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Kigeli V Ndahindurwa

Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (born Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa; 29 June 1936 – 16 October 2016) was the last ruling King (Mwami) of Rwanda, from 28 July 1959 until the end of the UN-mandate with Belgian administration and the declaration of an independent Republic of Rwanda 1 July 1962. On 25 September 1961, a referendum voted for the abolition of the Rwandan monarchy following the Rwandan Revolution.

After a brief period of moveabouts after leaving Rwanda, the titular King lived in exile during the final part of his life in the town of Oakton, Virginia, United States. In exile, he was known for heading the King Kigeli V Foundation, an organisation promoting humanitarian work for Rwandan refugees. He was also notable for his activities in maintaining the dynastic, cultural heritage of his formerly reigning royal house, including noble titles, dynastic orders of chivalry and other distinctions.

After the king's death, a successor was said to be shortly revealed. In January 2017, it was announced that Yuhi VI would succeed him. Yuhi VI is the nephew of both the late King Kigeli V and the previous King Mutara III, as well as a grandson of King Yuhi V.

Early life and education
Kigeli was born Ndahindurwa on 29 June 1936 in Kamembe, Rwanda, to Yuhi Musinga (the deposed King Yuhi V Musinga), and Queen Mukashema (born Mukashema Bernadette), the seventh of his eleven wives. He was ethnically Tutsi. Kigeli had fourteen siblings, being one of the youngest of his father's many children.

When Kigeli was 4 years old, his father was exiled by the Belgian government to Moba, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Following the death of his father, in 1944 he returned to Rwanda. Kigeli was baptised in the Catholic Church in his teens, taking the Christian name Jean-Baptiste, and remained a devout Catholic throughout his life.

He received his education at the Groupe Scolaire Astrida (now Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare) in Rwanda, and at the Nyangezi College in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. After he finished school in 1956, he worked in local government in Rwanda until 1959.

Reign in Rwanda
After his half-brother, King Mutara III Rudahigwa, died under mysterious circumstances on 25 July 1959, it was announced on 28 July that Kigeli would succeed him as King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa. "Kigeli" is sometimes transcribed as "Kigeri". Though married, Kigeli's late half-brother had had no children; the abrupt, shocking nature of the death prompted widespread talk of some kind of assassination having occurred.

Kigeli's appointment was a surprise to the Belgian administration, who were not involved in his selection, and who described the event as a coup d'état, a view shared by the newly politically empowered Hutu elite. Kigeli himself also felt shocked and overwhelmed at the news of his ascension. The tense atmosphere and presence of armed Rwandans at the funeral prevented the Belgians from objecting, as well as preventing Hutu interference. Despite this, Kigeli was initially favoured by all sides: Tutsi traditionalists, Hutu nationalists, and the Catholic clergy all felt optimistic on his appointment. However, the manner of his appointment led to a loss of prestige for the Belgian authorities, and gave both Hutu and Tutsi revolutionaries the impression that violence might further their goals. The fact that the Tutsi establishment had engineered the rise to power also compromised Kigeli's ability to act in the traditional role as a neutral arbiter of differing factions. Kigeli duly followed regal tradition by disregarding past ethnic and ideological affiliations, embracing the role of the 'father of all Rwandan people'. However, political instability and tribal conflict grew despite efforts by the monarchy and others. Only a month after Kigeli's November 1959 ascension, Hutu versus Tutsi militancy increased to the point that hundreds died. Many Tutsi went into exile. Issues with the increasingly restive Hutu population were encouraged by the Belgian military, promoting widespread revolt. Kigeli later wrote, "I am not clinging to power... I will always accept the people’s verdict; what I cannot accept is that the Belgian Administration should influence or distort this verdict."

In July 1960, Kigeli sought safe haven in the newly independent nation of Congo. In 1961, Kigeli was in Kinshasa to meet Secretary General of the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld when Dominique Mbonyumutwa, with the support of the Belgian government, led a coup d'état that took control of the Rwandan state. The monarchy's rule was formally overthrown on 28 January 1961. The coup resulted in the 1961 referendum about the fate of the nation's royal system.

The election results showed that, with about 95% turnout, around 80% of voters opposed the continuation of the monarchy. Kigeli criticized the affair as rigged; soon after re-entering Rwanda prior to the election, Belgian officials put him under house arrest.

The government officially deported Kigeli to what is now Tanzania on 2 October 1961. He subsequently lived in multiple other locations, leaving the region of Tanganyika (living in Dar es Salaam) for places such as Kampala, Uganda, and Nairobi, Kenya. He was granted political asylum in the United States in July 1992. He resided in the U.S. for the rest of his life.

Exile activities
Granted political asylum by the United States, he settled near Washington, D.C., where he claimed welfare, and lived in subsidized housing. He subsequently settled in the Oakton, Virginia, area.

He travelled internationally to speak on behalf of the Rwandan people and repeatedly called for peace and harmony between the different groups. Kigeli continued to remember the victims of the Rwandan genocide and attempted to reconcile all political, ethnic, and religious parties in Rwanda to use the democratic process to solve any disputes. Kigeli was a friend of former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Patrice Lumumba.

In 1995, while in Southern California, Kigeli met author and historian Charles A. Coulombe, an American representative of the International Monarchist League, a London-based organization that attempts to reinstate deposed royalty in various parts of the world.

In an August 2007 BBC interview, Kigeli expressed an interest in returning to Rwanda if the Rwandan people were prepared to accept him as their constitutional monarch. He said that he had met President Paul Kagame and that Kagame had told him that he and his family were free to return, but Kigeli said that in order to do so, he needed to know if the people still wanted him to be king. According to Kigeli, Kagame said that he would consult the government about the issue.

Charity
He was the head of the King Kigeli V Foundation, whose mission is to bring humanitarian initiatives on behalf of Rwandan refugees.

Death and succession
Kigeli died of a heart ailment at the age of eighty on the morning of 16 October 2016 in a hospital in Washington, D.C. His private secretary, Guye Pennington, said that an heir had been chosen and would be announced shortly. Kigeli never married, in obedience to a rule banning marriage for kings while they were out of the country.

Although Kigeli never married, on 9 January 2017, the Royal House announced that his nephew, Prince Emmanuel Bushayija (to reign as Yuhi VI of Rwanda), would succeed him as pretender to the Rwandan throne. He is the son of the half-brother of Kigeli, Prince William Bushayija.

After Kigeli's death, it was revealed he had at least one daughter, Jacqueline Rwivanga, married to Andrew Rugasira 1998-2015 and a mother of five.

Status and recognition
As titular King in exile, as part of maintaining his royal family's cultural heritage, Kigeli V issued chivalric orders and titles of nobility with himself as fount of honour, in accordance with traditional customs.

Research in 2016 found that noble Rwandan titles were given to non-Rwandans by King Mutara III, the prior King of Rwanda. This was consistent with King Kigeli V's statements that his elder brother, when he reigned as King, granted orders and noble titles to non-Rwandans. An independent article confirming this was printed in an article titled "African King Gets Papal Honor from Vatican" in The Guardian, a publication of the Diocese of Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, 4 July 1947.

The titles are recognised by Burke's Peerage and the Augustan Society.

Foreign titles

 * Solomonic dynastyː Ras

House orders

 * Royal_Order_of_the_Drum_(Rwanda)_-_ribbon_bar.gif Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Drum, first awarded by Kigeli

 * Order of the Crown (Rwanda), Commander.png Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Crown (Rwanda), first awarded by Kigeli

 * Order of the Crane (Rwada), Commander.png Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Crested Crane (Rwanda), first awarded by Kigeli

 * D-HAN-B-Order-Ernest-August_BAR.png Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Lion (Intare), first awarded by King Mutara III Rudahigwa

Foreign orders
Foreign orders and decorations received by the King:

 * Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_SSML_BAR.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (House of Savoy)
 * PRT Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceicao de Vila Vicosa Cavaleiro ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (House of Braganza)
 * Order of Saint Michael of the Wing (Portugal) - ribbon bar.gif Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael of the Wing (House of Braganza)
 * Order of The Queen of Sheba (Ethiopia) ribbon.gif Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Queen of Sheba (Solomonic dynasty)
 * ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia (Ethiopian Empire)
 * ETH Order of Solomon BAR.png Knight (single rank order) of the Imperial Order of Solomon (Ethiopian Empire)
 * EGY Order of Ismail.png Knight Grand Collar of the Royal Order of Ismail (Royal House of Egypt)
 * Order of the Eagle of Georgia - Collar.png Knight Grand Collar of the Order of the Eagle of Georgia (Royal House of Georgia)
 * Order of Merit of the Portuguese Royal House.png Knight Grand Collar of the Order of Merit of the Portuguese Royal House (House of Braganza)
 * Großkreuz-PS.png Knight Grand Cordon of the Royal and Hashemite Order of the Pearl

Ecclesiastical decorations

 * Diocese of São Tomé and Príncipe: Cross of São Tomé, Apostolo by Bishop Abílio Rodas de Sousa Ribas

City awards

 * 🇵🇹 Knight of the Most Prestigious Brotherhood of the Most Blessed Sacrament of the Noble City of Lisbon, Portugal

Other awards

 * Gold Star Award by the International Strategic Studies Association for Outstanding Contributions to Strategic Progress Through Humanitarian Achievement for his work for Rwandan refugees in Africa

title: Kigeli V Ndahindurwa


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Private press

Private press publishing, with respect to books, is an endeavor performed by craft-based expert or aspiring artisans, either amateur or professional, who, among other things, print and build books, typically by hand, with emphasis on design, graphics, layout, fine printing, binding, covers, paper, stitching, and the like.

Description
The term "private press" is not synonymous with "fine press", "small press", or "university press" – though there are similarities. One similarity shared by all is that they need not meet higher commercial thresholds of commercial presses. Private presses, however, often have no profit motive. A similarity shared with fine and small presses, but not university presses, is that for various reasons – namely quality – production quantity is often limited. University presses are typically more automated. A distinguishing quality of private presses is that they enjoy sole discretion over literary, scientific, artistic, and aesthetic merits. Criteria for other types of presses vary. From an aesthetic perspective, critical acclaim and public appreciation of artisans' works from private presses is somewhat analogous to that of luthiers' works of fine string instruments and bows.

Etymological perspective
The private press movement, and its renowned body of work – relative to the larger world of book arts in Western civilization – is narrow and recent. From one perspective, collections relating to book arts date back to before the High Middle Ages. As an illustration of scope and influence, a 1980 exhibition at Catholic University of America, "The Monastic Imprint," highlighted the influence of book arts and textual scholarship from 1200 to 1980, displaying hundreds of diplomas, manuscript codices, incunabula, printed volumes, and calligraphic and private press ephemera. The displays focused on five areas: (1) Medieval Monasticism, Spirituality, and Scribal Culture, A.D. 1200–1500; (2) Early Printing and the Monastic Scholarly Tradition, ca. 1450–1600; (3) Early modern Monastic Printing and Scholarly Publishing, A.D. 1650–1800; (4) Modern Survivals: Monastic Scriptoria, Private Presses, and Academic Publishing, 1800–1980.

The earliest descriptive references to private presses were by Bernardus A. Mallinckrodt of Mainz, Germany, in De ortu ac progressu artis typographicae dissertatio historica (Cologne, 1639). The earliest in-depth writing about private presses was by Adam Heinrich Lackmann (de) (1694–1754) in Annalium Typographicorum, Selecta Quaedam Capita (Hamburg, 1740).

United Kingdom
The term "private press" is often used to refer to a movement in book production which flourished around the turn of the 20th century under the influence of the scholar-artisans William Morris, Sir Emery Walker and their followers. The movement is often considered to have begun with the founding of Morris' Kelmscott Press in 1890, following a lecture on printing given by Walker at the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society in November 1888. Morris decried that the Industrial Revolution had ruined man's joy in work and that mechanization, to the extent that it has replaced handicraft, had brought ugliness with it. Those involved in the private press movement created books by traditional printing and binding methods, with an emphasis on the book as a work of art and manual skill, as well as a medium for the transmission of information. Morris was greatly influenced by medieval codices and early printed books and the 'Kelmscott style' had a great, and not always positive, influence on later private presses and commercial book-design. The movement was an offshoot of the Arts and Crafts movement, and represented a rejection of the cheap mechanised book-production methods which developed in the Victorian era. The books were made with high-quality materials (handmade paper, traditional inks and, in some cases, specially designed typefaces), and were often bound by hand. Careful consideration was given to format, page design, type, illustration and binding, to produce a unified whole. The movement dwindled during the worldwide depression of the 1930s, as the market for luxury goods evaporated. Since the 1950s, there has been a resurgence of interest, especially among artists, in the experimental use of letterpress printing, paper-making and hand-bookbinding in producing small editions of 'artists' books', and among amateur (and a few professional) enthusiasts for traditional printing methods and for the production 'values' of the private press movement.

New Zealand
In New Zealand university private presses have been significant in the private press movement. Private presses are active at three New Zealand universities: Auckland (Holloway Press ), Victoria (Wai-te-ata Press ) and Otago (Otakou Press ).

North America
A 1982 Newsweek article about the rebirth of the hand press movement asserted that Harry Duncan was "considered the father of the post-World War II private-press movement." Will Ransom has been credited as the father of American private press historiographers.

Quality control
Beyond aesthetics, private presses, historically, have served other needs. John Hunter (1728–1793), a Scottish surgeon and medical researcher, established a private press in 1786 at his house at 13 Castle Street, Leicester Square, in West End of London, in an attempt to prevent unauthorized publication of cheap and foreign editions of his works. His first book from his private press: A Treatise on the Venereal Disease. One thousand copies of the first edition were printed.

Academics
Porter Garnett (1871–1951), of Carnegie Mellon University, was an exponent of the anti-industrial values of the great private presses – namely those of Kelmscott, Doves, and Ashendene. Following Garnett's inspirational proposal to Carnegie Mellon, Garnett designed and inaugurated on April 7, 1923, the institute's Laboratory Press – for the purpose of teaching printing, which he believed was the first private press devoted solely for that purpose. The press closed in 1935.

Opponents
William Addison Dwiggins (1880–1956), a commercial artist, is lauded for high quality work, namely with Alfred Knopf. And, in contrast to many first-rate book designers joining private presses, he refused. Historian Paul Shaw explained, "He had no patience with those who insisted on retaining hand processes in printing and publishing in the belief that they were inherently superior to machine processes." Dwiggins's "principal concern ultimately centered on readers and their reading needs, esthetic as well as financial. [His] goal was to make books that were beautiful, functional, and inexpensive."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Private press


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Internal resistance

In electrical engineering, a practical electric power source which is a linear circuit may, according to Thévenin's theorem, be represented as an ideal voltage source in series with an impedance. This impedance is termed the internal resistance of the source. When the power source delivers current, the measured voltage output is lower than the no-load voltage; the difference is the voltage drop (the product of current and resistance) caused by the internal resistance. The concept of internal resistance applies to all kinds of electrical sources and is useful for analyzing many types of circuits.

Battery
A battery may be modeled as a voltage source in series with a resistance. These types of models are known as equivalent circuit models. Another common model being physiochemical models that are physical in nature involving concentrations and reaction rates. In practice, the internal resistance of a battery is dependent on its size, state of charge, chemical properties, age, temperature, and the discharge current. It has an electronic component due to the resistivity of the component materials and an ionic component due to electrochemical factors such as electrolyte conductivity, ion mobility, speed of electrochemical reaction and electrode surface area. Measurement of the internal resistance of a battery is a guide to its condition, but may not apply at other than the test conditions. Measurement with an alternating current, typically at a frequency of $ε$, may underestimate the resistance, as the frequency may be too high to take into account slower electrochemical processes. Internal resistance depends on temperature; for example, a fresh Energizer E91 AA alkaline primary battery drops from about 0.9 Ω at -40 °C, when the low temperature reduces ion mobility, to about 0.15 Ω at room temperature and about 0.1 Ω at 40 °C. A large part of this drop is due to the increase in the magnitude of the electrolyte diffusion coefficient.

The internal resistance of a battery may be calculated from its open circuit voltage VNL, load voltage VFL, and the load resistance RL:

$$ R_{\text{int}} = \left({\frac{ V_{\text{NL}} } { V_{\text{FL}} } - 1 } \right) { R_{\text{L}} }   $$

This can also be expressed in terms of the Overpotential η and the current I:

$$ R_{int}= \frac{\eta}{I} $$

Many equivalent series resistance (ESR) meters, essentially AC milliohm-meters normally used to measure the ESR of capacitors, can be used to estimate battery internal resistance, particularly to check the state of discharge of a battery rather than obtain an accurate DC value. Some chargers for rechargeable batteries indicate the ESR.

In use, the voltage across the terminals of a disposable battery driving a load decreases until it drops too low to be useful; this is largely due to an increase in internal resistance rather than a drop in the voltage of the equivalent source.

In rechargeable lithium polymer batteries, the internal resistance is largely independent of the state of charge but increases as the battery ages due to the build up of a passivation layer on the electrodes called the solid electrolyte interphase; thus, it is a good indicator of expected life.

title: Internal resistance


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User talk:Windfinder

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Hi, just a note. I rewrote the page on media conglomerates to be more in line with the Manual of style, along with NPOV. You might want to check it out. Best wishes and keep contributing, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:03, 2004 Jul 27 (UTC)

formatting
Hello, may I suggest not using a pair of ==='s to start a page, please ? The table of contents gets messed up. Thanks. -- PFHLai 15:27, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)

Mentoring?
No, there's no formal system where people watch other users. I saw that your talk page hadn't been created yet because it was a red link on Special:Recent changes, so I decided to welcome you (it's something I'm active in, on the theory that it makes peoples' lives more pleasant). Then, later on recent changes, I saw that you had written media conglomerate, clicked on it, rewrote, and figured you might want a look at the result. Good luck, and keep contributing. P.S. You can use the tildes, as above, to sign on talk pages.

Nomination of Financier for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Financier is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Financier until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  Sandstein  14:25, 1 August 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Windfinder


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ATC code N01

N01AA Ethers

 * N01AA01 Diethyl ether
 * N01AA02 Vinyl ether

N01AB Halogenated hydrocarbons

 * N01AB01 Halothane
 * N01AB02 Chloroform
 * N01AB04 Enflurane
 * N01AB05 Trichloroethylene
 * N01AB06 Isoflurane
 * N01AB07 Desflurane
 * N01AB08 Sevoflurane

N01AF Barbiturates, plain

 * N01AF01 Methohexital
 * N01AF02 Hexobarbital
 * N01AF03 Thiopental
 * QN01AF90 Thiamylal

N01AG Barbiturates in combination with other drugs

 * N01AG01 Narcobarbital

N01AH Opioid anesthetics

 * N01AH01 Fentanyl
 * N01AH02 Alfentanil
 * N01AH03 Sufentanil
 * N01AH04 Phenoperidine
 * N01AH05 Anileridine
 * N01AH06 Remifentanil
 * N01AH51 Fentanyl, combinations

N01AX Other general anesthetics

 * N01AX03 Ketamine
 * N01AX04 Propanidid
 * N01AX05 Alfaxalone
 * N01AX07 Etomidate
 * N01AX10 Propofol
 * N01AX11 Sodium oxybate
 * N01AX13 Nitrous oxide
 * N01AX14 Esketamine
 * N01AX15 Xenon
 * N01AX63 Nitrous oxide, combinations
 * QN01AX91 Azaperone
 * QN01AX92 Benzocaine
 * QN01AX93 Tricaine mesilate
 * QN01AX94 Isoeugenol
 * QN01AX95 Levomenthol
 * QN01AX99 Other general anesthetics, combinations

N01BA Esters of aminobenzoic acid

 * N01BA01 Metabutethamine
 * N01BA02 Procaine
 * N01BA03 Tetracaine
 * N01BA04 Chloroprocaine
 * N01BA05 Benzocaine
 * N01BA52 Procaine, combinations
 * N01BA53 Tetracaine, combinations

N01BB Amides

 * N01BB01 Bupivacaine
 * N01BB02 Lidocaine
 * N01BB03 Mepivacaine
 * N01BB04 Prilocaine
 * N01BB05 Butanilicaine
 * N01BB06 Cinchocaine
 * N01BB07 Etidocaine
 * N01BB08 Articaine
 * N01BB09 Ropivacaine
 * N01BB10 Levobupivacaine
 * N01BB20 Combinations
 * N01BB51 Bupivacaine, combinations
 * N01BB52 Lidocaine, combinations
 * N01BB53 Mepivacaine, combinations
 * N01BB54 Prilocaine, combinations
 * N01BB57 Etidocaine, combinations
 * N01BB58 Articaine, combinations
 * N01BB59 Bupivacaine and meloxicam

N01BC Esters of benzoic acid

 * N01BC01 Cocaine

N01BX Other local anesthetics

 * N01BX01 Ethyl chloride
 * N01BX02 Dyclonine
 * N01BX03 Phenol
 * N01BX04 Capsaicin

title: ATC code N01


text:
Big Brother (British TV series)

Big Brother is the British version of the international reality television franchise Big Brother created by producer John de Mol in 1997. Broadcast yearly from 18 July 2000 to 5 November 2018, and returned on 8 October 2023, the show follows the format of other national editions, in which a group of contestants, known as "housemates", live together in a specially constructed house that is isolated from the outside world. Live television cameras and personal audio microphones continuously monitor them. Throughout the competition, housemates are "evicted" from the house by public televoting. The last remaining housemate wins the competition and a cash prize. The series takes its name from the oppressive character known by that name in George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

The series premiered in 2000 on Channel 4 and immediately became a ratings hit. It featured a 24-hour live feed in which fans could view inside the house at any time. Big Brother aired for eleven series on Channel 4, followed by one final special edition, Ultimate Big Brother, which ended in 2010. Channel 5 acquired the rights to the series, and relaunched it in 2011. On the day of the nineteenth series launch in 2018, Channel 5 announced that Big Brother would not be returning to the channel after the end of that series. In 2020, Channel 4 announced that previous episodes of Big Brother would be shown on E4 in a series titled Big Brother: Best Shows Ever to mark the 20th anniversary of the programme. Two years later, in August 2022, it was announced by ITV that Big Brother would return for a new series on ITV2 the following year. The show was relaunched for a second time in 2023.

The programme was initially presented by Davina McCall MBE from its inception in July 2000 until its cancellation by Channel 4 ten years later. McCall declined to return as presenter following the programme's move to Channel 5, and the role was taken up by former series winner Brian Dowling. He remained as presenter throughout the twelfth and thirteenth series. Emma Willis later replaced Dowling from the fourteenth series onwards until its cancellation from Channel 5. On 25 April 2023, ITV announced AJ Odudu and Will Best as hosts of both the main show and a "nightly spin-off" show. Marcus Bentley served as the off-screen narrator of all series since the show premiered in 2000. Big Brother has had numerous spin-off series occur since its premiere, most notably Celebrity Big Brother, a shorter version of the main series wherein the cast is composed solely of celebrities. Numerous other spin-off series that are not competition based have aired, with Dermot O'Leary, Russell Brand, George Lamb, Emma Willis and Rylan Clark all presenting spin-offs.

Channel 4 (2000–2010)
The Big Brother reality series was created by John de Mol and premiered in the Netherlands. Following the success of the initial series, it was confirmed that editions for both the United Kingdom and the United States were in the works. In March 2000, it was revealed that the series would be broadcast by Channel 4 and E4; casting began shortly afterward, and Davina McCall MBE was later revealed to be the presenter. The first series premiered on 18 July 2000, and ended when housemate Craig Phillips was crowned the winner after 64 days in the House. The series proved to be a hit early in its run, leading to a second series.

Big Brother 2 premiered on 25 May 2001 and continued the success of the previous series. The series concluded on 27 July 2001, when Brian Dowling was crowned the winner. The third series premiered on 24 May 2002, and was the first series to feature a live premiere. Much like the previous series, the show lasted for 64 days and saw Kate Lawler win the prize. With the third series finding even more success than its predecessors, a fourth series began on 23 May 2003. The series was one of the first to feature numerous twists throughout the series, including nominations on the first night and swapping a housemate with a housemate from the African edition of the series. The series concluded after 64 days, with Cameron Stout being crowned the winner. Despite the fourth series seeing a decrease in viewership and voting numbers, a fifth series began on 28 May 2004. The series became one of the most controversial series at the time, mainly due to events such as "Fight Night" and the expulsion of two housemates. The series lasted for 71 days, with Nadia Almada becoming the first transgender housemate to win the series.

Following the success of the fifth series, the sixth series began on 27 May 2005 and lasted for a total of 78 days. The series was met with much controversy surrounding housemates Anthony Hutton and Makosi Musambasi, the former of which went on to win the series. The seventh series premiered on 18 May 2006, and became the first series to feature over twenty housemates. It became the first series to last longer than 90 days. It was met with much controversy after allowing previously evicted housemate Nikki Grahame to return to the game with the chance of winning. Pete Bennett was ultimately crowned the winner of the series. The eighth series premiered on 30 May 2007 and became the longest series to date at 94 days. The series featured a set of twins in the house, who competed initially as individuals but later became one housemate. Brian Belo was crowned the winner of the series. Belo was the only black housemate to win the programme. The ninth series featured a "Heaven and Hell" theme, and premiered on 5 June 2008. Rachel Rice was the winner of the series after spending 93 days in the house. On 4 June 2009, the tenth series premiered and saw housemates having to complete tasks in order to earn housemate status. Sophie Reade was the winner of the series, which lasted for a total of 93 days.

9 June 2010 saw the premiere of the eleventh series. It was also confirmed that 2010 would be the final year of Big Brother on Channel 4. The series lasted for a total of 77 days, with Josie Gibson being crowned the winner. Merely minutes after BB11 concluded, a special edition titled Ultimate Big Brother, featuring memorable former housemates competing for the title of "Ultimate Housemate". Big Brother 2 winner Brian Dowling, won the series after 18 days in the house.

Channel 5 (2011–2018)
After Richard Desmond bought Channel 5 in 2010, he stated that he was keen to acquire Big Brother. Meanwhile, Endemol had been granted permission to keep the Big Brother house at the Elstree TV Studios until 30 September 2013. On 2 April 2011, Channel 5 formally confirmed that they had signed a £200 million two-year contract with Endemol to screen Big Brother from 18 August 2011. Big Brother 2 and Ultimate winner Brian Dowling was announced as the new presenter. McCall declined the offer to present, having said goodbye to the show in 2010. On 3 May 2011, Endemol and Channel 5 officially opened the process for people to apply to be on the show. The twelfth series officially launched on 9 September 2011. Aaron Allard-Morgan was crowned the winner after spending 64 days in the house. The thirteenth series premiered on 5 June 2012, and was won by Luke Anderson.

On 2 April 2013, it was confirmed that Dowling would be replaced by Emma Willis, who had previously presented a spin-off series for the show. The fourteenth series premiered on 13 June 2013, and was won by Sam Evans. The fifteenth series launched on 5 June 2014 and was won by Helen Wood, making her the first female winner since the show's revival on Channel 5. The sixteenth series began on 12 May 2015, the earliest Big Brother launch to date. Chloe Wilburn was announced as the winner of that series. The seventeenth series launched on 7 June 2016, it was the first Big Brother series to feature two separate houses. The winner was stunt double Jason Burrill. He was the oldest housemate to win the main series to date. The eighteenth series launched on 5 June 2017 and was won by Isabelle Warburton. She was the first woman to win Big Brother as a late entrant, and at just 38 days in the house, she has also spent the least amount of time in the house for a winner of the regular series.

On 14 September 2018, Channel 5 announced that the nineteenth series would be the last on Channel 5. Cameron Cole was the winner of the final series and the programme's youngest. Big Brother ended on Channel 5 in November 2018.

ITV2 (2023–present)
In April 2022, it was reported that ITV Studios were in talks with Banijay, who own the rights to Big Brother, to revive the show in 2023. On 1 August 2022, ITV aired a teaser trailer during the final of the eighth series of Love Island, officially confirming that the series would return for a new series in 2023 on ITV2 and ITVX. The show is set to run on 8 October 2023 for "up to six weeks" with housemates coming from "all walks of life". Eight months after the new series was announced, it was revealed that AJ Odudu and Will Best would co-host both the main show and sideshow. The twentieth series began on 8 October 2023, running 36 episodes, with the live final taking place on 17 November 2023. Jordan Sangha was crowned the winner of the 2023 series. The twenty-first series has been confirmed to air in 2024.

Spin-offs
Since its inception, Big Brother has seen numerous spin-offs and tie-in series launches on both Channel 4 and Channel 5. The most notable spin-off, Celebrity Big Brother, began initially as a one-time series and involved six celebrities staying in the house for eight days. Following the success of the series, Celebrity Big Brother went on to become an annual production, much like the main series. Following widespread media attention involving racism during the fifth series, the show was not broadcast the following year. The show returned in 2009, and the final series to air on Channel 4 aired in 2010. Following the show's move to Channel 5, Celebrity Big Brother began airing two series per year until its cancellation alongside the regular series in September 2018. In 2023, ITV announced they were bringing it back in 2024 alongside the civilian series, but this time the main show will be on ITV1 and STV rather than ITV2.

The show has also had various other spin-off series occur since its premiere. The first spin-off, Teen Big Brother: The Experiment, premiered on 13 October 2003 and lasted ten days. The series was met with much controversy, which was later heightened when two of the cast members had sex in the house. Big Brother Panto, which aired in 2004, saw the return of ten former housemates who re-enacted their rendition of Cinderella. Ultimate Big Brother was the final series to air on Channel 4, and featured fourteen of the most memorable housemates from both the main series and Celebrity Big Brother competing in the series. Brian Dowling became the only housemate to win a series twice after winning Ultimate Big Brother. Numerous other spin-offs have occurred throughout the series such as Big Brother's Big Mouth, presented by Russell Brand, and Big Brother's Little Brother presented by Dermot O'Leary. Following the show's move to Channel 5, Big Brother's Bit on the Side and Celebrity Big Brother were the only spin-off series now airing.

Format
Big Brother is a game show in which a group of contestants, referred to as housemates, live in isolation from the outside world in a custom-built "house", constantly under video surveillance. During their time in the house, the housemates are required to nominate two of their fellow contestants for potential eviction, and the two or more with the most votes would be nominated. This process is mandatory for all housemates, and failure to comply could result in expulsion from the house. During the show's broadcast on Channel 4, the viewers would vote to evict one of the nominated housemates. The housemate with the most votes would be removed from the house. The twelfth and thirteenth series, the first two to air under Channel 5, saw the public voting to save a housemate, and the housemate with the fewest votes would be evicted. Beginning with the fourteenth series, the vote to evict format returned to the series. During the eighteenth series, both vote to save and vote to evict were used. The voting process can be done via telephone or online. When the final week arrives, the viewers vote for which of the remaining housemates should win the series, and the housemate with the most votes becomes the winner. The prize fund has varied throughout the series, ranging from £50,000 to £150,000.

During their time in the house, housemates are given weekly tasks. The housemates wager a portion of their weekly shopping budget on the task and either win double their wagered fund or lose the wagered fund depending on their performance. The housemates are required to work as a group to complete their tasks, with the format of the tasks varying based on the number of remaining housemates. Throughout the series, some housemates have been given secret tasks that must be completed individually or with a small group; failure to do so can result in the housemate being nominated or punished. Should the housemates run out of the food provided for them, an emergency ration is available to them. The housemates are forbidden from discussing nominations, and doing so could result in punishment. The format of the series is mainly seen as a social experiment, and requires housemates to interact with others who may have differing ideals, beliefs, and prejudices. Housemates are also required to make visits to the diary room during their stay in the house, where they are able to share their thoughts and feelings on their fellow housemates and the game.

House
For the first two series, the house was located in Bow, London, near the 3 Mills Studios. After planning permission expired in 2002, Newham London Borough Council ordered the complex to be returned to a natural habitat. The house had been located at Elstree Studios, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire since Big Brother 3 in 2002. Following a break in during the second series, it was reported that security had increased to the point that the house was more secure than Buckingham Palace. The interior of the house has changed each year, reflecting a certain theme or twist in the game. The fifth series, which featured stricter rules and consequences, featured a harsh colour scheme and a claustrophobic setting. The third series featured a "Rich and Poor" twist, thus a row of bars was placed in the centre of the house to divide the housemates. The diary room features a different design each year, and was frequently the last room of the house to be revealed to the public. Each series has featured a garden in the house, which has included outdoor furniture, a Jacuzzi, and on some occasions other luxuries. The eighth series featured an "inside out" theme for the house, thus items such as the refrigerator were located in the garden.

On 2 February 2016, a planning application to Hertsmere Borough Council revealed that Endemol had applied to build a new extension to the house, which would be its biggest renovation since it was built in 2002. The documents teased a second house with another garden and a new exterior set and interview studio. The old eviction set and eye studio were both demolished following the conclusion of Celebrity Big Brother 17. It was later announced on 18 March 2016 that permission had been granted with no objections. Despite the overall extension, the new outdoor set was smaller than before, holding a capacity of just 400 compared to 470 beforehand.

From Celebrity Big Brother 19 in 2017 until the show's cancellation on Channel 5 the following year, "The Other House" used in the seventeenth regular series was referred to as "The Task Building" making it the house's third task room along with the small and large task room.

In January 2019, two months after the conclusion of the nineteenth series, work began to demolish the house at Elstree Studios. On 17 February 2019, former presenter Emma Willis posted a photo on her Instagram account showing that demolition work on the house was complete.

Following the announcement of the ITV reboot, speculation began as to where the new house would be built. In May 2023, it was confirmed that the house would be located at Garden Studios in North London and included "versatile staging", as well as an "in-house virtual production studio".

Broadcast
During the premiere series, the show aired six nights a week, being every night excluding Saturday. The eviction episodes and final aired on Fridays; after series presenter McCall announced the evictee, they had two hours to pack their belongings and exit the house during a second episode airing that night. The remaining five weekly shows were highlight episodes, which lasted an hour in length; the Sunday episode featured a group of psychologists discussing the events of the house. The second series aired six nights a week during the premiere week, though was reduced to only five days afterwards, not airing on Saturday or Sunday. This series featured two eviction episodes as well, though only featured a ninety-minute gap between the two. Big Brother 3 was the first series to air every night each week, and every series after that featured only thirty minutes between eviction episodes. The third series was the first in the main series to feature a live launch, with all subsequent series featuring a live launch. The series continued to air for seven nights a week until Big Brother 8, which aired every night excluding Saturday. The ninth series re-introduced the seven episodes per week format, which has been continued throughout all future series. When the series premiered, it was aired in a 4:3 aspect ratio instead of the more common 16:9 widescreen format seen by other series at the time. Beginning in 2006 with the seventh series, the show was broadcast in the 16:9 format. Following the show's move to Channel 5, it was broadcast in HD. The series can be viewed on Demand 5, a branch of Channel 5, after it airs.

Aside from the main series, the show featured a live feed into the house where viewers could watch the housemates at any time. With the series debut in 2000, the twenty-four-hour live feed was introduced which was available at any time to viewers for free. The live feed featured an estimated ten-minute delay to comply with broadcasting standards. Beginning with the second series, the live feed became available on E4 as well. In 2009, it was confirmed that the live feeds would not return for the tenth series due to a "small uptake" of subscriptions in the previous year. The feeds did return the following year, though required viewers to pay a fee, for what was at the time slated to be the show's final series. Following the show's move to Channel 5, the live feeds have not been featured for any subsequent series. In 2013, it was announced that the live feed would return in the form of a two-hour nightly show that featured a live look into the House; the show was cancelled in June of that year, reportedly due to low ratings. Despite this, the feed was re-instated onto the official Channel 5 website for the remainder of the fourteenth series.

Numerous spin-off series have aired immediately after or shortly following the highlight and live episodes. Big Brother's Big Mouth, aired following the highlight shows. The show was initially presented by Russell Brand from 2004 to 2007, but he did not return for subsequent series which featured a different presenter weekly. Big Brother's Big Mouth did not return following the show's move to Channel 5. Throughout the third, fourth, and fifth series' there were no weekly tasks, and the housemates instead participated in tasks during the Saturday Night Live weekly show. Big Brother's Big Brain also aired once per week, and featured a more psychological analysis of the series; it aired for two series, being renamed Big Brother: On the Couch for its second and final series. Big Brother's Bit on the Side was aired seven nights a week on Channel 5 and 5*, either immediately following or an hour after the nightly episode. Live from the House, which features a live feed into the house, airs immediately following the live eviction episode.

The opening theme for the series was both written and produced by Elementfour, which was a collaboration between Paul Oakenfold and Andy Gray. Following the success of the first series, the theme was released as a single on 28 August 2000. The single proved to be successful, reaching number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The theme was also featured on the soundtrack for the first series, which was released that same year. Since the series premiered, there have been numerous remixes and changes made to the song. The original theme by Oakenfeld and Gray was used through the first five series, however was later replaced by a revamped version from the sixth series onward. The song was remixed with a Christmas theme to promote Big Brother Panto in 2004, while a carnival themed edition was made to promote the final series to air on Channel 4. The intro to each series, which featured the theme song, was often based on the twist or theme of the house for the year. Each series was promoted with a different eye logo, with the logo also representing the theme of the house. The eye logo is meant to symbolize the phrase "Big Brother is watching" taken from the Orwell novel. The logo for the first series was a close-up of housemate Melanie Hill's eye, while the logos for the second through eleventh series' were created by Daniel Eatock. Design team Hello Charlie, who had previously created the series intros, created the eye logo for the twelfth and thirteenth series following the show's move to Channel 5. The fourteenth to eighteenth series logos were created by the design studio Shop.

Legacy
Since its premiere, Big Brother has been the centre of much publicity, and has received much media attention. The series often receives coverage from tabloid newspapers, magazines, and online bloggers. The series has been a ratings success since it premiered, with the first eviction tally receiving 387,000 votes. The eviction episode itself received a total of 3.4 million viewers. The series continued to have successful viewership, with the third series finale reaching over 9.9 million viewers. The vote for the third series finale saw over 8.6 million viewers voting for whom should win the series. A number of books have been written about the series, including Big Brother: The Official Unseen Story by Jean Ritchie (ISBN 978-0-7522-1912-7), The Psychology of Big Brother by Dan Jones (ISBN 978-1-4092-2825-7),  and Visible Thought: The New Psychology of Body Language by Geoffrey Beattie (ISBN 978-0-415-30810-6). Narinder Kaur, who had previously appeared as a housemate in the second series, went on to release Big Brother: The Inside Story (ISBN 978-0-7535-1294-4).

Following their appearance on the series, numerous former housemates enjoyed moderate fame and success in the public eye. Most notably, Big Brother 3 housemate Jade Goody went on to have a successful career in reality television and later went on to appear in the fifth edition of Celebrity Big Brother. Goody died in 2009 due to cancer. Following her appearance on the series, Goody has frequently been referred to as one of the most successful former housemates. Following the initial conclusion of the series in 2010, a special titled Jade Goody: Ultimate Housemate aired on Channel 4 in memory of Goody. Housemates such as Alison Hammond, Brian Dowling, and Aisleyne Horgan-Wallace have enjoyed considerable success appearing in television series and reality television following their appearance on Big Brother. Housemates Nadia Almada, Craig Phillips, and Nichola Holt all released music following their appearance on the series, with Phillips ultimately having the most success. Nikki Grahame, who rose to fame in the seventh series, had her own television series titled Princess Nikki that ran for six weeks on E4. She later went on to appear in numerous reality television series. Chanelle Hayes, who appeared on the eighth series, went on to release a single, work as a model, and receive her own reality television series.

The series has gone on to be spoofed and parodied by comedians such as Alan Carr, Justin Lee Collins,  and Ricky Gervais. The series has been parodied and re-enacted on programs such as The Friday Night Project, an episode of Doctor Who ("Bad Wolf"), and Extras. The Ben Elton novel Dead Famous, published in 2001, is a murder-mystery novel in a setting similar to that of Big Brother. In October 2008, E4 aired the horror series Dead Set which was set during a fictional series of Big Brother. The series featured numerous former housemates, as well as presenter Davina McCall in various roles throughout the series.

ITV2 (2023–present)

 * Notes

 * In 2002 BT Cellnet changed its name to O2, the sponsor is therefore the same as the previous series
 * Although the change of the name of the sponsor, it is still the same company and the same sponsor adverts were used
 * This sponsorship is only shown after 9.00pm

Controversies and criticism
Since its inception, Big Brother has come under fire for reports of bullying, racism,   rigging,  and the physical and mental strain of appearing on the series.

title: Big Brother (British TV series)


text:
User talk:Thapthim

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Image:Thap_shadow.JPG
One of your is listed for deletion. I recommend you remove the tag, or confirm that you indeed do want it deleted. Stewart Adcock 19:27, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Image:Thap deltastate1.jpg
Hello Thapthim, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:Thap deltastate1.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Thapthim. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not re-add the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 22:36, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:Thap fatalframe1.jpg
Hello Thapthim, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:Thap fatalframe1.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Thapthim. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not re-add the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 22:36, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Safewalk, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion. To do this, add  on the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag) and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. -- Finngall  talk  17:11, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * My interpretation (apparently agreed with by the admin who did the actual deletion) was that this was specifically about the Alberta versions, which do not appear to be in any way notable in and of themselves. A more general article would indeed have more merit (possibly also incorporating similar Saferide programs at other universities (including my own alma mater)), but listing individual programs therein has the potential to become unmanageable.

 * A general note on comparing articles: Since anyone can create or edit any article and not all articles receive the attention they deserve, using the existence or quality of article X to justify the existence of article Y is not considered a strong argument under normal circumstances. Nonethelees, your point is well taken.

 * The speedy deletion of the article does not preclude its recreation, but I'd refrain from posting until it is actually finished. Remember, we're not psychic.  :-) Thanks, and take care. -- Finngall   talk  20:52, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Thap fatalframe1.jpg)
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Proposed deletion of ArtRage
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File:Thap artrage.png needs authorship information
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The media file you uploaded as File:Thap artrage.png appears to be missing information as to its authorship (and or source), or if you did provide such information, it is confusing for others trying to make use of the image.

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Nomination of Infornography for deletion
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title: User talk:Thapthim


text: Category:Chrysler engines

title: Category:Chrysler engines


text:
User:Colin zr

I wear black. I write code. I read poetry.

And http://rtnl.org.uk is my website

title: User:Colin zr


text:
User talk:Webmasterdean

JFW | T@lk  15:45, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

PS: I reverted your edit on rosuvastatin, because the side-effects had already been covered. I also object against trial lawyers' links inserted into an encyclopedia article. If you want to provide evidence as to rosuvastatin's (not Crestor please) myotoxicity, please cite a medical journal.

title: User talk:Webmasterdean


text:
Talk:Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign

Bot report : Found duplicate references !
In the last revision I edited, I found duplicate named references, i.e. references sharing the same name, but not having the same content. Please check them, as I am not able to fix them automatically :) DumZiBoT (talk) 15:28, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "kickoff" :

Congress
Nothing is mentioned about how the Democratic Members of the House all signed a protest, contesting the election and attempting to force the election to the Congress itself. They needed ONE (1) signature of a Democratic Senator, but none signed.

While I personally hate Micheal Moore, he includes the news footage in fahrenheit 911.

If you read the Constitution, it provides for close elections to move to the House, and that's how a previous election was decided. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.113.80.228 (talk) 23:58, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Campaign Issues/Platform
I came to the article trying to figure out the campaign issues and I find only a section about gays, etc. Did Gore not advocate for anything in his campaign? What was his counter to Bush's promises/advocacy? Mulp (talk) 17:24, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Infobox candidate on other articles
See Template talk:Infobox officeholder about the inclusion of infobox candidate on pages like this one. -- JHunterJ (talk) 12:42, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Please explain sentence about Cllinton
Hello, I do not understand the following:
 * <>

What was Gore referring to, about what did Clinton lie to Gore? I tried to find information about this in the previous paragraphs, without success. Could someone explain? :-) Ziko (talk) 08:20, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Semi protected edit request on 3 February 2024
In an interview for 20/20 Gore stated, "What he did was inexcusable, and particularly as a father, I felt that it was terribly wrong." This isn't cited to anything and needs to be removed, particularly since it appears to violate WP:NPOV by presenting an overly critical view of Gore's opinion on President Clinton. 92.40.212.153 (talk) 20:10, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This page is not protected – I have marked the request answered. Tollens (talk) 20:15, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, it's not really answered since it's not completed, but anyways. I can imagine I'm probably being annoying with all these edit requests, but I can assure you I'm trying to be a net positive to the encylopedia. How can I know if a page is locked so I can edit it myself? 92.40.212.153 (talk) 20:18, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I completely believe that you're trying to be a net positive. You should be able to check by looking in the top right corner of the article (by the edit and view history buttons) – there will be a padlock icon if the page is protected, like at Al Gore, and there won't be one if you can edit the article, like this one. Generally implementing changes on behalf of others is not preferred unless they are unable to do so for some reason, which is why I didn't make the edit – this is for a variety of reasons, including more complicated copyright requirements and the fact that it forces you to personally endorse the change. Tollens (talk) 20:25, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I see! Thanks for the help, and sorry for the general inconvenience, and if my tone is a little callous sometimes, I can assure you that's not my intention.. 92.40.212.153 (talk) 20:43, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign


text:
Sullivan brothers

The Sullivan brothers were five brothers from Waterloo, Iowa who served together on the light cruiser USS Juneau (CL-52). They were all killed in action when Juneau served in the Naval battle of Guadalcanal, November 13th, 1942. Juneau was crippled by a torpedo fired from the destroyer Amatsukaze, then finished off by a torpedo fired from the submarine I-26.

On Saturday, March 17, 2018, the wreckage of the USS Juneau was discovered off the coast of the Solomon Islands by the expedition crew of RV Petrel, owned at the time by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen.

Background
The five brothers, the sons of Thomas  (1883–1965) and Alleta Sullivan (1895–1972) of Waterloo, Iowa, were:

The brothers left a sister, Genevieve (1917–1975), who served in the WAVES. She was the girlfriend of Bill Ball, whose death while serving on the USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor prompted her brothers to join the Navy to avenge him. Al was survived by his wife Katherine Mary and son Jimmy. Joe left a fiancée named Margaret Jaros, while Matt left behind a fiancée named Beatrice Imperato. Al Sullivan's son served on board the first USS The Sullivans. His grandmother christened the first ship. The second USS The Sullivans was christened by Al's granddaughter Kelly Ann Sullivan Loughren.
 * George Thomas Sullivan, 27 (born December 14, 1914), Gunner's Mate Second Class (George had been previously discharged in May 1941 as Gunner's Mate Third Class.)
 * Francis Henry "Frank" Sullivan, 26 (born February 18, 1916), Coxswain (Frank had been previously discharged in May 1941 as Seaman First Class.)
 * Joseph Eugene "Joe" Sullivan, 24 (born August 28, 1918), Seaman Second Class
 * Madison Abel "Matt" Sullivan, 23 (born November 8, 1919), Seaman Second Class
 * Albert Leo "Al" Sullivan, 20 (born July 8, 1922), Seaman Second Class

Military service
The Sullivans enlisted in the US Navy on January 3, 1942, with the stipulation that they serve together. In mid-1942, the Navy promulgated a policy of separating siblings, but this was not strictly enforced. George and Frank had served in the Navy before, but their brothers had not. All five were assigned to the light cruiser USS Juneau (CL-52).

The Sullivans were not the only brother sailors on board the ship. At least thirty sets of brothers served on the Juneau, including the two Rogers brothers from Bridgeport, Connecticut. Before the ill-fated Savo Island operation, two of the Rogers brothers were transferred to other commands. According to those who survived, had the ship returned to port safely, at least two Sullivans would have also transferred.

Juneau participated in a number of naval engagements during the months-long Guadalcanal Campaign beginning in August 1942. Early in the morning of November 13th, 1942, during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Juneau exchanged fire with the destroyer Yūdachi but failed to make any hits. However, the cruiser became the focus of the destroyer Amatsukaze (which had just sunk the destroyer USS Barton) which proceeded to fire a spread of four torpedoes. One of these torpedoes made their mark on Juneau, cutting the speed to 13 knots, breaking the keel, and disabling electrical power. The crippled Juneau was forced to withdraw from the battle.

Later that day, as it was leaving the Solomon Islands' area for the Allied rear-area base at Espiritu Santo with other surviving US warships from battle, the force was located by the submarine I-26, which fired two torpedoes at the crippled heavy cruiser USS San Francisco. While they both missed their intended target, one hit Juneau. The torpedo likely hit the thinly armored light cruiser at or near the ammunition magazines, and the ship was blown in half and quickly sank in a fiery explosion.

Captain Gilbert C. Hoover, commanding officer of the light cruiser USS Helena (CL-50), and the senior officer present afloat (SOPA) of the battle-damaged US task force, was skeptical that anyone had survived the sinking of Juneau and believed it would be reckless to look for survivors, thereby exposing his wounded ships to a still-lurking Japanese submarine. Therefore, he ordered his ships to continue on towards Espiritu Santo. Helena signaled a nearby US B-17 bomber on patrol to notify Allied headquarters to send aircraft or ships to search for survivors.

In actual fact, approximately 100 of Juneau's crew had survived the torpedo attack and the sinking of their ship and were left in the water. The B-17 bomber crew, under orders not to break radio silence, did not pass the message about searching for survivors to their headquarters until they had landed several hours later. The crew's report of the location of possible survivors was mixed in with other pending paperwork actions and went unnoticed for several days. It was not until days after the ship had been sunk that headquarters staff realized that a rescue operation had never been mounted, and belatedly ordered aircraft to begin searching the area. In the meantime, Juneau's survivors, many of whom were seriously wounded, were exposed to the elements, hunger, thirst, and repeated shark attacks.

Eight days after the sinking, ten survivors were found by a PBY Catalina search aircraft and retrieved from the water. The survivors reported that Frank, Joe and Matt were all killed instantly, Al drowned the next day, and George survived for four or five days, before suffering from delirium as a result of hypernatremia (though some sources describe him being "driven insane with grief" at the loss of his brothers); he climbed over the side of the raft he had occupied and fell into the water. He was never seen or heard from again.

Security required that the Navy not reveal the loss of Juneau or the other ships so as not to provide information to the enemy. Letters from the Sullivan sons stopped arriving at home and their parents grew worried, which prompted Alleta Sullivan to write to the Bureau of Naval Personnel in January 1943, citing rumors that survivors of the task force claimed that all five brothers were killed in action.

This letter was answered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 13, 1943, who acknowledged that the Sullivans were missing in action, but by then the parents were already informed of their fate, having learned of their deaths on January 12. That morning, the boys' father, Tom, was preparing for work when three men in uniform – a lieutenant commander, a doctor and a chief petty officer – approached his door. "I have some news for you about your boys," the naval officer said. "Which one?" asked Tom. "I'm sorry," the officer replied. "All five."

The "Fighting Sullivan Brothers" became national heroes. President Roosevelt sent a letter of condolence to their parents. Pope Pius XII sent a silver religious medal and rosary with his message of regret. The Iowa Senate and House adopted a formal resolution of tribute to the Sullivan brothers.

Memorials
The Sullivan Brothers have a Department of Defense Dependents Schools elementary school in Yokosuka, Japan, named in their honor. A museum wing has been built in honor of their service in World War II. The museum is located in downtown Waterloo, Iowa, their hometown. It was completed in 2008. The opening occurred on November 15, 2008. The brothers' hometown of Waterloo, Iowa, renamed its convention center in 1988 as "The Five Sullivan Brothers Convention Center". In June 2017, the city was considering a proposal to sell the center to a developer who would renovate the facility and change its name. The proposal met with some community opposition. The town also named a street and a public park in their honor. The park is the location of their childhood home.

Legacy
Tom and Alleta Sullivan made speaking appearances at war plants and shipyards on behalf of the war effort. Later, Alleta participated in the launching of a destroyer, USS The Sullivans (DD-537), named after her sons. Thomas and Alleta Sullivan toured the country promoting war bonds and asked that none of their sons died in vain. As a direct result of the Sullivans' deaths (and the deaths of four of the Borgstrom brothers within a few months of each other two years later), the U.S. War Department adopted the Sole Survivor Policy.

The Navy named two destroyers The Sullivans to honor the brothers: USS The Sullivans (DD-537) and USS The Sullivans (DDG-68). DD-537 was the first American Navy ship ever named after more than one person. The motto for both ships was/is "We stick together."

The Sullivans Association, an organization of veterans who served on both US Navy ships named after the brothers, conducted a reunion on September 25, 2011, in Waterloo, Iowa. The attendees gathered at Sullivans Park, visited Calvary Cemetery and laid flowers at the graves of the Sullivan brothers' parents and sister, and visited the neighborhood where the family had lived.

Depiction in media
The brothers' story was filmed as the 1944 movie The Sullivans (later renamed The Fighting Sullivans) and inspired, at least in part, the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan. The Sullivans were also briefly mentioned in Saving Private Ryan. The song "Sullivan" by the alternative rock band Caroline's Spine tells the story of the Sullivans.

title: Sullivan brothers