MacFarlane: Family Guy, American Dad!, The Cleveland Show
 * David Maloney: Blake's 7, The Day of the Triffids
 * Garry Marshall: The Odd Couple (1970-1975), Happy Days (1974-1984), Laverne & Shirley (1976-1983)
 * Quinn Martin: The Untouchables, The Fugitive, The F.B.I., The Invaders, Cannon, The Streets of San Francisco, Barnaby Jones
 * Elizabeth Meriwether: New Girl
 * Lorne Michaels: Saturday Night Live, The Kids in the Hall, 30 Rock
 * Fran Mires: Ocurrio asi, Al Youm
 * Steven Moffat: Doctor Who (after Russell T Davies), Sherlock, Jekyll, Coupling, Joking Apart and Chalk
 * Ronald D. Moore: Battlestar Galactica, Roswell, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: The Next Generation
 * Sarah Mulvey: Brat Camp, 10 Years Younger, Wife Swap
 * Ryan Murphy: Popular, Nip/Tuck, Glee, American Horror Story, American Horror Stories, The New Normal''
 * John Nathan-Turner: Doctor Who (1980–1989)
 * Mic Neumann: Kung Faux
 * Sydney Newman: General Motors Theatre, Armchair Theatre
 * Jonathan Nolan: Person of Interest
 * Rockne S. O'Bannon: Farscape, Cult
 * Michelle Paradise: Exes and Ohs
 * Tyler Perry: Meet the Browns, Tyler Perry's House of Payne, For Better or Worse
 * William P. Perry: Anyone for Tennyson?
 * Julie Plec: The Vampire Diaries
 * Bill Podmore: Coronation Street
 * Gordon Ramsay: MasterChef US, Kitchen Nightmares, Ramsay's Best Restaurant
 * Paul Rauch: Another World (1971-1983), Texas (1980-1981), One Life to Live (1984-1991), Santa Barbara (1992-1993), Guiding Light (1996-2002), The Young and the Restless (2008–2011)
 * Shonda Rhimes: Grey's Anatomy, Private Practice, Scandal, How to Get Away with Murder
 * Mark Risley: Rugrats, The Wild Thornberrys, Rocket Power and As Told by Ginger
 * Gene Roddenberry: Star Trek: The Original Series, Star Trek: The Next Generation
 * Shawn Ryan: The Shield, The Chicago Code, Last Resort
 * Haim Saban: Power Rangers (1993–2001; 2010–present), Beetleborgs, VR Troopers
 * Magnús Scheving: LazyTown
 * Dan Schneider: Victorious, iCarly, Drake & Josh, Zoey 101, What I Like About You, Kenan & Kel, The Amanda Show, All That, Cousin Skeeter, Sam & Cat, Henry Danger, Game Shakers, The Adventures of Kid Danger
 * Josh Schwartz: The O.C., Chuck, Gossip Girl
 * Jerry Seinfeld: Seinfeld
 * Tom Selleck: Magnum, P.I.
 * Garry Shandling: It's Garry Shandling's Show, The Larry Sanders Show
 * David Shore: House, Battle Creek
 * David Simon: The Wire, The Corner, Generation Kill, Homicide: Life on the Street, Treme
 * Arthur Smith: Hell's Kitchen, American Ninja Warrior, The Titan Games, Mental Samurai
 * Aaron Sorkin: Sports Night, The West Wing, Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, The Newsroom
 * Aaron Spelling: Beverly Hills, 90210, Charmed, Charlie's Angels, The Colbys, Dynasty, Family, Fantasy Island, Glitter, Hart to Hart, Hotel, The Love Boat, Love Boat: The Next Wave, Matt Houston, Melrose Place, The Mod Squad, 7th Heaven, Starsky & Hutch, Strike Force, Summerland, Sunset Beach, S.W.A.T., T. J. Hooker, Titans, Vega$
 * Darren Star: Beverly Hills, 90210, Melrose Place, Sex and the City
 * Stephen Stohn: Degrassi: The Next Generation, Instant Star
 * J. Michael Straczynski: Babylon 5
 * Tim Taylor: 13 series of Time Team
 * Harry Thomason: Designing Women, Evening Shade, Hearts Afire
 * Paul Tibbitt: SpongeBob SquarePants (2007–present)
 * Bill Todman: Beat the Clock, Card Sharks, Family Feud, I've Got a Secret, Match Game, Password, The Price Is Right, Tattletales, To Tell the Truth, What's My Line?
 * Ivan Tors: Science Fiction Theater, Sea Hunt, The Man and the Challenge, The Aquanauts, Daring Game, Flipper, Gentle Ben, Daktari, Rip Cord, Cowboy in Africa, Jambo
 * Mark Wahlberg: In Treatment, Entourage, Boardwalk Empire
 * Ray Waru: Frontier of Dreams
 * Ken Warwick: American Idol, America's Got Talent, Pop Idol, Gladiators
 * Reg Watson: The Young Doctors, Prisoner, Neighbours
 * Michael Wearing: Boys from the Blackstuff, Edge of Darkness
 * Matthew Weiner: Mad Men
 * D. B. Weiss: Game of Thrones
 * Joss Whedon: Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, Firefly and Dollhouse
 * Kevin Williamson: The Vampire Diaries, The Following, Dawson's Creek
 * Andy Wilman: ''Top Gear and The Grand Tour
 * Terence Winter: Boardwalk Empire
 * Dick Wolf: Law & Order, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Chicago P.D., Chicago Fire, Chicago Med, Chicago Justice
 * J. H. Wyman: Fringe, Almost Human, Keen Eddie

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Television producer


text:
Talk:Occultism in Nazism/Archive 1

falsehoods
This article is based on falsehoods. Only Himmler was interested in mysticims. Hitler was not. Andries 21:36, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"It is known that Aliester Crowley and Gurjeff sought contact with Hitler..." Really, given that their names are not even spelled correctly? Cite please. -- The Anome 22:48, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Now removed from article:
 * It is known that Aliester Crowley and Gurjeff sought contact with Hitler, but it has never been confirmed if these mystics actually made contact with Hitler. Hitler would later go on to reject many German mystics, openly ridiculing them, particularly practicitioners of Freemasonry, Theosophy and Anthrosophy.

Can we have some cites for this please? -- The Anome 23:27, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

What indications or proof is available about Hitler?
What indications or proof is available that Hitler was interested in the paranormal and mysticism? Knowledge of mysticism in My Kampf is neither a proof nor an indication to me because Hitler was an avid reader. Andries 14:36, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

With all due respect, I think you're missing a couple of things. That said, the Vril society is easily the most difficult to substantiate. Multiple resources mention it, but the information is often conflicting and/or from sources that aren't particularly reputable. I have only replicated that information that was mentioned in one or more sources. - Rjstreet 16:21, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * If you read about something, you likely had a reason for doing so
 * The only direct link mentioned in the article is in reference to the Vril Society
 * Last I checked, convincing you is not the purpose of this endeavor - the endeavor is to find the truth based on the means we have available; I encourage alternate or even conflicting prooftexts - I personally don't care so long as we have the most accurate information possible (which has to be based on research since the original participants are unavailble for interview)
 * This is a difficult topic as it is prone to conspiracy/krank theories, but the source cited matches well with what is already in the Wikipedia and other research and seems to represent a moderate viewpoint out of a large collection of material (most with agendas to advance - as is the case with most materials on either of the two topics in the article!)

Andries, I'm going to have to ask for arbitration if you do not cease making modifications wihthout prooftexts. - Rjstreet 16:34, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Rjstreet, sorry, what do you mean with prooftexts?

Documentation supporting a viewpoint or establishing the elements of a logical proof. - Rjstreet 16:51, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC) ~

 * Rjstreet, well, I have read most of Ian Kershaw's extensive and excellent biography of Hitler and he didn't mentions Hitler's mystical connection. According to Ockham's razor, lack of indication means that there was never any link. Andries 16:56, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Rjstreet, by the way, I didn't change anything that was you didn't mention yourself, apart from the primary activity of the Ahnenerbe, which I read on the German Wikipedia that was corrobated by the book I have read about the SS in the Heinz Hoehne "Der Orden unter dem Totenkopf: Die Geschichte der SS". I only changed the wording. Andries 17:08, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The article only attributes one membership to Hitler himself - and I admit that one seems shaky (as mentioned above), but nearly all sources mention the membership list. - Rjstreet 17:09, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Rjstreet, I won't edit the article again until I have checked it in the library tomorrow. Hope you are happy with that. Andries 17:14, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Several Objections to this articles
Andries 16:43, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * treatment of the Nazi party as a monolithic organization, please note that Nazis were individuals with individual opinions
 * unattributed beliefs: who believed what
 * classification of Freemasonry as mysticism

(I found this on the talk page of user:ChessPlayer) Deutsches Ahnenerbe
I see that you have an interest in Nazi-era history. Could you cast an eye over the Ahnenerbe article, which is an attempt to replace a stub which was largely based on fantasy with a more detailed article on this pathological but historically interesting organization. At the moment, the article needs more material on their influence on German academia, the expeditions to Tibet, Iran and so on, and more on the complicity of the medical and anthropological professions in murder as part of their "research". -- The Anome 10:16, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I will look into it. There is a book on the expedition to Tibet: Himmler's Crusade : The Nazi Expedition to Find the Origins of the Aryan Race by Christopher Hale. I haven't read it. There is also a scholarly work, very dry, called The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890-1935 by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. It may have some related information; I long ago looked at, and do not remember well what it said. It is in my university library, and I can look at it if you like. I recall that contrary to what some think, Hitler himself was not into the occult at all, and didn't approve of Himmler's interest. Hitler thought it was nonsense, if my memory is correct. The article on Ahnenerbe looks good, by the way. ChessPlayer 11:16, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

I object to the adverb "ironically"
The adverb "ironically" in the sentence "Ironically, the Nazi party actively discouraged mystical secret socities and the links of the primary architect of the Nazi movement (Adolf Hitler) to mysticism are not clear to all." suggests a proven fact, which is not a proven fact. Let the reader himself decide without being pushed into a certain direction by this sugggestive and POV adverb. Andries 19:20, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It is a proven fact that mysticism influenced the nazi party. I know you don't accept it (why not, btw?) but that doesn't make it not true. I have seen the evidence many times, and some of it is in the article. POV does not a fact make. Sam [Spade] 19:30, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Sam, how can you say that the evidence is overwhelming when there is no proof that Hitler himself was directly involved in mysticism? In fact, there is strong indication that he was not and that he even objected to mysticism, as per RJGreen's assertion about Mein Kampf. By the way, RJGreen's assertion about Hilter's remarks in Mein Kampf about Theosophy should be mentioned in the article, if they are a proven fact. The NSDAP had millions of members and naturally a few, esp. Himmler were involved in mysticism but that doesn't mean that mysticism had a signficant influence on Nazism. It was just Himmler's hobby. By the way, secret societies are not necessarily mystical. There were far more Christians than mystics in the Nazi party but that doesn't mean that the Nazis were a Christian party.

 * Kind regards, Andries 07:46, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Sam, if it is really true that the Nazi party was significantly influenced by mysticism then, I think, you are right that the word "Ironically" is okay there. But for the time being can it please be removed? Andries 19:46, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK. :) Sam [Spade] 19:49, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

According to German Wikipedia Thule Gesselschaft was not a mystical society
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule-Gesellschaft this article explicitly says that the Thule Gesellschaft was a secret but not mystical society apart from the use Rune signs. Andries 19:28, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The rune signs are mystical tho, as is the swastika, and a number of other symbols they used. I sense there is some reason why germanic peoples dislike nazism being seen as non-christian mysticism? Sam [Spade] 19:46, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * and when I am reading the german version, I read it differently... I admit I am not a native german speaker, but "Für Anhänger eines nordischen Kultes hatte der Name mystische Bedeutung" is pretty obvious even to me... Sam [Spade] 19:49, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I have to admit that I overlooked that sentence. I was referring to another explicit statement in the article. So wird immer wieder behauptet, die TG hätte intern eine stark okkulte oder gar satanische Ausrichtung besessen. Jenseits einer gewissen Runen-Mystik kann dies aber keineswegs nachgewiesen oder belegt werden. translated, Always people assert that the Thule Gesellschaft would have a strong occult or even satanic message. Apart from a certain Rhune mysticism one can not by any means prove this." Andries 20:09, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thats a bad sentance, failing to express the distinction between occult satanism and Odin woshipping Germanic mysticism, two very different subjects. I can see why they would confuse the two however, because many modern neo-nazi's (esp. in the black metal scene) have migrated from satanism to viking-pagan Odin woship. Sam [Spade] 20:12, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * See this also: "In der Theosophie (aus der sich die Ariosophie abgeleitet) ist es das Symbol für die Arier." (refering to the swastika) Sam [Spade] 20:12, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Dinter
Presumably the "Dinter" that was thrown out of the Nazi Party was Artur Dinter? -- Karada 00:36, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Why mysticism?
I'm not well versed enough in specifics to put any of this into the article myself, but I'd like to propose a subject for your collective consideration. The Nazis were a political movement that based a lot of their appeal on being seen as an improvement upon and as a viable successor to the older political establishments of church and state. It was a revolution of sorts by the petit bourgeois against the old traditional order, and very much a violently contemptuous rejection of the legitimacy of that order. Famously, it made Jews and Judaism a scapegoat and rallying cry in its rise to power, but since it also largely rejected the various churches' political prerogatives, perhaps a large part of the pagan "Aryan" religiosity was a conscious attempt to paint what they were doing with some sort of religious legitimacy. It seems to me that the Nazis were mostly cynically exploiting heathenism in order to distract followers by providing them with a dramatic, exotic alternative to the old order. Fire Star 17:51, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Firestar, there is a lot of truth in what you write, I believe. But that is an opinion, not a proven fact and can not be inserted in the article unless a good scholarly reference is found. I do not know of any mainstream scholarly author on Hitler or Nazis who holds the opinion that mysticism had a considerable influence on Nazism. That is, by the way, why I got somewhat upset when I first saw this article. On the other hand and amazingly, the Nazis legally followed the constitution of the Weimar republic till the very end. Probably because this was one of the bases of Hitler's legitimacy. I do not think that mysticism is the same as the attempt to create an alternative religion by the Nazis. It is different but related. Andries 18:13, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Cheers, Andries. I believe I recall some quotes from Hitler describing how he was going to use an emphasis on paganism and other disingenuous attitudes to hoodwink his people, but as I said, I don't have the references myself to back it up properly. I don't really have the personal inclination to spend enough time reading Hitler to find the info, either. As well as not providing much of a political context for Nazism, it seems this article doesn't differentiate between self-serving Madame Blavatsky style mysticism and "quietist" mysticism associated with some of the Taoist sages, Chan Buddhist teachers or some of the holier Christian saints, for example... Fire Star 22:05, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Just to interject, I take issue w your description of Madame Blavatsky (and especially theosophy in general, which could be implied) as "self serving". Have a read of the Theosophy article, or check out some theosophist literature, and I think you will find it far from self serving. A read of Left-Hand Path and Right-Hand Path might be helpful as well. Sam [Spade] 03:20, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Greetings Sam. But they don't do much, do they? You seem a decent fellow and you are indeed welcome to take issue with my description of Blavatsky (and by extension, Theosophy) as self-serving. My intent was to highlight some perceived differences between various kinds of mysticism that aren't really touched on in the present article, and perhaps I went too far. In my line of work I've had a lot of experience with "Left Hand" esotericists, I know quite a bit about them (more than they know themselves, I believe) and while I care about them and would like to help them, my personal opinion of their practises, borne out by that experience, is much lower than I've let on here, actually. I do realize that mine is a personal opinion and I'll not publish such in a Wikipedia article ever, being a big fan of npov, but a discussion page is a different thing, I hope. If not, let me know. Only time (or the end of time!) will tell us for sure if I am correct in my assessment of Theosophy. Cheers, Fire Star 05:00, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

WWII
My grandfather was a Nazi paratrooper, not SS but the paras were considered quasi-elite tier 2 types. He was a tough old stonecutter/ artisan who made mostly ornate public statues and tombstones. He was also in WWI before WWII. During that time, he wore various pendants to protect him, and he explained them as symbols from ancient germanic myths and legends. One was a symbol that the SS used and one was the rounded sawasdeeka / "swastika" (which to this day is a greeting in some eastern countries. He told us about how religion melted into racial theories about the german aryan archetype as a herioc figure. He even applied to be SS and couldn't make the cut because he was "too short".  I wish you could talk to him or my father if you want oral histories right from the horses mouth.  He gave all these pendants and later war medals to my dad, but my dad may have gotten rid of them.  To this day there is some sympathy mixed with shame in the hearts of germans- the french stuck it too hard to the germans at Versailles, and the germans were in such sad shape after WWI that they accepted the first hope that was offered to them- the new religion of nationalist socialism- Naziism.

 * Hey, great info, thanks! Would you like to form a user account? Sam [Spade] 19:25, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Difference between mysticism and pseudo religion
I think the article should explicitly state what we mean in this article with mysticism. I think the unresolved, low intensity dispute that I have with Sam Spade is mainly caused by a missing definition and different understanding of the word mysticism. I do think that Nazism had religious aspects, more or less as a replacement religion but that is not mysticism. Andries 10:56, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I also agree that our disagreement relates to the particulars of the word "mysticism", and that perhaps if we clarified (and perhaps even renamed the article to "Nazi religion" or some such?) we'd be much better off. What did the nazi's call their religion? I know its quite similar to odinism and pierces cosmotheism, but it would be fascinating to articulate its particulars. Sam [Spade] 18:05, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it is also a good idea to see how this article should relate to the one on Esoteric Hitlerism? The Mysticism in modern Neo-Nazism section should probably link to it, but I'm not familiar enough with the subject area to suggest a proper phrasing. Ray Dassen 16:08, 2004 Sep 26 (UTC)

Merger
This article and Esoteric Hitlerism have been merged to Nazi mysticism. Please bring future discussion to Talk:Nazi mysticism. [[User:Sam Spade|Thomas Jefferson for President]] 13:48, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Occultism in Nazism/Archive 1


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Minister of Transport (Canada)

The minister of transport (ministre des transports) is a minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet. The minister is responsible for overseeing the federal government's transportation regulatory and development department, Transport Canada, as well as Canada Post, the Saint Lawrence Seaway, Nav Canada, and the Port Authority system. Since 26 July 2023, the position has been held by Pablo Rodriguez of the Liberal Party.

History
The Constitution Act, 1867 under section 92(10) established federal responsibility for land and sea transportation between provinces and internationally. Most transportation duties and powers were placed under the minister of public works, with responsibilities for ports and harbours going to the minister of marine and fisheries. In 1879, the Department of Public Works was divided in two, with powers and duties over rail and inland sea transport going to the newly formed minister of railways and canals. The minister of railways and canals was one of the most important cabinet posts because of the importance of railways to the economic development of Canada, with three prime ministers assuming the position either before or during their premiership.

In Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's third cabinet in 1935, C. D. Howe was appointed to both the minister of railways and canals and the minister of marine, which was a short-lived position split from the minister of marine and fisheries in 1930. The office of Minister of Transport was created by Mackenzie King in 1936, which was formally a successor to the minister of railways and canals, and C. D. Howe was appointed as the first Minister of Transport.

From 2006 to 2013, the position was styled Minister of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities, a name change corresponding with responsibility for Infrastructure Canada being transferred to the portfolio at that time. "Minister of Transport" remained the title for legal purposes. With the Cabinet shuffle of July 15, 2013, Infrastructure and Communities portfolio was separated from Transport and assigned to the minister of intergovernmental affairs.

Transport Canada used to manage most of Canada's major airports, but in the 1990s, most airports were off-loaded to non-profit private airport authorities. The department is now responsible for transportation safety, appointments to Boards of Governors, and regulation management.

Portfolio
In addition to Transport Canada, the minister of transport is responsible for overseeing 55 other entities, the majority of which are port authorities and airport authorities:

 * Transport Canada
 * Shared governance organizations:
 * 18 port authorities
 * 21 airport authorities
 * Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority
 * Nav Canada
 * St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation
 * Crown corporations:
 * Atlantic Pilotage Authority
 * Canadian Air Transport Security Authority
 * Federal Bridge Corporation
 * Great Lakes Pilotage Authority
 * Laurentian Pilotage Authority
 * Marine Atlantic
 * Pacific Pilotage Authority
 * Via Rail
 * Other entities:
 * Canadian Transportation Agency
 * Ship-source Oil Pollution Fund
 * The Fund for Railway Accidents Involving Designated Goods
 * Transportation Appeal Tribunal of Canada

Minister of Railways and Canals (1879–1936)
Key:

{{legend||Liberal Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Historical conservative parties: Liberal-Conservative, Conservative (historical), Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

Minister of Marine (1930–1936)
Key:

{{legend||Liberal|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Conservative (historical)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

Minister of Transport (1936–present)
Key:

{{legend||Liberal|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Progressive Conservative|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Conservative|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

title: Minister of Transport (Canada)


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Saurashtra (region)

Saurashtra, also known as Kathiawar, is a peninsular region of Gujarat, India, located on the Arabian Sea coast. It covers about a third of Gujarat state, notably 11 districts of Gujarat, including Rajkot District. It was formerly a state of India before it merged with Bombay state. In 1961 it separated from Bombay and joined Gujarat.

Location
Saurashtra peninsula is bound on the south and south-west by the Arabian sea, on the north-west by the Gulf of Kutch and on the east by the Gulf of Khambhat. From the apex of these two gulfs, the Little Rann of Kutch and Khambhat, waste tracts half salt morass half sandy desert, stretch inland towards each other and complete the isolation of Kathiawar, except one narrow neck which connects it on the north-east with the mainland of Gujarat.

The peninsula is sometimes referred to as Kathiawar after the Kathi Darbar, which once ruled most of the region. However, Saurashtra is not entirely synonymous with Kathiawar, since a small portion of the historical Saurashtra region extends beyond the Kathiawar peninsula. Sorath forms the southern portion of the peninsula.

"Sau" means 100 and "rasthra" means languages and Sourasthra is made up with 100 languages so there isn't one original word.

According to few experts, the name Saurashtra is derived from Saura Rashtra. In Sanskrit, Saura means Sun and Rashtra means country. It means, country of Sun, and there were 12 sun temples in ancient times in this region. Due to continued Islamic invasions, the idols of deities of these temples were moved to other places, one of those is located at Kanakaditya Temple at Kasheli near Pawas in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. The location of other 11 idols are currently unknown.

Districts
The Saurashtra region comprises the south western part of modern Gujarat state and the districts included in this region are:

 * Devbhoomi Dwarka
 * Jamnagar
 * Morbi
 * Rajkot
 * Porbandar
 * Junagadh
 * Gir Somnath
 * Amreli
 * Bhavnagar
 * Botad
 * Surendranagar
 * Ahmedabad (part) {Dhandhuka taluka}

The region also historically encompassed the Diu district of the Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory.

Etymology
The name "Saurashtra" itself is from Sanskrit सौराष्ट्र, the vṛddhi form of सुराष्ट्र , derived from सु + राष्ट्र. Thus the name literally means "(of/from) a good country."

History
Referred to as Saurashtra and as some other names as well over a period of time, since the Mahabharata and Vedic period, this region is mentioned again as Surastrene, or Saraostus in the first century CE Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: "Beyond the gulf of Baraca is that of Barygaza and the coast of the country of Ariaca, which is the beginning of the Kingdom of Nambanus and of all India. That part of it lying inland and adjoining Scythia is called Abiria, but the coast is called Syrastrene. It is a fertile country, yielding wheat and rice and sesame oil and clarified butter, cotton and the Indian cloths made therefrom, of the coarser sorts. Very many cattle are pastured there, and the men are of great stature and black in colour. The metropolis of this country is Minnagara, from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza.

In earliest foreign mention, Egyptian mathematician, geographer, astrologer Claudius Ptolemy and Greek manuscript Periplus both call this region "Surastrene"

The region is mentioned in the Junagadh Rock inscription dating 150 CE, attributed to Rudradaman I. Prior to this, during the rule of Ashoka (268–232 BCE), the region was under Yavana Tushaspa, and governed by Pushyagupta during Chandragupta Maurya's reign (322BC – 298BC). From the 8th to 11th century, Brahmin merchants from Saurashtra region started migrating towards Southern India due to the frequent Muslim invasions, these merchants upon the invitation of Chola, Pandya, Vijayanagara, Nayak and Thanjavur Maratha Kings set up mercantile silk-weaving guilds throughout Southern India and were involved in the trade of silk clothes and diamonds to the royal families of ancient South India, as the silk became the attire of royal families after the period of Gupta dynasty. These Brahmins who trace their ancestry to the historical region of Saurashtra are now known as the Saurashtra people. Several historians believe that it was Saurashtrian textile merchants who introduced idly to South India during the 10th and 12th centuries. There are even claims that a mix of rice and urad dal ground together and later steamed to form cakes had its origins in Gujarat. This was called Iddada.

Gir
For a long time, the name Sorath referred to this region. From the 9th to 14th century Chudasama Rajput ruled Sorath with their capitals Vanthali and Junagadh alternatively. The Chudasama Rajputs ruled Sorath longer than any others, until the Sorath area came under Muslim rule. Sorath, a Muslim name of Saurashtra, was initially one of ten prants, but by the colonial age it was one of only four surviving ones, the others being absorbed. The salute state Junagadh (alias "Junagarh" or the "Old Fort"), founded during British rule, and its neighbouring states were controlled by the Western India States Agency (WISA). In 1947, Junagadh's Muslim ruler desired to accede his territory to Pakistan, but the predominantly Hindu population rebelled.

Saurashtra State

After India's independence in 1947, 217 princely states of Kathiawar, including the former Junagadh State, were merged to form the state of Saurashtra on 15 February 1948. Initially, it was named United State of Kathiawar, which was renamed to Saurashtra State in November 1948. The exercise took up a lot of Shri Vallabhbhai Patel's time to convince the local princes and petty subas (totalling 222 in Saurashtra alone). However, Maharaja Krishnakumar Sinhji of Bhavnagar State readily extended to offer his large and royal empire of Bhavnagar / Gohilwar to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and Bhavnagar became the first in the country to be merged into the union of India.

The capital of Saurashtra was Rajkot. Uchharangray Navalshankar Dhebar, who later went on to become President of the Indian National Congress between 1955 and 1959, became Saurashtra's first Chief Minister. He was succeeded by Rasiklal Umedchand Parikh on 19 December 1954.

On 1 November 1956, Saurashtra was merged into Bombay state. In 1960 Bombay state was divided along linguistic lines into the new states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The territory of Saurashtra, including Junagadh and all of Sorath, became part of the state of Gujarat.

Postage stamps
The first postage stamps of the state were issued for Princely State of Junagadh in 1864. They consisted of three lines of Hindi script in colourless letters on black, and were produced by hand-stamping with watercolor ink. A second issue in 1868 used coloured letters, printed in black or red on several colours of paper.

The issue of 1877 was the first to include Latin letters; the circular design included the inscription "SORUTH POSTAGE" at the top, and "ONE ANNA OF A RUPEE" (or "FOUR ANNAS...") at the bottom. Some of these were surcharged in 1913–14, followed by redesigned stamps in 1914.

A set of eight stamps in 1929 included pictures of Junagadh, the Gir lion, and the Kathi horse in addition to the nawab. In 1937 the one anna value was reissued reading "POSTAGE AND REVENUE".

The Indian province of Saurashtra did not design any of its own stamps, but before adopting the stamps of India, Saurashtra issued a court fee stamp overprinted for postal use, then created more one anna stamps by surcharging three stamps of the 1929 issue.

Natural resources
Saurashtra has been a flourishing region and rich in natural resources since ancient times, while having gone through several droughts especially during the 20th century. Water resources and its related dynamics have influenced the region and its agro-economy to a certain extent. It is found that water was easily available in the region 10 to 15 years ago. Ashvin A. Shah, a US-based engineering consultant who conducted a survey in 1998 on water availability in the region, says, "The presence of 700,000 dugwells in Saurashtra region indicates the presence of extensive groundwater aquifers throughout the region. This means there is one well for fewer than 20 people or one well every 300 metres".

Amri Saurashtra went through severe droughts over the years to the extent that people could no longer grow crops, nor did they have drinking water available. There has been in recent times a campaign to take up rain water harvesting.

Significantly, the Check dam campaign from the late 1990s brought almost a drastic change resulting in raising water tables in Saurashtra. However, in 2019, the region was hit with a severe drought, affecting 20 districts in Gujarat, and water had to be brought in by tanker from the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River.

<!---

Separatist movements for Saurashtra and/or Kutch State(s)
Saurashtra State and Kutch State separately existed from Indian independence (1947) to 1956.

Gujarat has demands for separate states of Kutch State, Sourashtra State and Bhilistan from many decades.

Revival movement for formerly separate Saurashtra State
Movement for separate Saurashtra State was initiated in 1972 by advocate Ratilal Tanna, a close aide of former Indian Prime Minister Morarji Desai. As per [Saurashtra Sankalan Samiti], more than 300 organisations across the Saurashtra region support the demand of the separate State. Samiti also claims that compared to other parts of Gujarat, Saurashtra is underdeveloped. Big industrial projects are coming near Ahmedabad and Vadodara, while Saurashtra is being ignored. It is claimed that people in Saurashtra are facing shortage of drinking water and even youths are forced to migrate in search of jobs. No development is made along the coastline and if Saurashtra had its own state government the region would have done much better. Parag Tejura is current president of Saurashtra Sankalan Samiti.

Saurashtra (alias Kathiawar) has separate identity from the rest of Gujarat. The region has its own Saurashtra language dialect. Sourashtra people have their own diaspora all over world including in Tamil Nadu for centuries. Some agitators claim that people from Saurashtra are often taunted with titles such as "Kathiawadi" and "via Viramgam".

Demand for combined Sourashtra-Kutch State
There is also a demand for a combined Kutch-Saurashtra (or Saurashtra-Kutch) state. Mansukhbhai Joshi has called a meeting under the banner 'Kutch Saurashtra Vikas Sangharsh Samiti' to find ways to rekindle the issue. The former minister claims people of Saurashtra do not emotionally associate themselves with Gujarat. He says leaders from the territory have always faced hostility in Gandhinagar. Yuva Kranti Sena is another organisation fighting for a separate Saurashtra-Kutch State.

Revival movement for formerly separate Kutch State
Kutch Rajya Sankalp Samitee (KRSS) from Kutch Region is spearheading demand for a separate Kutch State under leadership of Pragmalji III. At the time of integration of the princely state with India in 1947, the accession was done on the condition that Kutch would retain the status of a separate state. It enjoyed this status till 1960, when a separate state of Gujarat was carved out of Maharashtra and Kutch was merged with it. The main reason behind a separate state is cultural and geographical distance from Gandhinagar. The latter, according to KRSS, is also a hindrance to the development of the region. Kutch is still governed by an administration in Gandhinagar, which sits 400 km away. In 1960, Kutch was promised an autonomous development board under Article 371(2) of the Constitution, which never came into existence due to lack of political will. Narmada water does not reach the farms of this region, which is basically a desert land. --->

Sources and external links

 * Ron Wood, Soruth (Handbook of Indian Philately, Series 2, Hampshire, UK: The India Study Circle for Philately, 1999)
 * Sapovadia, Vrajlal K., Saurashtra: A Language, Region, Culture & Community (3 April 2012). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2033685
 * Sapovadia, Vrajlal K., Saurashtra: A Language, Region, Culture & Community (3 April 2012). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2033685

title: Saurashtra (region)


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Talk:Political organization of Bloomington, Minnesota

Wouldn't this page be better as a section on Bloomington, Minnesota? kmccoy (talk) 21:39, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Forbes family (publishers)

The Forbes family includes a number of related people that founded, and have worked for, Forbes magazine. The family has close ties to Princeton University, with their namesake Forbes College as one of Princeton's residential colleges. Noted members include:
 * Bertie Charles Forbes, a.k.a. B.C. Forbes (1880–1954), the founder of the magazine
 * Bruce Charles Forbes (1916–1964), eldest son of B.C. Forbes
 * Malcolm Stevenson Forbes (1919–1990), son and successor of B.C. Forbes
 * Steve Forbes a.k.a. Malcolm Forbes Jr. (b, 1947), son of Malcolm Forbes, current editor-in-chief and former chairman, president, and CEO of the company
 * Moira Forbes (b. 1979), daughter of Steve Forbes
 * Christopher Forbes (b. 1950), son of Malcolm Forbes, former Vice Chairman and a Vice Chancellor of the American Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 * Robert Laidlaw Forbes, son of Malcolm Forbes
 * Tim Forbes, son of Malcolm Forbes and former president and chief operating officer

title: Forbes family (publishers)


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Civic Alliance of Serbia

The Civic Alliance of Serbia (Грађански савез Србије; abbr. ГСС or GSS) was a liberal political party in Serbia.

History
The Civic Alliance of Serbia (GSS) was founded on 10 June 1992. Initially, it was a coalition of two successor parties to Ante Marković's Yugoslavia-wide Union of Reform Forces for Serbia proper and Vojvodina, renamed the Reform Party of Serbia and League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina respectively, along with the Serbian successor to the Association for the Yugoslav Democratic Initiative renamed the Republican Club, and the People's Peasant Party. In the 1992 election, the coalition was represented by Ratomir Tanić. Following the election, the Republican Club led by Nebojša Popov and the Reform Party of Serbia led by Vesna Pešić merged to form the GSS party.

In 1996 Žarko Korać left the GSS with a group of dissidents who opposed forming coalition with the right-wing Serbian Renewal Movement for the 1996 federal election and formed the Social Democratic Union (SDU).

Notable members over the years included Goran Svilanović, former Foreign Minister of Serbia and Montenegro, Nataša Mićić, former parliamentary president and acting president of Serbia, Gašo Knezević, former Serbian Minister of Education, and Vesna Pešić, the party founder and longtime leader.

The future of the party had been in doubt ever since it split into two wings. One part promoted a merger with Democratic Party, while the other part wanted to continue political existence as an independent party. The December 2004 party congress upheld the decision to remain an independent party and elected Nataša Mićić as the new leader. The party decided to apply for membership of the ELDR and the Liberal International. At its May 2004 council, ELDR, accepted GSS as an affiliate member.

However, GSS merged into Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) on April 7, 2007. The party had three representatives in the National Assembly of Serbia in 2007 elected from the list of the LDP.

Positions held
Major positions held by Civic Alliance of Serbia members:

title: Civic Alliance of Serbia


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Glueball

In particle physics, a glueball (also gluonium, gluon-ball) is a hypothetical composite particle. It consists solely of gluon particles, without valence quarks. Such a state is possible because gluons carry color charge and experience the strong interaction between themselves. Glueballs are extremely difficult to identify in particle accelerators, because they mix with ordinary meson states. In pure gauge theory, glueballs are the only states of the spectrum and some of them are stable.

Theoretical calculations show that glueballs should exist at energy ranges accessible with current collider technology. However, due to the aforementioned difficulty (among others), they have so far not been observed and identified with certainty, although phenomenological calculations have suggested that an experimentally identified glueball candidate, denoted $$f_{0}(1710)$$, has properties consistent with those expected of a Standard Model glueball.

The prediction that glueballs exist is one of the most important predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics that has not yet been confirmed experimentally. Glueballs are the only particles predicted by the Standard Model with total angular momentum (J) (sometimes called "intrinsic spin") that could be either 2 or 3 in their ground states.

Experimental evidence was announced in 2021, by the TOTEM collaboration at the LHC in collaboration with the DØ collaboration at the former Tevatron collider at Fermilab, of odderon (a composite gluonic particle with odd C-parity) exchange. This exchange, associated with a quarkless three-gluon vector glueball, was identified in the comparison of proton–proton and proton–antiproton scattering. In 2024, the X(2370) particle was determined to have mass and spin parity consistent with that of a glueball. However, other exotic particle candidates such as a tetraquark could not be ruled out.

Properties
In principle, it is theoretically possible for all properties of glueballs to be calculated exactly and derived directly from the equations and fundamental physical constants of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) without further experimental input. So, the predicted properties of these hypothetical particles can be described in exquisite detail using only Standard Model physics that have wide acceptance in the theoretical physics literature. But, there is considerable uncertainty in the measurement of some of the relevant key physical constants, and the QCD calculations are so difficult that solutions to these equations are almost always numerical approximations (calculated using several very different methods). This can lead to variation in theoretical predictions of glueball properties, like mass and branching ratios in glueball decays.

Constituent particles and color charge
Theoretical studies of glueballs have focused on glueballs consisting of either two gluons or three gluons, by analogy to mesons and baryons that have two and three quarks respectively. As in the case of mesons and baryons, glueballs would be QCD color charge neutral. The baryon number of a glueball is zero.

Total angular momentum
Double-gluon glueballs can have total angular momentum $\overline{p}$ = 0 (which are either scalar or pseudo-scalar) or $0 S$ = 2 (tensor). Triple-gluon glueballs can have total angular momentum $0$ = 1 (vector boson) or 3 (third-order tensor boson). All glueballs have integer total angular momentum that implies that they are bosons rather than fermions.

Glueballs are the only particles predicted by the Standard Model with total angular momentum ($J$) (sometimes called "intrinsic spin") that could be either 2 or 3 in their ground states, although mesons made of two quarks with $J$ = 0 and $J$ = 1 with similar masses have been observed and excited states of other mesons can have these values of total angular momentum.

Electric charge
All glueballs would have an electric charge of zero, as gluons themselves do not have an electric charge.

Mass and parity
Glueballs are predicted by quantum chromodynamics to be massive, despite the fact that gluons themselves have zero rest mass in the Standard Model. Glueballs with all four possible combinations of quantum numbers $P$ (spatial parity) and $C$ (charge parity) for every possible total angular momentum have been considered, producing at least fifteen possible glueball states including excited glueball states that share the same quantum numbers but have differing masses with the lightest states having masses as low as $J$ (for a glueball with quantum numbers $J$ = 0, $P$ = +1, $C$ = +1, or equivalently $J$$1.4 GeV/c2$ = 0$J$), and the heaviest states having masses as great as almost $J$ (for a glueball with quantum numbers $$PC$$ = 0, $P$ = +1, $C$ = −1, or $++$$5 GeV/c2$ = 0$J$).

These masses are on the same order of magnitude as the masses of many experimentally observed mesons and baryons, as well as to the masses of the tau lepton, charm quark, bottom quark, some hydrogen isotopes, and some helium isotopes.

Stability and decay channels
Just as all Standard Model mesons and baryons, except the proton, are unstable in isolation, all glueballs are predicted by the Standard Model to be unstable in isolation, with various QCD calculations predicting the total decay width (which is functionally related to half-life) for various glueball states. QCD calculations also make predictions regarding the expected decay patterns of glueballs. For example, glueballs would not have radiative or two photon decays, but would have decays into pairs of pions, pairs of kaons, or pairs of eta mesons.

Practical impact on macroscopic low energy physics
Because Standard Model glueballs are so ephemeral (decaying almost immediately into more stable decay products) and are only generated in high energy physics, glueballs only arise synthetically in the natural conditions found on Earth that humans can easily observe. They are scientifically notable mostly because they are a testable prediction of the Standard Model, and not because of phenomenological impact on macroscopic processes, or their engineering applications.

Lattice QCD simulations
Lattice QCD provides a way to study the glueball spectrum theoretically and from first principles. Some of the first quantities calculated using lattice QCD methods (in 1980) were glueball mass estimates. Morningstar and Peardon computed in 1999 the masses of the lightest glueballs in QCD without dynamical quarks. The three lowest states are tabulated below. The presence of dynamical quarks would slightly alter these data, but also makes the computations more difficult. Since that time calculations within QCD (lattice and sum rules) find the lightest glueball to be a scalar with mass in the range of about $J$. Lattice predictions for scalar and pseudoscalar glueballs, including their excitations, were confirmed by Dyson–Schwinger/Bethe–Salpeter equations in Yang–Mills theory.

Experimental candidates
Particle accelerator experiments are often able to identify unstable composite particles and assign masses to those particles to a precision of approximately $$PC$$, without being able to immediately assign to the particle resonance that is observed all of the properties of that particle. Scores of such particles have been detected, although particles detected in some experiments but not others can be viewed as doubtful.

Many of these candidates have been the subject of active investigation for at least eighteen years. The GlueX experiment has been specifically designed to produce more definitive experimental evidence of glueballs.

Some of the candidate particle resonances that could be glueballs, although the evidence is not definitive, include the following:

Vector, pseudo-vector, or tensor glueball candidates

 * X(3020) observed by the BaBar collaboration is a candidate for an excited state of the $+−$$1,000 MeV/c2$ = 2$1,730 MeV/c2$, 1$2,400 MeV/c2$ or 1$2,590 MeV/c2$ glueball states with a mass of about $10 MeV/c2$.

Scalar glueball candidates

 * f0(500) also known as σ – the properties of this particle are possibly consistent with a glueball of mass $J$ or $$PC$$.
 * f0(980) – the structure of this composite particle is consistent with the existence of a light glueball.
 * f0(1370) – existence of this resonance is disputed but is a candidate for a glueball–meson mixing state
 * f0(1500) – existence of this resonance is undisputed but its status as a glueball–meson mixing state or pure glueball is not well established.
 * f0(1710) – existence of this resonance is undisputed but its status as a glueball–meson mixing state or pure glueball is not well established.

Other candidates

 * Gluon jets at the LEP experiment show a 40% excess over theoretical expectations of electromagnetically neutral clusters, which suggests that electromagnetically neutral particles expected in gluon-rich environments such as glueballs are likely to be present.

title: Glueball


text:
Frantic (film)

Frantic is a 1988 American-French neo-noir mystery thriller film directed by Roman Polanski and starring Harrison Ford and Emmanuelle Seigner. Ennio Morricone composed the film score. Although a commercial failure, the film was a critical success, and has since gone on to become somewhat of a cult classic, with Morricone´s score being hailed as one of his best.

Plot
Dr. Richard Walker is a surgeon visiting Paris with his wife Sondra for a medical conference. At their hotel, she is unable to unlock her suitcase, and Walker determines that she picked up the wrong one at the airport. While Walker is taking a shower, Sondra receives a phone call that Walker can't hear and she mysteriously disappears from their hotel room.

Still jet-lagged, Walker searches for his wife in the hotel with the help of a polite but mostly indifferent staff and then wanders outside to look for her himself. A wino overhears him in a café and says he saw Sondra being forced into a car in a nearby alley. Walker is skeptical, until he finds his wife's ID bracelet on the cobblestones. He contacts the Paris police and the U.S. Embassy, but their responses are bureaucratic, and there is little hope anyone will bother looking for her. As Walker carries on the search himself he stumbles onto a murder site where he encounters the streetwise young Michelle, who mistook Sondra's suitcase for her own at the airport. He realises that Michelle is a career drug smuggler, but does not care or know for which shady dealers she is hired. Michelle reluctantly helps Walker in his attempt to learn what was packed in her switched suitcase, and how to trade the contents for the return of his kidnapped wife.

Following their visit to Michelle's apartment, Walker's hotel room and shabby cabarets, it turns out that the smuggled contents are not drugs, but a krytron, an electronic switch used as a detonator for nuclear weapons, stolen and smuggled inside a souvenir replica of the Statue of Liberty, on orders of some Arab country's agents. The American embassy, working with Israeli agents, wants to get hold of the precious device, and they have no problem letting Sondra die for it. In order to save his wife, Walker joins forces with Michelle, who is only interested in getting her paycheck.

The film finishes with a confrontation on the Île aux Cygnes, in the middle of the Seine, next to the Paris Statue of Liberty replica there, where Sondra is to be released in exchange for the krytron. However, a gunfight ensues between the Arab agents who were to get the precious device, and the Israeli Mossad secret agents who traced them to get hold of it. The Arabs are killed in the crossfire but Michelle is hit too, dying soon after having slipped the krytron into Walker's pocket, with Sondra at their side. Furious, Walker shows the krytron device to the Israeli agents before he throws it into the Seine. He carries Michelle's body away, ready to leave Paris with his wife.

Filming
Filming took place on location in Paris with exteriors filmed outside Le Grand Hotel in rue Scribe in the 9th arrondissement. The hotel's lobby also appeared in the film. Filming also took place at the Île aux Cygnes island in the Seine for the Lady Liberty scenes.

Release
Frantic was released in the UK on 16 February 1988, with a release of 26 February in the US and a 30 March release in France.

Box office
The film was a disappointment at the box-office with a domestic gross of $17,637,950, failing to recoup its production budget. However, the film was more successful in other countries such as France where it received 1,293,721 admissions.

Critical reception
Although a commercial failure in the US, Frantic was a critical success. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 77% of critics gave positive reviews based on a sample of 43 reviews with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's consensus simply calls it "A tense, on-point thriller in the vein of Polanski's earlier work". Metacritic calculated an average score of 66 out of 100 based on 16 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

The film received "two thumbs up" from Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert on their At the Movies. Roger Ebert, in his review, gave the film three out of four stars, saying: "to watch the opening sequences of Frantic is to be reminded of Polanski's talent. Here is one of the few modern masters of the thriller and the film noir. Frantic is a reminder of how absorbing a good thriller can be."

Pat Collins of WWOR-TV called it "Polanski's best film ever". Desson Howe, of The Washington Post, called the movie "vintage Polanski", with its relentless paranoia, irony, diffident strangers and nutty cameos. British film magazine Empire rated the movie three out five, calling it Polanski's most satisfying film since Chinatown, and one of the best traditional thrillers to come down the pike in quite some time.

Home media
Also was released on DVD on June 1, 2004, in Region 1.

title: Frantic (film)


text:
Talk:S. I. Hayakawa

Hayakawa did not run for reelection?
I thought he ran and finished a weak third or fourth in the GOP primary. I'll research it further. Ken Burch14:17, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Naming conventions (common names)
There is no prior discussion page corresponding any of the 5 article pages that are, or redirect to the same place as, this one's article. So there is no discussion of the rationale for the redirection (by thedespised cut-and-paste method, no less) of S. I. Hayakawa to Samuel I. Hayakawa.

As should be clear from Naming conventions (common names), people usually known by initials and surname should have their WP bios titled that way, just as Bill Clinton is the article and William Jefferson Clinton the redirect.

Anyone doubting this is such a case should do some serious research; i have not, since i spent a year or so unsure whether S. I. Hayakawa and Sessue Hayakawa were different people, and a number of decades thereafter (ending today) wondering whether the former might sometimes be known as Sessue I. Hayakawa. (That is to say, if anyone called him "Samuel" within my notice, i would have remembered the fact.)

(For the benefit of other similarly situated readers, Sessue was 16 or 17 when S.I. was born in Vancouver, so father-and-son seems farfetched. [smile]) --Jerzy(t) 21:42, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)

Senile?
This article had included, as a matter of fact, that S. I. Hayakawa was senile. Any such fantastic charges should be removed, until authenticated. Snide jokes, based on Sen. Hayakawa's advanced age and tendency to fall asleep, should not be treated as factual. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.88.233.70 (talk) 19:01, 23 April 2007 (UTC).

 * I have now requested a source to verify this claim. Since this is not a living person and I don't agree with the above user that such a claim is "fantastic", nor have I seen any information which casts doubt on the claim, I don't find it prudent to remove this yet. __meco 15:37, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

 * No source has been provided, so I have removed this (and cause of death) from the article. --GentlemanGhost (talk) 20:12, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Pre-merge Histories of the Articles
Samuel I. Hayakawa
 * 01:45, 2004 Jul 9 Guanabot m (Guanaco - Robot-assisted redirect bypassing: United States Senator)
 * 03:13, 2004 Jun 23 Chrisn4255 (Add category.)
 * 06:17, 2004 Jun 22 Chrisn4255 (Add Senate table.)
 * 03:57, 2004 Apr 2 Moncrief
 * 20:34, 2004 Mar 13 KeithH (wiki Republican)
 * 19:24, 2003 Dec 31 Jengod m
 * 19:23, 2003 Dec 31 Jengod m
 * 19:16, 2003 Dec 31 Jengod m
 * 19:14, 2003 Dec 31 Jengod (bioguide, et al)

S. I. Hayakawa -
 * 19:17, 2003 Dec 31 Jengod m
 * 03:05, 2003 Dec 16 130.212.118.18
 * 05:31, 2003 Aug 17 RickK (photo, expand)
 * 11:59, 2002 Nov 3 203.97.97.131
 * 13:33, 2002 Aug 27 12.144.193.66
 * 15:51, 2002 Feb 25 Conversion script m (Automated conversion)

actual time in Senate
The panama canal treaty was passed long before he became a senator. It was a quip during an interview during prior the vote, not part of the debates. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.164.212.38 (talk) 13:36, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

This article has good material on his early years and academic career, but what about the substance of his term in the Senate and his views on issues (that presumably got him elected)? --A Good Anon (talk) 02:42, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

I was just coming here to bring that up. I did some preliminary research on that, and so far this kind of information is surprisingly hard to find. Probably because he was a one-term senator. But being a Japanese-American Republican from a large state makes him unusual. Academic Challenger (talk) 08:38, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

I did find a site called "From Semantics to the US Senate" (look it up in Google, the address isn't showing up on my computer for some reason). It appears to be a collection of interviews with Hayakawa and his friends. I don't have time to go through it now, but it should have some interesting information to expand the article, particularly about his senate career. It would also be interesting to know exactly what his reasoning was for opposing the SF students strike. I'll get to it eventually if noone's interested, but probably not soon. Academic Challenger (talk) 08:43, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

One of his most memorable Senatorial quotes isn't even mentioned. With a background of one of the oil embargoes, and lines at gas stations, Sen. Edward Kennedy called for "gas subsidies", for the poor. Hayakawa responded, "Poor people don't drive cars." This produced a media furor of criticism; the L.A. Times printed a derogatory cartoon, showing Hayakawa in traditional Japanese robes, committing seppuku with a gasoline nozzle. However, no more was ever heard about gas subsidies. --LCE(talk contribs) 12:19, 22 June 2012 (UTC)

Broken ref. link
As I was doing some minor edits, I found that a reference link was broken. It was this link. I'll check it time to time over the next few days and if it comes back to life I'll reinstate it. .`^) Painediss`cuss (^`.  07:43, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Today I marked this link with a  template. .`^) Painediss`cuss (^`.  09:57, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

list among Asian-American congressmen?
Last name sounds Japanese...
 * He is listed at List of Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress. — Myasuda (talk) 01:27, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Internment during WWII?
Anyone know whether he was interned during WWII (they did this in Canada, too)? 96.36.104.238 (talk) 12:52, 15 May 2014 (UTC)
 * No he was not--he lived in Chicago during the war. Only Japanese in the west coast war zone were moved out. Rjensen (talk) 13:00, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

Who, what was infused with mysticism?
This sentence needs to be explained:
 * "It is currently in its fifth edition and has greatly helped popularize Alfred Korzybski's general semantics and semantics in general, while semantics or theory of meaning was overwhelmed by mysticism, propagandism and even scientism."

Does this mean that Korzybski's (and hence Hayakawa's) view of semantics that is overwhelmed by mysticism, propagandism and scientism? Is there something in contrast to Korzybski's "general semantics" that instead is overwhelmed by mysticism, etc.? If Korzybski's view is free of mysticism and scientism, what is the other thing that isn't. What is Korzybski's view how is it not full of scientism or mysticism? This doesn't tell me much about Hayakawa other than he promoted somebody's views of semantics.

"General semantics" has a specific meaning. "Semantics in general" seems like a very broad area. Isn't this other thing that is overwhelmed by mysticism, etc., part of semantics in general? Furthermore, in the next phrase it says semantics and theory of semantics. Aren't semantics in general and semantics the same, or at least widely overlapping? Isn't this other thing that is overwhelmed by mysticism, etc., part of semantics in general?

In other words, do you mean that Hayakawa "helped popularize Korzybski's view of general semantics and semantics in general, rather than the existing theory of meaning, which had been overwhelmed with mysticism, propagandism, and even scientism."

Can something be overwhelmed by both mysticism and scientism at the same time? They would seem to be opposing beliefs. Do you mean that the theory of meaning had been in some instances overwhelmed by mysticism and in others by scientism? Ileanadu (talk) 00:09, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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United States Senate
"1976 California Senate Election" I'm changing that to "1976 Elected United States Senator from California" to establish immediately it was the United States Senate. Mydogtrouble (talk) 21:39, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

nephew huh?
"He was the nephew-in-law of Joseph Stalin in that his wife Margedant's brother William Wesley Peters was married to Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva."

for the life of me i can't follow this reasoning…Stalin's nephew-in-law could be his niece's husband or his wife's nephew…but neither applies here…what am i missing?… 73.100.239.167 (talk) 17:56, 1 August 2017 (UTC)
 * removed it 148.77.10.25 (talk) 15:20, 20 February 2019 (UTC)

Senator Tick Toc
"Hayakawa exploited this with a television ad that showed an empty chair in the U.S. Senate chamber." While this is true, one of the best commercials I ever saw was Senator Hayakawa's use of a Cuckoo Clock in that commercial, calling Senator Tunney, Senator Tick Toc.Easeltine (talk) 16:02, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:S. I. Hayakawa


text:
Delaware (disambiguation)

Delaware may refer to:

Title of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, after whom the following were named:
 * Delaware, the U.S. state
 * Delaware Colony, English colony (1664–1707) then British colony (1707–76) preceding statehood
 * Lenape, the Native American tribe also known as the Delaware
 * Delaware Nation, a Native American tribe in Oklahoma
 * Lenape language, the Algonquian language of the Lenape tribe
 * Delaware River, a major river in the eastern United States
 * Delaware Bay, tidal inlet which separates New Jersey from the state of Delaware; fed by the Delaware River
 * Delaware Lake, a lake in Delaware County, New York
 * University of Delaware, a private university

United States

 * Delaware City, Delaware
 * Delaware, Indiana
 * Delaware, Iowa
 * Delaware River (Kansas)
 * Delaware, Michigan
 * Delaware, Missouri
 * Delaware, New York
 * Delaware, Ohio
 * Delaware, Oklahoma
 * Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania
 * Delaware Falls, one of 24 named waterfalls in Ricketts Glen State Park in Pennsylvania
 * West Point, Virginia, formerly known as Delaware

Canada

 * Delaware, Ontario

Ships

 * USS Delaware, the name of various United States Navy ships
 * NOAAS Delaware II (R 445), a United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration fisheries research ship in service since 1968
 * Delaware (fireboat), in service in Philadelphia (1950-), see Fireboats of Philadelphia

Other

 * "Delaware" (song) a popular song from 1959 with puns on the names of the American states
 * Delaware (band)
 * Delaware (album) first album by Drop Nineteens
 * Delaware (chicken), breed of chicken from the state
 * Blue Hen of Delaware, other breed of chicken from the state
 * Delaware General Corporation Law
 * Delaware (grape)
 * Delaware St. John, an adventure game series
 * Delaware Basin, a geologic depositional and structural basin in West Texas and southern New Mexico
 * Delaware Plan, a proposed system to reorganize the state's presidential elections

title: Delaware (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Utah Phillips

The Long Memory
"He has recorded songs and stories with Rosalie Sorrels on a CD called The Long Memory (1996), originally a college project from Montana." The album was a college project? Utah Phillips attended school in Montana, or Rosalie Sorrels, or both? The songs are from Montana? Hyacinth 01:36, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The Long Memory project was commissioned by a Montana college. Utah and Rosalie are a few years from student age. Also, Utah has repeated said that he was changed by his experiences in the Korean War, *and* that he joined the Army in 1956. Being a storyteller, he must be using his license to stretch the truth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dashford (talk • contribs) 21:12, 27 October 2005

Early Career
I am collecting sources for an expansion of Phillips' early career, prior to 1969/70. Will be making some proposed edits in the coming months and I look forward to adding to this article with all of you. What I would love to find, but can't get ahold of, are any reviews or press coverage of his 1961 album on Prestige. Anyone ever seen material like that? Justinkrivers (talk) 20:16, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I would like to propose that we have a section on "early career in Utah" and then a section on his career as it developed after he came east. I've got a bunch of articles that cover his work in Utah prior to 1969, and I think it would make sense to separate those eras a little bit. It seems like a natural milestone. Justinkrivers (talk) 15:19, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

Utah is my great uncle
My dad’s uncle, we have the pocket watch that has been passed down for generations and once got passed to Edwin deroger Phillips then went to my grandfather and Bruce’s brother, David Phillips, and now it is with my dad. Thought I would try looking him up and see what I found. I might be able to help fact check certain things about his personal and family life. Waterlily543 (talk) 05:30, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Welcome to wikipedia, if you have sources you can cite from, that would be of great help. Content on here must be accompanied by published sources, meaning newspaper clippings, magazine articles, books, things like that. Original research or personal memories, while interesting, can't be used as sources on wikipedia directly. I think there's a lot of Bruce's early life that is not particularly well documented, such as his music career from the late 50s up to 1968 or 69. Justinkrivers (talk) 13:03, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

They toured together
The section Career includes this sentence:

"Phillips was a mentor to folk singer Kate Wolf."

It should be mentioned that he was not only a mentor to her, but they toured together extensively in the early 1980s (and maybe earlier; I don't know).

I hope that someone knowledgeable about this can add it to the article.

title: Talk:Utah Phillips


text:
Una-Sana Canton

The Una-Sana Canton (Unsko-sanski kanton and Serbian: Унско-сански кантон; Unsko-sanska županija) is one of the ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the northwest of the country and has been named after the rivers Una and Sana. The center of the cantonal government is Bihać. The canton is bordered by Republika Srpska from the east, the Canton 10 from the southeast, and Croatia from the south, west, and north.

Demographics
The liberalisation of the labour market in Germany in 2017 resulted in a large wave of emigration from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Una-Sana Canton leads in terms of emigration in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Cantonal Ministry of Internal Affairs issued 15,900 certificates of impunity for the purpose of working abroad in 2021. In 2017, the Ministry issued around 13,500 of such certificates, in 2018 around 14,800, in 2019 around 12,200 and in 2020, the number of such certificates issued was around 9,200. Also, in 2021, about 1,500 children enrolled in the first grades of elementary schools, 2,000 less than 20 years ago.

1991
In the 1991 census, the Canton of Una-Sana had 330,479 residents, including:

 * 241,511 (73.08%) Muslims
 * 67,351 (20.38%) Serbs
 * 8,766 (2.653%) Croats
 * 12,851 (3.887%) others

Traffic
Due to the proximity to Croatia and its narrow northern outline, various important traffic lines between Zagreb and the Adriatic traverse the Una-Sana canton, such as the railway line Novi Grad-Bihać-Knin. The airport of Željava is located near Bihać and is located right between the Bosnian and Croatian border.

title: Una-Sana Canton


text:
Nadine Coyle

Nadine Elizabeth Louise Coyle (born 15 June 1985) is an Irish singer. In 2002, she was selected as a member of Girls Aloud, a pop girl group created through ITV's reality competition show Popstars: The Rivals. The group went on to receive large success, achieving a string of 20 consecutive UK top ten singles (including four number ones), two UK number one albums, five consecutive platinum selling studio albums, and receiving nominations for five BRIT Awards, winning Best Single in 2009 for "The Promise".

In 2010, Coyle released her debut solo studio album, Insatiable, and its title track, through her own record label, Black Pen Records, in partnership with supermarket giant Tesco. In 2017, she released the single "Go to Work" on Virgin EMI Records, and later that year, she released her debut EP, Nadine.

Early life
Coyle was born on 15 June 1985 to Lillian and Niall Coyle in Derry, Northern Ireland. Her parents first noticed her talent for singing at the age of two, when she sang The Drifters' "Saturday Night at the Movies". Coyle was uninterested in her education but received good marks. She recorded a demo CD, which was distributed to Louis Walsh and The Late Late Show. The CD included cover versions of "Fields of Gold", "Somewhere Over the Rainbow", "Love Is" and the aria "Summertime".

2001: Popstars
While attending Thornhill College in 2001, Coyle auditioned for the Irish version of the reality television talent show Popstars, on which Louis Walsh was a judge. She won a place in the band Six, but it was later revealed that she had lied about her age. She was 16 years old, two years younger than the minimum age requirement of 18. She returned to Thornhill College in Derry.

2002–2009: Girls Aloud
Walsh encouraged Coyle to enter Popstars: The Rivals, the second British series of the international Popstars franchise. The series' goal was to create two winning pop groups – a boy band and a girl group, each consisting of five members who would then partake in "a battle of the sexes" as they vie for the Christmas number one on the UK Singles Chart. Several thousand applicants attended auditions across the UK in hope of being selected. Ten girls and ten boys were chosen as finalists by judges Walsh, Pete Waterman and Geri Halliwell. These finalists then took to the stage participating in weekly Saturday night live performances (alternating weekly between the girls and boys). Following her performance of "Fields of Gold", Walsh told her she gave the "performance of the night. Stole the show for me," while fellow judge Halliwell said, "I'd love to buy a single of yours already".

Coyle joined Cheryl Tweedy, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts and Kimberley Walsh to comprise the new girl group Girls Aloud, formed through the show by a public vote on 30 November 2002. The group's debut single "Sound of the Underground" peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the 2002 Christmas number one. Girls Aloud hold the record for the shortest time between formation and reaching number one. The group released their debut album Sound of the Underground in May 2003, which entered the charts at number two and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) later the same year. Their singles "I'll Stand by You", "Walk This Way" and "The Promise" charted at number one. Two of their albums have reached the top of the UK Albums Chart: their greatest hits album The Sound of Girls Aloud and 2008's Out of Control, both of which entered the chart at number one, with over one million copies of the former being sold. They also achieved seven certified albums and have been nominated for five Brit Awards, winning the 2009 Best Single for "The Promise".

The group's musical style is pop, but throughout their career they had experimented with electropop and dance-pop. Girls Aloud's collaborations with Brian Higgins and his songwriting and production team Xenomania earned the group critical acclaim, due to an innovative approach to mainstream pop music. The group became one of the few UK reality television acts to achieve continued success, amassing a fortune of £30 million by May 2010. Guinness World Records lists them as "Most Successful Reality TV Group" in the 2007 edition. They also hold the record for "Most Consecutive Top Ten Entries in the UK by a Female Group" in the 2008 edition and are credited again for "Most Successful Reality TV Group" in the 2011 edition. The group was also named the United Kingdom's biggest selling girl group of the 21st century, with over 4.3 million singles sales and 4 million albums sold in the UK alone.

2009–2013: Insatiable and Girls Aloud reunion
In 2009, Girls Aloud decided they would partake in a hiatus to pursue solo projects. That same year, Coyle collaborated with Boyz II Men for their album Love, recording a cover of the Take That song "Back for Good", although the song was cut from the final track listing. Coyle also worked with Jay Sean, although the duet was later scrapped.

Coyle announced plans to release a solo album during Girls Aloud's hiatus. She enlisted Barbara Charone, who has worked with Madonna and Christina Aguilera, as a publicist and Bruce Garfield as her manager. Early reports indicated three major record labels interested in Coyle, In April 2010, it was reported she had signed to Geffen Records. The deal later fell through. In August 2010, Coyle officially signed a deal with grocery store chain Tesco's new record label, releasing the album through her own Black Pen Records imprint.

She worked with a number of famous songwriters and producers during recording sessions, such as Desmond Child, Guy Chambers, Mike Elizondo, Steve Booker, Toby Gad, Tony Kanal and newcomer Ricci Riccardi. According to an interview with Booker, Coyle had worked on song ideas using GarageBand which she then presented to Booker in England to work on together further. The producer said, "She was singing her songs to loops, and then I took the loops out and rewrote the music from scratch to her ideas." He described her songs as "very pop". Booker also worked on songs to show off Coyle's vocals: "Because she's got such a belting voice, I tried a couple of things where she could really belt," he said.

The album was preceded by the release of her debut single, the title track "Insatiable". Co-written with Guy Chambers and produced by Ricci Riccardi, the song has an "80s feel" and "a harder, guitar-led sound." The single peaked at number twenty-six in the UK Singles Chart.

In November 2012, Coyle reunited with the rest of Girls Aloud to celebrate their tenth anniversary. On 18 November 2012, the band released their new single "Something New" which was also the official charity single for Children in Need. The group released their second greatest hits compilation Ten on 26 November 2012. Coyle and the group embarked on the Ten: The Hits Tour in February. After the tour's conclusion in March 2013, the group announced that they were disbanding.

2015–present: Nadine and new projects
In late June, Coyle appeared on ITV's Michael Flatley: A Night to Remember, as part of ITV Music Specials. On the programme she sang a cover of "Dangerous Games", shortly thereafter she announced she would star alongside Flatley on his 2014 tour on select dates. Coyle, in August, also revealed she has been in the studio recording new songs for a forthcoming second studio album.

On 16 September 2014, Coyle announced that she began working with longtime collaborator Brian Higgins. In March 2015, Coyle spoke about the details concerning her second album, stating that she intended on signing with a major label and that the sound is "similar" to that of London Grammar. Later that year, Nadine recorded a duet with Shane Filan from the band Westlife for his album Right Here. They performed the single, titled "I Could Be" together on that year's annual Children in Need telethon.

In July 2017, it was announced that Coyle had signed a recording deal with Virgin EMI Records. She released her new single, "Go to Work", on 8 September 2017. In February 2018, it was announced that Coyle will release a four-track EP Nadine in April 2018. "Girls on Fire" was the first track to be released from the EP, on 8 February 2018.

Coyle announced a seven-date tour, touring the UK and Ireland in May 2018. The tour was cancelled without reschedule in April 2018, a month before commencing, with Coyle stating it was becoming "impossible to achieve" what they had wanted to do and that the cancellation was "definitely a lesson" for her. In 2019, Coyle returned to the music scene with her summer anthem "Fool for Love", produced by Brian Higgins of Xenomania. In December of that year, Coyle announced another track called "All That I Know" which was released in 2020.

In October 2022, Nadine sang a cover of The Cranberries classic Zombie, as it was voted the number 1 Irish song of all time by RTE2FM listeners. Her performance gathered great reviews.

In July 2023, Coyle attended the European premiere of Barbie and released a new single, a cover of Snow Patrol's classic "Chasing Cars", Coyle's version is titled "If I Lay Here (Chasing Cars)".

In May and June 2024, Coyle and her Girls Aloud bandmates got back together for an arena tour titled The Girls Aloud Show in memory of their late bandmate Sarah Harding.

Other ventures
As a member of Girls Aloud, Coyle has also appeared in the fly on the wall documentary Girls Aloud: Home Truths, the E4 documentary series Girls Aloud: Off the Record and a one-off variety show entitled The Girls Aloud Party. Coyle made a cameo appearance in Natasha Bedingfield's video for "I Wanna Have Your Babies".

Coyle contributed to the book Dreams that Glitter - Our Story, an autobiography with her Girls Aloud bandmates, in October 2008. The book was written with a ghostwriter and published by the Transworld imprint Bantam Press. The book featured unseen photographs and included insights into the members' personal lives, their success together, style tips and "everything we've learned about life, love and music."

As a member of Girls Aloud, Coyle has also endorsed Barbie, KitKat, Nintendo DS, Samsung, Sunsilk and Pandora.

In December 2009, Coyle visited her hometown of Derry to successfully break the record of the most trees planted in one site in an hour by 100 volunteers. Coyle has also dedicated some of her time to charities, including the Northern Ireland children's hospice.

Coyle published her new record label Black Pen Records, which additionally released her debut album Insatiable and her further singles. In 2012, Coyle served as a guest judge for an episode of the series America's Next Top Model.

In March 2018, Coyle appeared in Fabulous Magazine with a cover photo shoot and feature interview where she discussed life after Girls Aloud.

In 2019, Coyle participated in the nineteenth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! and finished in fifth place.

Personal life
Coyle had a cancer scare when she found a lump in her breast when she was 17.

In 2006, Coyle moved from Northern Ireland to Los Angeles, California. This led to her constantly commuting back and forth between the US and the UK for her projects with Girls Aloud and as a solo artist. Whilst living in Los Angeles, Coyle opened an Irish pub restaurant in Sunset Beach, California named Nadine's Irish Mist in 2008 as a family business, which would allow family members to live near her and help her run the business. In 2013, her estimated wealth was £6 million according to that year's Sunday Times Rich List.

On 15 August 2013, Coyle announced on her Instagram account that she was expecting a child. She further confirmed her reunion with ex-fiancé Jason Bell, who is the father of her daughter. Their daughter, Anaíya Bell, was born on 10 February 2014.

In 2015, after nine years in Los Angeles, Coyle closed down Nadine's Irish Mist and moved back to Northern Ireland to raise her daughter Anaíya. She stated that she decided to close the restaurant as the business gradually took a toll on her overworked family members and that she was tired of being approached by film and television producers who wanted to use the restaurant for their projects. She also stated that she was becoming homesick for Northern Ireland whilst living in Los Angeles.

Coyle and Bell split in 2019 "due to their increasingly distanced lives", as Bell remained in the United States when Coyle returned to Northern Ireland. However, by 2021 the two were living together in Northern Ireland to allow Bell to co-parent Anaíya during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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title: Nadine Coyle