text:
Liberalism in Australia

In Australia, liberalism has a vast interpretation and a broad definition. It dates back to the earliest Australian pioneers and has maintained a strong foothold to the present day. Modern-day Australian liberalism is the successor to colonial liberalism, and has been compared to British liberalism for its similarity. The primary representation (and political entity) of Australian liberalism is the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia. Unlike in the United States, liberalism in Australia, and the term "liberal", is often associated with conservatism.

Introduction
Some of the earliest pioneers of the federation movement, men such as Alfred Deakin, came under the influence of David Syme of The Age. Other influencers of federalism included Samuel Griffith who, while initially seen as a supporter of the labour movement, became partisan against the Labour movement with his legal intervention in the 1891 Australian Shearers' strike. While all of these men were generally self-described "liberals", their understanding of liberalism differed substantially. At the time, Deakin was sometimes described as a "radical", and was disliked by both urban conservatives, and the squatting class of Australia. (However, Deakin was also consistently opposed to Labor, instrumental in the fusion of the centre-right parties, a strong supporter of the White Australia policy, and a prominent proponent of stronger trade and defence ties to the British Empire – a position that gained him admirers amongst tories in the UK. ) The degree of progressive sentiments also varied from colony to colony: social liberals such as David Syme were prominent in Victoria while others were prominent in South Australia, for instance. At any rate, Australia's parliamentary institutions, especially at a national level, were brand-new, so it was difficult for anyone to be labelled "conservative" in a traditional sense. The two largest political parties, the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party, could both loosely be described as "liberal" in the terms of the time. They were moderates with a strong belief in parliamentary institutions, financially orthodox and attached to the British Empire, with a distaste for radicalism. The third major political force was the trade union movement represented by the Australian Labor Party. The rise in popularity of the Labor Party became the major preoccupation of these two other parties.

In the early stages of the parliament, the Labor Party engaged in a partnership with the more radical Protectionists, but Labor's wide-ranging policies for social reform met with only lukewarm support from most Protectionists. Fear of socialism became widespread among the ranks of the establishment, and as the question of tariffs was settled, there was increasing pressure on the non-Labor parliamentary forces to unite in opposition to Labor.

The result was the Fusion in 1909, composed of Joseph Cook's Anti-Socialist Party (formerly Free Trade Party), and conservative Protectionists. The Fusion soon began calling itself the Liberal Party, proclaiming its adherence to classical liberalism. After Deakin's departure, the fervent anti-socialist Joseph Cook became leader of the party and it became the dominant right-wing force in Australian politics.

The pattern of a non-Labor party defining itself as liberal rather than conservative and deriving support from a middle-class base continued to the formation of the present-day Liberal Party, founded in 1945 and led initially by Sir Robert Menzies. Malcolm Fraser, quoting from Menzies' memoir, Afternoon Light, described the decision to call the party "Liberal" in these terms, We chose the word 'Liberal' because we want to be a progressive party, in no way conservative, in no way reactionary. However, previous Liberal Prime Minister, John Howard, is reported to have described himself the most conservative leader the Liberal Party had ever had.

The "wet" (moderate) and "dry" (conservative) wings of the Liberal party co-operated fairly harmoniously, but in the early 1970s as conservatives started to dominate in South Australia liberals led by Steele Hall broke off to form the Liberal Movement. In 1977, other dissident 'small-l liberal' forces led by Don Chipp created the Australian Democrats.

Contemporary Australian liberalism
From the early 1990s, social conservatism has characterised the Liberal Party's actions in Government and policy development. Former Prime Minister John Howard in a 2005 speech described the modern position: The Liberal Party is a broad church. You sometimes have to get the builders in to put in the extra pew on both sides of the aisle to make sure that everybody is accommodated. But it is a broad church and we should never as members of the Liberal Party of Australia lose sight of the fact that we are the trustees of two great political traditions. We are, of course, the custodian of the classical liberal tradition within our society, Australian Liberals should revere the contribution of John Stuart Mill to political thought. We are also the custodians of the conservative tradition in our community. And if you look at the history of the Liberal Party it is at its best when it balances and blends those two traditions. Mill and Burke are interwoven into the history and the practice and the experience of our political party.

Federal "small-l liberals", such as Joe Hockey  and Malcolm Turnbull were Cabinet ministers in the Howard government. Christopher Pyne, George Brandis and Bruce Billson served in the outer ministry. In 2018, members of this grouping made up the substantial majority of senior cabinet and ministry positions in the government of small-l liberal Turnbull. At the state level, "small-l liberals" have substantial influence particularly in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania.

The Democrats, fractured under the leadership of Cheryl Kernot and Natasha Stott Despoja, moved to the left. Party leader Meg Lees formed the more avowedly centrist Australian Progressive Alliance in 2003. In 2002, Tasmanian Liberal candidate Greg Barns was disendorsed following comments opposing Government action taken over the Tampa affair. Barns joined the Australian Democrats, with the view of returning a strong liberal platform to the party.

From Protectionist Party and Free Trade Party to (Commonwealth) Liberal Party

 * 1880s: The Protectionist Party and Free Trade Party are formed.
 * 1906: The Free Trade Party is renamed the Anti-Socialist Party.
 * 1908: The Protectionists and Anti-Socialists merge into the Commonwealth Liberal Party (The Fusion).

From Commonwealth Liberal Party and ALP dissidents to Nationalist Party of Australia

 * 1916: The Australian Labor Party (ALP) expels Billy Hughes and others. They form the National Labor Party
 * 1917: The National Labor Party merges with the Commonwealth Liberal Party to form the Nationalist Party of Australia.

From Nationalist Party of Australia and ALP dissidents to Liberal Party of Australia

 * 1929: Billy Hughes and others are expelled from the Nationalist Party of Australia. In 1930 they form the Australian Party.
 * 1932: The Nationalist Party joins with the Australian Party and several ALP dissidents led by Joseph Lyons to form the United Australia Party.
 * 1944: The United Australia Party merges with the Australian Women's National League and several other groups to form the Liberal Party of Australia.

From Australian Women's National League to Liberal Party of Australia

 * 1904: The Australian Women's National League is founded.
 * 1945: The Australian Women's National League becomes part of the Liberal Party.

From state farmers' parties to National Party of Australia

 * Early 1900s: State farming organisations form, including Victorian Farmers Union and Farmers and Settlers Association of Western Australia.
 * 1913: Country Party founded by the WA organisation.
 * 1917-1919: Other state farmers' parties form in Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and NSW.
 * 1920: These farmers parties join and form the Australian Country Party.
 * 1932: South Australian branch merges with the Liberal Federation to become the Liberal and Country League.
 * 1963: The Country Party's South Australian branch splits, the LCL losing Country Party affiliation.
 * 1974: NT branch disaffiliates and merges with the NT branch of the Liberal Party of Australia (Liberals) to form the Country Liberal Party
 * 1975: Country Party changes name to National Country Party (NCP).
 * 1979: Country Liberal Party affiliates with NCP (also with the Liberals).
 * 1982: NCP changes name to National Party of Australia (NPA).

From Australian Liberal Union to Liberal Party of Australia in South Australia

 * ?: Australian Liberal Union (ALU)
 * ?: ALU affiliates with the Free Trade Party (later known as the Anti-Socialist Party)
 * 1908: ALU affiliates with the Commonwealth Liberal Party as the Anti-Socialist Party merges to form it.
 * 1917: Liberal Federation formed by merging the South Australian Liberal Union with the SA part of the new Nationalist Party of Australia. The Federation affiliates with the Nationalists.
 * 1932: The Liberal Federation merges with the South Australian branch of the Country Party to form the Liberal and Country League (LCL).
 * ?: The LCL affiliates with the Country Party.
 * ?: The LCL affiliates with the United Australia Party (UAP).
 * 1944: The LCL loses UAP affiliation with its end, and takes up affiliation with its successor the Liberal Party of Australia.
 * 1963: The Country Party's South Australian branch splits, the LCL losing Country Party affiliation.
 * 1974: LCL renames to Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division).

From Liberal Party of Australia dissidents to Australian Democrats

 * 1966: The Liberal Reform Group seceded from the conservative Liberal Party of Australia.
 * 1969: The Group is renamed Liberal Reform Movement, then Australia Party later that year.
 * 1973: The Liberal Movement secedes from the Liberal and Country League in South Australia.
 * 1976: The Liberal Movement rejoins the South Australian Liberal Party, but a minority do not rejoin and form the New LM.
 * 1977: The Australia Party and New LM join with dissident members of the Liberal Party of Australia, to form the Australian Democrats.

Australian Democrats offshoots

 * 1992: Janet Powell forms the Janet Powell Independents' Network. Dissolved in 1993.
 * 2003: Meg Lees forms the Australian Progressive Alliance. Dissolved in 2005.

From Country Party and Liberal Party of Australia dissidents to Country Liberal Party

 * 1974: The NT branches of the Country Party and the Country Liberal Party secede from their parent parties and merge to form the Country Liberal Party.
 * 1979: The Country Liberal Party affiliates with the National Country Party and the Liberal Party of Australia.

Liberal Democratic Party

 * 2013: David Leyonhjelm of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), a libertarian party founded in 2001, is elected to the senate after receiving 9.51% of the primary vote in the state of New South Wales.

Liberal leaders

 * Protectionist, Fusion: Alfred Deakin
 * Fusion/Liberal Party: Joseph Cook
 * Liberal Party of Australia: Robert Menzies – Harold Holt – John Gorton – William McMahon – Billy Snedden – Malcolm Fraser – Andrew Peacock – John Hewson – Alexander Downer – John Howard – Brendan Nelson – Malcolm Turnbull – Tony Abbott – Malcolm Turnbull – Scott Morrison – Peter Dutton
 * Australian Democrats: Don Chipp – Janine Haines – Cheryl Kernot – Meg Lees – Natasha Stott Despoja – Andrew Bartlett – Lyn Allison

title: Liberalism in Australia


text:
Fender Showmaster

The Fender Showmaster is a discontinued model of electric guitar made by Fender, and is characteristic of a superstrat.

History
During the 1980s, superstrats were becoming popular amongst the many hard rock and metal guitarists, who needed the modifications to suit their individual playing styles. Soon, many guitar manufacturers began producing instruments with these modifications as standard. Most notable were the manufacturers Ibanez, Jackson/Charvel, Carvin and Yamaha. However, Fender itself had limited success thereabout. This was partially due to Fender's previous CBS ownership, which caused a drastic loss in Fender's quality and market share. The Showmaster was hence its most recent foray into the superstrat niche, and was introduced in 1998. Gene Baker, a master builder of Fender's Custom Shop at the time, was responsible for the creation of this set-neck, carved top version. Early Showmaster models (prototypes) were originally labeled as Stratocasters on their headstocks and are very rare. The Custom Shop Showmaster perimeter was a design supplied by John Suhr, another Senior master builder during that era. It started out as a US version of the Contemporary Stratocaster and featured two Fender Texas Special pickups in the neck and middle positions, a Seymour Duncan '59 Jeff Beck Trembucker in the lead position, a white pearloid pickguard and a deluxe locking tremolo bridge. Later after Suhr left it was turned into a back-routed carved set neck by Gene Baker. Suhr's new company Suhr Guitars actually cut the first 100 bodies for Fender.

Construction

 * Note: In descriptions of pickup configurations, H refers to humbuckers and S refers to single-coils.

The Fender Showmaster initially started as a Custom Shop model. It featured a carved maple top with hand scraped edges and cream binding, a set-neck maple neck (bolt-on on some models), a sleek mahogany body (many Showmaster guitars are made from basswood or alder; later models such as the Showmaster Elite, employ more exotic woods such as lacewood and spalted maple for the top and back), HSS or HH pickup configurations which consisted of Seymour Duncan '59 Trembucker humbucking pickups coupled with a pair of Fender Custom Shop Fat '50s single-coils. Other features included a rosewood or maple fingerboard with abalone inlays and 22 frets, as well as a choice of deluxe locking tremolo bridge, deluxe 2-point synchronized bridge with pop-in tremolo arm and stop-tail bridge (some Team Built one-off Showmasters came with the original Floyd Rose locking system and featured a lightweight ash body and a translucent Amber finish). Later, it appeared as a U.S. Special/Highway 1 model, retaining the set maple neck, Fender Enforcer humbuckers, a special "kill" switch and its traditional Stratocaster headstock (with Showmaster label, respectively), equipped with a Floyd Rose licensed vibrato and a 2-octave rosewood fingerboard. Some later Showmasters—such as the Elite—were produced in Korea, followed by Squier variants (formerly known as Stagemasters) featuring a basswood body, a reverse headstock, Floyd Rose licensed locking systems and Duncan Designed humbucking pickups.

All Showmaster carved top models featured back-routed controls like most superstrats and came with a choice of bridges, abalone-inlaid rosewood fretboards with 24 frets, Seymour Duncan pickups, locking machine heads, and an LSR roller nut. The Blackout version came with a graphite nut, no fretboard inlays and Fender humbuckers instead of Seymour Duncan on some variants.

The main distinguishing feature of Fender Showmasters—with the exception of the Flat Head—from other superstrats is the luxurious carved (quilted and flamed) maple top with the hand-scraped edges and cream binding. The Showmaster series also included a short-lived 7-string version with a stop-tail bridge that had been introduced around 1999/2000 and discontinued two years later. The most distinct feature of the Showmaster Elites was the inclusion of a black-painted Telecaster-shaped headstock with pearloid tuner buttons.

In 2009, all Showmaster models were discontinued.

Squier models
Squier, Fender's budget marque, also produced the Showmaster. Most Squier Showmasters were made in China and retailed for $499. The line included a Jason Ellis signature model. There were Squier Showmasters marked "Crafted in Indonesia" as well (specs: HSS, 22 frets, rosewood fretboard, standard 2-point vibrato).

A few Korean made Squier neck-thru V4 Stagemasters were re-branded Squier Showmasters in 2002 when Fender dropped the Stagemaster name due to a trademark claim by Kramer. It is not known exactly how many V4 neck-thrus were made with the Showmaster brand.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fender Showmaster


text:
Liberalism in Canada

Liberalism (Libéralisme) has been a major trend in Canadian politics since the late 18th century. Canada has the same features of other liberal democracies in the Western democratic political tradition. This article gives an overview of liberalism in Canada. It includes a brief history of liberal parties with substantial representation in parliament.

Liberal parties
Liberal parties developed in both the French and English speaking parts of Canada; these developments led to the formation of the Liberal Party of Canada. Liberal parties exist on a provincial level; however, while they mostly share similar ideologies, not all provincial parties are officially affiliated with the federal party.

In Canada, a "capital-L" Liberal refers to the policies and ideas of the Liberal Party of Canada/Parti Libéral du Canada (member LI), the most frequent governing party of Canada for the last century and one of the largest liberal parties around the world. The Quebec Liberal Party (Parti libéral du Québec) combines liberalism with more conservative ideas. Only federal parties are included in the following timeline. For inclusion in this scheme, it is not necessary for parties to have explicitly labelled themselves as a liberal party.

Canadian Party / Patriot Party / Red Party

 * 1806: Liberals in the Francophone part of Canada formed the Canadian Party (Parti Canadien)
 * 1826: The party is renamed Patriot Party (Parti Patriote) and is led by Louis-Joseph Papineau
 * 1848: The party is further reorganised into the Red Party (Parti rouge)
 * 1867: The PR merged into the present-day Liberal Party of Canada

Reform Party

 * 1841: The Upper Canada Reform Party is formed
 * 1855: Radical members formed the Clear Grits.
 * 1867: The Reform Party merged into Liberal Party of Canada

Clear Grits / Liberal Party of Canada

 * 1855: Radical members of the Reform Party formed the Clear Grits
 * 1867: The Clear Grits merged with the Reform Party, the Red Party and provincial liberal parties into the present-day Liberal Party of Canada

Current parties
In addition to the federal party, each province and the Yukon territory has its own Liberal Party; however, those in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec are no longer affiliated with the federal party. The British Columbia Liberal Party is notably centre-right and often described as a "free enterprise coalition", with supporters from both the federal Liberal and Conservative parties. Under their system of consensus government, political parties are not recognized in the territories of Nunavut and Northwest Territories.

Parti Patriote

 * Louis-Joseph Papineau

Clear Grits

 * George Brown

Parti Rouge

 * Antoine-Aimé Dorion

Liberal Party of Canada

 * Alexander Mackenzie
 * Edward Blake
 * Wilfrid Laurier
 * Daniel Duncan McKenzie
 * William Lyon Mackenzie King
 * Louis St. Laurent
 * Lester Bowles Pearson
 * Pierre Elliott Trudeau
 * John Turner
 * Jean Chrétien
 * Paul Martin
 * Bill Graham
 * Stéphane Dion
 * Michael Ignatieff
 * Bob Rae
 * Justin Trudeau

Liberal thinkers

 * Mario Bunge - Argentinian-Canadian professor of philosophy.
 * Michael Ignatieff - political philosopher and former leader of the federal Liberal Party.
 * Will Kymlicka - Canadian liberal thinker included in Contributions to liberal theory
 * Jan Narveson - Canadian political philosopher and defender of libertarianism, or classical liberalism, currently Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, University of Waterloo

title: Liberalism in Canada


text:
Astra (1920 automobile)

The Astra was an American automobile manufactured in 1920. The car was built by a subsidiary concern of Dorris Motors Corporation, and was shown that year in its native St. Louis, Missouri. It featured a 108 in wheelbase, a Le Roi four-cylinder engine, and a slightly pointed radiator. Some five or ten units were built before the company failed in June 1920.

title: Astra (1920 automobile)


text:
Historic liberalism in New Zealand

This article gives an overview of historic liberalism in New Zealand. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had representation in parliament.

In New Zealand, the term "liberalism" has been used by a large variety of groups and organisations, but usually refers to a support for individual liberties and limited government. The term is generally used only with a reference to a particular policy area, e.g. "market liberalism" or "social liberalism". In its extreme form it can be known as "libertarianism", although this term is used less in New Zealand than in some other countries. Some historians claim that liberalism was a dominant force in New Zealand until around 1936, citing the strong position of the Liberal Party. However, there is (and always was) debate as to whether the Liberal Party was actually liberal—according to some observers, it would be better described as "socialist", although this was a common accusation made against early 20th century liberals, around the world.

Today, there is no party which is universally recognised as "the party of liberalism", although there are parties which attempt to claim this title—ACT New Zealand, for example, has labelled itself as "the Liberal Party". However, both major parties in New Zealand, the Labour Party and the National Party, have incorporated aspects of liberalism into their current agenda, with the former embracing social liberalism and the latter economic liberalism.

Liberal Party / United Party

 * 1891: John Ballance, upon becoming Prime Minister, founds the Liberal Party. It is later led by Richard Seddon and Joseph Ward, among others, although some historians contend that none of the later leaders had the same ideological commitment to liberalism as Ballance and his allies.
 * 1927: Remnants of the party absorb the United New Zealand Political Organisation, adopting the name "United Party". The new party is led by George Forbes.
 * 1936: The party merges with the conservative Reform Party to form the National Party.

Democrat Party

 * 1934: Prominent "anti-socialist" political organiser Albert Davy founds the Democrat Party, with a strong focus on economic liberalism.
 * 1935: The Democrats capture eight percent of the vote, but no seats.

New Zealand Party

 * 1983: Bob Jones, a wealthy property tycoon, founds the New Zealand Party to promote both economic and social liberalism. Some consider the party to be mildly libertarian.
 * 1984: The New Zealand Party captures twelve percent of the vote, but no seats.

Liberal leaders

 * George Grey
 * Julius Vogel
 * Robert Stout
 * John Ballance
 * Richard Seddon
 * Joseph Ward

title: Historic liberalism in New Zealand


text:
William S. Bowdern

William S. Bowdern (February 13, 1897 – April 25, 1983) was a Catholic priest of the Society of Jesus in St. Louis, Missouri. He was the author of The Problems of Courtship and Marriage printed by Our Sunday Visitor in 1939. He was a graduate of and taught at St. Louis University High School; he also taught at St. Louis University.

Bowdern participated in an exorcism of Roland Doe in 1949. The incident became the basis of William Peter Blatty's 1971 novel The Exorcist.

Exorcism
In 1949, Bowdern was assisted in the exorcism of an anonymously named boy by fellow Jesuit priest Walter Halloran. Author William Peter Blatty contacted Bowdern as part of his research for his novel The Exorcist. In a 2000 TV movie titled Possessed, Bowdern was played by Timothy Dalton.

title: William S. Bowdern


text:
Astra (1922 automobile)

The Astra was a small French cyclecar made by E Pasquet in Paris. The automobile was manufactured only in 1922.

Features
It had a twin-cylinder two-stroke engine of 496 cc.

It featured independent suspension on all four wheels, as well as friction drive.

title: Astra (1922 automobile)


text:
Hayward (profession)

Hayward, or "hedge warden", was an officer of an English parish dating from the Middle Ages in charge of fences and enclosures; also, a herdsman in charge of cattle and other animals grazing on common land. Their main job was to protect the crops of the village from livestock.

In Sussex and Surrey the form Haybittle occurs (from Old French, haia, enclosure and Anglo-Saxon bydel, bailiff). This has survived as a locally common surname, especially in and around Reigate.

title: Hayward (profession)


text:
Astra (1954 automobile)

The Astra, Little Horse, was an English car built by a subsidiary of British Anzani of Hampton Hill, Middlesex from 1954 until 1959. At GBP348 it claimed to be the smallest and cheapest four-wheeler on the British market. The car had originally been built by JARC motors and sold as the Little Horse.

Car
It featured a rear-mounted 322 cc air-cooled, twin-cylinder engine mounted under the floor driving the rear wheels through a three-speed motorcycle-type gearbox. The steel channel section chassis had all-round independent suspension with swing axles at the rear. Most cars had two seater estate car bodies, but some four-seat saloons were also made. The bodies were made of aluminium. The car could also be bought in kit form. It was claimed to be able to reach 55 mi/h and return 60 mpgimp.

After production ceased, some coupés were made by Gill cars and sold as the Getabout. The rights were also bought by Harold Lightburn of Camden, Adelaide, Australia who fitted a new glass-fibre estate body and sold the car as the Zeta between 1963 and 1966.

title: Astra (1954 automobile)


text:
Talk:Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban

Article
Included some material from http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/vauban.htm. See their disclaimer : "You may print, reproduce, retrieve, or use the information contained in this History of Economic Thought (HET) Website for non-commercial, personal, or educational purposes only.  If material is used for other purposes, you must obtain permission from the designers of the HET Website to use the copyrighted material prior to its use." olivier 07:30, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * This is not actually compatible with the GFDL, which allows commercial use as long as further copying is not restricted. Stan 05:51, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Systems
More information on his systems would be needed. --84.20.17.84 10:10, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

I agree, and in my Copious Free Time I might try to assist. — However I'd suggest that a separate article might be advisable here, perhaps "Fortification systems of Vauban"? They'd be a detailed description for military architecture buffs, not biographers.--Andy Dingley 14:30, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Vaubans remains were scattered after the Revolution.
I've never posted to this site, so consider this an exploratory statement as:I can't be sure that I have not missed something.

I recently visited the home of Vauban, at Bazoches,in Burgundy. Nearby is the "Eglise Saint Hilaire," which contains the tomb of Vauban. This would seem to contradict the statement that his remains were scattered after the revolution! In fact, at his tomb, is a very clear explanation of how his remains were brought there, and also how his heart ended up in Paris. I have notes, as well as photographs, detailing all this and will dig into them in the coming weeks. This post is intended to clarify that I am not missing some plainly obvious point, before I spend the time to do further research.

Thanks

A/R —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.23.126.2 (talk) 00:57, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Vauban's status
Sorry but this is not enough. See WP:EXCEPTIONAL. "foremost" of the entire world of the entire age? If it is widely held, there should be plenty of sources to support it. Britannica did say exactly this, only that was about Chevalier de Clerville.

No, a couple of times over. To begin, 1911 Britannica did not say de Clerville was the foremost military engineer of his day it says " one of the foremost engineers of the time". "One of" is significant. It says, instead, that Vauban was "the most celebrated of military engineers"; i.e., the big cheese, period, or at least to date. Now, in another source, this might confuse celebrity with reputation, but not here. Britannica was pretty good about that.

Now, certain mud-dwellers of the swampy Rhenish delta might wish to make a case for Coehorn, but real as his talents were, he never had the scope, living in a land where the water table was expressed in negative numbers, and a barrowful of dirt could create noticeable relief, capable of domination of the land out to the horizon... Anmccaff (talk) 14:18, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

PS: On a more serious note American Military History vol. 1 p27.

PPS: On a more serious note Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban, marshal of France, may have been the foremost military engineer of all time. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 30 p37

 * Available for full discussion now - there's only so much I can do on a phone. Generally remarks like "best/greatest ... of his time/ever/in the world" are almost always reworded, as in "considered one of the best" or "considered by [prominent field figure] to be the best" (more rare). This is explained in WP:PEACOCK. This isn't an ode to him, it's an article describing him. It's automatically an opinion and to state it as such would breach WP:ASSERT. Britannica's "the most celebrated of military engineers" contains no conditional indication of location or time, and if - as you say - they did mean "most celebrated ever", why even use "of his age"? We shouldn't have to translate sources' remarks, and I myself would definitely contest that it equals "foremost military engineer of his age", which sounds a dozen times over more prestigious. For such exceptional wording there should be exceptional sources. A proper resolution would be to replace it with something like "... called "the most celebrated of military engineers" by Encyclopaedia Britannica." Tone is hard to read without body language so I'm going to consider that last part to be a joke and not a genuine remark about me being a "mud-dweller"... The NEB comment is notable in that it says "may have been", not "was". But it does show that sources praise him, which we already know. That's why it should be reworded into something appropriate. Bataaf van Oranje (Prinsgezinde) (talk) 16:03, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

 * So, what would you suggest? Your last edit simply changed one unascribed subjective judgement to another unascribed subjective judgement, and what's the goudda that?  Anmccaff (talk) 17:27, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Not sure what a goudda is but there are enough sources to call him one of the foremost military engineers of his age without it being subjective anymore. Alternatively, take one of the comments and directly attribute it. This would still cross WP:PEACOCK but it's quite common on the Wiki. Bataaf van Oranje (Prinsgezinde) (talk) 15:28, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

 * In USAnian eye dialect, the attempt to convey in writing actual sounds of speech, words are often combined, sometimes with reduplication of connecting consonaants, if that's how the word sounds, sometimes with elimination of them, again, based on sound. "Used to" goes to "useta" but "good of" can go to "gooda" or "goodda." (Or "good da", obviously.) The "U" is added in this particular case just to be cheesy.  Anmccaff (talk) 15:40, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

Review Comments

 * I would rename the Life section into Early Life, insert information on his childhood and education there. While splitting information on his marriages and children into another section. Retitled Biography, but left as one section - I think its fine.
 * Belle Mademoiselle de Villefranche - what does that mean? Translation in parentheses recommended. Simplified to Mademoiselle.
 * Why is the Prince of Condé called simply Condé while Charles, Comte de Montal's name is mentioned almost in full? This is inconsistent
 * "Louis XIV reportedly remarked sieges would ideally be conducted by Vauban, and defended by de Montal, but could only happen once, since they would kill each other." - This sentence is confusing. Too complex so simplified.

Catlemur (talk) 15:47, 24 June 2020 (UTC) Robinvp11 (talk) 09:26, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

--Catlemur (talk) 16:06, 24 June 2020 (UTC) Txs Robinvp11 (talk) 09:26, 25 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Vauban; note scar on left cheek, from wound suffered at Douai in 1655, one of 16 in his career. - No mention of this incident is made in the main body of the article and neither is it referenced. Changed caption.
 * This inevitably led onto taxation - Suggest: This inevitably led Vauban to develop an interest in taxation.
 * Note a is unreferenced.
 * Remove all the semicolons at the end of the references.

CoE connection
as real as the French Connection for USACE is, this wasn’t the only thread for the idea of state support of civil works. That was a real enough part of the British, Prussian, Dutch, &cet traditions, all of which had real influence on the early US. Dunno if Vauban’s real, but not exclusive part needs to be so prominently showcased in the lead. Qwirkle (talk) 23:04, 26 October 2020 (UTC) PS:Vauban’s influence on other nation’s military engineering policy as part of nation-building were also great, and not just for the obvious colonial dependencies. Again, such a particular focus seems undue in the lead. Qwirkle (talk) 23:13, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Yeah no worries, I'll take it out. Robinvp11 (talk) 18:41, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

Polite request to contact one of the editors of this page.
Hi all.

I applogies if this is not the done thing. I can’t see how you are supposed to contact the editors of the page.

I’m producing a podcast about Ile de re on the Atlantic coast of France and I’d very much like to speak to someone about Vauban.

I’m really just looking for someone who is well informed. They do not need to be a professional or an expert.

Apologies once again if this is not how you are supposed to use this page.

Is there a way to contact an editor so I can speak to them on the phone about Vauban?

Thanks in Advance! ConceptJunky (talk) 10:05, 9 September 2022 (UTC)


text:
Astresse

The Astresse was a French automobile manufactured only in 1898. The company, based in Levallois-Perret, claimed to build some two or three cars a month, using engines built under Grivel license.

title: Astresse


text:
Edward Hughes (exorcist)

Father Edward Albert Hughes (August 28, 1918 - October 12, 1980) was a Roman Catholic priest who served as an assistant pastor from June 16, 1948 to June 18, 1960 at St. James Church in Mt. Rainier, Maryland. He was best known for his participation in the Exorcism of Roland Doe.

Life
Hughes participated in an exorcism in 1949 at the Georgetown University Hospital on an anonymous thirteen-year-old boy, where he was allegedly injured when the boy broke out of his restraints.

William Peter Blatty was inspired by a newspaper article about this case to write his novel The Exorcist.

In 1973, Father Hughes returned to St. James Church and later became pastor at St Matthias until his death of a heart attack on October 12, 1980.

title: Edward Hughes (exorcist)


text:
Astra-Gnome

The Astra-Gnome is a concept car by industrial designer Richard Arbib using a 1955 Nash Metropolitan chassis. It was described as a "Time and Space Car". It features themes influenced by the space travel forms that were popular during the 1950s. The vehicle represented Arbib's vision of what an automobile would look like in the year 2000.

Design
American Motors Corporation commissioned Richard Arbib, a leading industrial designer of the 1950s, to develop a futuristic concept car. Built in four months, the Astra-Gnome represented the work of product stylists to create "new and exciting shapes, textures and colors in a functional car." Arbib had the wheels and tires hidden behind full fender skirts to achieve "a floating special quality" and to suggest a spacecraft or hovercraft. The objective was to build excitement "about the cool stuff the 21st century was going to hold." Arbib described it not being a sports car or having any European-origin styling. Instead, he made it to have "a pert, futuristic manner ... sculptural and alive in its contours". The concept car blends futuristic aesthetics with functional design and is a fully operational vehicle.

The car was featured on the 3 September 1956 cover of Newsweek magazine. The Astra-Gnome was a highlight at the 1956 New York International Auto Show. About 1,000 questionnaire cards were distributed to viewers at the auto show, with results indicating an 80% favorable response to the prototype. Numerous photos of the car with Arbib were often accompanied by attractive female models who explained to the media that the concept was never intended for production. The Astra-Gnome was featured in trade publications and popular magazines, such part of a fashion spread in Esquire.

Andrew Mazzara manufactured the body. was built in a light-speed quick four months. Despite a 25% increase in size over the original Metropolitan body, the total weight remains under 2000 lb. About 400 lb of aluminum castings and extrusions were used, including fluted aluminum side panels that had been anodized in different blending colors. The hood features a futuristic gnome/astronaut logo, which also appears on the tailfin, and the taillights have a 1950s look. The bubble canopy provides unobstructed all-around vision while covering the passengers. A motor-driven aluminum arm opens the canopy from the back to allow walk-in entry and exit. The interior features bucket seats upholstered in blue and "space-age" gray upholstery with an integrated center console between them. An Astra-Gnome logo adorns the center of the chromed blue steering wheel. The control knobs, along with the gear shifter knob, are clear and transparent blue.

Among its many features is a Hamilton "celestial time-zone clock permitting actual flight-type navigation." The acrylic glass bubble canopy also served as a sound chamber for the car's high fidelity radio and record player. The car included air conditioning and wrap-around bumper protection that was matched to the height of full-sized car bumpers. The 6 ft width of the concept car was much greater than contemporary passenger automobiles and allowed for extra interior room, as well as storage and luggage spaces that included six pieces of matched integrated luggage. The design made parking the wide Astra-Gnome easier by making the curb visible from the car.

The concept car "disappeared into oblivion" after its exhibition to be recovered from a sealed high-rise office in New York City in 1980. The car is restored and can be seen in a California museum.

title: Astra-Gnome


text:
Tom Naudé

Jozua François "Tom" Naudé (15 April 1889, Middelburg, Cape Colony – 31 May 1969, Cape Town) served as acting state president of South Africa from 1967 to 1968.

A National Party politician for many years, he served as Minister of Posts and Telegraphs from 1950 to 1954, as Minister of Health from 1954 to 1958, and as Minister of Finance from 1958 to 1961. He was then appointed President of the Senate of South Africa, and in terms of the South African Constitution of 1961 he would be required ex officio under a dormant commission to act as State President of South Africa whenever that office was vacant. He was unexpectedly called upon to do this when Dr Eben Dönges, who was elected to succeed C.R. Swart as State President in 1967, suffered a stroke and fell into a coma before he could be inaugurated. Naudé was Acting State President for ten months, until Dönges died and Jim Fouché was inaugurated in his place.

Tom Naudé Technical High School in Polokwane was named after him.

title: Tom Naudé


text:
Jim Fouché

Jacobus Johannes "Jim" Fouché, (6 June 1898 – 23 September 1980 ), also known as J. J. Fouché, was a South African politician who served as the second state president of South Africa from 1968 to 1975.

Early life
He was born in the Boer republic of the Orange Free State in 1898 (which became a British colony in 1902 and a province of the Union of South Africa in 1910) and matriculated at Paarl Boys' High School.

Education
His higher education was at Victoria College, Stellenbosch and would obtain his Honours degree and a D.Phil at Stellenbosch University in 1966.

Career
Fouché was a successful farmer. A staunch republican, he was a member of the National Party for many years, first being elected to the House of Assembly as MP for Smithfield from 1941 to 1950, and as MP for Bloemfontein West between 1960 and 1968.

Fouché served as Administrator of the Orange Free State from 1950 to 1959, and was then promoted to the Cabinet, where he served as Minister of Defence from 14 December 1959 to 1 April 1966 and as Minister of Agricultural Technical Services and Water Affairs from 1966 to 1968. He was elected State President in place of Ebenhaezer Dönges (who had been elected, but died before he could take office), and served as ceremonial head of state from 1968 to 1975. He was the only State President to complete a full term in office.

Family
Fouché married Letta Rhoda ('Lettie') McDonald, a fellow white woman of Anglo-African descent and Scots extraction.

Depiction on coins
He is depicted on the following coins of the South African rand;

1976 1/2 Cent to 50 Cents.

Honours
He was awarded the South African Decoration for Meritorious Services and the Paraguayan National Order of Merit. Fouché was also a honorary colonel of Regiment President Steyn.

title: Jim Fouché


text:
Nico Diederichs

Nicolaas Johannes "Nico" Diederichs, (17 November 1903 – 21 August 1978) served as the third state president of South Africa from 1975 to 1978.

Education and career
After completing school, he attended Grey University College between 1921 and 1925 where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts (Dutch & Ethics) and Master of Arts (Philosophy). As an economist, he educated himself overseas at universities in Munich, Cologne, Berlin and Leiden, obtaining a doctorate from the University of Leiden and a D.Litt degree. Resuming a career in South Africa, he became a lecturer and later a professor at the University of the Orange Free State, in Political Science and Philosophy. During the 1930s and 1940s he became a prominent figure in Afrikaner nationalist circles. He founded the Reddingsdaadbond organisation to promote the economic wellbeing of Afrikaners.

After visiting the country in 1938, Diederichs became a staunch admirer of Nazi Germany.

Political career
Diederichs was a National Party member of Parliament from 1953 to 1975. He served as Minister of Economic Affairs from 1958 to 1967, as Minister of Mines from 1961 to 1964, and as Minister of Finance from 1967 to 1975. In the latter capacity he became known as "Mr Gold". He served as the first chancellor of the Rand Afrikaans University and ceremonial State President of South Africa from 1975 until his death, after a short illness, of a heart attack on 21 August 1978 in Cape Town.

Honours
Diederichs was honoured with medals from various countries. he was awarded a gold medal from the City of Paris (1971), made a Knight of the Greater Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1973, and an Order of Merit from Paraguay in 1974. He was awarded honorary doctoral degrees from the University of the Orange Free State and the University of Stellenbosch.

 * Decoration for Meritorious Services

Depiction on coins
He is depicted on the obverses of the 1979 coins of the South African rand from 1/2 Cent to 1 Rand, which was struck as a memorial commemorative series.

Publications by Nicolaas Diederichs (selection)

 * Nicolaas Diederichs: Vom Leiden und Dulden. Bonn, 1930. (Dissertation Leiden University)
 * N. Diederichs: Die Volkebond, sy ontstaan, samestelling en werksaamhede. Pretoria, 1933
 * N. Diederichs: Nasionalisme as lewensbeskouing en sy verhouding tot internasionalisme. Bloemfontein, 1936

title: Nico Diederichs


text:
Atalanta (1915 automobile)

The Atalanta was an English car manufactured in Greenwich, southeast London (then part of Kent until 1941) from 1915 to 1917. One of a number of light car companies to start business during the First World War, the Atalanta was one of the latest startups. The 9 hp light car sold for £195 with a non-proprietary four-cylinder 1097 cc engine.

The wartime economy was not good to them, and the business closed their doors by February 1917.

The company had no connection with the better known Atalanta of Staines, Middlesex made between 1937 and 1939.

title: Atalanta (1915 automobile)


text:
Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne

The Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne (OCL, Lausanne Chamber Orchestra) is a Swiss chamber orchestra based in Lausanne, Switzerland. The OCL is resident at the Salle Métropole in Lausanne. The OCL is an artistic partner with Lausanne Opera and regularly performs with the company as its orchestra during its opera season. The OCL is subsidized by the city of Lausanne and the canton of Vaud and is a member of the Swiss Association of Professional Orchestras. The majority of its concerts are recorded by the Lausanne-based radio station Espace 2.

History
Victor Desarzens founded the OCL in 1942 and was its first artistic director, through 1973. Subsequent artistic directors have been Armin Jordan (1973–1985), Lawrence Foster (1985–1990), Jesús López Cobos (1990–2000), Christian Zacharias (2000–2013), and Joshua Weilerstein (2015–2021). The current artistic director of the OCL is Renaud Capuçon, as of the 2021-2022 season. In July 2024, the OCL announced the appointment of Dominique Meyer as its next executive director, effective 15 July 2024.

The OCL was the first Swiss orchestra to engage a composer-in-residence every two years. The OCL also collaborates on a regular basis with musical institutions of higher learning in the city (the Haute Ecole de Musique de Lausanne and the Haute Ecole de Théâtre de Suisse Romande.

Recordings
The OCL’s discography includes a series of 1970s recordings for Philips of eight operas of Franz Joseph Haydn with Antal Dorati as conductor, as follows:
 * La fedeltà premiata (1975): Lucia Valentini Terrani, Frederica von Stade, Ileana Cotrubas, Luigi Alva
 * La vera costanza (1976): Jessye Norman, Helen Donath, Claes-Håkan Ahnsjö, Domenico Trimarchi
 * Orlando Paladino (1977): Arleen Auger, Elly Ameling, Claes-Håkan Ahnsjö, Domenico Trimarchi
 * L'isola disabitata (1977): Linda Zoghby, Norma Lehrer, Luigi Alva, Renato Bruson
 * Il mondo della luna (1978): Arleen Auger, Edith Mathis, Frederica von Stade, Domenico Trimarchi
 * Armida (1978): Jessye Norman, Claes-Håkan Ahnsjö, Norma Burrowes, Samuel Ramey
 * L'incontro improvviso (1979–80): Claes-Håkan Ahnsjö, Margaret Marshall, Della Jones, Benjamin Luxon
 * L'infedeltà delusa (1981): Edith Mathis, Barbara Hendricks, Michael Devlin, Claes-Håkan Ahnsjö

These recordings were re-issued in 2004 and in 2009. Other recordings by the OCL have included a complete recording of the Piano Concertos of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, performed and conducted by Christian Zacharias for the German label MDG. For Outhere Music, the orchestra has released recordings of Louis Spohr’s complete Clarinet Concertos, performed and led by Paul Meyer, in 2012, as well as a recording of music of Arnold Schönberg with Heinz Holliger released in the autumn of 2013. For Deutsche Grammophon, Renaud Capuçon has recorded the complete violin concertos of Mozart with the OCL.

Artistic directors

 * Victor Desarzens (1942–1972)
 * Armin Jordan (1973–1985)
 * Lawrence Foster (1985–1990)
 * Jesús López-Cobos (1990–2000)
 * Christian Zacharias (2000–2013)
 * Joshua Weilerstein (2015–2021)
 * Renaud Capuçon (2021–present)

title: Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne


text:
Academy of sciences

An academy of sciences is a type of learned society or academy (as special scientific institution) dedicated to sciences that may or may not be state funded. Some state funded academies are tuned into national or royal (in case of the United Kingdom i.e. Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge) as a form of honor.

The other type of academies are Academy of Arts or combination of both (e.g., American Academy of Arts and Sciences). Academy of Letters is another related expression, encompassing literature. In non-English-speaking countries, the range of academic fields of the members of a national Academy of Science often includes scholarly disciplines which would not normally be classed as "science" in English. Many languages use a broad term for systematized learning which includes both natural sciences and social sciences and fields such as literary studies, linguistics, history, or art history. (Often these terms are calques from Latin scientia (the etymological source of English science) and, accordingly, derivatives of the verb 'know', such as German Wissenschaft, Swedish vetenskap, Hungarian tudomány, Estonian teadus or Finnish tiede.) Accordingly, for example the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia), or the Estonian Academy of Sciences (Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia) also cover the areas of social sciences and humanities. As the engineering sciences have become more varied and advanced, there is a recent trend in many advanced countries to organize the National Academy of Engineering (or National Academy of Engineering Sciences), separate from the national academy of sciences.

Academies of science play an important role in science diplomacy efforts. Academies are increasingly organized in regional or even international associations. The Interacademy Partnership for example is a global network consisting of over 140 national, regional and global member academies of science, engineering and medicine. Additionally, there are many regional associations such as ALLEA in Europe, NASAC as the Network of African Science Academies, IANAS in Latin America, and AASSA in Asia.

Apart from national academies of science, there are now increasingly also national young academies. National young academies usually select members for a limited term, normally 4–5 years, after which members become academy alumni. Young academies typically engage with issues important to young scientists. These include, for example, science education or the dialog between science and society. Most young academies are affiliated with a senior Academy of Sciences or with a network of senior academies. The Global Young Academy, which itself is a science academy (e.g. full member of Interacademy Partnership) often serves as a facilitator of the growing global network of young academies. Since its creation, more than 35 national young academies have been established. In 2019, there were 41 national young academies.

List

 * Afghanistan – Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
 * Albania – Academy of Sciences of Albania
 * Argentina – National Academy of Sciences of Argentina
 * Armenia – National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
 * Austria – Austrian Academy of Sciences
 * Australia – Australian Academy of Science
 * Azerbaijan – National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan
 * Bangladesh – Bangladesh Academy of Sciences
 * Belarus – National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
 * Belgium – Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium
 * Brazil
 * Brazilian Academy of Sciences
 * Pernambuoc Academy of Science
 * Bulgaria – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
 * Canada
 * Royal Society of Canada
 * Canadian Academy of Engineering
 * Chile – Academia Chilena de Ciencias
 * China
 * Chinese Academy of Sciences
 * Chinese Academy of Engineering
 * Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
 * Hong Kong Academy of Sciences
 * Costa Rica – Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Costa Rica)
 * Croatia – Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
 * Czech Republic – Czech Academy of Sciences
 * Denmark – Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
 * Estonia – Estonian Academy of Sciences
 * Finland
 * Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters
 * Finnish Academy of Science and Letters
 * France – French Academy of Sciences
 * Georgia
 * Georgian National Academy of Sciences
 * Abkhazian Regional Academy of Sciences
 * GermanyAcademy of Sciences Leopoldina.jpg
 * German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
 * Union of Regional German Academies of Sciences and Humanities:
 * Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur
 * Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Hamburg
 * Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
 * Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
 * Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
 * Heidelberg Academy for Sciences and Humanities
 * North Rhine-Westphalian Academy of Sciences, Humanities and the Arts
 * Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities
 * acatech
 * Ghana – Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * Greece – Academy of Athens
 * Hungary – Hungarian Academy of Sciences
 * India
 * Indian Academy of Sciences
 * Indian National Science Academy
 * National Academy of Sciences, India
 * Indonesia
 * Indonesian Institute of Sciences
 * Indonesian Academy of Sciences
 * Iran – Academy of Sciences of Iran
 * Italy
 * Lincean Academy
 * Accademia Pontaniana
 * Accademia Cosentina
 * Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze (detta dei XL)
 * Accademia Nazionale Virgiliana di Scienze Lettere ed Arti
 * Accademia delle Scienze dell'Umbria
 * Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere
 * Israel – Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
 * Japan
 * Science Council of Japan
 * Japan Academy
 * Kazakhstan – National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan
 * Kyrgyzstan – National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic
 * Latvia – Latvian Academy of Sciences
 * Lebanon – Lebanese Academy of Sciences
 * Liechtenstein - Naturwissenschaftliches Forum
 * Lithuania – Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
 * Mexico – Mexican Academy of Sciences
 * Moldova – Academy of Sciences of Moldova
 * Mongolia – Mongolian Academy of Sciences
 * Montenegro
 * Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts
 * Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts
 * Morocco – Hassan II Academy of Sciences and Technologies
 * Netherlands – Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences
 * New Zealand – Royal Society of New Zealand
 * Nigeria – Nigerian Academy of Science
 * North Korea – Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
 * North Macedonia – Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
 * Norway
 * Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
 * Royal Norwegian Society of Science and Letters
 * Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
 * Pakistan – Pakistan Academy of Sciences
 * Philippines - National Academy of Science and Technology
 * Poland
 * Polish Academy of Sciences
 * Polish Academy of Learning
 * Portugal – Lisbon Academy of Sciences
 * Romania – Romanian Academy
 * Russia – Russian Academy of Sciences
 * San Marino – International Academy of Sciences San Marino
 * Serbia – Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
 * Singapore – Singapore National Academy of Science
 * Slovakia – Slovak Academy of Sciences
 * Slovenia – Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
 * South Africa - Academy of Science of South Africa
 * South Korea – National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Korea
 * Soviet Union – Soviet Academy of Sciences
 * Spain – Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences
 * Sri Lanka – National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka
 * Sweden – Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
 * Switzerland – Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences
 * Taiwan – Academia Sinica
 * Thailand
 * Royal Institute of Thailand
 * Thai Academy of Science and Technology
 * Turkey – Turkish Academy of Sciences
 * Ukraine – National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
 * United Kingdom
 * Royal Society
 * Royal Academy of Engineering
 * Academy of Medical Sciences
 * British Academy
 * Scotland – Royal Society of Edinburgh
 * United States
 * National Academies
 * U.S. National Academy of Sciences
 * U.S. National Academy of Engineering
 * U.S. National Academy of Medicine formerly the Institute of Medicine
 * National Research Council
 * American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * State-specific
 * California – California Academy of Sciences
 * Illinois – Illinois State Academy of Science
 * Mississippi – Mississippi Academy of Sciences
 * Missouri – Academy of Science, St. Louis
 * New York – New York Academy of Sciences
 * Pennsylvania - Pennsylvania Academy of Science
 * Texas – Texas Academy of Sciences
 * Wisconsin – Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters
 * Vatican City – Pontifical Academy of Sciences
 * Jordan and the Islamic world – Islamic World Academy of Sciences (IAS)
 * Developing world – TWAS
 * ASEAN – ASEAN Academy of Engineering and Technology
 * Academy – World Academy of Art and Science

title: Academy of sciences


text:
Peter Heier

Father Peter Heier (September 16, 1895 – March 24, 1982), S.V.D. was a Roman Catholic priest of Hague, North Dakota.

Peter Heier was the son of George and Magdalena (Wolf) Heier. He was born in Kleinliebental (today Malodolynske/Малодолинське), Ukraine. His family immigrated to the United States and settled in North Dakota. Heier studied for the priesthood and was stationed in Hague, North Dakota, where he also served as an exorcist. He served as a Divine Word missionary in China, where he was put in charge of a noted demonic possession case in 1926 and again in 1929, concerning a Chinese woman named Lautien in Henan, China. The case was printed up in a pamphlet entitled Begone Satan by Father Celestine Kapsner in 1928.

Heier died in Conesus, New York.

title: Peter Heier


text:
Milwaukee Deep

Milwaukee Deep, also known as the Milwaukee Depth, is part of the Puerto Rico Trench. Together with the surrounding area, known as Brownson Deep, the Milwaukee Deep forms an elongated depression that constitutes the floor of the trench. As there is no geomorphological distinction between the two, it has been proposed that the use of both names to refer to distinct areas should be reviewed.

The floor of the Puerto Rico Trench constitutes the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean. During the Five Deeps Expedition, explorer Victor Vescovo achieved the first crewed descent to this location on 21 December 2018. Media outlets overwhelmingly referred to the area as the Brownson Deep,  while the name Milwaukee Deep was used by others. However, likely due to the factors mentioned above, the expedition has not used any particular name to refer to the site of their Atlantic dive. It is named for the USS Milwaukee which was itself named for the city of Milwaukee.

The Puerto Rico Trench has a maximum depth of no more than 8376 m, as directly measured by Vescovo during his 2018 descent to the Atlantic Ocean’s deepest point. Previously, however, the depth of the Milwaukee Deep (when being used to refer to the Atlantic's deepest point) had been reported by various sources as 8710 m, 8740 m, or 8750 m. It is just 76.0 mi north of the coast of Puerto Rico at Punto Palmas Altas in Manatí.

History
The ocean floor feature is named for the USS Milwaukee (CL-5), a U.S. Navy Omaha class cruiser, which discovered the Milwaukee Deep on February 14, 1939 with a reading of 28680 ft. On August 19, 1952, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife vessel Theodore N. Gill obtained a reading of 28560 ft at (19.6°N, -68.31667°W), virtually identical with the Milwaukee's reading. By then, the existence of deep water to the Atlantic Ocean side of the Caribbean had been known for more than a century.

One of the area's earliest soundings was obtained June 12, 1852 by Lt. S. P. Lee, U.S. Navy brig Dolphin, with a reading of 22950 ft at (26.53333°N, -60.1°W).

Crewed descents

In 1964, the French submersible Archimède explored the Puerto Rico Trench to a depth of approximately 8300 m but did not reach its deepest point.

On 21 December 2018 Victor Vescovo made the first crewed descent to the deepest point of the trench in the Deep-Submergence Vehicle DSV Limiting Factor (a Triton 36000/2 model submersible) and measured a depth of 8376 m by direct CTD pressure measurements. This made the Limiting Factor the deepest diving operational submersible at the time.

title: Milwaukee Deep


text:
Category:State Presidents of South Africa

When South Africa became a republic in 1961 the British monarch ceased to be head of state. South Africa's head of state was called the State President (or Staatspresident in Afrikaans) until the end of the Apartheid era in 1994, when the title was amended to simply President of South Africa.


text:
Atalanta (1937 automobile)

The Atalanta was an English automobile manufactured from 1937 until 1939 by Atalanta Motors Ltd in Staines, Middlesex. Two models were made.

History
The 1937 car used Albert Gough's somewhat erratic 4-cylinder overhead-cam 1496 cc 78 bhp and 1996 cc 98 bhp engines with three valves and two spark plugs per cylinder which had been previously fitted to some Frazer Nashes where Gough had worked. An Arnott supercharged version was also available. Three or four-speed gearboxes were offered. The car had a tubular steel chassis and all round independent suspension using coil springs. Two-seat open sports and two-seat drophead coupé bodies built by Abbott were available.

From 1938 the car could be had with a 4·3-litre V-12 Lincoln-Zephyr engine giving 112 bhp which proved to be the more popular. The car had a 3-speed gearbox. A four-seat version on a slightly longer chassis was made as well as the two-seaters.

A 1496cc version raced in the 1938 Le Mans 24 hour race driven by Charles Morrison & Neil Watson (one of the company founders). The car retired with a broken driveshaft.

The cars were very expensive and the outbreak of war stopped production after only about 20 cars were made. The company continued in existence making pumps and becoming Atalanta Engineering Ltd.

RGS Atalanta
Richard Gaylard Shattock revived the name after the Second World War with the RGS Atalanta, offering complete cars with fiberglass bodywork or parts kits until 1958. Lea-Francis, Ford and Jaguar engines were used, at least 1 car was equipped with an Aston Martin DB2/4 2.6 L or 3 L triple SU H6 carburettor engine.

In the late 1930s there was also an open sports version of the Atalanta, with a huge 7L American side-valve engine and an 8- position, gated gear change.

Also a smaller-engined open sports version using an OHV engine with a blower.

Other cars with the Atalanta name
There was another unconnected Atalanta company based in Greenwich, London which built a few 9 hp four-cylinder cars from 1916 to 1917.

Atalanta was a name also used on a car made by the rather mysterious Owen of London, England in about 1910. This company existed between 1899 and 1935 but seems to have made very few if any cars.

Atalanta was also a sports-tourer version of the 20/25 hp Armstrong Siddeley line, sold between 1936 and 1938.

A new sports car manufactured by Atalanta Motors Ltd of Staffordshire was shown in 2012 and at the 2014 Hampton Court Palace Concours d'Elegance.

title: Atalanta (1937 automobile)


text:
Talk:Otter (theorem prover)

Suggestion
Has to be expanded / merged with Otter (software).

Mkoval

 * No, it has nothing to do with the other project. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 00:15, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

Notability
Otter is the best-known automated theorem prover bar none. There are many highly referenced papers and even whole books among the first few hits at. This article can be very much improved, but notability is not a problem. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 14:25, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Notability is supposed to flag articles which do not assert their notability. If I thought the subject were simply not notable I would have taken it to AfD. Until such point as the article explains to the casual reader why this is a prominent subject it should be flagged as such. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) (talk) 15:36, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * No, that's not what the template says: "may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services". That is certainly unambiguously wrong. Moreover, unless policy has changed since I last checked, there is no requirement that general articles assert notability - there only is WP:CSD, which refers to individuals, animals, organizations, and web content only. Anyways, if I find some time, I'll improve the article. However, this may take a while. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 19:35, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Undoing of Merge
The previous merge to Prover9 was noted as controversial on that page and also appears not to have proper attribution per WP:SMERGE/WP:FMERGE. It has therefore been undone. It also lost a couple of cites/referneces.Djm-leighpark (talk) 08:06, 11 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Otter (theorem prover)


text:
Athmac

The Athmac was a short-lived English cyclecar which was manufactured by Athmac Motor Company of Leyton, then in Essex (now part of Greater London) in 1913. The friction-driven car, named 10/12, was propelled by a 1,110 cc four-cylinder engine. It featured final drive by long belts to the rear axle and was supposed to sell at 120 guineas, but production never got off the ground.

title: Athmac