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Island (disambiguation)

An island is a land mass entirely surrounded by water.

Island(s) may also refer to:

Places

 * Any of various islands around the world, see the list of islands
 * Iceland (Ísland, Island), a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean
 * Island, Belfast, Northern Ireland, an electoral ward in the United Kingdom
 * Island, Kentucky, a city in the United States
 * Island, Yonne, a commune of the Yonne département in France
 * Island County, Washington, United States
 * Islands (barony), a barony in County Clare, Ireland
 * Islands (regional unit), a division of Attica, Greece

Fiction

 * Island (Huxley novel), 1962, by Aldous Huxley
 * The Island (Benchley novel), 1979, by Peter Benchley
 * Island (Laymon novel), 1991, by Richard Laymon
 * Island (novel series), 2000–2006, by Gordon Korman
 * Island (Rogers novel), 1999, by Jane Rogers
 * Island (short story collection), 2000, by Alistair MacLeod
 * Island, a 1987 novel by Thomas Perry
 * Island (Singer novel), 2015, by Nicky Singer, illustrated by Chris Riddell

Periodicals

 * Islands, a travel magazine published by Bonnier Corporation

Music

 * Island (band), which represented Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1981
 * Islands (band), a Canadian indie rock band
 * Island Records (disambiguation), several music industry record labels

Albums

 * Island (Bob Brookmeyer and Kenny Wheeler album), 2003
 * Island (David Arkenstone album), 1989
 * Island (G-Side album), 2011
 * Island (HÖH and Current 93 album), 1991
 * Island, by Bear's Den (band), 2014
 * Islands (Ash album), 2018
 * Islands (The Band album), 1977
 * Islands (Kajagoogoo album), 1984
 * Islands (King Crimson album), 1971
 * Islands (The Mary Onettes album), 2009
 * Islands (Mike Oldfield album), 1987

Songs

 * "Island" (song), by Eddy Raven, 1990
 * "Island (Float Away)", by the Starting Line, 2007
 * "Island", by Heather Nova from Oyster, 1994
 * "Island", by Miley Cyrus from Endless Summer Vacation, 2023
 * "Island", by the Whitest Boy Alive from Rules, 2009
 * The Island (Paul Brady song), 1985
 * "Islands" (King Crimson song), 1971
 * "Islands" (Mike Oldfield song), 1987
 * "Islands" (The xx song), 2009
 * "An Island" (Chevelle song), 2014
 * "An Island", by Owen from The King of Whys, 2016

Transport

 * Island, a synonym for a traffic roundabout
 * Island platform, a railway platform with tracks running around each side
 * Refuge island, for pedestrians crossing a road
 * Traffic island, dividing the lanes of travel in a road

Film

 * The Island (1980 film), an American film based on the novel by Peter Benchley
 * Island (1989 film), an Australian film directed by Paul Cox
 * The Island (2005 film), a science fiction film
 * The Island (2006 film), also known as Ostrov, a Russian film directed by Pavel Lungin
 * Island (2011 film), a British film directed by Brek Taylor, Elizabeth Mitchell
 * Islands (2011 film), an Italian drama film
 * The Island (2018 Chinese film), a Chinese fantasy comedy
 * The Island (2018 Nigerian film), a Nigerian action film
 * Islands (2021 film), a Canadian drama film

Television

 * Islands (miniseries), a Cartoon Network miniseries, aired as part of the eighth season of Adventure Time
 * Island (South Korean TV series), a 2022 television series
 * Island (Iranian TV series)

Video games

 * Island (visual novel), a 2016 video game by Front Wing
 * Islands: Non-Places, a 2016 video game by Carl Burton

Other uses

 * Islands (restaurant), a casual dining restaurant chain in the United States
 * Island Company, clothing brand
 * Island ECN, a network for stock trading, now part of Inet
 * Island-class patrol boat, class of the United States Coast Guard Cutters
 * Ecological island, a micro-habitat within a larger differing ecosystem
 * Extraction island, in linguistics, phrases out of which extraction is impossible

title: Island (disambiguation)


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Little Duck River

The Little Duck River is a 6.5 mi tributary of the Duck River of Tennessee in the United States. Via the Duck, Tennessee, and Ohio rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. It rises in a poorly drained, swampy area southeast of Manchester, Tennessee and winds through the town.

Its significance is primarily in its spectacular confluence with the main Duck River, just northwest of downtown Manchester in Old Stone Fort State Park. Both streams descend over a series of dramatic cascades just prior to the confluence, which occurs at the base of a table land which they surround on three sides. The perimeter of this table land is surrounded by a low stone wall generally 2 to 4 ft in height.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Little Duck River


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MacImpro

Universty club formed in 2004. Ianb 23:11, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete organizational vanity. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:48, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. - Eisnel 07:21, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:Battle of Klendathu

Needs work
Needs work.

 * Could you be a little more vague, perhaps?

Time?
Where in the movie does it give the time of the attack? Is there a clock in the background on the ship's command bridge?- JustPhil 14:58, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Klendathu


text: User talk:66.81.206.91

title: User talk:66.81.206.91


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Nuer people

The Nuer people are a Nilotic ethnic group concentrated in the Greater Upper Nile region of South Sudan. They also live in the Ethiopian region of Gambella. The Nuer speak the Nuer language, which belongs to the Nilotic language family. They are the second-largest ethnic group in South Sudan and the largest ethnic group in Gambella, Ethiopia. The Nuer people are pastoralists who herd cattle for a living. Their cattle serve as companions and define their lifestyle. The Nuer call themselves "Naath".

Overview
The Nuer people have historically been undercounted because of the semi-nomadic lifestyle. They also have a culture of counting only older members of the family. For example, the Nuer believe that counting the number of cattle one has could result in misfortune and prefer to report fewer children than they have. Their South Sudan counterparts are the Horn peninsula's westernmost Horners.

History
The Nuer people are said to have originally been a section of the Dinka people that migrated out of the Gezira south into a barren dry land that they called "Kwer Kwong", which was in southern Kordofan. Centuries of isolation and influence from Luo peoples caused them to be a distinct ethnic group from the Naath. The arrival of the Baggara and their subsequent slave raids in the late 1700s caused the Nuer to migrate from southern Kordofan into what is now Bentiu. In around 1850, further slave raids as well as flooding and overpopulation caused them to migrate even further out of Bentiu and eastwards all the way into the western fringes of Ethiopia, displacing and absorbing many Dinka, Anyuak and Burun in the process.

British colonial expansion in the region during the 19th century greatly halted the Nuers' aggressive territorial expansion against the Dinka and Anyuak.

There are different accounts of the origin of the conflict between the Nuer and the Dinka, South Sudan's two largest ethnic groups. Anthropologist Peter J. Newcomer suggests that the Nuer and Dinka are actually similar. He argues that hundreds of years of population growth created expansion, which eventually led to raids and wars.

In 2006 the Nuer and Murle were the tribes that resisted disarmament most strongly; members of the Nuer White Army, a group of armed youths often autonomous from tribal elders' authority, refused to lay down their weapons, which led SPLA soldiers to confiscate Nuer cattle, destroying their economy. The White Army was finally put down in mid-2006, though a successor organisation self-styling itself as a White Army formed in 2011 to fight the Murle tribe (see 2011–2012 South Sudan tribal clashes), as well as the Dinka and UNMISS.

Culture
Cattle have historically been of the highest symbolic, religious and economic value to the Nuer. Sharon Hutchinson writes that "among Nuer people the difference between people and cattle was continually underplayed." Cattle are particularly important in their role as bride wealth, where they are given by a husband's lineage to his wife's lineage. This exchange of cattle ensures that the children will be considered to belong to the husband's lineage. The classical Nuer institution of ghost marriage, in which a man can "father" children after his death, is based on this definition of relations of kinship and descent by cattle exchange. In their turn, cattle given over to the wife's patrilineage enable the male children of that patrilineage to marry and thereby ensure the continuity of her patrilineage. An infertile woman can even take a wife of her own, whose children, biologically fathered by men from other unions, then become members of her patrilineage, and she is legally and culturally their father, allowing her to metaphorically participate in reproduction.

Cattle
Nuer life revolves around cattle, which has made them pastoralist, but they are known to sometimes resort to horticulture as well, especially when their cattle are threatened by disease. Due to seasonal harsh weather, the Nuer move around to ensure that their livelihood is safe. They tend to travel when heavy seasons of rainfall come to protect the cattle from hoof disease, and when resources for the cattle are scarce. British anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard wrote, "They depend on the herds for their very existence...Cattle are the thread that runs through Nuer institutions, language, rites of passage, politics, economy, and allegiances."

The Nuer are able to structure their entire culture around cattle and still have what they need. Before development, the Nuer used every single piece of cattle to their advantage. According to Evans-Pritchard, cattle helped evolve the Nuer culture into what it is today. They shaped the Nuer's daily duties, as they dedicate themselves to protecting the cattle. For example, each month they blow air into their cattle's rectums to relieve or prevent constipation. Cattle are no good to the Nuer if constipated because they are restricted from producing primary resources that families need to survive. Evans-Pritchard wrote, "The importance of cattle in Nuer life and thought is further exemplified in personal names." They form their children's names from the biological features of the cattle.

Evans-Pritchard wrote, "I have already indicated that this obsession—for such it seems to an outsider is due not only to the great economic value of cattle but also to the fact that they are links in numerous social relationships." All their raw materials come from cattle, including drums, rugs, clothing, spears, shields, containers, and leather goods. Even daily essentials like toothpaste and mouthwash are created from the cattle's dung and urine. The dung is chopped into pieces and left out to harden, then used for containers, toothpaste, or even to protect the cattle themselves by burning it to produce more smoke, keeping insects away to prevent disease.

The Nuer people never eat cattle just because they want to. Cattle are very sacred to them, therefore when they do eat cattle they honor its ghost. They typically just eat the cattle that are up in age or dying because of sickness. But even if they do so, they all gather together to perform rituals, dances, or songs before and after they slaughter the cattle. Never do they just kill cattle for the fun of it. "Never do Nuer slaughter animals solely because of the desire to eat meat. There is the danger of the ox’s spirit visiting a curse on any individual who would slaughter it without ritual intent, aiming only to use it for food. Any animal that dies of natural causes is eaten". Many times it may not even just be cattle that they consume, it could be any animal they have scavenged upon that has died because of natural causes. There are a few other food sources that are available for the Nuer to consume. The Nuer diet primarily consists of fish and millet. "Their staple crop is millet." Millet is formally consumed as porridge or beer. The Nuer turn to this staple product in seasons of rainfall when they move their cattle up to the higher ground. They might also turn to millet when the cattle are performing well enough to support their family.

Kinship
To a Nuer individual, his parents and siblings are not considered mar (blood relatives) kin. He doesn't refer to them as kin. To him they are considered gol which is far more intimate and significant. There are kinship categories in the Nuer society. Those categories depend on the payment to them. There is a balance between the mother and father's side that is acknowledged through particular formal occasions such as marriage.

Nuer girls usually marry at 17 or 18. If a young girl gets engaged at an early age, the wedding and consummation ceremonies are essentially delayed. Women generally give birth to their first children when they are mature enough to bear them. As long as a girl marries a man with cattle, she is able to freely choose her husband, however her parents may choose a spouse for her.

Kinship roles
Kinship among the Nuer is very important to them, they refer to their blood relatives as "gol". Kinship within the Nuer is formed off of one's neighbors or their entire culture. During E. E. Evans-Pritchard's ethnographic observation, he described the role of kinship as: "Kinship obligations include caring for the children of one’s kin and neighbors. He also observed that,"The network of kinship ties which links members of local communities is brought about by the operation of exogamous rules, often stated in terms of cattle." This is never thought to be the sole responsibility of the child's parents." Cattle are judged by how much milk they can produce which is a necessity in their culture. If possible they create the excess of milk into cheese. But if a family’s herd cannot produce the amount of milk a family needs then they turn to others around them to give them what they need. It’s seen as their responsibility to step in and help the family since it’s not really their fault on how much their cattle can produce. The entire Nuer society is basically watching after each other, for example, as Evans-Pritchard noted that,"When one household has a surplus, it is shared with neighbors. Amassing wealth is not an aim. Although a man who owns a large herd of cattle may be envied, his possession of numerous animals does not garner him any special privilege or treatment". In this tribe there is no special treatment for how one is treated because of their abundance in cattle. Just because one might have more cattle than another doesn't mean they have a higher prestige. If one might have more than enough to provide for themselves then they also provide that to other kin that are in need, as it is a part of their role in kinship.

Conflict over pastures and cattle raids have been happening between Nuer and Dinka as they battle for grazing ground for their animals. According to Jared Diamond, "...the Nuer observe few restrictions in their treatment of neighboring Dinka tribes: they regularly raid the Dinka, steal Dinka livestock, kill Dinka men, and take home some Dinka women and children as captives while killing the others. But Nuer hostilities against other Nuer tribes consist only of sporadic cattle raids, killing of just a few men, and no killing or kidnapping of women and children."

Religion
E. E. Evans-Pritchard studied the Nuer and made very detailed accounts of his interactions. He also describes Nuer cosmology and religion in his books.

Nuer Online indicates that, "Nuer (Nuäär) believes that God is the spirit of the sky or the spirit who is in the sky" Kuoth Nhial" (God in Heaven) the creator, but Nuers believe in the coming of God through rain, lightning and thunder, and that the rainbow is the necklace of God. The sun and the moon as well as other material entities are also manifestation or sign of God, who after all is a spirit.

The spirits of the air above are believed to be the most powerful of the lesser spirits, while there are also spirits associated with clan-spears names such as WiW, a spirit of war, associated with thunder. Nuers believe that when a man or a woman dies, the flesh, the life and the soul separate. The flesh is committed to the earth, while the breath or life goes back to God (Kuoth). The soul that signifies the human individuality and personality remains alive as a shadow or a reflection, and departs together with the ox sacrificed, to the place of the ghosts.".

In the 1940s, missionaries began to attempt to evangelize the Nuer. The book of Genesis was translated and published in 1954, with the whole New Testament following in 1968. By the 1970s, there were nearly 200 Nuer congregations established. However, reporting indicates that only around 1% of Nuer identify as Christian.

Role of cattle
In the 1990s, Sharon Hutchinson returned to Nuerland to update E.E. Evans-Pritchard's account. She found that the Nuer had placed strict limits on the convertibility of money and cattle in order to preserve the special status of cattle as objects of bride wealth exchange and as mediators to the divine. She also found that as a result of endemic warfare with the Sudanese state, guns had acquired much of the symbolic and ritual importance previously held by cattle.

Language
The people speak the Nuer language / Thoknath which belongs to the Nilo-Saharan language phylum.

Ritual
The Nuer receive facial markings (called gaar) as part of their initiation into adulthood. The pattern of Nuer scarification varies within specific subgroups. The most common initiation pattern among males consists of six parallel horizontal lines which are cut across the forehead with a razor, often with a dip in the lines above the nose. Dotted patterns are also common (especially among the Bul Nuer and among females).

Some Nuer have begun practicing circumcision after being assimilated or partially assimilated in other ethnic groups. The Nuer are not historically known to circumcise, but sometimes circumcise people who have engaged in incest.

Typical foods eaten by the Nuer tribe include beef, goat, cow's milk, mangos, and sorghum in one of three forms: "ko̱p" finely ground, handled until balled and boiled, "walwal" ground, lightly balled and boiled to a solid porridge, and injera / Yɔtyɔt, a large, pancake-like yeast-risen flatbread.

In the early 1990s about 25,000 African refugees were resettled in the United States throughout different locations such as South Dakota, Tennessee and Minnesota. In particular, 4,288 refugees from Sudan were resettled among 36 different states between 1990 and 1997 with the highest number in Texas at 17 percent of the refugee population from Sudan.

The Nuer refugees in the United States and those in Africa continue to observe their social obligations to one another. They use different means ranging from letters to new technologically advanced communication methods in order to stay connected to their families in Africa. Nuer in the United States provide assistance for family members' paperwork to help their migration process to the United States. Furthermore, Nuer in the United States observe family obligations by sending money for those still in Africa.

Nuer military and political leaders
Some important Nuer politicians were, Böth Diew who was the first Nuer, and South Sudan Politician from 1947 followed by Gai Tut. In the Military is Bol Nyawan who fought against the Khartoum government in Bentiu; he was killed in 1985 by the current president of Sudan. Commander Ruai and Liah Diu Deng were responsible for the attack that forced Chevron to suspend activities in the oil field around 1982.

Naming conventions

 * (Nya) Nyadä meaning my daughter "And all females name begin with (Nya) of", is the standard prefix used for female names. Gat, meaning " baby of", is a common prefix for male and female gender form as gatnyal(baby girl) and gatdhöl
 * Children are commonly given names to mark historical events ("Dɔmaac" meaning "bullet", or Mac meaning "fire or gun" given to a child born during times of war or from another man in the name of the deceased father who legally married the mother ).
 * Nhial means "sky", and is a common name for males and females.
 * Many Nuer have been exposed to missionaries and carry a Christian first name. Their second name is a given name and always in Nuer. The father's given name follows the child's given name, which is then followed by the grandfather's name, and so on. Many Nuer can easily recount ten generations of paternal lineage because they carry those names themselves.
 * When a Nuer comes to the Western world, which wants a first and last name, it is their custom to give their name as their first name followed by their father's name as their middle name and their grandfather's name as their last name.
 * After the civil war, the Nuer began accepting cash currency into their economy, changing the dynamics of their cattle and how they were viewed. Each type of cattle is titled according to how they are acquired such as: "the cattle of money" (purchased with cash currency) and "the cattle of girls/daughters" (bridewealth).

Most Nuer people are nicknamed after their cattle. The boys usually chose the name of their favorite cattle based on the form and color of the ox. The girls are named after the cows that they milk. Sometimes the cow names are passed down.

Oil
Oil exploration and drilling began in 1975 and 1976 by companies such as Chevron. In 1979 the first oil production took place in the southern regions of Darfur. In the early 1980s when the north–south war was happening, Chevron was interested in the reserves in the south. In 1984 guerrillas of SPLA (Sudan People's Liberation Army) attacked the drilling site of the north at Bentiu. In return, Chevron cleared Nuer and Dinka people in the oil fields area to ensure security for their operations.

The Nuer-Dinka struggle in oil fields continued in late 1990s into the early 2000s. The struggle for oil production was not only manifested in north–south fight, but also in Nuer-Dinka and many internal conflicts among Nuer.

As part of Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), 50 percent of net revenues of southern oil fields were given to the government of southern Sudan as a solution to one of the sources of decades of civil conflict.

title: Nuer people


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Pest control

Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest; such as any animal, plant or fungus that impacts adversely on human activities or environment. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy.

In agriculture, pests are kept at bay by mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological means. Ploughing and cultivation of the soil before sowing mitigate the pest burden, and crop rotation helps to reduce the build-up of a certain pest species. Concern about environment means limiting the use of pesticides in favour of other methods. This can be achieved by monitoring the crop, only applying pesticides when necessary, and by growing varieties and crops which are resistant to pests. Where possible, biological means are used, encouraging the natural enemies of the pests and introducing suitable predators or parasites.

In homes and urban environments, the pests are the rodents, birds, insects and other organisms that share the habitat with humans, and that feed on and/or spoil possessions. Control of these pests is attempted through exclusion or quarantine, repulsion, physical removal or chemical means. Alternatively, various methods of biological control can be used including sterilisation programmes.

History

Pest control is at least as old as agriculture, as there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. As long ago as 3000 BC in Egypt, cats were used to control pests of grain stores such as rodents. Ferrets were domesticated by 1500 BC in Europe for use as mousers. Mongooses were introduced into homes to control rodents and snakes, probably by the ancient Egyptians.

The conventional approach was probably the first to be employed, since it is comparatively easy to destroy weeds by burning them or ploughing them under, and to kill larger competing herbivores. Techniques such as crop rotation, companion planting (also known as intercropping or mixed cropping), and the selective breeding of pest-resistant cultivars have a long history.

Chemical pesticides were first used around 2500 BC, when the Sumerians used sulphur compounds as insecticides. Modern pest control was stimulated by the spread across the United States of the Colorado potato beetle. After much discussion, arsenical compounds were used to control the beetle and the predicted poisoning of the human population did not occur. This led the way to a widespread acceptance of insecticides across the continent. With the industrialisation and mechanization of agriculture in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the introduction of the insecticides pyrethrum and derris, chemical pest control became widespread. In the 20th century, the discovery of several synthetic insecticides, such as DDT, and herbicides boosted this development.

The harmful side effect of pesticides on humans has now resulted in the development of newer approaches, such as the use of biological control to eliminate the ability of pests to reproduce or to modify their behavior to make them less troublesome. Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars. Also around 4000 BC in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume pests, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about the same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to pass between them and help control caterpillars. In the 1880s, ladybirds were used in citrus plantations in California to control scale insects, and other biological control experiments followed. The introduction of DDT, a cheap and effective compound, put an effective stop to biological control experiments. By the 1960s, problems of resistance to chemicals and damage to the environment began to emerge, and biological control had a renaissance. Chemical pest control is still the predominant type of pest control today, although a renewed interest in traditional and biological pest control developed towards the end of the 20th century and continues to this day.

Biological pest control

Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, parasitody or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest that are bred in the laboratory and released into the environment. An alternative approach is to augment the natural enemies that occur in a particular area by releasing more, either in small, repeated batches, or in a single large-scale release. Ideally, the released organism will breed and survive, and provide long-term control. Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme.

For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.

Cultural control

Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and devices, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control as well as being useful for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.

Crop rotation can help to control pests by depriving them of their host plants. It is a major tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95%.

Trap cropping
A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby crops. Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or other methods. However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to cost effectively reduce pest densities on large commercial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to disperse back into the main field.

Pesticides

Pesticides are substances applied to crops to control pests, they include herbicides to kill weeds, fungicides to kill fungi and insecticides to kill insects. They can be applied as sprays by hand, tractors, or aircraft or as seed dressings. To be effective, the correct substance must be applied at the correct time and the method of application is important to ensure adequate coverage and retention on the crop. The killing of natural enemies of the target pest should be minimized. This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers are using fertilizers to grow improved crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term. The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this way, some of the most serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors. This necessitates higher concentrations of chemical, more frequent applications and a movement to more expensive formulations.

Pesticides are intended to kill pests, but many have detrimental effects on non-target species; of particular concern is the damage done to honey-bees, solitary bees and other pollinating insects and in this regard, the time of day when the spray is applied can be important. The widely used neonicotinoids have been banned on flowering crops in some countries because of their effects on bees. Some pesticides may cause cancer and other health problems in humans, as well as being harmful to wildlife. There can be acute effects immediately after exposure or chronic effects after continuous low-level, or occasional exposure. Maximum residue limits for pesticides in foodstuffs and animal feed are set by many nations.

Genetics
Using crops with inheritable resistance to pests is referred to as host-plant resistance and reduces the need for pesticide use. These crops can harm or even kill pests, repel feeding, prevent colonization, or tolerate the presence of a pest without significantly impacting yield. Resistance can also occur through genetic engineering to have traits with resistance to insects, such as with Bt corn, or papaya resistance to ringspot virus. When farmers are purchasing seed, variety information often includes resistance to selected pests in addition to other traits.

Hunting

Pest control can also be achieved via culling the pest animals — generally small- to medium-sized wild or feral mammals or birds that inhabit the ecological niches near farms, pastures or other human settlements — by employing human hunters or trappers to physically track down, kill and remove them from the area. The culled animals, known as vermin, may be targeted because they are deemed harmful to agricultural crops, livestock or facilities; serve as hosts or vectors that transmit pathogens across species or to humans; or for population control as a mean of protecting other vulnerable species and ecosystems.

Pest control via hunting, like all forms of harvest, has imposed an artificial selective pressure on the organisms being targeted. While varmint hunting is potentially selecting for desired behavioural and demographic changes (e.g. animals avoiding human populated areas, crops and livestock), it can also result in unpredicted outcomes such as the targeted animal adapting for faster reproductive cycles.

Forestry
Forest pests present a significant problem because it is not easy to access the canopy and monitor pest populations. In addition, forestry pests such as bark beetles, kept under control by natural enemies in their native range, may be transported large distances in cut timber to places where they have no natural predators, enabling them to cause extensive economic damage. Pheromone traps have been used to monitor pest populations in the canopy. These release volatile chemicals that attract males. Pheromone traps can detect the arrival of pests or alert foresters to outbreaks. For example, the spruce budworm, a destructive pest of spruce and balsam fir, has been monitored using pheromone traps in Canadian forests for several decades. In some regions, such as New Brunswick, areas of forest are sprayed with pesticide to control the budworm population and prevent the damage caused during outbreaks.

In homes and cities
Many unwelcome animals visit or make their home in residential buildings, industrial sites and urban areas. Some contaminate foodstuffs, damage structural timbers, chew through fabrics or infest stored dry goods. Some inflict great economic loss, others carry diseases or cause fire hazards, and some are just a nuisance. Control of these pests has been attempted by improving sanitation and garbage control, modifying the habitat, and using repellents, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides.

Physical pest control

Physical pest control involves trapping or killing pests such as insects and rodents. Historically, local people or paid rat-catchers caught and killed rodents using dogs and traps. On a domestic scale, sticky flypapers are used to trap flies. In larger buildings, insects may be trapped using such means as pheromones, synthetic volatile chemicals or ultraviolet light to attract the insects; some have a sticky base or an electrically charged grid to kill them. Glueboards are sometimes used for monitoring cockroaches and to catch rodents. Rodents can be killed by suitably baited spring traps and can be caught in cage traps for relocation. Talcum powder or "tracking powder" can be used to establish routes used by rodents inside buildings and acoustic devices can be used for detecting beetles in structural timbers.

Historically, firearms have been one of the primary methods used for pest control. "Garden Guns" are smooth bore shotguns specifically made to fire .22 caliber snake shot or 9mm Flobert, and are commonly used by gardeners and farmers for snakes, rodents, birds, and other pest. Garden Guns are short-range weapons that can do little harm past 15 to 20 yards, and they're relatively quiet when fired with snake shot, compared to standard ammunition. These guns are especially effective inside of barns and sheds, as the snake shot will not shoot holes in the roof or walls, or more importantly, injure livestock with a ricochet. They are also used for pest control at airports, warehouses, stockyards, etc.

The most common shot cartridge is .22 Long Rifle loaded with #12 shot. At a distance of about 10 feet, which is about the maximum effective range, the pattern is about 8 inch in diameter from a standard rifle. Special smoothbore shotguns, such as the Marlin Model 25MG can produce effective patterns out to 15 or 20 yards using .22 WMR shotshells, which hold 1/8 oz. of #12 shot contained in a plastic capsule.

Poisoned bait

Poisoned bait is a common method for controlling rats, mice, birds, slugs, snails, ants, cockroaches, and other pests. The basic granules, or other formulation, contains a food attractant for the target species and a suitable poison. For ants, a slow-acting toxin is needed so that the workers have time to carry the substance back to the colony, and for flies, a quick-acting substance to prevent further egg-laying and nuisance. Baits for slugs and snails often contain the molluscide metaldehyde, dangerous to children and household pets.

An article in Scientific American in 1885 described effective elimination of a cockroach infestation using fresh cucumber peels.

Warfarin has traditionally been used to kill rodents, but many populations have developed resistance to this anticoagulant, and difenacoum may be substituted. These are cumulative poisons, requiring bait stations to be topped up regularly. Poisoned meat has been used for centuries to kill animals such as wolves and birds of prey. Poisoned carcasses however kill a wide range of carrion feeders, not only the targeted species. Raptors in Israel were nearly wiped out following a period of intense poisoning of rats and other crop pests.

Fumigation

Fumigation is the treatment of a structure to kill pests such as wood-boring beetles by sealing it or surrounding it with an airtight cover such as a tent, and fogging with liquid insecticide for an extended period, typically of 24–72 hours. This is costly and inconvenient as the structure cannot be used during the treatment, but it targets all life stages of pests.

An alternative, space treatment, is fogging or misting to disperse a liquid insecticide in the atmosphere within a building without evacuation or airtight sealing, allowing most work within the building to continue, at the cost of reduced penetration. Contact insecticides are generally used to minimize long-lasting residual effects.

Sterilization
Populations of pest insects can sometimes be dramatically reduced by the release of sterile individuals. This involves the mass rearing of a pest, sterilising it by means of X-rays or some other means, and releasing it into a wild population. It is particularly useful where a female only mates once and where the insect does not disperse widely. This technique has been successfully used against the New World screw-worm fly, some species of tsetse fly, tropical fruit flies, the pink bollworm and the codling moth, among others.

Laboratory studies conducted with U-5897 (3-chloro-1,2-propanediol) were attempted in the early 1970s for rat control, although these proved unsuccessful. In 2013, New York City tested sterilization traps, demonstrating a 43% reduction in rat populations. The product ContraPest was approved for the sterilization of rodents by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in August 2016.

Insulation
Boron, a known pesticide can be impregnated into the paper fibers of cellulose insulation at certain levels to achieve a mechanical kill factor for self-grooming insects such as ants, cockroaches, termites, and more. The addition of insulation into the attic and walls of a structure can provide control of common pests in addition to known insulation benefits such a robust thermal envelope and acoustic noise-canceling properties. The EPA regulates this type of general-use pesticide within the United States allowing it to only be sold and installed by licensed pest management professionals as part of an integrated pest management program. Simply adding Boron or an EPA-registered pesticide to an insulation does not qualify it as a pesticide. The dosage and method must be carefully controlled and monitored.

Urban rodent control
Rodent control is vital in cities. New York City and cities across the state dramatically reduced their rodent populations in the early 1970s. Rio de Janeiro claims a reduction of 80% over only 2 years shortly thereafter. To better target efforts, London began scientifically surveying populations in 1972 and this was so useful that all Local Authorities in England and Wales soon followed.

Natural rodent control

Several wildlife rehabilitation organizations encourage natural form of rodent control through exclusion and predator support and preventing secondary poisoning altogether. The United States Environmental Protection Agency notes in its Proposed Risk Mitigation Decision for Nine Rodenticides that "without habitat modification to make areas less attractive to commensal rodents, even eradication will not prevent new populations from recolonizing the habitat." The United States Environmental Protection Agency has prescribed guidelines for natural rodent control and for safe trapping in residential areas with subsequent release to the wild. People sometimes attempt to limit rodent damage using repellents. Balsam fir oil from the tree Abies balsamea is an EPA approved non-toxic rodent repellent. Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha root emits chemical compounds that repel animals including rats.

Pantry pests

Insect pests including the Mediterranean flour moth, the Indian mealmoth, the cigarette beetle, the drugstore beetle, the confused flour beetle, the red flour beetle, the merchant grain beetle, the sawtoothed grain beetle, the wheat weevil, the maize weevil and the rice weevil infest stored dry foods such as flour, cereals and pasta.

In the home, foodstuffs found to be infested are usually discarded, and storing such products in sealed containers should prevent the problem from reoccurring. The eggs of these insects are likely to go unnoticed, with the larvae being the destructive life stage, and the adult the most noticeable stage. Since pesticides are not safe to use near food, alternative treatments such as freezing for four days at 0 °F or baking for half an hour at 130 °F should kill any insects present.

Clothes moths
The larvae of clothes moths (mainly Tineola bisselliella and Tinea pellionella) feed on fabrics and carpets, particularly those that are stored or soiled. The adult females lay batches of eggs on natural fibres, including wool, silk, and fur, as well as cotton and linen in blends. The developing larvae spin protective webbing and chew into the fabric, creating holes and specks of excrement. Damage is often concentrated in concealed locations, under collars and near seams of clothing, in folds and crevices in upholstery and round the edges of carpets as well as under furniture. Methods of control include using airtight containers for storage, periodic laundering of garments, trapping, freezing, heating and the use of chemicals; mothballs contain volatile insect repellents such as 1,4-Dichlorobenzene which deter adults, but to kill the larvae, permethrin, pyrethroids or other insecticides may need to be used.

Carpet beetles
Carpet beetles are members of the family Dermestidae, and while the adult beetles feed on nectar and pollen, the larvae are destructive pests in homes, warehouses, and museums. They feed on animal products including wool, silk, leather, fur, the bristles of hair brushes, pet hair, feathers, and museum specimens. They tend to infest hidden locations and may feed on larger areas of fabrics than do clothes moths, leaving behind specks of excrement and brown, hollow, bristly-looking cast skins. Management of infestations is difficult and is based on exclusion and sanitation where possible, resorting to pesticides when necessary. The beetles can fly in from outdoors and the larvae can survive on lint fragments, dust, and inside the bags of vacuum cleaners. In warehouses and museums, sticky traps baited with suitable pheromones can be used to identify problems, and heating, freezing, spraying the surface with insecticide, and fumigation will kill the insects when suitably applied. Susceptible items can be protected from attack by keeping them in clean airtight containers.

Bookworms
Books are sometimes attacked by cockroaches, silverfish, book mites, booklice, and various beetles which feed on the covers, paper, bindings and glue. They leave behind physical damage in the form of tiny holes as well as staining from their faeces. Book pests include the larder beetle, and the larvae of the black carpet beetle and the drugstore beetle which attack leather-bound books, while the common clothes moth and the brown house moth attack cloth bindings. These attacks are largely a problem with historic books, because modern bookbinding materials are less susceptible to this type of damage.

Evidence of attack may be found in the form of tiny piles of book-dust and specks of frass. Damage may be concentrated in the spine, the projecting edges of pages and the cover. Prevention of attack relies on keeping books in cool, clean, dry positions with low humidity, and occasional inspections should be made. Treatment can be by freezing for lengthy periods, but some insect eggs are very resistant and can survive for long periods at low temperatures.

Beetles

Various beetles in the Bostrichoidea superfamily attack the dry, seasoned wood used as structural timber in houses and to make furniture. In most cases, it is the larvae that do the damage; these are invisible from the outside of the timber but are chewing away at the wood in the interior of the item. Examples of these are the powderpost beetles, which attack the sapwood of hardwoods, and the furniture beetles, which attacks softwoods, including plywood. The damage has already been done by the time the adult beetles bore their way out, leaving neat round holes behind them. The first that a householder knows about the beetle damage is often when a chair leg breaks off or a piece of structural timber caves in. Prevention is possible through chemical treatment of the timber prior to its use in construction or in furniture manufacturing.

Termites
Termites with colonies in close proximity to houses can extend their galleries underground and make mud tubes to enter homes. The insects keep out of sight and chew their way through structural and decorative timbers, leaving the surface layers intact, as well as through cardboard, plastic and insulation materials. Their presence may become apparent when winged insects appear and swarm in the home in spring. Regular inspection of structures by a trained professional may help detect termite activity before the damage becomes substantial.; Inspection and monitoring of termites is important because termite alates (winged reproductives) may not always swarm inside a structure. Control and extermination is a professional job involving trying to exclude the insects from the building and trying to kill those already present. Soil-applied liquid termiticides provide a chemical barrier that prevents termites from entering buildings, and lethal baits can be used; these are eaten by foraging insects, and carried back to the nest and shared with other members of the colony, which goes into slow decline.

Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are midge-like flies in the family Culicidae. Females of most species feed on blood and some act as vectors for malaria and other diseases. Historically they have been controlled by use of DDT and other chemical means, but since the adverse environmental effects of these insecticides have been realized, other means of control have been attempted. The insects rely on water in which to breed and the first line of control is to reduce possible breeding locations by draining marshes and reducing accumulations of standing water. Other approaches include biological control of larvae by the use of fish or other predators, genetic control, the introduction of pathogens, growth-regulating hormones, the release of pheromones and mosquito trapping.

On airfields

Birds are a significant hazard to aircraft, but it is difficult to keep them away from airfields. Several methods have been explored. Stunning birds by feeding them a bait containing stupefying substances has been tried, and it may be possible to reduce their numbers on airfields by reducing the number of earthworms and other invertebrates by soil treatment. Leaving the grass long on airfields rather than mowing it is also a deterrent to birds. Sonic nets are being trialled; these produce sounds that birds find distracting and seem effective at keeping birds away from affected areas.

Guidelines and legislation
Guidelines and legislation regarding the usage permitted methods of application and the storage conditions of pesticides and chemicals vary from country to country, often being legislated by each state of territory.

Australian Capital Territory (ACT)
Environment Protection Act 1997 ACT

South Australia
Pesticides Regulations 2003 SA Pursuant to Controlled Substances Act 1984 SA

Victoria
Health (Pest Control) Regulations 2002 Vic pursuant to the Health Act 1958 Vic

Western Australia
Health (Pesticide) Regulations 2011 WA pursuant to Health Act 1911 WA

India
The Insecticides Act 1968

Malaysia
Pesticide Act 1974

Singapore
Control of Vectors and Pesticides Act

United Kingdom
Prevention of Damage by Pests Act 1949

title: Pest control


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grogon

Vanity. Musician, can do xyz, link to homepage. Orphaned stub. Ianb 23:14, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete musical vanity. Possibly redirect to Gorgon as a transposition redirect. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:52, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A redirect isn't a bad idea.  There are going to be (are) characters in TV or movies that go by the single name of Grogan, but we can deal with that when it emerges. Geogre 03:25, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grogon


text: User talk:68.100.41.42

title: User talk:68.100.41.42


text:
Little Buffalo River (Tennessee)

The Little Buffalo River is an 18.1 mi tributary of the Buffalo River in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Via the Buffalo, Duck, Tennessee, and Ohio rivers, it reaches the Mississippi River.

It rises a short distance south of Deerfield in northern Lawrence County, Tennessee, near Laurel Hill. Its major tributaries are Jacks Branch, which follows the Natchez Trace Parkway for approximately a mile and is the site of picnic areas, trails, and rest rooms, and Chief Creek, which is also crossed by the Natchez Trace Parkway, as is the Little Buffalo itself. The Little Buffalo empties into the Buffalo River near State Route 99 in Lewis County.

The Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC-12) for the Little Buffalo is 060400040106. The Little Buffalo is a part of the Upper Buffalo River watershed which is HUC-10 0604000401.

title: Little Buffalo River (Tennessee)


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Kommunity FK

Kommunity FK is an American post-punk/gothic rock band, formed in 1978, that helped establish what came to be known as the deathrock scene in Los Angeles.

History
The band was formed in 1978 by singer Patrick Mata, who was influenced by musicians Throbbing Gristle, David Bowie and Joy Division as well as other artistic inspirations like Dadaism, anti-art, noise, musique concrète and the Brion Gysin/William Burroughs cut-up technique.

Though initially named "Kommunity Fuck", after a piece of paste-up art created by Mata, the moniker was soon shortened. Mata has stated that the name was inspired by the cold shoulder given him by unimaginative local media venue talent buyers as well as industry powers.

Kommunity FK's debut album, The Vision and the Voice, was released in 1983 by Independent Project Records, featuring a lineup of Mata, drummer Matt Chaikin and bassist CE CE.

The follow-up, 1985's Close One Sad Eye, garnered significant attention when a video clip for the song "Something Inside Me Has Died" received significant play on MTV. By this time, Mata and Chaikin had been joined by bassist Kevin Kipnis and keyboardist Margaret Arana.

After departing the band, Chaikin drummed for an early lineup of Jane's Addiction.

Later Kommunity FK lineups included bassists Cam Campbell (A II Z, Sex Gang Children), Eddie Branch (UK Decay, Furyo, Peter Murphy) and Dave Roberts (Sex Gang Children, Carcrash International.

In 2008, Kommunity FK returned with their third effort, the collection Abandoned Here... Planet Ruled By Bastards, issued on the Invisible Records label. Now a duo of Mata and guitarist/keyboardist Sherry Rubber, they followed it up with La Santisima Muerte (2010) on KommunityPM Rekords and Thee Image & Thee Myth (2015) on Crysella Records.

During a Kommunity FK hiatus in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Mata led the band Sativa Luvbox, who released two albums: The Bad Sleep Well (1989, Splat-Co Records) and Beloved Satellite (1993, Gasoline Alley Records). Mata had earlier issued a 1979 single, "The Queen of Beverly Hills," under his own name. Using the name Texylvania, he also covered songs on several tribute albums.

Studio albums

 * The Vision and the Voice (1983, Independent Project Records; 1994, Cleopatra Records; 2006, Mobilization Records)
 * Close One Sad Eye (1985, Independent Project Records; 1993, Cleopatra Records)
 * La Santisima Muerte (2010, KommunityPM Rekords)
 * Thee Image & Thee Myth (2015, Crysella Records)

EPs

 * 5 Song Free Sampler (2008, Invisible Records)

Compilation albums

 * Abandoned Here... Planet Ruled By Bastards (1979-2008) (2008, Invisible Records)

Compilation appearances

 * "Let's Die" on Mystic Sampler #1 (1984, Mystic Records)
 * "Poisoning" on Radio Tokyo Tapes - Volume Two (1984, Ear Movie Records/Enigma Records)
 * "Something Inside Me Has Died (Remix)" on Scream (The Compilation) (1984, Geffen Records)
 * "Is It Your Face" on Viva Los Angeles II (1990, Viva Records)
 * "Junkies" on The Whip (1993, Cleopatra Records)
 * "Something Inside Me Has Died" on Art of Gothic (1994, Talitha Records)
 * "We Will Not Fall" on Gothik: Music from the Dark Side (1995, Cleopatra Records)
 * "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" (The Damned cover) on Children of the Damned (1996, Apollyon)
 * "Hang on to Yourself" (David Bowie cover) on Goth Oddity - A Tribute to David Bowie (1998, Cleopatra Records)
 * "23rd Curse" on Witchcraft: A Gothic Compilation (1999, Cleopatra Records)
 * "Undulate (The Devil in the Belfry)" on Songs of Terror - A Gothic Tribute to Edgar Allan Poe (2001, Cleopatra Records)
 * "To Blame" on A Life Less Lived (The Gothic Box) (2006, Rhino Records)
 * "We Will Not Fall" on Kaliffornian Deathrock (2006, Strobelight)
 * "We Will Not Fall" and "Tribulations" on Mobilization - Archive Series 2009 Sampler (2009, Mobilization Records)

Members

 * Current members
 * Patrick Mata – vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards
 * Brian Keith – bass
 * Tom Coyne (45 Grave) – drums
 * Thin Man - keyboards, synth

 * Former members
 * Matt Chaikin – drums
 * CE CE – bass
 * Kevin Kipnis – bass
 * Margaret Arana – keyboards
 * Gadhi Elias – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Kevin Barnhill - bass
 * Mark Pritchard – guitar
 * Cam Campbell – bass
 * Eddie Branch – bass
 * Dave Roberts – bass
 * Heather Dunham – bass
 * Jack Atlantis – synth, samples)
 * Dave Bats – bass
 * Jeffrey P. - bass
 * Johnny Indovina – bass
 * Christian Omar Madrigal Izzo – drums
 * Shane Talada – synth, samples
 * Eric Blitz - drums
 * Julian Martinez – drums, electronic drums
 * Larry Rainwater (Ex-VoTo) - bass
 * Christopher Mele - drums, eléctric drums
 * Sherry Rubber - guitar, backing vocals, synth
 * Linda Rainwater (Ex-VoTo) - keyboards
 * Dee Madden (Ex-VoTo, Penal Colony) - guitar, drums/synth programming

title: Kommunity FK


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Talk:Douc

Epicanthic fold ?
Douc monkeys seem to have it... - Joaquin89uy (talk) 09:52, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Douc


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Apollo (1910 automobile)

The Apollo was a German automobile manufactured by Ruppe & Son of Apolda in Thuringia from 1910 to 1927; the company had previously offered a car called the Piccolo. The first Apollo was called the "Mobbel", and featured an air-cooled 624 cc single-cylinder IOE engine. The company also offered air-cooled 1608 cc in-line fours and a 1575 cc V-4. Four separate cylinders inline powered the model "E" (1770 cc). The model "B", designed by racing driver, had an OHV 960 cc four-cylinder engine. Another of his creations had an OHV 2040 cc engine. Other Apollos had sidevalve four-cylinder engines of up to 3440 cc; some post-1920 models featured wishbone suspension. The last cars produced by the company had OHV 1200 cc four-cylinder engines; some had sidevalve 1551 cc Steudel four-cylinder power units instead. The designer of two-stroke engines,, was the factory founder's son; in 1920 Apollo took over his air-cooled MAF cars. During the mid-1920s, Slevogt raced cars of this marque with streamlined Jaray bodies.

title: Apollo (1910 automobile)


text: User talk:80.3.0.40

title: User talk:80.3.0.40


text:
Category:Baseball team mascots

Mascots of baseball teams.

title: Category:Baseball team mascots


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheap ass gamer

Promotional, not notable. Only gets 86 hits in Google Groups. If it were a significant site I'd expect to see far more. Dpbsmith 23:23, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * ad, orphan article. Delete. Ianb 23:44, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The "Largest X on the internet" usually shows up more in searches. Delete ad. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:59, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: 18,000 registered users is usually a lot for, say, an art site. For a games site, not so many.  Not really in the elite among sites. Geogre 03:23, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, well I gave it a shot, but it looks like its not going well. CheapAssGamer.com does have 3 magazine mentions and we will break the 10,000 mark in Alexa soon enough.  Maybe next time!Thanks!
 * Good luck, and no hard feelings. If the page does get deleted, do wait a decent interval (several months) before trying again. When you try again, even if you are certain your site is notable, try to provide some evidence of notability in the article or on its discussion page. Dpbsmith 15:36, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Quake (series)

Quake is a series of first-person shooter video games, developed by id Software and, as of 2010, published by Bethesda Softworks. The series is composed of Quake and its nonlinear, standalone sequels, which vary in setting and plot.

Quake was created as a successor franchise to id's highly successful Doom series, which had begun in 1993. As a new series, it built upon the fast-paced gameplay, game engine, and 3D graphics capabilities of Doom. It also expanded upon the multiplayer capabilities of Doom by introducing online multiplayer over the internet. This contributed to the popularity of the Quake series and characterized it as a figurehead in online gaming.

Games
Every game in the Quake franchise shares a basis in first-person shooter gameplay. However, the series lacks a singular narrative across all of its entries. Two major storylines exist within the franchise, as well as the Arena series, which focuses primarily on multiplayer gameplay.

Original storyline
The game's original plot focused on the player character, later known as "Ranger" in Quake III Arena, who travels across alternate dimensions to stop an enemy code-named "Quake". The game takes place in a Lovecraftian setting with a mixture of dark fantasy, pseudo-medieval, and science fiction elements.

 * Quake (1996)
 * Quake Mission Pack No. 1: Scourge of Armagon (1997)
 * Quake Mission Pack No. 2: Dissolution of Eternity (1997)
 * Quake: Dimension of the Past (2016; chronologically set between Quake and its two expansions)
 * Quake: Dimension of the Machine (2021)

Quake II storyline
Shifting the series to a science fiction theme, Quake II and its sequels chronicle the war between humanity and the cybernetic alien race known as the Strogg.

 * Quake II (1997)
 * Quake II Mission Pack: The Reckoning (1998)
 * Quake II Mission Pack: Ground Zero (1998)
 * Call of the Machine (2023; expansion created by MachineGames for the enhanced edition of Quake II)
 * Quake 4 (2005)
 * Enemy Territory: Quake Wars (2007; a spin-off of the series and a successor to Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory, with a storyline set before the events of Quake II)

Arena series
Quake III Arena and its successors focus on competitive multiplayer rather than a single-player experience. These games de-emphasized the setting of the first two installments while still retaining continuity with them and crossing over with id's Doom franchise. Quake Champions, in particular, is heavily influenced by the mythology of the original game.
 * Quake III Arena (1999)
 * Quake III: Team Arena (2000)
 * Quake Live (2010; an updated version of Quake III Arena originally designed as a free-to-play game launched via a web plug-in)
 * Quake Champions (2017)

Reception
Since its first release, the series has received mostly positive reviews.

Quake,  Quake II,   and Quake III Arena  have all been considered by various video game journalists and magazines to be among the greatest video games of all time.

Controversy
Like Doom, the Quake series initially received controversy due to containing high amounts of graphic violence. Public and media outcry over Quake and other violent video games peaked after the Columbine High School massacre occurred on April 20, 1999, and it became known that perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were avid players of both Doom and Quake. This finding prompted claims from media outlets that violent video games caused negative psychological effects on children that made them more aggressive and accepting of violence.

id Software co-founder John Romero later stated in a 2013 interview that the company and its developers had never intended to "offend people or shock people" with their games.

title: Quake (series)


text:
Apollo GT

The Apollo GT is an Italian-American sports car, initially marketed from 1962 to 1964 by International Motor Cars in Oakland, California.

Engineered by Milt Brown and designed by Ron Plescia, it featured handmade Italian bodywork and chassis by Intermeccanica, with a choice between two-seater convertible or fastback styles. Power came from a 215 cid or 300 cid Buick engine mated to a 4-speed manual.

The initial company completed assembly of 42 cars before suspending production while seeking new financing. IMC allowed the sale of Intermeccanica body/chassis units to Vanguard Motors in Dallas, Texas, to produce cars under the Vetta Ventura name. These were made until 1966 as a stop-gap measure to keep body producer Intermeccanica in business until new backers were found. Other production arrangements followed, assembling cars not completed by International.

A total of 88 cars have been produced to date by all entities.

History
Frank Reisner, a former chemical engineer born in Hungary, raised in Canada and educated in America, established a company that later produced complete bodies—painted and trimmed—for the Apollo as well as the Texas-built Vetta Ventura (which was the same car with a different name). Reisner, on holiday in Italy in 1959, decided that he loved Turin and set up shop there as Intermeccanica producing tuning kits for Renaults, Peugeots, and Simcas.

The Apollo project was the dream of a young California engineer, Milt Brown, who desired to build an American answer to European GTs, such as the Aston Martin DB4 and Ferrari coupes. Brown, who was looking for a coachbuilder, met Reisner at the Monaco Grand Prix in 1960. A deal was made and the first Apollos were built by early 1963 by Brown's International Motor Cars. Intermeccanica hand formed and trimmed the bodies in Turin, Italy, and then shipped them by sea to Oakland, California, where the drive train was installed. The prototype's design was by Milt Brown's friend, Ron Plescia, but the nose was too long and the rear vision limited, so Reisner commissioned former Bertone stylist Franco Scaglione to revise it. The prototypes featured all aluminum bodies, but the production versions were mainly steel with aluminum hoods and doors.

The finished car, sold by Brown's International Motorcars of Oakland, was well received and had famous owners such as Pat Boone. The base price was $6000 and the top speed was claimed to be 150 mph (240 km/h).

A prototype 2 + 2 was shown in New York in 1965. It was shown again in 1966 as the Griffith GT.

International Motor Cars sold 42 cars (40 coupes and one spyder, including the prototype) before production stopped in mid-1964 due to lack of financing. IMC then made a contract with Reisner (to keep his operation going) allowing Intermeccanica to supply body/chassis units to Fred Ricketts, owner of Vanguard Industries, an aftermarket supplier of auto air conditioners in Dallas, Texas. Vanguard sold it as the Vetta Ventura. The intent was to give IMC time to find new financing as well as keep Intermeccanica alive.

Vanguard built only 11 cars, with shop foreman Tom Johnson purchasing the leftover 11 body/chassis units and completing them as late as 1971.

A third attempt to produce the Apollo was by attorney Robert Stevens. His Apollo International company of Pasadena, California completed only 14 cars, with foreman Otto Becker finishing another six. Four body chassis/units were never claimed by Apollo International and were sold by US Customs to Ken Dumiere.

A pair of Apollo 3500 GTs were used to portray the Thorndyke Special race car which was featured in The Love Bug, a 1968 Disney movie. One of the pair has been fully restored.

Following this venture, Intermeccanica decided to move all production in-house, rather than exporting rolling chassis' for completion. Reisner later developed projects such as the Griffith, the Murena GT, and the Italia by Intermeccanica. Intermeccanica went on to produce the Veltro 1500, the Griffin (which was a version of the prototype Apollo 2+2), the Phoenix, and the Omega among others.

title: Apollo GT


text:
Green River (Tennessee)

The Green River is a 21.1 mi tributary of the Buffalo River in Tennessee. By the Buffalo River and the Duck River it is a tributary of the Tennessee River. The Green River is one of the main streams of Wayne County. Situated in the southwestern corner of Middle Tennessee along the Alabama line, Wayne County is one of the state's largest counties in area but is very sparsely populated. Most of the county is located on the Southern Highland Rim, an area of hills, ridges, and narrow stream valleys that is largely underlain by Paleozoic limestone.

The Green River rises about 7 mi southeast of the Wayne County seat of Waynesboro and flows northwest into that town, which is almost bisected by it, and then flows generally almost due north, albeit by a fairly meandering course, to its confluence with the Buffalo River just south of the Wayne County - Perry County line. It is the source of the Waynesboro municipal water supply. The river lives up to its name, often showing a deep bluish-green color, especially in its downstream reaches.

This Green River should not be confused with the Green River in Kentucky, which is a tributary of the Ohio River and has a very small portion of its drainage basin in north-central Tennessee.

title: Green River (Tennessee)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ambiversion

dicdef. Had vfd added on May 23, does not seem to have made it here. Ianb 23:29, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Has been listed on Votes for deletion/Old as needing transwiki to Wiktionary for quite some time. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:02, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wiktionary. Geogre 03:21, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Dismissal (employment)

Dismissal (colloquially called firing) is the termination of employment by an employer against the will of the employee. Though such a decision can be made by an employer for a variety of reasons, ranging from an economic downturn to performance-related problems on the part of the employee, being fired has a strong stigma in some cultures.

To be dismissed, as opposed to quitting voluntarily (or being laid off), is often perceived as being the employee's fault. Finding new employment may often be difficult after being fired, particularly if there is a history of being terminated from a previous job, if the reason for firing is for some serious infraction, or the employee did not keep the job very long. Job seekers will often not mention jobs that they were fired from on their resumes; accordingly, unexplained gaps in employment are often regarded as a red flag.

Usage
While the main formal term for ending someone's employment is "dismissal", there are a number of colloquial or euphemistic expressions for the same action.

"Firing" is a common colloquial term in the English language (particularly used in the U.S. and Canada), which may have originated in the 1910s at the National Cash Register Company. Other terms for dismissal are being "canned", "let go", "ran-off", "axed", being given walking papers, the pink slip or one's cards, (or P45 in the UK), "boned", or "shown the door". Other terms, more often used in Commonwealth countries, include "to get the boot", "to get the sack", or simply to be "sacked".

Reasons
Most US states have adopted the at-will employment contract that allows the employer to dismiss employees without having to provide a justified reason for firing, although the variety of court cases that have come out of "at-will" dismissals have made such at-will contracts ambiguous. Often, an at-will termination is handled as a "layoff". Sometimes, an employee will be dismissed if an employer can find better employees than the incumbent, even if the fired employee has not technically broken any rules. This is common with probationary employees who were recently hired, but who cannot adjust to the environment of the workplace, or those who have been around for a long time, but can be replaced with a less experienced employee who can be paid a lower salary. In contrast, a dismissal in France is subjected to a just cause and a formal procedure.

Some examples include conflict of interest, where the employee has done nothing wrong, but the presence of the employee on the employer's payroll may be harmful to the employer. For example:
 * A close relative (spouse, sibling, child or parent) of a member of the executive management of a company might not be able to work for a competitor where they could know trade secrets or where they themselves are part of the other company's executive management due to requirements for competition or antitrust prohibitions.
 * This may be the case when two members of the same family become employed by the firm.
 * In other cases, those who report wrongdoing in the workplace, known as whistleblowers, put their job at risk because they might be retaliated against.

More common reasons for firing include attendance problems, insubordination (talking back to a manager or supervisor), drinking alcoholic beverages or doing illegal drugs at work, or consuming the same substances before work and showing up to work while intoxicated or "high" (an especially serious problem in jobs where the worker drives a vehicle, boat or aircraft or operates heavy machinery) or off job-site conduct.

Additional consequences
Some fired employees may face additional consequences besides their dismissal. This may occur when the reason for the termination is a violation of criminal law, or if serious damages are caused to the employer as a result of the employee's actions. Such ex-employees may face criminal prosecution, a civil lawsuit, or a reporting to a database of those who have engaged in serious misconduct in such a position, so that the chances of ever obtaining a similar position with another employer are less likely (blacklisting). Some examples are a caregiver who engages in abuse, a bank teller who has stolen money from the cash drawer, or a member of law enforcement who has committed police brutality.

For the most serious violations, especially when the employer's security may be at risk from the employee in question, a guard or officer may escort a fired employee from the workplace to the parking lot upon their dismissal. Such actions are often taken by government offices or large corporations that contain sensitive materials, and where the risk exists that the terminated employee may remove some of these materials or otherwise steal trade secrets in order to retaliate against the employer or use it to the advantage of a competing enterprise.

Discriminatory and retaliatory termination
In some cases, the firing of an employee is a discriminatory act. Although an employer may often claim the dismissal was for "just cause", these discriminatory acts are often because of the employee's legally protected characteristics, which vary from place to place. They may include physical or mental disability, age, race, religion, gender, HIV status or sexual orientation. Other unjust firings may result from a workplace manager or supervisor wanting to retaliate against an employee. Often, this is because the worker reported wrongdoing (often, but not always sexual harassment or other misconduct) on the part of the supervisor. Such terminations are often illegal. Many successful lawsuits have resulted from discriminatory or retaliatory termination.

Under US law, workers are entitled to workplace decisions that do not discriminate against their membership in a protected group such as national origin, but they are not entitled to overall fairness. It is legal for an American employee to be fired for things such as disagreeing with the employer or not getting along well with others, even if the employee is correct.

Discriminatory or retaliatory termination by a supervisor can take the form of administrative process. In this form the rules of the institution are used as the basis for termination. For example, if a place of employment has a rule that prohibits personal phone calls, receiving or making personal calls can be the grounds for termination even though it may be a common practice within the organization.

Changes of conditions
Employers who wish for an employee to exit of their own accord, but do not wish to pursue firing or forced resignation, may degrade the employee's working conditions, hoping that he or she will leave "voluntarily". The employee may be moved to a different geographical location, assigned to an undesirable shift, given too few hours if part-time, demoted (or relegated to a menial task), or assigned to work in uncomfortable conditions. Other forms of manipulation may be used, such as being unfairly hostile to the employee, and punishing them for things that are deliberately overlooked with other employees. Such tactics may amount to constructive dismissal, which is illegal in some jurisdictions.

Rehire following termination
Depending on the circumstances, a person whose employment has been terminated may not be eligible for being rehired by the same employer. If the decision to terminate was the employee's, the willingness of the employer to rehire is often contingent upon the relationship the employee had with the employer, the amount of notice given by the employee prior to departure, and the needs of the employer. In some cases, when an employee departed on good terms, they may be given special priority by the employer when seeking rehire.

An employee may be terminated without prejudice, meaning the fired employee may be rehired for the same job in the future. This is usually true in the case of layoff. Conversely, a person can be terminated with prejudice, meaning an employer will not rehire the former employee for the same job in the future. This can be for many reasons: incompetence, misconduct (such as dishonesty or "zero tolerance" violations), policy violation, insubordination or "attitude" (personality clashes with peers or bosses). Termination forms ("pink slips" in the U.S. and Canada) routinely include a set of check boxes where a supervisor can indicate "with prejudice" or "without prejudice". During the Vietnam War, the CIA used this terminology with regard to its locally hired operatives. In the case of severe misconduct, it is alleged that the CIA would assassinate them or "terminate with extreme prejudice".

title: Dismissal (employment)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andreas von Maltzahn

Vanity of the "my achievements at uni" type. Ianb 23:33, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Simple vanity. There's lots of student newspapers and radio stations out there, running one isn't anything worth spamming the world with. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:13, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: the radio station got to run for all of a month, and he's going to work for the company that analyzes all entrants to the US. Vanity. Geogre 15:02, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's like a resume. - Eisnel 07:24, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Irrevalent. In fact, list of officers at the UCL Union page should be deleted too - Pointless


text:
Turn (angle)

The turn (symbol tr or pla) is a unit of plane angle measurement equal to the angular measure subtended by a complete circle at its center. It is equal to $2π$ radians, 360 degrees or 400 gradians. As an angular unit, one turn also corresponds to one cycle (symbol cyc or c) or to one revolution (symbol rev or r). Common related units of frequency are cycles per second (cps) and revolutions per minute (rpm). The angular unit of the turn is useful in connection with, among other things, electromagnetic coils (e.g., transformers), rotating objects, and the winding number of curves.

In the ISQ, an arbitrary "number of turns" (also known as "number of revolutions" or "number of cycles") is formalized as a dimensionless quantity called rotation, defined as the ratio of a given angle and a full turn. It is represented by the symbol N. Subdivisions of a turn include half-turns and quarter-turns, spanning a straight angle and a right angle, respectively; metric prefixes can also be used as in, e.g., centiturns (ctr), milliturns (mtr), etc.

Another common unit for representing angles is radians, which are usually stated in terms of $$\pi$$ (pi). The symbol $$\pi$$, as representing one half-turn, was developed by William Jones in 1706 and then popularized by Leonhard Euler. In 2010, Michael Hartl proposed instead using the symbol $$\tau$$ (tau), equal to $$2\pi$$ and corresponding to one turn, for greater conceptual simplicity. This proposal did not initially gain widespread acceptance in the mathematical community, but the constant has become more widespread, having been added to several major programming languages and calculators.

Unit symbols
There are several unit symbols for the turn and for related concepts.

SI units
In the International System of Quantities (ISQ), rotation (symbol N) is a physical quantity defined as number of revolutions:

N is the number (not necessarily an integer) of revolutions, for example, of a rotating body about a given axis. Its value is given by:
 * $$N = \frac{\varphi}{2 \pi \; \mathrm{rad}}$$

where $\phi$ denotes the measure of rotational displacement.

The above definition is part of the ISQ, formalized in the international standard ISO 80000-3 (Space and time), and adopted in the International System of Units (SI). In the ISQ/SI, rotation is used to derive rotational frequency (the rate of change of rotation with respect to time), denoted by $6.283 rad$:
 * $$n = \frac{\mathrm{d}N}{\mathrm{d}t}$$

The SI unit of rotational frequency is the reciprocal second (s−1). Common related units of frequency are hertz (Hz), cycles per second (cps), and revolutions per minute (rpm).

The superseded version ISO 80000-3:2006 defined "revolution" as a special name for the dimensionless unit "one", which also received other special names, such as the radian. Despite their dimensional homogeneity, these two specially named dimensionless units are applicable for non-comparable kinds of quantity: rotation and angle, respectively. "Cycle" is also mentioned in ISO 80000-3, in the definition of period.

EU and Switzerland
The German standard DIN 1315 (March 1974) proposed the unit symbol "pla" (from Latin: plenus angulus 'full angle') for turns. Covered in DIN 1301-1 (October 2010), the so-called Vollwinkel ('full angle') is not an SI unit. However, it is a legal unit of measurement in the EU and Switzerland.

Calculators
The scientific calculators HP 39gII and HP Prime support the unit symbol "tr" for turns since 2011 and 2013, respectively. Support for "tr" was also added to newRPL for the HP 50g in 2016, and for the hp 39g+, HP 49g+, HP 39gs, and HP 40gs in 2017. An angular mode TURN was suggested for the WP 43S as well, but the calculator instead implements "MUL$\pi$" (multiples of π) as mode and unit since 2019.

Subdivisions
A turn can be divided in 100 centiturns or $6,283.185 mrad$ milliturns, with each milliturn corresponding to an angle of 0.36°, which can also be written as 21′ 36″. A protractor divided in centiturns is normally called a "percentage protractor".

While percentage protractors have existed since 1922, the terms centiturns, milliturns and microturns were introduced much later by the British astronomer Fred Hoyle in 1962. Some measurement devices for artillery and satellite watching carry milliturn scales.

Binary fractions of a turn are also used. Sailors have traditionally divided a turn into 32 compass points, which implicitly have an angular separation of 1/32 turn. The binary degree, also known as the binary radian (or brad), is $n$ turn. The binary degree is used in computing so that an angle can be represented to the maximum possible precision in a single byte. Other measures of angle used in computing may be based on dividing one whole turn into $2000π$ equal parts for other values of $1,000$.

Proposals for a single letter to represent 2π

The number $2π$ (approximately 6.28) is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its radius, and the number of radians in one turn.

The meaning of the symbol $$\pi$$ was not originally fixed to the ratio of the circumference and the diameter. In 1697, David Gregory used $2^{n}$ (pi over rho) to denote the perimeter of a circle (i.e., the circumference) divided by its radius. However, earlier in 1647, William Oughtred had used $2\pi$ (delta over pi) for the ratio of the diameter to perimeter. The first use of the symbol π on its own with its present meaning (of perimeter divided by diameter) was in 1706 by the Welsh mathematician William Jones.

The first known usage of a single letter to denote the 6.28... constant was in Leonhard Euler's 1727 Essay Explaining the Properties of Air, where it was denoted by the letter π. Euler would later use the letter π for the 3.14... constant in his 1736 Mechanica and 1748 Introductio in analysin infinitorum, though defined as half the circumference of a circle of radius 1—a unit circle—rather than the ratio of circumference to diameter. Elsewhere in Introductio in analysin infinitorum, Euler instead used the letter π for one-fourth of the circumference of a unit circle, or 1.57... . Eventually, π was standardized as being equal to 3.14..., and its usage became widespread.

In 2001, Robert Palais proposed instead using the number of radians in a turn as the fundamental circle constant instead of π, which amounts to the number of radians in half a turn, in order to make mathematics simpler and more intuitive. His proposal used a "π with three legs" symbol to denote the constant ($$\pi\!\;\!\!\!\pi = 2\pi$$).

In 2008, Thomas Colignatus proposed the uppercase Greek letter theta, Θ, to represent 2π. The Greek letter theta derives from the Phoenician and Hebrew letter teth, 𐤈 or ט, and it has been observed that the older version of the symbol, which means wheel, resembles a wheel with four spokes. It has also been proposed to use the wheel symbol, teth, to represent the value 2π, and more recently a connection has been made among other ancient cultures on the existence of a wheel, sun, circle, or disk symbol—i.e. other variations of teth—as representation for 2π.

In 2010, Michael Hartl proposed to use the Greek letter tau to represent the circle constant: $π⁄ρ$. He offered several reasons for the choice of constant, primarily that it allows fractions of a turn to be expressed more directly: for instance, a $1⁄256$ turn would be represented as $δ⁄π$ rad instead of $τ = 2π$ rad. As for the choice of notation, he offered two reasons. First, $n$ is the number of radians in one turn, and both $τ$ and turn begin with a sound. Second, $3⁄4$ visually resembles π, whose association with the circle constant is unavoidable. Hartl's Tau Manifesto gives many examples of formulas that are asserted to be clearer where $3τ⁄4$ is used instead of $3π⁄2$. For example, Hartl asserts that replacing Euler's identity $τ$ by $π$ (which Hartl also calls "Euler's identity") is more fundamental and meaningful.

Initially, neither of these proposals received widespread acceptance by the mathematical and scientific communities. However, the use of $e^{iπ} = −1$ has become more widespread. For example: The following table shows how various identities appear when $e^{iτ} = 1$ is used instead of π. For a more complete list, see List of formulae involving π.
 * In 2012, the educational website Khan Academy began accepting answers expressed in terms of $τ$.
 * The constant $τ$ is made available in the Google calculator, Desmos graphing calculator and in several programming languages such as Python, Raku, Processing, Nim, Rust, GDScript, UE Blueprints, Java, .NET, and Odin.
 * It has also been used in at least one mathematical research article, authored by the $τ$-promoter Peter Harremoës.

Unit conversion

One turn is equal to $τ$ (≈ $τ$) radians, 360 degrees, or 400 gradians.

title: Turn (angle)


text:
Iris DeMent

Iris Luella DeMent (born January 5, 1961) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. DeMent's musical style includes elements of folk, country and gospel. She has been nominated for a Grammy Award twice.

Early life
DeMent was born in Paragould, Arkansas, the 14th and youngest child of Pat DeMent (1910–1992) and wife Flora Mae (1918–2011). Iris's mother had harbored dreams of going to Nashville and starting a singing career. Although she put those plans on hold to get married, her singing voice was an inspiration and influence for her youngest daughter Iris. DeMent was raised in a Pentecostal household. Her family moved from Arkansas to the Los Angeles area when she was three. While growing up, she was exposed to and influenced by country and gospel music. Singing at age five as one of "the little DeMent sisters", Iris had a bad experience when she forgot her words during her first performance, which caused her to avoid performing in public for some time.

DeMent left high school in the tenth grade to work full time at a Kmart store. Her parents required her to get a GED high school diploma. She later went with a boyfriend to Topeka, Kansas, where she attended Washburn University.There she started writing after receiving positive feedback from her English composition professor.

Music and career
DeMent was inspired to write her first song, "Our Town," at age 25 by a drive through a boarded-up Midwest town. The song lyrics came to her "exactly as it is now," with no need for re-writing, and she realized then that songwriting was her calling. "Our Town" was played during the closing scene for the final episode (July 26, 1995) of CBS's television series Northern Exposure. The song has been recorded by Kate Rusby, Kate Brislin & Jody Stecher and Trampled by Turtles.

Her first album, Infamous Angel, was released in 1992 on the Rounder-Philo label and explored such themes as religious skepticism, small-town life, and human frailty. "Let the Mystery Be" has been covered by a number of artists, including 10,000 Maniacs (whose 'Unplugged' version featured Talking Heads' David Byrne), as well as Alice Stuart. It was also used in the opening scenes of the film Little Buddha. In the fall of 2015, a version of "Let the Mystery Be" from the Transatlantic Sessions became the musical theme for the opening credits of the HBO series The Leftovers, replacing the original "Main Title Theme" composed by Max Richter, and it would once again serve as the opening theme for the series finale.

In her second album, My Life, released in 1994, she continued the personal and introspective approach. The record is dedicated to her father, who died two years earlier. My Life was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Contemporary Folk Album category.

DeMent's third album, The Way I Should, was released in 1996. Featuring the protest song "Wasteland of the Free", it is DeMent's most political work. It covers topics such as sexual abuse, religion, government policy, and Vietnam.

DeMent sang the duet "Bell Bottomed Tear" as part of The Beautiful South's Much Later with Jools live special in 1997.

In 1998, the song "Iris" by the rock band Goo Goo Dolls was named after her. Singer and songwriter John Rzeznik had already written the lyrics to the song but was having a problem naming it. He opened up the LA Weekly and noticed that DeMent was playing in town and thought her name was beautiful and then decided to name it after her. She sang four duets with John Prine on his 1999 album In Spite of Ourselves, including the title track. She appeared in the 2000 film Songcatcher, playing the character Rose Gentry and singing on the soundtrack as well. Her duet with Ralph Stanley on "Ridin' That Midnight Train" was the opening track on his 2001 album, Clinch Mountain Sweethearts: Ralph Stanley & Friends.

In 2004 she released Lifeline, an album of gospel songs. It included 12 covers and one original composition ("He Reached Down"). It was the first album she released on Flariella Records, a label she started herself and named after her mother. A shortened version of her rendition of "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms" was later used in the closing credits of the Coen brothers' film True Grit. On October 2, 2012, DeMent released her first album of original songs in 16 years, Sing the Delta.

DeMent has sung duets with Steve Earle and Emmylou Harris and is featured on the albums of many other performers. She sang the Merle Haggard song "Big City" on Tulare Dust: A Songwriters' Tribute to Merle Haggard. She has made frequent appearances on Garrison Keillor's radio show A Prairie Home Companion. DeMent contributed harmony vocals to "Pallbearer", a song from country artist Josh Turner's 2012 album Punching Bag.

In 2015, DeMent released The Trackless Woods, an album based upon and inspired by the words of Russian poet Anna Akhmatova, on her own Flariella record label. She reunited with John Prine in 2016 for his second duets album For Better, or Worse and performed on two tracks. DeMent received the Americana Trailblazer Award at the 2017 Americana Music Honors & Awards.

DeMent's 2023 album Workin' on a World was No. 4 on Robert Christgau's Dean's List for that year.

Personal life
DeMent was married to Elmer McCall in 1991. The marriage ended in divorce in 1999.

She married singer-songwriter Greg Brown on November 21, 2002. They live in rural southeast Iowa with their daughter, whom they adopted at 6 years old in 2005 from Russia.

Primary/contributing artist

 * 1994: various artists – Tulare Dust: A Songwriter's Tribute to Merle Haggard (Hightone) – track 2: "Big City"
 * 1997: various artists – The Songs of Jimmie Rodgers: A Tribute (Egyptian / Columbia) – track 10: "Hobo Bill's Last Ride"
 * 1997: various artists – Folk Live from Mountain Stage (Blue Plate) – track 3: "Sweet is the Melody" (live)
 * 1997: various artists – KGSR Broadcasts Vol. 5 (KGSR) – track 1–10: "Let the Mystery Be" (live)
 * 1998: various artists – The Horse Whisperer: Songs from and inspired by the Motion Picture (MCA Nashville) – track 11: "Whispering Pines"
 * 1998: various artists – The Folkscene Collection: From the Heart of Studio A (Red House) – "Our Town" (live in KPFK Studios)
 * 1998: various artists – Real: The Tom T. Hall Project (Sire) – track 8: I Miss a Lot of Trains
 * 1999: various artists – Bleecker Street: Greenwich Village In The 60's (Astor Place) – track 5: "Pack Up Your Sorrows" (with Loudon Wainwright III)
 * 2001: various artists – Songcatcher: Music From and Inspired by the Motion Picture (Vanguard) – track 2: "Pretty Saro"
 * 2002: various artists – Going Driftless: An Artist's Tribute to Greg Brown (Red House) – track 3: "The Train Carrying Jimmie Rodgers Home"
 * 2002: various artists – WYEP Live & Direct: Volume 4 – On Air Performances
 * 2007: various artists – Transatlantic Sessions 3 (Volume 1) (Whirlie) – track 12: "There's a Whole Lot of Heaven"

As composer

 * 1998: The Caravans – Glamorous Heart Motel Blues (Fury) – track 1: "Our Town"
 * 2000: Grace Griffith – Minstrel Song (Blix Street) – track 2: "My Life"
 * 2001: Joel RL Phelps and the Downer Trio – Inland Empires (12XU) – track 3: "Calling For You"; track 7, "My Life"
 * 2002: Aselin Debison – Sweet is the Melody (Odyssey Records) – track 1: "Sweet is the Melody"
 * 2002: John Wright – Dangerous Times (Big Sky) – track 1: "When My Mornin' Comes Around"
 * 2007: Doug Cox – Canadian Borderline (Malahat Mountain) – track 2: "Let The Mystery Be"
 * 2012: Megan Reilly – The Well (Carrot Top) – track 8: "After You're Gone"
 * 2017: Bonnie 'Prince' Billy – Best Troubador (Domino) – track 18: "No Time To Cry"

Also appears on

 * 1990: Emmylou Harris – Brand New Dance (Reprise) – "Wheels of Love"; "Brand New Dance" (harmony vocalv)
 * 1990: Jann Browne – Tell Me Why (WEA/Atlantic/Curb Records) – Lovebird (harmony vocal)
 * 1991: Jann Browne – It Only Hurts When I Laugh – unknown track(s)
 * 1993: Nanci Griffith – Other Voices, Other Rooms (Elektra) – "Ten Degrees and Getting Colder"; "Are You Tired of Me My Darling?" (harmony vocal)
 * 1994: Tom Paxton – Wearing the Time (Sugar Hill) – "Along the Verdigris" (backing vocal)
 * 1997: The Beautiful South – Liar's Bar CD single (A&M/GO! Discs Ltd) – "You’ve Done Nothing Wrong" (harmony vocal, "Later With Jools Holland", live)
 * 1997: Tom Russell – The Long Way Around (Hightone) – track 3: "Big Water"; track 17: "Box of Visions" (duets)
 * 1998: Randy Scruggs – Crown of Jewels (Reprise) – "Wildwood Flower" (duet with Emmylou Harris); "City of New Orleans" (backing vocal)
 * 1998: Jeff Black – Birmingham Road (BMG/Arista) – "Ghosts in the Graveyard" (backing vocal); a second unknown track
 * 1999: John Prine – In Spite of Ourselves (Oh Boy) – track 1: "(We're Not) The Jet Set"; track 9: "Let's Invite Them Over"; track 12: "We Could"; track 14: "In Spite of Ourselves" (duets)
 * 1999: Tom Russell – The Man from God Knows Where (Hightone) – "Wayfarin’ Stranger" (lead vocal); "Patrick Russell" (duet with Tom Russell); "Ambrose Larsen" (duet with Sondre Bratland); "Acres of Corn" (lead vocal); "The Old Rugged Cross" (duet with Kari Bremnes); "When Irish Girls Grow Up" (duet with Dolores Keane); "Throwin’ Horseshoes at the Moon" (duet with Tom Russell); "Wayfarin’ Stranger (revisited)" (lead vocal); "Love Abides" (duet with Tom Russell)
 * 1999: Steve Earle and The Del McCoury Band – The Mountain (E-Squared) – track 4: "I'm Still in Love with You" (duet with Steve Earle)
 * 2001: Delbert McClinton – Nothing Personal (New West Records) – "Birmingham Tonight" (harmony vocal)
 * 2001: Keith Sykes – Don't Count Us Out (Syren Records) – "It's Just You"; "Lavender Blue" (duets)
 * 2001: Ralph Stanley and Friends – Clinch Mountain Sweethearts (Rebel) – track 1: "Ridin' That Midnight Train"; track 11: "Trust Each Other" (duets)
 * 2002: Nitty Gritty Dirt Band – Will the Circle Be Unbroken, Volume III (Capitol) – track 1-05, "Mama's Opry" (lead vocal)
 * 2007: Teddy Thompson – Upfront & Down Low (Verve Forecast) – track 6: "My Heart Echoes"
 * 2010: John Prine – In Person & On Stage (Oh Boy) – track 3: "In Spite of Ourselves"; track 12: "Unwed Fathers" (duets, live)
 * 2012: Josh Turner – Punching Bag (MCA Nashville) – track 9: "Pallbearer" (background vocals)
 * 2016: The Pines – Above the Prairie (Red House) – unknown track
 * 2016: John Prine – For Better, or Worse (Oh Boy) – track 1: "Who's Gonna Take the Garbage Out"; track 13: "Mr. & Mrs. Used to Be"
 * 2019: Ana Egge – single: "Ballad for the Poor Child" (duet with Ana Egge)

title: Iris DeMent