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Talk:Judaism and Mormonism

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'''Article Created 7 Aug 2004. As of 16 Apr 2006, there have been 136 Contributers, 60 are IP addresses, 76 are registered Users''' Total 7 Aug 2004 to 16 Apr 2006, 924 Edits Stats from (VChapman 16 APR 2006)

Jesus
The Mormon doctrine that Jesus is Jehovah (and not God the Father) has a special significance in relation to the Jews and their covenant with Yahweh (or Jesus?). Jonathan Tweet 02:30, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The Jesus section needs some work; the info is basically fine, but the current text has quite a combative tone. In particular, the lead-in characterizes it as a fallacy that Jews think about Jesus at all.  This is non-neutral and somewhat silly.  It's true that Jesus does not have a central or large role in Judaism, and perhaps that was all that was meant.  But of course Judaism has teachings about Jesus, as the article goes on to describe.  I'm reworking it a bit now, feel free to comment on my changes. --Reuben 22:27, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * "of course Judaism has teachings about Jesus"?! By all means, share them with us. FiveRings 00:01, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * My pleasure. There's a Wikipedia article on that subject: Jewish view of Jesus.  See also Yeshu, who appears in the Talmud and has traditionally be understood by Jews and Christians as referring to Jesus.  Maimonides wrote about him.  There are books on the subject, articles , an FAQ , etc., just as there are Christian view of Mohammad or a Muslim view of Buddha.  One simple example of a Jewish teaching about Jesus is that Jesus was not the Messiah.  I would be happy with a different wording than my version, but I think your edit still comes across as somewhat combative.  It's not necessary to repeat the qualification "if such a person even existed," when the very next sentence already makes it clear that many Jews do not believe this.  Also, the comment about a "trinity, even of divine beings" does not reflect trinitarian Christian belief.  See for example Trinity. --Reuben 00:39, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks much better, thanks. I'm changing "trinity of divine beings" to "trinity of divine persons," because a trinitarian Christian would not describe the trinity as consisting of three separate beings.  For the same reason, "any deity but God" still isn't quite right, because trinitarian Christians don't believe that Jesus is an additional deity.  I think there's probably a better way to put this, but I haven't thought of it yet... --Reuben 01:08, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not just Jesus as an additional diety that's the issue though, it's also the duality between Father and Holy Spirit. Many xtians seem to believe that Jews believe in a trinity without Jesus. That unity thing should be re-emphasized. Perhaps a link to the sh'ma? FiveRings 01:29, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * That would be good in the "nature of God" section, just before "Jesus." --Reuben 01:41, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

"Friendship" and mormons afforded special privilidges in Israel.
The following paragraph (now reverted) was added to the intro:

"Despite the great theological gaps that exist between the two peoples, since the beginning of modern Jewish history in Israel, close friendships have existed between Israeli leaders and Mormon leaders, and Israel has afforded the Mormon people many benefits in Israel that other denominations have been denied (i.e. the BYU Jerusalem Center)."

this memo from the jerusalem center for public affairs explains what actually happened: http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/mormon.htm

Mormons aren't considered differently from any other xtian denomination. FiveRings 01:37, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think an acceptable question to answer is there any evidence that other Christian groups been denied benefits granted the Mormon people? The article cited does not address the final point made that there is not difference.  Currently, that can only be assumed an opinion and not a fact.

 * Who was the editor that made the claim and what evidence do they have for such a statement? Storm Rider (talk) 03:33, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The memo cited specifically references Israel's policy of freedom of religion, and the need to treat all xtian denominations equally: "The establishment of a Mormon presence on the proposed scale will present a challenge to other Christian groups to whom Israel will then be unable to deny equal access as their right. If the Mormons do build, some guarantee against missionizing will have to be made part of the charter agreement if constant battle is to be avoided (although such a guarantee would not necessarily deflect the opposition of groups opposing a substantial Christian presence in Jerusalem as a threat to Jewish survival)."

 * The editor wasn't named, just an IP address. FiveRings 05:03, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, even if true, that is original research by that IP unless there is a reference. -- Trödel 15:07, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the structure was already built; it is the BYU Jerusalem Center. I don't see how its construction is a favor; I suspect the editor was being overly optimistic or just naieve.  I know the LDS church and the Mormon people are highly favorable towards Israel and its people, but I am not aware of any mutual relationship beyond that.  Storm Rider (talk) 17:24, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In fact, many religions have centers near or in Jerusalem (I visited the Bahai temple when I was there). If you read the entire referenced memo, you'll note that one of the concerns was Jews *attacking* the Mormon construction. FiveRings 01:08, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Sourcing - Wikipedia not a reliable source
The AFD discussion currently underway contains the statement "I added a lot of the Jewish information, and it was taken from other Wikipedia articles and other disparate sources." This is a reminder that per our guideline on reliable sources, Wikipedia is not a reliable source. The material sourced from Wikipedia articles should be resourced to reliable sources. GRBerry 02:54, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I could have said "as I was taught in Hebrew school", but that's harder to cite. What is considered common knowledge in the jewish community isn't common knowledge at all in the mormon community, and isn't necessarily common knowledge (or thought of at all) in the general community. So at what point is a citation needed? (The sign on the wall at the Mikveh says "take off all makeup and jewelery". I suppose I could take a photo). FiveRings 03:12, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

LDS Baptism
Would someone check into LDS baptism and confirmation. It is listed incorrectly here. Baptism is only for the the washing away of sins. Baptism does not make one a church member. Afterwards priesthood holders confirm the candidate as a member of the church and give them the Gift of the Holy Ghost. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.165.101.30 (talk • contribs)

 * There are two different baptisms of water. Baptism for remission of sins and baptism as an entrance into the kingdom of God (or the Church). In the church today, we rarely practice the first independent of the second. In the early days of the church, members were baptised when they joined the church, before going to the temple for the first time, before recieving the priesthood, before entering into a new plural marriage, etc. In fact, Oliver Cowdery and Brigham Young both were baptized at least six times each, if not more. Later prophets clarified that the ordinance of the sacrament was adequate for renewing the covenants of baptism and that baptism solely for the remission of sins was not essential after one had already been baptized as a church member. In otherwords, people only needed to be baptized once in their life unless they lost their church membership. Whenever we participate in a new ordinance, according to Wilford Woodruff, their former covenants associated with previous ordinacnes are renewed as if they were participating in the original ordinances for the first time. For example, when you go to the temple to be married, your baptismal coventant is renewed and you are again washed clean of your sins. Same when you partake of the lords supper.

 * Baptism is the introductory ordinance to church membership. While it is true that Baptism is for the remission of sins - ie to demonstrate that one has partook of the atonement (blood) unto the remission of sins, not merely for the washing away of sins (water) or the sanctification and justification required (spirit) to keep one clean. Baptism does make one a church member. That membership is "confirmed" at the time of confirmation or when a member is given the gift of the holy ghost. See for example: D&C 20: 37, 41, 68, 72-73 ("truly manifest by their works that they have received of the Spirit of Christ unto the remission of their sins, shall be received by baptism into his church"; "And to confirm those who are baptized into the church"; "The duty of the members after they are received by baptism.") also, Mosiah 25: 17-18 (Therefore, Alma did go forth into the water and did baptize them; yea, he did baptize them after the manner he did his brethren in the waters of Mormon; yea, and as many as he did baptize did belong to the church of God; and this because of their belief on the words of Alma.

 * Bottom line? Baptism by water is for church membership and to signify a remission of sins, which comes from accepting the atonement or "received of the Spirit of Christ unto the remission of their sins," and precedes the baptism by fire (or spirit). Baptism signifies a remission of sins, not neccessarily "washes them away." Baptism is a symbol of the death, burial and ressurection of christ and that we are volunarily laying down and burying our old sin-filled life and lifting up a new life as a disciple of Christ. John the beloved gives an interesting discourse in 1 John 5 on these three baptisms (blood water and spirit). hope this helps. -Visorstuff 21:21, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Split?
Anyone else think this rather long article would work better as two separate ones? "Mormonism and Judaism" would be a comparative religion article (cf. Judaism and Christianity), currently all of section 7 and subsections, and "Mormon views of Judaism" (a similar idea to Judaism's view of Jesus) would include the current introduction and following sections up to 7. Kaisershatner 16:00, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * An even better template is Relations between Catholicism and Judaism. I'm going to make the split if no-one comments. I'm going to solicit comments from major editors here and maybe the Mormonism project?  :) Kaisershatner 17:26, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I have no objection to the split. In any case the article could usefully be rewritten and significantly shortened.  In particular, many of the sections read as simply a statement of Mormon belief, followed (or preceded) by a statement of Jewish belief.  It would be better to combine sections into a running text that just touches on the most significant points, since there are already very thorough articles on the two religions individually.  If you would like to reorganize the article, and a split would help you do it, it sounds fine to me.  --Reuben 17:59, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Not sure I agree with the split. The point-by-point format was the end product of a lot of editing and arm wrestling - integrating the two texts never worked out (in my opinion, because the Mormon editors kept trying to find analogies that didn't exist). FiveRings 22:38, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * This is a tough decision, but I am mildly against at this point. There is no relationship from the perspective of Judaism.  The relationship is one way, from Latter-day Saints to the House of Israel.  I do agree that the article may be improved.  Let's mull this over a bit longer.  Storm Rider (talk) 22:56, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Community of Christ, number of members??
Either 275,000 or 245,000 or (more probably) some other number. Not both numbers of members. (OK if they have 275,000 members they for certain have at least 245,000 members, but such sloppy logic won't be accepted by common encyclopedia readers!! :) Rursus 12:33, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Please provide a refernce for the current membership - I believe the current number comes from adherents.com. -- Trödel 14:11, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Places of worship
Can we get a reference for "Latter-day Saint places of worship are frequently offered to Jews for their use in religious observances or celebrations."? Cdwiegand 22:28, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Mention of Mormons in Judaism
I had deleted the following text:
 * "and in Jewish observance, scripture and commentary (both ancient and modern) there is no belief in or mention of a connection to Mormons or Mormonism."

The reason I had deleted it is that it leads the reader to the question, does Jewish observance, scripture and commentary mention a connection to others and thus there is some additional significance the statement? Also, I assume we are talking about blood relation here. I suspect there would be something about Hagar's son Ishmael, but are there others that it defines specifically?

To me, I thought it was just too belt and suspenders, or redundant to say after first stating that Mormon claims of membership in the House of Israel are not acceptted. Maybe the fist phrase could be strengthened by saying, "Mormon beliefs with regard to their membership in the House of Israel are generally rejected both from a theological and cultural stand point by the Jewish community. Thoughts, FiveRings? --Storm Rider (talk) 04:28, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * My concern was that the edited (tightened) text gave the impression that this was just a jewish community (social) issue, and not a theological issue. There are in fact groups that have been recognized as belonging to the "lost tribes" by modern religious authorities (the Lemba, the Bene Israel). I don't mind the proposed strengthened phrase. FiveRings 05:54, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that stating "both from a theological and cultural" position is appropriate, but I still have reservations about the term cultural. What I think we are trying to say is that within Judaism there is no theology that contemplates any "kin" relationship between the Jewish people and the Latter-day Saint people. We are also trying to say that outside of theology there is no common discussion that would lead to any acceptance of this peculiar LDS concept; however, cultural works, but can you think of anything that would improve it? --Storm Rider (talk) 06:32, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The current change is ok, I guess. Many Jews haven't even *heard* of Mormonism, or of the House of Israel claim, so I'm not sure you can even say 'generally rejected,' or talk about conflict. Maybe "From the Jewish standpoint, there is no theological or historical support for .... and Jews who are presented with Mormon claims of such typically reject this idea out of hand." (not original research, if you look at the Jews for Judaism site (http://www.jewsforjudaism.org). FiveRings 17:12, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that the vast majority of the Jews simply are unaware of Mormons or have a limited knowledge of them and their claims and religion.
 * Upon hearing of LDS claims of being members of the House of Israel, I would assume they are more perplexed or even flummoxed. I don't really think the second sentence is truthful, is it? Are you aware of any problems this claim makes beteen interrelationships? In my interactions with my Jewish friends, most of them are Orthodox, I have never sensed anything more than interest as in "that is interesting". I never have thought it was an acceptance of fact, but an understanding of my beliefs. Membership in the House of Israel carries several layers of meanings for Jews than for LDS. For LDS it is limited to a realization of being in covenant with God. Jews, I think, feel the same thing, but it is greater than that. It is a nationalistic sense among others.
 * I shortened the "conflict" concept because it is more ambivalence than conflict except when it comes to those Jews who are familiar with the Baptism of Dead concept which appears to be a highly offensive practice to the Jewish people.
 * Five, is there something else you would add or say that is not already expressed? --Storm Rider (talk) 17:27, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I would say that the orthodox are mostly perplexed, but more secular jews (who are more likely to have been actively proselytized) can actually get pissed off. We do not have a positive racial memory with regard to attempted conversions (and the Mormon claim looks a whole lot like Jews for Jesus tactics). I was taught that "House of Israel" referred to descendants of the person (Israel/Jacob), so yes, it's "nationalistic" in the old Hebrew sense of "nation" (not the same as country).

 * How about: "From the Jewish standpoint, there is no theological or historical support for Mormon membership in the house of Israel. Several groups have made such a claim in both historic and modern times, and while some of these groups have in fact been recognized as "lost tribes" (for example, the Lemba people of Ethiopia), Mormons are not among them. While this dichotomy of belief can cause conflicts between individual Mormons and Jews, this rarely descends to active anti-Semitism or anti-Mormonism." (Some Jews would say that *any* attempt at conversion constitutes anti-semitism, but that's more depth than I think belongs here). FiveRings 20:08, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay, thta works with two changes: change claim to claims and reverse the anti-; what we are talking about is Jewish issues with LDS claims so it would be anti-Mormonism. I question even stating anti-Semitism; I don't believe I have ever heard of any LDS expressing anything similar to anti-Semitisism. It is a foreign concept and I would think almost impossible for a LDS to express; of course all things are possible. What about just leaving anti-Semitism off? Are you aware of any incidents (except for what I would consider a radical definition of anti-Semitism you described above)?
 * Have there been any writings regarding the restoration of the full 12 tribes of Israel? The concept of Jewish tribal affiliation appears to have lost its value except for maybe the Kohns. --Storm Rider (talk) 20:24, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

As an aside, LDS believe that there are both literal descendants of Ephraim and those adopted into the tribe within the church. Though there is a belief that most LDS are of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, I am aware that there are believed members of all the tribes of Israel. I am not aware of LDS who seek to claim acceptance or acknowledgement by Jews or the nation of Israel for their membership in the House of Israel. However, I would have to say that it would not have surprised me if a Mormon had tried to gain recognition; that would have been a personal act and not on the part of the group or the church. This is unlike the other groups you mentioned who sought recognition, which did not come quickly or easily. I think LDS beliefs are quite independent of those of others. --Storm Rider (talk) 20:42, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

The term LDS Kohanim without explanation is a serious problem. Do the Mormons mean that if a Mormon who is a literal descendant of Aaron should preside over the church? Or that any Jewish Kohen can apply for the job? This concept also appears in Kohen Mdmcginn (talk) 14:11, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

 * There's a travel agent from here in Utah that does tours of Israel about once a year. He advertizes that he is both LDS and Jewish, implying (with surrounding language) that one must be Jewish to be a tour guide in Israel.  This would be an instance of what you are talking about, an individual who is in both groups. But, I have never heard of a group seeking recognition.  — Val42 21:17, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * WRT anti-Semitism, I have personally had the experience (and it appears to be common) of Mormons telling me they were MORE of the house of Israel than I was, because of the influx of new members to the Jewish community over the centuries. This is in fact a claim made by several anti-Semitic groups (that modern Jews aren't really Jewish). While that may not have been the general Mormon intent, it is the same tactic (similarly, the Mormon practice of claiming to be Jewish, and to follow Jewish rites and holidays, while worshiping Jesus, is also a JFJ tactic). So at what point do we stop looking at motivation and start looking at the offensiveness of the action? (By their fruits shall you know them, and all that). I did specify "individual" action in the proposed wording.

 * WRT to lost tribes, some seek recognition, and some just make the claim. Its a huge area of discussion. See the lost tribes page - Lost_tribes (I see that this too needs work, since the last time I looked at it).

 * WRT the tour guide, I wonder if the Jewish community would consider him Jewish. I'm guessing it's an advertising ploy. FiveRings 17:34, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I think we are okay with the wording, but I do think that individual experiences should be understood as such and they should not be construed as reflective of a group. Within Mormonism one thing is very clear, the covenant with the House of Israel is still intact and valid, i.e. we believe that the Jews are the covenant people; we just do not believe it is an exclusive covenant. In reality, we have to understand that people have differing degrees of understanding and there is not accounting for stupidity. I don't know how one gets to a point of claiming to be more of a Jew than a Jew!
 * It does appear that it is easy to paint the actions of others with the same brush (JFJ and Mormons for example); too broad a stroke is seldom a good idea.
 * WRT being Jewish - I think LDS make a distinction between the House of Israel and being Jewish. The House of Isreal is the assembly of all the Tribes while being Jewish is being a member of the tribe of Judah; it is a clear distinction. --Storm Rider (talk) 18:46, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * But you see, I'm not of the house of Judah. And I am most certainly a Jew. (If you're ok with the new wording I'll make the change). FiveRings 21:05, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Unfermented Wine
I've heard a handful of Mormons claim that "new wine" means "unfermented wine." Can any provide a citation for this? I've inserted a citation request into the article. Paulistano (talk) 23:54, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Good catch; the scripture states "pure" wine, not new wine. All cross-references led to clarity that it was wine without clarification of being unfermented wine. Further, I find no commentary that one would use to produce an interpretation of new wine. I changed to reflect the actual language of the scripture. --Storm Rider (talk) 03:24, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Chronological Contradiction
The chronology has:

 * 1) July 23, 1857 (Rosh Chodesh Av (the first day of the month of Av)) - June 29, 1857: U.S. President James Buchanan declares Utah in rebellion of the U.S. government. Buchanan appoints Alfred Cumming as governor of Utah. Cumming is to be escorted by a regiment of the U.S. army, initially led by Col. Edmund Alexander.
 * 2) July 18, 1857: Two Mormons, Porter Rockwell and Abraham Owen Smoot, learn of Buchanan's declaration in Kansas City while on a mail run. The same day, Col. Alexander and troops begin the journey to Utah.
 * 3) July 23, 1857: Rockwell and Smoot arrive in Salt Lake City and inform Brigham Young of the government's plans to overthrow Utah. 10 Years of predicted peace comes to an end.

So they heard about it and Alexander movesmfive days before it was declared and arrived the day it was declard? Avraham (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 04:17, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Nature of Jesus / Weasel Words
The Nature of Jesus section appears to have some weasel words and looks like the section could be better sourced. Two sentences in particular come across ugly and possibly anti-Christian in nature: "Jews also do not believe that God has a physical body or gender; the idea that God might have physical, "begotten" children is therefore absurd to them." Absurd seems not only a harsh adjective but is somewhat vague and lacks quoted material. As well as "Jesus, if such a person ever existed, is not considered differently from any of the others." Why is this sentence added? The portion of the article is not discussing if Jesus existed or not and the question reads hostile toward Mormons and Christians. Ka' Jong ( Ka' Talk )

 * Sorry you feel that way. Most Jews do not believe that Jesus ever existed. To simply say "Jesus is not considered differently.." would be to imply that he did. This is misleading at best, and offensive at least. If you can come up with a better word than "absurd" to imply categorical rejection, go for it. FiveRings (talk) 07:21, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Recognize.
I changed a sentence that said that Jews do not "recognize Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah" because the word "recognize" implies that something is true, which is different from being believed. For example, I can recognize that I have two hands, but I can only believe that Zoroastrianism is the one true religion. Likewise, we could say that Mormons do not "recognize" the Pope as the final authority on all things Christian, but that would not be neutral.

Unless someone can explain how "recognize" can be WP:NPOV, I will be glad to change it back. CarolineWH (talk) 02:35, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * This is your personal understanding of the word; however, it conflicts with the typcial understanding of English. The word recognize deals with the perception of the individual(s). It has nothing to do with reality. It may be helpful for you to review the definition. - Storm  Rider  02:45, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Words have denotations, but also connotations. It may well be the case that "recognize" can be interpreted as you suggest, but it has a more common denotation, which leads to the unwanted connotation that what is being believed is true.  You never did respond to my example of how Mormons fail to "recognize" the authority of the Pope.  Would that phrase be acceptable to you?
 * As for your second paragraph, it appears to be in violation of WP:CIVIL, so I did you a favor by removing it. CarolineWH (talk) 03:02, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Particularly in this context, I think recognize is perfectly acceptable. - Schrandit (talk) 03:58, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * That's such an interesting conclusion, but as you offer no basis, I can give it no weight. Remember, we do not vote, we form a consensus.  Offering your reasoning is therefore a necessity if you expect to sway anyone.  Otherwise, some uncharitable people might imagine that you're just agreeing for the sake of agreeing. CarolineWH (talk) 05:08, 24 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I found Storm Rider's case to be more persuasive. - Schrandit (talk) 14:50, 24 November 2009 (UTC)
 * That's very interesting. I would love to hear specifically what aspects you find more persuasive. Perhaps those might persuade me. CarolineWH (talk) 15:32, 24 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I am of the opinion that you are not particularly persuadable. Stormrider's arguments are written above me as you can plainly see.  I agree with his assessment of the language at use but I suspect you will not. - Schrandit (talk) 15:38, 24 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Poisoning the well is not persuasive. But if you do decide to change your mind and join us in building a consensus, your input will be welcome. CarolineWH (talk) 15:42, 24 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I gave you my imput; your argument is poor, Stormrider's is better, I agree with Stormrider.  - Schrandit (talk) 15:47, 24 November 2009 (UTC)
 * That's an unexplained conclusion, so it carries little weight. CarolineWH (talk) 15:50, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

Caroline, you have not provided anything to support your position except provide your opinion. A dictionary provides the full range of definitions (both connotations and, more specifically, denotations) and the dictionary does not support your personal definition. You have created a definition that is not common. Of course it would be acceptable to say that LDS, Southern Baptists, Methodists, etc. do not recognize the pope as having any degree of apostolic authority. It is just as acceptable to say citizens of the USA do not recognize the authority of the prime minister of India, Great Britain, etc. The term "recognize" deals with perception of one for the other; it has nothing to do with reality. - Storm  Rider  16:02, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I'm fine with "teaches". Accurate and neutral, just like it should be. CarolineWH (talk) 17:07, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

One sided
This is an extremely one sided article, and makes it look as if Mormons and Jews agree with one another. Not true, since Mormons have enough of a beef with Christianity in general. BYU in Jerusalem caused a serious row in Israel when it was built.

Amongst other things which should be put on here would be...

--MacRusgail (talk) 15:48, 3 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The fact that Joseph Smith had a Jewish lodger for a while, who taught him Hebrew. Smith was interested in Hebrew and Judaism much of his life.
 * The Book of Mormon does not mention (m)any Jewish festivals at all, or much about kashrut.
 * The alleged use of Mormon ancestral research in Germany by the Nazis.
 * Baptism for the dead should be explored at length, for various reasons. Both Nazis and Holocaust victims have been baptised supposedly.
 * Parallels between Utah Zionism and Hebrew Zionism etc etc

 * Hello Mac, it is always good to get another set of eyes looking at an article. In an attempt to contribute to your thoughts, I would say the following:
 * I would be somewhat ambivalent about adding a section on the founder of the the Latter Day Saint movement and his personal interest. However, it does seem too narrow for the topic. What is of far more significance is the LDS doctrinal belief about the restoration of the House of Israel and related doctrines, which the article already covers.
 * What do you see as the importance of the BofM not mentioning any festivals? Would that go better in the Book of Mormon or the Criticism of Mormonism articles?
 * If you have references where Nazis used Mormon genealogical research is that a problem of Mormonism of an abuse of their records by a third party. Though it does seem to titillate, how does it apply to the topic of this article? It seems like it better applies to the article on Nazis.
 * There is already a section on Baptism of the Dead in the article. In addition, there is a Baptism of the dead article with a section that specifically addresses this your topic.
 * The parallels of different forms of Zionism seems like it could be interesting. However, you added British Israelitism to the See Also list. It seems a tenuous relationship to this topic. How does a belief in an ancient journey of several groups of Jewish peoples to the Western Hemisphere and British Israelitism relate?
 * I generally don't see any value in highly emotional topics like Nazism being introduced, though I recognize that others find it a juicy topic. You may want to consider a Criticism section where there is a focused discussion on how these two groups have nothing in common or possibly only a belief system, but nothing based in historical reality. Thoughts?-- Storm  Rider  21:08, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I would dispute, for example, that the LDS has always been entirely philo-Semitic. Apart from being at loggerheads with other Christian churches, has it always had the best of relations with the Jewish community? I'm not referring to incidents between low ranking members of the church, but to church authorities. Could we really take this statement from Brigham Young as being philo-Semitic?

 * "I would rather undertake to convert five thousand Lamanites [native Americans], than to convert one of those poor miserable creatures whose fathers killed the Savior." (Journal of Discourses (1854) Volume 2, p 143)

 * "What do you see as the importance of the BofM not mentioning any festivals?" - this has to be taken at two levels. Firstly, I think it is notable that certain Jewish festivals do not appear (at least by name) in the Book of Mormon... BUT I think it would be wrong to say that the BofM contains no Jewish features. I think it must.

 * I added the link to British Israelitism for two reasons, firstly, there is a parallel with the lost Israelite tribes travelling to a remote location in the Book of Mormon, and secondly, within Mormonism, some white people are described as coming from Jewish tribes originally.

 * As regards Nazism, I know little or nothing about LDS activities at the time (other than the large number of LDS American troops), but the Baptism for the Dead business needs to be discussed at greater length. But yes, I agree, anything to do with Nazism does have a tendency to bring out controversy.

 * Joseph Smith took an interest in Hebrew from a very early age, and Nauvoo, for example takes its name directly from Hebrew. This is an unusual example of a direct coinage - in my experience, a lot of Christian names e.g. Bethel tend to be from untranslated named in the Bible.

 * I notice that the sections on Mikveh/washing and anointing are well done, but probably need inline citations. There is another matter, and I'm not sure it's in the article - rabbis are generally supposed to be married (at least traditionally), and in the LDS, there is an encouragement for people to marry, and I don't think any high ranking member of the LDS has been unmarried for a long time. (In complete contrast to Catholicism)--MacRusgail (talk) 16:46, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

I have been trying to look for refs for Joseph Smith's live-in Hebrew teacher, but haven't come up with anything. I have read about it in two or three places. It would be worth mentioning because it demonstrates he had an interest in Jewish culture in the original lacking in many Christian denominations.--MacRusgail (talk) 12:20, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

 * "Furthermore, he and others had studied Hebrew in Kirtland, Ohio, with Professor Joshua Seixas for two hours a day from January 26 through March 26, 1836." lds.org 90.231.11.211 (talk) 13:43, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Ethnicity
A further point, while Jews have had certain ethnic features to their culture, it has also been asserted that there is a Mormon nation, or that Mormons (of the Deseret region) have had quasi-ethnic features.--MacRusgail (talk) 18:36, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Could you elaborate on where this has been asserted? The State of Deseret did have national undertones, but that was a direct result of a desire to have a place where Latter-day Saints would be safe from the persecutions they experienced everywhere they resided in the formal states of the USA. To my understanding there was not a claim to ethnicity, but a claim of a union of beliefs.
 * The House of Israel or the covenant people of God was also a claim of belief and not a claim of ethnic origins. One belonged either by adoption into the House of Israel or by actual heritage. -- Storm  Rider  19:09, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Re first paragraph, I appreciate the reasons for the move (especially the persecution that they had to put up with), but I have heard of people claiming to be cultural/ethnic Mormons, in much the same way that there are people who are cultural/ethnic Jews... i.e. they don't follow the religion, but are proud of their Mormon family heritage, and maybe have certain traits coming out of that. I think that Judaism approaches an ethnic group more than Mormonism (which is only slightly that way, and then only in the "Deseret Region"). Jews in various areas had distinct languages, and surnames (although there are arguments both ways), whereas it's much harder to make a case for that with Mormons. Jack Mormon and Humanistic Judaism, not to mention secular Zionism. In the case of the State of Israel, there is no requirement for a "Jew" to be a believer, they just have to have one Jewish grandparent.--MacRusgail (talk) 19:38, 11 March 2010 (UTC) p.s. I'm using Deseret as shorthand for the areas in Utah, and surrounding states with substantial LDS populations.

 * Okay, now I understand your point. A Jack Mormon is someone who does not "live" the religion or follow its doctrines, but is a member. I think it is tougher to assess they are cultural Mormons. LDS culture is often based upon a few beliefs in particular: Word of Wisdom, church attendance, family togetherness (including temple marriages, family home evening, etc.), and going on missions. Typically, a Jack Mormon does not follow the Word of Wisdom, does not attend church, may or may not do the family togetherness things, and may or may not have gone one a mission.
 * LDS do not have distinct languages, surnames are common throughout society and are not distinct, etc. I suppose that you could state in the article that the Jewish people have maintained a more distinct identity in world history than LDS when you have a reputable reference that supports the claim when compared to LDS. But, as you have stated, this is a tough allegation to support. -- Storm  Rider  21:46, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Demographics
I'm going to try and attempt to put these in a table at some stage... also I feel if the figures are equivalent to each other as much as possible, that would be helpful.--MacRusgail (talk) 12:41, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Jewish-Christians
Brigham Young University had a symposium in 1978 and invited only non_LDS scholars. The school published a book about it, and it is also here on internet. There are some interesting thing there.

Professor Emeritus W. D. Davies, a famous scholar in theology (and not a member in LDS) said: Mormonism is the Jewish-Christian tradition in an American key. He explained in "Israel, the Mormons and the Land" http://rsc.byu.edu/pubWDaviesIsraelMormonsLand.php

Professor W. D. Davies and Krister Stendahl were two of the famous scholars that was on the symposium. Stendahl was active in jewish-christian dialogue, and was a very good friend with LDS Church. The temple in Stockholm had very much opposition from almost every swede, and with his support and help it was possible to build it. The opposition became less. He saw the LDS Church as jewish-christian.

Reflections on Mormonism : Judaeo-Christian parallels : papers delivered at the Religious Studies Center Symposium, Brigham Young University, March 10-11, 1978 http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/rsc&CISOPTR=36013 90.231.11.211 (talk) 12:36, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

"Plurality" Section
While I enjoyed this article and am glad that it exists, I think the "Plurality" section is actually an illustration of how Judaism and Mormonism differ, not how they are similar. While Hasidic, Orthodox, Conservative, Reconstructionist, and Humanistic Jews likely all consider themselves "Jewish," the different denominations within the Latter Day Saint Movement, while sharing a common origin, are different and separate religions. (I as a member of the LDS Church, would not attend services at a Community of Christ meetinghouse.) As written, this paragraph and the "Mormon" section of the Demographics paragraph that follows it seem to imply that they are parts of one larger church, which they are not. As such, I suggest that this paragraph be removed. (I have further issues with the terminology used in the paragraph, but will hold off voicing them unless there are objections to the above edit.) Thanks much! Kingsfold (talk) 15:18, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

"Demographics" Section
The numbers contained in the "Mormon" part of this section seem to be taken directly from LDS membership statistics, where the paragraph directly includes all followers of the Latter Day Saint Movement as "Mormons." A note should probably be added clarifying that the numbers reflect the size of the "Salt Lake" denomination only. Thanks much! Kingsfold (talk) 15:24, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

"Priesthood and Clergy" Section
The paragraph stating that the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints constitutes about 97% of the total adherents in the Mormon faith is inaccurate. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the Mormon faith - all other denominations stemming from the original Church as founded by Joseph Smith may be part of the Mormon tradition, but are not part of the Mormon faith and should not be designated as Mormons. This statement has been removed.ccdesan (talk) 22:59, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

Geography of Israel and Utah
I read a National Geographic printed sometime before 1990 that mentioned how the geographies of Israel and Utah (long associated with Mormons) have some similarities. This is a much lighter issue than theology and may not be a valid component of this article. Unfortunately, I don't remember the issue of NatGeo. The Great Salt Lake was compared to the Dead Sea. Both lands have a Jordan River and Utah Lake was compared to Yom Chinnereth/The Sea of Galilee. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.44.120.114 (talk) 22:46, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I went to Jordan High School, in Sandy, Utah (15 miles south of Salt Lake City). Another similarity is the cedar tree;  in Utah, they are actually juniper trees, but because of early Mormons noticing the similarities, they named Cedar City, Utah, after the Lebanon cedar trees.  In and around Cedar City, there are more juniper trees than there are tumbleweeds and cactus plants combined.   . . . Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 11:53, 26 December 2011 (UTC)
 * So yes, the Jordan River (in Utah) connects the large and dead Great Salt Lake on the north, to Utah Lake on the south — which looked, to the early Mormon pioneers, to be like the Sea of Galilee, on the north, flowing into the Dead Sea, on the south, via the Jordan River. Quite similar, except up-side-down in Utah, whatever that might mean to the Creator. FYI. Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 10:44, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Subjective, unreliable entry, most likely written to support a political candidate.
The entry known as "Mormonism and Judaism" is based almost entirely on heresay and opinion. It references a current Mormon political candidate in a biased manner, its overall theme is skewed toward the promotion of Mormonism, its sources are unverifiable, and its thesis may be interpreted as insulting to readers of the Jewish faith. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erik Kolacek (talk • contribs) 23:29, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

 * While far from a complete and polished article, it's definitely an improvement over the last 8 years of edits. If you have specific criticisms, feel free to voice them or be bold and edit them (with sources, of course). I believe the biggest problem with the article is that no one has taken time to clean up and improve the read-flow. ~Araignee (talk • contribs) 03:27, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

 * This article needs to link to Joseph Ginat. He was described at the "most influential Jewish man in Latter-day Saint history."

Your point in para. one makes NO sense to practicing mormons or members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Where is the bias and offense to Jewish folks?? The article is inaccurate in many ways.. not at ALL flattering to students of "Mormon doctrine" and other Christian traditions including Luther/ Lutheran doctrine.

What political opinion or Candidate are you talking about??? There's none mentioned clearly in your response, nor in the basis and first 10 pages of this article??!!! Organist00 (talk) 04:42, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Organist, you've got everything turned on its head. It is irrelevant whether Erik Kolacek's points make no sense to Mormons; this is imho pretty evidently a Mormon-conceived and -controlled article (or actually, my respectful opinion is that it narrowly represents the views of a dedicated minority even of Mormons–a few of whom are attempting, with innocent enough intentions I am sure, to exercise ownership over it), so Mormons are the last group of people whose opinion you should be invoking to show there is nothing wrong with it (unless, of course, you want to rename the article to something like "Mormon views of Judaism" or "Mormonism's view of its relation to Judaism"). The people who need to evaluate the sensibility of EK's assertions w.r.t. this article are virtually everybody else. Let these editors take a survey, for starters, of self- or mutually-identifying Jewish wikipedians who are the active editors of articles pertaining to Judaism, and see if EK's claims, or for that matter those of this article, make sense to them, or to any significant sample of editors except a like-minded group of its current authors' fellow Mormons; and if they ask with a sincere heart, with real intent of finding out whether this article is considered–by Jewish editors in particular, or by wikipedians in general–to meet Wikipedia standards in any way, shape or form, in my opinion these folks should be prepared to accept significant, perhaps even radical, changes to it.

 * No sarcasm or meanness or anti-Mormon sentiment intended here, although obviously my opinion is strong: This just doesn't have the attributes of a well-formed Wikipedia article. If the active editors who are standing by this article in its present form seek genuine feedback in an honest and balanced manner, they're going to get an ear- or eyeful of it, because as of now imho, this article represents much more of a "personal reflection or opinion essay that states the Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic, rather than the opinions of experts".--IfYouDoIfYouDon't (talk) 10:07, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

D&C 13:1
"Upon you my fellow servants, in the name of Messiah I confer the Priesthood of Aaron, which holds the keys of the ministering of angels, and of the gospel of repentance, and of baptism by immersion for the remission of sins; and this shall never be taken again from the earth, until the sons of Levi do offer again an offering unto the Lord in righteousness." Editor2020, Talk 17:28, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

great article.. but could use more "evidence" or citations if you're not yet an expert on mormon or jewish doctrine and practice.
great article.. but could use more "evidence" or citations if you're not yet an expert on mormon or jewish doctrine and practice. Where in the "mormon bible" or accepted "king james bible" do l.d.s. or mormons claim that "rescuing the spirits of the wicked from hell ". Since when did any LDS or Church of Jesus Christ (LDS) teach of only two kingdoms or destinations??? Don't they keep/ preech their doctrine that the afterlife has many tiers or kingdom's -- as King James bible remind all that my Father's house has "many mansions"?? Your citation is non-existant here... Maybe this article needs serious research or revision. Organist00 (talk) 04:38, 6 April 2016 (UTC) 4 6 16

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Nardi (agricultural machinery manufacturer)

The Nardi Group, founded by Francesco Nardi in 1895, is one of the leading Italian manufacturers of agricultural machinery distributing today in 85 countries around the world.

It is based in Selci Lama in the Province of Perugia and is specialized in the production of ploughs which can boast of having built the 'largest specimen'.

The Nardi Group is also the owner of the trademarks MARZIA and SOGEMA, which were family holding companies folded into the main company in the early 2000s.

In December 2017, the Nardi group was sold to Xete Investments, and English company for restructuring.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
2003 IAAF World Athletics Final

The 1st IAAF World Athletics Final was held at the Stade Louis II, in Monte Carlo, Monaco on 13 September and 14 September 2003. It was the series finale for the 2003 IAAF World Outdoor Meetings and the successor tournament to the 2002 IAAF Grand Prix Final.

The hammer throw event for men and women had to take place in Szombathely, Hungary a week previous as the Monaco stadium was not large enough to hold the event.

One of the biggest shocks came in the pole vault where current world record holder Yelena Isinbayeva failed to take a medal after only managing to clear 4.50 metres.

title: 2003 IAAF World Athletics Final


text:
User:Djordjes

My name is Djordje Stakic (Đorđe Stakić, Ђорђе Стакић). I am an administrator on Serbian Wikipedia.

Lexicon-grammar, Local grammar

title: User:Djordjes


text:
The Wallflowers

The Wallflowers is an American rock solo project of American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Jakob Dylan. The Wallflowers were originally a roots rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1989 by Dylan and guitarist Tobi Miller. The band has gone through a number of personnel changes but has remained centered on Dylan.

The band signed with Virgin Records to release their debut studio album (1992), which, despite critical praise, failed to chart and served as their only release with the label. They then signed with Interscope Records to release their second album, Bringing Down the Horse (1996), which was supported by the single "One Headlight," for which they became best known, as well as "6th Avenue Heartache," "The Difference," and "Three Marlenas." Their third album, (Breach) (2000), yielded the single "Sleepwalker," which became their only song to enter the Billboard Hot 100 (previous singles, popularity notwithstanding, did not chart due to Billboard rules at the time). The group released an two further albums—Red Letter Days (2003) and Rebel, Sweetheart (2005)—before going on hiatus. Their sixth and seventh albums, Glad All Over (2013) and Exit Wounds (2021), followed thereafter and were met with continued praise. Lyrically, the band focuses on Dylan's introspection, exploring themes of nostalgia, heartache, anxiety, purpose and insecurities.

The Wallflowers have sold over ten million albums internationally  and have won two Grammy Awards: Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song for "One Headlight" in 1998. "One Headlight" is also listed at #58 in Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Greatest Pop Songs. The Wallflowers have been nominated six times for "Best Rock Song" and "Best Rock Performance." Billboard named "One Headlight" as the #1 Greatest of All Time Adult Alternative Song, and "Sixth Avenue Heartache" as the #37 Greatest of All Time Adult Alternative Song. The band has fifteen songs that have reached the 'Top 10' on Billboard's Adult Alternative Airplay list. Members of The Wallflowers have gone on to be in the Foo Fighters, Ozomatli, and Gogol Bordello; two former members have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

1988–1990: Early history
The Wallflowers' inception came in 1988/1989 when singer-guitarist Jakob Dylan called his childhood friend, Tobi Miller, also a guitarist, about starting a band. Dylan and Miller had been in several bands together in high school but went their separate ways upon graduation. Dylan had moved to New York City to go to art school while Miller had started his own band called the 45's. After the 45's broke up in 1989, Miller regained contact with Dylan and they began forming a new band called the Apples. Barrie Maguire, who was in the 45's with Miller, joined the band as their bass player. In 1990, Peter Yanowitz was added as the drummer. The final member to join the group was keyboardist Rami Jaffee. Jaffee was an active member of the Los Angeles music scene and had been playing with multiple bands in the area. He met Dylan in 1990 in the Kibitz Room, a bar located in the back of Canter's; a Jewish deli located on Fairfax Avenue in Los Angeles. He had heard the Apples were looking for an organ player and after meeting and talking with Dylan in the Kibitz Room, the two headed for Dylan's car to listen to the band's demo tape. Jaffee was impressed by the songs and asked to join in on the band's next rehearsal. After a long rehearsal session, Jaffee joined the band on the spot.

1991–1994: Debut album
The Apples changed their name to the Wallflowers and began playing clubs around Los Angeles, specifically the Sunset Strip, such as the Whisky a Go Go, Gazzarri's and the Viper Room. While they were playing clubs the band was also sending their demo tape to record companies and figures within the music industry. One of those tapes caught the attention of Andrew Slater, who would eventually become the Wallflowers' manager. Slater brought the Wallflowers to Virgin Records, who signed the band to a record contract. The Wallflowers then set out to make their first album. However, finding a producer who was willing to work with them proved to be difficult. The band was intent on recording live and few producers were willing to produce that way. Paul Fox eventually stepped in and agreed to produce the album. By the time the Wallflowers got into the studio in 1991, they had a small catalog of songs they had been performing live which they wanted to record for their debut album. All of the songs were written by Dylan with the rest of the band members contributing input on the music. When in the studio, the band were intent on using as little recording equipment as possible. Dylan explained: "If I could have had it my way I would not have seen a microphone or a cable anywhere." When it came to recording, the songs were drawn out past the 3 to 4 minute norm; many songs were close to 5 minutes in length with two exceeding 7 minutes. The Wallflowers finished recording and released their self-titled debut album on August 25, 1992. After the release they began touring nationwide as an opening act for bands such as Spin Doctors and 10,000 Maniacs.

The Wallflowers continued to tour through the first half of 1993 but despite this sales of the album were slow. In total, 40,000 copies were sold. Reviews for the album, however, were mostly positive. Rolling Stone gave the album 4 stars calling it, "one sweet debut" and describing Dylan's songwriting as "impressive." Great reviews notwithstanding, executives at Virgin Records were reportedly not pleased with the album's lack of commercial success. Around this time, the company was going through a shift in management which led to the removal of Jeff Ayeroff and Jordan Harris, the two people who initially brought the Wallflowers to Virgin. After Ayeroff and Harris left the company the Wallflowers began to feel that they had no future with Virgin and asked to be released from their contract. The split with Virgin has been regarded as mutual. By mid-1993 the Wallflowers were without a record label.

After leaving Virgin, the Wallflowers went back to playing Los Angeles clubs in hopes of getting signed with another label. The band found it difficult to even get label representatives to come to their shows. In the year it took to get another record deal the Wallflowers gained and lost several band members. Bass player Barrie Maguire was asked to leave for undisclosed reasons in early 1993. The Wallflowers continued playing shows with replacement bass player Jimmie Snider until May 1993 when the band hired Greg Richling. Dylan and Richling went to high school together. The Wallflowers continued to play club shows in Los Angeles through early 1994 when drummer Peter Yanowitz left the band to join his girlfriend Natalie Merchant's band. Yanowitz brought in Barrie Maguire to help record Merchant's debut solo album, Tigerlily. Around the time of Yanowitz's departure the Wallflowers caught the attention of Jimmy Iovine and Tom Whalley of Interscope Records, who then signed the band to their label in 1994.

1995–1998: Bringing Down the Horse
After signing with Interscope Records, the Wallflowers began preparations for their second album, Bringing Down the Horse. They again had trouble finding a producer that was willing to work with them. The Wallflowers began sending demo tapes to producers and one of the tapes landed in the hands of T Bone Burnett. Burnett was impressed by the songs and agreed to produce the band. However, just as they were getting ready to record, the band's guitarist Tobi Miller quit. This left the Wallflowers without a permanent drummer or guitarist while they were in the studio. Matt Chamberlain filled in on drums throughout the recording sessions and several guitarists were brought in to fill Miller's role including Mike Campbell, Fred Tackett, Jay Joyce and Michael Ward, who would go on to become a permanent member of the Wallflowers.

The Wallflowers released Bringing Down the Horse on May 21, 1996. The band began touring for the album soon after the release. Album sales were slow to start but after the first single, "6th Avenue Heartache" (featuring Adam Duritz of Counting Crows) was released on August 19, interest in the Wallflowers began picking up as the song began getting more radio play. The David Fincher-directed music video for "6th Avenue Heartache" was also receiving attention on MTV and VH1. The Wallflowers continued to tour through the rest of 1996 and were featured as a musical guest on Saturday Night Live that November. On December 1, Bringing Down the Horse received Gold certification from the RIAA by selling 500,000 copies of their album.

In January 1997, the Wallflowers were nominated for two Grammy awards, both for "6th Avenue Heartache". Dylan was a presenter at the 1997 Grammy Awards though he and the Wallflowers did not win either of the awards they were nominated for.

The band continued to tour and gain popularity. In February 1997, the Wallflowers completed a tour opening for Sheryl Crow before beginning a string of their own headlining shows beginning at the end of February and running through May. On February 24, the second single from Bringing Down the Horse, "One Headlight", was released. "One Headlight" received heavy radio play, which propelled Bringing Down the Horse to Platinum certification on March 4 by selling one million copies of the album. Within six weeks, sales for Bringing Down the Horse doubled and on April 16, the album received Double-Platinum status by selling two million copies. In mid-May, the Wallflowers crossed over to Europe for a three-week-long tour. Upon return in mid-June, the Wallflowers continued to tour the United States. On June 12, Dylan received his first Rolling Stone magazine cover. In the accompanying interview, Dylan spoke both candidly and at length about his lineage for the first time. Five days later, album sales for Bringing Down the Horse reached the three million mark, qualifying the album for Triple-Platinum status. On June 21, the Wallflowers co-headlined a festival at Texas Motor Speedway called Rock Fest. The day-long festival drew upwards of 400,000 people, making it one of the largest concerts in US history.

On July 2, 1997, the Wallflowers kicked off a co-headlining tour with Counting Crows that continued through September. This tour included opening acts by Bettie Serveert, Engine 88, Gigolo Aunts, and That Dog, with each opening band touring for a three-week stretch. The Wallflowers took over full-headlining duties for several shows in July when Counting Crows were unable to perform due to Duritz's swollen vocal cords. On September 22, the Wallflowers released their third single from Bringing Down the Horse, "The Difference". On October 30, Bringing Down the Horse hit another milestone by receiving Quadruple-Platinum status by selling four million copies. After taking the month of October off from touring, the Wallflowers hit the road again in November. On November 9 and 10, the Wallflowers broke from their headlining tour to open for the Rolling Stones at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. Less than a week later, the Wallflowers again broke from their tour to co-headline a private show at an arena in San Jose, California with Bob Dylan on November 14. The Wallflowers continued to tour through the end of December. By the end of 1997, Bringing Down the Horse had become the most played album on rock radio and peaked at Number 4 on the Billboard 200 while "One Headlight" had received some 209,000 radio spins across all formats.

On January 6, 1998, the Wallflowers received three Grammy nominations; "One Headlight" and "The Difference" were both nominated for Best Rock Song while "One Headlight" received an additional nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. At the 1998 Grammy Award ceremony on February 25, the Wallflowers walked away with two Grammy Awards; "One Headlight" won for Best Rock Song as well as Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. Despite the fact that Bringing Down the Horse was released nearly two years previously, the Wallflowers released an additional single from that album on March 23, "Three Marlenas". "Three Marlenas" would be the fourth and final single to be released from Bringing Down the Horse. By 1998 the Wallflowers had begun declining on the Billboard charts and receiving fewer spins on the radio. That changed, however, when the soundtrack for the 1998 film Godzilla was released on May 19. The Wallflowers had recorded a version of David Bowie's "Heroes" which was chosen as the lead single for the soundtrack. The album peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 and the Wallflowers' version of Heroes received heavy radio play. Though the Wallflowers did not tour in 1998 they did play a series of one-off shows including the Tibetan Freedom Concert in June at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. and the Bridge School Benefit in September in Mountain View, California, which was hosted by Neil Young and his wife Pegi.

1999–2001: (Breach)
After taking a five-month break from writing and touring, the Wallflowers set out to make their third album, (Breach). Dylan was very diligent in the songwriting process; he rented a studio near his home and would routinely go there to write songs for the album. However, Dylan was not satisfied with the first batch of songs he came up with. He decided to scrap them and start over. The songs that did make it to the studio were considered to be far more personal than any of the songs the Wallflowers had released in the past. Dylan explained; "I think all my songs are personal, but I just made them a little more dense before, made 'em real thick so that I didn't feel exposed. A lot of younger writers do that. Before, I haven't really wanted anybody buying my records looking for information about myself or my family, but at this point, the group has a lot of people buying the records who aren't interested in that, so it gives me more freedom." By the end of 1999, the Wallflowers were ready to begin recording. The bulk of the album was recorded at Sunset Sound Recorders in Los Angeles. The Wallflowers' longtime manager, Andrew Slater co-produced the album with Michael Penn. The band took their time in the studio. Like Bringing Down the Horse, (Breach) took about eight months to record. (Breach) also featured an array of guest artists including Elvis Costello, Mike Campbell and Frank Black.

Four years after the release of Bringing Down the Horse in 1996, (Breach) was released on October 10, 2000. The album was met with generally positive critical reception but underwhelming sales. Rolling Stone gave (Breach) four stars, calling the band "more muscular" than they used to be. However, (Breach) commercially floundered in comparison to its high-selling predecessor. The album peaked at No. 13 on the Billboard 200 and took almost a year to receive the Gold certification, which is the highest certification (Breach) has received to date.

A month before the official release of (Breach), the album was leaked in its entirety to file-sharing giant Napster, where a reported 25 million users had the ability to listen to and download the Wallflowers' third album. With regard to the impact of leaks for big recording artists, former Capitol Records senior vice president and general manager, Lou Mann stated: "For the Wallflowers or any major superstar band, the problems are major. In fact they're Herculean, because people already want it and you don't want to dilute your audience." Jakob Dylan also explained his feelings about (Breach) being leaked: "[Album sales are] one of the ways that we have of making a living really. It's not about record companies, it's not about people's right to trade, you know, it's also how we put food on the table."

Despite the disappointing release, the Wallflowers set out on another tour beginning in early October 2000. After one show in Atlanta on October 2, the Wallflowers traveled to New York to open for the Who for four nights at Madison Square Garden. Later that month, Jakob Dylan was featured on the cover of Rolling Stone for a second time. The Wallflowers continued to tour throughout the U.S. through mid-December before heading to Japan in February 2001 for their first tour there.

The Wallflowers covered the Bee Gees' 1968 hit song "I Started a Joke" for the 2001 film, Zoolander.

The band continued to tour the U.S. for the remainder of 2001 until it was announced in early October that guitarist Michael Ward had left the Wallflowers due to creative differences.

2002–2003: Red Letter Days
In 2001, Jakob Dylan began writing for the Wallflowers' fourth album, Red Letter Days. Later that year while on tour with John Mellencamp, the band began recording using portable equipment. Some recording was also done at keyboardist Rami Jaffee's house. Once the band was finished touring for the year they began recording the bulk of the new record at Jackson Browne's studio in Santa Monica. By the time the Wallflowers had gotten into Browne's studio, Michael Ward had left the band, leaving them without a lead guitarist for the recording process. Dylan took on much of the lead guitar duties with Mike McCready, Rusty Anderson and Val McCallum also contributing on guitar. Moe Z M.D., who had been touring with Mellencamp, contributed additional percussion and background vocals to the album. Red Letter Days was produced by founding Wallflowers member Tobi Miller along with Bill Appleberry. Recording continued through the new year and was completed on April 12, 2002. The album was mixed by Tom Lord-Alge, who had mixed the band's previous two albums. Mixing was completed on May 15, 2002.

While the Wallflowers were working on Red Letter Days, they recorded a cover of the Beatles' 1965 song "I'm Looking Through You" for the soundtrack to the 2001 film I Am Sam. The soundtrack was released on January 8, 2002.

The first single from the Red Letter Days, "When You're On Top," was released to radio on August 16, 2002. A music video directed by Marc Webb followed. After a few false starts, Red Letter Days was released on November 5, 2002. The album was met with mixed to positive reviews. Many critics noted the harder rock sound and catchy melodies used throughout the album. Commercial performance was relatively mixed as well, peaking at No.32 on the Billboard 200. Around the time of Red Letter Days' release the Wallflowers embarked on a monthlong U.S. tour stretching into early December. After another U.S. tour in January 2003, the Wallflowers toured in several European countries in February including Spain, Italy, Germany and Great Britain. After this tour, the Wallflowers' drummer since 1995, Mario Calire announced he was parting ways with the band.

In 2003, the Wallflowers were featured on the soundtrack for the film American Wedding. The band recorded a cover of Van Morrison's 1970 song "Into the Mystic". The film's music department weren't able to secure the licensing rights to use Morrison's version so they enlisted the Wallflowers to cover the song. Both versions of the song were, however, featured in the film.

2004–2005: Rebel, Sweetheart
In July 2004, the Wallflowers returned to the studio to record their fifth album, Rebel, Sweetheart. This time the band decided to record in Atlanta, Georgia, which is where their producer for this album, Brendan O'Brien, is based. O'Brien also contributed on guitar. Fred Eltringham joined the Wallflowers as their new drummer. Jakob Dylan wrote the songs, of which keyboardist Rami Jaffee has said: "What I did notice is that kind of upbeat song with some pretty scary lyrics." Dylan painted the album's cover art himself.

On October 14, 2004, the Warren Zevon tribute album Enjoy Every Sandwich: The Songs of Warren Zevon was released, on which the Wallflowers covered Zevon's 1978 song "Lawyers, Guns and Money." In promotion of the album, the Wallflowers performed "Lawyers, Guns and Money" on the Late Show with David Letterman with Zevon's son, Jordan, on October 12, 2004.

On October 31, 2004, the Wallflowers were flown via military transport plane to the USS John C. Stennis aircraft carrier in the middle of the Pacific Ocean to perform for the returning troops.

Rebel, Sweetheart was released on May 24, 2005, and was met with positive reviews. Despite widespread critical acclaim, Rebel, Sweetheart performed relatively poorly commercially, peaking at No. 40 on the Billboard 200. However, the first single from the album, "The Beautiful Side of Somewhere", hit No. 5 on AAA radio. The second single was "God Says Nothing Back". This was the first Wallflowers album to be released on DualDisc. On one side was the album, and on the other was a DVD that included exclusive performances and arrangements of some of the band's songs, as well as an interview with comedian Jon Lovitz. In promotion of the album, the Wallflowers did concerts for the Oxygen Custom Concert Series and PBS Soundstage. Around the time of the album's release, the band set out on what would be their last tour for two years. They were joined by Stuart Mathis on lead guitar. After 2005, the Wallflowers ended their relationship with Interscope Records.

2006–2010: Hiatus
2006 was the first year in over a decade that the Wallflowers did not tour. Instead, band members embarked on other projects. Jakob Dylan toured with former Wallflowers producer T-Bone Burnett in the early summer, performing a solo acoustic opening set with a keyboard player. Later that year, he signed a contract with Columbia Records as a solo artist. He also wrote and recorded a song called "Here Comes Now", which was featured as the theme song for the ABC television drama Six Degrees. The show premiered in the fall of 2006. Meanwhile, keyboardist Rami Jaffee joined the Foo Fighters as a touring and session member. Jaffee had previously contributed keyboards to the Foo Fighters' 2005 album In Your Honor. In 2006, he also contributed on albums for Willie Nile and Pete Yorn.

On August 31, 2007, the Wallflowers announced they would be touring for the first time in over two years. They toured in the Midwest and Northeastern U.S. in October and November. Before the tour, Jaffee announced that he was leaving the Wallflowers. This left Dylan, Greg Richling and Fred Eltringham as the remaining members and a guitar player, Stuart Mathis, as a touring member. In 2008, the Wallflowers toured on-and-off throughout the summer. Touring for the Wallflowers was limited as Dylan had released his first solo album, Seeing Things, on June 10, 2008. Eltringham joined Dylan on tour in promotion for the album.

On March 31, 2009, the Wallflowers released a greatest-hits album called Collected: 1996–2005. The album featured every single released from the four albums the Wallflowers released between 1996 and 2005. It also featured several non-single songs from those four albums, a demo version of "God Says Nothing Back" and an unreleased song called "Eat You Sleeping". That summer, the Wallflowers embarked on a U.S. tour in support of the album. In addition to Dylan, Richling, Eltringham and Mathis, Bill Appleberry joined the band on this tour as a keyboard player. The Wallflowers did not tour in 2010 as Dylan had released his second solo album, Women + Country, on April 6, 2010, and was touring in support of that album.

2011–2012: Glad All Over
On November 1, 2011, Jakob Dylan announced that the Wallflowers would be reuniting to release an album, explaining: "I never suggested we were breaking up. We all felt we were losing the plot a bit and we needed a break.  And that year break becomes two years, then becomes three years, and before you know it five or six years go by pretty quickly.  I can't do what I do in the Wallflowers without them.  I miss it." In an interview with the St. Joseph News-Press, Dylan stated that the Wallflowers would be getting into the studio in January and the lineup would include Greg Richling on bass, Rami Jaffee on keys, Stuart Mathis on guitar and Fred Eltringham on drums. However, weeks before the Wallflowers began recording, Eltringham left the band to pursue other projects. The band quickly got former Red Hot Chili Peppers and Pearl Jam drummer Jack Irons to join the band. Irons was previously involved in a side project with Wallflowers bassist Richling.

On January 20, 2012, the Wallflowers began recording their sixth studio album, Glad All Over, at the Black Keys' Dan Auerbach's Easy Eye studio in Nashville. Jay Joyce, who had played guitar on the Wallflowers' Bringing Down the Horse agreed to produce the album. Before going to the studio, the band had decided have a more collaborative writing process than they had in the past. Instead of Dylan bringing in fully completed songs like he had done in the past, he only brought lyrics. Dylan and the rest of the band wrote the music for the songs together in the studio. Joyce explained: "Jakob came to Nashville and we sat down and I asked him to play me a song, but instead he pulled out this 2-inch-thick notebook. ‘This is what I’ve got. Let’s play some grooves and throw it around.’ I thought, ‘Wow, that’s kind of scary, but it’s exciting.’ So we didn't really know going in what we were going to do. We had no songs, no demos. It was all developed in the studio. The band finished recording on February 20, 2012.

At a private solo performance in New York on April 19, 2012, Dylan announced that the new the Wallflowers album was expected to be released in fall later that year. On July 14, 2012, the band announced that the title of their new album would be Glad All Over. They also announced that the album's first single, "Reboot the Mission", would be available for free download from their website.

Following several one-off shows in the summer of 2012, the Wallflowers kicked off a fall tour in San Diego on September 8, 2012. From there, they continued to tour the U.S. and Canada through mid-November, playing a mix of clubs and festivals, with an additional four East Coast dates at the end of December. Glad All Over was released on October 9, 2012, on Columbia Records and was met with generally positive reviews. Leading up to the album's release, the Wallflowers promoted the album on various television shows including Good Morning America, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, the Late Show with David Letterman and Ellen.

2013–2020: Tours and roster changes
Beginning in the spring of 2013, the band toured with Eric Clapton on his arena tour. The tour with Clapton began on March 14, 2013, in Phoenix, Arizona, at the US Airways Center and continued through the South and East Coast, eventually coming to an end on April 6, 2013, in Pittsburgh at the Consol Energy Center.

After the Clapton tour, the Wallflowers played several additional shows of their own in May 2013. On May 12 in Napa, California, the band's longtime keyboardist Rami Jaffee played what would be his final show with the Wallflowers to date. Jaffee has yet to say whether he has officially quit the Wallflowers but has continued to record and tour with the Foo Fighters. Jimmy Wallace has subbed in his spot ever since. The Wallflowers continued to tour through the summer of 2013 and played their final show of the summer on August 17 at the River Roots Live Festival in Davenport, Iowa, to a crowd of 17,000 people. This show would turn out to be longtime bassist Greg Richling's and drummer Jack Irons' final show with the band. On September 8, Richling officially announced that he was leaving the Wallflowers after 20 years with the band. He left to pursue other interests. Irons announced he was leaving soon after, on September 15. Irons reportedly left to focus on his band project, Arthur Channel, who released their debut album on October 15, 2013.

The Wallflowers have continued to play shows since 2013 with a new drummer, bass player, guitar player, and keyboardist filling in for Irons, Richling, Mathis, and Jaffee. Dylan stated later he would be continuing making music under name The Wallflowers as a solo project: "The Wallflowers is me, and if I go under my own name, it's me. It's the same thing, ultimately. It's really dictated on the songs I have and how I want to record them and would they sound better with a full-band sound. In many ways it's the same person. It's just what outfit do I want to put on". As of 2017, the touring lineup consisted of Stanton Adcock on lead guitar, Steve Mackey on bass, keyboardist Jimmy Wallace and Lynn Williams on drums.

In May 2016, the Wallflowers' 1996 album Bringing Down the Horse was issued on vinyl for the first time in honor of the 20th anniversary of the album's release. The Wallflowers was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire, although later research showed the master tapes for Bringing Down the Horse were not actually destroyed in the fire.

The band was set to undertake a North American summer tour in 2020 alongside Matchbox Twenty prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2021–present: Exit Wounds
The band's seventh studio album, Exit Wounds, was released on July 9, 2021, on New West Records. With the release of the new album, Dylan would reiterate that the band's sound is an extension of his solo work, saying "There's never been one lineup that's made two records. So the constant is myself. If you think there's a sound of the Wallflowers, I'm making that with my choices in the studio and with my songs and voice". It was produced by Butch Walker and the band announced a 53-date arena tour to promote the album (which was postponed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). About writing the album, Dylan says, "I was just also writing during a time when the world felt like it was falling apart. That changes the way you address even the simplest things, because you have panic in your mind all the time. You have anxiety. And you also have hope. And it’s all in there".

Former Wallflowers guitarist Michael Ward died on April 1, 2024.

Band members
Current members
 * Jakob Dylan – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1989–present) ; keyboards, piano (1989–1990, 2005–2012, 2013–present) ; bass (1989, 1993, 2013–present) ; drums, percussion (1989–1990, 1994–1995, 2003, 2011–2012, 2013–present) ; lead guitar (1995, 2001–2005, 2014–present)

Touring musicians
 * Stanton Adcock – guitars, backing vocals (2017–present)
 * Aaron Embry - keyboards, backing vocals (2021–present)
 * Whynot Jansveld - bass, backing vocals (2021–present)
 * Ben Peeler - guitars, backing vocals (2000–2001, 2021–present)
 * Mark Stepro - drums, backing vocals (2021–present)

Former members
 * Tobi Miller – lead guitar (1989–1995)
 * Barrie Maguire – bass (1989–1993)
 * Peter Yanowitz – drums (1990–1994)
 * Rami Jaffee – keyboards (1990–2005, 2012–2013)
 * Greg Richling – bass (1993–2013)
 * Mario Calire – drums (1995–2003, 2012)
 * Michael Ward – lead guitar (1995–2001; died 2024)
 * Yogi Lonich – lead guitar (2002–2003)
 * Fred Eltringham – drums (2003–2011)
 * Jack Irons – drums (2012–2013)
 * Stuart Mathis – lead guitar (2005–2014)

Former touring musicians
 * Moe Z M.D. – keyboards, vocals (2002–2003)
 * Jimmy Wallace – keyboards, vocals (2013–2019)
 * Steve Mackey – bass (2017–2019)
 * Lynn Williams – drums, percussion (2017–2019)

Discography
Studio albums
 * The Wallflowers (1992)
 * Bringing Down the Horse (1996)
 * (Breach) (2000)
 * Red Letter Days (2002)
 * Rebel, Sweetheart (2005)
 * Glad All Over (2012)
 * Exit Wounds (2021)

title: The Wallflowers


text:
People's Alliance (Iceland)

The People's Alliance (Alþýðubandalagið) was an electoral alliance in Iceland from 1956 to 1968 and a socialist political party from 1968 to 1998.

History
In 1916, the Social Democratic Party (Alþýðuflokkurinn) was formed in Iceland. In 1930 the party split, leading to the formation of the Communist Party of Iceland (Kommúnistaflokkur Íslands), recognised as the Icelandic section of the Communist International. In 1937 the social democrats suffered another split, and the splinter group unified itself with the communists forming the Socialist Party (Sósíalistaflokkurinn). However, the new party did not become a ComIntern member as its forerunner.

On 4 April 1956 the Socialist Party created an electoral alliance with yet another left-wing split of the Social Democratic Party led by Hannibal Valdimarsson, thus forming the People's Alliance with Hannibal as its chairman.

In 1963 National Preservation Party (Þjóðvarnarflokkurinn) contributed people to the joint electoral alliance, resulting in Gils Guðmundsson, a former member of parliament (1953–1956) for Þjóðvarnarflokkurinn gaining a seat in the parliament, which he held until 1979. In 1968 the People's Alliance officially became a political party. At that time Hannibal left and formed his own Union of Liberals and Leftists.

In the mid-1960s the U.S. States Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 1,000 (1% of the working age population of Iceland).

In 1998 it joined forces with the Social Democrat Party, the Women's Alliance (Samtök um kvennalista) and the National Awakening (Þjóðvaki) in forming the Social Democratic Alliance (Samfylkingin), a broad centre-left party. However the People's Alliance continues to exist on papers until its debts are paid.

The party was not a communist party, but it used to be the Icelandic referent of the World Communist Movement. It was opposed to NATO and the presence of U.S. military forces in Iceland. It was also opposed to Icelandic membership of the European Union and the EEA agreement in 1993 between the EFTA and the EU, Iceland being a member of EFTA.

Some members of the People's Alliance did not conciliate the forming of the Alliance, including some MPs of the party, and formed the Left-Green Movement (Vinstrihreyfingin – grænt framboð), a socialist-green party, in 1999. The first chairman of the People's Alliance was Ragnar Arnalds. The later president of Iceland, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, was chairman of the party from 1987 to 1995 after joining it coming from Union of Liberals and Leftists after he broke away from the Progressive Party (Iceland).

It participated in 5 coalition governments from 1956 to 1991, beginning in Hermann Jónasson's last government 1956–1958, then in both of Ólafur Jóhannesson's governments 1in 1971–1974 and in 1978–1979, then in Gunnar Thoroddsen's only government 1980–1983 and finally in Steingrímur Hermannsson's latter government in 1988–1991.

The youth league of the People's Alliance was known as ÆFAB.

title: People's Alliance (Iceland)


text:
Crocker National Bank

Crocker National Bank was a United States bank headquartered in San Francisco, California. It was acquired by and merged into Wells Fargo Bank in 1986.

History
The bank traces its history to the Woolworth National Bank in San Francisco. Charles Crocker, who was one of The Big Four of the Central Pacific Railroad and who constructed America's First transcontinental railroad, acquired a controlling interest in Woolworth for his son William Henry Crocker. The bank was renamed Crocker Woolworth National Bank, later Crocker National Bank.

Crocker National merged with the First National Bank of San Francisco, founded by James D. Phelan, in 1925 to form Crocker First National Bank.

In 1956, Crocker First National Bank merged with the Anglo California National Bank (established by Herbert Fleishhacker) to form Crocker-Anglo Bank. In 1963, Crocker-Anglo Bank merged with Los Angeles' Citizens National Bank, to become Crocker-Citizens Bank. and later, Crocker Bank. In the 1970s and early 1980s, Crocker cultivated a reputation for customer service and convenience, including expanded hours. As a part of its promotional campaign, the bank gave various stuffed animals to new customers, including "Sunny", a teddy bear, "Crocker" Spaniel stuffed dogs, and a set of stuffed circus animal “Crockers”. It was also one of the first California banks to offer automated teller machine service. One early television commercial showed a young businessman confidently using the machine, while speaking to it as if it were a person. He was followed by an elderly woman approaching it for the first time, and greeting it with a very uncertain "Hello."

Crocker National Bank was purchased by the British financial institution Midland Bank in 1981, but after a series of financial losses, it was sold to Wells Fargo Bank in 1986. Crocker's executive vice president and two-thirds of the top 70 executives lost their jobs because of the merger.

Other history
On April 21, 1975, a Carmichael, California branch of the bank in the Sacramento area was robbed by several members of the Symbionese Liberation Army. SLA member Emily Harris accidentally fired her shotgun (as she later said in a plea deal) and killed Myrna Opsahl, a 42-year-old customer and mother of four.

In popular culture
Scott Adams worked at Crocker during his first years in the business world. He drew on this and other business experience when creating the Dilbert comic strip.

title: Crocker National Bank


text:
Öland Bridge

The Öland Bridge (Swedish: Ölandsbron) is a road bridge in Sweden that spans the Kalmar Strait, between Jutnabben in Kalmar on the mainland and Möllstorp in Algutsrum parish near Färjestaden on Öland in the Baltic Sea.

It is a 6,072-metre (3¾ mile) long beam bridge with a clear bridge width of 13 metres (43'). Maximum height 41.69 metres (136'9"), minimum height 6.65 metres (21'10"). The bridge is built of reinforced concrete in 155 spans, including the high bridge section in 6 spans of 130 metres (430'), and has a characteristic hump at its western end which was created to provide a vertical clearance of 36 metres (120') for shipping. The Öland Bridge is one of the longest in all of Europe (the longest one until completion of Vasco da Gama Bridge in 1998) and currently Sweden's longest bridge, if one only compares the bridge sections that are on Swedish territory (the Öresund Bridge, which is longer, is partly built on Danish territory).

A little to the south of the western end of the bridge a small wooden pedestrian and bicycle bridge, around 150 metres (160 yards) in length and connecting the island of Svinö to the mainland, echoes the form of the Öland bridge. This "replica" is clearly visible to anyone crossing to Öland via the main bridge. The road crossing the bridge is County Road 137, which connects to the E22 on the mainland, and County Road 136 on Öland.

Construction
The plan for a fixed link between Öland and the Swedish mainland had existed for a long time and led to a number of motions in the Swedish parliament and inquiries. The first concrete proposal was presented in 1932, and in the 1950s the question of the Öland Bridge was raised. Parliamentary politician Fritz Börjesson was a strong driving force for a fixed link between Kalmar and Öland. Another advocate was Uno Danielson, a forester on Öland.

On 18 November 1966, the Swedish government adopted a plan for the construction of major bridges, which included the Öland Bridge. The first sod was turned on the Småland side by then Minister of Communications Svante Lundkvist (S) on 30 December 1967. On the Öland side, the first sod was turned on 4 January 1968 by MP Fritz Börjesson (C).

The Öland Bridge was inaugurated on 30 September 1972. Among the speakers at the ceremony, which took place on the island side of the bridge, was the Crown Prince Carl Gustaf. The bridge cost 80 million Swedish kronor to build. Construction took 4.5 years, and about 100,000 cubic meters (cu. yd.) of concrete was used. The bridge was also prepared for transporting fresh water from the mainland to Öland. The bridge project received much support, but there were also protests. The main objection was that the bridge would threaten the environment, possibly causing a huge influx of tourists to Öland and its vulnerable and precious nature. Already in connection with the decision to build the Ölandsbron, emigration from Öland was reversed. A large number of homes began to be built in Färjestaden and the surrounding area. The Öland Bridge cost SEK 130 million to build.

title: Öland Bridge