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Pira Sudham

Pira Sudham (Pira Canning Sudham) (พีระ สุธรรม, ), is an author of Thai descent. He was born in a village in Isan in northeastern Thailand. At age fourteen, he left Isan for Bangkok to become a servant to Buddhist monks in a monastery where he attended secondary school. Later, he entered Triam Udom High School, before gaining a place at Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University. He won a New Zealand government scholarship to read English Literature at Auckland University and then Victoria University of Wellington, where his first story was published by New Zealand's leading literary quarterly Landfall. Since then, Pira Sudham has been writing short stories, poems, and novels in English. He has not produced any literary works in the Thai language.

Influences
Pira Sudham's literary works, particularly "Monsoon Country" and its sequel "The Force of Karma" portray social and political transition in the shadowed kingdom, involving one of the richest men in the world and several prominent European personalities. They include a formidable German composer, a Bavarian orchestra conductor, an English antiquarian, a University of London graduate (the Yorkshire blond) and an impoverished Thai family living in the northeastern region of Thailand. The works cover the political turmoil and a massacre of pro-democracy activists in October 1973, the massacre of students at Thammasat University in October 1976 and the killing of protesters in the streets of Bangkok in May 1992. His short stories in "Tales of Thailand" and "People of Esarn - The Damned of Thailand & The Kingdom in Conflicts" deal with the subjects of deforestation, child trade, slavery, prostitution, sex tourism, drug trade, land loss, forced relocation and pollution.

Personal
Pira Sudham (Pira Canning Sudham) has lived over twenty years in New Zealand, Australia, Hong Kong and in the UK, writing short stories, poems, and his first novel, Monsoon Country. Now he lives in his home village in Isan, Northeastern Thailand.

Publications

 * Siamese Drama, a collection of short stories published by Siam Media International, Bangkok, in 1983. The author included more stories to the new collection, which was published under the title of "Tales of Thailand" by Shire Asia Publishers, Bangkok, in 1986.
 * People of Esarn, a collection of stories about the people of Isan, was published by Shire Asia Publishers, Bangkok, in 1987 The book was expanded into two parts, namely "People of Esarn – The Damned of Thailand and The Kingdom in Conflicts" and was published by Shire Asia Publishers in 2007.
 * Monsoon Country, a novel, was published by Shire Asia Publishers, Bangkok, 1988. The book has been revised and published in several editions including Rothershire Edition, Breakwater Edition (USA & Canada), Mahanaga Edition, Shadowed Country Edition and Castlecourt Edition.
 * Monsoon Country, an eBook, 2022 edition.
 * The Force of Karma A sequel to "Monsoon Country", was published by Shire Asia Publishers, Bangkok, in 2002. The novel has had several editions, including Castlecraft Edition.
 * The Force of Karma, an eBook, 2022 edition.
 * Shadowed Country , a hardback edition, combining "Monsoon Country" with its sequel, "The Force of Karma", was published by Asiashire, Bangkok, in 2004.
 * IT is the People: of Thailand and Other Countries, an ebook of an anthology of Pira Sudham's short stories, was published by DCO, Bangkok, in 2014. The collection includes a little monk's lament, a confession of a transvestite, a reflection of an Englishman's wife, tales of surviving in Bangkok by a little guttersnipe and a street food seller, a revelation of a prostitute, a recollection of a British prisoner of war, working on the Death Railway, a tale of a young Thai girl in search of love in Germany, a narrative on life of a child prostitute and an Italian's Asian adventure, and a gunman's change of heart.
 * Pira Sudham's Last Three Stories: Operation Mopping Up, A War on the Streets of Bangkok and To Australia and Back, eBook edition.
 * Pira Sudham's Curse: Evoking the spirit of Nid Chaiwana, the late teacher of Baan Huaykaew School, Chiangmai, the people who were responsible for your death by a hired gunman have now been cursed. May you rest in peace. At least Nid Chaiwana did not die in vain.
 * The Master: The man returned to a pack of hounds, throwing tit bits at them, causing a hell of a fight.
 * The Fall: A tree rotten to the core falls of its own accord.
 * Hard Times: It is more and more awry and war torn.
 * The End: Alas, the nuclear war.

title: Pira Sudham


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User:Klaus Piotrik Qais Felli-Littmann

 * bismi-llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm
 * by word, without Warranty: In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Hello, I am Peter Littmann a user from Neukölln(Berlin), Germany. I created my account on November 27, 2010, 13 years, 218 days ago, I have made over 5,712(over all Wikis) contributions to Wikipedia. I have created articles, which are listed here. I love peace and social partnership.

I was born on 29.10.1965 in Wedding(Berlin), Germany in the Rudolf-Virchow-Kinderkrankenhaus. I am just a poor man like many of my neighbors here in Neukölln. But I think, money is not really worth to think about it and worry about it. People and Friendship with them is all what counts in real life. Money comes and money goes, but the relationship with your friends may hopefully to stay for the rest of your life.

Don't Worry, Be Happy!

Articles

 * Interesting Ideas: Wikibusiness
 * The Shop of my wife: Computer nujum. Nujum is a arabic word and means star.

Wishes where I tried to assist

 * User:Peter Littmann/Vaishakhan.pm1988

my user page in my native language and country:German fr:Utilisateur:Peter Littmann

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Klaus Piotrik Qais Felli-Littmann


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Ivan Konev

Ivan Stepanovich Konev (Ива́н Степа́нович Ко́нев; 28 December 1897 – 21 May 1973) was a Soviet general and Marshal of the Soviet Union who led Red Army forces on the Eastern Front during World War II, responsible for taking much of Axis-occupied Eastern Europe.

Born to a peasant family, Konev was conscripted into the Imperial Russian Army in 1916 and fought in World War I. In 1919, he joined the Bolsheviks and served in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. After graduating from Frunze Military Academy in 1926, Konev gradually rose through the ranks of the Soviet military. By 1939, he had become a candidate to the Central Committee of the Communist Party.

Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Konev took part in a series of major campaigns, including the battles of Moscow and Rzhev. Konev further commanded forces in major Soviet offensives at Kursk, in the Dnieper–Carpathian and Vistula–Oder offensives. In February 1944, he was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union. On the eve of German defeat, Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front was pitted against the armies of Georgy Zhukov in the Race to Berlin. Konev was the first Allied commander to enter Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia, after the Prague uprising.

He replaced Zhukov as commander of Soviet ground forces in 1946. In 1956, he was appointed commander of the Warsaw Pact armed forces, and led the violent suppression of the Hungarian Revolution and Prague Spring. In 1961, as commander of Soviet forces in East Germany, he ordered the closing of West Berlin to East Berlin during the building of the Berlin Wall. Konev remained a popular military figure in the Soviet Union until his death in 1973.

Early life
Konev was born 28 December 1897 in the village of Lodeyno in the Nikolsky Uyezd of Vologda Governorate to a peasant family of Russian ethnicity. Konev graduated from a parish school in the village of Yakovlevskaya Gora in 1906, and later the Nikolo-Pushemsky Zemstvo School in the neighboring village of Schetkino in 1912. At the age of 15, he found work as a forester and lumberjack at Podosinovets and Arkhangelsk.

Military career
In the beginning of 1915, he was conscripted into the Imperial Russian Army. Konev was sent to the 2nd Heavy Artillery Brigade at Moscow and then graduated from artillery training courses. Posted to the 2nd Separate Heavy Artillery Battalion (then part of the Southwestern Front) as a junior sergeant in 1917, he fought in the Kerensky Offensive in Galicia in July 1917.

When the October Revolution broke out in November 1917, he was demobilized and returned home; in 1918, he joined the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Red Army, serving as an artilleryman. During the Russian Civil War of 1917-1923, he served with the Red Army in the Russian Far Eastern Republic. His commander at one time was Kliment Voroshilov, a close colleague of Joseph Stalin, who later became People's Commissar for Defense (in office: 1925-1940). (This connection was the key to Konev's subsequent career and to his protection during the Great Purge of the late 1930s. ) In his memoirs, he wrote: "Together with a group of demobilized soldiers, I organized the overthrow of the land administration, the confiscation of agricultural land and the imprisonment of traders." He participated in the violent suppression of the 1921 Kronstadt rebellion.

In 1926 Konev completed advanced officer training courses at the Frunze Military Academy, and between then and 1941 he held a series of progressively more senior commands, becoming head first of the Transbaikal then of the North Caucasus Military Districts in 1940 and 1941, respectively. In 1934 he became commander and political commissar of the 37th Rifle Division. In July 1938, he was appointed commander of the 2nd Red Banner Army. In 1937 he became a Deputy of the Supreme Soviet and in 1939 a candidate member of the Party Central Committee.

World War II
When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Konev was assigned command of the 19th Army in the Vitebsk region, and waged a series of defensive battles during the Red Army's retreat, first to Smolensk and then to the approaches to Moscow.

He commanded the Kalinin Front from October 1941 to August 1942, playing a key role in the fighting around Moscow and the Soviet counter-offensive during the winter of 1941–42. For his role in the successful defense of the Soviet capital, Stalin promoted Konev to Colonel-General. In the summer of 1942 Konev led the Kalinin Front and later the Western Front in the battle on the Rzhev salient.

Konev held "Front" (army group) commands for the rest of the war. He commanded the Soviet Western Front until February 1943, the North-Western Front February–July 1943, and the 2nd Ukrainian Front from July 1943 (later further the 1st Ukrainian Front) until May 1945.

He participated in the Battle of Kursk, commanding the southern part of the Soviet counter-offensive, the Steppe Front, where he actively and energetically promoted maskirovka (the use of military camouflage and deception). Among the maskirovka measures he adopted to achieve tactical surprise were the camouflaging of defense lines and depots; dummy units and supply points; a dummy air-defense network; and the use of reconnaissance units to verify the quality of his army's camouflage and deception works. In David Glantz's view, Konev's forces "generated a major portion of the element of surprise".

As a result, the Germans seriously underestimated the strength of the Soviet defenses. The commander of the 19th Panzer division of the Wehrmacht, General G. Schmidt, wrote that "We did not assume that there was even one fourth [of the Russian strength] of what we had to encounter".

After the Soviet victory (August 1943) at Kursk, Konev's armies retook Belgorod, Odessa, Kharkiv and Kyiv. The subsequent Korsun–Shevchenkovsky Offensive led to the Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket which took place from 24 January to 16 February 1944. The offensive was part of the Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive. In it, the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts, commanded, respectively, by Nikolai Vatutin and by Konev, trapped German forces of Army Group South in a pocket or "cauldron" west of the Dnieper river. During weeks of fighting, the two Red Army Fronts tried to eradicate the pocket; the subsequent Korsun battle eliminated the cauldron. According to Milovan Djilas, Konev openly boasted of his killing of thousands of German prisoners of war: "The cavalry finally finished them off. 'We let the Cossacks cut up as long as they wished. They even hacked off the hands of those who raised them to surrender' the Marshal recounted with a smile."

For Konev's achievements in Ukraine, the Presidium promoted him to Marshal of the Soviet Union in February 1944. Konev was one of Stalin's favorite generals and one of the few senior commanders whom even Stalin admired for his ruthlessness.

During 1944 Konev's armies advanced from Ukraine and Belarus into Poland and later into Czechoslovakia. In May 1944 he participated in an unsuccessful invasion of the Balkans, (the first Jassy–Kishinev Offensive) together with Generals Rodion Malinovsky and Fyodor Tolbukhin.

By July, he had advanced to the Vistula River in central Poland, and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In September 1944 his forces, now designated the Fourth Ukrainian Front, advanced into Slovakia and fought alongside the Slovak partisans in their rebellion against German occupation.

In January 1945, Konev, together with Georgy Zhukov, commanded the Soviet armies which launched the massive winter offensive in western Poland, driving the German forces from the Vistula to the Oder River. In southern Poland his armies seized Kraków (18 January 1945). Soviet historians, and generally Russian sources, claimed that Konev preserved Kraków from Nazi-planned destruction by ordering a lightning attack on the city. Konev's January 1945 offensive also prevented planned destruction of the Silesian industry by the retreating Germans.

In April Konev's troops, together with the 1st Belorussian Front under his competitor, Marshal Zhukov, forced the line of the Oder and advanced towards Berlin. Konev's forces entered the city first, but Stalin gave Zhukov the honor of capturing Berlin and hoisting the Soviet flag over the Reichstag. Konev was ordered to the south-west, where his forces linked up with elements of the United States Army at Torgau (25 April 1945) and also retook Prague (9 May 1945) shortly after the official surrender of the German forces.

Post-war career
After the war the Soviet Union appointed Konev as head of the Soviet occupation forces in Eastern Germany and also Allied High Commissioner for Austria. In 1946 he became Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces and First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union, replacing Zhukov. He held these posts until 1950, when he was appointed commander of the Carpathian Military District. He held this post until 1960, when he retired from active service. In 1961–62, however, he was recalled and was again commander of the Soviet forces in East Germany, where he ordered the closing of West Berlin to East Berlin during the construction of the Berlin Wall. He was then appointed to the largely ceremonial post of Inspector-General of the Defense Ministry.

Following the Prague Spring, Konev headed a delegation that visited Czechoslovakia in May 1968 to celebrate the anniversary of the Soviet victory during World War II. After Stalin's death, Konev returned to prominence. He became a key ally of the new party leader Nikita Khrushchev, being entrusted with the trial of the Stalinist police chief Lavrenty Beria in 1953. He was again appointed First Deputy Minister of Defense and commander of Soviet ground forces, posts he held until 1956, when he was named Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Warsaw Pact. Shortly after his appointment he led the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution. It has been claimed that Konev visited military units in Czechoslovakia in order to obtain first-hand information to better assess the situation in the country, but there is no documentary evidence to support this.

The British military historian John Erickson wrote that he was surprised with the extent of personal archives (lichnye arkhivy) held by former Red Army soldiers of many ranks, and that "there is no substitute for having the late Marshal Koniev (sic) – spectacles perched on nose – read from his own personal notebook, detailing operational orders, his own personal instructions to select commanders and his tally of Soviet casualties. And while on the subject of casualties, Marshal Koniev made it plain that, though such figures did exist, he was not prepared on his own authority to allow certain figures to be released for publication while a number of commanders were still alive."

Konev remained one of the Soviet Union's most admired military figures until his death in 1973. He married twice, and his daughter Nataliya is Dean of the Department of Linguistics and Literature at the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

In 1969, the Ministry of Defence of the USSR published Konev's 285-page war memoir called Forty-Five. It was later translated into English in the same year and published by Progress Publishers, Moscow. This work discusses Konev's taking of Berlin, Prague, his work with Zhukov, Stalin, his field meeting with General Omar Bradley and Jascha Heifetz. In English, the book was titled I. Konev – Year of Victory. It was also published in Spanish and French under the titles El Año 45 and L'an 45 respectively.

Konev died on 21 May 1973 at age 75 in Moscow. Following his cremation, his ashes were placed in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis with those of the greatest figures of the USSR, and can still be visited today.

Monuments
Konev has monuments, primarily in Russia. The places include Svidník, Patriot Park (Moscow region), Kirov, Belgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, and Vologda.

On 9 January 1991, his memorial sculpture in Kraków was dismantled less than just 4 years after it had been unveiled. The sculpture was given to the Russian city of Kirov. The memorial plaque in front of the apartment building where he lived (three blocks from the Kremlin) is still mounted on the brick wall.

The Konev monument erected by the communist government of Czechoslovakia in Prague 6 (náměstí Interbrigády) in 1980 became a subject of controversy that escalated in 2018, after which the city administration added explanatory text to the monument, noting the participation of its subject in the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution and the Prague Spring. The monument was removed on 3 April 2020, with the Czech president Miloš Zeman criticizing the removal as "an abuse of the state of emergency". Within days, the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation announced it would begin a symbolic investigation of the alleged "defiling of symbols of Russia's military glory".

Honours and awards

 * Soviet Union

 * Honorary citizen of Bălți (Moldova) and other cities

 * Foreign

title: Ivan Konev


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Virtual Telecommunications Access Method

Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (VTAM) is the IBM subsystem that implements Systems Network Architecture (SNA) for mainframe environments. VTAM provides an application programming interface (API) for communication applications, and controls communication equipment such as adapters and controllers. In modern terminology, VTAM provides a communication stack and device drivers.

History
VTAM was introduced in 1974 after a series of delays as a major component of SNA along with the 370x Network Control Program (NCP) and Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC).

In IBM terminology, VTAM is an access method software allowing application programs to read and write data to and from external devices. It is called 'virtual' because it was introduced at the time when IBM was introducing virtual storage by upgrading the operating systems of the System/360 series to virtual storage versions. VTAM was supposed to be the successor to the older telecommunications access methods, such as Basic Telecommunications Access Method (BTAM) and Telecommunications Access Method (TCAM), which were maintained for compatibility reasons. As such, VTAM is comparable with the Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM), which was at that time a new and supposedly converged access method for disk storage.

ACF/VTAM
Originally, VTAM was provided free of charge like most systems software of that time. However, VTAM 2 was the last version to be freely available. ACF/VTAM (Advanced Communication Function/Virtual Telecommunications Access Method) was introduced in 1976 and was provided for a licence fee. The major new feature of ACF/VTAM was the Multisystem Networking Facility, which introduced "implementation of intersystem communication among multiple S/370s.".

A limited version of ACF/VTAM known as ACF/VTAME (Advanced Communications Function for the Virtual Telecommunications Access Method Entry) was made available for DOS/VSE systems running on the IBM 4300.

SNA Services
VTAM has been renamed to be the SNA Services feature of Communications Server for OS/390. This software package also provides TCP/IP functions. VTAM is used in multiple enterprises as of September 2019.

Features
VTAM supports several network protocols, including SDLC, Token Ring, start-stop, Bisync, local (channel attached) 3270 devices, and later TCP/IP.

In a VTAM network, communication took place through an integrated communication adapter in the mainframe itself, or by a separate programmable front-end processor, the IBM 3745/3746 Communications Processor, with its own operating system, the Network Control Program NCP. These machines are no longer actively marketed by IBM, but are still supported. IBM provides hardware maintenance and microcode updates for the estimated 20,000 installed 3745/3746 controllers. A robust third party industry of smaller 3745/3746 specialty companies provide such controllers, upgrades, features, and related support services. VTAM and SNA are still in use by many enterprises.

Initially, VTAM only allowed communication between mainframes and peripheral equipment such as terminals, distributed processors and minicomputers. Later, 'cross-domain' services were introduced (not to be confused with TCP/IP domains) allowing SNA networks with more than one mainframe. A subsequent development was SNA Network Interconnect (SNI), allowing networks of different organizational entities (firms) to be interconnected with a high degree of independence. Finally, Advanced Peer to Peer Networking functions (APPN) were added to VTAM. In APPN the mainframe is no longer the heart of the network, but all nodes in the network are considered as peers. One of the reasons why APPN was introduced was to act as a DECnet-killer, but by the time APPN was actually shipped the popularity of DECnet had already declined. APPN was considered overly complex and as of 2012 has been largely superseded by TCP/IP.


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Wilson Lowry

Wilson Lowry FRS (24 January 1762 – 23 June 1824) was an English engraver.

Life
He was born at Whitehaven, Cumberland, the son of Strickland Lowry, a portrait painter. The family settled in Worcester, and Wilson Lowry, as a boy, left home to work as a house painter in London and Arundel, Sussex. On returning home is received some instruction in engraving from a local craftsman.

He went to London at the age of 18 with an introduction to the print seller John Boydell, who gave him work and introduced him to William Blizard, the surgeon. Blizard encouraged Lowry to become a surgeon and for four years he undertook training, but abandoned it.

Lowry studied under John Browne, the landscape engraver and also received training at the Royal Academy Schools. Lowry developed a number of special instruments to assist his work: about 1790 he devised a ruling machine; in 1801 a device for generating elliptical curves; in 1806 another for making perspective drawings. Lowry was the first engraver to use diamond points and to discover the composition of a corrosive fluid for biting the lines into steel plates.

Lowry specialised in making engraving of architectural and mechanical topics, and excelled in perspective views of machinery. His work appears in Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine, and the Journal of the Society of Arts, Wilkins's Magna Graecia (1807), and Vitruvius (1812), Peter Nicholson's Principles of Architecture (1795–98), and Architectural Dictionary (1819), George Crabb's Technological Dictionary (1823), and the Encyclopædia Metropolitana. Lowry's most famous work in this field was undoubtedly the work he did for Rees's Cyclopædia between 1802 and 1819, including contributing articles, but did work for other encyclopaedias including Pantologia and the British Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.

Lowry was a founder member of the Geological Society and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1812. He died at his residence, Great Titchfield Street, London.

Family
He married firstly a Miss Porter: they had two daughters, one of whom, Matilda, (who became Mrs Hemming) was a portrait painter. He married secondly mineralogist Rebecca (1761–1848), daughter of Abraham Delvalle, of a Sephardic Jewish family of "small but prosperous" snuff and tobacco merchants settled in England and which had gained British citizenship, and sister of Abigail Delvalle, mother of the economist David Ricardo. They had a son Joseph Wilson Lowry and a daughter Delvalle Lowry, who married John Varley the landscape painter.

title: Wilson Lowry


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Stan Keyes

Stanley Kazmierczak Keyes, (born May 17, 1953 in Hamilton, Ontario) is a Canadian diplomat and former politician.

Before politics
Before entering politics, Keyes was a television news reporter from 1973 to 1988. He covered local news in Hamilton, Ontario, Queen’s Park, Toronto and Parliament Hill, Ottawa.

Political career
Keyes was first elected to the House of Commons in 1988 election as the Liberal Party of Canada Member of Parliament for Hamilton West. He was subsequently reelected in 1993, 1997 and 2000 elections. In 2003, he was appointed Minister of National Revenue, Minister of State (Sport), Minister Responsible for the Canada Post Corporation and Minister Responsible for the Royal Canadian Mint. Keyes served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Transport from February 1996 to July 1998.

During the 2004 election, he ran as the Liberal candidate for the redistributed riding of Hamilton Centre, but was defeated by the New Democratic Party candidate David Christopherson, a former provincial cabinet minister.

For two years between 2002 and 2004, Keyes was Chair of the National Liberal Caucus and Chair of the National Liberal Caucus Executive Committee. Previously, he served as Chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Transport and Chair of the House of Commons Liaison Committee. From 1988 to 2003, Keyes was a member of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Standing Committee on Transport and the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade. He also led Government of Canada Task Forces on High Speed Rail, Airports, and the Canadian Sports System. His leadership on the Ports and Harbours Task Force earned him the American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA) Port Person of the Year Award, the first Canadian to be so honoured.

On August 2, 2005, Keyes was appointed Canadian consul general to Boston. The Conservative government of Stephen Harper replaced Keyes as Canada's representative in Boston on July 13, 2006, with Neil LeBlanc, a former Nova Scotia Tory finance minister and leadership candidate.

After politics
On October 16, 2006, Keyes became the new President of the Canadian Payday Loan Association. He retired on April 17, 2016.

In November 2015, the Province of Ontario appointed Keyes to the Hamilton Port Authority Board of Directors.

In January 2017, Keyes was selected to serve on the Board of Directors of John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport.

Personal life
Keyes is married to Catherine. They have two daughters, Caitlin and Hillary.

title: Stan Keyes


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Babywearing

Babywearing is the practice of wearing or carrying a baby in a sling or in another form of carrier. Babywearing has been practiced for millennia around the world. Babywearing is a form of baby transport which can be used for as long as mutually desired, often until toddlerhood and beyond. In the industrialized world, babywearing has gained popularity in recent decades. Part of the reason for this shift is due to the influence of advocates of attachment parenting.

History
An early example of skin-to-skin infant care is the traditional Inuit woman's garment, the amauti, had a large pouch at the back where the baby would sit against the mother's bare back.

The Dayak people of Borneo traditionally employed a wooden baby carrier called a bening.

Benefits
Pediatrician Dr. William Sears coined the phrase attachment parenting to describe an approach emphasizing the facilitation of strong bonds between a child and their parents. Sears attributes many benefits to babywearing and holding children generally.

The benefits of babywearing include:

 * In the wearing of newborns in particular, the mothers' oxytocin levels are increased through the physical contact with the infant, leading to a more intimate maternal bond, easier breastfeeding and better care, thus lowering the incidence of postpartum depression and psychosomatic illness in the mother; similarly, the father carrying the baby has benefits for the paternal bond.
 * Infants who are carried are generally calmer, as more of their primal/survival needs are met. The caregiver can be seen, heard, smelled, touched, tasted, provide feeding and the motion necessary for continuing neural development, gastrointestinal and respiratory health and to establish balance (inner ear development) and muscle tone is constant.
 * Parental rhythms (walking, heartbeat, etc.) can have balancing and soothing effects on infants.
 * Appropriate babywearing, particularly inward-facing babywearing can be beneficial to neck muscle development, and contribute positively to healthy hip development.
 * Infants are "humanized" earlier by developing socially. Babies are closer to people and can study facial expressions, learn languages faster and be familiar with body language.
 * Independence is established earlier.
 * Attachment between child and caregiver is more secure.
 * Decreases risk of positional plagiocephaly ("flat head syndrome") caused by extended time spent in a car seat and by sleeping on the back.
 * It reduces DDH (developmental dysplasia of hip) which results due to longer durations spent in car seats or strollers. It allows wide base of support which supports ball and socket of hip which are not properly developed in babies or younger kids. Studies show it is less common in India due to their traditional way of carrying infants in their initial age.

Kangaroo care, in which the baby's bare body rests against the parent's bare chest, with or without a baby sling, has shown clear benefits to premature and ill infants.

Studies of parent-child attachment, parental satisfaction and infant crying point to babywearing as a satisfactory arrangement for both parents and baby. Baby carriers and slings help increase the number of hours a day an infant is held, and proponents believe that the more a baby is held, the less the baby cries. However, this experience is not universal; for example, the indigenous Munduruku people of Brazil use baby slings to carry their babies all day. The babies are allowed to nurse freely, and are passed from one woman or girl to another to be carried throughout the day. Yet, the Munduruku babies cry very frequently despite being carried all day.

Practicality
Babywearing allows the wearer to have two free hands to accomplish two handed tasks while caring for the baby's need to be held or be breastfed. Babywearing offers a safer alternative to placing a car seat on top of a shopping cart. It also allows children to be involved in social interactions and to see their surroundings as an adult would.

It follows that many sling and soft carrier users have found that carrying their infant is much easier on the back and shoulders than lugging them in a car seat. The weight of the child is spread more evenly across the upper body and they don't have to struggle with a bulky, hard and awkward car seat.

There are many different types of carriers. They can be purchased or made by the parent or caregiver. Wraps, baby slings, mei tais, backpack carriers and soft structured carriers with buckles (also referred to as SSCs) make up the vast majority of carriers. In the western world, carriers can also be seen as a fashion statement and be worn as part of an outfit. They come in many different designs and colors and are available in many different types of fabrics from specialist manufacturers, including bamboo, silk, hemp, cotton, wool, fleece, flax/linen and more recently some synthetic blends such as Repreve and Tencel.

Infant feeding and babywearing
Breastfeeding and babywearing often go hand in hand. Many baby slings and other carriers offer mothers privacy and for many mothers, the option of nursing hands-free while tending to other activities or household chores. Not all mothers can nurse hands-free in a baby carrier. Large-breasted mothers and mothers of small or hypotonic infants may need to support the breast or help maintain proper positioning of the baby's head or body. Even so, a properly adjusted baby carrier can help reduce an arm strain and allow a parent more freedom of movement while nursing, even if it does not allow her to be completely hands-free.

Babywearing can help premature babies and babies who are slow weight gainers to gain weight at a faster rate. Since the baby is held up close to the parent, the baby will be able to be nursed more often and often for longer intervals.

Breastfeeding with a sling or carrier is not simple for all parents. Before attempting to breastfeed in a carrier, it is critical to first master the technique of nursing without a carrier. Latch and position are critical, and they must be established before adding a carrier to the mix. In cases where nursing is problematic, babywearing can help to simplify other aspects of parenting by giving a parent free hands to deal with breastpumps, bottles, and other supplementation devices.

Some parents prefer, even with the best carriers, to take time out and sit down to nurse a baby. Some babies may reflexively clamp down when nursing while a parent moves around, so nursing while babywearing is not always entirely comfortable. Individual experience will vary radically not only from parent to parent, but also from baby to baby, even within the same family. Some babies nurse very well in slings and carriers, others do not.

Where breastfeeding is not possible, babywearing can aid attachment by encouraging closeness during bottle feeding. Daycare providers and foster parents often find that babywearing allows them to better meet the needs of multiple children by freeing hands during times when babies need to be held. It is possible to wear two children at once; this is known as tandem babywearing. This can be done with twins or with two children of different ages.

Safety

As with any physical activity, there are certain safety precautions which must be considered in babywearing. The guidelines are particularly important to remember when carrying a newborn baby that has limited head control. The acronym TICKS was created to assist with remembering the safety basics of babywearing:

 * Tight
 * In view
 * Close enough to kiss
 * Keep chin off the chest
 * Supported back

In the case of a caregiver accidentally tripping or falling while wearing a baby, the wearer's arms would likely be free to break the fall, while the child remained relatively safe close to the carer's center of gravity. If the child was being carried in arms without a carrier, the likelihood of injury would be much higher due to the impossibility of the carer being able to both hold the child safely and protect themselves from injury.

Exercise with babies in slings and carriers is now a growing way of parents being able to undertake exercise and movement-based classes with their babies. It has been reported to increase mother-child bonding through physiological and neurological pathways. It is important to find a safe and qualified provider who can ensure the safety of the parent and the baby in the particular exercise class. Babywearing yoga is particularly popular as it does not involve bouncing and moving fast whilst carrying baby in slings.

title: Babywearing


text:
Battle of Cravant

The Battle of Cravant was fought on 31 July 1423, during the Hundred Years' War between English and French forces at the village of Cravant in Burgundy, at a bridge and ford on the banks of the river Yonne, a left-bank tributary of the Seine, southeast of Auxerre. The battle ended in a victory for the English and their Burgundian allies.

Background
After the Treaty of Troyes in 1420, the English king was permitted to occupy all the country north of the Loire. In 1422, with Henry V suddenly dead and an infant King Henry VI of England assuming the throne, hostilities resumed.

In the early summer of 1423, the French Dauphin Charles assembled an army at Bourges intending to invade Burgundian territory. This French army contained a large number of Scots under John Stewart, Earl of Buchan, who was commanding the entire mixed force, as well as Spanish and Lombard mercenaries. This army besieged the town of Cravant. The garrison of Cravant requested help from the Dowager Duchess of Burgundy, who raised troops and in turn sought support from Burgundy's English allies, which was forthcoming. The two allied armies, one English, one Burgundian, rendezvoused at Auxerre on 29 July.

Allied preparations
The allied commanders held a council of war in Auxerre Cathedral on the evening of 29 July. This led to the drafting of an order of battle, covering a mixture of tactical and disciplinary matters. The army was clearly intending to fight a dismounted action, with horses taken to the rear, and archers were to prepare anti-cavalry stakes. That night the army was ordered to pray for victory. The march was to begin at 10 o'clock the following morning.

Allies
The combined English and Burgundian forces were led by Jean de Toulongeon, Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, with Lord Willoughby as second in command. The Anglo-Burgundian army mustered about 4,000 men (2000 Burgundians and 2000 English), including 1500 men-at-arms (500 English and 1000 Burgundian), 1500 English archers, some Burgundian crossbowmen and pioneers and 40 veuglaires (light artillery), manned by the citizens of Auxerre.

French
The French army was commanded by Sir John Stewart of Darnley with Louis, Count of Vendôme, as second in command. There were about 4,000 Scots. A sizeable French force was present with smaller forces of Aragonese and Lombard mercenaries. The Dauphinist army was larger than the Anglo-Burgundian force perhaps by two to three times.

Battle
The allied army marched throughout 30 July and that evening, 6 km short of Cravant, sighted the enemy. The following day, having assessed the enemy position as too strong, they crossed the river Yonne and attempted to reach Cravant by another route. Approaching the town from across the river, the allies saw that the French army had changed position and was now waiting for them on the other bank. For three hours the forces watched each other, neither willing to attempt an opposed river crossing. Eventually, the Scots archers began shooting into the allied ranks. The allied artillery replied, supported by their own archers and crossbowmen.

Seeing the Dauphinists were suffering casualties and becoming disordered, Salisbury took the initiative and his army began to cross the waist-high river, some 50 metres wide, under a covering barrage of arrows from the English archers. Meanwhile, another force under Willoughby attacked the Scots across the narrow bridge and divided the Dauphin's army. The French began to withdraw, but the Scots refused to flee and fought on, to be cut down by the hundreds. Perhaps 1,200–3,000 of them fell at the bridgehead or along the riverbanks, and over 2,000 prisoners were taken, including Darnley (who also lost an eye) and the Comte de Vendôme. While the Anglo-Burgundians were fighting, the Burgundian knights in Cravant came out from the fortress following the lord of Chastellux and launched a devastating cavalry charge against the Dauphinist forces which completely broke their lines. Being crushed from two sides the Dauphinist army fled the battlefield.

The Dauphin's forces retreated to the Loire. On 2 August, the English and Burgundian armies withdrew separately from Cravant, the Burgundians marching to Dijon, the English to Montaiguillon.

Aftermath
The success at Cravant was the first for a joint English and Burgundian army. Despite this success, the allies would rarely fight together again, usually operating separately from one another. The Dauphinists would suffer an even greater defeat the following year at the Battle of Verneuil.

title: Battle of Cravant


text:
Talk:Snus

Source funded by the tobacco industry
This article includes the following web page as a source: http://www.tobaccoharmreduction.org (added as a source back in 2013). The main author of this source is listed as "Carl V. Phillips". The page says that he "works as a consultant and advisor for various organizations and companies involved with tobacco harm reduction". Digging a little further, many of the articles written by this author (e.g. 1, 2, 3) are funded by the U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company, a subsidiary of Altria (formerly Philip Morris), and one of the largest manufacturers of smokeless tobacco.

Furthermore, TobaccoTactics (a research project of University of Bath) has identified Carl V. Phillips as having received financial backing from the tobacco industry: https://tobaccotactics.org/wiki/carl-v-phillips/.

I believe this source should be removed as per WP:QUESTIONABLE, WP:SPONSORED. – Mandelbr0t (talk) 16:13, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Yeah, not a good source.
 * However, it was used as a source for a bad paragraph in general, so I simply removed the myth and rephrased the paragraph. Wikipedia isn't Snoopes, it's an encyclopedia. KristofferR (talk) 02:38, 14 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The whole article has a broadly pro-snus tone to it, which suggests there may have been some COI editing. --Ef80 (talk) 11:16, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @Ef80 As opposed to "anti-snus"? In the "Health Effects" section, citation 2 reports contradictory results within the very study itself, variously reporting no cancer risk or increased cancer-specific mortality, yet it is confidently asserted snus use is a risk factor for these various illnesses tied to that citation. Significantly, the authors state that snus use "probably increases" risk of esophageal and pancreatic cancer, and "may increase the risk" of other cancers. They are obviously uncertain of their results, but if I didn't read the study, I would come to the conclusion that snus use must increase the risk of these cancers.
 * Citation 3 is an analysis of various smokeless tobacco products as opposed to only snus. I quote, There appears to be some difference in this effect based on the type of SLT product used. The authors use a "snus/snuff" category, whatever that means. Snus is uniquely produced compared to any other form of snuff. And curiously, the authors cite controlling for smoking, but nothing else. Exercise levels? Diet? Alcohol consumption? Family history? Nothing is mentioned about them in what is freely available of the study.
 * Citation 4 says nothing about its results in the abstract, nor does it specify an analysis of snus specifically, and there's no telling what it says without paid access to the article.
 * There is a transparent lack of rigor in assessing the health risks of various tobacco and nicotine products on this website insofar as it regards claims of positive or neutral effects, as opposed to negative, and this article is no different. But surely there is no bias against these products here that should be accounted for, and any source that claims otherwise must be dismissed as "COI editing" on account of its funding, with no impartial assessment of the actual citation, right? Clarissa Richardson (talk) 23:21, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I seem to have touched a nerve. --Ef80 (talk) 11:44, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

Remove "Creative use" section?
The section about creative use feels really out of place, just like vodka tampons would, if we had added a "Creative use" section on the Vodka article. In my mind it conflicts with several notability requirements, like WP:NOTTEMPORARY, WP:SUSTAINED etc.

Most importantly of all, it just feels stupid, and cheapens the article quality to include the latest teenager scandal of some Danish tabloids. KristofferR (talk) 02:52, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

Health risks
Parts of this section, which has a warning label, are muddled and have little to do with the subject of the article. I've tried editing it. Material cut appears below. Chrismorey (talk) 17:00, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Reduced smoking is not something unique in the United States, but rather a global trend that is most likely due to a greater awareness of the harmful health effects that smoking comes with. However, the United States is not a heavy smoking nation, but there are other countries that have significantly more problems with a large proportion of the population using cigarettes. Most are found in Europe, where The big problem with smoking in Europe is something that

 * Someone came in a couple of years ago and insisted on radically expanding the "dangers" section, ignoring 200 studies showing the risks are minimal, and instead lumping snus with American dipping tobacco. I just stepped back knowing they would get bored eventually.  The majority of the prose should be on the product and history, not dangers.  Obviously snus has risks (pancreatic cancer in particular) but the risks are a fraction of a fraction of other tobacco products, and really, we should be presenting the studies that demonstrate this instead of generalized "tobacco is bad" stuff. Dennis Brown - 2¢ 17:56, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Studies on snus
"Snus users had lower systolic blood pressure than tobacco nonusers in the unadjusted data." Do we really want this in an encyclopedia? If it is unajusted, it does not mean much. In general, I feel the article should rely more on reviews and healthcare recommendations than single studies, per WP:SECONDARY. Ffaffff (talk) 19:51, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I will remove that bit then. Ffaffff (talk) 00:02, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Upperdecky
Upperdecky is common name 2600:1017:B01F:1063:C571:CF2:893B:4556 (talk) 19:17, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snus


text:
Rey Pagtakhan

Reynaldo Daluz Pagtakhan, (born 7 January 1935) is a Canadian physician, professor and politician. He was a cabinet minister in the governments of Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin, and served as a Member of Parliament from 1988 until his defeat in the 2004 election.

Education
Born at the Mary Johnston Hospital in Manila and raised in Bacoor, Cavite in the Philippines, Pagtakhan received his Doctor of Medicine from the University of the Philippines. He is a brother of the Mu Sigma Phi, the first, the largest, and the most acclaimed medical fraternity in Asia. He completed his pediatric residency and cardiology fellowship at the Washington University Medical Center/St. Louis Children's Hospital and his Master of Science from the University of Manitoba and respirology fellowship at the Children's Hospital of Winnipeg. The degree of Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) was conferred on Pagtakhan by the University of the Philippines. In 2010, the degree of Doctor of Science (honoris causa) conferred by the University of Perpetual Help Rizal Jonelta Foundation-School of Medicine

Medical career and community involvement
Prior to his political career, Pagtakhan was a Full Professor of Pediatrics and Child Health at the University of Manitoba Faculty of Medicine. He joined the medical faculty at the University of Manitoba in 1971 as a lecturer and became a professor in 1985. He also worked as a pediatric respirologist at the Winnipeg Children's Hospital between 1971 and 1988.

In addition to the above responsibilities, Pagtakhan also served as Director of the Manitoba Cystic Fibrosis Centre, President of the Manitoba Pediatric Society, member of the Winnipeg Police Commission, the first chair of the Board of Presidents of the Canadian Ethnocultural Council, and National President of the United Council of Filipino Canadian Associations in Canada.

In 1986, he was elected as a Winnipeg school trustee in the St. Vital district and served in that capacity until 1988.

Political career
Pagtakhan was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1988 federal election in the riding of Winnipeg North, defeating incumbent New Democrat David Orlikow who had held the riding since 1962. He became the first Filipino-born Canadian to be elected to the House of Commons. He was easily re-elected in the 1993 election, defeating New Democratic challenger Judy Wasylycia-Leis. In the elections of 1997 and 2000, he was elected for the redistributed riding of Winnipeg North-St. Paul.

Pagtakhan served as parliamentary secretary to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien from 23 February 1996, to 15 July 1998. He was appointed to cabinet on 9 January 2001, and served as Secretary of State (Asia-Pacific) until 15 January 2002. His appointment to cabinet marked the first time in over 75 years that an M.P. from north Winnipeg became a member of the federal cabinet. As Secretary of State (Asia-Pacific), Pagtakhan took on a number of tasks including representing Canada as Head of its delegation to the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.

On 15 January 2002, he was promoted to Minister of Veterans Affairs and Minister responsible for Manitoba. In this capacity, he served on the Cabinet Committees on Economic Union, Social Union and Government Communications.

During his tenure as Minister responsible for Manitoba (also known as the Senior Minister for Manitoba), Pagtakhan was part of the government that funded major projects in Manitoba such as the expansion of the Red River Floodway and the Canadian Museum for Human Rights. Pagtakhan also served as Secretary of State (Science, Research and Development) from 26 May 2002, to 12 December 2003.

On 12 December 2003, new prime minister Paul Martin appointed him as Minister of Western Economic Diversification. In this capacity he served on the Cabinet Committees on Domestic Affairs and Aboriginal Affairs. During his tenure in this position, Pagtakhan, amongst other things, announced funding for the Winnipeg-based International Centre for Infectious Diseases.

Further redistribution pushed Pagtakhan back into the riding of Winnipeg North for the election of 2004. He lost to Judy Wasylycia-Leis, who had been elected for Winnipeg North Centre in 1997 and 2000.

Life after politics
Since returning to private life in 2004, Pagtakhan has been actively involved in numerous ventures. In 2005 and 2006, he served as the Founding Director of the Global College at the University of Winnipeg and Chair of the college's advisory board. He is currently co-chair of its Global Advisors. In addition, Pagtakhan serves as a Public Adjudicator of the Prairie Regional Panel of the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, Governor of the Canadian International Peace Project and Chair of the Manitoba Liberal Party's Election Readiness Committee. In 2017, he was made a Member of the Order of Manitoba.

title: Rey Pagtakhan


text:
Walter Legge

Harry Walter Legge (1 June 1906 – 22 March 1979) was an English classical music record producer, most especially associated with EMI. His recordings include many sets later regarded as classics and reissued by EMI as "Great Recordings of the Century". He worked in the recording industry from 1927, combining this with the post of junior music critic of The Manchester Guardian. He was assistant to Sir Thomas Beecham at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and in World War II played a role in bringing music to the armed forces and civilians.

After the war, Legge founded the Philharmonia Orchestra and worked for EMI as a recording producer. In the 1960s, he quarrelled with EMI and resigned. He attempted to disband the Philharmonia in 1964, but it continued as an independent body without him. After this he had no permanent job, and confined himself to giving masterclasses with, and supervising the recordings of, his second wife, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf.

Early years
Legge was born in Shepherd's Bush, London, where his father was a tailor. He was educated at the Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith. He excelled in Latin and French, but received no musical training. He left school at 16 and had no further formal education. Encouraged by his father he developed a taste for music, and Richard Wagner in particular, in pursuit of which he taught himself to read music and to speak German. Legge first joined HMV in 1927, writing album and analytical notes and copy for the company's monthly retailing magazine, The Voice, but he caught the eye of the leading record producer, Fred Gaisberg, and was soon taking an active role in HMV recording procedures. Between 1933 and 1938, Legge also worked as a music critic for The Manchester Guardian.

In the pre-war years, Legge pioneered "subscription" recordings, by which the public were invited to pay in advance for their copies of future recordings, thus making it economically possible for EMI to make such "niche" but classic recordings as the songs of Hugo Wolf and the complete piano works of Beethoven (played by Artur Schnabel). Another pre-war recording supervised by Legge, which has been reissued on LP and CD, was Sir Thomas Beecham's set of The Magic Flute, made in Berlin in 1937. Beecham invited Legge to join him at the Opera as assistant artistic director. Given a free hand by Beecham he engaged Richard Tauber, Jussi Björling, Maria Reining, Hilde Konetzni, Julius Patzak and Helge Roswänge in their Covent Garden debuts.

During World War II, Legge's poor eyesight prevented him from serving in the armed forces. At Beecham's instigation he took on the musical side of ENSA, arranging concerts for British troops all over the world, and securing the services of musicians such as Solomon, Sir Adrian Boult and John Barbirolli. In 1941 Legge married the singer Nancy Evans; they divorced in 1948.

EMI and the Philharmonia
After the war Legge set to work to refresh EMI's catalogue and its roster of star performers. He set up his base in Vienna, then still occupied by the Allies, and contracted German and Austrian artists who were then seriously short of work. These performers included Josef Krips, Irmgard Seefried, Ljuba Welitsch, Hans Hotter, Ludwig Weber, Herbert von Karajan and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (whom Legge married in 1953). Later he was among the first to spot the potential of Maria Callas, whose studio recordings he produced for EMI. The repertoire he chose to record was broad, though not extending much earlier than Handel and among modern composers concentrating on the approachable and diatonic. From the 1940s to the 1960s he supervised a long series of recordings of the works of William Walton.

Legge had promoted some Lieder recitals before the war, but in 1945, finding his influence at Covent Garden much diminished under the management of David Webster he again ventured into promoting concerts. For these, and for recordings, he founded a new orchestra, the Philharmonia. Beecham conducted its first concert (for the fee of one cigar) but was unwilling to be the employee of his former assistant and soon founded the Royal Philharmonic in competition with the Philharmonia. In its early years the Philharmonia became closely identified with Karajan, but when he turned his attentions to the Berlin Philharmonic, Legge worked more and more with Otto Klemperer, a prominent conductor in the 1920s and '30s whose career Legge revitalised. Other eminent musicians of the time whom Legge persuaded to conduct the Philharmonia were Wilhelm Furtwängler, Arturo Toscanini and Richard Strauss. At its peak in the 1950s the Philharmonia was widely rated as the finest British orchestra and one of the finest orchestras in the World. In 1964, concerned at what he saw as falling standards, Legge disbanded the orchestra, which at once re-formed as the New Philharmonia, without him but with Klemperer as chief conductor.

Last years
Legge's employer, EMI, tolerated his independent ways for many years, but in the 1960s attempts were made to curtail his freedom of choice of repertoire, and finally in 1964 he resigned. His memoirs, edited by Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and published in 1982, set out his disenchantment with EMI and its increasingly powerful internal committees:
 * I am convinced that in the arts, committees are useless. What is necessary are people like Karajan, Culshaw and me; we know not only how to achieve the best artistic results but how to attract the public and carry out the whole operation with carefully chosen collaborators. Democracy is fatal for the arts; it leads only to chaos or the achievement of new and lower common denominators of quality.

In retirement Legge, together with Schwarzkopf, gave many joint masterclasses for young singers but he failed to find a permanent job. He was offered, and accepted, the directorship of the Wexford Festival, but he suffered a disabling heart attack in 1967 before he could take up the post, and he withdrew. He continued to supervise the EMI recordings made by his wife, but the breach with the company was complete when in 1977 and 1979 he produced her last recordings not for EMI but for Decca, EMI's great rival.

Legge attended Schwarzkopf's final appearance, a recital at Zürich Opera House on 19 March 1979, despite having suffered a heart attack two days earlier. Three days after the recital, he died in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, France, at the age of 72. He was cremated, and his ashes were initially placed near those of Hugo Wolf in Vienna, as he had requested. After Elisabeth Schwarzkopf's death in 2006, their ashes were buried next to her parents in Zumikon near Zürich, where she had lived from 1982 to 2003.

Musical legacy
Legge's artistic judgment was sometimes questioned. He was aesthetically conservative; he wrote to a friend, "If producers and scenic designers are allowed to continue their writing of graffiti and vulgarity and stupidity on masterpieces … not to mention Chéreau at Bayreuth – we shall be forced to insist that they write the libretto and music to match the rubbish they put on the stage!" Legge predicted to John Culshaw and Georg Solti that their Decca recording of Das Rheingold would not sell; it became a classical best-seller. He was responsible for three recordings of The Magic Flute, conducted by Beecham, Karajan and Klemperer, each of which has incurred the disapproval of critics for omitting the spoken dialogue. His recording of Fidelio under Klemperer has been compared unfavourably with Klemperer's contemporaneous live recording from Covent Garden, on the grounds that Legge's chosen singers were less effective than their ROH rivals. He was suspicious of stereo recording, and resisted it for as long as he could.

Nevertheless Legge's legacy is "a vast number of outstanding recordings that set standards unlikely ever to be surpassed". His recordings of The Dream of Gerontius (Sargent), Tristan und Isolde (Furtwängler), Tosca (De Sabata), Der Rosenkavalier and Falstaff (Karajan), Così fan tutte (Böhm) and the core German symphonic repertory (Klemperer, Furtwängler, Karajan…) have remained in the catalogue for decades, first on LP and then on CD.

title: Walter Legge


text: User talk:220.247.251.129

title: User talk:220.247.251.129


text:
Talk:List of political parties in the Americas

Move parties to national lists
I would prefer to move the names of the parties in each country to the list of political parties in these countries and not to have double listing in the European and the national list. This page would then become a list linking to the lists. Gangulf 07:31, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Azure (color)

Azure  is the color between cyan and blue on the spectrum of visible light. It is often described as the color of the sky on a clear day.

On the RGB color wheel, "azure" (hexadecimal #0080FF) is defined as the color at 210 degrees, i.e., the hue halfway between blue and cyan. In the RGB color model, used to create all the colors on a television or computer screen, azure is created by adding a 50% of green light to a 100% of blue light.

In the X11 color system, which became a model for early web colors, azure is depicted as a pale cyan or white cyan.

Etymology and history

The color azure ultimately takes its name from the vivid-blue gemstone lapis lazuli, a metamorphic rock. Lapis is the Latin word for "stone" and lāzulī is the genitive form of the Medieval Latin lāzulum, which is taken from the Arabic لازورد lāzaward , itself from the Persian لاژورد lāžaward, which is the name of the stone in Persian and also of a place where lapis lazuli was mined.

The name of the stone came to be associated with its color. The French azur, the Italian azzurro, the Polish lazur, Romanian azur and azuriu, the Portuguese and Spanish azul, Hungarian azúr, and the Catalan atzur, all come from the name and color of lapis lazuli. The dropping of the initial l in Romance languages may be a case of the linguistic phenomenon known as rebracketing, i.e. Romance speakers may have perceived the sound as the initial phoneme of the definitive article in their respective language.

The word was adopted into English from the French, and the first recorded use of it as a color name in English was in 1374 in Geoffrey Chaucer's work Troilus and Criseyde, where he refers to "a broche, gold and asure" (a brooch, gold and azure).

Some languages, such as Italian, generally consider azure to be a basic colour, separate and distinct from blue. Some sources even go to the point of defining blue as a darker shade of azure.

Azure also describes the color of the mineral azurite, both in its natural form and as a pigment in various paint formulations. In order to preserve its deep color, azurite was ground coarsely. Fine-ground azurite produces a lighter, washed-out color. Traditionally, the pigment was considered unstable in oil paints, and was sometimes isolated from other colors and not mixed.

The use of the term spread through the practice of heraldry, where "azure" represents a blue color in the system of tinctures. In engravings, it is represented as a region of parallel horizontal lines, or by the abbreviation az. or b. In practice, azure has been represented by any number of shades of blue. In later heraldic practice a lighter blue, called bleu celeste ("sky blue"), is sometimes specified.

Distinction among indigo, azure, and cyan
According to the logic of the RGB color wheel, indigo colors are those colors with hue codes between 255 and 225 (degrees), azure colors are those colors with hue codes between 195 and 225, and cyan colors are those colors with hue codes between 165 and 195. Another way of describing it could be that cyan is a mixture of blue and green light, azure is a mixture of blue and cyan light, and indigo is a mixture of blue and violet light.

All of the colors shown below in the section shades of azure are referenced as having a hue between 195 and 225 degrees, with the exception of the very pale X11 web color azure – RGB (240, 255, 255) – which, with a hue of 180 degrees, is a tone of cyan, but follows the artistic meaning of azure as sky blue.

In nature

 * Insects
 * Azure bluet (Enallagma aspersum), damselfly found in North America
 * Azure damselfly (Coenagrion puella), damselfly found in Europe
 * Azure hawker (Aeshna caerulea), dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae

 * Birds
 * Azure gallinule (Porphyrio flavirostris), bird in the rail family, Rallidae
 * Azure-hooded Jay (Cyanolyca cucullata) in tree, Costa Rica.jpg in a tree]] Azure jay (Cyanocorax caeruleus) bird in the crow family, Corvidae
 * Azure kingfisher (Alcedo azurea), bird in the river kingfisher family, Alcedinidae
 * Azure Tit - Cyanistes cyanus.jpg [[Azure tit]] (Cyanistes cyanus), bird in the tit family, Paridae
 * Azure-crowned hummingbird (Amazilia cyanocephala), a hummingbird in the family Trochilidae
 * Azure-hooded jay (Cyanolyca cucullata), bird in the crow family, Corvidae
 * Azure-naped jay (Cyanocorax heilprini), bird in the crow family, Corvidae
 * Azure-rumped tanager (Tangara cabanisi), bird in the family Thraupidae
 * Azure-shouldered tanager (Thraupis cyanoptera), bird in the family Thraupidae
 * Azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyana), bird in the crow family, Corvidae

 * Plants
 * Azure bluet (Houstonia caerulea), flower found in the eastern United States

In culture

 * Côte d'Azur ("Azure Coast") is a name commonly used for the French Riviera, part of France's southeastern coast on the Mediterranean.
 * In Chinese mythology, the Azure Dragon is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations. It is sometimes called the Azure Dragon of the East . Known as Seiryū (青竜) in Japan and Cheongryong (청룡／) in Korea, it represents the east and the spring season.
 * Savoy azure (azzurro Savoia) is a traditional national color for Italy, taken from the traditional colors of the House of Savoy, the ruling house of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia that established the first modern united Italian state. The association between azure and Italian nationalism led in the Italy national football team donning azure jerseys, giving them the nickname, the Azzurri ("the Azures"). It is also the color of the Italian state police (Polizia di Stato).
 * Ken Nordine's 1966 album Colors features the song "Azures".

Astronomy
The true color of the exoplanet HD 189733b determined by astronomers is azure blue.

title: Azure (color)


text:
Talk:List of political parties in Africa

Move parties to national lists
I would prefer to move the names of the parties in each country to the list of political parties in these countries and not to have double listing in the European and the national list. This page would then become a list linking to the lists. Gangulf 07:33, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Ina, Saitama

Ina (伊奈町) is a town in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 44,928 in 18,907 households and a population density of 3000 persons per km². The total area of the town is 30.03 sqkm.

Geography
Located in central-east Saitama Prefecture, Ina is in the flatlands of the Kantō plains.The Ayase River runs along the eastern border, and the Haraichi Numa River runs along the western border. About 60% of the town area is located on the Omiya plateau, and the rest is the alluvial plain. The highest point in the town area is 19 meters above sea level.

Surrounding municipalities
Saitama Prefecture
 * Ageo
 * Okegawa
 * Hasuda

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ina has increased rapidly since the 1970s.

History
During the early Edo period, Ina was home to the short-lived (1590-1619) Komuro Domain founded by Ina Tadatsugu. It was afterward ruled as hatamoto territory under the direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate.

The villages of Komuro and Kobari were created in Kitaadachi District, Saitama with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. They were merged on July 15, 1943 to form the village of Ina. Ina was elevated to town status on November 1, 1970.

Government
Ina has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 16 members. Ina, together with the city of Ageo, contributes one member to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Saitama 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Ina is primarily agricultural.

Education

 * Nihon Pharmaceutical University
 * Ina has four public elementary schools and three public middle schools operated by the town government, and one combined public middle/high schools operated by the Saitama Prefectural Board of Education. The town also has one private combined middle/high school and one private high school.

Railway
Saitama New Urban Transit - New Shuttle
 * Maruyama - Shiku - Ina-Chūō - Hanuki - Uchijuku

Highway
Ina is not served by any expressways or public highways

Local attractions

 * Saitama Cancer Center
 * Saitama Prefectural Mental Health Center

title: Ina, Saitama


text:
Fukiage, Saitama

Fukiage (吹上町) was a town located in Kitaadachi District, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 28,124 and a density of 1,869.95 persons per km2. The total area was 15.04 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Fukiage, along with the town of Kawasato (from Kitasaitama District), was merged in the expanded city of Kōnosu.

title: Fukiage, Saitama


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Kita-Adachi District, Saitama

Kitaadachi (北足立郡) is a district located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

As of September 1, 2005, the district has an estimated population of 36,979 and a density of 2,498.58 persons per km2. The total area is 14.80 km2. (These numbers are excluding those of Fukiage, which merged with a city outside the district on October 1, 2005.)

Towns and villages

 * Ina

Merger

 * On October 1, 2005, the town of Fukiage merged into the city of Kōnosu.

title: Kita-Adachi District, Saitama


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Bill Schonely

William W. Schonely (June 1, 1929 – January 21, 2023),  nicknamed "The Schonz", was an American sports broadcaster who was the play-by-play announcer for the Portland Trail Blazers for almost three decades, from the team's launch in 1970 until 1998. A native of Pennsylvania, he worked in radio in Louisiana and Seattle before settling in Portland, Oregon. In addition to his work for the Blazers, he was a sportscaster for Major League Baseball games, several minor league baseball teams, college sports, National Hockey League games, and junior ice hockey.

Background and military career
Schonely was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania, the second and first surviving child of Walter and Juanita Schonely (née Hoch). A stutterer as a child, Schonely worked on a weekly high school informational radio show on WNAR in Norristown, which led to opportunities at radio and television stations in Philadelphia. Upon graduation, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and was sent to Guam. While stationed overseas, Schonely transferred to Armed Forces Radio, where he was a disc jockey as well as doing news, sports and interviews. He also did his first play-by-play, calling military football and baseball games. In 1951, Schonely was reassigned to Quantico, Virginia, where he worked on the weekly base newspaper and emceed military events and parades under the guidance of General Clifton B. Cates. Among his duties were escorting military celebrities to New York City, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia for radio and TV interviews.

Baton Rouge
Upon leaving the Marines, Schonely followed a job offer to WAFB radio and TV in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, where he served in a variety of on-air roles. He covered sports for the radio station, covering the minor league baseball team Baton Rouge Red Sticks and the LSU Tigers football and basketball teams as well as some rodeo events. WAFB promoted a weekly wrestling match, and Schonely became the ring announcer. Schonely filled in as a referee, which eventually led to participating in matches on a tag team.

Seattle
Schonely moved to Seattle in 1956 and joined KOMO radio and then moved over to KOMO-TV, where he worked with future ABC Sports broadcaster Keith Jackson. Once again, Schonely found work in professional wrestling, although he did not pursue it as a career. Schonely also called roller derby games for KTNT-TV.

In 1957, Schonely suggested to Keith Allen, then player-coach for the Seattle Totems of the Western Hockey League, that their games be televised and that he should call them. A skeptical Allen agreed, if Schonely could find sponsors. Schonely enlisted friends including a funeral home director, optometrist and restaurateur to sponsor, and KOMO-TV broadcast Totems games on Sunday nights. Schonely called Totems games for 11 years on television and radio, and the team became popular in Seattle for a time.

In one incident during a game against the San Francisco Seals at the Cow Palace, an obnoxious fan would hit a siren every time the Seals made a good play, and eventually held the siren up to Schonely's ear. Going to a commercial, Schonely announced: "By the time I get back on the air, this guy is going to have a knuckle sandwich." Schonely put his headset down, turned around and slugged him. Security took the man away, and Schonely returned to the air, saying: "He got his knuckle sandwich, folks."

Schonely moved to KAYO radio in 1959, and the Totems came with him. However, the station switched to a country and western format, and Schonely left the station. Schonely worked as public relations director for Longacres Race Track before returning to broadcasting as sports director for KVI. Schonely brought the Totems to the station, called games for the Washington Huskies and baseball games for the Pacific Coast League Seattle Angels. At that time, the PCL stretched from Hawaii to Little Rock, and the station could not cover all games. Instead, Schonely would receive updates from a reporter at the game via teletype, play sound effects to simulate crowd noise, and call the game as if he were actually present. In 1967, Schonely did West Coast National Hockey League coverage for CBS. Schonely also called major league Seattle Pilots games for the one year they played before moving to Milwaukee.

In 1967, Schonely nearly became the radio voice for the Seattle SuperSonics, newly created by NBA expansion. Dick Vertlieb, the team's first general manager, offered the job to Schonely, who was not an avid NBA fan then. Schonely accepted, but was pushed aside at the behest of Union Oil of California, a key sponsor who wanted Bob Blackburn, who was the Sonics' radio voice until the early 1990s.

Early years
In April 1970, Schonely was approached by Blazers co-founder Harry Glickman, whom Schonely knew as a founder of the Portland Buckaroos. Schonely was the organization's sixth hire. Said Glickman in a 2008 interview: "The interview only lasted a few minutes; he opened his mouth and I knew I had the right guy."

Schonely moved to Portland to start with the team on July 1, 1970. Schonely's first task was to assemble a radio network, starting with Portland's KOIN as the flagship, and Blazer games were carried on six stations during the first year. Schonely was not as familiar with basketball as with other sports, and had to work hard to learn the game, attending every practice early on.

Schonely called the play-by-play on 2,522 Blazers radio and television broadcasts, from Portland's very first preseason outing (September 24, 1970) to the team's appearance in the 1998 NBA Playoffs (April 30, 1998).

Schonely's announcing streak was interrupted only once, when he missed the first 25 games of the 1982–83 season for heart bypass surgery following a heart attack.

In 2003, Schonely returned to the team to appear in radio and television segments and act as a team ambassador at charity and community events.

Return to the Blazers
In 2003, Schonely was rehired by the Trail Blazers' new management, a move aimed at reconnecting with Blazers fans disenchanted by the previous management and players' off-court troubles. Schonely's role included hosting pre-game segments, "Memorable Moments" on television and "Blazers Flashback" on radio, plus appearances in advertisements and at community events. Team president Steve Patterson called the move "smart business" and intended to honor the team's past.

The move followed general manager Bob Whitsitt's resignation in May. Asked whether he would have responded had the call come from Whitsitt, Schonely said at the time, "Probably not."

On October 14, 2009, at age 80, Schonely returned to the microphone for the second half of a "throwback" exhibition game held at Portland's Memorial Coliseum, where the Blazers played from 1970 until 1995. The occasion was billed as a one-quarter tribute, but radio announcer Brian Wheeler let Schonely call the remainder of the game.

Schonely's Trail Blazers business card reads, "Ambassador".

Portland Beavers
In 2000, Schonely signed a five-year deal to be the play-by-play announcer with the newest incarnation of the Portland Beavers Triple-A franchise, relocated from Albuquerque, New Mexico. Like the original Blazers job, the Beavers offer came from Harry Glickman, this time on behalf of then-Beavers owner Portland Family Entertainment, run by Glickman's son. Schonely, who allowed that he was open to a future role with the Blazers, called games for the Beavers through the 2002 PCL season.

While announcing Beavers games, Schonely made use of his famous phrases. Adapted for baseball use, "Lickety brindle up the middle" meant a base hit going past the pitcher's mound into center field, "Bingo, bango, bongo" was used on 5–4–3 double plays. More occasionally, Schonely deployed "Rip City" for an outstanding and important play.

Other work
Schonely has recorded television advertisements for Standard TV & Appliance and other businesses in the Portland area and has served as emcee of the former Fred Meyer Challenge charity golf tournament.

Popularity
According to Oregon sportswriter Kerry Eggers, fans consider Schonely "the one constant link with Oregon's only major-league team."

NBA trainer Ron Culp said of Schonely in 1990, "Bill Schonely is the symbol of the love affair the fans have with the Trail Blazers. ... He's part of their immediate family. Everything else with the Blazers have changed over the past 20 years, but you just don't mess with the Schonz."

Schonely is often compared to legendary announcers Chick Hearn and Johnny Most, of the Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics, respectively. At Schonely's induction to the 2002 Oregon Sports Hall of Fame, former Blazers center Bill Walton said: "Bill Schonely is as important to sports in the Northwest as Chick Hearn was to sports in Southern California. There are very few people in the history of Western Civilization who have had that kind of an impact." Walton also said: "Bill Schonely is the most important figure in the history of Oregon sports, with all due respect to Phil Knight and Maurice Lucas. Bill Schonely is the man who convinced people that sports are worthwhile."

A restaurant in the Rose Garden is named in his honor, the Pyramid Taproom at Schonely's Place.

The Trail Blazers organization retired Schonely's microphone on November 3, 2003.

The 1992 Public Enemy album Greatest Misses features the voice of Schonely calling Trail Blazer games, on the track "Air Hoodlum."

Signature phrases
Schonely coined or popularized numerous phrases and sayings during his radio career with the Blazers, which have become synonymous with the Blazermania phenomenon in Oregon, including "Rip City", "Bingo Bango Bongo", "Climb the golden ladder", "Lickety brindle up the middle" and "You've got to make your free throws."

Schonely's best-known phrase, "Rip City", debuted in a game against the Lakers in 1970. The Blazers had fallen behind by a significant margin, yet rallied back to a two-point deficit. When a long jump shot by guard Jim Barnett tied the game, Schonely blurted out, "Rip City! All right!" an exhortation for which Schonely had no literal explanation. The Blazers lost 136–114 but the phrase stuck, became synonymous with Blazers basketball and even became a nickname for Portland itself.

Schonely is also known for the opening line of each broadcast, "Good evening basketball fans, wherever you may be..." delivered in some variation since the beginning of his professional sportscasting career in Baton Rouge.

Recognition
In 1999, Schonely was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame for Broadcasting.

In 2012, Schonely was awarded the Curt Gowdy Media Award from the Basketball Hall of Fame.

Personal life and death
Schonely and his first wife Barbara had four children; they divorced in 1967. Their son Steven died of cancer in 2012. Schonely and his second wife, Dorothy "Dottie" Kehr, were childhood sweethearts, reconnecting at their 50th high school reunion years after his divorce and her husband's death; they married on March 16, 1991. His philanthropic work included association with the American Heart Association, Life Flight, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and Providence Child Center Foundation. He sang in his church choir, played golf and liked to listen to big-band music.

Schonely died in Portland on January 21, 2023, at the age of 93.

title: Bill Schonely


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Belfast East (UK Parliament constituency)

Belfast East is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The current MP is Gavin Robinson (DUP)

Boundaries
The seat was created in 1922 when, under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the number of seats in Northern Ireland in the Westminster Parliament was cut from 30 to 13, following the establishment of the Parliament of Northern Ireland. The seat is centred on the east section of Belfast and also contains part of the district of Lisburn and Castlereagh.

Prior to the 2010 general election the Northern Ireland Boundary Commission proposed expanding Belfast East further into Castlereagh, taking in areas currently contained in Strangford, however almost all of these areas were part of Belfast East until 1983. A small part of the constituency was proposed for transfer to Belfast South.

Following a public meeting and revised recommendations, the new boundaries of Belfast East were confirmed by the commission and passed through Parliament through the use of the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Constituencies Order.

History
Belfast East is an overwhelmingly unionist constituency with nationalist parties routinely failing to get more than 10% of the vote combined. The main interest has been the contest between unionist parties and the fortunes of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland.

Dominated by the giant Samson and Goliath cranes of the Harland and Wolff shipyard, the constituency is socially mixed. There are large expanses of small Victorian terraced housing near Belfast City Centre and around the shipyard in Ballymacarrett. These areas have seen significant refurbishment, and in some places demolition and redevelopment, in recent years sparking a sharp rise in house prices. This is contrasted by a large amount of solidly lower-middle class housing and some exclusive residential districts such as the much mocked Cherryvalley. This social polarisation is to a large degree reflected by the political polarisation, at least within the broader unionist family, in the seat. The small Catholic population is split between the largely working class Short Strand enclave and minorities in the more middle-class parts of the seat.

The seat was consistently held by the Ulster Unionist Party until the 1974 general election when the sitting MP, Stanley McMaster, defended it as a Pro-Assembly Unionist against a united anti-Sunningdale Agreement coalition which nominated William Craig of the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party. Craig won the seat and held it for five years, moving to the UUP in February 1978.

In the 1979 general election the constituency witnessed a very close three-way fight between Peter Robinson of the Democratic Unionist Party, William Craig for the UUP and Oliver Napier for the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. Less than 1000 votes separated the three candidates. Robinson beat Craig by the narrow margin of 64 votes. Also of note was that over 90% of votes went to parties that had not contested the seat at the previous election – in part due to realignments of the parties.

Robinson continued to hold the seat but the Alliance Party continued to poll well, and in 1987 John Alderdice polled 32.1% – the highest ever for Alliance in a Westminster election before 2010. However, their vote declined until 2010 and in 2005 they finished a distant third.

In the 2001 general election, Alliance proposed a pro-Good Friday Agreement pact with the Ulster Unionist Party in the hopes of getting UUP support in Belfast East. The UUP did not agree and so both parties stood. Robinson was re-elected with 42.5%, with the UUP, Alliance and Progressive Unionist Party carving up the pro-Agreement pro-union vote between them, but it is doubtful that an unopposed Alliance candidate could have consolidated all of that vote to beat Robinson.

In 2009 and 2010, Robinson became mired in a number of political scandals. In the 2010 general election, the Alliance Party candidate and sitting Lord Mayor of Belfast Naomi Long defeated Robinson in a shock result, more than tripling the Alliance vote and giving the Alliance their first ever seat in Westminster. Predictably, this was also the seat in which the Alliance gained the highest vote share, at 37.2%, more than double their best efforts elsewhere.

Of the 18 seats in the region, East Belfast has the highest percentage of Methodists. The 2019 winning vote share was the fourth-largest of the region, but just short of an absolute majority.

Elections in the 1990s
1997 Changes are compared to the 1992 notional results shown below.

Elections in the 1980s
Note: The by-election was caused by the decision of all Unionist MPs to resign their seats and seek re-election on a platform of opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement.


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Ōi, Saitama

Ōi (大井町) was a town located in Iruma District, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 47,276 and a population density of 6,014.76 persons per km2. The total area was 7.86 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Ōi, along with the city of Kamifukuoka, was merged to create the city of Fujimino.

title: Ōi, Saitama


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Moroyama, Saitama

Moroyama (毛呂山町) is a town located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 33,178 in 15,888 households and a population density of 970 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 34.07 sqkm.

Geography
Located in central Saitama Prefecture, Moroyama is approximately 50 kilometers from downtown Tokyo. The town straddles the Hachioji Tectonic Line where the Chichibu Mountains and the Kanto Plain meet, with gentle mountains in the west with an elevation of about 300–400 meters above sea level. From the central part to the eastern part, the town consists of flat land with an elevation of about 60 meters above sea level. Approximately 40 percent of the town area is forest and mountains, with a portion within the borders of the Kuroyama Prefectural Nature Park.

Surrounding municipalities
Saitama Prefecture
 * Sakado
 * Hidaka
 * Hannō
 * Ogose
 * Hatoyama

Climate
Moroyama has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Moroyama is 13.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1746 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around 1.6 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Moroyama peaked around the year 2000 and has declined since.

History
The area around Moroyama has been inhabited since at least the Jōmon period, and numerous archaeological sites are within the town limits. The area of the town is within the borders of ancient Musashi Province. Moro village was created within Iruma District, Saitama with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Moro merged with neighboring Yamane village to form the town of Moroyama on April 1, 1939. Also in 1939, the author Saneatsu Mushanokoji founded Atarashiki-mura, an agricultural commune, which he intended for form the nucleus of a utopian settlement. Moroyama annexed neighboring Kawakado village on April 1, 1955. Road paving and housing developments in the early 1960s brought urbanization, population growth and change to areas previously devoted to mulberry fields. This new urban environment led to changes in the industrial structure including decreases in the agricultural population and an increase in the manufacturing and service industries.

Government
Moroyama has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Moroyama, together with the towns of Hatoyama and Ogose, contributes one member to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Saitama 9th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Moroyama remains largely an agricultural town, although it has increasing become a bedroom community.

Education

 * Saitama Medical University
 * Nihon Institute of Medical Science
 * Moroyama has four public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Saitama Prefectural Board of Education. In addition, there is also one private middle school. The prefectural also operates one special education school for the handicapped.

Railway
JR East – Hachikō Line Tōbu Railway - Tōbu Ogose Line
 * Moro
 * Higashi-Moro - Bushū-Nagase - Kawakado

Highway
Moroyama is not served by any expressways or national highways

Local attractions

 * Kamakita Lake
 * Atarashiki-mura
 * Izumoiwai Jinja

Notable people

 * Yuta Muto, professional baseball player
 * Daiya Seto, World gold medalist swimmer

title: Moroyama, Saitama


text:
Talk:The Nose (opera)

Untitled
As an opera fan and a Shostakovich fan I gotta say, great that you guys started this. Unfortunately I have a gripe: probably the The Nose article should be the short story, which I am fairly certain is better known than the opera. How would you guys feel about moving this to The Nose (opera)? --Chinasaur 07:47, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Personally all I know of the story is from the opera, but then these things are very subjective. Are you planning to write an article on the story?  We don't have many articles on individual stories, as opposed to books, so unless someone has a specific plan I doubt that one will materialise. Markalexander100 09:36, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Well, I don't think it's necessarily a subjective issue, but I agree it will be without more data. From my perspective I know only one person who has actually ever seen this opera, while I know about 10 people who have read the story. On the other hand, Shostakovich is more of a household name than Gogol, so perhaps the opera will come to dominate in the long run. Since someone has already put a synopsis of the opera plot here, and it looks pretty faithful to the story (from what I can remember) it does seem a little redundant to write an article on the story at this point. But definitely in the long run I think someone will end up writing an article on the story since it's interesting in the Gogol canon and historically. Anyway, I'll think about it and if I end up writing an article for the story then I'll move this and make the necessary links. Anyone else thinking about writing an article for the story could plan to do the same. --Chinasaur 18:09, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * That seems reasonable. Markalexander100 02:51, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Freudian "influence"
I removed a note about Freudian imagery in the plot since Gogol's story was written 20 years before Freud was born. I have to agree that many Gogol stories (Pushkin too) have elements that seem very Freudian. But I don't think we should call it that; more likely the detailed psychological characterizations of these authors influenced Freud (anybody looked into this?). If the opera has somehow additionally Freudianized the original story that might be worth mentioning, but from what I can tell the plot is pretty closely derived from Gogol.

 * I finally read the story last night to check up on Freud, and the plot is very close, but I've separated the pages to show the differences (mainly in structure).  Markalexander100 02:48, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

1975 Recording under Rozhdestvensky
The article states that the 1975 Gennady Rozhdestvensky recording was released on Melodiya without libretto. In fact it was released on 2 LPs by EMI Melodiya as SLS 5088 with transliterated Russian text and English translation. It was the 2007 Melodiya rerelease on CD, coupled with The Gamblers, that had neither text nor translation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.173.183.83 (talk) 07:04, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

Met Revival
Posted info re: Met Revival 2013 and HD Simulcast. I don't mean it as advertising, but it is an unusual opera that most people won't otherwise have a chance to see. 77.97.23.235 (talk) 22:33, 16 March 2013 (UTC)
 * This is reasonable under WP Opera guidelines - and you've even referenced it.Viva-Verdi (talk) 23:54, 16 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on The Nose (opera). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20111004035205/http://www.operaboston.org/operas_nose_specialfeatures.php to http://www.operaboston.org/operas_nose_specialfeatures.php

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:42, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Nose (opera)


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Joseph Wilson Lowry

Joseph Wilson Lowry (1803–1879) was a British engraver.

He was the son of Wilson Lowry and his second wife Rebecca Delvalle and was born on 7 October 1803. His mother's sister, Abigail, was mother of the economist David Ricardo. He was trained by his father and from both parents inherited a taste for science and mathematics; in his work he specialised in scientific subjects. He died, unmarried, at his residence, 39 Robert Street, Hampstead Road, London, on 15 June 1879.

He engraved plates for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana and for Sir John Rennie a series of drawings for London Bridge. Other work included John Phillips's Geology of Yorkshire, 1835 and Scott Russell's Naval Architecture, 1865, John Weale's 'Scientific Series' and the journals of the Institution of Naval Architects and the Royal Geographical Society. He later was appointed engraver to the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland, as can be seen on their Horizontal  and Vertical  Sections.

title: Joseph Wilson Lowry