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Incompressible surface

In mathematics, an incompressible surface is a surface properly embedded in a 3-manifold, which, in intuitive terms, is a "nontrivial" surface that cannot be simplified. In non-mathematical terms, the surface of a suitcase is compressible, because we could cut the handle and shrink it into the surface. But a Conway sphere (a sphere with four holes) is incompressible, because there are essential parts of a knot or link both inside and out, so there is no way to move the entire knot or link to one side of the punctured sphere. The mathematical definition is as follows. There are two cases to consider. A sphere is incompressible if both inside and outside the sphere there are some obstructions that prevent the sphere from shrinking to a point and also prevent the sphere from expanding to encompass all of space. A surface other than a sphere is incompressible if any disk with its boundary on the surface spans a disk in the surface.

Incompressible surfaces are used for decomposition of Haken manifolds, in normal surface theory, and in the study of the fundamental groups of 3-manifolds.

Formal definition

Let S be a compact surface properly embedded in a smooth or PL 3-manifold M. A compressing disk D is a disk embedded in M such that

 * $$ D \cap S = \partial D$$

and the intersection is transverse. If the curve ∂D does not bound a disk inside of S, then D is called a nontrivial compressing disk. If S has a nontrivial compressing disk, then we call S a compressible surface in M.

If S is neither the 2-sphere nor a compressible surface, then we call the surface (geometrically) incompressible.

Note that 2-spheres are excluded since they have no nontrivial compressing disks by the Jordan-Schoenflies theorem, and 3-manifolds have abundant embedded 2-spheres. Sometimes one alters the definition so that an incompressible sphere is a 2-sphere embedded in a 3-manifold that does not bound an embedded 3-ball. Such spheres arise exactly when a 3-manifold is not irreducible. Since this notion of incompressibility for a sphere is quite different from the above definition for surfaces, often an incompressible sphere is instead referred to as an essential sphere or a reducing sphere.

Compression

Given a compressible surface S with a compressing disk D that we may assume lies in the interior of M and intersects S transversely, one may perform embedded 1-surgery on S to get a surface that is obtained by compressing S along D. There is a tubular neighborhood of D whose closure is an embedding of D × [-1,1] with D × 0 being identified with D and with
 * $$(D\times [-1,1])\cap S=\partial D\times [-1,1].$$

Then
 * $$(S-\partial D\times(-1,1))\cup (D\times \{-1,1\})$$

is a new properly embedded surface obtained by compressing S along D.

A non-negative complexity measure on compact surfaces without 2-sphere components is b0(S) − χ(S), where b0(S) is the zeroth Betti number (the number of connected components) and χ(S) is the Euler characteristic. When compressing a compressible surface along a nontrivial compressing disk, the Euler characteristic increases by two, while b0 might remain the same or increase by 1. Thus, every properly embedded compact surface without 2-sphere components is related to an incompressible surface through a sequence of compressions.

Sometimes we drop the condition that S be compressible. If D were to bound a disk inside S (which is always the case if S is incompressible, for example), then compressing S along D would result in a disjoint union of a sphere and a surface homeomorphic to S. The resulting surface with the sphere deleted might or might not be isotopic to S, and it will be if S is incompressible and M is irreducible.

Algebraically incompressible surfaces
There is also an algebraic version of incompressibility. Suppose $$\iota: S \rightarrow M$$ is a proper embedding of a compact surface in a 3-manifold. Then S is π1-injective (or algebraically incompressible) if the induced map
 * $$\iota_\star: \pi_1(S) \rightarrow \pi_1(M)$$

on fundamental groups is injective.

In general, every π1-injective surface is incompressible, but the reverse implication is not always true. For instance, the Lens space L(4,1) contains an incompressible Klein bottle that is not π1-injective.

However, if S is two-sided, the loop theorem implies Kneser's lemma, that if S is incompressible, then it is π1-injective.

Seifert surfaces
A Seifert surface S for an oriented link L is an oriented surface whose boundary is L with the same induced orientation. If S is not π1 injective in S3 − N(L), where N(L) is a tubular neighborhood of L, then the loop theorem gives a compressing disk that one may use to compress S along, providing another Seifert surface of reduced complexity. Hence, there are incompressible Seifert surfaces.

Every Seifert surface of a link is related to one another through compressions in the sense that the equivalence relation generated by compression has one equivalence class. The inverse of a compression is sometimes called embedded arc surgery (an embedded 0-surgery).

The genus of a link is the minimal genus of all Seifert surfaces of a link. A Seifert surface of minimal genus is incompressible. However, it is not in general the case that an incompressible Seifert surface is of minimal genus, so π1 alone cannot certify the genus of a link. Gabai proved in particular that a genus-minimizing Seifert surface is a leaf of some taut, transversely oriented foliation of the knot complement, which can be certified with a taut sutured manifold hierarchy.

Given an incompressible Seifert surface S for a knot K, then the fundamental group of S3 − N(K) splits as an HNN extension over π1(S), which is a free group. The two maps from π1(S) into π1(S3 − N(S)) given by pushing loops off the surface to the positive or negative side of N(S) are both injections.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Incompressible surface


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User talk:KBrown

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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Good luck!

Modesto, CA
Hey KBrown, I fixed up the intro to the Modesto page. Does it look ok? I am asking you because you were the only one to repsond to the discussion topic I posted. Rayana fazli 20:21, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:KBrown


text:
User:Diberri/Welcome

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
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--Diberri | Talk

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User:Diberri/Welcome


text:
Wilderness areas of Finland

The wilderness areas (Erämaa-alueet, Ödemarksområden) of Finland are remote areas which are not strictly nature reserves. The areas were set up in 1991 to preserve their wilderness character, the Sami culture and their natural form of livelihood. There are 12 such areas, all of which are located in northern Lapland. The reserves cover an area of 14890 km2. All the reserves are managed by the Metsähallitus (Forest Administration).

 * Hammastunturi Wilderness Area
 * Kaldoaivi Wilderness Area
 * Kemihaara Wilderness Area
 * Käsivarsi Wilderness Area
 * Muotkatunturi Wilderness Area
 * Paistunturi Wilderness Area
 * Pulju Wilderness Area
 * Pöyrisjärvi Wilderness Area
 * Tarvantovaara Wilderness Area
 * Tsarmitunturi Wilderness Area
 * Tuntsa Wilderness Area
 * Vätsäri Wilderness Area

title: Wilderness areas of Finland


text:
User talk:Starfoxy

Gosh it's boring in here.

title: User talk:Starfoxy


text:
User talk:Twilight (renamed)

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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Good luck!

--Diberri | Talk

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Zombie Panic!
I've sent out the confirmation of permission. See more at Talk:Zombie Panic! and User:Diberri/Work in progress. I forgot to mention that Zombie Panic! is listed on Votes for deletion, so you may want to chime in there to give your point of view. --Diberri | Talk 20:36, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

The copyright status was never made apparent on the talk page of the article, so that's why it was deleted by myself according to policy. I've restored the page, and added a notice on the talk page in case this ever happens agains. If you have any other questions, feel free to leave another message on my talk page. Cheers, Bratsche talk  5 pillars 22:56, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

You're welcome, and thank you for the compliment. I always try my best to make Wikipedia the way to be :). May I make a suggestion? It would be to your advantage to make a user page. That way, it distinguishes you from new users. Red links have a sort of stigma. Cheers, Bratsche talk  5 pillars 15:33, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Zombie Panic Copyvio
At the time, there was no evidence that the original website had been licenced under the GDFL, and since I found an exact copy of the article's text here, marking it as a copyright violation was simply standard proceedure. Nothing personal of course.

Additionally, I think it's worth mentioning that the article still needs a bit of a rewrite, since it's still somewhat advertising-y. --InShaneee 01:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Baptism of Jesus article
Hi twilight,

I've made a substantial edit to the Baptism of Jesus article, and I wanted to try to get consensus on it. Some of the edits were shallow; others were deeper. Let me know on my user page if there's anything that seems problematic.

Thanks, --jrcagle 02:02, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Request for Usurpation
Hello, Twilight. A request has been made at Changing username/Usurpations to usurp, or "take over", your username because you have not used it to edit, and another user would like to use it to edit. Changing username/Usurpations says that any unused username may be usurped if the user is given seven days notice to object and does not do so.

If you have an email set in your preferences, you should be getting an email from a bureaucrat or changing username clerk explaining how to consent or object to this process.

If you do not object to being renamed to a new username in order for another user to utilize the name you currently have, please log in and post a reply here saying so (you may also tell us what username you would like to be renamed to, or we will provide you with a generic one).

If you do nothing : the request will be filled after seven days, and your account will be moved to a generic username. You may request that it be moved to a new username of your choice at any time.

If you object to being renamed : please log in and make an edit to this page clearly stating that you object to usurpation.

Please note that even if your current username is usurped, you can still edit and your data will not be lost; your preferences, watchlist, and other user settings will be transferred to a new username.

Thank you for your time.  Twi light 00:50, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

License tagging for File:TAT Main-Screen.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:TAT Main-Screen.jpg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information; to add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia.

For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 02:05, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Total Annihilation: Twilight
The wording was not that of an article, but of an advertisement. We don't allow advertising here; and your username, while normally unexceptionable, leaves me to wonder whether there's also a conflict of interest involved. Note, also, that most mods are not notable; and there certainly seems to be no evidence that this one is any different. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  02:16, 4 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Read WP:N on notability; WP:SPAM on advertisement; WP:OTHERCRAPEXISTS on why the existence of one marginal article doesn't justify the creation of more such articles; and WP:COI on conflict of interest. If this mod is genuinely notable, somebody without a conflict of interest will write about it. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  02:28, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Conflict of interest
If you have a close connection to some of the people, places or things you have written about, you may have a conflict of interest. In keeping with Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy, edits where there is a conflict of interest, or where such a conflict might reasonably be inferred from the tone of the edit and the proximity of the editor to the subject, are strongly discouraged. If you have a conflict of interest, you should avoid or exercise great caution when:
 * 1) editing or creating articles related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with;
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 * 3) linking to the Wikipedia article or website of your organization in other articles (see Spam).

Please familiarize yourself with relevant policies and guidelines, especially those pertaining to neutral point of view, verifiability of information, and autobiographies.

For information on how to contribute to Wikipedia when you have conflict of interest, please see our frequently asked questions for organizations. For more details about what, exactly, constitutes a conflict of interest, please see our conflict of interest guidelines. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  02:18, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

barnstar
here is a barnstar for you

regards-- Orange soda  kid  01:19, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

and here is a user box I made

regards-- Orange soda  kid  01:27, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Your GA nomination of Bionicle
The article Bionicle you nominated as a good article has been placed on hold. The article is some way from meeting the good article criteria, and there are several issues which need to be addressed. If these are fixed within seven days, the article will pass, otherwise it will fail. See Talk:Bionicle/GA1 for things needed to be addressed. Jezhotwells (talk) 18:21, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Rename
I am sorry to inform you that, as a result of Unified login/Finalisation, an initiative to harmonise usernames across Wikimedia projects, you will not be able to continue using the name Twilight to edit the English Wikipedia. This because of another user having the name on the Italian language Wikipedia. Although there is nothing I can do to allow you to retain the name, I can offer to rename your account to another name of your choosing. Is there another name to which I can rename you, maybe a variant of Twilight or a totally different name? WJBscribe (talk) 00:34, 11 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Further to my previous message, I am going to be rename this account to Twilight (renamed) as part of the Unified login/Finalisation process. I am sorry that this is necessary. Please let me know if there is an alternative name to which you would like me to rename you. WJBscribe (talk) 23:05, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Twilight (renamed)


text:
Magic (1978 film)

Magic is a 1978 American psychological horror drama film directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Anthony Hopkins, Ann-Margret and Burgess Meredith. The screenplay is by William Goldman, who adapted his novel of the same title. The score was composed by Jerry Goldsmith.

Plot
After Charles "Corky" Withers fails in his first attempt at professional magic, his mentor Merlin says that he needs a better gimmick. Corky comes back as a combination magician and ventriloquist with a foul-mouthed dummy named Fats, becoming a huge success. Corky's agent, Ben Greene, is on the verge of signing him for his own television show, but Corky bails for the Catskills, where he grew up, since he does not want to take the TV network's medical examination because the doctors might find out that he suffers from severe mental issues and cannot control Fats (a manifestation of Corky's id).

In the Catskills, Corky reunites with his high-school crush, Peggy Ann Snow, who is stuck in a passionless marriage with Duke, Corky's friend from high school. A magic trick with a deck of cards charms Peggy into thinking they are soulmates, leading to them having sex. This sparks the jealousy of Duke and Fats.

In the midst of an argument "between" Corky and Fats, Greene confronts Corky, discovering the truth about his state of mind. Greene leaves to contact doctors, but Fats convinces Corky to kill him. Corky bludgeons Greene with Fats' wooden head and then drowns him.

The next morning, Corky says that he plans to elope with Peggy and leave the dummy behind. Suspecting his wife has cheated on him, Duke talks with Corky by the lake and confides that he loves Peggy and is worried about losing her. Duke suddenly spots Greene's body on the edge of the lake. Believing he could still be alive, Duke sends Corky to get help. Curious, he searches Corky's cabin, where he discovers Greene’s identity just before Fats stabs him to death with "help" from Corky.

Corky pulls himself together and persuades Peggy to run away with him, but she insists on waiting to tell Duke. Fats then "comes alive" and reveals that Corky's card trick is a ruse he uses to seduce women. Repulsed, Peggy rejects Corky and locks herself in her bedroom. Fats orders Corky to kill Peggy.

Corky, using Fats' voice, apologizes to Peggy through her locked door and leaves her a wooden heart that he carved. A short while later, he returns with a bloodstained knife. Fats seems pleased — until it is revealed that Corky fatally stabbed himself so that he will not kill anyone else. As a result, Fats also feels faint. They wonder which of them will die first. Moments later, Peggy returns to the cabin, happily calling out that she has changed her mind and decided to run away with Corky. As she speaks, she playfully changes her voice to impersonate Fats, tossing the wooden heart upward.

Production
In March 1976, Joseph E. Levine had purchased the film rights to Goldman's novel for $1 million, with Goldman hired to write the screenplay. By June 1976, Norman Jewison had been hired to direct the film. Jewison wanted Jack Nicholson to star, but Nicholson turned it down, claiming he did not want to wear a hairpiece. Steven Spielberg expressed interest in directing the film and considered casting Robert De Niro for Corky. Richard Attenborough, who had directed A Bridge Too Far with Goldman and Levine, then agreed to direct.

Laurence Olivier was offered the role of the agent but was unable to do it, and then Burgess Meredith was cast. Meredith landed the role after walking into the 21 Club one night when Levine was there – Levine cast him on the spot. Meredith modelled his performance on the agent Swifty Lazar, even shaving his head to look like Lazar. "I tried to get his cool, understated manner, his sharp clothes, and most of all, his way of speaking softly so that you've got to lean over to hear what he's saying", said Meredith. Goldman later wrote about the film that "Burgess Meredith was perfect and Tony Hopkins...was so wonderful here. But running stride for stride with him was Miss Olsson. I think Ann-Margret is the least appreciated emotional actress anywhere."

Ann-Margret and Anthony Hopkins were each paid around $300,000 for their performances.

Filming
Exteriors were shot in Ukiah, California. Most of the exterior shots were shot at Le Trianon resort on the Blue Lake in Upper Lake, California.

Music
The score was composed and conducted by Jerry Goldsmith. The complete soundtrack was released on CD through Varèse Sarabande in April 2003 and features 22 tracks score at a running time of 42 minutes. It was subsequently reissued by La-La Land Records.

Home media
Because Disney via 20th Century Studios never owned complete rights to this film, other companies (especially Embassy and, currently MGM) have been able to release home video versions of Magic under different licenses. However, legal complications kept the film from being formally reissued on VHS and DVD in the last decade due in part to Embassy Pictures' corporate holdings being split among different entities. Recently, the rights were acquired by the American Movie Classics division of AMC Film Holdings, LLC, and the TV rights are handled for syndication by Trifecta Entertainment & Media (under Paramount Television Studios). An unedited version is available on widescreen DVD and Blu-ray.

Reception
Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film a complete four-star review, explaining it was because "[the film] scared me, because I admired Hopkins' performance as much as any in this year, and because it would have been so easy for a film such as this to fail." He later ranked it at number 9 on his list of the 10 best films of 1978. On the syndicated film review program Sneak Previews, Roger Ebert admired Hopkins' and Burgess Meredith's performances, and Attenborough's direction but expressed disappointment at the final act, stating "I don't think the screenplay does justice to the talent of the people who get into the picture."

Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that "Magic is neither eerie nor effective. It is, however, very heavy of hand." He praised Hopkins' performance, but criticized the screenplay for spending "too much time on irrelevant details, including flashbacks and jumps forward that neither inform nor amuse but simply look trendy in the dated fashion of that word." Similarly, Dale Pollock of Variety wrote: "The dilemma of 'Magic' is that the results never live up to the standards established in the film's opening half-hour. Through flashbacks and claustrophobic editing by John Booth, the relationship between Hopkins and his eerily-realistic dummy, Fats, is well-documented. So is the introduction of Burgess Meredith, well cast as a Swifty Lazar-type of superagent ...It's this stereotyped plotting and conclusion that robs 'Magic' of its initial, special quality". Judith Martin, reviewing for The Washington Post, ended her review, writing "the thrills of a conventional horror story have been blown up so pretentiously that they're no more scary than balloon monsters."

However, The Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Film Review 1990 writeup of the film remarks that Hopkins appears stiff in the lead role, but praised the supporting cast: "Ann-Margret...invests her role with a considerable sparkle. Particularly good is the great and underrated Burgess Meredith whose sharp and alert Hollywood agent is a real plum of a performance. Jerry Goldsmith also adds a fine nervy carnivalesque score." The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that of  critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Awards and nominations
Goldman received a 1979 Edgar Award, from the Mystery Writers of America, for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. Hopkins received both Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for his role as the tragically disturbed Corky. Meredith received the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor.

title: Magic (1978 film)


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Bnei Sakhnin F.C.

Bnei Sakhnin F.C. (اتحاد أبناء سخنين, איחוד בני סכנין, ) is an Israeli professional football club based at the Doha Stadium in Sakhnin. They are the most successful club among the Arab-Israeli clubs in the country, having won the State Cup in 2004.

Early years
Bnei Sakhnin was formed in 1991 by a merger of Maccabi Sakhnin and Hapoel Sakhnin. They were promoted to Liga Artzit (then the second tier) in 1997. In 1998–99 they finished in the relegation zone, but were reprieved when Maccabi Jaffa, who had finished bottom of the top division, were relegated three leagues due to financial problems.

In 2002–03 the club finished as runners-up and promoted alongside fellow Israeli-Arab club Maccabi Ahi Nazareth, becoming the joint-second Israeli-Arab club to play in the top flight after Hapoel Tayibe. Promotion was only won on the last day of the season, the club overtaking Hapoel Jerusalem when they won 1–0 away to Maccabi Kiryat Gat, whilst Hapoel were held to a 0–0 draw at Hapoel Ra'anana.

Prior to their first season in the top division, Sakhnin were favourites to be relegated, and it was thought that Nazareth had a better chance of survival. Questions remained as to whether the squad that gained promotion would be able to compete at the top level, along with the added pressures not to become the next Hapoel Taibe (who were relegated in their first season in the top flight, and subsequently suffered financial problems leading to repeated relegations thereafter). They also lost manager Momy Zafran who resigned shortly after the club won promotion, replacing him with Eyal Lahman. In addition, the club had to play games in Haifa's Kiryat Eliezer Stadium, as their home ground in Sakhnin was deemed unfit for the Premier League.

Later successes
The club signed former Maccabi Haifa striker Raffi Cohen and loaned another striker, Lior Asulin from Maccabi Herzliya. Sagi Strauss was brought in to mind the nets from Maccabi Petah Tikva. Despite the gloomy predictions, the club defied the odds, eventually finishing 10th, four points clear of relegation, whilst Nazareth finished bottom. However, the highlight of the season was the State Cup victory, also a first by an Israeli-Arab club. In the final, Sakhnin beat surprise finalists, second division side Hapoel Haifa 4–1. The team gained a reputation for being a tough, combative outfit, similar in style to the Crazy Gang period at English club Wimbledon. Captain and club stalwart Abbas Suan (he had been at the club since its formation, having been part of the Hapoel Sakhnin team since 1994) won particular acclaim, gaining a call-up to the Israel squad, and winning his first cap in February 2004.

The cup win meant that the club became the first Arab team to play in Europe, entering the UEFA Cup. After beating Partizani Tirana 6–1 on aggregate in the second qualifying round, the club faced Newcastle United in the first round. However, Sakhnin were beaten 7–1 on aggregate, including a 5–1 home defeat in a match played at the Ramat Gan Stadium in Ramat Gan due to security concerns.

During the 2004–05 season, with its stadium still under development the club played many of its home matches at Hapoel Nazareth Illit's Municipal Stadium.

During their spell in the top flight, several Sakhnin games were plagued by hooliganism. Palestinians were viewed as inferior during the time, and faced hardships both inside and outside of the soccer stadium. At the annual Land Day ceremony in Sakhnin in the year of 2000, a large crowd of Palestinians were unexplainably tear gassed. Political power controlled not only the population, but the atmosphere at soccer games as well. Studies have shown that Arab males who attended soccer games were less likely to be proud of their Palestinian descent. In 2000, Sakhnin's first game was delayed for weeks, though when the game did come about, the visiting Jewish team received flowers. Though events (such as this) coated by such turmoil aggravated those who resided in Sakhnin, their people still attempted to use the soccer stadium as an outlet to ease the relations with those who brought political unrest and corruption.

Despite chairman Ghnaim's stated mission to create a "cultural rainbow" from his football club, games against Beitar Jerusalem were particularly violent, at least partially due to the presence of notoriously anti-Arab supporters of Beitar; when Sakhnin won the State Cup, Beitar fans paid for an obituary to be printed in Israel's leading daily Yediot Aharonot, claiming that Israeli football was dead. On 29 January 2005 Sakhnin fans rioted during a home match (played at Kiryat Eliezer) against Hapoel Tel Aviv after a violent incident on the field between a team official and a referee, who had earlier had sent off two Sakhnin players. As a punishment, the IFA ordered the club to play two games behind closed doors.

Despite a large cash injection made by Israeli businessman Arcadi Gaydamak ($400,000) in the hope of promoting peace and harmony among the citizens of Israel, and a return to their rebuilt home stadium (largely financed by the Emir of Qatar, hence the renaming to Doha Stadium), Sakhnin were relegated at the end of 2005–06 season, finishing nine points from safety.

However, with one of the largest budgets in the division (around five and a half million shekels), the club were amongst the favourites to return quickly to the Premier League, and did so by finishing as runners-up to Kiryat Shmona. In their first season back in the Premier League, they finished fourth, their highest ever league position, qualifying for the Intertoto Cup. Problems due to political unrest in the region caused the club's leadership to ask for the postponement of Intertoto cup matches in the Summer of 2008, Most of the stars of the team were sold, most notably Maor Buzaglo who signed for Maccabi Tel Aviv.

In the 2018–19 season the club ended dead last. After repromotion one year later the club's 2020–21 season started off painfully, with the first match ending in a 3–0 home loss to Bnei Yehuda. The next week, some of the team's players and management team had to quarantine as a result of COVID-19 pandemic precautions, and they played their away match against Maccabi Netanya with several absent players and no coach. After suffering a 7–0 loss, the greatest defeat in the club's history, the Sakhnin chairman left the administrative division of Ligat Ha'al. Despite a horrible start with just one point after the first six matches and closing the season with four more losses the club could avoid relegation by being one point better than Bnei Yehuda.

In popular culture
The rise of the Bnei Sakhnin F.C. was the subject of a popular documentary film by noted Israeli director Ram Loevy.

The team is also the subject of the critically acclaimed 2010 documentary film "After The Cup: Sons of Sakhnin United", which follows the team after they win the Israel State Cup directed by American Christopher Browne.

Sponsorship
During the 2005–06 season, the club signed a shirt sponsorship deal with Israeli mobile phone company Cellcom. Talks are currently ensuing over continuing the deal even though the chief executive of Cellcom's Arab sector affairs, Suliman Diab, has left his non-executive post with Bnei Sakhnin to join Liga Artzit (third tier) side Bnei Tamra.

The club's budget was bolstered on 15 June 2006 when Gaydamak announced that he would donate two million shekels to the club in hope that they will make a return to Israel's top league.

Support
The majority of fans of Bnei Sakhnin are Israeli Arabs. The Bnei Sakhnin fan club is called Ultras Sakhnin 2003 (US03) or Duha Gate 4–5 (named due to the gate numbers that leads to their stand), it was established in 2003 after they got promoted to the top division. Other fan clubs that they have friendship with is Ultras Hapoel 99 fans of Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C., Ultrà Sankt Pauli 2002 of FC St. Pauli and Ultras Winners 2005 of Wydad Casablanca.

Big matches (especially those against rival club Beitar Jerusalem) can attract large crowds but toward the end of the 2005–06 season when the club was set to be relegated, the attendance at matches declined dramatically. The highest attendance ever to be in a match of Sakhnin was at the 2004 Israel State Cup Final when Ramat Gan Stadium was filled with Arab supporters from Galilee to the far Negev which all of them came to support the club.

Foreigners (2024–25)
Only up to six non-Israeli nationals can be in an Israeli club squad. Those with Jewish ancestry, married to an Israeli, or have played in Israel for an extended period of time (e.g. Gustavo Boccoli), can claim a passport or permanent residency which would allow them to play with Israeli status.

 * 🇧🇪 Stéphane Oméonga
 * 🇨🇾 Constantinos Soteriou
 * Chinemerem Godwin

Managers

 * 🇮🇱 Azmi Nassar (1999–00)
 * 🇮🇱 Momi Zafran (2002–2005)
 * 🇮🇱 Eyal Lahman (2003–2005)
 * 🇮🇱 Momi Zafran (2005)
 * 🇮🇱 Michael Kadosh (2005–2006)
 * 🇮🇱 Elisha Levy (1 July 2006 – 30 June 2008)
 * 🇮🇱 Freddy David (1 July 2008 – 2008)
 * 🇮🇱 Eyal Lahman (2008–09)
 * 🇮🇱 Eran Kulik (2009 – 19 Oct 2009)
 * 🇮🇱 Marco Balbul (21 Oct 2009 – 30 June 2010)
 * 🇮🇱 Yuval Naim (1 July 2010 – 11 Aug 2010)
 * 🇮🇱 Haim Levy (2010)
 * 🇮🇱 🇷🇸 Slobodan Drapić (2010–11)
 * 🇮🇱 Shlomi Dora (4 April 2011 – 10 March 2013)
 * 🇮🇱 Marco Balbul (11 March 2013 – 19 June 2014)
 * 🇮🇱 Guy Levy (19 June 2014)
 * 🇮🇱 Eli Cohen (born 1961) (2014–2015)
 * 🇮🇱 Yossi Abuksis (2015–2017)
 * 🇧🇷 Jairo Swirsky (2017)
 * 🇮🇱 Aiman Khalaila (caretaker) (2017)
 * 🇮🇱 Felix Naim (2017)
 * 🇮🇱 Tal Banin (2018)
 * 🇮🇱 Benny Ben Zaken (2018)
 * 🇮🇱 Amir Turgeman (2018–2019)
 * 🇮🇱 Giorgi Daraselia (2019)
 * 🇮🇱 Eldad Shavit (2019)
 * 🇮🇱 Nissan Yehezkel (2019)
 * 🇮🇱 Nisso Avitan (2020)
 * 🇮🇱 Sharon Mimer (2020–2021)
 * 🇮🇱 Haim Silvas (2021–2022)
 * 🇮🇱 Kobi Refua (2022–2023)
 * 🇮🇱 🇷🇸 Slobodan Drapić (2023–present)

Titles

 * State Cup
 * Winners (1): 2003–04
 * Toto Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 2020–21

Records

 * Most League Goals: 31 Ahmed Kasoum,(2003–2006; 2009–2014)
 * Most League Goals in a Season (individual): 16 Oren Muharer, Liga Leumit, 2000–01
 * Most Goals scored in a match: 3 Samir Zampir v SK Nes Ziona, 6 March 1999 / 3 Wissam Isami v Hapoel Bat Yam, 21 May 1999 / 3 Oren Muharer v Hapoel Jerusalem, 31 October 1999 / 3 Shlomi Azulay v Maccabi Haifa, 2 April 2016 / 3 Shlomi Azulay v Beitar Jerusalem, 1 May 2016
 * Most League Goals in a Season (team): 60 2011/12

title: Bnei Sakhnin F.C.


text: User talk:68.95.166.240

title: User talk:68.95.166.240


text:
Golan Cipel

Golan Cipel (born 1968) is an Israeli consultant most known for his role in a scandal surrounding American former politician Jim McGreevey.

Biography
Cipel was born in Tel Aviv in 1968 and grew up in the city of Rishon LeZion.

Cipel served in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) for five years as a naval officer, eventually rising to the rank of lieutenant. Following his service in the Israeli Navy, Cipel held several positions in government. He began his career in 1992 as parliamentary aide in the Israeli Parliament, the Knesset, where he was responsible for policy formation, as well as the drafting of legislation. In 1994, he joined the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs as chief information officer at the Consulate General of Israel in New York, where he was responsible for presenting the Israeli government perspective to the American media and public. In 1999, Cipel was appointed the spokesperson for the municipality of Rishon LeZion, Israel.

Cipel holds a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in communications arts from the New York Institute of Technology.

Jim McGreevey
Cipel met American politician Jim McGreevey in Israel in 2000. Cipel relocated to the United States to work for McGreevey's 2001 campaign for governor of New Jersey as a liaison to the Jewish community.

In 2002, following his election as governor of New Jersey, McGreevey appointed Cipel as homeland security adviser at a salary of $110,000. Members of the New Jersey Legislature questioned the appointment, and the appointment was criticized because Cipel appeared unqualified for the position. In addition, Cipel could not obtain a security approval from the federal government, as he was Israeli and not a U.S. citizen; therefore, the FBI and the Secret Service would not provide him with intelligence. (In a 2004 interview, Cipel stated that his situation had been intentionally misrepresented by the governor's office and asserted that he had never actually been responsible for internal security under the governor. )

McGreevey assisted Cipel in obtaining a townhouse near McGreevey's home. Cipel reportedly stated that he needed to live near the governor because his job involved being on call on a 24-hour basis. "According to the Star-Ledger newspaper, McGreevey even accompanied Cipel on a final walk-through of the townhouse, which the real estate agent said she found odd".

In March 2002, Cipel stepped down from his Homeland Security position and was reassigned to an advisor position regarding government operations. In August 2002, Cipel resigned from the McGreevey administration.

On the afternoon of August 12, 2004, faced with threats from Cipel's lawyer, Allen Lowy, that Cipel would file a sexual harassment lawsuit against him in Mercer County Court, McGreevey held a press conference announcing that he had "engaged in an adult consensual affair with another man" (whom his aides immediately named as Cipel) and that he would resign effective November 15, 2004. New Jersey political circles had speculated about McGreevey's sexual orientation and questions about his relationship with Cipel had been alluded to in the media. For his part, Cipel later asserted that he was heterosexual and denied having had an affair with McGreevey;    Cipel has contended that McGreevey subjected him to sexual harassment and sexual assault and then fired him when his advances were rejected. In his own words, Cipel claims he was one of many victims of McGreevey's sexual harassment, that he had "no romantic affair" with the governor, but rather was taken advantage of.

title: Golan Cipel


text:
Naval Station Norfolk

Naval Station Norfolk is a United States Navy base in Norfolk, Virginia, that is the headquarters and home port of the U.S. Navy's Fleet Forces Command. The installation occupies about 4 mi of waterfront space and 11 mi of pier and wharf space of the Hampton Roads peninsula known as Sewell's Point. It is the world's largest naval station, with the largest concentration of U.S. Navy forces through 75 ships alongside 14 piers and with 134 aircraft and 11 aircraft hangars at the adjacently operated Chambers Field. Port Services controls more than 3,100 ships' movements annually as they arrive and depart their berths.

Air Operations conducts over 100,000 flight operations each year, an average of 275 flights per day or one every six minutes. Over 150,000 passengers and 264,000 tons of mail and cargo depart annually on Air Mobility Command (AMC) aircraft and other AMC-chartered flights from the airfield's AMC Terminal.

History
The area where the base is located was the site of the original 1907 Jamestown Exposition.

In 1915, the Headquarters of the 5th Naval District was established. In April 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I, a bill was passed for the purchase of the land, and money was set aside in the amount of $1.6 million for the development of the base. The Naval Operating Base (NOB) and other facilities were established. By 1918, there were 34,000 enlisted men at the base. However, by the war's end, the base was reduced in personnel and put into a "standby mode."

When World War II began in Europe in 1939, the base became more active again. New facilities were built, including new runways for aircraft, part of Naval Air Station Norfolk. It also had ramps built to be used by seaplanes to be operated by the Navy during the war. About 400 acres was acquired and, by 1943, the air station had become a central airfield for operations. Due to the expansion, it contributed to ending the war because of the training it provided to naval air units.

In March 1946, the Chief of Naval Operations ordered the Commandant of the 5th Naval District to place NOB Norfolk and NAS Norfolk as separate installations under the command of Commandant Naval Base, whose title was soon changed to Commander, Navy Region, Mid-Atlantic.

Following World War II, NOB Norfolk became the primary base of the Atlantic Fleet. It was one of the largest naval bases in the world.

On 1 January 1953, the name of the naval base was officially changed to Naval Station Norfolk (NS Norfolk), after being known as the NOB.

In 1968, the Naval Air Station was given a major role in John F. Kennedy's vision of putting a man on the moon. The air station became Recovery Control Center Atlantic, which provided command, control, and communications for the ships and aircraft that participated in the recovery operations of Apollo 7.

Due to the end of the Cold War, a drawdown began in the 1990s, and the Navy began reducing shore installations to help with operating costs. Due to this, the Navy merged the separate Naval Station Norfolk and Naval Air Station Norfolk into a single installation to be called Naval Station Norfolk, which became official on 5 February 1999.

Following the attack on USS Cole in October 2000 and the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, the base had some major upgrades to its security gates, costing more than $12.5 million.

On 26 January 2017, Naval Station Norfolk celebrated its centennial at the Pennsylvania House, a historical building built for the Jamestown Exposition, located on the base.

Incidents
On Easter (3 April) of 1988, members of the anti-nuclear group Plowshares boarded the battleship USS Iowa (BB-61) with visitors for a ship's tour and left their group to do symbolic damage to the ship's empty Tomahawk missile launchers, using hammers and their own blood.

On March 24, 2014, a shooting at NS Norfolk resulted in the death of a sailor and a civilian. The shooting occurred around 11:20 p.m. EDT aboard USS Mahan (DDG-72). Security forces shot and killed the civilian who had allegedly shot the sailor aboard the vessel. The base was closed for a short time after the shooting on USS Mahan.

On 26 July 2022, a severe thunderstorm with winds of 60 mph and over caused nine helicopters assigned to Naval Station Norfolk to be damaged. Damaged aircraft include the MH-60 Seahawk and MH-53E Sea Dragon, according to the Navy.

Operational units
Naval Station Norfolk is home port of four carrier strike groups and their assigned ships. In addition, the Naval Station plays host to several Military Sealift Command ships, as well as the submarines of the Atlantic Fleet.

As of October 2022, the following operational units are headquartered or homeported at Naval Station Norfolk:

Carrier Strike Groups (CARSTRKGRU)

 * Carrier Strike Group Two
 * Carrier Strike Group Eight
 * Carrier Strike Group Ten
 * Carrier Strike Group Twelve

Destroyer Squadrons (DESRONS)

 * Destroyer Squadron 2
 * Destroyer Squadron 22
 * Destroyer Squadron 26
 * Destroyer Squadron 28

Submarine Squadron (SUBRON)

 * Submarine Squadron 6

Aircraft carriers

 * USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69)
 * USS John C. Stennis (CVN-74)
 * USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75)
 * USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)
 * USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)

Cruisers

 * USS Leyte Gulf (CG-55)
 * USS Philippine Sea (CG-58)
 * USS Normandy (CG-60)
 * USS Gettysburg (CG-64)

{{no col break|

Amphibious assault
}} {{no col break|
 * USS Wasp (LHD-1)
 * USS Kearsarge (LHD-3)
 * USS Bataan (LHD-5)
 * USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7)
 * USS San Antonio (LPD-17)
 * USS Mesa Verde (LPD-19)
 * USS New York (LPD-21)
 * USS Arlington (LPD-24)
 * USS Fort Lauderdale (LPD-28)

Guided missile destroyers
}}
 * USS Stout (DDG-55)
 * USS Mitscher (DDG-57)
 * USS Laboon (DDG-58)
 * USS Gonzalez (DDG-66)
 * USS Cole (DDG-67)
 * USS Ross (DDG-71)
 * USS Mahan (DDG-72)
 * USS McFaul (DDG-74)
 * USS Porter (DDG-78)
 * USS Oscar Austin (DDG-79)
 * USS Nitze (DDG-94)
 * USS James E. Williams (DDG-95)
 * USS Bainbridge (DDG-96)
 * USS Forrest Sherman (DDG-98)
 * USS Truxtun (DDG-103)
 * USS Gravely (DDG-107)

Submarines

 * USS Helena (SSN-725)
 * USS Pasadena (SSN-752)
 * USS Albany (SSN-753)
 * USS Boise (SSN-764)
 * USS New Hampshire (SSN-778)
 * USS New Mexico (SSN-779)
 * USS John Warner (SSN-785)
 * USS Washington (SSN-787)
 * USS Montana (SSN-794)

Military Sealift Command

 * USNS Comfort (T-AH-20)
 * USNS Lewis and Clark (T-AKE-1)
 * USNS Sacagawea (T-AKE-2)
 * USNS Leroy Grumman (T-AO-195)
 * USNS Kanawha (T-AO-196)
 * USNS Big Horn (T-AO-198)
 * USNS Patuxent (T-AO-201)
 * USNS Laramie (T-AO-203)
 * USNS Supply (T-AOE-6)
 * USNS Arctic (T-AOE-8)
 * USNS Zeus (T-ARC-7)

Tenant/Shore Commands
In addition to the several operational units, Naval Station Norfolk is also headquarters to a number of shore activities that provided administrative and specialty support to regional operational assets, and in some cases, the entire Navy.

As of June 2021, these included:
 * Navy Warfare Development Command
 * Navy Region Mid-Atlantic
 * United States Second Fleet
 * Carrier Strike Group Four
 * Navy Expeditionary Combat Command
 * Naval Reserve Force
 * Navy Fleet Readiness Centers
 * Naval Surface Force Atlantic
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Atlantic (NCTAMS LANT)
 * Navy Exchange Command
 * Naval Safety Center
 * Naval Criminal Investigative Service, Norfolk Field Office headquarters and NCIS Resident Agency (NCISRA) Norfolk, a subordinate component of the Norfolk Field Office.
 * Commander Navy Installations Command, N6 and N8

Base housing
There is a public-private venture (PPV) housing by Liberty Military Housing for accompanied service members. Some properties are on the property of the base.

title: Naval Station Norfolk


text:
George Caley

George Caley (10 June 1770 – 23 May 1829) was an English botanist and explorer, active in Australia for the majority of his career.

Early life
Caley was born in Craven, Yorkshire, England, the son of a horse-dealer. He was educated at the Free Grammar School at Manchester for around four years and was then taken into his father's stables. According to a letter which was sent to William Withering on 15 June 1798, he started teaching himself botany after he coming across a volume of book about farriery which was written by William Gibson cause he became interested in the herbs mentioned in prescriptions. He started learning botany by studying Botanical arrangement (1787–92) by William Withering. He changed his job to that of a weaver in order to allow himself to spend more time with his associate in Manchester School of Botanists which consist of John Mellor, James Crowther, and John Dewhurst. This school was also attended by John Horsefield on 1808. In March 1795 he wrote to Sir Joseph Banks who, after warning him about the small financial rewards to be expected by a botanist for his labour, suggested that he might be able to obtain work for him as a gardener's labourer, which would give opportunities of increasing his knowledge. He worked in Kew Gardens and other gardens.

Australia
Banks appointed Caley as a botanical collector in New South Wales in 1798. He was given a free passage to Sydney aboard the Speedy, where he arrived on 15 April 1800. He was paid weekly wage of 15 shillings, was allowed rations by the government and he was also given a cottage at Parramatta. Governor King, writing to Banks in September 1800, expressed his intention to establish a botanical garden near the cottage. Caley was assisted by Daniel Moowattin an Aboriginal man of the Darug people. Daniel was Caley's interpreter, bush guide, gatherer of plant and animal specimens, bird-trapper, servant and companion on expeditions around Sydney.

Caley sent many botanical and other specimens to Banks and his letters also kept Banks informed of the general conditions of the colony as well as scientific matters. Caley was the first to make a serious effort to study the Eucalyptus. In 1801 Caley went with Lieutenant James Grant to Western Port and in 1804 he gave King a long report on "A journey to ascertain the Limits or Boundaries of Vaccary Forest" (the Cowpastures). Caley was able to report on the wild cattle, which he found considerably increased in numbers. In November 1804 Caley, with three convict assistants, attempted to cross the Blue Mountains along the northern edge of the Grose Valley. He managed to reach and ascend a mountain he named Mount Banks. However, upon being struck by the awe-inspiring views of the sheer cliffs of the Grose Valley stretching away to the south, he decided to turn back, unaware he was only a day's walk away from the western escarpment and the open country lying beyond. In October 1805 he visited Norfolk Island and went to Hobart at the end of November that year.

In August 1808 Banks wrote to Caley offering him an annuity of £50 a year and to release him from all services beyond what he voluntarily wished to perform and to remain in New South Wales if he desired. Caley was homesick for England, however, and decided to return to England.

Later life
Caley returned to England in 1810 and in 1816 was appointed curator of the botanic gardens in St Vincent, West Indies. He resigned from this position in December 1822 and was back in England in the following May. He died on 23 May 1829. He had married in 1816 but his wife predeceased him without children.

Governor King found Caley 'eccentric and morose', both Banks and King found Caley difficult and at times tactless and unreasonable. He was, however, a good worker, a skilful and accurate botanist and he was thoroughly honest. He did not publish any works, but his collections did much to spread a knowledge of Australian plants in the early years of the nineteenth century. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation   Caley    when citing a botanical name. He is recognised in several place names, including a Reserve name and bushland pavilion name at Ku-ring-gai Wildflower Garden in St Ives, and in the orchid genus Caleana and the species Grevillea caleyi, Viola caleyana, Banksia caleyi, and Eucalyptus caleyi. A George Caley Society was formed in Saint Ives (New South Wales) in 2019.

title: George Caley


text:
Jacques Sirmond

Jacques Sirmond (12 or 22 October 1559 – 7 October 1651) was a French scholar and Jesuit.

Simond was born at Riom, Auvergne. He was educated at the Jesuit College of Billom; having been a novice at Verdun and then at Pont-Mousson, he entered into the order on 26 July 1576. After having taught rhetoric at Paris he resided for a long time in Rome as secretary to Claudio Acquaviva (1590–1608). In 1637 he was confessor to Louis XIII.

Works
He brought out many editions of Latin and Byzantine chroniclers of the Middle Ages:
 * Ennodius and Flodoard (1611)
 * Sidonius Apollinaris (1614)
 * the life of St Leo IX by the archdeacon Wibert (1615)
 * Marcellinus and Idatius (1619)
 * Anastasius the Librarian (1620)
 * Eusebius of Caesarea (1643)
 * Hincmar (1645)
 * Theodulf of Orléans (1646)
 * Hrabanus Maurus (1647)
 * Rufinus and Loup de Ferrières (1650)
 * his edition of the capitularies of Charles the Bald (Karoli Calvi et successorum aliquot Franciae regum capitula, 1623)
 * edition of the councils of ancient France (Concilia antiquae Galliae, 1629, 3 vols., new ed. incomplete, 1789).

An essay in which he denied the identity of St Denis of Paris and St Denis the Areopagite (1641), caused a controversy. His Opera varia, where this essay is to be found, as well as a description in Latin verse of his voyage from Paris to Rome in 1590, have appeared in 5 vols (1696; new ed. Venice, 1728). To him is attributed Elogio di cardinale Baronio (1607).

title: Jacques Sirmond


text:
Visbur

Visbur or Wisbur (Old Norse "Certain/Undoubted Son" ) was a legendary Swedish king of the House of Ynglings and the son of Vanlandi. He was burned to death inside his hall by the arson of two of his own sons in revenge for rejecting their mother and denying them their heritage. He was succeeded by his son Dómaldi.

Attestations
Snorri Sturluson wrote of Visbur in his Ynglinga saga (1225):

Snorri included a piece from Ynglingatal (9th century) in his account in the Heimskringla:

The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation:

The even earlier source Íslendingabók cites the line of descent in Ynglingatal and also gives Visburr as the successor of Vanlandi and the predecessor of Dómaldr: ''vi Vanlandi. vii Visburr. viii Dómaldr''.

title: Visbur


text:
Selburose

In Norwegian knitting, a selburose is a knitted rose pattern in the shape of a regular octagram. It is traditionally used for winter clothing such as the Selbu mitten (selbuvott) and sweaters (lusekofte, lopapeysa and mariusgenser). Of ancient origin, the pattern is associated with the town of Selbu in Norway, and has become an international symbol of Norway (or Scandinavia generally), Christmas and winter.

History
The design now known as the selburose has a long history. It appears in textiles across European history, and in knitting pattern books from Italy, France, Switzerland and Germany in the 16th to 18th century. It appears to combine designs of Islamic and Christian tradition based on Coptic and Byzantine art, or even the Sumerian Star of Ishtar. In Norway, the pattern was already in use prior to 1857 on sweaters from Western Norway based on Danish designs.

Marit Guldsetbrua Emstad (born 1841), a girl from Selbu, popularized the design in 1857 when she knitted three pairs of mittens with an eight-petalled rose design (åttebladrose) and brought them to church. She may have been inspired by stockings knitted by Marit Sessenggjerdet, a woman working for the same employer. The design became immediately popular in Selbu. The Norwegian Arts and Craft Club (Husflidslag) spread the selburose mitten fad across the country after 1910. By the 1930s, 100,000 pairs were made in Selbu every year, and by 1960, much of the town's economy depended on the trade.

The popularity of the design in Norway may have been helped by the desire to establish a Norwegian national identity as the decades-long process of Norwegian independence from Sweden had thought leaders searching for the country's "true spirit". The bold, "uniquely Norsk" design of the selburose fit these aspirations. Norwegian girls were taught to knit the pattern, as a pair of selbuvotter became the traditional gift of a girl to her fiancé and his friends. The home industry of Selbu mitten knitting helped make Norwegian farming life economically feasible and gave women a measure of economic independence. Norwegian emigration and international trade spread the symbol across the world, where it is often interpreted as a snowflake or a star instead of a flower. This helped cement the association between the selburose and winter clothing and therefore winter itself.

title: Selburose


text:
Talk:1992 Winter Olympics

Discussion
13 Dec 2005

Seems the structure has been changed (improved) a bit. Medal count is now on separate pages - and the count is correct :-)

Crukis

---

The Medal count table seems to be wrong. If the medal count was correct, at least the positions must be wrong. For instance Norway would pass the Unified Team and Sweden would beat the Netherlands.

From what I have been able to find from different sources on the internet (most notably the IOC medal winners search page: http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp ) the correct list should read:

Pos	Country		Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total

1	GERMANY 	10	10	6	26

2	UNIFIED TEAM	9	6	8	23

3	NORWAY 		9	6	5	20

4	AUSTRIA 	6	7	8	21

5	UNITED STATES 	5	4	2	11

6	ITALY 		4	6	4	14

7	FRANCE 		3	5	1	9

8	FINLAND 	3	1	3	7

9	CANADA 		2	3	2	7

10	SOUTH KOREA 	2	1	1	4

11	JAPAN 		1	2	4	7

12	THE NETHERLANDS 1	1	2	4

13	SWEDEN 		1	0	3	4

14	SWITZELAND 	1	0	2	3

15	CHINA 		0	3	0	3

16	LUXEMBOURG 	0	2	0	2

17	NEW ZEALAND 	0	1	0	1

18	CZECHOSLOVAKIA 	0	0	3	3

19	SPAIN 		0	0	1	1

19	NORTH KOREA 	0	0	1	1

TOTAL		57	58	56	171

I'm new to Wikipedia, but I can make the changes if nobody has any objections.

Crukis

Nicolas Bochatay's death
Is it really appropriate to list this under "Athletic Highlights"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.175.220.161 (talk) 09:48, 6 March 2011 (UTC)
 * It looks like the subheading has changed since this comment was made, which helps a bit. Still, the death was a notable (tragic) highlight from the games and should be retained.Kerdooskis (talk) 22:00, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:1992 Winter Olympics


text:
1996–97 United States network television schedule

The 1996–97 United States network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers the primetime hours from September 1996 to August 1997. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 1995–96 season.

PBS is not included; member stations have local flexibility over most of their schedules and broadcast times for network shows may vary.

Each of the 30 highest-rated shows released in May 1997 is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research.

New series highlighted in bold.

Repeat airings or same-day rebroadcasts are indicated by (R).

All times are U.S. Eastern and Pacific Time (except for some live sports or events). Subtract one hour for Central, Mountain, Alaska and Hawaii-Aleutian times.

All sporting events air live in all time zones in U.S. Eastern time, with local and/or late-night programming (including Fox affiliates during the 10 p.m. ET/PT hour) by affiliates after game completion.

Legend

 * Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season.
 * Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season.
 * Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season.

Other Legend
 * Light blue indicates local programming.
 * Gray indicates encore programming.
 * Blue-gray indicates news programming.
 * Light green indicates sporting events.
 * Light Purple indicates movies.
 * Red indicates series being burned off and other scheduled programs, including specials.

Monday
Note: On CBS, the debut of Ink was delayed by a month due to production problems, resulting in another new sitcom, Pearl, which aired temporarily in its slot before moving to its own originally designated Wednesday time period in late October.

Wednesday
Note: On CBS, due to the effect of the debut delay of Ink on Monday, the first month of the new season on this night aired Almost Perfect at 8:30 p.m., followed by CBS Wednesday Movies at 9 p.m. The originally planned fall Wednesday lineup took shape at the end of October with Pearl taking over at 8:30 p.m., Almost Perfect moving to 9 p.m., Public Morals debuting at 9:30 p.m., and EZ Streets debuting at 10 p.m. This lasted for only one week in late October. CBS cancelled Public Morals after it aired the 1st, and only, episode. This meant Almost Perfect would soon be cancelled. EZ Streets would be given a 2nd chance in the spring.

Friday
Note: CBS picked up JAG after NBC cancelled it due to low ratings and it became a success afterwards.

This is the last season of Family Matters and Step by Step and the only season of Clueless to air on ABC's TGIF block, until the following season, the former two shows were picked up by CBS and Clueless moved to UPN on Tuesdays.

Saturday
Note: America's Most Wanted would return in November at 9:00 on Fox. Married... with Children moved to Sundays at 7-8pm in November, Mondays at 9:30 in January, and Mondays at 9pm in February. Lawless which aired on March 27, 1997, replacing the second half of America's Most Wanted was canceled after one episode.

ABC

 * Returning series
 * 20/20
 * The ABC Monday Night Movie
 * The ABC Sunday Night Movie
 * The ABC Saturday Night Movie
 * The ABC Thursday Night Movie
 * America's Funniest Home Videos
 * Boy Meets World
 * Coach
 * The Drew Carey Show
 * Ellen
 * Family Matters
 * Grace Under Fire
 * Hangin' with Mr. Cooper
 * High Incident
 * Home Improvement
 * Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman
 * Monday Night Football
 * Murder One
 * NYPD Blue
 * Primetime Live
 * Roseanne
 * Second Noah
 * Step by Step
 * Turning Point

 * New series
 * Arsenio
 * Clueless
 * Common Law
 * Dangerous Minds
 * Gun
 * Leaving L.A.
 * Life's Work
 * The Practice
 * Relativity
 * Sabrina the Teenage Witch
 * Soul Man
 * Spin City
 * Spy Game
 * Townies
 * Vital Signs

 * Canceled/Ended
 * Aliens in the Family
 * Before They Were Stars
 * Buddies
 * Champs
 * Charlie Grace
 * The Commish
 * The Dana Carvey Show
 * The Faculty
 * Hudson Street
 * The Jeff Foxworthy Show (moved to NBC)
 * The Marshal
 * Maybe This Time
 * The Monroes
 * Muppets Tonight
 * The Naked Truth (moved to NBC)
 * World's Funniest Videos

CBS

 * Returning series
 * 48 Hours
 * 60 Minutes
 * Almost Perfect
 * CBS Sunday Movie
 * Chicago Hope
 * Cybill
 * Dave's World
 * Diagnosis Murder
 * Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
 * JAG (moved from NBC)
 * Murphy Brown
 * The Nanny
 * Nash Bridges
 * Touched by an Angel
 * Walker, Texas Ranger

 * New series
 * Cosby
 * Early Edition
 * Everybody Loves Raymond
 * EZ Streets
 * Feds
 * Ink
 * Life... and Stuff
 * Mr. & Mrs. Smith
 * Moloney
 * Orleans
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 * Temporarily Yours

 * Canceled/Ended
 * American Gothic
 * Bless This House
 * The Bonnie Hunt Show
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 * Central Park West
 * The Client
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 * Dweebs
 * High Society
 * The Louie Show
 * Matt Waters
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 * Rescue 911
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Fox

 * Returning series
 * America's Most Wanted: America Fights Back
 * Beverly Hills, 90210
 * Cops
 * Fox Tuesday Night Movie
 * Living Single
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 * Martin
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 * New series
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 * Canceled/Ended
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NBC

 * Returning series
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 * NBC Sunday Night Movie
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 * NewsRadio
 * Seinfeld
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 * New series
 * Chicago Sons
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 * Men Behaving Badly
 * Mr. Rhodes
 * The Pretender
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 * Profiler
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 * Suddenly Susan

 * Canceled/Ended
 * Brotherly Love (moved to The WB)
 * The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (returning on HBO Max in 2020)
 * The Home Court
 * Hope and Gloria
 * In the House (moved to UPN)
 * JAG (moved to CBS)
 * Malibu Shores
 * The Pursuit of Happiness
 * seaQuest 2032
 * Sisters

UPN

 * Returning series
 * In the House (moved from NBC)
 * Moesha
 * The Sentinel
 * Star Trek: Voyager

 * New series
 * The Burning Zone
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 * Canceled/Ended
 * Deadly Games
 * Live Shot
 * Minor Adjustments
 * Nowhere Man
 * The Paranormal Borderline
 * Swift Justice

The WB

 * Returning series
 * Brotherly Love (moved from NBC)
 * Kirk
 * The Parent 'Hood
 * Savannah
 * Sister, Sister
 * Unhappily Ever After
 * The Wayans Bros.

 * New series
 * 7th Heaven
 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 * The Jamie Foxx Show
 * Life with Roger
 * Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher
 * Smart Guy
 * The Steve Harvey Show

 * Canceled/Ended
 * Cleghorne!
 * First Time Out
 * Pinky and the Brain (moved to Kids' WB in daytime)
 * Simon


text:
Le Soir

Le Soir (, lit. 'The Evening') is a French-language Belgian daily newspaper. Founded in 1887 by Émile Rossel, it was intended as a politically independent source of news. Together with La Libre Belgique, it is one of the country's most popular Francophone newspapers in both Brussels and Wallonia, and since 2005 has been published in Berliner format. It is owned by Rossel & Cie, which also owns several Belgian news outlets, as well as the French paper La Voix du Nord.

History and profile
Le Soir was founded as a free advertising newspaper in 1887. Later it became a paying paper.

When Belgium was occupied during the Second World War, Le Soir continued to be published under German censorship, unlike many Belgian newspapers which went underground. The paper, which became known as "Le Soir Volé" (or "Stolen Le Soir"), was parodied by the resistance group, the Front de l'Indépendance which in 1943 published a satirical pro-Allied edition of the paper, dubbed the "Faux Soir" (or "Fake Soir"), which was mixed with official copies of the paper and distributed to news kiosks in Brussels. The "Stolen Le Soir" was notable for including Hergé's The Adventures of Tintin cartoons in serialized form during the war.

The renewed production of the "Free Le Soir", under Lucien Fuss, restarted on 6 September 1944, just days after the Allied Liberation of Brussels. The publisher of the paper is Rossel company.

Circulation
In the period of 1995–96 Le Soir had a circulation of 182,798 copies. Its 2002 circulation was 130,495 copies with a market share of 20.3%. The circulation of the paper was 104,000 copies in 2003 and 101,000 copies in 2004.

Editorial stance
Compared to its centre-right Catholic competitor, La Libre Belgique, Le Soir is seen as liberal and progressive with politically federalist leanings.

Reaffirmed on the occasion of the release of the new format on 15 November 2005, Le Soir describes its editorial stance as "a progressive and independent daily newspaper." It describes its aims to be a "counterweight" and "always alert, in line with society".

It describes its role as: "An evening paper to fight for the rights of man and women, to respect human dignity, freedom of expression, tolerance, multiculturalism, difference"

Google controversy
The newspaper gained some notoriety on the internet after it successfully sued the search engine Google for copyright infringement. The case was built on the fact that Google made parts of the newspaper's website available through its search engine and its Google News service, even after the articles in question had been removed from the newspaper's website. A Belgian judge ruled that this did not conform to Belgian regulations and ordered Google to remove all "copyright violations" from its websites. Google responded by removing all links to the newspaper not only from its news service but also from its search index.

Charlie Hebdo bomb threat
In response to the terrorist attack on Charlie Hebdo in which 12 people died on 7 January 2015, some international organizations such as Reporters Without Borders and the Index on Censorship called for controversial Charlie Hebdo cartoons to be re-published in solidarity with the French satirical magazine and in defense of free speech. The Hamburger Morgenpost included Charlie Hebdo cartoons on its front cover on 8 January and was subsequently firebombed.

Le Soir faced bomb threats for republishing Charlie Hebdo cartoons, including many satirising religion.

title: Le Soir


text:
Vanlandi

Vanlandi or Vanlande (Old Norse "Man from the Land of the Vanir" ) according to mythology was a Swedish king at Uppsala of the House of Yngling in Norse mythology. He was the son of Sveigðir whom he succeeded as king. He married a girl from Finnland, but forgot about her. In revenge, the girl arranged so that Vanlandi was hag ridden to death. He was succeeded by his son Visbur.

Attestations
Snorri Sturluson wrote of Vanlandi in his Ynglinga saga (1225) (note that the translator has rendered Finnland as Finland):

Snorri also quoted some lines from Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:

The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation:

The even earlier source Íslendingabók cites the line of descent in Ynglingatal and also gives Vanlandi as the successor of Svegðir and the predecessor of Visbur: ''v Svegðir. vi Vanlandi. vii Visburr. viii Dómaldr''.

Geography
Geographical note: According to the article Skuttunge in Nationalencyklopedin, the creek skutá passed its name onto the village of Skuttunge and the parish of Skuttunge (sv). The area does not only contain raised stones, but also 45 grave fields (most from the Iron Age), including a dolmen. The creek is today named after the village.

The area has undergone considerable Post-glacial rebound. Rising about 0.5 m each 100 years. This has significantly changed the position of the seashore, lakes, rivers and human settlements over time.

title: Vanlandi


text:
Political drama

A political drama can describe a play, film or TV program that has a political component, whether reflecting the author's political opinion, or describing a politician or series of political events.

Dramatists who have written political dramas include Aaron Sorkin, Robert Penn Warren, Sergei Eisenstein, Bertolt Brecht, Jean-Paul Sartre, Howard Brenton, Caryl Churchill, and Federico García Lorca.

Theatre
In the history of theatre, there is long tradition of performances addressing issues of current events, especially those central to society itself. The political satire performed by the comic poets at the theatres had considerable influence on public opinion in the Athenian democracy. Those earlier Western dramas, arising out of the polis, or democratic city-state of Greek society, were performed in amphitheaters, central arenas used for theatrical performances, religious ceremonies and political gatherings; these dramas had a ritualistic and social significance that enhanced the relevance of the political issues being examined.

Shakespeare is an author of political theatre according to some academic scholars, who observe that his history plays examine the machinations of personal drives and passions determining political activity and that many of the tragedies such as King Lear and Macbeth dramatize political leadership and complexity subterfuges of human beings driven by the lust for power. For example, they observe that class struggle in the Roman Republic is central to Coriolanus.

Historically in Soviet Russia, the term political theatre was sometimes referred to as agitprop theatre or simply agitprop, after the Soviet term agitprop.

Recent political drama
In later centuries, political theatre has sometimes taken a different form. Sometimes associated with cabaret and folk theatre, it has offered itself as a theatre 'of, by, and for the people'. In this guise, political theatre has developed within the civil societies under oppressive governments as a means of actual underground communication and the spreading of critical thought. Following the war there was an influx of political theatre, as people needed to discuss the losses of the war.

Often political theatre has been used to promote specific political theories or ideals, for example in the way agitprop theatre has been used to further Marxism and the development of communist sympathies. Russian agitprop theater was noted for its cardboard characters of perfect virtue and complete evil, and its coarse ridicule.

Realism in theatre
Less radical versions of political theatre have become established within the mainstream modern repertory - such as the realist dramas of Arthur Miller (The Crucible and All My Sons), which probe the behavior of human beings as social and political animals.

Feminist theatre
A new form of political theatre emerged in the twentieth century with feminist authors like Elfriede Jelinek or Caryl Churchill, who often make use of the non-realistic techniques detailed above.. During the 1960s and 1970s, new theatres emerged addressing women's issues. These theatres went beyond producing feminist plays, but also sought to give women opportunities and work experience in all areas of theatrical production which had heretofore been dominated by men. In addition to playwright, producers, and actors, there were opportunities for women electricians, set designers, musical director, stage managers, etc.

Brechtian theatre
The Living Theatre, created by Judith Malina and her husband Julian Beck in 1947, which had its heyday in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War, is a primary example of politically oriented Brechtian performance art in the United States. Their original productions of Kenneth Brown's The Brig (c. 1964), also filmed, and of Jack Gelber's controversial play The Connection and its 1961 film rely upon and illustrate the dramaturgy of Brechtian alienation effect (Verfremdungseffekt) that most political theatre uses to some extent, forcing the audience to take a "critical perspective" on events being dramatized or projected on screen(s) and building on aspects of the Theatre of Cruelty, which developed from the theory and practice of French early surrealist and proto-absurdist Antonin Artaud.

American regional theatre
In American regional theatre, a politically oriented social orientation occurs in Street theatre, such as that produced by the San Francisco Mime Troupe and ROiL. The Detroit Repertory Theatre has been among those regional theaters at the forefront of political comedy, staging plays like Jacob M. Appel's Arborophilia, in which a lifelong Democrat prefers that her daughter fall in love with a poplar tree instead of a Republican activist. In 2014, Chicago's Annoyance Theater produced Good Morning Gitmo: a one-act play by Mishu Hilmy and Eric Simon which lampoons the US Detention Center at Guantanamo Bay.

David Hare's play Straight Line Crazy focuses on the life of Robert Moses, played by Ralph Fiennes, the controversial urban planner who worked in New York.

English political theatre
Kitchen sink realism or kitchen sink drama was a movement that developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s in theatre, art, novels, film, and television plays, whose protagonists usually could be described as "angry young men" who were disillusioned with modern society. It used a style of social realism to depict the lives of working class Britons, and to explore controversial social and political issues ranging from abortion to homelessness. The film It Always Rains on Sunday (1947) is a precursor of the genre, and John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger (1956) is an example of an early play in this genre.

The Iraq War is the focus of some recent British political drama; for example, Stuff Happens, by David Hare. David Edgar and Mark Ravenhill also satirize contemporary socio-political realities in their recent dramatic works.

Banner Theatre in Birmingham, England, in the United Kingdom, is an example of a specific kind of political theatre called documentary theatre.

Scottish political theatre
John McGrath, founder of the Scottish popular theatre company 7:84, argued that "the theatre can never 'cause' a social change. It can articulate pressure towards one, help people celebrate their strengths and maybe build their self-confidence… Above all, it can be the way people find their voice, their solidarity and their collective determination."

Television
The television series The West Wing created by Aaron Sorkin which focuses on the fictional Democratic administration of President Josiah Bartlet is widely considered one of the best TV shows of all time,    having won three Golden Globe Awards and 26 Primetime Emmy Awards, including the award for Outstanding Drama Series, which it won four consecutive times from 2000 to 2003.

Yes, Minister and its sequel Yes, Prime Minister were British political satire sitcoms.

Other television series that have been classified as political dramas include Borgen, Boss, Jack & Bobby, The Bold Ones: The Senator, Commander in Chief, House of Cards (UK and US versions), Madam Secretary, Designated Survivor, Spin, Ingobernable, Scandal, Billions, The Looming Tower, and The Mechanism.

The Good Wife can also be considered a political drama, especially in its critically acclaimed second season and fifth season. Races for political office, including state's attorney, governor, and even a Presidential run, move in and out of the show's narrative and the story of its main character, Alicia Florrick. However, Alicia's primary profession as a litigator for the most part takes precedence in the narrative, and so the show more often focuses on her cases and related office politics, making it primarily a legal drama.

Film
There have been notables films that have been labeled as political dramas such as Thirteen Days and The Ides of March. A famous literary political drama which later made the transition to film was Robert Penn Warren's All the King's Men.

title: Political drama


text:
Lipps–Meyer law

The Lipps–Meyer law, named for Theodor Lipps (1851–1914) and Max Friedrich Meyer (1873–1967), hypothesizes that the closure of melodic intervals is determined by "whether or not the end tone of the interval can be represented by the number two or a power of two", in the frequency ratio between notes (see octave).

"The 'Lipps–Meyer' Law predicts an 'effect of finality' for a melodic interval that ends on a tone which, in terms of an idealized frequency ratio, can be represented as a power of two."

Thus the interval order matters — a perfect fifth, for instance (C,G), ordered $⟨C,G⟩$, 2:3, gives an "effect of indicated continuation", while $⟨G,C⟩$, 3:2, gives an "effect of finality".

This is a measure of interval strength or stability and finality. Notice that it is similar to the more common measure of interval strength, which is determined by its approximation to a lower, stronger, or higher, weaker, position in the harmonic series.

The reason for the effect of finality of such interval ratios may be seen as follows. If $$F = h_2/2^n$$ is the interval ratio in consideration, where $$n$$ is a positive integer and $$h_2$$ is the higher harmonic number of the ratio, then its interval can be determined by taking the base-2 logarithm $$I=12log_2(h_2/2^n)=12log_2(h_2) - 12n$$ (3/2=7.02 and 4/3=4.98). The difference of these terms is the harmonic series representation of the interval in question (using harmonic numbers), whose bottom note $$12n$$ is a transposition of the tonic by n octaves. This suggests why descending interval ratios with denominator a power of two are final. A similar situation is seen if the term in the numerator is a power of two.

title: Lipps–Meyer law


text:
Talk:Rag and bone man

Rag & Bone
Do I recall that they actually used to shout out something like "rag and bone" as they went round with their horse and cart (only it came out sounding more like "ra bo")? Deb 20:46, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) people think that rag and bone man and they were sceard
 * A rag and bone man just came round here now (I can actually still hear him) and the call was more like "rag-boooooooooohne" (long ending)... I think he was using a truck though, couldn't fully see what he was driving/him... never mind... interesting that in 2008 there still around though...! I thought they would be made more or less redundant by recycling points/charity shops/bags (At least in the UK anyway). 86.29.16.37 (talk) 10:52, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

My recollection of the sound ringing round the streets in the 50s and early 60s was more like "yeole raghboooooooooohne" (any old rag and bones)212.21.118.192 (talk) 14:46, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Does anyone know the name of that BBC documentary? It might be valuable as a reference.mitchco 16:46, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Rag and bone men around here (Walsall, Black Country) blow a trumpet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.172.40.211 (talk) 11:44, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

A rag and bone man in the North of the borough of Solihull, West Midlands, has some kind of trumpet and his call sounds a bit like "Any old iron!". 86.22.78.112 (talk) 00:36, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Suggestion for Popular Culture
Bubbs from the wire seems to fit the description, i dont know how to edit properly but hey anyone who's up to it might want to do this 86.131.206.103 (talk) 04:40, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

New version
I've written a new version of this article, to be found here. If nobody objects, I plan to copy it across, replacing this article, in the next day or so. Parrot of Doom 19:25, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I plan to move my sandboxed article to Rag-and-bone man (the usage most commonly found in sources), and then change this article to a redirect. Parrot of Doom 00:20, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rag and bone man


text:
Talk:El Dorado (legend)

POV problem
At least part of the text is from a 1636 account (see ), which is POV ("demon which they worshipped as their god and lord" for instance). The problem is that the account is unmarked, so it's not clear where the POV begins and where it ends.

Finding the source and clearly marking the parts that were copied from it would probably be enough to solve the POV problem.

cesarb 20:46, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I've done the above, as best I can determine the original text without a hardcopy (there are a few versions online). With proper sections and a couple minor rewrites the article should be much more encyclopedic now. --Dhartung | Talk 01:53, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's much better now. Thanks! cesarb 14:23, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

From Cleanup/Leftovers
El Dorado (myth) - part of the text from a 1636 account (see ), POV ("demon which they worshipped as their god and lord" for instance). The text from the 1636 account should either be marked as such or cleaned up.

title: Talk:El Dorado (legend)


text:
User:Vintagesound~enwiki

Mainly I spend my time down the German Wikipedia, see my profile over there. But, as I lived in Manchester for quite some time, I might translate the odd Manc-related article to that language. Or the one on the Lake District or, strangely enough, Leeds. Or in fact do almost completely unrelated stuff, like the one Gavin Bryars whom I like, or content concernced with Chinese that is quite well done over here, but is not over there.

title: User:Vintagesound~enwiki


text:
Sveigðir

Sveigðir, Sveigder or Swegde (Old Norse "Waving One" ) was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling in Norse mythology. He was the son of Fjölner, whom he succeeded as king, and he married Vana of Vanaheimr, probably one of the Vanir. Lured by a dwarf, Sveigðir disappeared into a stone and never came back. He was succeeded by his son Vanlandi.

Attestations
Snorri Sturluson wrote of Sveigðir in his Ynglinga saga (1225):

Snorri also quoted some lines from Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:

The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal written in the late 12th century and consequently older than Snorri's quotation:

The even earlier source Íslendingabók from the early 12th century, cites the line of descent in Ynglingatal and also gives Svegðir as the successor of Fjölnir and the predecessor of Vanlandi: ''iiii Fjölnir. sá er dó at Friðfróða. v Svegðir. vi Vanlandi''.

title: Sveigðir


text:
Jerry A. Hausman

Jerry Allen Hausman (born May 5, 1946) is the John and Jennie S. MacDonald Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a notable econometrician. He has published numerous influential papers in microeconometrics. Hausman is the recipient of several prestigious awards including the John Bates Clark Medal in 1985 and the Frisch Medal in 1980.

He is perhaps most well known for his development of the Durbin–Wu–Hausman test.

He has done extensive work in the field of telecommunications, and is also recognized as an expert on antitrust and mergers, public finance and taxation, and regulation. Hausman also serves as the director of the MIT Telecommunications Economics Research Program.

His recent applied papers are on topics including the effect of new goods on economic welfare and their measurement in the CPI, new telecommunications technologies including cellular 3G and broadband, regulation of telecommunications and railroads, and competition in network markets. His recent econometrics papers include estimation of difference in difference models, semi-parametric duration models, mixed logit model, weak instruments, and errors in variables in non-standard situations.

Hausman received his B.A. from Brown University summa cum laude in 1968, and his Ph.D. from Nuffield College, Oxford University, where he was a Marshall Scholar, in 1973, with thesis titled Theoretical and empirical aspects of vintage capital models.

title: Jerry A. Hausman


text:
User talk:Kuntz~enwiki

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title: User talk:Kuntz~enwiki


text:
Fjölnir

Fjölnir (Fjǫlnir ) is a legendary king in Norse mythology said to have been the son of Freyr (Frey) and his consort Gerðr (Gertha). The name appears in a variety of forms, including Fiolnir, Fjölner, Fjolner, and Fjolne. He was claimed as the progenitor of the Swedish Yngling dynasty, reigning from Gamla Uppsala. According to the Grottasöngr, Fjölnir lived from the 1st century BC to the early 1st century AD.

Fjölnir was said to have drowned in a vat of mead while visiting Peace-Fróði, a similarly-legendary king of Zealand, the Danish island. Fjölnir was then succeeded by his son Sveigðir.

Name
The etymology of the Old Norse name Fjǫlnir is unclear. It could stem from the verb fela ('to hide'), with Fjǫlnir as 'the concealer [of the mead of poetry]', or it may have emerged as an abbreviation of fjǫlviðr ('the very wise'). A derivation from fjǫl ('crowd') has also been proposed, with Fjǫlnir as the 'manifold' or the 'multiplier', although such an adverbial formation has no attested parallel. According to Lindow, the second etymology may be more fitting for a name of Odin, but the meaning remains uncertain in any case.

Fjölnir is indeed also frequently mentioned as a name of Odin. In Grímnismál ('The Lay of Grímnir'), Odin mentions it to Geirröðr as one of his many names that constitute the beginning of his epiphany. In Reginsmál ('The Lay of Reginn'), a man who is clearly Odin uses Fjölnir to refer to himself as he is standing on a mountain addressing Sigurd and Regin. In Gylfaginning ('The Beguiling of Gylfi'), Fjölnir appears among the 12 names given for Alfödr, another name of Odin.

Grottasöngr
Grottasöngr informs that Fjölnir was the contemporary of Caesar Augustus (63 BC – AD 14). He was a mighty king and the crops were bountiful and peace was maintained. At his time, King Fróði, the son of Friðleifr, ruled in Lejre in Zealand. Grottasöngr relates that when Fróði once visited Uppsala he brought two giantesses, Fenja and Menja:
 * Fróði konungr sótti heimboð í Svíþjóð til þess konungs, er Fjölnir er nefndr. Þá keypti hann ambáttir tvær, er hétu Fenja ok Menja. Þær váru miklar ok sterkar.

However, the two giantesses were to be his undoing (see Grottasöngr).

Ynglinga saga
The Ynglinga saga tells that Fjölnir was the son of Freyr himself and his wife Gerd, but he was the first of his house who was not to be deified.

Then Snorri tells that after Freyr's death, Fjölnir became the king of Sweden. However, he drowned in a vat of mead visiting Peace-Fróði (Friðfróði), the king of Zealand.

Ynglingatal
Snorri also quoted some lines of Ynglingatal, composed in the 9th century:

 * Translation: ‘The word of doom that fell upon Fjǫlnir was fulfilled where Fróði lived. And the windless wave of the spears of the bull [HORNS > BEER] was to destroy the prince.’

The Historia Norwegiæ provides a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, which precedes Snorri's quotation. It also informs that Fjölnir was the son of Freyr, the father of Svegder and that he drowned in a vat of mead: The even earlier source Íslendingabók cites the line of descent in Ynglingatal and also gives Fjölnir as the successor of Freyr and the predecessor of Svegðir. In addition to this it summarizes that Fjölnir died at Friðfróði's (i.e. Peace-Fróði): ''iii Freyr. iiii Fjölnir. sá er dó at Friðfróða. v Svegðir'':.

Gesta Danorum
In Gesta Danorum, Book 1, Frodi corresponds to Hadingus and Fjölnir to Hundingus, but the story is a little different. It relates how King Hundingus of Sweden believed a rumor that King Hadingus of Denmark had died and held his obsequies with ceremony, including an enormous vat of ale. Hundingus himself served the ale, but accidentally stumbled and fell into the vat, choked, and drowned. When word came to King Hadingus of this unfortunate death, King Hadingus publicly hanged himself (see Freyr).

Ballad of Veraldur
Dumézil (1973, Appendix I) cites a Faroese ballad recorded in 1840 about Odin and his son Veraldur. It is believed that this Veraldur is related to Fjölnir and Freyr, as per Snorri's statement that Freyr was veraldar goð ("god of the world").

In this ballad Veraldur sets off to Zealand to seek the king's daughter in marriage despite Odin's warnings. The king of Zealand dislikes Veraldur and tricks him into falling into a brewing vat in a "hall of stone" where Veraldur drowns. When Odin hears the news, he decides to die and go to Asgard where his followers will also be welcomed after death.

The tale is similar to that of the death of Fjölnir, son of Freyr, who accidentally fell into a vat of mead and drowned while paying a friendly visit to Fridfródi the ruler of Zealand.

title: Fjölnir


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The Wrong Trousers

The Wrong Trousers is a 1993 British stop-motion animated short film co-written and directed by Nick Park, featuring his characters Wallace and Gromit, and was produced by Aardman Animations in association with Wallace and Gromit Ltd., BBC Bristol, Lionheart Television and BBC Children's International. It is the second film featuring the eccentric inventor Wallace (voiced by Peter Sallis) and his dog Gromit, following A Grand Day Out (1989). In the film, a villainous penguin, Feathers McGraw, posing as a lodger, recruits Wallace by using his techno-trousers to steal a diamond from the city museum.

The Wrong Trousers debuted in the United States on 17 December 1993, and the United Kingdom on 26 December 1993 on BBC Two. It was commercially successful, and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1994. It also inspired a charity fundraising day, known as "Wrong Trousers Day", one of several events.

The Wrong Trousers was followed by A Close Shave (1995), The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005), and A Matter of Loaf and Death (2008). Feathers McGraw returns in the 2003 video game Wallace & Gromit in Project Zoo and made a background cameo in the 2023 film Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget.

On 6 June 2024, it was announced that Feathers McGraw would return in the new upcoming animated feature film, Vengeance Most Fowl.

Plot
On Gromit's birthday, Wallace gives him new techno-trousers to take him on walks. When Wallace realizes that he does not have enough money to pay off debts, he rents out the spare bedroom to a penguin, who befriends Wallace and drives Gromit from the house. The penguin takes an interest in the trousers, which can also walk on walls and ceilings, and secretly rewires them for remote control. Gromit realises that the penguin is Feathers McGraw, a wanted criminal who disguises himself as a chicken.

Feathers forces Wallace into the techno-trousers and sends him on a test run through town, designed to tire him out and send him back to bed upon returning home. Gromit spies on Feathers as he takes measurements of the city museum, and discovers Feathers' plans to steal a diamond from there. While Wallace sleeps, Feathers marches him to the museum and uses the trousers to infiltrate the building. He uses a remotely operated crane claw contained in a helmet he has made Wallace wear, to capture the diamond, but as soon as he gets the diamond, he accidentally triggers the alarm. As Wallace wakes up, Feathers marches him back to the house and traps him and Gromit in a wardrobe.

Gromit rewires the trousers to break open the wardrobe. He and Wallace pursue Feathers aboard their model train set. Wallace disarms Feathers and accidentally escapes from the trousers. After Feathers' train collides with the trousers, Gromit captures him in an empty milk bottle. They take Feathers to the police station, and he is subsequently imprisoned in the city zoo. Wallace and Gromit pay their debts with the reward money, while the techno-trousers walks off into the sunset.

Reception
The Wrong Trousers was voted as the eighteenth-best British television show by the British Film Institute. The film has an approval rating of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 26 reviews, and an average score of 9.1/10. The critical consensus reads, "An endearing and meticulous showcase of stop motion animation, The Wrong Trousers also happens to be laugh-out-loud funny." The film was awarded the Grand Prix at the Tampere Film Festival, and the Grand Prix at the World Festival of Animated film – Animafest Zagreb in 1994. The Wrong Trousers won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1994. In 2024, Michael Hogan in The Guardian's list of greatest Kid's TV villains ranked Feathers McGraw number one, writing, "The definitive screen villain of our age is a penguin with a red rubber glove on its head. The gun-toting, 3ft tall criminal mastermind first terrorised viewers in 1993 Oscar-winning short The Wrong Trousers. The fact that he's mute with expressionless beady eyes only makes him more terrifying."

title: The Wrong Trousers