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William Henry Draper III

William Henry Draper III (born January 1, 1928) is an American venture capitalist.

Early life
Draper was born on January 1, 1928, in White Plains, New York, the son of Katherine Louise (née Baum) and banker, general, and diplomat William Henry Draper Jr. who founded Draper, Gaither and Anderson and served as the first ambassador for NATO.

He attended Yale University with president George H. W. Bush, graduated in 1950, the year after George H. W. Bush, and is a member of the secret society Skull and Bones. After graduating from college, Draper served as a second lieutenant in the Korean War. Upon returning to the United States, he attended Harvard Business School and studied under professor Georges Doriot, who is often credited with starting the venture capital industry. Draper graduated with a Masters of Business degree, with distinction, in 1954.

Career
After his graduation from Harvard Business School, Draper worked as a steel salesman at Chicago's Inland Steel Company from 1954 to 1959.

Early venture capital
In 1959, Draper left Chicago to work as an associate at his father's newly formed firm, Draper, Gaither & Anderson, the first venture capital company on the West Coast. In 1962, Draper left Draper, Gaither & Anderson to co-found the venture capital firm Draper & Johnson Investment Company with his good friend Pitch Johnson, whom he had met while working at Inland Steel. In 1965, Draper founded Sutter Hill Ventures, which to this day remains one of the top venture capital firms in the country. During his twenty years as the senior partner of Sutter Hill, Draper helped to organize and finance several hundred high technology manufacturing companies. In 1986, he became the head of the world's largest source of multilateral development grant assistance, the United Nations Development Programme, and was instrumental in leadership of several global initiatives, such as the international Education for All movement (beginning formally with the 1990 Conference in Jomtien, Thailand), the 1995 Beijing Women's' Conference, and the 1995 Social Summit in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Public service
Draper has played an international leadership role in expanding the world economy and addressing the global wealth gap. He served from 1981 to 1986 as president and Chairman of the Export–Import Bank of the United States and was appointed to this position by President Ronald Reagan. In this post, Draper assumed a leadership role in U.S. efforts to sustain world trade in the face of major liquidity problems among the developing countries. In 1986, he became the head of the world's largest source of multilateral development grant assistance, the United Nations Development Programme. As the second highest ranking individual in the United Nations, Draper oversaw nearly 10,000 international aid projects. During his time at the UN and the Export-Import Bank, Draper traveled to 101 developing countries and met with over 50 heads of state. Under Draper, "the agency's programs grew in value from $890 million in 1985 to $1.5 billion in 1992."

Return to venture capital
In 1994, Draper and Robin Richards Donohoe founded Draper International, the first U.S. venture capital fund to focus on investing in private companies with operations in India. In 2002, he co-founded Draper Richards LP, a venture capital fund that invests in early-stage technology companies in the U.S., and he also founded Draper Investment Company, which concentrates on seed investments in Europe and Asia.

Draper Richards Kaplan Foundation
In 2002, along with Robin Richards Donohoe, Draper co-founded the Draper Richards Foundation. Robert Steven Kaplan, formerly vice-chairman of Goldman Sachs and the thirteenth president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, joined as co-chair in 2010. In 2006, Draper donated $1 million, in honor of Donohoe, to the Stanford Graduate School of Business to support the school's Stanford Social Innovation Review.

The Draper Richards Kaplan Foundation is a global venture philanthropy firm that supports early-stage, high impact social enterprises. Borrowed from its venture capital legacy, DRK finds, funds and supports exceptional leaders building innovative solutions to some of the world’s most challenging problems. Since beginning this work over 20 years ago, DRK has invested in more than 225 organizations who have collectively impacted over 400 million lives to date.

The current DRK portfolio includes organizations working both domestically in the United States and internationally helping to provide critical access to healthcare, education, legal resources, economic empowerment, food security, social justice, water and sanitation, transparency and accountability, and shelter.

Community service
As a civic leader, Draper has been involved in many community service programs. He is currently on the boards of The Draper Richards Kaplan Foundation, Freeman Spogli Institute of International Studies at Stanford University, and the Harvard Business School California Research Center Advisory Board. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the President's Council on International Activities at Yale University.

Draper formerly served as the Chairman of the World Affairs Council of Northern California, Chairman of the Institute of International Education, as a Trustee of Yale University and as Chairman of the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco; he was a former Board member of Population Action International, the United Nations Association of the United States of America, Hoover Institution, Atlantic Council, George Bush Library Foundation, the Advisory Council of the Stanford Graduate School of Business, and the World Rehabilitation Fund in New York.

Personal life
On June 13, 1953, Draper was married to Phyllis Culbertson by the Rev. Lowell Russell Ditzen at the Reformed Church of Bronxville. A graduate of St. Anne's School in Charlottesville, Virginia and Smith College, she was a daughter of Mrs. Richard H. Ullman of Buffalo, New York and William Howard Culbertson of Bronxville, New York, chairman of Merrill Lynch International. Phyllis, an author of two published books of essays and poetry, served for on the boards of Save the Children, the Charles Armstrong School, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, and the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. Together, they are the parents of three children:

 * Rebecca Starr "Becky" Draper, who graduated from the Smith College and received an M.B.A. from Stanford University.
 * Polly Carey Draper (b. 1955), an actress/filmmaker who is known for her starring role in the ABC television drama Thirtysomething; she also was the creator and showrunner for the hit Nickelodeon TV series The Naked Brothers Band, which starred her actor/musician sons, Nat Wolff and Alex Wolff.
 * Timothy Cook Draper (b. 1958), a venture capitalist who founded Silicon Valley's leading venture capital firm, Draper Fisher Jurvetson.

After 34 years with Parkinson's disease, Phyllis died in January 2018.

Awards and honors
In 1982 Harvard Business School honored Draper with its Alumni Achievement Award, and in 1992 he was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor. In 1996 he received the Citizen Diplomacy Award from the International Diplomacy Council, and in 2002 he received the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. In 2005 Draper received the Vision Award from SD Forum and was inducted into the Dow Jones Venture Capital Hall of Fame. In 2006 he received the Silicon Valley Fast 50 Lifetime Achievement Award and the Distinguished Service Award from the Institute of International Education. In 2009 Draper received the Global Citizen of the Year Award from International House Berkeley, the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Commonwealth Club, the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Business Forum, and the Philanthropic Leadership Award from the American India Foundation. In 2017, Draper received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Venture Capital Association and was awarded a medal from the Foreign Policy Association. In addition, he has received honorary decorations from Bolivia, Morocco, and Samoa. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale University in 1950 and earned a Master of Business Administration degree, with distinction, from Harvard Business School in 1954. In 2020 Draper received the Arthur C. Clarke Lifetime Achievement Award. and the UNAFF Visionary Award 2016.

title: William Henry Draper III


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User:Darksun/Spiderman

Front Cover
The front cover of The Amazing Spider-Man 21 shows Spider-Man swinging upside-down on his webbing with The Human Torch throwing fireballs at him. The Beetle is in the corner watching Spider-Man and there's a text box saying: Another Marvel Super-Spectacular! Co-Featuring The Human Torch and The Beetle! Who says This Isn't The Marvel Age Of Comics.

Splash Page
It has the Spider-Man sign in the top-left corner (a web with Spider-Man eyes and writing saying: Spider-Man. In a jagged box next to it is the title:  "Where Flies The Beetle...!" . Underneath that in a banner it says: Guest-Starring The Human Torch.

It has a picture of The Beetle in his armour reaching out for a bending over Spider-Man who has one hand on the floor. They are in a house and everything is wrecked. Underneath in a bubble it says: Another Mighty Milestone in this, The Marvel Age Of Comics! In a box next to that it says:

Stan Lee Steve Ditko S.Rosen
 * Deliciously Written by:
 * Deliriously Illustrated by:
 * Delightfully Lettered by:

Pages 1-3

 * Page 1

On the first page at the top it shows Abner Jenkins aka The Beetle (the villain of the story) walking out of prison with two wrapped up parcels. He opens them and puts on his battle armour. 'They had to give me back my Beetle equipment! There's no law against a man owning an armoured costume!' Jenkins says. He was put in jail by The Human Torch in Strange Tales #123.

It cuts to Johnny Storm aka The Human Torch walking with his girlfriend, Doris Evans. Johnny is in normal clothing and reads the newspaper. He sees that The Beetle has been released and, against Doris's wishes, he Flames On and goes searching for him.

Peter Parker aka Spider-Man is studying in his room. He decides to get into his costume and start web-swinging.

 * Page 2

Spider-Man 'has to rest' and clings from the side of a building. People below get worried ('Look! Up There! It's Spider-Man!!') Spider-Man realizes he's been spotted. ('Run! There's no telling what he'll do next!!'). He swings away and notes that he's as 'well loved by my fellow citizens as J. Edgar Hoover is by the Mafia!' He sees The Human Torch flying around. All the people are amazed and want him to do tricks for them. He makes a heart with his flame and flies away. Spider-Man is anoyed that people run away from him but 'knock themselves out fallin all over him (The Human Torch)!' The Beetle is hiding behind a building and spots The Human Torch.

 * Page 3

The Human Torch decides that there's 'still no sign of The Beetle!' and that he'd 'better head back before my flame sputters out'. He doesn't know that The Beetle is following him. Spider-Man decides to head back too.

Johnny Storm walks into his house and Doris Evans is back there and is angry at The Torch. 'Aww, you're not angry at me just cause I flamed on'. 'Of course not! I love having my date suddenly leave me in the middle of the street while he makes a silly, smoking spectacle of himself!' She decides to give him a chance. If Johnny can spend 'a full' 24 hours without flaming on even once she'll 'make believe this never happened!' Johnny promises but wonders 'what did they feed you when you were a baby? Nails?' Meanwhile, outside the house, The Beetle is clinging to the wall, spying in through the window and proclaims that 'I've seen enough! Now I know what to do!'

Pages 4-6

 * Page 4

The Beetle reveals his plans 'So that's how I'll get my revenge on him... By using Doris Evans'

Spider-Man is on his way home and sees some workmen loading a crate onto a lorry. He offers to 'lend you guys a hand'. They are terrified, 'S-Spider Man! Stay away! Sam... Call the cops... Quick!' Spider-Man swings away.

'Then, the very next day...' Doris Evans is walking in the street carrying some packages. Some kids run past 'Watch out, lady!!' and knock all her packages on the floor. Peter Parker aka Spider-Man offers to 'help you, Miss'. He hands them over to her and she thinks he's a 'nice, sweet, gentlemanly boy!' Peter looks down and sees her wallet. He'd 'better return it to her!'

 * Page 5

Peter Parker checks inside the wallet and sees that her name is Doris Evans and she 'doesnt live far from here!' He gives her her wallet and invites him in for 'a glass of coke!' They get chatting and Peter leaves. Johnny sees him walk out of the house and asks Dorrie 'who was that fella who just left here'. Doris tells him and says that Johnny should 'take a leaf from his book'. Abner Jenkins is outside their house again without his armour on and knows what to do.

 * Page 6

'Not long afterwards', Peter Parker is 'window shopping' with his girlfriend Betty Brant. Johnny walks up to Peter and warns Peter that Doris Evans is 'my gal friend' and Peter realizes that Johnny is jealous. Betty is watching with a tear in her eye as she thinks that 'hes telling Peter to stay away from some other girl!' Flash Thompson and three of his friends are watching too. Betty walks off and Peter gets angry at Johnny 'You brainless swell-headed, loud-mouthed jerk! Who do you think your shooting off your yap at??' Johnny thinks that he 'cant even take a poke at him (Peter)... It wouldn't be fair!' Flash's friends are saying that they never knew that 'Parker had such guts!' Flash says thats not true because Peter knows that 'The Torch wouldn't dare fight with him'.

Pages 7-9

 * Page 7

Flash proves this by mouthing off at The Torch. The Torch walks away.

Peter has 'caught up to the dissilussioned young secretary' (Betty Brant) and tries to explain what had happened but she ignores him and 'I'd like to just go home now!' She leaves and Peter is angry with Johnny and crushes some bricks with his bare hands. He decides that as Betty is mad at him anyway 'why shouldnt I have a little fun with The Torch?! If he's jealous of Peter Parker... How would he feel if Spider-Man made a play for his gal??!'

The Beetle is waiting outside The Torch's house thinking that he's 'bound to appear soon!'

 * Page 8

Spider-Man swings up to Doris's house and The Beetle sees him and gets worried so he quickly attacks Spidey and catches him by surprise. He picks Spidey up and throws him at a tree so that the 'impact of hitting that tree should knock you out'. Spidey hits the tree with his feet and 'hurtles back towards his foe'. The Beetle flies over the hurtling Spider-Man and tries to grab him.

 * Page 9

Spider-Man manages to avoid The Beetle's grab and jumps behind him and attaches himself with webbing to the bottom of The Beetle's wings. The Beetle tries to hurl Spider-Man to the ground but because of the webbing he crashes headfirst and Spidey standing up. Spidey punches him in the helmet and realises 'that armour hes wearing must be two inches thick!' The Beetle gets up and thunks Spidey with his wing. Spidey tries to flip-over The Beetle so he flies up and smashes into Spidey. Spidey realises he's 'not fighting aan amateur!' Spidey lands on his feet and The Beetle is hovering in the air.

Pages 10-12

 * Page 10

Doris Evans looks out of her window and sees Spider-Man fighting The Beetle. She realises that 'Ive got to call Johnny!' The phone rings and Johnny picks it up. Doris tells him 'youve got to flame on and get here right now!' Johnny thinks it's a trick to get him to lose the full 24 hours without flaming on. He hangs up. He thinks that 'I always did like a gal with a good sense of humour!'

 * Page 11

Spider-Man is fighting The Beetle. He shoots webbing at his wings to try and stop him flying. The Beetle snaps the webbing, just what Spider-Man 'was afraid of'. Spider-Man pushes The Beetle through the window and Doris is watching. The Beetle flies up and Spider-Man is on the floor with one hand (the Splash Page). Spider-Man is punching The Beetle. Spider-Man is running towards The Beetle, who has gone into the corner.

 * Page 12

Johnny Storm is getting ready to go and see Doris. Doris is still watching the fight and wishes she could 'reach the phone'. Spider-Man is on the floor again, punching The Beetle, who suddenley stops and goes and grabs Doris Evans. He flies away with her. Spider-Man webslings after them.

Pages 13-15

 * Page 13

Johnny Storm has just reached Doris's house and realises that 'this place is a shambles!' and that 'her phone call was for real!' As their is webbing on the floor he believes Spider-Man is involved and he 'Flames On!'s. He notices Spidey hanging from a building and shoots fireballs at him, asking him 'Where's my girlfriend!' Spidey swings and dodges the fire and shoots some web-balls at him. The Torch increases his flame and melts them off as Spidey realises that 'The Beetle's getting further away' and swings off.

 * Page 14

The Torch shoots more fire-balls at Spidey and Spidey hits them back with web-rackets. Spidey shoots web st The Torch and The Torch does a fire net to try and catch Spidey. Spidey dodges it and knows that 'hes coming after me! Thats what I wanted!'

 * Page 15

Spider-Man senses that 'were gaining on The Beetle' while The Torch is firing fire balls at him. The Beetle is flying away with Doris ('please dont drop me!!') as Spider-Man is still fighting The Torch.

At The Daily Bugle, J. Jonah Jameson asks Betty Brant 'where in Sam Hill is Peter Parker??' Betty doesn't know so she phones Peter's Aunt May and asks if he's there. When May says he's not, Betty Brant sobs. She thinks Peter is out with 'that other girl'.

Pages 16-18

 * Page 16

Spider-Man and The Torch catch up to The Beetle and The Torch realises that ' he had Dorrie!' The Beetle leaves Doris on the roof. The Torch fires flame-balls at The Beetle and The Beetle flies through a window of 'this empty condemned building'. He flies through a doorway and sees ' Spider-Man! ' The Beetle grabs onto the wall and rips some of it off. He chucks it at Spidey but The Torch flies in and accidently gets hit by it instead.

 * Page 17

The Beetle flies away and Spidey follows him. The Torch takes a different route and follows him. The Torch gets to him first so The Beetle pulls some of the ceiling off and chucks it at The Torch, just as The Torch chucked some fire-balls at The Beetle, just as Spider-Man came through the ceiling and blocked both of them by accident. The Beetle flies rounf the corner, Torch through the celing and Spidey up the outside wall.

 * Page 18

The Beetle is in the middle as Spidey and Torch fly / swing at him from both sides (oh, no!), (Oh, Yes!!!). The Beetle realises he's been beaten and tries to fly off but Spidey catches him with his web and stops him and The Torch makes a fire cell for him. They catch The Beetle.

Page 19
Spidey web swings away and ponders about revealing his secret identity but he 'just don't dare'

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Darksun/Spiderman


text: Category:Greek cheeses

title: Category:Greek cheeses


text: Category:Swiss cuisine

title: Category:Swiss cuisine


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User:Darksun/Meritocracy

An Overview
The Meritocracy is a collection of regions in the online role-playing game of NationStates. Its capital region is The New Meritocracy. It is governed as one region by the democratically elected Senate, that are prohibited from joining the United Nations. The Senate is headed by the Consul. Other officers include the Tribune, Censor, Questor and Lictor. It has a Charter and bill of laws, which can be amended and changed by a democratic proposal to the Senate.

The Meritocracy has traditionally held in high esteem the values of national sovereignty and capitalism, though there are notable exceptions. There is an ongoing struggle in the Senate between Senators that wish to remain a neutral nation, some to the point of isolationism, and those that wish to take a more interventionist approach to the NationStates world.

Senators
There are currently 55 Senators of the Meritocracy:

 * Almighty Shiff
 * Altair
 * Aquilla
 * Ars Longa
 * B4kst4br
 * Britannia
 * Britishpeoples
 * Bumpivania
 * Camozayo
 * Capitollium
 * Christian Falangists
 * Clayton Road
 * Conglamo
 * Corintur
 * Cortath
 * Cuse
 * Cydric
 * Densim
 * Dextremmika
 * Dorado (Lictor)
 * Eli (Censor)
 * Evans
 * Eyenktonstein
 * Freedom Central
 * Glasguensis
 * Glenn Quagmire
 * Greater Moldavi
 * Halmont II
 * Hipposhire
 * International Racing
 * Iscariot
 * Kandary
 * Kitimat
 * LadyRebels IV
 * Marama
 * Mazil
 * Nedogi
 * New Clarkhall (Tribune)
 * Nuclear Industrial
 * Old Lutheran (Quaestor)
 * Pittsland
 * Pope Hope I
 * Possessed Peoples
 * Praise Bob
 * Puppet States
 * Sanctuary
 * Sexanddope
 * Siosia
 * The Salabosse States
 * TheManStan
 * Tyrantar
 * Unistrut (Consul)
 * Wolfsreich
 * Yoco
 * Zanzubar

Max Barry's News Item
Fri, 12 Dec 2003 -- Meritocracy Shows the Way

It's a bit alarming when some players create a web site for their NationStates region that's more professional than NationStates itself. But that's what the residents of The New Meritocracy have done -- check out their handiwork at merit.jink.org. The site features just about everything a region could ever want, including a map, a charter, and a truly amazing collection of colorful, well-presented statistics.

-Max

The Charter of The Meritocracy
[condensed slightly]

 * We, the nations of the Meritocracy, set forth these rules and instructions for our self-governance. We do this to preserve order, freedom, and prosperity for our members, mediating between members or by the Senate, free from the hazard and detriment of undue military conflict.

Membership shall be afforded to all nations who swear the oath of allegiance to The Meritocracy as prepared by the Senate body for citizenship applicants, and who are approved by a majority vote of the standing Meritocratic Senate. Applicants may supplement the oath prepared for their use by the Senate in any way they see fit, provided their additions neither contradict nor void any part of the original oath. All membership is voluntary, and may be renounced by the member nation at any time. A requirement of membership is that the regional currency of the New Merit be accepted as equal tender for any and all international exchanges, at the exchange rate set forth by the Praetor.

The oathed members of Meritocracy are to elect a Consul once every twenty timeparts. All eligible members of The New Meritocracy are to be on the ballot, provided that they are nominated and seconded by Senators in good standing, and the member with the most votes at the end of the appointed timepart is elected. Should there be a tie, all tied members shall be placed on a second ballot, and the member with the most votes at the end of the ensuing timepart shall be elected. The Consul is responsible for the leadership of the government, and has the power to settle diplomatic issues and call for votes on the floor of the Senate. No Consul may serve two consecutive terms.

The Cabinet shall consist of the Censor, the Praetor and the Quaestor. The role of the Cabinet is to advise and assist the Consul, to whom it is answerable.

Every member shall volunteer to serve in one of the Senatorial ministries. The Consul will decide the ministry that the member will join after conferring with the Cabinet and the new member in question. However, no members will be placed in the Ministry of Defense against his will. A Senator may withdraw at any time if their Minister or Deputy Minister accepts their Resignation. The ministries will draft legislation, with the head of the ministry calling legislation to a vote within the ministry. Ministries shall never impose their Rule over a Nation\'s Sovereignty without the express permission of said Nation’s legitimate governing body.

After a bill has passed its ministry, the Consul will bring the legislation immediately to a vote by the standing Senate. The vote will span a period of no less than one timepart, during which all members of the Meritocracy shall be free to debate the article of legislation in a location accessible to all members of the Meritocracy. If the Tribune feels it necessary, he may call for an extension of the vote by one timepart. During the vote, all members of the Meritocracy may speak, but no amendments may be made to the bill. At any point during the voting period, the Tribune may denounce the legislation as against the spirit of the law. If the Tribune does not do so, a simple majority is required to pass the bill unless the bill is an amendment to this Charter, in which case a 3/5 majority is required to pass the bill. If the Tribune does denounce the bill, a 3/4 majority is required to pass the bill. If the Tribune denounces the bill and it passes anyway, the Consul has the right to call for a vote of no confidence against the Tribune. If the no confidence vote receives a 3/4 majority, the Tribune will be replaced, and the Consul will appoint a replacement to serve until the next election.

The Meritocracy finds aggressive military action to be one of the most solemn and serious events, and treats it as such. Should one member of the region exert force on another member, or threaten such force, that nation will be called before the whole of the Senate to give an account and explanation for its actions. The Senate shall then have a one-timepart period of debate, and the Consul shall call the matter to a vote of acceptance. If military force was used, then the Senate shall makes recommendations to the Tribune for a punishment, and the Tribune shall call down the final sentencing, up to removal of the nation from the Meritocracy.

The Meritocracy shall consist of the capital territory of The New Meritocracy, plus whatever other provinces are confirmed by the Senate with the assent of the residents of those respective regions. The provinces of the Meritocracy are: Meritocratic Isles, New Meritocracy, and Sardaukar Confederacy.

All provinces shall be organized as follows: Each province may have its own legislature which may make such laws as it deems appropriate for the daily maintenance of the province, underneath the ultimate sovereign law of this charter.

If a province leaves the Meritocracy, all Senators from the province in question shall be forced to move to a region within the Meritocracy within two timeparts of the conclusion of such vote to maintain their status, or they shall be forced to surrender their seat in the Senate.

A History Of The Meritocracy
By: Lord Tom, Confederacy of Thomasia [Ex-Senator]

Preface

 * The story is too long for me to tell by myself, so I encourage others to add the details which I will inevitably forget. However, as the senior statesman of the core group that has endured much, I will try to provide some insight into our history. It has been a long journey from where we began, and we have changed significantly, but for the better, I believe. So, for the beginning.

Chapter I: The Meritocratic Isles

 * The Meritocratic Isles, which are now a satellite region of The New Meritocracy was our original home. The region was one of the first in the game, as I created it about a week into the game. My nation, which is presently fourth oldest, noticed from the onset that there was no home for capitalist nations who tended to have a conservative or libertarian bent. For that reason, the Meritocratic Isles was founded, and it would grow rapidly.

 * In the beginning, our goal was simple enough. We were a region of like minded nations who wanted to work within the UN to promote our agenda. More remarkably, as we had a few friends, like the recently attacked Capitalist Alliance, we were able to make this difference. I used to send out hundreds of recruitment letters, and when the game had about 5000 nations, the Meritocratic Isles had around 130 members. With that sort of clout, we really could impact the United Nations, as our alliances brought us to control about 8% of the vote there. Our crowning achievement, and the glory of the Meritocratic Isles, and my own reign as Delegate was the defeat of a mandatory living wage. It lost by about 30 votes, and I controlled 50 at that time. We felt like we accomplished something.

 * Yet, the Isles were more than a solitary effort as we had a government of our own. To the best of my knowledge, we were the first region to develop a government outside of nationstates, which was a combined effort by several nations. I was proud to work with Xalanzia, Eureka, Britannia, and Sanctuary at the beginning, as we formed our government. The Meritocratic Isles featured a charter, a beautiful mosaic map, a census, and a fifteen member cabinet. The Prime Minister, highest office of that body, was appointed delegate under law and was responsible to the Cabinet to enforce their will. Things were good, at first.

 * However, as we are not there now, you can safely assume things went badly. As the world continued to expand, we lost our influence within the United Nations. It was especially aggravating because before I left the role of Delegate, I enjoyed 83 endorsements, but I found that we were unable to make any difference as we could neither influence U.N. votes, nor did we have the numbers to win any proposal. For myself, the last straw was when my painstakingly crafted "Sovereignty Act" was ignored, because it would have limited the U.N. to an appropriate level, but it was impossible to get people to listen.

 * All institutions and bureaucracies function less effectively as their size grows. This happened to both the United Nations and the Meritocratic Isles. Both lost focus, and descended to petty squabbling, with the U.N. spiraling into helpless oblivion. So, the last great act we made in the Meritocratic Isles was a mass withdrawal from the U.N. in protest, because we felt that our nations sovereignty should not be subject to the whims of an amorphous mass. Some of our members did not feel this was the best course, and many ended up in Capitalist Alliance or Armageddon, as they were determined to continue to try and resuscitate the United Nations. For our part, we thought this folly, even before region stealing became possible, but we retain friendships with many of those region, despite this schism.

 * Anyway, after we withdrew from the United Nations, the game withered. The change between trying to change the world and creating something altogether new was formidable. Many lost interest, including myself for a good while. Thomasia almost vanished, as many nations did, because we lost our sense of purpose in the world. We did the right thing, but we had all perfected our nations long since, and what purpose was there. I departed.

'''II. The Collapse of the Isles'''

 * This is the part I know least well, as it was my absence which had precipitated the fall of the Isles. Since I was responsible for designing the Cabinet, I placed myself in a position where my role as arbiter was unquestioned, but when I left, there were massive disputes over the succession. Although Xalanzia had been listed as Deputy Prime Minister to try and alleviate this very issue, the latent rivalries and differences between some of our diverse members led inexorably to civil war, and the fall of the Isles.

 * As best I can tell, there were two sides in the dispute. There was a side of usurpers with some nation named Beerovia, whom I never knew, and a group of nations led by Eureka on the other hand who represented most of the Old Guard. Beerovia assumed the vacant U.N. delegacy and tried to reshape the Isles through that authority, even though my final act as Prime Minister was to separate the authority of the United Nations Delegate from the execute head of the confederation.

 * This continued for about a month, as the population of the Isles was halved, and the dream seemed dead. Certainly, I believed so, but in all the effort we had made, an enduring core remained. The few true believers who wanted to make it work left the Isles, as it was in self-destructive disarray. King Justin the Brave, the Senator from Eureka, took the initiative to lead a few people who wanted to rebuild to a new region. I remember this clearly because it was he who drew me, like so many others, back from the edge.

'''III. New Meritocracy'''

 * The new region was called the "New Meritocracy" and things went well there. We designed a new government, having learned from our previous mistakes. The members trusted me to design some sort of system, and this time we removed all the superfluous office, and made a Senate composed of equals where all members could reside. Periodically, the Senate would appoint a Consul to serve as executive, a Tribune to interpret the laws, a Praetor to handle affairs of state, and a Censor to handle the membership. Using a loose interpretation of Rome, Marcus Isles, represented in the honorable Consul Kenneth Fox, and I worked to create a document to please everyone.

 * The charter which you see today is an amalgamation of our ideas and the will of the Senate since that day. Although Marcus Isles is no longer with us, as he is on personal leave, he shall always be remembered and welcomed as a leader. Anyway, things went well, and although we were a small region, we were united in purpose and in belief. All was going admirably, as we were content to remain quiet and enjoy the friendships our nations had forged, with an occasional newcomer entering.

 * However, as a region, the first issue which clearly divided us concerned the United Nations. Almost all of the members had chosen to leave the United Nations, but a few, most notably Old Carthage, asked if that should be obligatory. As the original justification for this new region and our exodus from the United Nations had been that it was an infringement upon the sovereignty of the state, we debated heartily on whether Meritocrats should be allowed to be in the U.N. and the Senate. Eventually, by a slim majority, the Senate allowed participation in the U.N., with the explicit understanding that the true authority of the region rests with the Consul. At the time this seemed most fair, and though we were all somewhat uncomfortable with this arrangement, things continued well enough. Old Carthage was serving as Delegate, and we assumed that as someone who had been with us for some time, that nothing bad would come to happen during his tenancy of the Delegate position.

 * Things were proceeding normally, because although we did not agree upon everything, as republics tend not to, relations between all our nations were cordial. The Charter came into being, as we refined the offices and procedures which you now observe. Our forums and features were painstakingly developed through the ideas of the Senators, and the formidable talents of Lord Curzon of Britannia and Field Marshal Robert Isoeph of Winnipeg. All was perfect, but then Old Carthage committed the crime of treason against his fellow Senators.

 * Claiming that Eureka and Xalanzia were plotting against him, he used the newly instituted capacity to reject members over the will of the Senate, to expel two of the senior statesmen, including the founder of the region. In response, the Senate has banned him from our presence, and we were forced to leave our second home in the "New Meritocracy". Old Carthage brought in a number of dummy states, and false allies to gain his position, abusing the U.N. Delegate position in a way which shocked and offended us all. This is the origin of the dispute with Old Carthage, and this also marked the end of the second incarnation of our region.

(For more on Old Carthage, I'll place an appendix at the end.)

'''IV. The New Meritocracy'''

 * Seeing that we could not regain our region, we chose to move for once and for all to a secure region, where the Senate could choose a founder, and where we could never fall victim to the marauding nations who use the United Nations as a front. Retaining all the forums, the Senators moved en masse to The New Meritocracy, which would not have the ambivalence of the former region. The first act, passed by unanimous accord, was to disallow any U.N. member to the Senate, or even to reside in our region. Given the new threat, we all agreed this was a necessary step.

 * Old Carthage removed, we have prospered here, and there is no conceivable threat that can harm us here. We have actually served as a refugee station for any number of capitalist states, and as allies for dislocated nations of all stripes. After Marcus Isles left, Winnipeg was elected as the second Consul for The New Meritocracy, and his strong stewardship has seen us double in size, while retaining our character and our integrity. Moreover, given the new threats in the world, The New Meritocracy has this recently updated and beautiful home, and a new sense of purpose.

 * In an unsafe world, we are a haven where states can work together without conflict between one another. We are certainly not pacifists, as we actively conduct diplomacy with other regions, and are both willing and able to attack those who would practice their aggression upon others. All Senators understand these responsibilities, to the world, and to each other. Ultimately, the reason why we have endured is because we have played the game to the best of our abilities, and all our storied nations should continue for years to come. Both old and new, we are making history together, the states of The New Meritocracy.

The End

Appendix A: Old Carthage

 * The history of Old Carthage, which was was initially another nation, known as Ole Carthage is almost as long as the game itself. Initially, I recruited that nation from the Utopian Empire because they seemed to be the victim of unjust slander, and were actively trying to build that region. I invited him to the Isles, but unfortunately, another arch-nemesis of the Senate followed him, Evil 4 Life. Basically, their arguing eventually caused such frustration and discord in the Isles as to make everyone go insane. It appeared Old Carthage was the victim, but the truth was later revealed as these two seeming enemies became allies in taking control of the New Meritocracy.

 * Anyway, Ole Carthage appeared, and was admitted as a Senator to the new region. Shortly thereafter, New Evil 4 Life also arose and started the same problems. These two planned, and tried to divide the Senate through those limited exiles they enforced. However, the Senate stood strong and were united as we moved, and left them. Old Carthage, not content with that victory, moved to try and desecrate the Meritocratic Isles. However, under the direction of the Senate, some of our own dummy states (most Senators keep UN states for reason which will become obvious to other Senators) retook the Isles, visiting what he had done to others upon him.

 * Now, his whereabouts are unknown, but that nation has been seen to conspire with forces opposed to our region, so we remain vigilant against his threat. However, we are not worried, as the Senate can defend itself.

title: User:Darksun/Meritocracy


text:
Garnierite

Garnierite is a general name for a green nickel ore which is found in pockets and veins within weathered and serpentinized ultramafic rocks. It forms by lateritic weathering of ultramafic rocks and occurs in many nickel laterite deposits in the world. It is an important nickel ore, having a large weight percent NiO. As garnierite is not a valid mineral name according to the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC), no definite composition or formula has been universally adopted. Some of the proposed compositions are all hydrous Ni-Mg silicates, a general name for the Ni-Mg hydrosilicates which usually occur as an intimate mixture and commonly includes two or more of the following minerals: serpentine, talc, sepiolite, smectite, or chlorite, and Ni-Mg silicates, with or without alumina, that have x-ray diffraction patterns typical of serpentine, talc, sepiolite, chlorite, vermiculite or some mixture of them all.

Composition
Various studies have examined the composition of garnierite. In 1964, a study was done on the composition of a talc-like garnierite and found the composition to be close to the compositions of stevensite and sepiolite, but with partial replacement of the Mg content by Ni. In 1973, another study found that chemical analysis of garnierite samples yields non-stoichiometric formulae that can be reduced to formulas like those of talc and serpentine. The authors suggested a talc monohydrate formula of (Mg,Ni)3Si4O10(OH)2·H2O for the talc-like garnierite. A third study found Mg, Si, Fe, Ni and Al in the samples studied. The author determined that the compositions of all of his garnierite samples lie between the serpentine solid solution series and the sepiolite solid solution series. In 2008, yet another study used X-ray diffraction to find the composition of garnierite samples collected at the Falcondo mine in the Dominican Republic. It found that each of the specimens analyzed fell into one of three groups: an Ni-talc to willemseite (up to 25 weight percent Ni) group, an Ni-lizardite to nepouite (up to 34 weight percent Ni) group and an Ni-sepiolite to falcondoite (up to 24 weight percent Ni) group. In 2011, the most recent study performed used Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) analysis to determine the composition of their garnierite samples. It found that garnierite has an almost complete solid solution between Ni-sepiolite and falcondoite, with samples analyzed showing between 3 and 77 percent falcondoite composition. According to X-ray and thermal analysis, the garnierites of the Ural deposits are multiphase formations and consist of a serpentinites (pecoraite 2McI, chrysotile 2McI, chrysotile 2OrcI, lisardite 6T, lisardite 1T, népouite – nickel lisardite 1T), chlorites (clinochlore IIB, sepiolite, palygorskite), clay minerals (nontronite, saponite, montmorillonite, vermiculite), minerals of the mica supergroup (talc, vilemsite, clintonite, annite, phlogopite) and quartz. Calcite, sauconite, beidellite, halloysite, thomsonite, goethite, maghemite, opal, moganite, nickel hexahydrite, accessory magnesiochromite and rivsite are among the sporadic minerals found in them.

Structure
Garnierite is generally a fine grained mineral with poor crystalline structure. The unit cell parameters, found using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, are 13.385(4), 26.955(9), 5.271(3) Å and 13.33(1), 27.03(2), 5.250(4) Å. The space group is Pncn.

Based on the ionic radii and charge alone, Ni2+ should easily substitute for Mg2+ in octahedral coordination. The fact that Ni readily substitutes for Mg in garnierite explains why as NiO content goes up, MgO content goes down. The nickel in garnierite is not evenly distributed throughout the structure, but is concentrated in small zones of nickel surrounded by magnesium zones. Garnierite is a layer silicate. The main difference between the serpentine-like and talc-like variants of garnierite is the spacing between layers in the structure, seen in X-ray powder diffraction studies. The serpentine-like variants have 7 Å basal spacings while the talc-like variants have a basal spacing of 10 Å. At 106 × magnifications, the 7 and 10 Å layer spacings (d(001)) are obvious and measureable, with the 7 Å spacings being better defined than the 10 Å spacings. 7 Å, serpentine-like minerals show rod and tube shaped particles, as well as platy particles and fluffy particles that are most likely aggregates while the 10 Å variety shows much less variation in particles, showing only platy and fluffy forms with very few tube or rod shaped particles. Some particles exhibit interstratification of 7 and 10 Å spacings. There is no correlation between NiO content and the shapes of the particles in the mineral. 7 Å type garnierites usually resemble chrysotile or lizardite in their structures, while 10 Å types usually resemble pimelite.

Physical properties
Garnierite is a green mineral, ranging from light yellow-green to dark green. The color comes from the presence of nickel in the mineral structure for magnesium. Noumeaite (later determined to be a member of the garnierite family) varies in hardness, from soft and brittle to hard enough to carve into figurines and the like. Some species of garnierite stick to the tongue and dissolve readily in water or even on the tongue. Garnierite commonly has a colloform texture, typical of minerals that fill open spaces from a solution. In general, darker green garnierites have higher Ni content, higher specific gravity and higher mean index of refraction than lighter green garnierites, which most likely relates to the inclusion of more Ni in their crystalline structure. The specific gravity of garnierite ranges from approximately 2.5 to 3. The mean index of refraction of garnierite ranges from approximately 1.563 to 1.601.

Geologic occurrence
Light colored garnierite is an alteration of olivine-rich rock to a clay-like mineral poor in nickel, light green to bright green garnierite is a result of the leaching of manganese oxide, magnesium, nickel and iron from the original dark green garnierite, rich in nickel, which was deposited by groundwater. This leads to a very common occurrence of garnierite as fracture fillings of millimeter to centimeter thick veins or as a fabric or coatings at the Falcondo mine in the Dominican Republic. X-ray diffraction of samples from that mine show that garnierite veins include sepiolite-falcondoite and quartz (chrysoprase, a green variety of quartz with a nickel content of less than 2 weight %). Breccias found in faults at the Falcondo mine contain garnierite clasts cemented together by a secondary deposition of garnierite, which is evidence of syn-tectonic deposition of garnierite. In the garnierite deposits near Riddle, Oregon, garnierite is found as a weathering product of the underlying peridotite, with the garnierite layer between 50 and 200 ft thick.

Origin of the name
Jules Garnier, a French geologist, published his work on the geology of New Caledonia in 1867, announcing the discovery of nickel there. Garnierite was named for Jules Garnier in a paper by Archibald Liversidge in 1874. When Liversidge sent a copy of his paper to Garnier, Garnier replied that the new mineral noumeite being described in the paper sounded very much like a mineral he had described in his 1869 paper. Liversidge decided to name the new mineral garnierite in honor of Garnier and gave the name noumeaite to a second mineral found in the same general area in New Caledonia.

title: Garnierite


text:
Talk:Battle of the Cowshed

VfD 3 Aug 2004
Keep

From VfD:

Should be pretty obvious. A spoof of Animal Farm that has no place here. Possible candinate for Bad Jokes And Other Deleted Nonsense. -- Kizor 12:35, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Comment: It should be noted that this is the second time this article has appeared in as many days - It was speedy deleted yesterday. Certainly qualifies as a bad joke. -- 62.189.228.3 12:46, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. For the obvious reasons, although I do love the book Animal Farm - if you've not read it, go down to the library and get a copy :) Darksun 12:51, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I was thinking of a way to keep it from coming back, and I thought that a redirect would do it.  Naturally, there should be a redirect to Animal Farm or, I thought, to Battle of Cowpens, a notable battle in the American Revolutionary War, and then I found out that, although articles refer to this battle, and it's on the list of battles, no one has written it yet.  So, if there are Revolutionary War fans, here is a needed article.  As for this, redirect to Animal Farm. Geogre 13:58, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm going to look again on its last day, but I've got to say that that table sure makes this article funny, even with the text on the left telling us explicitly that it isn't. There's something truly bathetic about putting a historical battle template up on a funny passage in a fictional book. Geogre 00:56, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain: Look, it's still bathetic.  That table gives me the giggles yet.  I don't think we're a lot better off having it, but the left side (done by the VfD voters, mainly) makes up for the eyebrow arching oddity of the right side. Geogre 02:55, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I really don't think you need the redirect, but if so, I'd say let it go to Animal Farm Lyellin 14:09, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or redirect to Animal Farm. I think it's a good joke and very worthy of BJAODN but not encyclopedic. [[User:dpbsmith|dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:18, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I laughed when I read it - the best wiki-joke in ages, and I would love to be able to keep it. But if we do everyone out there will insist on a page for every fictional battle of their favourite book/tv series. Reluctant delete (BJAODN of course). DJ Clayworth 17:33, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Just found out we already have them: List of fictional battles. This more notable than many of them. Change to keep. DJ Clayworth 21:48, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't Delete: WHY DO YOU THINK THIS IS A JOKE! IT IS A REAL EVENT FROM ANIMAL FARM! IT IS IN CHPATER IV.-B-101 8/3/04 5:11
 * Thanks for giving the reference. However, nobody is questioning that George Orwell's book, Animal Farm, does include a description of a "Battle of the Cowshed." However, Animal Farm is a work of fiction and nothing in it is "a real event" (even though the events in it closely parallel the history of the Soviet Union). The use of the article box did not seem like the work of someone unsophisticated, so I (and apparently others) assumed that it was a straight-faced, deadpan joke. If you wrote the article, perhaps you are into fantasy-role-playing and like to feign a belief in the events of Animal Farm; if so, I am sorry if we hurt your feelings. If you actually believe that the events in "Animal Farm" are real events, then I am concerned about you. Perhaps you simply feel that rich, substantial works of fantasy (Tolkien, the Harry Potter books, etc). deserve to be treated as if they were real, with individual articles on individual events, characters, artifacts, etc. If so, I respectfully disagree. A final problem is that the article box really presents nothing useful. A paragraph describing which specific historical event the Battle of the Cowshed corresponds to would, however, be a good addition to the Animal Farm article. [[User:dpbsmith|dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:07, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know who you are, just like you don't know who I am. But, I assure you, I KNOW PERFECTLY WELL THE BOOK IS A WORK OF FICTION! I put it were it belongs: under fictional battles. I know it is fiction.-B-101 (oh, and by "real", I meant the battle is canon. I know it didn't actually occur.)
 * We do in fact have many articles such as you describe. See, for example List of Middle-earth articles and List of Harry Potter articles. There is therefore precedent for an article on this topic. However, the article in it's current form is not acceptable, as it provides no context and says nothing except what is in the standardized box. So... delete unless enough information is added to warrant a separate article. Eric119 04:36, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay, but we don't need to delete it then. We can just add more info from the book.-B-101
 * Go ahead. It's perfectly OK to edit an article while it's being discussed in VfD. It's even encouraged. Votes often change as a result. Many VfD discussions end with people voting or changing their votes to "Keep in present form" or "Keep improved article." [[User:dpbsmith|dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:14, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the article is good enough to not be deleted. I think we should remove the deletion notice and just tweak the page a little more.-B-101
 * Keep. If you oppose fictional battles being included, discuss it up at Talk:Wikiproject Battles Rmhermen 18:54, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't oppose fictional battles. If anything, we should get more fictional battles.-B-101
 * Delete, possibly redirect. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:16, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep if content expanded. This was one of the key events in a very famous work of literature, and should be taken as encyclopedically seriously as articles on Yossarian and Winston Smith. Denni ☯ 01:21, 2004 Aug 7 (UTC)
 * I rewrote the article, so you can decide if it's good enough. However, it may need a little more tweaking.-B-101
 * Pretty good. I change my vote to keep. Eric119 03:42, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. I vote keep now that the article has been expanded. Spatch 19:30, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * As the details of the incident have been considerably expanded, my vote is now a firm keep. Would like to see an addition paragraph devoted to the outcome of the battle: what is the current command structure on the farm? Denni ☯ 22:19, 2004 Aug 8 (UTC)
 * Okay, I can try to create a new paragraph about the outcome of the battle, but what do you mean with "the current command structure on the farm"? B-101
 * Well, I'm now for keep. I guess it's okay. -- Kizor 19:36, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

command structure
What did you mean with the "current command structure of the farm"? Did you mean who was currently in charge?- B-101 19:26, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Human Casuality
My reading of the book leads me to understand that the man that Boxer hits in the head lays "lifeless" on the ground, but he is not actually dead. We are left to understand that Boxer believes that he has killed him, however quite soon afterward the book states that the man has disappeared - leading me to believe that he appeared lifeless, but actually was knocked unconscious - not killed. If anyone else agrees, we should ammend the table to the side that indicates that one human was killed.
 * Yes, you're right. I have changed it. Eric119 01:22, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Snowball revisionism
The article accurately states that Napoleon's propaganda later painted Snowball as a coward who did not participate. However, a later revision by Napoleon claimed that Snowball was actually leading the human forces and shouting "Long live humanity!" until Napoleon supposedly appeared at the climax and bit Jones on the leg while proclaiming "Death to humanity!"

title: Talk:Battle of the Cowshed


text: Talk:State Protection Authority

title: Talk:State Protection Authority


text:
Commonwealth Fund

The Commonwealth Fund is a private U.S. foundation whose stated purpose is to "promote a high-performing health care system that achieves better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency, particularly for society's most vulnerable, including low-income people, the uninsured, and people of color." It is active in a number of areas related to health care and health policy. It is led by Joseph R. Betancourt, M.D., M.P.H.

Healthcare rankings
Since 2004 it has produced reports comparing healthcare systems in high income countries using survey and administrative data from the OECD and the World Health Organization which is analyzed under five themes: access to care, the care process, administrative efficiency, equity and health-care outcomes. The United States has been assessed as worst health-care system overall among 11 high-income countries in every report, even though it spends the highest proportion of its gross domestic product on health care. In 2021 Norway, the Netherlands and Australia were the top-performing countries.

History
The Commonwealth Fund, one of the first foundations to be established by a woman, was founded in 1918 with an endowment of almost $10 million by Anna M. Harkness. The widow of Stephen V. Harkness, a principal investor in Standard Oil, Harkness wanted to "do something for the welfare of mankind." Harkness's son, Edward Stephen Harkness, became the Commonwealth Fund's first president and hired a staff of people to help him build the foundation. Edward and his wife Mary Harkness possessed a "passionate commitment to social reform" and was "determined to improve health and health services for Americans." Through additional gifts and bequests between 1918 and 1959, the Harkness family's total contribution to the fund's endowment amounted to more than $53 million. By the end of 2021 the Commonwealth Fund's endowment stands at almost $840 million.

According to the Rockefeller Archive Center, the Commonwealth Fund's "early grants supported a variety of programs while generally promoting welfare, especially child welfare." Over the years, it has given support to medical schools and to the building of hospitals and clinics. In New York City, the Commonwealth Fund and Edward Harness largely orchestrated the merger of Columbia Medical School and Presbyterian Hospital. The merger culminated in the construction of the world's first academic medical center then-called Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center of the in 1922. The Hospital continues to operate today as NewYork-Presbyterian / Columbia University Irving Medical Center which contains the Harkness Pavilion and the Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute

In the mid-1920s, the chief interest of the foundation had become public health, including mental hygiene, community health, rural hospitals, medical research, and medical education. Other grant areas included war relief, educational and legal research, and international medical fellowships.

In 1925, the Commonwealth Fund launched its international program of fellowships called the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (now the Harkness Fellowships). Until the 1990s, the fellowship was open to scholars of all academic disciplines, and included many who went on to excel in science, the arts and business.

From the late 1920s through the 1940s, the Commonwealth Fund supported the construction of rural hospitals, paving the way for the Hill-Burton Act in 1946. Following World War II, the foundation supported the development of new medical schools in the United States in an effort to address doctor shortages and meet the needs of communities lacking health care services. Other achievements include the Rochester Regional Hospital Council and the development of the Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant professions.

In the 1940s, the fund supported research by Dr. Georgios Papanikolaou that pioneered the Pap test as the basic technique for detecting cervical cancer. Refinement of cardiac catheterization into routine treatment resulted in a 1956 Nobel Prize for the Fund-supported researchers.

In the 1960s and early 1970s, the organization focused on developing urban health care systems, and in the late 1970s, worked to improve medical school curricula. In the 1980s, the Commonwealth Fund played a prominent role in the development of the patient-centered care movement and helped draw attention to the needs of older Americans.

While the Commonwealth Fund does not typically accept donations, several gifts to the foundation have increased the endowment and expanded the scope of the Commonwealth Fund's projects and programs:
 * In 1986, Jean and Harvey Picker merged $15 million in assets of the James Picker Foundation with those of the Commonwealth Fund.
 * In 1996, the Commonwealth Fund received $1.7 million from the Health Services Improvement Fund with a mandate to use the funds to improve health care coverage, access, and quality in the New York City greater metropolitan region.
 * In 1999, Floriana Hogan left $100,000 to the fund, and Frances Cooke Macgregor contributed $3.1 million to the endowment in 2002.

title: Commonwealth Fund


text:
Harkness Fellowship

The Harkness Fellowship (previously known as the Commonwealth Fund Fellowship) is a program run by the Commonwealth Fund of New York City. This fellowship was established to reciprocate the Rhodes Scholarships and enable Fellows from several countries to spend time studying in the United States.

Recipients of the scholarship include a president of the International Court of Justice; former chairman and CEO of Salomon Brothers; a former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge; the controller of BBC Radio 4; the editor of the Sunday Times; former directors of the Medical Research Council, the London School of Economics and the General Medical Council; and a vice president of Microsoft.

History
The Commonwealth Fund is a philanthropic foundation established in the United States by Anna Harkness in 1918. Her son, Edward Stephen Harkness, initiated the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships in 1925. These were intended to reciprocate the Rhodes Scholarships by enabling British graduates to study in the United States. In 1927 the scheme was widened by the creation of Dominion Fellowships available to graduates from universities in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa. In 1929 a further category of Dominion Civil Service Fellowships was established. The awards were tenable from nine to fifteen months and candidates were to be under the age of 40.

In 1961 the Fellowships were renamed the Harkness Fellowships. In addition to the Civil Service Fellowships, a new category of General Fellowships was set up, open to people in the fields of business, banking, politics, creative arts and journalism. The maximum tenure period was extended to 21 months.

Since June 1997, the activities of the Harkness Fellowships have been limited to the field of health care. The Fellowships are now considered one of the most prestigious award programs in health policy, and accept Fellows from Australia, Canada (known as Harkness Associates), France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway (as of 2009), Switzerland (as of 2009) and the United Kingdom. They are tenable for twelve months.

Current fellowship program
Harkness Fellows in Health Care Policy & Practice spend a year conducting research at American institutions such as Harvard University, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Columbia University, Stanford University, Johns Hopkins University, Kaiser Permanente, or the Veterans Health Administration. They gain an in-depth understanding of the U.S. health care system and policy challenges, enhance their research skills, and develop contacts and opportunities for ongoing international collaboration.

In addition, Fellows attend a program of seminars during the year:
 * September: Orientation and Qualitative Research Methodology Workshop
 * November: International Symposium on Healthcare Policy, bringing together Health Ministers from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States
 * February: Washington Policy Briefing held on Capitol Hill with members of the United States Congress and senior government officials
 * May: Canadian Policy Briefing on Federal and provincial health
 * June: Final Reporting Seminar and the AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting

Administration and funding
The programme is funded and administered by the Commonwealth Fund of New York City, with additional support for some Fellows coming from external bodies, namely:

 * B. Braun Stiftung and Robert Bosch Stiftung (Germany)
 * Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (Canada)
 * Careum Foundation (Switzerland)
 * Nuffield Trust and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (UK)
 * The Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (Netherlands)

Notable alumni

 * Professor David Armitage, transnational historian
 * Professor Eric Ashby, Baron Ashby, British botanist and educator
 * Professor Peter Atkins, professor of chemistry at Oxford University
 * Professor Sir Jonathan Bate, Shakespeare scholar and biographer
 * Professor Patrick Bateson, emeritus professor of ethology at Cambridge University
 * Professor Tim Beaglehole, chancellor of the Victoria University of Wellington
 * J.G. Farrell, novelist.
 * Sir Harrison Birtwistle, composer
 * Professor Colin Blakemore, neurobiologist and former chief executive of the Medical Research Council
 * Sir Ronald Bottrall, Cornish poet
 * Professor Hugh Brogan, historian and biographer
 * Sir George Malcolm Brown, geologist
 * Professor Sir Roy Calne British surgeon who performed the world's first liver, heart, and lung transplant
 * Sir Graeme Catto, president of the General Medical Council
 * Reverend Professor Sarah Coakley, Edward Mallinckrodt Jr. Professor of Divinity at the Harvard Divinity School
 * Justin Connolly, composer
 * Alistair Cooke KBE, journalist and broadcaster of Letter from America
 * Professor Sir Steven Cowley Theoretical Physicist and Director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.
 * Dr Nigel H Croft, Quality Expert, and key architect of the ISO quality management standards (ISO 9001)
 * Professor Nicholas J. Cull, historian
 * Professor Marcus Cunliffe, former visiting professor of American studies at Harvard University
 * Mark Damazer, controller of BBC Radio 4 and BBC 7
 * Sir Howard Davies, director of the London School of Economics and Political Science
 * Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, composer, conductor and Master of the Queen's Music
 * Professor Glyn Davis, vice-chancellor of the University of Melbourne
 * Stuart Devlin, goldsmith and jeweller to Her Majesty the Queen
 * Dr Jennifer Dixon, CBE, FRCP, FFPH, Chief Executive of the Health Foundation
 * Professor John Montfort Dunn, emeritus professor of political theory at King's College, Cambridge
 * Professor John Dupré, philosopher
 * Freeman Dyson, scientist
 * Sir Harold Evans, former editor of the Sunday Times
 * Sir Terry Farrell, architect of the MI6 Building
 * Professor Pamela Gillies, principal and vice-chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University
 * Fiona Godlee, editor, BMJ
 * Lawrence Goldman, historian and editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
 * Anthony Green RA, painter
 * Karl W. Gruenberg, British mathematician
 * Nigel Hall RA, sculptor and draughtsman
 * Professor Jonathan Harvey (composer)
 * Tom Hayhoe, chairman of West London NHS Trust
 * Alastair Hetherington, editor of The Guardian, 1956–1975
 * Tony Hey CBE, academic and corporate vice-president of technical computing at Microsoft
 * Dame Rosalyn Higgins, president of the International Court of Justice
 * Ronald Hilton, British-American academic who helped uncover the CIA’s clandestine preparations for the Bay of Pigs invasion
 * Professor Masud Husain FMedSci Neurologist
 * Peter Jenkins, journalist
 * The Hon. Shane Jones, New Zealand politician
 * Professor Ralph Kekwick FRS Biochemist
 * Bridget Kendall MBE, diplomatic correspondent for the BBC
 * Graeme Koehne, Australian composer and chair of the Australia Council's music board
 * Rem Koolhaas, architect and principal of OMA
 * Sally Laird, writer, editor and translator
 * Professor Nicola LeFanu, composer
 * Professor Koen Lenaerts, professor of European Law and judge at the European Court of Justice
 * Sue Lenier, English poet and playwright
 * Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill, politician
 * Michael L'Estrange AO, Australian public servant and former Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
 * Gwyneth Lewis, Welsh poet, the first National Poet for Wales
 * Professor David Lodge, British author
 * Piers Mackesy, military historian
 * Professor Roger Marsh, composer
 * Dr Martin Marshall, Chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP)
 * Sir Deryck Maughan, former chairman and CEO of Salomon Brothers
 * Keith Milow, artist
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 * Professor Dame Anne Marie Rafferty DBE, British nurse, currently Professor of Nursing Policy Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London and President of the Royal College of Nursing, UK.
 * Peter Sands, Group Chief Executive of Standard Chartered plc
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 * Adrian Wooldridge, Washington bureau chief and "Lexington" columnist for The Economist
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 * Professor Sir Erik Christopher Zeeman, mathematician
 * Ruth Louisa Cohen CBE, economist
 * Professor Christina Pagel, Health services researcher and mathematician, Director of the UCL Clinical Operational Research Unit

title: Harkness Fellowship


text:
Cer (mountain)

Cer is a mountain in western Serbia, 30 kilometers from Šabac, 100 kilometers west of Belgrade. The highest peak has an elevation of 689 m above sea level. Cer is rich in the Turkey oak forests after which it was named.

History
During World War I, the Battle of Cer was fought on Cer, in which Serbian forces defeated Austria-Hungary. The Cer Memorial is located in Tekeriš, a village on the southeastern slopes of the mountain, where the battle took place on August 15-19, 1914.

title: Cer (mountain)


text: Category:Dumplings

title: Category:Dumplings