text:
RPS

RPS may refer to:

Societies

 * Royal Pharmaceutical Society, in the United Kingdom
 * Royal Philharmonic Society, in the United Kingdom
 * Royal Photographic Society, in the United Kingdom
 * Racial Preservation Society, a defunct British pressure group

Schools

 * Ralston Public Schools
 * Regina Public Schools
 * Revere Public Schools
 * Ridgewood Preparatory School
 * Rutgers Preparatory School, New Jersey, US

Groups

 * Reform Party of Syria
 * Rajasthan Police Service, India
 * Swedish National Police Board (Rikspolisstyrelsen)

Measures

 * Requests per second, a measure of resource use
 * Rounds per second, the rate of fire of a firearm
 * Revolutions per second

Systems

 * Reactor Protective System, of a nuclear power plant
 * Radioisotope Power System, or Radioisotope thermoelectric generator, of a spacecraft

Companies and organizations

 * Rising Pune Supergiant, an Indian cricket team
 * Roadway Package System, a package delivery company which became FedEx Ground
 * RPS Group, a consultancy in the United Kingdom

Games and gaming

 * Rock paper scissors, a hand game
 * Rock Paper Shotgun, a UK video game website

Other uses

 * Real People Slash, a type of real person fiction
 * Receive packet steering of computing interrupts
 * Record of Protected Structures under the Irish Planning and Development Act 2000
 * Regulated Product Submissions, a US health standard
 * Renewable portfolio standard of energy
 * Republic of the Philippines Ship, a prefix formerly used by ships of the Philippine Navy
 * Roket Pengorbit Satelit, RPS-01, an Indonesian satellite launcher family

title: RPS


text:
Supreme Court of Pakistan

The Supreme Court of Pakistan (Adālat-e-Uzma Pākistān) is the apex court in the judicial hierarchy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Established in accordance with Part VII of the Constitution of Pakistan, it has ultimate and extensive appellate, original, and advisory jurisdictions on all courts (including the high courts, district, special and Shariat court), involving issues of laws and may act on the verdicts rendered on the cases in context in which it enjoys jurisdiction. In the court system of Pakistan, the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of legal and constitutional disputes as well as final interpreter of constitutional law, and the highest court of appeal in Pakistan.

In its modern composition, the Supreme Court is incorporated of Chief Justice of Pakistan, sixteen justices and two ad hoc who are confirmed to their appointment by the President upon their nominations from the Prime Minister's selection based on their merited qualifications. Once appointed, justices are expected to complete a designated term and then retire at 65 years old, unless their term is terminated through resignation or impeachment by the Supreme Judicial Council resulted in a presidential reference in regards to the misconduct of judge(s). In their discourse judgement, the justices are often categorized as having the conservative, textual, moderate, and liberal philosophies of law in their judicial interpretation of law and judgements.

The Supreme Court has a permanent seat in Islamabad and meets at the Supreme Court Building at the Red Zone.

History

In 1861, the British government in India enacted the Indian High Courts Act that created the high courts in all over the Indian subcontinent in various provinces while abolishing the supreme courts Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Lahore, and also the Panchayati system in autonomous presidencies.

Until the enactment of the Government of India Act 1935 in 1935 that created the Federal Court, these new high courts had the distinctionary powers of being the highest Courts for all cases. The Federal Court had wide range of jurisdictions to resolve disputes between the provinces, presidencies, and the Government of India Act 1935, often hearing appeals against judgements of the High Courts.

After the independence of Pakistan as an aftermath of British partition of India in 1947, the Federal Court was also partitioned between India and Pakistan as Justice Sir Harilal Kania became the first Chief Justice of India and Justice Sir Abdul Rashid becoming the first Chief Justice of Pakistan.

While the tradition of British law culture continues to remain an integral part of the judiciary, the modern existence of the Supreme Court of Pakistan came when the first set of the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated on 23 March 1956. The ratification of the Constitution of Pakistan reestablished the Supreme Court in 1956, replacing the name "Federal Court" to "Supreme Court", initially had its seat in Karachi where the Sindh High Court exists now. In successive years, the Supreme Court was moved to Lahore High Court until the Supreme Court was permanently moved into its new building constructed in Islamabad in 1964.

Constitution of the court
Although the Supreme Court was established pursuant to the Government of India Act 1935, the modern structure of the court was reestablished by the second set in 1956, and restructured by the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973 where a significant part of the Constitution is dedicated towards the restructuring of the Supreme Court.

The Part VII of the Constitution, ranges from articles 176 through 191, deals with the powers, composition, rules, and responsibilities of the Supreme Court.

These articles concern:
 * Article 176 – Composition of the Court
 * Article 177 – Appointment and qualifications of the Chief Justice
 * Article 178 – Oath of office
 * Article 179 – Retirement
 * Article 180 – Vacancy, absence, or inability of the Chief Justice
 * Article 181 – Vacancy, absence, or inability of other justices
 * Article 182 – Ad hoc appointments of justices
 * Article 183 – Location of Court
 * Article 184 – Jurisdiction in a dispute between two or more governments
 * Article 185 – Jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals
 * Article 186 – If requested, advise the President on important matters of law
 * Article 186A – Authority to transfer venue
 * Article 187 – Orders and subpoenas
 * Article 188 – Power to review its own judgements and orders
 * Article 189 – Binding nature of Supreme Court's decisions on all other Pakistani Courts
 * Article 190 – All executive and judicial authorities in Pakistan bound to aid the Supreme Court

Size of Court
The Part VII of the Constitution of Pakistan reconstituted the composition of Supreme Court and the high courts but it does not specify the number of justices to be served in the Supreme Court. Qualifications to be served as a supreme court justice are strictly imposed that are based on merit, personal intellectualism, and experiences as a judge in the high courts.

In 1947, the Supreme Court consisted of a Chief Justice and six senior judges from Sindh, Punjab, NWFP, Balochistan, and East Bengal. Over the several successive years, the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate, leading the Supreme Court requesting the Parliament to increase the number of judges. As the number of the justices has increased, they sit in smaller benches of two or three (referred to as a division bench ), however, coming together in larger benches of five or more (referred to as a constitution bench) when required to settle fundamental questions of law.

Eligibility, nomination and confirmation
The nomination of justices in the Supreme Court comes from an executive selection made by the Prime Minister based on judges' merited qualifications, personal intellectualism, and experiences as judge in high courts. The President then confirms the nomination summary and eventually appoints the Chief Justice and judges in the Supreme Court.

The Constitution states that a nominee is not eligible unless they are:

Since the 1990s, the nomination and confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the print press and electronic media, as news media often comments on the executive's selection for the appointment. Appointments of Chief Justices Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui, S.A. Shah, Iftikhar Chaudhry, Faisal Arab, and T.H. Jillani Saqib Nisar and Asif Saeed Khosa have gain prominent attention from media in all over the country, mainly due to their ideological and philosophical leanings.
 * A citizen of Pakistan who:
 * has for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than five years been a judge of a High Court (including a High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day); or
 * has for a period of, or for periods aggregating not less than fifteen years been an advocate of a High Court (including a High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day).

Furthermore, the major and influential recommendations for judges to be elevated at the Supreme Court as justices comes from the Judicial Commission that is chaired by the Chief Justice of Pakistan who prepares the qualification summary before the nomination sent to executive.

Ad–hoc appointments and removal
There has been Ad hoc appointment in the Supreme Court made when the quorum of Judges is not possible to complete the sitting number of justices in the court, or if it is necessary to increase the number of justices in the Supreme Court. The nomination comes directly from the Judicial Commission chaired by the Chief Justice who prepares the nomination summary as President confirms their appointments.

As of current, there are two justices are on the ad hoc appointment that are from the Federal Sharia Court.

A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed under the Constitution only on grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity and by an order of the President of Pakistan. A written reference has to be sent to the Supreme Judicial Council that will conduct the hearings of allegations of misconduct that would determine the removal of judge.

Tenureship, salaries and post-retirement
The Judicial Commission determines the salary, other allowances, leave of absence, pension, etc. of the Supreme Court justices. A Supreme Court justice gets ₨. 558,907.00 ($5,333.85) with additional allowances of ₨. 259,009.00 ($2471.81). Other benefits include the free housing and medical treatment as well as tax-free electricity bills. A judge who has retired as a justice of the Supreme Court is debarred from practising in any court of law or before any other authority in Pakistan.

Judicial independence
The Supreme Court has the explicit de jure powers and enjoys the powerful judicial independence to block the exercise of certain Prime Minister's executive powers or Parliament's legislative powers that repugnant to Constitution. The Supreme Court has maintained its institutional integrity and has been able to maintain its authority to some degree in the face of martial law in Pakistan in last decades.

In another example of a de jure power granted to the Court, article 17 of the Constitution states:

"Every citizen, not being in the service of (State of) Pakistan, shall have the right to form or be a member of a political party, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan and such law shall provide that where the Government declare that any political party has been formed or is operating in a manner prejudicial to the sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan, the Federal Government shall, within fifteen days of such declaration, refer the matter to the Supreme Court whose decision on such reference shall be final."

The Supreme Court thus provides, in principle, an important safeguard against the abuse of laws that could potentially have politically repressive consequences or in clear violation of human rights.

The Constitution also allows the Supreme Court to exercise powers and take sua sponte actions against the person, regardless of its statue, or the authority, of being disobedient to or disrespectful towards the Supreme Court, its justices, and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the Supreme Court's institutional integrity and popular authority.

In 1997, Chief Justice S.A. Shah found Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif of contempt of court but the order itself was voided by the Supreme Judicial Council. In 2012, Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry retroactively barred Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani of holding the office after the latter was found of in charges of court of contempt and refusing to follow the court's orders.

In 2013, the Supreme Court took suo motu actions against populist Imran Khan of criticising against the judgement of the Supreme Court's senior judges in regards to the elections. The case was later dropped when Attorney-General assured the Supreme Court justices that Imran Khan did not insubordinate the judiciary.

Court demographics
In practice awarded by Constitution, judges of the supreme court have been selected so far, mostly from amongst judges of the high courts. The Constitution allows the judges to be appointed at the Supreme Court regardless of colour, race, and religious sect. Justices A.S.M. Akram, Fazal Akbar, Amin Ahmed, Abdus Sattar, Hameedur Rahman, and Hamoodur Rahman (Chief Justice) were the Bengali/Bihari jurists who served as senior justices in the Supreme Court. In 1960, Justice Alvin Robert Cornelius became the first Christian to be served as Chief Justice, while George Constantine also served in the Court.

In the 1970s–1980s, Justice Dorab Patel was the first Zorastrian, followed by Justice Rustom Sidwa who served as Supreme Court justice from 1989 until 1993. Justice Rana Bhagwandas was the first Hindu jurist who has distinction being the Chief Justice of Pakistan in 2007. Justice Qazi Faez Isa is of the Hazara descent who is currently serving as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

In January 2022, Ayesha Malik was sworn in as the first female Supreme Court judge.

Judicial and philosophical leanings
The jurists/judges do not represent or receive the official political endorsements from the nation's political parties which is an acceptable professional practice in the executive branch of the government. As their American counterparts in the U.S. Supreme Court, the Jurists philosophical leanings in the Supreme Court are often categorized as conservative, moderate, liberal, and textualist that reflected in their judicial interpretation of the judgements in the impending cases of importance.

In 1947, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah confirmed the nomination of Justice Sir Abdul Rashid, at the behest of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali-Khan, was said to be a national conservative leanings in his judgement. His successor, Chief Justice Muh'd Munir, was a liberal in his jurisprudence but sided with conservative judgement when validated dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly in 1954 and the National Assembly in 1958 in the light of doctrine of necessity. Under the Chief Justice Muh'd Shahabuddin, the Supreme Court had the conservative leanings in regards to the constitutionalism and their judgements in the cases of important issues. Chief Justice Shahabuddin plays a crucial role in drafting the second set of the Constitution of Pakistan which incorporated the liberal ideas with the important Islamic provisions.

In 1960, President Ayub Khan appointed Justice Alvin Robert Cornelius who took much liberal approach in his jurisprudence when deciding cases on fundamental rights against the executive overreach. Justice Cornelius led Supreme Court's verdicts on many constitutional cases were carefully sided with the Islamic ideas but provided much broader role of liberal ideas to safeguard the fundamental rights of the ordinary citizens while being critical of the state emergency.

In 1968, the Supreme Court was greatly divided when Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman presided the case hearings after President Yahya Khan declared martial law and suspended the writ of the constitution. In the views of Chief Justice Rahman, the martial law was invalid and notably ruled that Yahya Khan's assumption of power was "illegal usurpation". The Supreme Court also overruled and overturned its convictions that called for validation of martial law in 1958. Despite rulings, there was a split decision between the moderate justices, including Chief Justice Rahman, and conservative leaning justices of the Supreme Court who "condoned" the actions in the light of "doctrine of necessity". The de jure powers of the Supreme Court have increased since presiding the War Enquiry Commission in 1974, intervening in the events that Supreme Court justices viewed as violation of human rights by the executive authorities.

In 1977, the Supreme Court had again legalized the martial law in the light of "doctrine of necessity" and denied taking petitions to review its decision. During this time, Supreme Court justices were described as notoriously conservative and only a few moderates, appointed by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as his role as President in 1971–73. The Supreme Court, however, did take the petitions to review the case of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, after his counsels filed an appeal against the verdict of Lahore High Court. The Constitution Bench formed under Chief Justice Sh. Anwarul Haq, had contained Justice Muhammad Akram, Justice Dorab Patel, Justice Mohammad Haleem, Justice Nasim Hasan Shah, Justice Ghulam safdar Shah, Justice Kareem Illahi, Justice Waheedudin Ahmad, and Justice Kaisar Khan. By 1979, the Supreme Court greatly divided with Justice Dorab Patel, Justice G.S. Shah, and Justice Moh'd Haleem, who had the moderate and liberal leanings in their jurisprudence strongly disagreed with Bhutto's sentence of Capital punishment. On the other hand, Chief Justice Haq, Justice N.H. Shah, Justice Waheedudin Ahmad, and Justice Kaisar Khan, were described as having conservative/texualist ideology in their rulings and found Bhutto suitable for capital punishment; hence, marking a split decision by 4:3.

In 1993, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto controversially elevated the Supreme Court jurist, SA Shah, who had known for his liberal jurisprudence, as Chief Justice over two senior ranking jurists at the Supreme Court. However, Justice Shah's judicial leanings did not protected the Benazir' administration when it was dismissed by President Farooq Leghari over allegations on corruption. In 1997, judicial crises reached its peak when Supreme Judicial Council took up the case against Justice Shah's appointment who eventually resigned from his office and succeeded by conservative jurist Ajmal Mian, only to be replaced with conservative jurist Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui as the new Chief Justice.

On 12 October 1999, the Supreme Court partially validated the martial law in the light of "doctrine of necessity" on the technicality but Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui decided to hear the petitions over the legality of the martial law. Although, the Supreme Court had only validated the martial law for three-years only, the Supreme Court's jurists and Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui in clear view of this coup as a "violation of constitution" as Sharif's lawyers made a ground base for finding Musharraf of treason.

General Musharraf, acting as Chief Executive, forcefully retired the conservative leaning jurists and elevated the judges who had known to have libertarian views in their jurisprudence at the Supreme Court, including Justice Irshad Hasan as Chief Justice. In 2002, The Supreme Court supervised the general elections successfully oversaw the transition of power from the office of Chief Executive to Prime minister. The legalization of Contempt of court act further strengthened the judicial independence of the Supreme Court in 2004 when Shaukat Aziz became prime minister.

In a lecture in November 2022, Justice Ayesha A. Malik observed an increasing tendency to bring political and social issues to court that would be more suited for resolution within parliament or by the executive. Noting that this is the point at which balancing of power, judicial restraint (refraining from undue interference in other branches of government) and legal clarity become relevant, Malik expressed the view that courts should not act solely on compassion but instead prioritize upholding the rule of law.

Court composition
The justices and jurists of the supreme court are set to retire at the age of 65, unless the jurists sooner resign or are removed from office, or records written reasons for deviating from this rule in accordance with the Constitution. By an act of parliament of 1997, there is a fixed number of justices at 17 and, as of current, there are currently sixteen judges and one vacancy that is yet to fill. There are two ad hoc appointment of the jurists from the Federal Shariat Court to assist with religiosity concerned cases.

Chief Justice of Pakistan and justices
As of current formation, Qazi Faez Isa is tenuring as the Chief Justice of Pakistan, having been appointed on 17 September 2023. The Supreme Court is currently composed of the following justices (in order of seniority), that included the sixteen regular judges including the Chief Justice and two ad hoc judges who were reappointed again after their retirement.

The ad hoc appointments are due to fill the Shariat Appellate Bench that is composed on legal scholars that has expertised on Islamic jurisprudence since its establishment in 1980. The ad hoc appointments for this bench are drawn either from the Federal Shariat Court or from among the Clergy. Decisions made the Federal Shariat Court may be appealed to the Appellate Bench, as the Appellate Bench of Supreme Court is the final authority on Islamic interpretation of law in Pakistan.

Registry and officers
The registry of the Supreme Court is its appointed officers who is assisted by registrars, several additional and deputy registrars, gazetted officers, and other law clerks. The registry branches provides speedy justice of all nature of crimes and disputes to the people living in remote areas in the country, while keeping the civil registry of the people.

There are five registry of the supreme court: Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, and Quetta.

The Officers and Registrars are appointed by the supreme court with the approval from the chief justices of High Courts and the President and may make rules providing for the appointment by for their terms and conditions of employment that is granted by the Constitution.

Law clerks and supreme court advocates
The Supreme Court has an extensive competitive program for the appointment of the law clerks and research associates at the Supreme Court Library. The Supreme Court hires the law clerks based on the recommendations provided by their professors from their respected universities and colleges. Law clerks reviews the petitions for writ of certiorari, research them, prepare bench memorandums, and draft opinions, and reported back to the supreme court's administrative registrar. As of current, the supreme court has 10 law clerks for the 2016–17 year.

The Pakistan Bar Council provides qualification for senior advocates, barristers, lawyers, and selected civil court judges to be elevated as Advocate Supreme Court (ASC) based on individual experience, qualifications, and selected invitations.

Court campus and facilities

The Supreme Court Building is located at the Constitution Avenue in Islamabad, flanked by the Prime Minister's Office to the south, the Presidential Palace and the Parliament Building to the north.

Initially, the Supreme Court met in Karachi and later moved to Lahore/Rawalpindi on various location until 1960 after the government moved to Islamabad. The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Islamabad Police, maintaining the law and order as well as campus security of the court.

The Supreme Court Building is designed by the renowned Japanese architect, Kenzo Tange, in a modernist style complementing the Parliament Building. The CDA Engineering and the Environmental Protection Agency supervised the engineering the Supreme Court's monument and civil works infrastructure throughout its lengthy construction since the 1960s. In the 1980s–90s, CDA Engineering later expanded infrastructure of the Supreme Court especially when building the Supreme Court's law library. |

The Court Complex is comprised on Main Central Block, Judges Chamber's block, and Administrative Block, covering 339,861sq. ft2. Administration of the Court is supervised by the Chief Justice who exercise the powers through the Registrars, Law clerks, Librarians, and private secretaries to run the judicial functions in proper manner.

The Court complex judges' chambers, a separate building consisting of the law library, various meeting spaces, and auxiliary services including a lecture auditorium. There is an Elizabethan-styled Entrance Hall, cafeteria, conference rooms, and a vintage Dining hall, that resembles the Victorian era. The Supreme Court Library contains the collection of 72,000 law books, reports and journals is situated in the basement.

Supreme Court Museum
The Supreme Court Museum serves as an invaluable repository for preserving the Judicial History of Post and pre-Independence era for future generation. The Museum's collections include fine arts, oral histories, photographs, personal belongings of judges and chief justices and an archival collection of rare documents. These collections are displayed in the permanent exhibit gallery of the Museum, as well as in temporary exhibits; surely in future these archival materials will be assets to the researchers. The idea of Supreme Court Museum was dreamt in year 2010 by Chief Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani and completed in the June 2016.

Jurisdiction
The Supreme Court has all the original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction on all of the country's courts – hence, the Supreme Court is the final arbitrator of all cases where the decision has been reached. In 1976, the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was constrained and limited by the passing of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution but its powers were originally restored in 1985 through the Eighth Amendment, which further expanded the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court enjoys a powerful jurisdiction in the country including on the federal government, provincial governments, governmental agencies, NGOs, and where the government and governmental agencies fails to perform its mandated duty to protect the basic human rights or deviating from the law in light of taking the Suo motu notice.

From 2008 to 2013, the Supreme Court repeatedly exercise its suo motu power in a view of check and balance on the governmental authorities to prevent abuse of human rights and to prevent the miscarriage of justice.

The independent jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is taken as positive by the legal observers as an attempt of providing a fair, speedy, and public trial of authorities accused of abusing the basic human rights. Commenting of the issue of suo motu, Justice K.M. Sharif critically opined: "[Supreme Court]'s jurisdiction will take notice of every matter in which the executive is showing slackness." The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over the direct appeals from high courts decisions, as powers granted by the Constitution as an appellate jurisdiction.

The Supreme Court also has an original jurisdiction in any dispute between any two or more provincial governments or the Government of Pakistan itself where the Supreme Court may pronounce declaratory judgments only to settle the disputes. However, almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal, making the cases considered based on original jurisdiction rarely. On events involving the legal and technical issues concerning the implementation of law and the writ of constitution, Supreme Court has an advisory jurisdiction to answer questions and provides written opinions on public importance as consulted by the President upon the request from the Prime Minister.

The Supreme Court also enjoys the plenary jurisdiction and may exercise its plenary powers for passing appropriate orders to ensure the completion of its orders and to complete the justice at all levels of commands.

Rulings and transfer of cases
The Supreme Court is empowered to frame its own rules for the purpose of regulating the practice and procedure of the Court. When the cases are determined as their final rulings, the jurists deliver their rulings in an open court, either at once or by announcing a future date to the concerned parties through their advocates upon writing their opinions during their recesses.

All cases that come before the supreme court through the writs of certiorari that are processed through the law clerks and advocates. The Supreme Court has powers to transfer any case, appeals, or other pendings proceedings before any High Courts to any subordinated court if the supreme court considers it expedient to do so in the interest of justice and speedy trial. The Supreme Court may issues advisory directions, orders, and decrees in any case or matter pending in the high courts necessary for doing the complete justice, including an order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person or the discovery or production of any document. The directions and orders issued by the Supreme Court are finals despite questions are arises during the hearings in the High Court for the directions provided the Supreme court.

Oral arguments and decisions
When the certiorari petitions are granted by the Supreme Court, the case is then set for the oral arguments, issuing orders to advocates of concerning parties in the case of importance. If the parties, despite the opportunity granted by the court to make oral submissions, do not avail the same, the court is not bound to wait indefinitely for them and keep on adjourning the matter. During the time of the orality by either sides of the parties, the justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions. The petitioner gives the first presentation, and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent's arguments after the respondent has concluded.

At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for the final judgements where cases are decided by majority vote of the justices. It is possible that, through recusals or vacancies, the Court divides evenly on a case, as such happened on the case Nusrat Bhutto v. Federation of Pakistan (1977–78).

Review Petition and actions
Despite its final rulings, the Supreme Court may review any case upon the filing of review petition of any party to any civil and criminal case of any decisions, judgements/rulings have been pronounced by the Supreme Court. The party that filed an appealed through the supreme court advocates to the Supreme Court is the Appellant and the non-mover is the respondent, where all case names before the Supreme Court are styled "petitioner/appellant vs. defendants/respondent".

All decisions that are pronounced by the supreme court, after hearing the review petitions, are considered as final rulings that are to be binding on all other courts in Pakistan. The constitution also empowers the Supreme Court to call upon any authority, either an executive or judicial, to act in aid of the Supreme Court to ensure its rulings are delivered to complete justice.

Published opinions and citations
The Supreme Court of Pakistan Press is the official authority that publishes the reportable Supreme Court's decisions and opinions, as well as judicial supplements, law reports, and bibliographies. The Supreme Court's opinions are first published and is made available on the Court's web site, in form of "press release." Secondly, comprehensive opinions and orders are bound together in paperback form in which the final version of the Court's opinions appears which is called a preliminary print of "Annual Report".

About a year after the paperbacks are published, a final and more cited volume of decision of supreme court volume of Annual Report is published and numbered whereas the researchers may cite the works in their reports.

Supreme Court Bar Association
Supreme_court_Bar.png

All supreme court advocates are required to be members of the Supreme Court Bar Association in order to plead the cases before the court. Formed and established in 1989, the Bar comprises the supreme court lawyers who are elected from all over the country and is aimed to uphold the rule of law, cause of justice and protect the interest of the legal profession as well as that of public.

The Bar is governed by an executive council consisting of 22 elected members with an elected president and a secretary. Advocates can be admitted as either individuals or groups and their admission is approved by the elected president of the Bar. Members of the Supreme Court Bar Association are also granted access to the Supreme Court Library's research collection and law periodicals.

Institutional de jure powers
The Supreme Court has played an influential and pivotal role in the political history of the country since its inception in 1947, and has taken constitutional role for protecting the rights in the light of "doctrine of necessity". The de jure institutional powers of the Supreme Court as outlined in the Constitution can only be understood as an exemplary of constitutional cases involving the actions of the Pakistan's military turning over the civilian government in an attempt to restore law and order to prevent chaos in the society.

In 1954, the Court under Chief Justice Moh'd Munir exercised its institutional power in a supreme court case (Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan vs. Federation of Pakistan) when it validated the dismissal of Constituent Assembly, whereas M.A. Bogra continued to serve as Prime Minister under Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam. There were three constitutional cases overheard by the Supreme Court:

 * 1) Federation of Pakistan et al. v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan
 * 2) Usif Patel v. Two others v. The Crown
 * 3) Special Reference made by the Governor-General of Pakistan

First, the Supreme Court validated the Governor-General's actions in case 1 but soon considered such powers as Ultra vires in case 2 and case 3. However, the Court found it legal in its jurisdiction in thrice cases when it validated the actions under the impression of "doctrine of necessity". Despite its rulings, the Court maintained its institutional authority over the Governor-General's actions and ultimately supervised the election of the Constituent Assembly which was transformed into National Assembly of Parliament that promulgated the first set of Constitution of Pakistan.

In 1969, Supreme Court justices again heard the petitions against the suspension of the second set of the Constitution when army chief General Yahya Khan took over the presidency amid the resignation of President Ayub Khan. This constitutional case cited as, "Asma Jillani v. Government of the Punjab", evenly divided the justices on this issue but bitterly approved such actions in the light of "necessity doctrine", with Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman critically opined against this actions as he notably ruled that Yahya Khan's assumption of power was "illegal usurpation". In doing so, the Supreme Court also overruled and overturned its convictions that called for validation of martial law in 1958.

The institutional influence of Supreme Court on the political events in the country grew since 1971 after the conclusion of the War Enquiry Commission that provided far reaching insightful recommendations to prevent foreign intervention. In 1975, the institutional powers of the Supreme Court were constraint after the passing of the fifth amendment that ultimately disturbed the "checks and balances" system in the country, that eventually strain the executive and judiciary relations. In 1977, the Supreme Court courted by Chief Justice S. Anwarul Haq used the institutional powers to provide a legality to justify the actions resulted in martial law to dismiss the Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto but decided to hear a petition to review the death sentence awarded by the Lahore High Court after the murder trial reached its conclusion. In a controversial leanings of 4:3, the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto but it maintained its institutional integrity while taking many cases involving the Zia administration. The institutional de jure powers of the Supreme Court were restored to its original position after the passing of the Eighth Amendment in 1985.

After the military takeover of the civilian government, the pro-democracy organizations and PML(N)'s lawyers challenged the legality of the military takeover, asking the supreme court to review its rulings. After the lengthy court battle between Sharif's and Musharraf's lawyers, the Supreme Court was in a clear view of the military take over as "unconstitutional" but favoured the legality on necessity grounds that was viewed as very limited, on 12 May 2000.

Widely publicised case, the Nawaz Sharif vs. Federation, the supreme court relied its judgement based on the principle of salus populi est suprema lex and rejected the options of "complete surrender" to the regime or total opposition which, in its judgement, would have led to the "closure of the courts". Due to the Thirteenth Amendment removed the effective check and balance of branches of the government, the supreme court marked its reference using the "Necessitas facit licitum quod alias non-est licitum" and asserted on the right of the Superior Courts to review the orders, proceedings, acts, and legislative measures of the Musharraf regime. In addition, the situation was termed by the supreme court as a "case of constitutional deviation for a transitional period", and accepted Musharraf's argument for holding the national elections within two-to-three years, giving Musharraf until 12 May 2002 to hold new elections. While issuing a lengthy judgement, the supreme court effectively established its institutional authority on Musharraf as it reserved for its right to review and re-examine the continuation of Musharraf's emergency powers.

Before this judgement, Musharraf did not hint a timetable for the restoration of democracy – having argued that it needed an indefinite and possibly prolonged time to reform the country – Musharraf publicly submitted to the Court's judgement. Several of Pakistani legal theorists have posited that Pakistan's "grundnorm", the basis for its Constitutional convention and system of laws, continues in effect (and the Supreme Court therefore retains its authority) even when the written constitution is suspended by the imposition of a military dictablanda.

Contempt of court
The Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to exercise its powers of contempt of court to punish any person or an authority found of scandalizing, abusing, interfering, and obstructing the procedures of the court or its rulings. In 2001–2002, there were additional amendments made that further empowers the Supreme Court and its institutional powers to struck any federal authority found on the charges of contempt of court.

In a much publicized case, the Supreme Court effectively used its constitutional powers when it ceased Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani from running the government when the court found him guilty of contempt of court charges– hench disqualified the prime minister from holding any public offices in the country.

Literary criticism of the Supreme Court
The Supreme Court has been given literary criticism by historians and authors of history of Pakistan for validating the martial law against the elected governments of Pakistan by the military interventions.

Lawyer's movement, long march, and judicial activism
In 2007, it was reported widely by the Pakistani news media that the Military Intelligence officials, acting under then-President and army chief General Pervez Musharraf, were using photographs of the justices involved with prostitutes to blackmail and pressurize the supreme court justices to take the oath of allegiance and make rulings favorable to the then-President Musharraf.

The Lawyer's movement, allied with the rule of Law movement led by PML(N), eventually called for a successful long march to have to justices of the supreme court restored before the state of emergency imposed in 2007. Led under the direction of PML(N)'s President Nawaz Sharif, now the Prime Minister, the long march effectively restored the supreme court justices when Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani appeared on national television, only to announce unconditional restoration of the judiciary.

With immediate effect on 17 March 2009, Justices Javaid Iqbal, Ijaz Ahmed, K. R. Ramday, and Fayaz Ahmad were restored to their position as of 2 November 2007 with Justice Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry assuming the post of Chief Justice on 22 March 2009. The news media pundits eventually noted that it was General Tariq Majid, then-Chairman joint chiefs, and General Ashfaq Pervez Kiani, then-army chief, had played an ambiguous role in intervening and encouraging a rapprochement between the government and the opposition. Neither side acknowledged this role, however, until lawyers' movement leader Aitezaz Ahsan publicly admitted Kayani's role. There were mass speculations that protestors and law enforcement agencies would have violently collided otherwise had they not intervened.

The restoration of the justices that resulted from the immense public pressure led to the judiciary to begin a quest for independence with an aim to ensure a strong and efficient judicial system that could quickly deliver justice to the public. The Supreme Court took notice of several important constitutional and other cases in the period that related to the public interest. These cases of importance included the constitutional petitions and judgements on:
 * Constitution Petition No. 8 & 9 of 2009
 * Dr. Mubashir Hussain vs. Federation of Pakistan
 * Missing Person vs. the Federation of Pakistan et al.
 * Petitioners vs. Federation of Pakistan et al.
 * Steel Workers Union vs. Federation of Pakistan et al.
 * Applicants vs. NICL et al.

The Supreme Court rendered its judgement declare the appointments based upon PCO on 3 November 2007 as null and void as well as declaring the NRO as also null and voided that ultimately opened the investigations and cases against then-President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Gillani. The Supreme Court became extremely vigilant on corruption cases related to the Gillani administration, effectively led to the government shutdown and critics noted that the judicial activism slowed of government productivity without corruption has created a tension between the Chaudhry Court and the Gillani administration in 2008 till 2013.

Constitutional petitions No. 8 and 9 of 2009
Of the 14 justices that rendered a verdict related to taking an oath under the PCO, 12 had taken the oath themselves. However, they controversially did not apply the judgement to themselves.

As a result of the 31 July 2009 decision handed down in the case of Constitutional Petitions 8 and 9 of 2009, the following justices resigned before their cases were referred to Supreme Judicial Council:

In addition to the above justices, the following justices were removed from the Supreme Court of Pakistan on the ground that their appointment to the court was made without consultation with the de jure Chief Justice of Pakistan.

Controversial aspect of the decision
The decision of the Court summarily removed all justices of the higher judiciary who were not part of it as of 2 November 2007. Their removal was ordered on the grounds that the de jure Chief Justice was not allowed to advise in these cases. In the same decision the court held that the de jure Chief Justice from 3 November 2007 to 22 March 2009 was Justice Chaudhry.

There were three groups of removed justices:
 * Those elevated to higher courts who initially took oath under the PCO
 * Those who were elevated to higher courts after restoration of the Constitution and were appointed by Musharraf
 * Those who were elevated to higher courts after restoration of the Constitution and were appointed by Asif Ali Zardari

The Supreme Court bench that rendered the decision consisted entirely of justices who had taken oath under the PCO of 1999 themselves, but were already sitting justices of the higher judiciary at the time and had taken a constitutional oath. The 1999 PCO and decisions made under it were given constitutional protection by Seventeenth amendment.

This decision has resulted in situations where:
 * 1) newly appointed justices who never took any sort of oath under any PCO have been removed
 * 2) sitting justices who took an oath under the 2007 PCO are still acting as justices, though their cases will be sent to Supreme Judicial Council
 * 3) sitting justices who were reappointed and took oath under Justice Dogar are still acting as justices with no action
 * 4) justices who took oath under the PCO of 1999 are still functioning as justices of higher judiciary

Critics of the decision question the fact that some PCO judges are still working and some non-PCO judges have been sacked.

Review petition filed by Lahore High Court non-PCO removed judges
Removed ad hoc judges of the Lahore High Court have filed several petitions in the Supreme Court in Lahore for review of its judgment, which sent 76 judges of Supreme Courts and High Courts immediately home.

These judges argue that they were qualified to be appointed as judges of the High Court in accordance with the requirements of Article 193(2)of the 1973 Constitution and were offered to serve as ad hoc judges following the consultation required under the Constitution. They accepted the offer and took oath when the state of emergency was lifted. They never took oath under a PCO and continued performing the functions of judges of the High Court until judgement was rendered against them.

These judges were appointed by Lahore High Court Chief Justice Justice Zahid Hussain, who is still a justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and is not being tried before the Supreme Judicial Counsel.

The petition also noted that none of the sacked judges were made parties to the decision against them, nor were they able to comment in the hearing or in some cases aware that the hearing was taking place. They also allege that no copy of the decision was sent to the High Court or to the judges concerned.

Key controversial points
According one news article, the Supreme Court applied its judgement retroactively, having effect from 3 November 2007. The 14-member Supreme Court bench did not, however, apply the sanction to judges who took oath under the 1999 PCO. Some of these are current justices, and some have not yet taken a constitutional oath.

Critics of the decision also argue that it is inconsistent with the principles laid down in Malik Asad Ali's case where it was held that the Chief Justice was bound by the Court's judgement. Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah was removed from office based on this case.

Inconsistently with the decision, the present Chief Justice Chaudhry accepted the stance of the government that Justice Dogar was the Chief Justice until his retirement.

Following the decision, the official website of the Supreme Court was hacked by an unknown person. The hacked website made derogatory remarks about Chief Justice Chaudhry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Supreme Court of Pakistan


text:
Prittlewell

Prittlewell is an inner city area and former civil parish in Southend-on-Sea, in the ceremonial county of Essex, England. Historically, Prittlewell is the original settlement of the city, Southend being the south end of Prittlewell. The village of Prittlewell was originally centered at the joining of three main roads, East Street, West Street, and North Street, which was extended south in the 19th century and renamed Victoria Avenue. The principal administrative buildings in Southend are located along Victoria Avenue, although Prittlewell is served by Prittlewell railway station.

Prehistoric
People first settled by the Prittle Brook at least 10,000 years ago in the late Stone Age. Little appears to have affected life in Prittlewell as its population gradually evolved from their original character as hunter-gatherers to a more settled existence during the Bronze and Iron Ages.

Roman
The Roman occupation began to influence the area with the construction of a Roman-style dwelling, probably a farmhouse or villa, close to the brook in what is now Priory Park. The introduction of new ideas, new skills and social structures under this Roman influence would have brought significant change to the area. The discovery of Roman burial sites during road and rail construction in the 1920s and 1930s indicated that the settlement was well developed and of some significance, although no prominent buildings were preserved.

Saxons and Vikings
Following the decline of Roman Britain, the area came under the influence of Saxon raiders, over time becoming established as part of the kingdom of the East Saxons. During this time (largely the 5th and 6th centuries), the historic Saxon name of Prittleuuella came into being. Part of a blocked archway built of Roman tiles survives in the north wall of the chancel of St Mary's church, and it has long been assumed that it represents part of a small Anglo-Saxon chapel built in the 7th century, possibly as early as the reign of King Sæberht of Essex. However, more recent study and comparison with surviving architectural remains elsewhere suggest instead that the arch may date as late as the 10th or early 11th century, and that this is the date of the first church to be built on the site.

Royal Saxon tomb
The construction works of 1923 and 1930 that revealed Roman burials also unearthed evidence of numerous Anglo-Saxon burials, a significant number of which were high-status or warrior burials containing weapons, imported goods, jewellery and decorative beads, some of which were made out of glass. The high status of the area during the Anglo-Saxon period was confirmed by the discovery of a substantial and undisturbed 7th-century chamber tomb in 2003. The burial site was uncovered by archaeologists from Museum of London Archaeology, who had been commissioned to prepare the site in advance of a road widening scheme. In 2009, following local opposition, the scheme was dropped and the traffic congestion eased by works to a different road location.

The unusually rich contents and their condition have excited archaeologists, being described as "unique" by the Museum of London. A fuller description of the excavation and the artefacts of the burial chamber, originally thought to be of Sæberht of Essex, can be seen at the dedicated Museum of London website. The story of the excavation was also thought so significant as to be the subject of a special documentary titled "King of Bling", as part of the Time Team series.

Medieval
At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, the two manors in the area that is now Prittlewell were Prittlewell and Milton, the former owned by Swein of Essex and the latter by the Priory of Holy Trinity, Canterbury (now Canterbury Cathedral). In the 12th century, Robert de Essex, also known as Robert FitzSwein, founded Prittlewell Priory as a cell of the Cluniac Priory of St Pancras, Lewes. The foundation charter included the manor and church of Prittlewell. At this time, the lands of the priory extended to the seafront. Due to this, when a fishing settlement was set up two miles (3 km) south of the priory in the 14th century, it was still regarded as part of Prittlewell and as such was named Stratende, Sowthende or South-End. From this settlement, the modern town of Southend-on-Sea grew. Over a period of around two hundred years, the Parish Church, St. Mary's, was substantially enlarged, reaching its present size with the addition of its tower in the mid-15th century. At the time of the Tudor Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII, the priory, which had by this time developed into a sprawling complex, was closed and the lands seized by the crown.

19th century
Southend was developed as a bathing resort in the 18th century, and by the 19th, Prittlewell was regarded by visitors to Southend as "an attractive village in the hinterland". In 1848, Prittlewell was described in the White's Directory of Essex as "a neat and well built village with many modern houses overlooking the estuary of the Thames, 1½ miles North West of Southend, and 3 miles South of Rochford". Links between Prittlewell and Southend were improved in 1889 when a road, named Victoria Avenue, was built between the village crossroads by the church to Southend and in 1892 when Prittlewell railway station was built on the Great Eastern Railway, linking Southend and London. 1892 also saw the foundation of the Municipal Borough of Southend-on-Sea, which took over responsibility for Prittlewell from an earlier local board.

20th century
The old priory, which had been in ownership of the Scratton family, was bought by local jeweller and benefactor R. A. Jones and was given to the people of Southend as Priory Park. In 1901, Eric Kingham Cole was born in Prittlewell and went on to form EKCO, a radio, TV and plastic manufacturer, in 1924. In 1930, he built a large factory opposite Priory Park, but by 1966 the electrical side of the factory was closed (except for the car radio repair department, which closed in 1977). The Access (credit card) business moved into the factory in 1972, but with the business changing in the 1990s, Royal Bank of Scotland moved out, leaving the EKCO (now Linpac) plastic factory the only operative on the site. This closed down in 2007, and the whole site was demolished in 2012, with a combined housing and commercial development (and a new Havens Hospice) being given planning permission on 14 January 2015.

In 1911 the parish had a population of 58,759. On 9 November 1913 the parish was abolished to form "Southend on Sea".

Geography
Modern-day Prittlewell stretches from the crossroads by St Mary's Church to London Southend Airport on the boundary between Southend and Rochford.

Demography
At the 2001 UK census, the Prittlewell electoral ward had a population of 9,478. The ethnicity was 95.1% white, 1% mixed race, 2.8% Asian, 0.5% black and 0.6% other. The place of birth of residents was 93.9% United Kingdom, 0.8% Republic of Ireland, 1.2% other Western European countries, and 4.1% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 71.2% Christian, 0.3% Buddhist, 1.2% Hindu, 0% Sikh, 1.1% Jewish, and 1.7% Muslim. 16.2% were recorded as having no religion, 0.3% had an alternative religion and 8.0% did not state their religion.

The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 39.5% in full-time employment, 12.6% in part-time employment, 9.6% self-employed, 3.3% unemployed, 2.3% students with jobs, 2.9% students without jobs, 16.5% retired, 6.3% looking after home or family, 4.5% permanently sick or disabled and 2.6% economically inactive for other reasons. The industry of employment of residents was 15.8% retail, 11% manufacturing, 8.1% construction, 11.6% real estate, 12.9% health and social work, 7% education, 6.2% transport and communications, 6.7% public administration, 2.8% hotels and restaurants, 11.7% finance, 0.7% agriculture and 5.5% other. Compared with national figures, the ward had a relatively high proportion of workers in finance and health and social work. Of the ward's residents aged 16–74, 14.4% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared with 19.9% nationwide. According to Office for National Statistics estimates, during the period of April 2004 to March 2005 the average gross weekly income of households was £590, compared with an average of £650 in South East England.

Landmarks
Only a small proportion of the historical village of Prittlewell remains standing; the ruins and standing remains of the Priory, visible in Priory Park; St. Mary's Church; A building recently restored following fire damage, though more recently a bakery, now an estate agent appropriately named Tudor Estates; as well as a number of public houses, the most famous of which is the Blue Boar. This is famous as being where Southend United F.C. were formed, however the building that currently stands there is of Victorian construction, as the original building was destroyed by fire. Since 1955, Prittlewell has been the home to Southend United F.C. at their ground Roots Hall, and has been since the 1960s home to a weekly market which takes place on a Thursday. Southend are planning to move from this location, and Sainsbury's currently have planning permission to build a supermarket on the site of Roots Hall, St Mary's flats, the former Eastern National Bus Garage/former Prospects College and the shops on the corner of Victoria Avenue and Fairfax Drive.

Transport
The area is served by Prittlewell railway station on the Shenfield–Southend line.

Sports
Prittlewell is home to football teams Ekco Whitecaps and Prittlewell Badgers.

title: Prittlewell


text:
Tubercle

In anatomy, a tubercle (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on external or internal organs of a plant or an animal.

In plants
A tubercle is generally a wart-like projection, but it has slightly different meaning depending on which family of plants or animals it is used to refer to.

In the case of certain orchids and cacti, it denotes a round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on the lip. They are also known as podaria (singular podarium). When referring to some members of the pea family, it is used to refer to the wart-like excrescences that are found on the roots.

In fungi
In mycology, a tubercle is used to refer to a mass of hyphae from which a mushroom is made.

In animals

When it is used in relation to certain dorid nudibranchs such as Peltodoris nobilis, it means the nodules on the dorsum of the animal. The tubercles in nudibranchs can present themselves in different ways: each tubercle in a single, rounded, conical or angular form, in a compound form of  2 or more levels, tubercles in amalgamated clusters  or as tubercles forming, or joined by a ridge.

Tubercles found on the leading edge of humpback whales' flippers were demonstrated to improve fluid flow over the flipper's surface, exhibiting the tubercle effect of fluid dynamics.

In dinosaurs, a tubercle is a general term for the scales seen in skin impressions. In duck-billed dinosaurs, for example, three main types of tubercles are defined: small tubercles with no definite arrangement (ground tubercles); larger, polygonal tubercles (pavement tubercles) up to 1 cm in diameter, which are grouped into clusters separated by ground tubercles; and limpet-shaped conical scutes.

In fish, nuptial tubercles are formed on males for breeding. Nuptial pads on frogs also comprise keratinised tubercles.

In humans
Within the human body, there are numerous sites where tubercles develop. On bones, they are usually eminences used for muscle connections. Larger tubercles are also known as tuberosities.

Mouth
Tubercles are usually found behind the last molar in the upper jaw, covered by the gum. Surgery can be done to make tubercles less prominent.

Bones
In the human skeleton, a tubercle or tuberosity is a protrusion that serves as an attachment for skeletal muscles. The muscles attach by tendons, where the enthesis is the connective tissue between the tendon and bone. For example, the tibial tuberosity creates an attachment point for the ligamentum patellae, or patellar ligament.

Lungs
Tubercles are nodules that contain caseous necrosis, which form in the lungs as a result of an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the patients with tuberculosis. Granulomas form in the infected tissue and undergo necrosis in the centre. Tubercles are also known as tuberculous nodules, or tuberculomas. The affected parts develop lesions in the form of small nodules called tubercles, from which the disease gets its name.

Ears
Around the sixth week of gestation, six swellings of tissue, called the hillocks of His, arise around the area that will form the ear canal. These eventually coalesce to form the outer ear. Darwin's tubercle is a minor malformation of the junction of the fourth and fifth hillocks of His. It is found in a substantial minority of people and takes the form of a cartilaginous node or bump on the rim of their outer ear, which is thought to be the vestige of a joint that allowed the top part of the ancestral ear to swivel or flop down over the opening to the ear.

Genitals
The genital tubercle is a small bump that eventually develops into a penis or a clitoris on a human fetus.

Brain
The septotubercular tract can be found in the human, as well as in the sheep brain. It is found nearby the septohypothalamic tract. Its function to the brain is ambiguous at this point.

Also, the tuberculum sellae is found at the base of the skull, which holds the hypophysis.

title: Tubercle


text:
Talk:Another World

Should the novel be first in the list? Surely more people know of the soap opera. Mike H 02:21, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

Another song, by DJ Pierro
Not sure if it actually qualifies as song or is noteworthy enough to be listed. I'd list it, but I almost double-listed the 1991 game, so I'd rather just mention it here. Here's a Youtube video for quick reference. --Cyberman TM (talk) 21:23, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

Another World MMO
I'm getting tired of folks deleting the page I create for this game, simply due to the fact they do not like it. Another World Home Page This is basically a Science fiction clone of Runescape. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RLS0812 (talk • contribs) 16:30, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Another World


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Programabilities

Programmabilities was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

It looks fake and I can't find a credible Google source to verify that it is even a word used in the real world. Jeremy Creek 02:26, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC) Sulla will direct you to the BA if you need it. Also, check out www.geocities.com/notaroma2004/intro Stuart Smith (anon vote moved here from vfd main space by Graham  ☺ | Talk 01:05, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC))
 * This has already been deleted once before. Speedy delete if possible. - Lucky 6.9 02:28, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Merovingian  ✍  Talk  03:00, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedily deleted as a repost of previously-deleted content. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:31, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * You want proof I was a citizen? My name was Gaius Cassius Nerva, and you can email Sulla directly, or better yet, get your rear over to the Back Alley list where the silliness of micronations is being discussed.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/Archive 1

Prologue
Why rotate so fast? Give it at least 24 hours. --Jiang

- Could I add Periodic table, LSD, Origins of the American Civil War, Bob Dylan, and Psychosis? This seems to be a pretty interesting mix for the features page. 172 06:07, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * No, please only add one article at a time. →Raul654 06:09, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

How do you determine which articles to list? Is this entirely random or is there a pre-arranged order? --Jiang 06:11, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Psuedo-random. I try to spread it around by category, and make sure that articles that have been featured before don't come up (for a while, at least - we've only been doing this for a little over a month). Also, since we made the switch over to the new format, I've been looking for ones with good pictures, but I think I'm going to abandon that criterion soon - only a small fraction of the featured articles have pics. →Raul654 07:13, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

We should definitely keep the pictures criterion as long as we can. This is a good incentive for people to look for pictures to add to "their" articles to get them on the frontpage!—Eloquence 07:15, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Are these supposed not to be edited, even for NPOV? The current text reads "The primary coding method is the Equidistant Letter Sequence (ELS).", but to call "Bible Codes" a "coding method" is to assert that someone encoded them. It ought to read "The primary method used to find such words is the Equidistant Letter Sequence (ELS)." Find, not decode. -- Nunh-huh 07:23, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Please go ahead and edit the page for NPOV like you would do on any other article.—Eloquence 07:24, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Cool, I just don't want to break anything! I guess "cycling" <> "editing" :) - Nunh-huh 07:25, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Here's a thought - why not make having a picture a prerequisite to being a featured article? The current ones get grandfathered in, but all new ones must have pictures. That would end the problem and encourage better quality article. →Raul654 07:26, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * That would probably be very unfair to the mathematicians ..—Eloquence 07:27, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Why not keep charts and pictures in mind, but agree by consensus? I already proposed five different articles, and now others can chime in. 172 07:30, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Because getting a consensus every 24 hours is going to be logistically difficult, if not impossible. A better idea would be to have a queue of articles. Anyone can strike an item or add to the bottom. New articles are displayed every 24 hours. How does that sound? →Raul654 07:33, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, I change my mind. Even that adds a lot of overhead. I'd rather just keep it the way it is, with one or two gatekeepers. I'll take any suggestions you want.→Raul654 07:35, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

I take it you like to be the gatekeeper ;-). I think that introduces too much of a risk of bias. We should be more machine-like in selecting articles from Featured articles to avoid having any kind of bias other than the one that is intrinsic to Wikipedia.—Eloquence 07:37, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's unlikely that anything more than a handful of users will show an interest in this page from day to day, and the larger share of the ones who do will likely monitor the changes only occasionally. This might be workable by consensus. 172 07:39, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Ok, why don't we try it by consensus for 1 week, and then see how it works out? →Raul654 07:43, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * If consensus doesn't work, I would support creating a number of Mediawiki pages, one for each featured article that someone has bothered to create a box for (e.g. MediaWiki:Feature/Bible Code, MediaWiki:Feature/Bob Dylan), list them all on a page and code the computer to randomly select one every day. (I suppose it should be programmed to avoid putting the same article up twice in say, three weeks or whatever).  Our wonderful developers are surely waiting with bated breath for more features to code... Tuf-Kat 07:51, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * As an engineer, I can safely say you're overthinking the problem ;) →Raul654 07:53, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Good thing I nixed using the power of the pyramids to write the boxes themselves... Tuf-Kat 07:57, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * See the bottom of Wikipedia talk:Main Page for a variant of this already supported by the software.—Eloquence 07:54, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

--- Would the next user updating the page be interested in drawing from Periodic table, LSD, Origins of the American Civil War, Bob Dylan, and Psychosis? 172 18:47, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Yes to LSD, Psychosis, and Origins...war. Bob Dylan and Periodic table do not have pictures, which (as per above) we have decided to make a requirement for listing. I'll start with psychosis tonight. →Raul654 01:42, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Periodic table does have charts and a nice layout. We should be considering whether or not the articles have visuals in general. If we just consider whether or not the articles have pictures, we wouldn't be giving a fair representation of our good natural science and mathematics articles, which are low on photos, but high on charts, graphs, and tables. 172 06:25, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Where charts are concerned, I guess I could take a screenshot and photoshop it into something usable. That's a pain in the ass though (and wasteful of space), but it's one solution. →Raul654 06:35, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Pictures seem to me to be a very odd requirement to feature an article. For example, I was just about to nominate Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius, on which I have labored long and hard, and which I think stands up to anything about a work of speculative fiction in the Wikipedia. However, it is almost impossible to imagine a suitable illustration. In the unlikely event that anyone has ever produced an illustration related to the story, it would be under copyright. Are we really saying that scholarly articles will now only be featured if they have a visual element? -- Jmabel 02:00, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not particularly fond of it myself. Right now, I'm in the "let's try it and see how it works out" category. If it doesn't, we'll drop it. →Raul654 02:05, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, the first thing is that the article should be on Featured articles, Jmabel. For that it has to undergo the review process at Featured article candidates. This is not true for Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius. So I suggest you nominate your article on the candidates page first.

 * As for the picture requirement, an alternative would be the creation of simple art specifically for the frontpage. There are plenty of artists on Wikipedia and I'm sure some would be able to do that. The primary authors of an article would make a suggestion for an image they think would best represent the article on the frontpage -- it doesn't have to be "encyclopedic", just visually appealing and representative. Basically like an icon. For example, for a mathematics article a cropped rendering of the formula would be sufficient.—Eloquence 03:51, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

Periodic table image
Here's a little icon I made for the Main Page listing of periodic table:

—Eloquence

Well I modified the image —Eloquence made but unlike other images that update as soon as you modify them this image took 5 minutes. I kept pressing refresh on the image's upload page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ptable-MainPage.png but it was the old image all the time. Does that mean that the images on main page are monitored for changes or was it my browser? Couldn't have been my browser because I've been using the same browser in the past (when images did change.)

AY 14:18, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Happens to me all the time. It's a caching problem on your browser, and hitting reload doesn't solve it. If you are using IE, hit control-F5 to force a clean reload. →Raul654 16:32, Feb 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think [[Image:Ptable-MainPage.png]] is a better image. The one currently up doesn't look like anything. To an unknowing user, the current image might look more like a mistake. No offence. I realize people put lots of work into these things. Just voicing an opinion. Kingturtle 04:02, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for putting it back. Kingturtle 05:19, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Leap Year
I propose that we should make Leap year our featured article. I know it's not a featured article, but I think it really makes sense. The article is fair long and complete, and extremely appropriate. →Raul654 07:37, Feb 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Object. We should not make any exceptions for Main Page f.a. - if it's not an article approved by community process it should not be a featured article.—Eloquence 07:38, Feb 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, ITN then. →Raul654 07:39, Feb 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, or DYK.—Eloquence

I tried writing a 3-4 sentence summary of Origins of the American Civil War and failed miserably. That article is in desperate need of an introduction, and probably won't be featured until it gets one. →Raul654 06:18, Mar 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * I added a intro sentence separate from the overview. But add Frankfurt School next instead. IMHO, this might be the best featured article. 172 15:16, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Without such an intro, then why is it a featured article in the first place? --mav

 * Theirs was not to reason why... →Raul654 06:30, Mar 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * PS: It should probably be nominated for de-featuring until it gets one.

 * Done. Please comment at Featured_article_candidates. --mav

11 M
I just read in a comment, that there are several wikipedians from Madrid and we really don't know the fate of at least one of the regulars since the day before these events. Another admin wrote that he usually takes the train to go to the university but he didn't yesterday because of a strike. As this tragedy has touched the wikipedia community deeply and closely, I suggest that we make the March 11, 2004 Madrid attacks the featured article and use the Spanish flag with the black ribbon (es:Imagen:Madrid_pesame.png), de:Benutzer:Triebtäter

 * If you want to nominate the article for Featured Articles, then please do so at Featured article candidates. — Timwi 16:01, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Timwi is correct. "Featured articles" is only for featured articles. This request more properly belongs at In the News. →Raul654 17:17, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)

I'm sure this is just coincidence - but must the recent FAs all be 'depressing'? End Times, Villains, Lovecraft, Nuclear Weapons - I'd appreciate something a bit more 'sunny', if that's possible. Radagast 15:04, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I suggest Rock, Paper, Scissors for tomorrow.—Eloquence

Should a list of featured articles that have already been featured be drawn up? ⇒ whkoh [talk]  05:12, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Goings on has been keeping a list by week. If you'd like to maintain it, that's fine, but to me, that's yet another thing to do. (Just look at what page protection/unprotection takes nowadays) →Raul654 05:18, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hehe...luckily I'm not a sysop. I think I'll keep it all in one page at Template:Feature/Archive. It'll be sorted by date and by category.    ⇒ whkoh [talk]   05:34, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Done, archive is now at Template:Feature/Archive   ⇒ whkoh [talk]   05:58, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * The other thing is - I've been doing most of the featured article cycling since we started doing it in January, so I have a pretty good idea of what has been featured and what hasn't. A lot of the articles I'd like to feature have 0 pictures, or (at best) a picture of questionable copyright status. →Raul654 06:08, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * I know, but it's still good to keep a list for others. Also, it'd be easier if we need to start cycling from the beginning.  However, I don't know what articles have been featured before Blackjack; if you don't mind, can you please fill them in? Thanks.    ⇒ whkoh [talk]   06:13, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, the thing is, we started on featured them on the (old) main page on January 16 (give or take a day), usually in groups of 2-3. That's a LOT of articles. →Raul654 06:50, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, then. I'll start the archive from Mozart, which was the first to use MediaWiki:Featured.  Pages featured before Mozart won't be listed.    ⇒ whkoh [talk]   07:03, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

We need a better illustration for Mandarin. I thought of some Chinese glyphs, but I don't know mandarin, so I'm not really the one to do it. Anything, like the name 'Mandarin' in mandarin would be much better. — Sverdrup 10:47, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Example: something like this:

 * Just struck me though; is there a copyright problem with images of glyphs? — Sverdrup 11:10, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * At least in the US, typefaces are not copyrightable . The actual font data itself is copyrightable, but a picture of a glyph is fine. DopefishJustin 15:33, Apr 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think in the Mandarin article, if we're going to claim that it's the most widely spoken language(which it most probably is), we should have a list somewhere of the most widely spoken languages. I don't know if such a list exists on wikipedia, but it would be really interestingChicago 17:39, Mar 27, 2004 (UTC)

Linking of images on Main page
I feel images in the featured article should not point to its respective image page but the featured article itself. In most websites if the image for an accompanying section is a link, it definitely points to the article. I clicked on the Mandarin image and was taken to the image page which I didn't expect. Jay 13:22, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Similarly the "More featured articles..." link should point to the Template:Feature/Archive and not Featured articles. Visitors to the site are expecting a list of articles that have been featured previously, and not a page that has a mix of past and future articles and candidate articles. Jay 16:40, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Representative images on the Main Page
Raul removed the glyph image with the edit summary "picture should appear in featured article". I disagree with that statement. In many cases, a representative picture looks better, and does a good job of what the images on the Main Page are supposed to do - create an additional incentive for reading the article. An abstract icon is often better suited for that purpose than a scaled down complex diagram.—Eloquence 19:24, Mar 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Which was what brought it up from the beginning on... — Sverdrup 01:57, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

When was Jet Engine featured? Yesterday was Yellowstone.
 * Jet engine was featured all Tuesday. The current article (Superman) is the Wednesday article. →Raul654 06:54, Mar 31, 2004 (UTC)

elephants' fools
The use of elephants in crushing those condemned to death was common throughout south and southeast Asia for over 4,000 years of recorded history, and occasionally by the Romans and Carthaginians as well. Accusers would be allowed to look beneath the elephant's foot to confirm the identity of the prisoner; then the mahout, or elephant driver, would give the command, and the elephant would press down with its immense weight.

(suggested by +sj+)

 * As this has been requested, I will be featuring it for tomorrow, but the suggested newscopy needs some work. →Raul654 01:02, Apr 2, 2004 (UTC)

Frankfurt School

The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist social theory, social research, and philosophy. The grouping emerged at the Institute for Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung) of the University of Frankfurt am Main in Germany in 1930. Influenced by the rise of Nazism, they applied the theories of Marx to social conditions that Marx himself had never seen, drawing heavily on the work of Max Weber and Sigmund Freud to fill in Marx's perceived omissions. The Frankfurt School's Herbert Marcuse (left) was sometimes described as the intellectual progenitor of the New Left.

Recently featured: Chariot racing – Buddhism – Fountain pen More featured articles...

(suggested by 172 07:06, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC))

 * I'll feature this tomorrow.→Raul654 07:08, Apr 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks! 172 07:09, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

-

Congo Free State
Here's another suggestion. However, as of right now, this article hasn't been formally moved from the candidates' page to the features' page. I'm pretty sure that this'll get done today, though. 172 22:30, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC)

The Congo Free State was a private colony owned by Léopold II of Belgium between about 1877 and 1908. It included the entire area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and was the scene of native heartbreak and European brutality, greed and genocide on a colossal scale. In 1908, after Léopold's activities had finally been exposed in the Western press, it became, at least in theory, an orthodox colony of Belgium, and known as the Belgian Congo.

Recently featured: Rock, Paper, Scissors – soap bubble – Origins of the American Civil War

More featured articles...

 * Not yet. Kingturtle still has a objection. Please get him to withdraw it before promoting. Once it is promoted, I'll feature it. →Raul654 03:04, Apr 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that. I'd thought that it was going to be resolved that night. He withdrew his objections, but the article hasn't been added to the features page yet. 172 01:00, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Today's featured article on James Bulger
I'm concerned about today's featured article for the following reasons. It is an extremely hurtful subject for the Bulger family and while it is a matter of public record and belongs in the Wikipedia for that reason, it's also a matter of relatively recent private grief and therefore inherently hurtful. We need to show sensitivity in an area like this. I don't think that it should have been made a Main Page featured article without asking the Bulger family how they felt about that. Did anyone do that ?

Many newspapers have used it (and continue to use it) as a sales boosting technique, trampling on the Bulger family's feeling without any thought for them, and I would hate people to think that Wikipedia is using it in the same manner. Subjects of this sort need more care than the average choice for Featured Article and even at this late stage, I would prefer that it was withdrawn until permission has been given for such a prominent use by the victim's family. -- Derek Ross 14:49, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Doom again?
Why? Thats just horrible. -Stevertigo 22:40, 23 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Again? Huh? →Raul654 22:46, Apr 23, 2004 (UTC)

Hinduism
''Hinduism is constituted by an overwhelmingly diverse array of belief systems, practices and scriptures. It has its origin in Vedic culture as far back as a conservative 2000 BCE.'' Could someone revise the language, please? Hinduism has a diverse array, for example; at least as far back as 2000 BCE. Thanks! Markalexander100 07:25, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Carlsbad Caverns National Park
Can I suggest Carlsbad Caverns National Park as a cover article? The first paragraph would do almost unchanged, and the picture on the right would suit (or it could be cropped if necessary). Also it's cheerful. Here's a slightly shortened version of the intro:

 * Carlsbad Caverns National Park is a US National Park established to preserve Carlsbad Cavern and numerous other caves within a Permian-age fossil reef. Carlsbad Cavern, with one of the world's largest underground chambers and countless formations, is highly accessible, with both self-guided and a variety of ranger-guided tours offered year round.

--Andrew 01:34, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll feature this tomorrow. →Raul654 02:04, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)

Neat-o! --Andrew 02:08, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)

Finding the archive
Would it be confusing to make "Recently featured" into a link to the archive of recently featured articles? Or perhaps add a link for less recent? What I mean:

 * 1) Recently featured: postal system – 2004 Taiwanese presidential election – Assassin
 * 2) Recently featured: postal system – 2004 Taiwanese presidential election – Assassin – less recent
 * 3) Recently featured: postal system – 2004 Taiwanese presidential election – Assassin – older

I suggest this because I first clicked on "more featured articles" hoping for older front-page articles and was surprised. Also it took me a long time to find the actual archive (and this page). --Andrew 02:08, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * See also the second discussion in the "Linking of images on Main page" section above. I've made the changes. Jay 06:17, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I don't support the change that was actually made. I think that the featured articles pages should be directly accessible, preferably from the "more featured articles" link. It has more articles of exactly the sort that are featured on the front page; just not all of them have been, yet. It also has a more reasonable selection process - the front page is necessarily a little unilateral. That's okay, but I think we should encourage people to visit the full featured articles page. All I suggested was that if people wanted to answer the question "what was that article I saw last week?" they could without rummaging around for half an hour in the Wikipedia: namespace. That's why I made the suggestions above.

I'm going to change it to one of my suggestions as above on a trial basis; if people object, let's put it back the way it used to be before I spoke up and discuss it here until consensus emerges. --Andrew 10:52, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * I really didn't like it either - it's extremely unnecessary and just serves to dilute the usefulness of the current featured articles. I have removed it. →Raul654 13:01, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)

Hmm. How should users find out about Template:Feature/Archive? I really was looking for "what was the front-page article four days ago?" when I first clicked on "more featured articles..." Perhaps a link on Featured articles, where it mentions the rationale for highlighting articles? --Andrew 13:16, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)

Never mind; it's there. I am content. --Andrew 13:54, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)

SARS
How about the following for a front-page article sometime soon?

The coronavirus suggested as a causative agent
 * Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is an atypical form of pneumonia that first appeared in November 2002 in Guangdong Province, China. It spread rapidly, reaching neighboring Hong Kong and Vietnam in late February 2003, and then to other countries via international travel of infected persons. The last case in this outbreak occurred in June, 2003. In the outbreak, SARS caused 8,069 cases of disease and 775 deaths.

The picture would be shrunk and uncaptioned, of course; there's another possible choice (a SARS hospital, with ambulance and gumby-suited worker, but it would be hard to see if smaller). This might not be a great idea if it appears in "Current events" too; on the other hand, it's a featured article and somewhat on people's minds. On the other other hand, it has no mention of the current outbreak of SARS. --Andrew 13:16, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * If there is a current outbreak, I'd like to avoid mentioning it on the main page for just that reason. The featured article should *NOT* be timely - that's exclusively the domain of In the News, especially if the SARS article has not been updated. →Raul654 15:00, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)

European Union (please feature on 9 May, Europe Day)
We should feature EU now on May 1. Elizabeth A 22:09, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

The European Union is an international organisation of European states established by the Maastricht treaty in 1992. It origins from the Coal and Steel Community, founded in 1951 by Germany, France, Italy and the Benelux countries. However, the French-German politician Robert Schuman presented his proposal of a united Europe, known as the Schuman declaration, already in 1950, which is considered to be the beginning of what is now the European Union. Between 1973 and 1995 nine further states became members of the union, and on May 1, 2004, the Union was further enlarged with Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia.

I have reverted. European union is not a featured article. It won't be until (at least) May 2. Second, as someone said on the candidates page when this was asked there, May 9 is Europe day - that would make a good time to feature this. Third, it's not yet time to cycle the article. →Raul654 23:39, Apr 30, 2004 (UTC)

I tend to agree. Featured article is not In the news. We can't quick-push articles to be featured whenever something important happens.--Eloquence* 23:41, Apr 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * As I said above, this section should not be timely at all. In fact, if something is breaking news, I would tend to NOT feature it just because it should be on ITN instead of here. →Raul654 23:43, Apr 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Exactly - I was rather annoyed when I saw that the EU was both featured and in the news. Diversity is key here. --mav 23:49, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Please now feature this on 9 May (Europe Day). -- Kaihsu 21:39, 2004 May 8 (UTC)

Peerage

The Peerage is a system of titles of nobility in the United Kingdom. Peers include Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts and Barons; such titles may be either hereditary or for life. Additionally, certain Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England are classified by some authorities as Spiritual Peers. Formerly, all peers meeting qualifications such as age could sit in the House of Lords, the Upper House of the British Parliament. Now, however, hereditary peers do not have the automatic right to sit in Parliament.

This article was supposedly featured, but I can find no account of its featuring in the page history. The article is actually a series now; I had to break it up because it was 92KB long. I hope there isn't a rule against featuring series on the main page. -- Emsworth 19:19, May 1, 2004 (UTC)

I'll feature this tonight. →Raul654 02:51, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

Thailand
Bangkok is both the province with the highest population and the highest population density. A pedant writes: could you make that "Bangkok has both the greatest population and the highest population density"? Bangkok isn't the highest population density. Markalexander100 04:10, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. →Raul654 04:24, May 8, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks! Markalexander100 04:28, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Chess
I think we should feature Chess soon. It is one of the deepest topics covered as on date in English-pedia. The article has so many links that it will keep any enthusiast busy for hours.

How about the following ? Chancemill 18:22, May 8, 2004 (UTC)

Chess (the "Game of Kings") is a board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or chessmen), 16 for each player, marked by contrasting colors. The board is a great square overall consisting of eight rows (ranks) by eight columns (files) of individual squares which alternate in color orthogonally (traditionally as white and black). Hence, there are a total of 64 individual squares. The object of the game is to put the opponent's king in checkmate (i.e., rendering capture unavoidable).

Taiwanese (linguistics)
Kaihsu 22:10, 2004 May 8 (UTC) suggests:

Taiwanese is the home language for about 60% of the population of Taiwan. Native speakers of Taiwanese are known as Hō-ló. The language, a tonal one with extremely extensive tone sandhi rules, is similar to the speech of the southern part of Fujian in China. There are special literary and art forms in Taiwanese such as Chhit-jī-á, a poetic meter where each verse has 7 syllables; and koa-a-hì, Taiwanese opera. Taiwanese puppetry (Pò·-tē-hì) is also unique and has been elaborated in the past two decades into impressive televised spectacles.

 * I'll do European Union (already requested), then Chess. Kaihsu - can you find/upload/suggest a better picture for Taiwanese? That's not a very good picture to use, in this case. →Raul654 23:37, May 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, in the case of language articles, it is troublesome to find an attractive image. When Mandarin (linguistics) was featured, a genealogical/taxonomy map   was used -- not very attractive. I have attempted to find a Taiwanese puppet image; perhaps, , or something from  or ?  I have replaced the image with one of them.  Cheers. -- Kaihsu 10:35, 2004 May 10 (UTC)

 * By the way, maybe this should not be featured until a taxonomy box is added. -- Kaihsu 10:59, 2004 May 10 (UTC)
 * Added. -- Kaihsu 12:39, 2004 May 10 (UTC)

Buckinghamshire
Minor grammar point: "It has an area of 1883 sq km, a population of 590,000, and its county town is Aylesbury. " should be "It has an area of 1883 sq km and a population of 590,000; its county town is Aylesbury." Markalexander100 04:52, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Fixed. The page isn't protected by the way, so feel free to be bold and make the change yourself next time. :) Angela. 06:28, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

Doh! Markalexander100 07:45, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Enclave
A suggestion from Radagast 15:46, May 22, 2004 (UTC):

An enclave is, in human geography, a piece of land which is totally enclosed within a foreign territory. Enclaves may be created for a variety of historical, political or even geological reasons. Since living in an enclave can be very inconvenient and many agreements have to be found by both countries over mail addresses, power supply or passage rights, enclaves tend to be eliminated; many cases that existed in the past have now been resolved.

British East India Company
A suggestion from 172 07:37, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

The British East India Company was founded by a Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600. Over the next 250 years, it became one of the most powerful commercial enterprises of its time. The British East India Company's business was centred on India, where it also acquired auxiliary governmental and military functions which came to overshadow its commercial activities. India was often referred to as the "Jewel in the Crown."

Recently featured: Rembrandt van Rijn – Enclave – Star

More featured articles...

Transit of Venus
I'd like to see this featured starting sometime June 7th, as the next transit after June 8th will be in 2012. anthony (see warning) 01:04, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * At cursory glance, it's a good article, but it's not a featured article. It can't be featured (put on the main page) until it is. →Raul654 02:43, May 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * What's wrong with it? anthony (see warning) 03:25, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't see anything wrong with it, but as I said - it's not a featured article; it is not listed at Featured articles. Articles not listed there are not to be featured on the main page, period. →Raul654 03:30, May 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Now it is :). anthony (see warning) 01:59, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
Suggested by Johnleemk 09:56, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (September 29, 1758–October 21, 1805), British naval officer, won fame as a leading naval commander before his death at the Battle of Trafalgar made him one of Britain's greatest national heroes. His title in full was Vice Admiral of the White Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson of the Nile, Baron Nelson of the Nile, K.B.. In addition to these British titles he was also Duke of Bronte in the nobility of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Ferdinand and of Merit, and a Knight of the Ottoman Empire's Order of the Crescent.

Recently featured: Submarine – Single malt Scotch – British East India Company –

More featured articles...

 * In the last week, we've had articles on Scotch malt, British east india company, and Buckinghamshire. I think we'll hold off on any more British articles for the time being. →Raul654 03:54, May 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * I sat down to feature this for tomorrow, and the articles is unfeaturable. The introduction gives one sentence describing (in vague terms) what he did, and then spends 2 sentences talking about the titles he held. The introduction needs to be scrapped and rewritten before it can be featured. →Raul654 03:45, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

Simon and Garfunkel
Suggested by Johnleemk 04:00, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

100px|right|Simon and Garfunkel

Simon & Garfunkel were a popular music duo comprising Paul Simon and Arthur "Art" Garfunkel. Simon and Garfunkel were among the most popular recording artists of the 1960s, and are best known for their songs, "The Sound of Silence", "Mrs. Robinson" and "Bridge Over Troubled Water". They received several Grammies and are inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Recently featured: Helium – Chinatown – Vowel –

More featured articles...

Diabetes Mellitus [NOMINATION FOR FEATURED]
Well, I wasn't aware of the peer review process, sorry. Also, I would like to know, is Eloquence really that fast, or was that a script which reverted the changes. The diabetes article had only been displayed for about a minute. Was it ever really displayed?

Anyway, I nominate diabetes for the next featured article as it is one of the best articles written for a disease on Wikipedia and also rising phenomenally in popularity. Wikipedia also has not had many featured articles that are diseases, and some disease articles, like cancer are really lacking.

Finally, I already wrote everything necessary to make diabetes mellitus the featured article in my ignorance. Check it out, it's all done: (User:Exigentsky)

 * 1) Ask Erik (Eloquence) on his talk page - [[]]
 * 2) Diabetes is not a featured article - you can see the list at Featured articles. To become a featured article, it has to go through a nomination process. You can nominate it at Featured article candidates.
 * 3) In the future, please sign your posts by putting ~ at the end. →Raul654 21:24, May 31, 2004 (UTC)

Thank you. However, isn't the talk page link you gave me on the idea or word eloquence, rather than the user? Regardless, I left a message on Eloquence's user talk page. I also nominated diabetes for becoming a featured article in the right place. And I signed my name --Exigentsky 22:12, May 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * Whoops, yes, the link I gave you is wrong - it should have said User talk:Eloquence. My bad. →Raul654 22:27, May 31, 2004 (UTC)