text:
Nodosaurus

Nodosaurus (meaning "knobbed lizard") is a genus of herbivorous nodosaurid ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous, the fossils of which are found exclusively in the Frontier Formation in Wyoming.

Description
Nodosaurus grew up to roughly 4 to 6 m long and it was an ornithischian dinosaur with bony dermal plates covering the top of its body, and it may have had spikes along its side as well. The dermal plates were arranged in bands along its body, with narrow bands over the ribs alternating with wider plates in between. These wider plates were covered in regularly arranged bony nodules, which give the animal its scientific name. In 2010 Paul estimated its length at 6 meters (20 ft) and its weight at 3.5 tonnes (3.85 short tons).

It had four short legs, five-toed feet, a short neck, and a long, stiff, clubless tail. The head was narrow, with a pointed snout, powerful jaws, and small teeth. It perhaps ate soft plants, as it would have been unable to chew tough, fibrous ones; or alternatively it may have processed the latter with gastroliths and its enormous intestinal apparatus.

History and classification
During the Bone Wars between palaeontologists Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope, Marsh sent his collector William Harlow Reed to the Cenomanian strata of the Frontier Formation of Albany County, Wyoming to collect fossil mammals and reptiles. Reed collected a partial postcranial skeleton (YPM VP 1815) on July 17, 1881 southeast of the productive Quarry 13, the skeleton including: 3 dorsal and 13 caudal vertebrae, 3 dorsal ribs, fragmentary forelimbs, a partial pelvis, femora, tibiae, partial left pes, and several osteoderms. One of the first armored dinosaurs to be discovered in North America, Nodosaurus textilis was named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889, the generic name meaning "knobbed lizard" and the specific name meaning "woven". Marsh assigned the genus to Stegosauria, but later assigned it to its own family, Nodosauridae, in 1890 based on the heavy dermal armor, solid bones, large forelimbs, and ungulate feet. The type specimen remains the only definite specimen of Nodosaurus, though Stegopelta has been considered a synonym in the past, it is most likely a distinct struthiosaurin. Richard Swan Lull did a more comprehensive description of Nodosaurus in 1921, who assigned the taxa Stegopelta, Hoplitosaurus, Hierosaurus, Ankylosaurus, and placed the British Polacanthus as a relative of the family.

Within Nodosauridae, Nodosaurus falls out in the subfamily Nodosaurinae, formally defined as the largest clade containing Nodosaurus textilis but not Hylaeosaurus armatus, Mymoorapelta maysi and Polcanthus foxii. The 2018 phylogenetic analysis of Nodosauridae by Rivera-Sylva and colleagues is below.

title: Nodosaurus


text:
Takayama

Takayama may refer to:

People

 * Takayama (surname)

Places

 * Takayama, Gifu, a city
 * Takayama Castle
 * Takayama Festival
 * Takayama Jinya
 * Takayama Station, a railway station
 * Takayama, Gunma, a village
 * Takayama, Nagano, a village
 * Takayama Main Line, a railway line

Objects

 * Takayama, a shuttle craft in the movie Star Trek Into Darkness

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Takayama


text: User talk:195.251.116.207

title: User talk:195.251.116.207


text:
William Gibson (disambiguation)

William Gibson (born 1948) is an American-Canadian science fiction author.

William Gibson may also refer to:

Sports

 * Will Gibson (1869–1911), Scottish footballer with Sunderland
 * Billy Gibson (boxing) (1876–1947), boxing promoter and manager
 * William Gibson (footballer, born 1876) (1876–?), Irish footballer who played for Sunderland AFC
 * William Gibson (1920s footballer), Scottish football player
 * William Gibson (footballer, born 1926) (1926–1995), Scottish footballer who played for Tranmere Rovers
 * William Gibson (ice hockey) (1927–2006), Canadian hockey player
 * Bill Gibson (basketball) (c. 1928–1975), American basketball coach
 * Willie Gibson (footballer, born 1898) (1898–1992), Scottish footballer who played for Newcastle United
 * Willie Gibson (footballer, born 1953), Scottish footballer for Hearts, Partick Thistle, Raith Rovers and Cowdenbeath
 * Billy Gibson (footballer, born 1981), Scottish footballer who played for Partick Thistle
 * Willie Gibson (footballer, born 1984), Scottish footballer who is currently player-manager for Queen of the South
 * Billy Gibson (footballer, born 1990), English footballer who played for Yeovil Town

Politicians

 * William Gibson-Craig (1797–1878), Scottish advocate and politician
 * William Gibson (Canadian Independent Liberal politician) (1815–1890), Canadian Independent Liberal Member of Parliament
 * William Harvey Gibson (1821–1894), Republican politician and American Union Army general
 * William J. Gibson (died 1863), Wisconsin state senator who died in the Civil War
 * W. C. Gibson (William Charles Gibson), Accountant General and Controller of Revenue of Ceylon, 1851–1861
 * William Gibson (Liberal Party of Canada politician) (1849–1914), Canadian Member of Parliament and Senator
 * William Gibson (Ulster Unionist Party politician) (1859/60–?), Member of the Senate of Northern Ireland
 * William Gibson, 2nd Baron Ashbourne (1868–1942), Anglo-Irish Member of Parliament
 * William Gibson (Australian politician) (1869–1955), Australian politician
 * William Kennedy Gibson (1876–1949), Irish footballer and politician

Religion

 * William Gibson (martyr) (1548–1596), English Catholic martyr
 * William Gibson (priest) (1717–1754), Canon of Windsor and Archdeacon of Essex
 * William Gibson (bishop) (1738–1821), Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District of England
 * William Gibson (minister) (1806–1867), Irish presbyterian minister
 * William Gibson Sloan (1838–1914), Plymouth Brethren evangelist
 * William Moroni Gibson (1847–1917), Mormon pioneer
 * William Gibson (Dean of Ferns), Dean of Ferns from 1932 to 1936

Arts and entertainment

 * William Hamilton Gibson (1850–1896), American illustrator, author and naturalist
 * William Gibson (producer) (1869–1929), Australian film producer and exhibitor
 * William Gibson (playwright) (1914–2008), American playwright, author of The Miracle Worker
 * Bill Gibson (drummer) (born 1951), drummer for Huey Lewis and the News
 * Bill Gibson (music producer) (born 1955), American music producer

Other

 * William Gibson (painter) (1644–1702), English miniature painter
 * William Gibson (anatomist) (died 1753), professor of Anatomy at Cambridge University
 * William Sidney Gibson (1814–1871), English barrister and antiquarian
 * William H. Gibson (educator) (1829–1906), American educator and civil rights activist
 * William Pettigrew Gibson (1902–1960), Scottish art historian, Wallace Collection, Courtauld Institute of Art, National Gallery
 * William Willard Gibson Jr. (born 1932), lawyer in Texas
 * William Gibson (NAACP activist) (1933–2002), American dentist and chairman of NAACP
 * William Clyde Gibson (born 1957), American convicted serial killer
 * William Gibson (historian) (born 1959), British historian, academic, writer, and professor

title: William Gibson (disambiguation)


text:
Ambulocetidae

Ambulocetidae is a family of early cetaceans from Pakistan. The genus Ambulocetus, after which the family is named, is by far the most complete and well-known ambulocetid genus due to the excavation of an 80% complete specimen of Ambulocetus natans. The other two genera in the family, Gandakasia and Himalayacetus, are known only from teeth and mandibular fragments. Retaining large hindlimbs, it was once thought that they could walk on land—indeed, their name means "walking whales"—, but recent research suggests they may have been fully aquatic like modern cetaceans. Though the research has some limits that cast doubt on this conclusion.

Description
The most basal of marine cetaceans, ambulocetids lived in shallow near-shore environments such as estuaries and bays, but were still dependent on fresh water during some stage of their life. Some of the characteristics related to sound transmission found in the lower jaws of modern whales that were absent in pakicetids are present in ambulocetids. They probably swam by paddling their large feet, which is not a very efficient mode of locomotion, suggesting they ambushed rather than chased prey. Ambulocetids had a narrow head with eyes facing laterally. Another lineage of fully aquatic freshwater predators, the neochoristoderes such as Champsosaurus, also have forward-faced eyes, as opposed to the dorsally positioned eyes of crocodilians and other amphibious predators.

Ambulocetus and Gandakasia primarily ate terrestrial prey, while a combination of low-oxygen isotope and high-carbon isotope values suggests that Himalayacetus consumed fresh water but ate marine prey, thus that it foraged in a marine environment but drank fresh water.

Phylogeny
Ambulocetid fossils have been found in Pakistan along the former coastline of Cimmeria. The sedimentary facies in which these fossils were found indicates that ambulocetids inhabited a shallow, swampy near-shore marine environment. They may have occupied a similar ecological niche to river dolphins.

The family is believed to have diverged from the more terrestrial Pakicetidae. The families Protocetidae and possibly Remingtonocetidae, are believed to have arisen from a common ancestor with ambulocetids. Together with Basilosauridae, the five families are classified under the suborder Archaeoceti.

title: Ambulocetidae


text:
Kensington Road

Kensington Road is a section of road in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the City of Westminster, London, forming part of the A315 road.

Location and description
It runs along the south edge of Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park in the West End of London. To the west it becomes Kensington High Street, to the east it becomes Knightsbridge, while Kensington Gore is the name applied to the middle section. To the north is Kensington Palace and to the south, the road is joined by Palace Gate, Queen's Gate, Exhibition Road, and Rutland Gate (west to east).

Features and transport
Kensington Road houses is one of the remaining thirteen Grade II listed Cabmen's Shelters used by London's taxi drivers as a place to buy food and (non-alcoholic) drink.

The London bus routes 9, 23, 52, 360 and 452 serve Kensington Road.

Prince's Gate
Running adjacent to Kensington Road on the south side, separated by a high wall, is Prince's Gate. It was named after a gate into Hyde Park, opened in 1848 by Edward VII, the then Prince of Wales. In 1855 some stuccoed terraces were built opposite it, facing Kensington Road. They were described by Leigh Hunt as like "a set of tall, thin gentlemen squeezing together to look at something over the way". Many of the individual properties are now embassies or offices. Notable ones include:

 * The Embassy of Iran, 16 Prince's Gate
 * The Embassy of Ethiopia, 17 Prince's Gate
 * The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, 20 Prince's Gate
 * The Embassy of Thailand (branch), 28 Prince's Gate
 * The Embassy of Tunisia, 29 Prince's Gate
 * The Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, 30 Prince's Gate
 * The Embassy of Afghanistan, 31 Prince's Gate (entrance in Exhibition Road)

Notable residents
Several notable people lived in Prince's Gate too. Field Marshal Douglas Haig lived and died at No. 21 in 1928; Robert Baden-Powell lived at No. 32 in 1903–14; and Joseph Chamberlain lived at No. 72 in 1880–2. No. 14 was the home of Joseph Kennedy when he was the American ambassador to Britain in 1937–40, accompanied by his son John F. Kennedy.

title: Kensington Road


text:
Warhammer: Dark Omen

Warhammer: Dark Omen is a fantasy real-time tactical wargame based upon the Warhammer Fantasy Battle table-top game and figurines, and is the sequel to the 1995 game Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat. Developed by Mindscape, in conjunction with Games Workshop, and published by Electronic Arts, the game was released in Spring 1998 for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation. The game's story takes place within the Warhammer Fantasy setting, and focuses on the efforts of a mercenary army to combat a threat to the Old World by a vast army of undead forces led by a powerful entity that has recently arisen.

While the game features similar mechanics to that of Shadow of the Horned Rat, it featured a number of improvements including greater 3D generated terrains (which was supported through the first-generation Voodoo 3dfx 3D accelerator card effects), a more streamlined interface system, and an improved army management system, but with more focus on a linear storyline that offers players choices of how to proceed at various intervals, affecting what units and magic items they receive, and what battles they undertake. Despite incorporating more usage of 3d graphics, the limited hardware of 1998 meant that all units in the game utilised 2D sprites ("billboarding") to render them.

Since its release, most reviews of the game have been favourable, complimenting the improvements made over its predecessor, though with some criticism levied against its difficulty level and a few limitations with the new interface system.

Gameplay
As with Shadow of the Horned Rat, the game focuses on players taking on a variety of battles that incorporate a mixture of medieval warfare and fantasy elements, while employing the use of units based within the Warhammer Fantasy setting, ranging from infantry, cavalry, ranged, artillery, wizards, and specialised units. Much of the gameplay from its predecessor remains the same, in that players are required to deploy units before a battle, and must win by killing/routing all enemy units, while losing if all their units are killed/routed from the battlefield. Losses made in engagements can be replaced when between battles, while units can be given magic items to use to help them with enemies. In addition, wizards can cast spells when the player has enough magical power available to them, which builds up over time, with the spell's cost determining how much power is used.

Compared to its predecessor, Dark Omen features a number of upgrades and improvements to gameplay. The first is the greater incorporation of 3d terrains, which as a direct result, means ranged and artillery units are affected by the "line-of-sight" rule - these units must have a clear visual of a target, before they can engage them. The second is an improved interface system for the player to use with units, including onscreen HUD indicators to help keep track of friendly and enemy units, especially when they're not shown on the player's screen. Unlike Shadow of the Horned Rat, the single-player campaign focuses on a linear path that features choices the player must make - these choices determine what battles the player encounters, what units they can take on into their army, and what items they can pick up - but includes an improved army management system, allowing the player to freely reinforce units that have lost soldiers, improve their armour (if applicable), make note of which units are new and which are temporary, and provide better control over the arrangement of magic items for units.

One major inclusion to Dark Omen is a multiplayer mode, in which players can compete online against others, leading armies based upon the factions used in the game - Imperial, Orcish, and Undead - across a variety of battlefields based on the story campaign. Players begin matches by purchasing an army with a predefined amount of resources, whereupon the aim of battles is the same as in single-player. Once a battle is over, the player receives a purse of money, regardless of winning or losing, to help them prepare for their next match.

Plot
A few years after helping to end the skaven plot in Shadow of the Horned Rat, Morgan Bernhardt, commander of the "Grudgebringer" mercenaries, continues to take on work for those who have the gold to spare with the Empire. After helping to defend a trading post from a goblin attack, Bernhardt finds himself called to the city of Altdorf for a meeting with Emperor Karl Franz, who reveals to him that orcs have recently begun invading the Border Princes from the south. Agreeing to help Sven Carlsson, a border prince and Bernhardt's old friend and employer, the mercenaries head to contend with the threat, but soon discover that the orcs are fleeing into the empire to escape attack from an increasing number of undead forces.

Returning to Altdorf with news of this matter, Franz sends reinforcements to assist Carlsson. He then assigns Bernhardt to reinforce an Imperial fort under attack, whilst escorting his cousin, Countess Isabella Von Liberhurtz, to a town along his route. During the escort, bandit ambush the group, whereupon Bernhardt learns that a vampire lord seeks to abduct Isabella and make her his bride. After assisting the fort, the mercenaries return to Altdorf, whereupon they learn that Isabella was kidnapped after her escort was over, and that the recently increasing number of undead forces across the Old World is the result of an evil undead entity, known as the Dread King, having returned to the world. Learning that the Dread King now seeks three objects to increase his power, Bernhardt finds himself tasked with investigating what each is and preventing the undead from retrieving them, reluctantly being joined by Witchhunter General Matthias in his quest.

Heading to Sylvania first, Bernhardt destroys the first object - a powerful warpstone - while rescuing Isabella and killing the vampire lord that abducted her. Upon reporting his success, he then proceeds to the Northern Wastes via Kislev, engaging undead and destroying the second object - a necromancer assistant trapped in a glacier, who had become powerful over time. Following his success, Bernhardt travels to Bretonnia and the dark city of Moussilon, whereupon the mercenaries manage to destroy the third and final object - a group of deceased grail knights that had been resurrected to serve the Dread King's armies. Following the final campaign, Bernhardt returns to Altdorf, whereupon the Dread King's location is discovered to be at the Black Pyramid within the south. Tasked by Franz to destroy, Bernhardt leads his men south and engages the Dread King, successfully destroying him and saving the Old World from the undead threat.

Reception
The PC game received favorable reviews. PC Gamer US's Jason Bates found Dark Omen to be "definitely one of the better strategy games on the market." Although he was let down by its linear campaign, he concluded that the game "combines a rock-solid miniatures wargame system with state-of-the-art graphics into an engrossing real-time thrill." In Computer Gaming World, Elliott Chin compared Dark Omen favorably to Myth: The Fallen Lords, and called it "an excellent 3D RTS game that's much more fun than its predecessor." Although he found the game "frustrating", thanks to its interface limitations and high difficulty, he summarized it as "a deep, tactical game with plenty of magic." Benjamin E. Sones of Computer Games Strategy Plus, although he praised its campaign mode as superior to those of other real-time strategy games, and considered its interface an improvement upon Shadow of the Horned Rat, remarked that "a few nagging flaws still manage to drag Dark Omen back from the brink of greatness.", specifically the inability to issue orders while the game is paused, which emphasizes player response time rather than careful strategy. He expressed uncertainty as to whether those who disliked Shadow of the Horned Rat would be completely appeased by the improvements.

However, Dark Omen's PlayStation port was widely panned. GamePro called it "a debacle", and "a real-time strategy game without the strategy", arguing that the factor of troop numbers is so overwhelming that any other decision the player makes is irrelevant to a battle's outcome. They also derided the use of 2-D talking heads for cutscenes. The writer concluded, "Unless you're a huge fan of the Warhammer franchise, avoid this bleak title at all cost. Major dental work would be preferable to playing Dark Omen." Electronic Gaming Monthly's review team agreed that the game overemphasizes strength in numbers to the point that it becomes boring and excessively easy after just a few battles. Next Generation, however, found that the deployment of troops is vital to winning, and concluded, "Casual realtime gamers may find it too daunting, but the difficulty level should appeal to hawks looking for a challenge." They acknowledged that the controls are more difficult to manage with the PlayStation's gamepad than with a PC mouse.

According to writer Mark H. Walker, the game was commercially unsuccessful. He dubbed it a "top-notch" title that "should have sold well but didn't."

The PC version was nominated for GameSpot's "Best Game No One Played" award in its Best & Worst of 1998 Awards, which went to Battlezone.

title: Warhammer: Dark Omen


text:
Talk:Linate Airport

Airline listing
Question: is it meaningful to list the names of air companies flying to an airport ? Consider that these companies may change at any time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pissipo (talk • contribs) 22:37, 11 August 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps someone wants to know which airlines can fly into the airport for booking purposes. Maybe it is OK because the list is at the bottom. Nickgray 17:58, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Runway number changes
Following the incident of June 15th 2005, where a light aircraft landed on a taxiway its pilot had mistaken for a parallel runway, a safety recommandation was emitted. It suggested to use different numbers to help differentiate between runways. This change was enacted at the beginning of July 2007, when 18R/36L became 17/35 and 18L/36R became 18/36. --151.20.39.132 (talk) 21:39, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Statistics
Hello there, an IP decided to remove [|a graph chart] because this IP considered there is too much stats. I am surprised because the chart was only simple total passengers traffic per year whilst the current stats tables appear to me very detailed (traffic per city for a said year) and less encyclopedic. Whatever. --Bouzinac (talk) 09:57, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linate Airport


text: Category:Eastern Sudanic languages

title: Category:Eastern Sudanic languages


text:
List of Games Workshop video games

This is a list of video games published by or under license from Games Workshop.

Warhammer Fantasy
The following games are set in the Warhammer Fantasy Battle, Blood Bowl and HeroQuest settings.

Age of Sigmar
The following games are set in the Warhammer Age of Sigmar setting.

Warhammer 40,000
The following games are set in the Warhammer 40,000, Epic, Space Hulk and Space Crusade settings.

Other games
The following games are Games Workshop intellectual property but not set in the Warhammer 40,000 or Warhammer Fantasy Battle settings.

Cancelled games
The following games were cancelled before being launched to the market.

title: List of Games Workshop video games


text:
Talk:Constitution Act, 1867

Inclusion
On 31 July 2004, this page was nominated for deletion. As a result of the debate, it has been redirected to British North America Acts. See Votes for deletion/Constitution Act, 1867 for a record of the discussion. Rossami 22:39, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm going to have to strongly disagree on this vote. The Act is without question the most important Act in Canada, and it should be beyond debate whether it should stay or not. It is the Act from which the government derives all of its power to make law, which makes it no less important than the US constitution. As regards to the name of the article, it is hardly spliting hairs to call it Constitution Act, 1867 as that's its official name. With the patriation of the Constitution, the BNA Act effectively does not exist anymore, so it's incorrect to call the current Act anything other than the Constitution Act, 1867. -- PullUpYourSocks 22:06, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I should further add that the two documents are not exactly the same. The Constitution Act, 1867 has had several amendments to it and so looks a bit different. -- PullUpYourSocks 22:57, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, guys, but although I strongly agree with having an article under the title Constitution Act, 1867 (and it's unlikely anyone would VfD this, since the new version establishes notability and the last one didn't, and since the old version wasn't even deleted but merely turned into a redirect), I was bold and went ahead and merged British North America Act 1867 into this. I did this because having two articles on two different names of largely the same law, as well as articles on the British North America Acts, Canadian Confederation, and the History of the Constitution of Canada, was becoming too complex and too confusing.  IMO, there's nothing wrong with having a little history in this article, just like he have a history in Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and history sections in our Charter sections 1, 15 and 28 articles.  This article wasn't too big for it; it also describes a lot of what's still in the Constitution Act, 1867.  CanadianCaesar 03:57, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Preamble

 * Preamble out of date:::

How could it *not* be out of date? It was written in the 1860s. --Ggbroad 21:55, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * See constitutional amendment and Amendments to the Constitution of Canada re: how to update and improve constitutions. CanadianCaesar Et tu, Brute? 22:07, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * K., but just wondering how one guy's opinion on the preamble is relevant to an encyclopedic article on what is probably the most important single constitutional document in Canadian history. --Ggbroad 22:31, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Encyclopedic articles, being tertiary sources, often report academic analysis. CanadianCaesar Et tu, Brute? 22:34, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It's unclear from the quotation what the author means by it being out of date. But I'm glad he was further quoted as noting the preamble is uninspired. I truly thought I was missing something! In search of an inspiring passage, I read a good portion of the Act, only to be left bereft of any moving words. Hoping to find a glorious section to use for patriotic effect, I've come away empty, and will have to look elsewhere. It's disappointing to discover our founding document is nothing but legaleeze. Where's the soaring rhetoric, the zeal, the grandiosity of founding a new nation? Yoho2001 (talk) 11:03, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

BNA is still valid legislation in the UK
I discovered recently that the "British North America Act 1867" is still technically in force under current UK legislation (under the original name, as opposed to the Constitution Act). Here is the text as it currently stands. A footnote has been added to the introduction, stating, "The Act is not necessarily in the form in which it is in force in Canada." When laws are repealed, the text is normally removed or edited in the Statute Law Database: look at the gaps in Magna Carta, for example. I don't understand why the BNA was not repealed in 1982, since none of its provisions are relevant within the UK's modern jurisdiction. Anyhow, perhaps this curiosity should be mentioned in the text? Mtford 22:40, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

It has to remain in force under UK law to clarify the UK's position with regards to Canada since it was once a British colony. 86.11.172.114 (talk) 22:40, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * This is untrue; all that's necessary at most from the UK point of view is the relevant section of the Canada Act 1982. I suspect that the failure to repeal (so far) is simply conservatism on the part of the Law Commission when it comes to legislation of constitutional significance.  80.5.88.40 (talk) 17:30, 26 October 2009 (UTC).

Manifest Destiny
I put a "citation needed" tag after the assertion that the BNA was a response to Manifest Destiny. This may well be the case, but it came more than 50 years after the last invasion attempt and at a time when the US was not in a position to invade. It therefore seems dubious enough to me to flagged. -Rrius (talk) 12:44, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Poor writing irony
The segment: ''Political scientist Rand Dyck has criticized the preamble, saying it is "seriously out of date." Thus, he claims the Constitution Act, 1867 "lacks an inspirational introduction."'' is ironically not written well. How does being out of date "thusly" (i.e. intuitively) bring one into the idea of the next sentence that it therefore "lacks an inspirational introduction.". It is written in a poor way to express the ideas of the political scientist. Who was, ironically, critiquing the poor writing of the Act. 4.255.54.186 (talk) 17:57, 20 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. As written, it fails to explain why the author thinks it's out of date, and how that's connected to the sadly uninspired prose of the preamble. See discussion above on Preamble, for more. Yoho2001 (talk) 11:05, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Citation of the Act
I reverted the changes to the citation recently made by Hebggd, who added the reference to the British North America Act as a separate citation to the British statute volume, and moved the reference to the Revised Statutes of Canada to follow the Constitution Act. The reason for this is that since this is a page dealing with the Act as part of the Constitution of Canada, in my opinion the only name that should be cited is the "Constitution Act, 1867". That is the name of the Act as provided by the Schedule to the Constitution Act, 1982. As well, the reference to the British statute volume is still the official cite for the Act; the citation to the Appendix to the RSC is simply a parallel citation, and is optional. Thus, the normal way to cite the Act in Canada is : Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3 (U.K.), R.S.C. 1985, App. II, No. 11. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 15:42, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

I have to disagree with Mr Sergeant Buzfuz on his reversion of my change. He states "the British statute volume is still the official cite for the Act" and this is correct. But if one were to then check the citation in the British statutes, one would not find any reference to the "Constitution Act, 1867" -- just "The British North America Act, 1867". The purpose of a cite is to enable someone to look it up. The cite as changed by Mr Sergeant Buzfuz would be confusing to anyone who was not familiar with the name change and tried to look up the British statute in the U.K. Therefore, in my opinion, whenever the BNA Act is referred to with the British cite, the British name should be used. I think an appropriate reference in Canada when wishing to include a cite is "Constitution Act, 1867 (The British North America Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3 (U.K.))" or "Constitution Act, 1867, R.S.C. 1985, App. II, No. 11". The renaming of the BNA Act "only in Canada" (pity!) -- the Schedule only applies in Canada -- was an unusual thing for the drafters (Justice Canada lawyers) to do. Hebbgd (talk) 15:00, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

 * • obviously a point on which we can disagree, but I think it is preferable to follow the citation style used by the federal Department of Justice on their website: "THE CONSTITUTION ACT, 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3. (U.K.)".  Do you have a style guide or citation manual which supports your proposed method of citation?  Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 19:19, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

 * May I suggest the suggested citation in the McGill Guide (which is generally followed for Wikipedia articles on Canadian legal topics)? From the section on Constitutional Statutes: "Constitution Act, 1867 (U.K.), 30 & 31 Vict., c. 3, reprinted in R.S.C. 1985, App. II, No. 5." Hebbgd's objection (that there is no UK statute under that name) was taken into account in the McGill Guide. From the Guide's commentary: "Many constitutional statues were enacted under different names than those used today.  Consult the Schedule to the Constitution Act, 1982 to determine the new title for the statute, and use the new title.  If necessary for the argument, provide the old title in parentheses at the end of the citation." Singularity42 (talk) 15:19, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

UK Statute Law Database
I have added a link to the original as enacted in the UK Statute Law Database. It is UK legislation and it is standard practice on the English Wikipedia to link to the Law Database for UK legislation. Second, it gives alternative annotations which are in my opinion superior to the "Justice Laws Website" (laws-lois.justice.gc.ca) because not only do they go into more detail but it provides actual hyperlinks to the amending statutes (although many are so old it does not contain the text, but even then it contains inbound links to the missing legislation, which is still nice.) I have linked to the original so as to avoid post-1982 amendment issues as even the amended version in the UK Statute Law Database does not include these; but readers will still be able to find pre-1982 amendments from the revised version link on that page. The UK Statute Database also allows other niceties, like allowing single page viewing and RDF/XML data

Int21h (talk) 18:42, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

Inaccurate addition to the start
I believe that the following at the start of the article is not correct: "In actuality, the Act stands above the 1982 repatriation attempt, which cannot stand in place of the Act, as the province of Quebec declined to support the 1982 Constitution proposal. Two further attempts were made to return to Canada a constitution, in 1989, and 1992. Both efforts failed. Therefore, without regard to the name given to the Constitution, the BNA Act stands as law, and is so acknowledged by the present Federal Government." This is because the patriation "attempt" and "proposal" in 1982 was, as far as I can find, successful and legal. This is also because, despite the fact Quebec did not approve of the "attempt" at patriation, the Canadian Supreme Court ruled, in the Quebec Veto Reference that Quebec could not veto a Constitutional amendment, and that it never had the power, under statute or convention, to exercise such a veto, and that the Constitution Act 1982 bound Quebec as it did all the other provinces. The BNA Act has, ever since 1982, been the Constitution Act 1982 lawfully, and not a "law", but a part of the Canadian constitution.115.188.51.249 (talk) 07:52, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The impugned addition is a bit silly and has no basis in law. I will remove it. 67.161.33.122 (talk) 01:26, 13 June 2015 (UTC)

History
a) why is this article not called by the actual name (the British North America Act) and b) why is there nothing about the history surrounding its enactment? john k (talk) 14:38, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Pls read the lead and follow the see also links for more info.--Moxy (talk) 15:34, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
 * a) I am dubious of using the retroactive renaming of a law still commonly called by its original name in historical works. b) nothing about history in the lead. External links don't substitute for information in wikipedia. john k (talk) 16:27, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The official name of the act is the "Constitution Act, 1867", as cited in Note #2 of the Constitution of Canada. While it is still widely refereed to as the "British North America Act", this is not its legal name. Mediatech492 (talk) 00:49, 7 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The article British North America Acts suggests that "Constitution Act" is a retroactive name, adopted in Canada some time long after the act's original adoption by the British Parliament. I am not certain why the Canadian parliament, in the 20th century, has the authority to rename acts of the British parliament passed in 1867. john k (talk) 04:29, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The BNA Act, 1867 was re-named by the Constitution Act, 1982, s 52 and Schedule. The Constitution Act, 1982 was enacted by the British Parliament, as part of the Canada Act 1982. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 04:58, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Okay. So for purposes of current law, it is the Constitution Act. I'm still dubious of the idea that a 100+ year old law's retroactive renaming should take precedence. At any rate, my main point was much more about the question of how there is no history than the title. john k (talk) 19:44, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Understood. However, in all Canadian court cases since 1982, the term Constitution Act, 1867 is used, and therefore that is the term used in wiki articles on those cases.  It would not be helpful if the old name were used for this article, with wikilinks to it from the articles on those cases using the new name.  Consistency in use is important for the readers of wikipedia who may not have a strong legal or historical background.  See:  Reference re Securities Act and Reference re Assisted Human Reproduction. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 22:46, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * There are of course other articles that will use "British North America Act" to refer to the law, so that doesn't seem dispositive. Anyway, don't really care about the title that much. The lack of any history section (or any obvious link to another article that covers the history) remains troubling. Not only is the broader historical context completely absent, we don't even get any legislative history, down to not even providing any actual dates for the enactment. I see that some of this is covered in Canadian Confederation, so I'll add a prominent link. john k (talk) 08:43, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

Canadian citation practice
Just spent several minutes restoring Canadian citation style to statutes of the Canadian Constitution and Canadian cases after series of changes were made. Please familiarize yourself with Canadian citation practices before making major changes. Good starting point is the Schedule to the Constitution Act, 1982, with the formal names of all the constitutional statutes; could also check out the McGill Guide to Canadian Legal Citation. Our Constitution is Canadian, not British, so British statute citation practices don't apply. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 06:37, 20 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I just realized that we went through this same process back in January, 2018: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&diff=next&oldid=821529895 .  Please don't make any further changes without discussing here on the Talk page.  thanks! Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 15:11, 20 October 2018 (UTC)

Unnecessary italics
Why do the words Act and Charter keep appearing in italics? We don't do this in other articles. Let's take them out. Richard75 (talk) 11:47, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Canadian practice is that "Charter" is generally italicised, when speaking of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, to highlight that it is the constitutional document being cited. Based on WP:MOS/Legal, which encourages the use of citation practices based on the country in question, I would suggest we keep Charter italicised.  (Doing a quick search, I see that the article is not consistent in its italicisation;  I would suggest italicising Charter throughout.)  With respect to "Act", stylistic practices differ in Canada.  Sometimes, when wanting to highlight that the same Act is being discussed throughout a judgment or article, references to the main Act are italicised, instead of citing the Act by its full title each time.  Others, however, instead use an acronym to refer to the main Act.  Given that this article really only talks about one Act, I think that it's sufficient to capitalise it, but not italicise it.  I wold also take out the parenthetical "the Act" in the lead sentence.  This isn't a law review article, which is where that practice comes from.  I think it's pretty obvious that a reference to the Act in the article is referring to the Constitition Act, 1867. Would be interested to hear others' viewpoints. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 17:38, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Constitution Act, 1867


text:
Talk:British North America Acts

Untitled
The following text is from Constitution Act, an article which now redirects here. Please merge any relevant information into this article as appropriate. Rossami 22:40, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This act has essentially functioned as a Canadian constitution ever since being passed by the British Parliament in 1867, technically becoming a law when Queen Victoria gave her Royal Assent.  The Act gave the new Canadian confederation a good deal of internal autonomy; however, final authority in many matters, especially judicial ones, remained vested in the Crown. The Statute of Westminster 1931 gave more authority, and essentially made Canada fully sovereign, with a notable and anomalous exception -- the document serving as its constitution was in fact the parliamentary act of another country.
 * Any change to this was delayed by interprovincial disputes and the ongoing language issue that was at the heart of some of those, so the true patriation of the Canadian Constitution was to wait for the Constitution Act, 1982.

 * Actually, the idea that Constitution Act, 1867, currently the most important law in the nation, should be merged into an historical overview of some statutes, was ridiculous from the outset; now that that wrong has been righted, there's no need to merge the above material. CanadianCaesar 23:08, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Are the two 1949 acts cited with commas in Canada? Kurando | ^_^ 08:29, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Can-pol w.jpg
Image:Can-pol w.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:39, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

August 2008 revisions to the article
The following was copied from User talk:T. Mazzei at 09:51, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Hello; I’m curious why you saw the need to rewrite the intro to British North America Acts. The article was okay as it was before, wasn’t it? Your new version is generally okay too; there are a few minor problems with it that can be easily fixed, but first I would like to know your rationale for re-writing that part of the article. Also I am wondering what your source was for your new version. --Mathew5000 (talk) 00:21, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

 * It was OK before, obviously I think it's better now. My motivation was that most of the intro talked about Canada gaining the ability to alter its own constitution (and the misstatement or simplification that the BNA Acts were "excluded" by the Statute of Westminister), rather than general discussion/introduction of the acts themselves.  I don't know how much I succeeded there, as I ended up moving most of the general discussion to further down the page and leaving a rather bare intro, but I did move the constitutional change discussion to its own section.  My new version does not have a "source", other than what was there before, and the text of the Acts themselves, and my own knowledge of the subject, limited as it may be.  Feel free to make any corrections that are necessary.--T. Mazzei (talk) 04:13, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Looking at the article again, maybe the stuff about the Statute of Westminster doesn't need to be there at all? The problem is, the discussion of the SoW in the BNA Acts article is confusing unless you already understand a fair bit about the subject; it might be better discussed in other articles like Constitutional history of Canada. I don't think it is a misstatement to say the BNA Acts were “excluded” from the Statute of Westminster, it looks to me that subsection 7(1) of the Statute of Westminster as originally enacted does exclude the BNA Acts from the general effect of the Statute of Westminster. I will have a go at editing the introduction of that article; two points that I think should be covered in the intro are that in 1982 the BNA Acts were legally renamed the Constitution Acts and that most, but not all, of them are still in force and still form a major part of the constitution. --Mathew5000 (talk) 08:44, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Re: BNA acts excluded by Statute of Westminster: I stand corrected. --T. Mazzei (talk) 01:23, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, I revised the article with a view to keeping it more focused on the BNA Acts. I commented-out the discussion of the Statute of Westminster 1931, so that it will be easy to reinsert. But I think we don't need to refer to it in this article. I was trying to make this easily understandable to a layperson without oversimplyifying, but perhaps I took out too much? Perhaps the item about the Acts retaining their original name in the UK should remain in the article, but it's a bit confusing: these Acts do not pertain to the UK at all, so how can they meaningfully “have a different name” there? --Mathew5000 (talk) 09:45, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

The above was copied from User talk:T. Mazzei at 09:51, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Much better summary now, thanks.--T. Mazzei (talk) 01:27, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Added a little to the summary, and moved the commented text here

 * While the British North America Act, 1867, created the self-governing Dominion of Canada, certain legislative powers, such as the ability to make constitutional changes, remained with the British parliament. Canada and the other British dominions achieved full legislative sovereignty with the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Despite passage of this Act, the British North America Acts at the time did not give the Dominion any powers or procedures for making its own constitutional changes, so the British parliament was still required (and obliged) to pass these changes, at the request of the Dominion.

 * In 1982, Canada patriated its constitution and entrenched within it the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, through the passage of Constitution Act, 1982. By the Canada Act 1982, the British Parliament, acting at the request and with the consent of Canada (excluding the province of Quebec), enacted the Constitution Act 1982, which established a procedure for the amendment of the Canadian constitution by the Canadian Parliament. At the same time, the existing British North America Acts were "modernized", being either repealed, or retitled as Constitution Acts in Canada, though they remain named as they originally were in the United Kingdom. These modernized Acts, together with the Constitution Act, 1982 are now collectively known as the Constitution Acts 1867–1982. These and other Acts form the Constitution of Canada.

 * --T. Mazzei (talk) 01:50, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Naming of Acts
Technically, the BNA Acts were only renamed in Canada -- see subsection 53(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982. In the U.K. the ones enacted by the U.K. are still the British North America Acts and properly cited as such. Not just in the bound annual or sessional statute books which obviously never change. For example, the BNA Act 1867 should be cited (even in Canada) as either The British North America Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3 (U.K.) or either simply as the Constitution Act, 1867 or as the Constitution Act, 1867 with reference to its consolidated reprint at R.S.C. 1985, App. II, No. 11. In my opinion, it should not be cited as the Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3, even in Canada. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hebbgd (talk • contribs) 16:24, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:24, 1 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Royal Coat of Arms of Canada.svg

title: Talk:British North America Acts


text:
Talk:Three Great Nobles of the Restoration

I believe it was only three great nobles, as in Ishin-no-Sanketsu (維新の三傑). Thus this article should be moved or deleted.

I also agree that the topic should be altered to 'Three' instead of 'Five' great nobles. [dm526]

三 means 3, and there were only three.


text:
User talk:Nodosaurus

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lst27 22:42, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

scientific classification
Hi Nodosaurus, Thanks for your mail. I understand your problem with linnean nomenclature well. But the mayority of lay persons expect that in articles on animals and plants, and i don't think that many of them would care so much about the differences of that and newer systems. For the purpose of stating which animal one is talking about even scientists use the linean system. but i think may be this interesting discussion should be held at Talk:Scientific_classification. Please repost your request there if you are still interested, so that it gets the attention of all that contribute in that area. best regards, Lady Tenar 21:51, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Seismosaurus
Hi, I just have a question about your stub on the Seismosaurus (check the talk page). 68.81.231.127 20:26, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Multiplicants
A tag has been placed on Multiplicants requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. KurtRaschke (talk) 19:16, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nodosaurus


text:
Seki

Seki may refer to:

Places

 * Seki, Gifu, a city in Japan
 * Seki River, a river in Japan
 * Şəki, a city and provincial capital in Azerbaijan
 * Şəki (village), a village and municipality in Azerbaijan
 * Šeki, a small town in Slovenia
 * Seki, Bismil
 * Seki, Ilgaz, a village in Turkey
 * Seki, İskilip
 * Seki, Osmancık
 * Seki, Tavas

Other uses

 * Seki, a term in the game of Go
 * SEKI, an acronym for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks in California
 * Sushi Seki, a Japanese sushi restaurant in New York City

People with the surname

 * Akiko Seki (関 鑑子), Japanese soprano
 * Atsuko Seki (born 1964), Japanese pianist
 * Deniz Seki (born 1970), Turkish female pop singer
 * Hajime Seki (關 一), Japanese politician
 * Jun Seki (関 潤), Japanese businessman
 * Kanami Seki (関 夏菜美), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Seki Kazumasa (関 一政), Japanese daimyō
 * Kenzo Seki (関 健三), Japanese handball player
 * Kiyohide Seki (関 清英), Japanese politician
 * Koji Seki (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Mamoru Seki (関 衛), Imperial Japanese Navy officer
 * Masako Seki (関 正子), Japanese table tennis player
 * Megumi Seki (関 めぐみ), Japanese actress
 * Misao Seki (関 操), Japanese film actor and comedian
 * Nanami Seki (関 菜々巳), Japanese volleyball player
 * Natsue Seki (関 ナツエ), Japanese cyclist
 * Suzuko Seki (関 鈴子), Japanese gymnast
 * Seki Takakazu (関 孝和), also known as Seki Kōwa (関 孝和), Japanese mathematician
 * Tokio Seki (関 時男), Japanese actor and voice actor
 * Tomokazu Seki (関 智一), Japanese actor, voice actor, and singer
 * Toshihiko Seki (関 俊彦), Japanese actor, voice actor, singer and narrator
 * Tsutomu Seki (関 勉), Japanese astronomer
 * Yoshifumi Seki (関 義文), Japanese boxer
 * Yoshihiro Seki (関 芳弘), Japanese politician
 * Lieutenant Yukio Seki (関 行男), the pilot who led the first attack of a Kamikaze unit

title: Seki


text:
Doug Lauchlan

Doug Martyn Lauchlan (February 18, 1931 – February 15, 2016) was a Canadian politician, minister and educator. From 1980 to 1982, he was the leader of the Manitoba Liberal Party.

Lauchlan was an ordained minister in the United Church of Canada, and was the President of Mount Royal College in Calgary during the 1970s. He also worked as an advisor to Lloyd Axworthy.

In 1979, Lauchlan was a federal Liberal candidate in the Alberta riding of Calgary West. He was defeated by Progressive Conservative Jim Hawkes.

On November 30, 1980, Lauchlan was elected leader of the Manitoba Liberal Party, defeating Hugh Moran by 493 votes to 300. The Manitoba Liberals were in a precarious position in this period, holding only one seat in the provincial legislature (that of June Westbury, who replaced Axworthy in the by-election).

With the electorate polarized between the Progressive Conservatives and New Democrats, the Liberals were unable to present themselves as a viable alternative. In the general election of 1981, Lauchlan finished a poor third in the riding of Wolseley and the Liberal Party was eliminated from the legislature for the only time in its history. Lauchlan resigned as party leader in 1982.

Lauchlan subsequently returned to Alberta, where he became executive director of the United Way. He then moved on to become the CEO of the Calgary Centre for Performing Arts, currently known as Arts Common, until his retirement ten years later. In 1988, he was recognized by the Canadian Speech Association as Speaker of the Year. He was also a director of the Banff Centre, one of the founding members of the board of the Esther Honens Piano Festival, and the Calgary International Organ Festival.

Lauchlan was married to Margaret for 57 years, until her death in 2011. They had 4 children. Doug Lauchlan died on February 15, 2016, at the age of 84.

title: Doug Lauchlan


text:
Schreier–Sims algorithm

The Schreier–Sims algorithm is an algorithm in computational group theory, named after the mathematicians Otto Schreier and Charles Sims. This algorithm can find the order of a finite permutation group, determine whether a given permutation is a member of the group, and other tasks in polynomial time. It was introduced by Sims in 1970, based on Schreier's subgroup lemma. The running time was subsequently improved by Donald Knuth in 1991. Later, an even faster randomized version of the algorithm was developed.

Background and timing
The algorithm is an efficient method of computing a base and strong generating set (BSGS) of a permutation group. In particular, an SGS determines the order of a group and makes it easy to test membership in the group. Since the SGS is critical for many algorithms in computational group theory, computer algebra systems typically rely on the Schreier–Sims algorithm for efficient calculations in groups.

The running time of Schreier–Sims varies on the implementation. Let $$ G \leq S_n $$ be given by $$t$$ generators. For the deterministic version of the algorithm, possible running times are:

 * $$O(n^2 \log^3 |G| + tn \log |G|) $$ requiring memory $$O(n^2 \log |G| + tn)$$
 * $$O(n^3 \log^3 |G| + tn^2 \log |G|) $$ requiring memory $$O(n \log^2 |G| + tn) $$

The use of Schreier vectors can have a significant influence on the performance of implementations of the Schreier–Sims algorithm.

The Monte Carlo variations of the Schreier–Sims algorithm have the estimated complexity:

 * $$O(n \log n \log^4 |G| + tn \log |G|)$$ requiring memory $$O(n \log |G| + tn)$$.

Modern computer algebra systems, such as GAP and Magma, typically use an optimized Monte Carlo algorithm.

Outline of basic algorithm
Following is C++-style pseudo-code for the basic idea of the Schreier-Sims algorithm. It is meant to leave out all finer details, such as memory management or any kind of low-level optimization, so as not to obfuscate the most important ideas of the algorithm. Its goal is not to compile.

Notable details left out here include the growing of the orbit tree and the calculation of each new Schreier generator. In place of the orbit tree, a Schreier vector can be used, but the idea is essentially the same. The tree is rooted at the identity element, which fixes the point stabilized by the subgroup. Each node of the tree can represent a permutation that, when combined with all permutations in the path from the root to it, takes that point to some new point not visited by any other node of the tree. By the orbit-stabilizer theorem, these form a transversal of the subgroup of our group that stabilizes the point whose entire orbit is maintained by the tree. Calculating a Schreier generator is a simple application of the Schreier's subgroup lemma.

Another detail left out is the membership test. This test is based upon the sifting process. A permutation is sifted down the chain at each step by finding the containing coset, then using that coset's representative to find a permutation in the subgroup, and the process is repeated in the subgroup with that found permutation. If the end of the chain is reached (i.e., we reach the trivial subgroup), then the sifted permutation was a member of the group at the top of the chain.

title: Schreier–Sims algorithm


text:
William Gibson (playwright)

William Gibson (November 13, 1914 – November 25, 2008) was an American playwright and novelist. He won the Tony Award for Best Play for The Miracle Worker in 1959, which he later adapted for the film version in 1962.

Early life and education
Gibson graduated from the City College of New York in 1938, and he was of Irish, French, German, Dutch, Russian, and Greek ancestry.

Work as playwright
Gibson's Broadway debut had been with Two for the Seesaw in 1958, a critically acclaimed two-character play which starred Henry Fonda and, in her own Broadway debut, Anne Bancroft. It was directed by Arthur Penn. Gibson published a chronicle of the vicissitudes of rewriting for the sake of this production with The Seesaw Log, a nonfiction book. His most famous play is The Miracle Worker (1959), the story of Helen Keller's childhood education, which won him the Tony Award for Best Play after he adapted it from his original 1957 telefilm script. He adapted the work again for the 1962 film version, receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay. Arthur Penn directed both the stage and film versions.

His other works include Dinny and the Witches (1948, revised 1961), in which a jazz musician incurs the wrath of three Shakespearean witches by blowing a riff which stops time; the book for the musical version of Clifford Odets' Golden Boy (1964), which earned him yet another Tony nomination; A Mass for the Dead (1968), an autobiographical family chronicle; A Cry of Players (1968), a speculative account of the life of young William Shakespeare (with Anne Bancroft starring for Gibson, this time as Shakespeare's wife, Anne Hathaway); American Primitive (1969), a verse play adapted from the letters of John and Abigail Adams, premiered at Williamstown Theatre Festival, directed by Frank Langella and starring Anne Bancroft; Goodly Creatures (1980), about Puritan dissident Anne Hutchinson; and Monday After the Miracle (1982), a continuation of the Helen Keller story. His ill-received Golda (1977), a work about Golda Meir became so popular in its revised version, titled Golda's Balcony (2003), that it set a record as the longest-running one-woman play in Broadway history on January 2, 2005.

1984 marked the debut of Raggedy Ann: The Musical Adventure, a dark fantasy about a sickly little girl who's whisked away on a quest to evade death, featuring the titular doll from popular children's stories, and songs by Sesame Street's Joe Raposo. The show traveled to Russia, where it was a smash-hit the following year under the title Rag Dolly, and then it closed on Broadway in 1986 with only 15 previews and 5 performances. Thanks to bootleg recordings, the show went on to garner a cult reputation on the internet.

Other published works
In 1973, Gibson published A Season in Heaven, an account of his studies with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in Punta Umbria and La Antilla, Spain. In 1954, Gibson published the novel The Cobweb, set in a psychiatric hospital resembling the Menninger Clinic; in 1955, the novel was adapted as a movie by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Family and later life
Gibson married Margaret Brenman-Gibson, a psychotherapist and biographer of Clifford Odets, in 1940. After 1954, the couple moved from Topeka, Kansas to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where Margaret took a position as a psychoanalyst. She died in 2004.

title: William Gibson (playwright)


text:
Kani

Kani may refer to:

Geography

 * Kani (island), an island in the Maldives
 * Kani, Myanmar
 * Kani, Ivory Coast
 * Kani, Iran (disambiguation)
 * Kani, Republic of Dagestan, Russia
 * Kani District, Gifu, Japan
 * Kani, Gifu, Japan
 * Kani River, Japan

Other uses

 * KANI, a radio station in Texas, United States
 * Kani (letter), a Georgian letter
 * Kani (name)
 * Kani tribe, a tribe in Kerala
 * Kanikama (crab stick), a food product made from fish
 * 4265 Kani, an asteroid
 * Amiya Deb (1917–1983), Indian footballer and cricketer, nicknamed "Kani"
 * Kani (genus), a genus of crab found in India

title: Kani


text:
Unto This Last

Unto This Last is an essay critical of economics by John Ruskin, who published the first chapter between August and December 1860 in the monthly journal Cornhill Magazine in four articles.

Title
The title is a quotation from the Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard: The "last" are the eleventh hour labourers, who are paid as if they had worked the entire day. Rather than discuss the contemporary religious interpretation of the parable, whereby the eleventh hour labourers would be death-bed converts, or the peoples of the world who come late to religion, Ruskin looks at the social and economic implications, discussing issues such as who should receive a living wage. This essay is very critical of the economists of the 18th and 19th centuries. In this sense, Ruskin is a precursor of social economy. Because the essay also attacks the destructive effects of industrialism upon the natural world, some historians have seen it as anticipating the Green movement.

The essay begins with the following verses, taken from Matthew 20:13 and Zechariah 11:12 respectively (in the King James Version): Friend, I do thee no wrong. Didst not thou agree with me for a penny? Take that thine is, and go thy way. I will give unto this last even as unto thee.

If ye think good, give me my price; And if not, forbear. So they weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver.

Reception and influence
Ruskin says himself that the articles were "very violently criticized", forcing the publisher to stop its publication after four months. Subscribers sent protest letters, but Ruskin countered the attack and published the four articles in a book in May 1862. One of the few that received the book positively was Thomas Carlyle, whom Ruskin said had "led the way" for Unto This Last with his critique of laissez-faire political economy as the "Dismal Science". Carlyle wrote to Ruskin:"I have read your paper with exhilaration, exultation, often with laughter, with bravissimo! Such a thing flung suddenly into half a million dull British heads on the same day, will do a great deal of good. . . . my joy is great to find myself henceforth in a minority of two, at any rate. The Dismal-Science people will object that their science expressly abstracts itself from moralities, from etc., etc.; but what you say and show is incontrovertibly true—that no 'science,' worthy of men (and not worthier of dogs or of devils), has a right to call itself 'political economy,' or can exist at all, except mainly as a fetid nuisance and a public poison, on other terms than those you shadow out to it for the first time."The book is cited as an inspiration upon the British Labour Party in its initial stages, a survey of Labour Members of Parliament after the party achieved its electoral breakthrough in the 1906 UK general election listing the book as one of their key influences.

Mahatma Gandhi's paraphrase
Unto This Last had a very important impact on Gandhi's philosophy. He discovered the book in March 1904 through Henry Polak, whom he had met in a vegetarian restaurant in South Africa. Polak was sub-editor of the Johannesburg paper The Critic. Gandhi decided immediately not only to change his own life according to Ruskin's teaching, but also to publish his own newspaper, Indian Opinion, from a farm where everybody would get the same salary, without distinction of function, race, or nationality. This, for that time, was quite revolutionary. Thus Gandhi created Phoenix Settlement.

Gandhi translated Unto This Last into Gujarati in 1908 under the title of Sarvodaya (Well Being of All). Valji Govindji Desai translated it back to English in 1951 under the title of Unto This Last: A Paraphrase. This last essay can be considered his programme on economics, as in Unto This Last, Gandhi found an important part of his social and economic ideas.

title: Unto This Last


text:
User:Superninja

I am a student studying mathematics. I've dabbled in many fields (complex analysis, Lie algebras, algebraic geometry, combinatorics, Riemannian geometry, group theory, theoretical computer science), but my main interests are in algebraic number theory. My other interests include music (mainly piano), martial arts, and various sciences. I'm pretty busy with school stuff now but I still make minor edits when I see something that needs improving and major edits when I want to procrastinate.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Newpages

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=Superninja

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Deadendpages

title: User:Superninja


text:
Freedom Park (Arlington, Virginia)

Freedom Park is a two block long elevated linear park in the Rosslyn section of Arlington, Virginia. It was built on an elevated concrete structure originally constructed for use as an automobile overpass, and as such, rises above and over the surrounding streets.

The park was founded in 1996 as a joint-venture with the Newseum and Freedom Forum Journalists Memorial, both operated by the Freedom Forum, and was dedicated to the spirit of freedom and the struggle to preserve it. In 2008 the Newseum moved to a new location in the District of Columbia, upon which time a property developer took over operations of the park, and most of the original exhibits were removed.

Today the park is used primarily by residents and workers of Rosslyn as a quiet escape from the busy city below.

Current

 * Spectrum of Freedom, 7 tile murals created by Karen Singer and 270 children from Arlington schools

Former exhibits
Former exhibits which were removed in 2008 included:
 * Stones from the Warsaw Ghetto.
 * A headless statue of Vladimir Lenin, one of many that were beheaded when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.
 * A bronze casting of Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birmingham jail-cell door.
 * A bronze casting of a boat used by Cuban refugees.
 * A casting of a South African ballot box from the apartheid era.
 * Pieces of the Berlin Wall — the largest display of the wall outside of Germany.
 * Journalists Memorial, a 24 ft spiraling memorial made of dichroic glass that honors reporters, editors, photographers and broadcasters who gave their lives reporting the news

A reproduction of the Statue of Freedom, which caps the dome of the United States Capitol, and the Goddess of Democracy, originally constructed for the Tiananmen Square protests in China, were also on display.

title: Freedom Park (Arlington, Virginia)


text: Category:Australian rules football

title: Category:Australian rules football


text: User talk:203.32.119.33

title: User talk:203.32.119.33


text: User talk:67.68.240.178

title: User talk:67.68.240.178


text:
User:Sc147

I'm from the UK. I've been editing articles since July 2004. Just over 2500 edits up to April 2005.

must update this page at some point..... I've not been very active editing for a long time now, but hopefully will be able to spend more time here now. Sc147 03:26, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Sc147


text:
Ena

Ena or ENA may refer to:

Education

 * École nationale d'administration, French Grande école, for civil service
 * Education Networks of America, Internet service provider

Government and politics

 * English National Association, a former political party
 * Ensame Nacionalista Astur, a defunct political party in Spain
 * Ethiopian News Agency, of the Government of Ethiopia
 * Étoile Nord-Africaine (The North African Star), a former Algerian nationalist organization

Given name or nickname

 * Ena von Baer (born 1974), Chilean journalist, political scientist and senator
 * Ena Baga (1906–2004), British pianist and theatre organist
 * Ena Begović (1960–2000), Croatian actress
 * Ena Sandra Causevic (born 1989), Danish model
 * Ena Cremona (born 1936), Maltese judge at the European Union General Court
 * Ena de Silva (1922–2015), Sri Lankan artist
 * Ena Fitzgerald (1889-1962), English novelist, poet
 * Ena Fujita (born 1990), Japanese musician and model
 * Ena Gregory (1906–1993), Australian motion picture actress
 * Ena Guevara (born 1959), Peruvian long-distance runner
 * Ena Kadic (1989–2015), Bosnian-Austrian model and beauty pageant titleholder
 * Ena Murray (1936–2015), Afrikaans writer
 * Ena Noël (1910–2003), Australian dancer, teacher, librarian and advocate for children's literature
 * Ena Lamont Stewart (1912–2006), Scottish playwright
 * Ena Lucía Portela (born 1972), Cuban writer
 * Ena Saha (born 1991), Indian actress
 * Ena Shibahara (born 1998), American tennis player
 * Ena Stockley (1906–1989), New Zealand swimmer
 * Ena Swansea (born 1966), American artist
 * Ena Thomas (1935–2020), Welsh television chef
 * Ena Twigg (1847–1920), British psychic medium
 * Paul Kostabi (born 1962), American artist, musician, and producer
 * Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (1887–1969), Queen of Spain

Surname

 * Justin Ena (born 1977), American football player
 * Rav Ena (died 540), Jewish Savora sage

Fictional characters

 * Ena Sharples, from the British soap opera Coronation Street
 * Ena Saitō, a character from the manga series Laid-Back Camp
 * Ena Shinonome, from the Japanese video game Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage!
 * Aunt Ena, from the book Bambi, a Life in the Woods
 * Ena, Aeon of Order in Honkai: Star Rail

Places

 * Ena District, Gifu (ceased 2005), a former district in Japan
 * Ena, Gifu (formed 2004), a city in Japan
 * Ena, Gujarat, a village in India
 * Ena Lake, Ontario, Canada
 * Ena Lake (Saskatchewan), Canada
 * Mount Ena, in Japan

Science and technology

 * Ena (gastropod), a genus of land snails
 * Extractable nuclear antigen
 * Energetic neutral atom
 * European Nucleotide Archive

Transportation

 * Ena Railway, in Japan; defunct
 * Ena Station, a railway station in Ena, Japan
 * Kenai Municipal Airport in Alaska, United States
 * SB Ena, a 1906 wooden Thames sailing barge

 * ST Ena, a Greek tugboat
 * SY Ena, an Australian steam yacht

Other uses

 * Ena (album), a 2006 album by Greek artist Peggy Zina
 * ENA Channel, a Greek television channel
 * ENA (South Korean TV channel), a South Korean commercial general entertainment channel
 * ENA, a Peruvian english-language animated web series
 * Apali language
 * Emergency Nurses Association
 * Energy Networks Australia, a trade association
 * Energy Networks Association (United Kingdom), a trade association
 * European NAvigator, an educational website
 * Experimental Negotiation Agreement (1974–1984), a United Steelworkers agreement with U.S. Steel and other steelmakers

title: Ena


text:
Bias blind spot

The bias blind spot is the cognitive bias of recognizing the impact of biases on the judgment of others, while failing to see the impact of biases on one's own judgment. The term was created by Emily Pronin, a social psychologist from Princeton University's Department of Psychology, with colleagues Daniel Lin and Lee Ross. The bias blind spot is named after the visual blind spot. Most people appear to exhibit the bias blind spot. In a sample of more than 600 residents of the United States, more than 85% believed they were less biased than the average American. Only one participant believed that they were more biased than the average American. People do vary with regard to the extent to which they exhibit the bias blind spot. This phenomenon has been successfully replicated and it appears that in general, stronger personal free will beliefs are associated with bias blind spot. It appears to be a stable individual difference that is measurable.

The bias blind spot appears to be a true blind spot in that it is unrelated to actual decision making ability. Performance on indices of decision making competence are not related to individual differences in bias blind spot. In other words, most people appear to believe that they are less biased than others, regardless of their actual decision making ability.

Causes
Bias blind spots may be caused by a variety of other biases and self-deceptions.

Self-enhancement biases may play a role, in that people are motivated to view themselves in a positive light. Biases are generally seen as undesirable, so people tend to think of their own perceptions and judgments as being rational, accurate, and free of bias. The self-enhancement bias also applies when analyzing our own decisions, in that people are likely to think of themselves as better decision-makers than others.

People also tend to believe they are aware of "how" and "why" they make their decisions, and therefore conclude that bias did not play a role. Many of our decisions are formed from biases and cognitive shortcuts, which are unconscious processes. By definition, people are unaware of unconscious processes, and therefore cannot see their influence in the decision making process.

When made aware of various biases acting on our perception, decisions, or judgments, research has shown that we are still unable to control them. This contributes to the bias blind spot in that even if one is told that they are biased, they are unable to alter their biased perception.

Role of introspection
Emily Pronin and Matthew Kugler have argued that this phenomenon is due to the introspection illusion. In their experiments, subjects had to make judgments about themselves and about other subjects. They displayed standard biases, for example rating themselves above the others on desirable qualities (demonstrating illusory superiority). The experimenters explained cognitive bias, and asked the subjects how it might have affected their judgment. The subjects rated themselves as less susceptible to bias than others in the experiment (confirming the bias blind spot). When they had to explain their judgments, they used different strategies for assessing their own and others' bias.

Pronin and Kugler's interpretation is that, when people decide whether someone else is biased, they use overt behaviour. On the other hand, when assessing whether they themselves are biased, people look inward, searching their own thoughts and feelings for biased motives. Since biases operate unconsciously, these introspections are not informative, but people wrongly treat them as reliable indication that they themselves, unlike other people, are immune to bias.

Pronin and Kugler tried to give their subjects access to others' introspections. To do this, they made audio recordings of subjects who had been told to say whatever came into their heads as they decided whether their answer to a previous question might have been affected by bias. Although subjects persuaded themselves they were unlikely to be biased, their introspective reports did not sway the assessments of observers.

Differences of perceptions
People tend to attribute bias in an uneven way. When people reach different perceptions, they tend to label one another as biased while labelling themselves as accurate and unbiased. Pronin hypothesizes that this bias misattribution may be a source of conflict and misunderstanding between people. For example, in labeling another person as biased, one may also label their intentions cynically. But when examining one's own cognitions, people judge themselves based on their good intentions. It is likely that in this case, one may attribute another's bias to "intentional malice" rather than an unconscious process.

Pronin also hypothesizes ways to use awareness of the bias blind spot to reduce conflict, and to think in a more "scientifically informed" way. Although we are unable to control bias on our own cognitions, one may keep in mind that biases are acting on everyone. Pronin suggests that people might use this knowledge to separate other's intentions from their actions.

Relation to actual commission of bias
Initial evidence suggests that the bias blind spot is not related to actual decision-making ability. Participants who scored better or poorer on various tasks associated with decision making competence were no more or less likely to be higher or lower in their susceptibility to bias blind spot. Bias blind spot does, however, appear to increase susceptibility to related biases.

title: Bias blind spot


text: Category:Animation studios

title: Category:Animation studios


text:
User talk:M Rawlins

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lst27 22:55, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:M Rawlins


text: User talk:Damieng

title: User talk:Damieng


text:
Acetobacteraceae

Acetobacteraceae is a family of Gram-negative bacteria, belonging to the order Rhodospirillales, class Alphaproteobacteria. Two distinct clades are recognized: the acetic acid bacteria and a more heterogeneous group including acidophilic and phototrophic bacteria. The type genus is Acetobacter. Ten genera from Acetobacteraceae make up the acetic acid bacteria.

History
Acetobacteraceae was originally proposed as a family for Acetobacter and Gluconobacter based on rRNA and DNA–DNA hybridization comparisons in 1980.

Accepted Genera
The following genera have been effectively and validly published:

 * Acetobacter Beijerinck 1898 (Approved Lists 1980)
 * Acidibrevibacterium Muhadesi et al. 2019
 * Acidicaldus Johnson et al. 2006
 * Acidiphilium Harrison 1981
 * Acidisoma Belova et al. 2009
 * Acidisphaera Hiraishi et al. 2000
 * Acidocella Kishimoto et al. 1996
 * Acidomonas Urakami et al. 1989
 * Ameyamaea Yukphan et al. 2010
 * Asaia Yamada et al. 2000
 * Belnapia Reddy et al. 2006
 * Bombella Li et al. 2015
 * Caldovatus Habib et al. 2017
 * Commensalibacter Roh et al. 2019
 * Craurococcus Saitoh et al. 1998
 * Crenalkalicoccus Ming et al. 2016
 * Dankookia Kim et al. 2016
 * Elioraea Albuquerque et al. 2008
 * Endobacter Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2013
 * Entomobacter Guzman et al. 2021
 * Gluconacetobacter corrig. Yamada et al. 1998

 * Gluconobacter Asai 1935 (Approved Lists 1980)
 * Granulibacter Greenberg et al. 2006
 * Humitalea Margesin and Zhang 2013
 * Komagataeibacter Yamada et al. 2013
 * Kozakia Lisdiyanti et al. 2002
 * Lichenicoccus Pankratov et al. 2020
 * Lichenicola Noh et al. 2020
 * Muricoccus Kämpfer et al. 2003
 * Neoasaia Yukphan et al. 2006
 * Neokomagataea Yukphan et al. 2011
 * Nguyenibacter Vu et al. 2013
 * Oecophyllibacter Chua et al. 2021
 * Paracraurococcus Saitoh et al. 1998
 * Plastoroseomonas Rai et al. 2022
 * Rhodopila Imhoff et al. 1984
 * Rhodovarius Kämpfer et al. 2004
 * Rhodovastum Okamura et al. 2018
 * Roseicella Khan et al. 2019
 * Roseococcus Yurkov et al. 1994
 * Roseomonas Rihs et al. 1998
 * Rubritepida Alarico et al. 2002
 * Saccharibacter Jojima et al. 2004
 * Siccirubricoccus Yang et al. 2017
 * Swaminathania Loganathan and Nair 2004
 * Swingsia Malimas et al. 2014
 * Tanticharoenia Yukphan et al. 2008
 * Teichococcus Kämpfer et al. 2003

Provisional Genera
The following genera have been published, but not validated according to the Bacteriological Code:
 * "Acetomonas" Leifson 1954
 * "Granulobacter" Beijerinck and van Delden 1904
 * "Komagatabacter" Yamada et al. 2012
 * "Parasaccharibacter" Corby-Harris et al. 2014
 * "Sediminicoccus" Qu et al. 2013

title: Acetobacteraceae


text:
Rhodospirillaceae

The Rhodospirillaceae are a family of Pseudomonadota. The majority are purple nonsulfur bacteria, producing energy through photosynthesis; originally all purple nonsulfur bacteria were included here.

They are often found in anaerobic aquatic environments, such as mud and stagnant water, although they are able to survive in air.

This family also includes Magnetospirillum, which contains tiny chains of magnetite. These let it sense the Earth's magnetic field, which runs downwards as well as north or south, to return to the bottom of a pond (magnetotaxis). Similar magnetite chains found in Martian meteorites have been suggested as evidence of life on Mars.

title: Rhodospirillaceae


text: Category:Electrical connectors

title: Category:Electrical connectors