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Cudgel War

The Cudgel War (also Club War, Nuijasota, Klubbekriget) was a 1596–1597 peasant uprising in Finland, which was then part of the Kingdom of Sweden. The name of the uprising derives from the fact that the peasants armed themselves with various blunt weapons, such as cudgels, flails, and maces, since they were seen as the most efficient weapons against their heavily-armoured enemies. The yeomen also had swords, some firearms, and two cannons at their disposal. Their opponents, the troops of Clas Eriksson Fleming, were professional, heavily-armed and armoured men-at-arms.

Modern Finnish historiography sees the uprising in the context of the conflict between Duke Charles and Sigismund, King of Sweden and Poland (War against Sigismund). Charles agitated the peasants to revolt against the nobility of Finland, which supported Sigismund during the conflict.

Background
The 25-year war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Tsardom of Russia had increased the tax burden, the most hated of which was the "castle camp", i.e. the accommodation, subsistence and payment of wages at the expense of the peasants. The peasants found it intolerable, in particular, that noble and inferior squires who equipped cavalry soldiers for the army were allowed to collect castle camp dues even when the soldiers were not at war, and that Klaus Fleming kept the army in the castle camp for many years after the war to keep it available for his use. There were many abuses and illegalities towards the peasants committed by the nobles and their armies in collecting castle camp dues. Other key explanations for the outbreak of cudgel warfare have included "the burdens of wartime and severe failed harvests, the chaos caused by war fatigue, political provocations, and the exploitation of peasants by a nobility who grew in number and wealth".

War
An uprising began on Christmas Eve 1595 and was initially successful, but shortly thereafter was crushed by cavalry. Officially, the Cudgel War began in Ostrobothnia with an attack by peasants on Isokyrö's church on November 25, 1596. The peasants won a number of encounters with infantry. Klaus Fleming began negotiating a truce that required the surrender of peasant leader Jaakko Ilkka. Ilkka fled to avoid being handed over and the peasant army scattered, pursued by the soldiers. At least 1500 were killed within the next two months. Along with Ilkka, five other rebellion leaders were executed on January 27, 1597.

Israel Larsson was named as the new governor of central and northern Ostrobothnia, and planned to support the rebellion until he fled, rather than face Fleming. Leaderless, the peasants attacked on February 24, 1597, and fought their last battle on the Santavuori Hill in Ilmajoki. Over 1,000 were killed and 500 captured.

The insurgents were mostly Finnish peasants from Ostrobothnia, Northern Tavastia, and Savo. The events can also be seen as a part of a larger power struggle between King Sigismund and Duke Charles.

Legacy
In his work Nuijasota, sen syyt ja tapaukset (1857–1859) (Cudgel War, its reasons and causes), historian and fennoman Yrjö Koskinen (né Forsman) saw the peasants as fighting for freedom and justice. Fredrika Runeberg's Sigrid Liljeholm (1862), one of the first Finnish historical novels, depicts women's fates during the war. Albert Edelfelt's painting Burned Village (1879) depicts a woman, a child, and an old man hiding behind a rock as a village burns in the background. The poet Kaarlo Kramsu praised the insurgents and lamented their defeat in patriotic poems such as Ilkka, Hannu Krankka, and Santavuoren tappelu, published in Runoelmia (1887). After the Finnish Civil War, the debate has centered on an interpretation that emphasizes Duke Charles's role in inciting the revolt, as found in Pentti Renvall's Kuninkaanmiehiä ja kapinoitsijoita Vaasa-kauden Suomessa (1949); and an explanation that stresses the roots of the rebellion in social injustice and class conflict, as argued by Heikki Ylikangas in Nuijasota (1977). A historical reenactment of the Cudgel War is conducted yearly in the Kavalahti scout camp. Jaakko Ilkka took the 75th place in the Great Finns TV show. A commemorative silver coin was also minted to mark the occasion.

title: Cudgel War


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title: User talk:64.233.212.18


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Domitia Lepida

Domitia Lepida (c. 5 BC – AD 54) was a Roman aristocrat, related to the imperial family. She was mother of Valeria Messalina, wife of the Emperor Claudius. Lepida was a beautiful and influential figure. Like her sister, she was also very wealthy. She had holdings in Calabria and owned the praedia Lepidiana.

Biography
Lepida was the daughter of Antonia Major and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, and granddaughter to triumvir Mark Antony by Octavia Minor, a great-niece of the Roman Emperor Augustus. She had two siblings: Domitia and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul AD 32).

Lepida was married three times. Her first husband was her cousin, Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus. Lepida married Barbatus probably around AD 15, suggesting that she was born in approximately 4 BC. It was standard for princesses in the imperial family to marry before their 18th birthday. They had a daughter, Valeria Messalina (c. AD 17/20-48), who became Empress and third wife to the Emperor Claudius. Barbatus most likely died around AD 20 or 21, shortly after Messalina was born. It is extremely unlikely that Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus was their son, since Lepida's son by her second husband reached the consulship earlier than Messalla. Lepida's second husband was Faustus Cornelius Sulla, consul in AD 31, a descendant of the dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Their son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix was born c. AD 22 and married Claudia Antonia, the daughter of Claudius through his second marriage to Aelia Paetina. Faustus Cornelius Sulla died in 62.

At the beginning of the reign of her son-in-law, Claudius, Lepida, now a widow, married Appius Junius Silanus, (cos. AD 28). In the following year (AD 42), Silanus was put to death by Claudius, allegedly because he had plotted to assassinate Claudius, but the rumor circulated that Messalina had framed him after he resisted her advances.

Lepida was the maternal grandmother to Messalina's children Claudia Octavia (step-sister and first wife of Nero) and Britannicus. In AD 48, Messalina was executed on the orders of Claudius, due to Messalina's mock marriage with her lover Gaius Silius which swiftly evolved into a failed coup d'état. During Messalina's heyday, Lepida argued with Messalina and they became estranged (this likely followed Appius Silanus' execution). In Messalina's last hour in the Gardens of Lucullus, Lepida was at her side and encouraged her to end her own life. After Messalina was stabbed with a dagger by an officer, her body was given up to Lepida.

Lepida's former sister-in-law, Agrippina the Younger, became Claudius' new wife in AD 49. Out of jealousy, Agrippina arranged the execution of Lepida sometime before the poisoning of Claudius, after which Nero became the new emperor. Agrippina charged Lepida with attempting to take her life by magic, disturbing Roman peace, and failing to control her Calabrian slave-gangs. Agrippina thought that Lepida would use her 'kind' influence on Nero to turn him against his mother.

Cultural depictions
She was played by Moira Redmond in the 1976 BBC TV series I, Claudius.

title: Domitia Lepida


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Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears

Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears (Москва слезам не верит) is a 1980 Soviet romantic drama film made by Mosfilm. It was written by Valentin Chernykh and directed by Vladimir Menshov. The leading roles were played by Vera Alentova and Aleksey Batalov. The film won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1981.

Plot
Part One

In 1958, three young women, Katerina, Lyudmila, and Antonina, live in Moscow in a workers' dormitory, having arrived from province.

Katerina, serious and hardworking, works in a factory while studying at night to get admitted to a college. Antonina, a construction worker, dates her fellow co-worker Nikolay, a reserved but kind young man. Lyudmila, dynamic and vivacious, works in a bakery, but spends time in a university library in a search for the opportunity to marry up.

When asked to house-sit for her well-to-do Moscow relatives, Lyudmila, flirty and impetuous, invites herself along and convinces Katerina to throw a dinner party as a ploy to meet successful men. At the party, Lyudmila talks with Sergei, a rising ice hockey star, while Katerina meets Rudolf, a smooth talker who works as a cameraman for a national TV channel.

During Antonina and Nikolai's wedding, Lyudmila and Antonina learn that Katerina is pregnant. Rudolf refuses to marry Katerina and is not willing to help with finding an abortion clinic. His mother offers Katerina money, while telling her that they will not have her as a part of the family. Katerina rejects the money, telling her that she plans to have an abortion. In the next scene, her friends greet her with a new born daughter, Aleksandra. Three friends and their guests celebrate the arrival of the baby in their dormitory room.

In the last scene of Part One, Katerina, exhausted, studies at night, with Aleksandra sleeping by her side. Going to bed, Katerina changes the alarm clock from 6am to 5:30am, and cries.

Part Two

Twenty years later, in 1978, Katerina is a newly appointed CEO of a large factory. She drives a car, a sign of privileged status in the Soviet Union, and lives with her teen-age daughter in a nice apartment. She, Lyudmila and Antonina are still close. Lyudmila has divorced Sergei, who has quit playing hockey because of problems with alcohol; she works at a dry-cleaning and still looks for a bridegroom (preferably a general). Antonina is still married to Nikolai; with three teen-age children, they are a loving and harmonious family. Katerina dates a married man, but her private life is not happy.

Returning home on a local train, Katerina meets Gosha, who starts a conversation with her after she notices his dirty shoes. Gosha is an intelligent tool-and-die maker in a research institute, where his instrument maintenance skills are an enormously valued help to his scientist coworkers. Katerina starts dating him, yet she does not tell him that she is a factory CEO as Gosha believes that a woman should not make more money than her husband.

As their romance progresses, Rudolf, who changed his westernized name for a now-fashionable russified Rodion, but still works as a TV cameraman, unexpectedly reenters Katerina's life, and tells her he wants to meet his daughter. Katerina curtly tells him that she does not want to see him again, but he shows up uninvited at her apartment and tells Gosha and Aleksandra about the interview, revealing Katerina's executive position (and high salary) to Gosha. Gosha's pride is hurt, and he leaves the apartment. Unable to stop him, Katerina reveals to Aleksandra that Rudolf is her father.

Gosha disappears from Katerina's life, and she becomes frantic. A week later, Lyudmila, Antonina, and Nikolai come to her apartment to comfort her. Nikolai gathers what little information Katerina knows about Gosha (which does not even include his last name) and finds him drinking alone, still stung by Katerina's "betrayal". Nikolai convinces Gosha to return home, and, alone with Katerina and Aleksandra, Gosha asks for a dinner. As he eats, Katerina watches him, saying "I've been looking for you for such a long time." "Eight days", Gosha replies, to which Katerina, with tears in her eyes, repeats, "I've been looking for you for such a long time."

Cast

 * Vera Alentova – Katerina Aleksandrovna Tikhomirova ("Katya")
 * Irina Muravyova – Lyudmila Sviridova ("Lyuda")
 * Raisa Ryazanova – Antonina Buyanova ("Tosya")
 * Aleksey Batalov – Georgy Ivanovich ("Gosha"), Katya's partner
 * Aleksandr Fatyushin – Sergei Gurin ("Seryozha"), a hockey player, Lyuda's ex-husband
 * Boris Smorchkov – Nikolai, Tosya's husband
 * Viktor Uralsky – Mikhail Ivanovich, Nikolai's father
 * Valentina Ushakova – Anna Nikitichna, Nikolai's mother
 * Yuri Vasilyev – Rodion Rachkov ("Rudolph"), Aleksandra's father
 * Yevgeniya Khanayeva – Rodion's mother
 * Liya Akhedzhakova – Olga Pavlovna, single's club director
 * Zoya Fyodorova – "Aunt" Pasha, dormitory secretary
 * Natalya Vavilova – Aleksandra, Katya's daughter
 * Oleg Tabakov – Vladimir, Katya's lover
 * Vladimir Basov – Anton Kruglov, deputy chief of the central board
 * Alexander Borodyansky – Gosha's friend
 * Garri Bardin – chemical plant chief engineer
 * Cameo appearances:
 * Andrei Voznesensky
 * Innokenty Smoktunovsky
 * Georgi Yumatov
 * Leonid Kharitonov
 * Tatyana Konyukhova
 * Pavel Rudakov
 * Veniamin Nechayev

Response
Over 93 million Soviet viewers saw the film in the cinema, making it one of the most successful films in Soviet history. In 2021, a poll conducted by Russian Public Opinion Research Center voted it as the best Soviet film of all time among Russian viewers. Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears has an approval rating of 40% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 5 reviews, and an average rating of 4.8/10. The film currently holds a rating of 8.1/10 on IMDb.

Then-U.S. president Ronald Reagan watched the film several times before his meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev, the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in order to gain a better understanding of the "Russian soul".

Background

 * Moskva slezam ne verit, translated officially as "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears", is a Russian proverb meaning "don't complain, solve your problems by yourself".
 * Valentin Chernykh admitted that he received many proposals from Hollywood at that time, but he rejected all of them, since he thought that any remakes of the movie would fail.
 * Vitaly Solomin, Vyacheslav Tikhonov, Oleg Yefremov, and Leonid Dyachkov auditioned for the part of Gosha. However, none of them convinced the director to take them, and he even wanted to play the main character himself, until he saw Aleksey Batalov in the film My Dear Man on television.
 * It was also difficult to find someone apt for the part of Katerina. Many well known actresses such as Anastasiya Vertinskaya, Zhanna Bolotova, Irina Kupchenko, Natalya Sayko, Valentina Telichkina and Margarita Terekhova auditioned for the part, but most of them did not like the script, so the part eventually went to the director’s wife, Vera Alentova.

Songs from the film

 * Jamaica by Robertino
 * Les Routiers by Yves Montand
 * Bésame Mucho
 * Satirical couplets ("The Diplomatic Couplets") from c.1954 by Pavel Rudakov and Veniamin Nechaev
 * Daddy Cool by Boney M
 * Давай закурим (Let's take a smoke) by Klavdiya Shulzhenko
 * Александра (Aleksandra) by Sergey Nikitin and Tatyana Nikitina
 * Диалог у новогодней ёлки (Dialogue by the New Year tree) by Sergey Nikitin and Tatyana Nikitina

title: Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears


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Kursk

Kursk (Курск, ) is a city and the administrative center of Kursk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Kur, Tuskar, and Seym rivers. It has a population of

The area around Kursk was the site of a turning point in the Soviet–German struggle during World War II and the site of the single largest battle in history.

Urban layout
Kursk was originally built as a fortress city on a hill dominating the plain. The settlement was surrounded on three sides by the Kur River (Amur basin) to the west and the Tuskar river to the south and east. Forest thickets approached it from the north. By 1603, Kursk had become the military, administrative, and economic centre of a vast territory in the south of the country. The new fortress was built under the leadership of governors Ivan Polev and Nelyub Ogaryov. The Kursk fortress was given a particularly important role, since in these places the Crimean Tatars, who made regular raids on Russia, traditionally crossed the Seym river, and their main road, the Muravsky Trail, passed east of the city. In this regard, Kursk, despite not being part of the Belgorod Protection Line, became one of the most important fortresses in the southern region. In 1616, there were 1600 people in the Kursk garrison.

By 1782, the buildings of Kursk were located on the heights of two hills and in the valley of the Kur River. There were meadows and pastures on the banks of the river. The city streets that laid on the slopes of the hills had steep ascents and descents in many places, and travel in the city was made uphill almost everywhere. The presence of six ravines that cut through the hill of the Nagornaya part significantly hampered the development of Kursk. Heavy rains sometimes eroded the soil of the hillsides and formed ditches and gullies. The plan of Kursk in 1782 was to be implemented in the conditions of the existing buildings of the city. In the 1880s, Kursk was already a significant settlement. It housed 14 churches, not including the churches of the Znamensky Monastery. Most of them were of stone and built around the time period of 1730 to 1786. By 1782, Kursk was composed almost entirely of wooden houses. Fences and services went out in the direction of the streets, and houses were hidden in the depths of the courtyards. Many streets and lanes were no wider than 2.5 to 3 metres. The only stone mansion that has survived in present time after redevelopment is located at the corner of Pionerov (former Troitskaya) and Gaidar (former Zolotarevskaya) streets.

On the eve of Perestroika, there were powerful fortifications and natural obstacles in the center of Kursk. Settlements were located around the city. Cossack and Pushkarnaya were on the slopes of the hills and in the valley of the Kur River, Yamskaya – away from the city, on the plain. At that time, Yamskaya was a small village concentrated around the Vvedenskaya church. The settlements Streletskaya and Kozhevenny were located in the lowlands and were often flooded by the Tuskar river.

The principle of regularity was applied in the structure of the general layout of Kursk. On the plan of 1782, Kursk is shown as consisting of two parts: the cities of Nagornaya and Zakurnaya. They are separated from each other by the Kura river valley. Each of these parts is divided into regular rectangular blocks located on both sides of the planned main streets – Bolshaya Moskovskaya (Lenina) and Kherson (Dzerzhinsky). In the city Nagornaya part, 19 streets were planned, and in the Zakurnaya part, 24 streets. At the entrance to the city, at the beginning of both Moskovskaya and Kherson streets, it was planned to arrange the entrance squares. The remains of the former prison were destroyed, and the moat was buried according to the plan of the city, which was most confirmed in 1782. A square called “red ” was made in its place. The construction of small areas was also envisaged for a number of churches throughout the city. The territory of both parts of the city, where it was not limited by rivers and deep ravines, was planned to be surrounded by a ditch and a rampart. The area occupied by the city according to the new plan totalled approximately 3060 thousand square fathoms, which corresponds to 12.24 square kilometres. The main drawback of the project was that it did not take into account the complex relief of the Kursk area. The structure of the plan, correct and orderly on paper, required significant revision, additions and even minor changes. The numerous proposals of the Kursk governors A.A. Prozorovsky, F.N. Nicknames, A.B. Debalmena, and A.A. Bekleshov, included in the city planning, made it possible to bring the scheme closer to reality.

The purpose of the redevelopment was complete accounting and control of residents. For this, the city was divided under the governor Aleksandr Bekleshov into 4 parts, each of which was managed by a private bailiff. The redevelopment of the city was begun by the provincial surveyor Ivan Fedorovich Bashilov, the district surveyor Ivan Shoshin, the provincial architects Vasily Yakovlev, Lavrenty Kalinovsky. Since 1783, decisions on redevelopment issues were made by a commission in the amount of 3 officials, namely the provincial land surveyor, the mayor and the city magistrate's ratman. The new urban structure – a rectangular quarter with residents of the same income, one estate – greatly facilitated the accounting and control of the inhabitants by the authorities. The center of the city, built up with stone buildings, was to take on a new, "ceremonial" appearance. These requirements were met by the resettlement of residents on the basis of class. The most significant government buildings erected in Kursk by the end of the 18th century. In accordance with the plan confirmed by Catherine II, these were public places, a prison, a guest house, the main public school, and a house of a noble assembly. The construction of the bank office, magistrate and post office was located along the red lines of the development of Florovskaya and Moskovskaya streets. The general plan for the development of Kursk was adopted in 1782. It was built according to a regular plan with a clear rectangular grid of streets. It was based on the two main streets Moskovskaya and Khersonskaya (now Lenin and Dzerzhinsky), converging at right angles on Red Square.

A city hospital, a regimental infirmary, an almshouse, and salt shops were built. The most notable private houses of the late 18th century that have survived to this day are the houses of the landowner Denisiev (corner of Sadovaya and Semyonovskaya) and the official Puzanov (Dzerzhinsky, 70), as well as the "house of the treasurer" (corner of Radishcheva and Marata). The main significance of the general city plan of 1782 is that for about 150 years it remained the only document that determined the development of the city of Kursk. The next master plan appeared only in 1947, after the Second World War. The number of residential buildings from 1786 to 1836 increased insignificantly, from 1989 houses to 2782 houses. If any building did not correspond to the confirmed plan, it was demolished.

The bulk of government buildings (offices, post office, magistrate, prison, drinking houses, pharmacies, hospital) were built at the end of the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, construction was carried out: offices were repaired, a new prison was built, and storm sewer grooves were laid along stone pavements, which almost half of Kursk's streets had. The streets were named Sergievskaya, Tuskarnaya Naberezhnaya, Staraya, Novaya Preobrazhensky, General's line, Soldier's, Druzhininskaya, Pastukhovskaya. Zolotarevskaya, Avraamovskaya, and so on. On 10 July 1808, five settlements (Sloboda) of Kursk (Podyacheskaya, Soldatskaya, Gorodovy Sluzhby, Malyrossiyskaya, Rassylnaya) became part of the city. The settlements surrounding Kursk (Kazatskaya, Pushkarskaya, Yamskaya, Streletskaya) became part of the city only after 1917. The Kozhevennaya Sloboda disappeared from the city plan by the 1940s. The layout of the settlements was as regular as in the provincial center. Urban pasture land was located between the Seim River, on the border of the 3rd district of Kursk and the Big Post Road from Kursk to Oboyan.

History
The first written record of Kursk dates back to 1032. It was mentioned as one of Severian towns by Prince Igor in The Tale of Igor's Campaign:

"Saddle, brother, your swift steeds. As to mine, they are ready, saddled ahead, near Kursk; as to my Kurskers, they are famous knights—swaddled under war-horns, nursed under helmets, fed from the point of the lance; to them the trails are familiar, to them the ravines are known, the bows they have are strung tight, the quivers, unclosed, the sabers, sharpened; themselves, like gray wolves, they lope in the field, seeking for themselves honor, and for their prince, glory."

The seat of a minor principality, Kursk was raided by the Polovtsians in the 12th and 13th centuries. Destroyed by the Mongols under Batu Khan around 1237, the city was rebuilt no later than 1283. Between 1360 and 1508, it was ruled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Kursk joined the centralized Russian state in 1508, becoming its southern border province.

However, a century later the city re-emerged in a new place; date of re-considered grounds Kursk 1586 [9]. In 1596 a new fortress was built, which was garrisoned by over 1,300 soldiers in 1616. At the beginning of the 17th century, Kursk was repeatedly attacked by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces (in 1612, 1616, 1617, and 1634), the Crimean Khanate, and the Nogai horde, but the Kursk fortress was never taken.

Residents of Oryol and other southern Russian cities were resettled in Kursk (by 1678, 2,800 had been resettled). The city developed due to its advantageous geographical position on the shortest route from Moscow to the Crimea and from Moscow to Kiev. It was an important center of the corn trade with Ukraine and hosted an important fair, which took place annually under the walls of the monastery of Our Lady of Kursk.

It was successively part of the Kiev Governorate (1708–1727), Belgorod Governorate (1727–1779), and Kursk Viceroyalty (1779–1797). The town status was granted to Kursk in 1779, and it became the administrative center of Kursk Governorate in 1797.

After a fire in 1781 devastated Kursk, a new plan for the city was developed in which a market center would be placed in the central square, known as the Red Square. In 1768, the Voskresensko-Ilinskaya Church was built (Воскресенско-Ильинская церковь). In 1778 both the baroque Sergiev Cathedral and Trinity-Sergius Cathedral were completed. The city opened its first school for nobility in 1783. A men's gymnasium was opened in 1808 and a seminary in 1817. A women's gymnasium was opened in 1872.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Kursk played a dominant role in the food industry (Kvilitsu AK, one of the largest breweries in Russia, operated in Kursk) and in other industries; in the 1900s, the city had 4 sitoproboynye shops (of which the largest was the Tikhonov works, whose products were exported to Germany, Austria-Hungary, etc.). There were several engineering enterprises operating in Kursk (in 1914 there were seven, including a railroad one). The working conditions in the factories of Kursk were harsh, and workers' strikes were frequent (for instance, the workers at the sugar mill went on strike in 1901–1903). The Kursk workers also participated in the general political strike during the 1905 Russian Revolution.

On 26 November (9 December – new style), 1917 the Soviets took power in Kursk. On 20 September 1919 the city was taken over by the troops under the command of General Denikin; however, on 19 November 1919, Kursk was retaken by the Red Army.

The Soviet government valued Kursk for its rich deposits of iron ore and developed it into one of the major railroad hubs in the Russian southwest. In 1932, Yamskaya Sloboda was incorporated into the city. In 1935, Kursk got its first tram system. Sometime in the 1930s, the area of the city of Kursk was divided into Leninsky District (the left bank of the Kura River), Dzerzhinsky District (the right bank of the Kura River) and Kirov District (Yamskaya Sloboda). In 1937 Stalinsky District was formed at the southern outskirts of the city.

During World War II, Kursk was occupied by Germany between. In July 1943, the Germans launched Operation Citadel in an attempt to recapture Kursk. During the resulting Battle of Kursk, the village of Prokhorovka near Kursk became the center of a major armoured engagement – the Battle of Prokhorovka – between Soviet and German forces, which is widely considered to have been one of the largest tank battles in history. Operation Citadel was the last major German offensive against the Soviet Union.

Rebuilding efforts in the city began in February 1944. The cultural life recovered as well: on 19 February a cinema was reopened, and on 27 February a drama theatre. By 1950 the urban economy had been completely restored. In 1953 the tram system began operating again. On 17 August 1956, Stalinsky District was renamed Promishlenost District, and Dzerzhinsky District was abolished and its territory divided between Promishlenost and Leninsky Districts.

In 2009, for the first time in 90 years at the site of Theotokos of Kursk, the most revered icon in the Russian Orthodox Church, received the name Hodigitria Russian diaspora.

Until 2010, Kursk had the status of historical settlement, but the Russian Ministry of Culture deprived the city of this status on 29 July 2010 in resolution No. 418/339.

On 29 October 2011, for the first time in 30 years, the city opened a new firehouse for the protection of the Central District, with modern equipment. In 2012, Kursk celebrated its 980th anniversary.

Administrative and municipal status
Kursk is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Kursky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Kursk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Kursk is incorporated as Kursk Urban Okrug.

Economy and infrastructure
In addition to its importance as an administrative hub, Kursk is important as an industrial centre. Activity focuses on iron-based industry, the chemical sector and a large food processing industry, reflecting the richness of agriculture in the surrounding "Black Earth" region.

Particularly noteworthy is the so-called Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (Russian: Курская магнитная аномалия), the world's largest known iron-ore reserve, where the iron content of the ore ranges from 35% up to 60%.

In Kurchatov, some 40 km to the south-west, is the Kursk Nuclear Power Plant, incorporating four RBMK-1000 ("High Power Channel-type Reactor") (Russian: Реактор Большой Мощности Канальный) reactors similar to those implicated in the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. The oldest of the Kursk reactors has been operational since 1977, and the newest of them since 1986.

Attractions
The oldest building in Kursk is the upper church of the Trinity Monastery, a good example of the transition style characteristic of Peter the Great's early reign. The oldest lay building is the so-called Romodanovsky Chamber, although it was erected in all probability in the mid-18th century, when the Romodanovsky family had ceased to exist.

The city cathedral was built between 1752 and 1778 in the splendid Baroque style and was decorated so sumptuously that many art historians attributed it to Bartolomeo Rastrelli. Although Rastrelli's authorship is out of the question, the cathedral is indeed the most impressive monument of Elizabethan Baroque not to be commissioned by the imperial family or built in the imperial capital.

The cathedral has two stories, with the lower church consecrated to St. Sergius of Radonezh and the upper one to the Theotokos of Kazan. The upper church is noted for an intricate icon screen which took sixteen years to complete. The three-story cathedral bell tower derives peculiar interest from the fact that Seraphim of Sarov, whose father took part in construction works, survived an accidental fall from its top floor at the age of seven. The Resurrection Church is also shown, where St. Seraphim was baptized.

The monastery cathedral of the Sign (1816–26) is another imposing edifice, rigorously formulated in the purest Neoclassical style, with a cupola measuring 20 m in diameter and rising 48 m high. The interior was formerly as rich as colored marbles, gilding, and frescoes could make it. During the Soviet period, the cathedral was desecrated, and four lateral domes and twin belltowers over the entrance were pulled down. There are plans to restore the church to its former glory.

The modern city is a home for several universities: Kursk State Medical University, State Technical University, Kursk State University (former Pedagogical University) and Agricultural Academy, as well as the private Regional Open Social Institute (ROSI). There are also modern shrines and memorials commemorating the Battle of Kursk, both in the city and in Prokhorovka.

The Command Station Bunker & Museum was specifically built in memory of the courageous Russian T-34 tank units that fought in the Battle of Kursk, where a T-34 tank is on display. Over 6,000 armored vehicles fought in close range over the open territory near Kursk in 1943. This battle stopped the German advance into the Kursk Salient, and was a turning point of World War II on the Eastern Front.

Kursk played a role in the Cold War as host to Khalino air base.

Nearby is Tsentralno-Chernozemny Zapovednik, a large section of steppe soil that has never been plowed. It is used for a variety of research purposes.

Transportation

Since 1868 there has been a railway connection between Kursk and Moscow. Kursk is located on a major railway line between Moscow and Kharkov, with trains also linking the city to Voronezh and Kiev. The Kursk Vostochny Airport provides domestic flights. Public transport includes buses, trolleybuses, and trams. Since 2007, the public transport introduced a satellite navigation system. The total length of the road network of the city of Kursk is 595.8 km, of which 496.2 km of roads are paved. Roads of the city have access to federal highway M2 "Crimea", as well as on the highway A144 (Kursk – Voronezh – Saratov) and P199 (border with Ukraine). Kursk bound intercity bus routes to cities and towns Kursk region and neighboring regions (Belgorod Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Oryol Oblast), as well as Moscow, St. Petersburg and cities of Ukraine: Kharkiv and Sumy. Long-distance buses arrive and depart from the bus station "Kursk", located in the North-West part of the city.

On 5 September 2011 an automated fare monitoring system was commissioned in Kursk. Implementation of the system in operation is carried out by Kursk Integrated Ticket System was to take place in three stages: At the initial stage is implemented partially open version of the system, in which the sale of tickets and travel control social cards carried in the cabin of public transport conductors with handheld validators, the second stage involves the installation of stationary validators, third – commissioning turnstiles. After completion of the implementation, the automated monitoring system drive will operate in "closed" mode : turnstiles will be installed at the entrance and exit of passengers. As of September 2011 turnstiles installed on 44 buses, 10 trolley buses and trams 5.

Culture and sports
Kursk State University is home to the Russian Chamber Orchestra, under the direction of conductor and trumpet soloist Sergey Proskurin. The orchestra performs regularly, tours internationally and has produced multiple CDs.

Pushkin Theater located in the center of the city. It has permanent company as well as visiting shows.

In 2016, the Russian Women's Hockey League expanded to Kursk, with new club Dynamo Kursk.

The band Little Tragedies are originally from Kursk.

Media
Kursk ham radios could receive television broadcasts from Moscow starting in 1935. In 1960, the Committee on Radio and Television was created by the Kursk Oblast Executive Committee. The first transmission of local television aired on 14 January 1961. Main fixed line and cellular operators are active in the city.

Honors

 * A minor planet, 3073 Kursk, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh in 1979, is named after the city.
 * The Russian submarine Kursk was named after the city.

Notable people

 * Georgy Sviridov, composer
 * Valery Chaplygin, Olympic champion, cyclist
 * Alexander Deyneka, painter, sculptor
 * Alexander Rutskoy, politician
 * Seraphim of Sarov, monk and saint
 * The Tolmachevy Twins, singers
 * Alexander Povetkin, Olympic champion, boxer
 * Alexey Ivanovich Borozdin, musical therapist
 * Yevgeny Klevtsov, Olympic medalist, cyclist
 * Vyacheslav Klykov, sculptor
 * Kazimir Malevich, painter
 * Sergei Puskepalis, actor
 * Mikhail Shchepkin, actor
 * Little Tragedies, music band
 * Pavel A. Pevzner, scientist
 * Nikolay Karamyshev, racing driver
 * Yekaterina Avdeyeva (1788–1865), writer

Twin towns – sister cities
Kursk is twinned with:

 * 🇲🇪 Bar, Montenegro

 * 🇵🇱 Dębno, Poland
 * 🇺🇦 Donetsk, Ukraine
 * 🇺🇦 Feodosia, Ukraine
 * 🇧🇾 Gomel, Belarus
 * 🇺🇦 Izmail, Ukraine
 * 🇷🇸 Niš, Serbia
 * 🇺🇦 Zviahel, Ukraine
 * 🇧🇾 Novopolotsk, Belarus
 * 🇧🇾 Polotsk, Belarus
 * 🇧🇬 Primorsko, Bulgaria
 * 🇩🇪 Speyer, Germany
 * Sukhumi, Georgia
 * 🇺🇦 Sumy, Ukraine
 * 🇲🇩 Tiraspol, Moldova
 * 🇷🇸 Užice, Serbia
 * 🇩🇪 Witten, Germany

Former twin towns:
 * 🇵🇱 Tczew, Poland
 * 🇮🇳 Motihari, India

On 8 March 2022, the Polish city of Tczew ended its partnership with Kursk as a response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

title: Kursk


text:
Talk:Ridge Route

Other subpages: /Description

Distance Castaic to Grapevine
In the late 1920s ACSC called it 53 miles from Castaic to Grapevine; the highway had been slightly straightened by then, but not enough to shorten it much.

www.flickr.com/photos/mytravelphotos/1738553066/sizes/h/

www.flickr.com/photos/mytravelphotos/1738554088/sizes/h/

Scott's book always (?) uses California Highways as a source for distances; we might as well do the same, if you don't like the ACSC maps. But the summary in November/December 1945 Calif Hwys has at least one error (the summit elevation) so no reason to prefer it over ACSC's measurement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.154.244.243 (talk) 21:29, 22 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello. If you have a new source for any new information, it should be identified in a new footnote and the old info and footnote should be deleted. We shouldn't just change the info and keep the old source. BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 23:41, 22 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I expanded those two URLs into citations using cite map, but it's obvious that they were published in a book or atlas. That book title needs to be added to the title parameter in the template, and the year of publication should replace n.d. as well. If the original scale can be determined, that should be added, along with any OCLC or other identifier for the book.  Imzadi 1979  →   04:10, 23 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay. Good for you. I'm sure you will get it fixed. Thanks! BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 17:27, 23 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I have no clue about the missing details nor where to find them. That's concerning because this is a Featured Article, so it should be fixed sooner or later. Especially troubling is the lack of a publication date. Really, it's also an issue the lack of provenance of the copies being hosted on Flickr, so at some point without full details, it would be best to revert or remove the information.  Imzadi 1979  →   20:24, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

"it's obvious that they were published in a book or atlas"

They weren't, of course. Since they weren't published together we can only guess that the flickr collection is from about the same date; if so, it's late 1920s. Not that it matters. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.154.244.243 (talk) 22:28, 23 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is apparent that the version of the maps scanned and uploaded were published, or republished, in a book. The first has "32" in the bottom right corner, and the second has "33" in the same location. Those look just like page numbers to me. Yes, it does matter. This is a Featured Article, and incomplete citations of unknown provenance aren't really indicative of "Wikipedia's finest work". Please help fix the citations, if you can.  Imzadi 1979  →   22:58, 23 February 2020 (UTC)
 * If that isn't a page number, we still have the issue of the date. If those two maps weren't published on or before December 31, 1924, they're under copyright and shouldn't be posted by the uploader on Flickr. If they're under copyright, we can't link to them per our policies on linking to copyright violations. (I've commented out the links in the citations in the article for now as a precaution.)  Imzadi 1979   →   23:35, 23 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Ok, the uploader replied to me on Flickr. He said he's unsure of when they were published, but he thinks they're from c. 1930. So this makes using them as a source here even more problematic. I've just removed the length and those map citations until we can sort out these issues. (I've also unlinked them above for copyright issues).  Imzadi 1979  →   00:15, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

"...until we can sort out these issues."

You're not going to do that, but as long as the wrong Castaic-Grapevine mileage has been deleted it's no big deal.

If Swede's Cut is worth mentioning in the article, its location is worth mentioning. If Deadman's Curve is worth mentioning, its location is worth mentioning. And naturally the location of the 1920 picture is worth mentioning. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.154.244.243 (talk) 22:26, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Swede's Cut sounds notable enough to have its own article, which would be linked from here. As for its location here, we generally don't list latitude and longitude coordinates in highway articles, letting prose descriptions of the locations suffice. That's how dozens of other American highway articles assessed as Featured Articles handle the topic, and I see no reason to deviate from that general practice here. As for the location of the photo, that should be contained on the photo's description page.  Imzadi 1979  →   23:55, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Find Swede's Cut on a map, using the "prose description" that you like. Find Deadman's Curve, likewise.

 * If you want to show the reader where something is, give him a link he can click on that will point to a spot on the map. Lat-lon is the most efficient way to do that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.154.244.243 (talk) 21:45, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Again, common practice in dozens of American highway articles is not to put latitude and longitude values into the body (or notes) of an article. Please do not restore them without discussion, per WP:BRD, as they've been reverted out of the article a few times. In the meantime, I've redlinked Swede's Cut, and I encourage interested people to start an article about that location (unregistered users will have to start it at Draft:Swede's Cut and request approval through WP:AFC), and I've linked Deadman's Curve as well, and I encourage others to add more content to that article about this specific location. As for the photo, we don't add coordinates to captions, directly or indirectly. The location of the photo should be on the photo's image description page, not here. (This is similar to how we don't list photographer attribution in captions, unless significant.)  Imzadi 1979  →   22:00, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

Find Swede's Cut on a map, using the "prose description" that you like. Find Deadman's Curve, likewise. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.154.244.243 (talk) 00:32, 26 February 2020 (UTC)

(As expected, he can't locate them; does anyone agree that their location is irrelevant?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.154.244.243 (talk) 00:25, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Unless the location is given as important in some WP:Reliable source, then, no, its exact location is not important. Wikipedia editors don't get to decide on the importance of anything, let alone where some geographical feature might or might not be. BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 00:41, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

 * "Wikipedia editors don't get to decide on the importance of anything" (!)

 * Then who does decide? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.154.244.243 (talk) 22:16, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * We look to the sources to determine that.  Imzadi 1979  →   04:23, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

@205.154.244.243: per WP:BRD, your additions of the coordinates have been reverted/disputed, so please stop re-adding them until the discussion here has ended with some consensus.  Imzadi 1979  →   04:53, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

 * "We look to the sources to determine [what's important]"

 * If the source says "This is important" then you include it in the article? And if it says "This is unimportant" you don't?

 * Or maybe you mean: if it's in the source, it's important, and if it's not, it isn't. So the article should repeat everything in Scott's book? And nothing that's not in his book? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.154.244.243 (talk) 21:28, 1 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is supposed to be a tertiary source, summarizing secondary sources. So we look to see what's included in the appropriate source material. We don't include "everything" from them, because we're writing in summary style. As for the contention that the precise latitude and longitude of a feature are important to note here, I dispute that. There are dozens of highway articles from the US, plus others from other countries, all rated as Featured Articles, like this one, and none of them that I can recall include latitude and longitude numbers for geographic features. So why would it be important to include them in this article? The coordinate location of the one photo should be part of that photo's description page, so that if a reader is interested, he or she can find it on that page by clicking the photo. (Just as that reader would also find specific details about the creator of the photo, its date of creation and the license under which we are allowed to use it.) Swede's Cut should probably have its own article, and it would have its coordinate location given there. Dead Man's Curve should be expanded to give some more information about this specific example, and the precise location would be given there.  Imzadi 1979  →   05:46, 2 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with Imzadi1979 & would ask the unidentified editor to stop the WP:Edit war lest he or she be barred from editing any more. Thanks to all interested, BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 09:49, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

"So why would it be important to include them in this article [when other articles don't]?"

Yes, that was Wikipedia's mistake -- designating Featured articles, leading people to imagine the articles are good. Some Wikipedia articles are better than other Wikipedia particles, but none of them is good -- that's too much to expect. When editors think the article is good, it'll never get better. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.154.244.243 (talk) 22:58, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

§§ 2600:1700:F420:2F40:F93A:D1D1:3B7A:8AF6 (talk) 17:32, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ridge Route


text:
Mahram

In Islam, a mahram (محرم) is a family member with whom marriage would be considered permanently unlawful (haram). A woman does not need to wear hijab around her mahram or spouse, and an adult male mahram or husband may escort a woman on a journey, although an escort may not be obligatory.

People with whom marriage is prohibited

 * permanent or blood mahrams include:
 * all direct ancestors
 * all direct descendants
 * siblings
 * siblings of parents, grandparents, and further antecedents
 * children and further descendants of siblings
 * in-law mahrams with whom one becomes mahram by marrying someone:
 * all the ancestors of one's spouse
 * all the descendants of one's spouse
 * all who marry a direct ancestor
 * all who marry a direct descendant (A woman may marry her stepfather, but only if the stepfather has not consummated his marriage to her mother.)
 * Rada or "milk-suckling mahrams" with whom one becomes mahram because of being nursed by the same woman:
 * foster mother
 * foster sibling

When a woman acts as a wetnurse (that is she breast feeds an infant that is not her own child for a certain amount of time under certain conditions), she becomes the child's rada mother. In English these can be referred to as milk brother, milk-mother, and so on. For a man, mahram women include his mother, grandmother, daughter, granddaughter, sister, aunt, grandaunt, niece, grandniece, his father's wife, his wife's daughter (step-daughter), his daughter-in-law (if previously married to his biological son. She is not mahram if she was married to his adopted son), his mother-in-law, his rada mother and rada sister. According to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, "What is forbidden by reason of kinship is forbidden by reason of suckling."

These are considered mahram because they are mentioned in the Quran (An-Nisa 22–23):

"22. Do not marry former wives of your fathers—except what was done previously. It was indeed a shameful, despicable, and evil practice. 23. ˹Also˺ forbidden to you for marriage are your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your paternal and maternal aunts, your brother’s daughters, your sister’s daughters, your foster-mothers, your foster-sisters, your mothers-in-law, your stepdaughters under your guardianship if you have consummated marriage with their mothers—but if you have not, then you can marry them—nor the wives of your own sons, nor two sisters together at the same time—except what was done previously. Surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful."

All of the man's female relatives mentioned in these two verses are considered his maharim, because it is unlawful (haram) for him to marry them, except the wife's sister, whom he can marry if he divorces her sister, or if his wife dies. The notion of mahram is reciprocal. All other relatives are considered non-maharim.

Legal escorts of women during journey
A woman may be legally escorted during a journey by her husband, or by any sane, adult male mahram by blood, although an escort may not be required, including:
 * her father, grandfather or other male ancestor
 * her son, grandson or other male descendant
 * her brother
 * her uncle, great uncle, or uncle from a previous generation
 * the son, grandson, or other descendant of her sibling

Mahram
A Muslim woman's mahrams form the group of allowable escorts when she travels.

For a spouse, being mahram is a permanent condition. That means, for example, that a man will remain mahram to his ex-mother-in-law after divorcing her daughter.

title: Mahram


text:
Paneuropean Union

The International Paneuropean Union, also referred to as the Pan-European Movement and the Pan-Europa Movement, is an international organisation and the oldest European unification movement. It began with the publishing of Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi's manifesto Paneuropa (1923), which presented the idea of a unified European State. The Union's General Secretariat is located in Munich, but maintains branches across Europe.

Since 2004, the President of the Union is Alain Terrenoire, former Member of Parliament in France and MEP and Director of the French Paneuropa-Union. Otto Habsburg became the International Honorary President of the International Paneuropean Union in 2004. The current vice president is Walburga Habsburg Douglas, a former member of the Swedish Parliament.

History
Coudenhove-Kalergi, a member of the Bohemian Coudenhove-Kalergi family and the son of an Austro-Hungarian diplomat and a Japanese mother, was the organisation's central figure and President until his death in 1972.

As French prime minister and follower of the Paneuropean Union Aristide Briand (Nobel Peace Prize laureate for the Locarno Treaties) delivered a widely recognized speech at the League of Nations in Geneva on 5 September 1929 for a federal Europe to secure Europe and settle the historic Franco-German enmity.

The organisation was prohibited by Nazi Germany in 1933, and was founded again after the Second World War. Winston Churchill lauded the movement's work for a unified Europe prior to the war in his famous Zurich speech in 1946. The French branch was founded by Georges Pompidou and Louis Terrenoire, subsequently French President and Minister for Information respectively, with the support of Charles de Gaulle. Otto von Habsburg, the head of the Habsburg dynasty and former Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, became involved with the Paneuropean Union in the 1930s, was elected its Vice President in 1957 and became its International President in 1973, after Coudenhove's death.

The organisation was much reviled by the communist regimes of the Eastern Bloc. The organisation became renowned for its role in organising the Pan-European Picnic, an important event during the Revolutions of 1989.

As of 2023, the Paneuropean Union Parliamentary Group in the European Parliament consists of over 120 members from nearly all of the EU Member States and meets regularly during the sessions of the Parliament in Strasbourg.

Ideology
The organisation believes in a strong, politically and militarily, united Europe while supporting humanist and Christian values. The EPU is committed to uniting the diverse peoples of Europe, promoting peace, liberty, and rule of law, and for developing stronger democracy and human rights across Europe. The organisation supports the enlargement of the European Union and encourages all European countries to gain full EU membership. The EPU advocates the EU to become an independent, self-sufficient, and peaceful superpower. The EPU also believes in maintaining a European Common Security and Defence Policy, and establishing a European army alongside strong cooperation with NATO.

Member organisations
As of July 2023, the Paneuropean Union consists of member organizations in 32 countries across Europe:

 * Albania
 * Andorra
 * Armenia
 * Austria
 * Belgium
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Bulgaria
 * Croatia
 * Czech Republic
 * Estonia
 * Finland
 * France
 * Germany
 * Hungary
 * Italy
 * Kosovo
 * Latvia
 * Luxembourg
 * Montenegro
 * Netherlands
 * North Macedonia
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Romania
 * San Marino
 * Serbia
 * Slovakia
 * Slovenia
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * Switzerland
 * Ukraine

Individual members
The Paneuropean Union lists the following as historical members:

 * Konrad Adenauer
 * Raymond Barre
 * Léon Blum
 * Aristide Briand
 * Paul Claudel
 * Benedetto Croce
 * Albert Einstein
 * Sigmund Freud
 * Charles de Gaulle
 * Alfons Goppel
 * Otto von Habsburg
 * Gerhart Hauptmann
 * Bronisław Huberman
 * Bruno Kreisky
 * Paul Löbe
 * Salvador de Madariaga
 * Heinrich Mann
 * Thomas Mann
 * Johan Ludwig Mowinckel
 * Fridtjof Nansen
 * José Ortega y Gasset
 * Georges Pompidou
 * Rainer Maria Rilke
 * Arthur Schnitzler
 * Kurt Schuschnigg
 * Franz Josef Strauß
 * Richard Strauss
 * Gustav Stresemann
 * Paul Valéry
 * Franz Werfel
 * Stefan Zweig

title: Paneuropean Union


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Silky's

Nonnotable, ad. google searches did not return many results. — siro χ  o

 * Delete. At best it goes in hentai, though my personal preference is /dev/null.  --Ardonik 05:08, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't delete for lewdness, but delete because it's only known to Japanese people (87 sites link to it and they're all Japanese). Possibly candidate for a Japanese Wikipedia article. Derrick Coetzee 07:24, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: It's non-notable of specialist interest, and unlikely to be sought. Geogre 13:18, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. SWAdair | Talk  04:36, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

132.205.15.4 23:55, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep:  Lots of not overly notable specialist pages are in the Wiki, how is this any different? Especially corporate pages., , seem to have several Google links (in English), even though  has limited searches. As for it being deleted simply because it is hentai, that would mean that the Wikipedia will be forever incomplete, and highly skewed toward the ethnocentric bias of the most active editors, if we all just chose to edit for content deemed immoral by a group. Although I seem to be vastly outvoted here. It's the company that makes source material for many OAV that are distributed in North America, even if the original games are not. (Lessee if I did that signature thing right)

 * Keep. While I personally couldn't care less about hentai games, I disagree with the notion of excluding articles about non-mainstream subjects. Article text is NPOV, and the list of titles the company has produced is high enough to make the company notable. It's also listed on list of H authors. Until list of H games includes the author and publisher, I see no reason to outlaw stubby lists of H games by company... which is exactly what this article is. --Benc 02:25, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Silky's


text:
Baby sling

A baby sling or baby carrier is generally made of soft fabrics that wrap around the chest. They provide comfort and support for the baby and allow the parent or carer to keep their hands free as they go about their everyday tasks.

There are a wide variety of carriers available from wraps and ring slings to soft structured carriers and mei tai’s.

The use of a baby sling is called babywearing.

Ring slings

These are baby carriers that use dynamic tension, a length of cloth and metal (such as aluminum) or nylon rings. One end of the cloth is sewn to two rings. The cloth wraps around the wearer's body from shoulder to opposite hip and back up to the shoulder, and the end is threaded through the rings to create a buckle effect. The baby sits or lies in the resulting pocket. Once a sling is threaded, it can be taken off and put back on without rethreading. A threaded sling forms a loop of cloth. The wearer can put one arm and the head through the loop of cloth to put the sling back on.

When the baby is in the carrier, the baby's weight puts tension on the fabric, and the combination of fabric tension, friction of fabric surfaces against each other and the rings combine to "lock" the sling in position. This type of sling can adjust to different wearers' sizes and accommodate different wearing positions easily. The wearer supports the baby's weight with one hand and uses the other hand to pull more fabric through the rings to tighten or loosen the sling.

Ring slings may be padded or unpadded at the shoulder, have padded or unpadded edges or "rails", and the "tail" of the sling may be open or closed. Some "hybrid" ring slings have curved seats sewn into the body, similar to the seam in a pouch. Ring slings are most closely related in use to the Mexican rebozo, the rings take the place of the knot.

Variation is also found in how the rings attach to the cloth, commonly referred to as "shoulder style". Basic shoulder styles include gathered, pleated, "hot dog" or "center fold", pouch-style (folded in half) and many variations.

Ring slings are highly adaptable and most care givers can wear a "one size fits most" size. As long as the tail is about 8" long a ring sling is still considered safe. Tail length is decided by personal preference with most preferring the tail to hit about hip or mid thigh.

The recommended maximum weight limit for wearing baby in a ring sling is up to 35lbs.

Pouch slings

Sometimes called "tube", "pocket" or "ringless" slings, these are generally formed by a wide piece of fabric sewn into a tubular shape. Simple, or fitted pouches do not have rings or other hardware. Adjustable pouches may adjust with zippers, snaps, buckles, clips, rings, drawstrings, Velcro, and other methods. Most pouches have a curve sewn in to shape the cloth to the parent's body and hold the baby more securely than a simple straight tube. The wearer slips the pouch over the head and one shoulder, sash-style, creating a pocket or seat to hold the baby in. Many paediatricians and baby-wearing experts do not recommend pouch slings because babies can suffocate when held incorrectly. Suffocation risk is greatest in newborns and infants under six months, and usually occurs because the baby's chin is collapsed against his or her chest, constricting the airway. Pouch slings also often restrict the parent's view of their child, making suffocation more likely. When using a pouch sling, wearers should be sure to keep the baby's face elevated and clearly visible.

Wraps
Wraps (sometimes called "wraparounds" or "wraparound slings") are lengths of fabric (usually between 2 metres and 6 metres, or 2.5–7 yards long, and 15–30 inches wide), which are wrapped around both the baby and the wearer and then tied. There are different carrying positions possible with a wrap, depending on the length of the fabric. A baby or toddler can be carried on the wearer's front, back or hip. With shorter wraps it is possible to do a one-shouldered carry, similar to those done with a pouch or a ring sling, although most carries involve the fabric going over both shoulders of the wearer and often around the waist to offer maximum support.

There are two main types of wrap—stretchy and woven. Stretchy wraps are generally made of knits such as jersey or interlock. It is easy to take babies in and out of a stretchy wrap. This can be easier for the wearer as the sling often remains tied on and the baby is lifted out and put back in as required. Several factors influence stretchiness: carriers with any spandex or lycra content will tend to be very stretchy, carriers which are 100% cotton or other natural fibers will tend to have less lengthwise stretch. Woven wraps are pieces of woven fabric of varying thickness. Natural fibers are usually chosen, with cotton being the most common, but hemp, linen, silk and wool are also used. A variety of weaves are used. Most common are homespun or handwoven fabrics with simple over-under weaves, twills and jacquards. Most weaves provide some give or stretch diagonally.

Simple pieces of cloth

Pieces of cloth can be turned into slings by wrapping the fabric around the carrier and the baby and either tying it with knots or using a twist and tuck method to secure the ends. Rebozos (Mexico), mantas (Peru), kangas (Africa) and selendangs (Indonesia) are all rectangular pieces of cloth but are tied or wrapped in many different ways. Wraps are also simple pieces of cloth.

The podaegi and other Asian-style baby carriers
The podaegi (포대기, also spelled podegi) is a Korean carrier with a medium to large rectangle of fabric hanging from a very long strap. Traditionally the rectangle is quilted for warmth and wraps around the mother's torso, while the straps are wrapped snug under the baby's bottom and tied around to the front to support and secure the baby on the mother's back. Western interest in the podaegi style has led to new wrapping methods which do go over the shoulders, and to narrower "blankets". Variants of this shape include the Iu-Mienh/Hmong carrier and the Chinese bei bei. Iu-Mienh/Hmong carriers and bei beis are both customarily used with over-the-shoulder wrapping and often have stiff sections which help provide head support or block wind.

The Chinese Mei-tai (, Cantonese pronunciation) - meaning mei: to carry on the shoulders / tai: strap, band - is a square or nearly square piece of cloth with parallel unpadded straps emerging from the sides of each corner. It was traditionally secured by bringing all the straps together in a twist with the ends tucked. A variation on the traditional mei tai was popularized in Australia in the 1960s. There are now hundreds of different brands of mei tai available with a variety of features, but the longer straps, taller body and wrap-style tying method are found in almost all of them. Mei tais are suitable for front or back carries with children ranging from birth to as heavy as a parent can support.

Traditional babywearing in Japan was done with a wrap carry, using an obi. In the 1940s, a carrier known as the onbuhimo became popular. Similar to the Hmong and Mei tai carriers, the onbuhimo has long top straps and a rectangular body. But at the bottom of the rectangle, loops or rings allow the top straps to be threaded through and tightened, while the straps are tied at the waist. The body is much smaller than the bodies of most mei tais and other Asian-style carriers, and the onbuhimo is traditionally used on the back. Variations may have stiff headrests or padding in the body.

Variations of these basic shapes can be found elsewhere in the world. Mei-tai-like carriers were used in places as diverse as Sweden and Africa.

Other types of slings and baby carriers
Modern structured hip carriers, soft structured carriers (known as SSC) which can be used on front or back, structured front packs and hard-framed backpacks are also used. Hip carriers may be closely related to ring slings or they may be more closely related to a mei tai, and several different types of fasteners are used in different models. Most soft structured carriers are loosely based on the traditional mei tai with a main flat panels and four straps which are shortened and fitted with buckles for added convenience.

History
Traditionally, baby slings and carriers were simply adaptations of whatever a culture normally used to carry anything heavy. Baskets, calabashes, animal skins, and wooden carrying structures have all been adapted to carry infants and children. Korean mothers continue to use Podaegi to carry children. Inuit mothers continue to use the packing parka or amauti to carry children. In the west, this phenomenon has resulted in a variety of carriers based on camping backpacks. One design, used in New Guinea, resembles a small Mayan-style hammock, in which an infant or child is either carried in a net on the back of an adult, or hung on a tree branch or house beam. Historical photographs of indigenous peoples show babies worn in sashes, baskets and nets hung from the parent's forehead. Cradleboards and carriers hung from one shoulder like a purse have also been documented in several cultures.

Positions
When using a Baby Sling or carrier a baby can assume various positions while being carried in a sling. These include the vertical position, kangaroo carry, front carry, hip carry, and back carry. Cradle hold, previously considered a carry position, has been proven unsafe and should not be used. It is the preference of the carrier where they would like to support the carried infant.

Concerns
There have been incidents of babies suffocating while in carriers, particularly "bag sling" styles, and Consumer Reports urged a recall of all slings of this type in 2009. Consumer Reports recommends soft infant carriers (mei tai or soft structured carriers) and backpack baby carriers over these styles. Advocates argue that other types of slings are safe, especially when the baby's face, nose, and mouth are visible at all times.

title: Baby sling


text:
User:Doritos654

Hello.

I am one of Raul654's 86 brothers and sisters.

 * Seems to be the same user as User:OutsourcingRaul. I've blocked him, expiry indefinite. -- Hadal 05:14, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Doritos654


text:
Edward E. Jones

 * For the Louisiana civil rights pioneer, see E. Edward Jones.

Edward Ellsworth "Ned" Jones (August 11, 1926 – July 30, 1993) was an influential American social psychologist, he is known as father of Ingratiation due to his major works in the area. He worked at Duke University and from 1977 at Princeton University. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Jones as the 39th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Along with Keith E. Davis, he is known for developing correspondent inference theory within the field of psychological attribution.

Biography
He earned his Ph.D. in clinical psychology at Harvard University.

In the classic text Fundamentals of Social Psychology, which he co-wrote with Harold B. Gerard and published in 1967, they explain: Our aim has been to write a systematic presentation of social psychology that emphasizes the experimental approach....Social psychology is a subdiscipline of psychology that especially involves the scientific study of the behavior of individuals as a function of social stimuli. This definition seems to say something important and to say it with pedantic precision...By the end of World War II, the way was paved for an outpouring of experimental research involving the manipulation of experimental subjects' temporary social environment and an examination of the effects of this manipulation on attitudes, behavior, and various emotional states. Questions of behavioral causation could now be examined with closer scrutiny than was possible through questionnaires and interviews. The outlines of an empirical, and especially an experimental, social psychology have clearly emerged.

Jones's work is centered on the attribution process, co-developing his theory of correspondent inferences with Keith Davis. Jones noted, "I have a candidate for the most robust and repeatable finding in social psychology: the tendency to see behavior as caused by a stable personal disposition of the actor when it can be just as easily explained as a natural response to more than adequate situational pressures." One of the best-known single papers co-authored with Victor Harris in 1967 tested this theory and led to the development of the fundamental attribution error. He also developed the Actor-observer bias with Richard E. Nisbett.

He focused on the history and the advancement of the field of person perception in order to explore how perceivers and targets interact. One form of interaction that he examined closely resulted in a book on the psychology of ingratiation. In his book on ingratiation, he utilized the models of Goffman, Homans, Thibaut, and Kelley to arrive at the following working definition: "Combining these contributions, we may conclude that ingratiation is an illegitimate member of the social exchange family because the ingratiator presents himself as a party to one kind of exchange—with one set of terms and conditions—while in fact he is primarily engaged in another kind."

He further noted the importance of studying ingratiation, writing: "A more valid reason for studying ingratiation is that light might be shed on other common social phenomena such as the antecedents of group cohesiveness, the conditions of social influence and conformity, and the significance of social reinforcement in sequences of social interaction." He was also an opponent of behaviorism.

In 2004, a book of his selected works was published by John Wiley & Sons, edited by former student Daniel Gilbert.

Notable contributions

 * Work on Fritz Heider's attribution error, termed fundamental attribution error by Lee Ross, which is also known as "correspondence bias". As Gilbert noted, "As geometry was to architecture, so attribution theories were to person perception. Experiments revealed that people's attributional inferences looked very much like the attributional inferences that a thinking system would generate if it was relying on formal attributional rules such as the calculus of non-common effects, the covariation and discounting principles and so on. But no one knew whether people were actually using those rules, and if they were, certainly no one knew how."
 * outgroup homogeneity bias
 * self-handicapping
 * self-presentation theory

Former students

 * Robin Akert
 * Evan Anderson
 * Joshua Aronson
 * Alaine Brown
 * Roy Baumeister
 * Stephen Berglas
 * Joel Cooper
 * Keith E. Davis
 * Kenneth J. Gergen
 * Daniel Gilbert
 * George "Al" Goethals
 * Linda E. Ginzel
 * Victor Harris
 * Reiko Hasuike
 * C. Anderson "Andy" Johnson
 * Patti Linville
 * Dan McGillis
 * Charles Perdue
 * Fred Rhodewalt
 * Janet Morgan Riggs
 * Judy Schwartz
 * Kelly Shaver
 * Lloyd Stires
 * Dianne Tice
 * Carolyn Weisz
 * Steve Worchel
 * Camille Wortman

Books and articles by and about Edward E. Jones

 * Ginzel, L.E., Jones, E.E. and Swann, WB Jr. (1987) "How Naive is the Naive Attributor?: Discounting and Augmentation in Attitude Attribution" Social Cognition, 5, 108-130.
 * Jones, Edward E., and Harold B. Gerard, Fundamentals of Social Psychology, published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1967.
 * Jones, Edward E., Interpersonal Perception, published by WH Freeman and Co., 1990.
 * Jones, E.E. & Harris, V. A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 3, 1–24.
 * Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. 1971. The Actor and the Observer: Divergent Perceptions of the Causes of Behavior. New York: General Learning Press.
 * Jones, E.E., McGillis, Daniel, "Correspondence Inferences and the Attribution Cube: A Comparative Reappraisal," in John H. Harvey, William J. Ickes, and Robert F. Kidd, ed., New Directions in Attribution Research, Vol. 1 (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1976), pp. 389–420.
 * Jones, E.E., Davis, Keith E., "From Acts to Dispositions: The Attribution Process in Person Perception," in Leonard Berkowitz, ed., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 2 (New York: Academic Press, 1965), p. 225.
 * Gilbert, D. T. (1998). Speeding with Ned: A personal view of the correspondence bias. In J. M. Darley & J. Cooper (Eds.), Attribution and social interaction: The legacy of E. E. Jones. Washington, DC: APA Press. PDF.
 * Gilbert, D. T. (Ed.). (2004). The Selected Works of Edward E. Jones. ISBN 0-471-19226-0
 * Harvey, J., Ickes, W., & Kidd, R., "A conversation with Edward E. Jones and Harold H. Kelley", In J. Harvey, W. Ickes, and R. Kidd (Eds.), New Directions in Attribution Research, Vol. 2 (pp. 371–388). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum., 1978.

title: Edward E. Jones


text:
User:Virtual Traveler

My name is John R. Harris I am mostly interested in the History of computing but also do general tidying up on Wikipedia and Wictionary when there is an obvious improvement to be made. I can be contacted through my website VirtualTravelog

title: User:Virtual Traveler


text:
Bésame Mucho

"Bésame Mucho" ("Kiss Me A Lot") is a bolero song written in 1932 by Mexican songwriter Consuelo Velázquez. It is one of the most popular songs of the 20th century and one of the most important songs in the history of Latin music. It was recognized in 1999 as the most recorded and covered song in Spanish of all time. Famous versions were sung by Trio Los Panchos and female vocalist Gigliola Cinquetti in 1968, and by Dalida in 1976. English lyrics to it were written by Sunny Skylar. It inspired the cult indian song, Yeh Samaa Samaa Hai Pyar Ka, sung by Lata Mangeshkar in the film Jab Jab Phool Khile

The song appeared in the film Follow the Boys (May 5, 1944) when it was played by Charlie Spivak and his Orchestra and in Cowboy and the Senorita (May 13, 1944) with vocal by Dale Evans.

Inspiration
According to Velázquez, she wrote this song even though she had never been kissed yet at the time, and kissing, as she heard, was considered a sin.

She was inspired by the piano piece "Quejas, o la Maja y el Ruiseñor", from the 1911 suite Goyescas by Spanish composer Enrique Granados, which he later also included as "Aria of the Nightingale" in his 1916 opera of the same name.

In politics
In 1990, a hitherto clandestine affair between two Brazilian government ministers, Bernardo Cabral (Minister of Justice) and Zélia Cardoso de Mello (Minister for Economy, Finance & Planning), was revealed to public knowledge as the couple danced cheek to cheek to "Bésame Mucho" during a birthday party held for Cardoso de Mello. A married father of three, Cabral was forced to resign as a result.

A few days later, at a ceremony in which Cardoso de Mello was due to receive her country's Order of Military Merit, the regimental band of the presidential guard, Os Dragões da Independência, struck up "Bésame Mucho" as she was presented with her medal. Its musical director, Lt. Geraldo Mendonça da Lima, was subsequently given 3 days' detention for insubordination.

Notable versions

 * Bob Eberly and Kitty Kallen with Jimmy Dorsey & His Orchestra (reached number one in the United States in 1944)
 * Andy Russell (reached No. 8 in the USA in 1944)
 * Frank Sinatra had a U.S. top 10 hit in 1954.
 * Velázquez herself recorded the song as piano instrumental on her album Piano Interpretations (1955).
 * Ray Conniff and His Orchestra and Chorus recorded this song on march 25, 1960, for the album "Say It With Music" issued originally on August 8, 1960. A world wide hit and a trademark for Conniff for decades.
 * The Coasters hit the Hot 100 with their version, which peaked at No. 70, in 1960.
 * The Beatles (recorded during their Decca audition on January 1, 1962. A second version was recorded during their first session at Abbey Road Studios on June 6, 1962.  The latter is included on The Beatles' Anthology 1)
 * Dean Martin recorded it for his album, Dino Latino in 1962.
 * Jet Harris reached No.22 in the UK with their version in 1962.
 * Dalida reached No 5 in France and No 10 in Turkey in 1976.
 * João Gilberto recorded a cover of the song for his 1977 bossa nova album Amoroso.
 * Plácido Domingo (received a Grammy nomination for Best Latin Pop Performance in 1983)
 * Cesária Évora featured on her "Best Of" album in 1998.
 * Pedro Vargas (inducted into the Latin Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001)
 * Zoé (nominated for a Latin Grammy for Record of the Year in 2012)

title: Bésame Mucho


text:
User:Func

 Away My apologies, I am away from Wikipedia for an extended period of time. Func( t, c, @,) 14:42, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

User:Func/wpfunc

Func and AdmN
Hi. My former user name was AdmN. It was recently pointed out to me by a member of the Wikipedia family that AdmN could be construed as meaning Administrator. As I work with system admins on a daily basis, this should have occured to me as well, but sometimes I am quite dense. ;-) Lest I forget:

Func stands for function, of the programming language kind. I wish to assure everyone that it does not stand for something like Wikipedia functionary. ;-)
 * func(talk) 21:25, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Ha, ha...we have an actual Category called Category:Wikipedia functionaries. :) func (talk) 05:31, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Me and My Edits
In all the world, I have only two areas of expertise, JavaScript and AppleScript. Yes, I know... that's sad.

I consider all contributions I make to Wikipedia to be in the public domain, (Wikipedia may do anything it wishes with my edits). One point to make about this: if you find something on the Internet that is said to be in the "public domain", this does not mean that you can take it and claim to be the original author... because that's just stupid. Nevertheless, Wikipedia content is not in the public domain, please see Copyrights for information on using Wikipedia content.

I have a bad habit of getting very frustrated and wanting to leave wikipedia forever... but something always pulls me back in... which is also frustrating. :( 18:47, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

About Me
Among other things, I am interested in articles involving
 * My home town of Philadelphia, especially the neighborhoods of
 * Roxborough and
 * Manayunk.
 * Computers and their
 * programming languages, especially my own area of (some very slight) expertise:
 * scripting languages, most especially those for the
 * Apple Macintosh computer, though not necessarily those of direct Unix origin.
 * In fact, language in general facinates me, although I can't remember a single word from my high school
 * Spanish. Oddly enough, I do remember Petronius's "manus manum lavat," from my
 * Latin class in elementary school).
 * Most of the geeky topics that any self-respecting nerd-onaut would be interested in:
 * Star Trek, but not so much Star Wars
 * The various literary endeavors of J. R. R. Tolkien, but please: no Harry Potter
 * Computer humor, such as
 * Why do programmers confuse Halloween and Christmas? Because Oct 31 equals Dec 25.
 * There are only 10 kinds of people in the world, those who read binary and those who don't.
 * We won't have to worry about the Y2K problem until 2048.

In addition to general incompetence, one very good reason to be wary of any article I contribute to is my unbelievably bad spelling: '''Bad Spellers of the World: Untie!!! ... or iTune!!!''' ... or something.

I have an ambition to create my own scripting language... using only duct tape, a coffee cup, and a butter knife. Of course, there are more sensible ways to create a scripting language, but you have to be a Real Programmer to know about them.

There are many different kinds of vandals here on Wikipedia. Some are highly intelligent and witty, like the individuals who deface Geogre's page with poetry in sonnet form; and then there are the children who add things like this to my user page:

 * big giant monkey ball face man
 * I love to touch the sac of many a fine manasaur

I am not entirely sure what a "manasaur" is, as I am not familiar with dinosaur types.

For a serious discussion on the topic of vandalism, please read: Friends of gays should not be allowed to edit articles. func (talk) 03:15, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Every now and then you meet a man whose ignorance is encyclopedic. -- Stanislaw Jerzy Lec

Red Links to Turn Blue

 * People
 * Clara Thompson
 * Joseph Cheesman Thompson
 * No relation between Clara and Joseph, but oddly enough, they seem to have dated.
 * Consuelo Seoane J. C. Thompson and Seoane were spies together... this research is getting stranger and stranger!
 * Lady Nithsdale
 * Alexis Buss General Secretary-Treasurer of the Industrial Workers of the World, (and a former classmate of mine).
 * Ronald Bass, greatest screenwriter ever, no article...sad.

 * Places

 * Things
 * Late Night Software
 * Script Debugger ...(which reminds me: Main Event Software and possibly Cal Simone)
 * Affrus
 * And no, I don't work for the company. ;-)
 * USPRO Championship and Liberty Classic an important bike race, and no article on it.

 * Jesup North Pacific Expedition
 * Morris K. Jesup
 * Waldemar Jochelson and Dina Jochelson Brodsky
 * Waldemar Bogoras and Sofia Bogoras
 * Berthold Laufer
 * Alexander Axelrod
 * Norman G. Buxton
 * George Hunt
 * James Teit
 * Harlan Smith
 * Livingston Farrand
 * Roland B. Dixon
 * Gerard Fowke
 * Possibly related, but I can't confirm yet: Yukaghir love letter, (will need redirects to Siberian love letter and Yukaghir epistle).

List of women's names that have another meaning in modern English
I've noticed that Wikipedia is filled with lots of silly List of ... lists, so I've decided to start my own. Please feel free to contribute, making sure to insert your entry in alphabetical order:

 * It is OK if they are spelt differently.

 * Abbie
 * Abigail - colloquial term for a female servant
 * Amaryllis
 * Amber
 * Amelia
 * Angel
 * Apple
 * April
 * Barb
 * Belle
 * Beryl
 * Blossom
 * Brandy
 * Brittany (or Britney)
 * Brooke
 * Cadence
 * Candy
 * Cat (or Kat)
 * Carol
 * Carrie
 * Charity
 * Chastity
 * Chelsea (a location in the United Kingdom)
 * Cher (sounds like share)
 * Cherry
 * Clare
 * Constance
 * Crystal
 * Daisy
 * Dakota
 * Dale
 * Dawn
 * Desire
 * Destiny
 * Diamond
 * Dolly
 * Erica
 * Eve
 * Faith
 * Felicity
 * Fern
 * Flora
 * Florence
 * Gay
 * Gayle (gale)
 * Georgia
 * Ginger
 * Gloria
 * Grace
 * Harmony
 * Hazel
 * Heather
 * Holly
 * Honey
 * Honour
 * Honor
 * Hope
 * India
 * Iris
 * Ivy
 * Jade
 * Jasmine
 * Jean
 * Jenny
 * Jewel
 * Jo (also spelt Joe - Scottish term for a beautiful woman)
 * Joy
 * June
 * Kerry
 * Kitty
 * Lavender
 * Lily
 * Luna
 * Magnolia
 * Melena
 * Marigold
 * Marina
 * Mary (marry, though pronunciation can differ in various English dialects)
 * May and (Mei), also as "Mother, may I?"
 * Melody
 * Mercedes
 * Minnie, (mini)
 * Misty
 * Myrtle
 * Nat
 * Nell (knell)
 * Olive
 * Opal
 * Pat
 * Patience
 * Patty
 * Pearl
 * Peg
 * Penny
 * Phil
 * Primrose
 * Prudence
 * Robin
 * Rose
 * Rosemary
 * Ruby
 * Rumer
 * Rutabaga
 * Ruth (pity, hence "ruthless")
 * Ruth
 * Sally
 * Sam (SAM, Surface to Air Missile)
 * Scout
 * Serendipity
 * Serenity
 * Sharon
 * Sherry
 * Sue
 * Taylor
 * Tori (Tory)
 * Verity
 * Verona
 * Violet
 * Wednesday

Perhaps at some time in the future, someone will find the above to be encyclopedic. ;-)

Tote the Ranks

 * Please note: tote the ranks is just one of the many possible anagrams for "Theresa Knott". ;-)

OK, I've been here a little while, and I have to confess that I haven't really drunk the Kool-Aid over Wiki-philosophy (yes, I have). There is a ridiculous amount of time spent over the reverting of anon IP edits, and a truly stupendous amount of wasted time trying to implement ineffective bans on clearly abusive users. In addition to requiring users to supply a legitimate email address and password, I also think that we need a firmer command structure. This is my proposal:

Rank                  ASCII Insignia Jimbo Usurper                     (!!!!!!) Troop mascot Supreme Wiki Administrator               (******) Wiki Administrator               (*****~) Vice Administrator               (*****) Field Marshal Administrator               (****~) Home Office Administrator               (****) Front Administrator               (***~) Rear Administrator               (***) Brigadier Administrator               (**~) Commander Administrator               (**) Lieutenant Administrator               (*~) Administrator               (*) Warrant Administrator               (~) Supreme Wiki Muse                        <<<<***>>> Tactical Muse                        <<<<+++>>> Gunnery Muse                        <<<<+++>> Muse                        <<<<+++> Supreme Editor                      <<<<++> Editor Extraordinaire       <<<<+> Chief Master Editor                      <<<>< Master Chief Editor                      <<<<> Chief Editor                      <<<< Tactical Editor                      <<< Gunnery Editor                      << Editor                      < Chief Writer                      =++++= Lance Writer                      =+++= Staff Writer                      =++= Writer                      =+= Reader, 1st Class           -+++- Reader, 2nd Class           -++- Reader's Apprentice         -+- Buck Newbie                      /// Warrant Newbie                      // Potential Vandal                      /

It seems that my little Wikipedian micronation is growing. ;-) Current membership is as follows:

If you too would like to tote the ranks and eventually make your way up to a 6 asterisk Administrator, all you have to do is... er, I don't know, just be nice to me or something. ;-) 23:18, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Troop mascot SlimVirgin [[Image:meh.gif]]
 * Wiki Administrator User:Raul654 (*****~)
 * Field Marshal Administrator Theresa Knott (Tart, knees hot) (****~)
 * Lieutenant Administrator Joyous (*~)
 * Tactical Muse η [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ] <<<<+++>>>
 * Gunnery Muse Catherine <<<<+++>>
 * Editor Extraordinaire Danakil <<<<+>
 * Administrator Func (*)
 * Cabal Troll ugen64 \
 * Conscientious objector Grace Note ;-)
 * Administrative whipping post Sasquatch (*OW*)
 * Tactical Editor Alphax <<<
 * Reader, 1st Class Howabout1 -+++-
 * Gennery Editor Trevdna <<

I'm Not Fond of Brag Lists
Today, I contributed my first new article to WP, and within hours, it became featured on the Main Page in the Did you know... section. Now that's my idea of encouragement. :) func(talk) 02:13, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Sometime during the last few hours, I achieved my 2,000 edit. In truth, not terribly impressive, given that I've been here, on and off, since July of last year. func (talk) 06:46, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Happy birthday to me!
 * I'm as old as a redwood tree.
 * Happy birthday to me!
 * I'm a knight who says ni!
 * func (talk) 17:55, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Happy 1 year anniversary to me,
 * I shout out with glee!
 * My first edit was spam-like,
 * as anyone can see!
 * Func( t, c ) 05:26, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Best edit summary ever: Blast Func and his quick reverts!,. Note: this user was trying to change the name of the character "Neo" to "Negro", and using the edit summary "slight typo correction". :) Func( t, c ) 18:57, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Sometime today or yesterday, User:Func aquired his 4,000 edit. Combined with his old edits as User:AdmN, I've probably been a member of the 4,000 club for maybe 2 weeks or so. Func( t, c ) 19:21, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

On August 3, 2005, my good wiki-friend Joyous nominated me for adminship! :)

On August 10, 2005, my request for adminship succeeded, with 112 support votes, (which appears to be a record...no doubt soon to be broken). :) I am extremely honored and humbled by the experience. I very much want to be a trusted and respected member of the Wikipedia community. Please don't hesitate to bring up any concerns you may ever have with any administrative task I might perform. I believe in full accountability. Func( t, c, e, ) 17:48, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

List of differences between Sweden and Switzerland
... ... ... ...
 * Sweden is a Baltic power.
 * Switzerland is NOT a Balkan power.
 * Switzerland is always neutral.
 * Sweden is always neutral... until they are conquered by someone.
 * Sweden is surrounded by water and Vikings.
 * Switzerland is a landlocked country surrounded by bank accounts.
 * Swedish women are HOT!!!
 * Swiss women are HOT!!! ...and they do NOT wear lederhosen!!!
 * The Swedes eat a lot of seafood.
 * The Swiss eat venison, and a lot of other foods from the middle ages.

Points of Interest

 * Neither Sweden or Switzerland makes LEGOs.
 * The nationality of the Swedish Chef has been called into question, as muppets are not thought to be indigenous.

title: User:Func


text:
Model Railroader

Model Railroader (MR) is an American magazine about the hobby of model railroading. Founded in 1934 by Al C. Kalmbach, it is published monthly by Kalmbach Media of Waukesha, Wisconsin. Commonly found on newsstands and in libraries, it promotes itself as the oldest magazine of its type in the United States, although it is the long-standing competitor to Railroad Model Craftsman, which - originally named The Model Craftsman - predates MR by one year.

MR is considered to be a general-interest hobby magazine, appealing to a wide range of hobbyists, rather than specializing in a particular scale, or facet of the hobby (such as prototype operations or scratch building and kitbashing). Model Railroader covers a variety of scales and modeling techniques for engines, rolling stock, right-of-way, structures, and scenery. It reviews products including ready-to-run models as well as kits, tools and supplies. The magazine presents blueprints and photographs of prototype equipment, as well as photographs of models and layouts.

A longstanding philosophy of modeling is manifest in its editorial features of layout design and operation, in which the model is viewed as a three-dimensional and temporal compression of the real world, so that, for example, the motive power, freight, trackage and scenery of a real-world railroad are formed into a layout which captures the spirit of not only the equipment and region of the railroad but also its purpose and how it operates.

The magazine is published under. Individual issues use the UPC 074820085486.

History
The Model Railroader began publication in the summer of 1933, with a cover date of January 1934. A press release announcing the magazine appeared in August 1933, but did not receive much interest. The bank refused to loan Kalmbach any money, many felt sorry for him, and a few told him he was crazy.

His first wife, Bernice, herself a journalist, encouraged and helped Al put The Model Railroader together. Though they originally saw it as a sideline business to their commercial printing operations, soon they were devoting seven days a week to the venture.

The magazine was well received by model railroaders, and the young publisher carried the entire first press run (272 copies) by streetcar to be mailed. By July 1934, paid circulation exceeded 1,000 copies. Growth continued, but the magazine was not an immediate success. The magazine became profitable after three years. It took Kalmbach seven years to pay off the loans used to launch the magazine.

World War II introduced paper rationing, which dampened the growth of the Kalmbach Publishing Company. At the end of the war, MR's circulation was 18,000. 1949, MR's circulation had grown to 82,000. 1950, MR's circulation had grown to 104,000, thanks in part to a boom in interest in model railroading. As of 2007, the magazine had a monthly paid circulation of more than 160,000. 2017 the year's final issue garnered a reported circulation figure that fell below 100,000.

The magazine, and Kalmbach Publishing (now Kalmbach Media), celebrated its 85th anniversary in 2019.

The magazine had to relocate 3 times, the original location was on 545 S. 84th Street (now a car wash) and later relocated to 1027 N. 7th Street (now part of Milwaukee Public Television and Milwaukee Area Technical College) and, in 1989, formally moved to 21027 Crossroads Circle in nearby Waukesha.

Another thing Model Railroader  has is their own railroad, the Milwaukee, Racine and Troy, is located on the second floor of the current offices and just celebrated its 45th anniversary since being built (the original was located on the 3rd floor of the old offices at 1027 N. 7th Street which was in operation from 1975 to 1989 )

In May 2024, longtime publisher Kalmbach Media divested of Model Railroader and other railroad interest magazines to publisher Firecrown Media.

Features
Typical feature articles in each month's issue include:
 * Layout tours - A layout story with a detailed track plan and behind-the-scenes modeling and construction tips.
 * How-to projects - Tips and techniques for modeling scenery, structures, rolling stock, and electronics.
 * Prototype information - Detailed drawings historical and technical information on how real railroads and lineside industries function.
 * Track plans - Sample designs for model railroads the average hobbyist could build.

Regular monthly columns and departments include:
 * News and Products - Quick looks at new products available in the hobby.
 * Railway Post Office - Letters from readers.
 * Step-by-Step - Tackles a different project each month to help you build a better layout.
 * Ask MR - Q&A about prototype railroading and model railroading. Also includes tips by readers. This department was created by merging workshop and Information Desk.
 * DCC Corner - Get to know model train operation using Digital Command Control.
 * Product reviews - A look at new models on the market and how well they perform.
 * Trackside Photos - Inspirational photos featuring the work of fellow hobbyists.
 * Trains of Thought - Every month model railroad expert Tony Koester looks at the philosophical side of model railroading.
 * On Operation - How to reproduce prototype operations on a model railroad.
 * N Scale Insight - From March 2011, former editor Jim Kelly will begin a column looking at N scale modelling.

Special issues and other media
Model Railroader publishes two annual special issues:
 * Great Model Railroads showcases 10-12 spectacular model railroads, including large, inspirational photographs, detailed track plans, and how-to information.
 * Model Railroad Planning deals with aspects of designing and constructing a model railroad. Typical articles focus on reproducing prototype track arrangements, overcoming modeling obstacles, and researching prototype railroads.

Other special issues on various aspects of the hobby are released on an irregular basis. Titles have included 102 Track Plans for Model Railroaders, How to Build Realistic Layouts, and How to Build More Layout in Less Space.

A bi-monthly web video show, Modeler's Spotlight Video - Inside Cody's Office, is available to magazine subscribers via MR's website. The show introduces new products, offers modeling tips, and a viewer mail segment (along with the occasional blooper at the end).

Many of the blueprints, layout plans, articles on operation and signaling, and methods of construction of bridges, structures and scenery are also collected in books published by Kalmbach Books. These are useful to modelers in general, railroad historians, and are valuable references on the steam and diesel eras.

Past MR articles are also collected in PDF form and distributed via the magazine's website and available through their digital archive.

Model Railroader staff members participated in the production of the Dream-Plan-Build video series, which was offered by subscription. The DVDs focused on prototype railroading information, layout visits, and modeling techniques.

Model Railroader also produced Model Railroader Video Plus (MRVP) which does layout tours, tips and tricks, and shows like: Cody's Workshop with Cody Grivno, Drew's Trackside Adventures with Drew Halverson, Off The Rails with Gerry Leone, Ask MRVP with David Popp (now called Ask Trains), Let's Make a Scene with Kathy Millatt, It's My Railroad with Steve Brown, Rehab My Railroad, History According to Hediger with Jim Hediger, The Hills Line with James McNabb, Tuck's Toy Trains with John Truckenbrod and many more. MRVP made its debut back in 2013 and is available to magazine subscribers as part of trains.com.

Cultural impact
The model train hobbyists the magazine has profiled over the years include a number of celebrities, including Michael Gross and Rod Stewart.

Model Railroader also has several other "sister" magazines, also published by Kalmbach, including such titles as Trains magazine, Classic Trains, Garden Railways, and Classic Toy Trains. They are often advertised in Model Railroader, and on occasion, an article will refer to these other magazines.

title: Model Railroader