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Amiga Old File System

On the Amiga, the Old File System was the filesystem for AmigaOS before the Amiga Fast File System. Even though it used 512-byte blocks, it reserved the first small portion of each block for metadata, leaving an actual data block capacity of 488 bytes per block. It wasn't very suitable for anything except floppy disks, and it was soon replaced.

History
Originally known as the Amiga File System, it came from the filesystem of TRIPOS, which formed the basis of the first versions of AmigaDOS. It received the nickname of "Old" or "Original" File System when Fast File System was released with AmigaOS 1.3.

OFS is very good for repairing the filesystem in the event of a problem, although the so-called DiskDoctor provided by Commodore quickly earned the name DiskDestroyer, because it could not repair No-DOS type autostart disks provided by third-party software manufacturers as bootable disks for games. The idea to create non-standard autobootable disks was born in a primitive attempt to prevent copy of such disks and to avoid the loading and launch of Amiga DOS, in order to directly access the Amiga graphic, audio and memory chipsets. DiskDoctor in fact changed autostart disks bootblocks into standard AmigaDOS-based ones, renaming a disk with "Lazarus" namedisk, and made the autostart disk unusable.

Characteristics of AmigaDOS Floppy Disks
Amiga uses MFM encoding/decoding by default when handling floppy disks. There are 80 cylinders on an Amiga floppy disk. Each cylinder has 2 MFM tracks, one on each side of the disk. Double density (DD) disks have 11 sectors per MFM track, high density (HD) disks have 22 sectors.

The geometry of an Amiga floppy disk is as follows:

 * DD disks: 512 bytes/sector, 11 sector/track, 2 track/cyl, 80 cyl/disk
 * HD disks: 512 bytes/sector, 22 sector/track, 2 track/cyl, 80 cyl/disk

The DD disk has 11 * 2 * 80 = 1760 (0 to 1759) blocks, while the HD disk has 22 * 2 * 80 = 3520 blocks.

Amiga stores 880 KiB on a DD disk and 1760 KiB on an HD floppy disk.

Characteristics of Files under AmigaDOS
Prior to AmigaOS 3.5, AmigaDOS file handles maintained a 32-bit wide offset parameter (unsigned), telling where to start the next read or write operation. The biggest size for any single Amiga file under these operating systems therefore comes to 232 = 4 GiB. After Amiga OS 3.5, file handles may reference 264 = 16 EiB files. However, OFS-formatted disks continue to retain the 32-bit limitations, for that is an intrinsic limitation of the format as recorded on the media.

An OFS datablock stores block size BSIZE-24 bytes (i.e. normally 488 bytes at most frequently used BSIZE of 512 bytes).

The rootblock is located at the physical middle of the media: block number 880 for DD disks, block 1760 for HDs. This helps minimize seek times.

The exact calculation for where it is stored is as follows: numCyls = highCyl - lowCyl + 1

highKey = numCyls * numSurfaces * numBlocksPerTrack - 1

rootKey = INT (numReserved + highKey) / 2

The rootblock contains information about the disk: its name, its formatting date, etc. It also contains information on accessing the files/directories/links located at the uppermost (root) directory.

The characters '/' and ':' are forbidden in file and volume names, but *!@#$%|^+&_=\-[]{}';",<>.? and letters with diacritical marks like âè are allowed.

The date fields in the root block (and other blocks) are structured in the form of DAYS, MINS and TICKS. The DAYS field contains the number of days since January 1. 1978. MINS is the number of minutes that have passed since midnight and TICKS are expressed in 1/50s of a second. A day value of zero is considered illegal by most programs. Since the DAYS value is stored as a 32-bit number, the Amiga filesystem does not have an inherent Year 2000 problem or Year 2038 problem.

To reach a file, directory or link, AmigaDOS uses a hash function to calculate which 32-bit word in the disk block to use as a pointer to a hash bucket list, which in turn contains the file, directory, or link record. A bucket list is used to support filesystem objects with names that hash to the same offset. For example: file_1a, file_24 and file_5u have the same hash value.

Filename characters can be lowercase and uppercase, but are not case sensitive when accessed. That is to say, "MyFile" and "myfile" in the same directory refer to the same file.

Files are composed of a file header block, which contains information about the file (size, last access time, data block pointers, etc.), and the data blocks, which contain the actual data. The file header block contains up to BSIZE/4-56 data block pointers (which amounts to 72 entries with the usual 512 byte blocks). If a file is larger than that, file extension blocks will be allocated to hold the data block pointers. File extension blocks are organised in a linked list, which starts in the file header block ('extension' field).

title: Amiga Old File System


text: User talk:68.118.176.189

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.118.176.189


text:
A80 road (Scotland)

The A80 is a road in Scotland, running from the A8 to Moodiesburn, north east of Glasgow. Prior to the M80 opening, the A80 was one of Scotland's busiest trunk roads.

Original Route
The A80 was once the main route from Glasgow to Stirling. It has now been superseded by the M80 motorway which roughly follows the route of the original A80.

History
One of Scotland's worst traffic jams has a reputation for being the A80. In 1992, the M80 Stepps bypass opened between the M8 and Stepps to relieve pressure on the road. This caused the M80 to lie in two parts with the A80 providing the link between the two sections: between the end of the Stepps bypass, and the 1974 section of the M80 which resumed at Haggs. The Stepps-Haggs stretch, built in the 1960s, was under-capacity in relation to the amount of traffic it carried, and the lack of hard shoulders meant that a vehicle breakdown potentially could cause massive jams

Auchenkilns roundabout upgrade
Despite long-term plans to replace the Stepps-Haggs section with a completed M80, the troublesome Auchenkilns roundabout in Cumbernauld was replaced by a grade separated junction in 2005 as traffic congestion meant it could not wait for the final upgrade (which at that stage, was still in planning). A dumbbell interchange junction between the A80, A73 and B8048 was opened in November 2005. A scheme was devised in the 1970s to replace the A80 with a motorway which would have linked western segment of the M80, bypassing Cumbernauld and linking to the M8, to the eastern segment, where it connects to the A803 and M876, through what was known as the Kelvin Valley Route. However, this was not implemented.

M80 Stepps to Haggs completion project

 * See M80 motorway

The Scottish Executive announced in 2002 that the A80 would be upgraded to Motorway standard, replacing the A80 from Stepps to Haggs with the M80. The Kelvin Valley route was not chosen as it would have breached the Antonine Wall and destroyed the Castlecary Roman fort; instead an on-line upgrade through Cumbernauld was selected.

The upgrade was completed in September 2011.

title: A80 road (Scotland)


text:
Perry Common

Perry Common is an area of north Birmingham that includes parts of both Stockland Green and Kingstanding. It falls within the Birmingham Erdington parliamentary constituency.

North Birmingham Academy (formerly College High School) is located in Perry Common as are the Hawthorn Shopping Centre on Hawthorn Road and Witton Lakes.

Regeneration
Redevelopment has been carried out by Witton Lodge Community Association, who have overseen the development of two large care homes as well as more than 300 new houses for sale and rent. The scheme also included the development of new roads, public open spaces and community facilities.

On June 19, 2012 the Perry Common Community Hall was re-opened after a major re-fit and extension. The hall provides space for various regular clubs and activities, includes meeting and hot desk space for local businesses as well as serving as a base for the Witton Lodge Community Association.

History
The area was developed for council housing during the 1920s, with well over 1,000 families moving to the area from dilapidated inner city slums. The houses were built from concrete in a style pioneered by Henry Boot Limited. By the 1980s, however, the estate was facing serious problems. Many of the homes were in a poor state of repair, with cracks in the walls and rising damp being just some of the many problems plaguing the now unpopular Boot houses. During the 1990s, the city council earmarked 908 homes in the area for demolition.

title: Perry Common


text:
Rednal

Rednal is a residential suburb on the south western edge of metropolitan Birmingham, West Midlands, England, 9 mi southwest of Birmingham city centre and forming part of Longbridge parish and electoral ward. Historically it was part of Worcestershire.

Rednal is home to approximately 2,000 residents. The suburb is located in a triangle formed by Rubery and the Bristol Road South to the north and north west, the former MG Rover car factory to the south east and the Lickey Hills and Cofton Hackett Park just south. The popular rural Lickey Hills Country Park is 1/2 mi south of Rednal, with Rednal Hill being the nearest peak.

History
The first evidence of people settling in the area dates back to the Stone Age, when a Neolithic hunter lost a flint arrow head on Rednal Hill. The arrow head is leaf-shaped and made of flint and is certainly over 4000 years old. Additionally a 3000-year-old flint javelin point was found lying on the surface by an observant Mr W. H. Laurie when the Lickey's road was being widened in 1925. A flint-scraping tool was found in the area near the Earl of Plymouth monument. The artefacts are on display at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.

The Romans constructed a road over the Lickeys very near to the present Rose Hill gap before it swung north through Rednal and followed the route of the presentgday Bristol Road South. The road would have been used to transport salt and other goods between the Roman encampments at Worcester and Metchley, near where Birmingham's Queen Elizabeth Hospital now stands. It would have also been used as a military marching route by Roman soldiers. In 1963, a Roman coin was found near Rednal Hill School by a Janet and Stephen Harris. The coin was a dupondius struck during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius, who ruled Rome and Britain from 138 to 161. The tiny coin was struck from brass and would have been worth about the price of a loaf of bread.

In Norman times, Rednal and the Lickeys formed part of the royal manor of Bromsgrove and were set aside as a royal hunting forest. As well as stocking the area with deer, the Normans deliberately introduced rabbits to the area that were kept in large enclosures, or 'warrens', hence the road and place names. The word 'forest' means 'place of deer' and did not necessarily mean that the area was totally covered with trees.

Rednal was known by the Anglo-Saxon name, Wreodan Healh, meaning 'thicket nook'. Together with Kings Norton and other sub-manors, Rednal is listed as Weredeshale in the Domesday Book, a berewick of Bromsgrove belonging to the king. A 20th-century housing estate has reinstated the name of Wreodanhale into modern usage. The name was recorded as early as 849 and is mentioned in the Cofton Lease, one of the few surviving Anglo-Saxon charter documents in the West Midlands. The charter designated land around Cofton Hackett and Rednal to be leased by Bishop Ealhun of Worcester to King Berhtwulf in AD 849.

Running along the west side of Lickey Road, between Leach Green Lane and past Edgewood Road, is a medieval hedge estimated to be over 700 years old. The manor was sold by crown charter in 1682 to the Earl of Plymouth, who lived at nearby Tardebigge, and his descendants would own the lands at Rednal, Longbridge, Cofton Hackett and the Lickey Hills for the next 250 years.

In 1888, I the Birmingham Society for the Preservation of Open Spaces purchased Rednal Hill and handed it to the city in trust. It also arranged for Pinfield Wood and Bilberry Hill to be leased on a peppercorn (nominal) rent. Birmingham City Council finally purchased Cofton Hill, Lickey Warren and Pinfield Wood outright in 1920. With the eventual purchase of the Rose Hill Estate from the Cadbury family in 1923, free public access was finally restored to the entire hills.

An early provision for the small rural community was the Rednal Public Library built in 1909 by King's Norton & Northfield Urban District Council on Leach Green Lane. The site was donated by Edward Cadbury and George Cadbury Jnr, and the building costs met by philanthropist, Andrew Carnegie.

In 1917, the Austin Aero Company built an airfield right next to Rednal, just on the other side the Lickey Road and north east of Cofton Hackett Park. The airfield was used for flying aeroplanes out of the Cofton Hackett aircraft factory. Between 1939 and 1945, the factory produced mainly Hawker Hurricane fighters, Short Stirling four-engined bombers that were flown out over Rednal.

In 1924, the Birmingham tram system was extended along the central reservation of the Bristol Road South to the new Rednal Terminus, with a branch to Rubery. The new line drew thousands of visitors from the city and all over the Black Country to Rednal and the Lickeys at weekends and on bank holidays. There are records of crowds as far back as the Rose and Crown up Rose Hill on busy Sundays, as families queued for the trams to take them home. The trams were removed when the trams were replaced by buses in 1953, but the terminus turning circle and its extensive waiting shelter remained in situ until well into the 1960s, and it is believed that they continued to be used by the buses on bank holidays. The original tram station offices are now used as a Chinese restaurant. A small development of retirement homes and a carpark were built on the site of the terminus, but several short lengths of tramlines are still visible on front gardens and pathways.

In preparation for the Second World War, deep shelter tunnels were dug alongside Rednal in 1936 to accommodate up to 15,000 people. The main tunnels were under the South Works and were also driven under the Flying Ground through the sandstone towards the Cofton Hackett aircraft factory, a task undertaken by an army of mining engineers. The tunnels were large enough to admit 3-ton lorries. The tunnels under the South Works were intended to be used mainly ands air raids, but although some machine tools were installed, allowing work to continue. The tunnels under the airfield and the Cofton factory were designed for use during the assembling aero engines and even aircraft but they also contained a St John's Ambulance Station, manned by first aid qualified factory workers. Used in later years for moving partially-completed cars around the site, the tunnels still exist under the demolished factories, and many photographs taken by 'Subterranean Britain' explorers have surfaced on the Internet.

Major housing development in Rednal did not begin until after the war, with the construction of the Rednal Hall council estate, where over 600 houses added.

Historical
During the medieval period Rednal formed part of the yields of nearby Kings Norton.

Westminster
For elections to the House of Commons, Rednal forms part of the Birmingham Northfield constituency.

Birmingham City Council
Rednal is part of Rubery and Rednal Ward and is represented on Birmingham City Council by Adrian Delaney of the Conservative party.

Geography
The village nestles at the feet of the three hilltops geographically comprising The Lickeys – Rednal Hill, Bilberry Hill and Cofton Hill – are the summits of the Lickey Ridge, a formation of hard quartzite. Panoramic views over the city of Birmingham and surrounding countryside can be seen from the top of these hills.

The Lickey Hills area is of significant geological interest due to the range and age of the rocks. The stratigraphic sequence, which is the basis for the area's diversity of landscape and habitat, comprises:

 * Barnt Green rocks – Precambrian tuffs and volcanic grits
 * Lickey Quartzite – a Cambrian quartzite
 * Keele Clay – a Carboniferous clay
 * Clent Breccia – a Permian breccia
 * Bunter Pebble Beds – beds of Triassic water-worn pebbles

Economy
With the demise of the Longbridge Motor Factory there is little in the way of major employment in the immediate area. Rednal barely existed prior to the factory, coming into being in its current form as a result of four events. Firstly the opening of the Austin motor works at Longbridge in 1905, secondly the extension of the area of the City of Birmingham to the northern boundary of Cofton Hackett in 1911. Thirdly the break-up of the Earl of Plymouth's estate by auction in 1919, and lastly the extension of the Birmingham tramlines to the Rednal terminus in 1924.

These events had carried Rednal very rapidly from the rural age of the horse and cart to that of the motor car and bus, and from a community depending chiefly on farming to a delightful dormitory for people nearly all of whom now travel into central Birmingham to work. Most of the shops are in an area on the southern edge of the village that was administratively transferred from Kings Norton only in 1911.

The previous MG Rover site was purchased by St Modwen and discussions since 2006 have taken place between residents, county, district and parish councils, West Midlands Development Agency and central government officials on suitable development plans for the site. The 2008 downturn in the worldwide economy has slowed the progression of any new development. Situated where the Bristol Road meets Longbridge Lane, the Longbridge Technology Park was completed in late 2007; in 2008 one of the two buildings is occupied but the other is still vacant.

A major development aimed to improve the Longbridge ward was the Great Park development in Rubery by Corporate Land Developments Ltd. The 200 acre site just off junction 4 on the M5 Motorway has been developed into a community with offices, houses, industrial units, Empire Cinemas, Hollywood Bowl, Premier Inn, Brewers Fayre, Morrisons, Gala Bingo, Greens Fitness and an area of public open space.

Rednal is also now the home of the NASUWT, the UK's largest teachers' union. Their premises, which includes training rooms and accommodation, is at Hillscourt, close to the Lickey Hills footpaths.

Primary schools
Most primary aged children attend St. Columba's Catholic Primary School, Rednal Hill Infant or Junior Schools, Colmers Farm Infant or Junior Schools or St. James Catholic Primary School. St Columba's Catholic Primary School is a Catholic school with Christ's teachings of love, peace and justice at the heart of all they do.

Secondary
Most older children attend either Colmers School or St Thomas Aquinas Catholic School, Kings Norton.

Religious sites
The Anglican church of St Stephen's on Edgewood Road was built to serve the community of Rednal and dedicated in 1951. It was granted its own parish from parts of Rubery parish in 1957. The original building was designed as both church and parish hall, however, a new church hall was constructed in 1961. The 450 pipe organ was moved from St John's Methodist Church in Selly Oak in 1960 by a group of volunteers led by St Stephen's organist G. A. W. Jeynes. The church has recently constructed a website to boost its outreach into the Rednal area, and also to encourage communication from the community to the church.

The Catholic church, Our Lady of Perpetual Succour, is on Leach Green Lane.

Longbridge Methodist Church is on Bristol Road South.

Notable people

 * John Henry, Cardinal Newman was buried in the small Roman Catholic cemetery at Rednal, by the Oratory country house. Father Ambrose St. John, his companion of 32 years, also buried at Rednal in the same grave.

 * The scholar and author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, J. R. R. Tolkien lived at Fern Cottage in Rednal at the age of 12, when his mother died there in 1904. The young Tolkien walked widely on the hills of the Lickeys with his brother and later recalled: When I think of my mother's death ... worn out with persecution, poverty, and, largely consequent, disease, in the effort to hand on to us small boys the faith, and remember the tiny bedroom she shared with us in rented rooms in a postman's cottage at Rednal, where she died alone, too ill for viaticum, I find it very hard and bitter, when my children stray away. Later in his youth he and his younger brother often stayed at 'The Retreat' with Father Francis, a large retreat house with grounds in Rednal, maintained by the Birmingham Oratory on the rural edge of the city.

 * In his novel The Rotters' Club, author Jonathan Coe uses 1970s southwest Birmingham as a background, including scenes set in and around Rednal, and in particular in Cofton Park; and a major plot line takes place at the Longbridge Motor Works.

 * Rick Price, guitarist in The Move and Wizzard, grew up in Rednal.

title: Rednal


text:
User talk:Spidley

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Spidley


text:
Westvleteren Brewery

Westvleteren (Brouwerij Westvleteren) is a brewery founded in 1838 at the Trappist Abbey of Saint Sixtus in Vleteren, Belgium.

The brewery's three beers have acquired an international reputation for taste and quality; Westvleteren 12 is considered by some to be the best beer in the world. The beers are not brewed to commercial demands but are sold in small quantities weekly from the doors of the monastery itself, to individual buyers on an advance-order basis.

History
Trappist monks from the Mont des Cats monastery in France founded the St. Sixtus monastery in 1831. In 1838, the brewing began at Westvleteren. In 1850, some of the monks founded the Notre-Dame de Scourmont monastery, which also brews a Trappist beer called Chimay. During World Wars I and II, the Westvleteren brewery continued to operate, albeit at reduced capacity. It was the sole Trappist brewery to retain the copper vessels throughout the 1914-18 and 1939-45 wars — while the other breweries had their copper requisitioned by the German occupation forces. In World War I, this was primarily due to the abbey not being occupied by the Germans; it was caring for wounded Allied troops. In 1931, the abbey began selling beer to the general public, having only served beer to guests and visitors up until that time. In 1946, the St. Bernardus brewery in nearby Watou was granted a licence to brew beer under the St. Sixtus name. This agreement ended in 1992; today St. Bernardus still brews beers of similar styles, but under their brand name. That same year, the abbey opened its new brewery to replace the older equipment.

The brewery currently employs three secular workers for various manual labour tasks; however, the primary brewing is done by the monks only. Of the 26 Trappists who reside at the abbey, five monks run the brewery, with an additional five who assist during bottling.

Commercial orientations
As with all other Trappist breweries, the beer is only sold in order to financially support the monastery and other philanthropic causes. Whilst the brewery is a business by definition (its purpose is to make money), it does not exist for pure profit motives, and they do no advertising. The monks have repeatedly stated that they only brew enough beer to run the monastery, and will make no more than they need to sell, regardless of demand. During World War II, the brewery stopped supplying wholesalers, and since then they only sell to individual buyers in person at the brewery or the visitors' centre opposite. These methods all go against modern business methods; however, as stated by the Father Abbott on the opening of the new brewery, "We are not brewers. We are monks. We brew beer to be able to afford being monks."

Beers
The brewery brews three beers:
 * Westvleteren Blonde (green cap), 5.8% ABV, introduced on 10 June 1999.
 * Westvleteren 8 (blue cap) (formerly Extra), 8% ABV.
 * Westvleteren 12 (yellow cap) (formerly Abt), a 10.2% ABV, introduced in 1940.

Until 1999, the brewery also produced a 6.2% ABV dark beer and a lighter 4° which served as the monks' table beer, but these were replaced by the Blonde. The 8 and 12 are bottle conditioned and are considered to have a long shelf life, with some drinkers preferring the taste when the beers have been stored for several years. The ingredients are yeast, hops, malt, sugar and water.

The bottles have been sold without labels since 1945. As of a recent visit in February 2024 the bottles are sold with labels.

Availability
Buyers were originally limited to ten 24-bottle crates of the beer per car, but as the beer increased in popularity, this was first reduced to five, then to three and now to two or one crates. For the Westvleteren 12 in 2009, it was limited to one case. When making an order now, the type and quantity of beer available for sale are revealed. Sales are limited to one order every 60 days per person per license plate and phone number. Also, the beer must be reserved online through the abbey's website, with registration weeks or even months before the planned pick up date. The online system has replaced the "beerphone" in 2019. The monks do not sell beer to individuals who drive up to the abbey hoping to purchase beer. The reason for this is to eliminate commercial reselling, and hence give all visitors a chance to purchase the product.

The current production is 475 kilolitres (60,000 cases) per year, and has remained the same since 1946.

Aside from the brewery itself, the only other official sale point for the beer is the abbey-owned In de Vrede, a cafe and visitor's centre opposite the abbey. All beers can be bought there for immediate consumption or take-away, depending on availability (however, prices are higher than at the abbey). Often there is no beer available at the shop. The shop also sells cheeses made at the abbey, yeast tabs (not yeast to make beer but dead yeast for health) and other Trappist products.

Buyers of the beer receive a receipt with Niet verder verkopen ("Do not resell") printed on it. The abbey is very much against resale of their beer, and it is their wish that the beer be only commercially available at the two abbey-owned official sale points. Therefore, any Westvleteren beer offered for sale anywhere else in the world is a grey- or black market item, as there are no wholesalers in existence that supply the beer. The abbey is actively working to eliminate the illicit sales, and generally only agrees to media interviews to spread their message against drinking illicitly sold Westvleteren beer.

The brewery and the Belgian retailer Colruyt put a gift pack (6 bottles of Westvleteren 12, plus 2 glasses) on sale, available only in exchange for promotional coupons printed in selected media. The goal of the sales was to increase income to provide funds for urgent and immediate renovations at the monastery. Available from 2 November 2011, sales were limited to 93,000 packs, at 25 Euro per pack. All earnings of the sale were to be put towards the renovation project. This was the first time the brewery had done something like this.

On 4 November 2011 it was announced that 7760 gift packs (each containing 6 bottles of Westvleteren 12 and 2 glasses) would be imported by US-based Shelton Brothers, starting in April 2012. During a Shelton Brothers beer festival in June 2012, the gift packs were then made available to attendees at the price of $85. The original arrangement also listed Manneken-Brussels Imports Austin, Texas, as an additional distributor for the western states, but the Manneken-Brussels deal fell through in May 2012.

On 12 December 2012 gift packs were briefly made available in the US. As with the previous release, the gift packs contained 6 bottles of Westvleteren 12 and 2 decorated glasses. Distributed to selected locations across 22 states, they retailed at the regulated price of $84.99.

A six-pack (at CAD$76.85) was sold out on 12 December 2012 at various LCBO locations in Ontario.

International reputation
Many beer drinkers rank Westvleteren 12 among their favourite beers. The 8 and the Blonde also rank highly on beer-rating websites.

In June 2005, when Westvleteren 12 was again highlighted as "Best Beer in the World", news organizations followed this up and articles appeared in the international press, highlighting the beer ranking and the unusual business policies. In 2014 it was rated best beer in the world by Ratebeer.com.

Following these events, interest in Westvleteren's output increased and stories appeared of the abbey's stock being low, forcing the monks to reduce the amount of beer sold to each customer. In an interview, monk Mark Bode explained that the abbey had no intention of increasing its production, despite demand: "We make the beer to live but we do not live for beer."

Despite the popularity, the monks of St Sixtus have continued to decline almost all interview and visit requests, and have not enjoyed all of the attention they have received. Non-monastic visitors to the abbey are usually turned away, instead being directed to the visitor's centre opposite where there is information about the abbey and brewery. They have stated their desire to only produce as much beer as needed to finance the community.

title: Westvleteren Brewery


text:
Quinton, Birmingham

Quinton is a suburb and ward of Birmingham, England, 5 mi west of the city centre. Formerly part of Halesowen parish, Quinton became part of Birmingham in 1909. Quinton was a village and the surrounding area was farmland until the 1930s when the first housing estates were developed. Most of the farmland had been built on by 1980 but some countryside remains in the form of Woodgate Valley Country Park. Along with Bartley Green, Harborne and Edgbaston, Quinton is within the Birmingham Edgbaston constituency.

History
The name of Quinton is thought to derive from Cweningtun, meaning the queen's settlement.

Quinton was formerly part of the ancient parish of Halesowen and was largely owned in medieval times by the wealthy abbey at Lapal near Halesowen. In the 1840s, when called The Quinton, mention was made of two small coal mines in the area and that the inhabitants were employed in nail manufacturing. The parish was generally known as Ridgacre until 1901, and formed, with most of Halesowen parish, a detached part of Shropshire, until moving to Worcestershire in 1844. Quinton developed along the turnpiked Kidderminster and Birmingham road.

Data from the 1881 census shows working in agriculture and the building trades to be the top two male occupations whereas for working women it was domestic service and nail making.

Bourne College
Prior to the construction of the M5 motorway, Quinton's north western boundary extended over 250 m to the west. Where is now the Chantry Drive housing development there formerly stood the Primitive Methodist, Bourne College in its 19 acre of grounds. The college, a boarding school for boys, was built in 1882 and named after one of the joint founders of Primitive Methodism, Hugh Bourne. Hoosen Close is named after the college's only headmaster. The college closed in 1928 and the buildings were used from 1931 as a residential home for elderly men, known as Quinton Hall. The hall was demolished in 1978.

Incorporation into Birmingham
Quinton with its population of 1,100 and area of 838 acre was incorporated into the county borough of Birmingham, in Warwickshire, on 9 November 1909. Quinton residents voted by 180 out of 224 to join with Birmingham rather than remain in Halesowen Rural District. The main benefit for Quinton Parish Council was connection to an extended Birmingham drainage and sewerage network. For Birmingham Corporation the attraction was the prospect of developing farmland for housing. A tree was planted by Birmingham's Lord Mayor in Quinton Recreation Ground to commemorate the centenary. Quinton became, with the rest of Birmingham, part of the metropolitan county of the West Midlands on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972.

World wars
Although a First World War Zeppelin flew over Quinton on 31 January 1916, its bombing target was Halesowen and no bombs were dropped on the parish. Quinton remained in character a village rather than a suburb until large-scale private housing development of the 1930s. Factory developments were not planned for the area because of objections by residents of Edgbaston to the possibility of fumes being blown over by the wind and so Quinton was not a prime bombing target for the German Luftwaffe. On 17 July 1941, all six crew of a Royal Air Force, World War Two, Armstrong Whitworth Whitley (Z6476) bomber died when their plane crashed in Quinton after striking a barrage balloon cable on a training flight from RAF Abingdon. The only fatalities from German bombs that fell on Quinton were a mother and son who perished on 18 October 1940 when a newsagents on Court Oak Road was hit. Three houses in Wolverhampton Road South were ruined and several more damaged in the same raid. Overall, Quinton was not greatly affected by bombing compared to some areas of Birmingham and the Black Country.

Geography
Quinton is covered by the B32 postal district. The northern boundary of Quinton is the southern side of the A456/A458 Hagley Road West between Balden Road and the M5 motorway; the northern side is Brandhall in the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell. The M5 forms the western boundary down to junction 3, and separates Quinton from the town of Halesowen in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley. The Bourn Brook in Woodgate Valley Country Park is the southern boundary and divides Quinton from Woodgate, South Woodgate and Bartley Green. Balden Road, Tennal Lane and West Boulevard (B4121) form the eastern boundary, however, the ward boundary extends further east to Lordswood Road in the B17 postcode area of Harborne.

Quinton covers an area of 4.8 km2 though its boundaries have since expanded slightly. Eastern parts were formerly known as Ridgacre, with Quinton or "The Quinton" being the area now around the church.

Elevation

Quinton's highest point is 226 m above sea level at the original village centre on High Street. The land drops away to the south and east to a low of 154 m at the Bourn Brook by West Boulevard. The top of the spire of the (Church of England) Christ Church is the highest point of any building in Birmingham. The escarpment a little to the west forms part of the national watershed, dividing the catchment areas of the River Severn and the River Trent.

Housing

The area is almost entirely residential, though there are typical small local service businesses. An office park, accessed from the Quinton Expressway, has been built on part of Quinton Meadows. The original Quinton village in the area around Christ Church on Hagley Road West is of largely Victorian terraced houses. On the corner of Ridgacre Road West and High Street stands the Nailer's Cottage, apparently 18th century, but whose lower walls may date back to the 16th century. It is the oldest dwelling in Quinton. The village spread south in the 1970s with the Chichester Drive housing development.

Much of the Ridgacre estate consists of medium-sized, private semi-detached houses from the 1930s and 1940s. Many of the roads are tree-lined. Construction of the estate was halted during World War II. In the 1950s, council houses typical of the period were built. Further council housing was built south of Quinton Road West along Simmons Drive in the 1970s, encroaching into the Woodgate Valley. Most of the housing is two storey terraces but there are some three storey townhouses all of which originally had integral garages. At the head of each of the V-shaped cul-de-sacs that project into Woodgate Valley is a four-storey block of flats.

Parks and open spaces

The northern part of Woodgate Valley Country Park down to the Bourn Brook lies in Quinton. Woodland and shrubs planted in the late 1980s predominate, but there are also some smaller areas of open meadow. Quinton Meadows Local Nature Reserve comprises 25 acre of grassland and woodland sandwiched between the M5 motorway and the A456 Quinton Expressway. Access from Woodgate Valley Country Park is via a pelican crossing on the Expressway. 18 acres of the meadows were lost in the early 2000s following the construction of Quinton Business Park.

Quinton Recreation Ground next to the M5 is accessed from Meadow Road and Powell Avenue. Highfield Farm Recreation Ground has a children's play area, multi-sports pitch and exercise equipment. There is car parking off Highfield Lane.

Transport infrastructure The 1.25 mi long A456 Quinton Expressway links Quinton to the M5 motorway at junction 3 via a short underpass. The A456 continues as Hagley Road West towards Birmingham city centre. The A458 to Halesowen via Mucklow Hill begins at the Quinton traffic island. A short section of the A4123, enters Quinton as Wolverhampton Road South and bears east along Court Oak Road towards Harborne. West Boulevard used to terminate at Quinton Road West but was extended in August 1986 across the Woodgate Valley and reclassified as the B4121.

No railway lines or canals pass through Quinton.

Demography
The 2021 Population Census recorded that 21,377 people were living in Quinton, down from 23,084 in 2001. 40% (8,548) of the ward's population consisted of ethnic minorities (up from 14.5% in 2001), compared with 51.3% for Birmingham. 46.8% of the population of Quinton stated Christianity as their religion in 2021, down from 71.7% in 2001.

Politics
Quinton ward is currently represented on Birmingham City Council by Labour Co-op Councillors Sam Forsyth & Lauren Rainbow.

The ward of Quinton forms part of Birmingham Edgbaston constituency along with Bartley Green, Edgbaston, Harborne and North Edgbaston, which has been represented by Labour Co-operative MP Preet Gill since 2017.

Education and community facilities
Quinton has one secondary school, Four Dwellings Academy and four primary schools; Quinton Church Primary, World's End Junior, Woodhouse Primary Academy and Four Dwellings Primary Academy. Quinton Church Primary School's roots go back to 1846, six years after the consecration of Christ Church. Pitts Wood, a small ancient woodland designated as a Site of Importance for Nature Conservation adjoins Woodhouse Primary Academy and is used by the school for environmental education.

Quinton Library on the corner of Overdale Road and Ridgacre Road opened on 2June 1974. Adjoining the library is Quinborne Community Centre whose roots go back to 1938 at the former Edgbaston Golf Clubhouse. Quinborne is an amalgam of Quinton and Harborne. The centre includes a stage and indoor sports facility, Bennett Hall, built in 1958 from funds donated by the late Lord Peter Bennett. The community association offers academic, activity and social classes. There is also a pre-school nursery and youth club.

The area is served by three post offices: Quinton post office on Hagley Road West in Quinton village, Faraday Avenue post office on Worlds End Lane and West Boulevard post office on Court Oak Road.

Quinton police station on Quinton Road West had permanently closed and the building was set to be sold off, however in October 2023 West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner, Simon Foster announced the station is to be reopened in 2024.

The main supermarkets are Tesco on the corner of Ridgacre Lane and Ridgacre Road built in 2007 on the site of Birmingham Corporation's Quinton bus depot and Asda on Hagley Road West which opened in October 2011 on the site of the Kings Highway public house.

Quinton Cemetery covering 51 acre opened in 1923 and although in Halesowen is owned and maintained by Birmingham City Council. The office and Registrar’s house were built in 1936.

The Reel Cinema, again just over the border in Halesowen, opened in 1939 as the Danilo. It was renamed the Essoldo in 1954 and upon becoming multi-screened in 1973 was known as the Quinton Classic.

Quinton Art Festival was established in 2001 and takes place annually at the Methodist Church hall over three days in May. There are up to 300 paintings and drawings on display along with craft stalls, flower displays and art demonstrations, plus a Friday evening concert.

Religious sites
The Early English styled Christ Church is of red sandstone and was built at a cost of £2,500 in 1840. The "Old Burial Ground" at the end of the church drive, next to Quinton Church Primary School was opened in 1898. Half of the site was for members of the Church of England and half for other residents of the parish; each administered separately. In the 1950s the grounds became overgrown and by the 1980s were in effect closed. Since 2006 the area has been restored and maintained.

St Boniface, Church of England on Quinton Road West, consecrated in 1959, was designed by the architectural partnership of Bromilow, While & Smeaton who also designed St John the Baptist's Church, Longbridge. It is within the Diocese of Birmingham. The church building of brick has a clerestory with dormer windows as part of a steeply pitched roof. The gabled west front is surmounted by an octagonal, louvred, copper-roofed bell turret. The altar by architect, W H Bidlake came from St Stephen's, Newtown Row.

Quinton Methodist Church on Ridgeway Avenue just over the border in Halesowen was built by William Jackson of Langley Green to a design by Selby Clewer and opened on 3 February 1968. The building replaced one on College Road opened in 1888 that was demolished to make way for the M5 motorway. Ridgacre Methodist Church on World's End Lane opened in May 1951.

The Catholic parish of Our Lady of Fatima is part of the Archdiocese of Birmingham. The Parish Hall was built in Higgins Lane in 1952 and served as a dual purpose building for both church and social activities. The present church was built next to the hall, and was consecrated on 7October 1978 by His Grace, George Patrick Dwyer, Archbishop of Birmingham. Our Lady of Fatima Catholic Primary School is on Winchfield Drive, Harborne.

Quinton Evangelical Free Church on World's End Lane and Ridgacre Road has served the local community since 1944. The Christadelphian Hall on Ridgacre Road dates from 1938.

Public transport
National Express West Midlands buses serve the area. Buses from Birmingham city centre to Stourbridge (service no. 9), Wolverhampton (X8) and Gornal Wood (X10) all stop along Hagley Road West. Service no. 24 Birmingham – Woodgate Valley North stops on Court Oak Road, Ridgacre Road, Ridgacre Lane, Highfield Lane, Simmons Drive and Quinton Road West. Services also run to Dudley and Q.E. Hospital (service no. 19), West Bromwich (54) and Longbridge (55 – operated by Kevs Cars and Coaches). Service 55 was previously numbered 39 and starts from outside the Tesco store built on the site of Quinton bus garage.

Sport
Quinton is home to three amateur football teams, Quinton Monarch, Quinton Magpies and Quinton Rangers, all three play in the Warley and District Football League. A healthy local rivalry has been built up over several years with the Monarch significantly more successful.

Cultural references
Quinton was fictionalised as "Tilton" by Francis Brett Young in his 1931 novel Mr & Mrs Pennington.

Notable people

 * Adrian Chiles

 * Elliot Knight, British actor best known for his role as Aiden Walker in How To Get Away With Murder.
 * Joleon Lescott, grew up in Quinton and attended the Four Dwellings High School
 * Bill Oddie
 * Jerome Sinclair, footballer
 * The Twang, an indie band who were formed in Quinton.

title: Quinton, Birmingham


text:
User talk:Joepearson

Thank you for the welcome User:Meelar.

Hi to anyone visiting!

joe 14:27, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

South African Collaboration of the Week!
Hello, this is just a brief, friendly announcement to let you know that there is now a South African Collaboration of the Week where we vote every two weeks to select an article about South Africa that is either a stub or nonexistent and attempt make it featured article quality by the end of the week. Your comments, voting, and participation would be very welcome! PZFUN 17:51, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

sea serpent editing
Joe, I disagree with your re-addition of the word "mythical" to the sea serpent page. As I explained, I do not believe in them, but calling them "mythical" outright is not neutral.

Re: Gabriella Cilmi at Aus Open
Hi Joe, Sorry, I read it wrong on a site, and realised upon double-checking. I'll correct that straight away. Thanks for the notification! Sparrowgoose 09:45, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Lake Lohja (disambiguation) (August 18)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by KylieTastic was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.

 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Lake Lohja (disambiguation) and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.
 * If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Lake_Lohja_(disambiguation) Articles for creation help desk], on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:KylieTastic&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Lake_Lohja_(disambiguation) reviewer's talk page] or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.

KylieTastic (talk) 17:35, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:Lake Lohja (disambiguation)
Hello, Joepearson. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Lake Lohja (disambiguation), a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 18:01, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Lake Lohja (disambiguation)

Hello, Joepearson. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Lake Lohja".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 18:06, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

There are two lakes!
Lake Lohja is a disambiguation page listing the two lakes called Lake Lohja in English: Lohjanjärvi or Lake Lohja in Finland, and Lake Lohja (Estonia) or Lohja järv in Estonia. This is correct and clear.

When I created the disambiguation page that's now been deleted, a page called "Lake Lohja" already existed (referring only to the Estonian lake), and in accordance with MOS:DABPAGENAME the new disambiguation page needed the text "disambiguation" in the title. We've renamed the Estonian page and all is now good.

title: User talk:Joepearson


text:
Shard End

Shard End is an area of Birmingham, England. It is also a ward within the formal district of Hodge Hill. Shard End borders Castle Bromwich to the north and Kingshurst to the east which are situated in the northern part of the neighbouring Metropolitan Borough of Solihull.

Pre-War
Before the end of World War II, Shard End was completely rural with the only buildings being farmhouses, farm outbuildings and tithe cottages.

Shard End's most infamous resident was Abraham Thornton, son of the owner of Shard End Farm (then part of the Coleshill estate). He was charged with the murder of a local girl, Mary Ashford, in 1817. The events of the trial led to the abolition of two ancient legal rights – the right of a close relative to demand another trial although the defendant had been acquitted, and the right of a defendant to defend himself by challenging the relative to a duel. The duel did not take place and Thornton left the area soon after his second trial to travel to the US.

During World War I, much of the woodland between Shard End and Kingshurst had been cut down to help with the war effort. The Birmingham and District Association of Boy Scouts were able to buy a patch of land at a bargain price and set up a permanent camp there. This land was halfway between Kingshurst and Shard End. It was called Yorkswood and opened in 1923. There were five camp fields, covering an area of 25 acre. The total site was over 200 acre. The site benefited from permanent washhouses and latrines, a swimming pool, a training centre and headquarters, guesthouse, warden's hut and other huts. A small brook from a fresh water spring ran past the camp and Cock Sparrow Farm was about 100 yd away to provide fresh milk. The entrance to the camp was flanked by a series of griffin statues. These had come from the roof of Lewis's Department Store in Birmingham when it was being renovated. After the camp closed in 1972 they were placed upon the Yorkswood housing estate (Kendrick Avenue and nearby roads) in Shard End, built upon the site of the camp. Yorkswood takes its name from the nearby Yorks Wood, an eleven hectare forest dating back hundreds of years.

In the inter war years the Midland Sand and Gravel Company operated a mine on what is now the Norman Chamberlain Playing Fields, off Packington Avenue. During World War II, this gravel pit was used to store and repair third-line tanks. After the war the area was landscaped to become the playing fields. The old gravel pit was allowed to fill with water from a natural spring to form Shard End Lake and has become a leisure facility.

The new estate
A plan of the new housing estate was produced at the end of 1945 and compulsory purchase orders were issued in 1946. Building of the estate started in the late 1940s and was added to in stages producing some variety in the housing. As usual, communal facilities lagged behind the building of the housing. Nine tower blocks were constructed in the ward.

As a result of the construction of the estate, plans for a new church were drawn up. In 1954, construction of All Saints Church, a traditional Church of England church, began and construction was completed in 1955. Designed by F J Osbourne, it was the first new church to be built in Birmingham after World War II. On 1 November 1955, the Lord Bishop of Birmingham, Leonard Wilson, consecrated the church. This was followed by a visit by Queen Elizabeth II two days later. Nikolaus Pevsner, an architect and writer, disapproved of the building calling it "a very ugly church".

Shard End Library opened in 1967 and was the first in Birmingham to use plastic membership cards instead of the traditional cardboard tickets. Some of the housing deteriorated in later years, but has improved as tenants have bought their homes.

Development in the 1970s
After the estate of the 1940s had been constructed, a large swathe of green land remained along the River Cole valley, this was called 'The cow fields' and in the early 1950s local people - particularly at the 'Bailey bridge' end of Shard End Crescent - would have cows grazing on the fields there. This rare open space in a city provided valuable recreation space for the new and young population of Shard End.

During the late 1970s, however, this tract of land was almost completely built upon and the area lost much of its charm. Since the building of this development, and a sharp decline in employment levels during the 1980s, Shard End has seen a marked increase in the problems typical of urban areas in large cities.

Shard End 1990s
All Saints Church (Anglican) is situated in Coneyford Road. It was opened by the Queen in 1955. It has the distinction of being the first Church of England church to be built and consecrated after the war, anywhere in the country. There is also a Methodist and a Baptist church.

Shard End has its own community Centre on Packington Avenue, on the opposite side of the road to the Police Station. At one time, this station had the largest meeting room in the police sub division. There is a shopping area, crown post office and surgery on Shard End Crescent. Cole Hall Farm was derelict for a number of years but has now been converted into a pub. There are four primary and two secondary schools.

The River Cole, a tributary of the River Tame, runs through Shard End, into Kingshurst. It forms the heart of the Kingfisher Country Park.

The local library hosts the Shard End Local History Group once every month.

In January 2005, work on replacing a derelict petrol station with a community centre began. The building is a result of a partnership between Birmingham City Council and GOWM. Thomas Vale Construction are building the community centre.

In January 2013, work was completed on All Saints Square aiming to improve a deprived area of the city, housing a new Library, Birmingham City Council office and Shard End Post Office, alongside a number of other businesses. The development includes a large onsite car park with local bus services running through the area.

The project included the construction of a number of new homes and apartments undertaken in partnership with Barratt Developments and Greswoulde construction.

75.6% of Shard End voters chose to Leave during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. This was the highest of any ward in Birmingham.

Demographics
According to the 2001 Population Census there were 23,154 people living in Shard End with a population density of 3,817 people per km2 compared with 3,649 people per km2 for Birmingham. The area is not an ethnically diverse community with ethnic minorities representing 7.9% (1,820) of the ward's population compared with 29.6% for Birmingham in general.

Transport
The area is served by Lea Hall railway station on the Coventry to Birmingham New Street line with occasional services to Walsall and Rugeley Trent Valley. It is served by the number 95 bus route.

Notable people
Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra grew up in a council house at 368 Shard End Crescent in Shard End. The lyrics to the ELO song "All Over the World" mention Shard End along with cities like London, Paris, Amsterdam, Rio de Janeiro, and Tokyo. Roger Taylor (drummer of Duran Duran) also lived at 350 Shard End Crescent until the age of 11 and attended Timberley Lane School. The author and artist Geoff Bunn also grew up in the area.

title: Shard End


text:
WXKS (AM)

WXKS (1200 kHz) – branded Talk 1200 – is a commercial conservative talk radio AM radio station licensed to Newton, Massachusetts, serving the Greater Boston area. Owned by iHeartMedia, WXKS serves as the Boston affiliate for Fox News Radio, The Glenn Beck Program, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, The Sean Hannity Show and The Mark Levin Show; and the home of syndicated personalities Bill Handel, Ron Wilson, Gary Sullivan and Leo Laporte. The WXKS studios are located in the Boston suburb of Medford, while the station transmitter resides in Newton. Besides its main analog transmission, WXKS streams online via iHeartRadio.

WKOX (AM)
On April 21, 1947, the station signed on as WKOX, a daytime-only station on 1190 kHz in Framingham. WKOX would be paired with an FM adjunct, WKOX-FM (105.7), on February 10, 1960. Fairbanks Communications purchased WKOX and WKOX-FM in 1970. In 1985, WKOX switched frequencies to 1200 kHz and received authorization to broadcast around the clock. For many years, WKOX functioned as a full service station oriented towards the MetroWest region.

Following stints with satellite-fed oldies and talk radio, WKOX became a partial simulcast of its FM sister station, then known as country-formatted WCLB (105.7 FM), on March 1, 1993. The only deviation from this simulcast was morning drive, which continued to be programmed separately with a local talk show. That August, WKOX switched to ABC Radio/Satellite Music Network's "Real Country" format, featuring classic country to complement the more contemporary country sound on WCLB; the local morning news-talk program was again retained.

Another attempt at talk, including a show hosted by former WEEI (590 AM) and WRKO host Gene Burns, was made on October 2, 1995. By this point, WKOX had begun to orient itself to the Boston market as a whole rather than MetroWest. WKOX's talk format was largely replaced with brokered programming in October 1996, mostly consisting of ethnic and foreign language shows; by 1997, WKOX's daytime schedule largely featured programming in creole and Spanish, with some talk programming remaining in other time periods. Notably, contemporary Christian music station WJLT (1060 AM) leased out WKOX's overnight hours to extend its programming schedule, since WJLT was bound at the time to daytime-only operations; by 1999, the bulk of the station's daytime programming was also religious in nature, in Spanish.

As early as 1995, WKOX pursued options to upgrade its power and serve the entire Boston area. The FCC approved plans to have the station change its city of license to Newton and move its transmitter site to a site also utilized by WUNR, where it would operate at 50,000 watts. Community opposition delayed this series of moves for nearly 13 years, and also significantly delayed attempts by Fairbanks Communications to divest WKOX. While Westinghouse Broadcasting and B-Mass Holding Company had expressed interest, by 1998, WKOX was the last remaining radio station in the Fairbanks portfolio. After Richard M. Fairbanks died in August 2000, WKOX was finally sold to Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia) in early 2001.

The brokered format, by then primarily consisting of Spanish-language religious programming, was retained until 2004, when the station began simulcasting a progressive talk radio format with the original WXKS (1430 AM). Both stations switched to a Spanish tropical format, branded as "Rumba", on December 21, 2006. WKOX completed the transmitter and city of license move to Newton in the fall of 2008, and began broadcasting at 50,000 watts full-time in April 2009. On September 4, WXKS (1430 AM) broke from the WKOX simulcast and flipped to a Spanish adult hits format, branded as "Mia 1430".

WXKS (2010–present)
Clear Channel announced in January 2010 that WKOX would once again change to a talk format in April; the launch was stepped up to March 8 after WRKO dropped The Rush Limbaugh Show from its line-up. With this format change, WKOX changed call letters to WXKS (AM) on March 1; WXKS (1430 AM) concurrently changed its calls to WKOX. Coast to Coast AM was the first talk program to air on the station, moving from WRKO in February 2010, several weeks before the full format change. "Rumba" programming ceased on March 5, at which time the station began stunting. For the first year of the talk format, WXKS was branded as "Rush Radio 1200", named for Limbaugh; similar branding was utilized at WRNO-FM in New Orleans, WRDU in Raleigh-Durham, and WPTI in Greensboro, North Carolina. Less than a year later, on February 28, 2011, WXKS re-branded itself as "Talk 1200 Boston."

Local hosts Jeff Katz and Jay Severin were both dismissed from WXKS on August 6, 2012; Katz was reassigned to then-co-owned WRVA in Richmond, Virginia, while Severin joined TheBlaze Radio Network. That same day, both Rush Limbaugh and Coast to Coast AM returned to WRKO's lineup. For the next four days, WXKS continued with the remainder of its syndicated programming before stunting with a 10-minute loop of political gaffes; this led into a format switch to comedy radio that August 13 as the Boston affiliate for 24/7 Comedy Radio. Branded "Matty's Comedy 1200" in honor of WXKS-FM morning host Matt Siegel—who announced the launch on both his show and on WXKS—the comedy format began with a routine from Cambridge native Dane Cook.

On February 27, 2013, Clear Channel announced that WXKS would begin to carry Bloomberg Radio's financial news and information programming as of March 1. The comedy format continued on the second HD Radio subchannel of WXKS-FM until December 2013. The simulcast of 1200 AM, which had previously been on 107.9-HD2, moved to the HD2 subchannel of WJMN, replacing old-school hip hop. In September 2013, WXKS began broadcasting Harvard University football, men's hockey, and men's basketball games. The broadcasts were produced by an independent packager who paid for the airtime.

Bloomberg L.P. announced on July 3, 2017, that the following day, Bloomberg Radio would move its programming to WRCA and its FM translator at 106.1 MHz. WXKS continued to simulcast the Bloomberg programming for several months.

After Bloomberg's local marketing agreement with WXKS ended on March 1, 2018, the station took on the conservative talk programming that had been on WKOX, including Rush Limbaugh. WXKS also returned to the "Talk 1200" branding. WKOX returned to a tropical music format and was moved into a trust ownership, and would later eventually donated to Delmarva Educational Association.

The simulcast on WJMN's HD2 channel ended in November 2018, when it was replaced with iHeartMedia's "Breeze" soft adult contemporary programming. In September 2021, WXKS reappeared on the HD Radio dial, this time on the third sub-channel of sister station WZLX, replacing K-Love.

Initially, during its conservative talk format, WXKS carried some programming from Fox Sports Radio, including its morning show. On November 1, 2021, the station replaced Fox Sports Radio's 2 Pros and A Cup of Joe with a regionally-syndicated program hosted by Jim Polito, produced by Worcester sister station WTAG.

title: WXKS (AM)


text:
Short Heath, Birmingham

Short Heath is an area of Birmingham, England near to Erdington. The area's postcode is B23.

Features

 * Short Heath Park

title: Short Heath, Birmingham


text:
User:Svanimpe

I was born in 1978 in Antwerp, Belgium. My main interests are astronomy, history, and the music/culture scene in Antwerp.

title: User:Svanimpe


text: User talk:205.188.116.77

title: User talk:205.188.116.77


text:
White Queen (comics)

White Queen, in comics, may refer to:

 * Marvel Comics characters, members of Hellfire Club:
 * Paris Seville, member of the Council of the Chosen
 * Emma Frost, member of The Lords Cardinal
 * Storm (Marvel Comics), after the Dark Phoenix Saga
 * Adrienne Frost, Emma's sister
 * Sat-Yr-9 (pretending to be Courtney Ross)
 * DC Comics characters who are members of Checkmate:
 * Oksana Verchenko, during the events around The OMAC Project
 * Amanda Waller, as part of the post-Infinite Crisis line-up, who had earlier been Black King
 * Valentina Vostok, a former member of Doom Patrol, who replaced Waller when her plans were revealed

title: White Queen (comics)


text:
Small heath (butterfly)

The small heath (Coenonympha pamphilus) is a butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae, classified within the subfamily Satyrinae (commonly known as "the browns"). It is the smallest butterfly in this subfamily. The small heath is diurnal and flies with a noticeable fluttering flight pattern near the ground. It rests with closed wings when not in flight. It is widespread in colonies throughout the grasslands of Eurasia and north-western Africa, preferring drier habitats than other Coenonympha, such as salt marshes, alpine meadows, wetlands, and grasslands near water (i.e. streams). However, habitat loss caused by human activities has led to a decline in populations in some locations.

The larval host plants are grasses, found in various habitats, while adult butterflies feed on nectar from flowers. The males of this species are territorial, which plays a large role in obtaining a female mate. To establish dominance, they partake in lekking, a mating display in which males aggregate in a competitive display to attract passing females.

Taxonomy
The small heath is one of 40 species classified within the genus Coenonympha and placed in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to the tribe Satyrini and its Coenonymphina subtribe. The small heath was first described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist and zoologist, in his book Systema Naturae. Originally, the female C. pamphilus butterfly was referred to as the Golden Heath Eye and the male as the Selvedged Heath Eye. Entomologist Moses Harris later described it as the Small Heath or the Gatekeeper. However, the Gatekeeper now describes the Pyronia tithonus.

Description in Seitz
C. pamphilus. Small butterflies which on the upper side are the colour of reddish yellow sand. Forewing beneath reddish yellow, bordered with grey and bearing a small pupilled apical ocellus; hindwing diluted with grey, with a shortened, curved, whitish median band shaded with brown. The ocelli are generally completely absent or only indicated by faint and indistinct vestiges of dots or rings. — The ground-colour of the hindwing of the Northern form, pamphilus L. (= nephele Hbn., menaleas Poda, gardetta Loche) (48 g) is mouse grey beneath; it is the only form in the North, and extends throughout North and Central Europe to Anterior Asia, Turkestan, Ferghana and Persia. — In ab. bipupillata Cosm. the apical ocellus is greatly enlarged and doubly pupilled. — marginata Stgr. (48 g) has a very broad dark distal margin on all the wings, but its underside resembles that of lyllus. (A broadening of the blackish distal margin occurs in the summer brood in many localities.) — lyllus Esp. is the summer form from Southern Europe, North Africa and the southern part of Anterior Asia. In this form the wings are broader, the apex of the forewing is more rounded, the margin of the hindwing often undulating, the underside of the hindwing not mouse-grey but also sandy yellow with a fine, curved, median line. — In Thyrsides Stgr. (48 g), from Sicily-, Dalmatia and the southern portion of Anterior Asia, of which I also found typical specimens in the valleys of the Atlas, the hindwing on both sides bears a submarginal row of ocelli, which are sometimes pupilled. — Larva bright green with a thin, double, white dorsal stripe and yellow lateral one. Head pale green; throughout the summer on grasses. Pupa stout, green, with darker markings. The butterflies are the commonest Satyrids in the whole of Europe and are on the wing from the end of April until October, everywhere on meadows and fallow fields, cornfields and bare summits of hills. They almost fly only when disturbed, and soon settle again, affecting roads and bare patches of ground, sometimes inclining their always closed wings to one side. Their flight is jumping, slow, and low. They even fly into the towns, wandering over gardens and yards, and one sometimes sees them hopping along on paved streets for traffic, and settling for a moment on the pavement.

Subspecies
Subspecies of the Coenonympha pamphilus include:
 * C. p. lyllus (Esper, 1806) (southern Europe and Siberia, the Crimea, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia)
 * C. p. marginata Heyne, [1894] (southern Europe and Siberia, the Crimea, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia)
 * C. p. fulvolactea Verity (1926) (middle Asia)
 * C. p. centralasiae Verity (1926) (middle Asia)
 * C. p. infrarasa Verity (1926) (middle Asia)
 * C. p. juldusica Verity (1926) (middle Asia)
 * C. p. ferghana Stauder (1924) (middle Asia)
 * C. p. nitidissima Verity (1924) (middle Asia)
 * C. p. asiaemontium Verity (1924) (Altai Mountains)
 * C. p. rhoumensis Harrison (1948)

Similar species
The butterfly loosely resembles a small meadow brown, but the brown of the wings appears noticeably paler in flight. Unlike the meadow brown and other common members of the subfamily Satyrinae, the small heath is a lateral basker, only ever resting with its wings closed and angled at 90° to the sun. It more closely resembles Coenonympha caeca (forewing without apical spots), Coenonympha tullia (forewing apical spot smaller), and Coenonympha symphita (underside of hindwing without white spot and almost always with a complete row of spots on the forewing).

Distribution and habitat
The small heath is spread throughout the Western Palearctic, particularly in Europe where it has been reported in at least 40 different countries since 2002. It is commonly found in the United Kingdom, largely in England and Wales. Populations are also found in southwest Siberia, regions of Asia, and north Africa.

As a grasslands species, the small heath prefers open habitats with shorter grass compared to other related species. It is also found in an extensive range of environments including meadows, heaths, mountains (in the subalpine zone), and alongside railways. It has been sighted in calcareous grasslands throughout nineteen countries in Europe. For mating and oviposition, small heath butterflies prefer territories that are close to vegetation over areas that are open and clear.

The small heath also resides in biodiverse patches of green habitats (i.e. greenways, gardens, and parks) in urban areas. These fragments create less-isolated corridors throughout cities, which help butterflies disperse throughout this habitat.

Caterpillars
The primary food resources for small heath larvae are different varieties of grass species. These include the Anthoxanthum odoratum, Poa pratensis, Agrostis stolonifera, and Festuca rubra, which commonly appear on some calcareous grasslands.

Adults
Adult small heath butterflies feed on floral nectar of a variety of flowers such as bramble, yarrow, and ragwort. This nectar has a high content of minerals and nutrients (particularly amino acids and sugar), and is highly important for male and female butterfly reproductive success.

Oviposition
The small heath is a plurivoltine butterfly, having multiple generations in a year. Oviposition varies throughout the lifespan of a female small heath. The rate of oviposition is high for young females, particularly at the beginning of their reproductive life, while older females eventually lay fewer and yellower eggs.

Host plant selection for egg laying
Small heath females prefer to lay eggs in grassland. They use a biological adhesive to lay its eggs directly onto host plants, plants near host plants, or wilting leaves. If the eggs are laid on or near host plants, the larvae are able to feed on the host plant. If attached to the dead grasses, they are forced to find their own food immediately after hatching.

Eggs
Small heath eggs are round and sometimes laid on blades of grass. The eggs are occasionally in clusters, but usually alone. Initially, the egg is a light green with a slight depression on the top and an overall ridged texture. It later gains a white hue with a brown band wrapped around the middle and irregular brown speckles on the surface.

Egg color and weight changes throughout a female's lifespan. Younger females initially tend to lay heavier, greener eggs at a higher frequency. These eggs then transition to an intermediate green-yellow color. After about 100 eggs are laid, or near the end of their lifespans, older females lay lighter, yellow eggs. Adult small heath butterflies have at least one or usually two broods of offspring depending on environmental factors (such as location and altitude).

Larvae
Butterflies like the small heath typically undergo multiple stages of development called instars, through which the insect grows noticeably larger in size. The small heath typically goes through four instars and molts three times. The third instar signals a diapause in which the larva hibernates. By the end of the fourth instar, the small heath larvae are a leafy green color with a green stripe running along its back and stripes a lighter shade of green on its sides. It has pink anal points, a protrusion at the end of the caterpillar. Larvae will sometimes undergo a fifth instar and enter diapause, which possibly signals an adapted response to environmental factors (primarily temperature). In diapause, the larva's resources are used to reinforce and strengthen its already-existing larval adult structures. These larvae then develop into larger male and smaller female pupae.

Pupae
The small heath remains in the pupae stage for approximately 3 weeks. The color of the chrysalis fully develops in four days. The pupa is light yellow-green and suspends from a plant stem with the head facing downward. The cremaster is a series of hooks at the rear of the pupa, which allows it to hang from the stem. The pupae is thick and has a length of 8.5 mm. It is slightly curved with dark dorsal stripes around the sides and light-yellow bumps on the abdomen. The wing covers along the side are a white pigment with small accents of red-brown.

Adult
The wings of an adult small heath butterfly are light brown. Males are darker and sometimes have gray-brown hues, while females are paler and occasionally a white-brown or yellow-white color. Other variations include a redder or yellower pigment with the occasional purple-brown color. Both males and females can have a brownish-gray border circling the edge of the wing. This border varies in thickness and appears to be more common in males than in females. The forewing can have a prominent or faint dark spot or, sometimes, no spot at all near the wing tip. The hindwings may also have eyespots or white dots. A white band runs along the underside of the wing and varies in width and fullness. Female small heath butterflies have a wingspan of 37 mm and tend to be larger than males, which have a wingspan of 33 mm.

The small heath is diurnal, or is active in the daytime. It flies near the ground with a fluttering flight pattern. Small heaths are also lateral baskers, angling their bodies 90° to the sun with their wings closed when resting.

Aggression between males
Male small heath butterflies often establish their own territories and become stationary. Males with their own territories are more likely to mate successfully with females. This prompts aggressive male behavior between stationary males and wandering males who may contest territory ownership. The stationary male sometimes engages the wandering male in an attempt to determine its sex, and these interactions remain short to reduce vulnerability to predation. Longer interactions between males are typically territorial disputes. Larger males are typically more successful in territorial disputes with other males, as they have longer wing spans and are superior in size and weight to smaller males. Thus, larger males have a significantly higher chance of successfully mating a female.

Temperature plays a role in male-male interactions as well. Both females and males increase vagrancy with increased temperatures, and vice versa. In low-temperature conditions, it is advantageous for a male to remain stationary in order to defend his territory as a potential mating site. This leads to longer male-male interactions when territorial disputes are more likely to occur. However, when temperatures are high, choosing not to defend territory is the preferred and advantageous strategy in mating. This is because males who become vagrant will have a higher chance of intercepting a wandering female in competition with other vagrant males. This leads to shorter male-male interactions as males are not defending territory.

Mate choice
Male small heath butterflies find mates either by defending their ownership of a territory or by drifting in search for a female. Virgin females also spend time in the air to find a potential mate, but females who have already mated avoid claimed territories. Due to its longer lifespan, virgin females seek mates less urgently than, for example, females of the C. tullia species. Virgin small heaths females will allow males to pass by instead of seeking them out to begin courtship. They choose to perform a long, elaborate zig-zag flight pattern to draw attention after they reach a group of perching males, who will take part in lekking as a show of dominance. The female then selectively chooses her mate and begins a monandrous relationship. Most matings occur with residents within territories than with the wandering non-residents. Females often mate with males with larger wings, as territory owners are usually larger, and generally mate only once or twice in their short overall lifetimes.

Lekking
Male small heaths aggregate and form leks often around bushes or trees, creating an elaborate visual display to attract a female's attention. The female will approach by circling the lek, which attracts the males' attention more than being stationary. There are both costs and benefits of lekking for the female. Females benefit by typically mating with the dominant male and producing offspring with beneficial, heritable genes, as a result of their free choice in mates. They also have increased survival and maintained health because males cannot force the females to copulate. A few fitness costs include lost time to obtain more resources, risk of mortality through predation, and less time for oviposition, which all lead to decreased fecundity. The leks themselves do not contain resources for the females.

Copulation
Copulation between male and female small heath butterflies lasts between 10 minutes and 5 hours, occurring at any time in the day. In 1985, a study observed that males often mate within their own territory (86.7% of 30 matings), and these copulations are generally lengthy, lasting over 100 minutes. Otherwise, copulations lasted approximately 10–30 minutes, especially for vagrant males. The study also found that either the male or female (but generally the male) is forced to leave the territory after copulation.

Nuptial gifts
During copulation, male small heath butterflies transfer a nuptial gift to a female in the form of a spermatophore, which contains both additional nutrients and sperm. Males can use amino acids found in nectar from food resources to help produce these spermatophores, which are then passed to the female when reproducing. The spermatophore increases female fitness and aids female performance in reproduction, and its nutrients are also assimilated later into the eggs that are laid, leading to heavier larvae.

Thermoregulation
Small heath butterflies typically live well in dry, open landscapes with higher temperatures, in comparison to other species of satyrine butterflies. When temperatures are significantly high, lifespan is shortened but the small heath will fare better than shade-dwelling species, such as the speckled wood, Pararge aegeria. Like other butterflies, it has a small range of optimum temperatures and can regulate its temperatures in a small variety of ways, such as positioning its body to maximally absorb sunlight. In high temperature habitats, the small heath produces eggs at a relatively high rate, has good fecundity, and survives well as compared to woodland butterflies. Male butterflies will also tend to drift and be vagrant in their search for females rather than perch in their territories and wait, as they would do in optimum or sub-optimum temperatures.

Parasitism
The Trogus lapidator (parasitic wasp) and other varieties of Ichneumoninae species will often parasitize Lepidoptera pupae as parasitoids. The parasite eventually emerges from the host pupae as an adult by slicing out a cap at the terminal end of the chrysalis and breaking through. In small heath pupae, staining can sometimes be seen around the cut site of the cap.

Interactions with humans
As a grassland species, the effects of intense, widespread agriculture is a concern for the welfare of the small heath. Grassland management through periodic ecological disturbances (i.e. mowing) is considered necessary to maintain "semi-natural" grasslands. Negative effects of mowing include the loss of biodiversity, the conversion of natural grasslands into agricultural fields, mortality, and loss of nectar resources. However, a study shows that such disturbances of these habitats may actually lead to an increase in the population of grassland butterflies including the small heath.

Conservation
Overall, the small heath is generally common and abundant throughout its geographic distribution, particularly in Europe. Urban habitats have become a significant focus in the conservation of the small heath due to the widespread green fragments forming chains of ecological biodiversity. In a study of elevated atmospheric CO2 levels on development, it was determined that larval development time increased due to elevated CO2 levels, suggesting an effect of CO2 on larval performance. Additionally, it was found that food-plant preferences of larvae might also be affected, which could play a future evolutionary role, although this is an area that requires further research.

Status in the Netherlands
In the Netherlands, the distribution of the Coenonympha tullia is significantly reduced as a result of climate change. Also satyrine species of the genus Coenonympha, the C. hero and C. arcania have gone extinct. One study shows that the small heath has adapted well to climate change and will continue to survive because it can adapt biologically to altered environments. In response to these environmental changes (i.e. temperature), the small heath can overwinter in diapause, which promotes its survival through rapid development.

Status in England
The small heath, like its cousin the wall brown, has been in serious decline across much of southern England for reasons unclear, and was accordingly designated as a UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Species (research only) by DEFRA in 2007. These butterflies typically live in colonies, which have been negatively impacted by construction, human development, and general habitat loss in recent years. In 2007, the IUCN category status listed the small heath as near threatened.

title: Small heath (butterfly)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bobpitch

Bobpitch isn't an advert, it's a real offshoot message board from Popbitch, originally setup after a falling out between a poster called 'GoldCD' and an editor of PB. It is an extremely rumbunctious, vicious - though still cuddly - place, that thrives on insults, recipes and pictures of kittens. Since the website is survives entirely on voluntary donations from those who actually use it, the idea that it is Spam is ridiculous. The poor thing runs on wind and elastic bands.

Bobpitch was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Looks like an ad. About 100 hits for 'bobpitch' in Google. Rhobite 15:33, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Somebody needs to look at the related Popbitch as well, in addition to the links that may or may not be sprouting off it. Delete Bobpitch for sure. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 15:35, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)
 * I think Popbitch is safe with 18,000 google hits and ranked 68,056 by Alexa. Rhobite 15:48, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, but much of the same irrelevant material is being posted there. I'd like the stuff there verified (i.e. frequented by music industry insiders). [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 15:52, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * if only we knew what they are talking about. Delete. Ianb 15:40, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't worry it's a quite fun message board, we don't make money, and matt really is unfunny... -AndyV
 * It's a sad little joke: Don't VfD these, just mark them for speedy delete. I've removed most of the article because of its offensive and stupid nature. - DavidWBrooks 15:46, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, if not speedy (as it's vanity spam) - David Gerard 15:57, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete (speedy for nonsense, spam, and using the most offensive profanity in English repeatedly?) for ad. Back in my day, we used "Bob" as a reference for an anonymous fool. Pitching the bobs would be fine. Geogre 16:35, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I have read about BobPitch in the UK magazine "Word". It is indeed peopled by music industry insiders, among other professions. The article (July 2003, was an analysis of PopBitch and the various boards that have sprung up in its wake). It's actually a rather interesting phenomenon. As for it being commercial spam, that's a simply ludicrous accusation. Take a look at the site. How on earth does *that* make money. However, I would agree that, in its current state, particular with the added profanity, the article doesn't give a real insight into quite how important BobPitch is in British youth culture today.
 * Damn. Two sockpuppets.  Speedy delete if possible.  This is just wrong. - Lucky 6.9 16:52, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Harriman Alaska expedition

The Harriman Alaska expedition explored the coast of Alaska for two months from Seattle to Alaska and Siberia and back again in 1899. It was organized by wealthy railroad magnate Edward Harriman. Harriman brought with him an elite community of scientists, artists, photographers, and naturalists to explore and document the Alaskan coast.

Genesis of the voyage
Edward Harriman was one of the most powerful men in America and controlled several railroads. By early 1899, he was exhausted. His doctor told him that he needed a long vacation. Harriman went to Alaska to hunt Kodiak bears. Rather than go alone, he took a scientific community to explore and document the coast of Alaska.

He contacted Clinton Hart Merriam, the head of the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy at the United States Department of Agriculture, and one of the founders of the National Geographic Society. Harriman told Merriam that he would cover the expenses of scientists, artists, and other experts who would join the voyage. He asked Merriam to choose the scientific party.

Historians question why Harriman wanted to go to Alaska. Some think he was considering developing Alaskan resources. Some think he was considering building a railroad to the Alaskan territory. Some people at the time openly wondered if he was going to buy Alaska, or build a railroad bridge from Alaska to Siberia — a railroad around the world. Nothing seemed impossible for Edward H. Harriman.

Merriam held a flurry of meetings and sent many telegrams. He organized a broad range of experts: arctic experts, botanists, biologists and zoologists, geologists and geographers, artists, photographers, ornithologists and writers.

Harriman had the steamship SS George W. Elder refitted for the expedition. The remodeled ship featured lecture rooms, a library with over 500 volumes on Alaska, a stable for animals, taxidermy studios, and luxury rooms for the team. Some on the expedition referred to her as the George W. Roller, for its tendency to roll at sea, causing seasickness among the passengers.

Participants
The members of the interdisciplinary team included many of the best American scientists, artists, and photographers of the time.

Arctic experts
 * William Brewer, naturalist
 * John Muir, naturalist
 * William Dall, paleontologist, geographer

Botanists
 * Frederick Coville, botanist
 * Thomas Kearney, botanist
 * De Alton Saunders, botanist
 * William Trelease, botanist
 * Bernhard Fernow, forester

Biologists and zoologists
 * Wesley R. Coe, biologist
 * W. B. Ritter, Ph.D., biologist
 * Daniel Giraud Elliot, zoologist
 * Clinton Hart Merriam, zoologist
 * William Emerson Ritter, biologist
 * Trevor Kincaid, entomologist
 * A. K. Fisher, ornithologist
 * Charles Keeler, ornithologist
 * Robert Ridgway, ornithologist
 * William H. Averell
 * Leon J. Cole, ornithologist

Geologists and geographers
 * W. B. Devereux, mining engineer
 * Benjamin Emerson, geologist
 * Henry Gannett, geographer
 * Grove Karl Gilbert, geologist
 * Charles Palache, geologist

Artists and photographers
 * Edward Curtis, photographer
 * Frederick Dellenbaugh, artist
 * Louis Agassiz Fuertes, bird artist
 * R. Swain Gifford, artist
 * Duncan George Inverarity, photographer (Curtis’ assistant)
 * Pillsbury, Arthur C., panorama & still photographer (rendezvoused with the ship June 1899 taking panoramas of the Muir Glacier, John Muir, and the ship)

Writers
 * George Bird Grinnell, expert on Native American culture (Editor, Forest and Stream)
 * John Burroughs, Author

Harriman also brought a medical team, a chaplain, hunters and packers, guides, and taxidermists. He brought his own family and his servants. Together, with the crew of the Elder, the total number of people on the ship was 126.

Voyage
By the end of May, the ship's guests and passengers had all arrived in Seattle. Newspapers around the world ran front-page stories about the trip. The Elder left Seattle on 31 May 1899. Cheering crowds saw them off.

Their first stop was the Victoria Museum on Vancouver Island. They then traveled farther north to Lowe Inlet, where they stopped to explore and document the wildlife.

On 4 June, they stopped in Metlakatla, the European-style settlement that was created by Scottish missionary William Duncan for the Alaskan indigenous people. The scientists visited with Duncan in his home.

In the next two weeks the Elder stopped at several spots on Alaskan soil, including Skagway and Sitka. They saw the results, both positive and negative, of the Klondike Gold Rush. They continued to catalog plants, animals, and marine creatures, as well as geological and glacial formations. Harriman had brought a graphophonic recording machine, and used it to record a native Tlingit song.

By 25 June, they had reached Prince William Sound. They discovered an undocumented fjord in the northwest corner of the Sound. They named it "Harriman Fjiord."

While the scientists had some control over where they stopped to explore, Harriman retained the final judgment. He was anxious to hunt a bear, and he decided to head toward Kodiak Island when he heard that there were bears there.

On 7 July, they reached Popof Island in the Shumagin Islands. Four of the scientists, Ritter, Saunders, Palache, and Kincaid (accompanied by guide Luther Kelly), decided to camp on Popof Island while the rest of the scientists continued on to Siberia. This allowed them to make much more detailed notes about the area, rather than quick notes on frequent stops along the way.

Edward Harriman’s wife wanted to put her feet on Siberian soil, so the Elder continued northward. By 11 July, the ship had put into Plover Bay in Siberia.

Harriman, by this time, was impatient and ready to get back to work. The Elder steamed southward, picking up the party on Popof Island. On 26 July, the Elder made one last stop, at an abandoned Tlingit village at Cape Fox. On July 30, the ship pulled into Seattle.

Expedition publications
Harriman paid for the creation of several sizable volumes of the discoveries of the expedition. When Harriman died in 1909, his wife provided additional funds to continue the publications. Merriam served as the editor, and spent twelve years working on the publications. John Burroughs, a best-selling nature author, was the official scribe of the expedition. He wrote much of Volume I, an overview of the trip. Volumes VI and VII, which were to be written by Merriam and feature mammals, never appeared. Perhaps Merriam simply couldn’t find the time with his other duties. Subsequent volumes were written by other expedition scientists or authors hired by Merriam to finish the work. While they often mentioned the beauty and grandeur of the Alaskan coast, the publications were mostly highly technical and written for scientists.

The first volume was published in 1901, and they continued to be published during the next few years. The Smithsonian republished the entire series in 1910, and the volumes are now available as free downloads.

 * Vol I: Narrative, Glaciers, Natives
 * Vol II: History, Geography, Resources
 * Vol III: Glaciers and Glaciation
 * Vol IV: Geology and Paleontology
 * Vol V: Cryptogamic Botany
 * Vol VIII: Insects, Part 1
 * Vol IX: Insects, Part 2
 * Vol X: Crustaceans
 * Vol XI: Nemerteans, Bryozoans
 * Vol XII: Enchytraeids, Tubicolous Annelids
 * Vol XIII: Land and Fresh Water Mollusks
 * Vol XIV: Monograph of the Shallow-water Starfishes of the North Pacific Coast from the Arctic Ocean to California, Part 1. Text and Part 2. Plates
 * Vol XIV: Monograph of the Shallow-water Starfishes of the North Pacific Coast from the Arctic Ocean to California, Part 1. Text and Part 2. Plates

Accomplishments
The expedition claimed to have discovered some 600 species that were new to science, including 38 new fossil species. They charted the geographic distribution of many species. They discovered an unmapped fjord and named several glaciers. Gilbert’s work on glaciers represented new thinking in the field.

Another legacy of the trip was the career of Edward Curtis. On the trip, he developed a close friendship with George Grinnell, who was an expert on Native American culture. After the expedition, Grinnell invited Curtis with him on a trip to the Blackfeet Reservation in Montana. Curtis, moved by what was commonly believed to be a dying way of life, spent much of his career documenting Native American culture.

At first, John Muir found Harriman distasteful and his hunting barbaric. But, over the course of the trip and afterward, the two became friends. Years later, Muir recruited Harriman to help with governmental lobbying on National Park legislation. Muir gave the eulogy at Harriman’s funeral in 1909.

In many ways, the expedition was an intersection of 19th century science and 20th century science. It often represented the best of the new century’s science, but it also showed how scientists thought in the previous century.

They foreshadowed practices of 20th century science by being an interdisciplinary team. The wealth of disciplines represented on the voyage enabled them to work together to solve many pieces of the puzzle. They also discussed the potential loss of the wilderness and the indigenous peoples. They saw the remnants of the Yukon gold rush, and how self-serving treasure hunters were plundering the countryside and the dignity and viability of the indigenous cultures.

In many ways, they were firmly rooted in 19th century science. In the 19th century, the common way to write scientific articles was to create endlessly long descriptions of the physical characteristics of plants or animals. Most of the publications from the expedition followed this protocol. This approach to biology withered in the early 20th century.

Another example of 19th century thinking was their perspective on indigenous cultures. Their ethnocentric view regarded the indigenous people as savages. While the scientists remarked in horror that the indigenous cultures were disappearing, they simultaneously felt that adopting modern European-style technology, dress, and customs would be a helpful step for them.

The intersection of 19th and 20th century science was evident among different opinions of those on the expedition. Upon seeing the indigenous peoples involved in salmon fishing operations and canning factories, those on the Elder felt different things. Some saw the cannery operations as forced labor, akin to slavery. Other expedition members saw the cannery operations as efficient and effective.

Cape Fox artifacts
On July 26, 1899, the expedition landed in Cape Fox, at an abandoned Tlingit village. The village had been deserted for about five years, but many pieces of Tlingit artwork and totem poles remained there. Some members of the expedition (in protest of other members) removed some of the artifacts from the village. While this has been described by some as "looting," it must be considered in the context of the times. Members of the expedition believed that the indigenous cultures of Alaska would soon be extinguished by the encroaching of modern civilization. Their desire was to save to museums what they believed would be the last remnants of the Tlingit artwork and culture. The expedition saw the artifacts as inanimate objects from a deserted village. To the Tlingit living nearby, the artifacts were a sacred part of their identity.

The Cape Fox artifacts were preserved in museums. In 2001, a group of scientists retraced the steps of the 1899 Harriman Expedition. The 2001 scientists and crew, including the great-great-granddaughter of Edward Harriman, returned a number of artifacts to the descendants of the original Cape Fox Tlingit residents.

title: Harriman Alaska expedition