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Headstones (band)

Headstones is a Canadian punk-influenced rock band that was formed in Kingston, Ontario in 1989, broke up in 2003, and then reunited in 2011. Consisting of vocalist Hugh Dillon, guitarist Trent Carr, bassist Tim White, keyboardist Steve Carr and Jesse Labovitz on drums, and a reputation for high energy, 'more rock less super shock' stage presence, and interaction with the audience, they frequently draw capacity crowds at mid-sized venues. Their songwriting tackles many serious and controversial topics. Between 1996 and 2016, Headstones were among the top 150 best-selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 35 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada.

History
The band signed to MCA Records in 1992. They released their debut album in June 1993, which was entitled Picture of Health. with original drummer Mark Gibson, who left the band after touring in support of the release. Dale Harrison was recruited for the follow-up Teeth & Tissue in 1995. To promote the album, the band went on a two-month, 44-city tour. In 1996, the Headstones received Juno Award nominations for Best Group and Best Rock Album. In 1997, the band released their next album, Smile & Wave. Three years later, Nickels for Your Nightmares was released, and both Carr and Harrison became fathers, while Dillon recovered from drug addiction.

The band released a compilation album, Greatest Fits, in 2001. In 2002, the band signed with MapleMusic, and released their next album, The Oracle of Hi-Fi. In September 2003, the band announced on their website that they had broken up, citing personal and professional causes.

Dillon started a new band, the Hugh Dillon Redemption Choir, whose debut album The High Co$t of Low Living was released in June 2005. Dillon has found success in acting, appearing in several films, including Hard Core Logo, Dance Me Outside, Trailer Park Boys: The Movie, Assault on Precinct 13 and the TV series, Mayor of KingstownDurham County, Degrassi: The Next Generation, Flashpoint and Continuum. In addition, their song "Come On" was featured in the videogame Triple Play 2002, and was also the theme for the Canadian version of the sketch comedy show, Comedy Inc.

White went on to become a music producer and composer for television and film, and also had a successful career as a voice actor, becoming the voice of such brands Nissan, Purolator, Advil, Toyota, Mr Clean and more

Reunion
Headstones reunited for four shows in February 2011, and eight more in December: two in Vancouver and one each in Edmonton, Calgary, Toronto, London, Guelph, Peterborough and Niagara Falls, New York.

After reforming the band and getting back onstage, the Headstones went back into the studio to record a new album. Released in 2013, Love + Fury was crowdfunded through PledgeMusic, before being released by Universal Music. The album garnered the band their first top 10 album, and #1 hit single "Long Way to Neverland". This was in followed in 2014 with another crowd-funded album, the acoustic covers collection One in the Chamber Music. The band's next album, Little Army, was released on June 2, 2017 on Known Accomplice, an imprint of Cadence Music Group. It includes the hit single "Devil's on Fire". With this release the band gave their fans an exclusive behind the scenes look into the making of the album, in real time.

A remastered edition of Picture of Health with bonus tracks was released in October 2018. On March 15, 2019, the band released a cover of Gordon Lightfoot's "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald". Their next album, PeopleSkills, was released by Known Accomplice on October 25, 2019, and is the band's first full album to be released on vinyl. The album's lead single, "Leave It All Behind", reached number 8 on the Billboard Canada Rock chart. The band's newest album, Flight Risk, was released on October 14, 2022.

title: Headstones (band)


text:
Keystone B-5

The Keystone B-5 is a light bomber made by the Keystone Aircraft company for the United States Army Air Corps in the early 1930s. The B-5A was a Keystone B-3A with Wright Cyclone rather than Pratt & Whitney engines.

Design and development
Three B-3A (LB-10A) were reengined with Wright R-1750-3 radial engines and were redesignated Y1B-5. The Army Air Corps changed the design of the last 27 LB-10As on order, replacing the Pratt & Whitney R-1690 radial engines with the Wright R-1750-3. The Pratt & Whitney-powered aircraft were designated B-3A, and the Wright-powered aircraft became B-5A. They provided the backbone of the U.S. bomber force from then to 1934.

Operational history
B-5A were first line bombers of the United States for the period between 1930 and 1934. Afterwards, they remained in service primarily as observation aircraft until the early 1940s.

Variants

 * LB-14
 * Designed as LB-10 with 575 hp (429 kW) Pratt & Whitney GR-1860 engines; three ordered, but redesigned with 525 hp (392 kW) Wright R-1750-3 engines and delivered as the Y1B-5.

 * Y1B-5
 * Three pre-production aircraft redesignated from LB-14 before delivery.

 * B-5A
 * Wright R-1750-3 version originally ordered as B-3A, 27 built

Operators

 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Army Air Corps

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Keystone B-5


text: User talk:69.54.2.115

title: User talk:69.54.2.115


text:
Ministry of Finance (Japan)

The Ministry of Finance (財務省) is one of the cabinet-level ministries of the Japanese government. The ministry was named the Ōkura-shō (大蔵省) until 2001. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Finance (財務大臣), who is a member of the Cabinet and is typically chosen from members of the Diet by the Prime Minister.

Overview

The Ministry originated in the 6th century, when the Ōkura (大蔵) was established as a state treasury in ancient Japan. When a modern system of government was introduced after the Meiji Restoration, the Ministry of Finance (大蔵省) was established as a government body in charge of public finance and monetary affairs. It is said that new ministry employees are subtly reminded that the Ōkura-shō predates by some 1269 years when the new Constitution was imposed on the nation by the U.S. occupation forces in 1947.

The Ministry has long been regarded as the most powerful ministry in the Japanese government. After various financial scandals revealed in the 1990s, however, the Ministry lost its power over banking supervision to a newly established Financial Services Agency. It also lost most of its control over monetary policy to the Bank of Japan when the Diet passed a new Bank of Japan Law in 1998. In addition, it lost its ancient Japanese name when it was renamed the Zaimu-shō (財務省) in January 2001, although its English name remained the same.

In financial markets, the Ministry is famous for its active foreign exchange policy. Its top civil servant on the international side, Vice Minister of Finance for International Affairs, is often quoted in the financial press. Former Vice Minister Eisuke Sakakibara was known as "Mr Yen", whereas his successors Haruhiko Kuroda and Zenbei Mizoguchi were often referred to as "Mr. Asian Currency" and "Mr. Dollar", respectively.

Organizational structure
The Ministry is organized in six bureaus that provide the overall functions of the ministry:
 * Minister's Secretariat
 * Budget Bureau
 * Tax Bureau
 * Customs and Tariff Bureau
 * Financial Bureau
 * International Bureau

Independent Administrative Institutions
Six Independent Administrative Institutions are under the Ministry's control:
 * Japan Mint
 * National Printing Bureau
 * National Research Institute of Brewing
 * Nippon Automated Cargo Clearance System
 * Commemorative Organization for the Japan World Exposition '70
 * Japan Housing Finance Agency

Incidents

 * In March 2018 Toshio Akagi, an employee of the ministry's Kinki Local Finance Bureau, committed suicide after being forced to tamper with documents related to the sale of government owned land to school operator Moritomo Gakuen, a transaction defended by the ministry despite the resulting scandal. His wife began collecting signatures online for a petition to investigate the truth about Akagi's suicide., she had gathered around 290,000 signatures.
 * On May 20, 2022, the deputy vice minister for policy planning and coordination in the Ministry of Finance was arrested for beating and kicking a fellow passenger on a train in Tokyo.

title: Ministry of Finance (Japan)


text:
Homer Hickam

Homer Hadley Hickam Jr. (born February 19, 1943) is an American author, Vietnam War veteran, and a former NASA engineer who trained the first Japanese astronauts. His 1998 memoir Rocket Boys (also published as October Sky) was a New York Times Best Seller and was the basis for the 1999 film October Sky. Hickam's body of written work also includes several additional best-selling memoirs and novels, including the "Josh Thurlow" historical fiction novels, his 2015 best-selling Carrying Albert Home: The Somewhat True Story of a Man, his Wife, and her Alligator and in 2021 the sequel to Rocket Boys titled Don't Blow Yourself Up: The Further Adventures and Travails of the Rocket Boy of October Sky. His books have been translated into many languages.

Early life and education
Homer H. Hickam Jr. is the second son of Homer Sr. and Elsie Gardener Hickam (née Lavender). He was born and raised in Coalwood, West Virginia, and graduated from Big Creek High School in 1960. He and friends Roy Lee Cooke (born December 25, 1941), Sherman Siers (June 15, 1942 – September 11, 1976), Jimmy O'Dell Carroll (born June 30, 1942), Willie "Billy" Rose, and Quentin Wilson (November 21, 1942 – August 30, 2019) became amateur rocket builders and called themselves The Big Creek Missile Agency (BCMA). After many generations of designs, they qualified for the 1960 National Science Fair and won a gold and silver medal in the area of propulsion.

Virginia Tech and Skipper
Hickam attended Virginia Tech in 1960 and joined the school's Corps of Cadets. In his junior year, he and a few classmates designed a cannon for football games and school functions. They named the cannon "Skipper" in honor of President John F. Kennedy. Skipper was cast out of brass collected from the cadets and has become an icon for Virginia Tech. Hickam graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in industrial engineering.

Military service (1964–1970)
Hickam served six years in the U.S. Army and was honorably discharged at the rank of captain in 1970. He served in the Vietnam War in 1967 and 1968 as a first lieutenant and combat engineer with C Company, 704th Maintenance Battalion, 4th Infantry Division. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal, Army Commendation Medal, and Army Meritorious Unit Commendation ribbon.

USAAMC and NASA (1971–1998)
Following his separation from the service, Hickam worked as an engineer for the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command from 1971 to 1978, assigned to Huntsville. Between 1978 and 1981, he was an engineer for the 7th Army Training Command in Germany.

Hickam began employment with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration at Marshall Space Flight Center in 1981 as an aerospace engineer. His specialties included training astronauts in regard to science payloads and extra-vehicular activities (EVA). Additionally, Hickam assisted at the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator as a diver where astronaut crews trained for numerous Spacelab and Space Shuttle missions, including the Hubble Space Telescope deployment, the first two Hubble repair missions, Spacelab-J (with the first Japanese astronauts), and the Solar Max repair mission. Prior to his retirement from NASA in 1998, Hickam was the payload training manager for the International Space Station program.

Literary career (1969 - Present)
Hickam began writing in 1969 after returning from serving in the Vietnam War. His first writings were magazine stories about scuba diving and his time as a scuba instructor. Then, having dived in many of the wrecks involved, he wrote about the battle against the U-boats along the American east coast during World War II. This resulted in his first book, Torpedo Junction, a military history best-seller published in 1989 by the Naval Institute Press.

In 1998, Delacorte Press published Hickam's second book, Rocket Boys, the story of his life as the son of a coal miner in Coalwood, West Virginia. Rocket Boys has since been translated into numerous languages and released as an audiobook and electronic book. Among its many honors, it was selected by The New York Times as one of its "Great Books of 1998" and was an alternate "Book-of-the-Month" selection for both the Literary Guild and the Book of the Month Club. Rocket Boys was also nominated by the National Book Critics Circle as Best Biography of 1998. In February 1999, Universal Studios released its critically acclaimed film October Sky, based on Rocket Boys (The title "October Sky" is an anagram of "Rocket Boys"). In an interview, Hickam has said of the movie that it was "fine for what it is, a low-budget feel-good movie, but sadly missed the best parts of my memoir. Still, the world needs feel-good movies and it has done a good job of encouraging young people to go after their dreams." He has since co-written a musical play entitled Rocket Boys the Musical, which, according to Homer Hickam, tells a story closer to the one in his book.

Hickam's first fiction novel was Back to the Moon (1999), which was released as a hardcover, audiobook, and eBook. It has also been translated into Chinese. To date, Back to the Moon is Hickam's only novel specifically about space. It is a techno-thriller and a romantic novel, telling the story of a team of "spacejackers" who commandeer a shuttle.

The Coalwood Way, a memoir of Hickam's hometown, was published a year later by Delacorte Press and is referred to by Hickam as "not a sequel but an equal". His third Coalwood memoir, a true sequel, was published in October 2001. It is entitled Sky of Stone. His final book about Coalwood was published in 2002, a self-help/inspirational tome entitled We Are Not Afraid: Strength and Courage from the Town That Inspired the #1 Bestseller and Award-Winning Movie October Sky.

After his memoir series, Hickam began his popular "Josh Thurlow" series, set during World War II. The first of the series was The Keeper's Son (2003), set on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The series continued with The Ambassador's Son (2005) and The Far Reaches (2007), both set in the South Pacific. His next novel was Red Helmet (2008), a love story set in the present-day Appalachian coalfields and dedicated to "Mine Rescue Teams Everywhere." In 2010, he co-authored My Dream of Stars (2010) with Anousheh Ansari, a multi-millionaire Iranian-American who became the world's first female commercial astronaut. Hickam, an avid amateur paleontologist, also wrote The Dinosaur Hunter, a novel set in Montana published by St. Martin's in November 2010.

He also published a young-adult science-fiction thriller trilogy set on the moon, known as the Helium-3 series. It included the titles Crater, Crescent, and The Lunar Rescue Company.

In 2015, Wm Morrow/HarperCollins published his best-selling Carrying Albert Home: The Somewhat True Story of a Man, His Wife, and Her Alligator, which has since been published in 17 languages and won many awards.

In 2021, Hickam published his well-regarded sequel to 'Rocket Boys" titled Don't Blow Yourself Up: The Further Adventures and Travails of the Rocket Boy of October Sky. The memoir covered the 40 years after the Rocket Boys era including building the iconic cannon at Virginia Tech while a student there, his military service including time as a Lieutenant in the 4th Infantry Division in Vietnam, becoming a scuba instructor, diving on ship wrecks, his recovery efforts of drowned passengers on a river boat in the Tennessee River, his early writing career, working for NASA and training the first Japanese astronauts, being on the Hubble Space Telescope repair crew training team, negotiating with the Russians for the International Space Station, exploring and suffering decompression sickness on the remote Honduran island of Guanaja, writing 'Rocket Boys' and advising the director and producer on set of the movie October Sky and his relationship with Jake Gyllenhaal and the other actors in the film.

In 2016, Hickam sued Universal Studios for fraud and breach of contract over rights to his Rocket Boys sequels, including The Coalwood Way, Sky of Stone, We Are Not Afraid, and Carrying Albert Home. The lawsuit was settled in 2017 to Hickam's satisfaction. A lawsuit in federal court was initiated in 2017 for alleged copyright infringement by the Marriott Theatre in Lincolnshire, Illinois, and its writers and composers of Rocket Boys the Musical, Hickam's musical play based on his memoir Rocket Boys.

Other activities
In May 2013, Hickam opposed a zero tolerance policy at Bartow High School which resulted in the expulsion of a student whose science experiment had caused a small explosion.

In February 2018, Hickam was appointed by Vice President Mike Pence to serve as a member of the Users Advisory Group of the National Space Council, which had been re-established by President Donald Trump in June 2017.

In 2013, Hickam was appointed to the Alabama Space Science Exhibition Commission (ASSEC) that oversees the activities of Space Camp and the U.S. Space and Rocket Center museum and other activities in Huntsville, Alabama. He served as chairman of the commission in 2019, the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing.

Honors
In 1984, Hickam was presented with Alabama's Distinguished Service Award for heroism shown during a rescue effort of the crew and passengers of a sunken paddleboat in the Tennessee River. Because of this award, Hickam was honored in 1996 by the United States Olympic Committee to carry the Olympic Torch through Huntsville, Alabama, on its way to Atlanta.

In 1999, the governor of West Virginia issued a proclamation in honor of Hickam for his support of his home state and his distinguished career as both an engineer and author and declared an annual "Rocket Boys Day".

In 2000, the Virginia Tech junior class selected Hickam as the namesake for the Virginia Tech class of 2002 ring collection, the Homer Hickam Collection.

In 2007, Hickam was awarded an honorary doctorate in Literature from Marshall University. That same year, he received the Distinguished Achievement Award from Virginia Tech.

In 2010, Hickam received the Audie Murphy Patriotism Award at the Spirit of America Festival.

In 2013, Hickam won the Clarence Cason Award from the University of Alabama for his non-fiction writing.

In 2014, Hickam won the Appalachian Heritage Writer's Award at Shepherd University.

In 2023, Hickam was presented with the Vietnam Veterans of America's Lifetime Achievement Award.

Coalwood series

 * Rocket Boys: A Memoir (ISBN 0-385-33320-X)
 * The Coalwood Way (ISBN 0-385-33516-4)
 * Sky of Stone (ISBN 0-440-24092-1)
 * We Are Not Afraid (ISBN 0-7573-0012-X)
 * Carrying Albert Home (ISBN 9780062325891)
 * Don't Blow Yourself Up (ISBN 1642938246)

Josh Thurlow series

 * The Keeper's Son (ISBN 0-312-30189-8)
 * The Ambassador's Son (ISBN 0-312-30192-8)
 * The Far Reaches (ISBN 0-312-33475-3)
 * Non-fiction companion volume: Torpedo Junction (ISBN 0-440-21027-5)

Others

 * Back to the Moon: A Novel (ISBN 0-440-23538-3)
 * Red Helmet (ISBN 1-59554-214-0)
 * Torpedo Junction (ISBN 1-55750-362-1)
 * The Dinosaur Hunter (ISBN 0-312-38378-9)
 * From Rocket Boys to October Sky An Amazon Kindle Single
 * Paco: The Cat Who Meowed in Space An Amazon Kindle Single
 * The Helium-3 Trilogy: Crater, Crescent, and The Lunar Rescue Company

title: Homer Hickam


text:
Set cover problem

The set cover problem is a classical question in combinatorics, computer science, operations research, and complexity theory.

Given a set of elements ${1, 2, …, n}$ (called the universe) and a collection $S$ of $m$ subsets whose union equals the universe, the set cover problem is to identify the smallest sub-collection of $S$ whose union equals the universe. For example, consider the universe $U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}$ and the collection of sets $S = { {1, 2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}, {4, 5} }.$ Clearly the union of $S$ is $U$. However, we can cover all elements with only two sets: ${ {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5} },$ see picture. Therefore, the solution to the set cover problem has size 2.

More formally, given a universe $$\mathcal{U}$$ and a family $$\mathcal{S}$$ of subsets of $$\mathcal{U}$$, a set cover is a subfamily $$\mathcal{C}\subseteq\mathcal{S}$$ of sets whose union is $$\mathcal{U}$$.

 * In the set cover decision problem, the input is a pair $$(\mathcal{U},\mathcal{S})$$ and an integer $$k$$; the question is whether there is a set cover of size $$k$$ or less.
 * In the set cover optimization problem, the input is a pair $$(\mathcal{U},\mathcal{S})$$, and the task is to find a set cover that uses the fewest sets.

The decision version of set covering is NP-complete. It is one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems shown to be NP-complete in 1972. The optimization/search version of set cover is NP-hard. It is a problem "whose study has led to the development of fundamental techniques for the entire field" of approximation algorithms.

Variants
In the weighted set cover problem, each set is assigned a positive weight (representing its cost), and the goal is to find a set cover with a smallest weight. The usual (unweighted) set cover corresponds to all sets having a weight of 1.

In the fractional set cover problem, it is allowed to select fractions of sets, rather than entire sets. A fractional set cover is an assignment of a fraction (a number in [0,1]) to each set in $$\mathcal{S}$$, such that for each element x in the universe, the sum of fractions of sets that contain x is at least 1. The goal is to find a fractional set cover in which the sum of fractions is as small as possible. Note that a (usual) set cover is equivalent to a fractional set cover in which all fractions are either 0 or 1; therefore, the size of the smallest fractional cover is at most the size of the smallest cover, but may be smaller. For example, consider the universe $U = {1, 2, 3 }$ and the collection of sets $S = { {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 1} }.$ The smallest set cover has a size of 2, e.g. ${ {1, 2}, {2, 3} }.$ But there is a fractional set cover of size 1.5, in which a 0.5 fraction of each set is taken.

Linear program formulation
The set cover problem can be formulated as the following integer linear program (ILP). For a more compact representation of the covering constraint, one can define an incidence matrix $$A$$, where each row corresponds to an element and each column corresponds to a set, and $$A_{e,s}=1$$ if element e is in set s, and $$A_{e,s}=0$$ otherwise. Then, the covering constraint can be written as $$A x \geqslant 1 $$.

Weighted set cover is described by a program identical to the one given above, except that the objective function to minimize is $$\sum_{s \in \mathcal S} w_s x_s$$, where $$w_{s}$$ is the weight of set $$s\in \mathcal{S}$$.

Fractional set cover is described by a program identical to the one given above, except that $$x_s$$ can be non-integer, so the last constraint is replaced by $$0 \leq x_s\leq 1$$.

This linear program belongs to the more general class of LPs for covering problems, as all the coefficients in the objective function and both sides of the constraints are non-negative. The integrality gap of the ILP is at most $$\scriptstyle \log n$$ (where $$\scriptstyle n$$ is the size of the universe). It has been shown that its relaxation indeed gives a factor-$$\scriptstyle \log n$$ approximation algorithm for the minimum set cover problem. See randomized rounding for a detailed explanation.

Hitting set formulation
Set covering is equivalent to the hitting set problem. That is seen by observing that an instance of set covering can be viewed as an arbitrary bipartite graph, with the universe represented by vertices on the left, the sets represented by vertices on the right, and edges representing the membership of elements to sets. The task is then to find a minimum cardinality subset of left-vertices that has a non-trivial intersection with each of the right-vertices, which is precisely the hitting set problem.

In the field of computational geometry, a hitting set for a collection of geometrical objects is also called a stabbing set or piercing set.

Greedy algorithm
There is a greedy algorithm for polynomial time approximation of set covering that chooses sets according to one rule: at each stage, choose the set that contains the largest number of uncovered elements. This method can be implemented in time linear in the sum of sizes of the input sets, using a bucket queue to prioritize the sets. It achieves an approximation ratio of $$H(s)$$, where $$s$$ is the size of the set to be covered. In other words, it finds a covering that may be $$H(n)$$ times as large as the minimum one, where $$H(n)$$ is the $$n$$-th harmonic number: $$ H(n) = \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k} \le \ln{n} +1$$

This greedy algorithm actually achieves an approximation ratio of $$H(s^\prime)$$ where $$s^\prime$$ is the maximum cardinality set of $$S$$. For $$\delta-$$dense instances, however, there exists a $$c \ln{m}$$-approximation algorithm for every $$c > 0$$.

There is a standard example on which the greedy algorithm achieves an approximation ratio of $$\log_2(n)/2$$. The universe consists of $$n=2^{(k+1)}-2$$ elements. The set system consists of $$k$$ pairwise disjoint sets $$S_1,\ldots,S_k$$ with sizes $$2,4,8,\ldots,2^k$$ respectively, as well as two additional disjoint sets $$T_0,T_1$$, each of which contains half of the elements from each $$S_i$$. On this input, the greedy algorithm takes the sets $$S_k,\ldots,S_1$$, in that order, while the optimal solution consists only of $$T_0$$ and $$T_1$$. An example of such an input for $$k=3$$ is pictured on the right.

Inapproximability results show that the greedy algorithm is essentially the best-possible polynomial time approximation algorithm for set cover up to lower order terms (see Inapproximability results below), under plausible complexity assumptions. A tighter analysis for the greedy algorithm shows that the approximation ratio is exactly $$\ln{n} - \ln{\ln{n}} + \Theta(1)$$.

Low-frequency systems
If each element occurs in at most f sets, then a solution can be found in polynomial time that approximates the optimum to within a factor of f using LP relaxation.

If the constraint $$x_S\in\{0,1\}$$ is replaced by $$x_S \geq 0$$ for all S in $$\mathcal{S}$$ in the integer linear program shown above, then it becomes a (non-integer) linear program L. The algorithm can be described as follows:
 * 1) Find an optimal solution O for the program L using some polynomial-time method of solving linear programs.
 * 2) Pick all sets S for which the corresponding variable xS has value at least 1/f in the solution O.

Inapproximability results
When $$ n$$ refers to the size of the universe, showed that set covering cannot be approximated in polynomial time to within a factor of $$\tfrac{1}{2}\log_2{n} \approx 0.72\ln{n}$$, unless NP has quasi-polynomial time algorithms. Feige (1998) improved this lower bound to $$\bigl(1-o(1)\bigr)\cdot\ln{n}$$ under the same assumptions, which essentially matches the approximation ratio achieved by the greedy algorithm. established a lower bound of $$c\cdot\ln{n}$$, where $$c$$ is a certain constant, under the weaker assumption that P$$\not=$$NP. A similar result with a higher value of $$c$$ was recently proved by. showed optimal inapproximability by proving that it cannot be approximated to $$\bigl(1 - o(1)\bigr) \cdot \ln{n}$$ unless P$$=$$NP.

In low-frequency systems, proved it is NP-hard to approximate set cover to better than $$f-1-\epsilon$$. If the Unique games conjecture is true, this can be improved to $$f-\epsilon$$ as proven by.

proves that set cover instances with sets of size at most $$\Delta$$ cannot be approximated to a factor better than $$\ln \Delta - O(\ln \ln \Delta)$$ unless P$$=$$NP, thus making the approximation of $$\ln \Delta + 1$$ of the greedy algorithm essentially tight in this case.

Weighted set cover
Relaxing the integer linear program for weighted set cover stated above, one may use randomized rounding to get an $$O(\log n)$$-factor approximation. Non weighted set cover can be adapted to the weighted case.

Related problems

 * Hitting set is an equivalent reformulation of Set Cover.
 * Vertex cover is a special case of Hitting Set.
 * Edge cover is a special case of Set Cover.
 * Geometric set cover is a special case of Set Cover when the universe is a set of points in $$\mathbb{R}^d$$ and the sets are induced by the intersection of the universe and geometric shapes (e.g., disks, rectangles).
 * Set packing
 * Maximum coverage problem is to choose at most k sets to cover as many elements as possible.
 * Dominating set is the problem of selecting a set of vertices (the dominating set) in a graph such that all other vertices are adjacent to at least one vertex in the dominating set. The Dominating set problem was shown to be NP complete through a reduction from Set cover.
 * Exact cover problem is to choose a set cover with no element included in more than one covering set.
 * Red-blue set cover.
 * Set-cover abduction.
 * Monotone dualization is a computational problem equivalent to either listing all minimal hitting sets or listing all minimal set covers of a given set family.

title: Set cover problem


text:
Fushimi Castle

Fushimi Castle (伏見城), also known as Momoyama Castle (桃山城) or Fushimi-Momoyama Castle, is a Japanese castle located in Fushimi Ward, Kyoto.

Fushimi Castle was constructed from 1592 to 1594 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi at the end of the Sengoku period as his retirement residence. Fushimi Castle was destroyed in the 1596 Keichō–Fushimi earthquake and rebuilt before eventually being demolished in 1623 and its site later used for the tomb of Emperor Meiji. The current Fushimi Castle is a replica constructed in 1964 near the original site in Fushimi.

The Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japanese history partially takes its name from Fushimi Castle.

History
Construction of the original Fushimi Castle begun in 1592, the year after Toyotomi Hideyoshi's retirement from the regency, and was completed in 1594. Twenty provinces provided workers for the construction, which numbered between 20,000 and 30,000.

Though bearing the external martial appearance of a castle, the structure was intended as a retirement palace for Hideyoshi, and was furnished and decorated as such. It is particularly famous for its Golden Tea Room, in which both the walls and the implements were covered in gold leaf. The castle was intended to be the site for Hideyoshi's peace talks with Chinese diplomats seeking an end to the Seven-Year War in Korea, but an earthquake destroyed the castle entirely only two years after its completion.

It was rebuilt soon afterwards, and came to be controlled by Torii Mototada, a vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu. In 1600, the castle fell in a famous and significant siege by Ishida Mitsunari. Torii, in a celebrated act of honor and bravery, defended the castle for eleven days, delaying Ishida's forces and allowing his lord Tokugawa time to build his own army. This had a profound effect on the Battle of Sekigahara that came soon afterwards, and which marked the final victory of Tokugawa Ieyasu over all his rivals.

In 1623, the castle was dismantled, and many of its rooms and buildings were incorporated into castles and temples across Japan. Several temples in Kyoto, such as Yōgen-in (養源院), Genkō-an (源光庵), and Hōsen-in (宝泉院), have a blood-stained ceiling that had been the floor of a corridor at Fushimi Castle where survivors of Torii's garrison had committed seppuku after the castle's defenses were breached.

In 1912, the tomb of Emperor Meiji was built on the original site of the castle. The castle was not rebuilt until 1964, when a replica was created very nearby and primarily in concrete. The new structure served as a museum of the life and campaigns of Hideyoshi, and as the main attraction of a small theme park called "Castle Land", but was closed to the public in 2003. The castle grounds, however, were reopened in 2007.

title: Fushimi Castle


text:
Ministry of justice

A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice, is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice. The ministry or department is often headed by a minister of justice (minister for justice in a very few countries) or a secretary of justice. In some countries, the head of the department may be called the attorney general, for example in the United States. Monaco is an example of a country that does not have a ministry of justice, but rather a Directorate of Judicial Services (head: Secretary of Justice) that oversees the administration of justice. Vatican City, a country under the sovereignty of the Holy See, also does not possess a ministry of justice. Instead, the Governorate of Vatican City State (head: President of the Governorate of Vatican City State), the legislative body of the Vatican, includes a legal office.

Depending on the country, specific duties may relate to organizing the justice system, overseeing the public prosecutor and national investigative agencies (e.g. the American Federal Bureau of Investigation), and maintaining the legal system and public order. Some ministries have additional responsibilities in related policy areas such as overseeing elections, directing the police, law reform, and administration of the immigration and citizenship services. The duties of the ministry of justice may in some countries be split from separate responsibilities of an attorney general (often responsible for the justice system) and the interior minister (often responsible for public order). Sometimes the prison system is separated into another government department called Corrective Services.

Historical

 * Ministry of Justice (imperial China): A Chinese government ministry between the Sui and Qing dynasties
 * Ministry of Justice (pre-modern Japan): A Japanese government ministry between the Asuka and Meiji periods
 * Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union): A government ministry of the USSR that existed from 1923 to 1991
 * Ministry of Justice (Yugoslavia): The justice ministry that was responsible for the judicial system of the following: Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1945), SFR Yugoslavia (1945-1992), and FR Yugoslavia period (1992–2003)

title: Ministry of justice


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spybot - Search & Destroy

On 1 August 2004, Spybot - Search & Destroy was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Rossami 05:06, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Someone put on the page but forgot to add it here, so I copied it over. Let me go on the record as being strongly against deleting an article on this important spyware removal tool. However, the article is a substub, and the consensus is that substubs are worse than having nothing at all. An interesting conundrum, but I'll leave it for you to sort out: I don't believe I'm eligible to vote on this one. --Ardonik 02:08, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep. Perfectly notable. Guanaco 02:12, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Quite a noted program in its field. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 02:15, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I use it. ;-) And it can't be advertising, because its free. But I do hope that somebody adds to it substantially. Elf-friend 02:18, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep...more of a cleanup job. Ilyanep (Talk) 02:30, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I use it. Isomorphic 05:56, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. RickK 05:58, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If this was a substub before, it's grown considerably. - Lucky 6.9 08:08, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm not a Windows user but I've heard of it. No longer substub.--Ianb 11:19, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but list on Clean Up. Even if the VfD voters clean it, it's always a good idea to send it over for a once-over there. If this article survives, however, we're going to need a redirect at "Spybot - Search and Destroy" and possibly a disambiguation at "Spybot" so that it can be found with its ampersand. Geogre 13:30, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I use it. Blue Mask|Talk 15:28, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - It's good stuff. Although, I don't understand the criteria for what software is kept and what is deleted. It's very inconsistent. Any response should probably go on my talk page. --Buster 21:31, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * keep but cleanup -- it's far too long, with far too much boilerplate about how the program works, etc. Looks as if a lot of this is paraphrasing some PR stuff for the program. Right now it's about 3 times as long as the WordPerfect article in terms of what the damn program does and doesn't do.  (I myself use it, along with PestPatrol and SpySweeper, and it's a nice program, but this article is too much of a good thing about it.  Cut the article by 65% or so.)Hayford Peirce 22:45, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Fushimi Castle

Japanese language article
Japanese Wikipedia has article under Fushimi Castle; Momoyama Castle is a redirect to Fushimi Castle.

The last sentence in the article currently says that the castle "was closed to the public in 2003." Could someone elaborate on that by stating why it was closed to the public, when it will reopen, etc. Shirokuma1 (talk) 09:14, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fushimi Castle


text:
Ministry of Justice (Japan)

The Ministry of Justice (法務省) is one of the cabinet level ministries of the Japanese government. It is responsible for the judicial system, correctional services, and household, property and corporate registrations, and immigration control. It also serves as the government's legal representatives.

At the top of the ministry is the Minister of Justice, a member of the Cabinet, who is chosen by the Prime Minister from among members of the National Diet.

History
The Ministry of Justice was established in 1871 as the Ministry of Justice (司法省). It acquired its present name under the post-war Constitution of Japan in 1952. Its responsibilities include administration of Japan's judicial system and the penal system. It represents the Japanese government in litigation, and is also responsible for maintaining the official registers of households, resident aliens, real estate and corporations.

Structure
The Ministry of Justice is organized in seven bureaus:

 * Minister's Secretariat
 * The Civil Affairs Bureau
 * Criminal Affairs Bureau
 * Correction Bureau
 * Rehabilitation Bureau
 * Human Rights Bureau
 * Litigation Bureau

The MOJ has jurisdiction over the National Bar Examination Commission, the Public Security Examination Commission, and the Public Security Intelligence Agency. Although the Public Prosecutors Office are administratively part of the Ministry of Justice, they are independent of the authority of the Minister of Justice.

The MOJ also oversees the Immigration Services Agency.

title: Ministry of Justice (Japan)


text:
Ernest Ranglin

Ernest Ranglin (born 19 June 1932) is a Jamaican guitarist and composer who established his career while working as a session guitarist and music director for various Jamaican record labels, including Studio One and Island Records. Ranglin played guitar on many early ska recordings and helped create the rhythmic guitar style that defined the form. He has worked with Theophilus Beckford, Jimmy Cliff, Monty Alexander, Prince Buster, the Skatalites, Bob Marley and the Eric Deans Orchestra. Ranglin is noted for a chordal and rhythmic approach that blends jazz, mento and reggae with percussive guitar solos incorporating rhythm 'n' blues and jazz inflections.

Early life
Ernest Ranglin was born in Manchester, Jamaica. His family moved to Kingston, where he attended the Providence Primary School, Kingston Senior School and Bodin College. Ranglin's introduction to music was through two uncles who both played guitar. Initially a self-taught guitarist, he received some tutoring on how to sight-read from a violin player named Tommy Tomlins. At the age of 15, Ranglin joined the Val Bennett Orchestra, which was followed by a period of employment with the Eric Deans Orchestra. While performing locally with these orchestras, Ranglin was introduced to the jazz pianist Monty Alexander, which led to a lifelong friendship as well as numerous musical collaborations.

Career
During the 1950s, Ranglin played guitar on calypso and mento releases, some of which were recorded for the tourist market. The 1958 album The Wrigglers Sing Calypso at the Arawak is representative of the type of calypso floor show that Jamaican bands performed at hotels (some of the tracks from the original album were included on the 2010 CD release Jamaica - Mento 1951–1958). He was employed as a guitarist by the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC) between the years 1958 and 1965, with public radio broadcasting (radio services had been established earlier with the first broadcast transmitted in November 1939) commencing in 1959 and television broadcasting commencing in 1963. Ranglin also played with Cluett Johnson's studio band Clue J and the Blues Blasters; recording several tracks for Coxsone Dodd at Federal Studios, including the Theophilus Beckford hit "Easy Snapping" (recorded in 1956 and released in 1959), which he arranged and played guitar on. Ranglin also played on the Beckford tracks "Jack and Jill Shuffle" and "Shuffling Jug".

1960s
In 1962, the James Bond film Dr. No was being shot in Jamaica and Ranglin was hired by Carlos Malcolm, music director for JBC, to compose music for some of the scenes set in Jamaica. Ranglin was also the bassist on many early Prince Buster hits, including the 1963 ska release "Wash Wash" - a situation that arose from his contractual obligations to Federal Records, which barred him from appearing as a named guitarist on recordings not made or licensed by them. In 1963, Ranglin played guitar on and arranged "My Boy Lollipop", which was sung by Millie Small, who had recently been signed to Blackwell's Island label. "My Boy Lollipop" (a cover version of a song written by Robert Spencer of the doo-wop group the Cadillacs and originally recorded by Barbie Gaye in 1956) became a worldwide hit after being released by Island on licence to Fontana in March 1964. Ranglin was also employed by Duke Reid as an A&R man for Reid's Treasure Isle label as well as fulfilling the same role for the labels Federal (owned and operated by Ken Khouri, who recorded and produced Ranglin's 1965 Guitar in Ernest album) and Gay Feet. His solo releases during this period saw him return to his jazz roots with the albums Wranglin (1964) and Reflections, (1965) both issued by Island. He was also involved with Merritone, a subsidiary record label started by Federal.

In 1964, Ranglin was in London with Blackwell, who was enquiring if it would be possible for Ranglin to play at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club. Initially the manager of Ronnie Scott's was reluctant to agree but eventually allowed Ranglin to sit-in with the house band. The reception the audience gave to his performance overcame any reservations that the manager may have had and Ranglin was invited to become the venue's resident guitarist. He stayed for nine months, backing numerous guest artists as well as appearing onstage with the Ronnie Scott Quartet and Quintet. In 1964, a live set was recorded at the club which was released on the Fontana label as The Night Is Scott And You're So Swingable in 1966. Ranglin's tenure at Ronnie Scott's brought him to the attention of UK Jazz audiences with the Melody Maker′s readers duly voting Ranglin into first place in the guitar category of the paper's 1964 Reader's Jazz Poll. Upon his return to Jamaica he found himself once again doing A&R and session work for Federal (musical director from 1965 to 1972) and Coxsone. He was involved in the recording of the Wailers' track "It Hurts to Be Alone" released on the Coxsone label in Jamaica and subsequently released in the UK (1965) by Island records. Ranglin was also music director for the recording of The Melodians' song "Rivers of Babylon". The closing years of the sixties found Ranglin working with the Jamaican producers Lee "Scratch" Perry and Clancy Eccles; both of whom were instrumental in developing and establishing the new genre of reggae. Ranglin played on the Eccles-produced "Say What You're Saying" (1967) by Eric "Monty" Morris, which he cites as one of the earliest records to feature reggae drumming.

1970s to present
In 1973, Ranglin was awarded the Order of Distinction by the Jamaican government for his contribution to music. Ranglin frequently recorded Latin/Caribbean-infused jazz with Monty Alexander during this period, most notably the album Rass! (1974). Ranglin also toured with Jimmy Cliff in the dual role of music director/guitarist, which resulted in the 1976 album release In Concert: The Best of Jimmy Cliff. Ranglin was the lead guitarist on the Lee "Scratch" Perry recording sessions at Black Ark Studios for the Heart of the Congos (1977) album by the Congos.

In 1982, he moved to Florida, where he continued to record as well as taking the opportunity to perform more regularly at jazz festivals. In 1991, Ranglin's nephew Gary Crosby formed the group Jazz Jamaica; Ranglin and Jazz Jamaica performed together at Ronnie Scott's in October 2009 as part of the club's anniversary concert series. In 1998, he signed to Chris Blackwell's newly formed Palm Pictures label and released In Search of the Lost Riddim. That same year he played with Spearhead on "I Got Plenty 'o Nuthin", which was released on the Red Hot Organization compilation album Red Hot + Rhapsody. The albums E.B.@Noon and Modern Answers to Old Problems were released in 2000, followed by Grooving in 2001. In 2002 Ranglin was awarded an Honorary Doctorate Degree from the University of the West Indies for his outstanding contribution to the development of music in Jamaica. In 2006 he was the subject of a documentary Roots Of Reggae: The Ernest Ranglin Story produced and written by Arthur Gorson. In 2008, Ranglin was inducted into the Jamaican Music Hall of Fame by the Jamaica Association of Vintage Artistes and Affiliates (JAVAA). In November 2015, Ranglin announced that he would be retiring from the music business with a farewell tour in the summer of 2016. The tour featured musicians including Tony Allen, Courtney Pine, Ira Coleman, Cheikh Lô and Alex Wilson. Ranglin was honoured with the Order of Jamaica in the 2021 National Honours and Awards on Jamaica’s 59th Anniversary of Independence.

In 2021 and 2022, he recorded the album Two Colors with saxophonist/producer Dean Fraser, which was released in May 2022.

As leader

 * Wranglin (Island, 1964)
 * Reflections (Island, 1964)
 * Guitar in Ernest (RCA Victor, 1965)
 * The Exciting Ranglin (RCA Victor, 1966)
 * A Mod a Mod Ranglin (Federal, 1966)
 * Ranglin Presents The Zodiacs (Federal, 1966)
 * Boss Reggae (FRM, 1969)
 * Mr. Ernie Ranglin with Soul (Dub Store, 1969)
 * Softly with Ranglin (Twilight, 1969)
 * Ranglypso (MPS, 1976)
 * Ranglin Roots (Aquarius, 1976)
 * Monty Alexander/Ernest Ranglin (MPS, 1981)
 * From Kingston JA to Miami USA (Vista Sounds, 1983)
 * Rum Raisin (RRR, 1985)
 * We Want to Party (Rooney, 1989)
 * True Blue (Rooney, 1989)
 * The Pensive Ranglin (Kinlin, 1993)
 * Play the Time Away (Grove Music, 1995)
 * Below the Bassline (Island, 1996)
 * Tribute to a Legend (Kariang, 1997)
 * Memories of Barber Mack (Island, 1997)
 * Soul D'Ern (Jazz House, 1997)
 * In Search of the Lost Riddim (Palm Pictures, 1998)
 * E.B.@Noon (Tropic, 1999)
 * Modern Answers to Old Problems (Telarc, 2000)
 * Gotcha! (Telarc, 2001)
 * Alextown (Palm Pictures, 2005)
 * Surfin (Tropic, 2005)
 * Order of Distinction (Milk River Music, 2009)
 * Avila Featuring Ernest Ranglin (Avila Street, 2012)
 * Bless Up (Avila Street, 2014)
 * Jazz Jamaica (Federal, 2014)
 * Two Colors (Not On Label, 2022)

As sideman
With Monty Alexander
 * Rass! (MPS, 1974)
 * Love and Sunshine (MPS, 1975)
 * Monty Strikes Again (MPS, 1976)
 * Jamento (Pablo, 1978)
 * Cobilimbo (MPS, 1978)
 * Monty Alexander - Ernest Ranglin (MPS, 1981)
 * Many Rivers to Cross (MELDAC, 1995)
 * Yard Movement (Island, 1996)
 * Rocksteady (Telarc, 2004)

With Floyd Lloyd
 * Tear It Up (Tropic, 1997)
 * Village Soul (Tropic, 1997)
 * Mango Blues (Tropic, 1997)
 * Our World (Tropic, 1999)
 * Believer (Tropic, 2002)
 * Mind Over Matter (Tropic, 2004)

With Bunny Wailer
 * Roots Radics Rockers Reggae (Shanachie, 1983)
 * Crucial! Roots Classics (Shanachie, 1994)
 * Communication (Solomonic, 2000)

With others
 * Gary Barlow, Sing (Decca, 2012)
 * Beenie Man, Art and Life (Virgin, 2000)
 * Ken Boothe, Groove to the Beat (Jamaican Gold, 1999)
 * Lloyd Brevett, The Legendary Skatalites (Jam Sounds, 1976)
 * Cedric Brooks, United Africa (Water Lily, 1978)
 * Dennis Brown, Light My Fire (Heartbeat, 1994)
 * Jimmy Buffett, Take the Weather with You (RCA, 2006)
 * Jimmy Cliff, Give Thankx (Warner Bros., 1978)
 * Jimmy Cliff, I Am the Living (WEA, 1980)
 * The Congos, Heart of the Congos (Black Art, 1977)
 * The Congos, Congo Ashanti (Congo Ashanty, 1979)
 * Alton Ellis, Alton Ellis Sings, the Heptones Harmonise (Jet Star, 1999)
 * Alton Ellis, Soul of a Man (All Tone, 2003)
 * George Faith, To Be a Lover (Black Swan, 1977)
 * Sharon Forrester, Red Rose (Internal Affairs, 1995)
 * Winston Francis, Mr Fix It & California Dreaming (Studio One, 1998)
 * Earl George, Loving Something (Hit, 1978)
 * Gladiators, Dreadlocks the Time Is Now (Front Line, 1990)
 * Gladiators, Sweet So Till (Front Line, 1979)
 * The Heptones, Dub Dictionary (Trench Town, 1999)
 * John Holt, I Can't Get You Off My Mind (Heartbeat, 2006)
 * Keith Hudson, From One Extreme to Another (Joint, 1979)
 * Charlie Hunter, Earth Tones (Green Streets, 2005)
 * Winston Jarrett, Wise Man (Wambesi, 1979)
 * King Tubby, Sound System International Dub LP (Clan Disc, 1976)
 * Bernard Lavilliers, Clair-Obscur (Barclay, 1997)
 * Little Roy, Live On (Tafari, 1991)
 * Freddie McKay, Picture On the Wall (Studio One, 2017)
 * Jackie Mittoo, Showcase (Studio One, 1980)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry, The Super Ape Strikes Again (Lost Ark Music, 2015)
 * Prince Buster, It's Burke's Law (Blue Beat, 1965)
 * Prince Far I, Megabit 25, 1922 Dub (Tamoki-Wambesi-Dove, 2004)
 * Max Romeo, Reconstruction (Mango, 1977)
 * The Royals, Moving On (Kingdom, 1981)
 * Ronnie Scott, The Night Is Scott and You're So Swingable (Fontana, 1966)
 * Ronnie Scott, When I Want Your Opinion, I'll Give It to You (Jazz House, 1997)
 * The Skatalites, Herb Dub Collie Dub (Jigsaw, 1976)
 * Millie Small, My Boy Lollipop & Oh, Henry (Island, 1980)
 * Leroy Smart, Let Everyman Survive (Hit, 1980)
 * Ernie Smith, Smith, That Is (London, 1972)
 * St Germain, Tourist (Blue Note, 2000)
 * Sonny Stitt, Sonny's Blues (Jazz House, 1995)
 * Lincoln Thompson, Natural Wild (Vista Sounds, 1983)
 * André Toussaint, André Toussaint (Bahama, 1965)
 * Junior Tucker, It's a Small, Small World (Top Ranking, 1978)
 * Jason Wilson, The Peacemaker's Chauffeur (Wheel, 2008)

title: Ernest Ranglin


text:
Talk:La Bayamesa

Overview
The date was wrong, it was not october 20th, it was 10th.

Lyrics
The words to the anthem were wrong. In the second stanza, where it says "To live in chains is to die in dishonor and ignominy" should be " To live in chains, is to live in dishonor and ignominy". The second "En" even though it is capitalized is not the beginning of a new sentence. When we sing this anthem we poause after the second "to live", but that is the way it is sung but not the way it was written by the poet

-

Actualy, it is the beginning of a new sentence, it states that living in chains is to live WITHOUT dishonour and ignominy. Indeed, afrenta and oprobio means dishonour and ignominy, but after that says sumido, which means that those emotions or conditions are plunged, submerged, etc.. If the anthem said what is written in there, its whole meaning would change, stablishing that all the patriots of Cuba who are in prison would be ashamed of themselves; but that is not happening.

Ashtyn Elizabeth Bailey
WHO? Removed this mysterious floating name from the text's beggining. 200.191.138.182 (talk) 01:37, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

About a woman
Isn't there some other song named "La bayamesa"? It is a slow song, and it is about a woman from Bayamo. -- Error 02:10, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

That silly English translation belongs on the BJAODN page. A real translation needs to be done.

With the help of my girlfriend's superb Spanish skills, the translation of this song has been polished. Thanks to Jessica for the help. -- ICXCNIKA 24:59, 23 January 2006 (UTC) There were only two words not correct: it is 'recuerdas' instead of 'te acuerdas'. Congratulations for the nice translation. I'm looking for the score for piano concerning this first song. If anyone can upload it, it would be much appreciated.

There are at least three songs by the same title of "La Bayamesa."

La Bayamesa (Céspedes - Fomaris - Castillo) This is often claimed to be the first true "Cuban song." It goes back to the beginnings of the XIX Century.

No recuerdas, gentil bayamesa,

Que tú fuiste mi sol refulgente,

Y risueño, en tu lánguida frente,

Blando beso imprimí con ardor.

No recuerdas que un tiempo dichoso

Me extasié con tu pura belleza

Y en tus senos doblé la cabeza

Moribundo de dicha y amor.

Ven y asoma a tu reja sonriendo,

ven y escucha amorosa mi canto,

ven, no duermas, acude a mi llanto.

Pon alivio a mi negro dolor.

Recordando las glorias pasadas

Disipemos, mi bien, la tristeza

Y doblemos los dos la cabeza

Moribundos de dicha y amor.

-

Himno de Báyamo (también conocido como La Bayamesa) This is the official Cuban national anthem

Al combate corred, Bayameses.

Que la Patria os contempla orgullosa

No temáis una muerte gloriosa

Que morir por la Patria es vivir.

En cadenas vivir, es vivir

En afrenta y oprobio sumido.

Del clarín escuchad el sonido

¡A las armas, valientes, corred!

--

La Bayamesa de Sindo Garay This is the song made popular by the Club Buena Vista

Tiene en su alma la Bayamesa

Triste recuerdo de tradiciones

Cuando contempla los verdes llanos

Lágrimas vierte por sus pasiones

Ella es sencilla, le brinda al hombre,

Virtudes todas y el corazón

Pero si siente

De la Patria el grito

Todo lo deja, todo lo quema,

Ese es su lema, su religión.

Please correct
There are 2 sentences in the "Lyrics" section: "First, because it hurt the pride of the Spanish. Furthermore, it was well seen in the lyrics of one nation to another is not respected." The second one is in bad English, I do not understand it. But it seems to me that it repeats in another words the first sentence. 132.66.40.161 (talk) 07:54, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

As a native English-speaker I confirm the comment about the second sentence, which is completely meaningless in English - I can't even begin to guess what the writer means. But that makes it difficult to correct. Perhaps whoever wrote it can submit a version in his or her own language (Spanish?), so that someone else can translate it correctly.62.163.210.37 (talk) 17:40, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Also, in the fourth stanza second line, the translation of ¿do es ido? is unaccurate. Do has been translated as the verb "do", but it actualy was used in the old spanish as the adverb "where". So it would not be "Is gone do?", but "Where did it go?"; working as the preceeding phrase to the naming of the power and pride of the Spanish empire. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.158.137.233 (talk) 02:45, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

Again (the same native English-speaker here) 'Is gone do?' is completely meaningless in English. Why do people put such stuff on a site in a language they clearly don't know how to write? It also sounds as if the writer didn't know Spanish either! The explanation given makes sense to me - I seem to remember coming across 'Do' in the meaning 'Where' in old Spanish poetry.62.163.210.37 (talk) 17:40, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Please correct
There are 2 sentences in the "Lyrics" section: Fifth stanza ... Behold those that have fallen ...

Should refer to the Spaniards, "Behold THEM that have fallen" would be closer to the meaning. Sixth stanza ... At the cannon's terrible stampede. ...

Should be "terrible Bang" or "Boom" (Loud sound - estampido) not (stampede - estampida) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.217.112.15 (talk) 13:44, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Abridged version
I've come across two versions of this song, an abridged version and an extended version that is slightly longer (by around 17 seconds) and repeats the last few lines. Which one is more up-to-date or "correct", or are they both equally valid? FWIW, the shorter version is a more recent recording than the longer one (circa 2016 vs. circa 2003), if that means anything. Regards, – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 11:33, 9 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Update: Encarta Encyclopedia's rendition also seems to be the shorter one, with no repeat at the end. I'm taking that as a sign that the shorter version is more recent and thus "official" than the longer. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 22:40, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

Second and third removed from article
Somebody removed second and third verses from the cuban anthem Princessp2008 13:37, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:La Bayamesa


text:
Endsieg

Endsieg, a German term translating to "final victory," emerged prominently during World War II as a central concept within Nazi ideology. Coined by Nazi leaders, notably Adolf Hitler, it embodied the notion of an ultimate, decisive triumph for the Nazi regime. Propaganda and rhetoric utilized this term extensively to sustain morale, inspire followers, and maintain the perception of inevitable success, despite challenging circumstances and mounting losses.

The concept of "Endsieg" permeated Nazi propaganda, projecting an image of an assured, imminent victory to the German population and Nazi supporters. It served as a motivational tool to boost morale, invoking a sense of determination and commitment among soldiers and civilians alike.

Hitler's speeches and propaganda machinery heavily emphasized the idea of "Endsieg," portraying it as an ideological necessity and an ultimate goal towards which all efforts should be directed. The term was associated with the vision of a future where Nazi Germany emerged as the unparalleled, dominant power, achieving complete control and authority over Europe and possibly beyond.

However, the reality of the military situation contradicted this illusionary portrayal. As the war progressed, the tide turned against the Axis powers. Military defeats, logistical challenges, and the increasing strength of the Allied forces led to a gradual decline in Nazi Germany's position. Despite Hitler's insistence on the concept of "Endsieg," the devastating losses suffered by Germany's military, the economic strain, and the Allied advancements questioned the feasibility of such a conclusive victory.

The Battle of Stalingrad in 1942–43, one of the pivotal turning points, marked a significant setback for the Germans. The subsequent series of defeats, coupled with the Allied invasion of Normandy in 1944, underscored the vulnerability of the Axis powers.

As the war progressed, the Allied forces gained momentum, slowly but steadily pushing back the Axis powers on multiple fronts. The military campaigns in Europe and the Pacific demonstrated the increasing strength and unity among the Allied nations.

Ultimately, the war culminated in the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945. The dream of an "Endsieg" was shattered, as Germany faced defeat and occupation by Allied forces. Joseph Goebbels still spoke about Endsieg as late as March 1945.

title: Endsieg


text:
USS Philip (DD-76)

The first USS Philip (DD–76) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I, later transferred to the Royal Navy as HMS Lancaster. She was named for John Woodward Philip.

As USS Philip
Philip was laid down by the Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine, 1 September 1917; launched 25 July 1918; sponsored by Mrs. Barrett P. Philip; and commissioned at the Boston Navy Yard 24 August 1918. The vessel was named for Admiral John Woodward Philip, captain of the battleship USS Texas (1892) during the blockade and battle of Santiago, Cuba in 1898.

After being fitted out at Boston, Philip reported to Commander Squadron Two, Cruiser Force, 1 September 1918, to escort convoy HX–47 across the Atlantic, returning from Buncrana, Ireland, under orders of Commander, U.S. Destroyer Forces operating in European waters. She was flagship of Submarine Hunting Group stationed at the Coast Guard Station, Cold Spring, Cape May, New Jersey, 28 September – 11 October. She steamed to Europe with convoy HX–54 which sailed 27 October but returned to New York, 20 November.

Philip supported the trans-Atlantic flight of the NC-1, NC-3, and NC-4, 11 – 19 May 1919. With other fleet units, she had a part in Army experimental firing at Fort Hancock, New York. She then had orders to duty with Squadron 4, Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet, and reported at San Diego Destroyer Base 2 August. During the next month she cruised to Pearl Harbor, and thereafter took part in division maneuvers, fleet movements and tactical exercises, cruising the west coast of the United States, South America, and Panama Canal Zone, having special duty as assigned until 29 May 1922 when Philip was placed out of commission.

When recommissioned 25 February 1930, after her overhaul and reconditioning, Philip was attached to Destroyer Squadrons, Battle Fleet, and conducted maneuvers and gunnery practice for the Reserve Force in the San Diego area. On 3 November she arrived at Corinto, Nicaragua, en route to the East Coast to join the Training Squadron, arriving New York Navy Yard 6 December. For the instruction of NROTC classes in the year 1931, she made many departures from Staten Island for the New England coast, Bermuda operating area, and Naval Operating Base, Hampton Roads, Tangier Sound and Quantico, Virginia, before returning to New York. On 22 December she departed New York to join the Special Service Squadron which operated in the vicinity of Panama, Nicaragua, and El Salvador, for the protection of American interests. Upon being detached Philip entered Mare Island Navy Yard, and from 9 May to 30 July 1932 operated in reduced commission with Destroyer Squadron 20, Rotating Reserve.

At her base in San Diego, from 18 August, Philip operated with Destroyer Division 6, Squadron 2, Battle Fleet, engaging in intensive division training, tactics and torpedo practice, at times operating with Aircraft Battle Force. From December 1933 to July 1934 she was in reduced status as before, later serving successively with Submarine Division 12 and with Cruisers Scouting Force, and with other destroyer divisions.

In July – August 1934 Philip visited Alaskan ports, and made preparations for the Presidential Fleet Review held at San Diego in September – October 1935. Among her many duties, Philip annually participated in fleet problems, engaged in squadron and fleet tactics, acting at times as plane guard for carriers.

She decommissioned at Destroyer Base, San Diego, 2 April 1937, and recommissioned 30 September 1939 for duty with Division 64, Atlantic Squadron, which operated on neutrality patrol in the vicinity of Key West, Florida. She arrived there 11 December, and early the next year as a unit of the Antilles Detachment, she visited Dutch Indies and Venezuelan ports, as well as Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, St. Eustatius, Dry Tortugas, San Juan, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, Culebra Island, and acted as submarine escort to the Canal Zone.

As HMS Lancaster
Departing Key West for New York Navy Yard 23 July 1940, she was overhauled and following trials arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, en route to Halifax, Nova Scotia. There she was decommissioned 23 October 1940 and turned over to British authorities in the ships for bases exchange, and renamed HMS Lancaster in the Royal Navy. Her name was struck from the Navy List 8 January 1941.

As Lancaster, she served as a convoy escort in the Royal Navy during World War II, and was reduced to reserve in July 1945.

title: USS Philip (DD-76)


text:
Talk:Endsieg

Expansion needed
I appreciate that this article currently looks more like it belongs to the Wikitionary, but I suggest it to get expanded into an encyclopedia article proper, discussing the whole concept of the "Endsieg" under Nazi ideology. Ropers

K, I hope that I improved this stub a little bit. I hope that someone with a better knowledge of Nazi ideology will add some info in the future, I didn't find much on this topic on the internet. Oh, and btw, 'Ropers', pls do sign your comments! Imho it is very annoying that I have to do this for you. Gray62 19:21, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Endsieg Poster.jpg
Image:Endsieg Poster.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 05:55, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Not sure, if the Hitler citation is summarized quite correctly. The de:wiki sounds more like "if fate maybe wants the endsieg OF the Jewish people" - not OVER. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.57.167.225 (talk) 21:42, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Final victory
I'm no scholar, but I believe this is a bad translation or misinterpretation/oversimplification. I speak professional-level English and German (the latter being my native language). From my interpretation 'final' strongly implies finality (as in 'the war to end all wars') - which the 'End' in 'Endsieg' doesn't do. The true meaning is much closer to 'eventual victory' or the implication of 'ultimacy', in that it might be a tough road, but ultimately lead to success. Various dictionaries also suggest 'ultimate victory'. I realize this argument amounts to hairsplitting and interpretation, but in my opinion 'final victory' isn't satisfactory. Hitler's use of the word in Mein Kampf may accurately be translated as 'final victory' but this refers to the finality of the victory of the jews and isn't really relevant to contemporary usage and the terms use in WW2. At the very least this 'second version' should be added to the first line of the article, since currently ir implies that 'final victory' is the only correct translation, but this solely translates its usage by Hitler in Mein Kampf. 79.223.183.119 (talk) 16:26, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Now that I read it again: Indeed, the first line is bogus, as my previous comment should illustrate. Hitler in Mein kampf talks about the jews 'finally' being victorious. Later usage refers to what the explanation said: "It is used in the meaning that a victory is taken for granted even though all odds are against it." And I believe this is more accurately translated as 'ultimate victory' or 'eventual victory'. It's somewhat jumbled and unprofessional. 79.223.183.119 (talk) 16:32, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Origin
Although the term is known to the general public from the "perseverance propaganda" of the Third Reich, it already originated in the First World War (1918), see the German Wikipedia article on the subject. 2A02:8109:1040:29B0:2664:6003:9DFB:CB9E (talk) 19:57, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

"citation needed"
Almost literally every paragraph of this article ends with the template "citation needed". Isn't it simply better to put a template at the top of the article? Koreanovsky (talk) 17:16, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Endsieg


text:
User talk:Sabre23t

Welcome
Welcome to the 'pedia Sabre! --User:maveric149
 * Thanks for the welcome, maveric. It's nice to know you're not alone. I hope you don't mind me trying to contact you (or others) when the new things to learn here gets overwhelming. Hmm ... Your [m:maveric149|here] link seems not to work.
 * I'm slowly going through the welcome page and those linked to it. And will move this to User Talk namespace later. --sabre23t
 * Moved from main page --sabre23t 02:12, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Finally the cookie bugs has been exterminated and I can login today February 6 2002. --Sabre23t

Coca-Cola
Thanks for the nice edit to the Coca Cola page (phosporic acid section) - I moved your exact phrasing into the Pepsi article. I have been having problems with User:chocolateboy repeatedly deleting this section in its entirety, regardless of phrasing. Your assistantce in maintaining this paragraph will be appreciated - perhaps he will back off when he sees that someone else has worked on this section. Leonard G. 04:27, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Noted. :-) Though, I do think that Phosphoric acid in food needs some citation, and may be expanded to its own article. See also: Talk:Coca-Cola -- sabre23t 04:49, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Klang Valley
Nope, I live more to the south, although right now I'm spending most of my time to the north... and you might also known me as gn0sis from E2! Jpatokal 07:10, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, neighbours across the Selat Tebrau. If you stop over in your journey from south to north, drop me a line for a teh tarik or something. ;-) If you read my last few writings on E2, you'd see I haven't been active there for quite a while, more active on ODP. -- sabre23t 07:45, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Boo
Boo! Ambi 09:26, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Booyah. hehe. sabre23t 09:29, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Haven't seen you on #odp in a while. Ambi 09:32, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Can only do 2 out of 3 things; odp, wikipedia or #odp. And I've been doing a bit of wiki'ing the last few weeks. Mmm, isn't there a nice forum for wikipedians, other than the village pump? sabre23t 09:51, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

NPOVing Anwar Ibrahim
I noticed you've been active in editing Malaysian political articles recently, and was wondering if you could help balance out Anwar Ibrahim. I've placed the NPOV-dispute notice there as a result of several glaring omissions from the article about the government's point of view, Anwar's critics' point of view, and just about anyone's view except those who support Anwar. I've tried to NPOV it, but my edits are hampered by a lack of in-depth knowledge on Anwar and the claims of his critics. For more on the claims, you can see Talk:Anwar Ibrahim. Johnleemk | Talk 10:09, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay I had a peep at that Anwar Ibrahim, didn't see anything too glaring I'd like to add or tone down. Anyway, more on its talk page. --- sabre23t 13:17, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Malaysia coat of arms
Thanks Sabre23t, please go to my reply. --Garlics82 02:40, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)

Malaysia to do
Would greatly appreciate it if you could help or add to the great Malaysia to do list on

Question on Tan Sri Vincent Tan
Sabre, if you know about ancestors about the respected Tan Sri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun, please write it in my discussion page: User:Chan Han Xiang. Thank You.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Malaysian_wikipedians%27_notice_board --Malbear 14:05, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Image:SMS0386 RM1 front s.jpg
This photo has been listed at Possibly unfree images (April 18). Thuresson 15:29, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Responded at Possibly unfree images. sabre23t 11:08, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image:SMS0437 KLIA control tower s.jpg
Hello, I've just uploaded your picture onto the Commons. Since you've forgot to add a licence, I added gfdl. Is that OK? -- Scriberius
 * No prob, GFDL is okay for that photo I took. sabre23t 11:38, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 18:32, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Tan Sri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun listed at Redirects for discussion
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Wikipedia Johor Meetup 1
Hi Sabre23t,

We've confirmed to have the Wikipedia Johor Meetup 1 on 22 May 2016 in Johor. Chongkian (talk) 10:12, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

Wikipedia Selangor Meetup 1
Hi,

The Wikipedia Selangor Meetup 1 (the 3rd Wikipedia meetups in Malaysia) will be held on:
 * Date: Sunday, 11 December 2016
 * Time: 12:00-2:00 pm
 * Venue: Sudo Brew, 7 Jalan SS 22/11, Damansara Jaya, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
 * Medium of communication:
 * English language - for the general overall meetup
 * Malay language - for a special session to discuss ms.wikipedia.org (subject to enough number of participants)

For more details, please check the meetup page at Meetup/Selangor 1 Chongkian (talk) 06:52, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

Hi Sabre23t,

You can communicate more on the Facebook page for the Wikipedia Selangor Meetup 1 ~ ;) Chongkian (talk) 03:55, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

Invitation to the Wikipedia Selangor Meetup 2
The 4th Wikipedia Malaysia Meetup will be held for the second time on Selangor, and you are invited!
 * Date: Saturday, 25 February 2017
 * Time: 11:00 am - 1:00 pm (Malaysia Standard Time, UTC+8:00)
 * Venue: Menara Sunway  (check page for venue/room update) , Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor (3.069°N, 101.61017°W)
 * Medium of communication:
 * English language - for the general overall meetup
 * Malay language - for Malay Wikipedia section (subject to request)

→ To collaborate between Wikipedia Malaysia User Group and Sunway Group, a large corporation in Malaysia. → To create Wikipedia (and other Wikimedia projects)'s articles and edit/improve articles on the spot.

This meetup was initiated by Chongkian and the invitation was written and sent by NgYShung. For more information and updates, see the meetup page. If there is any enquires, feel free to discuss at the talk page. If you wish to opt-out of any future Malaysia meetup invitation, please add your name here. (Delivered: 11:46, 22 February 2017 (UTC))

Invitation to the Wikipedia Johor Meetup 2
The 5th Wikipedia Malaysia Meetup will be held for the second time in Johor. Since it is at holiday, check it out if you have time!
 * Date: Saturday, 18 March 2017
 * Time: 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. (Malaysia Standard Time, UTC+8:00)
 * Venue: Al-Haji Grand Restaurant, Jalan Austin Heights 8/2, Taman Mount Austin, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia (1.562°N, 103.77628°W)
 * Medium of communication:
 * English language - for the general overall meetup
 * Malay language - for Malay Wikipedia section (subject to request)

This meetup was initiated by Chongkian and the invitation was written and sent by NgYShung. For more information and updates, see the meetup page. If there is any enquirers, feel free to discuss at the talk page. If you wish to opt-out of any future Malaysia meetup invitation, please add your name here. (Delivered: 03:54, 17 March 2017 (UTC))

Invitation to the Wikipedia Kuala Lumpur Meetup 2
The 5th Wikipedia Malaysia Meetup will be held for the second time on Kuala Lumpur! → To talk about the past Wikimedia Conference 2017 in Germany, Creative Commons, Malay Wikipedia and the upcoming Wikipedia East, Southeast Asia & Pacific Conference 2018 in Indonesia. → Forming a Wikipedia Malaysia User Group, coordinating East Malaysia-related affairs and training newcomer Wikipedia editors. → And a lot more!
 * Date: Saturday, 22 April 2017
 * Time: 6:00 - 8:00pm (Malaysia Standard Time, UTC+8:00)
 * Venue: FEEKA Coffee Roasters, Jalan Mesui, Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur (3.1487°N, 101.7084°W)
 * Medium of communication:
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 * Malay language - for Malay Wikipedia section (subject to request)

This meetup was initiated by Chongkian and the invitation was written and sent by QianCheng. For more information and updates, see the meetup page. If there is any enquires, feel free to discuss at the talk page. If you wish to opt-out of any future Malaysia meetup invitation, please remove your name here. (Delivered: 06:01, 14 April 2017 (UTC))

Please claim your upload(s): File:MalaysiaPahang.png
Hi, This media was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices,

However, due to changes in the copyright situation in some jurisdictions, there is a need to ensure media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed. It would be appreciated if you were able to confirm that it was your own work, by marking it as own, Fully completeing the information block, and leaving an acknowledgement on the file description page to indicate that you've accepted the license shown (and updated the information accordingly. If you have other uploads, please consider "claiming" them in a similar manner, You can find a list of files you have created [ here].

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Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 20:49, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

PMO Malaysia
Hi Sabre23t, I noticed your comments on Talk:Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia). Did you ever figure out if there was a difference between the Office of the Prime Minister and the Department of the Prime Minister? Best, CMD (talk) 14:24, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Looks like what I wrote there in 2011 still applies today in 2021.
 * * https://www.pmo.gov.my/ is PMO (Prime Minister's Office) or PPM (Pejabat Perdana Menteri)
 * * https://www.jpm.gov.my/ is PMD (Prime Minister's Department) pr JPM (Jabatan Perdana Menteri)
 * --sabre23t (talk) 09:30, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sabre23t


text:
Daphnomancy

Daphnomancy is a form of pyromancy whereby the future is predicted by burning bay laurel leaves. A loud crackling from the fire is a positive omen, whereas silence is a negative one.

History and etymology
Daphno is thought to be a tribute to Daphne, an ancient Greek nymph turned into the first laurel tree by Apollo. Originally, the leaves were selected from the sacred grove of Apollo, but as time moved on the practice of daphnomancy spread to pre-Christian era Rome and Greece and was thought to be commonly practiced by augurs of both empires.

The original grove from which the Romans took their laurel branches withered in 68 AD, which contemporary augurs associated with Nero's death.

title: Daphnomancy


text:
Keystone B-6

The Keystone B-6 was a biplane bomber developed by the Keystone Aircraft company for the United States Army Air Corps.

Design and development
In 1931, the United States Army Air Corps received five working models (Y1B-6s) of the B-6 bomber. The Y1B- designation, as opposed to a YB- designation, indicates funding outside normal fiscal year procurement. Two of these were redesignations of LB-13s; three were re-engined B-3As. The Air Corps placed an order for 39 production models on 28 April 1931, with deliveries between August 1931 and January 1932.

At the same time, an order was placed for 25 B-4As, the same aircraft but mounting Pratt & Whitney engines instead of Wright Cyclones. Despite their lower sequence number, the B-4As would be delivered last. These were the last canvas-and-wood biplane bombers ordered by the Air Corps.

The performance of the B-6A varied little from the Martin NBS-1 ordered in 1921. Its successor, the monoplane bomber, had a hard time getting accepted. The Douglas Y1B-7 and Fokker XB-8 were originally designed as high-speed reconnaissance aircraft.

Operational history
The B-6A together with B-5A were front line bombers of the United States for the period between 1930 and 1934. Afterwards, they remained in service primarily as observation aircraft until the early 1940s.

B-6 aircraft were used, along with many other Army Air Corps planes, as mail planes in what became the Air Mail scandal of 1934.

On December 27, 1935, six B-6 bombers of the 23rd Bomb Squadron based in Hawaii dropped bombs to divert lava flow from the volcano Mauna Loa away from the port of Hilo.

With the residents of Virginia′s Tangier Island and Maryland′s Smith Island facing starvation after a severe winter storm and with ships unable to reach the islands due to heavy ice in the Chesapeake Bay, an Army Air Corps 49th Bomb Squadron B-6A made a one-hour, 54-mile (87-km) flight from Langley Field, Virginia, to Tangier Island on 9 February 1936 to drop 1,000 lb of supplies in 50 lb parcels to the islanders, flying at an altitude of not more than 10 ft. On 10 February, the squadron's B-6As made four similar fights to Tangier Island and one to Smith Island. The flights followed a supply flight to Tangier Island by the Goodyear Blimp Enterprise on 2 February 1936. After the success of the B-6A flights, the 49th Bomb Squadron flew additional flights to drop supplies to the islands using 13 Martin B-10B bombers.

Variants

 * LB-13
 * Seven aircraft ordered but delivered as the Y1B-4 and Y1B-6 with different engine installations.

 * Y1B-6
 * Two pre-production aircraft and three converted B-3As, as the LB-10 but with two 575 hp Wright R-1820-1 engines.

 * B-6A
 * Production version of the Y1B-6, 39 built.

Operators

 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Army Air Corps

title: Keystone B-6


text:
Cabbagetown

Cabbagetown may refer to:

 * Cabbagetown, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * Cabbagetown, a novel by Hugh Garner
 * Cabbagetown, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
 * Waterloo Mills Historic District, known as Cabbage Town, in Chester County, Pennsylvania

title: Cabbagetown