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New Internationalist

New Internationalist (NI) is an international publisher and left-wing magazine based in Oxford, England, owned by a multi-stakeholder co-operative and run day to day as a worker-run co-operative with a non-hierarchical structure. Known for its strong editorial and environmental policies, and its bi-monthly independent magazine, it describes itself as existing to "cover stories the mainstream media sidestep and provide alternative perspectives on today's global critical issues." It covers social and environmental issues through its magazine, books and digital platforms.

New Internationalist magazine has existed for more than 40 years and was the largest magazine of its type in circulation in the United Kingdom. It has won the Utne Independent Press Award for "Best International Coverage" eight times, most recently in 2013 and an Amnesty International UK Media Awards 2012 award in the consumer magazine category as well as being recognised by the United Nations for its "outstanding contribution to world peace and development".

In 2017, New Internationalist ran a Community Share Offer in which 3,409 people invested £704,114 to create a new multi-stakeholder [Co-operative] called New Internationalist Co-operative. In March of that year New Internationalist published the 500th issue of New Internationalist magazine.

Publisher
New Internationalist magazine is published by New Internationalist Publications Limited, a co-operative-run publisher based in Oxford, United Kingdom.

Originally, New Internationalist magazine was co-sponsored by Oxfam, Christian Aid and the Cadbury and Rowntree trusts. The magazine is now funded through subscriptions, advertisements, and product sales.

New Internationalist has produced films, books and other materials for various United Nations agencies and related bodies concerned with world development. The book publisher Myriad Editions merged with New Internationalist in 2017.

New Internationalist runs a number of mail-order outlets for NGOs, charities and campaigning organisations. These include Amnesty International UK, Friends of the Earth UK and the Ethical Shop in the United Kingdom; and the New Internationalist North America shop in the United States of America and Canada.

Origins
New Internationalist magazine was launched as a monthly magazine in 1973. Its forerunner was The Internationalist, sent to members of the student development organisation Third World First, since renamed People & Planet.

It was set up with financial help from two UK NGOs, Oxfam and Christian Aid, who wanted to encourage more people to understand the processes of "development" by publishing a monthly magazine to discuss and debate development issues in an accessible way. They formed a new publishing company, Devopress, with a subvention of £50,000 for the period 1973–76. Devopress comprised three Christian Aid directors and three from Oxfam. The board took a lively interest in the editorial and marketing of the magazine, although the editorial line was independent.

Early issues of New Internationalist magazine included a feature on the Tan-Zam railway in Tanzania, interviews with President Kaunda of Zambia and Bishop Helder Camara in Brazil, and features on Vietnam, drought in the Sahel, and the legacy of Che Guevara. It was an issue of New Internationalist magazine, in August 1973, that first drew attention to the irresponsible marketing of baby milk in the Third World by multinational companies.

1970s–1990s
In the early 1970s, there was a significant public interest in the relationship between the West and developing countries highlighted by issues such as the Vietnam War, armed conflict during the decolonization of Africa, The "Green Revolution", African Socialism, Cuban domestic and foreign policy under Fidel Castro and in Communist China under Mao Zedong, issues about trickle-down economics, etc.

New Internationalist magazine published articles about all of these topics. It aimed to offer readers "a radical analysis of rich-poor world relationships, looking critically at the effects of aid programmes, for example, and providing a refreshing alternative to the mainstream development and news channels, and mainstream media".

Its strapline at the time was "the people, the ideas and the action in the fight for world development".

New Internationalist came close to bankruptcy when postal charges almost doubled in 1975. The publisher was rescued by funding from groups including Cadbury's and Rowntree's trusts, the Methodist church in the UK, Community Aid Abroad in Australia and Oxfam-Quebec in Canada..

In 1974 New Internationalist was commissioned by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) to produce a kit of materials to mark World Population Year. In the following years New Internationalist produced press kits for the World Health Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme and the UN Children's Fund and participated in BBC television's Global Report series.

By the 1980s, marketing efforts focused on gaining subscriptions (in particular by Direct Debit) rather than on newsstand sales had resulted in a financially stable company. The organization was able purchase premises.

In 1982, New Internationalist began publishing a One World Calendar, with a number of other organizations. In 1987, New Internationalist became an equal pay co-operative. In 1988 New Internationalist started a mail-order operation.

In 1993, the magazine switched to full-colour printing and it was printed on recycled paper by 1999.

In the late 1990s New Internationalist set up its website newint.org, originally hosted by oneworld.org.

Recent history
In 2017, New Internationalist ran a Community Share Offer in which 3,409 people invested £704,114 to create a new multi-stakeholder Co-operative called New Internationalist Co-operative.

In April 2017, New Internationalist magazine had a circulation of 25,000, down from a peak of 75,000 at the turn of the millennium.

In September 2018, New Internationalist magazine was redesigned. Since then it has been published bimonthly, six times a year, with its size doubled to 84 pages.

New Internationalist publishes a range of books and calendars. In 2017, New Internationalist acquired the Brighton-based publisher Myriad Editions. New Internationalist also runs a mail order-business called Ethical Shop and has run Amnesty International UK's mail order operation since 1999.

A second Community Share Offer was launched in 2021 in the wake of the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the slogan "Save Our Stories" and a target of £350,000.

Organizational structure
When New Internationalist started, the company operated as a conventional hierarchical organization, albeit with much sharing and teamwork.

In 1976 a more co-operative approach was adopted and developed over the years so that, although legally it was a limited company owned by the original shareholders, Peter and Lesley Adamson, the NI operated as a collective, with decision-making shared by all members on an equal footing.

In 1987 New Internationalist became an equal pay co-operative.

Eventually the Adamsons transferred their ownership of the limited company, now called New Internationalist Publications Limited, to a trust called New Internationalist Trust. The trust was 2/3 controlled by the company's employees who became trustees automatically while 1/3 of votes were held by co-opted Advisory trustees.

In 2018 the Trust was replaced by a multi-stakeholder co-operative, following a successful Community Share Offer.

Editorial policy
Several changes in the editorial approach of New Internationalist magazine have taken place since its founding.

Although its left-wing, Libertarian socialist-leaning editorial line has remained broadly unchanged the approach has been modified over the years. New internationalist magazine nowadays is less Eurocentric and reflects broader concerns with environmental, gender and cultural angles in addition to social, economic and political ones. The magazine aims to reflect the views and concerns of its overseas subscribers as well as those in the UK. There is considerable emphasis on finding women contributors and writers and photographers from the South.

In its early days, a wide range of subjects were covered in each issue. In 1976 this changed and since then each month's edition has been devoted to one particular subject (for example Islam or World Food) to give the reader a comprehensive guide and analysis.

Some magazines are specially produced to tie in with campaigns. There have been issues on East Timor, Western Sahara, Cambodia, Burma, Fair trade (coffee, bananas and cocoa), homelessness, Jubilee 2000 and UN Sanctions on Iraq.

The use of the term "Third World", more or less unknown when the magazine started, is debated now and discarded by some. Terms such as "Majority World" and "Global South" have become more widespread. "Development" and "sustainable development" similarly are contentious to some people but the magazine still uses them as useful shorthand phrases. Reflecting this change, the magazine altered its strapline, which read "the people, the ideas, the action in the fight for global justice" until 2018.

In 2018 following a redesign of the magazine, the strapline was changed to "The World Unspun".

title: New Internationalist


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Video-in video-out

Video in video out (usually seen as the acronym VIVO), commonly pronounced ( VEE-voh), is a graphics port which enables some video cards to have bidirectional (input and output) analog video transfer through a mini-DIN connector, usually of the 9-pin variety, and a specialised splitter cable (which can sometimes also transfer analog audio).

VIVO was found on high-end ATI and NVIDIA computer video cards, sometimes labeled " TV OUT ". VIVO on these graphics cards typically supports composite, component, and S-Video as outputs, and composite and S-Video as inputs. Many other video cards only support component and/or S-Video outputs to complement VGA or DVI, typically using a component breakout cable and an S-Video cable. While component-out operation supports high-definition resolutions, it does not support the HDCP standard which would be required for official HDTV support as set out by the EICTA.

Some practical uses of VIVO include being able to display multimedia stored on a computer on a TV, and being able to connect a DVD player or video game console to a computer while continuing to allow viewing via a TV monitor. VIVO itself, however, can not decode broadcast signals from any source, and so, like HDTV sets without tuners and composite monitors, additional equipment is required to be able to show broadcast TV programs.

Some manufacturers enable their version of the VIVO port to also transfer sound.

Limitations
The VIVO output on graphics cards is often not used by those who have no need to connect their computer to a TV. Also, there can be issues in software supporting the use of VIVO ports.

A computer using VIVO must have software that can handle an input signal. For example, in the case of Nvidia GeForce series 6 and 7 video card users this means downloading Nvidia's WDM drivers.

Additionally, On Windows XP computers that use GeForce video cards with Scalable Link Interface (SLI) mode enabled, using a TV to display part of the desktop via VIVO is disabled, just as dual-monitor mode is disabled. Confusingly, however, some distorted images may be visible on a properly-connected VIVO-driven television display at boot-up due to the fact that prior to the OS loading the display driver, the video bios might initialize outputs that are then unavailable once the OS takes over and the driver loads into SLI mode.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Video-in video-out


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Soyuz TM-31

Soyuz TM-31 was the first Soyuz spaceflight to dock with the International Space Station (ISS). The spacecraft carried the members of Expedition 1, the first long-duration ISS crew. It was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 07:52 UT on October 31, 2000, by a Soyuz-U rocket.

The crew consisted of Russian cosmonauts Yuri Gidzenko and Sergei Krikalev, and American William Shepherd. Gidzenko was Commander of the flight up, but once aboard the station, Shepherd became Commander of the long-duration mission Expedition 1. It is notable for beginning the continuous occupation of space from the 31st of October, 2000 to the present.

title: Soyuz TM-31


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United States First Fleet

The First Fleet was a numbered fleet of the United States Navy, in operation from January 1947 to 1 February 1973 in the western Pacific Ocean as part of the Pacific Fleet. In 1973, it was disestablished and its duties assumed by the United States Third Fleet.

Vice Admiral Alfred Montgomery was named as Commander, First Task Fleet, in an air station report of July 1947, with an inspection visit by a group of senior officers. The old cruiser USS Salt Lake City (CA-25) was sunk as an atomic bomb test target during First Task Fleet maneuvers in May 1948. USS Salisbury Sound (AV-13) became the flagship of Vice Admiral Gerald Bogan (Commander First Task Fleet) on 25 March 1949. USS Curtiss (AV-4) served as flagship for Commander First Fleet early in 1949 for three weeks of amphibious operations in Alaskan waters to evaluate cold weather equipment. USS Helena (CA-75) served as flagship for Commander, First Fleet, from January 1960 to March 1963. USS Providence (CL-82) served as flagship in San Diego from 1969 until April 1972, except for yard overhaul in 1970 when USS Chicago (CA-136) assumed the role.

On 17 November 2020, Secretary of the Navy Kenneth Braithwaite announced the intention to create a new numbered fleet for the Indian Ocean to be called First Fleet. SECNAV Braithwaite speculated that the new fleet could be headquartered in Singapore or Western Australia.

Structure, First Fleet, 1 May 1945

 * Commander First Fleet, Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, Cincpac
 * Commander Battleship Squadron One Vice Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf
 * Commander Battleship Squadron Two Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee Jr.
 * Commander Cruisers, Pacific Fleet Rear Admiral Walden L. Ainsworth
 * Commander, Air Force, Pacific Fleet Vice Admiral George D. Murray
 * Commander Destroyers, Pacific Fleet Rear Admiral Walden L. Ainsworth
 * Commander Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood
 * Commander Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turner
 * Commander Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons, Pacific Fleet Capt. Richard W. Bates
 * Commander Minecraft, Pacific Fleet Rear Admiral Alexander Sharp Jr.
 * Commander Service Force, Pacific Fleet Vice Admiral William W. Smith
 * Commander Fleet Operational Training Command, Pacific Rear Admiral Francis C. Denebrink
 * Commander South Pacific Force and South Pacific Area Vice Admiral William L. Calhoun
 * Chief of Staff Commodore R. P. Class
 * Commander Service Squadron, South Pacific Force Rear Admiral Paul Hendren
 * Chief of Staff Captain F. Close

The first ten squadrons and commanders are those of the U.S. Navy type commands in the Pacific Fleet active at the time.

Commanders
The Navy website says, regarding this list of commanders, that "..This position was originally titled Commander, Central Pacific Force. On 26 April 1944 it was renamed Commander, Fifth Fleet. It then became Commander, First Task Fleet on 1 January 1947. It was subsequently renamed First Fleet on 11 February 1950. The Command was combined with ASW Forces Pacific and became Third Fleet as of 1 February 1973."

 * Admiral Raymond A. Spruance (5 August 1943 – 8 November 1945) (Central Pacific Force and Fifth Fleet)
 * Admiral John H. Towers (8 November 1945 – 18 January 1946) (Fifth Fleet)
 * Admiral Frederick C. Sherman (18 January – 3 September 1946) (Fifth Fleet)
 * Admiral Alfred E. Montgomery (5 September 1946 – 14 August 1947) (Fifth Fleet and First Task Fleet)
 * Vice Admiral George D. Murray (14 August 1947 – August 1948) (First Task Fleet)
 * Vice Admiral Laurance T. DuBose (August 1948 – 8 January 1949) (First Task Fleet)
 * Vice Admiral Gerald F. Bogan (8 January 1949 – 1 February 1950) (First Task Fleet)
 * Vice Admiral Thomas L. Sprague (1 February – March 1950) (First Task Fleet and First Fleet)
 * Vice Admiral Calvin T. Durgin (March 1950 – 15 February 1951) (First Fleet)
 * Vice Admiral Harold M. Martin (15 February – 28 March 1951)
 * Vice Admiral Arthur D. Struble (28 March 1951 – 24 March 1952)
 * Vice Admiral Joseph J. Clark (24 March – 20 May 1952)
 * Vice Admiral Ingolf N. Kiland (20 May – 16 July 1952)
 * Vice Admiral Ralph A. Ofstie (16 July 1952 – 23 February 1953)
 * Vice Admiral Harold M. Martin (23 February – 1 October 1953)
 * Vice Admiral William K. Phillips (1 October 1953 – 1 August 1955)
 * Vice Admiral Herbert G. Hopwood (1 August 1955 – 18 June 1956)
 * Vice Admiral Robert L. Dennison (18 June 1956 – 23 July 1958)
 * Vice Admiral Ruthven F. Libby (23 July 1958 – 30 April 1960)
 * Vice Admiral U.S. Grant Sharp Jr. (30 April – 14 July 1960)
 * Vice Admiral Charles L. Melson (14 July 1960 – 12 April 1962)
 * Vice Admiral Frank Virden (12 April – 5 May 1962)
 * Vice Admiral Robert T. Keith (5 May 1962 – 11 December 1963)
 * Vice Admiral Paul D. Stroop (5 May 1962 – 25 January 1964)
 * Vice Admiral Ephraim P. Holmes (25 January – 18 July 1964)
 * Vice Admiral Lawson P. Ramage (18 July 1964 – 29 July 1966)
 * Vice Admiral Bernard F. Roeder (29 July 1966 – 30 September 1969)
 * Vice Admiral Isaac C. Kidd Jr. (30 September 1969 – 1 August 1970)
 * Vice Admiral Raymond E. Peet (1 August 1970 – 15 May 1972)
 * Vice Admiral Nels B. Johnson (15 May – 17 July 1972)
 * Vice Admiral James F. Calvert (17 July 1972 – 30 January 1973)

title: United States First Fleet


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Win Brockmeyer

Winfred Otto Brockmeyer (September 16, 1907 – March 14, 1980) was an American football coach from Mankato, Minnesota.

Early life
Brockmeyer was born in Mankato, Minnesota on September 16, 1907, the son of Otto and Margaret Brockmeyer. He attended the University of Minnesota where he played football under coaches Doc Spears and Fritz Crisler. He played halfback for the Gophers in a backfield that included Bronko Nagurski. His best college day came in 1928, when he gained 166 yards rushing and scored all the points in the Gophers' upset of Purdue. He ran 46 yards for one touchdown and passed for two more and Minnesota won 18-0.

Career
After his graduation from Minnesota, he played semi-pro ball with the Minnesota All-Stars. His greatest success was in coaching, and he gave up his player role to concentrate on coaching.

He started at Fergus Falls, Minnesota from 1931 to 1933, and at Faribault, Minnesota from 1933 to 1937. In 1937, he came to Wausau. In his 40 years of coaching high school football, his teams had a combined record of 265–43–14. His record at Wausau High was 230–33–9. Over those 34 seasons, his team either won outright or shared in 26 conference championships. "For years he coached basketball, among other sports, and his basketball teams compiled a record of 128 wins against 88 losses, and won the state championship in his first year with the team."

Wausau High's record in the early to mid-1940s was unequaled for many years. In 1939, Wausau won seven games and lost one, the last game they would lose for years. In 1940, they went undefeated and outscored their opponents 299 to 12, without giving up a single point until the final quarter of the final game of the year. In 1941, they went undefeated again, and then again in 1943 and 1945. They finally lost a game in 1946, their 46-game winning streak setting a Wisconsin high school record that lasted until 1987 when it was broken by Manitowoc Lincoln (48 straight games; 1984-1987) and later by Waunakee (48 games; 2009-2012). Brockmeyer's winning percentage is .845, making him one of the winningest football coaches in Wisconsin history.

Both Football Hall of Famers Elroy Hirsch and Jim Otto played for him at Wausau High School. Brockmeyer is the only man ever to have coached two members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in high school. He also coached another Hall of Fame member, Bruce Smith the only man to win the Heisman Trophy (1941) from the University of Minnesota.

As coach at Wausau High School from 1937 to 1970, Brockmeyer had a 230-33-9 record. He was undefeated in 13 seasons. His teams won 26 conference titles. In the 1940s, he had a 72-2-4 record that included a 46-game winning streak. A scholarship was later inaugurated in his honor.

Popular culture
In the 1954 movie Crazylegs, the story of Elroy Hirsch, Brockmeyer was played by Lloyd Nolan. It was the only Hollywood movie to ever premiere in Wausau.

Recognition

 * Wisconsin Football Coaches Hall of Fame (1980)
 * National Federation of State High School Associations (1984).
 * National High School Athletic Coaches Association Hall of Fame (2004)

Personal life
He married Helen Mae Date on Thanksgiving Day 1932. They raised three children.

On March 14, 1980, Brockmeyer, 72, was on a golf outing in Florida with UW Athletic Director Elroy Hirsch and other members of the UW athletic staff when he was struck by an apparent heart attack and died. He and his wife were cremated and had their ashes scattered within Wausau.

title: Win Brockmeyer


text:
Talk:Engelbert Dollfuss

Economic reform
He initiated a programme of economic reform ...doesn't everybody "initiate a programme of economic reform" even a new pope? This entry is unusually opaque. Must be something there under the surface. Wetman 03:59, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"In May 1934 Dollfuss proclaimed a new constitution modelled on that of Fascist Italy."

Was it? As far as I know, it was simply based on Catholic socio-political teaching, if anything.

"In order to install the so-called austro-fascist dictatorship,"

So-called by whom? No historian or political scientist that I know of, certainly.Vincent-D 23:50, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * To the present day, Dollfuß has always been a highly controversial figure. The German term Austrofaschismus gets 8,730 Google hits, and Austro-Fascism 392, so there are people who use that term, and it can be found in practically all history books dealing with the interwar years in Austria. However, there is no reason for Martg76 to, as he/she calls it, "revert vandalism" if someone just calls Dollfuß Bundeskanzler, which he was. You shouldn't do that.  18:04, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * can be found in practically all history books dealing with the interwar years in Austria. I have a degree, I'm working on my Master's, and no it can't. It's not quite a Wikipedia invention, but it's nowhere near that universal. At scholar Google it gets 19 hits (Regular Google is going to be more enamored of sloppy ahistorical renamings so is not reliable here) "Engelbert Dollfuss" gets 111 hits at Scholar Google. "Engelbert Dollfuss" "Fascist" however does get 61 hits. So I'm not objecting to it being termed a kind of Fascism. (Although I think it might be an exaggeration) I'm largely just being pedantic. Austro-Fascism is a description of his brand, but it's not the most common one or universally accepted in historical circles. In general I've seen him described as authoritarian or "like Italian-Fascism", without any effort to give his brand its own name. As he seems not to have ruled for very long not giving his version a unique name seems justified.--T. Anthony 14:04, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps I'm coming at this from an Anglo-centric (Which may be no bad thing, in terms of objectivity.) point of view here, but people seem to be throwing around the F-word without any real substantiation. The fact that the German variant of the term throws up so many more results on Google - and the English term so few - is perhaps telling.

 * I'd actually argue that the Dolfuss regime probably has hardly any basis for being called 'Fascist' - certainly no more than Portugal under Salazar, for instance, and all the articles regarding that subject make it clear that while having Fascist overtones, the exact extent to which the regime can be called 'Fascist' is arguable - and therefore the unqualified use of the term in the article should be removed. To be honest, the whole range of articles dealing with this area need to be made more neutral. Political Catholicism, for instance, in the Austro-Fascist article proper is described as "Clerical Fascism" - a term loaded with bias and plenty of room for it being disputed, IMHO. -Vincent-D 03:03, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, irrespective of whether the term Fascism is warrented, the term Austrofascism is commonly used for the regime and thus necessarily needs to be included in the articles dealing with that topic here. Even the AEIOU Encyclopedia has an entry for it . That site is maintained by the Austrian Ministry of Education, which has hardly been a stronghold of left-wing politics during the past years. Furthermore, the Austrofascism article even now has a section on critcism of the term, which you are more than welcome to improve. With respect to Clerical Fascism, that section of the article was simply a translation of the German Wikipedia. You are of course invited to clarify things as you see fit. The criticism section there is not from the German Wikipedia. Martg76 05:25, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, maybe "vandalism" is too strong language, let's calm down. However, I didn't really see a reason for the edit by User:PMelvilleAustin, who only removed information which (as you state) is certainly relevant for Dollfuss' historical role. Certainly the nature of state and government changed significantly under his and Kurt Schuschnigg's rule. Just to give a rather symbolical example, under the Austro-fascist constitution, Austria was no longer a Republic, but its official name was Bundesstaat Österreich. Martg76 18:24, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I said some time ago that this article needs a major rewrite. So let's hope someone will do that and include all the necessary and relevant information. It may be difficult for those not familiar with Austrian/European history to understand how someone can be a "fascist" and at the same time oppose the Nazis. Also, as you say, the abolition of parliamentary democracy and the constitution of 1934 need to be mentioned in some detail.  23:40, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * I edited out the note because we don't have such notes in the Chancellor of Germany box for Hitler or Papen who were a dictator and authoritarian respectively - i was merely bringing it in line with the German Chancellor's infobox. PMA 09:46, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I know, and I do hope that this is no reason for an edit war. All the best,  11:50, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * I hope so - and that Marty can understand. PMA 18:26, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Neutrality / Rumours
The following line in the article appears very much to be an anti-OeVP bit of information : It is rumoured that his portrait still hangs in the ÖVP headquarters. This is highly unlikely, as it would be of questionable legality under the current legal conditions in Austria. It seems to be, for the most part, included as an insult against the OeVP by implying that they are fascist. I shall refrain from removing it yet, if any one wants to disagree and debate this. If no one does, I'll remove the line in a few days, keeping it here on the talk page so that any one can discuss it and add it back later if they want. Beobach972 16:13, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

You're right. Without a good source, it can be looked on as POV slander against the Austrian People's Party. You definitely have a reason to remove it. Picaroon9288 23:32, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Well, in case you forgot, I'll do it. Picaroon9288 00:10, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks Beobach972 21:09, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

That´s no rumour, that´s a fact. Wich I should know because I´m from Austria and there are enough pictures in newspapers to prove it. Try this for a start http://no-racism.net/article/890/

Tomaschek Markus, Austria, 11 July 2006

 * Well, I have never seen any newspaper pictures showing the portrait of Dollfuß hanging in the ÖVP headquarter. On the other hand the legal conditions in Austria do not forbid it neither and I think, without having any prove at hand, it is actually hanging in the party's parliamentary office. Gugganij 19:12, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * There's no slander involved, it's a fact reported repeatedly, e.g. http://diepresse.com/home/politik/innenpolitik/weltbisgestern/396232/index.do (July 2008). Die Presse is a conservative paper close to the OeVP. The location is not the OeVP HQ however but the rooms of their parliamentary club.  --QEDquid (talk) 10:14, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

it's ß, not ss
Can we please shange his name to 'Dolfuß'? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 1950salvador (talk • contribs) 05:22, 12 December 2006 (UTC).

 * No! Read the rules... 201.19.209.143 22:16, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Feel free to do it on the german language wikipedia. --NEMT 16:05, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The thing is, no one named Engelbert Dollfuss ever existed. Only someone named Engelbert Dolfuß. Its just wrong.  If Novak Đoković gets a page title with those funny letters, the ß should be allowed, as long as this is used:  . --DerRichter (talk) 18:39, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * What is this funny wierd thing? I guess I better go to the English version to understand. Enlil Ninlil (talk) 04:46, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

So I will ask that the article on Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia be changed to ቀዳማዊ፡ኃይለ፡ሥላሴ. After all that was his real name, it was not in the latin alphabet. For the fonts see the article. Enlil Ninlil (talk) 05:16, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
 * In reply to Enlil Ninlil, the article has been changed since then. Notice it redirected because at the time I wrote it, that was how the article was titled.  Thanks for noticing though.  As far as your analogy goes, that is not even an alphabet, but a completely different writing system.  Read the Latin Alphabet article.  Specifically, go to Latin Alphabet.  The German alphabet, according to the article, consists of the same 26 letters as the modern Roman alphabet. But remember to keep the discussion here on topic.  Thanks for your contributions and discussion.  --DerRichter (talk) 06:36, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok I dissagree with you, can you tell me when I use that in the funny thing in english? Also the etiopian script is an alphabet arbeit more similar to arabic and cambodian than latin. My analogy is correct in a sence for that letter. Also there was not much of a disscussion down below. DerRichter this is also not an attack on you (just in case you think so) and thanks for you reply. Enlil Ninlil (talk) 10:53, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Fyi my position is now to revert the article back to ss because the last time it was changed, no discussion took place. I wrote my January post before I realised Wikipedia policy.  Also, part of my January discussion was deleted because this template changed:  .  It was slightly different before.  --DerRichter (talk) 02:12, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Don't take the neverending discussion about Novak Djokovic/Novak Đoković as a role model. Although WP:GERCON is just a recommendation, it seems fairly reasonable in connection with the foreignchar template at the beginning of the article. --Komischn (talk) 11:17, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I never meant to do that and would like to completely retract that analogy. In an unrelated incident, this page was moved to ss on the 14th of July after some discussion. It was moved back to ß on the 2nd of August with no discussion evident.  Maybe that should be reconsidered. --DerRichter (talk) 22:32, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It should only be considered as a lot of english speakers would not know what the letter is, or how to pronouce it. Though they could research it, many wont. The Novak Đoković is a similar analogy as people would say D and not Dj, so also not knowing how to pronounce the name. But his german name should be included in the article introduction. Enlil Ninlil (talk) 03:55, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I have to say that it feels a little inconsistent to use "ss" instead of "ß" here, while e.g. the article on Hermann Göring sticks to using "ö" rather than "oe" throughout the article. Am I to believe that the pronunciation of "ö" is widely known among English speakers, then? Calanor (talk) 03:47, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Wenn ich nicht irre, the general practice in English-language publishing, including historiography, is to use ss rather than ß because the latter never appears in English. Regarding Göring rather than Goering, the letter o does of course appear in English and some umlauted vowels show up in English once in a while, so I favor continuing to use them in English articles. As to the putative inability of English speakers to pronounce ö, it's not important to readability or comprehension. Sca (talk) 16:32, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * PS: Re ö, make your mouth like an o and your tongue like an e. Cheers. Sca (talk) 16:34, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Or, as for open ö (in front of more than one consonant), just take the sound in "girl" but make it short and utterly non-rhotic.--46.87.139.125 (talk) 18:07, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

Article self-contradiction (height)
The "Early Life" section has his height at 150 cm. The "Trivia" section has his height at 155 cm. 24.178.228.14 (talk) 16:24, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

This article included major POV statements
I removed the most obvious POV statements, but there are many more things that have been added during the last months that are both uncited and are apparently wrong. Mostly somebody tried to distort history into the direction that Dollfuss wasn't a dictator and had "no choice" in eliminating democracy in Austria. Etc. Etc. The article is also in serious need of more citations and additional clean-up. Themanwithoutapast (talk) 11:44, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was Move. —Wknight94 (talk) 21:01, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
Engelbert Dollfuß → Engelbert Dollfuss — I don't have a strong opinion either way, but this was moved recently without consensus and I'd like to establish the preferred title with more certainty. (For the record, from what I can tell, "Dollfuss" predominates in English-language sources.) —Biruitorul Talk 14:33, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Oppose per my discussion below. Additionally, the redirect helps any and all who cannot type in certain diacritics. --DerRichter (talk) 18:32, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Strongly support This is how English writers spell the subject of this article. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 21:32, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Support preferably ASCII only titles are best for usability. As this isn't even an English letter, it's unacceptable, and not a diacritic. Keeping the eszett is racist and shows preferential treatment for Germans as opposed to everyone else in the world. English-only educated people are more likely to know Greek lettering than eszett, so why are Greek titles not in Greek? That eszett represents the German sounds better applies even more to Arabic. 70.51.10.197 (talk) 03:53, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Don't go overboard: "keeping the eszett is racist" is absurdly hyperbolic. Biruitorul Talk 04:27, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Definitely hyperbole; but based on this WP:POINT violation; this argument is keeping the Germans up with the South Slavs, whether that be racist or not. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:36, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Wow- okay I am really sorry I got involved in this discussion. I do not want to be involved with that kind of ethnic nationalism stuff, Pmanderson. My only point was that this move was made when the foreignchar template was deleted, something that happened because the nominator forgot to place a notification on the page.  Additionally I see there should have been a discussion when someone moved this page from Dollfuss to Dollfuß last time as well.  So no matter where this poll goes, I think the page could be reverted to Dollfuss before we discuss anything else. I just gave my position, but forget about it. 70.51.10.197, you may argue on the diacritic talk page about whether it is one or not.  I did not mean to offend.  --DerRichter (talk) 02:19, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Glad to hear it. In any case, you posted long ago, irritated by a silly decision since reversed. Your opinion is always welcome; but do remember that English isn't German: our standard of correctitude is (English) usage, even with foreign names. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:33, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Strongly oppose as ASCII only titles are best as re-directs, and the real name should be the name of the article. This is the age of Unicode, folks. -- Evertype·✆ 00:24, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The spelling Dollfuß works perfectly well in an English-language context, so there is no reason to change it, unlike what is the case with, say, Persian or Japanese names. Libary (talk) 00:35, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Strong support This issue is already addressed in the naming conventions with the example of Franz Josef Strauss, not Franz Josef Strauß (which is a redirect). I can see using ß where not doing so could cause ambiguity, but the end of a word ain't one of them. Caerwine Caer’s whines  00:45, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

Perhaps (no doubt to the chagrin of some) this could be the starting point for a general discussion on use in titles of the eszett (ß) and other Latin alphabet "extensions" which are different from Letters with diacritics. See Talk:ß for some examples of other similar articles. Currently, some discussion about diacritics is occurring at WT:Use diacritics and WT:UE. —  AjaxSmack   16:30, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I have included:   This was a part of the article before this nomination, and is back on this page now.  It was gone for only a short while, and that is when this move discussion began.  The template was only deleted (then later reviewed) because the person who nominated it for deletion did not place a tag on the template page. I think it is very helpful, and if there was ever any confusion about ß, this template clears that up.  --DerRichter (talk) 18:32, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Please, not another "general discussion" of the esszett. We've had enough of them; they always divide between
 * those who say it's correct in German, whether or not it's ever used in English.
 * those who abhor foreign squiggles, of which this is indeed one of the most confusing. Monoglot anglophones will not read this as ss; some of them will read it as b.
 * As a compromise between these extreme positions, we have established practice to use ß when it is commonly used in English, or there is no common usage in English. The second is not the case here; the Austrian government of the 1930's is fairly widely discussed in English, and it is my belief that Dollfuss is normal. Evidence, which neither of the warring sides usually provides, will be welcome. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 21:39, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * See for example the New Cambridge Modern History, which uses Dollfuss in text or index; they would use ß if they happened to quote German text containing his name. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 20:11, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Also the Columbia Encyclopedia: Engelbert Dollfuss. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 21:13, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * "We have established practice to use ß when it is commonly used in English, or there is no common usage in English." That is generally my sentiment too.  Is that codified somewhere? —   AjaxSmack   05:38, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

This move discussion could do with some more input, so I've asked a few other users to join in. Libary (talk) 00:19, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Trivia
I think the trivia section (short stature) is very nice and informative and should not be deleted. Maybe the tag that is hanging there since 2007 should be taken down. -- C opper K ettle  08:18, 23 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I have boldly modified the title and removed the template. --Austrian (talk) 14:41, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Move (again?)
The article should be named Engelbert Dollfuß, and it should especially not make the impression there ever was an Austrian politician called Dollfuss. It does this currently in an - imo - unacceptable way: Funny that only the sources mention his actual name. --Regression Tester (talk) 15:20, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

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Dollfuss was antisemitic
The article states: "Together with occasional allies like Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Robert Hohlbaum and Hermann Neubacher, he distinguished himself as a German nationalist and antisemite." This statement is not referenced. I am unable to find any statements by Dollfuss that are anti-Semitic, which is not to say there aren't any. Does anybody have a reference/evidence that this is true? I'm also not sure that he ever aligned himself with the German Nationalist movement. Is there any evidence of that? -- unsigned by User:Jafdip, 05:05, 27 January 2018

 * I have added a disputed tag because I am unable so far to find any reliable source evidencing that Dollfuss was anti-Semitic. -- unsigned by User:Jafdip, 00:58, 10 February 2018

 * According to German historian Harald Lönnecker (see German Wikipedia), in 1920 Dollfuß tried to introduce an official Aryan paragraph for the Cartellverband, although his faction lost the vote. See Lönnecker's Die Versammlung der „besseren Nationalsozialisten“? - Der Völkische Waffenring (VWR) zwischen Antisemitismus und korporativem Elitarismus (p. 7). --2003:EF:1702:7976:C494:9D24:23CA:3DD7 (talk) 02:30, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Engelbert Dollfuss


text:
Ben Chapman

Ben Chapman may refer to:

 * Benjamin Chapman (1621–?), soldier
 * Sir Benjamin Chapman, 1st Baronet, of the Chapman baronets, MP for Westmeath and Fore
 * Sir Benjamin Chapman, 4th Baronet (1810–1888), Irish Whig politician and barrister
 * Ben Chapman (actor) (1928–2008), American actor
 * Ben Chapman (baseball) (1908–1993), American baseball player
 * Ben Chapman (footballer, born 1979), English football player
 * Ben Chapman (footballer, born 1991), British Virgin Islands goalkeeper
 * Ben Chapman (footballer, born 1998), English footballer
 * Ben Chapman (politician) (born 1940), British Labour Member of Parliament

title: Ben Chapman


text:
Jørgen Pedersen Gram

Jørgen Pedersen Gram (27 June 1850 – 29 April 1916) was a Danish actuary and mathematician who was born in Nustrup, Duchy of Schleswig, Denmark and died in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Important papers of his include On series expansions determined by the methods of least squares, and Investigations of the number of primes less than a given number. The mathematical method that bears his name, the Gram–Schmidt process, was first published in the former paper, in 1883.

For number theorists his main fame is the series for the Riemann zeta function (the leading function in Riemann's exact prime-counting function). Instead of using a series of logarithmic integrals, Gram's function uses logarithm powers and the zeta function of positive integers. It has recently been supplanted by a formula of Ramanujan that uses the Bernoulli numbers directly instead of the zeta function.

In control theory, the Gramian or Gram matrix is an important contribution named after him. The Controllability Gramian and Observability Gramian are both important in the analysis of the stability of control systems. The Gram matrix is also important in deep learning, where it is used to represent the distribution of features in style transfer.

Gram was the first mathematician to provide a systematic theory of the development of skew frequency curves, showing that the normal symmetric Gaussian error curve was but one special case of a more general class of frequency curves.

Gram's theorem, the Gram–Charlier series, and Gram points are also named after him.

He died on his way to a meeting of the Royal Danish Academy after being struck by a cyclist.

title: Jørgen Pedersen Gram


text:
Talk:Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 January 2019 and 2 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Group2Guy.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:36, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Revisions
Changes 20:02, 22 Jul 2004: Elde 04:03, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Revised line on Minuteman configuration and added link.
 * Sentence "The most powerful MIRV developed by the USA was the Peacekeeper missile, which could carry up to 10 re-entry vehicles, each of which with a maximum explosive power of 300 kilotons." deleted as as the D-5 Trident II carries more powerful bombs (475 KT) and the C-3 Posiedon carried up to 14 warheads. By which measure is the Peacekeeper more powerful?
 * Revised section on MIRV's and ABM's.
 * Added section on the ability of a MIRV to attack multiple targets.

Most powerful?
IIRC, the Trident II carries 8 W-88 warheads (475kt) while the MX carries 10 W-87, while is true that their standard yield is around 300Kt many sources (HEW,fas,globalsecurity) claim that it can be incresed to 475Kt in the "dirty" version (with the oralloy) which seems a standard feature of W-88 (this leaves me thinking that the physics packages of the  two weapons are very similar). The 14 warheads were the old W-76 (100kt) and not enough accurate to be used as counterforce weapons (at least until they will be upgraded with the new fuze). I think that these are the reasons why MX was perceived as "more powerful" even if IMHO the Trident II is a better system Krellmachine 16:44, 22 Oct 2004

MIRV target 'spread'
Does anybody know, how far appart can be the targets of a MIRV attack?

It's possible to make some guesses, but the actual figures are classified. If I had to guess, I think some tens of miles. Note: It's traditional to 'sign' your entries with four tildes which creates a signature like this: Elde 21:18, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Second picture description
Second sentence makes no sense. syndicate 19:43, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I tried to clarify it a bit. --Fastfission 21:14, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

When were they first deployed?
Something about the dates of deployment should be added. Also what "drives" the individual warheads? -Pietas

 * The first MIRVed missile was the Minuteman III, and was first deployed in 1970. Each warhead is kept in a re-entry vehicle, which has it own motor. I imagine though that the motor is just used to get it into position and that much of its speed comes from gravity. I do think adding a history section would be appropriate. --Fastfission 18:21, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

MV

Were the MK12 and MK12A RVs made with metal rather than carbon materials?

Were the materials used in the MK12 and MK12A Rvs different to the other later RVs or the ones used in the peacekeeper and W88 warheads? The TPS cooling is mentioned as finished with the MK-2 RV, but was it ever used in the minutemen missiles, since they were of the first MIRVS made?

What materials are used in the making of military RVs and RBS and are they different to the non-military re-entry vehicles?

Mirv AND Marv
Imo something should be added about marv. It is a similar concept but more sophisticated. marv is short for maneuverable re-entry vehicle (MARV) http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/655/is-china-developing-a-marv -Pietas

Article revisions
I made multiple changes to the article, mainly correcting obvious errors, adding internal links, and clarifying wording. Discuss here if any issues with the changes. Joema 15:40, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Good riddance
There should be a "demise" section in the article since MIRV are finally outlawed by treaty. 195.70.32.136 10:33, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * That's not correct. The START II treaty which outlawed MIRVs was never activated, hence never a factor. Russia withdrew from the treaty on June 14, 2002. The current SORT treaty (also known as the "Moscow Treaty") does not restrict MIRV warheads. Joema 15:23, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Striking first advantage
The scenario this article give for explaining why mirvs give a first strike advantage is wrong. The multiplications and mathematics do not help illustrate the point and are misleading. The mirvs gave the US a first strike advantage simply because it increased the number of usable weapons they had in a very short timespan. If the US had suddenly received 1000 new missiles and launchers the same result would have applied. Once the SU got mirvs then the first strike advantage was no longer applicable. Thus the mathematics in the example are not helpful and actually misleading.

page 224-227

http://www.jstor.org/view/00438871/di971185/97p0244n/0

A better explanation is this: MIRVs threatened to rapidly increase the US's deployable nuclear arsenal and thus the possibility that it would have enough bombs to destroy virtually all of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons. Later on the US feared the Soviet's MIRVs because Soviet missiles had a greater throw weight and they could thus put more warhead on each missile than the US could. Thus for example the US MIRVs increased their capacity by a factor of 6 while the Soviets increased their by a factor of 10. Furthermore, the US had a much smaller proportion of its nuclear arsenal in ICBMs than the Soviets. Bombers could not be outfitted with MIRVs so their capacity would not be multiplied. Thus the US did not seem to have as much potential for MIRV usage as the Soviets. However, the US had a larger number of SLBMs, which could be outfitted with MIRVs, and helped offset the ICBM disadvantage.

If you guys agree with my alterations then perhaps they should be applied to other articles about MIRVs (such as the MX and Minuteman III) where the former passage is repeated instead of my new one. 128.12.77.97 09:38, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

''If the US had suddenly received 1000 new missiles and launchers the same result would have applied. Once the SU got mirvs then the first strike advantage was no longer applicable.''Not quite. Each side tends to use its missiles or lose them in the scenario. So the temptation would be very high to use them, because the enemy thinks the same. It makes sense to use them because they can knock out the enemy missile force with fewer missiles and because if they are not used, the enemy would use the same tactics to destroy these missiles. --Arado 22:09, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Nations?
There is no information as to which or how many nations deploy MIRVed warheads. The United States and the Soviet Union/Russia are obvious, but is there information about other nations? Does Great Britain or France have MIRV capacity? What about China, India, or Israel? Intrepidsfsu 01:43, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Both the United Kingdom and France have MIRV capability, with the Trident and M45 systems respectively. I'm unsure about the other three, although I would put money on at least India and China. Mothball (talk) 15:54, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Does anyone have the date when the Soviet Union deployed MIRVed missiles?  And what was the designation of their first MIRV  missile?  This had a big effect on arms control treaties and perhaps should be added to the article. -- Chetvorno TALK 03:19, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

MIRVy pics
Hey MIRV friends, I just uploaded some great pics I don't have time right now to incorporate, but I thought someone else might like to. Nothing can match reentry pic, but there's still an interesting night-time reentry shot and a bus-assembly shot more detailed than the old one we have now. Cheers. --Sean 14:43, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

MIRVs in Media
In light of a very recent episode of the American television drama Mad Men which depicted the development of MIRV research in the early 1960s, I wonder if the page would not benefit from a section listing significant portrayals or references to MIRV in narrative or non-narrative media? Armadillo01 (talk) 02:35, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Hello,

In 1962 the science fiction author Clark Darlton (pseudonym of K.H. Scheer) described in a novel about a nuclear war in 1978 a MIRV like nuclear sytem, called "Fragmentbombe" (fragment bomb). http://www.perrypedia.proc.org/wiki/Die_Gro%C3%9Fen_in_der_Tiefe 91.32.212.157 (talk) 23:05, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Testing of the Peacekeeper caption.
In this article, this image has the caption: Testing of the Peacekeeper re-entry vehicles, all eight (ten capable) fired from only one missile. Each line represents the path of a warhead which, were it live, would detonate with the explosive power of twenty-five Hiroshima-style weapons. In this other article LGM-118_Peacekeeper, the same image has the caption: Testing at the Kwajalein Atoll of the Peacekeeper re-entry vehicles, all eight fired from only one missile. With live warheads, each line would represent the explosive power of twenty Hiroshima-sized (Little Boy) weapons.142.55.138.53 (talk) 14:07, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

If I may add, the lines shown do not "represent" the explosive power of twenty Hiroshima-sized weapons. The LGM-118_Peacekeeper's warheads technically can have the explosive power of 29 times that of the Little Boy Bomb. A W-87-1 or W-88 warhead can also be used on board the Peacekeeper. I find it unnecessary to include this verbiage. I would suggest the caption: '''Testing at the Kwajalein Atoll of the Peacekeeper re-entry vehicles, all eight fired from only one missile. Each line demonstrates the path of each warhead.''' This is more in-line with the other articles using the same photo. 19:43, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

Where did "targetable" go?
I'm a little confused at why the acronym is MIRV, when the full name is "multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle". Is there any information on why the "T" was left out? The main reason I wonder is if there was another name from which the acronym is derived. (If so, it should probably be listed). I also question the grammar on that name: "a multiple ... vehicle" (singular)? A quick browse through the references provided shows that they all use "reentry vehicles" (plural). -- 174.24.195.56 (talk) 03:11, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I suppose it is from Multiple Independent Reentry Vehicle(s).--Patrick (talk) 13:19, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Not only that is screwed up, but the title is as well. No capitals. Facepalm. Decent_of_Darkness (talk) 07:37, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

Am I the only one who thinks these Nukes are so disgustingly over the top? Nukes should be Kept around about the potency of 'Little Boy' and should only be used as a last resort. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.106.159.212 (talk) 17:05, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Minute Man III Mode of Operation sequence
The images and captions appear to take up most of the space. I suggest we shorten the caption on the Minute Man III operation image, and/or cut and past the following information into the article.

Jake M Ingram (talk) 01:53, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 January 2017
103.255.6.87 (talk) 15:38, 24 January 2017 (UTC) Pakistan successfully conducts flight test of ‘Ababeel’ missile on January 24, 2017. Ref. http://www.dnd.com.pk/pakistan-successfully-conducts-flight-test-of-ababeel-missile/122900
 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. Sir Joseph (talk) 21:56, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 January 2017
Pakistan has for the first time successfully test-fired its surface-to-surface ballistic missile capable of delivering multiple warheads, using Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology,” The missile, called Ababeel, has a maximum range of 2,200km and “is capable of delivering multiple warheads, using Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology,” the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), the media branch of the Pakistani armed forces, said in a press release on 24 Jan 2017. 85.132.8.24 (talk) 21:09, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. Sir Joseph (talk) 21:56, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 January 2017
Add Pakistan in the list of countries possessing this technology. Thehammadumar (talk) 21:20, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. Sir Joseph (talk) 21:55, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

Agni VI and India
Until a missile is tested, missile and nation cannot be included in the list Faizankhan919 (talk) 16:44, 23 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Sure by this logic we will have to remove all missiles without proven MIRV capability. These include Agni VI, Ababeel, and Khorramshahr. Other editors had removed these missiles but these edits were reverted. Happy to remove them and keep the list only with missile with proven MIRV capability. Adamgerber80 (talk) 16:50, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

 * All the missile are included when it’s presence is declared by the country. Further demonstrations and test are choice of the country, not Wikipedia administrators. So Ababeel deserves to be included without any unproven explanations with it and Agni VI should be removed till missile is tested with India claim of MIRV, no need for MIRV demonstration. Faizankhan919 (talk) 16:59, 23 January 2018 (UTC)
 * This not about deserving or not. Content on Wikipedia is added per references. There are independent references which have stated that Abadeel has not shown MIRV demonstration. We have to keep this list consistent. Either it contains all missiles with demonstrated and declared MIRV capability or only with ones with demonstrated capability. But this has to be decided with consensus from other editors as well. Adamgerber80 (talk) 17:21, 23 January 2018 (UTC)
 * so, based on your point of view sensitive informations like missiles, etc should be removed from wikepedia, because no verification of missile range and its success are witnessed by independent sources especially Wikipedia administrators.

Faizankhan919 (talk) 21:39, 23 January 2018 (UTC)
 * You can only add information on Wikipedia which is reliably sourced and meets the standards per WP:RS. The missile was added here since Pakistan claimed that missile had MIRV capability but other independent sources raised doubts about this capability. Thus, the addition in the brackets. Wikipedia publishes all points of view not just the view of the country. If there are reasonable doubts raised about something, that is also mentioned to maintain NPOV. Adamgerber80 (talk) 04:51, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

Removal of Agni VI
Hi, I did notice that you removed Agni VI from the list. I was trying to understand the rationale behind it. Was this for the lack of a WP:RS which states that it would be MIRV capable or because the missile has not even been tested yet? There are WP:RS which indeed state that is going to be MIRV capable here. I don't feel strongly about its removal, just trying to establish criteria for inclusion of any missile on the list. Thanks. Adamgerber80 (talk) 14:21, 2 April 2018 (UTC)

Adding missiles Agni Prime which has MIRV capabilities and other missiles like Surya, Agni VI, and K6 which are under development.
Sak7340 (talk) 18:35, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Adding Agni Prime to the list, highlighting its MIRV capabilities, along with other missiles such as Surya, Agni VI, and K6, which are currently under development. It's essential to include these developments to accurately reflect capabilities and ongoing projects.
 * Additionally, I want to emphasize that this list encompasses not only active missiles but also those in various stages of development, as well as retired missiles. This comprehensive approach ensures a thorough understanding of missile program's scope and trajectory.
 * Furthermore, I propose removing Pakistan from the list, as they have not demonstrated MIRV technology. This adjustment aligns with our focus on including only relevant and demonstrable capabilities.
 * Thank you for your attention to these updates. Please feel free to reach out if you have any questions or require further clarification.

Sak7340 (talk) 18:38, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

 * @Sak7340 We have no issue with you mentioning any MIRV-capable missiles, provided you cite sources to back up your claims. Additionally, Pakistan's inclusion has a confirmed source indicating its MIRV capability, so refrain from adding "suspected" next to it. We prioritize factual information supported by sources rather than personal editor suspicions. We include what sources confirm and omit what lacks supporting evidence. Sheriff | ☎ 911 | 18:54, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Kindly check; I have added a reference next to the Pakistani missile. Sak7340 (talk) 18:59, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The source you provided is from 2021, but The Diplomat source is from 2023. Therefore, you shouldn't label the entry as "suspected" solely based on an outdated source. Sheriff | ☎ 911 | 19:02, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah but that article was written by a Pakistani author. We need an independent source for this sensitive topic. If I find a recent article I'll attach it. Sak7340 (talk) 19:14, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * This reasoning lacks validity; we can't dismiss sources on that basis. Instead, we should assess whether The Diplomat is generally regarded as a reliable source, which it is. If we were to adopt this logic, we'd have to disregard all Indian sources for India-related matters and all United States sources for US-related topics, it will be a madhouse here. Sheriff | ☎ 911 | 19:24, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/missile-dialogue-initiative/2023/10/pakistan-missile-test-confirms-its-mirv-ambitions/ This source also confirms the MIRV capability of the missile. So I think that suspected should be removed. Wikibear47 (talk) 19:41, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Alright, changed the word 'suspected'to 'claimed'.
 * https://www.eurasiantimes.com/top-us-scientist-slams-indias-agni-v-missile-test/amp/ Sak7340 (talk) 19:43, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Both "Suspected" and "Claimed" should be removed. Even your source is not neutral in case of eurasiantimes as like you said above auther is Indian. Wikibear47 (talk) 19:50, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * "Claimed" should be added in case of Ababeel, unless you cite a different article which provides proof. The IISS article you've linked says "Nothing visible from the test indicates the success or failure of the missile’s multiple-warhead capability, which is a key priority for Pakistan’s Strategic Plans Division.". GTSxs (talk) 06:06, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well I disagree. None of the sources say that Ababeel is not MIRVed. In fact multiple trusted sources https://fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Pakistan-nuclear-weapons-2023.pdf https://armscontrolcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Pakistans-Nuclear-Capabilities_New-Template-1.pdf https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/pakistan-nuclear-disarmament/ indicate that it is definitely MIRV capable. Mind you that 'suspected' and 'claimed' can also be used against multiple other countries including Indian claim of MIRVed capability. Wikibear47 (talk) 14:11, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

Pakistan
I don't know what "experts" CNN is referring to who can't verify Pakistan's MIRV capability but back in March 2018, the then Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, Robert P. Ashley Jr. testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee that Pakistan demonstrated "South Asia's first Pakistan MIRV payload".

Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031732/https://www.dia.mil/News/Speeches-and-Testimonies/Article-View/Article/1457815/statement-for-the-record-worldwide-threat-assessment/utm_content/buffer03bbe/utm_medium/social/utm_campaign/buffer/utm_content/buffer6e4e7/utm_medium/social/utm_campaign/buffer/?utm_source=twitter.com

Moreover during its recent military parade on March 23, 2024, Pakistan showcased its MIRV capable Ababeel missile for the first time indicating its operational deployment.

Source: https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2024/03/27/pakistan-unveils-aircraft-and-rocket-programs-parades-military-tech/

With that said I am removing this bogus material. I have provided credible sources to validate the arguments. An Asphalt (talk) 21:03, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * The quote from Robert Ashley references a test launch, not a deployment, which is what the sentence in the article claims. A military parade also does not demonstrate a deployment. Unless you can provide a source that says that Pakistan has actually *deployed* a MIRVed warhead, in which case we should be presenting it as a disputed claim between sources, you should not be removing reliably sourced content, let alone demanding others not to revert it. ⇒   SWAT Jester   Shoot Blues, Tell VileRat! 22:52, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * The source that is used with the sentence that "Pakistan has not deployed MIRV missiles"' outright denies that Pakistan has MIRV technology by referring to some unknown "experts", which is just factually incorrect based on other countless reliable sources on the web. So how can this source be even considered reliable? Also, if you didn't know this then let me tell you, Pakistan only displays those weapons in its military parade that are operationally deployed. An Asphalt (talk) 23:50, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * You need to take a look at our policy on reliable sources -- CNN does not need to identify who its experts are, as the outlet itself is generally accepted as a reliable secondary source. Your personal assertion about what Pakistan does or does not do is irrelevant, as it's original research. And I would caution you about making assumptions about what my personal understanding is on this topic. ⇒   SWAT Jester   Shoot Blues, Tell VileRat! 23:55, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Swatjester Even if CNN is reliable, the information present in this particular CNN article is just incorrect and dozens of other reliable sources contradict the claim made in this said article . An Asphalt (talk) 00:12, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It's not "even if" -- it *is* reliable. We have an entire noticeboard dedicated towards that exact topic. Whether the underlying information is true or not is irrelevant -- verifiability, not truth, is the standard for inclusion on Wikipedia. If you are not capable of understanding our policies on reliable sourcing, then you're demonstrating you lack the required competency to edit in a contentious topic area. I strongly recommend you take some time to review our policies on reliable sourcing (as I've asked you to do a number of times) before continuing. ⇒  SWAT Jester   Shoot Blues, Tell VileRat! 00:18, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Also, why not apply this theory to India then? Can you give me a source which says India has "deployed" MIRV missiles? India conducts just one test and everyone just assumes that it is deployed even though it isn't mentioned in any source but when it comes to Pakistan which has tested this technology twice, everyone assumes that it is not deployed?
 * What India does is irrelevant -- your edit is about Pakistan specifically. This is not a forum for nationalist battleground behavior. Having said that, India's Agni-V has been operationally deployed since 2018 and is MIRV capable; we have numerous reliable sources (including CNN) attributing that claim, on the Agni-V article. However, even if that wasn't the case, nothing about what India's capabilities may be has any bearing on the section about Pakistan's capabilities. Every edit must be able to independently stand on its own merits.  ⇒   SWAT Jester   Shoot Blues, Tell VileRat! 23:59, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Swatjester Deploying Agni-V and an MIRVed Agni-V are two different things. Can you point out where does it specifically say that MIRVed Agni-V missiles are "deployed". I brought up India to point out the double standards here An Asphalt (talk) 00:07, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The missile itself is already deployed; that's well sourced and not in dispute. The 2024 test launch demonstrated that the already-deployed missile is MIRV capable. That's sufficient for inclusion. There's no "double standard" here -- your edits need to stand on their own, without reference to whataboutisms about India. ⇒   SWAT Jester   Shoot Blues, Tell VileRat! 00:09, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Swatjester So, just because they tested MIRV on an already deployed missile means that the MIRV is also deployed. That is like saying you test a new engine on an operational fighter aircraft and say the new engine is operational. Cool lol 👍 There is a difference between testing and deploying. I thought we were talking about MIRV technology here, not missiles. An Asphalt (talk) 00:19, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Again, I could not give less of a shit about what India does. This is about your removal of sourced content relating to Pakistan. Stop trying to muddy the waters with whataboutisms. That is tendentious editing behavior and not constructive. I'm not continuing this conversation further -- you've been duly informed about why your edit was reverted, and warned about the behavior issues you've been displaying. Debating India with me (something I'm wholly uninterested in doing) is not going to change that your edit was unacceptable re: Pakistan. ⇒   SWAT Jester   Shoot Blues, Tell VileRat! 00:23, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Swatjester Also, I am done too, it's not worth arguing when no one even bothers to listen An Asphalt (talk) 00:34, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The only thing anyone needs to be keeping up with is you keeping up with policy, and dropping the WP:IDIDNTHEARTHAT arguments. Knock it off, and stop pinging me after I've explicitly told you that I'm done with this discussion. ⇒   SWAT Jester   Shoot Blues, Tell VileRat! 00:37, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Am I missing something? What is this double standard An Asphalt (talk) 23:56, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes. You're missing our policies. ⇒   SWAT Jester   Shoot Blues, Tell VileRat! 23:59, 30 March 2024 (UTC)


text:
Leagues of China

A league ( ayimaγ  Aimag; historically,  čiγulγan  Qûûlgan;  ) is an administrative unit of the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in the People's Republic of China.

Leagues are the prefectures of Inner Mongolia. The name comes from a Mongolian administrative unit used during the Qing dynasty in Mongolia. Mongolian Banners (county level regions) were organized into conventional assemblies at the league level. During the ROC era, the leagues had a status equivalent to provinces. Leagues contain banners, equivalent to counties.

After the establishment of the provincial level Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1947, leagues of Inner Mongolia became equal to prefectures in other provinces and autonomous regions. The administrative commission of the league is the administrative branch office dispatched by the People's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The leader of the league's government, titled as league leader, is appointed by People's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. So are deputy leaders of leagues. Instead of local level of People's Congress, league's working commissions of the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are detached and supervise the league's governments, but can not elect or dismiss league's government officials. In such a way, the league's working committee of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region's committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is instead of league's committee of CPPCC.

Leagues have existed since the Qing dynasty as a level of government. The head of a league was chosen from jasagh or sula of the banners belonging to it. The original six leagues were Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Ulanqab, and Ih Ju. More were added in the subsequent centuries.

Today, leagues belong to the prefecture level of the Chinese administrative hierarchy. Of the 9 leagues that existed in the late 1970s, 6 have now been reorganized into prefecture-level cities. There are only 3 leagues remaining in Inner Mongolia: Xilingol, Alxa, and Hinggan.

title: Leagues of China


text: User talk:68.23.235.98

title: User talk:68.23.235.98


text:
Victor L. Berger

Victor Luitpold Berger (February 28, 1860 – August 7, 1929) was an Austrian–American socialist politician and journalist who was a founding member of the Social Democratic Party of America and its successor, the Socialist Party of America. Born in the Austrian Empire (present-day Romania), Berger immigrated to the United States as a young man and became an important and influential socialist journalist in Wisconsin. He helped establish the so-called Sewer Socialist movement, but also sparked the American Socialist Party's nativist turn. In 1910, he was elected as the first Socialist to the U.S. House of Representatives, representing a district in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

In 1919, Berger was convicted of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 for publicizing his anti-interventionist views and as a result was denied the seat to which he had been twice elected in the House of Representatives. The verdict was eventually overturned by the Supreme Court in 1921 in Berger v. United States, and Berger was elected to three successive terms in the 1920s.

Early years
Berger was born into a Jewish family on February 28, 1860, in Niederrehbach, Austrian Empire (modern Romania). He was the son of Julia and Ignatz Berger. He attended the Gymnasium at Leutschau (today in Slovakia), and the major universities of Budapest and Vienna. In 1878, he immigrated to the United States with his parents, settling near Bridgeport, Connecticut.

Berger's wife, Meta, later claimed that Berger had left Austria-Hungary to avoid conscription into the military.

In 1881, Berger settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, home to a large population of German Americans and a very active labor movement. Berger joined the Socialist Labor Party (then headed by Daniel de Leon). In 1892, Berger became the editor of Milwaukee Arbeiter-Zeitung, and changed its name to Vorwärts ! He also served as editor of another paper: Die Wahrheit [The Truth]. Berger taught German in the public school system. His future father-in-law was the school commissioner.

In 1897, he married a former student, Meta Schlichting, an active socialist organizer in Milwaukee. For many years, she was a member of the University of Wisconsin Board of Regents. The couple raised two daughters, Doris (who later went on to write television shows such as General Hospital, with her husband Frank) and Elsa, speaking only German in the home. The parents were strongly oriented to European culture.

Socialist organizing
Berger was credited by trade union leader Eugene V. Debs for having won him over to the cause of socialism. Jailed for six months for violating a federal anti-strike injunction in the 1894 strike of the American Railway Union, Debs turned to reading:

"Books and pamphlets and letters from socialists came by every mail and I began to read and think and dissect the anatomy of the system in which workingmen, however organized, could be shattered and battered and splintered on a single stroke [...] It was at this time, when the first glimmerings of socialism were beginning to penetrate, that Victor L. Berger — and I have loved him ever since — came to Woodstock [prison], as if a providential instrument, and delivered the first impassioned message of socialism I had ever heard — the very first to set the wires humming in my system. As a souvenir of that visit there is in my library a volume of Capital by Karl Marx, inscribed with the compliments of Victor L. Berger, which I cherish as a token of priceless value."

In 1896, Berger was a delegate to the People's Party Convention in St. Louis.

Berger was short and stocky, with a studious demeanor, and had both a self-deprecating sense of humor and a volatile temper. Although loyal to friends, he was strongly opinionated and intolerant of dissenting views. His ideological sparring partner and comrade Morris Hillquit later recalled of Berger that He was sublimely egotistical, but somehow his egotism did not smack of conceit and was not offensive. It was the expression of deep and naive faith in himself, and this unshakable faith was one of the mainsprings of his power over men.

Berger was a founding member of the Social Democracy of America in 1897 and led the split of the "political action" faction of that organization to form the Social Democratic Party of America (SDP) in 1898. He was a member of the governing National Executive Committee of the SDP for its entire duration.

Berger was a founder of the Socialist Party of America in 1901 and played a critical role in the negotiations with an east coast dissident faction of the Socialist Labor Party in the establishment of this new political party. Berger was regarded as one of the party's leading revisionist Marxists, an advocate of the trade union-oriented and incremental politics of Eduard Bernstein. He advocated the use of electoral politics to implement reforms and thus gradually build a collectivist society.

Relative to other contemporary socialist politicians, Berger was a racial conservative. He regularly fought Eugene V. Debs on the subject. Berger was terrified of Asian immigrants, whom he believed would out-reproduce white Americans and further complicate the socialist movement's cross-racial solidarity. Between 1907 and 1912, he masterminded racially-discriminatory immigration restrictions in the Socialist Party platform. His views on Jim Crow were only slightly more nuanced: while Berger wrote in a 1902 editorial that "There can be no doubt that the negroes and mulattoes constitute a lower race — that the Caucasian and even the Mongolian have the start on them in civilization by many years," he does not appear to have believed that this justified "the barbarous behavior of American whites towards the negroes". Instead, Berger argued that segregation was a symptom of an elite capture that left the American legal system indifferent to the poor of every race.

Berger was a man of the written word and back room negotiation, not a notable public speaker. He retained a heavy German accent and had a voice which did not project well. As a rule he did not accept outdoor speaking engagements and was a poor campaigner, preferring one-on-one relationships to mass oratory. Berger was, however, a newspaper editorialist par excellence. Throughout his life he published and edited a number of different papers, including the German language Vorwärts! ("Forward") (1892-1911), the Social-Democratic Herald (1901-1913), and the Milwaukee Leader (1911-1929).

First term in Congress
Berger ran for Congress and lost in 1904 before winning Wisconsin's 5th congressional district seat in 1910 as the first Socialist to serve in the United States Congress. In Congress, he focused on issues related to the District of Columbia and also more radical proposals, including eliminating the President's veto, abolishing the Senate, and the social takeover of major industries. Berger gained national publicity for his old-age pension bill, the first of its kind introduced into Congress. Less than two weeks after the Titanic passenger ship disaster, Berger introduced a bill in Congress providing for the nationalization of the radio-wireless systems. A practical socialist, Berger argued that the wireless chaos which was one of the features of the Titanic disaster had demonstrated the need for a government-owned wireless system.

Although he did not win re-election in 1912, 1914 or 1916, he remained active in Wisconsin and Socialist Party politics. Berger was especially involved in the biggest party controversy of the pre-war years, the fight between the SP's centrist "regular" bloc against the syndicalist left wing over the issue of "sabotage". The bitter battle erupted in full force at the 1912 National Convention of the Socialist Party, to which Berger was again a delegate. At issue was language to be inserted into the party constitution which called for the expulsion of "any member of the party who opposes political action or advocates crime, sabotage, or other methods of violence as a weapon of the working class to aid in its emancipation." The debate was vitriolic, with Berger, somewhat unsurprisingly, stating the matter in its most bellicose form:

"Comrades, the trouble with our party is that we have men in our councils who claim to be in favor of political action when they are not. We have a number of men who use our political organization — our Socialist Party — as a cloak for what they call direct action, for IWW-ism, sabotage and syndicalism. It is anarchism by a new name. ...

Comrades, I have gone through a number of splits in this party. It was not always a fight against anarchism in the past. In the past we often had to fight utopianism and fanaticism. Now it is anarchism again that is eating away at the vitals of our party.

If there is to be a parting of the ways, if there is to be a split — and it seems that you will have it, and must have it — then, I am ready to split right here. I am ready to go back to Milwaukee and appeal to the Socialists all over the country to cut this cancer out of our organization."

The regulars won the day handily at the Indianapolis convention of 1912, with a successful recall of IWW leader "Big Bill" Haywood from the SP's National Executive Committee and an exodus of disaffected left wingers following shortly thereafter. The remaining radicals in the party remembered bitterly Berger's role in this affair and the ill feelings continued to fester until erupting anew at the end of the decade.

World War I

Although Berger's views on World War I were complicated by the Socialist view and the difficulties surrounding his German heritage, he supported his party's stance against the war. When the United States entered the war and passed the Espionage Act of 1917, Berger's continued opposition made him a target. He and four other Socialists were indicted under the Espionage Act in February 1918. The trial followed on December 9 of that year, and on February 20, 1919, Berger was convicted and sentenced to 20 years in federal prison.

During the 1918 Wisconsin special Senate election, Berger ran for the seat despite being under federal indictment. His newspaper, the Milwaukee Leader, had printed a number of anti-war articles, leading the postal service to revoke the paper's second-class mail privileges. Despite these circumstances, Berger won 26% of the vote statewide in an April special election to fill a Senate vacancy, including winning 11 counties, in a three-way race.

The espionage trial was presided over by Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis. Berger's conviction was appealed and was ultimately overturned by the US Supreme Court on January 31, 1921, which found that Landis had improperly presided over the case after the filing of an affidavit of prejudice.

Even though Berger was under indictment, the voters of Milwaukee once again elected him to the House of Representatives in 1918. When he arrived in Washington to claim his seat, Congress formed a special committee to determine whether a convicted felon and war opponent should be seated as a member of Congress. On November 10, 1919, they concluded that he should not, and they declared the seat vacant, disqualifying him pursuant to Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Wisconsin promptly held a special election to fill the vacant seat. On December 19, 1919, they elected Berger a second time, and on January 10, 1920, the House again refused to seat him. The seat remained vacant until January 1921, after his previous electoral opponent, Republican William H. Stafford, once again prevailed over Berger in the 1920 general election.

Second stint in Congress
Berger defeated Stafford in 1922 and was reelected in 1924 and 1926. In those terms, he dealt with Constitutional changes, a proposed old-age pension, unemployment insurance, and public housing. He also supported the diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union and the revision of the Treaty of Versailles. After his defeat by Stafford in 1928, he returned to Milwaukee and resumed his career as a newspaper editor.

Death
On July 16, 1929, while crossing the street outside his newspaper office, Berger was struck by a streetcar travelling on North Third Street (now Dr. Martin Luther King Drive) at the intersection with West Clarke Street in Milwaukee. The accident fractured his skull, and he died of his injuries on August 7, 1929. Prior to burial at Forest Home Cemetery his body lay in state at City Hall. 75,000 residents of the city came to pay their respect.

Legacy
According to historian Sally Miller:
 * Berger built the most successful socialist machine ever to dominate an American city....[He] concentrated on national politics...to become one of the most powerful voices in the reformist wing of the national Socialist party. His commitment to democratic values and the non-violent socialization of the American system led the party away from revolutionary Marxist dogma. He shaped the party into force which, while struggling against its own left wing, symbolize participation in the political order to attain social reforms.... In the party schism of 1919, Berger opposed allegiance to the emergent Soviet system. His shrunken party echoed his preference for peaceful, democratic, and gradual transformation to socialism.

Berger's papers are housed at the Wisconsin Historical Society, with smaller numbers of items dispersed to other locations. The complete run of the Milwaukee Leader exists on microfilm published by the Wisconsin Historical Society and on site at the University of Wisconsin in Madison.

Works
Victor Berger's writing was voluminous, but rarely reproduced in book or pamphlet form outside of the newspapers in which it first appeared. In 1912, the Social-Democratic Publishing Co published a collection of his works in a publication entitled Berger's Broadsides. In 1929, the Milwaukee Leader published the Voice and Pen of Victor L. Berger: Congressional Speeches and Editorials (1860–1929) which also included an obituary. This publication included Berger's phrase regarding draining the swamp in reference to his assertion that the economic crises such as the Panic of 1893, were "hastened' by excessive profits—the $900,000,000 to Standard Oil "magnates". According to Daniel Yergin in his Pulitzer Prize-winning The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (1990), at the time the general public considered the Standard Oil conglomerate which was controlled by a small group of directors to be "all-pervasive" and "completely unaccountable".

"[Y]et as long as capitalism lasts, speculation is absolutely necessary and unavoidable in order to protect the system from stagnation." So this is another evil that is inherent in this system. It cannot be avoided any more than malaria in a swampy country. And the speculators are the mosquitos. We should have to drain the swamp-change the capitalist system-if we want to get rid of those mosquitos. Teddy Roosevelt, by starting a little fire here and there to drive them out, is simply disturbing them. He is causing them to swarm, which makes it so much more intolerable for us poor, innocent inhabitants of this big capitalist swamp."

- Victor L. Berger. Berger's Broadsides (1860–1912)

title: Victor L. Berger


text:
Banners of Inner Mongolia

A banner (, "khoshun" in Mongolian) is an administrative division of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China, equivalent to a county-level administrative division.

Banners were first used during the Qing dynasty, which organized the Mongols into banners, except those who belonged to the Eight Banners. Each banner had sums as nominal subdivisions. In Inner Mongolia, several banners made up a league. In the rest, including Outer Mongolia, northern Xinjiang, and Qinghai, Aimag (Аймаг) was the largest administrative division. While it restricted the Mongols from crossing banner borders, the dynasty protected Mongolia from population pressure from China proper. After the Mongolian People's Revolution, the banners of Outer Mongolia were abolished in 1923.

There were 49 banners and 24 tribes in Inner Mongolia during the Republic of China.

Today, banners are a county-level division in the Chinese administrative hierarchy. There are 52 in total, including 3 autonomous banners.

Banners
The following list of 49 individual banners is sorted alphabetically according to each specific title (i.e., ignoring adjectives such as New, Old, Left, Right, etc.)
 * Abag Banner; League: Xilingol
 * Alxa Right Banner; League: Alxa
 * Alxa Left Banner; League: Alxa
 * Aohan Banner
 * Ar Horqin Banner
 * Arun Banner
 * Bairin Left Banner
 * Bairin Right Banner
 * Old Barag Banner
 * New Barag Left Banner
 * New Barag Right Banner
 * Chahar Right Middle Banner
 * Chahar Right Front Banner
 * Chahar Right Rear Banner
 * Dalad Banner
 * Darhan Muminggan United Banner
 * Ejin Banner; League: Alxa
 * Ejin Horo Banner
 * Hanggin Banner
 * Hanggin Rear Banner
 * Harqin Banner
 * Hexigten Banner
 * Horqin Left Rear Banner
 * Horqin Left Middle Banner
 * Horqin Right Front Banner; League: Hinggan
 * Horqin Right Middle Banner; League: Hinggan
 * Hure Banner
 * Jalaid Banner; League: Hinggan
 * Jarud Banner
 * Jungar Banner
 * Muminggan Banner -> Darhan Muminggan United Banner
 * Naiman Banner
 * Ongniud Banner
 * Otog Banner
 * Otog Front Banner
 * Siziwang Banner
 * Sonid Left Banner; League: Xilingol
 * Sonid Right Banner; League: Xilingol
 * Taibus Banner; League: Xilingol
 * Tumed Left Banner
 * Tumed Right Banner
 * East Ujimqin Banner; League: Xilingol
 * West Ujimqin Banner; League: Xilingol
 * Urad Rear Banner
 * Urad Middle Banner
 * Urad Front Banner
 * Uxin Banner
 * Xianghuang Banner; League: Xilingol
 * Zhenglan Banner; League: Xilingol
 * Zhengxiangbai Banner; League: Xilingol

Autonomous banners
An autonomous banner is a special type of banner set up by the government of China. There are three autonomous banners, all of which are found in northeastern Inner Mongolia, each with a designated ethnic majority other than Han or Mongol that is a national ethnic minority:
 * Oroqen Autonomous Banner (鄂伦春自治旗) for the Oroqen
 * Evenki Autonomous Banner (鄂温克族自治旗) for the Evenks
 * Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner (莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗) for the Daur

Banner-converted cities/counties

 * Dorbod Mongol Autonomous County (Dorbod Banner)
 * Ergun (Ergun Right Banner)
 * Genhe (Ergun Left Banner)
 * Harqin Left Wing Mongol Autonomous County (Harqin Left Banner)
 * Front Gorlos Mongol Autonomous County (Front Gorlos Banner)
 * Xilinhot (Abahanar Banner)
 * Yakeshi (Xuguit Banner)
 * Zhalantun (Butha Banner)
 * Zhaoyuan County (Rear Gorlos Banner)

title: Banners of Inner Mongolia


text:
Talk:Sidewinding

Untitled
Nice idea with the animated gif, but on my system (Windows Firefox 0.9) it goes by way too fast for me to see anything. It needs to be either slowed down if possible, or replaced with a bunch of separate frames. --69.70.138.192 04:13, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * agreed, that thing almost gives me seizures. James C. 07:10, 2004 Jul 23 (UTC)

-- Also, on my browser (IE6) at least, there's a black frame at the 'end' of the animation which causes an annoying flash. But I think the animation is great, and if these comments can be addressed it will be a great addition to the article. --Zorn 08:18, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

-- I've noticed (I made the animation), but while I could recompile it to make it run slower, I don't know how to make the black frame disappear. I'll try messing with it more later. --User:Mokele

I agree, the animation is a good idea, but at the moment extremely anoying. Maybe it should be moved to a separate page? Otherwise, it needs to be a lot slower (well, it would need that, anyways), and we have to get rid of the flash. User: Stephan Schulz

Does anyone actually know how to compile an animated gif so it doesn't have the flash? The only program I have to work with is Adobe Premier, and the black flash happens every time. If someone knows how, I can email them the sequence of frames. Just post something on my talk page if you wanna try. User:Mokele

 * I tried fixing it; a better version is at . A sysop should replace the image if people agree the new one is good enough. I used The Gimp if anyopne is curious. Thue | talk 13:14, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Ahh, thanks very much! I personally like it, and if the others have no objections, I don't see why not.  Thanks for fixing it, graphics is really not my forte'. User:Mokele

What makes the rattlesnakes to adopt side winding movement
What makes the rattlesnakes to adopt side winding moment 2405:201:E036:509D:15D9:4FCC:983B:EE58 (talk) 14:17, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sidewinding


text:
User talk:Fuzzypony

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 04:15, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

USS Lexington
Hello Fuzzypony. I am interested in the source for the displacement figures you give for Lex and Sara. The sources I have read give their standard displacements (as opposed to full-load displacements) at 33,000 or 36,000 tons. Also, those sources do not support the claim that Ranger was built with the remaining treaty tonnage, but that Wasp was. See Talk:USS Lexington (CV-2) and the sources cited there. (Reply here or on the Lex talk page.) Thanks. Kablammo 13:17, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your reply. I hope that your health has improved and that you will be back contributing soon. I was aware that the Treaty limits were interpreted quite liberally by the contracting powers (I think the Brits claimed that they were the only ones who didn't cheat), and that many ships probably did have standard displacements in excess of the treaty limits. I still however have a question: Everything I have read states that it was Wasp that was built smaller to comply with treaty totals (after reclassification of Langley), not Ranger. When Ranger was built the US was not close to the limits.

Fly Navy! Kablammo 14:02, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the interesting reply. I have moved it, my contributions, and related contributions to Talk:Lexington class aircraft carrier so that the thread can be followed by us and others. It seems like a more logical place to carry this discussion forward. I'll watch that page and if you do the same we can communicate there and also allow others to particpate more easily. Kablammo 17:37, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Fuzzypony