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A Shot in the Dark (1964 film)

A Shot in the Dark is a 1964 comedy film directed by Blake Edwards in Panavision. Produced as a standalone sequel to The Pink Panther, it is the second installment in the eponymous film series, with Peter Sellers reprising his role as Inspector Jacques Clouseau of the French Sûreté.

Clouseau's blundering personality is unchanged, but it was in this film that Sellers began to give him the idiosyncratically exaggerated French accent that was to later become a hallmark of the character. The film also marks the first appearances of Herbert Lom as his long-suffering boss, Commissioner Dreyfus, as well as André Maranne as Dreyfus's assistant François and Burt Kwouk as Clouseau's stalwart manservant Cato, all three of whom would become series regulars. Elke Sommer portrays the murder suspect, Maria Gambrelli. The character of Gambrelli would return in Son of the Pink Panther (1993), this time played by Claudia Cardinale, who appeared as Princess Dala in The Pink Panther (1963). Graham Stark, who portrays police officer Hercule Lajoy, would reprise this role eighteen years later, in Trail of the Pink Panther (1982).

The film was not originally written to include Clouseau, but was an adaptation of a stage play by Harry Kurnitz adapted from a French play L'Idiote by Marcel Achard. The film was released only a year after the first Clouseau film, The Pink Panther, the biggest difference being that, without David Niven, Clouseau is the main character and not Niven's foil.

Plot
Late at night at the country home of millionaire Benjamin Ballon, several of its occupants are moving about rooms, hiding and spying on others. The household consists of: Ballon's wife Dominique; Henri LaFarge, the head butler, and his wife Madame LaFarge, the cook; Miguel Ostos, the head chauffeur; Pierre, the second chauffeur, and his wife Dudu, the head maid; Georges the gardener, and his wife Simone, the second maid; Maria Gambrelli, the third maid; and Maurice, the second butler. The night's events soon end with gunshots in the room of Maria, and Miguel found murdered.

Inspector Clouseau of the Sûreté, a bumbling and incompetent detective, is called out to the scene, accompanied by his assistant Hercule Lajoy. Suspicion is cast upon Maria, as she was found by Maurice clutching the gun that killed the victim. Before Clouseau can investigate further, his superior Commissioner Dreyfus removes him from the investigation out of fear he will bungle a high-profile case.

The following day, while training with his manservant Cato under a strict unplanned arrangement between them, Clouseau finds himself returned to the investigation after Dreyfus is ordered by his superiors to do so, through Ballon's political influence. In discussion with Hercule about the murder, Clouseau asserts that Maria is innocent despite the evidence against her, but believes she is protecting the real killer who he suspects might be Ballon himself. To keep her under surveillance during the investigation he arranges for her release from prison. However, two more murders occur—Georges in the Ballons' greenhouse; and Dudu at a nudist camp—with the evidence pointing towards Maria in each case. Despite the facts, Clouseau continues to believe she is innocent, which leaves Dreyfus dismayed at his incompetence in the case and the scandals he causes. After the body of Henri is found in the closet of Maria's bedroom, Clouseau is once more removed from the case.

Although Dreyfus begins to suspect Ballon is trying to cover up facts about the murders, assuming that he is shielding someone with Maria's help, Clouseau's theory about her innocence leaves Dreyfus worried that he could be undone. When he is forced to put Clouseau back on the case, Dreyfus eventually suffers a nervous breakdown upon hearing of Clouseau going out for the evening with Maria. That night, several attempts are made on Clouseau's life by a hitman at various establishments, including his apartment, but all of these fail while resulting in the deaths of several innocent bystanders. The increased notoriety of the case as a result of the incidents, coupled with proving Clouseau's theory correct, slowly cause Dreyfus to become unhinged.

Clouseau finally decides to confront the Ballon household over the murders, hoping to trick the murderer into unmasking themself. However, his plan unexpectedly proves Maria innocent in all four murders. Dominique reveals she killed Miguel by mistake, believing he was her husband who she thought was having an affair with Maria; Madame LaFarge murdered Georges, with whom she was having an affair, because he was about to leave her for Dominique; Simone killed Dudu in order to maintain her affair with Pierre; and Ballon murdered Henri because he was having an affair with Dominique. Pierre also reveals that Maurice and Dudu were blackmailing Dominique. Meanwhile, Dreyfus, revealed to be the hitman targeting Clouseau previously, plants a bomb in Clouseau's car in one more attempt to kill him. Clouseau's plan comes to its climax when Hercule cuts the house lights in the midst of the chaos. The Ballons, Madame LaFarge, Pierre, Simone, and Maurice flee and attempt to escape in Clouseau's car, unaware of the bomb, and the car explodes as they attempt to drive off. Believing everyone was innocent, despite what they had confessed to, Dreyfus loses his sanity and is dragged away by Hercule. Clouseau, embracing Maria, finally declares her innocent, but a passionate kiss between them is swiftly interrupted when Cato makes a sneak attack.

Cast

 * Peter Sellers as Inspector Jacques Clouseau
 * Elke Sommer as Maria Gambrelli
 * Herbert Lom as Commissioner Charles Dreyfus
 * George Sanders as Monsieur Benjamin Ballon
 * Graham Stark as Hercule Lajoy
 * André Maranne as Sgt. François Chevalier
 * Martin Benson as Maurice
 * Burt Kwouk as Cato
 * Tracy Reed as Dominique Ballon
 * Moira Redmond as Simone
 * Vanda Godsell as Madame LaFarge
 * Maurice Kaufmann as Pierre
 * Ann Lynn as Dudu
 * David Lodge as Georges
 * Douglas Wilmer as Henri LaFarge
 * Reginald Beckwith as Receptionist
 * Bryan Forbes as Turk, the Nudist Camp Attendant
 * André Charrise as Game Warden
 * Howard Greene as Gendarme
 * John Herrington as The Doctor
 * Jack Melford as The Psycho-Analyst
 * Victor Baring as Taxi Driver
 * Victor Beaumont as Gendarme
 * Tutte Lemkow as Cossack Dancer
 * Hurtado De Cordoba Ballet as Flamenco Dancers & Guitarist
 * Fred Hugh as Balding Customer
 * Rose Hill as Soprano
 * Tahitian Dance Group as themselves

Production
Sellers was attached to star in the adaptation of Harry Kurnitz's Broadway hit before the release and success of The Pink Panther, but was not pleased with the script by Alec Coppel and Norman Krasna. Walter Mirisch approached Blake Edwards and asked him to take over as director of A Shot in the Dark from Anatole Litvak. Edwards declined initially, but eventually relented under pressure on the condition he could rewrite the script and substitute Inspector Clouseau for the lead character and choreograph comic scenes on the fly as he and Sellers had successfully done for their previous film. The relationship between Edwards and Sellers deteriorated to such a point that at the conclusion of the film they vowed never to work together again. They eventually reconciled to collaborate successfully four years later on The Party, and on three more "Pink Panther" films in the 1970s.

Taking inspiration from his teacher Ed Parker in martial arts, Edwards created the new character Cato Fong using the American Kenpo style. Parker briefly worked alongside Edwards learning more about cinematography and suggested that he implement slow motions at certain fight scenes in order to increase the dramatic effect and make the moves more noticeable for audiences. Following a favorable response from viewers, Edwards continued to use this effect in following Pink Panther films.

As with most of the other Clouseau films, A Shot in the Dark features an animated opening titles sequence produced by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises utilizing an animated version of Inspector Clouseau. This film and Inspector Clouseau are the only Clouseau films not to feature the Pink Panther character in the opening titles. Henry Mancini's theme for this film serves as opening theme and incidental music in The Inspector cartoon shorts made by DePatie-Freleng from 1965 to 1969. The title song, "The Shadows of Paris", was written by Henry Mancini. The singer is not credited but contemporary trade reports confirm it was Decca Records recording artist Gina Carroll.

Reception
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote, "It is mad, but the wonderful dexterity and the air of perpetually buttressed dignity with which Mr. Sellers plays his role make what could quickly be monotonous enjoyable to the end." Variety wrote: "Wisdom remains to be seen of projecting a second appearance of the hilariously inept detective so soon after the still-current firstrun showing of 'Panther,' since some of the spontaneous novelty may have worn off, but the laughs are still there abundantly through imaginative bits of business and a few strike belly proportions." Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "is all variations of falling down and going boom ... I won't say 'ad nauseum' [sic] because Sellers is a clever comedian and never that painful to take. But enough is enough already." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post called it "a hardworking comedy," adding "While the lines are bright and sometimes blue, the real fun comes from sight gags, an old if neglected film ingredient."

The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "Where The Pink Panther had style and a certain subtlety, its successor ... can substitute only slapstick of the crudest kind. As the bumbling inspector, Sellers is this time absolutely out of hand, his principal—and endlessly repeated—gag being to fall with a resounding splash into large quantities of water." John McCarten of The New Yorker wrote, "'A Shot in the Dark' as done on Broadway was a mediocre comedy, but Blake Edwards, who directed the film and collaborated on the script with William Peter Blatty, had the good sense to toss the foundation stock out the window and let Mr. Sellers run amok ... All in all, extremely jolly." The movie was one of the 13 most popular films in the UK in 1965.

The film was well received by critics. It has 94% favourable reviews on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes out of 32 reviews counted. The average rating given by critics is 8.1 out of 10. The critical consensus reads: "A Shot in the Dark is often regarded as the best of the Pink Panther sequels, and Peter Sellers gives a top-notch performance that makes slapstick buffoonery memorable." In 2006, the film was voted the 38th greatest comedy film of all time in Channel 4's 50 Greatest Comedy Films. The film is recognized by the American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #48
 * 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
 * Nominated Mystery Film

title: A Shot in the Dark (1964 film)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Col Bishop

Orphan page on a successful local businessman, not notable outside immediate geographic area. Ianb 17:02, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Agree with what Ianb said. Delete. Josh Cherry 19:00, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article is still just a stub. Arevich 21:41, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: More information on Colin Bishop can be found in the Coolangatta Estate article.  Not sure if Bishop is worthy of a separate article.  Assuming, for the moment, that Coolangatta Village would be worthy of an independent article, that doesn't mean the owner should get his own article.  Maybe redirect to Coolangatta Estate.  SWAdair | Talk  01:45, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:30, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Arnold Böcklin

Arnold Böcklin (16 October 1827 – 16 January 1901) was a Swiss Symbolist painter. He is best known for his five versions of the Isle of the Dead, which inspired works by several late-Romantic composers.

Biography
Arnold Böcklin was born in Basel. His father, Christian Frederick Böcklin (b. 1802), was descended from an old family of Schaffhausen, and engaged in the silk trade. His mother, Ursula Lippe, was a native of the same city. Arnold studied at the Düsseldorf academy under Schirmer, and became a friend of Anselm Feuerbach. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. Schirmer, who recognized in him a student of exceptional promise, sent him to Antwerp and Brussels, where he copied the works of Flemish and Dutch masters. Böcklin then went to Paris, worked at the Louvre, and painted several landscapes.

After serving his time in the army, Böcklin set out for Rome in March 1850. The many sights of Rome were a fresh stimulus to his mind. These new influences brought allegorical and mythological figures into his compositions. In 1856 he returned to Munich, and remained there for four years.

His first fiancée died young. A second woman declined to marry. In Rome, he married Angela Rosa Lorenza Pascucci in 1853. The couple had fourteen children, but five died in childhood and another three died before Böcklin. He himself nearly succumbed to typhoid in 1859.

Career

He then exhibited the Great Park, one of his earliest works, in which he treated ancient mythology. Of this period are his Nymph and Satyr, Heroic Landscape (Diana Hunting), both of 1858, and Sappho (1859). These works, which were much discussed, together with Lenbach's recommendation, gained him appointment as professor at the Weimar academy. He held the office for two years, painting the Venus and Love, a Portrait of Lenbach, and a Saint Catherine.

He returned to Rome from 1862 to 1866, and there gave his fancy and his taste for violent colour free play in his Portrait of Mme Böcklin, and in An Anchorite in the Wilderness (1863), a Roman Tavern, and Villa on the Seashore (1864). He returned to Basel in 1866 to finish his frescoes in the gallery, and to paint, besides several portraits, The Magdalene with Christ (1868), Anacreon's Muse (1869), and A Castle and Warriors (1871). His Portrait of Myself, with Death playing a violin (1872), was painted after his return again to Munich, where he exhibited Battle of the Centaurs, Landscape with Moorish Horsemen and A Farm (1875). From 1876 to 1885 Böcklin was working at Florence, and painted a Pietà, Ulysses and Calypso, Prometheus, and the Sacred Grove.

From 1886 to 1892 he settled at Zürich, after which he resided at San Domenico, near Florence. From this period are the Naiads at Play, A Sea Idyll, and War.

Böcklin died on 16 January 1901 in Fiesole. He is buried in the Cimitero degli Allori in the southern suburb of Florence, Italy.

Symbolism

Influenced by Romanticism, Böcklin's symbolist use of imagery derived from mythology and legend often overlapped with the aesthetic of the Pre-Raphaelites. Many of his paintings are imaginative interpretations of the classical world, or portray mythological subjects in settings involving classical architecture, often allegorically exploring death and mortality in the context of a strange, fantasy world.

Böcklin is best known for his five versions (painted 1880 to 1886) of the Isle of the Dead, which partly evokes the English Cemetery, Florence, which was close to his studio and where his baby daughter Maria had been buried. An early version of the painting was commissioned by a Madame Berna, a widow who wanted a painting with a dreamlike atmosphere.

Clement Greenberg wrote in 1947 that Böcklin's work "is one of the most consummate expressions of all that is now disliked about the latter half of the nineteenth century."

Legacy

During his lifetime, Böcklin achieved considerable recognition, especially in central Europe, and influenced younger artists such as Hans Thoma. After his death in 1901 his reputation declined rapidly as modern art styles made the literary character of his paintings seem old-fashioned. Despite this, his work was a significant influence on Giorgio de Chirico – who said "Each of Böcklin's works is a shock" – and was admired by Surrealist painters such as Max Ernst and Salvador Dalí. A general revival of interest in Böcklin began only in the 1960s.

When asked who was his favorite painter, Marcel Duchamp controversially named Arnold Böcklin as having a major influence on his art. Whether Duchamp was serious in this assertion is still debated.

H. R. Giger has created a picture called Homage à Böcklin, based upon Isle of the Dead.

Museums holding several works by Böcklin include the Kunstmuseum Basel and the Kunsthaus Zürich.

In music
Böcklin's paintings, especially Isle of the Dead, inspired several late-Romantic composers.
 * Gustav Mahler's song Des Antonius von Padua Fischpredigt (St. Anthony's Sermon to the Fish) from his Des Knaben Wunderhorn song cycle, which also appears as the Scherzo movement in Mahler's Symphony No. 2 (Mahler) was inspired by Böcklin's 1892 painting, St. Anthony Preaching to the Fish.
 * In 1891, Portuguese pianist José Vianna da Motta composed two pieces on Böcklin's paintings Meeresidylle and Im Spiel der Wellen.
 * Sergei Rachmaninoff (see Isle of the Dead) and Heinrich Schulz-Beuthen both composed symphonic poems after it. Rachmaninoff was also inspired by Böcklin's painting Die Heimkehr ("The Homecoming" or "The Return") when writing his Prelude in B minor, Op. 32, No. 10.
 * Andreas Hallén, a Swedish Romantic composer, wrote a symphonic poem Die Toteninsel in 1898.
 * In 1903, Austrian, later American, composer Karl Weigl composed a tone poem for piano "Die Toteninsel".
 * In 1913 Max Reger composed a set of Four Tone Poems after Böcklin with the movements "Der geigende Eremit", "Im Spiel der Wellen", "Die Toteninsel", and "Bacchanal".
 * In Mark Robson's film Isle of the Dead (1945), Disney composer Leigh Harline's somber score makes use of Sergei Rachmaninoff's music.
 * Hans Huber's second symphony is entitled Böcklin-Sinfonie, after the artist and his paintings.
 * Felix Woyrsch composed 3 Böcklin Phantasies (Die Toteninsel, Der Eremit, Im Spiel der Wellen), Op. 53 (1910).
 * Fulvio Caldini composed L'isola di Böcklin, his Op.85 for electronic instruments (2001).

Other
The Schriftgiesserei Otto Weisert foundry designed an Art Nouveau typeface in 1904 and named it "Arnold Böcklin" in his honor.

Adolf Hitler was fond of Böcklin's work, at one time owning 11 of his paintings.

Roger Zelazny's novel Isle of the Dead features a planet-building character inspired by the painting to create an Isle of the Dead on one of his worlds, and an Ace books edition features a cover painting by Dean Ellis that is deliberately reminiscent of Böcklin's work.

Yemelyan Yaroslavsky, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, opened his 1942 laudatory article on Dmitry Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony with an allusion to Böcklin's painting "War".

title: Arnold Böcklin


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Caenogastropoda

Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic subclass of molluscs in the class Gastropoda. It is a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The subclass is the most diverse and ecologically successful of the gastropods.

Caenogastropoda contains many families of shelled marine molluscs – including the periwinkles, cowries, wentletraps, moon snails, murexes, cone snails and turrids – and constitutes about 60% of all living gastropods.

Biology
The Caenogastropoda exhibit torsion, and thus are included in what was previously called the Streptoneura (meaning twisted nerves), also known as Prosobranchia (meaning gills forward). Specifically, they are characterized by having only a single auricle in the heart and a single pair of gill leaflets, and are equivalent to the Monotocardia or Pectinibranchia of older authors.

Taxonomy
The taxon Caenogastropoda was first established by Leslie Reginald Cox in 1960 as a superorder but now sometimes it is retained as a clade. Based on optimal phylogenetic analysis, it is deemed monophyletic. This Caenogastropoda combines the older taxa Mesogastropoda and Stenoglossa from the classification by Johannes Thiele and is equivalent to the revised Monotocardia as defined by Mörch in 1865.

Caenogastropoda can be divided into two major groups, based on the anatomy of the radula:
 * Taenioglossa (from taenio meaning band), equivalent to the older Mesogastropoda, with typically seven teeth in each radular row.
 * Stenoglossa (from steno meaning narrow), the Neogastropoda, with only 1–3 teeth per row.

1997 taxonomy
Ponder & Lindberg, 1997 and others since (e.g. Vega et al., 2006; Harzhauser, 2004; and Pina, 2002. ) show Caenogastropoda as a superorder, following the sense of Cox, 1960. More recently Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 revised Caenogastropoda as a clade.

2005 taxonomy
The following classification was laid out in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
 * Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position
 * an informal group Architaenioglossa
 * clade Sorbeoconcha
 * clade Hypsogastropoda

2006 taxonomy
Colgan et al. (2006) provided further insight into the phylogeny of Caenogastropoda.

Latest views by the World Register of Marine Species
Sorbeoconcha should include [Cerithioidea + Campaniloidea + all Hypsogastropoda (i.e. the remaining Caenogastropoda)], see definition in Ponder & Lindberg, 1997: 225, not only [Cerithioidea + Campaniloidea] as suggested by the indent pattern in Bouchet & Rocroi. Neotaenioglossa Haller, 1892 suggested in Ruud Bank's draft for Fauna Europaea is not retained because it would need severe emendation to remove Pyramidellids, Cerithioids, etc. included in its original definition, and therefore would be too far from Haller's concept if it were to fit the concept of Sorbeoconcha. Although cladistically sound, the taxon Sorbeoconcha is skipped in the classification scheme because (1) ten years after its publication, the name still sounds unfamiliar to most and (2) it is not very helpful in the classification because it includes the bulk of Caenogastropoda (only keeping out small stem groups Abyssochrysidae, Provannidae, and the architaenioglossate taxa). This is not final, opinions are welcome.

 * Taxonomy as provided by WoRMS in 2021 :
 * Subterclass Sorbeoconcha
 * Superorder Hypsogastropoda
 * Order Architaenioglossa
 * Order Littorinimorpha
 * Order Neogastropoda
 * Order [unassigned] Caenogastropoda (temporary name)
 * Order Stenoglossa has become a synonym of Neogastropoda

title: Caenogastropoda


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Triathlon at the 2004 Summer Olympics

At the 2004 Summer Olympics, the triathlon events were held at the Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre. Fifty triathletes contested the female event on August 25, and the same number contested the male event on August 26, making up a total of 100 competitors.

Each competitor starts the event with a 1500-metre swim course, followed by a 40 kilometre road bicycle race and finish with a 10 kilometre road run. Both leg transitions (swimming—cycling and cycling—running) are performed on a special transition area, under judge's scrutiny and the duration of the transition is added to the final time.

A pre-Olympic test event was staged over the Olympic course in October 2003, and saw Denmark's Rasmus Henning and Australia's Michellie Jones winning the men's and women's events.

Schedule
All times are Greece Standard Time (UTC+2)

title: Triathlon at the 2004 Summer Olympics


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Sorbeoconcha

Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda.

The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997.

1997 taxonomy
According to the older taxonomy by Ponder and Lindberg the suborders within the order Sorbeoconcha are:
 * Discopoda P. Fischer, 1884
 * Murchisoniina Cox & Knight, 1960
 * Hypsogastropoda Ponder & Lindberg, 1997
 * Cerithiimorpha Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975

2005 taxonomy
In the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Sorbeoconcha was declared a taxon of unspecified rank, within the clade Caenogastropoda.

It comprises the superfamily Cerithioidea, the superfamily Campaniloidea, the informal group Ptenoglossa and the clade Neogastropoda.

The following families were not allocated to a superfamily:
 * † Acanthonematidae Wenz, 1938
 * † Canterburyellidae Bandel, Gründel & Maxwell, 2000
 * Globocornidae Espinosa & Ortea, 2010
 * † Prisciphoridae Bandel, Gründel & Maxwell, 2000

The World Register of Marine Species considers Sorbeoconcha an alternate representation of Caenogastropoda and gives the following reasoning: Sorbeoconcha should include [Cerithioidea + Campaniloidea + all Hypsogastropoda (i.e. the remaining Caenogastropoda)], see definition in Ponder & Lindberg, 1997: 225, not only [Cerithioidea + Campaniloidea] as suggested by the indent pattern in Bouchet & Rocroi.

Neotaenioglossa Haller, 1892 suggested in Ruud Bank’s draft for Fauna Europaea is not retained because it would need severe emendation to remove Pyramidellids, Cerithioids, etc.. included in its original definition, and therefore would be too far from Haller's concept if it were to fit the concept of Sorbeoconcha.

Although cladistically sound, the taxon Sorbeoconcha is skipped in the classification scheme because (1) ten years after its publication, the name still sounds unfamiliar to most and (2) it is not very helpful in the classification because it includes the bulk of Caenogastropoda (only keeping out small stem groups Abyssochrysidae, Provannidae, and the architaenioglossate taxa). This is not final, opinions are welcome.

title: Sorbeoconcha


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Eilean Dòmhnuill

Ian Armit identifies the islet of Eilean Dòmhnuill (Eilean Dòmhnaill,, "The Isle of Donald"), Loch Olabhat, on North Uist, Scotland, as what may be the earliest crannog. Unstan ware pottery found there suggests a Neolithic period date of 3200–2800 BC. A surrounding timber screen and the turf-walled houses seem to have been repeatedly taken down and rebuilt, and in the final phase two oblong stone-footed structures bear a resemblance to Knap of Howar on Papa Westray, Orkney.

title: Eilean Dòmhnuill


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Hypsogastropoda

Hypsogastropoda is a clade containing marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda.

This clade is considered by the database WoRMS as an alternate representation.

This clade contains two clades and one informal group:
 * Clade Littorinimorpha
 * Informal group Ptenoglossa
 * Clade Neogastropoda

title: Hypsogastropoda


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Volutoidea

Volutoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda.

This superfamily includes the chank snails, the dove snails, the volutes, the margin snails and others.

Shell description
The shell of the snails in this superfamily vary greatly in shape and degree of ornamentation. The shells have an oval aperture, and a noticeable siphonal canal.

Families
Families within the superfamily Volutoidea are as follows:
 * family Cancellariidae Forbes & Hanley, 1851
 * family Cystiscidae Stimpson, 1865 -- 15 genera
 * family Granulinidae G. A. Coovert & H. K. Coovert, 1995
 * family Marginellidae Fleming, 1828 -- 30 genera
 * family Marginellonidae Coan, 1965
 * family Volutidae Rafinesque, 1815 -- 49 genera
 * Synonyms:
 * Paladmetidae Stephenson, 1941 † synonym of Admetinae Troschel, 1865
 * Plesiocystiscidae G. A. Coovert & H. K. Coovert, 1995 : synonym of Plesiocystiscinae G. A. Coovert & H. K. Coovert, 1995

title: Volutoidea


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ANU Kioloa Coastal Campus

The Kioloa Coastal Campus is a small campus of the Australian National University at Kioloa, used for studies in certain sciences. It was created in 1975, when Joy London donated the 3.48 km2 property on the South Coast of New South Wales to the university in perpetuity. The agreement between London and the university stressed that the property "was to be used primarily for teaching and research in the field sciences". The property became the Edith and Joy London Foundation, and is now known as the Kioloa Coastal Campus (KCC) of the Australian National University.

It consists of a number of wooden accommodation buildings (with more under refurbishment), a wooden teaching/research building, and a more modern visitors' centre with cooking and eating facilities.

The Kioloa Global Land Cover Test Site (GLCTS) Pathfinder site is centered at the campus.

title: ANU Kioloa Coastal Campus


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Völkischer Beobachter

The Völkischer Beobachter ("Völkisch Observer") was the newspaper of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) from 25 December 1920. It first appeared weekly, then daily from 8 February 1923. For twenty-four years it formed part of the official public face of the Nazi Party until its last edition at the end of April 1945. The paper was banned and ceased publication between November 1923, after Adolf Hitler's arrest for leading the unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, and February 1925, the approximate date of the relaunching of the Party.

History
The "fighting paper of the National Socialist movement of Greater Germany", or "Kampfblatt der nationalsozialistischen Bewegung Großdeutschlands" as it called itself, had its origin as the Münchener Beobachter, or "Munich Observer", an anti-Semitic semi-weekly scandal-oriented paper which in 1918 was acquired by the Thule Society with financial backing by Käthe Bierbaumer and, in August 1919, was renamed Völkischer Beobachter (see Völkisch and Völkisch movement).

By December 1920, the paper was heavily in debt. The Thule Society was thus receptive to an offer to sell the paper to the Nazis for 60,000 Papiermark. Major Ernst Röhm, who was an early member of the German Workers' Party, forerunner of the Nazi Party, and Dietrich Eckart, one of Hitler's earliest mentors, persuaded Röhm’s commanding officer, Major General Franz Ritter von Epp, to provide the money from German Army funds for the paper to be purchased. The loan was secured with Eckart's house and possessions as collateral, and Dr. Gottfried Grandel, an Augsburg chemist and factory owner, who was Eckart's friend and a funder of the Party, as guarantor. After the Nazis acquired the paper, Eckart was its first editor. It was the party's primary official organ.

In 1921, Adolf Hitler, who had taken full control of the NSDAP earlier that year, acquired all shares in the company, making him the sole owner of the publication.

The income from the sale alone did not support the paper. It sustained itself by selling non-interest-bearing promissory notes to party members and received loans and grants from wealthy patrons such as Helene Bechstein. The book publishing company, which Amann successfully expanded, later became the financial backbone. The Illustrierter Beobachter founded in 1926, was also a success. In addition, the followers were repeatedly reminded of their obligation to become subscribers and to advertise them.

During the Nazi rise to power, the newspaper reported general news but also party activities, presenting them as almost constant successes. Guidelines for propagandists urged that all posters, insofar as the police allowed, contain propaganda for it, and all meetings should be announced in it, although reports should be sent to the Propaganda Department, which would then forward corrected versions to the paper. Posters did indeed urge reading it. When Hitler was banned from public speaking, it was the main vehicle to propagate his views.

Joseph Goebbels published articles in the Völkischer Beobachter to attack the United States for criticizing anti-Jewish measures, and to attack the communist USSR.

The final issues of the paper from both April and May 1945 were not distributed.

According to top Soviet diplomat Vladimir Semyonov, Stalin suggested that the title of National Democratic Party of Germany's newspaper (a satellite party created in East Germany to attract former Nazi supporters) could be called the Völkischer Beobachter in order to appeal to the party's membership. The proposal was ultimately not adopted.

Circulation
The circulation of the paper was initially about 8,000, but it increased to 25,000 in autumn 1923 due to strong demand during the occupation of the Ruhr. In that year Hitler replaced Eckart as editor with Alfred Rosenberg, because Eckart's alcoholism had begun to get in the way of running the paper. Hitler softened the blow by making it clear that he still regarded Eckart highly. "His accomplishments are everlasting!" Hitler said, he just was not constitutionally able to run a big business like a daily newspaper. "I would not be able to do it, either," according to Hitler, "I have been fortunate that I got a few people who know how to do it. ... It would be as if I tried to run a farm! I wouldn't be able to do it."

The publication of the paper ceased on the prohibition of the Party after the failed Beer Hall Putsch of 9 November 1923, but it resumed on the party's refoundation on 26 February 1925. The circulation rose along with the success of the Nazi movement, reaching more than 120,000 in 1931, 1.2 million in 1941, and 1.7 million by 1944. It sold 310,000 copies in 1933 and 982,000 copies in 1940.

title: Völkischer Beobachter


text:
John Seymour

John Seymour may refer to:

Courtiers and politicians

 * John Hayward (MP for Bridport) (c. 1355–1407), alias Seymour, member of parliament for Bridport, U.K.
 * John Seymour (MP for Bristol) (fl. 1351), member of parliament for Bristol, U.K.
 * John Seymour (1425–1463), British landowner and member of parliament
 * John Seymour (died 1464), British knight and member of parliament
 * John Seymour (died 1491) (1450s–1491), member of the British landed gentry and grandfather of Queen Jane Seymour
 * Sir John Seymour (1474–1536), father of Queen Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII of England
 * John Seymour (died 1567), member of parliament for Great Bedwyn, U.K.
 * John Seymour (died 1552), member of parliament for Wootton Bassett, U.K.
 * John Seymour (died 1618), member of parliament for Great Bedwyn, U.K.
 * John Seymour, 4th Duke of Somerset (before 1646–1675), British peer and member of parliament
 * John Seymour (Maryland governor) (1649–1709), royal governor of the Maryland colony in the Americas, then part of England
 * John Seymour (Gloucestershire MP) (died 1663), member of parliament for Gloucestershire
 * John Seymour (California politician) (born 1937), senator from California, U.S.
 * John Seymour, 19th Duke of Somerset (born 1952), British landowner and elected hereditary peer
 * John Webb Seymour (1777–1819), English aristocrat and amateur geologist

Others

 * John Seymour (priest) (died 1501), Canon of Windsor
 * John Seymour (cricketer) (1881–1967), British cricketer
 * John Alfred Seymour (1881–1934), Canadian Presbyterian minister in Australia
 * John Laurence Seymour (1893–1986), American composer
 * John Seymour (author) (1914–2004), British author and influential figure in the self-sufficiency movement

title: John Seymour


text:
Muricidae

Muricidae is a large and varied taxonomic family of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, commonly known as murex snails or rock snails. With over 1,700 living species, the Muricidae represent almost 10% of the Neogastropoda. Additionally, 1,200 fossil species have been recognized. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, although experts disagree about the subfamily divisions and the definitions of the genera. Many muricids have unusual shells which are considered attractive by shell collectors and by interior designers.

Shell description
Muricid shells are variably shaped, generally with a raised spire and strong sculpture with spiral ridges and often axial varices (typically three or more varices on each whorl), also frequently bearing spines, tubercles, or blade-like processes. Periostracum is absent in this family. The aperture is variable in shape; it may be ovate to more or less contracted, with a well-marked anterior siphonal canal that may be very long. The shell's outer lip is often denticulated inside, sometimes with a tooth-like process on its margin. The columella is smoothish to weakly ridged. The operculum is corneous and of variable thickness, with the nucleus near the anterior end or at about midlength of the outer margin.

Many muricids have episodic growth, which means their shells grow in spurts, remaining the same size for a while (during which time the varix develops) before rapidly growing to the next size stage. The result is the series of above mentioned varices on each whorl.

Life habits
Most species of muricids are carnivorous, active predators that feed on other gastropods, bivalves, and barnacles. The access to the soft parts of the prey is typically obtained by boring a hole through the shell by means of a softening secretion and the scraping action of the radula. Because of their carnivory, some species may be considered pests because they can cause considerable destruction both in exploited natural beds of bivalves, and in farmed areas of commercial bivalves.

Muricids lay eggs in protective, corneous capsules, the size and shape of which vary by species. From these capsules the crawling juveniles, or more rarely planktonic larvae, hatch.

Historical value
Members of the family were harvested by early Mediterranean peoples, with the Phoenicians possibly the first to do so, to extract an expensive, vivid, stable dye known as Tyrian purple, imperial purple, or royal purple.

The fossil record
The family Muricidae first appears in the fossil record during the Aptian age of the Cretaceous period.

Subfamilies
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Muricidae consists of these subfamilies:
 * Aspellinae Keen, 1971
 * Coralliophilinae Chenu, 1859 - synonym: Magilidae Thiele, 1925
 * Ergalataxinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
 * Haustrinae Tan, 2003
 * Muricinae Rafinesque, 1815
 * Muricopsinae Radwin & d'Attilio, 1971 : synonym of Aspellinae Keen, 1971 ( junior subjective synonym)
 * Ocenebrinae Cossmann, 1903
 * Pagodulinae Barco, Schiaparelli, Houart & Oliverio, 2012
 * Rapaninae Gray, 1853 - synonym: Thaididae Jousseaume, 1888
 * Tripterotyphinae d'Attilio & Hertz, 1988 : synonym of Muricopsinae Radwin & D'Attilio, 1971 : synonym of Aspellinae Keen, 1971 (junior subjective synonym)
 * Trophoninae Cossmann, 1903 : synonym of Ocenebrinae Cossmann, 1903 (junior subjective synonym)
 * Typhinae Cossmann, 1903
 * [unassigned] Muricidae
 * Synonyms:
 * Subfamily Drupinae Wenz, 1938 : synonym of Rapaninae Gray, 1853
 * Genus Drupinia [sic]: synonym of Drupina Dall, 1923
 * Genus Galeropsis Hupé, 1860 : synonym of Coralliophila H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
 * Tritoninae Gray, 1847 : synonym of Ranellidae Gray, 1854 (Invalid: type genus placed on the Official Index by Opinion 886 [junior homonym of Triton Linnaeus, 1758])

title: Muricidae


text:
Norden

Norden is a Scandinavian and German word, directly translated as "the North". It may refer to:

England

 * Norden, Basingstoke, a ward of Basingstoke and Deane
 * Norden, Dorset, a hamlet near Corfe Castle
 * Norden, Greater Manchester, a village near Rochdale

Germany

 * Norden, Lower Saxony, a town in East Frisia
 * Norden (Hambach Forest), a former tree-house colony by environmental activists

United States

 * Norden, California, an unincorporated community
 * Norden, Nebraska, an unincorporated community
 * Norden Township, Minnesota

Businesses

 * D/S Norden, a Danish shipping company
 * Coop Norden, a joint Scandinavian co-operative retail chain
 * Norden Systems, an American electronics manufacturer
 * Norden Aquavit, an award-winning traditional, Scandinavian style botanical spirit distilled in Michigan, USA

Given name

 * Norden Hartman (1921–1989), South African archivist and herald
 * Norden E. Huang (born 1937), Taiwanese-American engineer
 * Norden Tenzing Bhutia (1950–2019), musician, composer and singer of classic Nepali pop songs

Surname

 * Norden (surname), a list of people with the surname Norden

Other uses

 * Norden bombsight, used on US bombers during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War
 * Norden Cricket Club, an English cricket club
 * Norden Farm Centre for the Arts, an arts centre in Berkshire, England
 * Rotary Norden, Nordic magazine for the Nordic countries
 * Der Norden, a publication (1935-1944?) of the Nordische Gesellschaft
 * Norden, original name of the MV Captayannis, a Greek merchant vessel

title: Norden


text:
Ocenebrinae

Ocenebrinae is a taxonomic subfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. This subfamily is within the large family Muricidae, which are commonly known as the murex and rock snails.

In one other version of current gastropod taxonomy, three of these genera are grouped by themselves in a small subfamily called Haustrinae.

Genera
Genera within the subfamily Ocenebrinae include:
 * Acanthina Fischer von Waldheim, 1807
 * Acanthinucella A. H. Cooke, 1918
 * Africanella Vermeij & Houart, 1999
 * † Argenthina G. S. Herbert & del Rio, 2005
 * Austrotrophon Dall, 1902
 * Calcitrapessa S. S. Berry, 1959
 * † Califostoma J. R. Bean & Vermeij, 2016
 * † Carhuaspina DeVries, 2005
 * Ceratostoma Herrmannsen, 1846
 * Chicocenebra Bouchet & Houart, 1996
 * Chorus Bouchet & Houart, 1996
 * Chorus giganteus
 * Crassilabrum Jousseaume, 1880
 * Eupleura H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
 * † Fenolignum Vermeij & E. H. Vokes, 1997
 * Forreria Jousseaume, 1880
 * Genkaimurex Kuroda, 1953
 * Gracilipurpura Jousseaume, 1880
 * Hadriania Bucquoy & Dautzenberg, 1882 : synonym of Gracilipurpura Jousseaume, 1880
 * † Herminespina DeVries & Vermeij, 1997
 * † Heteropurpura Jousseaume, 1880
 * Inermicosta Jousseaume, 1880
 * Jaton Pusch, 1837
 * † Jsowerbya Merle, 2005
 * † Lyropurpura Jousseaume, 1880
 * Mexacanthina Marko & Vermeij, 1999
 * † Miocenebra E. H. Vokes, 1963
 * Muregina Vermeij, 1998
 * † Namamurex A. Carrington & B. F. Kensley
 * Nucella Röding, 1798
 * Ocenebra Gray, 1847
 * Ocenotrophon McLean, 1995
 * Ocinebrellus Jousseaume, 1880
 * Ocinebrina Jousseaume, 1880
 * Paciocinebrina Houart, Vermeij & Wiedrick, 2019
 * Poropteron Jousseaume, 1880
 * Pteropurpura Jousseaume, 1880
 * Pterorytis Conrad, 1863
 * † Pterynopsis E. H. Vokes, 1972
 * Roperia Dall, 1898
 * † Spinucella Vermeij, 1993
 * † Tactilispina DeVries, 2005
 * Trochia Swainson, 1840
 * Urosalpinx W. Stimpson, 1865
 * Vaughtia Houart, 1995
 * Vokesinotus Petuch, 1988
 * Xanthochorus P. Fischer, 1884
 * Zacatrophon Hertlein & Strong, 1951

Fossil genera:
 * Ecphora
 * Gener a brought into synonymy:
 * Antimurex Cossmann, 1903 : synonym of Crassilabrum Jousseaume, 1880
 * Centrifuga U. S. Grant & Gale, 1931 : synonym of Pteropurpura Jousseaume, 1880
 * Cerastoma [sic]: synonym of Cerostoma Conrad, 1837: synonym of Ceratostoma Herrmannsen, 1846 (misspelling of genus)
 * Cerostoma Conrad, 1837 : synonym of Ceratostoma Herrmannsen, 1846 (invalid: junior homonym of Cerostoma Latreille, 1802 [Lepidoptera]; Ceratostoma is an emendation )
 * Dentocenebra Monterosato, 1917 : synonym of Ocenebra Gray, 1847
 * Hanetia: synonym of Urosalpinx Stimpson, 1865
 * Jatova Jousseaume, 1880 : synonym of Jaton Pusch, 1837
 * Microrhytis: synonym of Ceratostoma Herrmannsen, 1846
 * Monoceros Lamarck, 1809 : synonym of Acanthina Fischer von Waldheim, 1807 (Invalid: junior homonym of Monoceros Lacépède, 1798 [Pisces] and others)
 * Neurarhytis Olsson & Harbison, 1953 : synonym of Pterorytis Conrad, 1863
 * Ocenebrina Cossmann, 1903 : synonym of Ocinebrina Jousseaume, 1880 (invalid: unjustified emendation of Ocinebrina)
 * Ocinebra Leach, 1852 : synonym of Ocenebra Gray, 1847 (incorrect subsequent spelling)
 * Polytropa Swainson, 1840 : synonym of Nucella Röding, 1798 (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
 * Polytropalicus Rovereto, 1899 : synonym of Nucella Röding, 1798
 * Ocinebrellus: synonym of Pteropurpura Jousseaume, 1880
 * Poropteron: synonym of Pteropurpura Jousseaume, 1880
 * Rudolpha Schumacher, 1817 : synonym of Acanthina Fischer von Waldheim, 1807
 * Shaskyus: synonym of Pteropurpura Jousseaume, 1880
 * Spinostoma Coen, 1943 : synonym of Ceratostoma Herrmannsen, 1846
 * Ternaria Coen, 1943 : synonym of Pteropurpura (Ocinebrellus) Jousseaume, 1880 : synonym of Ocinebrellus Jousseaume, 1880 (not available: no type species designated)
 * Tritonalia J. Fleming, 1828 : synonym of Ocenebra Gray, 1847 (Invalid: placed on the Official Index by ICZN Opinion 886)
 * Unicornus Montfort, 1810 : synonym of Acanthina Fischer von Waldheim, 1807

title: Ocenebrinae


text:
Nucella

Nucella, common name dog whelks or dog winkles, is a genus of small to medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Ocenebrinae which is part of the large family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

Description
(Described as Polytropa) The spire is acuminate. The whorls are foliated or tuberculose. The inner lip is flattened. The siphonal canal is small and oblique. The aperture is narrowed at the forepart.

Species
Species in the genus Nucella include:
 * Nucella angustior Houart, Vermeij & Wiedrick, 2019
 * † Nucella bermejensis Lozano-Francisco & Vera-Peláez, 2006
 * Nucella canaliculata (Duclos, 1832) - channeled dogwinkle
 * Nucella dubia (Krauss, 1848) - common dogwhelk
 * Nucella emarginata (Deshayes, 1839) - emarginate dogwinkle
 * Nucella freycinetii (Deshayes, 1839)
 * Nucella heyseana (Dunker, 1882)
 * Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin, 1791) - frilled dogwinkle
 * Nucella lapillus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Atlantic dogwinkle, dog whelk
 * Nucella lima (Gmelin, 1791) - file dogwinkle
 * Nucella ostrina (Gould, 1852) - striped dogwinkle
 * Nucella rolani (Bogi & Nofroni, 1984)
 * Nucella squamosa (Lamarck, 1816) - scaly dogwhelk
 * Nucella wahlbergi (Krauss, 1848)
 * Species brought into synonymy :
 * Nucella acuminata Carcelles, 1954 accepted as Acanthina unicornis (Bruguière, 1789)
 * Nucella analoga (Forbes, 1852): synonym of Nucella canaliculata Duclos, 1832
 * Nucella castanea (Küster, 1886) : synonym of Orania castanea (Küster, 1886)
 * Nucella cingulata (Linnaeus, 1771) : synonym of Trochia cingulata (Linnaeus, 1771)
 * Nucella elongata Golikov & Kussakin, 1962 : synonym of Nucella freycinetii (Deshayes, 1839)
 * Nucella fuscata (Forbes, 1850) : synonym of Nucella emarginata (Deshayes, 1839)
 * Nucella heyseana var. elongata Golikov & Kussakin, 1962 : synonym of Nucella heyseana (Dunker, 1882)
 * Nucella lindaniae Lorenz, 1991 : synonym of Nucella wahlbergi (Krauss, 1848)
 * Nucella pyramidalis (Turton, 1932) : synonym of Nucella dubia (Krauss, 1848)
 * Nucella theobroma Roding, 1798 : synonym of Nucella lapillus (Linnaeus, 1758)

title: Nucella


text:
South Shore

South Shore or Southshore may refer to:

Canada

 * South Shore (Montreal), Quebec, the region of the greater Montreal area on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River
 * South Shore (Nova Scotia), geographic region of Nova Scotia
 * South Shore—St. Margarets, the riding that covers that part of Nova Scotia

United States

 * South Shore, California (disambiguation)
 * South Shore, Alameda, California
 * South Shore, Chicago, Illinois, a neighborhood
 * Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad, freight rail line from Chicago, Illinois to South Bend, Indiana
 * South Shore, Kentucky, a city
 * South Shore (Long Island), southern edge of Long Island in New York state
 * South Shore (Massachusetts), a region south of Boston
 * South Shore (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania, a neighborhood
 * South Shore, South Dakota, a town
 * South Shore, Staten Island, New York, a series of neighborhoods in New York City
 * South Shore Lake Tahoe, towns on the southern perimeter of Lake Tahoe on the border between California and Nevada
 * South Shore School District, Port Wing, Wisconsin

Elsewhere

 * South Shore, Blackpool, England
 * Southshore, New Zealand

title: South Shore


text:
Talk:Alice Guy Blache

Can this link be changed so that it goes to the link for Alice Guy Blaché? The content at both links is nearly identical except for the existence of fuller Wikipedia links at the Alice Guy Blaché link, but it seems a bit confusing to have two versions of this text that are slightly different rather than one version for both spellings of the name. Also, please note that the name is also sometimes spelled Alice Guy-Blaché. Since all three spellings are common in English, it seems a good idea to have all three spellings direct readers to the same article.
 * Done. You can do it yourself via a redirect. - Kenwarren 17:29, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alice Guy Blache


text:
United Nations Day

United Nations Day is an annual commemorative day, reflecting the official creation of the United Nations on 24 October 1945. In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly declared 24 October, the anniversary of the Charter of the United Nations, to "be devoted to making known to the people of the world the aims and achievements of the United Nations and to gaining their support for" its work.

In 1971, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a further resolution (United Nations Resolution 2782) declaring that United Nations Day shall be an international observance or international holiday and recommended that it should be observed as a public holiday by United Nations member states.

World War II Allies' day
The first event called "United Nations Day" was a World War II Allies' day of solidarity and military parades launched by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt tied to US Flag Day on 14 June 1942, six months after the Declaration by United Nations. It was observed in New York City as the "New York at War" parade, in London, and by the Soviet and Chinese governments.

It was observed throughout World War II, during 1942–1944. Prior to the foundation of the UN itself, it was not directly connected to the current international observance.

Commemoration
U.N. Day has traditionally been marked throughout the world with meetings, discussions and exhibits about the achievements and goals of the organization. In 1971, the General Assembly recommended that member states observe it as a public holiday.

Several international schools throughout the world would also celebrate the diversity of their student body on United Nations Day (although the event is not necessarily celebrated on 24 October). Celebrations often include a show of cultural performances in the evening and a food fair, where food is available from all over the world.

On United Nations Day in 1951, the United Nations Postal Administration issued the first UN Stamps, which were issued in U.S. Dollars at the U.N. Headquarters in New York.

In the United States, the President has issued a proclamation each year for United Nations Day since 1948.

In Kosovo, which is administered by the Interim Administration Mission, United Nations Day is an official non-working day.

In the Philippines, local schoolchildren customarily dress in the national costumes of member states and hold a programme on U.N. Day, which is the last school day before semestral break. Individual students, classes, or grade levels are assigned a country to represent and study; students handcraft their assigned country's flag, and prepare cultural presentations and food as part of the day's educational activities. Some schools hold beauty pageants "Mr And Ms United Nations", that focus on the culture, talent and physical attributes.

title: United Nations Day


text: Category:Sherburne County, Minnesota

title: Category:Sherburne County, Minnesota


text:
Rosa canina

Rosa canina, commonly known as the dog rose, is a variable climbing, wild rose species native to Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia.

Description
The dog rose is a deciduous shrub normally ranging in height from 1 –, though it can scramble higher into the crowns of taller trees. Its multiple arching stems, are covered with small, sharp, hooked prickles, which aid it in climbing. The leaves are pinnate, with 5–7 leaflets, and have a delicious fragrance when bruised.

The dog rose blooms from June to July, with sweet-scented flowers that are usually pale pink, but can vary between a deep pink and white. They are 4 – in diameter with five petals. Like other roses it has a quintuscial aestivation (see sketch A in diagram). Unusually though, of its five sepals, when viewed from underneath, two are whiskered (or “bearded”) on both sides, two are quite smooth and one is whiskered on one side only. It has usually 10 or more pistils, and multiple stamens.

Flowers mature in September to October, into an oval, 1.5 - 2 cm, red-orange hips. The fruits can persist on the plant for several months (if not eaten by wildlife) and become black.

Its form and flowers can be confused with fieldbriar Rosa agrestis and sweetbriar Rosa rubiginosa.

Classification
Classical writers did not recognise Rosa canina as a rose, but called it Cynorrhodon, from the Greek "kunórodon". In 1538, Turner called it "Cynosbatos : wild hep or brere tree". Yet in 1551, Matthias de l'Obel classified it as a rose, under the name, "Canina Rosa odorata et silvestris", in his herbal "Rubus canis: Brere bush or hep tree".

Based on a 2013 DNA analysis using amplified fragment length polymorphisms of wild-rose samples from a transect across Europe (900 samples from section Caninae, and 200 from other sections), it has been suggested that the following named species are best considered as belonging to a single Rosa canina species complex:
 * R. balsamica Besser
 * R. caesia Sm.
 * R. corymbifera Borkh.
 * R. dumalis Bechst.
 * R. montana Chaix
 * R. stylosa Desv.
 * R. subcanina (Christ) Vuk.
 * R. subcollina (Christ) Vuk.
 * R. × irregularis Déségl. & Guillon

Numerous cultivars have been named, though few are common in cultivation. The cultivar Rosa canina 'Assisiensis' is the only dog rose without thorns. Thought to be linked to Saint Francis of Assisi, hence the name.

Cultivation
The dog rose is hardy to zone 3 in the UK (USDA hardiness zone 3-7), tolerates maritime exposure, grows well in a sunny position, and grows even in heavy clay soils, but like all roses dislikes water-logged soils or very dry sites. In deep shade, it usually fails to flower and fruit.

Name and etymology
The botanical name is derived from the common names 'dog rose' or similar in several European languages, including classical Latin and ancient (Hellenistic period) Greek. The Roman naturalist Pliny attributed the name dog rose to a belief that the plant's root could cure the bite of a mad dog. It is not clear if the dogs were rabid. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, the English name is a direct translation of the plant's name from classical Latin, rosa canina, itself a translation of the Greek κυνόροδον ('kunórodon'); It is thought to have been used to treat the bite of rabid dogs in the 18th and 19th centuries. The origin of its name may be related to the hooked prickles on the plant that have resemblance to a dog's canines. It is sometimes considered that the word 'dog' has a disparaging meaning in this context, indicating 'worthless' as compared with cultivated garden roses.

Pests and diseases
The dog rose can be attacked by aphids, leafhoppers, glasshouse red spider mite, scale insects, caterpillars, rose leaf-rolling sawfly, and leaf-cutting bees.

When a gall wasp lays eggs into a leaf axillary or terminal bud the plant develops a chemically induced distortion known as rose gall (see photo).

Buds and leaves may be eaten by rabbits and deer, despite the thorns.

It may be affected by rose rust (see photo) and powdery mildews (Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae), and downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa).

It is notably susceptible to honey fungus.

Cultivation and uses
Rose hip essential oil is composed mainly of alcohols, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.

The fruit is used to make syrup, tea, and preserves (jam and marmalade), and is used in the making of pies, stews, and wine. The flowers can be made into a syrup, eaten in salads, candied, or preserved in vinegar, honey or brandy. During World War II in the United States, Rosa canina was planted in victory gardens; it can still be found growing throughout that country, including on roadsides, in pastures and nature conservation areas.

In Poland, the petals are used to make a jam that is particularly suitable for filling pączki, a type of doughnuts.

In Bulgaria, where the dog rose grows in abundance, its hips are used to make sweet wine and tea.

Genetics
Dog roses have an unusual kind of meiosis which is sometimes called permanent odd polyploidy, although it can also occur with even polyploidy (e.g. in tetraploids or hexaploids). Regardless of ploidy level, only seven bivalents are formed leaving the other chromosomes as univalents. Univalents are included in egg cells, but not in pollen. Similar processes occur in some other organisms. Dog roses (Rosa sect. Caninae) are most commonly pentaploid, i.e. with five times the base number of seven chromosomes for the genus Rosa, but may be diploid, tetraploid or hexaploid as well.

Invasive species
Dog rose is an invasive species in the high country of New Zealand. It was recognised as displacing native vegetation as early as 1895 although the Department of Conservation does not consider it to be a conservation threat.

The dog rose is a declared weed in Australia under the Natural Resources Management Act, 2004 as the plant out-competes native vegetation, provides shelter to pests such as foxes and rabbits, is unpalatable to stock, large shrubs are resistant to grazing, therefore do not get eaten by farm animals. The dog rose invades native bushland therefore reducing biodiversity and the presence of desirable pasture species. It is a biosecurity risk as it hosts fruit fly. In the USA, it is classed as a weed and invasive in some regions or habitats, where it may displace desirable vegetation due to its large size and ability of regeneration from sprouts. It can also impede the movement of livestock, wildlife and vehicles.

Birds and wild fruit eating animals are the main cause of seed dispersal. The plant seeds can also be carried in the hooves or fur of stock animals. They may also be carried by waterways.

In culture
The dog rose was the stylised rose of medieval European heraldry. It is the county flower of Hampshire, and Ireland's County Leitrim is nicknamed "The Wild Rose County" due to the prevalence of the dog rose in the area. Legend states the Thousand-year Rose or Hildesheim Rose, which climbs against a wall of Hildesheim Cathedral, dates back to the establishment of the diocese in 815.

The first recorded significance of the flower dates back hundreds of years ago to The Academy of Floral Games (founded in 1323), which gifted poets a sprig of dog rose to reward them for their literary excellence. Due to this ritual, the branches became increasingly popular and can be found frequently mentioned in several famous poems. Most prevalent in the United Kingdom, William Shakespeare wrote about the flower in A Midsummer Night's Dream, which in his time was called eglantine, though it can now also refer to Rosa rubiginosa (Sweet brier).

Oberon, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Act II, Scene I quoting his words: "With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine."

Symbolically, the meaning of this shrub is quite extensive since the two dominating themes surrounding the flower are pain and pleasure.

An old riddle is called "The Five Brethren of the Rose":

On a summer's day, in sultry weather Five Brethren were born together Two had beards and two had none And the other had but half a one.

The riddle contains an effective way of identifying the differing roses of the canina group, where the brethren refers to the five sepals of the dog-rose, two of which are whiskered on both sides, two quite smooth and the last one whiskered on one side only.

The flower has also been used as an image on many postage stamps across Europe. Such as Rosa canina Switzerland, 1945. Dog Rose ('Rosa canina) Austria, 1948. Rosa canina Yugoslavia, 1955. Rosa canina Romania, 1959. Rosa canina Soviet Union, 1960. Hagebutte Rosa canina Germany, 1960. Great Britain, 1964. Rosa canina Czechoslovakia, 1965. International Congress of Pharmacology in Prague, Czechoslovakia 1971. Hagebutte Rosa canina Germany, 1978. Rosa canina-Cetonia aurata Hungary, 1980. Steinnype Rosa canina Norway, 1980. Dzika Rosa Poland, 1981. Rosa canina Bulgaria, 1981. Nypon ros Rosa canina Sweden, 1983. Dzika Rosa Poland, 1989. Rosa canina Greece, 1989. Rosa canina Romania, 1993. Rosa canina Turkey, 2001. SİPEK Rosa canina Slovenia, 2002. Eglantier Rosa canina Tunisia, 2003. Pasta Ruza (Rosa canina) Croatia, 2004 and Rosa canina Ukraine, 2005.

title: Rosa canina


text:
Ginette Neveu

Ginette Neveu (11 August 1919 – 28 October 1949) was a French violinist. She was killed in a plane crash at the age of 30.

Early life
Neveu was born in Paris on 11 August 1919 into a musical family. Her brother Jean-Paul became a classical pianist (and her eventual accompanist) and the composer and organist Charles-Marie Widor was their great-uncle. Neveu's mother was her first teacher.

Neveu made her solo debut at the age of seven with Bruch's Violin Concerto No. 1 at the Salle Gaveau in Paris. In the same year she performed Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor with the Colonne Orchestra under Gabriel Pierné. Her parents then decided to send her to study under Line Talluel. Aged nine, she won first prize at the École Supérieure de Musique and the City of Paris Prix d'Honneur. After further studies with Jules Boucherit at the Conservatoire de Paris, she completed her training with instruction from George Enescu (who had been Yehudi Menuhin's teacher), Nadia Boulanger and Carl Flesch. Flesch offered to teach her without charge after hearing her in the Vienna International Violin Competition, at which, aged 12, she was placed fourth out of 250 entrants. The Vienna Neues Tageblatt wrote, "If you close your eyes, you think you are listening to the vigorous playing of a man and not that of a little girl in a white frock."

Career
In 1935, aged 15, Neveu achieved worldwide celebrity status when she won the Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition. Unable to afford the cost of travel to Warsaw, the family was helped by Flesch, who paid for the trip. In the preliminary round (of 180 competitors) Neveu was placed first, 26 points ahead of David Oistrakh, and in the final again she came in first. She was 15, Oistrakh 27 at the time. Henri Temianka was placed third. Neveu was immediately signed to an extensive touring contract which over the next two years saw her give solo performances at the leading concert halls of Germany, Poland, the Soviet Union, the United States and Canada.

Neveu's international career was interrupted by World War II, during which she gave few concerts, nearly all in France. Many invitations to play in Germany were turned down. She was finally able to make her London debut in 1946. She recorded Sibelius's Violin Concerto at Abbey Road Studios in the same year.

Her brother Jean-Paul usually accompanied her on piano, and the two toured postwar Europe extensively, appearing at the Prague Spring International Music Festival as well as visiting Australia and South America. They also played return engagements at major venues in the United States. At one concert in the Royal Albert Hall, Queen Elizabeth was so moved by the Beethoven Concerto that she invited Neveu up to the royal box for the second half. 'On the platform,' wrote the critic of the New York Telegram, 'Ginette Neveu is an impressive figure – tall, dark, and with an imposing manner. Whenever there is a rest for the violin she stands like an acolyte robed in white, her eyes fixed on the conductor ... it is fascinating.'

Neveu made few commercial recordings, but all of them remain in the catalogue. She recorded the Brahms and Sibelius Concertos, Ravel's Tzigane, Chausson's Poème, the Debussy Sonata (with her brother) and a handful of shorter pieces. There are also two recordings of her Beethoven Concerto (with Hans Rosbaud and Willem van Otterloo conducting) and two other recordings of her Brahms (with Antal Dorati and Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt) from non-commercial sources. Most highly praised, and most revelatory, was her Sibelius (with the Philharmonia Orchestra and Walter Susskind). Of it, the composer wrote, 'I particularly wish to speak of my feeling of profound gratitude when I think of the inspired and extremely sensitive performance of my Violin Concerto which Ginette Neveu rendered unforgettable.' She loved the Concerto, but, as she said, 'Ils ne le connaissent en France, et ils ne veulent pas le connaitre!' (They don't know it in France, and they don't want to know it!). Perhaps she was thinking of that difficult concerto when she wrote, 'As far as I am concerned, the truly technical problems which are the most disconcerting and the most fruitful are those posed by composers who have a strong personality and pursue the essence of their musical idea to its logical conclusion without wasting too much sympathy on the performer.'

Plane crash and death
Neveu gave her last concert in Paris on 20 October 1949. On 28 October, she was on board an Air France flight from Paris to New York when it crashed on a mountain after two failed attempts to make a landing at the Santa Maria Airport in the Azores. All 48 people on board the flight died, including Ginette, her brother Jean Neveu, and the French former boxing champion Marcel Cerdan. Her violin, made by Omobono Stradivari in 1730, was also lost.

During the return of the bodies to France, Neveu's coffin was confused with that of another victim, Amélie Ringler, whose funeral took place before the error was discovered. On 28 November, Neveu's brother-in-law identified her remains in the coffin disinterred from the graveyard in Bantzenheim. Neveu now lies in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, close to the grave of Frédéric Chopin.

Legacy
After Neveu's death, tributes poured in. The Queen of Belgium visited the grieving family, who had lost a son and a daughter. The composer Francis Poulenc, whose Violin Sonata Neveu had premiered (and parts of which she had contributed), wrote, 'I am haunted by the memory of Ginette Neveu. I had the greatest admiration for her and I loved her dearly.' For Pablo Casals, 'Her playing was one of the greatest revelations, both instrumental and musical.' Charles Munch, newly installed conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, who had often worked with her, wrote 'Dear Ginette, the memory of you will never cease to haunt us, and each time that by the grace of God we are able to make music really well, we shall feel you very close to us.' Jacques Thibaud, the great French violinist (who would himself die in a plane crash shortly afterward), wrote, 'Why was it that at the dawn of her days an unjust and relentless stroke of fate should come and cut off a life which was bringing to the world nothing but beauty and joy? But in spite of the sternness of destiny, in the hearts of her friends and of the whole world Ginette is unforgettable. The memory of her will never die.'

Neveu was posthumously awarded the Cross of the Legion d'Honneur. A street is named in her memory in the Montmartre region of Paris.

title: Ginette Neveu


text:
Geoffrey D. Miller

Geoffrey D. Miller (born c. 1949) is a retired United States Army major general who commanded the US detention facilities at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and Iraq. Detention facilities in Iraq under his command included Abu Ghraib prison, Camp Cropper, and Camp Bucca. He is noted for having trained soldiers in using torture, or "enhanced interrogation techniques" in US euphemism, and for carrying out the "First Special Interrogation Plan," signed by the Secretary of Defense, against a Guantanamo detainee.

Miller was born in Gallipolis, Ohio. He attended Ohio State University, where he earned an undergraduate degree in History, following this with a Master of Science in Education Administration at the University of Southern California. Miller is the nephew of Bob Evans, of Bob Evans Restaurants, franchiser from Rio Grande, Ohio.

Miller joined the US Army in 1972 and was trained in field artillery and army command. He spent time in Germany before being stationed in Korea in 1980. There, he rose to become assistant chief of staff for operations in Korea. Miller later returned to the United States to become the deputy chief of staff for personnel and installation management for the U.S. Army.

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
In November 2002, Miller was given command of Joint Task Force Guantanamo (JTF-GTMO), where he served into late 2004. He ran the US detention facilities known as Camp X-Ray, Camp Delta, and Camp Echo in the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba. In 2002 Miller claimed that two-thirds of the 600 prisoners had confessed to being involved in terrorism and were giving "actionable intelligence."

The U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld on December 2, 2002, authorized in writing the "First Special Interrogation Plan," listing 17 techniques to be used on the detainee Mohammed al-Qahtani. These were developed in consultation with Miller, who carried them out. It was later revealed that such techniques were used more widely against other prisoners as well. Miller advocated the use of extreme torture. At the time, the Red Cross was denied access to detainees.

On September 22, 2003, Miller ordered the arrest of James Yee, an Army captain who served as a chaplain for the Muslim prisoners at Guantanamo. Miller accused Yee of stealing classified documents and smuggling them out of the prison, but those charges were later dropped. Captain Yee was honorably discharged on January 7, 2004. It is believed that no evidence of espionage was found, but records on the case have been sealed.

Abu Ghraib prison scandal
In 2008, as a result of a joint Senate investigation by the Intelligence and Armed Services Committees, it was revealed that on March 14, 2003, John Yoo of the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, issued a legal opinion to William Haynes, General Counsel of the Department of Defense, in which he concluded that federal laws related to the use of torture and other abuse would not apply to US interrogators overseas. This was five days before the US invasion of Iraq began on March 19, 2003. Yoo had also been involved in drafting what came to be known as the Torture Memos of August 2002, which had been issued to the CIA. In June 2004, Jack Goldsmith, then head of OLC, advised Defense and the CIA not to rely on these memos.

In August 2003, Miller was sent to Iraq by the Department of Defense to advise on "more productive" interrogations of Iraqi prisoners. In September, Miller submitted a report that recommended "GTMO-ising" their approach – combining the detention and interrogation units at Abu Ghraib prison into the Theater Joint Interrogation and Detention Center. Specifically, Miller suggested that prison guards be used to "soften up" prisoners for interrogations.

In his final report on the prison abuse at Abu Ghraib the following year, General Antonio Taguba blamed Miller's recommendations for the abuse. He said that using military police or guards for interrogation was a breach of official policy. Miller denies that he specifically ordered guards to torture prisoners to get information.

After the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse story broke in April 2004, Brigadier General Janis Karpinski was suspended. Miller was appointed as the deputy commanding general for detainee operations for Multinational Forces in Iraq. In this role, Miller reported directly to Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez. Miller vowed to reduce the number of prisoners in Abu Ghraib, adhere to military laws as well as the Geneva Convention, investigate allegations of abuse, and reform the Iraqi prison system. He banned the use of hoods on prisoners during transport and set up a new system to allow prisoners to have visitors.

Since the investigation of abuses at Abu Ghraib, some have suggested that Miller had earlier encouraged abusive tactics. In an interview with BBC Radio, Janis Karpinski, the former prison commander, claimed that Miller had told her to treat prisoners "like dogs," saying, "if you allow them to believe at any point that they are more than a dog then you've lost control of them". Major General Miller denies the statement.

Colonel Thomas Pappas, head of the military intelligence brigade at Abu Ghraib, has claimed that it was Miller's idea to use attack dogs to intimidate prisoners. He said the same tactics were being used at Camp X-Ray at Guantanamo. Several of the photos taken at Abu Ghraib show dogs surrounding (and in at least one case biting) screaming, naked detainees.

In November 2004, Miller was replaced as deputy commanding general for detainee operations by Major General William H. Brandenburg.

Exercised Fifth Amendment right
In 2006, Miller exercised his use of the Fifth Amendment in refusing to answer certain questions while testifying in courts martial cases related to Abu Ghraib. He also used his right during a hearing before the US Senate in 2006. According to The New York Times: "He changed his position when the US Senate Armed Services Committee delayed his retirement until he was more forthcoming."

In May 2006, Miller testified at the courts martial of the Abu Ghraib dog handlers that his instructions on the use of dogs had been misunderstood. Miller testified that he instructed that dogs should be used "only for custody and control of detainees". The next day Miller's testimony was directly contradicted by Lieutenant Colonel Jerry Phillabaum, the commander of Abu Ghraib's Military Police detachment.

Request for war crimes prosecution
In November 2006, the German government received a complaint seeking the prosecution of Alberto Gonzales, then-Attorney General and former White House Counsel, for alleged war crimes. Co-defendants included: Geoffrey D. Miller, Donald H. Rumsfeld, George Tenet, Stephen Cambone, Ricardo S. Sanchez, Walter Wojdakowski, Thomas M. Pappas, Barbara Fast, Marc Warren, John Yoo, William J. Haynes, II, David Addington, and Jay Bybee, top political appointees who participated in making policy about the use of enhanced interrogation techniques for CIA and DOD.

On November 14, 2006, the German attorney Wolfgang Kaleck filed the complaint with the Public Prosecutor General (Generalbundesanwalt) against Miller for his complicity in torture and other crimes against humanity at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Kaleck was acting on behalf of 11 victims of torture and other human rights abuses, as well as about 30 human rights activists and organizations who are co-plaintiffs.

The co-plaintiffs to the war crimes prosecution include: 1980 Nobel Peace Prize winner Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Argentina), 2002 Nobel Peace Prize winner Martín Almada (Paraguay), Theo van Boven, the former United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture, Sister Dianna Ortiz (Torture survivor, Executive Director of Torture Abolition and Survivors Support Coalition International), the International Federation for Human Rights, the International Peace Bureau (Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1910), the International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms (IALANA), European Democratic Lawyers, European Democratic Jurists, International Association of Democratic Lawyers, Comité de Acción Jurídica (CAJ) (Argentina), Liga Argentina por los Derechos del Hombre (Argentina), Bahrain Human Rights Society (BHRS), Lawyers Against the War (LAW) (Canada), Colectivo de Abogados José Alvear Restrepo (Colombia), Association Africaine des Droits de l'Homme (ASADHO) (Democratic Republic of Congo), Egyptian Organization for Human Rights (EOHR) (Egypt), Ligue Française des Droits de l'Homme (LDH) (France), The Republican Attorneys' Association (RAV) (Germany), Amman Center for Human Rights Studies (ACHR) (Jordan), Comisión Mexicana de Defensa y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos (CMDPDH) (Mexico), Liga Mexicana por la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos (LIMEDDH), Centro Nicaragüense de Derechos Humanos (CENIDH) (Nicaragua), Palestinian Center for Human Rights, Association Tchadienne pour la Promotion et la Défense des Droits de l'Homme (ATPDH) (Chad), Rencontre Africaine pour la Défense des Droits de l'Homme (RADDHO) (Senegal), The Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) (United States), National Lawyers Guild (NLG) (USA), Torture Abolition and Survivors Support Coalition International (TASSC) (USA), and Veterans for Peace (USA).

On January 7, 2011, the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) and the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR) asked a Spanish judge to subpoena Miller to explain his role in the torture of four former detainees.

On April 2, 2015, the Court of Appeal of Paris ordered a first hearing of Miller to be conducted before a French magistrate prior to potential prosecutions. A subpoena will be addressed to Miller. On February 19, 2016, General Miller was summoned to a hearing regarding allegation of torture by two French citizens. Miller faced one allegation of illegal detention and torture of two detainees Mourad Benchelli and Nizar Sassi. Benchelli and Sassi were detained at Guantánamo Bay from 2002 and 2004 on terrorism related charges. After being transferred to French custody, both were convicted of charges in 2009 but not sent to prison. In April 2016, the French Court of Appeal approved Benchelli and Sassi's request and demanded Miller appear at a hearing for questioning but Miller ignored the summons.

Congressional testimony
In July 2005, discrepancies emerged between Miller's May 2004 testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee, and sworn statements he made three months later.

On May 19, 2004, Miller had testified to the committee that he had only filed a report on his visit to Abu Ghraib, and didn't talk to Secretary Rumsfield or any of his top aides. Miller stated, that he "submitted the report up to SOUTHCOM (U.S. Southern Command, where Miller was attached in 2003)," and "had no direct discussions with Secretary Cambone." Three months later, Miller said he and Undersecretary Stephen Cambone had discussed "how we could improve the flow of intelligence from Iraq through and in interrogations." Also, he released a statement to defense lawyers for guards being accused of prisoner abuse stating he gave an outbrief to both Deputy Secretary Paul Wolfowitz and Secretary Miller said in the Aug. 21, 2004, statement to lawyers for guards accused of prisoner abuse, a transcript of which was obtained by the Chicago Tribune.

Retirement
Miller retired from the Army on July 31, 2006. The Washington Post reports that Miller had wanted to retire in February, forgoing trying for promotion to lieutenant general, because his reputation had been damaged by alleged links between his policies at the Guantanamo Bay detainment camp and at Abu Ghraib, and the abuse of prisoners. The Washington Post reported that Congress delayed his retirement because senators were not confident he told the truth when he testified before them. The Washington Post reports that he was allowed to retire only when he promised, in writing, to appear before Congress, and testify truthfully.

At his retirement service, Miller was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, and praised as an "innovator".

title: Geoffrey D. Miller


text:
San Miniato al Monte

San Miniato al Monte (St. Minias on the Mountain) is a basilica in Florence, central Italy, standing atop one of the highest points in the city. It has been described as one of the finest Romanesque structures in Tuscany and one of the most scenic churches in Italy. There is an adjoining Olivetan monastery, seen to the right of the basilica when ascending the stairs.

History
St. Miniato or Minas (Մինաս) was an Armenian prince serving in the Roman army under Emperor Decius. He was denounced as a Christian after becoming a hermit and was brought before the Emperor who was camped outside the gates of Florence. The Emperor ordered him to be thrown to beasts in the Amphitheatre where a panther was called upon him but refused to devour him. Beheaded in the presence of the Emperor, he is alleged to have picked up his head, crossed the Arno and walked up the hill of Mons Fiorentinus to his hermitage. A shrine was later erected at this spot and there was a chapel there by the 8th century. Construction of the present church was begun in 1013 by Bishop Alibrando and it was endowed by the Emperor Henry II. The adjoining monastery began as a Benedictine community, then passed to the Cluniacs and then in 1373 to the Olivetans, who still run it. The monks make famous liqueurs, honey and herbal teas, which they sell from a shop next to the church.

Interior
The interior exhibits the early feature of a choir raised on a platform above the large crypt. It has changed little since it was first built. The patterned pavement dates from 1207. The centre of the nave is dominated by the beautiful freestanding Cappella del Crocefisso (Chapel of the Crucifix), designed by Michelozzo in 1448. It originally housed the miraculous crucifix now in Santa Trìnita and is decorated with panels long thought to be painted by Agnolo Gaddi. The terracotta decoration of the vault is by Luca della Robbia.

The crypt is the oldest part of the church and the high altar supposedly contains the bones of St Minias himself (although there is evidence that these were removed to Metz before the church was even built). In the vaults are frescoes by Taddeo Gaddi.

The raised choir and presbytery contain a magnificent Romanesque pulpit and screen made in 1207. The apse is dominated by a great mosaic of Christ between the Virgin and St Minias on its vaulted ceiling dating from 1297; the same subject is depicted on the façade of the church and is probably by the same unknown artist. The crucifix above the high altar is attributed to Luca della Robbia. The sacristy is decorated with a great fresco cycle on the Life of St Benedict by Spinello Aretino (1387).

Cardinal of Portugal Chapel
The Cappella del Cardinale del Portogallo to the left of the nave, "one of the most magnificent funerary monuments of the Italian Renaissance", was built in 1473 as a memorial to Cardinal James of Lusitania, who died in Florence, to which he was Portuguese ambassador, in 1459. It is the only tomb in the church. The chapel is a collaboration of outstanding artists of Florence: it was designed by Brunelleschi's associate, Antonio Manetti, and finished after his death by Antonio Rossellino. The tomb was made by Antonio and Bernardo Rossellino. The chapel decoration is by Alesso Baldovinetti, Antonio and Piero del Pollaiuolo, and Luca della Robbia.

Exterior
The geometrically patterned marble façade was probably begun in about 1090, although the upper parts date from the 12th century or later, financed by the Florentine Arte di Calimala (cloth merchants’ guild), who were responsible for the church's upkeep from 1288. The eagle which crowns the façade was their symbol.

The campanile collapsed in 1499 and was replaced in 1523, although it was never finished. During the siege of Florence in 1530 it was used as an artillery post by the defenders and Michelangelo had it wrapped in mattresses to protect it from enemy fire.

Church complex
Adjacent to the church is the fine cloister, planned as early as 1426 and built from 1443 to mid-1450s. It was also designed by Bernardo and Antonio Rosselino, and financed by the Arte della Mercantia of Florence, and the fortified bishop's palace, built in 1295 and later used as a barracks and a hospital. The whole complex is surrounded by defensive walls, originally built hastily by Michelangelo during the siege and in 1553 expanded into a true fortress (fortezza) by Cosimo I de' Medici.

The walls now enclose a large ornate monumental cemetery, the Porte Sante, laid out in 1854. Buried there are Carlo Collodi, creator of Pinocchio; politician Giovanni Spadolini; painter Pietro Annigoni; poet and author Luigi Ugolini; film producer Mario Cecchi Gori; sculptor Libero Andreotti; fine artist Maria Luisa Ugolini Bonta; soprano Marietta Piccolomini; writer Giovanni Papini;  experimental physicist Bruno Benedetto Rossi; and film director and opera producer Franco Zeffirelli.

Notable events
The basilica served as an important setting in Brian de Palma's 1976 film Obsession.

On 16 June 2012, it was the venue for the religious wedding of Dutch royal Princess Carolina of Bourbon-Parma with businessman Albert Brenninkmeijer.

title: San Miniato al Monte


text:
Stanisław Skarżyński

Stanisław Jakub Skarżyński (1 May 1899 − 26 June 1942) was a lieutenant colonel in the Polish Air Force and aviator famous for his transatlantic solo flight in 1933.

Early military career
In 1916–17 Skarżyński was a member of the Polish Military Organisation (POW). In November 1918 he volunteered for the newly created Polish Army, and commanded units disarming German soldiers in Warta. He then fought in the Polish-Soviet War with the infantry, being promoted to second lieutenant in 1919. He was wounded but returned to the front. During the battle of Radzymin he was severely wounded in one leg on 16 August 1920. The infected wound needed long rehabilitation, and Skarżyński always limped thereafter. Unable to continue serving in the infantry, he managed to transfer to the military aviation arm.

He completed pilot training in Bydgoszcz in 1925, and served in the 1st Aviation Regiment in Warsaw. In 1927 he became a Flying Captain (kapitan pilot). Between 1 and 5 February May 1931 together with Lt. Andrzej Markiewicz, he flew around Africa in the Polish-designed aircraft PZL Ł-2 (registration SP-AFA), a total distance of 25,770 km.

Transatlantic flight
On 7/8 May 1933 Skarzynski flew solo in a small single-seater Polish tourist airplane RWD-5bis (SP-AJU) across the southern Atlantic, from Saint-Louis, Senegal to Maceio in Brazil. The flight took 20 hours 30 minutes (17 hours 15 minutes above the ocean). He crossed 3,582 km, establishing a distance World Record in a FAI tourist plane category II (weight below 450 kg / 1000 lb). The plane had no radio nor safety equipment, due to weight restrictions. The RWD-5bis remains the smallest plane to ever to have flown across the Atlantic. Plans of his flight were kept secret. It became a part of Warsaw – Rio de Janeiro flight, between 27 April and 10 May 17,885 km long. He then flew on to Buenos Aires and returned to Europe by ship.

Later service and World War II
In 1934, he was promoted to major and commanded a bomber squadron. From 1938, he was deputy C.O. of the 4th Aviation Regiment in Toruń, with a rank of lieutenant colonel (podpułkownik pilot). In April 1939, he became President of the Polish Aero Club. In August 1939 he was sent to Romania as the deputy air attaché.

After the outbreak of World War II, he helped in transporting Polish pilots, fleeing from Poland, through Romania to France, where the Polish Air Force was recreated. In 1940 Skarżyński, after the fall of France, helped ship 17,000 Polish airmen to Britain, where he became commanding officer of Polish Flying Schools at RAF Hucknall and then RAF Newton.

In spite of his advanced age for a military pilot, and mobility impairment, he requested a combat posting, and was assigned as C.O. of RAF Lindholme and No. 305 Polish Bomber Squadron. He underook five successful night missions over France and Germany as the second pilot. On 25/26 June 1942, while flying on a mission over Bremen (one of the thousand-aicraft raids), an engine stalled in his Wellington Mk II, code letters SM-R, above the North Sea. Skarżyński did not make it home and ditched the aircraft in the stormy sea, after 2 am, around 65 km from English coast. Skarżyński, leaving the Wellington from a separate emergency hatch, was probably washed out to sea from the fuselage top, and was the only crew member lost. His body was found on the Dutch shore and he was later buried with full military honours on the Dutch island of Terschelling.

Honours

He was awarded the Virtuti Militari 5th class (for the Polish-Soviet war), Cross of Independence, Order of Polonia Restituta 4th class, Krzyż Walecznych (four times), Golden and Silver Cross of Merit, the French Legion d'Honneur and the Brazilian Order of the Southern Cross. The FAI awarded him the Louis Blériot medal (1936) of which he was one of the first recipients.

Posthumously he was made a full colonel (pułkownik pilot) and awarded the Order of Polonia Restituta 2nd class by the President of Poland. There are numerous streets and schools named after him. He is the Patron of the Aeroclub of Włocławek and of the 13th Transport Squadron in Kraków. On 10 August 2009 the Minister of National Defense signed the Decree to appoint him as Patron of 8 Air Base in Kraków – Balice, which now is named after him.

title: Stanisław Skarżyński


text:
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Marcelle Lender

Marcelle Lender (1862 – 27 September 1926) was a French singer, dancer and entertainer made famous in paintings by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.

Born Anne-Marie Marcelle Bastien, she began dancing at the age of sixteen and within a few years made a name for herself performing at the Théâtre des Variétés in Paris.

Lender appears in several works by Lautrec but the most notable is the one of her dancing the Bolero during her February 1895 performance in the Hervé operetta Chilpéric. Lautrec's portrait of her in full costume, her flame-red hair accentuated by two red poppies worn like plumes, boosted Lender's popularity considerably after it appeared in a Paris magazine. The painting was eventually sold to a collector from the United States, and on her death in 1998 the painting's then owner, American Betsey Cushing Whitney, donated it to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

title: Marcelle Lender