text:
User talk:Buckeye007

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title: User talk:Buckeye007


text:
User talk:True Vox

Hi True Vox,

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

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Again, welcome! - Lady Tenar 00:43, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

vandalism - how to remove
just pop a { { d } } on the top line (without the spaces in between), marks it for speedy deletion. Be sure to read all the wikipedia articles on deleting and voting for deletion. --Sgkay 17:08, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Image_talk:Wil_Wheaton_Meets_Tim_O%27Reilly.jpg
I added the left-right tag for ya. Thanks for asking. --Randal L. Schwartz 05:49, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

A reply
I have answered you on my talk page. I like to keep conversations threaded, so please reply there if you like, and keep it in your watchlist... Happy editing!  + + Lar: t/c 12:24, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:True Vox


text:
Category talk:Fictional characters

Blank
Is it just me, or does this page - and all subcategories - appear totally blank? I can't find evidence of vandalism... Erolos 16:07, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Probably was temporary. --Jerzy(t) 21:45, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)
 * It wasn't but it was dealt with, thanks. :) -Erolos 21:53, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Duplicating categories
What's the deal with duplicating this category with Category:Fictional people? Ausir 10:43, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps a human/nonhuman distinction was meant? Believe, I didn't create this one. -- Pjacobi 12:01, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

A couple proposals...
I think some further levels of categories may be good to have --- how does everyone feel about having the following categories?

I know that this could properly be split into the existing "Comics" and "Cartoons" characters -- but unlike American and European comics it seems standard that every half-way successful Manga character so quickly gets turned into an Anime series, that sometimes it even tends to be difficult to know which came first, or which one most contributed to the popularity of a character. This would house Category:Dragon Ball characters, Category:Pokémon characters and several others I believe.
 * Manga and Anime characters

To group Category:Friends characters, Category:Cheers characters, as well as Frasier characters, and whatever else may be there or later come along.
 * Sitcom characters

I am myself uncertain about having this category, but it would serve to help categorize Category:Babylon 5 characters, Category:Star Wars characters, Category:Star Trek characters, Category:Babylon 5 characters, Category:Red Dwarf characters, Category:Foundation universe characters, so forth, so forth...
 * Science Fiction characters

It would group Category:Fictional aliens, Category:Fictional ghosts, Category:Fictional vampires, Category:Fictional dragons, Category:Fictional animals, Category:Fictional cyborgs and Category:Fictional robots. I tried to think up a better name but "Non-human characters" wasn't accurate enough as both ghosts and cyborgs could claim humanity, and "by species" again would probably not be accurate enough in the case of e.g. vampires, cyborgs, robots or ghosts...
 * Fictional characters by nature

Anyway let me know what you think, everyone. If nobody has serious objections, I will go ahead and do the changes.

Aris Katsaris 16:23, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Seems like a valid attempts to get some order in this field. But every elaborate scheme will have to fight against the sheer speed of Fictional * added to the Wikipedia. Anyway, I support this proposal and will catecorize accordingly. Two details:
 * Fantasy (LotR...), into SF, directly under under Category:Fictional characters or another sub-cat?
 * Video game characters
 * Pjacobi 21:21, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * "Fantasy characters" will probably indeed have to be another subcat, but I'd suggest we wait a couple days before creating that one to see how the categorization with the rest of the proposals is going and any problems that may come up. As for Video game characters -- since that's a whole medium, let's leave that category under "Fictional characters". For the moment atleast. Aris Katsaris 21:44, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll ask here before I go ahead and do it; Would it be wise to have a Category:Literary characters? It should clean up the main Category:Fictional characters considerably. Xezbeth 08:03, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Are these entries supposed to be sorted by last name or first? If there isn't a "last name, first name" entry in the article (like Horrigan, Frank) it'll sort by first name. I'm confused. --Doctorcherokee 05:32, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Clive Barker?
This seems a little out of place. I mean, the rest are all catagorized by some situation. I think this should be removed, and the Clive Barker characters should be seperated into their respective genres/catagories. Eirra 23:40, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Myths
Is there any clear and consistent method or reason to separate fictional characters from mythical characters? Jwray (talk) 05:44, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Surely a mythic character is by definition a fictional character? Mythic are a sub-category of fictional. DionysosProteus (talk) 13:00, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, is there any consistent way to separate mythical characters from characters of old religions? Greek mythology is ancient Greek religion.  The only difference between a religion and a mythology is whether some people still follow it... Jwray (talk) 01:58, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

7 years later

Princess Vespa
There two entries for this -- "Princess vespa" and "Princess Vespa." They link to the same article. I would remove the first one but I don't know how. Rissa, copy editor (talk) 21:33, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Those are redirects, with pagenames displayed in italics on these category pages (within the alphabetical lists of "Pages in category ..."). Some or all of those listings can be removed from this display like any other, by visiting them and deleting  but that should not be done in isolation, only in conjunction with placement in some  and preferably using . The redirects may usefully be diffused to the subcategories, however, by someone who knows how to do that but not how to cat redirects in particular. I did both for  two weeks ago.
 * See also, below. --P64 (talk) 16:08, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

Swanhilde
Here's another one: "Swanhilde" and "Swanilda." They link to the same article. Rissa, copy editor (talk) 21:37, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * See immediately above and below. --P64 (talk) 16:08, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

Fictional character redirects
FYI, no action recommended now.

We now have (6000+ pages) and its parent[!]  (81 subcategories, 271 pages). All those cats are populated partly by redirect template R from fictional character, or {R fc} for short, commonly with a parameter value such as 'Narnia' that specifies one of the subcats.

Redirect categories and templates for fiction need more work than simply to make Redirected fictional character articles the parent and Fictional character redirects to lists its child subcat. Nor are those two categories comprehensive, even for redirects that have been placed in categories; for instance, use a system regardless of characters, elements, locations, etc.

--P64 (talk) 15:47, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

Titular characters
The third definition for the adjective of titular on Wiktionary is:
 * (proscribed) Named or referred to in the title

I am wondering if we have a category for this or if we could create one. The purpose would be to keep track of characters for whom a work is named after. There are a couple different forms.

The first is if the title is indistinguishable from a name used for the character:
 * Aladdin
 * Batman
 * Doc McStuffins
 * Harvey Beaks
 * Henry Hugglemonster
 * Naruto
 * Sofia the First

In all cases there has been something like a TV series or movie named after the character. It need not be their full or legal name but just something to refer to them, where if you heard the title of the work, it could be used to refer to the character too.

Another instance would be if a character name is part of a title but it has other aspects added so that the title of the work could not be taken to refer to the character themself. Examples:
 * He-Man and the Masters of the Universe
 * Jake and the Never Land Pirates
 * Miles from Tomorrowland
 * Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei
 * Sheriff Callie's Wild West

Another interesting instance which I have seen in the -Fictional duos- category is series which are named after 2 characters. Examples:
 * Goldie & Bear
 * Maggie and the Ferocious Beast
 * Ren and stimpy
 * Sarah and Duck

I am guessing this could fit into the first one since they are also titular characters. I am not sure how to distinguish in a category name between the first grouping and the second grouping though. It seems like there ought to be a distinction between your name being mentioned in the title and your name being the title itself. In the latter case, confusion can be created since if you say -I like X- people may not know if you mean you like the character or the show. I feel like titular characters could be an empty parent category with subcategories for title-equals-character and title-mentions-character but not sure what to name them. Looking for ideas. I think there are dozens of series like this creating a filling for such a category. --184.146.6.191 (talk) 15:30, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Fictional characters


text: User talk:193.188.97.152

title: User talk:193.188.97.152


text:
User talk:Barnhorst

Please see discussion at talk:copyright. Thue | talk 16:08, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Barnhorst


text:
Dawes Rolls

The Dawes Rolls (or Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes, or Dawes Commission of Final Rolls) were created by the United States Dawes Commission. The commission was authorized by United States Congress in 1893 to execute the General Allotment Act of 1887.

Traditionally, the land in these tribal communities had been held communally. With the establishment of the Dawes Commission, the ruling was made by the colonial agents to divide the land into parcels and institute a system of individual ownership in accordance with US laws, overriding the treaty and tribal laws of the region. To allot the communal lands, citizens of the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) were to be enumerated and registered by the US government. These counts also included the freedmen – formerly enslaved African-Americans who had been emancipated after the American Civil War, and their descendants.

The rolls were used to assign allotments to heads of household and to provide an equitable division of all monies obtained from sales of surplus lands. These rolls became known as the Dawes Rolls. When word got out that people could get land, many non-Natives appeared at the offices and falsely claimed to be Native. Most of these false claimants claimed to be Cherokee. Family myths still persist of "hiding in the hills", or of being "rejected from the rolls", or "refusing to enroll" when the reason for having not been enrolled is that the applicants were simply not Native American.

Enumeration and enrollment
The Dawes Commission went to the individual tribes to obtain the membership lists, but it took a series of attempts to gain anything approaching an accurate count. In 1898, Congress passed the Curtis Act, which provided that a new roll would be taken and supersede all previous rolls. Difficulties in enumerating the population included the forced migrations of the period as well as the American Civil War. Additionally, non-Native census takers introduced the idea of Blood Quantum, a concept previously foreign to the tribal communities. Those recording this percentage of ancestry wrote down an estimation, based on physical appearance and personal opinion if the individual was present.

Tribal citizens were listed under several categories:
 * Citizen by Blood
 * New Born Citizen by Blood
 * Minor Citizens by Blood
 * Citizen by Marriage
 * Freedmen (persons formerly enslaved by Native Americans and/or adopted by the Cherokee tribe)
 * New Born Freedmen
 * Minor Freedmen
 * Delaware Indians (those adopted by the Cherokee tribe were enrolled as a separate group within the Cherokee)

More than 250,000 people applied for membership, and the Dawes Commission enrolled just over 100,000. Most were rejected because they were non-Natives who showed up demanding land, but could not prove any connection to an existing Native community, such as naming living relatives or speaking the Native language. Overrun with prospective claimants, the commission was overwhelmed and instituted guidelines: "It rejected the unconscionable claim that a white person once admitted into the tribe by marriage to an Indian could confer citizenship upon any white person whom he might afterwards marry and upon his white descendants. It also uncovered a great mass of nauseous evidence, and rejected a large number of claims upon the ground they had been advanced through perjury and forgery." An act of Congress on April 26, 1906 closed the rolls on March 5, 1907. An additional 312 persons were enrolled under an act approved August 1, 1914.

While some initially refused to be enumerated, almost all were later arrested and enrolled against their will; enrollment was not a matter of "choice". Refusing to be enumerated, and even fleeing, would mean warrants being issued for the person's arrest; they could then be treated brutally and imprisoned in the process of being enrolled by force. Still, due to understandable distrust of the government, there were those who tried to avoid enumeration. Notable among those who resisted were Muscogee Chitto Harjo (Crazy Snake), and Cherokee Redbird Smith. But both Harjo and Smith were eventually coerced into enrolling. According to Cherokee professor Steve Russell, some Natives hiding in the Cookson Hills never enrolled, but some of them were later arrested and forcibly enrolled, while others were enrolled on their behalf by people in their communities. Additionally all individuals on the Census Roll of 1896 were enrolled without notification to the parties involved. The only real choice to avoid enumeration entirely meant completely leaving one's community and assimilating. Since that period, the tribes have relied on the Dawes Rolls as part of the membership qualification process, using them as records of citizens at a particular time, and requiring new members to document direct descent from a person or persons on these rolls. Courts have upheld this rule even when it has been proven that a brother or sister of an ancestor was listed on the rolls but not the direct ancestor himself/herself.

Another issue on the Dawes Rolls are people termed "Five-Dollar Indians". Some white people bribed government officials to obtain land allotments, but this was not as widespread as some would believe.

Gregory Smithers, associate professor of history at Virginia Commonwealth University stated, "These were opportunistic white men who wanted access to land or food rations. ... These were people who were more than happy to exploit the Dawes Commission – and government agents, for $5, were willing to turn a blind eye to the graft and corruption." For the small minority that managed this, this fraudulent enrollment may have earned white people potential benefits for themselves and their descendants, but also could have subjected them to further removal, relocation or incarceration. There were also land runs during this era, and other methods for white people to obtain land. Most of the white people on the Dawes roll are noted as included due to marrying a member of the tribe and having Indian children.

The Dawes Rolls, though recognized as flawed, are still essential to the citizenship process of the Nations that include them in their laws. The federal government uses them in determining blood-quantum status of individuals for Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood.

title: Dawes Rolls


text:
User talk:Mt2131

Possibly unfree Image:I0025302A.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:I0025302A.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page to provide the necessary information on the source or licensing of this image (if you have any), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. --Blenda Lovelace 13:24, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mt2131


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ISO 8859-17

An article about a non-existing entity, which more or less only states, it doesn't exist. -- Pjacobi 16:10, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. There really ought to be a written rule against place-holder articles. Jallan 17:04, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pointless. Ianb 17:47, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Reminds me of a plaque my mom used to have in the kitchen, which said something like: On this spot in 1872, nothing happened. - Eisnel 21:02, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. Besides... anyone old enough to remember the slogan "If it's not in the Yellow Pages, it probably doesn't exist?" A good way to document the non-existence of something is not to create a Wikipedia article about it. Dpbsmith 22:25, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. After reading ISO 8859, it's pretty obvious that ISO 8859-17 comes next.  There's no need for another article to tell us that.  (You should be encoding in UTF-8 anyway.)--Ardonik 06:08, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Blitzkrieg (video game)

Blitzkrieg (Блицкриг) is a real-time tactics video game based on the events of World War II and is the first title in the Blitzkrieg series. The game allows players to assume the role of commanding officer during the battles of World War II that occurred in Europe and North Africa. Each country has its respective historically correct military units. Similar to the Sudden Strike games, Blitzkrieg focuses on battles rather than real-time strategy aspects like base building.

Virtual Programming published a Mac OS X version of the game on the Mac App Store on April 20, 2011.

Certain versions of the original game, and several sequels, use the StarForce copy protection system. Blitzkrieg Anthology does not appear to use StarForce.

Graphics deliver realistic 3-D rendered isometric terrain and details include seasons, climatic zones and weather conditions which can affect game play. Blood is present although it can be deactivated. The game features over 350 different units and objects. The player has the ability to build pontoon bridges, dig trenches, lay mines, resupply and repair units or call in air support but there are no resources. Virtually everything can be destroyed including buildings and bridges. Forests can be flattened by tanks or artillery. Each unit of a respective nation speaks its own language, adding immensely to the immersion.

The game shipped with a mission and resource editors for users to create their own units and maps.

Gameplay
The game is split into three modes: campaign, multiplayer and custom game. Blitzkrieg centers on 3 distinctive campaigns which features some of the major factions battling it out in World War II. They feature the Allies (American and British campaigns), the Germans, and the Soviets. Each of those attempt to chronologically re-enact the time periods of the war by devising Chapters into each of the campaigns.

Each player starts with 'core units'. These named units would be the same personnel accompanying the player throughout the chosen Campaign and may gain rank and experience as the player progresses from one Chapter to the other. As they fight, units will expend their ammunition, forcing the player to pay attention. Each of the individual units can be used separately or in groups, and by highlighting vehicles or humans, groups can be created and then called by a button at any time. Because of the dismissal of base-building and unit spawning, strategy is a key ingredient of overall gameplay.

Add-ons
There are three official expansions of the original Blitzkrieg to date, all three developed by La Plata Studios (Germany) in collaboration with Nival Interactive, the developer of the original Blitzkrieg game. They are published and distributed by CDV Interactive. The base game Blitzkrieg was released together with its three expansions as Blitzkrieg Anthology.

 * Blitzkrieg: Burning Horizon follows the footsteps of General Erwin Rommel starting from the crossing of the Ardennes to the battles of the Afrika Korps and continuing to the last struggle of German resistance in occupied France. It also includes a new nation, Japan, with unique new units and weaponry (Belgium is also added, in single player only as an enemy), as well as 8 brand new single player missions, in which battles rage in many different countries and islands, from the Pacific island of Papua New Guinea to the jungles of Burma and Singapore and the deserts of Northern Africa and much more. It also includes over 56 new and improved units, including tanks, aircraft, squads, and artillery. It was first released in Germany in April 2004, although a Finnish release may have come earlier. It was then sold in English-language and several other markets in June.
 * Blitzkrieg: Rolling Thunder traces the career of General George S. Patton during World War II ranging from the deserts of the North African campaign to the snowy forests of the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge. Rolling Thunder is also known as Roar of the Storm or Rumble of the Storm in the Russian market. It was first released in November 2004.
 * Blitzkrieg: Iron Division, also known as Green Devils, is an expansion that requires Blitzkrieg and Rolling Thunder in order to play. The Green Devils add-on is also known as Devils in Khaki in the Russian market. Unlike the first two expansions, it is not a full campaign, but a set of 4 custom missions. It follows the German 9th Panzer Division's actions in the Battle of France, the Eastern Front and the Normandy campaign. It also includes 1st airborne campaign called Eagles as well as a few new units and a new campaign: Tank School. First released in June 2005, it was sold in the US in September 2006.

Stand-alone games
The "Enigma Engine" used in Blitzkrieg was heavily outsourced and plenty of games were made using the engine:
 * Stalingrad, developed by Russian developers DTF Games, is a stand-alone game covering the advance toward and the battle for Stalingrad from both the German and Soviet sides. It was first released in December 2004, and then in the UK in March 2005. A Steam digital version was released in March 2015. It is unrelated to the similarly worded Great Battles: Stalingrad spin-off game from a different developer, built on the Blitzkrieg 2 engine and released in 2007.
 * Talvisota: Icy Hell, developed by Blitzfront Game Studio, is a game based on the Finnish-Russian Winter War in 1939–1940. It was first released in November 2007.
 * WWI: The Great War, developed by Dark Fox, is a World War I-based game built on the Blitzkreg engine. The player assumes the role of the commanding officer of either the armed forces of the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Germany or Austria-Hungary on the battlefields of the Great War with the country's respective weaponry from 1914 to 1918. It was first released in June 2005, and an initial UK budget retail label was released in 2008. As of April 2015, the game is now officially available on Steam.
 * Mission Barbarossa and Kursk developed by UK developers ACTive Gaming, follow the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 and the Battle of Kursk in 1943. The Mission Barbarossa add-on is also known as Eastern Front in the Russian market. Mission Barbarossa and Kursk were first released in January 2005 (as a Russian budget label) and August 2005, respectively.
 * Blitzkrieg: Operation "North", developed by Dark Fox, was released in February 2004.
 * Panzerkrieg: Burning Horizon 2 was developed by German studio La Plata Studios, who also made the official expansions Burning Horizon & Rolling Thunder. Burning Horizon II is an unofficial compilation of three previously released games in the series — Blitzkrieg: Red Horizon (Soviet), Blitzkrieg: Rolling Thunder (American), and Blitzkrieg: Lost Victories (German) and released in Germany in October 2008 and UK in June 2009. In the sequel, players can choose between the Allied, German or Soviet campaigns, reliving key battles from history such as the Battle of the Bulge, Operation Sturgeon Catch and Battle of the Frontiers.

Non-WWII or WWI based

 * Conflict 2012: Operation Kosovo Sunrise was developed by Patriote Interactive and La Plata Studios, who has experience in releasing unofficial add-ons. This game is set in 2012 in the Balkans as the players take command of a special mixed army unit in an attempt to stop invasion. The main factions are the NATO and Serbian forces. It was released in limited batches in Serbian/Cyrillic and/or maybe Russian language in October 2009. The English language retail version or patch also had a limited release around June 2010. The 2012 mod version is available at Mod DB.
 * Cuban Missile Crisis: The Aftermath was developed by G5 Software LLC. This game, built on the Enigma engine used by Blitzkrieg, provides a hypothetical scenario in which the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis became a full-blown worldwide nuclear war. It was first released in Russia in February 2005 with some other European releases following later the same year. The US retail edition was first released in November 2005 and was digitally available on GamersGate in March 2008. The Russian developers also made a standalone expansion to this game called Cuban Missile Crisis: Ice Crusade, set in 1967, five years after the Cuban Missile Crisis which turned into a nuclear war. This expansion was first released in Russia in June 2005 and was digitally released on GamersGate in May 2009. Both games went on the Steam digital shop in March 2015.
 * Desert Law was developed by Arise and used a modified version of Blitzkrieg's engine. It is a real-time strategy game set in the southern states of post-apocalyptic America, but without base building. The storytelling is told through comic book cutscenes as well as in-mission dialog. Mechanically, it is similar to Command & Conquer, and visually similar to the early Fallout games. It was first released in retail form in April 2005. It is also known Coyotes: Desert Law in Russia and Desert Law: Warriors of the Desert in Poland. It was digitally available on GamersGate in March 2008 and a Steam digital version was released in March 2015.

Panzerkrieg - Burning Horizon II
Hamburg-based La Plata Studios (developers of the Burning Horizon, Rolling Thunder and Green Devils titles) released Panzerkrieg - Burning Horizon II in 2008. The project was produced in conjunction with the head of the original Blitzkrieg team. By the end of October 2008, the game was released in Germany where it was successful and sold more copies than any Blitzkrieg 2 extension.

title: Blitzkrieg (video game)


text:
Norman Sperling

Norman Sperling (born March 19, 1947) is an author, editor, publisher, teacher, and telescope designer living in San Mateo, California.

Sperling received a BA from Michigan State University after graduating from Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Maryland. He followed that with an MA in History of Science from the University of California, Berkeley. He has taught astronomy and related courses at Sonoma State University, California State University, Hayward, UC Berkeley, and San Francisco State University.

Publisher and author
Sperling founded astronomical supplier and publisher Everything in the Universe in 1977. He has been assistant editor for Sky & Telescope magazine and was science editor for AltaVista. , Sperling is the editor and publisher of the Journal of Irreproducible Results, a science humor magazine. He authored What Your Astronomy Textbook Won't Tell You and Any Parent's Recipe for Great Baseball He edited and published John Dobson's book How and Why to Make a User-Friendly Sidewalk Telescope. He has also been published in Academic American Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Americana online, Technology Review, San Francisco Examiner, Astronomy, Pacific Discovery, Journal of College Science Teaching, Mercury, Rittenhouse, Popular Astronomy, Telescope Making, Griffith Observer, Reflector, and The Pundit.

Sperling created the Catalog of North American Planetaria (CATNAP), which later expanded into the Planetarium Directory. He has been planetarium director at Duncan Planetarium, Princeton Day School, New Jersey; Rotary-Chabot Planetarium, Chabot Observatory and Science Center, California; and Edgewood Junior High School Planetarium, Maryland, and he has been a lecturer at Morrison Planetarium in San Francisco.

Inventor
As an inventor, Sperling, with Mike Simmons, created the Astroscan telescope for Edmund Scientific, as well as "The Stars Above" star-finder for Spherical Concepts.

Expert witness
Sperling serves occasionally as an expert witness in the field of astronomy. The most high-profile case in which he testified was known as the Billionaire Boys Club case in 1992. He was able to nullify the testimony of a key prosecution witness. The defendant was acquitted.

Volunteer service
Norman Sperling is a recipient of the National Service Award by the Western Amateur Astronomers, and had been recognized "For special and meritorious service for his unusual dedication and service to the astronomical community in all areas of astronomy" by the Astronomical Association of Northern California. He is a Fellow of the International Planetarium Society (first induction).

Sperling is active in the Bay Area Skeptics, Northern California Historical Astronomy Luncheon and Discussion Association.

title: Norman Sperling


text:
User:Sam jervis

In 2004 I graduated from the University of Bristol with a BSc in Computer Science.

For five years I was a member of the Air Training Corps. From this and for other reasons I have a casual interest in aviation.

Other interests of mine:
 * Conservation work with the BUCG
 * Science Fiction
 * At University I worked on a group project to write an Interactive Fiction interpreter and mapping system which features a cooperative networked multiplayer mode we believe to be unique - see the website at http://zinc-if.sourceforge.net/
 * My final year University project was the development of a retargetable web scripting language. The project now lives on SourceForge at http://rsp.sourceforge.net/ and will hopefully develop if I ever find the time to work on it.

Things todo
Sam jervis 00:48, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Sam jervis


text:
Fischerspooner

Fischerspooner was an electroclash duo and performance troupe formed in 1998 in Chicago after meeting in school. The name is a combination of the founders' last names, Warren Fischer and Casey Spooner.

Career
Originally a duo formed by classically trained musician Warren Fischer and video-artist and experimental theater performer Casey Spooner for an impromptu rendition of their makeshift track "Indian Cab Driver" at the Astor Place Starbucks, the group grew to over 20 performers, most of whom are dancers and guest vocalists. "We started as a performance art piece about entertainment that ultimately became legitimate entertainment," said Casey Spooner, when talking about the group's origins in an April 2009 interview.

#1 (2001)
Their debut album, #1, has been released on several record labels, including International DJ Gigolo, Ministry of Sound and Capitol Records, and includes their hit singles "Sweetness", "Emerge", and a cover of Wire's "the 15th". In the final months of 2004, Fischerspooner opened up their FS Studios in New York City to the public for a few hours once a week, allowing people to meet the band and production team, as well as preview new video, music and dance projects that they were working on.

Odyssey (2005)
In 2005, Odyssey, the band's second album, was released. The album featured songs that were more structured and more accurately described as electropop than electroclash. "Odyssey was really about being on Capitol, which was this icon of classic American music, trying to embrace that cliché and find a way to embody it and infiltrate it and take it apart at the same time", says Spooner.

The lead single, "Just Let Go", featuring live drums and guitars, possessed a markedly different sound than those heard on their debut album. "Just Let Go" was featured on season 2, episode 15 of Nip/Tuck; "All We Are" was also featured on the same TV series, in season 3, episode 1. The second single, "Never Win", went on to become the album's biggest hit, and was well received in both clubs and radio. Furthermore, it was also featured in the 2006 Happy Madison movie Grandma's Boy. "A Kick in the Teeth" was rumored to be the album's third, and possibly final, single but was only pressed on 12" that included a remix by Tiefschwarz. This was followed after a duration of silence by a 12" remix of "We Need a War" with a mix by DJ Hell. Other remixes believed to have been done are of "All We Are" and "Get Confused". "All We Are" was featured as the credits track in the first episode of season two of Sweetbitter.

After the album's release, Fischerspooner toured a new, more elaborate show in Europe, but the band found themselves without the funds to tour the show fully in North America. "I was incredibly frustrated because I had worked two years on this huge record and I was only able to perform for three months", recalls Spooner, who subsequently retreated to his theatrical roots, joining experimental New York performance ensemble The Wooster Group. During this period, it was unclear whether the band would record together again; and, in May 2007, the band was released from its Capitol Records recording contract.

Entertainment (2009)
Early European gig recordings of "The Best Revenge" surfaced on the internet during summer 2007. "The Best Revenge" was released on January 14, 2008, with French label Kitsune Music. The track includes a remix package from the likes of Autokratz, Tocadisco, Alex Gopher, The Passions and Tony Senghore. Fischerspooner also released "Danse en France" as a single on the Kitsuné label. The album 'Entertainment' was released by Lo Recordings.

Warren and Casey subsequently began to work on more material for a new album while Casey was performing the role of Ophelia's brother Laertes in The Wooster Group's production of Hamlet (Fischerspooner also contributed two original songs to the production). Released in North America via the band's own label FS Studios on May 4, 2009, Entertainment is their third full-length album and was produced by Jeff Saltzman (The Killers, The Black Keys, The Sounds).

The album's cover was listed on Pitchfork's worst album covers of 2009.

Sir (2018)
The album Sir, executive-produced and co-written by Michael Stipe of R.E.M. and Boots, was released on February 16, 2018, on Ultra. The band released the first single "Have Fun Tonight" on June 19, 2017. The song "Top Brazil", was released on January 19, 2018; along with an electro-pop music video which Billboard called, "provocative." NPR interpreted the album as a retrospective collage of Reagan-era queer references framed in an undeniably contemporary style;

"Even the cheapskate metaphor passions in the lyrics, read as physical, often NSFW desires — 'raging motorcycle thoroughbred,' 'not opposed to humiliation,' 'denim on denim,' 'dorsal fins at night in Berlin,' 'Butterscotch Goddam,' 'dark pink Saturday night' — that are dated just enough to seem older and odder. Pairing these with layered synthesizer lines and drum-machines that invoke Reagan-era industrial and EBM reinforces nostalgic notions of sexual danger."

In an interview with the album collaborators, it was said that, "[the album] explores Spooner’s 're-entry into the sexual playground now defined by technology, but also the muddled ways that feelings and self-image are present in that experience' while simultaneously examining the years of 'emotional and sexual turbulence' he experienced with his ex-partner."

Break-up
On October 30, 2019, the duo announced their breakup via Instagram.

Band members

 * Warren Fischer – composer
 * Casey Spooner – songwriter, vocals
 * Sam Kearney – guitar
 * Peanuts, aka Jeremiah Clancy – attendant to Casey, actor
 * Adam Crystal - keyboards
 * Cindy Greene – vocals
 * Lizzy Yoder – vocals
 * Ian Pai – musical director, drums
 * Vanessa Walters – choreographer, dancer
 * Stephanie Dixon – dancer

Albums

 * Bootleg (self-titled, with PS1 Cover Artwork) (1998)
 * Fischerspooner (2000) – "For Those Who Know" release
 * #1 or Best Album Ever, originally titled Best Album Ever, "International DJ Gigolos" release in 2001, Ministry of Sound release in 2002, Capitol Records reissue with DVD in 2003 - UK #92
 * Odyssey (2005) US #172, UK #110
 * Entertainment (2009)
 * Sir (2018)

Music videos

 * "Emerge" – Original version (2001)
 * "Emerge" – Skin version (2003)
 * "The 15th" (2003)
 * "Sweetness" (2003)
 * "Just Let Go" (2005)
 * "Never Win" (2005)
 * "Never Win" – Mirwais version (2005)
 * "All We Are" (made for a Coca-Cola project by Rex & Tennant) (2006)
 * "Get Confused" (2008)
 * "We Are Electric" (2009)
 * "The Best Revenge" (2011)
 * "Have Fun Tonight" (2017)
 * "Togetherness" (2017)
 * "TopBrazil" (2017)

title: Fischerspooner


text:
World Business Council for Sustainable Development

The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) is a CEO-led organization of over 225 international companies. The council is also connected to 60 national and regional business councils and partner organizations.

Its origins date back to the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit of 1992, when Stephan Schmidheiny, a Swiss business entrepreneur, was appointed chief adviser for business and industry to the secretary general of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). He created a forum called "Business Council for Sustainable Development", which went on to become Changing Course, a book that coined the concept of eco-efficiency.

The WBCSD was created in 1995 as a merger of the Business Council for Sustainable Development and the World Industry Council for the Environment and is based at the Maison de la paix in Geneva, Switzerland, with offices in New York and New Delhi.

Operations
The council works on a variety of issues related to sustainable development. It works to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through the transformation of six economic systems: circular economy, cities and mobility, climate and energy, food, land and water, people and redefining value. Each system transformation is set up as a WBCSD Program with a number of supplementary Projects.

Impact and influence
A 2003 World Bank/IFC commissioned study identified the WBCSD as one of the "most influential forums" for companies on corporate social responsibility (CSR) issues. A 2004 Globescan survey found the WBCSD as the second most effective SD research organization. The 2006 survey by the same company reports that 54% of all surveyed experts believe the WBCSD will play a "major role" in advancing sustainable development. Only the European Union received higher approval (69%).

In the Ethisphere Institute's 2007 list of the 100 Most Influential People in Business Ethics, WBCSD President Bjoern Stigson was ranked ninth, which made him the second most influential NGO leader.

The organization helped launch the Concrete Sustainability Initiative.

Membership
Membership of the WBCSD is by invitation of the executive committee to companies committed to sustainable development. WBCSD has over 180 members.

Forética
Forética claims to be a global network of Spanish speaking businesses and professionals whose mission is to promote an ethical management and corporate social responsibility by the establishment of a National standard in Spain known as SGE-21, (sistema de gestión ética para el Siglo 21) which is also Annex 1 to ISO 26000 and supported by CSR Europe Membership is said to around 400 and includes companies of all sizes and sectors, as well as individual specialists, professionals, and academics and it was incorporated into WBCSD on 2 September 2014.

Governance
The WBCSD is a member-led organization governed by a Council composed of the Council Members of its member companies. The Council elects the executive committee, including the chairman and four Vice Chairmen. Past chairmen include:

 * Rodney F. Chase – BP (1995)
 * Livio D. DeSimone – 3M (1996/97)
 * Egil Myklebust – Norsk Hydro (1998/99)
 * Charles O. Holliday, Jr. – DuPont (2000/01)
 * Sir Philip Watts KCMG – Royal Dutch Shell (2002/03)
 * Bertrand Collomb – Lafarge (2004/05)
 * Travis Engen – Alcan (2006/07)
 * Sam DiPiazza – PwC (2008/09)
 * Paul Polman – Unilever (2012–17)
 * Sunny Verghese – Olam (2018–2020)

Geographic balance
Most of WBCSD's member companies are headquartered in Europe (47%). 22% member companies are headquartered in Asia, 22% in North America and 5% in Latin America. The geographically least represented regions are Africa, Australasia and the Middle East with 1% each.

Controversies
According to Greenpeace the World Business Council for Sustainable Development  is among the key players responsible for holding back the world societies from tackling the climate change and energy management challenges for the past 20 years. The WBCSD Executive Committee was dominated by the largest non-renewable energy and carbon-intensive companies in the world at least until 2011. According to Greenpeace the WBCSD executive committee has been a 'Who's Who' of the world's largest carbon-intensive companies.

The Sierra Club has collaborated with the World Business Council on a number of initiatives, as well as inviting its representatives to speak at Sierra Club events. The Environmental Defense Fund recommends the World Business Council's auditing methods to companies seeking to reduce greenhouse emissions, and the Natural Resources Defense Council has drawn upon WBCSD guidelines in drawing up their own guidelines for determining biofuels sustainability. The WBCSD's Vision 2050 report was highlighted by The Guardian as "the largest concerted corporate sustainability action plan to date – include reversing the damage done to ecosystems, addressing rising greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring societies move to sustainable agriculture."


text:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett

Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356 (2001), was a United States Supreme Court case about Congress's enforcement powers under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court decided that Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act was unconstitutional, insofar as it allowed states to be sued by private citizens for money damages.

Background
The plaintiffs were Milton Ash and Patricia Garrett, both employees of the University of Alabama school system. They were disabled under the definition of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Ash was a security guard who had a lifelong history of severe asthma, and Garrett was a nurse who had been diagnosed with breast cancer requiring time-consuming radiation and chemotherapy treatments. Both alleged that they had been discriminated against at their jobs. The university had refused to assign Ash to duties that would alleviate his asthma and insisted on transferring Garrett because of her absences. Ash and Garrett filed a suit in federal court against the University of Alabama for damages, arguing that the university had violated Title I of the ADA, which prohibiting discrimination in employment on the basis of disability.

The University of Alabama responded with a motion to dismiss on the grounds that the Eleventh Amendment prohibited the suit. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama dismissed both cases on that ground, but the Eleventh Circuit reversed and held that Congress had expressly abrogated the sovereign immunity of the states.

Issue
Can Congress abrogate states' immunity under its Fourteenth Amendment power to enforce the Equal Protection Clause?

Decision
The majority opinion stated that Congress, in enacting the ADA, had satisfied the requirement that it make clear its intention to abrogate state sovereign immunity and allow states to be sued for damages under the Fourteenth Amendment. However, the majority opinion also stated that part of the ADA to lack the "congruence and proportionality" required when Congress exercises its enforcement power under the Fourteenth Amendment, citing City of Boerne v. Flores (1997).

Under the Equal Protection Clause, discrimination against people with disabilities is analyzed by "rational basis" scrutiny: if the discrimination has a rational basis, it is constitutional. In this case, the Court held that Congress, like the judiciary, was required to use rational basis review of state action, with its presumptions favoring constitutionality. The Supreme Court decided that the legislative record of the ADA "fails to show that Congress did in fact identify a pattern of irrational state discrimination in employment against the disabled."

The Supreme Court stated that the "reasonable accommodation" requirement of the ADA law failed the congruence and proportionality test despite the hardship exception to the accommodation requirement: "The ADA does except employers from the 'reasonable accommodatio[n]' requirement where the employer 'can demonstrate that the accommodation would impose an undue hardship on the operation of the business of such covered entity.' § 12112(b)(5)(A). However, even with this exception, the accommodation duty far exceeds what is constitutionally required in that it makes unlawful a range of alternate responses that would be reasonable but would fall short of imposing an 'undue burden' upon the employer. The Act also makes it the employer's duty to prove that it would suffer such a burden, instead of requiring (as the Constitution does) that the complaining party negate reasonable bases for the employer’s decision. See ibid."

The Supreme Court called disability discrimination rational in that hiring non-disabled employees would conserve scarce financial resources by avoiding the need for costly reasonable accommodations: "whereas it would be entirely rational (and therefore constitutional) for a state employer to conserve scarce financial resources by hiring employees who are able to use existing facilities, the ADA requires employers to 'mak[e] existing facilities used by employees readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities.'"

Thus, states have rational reasons for violating the part of the ADA law banning policies that have a disparate impact on the disabled. Even in cases of racial discrimination in which the courts apply a different standard of scrutiny to government action from rational basis review, evidence of disparate impact is insufficient: "The ADA also forbids 'utilizing standards, criteria, or methods of administration' that disparately impact the disabled, without regard to whether such conduct has a rational basis. § 12112(b)(3)(A). Although disparate impact may be relevant evidence of racial discrimination, see Washington v. Davis, 426 U. S. 229, 239 (1976), such evidence alone is insufficient even where the Fourteenth Amendment subjects state action to strict scrutiny."

The Supreme Court had held in Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Corp. (1977) that disparate impact was not proof of discrimination based on "race, color or national origin," which would trigger strict scrutiny.

The Supreme Court considered the burden of proof to be on those who allege a state action toward the disabled to be irrational: "Moreover, the State need not articulate its reasoning at the moment a particular decision is made. Rather, the burden is upon the challenging party to negative "'any reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis for the classification.'" Heller, supra, at 320 (quoting FCC v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313 (1993))."

The Supreme Court mentioned the government's argument that "the inquiry as to unconstitutional discrimination should extend not only to States themselves, but to units of local governments, such as cities and counties." It admitted that local governments "are 'state actors' for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment" but added, "These entities are subject to private claims for damages under the ADA without Congress' ever having to rely on § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment to render them so. It would make no sense to consider constitutional violations on their part, as well as by the States themselves, when only the States are the beneficiaries of the Eleventh Amendment." Also, "States are not required by the Fourteenth Amendment to make special accommodations for the disabled, so long as their actions towards such individuals are rational. They could quite hardheadedly – and perhaps hardheartedly – hold to job-qualification requirements which do not make allowance for the disabled. If special accommodations for the disabled are to be required, they have to come from positive law and not through the Equal Protection Clause."

The ADA, by allowing states to be sued for damages by private plaintiffs for failing to provide reasonable accommodations provided significantly more Fourteenth Amendment protection for people with disabilities than was allowed by Boerne. That level of protection, the Supreme Court held, was not "congruent and proportional" to the wrong of discrimination against people with disabilities.

The Supreme Court did not address the ability of the federal government to sue the states directly or the ability of Congress to subject local governments to private lawsuits, enforcing federal anti-discrimination laws enacted pursuant to Article I, for example.

Thus, the ADA did not constitutionally abrogate the states' sovereign immunity.

The decision's scope, however, should not be overstated. While it prevents states from being subject to money damages for violations of Title I of the ADA, states are still subject to prospective injunctive relief, under Ex parte Young (1908).

Dissent
The Court split 5–4, with Justice Stephen Breyer filing a dissenting opinion in which he was joined by Justices John Paul Stevens, David Souter, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. The dissent stated the following about rational basis review:

"Congress found that '[t]wo-thirds of all disabled Americans between the age of 16 and 64 [were] not working at all,' even though a large majority wanted to, and were able to, work productively. And Congress found that this discrimination flowed in significant part from 'stereotypic assumptions' as well as purposeful unequal treatment....

The problem with the Court's approach is that neither the 'burden of proof' that favors States nor any other rule of restraint applicable to judges applies to Congress when it exercises its § 5 power. 'Limitations stemming from the nature of the judicial process... have no application to Congress.' Rational–basis review—with its presumptions favoring constitutionality—is 'a paradigm of judicial restraint.' And the Congress of the United States is not a lower court. (Citations omitted)"

On "congruence and proportionality," Justice Breyer said that City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc (1985) and Katzenbach v. Morgan (1966) were precedents that require deference by the Court, not Congress:

"I recognize nonetheless that this statute imposes a burden upon States in that it removes their Eleventh Amendment protection from suit, thereby subjecting them to potential monetary liability. Rules for interpreting § 5 that would provide States with special protection, however, run counter to the very object of the Fourteenth Amendment. By its terms, that Amendment prohibits States from denying their citizens equal protection of the laws. Hence 'principles of federalism that might otherwise be an obstacle to congressional authority are necessarily overridden by the power to enforce the Civil War Amendments 'by appropriate legislation.' Those Amendments were specifically designed as an expansion of federal power and an intrusion on state sovereignty.' (Citations omitted)"


text:
User talk:VladoJ

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title: User talk:VladoJ


text:
GNU Assembler

The GNU Assembler, commonly known as gas or as, is the assembler developed by the GNU Project. It is the default back-end of GCC. It is used to assemble the GNU operating system and the Linux kernel, and various other software. It is a part of the GNU Binutils package.

The GAS executable is named as, the standard name for a Unix assembler. GAS is cross-platform, and both runs on and assembles for a number of different computer architectures. GAS is free software released under the GNU General Public License v3.

History
The first version of GAS was released in 1986–1987. It was written by Dean Elsner and supported the VAX architecture.

General syntax
GAS supports a general syntax that works for all of the supported architectures. The general syntax includes assembler directives and a method for commenting. The default syntax is AT&T syntax.

Directives
GAS uses assembler directives (also known as pseudo ops), which are keywords beginning with a period that behave similarly to preprocessor directives in the C programming language. While most of the available assembler directives are valid regardless of the target architecture, some directives are machine dependent.

Since version 2.10, Intel syntax can be used through use of the  directive.

Comments
GAS supports two comment styles.

Multi-line

As in C, multi-line comments start and end with mirroring slash-asterisk pairs:

Single-line

Single line comments have a few different formats varying on which architecture is being assembled for.
 * A hash symbol (#) — i386, x86-64, i960, 68HC11, 68HC12, VAX, V850, M32R, PowerPC, MIPS, M680x0, and RISC-V
 * A semicolon — AMD 29k family, ARC, H8/300 family, HPPA, PDP-11, picoJava, Motorola, and M32C
 * The at sign (@) — 32-bit ARM
 * A double slash (//) — AArch64
 * A vertical bar (|) — M680x0
 * An exclamation mark (!) — Renesas SH

Usage
Being the back-end for a popular compiler suite, namely GCC, the GNU Assembler is very widely used in compiling modern open source software. GAS is often used as the assembler on Linux operating systems in conjunction with other GNU software. A modified version of GAS can also be found in the macOS development tools package since OS X.

Example program
A standard "Hello, world!" program for Linux on i386:

title: GNU Assembler


text:
9:30 Club

The 9:30 Club, originally named Nightclub 9:30 and also known simply as the 9:30, is a nightclub and concert venue in Washington, D.C. In 2018, Rolling Stone named the 9:30 Club one of the 10 best live music venues in the United States.

The club opened on May 31, 1980, on the ground floor rear room of the Atlantic Building at 930 F Street NW, in Downtown Washington, D.C. with a legal standing capacity of 199. In 1996, the club moved to a larger location at its current location at 815 V Street NW, where it anchors the eastern end of the U Street Corridor.

The 9:30 Club's name was derived from its original street address, which was also the reason to set the venue's original opening time of 9:30 p.m. Early advertising on WHFS radio featured the club's slogan, "9:30 – a Place and Time!"

Nightclub 9:30
Nightclub 9:30 was founded by artist and dancer Dody DiSanto and her husband, Jon Bowers, a local real estate developer and music enthusiast who purchased the Atlantic Building in 1979. The Atlantic Building was full of artists even before it became the 9:30 Club.

On May 31, 1980, the venue hosted its first show, featuring New York City-based jazz-punk band the Lounge Lizards and local new wave band Tiny Desk Unit as the opening act. The Fleshtones were the first band ever to be booked at the club.

Since its founding, Nightclub 9:30, which allowed fans as young as 16-years-old to enter, was known as a progressive venue noted for its talent in discovering up-and-coming acts. During the early 1980s, it was the home for alternative music in Washington, D.C., just as the genre was beginning to blossom. On May 21, 1981, Washington, D.C. music programmer and writer Tom Terrell was instrumental in masterminding the U.S. premiere of reggae band Steel Pulse on the night of Bob Marley's funeral, which was broadcast live worldwide from Nightclub 9:30.

Over the 1980s, the club largely featured local bands, including from the punk, hardcore, and go-go genres. James Blood Ulmer played in 1982.

In 1986, after six years of operating the club, Bowers and DiSanto sold it to Seth Hurwitz and Richard Heinecke of It's My Party (I.M.P.), the Maryland-based concert promotion company they co-own.

In the early 21st century, Government Issue, Iron Cross, the Slickee Boys, Urban Verbs, Chuck Brown ("The Godfather of Go-Go") played in 2005. Foo Fighters played there in 1999.

The venue also became a regular stopping point for punk and new wave bands touring the East Coast.

Over the following years, as the club's prominence and lineup were growing, the need for a bigger space was becoming increasingly evident. In preparation for the move, the owners purchased and extensively renovated the former WUST Radio Music Hall at 815 V Street.

The old Nightclub 9:30 closed its doors on December 31, 1995. The club's final shows at the original location were memorialized on a two-CD set released in 1997 and entitled 9:30 Live – A Time, A Place, A Scene. This live CD, recorded between December 28, 1995, and January 1, 1996, includes local music from the Urban Verbs, Tiny Desk Unit, Mother May I, The Insect Surfers, Tru Fax and the Insaniacs, and Black Market Baby.

In 2023, Hurwitz opened The Atlantis, a small club designed to evoke the original Nightclub 9:30. In the opening ceremony, the Mayor of D.C. designated May 30th as "9:30 Club Day".

9:30 Club
Prior to its reopening, the club owners organized a "christening" show for media and friends featuring the Fleshtones and Too Much Joy. On January 5, 1996, the new 9:30 Club opened to the public with a show that included the Smashing Pumpkins.

The club has a distinctive wheeled stage mounted on rails, which can be moved back and forth as needed. This way, the place can feel as packed with 500 people in attendance as it would during a sold-out 1,200-person show.

During the band Cake's two-night run on May 30 and 31, 2009, the 9:30 Club introduced the official 9:30 Cupcake, made by Buzz Bakeshop of Alexandria, Virginia. The 9:30 Cupcake is a devil's food cupcake with chocolate frosting and the club's italicized "9:30" logo on the top in white icing. The club is known for giving cupcakes to all performers at the venue.

In January 2016, 9:30 celebrated its 35th birthday by opening its doors for an interactive exhibition detailing the club's vast history, the "9:30 World's Fair". This exhibition highlighted the pieces of the old 930 F St. location that made the trip to 815 V St., while taking fans through the dressing rooms and items like the hair dryer purchased specifically for James Brown.

In February 2016, it was announced that the 9:30 Club would produce a new musically-centered variety show for PBS, featuring five acts per episode alongside a variety of comedy and short films. Live at 9:30 debuted in May, with a mix of contributors and hosts including Henry Rollins, NPR Music's Bob Boilen, Hannibal Buress, Jill Kargman, Ralphie May and Tony Rock

20th century

 * In July 1999, Emmet Swimming played one of the first shows at the new 9:30 on a snowy night and recorded part of their live concert CD Earplugs 50¢ at the venue.

 * On December 3 and December 5, 1997, Bob Dylan played shows while he was in Washington, D.C., to receive the Kennedy Center Honors. Dylan returned for an unannounced show on April 2, 2004,  before scheduled dates at the Bender Arena and the Warner Theatre.

 * On June 12, 1998, Red Hot Chili Peppers performed a surprise eleven-song set at the club. The show, which was the band's first at the new venue (they had previously performed at the old 9:30 Club five times from 1985 to 1987), was their first public performance since reuniting with guitarist John Frusciante, who had quit the band in 1992. The 9:30 Club show was seen as a warm-up for their performance the next day at the Tibetan Freedom Concert, which was held at the RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C.; when bad weather cancelled their set at the concert, Pearl Jam shortened their own set so the Chili Peppers could perform a few songs.

21st century

 * On November 23 and 24, 2001, O.A.R., whose members grew up in nearby Rockville, Maryland, recorded the live album Any Time Now at the 9:30 Club.

 * On June 2 and 3, 2002, Jimmy Eat World, an Arizona band, recorded their live DVD Believe in What You Want at the nightclub, following the release of their album Bleed American. The video was released on November 26, 2002.

 * In 2003, local band the Pietasters released their first live video DVD, Live at The 9:30 Club.

 * On October 7, 2005, Bob Mould performed at the club, and released a subsequent DVD of the concert called Circle of Friends.

 * On November 24, 2007, Hawthorne Heights guitarist and screamer Casey Calvert was found dead of a drug overdose on their tour bus, which was parked outside the club.

 * On December 28, 2009, Clutch recorded their DVD Live at the 9:30, performing their self-titled album, Clutch, in its entirety.

 * On May 31, 2010, the 9:30 Club celebrated its 30th anniversary with a lineup stretching its history, including Tiny Desk Unit, The Fleshtones, Tommy Keene, The Slickee Boys, The Psychedelic Furs, Marti Jones and Don Dixon, Clutch, Trouble Funk, The Evens, Justin Jones, The Pietasters, Pete Stahl, Ted Leo, Bob Mould, and Dave Grohl. The event was hosted by Henry Rollins.

 * In June 2010, Courtney Love and the newly reformed Hole performed a disastrous set described by The Washington Post as a three-hour epic train wreck. A barely coherent Love stumbled, complained and stripped through an entire set composed mostly of incomplete versions of the band's songs. Most members of the audience left before the set ended.

 * On July 30, 2010, house music producer deadmau5 collapsed on stage in the middle of a set and was rushed to the hospital. He had been suffering from exhaustion and vomiting. This collapse led to the cancellation of the nine shows which followed the event.

 * On February 24, 2012, the Soul Rebels Brass Band were the subject of an NPR national broadcast of their show with Galactic live from the 9:30 Club. The broadcast was syndicated on NPR and through other affiliates across the United States, as well as webcast on NPR.org.

 * On June 12, 2013, Animal Collective performed a set of songs previously released on their LPs and EPs. The show was documented on the album Live at 9:30.

 * In 2013, hardcore punk supergroup, Off!, released the limited edition vinyl album, Live at 9:30 Club, which featured their performance from June 25, 2011.

 * On January 27, 2016, Jack's Mannequin returned to the road to honor the 10-year anniversary of the album Everything in Transit. Playing just weeks after the death of David Bowie, Andrew McMahon also performed an acoustic rendition of “Life on Mars”.

 * On August 24, 2016, ZZ Top performed for a sold-out audience, the "Surprise! At the Club!" performance having only been announced two weeks prior. Jonny "2 Bags" Wickersham of Social Distortion opened the show, which saw ZZ performing all of their classic hits before concluding with a cover of Elvis Presley's "Jailhouse Rock".

 * December 14, 2016, Jimmy Eat World returned to 9:30 Club for another "Surprise! At the Club!"

 * In January 2017, 9:30 Club partnered with Planned Parenthood for two shows. The first, a free event titled "Show Up!", took place on January 19, 2017 featuring Common and The National. The second was the official 2017 Women's March after-party/benefit show hosted by Funny or Die on January 21, 2017, titled "Laugh, Dance... then Get to Work!" Special guests at this performance included Senators Al Franken and Cory Booker, Sleater-Kinney, Sara Bareilles, Sam Harris of X Ambassadors, Ted Leo, Dirty Projectors' David Longstreth, The National, Ani DiFranco, Samantha Ronson, Macklemore, Tig Notaro, Janeane Garofalo, Lizzy Caplan, Ashley Judd, Rosario Dawson, Eric Andre, Michelle Rodriguez, Cameron Esposito and River Butcher, Ronna and Beverly, Casey Wilson, June Diane Raphael, and Morgan Walsh.

 * On August 19, 2017, 9:30 opened its doors to celebrate the life and art of prolific graffiti icon Cool "Disco" Dan, with performances from DJ Flexx, the Howard University Choir, and legendary go-go band Rare Essence, as well as an appearance by Mayor Muriel Bowser proclaiming August 19 "Cool 'Disco' Dan Day".

In popular culture
In Designated Survivor, Aaron invites Emily to a date at the 9:30 Club.

Legacy
The 9:30 Club has been awarded "Nightclub of the Year" by Pollstar 13 times, the most of any club in Pollstar history, including five years in a row from 2012 to 2016.

For much of that time, it has regularly topped that concert industry trade journal's annual list of the top ticket-selling clubs in the United States. In 2014, the 9:30 Club sold 284,309 tickets, the second most for a nightclub worldwide.

The venue won the Top Club award in 2007 and again from 2009 through 2012 at the Billboard Touring Awards.

Touring artists and managers in conjunction with Rolling Stone rated the club the No. 1 Big Room in America.

title: 9:30 Club


text:
Church of St Peter & St Paul, Godalming

The Church of St. Peter and St. Paul is a parish church of the Church of England in Godalming, Surrey. The parish is mostly urban and excludes rural outskirts, it includes another church, St Mark's, in which the joint clergy provide less formal and family services.

The present building, the oldest in the town, was built in the twelfth century, replacing an earlier Anglo-Saxon church. Two medieval chapels are integrated into the present building. Its core is made from the local sandstone, Bargate stone from the nearby Greensand Ridge, which is found close to the town. Also found around the church is the old Lammas, or 'common', land.

The church is set on the town centre thoroughfare, Church Street, in the urban part of the market town that doubles as a commuter and retirement town and is a Grade I-listed building.

Social history

 * Origins

A church has stood on this site since at least the mid-ninth century. It features several carved stones, which are dated between 820 and 840. A few Anglo Saxon remnants survive in the present structure, which was largely rebuilt in the twelfth century. In 1086, the Domesday Book recorded that Ranulf Flambard, justiciar of William Rufus, held Godalming church.

The lammas, or common land, complemented a substantial glebe, the funds from which allowed for a grand and spacious structure to be built.

Godalming, at the end of King Charles the First's reign, was a Calvinistic stronghold. The vicar at that time, known as Dr. Andrews, was ejected from his living in 1640, and the town welcomed the Calvinistic preacher, Thomas Edwards. As he travelled the 30 miles from London, via the Portsmouth Road, three or four times a week, he would preach to people at certain points along the road.
 * The church in the European wars of religion and English Civil War

Some of the land around the church and the town belonged to Salisbury Cathedral, and due to the diversity of important clergymen who owned the land, in the seventeenth century 'Godalming' became a byword for piety. A proverb of the time says:

 * He that shall say well, do well, and think well in mind,
 * Shall as soon come to heaven, as they that dwell at Godalming.

The rectory, which was considered a manor, was not owned by the church. Therefore, its lay owner appointed a vicar in 1066 named Ulmaer, who held it under Edward the Confessor. Save for 11 years of seizure under the governments of Cromwell it was held by the Dean and Chapter of Salisbury Cathedral between 1128 and 1846. In that year the Ecclesiastical Commissioners took charge of it and it was sold in 1860 to John Simmonds, who devised it to Mr J. Whateley Simmonds.
 * Rectory

Architectural history
First built during the Anglo-Saxon and early Norman periods, the structure has been proven in ecclesiastical records to have been a redevelopment of an Anglo-Saxon church: "The nucleus around which it has grown lies in the centre, the eastern half of the nave representing the simple aisleless nave of the pre-Conquest church, and the central tower its short, square chancel. This would give a nave of about 32 ft. by 20 ft.; the chancel...being 16 ft. 6 in. wide and in length originally about a foot longer. This Saxon church had walls averaging 3 ft. in thickness, and disproportionately lofty—about 25 ft.—as was commonly the case in work of this period... About the year 1100 the primitive church received its first enlargement, in the form of a long chancel (about 33 ft. 3 in. by 17 ft. 3 in.), a low tower being raised upon the gabled walls of the original chancel, and the eastern wall thickened by about a foot on the western side, an arch of two plain orders, with chamfered imposts, being pierced through it. This arch still exists, but in 1879 it was lifted up on higher piers..."

In the thirteenth century, the cruciform church of the Norman England was converted into a rectangle by the construction of the north and south chapels and the widening of the nave aisles. In the same century, the magnificent oak-timbered spire was constructed, which was clad in lead (and still is to this day).

Further building work followed in subsequent centuries, particularly in the fourteenth century. In the nineteenth century, the nave was lengthened and the aisles were extended westwards and widened, and the twentieth century saw the construction of a porch in 1911 and vestries in 1925.

The structure gained listed status in 1947 and is classed as Grade I.

Services
A weekday service of Holy Communion, in traditional language, is held on Tuesdays at 12 pm.

Holy Communion, according to the Book of Common Prayer of 1662 (in traditional language), is held every Sunday at 8 am.

On the second, third and fourth Sundays of the month, Choral Eucharist is held at 10 am.

Chapels and paintings
In the two chapel sections are decorative mural paintings and a medieval painting of St John the Baptist.

Monuments
The church has interior monuments to Judeth Elyott, d.1615: a figure of a lady kneeling before a book on a lectern in an elaborately-decorated aedicule, the cornice surmounted by coat of arms, shields, and end pedestals with skull and hour-glass, and tablet with skull and cross-bones underneath; Thomas and Joan Purvoche, d.1509, John Barker, d.1595 and John and Elizabeth Westbrook.

Wall paintings on its window frames have been re-exposed in the twenty-first century.

Heraldic Roof Bosses
There are currently 68 roof bosses in the nave. The bosses are not in their original settings. One notable boss is that of the arms of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey who defeated the Scots at Flodden on the 9th September 1513.

Bells
The Church has a fine set of bells hung for the traditional English-style of bell-ringing. The tenor weighs just over a tonne and weighs in at 1221 kg.

In 2017, all of the bells were recast, with the tenor weighing two hundredweight more than previously (now weighing 24 hundredweight, 0 quarters and 4 pounds, or 1221 kg). The restoration and recasting were carried out by John Taylor & Co, now Britain's largest church-bell firm.

The bells are rung regularly for the 10 am service in Church, and ringing practice is held on Tuesday evenings.

title: Church of St Peter & St Paul, Godalming


text: User talk:66.98.226.42

title: User talk:66.98.226.42


text: User talk:68.211.14.13

title: User talk:68.211.14.13