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Eternal return

Eternal return (or eternal recurrence) is a philosophical concept which states that time repeats itself in an infinite loop, and that exactly the same events will continue to occur in exactly the same way, over and over again, for eternity.

In ancient Greece, the concept of eternal return was most prominently associated with Stoicism, the school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium. The Stoics believed that the universe is periodically destroyed and reborn, and that each universe is exactly the same as the one before. This doctrine was fiercely criticised by Christian authors such as Augustine, who saw in it a fundamental denial of free will and of the possibility of salvation. The global spread of Christianity therefore brought an end to classical theories of eternal return.

The concept was revived in the 19th century by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. Having briefly presented the idea as a thought experiment in The Gay Science, he explored it more thoroughly in his novel Thus Spoke Zarathustra, in which the protagonist learns to overcome his horror of the thought of eternal return. It is not known whether Nietzsche believed in the literal truth of eternal return, or, if he did not, what he intended to demonstrate by it.

Nietzsche's ideas were subsequently taken up and re-interpreted by other writers, such as Russian esotericist P. D. Ouspensky, who argued that it was possible to break the cycle of return.

Pythagoreanism
There are hints in ancient writings that the theory of eternal return may have originated with Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495 BC). According to Porphyry, it was one of the teachings of Pythagoras that "after certain specified periods, the same events occur again" and that "nothing was entirely new". Eudemus of Rhodes also references this Pythagorean doctrine in his commentary on Aristotle's Physics. In a fragment preserved by Simplicius, Eudemus writes:

"One might raise the problem whether the same time recurs, as some say, or not. 'The same' has many senses: the same in form seems to occur as do spring and winter and the other seasons and periods; similarly the same changes occur in form, for the sun performs its solstices and equinoxes and its other journeys. But if someone were to believe the Pythagoreans that numerically the same things recur, then I also will romance, holding my staff, while you sit there, and everything else will be the same, and it is plausible to say that the time will be the same."

Stoicism
The Stoics, possibly inspired by the Pythagoreans, incorporated the theory of eternal recurrence into their natural philosophy. According to Stoic physics, the universe is periodically destroyed in an immense conflagration (ekpyrosis), and then experiences a rebirth (palingenesis). These cycles continue for eternity, and the same events are exactly repeated in every cycle. The Stoics may have found support for this doctrine in the concept of the Great Year, the oldest known expression of which is found in Plato's Timaeus. Plato hypothesised that one complete cycle of time would be fulfilled when the sun, moon and planets all completed their various circuits and returned to their original positions.

Sources differ as to whether the Stoics believed that the contents of each new universe would be one and the same with those of the previous universe, or only so similar as to be indistinguishable. The former point of view was attributed to the Stoic Chrysippus (c. 279 – c. 206 BC) by Alexander of Aphrodisias, who wrote:

"They hold that after the conflagration all the same things come to be again in the world numerically, so that even the same peculiarly qualified individual as before exists and comes to be again in that world, as Chrysippus says in his books On the World."

On the other hand, Origen (c. 185 – c. 253 AD) characterises the Stoics as claiming that the contents of each cycle will not be identical, but only indistinguishable:

"To avoid supposing that Socrates will live again, they say that it will be some one indistinguishable from Socrates, who will marry some one indistinguishable from Xanthippe, and will be accused by men indistinguishable from Anytus and Meletus."

Origen also records a heterodox version of the doctrine, noting that some Stoics suggest that "there is a slight and very minute difference between one period and the events in the period before it". This was probably not a widely-held belief, as it represents a denial of the deterministic viewpoint which stands at the heart of Stoic philosophy.

Christian response
Christian authors attacked the doctrine of eternal recurrence on various grounds. Origen argued that the theory was incompatible with free will (although he did allow the possibility of diverse and non-identical cycles). Augustine of Hippo (AD 354–430) objected to the fact that salvation was not possible in the Stoic scheme, arguing that even if a temporary happiness was attained, a soul could not be truly blessed if it was doomed to return again to misery.

Augustine also mentions "certain philosophers" who cite Ecclesiastes 1:9–10 as evidence of eternal return: "What is that which hath been? It is that which shall be. And what is that which is done? It is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun. Who can speak and say, See, this is new? It hath been already of old time, which was before us." Augustine denies that this has reference to the recurrence of specific people, objects, and events, instead interpreting the passage in a more general sense. In support of his argument, he appeals to scriptural passages such as Romans 6:9, which affirms that Christ "being raised from the dead dieth no more".

Friedrich Nietzsche
Eternal recurrence (Ewige Wiederkunft) is one of the central concepts of the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900). While the idea itself is not original to Nietzsche, his unique response to it gave new life to the theory, and speculation as to the correct interpretation of Nietzsche's doctrine continues to this day.

Precursors
The discovery of the laws of thermodynamics in the 19th century restarted the debate among scientists and philosophers about the ultimate fate of the universe, which brought in its train many questions about the nature of time. Eduard von Hartmann argued that the universe's final state would be identical to the state in which it had begun; Eugen Dühring rejected this idea, claiming that it carried with it the necessary consequence that the universe would begin again, and that the same forms would repeat themselves eternally, a doctrine which Dühring viewed as dangerously pessimistic. Johann Gustav Vogt, on the other hand, argued in favour of a cyclical system, additionally positing the spatial co-existence of an infinite number of identical worlds. Louis Auguste Blanqui similarly claimed that in an infinite universe, every possible combination of forms must repeat itself eternally across both time and space.

Nietzsche's formulation

Nietzsche may have drawn upon a number of sources in developing his own formulation of the theory. He had studied Pythagorean and Stoic philosophy, was familiar with the works of contemporary philosophers such as Dühring and Vogt, and may have encountered references to Blanqui in a book by Friedrich Albert Lange. He was also a fan of the author Heinrich Heine, one of whose books contains a passage discussing the theory of eternal return. Nevertheless, Nietzsche claimed that the doctrine struck him one day as a sudden revelation, while walking beside Lake Silvaplana in Switzerland.

The first published presentation of Nietzsche's version of the theory appears in The Gay Science, section 341, where it is proposed to the reader as a thought experiment.

"What if some day or night a demon were to steal after you into your loneliest loneliness, and say to you, 'This life as you now live it and have lived it, you will have to live once more and innumerable times more; and there will be nothing new in it, but every pain and every joy and every thought and sigh and everything unutterably small or great in your life will have to return to you, all in the same succession and sequence' ... Would you not throw yourself down and gnash your teeth and curse the demon who spoke thus? Or have you once experienced a tremendous moment when you would have answered him: 'You are a god and never have I heard anything more divine.'"

Nietzsche expanded upon this concept in the philosophical novel Thus Spoke Zarathustra, later writing that eternal return was "the fundamental idea of the work". In this novel, the titular Zarathustra is initially struck with horror at the thought that all things must recur eternally; ultimately, however, he overcomes his aversion to eternal return and embraces it as his most fervent desire. In the penultimate chapter of the work ("The Drunken Song"), Zarathustra declares: "All things are entangled, ensnared, enamored; if you ever wanted one thing twice, if you ever said, 'You please me, happiness! Abide, moment!' then you wanted all back ... For all joy wants—eternity."

Interpretation
Martin Heidegger points out that Nietzsche's first mention of eternal recurrence in The Gay Science presents this concept as a hypothetical question rather than postulating it as a fact. Many readings argue that Nietzsche was not attempting to make a cosmological or theoretical claim i.e. saying that eternal recurrence is a true statement about how the world works. Instead, the emotional reaction to the thought experiment serves to reveal whether one is living life to the best. According to Heidegger, the significant point is the burden imposed by the question of eternal recurrence, regardless of whether or not such a thing could possibly be true. The idea is similar to Nietzsche's concept of amor fati, which he describes in Ecce Homo: "My formula for greatness in a human being is amor fati: that one wants nothing to be different, not forward, not backward, not in all eternity. Not merely to bear what is necessary, still less conceal it ... but love it."

On the other hand, Nietzsche's posthumously published notebooks contain an attempt at a logical proof of eternal return, which is often adduced in support of the claim that Nietzsche believed in the theory as a real possibility. The proof is based upon the premise that the universe is infinite in duration, but contains a finite quantity of energy. This being the case, all matter in the universe must pass through a finite number of combinations, and each series of combinations must eventually repeat in the same order, thereby creating "a circular movement of absolutely identical series". However, scholars such as Neil Sinhababu and Kuong Un Teng have suggested that the reason this material remained unpublished was because Nietzsche himself was unconvinced that his argument would hold up to scrutiny.

A third possibility is that Nietzsche was attempting to create a new ethical standard by which people should judge their own behaviour. In one of his unpublished notes, Nietzsche writes: "The question which thou wilt have to answer before every deed that thou doest: 'is this such a deed as I am prepared to perform an incalculable number of times?' is the best ballast." Taken in this sense, the doctrine has been compared to the categorical imperative of Immanuel Kant. Once again, however, the objection is raised that no such ethical imperative appears in any of Nietzsche's published writings, and this interpretation is therefore rejected by most modern scholars.

P. D. Ouspensky
Russian esotericist P. D. Ouspensky (1878–1947) believed in the literal truth of eternal recurrence. As a child, he had been prone to vivid sensations of déjà vu, and when he encountered the theory of eternal return in the writings of Nietzsche, it occurred to him that this was a possible explanation for his experiences. He subsequently explored the idea in his semi-autobiographical novel, Strange Life of Ivan Osokin.

In this story, Ivan Osokin implores a magician to send him back to his childhood and give him the chance to live his life over again. The magician obliges, but warns Ivan that he will be unable to correct any of his mistakes. This turns out to be the case; although Ivan always knows in advance what the outcome of his actions will be, he is unable to keep himself from repeating those actions. Having re-lived his life up to the point of his conversation with the magician, Ivan asks in despair whether there is any way of changing the past. The magician answers that he must first change himself; if he works on improving his character, he may have a chance of making better decisions next time around.

The earliest version of the novel, however, did not include the magician, and ended on "a totally pessimistic note". The revolution in Ouspensky's thoughts on recurrence – the idea that change is possible – took place after he became a disciple of the mystic George Gurdjieff, who taught that a person could achieve a higher state of consciousness through a system of strict self-discipline. When Ouspensky asked about eternal recurrence, Gurdjieff told him:

"This idea of repetition ... is not the full and absolute truth, but it is the nearest possible approximation of the truth ... And if you understand why I do not speak of this, you will be still nearer to it. What is the use of a man knowing about recurrence if he is not conscious of it and if he himself does not change? ... Knowledge about the repetition of lives will add nothing for a man ... if he does not strive to change himself in order to escape this repetition. But if he changes something essential in himself, that is, if he attains something, this cannot be lost."

Ouspensky incorporated this idea into his later writings. In A New Model of the Universe, he argued against Nietzsche's proof of the mathematical necessity of eternal repetition, claiming that a large enough quantity of matter would be capable of an infinite number of possible combinations. According to Ouspensky, everyone is reborn again into the same life at the moment of their death, and many people will indeed continue to live the exact same lives for eternity, but it is also possible to break the cycle and enter into a new plane of existence.

Science and mathematics
The Poincaré recurrence theorem states that certain dynamical systems, such as particles of gas in a sealed container, will return infinitely often to a state arbitrarily close to their original state. The theorem, first advanced by Henri Poincaré in 1890, remains influential, and is today the basis of ergodic theory. Attempts have been made to prove or disprove the possibility of Poincaré recurrence in a system the size of a galaxy or a universe. Philosopher Michael Huemer has argued that if this is so, then reincarnation can be proved by a person's current existence, using Bayesian probability theory.

title: Eternal return


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User:Bogglesteinsky

Please see here for the origins on "Bogglesteinsky"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Bogglesteinsky


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Jim Callaghan (Lancashire politician)

James Callaghan (28 January 1927 – 29 March 2018) was a British Labour Party politician who was a member of parliament between 1974 and 1997.

Early life
Callaghan was educated at Manchester and London universities, and he worked as a lecturer in art at St John's College, Manchester, before entering Parliament.

Political career
At the February 1974 general election, Callaghan was elected as the member of parliament (MP) for Middleton and Prestwich. He served this constituency and its successor, Heywood and Middleton, until he retired in 1997. He was a member of several House of Commons Select Committees – on Transport, on the Cardiff Barrage scheme, and on Education, Science & the Arts.

He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Joel Barnett, the Chief Secretary to the Treasury. He was removed from this role in March 1976, after abstaining in a division on spending cuts which the Government lost, forcing a vote of confidence against Prime Minister Harold Wilson. He later also served as PPS to the Sports Minister Denis Howell.

He was a member of the Tribune Group of Labour MPs.

Death
Callaghan died on 29 March 2018 at the age of 91.

title: Jim Callaghan (Lancashire politician)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Farthen Dûr

On 28 July 2004, Farthen Dûr was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Rossami 00:43, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

What book is this from? And does it really need its own article? Mike H 20:39, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Alaga%EBsia. No, at least not one like this. Ianb 21:20, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * keep following rewrite. --Ianb 03:21, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Whatever it is, it's a description/summary of something.  It doesn't explain what it is or give any helpful information. Geogre 21:45, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I really do not like multiple breakouts of items in fictional mythologies. Since that door is open already, this is an acceptable article, and I will abstain. Geogre 13:03, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Edited out some of my screed that had nothing to do with this article and reflected ill temper on my part. Geogre 18:25, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * An anon created this article. As an initial stub, it's not bad. Eragon is the book. Alaga%EBsia is the land that the book (and its two as of yet unpublished sequels) takes place. I'll work on improving the article, and alert the other Eragon readers to help. Keep. - UtherSRG 22:11, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks ever so much. It sounded hobbity so I called my friend who was obsessed with Tolkien; she didn't know what it was either. Mike H 23:59, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll see what I can do to fix it up. pie4all88
 * All right, I've spent some time cleaning it up, and it is relevant to the Inheritance trilogy. Can we take it off of the deletion list?  Keep pie4all88 01:15, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * We can't do that yet, but since there is a big consensus to keep, it will be removed when the VfD period ends in about two days. Mike H 16:22, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)


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Mr. Terrific (TV series)

Mr. Terrific is an American television sitcom that aired on CBS on Mondays at 8:00 p.m., from January 9 to August 28, 1967. Stephen Strimpell starred in the title role. A similar series on NBC, Captain Nice, also aired that season on Mondays, at 8:30 p.m.

The show was an attempt to capitalize on the "camp superhero" craze sparked by the success of the 1966 Batman TV series.

Premise
Riding the tide of the camp superhero craze of the 1960s, the show's premise involved gas station attendant Stanley Beamish (Strimpell), a mild-mannered scrawny youth who secretly worked to fight crime for a government organization, "The Bureau of Secret Projects," in Washington. All he needed to do was to take a "power pill" which gave him the strength of a thousand men and enabled him to fly, much like Superman, albeit by furious flapping while wearing the top half of a wingsuit. To the often-lamented misfortune of the Bureau of Secret Projects, he was the only person on whom the pills worked. It was established that, although the pill would give him high strength levels, he was still vulnerable to bullets. Furthermore, each power pill had a time limit of one hour (like Underdog and DC Comics's Hourman), although he generally had two 10-minute booster pills available per episode. Much of the show's humor revolved around the tendency of the amiable yet gullible Beamish to lose Mr. Terrific's powers at inopportune times, before he completed his given assignment.

Beamish's government employers were Mr. Barton J. Reed and Mr. Harley Trent, and his day-job partner at the service station was Hal Walters. Beamish was sworn to secrecy concerning his alter-ego and super-powers.

Alan Young, who had just completed his run as Wilbur Post on Mister Ed, was the original choice to play Stanley H. Beamish, and appeared in the original 1966 unaired version of the pilot, which featured a different supporting cast (Edward Andrews as The Chief, All Checco as Dr. Kramer, Dick Merrifield as Tony Lawrence, Sheilah Wells as Gloria Dickinson, and Jesse White as Mr. Finney).

Cast members

 * Stanley Beamish/Mister Terrific: Stephen Strimpell.
 * Barton J. Reed: John McGiver.
 * Hal Walters: Dick Gautier.
 * Harley Trent: Paul Smith.

The Pill Caper

 * Episodes 1, 3, 5 and 9 of Mr. Terrific were edited together and combined with new footage filmed in 1967 to create a movie titled The Pill Caper, which was released in 1967. Hal Smith has a cameo in The Pill Caper as a passenger on a train.

DVD release
The entire 17-episode series of Mr. Terrific was released commercially on DVD by Ufa/DVD in Germany under the title Immer wenn er Pillen nahm (Whenever He Took Pills) on July 17, 2009. The episodes can be heard in the original English, or in German.

title: Mr. Terrific (TV series)


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Mister Terrific (character)

Mister Terrific is the name of two superheroes in the DC Comics Universe.

The original Golden Age hero, Terry Sloane, was a millionaire with a photographic memory and athletic skills who became the superhero after rescuing a woman from suicide. He formed the "Fair Play Club" to combat juvenile delinquency and was a member of the Justice Society of America. He was killed in a 1979 story.

The second Mister Terrific debuted in 1997. Michael Holt was inspired by Sloane's story. Also highly skilled and intelligent, Holt invented the T-Sphere, a versatile device controlled by his mask and earpieces. He served in the Justice Society of America and had a short-lived standalone comic book series. The "Mister Terrific" concept was also adapted into other versions and storylines.

Edi Gathegi will play Michael Holt / Mister Terrific in the DC Universe (DCU) film Superman.

Terry Sloane
The Golden Age's Mister Terrific was Terry Sloane, a self-made millionaire whose photographic memory, Olympic-level athletic skills, and mastery of the martial arts made him a Renaissance man. The character first appeared in Sensation Comics #1 (January 1942).

After graduating college at age 13, he eventually became a renowned business leader in the community. Having accomplished all his goals, he felt there were no challenges left for him to pursue, leading him towards suicidal tendencies. However, upon seeing a young woman jump from a bridge, Sloane reacted quickly and saved the woman, Wanda Wilson. Sloane assisted Wanda's brother, who had been caught up in a gang, by adopting a superhero identity: the Mister Terrific persona. This provided him with what he had been missing; a sense of accomplishment. He then created the "Fair Play Club" to stymie growing juvenile delinquency. He also became an active member of the Justice Society of America until the team was dissolved when the House Un-American Activities Committee ordered them to reveal their secret identities or disband. In the end, they chose the latter to protect themselves and their families from potential retribution from those they had fought in the past if their identities became known. Following the dissolution of the JSA, Mr. Terrific retired along with many of the others.

Years later, Sloane came out of retirement and joined with the reformed Justice Society of America. While attending their annual meeting with the Justice League of America, he was killed by his old enemy the Spirit King, who had possessed the body of Jay Garrick to infiltrate the JLA's satellite headquarters.

Michael Holt
In 1997, the mantle of Mister Terrific was passed on to Michael Holt, an equally talented man who holds five black belts, has won the Olympic Decathlon and holds many degrees and doctorates in a wide spectrum of fields. While contemplating suicide after the accidental death of his wife and unborn child, he was met by the Spectre, who told him about Terry Sloane. Inspired by Sloane's life story, he took the name "Mister Terrific" and later joined the current Justice Society of America, eventually serving as its chairman. He is the inventor of the T-Sphere, an artificially intelligent miniature device that he controls with his mask and earpieces. The T-Sphere can fly, create holographic images, project beams of light, release electrical charges, hack into computers and GPS satellites, and constantly cloaks Holt against detection and the recording of his image by any and all technological, non-organic means making him virtually invisible to everything but human line of sight. In the past, he has used them for reconnaissance, infiltration, espionage and information retrieval and storage, often multi-tasking his T-Spheres to all go off on different tasks at once. He can also use his T-Spheres offensively as projectiles and has stated as a threat to an opponent that he can instantly accelerate them to 14 miles per second (50,400 miles per hour) so when it hits them, it would cause a tremendous release of energy, turning around 70% of their corporeal being into super-heated plasma and liquifying the rest. Whether this has ever been tested or was just a bluff is unknown, but considering that his opponent wasn't real, much less alive, Mr. Terrific would have had no moral difficulties in using this option if it came down to it. While in costume, Mr. Terrific has no fewer than three T-Spheres orbiting his body at all times and has had as many as ten. He is also considered the third-smartest man alive.

Holt served as the White King in the restructured Checkmate but eventually returned to full-time duties with the JSA. However, Holt was apparently killed in Justice Society of America #30/31 (Aug/Sept 2009), but returned to the land of the living shortly afterwards.

In 2011, Holt became the title character in his own Mister Terrific comic book, as part of The New 52, but this was a short run, ending in 2012 after eight issues. He has since appeared in the DC book Earth 2 following his series's cancellation, along with the new incarnation of Terry Sloane.

Other

 * In Kingdom Come, Alex Ross portrayed a Mister Terrific with oversized guns, shoulder pads, and other military accoutrements. He sported the "Fair Play" logo, but displays little idea of its true and original meanings.
 * Another version was portrayed in JSA: The Liberty File and its sequel JSA: The Unholy Three. Here, Terry Sloane was portrayed as a World War II intelligence agent transferred to desk duty, until the untimely death of his fiance by the story's version of the Scarecrow. He was seen wearing a variation of the classic "Fair Play" costume and using a rapier.

Similar characters

 * In the JSA All-Stars mini-series chapter focusing on Mister Terrific, Terry's brother Ned appears at a costume ball dressed in an anti-Mister Terrific costume, calling himself Doctor Nil, in order to irritate his brother.
 * In Villains United #5, a new villain calling himself Mister Terrible appears as a part of Deathstroke's criminal army, wearing a variation of Holt's Mister Terrific costume.

Television

 * The Terry Sloane incarnation of Mister Terrific makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Smallville two-part episode "Absolute Justice".
 * The Michael Holt incarnation of Mister Terrific appears in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Michael Beach.
 * The Terry Sloane incarnation of Mister Terrific appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Crisis: 22,300 Miles Above Earth!".
 * Michael Holt appears in the Beware the Batman episode "Hunted", voiced by Gary Anthony Williams.
 * A character based on Michael Holt / Mister Terrific named Curtis Holt appears in Arrow, portrayed by Echo Kellum.
 * Michael Holt / Mister Terrific appears in Justice League Action, voiced by Hannibal Buress.

Film

 * An alternate reality incarnation of Michael Holt / Mister Terrific named Mister Horrific makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths as a minor member of the Crime Syndicate under Superwoman's command.
 * An alternate reality incarnation of Michael Holt appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Arif S. Kinchen.
 * The Michael Holt incarnation of Mister Terrific appears in Justice League vs. the Fatal Five, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson.
 * The Michael Holt incarnation of Mister Terrific appears in Injustice, voiced by Edwin Hodge.
 * The Michael Holt incarnation of Mister Terrific appears in Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths – Part One, voiced by Ato Essandoh.
 * The Michael Holt incarnation of Mister Terrific will appear in Superman, portrayed by Edi Gathegi.

Video games

 * The Michael Holt incarnation of Mister Terrific makes a cameo appearance in Injustice: Gods Among Us via the Watchtower stage.
 * The Curtis Holt incarnation of Mister Terrific appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains via the "DC TV Super-Heroes" DLC pack.

Miscellaneous
Michael Holt appears in Smallville Season 11: Chaos #3.

Merchandise

 * The Michael Holt incarnation of Mister Terrific received a figure in the DC Universe Classics line.
 * The Michael Holt incarnation of Mister Terrific received a figure in the Target-exclusive Justice League Unlimited line.

title: Mister Terrific (character)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Binrev

Presumptious definition of a jargon-type word aimed at promoting a website. --Ianb 20:42, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

You seem kind of full of yourself. Link taken out. --Me Now, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Ha. This from the anon (ip removed) who created the article then deleted the vfd header with an edit summary that says "edited by Wikipedia staff".  Good way of getting blocked from editing.  Delete.  RickK 21:35, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. Google says 1940 pages contain the term www.binrev.com and the hits are distributed over a wide number of sites and look pretty relevant. In most of them, the context is lists of or directories to hacker (or do I mean h4x0r?) sites. One is a reply to a query from someone who says "I am only 17 and am still under my parents' roof. My dad has our whole house networked. He has a frickin' sonicwall firewall and has blocked anything that doesn't use standard ports(like HTML 80 for example). This means no Mirc, kazaa, or CVS." To the reasonable reply "cant you just ask your dad to open some ports?" he says "He did it on PURPOSE. I tried that when he just used it as a security precaution and just had normal firewall prefs. I wanted to be able to Host halo games but nobody would ever be able to connect and my dad wouldn't open the damn port. Thinks someone's out to hack us. But anyways, he did it so I would 'focus on schoolwork.' So I can't do jack now." A helpful respondent says "Try posting a request here. (http://www.binrev.com/forums) these guys are pretty l33t and may be able to help..." I'm not l33t myself but maybe binrev actually does have some notability among those who are? Dpbsmith 22:18, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I just rewrote it, hopefully to make it more encyclopedic. Just in case I made it worse, be sure to view the original as well as my rewrite when deciding what to do. I really think the biggest question to resolve is where the site falls on the notable/vanity spectrum. Do we have a relevant article on hacking and hacker websites into which this could be merged? Dpbsmith 22:39, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Clarification: A user from my site posted this entry.  I understand if you want to delete it or modify it, I just wanted to clarify that it was not *I*, the owner of the site, who posted it originally.  Do with it as you will.  -StankDawg

 * Clarification: The IP posted above is the IP of my public shell proxy. ANYONE could have made that post. Since early today my traffic has spiked and become unusable due to abuse of it thanks to you publicly reporting a private system so I have taken the ip out of this page to protect my servers. Please do not add it again. From What I am aware of the site is of notable interest and the person who posted the page (starting a new page instead of defacing something else I might add) had a honest interest in helping people understand something. He then edited the page to take out the link as you wanted. From everything I have seen the poster was just trying to do something out of goodwill and got mad after he received a abusive response from the wikipedia staff.

 * 1) There is (almost) no such thing as "Wikipedia staff," other than a few brave souls who I believe are actually Bomis employees, who take care of the servers and so forth. Another way to say this is that both of you are already members of "Wikipedia staff." You or anyone else may list articles on Votes for Deletion, just as you may edit articles. If you create an account, you can vote in Votes for Deletion and your votes will be taken into account. (Final decision is made by "rough consensus," don't expect pluralities or formal counts or quorum calls or anything like that).
 * 2) To avoid publicizing your IP address, create an account. All this does is to create a username for you. You don't need to give out any personal information, not so much as an email address. Your contributions, log entries in History files, and so forth, will then be listed under your username, and you will be referred to by that username in any discussions. If you don't have an account, the system uses your IP address in lieu of a username, and in discussing your articles we need to call you something and the IP address is what we use. Creating an account also makes it easier to contact you within Wikipedia.
 * 3) Attempts to use Wikipedia to promote websites happens so often that Wikipedians are apt to get a little brusque about anything that looks that way. We tend to be a lot brusque at attempts to game the system by removing VfD notices.
 * 4) By the way... Welcome to Wikipedia! Dpbsmith 01:35, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Anon, I don't really think anyone is being treated badly here. We're trying to determine if this article is notable enough to warrant an encyclopedia entry. No one's being flamed or persecuted. All of us here have an honest interest in helping people understand things, there's no other reason for us to be here. I'm just a little confused when I see people get upset over open collaboration. I think this issue is still open, we need to determine how notable this binrev site is. - Eisnel 02:45, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Obviously some ppl think it's important. Salasks 02:25, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Some people think a lot of things which have been deleted were important. That's not a criterion.  RickK 19:16, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Around 2000 google hits, and they say they're published in 2600, but I am not of the opinion that these people deserve their own encyclopedia article at this time. Delete.  To the anonymous user: if you're so worried about your IP address being publicized, you shouldn't have edited the page: all anonymous editors have their IP addresses recorded for all eternity in the edited articles' histories.  --Ardonik 05:48, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Ambi 07:20, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Binrev


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Belfast North (UK Parliament constituency)

Belfast North is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The current MP is John Finucane (Sinn Féin).

Boundaries
1885–1918: In the Borough of Belfast, that part of Dock ward bounded on the south-east by a line drawn along the centre of North Queen Street, on the north-east by a line drawn along the centre of New Lodge Road, on the south-west by a line drawn along the centre of Limestone Road and York Road, and on the east by a line drawn along the centre of Carrickfergus Road, and that part of St. Anne's ward not in the constituency of Belfast West, and the townlands of Ballygomartin, Ballysillan Lower, Greencastle, Legoniel, Lowwood, Old Park and Skegoneill in the parish of Shankill, along with that part of the townland of Ballyaghagan within the parliamentary borough.

1922–1974: The County Borough of Belfast wards of Clifton, Duncairn, and Shankill.

1974–1983: The County Borough of Belfast wards of Clifton, Dock, Duncairn, and Shankill.

1983–1997: The District of Belfast wards of Ardoyne, Ballysillan, Bellevue, Castleview, Cavehill, Cliftonville, Crumlin, Duncairn, Fortwilliam, Grove, Legoniel, New Lodge, Shankill, and Woodvale.

1997–2010: The District of Belfast wards of Ardoyne, Ballysillan, Bellevue, Castleview, Cavehill, Chichester Park, Cliftonville, Crumlin, Duncairn, Fortwilliam, Legoniel, New Lodge, Water Works, and Woodvale, and the District of Newtownabbey wards of Abbey, Coole, Dunanney, Valley, and Whitehouse.

2010–present: The District of Belfast wards of Ardoyne, Ballysillan, Bellevue, Castleview, Cavehill, Chichester Park, Cliftonville, Crumlin, Duncairn, Fortwilliam, Legoniel, New Lodge, Water Works, and Woodvale, and the District of Newtownabbey wards of Abbey, Ballyhenry, Cloughfern, Collinbridge, Coole, Dunanney, Glebe, Glengormley, Hightown, Valley, and Whitehouse.

The seat was recreated in 1922 when, as part of the establishment of the devolved Stormont Parliament for Northern Ireland, the number of MPs in the Westminster Parliament was drastically cut. The seat is centred on the north section of Belfast, though at times the area around the Docks on the north side of the Lagan Estuary has instead been part of variously Belfast East and Belfast West. Belfast North also contains part of the district of Newtownabbey.

Belfast North contains 14 wards of Belfast City Council and 5 of Newtownabbey Borough Council. The constituency suffered the highest level of violence in Northern Ireland during The Troubles and covers many areas synonymous with the conflict – the New Lodge, Ardoyne, Rathcoole, Ballysillan and Woodvale. The overall tenor of the constituency is working-class, with a high proportion of residents in public housing, and concentrations of low-income single people in the middle Antrim Road and Cliftonville areas. There are some upscale residential areas around Belfast Castle and on the slopes of Cavehill. Sectarian divisions are stark, with a number of Peace lines cutting through the constituency and occasional outbursts of sectarian street violence, and was the focus for post-ceasefire incidents such as the Holy Cross dispute.

At the boundary commission hearings in September 2005 prior to the 2010 general election, the SDLP proposed extending the seat to Cloughfern and Jordanstown. The DUP supported the addition of Cloughfern. Sinn Féin were generally supportive of the commission's proposals.

Following the revised recommendations, the Commission proposals were finalised and accepted by Parliament through the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Constituencies Order.

History
Belfast North is a constituency with a nationalist majority. Belfast North historically had a narrow unionist majority, which gradually decreased over time. The nationalist vote is considerable, and those from a Catholic background (47%) now slightly outnumber those from a Protestant background (46%), according to the 2011 census. It has generated particular interest for a number of highly unusual election results, as well as for several candidates and MPs prominently disagreeing with their parties.

Of the five main political parties in Northern Ireland, four (the Ulster Unionist Party, the Democratic Unionist Party, the Social Democratic and Labour Party, and Sinn Féin) all have relatively strong support bases and routinely poll similar results. Other parties such as the Alliance, Progressive Unionist Party, Unionist Party of Northern Ireland, Conservatives and the Workers' Party have at times polled significantly, as have independent candidates, with the result that many elections have been won on comparatively low shares of the vote. The elections to the various assemblies have often seen the seats for the constituency heavily split – in 1998 no party won more than one Assembly seat.

The area saw a steady out movement of Protestants during the Troubles, to some degree replaced by a growing Catholic population, although the overall population of the area fell sharply. However, all the inner-city communities in the constituency are now haemorrhaging electors, and the overall ethnic composition of the constituency now seems stable.

The seat was consistently held by the Ulster Unionist Party from its creation until the 1970s. In 1972 the first notable dissent occurred when the sitting MP, Stratton Mills, dissented from the UUP's decision to withdraw from the Conservative whip at Westminster over the suspension of the Stormont Parliament. Mills remained as a Conservative MP, but the following year he joined the Alliance, giving them their only Westminster representation before 2010.

In the February 1974 general election the seat was won by John Carson of the Ulster Unionist Party with backing by the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party and the Democratic Unionist Party on a united slate in opposition to the Sunningdale Agreement. Carson's victory came despite a majority of votes being cast for pro-Sunningdale candidates, albeit split between the Pro-Assembly Unionists, the Social Democratic and Labour Party and the Northern Ireland Labour Party. Carson held his seat in the October 1974 election but was deselected by the local Ulster Unionists over his support for the minority Labour government.

The 1979 general election saw one of the most dramatic results of all when Johnny McQuade of the Democratic Unionist Party won the seat with a mere 27.6% of the vote – the third lowest total for a successful candidate in a UK general election in the twentieth century. This came about due to the strong showing of several other parties, dividing the vote strongly. McQuade also had the distinction of being the oldest person to be initially elected to Westminster in the 20th century and did not stand at the next general election.

In 1983, Cecil Walker regained the seat for the UUP, beating Scotsman George Seawright of the DUP. In the 1987 general election the UUP and DUP agreed a pact in opposition to the Anglo Irish Agreement. Seawright had been expelled from the DUP and stood in the election, reviving the Protestant Unionist Party label, but was unsuccessful.

Walker continued to hold the seat until 2001 but gained a reputation for inactivity. In the 2001 general election the DUP contested the seat for the first time since 1983, with their candidate Nigel Dodds campaigning heavily on both their opposition to the Good Friday Agreement and Walker's record. Walker also suffered from a disastrous television interview during the campaign. In the election Walker's vote collapsed to a mere 12%, coming fourth whilst Dodds won the seat. The UUP vote fell even further in both the 2003 Assembly election and the 2005 general election.

Nigel Dodds became the DUP's deputy leader and Commons leader in 2008, but the 2010 general election saw Sinn Féin increase their vote share and reduce the DUP majority. Sinn Féin targeted the seat in the 2015 general election, campaigning on returning the constituency's first Irish nationalist MP and the growing Catholic population surpassing Protestants. However, the DUP and the UUP agreed an electoral pact in which the UUP would withdraw their candidate to help re-elect an unionist. This allowed for Dodds to hold the seat comfortably with an increased majority, although a 4.3% swing to Sinn Féin in the 2017 general election still confirmed the seat's marginal status.

Prior to the 2019 general election, the SDLP and UUP withdrew their candidates. In a highly divisive contest marred by threats from loyalist paramilitaries, John Finucane of Sinn Féin won with a majority of 1,943 votes. This meant that the 2019 election was the first time that Sinn Féin won multiple seats in Belfast and the first time Belfast North had elected a nationalist instead of a unionist. Dodds was replaced as Commons leader by Jeffrey Donaldson.

Members of Parliament
The Member of Parliament since the 2024 general election has been John Finucane of Sinn Féin. Finucane has been MP for Belfast North since 2019.

Elections in the 2010s
This seat saw the only increase in vote share for Sinn Féin at the 2019 general election.

Elections in the 1990s
1997 changes are compared to the 1992 notional results shown below.


text: User talk:66.170.5.18

title: User talk:66.170.5.18


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MusicXML

MusicXML is an XML-based file format for representing Western musical notation. The format is open, fully documented, and can be freely used under the W3C Community Final Specification Agreement.

History
MusicXML was invented by Michael Good and initially developed by Recordare LLC. It derived several key concepts from existing academic formats (such as Walter Hewlett's ASCII-based MuseData and David Huron's Humdrum). It is designed for the interchange of scores, particularly between different scorewriters. MusicXML development was managed by MakeMusic following the company's acquisition of Recordare in 2011. MusicXML development was transferred to the W3C Music Notation Community Group in July 2015.

Version 1.0 was released in January 2004. Version 1.1 was released in May 2005 with improved formatting support. Version 2.0 was released in June 2007 and included a standard compressed format. All of these versions were defined by a series of document type definitions (DTDs). An XML Schema Definition (XSD) implementation of Version 2.0 was released in September 2008. Version 3.0 was released in August 2011 with improved virtual instrument support, in both DTD and XSD versions. Version 3.1 was released in December 2017 with improved support for the Standard Music Font Layout (SMuFL). Version 4.0 was released in June 2021 and resolved multiple issues.

The MusicXML DTDs and XSDs are each freely redistributable under the W3C Community Final Specification Agreement.

Support
, MusicXML is supported to varying degrees by over 260 notation programs. These programs include: Additionally, web support is possible through the use of the HTML5 canvas element and JavaScript resulting in the rendering of legible music within a web browser.
 * Most scorewriting programs, including Finale, Dorico, Sibelius, and MuseScore
 * Most optical music recognition programs, including SmartScore, PhotoScore and Audiveris
 * Most music sequencer programs, including Cubase, Logic Pro, Digital Performer, and SONAR

Features include key and time signatures, clefs, beaming information, stem directions, slurs, ornaments, barlines, and written repeats.

Example
Like all XML-based formats, MusicXML is intended to be easy for automated tools to parse and manipulate. Though it is possible to create MusicXML by hand, interactive score writing programs like Finale and MuseScore greatly simplify the reading, writing, and modifying of MusicXML files.

The following example is a score consisting of a single whole note middle C in the key of C major on the treble clef.

The textual representation listed above is verbose; MusicXML v2.0 addresses this by adding a compressed zip format with a .mxl suffix that can make files roughly one-twentieth the size of the uncompressed version.

title: MusicXML


text:
Talk:Ajahn Chah

Untitled
NOTE: Moved from "Ajahn Chah," per renaming convention, on 13 September, 2006. (Please do not remove this note!)
 * Moved back to "Ajahn Chah," per temporary agreement on convention, on 14 September, 2006.

I added the current residency of some of the teachers but I'm concerned that this method isn't necessarily conducive to entry relevancy over time since monks tend to move, though they do remain abbots for quite some time.

Ryan Arnold
 * Better'n nothin'. They can always be updated. Somebody needs to get transponder anklets on those monks. --Gary D 22:20, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

What naming convention?
I see a note above mentioning a naming convention as the rationale for why this article is titled Ajahn Chaa. There are a lot of naming conventions in the english language Wikipedia. What naming convention applies to this article's title? I had thought that, as per the practice for Thai individuals, honorifics were not to be included in title name, thus Bhumibol Adulyadej rather than Phrabat Somdet Phrachao Yuhua Bhumibol Adulyadej and Seni Pramoj rather than Mom Rajawongse Seni Pramoj. Patiwat 10:11, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Is it true that Ajahn Chah was a cigarette smoker?
And perhaps even a heavy one? I know that monastics in the Sri Lankan tradition are permitted to smoke and beleive that this is also true in the Thai Tradition (in fact I am pretty sure of it). 122.148.173.37 (talk) 01:34, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Sound File Formatting
There is something wrong with the formatting of the sound file in the rightmost column. Can someone fix this? --1000Faces (talk) 05:54, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

 * The file was deleted some time ago but traces of the sound box were inadvertently left behind by the bot. --Paul_012 (talk) 18:46, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Wikiquote box contains "broken" link
The Wikiquote box on the right down by "External links" contains a link to Wikiquote that is broken. It's basically a link to search Wikiquote for Ajahn Chah, which finds no results.. Digging around I found that the Ajahn Chah page on Wikiquote was deleted, apparently because it wasn't sourced.

Should the box simply be removed? (Sorry I'm not sure about these things - and it is kind of a shame, as I would have liked to see the quotes) UnRheal (talk) 17:01, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

bias
There is quite a few weasel words. I have great respect for Ajahn Chah but the praise for him and the Thai Forest Tradition exhibited here is hardly in line with WP:NPOV Wikiman5676 (talk) 18:55, 24 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, the article seems to be written from an insider's perspective. Neither of the sources check out as secondary. Good for general information, but not encyclopedic in nature.--Farang Rak Tham (talk) 20:52, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Ajahn Chah. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160324195752/http://www.watnongpahpong.org/indexe.php to http://www.watnongpahpong.org/indexe.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160324195752/http://www.watnongpahpong.org/indexe.php to http://www.watnongpahpong.org/indexe.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140607000029/http://forestsanghapublications.org/assets/book/Recollections_of_Ajahn_Chah_-_Various_Authors.pdf to http://forestsanghapublications.org/assets/book/Recollections_of_Ajahn_Chah_-_Various_Authors.pdf

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:43, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ajahn Chah


text:
Talk:2004–05 FA Premier League

Perhaps there should be an up-to-date table for standings like all the national tournaments... Colipon 20:47, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I don't think so. Wikipedia is not about providing most recent news about everything, in case of football, let's leave that to www.rsssf.com Silvermane 20:52, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I think there should be final league tables because they are results that will last forever. For this reason I have added final league tables to all Premiership season pages. I would do the same for all of the football league pages but that would be a much larger task and I would need some help. Borb 21:35, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned references in 2004–05 FA Premier League
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of 2004–05 FA Premier League's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "blstats": From 2009–10 Premier League:  From Premier League:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 08:04, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:1992–93 FA Premier League which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:30, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:2004–05 FA Premier League


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Stanley Waters

Lieutenant-general Stanley Charles Waters  (June 14, 1920 – September 25, 1991) was Canada's first senator to be appointed to his Senate seat following a non-binding provincial Senate election.

Early life
Born in Winnipeg and educated at Strathcona High School and the University of Alberta, Waters commissioned into the 14th Army Tank Battalion (The Calgary Regiment (Tank)) in 1941. He was then posted to the First Special Service Force. In 1943, using scaling ropes, Waters led his unit up the sheer cliffs of Monte la Difensa to attack German defences. In February 1944 he landed at Anzio and, due to Allied losses, temporarily took command of a battalion.

After the war, he rose steadily through the ranks, and ended his career as a lieutenant-general and Commander of Mobile Command (1973–75). In 1975, he joined Mannix Organization at Calgary, becoming president of Loram Group, a subsidiary of the parent company. He was a co-founder of the Bowfort Group of Companies, which engage in farming, real estate and investment operations throughout Western Canada. He held a variety of executive positions until his retirement from business in 1989. Waters also was the president of the Calgary Chamber of Commerce and in 1984 organized a group to purchase a partial share of the Calgary Stampeders football club.

Political career
Stan Waters was also keenly interested in Canadian politics. In 1987, Waters became a founding member of Preston Manning's Reform Party of Canada. While Waters did not choose to participate as a Reform Party candidate in the federal election of 1988, he was seen as one of the party's most popular early spokesmen and policy communicators, speaking at numerous party rallies and events from 1987 to 1991.

In 1989, under strain from the troubling and complex wrangling surrounding the Meech Lake Accord and constitutional amendment talks, Alberta Premier Don Getty called for a Senate election. Stan Waters came forward as the Reform Party of Alberta candidate for the open Alberta Senate seat. On October 16, 1989, he received 41.7% of the more than 620,000 non-binding votes cast by Albertans in his bid to go to Ottawa. Although it was a non-binding result, he was selected as the first person to be elected by a provincial population to be the Prime Minister's recommendation to the Governor General for appointment to the Senate. He represented the senate division of Alberta. Pressured by Getty and Reform, with Deborah Grey promising that if "we don't get this seat, we'll get 10 in the next election", Prime Minister Brian Mulroney agreed to advise Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn to appoint Waters to the Canadian Senate.

On June 11, 1990, Stan Waters was sworn into the Senate. He was also the first representative of the Reform Party in the Upper House. During his year-long tenure as a senator, Waters spoke for Western Canadian and conservative values. He pushed for an end to official bilingualism, urged health care reform, opposed federal funding grants to artists and fervently pushed the Mulroney Government to adopt a "Triple-E Senate" (elected, effective and equal) during the constitutional debates of 1990–91. On the abortion issue, Waters was pro-choice, which put him somewhat at odds with the Reform Party's conservative Christian supporters.

Death and legacy
Waters was admitted to the Foothills Medical Centre in Calgary to treat in July 1991, and later died of complications at Foothills on September 25.

After Waters' death, Alberta Premier Don Getty lauded his contribution towards Senate reform, calling the momentum created by his election "unstoppable".

When the federal Liberal Party was returned to power in the 1993 election under party leader Jean Chrétien, Senate reform was all but abandoned. Chrétien and his successor, Paul Martin, did not advise the appointment to the Senate of candidates elected by Albertans in 1998 and 2004, citing the fact that the elections are not part of the Senate selection process, as defined by the Constitution of Canada.

Archives
There is a Stan Waters fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

title: Stanley Waters


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Temporal multithreading

Temporal multithreading is one of the two main forms of multithreading that can be implemented on computer processor hardware, the other being simultaneous multithreading. The distinguishing difference between the two forms is the maximum number of concurrent threads that can execute in any given pipeline stage in a given cycle. In temporal multithreading the number is one, while in simultaneous multithreading the number is greater than one. Some authors use the term super-threading synonymously.

Variations
There are many possible variations of temporal multithreading, but most can be classified into two sub-forms:

 * Coarse-grained: The main processor pipeline contains only one thread at a time. The processor must effectively perform a rapid context switch before executing a different thread.  This fast context switch is sometimes referred to as a thread switch.  There may or may not be additional penalty cycles when switching.

 * There are many possible variations of coarse-grained temporal multithreading, mainly concerning the algorithm that determines when thread switching occurs. This algorithm may be based on one or more of many different factors, including cycle counts, cache misses, and fairness.

 * Fine-grained (or interleaved): The main processor pipeline may contain multiple threads, with context switches effectively occurring between pipe stages (e.g., in the barrel processor). This form of multithreading can be more expensive than the coarse-grained forms because execution resources that span multiple pipe stages may have to deal with multiple threads. Also contributing to cost is the fact that this design cannot be optimized around the concept of a "background" thread — any of the concurrent threads implemented by the hardware might require its state to be read or written on any cycle.

Comparison to simultaneous multithreading
In any of its forms, temporal multithreading is similar in many ways to simultaneous multithreading. As in the simultaneous process, the hardware must store a complete set of states per concurrent thread implemented. The hardware must also preserve the illusion that a given thread has the processor resources to itself. Fairness algorithms must be included in both types of multithreading situations to prevent one thread from dominating processor time and/or resources.

Temporal multithreading has an advantage over simultaneous multithreading in that it causes lower processor heat output; however, it allows only one thread to be executed at a time.

title: Temporal multithreading


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Popular Alliance (San Marino)

The Popular Alliance (Alleanza Popolare, AP) was a liberal-centrist political party in San Marino. The party formed a coalition with the Union for the Republic for the 2016 Sammarinese general election, and following their electoral success the two parties created a new party, Future Republic.

History
AP was born as an anti-establishment party in 1993, in parallel with the rise of Lega Nord in Italy, of which it has been long considered the Sanmarinese counterpart, but has since then become a stable political force in San Marino, participating in government coalitions with the centrist Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS), as well as with the centre-left Party of Socialists and Democrats (PSD) since 2002.

In the 2006 Sammarinese general election the party won 12.1% of the vote and 7 out of 60 seats in the Grand and General Council, making it the third-largest party of the country. In 2008 after the breaking-up of the governing coalition, due to the rising clashes between AP and United Left, under the new electoral system, the party decided to join PDCS in the centrist Pact for San Marino coalition for the 2008 general election, gaining 11.5% of votes and 7 seats out of the 35 of the coalition gained and 11.52% of the national vote. Assunta Meloni became one of the two Joint Captains Regent of San Marino.

After the political crisis of 2011, AP confirmed its alliance with PDCS, creating the new alliance San Marino Common Good, which won the 2012 Sammarinese general election, even though AP itself lost three seats.

For the 2016 Sammarinese general election, AP broke its alliance with PDCS and formed the Future Republic electoral list with Union for the Republic, which was a part of the Adesso.sm coalition. The list won eleven seats in the election's second round run-off.

On 24 February 2017, AP and UpR officially merged and formed Future Republic as a political party.

title: Popular Alliance (San Marino)


text:
User talk:CamLewis

Nothing here yet. :)

title: User talk:CamLewis


text:
Post-expressionism

Post-expressionism is a term coined by the German art critic Franz Roh to describe a variety of movements in the post-war art world which were influenced by expressionism but defined themselves through rejecting its aesthetic. Roh first used the term in an essay in 1925, "Magic Realism: Post-Expressionism", to contrast to Gustav Friedrich Hartlaub's "New Objectivity", which more narrowly characterized these developments within German art. Though Roh saw "post-expressionism" and "magic realism" as synonymous, later critics characterized distinctions between magic realism and other artists initially identified by Hartlaub and have also pointed out other artists in Europe who had different stylistic tendencies but were working within the same trend.

Background
Leading up to World War I, much of the art world was under the influence of Futurism and Expressionism. Both movements abandoned any sense of order or commitment to objectivity or tradition.

The sentiment of Futurists was most vocally expressed by Filippo Marinetti in the Futurist Manifesto, where he called for a rejection of the past, a rejection of all imitation — of other artists or of the outside world — and praised the virtue of originality and triumph of technology. The Futurist poet Vladimir Mayakovsky, along these lines, said “After seeing electricity, I lost interest in nature.” Marinetti and other Futurists glorified war and violence as a way to revolution – bringing freedom, establishing new ideas, and rallying one to fight for one's own people – and as war was shaping up in Europe, many saw it and encouraged a way to “purify” the culture and destroy old, obsolete elements of society.

Expressionists, likewise abandoning imitation nature, sought to express emotional experience, but often centered their art around angst — inner turmoil; whether in reaction to the modern world, to alienation from society, or in the creation of personal identity. In concert with this evocation of angst, expressionists also echoed some of the same feelings of revolution as did Futurists. This is evidenced by a 1919 anthology of expressionist poetry titled Menschheitsdämmerung, which translates to “Dawn of Humanity” — meant to suggest that humanity was in a 'twilight'; that there was an imminent demise of some old way of being and beneath it the urgings of a new dawning.

Both futurism and expressionism were always met by opposition, but the destruction that occurred in the war had heightened the criticism against them. Following the war, in and throughout different artistic circles there was a call for a return to order and re-appreciation of tradition and of the natural world. In Italy, this was encouraged by the magazine Valori Plastici and came together in the Novecento, a group that exhibited in the Venice Biennale and was joined by many Futurists who had rejected their former work. Mario Sironi, a member of this group, stated that they “would not imitate the world created by God but would be inspired by it.” The “New Objectivity” or Neue Sachlichkeit, as coined by Hartlaub, described the developments in Germany and became the title of an exhibition that he staged in 1925. Neue Sachlichkeit was influenced not only by the “return to order” but also a call to arms among more left-leaning artists who wanted to use their art in a forward, political manner that expressionism didn't enable them to do. In Belgium, there was another vein in the common trend, which would later be referred to as a “retour à l’humain”.

Movements
When Hartlaub defined the idea of the Neue Sachlichkeit, he identified two groups: the verists, who “[tore] the objective form of the world of contemporary facts and represent current experience in its tempo and fevered temperature,” and the classicists, who “[searched] more for the object of timeless ability to embody the external laws of existence in the artistic sphere.”

Although Roh originally meant the term 'Magic Realism' to be more or less synonymous with Neue Sachlichkeit, the artists identified by Hartlaub as 'classicists' later became associated with Roh's term. These 'Magic Realists' were all influenced by the classicism developed in Italy by the Novecento, and in turn by de Chirico's concept of metaphysical art, which had also branched into surrealism. Art critic Wieland Schmeid in 1977 posited that despite the fact that the terms were meant to refer to the same thing, the understanding of them as different groups derives from the fact that the movement had a right and left wing, with the Magic Realists on the right — many later supporting fascism or accommodating to it— and the verists we associate as the Neue Sachlichkeit on the left — fighting against fascism. The two groups in addition to having different political philosophies likewise had different artistic philosophies.

The third movement that is important to include in post-expressionism, and which Roh excluded, is the reaction to Flemish Expressionism, as opposed to strains of German expressionism and Italian futurism. This is typically referred to as animism.

Magic Realism
'Magic Realism' for Roh, as a reaction to expressionism, meant to declare “[that] the autonomy of the objective world around us was once more to be enjoyed; the wonder of matter that could crystallize into objects was to be seen anew.” With the term, he was emphasizing the “magic” of the normal world as it presents itself to us — how, when we really look at everyday objects, they can appear strange and fantastic.

In Italy, the style that Roh identified was created by a confluence of a renewed focus on harmony and technique called for by the “return to order” and metaphysical art, a style which had been developed by Carlo Carrà and Giorgio de Chirico, two members of the Novecento. Carrà described his purpose as to explore the imagined inner life of familiar objects when represented out of their explanatory contexts: their solidity, their separateness in the space allotted to them, the secret dialogue that may take place between them.

The leading painter in Italy associated with this style is perhaps Antonio Donghi, who kept to traditional subject matter — popular life, landscapes, and still life — but presented it with strong composition and spatial clarity to give it gravity and stillness. His still lifes often consist of a small vase of flowers, depicted with the disarming symmetry of naive art. He also often painted birds carefully arranged for display in their cages, and dogs and other animals ready to perform for circus acts, to suggest an artificial arrangement placed on top of nature. In Germany, Anton Räderscheidt followed a style similar to Donghi, turning to magic realism after abandoning constructivism. Georg Schrimpf is somewhat like the two, working in a style influenced by primitivism.

Filippo De Pisis, who is often associated with metaphysical art, can also be seen as a magic realist. Like Donghi, he often painted traditional subjects, but rather than developing a strict classical style, used a more painterly brush to bring out the intimacy of the objects, similar to the Belgian animists. His association with metaphysical art comes from the fact that he would often contrapose objects in his still lifes, and set them in a scene that gave them context.

Another artist in Italy considered a magic realist is Felice Casorati, whose paintings are rendered with fine technique but often distinguished by unusual perspective effects and bold colorfulness. In 1925, Rafaello Giolli summarized the disconcerting aspects of Casorati's art — “The volumes have no weight in them, and the colors no body. Everything is fictitious: even the living lack all nervous vitality. The sun seems to be the moon ... nothing is fixed or definite.”

Other German artists who worked within this style are Alexander Kanoldt and Carl Grossberg. Kanoldt painted still lifes and portraits, while Grossberg painted urban landscapes and industrial sites rendered with chilly precision.

New Objectivity and Verism
The artists most associated with the Neue Sachlichkeit today are those Hartlaub identified as 'verists'. These artists tended to oppose expressionism, but did not so much exemplify the “return to order” as much as they opposed what they saw as the political impotence of expressionist art. They sought to involve themselves into revolutionary politics and their form of realism distorted appearances to emphasize the ugly, as they wanted to expose what they considered the ugliness of reality. The art was raw, provocative, and harshly satirical.

Bertolt Brecht, a German dramatist, was an early critic of Expressionism, referring to it as constrained and superficial. Just like in politics Germany had a new parliament but lacked parliamentarians, he argued, in literature there was an expression of delight in ideas, but no new ideas, and in theater a 'will to drama', but no real drama. His early plays, Baal and Trommeln in der Nacht (Drums in the Night) express repudiations of fashionable interest in Expressionism. Opposed to the focus on individual emotional experience in expressionist art, Brecht began a collaborative method to play production, starting with his Man Equals Man project.

Overall, the verist critique of expressionism was influenced by Dadaism. The early exponents of Dada had been drawn together in Switzerland, a neutral country in the war, and in common cause, they wanted to use their art as a form of moral and cultural protest — shaking off not only the constraints of nationality, but also of artistic language, in order to express political outrage and encourage political action. Expressionism, to Dadaists, expressed all of the angst and anxieties of society, but was helpless to do anything about it.

Out of this, Dada cultivated a “satirical hyperrealism”, as termed by Raoul Hausmann, and of which the best known examples are the graphical works and photo-montages of John Heartfield. Use of collage in these works became a compositional principle to blend reality and art, as if to suggest that to record the facts of reality was to go beyond the most simple appearances of things. This later developed into portraits and scenes by artists such as George Grosz, Otto Dix, and Rudolf Schlichter. Portraits would give emphasis to particular features or objects that were seen as distinctive aspects of the person depicted. Satirical scenes often depicted a madness behind what was happening, depicting the participants as cartoon-like.

Other verist artists, like Christian Schad, depicted reality with a clinical precision, which suggested both an empirical detachment and intimate knowledge of the subject. Schad's paintings are characterized "an artistic perception so sharp that it seems to cut beneath the skin", according to Schmied. Often, psychological elements were introduced in his work, which suggested an underlying unconscious reality to life.

Animism
In Belgium, expressionism had been influenced by artists like James Ensor and Louis Pevernagie who had combined expressionism with symbolism. Ensor, known for his paintings of people in masks, carnival outfits, and side-by-side with skeletons, also often painted realistic scenes, but imbued them with a fevered brush, garish colors, and strong contrasts to suggest a strange unreality present in them, as did Pevernagie. Expressionism was also exhibited in the Latemse School, where adherents like Constant Permeke and Hubert Malfait used brushwork in painting and loose form in sculpture to show a mystic reality behind nature.

In what had been called a “retour à l’humain” (return to the human), many artists working in Belgium after the war had kept the expressive brush of their forebears, but had rejected what they had seen as the anti-human, unreal distortions in their subject matter. The goal was to use the expressive brush to depict the soul or spirit of the objects, people, and places they were painting, rather than a hyperbolic, externalized, displaced angst of the artist. These artists were often characterized as 'introverts', as opposed to the 'extroverts' of expressionism. Belgian art critic Paul Haesaerts later gave this movement the title animism, which he took from anthropologist E.B. Tylor's book Primitive Culture (1871) describing 'animism' as primitive religion that based itself on the idea a soul inhabited all objects. Later, Haesaerts, driven by criticism to do so, also used the terms réalisme poétique and intimism, although animism is still most commonly used in literature. Intimism will more often refer to the art practiced by some members of the Nabis.

The most recognized painter of these artists is Henri-Victor Wolvens, who painted many scenes of the beach and ocean at Ostend. In his beach scenes, harsh waves are painted with a rough brush, clouds in patches — rougher when in storm — and the sand with a scraped quality. Figures are painted as simply as possible, often as stick figures, and given translucency and movement — so his bathers show the activity of the beach and it the activity of the bathers blend in with the motion of the waves crashing ashore.

The work of Floris Jespers was strongly influenced by an animist spirit after the war. He uses form and color to give different degrees of vividness to the subjects in his paintings, each to the degree that one would associate them with in life.

Other painters associated with this movement are Anne Bonnet, Albert Dasnoy, Henri Evenepoel, Mayou Iserentant, Jacques Maes, Marcel Stobbaerts, Albert Van Dyck, Louis Van Lint, War Van Overstraeten and Jozef Vinck.

Filippo De Pisis, referenced above, exhibited animist tendencies.

George Grard is the sculptor most associated with animism. Like expressionists, he went against both naturalism and classical tendencies, but used exaggerations from his models to heighten the feeling and sensuality of the form, and chose lyrical subjects. Grard was friends with Charles LePlae, who had a similar style, but kept more in line with natural and classical forms.

Herman De Cuyper is also associated with animism, and abstracted to a more extreme degree than did Grard or LaPlae, and in some ways is more similar to Henry Moore.

Counter-movements
An early revolt against the imposed classicism that was popular in the Novecento took place with the founding of the Scuola Romana.

Romantic Expressionism
Corrado Cagli was a member of this group, and identified himself and others whom he met as members of the “New Roman School of Painting”, or nuovi pittori romani (new Roman painters). Cagli spoke of a spreading sensitivity and an Astro di Roma (Roman Star) which guided them, affirming it as the poetic basis of their art: "In a primordial dawn all has to be reconsidered, and Imagination relives all wonders and trembles for all mysteries."

Sometimes referred to as romantic expressionism, art from this group exhibits a wild painting style, expressive and disorderly, violent and with warm ochre and maroon tones. Contrary to early expressionism, the focus isn't on angst and turmoil, but rather seeing the world anew, as Cagli described, through romantic imagination. Yet, the formal rigour of the Novecento was replaced by a distinctly expressionist visionariness.

Scipione brought to life a sort of Roman baroque expressionism, where often decadent landscapes appear of Rome's historical baroque centre, populated by priests and cardinals, seen with a vigorously expressive and hallucinated eye.

Mario Mafai painted many scenes of Rome and its suburbs, and used warm chromatic colors to convey a sense of freshness and pictorial curiosity. This bent is particularly emphasised in his 1936-1939 work, in a series paintings entitled Demolitions, where in order to make a political statement he painted urban restructuring being carried out by the fascist regime. During the Second World War he painted a series of Fantasies depicting horrors committed by the fascists. Antonietta Raphaël, Mafai's wife and a sculptor, was also a member of this group.

Another member was Renato Guttuso, who like Mafai made paintings which denounced the fascist regime. Guttuso's works are generally bright, lively, and verging on abstraction.

Emanuele Cavalli and Giuseppe Capogrossi have associations both with the Scuola Romana and with Magic Realism.

title: Post-expressionism


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Talk:Dead or Alive (video game)/to do

 * Neaten prose, esp. in Criticism section. More substantiation and NPOV

title: Talk:Dead or Alive (video game)/to do


text:
List of extreme points of Iceland

This is a list of the extreme points of Iceland, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

Iceland (country)

 * Northernmost point — Kolbeinsey, Eyjafjörður (67.13583°N, -18.68417°W)
 * Northernmost settlement — Grímsey, Eyjafjörður (66.55°N, -18.01667°W)
 * Southernmost point — Surtsey, Vestmannaeyjar (63.28333°N, -20.58333°W)
 * Southernmost settlement (farm) — Garðar, Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (63°24'N, 019°03'W)
 * Southernmost settlement (town) — Vík, Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (63°25'N, 019°01'W)
 * Westernmost point — Bjargtangar, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65.5°N, -24.53333°W)
 * Westernmost settlement (farm) — Hvallátur, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65°32'N, 024°28'W)
 * Westernmost settlement (town) — Patreksfjörður, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65°35'N, 23°59'W)
 * Easternmost point — Hvalbakur, Suður-Múlasýsla (64.58333°N, -13.23333°W)
 * Easternmost settlement (farm) — Sandvík, Suður-Múlasýsla (65°06'N, 013°33'W)
 * Easternmost settlement (town) — Neskaupstaður (65°09'N, 13°43'W)

Iceland (mainland Iceland)

 * Northernmost point — Rifstangi, Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla (66°32'N, 016°12'W)
 * Northernmost settlement (farm) — Rif, Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla (66°32'N, 016°12'W)
 * Northernmost settlement (town) — Raufarhöfn, Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla (66°27'N, 015°57'W)
 * Southernmost point — Kötlutangi, Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (63°23'N, 018°45'W)
 * Southernmost settlement (farm) — Garðar, Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (63°24'N, 019°03'W)
 * Southernmost settlement (town) — Vík, Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (63°25'N, 019°01'W)
 * Westernmost point — Bjargtangar, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65°30'N, 024°32'W)
 * Westernmost settlement (farm) — Hvallátur, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65°32'N, 024°28'W)
 * Westernmost settlement (town) — Patreksfjörður, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65°35'N, 023°59'W)
 * Easternmost point — Gerpir, Suður-Múlasýsla (65°04'N, 013°29'W)
 * Easternmost settlement (farm) — Sandvík, Suður-Múlasýsla (65°06'N, 013°33'W)
 * Easternmost settlement (town) — Neskaupstaður (65°09'N, 013°43'W)

Altitude

 * Highest point — Hvannadalshnúkur, 2110 m(64°N, -16.65°W)
 * Lowest point — Atlantic Ocean, 0 m
 * Highest village — Möðrudalur, 469 m

title: List of extreme points of Iceland


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Uithuizermeeden

Uithuizermeeden is a village in the Netherlands, with a population of about 3,200 people. It is part of the municipality of Het Hogeland, close to the Wadden Sea.

The most important points are the Meijster Toren and the Rensumaborg (dated 1700, not open for public). The Meijster Toren dated from the thirteenth century, but was rebuilt at the end of the 19th century in original style, after a fire destroyed it.

It had a population of around 3,325 in January 2017.

Uithuizermeeden was a separate municipality until 1979, when it became part of Hefshuizen.

title: Uithuizermeeden


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Coronation chicken

Coronation chicken or Poulet Reine Elizabeth is an English dish of boneless chicken traditionally seasoned with parsley, thyme, bay leaf, cumin, turmeric, ginger and peppercorns, mixed with cream or mayonnaise, and dried apricots (or sultanas). Some modern variations also incorporate cinnamon. It is served cold and eaten as a salad with rice, peas and pimentos, or used as a filling for sandwiches. It was created by Constance Spry, an English food writer and flower arranger, and Rosemary Hume, a chef, for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953.

Composition
Normally bright yellow, coronation chicken is traditionally flavoured with curry powder and fresh or dried herbs and spices, but may also include additional ingredients such as flaked almonds, raisins, and crème fraîche.

The original dish differs from modern versions in that it calls for apricot puree rather than raisins. The chicken is first poached in diluted, seasoned white wine, before being coated in a mayonnaise-based cream of curry sauce and arranged atop a rice salad.

History
Constance Spry, an English food writer and flower arranger, and Rosemary Hume, a chef, both principals of the Cordon Bleu Cookery School in London, are credited with the invention of coronation chicken. Preparing the food for the banquet of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953, Hume is credited with the recipe of cold chicken, curry cream sauce and dressing that became known as coronation chicken.

Coronation chicken may have been inspired by jubilee chicken, a dish prepared for the silver jubilee of George V in 1935, which mixed chicken with mayonnaise and curry. Additionally, for the Queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002, another celebratory dish was devised, also called Jubilee chicken.

title: Coronation chicken


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User talk:PP Jewel

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

What are you doing? Mike H 21:53, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Fixing comma spacings. PP Jewel 21:54, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see. I was looking at the edit differences and it didn't look like much of anything. Very well. Thanks for responding so quickly. Mike H 21:57, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * You're welcome. PP Jewel 21:58, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I was just about to come here and ask the same question. :)  Could you mark your changes as Minor, so they don't show up on Recent Changes and take up a lot of space there?  Thanks.  RickK 22:29, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

Are you also BunnyAngel13? RickK 22:39, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * No, she had to go to class. I'm taking over for a while. Bunny Angel13 22:41, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:PP Jewel


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Lancia Thema

The Lancia Thema (Type 834) is an executive car produced by the Italian automaker Lancia between 1984 and 1994, and one of four cars to share the Type Four platform alongside the Alfa Romeo 164, Fiat Croma and Saab 9000. The Thema was first shown in Turin Motor Show in 1984.

In February 2011, it was reported that the second generation of the Chrysler 300C, due for launch later that year, would be marketed as Lancia Thema in all European markets, except the UK and Ireland, which would retain the 300C nameplate. It was sold from 2011 to 2014.

Overview
The Thema was Lancia's luxury car based on the all-new Type Four platform, co-designed with the Fiat Croma, Saab 9000 and Alfa Romeo 164. The Thema was available as a saloon and as a station wagon designed and produced by Pininfarina.

First series
The Lancia Thema was announced in May 1984, then introduced to the motoring press with an event held in October 1984 in Vienna, and to the general public at the Turin Motor Show in November of the same year.

The first series Thema was built between 1984 and 1988, with four different models initially available. Two came with a twin cam 8-valve, fuel injected 1,995 cc 4-cylinder petrol engine, in naturally aspirated guise on the Thema i.e. or turbocharged and intercooled on the Thema i.e. turbo. Engine output was 120 PS and 165 PS respectively. The most expensive model was the Thema 6V, powered by a 150 PS, 2,849 cc V6, tuned for smoothness. On most European markets a 2,445 cc, 100 PS four-cylinder turbocharged and intercooled four-cylinder diesel engine was also available, on the Thema turbo ds. 1986 saw the introduction of the Pininfarina-designed Thema Station Wagon, available with the two turbocharged engines only, and of the Ferrari V8-engined Thema 8·32.

Second series
The second series Thema was presented in the Paris Motor Show in September 1988. New 16-valve 2.0-litre engines replaced the previous 8-valve units, increasing the power output to 147 PS on the naturally aspirated Thema i.e. 16v and to 185 PS on the Thema turbo 16v. The 8-valve 2-litre, now producing 117 PS, remained on sale on the Thema i.e. base model. The 147 PS six-cylinder on the Thema V6 was only mildly revised. The diesel engine on the Thema turbo ds increased marginally in capacity, to 2,499 cc, and more significantly in output, to 118 PS.

A number of small visual updates were made to freshen the Thema's look. Upfront there was a more prominent grille with vertical instead of horizontal bars, and the turn indicators had been moved beneath the main headlamp units, under horizontal dark-tinted lenses. At the rear all model badging was removed, and the turn signals and backup lamp lenses were now tinted red. Finally the side rubbing strips, side skirts, wheel covers and 8-spoke alloy wheels were redesigned. The station wagon and the 8·32 received similar updates. With five engines available of the saloon, three on the SW (the two 16-valve petrols and the turbo diesel) and the 8·32, the Thema range consisted of nine different models. The different models received almost no visual distinctions, aside from the 8·32. Other models looked largely identical aside from badging, wheel dimensions, and wheel design (along with body-coloured mirror housings on top versions). Additionally the 4- and 6-cylinder petrol engines were also produced in catalytic converter-equipped versions, with slightly reduced output, for sale on markets where such equipment was mandatory.

Third series
The series two was then replaced by the facelifted third and last series, introduced in the Paris Motor Show in September 1992 and produced from 1992-1994. Four trim levels—base, LE, LS and LX—were introduced across the range; the 2.9-litre V6 engine was replaced by a more powerful 175 PS 3.0-litre unit, sourced from Alfa Romeo.

Production of the Thema ceased in 1994, when Lancia also withdrew entirely from RHD markets (including the United Kingdom) in response to falling sales. The Thema was replaced by the Lancia Kappa. A total of over 336,000 Thema saloons were produced.

Station wagon
In addition to the saloon, a station wagon was jointly developed and produced by Lancia and Pininfarina in Grugliasco. It was shown in prototype form at the September 1985 Frankfurt Motor Show, and in definitive form at the March 1986 Geneva Motor Show. Zagato had also shown a station wagon proposal earlier, at the 1985 Geneva Motor Show. This prototype, which remained a design study, with a larger glass area in the rear and with more discreet D-pillars than for the Pininfarina variant.

Pininfarina was also tasked with producing the new bodystyle. The Lancia factory assembled all the body-in-white parts shared with the saloon; the incomplete bodies were sent to Pininfarina, where they were completed and painted, and final assembly was carried out. The station wagon version was never offered in a right-hand drive variant. In total 21,074 Thema station wagons would be built by Pininfarina between 1986 and 1994 in their Borgo San Paolo plant.

Thema 8·32
First shown at the Turin Auto Show in 1986, the Lancia Thema 8·32 ("8" standing for the number of cylinders and "32" for the number of valves) was assembled at Lancia's S. Paolo plant in Turin. It used a 2,927 cc, Tipo F105L, Ferrari V8. This engine was based on the unit used in the Ferrari 308 and in the Ferrari Mondial Quattrovalvole, and some of the componentry was assembled by Ducati from castings made at Maranello. The engine differed from other Ferrari V8s of the time in that it was equipped with a cross-plane type crankshaft rather than the usual flat-plane crankshaft, smaller valves and different firing order: all this was to make the engine characteristics more suitable for a four-door luxury saloon. In non catalysed form the engine produced 215 PS at 6,750 rpm, and the car was capable of 0–100 km/h in 6.8 seconds and a top speed of 240 km/h. Catalysed versions produce 205 PS, which gave 0–100 km/h in 7.2 seconds and a top speed of 235 km/h. The transmission was a 5-speed manual gearbox; there was no automatic option. The braking system used larger 294 mm vented front discs and the standard 251 mm rear ones from the other Themas.

All 8·32s featured Bosch KE3 Jetronic fuel injection, ABS, ZF's brand new Servotronic electronically controlled rack-and-pinion power steering (which varied steering wheel effort according to vehicle speed), and a retractable rear spoiler. The latter, designed to increase high speed stability, was controlled by the driver via a rotary switch on the right stalk. In closed position, it would fit flush with the boot lid. The tyres were specially developed 205/55 VR15 Goodyears on five-spoke 6J×15 alloy wheels.

The car offered a handmade wood-and-Alcantara (or optional Poltrona Frau leather) interior, and was complete with similar luxury equipment as LX versions of the Thema. Stitched leather covered the entire dashboard, the steering wheel (including centre), gear and handbrake levers and booths, centre console, door panels and sun visors, while the headlining was Alcantara. A bespoke dashboard fascia housed two main instruments, six small auxiliary gauges, and triple round air conditioning vents. Like the door cappings and the lids concealing the radio and ashtray, it was veneered in matte varnish burr wood. The instrumentation had black dials with yellow hands and markings; it included water thermometer, oil thermometer and pressure gauge, and check panels for the lights and the drivetrain. The seats (and matching door panel inserts) were trimmed in beige or date brown Alcantara as standard, with black or brown leather was an optional extra. Brown interiors got colour-matching switchgear, carpets and trim. Irrespective of interior selection, Thema 8·32 buyers could choose from five paint colours, all metallics: Blizzard Blue, Winner Red, Quartz Grey, Reflex Green and Black. A double hand-painted pinstripe (the upper matched to body colour, the lower yellow) ran along the sides and the rear of the car. Besides the paint scheme, retractable spoiler and wheels, the only exterior details setting the 8·32 apart from other Themas were yellow "8·32" badges, a silver eggcrate-type grille, and twin exhaust outlets. Some notable options were automatic climate control, electrically actuated sunroof, provision for a car phone in the front armrest, and rear individual power seats.

In 1988 the 8·32 received series 2 updates like other Themas, including new lights front and rear, a smaller grille badge, removal of model badging at the rear and on the side skirts, and the new side rubbing strips (previously absent on this model). There were no third series 8·32s. This version of the Thema was produced in limited numbers, with 2370 Series 1 built between 1986 and 1988 and 1601 Series 2 built between 1989 and 1992. All were left-hand drive, although one Thema 8·32 was converted to right hand drive by TAK Motor Co. in South Africa in 1987 for the MD of TAK.

The Thema 8·32's key competitors were some of the fastest saloon models of the late 1980s including the Audi 100 Quattro, BMW M535i, Ford Sierra RS Cosworth, Saab 9000 2.3 Turbo S, and the Vauxhall Lotus Carlton/Opel Lotus Omega. Road & Track described the 8·32 as "one of the weirder sleepers to come out of the 1980s".

Towards the end of his life, Enzo Ferrari owned an 8·32 as his personal transport.

Thema Limousine
Built only on request for wealthy customers and Fiat Group executives, the Lancia Thema Limousine featured the same interior as the LX and the 8·32 versions. Most of them were powered by a 2.8 L PRV V6 engine, replaced in the last ones by the 3.0 L Alfa Romeo V6 engine. Only 24 Thema Limousines were built. The wheelbase of the car was extended by 30 cm to 2960 mm, with a resulting overall length of 4890 mm. The weight increased to 1400 kg, or by just over one fifth. The price, meanwhile, was up nearly sixty percent over a comparably equipped regular wheelbase Thema V6.

Engines
With the exception of the 8·32 Ferrari engine, Thema powerplants originated from the Fiat engine series designed by Aurelio Lampredi, the famed engine designer formerly of Ferrari and Alfa Romeo. The straight-4 2.0 L petrol engine, available in both naturally aspirated and turbocharged versions, was refined and offered good performance. Earlier Themas were also offered with a 2.8 L PRV V6 engine, developed in cooperation with Peugeot, Renault, and Volvo. This unit was replaced in 1992 with a 3.0 L Alfa Romeo V6 engine (Fiat had bought Alfa Romeo in 1986 and gained access to this engine).

Second generation (2011–2014)
Chrysler marketed the 300C for model years 2011–2014 as the Lancia Thema in Europe's left hand drive markets. Right-hand drive markets (the United Kingdom and Ireland) kept the Chrysler 300C badging.

title: Lancia Thema


text:
User:Minwoo~enwiki

Minwoo's Blog

title: User:Minwoo~enwiki


text:
Talk:Coronation chicken

[Untitled]
I didn't believe the original article infringed copyright as it quoted text from another website while providing a link to the original article in full. However I appreciate that this might not be correct and that the article was right to be suspended; I have written a substitute article in my own words from publicly available sources (and my own memory).

 * "After the Coronation on 2 June 1953 a Coronation Banquet was held at Buckingham Palace. This dish was amongst those served"

 * I believe it was not served at Buckingham Palace but in the lunch at Westminster School (next to the Abbey) for 350 foreign guests who could not be accommodated at the Palace. Ghughesarch 12:27, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Coronation chicken