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Talbot-Lago

Talbot-Lago was a French automobile manufacturer based in Suresnes, Hauts de Seine, outside Paris. The company was owned and managed by Antonio Lago, an Italian engineer that acquired rights to the Talbot brand name after the demise of Darracq London's subsidiary Automobiles Talbot France in 1936.

Under Lago's managing, the company produced a range of automobiles that included sport and racing cars, in some cases designed by coachbuild company Figoni et Falaschi. until the Talbot-Lago demise in 1959, when company's financial problems forced Lago to sell it to Simca.

Alexandre Darracq
The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896, which he named A. Darracq & Cie. It was very profitable. Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as "pleasure" cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes. Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912.

Talbot France
New owners renamed the Darracq business Automobiles Talbot in 1922. However, though its ordinary production cars were badged as Talbots, the new owners continued incorporating the Darracq name in Talbot-Darracq for their competition cars.

Owing to the simultaneous existence of British Talbot cars, French products when sold in Britain were badged Darracq-Talbot or Talbot-Darracq, or even simply Darracq.

Antonio Lago
In 1932, after the onset of the Great Depression, Italo-British businessman Antonio Lago was appointed managing director in the hope that he might revive Automobiles Talbot's business. Lago began this process, but the owners were unable to stave off receivership beyond the end of 1934. The receiver did not immediately close Automobiles Talbot, and in 1936 Antonio Lago managed to complete a management buy-out from the receiver.

Reorganisation under Tony Lago
For 1935, the existing range continued in production but from 1936 these were steadily replaced with cars designed by Walter Becchia, featuring transverse leaf-sprung independent suspension. These included the 4-cylinder 2323 cc (13CV) Talbot Type T4 "Minor", a surprise introduction at the 1937 Paris Motor Show, and the 6-cylinder 2,696 cc (15CV) Talbot "Cadette-15", along with and the 6-cylinder 2,996 cc or 3,996 cc (17 or 23CV) Talbot "Major" and its long-wheelbase version, the Talbot "Master": these were classified as Touring cars (voitures de tourisme).

There was also in the second half of the 1930s a range of Sporting cars (voitures de sport) which started with the Talbot "Baby-15", mechanically the same as the "Cadette-15" but using a shorter slightly lighter chassis. The Sporting Cars range centred on the 6-cylinder 2,996 cc or 3,996 cc (17 or 23CV) Talbot "Baby" and also included the 3,996 cc (23CV) 23 and sporting Lago-Spéciale and Lago-SS models, respectively with two and three carburettors, and corresponding increases in power and performance. The most frequently specified body for the Lago-SS was built by Figoni et Falaschi, and featured a particularly eye-catching aerodynamic form.

Lago was an excellent engineer who developed the existing six-cylinder engine into a high-performance 4-litre one. The sporting six-cylinder models had a great racing history. The bodies—such as of the T150 coupé—were made by excellent coachbuilders such as Figoni et Falaschi or Saoutchik.

Talbot-Lago models 1935–1940
Although the proliferation of cars types and model names that followed Lago's acquisition of the business is at first glance bewildering, it actually involved only four standard chassis lengths as follows:

 * Short Châssis (2950 mm wheelbase):
 * Minor T4 (4 cylinders, 2323 cc)
 * Junior 11
 * Baby-15 (6 cylinders, 2696 cc)
 * Baby 3 litres (6 cylinders, 2996 cc)
 * T150 3 litres (6 cylinders, 2996 cc)
 * Baby 4 litres (6 cylinders, 3996 cc)
 * Lago Spécial (6 cylinders, 3996 cc with twin or triple carbs)
 * Extra short Châssis (2650 mm wheelbase):
 * Lago SS (6 cylinders, 3996 cc with triple carbs)
 * Normal Châssis (3200 mm wheelbase):
 * Cadette-15 (6 cylinders, 2696 cc)
 * Major 3 litres (6 cylinders, 2996 cc)
 * Major 4 litres (6 cylinders, 3996 cc)
 * Long (7-seater) Châssis (3450 mm wheelbase):
 * Master 3 litres (6 cylinders, 2996 cc)
 * Master 4 litres (6 cylinders, 3996 cc)

During the early years of the war Walter Becchia left Talbot to work for Citroen, but Lago was joined in 1942 by another exceptional engineer, Carlo Machetti, and from then the two of them were working on the twin camshaft 4483 cc six-cylinder unit that would lie at the heart of the 1946 Talbot T26.

After World War II
After the war, the company continued to be known both for successful high-performance racing cars and for large luxurious passenger cars, with extensive sharing of chassis and engine components between the two. Nevertheless, the period was one of economic stagnation and financial stringency. The company had difficulty finding customers, and its finances were stretched.

In 1946, the company began production of a new engine design, based on earlier units but with a new cylinder head featuring twin in-block camshafts. This engine, designed under the leadership of Carlo Marchetti, was in many respects a new engine. A 4483 cc six-cylinder in-line engine was developed for the Talbot Lago Record (1946–1952) and for the Talbot Grand Sport 26CV (1947–1954). These cars were priced against large luxurious cars from the likes of Delahaye, Delage, Hotchkiss and Salmson. Talbot would remain in the auto-making business for longer than any of these others, and the Talbot name was resurrected in the early 1980s.

Talbot Lago Record T26
The "Talbot Lago Record T26" was a large car with a fiscal horsepower of 26 CV and a claimed actual power output of 170 hp, delivered to the rear wheels via a four-speed manual gear box, with the option at extra cost of a Wilson pre-selector gear box, and supporting a claimed top speed of 170 km/h (105 mph). The car was commonly sold as a stylish four-door sedan, but a two-door cabriolet was also offered. There were also coachbuilt specials with bodywork by traditionalist firms such as Graber.

Talbot Lago Grand Sport T26
The "T26 Grand Sport (GS)" was first displayed in public in October 1947 as a shortened chassis, and only 12 were made during 1948 which was the models's first full year of production. The car was noted for its speed. The engine which produced 170 hp in the Lago Record was adapted to provide 190 bhp or, later, 195 bhp in the GS, and a top speed of around 200 km/h (124 mph) was claimed, depending on the body that was fitted. The car was built for either racing or luxury and benefited directly from Talbot's successful T26C Grand Prix car. As such it was expensive, rare and helped Louis Rosier with his son to win the LeMans 24 Hour race in 1950. The GS replaced the Lago-Record chassis which was named for its remarkable top speed. The GS was one of the world's most powerful production cars at the time. It had several special features from the T26 Grand Prix cars, such as a 4.5-litre inline-6 aluminum cylinder head, a hollowed camshaft, multiport exhaust system and triple carburetors. Chassis details were similar to the Grand Prix cars, but it was longer and wider. It came it two wheelbase lengths -104 and 110 in.

Almost all the Talbots sold during the late 1940s came with Talbot bodies, constructed in the manufacturer's extensive workshops. The T26 Grand Sport (GS) was the exception, however, and cars were delivered only as bare chassis, requiring customers to choose bespoke bodywork from a specialist coachbuilder. The GS was a star turn in a dull world and coachbuilders such as Saoutchik, Franay, Oblin, and Figoni et Falaschi competed to trump Talbot's own designers with elaborately elegant bodies.

Talbot Lago Baby
The Talbot Lago Baby (1948–1951) marked the return of a pre-war Talbot model name and was the third model presented by the company during the 1940s. The car was commonly sold as a four-door sedan, but a two-door cabriolet was also offered. Its engine comprised only four cylinders, but the twin overhead camshaft with cylinder valves on both sides of the engine block was again featured: at 2690 cc the engine capacity equated to a fiscal horsepower of 15 CV, which was enough to attract the punitive levels of car tax applied by the French government to large cars. The power output was initially 110 bhp, which in 1949 was increased to 120 bhp. Although the postwar Baby sedan closely resembled the more powerful Record on a brief glance, the Baby's 2,950 mm wheelbase was slightly shorter than the 3130 mm wheelbase of the Record, and the overall length was correspondingly 200 mm shorter, reflecting the shortened 4-cylinder engine block. Additionally, the cheaper car sat on a simplified suspension set-up. Baby customers could specify as an option a Wilson pre-selector gear box.

Talbot Lago manufactured three special made seven-seater presidential cars; one for the President of France, one for the President of Tunisia and one for the royal family in Saudi Arabia.

Talbot-Lago T26C
The Talbot-Lago T26C is an open-wheel formula race car, designed and developed by French manufacturer Talbot-Lago, and built to the new Formula One racing rules and regulations, in 1948.

New bodies for 1952
In 1951, as rumours of the company's financial difficulties intensified, a new Ponton format body appeared for the Talbot Baby and Record. The wheelbases were carried over from the earlier models. Although in many ways strikingly modern, the new car featured a two piece front windscreen in place of the single flat screen of its predecessor, presumably reflecting the difficulties at the time of combining the strength of a windscreen with curved glass at an acceptable price and quality. The new car's large rear window was itself replaced by a larger three-piece "panoramic" wrap around back window as part of the car's first face-lift, which took place in time for the 1952 Paris Motor Show. The engine specification of the four-cylinder unit was unchanged as was the claimed performance even though the new body was some 100 kg heavier than the old. A new development with the Ponton-bodied cars body was the availability of the larger six-cylinder unit from the Talbot Record in the top-of-the-line Talbot Baby, which in this form was called the Talbot Baby/6 Luxe, and had the slightly longer wheel-base and overall length enforced by the greater length of the six-cylinder engine.

T14 LS engine / Talbot Lago Sport
At the 1954 Salon de L'Automobile de Paris, Talbot-Lago presented their last new engine: the new four-cylinder still had the typical twin laterally mounted camshafts, although it was upgraded to five main bearings. The new 120 PS 2,491 cc engine was called the T14 LS, but it did not have a car to go in until May 1955 when the Talbot-Lago 2500 Coupé T14 LS was finally presented. The first car had all-aluminium bodywork, but later cars used more steel. Fifty-four of these coupés were built, but they proved hard to sell - the stylish bodywork couldn't quite hide the thirties' underpinnings, and the rough engine offered little elasticity nor longevity.

Lacking the resources to engineer the necessary improvements, for 1957 Talbot-Lago had to resort to buying in an engine. They chose the V8 2580 cc made available by BMW, albeit with the bore diameter slightly reduced, to 72.5 mm, which gave rise to a 2476 cc engine displacement, positioning the car (just) within the 14CV car tax band. Reflecting the company's export plans, Talbot now rebranded the car as the "Talbot Lago America" and (finally) came into line with other French automakers by placing the driver on the left side of the car. However, market response remained lukewarm, and only about a dozen of the BMW powered Talbot Lago Americas were produced. In the early summer of 1958, Tony Lago decided to accept an offer from Simca president, Henri Pigozzi, for the sale of the Talbot brand to Simca. The sale of the business went ahead in 1959.

With the sale of the business to Simca, the new owners found themselves with a handful of the final Talbot Lago Americas which were awaiting engines. There was now no question of Simca being permitted, or wishing, to produce cars with BMW engines, and the only solution available was to fit the last batch of cars with Simca's own 2351 cc V8. This engine had its roots in 1930s Detroit, and was originally provided by Ford to give the (then) Ford Vedette produced by their French subsidiary a flavor of the driving experience offered by an unstressed US style V8 sedan. It was by no stretch of the imagination an engine for a sports car, and even with a second carburetor produced only 95 bhp, as against the 138 bhp of the BMW-engined cars from the previous year's production. Claimed top speed was now 165 km/h (103 mph) in place of the 200 km/h (124 mph) listed the previous year. At the 1959 Paris Motor Show a stand had been booked for what was by now the Simca-Talbot brand, but a late decision was taken not to exhibit a Lago America and the stand was instead given up to a hastily constructed "motor show special" prototype of which, after the motor show, nothing more would be heard.

Commercial and financial
Sales data by model were kept confidential, possibly in connection with the company's financial difficulties, but the overall totals for the early 1950s tell a dire story. The Suresnes plant produced 155 cars in 1947, an output which increased by 23 in 1948. 433 cars were produced in 1950, but this then fell to 80 in 1951 and to 34 in 1952. In 1953 it is thought that the company turned out just 13 of the 26CV Record model and 4 of the 15 CV Babys. During the rest of the decade volumes did not recover significantly; no more than 54 of the T14 LS were built in 1955 and 1956.

As the company's commercial trajectory implies, the years following the end of the war were marked by the slow financial collapse of Anthony Lago's Talbot company. Other luxury automakers whose glory years had been the 1930s fared no better in the 1940s and 1950s than Talbot, with Delage, Delahaye, Hotchkiss and Bugatti disappearing from the car business while Panhard, nimbly if slightly improbably, reinvented itself as a manufacturer of small fuel efficient cars. Customers with enough money to spend on a luxury car were hard to find, and even among those with sufficient funds, in a country where well into the 1950s the Communists, buoyed by the heroic role played by some of their leaders during the years of Resistance, regularly polled 25% of the vote in national elections, there was little of the "live for today: pay later" spirit that had supported extravagant spending patterns in the 1930s. Government policy supported the austerity by creating a post-war tax regime that savagely penalised owners of cars with engines above two litres in size, and an Economic Plan, the Pons Plan, which bestowed government favour (and allocations of materials still in short supply such as steel) on just five automakers, these being the businesses that became France's big five automakers in the 1950s and early 60s. For France's other luxury automakers, meanwhile, including Talbot, the tide had simply gone out.

The money ran out, and Anthony Lago was obliged to seek court protection from his creditors, under a procedure known at that time as a ”Dépôt de bilan”. On 6 March 1951 the court agreed a debt moratorium which permitted a limited restart to production at the company's Suresnes plant, but the affair provided unwelcome publicity for Talbot's cash flow problems, and the company now experienced increased difficulty in obtaining credit. Production was also limited by the extent to which it had been necessary to cut the workforce, and by the reputational damage caused by reports of the whole process.

The business staggered on till 1959, but never had the financial strength to support the development and production of its last model, the Talbot-Lago 2500 Coupé T14 LS, launched after a lengthy gestation in May 1955. In 1958 Lago decided to throw in the sponge and put the business up for sale. An offer was received from Henri Pigozzi under the terms of which the remains of the Talbot business would become part of Simca. In order to avoid bankruptcy, Lago agreed to sell the business on the terms proposed by the Simca president-director, a fellow Italian expatriate. Talbot-Lago was transferred to Simca in 1959. Despite the sorry state of the Talbot business during the preceding ten years, commentators suggest that Pigozzi got a good bargain, receiving at Suresnes an industrial site and buildings worth many times the amount paid, along with a brand name that still resonated strongly with anyone old enough to remember the glory days of Talbot.

Tony Lago died in 1960.

Today

Talbot-Lagos have become a top-prized car at various auctions. A Figoni et Falaschi-bodied T150C SS Teardrop Coupe, owned by Brooks Stevens, would sell for US$3,535,000 at Christie's Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance auction on 18 August 2005, another for US$3,905,000 at the Palm Beach International Concours d'Elegance Gooding & Company auction on 22 January 2006, where it was unanimously voted "Best in Show",  and another for US$4,620,000 at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance RM Auctions Sports & Classics of Monterey auction on 14 August 2010. A T150 C SS with a Pourtout Aerocoupé body, designed by Georges Paulin, sold for US$4,847,000 at the 2008 Bonhams & Butterfields Sale of Exceptional Motorcars and Automobilia at Quail Lodge.

An unrestored 1948 T26 Grand Sport, with coachwork by Oblin and chassis #110106, is a part of the permanent collection of the Simeone Foundation Automotive Museum in Philadelphia, PA, USA.

A 1949 Talbot-Lago T26 Grand Sport Coupé by Saoutchik from the Baillon Collection sold for €1,450,000 at the Artcurial auction in February 2015.

Even Talbot-Lagos with factory bodies, rather than custom coachwork, are highly valued; a factory-bodied 1939 T150 C SS selling in 2013 for US$418,000 at the Gooding & Company Scottsdale auction.

title: Talbot-Lago


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Save Ferris

Save Ferris is an American ska punk band formed circa 1995 in Orange County, California, United States. Their name is a reference to the 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off. In 1995, the band began to perform underground venues in Southern California. In 1996, the band won a Grammy showcase award for best unsigned band and a contract with Epic Records. Their album It Means Everything from 1997 was their first full-length album. By 1999, the band moved from ska-pop into pop-punk. After a hiatus, in 2017, Save Ferris released the Checkered Past EP.

The band is best remembered for their 1997 cover of "Come On Eileen", originally by the British new wave band Dexys Midnight Runners.

1995–1996: Early years and Introducing Save Ferris EP
The band came together after the dissolution of a number of Orange County, California bands. With the band working together under their own “Starpool” label, they began to book shows around Southern California to a great underground response.

The band released their debut EP Introducing Save Ferris on their own label, Starpool Records in 1996, and ended up selling close to 20,000 copies of their EP “out of the trunks of their cars.” That year, Monique Powell provided vocals on the Reel Big Fish song "She Has A Girlfriend Now" from their album Turn the Radio Off (Mojo), which is considered one of RBF's most requested songs to date.

Riding a wave of support from fans all over Southern California, Save Ferris became favorites of KROQ radio's legendary “Rodney on the Rock”, which resulted in regular airplay on LA's world-famous KROQ radio station, possibly being the first unsigned band to do this in LA alternative radio history. Later that year, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences gave the band a Grammy showcase award for best-unsigned band, earning them a recording contract with Epic Records (SONY).

1997: It Means Everything and mainstream success
The band released their debut full-length album, It Means Everything, for Epic in 1997. The album featured several re-recorded tracks from the EP, some new songs, and a cover of Dexys Midnight Runners' "Come On Eileen", which became the band's most successful single to date. It Means Everything also featured the single "The World is New," which was featured in the film The Big Hit starring Mark Wahlberg, and was later featured in the trailers for Senseless and Thomas and the Magic Railroad, as well as an episode of the TV series 7th Heaven.

Save Ferris toured extensively in support of It Means Everything, opening for bands such as Sugar Ray, The Offspring, Goldfinger, and Reel Big Fish and two mainstage spots on the Vans Warped Tour in 1998 and 2000. In April 1998, they made their television debut on HBO's music series Reverb and made an on-screen appearance in the teen film 10 Things I Hate About You. The album sold over 400,000 copies, and spawned three Top Ten hits in both Japan and Mexico. With two singles in the Billboard top 100 and full rotation on alternative radio all over the world, It Means Everything was able to go Platinum internationally.

1998–1999: Modified era
After the departure of the band's first drummer, Marc Harismendy, in 1998, Save Ferris regrouped and released their appropriately titled sophomore album for Epic records, Modified, in October 1999. The album saw the band moving away from their ska-pop roots and into pop-punk territory. The album also spawned three Top Ten hits in both Japan and Mexico. The song "The Only Way to Be" was used in 2000 film Scary Movie.

Save Ferris supported Modified on tour throughout the next several years including a trek with Lit in the U.S. and a headlining tour of the UK.

2000–2003: Hiatus, and For the Fans tour
The band performed at the 2002 Winter Olympics between the qualifiers and the finals of the Men's Halfpipe at the competition venue in Park City.

Through the years, Save Ferris went through a number of changes in their lineup, most notably the departure of Brian Mashburn, the band's main songwriter, who quit Save Ferris in 2002. Soon to follow Mashburn were Eric Zamora and Bill Uechi, departing to start a new band. Save Ferris announced their break up in October 2002.

Soon after the departure of Mashburn, Powell self-financed what she called the "For the Fans" Save Ferris US tour in 2003, which included a mainstage performance at Ska Summit in Las Vegas for over 10,000 fans.

2004–2012: Post-breakup
From 2004 to 2008, Powell appeared on albums by The Used, Lostprophets, Hilary Duff, Goldfinger and others. She also started a now defunct band called The Mojo Wire in 2008, and toured in the LA area.

In 2003, Bill Uechi, Brian Mashburn, T-Bone Willy, Eric Zamora, and Oliver Zavala started the band Starpool with Alan Meade original member of No Doubt on vocals and Phil Hanson on drums.

2013–present: Revival
Save Ferris, now led by Powell, went on indefinite hiatus from 2003 until the spring of 2013, in which Powell once again regrouped and headlined the Pacific Amphitheatre in Orange County, CA to a sold-out audience of over 7,000 fans, and another sold-out show at the El Rey theater in Los Angeles.

The Pacific Amphitheatre performance resulted in a lawsuit being filed by the former members over the use of the band's name. The lawsuit stated that Powell never contacted or invited her former bandmates to perform at the show, although she stated this wasn't the case. Powell responded with her own countersuit in 2015. Ultimately, Powell won the rights to the band's name, brand and social-media pages. Powell was also awarded writing credits on several songs she had previously not been credited on. In October 2015, a message indicating that the lawsuits between the members has been amicably resolved was posted to the band's official website although the message has since been removed.

Also in 2015, ASCAP songwriting records were updated to represent Powell as co-writer on a number of Save Ferris songs not previously represented in the liner notes of the albums. In 2016, Save Ferris ran a successful Pledge Music campaign to raise money for what would be the first new album in over 15 years. Their financial goal was hit in only a couple of weeks, fully funded by their fans. They co-headlined Mexico City Ska Fest 2016 with the Mighty Mighty Bosstones.

On February 10, 2017, Save Ferris released the Checkered Past EP, their first release in 18 years. The EP was produced by Oingo Boingo bassist John Avila and features a guest appearance by Neville Staple of The Specials on the EP's first single, "New Sound". The band toured the album in 2017, and took part in the US Warped Tour during the summer of 2017.

Their new single, "Lights Out in The Reptile House", was released onto their YouTube channel on July 19, 2024.

Lineup

 * Current
 * Monique Powell – lead vocals (1995–2003, 2013–present), keyboards (1995–2003)
 * Justin Linn - guitars, vocals (2018–present)
 * Alex Csillag – trombone and keyboards (2017–present)
 * Tristan Hurd - trumpet (2023–present)
 * Jamie Howell - drums (2023–present)
 * Jake Courlang - bass (2023–present)

 * Past
 * Bill Uechi – bass (1995–2002)
 * Eric Zamora – alto and tenor saxophone (1995–2002)
 * Brian Mashburn – guitar and backing vocals (1995–2002)
 * Jesse Tunnell – trombone (1995–1996)
 * T-Bone Willy – trombone (1996–2002)
 * José Castellaños – trumpet (1995–2000)
 * Oliver Zavala – trumpet & backing vocals (2000–02)
 * Adam Plost - Guitar (2000)
 * Steve White – trumpet (2002)
 * Steve Cordero – drums (1995)
 * Marc Harismendy – drums (1995–98)
 * Evan Kilbourne – drums (1998–2002)
 * Denny Weston Jr. — drums (2013–2015)
 * Joe Berry — saxophone, additional guitar and backing vocals (2013–2015)
 * Gordon Bash — bass and backing vocals (2013–2017), trumpet (2013–2015)
 * Patrick Ferguson — guitar (2013–2017)
 * Erik Hughes — trombone (2013–2016)
 * Alex Burke — keyboards (2013–2016)
 * Scott Jones — trumpet (2015)
 * Connor McElwain — trumpet (2015–2017)
 * Richard Velzen – trombone (2016–2017)
 * Jonathan Levi Shanes – keyboards (2016–2017)
 * Alexander Mathias — saxophone (2016–2017)
 * Jesse Stern – bass and backing vocals (2017–2018)
 * Nate Light – bass and backing vocals (2018–present)
 * Max O'Leary – trumpet (2017–present)
 * Brandon Dickert — drums (2015–present)
 * Adrienne Nolff - co-lead vocals (1995–1996)

Other appearances
The following Save Ferris songs were released on compilation albums and soundtracks. This is not an exhaustive list; songs that were first released on the band's albums and EPs are not included.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Save Ferris


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Anglo-French (automobile)

The Anglo-French was an English automobile manufactured by Leon l'Hollier's Anglo-French Motor Carriage Company of Birmingham from 1896 to 1897; the cars were essentially Roger-Benz vehicles modified for the British market.

title: Anglo-French (automobile)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sarah Marple-Cantrell

First deletion debate
From votes for deletion:

 * Sarah_Marple-Cantrell doesn't seem to be anyone who warrants an encyclopedia entry. Timo Honkasalo 15:49 20 May 2003 (UTC)
 * Apparently she was a twelve-year-old girl who shot herself. I suspect that's pretty unusual, even for Texas (although for some reason there seems to be a dearth of online news reports), and so therefore perhaps worthy of note. -- Oliver P. 16:53 20 May 2003 (UTC)
 * I agree with Oliver. If she was on the news, then she's worth noting. I mean lets face it, we've had people on the news for less important things (read: the woman who claims to have had an affair with President Kennedy). Now, to my business in this page....Antonio Unhibited Martin
 * As about 60% of suicides in US are done with firearms, I see no reason to assume that they are not used by girls. As for the news, only thing Google could come up with was five hits, three of them pointing to same article in dallasnews.com. Local news, that is. - Timo Honkasalo 17:26 20 May 2003 (UTC)
 * Local news for local people? Well, Wikipedia is for everyone (even local people), and Wiki is not paper so we have room. -- Oliver P. 18:12 20 May 2003 (UTC)
 * With all due respect to Sarah and her family, Wikipedia is not a landscape for honorary pages. Every human death is significant, but wikipedia cannot compile the billions that occur. There exist elsewhere tribute pages for Sarah; those are more appropriate sites for Sarah. The wikipedia article should be deleted. Kingturtle 16:48 25 May 2003 (UTC)

Second deletion debate
From VfD: NOTE TO ADMINS: This article (Sarah Marple-Cantrell) was up for VfD in May 2003 and survived. Before deleting, please review the deletion policy. I can't find anything on the policy regarding re-nominated articles. Can article be renominated? I think deletion of this article should be delayed until an already written policy on this issue can be found or we can come up with a fair policy. Kingturtle 00:34, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * You raise an excellent point. Please post here where this discussion will be held because I think there are some cases where re-nomination should be allowed and perhaps even encouraged. (For example, did Wikimemorial have critical mass back in May? Would the same people with the same facts about the article reach the same conclusion today?) Rossami 14:00, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * There was no Wikimemorial back in May. In fact, from what I can tell, there still is no Wikimemorial for non 9/11 victims. Anthony DiPierro 17:46, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I supported deletion in May, and I still support it. But there don't appear to be ground rules for re-nominations. Maybe we should take this to the arbitration committee? Kingturtle 00:54, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Is anyone actually disputing the fact that articles can be re-nominated? I voted keep, but if consensus is reached that this should be deleted (it hasn't been), then the fact that it was nominated before is irrelevant.  We should try to reach consensus on the re-nomination issue before just taking it to the arbitration committee.  That means discussion, a vote, etc. Anthony DiPierro 17:17, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * In any case, the reason this is being held is most likely not due to it being a re-nomination but due to the fact that there was no consensus (3 keep, 5 wikimorial and delete, 2 delete) and that the majority vote is not possible at this time, since there is no wikimorial for this to be moved to. Anthony DiPierro 17:17, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I interpret the results as 7 Deletes, and 3 Keeps. The info should be removed from Wikipedia and to another host. That is why I raise this question about process. Kingturtle 01:11, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually one of the 2 deletes was an extra vote from someone who voted wikimorial and delete as well, so it would be 6 deletes, 3 keeps, which is not a concensus. And what other host are you going to move it to? Anthony DiPierro 01:48, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Sarah Marple-Cantrell Looks like a personal page SD6-Agent 13:02, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Doesn't look like a personal page. Anthony DiPierro 15:02, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I feel really bad about this one. She's not an encyclopedia subject, but she certainly deserves to be remembered somewhere.  Wikimorial and delete. Meelar 16:34, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * This was already listed in VfD back in May, 2003 (see Talk:Sarah Marple-Cantrell). I supported deletion, but there were not enough votes to delete. Kingturtle 21:41, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Not encyclopaedic - are we to have a page on every kid who's ever comitted suicide? What makes Sarah different? Delete. (Also support move to Wikimemorial) PMC 23:07, 8 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sad, but not encyclopedic. Isomorphic 01:03, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Twelve year old shooting herself with a firearm. Kinda spectacular. Enough for the news, enough for WP. See the that page's talk page for more argumentation. BL 03:23, Feb 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * move to wikimemorial and delete.--Jiang
 * move to wikimemorial and delete. Davodd 09:16, Feb 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to wikimemorial and delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:15, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - we have articles about notable murder victims, we should have articles about notable suicide victims. I presume all the information in it is verifiable.—Eloquence 10:37, Feb 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * If we move it to Wikimemorial, then of course the page should redirect, so there would still be no actual deletion. Thus nobody has to wait for a vote (or a sysops) to get this move going! (I should note that Wikimemorial is not yet set up to handle more than just September 11. So we would have to edit, at the very least, its main page. That doesn't require an admin either.) -- Toby Bartels 07:15, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I fail to see the consistency here. If we allow articles like Carlie Brucia and Samantha Runyon on Wikipedia, why not allow suicide victims who have for some reason received media attention? Someone researching mass media or suicide motives might find the article interesting. The fact that another Wikimedia project is planned that might have some overlap (personally I see a memorial as clearly distinct from an encyclopedia article) is not sufficient reason to start moving stuff arbitrarily over there, just like the existence of Wikiquote is hardly reason to get rid of all quotes within Wikipedia, or the existence of Wikibooks reason to eliminate all procedural knowledge.—Eloquence 07:34, Feb 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, I'm not arguing in favour of such a move -- merely explaining what it would entail to do it right (a fair amount of work, but nothing requiring Sysop Superpowers). Actually if you get right down to it ... I vote to keep. Anybody that wants to get rid of it needs to start by making Wikimemorial hospitable to it -- and then bring up the move on Talk:Sarah Marple-Cantrell. -- Toby Bartels 03:34, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. wiki is not paper. Optim 20:46, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Del - there's nothing that makes this inherently more notable or historically relevant than any of the other thousands of suicides each year that aren't memorialized on Wikipedia. Bearcat 09:44, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are hundred's of thousands of sucides each year.  If there MUST be an article, have a 'List of children who have committed suicide' and put her name in it, linking to an EXTERNAL site. Oberiko 16:32, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Be gone. Cute-girl-loving American cry babies: read an obituary, read Iraq casualties, read 25% HIV in Africa, read deaths out of food. P0lyglut 05:54, 2004 Mar 21 (UTC)

Third deletion debate

 * Delete: This girl is only notable thing is committing suicide. Though it is sad, are we gonna have a page for every person who commits suicide? That would be hundred of pages. Saopaulo1
 * Comment (?): So what if we have hundreds of pages? A hundred pages at 30kb a page is 3 megabytes.  Geocities gives more than that much storage space away to anyone who asks for it. -MTh
 * Keep. Her age makes a biiig difference. And what about the discussion about gun control? --Palapala 20:53, 2004 Jul 24 (UTC)
 * Com: What about it? Did this suicide have a significant effect on the debate / on policy? It's a sad case, but not evidently notable. (Maybe there could be a memorial Wiki akin to the 9/11 wiki?). Ianb 21:12, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: putting "Sarah Marple-Cantrell" brings up exclusively this article and copies on Wikipedia clones. "Sarah Montgomery Marple-Cantrell" brings up the site listed as an external link as well. I see no reference to the case in a wider context. Ianb 23:02, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Com: Today Rep. Todd Tiahrt's son committed suicide at 16. Should he have an article about him? I'm not being cold, just being practical. If pages like this isnt deleted it opens up a flood gate of other people who commited suicides. Maybe a wikimemorial is needed for suicide victims. Saopaulo1
 * Com (their 2nd presumed one): YES... Open the floodgates! I have a feeling all the deletionists hang out on VFD; that's why we get a disproportionate number of delete votes on anything.  -Mth
 * Comment, this has been listed on VfD twice before on May 2003 and February 2004, both times the decision was to keep, but by a close margin. - SimonP 21:10, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Perhaps because of a change of vultures here at VfD or a change in Wikipedia itself, but the age at 13 doesn't really make that much notability. Unfortunately 13 year olds do commit suicide, though it is unusual for a girl to use a gun for it.  I agree that her suicide brings up issues that society needs to address, and it's a poor testimony to Texas, but that discussion might be a topic for an encyclopedia, while this particular case does not, as written.  If it read, "The suicide of Sarah Marple-Cantrell was instrumental in renewing calls for gun control in Texas after she...," it might have a chance, as that would indicate notability.  The poor little girl by herself does not. Geogre 21:18, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article is factual and I can see someone looking this up.  - TB 22:06, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Simply shooting oneself would not make one notable enough for inclusion, but receiving a certain amount of attention for doing so would. I'd imagine that, given her age and the fact that it happened at school, it received a fair amount of attention, but if so the article says nothing of the sort. Everyking 23:54, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Com: I checked with Lexis Nexis and EBSCO using Marple-Cantrell, and found nothing. Saopaulo1
 * Com: Google finds almost nothing, once Wikipedia clones are filtered out. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:37, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - tragic yes, notable no. Adolescents attempt suicide with alarming frequency, and when doing so use firearms about half the time . -- Cyrius|✎ 01:33, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. I support the idea of having a general WikiMemorial to send articles like this (having just the 9/11 one seems a bit US-centric to me). Niteowlneils 03:02, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Kp: Her age and gender actually make her fairly unique. Suicide statistics for 2003 in the U.S. aren't available yet, but the National Vital Statistics Report Deaths: Injuries 2001 report gives us an estimate.
 * There were 30,622 suicides in 2001, of whom 16,869 used firearms. Firearm rate: 55.1%
 * There were 5,950 suicides by females, of whom 2,111 used firearms. Firearm rate: 35.5%
 * There were 272 suicides by youth aged 10-14 (both genders), of which 90 used firearms. Firearm rate:  33.1%
 * Of the 272 suicides aged 10-14, 65 of the 272 were female, and 10 of these females were aged 10-12. Since being female and being aged 10-14 are both predictors for low firearm use, we expect very few of these 10 suicides to use firearms; at most perhaps 3.5 of the 10.
 * So, we expect fewer than 4 suicides of 12-year-old and younger girls through firearms, per year, of which this was one. This suicide occured at school, putting it in the larger context of school violence and safety.  She was the child of a noted academic, which may be of interest to the gun control debate.
 * Sarah Marple-Cantrell is one of the 4 12-year-old youths who were the youngest at-school suicide victims listed in the National School Safety Center's School-Associated Violent Deaths Report (of which there was one male hanging, one female hanging, one male shooting, and one female shooting). The report covers the 1992-1993 school year to the present; both firearm suicides of 12-year-olds happened in the 2002-2003 school year, relatively recently.  She may be the youngest female to have committed suicide with a firearm at a United States school.
 * So, while her death received little news attention, I believe she was noteworthy. Keep . -- Creidieki 10:42, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * If you add in enough specifics you can make anything seem unique. She was probably the only 12 year old girl to commit suicide in 2003 with a firearm in a school bathroom. Still, an adolescent committing suicide is tragic, but not notable. Wikipedia is not a memorial site, and that is what this article is. -- Cyrius|✎ 17:33, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. bbx 13:35, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Tragic but non-noteworthy. Denni ☯ 19:17, 2004 Jul 25 (UTC)
 * Delete. I googled, and found only two hits that weren't Wikipedia mirrors.  One was an old Excel spreadsheet from her school.  The other was some girl's web diary. Isomorphic 19:32, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sad, but not encyclopedic. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:23, 2004 Jul 25 (UTC)
 * Delete. Tragic, but insignificant in the endless flow of time. Jeeves 23:13, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not noteworthy.  Joyous 00:42, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sets a precedent that we just don't need here. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 13:04, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Extended the article a bit. Didn't say she was "notable" on a worldwide scale, but still think that her case is "symptomatic"; (and btw, I'd trade at least one Pokémon character for a human any time). --Palapala 17:18, 2004 Jul 26 (UTC)
 * Del: Sad but ultimately not notable. Delete. Would be an appropriate candidate for a non 9/11 section of Wikimemorial if anyone ever creates that. Rossami 23:08, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Elf-friend 19:14, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I heard about this case in the news before I read it on Wikipedia.  In my opinion, if I hear about something in the news before I read it on Wikipedia, it's probably significant to be in Wikipedia.  -Mth
 * Keep. Agree with MTH. Academic Challenger 00:24, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  Postdlf 04:20, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Non-notable. Obviously enormously significant for those close to them or the situation, but not to the body of WP users.  BTW the claim that the influential family will make it significant, backed up by lk to father's WP bio, is a fraud; that bio is new, and he's an above-average academic but not notable. (Bio now on VfD as it deserves.)  BTW, no evidence has been presented that they are or will become activists on this, and no respect is being paid to the probability that they just want to be left the f. alone, get on with their lives, and see to the now more urgent needs of their probable 1.3 other children. --Jerzy(t) 15:49, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)
 * Comment: voting as of 16:10, 2004 Jul 29: Del 14, Kp 6.
 * Add further votes below, unless you update the voting count.


text:
Decorator

Decorator can refer to:
 * A house painter and decorator
 * Interior design
 * Decorator pattern in object-oriented programming
 * Function decorators, in Python
 * The Decorator, a 1920 film starring Oliver Hardy

title: Decorator


text:
Bharatiya Gorkha Janashakti

Bharatiya Gorkha Janashakti (BGJ or BGJS; 'Indian Gorkha People's Power') is a political party in the Darjeeling District of the Indian state of West Bengal. BGJS was launched in 1998, anticipating the 1999 Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) elections. BGJS was part of the United Front launched by Communist Party of Revolutionary Marxists and Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League.

BGJS demanded that the Gorkhas should be included as Scheduled Tribes (giving access to quotas and reservations) and that the area of DGHC should be reorganized.

In 2003, BGJS was revived, anticipating the DGHC elections the following year which eventually was not held.

The president of BGJS is C.R. Rai. In 2001, members of the Gorkha National Liberation Front supporting a bandh stoned Rai's house and set two of his three cars on fire.

title: Bharatiya Gorkha Janashakti


text:
Terrence Trammell

Terrence Trammell (born November 23, 1978) is a retired American track and field athlete who was the silver medalist for the 110 meter hurdles at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics, and three time silver medalist for the World Championships.

He was born to Leonard (Deceased)2010 and Ann Trammell in Atlanta, Georgia. The 1997 Track & Field News Male High School Athlete of the Year, he attended the University of South Carolina where he trained under Curtis Frye. His main training partner until 2002 was Olympic gold medalist Allen Johnson. He was the 1999-2000 NCAA Champion Indoors and Outdoors.

He qualified for the 2008 Beijing Olympics but had to pull out of the competition after injuring his hamstring in the preliminary rounds. He retired in 2015.

He trained in Atlanta with his high school (Southwest Dekalb High School) coach Napoleon Cobb.

Trammell is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.

He currently serves as an assistant track and field coach at Pace Academy in Atlanta.

In 2021 he was elected into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame.

title: Terrence Trammell


text:
Angus-Sanderson

The Angus-Sanderson was an English automobile manufactured from 1919 to 1927 by Sir William Angus, Sanderson & Company Ltd.

History
In concept it was something like the Bean and Cubitt; the idea was that one model would be mass-produced, as Ford had done so successfully. The 14 hp car was an assembly of proprietary parts, containing as it had a 2.3-litre side-valve engine from Tylor, a 3 speed gearbox and rear axle by Wrigley, Woodhead springs, and Goodyear wheels. One distinctive feature were disc wheels with a wavy pattern. Indeed, the company made fewer of its own parts than any other British car company at the time. Approximately 3000 cars were produced but the car was expensive at £575.

"It came on the market in 1919 and by 1921 the impact of the Morris at undercut prices killed it off, although not before cars had been supplied to the Princess Royal and to S.F. Edge."

The company was refinanced as Angus Sanderson (1921) Ltd and moved production from Birtley, County Durham to the Grahame-White aircraft factory in Hendon, Middlesex in 1921 and toyed with the idea of building a smaller 8 hp car in 1925 but few, if any were built. Neither of these actions nor a price reduction to £365 staved off the inevitable, and the company folded for good in 1927.

title: Angus-Sanderson


text:
Villa Giulia

The Villa Giulia is a villa in Rome, Italy. It is named after Pope Julius III, who had it built in 1551–1553 on what was then the edge of the city. Today it is publicly owned, and houses the Museo Nazionale Etrusco, a collection of Etruscan art and artifacts.

Location
The villa was built in an area of Rome known as the 'Vigna Vecchia' (which was once against the city walls), lying on the slopes of Monte Parioli, as a 'Villa Suburbana' and a place of repose.

Design
The pope, a highly literate connoisseur of the arts, assigned the initial design of the building to Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola in 1551–1553. The nymphaeum and other garden structures, however, were designed by Bartolomeo Ammanati, all under the supervision of Giorgio Vasari. Michelangelo also worked there. Pope Julius took a direct interest in the villa's design and decor and spent vast amounts of money on enhancing its beauties. Villa Giulia became one of the most delicate examples of Mannerist architecture.

Only a small part of the original property has survived intact, comprising three vineyards which extended down to the Tiber, and to which the pope traveled often by boat. The villa, as was customary, had an urban entrance (on the Roman Via Flaminia) and a formal but rural garden entrance. The villa itself was on the threshold between two worlds, that of the city and that of the country, an essentially Roman concept. A medal struck in 1935 shows the villa as substantially complete, but with a pair of cupolas which were never executed.

Vignola's urban front of the building is a somber two-story facade with each story being given equal value. It has at its centre the triple rhythm of a richly detailed rusticated triumphal arch flanked by symmetrical wings of two bays only. The facade is terminated at each end by Doric pilasters. In this facade of the Villa Giulia is the genesis of the seven-bay 18th century Georgian villa, which was reproduced as far away as the Tidewater region of Virginia.

The rear of the building has Vignola's large hemispherical loggia overlooking the first of three courtyards, laid out as a simple parterre.

At its rear the visitor passes through the casina, which again has a hemispherical rear facade, enclosing paired flights of re-entrant marble steps that give access to the heart of the villa complex: a two-story Nympheum for alfresco dining during the heat of the summer. This three-levelled structure of covered loggias, decorated with marble statuary, reclining river gods in niches, and balustrading, is constructed around a central fountain. Here in this cool environment, sheltered from the blazing sun, day-long picnics would be held. The central fountain, Fontana dell'Acqua Vergine, was designed and sculpted by Vasari and Ammannati: it depicts river gods and caryatids. The fountain's source, the Acqua Vergine, also supplies the Trevi Fountain in Rome.

The Casino della Vigna ("little house in the vineyard"), as it was sometimes known, and its gardens were set in the midst of vineyards, which could be viewed from shaded arcades on the outsides of the garden walls. Papal parties embarked on boats at the gates of the Vatican and were transported up the Tiber to the villa's long-gone private landing stage.

Later history
Following Pope Julius' death, his successor Pope Paul IV confiscated all the properties he had assembled; the villa was divided, and the main building and part of the gardens became the property of the Camera apostolica. The Villa was reserved for the use of the new pope's Borromeo nephews. It was restored in 1769 on the initiative of Pope Clement XIV, confiscated by the new state of Italy in 1870, and given over to the National Etruscan Museum in the early 20th century.

In popular culture
In the third season of Medici (TV Series), it is the site of the first meeting between Clarice Orsini, wife of Lorenzo Medici, and Caterina Sforza's wife of Girolamo Riario, that takes place in what would appear to be the palace of a fictitious “Cardinal Bianco.” The meeting scene is filmed in the courtyard of the hemicycle of Villa Giulia in Rome (now home to the National Etruscan Museum).

title: Villa Giulia


text:
Court History of David

The Court History of David (frequently called simply the Court History) is one of the two hypothetical main source documents of the Books of Samuel, the other being the Accession History. The text is believed to cover most of 2 Samuel, except for the first few chapters and a few more minor parts. The Court History includes several stories with a distinctly negative attitude towards King David (e.g., the story of his adultery with Bathsheba).

German theologian Leonhard Rost described the history of David's family in and  as a Succession Document aiming to justify Solomon's succession to the throne of the United Monarchy after the death of David. American theologian James Flanagan later argued that behind this Succession Document lay an earlier work, a Court History, which sought to legitimate David's rule over the kingdoms of Judah and Israel.

Richard Elliott Friedman suggested in his book The Hidden Book in the Bible (1999) that the Court History and the Accession History were originally part of a single historical epic written by the Yahwist author covering the history of the Israelite world until the time of David and Solomon.

Friedman's thesis in The Hidden Book in the Bible is that the Yahwist author wrote many of the most familiar stories in the Hebrew Bible, including the stories of Adam and Eve, Abraham, Moses, and David, as one unified text. The Hidden Book analyses the punctuation patterns, word choice, sentence structure and allusions used in the biblical stories; and reconstructs what Friedman says is the original, foundational text at the heart of the Bible.

title: Court History of David


text:
Talk:Liberalism/old version Liberalism

Introduction
Liberalism, historically, may be used to describe one of several ideologies that claims defense of individual liberty as the purpose of government. It typically favors the right to dissent from orthodox tenets or established authorities in political or religious matters, and is held in contrast to conservatism.

 * 1) A broad usage is to denote the tradition of various liberal parties. However, though said liberal parties were originally founded on the Enlightenment tradition, they significantly diverged from it since they came to power in the 19th century, and "liberal" parties around the world are now based on a variety of loosely related ideologies. Some would therefore claim that the ideological content of the word depends on the geographical context. Many of these liberal parties are affiliated to Liberal International See: political liberalism and liberal parties.
 * 2) Another broad usage of the term is for a tradition of thought that tries to circumscribe the limits of political power, and to define and support individual rights. We can call this "political liberalism". For some, "political liberalism" is synonymous with libertarianism, others use the term as listed below under 1.
 * 3) What can be called "economic liberalism" insists upon the necessity of free trade, is outraged by cartels and monopolies, and sees no merit in a government that meddles in the marketplace.
 * 4) Another, common usage in the United States, is used as a shorthand for the ideology of "new" or "modern" liberalism, with values similar to European social-democracy. Left politics exemplify "new liberalism."
 * 5) Neoliberalism borrows from some of the ideas of classic liberalism, but departs significantly in other ways. Neoliberalism rejects the New Deal welfarism and its popularity is typically ascribed to Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher
 * 6) In addition to the political usages above, the term "liberal" is also used in theology to refer to people who hold to views which depart from their religion's orthodoxy. See: liberal theology, Modernism (Roman Catholicism).
 * 7) The term liberalism is also used for a major theory of international relations, typically to support international governing bodies like the United Nations and multilateral action.

Political liberalism
It emphasizes the role and power of the individual in social life, and tends to argue for what is historically termed "absolute democracy." This is the most common usage, both historically and popularly outside of the United States. Some examples of proponents of this variety of liberalism are Enlightenment authors John Locke, John Stuart Mill, Frederic Bastiat, Thomas Paine, and Ayn Rand. In sharp contrast to despotism, and mercantilism.

Economic liberalism
There are three recognized forms of economic liberalism.

The first, classical liberalism, can be read about in more detail under the heading of fiscal conservatism and libertarianism.

The second, known as social democracy, modern liberalism, or socialism, is the variety that advocates a form of mixed or control economy in order to reach the goals of "social justice." The politcal roots of it can be found in the Liberal Party in Britain, particularly since Lloyd George's People's Budget. It is with this background that Keynes, though influenced by Fabianism, claimed to be liberal in the 1930s. One example of a document that represents this form of liberalism is The Oxford Liberal Manifesto of 1947. The influence of Keynesianism on the New Deal has led liberalism to be identified with the welfare state in the United States. See: new liberalism or modern liberalism.

The third, known as neoliberalism, is simply a modern revival of classical liberalism and is exemplified in the administrative efforts of Ronald Reagan and, to a lesser extent, Bill Clinton of the United States, and of Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair of the United Kingdom.

Australia
In Australia the situation is complicated by the fact that the Liberal Party of Australia is a right-of-centre party, encompassing thought from both conservative and classical liberal traditions (although currently the conservative wing, represented by John Howard, is dominant). The special term "small-l liberal" has evolved; its meaning is not clearly defined but is generally closest to sense 1 and 2 (in that it champions civil liberties, and progressive causes such as the Republic and Aboriginal reconciliation, while maintaining a non-interventionist approach in economics). Some "small-l liberals", such as Malcolm Turnbull, may find a home among the Liberal Party, but many, such as Greg Barns, have moved to the Democrats.

New Zealand
In New Zealand the term liberalism is used almost exclusively according to sense 2. It is normal to find the term used with a reference to a particular policy area, such as "market liberalism" or "social liberalism". Unqualified liberalism is less common and in its extreme form is described as libertarianism.

United Kingdom
In the UK, meanings 1, 2, 3 and 4 coexist, since liberalism as an ideology will be understood by scholars as classical liberalism, whereas there is an active political party named Liberal Democrats, and meaning 4 is imported from the US, including the derogatory usage by conservatives. However, the derogatory connotation is weak, and social liberals from both the left- and right-wing continue to use "liberal" and "illiberal" to describe themselves and their opponents.

United States
The common meaning of terms evolve: whereas the word "liberal" was clearly associated to meaning 2 (classical liberalism) in the 19th century, it has come to commonly have meaning 4 (new liberalism) in the US after World War II, and particularly as McCarthyism made the word socialism difficult to bear, and left-wingers massively adopted the name "liberal". For this reason, US classical liberals adopted the name "libertarian".

Recently, the word "liberal" has been so much used as a derogatory term by US conservatives that some US liberals (meaning 4) prefer to shun the word "liberal" and call themselves "progressive".

Worldwide liberalism
Information on worldwide liberalism and liberal parties around the world can be found at the article Worldwide liberalism

The specifics of liberal agendas vary considerably from country to country and over time, so the remainder of this article will focus on political liberalism in more specific contexts. For information on liberal parties around the world, see worldwide liberalism.

For further reading

 * Political liberalism
 * Worldwide liberalism with links to pages on Liberal parties around the world and to pages on political liberalism is specific countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the the United States.
 * Liberal parties
 * Liberal thinkers and leaders
 * Liberalization
 * Liberty
 * New liberalism
 * Neoliberalism
 * Progressivism

Liberals are sometimes referred to as Methodological Individualists

See Also: Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America

External links and references

 * Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Liberalism, by Gerald F. Gaus

title: Talk:Liberalism/old version Liberalism


text:
Talk:Liberalism/old version talk Liberalism

Fare's latest entry: (if anyone can figure out how to incorporate stuff from here, do so)

Liberalism is a term used to describe any ideology not bound by orthodox tenets or established forms in political or religious philosophy, in contrast to conservatism.

Liberalism more specifically (and confusedly) refers to two distinct tradition, a philosophical tradition more precisely known as classical liberalism and a political tradition that can be called political liberalism.

Unrelatedly, the term Liberalism also denotes a nineteenth-century movement in Christianity; see Liberalism, Religion.

Two distinct traditions: political liberalism and classical liberalism
Classical liberals have an identified theory of liberty, that insist on notions of spontaneous order, natural law, property rights, and individual responsibility. They tend to strongly differentiate genuine classical liberal authors from their contemporaries, and recognize among them John Locke (as opposed to Hobbes), David Hume (as opposed to Kant), Adam Smith (as opposed to Rousseau); they consider John Stuart Mill as an author who wrote quite interesting things but missed essential points and does not quality as a genuine classical liberal; they much prefer Frederic Bastiat as a contemporary. They favor Free Market Economy and reject any kind of government influence in society. They thus tend to be defiant to any kind of politics, including politics done by liberal politicians. Historically, classical liberalism has opposed mercantilism and socialism (as well as any form of collectivism).

Political liberals vary considerably in what they consider are the "liberties" they defend, and they do not generally refer to any consistent theory of it. Depending on countries, political liberalism may refer to some form of minarchism (see in France "liberals"), although often with a more or less deeply marked evolution toward social democracy (see UK "liberal-democrats"). In the USA, "liberals" have gone all the way to extreme form of social-democracy and even socialism, whereas in other countries, liberal parties are conservative (Japan) or even far-right (Austria). Liberal-democrats tend to equally consider as part of their tradition many classical authors of contrasted opinions such as John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant, although with a slight preference for classical liberal authors, in as much as they tend to more consistently claim to defend liberty; they often consider John Stuart Mill (who was also MP) as a great author very representative of their ideas. They tend to identify to great leaders of liberal parties, particularly in Great Britain (e.g. Gladstone or Lloyd George). Historically, political liberalism has opposed political conservatism; later evolutions of political liberals views around the world depend completely on national specificities of liberal parties.

Comparing Political Liberalism with Classical Liberalism
These two traditions have in common that they claim to defend invidividual liberty against the arbitrary power of government, and there has been some influence of the philosophy on the politics at specific points in history, but they are quite distinct.

Historically, both traditions see part of their roots in the seventeenth century english movement that has opposed (absolute) monarchism, mercantilism, and various kind of religious fundamentalism, preaching liberty and tolerance; but even then, they have different interpretations of this heritage. John Stuart Mill, a paradigmatic political liberal, was mostly a classical liberal, but had socialist influences from his wife that some political liberals embrace whereas classical liberals reject them. Gladstone, a political liberal, was influenced by his correspondance with Lord Acton, a classical liberal.

Since late nineteenth century, english political liberals seem to have identified with some kind of social-democracy (see Liberal Democrats) as a moderate way between conservatism and socialism. In the UK, liberalism is generally connected with the history of the and the "moderation" sense of the word liberal.

In the United States, starting with the increase in size of government with the Great Depression during the 1930s, political liberals advocated government programs as a solution to many economic and societal problems. Political liberals and the word "liberalism" in the USA has thus become synonym with the most extreme form of social democracy, or even to socialism.

Attempts to fit the evolutions of political liberalism as an extension of the classic tradition of liberal thought has led such political liberal thinkers to invent new liberalism in the 1930s. Classical liberals consider that the amends to liberal doctrines to allow for extended government intervention in economic matters are actually utter negation of basic liberal tenets, and rather call that revisionist liberalism. Recently, many social-democrats have tried to find within classical liberalism a separation between political liberalism and economic liberalism, so as to be able to agree with one and disagree with the other. Classical liberals reject such a division, because they assert their tradition is based neither on an economic nor on a political doctrine, but rather on a theory of law. In any case, modern political liberal thinkers tend to not claim any particular filiation with the classical liberal school of thought, and rather to insist on their endorsement of political liberals governments of the nineteenth century.

Finally, in some countries, particularly european countries, where historical liberal parties suffered complete demise or interdiction by a communist regime, the renewed liberal parties that emerged tended to return to the classical liberal influence stripped of most of the social-democrat distortion. The political programmes of liberal parties are thus some forms of minarchism that classical liberals view as much friendlier to their ideas than what proposes any other party, but doesn't match either the diversity of their opinions (see anarcho-capitalism) or the strictness of their anti-political claims (see libertarianism).

Confusion of words
The word "liberalism" in the USA conveys some extreme form of social democracy, quite opposite to the classical liberal tradition.

To differentiate the two traditions, classical liberals in the USA now call themselves "libertarians". But this in turn causes confusion in other countries, where the word libertarian was traditionally used to denote some kind of left anarchism.

Attempts by UK conservatives to use the term "liberal" in the American sense as a derisory term for people they don't like has caused a fair degree of confusion. See Looking for an Enemy.

In continental Europe where liberal parties tend to defend classical liberal tenets, the term "liberal" is less confusing, but those who feel part of the classical school of thought rather than to any political party insist on being "classical" or genuine liberals.

External Links and References

 * Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Liberalism, Gerald F. Gaus a comprehensive description of liberalism

/Talk

Fare: you've gotta limit yourself to specific, confirmable information. Also, remember that we don't have to have a discussion about confusion of terms or debate about the value of sociopolitical ideologies on every single page related to this topic. Such a discussion should appear once. --TheCunctator

Fare: I agree that there should be only one page with this discussion. Presumably under liberalism/different meanings, as with capitalism/different meanings. Maybe there ought to be a wikipedia-wide standard name for such subpages. I can use to do the same with anarchism, conservatism, and a wealth of ideological terms, that all have lots of different meanings, since they are often used as attractive or repulsive keywords by many different groups. On a different note, your identification of libertarianism with minarchism is just plain wrong. They are different.

I'm trying to make this page into a dispatch page, listing briefly the various usages of the word, pointing to other pages for details, and discussing the evolution of the meaning. -- 80.65.225.191 02:25 Apr 25, 2003 (UTC)

It is wrong to define Liberalism as a ideology starting in the English and French revolution. For instance, the roots of the Whig party, which later became english liberal party did start with the english revolution, but did not take the name liberal until much later, and never had a fixed ideology. During the english revolution, the classical liberal "party" was the Levellers. Then, during the French revolution, we can distinguish at least two very different tendancies, and it was always the statist tendency that would crush by force the classical liberal tendency. The Girondins have been crushed by the Jacobins (and the socialist among them, the Montagnards). People like Benjamin Constant and Destutt de Tracy were always in the opposition. Yet, in the end, socialism left more scars than lasting positive results, whereas the liberal part of the revolution remained. In any case, what I meant is that while it would be interesting to have a page about the compared history of the many "liberalisms", it is wrong to try to summarize this history in an approximative date. You might as well say that the first known (classical) liberal thinker is Lao Tse. Finally, I've read somewhere that it is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations that popularized (and even introduced?) the term Liberal in its classical ideological meaning. I ought to double-check before I include that in the article. -- Faré 09:27 May 2, 2003 (UTC)

We need more information about the Radicals. The contributions of the Whigs and the Peelites to the Liberal Party is well documented, but the involvement of the Radicals is seldom talked about.

Look, can we really equate "social democracy" with "modern liberalism"? Of course, there's a lot of similarity in basic goals (targeted state-based provision of services without the need for radical restructure), but I always thought that the mark of distinction between a social democratic party and a "modern" or "small l" liberal party was affiliation (and i mean close ties, having an influence in policy development) with the trade union movement. Most liberals tend to support small business against unions, and some consider big unions as just as bothersome as big business. Lacrimosus 22:56, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Integration of the articles political liberalism and liberalism with their talk pages
I am planning to integrate the pages on political liberalism and on liberalism into one page, whereby I would try to integrate also the text of the talk page liberalism. I would also merge the talk pages. Gangulf 11:06, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Anker (automobile)

The Anker was a German automobile manufactured in Berlin between 1919 and 1920. Cars were built up from war-surplus components of the 1145 cc inline-four engine Wanderer.

title: Anker (automobile)


text:
Talk:Liberalism/old version Political liberalism

Introduction
The term "political liberalism" can refer to any of several political traditions. Notable among these are "free market liberalism" (the most common use of the term in Europe) and a broad swath of left-of-center United States politics, sometimes called "American liberalism". The term can also refer to the traditions of any of a number of Liberal parties around the world, although some of these have only a tenuous connection to any tradition that would usually be called "liberal". These definitional questions are further discussed in the article Liberalism. European liberalism is a broad political current, that includes both free market liberals and social liberals. Both emphasize individual liberty, but social liberalism sees a more active role for the state.

Both European liberalism and American liberalism trace their roots back to thinkers such as John Locke and to the Enlightenment. Both see their tradition continuing in the American War of Independence and in some of the more moderate bourgeois elements of the French Revolution, but little by little over the centuries, the two political traditions parted ways.

The political point of view known in the United States as Libertarianism also claims the early portion of this tradition, but diverges strongly from the American liberal tradition over economic matters. See classical liberalism.

The term liberal is also used to refer to certain U.S. political philosophies, such as that of John Rawls. Some considered these philosophies to be more social democratic. But the ideas of John Rawls influenced the political thinking in liberal parties in Europe too, even of parties that are considered free market liberal. Generally one could say that the difference between social democracy and (social) liberalism is the liberal emphasis on the individual. Sometimes conservatives name themselves liberals, when they adhere to liberal economic ideas. Since they generally don't emphasize the individual, these 'liberals' can be considerd liberal conservatives.

A caveat is in order: as with any other political philosophy, an abstract explanation of liberalism refers to an ideal. In practice, politicians make pragmatic compromises (cf centrism), have personal interests, and may pander to voters, so that the ideal is never a perfect description of any one individual's politics. Further, as with any other political philosophy, liberalism in any of its forms is defined somewhat differently by its proponents and its opponents. Those who adhere precisely to a well-defined set of principles are often those who are far removed from contention for power.

Characterizing liberalism in general
The word "liberal" derives from the Latin "liber" ("free") and liberals of all stripes tend to see themselves as friends of freedom, particularly freedom from the shackles of tradition. The origins of liberalism in the Enlightenment era contrasted this philosophy to feudalism and mercantilism; later, as more radical philosophies articulated themselves in the course of the French Revolution and through the Nineteenth Century, liberalism equally defined itself against socialism and communism, although some adherents of American liberalism might overlap with socialists in embracing some or all of the ideas of social democracy.

In general, liberals favor constitutional government and some form of representative democracy. Liberals at various times have embraced both constitutional monarchy and republican government. They are generally opposed to any but the milder forms of nationalism, and generally stand in contrast to conservatives in more readily embracing multiculturalism and even cultural relativism.

Liberals generally favor freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and other civil liberties, although the degree of their commitment to this is not necessarily absolute: for example, many liberals accept, or even support, limits on hate speech. Nineteenth-century liberals nearly all believed in free markets and limited government intervention in the economy; part of the contemporary European liberals tend to stay close to this tradition, and even American liberals tend to believe in a smaller role for government than would be supported by most socialists. In the U.S., the nineteenth-century liberal position is probably closer to that of contemporary U.S. libertarians than contemporary U.S. liberals.

As late as 1848 in Europe, liberalism was generally seen as a revolutionary force, and in those parts of the world where feudalism or other highly traditionalist (or merely socially rigid) societies remain, it still has revolutionary aspects. One could make a case that liberalism was a major component of the political philosophy involved in the overthrow of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe in 1989. As of 2004 in much of the developed world, enough of the goals and values of liberalism are entrenched in governmental and societal institutions that liberalism has necessarily taken on a moderate and reformist character.

The specifics of liberal agendas vary considerably from country to country and over time, so the remainder of this article will focus on political liberalism in more specific contexts. For information on liberal parties around the world, see worldwide liberalism.

For further reading

 * Liberalism
 * Worldwide liberalism with links to pages on Liberal parties around the world and to pages on political liberalism is specific countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the the United States.
 * Liberal parties
 * Liberal thinkers and leaders
 * Liberalization
 * Liberty
 * New liberalism
 * Neoliberalism
 * Progressivism

See Talk page for a great deal of content that should eventually find its way into this article.

External links and references

 * Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Liberalism, Gerald F. Gaus a comprehensive description of liberalism

Liberalisme & Politischer Liberalismus


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Talk:Liberalism/old version Talk Political liberalism

I am planning to integrate the pages on political liberalism and on liberalism into one page, whereby I would try to integrate also the text of the talk page liberalism. I would also merge the talk pages. Gangulf 11:06, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I moved the national sections to seperate articles at Worldwide liberalism Gangulf 19:31, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The new pages can be found at Political liberalism in Germany, Political liberalism in the Netherlands, Political liberalism in the United Kingdom and Political liberalism in the United States. I deleted the remark in the Dutch page on Belgium. Gangulf 05:44, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Liberalism has little to do with the claim that human beings are naturally good, and Locke has a good deal less to do with that claim. Locke provides a blurry version of the social contract theory that Hobbes laid out earlier, and this theory is based squarely on the notion that people are selfish, frightened, and potentially violent.

The state of nature is a war of all against all, he said, and in it, the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. For purely selfish reasons, people concede some of their liberties to a ruler who can gather the resources to punish theft, force people to keep their word, and commit resources to necessities which each man would rather let someone else pay for.

This is Locke's argument too, although he is a muddled writer.

In any case, it is the idea of a social contract, not claims of natural goodness, which influenced political thought. Locke's conception of mankind is simply that people are created by their environment--the mind is a blank slate at birth--and this has more to do with his arguments about perception and thought than any political claims.

Except, of course, the implicit claim that everyone is equal at birth.

The claim of the social-contract is that the king is a creation of the people or, in our day, to say that a government derives its just powers from the consent of the governed.

The only political philosopher who argues for the goodness of man, so far as I know, is Rousseau. He has no connection to political liberalism that I can see.

From the other Enlightenment authors, of whom Jefferson et al were great students, there is a similar notion--the perfectibility of man. Maybe that's what the author of this entry is trying to get at.

The idea here is that people can improve themselves and their society without the guidance of a traditional authority. It arises in response to the dominance of a land-owning aristocracy. It is more or less the ideology of the rising middle class.

You can see that the social contract and the idea of perfectibility are related. Both are attacks on conservative values, challenging the assumption that some class of gooder, smarter, righter people DESERVE to run the show.

The conservative idea: there is a set of people who own all the productive land and collect part of the harvests that other people produce, but this group of landowners contribute something essential to society. They are not grubbing for a living, so they can remember the past and think ahead. They preserve tradition, conserve resources for future generations, moderate the impulsive to-and-fro of little men's present worries.

By the time liberalism arises, the Church had allied with the men of property. And the word liberalism was, as I recall, originally a term of religious accusation--if people tried to think for themselves, they would become libertines: promiscuous, unproductive, ruled by impulse.

By that time, though, the French landed aristocracy was represented by fellows like the Marquis de Sade.

You evidently know, or think you know, a lot about liberalism and its history. What puzzles and surprises me, then, is that you go to all this trouble of writing on a "talk" page, which really doesn't matter in the grand Wikipedia scheme of things, instead of editing the main article. Moreover, the time it would have taken you to edit the main article would have been a fraction of the time it would have taken you to write the above, I imagine. And as soon as you had edited the main article, I hasten to point out, the above comments would have become pointless. --LMS

Part of a general revision which I'll submit once I've worked out its implications in my own mind.

Great, I'm looking forward to it! --LMS

ROFL - User:Stevertigo  -  Re-edited on Saturday To the recent editor/editors(learn how to spell and indent, (wouldya) and perhaps even (maybe)do the corrections in a text editor before changing the WP) thanks...

This article is a mess: AxelBoldt 19:52 Oct 28, 2002 (UTC)
 * It immediately mentions the articles progressivism and liberal, as if they were all synonymous.
 * "political liberals tend to, by definition, vote and otherwise act on behalf of public interests, and against private incorporated interests. " this is false. Political liberals in Germany and Japan (at least) are the strongest supporters of private businesses, because they see property rights as liberties. The sentence is true for the American version of liberals only.

Why on earth the refrence to Rawls? He is more of a social-democrate than a liberal, according to my (european) way of understanding the two terms. It would be great with a top-refrence to liberalism

OK, I've done the proverbial "bold" editing. I'm sure someone's ox has been gored, and for that I apologize, but I believe this article was a mess, and I believe that now it at least starts strong and has a decent structure. It could probably use a section specifically on the philosophers (as opposed to politicians) most associated with political liberalism. I think the US part is still very weak, and I plan to work on it if no one else fixes it very soon. I hope at least that the article now has a structure that will support the addition of a lot of improved content. -- Jmabel 09:35, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Surely concerns re: fossil fuels/alternative energy sources, pollution and other environmental concerns should be included with the mention of animal rights.

I've done my best to (at least loosely) translate the Dutch-language content about liberalism in the Netherlands. I am very weak in Dutch, and I may have gotten something wrong; review is more than welcome. In particular, there was one paragraph I couldn't confidently enough get the sense of to attempt translation (it could have meant two almost opposite things. If anyone can understand this, please add the paragraph immediately after the discussion of the liberal role in Dutch coalition governments:

"Ook Nederland deed mee met de opkomst van het neo-liberalisme. Opmerkelijk genoeg had Nederland in deze periodes geen liberale premier, maar ook het CDA (Lubbers, Balkenende) en de Partij van de Arbeid (Kok) schuwden het neo-liberalisme niet."

All I can work out from this is "Also the Netherlands deed mee with the coming of neo-liberalism. Remarkably enough, the Netherlands in this period had no liberal prime minister, but even more that that the CDA (Lubbers, Balkenende) and the Partij van de Arbeid (Kok) ("Labor Party") schuwden het neo-liberalisme niet." I don't understand "deed mee" and while "schuwden het neo-liberalisme niet" seems to mean "didn't fear neo-liberalism", I can't tell whether that means they didn't fear it as a rival power or they didn't fear it because they embraced it. -- Jmabel 21:24, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC) -- I'm pretty much done with my major work in this article. I hope someone else will take on more countries, flesh out further what's there on the countries that are covered, and address the liberal philosophers as against the politicians. I didn't really take on the (US-related) section on "Contemporary use of the term as a pejorative"; I think it could be improved. Also, some of my writing on the US history could be a little POV: I strove for NPOV, but this is politics I was personally involved in (on the left edges), as was my father, so it's hard to be entirely neutral.

Anyway, time for someone else to carry this ball. -- Jmabel 21:24, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Well, for the "pejorative" section, I rearranged it so that it read better, at least. Then I removed this paragraph, which seems just wrong to me:

 * Consequently, while far right wing politics often are debated and voiced in the political world, liberalism has been associated with far-left politics, whose agendas are often voided.

It depends, of course, on what "far" means; but if we interpret this WRT the people in political power, then militarist neoconservatism is not far-right -- while (say) Pat Buchanan gets less attention than the Green Party. (Yeah, it's pretty sad -- compared to the rest of the First World -- that these are what's on the American political fringe, but still that's what's there!) -- Toby Bartels 20:13, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Under "Liberalism in the United Kingdom", an anon recently changed "free trade, a capitalist economy (albeit with government intervention), and strong civil liberties" to "free trade (albeit with heavy regulation) and strong civil liberties." To me, the edit looks detrimental, but it was commented as "correction" and I don't know enough about the (UK) Liberal Democrats to feel confident in reverting. Could someone with a clue weigh in? -- Jmabel 19:54, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Refactoring
User:Wilfried Derksen has apparently radically refactored the material from this article. Wilfried, would you please put a note here letting us know to what articles the various parts have been moved, and whether there is any material you have deleted outright? Your 2-word change comment isn't much help to anyone who has had this article on their watchlist and now might want to add the various articles to which the material has been moved. Thanks in advance. -- Jmabel 04:12, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * The new pages can be found at Political liberalism in Germany, Political liberalism in the Netherlands, Political liberalism in the United Kingdom and Political liberalism in the United States. I deleted the remark in the Dutch page on Belgium. Sorry that I didn't mention this before. Gangulf 05:44, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

We now have an article on liberalism that doesn't even mention the names Adam Smith or John Stuart Mill. Isn't this getting a bit vacuous? -- Jmabel 17:16, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

Integration of the articles political liberalism and liberalism with their talk pages
I am planning to integrate the pages on political liberalism and on liberalism into one page, whereby I would try to integrate also the text of the talk page liberalism. I would also merge the talk pages. Gangulf 11:06, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Seven Islands of Bombay

The Seven Islands of Bombay (Portuguese: Ilhas de Bom Baim) were 16th-century Portuguese colonial possessions lying off the Konkan region by the mid-west coast of India.

History
They were partly handed over to England under this title as part of the dowry of Catherine Braganza when she married Charles II in 1661. The isles and islets had earlier been part of indigenous polities like the Silhara dynasty and the Gujarat Sultanate before they were captured by the Portuguese Armadas in 1534. After acquiring them as through a royal dowry from the Kingdom of Portugal, Charles II leased Bombay and adjacent islets to the East India Company in 1668 for £10 per year.

By 1845, the islands had been merged into one landmass by means of multiple land reclamation projects. The resulting island of Bombay was later merged with the nearby islands of Trombay and Salsette that lay to its north-east and north respectively to form Greater Bombay. These islands now constitute the southern part of the city of Bombay (Mumbai).

The original seven islands handed over to England were as follows:

 * Colaba
 * Isle of Bombay
 * Mahim
 * Mazagaon
 * Old Woman's Island (Little Colaba)
 * Parel
 * Worli

There also are several smaller islands that lie to the east of the main seven islands:

 * Butcher Island
 * Cross Island
 * East Ground
 * Elephanta Island, also Known as Gharapuri
 * Middle Ground
 * Oyster Rock

title: Seven Islands of Bombay


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Talk:Yeast artificial chromosome

Untitled
No it does mean Yeast Artificial Chromosome. Fayefox 14:57, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

I thought that YAC means Yeast Autonomous Choromosom. Llull 20:40, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This article is completely incorrect! I will edit it as soon as I can Bgprincess (talk) 17:33, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

Introducing Myself
Greetings

I would like to express my respect to the article's author as a Molecular Biology Master's Student in USKUDAR UNIVERSITY ISTANBUL, I found the article quite interesting I had an assignment to edit an article, I was honored to work on this particular article and hopefully bring a simple "add value" to this work Course name: Recent Development in Biotechnology Code: MLC501 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Djouhaynamaa (talk • contribs) 21:01, 29 December 2022 (UTC) https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Uskudar_University,_Istanbul,_Turkiye/MLC501_Recent_Developments_in_Biotechnology_2022-2023_Fall_(2022-2023)/home — Preceding unsigned comment added by Djouhaynamaa (talk • contribs) 17:13, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yeast artificial chromosome


text:
Hermann Hauser

Hermann Maria Hauser, KBE, FRS, FREng, FInstP, CPhys (born 1948 ) is an Austrian entrepreneur, venture capitalist and inventor who is primarily associated with the Cambridge technology community in England.

Education and early life
When Hauser was 16 he went to the United Kingdom to learn English at a language school in Cambridge. After a master's degree in physics from Vienna University, he returned to King's College, Cambridge to do a PhD in physics at the Cavendish Laboratory.

Career
Hauser is probably best known for his part in setting up Acorn Computers with Chris Curry in 1978. When Olivetti took control of Acorn in 1985 he became vice-president for research at Olivetti, in charge of laboratories in the US and Europe. In 1986, Hauser co-founded the Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) in Cambridge with Andy Hopper, who became the laboratory's director. Hauser's role in Acorn was portrayed by Edward Baker-Duly in the BBC drama Micro Men.

In 1988, Hauser left Olivetti to start the Active Book Company, investing £1 million of his own money. The company sought to develop a portable ARM-based microcomputer "the size of a paperback book", featuring a screen and stylus for interaction and employing a "book" metaphor known as Hyperpage. The company planned to launch its first product after Christmas 1990, featuring an approximately A5-sized reflective display, automatic recognition of printed, as opposed to cursive, characters, and employing a multipurpose chip called Hercules featuring a static, low-power ARM core. A licensing agreement had been signed with Acorn for access to that company's hardware and software technology, and the company was seeking application developers for the platform. The Active Book was intended to cost around $2,000, provide eight to ten hours of battery life, and was to run the Helios operating system. Not wanting to repeat the mistakes made by Acorn, which had kept its technology to itself, he demonstrated the Active Book to as many large companies as he could. AT&T Corporation acquired Active Book in July 1991 and incorporated it into their EO Personal Communicator, which was released in April 1993. Hauser became chief technical officer and chairman of EO Europe. Sales did not meet expectations, and AT&T's EO subsidiary folded on 29 July 1994.

In 1990, Hauser was involved in spinning out Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) from Acorn.

In 1993, Hauser set up Advanced Telecommunication Modules Ltd with Andy Hopper. The company was acquired by Conexant Systems on 1 March 2004. He founded NetChannel Ltd in June 1996 as a holding company to begin work on marketing the NetStation. NetChannel was sold to AOL in 1996. He claimed in the 1990s that the networking technology used for AppleTalk was based on the (unpatented) Cambridge Ring.

In 1997 he co-founded Amadeus Capital Partners Ltd, a venture capital company, and in 1998 he co-founded Cambridge Network with David Cleevely and Alec Broers.

In 2000, Plastic Logic was founded, with Hauser as chairman.

On 14 June 2001, the Hauser-Raspe Foundation was registered as a charity to advance education, by Hauser and his wife Pamela Raspe.

In August 2004, Amadeus Capital Partners led the Series B venture capital financing of Solexa, and Hauser joined its board of directors. Solexa developed a next-generation DNA sequencing technology which became the market leader; the company was sold to Illumina, Inc of San Diego in January 2007 for over $US600 million. In 2009, Hauser was announced as the first customer of the Illumina Personal Genome Sequencing service.

As of 2009, Hauser is the head of the East Anglia Stem Cell research network.

Hauser is a non-executive director of Cambridge Display Technology, a non-executive director of XMOS Ltd and a member of the board of Red-M (Communications) Ltd. He holds honorary doctorates from the Universities of Bath and Loughborough and from Anglia Ruskin University. He is a member of the advisory board on the Higher Education Innovation Fund, and of the UK's Council for Science and Technology.

Hauser was commissioned by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills to write a report on technology and innovation in the UK. Publication of the report in 2010 led to the establishment of Catapult centres with £200 million of government funding.

He was co-founder of ARM Holdings, the Cambridge-based microchip manufacturer that was bought in 2016 by Japan's SoftBank.

Since 2015, he is actively supporting Austrian start-ups and technology companies. In particular, he has invested in 2017 in the MEMS-speaker start-up "USound" and in eyeson, a cloud based Unified Communications solution nominated by Gartner Inc. as Cool Vendor in Unified Communications, 2017.

Awards and honours
Hauser was voted the UK's "Computer Personality of the Year" of 1984. In 2010, Eureka, in its "100 most important scientists", placed Hauser at 51. He became patron of The Centre for Computing History in December 2011, 30 years after the launch of the BBC Micro.

In 2001, Hauser became an Honorary Doctor at Anglia Ruskin University. On 8 July 2002, Hauser was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Physics (FInstP) and an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng). In May 2004 he presented the prestigious IEE Pinkerton Lecture. In 2005, Hauser received a Lifetime Achievement Award for his work as a venture capitalist and entrepreneur. The award was presented at the annual European Electronics Industry Awards in London. Hauser was awarded an Honorary CBE for "innovative service to the UK enterprise sector" in 2001. In 1998, Hauser was elected into an honorary fellowship of Hughes Hall, Cambridge, and he was also elected into an honorary fellowship of King's College, Cambridge with effect from 1 January 2000. In the same year he was awarded the Mountbatten Medal.

Hauser was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2012. His nomination reads:

Hauser was elected a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society (DFBCS) in 2013 recognising his contribution to computing science in the UK.

title: Hermann Hauser