text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/August 2

Some murder in Texas...
"1976 - An intruder breaks into Priscilla Davis's Mockingbird Lane mansion in Fort Worth, Texas. Priscilla Davis and a friend are injured while Andrea Wilborn and Stan Farr are killed. T. Cullen Davis is tried and found innocent of the crime." A joke, right? Timeline of human history etc... Wetman 05:49, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Apparently, it was some big news back then, but I don't think it's significant enough to be a selected anniversary. Anyway, I've asked about this before. Please see this old response on my talk page:
 * ''As for the significance part:http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/not_guilty/t_cullen_davis/index.html
 * The significance: The suspected murderer was really rich (richer than the state of Texas), hired a really good lawyer, and ended up being proven innocent. WhisperToMe 23:31, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Hope this helps. -- PFHLai 18:13, 2005 August 2 (UTC)

Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)
A candidate for future SA: Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) needs a bit expanding, though. Maybe next year. One option would be to bold Philip II of Macedon but the date needs to be added there to qualify. -- PFHLai 16:11, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
 * 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.

Ilinden Uprising
I have changed the line about the 1903 Ilinden Uprising, because it was misleading, referring to "Bulgarians" who carried out the uprising. If you look at the Kruševo Manifesto, which was issued on the date of the Uprising by its leaders, it speaks about "Autonomous Macedonia", "blood-stained Macedonian land", and "good sons of Macedonia". The full text of the Manifesto, in English, is here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Crnorizec (talk • contribs) 17:28, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:26, 1 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Hudson Bay; Siege of Malakand; Calvin Coolidge/Warren G. Harding; Positron; 1989 Valvettiturai massacre
 * Included: Majorian (first appearance); Charles X of France (first appearance); Wild Bill Hickok (first appearance); Bologna massacre (4th appearance, last in 2010); Invasion of Kuwait (4th appearance, last in 2009)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:39, 1 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Majorian; Charles X of France; Wild Bill Hickok; Positron; Bologna massacre (ineligible—maintenance); Invasion of Kuwait
 * Included: Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) (2nd appearance, last in 2010); Tower Subway (8th appearance, last in 2010); Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising (2nd appearance, last in 2010; 110th anniversary); Calvin Coolidge/Warren G. Harding (Coolidge: 5th appearance, last in 2011; Harding: 2nd appearance, last in 2011; 90th anniversary); BSAA Star Dust accident (first appearance); 1989 Valvettiturai massacre (3rd appearance, last in 2011)

Your claim that the 1870 Tower Subway was the world's first underground railway is incorrect - see Metropolitan Railway and 1863 !! Itc editor2 (talk) 22:17, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:11, 1 August 2014 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Ten Days' Campaign (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC); Tower Subway; Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising; Calvin Coolidge; BSAA Star Dust accident
 * Included: Battle of Cannae (8th appearance, last in 2010); 1790 United States Census (first appearance; blurb previously featured United States Census and is making its 2nd appearance, last in 2010); Siege of Malakand (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Einstein–Szilárd letter (first appearance; 75th anniversary)
 * Repeats: 1989 Valvettiturai massacre (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total; 25th anniversary)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:57, 31 July 2015 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Delta Air Lines Flight 191 (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Cannae; Siege of Malakand; Einstein–Szilárd letter; 1989 Valvettiturai massacre
 * Included: Hudson Bay (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Tower Subway (9th appearance, last in 2013); Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Invasion of Kuwait (5th appearance, last in 2012; 25th anniversary)
 * Repeats: 1790 United States Census (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 225th anniversary)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:02, 2 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: 1790 United States Census; Tower Subway; Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising; Invasion of Kuwait
 * Included: Battle of Cannae (9th appearance, last in 2014); Charles X of France (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci (first appearance; 100th anniversary); Delta Air Lines Flight 191 (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Hudson Bay (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

Ten Days' Campaign
Moved Ten Days' Campaign to eligible again as its referencing was improved in 2016. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 11:19, 26 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Had to take it out as it was still lacking. — howcheng  {chat} 16:14, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:14, 2 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Tower Subway (maintenance); Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Cannae; Hudson Bay (ineligible—maintenance); Charles X of France (ineligible—maintenance); Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci; Delta Air Lines Flight 191
 * Included: Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Majorian (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Siege of Malakand (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Positron (3rd appearance, last in 2012); 1947 BSAA Avro Lancastrian Star Dust accident (2nd appearance, last in 2013; 70th anniversary); Andrew Barton (privateer) (first appearance); Harriet Arbuthnot (first appearance); Marija Bursać (first appearance)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:17, 2 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC); Majorian; Siege of Malakand; 1947 BSAA Avro Lancastrian Star Dust accident; Andrew Barton (privateer); Harriet Arbuthnot (ineligible—maintenance); Marija Bursać
 * Included: Battle of Cannae (10th appearance, last in 2016); 1790 United States Census (3rd appearance, last in 2015); German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I (first appearance); Invasion of Kuwait (6th appearance, last in 2015); Bertha Lutz (first appearance); Betsy Bloomingdale (first appearance); Jean-Pierre Melville (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Positron (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 20:29, 5 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Majorian (maintenance); Wild Bill Hickok (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): Kyawswa of Pagan (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Billy Cannon; Roy Cohn
 * Omitted: 1790 United States Census; German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I; Positron; Invasion of Kuwait; Betsy Bloomingdale; Jean-Pierre Melville
 * Included: Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) (4th appearance, last in 2017); Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Einstein–Szilárd letter (2nd appearance, last in 2016; 80th anniversary); 1989 Valvettiturai massacre (5th appearance, last in 2014; 30th anniversary); Andrew Barton (privateer) (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Jack L. Warner (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Battle of Cannae (2nd consecutive appearance, 11 total); Bertha Lutz (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 125th birthday)

Roma Holocaust Memorial Day
On August 2 the Council of Europe, the European Parliament, Croatia, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine commemorates the Romani genocide, as in the night of 2 to 3 August 1944 2,897 Roma were killed in the Gypsy family camp in Auschwitz, see Roma Holocaust Memorial Day. Could this be added? --Niccolò "Jaqen" Caranti (OBC) (talk) 09:48, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I missed your request for this year, but it's now listed for the future. Thanks. — howcheng  {chat} 03:22, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:14, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Harriet Arbuthnot (moved to September 10)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Delta Air Lines Flight 191 (maintenance); Invasion of Kuwait (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Republic Day (North Macedonia); Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC); Battle of Cannae; Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci; Einstein–Szilárd letter; 1989 Valvettiturai massacre (ineligible—maintenance); Andrew Barton (privateer); Jack L. Warner; Bertha Lutz
 * Included: William II of England (4th appearance, last in 2019; moved from September 26); Tower Subway (10th appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible; 150th anniversary); Positron (5th appearance, last in 2018); Raúl Iturriaga (5th appearance, last in 2018; moved from August 3); Thomas Grey (conspirator) (first appearance); Marija Bursać (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 100th birthday); Roy Cohn (first appearance)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:35, 4 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Bertha Lutz (POTD for 2021)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): 1989 Valvettiturai massacre
 * Omitted: William II of England; Tower Subway; Positron; Raúl Iturriaga; Thomas Grey (conspirator); Marija Bursać; Roy Cohn
 * Included: Roma Holocaust Memorial Day (first appearance); Battle of Cannae (12th appearance, last in 2019); 1790 United States census (4th appearance, last in 2018); Siege of Malakand (4th appearance, last in 2017); Makaiko Kheti (first appearance); Ahudemmeh (first appearance); Arthur Bliss (first appearance); Jean-Pierre Melville (2nd appearance, last in 2018)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:48, 8 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I (maintenance); 1989 Valvettiturai massacre (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): Alexander Graham Bell (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Cannae (ineligible—maintenance); 1790 United States census; Siege of Malakand (ineligible—maintenance); Makaiko Kheti; Ahudemmeh; Arthur Bliss; Jean-Pierre Melville
 * Included: Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) (5th appearance, last in 2019); Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Einstein–Szilard letter (3rd appearance, last in 2019); 1947 BSAA Avro Lancastrian Star Dust accident (3rd appearance, last in 2017; 75th anniversary); Jack L. Warner (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Marija Bursać (3rd appearance, last in 2020); Billy Cannon (first appearance)

"Unpopular among the Senate aristocracy for his reforming efforts, Roman emperor Majorian..."
This characterization does not appear to be supported by Majorian's article, which emphasizes the degree to which he conciliated the Senate (in contrast to his predecessor) and places the responsibility for Majorian's deposition almost exclusively on Ricimer. Mosi Nuru (talk) 13:50, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

 * User:Mosi Nuru, This page does not get watched often, please report this at WP:ERRORS for future reference.  Heart  (talk) 05:01, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

2023 notes
 Heart  (talk) 05:26, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Hugh Hickling
 * Omitted: Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC); Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci; Einstein–Szilard letter; 1947 BSAA Avro Lancastrian Star Dust accident; Jack L. Warner; Marija Bursać; Billy Cannon
 * Included: Majorian (3rd appearance, last in 2017, rescued from Ineligible); William II of England (2nd appearance on August 2, last in 2020, 5 total); 1790 United States census (5th appearance, last in 2021); Makaiko Kheti (2nd appearance, last in 2021); Summerland disaster (first appearance); Pope Severinus (first appearance); Harriet Arbuthnot (2nd appearance on August 2, last in 2017, 5 total); Bertha Lutz (3rd appearance, last in 2019, rescued from Ineligible); Simone Manuel (first appearance)


text:
Dominic Kinnear

Dominic Kinnear (born July 26, 1967) is an American soccer coach and former player. On January 18, 2022, he was named an assistant coach by FC Cincinnati, his first coaching role since serving as the interim head coach of the LA Galaxy.

As a player, he began his professional career with Scottish club St Johnstone, and went on to play for several teams in the United States and Mexico, including the San Jose Hawks, San Jose Clash, Tampa Bay Mutiny and Necaxa. He also earned 54 caps with the United States national team.

Kinnear has been involved in coaching MLS teams since 2001. His most notable stint was from 2006 to 2014 with the Houston Dynamo, a club he led to MLS Cup in 2006 and again in 2007.

Youth career
Kinnear moved to the United States with his family when he was three years old. He grew up in Fremont, California, which he considers to be his hometown. He began playing youth soccer at the age of five before attending John F. Kennedy High School where he played on the boys' varsity soccer team. After graduating from high school, he attended Hartwick College for a single year. As a defender, he scored three goals as Hartwick went to the Final Four.

Club career
Kinnear moved back to Scotland to try his luck with Scottish Football League club St Johnstone.

United States (1989–94)
In 1989, Kinnear signed with the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks of the Western Soccer League (WSL). Kinnear remained with San Francisco Bay as the Blackhawks became one of the dominant teams of the era. In 1990, the WSL merged with the American Soccer League (ASL) to form the American Professional Soccer League (APSL). That season Kinnear again earned All Star honors. In 1991, the Blackhawks took the APSL title and in 1992 went to the semifinals of the CONCACAF Champions Cup. Kinnear again earned All Star honors in 1992. In 1993, the Blackhawks owner pulled the team from the APSL and moved it to the lower division USISL, renaming the team the San Jose Hawks in the process. Despite the move to the lower division and a winning season, the Hawks folded at the end of the season.

Kinnear then moved to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers for the 1994 APSL season after a summer trial with English club Bolton Wanderers came to nothing.

Necaxa (1995)
In 1995, Kinnear played a single season with Primera División (First Division) team Necaxa. He scored one goal in five appearances as Necaxa took the Mexican League title.

Return to the United States (1995–2000)
At the end of the Mexican season, Kinnear moved to the Seattle Sounders of the A League just in time to win another league championship. He signed with the Sounders on August 10, 1995, as a replacement for injured Dick McCormick. In the championship final, he scored the winning penalty kick.

On January 24, 1996, Major League Soccer (MLS) allocated Kinnear to the Colorado Rapids, making him one of the first players in the league. Kinnear spent the 1996 season with the Rapids. On December 15, 1996, the Rapids traded Kinnear and a second round draft pick to the San Jose Clash for Paul Bravo and Rafael Amaya. He later moved to the Tampa Bay Mutiny. He scored six goals and 24 assists in his career in MLS. In February 2001, Kinnear retired and joined the San Jose Earthquakes coaching staff that was led by his former Mutiny teammate Frank Yallop. Kinnear had initially thought he was being recruited to play before Yallop mentioned coaching.

International career
Kinnear earned 54 caps for the U.S. national team, including many of his country's warm-up games for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, although he was not selected for the final squad.

Coaching career
In 2001, the head coach of the San Jose Earthquakes, Frank Yallop, named Dominic Kinnear as his assistant coach. Together, they helped coach the Earthquakes to the MLS Cup in 2001 and 2003.

In 2004, Frank Yallop left and Kinnear was promoted to head coach of the Earthquakes. He led the Quakes to the MLS Supporters' Shield in 2005. Kinnear moved to Houston with the rest of the Earthquakes, when the team was renamed the Houston Dynamo. On November 12, 2006, Kinnear led the Dynamo to their first MLS Cup Championship. On November 18, 2007, the Dynamo won their second MLS Cup in a row, again beating the New England Revolution. Kinnear resigned as head coach of Houston Dynamo effectively as of October 25, 2014, after their last match of the regular season.

Kinnear became the new head coach of San Jose Earthquakes following the conclusion of the 2014 regular season He replaced Mark Watson, who was fired on October 15, 2014. On June 25, 2017, Kinnear was fired as head coach of the Earthquakes and was replaced by Chris Leitch.

Coaching record

 * 1.Record includes league, cup, playoffs and CONCACAF competitions.

Player
San Francisco Bay Blackhawks
 * APSL (1): 1991

Necaxa
 * Primera División de México (1): 1994–95

Seattle Sounders (USL)
 * A-League (1995–2004) (1): 1995 A-League

United States
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup (1): 1991

Coach
San Jose Earthquakes
 * MLS Supporters' Shield: 2005

Houston Dynamo
 * MLS Cup (2): 2006, 2007
 * Western Conference (2): 2006, 2007
 * Eastern Conference (2): 2011, 2012

Assistant Coach
San Jose Earthquakes
 * MLS Cup (2): 2001, 2003
 * Western Conference (1): 2003

FC Cincinnati
 * MLS Supporters' Shield: 2023

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dominic Kinnear


text:
Rail transport in Wales

Rail transport in Wales began in the early 19th century initially used for industrial purposes and shortly began to be used for commercial purposes. The Beeching cuts had a significant impact on rail transport in Wales, closing a large number of railway stations. Since then some stations have reopened in Wales and following Welsh devolution, the Wales and Borders passenger rail franchise was established in 2001 and the operator was taken into public ownership by the Welsh Government in 2021.

Rail services are generally managed by the Welsh Government whilst rail infrastructure is generally the responsibility of the UK Government. Rail in Wales is mostly operated by Transport for Wales Rail. Current developments include the North Wales Metro, South Wales Metro and Swansea Bay and West Wales Metro.

Early history
The world's oldest known iron railway bridge, Pont-y-Cafnau was designed and built in 1793. On 21 February 1804 the first recorded steam-hauled journey on rails took place in Merthyr Tydfil from Penydarren to the Glamorganshire Canal.

Swansea and Mumbles Railway was opened in 1807, becoming the first fare-paying passenger rail service in the world.

In 1832 Ffestiniog Railway opened and is the world's oldest surviving railway company.

Trains between South Wales, Bristol and London crossed the River Severn at Gloucester. The Severn Railway Bridge was opened in 1879, and continued to operate until it collapsed in 1960. In 1873, a Severn Estuary tunnel began construction including permanent water pumps which remain operational. The first trains passed through the tunnel in 1886 and for a century remained the longest underwater tunnel in the world.

Beeching report
In 1963, the Beeching report aimed to reduce the debt of the nationalised British Rail and led to 189 stations in Wales intended for closure with lines and tracks removed over the next decade across Wales. This list for closure was in addition to another 166 Welsh stations and halt-stops that were proposed for closure prior to Beeching's report.

Some stations with particular industry works were saved. Larry Davies, an Arriva Trains Wales' community manager in 2013 said, "Although there were a lot of local protest from people as one would expect, I think the traffic that came from the power station saved the Conwy Valley line". Since the Beeching cuts and as of 2013, 32 stations have re-opened in Wales.

Wales and Borders franchise
In March 2000, the UK government announced its proposal to form the new Wales and Borders rail franchise, following long-standing calls for this by the Select Committee on Welsh Affairs. The Wales & Borders Train Company was formed on 14 October 2001 and ran by National Express.

In 2016, Transport for Wales was established, and would oversee the procurement of the next operator of the franchise, then operated by Arriva Trains Wales, as well as Metro services on the Valley Lines.

In 2018, KeolisAmey Wales was appointed to operate the Wales and Borders franchise on behalf of Transport for Wales, replacing Arriva Trains Wales as the operator of the Wales and Borders franchise, and would be operating as a "partnership" between KeolisAmey and Transport for Wales while being branded as the latter. It commenced operations in October 2018. The introduction of a new operator was accompanied with a £5 billion investment into rail by the Welsh Government, during the 15-year franchise.

In 2020, Transport for Wales took ownership of Core Valley Lines from Network Rail, which runs from Cardiff to Aberdare, Merthyr Tydfil, Treherbert, Rhymney and Coryton.

Transition to public-owned operation
In February 2021, the Wales and Borders franchise was brought into public ownership by the Welsh government under the subsidiary Transport for Wales Rail. In the same year, a new app was launched and Bow Street railway station became the first Transport for Wales built station.

, there are 223 rail stations in Wales.

Geography
The Welsh railway system is split into three detached parts: The South Wales network, consisting of the South Wales Main Line, the West Wales lines and their complex network of associated branches, including the Valley Lines, the Cambrian Line serving mid-Wales, and in North Wales, the North Wales Coast Line and its associated branches. The three parts are linked together by the Welsh Marches Line and Shrewsbury–Chester line which both run partly through Wales and partly through England.

Railway lines
• Mid Wales lines

• * Heart of Wales line

• * Cambrian Main line

• * Cambrian Coast Line

• North Wales lines

• * North Wales Coast Line

• * Conwy Valley line

• * Borderlands line

• * Wrexham to Chirk

• South Wales lines

• *South Wales Main Line

• *Newport to Chepstow line

• *Newport to Abergavenny Line

• *Swanline

• Valley Lines

• * Butetown Line

• * City Line

• * Vale of Glamorgan Line

• * Merthyr line

• * Aberdare line (Merthyr line branch to Aberdare)

• * Rhondda line

• * Rhymney line

• * Maesteg Line

• * Ebbw Valley Line

• West Wales lines

• *Swansea to Pembroke Dock

• *Swansea to Milford Haven and Fishguard

Heritage railways
Various heritage railways are present in Wales. Some are part of the Great Little Trains of Wales initiative. • Bala Lake Railway

• Brecon Mountain Railway

• Corris Railway

• Fairbourne Railway

• Ffestiniog Railway

• Llanberis Lake Railway

• Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway

• Rhyl Miniature Railway

• Snowdon Mountain Railway

• Talyllyn Railway - in 1951, this became the first preserved railway in the world.

• Vale of Rheidol Railway

• Welsh Highland Railway – Longest heritage railway in the UK.

• Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway

Electrification
Currently the only stretch of line to be electrified in Wales is the South Wales Main Line between the Severn Tunnel and Cardiff Central railway station, which was electrified as part of the Great Western Main Line upgrade, and was completed in 2020. Plans to extend the electrification from Cardiff to Swansea were scrapped in 2017.

Management
Responsibility for agreements with rail operators and the procurement of the specific Welsh rail franchise rests with the Welsh government, whilst rail infrastructure and overall franchising powers are held by the UK government. Rail infrastructure in Wales is managed by Network Rail and is part of the Wales & Western region, including some parts of England along the England–Wales border, and parts of South West England.

Powers
Wales' railway network is not devolved to the Welsh Government and Senedd, with there being limitations. The Welsh Government has been devolved some executive functions in relation to rail transport. These are primarily on the issues of funding, passenger rail franchising, discontinuing or closing railway services or some railway assets, under the Railways Act 2005 and The Welsh Ministers (Transfer of Functions) (Railways) Order 2018. The Welsh Government has the power to make TWA orders in relation to the construction and operation of railways, tramways, trolley vehicles, and other guided transport systems, where the order authorises the acquisition or use of land rights, and the charging of tolls and penalty fares. However, any application determined to be classed as "England and Wales", for example a railway line crossing the England–Wales border, then that is the responsibility of the UK Government's Secretary of State for Transport.

As it is not devolved, the Welsh Block Grant (determined by the Barnett formula) does not include funding for rail infrastructure to the Welsh Government, although the Welsh Government can still invest in rail, including for rail infrastructure and railway stations using its existing funding, but the responsibility of rail infrastructure and funding for Network Rail lies with the UK Secretary of State for Transport. This differs from Scotland, where such powers are devolved. In relation to building new railway stations in Wales, while the Welsh Government can invest, Network Rail is the asset owner and rail network operator of rail infrastructure in England and Wales, with the UK Secretary of State being responsible for the specifications of any enhancements and the funding provided for such enhancements. The UK Government's New Stations Fund is an example of a funding source for many of the proposed railway stations in Wales made by the Welsh Government, although other proposals such as Cardiff Parkway can be funded privately with support from the Welsh Government or by gaining funding from European Structural and Investment Funds. To assess its proposals, the Welsh Government conducts a three-stage assessment process for proposed station in Wales, with the business case of a station prioritised as a greater chance to secure UK Government funding, while limiting expenses and construction time are also prioritised.

The UK Secretary of State produces a High Level Output Specification (HLOS) and Statement of Funds Available (SoFA) to set out the priorities of Network Rail. This later develops into a Control Period, a five-year long rail plan for rail infrastructure in England and Wales.

Devolution of more powers
In 2005, the UK Government offered to devolve rail infrastructure to Wales. The Welsh Assembly Government of the time refused, citing concerns around funding, the weakness of the Welsh civil service and possible issues arising from the levels of integration between Wales's rail infrastructure with England's.

The 2011 Commission on Devolution in Wales had recommended that rail infrastructure be devolved to Wales. The St David's Day Agreement was created following many of the commission's recommendations, but did not include the devolution of rail infrastructure.

In 2021, the Welsh Affairs Select Committee had proposed for the establishment of a "Wales Rail Board" rather than devolving infrastructure to Wales.

Criticism of funding
A report by the Wales Governance Centre found that Wales could have utilised an additional £514million rail infrastructure between 2011-12 and 2019-20 if rail were fully devolved, and an additional £505million for the following five years.

In the 2020s, the Welsh Government and Welsh politicians had criticised the UK Government for the classification of some rail infrastructure schemes.

In 2020, the UK Government had classified High Speed 2 as an "England and Wales" project. This move was criticised by Welsh MPs and Welsh Government ministers, who argued such a classificiation had little justification as High Speed 2 did not pass through Wales, and they claim would not give any benefits to Wales. The classification would mean, unlike Scotland, Wales would not receive a Barnett consequential, estimated at £5billion. By February 2020, the Welsh Government had received £755million in HS2-linked funding, with the UK Government stating it was "investing record amounts in Wales' railway infrastructure" and the Welsh Government had received a "significant uplift" in Barnett-based funding due to the UK Government's increased funding of HS2, with Network Rail to invest £1.5billion in Wales' railways between 2019 and 2024. In April 2023, all parties of the Senedd agreed to a motion introduced by Plaid Cymru that called on the UK Government to re-allocate funding to Wales that is "rightfully owed" for HS2.

In 2023, the UK Government classed Northern Powerhouse Rail, as another "England and Wales" project, which would have given Wales a Barnett consequential of £1billion if classed as a "England" project. The decision was criticised by the Welsh Liberal Democrats.

Criticism of the state of the railways
In April 2023, Wales' transport minister, Lee Waters has described Welsh rail as having been "pretty bleak for a while" and included overcrowding and cancellations. He has accused the UK government of a "managed decline" of Welsh rail, which the UK government denies. Waters accused Network Rail's running period of 2024-2029 which shows infrastructure failures and deteriorating assets which he says will cause speed restrictions, worsened reliability, and further service failures. A spokesperson of the UK government treasury responded by saying that "we're committed to improving services for rail passengers in Wales, investing a record-breaking £2bn in Welsh railways from April 2019 to March 2024."

Future initiatives
Transport for Wales (TfW) have planned three regional metros in Wales, the South Wales Metro, Swansea Bay and West Wales Metro and the North Wales Metro.

Transport for Wales 2025
TfW say that their first phase of rail services improvement will be complete by 2025. The operating service said that there will be a "generational" change to services in the Wales and Borders franchise after 148 new trains are deployed in Wales; over 170 km of rail lines is electrified; new stations are built; improvements are made to tracks and signals.

By 2025, TfW has promised a more expansive and frequent service on its network, all trains being replaced, with 95% of journeys on 148 new trains, and a 65% increase in capacity. TfW aim to operate five new stations, and have an improved service on Sundays. They also plan to electrify part of the South Wales Valleys rail network, while also providing >600 new jobs, better Wifi services, more station car parking spaces and smarter ticketing.

Proposals

 * List of proposed railway stations in Wales
 * North–South Wales railway

Passenger services
All passenger routes in Wales are operated by Transport for Wales Rail, as part of the cross-border Wales and Borders franchise, involving services throughout Wales and the routes making up the network through England. Transport for Wales operate the Premier Service, connecting Holyhead in north Wales, to Cardiff in the south.

Aside Transport for Wales Rail, Avanti West Coast operate a London Euston to Holyhead and Wrexham General service via Chester. In 2022, Grand Union was approved to operate services between Carmarthen and London Paddington, with the first services expected in 2024.

Train operating companies working in Wales include:
 * Transport for Wales Rail – Most services in the Wales & Borders franchise.
 * Avanti West Coast – North Wales to English West Midlands and London Euston.
 * CrossCountry Trains – Cardiff/Newport to the English Midlands and North West England.
 * Great Western Railway – South Wales to London Paddington, South West England and Hampshire.

Other

 * One of the stations, Llanfairpwll railway station, has the longest station name on a sign in the UK, with the sign reading Llanfairpwllgwyngyll-gogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch.
 * The Global Centre of Rail Excellence, a proposed railway test centre, is located in South Wales.

title: Rail transport in Wales


text:
Keyer

A keyer is an electronic device used for signaling by hand, by way of pressing one or more switches. The technical term keyer has two very similar meanings, which are nonetheless distinct: One for telegraphy and the other for accessory devices built for computer-human communication:
 * For radio-telegraphy, the term "keyer" specifically refers to a device which converts signals from an "iambic" type or "sideswiper" type telegraph key into Morse code for transmission, but excludes the key itself.
 * For computer human interface devices, "keyer" generally refers to both a single-hand multi-switch and the electronics which interpret the user key-presses and send the corresponding signals to the computer.

History & telegraphy background
In telegraphy, so-called iambic keys developed out of an earlier generation of novel side-to-side, double-contact keys (called "bushwhackers") and later semi-automatic keys (called "bugs"). Semi-automatic keys were an innovation that had an impulse driven, horizontal pendulum mechanism that (only) created a series of correctly timed "dits". The pendulum would repeatedly tap a switch contact for as long as its control lever was held to the right (or until the impulse from the thumb push was exhausted); telegraphers were obliged to time the "dahs" themselves, by pressing the lever to the left with their knuckle, one press per "dah". When the lever is released, springs push it back to center and break the switch contact (including the resetting the oscillating pendulum, if moving). Because the "dits" are created automatically by the pendulum mechanism, but the "dahs" are keyed the old-fashioned way, the keys are called "semi-automatic". (Modern electronic keyers create both the "dits" and the "dahs" automatically, as long as one of the switches is in contact, and are called "fully-automatic".)

More than just convenience, the keys were needed for medical reasons: Telegraphers would often develop a form of repetitive stress injury, which at that time was called "glass arm" by telegraphers, or "telegrapher's paralysis" in medical literature. It was common and was caused by forcefully "pounding brass" up-and-down on conventional telegraph keys. Keys built for side-to-side motion would not aggravate nor cause the injury, and allowed injured telegraphers to continue in their profession.

Modern telegraphy
With the advent of solid state electronics, the convenience of fully automatic keying became possible by simulating and extending the operation of the old mechanical keys, and special-purpose side-to-side keys were made to operate the electronics, called iambic telegraph keys after the rhythm of telegraphy. In iambic telegraphy the "dot" and the "dash" are separate switches, activated either by one lever or by two separate levers. For as long as the telegrapher holds the lever(s) to the left or right, one of the two telegraph key switches is in contact; the electronics in the keyer will respond by sending a continuous stream of "dits" or "dahs". The operator sends codes by choosing the direction the lever is held, and how long it is held on each side. If the operator swings from side to side slightly erratically, the electronics will none-the-less produce perfectly timed codes.

 * The key is the double switch, operated by moving a single or double lever in a sequence of left and right presses, and on a double-lever key, also by pressing both levers at the same time.
 * The keyer is the box of electronics that the key is plugged into, which in turn plugs into the socket on the radio which an old-style "straight" key would plug into, which the keyer simulates.

Modern keys with only one lever, which swings horizontally between two contacts and returns to center when released, are called "bushwhackers" or "sideswipers", the same as the old-style double-contact single-lever telegraph keys, or "single paddle keys". The double-lever keys are called "iambic keys", "double-paddle keys", or "squeeze keys". The name "squeeze key" is because both levers can be pressed at the same time, in which case the electronics then produces a string of "dit-dah-dit-dah-..." (iambic rhythm, hence "iambic key"), or "dah-dit-dah-dit-..." (trochaic rhythm), depending on which side makes contact first. Both types of keys have two distinct contacts, and are wired to the same type plug, and can operate the same electronic keyer (for any commercial keyer made in the last 40 years or so) which itself connects into the same jack on a radio that one of the old fashioned telegraph key types plugs into.

Fully automatic electronic keying became popular during the 1960s; at present most Morse code is sent via electronic keyers, although some enthusiasts prefer to use a traditional up-and-down "straight key". Historically appropriate old-fashioned keys are used by naval museums for public demonstrations and for re-enacting civil war events, as well as special radio contests arranged to promote the use of old-style telegraph keys. Because of the popularity of iambic keys, most transmitters introduced into the market within the current century have keyer electronics built-in, so an iambic key plugs directly into a modern transmitter, which also functions as the electronic keyer. (Modern keyer electroncics electrically detect whether the inserted plug belongs to an old type, single-switch key [monophonic plug], or a new type, double-switch key [stereo plug], and responds appropriately for the connected key.)

Analogy of radio teletype keyboards
In a completely automated teleprinter or teletype (RTTY) system, the sender presses keys on a typewriter-style keyboard to send a character data stream to a receiver, and computation alleviates the need for timing to be done by the human operator. In this way, much higher typing speeds are possible. This is an early instance of a multi-key user-input device, as are computer keyboards (which, incidentally, are what one uses for modern RTTY). The keyers discussed below are a smaller, more portable form of user input device.

Computer interface keyers
Modern computer interface keyers typically have a large number of switches but not as many as a full-size keyboard; typically between four and fifty. A keyer differs from a keyboard in the sense that it lacks a traditional "board"; the keys are arranged in a cluster which is often held in the hand.

Inspiration from telegraphy
An example of a very simple keyer is a single telegraph key, which used for sending Morse code. In such a use, the term "to key" typically means to turn on and off a carrier wave. For example, it is said that one "keys the transmitter" by interrupting some stage of the amplification of a transmitter with a telegraph key.

When this concept of an iambic telegraph key was introduced to inventor Steve Mann in the 1970s, he mistakenly heard iambic as  bi ambic. He then generalized the nomenclature to include various "polyambic" or "multiambic" keyers, such as a "pentambic" keyer (five keys, one for each finger and the thumb), and "septambic" (four finger and three thumb buttons on a handgrip). These systems were developed primarily for use in early, experimental forms of wearable computing, and have also been adapted to cycling with a heads-up display in projects like BEHEMOTH by Steven K. Roberts. Mann (who primarily works in computational photography) later utilized the concept in a portable backpack-based computer and imaging system, WearCam, which he invented for photographic light vectoring.

Common computer keyer use
Computer interface keyers are typically one-handed grips, often used in conjunction with wearable computers. Unlike keyboards, the wearable keyer has no board upon which the switches are mounted. Additionally, by providing some other function – such as simultaneous grip of flash light and keying – the keyer is effectively hands-free, in the sense that one would still be holding the light source anyway.

Chorded or chording keyboards have also been developed, and are intended to be used while seated having multiple keys mounted to a board rather than a portable grip. One type of these, the so-called half-QWERTY layout, uses only minimal chording, requiring the space bar to be pressed down if the alternate hand is used. It is otherwise a standard QWERTY keyboard of full size. It, and many other innovations in keyboard controls, were designed to deal with hand disabilities in particular.

title: Keyer


text:
Talk:Vinyl roof

1959 Destoto Adventurer and Imperial Silvercrest Landau
Several sources claim that the 1959 Imperial Silvercrest Landau Roof (along with the 1959 Desoto Adventurer) sported a vinyl roof. However, according to the braintrust over at imperialclub, this was actually a textured paint, so the 1959 Imperial should probably be removed from this article. Thalter 10 Sep 2021

Model name
It's technically true that Imperial was its own marque from '55 to '75. However, this fact was completely and universally ignored in general conversation, and was probably unknown to most people outside the auto industry. Younger readers and those outside North America may not even recognize what "Imperial" alone is supposed to convey. Consequently, removing "Chrysler" from in front of it may slightly improve the article's accuracy, but I believe it damages its readability. RivGuySC 06:11, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Is that better? Links to the Imperial article correctly, yet puts Chrysler in front of it.

 * It's like mentioning 'Continental' ; the 55-57 (or thereabouts cars) were technically not Lincolns, but everyone calls them that anyway. —Morven 07:17, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think that's quite an acceptable solution. You're right that the Imperial situation is analagous to the Continental division's--neither ever made any impression on the general public. RivGuySC 17:36, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I regret that I gave some bad info above. It kept bugging me about when the Imperial turned back into a Chrysler, so I went googling.  This page says it was '71.  That's probably right.  That's the kind of thing I hate when somebody else gets it wrong, so I hate it twice when I do!  RivGuySC 01:18, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * You were right the first time. The research I did for Imperial (automobile) showed Imperial ending after '75.  However, in 1971, the Imperial began to bear 'IMPERIAL by Chrysler' badges, and began to be associated with Chrysler again in advertising and the like.  It was still just the Imperial, though, and was not 'Chrysler Imperial'.

 * It's quite understandable that the public never really understood Imperial or Continental; both used names that had formerly been model names as marque names, both did not truly have models within the range (Imperial had things like LeBaron, but those were more along the lines of trim level designations). Plus, manufacturers sometimes just didn't put their name on some cars.  My '67 Thunderbird carries the Ford name only in two places: on the door kick plates and on the keys.  The name does not appear externally nor on the normally visible interior.  Given that manufacturers do that, it wasn't exactly surprising that when a vehicle came bearing just 'Imperial' or 'Continental' on it, people just thought it was a styling touch. —Morven 18:21, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * This is a debatable point. I'm not sure exactly what would settle it, but I'm inclining to think the webmaster at the fuselage website is right.  He shows the change in dealer brochures from the separate '70 Imperial one to the Imperial's being included in the Chrysler book for '71, and as you note, that year the Chrysler name reappeared on the vehicles.  After thinking hard about it, I also believe I remember the sign at the dealer in our town being changed from Chrysler/Plymouth/Imperial to just Chrysler/Plymouth about that time.  (Even as a young'un, I had a sharp eye for automobilia!)  So I'd say in reference to '71 and later models, Chrysler Imperial was correct again.  Your Imperial article is shaping up well, BTW, and I'll probably post a few comments there.

 * Yes, personal luxury cars were often badged differently, at least those below the Eldo and Mark. After '63, the Riviera never again had the Buick tri-shield on the outside.  On my '95, it exists only molded into the airbag cover.  Even the Monte Carlo had its own crest and seldom showed a bowtie.  They were trying to give the impression that these models were a cut above the ordinary run of Chevies, Fords, & Buicks, I guess.  This maybe should be worked into the PLC article somewhere RivGuySC 21:44, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

What is it good for?
Any practical or safety advantages? Lighter or heavier than a steel roof? Does it warm up more or less in the sun? I can imagine it can be a problem when recycling a used vehicle at the end of its lifecycle .... --84.115.129.76 17:24, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Some interesting questions above!

 * I once had a Ford brochure from '69 or '70 (which I've since lost) that claimed the vinyl had some insulation value. (If it were padded vinyl, I guess that would be added insulation.)  This is the only advantage I ever heard claimed, and I'm a little doubtful about it.

 * Since the vinyl just covers the standard steel roof, it would have to be heavier. But since a thin vinyl coating doesn't weigh much, the difference would be marginal.

 * Vinyl is grainy and not as reflective as sheet metal, so I'd say it would heat up faster in the sun than a metal roof of the same color. But white vinyl would surely reflect more heat than black metal, etc.

 * I don't think the recycling effect would be very great. After all, there's so much polyvinyl in the interior anyway that the roof couldn't add much additional.

 * RivGuySC (talk) 01:57, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Final Factory Vinyl Roofs
The final factory vinyl roofs were offered on the 1996 Buick Roadmaster and Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham. The 2002 Lincoln Continental did not offer a factory vinyl roof. The last Lincoln factory vinyl roof was the 1991 Town Car. 64.19.140.69 (talk) 13:21, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vinyl roof


text:
TEC-9

The Intratec TEC-9, TEC-DC9, KG-99, and AB-10 are a line of blowback-operated semi-automatic pistols. They were developed by Intratec, an American subsidiary of the Swedish firearms manufacturer Interdynamic AB. Introduced in 1984, the TEC-9 was made of inexpensive molded polymers and a mixture of stamped and milled steel parts. The simple design of the gun made it easy to repair and modify. It was a commercial success, with over 250,000 being sold.

Similar to the AK-47's close association with Third World revolutionary and insurgent movements, the TEC-9 is notorious in American pop culture for its association with criminal gangs, drive-by shootings and mass shootings in the 1990s, with it most notably being used during the 101 California Street shooting and the Columbine High School massacre.

History
Interdynamic AB, a Swedish firearms manufacturer based in Stockholm, designed the Interdynamic MP-9, intended as an inexpensive 9mm submachine gun based on the Carl Gustav M/45 for military applications. The firearm was initially intended for adoption by the South African apartheid government, though it was rejected and shipped to various other nations. Ultimately, Interdynamic did not find a government buyer.

As a result, the weapon was taken by lead designer George Kellgren to the United States domestic market as an open-bolt semi-automatic pistol, redesigned to eliminate its collapsible stock and vertical foregrip features per the National Firearms Act of 1934 and marketed under the subsidiary Interdynamic USA brand. Still, the design was deemed too easy to convert to an automatic weapon. Due to this, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) forced Interdynamic USA to redesign the firearm into a closed-bolt system, which was harder to convert to an automatic weapon. This variant was called the KG-99, and was popularized when it made frequent appearances on the popular television show Miami Vice, where it was legally converted to full auto by Title II manufacturers.

The KG-9 and KG-99 have an open-end upper receiver tube where the bolt, recoil springs, and buffer plate are held in place by the plastic/polymer lower receiver frame. This design only allows for 115 gr 9mm ammunition, and if a heavier grain ammunition or hot loads are used, the plastic lower receiver will fail or crack, rendering the firearm unusable. Later versions of the TEC-9 and AB-10 had a threaded upper receiver tube at the rear and a screw-on end cap to contain the bolt, recoil spring, and buffer plate even if removed from the lower receiver, solving the problem of lower receiver failure when using hot ammo.

Reputation and legislation
Following the 1989 Cleveland School massacre, the TEC-9 was placed on California's list of banned weapons. To circumvent this, Intratec rebranded a variant of the TEC-9 as TEC-DC9 from 1990 to 1994 (with DC standing for "Designed for California"). The most noticeable external difference between the TEC-9 and the later TEC-DC9 is that rings to hold the sling were moved from the side of the gun with the cocking handle to a removable stamped metal clip in the back of the gun. In 1993, the weapon was the subject of further controversy following its use in the 101 California Street shootings That same year, California amended the 1989 Roberti–Roos Assault Weapons Control Act (AWCA), effective January 2000, to ban handguns having features such as barrel shrouds. During the 1990s the TEC-9 also developed a reputation for its use by American street gangs and organized crime syndicates, who were attracted to the large capacity 32-round magazines and low cost of the firearm.

The TEC-9 was produced from 1985 until 1994, when the model and TEC-DC9 variants were banned nationally in the United States, among the 19 firearms banned by name in the now-expired 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban (AWB). This ban forced Intratec to cease their manufacture, and forced them to introduce a newer model. The following year Intratec introduced the AB-10 ("AB" standing for "After Ban"), a TEC-9 Mini without a threaded muzzle/barrel shroud and sold with a smaller 10-round magazine instead of 20- or 32-round magazines. However, the AB-10 still accepted the larger capacity magazines of the pre-ban TEC-9 models which were often acquired by users in place of the standard magazine. In 1999, the TEC-DC9 Mini was notoriously used by Dylan Klebold, one of the perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre, ending with him using it to take his own life.

In 1994, the TEC-9 was used by murder suspect Bennie Lee Lawson in a shooting at Henry Daly Building in Washington D.C., killing two FBI agents, one police officer and wounding another FBI agent and a civilian before taking his own life.

The TEC-9 was also used in the 1990 drive-by shooting at Nashville, Tennessee West End Synagogue by Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan Leonard William Armstrong.

In 2001, the Supreme Court of California ruled that Intratec was not liable for the 1993 101 California Street attacks, and that same year Intratec was dissolved and production of the AB-10 model ceased. Although still found on the used firearms market and legal on the federal level since 2004, the TEC-9 and similar variants are banned, often by name, in several US states including California, New York, New Jersey, and Maryland.

Imitation made illegally in Europe
Quantities of an illegally-made 9mm machine pistol were seized in Europe in 2017. Despite being improvised weapons (and not developed by Intratec) they were nonetheless marked as "Intratec TEC-9", believed to possibly have been done as a means to improve the street value of the weapon.

title: TEC-9


text:
Friday the 13th: The Series

Friday the 13th: The Series is a television series that ran for three seasons, from October 3, 1987, to May 26, 1990, in first-run syndication. The series follows Micki and Ryan, cousins who inherit an antiques store; after selling all the antiques, they learn from Jack Marshak that the items are cursed. The trio then work together to recover the objects and return them to the safety of the shop's vault.

Originally, the series was to be titled The 13th Hour, but producer Frank Mancuso Jr. thought this would turn away viewers and instead took the name Friday the 13th to deliberately draw in audiences. Despite this title, the series has no story connections to the film series of the same title, as Jason Voorhees does not make an appearance, nor does any character connected to the films.

The series and the films have several cast and crew ties, however. The show's producer, Frank Mancuso Jr., was producer of the film series from Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981) until the final installment distributed by Paramount (Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan in 1989, a year before the TV series ended). One of the show's stars, John D. LeMay, went on to star in Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday, guest star John Shepherd played Tommy Jarvis in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning, and episode director David Cronenberg appeared in Jason X. Fred Mollin, Rob Hedden, and Tom McLoughlin worked behind the scenes of both series.

Premise
"Lewis Vendredi made a deal with the devil to sell cursed antiques. But he broke the pact, and it cost him his soul. Now, his niece Micki, and her cousin Ryan have inherited the store... and with it, the curse. Now they must get everything back, or the real terror begins."

An antique dealer named Lewis Vendredi (played by R. G. Armstrong; "Vendredi" means "Friday" in French) has made a deal with the Devil to sell cursed antiques out of his shop, "Vendredi's Antiques", in exchange for wealth, magic powers, and immortality. In the show's first episode ("The Inheritance"), tired of being merely an obedient puppet for the Devil, Lewis rebels against the Devil and breaks the deal, thus being killed and having his soul claimed by the Devil for it.

After Lewis' death, his shop is inherited by his niece, Micki Foster (played by Louise Robey, credited without her first name, as "Robey") and her cousin by marriage, Ryan Dallion (played by John D. LeMay). They decide not to keep the store, and sell off many of the cursed antiques before being stopped by Jack Marshak (played by Chris Wiggins). Jack was Lewis's friend, a retired world-traveller and occultist who originally collected many of the antiques for Vendredi before they became cursed.

The series follows the protagonists as they hunt down the cursed antiques, which are usually in the possession of people who have discovered their magic powers and are unwilling to give them up. In some cases the object is in the possession of the one who originally discovers its magic power ("The Inheritance", "What a Mother Wouldn't Do"), while in others (e. g. "Tales of the Undead", "A Cup of Time", "Vanity's Mirror", "Read My Lips", "The Mephisto Ring", "The Prisoner") another person has learned of the object's power and obtained it before the object is recovered. Since the cursed antiques are completely indestructible, they must be locked away in a vault beneath "Curious Goods" (the rechristened antique store) that is designed to magically render the objects inert. A manifest, written by Lewis, holds the records of all the cursed objects sold by him.

Most of the stories in the series deal with people using the cursed objects' magic for personal gain or for revenge. To use the objects' magic powers, a human sacrifice is required, and the victim must be killed by the object itself or in some particular manner related to the object's history. In many episodes, the benefits are only temporary and owner is forced to keep using the object to regain or retain them ("A Cup of Time", "Master of Disguise", "Spirit of Television", "Face of Evil", "Better Off Dead", "The Sweetest Sting"). In some cases, attempting to abandon the object subjects the owner to some unendurable or fatal affliction ("Stick It in Your Ear", "Read My Lips"). Some objects are sentient and intelligent, such as the doll ("The Inheritance") and the radio ("And Now the News"). Others do not actually speak but demonstrate intelligence and awareness in other ways ("Spirit of Television", "The Playhouse") or confer intelligence on other inanimate things ("Read My Lips", "Double Exposure", "Wax Magic"), or summon intelligent, malevolent entities ("The Pirate's Promise", "Femme Fatale", "Shadow Boxer", "Demon Hunter"). Still others function without intelligence, mechanically dispensing a certain benefit in response to human sacrifice ("Root of All Evil", "The Mephisto Ring", "The Prisoner", "Brain Drain"). Occasionally, there would be an object-free episode in which the trio would confront their uncle's spirit or some other Satanic evildoer ("The Prophecy", "Hellowe'en", "Wedding in Black").

Like other sci-fi/horror shows in syndication in the late 1980s (such as War of the Worlds and Freddy's Nightmares), Friday the 13th: The Series pushed the limits of "acceptable content", featuring violence on par with that of the R-rated horror movies of the time. Certain episodes such as "Night Prey" also depicted a level of sexuality that was taboo for network television.

The second season saw the introduction of Johnny Ventura (played by Steve Monarque). He helps recover the relics and eventually replaces Ryan permanently in the third season. A romantic interest between Johnny and Micki is hinted at, but not realized.

Main

 * Jack Marshak (played by Chris Wiggins)
 * Jack Marshak is a former stage magician and an expert in the occult. He has travelled all over the world and he has diverse skills including bartending ("Cupid's Quiver"), picking locks ("Root of All Evil", "Pipe Dream", "Brain Drain"), ornamental metalwork ("Poison Pen"), and forgery (ibid.). He has a great many peculiar old friends. In so far as the trio has a leader, he is it; the cousins often try to work without him but have to turn to him for aid ("Read My Lips", "Pipe Dream") and moral support ("Root of All Evil", "Face of Evil", "The Quilt of Hathor"). He renames the store "Curious Goods" ("The Inheritance").
 * Jack had been married once and had a clairvoyant son, Peter, who died in a young girl's dream plane ("Bottle of Dreams"). When Jack was younger, his father disappeared, only to return ten years later. However, the man who came back was a spirit ("Midnight Riders"). Jack served in World War II and nearly died in a Nazi death camp ("The Butcher"). He was engaged to a scientist, who left him to do field research in Kenya. She shows up in his life years later, but gets killed shortly after they get re-engaged ("Brain Drain").

 * Micki Foster (played by Louise Robey)
 * Michelle "Micki" Foster inherits the store, which she co-owns with her cousin by marriage, Ryan Dallion. At first, Micki is a bit of a snob, a fashion plate, and fairly vulnerable. As the series progresses, Micki becomes stronger-willed, more independent, less materialistic, and darker in character.
 * Both her parents are still alive ("The Long Road Home"). Her mother, Catherine, is Irish and her father is English ("Shadow Boxer"). She has an irresponsible sister and a nephew, J.B., who is often left in Micki's care ("A Friend To the End"). She is engaged at the beginning of the show, but breaks it off in order to continue recovering cursed antiques ("Root of All Evil"). Her fiance, Lloyd, was not her first love ("Badge of Honor"), nor her last ("Master of Disguise"). Micki gets killed once when a cursed coin is used on her ("Tails I Live, Heads You Die"), but Ryan and Jack eventually trick the episode's antagonists into bringing her back to life.

 * Ryan Dallion (played by John D. LeMay)
 * Ryan Dallion is Micki's cousin by marriage, and he also inherited the store. In the beginning he is portrayed as a failed art student and obviously has feelings for Micki that get stronger as the series progresses in spite of her firm, consistent rejection. He is excited about fixing up the store, but Micki talks him into selling off the inventory, a decision they come to regret. Over time and experience, while maintaining his cheerful and upbeat attitude, Ryan matures a great deal, evolving into a strong-willed, resourceful and independent young man who also has his own dark and sinister moments, not unlike Micki. Their relationship at first is cool but they grow to be very special to each other over time, especially after Micki's death in the beginning of the second season ("Tails I Live, Heads You Die").
 * Ryan's relationship with his father, Raymond, was not a good one ("Pipe Dream"). His younger brother Jimmy died when Ryan was 10, and his mother, Elizabeth, ran out on them shortly after ("Scarecrow," "The Prophecies"). She returned just before Ryan went to France with Micki to help a comatose Jack. At the beginning of the third season, he is removed from the show by being transformed into a small child ("The Prophecies").

 * Johnny Ventura (played by Steve Monarque)
 * The naïve "kid" Jonathan "Johnny" Ventura is introduced toward the end of season two and replaces Ryan in the main trio in season three. He is first introduced as a vain, sleazy skirt-chaser with an eye for Micki ("Wedding Bell Blues"). The interest begins to wane, but briefly heats up again after he has matured through hard experience, when the two take a road trip to retrieve a cursed object and end up in an empty house ("The Long Road Home").
 * Johnny's mother died before his introduction into the show; his father, a security guard, gets shot and killed on the job ("The Prisoner"). Johnny has been arrested three times: once for having "boosted a six-pack of beer" ("Wedding Bell Blues"), once for breaking and entering ("Wedding Bell Blues"), and finally as a suspect in his father's murder ("The Prisoner"). He has useful friends (from his father) in the police force. His unsophisticated, easily tempted character contrasts with Jack and Micki, and the third season includes several "Johnny screws up" episodes ("Crippled Inside", "Bad Penny", "Hate on your Dial"), even though he eventually learns from his mistakes and proves to be a valuable ally and friend to them.

Supporting

 * Rashid (played by Elias Zarou)
 * Rashid is an Egyptian mystic who helps the trio when they are dealing directly with Lewis' ghost, who tries constantly to re-enter the world of the living ("Bottle Of Dreams", "Doorway To Hell"). Though mentioned more than actually appearing in the series, Rashid is very much competent in helping his old friend Jack and the cousins one way or another.
 * Always knowledgeable in occult, sometimes even more so than Jack, Rashid is most capable as Jack's psychic-link during his first trial against Lewis. The second would be more guidance as to help Jack enter a cursed mirror and lead the cousins out of Lewis' possessed house.
 * Rashid was the one to help Jack bring back Ryan and Micki from Lewis' clutches twice, and even revealed to them the fate of Jack's son. During the series run, Rashid only appeared in two episodes though there are several others where he was mentioned ("Vanity's Mirror" and "Voodoo Mambo" are examples).

 * Lewis Vendredi ("Uncle Lewis") (played by R. G. Armstrong)
 * Lewis Vendredi is an antiques dealer who sells his soul to the Devil (Satan) in exchange for immortality, wealth, and magic powers, including the power to heal wounds ("Pipe Dream"). His agreement with the Devil requires him to sell cursed antiques from his store "Vendredi's Antiques" (later renamed "Curious Goods"). In the series' first episode ("The Inheritance"), having grown tired of being a puppet for the Devil, he breaks the pact and is killed and taken to Hell. His niece Micki and nephew Ryan inherit his store and are soon joined by Jack. His name, "Vendredi", is French for "Friday".
 * Except for the first episode, Uncle Lewis is always a pure-evil character, the principal recurring villain of the series. He appears in occasional flashbacks (for example, in "What a Mother Wouldn't Do", "Night Hunger") and as a malevolent ghost ("Hellowe'en", "Bottle of Dreams", "Doorway to Hell"). He is alleged to have been the leader of a witches' coven while he was alive ("Coven of Darkness").

Production
Friday the 13th: The Series was created by Frank Mancuso Jr. and Larry B. Williams originally under the title of The 13th Hour; the series ran for 72 episodes. Mancuso Jr. never intended to link the television show directly to the Friday the 13th film series, but utilize "the idea of Friday the 13th, which is that it symbolizes bad luck and curses". The creators wanted to tie-in Jason's trademark hockey mask to the series, but the idea was discarded so that the show could have a chance to exist on its own. Mancuso Jr. was afraid that mentioning any events from the films would take the audience away from "the new world that we were trying to create". The decision to name the show Friday the 13th, over the original title, was made because Mancuso Jr. believed a "Friday the 13th" moniker would better help to sell the show to networks. Filming took place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Friday the 13th: The Series aired in first-run syndication, initially in a late-night spot; the success of the series as a late-night show prompted some broadcasting stations to move it to prime time. Produced on a budget estimated below $500,000 per episode, the first season placed second in the male 18- to 49-year-old demographic, just behind Paramount's Star Trek: The Next Generation. In addition, the first season placed fifth in the female 18- to 49-year-old demographic. The composer Fred Mollin wrote the music for the series. Friday The 13th The Series - Music From The Original Television Scores was released in 1989 by GNP Crescendo Records.

Cancellation
The first two seasons had 26 episodes apiece. However the third season was cut short due to the abrupt decision to cancel the show. The cast and crew were informed about the ending of the series while they were filming the 20th episode of the third season, which ended up being the series finale. The cancellation was so sudden that they were unable to film more episodes or more scenes that would provide some kind of closure.

International broadcasts
The series was broadcast on Tele 5 in Spain in 1991 under the title of Misterio para tres. In Greece, the series was broadcast on ANT1 and Makedonia TV under the title To mystirio tis Paraskevis (The mystery of Friday) and in Germany under the title Erben des Fluchs (Heirs to the Curse). It was also broadcast in Indonesia on TVRI from 1990 to 1991 every Thursday night and on RCTI from 1992 to 1996 every Friday night. In Finland, the series was known as Aaveita ja kummituksia (Ghosts and Ghoulies) and broadcast by MTV3.

Home media
All three seasons have been issued on DVD in the US (CBS/Paramount, region 1, later repackaged and reissued as "The Complete Series"), Germany (CBS/Paramount, region 2) and Australia (Umbrella Entertainment, region 4). The first season has also been issued as a Spanish bootleg DVD set (Resen, regions 1-6).

Awards and nominations
Friday the 13th: The Series was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 1988 and 1989 for Visual and Graphic Effects. The series won two silver plaques in Chicago for the episodes Scarlet Cinema and The Sweetest Sting. In 1990 the series was nominated by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films as Best Series. The series was nominated twelve times for writing, editing, directing, production design, acting, sound and music by the Gemini Awards in Canada.

Influence
There is a popular rumor that the last episode was to unite the movie and television franchises by having the final item recovered be the hockey mask belonging to Jason Voorhees. This remains unfounded and while there was talk about having a hockey mask on one of the sets as an in-joke, there was never any serious intention to mix the film series into the television series.

The series, about a group of individuals rooting out evil supernatural occurrences, created a mold into which many later series fit. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, and The X-Files all have many episodes which revolve around the team recovering cursed artifacts. The 2009 Syfy original series Warehouse 13 has been accused of "borrowing" much from Friday the 13th: The Series.  The show stars two agents, Myka Bering (Joanne Kelly) and Peter Lattimer (Eddie McClintock), led by older, wiser Arthur "Artie" Nielsen (Saul Rubinek) as they collect artifacts, powerful items which are "imbued with human energy" and have supernatural powers. These artifacts are stored in the warehouse, safely hidden from both the public and those who would make use of the artifacts for evil or selfish purposes. However, the artifacts featured in the Warehouse 13 series are not evil by nature nor cursed, do not require a human sacrifice in order for them to function, and can be destroyed.

Documentary book
Curious Goods: Behind the Scenes of Friday the 13th: The Series by Alyse Wax, a retrospective focusing on the television series, was released in October 2015 by BearManor Media.

title: Friday the 13th: The Series


text:
Talk:Ample vector bundle

So, is this article talking about line bundles or vector bundles? --Ardonik 06:26, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)

It's funny - nowhere in the article the notion of "ample vector bundle" is defined. I think it should be renamed to "ample line bundle", to avoid confusion. --Tiphareth 20:29, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Well, there's a whole book about ample vector bundles by Hartshorne, so the more general concept exists. I don't have easy access to it; but more of an improvement to the article would be to add something, even if it is brief. Charles Matthews 19:02, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

There are several notions of ampleness in fact. The one due to Hartshorne is the following: a bundle is ample if the relative O(1) line bundle on its projectivization is ample.

This notion is much more exotic than the usual ampleness for line bundles, which is pretty much the most common and important notion in algebraic geometry. I believe the ample vector bundles should be defined in a separate article. --Tiphareth 04:11, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Issues

 * This article is called ample vector bundles but makes no mention of ample vector bundles except the statement that there is a theory about them.
 * I cannot make sense of the second sentence, neither mathematically nor gramatically, and I do speak English.
 * The following sentence in parenthesis does not make any meaningful statement.
 * In particular, it mentions some RHS without having an equation anywhere in the near.
 * There is a more general theory of ample vector bundles. is a great example of nonsensical blah.

In essence, I consider this is a great example of what Wikipedia should not be like. --129.132.146.66 14:55, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

cleanup
I cleaned up the article, because - as was pointed out - it was partly unreadable. Moreover, I moved it to ample line bundle, because ample vector bundles are not discussed (yet). Jakob.scholbach 20:31, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ample vector bundle