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Neville Southall

Neville Southall (born 16 September 1958) is a Welsh former international footballer. He has been described as one of the best goalkeepers of his generation and won the FWA Footballer of the Year award in 1985.

He joined Bury from Winsford United for a £6,000 fee in 1980. He turned professional in his early 20s after several years as a semi-professional and amateur player. During his teenage years, he worked as a binman, waiter and hod carrier. He moved on to Everton for £150,000 in 1981 and established himself as the club's first-choice goalkeeper by the 1983–84 season. He went on to make a club record 578 appearances in the English Football League and Premier League (750 in all competitions); his honours with the club consist of a European Cup Winners' Cup medal in 1985, a First Division championship medal in 1984–85 and 1986–87, an FA Cup winners medal in 1984 and 1995, and an FA Charity Shield winners medal in 1984, 1985, and 1995. He also played in the 1985 and 1989 FA Cup finals, the League Cup final in 1984, and helped Everton to a second place in the league in 1985–86. After leaving Everton in 1998, he became Torquay United's regular goalkeeper for two years. He also made a handful of appearances for numerous other clubs.

Southall played internationally for Wales, winning 92 caps between 1982 and 1998, though he did not feature in any major international competitions. As an individual, he was named on the PFA Team of the Year four consecutive times. He was listed as one of the world's top ten goalkeepers by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics on four occasions. He is a member of the Gwladys Street's Hall of Fame. He has been named as one of the 100 'Greatest Players of the 20th Century' by World Soccer magazine. In the 1996 Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his services to football.

Since his retirement as a player, Southall has briefly managed Dover Athletic, Hastings United and Margate, and has coached at numerous clubs as well as the Welsh national youth teams. He has also worked extensively with disadvantaged children and established his own educational consultancy.

Southall is also known for his political activism. He is an international officer for his branch of the UNISON trade union, endorsed Jeremy Corbyn for the 2017 UK general election, endorses LGBT rights. He has spoken at multiple events advocating for Welsh independence.

Early years
Born and raised in Llandudno to Fred and Rose Southall, he was the middle child of three boys. Southall played youth football for his school team and the Llandudno Swifts, where he played alongside Joey Jones. He was educated at Ysgol John Bright, though left without any qualifications at age 16. At age 14, he toured Germany with the Llandudno Swifts and was offered a chance to play for the youth team of Bundesliga club Fortuna Düsseldorf, but decided against the move to Germany. The Swifts were a poor side that were regularly beaten heavily, though the near-constant barrage of shots he faced enabled Southall to improve on his shot-stopping skills.

As a teenager, Southall had unsuccessful trials at Wrexham, Crewe Alexandra and Bolton Wanderers. He aspired to be a postman, and never believed that he would make a living playing football. He then worked as a binman, waiter and hod carrier and therefore entered the game relatively late. He played for Llandudno Town at age 15, before joining Northern Premier League side Bangor City on £10 a week as a semi-professional the following year. Bangor manager Dave Elliott regularly selected veteran goalkeeper Peter Eales ahead of Southall. Everton asked Elliot permission to take Southall on trial, but Elliot left the club shortly after and no trial took place. With Bangor in financial trouble the paid playing staff began to leave the club, and Southall left Bangor and went on to accept an offer of £3 a week to play for Conwy United. He moved on to Cheshire County League club Winsford United at the age of 20. The club won the Cheshire Senior Cup in 1980, and Southall was voted the club's Player of the Year.

Bury
Southall's performances attracted the attention of Bury and Wigan Athletic, and he was convinced to sign with Bury after he was personally approached by manager Dave Connor. Bury paid Winsford £6,000 and would later pay another £25,000 after he was sold on. However, he never played for Connor as he was replaced by Jim Iley before the start of the 1980–81 season; despite this managerial change he was still seen as the future replacement to club stalwart John Forrest. He received specialist goalkeeping coaching from Wilf McGuinness. He made his first-team debut against Wigan Athletic on 20 September, in a 2–1 victory. The "Shakers" had an indifferent league campaign in the Fourth Division, though they managed to reach the Third Round of the FA Cup and beat Newcastle United in the League Cup. Southall kept 15 clean sheets after conceding 50 goals in his 44 domestic appearances, and was named as Bury's Player of the Year and Young Player of the Year.

Everton
Southall was bought by Everton manager Howard Kendall for £150,000 in the summer of 1981. To win a first-team place he had to compete with Jim McDonagh (a Gordon Lee signing who would soon leave the club), Jim Arnold (also a new signing), and Martin Hodge (who was injured throughout his time at Everton). He made his debut in a 2–1 win over Ipswich Town in October after Arnold picked up an injury. He returned to the first-team in December, and he kept a clean sheet against Aston Villa and remained an ever-present throughout the rest of the 1981–82 season.

Kendall described Southall as the best goalkeeper in the First Division "outside the big three" of Ray Clemence, Peter Shilton and Joe Corrigan. However, he began to suffer from ulcerated toes, which gave him severely swollen feet and caused him pain and discomfort throughout matches. On 6 November 1982, he conceded five goals in a 5–0 defeat to Mersey rivals Liverpool at Goodison Park. Kendall then dropped Southall as part of a shake-up at the club. He spent January and February on loan at John McGrath's Port Vale, and played nine Fourth Division games. McGrath was impressed and tried to take Southall to Vale Park permanently, but was rebuffed by Kendall. Back at Everton, he played the last four games of the 1982–83 season after Arnold picked up an injury.

Arnold was the preferred choice in goal at the start of the 1983–84 season before Southall was recalled on 1 October against Notts County. Everton had a poor start to the league campaign but excelled in cup competitions, reaching the final of both the League Cup and the FA Cup. Southall's first appearance at Wembley was in the League Cup final against Liverpool, and he kept a clean sheet in a goalless draw. The replay was held at Maine Road, and Liverpool won the tie 1–0 with a Graeme Souness goal. He was rarely called into action in the 1984 FA Cup final and kept a clean sheet as Everton claimed the trophy with a 2–0 victory over Watford.

Southall kept a clean sheet at Wembley in the 1984 FA Charity Shield, as Everton beat Liverpool 1–0 to take home the first silverware of the 1984–85 season. They then lost the opening two league games of the season before losing only three of their next 37 league games to win the First Division title by a 13-point margin. Throughout the season, they beat Liverpool both at Anfield and at Goodison and recorded a 5–0 win over Manchester United. Southall made one particularly crucial save from a point-blank Mark Falco header in a 2–1 win over title chasers Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane on 3 April. In the European Cup Winners' Cup, Everton beat UCD (Ireland), Inter Bratislava (Czechoslovakia), Fortuna Sittard (Netherlands), and Bayern Munich (Germany) in two-legged encounters. Southall conceded just one goal (from Dieter Hoeneß) throughout all eight matches. They then beat Austrian club Rapid Wien 3–1 in the final at De Kuip to win the first European title in the club's history. Three days later, Everton played in the 1985 FA Cup final, but lost 1–0 to Manchester United after a Norman Whiteside goal in extra time. At the end of the season, Southall was named as the FWA Footballer of the Year, becoming the first Everton player, second Welshman and fourth goalkeeper to win the award.

Though Everton had won a place in the European Cup, English clubs were banned from European competitions following the Heysel Stadium disaster. Southall remained bitter, blaming UEFA for the tragedy and stating that the ban was a convenient way to break up English dominance of European competitions. Limited to domestic competitions, Everton won the FA Charity Shield with a 2–0 win over Manchester United; during the celebrations, Southall wore a T-shirt saying "I Love My Wife" as a symbolic gesture following tabloid stories of an alleged affair. After getting sent off against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge in October, Kendall criticised Southall in the press by saying he "let the lads down". Despite this setback, he agreed to sign a six-year contract in December, which was then the longest contract the club had ever issued. However, he twisted his ankle ligaments on international duty with ten league games left to play. In his absence, his deputy Bobby Mimms took his place, and Everton lost both the league title and the 1986 FA Cup final to Liverpool.

Sidelined through injury at the start of the 1986–87 season, he returned to the first-team against Watford in October. He was the club's Player of the Month in February and won man of the match awards in wins over Arsenal and Chelsea as Everton claimed another league title. Comparing the two title wins (1985 and 1987), Southall said that the latter success was "more rewarding and satisfying" as it had proved to be "more of a struggle" compared to the ease in which the title was won in the former campaign.

After Kendall left Merseyside to coach Athletic Bilbao, his assistant Colin Harvey took charge at Goodison; Southall responded well to the change, as he believed Harvey "understood my obsessive and relentless desire to be the best". Everton finished fourth in 1987–88, conceding a club record low of 27 goals in 40 league games, and reached the semi-finals of the League Cup. Southall had missed the opening stages of the season after undergoing knee surgery.

Harvey had failed to replace some of Everton's departing star players adequately, and Southall noted how "the mediocrity became habitual" as the club coasted to an eighth-place finish in the 1988–89 season. He kept goal in the final of the Full Members Cup (a largely unsuccessful tournament inspired by the ban on European football), as Everton were beaten 4–3 by Nottingham Forest. More significantly, he kept goal against Liverpool in the 1989 FA Cup final after conceding only two goals in the seven games en route to the final. In an emotional match in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster in the semi-final encounter with Nottingham Forest, Liverpool won the cup with a 3–2 extra-time victory.

Everton were leading the division at the start of the 1989–90 season, but their title challenge fell away after a televised 6–2 defeat to Aston Villa. Southall was later told he needed surgery that would keep him out of action for eight months, but he instead sought out a back specialist who told him he had a "bad back" and found that the problem corrected itself.

Southall requested a transfer before the start of the 1990–91 season. He famously sat down during a "sulking session" against a goalpost at half-time of the season opener whilst his teammates were still in the changing rooms while two goals down to newly-promoted Leeds United (a game Everton eventually lost 3–2); Southall was fined two weeks wages despite denying it was a protest and that he did it to clear his head. He then received a phone call from Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson. Still, Southall's hostile phone manner put Ferguson off the idea of signing him, and Ferguson instead bought Danish goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel. Howard Kendall returned as Everton manager in November, with Colin Harvey being demoted to his assistant, and led the club out of relegation trouble to secure a ninth-place finish. They also reached the final of the Full Members Cup at Wembley, losing 4–1 to Crystal Palace, though Southall refused to collect his runners-up medal as he did not value the competition.

Everton were a declining force and finished 12th in the league in 1991–92 whilst exiting both the FA Cup and League Cup in the Fourth Round. They then finished 13th in the 1992–93 season in the newly created Premier League, just four points above the relegation zone. Kendall resigned mid-way through the 1993–94 campaign and was replaced by Mike Walker – Southall later described Walker as a man who loved his suntan more than football. Walker oversaw a run of bad results, and Everton only escaped relegation with a final day victory over Wimbledon, winning 3–2 after turning round a 2–0 deficit. Southall saw that his teammates were reluctant to take a penalty in the match and so took the ball himself before Graham Stuart plucked up the courage to take the ball from him and convert the penalty.

Everton picked up four points from their opening 12 league games of the 1994–95 season. Southall received death threats after being confronted by an Everton fan during a match at Goodison Park. Walker was sacked and replaced by Joe Royle, who led the club to a 2–0 win over Liverpool in his first match in charge – this game also marked a record 35th Merseyside derby appearance for Southall. It was also the second match of seven consecutive games Everton went without conceding a goal – another club record. Southall then conceded just one goal (a penalty) in five games en route to the 1995 FA Cup final against Manchester United. Everton won the game 1–0, with Southall making a double save from Paul Scholes; the victory left Southall as the most decorated Everton player in the club's history.

In the summer of 1995, Southall was given a testimonial match against Celtic as well as an MBE – during the ceremony the Queen asked Southall "what will you do now that you're retired?". He went on to keep a clean sheet in the 1995 FA Charity Shield, as Everton beat Blackburn Rovers 1–0. He remained an ever-present in the 1995–96 season, though Royle then tried to sign Crystal Palace goalkeeper Nigel Martyn. He tried to sell Southall to Wolverhampton Wanderers, but cancelled the deal after becoming concerned over the pre-season form of touted replacement Paul Gerrard, and instead doubled Southall's wages to £6,000 a week with a new two-year contract. Despite this, Royle dedicated an entire chapter of his 2005 autobiography to decrying Southall as a "potential weak link".

After a promising start to the 1996–97, Everton were beaten six times after Christmas. Southall resorted to ringing up a phone-in radio show to defend manager Joe Royle from unhappy supporters. Royle dropped Southall from the team despite the show of support, though he rejected a transfer offer from Chelsea, who were prepared to double Southall's wages. Caretaker-manager Dave Watson restored Southall to the starting line-up after Royle's resignation, and steered the club away from relegation.

Howard Kendall returned to manage Everton for the 1997–98 season and initially dropped Southall. However, Southall regained his place and had a memorable match playing against Coventry City on 25 October; Southall was "in inspired form" and kept a clean sheet. Southall played in the Everton goal for the final time on 29 November in a 2–0 defeat at home to Tottenham Hotspur. Thomas Myhre took his place in goal, and Southall rejected a coaching role at the club to search for first-team football elsewhere.

In December 1997, Southall went to Alvin Martin's Southend United of the Second Division on loan. He made 9 appearances in a brief stay at Roots Hall. He joined Chris Kamara's First Division Stoke City in February 1998. Kamara resigned two months later, and caretaker manager Alan Durban pulled Southall aside on his first day in charge to say "I'll let you manage the reserves, so long as you keep your head down, do whatever I tell you, and I won't tell everybody you're a bad influence". Southall was shocked by Durban's words and could not explain his attitude. Both Southend and Stoke would end the season bottom of their respective divisions and Everton only avoided relegation on the last day of the season. He left the Britannia Stadium in the summer and later said, "one of the worst episodes of my life had drawn to a close".

Later years
Former teammate Ian Snodin invited him to join Conference side Doncaster Rovers on a short-term deal at the start of the 1997–98 season. He signed with Wes Saunders's Torquay United of the Third Division in December 1998. He saved a penalty on his debut at Plainmoor in a 2–0 win over Hull City and signed a contract lasting until the end of the 1998–99 campaign. He was named Torquay's Player of the Year at the end of the season. However, on 29 January 2000, he picked up a concussion in a 2–1 defeat to Chester City at the Deva Stadium, and was substituted. Though he recovered from his injury after the match, he left the club not long afterwards.

Southall made a return to the Premier League by signing with Bradford City as a player-coach, helping to coach Aidan Davison, Matt Clarke and Gary Walsh. All three goalkeepers picked up injuries, leaving manager Paul Jewell no choice but to play Southall at Valley Parade on 12 March 2000, against Leeds United. At the age of 41 years and 178 days he became the fourth oldest player in Premier League history. Leeds won 2–1, and Southall was criticised in the media for being too overweight to play professionally. He left Bradford at the end of the 2000–01 season after falling out with new boss Jim Jefferies.

International career
Wales manager Mike England preferred Dai Davies in goal as Southall began to play first-team football at Everton. Southall only got a run of games once Davies retired. His first cap came against Northern Ireland at the Racecourse Ground, Wrexham on 27 May 1982 in the 1982 British Home Championship, Wales won 3–0.

Wales came close to qualifying for the 1986 FIFA World Cup despite losing their opening qualifying games away to Iceland and Spain. Wales then beat Iceland at Ninian Park, before recording a surprise 1–0 win over Scotland at Hampden Park with a single Ian Rush goal. A 3–0 win over Spain at the Racecourse Ground meant that Wales could secure qualification by beating Scotland in their final qualification game at Ninian Park. However, a draw would not be enough. The game ended in a 1–1 draw after a late Davie Cooper penalty cancelled out Mark Hughes's opener; Southall got a hand to the penalty, but could not keep it out. However, the result of the game was put into perspective when Scotland manager Jock Stein suffered a heart attack at the end of the game and died shortly afterwards.

Wales came close to qualifying for UEFA Euro 1988, which would have been the first UEFA European Football Championship in the nation's history. Going into the final two qualifying games, Wales led their group. Southall was injured and so missed the match against Denmark in Copenhagen, which ended in a 1–0 defeat with Eddie Niedzwiecki in goal. Southall returned to play the final game, a 2–0 defeat to Czechoslovakia in Prague which left Wales two points short of group winners Denmark. Manager Mike England was then replaced by Terry Yorath, who also made Southall a virtual ever-present in the Wales goal.

In qualifying for the 1990 FIFA World Cup, Wales faced Netherlands, West Germany and Finland. They failed to win a game and finished bottom of the group, though Southall did get the chance to play against some of the world's best players in Ruud Gullit, Marco van Basten, Frank Rijkaard, Rudi Völler, Andreas Möller, Andreas Brehme, and Jürgen Klinsmann.

In qualifying for UEFA Euro 1992, Wales were placed in the same group as World Champions Germany and finished just one point behind the Germans after conceding just six goals in their six games. Wales beat Germany 1–0 at the Cardiff Arms Park on 5 June 1991, and three months later beat Brazil in a friendly by the same scoreline. The game which settled the qualifying group came in Nuremberg on 16 October 1991. Wales lost 4–1 to the Germans, ending Southall's Wales record run of 385 minutes without conceding an international goal.

Wales were seen to have their best chance of reaching a major tournament after their group was selected for qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. However, a Gheorghe Hagi-inspired Romania defeated Wales 5–1 in Bucharest to open the Wales campaign. Victories over the Faroe Islands and Belgium and two draws with the Representation of Czechs and Slovaks put Wales back on track, and a victory over Romania in Cardiff in the last game of the tournament would be enough to secure a place in the World Cup. However, Southall allowed a 25 yd strike from Hagi slip under his body and into the net and was nutmegged by Florin Răducioiu as Wales were beaten 2–1. Once again a death put Welsh footballing hopes into perspective, as Southall attended the funeral of retired postman John Hill, who was killed after being struck by a flare released at the end of the match.

Manager Terry Yorath was replaced by John Toshack, who stuck with Southall but resigned after just 48 days after falling out with the Football Association of Wales. Results went badly under the new boss Mike Smith, despite a 2–0 victory over Albania in the first game of qualifying for UEFA Euro 1996. An embarrassing 3–2 defeat to Moldova was followed by a heavy 5–0 loss to Georgia. Two defeats to Bulgaria ended faint hopes of qualification and cost Smith his job.

Southall applied for the vacant position, but Bobby Gould was chosen instead, who named Southall and Ian Rush his assistants. He tried Danny Coyne, Andy Marriott and Tony Roberts in goal in friendly games, but selected Southall for the World Cup qualifying wins over San Marino. A month away from his 39th birthday, he won his final cap against Turkey on 20 August 1997; the Turks won 6–4. Southall only played the first half as Gould blamed him for the three goals he conceded – his replacement Paul Jones went on to concede three himself in the second half. Southall's 92 Welsh caps were a national record until surpassed by Chris Gunter in November 2018. Southall conceded 126 goals, an average of 1.34 per match. The 1958 FIFA World Cup was the only time until the end of his career that Wales qualified for a major tournament, and the British Home Championship was played for the final time in 1984, therefore the majority of Southall's caps came in friendlies or qualifying games.

Style of play
Southall was renowned for his shot-stopping ability, particularly in dealing with one-on-one situations, quickly coming off his line to intimidate the onrushing forward and relying on his instinctive reactions to save the ball. He would spend hours reading books about boxing and golf to improve his balance and spring, and would focus on improving minor pieces of kit and behaviour, saying that "If I changed 100 things and got 1% better because of one of them, then it was worth it".

Coaching and management career
Southall was appointed caretaker manager of Wales, alongside Mark Hughes, following the resignation of Bobby Gould after a 4–0 defeat against Italy on 5 June 1999. In his only game in charge, Wales lost 2–0 to Denmark at Anfield on 9 June 1999, and Mark Hughes was appointed as manager on a full-time basis. During his time playing for Torquay United he also worked as a goalkeeping coach at Huddersfield Town and Tranmere Rovers. He later became a player-coach at York City, Rhyl, Shrewsbury Town and Dagenham & Redbridge.

He was appointed manager of Conference club Dover Athletic in December 2001. His managing stint at the Kent club was short, and he was sacked in March 2002, after only a few months in charge, after the club's new owners decided to promote his assistant Clive Walker. He later made cameo appearances as a player at Canvey Island. He also began teaching young people from deprived backgrounds how to coach in a community scheme called Soccer Skills, and later worked in the special education sector. He set up his own educational consultancy that specialised in working with NEETs, in partnership with Brooklands College.

He had a spell as Wales under-19 coach, but quit his post in November 2004, claiming he was treated with "a total lack of respect" and that the coaching was compromised because "...as always, it's about money." FAW management committee chairman Ken Tucker issued a rebuke, saying: "Nev is making comments on things he knows little about. It is sad when people make comments without any knowledge of the finances of the FAW."

A month after resigning from the national scene, Southall returned to management with Hastings United. However, just one year on he was sacked, with the Hastings chairman saying that "there have recently been an increasing number of issues on which Neville and I have disagreed and it had got to the point where our working relationship had broken down, beyond the point of repair, as far as I was concerned".

In November 2008, Margate manager Terry Yorath appointed Southall as his assistant in the Isthmian League. In September 2009, he became the caretaker manager after Yorath resigned as manager.

Personal life
Southall married Eryl Williams in June 1980. The couple had a daughter, Samantha, in 1987. He admitted to having affairs throughout the 18-year marriage and left Eryl for another woman, an aromatherapist named Emma in 1998. In addition to the daughter from his first marriage, he and his second wife also act as foster parents: a 2018 interview reported that they were looking after two children.

Southall is a teetotaller; this fact, coupled with his shy personality and dedication to football, gave him a reputation as a loner. In August 2012, his autobiography The Binman Chronicles was released. It was the sixth best-selling football book of 2012.

In 2014, Southall started working as a teaching assistant at Canolfan Yr Afon, the Pupil Referral Unit for Blaenau Gwent, based in Ebbw Vale, helping pupils with their job-seeking and soft skills, and liaising with local businesses to arrange work placements. He had previously worked in a similar role in London.

Political activism
He is a member of the trade union UNISON and serves as international officer for his branch.

In May 2017, Southall endorsed Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn in the 2017 UK general election. He was impressed by Labour's plans to commit 5% of Premier League football's £8.3 billion broadcasting revenue back into the grassroots game, among other reasons. He subsequently said the following year: "Jeremy Corbyn's done all right. Whether you like him or hate him, he sticks to what he says."

He is active on social media as a supporter of various charitable causes and LGBT rights, and has handed over his Twitter account to people from marginalised groups and organisations that work to support them, in order to give them a platform to answer questions from the public, including members of the LGBT community, a drugs helpline, a suicide bereavement charity, and a sex workers' collective.

Southall is a prominent supporter of Welsh independence and has spoken at multiple events advocating for it.

Club

 * A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Anglo-Scottish Cup, FA Charity Shield, Football League Trophy, Full Members Cup, Football League Centenary Trophy, Super Cup.

Honours
In December 2004 he was voted as Everton's all-time cult hero. He holds numerous Everton club records, including: most league appearances (578), most FA Cup appearances (70), most League Cup appearances (65), and most clean sheets (269). He is named on the Gwladys Street's Hall of Fame. In 1998, he was named as one of the Football League 100 Legends. In 1999, World Soccer magazine named him joint 95th (with László Kubala) in the 'Greatest Players of the 20th Century'. In the IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper rankings he was listed fifth in 1987, seventh in 1988, ninth in 1989, and fourth in 1991. He was voted FWA Footballer of the Year in 1985, making him the last goalkeeper to be given the award. He was voted BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year in 1995.

Winsford United
 * Cheshire Senior Cup: 1980

Everton
 * First Division: 1984–85, 1986–87
 * FA Cup: 1983–84, 1994–95
 * FA Charity Shield: 1984, 1985, 1995
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1984–85

 * Individual
 * Winsford United Player of the Year: 1979–80
 * Bury Player of the Year: 1980–81
 * Bury Young Player of the Year: 1980–81
 * FWA Footballer of the Year: 1985
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1986–87 First Division, 1987–88 First Division, 1988–89 First Division, 1989–90 First Division
 * BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year: 1995
 * Torquay United Player of the Year: 1998–99
 * Football League 100 Legends
 * Gwladys Street's Hall of Fame
 * World Soccer 'Greatest Players of the 20th Century': 95th

title: Neville Southall


text:
Talk:Americana (The Offspring album)

Untitled
Could the next thing be added? It seems to me that the track "Feelings" is a reprise of the song "Dis-lui" from the French singer Mike Brant. In fact the chords and melody are the same, the lyrics are based on the same scheme and follow the same rhymes.

-- Rheuh

 * The track "Feelings" is a cover of an older song "Feelings" with a somewhat different lyrics. I don't remember who sings the older song.  Grue   07:44, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Morris Albert. Ruthfulbarbarity 16:56, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Production info
Can anyone add something about the first idea of The Offspring to have the album produced by Vinnie Paul of Pantera, to get closer to that raw feeling Smash had? I know the first recordings turned out to be too rough and aggressive, so band's managers changed direction and went out with those pop-punk sound and arrangements. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.21.105.211 (talk) 12:23, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Album Sales
The accreditation for the Australian charts is Platinum x7. You must include 1998 when the album was x2 Platinum as well as in 1999 when the album was x5 platinum —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.106.103.33 (talk) 01:53, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

Thats not how they work. The 5x platinum means that that is how many times it had been certified platinum by 1999. So, it went 2x platinum in 1998 and received three more platinum certifications in 1999 to become 5x platinum. If you need more evidence that this is how the certifications work, just have a look at some of the recent Michael JAckson certs and you will see that this is the case Hitthat (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

Pop punk
Pop punk should be added as all but one single from the album has been classified as such and It is clear in other album tracks. SlaniCraft (talk) 17:39, 25 March 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:35, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Short Tucano

The Short Tucano is a two-seat turboprop basic trainer built by Short Brothers in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is a licence-built version of the Brazilian Embraer EMB 312 Tucano.

On 14 February 1986, the prototype conducted its maiden flight in Brazil before being delivered to Shorts to be used as a pattern aircraft and modified to meet Royal Air Force (RAF) requirements and used for trials and demonstrations. The first Short-assembled aircraft flew on 30 December 1986; deliveries to the RAF commenced during June 1988. The final example of the type was completed in 1995. Maintenance and support of the RAF's Tucano fleet was typically outsourced to several private companies.

The RAF was the Tucano's primary operator, although export sales have been achieved with the nations of Kenya and Kuwait. A handful have also been purchased and piloted by private individuals. On 25 October 2019, the Tucano was withdrawn from RAF service and was replaced by the Beechcraft T-6Cs.

Origins
Development of the Short Tucano commenced in May 1984, following an agreement between Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer and Northern Ireland aviation firm Short Brothers to collaborate on a response to an outstanding British requirement, which sought a replacement for the aging BAC Jet Provost basic trainer for the Royal Air Force (RAF). For this purpose, the RAF had issued Air Staff Target 412, defining the performance criteria it desired for a new high-performance turboprop-powered basic trainer. A short list was compiled of various aircraft that had been submitted in response; other than the Tucano, the types considered were the Swiss Pilatus PC-9, the British NDN-1T Turbo-Firecracker and the Australian Aircraft Consortium's (AAC) A.20 Wamira II.

During 1984, Embraer dispatched the seventh EMB-312 airframe off the production line to Shorts, where it received numerous modifications in order to meet the AST-412 requirements. During September 1984, this same aircraft was displayed at the Farnborough Airshow; by this point, it had been equipped with an uprated PT6A-25C2 engine and a ventral air brake, which reportedly enabled the Tucano to achieve the required stall speed of 60 kn. However, tests undertaken at MOD Boscombe Down later on that year indicated the need to re-engine the aircraft in order to satisfy the RAF's requirement for time to height; accordingly, the Garrett TPE331 was selected.

On 21 March 1985, the Short Tucano proposal was declared the winner of the AST.412, receiving a contract worth £126 million for the provision of 130 aircraft, along with an option for a further 15; this option was never taken up. The first flight of the prototype EMB-312G2, which was furnished with a four-bladed Hartzell propeller and the Garrett TPE331-10 engine, took place in Brazil on 14 February of the following year. Shortly afterwards, this aircraft was disassembled and airlifted to Short's Belfast facility on 29 March 1986, where it was reassembled and returned to the skies just ten days later. During June of that year, the TPE331-10 engine was replaced by the improved TPE331-12B, with a major difference being the integration of an Electronic Engine Controller (EEC) system.

Production

On 30 December 1986, the first standard production model Tucano T.Mk 1 was flown; its official rollout took place on 20 January 1987. On 10 March 1987, the second aircraft made its first flight, and, by April, a third Tucano had joined the test fleet for clearance and final testing, which was largely undertaken at MOD Boscombe Down. The fourth aircraft to be built was the first delivered to the RAF on 16 June 1988 at the Central Flying School. Deliveries would continue to the RAF for another five years, the final aircraft arriving on 25 January 1993.

In addition to the sizable order for the RAF, multiple export customers emerged for the Shorts-produced Tucanos. The Kenyan Air Force ordered a total of 12 units while a further 16 Tucanos were exported to Kuwait. Those Tucanos delivered to the Kuwait Air Force were suitable furnished to be combat-capable; they were armed for the purposes of both weapons training and light attack duties; such aircraft are fitted with four hard points, each capable of mounting various rocket pods, cannons, bombs, and external fuel tanks.

Due to its Garrett engine, the Short Tucano is more responsive to thrust changes and is somewhat noisier than the original Tucano. In addition to the revised engine, the major differences of the Short Tucano are a strengthened airframe for an improved fatigue life, a cockpit layout similar to the RAF's Hawk advanced trainer, a revised oxygen system, a flight data recorder, a four-bladed propeller, ventral airbrake and restyled wingtips. Two Martin-Baker MB 8LC ejection seats are used and the canopy was modified to meet the RAF's bird strike requirements. During its production run, Shorts commonly promoted the airframe as being "100% British-built". In order to meet RAF requirements, the EMB-312 has some 900 modifications, which reduces its commonality with the original aircraft to roughly 50% of its content.

Operational history

During June 1988, the first Tucano deliveries were made to the RAF; induction of the type commenced thereafter. The type has been principally operated by No. 1 Flying Training School, based at RAF Linton-on-Ouse, where it has been used to provide basic fast-jet flying training to RAF and RN student pilots, on 72 (Reserve) Squadron. Typically, student pilots would fly around 130 hours during their training course on the Tucano before progressing to the jet-powered Hawk T2 aircraft, based at RAF Valley.

The Short Tucano succeeded the BAC Jet Provost as the basic trainer for the RAF, preparing the student pilots for progression to the Hawk T1 advanced trainer aircraft. Following its introduction, the Tucano had reportedly proven to be roughly 70% cheaper to operate than its predecessor. The Tucano's accident record has also been remarkably better than other ab-initio training aircraft, with only five aircraft written off with no fatalities in over 20 years.

In March 2007, while discussing the British military contribution to the War in Afghanistan, the British Parliament discussed the concept of replacing the region's detachment of RAF Harriers and Tornados, which were being used to provide close air support to Allied forces, with a number of armed Short Tucanos, which would be re-roled as a dedicated counter-insurgency asset. Such use would have required extensive modifications to the RAF aircraft, as they were not fitted with underwing hard points for mounting armaments and equipment upon. Air Chief Marshal Stephen Dalton was dismissive of this suggested use of the Tucano, stating that it would cost lives amongst those on the ground and damage Britain's credibility and influence within the coalition forces in Afghanistan, and criticising its lack of operational flexibility.

The RAF's Tucanos have been typically maintained by private companies, defence firm VT Group operated one such support contract during the early 2010s. During July 2008, the Tucano's envisioned retirement date was moved from 2010 to around 2012, although further extension seemed likely. At one point, Marshall Aerospace were championing the concept of upgrading the Tucano fleet as an inexpensive means of meeting the RAF's future basic trainer requirements; the prospective upgrade would have been largely based around cockpit instrumentation improvements as the airframes reportedly had around 8,000 flying hours remaining; some aerodynamic refinements had also been mooted but were dismissed as not being cost-effective.

By 2010, the Tucano fleet was scheduled to be withdrawn from RAF service in 2015, at which point it was to have been replaced by the winner of the UK Military Flying Training System (UKMFTS) programme. However, the type's out of service date was put back by several years; the last of the Beechcraft T-6Cs, the Tucano's direct replacement, was delivered to RAF Valley on 3 December 2018.

On 25 October 2019, the Tucano was withdrawn from RAF service; to mark the type's retirement, an aerial display was performed at RAF Linton-on-Ouse, North Yorkshire, which was also set for closure.

Accidents and incidents
On 22 Feb 1990, the first export Tucano Mk 51 ZH203 (destined for Kenya) crashed near Rathlin Island due to tailplane flutter in high speed weapons carriage trials, killing Shorts Chief Test Pilot Allan Deacon who ejected but drowned.

The RAF lost 5 aircraft in service, all non-fatal (four involved ejections): ZF316 on 12 May 1992, ZF270 on 13 May 1996, ZF293 on 22 Aug 2000, ZF344 on 12 Mar 2009 and ZF349 on 8 Jan 2013.

On 22 June 2015, movie soundtrack composer James Horner died when the Tucano he was piloting crashed in central California in a remote region of the Los Padres National Forest about 60 miles (97 km) north of Santa Barbara. Horner was the sole occupant of the plane.

Variants

 * Tucano T1
 * Two-seat basic trainer for the RAF – 130 delivered (one other aircraft (T42) was severely damaged by an IRA bomb blast whilst in final assembly in 1990 and was subsequently sold privately to the USA in 2013 by Shorts ).

 * Tucano Mk.51
 * Export version for Kenya – 12 delivered (13 were flown as the first was lost - see above).

 * Tucano Mk.52
 * Export version for Kuwait – 16 delivered.

Operators

 * Kenya Air Force (1990 – present)
 * Flying Training School
 * Flying Training School

Former operators

 * Kuwait Air Force (1995 – present)
 * 19th Training Squadron (Grounded)
 * Empire Test Pilots' School
 * Royal Air Force (June 1988 – October 2019)
 * No. 1 Flying Training School
 * No. 72 Squadron (July 2002 – October 2019)
 * No. 76 (Reserve) Squadron (May 2007 – May 2011)
 * No. 207 (Reserve) Squadron (July 2002 – January 2012)
 * No. 3 Flying Training School
 * No. 7 Flying Training School
 * No. 3 Flying Training School
 * No. 7 Flying Training School

title: Short Tucano


text: User talk:65.84.238.123

title: User talk:65.84.238.123


text:
Talk:Non-Newtonian fluid

Blood
Blood shows up in two seemingly mutually exclusive examples. Anyone know the correct answer? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Penguin020 (talk • contribs) 00:08, July 27, 2004
 * An Answer: According to Fung (Fung, Y.C., Biomechanics : circulation. 2nd ed. 1997, New York: Springer. xvii, bottom of page 53) "blood is a non-newtonian incompressible viscoplastic fluid". However, blood is composed of cells suspended in plasma. The plasma IS a newtonian fluid, while whole blood is not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.53.254.66 (talk) 02:07, June 11, 2007

Classification of generalized Newtonian fluids

I think that the table in the article could be improved. For example, it shows (or suggests) that power-law fluids, Bingham plastics, and generalized Newtonian fluids are distinct categories of non-Newtonian fluids. Rheology and fluid mechanics textbooks classify power-law fluids and Bingham plastics as subsets of generalized Newtonian fluids. (A clarification concerning this point would also address the confusion over the classification of blood, noted in the preceding section.) YinDW 00:15, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I second that: Yes, someone with knowledge of this, please fix the table, and the graph. Maybe a new graph for the time dependent viscosity properties, of thixotrophy and rheopexy)? --Rajah (talk) 01:11, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree the table is confusing and needs to be changed. What about the compounds that are subsets of the grouping? Some have properties of more than one group. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.152.67.222 (talk) 17:02, September 15, 2006

Proposed new table
I think YinDW is right, I think the table is just confusing. Many of the attributes of non-Newtonian fluids are orthogonal; it is, for example, possible to have a dilatant material that exhibits viscoelasticity (Silly Putty), or a plastic solid that is Newtonian past the yield point (grease). How's this:

And it should be pointed out explicitly that many non-Newtonian fluids exhibit more than one characteristic; perhaps a chart that lists substances in the left column, and the non-Newtonian characteristics to the right:

And as should be apparent from the horrid formatting of my tables, I'll probalby need some help cleaning them up if I do this... scot 20:30, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I saw the recent reports of research on shear thickening fluid based composites for body armor. Damnit, I should have patented that when I first thought of it, over 15 years ago.  Never did get around to putting together a sample of Silly Putty and Kevlar composite and shooting it, however...   scot 14:55, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree the table is confusing and needs to be changed. What about the compounds that are subsets of the groupings? They have properties of more than one group.   akozak —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.152.67.222 (talk) 17:06, September 15, 2006

Terminology
There seems to be a misunderstanding about some of the terminology. For example, the IUPAC definition of rheopexy does NOT agree with the above (see IUPAC website). In J. Rheology and Rheological acta people distuingish between positive thix, negative thix and rheopexy. See f.e. J. Rheol. 48(6), 2004, 1279-1293 and J. Rheol. 49(4), 2005, 839-849. Many rheological textbooks are not so detailed and just write that negative thix equals rheopexy but are, to my humle opinion, not correct. I fully agree with the first remark of this section in that it is possible to have more than one fluid types combined in one fluid (pseudoplastic and negative thix). I suggest to delete the table because it suggests otherwise.

regards, anthonie —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.95.32.4 (talk) 15:56, February 8, 2006

Boger Fluids
Where do constant-viscosity elastic (Boger) Fluids fit into this classification scheme? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.88.61.66 (talk) 02:44, October 7, 2005

 * That would be a visco-elastic fluid. From this article http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/300000-boger-fluid-prize-not-on-the-nose/2005/10/04/1128191716871.html  it soulds like the Boger fluid is a pretty rare thing--most of the traditional visco-elastic fluids, like shear thickening Silly Putty, also exhibit non-Newtonian viscosity changes.  In fact, I think most of the visco-elastic substances would be shear thickening, as shear thinning would seem to be incompatable with elasticity....    scot 14:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if this resolves anything, but Boger fluids exhibit constant viscosity; however their shear properties don't satisfy the equation required for classification as Newtonian, so they're a unique class of non-Newtonian fluid. Jelliott4 (talk) 13:25, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

External links of interest
http://www.research-equipment.com/viscosity%20chart.html

http://www.edasolutions.com/Groups/sizepump.htm

http://www.physics.mun.ca/~phabdas/physics/rheo.html

Isn't a Dilaltant fluid under the same category as rheopectic? Due to its similar flow properties. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fluzwup (talk • contribs) 21:53, March 4, 2005

Sorry Bad Edit
Sorry I added YouTube video link and did not noticed it exist in external links. Can you please revert last change? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.37.120.14 (talk) 23:51, November 11, 2006

Double Listing
Blood is listed as both a pseudo-plastic and generalized newtonian fluid. Is this accurate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tuckerekcut (talk • contribs) 23:37, February 4, 2006

 * Many fluids exhibit more than one non-Newtonian behavior; for example, Silly Putty is both shear thickening and visco-elastic. It's entirely possible that blood exhibits a number of non-Newtonian behaviors, and that pseudo-plastic just happens to be the dominant trait.  See the above discussion for my earlier suggestions on reorganizing the chart to make these overlaps less confusing.  scot 23:50, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

I understand that a given material may be capable of exhibiting more than one non-newtonian characteristic, but in this case, blood is listed both as a pseudo-plastic (a non-newtonian fluid) and a generalized newtonian fluid (a newtonian fluid). How can blood be both newtonian and non-newtonian? I admittedly know very little about fluid dynamics, and it may be possible that these categories are not mutually exclusive, but from what I understand that is only likely to be true if a single fluid changed from newtonian to non-newtonian behavior through some exterior stimulus (pressure, temperature &c.). Tuckerekcut 16:29, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, taking out the "non" in front of "newtonian" certainly makes a difference. It is the case that some fliuds exhibit Newtownian behavior under some circumstances and not under other circumstances.  My guess is that bood does exhibit non-Newtownian behavior at times, as it is a suspension of particles (cells) in a fluid (plasma) and such suspensions often behave oddly--corn starch in water, for example, which exhibits pretty radical shear thickening, or iron particles in oil, which thickens in the presence of a magnetic field (making it a magnetorheological fluid).  My guess is that that the issue is at what point you split a fulid into "Newtownian" or "Non-Newtownian" categories.  Probably all fluids behave in a non-Newtownian manner under the right circumstances (particularly at very small scales), and it's all a matter of picking the threshold.  scot 16:47, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Maxwell Material
As examples of a Maxwell material, the table lists metals and composites. This does not seem correct. As explained on the actual page for Maxwell Material, a Maxwell Material is a liquid, since it does not rebound on deformation. Metals are first and foremost elastic, unless deformed past their yield points. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yapete (talk • contribs) 19:56, November 1, 2006

Merger proposal
I propose Complex fluids be merged with this page. Complex fluid is already redirected here. I'm not an expert on fluid mechanics, so I don't know if this makes sense. I'll help merge if it does. -FrankTobia (talk) 03:42, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The article on complex fluids seems mostly interested in multiphasic flow. Which is completely different from being non-newtonian. So I think the merger should not happen. CyrilleDunant (talk) 08:51, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * CyrilleDunant is correct - the merger should not happen. Those that suggested it no nothing about basic Physics.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.220.162 (talk) 23:15, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

eggs
I know that eggs don't behave like a newtonian fluid... for an easy example, make a scrambled egg. As you stir the egg faster, it slops around less. Don't know how this would get classified or anything though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.112.141.205 (talk) 19:20, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Possible graphs
I made some graphs for possible inclusion here that attempt to illustrate the idealized properties of the non-Newtonian fluid behaviors mentioned above as compared to Newtonian behavior, as well as I understand said behaviors. Feel free to insert them if they seem correct, or I/others can make adjustments. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DirectEON (talk • contribs) 09:00, March 28, 2008

Requested move
The result of the proposal was keep the N capitalized. [ sd ] 13:23, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Newtonian is an adjective, thus should be uncapitalized.Headbomb {{{sup|ταλκ}}κοντριβς – WP Physics} 06:37, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

 * While it is an adjective, it is also derived for a person's name. In my experience such things are capitalized more often then not (even as adjectives) and so the capitalization makes sense.  Dragons flight (talk) 07:08, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with Dragons flight. There are plenty of examples of adjectives derived from personal names that are usually capitalised. Off the top of my head I can think of Dickensian, Darwinian, Euclidean, Aristotelian. Cadwaladr (talk) 15:12, 29 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Add Orwellian. There is one well-known exception (abelian) but this is not it. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 22:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I've never seen Newtonian not be capitalized, in papers or textbooks - maybe I hang out in a different section of the literature than Headbomb. It seems that there is some consensus to not move? Awickert (talk) 09:02, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * (Reset) The scope of Elsevier's Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics includes problems involving heat and mass transfers and mixing in flowing non-Newtonian liquids and instabilities, unsteady and turbulent or chaotic flow characteristics in non-Newtonian fluids . Thus, the publisher favors capitalizing N . [ sd ] 03:50, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Although I agree that it should be capitalized, it could be argued that it was simply capitalized as part of the title there. In any case, I think the discussion can be closed in favor of keeping the "N". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Awickert (talk • contribs) 06:16, June 24, 2009
 * To clarify, yes, Newtonian is capitalized in the journal's title, but it is also capitalized in sentences like the ones above (in which non is left uncapitalized while Newtonian is capitalized). [ sd ] 13:19, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Urine
Is urine a Non-Newtonian fluid? Also, would it be appropriate to request a scheme whereby all fluids are classified as either Newtonian or Non-Newtonian? __meco (talk) 10:01, 15 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Urine is (as far as I know, usually, at normal temperature and pressure conditions, baring certain medical conditions) adequately simulated using a Newtonian approximation. As for the classification scheme, no. It might depend on temperature, scale considered, speed, etc. Fluids themselves are not Newtonian or not: it is only a way of saying that for the state/conditions considered a linear approximation of the behaviour is satisfactory or not.CyrilleDunant (talk) 12:17, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Appreciated. __meco (talk) 12:25, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

What is the photo illustrating?
What does the photo of the corn starch on the speaker demonstrate? It doesn’t seem to be referenced anywhere in the article (unless I missed it), and I can’t imagine what it is meant to be showing - does it go solid when you turn the speaker on, or liquify, or levitate, or what?79.67.148.152 (talk) 11:02, 25 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Nobody has put in an explanation since you asked, and it's useless without one.71.203.125.108 (talk) 15:38, 16 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Here is a link to a video that shows what I can only assume the photo is trying to depict. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2i-IPiuCwk&NR=1  98.173.153.226 (talk) 20:05, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

The opening paragraph is too confusing
The opening paragraph does not really describe a Non-Newtonian fluid. Ideally an opening paragraph should explain what it is, not that it is simply 'not something'. The Newtonian Fluid description could be modified to fit the opening paragraph. I'd do it myself, but unlike some wikipedia bureaucrats who throw their weight around trying to simplify or standardize fields they know nothing about, I'd prefer if someone else with expertise handle this because articles of this nature should be handled by experts rather than just someone with a plan to make this comply to some esoteric standard. Klichka (talk) 21:36, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Custard listed as a Newtonian Fluid
Custard is listed in the table as a Newtonian fluid. This is contradicted by comment under section on "Bingham plastic" which says that "...Newtonian fluids have flat featureless surfaces when still", which is not true of custard. It is also contradicted by comment on custard page stating that custard is thixotropic. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard.

Does "custard" have divergent enough meanings that both categorizations could be true in different situations? Tom10001 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:31, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

Isnt Viscoelastic fluids time dependent?
In the first table of non-newtonian page, viscoelasticity has been set separate from  time dependent non-newtonian fluids. but "Viscoelastic materials have elements of both of these properties and, as such, exhibit time-dependent strain." from Viscoelasticity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aditya8795 (talk • contribs) 12:51, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

Questionable fact/date
The Cary Sneider quote I object to is also from 2013 and certainly not the first use of goop in a classroom. Reverted User:Fuborc edit.--Lucas559 (talk) 21:04, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

May I ask if you have any earlier documented uses of cornstarch and water slurry in a formal educational setting? It would certainly be good to have the original use documented here. Dr Sneider claims his use in 1969 was the first such use, and I have not found any earlier accounts. Fuþorc (talk) 16:07, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

Table heading
The table "Comparison of non-Newtonian, Newtonian, and viscoelastic properties" would be more useful with headings. Columns 1, 3 and 4 could be "Type", "Properties" & "Examples" but I'm not sure about column 2.  Tigerboy1966  07:44, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

Cornstarch
The article states that cornstarch 'dissolved in water' displays shear thickening. This is wrong since the phenomenon referred to concerns cornstarch dispersed at high concentration in cold water. This doesn't dissolve the starch to any significant extent and the thickening observed is due to the cubic starch particles bunching up and not flowing past each other when any more than a small force is applied. It's analogous to the picture with wet sand. A true cornstarch solution (made by dissolving/cooking in very hot water) is actually more like a gel, and non-Newtonian in the more common pseudoplastic sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.102.219.142 (talk) 18:06, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

Non-definition of viscosity
In a non-Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is different. The fluid can even exhibit time-dependent viscosity. Therefore, a constant coefficient of viscosity cannot be defined.

I just dividing a sentence to eliminate an awkwardness. This made the original text more problematic in meaning: the original text seemed to want to imply that the first sentence (and not what I have now placed in the second sentence) on its own is sufficient to justify the third sentence, but the line of implication is locally opaque to me (and I didn't first read and comprehend the entire article). — MaxEnt 11:25, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Okay—I get it now, the emphasis is on constant. I had missed the sentence about linearity. — MaxEnt 11:28, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

Oobleck: O or o?
The article currently has it both ways. 2.24.119.66 (talk) 00:49, 6 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm not 100% sure, but it doesn't seem to be a proper name, so I have standardised this with lower case O. Bazonka (talk) 17:42, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

Newtonian Fluid
This article implies the existence of Newtonian Fluids. There are none. That is, over the entire range of stress/shear rate, no fluid is Newtonian. The article on Newtonian Fluids says:"While no real fluid fits the definition perfectly, many common liquids and gases, such as water and air, can be assumed to be Newtonian for practical calculations under ordinary conditions." But I know of no fluid that does not have a linear relationship between shear rate and stress IF observed over a sufficiently small range. (Of course, a limiting (infinitesimal) value is required for the existence of the quantity (assuming a continuum).) It would be good to mention that a Newtonian Fluid is a simple ideal case which many fluids approximate in common situations, but no fluids* follow Newton's Law of Constant Viscosity perfectly over the entire range of shear rate. Non-Newtonian Fluids exhibit a non-linear (non-constant) shear/stress curve under common 'normal' (i.e. non extreme) situations. *I don't know if superfluids (e.g. He-3 or He-4 at cryogenic temperatures), have zero viscosity over the entire shear rate range, but I'd guess not.(of course, that assumes we can create indefinitely large or small shears, and we clearly can't.)207.155.85.22 (talk) 23:48, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Non-Newtonian fluid


text:
Oswald Lohse

Wilhelm Oswald Lohse (13 February 1845 – 14 May 1915) was a German astronomer. He first worked at the private Bothkamp Observatory, and starting in 1874 at the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory, being its Chief Astronomer at the time of his death.

His main work involved the investigation of the surface features of Mars and Jupiter. After this he explored binary stars, and finally worked on the spectroscopy of stars, which included laboratory experiments regarding the spectra of metals. Craters on Mars and on the Moon were named in his honor.

Obituaries

 * AN 201 (1915) 47/48
 * PASP 27 (1915) 202

title: Oswald Lohse


text:
Square One Television

Square One Television (sometimes referred to as Square One or Square One TV) is an American children's television program produced by the Children's Television Workshop (now known as Sesame Workshop) to teach mathematics and new abstract mathematical concepts to young viewers.

Created and broadcast by PBS in the United States from January 26, 1987 to November 6, 1992, the show was intended to address the math crisis among American schoolchildren. After the last episode aired, the show went into reruns until October 7, 1994. The show was revived for the 1995–96 PBS season as a teacher instruction program, Square One TV Math Talk.

From 1999 to 2003, Square One was also shown on Noggin, a cable channel co-founded by Sesame Workshop.

Sketches
Square One comprised short sketches that introduced and applied concepts in mathematics such as counting, combinatorics, simple fractions, estimation, probability, and geometry. The sketches featured regular characters and were mainly parodies of pop culture icons, popular television commercials or popular television shows. Sketches were presented in various formats, including music videos featuring a particular subject in mathematics and taught the subject through song (e.g., Roman numerals, obtuse and acute angles, percentages, negative numbers, etc.) or comedic sketches (e.g., General Mathpital, a parody of General Hospital; Nobody's Inn, a parody of Fawlty Towers; Late Afternoon with David Numberman, a parody of Late Night with David Letterman, I Love Lupy, a parody of I Love Lucy, The Phoneymooners, a parody of The Honeymooners; etc.). "Patterns", a polka about patterns that can be detected in daily life, was performed by "Weird Al" Yankovic. Since Yankovic did not write this song, it is unavailable on any of his records, though bootleg versions have circulated. The Judds appeared on Square One Television many times, as they performed various songs.

Mathcourt was a regular segment that parodied television shows of the day set in courtrooms, presided by Judge Sandra Day O'Crater (played by Cynthia Darlow), who showed zero tolerance for unacceptable behavior from the audiences (and the announcer, with the judge sometimes not knowing who it was), frequently telling the gallery she'd have them do time or punish them in another extreme way if they didn't shut up and stop the interruptions (she even threatened to have them all hanged on one occasion). In all cases, a district attorney was prosecuting a defendant for a math crime the defendant did not commit. The judge was sometimes quick to issue a verdict, but in the end always ruled the defendant innocent after the defendant was able to prove it, leaving the district attorney very embarrassed.

Mathman was a regular segment as a parody of Pac-Man. The skit helped viewers learn to recognize common mistakes while solving math problems, such as forgetting to carry a digit, or making errors with negative numbers. A blue tornado character named "Mr. Glitch", a parody of the Ghosts, was Mathman's enemy and would eat him if he got the wrong answers.

Pauline's Perilous Pyramid was another sketch that spoofed arcade games. The heroine Pauline would jump around a pyramid similar to the one used in the game Q*bert. Each square had either a positive or negative number on it. Her objective was to get to the very top of the pyramid, keeping the total of the squares she landed on between 25 and -25.

Backstage with Blackstone featured math-related magic tricks and performances by Harry Blackstone, Jr. Each segment involved two cast members at a time (either Larry Cedar and Cynthia Darlow, Cris Franco and Luisa Leschin or Arthur Howard and Beverly Mickins; Reg E. Cathey portrayed Blackstone's assistant). After performing a trick, Blackstone explained how the trick worked.

Other animated segments included The Further Adventures of Zook & Alison; and Fax Headful, a parody of Max Headroom.

Game shows
Several segments featured child contestants competing to win prizes.
 * But Who's Adding?/But Who's Multiplying?: the show's first original game, hosted by Larry Cedar. Two players captured spaces on a gameboard by adding or multiplying two digits at a time, trying to be the first to complete a row/column/diagonal.
 * But Who's Counting?: hosted by Monty Carlo (played by Arthur Howard), with Reg E. Cathey as announcer. Two pairs of players (mainly Cynthia Darlow and Cris Franco vs. Larry Cedar and Luisa Leschin, except for one episode in which real kids were the contestants; season 1)/two players (seasons 3-4) (played by the cast members) tried to make the smallest/largest five-digit number possible (seasons 1 and 3), smallest/largest pair of fractions in season 4, placing one digit at a time as it was spun on a carnival wheel. Also in season 1, Beverly Mickins played assistant Amber Jeannette.
 * Piece of the Pie (Introduced in season 2, lasted until season 4): a survey-based game similar to Family Feud, using pie charts and teaching percentages. The game was hosted by Cris Franco in seasons 2 and 3, (with Arthur Howard as co-host in season 2) who was replaced by Beverly Mickins in season 4. The set was designed like a hole-in-the-wall pie shop for Season 2, and in Seasons 3 and 4, it was designed like a diner.
 * Close Call: a game about estimation, using "how many beans are in this big jar"-type of questions, and bearing a similarity to The Price Is Right. Arthur Howard was the original host, replaced at the beginning of Season 4 by Luisa Leschin (who was co-host the previous season). Leschin's co-host was Reg E. Cathey. The game was originally played as a direct-knockout tournament; it was later changed to a game played for points.
 * Triple Play: players spun wheels to choose two digits, then had to add/multiply them in order to match numbers on the gameboard, trying to complete a triangle. The game was hosted by Cynthia Darlow, and only lasted one season (Season 2).
 * Square One Squares: a tic-tac-toe game similar to Hollywood Squares and To Tell the Truth. The game was later replaced by Square One Challenge, which was played for points, but kept the correct/bluffing elements of Hollywood Squares and To Tell the Truth. Both were hosted by Larry Cedar.

All game shows featured Reg E. Cathey as announcer, except for But Who's Adding/But Who's Multiplying?, which had Cynthia Darlow announcing.

Season 5 did not feature any game show segments.

"Mathman"
"Mathman" is a video game segment on Square One TV.

Segment format
A parody of Pac-Man, "Mathman" was a fictional arcade game starring a character of the same name. "Mathman"'s objective was to run around a Pac-Man-like maze board (the traditional dots were replaced with + and - signs) and eventually encounter a number or polygon. He would then have until the count of three to determine if that number/polygon was consistent with a given category (see examples below), and if so, eat it. If he made a mistake, his enemy Mr. Glitch (a parody of the multi-colored Ghost enemies of Pac-Man) would eat him, ending the game.

If Mathman was able to eat all the correct numbers/polygons, he was awarded a free game. However, Mathman accomplished this feat only a handful of times (i.e., "Multiples of 3," "Factors of 24," "Symmetrical Polygons," "Rectangles" and "Fractions Greater than 1"). On at least one such occasion, a giant Mr. Glitch ate Mathman as soon as the free game began.

During season 4, the format of the game was changed so that Mathman would have to decide if a certain statement (read aloud by the game's announcer) was true or false, and then eat the letter T or F. He would then have until the count of seven to make his decision. These were usually general-knowledge statements about math (e.g., "True or False? Mathematics and arithmetic are the same thing") rather than questions that required actual problem-solving skills. He had until the count of seven to make a decision in this version, but sometimes lost because he wasted too much time explaining his rationale for his decision before making it. Usually two or three correct answers would win a free game.

Occasionally, Mathman did not play the game himself, making Mr. Glitch the contestant. If he answered incorrectly, he would be eaten by Mathman (or on one occasion, Mathman's dog Mathdog). On one occasion, Mr. Glitch got away with an incorrect answer, but on the second incorrect answer, he was eaten by a giant Mathman.

Common categories

 * Polygons (e.g., symmetrical polygons, pentagons, etc.)
 * Multiples or factors of a certain number
 * Inequalities (involving either numbers or formulae)
 * Even numbers or odd numbers
 * True or false questions

Mathman
Mathman was a green, Pac-Man-like character with a big mouth, a winged football helmet patterned after that of the University of Michigan Wolverines, and a single foot on which he walked around the game maze. When he moved around the maze, he would repeat the phrase "Mathman, Mathman, Mathman," similar to Pac-Man's familiar "wakka-wakka-wakka". In a few episodes, Mathman was delayed arriving at the beginning so The Announcer gave the mission to Mr. Glitch. Mathman arrived later in Mr. Glitch's role as the nemesis.

Mathdog
Mathdog was Mathman's flatulent pet dog and wore a football helmet like that of Mathman. When he went around the maze, he would say "Mathdog, Mathdog, Mathdog."

Mr. Glitch
Mathman's nemesis was Mr. Glitch, a cranky tornado who was always described with a different negative adjective. He was a parody of the multi-colored Ghost enemies of Pac-Man and would appear whenever Mathman had to make a decision. If Mathman ate an incorrect number or polygon, answered a question incorrectly, or used up too much time, Mr. Glitch would "power up" (with lightning bolts and thunder crashing), chase after Mathman, and then eat him. He won this right the majority of the times the game was played, only being defeated a handful of times. Mr. Glitch took over Mathman's role in a few episodes when Mathman was delayed arriving at the beginning.

The Announcer
At the beginning of each sketch, an off-screen voice told either Mathman or Mr. Glitch what his mission would be. Then, a warning was issued to the playing character stating "He will eat you if you are wrong." He also congratulated Mathman and awarded him a free game if he finished the game perfectly.

Dirk Niblick of the Math Brigade
The "Dirk Niblick of the Math Brigade" segment was an animated cartoon.

The title character, Lt. Dirk Niblick, is tasked in each segment with helping friends through practical dilemmas through the use of mathematics. Episodes frequently center on outsmarting scam artists who use deceptive language to attempt to trick the protagonists out of money or property. Most episodes also feature Dirk having one or more telephone conversations with his mother. Supporting characters on the show include Dirk's two young friends, the brother-and-sister pair Fluff and Fold Noodleman, and Dirk's neighbor, Mr. Beasley. The Dirk Niblick segments are similar in appearance to the 1965 cartoon Roger Ramjet; Fred Crippen animated for both, and Gary Owens voiced both title characters.

Cast

 * Gary Owens – Dirk Niblick
 * Bob Arbogast – Mr. Wallace C. Beasley, additional voices
 * Joan Gerber – Fluff Noodleman, additional voices
 * Gene Moss – Fold Noodleman, additional voices
 * Jim Thurman – additional voices

Music videos
Square One Television featured at least one music video per episode. They were original songs and featured popular artists such as Kid 'n Play and The Fat Boys. The series reran over 20 videos over 7 seasons.

Mathnet
Each episode featured a closing segment titled Mathnet, starring Joe Howard as George Frankly and Beverly Leech as Kate Monday. A parody of Dragnet, the storyline of each skit featured the detectives attempting to solve a crime by using math. Each Mathnet story line spanned five episodes, or one complete broadcast week (Monday through Friday). Originally set in Los Angeles, the skit was later moved to New York City.

Leech left the show after the third season; she was replaced by Toni DiBuono, playing Pat Tuesday.

International Broadcast

 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * PBS
 * United Arab Emirates
 * Dubai 33
 * 🇰🇼 Kuwait
 * KTV2
 * 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
 * Saudi 2
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong
 * TVB Pearl
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan
 * Channel 2
 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
 * ZBC TV
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * CBC
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * I Channel

title: Square One Television


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Cordillera Huayhuash

Huayhuash (possibly from Quechua waywash, weasel, or waywashi, squirrel) is a mountain range within the Andes of Peru, in the boundaries of the regions of Ancash, Lima and Huánuco. Since 2002 it is protected within the Cordillera Huayhuash Reserved Zone.

Geography
The Huayhuash range is 30 km long north to south and includes seven peaks over 6000 m including Yerupajá, which, at 6617 m, is the second highest peak in Peru. Another notable peak, Siula (6,344 m) was made famous by mountaineer Joe Simpson in his book Touching the Void. Compared to the neighboring Cordillera Blanca, Huayhuash possesses narrower valleys and higher mountain passes. There are many lesser peaks surrounding those covered by ice, and several passes exceeding 5,000 m. It is necessary to travel a considerable distance from the central range to find ground lower than 3,000 m, even on valley floors, and the range is often taken to include this much larger area. The vegetated areas of the range are part of the Central Andean wet puna ecoregion. The area is scarcely populated, containing only small settlements generally found below 4000 m (the snowline is found at approximately 4,800 m). The nearest villages are Chiquián (3,400 m) and Cajatambo (3,375 m). Some mining takes place in the area, so to the north of the mountains there is an unsurfaced road leading up to as high as 4750 m. In 2002, the Peruvian Ministry of Agriculture declared the Huayhuash mountain range a "reserved zone" and prohibited certain economic activities, including any future mining.

Peaks
A selection of the highest peaks of the Huayhuash range is listed below.

 * Yerupajá, 6617 m
 * Siula, 6344 m
 * Sarapo, 6127 m
 * Jirishanca, 6094 m
 * Yerupaja Chico, 6089 m
 * Rasac, 6017 m
 * Carnicero, 5960 m
 * Rondoy, 5870 m
 * Seria N, 5860 m
 * El Toro, 5830 m
 * Tsacra (or Sacra), 5774 m
 * Mituraju, 5750 m
 * Jurau, 5674 m
 * Trapecio, 5653 m
 * Huacshash, 5644 m
 * Suerococha, 5625 m
 * Huacrish, 5622 m
 * Ninashanca, 5607 m
 * Quesillo, 5600 m
 * Pariauccro, 5572 m
 * Mitopunta, 5571 m
 * Seria Punta, 5567 m
 * Ancocancha, 5560 m
 * Auxilio, 5560 m
 * Cuyoc, 5550 m
 * Huaraca, 5537 m
 * Pumarinri, 5465 m
 * Jirishanca Chico, 5446 m
 * Sueroraju, 5439 m
 * Rajucollota, 5427 m
 * Puscanturpa, 5400 m
 * Jullutahuarco, 5400 m
 * Sarapococha, 5370 m
 * Alcay, 5300 m
 * Paria, 5190 m
 * Suerococha (Ancash), 5100 m
 * Suerococha (Cajatambo), 5000 m
 * Julcán, 4900 m
 * Gasha, 4880 m

Trekking
The range has become noted for trekking in the form of the Huayhuash Circuit, which is considered a challenge trail and is undoubtedly far more demanding than the famous Inca Trail in the south of Peru. Fewer people trek the Cordillera Huayhuash than the nearby Cordillera Blanca. The full circuit is about 130 km long and generally takes between ten and fourteen days, depending on the variant taken.

Most of the walking and most of the campsites are above the 4,000 m tree line, so the landscape appears rugged and mountainous, affording views over very wide areas. The area is noted for its spectacular glacial lakes. Hot springs can also be found in the area, at Viconga Campsite precisely. Condors, llamas, alpacas and viscachas can be seen. Trekking is almost always undertaken in the dry winter months of May to September, and the cities Huaraz and Caraz over 100 & 167 km away are the usual choice for organizing and hiring camping a/o logistical support. Chiquián was the "Gateway to the Huayhuash" for a long time. But nowadays, daily buses (locally called colectivos) go deep into the mountains to the village Llamaq (3,300 m) and with private transport, as far as Cuartelwain camp, reached both by road built in the late 90s and 2000s, becoming now the new trail heads for starting/ending.

More challenging yet is the Alpine Circuit, which encircles the peaks at closer proximity. The Alpine Circuit involves some rock climbing and glacier travel, and takes 8–10 days to complete.

There are several lakes like Solteracoha (or Solterococha), Siula, Jahuacocha, Carhuacocha and Sarapococha.

Geology
The region is primarily composed of limestone, accompanied by sandstone and slate. These sedimentary rocks originated as deposits on the ocean floor and were subsequently uplifted and folded due to tectonic plate convergence. Over time, these rocks have eroded and developed cracks. Marine fossils, such as bivalves and ammonites, can occasionally be found embedded in the rock.

Safety
Until the group's effective defeat in 1992, the Huayhuash range was used as a remote base by the Shining Path communist guerrilla. On July 28, 1988, a group of Canadian and Peruvian climbers were held hostage for 12 hours after a failed assassination attempt on a group of military police. None of the climbers or police were hurt, though one Senderista was killed. In the late 1980s a party of European trekkers were robbed and ordered to return to Huaraz with the message that future intruders would be killed. The remains of a guerrilla camp can be seen near the lake Viconga.

Two foreign trekkers are known to have been murdered in Cajatambo in August 2002, though this is thought to have been motivated by robbery. In 2004, four hikers who resisted armed robbery were shot, one of which died of blood loss before they could be rescued. Since this last incident, the local communities began to charge a "protection" fee for passing in the private properties. Since then, the area is considered generally safe.

Near the north shore of the lake Viconga, the remains of an old Shining Path base camp can be still visited, including a shooting range, barracks and a training field.

Biodiversity
The area preserves high elevation Andean grasslands and patches of forest. Some of the native tree species present in the area are the Andean alder and trees of the genus Polylepis.

Animals that can be found in the area include: the giant conebill, the tit-like dacnis, the torrent duck, the Andean mountain cat, the taruca, the Andean condor, the peregrine falcon, the giant coot, etc.

title: Cordillera Huayhuash


text:
MTV News

MTV News was the news production division of MTV. The service was available in the US with localized versions on MTV's global network and an online news team. In 2016, MTV refreshed the MTV News brand to compete with the likes of BuzzFeed and Vice, but by mid-2017 MTV News was significantly downsized due to cutbacks.

MTV News content was available from respective MTV websites, Apps, YouTube and on-air.

In November 2018, MTV News began producing daily updates on Twitter titled MTV News: You Need to Know. Later titled MTV News Need to Know, the show has evolved to a digital series that covers trending topics from pop culture to social justice issues to electoral politics and beyond.

On 2023-05-09, it was announced that the division would close. The associated website shut down on June 24, 2024.

History
MTV News began in 1987 with the program The Week in Rock, hosted by long time Rolling Stone writer/music critic Kurt Loder, the first official MTV News correspondent. Beginning in 1990, the opening riff to Megadeth's "Peace Sells" was the main opening theme for The Week in Rock.

It first began covering political news in the 1992 American presidential elections, through its "Choose or Lose" campaign. MTV continued to run "Choose or Lose" for other presidential elections in the United States. For the 2008 election, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton appeared on an MTV special to discuss the Iraq war.

Throughout the 2000s, MTV News began publishing digital editorial content via their website, Twitter feed, YouTube channel and Facebook page, offering information about MTV programming and music/pop-culture news aggregation. In November 2015, MTV introduced a new direction for its news department and hired Dan Fierman, former editorial director of Grantland, as MTV's editorial director and announced it would produce long-form journalism, think pieces and diversify its staff. However, in June 2017, MTV decided to restructure its news division with a greater focus on video, laying off much of their editorial staff. Later years saw a dramatic decrease in content produced by the outlet for its website or other avenues.

The division faced downsizing in the 2000s and 2010s, and was shut down in May 2023. In June 2024, Variety reported that "more than two decades' worth of content published on MTVNews.com is no longer available after MTV appears to have fully pulled down the site and its related content". In response to the archives being removed, Michael Alex, the founding editor of MTV News' digital organization from 1994 until 2007, stated: "But if history has taught us one thing, it's that archives are valuable – for decades, recording studios threw away priceless master tapes left behind by everyone from the Rolling Stones to James Brown… until they started appearing on bootlegs and the artists and labels began spending thousands to get them back. In their way, the archives of MTV News and countless other news and entertainment organizations have a similar value: They're a living record of entertainment history as it happened. [...] History needs stewards, not owners. Whoever legally owns the archive does not legally own the history, even if they own the creative work of thousands of writers, editors, producers and more. This archive – of MTV News, where you heard it first – needs to be available to public." A Paramount spokesperson stated that "all MTV News content is being preserved in an archive" and the removal was "part of broader website changes across Paramount"; Variety noted that this archive is not publicly accessible. Deadline reported that, per sources, "no content has been deleted and the company is exploring how to make this important content available in a more efficient way". In July 2024, the Internet Archive launched an independent "searchable index of 460,575 web pages previously published at mtv.com/news" dating back to 1997 on the Wayback Machine. However, the collection is incomplete as some articles and article images were not archived.

MTV News International
When MTV launched in Europe it used a variation of MTV News US reports with localized European reporting. Upon regionalization of MTV channels in 1997, MTV begun to localize presenters and reporting depending on the MTV region. Its flagship programming in Europe consisted of a daily news update MTV News Update and a weekly highlights show called MTV News Weekend Edition; these ceased airing in the early 2000s. With the move of MTV towards more reality based programming MTV News bulletins became a short news bulletin on the hours between 16:00 to 22:00 Monday to Friday on some MTV channels.

As of July 2013, Viacom International Media Networks has launched a new news bulletin which utilises the existing MTV News UK broadcasts. These MTV News International bulletins air on the majority of MTV channels (with exception to MTV US, MTV Canada, MTV Italy, MTV Brazil, MTV Japan, MTV China and MTV Latin America) in the English language which are either dubbed or subtitled. During MTV News broadcasts viewers are directed to mtvnews.co.uk for further news updates. The news bulletins are presented by MTV UK presenters.

MTV Networks confirmed it would relaunch the MTV Brand and its content in mid-2016, MTV have yet to confirm whether this will impact on news broadcasts outside the US.

By 2016, MTV News International was significantly reduced with news reports confined to social media and some localized MTV websites in the UK, the Benelux, Australia and New Zealand.

Former international presenters

 * Johnny Hockin
 * Sharlene Chiu
 * Tim Kash
 * Ilana Sod
 * Laura Whitmore
 * Estel
 * Jasmine Dotiwala
 * Maz Compton
 * Darren McMullen
 * Erin McNaught
 * Ruby Rose
 * Irena Ponaroshku

title: MTV News


text:
Action art

Action art may refer to:

 * Action painting, a form of abstract expressionism
 * Performance art and art intervention

title: Action art