text:
User talk:Kinitawowi

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 * Ah, cheers for that. I always wondered how the sig thing was done... ;-) Kinitawowi 14:52, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

The Settlers
Great work in The Settlers. Congrats :). Rvalles 17:35, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks! :-) I just spotted it in and figured it needed a bit of an overhaul. I'm debating whether or not it would benefit from a list of buildings and object types to illustrate the build trees and prioritisation factors... or whether that's something best left to GameFAQs. Kinitawowi 00:07, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * We're writting an enciclopedia... as it is now, it's better than it was, but still a stub ;) Rvalles 01:18, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

Why, in the description of Richie as a "self-obsessed, perverted, wittering git", does git link to Jeffrey Archer? (Apart from the obvious.)
Who's to say?--Crestville 18:41, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Re: Warcraft characters
Hi, see Talk:List of Warcraft characters. There is no reason whatsoever to have all that information centralized. In a pedia you want information to be linked together and be able to navigate from one article to another, but you do not want every piece of information on the same place (centralization). We have followed this convention of many many fictional characters before. There is no reason to merge this article nor any other article referring to fictional characters. Or do we have all the Harry Potter articles inside list of Harry Potter characters? Please, before you try to be a policeman try to think about the logic that someone followed before working on articles.

I have noticed that you are kinda new to the pedia so let me take a little bit of my time to explain something about consensus...

Firt of, consensus is not a Wikipedia policy and will never be (it goes against the principles of Wikipedia itself). In this case, the "consensus" was to keep the information (although around seven users expressed their opinion to merge it). The consensus of Wikipedia is based on opinions and ideas rather than on scientific research, because of this these opinions are not often for the best of the project. However, many of them are excellent ideas and many of us incorporate them to the pedia when we beleive that they will help the project.

In this case, merging the characters into a single article is not for the best of the project. That alone would set a precedent regarding fictional characters, which if big enough, are given their own article as they deserve it. That is what I have done by splitting the article, what many of us have done in the past, and what some contributors originally did for the Warcraft characters. The only list of characters that I have seen to follow that format is Light Characters in the Wheel of Time series, but I do not know anything about that so I left it how it is for those that are working on them. Since I know about Warcraft I work on them and split them for the best of the project.

It is kinda hard for me to explain, but one of the main principles of information design tells you that you should never force someone to chew on information that they are not looking for. In the pedia we follow the concept of data hiding to some extent, but not completely. For example, in an article about Jesuschrist why should you describe in detail the Virgin Mary and the Twelve apostles? You either follow the convention "Virgin Mary (small description)" or simply link to her through a wiki-link. By having all the information cramped in the same place you force users navigate manually on a same page when looking for information about other characters, instead of providing them with a wiki-link that takes them to other article.

The main reasoning for us at the project to split content is for those users that wish to print the information. What would happen when a user wants to print information about Sylvannas but her information is merged with all the other characters? The user must find which pages on his printer are of Sylvannas alone, and even after doing that he will be printing information about other characters in the same page of Sylvannas. That is what we avoid, that is why we prefer to link information around rather that jamming it in the same place.

—Joseph | Talk 17:51, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * You say "consensus is not a Wikipedia policy and will never be (it goes against the principles of Wikipedia itself)"? What? Quoting Policy: "Wikipedia policy is formulated for the most part by consensus." Promotion to adminship is by consensus. New policy is reached by consensus. Wikipedia is all about consensus: consensus is at the very core of Wikipedia.  —Lowellian (talk)   22:45, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Additional to Lowellian's comment; if consensus is to be completely ignored, then VfD is a complete waste of time. I'm sure that there's plenty who would agree with that sentiment (you included, judging by this discussion), but while it remains a part of Deletion policy it should be adhered to. Hell, taking Sylvannas Windrunner as an example, it's currently a candidate for speedy deletion under article 5 (recreation of deleted content). Kinitawowi 09:45, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC)

Manchester United/History of Manchester United
Hi,

I noticed you'd been working on Man United-related pages and could do with your opinion on something.

The history section was split out of the page last year (I think) but someone then wrote another history section in the main page. Both pages are now well over the recommended maximum size for a Wikipedia article, and it's getting to the stage where I suspect people are editing them without reading them all the way through (which would explain why the Glazer takeover is mentioned twice in Manchester United, in roughly the same amount of detail each time.

So, my idea is to create new pages for different eras in United's history, merge the relevant bits of Alex Ferguson, History of Manchester United and the History section of Manchester United into each new page and put summaries of each new page on Manchester United, with comments asking people not to make the summaries too long. The new articles would have titles like:

 * Manchester United pre-1945
 * Manchester United 1945-1968
 * Manchester United 1968-1986
 * Manchester United 1986-present

I think something like this is necessary to keep the pages manageable, but obviously don't want to make such big changes to other people's work without hearing what people think first. Please let me know what you think, at the Manchester United talk page.

Thanks, Cantthinkofagoodname 11:01, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Psycho Pinball
Good job expanding the article, if you feel like adding more (particullary on the PC version, as I don't remember playing it at all) go ahead. wS;✉ 13:40, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Shall do, although I'll probably need to find a Mega Drive version from somewhere to make sure I don't end up ripping out anything version-specific. Kinitawowi 00:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

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The Game (game) DRV closure
I'm not trying to start another fight, I'm just interested... what led you to the decision to keep this article? Kinitawowi 09:32, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The debate in question was a deletion review, which reviews deletions and the outcomes of deletion debates. In this case, the action being reviewed was a deletion by User:Zoe, after this deletion debate. I merely interpreted the result of the vote in the review, and since a majority voted to restore the article, that was the outcome. --bainer (talk) 11:31, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

I have emailed you about something that others have been preventing people from telling you. If you do not receive it, please respond on your talk page. Dagedzil 08:54, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Pop Culture Section in the Enola Gay Article
I've removed the pop culture section in the Enola Gay article again. There are multiple issues with the pop culture section and the OMD reference. The song does have a implied reference to the Enola Gay mission, but again I believe there needs to be sourcing involved in adding the reference. The other part of the problem is that the pop culture section is that because there has been no criteria for adding entires, it has been abused by users adding such trivial things as cheat codes. At one point the pop culture section had so many things in it that it started to detract from the quality of the article itself.

I hope you'll take these things into consideration and read what has been said on the talk page rather then reverting it back. Thanks.. Davidpdx 09:57, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Is the objection specifically to the reference to the song (which needs to be linked by disambiguation, at the very least), or to the existence of the whole section? My suspicion is the latter - the song's references to the mission are explicit (unless the quotes in the song are unique to the Sash! edit that appeared on The OMD Remixes EP). Kinitawowi 10:05, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I personally have never heard the song, but I have looked up the lyrics online. I believe that the song could be adequately sourced if someone would take the time to do it properly. The problem is everytime it's added, there are no sources to back it up.

 * Yes, most of my objection is to any pop culture section in the article. The problem being that people are not being responsible about adding things and no one else is willing to clean it up other then me. We have on the talk page talked about possible solutions, one of which was to set guidelines for entries on the articles. Unfortunately, there was no real effort put behind any of the ideas and it pretty much died.

 * As I've stated, my objection is that the pop culture section bogs down the article too much because you have multiple anon IP's adding stupid stuff. The article and the event is of historical significantance, I think it really degrades the quality of the article by allowing just about anything to be added. In short, it's become a free pass for any reference regardless of the significance to be added.

 * I'm open to listening to possible solutions to this, but I feel just randomly readding the song without a reference doesn't work. Davidpdx 11:15, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The best way to do it, then, is probably by simply disambiguating at the top of the article in the usual way - something like

 * This article is about the bomber. For the OMD song inspired by/about/alluding to the Hiroshima bombing, see Enola Gay (song).

 * and deal with the referencing at the actual Enola Gay (song) article (the official OMD website provides adequate sourcing, I think). That then acknowledges the song and it's inspiration without it being in a trivia section. Kinitawowi 11:31, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I never thought about it that way. Ingenious! I say go for it. This would be in place of it having any reference in the main Enola Gay article right? If that's the case, then I totally back the idea. I think something should be put on the Enola Gay talk page. Can you please do that after my most recent comment? I'll back you up on it. Hopefully this will discourage adding the pop culture section in the article for awhile. Thanks.. Davidpdx 11:38, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It looks like there is already an article about the song Enola Gay (song), the disambiguious page just has to be added and both of them listed. Davidpdx 11:41, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Now 68
I think we can now have a Now 68 page as according to the now forums, we now have a release date (19th November) and a cover design, what do you think? I'll upload the cover design if you agree regardsICryOverSpiltMilk 09:46, 20 September 2007 (UTC) These another thing that bothers me, how come US Now 26 is allowed with predictions and our Now 68 isn't?
 * I didn't know there was an article for Now! 26 US - I'm not particularly interested in that series. ;-) (I collect the UK one, so I'm interested in that and articles within it, but I'm really not arsed about the Yanks.) As for the details... well, after much consideration, it's proof enough for me - but several nitpickers here dispute the use of forum posts as sufficient to establish accuracy and/or notability. And release dates posted on online stores are always liable to slippage - and I'm pretty sure that Play had a release date and cover before it was even mentioned on the forum. You'd need to run it by the salting admin (User:Daniel Case) to have it made available again, and if he did reopen it it would almost certainly be under the strict proviso that speculation about the tracklisting has to stay off the article. Kinitawowi 09:59, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * yeah I collect the UK nows as well Now 53 onwards, and now we have a release date, you can't say it isn't going to happen, as it's going to now, thanks for your comments ICryOverSpiltMilk 15:51, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It's nothing to do with whether or not it's going to happen - that was never in dispute, which is why my initial intention was not to have the article locked but protected for three months (which would have meant until about the beginning of November, by which time some actual information would have been available). What was in dispute was 1) the existence (or lack of, until recently) of verifiable, sourced information about it; and 2) the repeated violations of WP:CRYSTAL involved in putting in bogus tracklists, which is the only part that really bothers me personally. Seriously, I would never have even thought about trying to lock or delete the article but for the tracklist spam - and the sad part is that as long as that spam exists, we're going to go through this cycle with Now! 69, then Now! 70, and so on ad infinitum. That's why we couldn't have an article - because there's no good place to draw the line. If Now! 68 has an article, then why not Now! 69? And if Now! 69, then why not Now! 70? Etcetera? Kinitawowi 17:40, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

NetHack mindflayer
Very amusing, but please don't disrupt Wikipedia just to make a point - someone has to clear up afterwards. --McGeddon (talk) 11:43, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

I like to watch.
I read your summaries. >:).-- Kerotan Leave Me a Message  Have  a nice day :) 00:45, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Heh. ;-) It's mostly frustration with the IPs on that article; they keep on adding stuff despite three months of edit summaries saying "Provide a source", so I figured I'd have a play around... Kinitawowi (talk) 00:49, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * You talking about the Now Thats What I Call Music 69 page? Why did CD Wow do that, feed the trolls? ICryOverSpiltMilk (talk) 15:49, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree, you made me laugh! I see you're doing a great job with List of Skins characters, your help would be more than welcome at Skins (TV series), which I'm trying to bring up to Good Article standard. — PretzelsHii! 20:01, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm thinking we're better off waiting until next week (after S4 finishes) to try and properly fix all the Skins pages; right now the vandals and over-writing loonies are making things unmanageably chaotic (List of Skins characters got so bad it needed sprotting), but if you've got any idea for what can be addressed sooner, I'd be glad to help out. Kinitawowi (talk) 20:08, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I know what you mean - it's been a lot more active lately. There's a list of to-do's at Talk:Skins (TV series)/GA1, the main one being to cut down the plot synopsis to cover overall story arcs, instead of every minute detail. Harder than it sounds! — PretzelsHii! 01:28, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I'll have a look and see what I can do (the List Of Characters page needs similar work). Kinitawowi (talk) 04:29, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Goal of the Season for deletion
The article Goal of the Season is being discussed concerning whether it is suitable for inclusion as an article according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Goal of the Season until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Sandman888 (talk) 19:26, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kinitawowi


text:
Rodney Yee

Rodney Yee is an American yoga instructor who rose to national prominence in the mid-1990s when he was featured on the cover of Yoga Journal magazine and later starred in a series of Gaiam/Living Arts yoga instructional videos and DVDs. Yee has narrated meditation audios and written two books.

Early life and education
Rodney Yee was born in 1957, the Chinese-American son of an Air Force Colonel, and spent his childhood on military bases in Altus, Oklahoma and Puerto Rico. He was a gymnast during his high school years and later became a ballet dancer, performing with the Oakland Ballet Company and the Matsuyama Ballet Company of Tokyo, Japan. He began studies in philosophy and physical therapy at the University of California, Berkeley, though he dropped out in order to pursue ballet full-time.

Career
Yee became a yoga enthusiast in the Iyengar school, but now teaches a blend of Iyengar Yoga and his own invented style. He began his yoga teaching career at a studio called The Yoga Room in Berkeley; in 1987 he co-founded the Piedmont Yoga Studio in Oakland.

In 2002, several students of Yee's stated that they were having sexual relations with Yee and that the behavior had been going on for some time. Yee was sued for breach of contract, the claim alleging multiple sexual affairs with his students.

Personal life
Yee has three children from his first marriage to Donna Fone, whom he divorced in 2002 after twenty-four years of marriage. He married former model Colleen Saidman, one of his students, in December 2006. Since dating students violates the precepts of yoga teacher conduct as defined by the Yoga Alliance, this led to division in Yee-oriented communities. Yee and Saidman live in The Hamptons.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rodney Yee


text:
Landed

Landed may refer to:

 * Landed (album), a 1975 album by German krautrock band Can.
 * "Landed (Ben Folds song)", from Songs for Silverman 2005
 * "Landed", a song by Drake from Dark Lane Demo Tapes
 * Landed gentry, a largely historical privileged British social class
 * Landed property, a real estate term

title: Landed


text:
User talk:Pavel.ruzicka

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Proposed deletion of Year-To-Date
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 * Wikipedia is not a dictionary

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title: User talk:Pavel.ruzicka


text:
Chrysler JA platform

The JA platform was Chrysler's smaller complement to the LH cars which were larger than the Ks, and a direct size replacement for the last extended K cars, the Acclaim and Spirit. It was a mid-size front-wheel drive automobile platform that was the basis for the Cloud Cars — the Chrysler Cirrus/Dodge Stratus/Plymouth Breeze starting in 1994. Like the LH, it was a cab forward design. While this platform was numerically successful, the highest volume for family cars competing against cars like the Taurus, Accord, or Camry would move to the LH platform cars, which were often classified as full-size.

1995
The first JA cars were the 1995 Chrysler Cirrus and Dodge Stratus. These were available with either a 2.0 L 16-valve SOHC, 2.4 L 16-valve DOHC, or a Mitsubishi-designed 2.5 L 24-valve SOHC V6 engine. The Plymouth Breeze was introduced in late 1995 with most of the same options available to the other two models (minus the V6 engine). The JA Platform was produced through to the 2000 model year.

A 5-speed manual transmission (NV-T350) was available with the 2.0 L engine, and a 4-speed automatic (A604) came with the larger engines. AutoStick was an option for some trim levels with the 2.5 L engine. The wheelbase was 108 in.

All JA sedans were built at the Chrysler Sterling Heights Assembly Plant in Sterling Heights, Michigan. In Europe, this car became known as Chrysler Stratus, where a 2.0-liter engine with a 5-speed manual (A604) and a 2.5-liter V6 engine with a 4-speed automatic were available as well.

1996
A modified version of the JA platform called JX debuted in 1995 as the Chrysler Sebring convertible. Changes for the JX included shortening the wheelbase to 106.0 in, removing the back doors and roof, stiffening the chassis to compensate for the loss of a solid top, and lengthening of the front and rear clips. The JX also had larger rear brake drums, ceramic brake pads, and a cooler thermostat to compensate for the increased weight of the reinforcements to the unibody. The available engines and transmissions are identical to that of the Chrysler Cirrus. Unlike the sedans, the convertibles were assembled in Mexico.

2001
The platform was updated in 2000, becoming JR. The Dodge Stratus name was carried over, and the Cirrus became the Chrysler Sebring sedan. The Chrysler Sebring convertible was built on the JR platform as well. The Breeze name was dropped (with the rest of Plymouth).

Engines available were the 2.4 L I4 and the 2.7 L LH V6. The wheelbase remained unchanged, although the track was increased slightly.

The JR sedans were built at the Sterling Heights Assembly Plant, and the convertible moved back there from Mexico. The tooling from Sterling Heights Assembly was sold to Russian-based GAZ in 2006. GAZ intends to move the whole production line to a plant in Russia to build licensed JR sedans under a different name - GAZ Siber - a facelifted Chrysler Sebring of the first generation.

The vehicle nameplates were shuffled with the Diamond Star Motors (DSM) coupes. The first generation of the Avenger became the Stratus coupe, and the newly renamed Chrysler Sebring sedan now shared a name with the second generation Sebring coupe. Both of the coupes were based on the third generation Mitsubishi Eclipse and built alongside the Eclipse. They had nothing in common with the JR platform other than the names.

title: Chrysler JA platform


text: Category:Albanian cuisine

title: Category:Albanian cuisine


text:
Holy card

In the Christian tradition, holy cards or prayer cards are small, devotional pictures for the use of the faithful that usually depict a religious scene or a saint in an image about the size of a playing card. The reverse typically contains a prayer, some of which promise an indulgence for its recitation.

The circulation of these cards is an important part of the visual folk culture of Roman Catholics, and in modern times, prayer cards have also become popular among Orthodox Christians and Protestant Christians, although with the latter, biblical themes are emphasized within them.

Uses
Most cards are circulated to assist the veneration of the saints and images they bear.

Special holy cards are printed for Catholics to be distributed at funerals by the family of the deceased that include the name and usually dates of birth and death of the deceased. These are a particular type of the in memoriam cards, which can also record other events such as baptisms, confirmations, ordinations, or the making of religious vows.

At the end of the nineteenth century, some Protestants also produced similar images of their own. They produced "Bible cards" or "Sunday school cards", with lithographed illustrations depicting Bible stories and parables, more modern scenes of religious life or prayer, or sometimes just a Biblical text illuminated by calligraphy; these were linked to Biblical passages that related to the image. The reverse typically held a sermonette instead of a prayer. Imagery here was always the servant of text, and as such these Protestant cards tended to be replaced by tracts that emphasized message instead of imagery, and were illustrated with cartoon-like images if they were illustrated at all.

Old master prints
Old master prints, nearly all on religious subjects, served many of the same functions as holy cards, especially the cheaper woodcuts; the earliest dated surviving example is from 1423, probably from southern Germany, and depicts Saint Christopher, with handcolouring, it is found as part of the binding of a manuscript of the Laus Virginis (1417) which belongs to the John Rylands Library, Manchester.

Later engraving or etching were more commonly used. Some had elaborate borders of paper lace surrounding the images; these were called dévotes dentelles in France.

One use of such cards is illustrated in an early 15th-c painting of the Annunciation by Robert Campin, which stages the event in a bourgeois home; above the fireplace, a print of Christopher carrying the Christ child is tacked to the wall, possibly as a more affordable alternative to a painting.

Lithography
The invention of chromolithography made it possible to reproduce coloured images cheaply, leading to a much broader circulation of the cards. An early centre of their manufacture was in the environs of the Church of St Sulpice in Paris; the lithographed images made there were done in delicate pastel colours, and proved extremely influential on later designs.

Belgium and Germany also became centres of the manufacture of holy cards, as did Italy in the twentieth century. Catholic printing houses (such as Maison de la Bonne Presse in France and Ars Sacra in Germany) produced large numbers of cards, and often a single design was printed by different companies in different countries.

Recent history
The 1940 Head of Christ painting has been printed more than 500 million times, including pocket-sized cards for carrying in a wallet. In the World War II era, "millions of cards featuring the Head of Christ were distributed through the USO by the Salvation Army and the YMCA to members of the American armed forces stationed overseas".

During the Cold War, both Catholics and Protestants helped to popularize these cards, presenting "a united front against the menace of godless Communism".

Collecting
Holy cards are popular collectible items. They are small and inexpensive and can be stored safely in plastic sleeves in a binder. Holy card collecting is mostly popular in Catholic countries. Collectors base their collection on various criteria like a favorite saint, country of issue, issuer, etc.

title: Holy card


text: File:Holycard.jpg

title: File:Holycard.jpg


text:
User:Anamalenca

es:User:Anamalenca

title: User:Anamalenca


text:
Talk:Earwig

Discrepancy with Saint Helena earwig
This article says the Saint Helena earwig is "possibly extinct", while Saint Helena earwig says the species is "extinct". 173.235.20.20 (talk) 22:22, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

Vostox apicedentatus
Vostox apicedentatus was neglected as a native of North America: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostox_apicedentatus 50.37.100.215 (talk) 17:35, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Read the text carefully because it is worded very precisely. The only "exclusivity" in the article is where it refers explicitly to the Northern US; the article does not bother to list the dozens of species native elsewhere in the US, which includes Vostox and a variety of other taxa. The purpose is not to list every species of earwig in the US, nor to suggest that the US lacks native species, but instead to point out that the native species are not broadly distributed. Dyanega (talk) 18:01, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

Etymology
Are we sure the name doesn't mean "tail-waggler", "ear" having the same meaning as in "wheatear"(q.v.), and "wig" having the same origin as "wiggle"(q.v.)? Esedowns (talk) 23:05, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earwig


text:
Talk:Flanders (disambiguation)

After checking with many other references sources and (printed and online) enclyclopedia, I've updated the text as the older definition was quite biased by the historical meaning, the county of Flanders, and did not properly distinguish all actual meanings, and as that historical bias did not seem appropriate anymore in a contemporary, and moreover, internet-based encyclopedia as Wikipedia. Rudi Dierick, 2 Aug. 2004
 * Hi Rudy. I have reverted your edits. I think it is far better to keep the disambiguation page as small and synthetic as possible. More detailed information could be inserted into the Flanders article. --Edcolins 21:25, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)

If there is a Flanders (county) page (I think that the text is in the main Flanders as well) it needs a link here. --Nk 14:48, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

"Category:Cycle types" should not be here
"Category:Cycle types" should not be here. It should be on the specific page for the Cycle type in question. Duckbill 10:55, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

A bicycle constructor operating in *which* Flanders?
You have:

 * A bicycle constructor operating in Flanders, see Flanders (bikes)

Using the unqualified term "Flanders" in a disambiguation page for "Flanders" kind of doesn't get the baby bathed. This entry needs a re-write. I can't fix it without significant research. This should go back to the original author. I'll remove it for now and it can be reinstated when it's better.

Duckbill 10:59, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Buchanan
He is on this page because of his alleged resemblance to Ned Flanders. Therefore, it is only natural that Ned is covered on this page as well. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 03:20, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The fictional character is covered by the surname page. Anyone looking for the baseball player due to the nickname can find him, though this could perhaps also be treated on the surname page since it is at best a partial title match. But there's no need to link to the character simply because it is mentioned as the source of the nickname. older ≠ wiser 03:30, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

Townland
Indian Flanders only links to Arauco war because it is the valid blue link that is used. Similarly, in case of the Irish town, the only link that is relevant is County Londonderry so we must link to it. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 03:28, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Strictly speaking, Flandes Indiano is both a partial title match and a foreign language dictionary gloss. It does not appear to be discussed in the Arauco War article. It is only mentioned in the title of one reference. I'm not sure that is reason enough for disambiguation. County Londonderry makes no mention whatsoever of Flanders, which is why the link to List of townlands in County Londonderry is necessary. older ≠ wiser 03:36, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Strictly speaking, Flanders is not on that list either, nor does it appear anywhere on Google search. As for the baseball player, I moved him to the surname page. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 03:51, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Flanders is on that list. The list could be better sourced, but it does not appear to be made up. See here and here. I'm OK with moving the baseball player. older ≠ wiser 03:58, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, but the subject is still not even remotely notable to ever become an article candidate, let alone a working article. The redlink does not belong there. Period. If you want me to abide by the guidelines that you provided, please do the same. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 04:08, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * In your opinion perhaps. The tendency is that most geographical entities eventually get articles. The entry does clearly satisfy WP:DABRL, so there is no real reason to remove other than you just don't like it. older ≠ wiser 04:10, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Not in my opinion, but according to the guideline: "A link to a non-existent article (a "red link") should only be included on a disambiguation page when an article (not just disambiguation pages) also includes that red link. Do not create red links to articles that are unlikely ever to be written, or are likely to be removed as insufficiently notable topics." It's a small townland that has virtually no mention anywhere (other than just existing within a very long list of small townlands, most of which will never get articles of their own either), and is pretty much as far from WP:N as it can get. Why do you have to invoke the "you don't like it" fallacy? How can I possibly not like it? Until you pointed out the .gov.uk link I didn't even know of its existence. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 04:19, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * What you or I know or don't know is rarely a good indication of anything. It is your opinion. I prefer the opinion that eventually an article will be written, as is being done for many of the most obscure geographical entities imaginable. The guideline states That you think the topic unnotable because you are unfamiliar with the topic means nothing. older ≠ wiser 04:26, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You didn't read my response, did you? You completely ignored the second sentence: There are not nearly enough sources that would cover the topic's notability. Is it just me or is that what makes a topic worthy (or unworthy) of its own article? Hearfourmewesique (talk) 04:30, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I did actually. That sentence is where your opinion comes in. I'm of the opinion, and the trend on Wikipedia, is that even the most obscure geographical entities do eventually get articles (or in some cases become redirects to a section of another article). older ≠ wiser 11:59, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

How can lack of sources possibly count for opinion? Even if I humor you here for a moment, best case scenario is that the Flanders, Bovevagh, County Londonderry (if anything, we should include the full name, shouldn't we?) article will end up being a redirect to List of townlands in County Londonderry, which is the only article that currently points to the townland. In other words, your best hope is for a WP:CIRCULAR ref. By all means, find a couple of secondary sources that can shed some light on the subject's notability (and keep in mind that we're aiming for a full article, not a paragraph), and prove me wrong. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 18:41, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * That you are unaware of any sources and that you are therefore of the opinion that no sources exist is already clear. But like I said, that is your opinion. The matter of what the name should be is a separate matter entirely. There is no need for including extra disambiguation in the title unless it is necessary, or if there is an applicable naming convention that specifies a particular form. Again, it is merely your speculation that the only possible target for a redirect would be the list of townlands article. The target might be an article on the Bovevagh parish. That's really irrelevant at this point. The point is that even most obscure geographical entities frequently end up with articles. Many editors don't like these two-sentence geo-stubs, but they are pretty routinely kept when brought up for AfD. I have no interest in researching townlands in Ireland. Point is that it is purely opinion that an article or meaningful redirect is impossible. older ≠ wiser 19:04, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Your games are really annoying, do you know that? When you research a subject and nothing comes up, it's not an opinion. It's a fact. I actually tried to find sources, and found nothing. This has been stated in this conversation at least five times. Of course everything is possible, but the probability of a standalone article (even a stub) about that particular townland is close to zero; repeatedly contesting that statement without backup is counterproductive. Again (and again, and again) – you are most welcome to prove me wrong. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 00:58, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * This is hardly worth prolonging as we obviously are not going to convince the other. The only fact that you know is that you did not find any sources. So what? It remains nothing more than your opinion that it is unlikely that an article can be written. older ≠ wiser 02:00, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Considering everything that has been said multiple time throughout this thread, your latest statement is utterly ridiculous. I already mentioned WP:POINT, but I'll mention it again, as that statement is tantamount to bashing your head against the wall. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 15:16, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Right back at ya. I think we will have to agree to disagree. I am firmly in the eventualism camp. You appear to be somewhere else. older ≠ wiser 15:36, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Not really, you're firmly in the demagogy camp, as you're still firmly refusing to back up your statement. Words are meaningless without proof. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 16:21, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I have already explained -- the trend on Wikipedia is for even the most obscure geographical entities to get articles. There are numerous little articles about places in Iran or Burma or wherever that had other editors taken the view you have would never have had an article. older ≠ wiser 16:53, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Och... Hearfourmewesique (talk) 04:09, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flanders (disambiguation)


text:
Qadi

A qāḍī (قاضي; otherwise transliterated as qazi, kadi, kadhi, kazi, or gazi) is the magistrate or judge of a sharīʿa court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and audition of public works.

History

The term qāḍī was in use from the time of Muhammad during the early history of Islam, and remained the term used for judges throughout Islamic history and the period of the caliphates. While the muftī and fuqaha played the role in elucidation of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Uṣūl al-Fiqh) and the Islamic law (sharīʿa), the qāḍī remained the key person ensuring the establishment of justice on the basis of these very laws and rules. Thus, the qāḍī was chosen from amongst those who had mastered the sciences of jurisprudence and law. The Abbasid caliphs created the office of "chief qāḍī" (qāḍī al-quḍāh), whose holder acted primarily as adviser to the caliph in the appointment and dismissal of qadis. Later Islamic states generally retained this office, while granting to its holder the authority to issue appointments and dismissals in his own name. The Mamluk Sultanate, which ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1516 CE, introduced the practice of appointing four "chief qāḍī", one for each of the Sunnī schools of Islamic jurisprudence (madhhab). During the period of the Abbasid Caliphate, the office of "chief qāḍī" (qāḍī al-quḍāh) was established. Among the most famous of the early judges appointed to the role of qāḍī al-quḍāh was Abū Yūsuf, a disciple of the early Muslim scholar and jurist Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān, founder of the Ḥanafī school of Islamic jurisprudence. The office of qāḍī continued to be a very important one in every principality of the caliphates and sultanates of the various Muslim empires over the centuries. The rulers appointed a qāḍī in every region, town, and village for judicial and administrative control, and in order to establish peace and justice over the dominions they controlled.

Although the primary responsibility of a qāḍī was a judicial one, he was generally charged with certain nonjudicial responsibilities as well, such as the administration of religious endowments (wāqf), the legitimization of the accession or deposition of a ruler, the execution of wills, the accreditation of witnesses, guardianship over orphans and others in need of protection, and supervision of the enforcement of public morals (ḥisbah).

Functions
A qadi is a judge responsible for the application of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). The office originated under the rule of the first Umayyad caliphs (AH 40–85/661–705 CE), when the provincial governors of the newly-created Islamic empire, unable to adjudicate the many disputes that arose among Muslims living within their territories, began to delegate this function to others. In this early period of Islamic history, no body of Islamic positive law had yet come into existence, and the first qadis therefore decided cases on the basis of the only guidelines available to them: Arab customary law, the laws of the conquered territories, the general precepts of the Qurʾān and their own sense of equity.

During the later Umayyad period (705–750 CE), a growing class of Muslim legal scholars, distinct from the qadis, busied themselves with the task of supplying the needed body of law, and by the time of the accession to power of the Abbasid dynasty in 750, their work could be said to have been essentially completed. In constructing their legal doctrine, the legal scholars took as their point of departure the precedents that had been established by the qadis, some of which they rejected as inconsistent with Islamic principles as these were coming to be understood but most of which they adopted, with or without modification. Thus the first qadis in effect laid the foundations of Islamic positive law.

Once that law had been formed, however, the role of the qadi underwent a profound change. No longer free to follow the guidelines mentioned above, a qadi was now expected to adhere solely to the new Islamic law, and that adherence has characterized the office ever since.

A qadi continued, however, to be a delegate of a higher authority, ultimately the caliph or, after the demise of the caliphate, the supreme ruler in a given territory. This delegate status implies the absence of a separation of powers; both judicial and executive powers were concentrated in the person of the supreme ruler (caliph or otherwise). On the other hand, a certain degree of autonomy was enjoyed by a qadi in that the law that he applied was not the creation of the supreme ruler or the expression of his will. What a qadi owed to the supreme ruler was solely the power to apply the law for which sanctions were necessary that only the supreme ruler as head of the state could guarantee.

Qadi versus mufti
Similar to a qadi, a mufti is also an interpreting power of Sharia. Muftis are jurists that give authoritative legal opinions, or fatwas, and historically have been known to rank above qadis. With the introduction of the secular court system in the 19th century, Ottoman councils began to enforce criminal legislation to emphasize their position as part of the new executive. That creation of the hierarchical secular judiciary did not displace the original Sharia courts.

Sharia justice developed along lines comparable to what happened to the organization of secular justice: greater bureaucratization, more precise legal circumscription of jurisdiction, and the creation of a hierarchy. This development began in 1856.

Until the Qadi's Ordinance of 1856, the qadis were appointed by the Porte and were part of the Ottoman religious judiciary. This Ordinance recommends the consultation of muftis and the 'ulama. In practice, the sentences of qadis usually were checked by muftis appointed to the courts. Other important decisions were also checked by the mufti of the Majlis al-Ahkam or by a council of ulama connected with it. It is said that if the local qadi and mufti disagreed, it became customary to submit the case to the authoritative Grand Mufti.

Later, in 1880, the new Sharia Courts Ordinance introduced the hierarchical judiciary. Through the Ministry of Justice, parties could appeal to the Cairo Sharia Court against decisions of provincial qadis and ni'ibs. There, parties could appeal to the Sharia Court open to the Shaykh al-Azhar and the Grand Mufti, and other people could be added.

Lastly, judges were to consult the muftis appointed to their courts whenever a case was not totally clear to them. If the problem was not solved, the case had to be submitted to the Grand Mufti, whose fatwa was binding on the qadi.

Qualifications
A qadi must (per the cited source) be a male adult, free, a Muslim, sane, unconvicted of slander and educated in Islamic science. His performance must be totally congruent with Sharia (Islamic law) without using his own interpretation. In a trial in front of a qadi, it is the plaintiff who is responsible for bringing evidence against the defendant to have him or her convicted. There are no appeals to the judgements of a qadi. A qadi must exercise his office in a public place, the chief mosque is recommended, or, in his own house, where the public should have free access. The qadi had authority over a territory whose diameter was equivalent to a day's walk. The opening of a trial theoretically required the presence of both the plaintiff and the defendant. If a plaintiff's adversary resided in another judicial district, the plaintiff could present his evidence before the qadi of his own district, who would then write to the judge of the district in which the defendant resided and expose the evidence against him. The addressee qadi summoned the defendant and convicted him on that basis. Qadis kept court records in their archives (diwan) and handed them over to their successors once they had been dismissed.

Qadis must not receive gifts from participants in trials and must be careful in engaging themselves in trade. Despite the rules governing the office, Muslim history is full of complaints about qadis. It has often been a problem that qadis have been managers of waqfs, religious endowments.

The qualifications that a qadi must possess are stated in the law, but the law is not uniform on this subject. The minimal requirement upon which all the jurists agree is that a qadi possess the same qualifications as a witness in court: being be free, sane, adult, trustworthy, and a Muslim. Some require that they also possess the qualifications of a jurist, that is, that they be well versed in the law, bur others regard those qualifications as simply preferable and imply that a person may effectively discharge the duties of the office without being well versed in the law. The latter position presupposed that a qadi who is not learned in matters of law would consult those who are before reaching a decision. Indeed, consultation was urged upon the learned qadi as well since even the learned are fallible and can profit from the views of others. Those consulted did not, however, have a voice in the final decision-making. The Islamic court was a strictly one-judge court, and the final decision rested upon the shoulders of a single qadi.

Jurisdiction
The jurisdiction of a qadi was theoretically coextensive with the scope of the law that he applied. That law was fundamentally a law for Muslims, and the internal affairs of the non-Muslim, or dhimmīs, communities living within the Islamic state were left under the jurisdictions of those communities. Islamic law governed dhimmīs only with respect to their relations to Muslims and to the Islamic state. In actual practice, however, the jurisdiction of a qadi was hemmed in by what must be regarded as rival jurisdictions, particularly that of the maẓālim court and that of the shurṭah.

The maẓālim was a court (presided over by the supreme ruler himself or his governor) that heard complaints addressed to it by virtually any offended party. Since Islamic law did not provide for any appellate jurisdiction but regarded the decision of a qadi as final and irrevocable, the maẓālim court could function as a kind of court of appeals in cases that parties complained of unfair decisions from qadis. The maẓālim judge was not bound to the rules of Islamic law (fiqh) or, for that matter, to any body of positive law, but he was free to make decisions entirely on the basis of considerations of equity. The maẓālim court thus provided a remedy for the inability of a qadi to take equity freely into account. It also made up for certain shortcomings of Islamic law, for example, the lack of a highly developed law of torts, which was largely because of the preoccupation of the law with breaches of contracts. In addition, it heard complaints against state officials.

The shurṭah, on the other hand, was the state apparatus responsible for criminal justice. It too provided a remedy for a deficiency in the law, namely the incompleteness and procedural rigidity of its criminal code. Although in theory a qadi exercised a criminal jurisdiction, in practice, that jurisdiction was removed from his sphere of competence and turned over entirely to the shurṭah, which developed its own penalties and procedures. What was left to the qadi was a jurisdiction concerned mainly with cases having to do with inheritance, personal status, property, and commercial transactions. Even within that jurisdiction, a particular qadi's jurisdiction could be further restricted to particular cases or types of cases at the behest of the appointing superior.

The principle of delegation of judicial powers not only allowed the supreme ruler to delegate those powers to a qadi but also allowed qadis to further delegate them to others, and there was, in principle, no limit to that chain of delegation. All persons in the chain, except for the supreme ruler or his governor, bore the title qadi. Although in theory, the appointment of a qadi could be effected by a simple verbal declaration on the part of the appointing superior, it was normally accomplished by means of a written certificate of investiture, which obviated the need for the appointee to appear in the presence of the superior. The appointment was essentially unilateral, rather than contractual, and did not require acceptance on the part of the appointee to be effective. It could be revoked at any time.

Jewish use
The Jews living in the Ottoman Empire sometimes used qadi courts to settle disputes. Under the Ottoman system, Jews throughout the Empire retained the formal right to oversee their own courts and apply their own religious law. The motivation for bringing Jewish cases to qadi courts varied. In sixteenth-century Jerusalem, Jews preserved their own courts and maintained relative autonomy. Rabbi Samuel De Medina and other prominent rabbis repeatedly warned co-religionists that it was forbidden to bring cases to government courts and that doing so undermined Jewish legal authority, which could be superseded only "in matters that pertained to taxation, commercial transactions, and contracts".

Throughout the century, Jewish litigants and witnesses participated in Muslim court proceedings when it was expedient, or when cited to do so. Jews who wanted to bring cases against Muslims had to do so in qadi courts, where they found a surprising objectivity. But the different legal status of Jews and Muslims was preserved. Jewish testimony was weighted differently when the testimony was prejudicial to Jews or Muslims.

In Sri Lanka
In accordance with section 12 of the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act, the Judicial Services Commission may appoint any male Muslim of good character and position and of suitable attainments to be a Quazi. The Quazi does not have a permanent courthouse, thus the word "Quazi Court" is not applicable in the current context. The Quazi can hear the cases anywhere and anytime he wants. Currently most Quazis are laymen.

In accordance with section 15 of the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act, the Judicial Services Commission may appoint a Board of Quazis, consisting of five male Muslims resident in Sri Lanka, who are of good character and position and of suitable attainments, to hear appeals from the decisions of the Quazis under this Act. The Board of Quazis does not have a permanent courthouse either. Usually an appeal or a revision takes a minimum of two to three years in order to arrive for judgment from the Board of Quazis. The Board of Quazis can start the proceedings at whatever time they want and end the proceedings at whatever time they want. The Office of the Board of Quazis is situated in Hulftsdorp, Colombo 12.

Post-colonialism and female judges
As Muslim states gained independence from Europe, a vacuum was intentionally left by the colonizing powers in various sectors of education and government. European colonizers were careful to exclude "natives" from access to legal education and legal professions. Thus, the number of law graduates and legal professionals was inadequate, and women were needed to fill the empty spaces in the judiciaries. Rulers reacted by expanding general educational opportunities for women to fill positions in the expanding state bureaucracy, and in the 1950s and 1960s began the first phase of women being appointed as judges. Such was the case in 1950s Indonesia, which has the largest number of female judges in the Muslim world.

In some countries the colonized had more opportunities to study law, such as in Egypt. Sufficient male students to study law and fill legal positions and other bureaucratic jobs in the postcolonial state may have delayed women's acceptance into judicial positions.

In comparison, a similar situation happened in Europe and America. After World War II, a shortage of judges in Europe paved the way for European women to enter legal professions and work as judges. American women in World War II also entered the workforce in unprecedented numbers due to the dire need.

Contemporary female judges in Muslim states
Although the role of qadi has traditionally been restricted to men, women now serve as qadis in many countries, including Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Malaysia, Palestine, Tunisia, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates. In 2009, two women were appointed as qadis by the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank. In 2010, Malaysia appointed two women as qadis as well. However, it was decided that as women they may only rule over custody, alimony, and common property issues, not over criminal or divorce cases, which usually make up most of a qadi's work. In Indonesia, there are nearly 100 female qadis. In 2017, Hana Khatib was appointed as the first female qadi in Israel.

In Morocco, a researcher found that female judges were more sensitive to the interests of female litigants in alimony cases and held similar views to their male colleagues in maintaining Sharia standards such as the need for a wali (male guardian) for marriage.

Scholarly debate
There is disagreement among Islamic scholars as to whether women are qualified to act as qadis or not. Many modern Muslim states have a combination of religious and secular courts. The secular courts often have little issue with female judges, but the religious courts may restrict what domains female judges can preside in, such as only family and marital law.

Indian subcontinent
Islamic rulers in the subcontinent also used the same institution of the qadi (or qazi). The qadi was given the responsibility for total administrative, judicial and fiscal control over a territory or a town. He would maintain all the civil records as well. He would also retain a small army or force to ensure that his rulings are enforced.

In most cases, the qazi would pass on the title and position to his son, descendant or a very close relative. Over the centuries, this profession became a title within the families, and the power remained within one family in a region. Throughout Muslim Regions, we now find various Qazi families who descended through their famous Qazi (Qadi) ancestors and retained the lands and position. Each family is known by the town or city that their ancestors controlled.

Qazis are mostly found in areas of Pakistan, specifically in Sindh as well as India. They are now also prominent in small areas of Australia.

Matinik Island
The grand qadi of Martinique manages the mosque projects and has a role of social mediator, agents of Muslim justice.

Mayotte governorship
On the island of Mayotte, one of the Comoro Islands, the title qadi was used for Umar who governed it from 19 November 1835 to 1836 after its conquest by and annexation to the Sultanate of Ndzuwani (Anjouan).

Songhai Empire
In the Songhai Empire, criminal justice was based mainly, if not entirely, on Islamic principles, especially during the rule of Askia Muhammad. The local qadis were responsible for maintaining order by following Sharia law according to the Qur'an. An additional qadi was noted as a necessity in order to settle minor disputes between immigrant merchants. Qadis worked at the local level and were positioned in important trading towns, such as Timbuktu and Djenné. The Qadi was appointed by the king and dealt with common-law misdemeanors according to Sharia law. The Qadi also had the power to grant a pardon or offer refuge.

Spanish derivation
Alcalde, one of the current Spanish terms for the mayor of a town or city, is derived from the Arabic al-qaḍi ( ال قاضي), "the judge". In Al-Andalus a single qadi was appointed to each province. To deal with issues that fell outside of the purview of sharia or to handle municipal administration (such as oversight of the police and the markets) other judicial officers with different titles were appointed by the rulers.

The term was later adopted in Portugal, Leon and Castile during the eleventh and twelfth centuries to refer to the assistant judges, who served under the principal municipal judge, the iudex or juez. Unlike the appointed Andalusian qadis, the alcaldes were elected by an assembly of the municipality's property owners. Eventually the term came to be applied to a host of positions that combined administrative and judicial functions, such as the alcaldes mayores, the alcaldes del crimen and the alcaldes de barrio. The adoption of this term, like many other Arabic ones, reflects the fact that, at least in the early phases of the Reconquista, Muslim society in the Iberian Peninsula imparted great influence on the Christian one. As Spanish Christians took over an increasing part of the Peninsula, they adapted Muslim systems and terminology for their own use.

Ottoman Empire
In the Ottoman Empire, qadis were appointed by the Veliyu l-Emr. With the reform movements, secular courts have replaced qadis, but they formerly held wide-ranging responsibilities:
 * ... During Ottoman period, [qadi] was responsible for the city services. The charged people such as Subasi, Bocekbasi, Copluk Subasisi, Mimarbasi and Police assisted the qadi, who coordinated all the services." [From History of Istanbul Municipality, Istanbul Municipality (in Turkish).]

The role of the Qadi in the Ottoman legal system changed as the Empire progressed through history. The 19th century brought a great deal of political and legal reform to the Ottoman Empire in an effort to modernize the nation in the face of a shifting power balance in Europe and the interventions in Ottoman territories that followed. In territories such as the Khedivate of Egypt, attempts were made at merging the existing Hanafi system with French-influenced secular laws in an attempt to reduce the influence of local Qadis and their rulings. Such efforts were met with mixed success as the Ottoman-drafted reforms often still left fields such as civil law open to a Qadi's rulings based on the previously used Hanafi systems in sharia-influenced courts.

In the Ottoman Empire, a Kadiluk – the district covered by a kadı – was an administrative subdivision, smaller than a Sanjak.

Expansion of the use of qadis
As the Empire expanded, so did the legal complexities that were built into the system of administration carried over and were enhanced by the conditions of frontier expansion. In particular, the Islamic empire adapted legal devices to deal with the existence of large populations of non-Muslims, a persistent feature of empire despite incentives for conversion and in part because of institutional protections for communal legal forums. These aspects of the Islamic legal order would have been quite familiar to travelers from other parts of the world. Indeed, Jewish, Armenian, and Christian traders found institutional continuity across Islamic and Western regions, negotiating for and adopting strategies to enhance this resemblance.

title: Qadi


text:
Hale Telescope

The Hale Telescope is a 200 in, 3.3 reflecting telescope at the Palomar Observatory in San Diego County, California, US, named after astronomer George Ellery Hale. With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation in 1928, he orchestrated the planning, design, and construction of the observatory, but with the project ending up taking 20 years he did not live to see its commissioning. The Hale was groundbreaking for its time, with double the diameter of the second-largest telescope, and pioneered many new technologies in telescope mount design and in the design and fabrication of its large aluminum coated "honeycomb" low thermal expansion Pyrex mirror. It was completed in 1949 and is still in active use.

The Hale Telescope represented the technological limit in building large optical telescopes for over 30 years. It was the largest telescope in the world from its construction in 1949 until the Soviet BTA-6 was built in 1976, and the second largest until the construction of the Keck Observatory Keck 1 in Hawaii in 1993.

History

Hale supervised the building of the telescopes at the Mount Wilson Observatory with grants from the Carnegie Institution of Washington: the 60 in telescope in 1908 and the 100 in telescope in 1917. These telescopes were very successful, leading to the rapid advance in understanding of the scale of the Universe through the 1920s, and demonstrating to visionaries like Hale the need for even larger collectors.

The chief optical designer for Hale's previous 100-inch telescope was George Willis Ritchey, who intended the new telescope to be of Ritchey–Chrétien design. Compared to the usual parabolic primary, this design would have provided sharper images over a larger usable field of view. However, Ritchey and Hale had a falling-out. With the project already late and over budget, Hale refused to adopt the new design, with its complex curvatures, and Ritchey left the project. The Mount Palomar Hale Telescope turned out to be the last world-leading telescope to have a parabolic primary mirror.

In 1928 Hale secured a grant of $6 million from the Rockefeller Foundation for "the construction of an observatory, including a 200-inch reflecting telescope" to be administered by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), of which Hale was a founding member. In the early 1930s, Hale selected a site at 1700 m on Palomar Mountain in San Diego County, California, US, as the best site, and less likely to be affected by the growing light pollution problem in urban centers like Los Angeles. The Corning Glass Works was assigned the task of making a 200 in primary mirror. Construction of the observatory facilities and dome started in 1936, but because of interruptions caused by World War II, the telescope was not completed until 1948 when it was dedicated. Due to slight distortions of images, corrections were made to the telescope throughout 1949. It became available for research in 1950.

Postage Stamp. The US Post Office issued a 3c postage stamp in 1948 commemorating the Hale Telescope and Observatory.

A functioning one-tenth scale model of the telescope was also made at Corning.

The 200 in telescope saw first light on January 26, 1949, at 10:06pm PST under the direction of American astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble, targeting NGC 2261, an object also known as Hubble's Variable Nebula.

The telescope continues to be used every clear night for scientific research by astronomers from Caltech and their operating partners, Cornell University, the University of California, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It is equipped with modern optical and infrared array imagers, spectrographs, and an adaptive optics system. It has also used lucky cam imaging, which in combination with adaptive optics pushed the mirror close to its theoretical resolution for certain types of viewing.

One of the Corning Labs' glass test blanks for the Hale was used for the C. Donald Shane telescope's 120 in primary mirror.

The collecting area of the mirror is about 31,000 square inches (20 square meters).

Mounting structures
The Hale Telescope uses a special type of equatorial mount called a "horseshoe mount", a modified yoke mount that replaces the polar bearing with an open "horseshoe" structure that gives the telescope full access to the entire sky, including Polaris and stars near it. The optical tube assembly (OTA) uses a Serrurier truss, then newly invented by Mark U. Serrurier of Caltech in Pasadena in 1935, designed to flex in such a way as to keep all of the optics in alignment.

200-inch mirror

Originally, the Hale Telescope was going to use a primary mirror of fused quartz manufactured by General Electric, but instead the primary mirror was cast in 1934 at Corning Glass Works in New York state using Corning's then new material called Pyrex (borosilicate glass).

The mirror was cast in a mold with 36 raised mold blocks (similar in shape to a waffle iron). This created a honeycomb mirror that cut the amount of Pyrex needed down from over 40 ST to just 20 ST, making a mirror that would cool faster in use and have multiple "mounting points" on the back to evenly distribute its weight (note – see external links 1934 article for drawings). The shape of a central hole was also part of the mold so light could pass through the finished mirror when it was used in a Cassegrain configuration (a Pyrex plug for this hole was also made to be used during the grinding and polishing process ). While the glass was being poured into the mold during the first attempt to cast the 200-inch mirror, the intense heat caused several of the molding blocks to break loose and float to the top, ruining the mirror. The defective mirror was used to test the annealing process. After the mold was re-engineered, a second mirror was successfully cast.

After cooling several months, the finished mirror blank was transported by rail to Pasadena, California. Once in Pasadena the mirror was transferred from the rail flat car to a specially designed semi-trailer for road transport to where it would be polished. In the optical shop in Pasadena (now the Synchrotron building at Caltech) standard telescope mirror making techniques were used to turn the flat blank into a precise concave parabolic shape, although they had to be executed on a grand scale. A special 240 in 25000 lb mirror cell jig was constructed which could employ five different motions when the mirror was ground and polished. Over 13 years almost 10000 lb of glass was ground and polished away, reducing the weight of the mirror to 14.5 ST. The mirror was coated (and still is re-coated every 18–24 months) with a reflective aluminum surface using the same aluminum vacuum-deposition process invented in 1930 by Caltech physicist and astronomer John Strong.

The Hale's 200 in mirror was near the technological limit of a primary mirror made of a single rigid piece of glass. Using a monolithic mirror much larger than the 5-meter Hale or 6-meter BTA-6 is prohibitively expensive due to the cost of both the mirror, and the massive structure needed to support it. A mirror beyond that size would also sag slightly under its own weight as the telescope is rotated to different positions, changing the precision shape of the surface, which must be accurate to within 2 millionths of an inch (50 nm). Modern telescopes over 9 meters use a different mirror design to solve this problem, with either a single thin flexible mirror or a cluster of smaller segmented mirrors, whose shape is continuously adjusted by a computer-controlled active optics system using actuators built into the mirror support cell.

Dome
The moving weight of the upper dome is about 1000 US tons, and can rotate on wheels. The dome doors weigh 125 tons each. The dome is made of welded steel plates about 10 mm thick.

Observations and research
The first observation of the Hale Telescope was of NGC 2261 on January 26, 1949.

During its first 50 years, the Hale Telescope made many significant contributions to stellar evolution, cosmology, and high-energy astrophysics. Similarly, the telescope, and the technology developed for it, advanced the study of the spectra of stars, interstellar matter, AGNs, and quasars.

Quasars were first identified as high redshift sources by spectra taken with the Hale Telescope.

Halley's Comet (1P) upcoming 1986 approach to the Sun was first detected by astronomers David C. Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 200-inch Hale Telescope equipped with a CCD camera.

Two moons of the planet Uranus were discovered in September 1997, bringing the planet's total known moons to 17 at that time. One was Caliban (S/1997 U 1), which was discovered on 6 September 1997 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars using the 200-inch Hale Telescope. The other Uranian moon discovered then is Sycorax (initial designation S/1997 U 2) and was also discovered using the 200 inch Hale Telescope.

The Cornell Mid-Infrared Asteroid Spectroscopy (MIDAS) survey used the Hale Telescope with a spectrograph to study spectra from 29 asteroids.

In 2009, using a coronograph, the Hale Telescope was used to discover the star Alcor B, which is a companion to Alcor in the Big Dipper.

In 2010, a new satellite of planet Jupiter was discovered with the 200-inch Hale, called S/2010 J 1 and later named Jupiter LI.

In October 2017 the Hale Telescope was able to record the spectrum of the first recognized interstellar object, 1I/2017 U1 ("ʻOumuamua"); while no specific mineral was identified it showed the visitor had a reddish surface color.

In December 2023 the Hale Telescope began serving as the receiving antenna for the Deep Space Optical Communications experiment on NASA's Psyche mission.

Direct imaging of exoplanets
Up until the year 2010, telescopes could only directly image exoplanets under exceptional circumstances. Specifically, it is easier to obtain images when the planet is especially large (considerably larger than Jupiter), widely separated from its parent star, and hot so that it emits intense infrared radiation. However, in 2010 a team from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory demonstrated that a vortex coronagraph could enable small scopes to directly image planets.

Comparison

The Hale had four times the light-collecting area of the second-largest scope when it was commissioned in 1949. Other contemporary telescopes were the Hooker Telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory and the Otto Struve Telescope at the McDonald Observatory.

title: Hale Telescope


text:
Alcazar (group)

Alcazar is a Swedish nu-disco group established in Stockholm. It is one of Sweden's most successful music groups both nationally and internationally with a string of hits since their debut single in 1999. Worldwide, Alcazar sold over 12 million records between 2001 and 2004. Alcazar also had success globally in 2000 with their song "Crying at the Discoteque", having charted in USA, Brazil, Australia, Japan and most countries in Europe.

Alcazar disbanded in August 2011 after a concert at Stockholm Pride. They reunited again in 2013 ahead of Melodifestivalen 2014 before disbanding again in 2018. They have since only reunited occasionally.

Band career
The group formed in 1998, with three members: Andreas Lundstedt, Tess Merkel, and Annika "Annikafiore" Kjærgaard. Their first single, "Shine On", was a hit in Sweden, but it was with their second release, "Crying at the Discoteque" (which heavily sampled Sheila and B. Devotion's 1979 hit "Spacer"), that they achieved success across Europe.

Both singles appeared on their album, Casino, written and produced by fellow Swedes Alexander Bard and Anders Hansson.

Later editions of Casino contain a cover of The Human League's hit "Don't You Want Me", which also served as the third single off the album. In the United States, Alcazar gained moderate success. "Crying at the Discoteque" peaked at No. 44 and "Don't You Want Me" peaked at No. 30 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play.

In December 2002, Lundstedt's boyfriend at the time, Magnus Carlsson, joined the group. Their second album, Alcazarized, was released in Sweden in 2003 and became a big hit. It was released internationally in 2004 with new cover artwork and a slightly different track list. In September 2004, Alcazar released "This Is the World We Live In". The song samples Diana Ross's 1980 hit single "Upside Down" and re-uses the lyrics and melody from Genesis' 1986 single "Land of Confusion".

Their follow-up single, "Physical", also sampled an older hit: Londonbeat's "I've Been Thinking About You". The singles were followed up by the album Dancefloor Deluxe, which was released in Sweden in August 2004. In the winter of 2004/2005 they released the Christmas single "Here I Am". Alcazar enjoyed considerable success in 2004 in their home country, Sweden.

2005 saw the release of the single "Start the Fire". During the making of its music video, Kjærgaard had an accident in which she broke her foot.

In the autumn of 2005, the band decided to take a break. Lundstedt moved on to musicals and played the lead in Saturday Night Fever, while Tess became a professional poker player.

In May 2007, the band did a one-off performance in London at the night club G-A-Y, together with Swedish colleagues BWO and Army of Lovers, and invited their friend Lina Hedlund to join them on stage. It all turned out to be a very successful combination and a few months later the "New Alcazar" was formed.

In January 2008, their comeback single "We Keep on Rockin'", written and produced by Anders Hansson, was released. The single quickly turned into a hit and only a week after the release the single passed gold status in sales. In March 2009, the new album Disco Defenders was released in Sweden. The album contains two discs. Disco one contained 12 brand new tracks including "We Keep on Rockin´", "Burning", "Harlem Nights", and "Stay the Night". Disc two contained 11 of their greatest hits, among them "Crying at the Discoteque", "This Is the World We Live In" and "Don't You Want Me". Disco Defenders received great reviews from the Swedish critics.

In 2010, Alcazar recorded a duet with British pop group Same Difference, the song was entitled "Karma Karma". It was included on Same Difference's second album The Rest Is History. Although not officially released as a single, the song charted on Swedish iTunes thanks to Alcazar's popularity in their homeland.

Alcazar is also working on a their fourth studio album. The follow-up to 2009's Disco Defenders will include songwriting by German newcomer Victor Finke. The new single "Good Lovin" was released in August 2014.

The band reunited again to perform at the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 in Malmö as an interval act in the final.

Melodifestivalen
Alcazar have taken part in Melodifestivalen, the annual competition that selects Sweden's entries for the Eurovision Song Contest, on 5 occasions. In 2003, "Not a Sinner, Nor a Saint" initially failed to qualify for the final, but got a wildcard in the second chance round, finishing 3rd overall. However, the song eventually became the biggest hit of all participating songs in Melodifestivalen 2003. It was Alcazar's first number 1 single in Sweden and was certified Gold.

During early 2005 Alcazar was offered a spot in the United Kingdom national selection for Eurovision Song Contest 2005 but refused the offer. Instead they tried their luck in Melodifestivalen 2005 with the disco tune "Alcastar". As in 2003, they originally failed to qualify for the final, but eventually made it through after the second chance semi-final. Once again, the group again had to settle for the 3rd place in the final, which was won by Martin Stenmarck's song "Las Vegas". Still, the song was a hit and became Alcazar's second number 1 single in Sweden.

Alcazar participated in Melodifestivalen 2009, this time with the song "Stay the Night". After performing the song during the first semifinal in Scandinavium, Gothenburg, they finished in the top 2 of a Melodifestivalen semifinal for the first time, thus qualifying directly for the final. In the final in Globen, having placed third with the regional juries and fourth in the televote, the song finished fifth overall. The song managed to peak at number 2 on Swedish Singles Charts giving Alcazar another Top 10 single in Sweden. Alcazar also participated in Melodifestivalen 2010 with the song "Headlines", written and produced by Tony Nilsson and Peter Boström, they made it to the second chance round but failed to reach the final.

On 23 February 2013 they were reunited when they came out with a "best of hits" in the Melodifestivalen 2013 in Malmö, Swedish singer Danny Saucedo also joined the band.

On 28 November 2013, it was announced that the band would compete for a fifth time in Melodifestivalen 2014 with the song "Blame It on the Disco". The band competed in the fourth semi-final and made it to the final in Friends Arena on 8 March. They once again finished in 3rd place.

On 1 May it was revealed that Alcazar would be spokespersons, presenting the voting result for Sweden in the Eurovision 2014 final on 10 May.

Break and line-up changes
The band announced that they needed a break during March 2005. Lundstedt stated that the band would be back in the summer of 2007. In the meantime the male members launched solo careers. Lundstedt had appeared in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, as a member of six4one, a multinational band founded for the sole purpose of representing Switzerland at the contest, whilst Carlsson has twice taken part individually in the Swedish Melodifestivalen.

Lina Hedlund was announced as the replacement for Annikafiore. The band now includes Tess Merkel and Hedlund as female vocalists, and Lundstedt as male vocalist.

Performances
Alcazar reformed in July 2007 to perform at the London Astoria as part of a celebration of Swedish music masterminded by producer Alexander Bard of Army of Lovers fame. They performed at the G-A-Y event on 21 July 2007 alongside BWO and a reformed-for-the-occasion cult band Army of Lovers. They performed three songs, "This Is the World We Live In", "Start the Fire" and "Crying at the Discoteque". However, when pressed at the end of their set by club proprietor Jeremy Joseph on whether the band would reform, Andreas avoided offering a commitment other than that they would do future one-off appearances at G-A-Y.

The band performed again on 5 July 2008, at G-A-Y Astoria for Pride London 2008. They sang "This Is the World We Live In", "Sexual Guarantee/Don't You Want Me" and "Crying at the Discoteque" after BWO, and ended with a cover version of the Lipps Inc. song "Funkytown" with BWO joining them on stage. They also performed on 28 June 2008 in Bologna for the Italian national Gay Pride parade. On 31 December 2008, Alcazar once again appeared at G-A-Y at its new location, Heaven.

All five members of the band reunited at EuroPride 2018. In 2020, the band briefly reformed to perform at the Melodifestivalen 2020 Hall of Fame which Lina was hosting. The band also reunited to perform as an interval act during the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2024.

Discography

 * Casino (2000)
 * Alcazarized (2003)
 * Disco Defenders (2009)

title: Alcazar (group)


text:
User talk:Anamalenca

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title: User talk:Anamalenca