text:
Talk:ACPI

Interface not Feature
"The other important feature of ACPI is in bringing power management features currently only available in portable computers to desktop computers and servers." This sentence is some kind of missleading. As the name says ACPI is an "interface" not a feature list. Of course ACPI defines system states and many things more but it is not mandatory that they exist. But if they have do be as defined in the specification.

--mac_c 10:30, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Questions
The currently exiting APM model ...: sounds like APM is what is sold with today's computers, while ACPI is still under development. Is this correct ?? -- Frau Holle 20:54, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I suggest the following "This stands in contrast to the ACPI predecessor, APM, which assigns power management control to the BIOS..." Bpeckham (talk) 08:10, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

ACPI still under development?: It depends on who you ask. Generally ACPI is a bunch of concepts and not a real piece of hardware. And the development of these concepts was finished some time ago. But the problem is that some hardware venodors still use old implementations of ACPI (i.e. ACPI v1.2 instead of ACPI 2.0). That makes it a little bit hard to write good driver modules for that particular hardware. Another problem is that until ACPI 2.0 the communication channels between ACPI an the OS were not specified exactly enough so the developers were allowed to use what they prefer. And that lead to several problems which are still present. --mac_c 13:05, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

''assigns .. control to the BIOS'': sounds as if a BIOS is a process running simultaneously with an OS kernel. In my understanding, a BIOS can provide routines that can be called by the OS, but it is not precise language saying that the BIOS is in control of anything. I would like to see an expert comment on this or improve the article. Thanks, Frau Holle 20:54, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The BIOS controls everything! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Quantum Burrito (talk • contribs) 00:01, 15 January 2007 (UTC).

Merge
It has been suggested that the ACPI article be merged into this one. I agree. Discuss. - dcljr (talk) 01:24, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * apparently this has happened. --MarSch 16:43, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Linux still has incomplete support for ACPI.
Linux still has incomplete support for ACPI.

I disagree. Linux supports almost all ACPI hardware, and supports all sleep states. Hibernation is now fully supported. Does anyone disagree with removing this? 65.10.176.144 01:41, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I cannot find anything about it in the refs, so go ahead. --MarSch 11:03, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Linux fails to work properly with buggy BIOSes and DSDTs - yet windows still copes. Also, to the last of my recollection, speedstep isn't handled via ACPI but (still) directly frobbing the PSRs. --moof 12:02, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It is not fair to blame the "buggyness" of Linux or even windows on any unspecified piece of hardware. Essentially, it is up to the final OEM/ hardware manufacturer to "debug" ACPI and get it working with each OS they want to support.  Many times there will need to be a work around which is then tested on a specific version of a specific OS.  It is unlikely a desktop system will be tested with more than one OS in the contemporary market(whatever OS is pre-installed).

 * Because Linux is not as commonly installed as Windows and because there are so very many Linux Distro's, it is almost never likely that ACPI support will be as robust for the Linux crowd as a general rule. This is not the fault or a deficiency in any Linux distribution, it is the legacy from trying to have infinite hardware configuration compatible with infinite software packages.--Riluve 20:14, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I got a computer to suspend-to-RAM (S3) with Ubuntu but it took a long time to resume from the S3 state (about as long as booting Windows on the same machine). Secondly, before it would go into S3, it would turn the hard drive off, back on, then off again (that would seem to add some extra wear to the drive). I want to buy a desktop but I can't even find a report of one that can suspend-to-RAM with Linux or BSD. The reports I have found have all been for laptops. Jobbon 00:03, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

I think there might be simple explanation for ACPI not working correctly on Linux. Message from Bill Gates - source 87.205.222.24 11:23, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Is there a source for them actually doing this rather than just talking about it? This really shouldn't be linked in the article if there's no solid proof that this even happened. Macthorpe 10:19, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

an internal primary sourced note

 * "(This is not censorship. That's an internal primary sourced note, we can't verify, which makes implications we can't source and which is unrelated the the actual ACPI standard as it exists)", Jimmi Hugh

Please quote from the Wikipedia policy regarding verifiability, that states that an 'internal primary sourced note', is not suitable. Especially as this is a duly entered document in a court case. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emacsuser (talk • contribs) 22:04, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Linux's ACPI implementation is no less complete than that of FreeBSD (in some places it is arguably more complete) and certainly more so than OpenBSD's current (2008) implementation. I cannot see anything on the Linux ACPI page suggesting that there are parts yet to implemented (however it is true that frameworks to do things like adjust HOW the system cools itself using OS controlled fans are only just emerging). An inability to suspend and resume need not be related to an incomplete ACPI implementation. Further Linux has been able to use ACPI for CPU scaling for a few years (in addition to other methods). 81.96.206.228 (talk) 07:47, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

ACPI States:
Do systems really distinguish between S4 and G2? To the best of my knowlege the system does not know or care of the difference. In the case of windows, AFAICT, S4 the boot process simply looks for the hibernation file, and if one is found, then the it is used to restore the system. So the hardware has no reason to distinguish.

AFAICT the difference between G2 and G3 in most system is that in G2 the PSU still provides power to certain components (system clock, network card, etc), while in G3 the PSU provides no power to the system, either due to power outage, or removed plug.

Is the above all correct, or am I missing something? Tacvek 20:57, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Not correct.
 * G2=S5 - there is no preparation for recovery or any recovery after G2/S5. There is not a giant distinction from the hardware point of view, but their is one - the S4 sleep state register will not be set in G2/S5.  Only if this register is set will anyone (the BIOS or the OS) try to do a recovery (including looking for a hibernation file).  The BIOS specifically will behave very differently between G2/S5 and G1/S4. e.g. after a G2/S5 the BIOS will HAVE to perform a full POST.  After a G1/S4, it may choose to do an abbreviated POST.  After a G2/S5, the BIOS will boot with INT19 which may load GUB or LILO.  After a G1/S4, a properly working BIOS will NOT do an INT19, it will NOT load the MBR, rather it will jump to a pre-specified location/entry point for the OS that performed the G1/S4 in the first place.  Additionally, the discussion of G2/G3 is a little confused.  G2/G3 are indistinguishable from the machine point of view.  No additional system state or power is maintained in G2 vs G3.  They are merely technically different in that with G3 the power is physically removed and the software controlled powerbutton has no chance then to re-apply power to the system.  --Riluve 20:37, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds like it would have made sense to put the "S4 sleep state register" on the system partition but they put it in the CMOS so the computer could come out of hybernation more quickly. That would mean it is safe to unplug the computer when it is hibernated, so long as the battery isn't removed (and has enough charge), in that it will still restore the hybernated state. You could hibernate the computer, unplug the computer to remove an expansion card, and the hybernated state would still be restored. Is that correct? Jobbon 04:45, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Not working perfectly
ACPI does not work flawlessly as one might think. Windows XP for example has problems sometimes with coming back from one of the S states. This should be mentioned in my opinion. --Abdull 11:19, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * ACPI requires a high level of co-operation between the device drivers, the hardware, and the OS itself. One of the biggest problems with device driver development for Windows over the past several years has been the issue of getting the sleep-state/power management code right.  The Windows Driver Foundation is a programming model recently introduced by Microsoft to address a lot of these problems when developing drivers for Windows. Warrens 13:35, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The incomplete or "flawless" aspect of ACPI is really up to the final vendor/(OEM). If ACPI is not working properly complain to the people you bought it from. Unfortunately, these companies set aggressive schedules which don’t allow them to fix all the bugs in their hardware. They just do the best they can and then shove their machines onto the market because they know they can pass their issues off on other associated venders like Windows or the BIOS.

 * And no, I am no Windows apologist, I do however work with hardware manufacturers and I watch them make these business decisions everyday.--Riluve 20:07, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

G2 Soft Off - Possible disassembly issue
The section recommends unplugging the desktop, whereas I have read that it is advisable to leave the desktop plugged in, but the power supply off to ensure that it is properly grounded. I don't feel qualified to change the article myself, but I do feel that it might deserve another look. Tyler 06:24, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Windows-Vista, ACPI, Fans, and Heat
I've been seeing quite a few blogs about heat problems under Windows-Vista. Last week I purchased a system with Windows-Vista preinstalled and noticed that the Pentium-D in it runs about 10C degrees hotter than a similar system which also has a Pentium-D but runs Windows-XP. After installing "PC Wizard 2008" I noticed that the processor fan speed on the Vista machine was only 1000 RPM whilst the processor fan speed on the XP machine was 2200 RPM. After much investigation which included BIOS updates, I am now convinced that this is not a hardware problem but may be caused by VISTA overriding the BIOS ACPI fan + temperature tables.

Why would they slow down the fans? Perhaps to extend battery life but this only makes sense on laptops but not PCs or workstations. To fix this, customers require access to the ACPI stuff via the "power profile" panel. This whole thing reminds me of something that happened back in 1995. Many BIOS routines were 16-bit and windows was wasting a lot of time thunking between 32-bit and 16-bit so the good folks at Microsoft just wrote a bunch of 32-bit BIOS drivers to replace the 16-bit ones discovered at boot. It took some time to get it debugged but it was worth the effort. I think this ACPI/OSPM stuff will eventually work too. --Neilrieck (talk) 13:28, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * "Microsoft just wrote a bunch of 32-bit BIOS drivers." - I've never heard of this before, unless you're talking about the kernel introduced in windows 95? 75.100.154.197 (talk) 05:54, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

acpi.info is gone?
acpi.info is gone?

Minusf (talk) 17:18, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

yes, I also have this issue.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.248.0.145 (talk) 06:03, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Criticism section edited
I removed the Bill Gates paragraph. After going through the linked articles and the PDF copy of that email, it seems to me that it's irrelevant and quite impossible to level any sort of charge against Microsoft over that. There are implementations of ACPI for both Linux and the BSDs, and like the Windows one, they all vary in effectiveness depending (mostly) on the hardware manufacturer. I'm not sure what OS X uses.

APM is also a Microsoft-created (in concert with other HW manufacturers) open standard, which has essentially the same problems as ACPI.

Unless someone can come up with an email from that doc repository or some sort of other evidence that Microsoft somehow deliberately crippled ACPI to prevent it from working in other operating systems, the paragraph is superfluous at best. That email reads to me more like the musings of a man whose company just spent a lot of money with partners to develop something, only to see it adopted by its main competitor for free. It's an interesting general comment on how Gates thinks perhaps, and even on Microsoft culture, but it proves nothing and is irrelevant to ACPI. Thoughts? §FreeRangeFrog (talk) 20:16, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

Criticism on the Criticism section
It says "Where hardware does not conform to ACPI, but claims to do so, the software interoperating with that hardware is faced with a dilemma" and so on, but is this really a criticism against ACPI? Won't we face the same problem everywhere there's a standard? If I write a buggy Quicksort implementation, is it the Quicksort algorithm that is the problem or is it my implementation of it? Why not just say something along the line of that it's tricky to implement correctly? Hamag (talk) 12:28, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * No, it's not valid criticism at all. Be bold and edit it! §FreeRangeFrog 21:30, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Heh, I came to Wikipedia to learn a little about ACPI so I know next to nothing about it. For that reason I'm not bold enough to edit the page but instead hoped that someone a bit more knowledgeable than me in the field would. I know it may sound like a cop-out but the best I can do is remove the specific criticism altogether, but at the same time I think there might be some merit to it as how ACPI may be difficult to implement correctly and this causes hardware manufacturers to create not fully ACPI-compliant devices while still claiming compliance. Hamag (talk) 09:17, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * As usual, the standard disclaimer about phrases that contain both "learn" and "Wikipedia" apply. There's lots of information out there, Google is your friend. I'd love to make this article useful, but I gave up on actually improving articles here a long time ago, because you can spend a week working on something just to have a bored admin with a grudge revert all your changes and force you to slog through bureaucratic bullshit that only they can win. So I just trim a bit here and add a bit there :) §FreeRangeFrog 17:12, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

an internal primary sourced note
"(This is not censorship. That's an internal primary sourced note, we can't verify, which makes implications we can't source and which is unrelated the the actual ACPI standard as it exists)", Jimmi Hugh

Please quote from the Wikipedia policy regarding verifiability, that states that an 'internal primary sourced note', is not suitable. Especially as this is a duly entered document in a court case. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emacsuser (talk • contribs) 22:04, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Well firstly...
 * "'All quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be attributed to a reliable, published source using an inline citation'"
 * Which of course makes the claim that the material must be published and reliable, not something linked directly from some guys anti-microsoft website.
 * Secondly...
 * "'Articles should rely on reliable, third-party published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy'"
 * You posted a primary source, which requires biased interpretation to take away any facts from. It also skips the level in which verification by the third party is done, whether the source is correct or not.
 * This can all be found at WP:SOURCE which deals with sources, as you asked. However, this is an external link, so more importantly...
 * "Is the site content proper in the context of the article (useful, tasteful, informative, factual, etc.)?"
 * ... from WP:LINKS, which seems to contradict this biased, unhelpful link, which can't be considered factual because it has no context, only pure data.
 * "Links to blogs and personal web pages (including fansites), except those written by a recognized authority (this exception is meant to be very limited; as a minimum standard, recognized authorities always meet Wikipedia's notability criteria for biographies)."
 * Which speaks for itself.
 * And...
 * "Sites which fail to meet criteria for reliable sources yet still contain information about the subject of the article from knowledgeable sources."
 * This will gain the link some support, if the other issues are supressed, if the link isn't on a generic, non-notable anti-microsoft webiste. Forgive me finding so few, I oly had a quick look for actual quotes. - Jimmi Hugh (talk) 22:34, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Whether it is notable or not, it's still off context for the ACPI article, considering there is no ulterior proof of tampering by Microsoft anywhere in those court documents that I could find. This 'Emacsuser' account seems to be used to add mostly negative content to Microsoft articles... what a coincidence. §FreeRangeFrog 04:11, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. But a few direct quotes from policy that shoot it down can't hurt either. - Jimmi Hugh (talk) 04:25, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

 * This User:Emacsuser person actually emailed me to argue about the Microsoft Windows article the other day, claiming that the idea that Windows wasn't originally designed for Internet security was factually wrong. He really was quite rude about it, and he actually refused to address any of the points I made.   Warren -talk- 15:39, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Hey guys, stick to the 'fact's, why don't you ::

 * This isn't the place, but you chose to bring it up; if it's all right with you, I'll post the full text elsewhere .. emacsuser (talk) 16:45, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Hey, afraid I don't know what a homium is, with my limited knowledge of latin. Assuming it's a negative argumentative technique, like an Ad hominem, for example, then I hate to say it, but all those comments were valid, the only criticism of you personally was fairly reasoned, and it's important to at least consider the possibility you have some bias, whether that makes your edits entirely invalid or not. Sorry if you felt you were being attacked here, I'm sure it wasn't the editors intentions, and they'd be happy to discuss any Wikipedia article with you on the relevant page. If you have any sources to back up claims about the design of Windows, or on Microsofts design of ACPI, then feel free to add them. - Jimmi Hugh (talk) 19:21, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * What business do you or 'warren' have in personally criticizing anyone here. As for discussing on the 'relevant page' I hardly call quoting a private email about another page, *here* as relevant. Also, if you must descend to a condescending dissection of the other fellas grammar then at least get it right.

 * "An Ad hominem consists of replying to an argument or factual claim by attacking .. the source "

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hominem

 * So let me summarize for any late comers, opinions are posted on the MS Windows page with no historical basis. I ask for some citations and *here* my personal integrity gets attacked, by two people, twice and not on the relevant page and one of you invokes a private email as evidence. My chief crime was to post a request for "Citations needed for Security section".

 * So, come on guys, lets see some 'inline' citations to the relevant sections with the 'citations needed' markers. You're both such clever wordsmiths, it should be a doddle. Now remember, don't email me with masses of verbiage, just insert the citations.

 * "The response up to now have been a variety of fallacious argumentum absurdum and references to poor grammar" emacsuser (talk) 21:27, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

DSDT=??
DSDT redirects to this article, yet there's no mention of DSDT here. Confusing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.148.201.38 (talk) 15:45, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * All ACPI Tables used to be named, but I removed them for as long as there were no adequate descriptions as it was excessively verbose with little content. I will likely add Major ones like the DSDT amongst others again though, so the redirect is appropriate and I will add them as soon as possible. - Jimmi Hugh (talk) 19:24, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * All, also, as you seemed to be asking somewhat, DSDT stands for, "Differentiated System Description Table". - Jimmi Hugh (talk) 19:35, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

History
I wanted to know when ACPI first appeared. The external links say 1999, the 1.0b specifications release. I like knowing the history because it helps me position the technology. Writers with reliable, even first hand, knowledge might want to add a short background to that date. Ozga (talk) 17:01, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Ozga 177.224.225.219 (talk) 23:13, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

ACPICA license
The article says "ACPICA is written in ANSI C and released as free software under the terms of the GNU General Public License." But the souces have a header with an intel license. --82.83.81.119 (talk) 16:23, 1 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Good catch. This however, is a problem with Wikipedia, not this page. There is an assumption (born of Free Software bias mostly) that code has a license. In reality, a specific release of code or binaries is licensed for that release. This concept is approached by the idea of Dual licensing, but has still left us with this incoherent box with a field for a "license" that just doesn't exist. ACPICA is indeed available under the GPL, as well as other licenses, so the statement isn't incorrect, so much as it is meaningless. I'll remove it, and the Infobox in it's entirety. - Jimmi Hugh (talk) 12:09, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Page Updates
I am currently reading through the entire 4.0a specification right now and I have been reading a few things in the talk. I will do some modifications to this page in the near future, along with putting some actual assembly code to call the ACPI wake/sleep/shutdown procedures. ~ 〖 Charles Timko   Talk 〗

I added a Revisions History section. I wasn't sure where exactly it should go in the Section order, but I think it does a nice job covering the major changes in the revisions. ~ 〖 Charles Timko   Talk 〗

Bytecode
Under what circumstances does the AML bytecode get interpreted and what can it do? Could you give some examples of how it's used? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.139.81.0 (talk) 22:30, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

Missing power states
C1E (Extended Halt) which also reduces CPU voltage C2E (Extended Stop Grant) which also reduces CPU voltage C4 (Deeper Sleep State) C6 (Deep Power Down)

http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Everything-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-CPU-C-States-Power-Saving-Modes/611/1

The line feeds were deleted by Wiki, and for some weird reason the Talk page wasn't visible before I logged in but is visible now also after I log out.

Ambiguous antecedent
Under OSPM responsibilities:

"ACPI requires that once an OSPM-compatible operating system has activated ACPI on a computer, it then takes over ..."

What is "it" - the ACPI, the OS or (grammatically), the computer?

The antecedent of "it" is ambiguous.

ArtKocsis (talk) 15:18, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

First, tell the reader why?
Excuse my ignorance but it seems to me that an article about ACPI should at least attempt to convey its purpose and usefulness to those who might lack the technical know-how to interpret what purports now to describe it. That is something I cannot do. If you can do it, I suggest that you give it a whirl. QuintBy (talk) 06:10, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Interesting
I won't add this to the article because I've not found independent commentary on that email (yet). Someone not using his real name (talk) 14:32, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Quite interesting, it's a great find! I wouldn't be surprised by even more of such examples. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 18:40, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Gates missing
Bill Gates e-mail is missing in the article how he suggests to use EEE. The German Wikipedia have it in it. 78.35.200.57 (talk) 13:51, 8 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I see it. Apparently this email came before the court for Comes vs. Microsoft: The article at golem.de says, "Microsoft wanted to prevent, as early as 1999, that the ACPI standard for power management of computers can be exploited by open operating systems" (such as Linux). I see no reliable sources in English, except perhaps . Prhartcom (talk) 04:21, 19 August 2014 (UTC)
 * @Prhartcom It is completely fine to use sources of a different language on the English Wikipedia. I have added this item to the history section. PhotographyEdits (talk) 20:54, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

Lullaby
You are lulling yourself into fantasies, if you start quoting people like "Linus Torvalds" and "Mark Shuttleworth" on this. They have been wrong in many things. Remember 1000hz timer in the kernel. That was Linus. Remember Shuttleworth talking about "ultrasmooth graphics"? That was always possible, but he doesn't know how to configure the kernel for it. To give a hint, it has nothing to do with increasing kernel timer HZ. Rather in my tests 90 hz was optimal for smooth graphics, and low jitter. Imagine all the wasted cpu cycles, with vain calls to interrupts, hardware etc, with a smashing 1000 HZ. Ubuntu kernel from the time I tested, wasn't even low-latency configured, which is the first you turn on, for smooth graphics. Logic goes that you also need to decrease nice level for X, to reduce its bottlenecking. And so forth. But Opensource is for hippies anyway.

There is a lot of vain people in the world, who has gained status, due to that people lack of knowledge of facts. Even Einsteins E=MC2 is really based on pantheism, and might just aswell be a schizophrenic writing GOD=MC2.

Please just try to present the dry facts, without bias, and person-cults. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.211.129.18 (talk) 15:03, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

ACPI is now at its 6th rev and UEFI has taken over
The only thing I could do right now was update the external link to the spec. For all the rest, I hope someone actually knows about the technology and updates the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Georgios Tsalikis (talk • contribs) 22:31, 27 April 2015 (UTC)

6.1?
The latest is 6.1, not 6.0, right?: http://uefi.org/specifications --Diblidabliduu (talk) 08:56, 30 July 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 3 November 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Seems to be uncontroversial, closing my own request and move. PhotographyEdits (talk) 19:20, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

– The current ACPI page should be moved to ACPI (disambiguation). ACPI is the WP:COMMONNAME of the subject because it is almost never completely spelled out. This page would also be the primary topic for the abbreviation, per WP:ACROTITLE: "Acronyms should be used in a page name if the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation and that abbreviation is primarily associated with the subject". It would also be more WP:CONSISTENT with UEFI. PhotographyEdits (talk) 14:45, 3 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Advanced Configuration and Power Interface → ACPI
 * ACPI → ACPI (disambiguation)

@ 177.224.225.219 (talk) 23:15, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:ACPI


text:
Kitchen hood

A kitchen hood, exhaust hood, hood fan, extractor hood, or range hood is a device containing a mechanical fan that hangs above the stove or cooktop in the kitchen. It removes airborne grease, combustion products, fumes, smoke, heat, and steam from the air by evacuation of the air and filtration. In commercial kitchens exhaust hoods are often used in combination with fire suppression devices so that fumes from a grease fire are properly vented and the fire is put out quickly. Commercial vent hoods may also be combined with a fresh air fan that draws in exterior air, circulating it with the cooking fumes, which is then drawn out by the hood.

In most exhaust hoods, a filtration system removes grease (the grease trap) and other particles. Although many vent hoods exhaust air to the outside, some recirculate the air to the kitchen. In a recirculating system, filters may be used to remove odors in addition to the grease.

The device is known as an extractor hood in the United Kingdom, as a range hood in the United States, and as a rangehood in Australia. It is also called a stove hood, hood fan, cooker hood, vent hood, or ventilation hood. Other names include cooking canopy, extractor fan, fume extractor, and electric chimney.

Description
An extractor hood consists of three main components: a skirt or capture panel to contain the rising gases (also known as the "effluent plume"), a grease filter, and a fan for ventilation.

Extractor hoods may be ducted (or vented) or ductless (or recirculating). Ducted hoods blow the gases to the outdoors; ductless hoods filter the air, often using activated charcoal, to remove odor and smoke particles from the air and then release the cleaned air back into the kitchen.

A ducted system removes of all forms of airborne contamination, while a ductless one recirculates heat and moisture. In addition, a ducted application eliminates the need for regular replacement of the filters and avoids the airflow restriction (and the resultant loss of power) caused by them. However, the ducted application can be impractical, due to lack of space or ability to install a duct system, make-up air requirements, or the additional cost of heating or cooling the make-up air.

Exhaust hoods almost always include built-in lighting to illuminate the cooking surface. Extractor hood controls are typically electronic, though some low-end models use electromechanical controls. Extractor hoods with electronic controls can offer remote control, motorized height adjustment, thermal sensor, overheat protection, boost mode, delayed shut-off, filter cleaning reminder, active noise cancellation, temperature display, user presets (memory), and so on.

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NFPA 96 Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking says that mesh filters shall not be used. It requires that "Listed" grease filters shall be tested in accordance with UL 1046, Standard for Grease Filters for Exhaust Ducts.

Types
Kitchen hoods are broadly classified into ducted hoods and ductless hoods. This classification of these kitchen hoods is done purely on the basis of how the hoods process the air that is being sucked in.

Ducted kitchen hoods
Ducted kitchen hoods are the most common and a primary type of kitchen hood. As the name suggests, a ducted kitchen hood has a duct that is used to process and expel any smoke that is generated on top of the kitchen hob.

Large sized duct hoods are widely used not just in homes but also in commercial restaurants and communal kitchens too.

Ductless kitchen hoods
Ductless kitchen hoods do not have a duct that is used to process the air. Instead, it makes use of strong air filtration and then pumps out the air back into the room. These types of range hoods are usually used in houses.

Filters
Filters remove most odors and particulates, including grease, from the vented air. There are three main types of filter:

 * Mesh or cassette filters are made from aluminium mesh strips placed one over the other. They are highly effective in the capture and removal of oil and grease from smoke of both ducted and ductless chimneys. They must be cleaned regularly.
 * Baffle filters are made of steel/aluminium frames with curved panels. The curves catch on grease, oil and other particulates. They are durable and easy to clean and are used in both ducted and ductless chimneys. They must be cleaned regularly.
 * Charcoal filters are made of fine powdered activated charcoal. They are primarily used for ductless applications. They cannot be cleaned, but need to be replaced regularly.

Hood overhang
Greater hood overhangs are suggested to help contain cooking fires in the hood area protected by the fire suppression system.

Noise levels
Loud kitchen hoods can affect well-being, and may even contribute to hearing loss. Variable speed fans are generally noisier at higher speeds and different models may have different noise levels. Vented hoods are generally noisier but more effective than recirculating hoods.

Noise levels are measured on dB(A) scale or in sones (in the U.S.). Most kitchen hoods produce 60-70 dB(A), while "quiet" models can go as low as 40 dB(A).

Noise levels are generally given for the maximum speed, so it may be useful to compare noise levels at specific flow rates.

The European Union standardizes the measurement of hood noise.

Flow
Hood air flow is measured in liters per second (L/s), cubic meters per second (m3/s), or cubic feet per minute (cfm).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kitchen hood


text:
Walkley Award for Broadcast Interviewing

The Walkley Award for Broadcast Interviewing was first presented in 1997, as one of the Walkley Awards. At some point it became the Walkley Award for Broadcast Presenting, until 2001. In 2009 the award category became Walkley Award for Broadcast and Online Interviewing, and in 2013, Walkley Award for Interview.

By 2020 the Award had ceased.

List of winners:

 * 1997: Jim Waley, Nightline/Sunday, Nine Network
 * 1998: Maxine McKew, Lateline, ABC TV
 * 1999: Helen Dalley, Sunday, Nine Network
 * 2000: Kerry O'Brien, The 7.30 Report, ABC TV - "East Timor Crisis/Michael Knight/Ruth Cracknell"
 * 2001: John Lyons, Sunday, Nine Network - "John Lyons: Television Interviews"
 * 2002: Monica Attard, ABC Radio – "Kernot, Beazley, The Bishop"
 * 2003: Andrew Denton, Enough Rope, ABC TV - "Rene, Mark, Allan and Jill"
 * 2004: Tony Jones, Lateline, ABC TV
 * 2005: Monica Attard, Sunday Profile, ABC Radio
 * 2006: Steve Cannane, Hack, Triple J - "Petrol Sniffing, Pill Testing and the Cost of War"
 * 2007: Tony Jones, Lateline, ABC TV
 * 2008: Chris Uhlmann, AM, ABC Radio - "Last Days"
 * 2009: Tracy Grimshaw, A Current Affair, Nine Network
 * 2010: Kerry O'Brien, ABC TV, - "The Rudd and Abbott interviews"
 * 2011: Tony Jones, Lateline, ABC TV - "Christopher Hitchens, Malcolm Turnbull and Chris Bowen"
 * 2012: Leigh Sales, 7.30, ABC TV - "Interviews with Tony Abbott, Scott Morrison and Christine Milne"
 * 2013: Jenny Brockie, Insight, SBS - "Young Mob"
 * 2014: David Speers, Sky News - "What is metadata?"
 * 2015: David Speers, Sky News - "The fixer"
 * 2016: Caro Meldrum-Hanna, Four Corners, ABC TV - "Jackson and Lawler"


text: Category:Syntax

title: Category:Syntax


text:
Fissipedia

Fissipedia ("split feet") is a former suborder of placental mammals comprising the largely land-based families of the order Carnivora. In some former taxonomic classifications, Pinnipedia is treated as an suborder in order Carnivora alongside Fissipedia and Creodonta. rather than as a subgroup of "dog-like" carnivorans.

Classification

 * Suborder: Fissipedia (Blumenbach, 1791)
 * Superfamily: Canoidea (Waldheim, 1817) ("dog-like" carnivorans)
 * Family: Canidae (Waldheim, 1817) [a group with dogs and amphicyonids as its members at that time]
 * Family: Mustelidae (Waldheim, 1817) [a group with weasels, ferrets, badgers, otters and skunks as its members at that time]
 * Family: Procyonidae (Gray, 1825) [a group with raccoons and red panda as its members at that time]
 * Family: Ursidae (Waldheim, 1817) (bears)
 * Superfamily : Feloidea (Waldheim, 1817) ("cat-like" carnivorans)
 * Family: Felidae (Waldheim, 1817) [a group with cats, nimravids and genus Hyainailouros as its members at that time]
 * Family: Hyaenidae (Grey, 1821) (hyenas)
 * Family: Viverridae (Grey, 1821) [a group with civets and mongooses as its members at that time]
 * Superfamily: †Miacoidea (Cope, 1880)
 * Family: †Miacidae (Cope, 1880) [a group with representatives of families Miacidae and Viverravidae as its members at that time]

title: Fissipedia


text:
Category talk:Wing Commander (franchise)

Fictional
I did some categorization fixup here. The ultimate goal is, that everything fictional will end up in subcategories of Category:Fictional, but not real life entities, like books, movies, authors and actors. See Category_talk:Fictional. Pjacobi 10:40, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Category Range
I did a bit of reorganization with reference to what's included here.

For one thing, the primary player ships for all the main Wing Commander games are now included in the category. The Claw, Concordia and Victory are some of the most iconic symbols of the series, and I think they deserve more than a page on the "Ships and Vehicles" (which is, in any case, fairly densely choked). None of the fighters are represented (too numerous, and everyone has their favorite); nor are any Kilrathi ships, although the Sivar probably deserves it (and the Behemoth, for that matter, but that's not a real entry - yet).

Also, most of the major characters are now on this category as well, and some of the odder inclusions were temporarily purged (Anti-Matter Gun? Flint?). The AMG article probably deserves to be integrated into the technology and vehicles page - and that, in turn, to be turned into a proper "technology" article, instead of the rowdy pre-cat list it currently is. User:Bob McDob

Question re Game structure
Could someone please explain the mulit-player mode in Wing Commander: Armada? How did this work? Were the two players at the same computer? If not, how did they polay together? Was it via the internet? At that time, the internet was just starting to take root. so I wanted to clarify this. Thanks. --Sm8900 15:01, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

WING Commander Spin off TV Series
!Question-What is the name of the Wing Commander TV Spin Off?!

I have been looking for the spin off, and can't remember the title of the series. It did not last long, but FOX aired it soon after Wing Commander came out to video. iMDb does not have info either. Anyone know the title?131.58.64.193 (talk) 10:05, 18 March 2009 (UTC)


text:
Sarada Devi

Sri Sarada Devi (Bengali: সারদা দেবী; ; 22 December 1853 – 21 July 1920), born Kshemankari / Thakurmani / Saradamani Mukhopadhyay, was the wife and spiritual consort of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, a nineteenth-century Hindu mystic. Sarada Devi is also reverentially addressed as the Holy Mother (Sri Sri Maa) by the followers of the Sri Ramakrishna monastic order. The Sri Sarada Math and Ramakrishna Sarada Mission situated at Dakshineshwar is based on the ideals and life of Sarada Devi. She played an important role in the growth of the Ramakrishna Movement.

Sri Sarada Devi was born in Jayrambati, a village in present-day Bankura District in the state of West Bengal, India. She was married to Ramakrishna in 1859 when she was only six years old and Ramakrishna was 23 years old, but remained with her family until she was 18, when she joined Ramakrishna at Dakshineswar Kali temple. According to her biographers, both lived "lives of unbroken continence, showing the ideals of a householder and of the monastic ways of life". After Ramakrishna's death, Sarada Devi stayed most of the time either at Joyrambati or at the Udbodhan office, Calcutta. The disciples of Ramakrishna regarded her as their own mother, and after their guru's death looked to her for advice and encouragement. The followers of the Ramakrishna movement and a large section of devotees across the world worship Sarada Devi as an incarnation of the Adi Parashakti or the Divine Mother.

Birth and parentage
Saradamani Devi was born of Brahmin parents as the eldest daughter on 22 December 1853, in the quiet village of Jayrambati in present-day West Bengal, India. Her parents, Ramachandra Mukhopadhyay and Shyama Sundari Devi, were poor. Her father Ramchandra earned his living as a farmer and through the performance of priestly duties. According to traditional accounts, Ramachandra and Syama Sundari had visions and supernatural events foretelling the birth of a divine being as their daughter.

Sarada lived the simple life of an Indian village girl. As a child, Sarada—then known as Saradamani—was fascinated by traditional Hindu folklore and narratives. As in the case of most girls of rural upbringing, she did not receive any formal education but learned to serve others as she helped her mother run a large household and looked after her younger brothers. During the terrible famine of 1864, Sarada worked ceaselessly as her family served food to hungry people. She was interested in the clay models of goddesses Kali and Lakshmi, which she worshiped regularly. She is said to have started meditating from her childhood, and traditional accounts recount her mystic visions and experiences. According to Sarada Devi, she used to see a bevy of eight girls of her age coming from an unknown place and escorting her in her chores during her childhood.

The mother and brother of Ramakrishna thought that a marriage would be a good steadying effect on him, by diverting his attention away from spiritual austerities and visions. It is reported that Ramakrishna himself indicated Saradamani as the bride. In May 1859, Sarada was betrothed to Ramakrishna. Sarada was 5 years old and Ramakrishna was 23; the age difference was typical for 19th century rural Bengal.

After the betrothal, Sarada was left to the care of her parents and Ramakrishna returned to Dakshineswar. Sarada next met Ramakrishna when she was fourteen years old, and she spent three months with him at Kamarpukur. There, Ramakrishna imparted to Sarada instructions on meditation and spiritual life. Ramakrishna's frequent bhava samadhi (ecstasy) and unorthodox ways of worship led some onlookers to doubt his mental stability, while others regarded him as a great saint. Sarada joined Ramakrishna at Dakshineswar in 1872 on her own accord when she was eighteen, after hearing these rumours about his mental health. She found Ramakrishna to be a kind and caring person.

At Dakshineswar Kali Temple

At Dakshineswar, Sarada Devi stayed in a tiny room in the nahabat (music tower). She stayed at Dakshineswar until 1885, except for short periods when she visited Jayrambati. By this time Ramakrishna had already embraced the monastic life of a sannyasin; as a result, the marriage was never consummated. As a priest, Ramakrishna performed the ritual ceremony—the Shodashi Puja where Sarada Devi was made to sit in the seat of goddess Kali, and worshiped as the divine mother Tripurasundari. According to Swami Saradananda a direct disciple of Ramakrishna, Ramakrishna married to show the world an ideal of a sexless marriage. Ramakrishna regarded Sarada as an incarnation of the Divine Mother, addressing her as Sree Maa (Holy Mother) and it was by this name that she was known to Ramakrishna's disciples.

Sarada Devi's days began at 3 am. After finishing her ablutions in the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, she would practice japa and meditation until daybreak. Ramakrishna taught her the sacred mantras, and instructed her how to initiate people and guide them in spiritual life. Sarada Devi is regarded as Ramakrishna's first disciple. Except for her hours of meditation, most of her time was spent in cooking for Ramakrishna and the growing number of his devotees. While Sarada Devi remained completely in the background, her unassuming, warm personality attracted some female devotees to become her lifelong companions.

During Ramakrishna's last days, during which he suffered from throat cancer, Sarada Devi played an important role in nursing him and preparing suitable food for him and his disciples. It is reported that after Ramakrishna's death in August 1886, when Sarada Devi tried to remove her bracelets as the customs dictated for a widow, she had a vision of Ramakrishna in which he said, "I have not passed away, I have gone from one room to another." According to her, whenever she thought of dressing like a widow, she had a vision of Ramakrishna asking her not to do so. After Ramakrishna's death, Sarada Devi continued to play an important role in the nascent religious movement. She remained the spiritual guide of the movement for the next 34 years.

Pilgrimage
After Ramakrishna's death, Sarada Devi began her pilgrimage through North India, accompanied by a party of women disciples including Lakshmi Didi, Golap Ma, and Ramakrishna's householder and monastic disciples. The party visited the Vishwanath Temple of god Shiva at Banaras and the city of Ayodhya, which is associated with the life of the god Rama. Later, she visited Vrindavan which is associated with the god Krishna. According to traditional accounts, at Vrindavan, she experienced nirvikalpa samadhi and began her role as guru. She initiated several of Ramakrishna's disciples including Mahendranath Gupta, Yogen with a mantra. According to her traditional biographers and disciples, to call her "Mother" was no mere expression of respect and all those who met her became aware of a maternal quality in her.

In Calcutta
After the pilgrimage, Sarada Devi lived alone in Kamarpukur, the village where Ramakrishna was born. There, she endured poverty, verging on starvation for a year. In 1888, when the news reached the lay and monastic disciples of Ramakrishna that she needed their care and attention, they invited her to Calcutta and arranged for her stay. Swami Saradananda built a permanent house for Sarada Devi in Calcutta. The house was named the Udbodhan House, after the Bengali monthly magazine published by the Ramakrishna Math. The house, also known as Mayerbari ("Holy Mother's House"), is where she spent the longest period of her life outside Jayrambati.

Sarada Devi went to Calcutta because she had many hardships in Kamarpukur. She had no financial resources and no one could take care of her. She tried to hide her situation, but it leaked out. When the devotees at Calcutta heard this, they persuaded Sarada Devi to come to Calcutta.

At Udbodhan House, Sarada Devi was accompanied by other women disciples and devotees of Ramakrishna, Golap Ma, Yogin Ma, Gopaler Ma, Lakshmi Didi and Gauri Ma being the best known. An increasing number of people began to flock for guidance, instructions and spiritual initiation. Other Western women followers of Ramakrishna Order including Sister Nivedita formed close relationship with her. According to her biographers, her innate motherliness put visitors at ease. Swami Nikhilananda, her direct disciple writes, "Though she had no children of the flesh, she had many of the spirit." She regarded all her disciples as her own children.

Sarada Devi received the highest reverence from the Ramakrishna Order and its devotees. Ramakrishna had bade her continue his mission after his death and wanted his disciples not to make any distinction between himself and her. According to her devotees and traditional biographers, the hospitality of Sarada Devi was unique and was characterised by motherly care and solicitude. Traditional accounts recount the mystical experiences of her devotees. Some dreamt of her as a goddess in human form, though they had never seen her picture before. Others reportedly received their initiation from her in their dream. One such example is of Girish Chandra Ghosh, the father of Bengali drama, who reportedly saw Sarada Devi in a dream when he was nineteen years old and received a mantra. When he met her many years later, to his astonishment, she was the same person in the dream.

Last days
Sarada Devi spent her final years moving back and forth between Jayrambati and Calcutta. In January 1919, Sarada Devi went to Jayrambati and stayed there for over a year. For the next five months, she continued to suffer. Shortly before her death, she gave the last advice to the grief-stricken devotees, "But I tell you one thing—if you want peace of mind, do not find fault with others. Rather, see your own faults. Learn to make the whole world your own. No one is a stranger, my child: this whole world is your own!" This is considered as her last message to the world.

She died at 1.30 am on Tuesday the 21 July 1920 at Mayer Badi (in the first floor of the Shrine Room), Kolkata. Her body was cremated at the Belur Math, opposite side of River Ganga where Ramakrishna's body was cremated at Kashipore, Baranagore, Ratan, Babu ghat. The place where she was cremated is now known as Holy Mother's ghat at Belur Math. Today a temple stands at that spot.

Teachings and quotes
Sarada Devi did not write any books; her utterances and reminiscences have been recorded by her disciples including Swami Nikhilananda, Swami Tapasyananda. Though uneducated Sarada Devi's spiritual insight and utterances are highly regarded by scholars like Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, who writes, "We have bits and pieces of her exquisite remarks as testimony."
 * Practise meditation, and by and by your mind will be so calm and fixed that you will find it hard to keep away from meditation.
 * The mind is everything. It is in the mind alone that one feels pure and impure. A man, first of all, must make his own mind guilty and then alone can he see another man's guilt.
 * "I tell you one thing. If you want peace of mind, do not find fault with others. Rather see your own faults. Learn to make the whole world your own. No one is a stranger, my child; the whole world is your own."
 * One must have devotion towards one's own guru. Whatever may be the nature of the guru, the disciple gets salvation by dint of his unflinching devotion towards his guru.

Impact and legacy
Sarada Devi played an important role as the advisory head of a nascent organisation that became a monastic order devoted to social work—the Ramakrishna Mission. Gayatri Spivak writes that Sarada Devi "performed her role with tact and wisdom, always remaining in the background." She initiated several prominent monks into the Ramakrishna Order. Swami Nikhilananda, who was a freedom fighter and a follower of Mahatma Gandhi, accepted Sarada Devi as his guru and joined the Ramakrishna Order. He eventually founded the Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center in New York.

Although uneducated herself, Sarada Devi advocated education for women. Nivedita started a school for Indian women with her blessings. She entrusted Devamata with the implementation of her dream—a girls' school on the Ganges, where Eastern and Western pupils could study together. In 1954, Sri Sarada Math and Ramakrishna Sarada Mission, a monastic order for women was founded in the honour of Sarada Devi.

Swami Vivekananda wrote a letter to her to get her opinion about his intention to attend the Parliament of Religions in Chicago. Only after receiving the blessing from her did he decide to go to the United States.

title: Sarada Devi


text:
Val Guest

Val Guest (born Valmond Maurice Grossman; 11 December 1911 – 10 May 2006) was an English film director and screenwriter. Beginning as a writer (and later director) of comedy films, he is best known for his work for Hammer, for whom he directed 14 films, and for his science fiction films. He enjoyed a long career in the film industry from the early 1930s until the early 1980s.

Early life and career
Guest was born to John Simon Grossman and Julia Ann Gladys Emanuel in Sutherland Avenue in Maida Vale, London. He later changed his name to Val Guest (officially in 1939). His father was a jute broker, and the family spent some of Guest's childhood in India before returning to England. His parents divorced when he was young, but this information was kept from him. Instead he was told that his mother had died. He was educated at Seaford College in Sussex, but left in 1927 and worked for a time as a bookkeeper.

Guest's initial career was as an actor, appearing in productions in London theatres. He also appeared in a few early sound film roles, before he left acting and began a writing career.

Writer
For a time, around 1934, he was the London correspondent for The Hollywood Reporter (when the publication began a UK edition), before beginning work on film screenplays for Gainsborough Pictures.

This came about because the director Marcel Varnel had been incensed by comments Guest had made in his regular column, "Rambling Around", about the director's latest film. Challenged to write a screenplay by Varnel, Guest co-wrote his first script, which became No Monkey Business (1935) directed by Varnel. This was to be the beginning of a long and fruitful partnership between the two men. Guest was placed under contract as a staff writer at Gainsborough's Islington Studios in Poole Street.

Guest wrote screenplays for the rest of the decade. His credits included All In (1936) for Varnel; Public Nuisance No. 1 (1936); A Star Fell from Heaven (1936); O-Kay for Sound (1937) for Varnel with The Crazy Gang; Alf's Button Afloat (1938) with Flanagan and Allen. He also wrote the Will Hay comedies Oh, Mr Porter! (1937) and Ask a Policeman (1939). He wrote Hi Gang! (1941) for Ben Lyon and Bebe Daniels.

Directing career
Guest became a fully-fledged director in the early 1940s (he had been responsible for some second-unit work previously). His first film was an Arthur Askey short, The Nose Has It (1942), warning of the dangers of spreading infection.

Guest's debut feature was Miss London Ltd. (1943), again with Askey; Guest had worked on the scripts of earlier Askey films. Guest's second feature as director also starred Askey, Bees in Paradise (1944). He followed this with two films starring Vic Oliver and Margaret Lockwood, Give Us the Moon (1944) and I'll Be Your Sweetheart (1945); the latter was the first and only musical from Gainsborough Studios.

Guest directed two films based on the Just William stories, Just William's Luck (1947) and William Comes to Town (1948). He wrote and directed a thriller, Murder at the Windmill (1949).

Yolande Donlan
Guest then made the comedy Miss Pilgrim's Progress (1949) with Yolande Donlan, who became his wife in 1954. The two reunited on The Body Said No! (1950); Mister Drake's Duck (1951), with Douglas Fairbanks Jr.; Penny Princess (1952) with Dirk Bogarde.

Hammer Films
Guest began an association with Hammer films when he directed The Men of Sherwood Forest (1954). After The Runaway Bus (1955) with Frankie Howerd he made Life with the Lyons (1955) with Daniels and Lyon, a spin off of their radio show. It was popular enough for Guest to make a sequel The Lyons in Paris (1955).

He did a thriller Break in the Circle (1954) and Dance, Little Lady (1954).

Despite his career in comedy films, he was offered the chance to direct Hammer's first Quatermass film, adapted from the BBC television serial by Nigel Kneale. Uncertain about taking it on, (he was not a fan of science fiction), he was persuaded to do so by his wife, Yolande Donlan. Guest shot The Quatermass Xperiment (1955) as though it was a television documentary. Its success led the Hammer company changing its direction.

He followed it with a drama They Can't Hang Me (1955) and musical It's a Wonderful World (1956). Republic Pictures hired him to make the thriller The Weapon (1956) and he directed a comedy, Carry On Admiral (1957).

Quatermass had been a big hit and Hammer asked Guest to direct the first sequel, Quatermass 2 (1957). They also used him to do The Abominable Snowman (1957), from a Kneale TV play, and a POW movie, The Camp on Blood Island (1958).

Guest made a comedy Up the Creek which led to a sequel Further Up the Creek (1958).

Hammer asked him back to do another war movie, Yesterday's Enemy (1959) with Stanley Baker. Then he made the film version of Expresso Bongo (1959) with Donlan, giving an early role to Cliff Richard.

Guest returned to comedy with Life Is a Circus (1960) starring Bud Flanagan. He made another for Hammer with Stanley Baker, a tough crime film, Hell Is a City (1960). He followed this with a thriller for Hammer, The Full Treatment (1960).

Guest's next film, The Day the Earth Caught Fire (1961), won Guest and Wolf Mankowitz a BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.

Guest made Jigsaw (1962) and 80,000 Suspects (1963). The Beauty Jungle (1964) was an exposé on beauty competitions. Where the Spies Are (1965) was a spy film for MGM starring David Niven.

Later career
Guest was one of five credited directors to work on the spoof James Bond film Casino Royale (1967), a critically mauled picture in its day. Producer Charles K. Feldman asked Guest if he would direct linking material to make what was left uncompleted, after the departure of Peter Sellers from the project, into a coherent narrative. Guest opted for an 'Additional Sequences' credit after he saw the completed film.

He made a thriller Assignment K (1968) then a musical Toomorrow (1970) which, according to Christopher Hawtree, it is "a staggeringly dreadful movie". Guest issued an injunction against Harry Saltzman, the producer, because he had not been paid for his work, and the film was quickly pulled from screenings. Around the same time, Guest wrote and directed When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth (1970) for Hammer.

Guest directed the softcore sex comedy Au Pair Girls (1972), followed by Confessions of a Window Cleaner (1974), the first of the Confessions series of sex comedies. He was also working in television, directing episodes of series including The Persuaders! (1971–72), The Adventurer (1972–73) and Space: 1999 (1976–77). He continued to direct films, including Killer Force (1976).

Guest's final feature film work was writing and directing The Boys in Blue (1982), a vehicle for the British comedy double act Cannon and Ball. It was a remake of the Will Hay picture Ask a Policeman (1939), which Guest had co-written. In 2001 he published an autobiography, So You Want to be in Pictures.

His last professional work was as the director of several episodes of the Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense TV series in 1984 and 1985.

Private life and honours
Originally married to Pat Watson, the couple divorced after Guest fell in love with American actress Yolande Donlan who eventually became his wife in 1954; Donlan appeared in eight of his films during the 1950s. After Guest retired in 1985, the couple lived together in retirement in California.

In 2004, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to Guest and Donlan. Guest died in a hospice in Palm Desert, California from prostate cancer at the age of 94.

Director

 * Miss London Ltd. (1943)
 * Bees in Paradise (1944)
 * Give us the Moon (1944)
 * I'll Be Your Sweetheart (1945)
 * Just William's Luck (1947)
 * William Comes to Town (1948)
 * Murder at the Windmill (1949)
 * The Body said No! (1950)
 * Miss Pilgrim's Progress (1950)
 * Mister Drake's Duck (1951)
 * Penny Princess (1952)
 * The Men of Sherwood Forest (1954)
 * The Runaway Bus (1954)
 * Life With the Lyons (1954)
 * The Lyons in Paris (1955)
 * Break in the Circle (1955)
 * Dance, Little Lady (1955)
 * The Quatermass Xperiment (1955) (US title: The Creeping Terror)
 * They Can't Hang Me (1955)
 * It's a Wonderful World (1956)
 * The Weapon (1956)
 * Carry On Admiral (1957)
 * Quatermass 2 (1957) (US title: Enemy From Space)
 * The Abominable Snowman (1957)
 * The Camp on Blood Island (1958)
 * Up the Creek (1958)
 * Further Up the Creek (1959)
 * Yesterday's Enemy (1959)
 * Expresso Bongo (1959)
 * Life is a Circus (1960)
 * Hell Is a City (1960)
 * The Full Treatment (1960)
 * The Day the Earth Caught Fire (1961)
 * Jigsaw (1962)
 * 80,000 Suspects (1963)
 * The Beauty Jungle (1964)
 * Where the Spies Are (1965)
 * Casino Royale (1967)
 * Assignment K (1968)
 * Toomorrow (1970)
 * When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth (1970)
 * Au Pair Girls (1972)
 * Confessions of a Window Cleaner (1974)
 * Killer Force (1976)
 * The Shillingbury Blowers (1980)
 * The Boys in Blue (1982)
 * Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense (1984)

Screenwriter only

 * No Monkey Business (1935)
 * All In (1936)
 * Public Nuisance No. 1 (1936)
 * A Star Fell from Heaven (1936)
 * Good Morning, Boys (1937)
 * Oh, Mr Porter! (1937)
 * O-Kay for Sound (1937)
 * Alf's Button Afloat (1938)
 * Convict 99 (1938)
 * Hey! Hey! USA (1938)
 * Old Bones of the River (1938)
 * Ask a Policeman (1939)
 * Where's That Fire? (1939)
 * The Frozen Limits (1939)
 * Band Waggon (1940)
 * Gasbags (1940)
 * Hi Gang! (1941)
 * The Ghost Train (1941)
 * Inspector Hornleigh Goes To It (1941)
 * I Thank You (1941)
 * Back-Room Boy (1942)
 * King Arthur Was a Gentleman (1942)
 * London Town (1946)
 * Once Upon a Dream (1949)
 * Paper Orchid (1949)
 * Happy Go Lovely (1951)
 * Another Man's Poison (1951)
 * Women Without Men (1956)
 * Dentist in the Chair (1960)

title: Val Guest


text:
Talk:Qazansu River

The official name of the river is Kazanka. The commonly used English name is Kazanka. So, the article should be under Kazanka, not Qazansu. Quazansu should be a redirect. Gene s 10:45, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Qazansu River


text:
Talk:Kazanka (river)

Old talk
The official name of the iver is Kazanka, so it should stay under the article title KazankaGene s 10:46, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kazanka (river)


text:
Jerry Wexler

Gerald Wexler (January 10, 1917 – August 15, 2008) was a music journalist turned music producer, and was a major influence on American popular music from the 1950s through the 1980s. He coined the term "rhythm and blues", and was integral in signing and/or producing many of the biggest acts of the time, including Ray Charles, the Allman Brothers, Chris Connor, Aretha Franklin, Led Zeppelin, Wilson Pickett, Dire Straits, Dusty Springfield and Bob Dylan. Wexler was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 and in 2017 to the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame.

Early life
Wexler was born in the Bronx, New York City, the son of a German Jewish father and a Russian Jewish mother; he grew up in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan. Despite graduating from George Washington High School at age 15, he dropped out of the City College of New York after two semesters. In 1935, Wexler enrolled at what is now Kansas State University, where he studied intermittently for several years. Following his service in the Army, Wexler became a serious student, and he graduated from Kansas State with a B.A. in journalism in 1946.

Career
During his time as an editor, reporter, and writer for Billboard Magazine, Wexler coined the term "rhythm and blues". In June 1949, at his suggestion, the magazine changed the name of the Race Records chart to Rhythm & Blues Records. Wexler wrote, "'Race' was a common term then, a self-referral used by blacks. ... On the other hand, 'Race Records' didn't sit well. ... I came up with a handle I thought suited the music well – 'rhythm and blues.' ... [It was] a label more appropriate to more enlightened times."

Wexler became a partner in Atlantic Records in 1953. There followed classic recordings with Ray Charles, the Drifters and Ruth Brown. With Ahmet and Nesuhi Ertegun, he built Atlantic into a major force in the recording industry.

In the 1960s, he recorded Wilson Pickett and Aretha Franklin, and oversaw production of Dusty Springfield's highly acclaimed Dusty in Memphis and Lulu's New Routes albums. He also cultivated a tight relationship, and a distribution deal, with Stax Records founder Jim Stewart, was an enthusiastic proponent of the then-developing Muscle Shoals Sound and launched the fortunes of Muscle Shoals Sound Studios and the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section. In 1967 he was named Record Executive of the Year for turning Aretha Franklin's career around. In November 1966, Franklin's Columbia recording contract expired; at that time, she owed the company money because record sales had not met expectations. Working with Wexler and Atlantic, Franklin was "the most successful singer in the nation" by 1968. His work in this decade put Atlantic at the forefront of soul music.

In 1968, he and Ahmet Ertegun signed Led Zeppelin to Atlantic Records on the recommendation of singer Dusty Springfield and from what they knew of the band's guitarist, Jimmy Page, from his performances with the Yardbirds. With its strong catalog, Atlantic Records was purchased by Warner Bros. Records in 1968. Prior to the sale, Wexler persuaded Jim Stewart to sign a contract (that he didn't read), unknowingly giving Atlantic ownership of 97% of the Stax master recordings, without compensation. In 1975, Wexler moved from Atlantic to its parent Warner Records.

In 1979, Wexler produced Bob Dylan's controversial first "born again" album, Slow Train Coming at Muscle Shoals; a single from that album, "Gotta Serve Somebody", won a Grammy Award in 1980. When Wexler agreed to produce, he was unaware of the nature of the material that awaited him. "Naturally, I wanted to do the album in Muscle Shoals—as Bob did—but we decided to prep it in L.A., where Bob lived", recalled Wexler. "That's when I learned what the songs were about: born-again Christians in the old corral. ... I like the irony of Bob coming to me, the Wandering Jew, to get the Jesus feel ... [But] I had no idea he was on this born-again Christian trip until he started to evangelize me. I said, 'Bob, you're dealing with a sixty-two-year-old confirmed Jewish atheist. I'm hopeless. Let's just make an album.

In 1983, Wexler recorded with UK singer/songwriter George Michael. The most famous out-take of these sessions would prove to be a rare early version of "Careless Whisper", recorded in Muscle Shoals.

In 1987, Wexler was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He retired from the music business in the late 1990s.

For most of the 1990s, Wexler lived on David's Lane in East Hampton, New York, where he shared living space with a Chinese family who aided him with daily functions and kept him company.

Portrayals
In Ray, the biopic of Ray Charles, Wexler is portrayed by Richard Schiff. Wexler is portrayed by Marc Maron in the 2021 movie Respect, the life story of Aretha Franklin, and by David Cross in season three of the television show Genius.

Tom Thurman produced and directed a documentary film about Wexler, Immaculate Funk (2000). The film takes its name from Wexler's own expression for the Atlantic sound.

Personal life
Wexler was married three times. In 1941, he married Shirley Kampf; they had three children before divorcing. His second wife was Renee Pappas. His third wife was playwright-novelist Jean Arnold.

Death
Jerry Wexler died at his home in Sarasota, Florida, on August 15, 2008, aged 91, from congestive heart failure.

Asked by a documentary filmmaker several years before his death what he wanted on his tombstone, Wexler replied "Two words: 'More bass'."

title: Jerry Wexler


text:
Plesiomonas shigelloides

Plesiomonas shigelloides is a species of bacteria and the only member of its genus. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium which has been isolated from freshwater, freshwater fish, shellfish, cattle, goats, swine, cats, dogs, monkeys, vultures, snakes, toads and humans. It is considered a fecal coliform. P. shigelloides is a global distributed species, found globally outside of the polar ice caps.

P. shigelloides has been associated with the diarrheal disease state in humans, but has been identified in healthy humans as well. It can enter the body either through contact with water contaminated by fecal matter or through seafood originating from a contaminated source.

Classification
P. shigelloides was originally considered part of the family Vibrionaceae, but is generally accepted to be part of Enterobacteriaceae due to the similarity of its 5S rRNA sequence to other members of Enterobacteriaceae . The rRNA sequence of P. shigelloides has been found to be most similar to Proteus mirabilis, and as a result it is now considered part of the tribe Proteeae within the family Enterobacteriaceae. P. shigelloides is the only known member of its genus.

Growth
P. shigelloides is incapable of surviving in saltwater environments where the concentration of salt is greater than 4% and has been found to tolerate pH ranges between 4.5 and 9. It grows optimally between 35 °C and 39 °C, and has been found to survive in the temperature range of 8 °C to 45 °C. The effects of pH, salinity, temperature, turbidity, and conductivity on concentrations of P. shigelloides in freshwater conditions is not currently understood.

Identification
Some Plesiomonas strains share antigens with Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri and cross-reactions with Shigella antisera may occur. Plesiomonas can be distinguished from Shigella in diarrheal stools by an oxidase test: Plesiomonas is oxidase positive and Shigella is oxidase negative. Plesiomonas is easily differentiated from Aeromonas sp. and other oxidase-positive organisms by standard biochemical tests.

Human infection
P. shigelloides has been isolated from a wide variety of human clinical specimens including both intestinal (usually feces or rectal swabs) and extra-intestinal. It has been isolated from the feces of humans, both with and without diarrhea, and/or vomiting (gastroenteritis). Although reports have found a link between P. shigelloides and diarrhea or gastroenteritis, research has not yet determined whether this bacteria is always responsible for these conditions.

Infection of other animals
Although P. shigelloides is primarily associated with the diarrheal disease state in humans, certain animals including cats and dogs have been found to frequently carry the bacterium while in a healthy state. Freshwater fish can often be infected with P. shigelloides which can be lethal depending on the concentration of the bacterium in their bodies.

title: Plesiomonas shigelloides


text: List of irregular English adjectives

title: List of irregular English adjectives


text:
Category:Roman Britain

Articles relating to the Ancient Roman Province of Britain (Latin: Britannia), the area of the island of Great Britain that was governed by the Roman Empire. This is within the present day state of.

title: Category:Roman Britain


text: Category:Ancient Britain

title: Category:Ancient Britain


text:
Talk:Braces

'Suspenders' link
The link for suspenders on this page goes to the Hosiery article (that is, it means the things that hold stockings up), rather than an article on the kind of suspenders that hold trousers up. I don't have time right now, but I'll try to get around to changing this. Katherine Shaw 10:56, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)

I noticed that; but in British English that is where I would expect a link to suspenders to go. Perhaps suspenders need their own disambiguation page? Paul Tracy 11:20, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree with you - I wrote the above comment when I was new to the Wikipedia (OK, I still am pretty new to the Wikipedia!) and hadn't encountered a disambiguation page at that point.

 * There are other things I want to do more, so if you feel like creating a disambiguation page, go right ahead.

 * -- Katherine Shaw 10:29, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Suspenders which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 00:45, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Braces


text:
Vagabond (disambiguation)

A vagabond is a person who wanders from place to place without a permanent home or regular work.

(The) Vagabond or Vagabondage may also refer to:

Literature

 * Vagabond (novel), second book in The Grail Quest series of Bernard Cornwell
 * The Vagabond, a 1799 novel by George Walker
 * The Vagabond, an 1878 play by W. S. Gilbert, originally called The Ne'er-do-Weel
 * The Vagabond, a poem by Robert Louis Stevenson, published in Songs of Travel and Other Verses in 1896
 * The Vagabond (novel), a 1910 novel by Colette

Publications

 * Vagabond (manga), a 1998 manga by Takehiko Inoue
 * Vagabond (comics), a Marvel Universe character
 * Vagabond (magazine), a Swedish travel magazine

Film and television

 * The Vagabonds (1912 film), an American silent film
 * The Vagabond (1916 film), a film starring Charlie Chaplin
 * The Vagabonds (1916 film), an Austrian silent comedy film
 * The Vagabonds (1937 film), a German operetta film
 * The Vagabonds (1939 film), a Polish film
 * Vagabond (1950 film), an Iranian film
 * Awaara (1951 film), an Indian film also known as The Vagabond
 * The Vagabond (1953 film), a Mexican comedy film
 * Vagabond (1985 film), a film by Agnès Varda
 * Paradesi (2013 film), an Indian Tamil language period drama film
 * Le Vagabond, or The Littlest Hobo, a Canadian film and television series
 * Mo Amer: The Vagabond (2018), a Netflix comedy special by Mo Amer
 * Vagabond (TV series), a 2019 South Korean television series

Bands

 * Vagabond (Norwegian band), an alternative rock band fronted by Jørn Lande
 * Vagabond (UK band), a band from the UK
 * Jimmy James and the Vagabonds, featuring Jimmy James (singer) (born 1940), Jamaican soul music singer
 * The Four Vagabonds, commonly known as The Vagabonds.

Albums

 * Vagabond (Eddi Reader album), 2014
 * Vagabond (Lasse Stefanz album), 2007
 * Vagabond, by Michale Graves
 * Vagabond (Spiers and Boden album)
 * Vagabond, by Tony Sheridan
 * Vagabond, by Valina
 * Vagabondages, 1989 progressive rock compilation by Ange
 * Vagabonds (Gary Louris album), 2008
 * Vagabonds, by Satellite Stories
 * Vagabonds (The Classic Crime album)
 * The Vagabond, by Bryn Terfel
 * The Vagabond, a 2005 solo album by Speech

Songs

 * "Vagabond", by Wolfmother from their self-titled album
 * "Vagabond", by Greenskeepers in Grand Theft Auto IV
 * "Vagabond", by Juliana Hatfield from the album There's Always Another Girl
 * "Vagabond", by MisterWives from the album Our Own House
 * "Vagabonds", by New Model Army from the album Thunder and Consolation
 * "The Vagabond", a musical setting of a Robert Louis Stevenson poem by Ralph Vaughan Williams in his song cycle Songs of Travel
 * "The Vagabond", by John Ireland

Other

 * Julian Thomas (journalist) (1843–1896), also known as The Vagabond, English-born Australian journalist and author
 * Vagabond (boat), a French polar yacht
 * Vagabond (sailing dinghy)
 * Vagabond Inn, an American hotel chain
 * Piper PA-15 Vagabond, a civilian airplane
 * Vagabonds RUFC, a rugby union club located in Douglas, Isle of Man
 * The Vagabonds (club), a lunch club within the National Arts Club
 * The Wayward Vagabond, a recurring character in the webcomic Homestuck.

title: Vagabond (disambiguation)


text:
Gold Walkley

The Gold Walkley is the major award of the Walkley Awards for Australian journalism. It is chosen by the Walkley Advisory Board from the winners of all the other categories (excluding the Journalism Leadership and Most Outstanding Contribution to Journalism awards). It has been awarded annually since 1978.

title: Gold Walkley


text:
Labyrinth (band)

Labyrinth is an Italian power metal band formed in 1994 in Massa, Tuscany. The band underwent a change in style and themes after the departure of Olaf Thorsen in 2002.

1990s
Labyrinth formed in 1994 with a lineup of Franco Rubulotta (Frank Andiver-drums), Luca Contini (Ken Taylor-keyboards), Andrea Bartoletti (bass guitar), Andrea Cantarelli (Anders Rain-lead guitar), Carlo Andrea Magnani (Olaf Thorsen-lead guitar), Fabio Tordiglione (Joe Terry-vocals).

The band released their first demo "Midnight Resistance". The demo got enthusiastic reviews in major metal magazines in Italy and Germany and that gave them the chance to sign with Underground Symphony, a new indie record label. Andrea Bartoletti left the band and was replaced by Chris Breeze (Cristiano Bertocchi). "Piece of Time", their first EP, marked the direction the band was taking: pure melodic speed metal with a keyboards-background.

In 1995, "No Limits" was released and the interest in the band grew among metal fans and independent labels. The popularity of the band increased not only in the Italy and in Europe, but also overseas where some labels (Teichiku Records in Japan) offered to distribute the album. The band was in the metal magazine Burrn!'s top ten charts for almost six months. Joe Terry (Fabio Tordiglione) left the band and later becoming the frontman with Rhapsody of Fire.

In 1997, Frank Andiver (Franco Rubulotta) and Ken Taylor (Luca Contini) left the band (however they took part in the composing of "Return to Heaven Denied"); and Rob Tyrant (Roberto Tiranti), Mat Stancioiu (Mattia Stancioiu) and Andrew McPauls (Andrea De Paoli) were brought in as their replacements. All the while, some of the big metal labels showed an interest on the band's new demo and finally Metal Blade Records made an offer and the band joined the label. It took six months to record the second album Return to Heaven Denied and before its release the band took part in that summer's metal main event: "Gods of Metal", together with some of heavy metal's biggest acts such as Black Sabbath, Pantera, Helloween, Blind Guardian, etc. Return To Heaven Denied was a success among fans and metal magazines alike, and it gave a strong push not only to the career of the band, but also to the Italian metal scene as a whole.

Shortly after the release of the new record the singer Rob Tyrant left the band, replaced by Morby from Domine who was with Labyrinth throughout the whole European tour as supporting act with Pegazus of the most popular bands HammerFall and Primal Fear. After a few months, it followed an Italian tour with Heimdall. Then, Rob Tyrant returned to the band. After a short break the band entered the recording studio to release the new Mini CD Timeless Crime, containing new and old tracks from the first demotape Midnight Resistance to LPs No Limits and Return to Heaven Denied.

2000s
After these festivals, the band entered the recording studio again to release the new full-length album Sons Of Thunder. As a showcase for the new album, the band played at important European festivals, like WACKEN 2000 and Rock Machina 2000 in Spain. At the end of August 2000, Sons Of Thunder went to No. 52 on the Japanese charts and at No. 26 on the Italian charts. The band then toured South America with Vision Divine.

The band organized an Italian tour first, in February 2001, with supporting band Sigma (ex Love Machine), and then a European tour, supporting Helloween first and then with Nocturnal Rites supporting Iron Savior.

The band organized, in March 2002, a tour called "Italian Attack". A festival in which Domine, White Skull, Skylark, Novembre, and Centurion appeared. Their participation in these tours help raise the popularity of Labyrinth. In May of that year, the band began writing new material.

In the meantime, Olaf Thorsen left the band to join Vision Divine, whereas Mat Stancioiu and Andrew McPauls left Vision Divine to dedicate all their attention to Labyrinth. In July the first demo of the new Labyrinth album appeared. For the first time, the members decided to use their Italian names: Andrea Cantarelli, Roberto Tiranti, Andrea De Paoli, Cristiano Bertocchi, and Mattia Stancioiu.

The clear and sharp recording of the new demo procured them three of the most important deals of their career: Century Media Records for Europe and Americas, V2 for Italy and King Records for Japan.

In January, Labyrinth began recording the new self-titled album, with the band self-producing again. It was recorded at the Noise Factory in Milan, Italy, and it was mastered at House of Audio in Germany.

On 24 April 2003 Labyrinth signed a record deal with Century Media Records. The release date for their next album was set for 30 June 2003. The release of Labyrinth originally set for 30 June, was postponed in Italy to 4 July.

On 9 August 2003, Labyrinth performed at the 9th Agglutination Metal Festival in Chiaromonte, Italy. Other bands set to appear at the event included Vader, Virgin Steele and Elvenking.

Roberto Tiranti took part in the musical "The Ten Commandments" until the beginning of the year 2004.

The next step was finding another good guitarist for the live dates. The band found in Pier Gonella, Roberto and Andrea De Paoli. The first show with Pier was the IX Agglutination Metal Festival in Chiaromonte (PZ), where Labyrinth would have been the third band, before Vader and Virgin Steele.

After the summer, the band began preparations for the live shows to support the new album. It was a tour out of the usual standard, without an estimated end: The Maze On Tour 2003/2004. From December 2003, with the tour, also began the work on the new album foreseen for Fall 2004, during which the band celebrated 10 years together. The new work was a prosecution of the way begun with Labyrinth, with songs of deep atmosphere and tracks like "Just Soldier", but with a deeper introspection. Taking part with good and dense ideas to the writing of the new tracks, Pier Gonella with the beginning of 2004 joined the band as sixth official member. Also in December, Rob Tyrant (Roberto Trianti) recorded guest vocals on the rock opera "Genius 'Episode II'" along with people such as Eric Martin (formerly of Mr. Big), Russell Allen (from Symphony X), Jeff Martin (of Racer X), Mark Boals (formerly of Yngwie Malmsteen), Daniel Gildenlöw (of Pain of Salvation), Liv Kristine (formerly of Theatre of Tragedy), and Edu Falaschi (of Angra).

Labyrinth put the band to work one more time, with big support of Century Media, in Japan good sales with King Records and then in the month of May a tour in Asia called "Banzai Tour" in Tokyo and Osaka, Japan, Taipei, Taichung, Taiwan, and Beijing, China and also Hong Kong.

After some shows in Italy, Labyrinth played in Slovakia at More Than Festival 2004 with bands like Lost Horizons, Destruction, and Freedom Call.

On 9 December 2004, they performed a show in London at Underworld Cadmen together with Dream Evil. One week later Labyrinth signed a deal with the label Arise records.

With Freeman, there was a new look with strength-jackets and more wish of freedom in the lyrics; both for Italian and Japanese releases, there is a normal version and one with a bonus DVD.

On 22 February 2005, Labyrinth announced the dates of an Italian tour in support of their upcoming album, Freeman. The tour would consist of, seven total shows, ranging from 25 March 2005 through and including 16 April 2005. The follow-up to 2003's Labyrinth, Freeman was recorded at Elnor Studios and scheduled for release on 4 March 2005 by Arise Records. Freeman was released in March 2005, in which the band showed more aggressive riffs and melodic parts at the same time. The album, was released in 2005 through Arise Records. The Italian version of the album contained the exclusive bonus DVD with a Tokyo show (Banzai Tour 2004), "best of" London Cadmen Underworld (from 13 November 2004), the "L.Y.A.F.H." and "Freeman" videos, pictures and discography.

Later that month on 21 March 2005, Headrush, an Italian hard rock band featuring ex-Dokken guitarist Alex De Rosso and Labyrinth singer Roberto Tiranti, released their debut album in Europe via Frontiers Records (and in Japan via King Records). Also, in March 2005 singer Roberto Tiranti appeared on Secret Sphere album "Heart & Anger".

That summer after the Lorca Rock Festival, Labyrinth played a tour in Italy (a total of 17 shows) and supported Dream Theater and Angra in Italy for three shows ( 21–23 June), in Italy (21 June 2005 in Florence, on 22 June 2005 in Ascoli Piceno, and on 23 June in Padova) with Angra. Later, on 14 August 2005, Labyrinth took part in the Metalway Festival in Gernika-Bilbao with bands like Manowar, Saxon, Accept, Motörhead, W.A.S.P. and more.

2006 started with bad news, Cristiano Bertocchi left the band, to pursue a solo career. After few days of Mattia suggested Roberto to become the new bass player. They played only two shows with this new line up, one at Mesiano in Trento and another at the Evolution Festival, then spent the rest of the year writing and recording 6 Days to Nowhere.

In December Heraldry released their album Delirium, which featured guest vocals by Roberto Tiranti.

In late 2006, Labyrinth signed a record deal with Scarlet Records, to release 6 Days to Nowhere. Between 26 February, and 9 March, the album 6 Days To Nowhere was released worldwide. The album's mastering took place at the famous Abbey Road Studios in London. Following the album's release the band announced a tour of Europe (only one date in Sweden and the rest in Italy) and Japan, between 27 October 2007 and 2 March 2008.

On 3 November 2007 Labyrinth appeared at the Växjö Metal Festival III, in Växjö, Sweden. Also scheduled to appear were Jorn, Grave, Heed, Bloodbound, Engel and Pagan's Mind, among others.

Pier Gonella handled the guitar duties, on the Necrodeath album "Draculea" While Pier performed on that album, Roberto Tiranti appeared on Ranfa's album Little Hard Blues. Tiranti appeared on the album's fifth track entitled "It Will Be Not This Blues".

On 22 January 2008, it was announced that Andrea De Paoli would be making a guest appearance on the debut album of Expedition Delta, which is being released by ProgRock Records.

In summer 2008 Pier Gonella left the band to dedicate himself totally to Necrodeath and his new heavy metal band Mastercastle.

On 11 September 2009 Olaf reunited with Labyrinth to record Return to Heaven Denied Pt. II: "A Midnight Autumn's Dream", a follower of their successful album from 1998. In October 2009 was also announced the new bassist Sergio Pagnacco (with courtesy of Vanexa historical italian metal band)). Also, drummer Mattia Stancioiu left the band to be a full-time sound engineer and producer and be a part-time drummer.

2010s
In 2011 they toured with Sonata Arctica.

In 2014, Roberto Tiranti announced that he was leaving the band to embark on a solo career, but the new announced vocalist Mark Boals never joined the band.

In 2016, the band announced they are working on a new album which is planned for release with record company Frontiers Music Srl in 2017. It was also announced the band's line-up reunion of founding members Olaf Thorsen and Andrea Cantarelli on guitars with Roberto Tiranti on lead vocals, along with John Macaluso (former Ark, Yngwie Malmsteen, James LaBrie, Riot, Starbreaker, and TNT) on drums, Oleg Smirnoff (former Vision Divine, Eldritch, Death SS) on keyboards and Nik Mazzucconi on bass. In February 2017, the album' title (Architecture of a God), track-list and cover were revealed. In 2019, the drummer Matt Peruzzi joined the band.

In January 2021, they released their ninth studio album, Welcome to the Absurd Circus.

Current

 * Andrea Cantarelli (Anders Rain) – guitar (1994–present)
 * Carlo Andrea Magnani (Olaf Thorsen) – guitar (1994–2002, 2009–present)
 * Roberto Tiranti (Rob Tyrant) – vocals (1997–2014, 2016–present), bass (2006–2010)
 * Nik Mazzucconi – bass (2016–present)
 * Matt Peruzzi – drum (2019–present)
 * Oleg Smirnoff – keyboard, electric piano, solo (2016–present)

Former

 * Fabio Tordiglione (Fabio Lione) – lead vocals (1994–1996)
 * Franco Rubulotta (Frank Andiver) – drums (1994–1996)
 * Luca Contini (Ken Taylor) – keyboards (1994–1996)
 * Andrea Bartoletti – bass (1994–1995)
 * Cristiano Bertocchi (Chris Breeze) – bass (1995–2006)
 * Andrea De Paoli (Andrew McPauls) – keyboards (1997–2016)
 * Mattia Stancioiu (Mat Stancioiu) – drums (1997–2009)
 * Pier Gonella – guitar (2003–2008)
 * Alessandro Bissa – drums (2010–2016)
 * Sergio Pagnacco – bass (2010–2016)
 * John Macaluso – drums (2016–2019)

EP

 * Midnight Resistance (1994)
 * Piece of Time (1995)
 * Timeless Crime (1999)

Studio albums

 * No Limits (1996)
 * Return to Heaven Denied (1998)
 * Sons of Thunder (2000)
 * Labyrinth (2003)
 * Freeman (2005)
 * 6 Days to Nowhere (2007)
 * Return to Heaven Denied Pt. II: "A Midnight Autumn's Dream" (2010)
 * Architecture of a God (2017)
 * Welcome to the Absurd Circus (2021)

Other albums/collaborations

 * Metal for the Masses Volume II (Disc 2) (2003)
 * As Time Goes By... (2011)

title: Labyrinth (band)


text:
Derivation (differential algebra)

In mathematics, a derivation is a function on an algebra that generalizes certain features of the derivative operator. Specifically, given an algebra A over a ring or a field K, a K-derivation is a K-linear map D : A → A that satisfies Leibniz's law:

 * $$ D(ab) = a D(b) + D(a) b.$$

More generally, if M is an A-bimodule, a K-linear map D : A → M that satisfies the Leibniz law is also called a derivation. The collection of all K-derivations of A to itself is denoted by DerK(A). The collection of K-derivations of A into an A-module M is denoted by DerK(A, M).

Derivations occur in many different contexts in diverse areas of mathematics. The partial derivative with respect to a variable is an R-derivation on the algebra of real-valued differentiable functions on Rn. The Lie derivative with respect to a vector field is an R-derivation on the algebra of differentiable functions on a differentiable manifold; more generally it is a derivation on the tensor algebra of a manifold. It follows that the adjoint representation of a Lie algebra is a derivation on that algebra. The Pincherle derivative is an example of a derivation in abstract algebra. If the algebra A is noncommutative, then the commutator with respect to an element of the algebra A defines a linear endomorphism of A to itself, which is a derivation over K. That is,
 * $$[FG,N]=[F,N]G+F[G,N],$$

where $$[\cdot,N]$$ is the commutator with respect to $$N$$. An algebra A equipped with a distinguished derivation d forms a differential algebra, and is itself a significant object of study in areas such as differential Galois theory.

Properties
If A is a K-algebra, for K a ring, and $D: A → A$ is a K-derivation, then
 * If A has a unit 1, then D(1) = D(12) = 2D(1), so that D(1) = 0. Thus by K-linearity, D(k) = 0 for all $k ∈ K$.
 * If A is commutative, D(x2) = xD(x) + D(x)x = 2xD(x), and D(xn) = nxn−1D(x), by the Leibniz rule.
 * More generally, for any $x_{1}, x_{2}, …, x_{n} ∈ A$, it follows by induction that
 * $$D(x_1x_2\cdots x_n) = \sum_i x_1\cdots x_{i-1}D(x_i)x_{i+1}\cdots x_n $$
 * which is $\sum_i D(x_i)\prod_{j\neq i}x_j$ if for all $i$, $D(x_{i})$ commutes with $$x_1,x_2,\ldots, x_{i-1}$$.

 * For n > 1, Dn is not a derivation, instead satisfying a higher-order Leibniz rule:
 * $$D^n(uv) = \sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k} \cdot D^{n-k}(u)\cdot D^k(v).$$
 * Moreover, if M is an A-bimodule, write
 * $$ \operatorname{Der}_K(A,M)$$
 * for the set of K-derivations from A to M.

 * DerK(A, M) is a module over K.
 * DerK(A) is a Lie algebra with Lie bracket defined by the commutator:
 * $$[D_1,D_2] = D_1\circ D_2 - D_2\circ D_1.$$
 * since it is readily verified that the commutator of two derivations is again a derivation.

 * There is an A-module $Ω_{A/K}$ (called the Kähler differentials) with a K-derivation $d: A → Ω_{A/K}$ through which any derivation $D: A → M$ factors. That is, for any derivation D there is a A-module map $φ$ with
 * $$ D: A\stackrel{d}{\longrightarrow} \Omega_{A/K}\stackrel{\varphi}{\longrightarrow} M $$
 * The correspondence $$ D\leftrightarrow \varphi$$ is an isomorphism of A-modules:
 * $$ \operatorname{Der}_K(A,M)\simeq \operatorname{Hom}_{A}(\Omega_{A/K},M)$$

 * If $k ⊂ K$ is a subring, then A inherits a k-algebra structure, so there is an inclusion
 * $$\operatorname{Der}_K(A,M)\subset \operatorname{Der}_k(A,M) ,$$
 * since any K-derivation is a fortiori a k-derivation.

Graded derivations
Given a graded algebra A and a homogeneous linear map D of grade $|D|$ on A, D is a homogeneous derivation if
 * $${D(ab)=D(a)b+\varepsilon^{|a||D|}aD(b)}$$

for every homogeneous element a and every element b of A for a commutator factor ε = ±1. A graded derivation is sum of homogeneous derivations with the same ε.

If ε = 1, this definition reduces to the usual case. If ε = −1, however, then
 * $${D(ab)=D(a)b+(-1)^{|a|}aD(b)}$$

for odd $|D|$, and D is called an anti-derivation.

Examples of anti-derivations include the exterior derivative and the interior product acting on differential forms.

Graded derivations of superalgebras (i.e. Z2-graded algebras) are often called superderivations.

Related notions
Hasse–Schmidt derivations are K-algebra homomorphisms

 * $$A \to At.$$

Composing further with the map which sends a formal power series $$\sum a_n t^n$$ to the coefficient $$a_1$$ gives a derivation.

title: Derivation (differential algebra)


text:
Roy Redgrave

George Ellsworthy "Roy" Redgrave (26 April 1873 – 25 May 1922) was an English stage and silent film actor. Redgrave is considered to be the first member of the Redgrave acting dynasty.

Early life
Born George Edward Redgrave in 122 Kennington Road, Kennington, a district of Lambeth in South London in 1873, he was the eldest son of George Augustus Redgrave (1851–81), a maker of the board game Bagatelle, and Zoe Beatrice Elsworthy (née Pym, later Howard; 1856–1936). By 1897, he was professionally known as Roy Redgrave apparently in the belief that he was descended from Rob Roy. The Redgrave family originated in the Northamptonshire village of Crick. Redgrave also assumed the middle name "Elsworthy" from his mother, and his sister took the stage name Dolly Elsworthy. Redgrave was the eldest of five siblings.

Family and career
His first wife was actress Ellen Maud Pratt, the daughter of prosperous Devon farmer John Dew Pratt of Buckland Monachorum. Her stage name was Judith Kyrle. They were married in Littleham-cum-Exmouth, Devon on 1 September 1894. Their careers reached a high point at their joint debut at the Britannia Theatre, Hoxton in April 1900 with Roy billed as "The Dramatic Cock o' the North". They had three children, John Kyrle born in 1895, Robin Roy (father of Major-General Sir Roy Redgrave) born in 1897 and Nellie Maud born in 1898.

About this time Redgrave fell in love with a young actress named Esther Mary Cooke (known on the stage as Ettie Carlisle), daughter of Victor Cooke, huntsman and riding master. Ellen discovered the affair and Ettie fled Britain for South Africa. Redgrave followed her to South Africa. Ettie married Clayton Parrett by special licence between 28 October and 10 November 1903, on a Sunday at St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town. Redgrave arrived two days later on the Tuesday. Ettie then left Clayton Parrett and went with Redgrave to Australia where she then bore him a son, Victor Redgrave Parrett, born 25 July 1906 in Australia.

At some point after initial Australian theatre work, Redgrave left for England alone. According to the "History of Australian Theatre" archives, American actress Minnie Tittell Brune made her first appearance in Australia on 21 September 1904 at Her Majesty's Theatre, Sydney in the play Sunday, supported by Roy Redgrave. Roy toured with her on the J.C. Williamson circuit. According to Corin Redgrave, Ellen (Judith) pursued Roy to Australia, arriving in time to pay his unsettled hotel bills, but she was unable to persuade him to return home with her to his family. Ellen remarried Frederick John Nettlefold, a respectable landed gentleman, in Brighton, England in 1907.

However Redgrave did return to Britain, appearing in repertory at the Grand Theatre, Brighton, where he met Daisy Bertha Mary Scudamore. She eventually adopted the stage name Margaret Scudamore. They married at Glasgow Register Office in 1907 while touring in the north and had one child, the actor Sir Michael Redgrave born on 20 March 1908, later to become the father of actors Vanessa, Corin and Lynn.

Six months after Michael's birth, Redgrave left Daisy (Margaret) and returned to Australia again, this time permanently. William Anderson, a Melbourne producer, had just built the King's Theatre, and needed actors. His name appears in June 1909, when he performed in the play The Bank of England. In 1910 he played Prince Michael in The Prince and the Beggar Maid in a tour of Australia. In the same year, Anderson, known for his fondness of the lurid and sensational, had Roy collaborate with him on a play about the just ended Dr. Crippen case. Crippen was hanged in November 1910. The play was called By Wireless Telegraphy, which was staged by Anderson at the King's Theatre, Melbourne, from 22 October 1910. Anderson was ruined financially by an expensive flop, and had to lease away his King's Theatre, and Redgrave turned his attention to the new and burgeoning film industry, under contract to Lincoln-Cass Films. Although he claimed he did not like motion picture acting he appeared in several silent films, beginning in 1911 with The Christian. Later he played the villain in Moondyne (1913) as well as six shorts, played the lead in Our Friends, the Hayseeds (1917), and co-starred in Robbery Under Arms (1920). Back in the UK, the forsaken Daisy had changed her name to Margaret and married Captain James Anderson, a wealthy tea planter.

Remaining in Australia
Redgrave remained in Australia until his death sometime in the 1920s, but exactly where he lived and when he died remained a mystery to his family in Britain until his granddaughter Lynn Redgrave visited Sydney with her then husband John Clark, and vowed to find him. Their search ended at the Sydney Opera House library, where, as she recounts in her play Shakespeare for My Father (page 48), they came up with Redgrave's obituary, learning that he had died on 25 May 1922, and was buried at South Head Cemetery. There they learned that he had been put in an unmarked grave by somebody called Minnie, who paid 15 shillings. (The idea that it may have been the religious Minnie Tittell Brune feeling sorry for him is enticing. More probably it was Minnie Hider, Esther's friend and confidante, who brought Victor up). They found the spot, and arranged for a headstone, asked his son Michael what it should say, and he said to put, simply, "Roy Redgrave, Actor". It was later discovered that Redgrave married Irish widow Mary Leresche in 1916. His marriage certificate makes reference to his previous marriage to Ellen (Judith) but not to any subsequent marriage to Daisy (Margaret Scudamore). Mary died in 1948.

Silent filmography

 * The Christian (1911) .... John Storm
 * Transported (1913)
 * The Sick Stockrider (1913)
 * The Road to Ruin (1913)
 * The Reprieve (1913)
 * The Remittance Man (1913)
 * Moondyne (1913) .... Isaac Bowman
 * The Crisis (1913)
 * Our Friends, the Hayseeds (1917) aka The Hayseeds (Australia) .... Dad Hayseed
 * Robbery Under Arms (1920) .... Dan Moran

title: Roy Redgrave