text:
Sisu

Sisu is a Finnish word variously translated as stoic determination, tenacity of purpose, grit, bravery, resilience, and hardiness. It is held by Finns to express their national character. It is generally considered not to have a single-word literal equivalent in English (tenacity, grit, resilience, and hardiness are much the same things, but do not necessarily imply stoicism or bravery).

In recent years, sociologists and psychologists have conducted research on sisu, attempting to quantify it and identify its effects, beneficial and harmful, in both individuals and populations.

Meaning
Sisu is extraordinary determination in the face of extreme adversity, and courage that is presented typically in situations where success is unlikely. It expresses itself in taking action against the odds, and displaying courage and resoluteness in the face of adversity; in other words, deciding on a course of action, and then adhering to it even if repeated failures ensue. It is in some ways similar to equanimity, though sisu entails an element of stress management.

The English "gutsy" invokes a similar metaphor (one also found in other languages): the Finnish usage derives from sisus, translated as "interior", and as "entrails" or "guts". See also the colloquial phrase "intestinal fortitude". Another closely related English concept evokes the metaphor grit.

As a psychological capacity
Sisu is a term which dates back hundreds of years. It is described as being integral to understanding Finnish culture. It is a term for going beyond one's mental or physical capacity, and is a central part of the country's culture and collective discourse. However, hardly any empirical research has been done to explore the meaning of this construct as a possible psychological strength resource, and it has long seemed to have a somewhat elusive nature. It has been usually studied as a cultural component among Finns and Finnish Americans, but as a psychological construct long remained under-researched and poorly defined.

As early as the 1940s, attempts were made to grasp the essence of sisu. The Finnish newspaper Uusi Suomi reached out to its audience for their definition of sisu, and conducted a contest. Uusi-Suomi wrote: "All of us somewhat know what sisu is... [it] has for long been a topic for discussion here in Finland and abroad. But how do we describe and define what sisu really is?" The quest to define the essence of sisu has evidently been around for almost a century. More recently, William R. Aho, professor emeritus of sociology at Rhodes College, said "we need a good deal of organized, systematic scientific research to discover the scope and depth of sisu, geographically and situationally, and the depth and strength of both the beliefs and behaviors surrounding and emanating from sisu."

Research that began in 2013 sought to offer more precise language for discussing the term. While examining sisu within the psychological framework, it sought to render it less elusive as a construct by giving it an easily citable definition rooted within the field of positive psychology. Sisu as a psychological power potential was introduced for the first time at the 3rd World Congress on Positive Psychology in Los Angeles on 29 June 2013. In the study, sisu is described as a psychological key competence which enables extraordinary action to overcome a mentally or physically challenging situation. Sisu also contributes to what has been named the action mindset; a consistent, courageous approach toward challenges which at first seem to exceed our capacities. Sisu, as measured by the Sisu Scale questionnaire, has been established in contemporary psychological research as a strong correlate with well-being and stress. The Sisu Scale is composed of harmful and beneficial sisu.

A related online survey conducted between March and May 2013 tracked the cultural representations of sisu among contemporary Finns and Finnish Americans. It revealed that sisu is still deeply valued, and that there is public interest for cultivating this strength capacity as well. The study received over 1,000 responses; its data was the basis for thematic analysis. Among the main findings was the perception of sisu as a reserve of power which enables extraordinary action to overcome mentally or physically challenging situations, rather than being the ability to pursue long-term goals and be persistent.

Sisu is a psychological potential that enables the individual to tap into strength beyond their pre-conceived resources. Wielding sisu in the face of adversity helps individuals push through what first seemed like the boundaries of their mental or physical capacities. Sisu provides the final empowering push when we would otherwise hesitate to act. Sisu can be conceptualized as taking action against the odds. Even though 53% of the respondents believed some people innately have more sisu, a majority of 83% of the respondents believed that sisu is a flexible quality that can be cultivated through conscious practice, rather than being a fixed quality, and the majority of respondents were interested in developing this capacity. Research on sisu is currently continuing at Aalto University School of Science in Espoo, Finland.

Sisu is not always an entirely positive quality. In Finnish, pahansisuinen, literally translated, means one possessing bad sisu, a description of a hostile and malignant person. The answers from the sisu survey indicate that there can be too much sisu, and according to the survey answers this leads to bull-headedness, foolhardiness, self-centeredness, and inflexible thinking. The study suggests that sisu should be informed by reason and cultivated and practiced with self-compassion.

Like any trait or psychological capacity, sisu is the complex product of genetic, psychological, biological, and social factors, and its comprehensive understanding will require studies from multiple scientific perspectives. Finland may have the initial monopoly on sisu as a cultural construct, but it is a universal capacity and the potential for it exists within all individuals.

The transformative power of narrative is widely acknowledged. People develop their values and contribute to cultural values by communicating with other people in their culture. Fostering sisu may very well be embedded in such behavior, rather than being a genetic trait one is born with. Sisu is a new term in the field of positive psychology, and it may contribute to our understanding of the determinants of resilience, as well as of achievement and the good life. It is suggested that positive psychology research could benefit from focusing on sisu and by examining relevant constructs from other cultures.

Cultural significance
Sisu has been described as "the word that explains Finland", and the Finns' "favorite word"—"the most wonderful of all their words." As defined by Roman Schatz in his book From Finland with Love (2005), sisu is an ability to finish a task successfully. During the Winter War of 1939–1940, the Finnish perseverance in the face of the invasion by the Soviet Union popularized this word in English for a generation. In what may have been the first use of sisu in the English language, on 8 January 1940, Time magazine reported: "The Finns have something they call sisu. It is a compound of bravado and bravery, of ferocity and tenacity, of the ability to keep fighting after most people would have quit, and to fight with the will to win. The Finns translate sisu as "the Finnish spirit" but it is a much more gutful word than that. Last week the Finns gave the world a good example of sisu by carrying the war into Russian territory on one front while on another they withstood merciless attacks by a reinforced Russian Army. In the wilderness that forms most of the Russo-Finnish frontier between Lake Laatokka and the Arctic Ocean, the Finns definitely gained the upper hand."

- Time magazine, January 8, 1940

In 2009, sisu was described as so essential to the Finnish national character that "to be a real Finn" you must have it: "willpower, tenacity, persistency."

Examples
Singled out for kudos for this attribute was "Finland's wiry old peasant President, Kyösti Kallio—full of sisu..." The word was also used to describe the Finnish stubbornness in sticking to its loose alliance with The Third Reich from 1941 to 1944 (in the war against the Soviet Union, which had attacked Finland on 30 November 1939): "Finnish sisu—meaning a peculiarly Finnish brand of doggedness, capable of facing down death itself—was at work against the Allies.... The Finns are not happy. But sisu enables them to say: "We have nothing worse than death to fear.""

- Time magazine, May 10, 1943.

During the 1952 Summer Olympics, sisu was further described in the context of the continuing Cold War looming over the Finnish capital city of Helsinki: "HELSINKI, host to the Olympic Games, a city of 400,000, was abustle. ... The Finns are not stupidly hiding their eyes from their future, but they are determined not to fall into another fight with a powerful and predatory next-door neighbor 66 times their size (in area, Finland is the sixth largest country in Europe; in population it is the third smallest). Under popular, 81-year-old President Juho Kusti Paasikivi and able, unpopular Agrarian Premier Urho Kekkonen, the Finns have learned to walk the nerve-racking path of independence like tight-rope walkers."

- Time magazine, July 21, 1952

Well into the 1960s, sisu was used to describe the Finnish resistance to the invasion of 20 to 30 years prior and its continuing discontents. In 1960, Austin Goodrich's book, Study in Sisu: Finland's Fight for Independence, was published by Ballantine. Also in 1960, a notable reviewer of Griffin Taylor's novel, Mortlake, wrote: ""Have you heard of Finnish sisu?" asks a character in "Mortlake"—and it turns out that sisu is a sort of stamina or staying-power which the Finns have had to develop as a result of living next door to the Russians."

- Nigel Dennis, New York Times Book Review

In 2004, Jorma Ollila, CEO of Nokia, described his company's "guts" by using the word sisu: "In times like these, the executives who run Nokia talk up a uniquely Finnish quality called sisu. "The translation would be 'guts, says Jorma Ollila, CEO of Nokia, in an interview. (Photograph Caption: Jorma Ollila says Nokia is determined to 'overcome all obstacles.') "But it's also endurance. There is a long-term element to it. You overcome all obstacles. You need quite a lot of sisu to survive in this climate." The climate he's referring to is the bleak and bitter Nordic winters, but he might as well be talking about the competitive, erratic wireless-phone market and Nokia's travails. This sisu trait—anathema to Wall Street's short-term outlook—says a lot about Nokia's response to its recent turmoil."

- Kevin Maney

A Finnish heavy metal rock singer injured himself, without noticing, at a concert, to which a reviewer wrote: "Alan epäillä, että suomalainen sisu ja adrenaliini ovat yksi ja sama asia.—I am beginning to suspect that the Finnish sisu and adrenaline are the same thing."

- ImperiumI.net Finnish Heavy Metal website

The concept is widely known in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, which is home to a large concentration of Finnish Americans. This has extended to include a popular bumper sticker saying "got sisu?" or simply "SISU". In 2010, a 63-year-old Yooper named Joe Paquette Jr. of Munising, Michigan, walked 425 miles to the Detroit Lions training facility to bring the spirit of sisu to the team.

The non-profit documentary SISU: Family, Love and Perseverance from Finland to America was made by Finnish-American filmmaker Marko Albrecht. The documentary looks at sisu by means of a profile of his late mother, his Finnish-American family, and his uncle Heikki's fight against pancreatic cancer. The film was called a time-capsule of modern Finnish-American life.

In a 2008 episode of Top Gear, F1 racer Mika Häkkinen described sisu to James May: "Sisu in English means courage, it is the Finnish courage. Let me give you an example. Climbing a tree and jumping down from there, that doesn't mean sisu. That is not courage. Sisu we can relate very much that in motor racing, for example, you're driving a rally car in a forest extremely, really fast, you need courage to be able to brake late, to go on the throttle really early, to go really close to the apex of the corners." The platinum trophy of the Finnish-made video game Alan Wake 2, given to players who earn every other trophy in the game, is called Sisu.

As a proper name
Due to its cultural significance, sisu is a common element of brand names in Finland. For example, there are Sisu trucks (and Sisu armored vehicles), the icebreaker MS Sisu, a brand of strong-tasting pastilles manufactured by Leaf and Suomen Sisu, a Finnish nationalist organisation with connections to other far-right groups.

Sisu is also a male name with increasing popularity. More than 2,000 Finnish men have this name, most of them being born after 2010. The son of The Dudesons's Jukka Hilden is called Sisu.

Globally, there were several fitness-related organizations and endurance sports teams such as the Sisu Project based in Haverhill and Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.A. that carried the name sisu and based their philosophy on the characteristics included in the concept sisu, including courage, integrity, honesty, and determination.

Mount Sisu is the name of a mountain first ascended by mountain climbers Veikka Gustafsson and Patrick Degerman in the Antarctic.

Sisu is also the name of a London-based hedge-fund, operated by several directors including Joy Seppala. The firm bought the football club Coventry City FC in 2007.

In Norway there is a seafood company named Sisu Seafood Norway AS that exports Norwegian seafoods.

On the Western end of Michigan's Upper Peninsula, the SISU Ski Fest is a popular annual event, highlighting a 21- and 42-kilometer cross-country ski race "finishing" in historic downtown Ironwood.

In popular culture
In season two of McLaren's animated program Tooned, Sisu is a planet and the true origin of two-time Formula One Drivers' Champion Mika Häkkinen (and possibly 2007 Drivers' Champion Kimi Räikkönen as well, based on a Sisu scene near the end of the episode in question). Häkkinen and Räikkönen are both Finnish and have driven for McLaren; Häkkinen won both of his titles with the team while Räikkönen won his after leaving McLaren for Ferrari.

A starship with a crew of partly Finnish descent in Robert A. Heinlein's 1957 science fiction novel Citizen of the Galaxy is named Sisu.

A World War II movie titled Sisu, directed by Jalmari Helander and starring Jorma Tommila, was released in April 2023.

title: Sisu


text:
User:Jannas

Hi, my name is Jannas. I'm new here, so be patient with me. I was born in Canada but moved to Rhodesia early in my life. My daughter and I have since returned to Canada, because what is now Zimbabwe is no safe place for a light-skinned person, and are living with a friend here. He is a "Wikipedian", so I hope to learn much about making contributions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jannas


text:
Naked Video

Naked Video is a BBC Scotland sketch show that was aired on BBC2 from 12 May 1986 to 18 November 1991. The show was created by Colin Gilbert who had previously created A Kick Up the Eighties and Naked Radio (the latter being a radio sketch show that was aired on BBC Radio Scotland, began its ten-year run on 22 January 1981, covered all aspects of Scottish society and featured a lot of topical satire material rather than parody). The series originally starred Ron Bain, Gregor Fisher, Andy Gray, Elaine C. Smith, Tony Roper, Helen Lederer and Jonathan Watson, but they were later joined by Kate Donnelly and Louise Beattie. The series' producer was Colin Gilbert and its script editor was Philip Differ.

Naked Radio proved a popular part of the local schedule, and in 1985, the cast mounted the series on stage at the year's Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Gilbert realised the series had potential for television and Naked Video was created. It proved popular at a time when alternative comedy was at its peak. The Naked Radio series ended in 1991, when it was cancelled along with Naked Video. The show also spawned a radio spin-off: the football-themed Only an Excuse?, which later also made the transition to television.

In 2000, the cast reunited for a theatre show and radio broadcast, and in 2005, Gerard Kelly presented a documentary for the Radio Roots season on BBC Radio Scotland, looking at how the series "sprouted a generation of TV writing and performing talent".

Regular characters
Naked Video featured many characters (most of which were one-offs) but some of the recurring ones were:
 * Rab C. Nesbitt (Gregor Fisher, Series 1–4): A stereotypical Glaswegian alcoholic, dressed in a string vest, a pinstripe suit and a grubby headband covering a shrapnel wound. He was arguably the most popular character (his wife Mary Nesbitt, played by Elaine C. Smith, and his neighbour "Jamesy" Cotter, played by Tony Roper, also first appeared in this series) and he later went on to receive his own series in 1988 (which was produced and directed by Colin Gilbert, and written by Ian Pattison) which became a successful sitcom (however, his sons, Gash and Burney Nesbitt, did not appear in Series 4).
 * The Baldy Man (Gregor Fisher): A vain halfwit who has only a few strands of hair across his head. The character later went on to receive his own series on ITV in 1995, produced and directed by Colin Gilbert, who also worked with Fisher on Rab C. Nesbitt.
 * Drunk Sloane (Helen Lederer): An attractive, but stupid, woman who props up a wine bar and delivers monologues to the camera.
 * Bitter Divorcee Lizzie (Elaine C. Smith): An attractive thirty-something woman who, like Drunk Sloane, delivers monologues to the camera about her divorce from her husband (whom she had given the nickname "Fast Eddy"), only from her bedroom as opposed to a wine bar.
 * Highlander Angus (Gregor Fisher, Series 3–5): A Gaelic television presenter for the "Outer Hebrides Broadcasting Corporation" who made up news headlines for clips of real-world footage (in one episode, he also held a phone-in competition to win an OHBC vest). He replaced the two presenters (played by Andy Gray and Helen Lederer) who introduced each episode of Series 1 and 2.
 * Bernard and Miriam (Gregor Fisher and Helen Lederer, Series 3–5): A repressed middle-aged couple. In one episode, Bernard made an electric chair for Miriam's mother, and when Miriam took offence, she put Bernard into it and electrified him (but it did not kill him).
 * Siadwell (John Sparkes): A naive young Welsh poet delivering monologues from his bedroom. At the end of the third series, he was killed off, after willingly drinking himself to death.

Episodes
A total of thirty 25-minute episodes were produced over five six-episode series. The third series was also produced in 1988 prior to the pilot episode of Rab C. Nesbitt (as evidenced by a VHS tape named "Mary and Jim's Wedding, 2nd November 1988" which dropped out of a Polaroid camera and had an "18" sticker placed on it at the end of its third episode), but it was not transmitted until 19 January 1989. On 17 July 2006, Series 1 was released on DVD by BBC Worldwide and 2Entertain, followed by Series 2 on 9 October of the same year, and Series 3 on 29 January 2007. As of 2021, Series 4 and 5 have not been released, whilst series 1-3 have been discontinued and are hard to locate.

title: Naked Video


text:
U.S. Route 89

U.S. Route 89 (US 89) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway with two sections, and one former section. The southern section runs for 848 mi from Flagstaff, Arizona, to the southern entrance of Yellowstone National Park. The northern section runs for 404 mi from the northern entrance of Yellowstone National Park in Montana, ending at the Canadian border. Unnumbered roads through Yellowstone connect the two sections. Before 1992, US 89 was a Canada–Mexico, border-to-border highway that ended at Nogales, Arizona, on its southern end.

Sometimes called the National Park Highway, US 89 links seven national parks across the Mountain West. In addition, 14 other national park areas, mostly national monuments, are also reachable from this backbone through the Colorado Plateau, Wasatch Mountains and northern Rockies.

National Geographic named US Route 89 the No. 1 Driver's Drive in the world.

Arizona
US 89 begins at Flagstaff, Arizona. The highway proceeds north passing near Grand Canyon National Park and through the Navajo Nation. Near the Utah state line, the highway splits into US 89 and US 89A. The alternate is the original highway; what is now the main highway was constructed in the 1960s to serve the Glen Canyon Dam and Page. The main branch passes over the Colorado River just south of the dam and Lake Powell and then enters Utah. The US 89A branch turns westward and crosses the Colorado River via the Navajo Bridge at Marble Canyon near Lees Ferry. It then climbs on to the Kaibab Plateau, connecting with Arizona State Route 67 at Jacob Lake which provides access to the North Rim of the Grand Canyon. Just before entering Utah, a junction with Arizona State Route 389 in Fredonia serves the Pipe Spring National Monument. The two highways rejoin in Kanab, Utah.

Historically, the route extended south to Nogales and served numerous sites of the National Park System in Arizona. Just north of the Mexican border is the Tumacacori National Monument (now Tumacacori National Historical Park), while further north Saguaro National Monument (now Saguaro National Park) in Tucson was reached. Short links took motorists to the Casa Grande National Monument and the Hohokam Pima National Monument south of Phoenix. In the vicinity of Flagstaff there is a quartet of parks: Tuzigoot National Monument, Walnut Canyon National Monument, Sunset Crater National Monument, and Wupatki National Monument. North of Flagstaff, US 89 offers access to both the South Rim and North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park.

Utah
The first city in Utah along either US 89 or US 89A is Kanab where the two routes re-unite. From Kanab US 89 proceeds north passing by Zion National Park, Cedar Breaks National Monument, and Bryce Canyon National Park. It eventually enters Sevier County and the Sanpete Valleys. The highway then passes by Thistle, a ghost town that was destroyed by a lake resulting from a landslide in 1983. The highway then enters the Wasatch Front where US 89 becomes State Street, the main street for many cities in Utah and Salt Lake Counties. The highway is also often in the shadows of Interstate 15 (I-15) during its route along the Wasatch Front. US 89 runs concurrently with I-15 from Bountiful to Farmington, where it departs and runs at the base of the Wasatch Mountains until it reaches Ogden. In Ogden, the highway is Washington Boulevard. From Ogden the highway runs north until it meets US 91 at Brigham City, where it turns east to serve Cache Valley and Logan, concurrent with US 91. In Logan, US 89 forms the southern portion of Main Street before splitting off to the east, passing by the campus of the Utah State University. The highway next proceeds up Logan Canyon to Bear Lake where the highway exits Utah.

Two sections of US 89 in Utah have been designated Scenic Byways. The Kanab to Mt. Carmel and Long Valley Scenic Byway is a designated Utah Scenic Byway. The segment from Logan to Bear Lake is designated as the Logan Canyon Scenic Byway by the National Scenic Byways project.

The section of US 89 in Utah, other than concurrencies with I-70, I-15, US 6, and US 91, is defined in the Utah Code Annotated § 72-4-114(8).

Utah is dominated by the Colorado Plateau. Along US 89 are Zion National Park, Bryce Canyon National Park, and Cedar Breaks National Monument. Although not readily adjacent to US 89, Capitol Reef National Park is accessible from US 89. US 89 leaves northern Utah well north of Salt Lake City and Timpanogos Cave National Monument and the Golden Spike National Historic Site.

Idaho
In Idaho, the highway partially circumnavigates Bear Lake, which straddles the Utah–Idaho state line.

Wyoming
In Wyoming, US 89 passes through many scenic sites including Grand Teton National Park, the Jackson Hole valley, the Snake River Canyon, and Star Valley.

Passing northward along the western border of Wyoming with Idaho, US 89 enters the Grand Teton National Park. Here, US 89 is the backbone visitor highway for two U.S. National Parks. Leaving the Tetons, the road enters a lesser known park, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, before ending at the South Entrance of Yellowstone National Park. While US 89 and other U.S. Routes are officially discontinuous through the park, some commercially produced maps show these highways running inside Yellowstone National Park itself along its unnumbered roads and across the Wyoming–Montana state line.

Montana
US 89 enters Montana at the North Entrance of Yellowstone National Park. It traverses the width of the state before approaching Glacier National Park. At St. Mary, Montana, US 89 is the access highway to Glacier Route One, also known as the Going-to-the-Sun Road.

The Kings Hill Scenic Byway passes through the Little Belt Mountains in the Lewis and Clark National Forest in Montana. The route is home to a wide variety of wildlife and provides many recreational opportunities for travelers on the route. The byway is a 71 mi route that begins on US 89 at its junction with US 12. From the junction of the byway it travels north through the Lewis and Clark National Forest through the communities of Neihart and Monarch and on to its junction with US 87. The route offers access to the Showdown Ski Area and Sluice Boxes State Park. The route travels over the Kings Hill Pass which snow removal crews work to keep open throughout the winter season.

The northern terminus of US 89 is at the Canadian border. There, the highway continues into Canada as Alberta Highway 2.

History
When US 89 was first created, it ran as far north as Spanish Fork, Utah. This was the case until 1934, when it was extended to more or less of its current alignment up to the Piegan Port of Entry north of Babb, Montana.

North of Great Falls, Montana, US 89's current route was originally numbered as US 87 until 1934. After US 89 took over that route, US 87 ended in Great Falls until 1945, when it was extended to its current northern terminus near Havre, Montana.

Prior to 1992, the southern terminus of US 89 was at Nogales, Arizona, and the highway proceeded to Flagstaff, Arizona, along what is now I-19, State Route 79, US 60, US 93, and State Route 89 between Prescott and Flagstaff via Williams. In addition, there was another US 89A in Arizona between Prescott and Flagstaff via Sedona on which is now State Route 89A.

In central Arizona, the need for a north–south U.S. Highway was largely superseded by the completion of I-17, which now carries the bulk of the traffic and all of the heavy trucks along this north–south corridor. I-17 connects I-40 in Flagstaff with I-10 in Phoenix, Arizona, along a very hilly route that also passes through the Verde Valley.

US 89 in central Utah was discontinuous for most of 1983 due to a landslide that destroyed the town of Thistle and closed the highway for about eight months.

From early 2013 to mid 2015, US 89 was closed approximately 25 mi south of Page, due to a geological event that caused the roadway to buckle and subside. Traffic was being re-routed via 45 mi of secondary and tertiary roads on the Navajo Nation. US 89T opened on August 29, 2013, a 28 mi paved portion of a Navajo route to serve as a long-term bypass of the closed section.

Major intersections

 * Southern segment
 * Arizona
 * in Flagstaff
 * west-southwest of Tuba City

 * Utah
 * north-northeast of Sevier. The highways travel concurrently to Salina.
 * in Salina. US 50/US 89 travels concurrently through Salina.
 * east-northeast of Thistle. The highways travel concurrently to Spanish Fork.
 * in Provo
 * in Lehi. The highways travel concurrently to Draper.
 * in Murray
 * in South Salt Lake
 * in Salt Lake City
 * in North Salt Lake
 * on the West Bountiful–Bountiful city line. The highways travel concurrently to Farmington.
 * south-southeast of Uintah
 * in Brigham City. The highways travel concurrently to Logan.

 * Idaho
 * in Montpelier. The highways travel concurrently through Montpelier.

 * Wyoming
 * on the Alpine Northwest–Alpine Northeast line. The highways travel concurrently to Moran.
 * in Hoback Junction. US 89/US 189 travels concurrently to Jackson. US 89/US 191 travels concurrently to the southern entrance to Yellowstone National Park north-northwest of Colter Bay Village.
 * in Moran. US 89/US 287 travels concurrently to the southern entrance to Yellowstone National Park north-northwest of Colter Bay Village.

 * Yellowstone National Park segment (unofficial designation)
 * travels concurrently from the park's southern entrance to north-northwest of West Thumb.
 * in West Thumb. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of West Thumb.
 * in West Thumb.

 * Northern segment
 * Montana
 * The northern entrance to Yellowstone National Park south of Gardiner
 * in Livingston. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Livingston.
 * south of White Sulphur Springs. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of White Sulphur Springs.
 * south-southeast of Armington. The highways travel concurrently to Great Falls.
 * in Great Falls. The highways travel concurrently through Great Falls.
 * in Great Falls. I-15/US 89 travels concurrently to northeast of Vaughn.
 * in Choteau
 * southeast of South Browning. The highways travel concurrently to South Browning.
 * at the Canada–United States border north-northeast of Babb

title: U.S. Route 89


text:
Stephen Frears

Sir Stephen Arthur Frears (born 20 June 1941) is a British director and producer of film and television, often depicting real life stories as well as projects that explore social class through sharply-drawn characters. He has received numerous accolades including three BAFTA Awards, and a Primetime Emmy Award as well as nominations for two Academy Awards. In 2008, The Daily Telegraph named Frears among the 100 most influential people in British culture. In 2009, he received the Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. He received a knighthood in 2023 for his contributions to the film and television industries.

Born in Leicester and educated at Gresham's School and Trinity College, Cambridge, Frears started his career working as an assistant director in theatre and film while directing many television plays. Frears directed his debut feature film Gumshoe in 1971 and received critical acclaim for his films in the 1980s such as My Beautiful Laundrette (1985), Prick Up Your Ears (1987), and Dangerous Liaisons (1988). He also received two Academy Award nominations for directing The Grifters (1990) and The Queen (2006).

Frears is also known for his work on various television programmes, including the television films Fail Safe (2000), The Deal (2003), and Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight (2013). He directed the Jeremy Thorpe BBC One biographical miniseries A Very English Scandal (2018), for which he earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination.

Early life and education
Frears was born on 20 June 1941 in Leicester, England. His mother, Ruth M. (née Danziger), was a social worker, and his father, Russell E. Frears, was a general practitioner and accountant. Frears was brought up Anglican. He did not learn that his mother was Jewish until he was in his late 20s.

From 1954 to 1959, Frears was educated at Gresham's School, an independent boarding school for boys (now co-educational) in the market town of Holt in Norfolk. This was followed by Trinity College, Cambridge, where he earned a BA Law.

Early career
At the University of Cambridge, Frears was assistant stage manager for the 1963 footlights Revue, which starred Tim Brooke-Taylor, John Cleese, Bill Oddie and David Hatch. After graduating from the university, Frears worked as an assistant director on the films Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment (1966), directed by Karel Reisz, and if.... (1968), directed by Lindsay Anderson. Frears also worked with Albert Finney on Charlie Bubbles (1968).

With Finney's company Memorial Productions, Frears made The Burning, a 31-minute adaptation of a short story by Roland Starke. Although set in South Africa, it was filmed in Tangier. It was released theatrically attached to François Truffaut's The Bride Wore Black.

Frears spent most of his early directing career in television, mainly for the BBC but also for the commercial sector. He contributed to several anthology series, such as the BBC's Play for Today. He also produced a series of Alan Bennett's plays for LWT, including The Old Crowd (1979, director: Lindsay Anderson). His directorial film debut was the noir detective spoof Gumshoe (1971).

1980s
In the late 1980s, Frears came to international attention as a director of feature films. In 1985, Frears found widespread acclaim with My Beautiful Laundrette. Based on Hanif Kureishi's screenplay, the film focuses on an interracial gay romance. It received an Academy Award nomination and two nominations for BAFTA Awards. The success of the film helped launch the careers of both Frears and actor Daniel Day-Lewis.

Frears worked with Adrian Edmondson on Mr Jolly Lives Next Door, a 45-minute programme starring Peter Cook in The Comic Strip Presents television comedy series that aired on Channel Four in 1988. In 1985, Frears had also directed a Comic Strip parody of Daphne Du Maurier's 1938 novel Rebecca.

Frears next directed the Joe Orton biopic Prick Up Your Ears (1987), a collaboration with playwright Alan Bennett. His second film adapted from a Kureishi screenplay was Sammy and Rosie Get Laid (1987).

In 1988, Frears directed Dangerous Liaisons to widespread critical acclaim. The film was shot in France, with a cast that included Americans Glenn Close, John Malkovich, and Michelle Pfeiffer, and Uma Thurman. Based on the late 18th-century French novel of romantic game-playing and adapted by Christopher Hampton, the film received seven Academy Award nominations. These included for Best Picture and Best Actress for Glenn Close and Best Supporting Actress for Michelle Pfeiffer. The film also received ten British Academy Film Award nominations, including for Frears for Best Direction.

1990s
In 1990, Frears directed the neo-noir crime thriller The Grifters, starring John Cusack, Anjelica Huston, and Annette Bening. Martin Scorsese served as a producer on the film. The film won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Film, and was declared one of the Top 10 films of 1990 by The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. Frears was also nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best Direction and the US Academy Award for Best Director.

In 1992, Frears directed the comedy drama Hero, released in the United Kingdom as Accidental Hero. The film starred Dustin Hoffman, Geena Davis, Andy Garcia, and Joan Cusack. Many critics compared the film to those of Preston Sturges and Frank Capra, as did Roger Ebert, who wrote, "It [the film] has all the ingredients for a terrific entertainment, but it lingers over the kinds of details that belong in a different kind of movie. It comes out of the tradition of those rat-a-tat Preston Sturges comedies of the 1940s." While the film was met with generally positive critical reviews, it was not a box office success. Columbia Pictures lost $25.6 million.

Frears has also directed two films adapted from novels by Roddy Doyle, The Snapper (1993) and The Van (1996). Frears's other films include the horror film Mary Reilly and the Western The Hi-Lo Country (1998).

2000s
In 2000, Frears directed High Fidelity starring John Cusack, Jack Black, Lisa Bonet, and Joan Cusack. The film is based on the 1995 British novel of the same name by Nick Hornby. It is set in Chicago rather than London, and the name of the lead character was changed. After seeing the film, Hornby expressed his happiness with Cusack's performance, saying that "at times, it appears to be a film in which John Cusack reads my book".

The film received positive reviews from critics and has a score of 91% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 165 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The critical consensus states: "The deft hand of director Stephen Frears and strong performances by the ensemble cast combine to tell an entertaining story with a rock-solid soundtrack."

In 2002, Frears directed social thriller, Dirty Pretty Things, a film about two immigrants living in London. The film starred Audrey Tautou, and Chiwetel Ejiofor. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. It won a British Independent Film Award for Best Independent British Film in 2003. For his performance as Okwe, Chiwetel Ejiofor won the 2003 British Independent Film Award for Best Actor.

In 2003, Frears was attached to direct the James Bond spin-off Jinx, featuring Halle Berry as her character from Die Another Day (2002) co-starring with Michael Madsen and Javier Bardem. Neal Purvis and Robert Wade were scheduled to return to write the screenplay, and Wade described it as "a very atmospheric, Euro thriller, a Bourne-type movie". Producer Barbara Broccoli described it as the beginning of a "Winter Olympics"-style alternative to the conventional Bond films. However, the project was cancelled due to "creative differences" between Eon Productions and MGM, and in order to focus on the reboot of the series with Casino Royale (2006).

In 2003, Frears returned to directing for television with The Deal (2003), which depicts an alleged deal between Tony Blair and Gordon Brown over which of them should become leader of the Labour Party in 1994. Michael Sheen portrayed Tony Blair to great acclaim. In 2005, Frears directed the British theatre comedy Mrs Henderson Presents starring Judi Dench, Bob Hoskins. The film was praised for its performances by Dench and Hoskins, with Dench receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.

Frears’s next film project was The Queen (2006), a film that depicts the death of Princess Diana on 31 August 1997, and the reaction of members of the monarchy and the public. The film premiered at the Venice Film Festival, where Mirren won Best Actress and Peter Morgan won Best Screenplay. Frears was nominated for the Golden Lion. When released within the United States, the film achieved box-office success and awards. At the Academy Awards, Frears received his second Academy Award nomination for best direction. Helen Mirren won numerous awards for playing the title role, including the Academy Award for Best Actress.

2010s
Frears holds the "David Lean Chair in Fiction Direction" at the National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield, where he teaches.

In 2013, Frears directed the drama, Philomena (2013), which was based on the book The Lost Child of Philomena Lee (2009) by journalist Martin Sixsmith. This explored the story of Philomena Lee's 50-year search for her son, who was taken from her when she was a young unwed mother at a Catholic convent, and adopted by an American family. It also recounted Sixsmith's efforts to help her find the son. The film starred Judi Dench and Steve Coogan.

The film premiered at the 70th Venice International Film Festival to great acclaim and writers Jeff Pope and Steve Coogan won the best screenplay award for the film. The film won the People's Choice Award Runner-Up prize at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was nominated for four Oscars at the 86th Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Actress (for Dench), and Best Original Score. It was also nominated for four British Academy Film Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. The same year, HBO released Frears's television drama Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight, starring Christopher Plummer and Frank Langella. It explores the United States Supreme Court deliberation over banning Muhammad Ali from boxing for refusing to serve in the US Army during the Vietnam War.

Frears directed a biopic of cycling champion Lance Armstrong, The Program, starring Ben Foster, which premiered in the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. Many of Frears's films are based on stories of living persons, but he has never sought to meet any of his subjects. National Life Stories conducted an oral history interview (C1316/07) with Stephen Frears in 2008 for its The Legacy of the English Stage Company collection held by the British Library.

In 2016, Frears directed the film, Florence Foster Jenkins, starring Meryl Streep. The title character is a New York heiress known as an aspiring opera singer despite her poor singing abilities. Hugh Grant plays her manager and long-time companion, St. Clair Bayfield. Other cast members include Simon Helberg, Rebecca Ferguson, and Nina Arianda. The film was a critical and commercial success, with many praising Streep and Grant for their performances.

At the 89th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Costume Design and earned Streep her 20th nomination for Best Actress. It received four Golden Globe nominations, including Best Picture in a Comedy or Musical. In 2017, Frears reunited with Judi Dench, this time in Victoria & Abdul, about the real-life relationship between Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and her Indian Muslim servant Abdul Karim. The film also stars Ali Fazal, Michael Gambon, Eddie Izzard, Tim Pigott-Smith (in his final film role), and Adeel Akhtar. The film had its world premiere at the 74th Venice Film Festival, and was theatrically released on 15 September 2017 in the United Kingdom. It has grossed more than $65 million worldwide.

In 2018, Frears returned to the limited series with A Very English Scandal, which premiered on BBC One and later on Amazon Prime. The project is a three-part 2018 British television comedy-drama miniseries based on John Preston's 2016 book of the same name. It is a dramatisation of the 1976–1979 Jeremy Thorpe scandal and more than 15 years of events leading up to it. The series stars Hugh Grant as the politician Jeremy Thorpe, and Ben Whishaw as his lover Norman Scott. The limited series gained great acclaim in both the United Kingdom and the United States. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 97% based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 9.05/10. Rotten Tomatoes's critical consensus reads, "Hugh Grant and Ben Whishaw impress in A Very English Scandal, an equally absorbing and appalling look at British politics and society". Grant received Primetime Emmy Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, Golden Globe Award, British Academy Television Award, and Critics Choice Award nominations for his performance while Whishaw earned an Emmy, and BAFTA win.

In 2022, it was reported that Frears would be directing a film about Billy Wilder titled Wilder & Me. An adaptation by Christopher Hampton of the novel Mr Wilder and Me (2020) by Jonathan Coe, the film is scheduled to begin shooting in early 2025, produced by Jeremy Thomas.

Personal life
In 1968, Frears married Mary-Kay Wilmers, with whom he had two sons, Sam and Will. The couple divorced in the early 1970s. Will Frears became a stage and film director.

Early in his career, Frears made a programme featuring the band the Scaffold. He is name-checked ("Mr Frears had sticky-out ears...") in their hit song "Lily the Pink".

Frears lived in London with Anne Rothenstein and their two children.

Frears was knighted in the 2023 Birthday Honours for services to film and television.

Political views
A convinced republican, in April 2015, Frears was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of Caroline Lucas at the 2015 general election, but not other Green Party candidates.

In December 2019, along with 42 other leading cultural figures, Frears signed a letter endorsing the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership in the 2019 general election.

Television
TV movies

TV series

Miniseries

Awards and honours
Over his career, Frears has amassed numerous awards and nominations, including two Academy Award nominations, four Primetime Emmy Award nominations (one win), a Golden Globe Award nomination, and 17 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award nominations (three wins).

In 1990, Frears earned his first Academy Award nomination for directing the film The Grifters. In 2006, he earned his second nomination for The Queen. At the Primetime Emmy Awards, he was nominated for Fail Safe (2000), Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight (2013), and A Very English Scandal (2019), before winning for State of the Union (2019). He has also been acknowledged by the Cannes, Berlin, Venice, and Toronto film festivals.

Honors include:
 * 2006: Golden Eye Award for Lifetime Achievement at Zurich Film Festival
 * 2009: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 * 2014: Golden Duke for Lifetime Achievement of the 5th Odesa International Film Festival
 * Honorary Associate of London Film School

title: Stephen Frears


text:
Talk:List of riots

Delete this Page
There's nothing wrong with it except it is so incomplete it is meaningless. There were so many riots in London, the phrase "King Mob" was invented. The Chinese had so many (really huge) riots, they invented a special weapon to deal with them. The listing of the Japanese "rice riots" gives the impression they only happened occasionally - nuts they happened regularly for over a thousand (more?) years. The "impressment riots" (depends on your definition of riot) of the British Navy Press Gangs is just the easiest to document of similar riots from the entire world including some in Africa that didn't even have a central govenment.

The least we can do is be honest enough to change the name to something like "A list of riots researched in english in one short afternoon". 'cause that's about what it is.67.166.148.125 21:35, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

This list includes only two of the hundreds (more?) of "town versus gown" riots of over 400 years of European history. It does not seem to include any of the student riots of Imperial China that happened regularly every year after the "qualification tests" (title?) for imperial placement.67.161.177.2 20:39, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Most contries have specific definitions of riots and also keep records of these events that are to be distinguished from unlawfull protests. As a historico-political event of significant magnitude, it is relevent to keep a record of those in an encyclopedic matter as well as the historical documentation that describes them. Your argument proposes we switch the name of the list from list of riots to list of known riots. As the page will grow, we will eventually separate the list in different pages according to historical periods and/or geographical regions

Other Riots
Added 2001 Cincinnati Riots and the Whig riot of 1840's. I have no details on the Whig riot except it's mentioned in the article concerning the Second Bank of the United States article. I'm not even sure if it was referred to as the "Whig riot" so if anyone can add depth to the article, or give it a more appropirate name, that'd be appreciated

--Duemellon 17:24, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Added the Boston Massacre to the list of riots

--Henrybaker 03:54, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Was there a 1979 riot at a "Who" concert in Cincinnati? -- Jokes Free4Me 17:51, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

"1961 - Berlin Wall Riots" ??? quotation plz. Imho the only riot with the Berlin Wall involved was the "Mauerfall" on 09.11.1989 83.176.132.154 03:34, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Not true. Berlin citizens did clash with the Soviet-created Vopos as the wall was being built around West Berlin. This is a known fact. ---User:DanTD (talk) 18:35, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

Problems
Okay, I think we need a universal definition of "riot." I was tempted to remove several items on this list - Seattle, Genoa, etc. - because my idea of a riot is people indiscriminately destroying property, looting, for its own sake. The only thing close to a "riot" in Seattle was the black blocs smashing windows, but it was quite planned out with very specific targets: Starbucks, McDonalds, etc. for political reasons. People robbing a jewelry store and flipping cars over for the hell of it is an entirely different story. I somehow doubt anyone's going to read this, though, haha --Tothebarricades.tk 00:36, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The definition of a "riot" seems to differ country to country however I belive this list includes all riots, defined as a large amount of people committing violent acts (vandalism, assault, etc.), regardless of motivating factors. There's certainly a huge distinction between rioting and unlawful assembly which would probably be a good idea to clarify. 209.213.71.78 22:24, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

We really do need some clarification. For example the 1968 Democratic National Convention "riots" were mainly a police riot against unruly, but non-violent demonstrators; the Romanian Revolution of 1989 was quite a few things (it may have been two or more rival coup attempts mixed with street protests and military or Securitate violence), but it doesn't particularly seem to have been a riot, certainly less so than the Storming of the Bastille, which is not on the list. Etc. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:50, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Gothenburg riots
There was som riots in Gothenburg in Sweden a couple of years ago (i do not know exactly when).

 * Are you refering to the 2001 Gothenburg Riot ? I believe that was a demonstration against the EU Gothenburg Convention if I'm not mistaken. 209.213.71.78 22:28, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Yet more riots
http://www.adena.com/adena/usa/rv/rv005.htm

seems to list a bunch of American riots not on the list. I am not in a position to research these. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.11.214 (talk • contribs)

Need to list more international
That raises a good point. We seem to be missing a lot of recent riot occurences. For example, a casual wikipedia observer would get the impression that within this decade there have been as many unique riots in Sydney as their have been riots in North America. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.31.61.93 (talk • contribs)

Ireland
Missing lots of riots in Northern Ireland.

Battle of the Bogside etc...

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.232.34.199 (talk • contribs)

I've included the Battle OF the Bogside.

Roman Election Riots
The list as I found it included "Roman Election Riots of 121 BC" and "Roman Election Riots of 113 BC". In an admittedly cursory internet search, I find no corroboration of any such riots. I do, however, find the following incidents related to Roman elections of that period:

In 132 BC, a group of Roman senators led by Scipio Nasica attacked and killed Tiberius Gracchus and followers at an election rally. The Wikipedia identifies Scipio Nasica as Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio.

In 122 BC, a military force led by Lucius Opimius attacked protesters led by Gaius Gracchus. Many protesters were killed and Gracchus committed suicide to avoid apprehension.

I can only surmise that these incidents may have been the intended subject of the original entries. In the accounts I have found, these incidents are portrayed as politically motivated massacres, not as the quellings of riots, so I will construe them as such.

Pending further investigation, I am removing the "Roman Election Riots of 121 BC" and "Roman Election Riots of 113 BC", and adding the above incidents to the List of massacres.

We got a VERY serious problem: ex. The Peoples Republic of China puts down riots (as defined by their law) approximately 100 times a day. This list is going to get a LOT longer (if the Chinese permit someone access to their state security records).24.10.102.199 01:05, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

removed from Race riot
the list below is removed from Race riot article. It must be either incorporated here. Possibly a new article, List of riots by country, may be created (the List of riots is a common chronological one). `'Míkka 19:12, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Australia

 * Burrangong (1860-1861) - Lambing Flat riots
 * Broome (1905,1914,1920) - Broome riots
 * Redfern (2004) - Redfern riots
 * Palm Island (2004) - Palm Island death in custody riot
 * Sydney (2005) - 2005 Cronulla riots

Belgium

 * Brussels (2006) - 2006 Brussels riots

Canada

 * Toronto (1933) - Christie Pits Race Riot

Estonia

 * Tallinn (2007) - Bronze Soldier of Tallinn riots

France

 * Nationwide (2005) - 2005 French Civil Unrest

Indonesia

 * Jakarta, Surakarta (1998) - Jakarta Riots of May 1998

Malaysia
butt
 * Kuala Lumpur (1969) - May 13th Incident

Rhodesia

 * Kananga (1925) - Kananga Riot of 1925

South Africa
The article on Xenophobia in South Africa lists a number of xenophobic motivated riots to occure in the country since 1994. I have added a few of the most notable ones to the list already but there are many more that still need to be added.--Discott (talk) 18:22, 7 March 2020 (UTC)

Singapore

 * Singapore (1950) - Maria Hertogh riots
 * Singapore (1964) - 1964 Race Riots
 * Singapore (1969) - 1969 Race Riots of Singapore

United Kingdom

 * Cardiff (1919) - Cardiff riots 1919
 * London (1958) - Notting Hill
 * Bristol (1980) - St Pauls riot
 * London (April 1981) - Brixton riot (1981)
 * Liverpool (July 1981) - Toxteth Race Riot
 * Birmingham (July 1981, 1985) - Handsworth Riots
 * Leeds (1981) - Chapeltown riot (1981)
 * Manchester (1981) - Moss Side
 * London (1985) - Peckham riot
 * London (September 1985) - Brixton riot (1985)
 * London (October 1985) - Broadwater Farm riot
 * Leeds (1987) - Chapeltown riot (1987)
 * Dewsbury (1989) - Dewsbury riot
 * London (1995) - Brixton riot (1995)
 * Oldham (May 2001) - Oldham Riots
 * Burnley (June 2001) - Burnley Riots
 * Bradford (July 2001) - Bradford Riot
 * Leeds (2001) - Harehills riot
 * Birmingham (2005) - 2005 Birmingham Riot
 * Dewsbury (2006)- Dewsbury/Ravensthorpe, Tension Between Asian youths & Iraqis

See also Rivers of Blood

United States
So when the Irish were fighting each other in the streets, it was racial?Aaaronsmith (talk) 03:46, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Nativist Period 1700's-1860

 * 1829: Cincinnati, Ohio Riots begun by Whites to terrorize the Black community resulted in thousands of Blacks leaving for Canada.
 * 1829: Charlestown Anti-Catholic Riots
 * 1834: Massachusetts Convent Burning
 * 1835: Five Points Riot
 * 1836: Cincinnati, Ohio A pro-slavery riot took place
 * 1841: Cincinnati, Ohio White Irish-descendant and Irish immigrant dock workers rioted against Black dock workers. When the Black dock workers banded together to defend their community from the approaching Whites, the White rioters retreated and then commandeered a 6-pound cannon and shot it through the streets of Cincinnati.
 * 1844: Philadelphia Anti-Catholic Riots (May 6-8/July 5-8)
 * 1849: Astor Place Riot
 * 1851: Hoboken Anti-German Riot
 * 1855: Louisville Anti-German Riots

Civil War Period 1861-1865

 * 1863: New York City Draft Riot

Reconstruction Period: 1865 - 1877

 * 1866: New Orleans, Louisiana
 * 1866: Memphis, Tennessee
 * 1868: Pulaski, Tennessee
 * 1868: Opelousas, Louisiana
 * 1868: Camilla, Georgia
 * 1870: Meridian, Mississippi
 * 1870: Eutaw, Alabama
 * 1870: Laurens, South Carolina
 * 1870: New York City Orange Riot
 * 1871: Second New York City Orange Riot
 * 1871: Los Angeles Anti-Chinese Riot
 * 1891: New Orleans Anti-Italian Riot
 * 1873: Colfax, Louisiana
 * 1874: Vicksburg, Mississippi
 * 1874: New Orleans, Louisiana
 * 1874: Coushatta, Louisiana
 * 1875: Yazoo City, Mississippi
 * 1875: Clinton, Mississippi
 * 1876: Hamburg, South Carolina
 * 1876: Ellenton, South Carolina

Jim Crow Period: 1890 - 1914

 * 1898: Wilmington Race Riot
 * 1898: Lake City, North Carolina
 * 1898: Greenwood County, South Carolina
 * 1900: New Orleans, Louisiana : Robert Charles Riots
 * 1900: New York City, New York
 * 1906: Atlanta, Georgia
 * 1906: Brownsville, Texas
 * 1908: Springfield, Illinois
 * 1910: Nationwide riots following the heavyweight championship fight between Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries in Reno, Nevada on July 4

War and Inter-War Period: 1914 - 1945

 * 1917: East St. Louis -1917 East St. Louis Riot
 * 1917: Chester, Pennsylvania
 * 1917: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * 1917: Houston Riot (1917)
 * Red Summer of 1919
 * 1919: Washington, D.C.
 * 1919: Chicago, Illinois
 * 1919: Omaha, Nebraska
 * 1919: Charleston, South Carolina
 * 1919: Longview, Texas
 * 1919: Knoxville, Tenn - 1919 Knoxville Riot
 * 1919: Elaine, Arkansas
 * 1920: Tulsa, OK - Lynching of Roy Belton
 * 1921: Tulsa OK - Tulsa Race Riot of 1921
 * 1923: Rosewood, Florida
 * 1935: Harlem Race Riot
 * 1943: Detroit Race Riot
 * 1943: Beaumont Race Riot of 1943
 * 1943: Harlem Race Riot
 * 1943: Zoot Suit Riots, Los Angeles, California

Postwar era: 1946 - 1954

 * 1946: Columbia, TN Riot

Civil Rights and Black Power Movement's Period: 1955 - 1977

 * 1958: Battle of Hayes Pond
 * 1964: Philadelphia, PA
 * 1964: Harlem, NY
 * 1965: Watts
 * 1966: Hough Riots, Cleveland, Ohio
 * 1966: North Omaha, Nebraska
 * 1967: Detroit
 * 1967: Milwaukee
 * 1967: Newark
 * 1968: Nationwide riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
 * 1969: York, Pennsylvania race riots
 * 1970: Jackson State killings
 * 1971: Camden, N.J. (1971) - Camden Riots
 * 1972-1977: Escambia High riots in Pensacola, Florida

Modern

 * 1980: Miami riot
 * 1980: Chattanooga riot
 * 1992: Los Angeles riots: In a reaction to the acquittal of all LA police officers involved in the videotaped beating of Rodney King; riots broke out mainly involving Black youth in the Black neighborhood.
 * 1992: crown heights riot, Brooklyn, New York
 * 2001: Cincinnati riots: In a reaction to the acquittal of Steven Roach after the fatal shooting of an unarmed young Black male, Timothy Thomas, during a foot pursuit, riots broke out over the span of a few days.

 * I can think of a few others;

 * 1982: Anti-Portuguese Riot in Fall River, Massachusetts
 * 1986 or 1987: Latino riots in Perth Amboy, New Jersey
 * 1999 Uprising at an unscrupulous mental institution/dumping ground for teenagers in Largo, Florida —Preceding unsigned comment added by DanTD (talk • contribs) 13:36, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Oops! I thought I signed this. Sorry. DanTD 14:00, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

This page is a poor joke
Just a casual glance shows before 1881 we do not have one single riot that isn't (un PC comment here) whites. Bluntly I don't think so.

That's just what I spotted with a quick glance. I won't waste my time trying to fix a PC joke.67.161.166.20 01:06, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Regarding Northern Ireland
I have noticed that this has been mentioned before, but there are so many riots missing that accured in Northern Ireland. For example Drumcree is missing and many more.

(Paddy 00:08, 6 March 2008 (UTC))

Phil5329
You misunderstood. The note was for the readers. The editors already know the page is bad.Aaaronsmith (talk) 18:35, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Yes Phil5329, I DO see disclaimers on other wiki pages.Aaaronsmith (talk) 01:24, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Since you don't like the way I have tried to inform the reader of the article's bias, why don't you come up with a way to explain a 2000% error? This is not a rhetorical question. If you can't do it, please let someone who's at least willing to try make the attempt.Aaaronsmith (talk) 01:31, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Problem
Interesting observation: The legal system I am most familiar with defines a "riot" as any public disturbance involving 4 or more people and it can be prosecuted as the crime of riot. At 3 or less, it's only "disturbing the peace".Aaaronsmith (talk) 19:41, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Chinese imperial official examinations
The chinese beuracracy has had placement by exam for thousands of years. Only about 1 in 20 of the test takers got jobs. Every city that had the tests had riots after every test. For a total of (maybe?) 5 or 10 thousand riots overall?24.10.111.154 (talk) 05:52, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Really really incomplete
We seem to have missed all of the riots in Berkeley, Calif. USA. Most of the simultaneous riots of the Haight Ashbury, San Francisco, USA. And a whole bunch of college (university actually) riots that also took place at the same time. Two of which I am personally involved on the campus of the University of California at Los Angeles. And, unless I scanned too fast, not one single riot from the prisons of Mexico.24.10.111.154 (talk) 06:03, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

I'm already as bored pointing out the mistakes as you are reading them.

Is it just my imagination or did we miss 15 or so riots by Muslim "youth" in France in the last decade?24.10.111.154 (talk) 06:12, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

The French wine growers are rioting - today.Aaaronsmith (talk) 18:36, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

An idea
Perhaps we could edit this page to be list of NOTABLE riots? And then instead of adding an infinite amount of riots we could subtract some instead? -Phil5329 (talk) 21:47, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Missing riots
Just stumbled across this site:

http://maggiesfarm.anotherdotcom.com/archives/4701-Banned-in-China.html

Basically claims 74,000 riots in China in the last few years.

Now, I wonder, if the chinese can keep the MSM from being aware of that many riots, how many riots in the rest of the world are being concealed from this little attempt at Political Correctness?Aaaronsmith (talk) 22:24, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Grouped by cause?
Was/is there a page which organized the riots by the "cause" (i mean both the motivations of the initial rioters and conditions which led to the riot)? i only ask because i had a friend doing essay work regarding anti-globalization, and i, remembering some page which featured a list of anti-globalist riots, spent nearly an hour on wikipedia looking for it.

24.3.14.157 (talk) 09:11, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

ADF this page fast. It's a bad mistake.
Do a search on the web: Use "riots in china" and "per day". With a little looking you will find several things confirming 74,000 riots a year in china in 2008.

Example:

http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2005/09/pollution_spark.html

An article that can't even keep current on current events is a major misinformation to the average reader.

Delete this thing. Please.Aaaronsmith (talk) 03:17, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Wiki has several articles (most of them "lists") just as bad.71.197.69.67 (talk) 23:18, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

We've missed the most recent Mexican prison riot (17 Sept. 2008)71.197.69.67 (talk) 22:08, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Update: The same Mexican prison has had a second riot 19 dead this time. I notice this list does not include one single prison riot outside Western culture and only 3 outside the United States. My word, the US must be a truly terrible place if killers and psychopaths in foreign prisons are so happy they never riot.

Are we sure this page meets minimum standards for simple common sense? It's terrible.71.197.69.67 (talk) 20:21, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Kallangracialriot.gif
The image Image:Kallangracialriot.gif is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

The following images also have this problem:

 * Image:Kent State massacre.jpg

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --00:23, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

AfD suggested real fast
Just did a little checking.

This list is losing ground just in the Western cultures. If you include the whole world, it's coming up short a couple HUNDRED A DAY!

That is just plain ridiculous.Aaaronsmith (talk) 19:51, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Do we even have a definition of riot? In (modern) cultures, a riot can is legally defined as everything from as few as four participants, or must involve violence, or must involve a refusal to disperse, or (some of the more authoritarian countries) any public gathering that does not have a license.

This article has all of the problems of a bad article. I want it Afd, but if you want to keep it, the least you can do is provide a working definition.Aaaronsmith (talk) 21:35, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Since I last made the above post, this article has lost ground by about 9,000 "riots" (by some definition). Would one of the really interested parties Please start a thread on fixing this turkey.Aaaronsmith (talk) 21:45, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

There were not any ...
... food riots in Austria in 2007f. Is there any possibility that someone mistook her for Australia? 62.47.61.129 (talk) 15:39, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Undefined content = huge mess
I'll add my voice to others on this talk page: without a clear idea of what goes in, no definition of what "riot" means in the context of this page, this is nothing more than an arbitrary collection of events ranging from minor protests to bloody riots. Wikipedia not being an ndiscriminate collection of information, it would be reasonable to limit the list to those riots that are significant or at the very least "notable" enough to have an article on Wikipedia (and notable *as* a riot (as opposed to a notable event where violence is a footnote). Equendil Talk 20:07, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

HUGE MESS
You know, this article is just plain awful. We've missed several thousand riots just in 2009 - if you include the whole world and don't just want to make the parts w a free press look bad. We even missed the Mexico prison riots of the last months and even the Mexican press reported that - in detail.

Will someone who knows how please put this turkey up for AFD?Aaaronsmith (talk) 01:33, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

AfD
Thought I followed the directions on the help page exactly. Somehow the results did not match what they told me to expect.

Apologies, but will someone with experience please fix my mistakes (I've tried twice, by two different methods) and put this up for AfD. I promise I will not use YOUR AfD as an argument against you if you actually want to keep the article.Aaaronsmith (talk) 00:17, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅. It's been a while since I've done an AfD nom by hand. It's good practice. :) Tim Song (talk) 01:30, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Could we perhaps make this a list of NOTABLE riots? I don't know how to decide if a riot is notable enough but...-Phil5329 (talk) 21:35, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Referred to specifically as a riot and received significant coverage in at least two reliable sources? Fences  &  Windows  23:42, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Luddites
We have included the Luddite riots of England (as a category, we missed the individual events), but we have not included the parallel riots of the rest of the world (and I do mean the REST of the world).Aaaronsmith (talk) 17:18, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Riots that are easy to document
I notice we have only three of the soccer riots listed.

These are very well documented. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aaaronsmith (talk • contribs) 21:39, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

World War II (and a whole lot of other wars)
We do not have any of the "prisoner of war" riots that occured in prison camps. This happened a lot. If the prisoners thought they were being set up to die (usually by starvation, with the administrative excuse of "the food will arrive tomorrow") the common response was to riot - thereby having some small chance of survival.Aaaronsmith (talk) 21:54, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

RfD
Ya know guys. Wiki already has a "list of riots and civil unrest in Omaha, Nebraska". Has about 40 entries.

If we've missed this many for ONE city, it would seem THIS list should have what? 40 - 50 million entries?

How about someone who know how put it up for RfD.Aaaronsmith (talk) 17:38, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Article needs substantial citations
This article is interesting, and has the potential to be useful; however, per WP:V we should not be sourcing assertions with other Wikipedia articles, nor should we have substantive assertions that are unsourced by reliable secondary sources with inline citations. I have tagged just a few of the assertions that need cited with citation needed. N2e (talk) 17:39, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

Citations and sources are needed
Please be sure that all additions to the List of riots are  verifiable. Any new items added to the article should have inline citations for each claim made.

I have removed the major part of the unsourced material that had been previously tagged citation needed for at least a couple of  months with no sources added. If you have a source, please feel free to add the material back in, along with the citation. N2e (talk) 16:32, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

Warp 30, Ensign
The Sacramento Bee (June 13, 2011) has reprinted an article from the New York Times by Michael Wines. Basically, China has admitted to at least 127,000 (yes you read that right one hundred and twenty seven THOUSAND) riots last year.

This list is getting to be a terrible joke. Can't we at least change the name to something that actually makes sense?

This list is actually losing ground at about the same rate as an attempt to manually list the birth weight of each child born. We're LOSING guys. Let's fix it.Aaaronsmith (talk) 20:38, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * At the very least, we should approach this the same way List of named passenger trains was approached years ago. Split it up and turn this page into a meta-list. DanTD (talk) 23:20, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

This list of riots makes lots of sense, and is completely manageable. It is totally understandable that the request to delete it, was nixxed. It makes a lot of sense that there is more riots in 2011 than the entire 1970s. Alas, I've noted that the 'Australian Nudist Colony Riot of 2008' was missed. Source: http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,505137,00.html. Could someone add it for me ? :P OK, I'll remove my clown hat now and put on my serious hat now. On a serious note, if pushing rope seems like a worthwhile endeavor and this page isn't allowed to die a natural death, it would seem to make a lot more sense if the riots were grouped by region first and then time and it only included riots that were significant (aka newsworthy) for that region in that time period rather than every little riot. If a group of riots for a region and time period of a certain nature e.g. food riots, were common place a note could be made to that effect. If there is a riot on this list that noone would not remember in 20 years, or noone outside of the municipality it occurred in knows about, it probably shouldn't be on this list. Just my thoughts. Good Luck. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.145.209.238 (talk) 05:50, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

SF bay area???
what of all that has recently taken place in oakland regarding oscar grant and the 99% rallies that became very violent? what of the white night riots stonewall and the like? this page needs improvement — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.207.26.30 (talk) 18:05, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

Merge "List of Deadly Riots"
I've noticed that the article List of deadly riots was recently created. While it might prove much easier to update than this one (hence why I didn't nominate it for CSD), it looks like a lot of it might be copy-pasted from here, and may perhaps be redundant. I'm not convinced we really need both. Thoughts? This article is already massive in scope, so I'm a little unsure as to how to proceed. Cheers, Zaldax (talk) 20:45, 14 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Totally agree. There is much too much overlap. Oncenawhile (talk) 07:58, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

A good list of historical riots
Can be found on p51 of Behind the Shield by Hunsicker - the list can be seen here. Oncenawhile (talk) 08:49, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

Maybe the page description should state if it is a list of factual real-world riots
Someone added "2006 - The Falador Massacre Riot in a MMORPG game called RuneScape" to the list, referring, apparently, to a "riot" inside a computer game. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arcanicus (talk • contribs) 22:31, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
 * That's stupid. Here's a real-world riot in Venezuela. -User:DanTD (talk) 14:40, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

About Gwangju Democratization movement
It wasn't riot at all. So I deleted it. Angsurium (talk) 12:40, 30 March 2014 (UTC)Angsurium

Disambiguation of riot from unlawfull protest and civil unrest
Most countries in the world do pocess strict definitions and keep legal records of those events. Those records are a safe source of reference for the build up of that list and encyclopedic referencing. On the other hand, different media outlet and political groups tend to instrumentalise the term riot in order to alienate socio-political movements in order to attack the legitimity of different demonstration events that could be otherwise described as peacefull protests, civil disobedience, parades, celebrations and/or even public assemblies. This is a known strategy typically used by authoritarian regimes to attack and supress dissent, freedom of speech and resistence movements. In order to keep the neutrality of that article, I propose we only list in this article events that corresponds to those legal descriptions and to witch credible records assess the pertinence of the event to be described as a riot.

for example, in Canada :

 Unlawful Assemblies  63. (1) An unlawful assembly is an assembly of three or more persons who, with intent to carry out any common purpose, assemble in such a manner or so conduct themselves when they are assembled as to cause persons in the neighbourhood of the assembly to fear, on reasonable grounds, that they(a) will disturb the peace tumultuously; or(b) will by that assembly needlessly and without reasonable cause provoke other persons to disturb the peace tumultuously. Lawful assembly becoming unlawful (2) Persons who are lawfully assembled may become an unlawful assembly if they conduct themselves with a common purpose in a manner that would have made the assembly unlawful if they had assembled in that manner for that purpose. Exception(3) Persons are not unlawfully assembled by reason only that they are assembled to protect the dwelling-house of any one of them against persons who are threatening to break and enter it for the purpose of committing an indictable offence therein.  Riot  64. A riot is an unlawful assembly that has begun to disturb the peace tumultuously.   Punishment of rioter '' 65. (1) Every one who takes part in a riot is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years. Concealment of identity(2) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) while wearing a mask or other disguise to conceal their identity without lawful excuse is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years.   Punishment for unlawful assembly '' 66. (1) Every one who is a member of an unlawful assembly is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction. Concealment of identity (2) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) while wearing a mask or other disguise to conceal their identity without lawful excuse is guilty of(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years; or(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.  Reading proclamation  67. A person who is(a) a justice, mayor or sheriff, or the lawful deputy of a mayor or sheriff,(b) a warden or deputy warden of a prison, or(c) the institutional head of a penitentiary, as those expressions are defined in subsection 2(1) of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, or that person’s deputy, who receives notice that, at any place within the jurisdiction of the person, twelve or more persons are unlawfully and riotously assembled together shall go to that place and, after approaching as near as is safe, if the person is satisfied that a riot is in progress, shall command silence and thereupon make or cause to be made in a loud voice a proclamation in the following words or to the like effect: '' Her Majesty the Queen charges and commands all persons being assembled immediately to disperse and peaceably to depart to their habitations or to their lawful business on the pain of being guilty of an offence for which, on conviction, they may be sentenced to imprisonment for life. GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.   Offences related to proclamation '' 68. Every one is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life who (a) opposes, hinders or assaults, wilfully and with force, a person who begins to make or is about to begin to make or is making the proclamation referred to in section 67 so that it is not made; (b) does not peaceably disperse and depart from a place where the proclamation referred to in section 67 is made within thirty minutes after it is made; or (c) does not depart from a place within thirty minutes when he has reasonable grounds to believe that the proclamation referred to in section 67 would have been made in that place if some person had not opposed, hindered or assaulted, wilfully and with force, a person who would have made it. Neglect by peace officer 69. A peace officer who receives notice that there is a riot within his jurisdiction and, without reasonable excuse, fails to take all reasonable steps to suppress the riot is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years.

http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/fra/lois/c-46/page-22.html#docCont

If you take in consideration that

6. (1) Where an enactment creates an offence and authorizes a punishment to be imposed in respect of that offence, (a) a person shall be deemed not to be guilty of the offence until he is convicted or discharged under section 730 of the offence; and (b) a person who is convicted or discharged under section 730 of the offence is not liable to any punishment in respect thereof other than the punishment prescribed by this Act or by the enactment that creates the offence.

http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/fra/lois/c-46/page-4.html#docCont

Therefore, as long as some events are not explicitely described as riots by legal authorities, enacting the article 67 of the Criminal code, the events should be considered foremost as alleged unlawful assemblies, so, not be listed on that page.

As an example, the part of the article '' 2012 – Riots in Montreal, due to tuition cost increase, referred to as the Maple Spring or Printemps érable, 2500 arrests as of May 25. '' refers to civil unrest events that implies a multitude of protests under the form of lawfull and unlawfull assemblies. As far as my own research on the subject went, at no moment during this political movement I found an event where the article 67 was enacted neither any individual accused by the authorities under the article 65 during that movement, thus, this part of the article should be removed.

If at any moment, records are found that proves a riot did occur and accusations where deliverd, then, the specific riot event should be added to the list, not all the political movement that was devloping in the backgound.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 5 one external links on List of riots. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060920031102/http://www.cnn.com:80/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/05/05/sars/index.html to http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/05/05/sars/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060621043353/http://www.breitbart.com:80/news/2006/06/19/D8IBFB480.html to http://www.breitbart.com/news/2006/06/19/D8IBFB480.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080814010649/http://www.cnn.com:80/2008/WORLD/americas/08/11/montreal.riots.ap/index.html to http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/08/11/montreal.riots.ap/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100509151954/http://www.straitstimes.com:80/BreakingNews/World/Story/STIStory_522759.html to http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/World/Story/STIStory_522759.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120615222352/http://world.time.com/2012/06/15/indonesia-killing-of-activist-sparks-riot/ to http://world.time.com/2012/06/15/indonesia-killing-of-activist-sparks-riot/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:03, 9 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 one external links on List of riots. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151129233515/http://www.arts.yorku.ca/hist/tgallant/documents/synopsis.pdf to http://www.arts.yorku.ca/hist/tgallant/documents/synopsis.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120117153213/http://newyork.metromix.com/home/neighborhood_guide/neighborhood-guide-yorkville-yorkville/245865/content to http://newyork.metromix.com/home/neighborhood_guide/neighborhood-guide-yorkville-yorkville/245865/content
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071102060502/http://www.cet.edu:80/earthinfo/sasia/SAhis.html to http://www.cet.edu/earthinfo/sasia/SAhis.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151106101219/http://www.tibet.com/Status/10march59.html to http://www.tibet.com/Status/10march59.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060919154127/http://www.ctv.ca:80/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060528/edmonton_fans_060528?s_name=&no_ads= to http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060528/edmonton_fans_060528?s_name=&no_ads=
 * Added tag to http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Politics/Student-Protests-Prince-Charles-And-Camillas-Car-Attacked-As-Protesters-March-On-London/Article/201012215850255?lpos=Politics_News_Your_Way_Region_2&lid=NewsYourWay_ARTICLE_15850255_Student_Protests%3A_Prince_Charles_And_Camillas_Car_Attacked_As_Protesters_March_On_London
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111026135724/http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16045926 to http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16045926
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131112230119/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/business/news/article_1386737.php/Striking_dock_workers_clash_with_riot_police_in_northern_Greece to http://news.monstersandcritics.com/business/news/article_1386737.php/Striking_dock_workers_clash_with_riot_police_in_northern_Greece

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:11, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 19 external links on List of riots. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091012011654/http://www.anc.org.za/books/reich6.html to http://www.anc.org.za/books/reich6.html
 * Added tag to http://www.hartwick.edu)/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120330234643/http://www2.mssu.edu/international/mccaleb/India3/Hyderabad.htm to http://www2.mssu.edu/international/mccaleb/India3/Hyderabad.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214204/http://www.pipeline.com/~rgibson/chineseriots.html to http://www.pipeline.com/~rgibson/chineseriots.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130615233713/http://www.thelantern.com/2.1345/unhappy-anniversary-1.96260 to http://www.thelantern.com/2.1345/unhappy-anniversary-1.96260
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111002221050/http://www.resistance2003.gr/en/gallery/gallery.php?id=11 to http://www.resistance2003.gr/en/gallery/gallery.php?id=11
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090309223227/http://www.greenleft.org.au/2004/605/31425 to http://www.greenleft.org.au/2004/605/31425
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110930024738/http://en.epochtimes.com/news/4-8-7/22758.html to http://en.epochtimes.com/news/4-8-7/22758.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110604214920/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=8478 to http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=8478
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060528/edmonton_fans_060528?s_name=&no_ads=
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120609155108/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=38494 to http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=38494
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110928163031/http://www.pr-inside.com/at-least-1-dead-20-injured-r218893.htm to http://www.pr-inside.com/at-least-1-dead-20-injured-r218893.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120121111925/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-01-27/world/venezuela.prison.riot_1_prison-riot-deadly-riot-penitentiary?_s=PM%3AWORLD to http://articles.cnn.com/2010-01-27/world/venezuela.prison.riot_1_prison-riot-deadly-riot-penitentiary?_s=PM%3AWORLD
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100416140206/http://www.dnronline.com/news_details.php?AID=46189&CHID=64 to http://dnronline.com/news_details.php?AID=46189&CHID=64
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110209035004/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1617344.php/Six-die-in-religious-clash-in-Indonesia to http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1617344.php/Six-die-in-religious-clash-in-Indonesia
 * Added tag to http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Two-Prisoners-Killed-After-Security-Forces-End-Rioting-At-Rumieh-Prison-in-Lebanon-And-Free-Guards/Article/201104115967284?lpos=World_News_First_Home_Article_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15967284_Two_Prisoners_Killed_After_Security_Forces_End_Rioting_At_Rumieh_Prison_in_Lebanon_And_Free_Guards
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120121111905/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-21/world/lebanon.clashes_1_clashes-lebanon-refugee-camps?_s=PM%3AWORLD to http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-21/world/lebanon.clashes_1_clashes-lebanon-refugee-camps?_s=PM%3AWORLD
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110818042456/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Two-killed-four-injured-in-Orissa-police-firing/Article1-721613.aspx to http://www.hindustantimes.com/Two-killed-four-injured-in-Orissa-police-firing/Article1-721613.aspx
 * Added tag to http://www.rttnews.com/Content/GeneralNews.aspx?Id=1663135&SM=1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120501071239/http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/04/28/11440926-tear-gas-water-cannon-fired-at-reform-protesters-in-kuala-lumpur?lite to http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/04/28/11440926-tear-gas-water-cannon-fired-at-reform-protesters-in-kuala-lumpur?lite
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131210073006/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/18-injured-in-little/914914.html to http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/18-injured-in-little/914914.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131112230119/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/business/news/article_1386737.php/Striking_dock_workers_clash_with_riot_police_in_northern_Greece to http://news.monstersandcritics.com/business/news/article_1386737.php/Striking_dock_workers_clash_with_riot_police_in_northern_Greece

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:21, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of riots. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141232/http://www.iwanami.co.jp/jpworld/text/hanaoka01.html to http://www.iwanami.co.jp/jpworld/text/hanaoka01.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:44, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on List of riots. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130101184803/http://www.imageforum-diffusion.afp.com/ImfDiffusion/Search/visuMediaImage.aspx?numPage=1&srchMd=8&FastAGGREG=FLNC&FastDATE=FastSearch_AnyDate&nbItems=426&IndexNumberInRequest=5&ID_Fulcrum=449155682_0&NumPageOriginal=1&Psv=12 to http://www.imageforum-diffusion.afp.com/ImfDiffusion/Search/visuMediaImage.aspx?numPage=1&srchMd=8&FastAGGREG=FLNC&FastDATE=FastSearch_AnyDate&nbItems=426&IndexNumberInRequest=5&ID_Fulcrum=449155682_0&NumPageOriginal=1&Psv=12
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/protesters-hurl-molotov-cocktails-injure-100-at-serbian-gay-pride-march/article1751569/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:38, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

2019 Hong Kong Anti-extradition bill protests
Does 2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests consider as one of a notable riots in 2019 ? Especially for June 12, July 1, July 21 and 5 August protests. On June 12, the police officially declare it was. On July 1, Protesters damaged portraits of former pro-Beijing presidents of the Legislative Council, spray-painted slogans and smashed furniture, defaced the Hong Kong emblem, waved the Union Flag and displayed the colonial Hong Kong flag on the podium. At the same time, protesters hung up signs and installed barricades, warning others to protect cultural objects and to do no damage to books in the library while protesting. The police started using tear gas to disperse protesters around the LegCo at 12:05 am and reached the building 15 minutes later. On July 21, 2019 Yuen Long violence occurred. On 5 August, a city-wide strike and protest occurred. On 5 August, there are numerous of violence event in Tsuen Wan and North Point. There are estimated at least 140 injuries and 100 people arrested in Hong Kong. Joeccho (talk) 05:57, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

Recent demonstrations in Cuba
Is anybody willing to add the 2021 Cuban protests against food and medicine shortages taking place since July 11? -User:DanTD (talk) 00:04, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

HELP!!! I gotta 'riot .....
PC Robert Culley was the first officer to be killed in a riot in the London area, in 1833, when he was stabbed to death in the Coldbath Fields Riot also known as Clerkenwell Riot, Monday, 13 May 1833, actually an unprovoked attack, and the coroner's jury found the death to be justifiable homicide. London celebrated... There is no page... .... 0mtwb9gd5wx (talk) 02:15, 15 August 2021 (UTC)
 * for 1833 Coldbath Fields Riot see:
 * Rotunda radicals
 * Clerkenwell
 * Henry Hetherington
 * Owenism
 * Coldbath Fields Prison
 * Radicals (UK)
 * Reform movement (Upper Canada)
 * Thomas Cubitt

title: Talk:List of riots


text:
U.S. Route 197

U.S. Route 197 (US 197) is a north–south United States Highway, of which all but 2.76 miles of its 69.93 miles (4.44 of 112.54 km) are within the state of Oregon. The highway starts in rural Wasco County in Central Oregon at an intersection with US 97. US 197 travels north as a continuation of The Dalles-California Highway No. 4 through the cities of Maupin, Tygh Valley, and Dufur to The Dalles. Within The Dalles, the highway becomes concurrent with US 30 and intersects Interstate 84 (I-84) before it crosses over the Columbia River on The Dalles Bridge into Washington. The highway continues through the neighboring city of Dallesport in Klickitat County and terminates at a junction with State Route 14 (SR 14).

US 197 was established in 1952 using the existing The Dalles-California Highway, itself created as a part of the initial named Oregon highways in 1917. US 197 traveled from its current northern terminus at Dallesport to US 97 in Maryhill along Primary State Highway 8 (PSH 8) and US 830, successors to the original State Road 8 designated along the corridor in 1907. The Dallesport–Maryhill section was transferred to SR 14 in 1979, but was not recognized by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) until 2006.

Route description
US 197 runs 69.93 mi in Oregon and Washington and is maintained by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT).

Oregon

US 197 begins at an intersection with US 97 at Shaniko Junction in Wasco County, located between the cities of Madras and Shaniko in Central Oregon. The highway, a continuation of The Dalles-California Highway No. 4, travels northwest over the 3,363 ft Criterion Summit and down along Stag Canyon through the community of Criterion towards Maupin. US 197 crosses the Deschutes River and a BNSF rail line on a warren truss bridge, becoming Deschutes Avenue as it passes South Wasco County High School and through the city of Maupin. The highway continues west into the Juniper Flat and intersects Oregon Route 216 (OR 216), designated as Wapinitia Highway No. 44, and forms a concurrency. US 197 and OR 216 travel north and northwest to Tygh Valley, where OR 216 leaves the concurrency and heads east on Sherars Bridge Highway No. 290 towards Grass Valley. The lone highway continues north up Butler Canyon onto Tygh Ridge, passing through the 2,710 ft Tygh Grade Summit. US 197 travels east of Dufur and down into the Columbia River Gorge, entering the city of The Dalles. The highway begins a 0.24 mi concurrency with US 30, traveling north over an east–west BNSF rail line to a diamond interchange with I-84. US 197 leaves the interchange and the state of Oregon on The Dalles Bridge, crossing over the Columbia River into Washington. An ODOT survey measuring traffic volume for any average day of the year, expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), was conducted in 2011 on US 197 and calculated that the busiest section of the highway in Oregon was on The Dalles Bridge, serving 5,800 vehicles, while the least busiest section of the highway was north of its terminus at US 97, serving 390 vehicles.

Washington

US 197 enters Washington on The Dalles Bridge, a steel cantilever truss bridge that crosses the Columbia River downstream of The Dalles Dam, and travels into Dallesport in Klickitat County. The highway continues north for 2.76 mi past Columbia Gorge Regional Airport to its northern terminus, an intersection with SR 14. US 197 is defined by the Washington State Legislature as SR 197, part of the Revised Code of Washington as §47.17.382. Every year, WSDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume, expressed in terms of AADT. In 2012, WSDOT calculated that the Washington section of US 197 served between 3,700 and 6,100 vehicles, mostly on The Dalles Bridge.

History

US 197 within Washington was added to the state highway system in 1907 as State Road 8, later designated as PSH 8 in 1937, traveling east along the Columbia River from Vancouver to Maryhill. US 197 within Oregon is designated as a segment of The Dalles-California Highway No. 4, created as part of the initial named state highway system, adopted by the Oregon State Highway Commission on November 27, 1917. The highway traveled south from The Dalles through Central Oregon to the California state line south of Klamath Falls. Under the United States Numbered Highway system, approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) on November 11, 1926, State Road 8 in Washington was co-signed with US 830 from Vancouver to Maryhill and The Dalles-California Highway in Oregon was co-signed with US 97 from Shaniko Junction to the California state line. The Oregon State Highway Department created a numbered state highway system to complement the U.S. route system on May 18, 1937, and The Dalles-California Highway from Shaniko Junction to The Dalles was numbered as OR 50. OR 50 was renumbered to OR 23 on May 26, 1950, and became the Oregon section of US 197 when it was established in 1952.

US 197 traveled north onto the newly constructed The Dalles Bridge over the Columbia River to US 830 and PSH 8 northeast of Dallesport and traveled east with the two highways to end at US 97 in Maryhill. US 830 and its concurrency with US 197 were removed from the U.S. route system in 1968,  leaving US 197 concurrent with the successor to PSH 8, SR 14, after the 1964 state highway renumbering. The concurrency with SR 14 was removed from the Washington state highway system in 1979, but remained as a part of US 197 as defined by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) until September 22, 2006.

title: U.S. Route 197