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Metyrapone

Metyrapone, sold under the brand name Metopirone, is a medication which is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and occasionally in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism). It is part of the steroidogenesis inhibitor class of drugs.

Medical uses
Metyrapone can be used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Metyrapone 30 mg/kg, maximum dose 3,000 mg, is administered at midnight usually with a snack. The plasma cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol are measured the next morning between 8:00 and 9:00 am. A plasma cortisol less than 220 nmol/L indicates adequate inhibition of 11β-hydroxylase. In patients with intact Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, CRH and ACTH levels rise as a response to the falling cortisol levels. This results in an increase of the steroid precursors in the pathway. Therefore, if 11-deoxycortisol levels do not rise and remain less than 7 μg/dL (202 nmol/L) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) rises, then it is highly suggestive of adrenal insufficiency. If neither 11-deoxycortisol nor ACTH rise, it is highly suggestive of an impaired hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis at either the pituitary or hypothalamus.

The metyrapone test may aid in verifying the cause of Cushing's syndrome. Most patients with pituitary dysfunction and/or pituitary microadenoma will increase ACTH secretion in response to metyrapone, while most ectopic ACTH-producing tumors will not. Pituitary macroadenomas do not always respond to metyrapone.

Metyrapone is used for the medical control of hypercortisolism in Cushing's syndrome (ACTH dependent or independent). The aim for medical treatment is to achieve pre-operative control of hypercortisolism, or for control of residual disease persisting post-operatively (TSS, adrenalectomy). It is not for long term definitive treatment/cure, only as an adjunct (surgery is the aim for cure in most causes of Cushing's syndrome). Metyrapone hence acts by inhibiting adrenal steroidogenesis. One side effect is hirsutism (in women) because of the excess androgen precursors created. The other commonly used agent for medical treatment of Cushing's is ketoconazole (an anti-fungal agent). This does not exhibit the side effect of hirsutism.

Pharmacodynamics
Metyrapone blocks cortisol steroidogenesis by acting as a reversible inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylase. This stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion, which in turn increases plasma 11-deoxycortisol levels.

Chemistry
Analogues of metyrapone include aminoglutethimide, amphenone B, and mitotane.

Research
Metyrapone has been found in early human trials to reduce recollection of emotional memories in normal volunteers. The volunteers showed significant impairment in ability to retrieve memories with negative emotional content while not impairing memories with neutral content. This has significant implication in the study of the process of emotional healing in post traumatic stress disorder.

Due to the permissive action of cortisol on glucagon, partial blockade of cortisol may reduce the effects of circulating glucagon in chronically increasing blood glucose in metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) and type 2 diabetes.

title: Metyrapone


text:
Watchdog timer

A watchdog timer (WDT, or simply a watchdog), sometimes called a computer operating properly timer (COP timer), is an electronic or software timer that is used to detect and recover from computer malfunctions. Watchdog timers are widely used in computers to facilitate automatic correction of temporary hardware faults, and to prevent errant or malevolent software from disrupting system operation.

During normal operation, the computer regularly restarts the watchdog timer to prevent it from elapsing, or "timing out". If, due to a hardware fault or program error, the computer fails to restart the watchdog, the timer will elapse and generate a timeout signal. The timeout signal is used to initiate corrective actions. The corrective actions typically include placing the computer and associated hardware in a safe state and invoking a computer reboot.

Microcontrollers often include an integrated, on-chip watchdog. In other computers the watchdog may reside in a nearby chip that connects directly to the CPU, or it may be located on an external expansion card in the computer's chassis.

Applications

Watchdog timers are commonly found in embedded systems and other computer-controlled equipment where humans cannot easily access the equipment or would be unable to react to faults in a timely manner. In such systems, the computer cannot depend on a human to invoke a reboot if it hangs; it must be self-reliant. For example, remote embedded systems such as space probes are not physically accessible to human operators; these could become permanently disabled if they were unable to autonomously recover from faults. In robots and other automated machines, a fault in the control computer could cause equipment damage or injuries before a human could react, even if the computer is easily accessed. A watchdog timer is usually employed in cases like these.

Watchdog timers are also used to monitor and limit software execution time on a normally functioning computer. For example, a watchdog timer may be used when running untrusted code in a sandbox, to limit the CPU time available to the code and thus prevent some types of denial-of-service attacks. In real-time operating systems, a watchdog timer may be used to monitor a time-critical task to ensure it completes within its maximum allotted time and, if it fails to do so, to terminate the task and report the failure.

Restarting
The act of restarting a watchdog timer is commonly referred to as kicking the watchdog. Kicking is typically done by writing to a watchdog control port or by setting a particular bit in a register. Alternatively, some tightly coupled watchdog timers are kicked by executing a special machine language instruction. An example of this is the CLRWDT (clear watchdog timer) instruction found in the instruction set of some PIC microcontrollers.

In computers that are running operating systems, watchdog restarts are usually invoked through a device driver. For example, in the Linux operating system, a user space program will kick the watchdog by interacting with the watchdog device driver, typically by writing a zero character to /dev/watchdog or by calling a KEEPALIVE ioctl. The device driver, which serves to abstract the watchdog hardware from user space programs, may also be used to configure the time-out period and start and stop the timer.

Some watchdog timers will only allow kicks during a specific time window. The window timing is usually relative to the previous kick or, if the watchdog has not yet been kicked, to the moment the watchdog was enabled. The window begins after a delay following the previous kick, and ends after a further delay. If the computer attempts to kick the watchdog before or after the window, the watchdog will not be restarted, and in some implementations this will be treated as a fault and trigger corrective action.

Enabling
A watchdog timer is said to be enabled when operating and disabled when idle. Upon power-up, a watchdog may be unconditionally enabled or it may be initially disabled and require an external signal to enable it. In the latter case, the enabling signal may be automatically generated by hardware or it may be generated under software control.

When automatically generated, the enabling signal is typically derived from the computer reset signal. In some systems the reset signal is directly used to enable the watchdog. In others, the reset signal is delayed so that the watchdog will become enabled at some later time following the reset. This delay allows time for the computer to boot before the watchdog is enabled. Without this delay, the watchdog would timeout and invoke a subsequent reset before the computer can run its application software — the software which kicks the watchdog — and the system would become stuck in an endless cycle of incomplete reboots.

Single-stage watchdog
Watchdog timers come in many configurations, and many allow their configurations to be altered. For example, the watchdog and CPU may share a common clock signal as shown in the block diagram below, or they may have independent clock signals. A basic watchdog timer has a single timer stage which, upon timeout, typically will reset the CPU:

Multistage watchdog
Two or more timers are sometimes cascaded to form a multistage watchdog timer, where each timer is referred to as a timer stage, or simply a stage. For example, the block diagram below shows a three-stage watchdog. In a multistage watchdog, only the first stage is kicked by the processor. Upon first stage timeout, a corrective action is initiated and the next stage in the cascade is started. As each subsequent stage times out, it triggers a corrective action and starts the next stage. Upon final stage timeout, a corrective action is initiated, but no other stage is started because the end of the cascade has been reached. Typically, single-stage watchdog timers are used to simply restart the computer, whereas multistage watchdog timers will sequentially trigger a series of corrective actions, with the final stage triggering a computer restart.

Time intervals
Watchdog timers may have either fixed or programmable time intervals. Some watchdog timers allow the time interval to be programmed by selecting from among a few selectable, discrete values. In others, the interval can be programmed to arbitrary values. Typically, watchdog time intervals range from ten milliseconds to a minute or more. In a multistage watchdog, each timer may have its own, unique time interval.

Corrective actions
A watchdog timer may initiate any of several types of corrective action, including maskable interrupt, non-maskable interrupt, hardware reset, fail-safe state activation, power cycling, or combinations of these. Depending on its architecture, the type of corrective action or actions that a watchdog can trigger may be fixed or programmable. Some computers (e.g., PC compatibles) require a pulsed signal to invoke a hardware reset. In such cases, the watchdog typically triggers a hardware reset by activating an internal or external pulse generator, which in turn creates the required reset pulses.

In embedded systems and control systems, watchdog timers are often used to activate fail-safe circuitry. When activated, the fail-safe circuitry forces all control outputs to safe states (e.g., turns off motors, heaters, and high-voltages) to prevent injuries and equipment damage while the fault persists. In a two-stage watchdog, the first timer is often used to activate fail-safe outputs and start the second timer stage; the second stage will reset the computer if the fault cannot be corrected before the timer elapses.

Watchdog timers are sometimes used to trigger the recording of system state information—which may be useful during fault recovery —or debug information (which may be useful for determining the cause of the fault) onto a persistent medium. In such cases, a second timer—which is started when the first timer elapses—is typically used to reset the computer later, after allowing sufficient time for data recording to complete. This allows time for the information to be saved, but ensures that the computer will be reset even if the recording process fails.

For example, the above diagram shows a likely configuration for a two-stage watchdog timer. During normal operation the computer regularly kicks Stage1 to prevent a timeout. If the computer fails to kick Stage1 (e.g., due to a hardware fault or programming error), Stage1 will eventually timeout. This event will start the Stage2 timer and, simultaneously, notify the computer (by means of a non-maskable interrupt) that a reset is imminent. Until Stage2 times out, the computer may attempt to record state information, debug information, or both. As a last resort, the computer will be reset upon Stage2 timeout.

Fault detection
A watchdog timer provides automatic detection of catastrophic malfunctions that prevent the computer from kicking it. However, computers often have other, less-severe types of faults which do not interfere with kicking, but which still require watchdog oversight. To support these, a computer system is typically designed so that its watchdog timer will be kicked only if the computer deems the system functional. The computer determines whether the system is functional by conducting one or more fault detection tests and will kick the watchdog only if all tests have passed.

In computers that are running an operating system and multiple processes, a single, simple test might be insufficient to guarantee normal operation, as it could fail to detect a subtle fault condition and therefore allow the watchdog to be kicked even though a fault condition exists. For example, in the case of the Linux operating system, a user-space watchdog daemon may simply kick the watchdog periodically without performing any tests. As long as the daemon runs normally, the system will be protected against serious system crashes such as a kernel panic. To detect less severe faults, the daemon can be configured to perform tests that cover resource availability (e.g., sufficient memory and file handles, reasonable CPU time), evidence of expected process activity (e.g., system daemons running, specific files being present or updated), overheating, and network activity, and system-specific test scripts or programs can also be run.

Upon discovery of a failed test, the computer may attempt to perform a sequence of corrective actions under software control, culminating with a software-initiated reboot. If the software fails to invoke a reboot, the watchdog timer will timeout and invoke a hardware reset. In effect, this is a multistage watchdog timer in which the software comprises the first and intermediate timer stages and the hardware reset the final stage. In a Linux system, for example, the watchdog daemon could attempt to perform a software-initiated restart, which can be preferable to a hardware reset as the file systems will be safely unmounted and fault information will be logged. It is essential, however, to have the insurance provided by a hardware timer, since a software restart can fail under a number of fault conditions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Watchdog timer


text: Talk:Dust Bowl

title: Talk:Dust Bowl


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Biplobi Bangla Congress

Biplobi Bangla Congress (English: Revolutionary Bangla Congress; abbr. BBC) is a political party in West Bengal, India. The party emerged as a splinter group of the Bangla Congress party ahead of the 1971 West Bengal elections. It was founded by Sukumar Roy, a prominent member of Congress. BBC is now the part of the Left Front.

History
The formation of BBC is an important part of the history of Politics of West Bengal. The Congress party held state power for the first two decades after partition, before trying out another grouping in 1967. At that time, the first United Front government came to power with Ajoy Mukherjee of the Bangla Congress (a Congress splinter group) as chief minister, Jyoti Basu as deputy chief minister and ministry of land and land revenue (reforms) as Hare Krishna Konar.

Thereafter followed four years of political instability due to the Naxalite rebellion and police counter-action, the Congress muscled its way back to power in the 1972 elections, when even Jyoti Basu lost his assembly seat to a nonentity by 40,000 votes.

In 1977, the voters brought the Biplobi Bangla Congress and Left Front merged to power, with latter retaining the title and from since then they remained firm as the ruling party of West Bengal for 34 years.

Symbols
The flag adopted by the party is red & white (3:1 ratio) with Hammer & Plough symbol at the center.

Contested elections
BBC candidate Tushar Kanti Laya contested the Sabong seat in Midnapore for 2001 assembly elections of the state and won it. In the 2006 assembly elections of West Bengal, BBC again contested the Sabong seat with Tushar Kanti Laya as its candidate (on a Communist Party of India (Marxist) symbol). Laya got 62,079 votes (44.98%), but lost the seat to Congress candidate Dr. Manas Bhunia.

Prominent members
Some prominent leaders of Biplobi Bangla Congress are Nirmalendu Bhattacharya, Gouranga Samanta, Ashis Chowdhury, Sunil Chowdhury, Deepak Senroy (SUBRATA ROY). Gouranga Samanta was elected as MLA two times from Dabang, Medinipur. Other MLAs were Dr Makhan Lal Bangal, Tushar Laya. Dr. Umesh Chaudhary & Reeta Chowdhury were Councillor in KMC (Kolkata Municipal Corporation) at different times.

title: Biplobi Bangla Congress


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Cadillac Ranch

Cadillac Ranch is a public art installation and sculpture in Amarillo, Texas, US. It was created in 1974 by Chip Lord, Hudson Marquez and Doug Michels, who were a part of the art group Ant Farm.

The installation consists of 10 Cadillacs (1949–1963) buried nose-first in the ground. Installed in 1974, the cars were either older running, used or junk cars – together spanning the successive generations of the car line – and the defining evolution of their tailfins. The cars are inclined at the same angle as the pyramids of Giza.

History
Chip Lord and Doug Michels were architects; Marquez was an art student at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana. According to Lord, "Ant Farm was founded as an alternative architectural practice, kind of an experiment in an attempt to subvert normal corporate ways of doing architecture."

According to Marquez, "Chip and I were living in the mountains north of San Francisco, and there was a book meant for kids left in a bar near where we lived. It was called 'The Look of Cars,' and there was something on the rise and fall of the tail fin. I didn't have a lot to do, so I just sorta drew it up. I've always loved the Cadillacs."

The group claims to have been given a list of eccentric millionaires in 1972 in San Francisco, identifying Stanley Marsh 3 of Amarillo amongst those who might be able to fund one of their projects and submitted it to him. Marsh's response began "It's going to take me awhile [sic] to get used to the idea of the Cadillac Ranch. I'll answer you by April Fool's Day. It's such an irrelevant and silly proposition that I want to give it all my time and attention so I can make a casual judgment of it."

Relocation
Cadillac Ranch was originally located in a wheat field, but in 1997, the installation was quietly moved by a local contractor to a location two miles (three kilometers) to the west, to a cow pasture along Interstate 40, in order to place it farther from the limits of the growing city. Both sites belonged to Stanley Marsh 3. Marsh was well known in the city for his longtime patronage of artistic endeavors including the Cadillac Ranch; Floating Mesa; Amarillo Ramp, a work by land artist Robert Smithson; and a series of fake traffic signs throughout the city known collectively as the Dynamite Museum. As of 2013, Stanley Marsh 3 did not own the Cadillac Ranch; ownership appears to have been transferred to a family trust some time before his June 2014 death.

Cadillac Ranch is visible from the highway, and though located on private land, visiting it (by driving along a frontage road and entering the pasture by walking through an unlocked gate) is tacitly encouraged. In addition, writing graffiti on or otherwise spray-painting the vehicles is now encouraged, and the vehicles, which have long since lost their original colors, are wildly decorated. Ant Farm artists have encouraged this kind of public interaction with the cars.

The cars are periodically repainted various colors (once white for the filming of a television commercial, another time pink in honor of Stanley's wife Wendy's birthday, and again all 10 cars were painted flat black to mark the passing of Ant Farm artist Doug Michels, or simply to provide a fresh canvas for future visitors). In 2012 they were painted rainbow colors to commemorate gay pride day. The cars were briefly "restored" to their original colors by the motel chain Hampton Inn in a public relations-sponsored series of Route 66 landmark restoration projects. The new paint jobs and even the plaque commemorating the project lasted less than 24 hours without fresh graffiti. The cars were painted solid black with the words "Black Lives Matter" in June 2020 to protest police brutality and the murder of George Floyd.

2019 fire
On September 8, 2019, the oldest of the Cadillacs was reportedly damaged by an arson fire.

In popular culture

"Cadillac Ranch" is the name of a Bruce Springsteen song on his 1980 album The River, later covered by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and Status Quo.

The music video for the 1985 song "Living in America" by James Brown and the music video for the 2008 song "Ain't No Rest for the Wicked" by Cage the Elephant both feature imagery of the Cadillac Ranch. The Cadillac Ranch is also featured on the cover of singer/songwriter Russell Christian's first EP "Chassis".

In the 1990 book 12 Days on the Road: The Sex Pistols and America, the Sex Pistols pass by Cadillac Ranch on their way to New Mexico during their only American tour. Johnny Rotten sneered and sarcastically described it as "a stirring work."

The 1996 film Cadillac Ranch directed by Lisa Gottlieb and starring Christopher Lloyd and Suzy Amis is set in the Texas Panhandle around its namesake ranch.

Pixar's 2006 animated film Cars depicts a Cadillac Range as a mountain formation; the film's credits directly acknowledge the Ant Farm collective and the Cadillac Ranch. In a case of art-imitating-art-imitating-art, that image from the film Cars has been constructed as a centerpiece of Cars Land at Disney California Adventure.

In the final scene of the King of the Hill episode "Hank Gets Dusted", Hank Hill has his father's Cadillac, which he cherished growing up, pushed front first into a hole along with other Cadillacs to reference the Cadillac Ranch.

Cadillac Ranch serves as the setting for the video for the 2009 song "Honky Tonk Stomp" by country duo Brooks & Dunn, which was the duo's last video.

The band Atomic Tom filmed a video at Cadillac Ranch in November 2011.

In 1992 country music artist Chris LeDoux released a song titled "Cadillac Ranch", written by Chuck Jones and Chris Waters, on his album Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy. It was a duet with Garth Brooks. The song reached #18 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and #16 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.

Book cover artist David Pelham discusses "Jungian Zeitgeist" and other buried 1974 Cadillacs (his cover painting for JG Ballard's novel, The Drought (Penguin edition, 1974) and Neil Young's On the Beach album cover) in a 2012 interview.

A scene filmed at the ranch appeared in the 2017 film Bomb City.

In May 2019, photographer/artist George Edward Freeney Jr. photographed the "Cadillac Ranch" inspired by reflecting on his childhood experiences of extending the artistic approach by spray painting on them several times while evading local authorities and his mother in the 1980s, he made "West Texas Street Painter" and "West Texas Street Painted", limited edition imagery.

In August 2020, singer Rihanna took an "art" selfie at the Cadillac Ranch, alongside a message on a car showing disapproval for Donald Trump.

title: Cadillac Ranch


text:
John W. Griggs

John William Griggs (July 10, 1849 – November 28, 1927) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as the 29th Governor of New Jersey from 1896 to 1898 and the 43rd United States Attorney General from 1898 to 1901.

As Governor, Griggs gained a reputation for siding with "the little guy" in conflicts between impoverished workers and their employers; he was also an advocate of civil rights for African-Americans.

Early life
John William Griggs was born on July 10, 1849, on his family's farm on Ridge Road near Newton, New Jersey to Daniel and Emeline Johnson Griggs. The Griggs family had settled in the state around 1733 and had been a farming family since.

John Griggs attended the Collegiate Institute in Newton before enrolling at Lafayette College in 1864. Though he participated in an unruly protest against the abolition of fraternities on campus (as a member of Theta Delta Chi), Griggs graduated as scheduled in 1868. He returned to Newton and studied law as a clerk in the office of Robert Hamilton for three years, before spending the final months of his apprenticeship in the offices of Socrates Tuttle of Paterson. Tuttle, a prominent local Republican, would soon be elected mayor of the city and had also mentored another young Republican attorney, Garret Hobart, who became Tuttle's son-in-law. Hobart and Griggs began a political friendship which would eventually take both men to Washington.

In November 1871, Griggs received his law license. After two years of independent practice, he entered a partnership with Tuttle and by 1879 had developed a large clientele of his own. Future New Jersey Attorney General Robert H. McCarter praised Griggs as an excellent mediator, known for his "wonderful power of clearing up difficulties that arose in the course of protracted trials."

State politics (1875–96)
Griggs entered politics in 1875 as a Republican candidate for the New Jersey General Assembly from Paterson. He narrowly unseated the Democratic incumbent with 51.9 percent of the vote and became the youngest member of the Assembly at just twenty-six years old. Despite his age, he was appointed to several committees and played a key role in drafting the election laws under a recently approved set of constitutional amendments. He was re-elected in 1876 but defeated for a third term in 1877, which was generally a Democratic year.

Having been turned out of the legislature, Griggs cultivated his legal practice and served as a government attorney. From 1878 to 1879, he was counsel to the Passaic County Board of Chosen Freeholders and from 1879 to 1882, he was city counsel for Paterson.

In 1882, Griggs returned to Trenton by succeeding Garret Hobart as State Senator. He won a narrow election over James Inglis Jr., a local judge, by 182 votes. In the Senate, Griggs chaired eight regular committees in six years, including Railroads, Canals and Turnpikes and Revision and Amendment of the Laws. As Senator, his chief achievement came in 1884 when he chaired a joint committee on corporate taxation. He heavily revised the proposal by Governor Leon Abbett to be less punitive, and his bill became law and survived judicial scrutiny. Riding this wave of success, Griggs stood for President of the Senate in 1885 but lost to Abraham V. Schenck. He was elected to succeed Schenck in 1886, furthering his statewide profile and ambitions.

In 1888, Griggs was a delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention from New Jersey, as part of a slate supporting favorite son William Walter Phelps. After Benjamin Harrison won the nomination, Griggs delivered the speech nominating Phelps for Vice President; he finished second behind Levi P. Morton of New York.

Though Griggs hoped to be nominated for Governor in 1889 on the basis of his taxation bill, he found little support for his candidacy. President Harrison seriously considered nominating him to the Supreme Court in 1892 to succeed fellow New Jerseyan Joseph P. Bradley. Griggs lobbied for the seat through his friend Hobart (by then serving as Senate President himself) and others but did not receive the nomination, which instead went to George Shiras Jr.

1895 election
In 1895, Griggs ran an active campaign for Governor. He received the Republican nomination at the party convention on the third ballot over Representative John Kean, who had taken the nomination in 1892.

In the general election, Griggs campaigned on a platform for "honesty, retrenchment, and reform." He charged the Democratic Party and nominee Alexander T. McGill of Jersey City with eleven years of corruption and voter fraud. He also criticized recent Democratic legislation, including a Coal Combine bill and legalized racetrack gambling. He spoke infrequently on national issues, but opposed free silver, free trade, and Chinese immigration. Disaffection with the Democratic Party in the state and the party's growing opposition to the gold standard nationally paved the way for Griggs's solid victory; he was the first Republican elected as Governor since Marcus Lawrence Ward thirty years earlier in 1865, when the party still ran under the National Union label in New Jersey. His victory was the first of five consecutive wins for the party.

Term in office.
Griggs held his inauguration in a formal affair at Taylor's Opera House on June 21, 1896. In his speech, he called for "a restriction in the volume of legislation," especially the growing trend of municipal incorporation, and reforms protecting citizens against injuries from trolley cars and urban sewer pollution.

As he had during the election campaign, Griggs called for depoliticization of charitable and penal institutions. He opened his term in office by removing many Democratic state officials from office, including longtime Secretary of State Henry C. Kelsey and Attorney General John P. Stockton, who had each served for decades under Democratic governors, and many "lay judges" of the courts of common pleas. On March 19, 1896, Senator Foster McGowan Voorhees introduced a bill to eliminate the courts of common pleas and reduce the pay for county court judges, which Griggs later signed into law.

Griggs also signed bills eliminating grade crossings in Newark and Jersey City and preventing water pollution.

U.S. Attorney General (1898–1901)
In 1898, Griggs was offered the position of United States Attorney General by William McKinley. His appointment came at the recommendation of Hobart, his political mentor and now the Vice President of the United States. Griggs had been a longtime McKinley supporter, speaking on behalf of the candidate at the first McKinley for President club in the country in April 1896.

As Attorney General, Griggs's chief achievement was arguing the Insular Cases before the Supreme Court, which determined the constitutional status of the lands won in the Spanish–American War. Griggs was an ardent supporter of the President's imperial policy and had accompanied McKinley and Hobart to Cuba, where they visited Theodore Roosevelt following his victory at the Battle of San Juan Hil. In the Insular Cases, he leaned heavily on Justice Bradley's decision in Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States to advance a national view of the Constitution.

After McKinley's assassination in 1901, Griggs resigned from the cabinet. In December of that year, Senator William J. Sewell died in office. Griggs was put forward as a leading candidate to succeed him, but the legislature ultimately elected John F. Dryden.

Return to private life
Griggs was one of the first members appointed to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague, and served from 1901 to 1912. He also returned to private legal practice, founding the corporate firm of Griggs, Dill and Harding in New York City.

When the Consolidated National Bank of New York was organized on July 1, 1902, the fourteen directors included Griggs, Henry C. Brewster, George Crocker, Mortimer H. Wagar, and Perry Belmont. In 1905 he was named the president of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America, and held that office until the company was reorganized as the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1919. At RCA he was a director and the company's general counsel until his death.

Personal life and death
Griggs married Carolyn Webster Brandt in 1874 and Laura Elizabeth Price in 1893. He had seven children.

Griggs's niece Elizabeth Alden Curtis Holman was the plaintiff in a 1914 case in United States federal court which successfully challenged forced institutionalization.

Griggs was a trustee to his alma mater, Lafayette College, from 1894 to 1900.

Griggs died on November 28, 1927, in Paterson, New Jersey. He was buried at Cedar Lawn Cemetery in that city.

Honors
Griggs Avenue in Teaneck, New Jersey, bears his name.

title: John W. Griggs


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/User:PolishPoliticians

Case closed

Please do not edit this page directly if you are not a participant in this case. Comments are very welcome on the Talk page, and will be read, in full. Evidence, no matter who can provide it, is very welcome at /Evidence. Evidence is more useful than comments.

Arbitrators will be working on a proposed decision at /Proposed decision.

PolishPoliticians
Going well over par for the Gdansk article, likes to talk about "Nazi" edits by others. Has edited another user's page to more than imply that he is a Nazi. Your Honors, I request a standard personal attack probation for this user, preferably with the possibility of a 48-72 hour block if he edits user pages as in the last two links above. Pakaran. 19:45, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Since I posted the request, the user has shown great liking for the word Nazi in edit summaries, and seems to be trying to start a revert war over a redirect . Look at contribs for after say midnight or 0200 GMT today.  Pakaran. 03:40, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The user is now arbitrarily moving articles from the names most commonly known to English speakers to Polish equivalents without discussion. {http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=PolishPoliticians} RickK 05:29, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)

Note that PolishPoliticians is believed to be identical with Caius2ga, Poland, Gdansk, and probably others; so his destructive behaviour has a long history, since all these accounts were used for making personal attacks. -- Baldhur 08:25, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe that he is doing his stuff as User:Vladislaus Rex now. Also is involved in Szczecin and History of Szczecin controversies. He moved all Ladislaus to Vladislaus, since he (of course) believe that that is German name (cf. User_talk:Ausir). Dear arbitrators do something with him, he is much worse than User:Wik, since Wik at least maintained some good Wikipedia standards. And those sockpuppeting must stop! Przepla 12:53, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * He is now referring to edits or the name "Danzig" as "Nazi", rather than the persons making such edits or using that city name. This strikes me as pretty damned close to a personal attack, though it's slightly moderated from the previous behaviour - David Gerard 12:15, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * RickK blocked PolishPoliticians for another 24 hours for personal attacks, i.e. the continued Nazi references. He also considers User:Space Cadet another sockpuppet of this user - David Gerard 09:13, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * That is certainly untrue. Space Cadet was here long before Caius2ga appeared (and even long before RickK appeared, by the way). -- Baldhur 12:47, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I unblocked Space Cadet after he emailed me claiming he was not PolishPoliticians. It seems unlikely Space Cadet is a sockpuppet since he first edited in 2002. Angela. 18:33, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

PolishPoliticians seems to have reappeared as PS with traditional edits to Gdansk, Poznan and others. (Space Cadet has a different style and better English.) --Henrygb 01:55, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Profanating User RickK
User RickL continues to profanate Polish citish with the Nazi names. For example Klodzko. Its like painting the Jewish graves with swastika symbols. In my opinion RickK should be banned from Wikipedia or his profanatinig activities will be atrituted to the whole Wukipedia project.

 * Although unsigned, that comment was by ABE, who by the style of edits is again PolishPoliticians and PS--Henrygb 01:19, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator's opinions on hearing this matter

 * 1) Accept, Fred Bauder 23:02, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC) see
 * 2) Accept. James F. (talk) 23:22, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Accept.  Sigh.  --the Epopt 00:57, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Accept. Martin 22:08, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Final decision
8 active arbitrators at 18 Sep 2004

Finding of fact
1) User PolishPoliticians has engaged in repeated personal attacks, in particular referring to those who disagree with him as "Nazis", often in edit summaries. Examples:

 * Gdansk:
 * 23:28, 19 Jul 2004 PolishPoliticians (revert Nazi edits by John Kenney)
 * 23:03, 19 Jul 2004 PolishPoliticians (revert Henrygb Nazi vandalism)
 * Marking John Kenney's user page as "neo-Nazi"
 * Confirming his intention (in the above edits) to call certain Wikipedia users Nazis (ie, not just their edits).
 * Accusing those who disagree with him over the appropriate article names as being criminals and implied anti-Semitism.

(passed with five votes in favour, one against)

Remedies
1) User PolishPoliticians is instructed to abstain from personal attacks and other breaches of Wikipedia etiquette, and placed on personal attack parole. Sysops are authorised to apply 24 temp-bans on all those involved, at their discretion, if PolishPoliticians breaches this instruction. Users are encouraged to remove personal attacks.

(passed with five votes in favour, one against)

2) To deal with any reincarnations of this user, this personal attack parole also applies to any new accounts (less than three months on Wikipedia) who edit the articles in question (such as Gdansk and Danzig). However, such accounts should be given a warning that this parole applies to them prior to their first 24-hr ban.

 * (word of advice from Jwrosenzweig: I would ask the admin issuing the warning to Assume Good Faith as much as possible -- I'd prefer a warning along the lines of "This is the personal attack policy, and these will be the consequences of violating it again" rather than "Admit you're a sock puppet!!! One more like that and I'll ban you!")

(passed with five votes in favour, none against)


text:
John G. Thompson

John Griggs Thompson (born October 13, 1932) is an American mathematician at the University of Florida noted for his work in the field of finite groups. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1970, the Wolf Prize in 1992, and the Abel Prize in 2008.

Biography
Thompson received his Bachelor of Arts from Yale University in 1955 and his doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1959 under the supervision of Saunders Mac Lane. After spending some time on the mathematics faculty at the University of Chicago, he moved in 1970 to receive the Rouse Ball Professorship in Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and later moved to the Mathematics Department of the University of Florida as a Graduate Research Professor. He is currently a professor emeritus of pure mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and a professor of mathematics at the University of Florida. He received the Abel Prize in 2008 together with Jacques Tits.

Academic career
Thompson's doctoral thesis introduced new techniques and included the solution of a problem in finite group theory which had stood for around sixty years: the nilpotency of Frobenius kernels. At the time, this achievement was noted in The New York Times.

Thompson became a figure in the progress toward the classification of finite simple groups. In 1963, he and Walter Feit proved that all nonabelian finite simple groups are of even order (the Odd Order Paper, filling a whole issue of the Pacific Journal of Mathematics). This work was recognised by the award of the 1965 Cole Prize in Algebra of the American Mathematical Society. His N-group papers classified all finite simple groups for which the normalizer of every non-identity solvable subgroup is solvable. This included, as a by-product, the classification of all minimal finite simple groups (simple groups for which every proper subgroup is solvable). This work had some influence on later developments in the classification of finite simple groups, and was quoted in the citation by Richard Brauer for the award of Thompson's Fields Medal in 1970 (Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Nice, France, 1970).

The Thompson group Th is one of the 26 sporadic finite simple groups. Thompson also made major contributions to the inverse Galois problem. He found a criterion for a finite group to be a Galois group, that in particular implies that the monster simple group is a Galois group.

Awards
In 1971, Thompson was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 1982, he was awarded the Senior Berwick Prize of the London Mathematical Society, and, in 1988, he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the University of Oxford. Thompson was awarded the United States National Medal of Science in 2000. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society and a recipient of its Sylvester Medal in 1985. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

title: John G. Thompson


text:
Sindoor

Sindoor (सिन्दूर, ) or sindura is a traditional vermilion red or orange-red cosmetic powder from the Indian subcontinent, usually worn by married women along the part of their hairline. In some North Indian Hindu communities, the sindoor is a visual marker of marital status of a woman and ceasing to wear it usually implies widowhood.

Traditional sindoor was made with turmeric and alum or lime, or from other herbal ingredients. Unlike red lead and vermilion, these are not poisonous. Some commercial sindoor products contain synthetic ingredients, some of which are not manufactured to proper standards and may contain lead.

Application

Sindoor is traditionally applied at the beginning or completely along the parting-line of a woman's hair (also called mang in Hindi or simandarekha in Sanskrit) or as a dot on the forehead. Sindoor is the mark of a married woman in Hinduism. Single women wear the bindi in different colours for special occasions but don't apply sindoor in their parting of the hairline. Widows do not wear sindoor or bindis, signifying that their husband is no longer alive.

The sindoor is first applied to the woman by her husband on the day of her wedding; this is called the Sindoor Danam ceremony. After this, she applies it herself every day.

A similar colouring ritual is known as pasupu kumkuma, named after another name for sindoor, kumkuma. The wiping off of the sindoor is very significant for a widow. There are many rituals associated with this practice. The most common is when a mother-in-law or older sister-in-law wipes off the sindoor when a woman becomes a widow. The widow will break her bangles and remove her bindi as well, and many will also remove their nose ring and toe rings. The parting of hair is symbolic of a river of red blood full of life. When the sindoor is removed then the river becomes barren, dry and empty. This custom is prevalent in rural areas and is followed by all castes and social ranks.

The red sindoor is significant for the married woman as she is full of colour. When she becomes a widow she adopts plain white dress and removes all colour from her face including the bright red sindoor.

Methods and styles of applying the sindoor vary from personal choice to regional customs. Many new brides will fill the whole hair line with sindoor, while other married women may just apply a red spot at the end of the hair line and forehead. Recently, a triangle shape on the forehead pointing towards the nose, with a diamond bindi for fashion, is being worn by younger women.

Hinduism
Neolithic female figurines excavated at Mehrgarh, Baluchistan seem to imply application of sindoor-like colour to the parting of women's hair. According to the legends, Radha, a consort of Krishna, turned the kumkuma into a flame-like design on her forehead. In the famous epic Mahabharata, Draupadi the wife of the Pandavas, wipes off her sindoor in disgust and despair at the happenings in Hastinapura. Use of sindoor is frequently mentioned in the texts Lalita Sahasranama and Soundarya Lahari.

Adi Shankaracharya writes in Soundarya Lahari:

Jain women apply the sindoor, mostly in the cities. Jain nuns are forbidden to apply this to their hair line or foreheads. The display of the sindoor is considered very important to indicate the married status of the groom, whereas in several local cultures, sindoor is applied on their hair partings by unmarried women.

Application of sindoor is essentially a Hindu tradition. In the 19th century, Sufi leader Sharafuddin Maneri encouraged Muslim women to apply sindoor in Bangladesh. This was severely condemned by reformist movements.

Ayurvedic medicine
There are various forms of sindoor mentioned in Ayurveda. Traditional sindoor is made from natural ingredients used for facial makeup (cosmetics). Most widely used traditional sindoor is made from turmeric and lime juice. Other ingredients include ghee, and slaked lime. This is also called kumkuma. Sindoor is also made from red sandal powder, saffron etc. The coloured powders sold as substitutes are traditionally not considered sindoor.

Toxicity concerns
Traditional sindoor was made with turmeric and alum or lime, or from other herbal ingredients. Unlike red lead and vermilion, these are not poisonous. Modern material being sold as sindoor mainly uses vermilion, an orange-red pigment, the purified and powdered form of cinnabar, which is the chief form in which mercury sulfide naturally occurs. As with other compounds of mercury, sindoor is toxic and must be handled carefully. Sometimes, red lead (lead tetroxide, also known as minium) is added to sindoor. Red lead is toxic. In early 2008, allegations of high lead content led the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to recall batches of sindoor from several manufacturers.

In popular culture
There are many Indian movies and dramas involving sindoor, with their themes revolving around the ritual's significance. These include Sindoor (1947), Sindooram (1976), Rakta Sindhuram (1985), Sindoor (1987), and Sindoor Tere Naam Ka (series, 2005–2007).

title: Sindoor


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/User:PolishPoliticians/Evidence

Anyone, whether directly involved or not, may add evidence to this page. Please choose an appropriate header for your evidence and sign your comments with your name.

This page is not for general discussion - for that, see talk page.

If you disagree with some evidence you see here, please provide counter-evidence, or an explanation of why the evidence is misleading. Please do this under a seperate header, to seperate your response from the original evidence.

Be aware that the arbitrators may at times rework this page to try to make it more coherent.

blocks for personal attacks
Trying to work out what the status quo for blocking for personal attacks is:

 * 04:52, 30 Jul 2004 Hadal blocked "We are just ones" with an expiry time of indefinite (vandalism, abusive edits)

04:54, Jul 27, 2004 RickK blocked "PolishPoliticians" with an expiry time of July 31 (repeated name-calling, was warned several times, blocked several times) 04:53, Jul 27, 2004 RickK unblocked "PolishPoliticians" (Guanaco had no business changing this block period)
 * 20:42, Jul 27, 2004 RickK blocked "64.233.226.122" with an expiry time of 24 hours (offensive personal attacks)
 * 02:35, Jul 27, 2004 Guanaco blocked "PolishPoliticians" with an expiry time of 05:07 Jul 29, 2004 (reduced 7 day block by RickK to 3 days - reason was: "repeatedly refers to those he disagrees with as 'Nazis', has been blocked before, did not learn")
 * 02:35, Jul 27, 2004 Guanaco unblocked "PolishPoliticians" (reducing block length to 3 days)
 * 10:57, 26 Jul 2004 Ambivalenthysteria blocked "Irismeister" with an expiry time of 24 hours (Personal attacks, per arbcom decision.)
 * 05:07, Jul 26, 2004 RickK blocked "PolishPoliticians" with an expiry time of 1 week (repeatedly refers to those he disagrees with as "Nazis", has been blocked before, did not learn)
 * 17:24, 24 Jul 2004 Pakaran blocked "irismeister" with an expiry time of 24 hours (personal attacks as per AC ruling, see eg User_talk%3ATheresa_knott&diff=0&oldid=4822582)
 * 20:18, 22 Jul 2004 Bcorr blocked "205.188.116.208" with an expiry time of 73 hours (repeated vandalism and personal attacks -- had been warned)
 * 05:31, Jul 22, 2004 RickK blocked "PolishPoliticians" with an expiry time of 24 hours (personal attacks, arbitrary moving of articles without discussion)
 * 03:34, 22 Jul 2004 Hadal blocked "205.188.116.70" with an expiry time of 24 hours (abusive edits - apologies to any legitimate users sharing this IP)
 * 21:06, Jul 20, 2004 RickK blocked "68.36.175.254" with an expiry time of 48 hours (Mr. Treason, making pornographic personal attacks)
 * 01:34, 20 Jul 2004 Danny blocked "PolishPoliticians" with an expiry time of 24 hours (insulting behavior)
 * 00:27, 20 Jul 2004 David Gerard blocked "K1" with an expiry time of 72 hours (continued abusiveness after previous block, particularly in edit summaries; triple previous block)
 * 05:43, Jul 19, 2004 RickK blocked "24.203.201.30" with an expiry time of 24 hours (vandalism, personal attacks)
 * 12:25, 17 Jul 2004 Ambivalenthysteria blocked "K1" with an expiry time of 24 hours (Repeated personal attacks against several users.)
 * 21:22, 14 Jul 2004 Texture blocked "141.153.199.121" with an expiry time of 24 hours (Death threat (see deleted article "Jamie Bisset"))
 * 01:39, 14 Jul 2004 Hcheney blocked "152.163.252.102" with an expiry time of 24 hours (profane personal attack against User:Guanaco)
 * 04:15, Jul 11, 2004 RickK blocked "172.174.186.26" with an expiry time of 24 hours (personal attack)
 * 05:08, Jul 9, 2004 RickK blocked "Andrew Zito" with an expiry time of 24 hours (personal attacks, repeated insertion of personal information into non-relevant articles)
 * 17:18, 8 Jul 2004 David Gerard blocked "172.209.41.206" with an expiry time of 72 hours (back and abusive - triple block time)
 * 21:20, 7 Jul 2004 UninvitedCompany blocked "172.132.53.15" with an expiry time of 24 hours (vitriolic personal attacks and legal threats)
 * 18:09, 7 Jul 2004 Cyrius blocked "205.188.116.11" with an expiry time of 24 hours (nasty personal attacks)
 * 06:22, 7 Jul 2004 Guanaco blocked "172.132.1.86" with an expiry time of 10 days (more threats and personal attacks - reincarnation of 3 other blocked IP addresses)
 * 23:16, Jul 6, 2004 RickK blocked "172.130.99.47" with an expiry time of 24 hours (trolling, personal attacks)
 * 16:10, 5 Jul 2004 Michael Snow blocked "152.163.253.8" with an expiry time of 23 hours (Blatant personal attack on Wikipedia:Requests for comment/User:WHEELER)
 * 23:43, 4 Jul 2004 David Gerard blocked "IRC channels are private" with an expiry time of 24 hours (abusive sockpuppet)
 * 23:41, 4 Jul 2004 David Gerard blocked "Random IRC quote" with an expiry time of 24 hours (abusive sockpuppet)
 * 02:26, 2 Jul 2004 Guanaco unblocked "IndigoGenius" (one personal attack not valid reason for permablock without discussion)

Also, a number of blocks with reason "vandalism, abuse" or similar - vandalism as one reason, but backed up by attacks. Only one relevant unblock that I saw. Martin 19:33, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/User:PolishPoliticians/Proposed decision

Case closed

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or vote to abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority yay vote will be enacted.
 * Items that receive a majority nay vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority yay or nay vote will be open to possible amendment by any arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.
 * Items that receive a majority abstentions will need to go through an amendment process and be re-voted on once.

Conditional votes for, against, or to abstain should be explained by the arbitrator in parenthesis after his time-stamped signature. For example, an arbitrator can state that he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were enacted.

Proposed principles
1) Personal attacks are not acceptable, see No personal attacks

 * Arbitrator votes for proposed principle 1:
 * Fred Bauder 20:44, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Martin 22:47, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 12:17, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * mav 04:05, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Jwrosenzweig 16:40, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Arbitrator votes against proposed principle 1:

 * Arbitrator abstains regarding proposed principle 1:
 * The Cunctator 17:45, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Proposed temporary orders
1) {text of proposed orders}

 * Arbitrator votes for proposed temporary order 1:

 * Arbitrator votes against proposed temporary order 1:

 * Arbitrator abstains regarding proposed temporary order 1:

Proposed findings of fact
1) User PolishPoliticians has engaged in repeated personal attacks, in particular referring to those who disagree with him as "Nazis", often in edit summaries. Examples:

 * Gdansk:
 * 23:28, 19 Jul 2004 PolishPoliticians (revert Nazi edits by John Kenney)
 * 23:03, 19 Jul 2004 PolishPoliticians (revert Henrygb Nazi vandalism)
 * Marking John Kenney's user page as "neo-Nazi"
 * Confirming his intention (in the above edits) to call certain Wikipedia users Nazis (ie, not just their edits).
 * Accusing those who disagree with him over the appropriate article names as being criminals and implied anti-Semitism.

 * Arbitrator votes for proposed finding of fact 1:
 * Fred Bauder 20:41, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Martin 22:47, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 12:17, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * mav 04:05, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Jwrosenzweig 16:41, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Arbitrator votes against proposed finding of fact 1:
 * The Cunctator 17:45, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC) ; see alternate finding of fact

 * Arbitrator abstains regarding proposed finding of fact 1:

2) User PolishPoliticians has engaged in inflammatory and disruptive behavior, in particular referring to edits by those who disagree with him as "Nazi edits", often in edit summaries, See.

 * Arbitrator votes for proposed finding of fact 2:
 * The Cunctator 17:45, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 18:31, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Martin 12:11, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) (but definately prefer #1, as being more accurate)
 * James F. (talk) 14:38, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Jwrosenzweig 16:41, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC) (Agree with Martin--this isn't as fully accurate as #1)

 * Arbitrator votes against proposed finding of fact 2:

 * Arbitrator abstains regarding proposed finding of fact 2:

3) User PolishPoliticians has been joined by various anon editors and other accounts such as User:The King. It is likely (though not proven) that these are sock puppets. These "others" have likewise engaged in personal attacks:

 * Gdansk
 * 01:22, 13 Aug 2004 66.130.27.219 (Asshole RIcKKKKK has no life!)
 * 01:33, 13 Aug 2004 66.130.27.219 (that asshole RiKKk should make sure bush is not re-elected instead of losin time on fucken KrautSupportMafia)

 * Arbitrator votes for proposed finding of fact 3:
 * Martin 10:55, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 12:43, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 16:26, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Arbitrator votes against proposed finding of fact 3:

 * Arbitrator abstains regarding proposed finding of fact 3:

Proposed remedies
proposed wording to be modified by arbitrators and then voted on

1) User PolishPoliticians is instructed to abstain from personal attacks and other breaches of Wikipedia etiquette, and placed on personal attack parole. Sysops are authorised to apply 24 temp-bans on all those involved, at their discretion, if PolishPoliticians breaches this instruction. Users are encouraged to remove personal attacks.

 * Arbitrator votes for proposed remedy 1:
 * Fred Bauder 20:42, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Martin 22:47, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 12:17, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * mav 04:05, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Jwrosenzweig 16:42, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Arbitrator votes against proposed remedy 1:
 * The Cunctator 17:48, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC) Haven't really seen the evidence of personal attacks. His behavior is certainly a gross breach of Wikipedia etiquette, though.

 * Arbitrator abstains regarding proposed remedy 1:

2) To deal with any reincarnations of this user, this personal attack parole also applies to any new accounts (less than three months on Wikipedia) who edit the articles in question (such as Gdansk and Danzig). However, such accounts should be given a warning that this parole applies to them prior to their first 24-hr ban.

 * Arbitrator votes for proposed remedy 2:
 * Fred Bauder 20:42, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Martin 22:47, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 12:17, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * mav 04:05, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Jwrosenzweig 16:44, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC) (To be clear, I would ask the admin issuing the warning to Assume Good Faith as much as possible -- I'd prefer a warning along the lines of "This is the personal attack policy, and these will be the consequences of violating it again" rather than "Admit you're a sock puppet!!! One more like that and I'll ban you!")

 * Arbitrator votes against proposed remedy 2:

 * Arbitrator abstains regarding proposed remedy 2:

Discussion by arbitrators
banning policy and blocking policy imply that personal attacks should not result in blocks without an arbitration ruling. However, there has been a pattern of users being blocked following personal attacks over the past month (and before), and only a single objection (by Guanaco) - and that objection was that it was not discussed, and it was only a single attack.

So, are the written policies just lagging here? Perhaps - but on the other hand, this account has come to us for arbitration, and RK has been requested, which implies that at least some sysops don't feel they're authorised, or at least not in all cases. It's all a little uncertain - as a result, I'm just going to ignore the issue. I'll vote for PolishPoliticians parole as if sysops aren't empowered to deal with it (in case they aren't), and I'll not criticise RickK's temp-ban, as if he is empowered to act this way (in case he is).

Really, the community needs to clarify for us - is it acceptable for sysops to temp-ban accounts and IPs for extreme personal attacks, and if so, in what circumstances? Do such cases have to go to arbitration afterwards? Some guidance would be helpful... Martin 19:47, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

While "Nazi" may be more acceptable in the USA than in Europe, or in differing cultures, Wikipedia is a global project, and people must be sensitive to such differences. Martin 22:45, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
John Griggs

John Griggs may refer to:
 * John B. Griggs, American World War II submarine officer, commander of USS Dolphin (SS-169)
 * J. D. Griggs (born 1990), American football player
 * John W. Griggs (1849–1927), American politician, governor of New Jersey

title: John Griggs


text:
User:Kitchen

hi.

I like bikes and cats and travel.

I have cancer :(

title: User:Kitchen


text:
Kariwa District, Niigata

Kariwagun District.png:

]]
 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period
 * green - current borders

Kariwa (刈羽郡) is a district located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of July 1, 2019, the district has an estimated population of 4,578 with a density of 174 persons per km2. The total area is 26.27 km2.

Municipalities
The district consists of only one village:

 * Kariwa

History
The district (excluding the west side of Kashiwazaki) was once part of the now-defunct Koshi District until the Heian period when the district was created under the name of Mishima District. Prior to the split, Mishima District covered the cities of Kashiwazaki (excluding the western part of the city, being the areas of Agewa (Kamiwa), Takaze (Takahane) and Warabino from the former municipality of Kakizaki) and Nagaoka (parts of the former towns of Oguni and Koshiji), and the village of Kariwa. When Santō District split off from Koshi District during the Edo period, Mishima was renamed to Kariwa.

In 1940, the town of Kashiwazaki became a city. After Kashiwazaki merged the surrounding areas, the district continued on to shrink. On April 1, 2005, the town of Oguni merged into the city of Nagaoka; and a month later, the towns of Nishiyama and Takayanagi merged into the city of Kashiwazaki. With this merger, Kariwa District has only the village of Kariwa left.

Recent mergers

 * On April 1, 2005 - The town of Oguni was merged into the expanded city of Nagaoka.
 * On May 1, 2005 - The towns of Nishiyama and Takayanagi were merged into the expanded city of Kashiwazaki.

title: Kariwa District, Niigata


text:
Yasuzuka, Niigata

Yasuzuka (安塚町) was a town located in Higashikubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,521 and a density of 50.14 persons per km2. The total area was 70.23 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Yasuzuka, along with the villages of Maki, Ōshima and Uragawara (all from Higashikubiki District), the towns of Itakura, Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki, Nakagō and Sanwa (all from Nakakubiki District), and the town of Nadachi (from Nishikubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.

title: Yasuzuka, Niigata


text:
Talk:Hemicellulose

Untitled
hemicellulose is a polysaccharide.--81.199.94.119 00:34, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I've read that this material is generally edible Is there a most structurally strong version that is human digestable I'd like to make a high calorie edible grass like narrow diameter sugarcane where the structural hemipolystarch is human digestable yet strong

any notes on high AMU hemipolystarches that are digestable is appreciated —Preceding unsigned comment added by Beanangel300 (talk • contribs) 00:38, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 13 January 2020 and 30 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Alterj, Ficoj.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:18, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

hemicellulose solubility
Is hemicellulose soluble in water? 196.218.76.35 17:58, 28 October 2006 (retrieved)

They tend to be. (see HOCKETT, E. A. (2000) Barley. IN KULP, K. & PONTE JR, J. G. (Eds.) Handboek of Cereal Science and Technology. 2nd ed. New York, Marcel Dekker.) Scubafish (talk) 12:01, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

"all cell walls" or just of plants?
Would mention of lignin also be appropriate? Paul foord 07:23, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Other words for Hemicellulose
Are their any other words for Hemicellulos? Like for dummies? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.146.160.205 (talk) 02:08, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -- Materials Science in Biology
We are a team from Rensselaer polytechnic Institute for materials science in biology course. We are assigned a term project to improve a certain Wikipedia article related to biological materials. This page of hemicellulose would be our target. The current page has enough sections to cover all aspects of information about hemicellulose, but each section only has few content and citations. In the following weeks, We will edit the current page extensively, including changing the page layout and context. It would be great if the project could help the community to have better comprehensive understanding of hemicellulose. We are open to any discussions.HaidongLiu (talk) 03:33, 7 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hemicellulose


text:
Uragawara, Niigata

Uragawara (浦川原村) was a village located in Higashikubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,095 and a density of 80.86 persons per km2. The total area was 50.64 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Uragawara, along with the town of Yasuzuka, the villages of Maki and Ōshima (all from Higashikubiki District), the towns of Itakura, Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki, Nakagō and Sanwa (all from Nakakubiki District), and the town of Nadachi (from Nishikubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.

Railway
Hokuetsu Express Hokuhoku Line

 * Uragawara - Mushigawa-Ōsugi

title: Uragawara, Niigata


text:
Matsudai, Niigata

Matsudai (松代町) was a town located in Higashikubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,016 and a density of 44.39 persons per km2. The total area was 90.47 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Matsudai, along with the town of Matsunoyama (also from Higashikubiki District), the town of Kawanishi, and the village of Nakasato, both from Nakauonuma District, was merged into the expanded city of Tōkamachi.

Railway
Hokuetsu Express Hokuhoku Line
 * Matsudai

Local attractions
Matsudai is one of the sites of the Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennial, first held in 2000. The Matsudai Snow-Land Agrarian Culture Centre (aka Matsudai Nobutai) was built in 2003 by architects MVRDV as part of the Triennial and is the focal point for local contemporary art activities. The centre includes an event space, classroom, gallery, art shop, and restaurant.

title: Matsudai, Niigata


text:
Gerd Faltings

Gerd Faltings (born 28 July 1954) is a German mathematician known for his work in arithmetic geometry.

Education
From 1972 to 1978, Faltings studied mathematics and physics at the University of Münster. In 1978 he received his PhD in mathematics.

Career and research
In 1981 he obtained the venia legendi (Habilitation) in mathematics, from the University of Münster. During this time he was an assistant professor at the University of Münster. From 1982 to 1984, he was professor at the University of Wuppertal.

From 1985 to 1994, he was professor at Princeton University. In the fall of 1988 and in the academic year 1992–1993 he was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study.

In 1986 he was awarded the Fields Medal at the ICM at Berkeley for proving the Tate conjecture for abelian varieties over number fields, the Shafarevich conjecture for abelian varieties over number fields and the Mordell conjecture, which states that any non-singular projective curve of genus g > 1 defined over a number field K contains only finitely many K-rational points. As a Fields Medalist he gave an ICM plenary talk Recent progress in arithmetic algebraic geometry.

In 1994 as an ICM invited speaker in Zurich he gave a talk Mumford-Stabilität in der algebraischen Geometrie. Extending methods of Paul Vojta, he proved the Mordell–Lang conjecture, which is a generalization of the Mordell conjecture. Together with Gisbert Wüstholz, he reproved Roth's theorem, for which Roth had been awarded the Fields medal in 1958.

In 1994, he returned to Germany and from 1994 to 2018, he was a director of the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in Bonn. In 1996, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research.

Faltings has been the formal supervisor of over a dozen students, including Shinichi Mochizuki, Wieslawa Niziol, and Nikolai Dourov.

Awards and honours

 * Fields Medal (1986)
 * Guggenheim Fellowship (1988/89)
 * Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize (1996)
 * King Faisal International Prize (2014)
 * Shaw Prize (2015)
 * Foreign Member of the Royal Society (2016)
 * Cantor Medal (2017)
 * National Academy of Sciences International Member (2018)

title: Gerd Faltings


text:
Ōshima, Niigata

Ōshima (大島村) was a village located in Higashikubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,312 and a density of 32.27 persons per km2. The total area was 71.64 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Ōshima, along with the town of Yasuzuka, the villages of Maki and Uragawara (all from Higashikubiki District), the towns of Itakura, Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki, Nakagō and Sanwa (all from Nakakubiki District), and the town of Nadachi (from Nishikubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.

Since the merger, the village has been Ōshima-ku (大島区), a subdivision of Jōetsu City.

Railway
Hokuetsu Express Hokuhoku Line
 * Hokuhoku-Ōshima

title: Ōshima, Niigata


text:
William H. H. Miller

William Henry Harrison Miller (September 6, 1840 – May 25, 1917) was an American lawyer and Attorney General of the United States.

Early life, education, and military service
Born in Augusta, New York, one of the ten children born to Curtis and Lucy (Duncan) Miller, Miller was named for former president William Henry Harrison. At the age of fifteen, Miller began teaching school. He attended an academy at Whitestown, New York, and graduated from Hamilton College in 1861. While at Hamilton, he joined The Delta Upsilon fraternity. He moved to Maumee, Ohio, and there, in May, 1862, enlisted as a private in the 84th Ohio Infantry Regiment, for service in the American Civil War, and was elected lieutenant. His service ended in September of that year.

After the war, Miller moved to Toledo, Ohio, read law in the office of Morrison Waite, later Chief Justice of the United States, and was admitted to the bar at Peru, Indiana in 1865. He practiced in that city for a short time, and also held the office of county school examiner.

Legal career
In 1866, Miller moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he formed a partnership with William H. Coombs. Upon the retirement of Albert G. Porter from the Indianapolis law firm of Porter, Harrison & Hines, in 1874, Miller was invited to become a member of that firm, which became then the firm of Harrison, Hines & Miller; the senior partner of the firm being Benjamin Harrison. Miller also served as President of the Indianapolis Bar Association from 1884 to 1885, and was "for many years... a trusted advisor" to leaders of the Republican Party in Indiana.

For many years, and particularly during the campaign of 1888, he was a confidential advisor to Harrison. On March 5, 1889, President Harrison appointed Miller United States Attorney General, sending the appointment to the United States Senate along with most of his other cabinet nominations, with the entire cabinet being "confirmed in a ten minute executive session of the senate". At the time of his appointment, it was reported that Miller was "considered a wealthy man, having grown rich in the practice of his profession". Miller served in that capacity for the duration of Harrison's term, until 1893.

As Attorney General, Miller personally handled a number of matters of importance to the administration, including litigation over the status of the Bering Sea, defense of the constitutionality of the McKinley Tariff, and of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the International Copyright Act of 1891. He also managed the admission of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho and Wyoming to the Union. Miller also played a key role in the notorious matter of the death of David S. Terry, a former California Supreme Court Justice who was shot and killed by a U.S. marshal while attempting to attack U.S. Supreme Court justice Stephen Johnson Field, who had previously sentenced Terry to six months in jail for contempt of court in connection with a case. Terry had threatened Field, and Miller personally directed the U.S. marshal service to defend Field. When California authorities sought to prosecute the marshal who shot Terry, Miller asserted his authority to protect the safety of the federal judiciary, and personally argued the cause on the Supreme Court, which ruled in his favor.

After his retirement from the cabinet, Miller returned to Indianapolis and resumed active practice as a member of the firm of Miller, Winter & Elam, later succeeded by the firm of Miller, Shirley, Miller & Thompson, and later still Miller, Dailey & Thompson. From 1893 to 1898, he also served as a trustee of his alma mater, Hamilton College.

Personal life and death
On December 23, 1863, Miller married Gertrude A. Bunce, daughter of Sidney A. Bunce, of Vernon, New York. They had seven children, of whom three survived their father. Miller died in 1917 in Indianapolis, Indiana, and is buried in Crown Hill Cemetery in that city.

title: William H. H. Miller


text:
Higashikubiki District, Niigata

Niigata HigashiKubiki-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Higashikubiki (東頸城郡) was a district located in Niigata, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 19,638 with a density of 45.60 persons per km2. The total area was 430.64 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of three towns and three villages:

 * Maki
 * Matsudai
 * Matsunoyama
 * Ōshima
 * Uragawara
 * Yasuzuka

History
The district was founded when the former Kubiki District split into Higashikubiki District, Nakakubiki District, and Nishikubiki District. At the time of founding, the district covered the eastern portion of the city of Jōetsu (the sections of Maki, Ōshima, Uragawara and Yasuzuka) and the western portion of the city of Tōkamachi (the sections of Matsudai and Matsunoyama).

Recent mergers

 * On January 1, 2005 - The town of Yasuzuka, and the villages of Maki, Ōshima and Uragawara, along with the towns of Itakura, Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki, Nakagō and Sanwa (all from Nakakubiki District), and the town of Nadachi (from Nishikubiki District), were merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.
 * On April 1, 2005 - The towns of Matsudai and Matsunoyama, along with the town of Kawanishi, and the village of Nakasato (both from Nakauonuma District), were merged into the expanded city of Tōkamachi. Therefore, Higashikubiki District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Higashikubiki District, Niigata


text:
Matsunoyama, Niigata

Matsunoyama (松之山町) was a town located in Higashikubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,974 and a density of 34.46 persons per km2. The total area was 86.31 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Matsunoyama, along with the town of Matsudai (also from Higashikubiki District), the town of Kawanishi, and the village of Nakasato (both from Nakauonuma District), was merged into the expanded city of Tōkamachi. It is located in the southeastern portion of the city.

Matsunoyama is home to one of the big three medicinal hot springs of Japan, along with Kusatsu (Gunma Prefecture) and Arima Onsen (Hyōgo Prefecture). One of the main roads in the town is lined with about a dozen traditional Japanese-style hot spring resorts, attracting many visitors.

Climate
Matsunoyama is also famous for the massive amount of snowfall it receives, with 2 to 3 meters on average during the severe winter months.

History
According to legend, a woodcutter discovered the hot springs 700 years ago when he saw a hawk resting its injured wing in it. It has also been told that the daughter of Uesugi Fusayoshi (the 15th century governor of Echigo Province, current Niigata Prefecture, ja:上杉房能) cured her skin disease by soaking in the hot springs.

Local attractions
Matsunoyama is one of the sites of the Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennial.

 * Matsunoyama Onsen (ja:松之山温泉)
 * Beech Forest (Bijin Bayashi, ja:美人林)
 * Rice terraces

title: Matsunoyama, Niigata


text:
Hans E. Lau

Hans-Emil Lau (16 April 1879 – 16 October 1918) was a Danish astronomer.

He started his observational career during his studies at Copenhagen University. After completing his degree in 1906 he worked at the Urania, the Treptow Observatory at Berlin, and finally at Horsholm Observatory in Copenhagen.

He is most famous for his work on Mars and Jupiter. He also worked on star parallax, the measuring of variable stars, the color of stars, and the observation of comets, sunspots, and the rings of Saturn.

He published speculative orbits of two trans-Neptunian planets in 1900, which were never found.

He died prematurely at the age of 39 during the worldwide 1918 flu pandemic. A crater on Mars was named in his honor.

Obituaries

 * AN 208 (1919) 151/152

title: Hans E. Lau


text:
Category:Individual sports

The sports in this category usually have individuals, rather than teams, as participants, although it is possible to create a team competition in any sport by combining the results of several individual competitors or by having team members take turns to play.

title: Category:Individual sports


text:
Chrysler TC by Maserati

The Chrysler TC by Maserati is a jointly developed car by Chrysler and Maserati. It was positioned as a grand tourer and introduced at the 1986 Los Angeles Auto Show. It is a "Q" body built on a modified second-generation Chrysler K platform. After two years of development delays, the TC became available in late-1988 and a total of 7,300 units (the minimum required under the contract) were manufactured in Milan, Italy, through 1990. All cars sold as 1991 models were manufactured in 1990.

Development

Lee Iacocca started a friendship with Alejandro de Tomaso while at Ford, which led to the De Tomaso Pantera, which had flopped because of safety concerns and limited interest from buyers. During the 1980s, Iacocca headed Chrysler while De Tomaso was the owner of the historic Maserati brand. In 1983, Iacocca had considered manufacturing a knock-off of a Mercedes roadster based on a Plymouth Reliant-until he was talked out of it.

In 1984, both companies signed a memorandum of understanding to create a sports coupe that ultimately became the TC, or "turbocharged coupe", an "image builder" which carried the hopes that it might help overcome Chrysler's blue-collar image and attract better-heeled customers to showrooms, and a revival of the luxury reputation they enjoyed during the late 1950s to mid-1960s with the Chrysler 300 letter series coupes and convertibles.

Chrysler also became an investor in Maserati during that period. In 1985, Lee Iacocca stated that the planned "Q-coupe" would be the prettiest Italian to arrive stateside since his mother immigrated. The luxury roadster, which resembled a Chrysler LeBaron—it shared many of the LeBaron's components—had taken five years to complete because of mismanagement and squabbling among Chrysler and Maserati engineers which resulted in delay after delay. The original plan was for the TC to be introduced before the LeBaron.

The 1989 TC used a slightly detuned 160 bhp Daytona-spec turbocharged 2.2 L straight-4. This intercooled version, known as the Turbo II, was coupled to an A413 three-speed automatic transaxle. The Turbo II was replaced by a Mitsubishi-sourced 3.0 L 141 bhp V6 engine for the 1990 and 1991 model years, with the automatic transaxle being upgraded to a four-speed A604 unit.

500 cars were built with an optional drivetrain consisting of a Getrag manual transmission and a 16-valve head version of the 2.2 L. This engine is often called the "Maserati" engine because it was assembled by Maserati and has a Maserati-branded cast valve cover.

The 200 hp 16-valve 2.2 L "Maserati" engine's cylinder head was cast in England by Cosworth and finished in Italy by Maserati. The pistons came from Mahle GmbH in Germany. The camshafts were designed by Florida-based Crane Cams and were manufactured by Maserati in Modena. The "Maserati" engine used a specially-made 2.2 block, upgraded crankshaft, and rods. A Japanese turbocharger was sourced from IHI. The rest of the engine used Turbo II parts made in the United States.

The TC's platform was based on a shortened Dodge Daytona chassis with suspension and axles from the original model (except for the 5-speed Getrag with "Maserati" engine). The bodywork was produced by De Tomaso subsidiary Innocenti. The struts and shock absorbers were specially designed for the car by Fichtel and Sachs, and a Teves anti-lock braking system was standard. The special wheels were made in Italy by the Formula One supplier Fondmetal.

After every other Chrysler executive insisted that the TC was hopeless and should be written off, Iacocca refused to accept responsibility for its failure saying it might have worked if his marketers had "positioned" it properly. According to Bob Lutz, a Chrysler executive, the partnership with Alejandro de Tomaso resulted in only the TC, a "misadventure" that wound up costing Chrysler "close to $600 million." That is, the cost to produce each of the 7,300 TCs was about $80,000 in 1990 dollars ($0 in dollars ).

Features

The TC featured a detachable hard top with circular, beveled-glass opera windows with a six-point latching system and a manually operated cloth lined convertible top that was available in either tan or black. For the 1989 model year, interior leather colors were ginger or bordeaux. Available exterior colors were yellow, red, or cabernet. The bordeaux interior was only available with the cabernet exterior, both of which were dropped in 1990 when black and white exterior colors were added along with a black leather interior.

The TC's dash, door panels, seats, armrest, and rear fascia panels were covered in hand-stitched Italian leather. Inside doorjambs were finished with stainless steel panels and sill plates. The convertible boot, over which the hardtop rests, is a body-colored metal panel. A special interior storage compartment came with an umbrella, tool kit, and small spare tire that allowed the use of the full-sized trunk even with the top down. Standard equipment included a 10-speaker Infinity AM/FM cassette stereo, power windows, 6-way power seats, power door and trunk locks, map lights, puddle lamps, cruise control, and a tilt steering wheel.

The only extra cost option available for the TC was a CD player that was a plug-in attachment to the standard Infinity AM/FM cassette stereo. All drivetrain alternatives were no-cost options.

A unique TC was built as a "special order" at the end of the production run for a Chrysler executive. It was white with a bordeaux interior and the Maserati 16V engine, the only 1991 car to have that color interior or engine.

Production and prices
Total production and base price for each model year. The TC was sold by 300 select Chrysler dealers.

Competition
During the TC's three-year run, General Motors was offering two luxury roadsters. The Cadillac Allanté (1987–93), which was priced significantly higher than the TC, and the Buick Reatta convertible (1990–91) which was priced similarly to the TC. The Allanté was also Italian-designed and partially hand-built.

The Allanté was powered by a 200 hp 4.5 L V8 engine during the years the TC was sold (1989–91) with final assembly in the U.S. after the bodies built in Italy were shipped via special air cargo, while the Reatta was a 170 hp 3.8 L V6-powered roadster.

Criticism and aftermath
The original idea of combining a Chrysler engine with a Maserati body was viewed by some automotive journalists as "taking the worst from each partner." The press was critical of the Chrysler TC, observing its similarity to the Chrysler LeBaron GTC convertible that cost much less. Lee Iacocca was a proponent of the new model "to change the way the world looked at Chrysler" and to create a new image for the automaker. Though the TC was expected to achieve annual sales between 5,000 and 10,000 units, it sold very poorly due its high price tag among other factors such as the lack of exterior color choices and undistinguished performance. In contrast, the LeBaron GTC had more color choices and exactly the same features at a considerably lower price. A genuine European luxury car could be purchased for not much more than the Chrysler TC, reviewers pointed out. One expert on the Chrysler TCs claims that the automaker under Iacocca invested millions into Maserati, "but the Italian firm just did not deliver as promised" and the automobile marketplace had changed by the time the cars were delivered.

Subsequent to TC production, Chrysler and Maserati eventually had common corporate ownership, as Fiat would takeover Maserati in 1993, followed by a takeover of Chrysler in 2013.

title: Chrysler TC by Maserati


text:
Kakizaki, Niigata

Kakizaki (柿崎町) was a town located in Nakakubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,649 and a density of 136.42 persons per km2. The total area was 85.39 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Kakizaki, along with the town of Yasuzuka, the villages of Maki, Ōshima and Uragawara (all from Higashikubiki District), the towns of Itakura, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki, Nakagō and Sanwa (all from Nakakubiki District), and the town of Nadachi (from Nishikubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.

title: Kakizaki, Niigata


text:
Thomas Cooke (scientific instrument maker)

Thomas Cooke (8 March 1807 – 19 October 1868) was a British scientific instrument maker based in York. He founded T. Cooke & Sons, the scientific instrument company.

Life
Thomas Cooke was born in Allerthorpe, near Pocklington, East Riding of Yorkshire, the son of James Cook (a shoemaker). His formal education consisted of two years at an elementary school (possibly the school of John Whitaker, also of Allerthorpe), but he continued learning after this and he taught himself navigation and astronomy with the intention of becoming a sailor. His mother dissuaded him from that career and he became a teacher. He made such a success of being an impromptu teacher to the farmers’ sons of the Pocklington district, that only a year later he was able to open a village school at Bielby. He continued to teach others by day and learn himself by night, and soon moved his school from Bielby to Skirpenbeck.

At Skirpenbeck he met his future wife, who was one of his pupils, and five years his junior. Fifty years on she spoke of how her husband developed his brief rudimentary education into becoming a schoolmaster: “He first learned mathematics by buying an old volume from a bookstall with a spare shilling. He also got odd sheets, and read books about geometry and mathematics, before he could buy them; for he had very little to spare”.

But Cooke's interest in mathematics and science was practical as well academic. He had also retained his interest in navigation and instruments, and while at Skirpenbeck he made his own first rudimentary telescope – grinding a lens by hand out of the bottom of a glass whisky tumbler, then mounting in into a frame that he soldered together from a piece of tin. In 1829 he moved to York and worked as a mathematics schoolmaster at the Rev. Schackley's School in Ogleforth, near York Minster. He also taught in various ladies' schools to increase his income.

His marriage to Hannah was to produce seven children, five of whom were boys. Two of these Charles Frederick (1836–98) and Thomas (1839–1919) subsequently joined him in the business he founded in 1836 at number 50 (now renumbered to 18) Stonegate, close to York Minster with the assistance of a loan of £100 from his wife's uncle.

Cooke studied optics and became interested in making telescopes, the first of which was a refracting telescope with the base of a tumbler shaped to form its lens. This led to his friends including John Phillips encouraging him to make telescopes and other optical devices commercially.

Work
In 1837 he established his first optical business in a small shop at 50 Stonegate, York, and later moved to larger premises in Coney Street. He built his first telescope for William Gray. At that time, the excise tax on glass discouraged the making of refracting telescopes, which were usually imported from abroad. Cooke was thus one of the pioneers of making such telescopes in Britain.

He made more instruments and built his reputation. He was not only an optician but had mechanical abilities as well, and among other things, manufactured turret clocks for church towers. He founded the firm T. Cooke & Sons. In 1855 he moved to bigger premises, the Buckingham Works at Bishophill in York, where factory methods of production were first applied to optical instruments. He exhibited at the York Exhibition in 1866 demonstrating his three-wheeled, steam-powered car which he claimed could carry 15 people at 15 mph for a distance of 40 miles.

One of his finest achievements was the construction of the 25-inch 'Newall' refractor for Robert Stirling Newall; sadly, Thomas died before seeing it completed. For some years the Newall was the largest refracting telescope in the world. On Newall's death it was donated to the Cambridge Observatory and finally moved in 1959 to Mount Penteli observatory in Penteli, Greece. He made a telescope for the Royal Observatory, also Greenwich and another for Prince Albert. The firm amalgamated with Troughton & Simms (London) to become Cooke, Troughton & Simms in 1922 and this later became part of Vickers, but still run by his sons Thomas & Frederick.

Thomas Cooke was succeeded by his sons, Thomas and Frederick. He is buried in York Cemetery.

Telescopes in use today

 * A telescope made by Thomas Cooke is still in daily use at Carter Observatory – The National Observatory of New Zealand, delivering excellent results. The original 9-inch triplet lens has been replaced by a 9 1/2 doublet made by renowned optician Garry Nankivell.
 * At the observatory in the Museum Gardens, York there is a working 4-inch telescope, built for the Yorkshire Philosophical Society in 1850. A second unit of the same construction was purchased and installed in the observatory at Bootham School, York in 1854. A third matching instrument, dating from the same period, was donated to Friendsʼ School, Hobart in 1974 by the grandson of Jonathan Backhouse Hodgkin. All three instruments remain in active service.
 * A 5" refractor dating from 1883 is still in use at Coats Observatory, Paisley, Scotland.
 * A 5" refractor dating from 1880 is still in regular use at Clanfield Observatory, Hampshire.
 * There is a 6" Cooke telescope in the Airdrie Public Observatory, Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, Scotland run by the Airdrie Astronomical Association.
 * A 6” Cooke refractor is the main telescope in use at the Hampstead Observatory in London. Known as the ’Wildey telescope’ (in tribute to renowned master optician,  Henry Wildey), the telescope can be used by the public on the observatory's open nights (most Friday and Saturdays).
 * There is a 6" Cooke telescope in use at the Baxendell Observatory in Hesketh Park, Southport
 * A 6" Cooke refractor exists in the 1929 observatory of the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada,
 * A 6.25" refractor known as the 'Lockyer Telescope' is in use at the Norman Lockyer Observatory in Sidmouth, Devon, UK. The lens, made by Cooke, was first used in 1865 in a telescope built by Norman Lockyer. Cooke later rebuilt the telescope in its present form in 1871. The telescope was positioned in several locations before being moved to Sidmouth in 1912, where it remains. Lockyer used this telescope to discover helium in the solar corona. It was restored in 1995 and is now used mainly for public-outreach.
 * A 6.5" refractor manufactured in 1870 is in use at the Assheton Observatory at Rossall School.
 * A 6.5" refractor manufactured in 1876 is in use at the Astronomic Observatory of the Odessa National University in Odessa, Ukraine.
 * An 8" refractor dating from 1864, known as the Thorrowgood Telescope belongs to the Royal Astronomical Society and is operated at the Cambridge Observatory.
 * An 8" refractor is housed in the Jeremiah Horrocks Observatory, Moor Park, Preston, Lancashire.
 * The Fry telescope, an 8" refractor manufactured in 1862, is in regular use at the University of London Observatory in Mill Hill, London.
 * A 10" refractor from 1860 is in use at the Blackett Observatory, Wiltshire.
 * A 10" refractor from 1871, which was purchased by St. Andrews in 1938 and used as a training telescope, has been in use since 1951 at Mills Observatory, Dundee, Scotland.
 * A 15,5" refractor (F/15 focal length ) made by Thomas Cooke is part of the historical collection of the INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Abruzzo. Manufactured in England in 1885, the Cooke telescope was purchased by Director Vincenzo Cerulli and transported to the then Collurania Observatory around 1890. This telescope is still equipped with the original optomechanical components. It is currently used during evening visits open to the public for observations of Solar System objects and bright targets in the Messier catalogue (globular clusters, nebulae, and so on). The instrument was perfectly successful from an optical point of view due to the clarity of its objective and the remarkable resolving power. The Cooke telescope is housed inside the dome of the main pavilion of the Observatory: the hemispherical dome was built by the Cooke House of York in 1885, with a diameter of 31 ft, manual movements, iron frame and paper-machè cover (pressed cardboard). The telescope and the dome were purchased second-hand by Cerulli, having already been used in Scarborough (North Yorkshire) by the first owner, the astronomer James Wigglesworth.
 * A 18" refractor was acquired by National Observatory (Brazil) in 1911 but only setup on 1922 due to World War I. It is the largest refractor in Brazil and it is used for outreach nowadays.
 * A 25" refractor from 1869 "Newall Telescope" is in use at the National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, Greece


text:
Port Allen

Port Allen is a place name that could refer to:

 * Port Allen Airport
 * Port Allen, Hawaii
 * Port Allen, Iowa
 * Port Allen, Louisiana

title: Port Allen