text:
User talk:Glenn Willen

Carnegie Mellon material
Hi,

Thanks for noticing that removal from Carnegie Mellon, I wouldn't have noticed it. I've had a lot of trouble finding the general documentation on removing material from articles (the Wikipedia documentation is very sad). Of course, a few pieces of documentation got improved during my search, so it wasn't a total loss. The best paragraph I could find was Avoiding common mistakes.

But anyway, deleting substantive material outright is strongly against practice, particularly since the user didn't even leave an edit summary. A common dispute-resolution strategy would have been for you to have replaced the material, and left a note on the talk page. Your edit summary would have said something like "Replaced material (see Talk)". This strategy allows you to force the other user into a discussion, rather than a revert war. -- Creidieki 01:20, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Vandalizing Macedonian towns
Glenn, first of all the Freestylefrappe is not TERSELY saying, he has already blocked me without any warning. Have you seen his version of Kumanovo article? He is talking only about murdering, blood, terrorism and nothing about the city normal life. Of course, there were moments in the Kumanovo’s history when a terrorist attacks took place, but Kumanovo is most of the time a quiet ordinary Macedonian town that doesn’t deserve such descriptions. It is the same as if you write an article about London not mentioning St Paul’s catedral, Westminster, Tower bridge.. and writing only about recent terrorist attacks in the London underground. Talking about copyvios, I noticed that FreeStyleFrappe is using text written by Christopher Deliso You can check that on: http://www.serbianna.com/columns/deliso/ http://www.popovashapka.com/terrorist_bombing_in_kumanovo.htm

Are you sure he has permit for doing that? Of course, I will not stay calm until he stops vandalizing the Macedonian towns. Unsigned comment by Bitola
 * You have 2 comments on your talkpage and no userpage. Do you really expect me to take you seriously? If you look at the time I posted the warning and the time I blocked Bitola you'll notice that I:

and...
 * 1. Blocked Bitola after his comment on my talkpage, which came after my warning.
 * 2. I blocked him for personal attacks. freestylefrappe 21:04, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * You're coming quite close to stepping over the line into vandalism. If you revert I will also block you on this account. freestylefrappe 00:41, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Request for arbitration (mine)
SCZenz filed a request for arbitration regarding my actions here: Requests for arbitration. I have listed you as a party involved. freestylefrappe 19:09, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Vacuum propeller
Hello Glenn. You have commented on a previous Vote for Deletion for a Vacuum propeller article, and I have made another attempt at producing one, which has also been nominated for deletion. I would welcome your participation in the new debate. Regards, WLD 10:54, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Redondo Union High Edits
Hello Glen, '84 RUHS Grad Dave here: Not sure about large chunks being edited, but my simple one line addition to notable alumni of Traci Lords keeps getting deleted by "Can't sleep, clown will eat me". I attended with her, I have the yearbooks... See discussion page for Redondo Union High, where I've gotten pretty heated about the continued deletion. In her opinion, which isn't listed there, she seems to think only people who, and I quote "have done something positive/useful with their lives" should be listed as notable alumni. Wikipedia is not an ad for RUHS and no one is not going to let their child attend because Traci Lords attended in the early eighties. It's fairly absurd, but my natural stubborness keeps me coming back to add the notation again and again. 12:54, 11 November 2006

Wavefunction
You're right, the bot edit seems fine now... I just remember of coming to the article through links within the "determinism" article, which, apparently had led me to a page that was not blank, but if I recall, there was something similar to a page of a article that does not exist (such as the page you would go it you go to "whatever blablablabla")... even tough I do not recall the edit field being there... it could have been there, tough... I thought it was unlikely that the article didn't existed, and the link was also blue, so I tried to see if someone had accidentally or by vandalism erased the whole thing... and then it was there in the preceding version...

It's very weird and probably with this thing of not recalling the edit field being there sounds somewhat like I'm making it up... I think that probably I was with many windows opened at the same time and I've made some confusion, or something else, since "now" the bot version is just okay with no article missing... I'll "double check" the next time I see something like it. --Extremophile 05:37, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Double Slit Video
Yeah, I was actually anti-vandalism patrolling when I saw this edit. I reverted it because it appeared to be spam (it just links to the trailer), and because I know a little about the subject (I'm a freshman physics major). But you're right, the double slit part of the video is actually very good. You can link to it here : http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4237751840526284618. However, I've actually watched the entire video, and it turns out it to be part of a New age cult! (see What the Bleep Do We Know!?), so I think we have to be really careful... we don't want people to get the idea that the movie as a whole correctly portrays physics. Cheers, Danski14 03:42, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, the link he uses is even better ,because it doesn't show where it comes from at all (except for the URL) and it's higher quality. Danski14 03:57, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I think it is best to be safe and leave it off. Always be wary of people who just drop in links! Danski14 16:37, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Kerrypen.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, File:Kerrypen.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Wkdewey (talk) 01:33, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Please comment on Talk:YouTube
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title: User talk:Glenn Willen


text:
Talk:Legal blindness

Does the last sentence "A normal visual field is 180 degrees. 20 degrees, then, is considered "tunnel vision"." imply that the "20" in the visual acuity ratio refers to the degrees in the visual field? Joyous 13:44, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Never mind; I've read the article better now. Joyous 13:46, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Legal blindness


text:
Murdochite

Murdochite is a mineral combining lead and copper oxides with the chemical formula (x ≤ 0.5).

It was first discovered in 1953 in the Mammoth-Saint Anthony Mine in Pinal County, Arizona by Percy W. Porter, a mining engineer who handpicked a 401.5-mg sample. Porter would later submit for analysis and it was then that Fred A. Hildebrand suggested that the sample was a new mineral after taking a powder x-ray picture. It was named for Joseph Murdoch (1890–1973), American mineralogist. Murdochite was first suggested to be of a cubic structure. After this suggestion, the term "murdochite-type structure" began to be used when describing a structure that is similar to that of murdochite. Murdochite was later found to be octahedral.

Composition
Various studies have examined the composition of murdochite. When murdochite was first discovered, its chemical formula was determined through stoichiometry to be Cu6·1Pb0·9O8·O. The ideal formula for murdochite was originally thought to be Cu6PbO8. This formula failed to take into consideration the significant amounts of chlorine and bromine present in murdochite. Using electron microprobe analysis, a new chemical composition for murdochite was determined that included chlorine and bromine. This new formula was and was created with regard to the Cu/Pb variance observed in samples of murdochite from both Hansonburg, New Mexico, and T. Khuni mine, Iran. This new composition was also proven incorrect and the formula that is widely accepted today, (x ≤ 0.5), was proposed.

Structure
The structure originally proposed for murdochite was a simple cubic structure. This structure was later proven incorrect and determined to be octahedral. The structure of murdochite is described as edges of [PbO8] cubes spanned by Cu2+ ions that give a square-planar CuO4 arrangement in a three-dimensional network. Halogen ions complete a (4 + 2_ elongated CuO4(Cl,Br)2 octahedron.

Physical properties
Murdochite is an opaque mineral that exhibits a black color, adamantine luster, black streak, and isotropic optical class. Samples from T. Khuni mine indicate that polished sections of murdochite resemble the color and reflectivity of magnetite but vary because of zoning. The lighter zones in murdochite are caused because they are richer in lead than the darker zones. The mineral is known to be brittle, have a hardness of 4, and have {111} cleavage. Murdochite also has a pink tinge that is distinctive and its edges seem to be more reflective than the center because samples are commonly porous in the center and compact on the sides with clean-cut faces. The space group of murdochite has been confirmed to be Fm3m. Murdochite can be cubic, with a point group of 4/m 3 2/m, or octahedral and cubo-octahedral whose point group is 2 mm. Murdochite can occur in the forms (100) and (111) with crystal twinning being very common. The calculated density of murdochite was determined to be 6.1 g/cm3 and have a measured density of 6.47 g/cm3.

Geologic occurrence
Naturally occurring murdochite, (x ≤ 0.5), was discovered in Mammoth Mine, Arizona. The mine, about 46 miles northeast of Tucson, contains deposits of molybdenum, lead, gold, zinc, vanadium, sphalerite, and galena. In this mine, murdochite was found embedded in plates of wulfenite as well as on the surface of crystals of fluorite. Other crystals found in Mammoth Mine include hemimorphite, willemite, and quartz. Larger masses of murdochite have also been found at the T. Kguni Mine in Anarak, Iran. Here murdochite was found in conjunction with khuniite (iranite), chrominium (phoenicochroite), plumangite and an unknown mineral with the formula Pb9O16. All these minerals are lead oxide minerals, meaning that murdochite can be found in oxidized Pb-Cu deposits. More recently, small murdochite crystals were found encrusting aurichalcite crystals in the Granite Gap Mines in New Mexico.

Origin of the name
The mineral murdochite is named after Joseph Murdoch, who was once a professor of geology at the University of California, Los Angeles and a past president of the Mineralogical Society of America. Professor Murdoch was born February 19, 1890, and died December 31, 1973, at 83 years of age. Murdoch obtained a baccalaureate degree, an M.S. and a Ph.D. in geologic science by 1915 from Harvard University and would first be involved in a non-geological business career before joining the faculty at the department of geology at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1928. It was here that Murdoch returned to work in the geologic field that would lead to the publishing of numerous papers which would include 23 publications ranging from the years 1913–1968, along with ten published abstracts and many book reviews.

title: Murdochite


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Robert Phillipson

Robert Henry Lawrence Phillipson (born 18 March 1942 in Gourock, Scotland) is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Management, Society and Communication at Copenhagen Business School in Denmark. He is best known for his seminal work on linguistic imperialism and language policy in Europe.

Education and career
Phillipson was born in Scotland in 1942. He received his B.A. in 1964 and his M.A. in 1967, both in Modern Languages (French and German) and Law, from the University of Cambridge. He obtained his second M.A. in Linguistics and English Language Teaching from Leeds University in 1969. He earned his Ph.D., with distinction, in Education from the University of Amsterdam in 1990. He worked for the British Council from 1964 to 1973. He was associate professor in the Department of Languages and Culture at Roskilde University in Denmark from 1973 to 2000. He has been on the faculty of Copenhagen Business School since 2000. He also taught at the University of Copenhagen (1973-1984). He was Visiting Scholar at the Institute of Education at the University of London (1983), the University of Melbourne in Australia (1994), the Central Institute of Indian Languages in Mysore (1995), the University of Pecs in Hungary (1996) and the Center for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities at the University of Cambridge (2005). He lived with his late wife, Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, in Sweden.

Recognition
On 21 February 2010, Phillipson was awarded the Linguapax Prize along with Miquel Siguan i Soler. The Linguapax Institute describes them as "renowned advocates of multilingual education as a factor of peace and of linguistic rights against cultural and linguistic homogenization processes".

Linguistic imperialism
In his 1992 book, Phillipson made the first serious and systematic attempt to theorize linguistic imperialism in relation to English language teaching. He offered the following working definition of English linguistic imperialism: “[T]he dominance of English is asserted and maintained by the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages”. In his 1997 article, Phillipson defined linguistic imperialism as "a theoretical construct, devised to account for linguistic hierarchisation, to address issues of why some languages come to be used more and others less, what structures and ideologies facilitate such processes, and the role of language professionals". He recently listed seven constitutive traits of linguistic imperialism: (1) interlocking, (2) exploitative, (3) structural, (4) ideological, (5) hegemonic, (6) subtractive, and (7) unequal.

"Linguistic imperialism interlocks with a structure of imperialism in culture, education, the media, communication, the economy, politics, and military activities. In essence it is about exploitation, injustice, inequality, and hierarchy that privileges those able to use the dominant language. It is structural: more material resources and infrastructure are accorded to the dominant language than to others. It is ideological: beliefs, attitudes, and imagery glorify the dominant language, stigmatize others, and rationalize the linguistic hierarchy. The dominance is hegemonic: it is internalized and naturalized as being “normal.” Proficiency in the imperial language and in learning it in education involves its consolidation at the expense of other languages: language use thereby serves subtractive purposes. This entails unequal rights for speakers of different languages."

From the theoretical perspective of linguistic imperialism, Phillipson problematized five fallacies of English language teaching: (1) the monolingual fallacy; (2) the native speaker fallacy; (3) the early start fallacy; (4) the maximum exposure fallacy; and (5) the subtractive fallacy. For the past three decades, he has continued to do research on linguistic imperialism. In the 2009 collection of his previously published essays, he explained the scope and significance of such research:

"The study of linguistic imperialism focuses on how and why certain languages dominate internationally, and on attempts to account for such dominance in an explicit, theoretically founded way. Language is one of the most durable legacies of European colonial and imperial expansion. English, Spanish, and Portuguese are the dominant languages of the Americas. In Africa, the languages of some of the colonizing powers, England, France, and Portugal are more firmly entrenched than ever, as English is in several Asian countries. The study of linguistic imperialism can help to clarify whether the winning of political independence led to a linguistic liberation of Third World countries, and if not, why not."

Books

 * Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford University Press.
 * Phillipson, R. (Ed.). (2000). Rights to language: Equity, power and education. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 * Phillipson, R. (Ed.). (2003). English-only Europe? Challenging language policy. Routledge.
 * Phillipson, R. (2009). Linguistic imperialism continued. Orient Blackswan.
 * Skutnabb-Kangas, T., & Phillipson, R. (Eds.). (1994). Linguistic human rights: Overcoming linguistic discrimination. Mouton de Gruyter.
 * Skutnabb-Kangas, T., & Phillipson, R. (Eds.). (2017). Language rights. Routledge.
 * Skutnabb-Kangas, T., & Phillipson, R. (Eds.). (2023). The handbook of linguistic human rights. John Wiley & Sons.

Articles

 * Phillipson, R. (1997). Realities and myths of linguistic imperialism. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 18(3), 238–248.
 * Phillipson, R. (1998). Globalizing English: Are linguistic human rights an alternative to linguistic imperialism? Language Sciences, 20(1), 101–112.
 * Phillipson, R. (2001). English for globalization or for the world's people? International Review of Education, 47(3), 185–200.
 * Phillipson, R. (2002). Global English and local language policies. In A. Kirkpatrick (Ed.), Englishes in Asia: Communication, identity, power and education (pp. 7–28). Melbourne, Australia: Language Australia.
 * Phillipson, R. (2008). The linguistic imperialism of neoliberal empire. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 5(1), 1–43.
 * Phillipson, R. (2017). Myths and realities of "global" English. Language Policy, 16(3), 313–331.
 * Phillipson, R. (2022). A personal narrative of multilingual evolution. In R. Sachdeva & R. K. Agnihotri (Eds.), Being and becoming multilingual: Some narratives (pp. 63–83). Orient Blackswan.
 * Phillipson, R., & Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (1996). English only worldwide or language ecology? TESOL Quarterly, 30(3), 429–452.
 * Phillipson, R., & Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2017). Linguistic imperialism and the consequences for language ecology. In A. F. Fill & H. Penz (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of ecolinguistics (pp. 121–134). Routledge.
 * Phillipson, R., & Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2022). Communicating in "global" English: Promoting linguistic human rights or complicit with linguicism and linguistic imperialism. In Y. Miike & J. Yin (Eds.), The handbook of global interventions in communication theory (pp. 425–439). Routledge.

title: Robert Phillipson


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Talk:Electric bus (disambiguation)

Untitled
If something were written on a satellite bus, should it be incorporated into this article, or have its own? -FZ 13:52, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I added a picture of a bus. I hope this page is about the same thing i'm thinking of, its a little hard to tell. Fresheneesz 06:43, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Does anyone know the origin of the term "bus" for a bundle of conductors in this way? Mooncow 10:23, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Does anyone know a source or confirmation of the claim that this term can sometimes be spelled "buss" -- I've never come across that spelling! Mooncow 10:23, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

There is some evidence that this derives from busbar which in turn is a shortened form of 'omnibus bar'.--Rjstott 10:30, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Mooncow, "buss" is not an acceptable spelling for bus. The only definition for buss is a kiss, and the name of a fuse company. If you are pluralizing bus, you can use two s's if you like, but it is still the lesser-seen version ("buses" is more correct). The reason the term "bus" is used in computers comes from the idea that a bus can carry multiple people from one point to another. Or, in the case of computers, the people are data. Taborgate 14:39, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

As an electrical engineer, I have seen numerous instances of the "buss" spelling, and corrected them wherever I could. I think that the fuse brand is the likely source of the error for folks who do not understand the "omnibus" etymology of the word. Early computers and other digital electronic devices were likely to occupy multiple circuit cards which were plugged into "card cages". The (often card-edge) connectors on the back of these cages could be efficiently strapped to allow numerous cards access to the same set of nodes, usually--as now--representing the bits of a binary word, by soldering bare copper wire, "bus wire" through holes in the connector terminals.

Agreed, it's spelled BUS not BUSS which only BUSSMANN can do with two S and two N's —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.123.92.129 (talk) 19:59, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electric bus (disambiguation)


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Realgar

Realgar, also known as ″arsenic blende″, ″ruby sulphur″ or ″ruby of arsenic″, is an arsenic sulfide mineral with the chemical formula α-As4S4. It is a soft, sectile mineral occurring in monoclinic crystals, or in granular, compact, or powdery form, often in association with the related mineral, orpiment (As2S3). It is orange-red in color, melts at 320 °C, and burns with a bluish flame releasing fumes of arsenic and sulfur. Realgar is soft with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and has a specific gravity of 3.5. Its streak is orange colored. It is trimorphous with pararealgar and bonazziite.

Etymology
Its name comes from the Arabic rahj al-ġār (رهج الغار, "powder of the mine"), via Medieval Latin, and its earliest record in English is in the 1390s.

Uses
Realgar is a minor ore of arsenic extracted in China, Peru, and the Philippines.

Historical uses
Realgar was used by firework manufacturers to create the color white in fireworks prior to the availability of powdered metals such as aluminium, magnesium and titanium. It is still used in combination with potassium chlorate to make a contact explosive known as "red explosive" for some types of torpedoes and other novelty exploding fireworks branded as 'cracker balls', as well in the cores of some types of crackling stars.

Realgar is toxic. It was sometimes used to kill weeds, insects, and rodents, even though more effective arsenic-based anti-pest agents are available such as cacodylic acid, (CH3)2As(O)OH, an organoarsenic compound used as herbicide.

Realgar was commonly used in leather manufacturing to remove hair from animal pelts. Because it is a known carcinogen and an arsenic poison, and because substitutes are available, it is rarely used today for this purpose.

The ancient Greeks, who called realgar σανδαράκη (sandarákē), understood that it was poisonous. From this, realgar has also historically been known in English as sandarac.

Realgar was also used by Ancient Greek apothecaries to make a medicine known as "bull's blood". The Greek physician Nicander described a death by "bull's blood", which matches the known effects of arsenic poisoning. Bull's blood is the poison that is said to have been used by Themistocles and Midas for suicide.

The Chinese name for realgar is 雄黃 (Mandarin xiónghuáng), literally 'masculine yellow', as opposed to orpiment which is 'feminine yellow'.

Realgar was, along with orpiment, traded in the Roman Empire and was used as a red paint pigment. Early occurrences of realgar as a red paint pigment are known for works of art from China, India, Central Asia, and Egypt. It was used in European fine-art painting during the Renaissance era, a use which died out by the 18th century. It was also used as medicine. Other traditional uses include manufacturing lead shot, printing, and dyeing calico cloth. It was used to poison rats in medieval Spain and in 16th century England.

Occurrence
Realgar most commonly occurs as a low-temperature hydrothermal vein mineral associated with other arsenic and antimony minerals. It also occurs as volcanic sublimations and in hot spring deposits. It occurs in association with orpiment, arsenolite, calcite and barite.

It is found with lead, silver and gold ores in Hungary, Bohemia and Saxony. In the US it occurs notably in Mercur, Utah; Manhattan, Nevada; and in the geyser deposits of Yellowstone National Park.

After a long period of exposure to light, realgar changes form to a yellow powder known as pararealgar (β-As4S4). It was once thought that this powder was the yellow sulfide orpiment, but is a distinct chemical compound.

title: Realgar


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User talk:El Juno

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Yohoho
And a bottle of rum? - BalthCat 02:19, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Ryan Avery
Hello! Because of your interest in similar musicians, I wanted to direct you to the Ryan Avery article and the corresponding [|AfD]. Thanks! PT ( s-s-s-s ) 20:02, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Kelly Jones
I think this might be one for WP:BJAODN, if you haven't done so already :-) --YFB ¿  21:48, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:El Juno


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Linguistic Imperialism

Linguistic Imperialism is a book written by Robert Phillipson, research professor at Copenhagen Business School's Department of English, published in 1992 by Oxford University Press.

In Linguistic Imperialism, Phillipson argues that Western countries have used English as a tool of imperialism to dominate colonies and former colonies. He further explores the ideologies transmitted through the English language.

The book was followed by Linguistic Imperialism Continued, first published by Routledge in 2010.

title: Linguistic Imperialism


text:
User talk:Marinduque

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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title: User talk:Marinduque


text:
Willi Boskovsky

Willibald Karl Boskovsky (16 June 1909 – 21 April 1991) was an Austrian violinist and conductor, best known as the long-standing conductor of the Vienna New Year's Concert from 1955 to 1979.

Biography
Boskovsky was born in Vienna, and joined the Vienna Academy of music at the age of nine. He was the concertmaster of the Vienna Philharmonic from 1939 to 1971. He was also, from 1955, the conductor of the Vienna New Year's Concert, which is mostly devoted to the music of Johann Strauss II and his contemporaries. Along with the Vienna Philharmonic, he was also the chief conductor of the Wiener Johann Strauss Orchester up until his death. A forerunner of this ensemble was the 19th-century Strauss Orchestra founded by Johann Strauss I in 1835. He died in Visp, Switzerland.

In chamber ensemble he led the Boskovsky Quartet with Philipp Matheis (2nd violin), Gunther Breitenbach (viola) and Nikolaus Hübner (violoncello). The Boskovsky Quartet, together with Johann Krump (double-bass), Alfred Boskovsky (clarinet), Josef Veleba (horn) and Rudolf Hanzl (bassoon) formed the Vienna Octet.

Boskovsky was also a Mozart performer: he recorded all the sonatas for violin and piano, with pianist Lili Kraus, and the complete trios for violin, piano and cello, with Kraus and Nikolaus Hübner for Les Discophiles Français. He played in Brahms' Double Concerto in A minor, Op.102, with Wilhelm Furtwängler conducting the Vienna Philharmonic. Other highlights include prominent violin solos in orchstral works, including Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben recorded with Clemens Krauss.

A month after his last New Year's Concert, after having already agreed with Alfred Altenburger to conduct again in 1980, on 30 January 1979 he was hit by a stroke, which caused him a slight paralysis on the right side. In October 1979, the convalescence being too slow, he communicated his decision to give up and the orchestra asked Lorin Maazel, designated director of the Vienna State Opera, to carry on the tradition of these concerts.

He died in Visp, Valais (Switzerland) at the age of 81.

Style
His style appealed to many Johann Strauss I listeners as he directed Strauss' music in the manner of the "Stehgeiger", i.e. directing the orchestra with the violin just as Strauss popularised this form of conducting waltzes, polkas and other dance music alongside rival Josef Lanner in the early 19th century. This tradition was also carried on by Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss after their father's death. Boskovsky was sympathetic to the Strauss style. Apart from the Strauss family waltzes, Boskovsky recorded a 10-album cycle of the complete Mozart Dances and Marches, leading what Decca Records called the Vienna Mozart Ensemble (assorted members of the Vienna Philharmonic). Many of these recordings were included on the Philips/Polygram Complete Mozart series of CDs issued in the 1990s.

Boskovsky's New Year's Day 1979 concert was recorded live by Decca, the first commercial use of their proprietary PCM digital system. The resulting 2-LP set was well received. Quoting Gramophone magazine: "This is a riotous issue ... the first recording to be manufactured and released in the UK utilizing digital recording ... astoundingly vivid and atmospheric ... the results are phenomenal." The album was most recently released as part of the Decca Legends series, remastered in 96k/24-bit PCM.

Ensemble recordings
The Boskovsky Quartet and Vienna Octet made a number of recordings for Decca Records, among which are the following:
 * Dvořák, Quartet no 3 E flat major op 51 (LXT 2601). (EMG Monthly Newsletter review September 1951).
 * Schubert, Octet in F major op 166 (LXT 2983). (EMG review December 1958). (Decca CD 466580).
 * Schubert, 'Trout' Quintet, with Walter Panhoffer (LXT 2533). (issued by 1950, EMG review Feb 1959). (Pearl CD 0129).
 * Schubert, 'Trout' Quintet, with Clifford Curzon (LXT 5433). (EMG review September 1958).
 * Beethoven, Septet in E flat major op 20 (78rpm, AX 306–10 (10 sides), Ace of Diamonds SDD 200). (issued by 1950). (Testament CD 1261).
 * Brahms, Clarinet Quintet op 115. (LXT 2858; Testament CD 1282).
 * Spohr, Nonet op 31 (LXT 2782). (EMG review May 1953). (Testament CD 1261).
 * Spohr, Octet op 32 (LXT 5294). (EMG review August 1957). (Decca CD 466580).
 * Mendelssohn, Octet in E flat major op 20 (LXT 2870). (EMG review February 1954).
 * Kreutzer, Grand Septet in E flat major op 62 (LXT 2628). (EMG review December 1951).
 * Poot, Octet (LXT 5294). (EMG review August 1957).
 * Mozart, Clarinet Quintet in A major K 581 (LXT 5032). (EMG review June 1955). (Testament CD 1282).
 * Mozart, Quintet in E flat major K 452 (LXT 5293). (EMG review April 1957).
 * Mozart, Trio in E flat major K 498, with Walter Panhoffer (LXT 5293). (EMG review April 1957).
 * Mozart, Divertimento in F major K 247 (lx 3105 (78 rpm)). (issued by 1953).
 * Mozart, Divertimento in B flat major K 287 (LXT 5112). (EMG review September 1956).
 * Mozart, Divertimento in D major K 334 (with Otto Nitsch, horn), (LXT 2542). (issued by 1950, EMG review Feb 1951). (Pearl CD 0129).

Boskovsky plays the solo violin line in the Clemens Krauss recording of Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben (Decca LP ACL 241).

title: Willi Boskovsky


text:
Delaware-class battleship

The Delaware-class battleships of the United States Navy were the second class of American dreadnoughts; the class comprised two ships: USS Delaware (BB-28) and USS North Dakota (BB-29). With this class, the 16000 LT limit imposed on capital ships by the United States Congress was waived, which allowed designers at the Navy's Bureau of Construction and Repair to correct what they considered flaws in the preceding South Carolina-class battleship and produce ships not only more powerful but also more effective and rounded overall. Launched in 1909, these ships became the first in US naval history to exceed 20000 LT.

The Delawares carried a battery of ten 12 in guns in five turrets, an increase of two guns over the South Carolinas. With these ships, the US Navy re-adopted a full-fledged medium-caliber weapon for anti-torpedo boat defense. While the 5 in gun was smaller than that used by other major navies, this would, with few exceptions, become the standard medium-gun caliber for the US Navy for the better part of the 20th century. As for speed, the Delawares were capable of 21 kn, a significant improvement over the earlier class's 18.5 kn. This would become the speed for all American standard-type battleships. Propulsion systems were mixed; while North Dakota was fitted with steam turbines, Delaware retained triple-expansion engines. Direct-drive turbines were much less fuel-efficient, a significant concern for a Navy with Pacific responsibilities but lacking Britain's extensive network of coaling stations.

These ships saw varied service during their careers. During World War I, Delaware was part of Battleship Division Nine of the US Atlantic Fleet, and was assigned to the British Grand Fleet. She escorted convoys and participated in the blockade of the German High Seas Fleet. In contrast, North Dakota remained on the American coast throughout the war, due in part to worries about her troublesome turbine engines. Post-war, they conducted training cruises with the US Atlantic Fleet. In 1924, Delaware was broken up for scrap metal in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. North Dakota survived until 1931, when she too was scrapped, under the terms of the 1930 London Naval Treaty.

Design
Prompted by the launch of and misinformation about HMS Dreadnought (1906), the US Navy and Congress faced what they perceived as a vastly better battleship than the two South Carolina-class battleship battleships then under construction, which were designed under tonnage constraints that Congress had imposed on capital ships. Actually, the South Carolinas were inferior only in speed to Dreadnought; they carried fewer heavy guns but, unlike Dreadnought, could bring all of them to bear on the broadside. Because of this, they could fire an equal weight of metal. Also, because greater time and care had been taken with their armor and bulkhead arrangement, they were better protected than the British ship. None of this was realized at the time. Nevertheless, the Navy's Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) had struggled tremendously to design an adequate warship under congressional limits and had taken battleship design as far under those restrictions as it could. Seeing now that those limits had become unrealistic, Congress ended them; any subsequent constraints would be dictated by treaty limitations. The language of the authorizing act of June 26, 1906 was for a battleship "carrying as heavy armor and as a powerful armament as any known vessel of its class, to have the highest practicable speed and the greatest practicable radius of action."

The Delaware class was the second of 11 distinct US capital ship designs begun from 1906 to 1919; some 29 battleships and six battlecruisers were laid down during this period, though seven of the battleships and all six of the battlecruisers were cancelled. Except for the Lexington-class battlecruisers, these were all relatively slow ships, designed for no more than 23 kn. They ranged in displacement from 16000 to 42000 LT. At this time, no US dreadnought class battleship had yet hit the water as all were either at some stage of building or in design. Virtually the entire US Navy battle line was being designed by drawing on experience from pre-dreadnought designs, or from observation of foreign battleship design.

The design for these ships was actually ready in 1905 or 1906. Two variants were offered—a 10-gun version on 20500 LT and a 12-gun alternative on 24000 LT. The larger ship was rejected as too expensive for the firepower it offered, even after its displacement was reduced to 22000 LT tons. Also, because C&R was required to consider private designs, construction on the Delawares did not commence until 1907. None of the private designs was considered remotely satisfactory by the Navy. However, Fore River later developed its version into the battleship Rivadavia-class battleship, which was built for the Argentine navy. While the C&R design was considered superior, it still came under criticism, particularly for the poor placement of, and lack of protection for, the secondary armament.

General characteristics
The Delawares were significantly more powerful than their predecessors, the South Carolina-class, and are mentioned by Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships as the first to match the standard set by the British with Dreadnought. This was due in large part to the elimination of Congressional limits on the size of new battleships; the only restriction the Congress placed on their design was that the cost of hull and machinery could not exceed 6 million USD. The Delaware-class ships were also significantly larger than the South Carolinas. They were 510 ft long at the waterline and 518 ft long overall. By comparison, the South Carolina-class ships were 452 ft long overall. The Delawares had a beam of 85 ft and a draft of 27 ft; the South Carolinas measurements were 80 ft and 24 ft, respectively. The Delaware-class ships displaced 20380 LT at standard displacement and 22060 LT at full load, while the South Carolinas displaced 16000 LT at standard displacement and 17617 LT at full load. Their bows had an early example of bulbous forefeet.

Propulsion
For reasons including expected hostilities with Japan, requiring travel across the Pacific Ocean, long operational range was a recurrent theme in all US battleship designs. As an experiment, these ships received different powerplants. Delaware received triple-expansion reciprocating engines, while North Dakota was fitted with Curtiss direct drive steam turbine engines. Both ships had 14 Babcock & Wilcox boilers, both original power plants were rated at 25000 shp; and both ships were capable of reaching 21 knots. Chief Constructor Washington L. Capps predicted North Dakota would have a 25 percent shorter radius than Delaware at 16 knots and 45 percent less at 14 knots, based on tank tests and the known performance of steam turbines at that time. This estimate was proved true during the ships' trial runs in 1909. Also, because Delaware's engine bearings were equipped with forced lubrication instead of a gravity-fed system, she was able to steam at full speed for 24 hours without any need for engine repair. This would normally have been unthinkable as reciprocating engines were known generally to shake themselves apart if run at full power for long. However, this penchant for reliability came under question in the late 1930s as battleships with reciprocating engines performed poorly in the Pacific. By 1917, more powerful and efficient geared turbines had been installed in North Dakota to replace her Curtiss turbines. These provided 31300 shp horsepower, some 6000 shp greater than her original engines.

Main guns
The Delaware-class ships were armed with ten 12-inch/45 caliber Mark 5 guns in five twin gun turrets; this was an addition of two guns compared to the preceding South Carolinas. The gun housings were the Mark 7 type, and they allowed for depression to −5 degrees and elevation to 15 degrees. The guns had a rate of fire of 2 to 3 rounds per minute. They fired 870 lb shells, of either armor-piercing (AP) or Common types, though the Common type was obsolete by 1915 and put out of production. The propellant charge was 310 lb in silk bags, and provided a muzzle velocity of 2700 ft/s. The guns were expected to fire 175 rounds before the barrels would require replacement. The two ships carried 100 shells per gun, or 1,000 rounds in total. At 15 degrees elevation, the guns could hit targets out to approximately 20000 yd.

Two turrets were mounted fore in a superfiring pair, while the other three were mounted aft of the main superstructure, all on the centerline. The placement of the rear gun turrets proved problematic. Capps placed the rear superfiring turret, Number 3, closest amidships. Since it represented the greatest weight borne by the ship's structure due to its tall barbette, this placement would allow it support by the greatest amount of underwater volume available. The other two rear turrets, Numbers 4 and 5, were placed level and back to back. This arrangement was detrimental in two ways. First, Number 3 could not fire astern with Number 4 trained forward, which left only the two 12" guns of Number 5 to do so. Second, because the engine room was situated between Numbers 3 and 4, steam lines ran from the boiler rooms amidships around the ammunition magazine for Number 3 turret to the engine room. These lines, it was later found, had the potential to heat the powder in the magazine and degrade its ballistics. This design flaw was also prevalent in several British dreadnoughts but was considered inescapable by naval designers on structural grounds.

Another challenge with the main armament was that its weight, 437 LT per turret, which had to be spread over much of the hull, led to increased stress on the structure. The closer the weight of the heavy guns to the ends, the greater the stress and risk for structural failure due to metal fatigue. High speed required fine ends, which were not especially buoyant, and the amount of space needed amidships for machinery precluded moving the main turrets further inboard. Not having to worry about a displacement limit allowed Capps the option of deepening the hull, which helped to some extent. He added a forecastle to allow for better seakeeping and to make room for officers' quarters and restored the full height of the hull aft. The problem itself, however remained.

Secondary guns

The Naval War College in its 1905 Newport Summer Conference considered the 3 in guns fitted to the South Carolina class too light for effective anti-torpedo-boat defense. A committee on this issue formed during the conference suggested that a gun with a high velocity and flat trajectory would work best—one powerful enough to smash an attacking vessel yet light enough for easy handling and rapid firing. For this purpose, the committee found 5-inch guns appeared best suited. During the Delawares' design, C&R considered 6 in guns but concerns voiced by the Naval War College about the lack of heavy splinter protection for these guns and smoke uptakes led to an adaption of 5-inch /50 caliber guns to balance the increase in armor weight.

The Delawares mounted fourteen 5-inch/50 caliber Mark 6 guns, two forward on the main deck, 10 in casemates on the side and two aft on the main deck abeam No. 5 turret. They had a rate of fire of 6 to 8 rounds per minute. They fired three types of rounds: a "light" AP shell that weighed 50 lb and a "heavy" AP round that weighed 60 lb. The third type was the Common Mark 15 shell, which also weighed 50 lb. The 50 lb shells were fired at a muzzle velocity of 3000 ft/s, while the larger 60 lb shells traveled at a slightly slower 2700 ft/s. The guns were emplaced on both Mark 9 and Mark 12 pedestal mounts; the Mark 9 version limited elevation to 15 degrees, while the Mark 12 allowed for up to 25 degrees. The 5-inch/50 was able to penetrate most effectively at 5000 yd, which was the deciding factor in the decision to equip the Delaware class with them. The 5-inch guns were supplied with a total of 240 rounds per barrel.

While these guns were considered an improvement by the Navy over that of the South Carolinas, their placement remained problematic as even in calm water, they were extremely wet and thus difficult to man. The forward guns were moved into the superstructure after sea trials. The casemate-mounted secondary armament was one deck below the main deck and provided the majority of the complaints from shipping water from the forward positions and breaking the flow of the bow wave imparting extra drag on the design.

Anti-aircraft guns
As with the South Carolina class, these ships were fitted with two 3-inch/50 caliber anti-aircraft (AA) guns in Mark 11 mounts in 1917. The Mark 11 mount was the first 3-inch AA mounting issued by the US Navy. They had a trunnion height of 66.25 in compared to a height of 45 in for the pedestal mountings used against surface craft. This allowed them an elevation range between −10 and 85 degrees. Maximum range was 14600 yd at 43 degrees and maximum ceiling 30400 ft at 85 degrees.

Torpedo tubes
The Delawares carried two 21 in torpedo tubes below the waterline. The Bliss-Leavitt 21-inch Mark 3 Model 1 torpedo designed for these tubes had an overall length of 196 in, a weight of 2059 lb and propelled an explosive charge of 210 lb of TNT to a range of 9000 yd at a speed of 27 kn

Armor
The armored belt ranged in thickness from 9 to 11 in in the more important areas of the ship. Casemated guns mounted in the hull had between 8 and 10 in of armor plate. The barbettes that housed the main gun turrets were armored with between 4 and 10 in of armor; the side portions more vulnerable to shell fire were thicker, while the front and rear sections of the barbette, which were less likely to be hit, received thinner armor to save weight. The gun turrets themselves were armored with 12 in of armor. The conning tower was 11.5 in thick. As in the designs of all early dreadnoughts, the deck armor was very thin at 1.5 in in most areas and 2 in over machinery and magazine spaces. These ships were expected to do most of their firing at ranges less than 10000 yd. At such distances, deck strikes would be a rare event.

USS Delaware

During trials, Delaware was run at full speed for 24 hours straight to prove that her machinery could handle the stress. She was the first American battleship to achieve the feat. Late in 1910, Delaware sailed to Europe, followed by a trip to South America early in 1911. She made a further two voyages to Europe in 1912 and 1913, before returning to the US Atlantic Fleet for training exercises that were conducted in the western Atlantic and Caribbean. Delaware took part in the Second battle of Vera Cruz in April–May 1914.

When the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, Delaware was initially tasked with readiness training off the East Coast. Late in the year, she was deployed to Europe as part of the US Navy's Battleship Division Nine, under the command of Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman. The force arrived on 7 December and was assigned to the 6th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet. In July 1918, Delaware was withdrawn from overseas service and returned to the United States.

In 1920, the US Navy adopted hull numbers for its ships; Delaware was assigned the hull number BB-28. Delaware made only two more cruises, both for midshipmen, under her new identification number: one in 1922 and the second in early 1923. Delaware sailed to Europe on the second trip, and stopped at a number of ports, including Gibraltar. She returned to the US in August of that year, at which point her crew was reassigned to the newer battleship USS Colorado (BB-45). She was then taken to the Boston Navy Yard, where her armaments were removed. The ship was decommissioned in November 1923 and sold to shipbreakers in February 1924.

USS North Dakota

Upon commissioning, the ship was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet, alongside her sister Delaware. Her first overseas cruise came in November 1910, when she steamed across the Atlantic to visit France and Britain. North Dakota also took part in the invasion of Vera Cruz in 1914. Unlike her sister, North Dakota remained off the American coast for the duration of the United States' involvement in World War I. Hugh Rodman, the commander of the American expeditionary force, specifically requested that North Dakota be kept stateside; he felt her turbine engines were too unreliable for the ship to be deployed to a war zone. In 1917, her engines were replaced with new geared turbines, and new fire control equipment was installed.

From 1917, she was employed as a training ship for gunners and engineers. Post-war, North Dakota made a second trip to Europe, primarily to ports in the Mediterranean Sea. During the visit, the ship was tasked with the return of the remains of the Italian ambassador, Vincenzo Macchi di Cellere, who had died 20 October 1919 in Washington, DC. The ship participated in the aerial bombing demonstrations off the Virginia Capes in 1921. In 1923, a third trip to Europe, this time with midshipmen from the Naval Academy aboard. The ship stopped in Spain, Scotland, and Scandinavia.

Like her sister, she was relegated to the surplus naval forces that had to be dismantled under the Washington Naval Treaty. In November 1923, North Dakota was decommissioned; she had her armaments removed in 1924, after which she was converted into a target ship. She was redesignated as "unclassified", and served as a target until 1931, when she was scrapped.

title: Delaware-class battleship


text:
Phyllite

Phyllite is a type of foliated metamorphic rock formed from slate that is further metamorphosed so that very fine grained white mica achieves a preferred orientation. It is primarily composed of quartz, sericite mica, and chlorite.

Phyllite has fine-grained mica flakes, whereas slate has extremely fine mica flakes, and schist has large mica flakes, all mica flakes of which have achieved a preferred orientation. Among foliated metamorphic rocks, it represents a gradation in the degree of metamorphism between slate and schist.

The minute crystals of graphite, sericite, or chlorite, or the translucent fine-grained white mica, impart a silky, sometimes golden sheen to the surfaces of cleavage, called "phyllitic luster".

The word comes from the Greek phyllon, meaning "leaf".

The protolith (or parent rock) for phyllite is shale or pelite; or slate, which in turn came from a shale protolith. Its constituent platy minerals are larger than those in slate but are not visible with the naked eye. Phyllites are said to have a texture called "phyllitic sheen," and are usually classified as having formed through low-grade metamorphic conditions through regional metamorphism metamorphic facies.

Phyllite has good fissility (a tendency to split into sheets). Phyllites are usually black to gray or light greenish gray in color. The foliation is commonly crinkled or wavy in appearance. Phyllites are mostly used in decorative aggregates, interior decors, building stones, facing stones, garden decoration and curbing. Cemetery markers, commemorative tablets, creating artworks and writing slates are some of its commercial uses.

Phyllite is commonly found in the Dalradian metasediments of northwest Arran. In north Cornwall, there are Tredorn phyllites and Woolgarden phyllites.

Carolina "slate" is often volcanic phyllite. A type of Carolina slate, Duke stone, is a dacitic phyllite that is fractured and colored with iron oxide.

title: Phyllite


text:
John Patton

John Patton may refer to:
 * John Patton (Pennsylvania politician) (1823–1897), U.S. Representative from the U.S. state of Pennsylvania
 * John Patton (Wyoming politician) (1930–2015), member of the Wyoming House of Representatives
 * John Patton (Detroit mayor) (1822–1900), mayor of Detroit, Michigan, 1858–1859
 * John Patton Jr. (1850–1907), U.S. Senator from the U.S. state of Michigan
 * John Patton (musician) (1935–2002), soul jazz organ player
 * John Patton (colonel) (1745–1804), Pennsylvania officer in the American Revolutionary War
 * John M. Patton (1797–1858), U.S. Representative from the U.S. state of Virginia
 * John M. Patton (Minnesota politician) (1928–2010), American politician
 * John Denniston Patton (1829–1904), U.S. Representative from the U.S. state of Pennsylvania
 * John Patton (GC) (1915–1996), Canadian recipient of the George Cross
 * John Sparks Patton (1894–1961), Louisiana politician and educator

title: John Patton


text: Category:Mötley Crüe

title: Category:Mötley Crüe


text: User talk:129.173.155.97

title: User talk:129.173.155.97


text:
User:Sander123

About Me
I spend most of my time here on patrolling recent changes. I try to do the right thing, but occasionally I make a mistake. If so drop a line at my talk page. My other interest include mathematics and law.

Some boilerplate is archived in User:Sander123/boilerplate

Some Articles I watch and/or contributed to

 * Rubik's Cube, Optimal solutions for Rubik's Cube
 * Madame Tussauds
 * Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe
 * Loop unswitching, Loop splitting, Loop peeling
 * Cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator

title: User:Sander123


text:
Liberalism in Bolivia

This article gives an overview of liberal parties in Bolivia. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it isn't necessary so that parties labeled themselves as a liberal party.

Introduction
Liberalism was organized as a part of the oligarchy as the opposition to conservatism. It didn't survive the 1952 revolution.

Liberal Party

 * 1883: Liberals formed the Liberal Party (Partido Liberal)
 * 1913: A dissident faction of the Liberal Party formed Radical Party (Partido Radical)
 * 1943: After the revolution of 1943 the Partido Radical disappeared.
 * 1952: After the revolution of 1952 the Partido Liberal de facto disappeared as a political party

Liberal leader

 * Hernán Siles Zuazo

title: Liberalism in Bolivia


text:
Selenographic coordinate system

The selenographic coordinate system is used to refer to locations on the surface of Earth's moon. Any position on the lunar surface can be referenced by specifying two numerical values, which are comparable to the latitude and longitude of Earth. The longitude gives the position east or west of the Moon's prime meridian, which is the line passing from the lunar north pole through the point on the lunar surface directly facing Earth to the lunar south pole. (See also Earth's prime meridian.) This can be thought of as the midpoint of the visible Moon as seen from the Earth. The latitude gives the position north or south of the lunar equator. Both of these coordinates are given in degrees.

Astronomers defined the fundamental location in the selenographic coordinate system by the small, bowl-shaped satellite crater 'Mösting A'. The coordinates of this crater are defined as:

 * {| border="0"

 * Latitude:
 * 3° 12' 43.2" South
 * Longitude:
 * 5° 12' 39.6" West
 * }
 * }

Later, the coordinate system has become more precisely defined due to the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment.

Anything past 90°E or 90°W would not be seen from Earth, except for libration, which makes 59% of the Moon visible.

Longitude
Longitude on the Moon is measured both east and west from its prime meridian. When no direction is specified, east is positive and west is negative.

Roughly speaking, the Moon's prime meridian lies near the center of the Moon's disc as seen from Earth. For precise applications, many coordinate systems have been defined for the Moon, each with a slightly different prime meridian. The IAU recommends the "mean Earth/polar axis" system, in which the prime meridian is the average direction (from the Moon's center) of the Earth's center.

Selenographic colongitude
The selenographic colongitude is the longitude of the morning terminator on the Moon, as measured in degrees westward from the prime meridian. The morning terminator forms a half-circle across the Moon where the Sun is just starting to rise. As the Moon continues in its orbit, this line advances in longitude. The value of the selenographic colongitude increases from 0° to 359° in the direction of the advancing terminator.

Sunrise occurs at the prime meridian when the Lunar phase reaches First Quarter, after one fourth of a lunar day. At this location the selenographic colongitude at sunrise is defined as 0°. Thus, by the time of the Full Moon the colongitude increases to 90°; at Last Quarter it is 180°, and at the New Moon the colongitude reaches 270°. Note that the Moon is nearly invisible from the Earth at New Moon phase except during a solar eclipse.

The low angle of incidence of arriving sunlight tends to pick out features by the sharp shadows they cast, thus the area near the terminator is usually the most favorable for viewing or photographing lunar features through a telescope. The observer will need to know the location of the terminator to plan observations of selected features. The selenographic colongitude is useful for this purpose.

The selenographic longitude of the evening terminator is equal to the colongitude plus 180°.

title: Selenographic coordinate system


text:
Sheldon Museum of Art

The Sheldon Museum of Art is an art museum in the city of Lincoln, in the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. Its collection focuses on 19th- and 20th-century art.

Sheldon Art Association
In 1888, The Sheldon Art Association was founded as the Haydon Art Club. It got its name in honor of the British painter, Benjamin Robert Haydon. The Haydon Art Club held an annual art exhibit and supplied art education to the university. In the early 1900s, the club underwent a reorganization and was incorporated under its new name, the Nebraska Art Association.

The Sheldon Art Association is a non-profit organization that has over 500 members.

Sheldon Museum of Art
The Sheldon Museum of Art was initially known as the University of Nebraska Art Galleries, and was then formerly known as Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery. The museum's name was changed in 2008, along with the support organization that supports the museum, which is now known as the Sheldon Art Association, formerly the Nebraska Art Association.

Building
The museum exhibited its collection in locations around the university, including Morrill Hall, until a dedicated building was completed in 1963. Located at the junction of 12th and R Streets, on the city campus of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, the Sheldon was designed by architect Philip Johnson and is a U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The building's other distinctive features are a great hall with golden disks suspended from the ceiling, a spacious Great Hall, and a bridge-type grand staircase.

In 1959, Phillip Johnson proclaimed the Sheldon as the best building he had ever designed. As part of Johnson's artist statement, he said of the Sheldon “[T]oday the museum building stands as a community like the church courthouse of the last century. The architect must therefore create, inside and out, a symbolic structure which the community can refer to with some pride … The symbolic function of the Sheldon Gallery is fulfilled, I feel, not only the ‘classical’ exterior of travertine but mainly by the great hall which orients the visitor, as well as elevating his spirits.” The museum was designed with the idea of avoiding what he referred to as “museum fatigue”. This is the idea that visitors to museums often feel alienated from the museum environment. This is a result of the freedom which he was given to him by the art association and its first director, Norman Geske.

The building was funded by a gift of Frances Sheldon and her brother A. Bromley Sheldon. The building was funded by two bequests by Frances Sheldon of $921,660 and her brother, A. Bromley Sheldon or $675,000. The Sheldon family owned a number of farms and a lumber yard in Lexington, Nebraska. The building features Roman travertine, which is a type of limestone. For many decades one of the key features of the great hall was an installation by Japanese-American sculptor, Isamu Noguchi, called “Song of the Bird.” He was invited to create and install a work as part of the building's opening ceremonies in May 1963.

Leadership

 * 1956-1993: Norman Geske
 * 1983-1999: George Neubert
 * 2001-2008: Janice Driesbach
 * 2008-2014: Jorge Daniel Veneciano
 * 2014–present: Wally Mason

In 1956, Norman Geske was the first director of the Sheldon Museum of Art, and is widely credited with establishing the Sheldon's modern art collection, as well as other regional cultural programs and institutions like Interstate 80 Bicentennial Sculpture Project, the Museum of Nebraska Art in Kearney and the Mary Riepma Ross Media Arts Center, originally known as the Sheldon Film Theater.

In 2014, Wally Mason, the former director and chief curator at Haggerty Museum of Art from Marquette University in Milwaukee, became director of the Sheldon.

Collections
The Sheldon houses both the Sheldon Art Association collection (founded in 1888 as the Haydon Art Club), and the University of Nebraska collection, initiated in 1929. Together they comprise more than 12,000 works of art in all media. This comprehensive collection of American art includes prominent holdings of 19th-century landscape and still life, American Impressionism, early Modernism, Geometric abstraction, Abstract Expressionism, Pop art, Lyrical Abstraction, Color Field painting, Minimalism and Contemporary Art. In April 1965, "Golden Age", a painting by Benjamin West was stolen and recovered by the FBI. Charged in the incident was a student from the University of Nebraska.

Sculpture garden
In the sculpture garden, more than 30 monumental sculptures are exhibited year-round. Among them are works by Gaston Lachaise, Jacques Lipchitz, Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, David Smith, Lyman Kipp, William G. Tucker, Bryan Hunt, Mark di Suvero, Michael Heizer, and Richard Serra. When the sculpture garden's first installations occurred, they were sometimes controversial. A woman once called a secretary and complained “I think Norman Geske should be fired, and what's more, he should be asked to leave the state because of all the junk he's introduced into the sunken garden south of the gallery.

In 1998, Man in the Open Air, a 1915 bronze sculpture by Elie Nadelman, was stolen from the sculpture garden. Police speculated that it had been taken in the course of post-game revelry following the university football team's victory in the Orange Bowl. About a week later, it was recovered on the university's East Campus. The gallery's director hypothesized that the thief or thieves had been unaware of the work's value, estimated at over $500,000, and, after learning this, had placed it where it would be discovered by security guards during their rounds. Following $15,000 in restoration and repair, the sculpture was put on display inside the building.

Exhibitions
The Sheldon's exhibition program comprises approximately 20 exhibitions per year and focuses on American art in all media. The curatorial staff organizes exhibitions drawn from the permanent collection, many of which circulate nationally. The program also includes exhibitions organized by peer institutions throughout the United States. Educational programs such as symposia, lectures, children's workshops and tours are organized in conjunction with each exhibition.

title: Sheldon Museum of Art


text:
Pyrolusite

Pyrolusite is a mineral consisting essentially of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and is important as an ore of manganese. It is a black, amorphous appearing mineral, often with a granular, fibrous, or columnar structure, sometimes forming reniform crusts. It has a metallic luster, a black or bluish-black streak, and readily soils the fingers. The specific gravity is about 4.8. Its name is from the Greek for fire and to wash, in reference to its use as a way to remove tints from glass.

Occurrence
Pyrolusite and romanechite are among the most common manganese minerals. Pyrolusite occurs associated with manganite, hollandite, hausmannite, braunite, cryptomelane, chalcophanite, goethite, and hematite under oxidizing conditions in hydrothermal deposits. It also occurs in bogs and often results from alteration of manganite.

Use
The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminium, or by electrolysis. Pyrolusite is extensively used for the manufacture of spiegeleisen and ferromanganese and of various alloys such as manganese-bronze. As an oxidizing agent it is used in the preparation of chlorine; indeed, chlorine gas itself was first described by Karl Scheele in 1774 from the reaction products of pyrolusite and hydrochloric acid. Natural pyrolusite has been used in batteries, but high-quality batteries require synthetic products. Pyrolusite is also used to prepare disinfectants (permanganates) and for decolorizing glass. When mixed with molten glass it oxidizes the ferrous iron to ferric iron, and so discharges the green and brown tints (making it classically useful to glassmakers as a decolorizer). As a coloring material, it is used in calico printing and dyeing; for imparting violet, amber, and black colors to glass, pottery, and bricks; and in the manufacture of green and violet paints.

Dendritic manganese oxides
Black, manganese oxides with a dendritic crystal habit often found on fracture or rock surfaces are often assumed to be pyrolusite although careful analyses of numerous examples of these dendrites has shown that none of them are, in fact, pyrolusite. Instead, they are other forms of manganese oxide.

History
Some of the most famous early cave paintings in Europe were executed by means of manganese dioxide. Blocks of pyrolusite are found often at Neanderthal sites. It may have been kept as a pigment for cave paintings, but it has also been suggested that it was powdered and mixed with tinder fungus for lighting fires. Manganese dioxide, in the form of umber, was one of the earliest natural substances used by human ancestors. It was used as a pigment at least from the Middle Paleolithic. It may have been also used by the Neanderthals in fire-making.

The ancient Greeks had a term μάγνης or Μάγνης λίθος ("Magnes lithos") meaning stone of the area called Μαγνησία (Magnesia), referring to Magnesia in Thessaly or to areas in Asia Minor with that name. Two minerals are called μάγνης, namely lodestone and pyrolusite (manganese dioxide). Later the term μαγνησία was used for manganese dioxide. In the sixteenth century it was called "manganesum". It also was called Alabandicus (from the Alabanda region of Asia Minor) and Braunstein. Eventually the name of the element manganese was derived from "manganesum", whereas "magnesia" came to mean the oxide of a different element, magnesium.

title: Pyrolusite


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New Life Churches, New Zealand

New Life Churches, formerly known as New Life Churches International, is a Pentecostal Christian church movement in New Zealand.

History
Early influences date from the 1940s when a series of meetings conducted by overseas 'Bethel Temple' missionaries resulted in the planting of congregations in New Zealand and Australia. Some of its early leaders, including Morrow, attended a Bible college in Sydney in 1951. Further evangelistic campaigns and training occurred after 1957 and throughout the 1960s.

In 1960, meetings began in Timaru that led to the establishment of Timaru New Life Centre. Also many evangelistic campaigns took place throughout New Zealand. The first missionaries were sent overseas in this period. Peter Morrow began work in Christchurch in 1962 as the pastor of the church there, which was then known as the Christchurch Revival Fellowship. By 1964, thirteen "indigenous" churches had been established in the South Island. A number of congregations were planted in the North Island over the same period. Bible schools were established in Tauranga, Auckland and Christchurch.

In 1975, Auckland pastor Shaun Kearney (an associate of the then ICNZ) was influential in setting up the Associated Pentecostal Churches of New Zealand, a pan-Pentecostal fellowship of church groups. In 1978 the Christchurch Revival Fellowship renamed itself the New Life Centre Christchurch, later becoming City New Life Church and now known as Majestic Church. This church functioned as the administrative offices of the New Life Centres of New Zealand for many years in the late 1980s and 1990s, but is now an independent fellowship having left the New Life Churches movement.

In 1987, twenty associate pastors of ICNZ left the renamed New Life Churches group, in reluctance to embrace the new governmental structure chosen at the 1987 ICNZ conference. These pastors eventually formed a new association named South Pacific Fellowship, and endeavoured to maintain the less structured fellowship they had known prior to 1987.

The name 'New Life Churches' was adopted during the 1988 ICNZ Conference and a structure of national governance, including elected apostles and regional leaders, was agreed upon. The first apostles chosen by the 1987 conference were Rob Wheeler, a New Zealand Evangelist and Peter Morrow, an Australian evangelist. Both these men had been leading figures in the former ICNZ, and pioneers in spreading the Latter Rain Revival in New Zealand.

Many member churches became involved heavily in social conservative political activism against the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1984, the establishment of Lyndhurst Hospital (a free-standing abortion clinic) in Christchurch, and passage of the Homosexual Law Reform Act in 1986. They had also earlier been involved in the establishment of the Coalition of Concerned Citizens in 1974 and the Save Our Homes Campaign in 1977.

The New Life Churches are now an international movement with affiliates in Australia, Asia and the Pacific. In keeping with Pentecostal Congregationalist philosophy, individual churches in the NLCNZ are autonomous and not governed by the central organisation.

title: New Life Churches, New Zealand


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User:BlueNight

BlueNight is my Internet nickname, and has been since about 1996. I'm from Albuquerque, New Mexico, and still live here. I despise Us vs Them attitudes, no matter if I agree on the facts that a person with such an attitude believes. I also reserve the right to disagree with people I like, and people I enjoy being around.

title: User:BlueNight


text: Category:Mötley Crüe albums

title: Category:Mötley Crüe albums


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Beer garden

A beer garden (German: Biergarten) is an outdoor area in which beer and food are served, typically at shared tables shaded by trees.

Beer gardens originated in Bavaria, of which Munich is the capital city, in the 19th century, and remain common in Southern Germany. They are usually attached to a brewery, beer hall, pub, or restaurant.

History

Facilities of this kind existed for example in Bamberg since 1605 under the German term "Bierkeller" ("Beer cellars"). At that time, the Archdiocese of Bamberg was directly subordinated to Rome and not yet to the Duchy of Bavaria. Hence, the first "Biergarten" in the strict sense of the term and of the decree of 1812 by the Kingdom of Bavaria developed at the beginning of 19th century in Munich. While it is unknown which brewery was first, it was likely one of Munich's big six: Löwenbräu, Hofbräuhaus, Augustinerbräu, Paulaner, Hacker-Pschorr and Spaten.

Seasonal limitations on when beer could be brewed were already in the Bavarian brewing regulations by 1539. In 1553, Albert V decreed a period from 29 September, the Feast of St. Michael, to 23 April, the Feast of Saint George, for its production. The cool seasons were chosen to minimize the risk of fire when boiling mashed grain into wort. Numerous conflagrations had occurred, which resulted in the prohibition of brewing during the summer months. In response, large breweries dug cellars in the banks of the River Isar to keep their beer cool during storage. "Beer cellars" for consuming beer on premises naturally followed.

To further reduce the cellar temperature during the warm seasons, 19th-century brewers layered gravel upon the cellars by the bluffs and planted horse-chestnut trees for their dense spreading canopies and shallow roots, which would not damage the cellars. Soon afterward, serving cool beer in a pleasant shaded setting emerged. Simple tables and benches were set up among the trees, creating the popular "beer garden" that is known today. Food service followed, aggrieving smaller breweries that found it difficult to compete, and they petitioned Maximilian I to forbid it. As a compromise, beer gardens allowed their patrons to bring their own food, which is still a common practice. Most beer gardens offer clothed tablesets, whose guests must buy food from the house. Those who bring their own food must use the bare table sets, unless—which is common—they bring their own cloth(s) also. With the advent of widespread lagering in the later 19th century, beer gardens grew more popular than ever.

Maximilian's decree is no longer in force, and many beer gardens forbid victuals not sold through the establishment. Common Bavarian fare such as Radi (radish), Brezn (soft pretzel), Obatzda (cheese dip), halbes Hendl (half a grilled chicken), Hax'n (knuckle of pork), and Steckerlfisch (grilled fish) are often served. Equally important to the beer garden is an atmosphere of Gemütlichkeit, conveying a feeling of warmth, friendliness, and belonging. Reinforced by shared tables, it is often accompanied by music, song, and fellowship among strangers.

That is so integral to beer garden culture that the Bayerische Biergartenverordnung (Bavarian Beer Garden Ordinance) of 1999 permits traditional tree shaded venues that allow their patrons to bring their own food to close later and exceed the noise limits that are otherwise in force. The term Biergarten is not otherwise restricted, and anyone can call any kind of open-air restaurant by that name, but purists distinguish between a Wirtsgarten, in which only the brewery's food is sold (such as the outdoor tables at the Hofbräuhaus am Platzl), and a Biergarten, in which patrons may bring their own.

Around the world

The term "beer garden" (Biergarten) has become a generic term for open-air establishments where beer is served. Many countries have such establishments. The characteristics of a traditional beer garden include trees, wooden benches, a gravel bed, and freshly prepared meals. Some modern beer gardens use plastic chairs, fast food, and other variations of the traditional beer garden.

The largest traditional beer garden in the world is the Hirschgarten in Munich, which seats 8,000.

Australia
Australia has many beer gardens, typically as part of a pub, or often next to sports fields.

Austria
In Austria, the beer garden is called Gastgarten (guest garden). They serve food such as ein Paar Würstel (a pair of the German Bratwurst) or Schweinebraten (German pot-roasted pork). When ordering beer, the choices are usually a Pfiff  (0.2 L), a Seidel (0.3 L), or a Krügerl (0.5 L).

Canada
Canada has traditionally lacked an outdoor eating culture conducive to beer gardens. Cold weather and biting insects are part of the reason. However, with increased urbanization during the 20th century, drinking at outdoor cafes and restaurant patios became more common. Such patios are usually attached to licensed establishments. They became particularly popular with smokers in the late 20th and early 21st century as smoking was prohibited in public indoor spaces, however as of such bans have been expanded in most jurisdictions to cover licensed patios as well.

Canadian alcohol laws generally forbid drinking in unlicensed public places, although in recent years such policies have been relaxed in some jurisdictions. In Canada, beer gardens are generally a segregated area attached to an event such as a concert or festival. They may be outdoors and/or indoors, depending on the season and other circumstances. Eligibility for the specific license needed to operate such an event varies by jurisdiction, and is often effectively limited to non-profit organizations.

Despite the name, most beer gardens in Canada today serve other alcoholic beverages as well. Beer gardens are very popular at large sporting events such as the Memorial Cup in hockey. It is usually illegal to remove alcohol from the area or bring in outside alcohol.

Germany
Beer gardens are still very popular in Germany. The Hirschgarten restaurant in Munich is noted for its beer garden, which is possibly the largest in the world. It has seating for over 8,000 people. The restaurant dates back to 1791.

In 2011, the world record for 'The world's longest beer garden' was set in Berlin by the Berlin Beer Festival, measuring 1820 m long.

Japan
Beer gardens are popular in Japan. Many are located on the roofs of department stores and hotels.

United Kingdom
In Britain a beer garden is an open space which is attached to a pub. In the countryside they usually provide a surrounding view of the area; in towns and cities a beer garden is an open garden space. Pubs located along canals will usually have a canal-side beer garden. Many pubs compete throughout the year to be named 'Britain's best beer garden' in numerous awards. Some provide open air music, as well as food, beer and other drinks.

United States
In the United States, historically, beer gardens offered many pastimes besides just beer drinking. Some spots hosted shooting galleries, bowling alleys, and live classical music. People could come for entertainment and events, even if they did not want to partake in the drinking. Today, many beer gardens have outdoor games, as well as board games, available to patrons.

The Raleigh Beer Garden in Raleigh, North Carolina holds the world record for largest selection of beer at a single location with 378 different beers on tap.

American liquor laws condition how beer gardens can operate in each state (legal drinking age is 21). For example, Washington alcohol laws require organizers to apply for and receive a liquor license, alcohol only to be consumed in the designated venue, the area to be fenced, and staff to "cut off" obviously drunk patrons. Additional laws restrict alcohol-related signage associated with the event and prevent smoking in the beer garden.

title: Beer garden


text:
User:Mashford

Still here. Mashford (talk) 17:01, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

Mahdi Army
Maybe you'll like to check this article, I would love FA. My talk is at bottom of that talk article, maybe it can give you some suggestions.Wnicholas70 (talk) 15:21, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

title: User:Mashford


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Backus

Backus is a middle English surname deriving from the Old English bacan "to bake" and hus "house." It is believed to have originated in the north English historic counties of Cumberland and Durham.

People
Notable people with the surname include:

 * A. E. Backus (1909–1990), American artist
 * Azel Backus (1765–1816), first President of Hamilton College in New York
 * Billy Backus (born 1943), former world boxing champion
 * Edward Burdette Backus (1888–1955), American Unitarian minister and humanist
 * Edward Wellington Backus (1861–1934), American timber baron
 * Frederick F. Backus (1794–1858), American physician and member of the New York State Senate
 * George Edward Backus (born 1930), American geophysicist
 * Gus Backus (1937–2019), American singer
 * Henny Backus (1911–2004), Broadway showgirl and wife of Jim Backus
 * Henry T. Backus (1809–1877), American politician, Lieutenant Governor of Michigan and judge in Arizona Territory
 * Isaac Backus (1724–1806), American Baptist preacher and politician
 * Jan Backus (20th century), Vermont state senator
 * Jeff Backus (born 1977), American professional football player
 * Jim Backus (1913–1989), American actor
 * John Backus (1924–2007), American computer scientist
 * Samuel W. Backus, 19th-century American politician from California
 * Sharron Backus (born 1946), American former softball player and coach
 * Shea Backus (born 1975), American politician
 * Standish Backus (1910–1989), American military artist
 * Winston Backus (1920–2020), Canadian politician

title: Backus


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Skinner (profession)

A skinner is a person who skins animals such as cattle, sheep, and pigs, part or whole. Historically, skinners engaged in the hide and fur trades.

"Mule skinner" (or "muleskinner") is slang for muleteer, a driver or wrangler of mules.

title: Skinner (profession)


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Project Gotham Racing 2

Project Gotham Racing 2 is a racing video game developed by Bizarre Creations and published by Microsoft Game Studios. It was released exclusively for the Xbox in November 2003.

As in 2001's Project Gotham Racing, the route to advancement in Project Gotham Racing 2 differs from most racing games. Advancement in Project Gotham Racing 2 requires a combination of driving fast enough to meet the challenge set, and scoring enough Kudos points to advance. Kudos points are gained through the player's driving skills, such as power sliding around a corner at speed, or overtaking other drivers in the race. Kudos points are used to unlock new cars. The Kudos system, challenges set, available cars, and the tracks around which players race were expanded greatly from the original.

Project Gotham Racing 2 supported Xbox Live and allowed players to race against other people all around the world. The in-game garage featured the cult-classic mini-game Geometry Wars.

Single-player
There are four main parts to the single player game: Kudos World Series, Arcade Racing, Quick Battles and Time Attack.

In Kudos World Series the player has to complete a series of races in 14 different categories of car. The player begins with just three cars in the Compact Sports Series and eventually can have access to 102 cars (118 cars after purchase of the downloadable content). Most cars can be bought in exchange for kudos tokens, although some can only be obtained by completing enough races at a high level. Each car is made from around 10,000 polygons and was recorded with eight microphones in order to accurately replicate engine, turbo, exhaust, and transmission sound in-game.

In Arcade Racing there are 60 medals available, 20 each for street racing, timed runs and cone challenges. Each race is with a preset car and track.

Time Attack does not use kudos, the aim is for the player to try to get round the circuits as fast as possible. The player can either choose circuit or car challenges. In circuit challenge the player can choose from a selection of up to 92 circuits and then choose any car to race in. In car challenge the player can choose from a selection of up to 102 cars and race on a predetermined circuit. In both styles circuits and cars may only be chosen if they have previously been unlocked in kudos world series or arcade racing. If the player enters the showroom, it can view and test drive all cars on a test track. The players can also race against a ghost car that got the record time.

Challenges are divided into five difficulties: Steel (novice), Bronze (easy), Silver (medium), Gold (hard), and Platinum (expert).

Online
Unlike many other Xbox Live enabled games, Project Gotham Racing 2's online ranking system is solely based on the kudos earned online. One can not go down in rank, only up. In this way, one's rank does not necessarily reflect their skill.

Geometry Wars
Within the player's car garage, an arcade cabinet can be interacted with to play Geometry Wars, a top-down multidirectional shooter. This marked the first appearance to the public of what would become an entire series of similar games.

Downloadable content
Microsoft released two downloadable content packages for Project Gotham Racing 2: the Paris Booster Pack (released in May 2004), featuring eight new cars and seven tracks in Paris, France, and the Long Beach Booster Pack (released in June 2004) with eight new cars and eight tracks based around Long Beach, California, United States.

Reception
Project Gotham Racing 2 received "universal acclaim" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of all four eights for a total of 32 out of 40, while Famitsu Xbox gave it one ten, one nine, one eight, and one seven, for a total of 34 out of 40.

During the AIAS' 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, Project Gotham Racing 2 received a nomination for "Console Racing Game of the Year".

title: Project Gotham Racing 2


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Dance/redlinks

This is a page to list any redlinks you find in dance related articles so that content may be entered. Wanted articles may be listed here too.

Companies

 * One Extra Dance Company

Ballet

 * ballet comique
 * Post-structuralist ballet

Patterns and motions
Cuban hip motion is linked to from Mambo (dance)

Change of Direction (in Foxtrot) and Hover Telemark (Waltz, Foxtrot).
 * I unlinked these on Lead_and_follow.
 * Change of Direction redirects to 2006 Lebanon War!

--195.137.93.171 (talk) 10:37, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

History

 * Ductia (red on page Historical dance)

Folk dance

 * German folk dancing

Choreographers / Dancers

 * Françoise Dupuy
 * Dominique Hervieu
 * Xavier Le Roy, see (fr)
 * Alwin Nikolaïs

Contemporary Dance by Country
(overviews similar to Australian Contemporary Dance, Contemporary Dance in Japan)

 * Contemporary Dance in Austria
 * Contemporary Dance in Belgium
 * Contemporary Dance in France
 * Contemporary Dance in Germany
 * Contemporary Dance in Greece
 * Contemporary Dance in the Netherlands
 * Contemporary Dance in New Zealand
 * Contemporary Dance in Switzerland
 * Contemporary Dance in the UK
 * see Category:Contemporary_dance_in_the_United_Kingdom

 * Contemporary Dance in the United States
 * related article: Modern dance in the United States

etc.
 * Contemporary Dance in Slovenia

additional suggestions:
 * Contemporary Dance in Eastern Europe
 * Contemporary Dance in Scandinavia
 * see Category:Contemporary_dance_in_Denmark

Unspecified Category

 * Elizabethan dance
 * Push (dance)
 * Shuffle dance
 * Shake (dance)
 * Bugg (Swedish dance: ,)
 * Dance - Central Asia (assistance requested by WikiProject Central Asia)
 * Dance teacher

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Dance/redlinks


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Talk:Namesdays in Finland

These names are not official Finnish namesdays. Unless someone has a sensible, verified explanation what they are, they should be removed. If they are Finnish-Swedish names, this page should say so.

This is obviously not the official Finnish namesday calendar, as the names are not Finnish.

Comment above, and birthdays
Eequor, please sign and date, don't make us go to the History to see who's talking and when. User:Andris copied the statement in Namesdays in Sweden about namesdays being almost as important as birthdays (which is untrue about Sweden and untrue here), into this article on 10 Aug, and User:Jniemenmaa modified it for being untrue. I think that was too cautious, and am removing the sentence about birthdays altogether. This article obviously has more serious problems, but still. Bishonen 20:51, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Redirection
I have merged Namesdays in Sweden with Namesdays in Finland under the new title Namesdays and made the original articles into redirects. The new article needs further editing by people who understand the subject area better, as I was unsure about which elements were specific to a particular country, and which were more general in nature. Please continue all discussions about these articles on Talk:Namesdays --HappyDog 19:27, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Namesdays in Finland


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Scheelite

Scheelite is a calcium tungstate mineral with the chemical formula CaWO4. It is an important ore of tungsten (wolfram). Scheelite is originally named after Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786). Well-formed crystals are sought by collectors and are occasionally fashioned into gemstones when suitably free of flaws. Scheelite has been synthesized using the Czochralski process; the material produced may be used to imitate diamond, as a scintillator, or as a solid-state lasing medium. It was also used in radium paint in the same fashion as was zinc sulphide, and Thomas Edison invented a fluoroscope with a calcium tungstate-coated screen, making the images six times brighter than those with barium platinocyanide; the latter chemical allowed Röntgen to discover X-rays in early November 1895. Note, the semi-precious stone marketed as 'blue scheelite' is actually a rock type consisting mostly of calcite and dolomite, with occasional traces of yellow-orange scheelite.

Properties
Its crystals are in the tetragonal crystal system, appearing as dipyramidal pseudo-octahedra. Colors include golden yellow, brownish green to dark brown, pinkish to reddish gray, orange and colorless. Transparency ranges from translucent to transparent and crystal faces are highly lustrous (vitreous to adamantine). Scheelite possesses distinct cleavage and its fracture may be subconchoidal to uneven. Its specific gravity is high at 5.9–6.1 and its hardness is low at 4.5–5. Aside from pseudo-octahedra, scheelite may be columnar, granular, tabular or massive in habit. Druzes are quite rare and occur almost exclusively at Zinnwald, Czech Republic. Twinning is also commonly observed and crystal faces may be striated. Scheelite streaks white and is brittle.

Gems cut from transparent material are fragile. Scheelite's refractive index (1.918–1.937 uniaxial positive, with a maximum birefringence of 0.016) and dispersion (0.026) are both moderately high. These factors combine to result in scheelite's high lustre and perceptible "fire", approaching that of diamond.

Scheelite fluoresces under shortwave ultraviolet light, the mineral glows a bright sky-blue. The presence of molybdenum trace impurities occasionally results in a green glow. Fluorescence of scheelite, sometimes associated with native gold, is used by geologists in the search for gold deposits.

Occurrence
Scheelite occurs in contact metamorphic skarns; in high-temperature hydrothermal veins and greisen; less commonly in granite pegmatites. Temperature and pressure of formation is between 200 and 500 °C and from 200 to 1,500 bar. Typical mineral association includes cassiterite, wolframite, topaz, fluorite, apatite, tourmaline, quartz, grossular–andradite, diopside, vesuvianite and tremolite.

Scheelite usually occurs in tin-bearing veins; and is sometimes found in association with gold. Fine crystals have been obtained from Caldbeck Fells in Cumbria, Zinnwald/Cínovec and Elbogen in Bohemia, Guttannen in Switzerland, the Giant Mountains in Silesia, Dragoon Mountains in Arizona and elsewhere. At Trumbull in Connecticut and Kimpu-san in Japan large crystals of scheelite completely altered to wolframite have been found: those from Japan have been called “reinite.” It was mined until 1990 at King Island, Australia, Glenorchy in Central Otago and Macraes Flat in North Otago and also at The Golden Bar mine at Dead Horse Creek during World War I in Nelson, New Zealand. There is a high concentration of Scheelite in Northeast of Brazil, mainly in the Currais Novos mine in Rio Grande do Norte State. One of the world's largest Scheelite mining companies is in Luoyang, China.

History
Scheelite was first described in 1751 for an occurrence in Mount Bispbergs klack, Säter, Dalarna, Sweden, and named for Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786). Owing to its unusual heaviness, it had been given the name tungsten by the Swedes, meaning “heavy stone.” The name was later used to describe the metal, while the ore itself was given the name scheelerz or scheelite.

Synthetics
Although it is now uncommon as a diamond imitation (much more convincing products, like cubic zirconia and moissanite have long since superseded it), synthetic scheelite is occasionally offered as natural scheelite, and collectors may thus be fooled into paying highprices for them. Gemologists distinguish natural scheelite from synthetic material mainly by microscopic examination: Natural material is very seldom without internal growth features and inclusions (imperfections), while synthetic material is usually very clean. Distinctly artificial curved striae and clouds of minute gas bubbles may also be observed in synthetic scheelite.

The visible absorption spectrum of scheelite, as seen by a hand-held (direct-vision) spectroscope, may also be of use: most natural stones show a number of faint absorption lines in the yellow region of the spectrum (~585 nm) due to praseodymium and neodymium trace impurities. Conversely, synthetic scheelite is often without such a spectrum. Some synthetics may however be doped with neodymium or other rare-earth elements, but the spectrum produced is unlike that of natural stones.

In popular culture
Scheelite figures in the manga series Dr. Stone, as a precursor to tungsten, and for its fluorescence.

title: Scheelite


text:
Talk:Family and consumer sciences

2015 merge
Article merged: See old talk-page here.Klbrain (talk) 00:00, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

Why is this a redirect? --Daniel C. Boyer 14:24, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Commercial Cooking
The commercial cooking section has clearly been taken from somewhere else, by the looks of it the promotional material from some sort of cookery course in Canada. It looks to be neither original nor particularly relevent to the page. 128.232.133.1 (talk) 09:35, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

A quick copy-paste into Google reveals a pretty much identical section in here: http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/docs/paa/comcook/intro.html

Deleted.121.219.12.173 (talk) 09:08, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The newly created article Home Science seems to be nothing but a different term for Home economics, and I suggest that it be merged to this article. We do not need two articles about the same subject. Edison (talk) 04:12, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Support The merger (as nominator). Edison (talk) 04:12, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Merge I think calling it a science is a fallacy but whatever :P — Preceding unsigned comment added by Secobi (talk • contribs) 04:02, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

Needed improvements
Some initial improvements made to include information on pioneer in field and formation of key US organization. Article still needs major improvements, including additional historical information on the development of the field of domestic science into home economics and beyond, scope of field, checks for accuracy, etc. Other additions could include details surrounding the selection of the term "home economics" to describe the field. Naranjaa (talk) 21:03, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Family and consumer sciences


text:
Category:Gentoo Linux

This category lists various pieces of Gentoo Linux and distributions based on Gentoo.

title: Category:Gentoo Linux


text:
Supercow

Supercow may refer to:
 * Supercow (dairy), a high-producing dairy cow
 * Supercow (cartoon), the superhero alter-ego of Cow from Cow and Chicken
 * Supercow (mascot), the mascot of the Schulich School of Engineering
 * Supercow (video game), video game

title: Supercow