text:
Bratz: Starrin' & Stylin'

Bratz The Video: Starrin' & Stylin ' , or simply Bratz: Starrin' & Stylin ' , is a 2004 Canadian-American animated teen comedy film that was produced by CinéGroupe and MGA Entertainment and released on DVD and VHS by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, and later re-released by Lionsgate Home Entertainment in 2007. It can now be found on digital online streaming on Vudu and digital download on iTunes. This is the first Bratz movie that was released.

Plot
Four best friends Cloe, Yasmin, Sasha, and Jade are excited for upcoming prom night. Their art teacher, Mr. Del Rio, assigns them a project to express themselves. The girls ask him to give them extra time for the project, but the professor denies their petition, thus presenting them with a dilemma: Get prepared for prom night or make a project that will count for 25 percent of their yearly grade.

Each girl has a different interest: Yasmin likes literature, Cloe likes art and drawing, Sasha likes music, and Jade likes fashion. They borrow a school video camera, so they can shoot a video and explain their points of view about the types of things they enjoy and like.

A day at the beach stresses out Sasha, who has volunteered to be the school's prom committee and chairperson. Later, Cloe crashes her car in the woods when she is driving with the girls to avoid a skunk, which they have mistaken for a cat, and they call Cameron, an expert mechanic, to come and fix it.

Problems arise when Sasha is insulted in the school's newspaper column. The girls automatically blame Cameron and Dylan for telling the writer about their conversation at the beach. When the girls go shopping for prom outfits, Jade doubts her sense of fashion when she picks out an outrageous outfit the others disapprove of. After gossip appears in the school paper about Jade, they figure it was not the boys because they could not have heard about Jade's meltdown. At Cloe's sleepover, they apologize to Cameron and give him a makeover to make up for their accusations. Later that night, Jade accidentally leaves the video camera on, and someone can be seen walking around the room writing in a notepad.

The next day at school, everyone is going bonkers over the picture of Cameron during the makeover the girls gave him. He blames Cloe and tells her to pick up her car because he is not going to the prom after.

The girls try to figure out which one of them has been betraying their secrets, and they suspect that Yasmin could be the possible culprit when they claim she knew about Sasha's frustration with the prom preparation, and was the only one who consulted Jade at the mall about her fashion sense issues and had access to the video camera the night before. She was writing the columns as a ghostwriter. When she confesses to the rest of the girls, they get mad at her and ignore her. The girls try to forget about Yasmin by going to the spa but have a terrible time without her. They admit they were the ones who had given her the idea to write more interesting stories.

Yasmin returns and apologizes, explaining that people used to comment that her column was boring, and that after she spread gossip about people around school, those who knew she was the ghostwriter made her feel important. Her friends apologize to her in return for their own comments and they all forgive each other. Cameron forgives Yasmin after she explains the whole thing to him.

The girls get ready for prom and Cameron arrives to return Cloe's car to her after eventually fixing and giving it a makeover. He also eventually apologizes to her for falsely accusing her of embarrassing him in the school newspaper and the two reconcile.

On prom night, the caterers arriving 2 hours later due to a traffic jam, the photographer quitting to become a painter, and the DJ being home sick with a fever threaten to ruin the night. The girls come up with a plan for a do-it-yourself prom: making a disco ball work, setting up balloons, using their video camera to take digital pictures, preparing their own food, playing their own music, and turning an empty room into a dance hall. Jade is elected prom queen while Dylan is elected prom king.

After their video, which included the prom night dance, was shown to their art professor and the whole class, he gave the four girls an A-plus on their project.

Voice cast

 * Nikki Kaffee as Cloe
 * Crystal Scales as Sasha
 * Jillian Thompson as Jade
 * Janice Kawaye as Yasmin
 * Ogie Banks as Dylan
 * Yuri Lowenthal as Cameron
 * Kate Higgins as Meygan
 * Colleen O'Shaughnessey as Dana

All of the voice actors were uncredited. The rest of the voice cast, aside from the ones listed are Katherine Cohn Beck, Bishanyia Vincent, Ines Vaz de Sousa, Cash Gallagher Ruru and Danielle Baynes, who were also uncredited.

title: Bratz: Starrin' & Stylin'


text:
User:Rprabhu

I am R.Prabhu. I am an Indian living in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. I am a Software Engineer, developing applications for the mobile segment.

My Hobbies

 * Tamil Literature
 * Programming
 * Siddha
 * Siddhars and their writings
 * Collecting famous quotations by various people
 * Editing Wikipedia
 * Spending time with my family

My Contributions to Wikipedia

 * Abithana Chintamani
 * Agastyar
 * Avaiyar
 * Siddha
 * Siddhar
 * Thirumoolar
 * Thirumandhiram
 * Vinayagar Agaval

and more to come...

My Homepages

 * Blogspot

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Rprabhu


text:
Lucy Larcom

Lucy Larcom (March 5, 1824 – April 17, 1893) was an American teacher, poet, and author. She was one of the first teachers at Wheaton Female Seminary (now Wheaton College) in Norton, Massachusetts, teaching there from 1854 to 1862. During that time, she co-founded Rushlight Literary Magazine, a submission-based student literary magazine which is still published. From 1865 to 1873, she was the editor of the Boston-based Our Young Folks, which merged with St. Nicholas Magazine in 1874. In 1889, Larcom published one of the best-known accounts of New England childhood of her time, A New England Girlhood, commonly used as a reference in studying antebellum American childhood; the autobiographical text covers the early years of her life in Beverly Farms and Lowell, Massachusetts.

Among her earlier and best-known poems are "Hannah Binding Shoes," and "The Rose Enthroned." Larcom's earliest contribution to the Atlantic Monthly, when the poet James Russell Lowell was its editor, a poem, that in the absence of signature, was attributed to Emerson by one reviewer. Also of note was "A Loyal Woman's No" which was a patriotic lyric and attracted considerable attention during the American Civil War. Larcom was inclined to write on religious themes, and made two volumes of compilations from the world's great religious thinkers, Breathings of the Better Life (Boston, 1866) and Beckonings (Boston. 1886). Her last two books, As it is in Heaven (Boston, 1891) and The Unseen Friend (Boston, 1892), embodied much of her own thought on matters concerning the spiritual life.

Early years and education
Lucy Larcom was born in Beverly, Massachusetts, on March 5, 1824, to Lois and Benjamin Larcom. She was the ninth of ten children, eight of whom were daughters. According to her autobiography, A New England Girlhood, outlined from memory, Beverly was a small village at this time where she was able to play with neighbor children. She developed an early interest in reading and writing which she developed by reading children's fiction of the period. Titles included Alonzo and Melissa, The Children of the Abbey, and collective fairy tales. She borrowed books from the Sabbath-school library, including The Pilgrim's Progress. Other favorites from a circulating library included The Scottish Chiefs, Paul and Virginia, Gulliver's Travels, and The Arabian Nights. Again according to her autobiography, at the age of seven she wrote and self-published multiple collections of poetry. This period of her life ended when her father died in 1832, leaving her mother as a widow with ten children to raise.

Mr. Larcom's death coincided with the rise of the Industrial Revolution in Lowell. The Lowell Mills were hiring young women as factory workers and older women to run the boarding houses where the Lowell Mill Girls lived. Mrs. Larcom found employment as a boarding house supervisor while Lucy and her siblings found employment in the mills. While in Lowell, she helped her mother with household work in the intervals between her hours of school and work.

Lowell Mill Girl
At age eleven, in 1835, she began working at Boott Mills, a cotton mill in Lowell, as a doffer, to earn extra money for her family. She was among the very youngest of those employed at the mills. Her first work as a Lowell operative was in a spinning-room, doffing and replacing the bobbins, after which she tended a spinning-frame and then a dressing-frame, while looking out windows towards the river. Later, she was employed in a "cloth-room," considered to be a more agreeable working-place because of its fewer hours of confinement, its cleanliness, and the absence of machinery. The last two years of her Lowell life, which covered in all a period of about ten years, were spent in that room, not in measuring cloth, but as bookkeeper, recording the number of pieces and bales. There, she pursued her studies during leisure moments, some textbooks in mathematics, grammar, English or German literature usually laying open on her desk.

Here, as in her earlier childhood, she put words to her visions through verses and by telling herself stories. Of those days, Larcom stated,— "While yet a child, I used to consider it special good fortune that my home was at Lowell. There was a frank friendliness and sincerity in the social atmosphere that wrought upon me unconsciously, and made the place pleasant to live in. People moved about their every-day duties with purpose and zest, and were genuinely interested in one another; while in the towns on the seaboard it sometimes was as if every man's house was his castle in almost a feudal sense, where the family shut themselves in, on the defensive against intruders." Still, she never lost her love and allegiance to the seaside area where she was born, while frequent visits kept up the charm, and gave her links to her home town. The ten years that Larcom spent at the mills made a huge impact on her. The Lowell Offering, a magazine whose editors and contributors were "female operatives in the Lowell mills," was published 1839–1845, and soon after it was launched Larcom became one of its corps of writers. One of her first poems was entitled "The River," and many of her verses and essays were found in its volumes. Some of those Lowell Offering essays appeared afterwards in Similitudes, her first published work.

It was at one of the meetings of the literary circle, established among the "mill girls", that Larcom first met the poet, John Greenleaf Whittier, who was then in Lowell editing a Free Soil journal. He became her friend, showing his real interest in her at once by criticising her share in the written contributions of the evening. She was then very young, but it was the beginning of an interest and gratitude that continued mutually in an established friendship. Afterward, when she had come to know and dearly love Whittier's sister, Elizabeth ("Lizzie"), the three spent time together. During happy sojourns at Salisbury Beach, near the respective homes at Amesbury and Beverly, in visits at Amesbury, in counsel and work together, out of which in recent time have grown the beautiful compilations of Child-life, and Songs of Three Centuries, their lives ran near together and contributed the one to the other.

Illinois
One after another, Larcom's sisters married out of the home, until only two remained. At about twenty years of age, Larcom accompanied the oldest of the Larcom sisters in Lowell, Emeline, to the then wild prairies of Illinois. Here, she shared in the efforts of a clergyman's household in pioneer times. A truly pioneer life was theirs as they moved many times from place to place, dependent upon who summoned the clergyman. Somewhere in this prairie Larcom taught school in a vacated log building to a 2 mile neighborhood. Her students came from small colonies within this radius. It was in the corner of a big township which included three counties. She taught under the auspices of a district committee, before whom, previous to induction to office, the candidate was obliged to hold up her right hand and swear to acquaintance, sufficient to instruct from, with writing, spelling, arithmetic, and geography. Her salary was US$40 for three months; and once, when the time for payment arrived, and her brother-in-law visited the committee-man whose duty it was to make it, his reminder was met with the rather startled remark, as if the subject had never presented itself in so strong a light before:— "Forty dollars! Well, that's a lot o' money to pay a young woman for three months' teaching'! She oughta know considerable!" When the official was reassured by a statement of what Larcom's antecedents in study and achievement had been, he replied:— "Well, that's a good deal for her to ha' done!" before handing over the money.

During another sojourning, Larcom found herself in the neighborhood of an excellent young ladies' school. Switching from teacher to scholar, she spent three years at Monticello Female Seminary, following the full course of study. During the last two years, she took charge of the preparatory department of that institution.

Back to Beverly
Eventually, Larcom tired of life in the west, so she went back to Beverly, where, for a year or two, she taught a class of young ladies before accepting a position as teacher in Wheaton Female Seminary, at Norton. She remained there for six years, conducting classes in rhetoric, English literature, and composition, while sometimes adding history, mental and moral science, or botany. Larcom's health began after these few years to suffer from such a constant strain of teaching work that she had to relinquish regular employment, although, from time to time, she lectured upon literature, or taught classes in various young ladies' schools of Boston. Her first poem in the Atlantic was "The Rose Enthroned" and it is remembered as her greatest inspiration. It was a parable-epic of creation with twenty-one four-line stanzas. Previously to this,— as far back as during her early residence in Illinois,— some poems were published with the name, and some slight sketch of the writer, in Griswold's Female Poets of America; and at about the same time, verses of hers were printed in Sartain's Magazine. During 1852–53, she wrote frequently for the National Era, of which Mr. Whittier was corresponding editor. Later, the Independent and the Boston Congregationalist, and various other magazines received and published her contributions. "Hannah Binding Shoes" appeared first in the New York Crayon; perhaps no single poem of hers was better known or more admired. When Our Young Folks magazine was started, Larcom became one of its assistant editors. Subsequently, for a year or two, she was the leading editor. For the next seven years, she lived quietly and independently at Beverly Farms.

In the spirit of ministry, she gathered together the compilation of Breathings of a Better Life. Roadside Poems, and Hillside and Seaside, were compilations from readings of nature. Childlife, Childlife in Prose, and Songs of Three Centuries, were pulled together in company with Whittier, and which he edited. The volume, Wild Roses of Cape Ann came after these.

Larcom served as a model for the change in women's roles in society. She was a friend of Harriet Hanson Robinson, who worked in the Lowell mills at the same time. Robinson also became a poet and author; later, she was prominent in the women's suffrage movement. Both contributed to the literary magazine Lowell Offering.

Death and legacy
Larcom died at age 69 on April 17, 1893, in Boston and was buried in her hometown of Beverly, Massachusetts. Her influence is still felt in Beverly. A local literary magazine entitled The Larcom Review is named for her, as is the library at the Beverly High School. A theatre built in Beverly in 1912 was named the Larcom Theatre Music and Performing Arts after Larcom as well. Larcom Mountain, located in the Ossipee Mountains in New Hampshire, is named after her, as she frequented the area during the late 1800s. At Wheaton College in Norton, Massachusetts, the Larcom Dormitory is named after her. Rushlight Literary Magazine, which she founded, is still in publication today. Larcom's legacy is honored in Lowell, Massachusetts, where she worked as a "mill girl" at the Boott Mills, and as such, the Lucy Larcom Park was named after her to honor her works of literature that recounted her life at the mills. The park is located between the two Lowell High School buildings, and excerpts from her writings can be found on monuments, statues and other works of art throughout the park.

Style and themes
Larcom's later writings, assumed a deeply religious tone, in which the faith of her whole life found complete expression. In retrospection, she wrote Idyl of Work. Notwithstanding the fact that she really meant to set forth the image she had in her mind of her own elder sister, she unconsciously gave herself also, perhaps, through family likeness, in some touches of her portrayal of "Esther" in the Idyl. In her Idyl of Work and also in A New England Girlhood, Larcom described her early life. In the Idyl, the mill-life of forty or fifty years earlier was portrayed.

Selected works

 * An Idyll of Work (1875)
 * "Among Lowell Mill-Girls: A Reminiscence", Atlantic Monthly (November 1881)
 * Wheaton Seminary; A Semi-Centennial Sketch, Cambridge. Riverside Press (1885)
 * A New England Girlhood (1889)
 * As It Is in Heaven (1893)
 * "Landscape in American Poetry." New York. Appleton and Company,(1879)

title: Lucy Larcom


text:
European route E60

European route E 60 is the second-longest road in the International E-road network and runs 8200 km, from Brest, France (on the Atlantic coast), to Irkeshtam, Kyrgyzstan (on the border with China).

Route

 * 🇫🇷 France
 * Brest ( E 50 )
 * Brest - Quimper - Nantes ( E 3 )
 * Nantes ( E 3 / E 62 )
 * Nantes ( E 62 ) - Angers ( E 501 )
 * Angers ( E 501 ) - Tours ( E 5 )
 * Tours ( E 502 / E 604, Start of Concurrency with E 5 ) - Orléans ( E 9 , End of Concurrency with E 5 )
 * Orléans ( E 5 ) - Courtenay ( E 511, Start of Concurrency with E 15 )
 * Courtenay ( E 15 / E 511 ) - Auxerre - Beaune (End of Concurrency with E 15 )
 * Beaune
 * Beaune ( E 15 / E 17 / E 21 ) - Besançon ( E 23 ) - Belfort ( E 27 ) - Mulhouse ( E 54 )
 * Mulhouse ( E 54, Start of Concurrency with E 25 ) - Saint-Louis

 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland
 * Basel ( E 35, End of Concurrency with E 25 ) - Baden
 * Baden - Zürich (Start of Concurrency with E 41 )
 * Zürich ( E 41 ) - Winterthur (End of Concurrency with E 41 )
 * Winterthur ( E 41 ) - St. Margrethen ( E 43 )
 * St. Margrethen (Start of Concurrency with E 43 )

 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * Höchst - Bregenz ( E43 )
 * Bregenz (End of Concurrency with E43 ) - Feldkirch - Bludenz
 * Bludenz - Landeck
 * Landeck - Innsbruck ( E533, Start of Concurrency with E45 ) - Wörgl ( E641 ) - Kufstein

 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * Kiefersfelden - Rosenheim ( E 52, End of Concurrency with E 45 )
 * Rosenheim ( E 45, Start of Concurrency with E 52 ) - Bad Reichenhall ( E 641 )

 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * Salzburg (End of Concurrency with E52, Start of Cocurrency with E55 ) - Sattledt ( E56 / E57 ) - Linz ( E552 , End of concurrency with E55 ) - Altlengbach
 * Altlengbach - Wien ( E59 )
 * Wien ( E58 / E59, Towards E49 / E461 )
 * Wien (Start of Concurrency with E58 ) - Bruck an der Leitha (End of Concurrency with E58 ) - Nickelsdorf

 * 🇭🇺 Hungary
 * Hegyeshalom - Mosonmagyaróvár (End of Concurrency with E65, Start of Concurrency with E75 ) - Budapest
 * Budapest ( E71 / E73 / End of Concurrency with E75 )
 * Budapest - Törökszentmiklós
 * Törökszentmiklós - Püspökladány
 * Püspökladány - Berettyóújfalu
 * Berettyóújfalu (Start of Concurrency with E79 ) - Nagykereki

 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * Borș - Oradea ( E671, End of Concurrency with E79 ) - Cluj-Napoca ( E81 / E576 )
 * Cluj-Napoca ( E576, Start of Concurrency with E81 ) - Turda (End of Concurrency with E81 ) - Târgu Mureș
 * Târgu Mureș - Brașov ( E68 / E574 )
 * Brașov ( E68 / E574 ) - Ploiești ( E577 ) - Bucharest
 * Bucharest ( E85 )
 * Bucharest (Start of Concurrency with E85 ) - Urziceni (End of Concurrency with E85 )
 * Urziceni ( E85 ) - Slobozia ( E584 ) - Ovidiu ( E87 ) - Constanţa ( E81 / E87 )

 * Gap (Black Sea)
 * 🇷🇴 Constanţa - Poti; no direct ferry link; ferry to  Batumi, 75 km from Poti via

 * Georgia
 * Poti ( E97 ) - Senaki ( E97 )
 * Senaki ( E97 ) - Samtredia ( E692 ) - Khashuri
 * S1 Highway sign (green).svg ს 1: Khashuri - Tbilisi ( E117 )
 * Tbilisi (Start of Concurrency with E117 ) - Rustavi (End of Concurrency with E117 )
 * Rustavi - Tsiteli Khidi

 * 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan
 * AZ-M2.svg M2: Qırmızı Körpü - Qazax - Ganja - Yevlax - Hajiqabul ( E002 ) - Ələt ( E119 ) - Baku

 * Gap (Caspian Sea)
 * 🇦🇿 Baku - 🇹🇲 Türkmenbaşy; ferry link

 * 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan
 * M37 M37: Türkmenbaşy (Start of Concurrency with E121 ) - Balkanabat - Serdar (End of concurrency with E121 ) - Ashgabat ( E003 ) - Tejen - Mary - Türkmenabat

 * 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan
 * M37 Road: Olot - Bukhara
 * A380 Road: Bukhara - Qarshi - G‘uzor ( E005 )
 * M39 Road: G‘uzor ( E005 ) - Sherobod - Termez
 * M41 Road: Termez (Towards 🇦🇫 Afghanistan) - Denov

 * 🇹🇯 Tajikistan
 * РБ02 Road: Tursunzoda - Dushanbe ( E123 )
 * РБ04 Road: Dushanbe - Vahdat
 * РБ07 Road: Vahdat - Obi Garm - Jirgatol - Border of Kyrgyzstan

 * 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan
 * ЭМ-06 Road: Border of Tajikistan - Karamyk - Sary-Tash
 * ЭМ-05 Road: Sary-Tash - Irkeshtam - Border of China

 * 🇨🇳 China
 * Irkeshtam

title: European route E60


text:
Max Planck Institute for Informatics

The Max Planck Institute for Informatics (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik, abbreviated MPI-INF or MPII) is a research institute in computer science with a focus on algorithms and their applications in a broad sense. It hosts fundamental research (algorithms and complexity, programming logics) as well a research for various application domains (computer graphics, geometric computation, constraint solving, computational biology).

Founded November 1988 by the Max Planck Society, Germany's largest publicly funded body for foundation research, MPII is located on the campus of Saarland University.

Research departments
The institute promotes six departments and three independent research groups on its website. The six departments are Algorithms and Complexity; Computer Vision and Machine Learning; Internet Architecture; Computer Graphics; Databases and Information Systems; and Visual Computing and Artificial Intelligence. The three research groups are Research Group Computational Biology; Automation of Logic; and Network and Cloud Systems.

The institute, along with the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) and the entire Computer Science department of Saarland University, is involved in the Internationales Begegnungs- und Forschungszentrum für Informatik.

The International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science (IMPRS-CS) is the graduate school of the MPII and the MPI-SWS. It was founded in 2000 and offers a fully funded PhD-Program in cooperation with Saarland University. Dean is Gerhard Weikum.

Awards and recognition
Institute faculty members have received numerous awards, including The Leibniz Prize awarded to Kurt Mehlhorn (1987), Hans-Peter Seidel (2003), and Anja Feldmann (2011); the Konrad Zuse Medal granted to Kurt Mehlhorn (1995), Thomas Lengauer (2003), and Gerhard Weikum (2021); and the Karl Heinz Beckurts-Preis given to Kurt Mehlhorn (1994) and Christian Theobalt (2017); as well as ACM Fellowships given to Kurt Mehlhorn (1999), Gerhard Weikum (2006), Thomas Lengauer (2021), and Bernt Schiele (2021).

title: Max Planck Institute for Informatics


text:
Talish-i Gushtasbi

Talish-i Gushtasbi is the historical name of the northern Talish area, presently a part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. During the Abbasid Caliphate, there was a (partially equivalent) region called Gushtasfi. People of northern Talysh are of Iranian stock and speak a northwestern Iranian language called Talysh. The chief cities of the mentioned area are Lankaran, Lerik, Masally and Astara. Talysh language speaking people lives mainly in Astara (most of population), Lerik (great part of population), Lankaran (little more than half of population), and in Masally constitutes only small part of population.

title: Talish-i Gushtasbi


text: User talk:82.161.32.232

title: User talk:82.161.32.232


text:
World Diamond Council

The World Diamond Council is an organization representing the entire diamond value chain including representatives from diamond mining, manufacturing, trading and retail. The council was established in July 2000. The purpose was to create a system to keep the supply chain of diamonds as free as possible from conflict diamonds.

In December 2000, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a landmark resolution supporting the creation of an international certification scheme for rough diamonds. By November 2002, negotiations between governments, the international diamond industry and civil society organisations resulted in the creation of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS). The KPCS document sets out the requirements for controlling rough diamond production and trade. The KPCS entered into force in 2003, when participating countries started to implement its rules.

The KPCS is credited as being instrumental toward dramatically reducing “conflict diamonds” to less than 1% of the world's diamond production today.

The World Diamond Council has representation on all the Kimberley Process's working groups and is influential in determining its implementation and future reform.

The council was set up in July 2000 in Antwerp, Belgium after a joint meeting of the World Federation of Diamond Bourses (WFDB), representing all the world's significant diamond trading centres, and the International Diamond Manufacturers Association (IDMA), representing significant manufacturers. The founding president was Eli Izhakoff, who served in the position until July 2013.

Charter members are the WFDB, the IDMA and International Confederation of Jewellers (CIBJO).

The council, headquartered in the US, is currently led by President Edward Asscher from Amsterdam, Netherlands.

title: World Diamond Council


text:
John Lindley

John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.

Early years
Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley was a nurseryman and pomologist and ran a commercial nursery garden. Although he had great horticultural knowledge, the undertaking was not profitable and George lived in a state of indebtedness. As a boy he would assist in the garden and also collected wild flowers he found growing in the Norfolk countryside. Lindley was educated at Norwich School. He would have liked to go to university or to buy a commission in the army but the family could not afford either. He became Belgian agent for a London seed merchant in 1815.

At this time Lindley became acquainted with the botanist William Jackson Hooker who allowed him to use his botanical library and who introduced him to Sir Joseph Banks who offered him employment as an assistant in his herbarium. His first publication, in 1819, a translation of the Analyse du fruit of L. C. M. Richard, was followed in 1820 by an original Monographia Rosarum, with descriptions of new species, and drawings executed by himself, then in 1821 by Monographia Digitalium, and "Observations on Pomaceae", which were both contributed to the Linnean Society.

Career
Lindley went to work at Banks’ house in London. He concentrated on the genera Rosa and Digitalis and published the monograph "A Botanical History of Roses" which distinguished seventy-six species, describes thirteen new ones and was illustrated by nineteen coloured plates painted by himself. He became acquainted with Joseph Sabine who grew a large assortment of roses and was the Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London. His employment came to an abrupt end with the death of Banks a few months later. One of Banks’ friends, a wealthy merchant called William Cattley, paid Lindley to draw and describe new plants in his garden at Barnet. He also paid for the publication of "Digitalia Monographia". (Later Lindley honoured him by naming the orchid genus Cattleya after him.) In 1820, at the age of twenty-one, Lindley was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society of London.

From 1821 to 1826 he published a folio work with coloured illustrations that he had painted himself, "Collectanea botanica or Figures and botanic Illustrations of rare and curious exotic Plants". Many of these plants came from the family Orchidaceae with which he had a lifelong fascination.

Lindley was appointed assistant secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society and its new garden at Chiswick in 1822, where he supervised the collection of plants.

Assistant secretary to the Horticultural Society since 1822, in 1829 Lindley was appointed to the chair of botany at University College, London, which he retained until 1860. He also lectured on botany from 1831 at the Royal Institution, including delivering the 1833 Royal Institution Christmas Lecture, and from 1836 at the Chelsea Physic Garden, starting the society's flower show in the late 1830s.Lindley described the plants collected on Thomas Livingstone Mitchell's expeditions of 1838 and wrote an Appendix to Edwards's Botanical Register of 1839, describing plants collected by James Drummond and Georgiana Molloy of the Swan River Colony in Western Australia. According to John Ryan, Lindley's 1840 ‘Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony’ provided ‘the most succinct portrait to date of the flora of the Swan River Settlement’, which had been established in 1829. The Sketch, which was published during November 1839 and January 1840 in Edwards’ Botanical Register and separately on its completion, was illustrated by nine hand-coloured lithographs and four wood-cuts. He also played a large part in having Charles Moore appointed as Director of the Sydney Botanical Gardens.

During his professorship, he wrote many scientific and popular works as well as making significant contributions to the Botanical Register, of which he was the editor for many years, and to The Gardeners' Chronicle, which he co-founded with Joseph Paxton, William Bradbury and Wentworth Dilke, and where he was in charge of the horticultural department from 1841. He was a fellow of the Royal, Linnean and Geological Societies. He received the Royal Society's royal medal in 1857, and in 1853 became a corresponding member of the Institut de France. In 1862, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Horticultural Society of London
About this time, the Horticultural Society of London, which became the Royal Horticultural Society at a later date, asked Lindley to draw roses and in 1822 he became the Assistant Secretary of the Society's garden. The Society's historian, Harold R Fletcher, later described him as " ... the backbone of the Society and possibly the greatest servant it had ever had." Now with a steady income, in 1823 he married Sarah Freestone (1797–1869). They rented a house in rural Acton Green, a location convenient for the Society's garden at Turnham Green.

The Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London at that time was Joseph Sabine and he authorised expenditure on large projects beyond the Society's means. Lindley could only expostulate and was unsuccessful in moderating his actions. By 1830, the Society had mounting debts and a committee of enquiry was set up. Sabine resigned as Secretary and Lindley successfully defended his own position and carried the Society forward with the new Honorary Secretary, George Bentham.

Middle years
An eminent botanist of the time, John Claudius Loudon, sought Lindley's collaboration on his "Encyclopedia of Plants". This covered nearly fifteen thousand species of flowering plants and ferns. It was a massive undertaking and Lindley was responsible for most of it.

During his labour on this undertaking, which was completed in 1829, and through arduous study of character patterns, he became convinced of the superiority of the "natural" classification system devised by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu – a system that he believed reflected the great plan of nature as distinct from the "artificial" system of Linnaeus followed in the Encyclopaedia of Plants. This conviction found expression in A Synopsis of British Flora, arranged according to the Natural Order (1829) and in An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (1830).

In 1828 Lindley was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London and in 1833 was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Munich. Other honours came from France, the United States and Switzerland.

In 1829 Lindley sought to augment his income and became professor of botany at the newly established London University while still continuing his post at the Royal Horticultural Society. He had not been to university himself but apparently was an excellent teacher, giving six hour-long lectures each week. Being dissatisfied with what was available, he wrote some botanical textbooks for his students.

After the death of Joseph Banks and the death also of their patron, King George III, the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew went into a decline. The Government commissioned a report on their future to be prepared by Lindley, Joseph Paxton and John Wilson, head gardener to the Earl of Surrey. The report recommended that the Gardens be retained but the Government did not accept their findings and proposed to abolish it, distribute the plants and pull down the glasshouses. On 11 February 1840, Lindley told the Prime Minister that the matter was to be raised in Parliament. This caused an outcry. The public was indignant, the Government backed down and the Gardens were saved. William Hooker was appointed to be the new Director.

In 1845, Lindley was part of a scientific commission set up by the Government to investigate potato blight and the Irish famine. The cause of the fungal disease was not known at the time and the weather was thought to be to blame. Although the commission was powerless to solve the problem, their report brought about the repeal of the 1815 Corn Laws which had forbidden the import of cheap wheat from America. This helped to alleviate the effects of the disease on populations that had become reliant on the monoculture of potatoes. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1859.

Lindley was very industrious and published a number of works including ‘’The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants’’, the writing of which occupied him for ten years. He was acknowledged to be the top authority on the classification of orchids of his time. Bentham and Hooker, writing in 1883, accepted 114 genera he had named and described, and Pfitzer, in 1889, accepted 127. Over many years, Lindley had described a large number of orchid species, and many other plants, naming them and giving each a concise description of the plant’s characteristics.

He was held in high regard by other botanists and was honoured by naming more than 200 species with the epithets "lindleyi", "lindleyana", "lindleyanum", "lindleyanus", "lindleya" and "lindleyoides".

Later years
In 1861, Lindley took charge of organising the exhibits from the British colonies for the International Exhibition at South Kensington. This was exhausting work and seems to have taken a toll on his health. His memory also began deteriorating. He resigned his university professorship that year and his position as Secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society two years later.

In 1863, he travelled to Vichy, a spa in the center of France, but his health continued to decline. He died at his home at Acton Green, near London, aged 66. He was survived by his wife, two daughters including Sarah Lindley Crease and a son. The daughters were accomplished artists themselves and the son, Nathaniel, became a distinguished lawyer, the Master of the Rolls and a life peer.

List of selected publications

 * Translation of Analyse du fruit by L. C. M. Richard (1819)
 * Rosarum Monographia (1820)
 * Digitalium Monographia (1821)
 * Observations on the natural Group of Plants called Pomaceæ (1821)
 * Instructions for packing living plants in foreign countries, especially within the tropics; and directions for their treatment during the voyage to Europe (1824)
 * Monographie du genre rosier, traduit de l'anglais de J. Lindley ...par M. de Pronville (1824) With Auguste de Pronville
 * A Botanical History of Roses
 * Digitalia Monographia
 * Collectanea botanica or Figures and botanic Illustrations of rare and curious exotic Plants  (1821–1826) With Richard and Arthur Taylor
 * A Synopsis of British Flora, arranged according to the Natural Order (1829)
 * An Outline of the First Principles of Horticulture (1832)
 * An Outline of the Structure and Physiology of Plants (1832)
 * Einleitung in das natürliche System der Botanik (1833)
 * The Fossil Flora of Great Britain (with William Hutton) (1831–1837)
 * Ladies' Botany or, A familiar introduction to the study of the natural system of botany (1834–37) [2 vols.] London: James Ridgway
 * Flora Medica (1838)
 * Sertum orchidaceum:a wreath of the most beautiful orchidaceous flowers selected by John Lindley. (1838)
 * Appendix to the first twenty-three volumes of Edwards's botanical register (1839)
 * Theory of Horticulture (1840)
 * Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony (1840)
 * The genera and species of orchidaceous plants /by John Lindley. (1830–1840)
 * Edwards' botanical register (1829–1847) With James Ridgway. Vol. 15–33.
 * Medical and oeconomical botany /by John Lindley (1849)
 * Folia Orchidacea (1852)
 * Paxton's flower garden by Professor Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton et al. (1853) Three volumes.
 * Descriptive Botany (1858)
 * Edwards' botanical register (1829–1847) With James Ridgway. Vol. 15–33.
 * Medical and oeconomical botany /by John Lindley (1849)
 * Folia Orchidacea (1852)
 * Paxton's flower garden by Professor Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton et al. (1853) Three volumes.
 * Descriptive Botany (1858)

Taxonomic works

 * A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836)
 * The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)
 * The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)
 * The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)

Edited works

 * In 1841 he co-founded The Gardeners' Chronicle alongside Joseph Paxton, Charles Wentworth Dilke and William Bradbury and became its first editor.
 * The Botanical Register 1820–1847

title: John Lindley


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Talk:Aegis Combat System

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title: Talk:Aegis Combat System


text:
Second Battle of the Stronghold

The Second Battle of the Stronghold (a.k.a. Lava Beds) was a battle during the Modoc War between a band of the Native American Modoc tribe and the Army of the United States, in northeastern California. The battle began on April 15, 1873, and ended on April 17, 1873. The Army succeeded in forcing the Modoc to abandon their fortified position at Captain Jack's Stronghold in the Lava Beds, but failed to capture the band.

Background
Following the assassination of Major General Edward Canby and another member of a peace delegation during a peace conference on April 11, 1873, the Army, under the command of Colonel Alvan Gillem, made preparations to attack the Stronghold.

Fighting
On April 15 a general attack began, troops advancing from Gillem's camp on the west and Mason's camp at Hospital Rock, northeast of the Stronghold. Fighting continued throughout the day, the troops remaining in position during the night. Each advance of troops on the 16th was under heavy fire from the Modoc positions. That night the troops succeeded in cutting the Modoc off from their water supply at the shore of Tule Lake. By the morning of April 17 everything was in readiness for the final attack on the Stronghold. When the order was given to advance, the troops charged into the Stronghold.

After the fighting along the shoreline of Tule Lake on the afternoon and night of April 16, the Modocs defending the Stronghold realized that their water supply had been cut off by the troops commanding the shoreline. On April 17, before the troops had received the order to charge the Stronghold, the Modoc escaped through a crevice left unguarded during a movement of troops from one position to another.

Casualties
During the fighting at the Stronghold, April 15–17, casualties included one officer and six enlisted men killed, and thirteen enlisted men wounded. The only Modoc casualty was a boy, reported to have been killed when a cannonball, which he was attempting to open with an axe, exploded. Several Modoc women were reported to have died from sickness.

U.S.
Col. Alvan C. Gillem, 1st U.S. Cavalry commanding Mason's Command - Major Edwin C. Mason Green's Command - Major John Green
 * 1st U.S. Cavalry
 * Troop B
 * Troop C
 * 21st U.S. Infantry
 * Company B
 * Company C
 * Company I
 * 4th U.S. Artillery
 * Howitzer Battery
 * Scouts
 * Warm Springs
 * 1st U.S. Cavalry
 * Troop F
 * Troop K
 * Troop H (remained behind as rear guard)
 * 12th U.S. Infantry
 * Company E
 * Company G
 * 4th U.S. Infantry
 * Battery A
 * Battery E
 * Battery K
 * Battery M

Modoc
Modoc bands of Captain Jack, Scarface Charley and John Schonchin

title: Second Battle of the Stronghold


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Nicolas de Largillière

Nicolas de Largillière (baptised 10 October 1656 – 20 March 1746) was a French painter and draughtsman.

Early life
Largillière was baptised at the in Paris on 10 October 1656. The son of a merchant hatmaker, his family moved to Antwerp when Largillière was around three years old. Following a trip to London, Largillière's father apprenticed him to the Flemish painter Anton Goubau. However, he left at the age of eighteen and again went to England, where he was befriended and employed by Sir Peter Lely for four years at Windsor, Berkshire. While there, Largillière also worked under the direction of Italian painter Antonio Verrio.

Early career
His painting caught the attention of Charles II, who wished to retain Largillière in his service, but the controversy aroused by the Rye House Plot against Roman Catholics alarmed Largillière. He left for Paris, where he was well received by the public as a painter.

Upon ascending to the throne in 1685, James II requested Largillière to return to England. James II offered Largillière the office of keeper of the royal collections, but he declined due to being uneasy about Rye House Plot. However, during a short stay in London, he painted portraits of the king, the queen Mary of Modena, and the prince of Wales James Francis Edward Stuart. The portrait of the Prince of Wales could not have been painted during Largillière's stay in London because the prince was not born until 1688. The three portraits painted by Largillière of the prince in his youth must have been executed in Paris, where he returned sometime before March 1686. The portrait of King James II was painted in 1686. King James is portrayed in golden armor with a white cravat and is positioned in front of a watercolour-like background set in a round frame.

French Academy
In 1686, Largillière produced a portrait of the painter Charles Le Brun for admittance to the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. The portrait shows Le Brun, then the chairman of the academy, at work on an entombment, surrounded by classical busts and figurines scattered upon the floor and table within the picture. Le Brun, impressed by Largillière's portrait, accepted him to the academy. In 1690, Largillière was documented by the French Academy as a historical painter, which was a prominent artistic trend of the academy.

In 1693, Largillière painted the Governor of Arras, Pierre de Montesquiou, to celebrate his promotion to brigadier in 1691.

In 1694, Largillière's made a multi-figure work that is displayed in the church of Saint-Étienne-du-Mont.

In 1709, Largillière painted the royal family portrait of The Family of Louis XIV. This portrait shows King Louis XIV, Madame de Ventadour (governess of the children of the Duke of Burgundy), the 3-year old Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712), Louis, Grand Dauphin and Louis, Duke of Burgundy, future dauphin. The King displays a sense of slight uneasiness unlike the other figures especially. In the painting, Largillière used the Renaissance technique of structured disposition. A year later, Largillière painted a self-portrait which also contained two female members of his family.

Following the death of directeur Louis de Boullogne on 28 November 1733, the painter Hyacinthe Rigaud proposed that the four rectors of the Académie, Largillière, Claude-Guy Hallé, Guillaume Coustou, and himself, rotate the post. This oligarchy would persist until the election of Coustou as sole director on 5 February 1735. Largillière became director in 1738 and remained in that position until 1742.

Later career

Towards the end of his life, Largillière painted a repetition of anonymous male portraits of Parisian nobles. One example was painted in 1710, of a man standing with spread fingers that conceal a letter held in the other hand. Another portrait from about 1715 shows a frontal three quarter view of a man dressed in similar clothes and wig with a Doric column in the background.

In 1714, Largillière painted King Augustus II of Poland. Largillière also painted the artist Jacques-Antoine Arlaud in a red robe in a similar fashion to Largillière's portrait of the painter Charles Le Brun, as well as the sculptor Nicolas Couston. Around the next year, Largillière painted The Study of Different Types of Hands, which currently resides in the Louvre.

In 1718, Largillière painted the French poet and essayist Voltaire.

The Entry of Christ into Jerusalem was a landscape painting that Largillière painted in 1720.

Largillière made his last self-portrait in 1725. This portrait displays the artist at his easel staring toward the audience.

Largillière was appointed as chancellor of the French Academy in 1743.

Death
Nicolas de Largillière died on 20 March 1746 at the age of 89. Upon his death, he donated to France several small landscapes and still life pictures he had created.

Legacy
The Ashmolean Museum (University of Oxford), the Fitzwilliam Museum (University of Cambridge), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Louvre, the National Gallery of Art (Washington D.C.), the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art (Kansas City, Missouri), the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg and Pinacoteca di Brera (Milan), Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga (Lisbon), Museum de Fundatie (Zwolle), the Detroit Institute of Arts (Detroit) and the Speed Art Museum (Louisville) are among the public collections holding works by Nicolas de Largillière.

Jean-Baptiste Oudry and Jacob van Schuppen, Largillière's pupil and nephew respectively, were also rococo painters.

title: Nicolas de Largillière


text:
User:Hackerjack/Contributions

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title: User:Hackerjack/Contributions


text:
Sikorsky S-76

The Sikorsky S-76 is a medium-size commercial utility helicopter designed and produced by the American helicopter manufacturer Sikorsky Aircraft. It is the company's first helicopter specifically developed for the civilian market.

The S-76 was developed during the mid-1970s, originally being designated S-74 but renamed in honor of the U.S. Bicentennial. Drawing upon its recently-developed S-70 helicopter, it features twin turboshaft engines, four-bladed main and tail rotors, and retractable landing gear. On 13 March 1977, the prototype performed its maiden flight. The initial production variant was the S-76A, the first deliveries of which took place on 27 February 1979. Several improved models were produced over time, including the S-76 Mk II launched in 1982, and the S-76B in 1987. Development of the S-76D was particularly troubled, being delayed by four years of delays due to flight envelope issues; it was finally certified for operation on 12 October 2012.

The S-76 initially encountered strong demand from the off-shore oil drilling industry; later on, demand shifted towards the VIP sector of the market. It performed several noteworthy flights, such as the first circumnavigation of the world in an east-to-west direction by a helicopter, and an autonomous demonstration flight during 2016. Sikorsky also used individual helicopters, often heavily modified for the purpose, for experimental purposes and to support other programmes. Demand for the S-76 waned during the 2010s, newer helicopters such as the AgustaWestland AW139 proved to be stiff competition. During March 2022, Sikorsky halted new orders for the S-76, but stated that it was looking at opportunities for future overseas manufacturing with foreign partners.

Development
The development of the S-76 commenced during the mid-1970s as the S-74. The S-74 was subsequently redesignated the S-76 in honor of the U.S. Bicentennial. The company had set the design goal of producing a medium helicopter suitable for corporate transportation and the oil drilling industry. Sikorsky's design work on the S-70 helicopter (which was selected for use by the United States Army as the UH-60 Black Hawk) was utilized in the development of the S-76, incorporating S-70 design technology in its rotor blades and rotor heads. It was the first Sikorsky helicopter designed purely for commercial rather than military use.

On 13 March 1977, the prototype performed its maiden flight. On 21 November 1978, initial US Federal Aviation Administration type certification was granted, while the first customer delivery took place on 27 February 1979. During late 1978, the S-76 was officially named "Spirit", however, this name was officially dropped by Sikorsky on 9 October 1980, reportedly due to translation issues into some foreign languages.

The first production variant was the S-76A. Several improved models were produced over time. During 1982, the S-76 Mk II, equipped with more powerful engines and other refinements, was introduced. In 1987, production of the S-76B, powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6B-36A and Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6B-36B engines; it was capable to attaining a maximum speed of 155 kn at sea level. By early 2001, in excess of 500 S-76s had been delivered.

During the early 2000s, the S-76C+ was the main version in production; it was equipped with twin Turbomeca Arriel 2S1 engines with FADEC and a Honeywell EFIS suite. This version also incorporated active noise suppression, vibration dampers and a composite main rotor. On 3 January 2006, the S-76 C++ replaced earlier versions in production; it is powered by twin Turbomeca Arriel 2S2 engines and incorporates an improved and quieter transmission as well as minor changes in the interior equipment and avionics. By January 2006, Sikorsky had secured 92 orders for this model.

Development of the follow-on S-76D was subject to four years of delays due to technical problems in expanding the flight envelope. On 7 February 2009, the prototype conducted its first flight, and type certification was initially expected during 2011 while deliveries were forecast to start at the end of that year. The FAA issued certification on 12 October 2012. Three prototypes were used in the certification program, with one aircraft used to certify the optional rotor electric ice-protection system. The "D" model is powered by 1050 hp Pratt & Whitney Canada PW210S engines driving composite rotors and incorporates active vibration control. Performance is substantially improved with the added power, but initial certification retains the same 11700 lb gross weight and maximum 155 kn cruise speed as earlier models.

The rate of manufacturing noticeably declined during the 2010s; only a dozen S-76s were delivered between 2016 and 2020. During September 2013, it was announced that the Chinese manufacturer Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation had been contracted to produce the S-76D airframe. By 2022 April, in excess of 875 S-76s had reportedly been built.

During March 2022, Sikorsky announced that it had halted new orders for the S-76 while potential overseas manufacturing partners and licensing opportunities were being evaluated. Reasons for the hold included decreasing sales volume, the high cost of supply and manufacturing, and the prohibitive costs associated with adapting the S-76 to meet increasing safety mandates. This move effectively ended production of the S-76 following the completion of the three orders that were outstanding, and represented a withdrawal by Sikorsky from the medium commercial helicopter market. Sikorsky has stated that it will continue to actively manufacture spare parts for the S-76 at its Connecticut facility.

Design

The S-76 is of a conventional configuration, with a four-bladed fully articulated main rotor and a four-bladed anti-torque rotor on the port side of the tailboom. It is powered by a pair of turboshaft engines, which are located above the passenger cabin. On the prototypes and initial production aircraft, these engines were Allison 250-C30s, a variant of the popular Allison 250 engine that was developed specially for the S-76l it had a single-stage centrifugal compressor instead of the multi-stage axial/centrifugal compressor of earlier models of the engine, rated at 650 shp for takeoff. These engines are connected to the main rotor by the main gearbox, a three-stage unit with a bull gear as its final stage, rather than the planetary gear that had been used by previous generations of Sikorsky helicopters. This arrangement has 30% fewer parts and lower costs than a more conventional design.

The main rotor is furnished with a single piece aluminum hub fitted with elastomeric bearings, which are designed not to require lubrication or any other kind of maintenance throughout its design life. The main rotor blades have titanium spars and incorporate a ten degree twist to provide an even loading when hovering, while they use a non-symmetrical airfoil section with a drooped leading edge. The rotor tips are tapered and swept back. The rotor blades on later-build S-76s feature ice protection measures. The flight controls are servo-assisted and have a Stability Augmentation System fitted. A retractable nosewheel undercarriage is fitted, the reduced drag from this arrangement is credited with increasing the S-76A's cruising speed by 6 kn. Emergency flotation gear can be fitted, which uses helium-filled bags to increase buoyancy in the event of a forced landing on water.

The fuselage of the S-76 is made from both metal and composite materials; while the nose is composed of fiberglass, the cabin area primarily employs a light alloy honeycomb structure, the semi-monocoque tailboom is also constructed of light alloy. A pair of pilots are typically seated in a side-by-side arrangement in the cockpit, situated ahead of the cabin, which can accommodate a further 12 passengers in three rows of four, or between four and eight passengers in a more luxurious executive seating configuration. Later models can be flown by a single pilot when provisioned with an appropriately configured cockpit. The S-76 was not originally designed with crashworthy fuel systems, leading to difficulties continuing production after an FAA requirement was implemented in April 2020.

Operational history
Early on in its commercial career, the S-76 became popular for offshore operations, such as to oil rigs. Numerous operators have either purchased or leased the type specifically to operate in this sector.

During 1982, the S-76A set multiple class records for range, climb, speed and ceiling. In June 1995, the S-76 became the first helicopter to circumnavigate the world in an east-to-west direction, piloted by the Australian adventurer Dick Smith.

Several airlines have operated the S-76A on scheduled services, including Helijet Airways of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

During the campaigning in the run up to the 2005 United Kingdom general election, both the Labour and the Conservative parties dispensed with conventional 'battle buses' in favour of S-76 helicopters to quickly transport their leaders around the British Isles. According to Jason Lambert, Sikorsky's vice president of commercial and military systems, the S-76 had proven itself to be particularly popular amongst VIP customers. By 2020, according to Sikorsky, ten countries operated S-76s to carry their heads of state.

S-76s have been periodically used to test new technologies and capabilities. The highly-modified S-76 SHADOW (Sikorsky Helicopter Advance Demonstrator of Operators Workload) was built to demonstrate its advanced cockpit for single-pilot operations and to study the human engineering interface between the pilot and the cockpit controls and displays; this was in aid of the RAH-66 Comanche armed reconnaissance helicopter programme. During the 2010s, an S-76 was configured for autonomous operation and demonstrated this ability in June 2016, flying for a distance of around 30 miles (48 km) with no human intervention beyond limited inputs made via a tablet computer, the take off and landing phases were also performed autonomously.

During the 2010s, many S-76 operators elected to replace the type with newer medium-lift rotorcraft, such as the AgustaWestland AW139. In early 2020, it was observed that, while the S-76D was no longer compliant with FAA regulations to permit its sale to US-based customers, sales were still possible to several other countries.

Civil

 * Original production version, powered by two 650 shp Rolls-Royce (Allison) 250-C30 turboshaft engines. Large number modified to S-76A+, A++, C, and C+. 284 manufactured.
 * Original production version, powered by two 650 shp Rolls-Royce (Allison) 250-C30 turboshaft engines. Large number modified to S-76A+, A++, C, and C+. 284 manufactured.

 * S-76A Utility
 * Utility transport version, equipped with sliding doors and a strengthened floor.

 * S-76A+
 * Unsold S-76s were fitted with two Turbomeca Arriel 1S turboshaft engines. 17 manufactured.

 * S-76 helicopters fitted with two Turbomeca Arriel 1S1 turboshaft engines.
 * S-76 helicopters fitted with two Turbomeca Arriel 1S1 turboshaft engines.

 * S-76A Mk II
 * Improved all-weather transport version, fitted with more powerful engines, and other detail improvements.

 * Powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6B-36A or Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6B-36B turboshaft engines. 101 built.
 * Powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6B-36A or Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6B-36B turboshaft engines. 101 built.

 * Powered by two 539-kW (981-shp) Turbomeca Arriel 1S1 turboshaft engines. 43 manufactured.
 * Powered by two 539-kW (981-shp) Turbomeca Arriel 1S1 turboshaft engines. 43 manufactured.

 * Uprated version, fitted with improved Turbomeca Arriel 2S1 turboshafts with FADEC. 35 manufactured.
 * Uprated version, fitted with improved Turbomeca Arriel 2S1 turboshafts with FADEC. 35 manufactured.

 * S-76C++
 * Turbomeca Arriel 2S2

 * Powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW210S. Also features a Thales Topdeck avionics suite and improved noise signature over all previous variants.
 * Powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW210S. Also features a Thales Topdeck avionics suite and improved noise signature over all previous variants.

Military

 * AUH-76 "Dragon Lady"
 * Armed utility transport version of the S-76 Mk. II. Delivered in 1983 to the Philippine Air Force. Initially armed with two fixed forward firing M134 7.62 mm minigun (one each side) and a 7-round rocket pod on each side and radar altimeters. When M134 became unserviceable, the guns were replaced with M2P Machine Guns.

 * H-76 Eagle
 * A militarised variant suitable for naval operations, based on the S-76B, it was announced during 1985 but none were ever sold.

Experimental derivatives

 * Sikorsky S-75: The Advanced Composite Airframe Program (ACAP) was an all-composite Sikorsky early LHX proof of concept aircraft. Designated S-75, it mated a new composite airframe with S-76 engines, rotors and powertrain components.
 * Sikorsky S-76 SHADOW: Boeing-Sikorsky MANPRINT study. The original concept of the LHX program was to produce a one-man helicopter that could do more than a two-man aircraft. The Sikorsky (S-76) Helicopter Advance Demonstrator of Operators Workload (SHADOW) had a single-pilot advanced cockpit grafted to its nose. The purpose was to study the MANPRINT or human engineering interface between the pilot and the cockpit controls and displays. The cockpit was the prototype of a single-pilot cockpit designed for use on the prototype RAH-66 Comanche armed reconnaissance helicopter. The cockpit was designed so sensors would feed data to the pilot through helmet-mounted displays. The MANPRINT study determined that single-pilot operation of the Comanche was unsafe, and would result in pilot overload. As result of this study, the Comanche was designed to be operated by a crew of two.

Civil
The S-76 is in civil service around the world with airlines, corporations, hospitals, and government operators. The world's largest civilian fleet is the 79 Sikorsky S-76 helicopters operated by CHC Helicopter Corporation.

Current military and government
🇨🇦
 * Argentine Air Force
 * Argentine Air Force

 * Emergency Health Services LifeFlight (Nova Scotia)
 * Ministry of Transport
 * Japan Coast Guard
 * Royal Jordanian Air Force
 * $\phi$
 * Philippine Air Force
 * National Airborne Service Corps
 * Ministry of Interior
 * Police of Serbia
 * Spanish Air and Space Force
 * Galician Coast Guard
 * Royal Thai Navy
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * The King's Helicopter Flight
 * Police of Serbia
 * Spanish Air and Space Force
 * Galician Coast Guard
 * Royal Thai Navy
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * The King's Helicopter Flight
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * The King's Helicopter Flight

Former military and government

 * Royal Australian Air Force (replaced by the AgustaWestland AW139 during the late 2010s)
 * Ornge / Ontario Air Ambulance Corp. (originally owned by Canadian Helicopters and eventually o/o by Ornge and replaced by AW139 in 2012)
 * Honduran Air Force
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong
 * Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force
 * Government Flying Service
 * Icelandic Coast Guard
 * Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force
 * Government Flying Service
 * Icelandic Coast Guard
 * Icelandic Coast Guard

Accidents

 * On 17 July 2002, S-76A G-BJVX, operated by Bristow Helicopters, crashed into the North Sea due to the failure of a main rotor blade. The operator temporarily halted all helicopter flights over the North Sea until operations resumed on 3 September 2002.
 * On 10 August 2005, a Sikorsky S-76C+ flying Copterline Flight 103 crashed into Tallinn Bay in the Gulf of Finland. The cause was a failure of the hydraulic flight control system.
 * On 31 May 2013, an S-76A air ambulance, operated by Ornge, crashed near Moosonee Airport, Canada. The cause was inadequate training of pilots for night-time operations.
 * On 10 March 2017, S-76C++ TC-HEZ, operated by Swan Aviation, crashed during a private charter flight in Istanbul, Turkey. The cause is unknown, but poor visibility conditions were present at the time.
 * On 26 January 2020, S-76B N72EX crashed in Calabasas, California, killing all nine occupants, including the retired professional basketball player Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gianna. The cause was determined to be the pilot Ara Zobayan experiencing spatial disorientation due to heavy fog, as well as pilot error.
 * On 16 September 2020, an S-76A air ambulance of the Philippine Air Force crashed in Basilan Province in Southern Philippines during bad weather conditions, killing all four military crew members onboard.

title: Sikorsky S-76


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Talk:Tony Martin (farmer)

POV?
This really needs an NPOVing. It's written as a defence of Martin - David Gerard 09:50, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It should be a defence, how can you defend a criminal, if someone breaks the law, time and time again, and then they expect to be covered by it when they get shot, LOGICAL?

In any country run by real men, I'm in support of private firearm ownership, like South Africa or the U.S. we wouldn't be having this argument, we'd be spitting on the stupid burglar and be suing his family for making a mess on Martin's carpet, I'm embarrased to say I'm British when I'm abroad, it's silly, if someone comes into your house, you should shoot them until there's no life left in them. 82.14.70.99 22:24, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * What place do the above comments (I refer to the last two paragraphs) have in a discussion page? There are more important problems with this article - such as unqualified statements, which I have flagged - that need to be addressed rather than using the discussion page to voice personal political opinions. Clammage (talk) 22:31, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

I'm giving it a go. Removing the more egregious POV stuff and correcting some points of fact and the numerous omissions. --Minority Report 21:08, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

It's rather gone the other way.....

http://www.guardian.co.uk/martin/article/0,2763,214336,00.html says he shot the vehicle of a man scrumping apples, we say (said) that he shot at children. I think we need more sourced material on this one. 12:52, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * That Guardian article is just one long character assassination! It's depressing to see a supposedly "serious" newspaper resort to these hackneyed tabloid cliches, though thankfully they stopped short of saying Martin's eyes were too close together.

 * It's so biased it's ridiculous - they make him sound like a cross between Dracula and Rambo. "Weird", "eccentric", and a "loner", eh? He lived in a scary house, hated thieves and gypsies? Ooh, better throw away the key!

 * It worked both ways, of course - many of the pro-Martin papers (Mail, et al) have carried similarly biased "profiles" of burglars Fearon and Barras. All's fair in love and newspaper sales, it seems.

 * It's also interesting to note that the Daily Mirror (which could hardly be described as a right-wing paper) paid Martin £125,000 for his story. This Wikipedia article seems to imply that support for Martin was limited to right-wingers - in fact, the British public (en masse) was hugely supportive of Martin and I don't think the article emphasises that enough. 217.155.20.163 22:21, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Nowadays, the Mirror is relatively right-wing. 86.139.237.132 21:14, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

It seems these comments are very dated, and the issue at the core, the right of self-defense of one's home does need to be addressed much more. I'm not British, so to an extent it's none of my business, but I am human, and I believe that all humans have a birthright of being able to defend their life, the lives of their families, friends, and even perfect strangers.

I am new to this whole editing thing, and frankly am not sure how much time I may have to donate, nor whether or not I could just write my own 'Friend of the Court' brief, metaphorically speaking, in defense of defense.

The criminal here is not Tony Martin, it's the bad guy and more critically, the government that ruined his life over a legitimate self-defense use of deadly force. KevyKevTPA (talk) 14:48, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

 * "these comments are very dated", talk page sections are typically chronological. On an inactive page like this, older discussions haven't be archived. It's normal to see comments 20+ years old at the top. You were replying to someone from 2004.
 * "I believe that all humans have a birthright of being able to defend their life":
 * Wikipedia isn't really the place for debating what we think is right, instead it focuses on what did happen based on reliable sources. I remember this case happening at the time, it was quite the furore. The evidence presented did not support his actions as "able to defend their life" like you stated. Notably the deceased being shot in the back when trying to escape made the claim of self-defence tenuous at best.
 * I hope this helps @KevyKevTPA I see you are still new to wikipedia, it's more than a little confusing at first. BeardedChimp (talk) 01:57, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Dated or not, right and wrong doesn't change over time. Regardless, I'm not trying to start a debate here.
 * Still, like the media, this is a service that should 'report the news' so to speak, and there's more to news than just this fact happened, and that fact happened.
 * Had this happened in most of the US not only would he not have been charged, the surviving perps would have been hit with 'Felony Murder', and given sentences theoretically as high as the death penalty, but more realistically something like 25 to life, possibly less depending on dozens if not hundreds of factors well beyond the scope here.
 * That should be noted, if for no other reason than maybe people in the UK and elsewhere will see the proper way of dealing with thugs like these guys, and learn better. KevyKevTPA (talk) 01:01, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

Burglary trial
Darren Bark must have been released by now; do we know when? Barnabypage 16:31, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Released, then back in jail at least two more times. Izaakb 16:31, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Title of page
Is Tony Martin (farmer) really the best title? After all, it's not his contributions to agriculture which are notable. I don't think there's a word manslaughterer, and Tony Martin (criminal), while accurate, might be seen as deliberately provocative. Any ideas, anyone? Barnabypage 21:11, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Ha, I was just logging on here to say exactly the same thing.FrFintonStack 17:39, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * How about just Tony Martin with a referral from Anthony Martin. If there is more than one Tony Martin, then put in a disambig page.  Some people might prefer Tony Martin (hero) or Tony Martin (vermin exterminator) or any number of silly options.  Since the title is merely how to identify him, how about just the name?  Izaakb 15:21, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * There are already ten Tony Martins on Wiki, so this one has to be Tony Martin (something). Barnabypage 11:06, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Good point -- all of the other Tony Martins are categorized by profession, so if this particular Tony is a farmer, then so be it. Izaakb 14:36, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Bounty?
The newspapers say there is supposed to be a 60,000 pound bounty on Martin's head. Anyone know anything about this? Like who exactly is after him? Or is it just irresponsible hearsay journalism?Tragic romance 10:41, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Never heard of such a thing, nor in any of the news links about him. I call BS.  Izaakb 16:22, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I definately remember reading about this in a paper (probably the Daily Mirror or Mail). I think it said the bounty was put up by 'Travellers', friends of Fred Barras' family or some such. No proof of any of it, though.Xzamuel 15:05, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Surely you can check in their archives for such a claim? Izaakb 15:22, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Barras' extended family called together a 'Kris' or Romany Gypsy council/court. There, it was decided by some senior figures in the local Gypsy community that a bounty should be put on Martin's head. Apparently the money was to be paid upon Martin's death, but I don't know where they were supposed to have got the money from... You can read about this in the chapter "Trial by Jury and Gypsy" of the book "Tony Martin: A Right To Kill", published by Artnik.

Farmer designation
Is it fair to characterise Martin was a farmer given he has not returned to farm at Bleak House since his release 6 1/2 years ago?

I wouldn't challenge the title of the article because he is Tony Martin the farmer who killed a burglar but the opening paragraph says Tony Martin is a farmer who etc perhaps it should read a 'former farmer' who etc. Dudley25 (talk) 17:32, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Sources and inline citations
Please be sure that all additions to the Tony Martin (farmer) article are verifiable and that any new assertions added to the article should have inline citations for each claim made.

 * I have temporarily removed a moderate amount of material, all added to the article between 2010-01-17 and 2010-01-29 that had no support from inline citations did not meet WP:BLP policy. Feel free to add back in if you have a verifiable sources you can cite inline.  I left the two secondary sources in the References section, but removed the primary source link (potential WP:SYN) and the YouTube video link, which is not considered a reliable source in Wikipedia. N2e (talk) 02:45, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Brendon Fearon
Would anyone else support merging the Brendon Fearon article into this one? Strictly speaking, it's not a case of WP:BLP1E, as he has received some news coverage since the initial event; but I nonetheless think the spirit of that rule should apply, and I'm not convinced he really needs a separate article. Martin and Fearon could (and probably should) satisfactorily be covered as part of the same article, covering the burglary, the legal cases, and other subsequent events. Does anyone think that would be a good idea? Robofish (talk) 12:32, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree. Other than the Tony Martin incident, Fearon is a minor felon. -- Ohconfucius ¡digame! 13:03, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose He's a minor felon and not otherwise notable enough for an article. However the subsequent events are already covered and are, I would suggest at risk of some probably huge WP:BLP transgression, a testament to his character and so worth keeping. Yet they don't belong within the Tony Martin article. Per our aspiration "to make the best poissible encyclopedia", I'd suggest that this is worth keeping, and that it's best kept as it is, in a separate article. We don't actually benefit by merging, even if policy would support us if we did merge. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:10, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I'm not sure about WP:BLP1E, since all of his later reported crimes seem to be notable only through his earlier connection with Tony Martin. But for the sake of clarity I would keep his separate article. It might also be argued that a separate article for one of the victims in Martin's crime shows balance - although, of course, there should only be one set of facts to share between the two, as appropriate? Martinevans123 (talk) 18:03, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Tough one, both sides have strong arguments here, but I'll say Agree. The events of notability in Fearon's life subsequent to the Bleak House incident are essentially direct consequences of that incident. His continuing career of minor crime unconnected with Bleak House is not material that the encyclopedia needs or ought to cover. The benefit to the reader of merging the articles is, I'll grant, fairly slim, but it is that they can get a more complete picture of the Bleak House incident and its ramifications all in one place. Barnabypage (talk) 20:38, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose If the article was named after the incident and purely focused on that it'd be obvious to put them together. However, both articles are about individual people and are in any case hyperlinked. There is likely to be, if not already, info about the individuals on the pages not related to the specific incident, some time in the future - so I say they are better separate and better to keep them that way to allow for future development of the two unrelated pages. pmailkeey 2013:9:19

'Weird editorialising' ?
I do not see what is so 'weird' about my extension of the lede (deleted 8/2/13), as a summary of public reaction. There was indeed a great outpouring of support for Martin in principle, tempered by growing reservations about the man and his motives. 109.154.26.148 (talk) 23:34, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

PS -  the material I added-in was a direct summary of the same topic, as featured in the article. Valetude (talk) 16:14, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Could you copy what you had added here, where it might be discussed? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 16:20, 14 July 2013 (UTC) p.s. presumably you have added both of above comments?
 * There was much sympathy for Martin, and enthusiastic support for the right to defend one's own home. But some people cast doubt on his evidence, and pointed out that he did not have a valid firearms certificate. Valetude (talk) 11:40, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tony Martin (farmer)


text: Category:Markup languages

title: Category:Markup languages


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Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius

Carl Friedrich Philipp (Karl Friedrich Philipp) von Martius (17 April 1794 – 13 December 1868) was a German botanist and explorer. Between 1817 and 1820, he travelled 10,000 km through Brazil while collecting botanical specimens. His most important work was a comprehensive flora of Brazil, Flora Brasiliensis, which he initiated in 1840 and was completed posthumously in 1906.

Life
Martius was born at Erlangen, the son of Prof Ernst Wilhelm Martius, court apothecary.

He graduated PhD from Erlangen University in 1814, publishing as his thesis a critical catalogue of plants in the university's botanical garden. After that he continued to devote himself to botanical study, and in 1817 he and Johann Baptist von Spix were sent to Brazil by Maximilian I Joseph, the king of Bavaria. They travelled from Rio de Janeiro through several of the southern and eastern provinces of Brazil and travelled up the Amazon River to Tabatinga, as well as exploring some of its larger tributaries.

On his return to Europe in 1820 Martius was appointed as the keeper of the botanic garden at Munich, including the herbarium at the Munich Botanical Collection, and in 1826 as professor of botany in the university there, and he held both offices until 1864. He devoted his chief attention to the flora of Brazil, and in addition to numerous short papers he published the Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Brasiliensium (1823–1832, 3 vols.) and Icones selectae Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Brasiliensium (1827), both works being finely illustrated. He is credited for introducing the word in this latter work, referring to a specific layer of tissue in a lichen  that his extensive microscopical work had revealed.

An account of his travels in Brazil appeared in three volumes between 1823 and 1831, with an atlas of plates, but probably the work by which he is best known is his Historia naturalis palmarum (1823–1850) in three large folio volumes, in which all known genera of the palm family are described and illustrated. The work contains more than 240 chromolithographs, with habitat sketches and botanical dissections. In 1840 he began the Flora Brasiliensis, with the assistance of the most distinguished European botanists, who undertook monographs of the various orders. Its publication was continued after his death under the editorship of A. W. Eichler (1839–1887) until 1887, and subsequently of Ignatz Urban. At completion, the Flora described almost 23,000 plants, of which 5,689 were new to scinece. He also edited several works on the zoological collections made in Brazil by Spix, after the death of the latter in 1826. In 1837, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

On the outbreak of potato disease in Europe he investigated it and published his observations in 1842. He also published works and short papers on the aborigines of Brazil, on their civil and social condition, on their past and probable future, on their diseases and medicines, and on the languages of the various tribes, especially the Tupi. He died at Munich; his gravestone is decorated with two palm fronds and the Latin inscription In palmis semper virens resurgo.

A species of South American snake, Hydrops martii, is named in his honor. The Martiusstraße in Munich is named after him.

He married Franziska von Stengel (1801–1843). His son was German chemist, entrepreneur and company founder Carl Alexander von Martius (1838–1920).

In 2012, botanists Harley & J.F.B.Pastore named a genus of flowering plants from Brazil and Peru, belonging to the family Lamiaceae as Martianthus in his honour.

His birthday, Apr 17, is International Palm Day, an observance by the International Palm Society to raise awareness of the conservation plight of palms.

Herbarium Martii

As well as a huge collection of flora specimens owned by Martius prior to his departure to South America, he returned with another 12,000 specimens which together formed the Herbarium Martii. At the time of his death the collection had been further expanded and comprised 300,000 specimens representing 65,000 species from around the world, and was one of the largest private herbaria assembled. Between 1837 and 1841 Martius published an exsiccata-like series with the title ''Herbarium florae Brasiliensis. Plantae Brasilienses exsiccatae, quas denominatas, partim diagnosi aut observationibus instructas botanophilis offert Dr. C. Fr. Ph. de Martius''.

The Belgian government acquired the collection in 1870 which formed the basis of the then newly established Jardin botanique de l'Etat. The collection is now held as part of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium.

The Martius Project is an effort by the Botanic Garden to digitize the entire collection.

Route followed in Brazil during 1817–1820 expedition
Martius and Spix, accompanied by Johann Christian Mikan, his wife and the artist Thomas Ender travelled to Brazil with the Austrian Commission, which joined the wedding train of Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria and Dom Pedro de Alcantara, the future Emperor of Brazil. The party left from Trieste on 10 April 1817.

The first natural history collections were made in the city of Rio de Janeiro at Laranjeiras, Corcovado, Aqueduto, Fonte da Carioca, Tijuca, Botafogo, Jardim Botanico immediately following the wedding.

Spix and Martius then spent some days at "Fazenda Mandioca" with Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff and then went to a fazenda near Rio Paraiba before returning to Rio. A mounted expedition took them on horseback to Itaguaí (13 December 1817) through São Paulo state to the city of São Paulo where they arrived on 31 December 1817. They left on 9 January 1818 for Sorocaba and Itu on to Minas Gerais, then through Camanducaia to cross the Rio Sapucaí for São Gonçalo and Ouro Prêto. On 1 May 1818, they left for Diamantina, Minas Novas and then Montes Claros.

On 12 August 1818, they headed North-North East to Rio Carinhanha, as far as the Serra Geral then returned by Codó to Carinhanha arriving at Rio de Contas on 17 October 1818, then riding east to cross the Rio Paraguaçu arriving at Salvador on 10 November 1818, and leaving on 18 February 1819 via Coit and Jacobina. The party then travelled to Piauí, Oeiras where they arrived on 3 May. They departed on 11 May, arriving on 15 May at São Gonçalo do Amarante, where Martius became seriously ill. Spix had at this time contracted the schistosomiasis from which he eventually died. On 3 June 1819, they arrived in Maranhão to replenish funds and supplies. They then sailed down the Rio Itapicuru to São Luis from where they left on 20 July for Belém, arriving there on 25 July, having collected specimens at several places in between. They left Belém on 21 August for an Amazon voyage, up the Tocantins to Breves, arriving in Gurupá on 9 September and Porto de Moz on the Rio Xingu on 10 September. They spent 19 September through 30th in Santarém, arriving at Barra do Rio Negro on 22 October and leaving on 2 November. They reached Tefé, then called Ega, on 26 November, then split up.

Spix left Tefé on 7 December 1819, for Solimões and visiting Tabatinga before returning to Manaus on 3 February 1820. He then travelled up the Rio Negro to Moura, Barcelos returning to Manaus on 26 February. Martius left Tefé on 12 December, ascended Rio Japurá, returning to Manaus on 11 March, where they reunited. They departed for Belém arriving on 16 April 1820, and left for Europe on 13 June 1820.

After this journey, Martius and Spix published their account of their travels and work in Brazil. In the appendix, they included a piece of dance music, a lundu, the earliest example of this form of music recorded, now named Lundu: Recolhido por C.P.F. von Martius. A performance of this work by Orquestra e Coro Vox Brasiliensis & Ricardo Kanji is included in their recording História da Música Brasileira – Período Colonial II.

Selected publications

 * Versuch einer Monographie der Sennesblätter . Junge, Erlangen 1857 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * Goethe und Martius . Nemayer, Mittenwald 1932 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

title: Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius


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List of doping cases in sport

The following is an incomplete list of sportspeople who have been involved in doping offences. It contains those who have been found to have, or have admitted to having, taken illegal performance-enhancing drugs, prohibited recreational drugs or have been suspended by a sports governing body for failure to submit to mandatory drug testing.

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title: List of doping cases in sport