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Vernacular architecture

Vernacular architecture (also folk architecture) is building done outside any academic tradition, and without professional guidance. It is not a particular architectural movement or style, but rather a broad category, encompassing a wide range and variety of building types, with differing methods of construction, from around the world, both historical and extant and classical and modern. Vernacular architecture constitutes 95% of the world's built environment, as estimated in 1995 by Amos Rapoport, as measured against the small percentage of new buildings every year designed by architects and built by engineers.

Vernacular architecture usually serves immediate, local needs, is constrained by the materials available in its particular region and reflects local traditions and cultural practices. The study of vernacular architecture does not examine formally schooled architects, but instead that of the design skills and tradition of local builders, who were rarely given any attribution for the work. More recently, vernacular architecture has been examined by designers and the building industry in an effort to be more energy conscious with contemporary design and construction—part of a broader interest in sustainable design.

As of 1986, even among scholars publishing in the field, the exact boundaries of "vernacular" have not been clear.

 * This issue of definition, apparently so simple, has proven to be one of the most serious problems for advocates of vernacular architecture and landscapes research. A straightforward, convincing, authoritative definition has not yet been offered. Vernacular architecture is a phenomenon that many understand intuitively but that few are able to define. The literature on the subject is thus filled with what might be called non-definitions. Vernacular architecture is non-high style building, it is those structures not designed by professionals; it is not monumental; it is un-sophisticated; it is mere building; it is, according to the distinguished historian Nikolaus Pevsner, not architecture. Those who take a more positive approach rely on adjectives like ordinary, everyday, and commonplace. While these terms are not as pejorative as other descriptive phrases that are sometimes applied to the vernacular, neither are they very precise. For example, the skyscrapers of Manhattan are works of high style architecture, but they are also commonplace in Manhattan. Are they not logically New York City vernacular buildings?

Vernacular architecture tends to be overlooked in traditional histories of design. It is not a stylistic description, much less one specific style, so it cannot be summarized in terms of easy-to-understand patterns, characteristics, materials, or elements. Because of the usage of traditional building methods and local builders, vernacular buildings are considered cultural expressions—aboriginal, indigenous, ancestral, rural, ethnic, or regional—as much as architectural artifacts.

Evolution of the phrase

The term vernacular means 'domestic, native, indigenous', from verna 'native slave' or 'home-born slave'. The word probably derives from an older Etruscan word.

The term is borrowed from linguistics, where vernacular refers to language use particular to a time, place, or group.

The phrase dates to at least 1857, when it was used by Sir George Gilbert Scott, as the focus of the first chapter of his book "Remarks on Secular & Domestic Architecture, Present & Future", and in a paper read to an architectural society in Leicester in October of that year. As a proponent of the Gothic Revival movement in England, Scott used the term as a pejorative to refer to the "prevailing architecture" in England of the time, all of it, as opposed to the Gothic he wanted to introduce. In this "vernacular" category Scott included St Paul's Cathedral, Greenwich Hospital, London, and Castle Howard, although admitting their relative nobility.

The term was popularized with positive connotations in a 1964 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, designed by architect Bernard Rudofsky, with a subsequent book. Both were called Architecture Without Architects. Featuring dramatic black-and-white photography of vernacular buildings around the world, the exhibition was extremely popular. Rudofsky brought the concept into the eye of the public and of mainstream architecture, and also kept the definitions loose: he wrote that the exhibition "attempts to break down our narrow concepts of the art of building by introducing the unfamiliar world of nonpedigree architecture.  It is so little known that we don't even have a name for it.  For want of a generic label we shall call it vernacular, anonymous, spontaneous, indigenous, rural, as the case may be." The book was a reminder of the legitimacy and "hard-won knowledge" inherent in vernacular buildings, from Polish salt-caves to gigantic Syrian water wheels to Moroccan desert fortresses and was considered iconoclastic at the time.

The term "commercial vernacular" was popularized in the late 1960s by the publication of Learning from Las Vegas by Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, referring to 20th-century American suburban tract and commercial architecture.

Although vernacular architecture might be designed by people who do have some training in design, in 1971 Ronald Brunskill nonetheless defined vernacular architecture as: "...a building designed by an amateur without any training in design; the individual will have been guided by a series of conventions built up in his locality, paying little attention to what may be fashionable. The function of the building would be the dominant factor, aesthetic considerations, though present to some small degree, being quite minimal. Local materials would be used as a matter of course, other materials being chosen and imported quite exceptionally."

In the Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World edited in 1997 by Paul Oliver of the Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development. Oliver argued that vernacular architecture, given the insights it gives into issues of environmental adaptation, will be necessary in the future to "ensure sustainability in both cultural and economic terms beyond the short term." The encyclopedia defined the field of vernacular architecture as: "comprising the dwellings and all other buildings of the people. Related to their environmental contexts and available resources they are customarily owner- or community-built, utilizing traditional technologies. All forms of vernacular architecture are built to meet specific needs, accommodating the values, economies and ways of life of the cultures that produce them."

In 2007 Allen Noble wrote a lengthy discussion of the relevant terms, in Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions. Noble concluded that "folk architecture" is built by "persons not professionally trained in building arts." "Vernacular architecture" is "of the common people", but may be built by trained professionals, using local, traditional designs and materials. "Traditional architecture" is architecture passed down from person to person, generation to generation, particularly orally, but at any level of society, not just by common people. "Primitive architecture" is a term Noble discourages the use of. The term popular architecture is used more in Eastern Europe and is synonymous with folk or vernacular architecture.

Vernacular and the architect
Architecture designed by professional architects is usually not considered to be vernacular. Indeed, it can be argued that the very process of consciously designing a building makes it not vernacular. Paul Oliver, in his book Dwellings, states: "it is contended that 'popular architecture' designed by professional architects or commercial builders for popular use, does not come within the compass of the vernacular". Oliver also offers the following simple definition of vernacular architecture: "the architecture of the people, and by the people, but not for the people."

Frank Lloyd Wright described vernacular architecture as "Folk building growing in response to actual needs, fitted into environment by people who knew no better than to fit them with native feeling". suggesting that it is a primitive form of design, lacking intelligent thought, but he also stated that it was "for us better worth study than all the highly self-conscious academic attempts at the beautiful throughout Europe".

Since at least the Arts and Crafts Movement, many modern architects have studied vernacular buildings and claimed to draw inspiration from them, including aspects of the vernacular in their designs. In 1946, the Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy was appointed to design the town of New Gourna near Luxor. Having studied traditional Nubian settlements and technologies, he incorporated the traditional mud brick vaults of the Nubian settlements in his designs. The experiment failed, due to a variety of social and economic reasons.

Sri Lankan architect Geoffrey Bawa is considered the pioneer of regional modernism in South Asia. Along with him, modern proponents of the use of the vernacular in architectural design include Charles Correa, a well known Indian architect; Muzharul Islam and Bashirul Haq, internationally known Bangladeshi architects; Balkrishna Doshi, another Indian, who established the Vastu-Shilpa Foundation in Ahmedabad to research the vernacular architecture of the region; and Sheila Sri Prakash who has used rural Indian architecture as an inspiration for innovations in environmental and socio-economically sustainable design and planning. The Dutch architect Aldo van Eyck was also a proponent of vernacular architecture, as were Samuel Mockbee, Christopher Alexander, and Paolo Soleri.

Oliver claims that: "As yet there is no clearly defined and specialized discipline for the study of dwellings or the larger compass of vernacular architecture. If such a discipline were to emerge it would probably be one that combines some of the elements of both architecture and anthropology with aspects of history and geography."

Architects have developed a renewed interest in vernacular architecture as a model for sustainable design. Contemporary complementary architecture is informed largely by vernacular architecture.

Influences on the vernacular
Vernacular architecture is influenced by a great range of different aspects of human behaviour and environment, leading to differing building forms for almost every different context; even neighbouring villages may have subtly different approaches to the construction and use of their dwellings, even if they at first appear the same. Despite these variations, every building is subject to the same laws of physics, and hence will demonstrate significant similarities in structural forms.

Climate
One of the most significant influences on vernacular architecture is the macro climate of the area in which the building is constructed. Buildings in cold climates invariably have high thermal mass or significant amounts of insulation. They are usually sealed in order to prevent heat loss, and openings such as windows tend to be small or even absent altogether. Buildings in warm climates, by contrast, tend to be constructed of lighter materials and to allow significant cross ventilation through openings in the fabric of the building.

Buildings for a continental climate must be able to cope with significant variations in temperature and may even be altered by their occupants according to the seasons. In hot arid and semi-arid regions, vernacular structures typically include a number of distinctive elements to provide for ventilation and temperature control. Across the middle east, these elements included such design features as courtyard gardens with water features, screen walls, reflected light, mashrabiya (the distinctive oriel window with timber latticework) and bad girs (wind-catchers). Buildings take different forms depending on precipitation levels in the region – leading to dwellings on stilts in many regions with frequent flooding or rainy monsoon seasons. For example, the Queenslander is an elevated weatherboard house with a sloped, tin roof that evolved in the early 19th-century as a solution to the annual flooding caused by monsoonal rain in Australia's northern states. Flat roofs are rare in areas with high levels of precipitation. Similarly, areas with high winds will lead to specialised buildings able to cope with them, and buildings tend to present minimal surface area to prevailing winds and are often situated low on the landscape to minimise potential storm damage.

Climatic influences on vernacular architecture are substantial and can be extremely complex. Mediterranean vernacular, and that of much of the Middle East, often includes a courtyard with a fountain or pond; air cooled by water mist and evaporation is drawn through the building by the natural ventilation set up by the building form. Similarly, Northern African vernacular often has very high thermal mass and small windows to keep the occupants cool, and in many cases also includes chimneys, not for fires but to draw air through the internal spaces. Such specializations are not designed but learned by trial and error over generations of building construction, often existing long before the scientific theories which explain why they work. Vernacular architecture is also used for the purposes of local citizens.

Culture
The way of life of building occupants, and the way they use their shelters, is of great influence on building forms. The size of family units, who shares which spaces, how food is prepared and eaten, how people interact, and many other cultural considerations will affect the layout and size of dwellings.

For example, the family units of several East African ethnic communities live in family compounds, surrounded by marked boundaries, in which separate single-roomed dwellings are built to house different members of the family. In polygamous communities there may be separate dwellings for different wives, and more again for sons who are too old to share space with the women of the family. Social interaction within the family is governed by, and privacy is provided by, the separation between the structures in which family members live. By contrast, in Western Europe, such separation is accomplished inside one dwelling, by dividing the building into separate rooms.

Culture also has a great influence on the appearance of vernacular buildings, as occupants often decorate buildings in accordance with local customs and beliefs.

Nomadic dwellings

There are many cultures around the world which include some aspect of nomadic life, and they have all developed vernacular solutions for the need for shelter. These all include appropriate responses to climate and customs of their inhabitants, including practicalities of simple construction such as huts, and if necessary, transport such as tents.

The Inuit have a number of different forms of shelter appropriate to different seasons and geographical locations, including the igloo (for winter) and the tupiq (for summer). The Sami of Northern Europe, who live in climates similar to those experienced by the Inuit, have developed different shelters appropriate to their culture including the lavvu and goahti. The development of different solutions in similar circumstances because of cultural influences is typical of vernacular architecture.

Many nomadic people use materials common in the local environment to construct temporary dwellings, such as the Punan of Sarawak who use palm fronds, or the Ituri Pygmies who use saplings and mongongo leaves to construct domed huts. Other cultures reuse materials, transporting them with them as they move. Examples of this are the tribes of Mongolia, who carry their gers (yurts) with them, or the black desert tents of the Qashgai in Iran. Notable in each case is the significant impact of the availability of materials and the availability of pack animals or other forms of transport on the ultimate form of the shelters.

All the shelters are adapted to suit the local climate. The Mongolian gers (yurts), for example, are versatile enough to be cool in hot continental summers and warm in the sub-zero temperatures of Mongolian winters and include a close-able ventilation hole at the centre and a chimney for a stove. A ger is typically not often relocated, and is therefore sturdy and secure, including wooden front door and several layers of coverings. A traditional Berber tent, by contrast, might be relocated daily, and is much lighter and quicker to erect and dismantle – and because of the climate it is used in, does not need to provide the same degree of protection from the elements.

Permanent dwellings

The type of structure and materials used for a dwelling vary depending on how permanent it is. Frequently moved nomadic structures will be lightweight and simple, more permanent ones will be less so. When people settle somewhere permanently, the architecture of their dwellings will change to reflect that.

Materials used will become heavier, more solid and more durable. They may also become more complicated and more expensive, as the capital and labour required to construct them is a one-time cost. Permanent dwellings often offer a greater degree of protection and shelter from the elements. In some cases, however, where dwellings are subjected to severe weather conditions such as frequent flooding or high winds, buildings may be deliberately "designed" to fail and be replaced, rather than requiring the uneconomical or even impossible structures needed to withstand them. The collapse of a relatively flimsy, lightweight structure is also less likely to cause serious injury than a heavy structure.

Over time, dwellings' architecture may come to reflect a very specific geographical locale.

Environment, construction elements and materials
The local environment and the construction materials it can provide, govern many aspects of vernacular architecture. Areas rich in trees will develop a wooden vernacular, while areas without much wood may use mud or stone. In early California redwood water towers supporting redwood tanks and enclosed by redwood siding (tankhouses) were part of a self-contained wind-powered domestic water system. In the Far East it is common to use bamboo, as it is both plentiful and versatile. Vernacular, almost by definition, is sustainable, and will not exhaust the local resources. If it is not sustainable, it is not suitable for its local context, and cannot be vernacular.

Construction elements and materials frequently found in vernacular buildings include:
 * Adobe – a type of mud brick, often covered with white-wash, commonly used in Spain and Spanish colonies
 * Cob – a type of plaster made from subsoil with the addition of fibrous material to give added strength
 * Mashrabiya (also known as shanashol in Iraq) – a type of oriel window with timber lattice-work, designed to allow ventilation, commonly found in Iraq and Egypt in upper-class homes
 * Mud bricks – loam or sand mixed with water and vegetable matter such as straw
 * Rammed earth often used in foundations
 * Saddleback roof
 * Thatch – dry vegetation used as roofing material
 * Windcatcher – a type of chimney used to provide natural ventilation without the use of air conditioning, commonly found in Iran, Iraq and other parts of the Middle-East
 * Wychert – a blend of white earth and clay

Legal aspects
As many jurisdictions introduce tougher building codes and zoning regulations, "folk architects" sometimes find themselves in conflict with the local authorities.

A case that made news in Russia was that of an Arkhangelsk entrepreneur Nikolay P. Sutyagin, who built what was reportedly the world's tallest single-family wooden house for himself and his family, only to see it condemned as a fire hazard. The 13-storey, 144 ft tall structure, known locally as "Sutyagin's skyscraper" (Небоскрёб Сутягина), was found to be in violation of Arkhangelsk building codes, and in 2008 the courts ordered the building to be demolished by 1 February 2009. On 26 December 2008, the tower was pulled down, and the remainder was dismantled manually over the course of the next several months.

Types and examples by region

Inter-regional
 * Bender tent – a temporary dwelling used by Nomadic people
 * Stilt house – a raised house found in monsoonal regions, especially monsoonal South Asia or other areas prone to flooding

Brazil
 * Bustee – a dwelling made from waste materials, often associated with the slums of India or the favellas of Brazil

Canada
 * Canadian Railway style – Railway stations built in Canada in the 19th and early 20th centuries were often simple wood structures that lacked decorative features. Some of these stations survive today but not as active railway stations.

Iraq
 * Desert castles – (in Arabic, known as q'sar) fortified palaces or castles built during the Umayyad period, the ruins of which are now scattered across the semi-arid regions of north-eastern Jordan, Syria, Israel, Palestine and Iraq. These often served as hunting lodges for noble families.
 * Mudhif – a traditional building constructed entirely of reeds and common to the Marsh Arabs of southern Iraq. Many were destroyed by Saddam Hussein, but since 2003, Arab communities have been returning to their traditional homes and way of life.

Germany
 * Gulf house
 * Low German house
 * Middle German house
 * Old Frisian farmhouse

Indonesia

Israel
 * Sukkah – a temporary dwelling for use during the Jewish holiday of Sukkot. A sukkah must be made of organic materials, have three walls, and must have a roof that is partially open to the sky. The roof is typically made of branches or thatch.
 * Four room house – Iron Age structures constructed of mud and stone.
 * Wild Bau cladding style – the practice of repurposing rubble from Israeli structures destroyed during wars and terrorist attacks in masonry, especially in Katamon.

Italy
 * Alpine 'barn' houses – dwellings built on the storey above the ground floor, which housed cattle during winter
 * Dammuso (Dammusu) – dry stone housing of Pantelleria
 * Sassi di Matera – cave dwellings
 * Trullo – dry stone hut-shaped house with a conical roof

Norway

Philippines
 * Torogan sleeping house in Mindanao, Philippines

Scotland

 * Bastle house – a multi-storey, fortified farmhouse with sophisticated security measures designed to provide defense against the frequent raiding parties along the Scottish border.
 * Blackhouse – a traditional dry-stone wall building, roofed with thatch of turf, a flagstone floor and central hearth, designed to accommodate livestock and people, separated by a partition.
 * Crofters' cottage – a simple construction of stone walls filled with earth for insulation, a thatched or turf roof and stone slabs were set into the middle of the room for a peat fire which provided some form of central heating. An unusual croft house Brotchie's Steading, Dunnet was built with whale bone couples.
 * Cruck house – a medieval structure designed to cope with shortages of long-span timber. The frame of the structure uses "siles" or "couples" (a type of fork) for the end walls. The walls do not support the roof, which is instead carried on the cruck frame. This type of building is common throughout England, Scotland and Wales, although only a few intact examples have survived.
 * Shieling – a type of temporary hut (or a collection of huts) constructed of stone, sod and turf used as a dwelling during the summer months when highlanders took their livestock to higher ground in search of new pasture.
 * Tower house or peel tower – a medieval building, typically of stone, constructed by the aristocratic classes as a defensible residence.
 * Turf house – e.g. East Ayrshire, Medieval turf house

Spain
 * Adobe house – mudbrick buildings found in Spain and Spanish colonies

United States
 * Creole architecture in the United States – a type of house or cottage common along the Gulf Coast and associated rivers, especially in southern Louisiana and Mississippi.
 * Earth lodge – a subterranean dwelling used by the Native Americans of the Great Plains
 * Hogan – traditional dwelling of Navajo people
 * Earl A. Young (born 31 March 1889 – 24 May 1975) was an American architect, realtor and insurance agent. Over a span of 52 years, he designed and built 31 structures in Charlevoix, Michigan but was never a registered architect. He worked mostly in stone, using limestone, fieldstone, and boulders he found throughout Northern Michigan. The homes are commonly referred to as gnome homes, mushroom houses, or Hobbit houses.  His door, window, roof and fireplace designs were very distinct because of his use of curved lines. Young's goal was to show that a small stone house could be as impressive as a castle. Young also helped make Charlevoix the busy, summer resort town that it is today.

Ukraine

Different regions in Ukraine have their own examples of vernacular architecture. For example, in the Carpathian Mountains and the surrounding foothills, wood and clay are the primary traditional building materials. Ukrainian architecture is preserved at the Museum of Folk Architecture and Way of Life of Central Naddnipryanshchyna located in Pereiaslav, Ukraine.

Sources and further reading

 * Large format.
 * Clifton-Taylor pioneered the study of the English vernacular.
 * Glassie, Henry. "Architects, Vernacular Traditions, and Society" Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, Vol 1, 1990, 9-21
 * Mark Jarzombek, Architecture of First Societies: A Global Perspective, (New York: Wiley & Sons, August 2013)
 * Carl Pruscha, Austrian architect and United Nations-UNESCO advisor to the government of Nepal, lived and worked in the Himalayas 1964–74. He continued his activities as head of the design studio "Habitat, Environment and Conservation" at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna.
 * Schittich, Christian, ed. (2019). Vernacular Architecture: Atlas for Living Throughout the World. Basle: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-0356-1631-6
 * Upton, Dell and John Michael Vlach, eds. Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1986. ISBN 0-8203-0749-1.
 * Wharton, David. "Roadside Architecture." Southern Spaces, 1 February 2005, archived
 * Mark Jarzombek, Architecture of First Societies: A Global Perspective, (New York: Wiley & Sons, August 2013)
 * Carl Pruscha, Austrian architect and United Nations-UNESCO advisor to the government of Nepal, lived and worked in the Himalayas 1964–74. He continued his activities as head of the design studio "Habitat, Environment and Conservation" at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna.
 * Schittich, Christian, ed. (2019). Vernacular Architecture: Atlas for Living Throughout the World. Basle: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-0356-1631-6
 * Upton, Dell and John Michael Vlach, eds. Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1986. ISBN 0-8203-0749-1.
 * Wharton, David. "Roadside Architecture." Southern Spaces, 1 February 2005, archived
 * Carl Pruscha, Austrian architect and United Nations-UNESCO advisor to the government of Nepal, lived and worked in the Himalayas 1964–74. He continued his activities as head of the design studio "Habitat, Environment and Conservation" at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna.
 * Schittich, Christian, ed. (2019). Vernacular Architecture: Atlas for Living Throughout the World. Basle: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-0356-1631-6
 * Upton, Dell and John Michael Vlach, eds. Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1986. ISBN 0-8203-0749-1.
 * Wharton, David. "Roadside Architecture." Southern Spaces, 1 February 2005, archived
 * Schittich, Christian, ed. (2019). Vernacular Architecture: Atlas for Living Throughout the World. Basle: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-0356-1631-6
 * Upton, Dell and John Michael Vlach, eds. Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1986. ISBN 0-8203-0749-1.
 * Wharton, David. "Roadside Architecture." Southern Spaces, 1 February 2005, archived

title: Vernacular architecture


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Talk:Władysław III of Poland

King Vladislaus or Wladislaus (never Ladislaus)
The king name was Władysław in Polish and was also spelled: Wladislaus (early Latinized version) or Vladislaus (late Latin and English version), never Ladislaus. This shoud be corrected. Below is a sample of original documents sign by the Vladislaus kings. Althout the form Wladislaus was used more often, in my opinion Vladislaus is much better here, beacuse it is more modern version and more English. Vladislaus Rex 00:33, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

King Vladislaus I the Short (Władysław I Łokietek)

 * 27.02.1298: Wladislaus Dei gracia, dux Regni Polonie et dominus Pomerania, Cuiavie, Lancicie as Siradie
 * 7.03.1298: Wladislaus ...
 * 1.09.1999: Wladislaus ...

King Vladislaus II Jagiello (Władysław II Jagiełło)

 * 3.05.1386: Wladislaus Dei gracia rex Polonie Litwanieque princeps supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 30.09.1388: Wladislaus Dei gracia rex Polonie necnon terrarum Cracouie, Sandomirie, Syradia, Lancicie, Cuiauie, Lithuanie princeps supremus, Pomoranie Russieque dominus et heres etc.
 * 22.04.1389: Wladislaus ...
 * 28.01.1392: Wladislaus ...
 * 10.05.1394: Wladislaus ...
 * 11.04.1409: Wlodislaus (sic! with o) ...
 * 12.12.1410: Wladislaus ...
 * 17.07.1416: Wladislaus ...
 * 6.09.1422: Wladislavs (sic! with v)...
 * 24.06.1425: Wladislaus ...

King Vladislaus III of Varna (Władysław III Warneńczyk)

 * 21.12.1436: Wladislaus Dei gratia rex Polonie Lithwanieque princeps supremus et heres Russie
 * 16.12.1438: Wladislaus Tercius Dei gracia rex Polonie necnon terrarum Cracouie, Sandomirie, Syradie, Lancicie, Cuiauie, Lithwanieque princeps supremus, Pomeranie Russie dominus et heres et cetera
 * 5.03.1440: Wladislaus Tercius ...
 * 5.03.1440: Wladislaus Tercius ...
 * 11.06.1443: Wladislaus Dei gracia Hungarie, Polonie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. rex Litwanieque princes supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 11.06.1443: Wladislaus ...
 * 17.04.1444: Wladislaus ...
 * 19.04.1444: Wladislaus Dei gracia Polonie, Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. rex Lithwaniaque princeps supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 18.08.1444: Wladislaus Dei gracia Polonie, Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. tex necnon terrarum Cracouie, Samdomirie, Syradie, Lancicie, Cuyauie, Lithwanie princeps supremus, Pomeranie, Russieque dominus et heres etc.
 * 18.08.1444: Wladislaus ...
 * 27.08.1444: Wladislaus

King Vladislaus IV Vasa (Władysław IV Waza)

 * 20.02.1633: Vladislaus Quartus Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Livoniaeque, necnon Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque haereditarius rex, electus magnus dux Moschoviae
 * 12.03.1633: Wladislaus Quartus ...
 * 14.08.1634: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 17.03.1637: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 24.03.1637: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 7.05.1638: Vladislaus IV ...
 * 30.09.1641: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 24.03.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 16.05.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 16.05.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 1.09.1647: Vladislaus Quartus ...

Wonder about the current, very Polish name of this article
This guy, Vladislaus III of Varna is also monarch of Hungary. Not only of Poland. Currently, this article resides under Władysław III of Varna. I cannot see why a king of Hungary should have a Polish spelling in en-Wiki, when there are more neutral alternatives such as "Vladislas" available, neither Polish nor Hungarian. A different issue altogether is which of his two realms is the "higher title" or "more important kingdom" meant in Wikipedia naming conventions. However, this cannot continue under that Polish variant of the first name, and with all those diacritical letters (not welcome to Hungarians nor to English-speakers) which are not easy to link to. Marrtel 22:13, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Please join the discussion at for example Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (names and titles) Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Polish rulers) aaaaand enjoy. Szopen 07:22, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Name as it appears in encyclopedias and dictionaries
Here's how this monarch is listed in the reference works which I have easy access to. If anyone has more to add to the list, please feel free! --Elonka 20:39, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Encyclopedias

 * Władysław III (1979 Encyclopedia Britannica)
 * Wladyslaw III Warnenczyk (Online Britannica)
 * Ladislaus III, king of Poland (Online Columbia)
 * Władysław III (Encarta)

Dictionaries

 * Wladyslaw III (Warnenczyk), Sokol's Polish Biographical Dictionary

Other academic reference works

 * King Władysław III, Poland, an Illustrated History, Pogonowski
 * Władysław III of Varna, King of Poland, A Concise History of Poland

Name consensus?
Whatever name is decided on, can someone at least make the page title and bolded name in the first sentence agree? I don't care to pick the wrong one and get people complaining about it, so someone with a bit more of an understanding of it, fix it please? -Bbik 05:57, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Image?
That image (bearded king) should be removed. No way the king looked that way. He died at 20, so... it is for sure a later not realistic image. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.212.224.248 (talk) 15:18, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually there is no proof the king died at 20 and there appears to exist proof that he was alive and well in 1472 living in Madeira see LEOPOLD KIELANOWSKI, A ODISSEIA DE LADISLAU O VARNENSE, DIRECÇÃO REGIONAL DOS ASSUNTOS CULTURAIS, FUNCHAL 1996. A letter written by Nicolau Floris from Lisbon in 1472 to the Master of the Teutonic Knights was found in the archives of the Teutonic Knights and it says: "Vladislaus, rex Poloniae et Ungariae vivit in insulis regni Portugaliae". Furthermore Wawrzyniec Hederway, informed the imperial court that he received a letter dated October 1445 sealed with Vladislau's Royal Seal stating that he was on his way to Cyprus and planned to return to Poland. The descendants of Henrique Alemao proved to the Portuguese court in 1586 that they were descendants of the King of Poland.Colombo.bz (talk) 23:48, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Strange Claim
This strange and unsourced claim towards the end of the biography section..."(contemporary opinions, quoted by Jan Długosz, suggested that he was homosexual)." Can anyone shed some light on this claim? A link or source to Długosz's quotes or to anything related? Thanks. Otherwise I'm not sure if it belongs in the article. Dr. Dan (talk) 17:23, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

B-class review
This article is currently at start/C class, but could be improved to B-class if it had more (inline) citations. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 23:27, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

Picture
What's with the picture change? It's not like the new one is contemporary to his time or anything. I feel the Bacciarelli version fits better, it shows him as he is most famous (with a crown and in armor), and matches well with the other articles that have Bacciarelli paintings for the main image. § — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.68.72.98 (talk) 05:43, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

Descent of Vladislaus I from Bela IV
The table at List of Hungarian monarchs notes that Vladislaus I (aka Władysław III of Poland) is a "fourth great-grandson of Béla IV". I've been poking around his genealogy a bit and don't see any obvious lines of descent from Bela to him -- it all seems to be Jagellions and Rurikids and even though I know the Arpads and Rurikids intermarried I can't find a direct link. Does anyone know what this refers to? --Jfruh (talk) 20:11, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 11 April 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (non-admin closure) Vpab15 (talk) 14:43, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

Władysław III of Poland → Władysław III Jagiellon – This article is about a Polish King, the Supreme Duke of Lithuania, King of Hungary, and King of Croatia, so such title as "Władysław III of Poland" is misleading and exaggerates Poland for no reason. I suggest moving and renaming his article to Władysław III Jagiellon. This way he would be called identically as his brother Casimir IV Jagiellon, who inherited his titles after his death, and would be neutral, presenting himself only as a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty. Name Władysław III Jagiellon is widely used in the English language texts (e.g. HERE). -- Po  fk  a  (talk) 13:48, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Firstly, the reasoning is faulty. It is by no means misleading to call him "Władysław III of Poland"; he was, after all, the third Władysław to rule as king of Poland. He was not the third Władysław to rule Lithuania. Secondly, Poland is not highlighted for no reason. It is in the title because it is the kingdom with which he is most commonly associated in English language historiography; see WP:SOVEREIGN, and compare with Charles I of England. Thirdly and most importantly, "Władysław III Jagiellon" is not the most common name for him in English language historiography. If anything, I would suggest moving to plain Władysław III, as it is unambiguous and concise (again per WP:SOVEREIGN). Surtsicna (talk) 15:28, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * He inherited the Lithuanian title by birth (as contrary to the Polish crown which he did not received automatically by birth as the eldest son of Jogaila as the Polish nobles firstly had to recognize him as King). The Jagiellonian dynasty (they are equally called as Gediminids as well, from whom nobody before Jogaila were crowned as Kings of Poland) is a Lithuanian dynasty from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which began ruling Poland, starting with Jogaila (who firstly began to rule as a Grand Duke of Lithuania). Just because X version is the more frequent version doesn't make the X as better. Instead, the right version must be used. Poland is incomparably larger than Lithuania, Hungary, Croatia (the latter three certainly do not cooperate to publish publications about Władysław III Jagiellon). Władysław is his baptismal name which is not connected with the Polish crown by no means. Jogaila (his father) was baptized as Władysław II Jagiełło since a pagan was not allowed to be crowned as a Catholic King of Poland, however his original (pagan Lithuanian) name is Jogaila. The Polish–Lithuanian unions were agreed as between equal partners, so calling a Lithuanian dynasty ruler as "of Poland" is absolutely inappropriate, therefore even the Polish Wikipedia do not use such name. Do not compare the Polish-Lithuanian rulers to something from England/Great Britain as England always was a clear dominant there. Although, if, for example, a English-French union was formed as between equal partners with one ruler he certainly would have not been called as "of England" or "of France" as it would have violated the equality of the union and torn it into pieces (though, I'm not sure if it happened before in English-French relations). So whatever the final decision will be: Władysław III or Władysław III Jagiellon, the removal of a tag "of Poland" from his name is a must in this case as it falsely denies the equality of Poland and Lithuania. One of the finest examples which showcases equality of Poland and Lithuania in this case is his 1438 Royal Seal: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Warne%C5%84czyk_seal_1438.PNG as in it the Polish Eagle and coat of arms of Lithuania – Vytis (Pahonia) are positioned equally high above everything else (even the coat of arms of Hungary). -- Po  fk  a  (talk) 18:30, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Please spare us walls of patriotic text. This is not about his ethnicity. He is by far more commonly associated with Poland in English language (and general European) historiography. That is beyond any dispute. The "of Poland" suffix is merely there for concise disambiguation. It is not nearly as dramatic as you appear to see it. Surtsicna (talk) 19:29, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * It is virtually incorrect and it was added by somebody who attempted to twist history or based his thoughts on poor sources. Read about equality between Poland and Lithuania at the article of the Union of Horodło of 1413, which was signed by Władysław III Jagiellon's father Jogaila: "The Lithuanian nobles and clergy were granted equal rights with the Polish nobility and clergy". The common Polish-Lithuanian rulers were neither "of Lithuania", neither "of Poland". There is a reason the Polish–Lithuanian unions culminated with the Union of Lublin of 1569 which created the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (a dual state). It does not matter if it is dramatic or not as if it is incorrect - it must be removed. Such suffixes were not used historically, therefore they violate the Neutral point of view rule. -- Po  fk  a  (talk) 20:00, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * A vast majority of English-speaking (and European) historians name Władysław king of Poland first. This is not a diplomatic incident of any sort, and you are taking this too personally. Patriotism should be turned off when logging into Wikipedia. Surtsicna (talk) 20:34, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Suggesting to name a double-ruler in a neutral name is not patriotism, it's anti-patriotism which is according to the Neutral point of view. I see that you are pushing patriotic emotions here much more than myself, which violates NPoV. There are no other Władysław III monarchs anywhere in the entire world, so such suffix is just a result of over-patriotism by somebody. It does not matter if some pro-Polish historiography, written in English, calls it like that as they are not obliged to the NPoV rule, but we in Wikipedia are. -- Po  fk  a  (talk) 17:04, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Oppose (not listed as "Jagiellon" in Polish Wikipedia) but would support [in order of preference] Władysław III Warneńczyk, per entry in Polish Wikipedia and britannica.com, or the name's Anglicized form Władysław III of Varna. The current main title header, Władysław III of Poland, as well as its short form, Władysław III, are both incomplete disambiguations since Władysław III Laskonogi, Anglicized as Władysław III Spindleshanks, was also a Polish monarch. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 19:20, 12 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Warneńczyk (Anglicized as "of Varna") is a neutral name and I would support it as well. This historical title was given to him because he died in Varna, fighting the Ottomans (see: Battle of Varna). Bitannica.com is an excellent example of this name recognition. I never heard of Władysław III Spindleshanks, but now it is yet another argument why Władysław III of Poland cannot be named like that as it creates confusion between these two rulers and Władysław III Spindleshanks would be much more suitable for a title "of Poland" as he ruled Poland only. About "not listed as "Jagiellon" in Polish Wikipedia", well then the Polish Wikipedia has clear flaws as he was the biggest Jagiellon of all the Jagiellonians (the eldest son of Jogaila himself, who started the Jagiellonian dynasty branch of the Gediminids). --  Po  fk  a  (talk) 16:48, 14 April 2021 (UTC)
 * What does it matter what he is called on Polish Wikipedia? What authority does Polish Wikipedia have over this Wikipedia? Surtsicna (talk) 20:51, 14 April 2021 (UTC)
 * There is no authority, but it was used it as an example that even the neutral Polish historiography calls him as Warnenczyk (of Varna). This version of his name gained approval in this discussion as well. -- Po  fk  a  (talk) 10:35, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Standard naming convention is currently used. Lembit Staan (talk) 05:44, 13 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment. "Władysław III Jagiellon" isn't common at all, "Władysław III of Varna" is used far more often. However, current name is consistent with Wikipedia guidelines (see WP:SOVEREIGN). KtosKto64 (talk) 03:08, 16 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment: Both KtosKto64 (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedysta:KtosKto64) and Lembit Staan (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedysta:Lembit_Staan) are Poles, so by knowing it and reading their opinion it is clear that they do not attempt to seek Neutral point of view. The final decision must be done by a non-Pole, non-Lithuanian, non-Hungarian, non-Croatian. It is clear from this discussion that Wikipedians from other countries agree that the name should be changed into something else as "of Poland" is not accurate. -- Po  fk  a  (talk) 10:31, 17 April 2021 (UTC)
 * This project does not recognize ethnicity as defining the value of one's contribution or argument. This comment shows just how misguided this whole proposal is.Surtsicna (talk) 13:29, 17 April 2021 (UTC)
 * You are using ad personam arguments and assuming bad faith. I have simply pointed out that current name fits Wikipedia guidelines − there are multiple examples of simmilarly named rulers who held multiple titles (Charles II of England, Philip II of Spain, Henry IV of France, Oscar I of Sweden, Coloman, King of Hungary etc.). Perhaps the best example would be Louis I of Hungary, who was also the king of Poland, Hungary and Croatia. KtosKto64 (talk) 00:44, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Władysław III of Poland


text:
Endplay

An endplay (also throw-in), in bridge and similar games, is a tactical play where a defender is put on lead at a strategic moment, and then has to make a play that loses one or more tricks. Most commonly the losing play either constitutes a free finesse, or else it gives declarer a ruff and discard. In a case where declarer has no entries to dummy (or to his own hand), the defender may also be endplayed into leading a suit which can be won in that hand.

Example
For example, South is declarer in 6 and West leads the diamond king. If the adverse spades are divided 2-1, there are 12 certain tricks (six spade tricks, two hearts, one diamond and three clubs) and the possibility of a 13th by correctly guessing the two-way finesse (or dropping the queen) in hearts. But if the spades are 3-0, declarer will need an endplay to avoid the heart guess.

He should start by winning the diamond ace and ruffing a diamond in dummy, then cash the spade ace and spade king. If this reveals a 3-0 trump split, he now ruffs another diamond in dummy. If this is not overruffed, the contract is now assured.

Declarer's now plays the king, ace, and queen of clubs, discarding a heart from dummy to reach the end position shown below:

Declarer exits with a spade, and whoever wins is endplayed. If the defender leads a heart, North-South must make three heart tricks; if a club or diamond, declarer will ruff in one hand and discard a heart from the other, making an extra trump trick. Or if the defender has fewer than three clubs and chooses to ruff before the above position is reached, he is likewise endplayed, having to lead a heart or a diamond.

Combining Endplay and Squeeze
A strip squeeze is a particular kind of squeeze that is based on endplaying the squeezed defender.

title: Endplay


text:
Herminie Templeton Kavanagh

Herminie Templeton Kavanagh (6 May 1861 – 30 October 1933) was an Irish writer, most known for her short stories.

Early life and family
She was born Minnie Allen McGibney at the British army barracks in Aldershot, England, on 6 May 1861. She was the second of seven children born to Major George McGibney from Templemichael, County Longford, Ireland, and Caroline Allen from Coventry, England.

The family moved to Quebec, Canada in 1872. By 1880 Minnie lived in Manhattan with her widowed mother and six siblings and worked as a sales clerk. Her first marriage was to vaudeville performer John Templeton. An article in the Chicago Tribune later stated that she had been abandoned by her first husband in Chicago circa 1893. After their separation, Minnie worked in Chicago as a clerk and stenographer. She adopted the name Herminie some time before 1900, and published her fist writing in 1901.

She became Herminie Templeton Kavanagh after her second marriage, to Marcus Kavanagh. Marcus Kavanagh (1859–1937), born in the USA to Irish immigrants, served as a Cook County judge in Chicago from 1898 to 1935. Accounts differ on how they met, as well as where and when they married, ranging from 1905 to 1908 in Dublin or Iowa.

She and Judge Kavanagh lived together in Chicago and Ocean Grove, New Jersey.

Works
Her best known work, Darby O'Gill and the Good People (ISBN 0-9666701-0-8), was first published as a series of stories under the name Herminie Templeton in McClure's magazine in 1901–1902, before being published as a book in the United States in 1903. A second edition, published a year before her death, was under the name Herminie T. Kavanagh. The Good People in the title refers to the fairies in Irish mythology; the English translation of aoine maithe is good people.

Her second published book, Ashes of Old Wishes and Other Darby O'Gill Tales (ISBN 0-8369-4018-0), was published in 1926. In 1959, Walt Disney released a film based on these two books, called Darby O'Gill and the Little People.

She also wrote two plays, The Color Sergeant (1903), and Swift-Wing of the Cherokee (1903).

Death
She died of a heart ailment in Chicago on 30 October 1933, aged 72. She was buried in New York, her former home.

title: Herminie Templeton Kavanagh


text:
Talk:Władysław II the Exile

King Vladislaus or Wladislaus (never Ladislaus)
The king name was Władysław in Polish and was also spelled: Wladislaus (early Latinized version) or Vladislaus (late Latin and English version), never Ladislaus. This shoud be corrected. Below is a sample of original documents sign by the Vladislaus kings. Althout the form Wladislaus was used more often, in my opinion Vladislaus is much better here, beacuse it is more modern version and more English. Vladislaus Rex 00:33, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

King Vladislaus I the Short (Władysław I Łokietek)

 * 27.02.1298: Wladislaus Dei gracia, dux Regni Polonie et dominus Pomerania, Cuiavie, Lancicie as Siradie
 * 7.03.1298: Wladislaus ...
 * 1.09.1999: Wladislaus ...

King Vladislaus II Jagiello (Władysław II Jagiełło)

 * 3.05.1386: Wladislaus Dei gracia rex Polonie Litwanieque princeps supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 30.09.1388: Wladislaus Dei gracia rex Polonie necnon terrarum Cracouie, Sandomirie, Syradia, Lancicie, Cuiauie, Lithuanie princeps supremus, Pomoranie Russieque dominus et heres etc.
 * 22.04.1389: Wladislaus ...
 * 28.01.1392: Wladislaus ...
 * 10.05.1394: Wladislaus ...
 * 11.04.1409: Wlodislaus (sic! with o) ...
 * 12.12.1410: Wladislaus ...
 * 17.07.1416: Wladislaus ...
 * 6.09.1422: Wladislavs (sic! with v)...
 * 24.06.1425: Wladislaus ...

King Vladislaus III of Varna (Władysław III Warneńczyk)

 * 21.12.1436: Wladislaus Dei gratia rex Polonie Lithwanieque princeps supremus et heres Russie
 * 16.12.1438: Wladislaus Tercius Dei gracia rex Polonie necnon terrarum Cracouie, Sandomirie, Syradie, Lancicie, Cuiauie, Lithwanieque princeps supremus, Pomeranie Russie dominus et heres et cetera
 * 5.03.1440: Wladislaus Tercius ...
 * 5.03.1440: Wladislaus Tercius ...
 * 11.06.1443: Wladislaus Dei gracia Hungarie, Polonie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. rex Litwanieque princes supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 11.06.1443: Wladislaus ...
 * 17.04.1444: Wladislaus ...
 * 19.04.1444: Wladislaus Dei gracia Polonie, Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. rex Lithwaniaque princeps supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 18.08.1444: Wladislaus Dei gracia Polonie, Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. tex necnon terrarum Cracouie, Samdomirie, Syradie, Lancicie, Cuyauie, Lithwanie princeps supremus, Pomeranie, Russieque dominus et heres etc.
 * 18.08.1444: Wladislaus ...
 * 27.08.1444: Wladislaus

King Vladislaus IV Vasa (Władysław IV Waza)

 * 20.02.1633: Vladislaus Quartus Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Livoniaeque, necnon Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque haereditarius rex, electus magnus dux Moschoviae
 * 12.03.1633: Wladislaus Quartus ...
 * 14.08.1634: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 17.03.1637: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 24.03.1637: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 7.05.1638: Vladislaus IV ...
 * 30.09.1641: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 24.03.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 16.05.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 16.05.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 1.09.1647: Vladislaus Quartus ...

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Augustus II the Strong which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:00, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Władysław II the Exile


text:
Talk:Ladislav

King Vladislaus or Wladislaus (never Ladislaus)
The king name was Władysław in Polish and was also spelled: Wladislaus (early Latinized version) or Vladislaus (late Latin and English version), never Ladislaus. This shoud be corrected. Below is a sample of original documents sign by the Vladislaus kings. Althout the form Wladislaus was used more often, in my opinion Vladislaus is much better here, beacuse it is more modern version and more English. Vladislaus Rex 00:33, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Not true - the king name was WŁODZISŁAW in Polish. Today Polish form Władysław is Czech influence/borrowing. /Pmazi —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.139.30.36 (talk • contribs) 05:23, November 4, 2006

King Vladislaus I the Short (Władysław I Łokietek)

 * 27.02.1298: Wladislaus Dei gracia, dux Regni Polonie et dominus Pomerania, Cuiavie, Lancicie as Siradie
 * 7.03.1298: Wladislaus ...
 * 1.09.1999: Wladislaus ...

King Vladislaus II Jagiello (Władysław II Jagiełło)

 * 3.05.1386: Wladislaus Dei gracia rex Polonie Litwanieque princeps supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 30.09.1388: Wladislaus Dei gracia rex Polonie necnon terrarum Cracouie, Sandomirie, Syradia, Lancicie, Cuiauie, Lithuanie princeps supremus, Pomoranie Russieque dominus et heres etc.
 * 22.04.1389: Wladislaus ...
 * 28.01.1392: Wladislaus ...
 * 10.05.1394: Wladislaus ...
 * 11.04.1409: Wlodislaus (sic! with o) ...
 * 12.12.1410: Wladislaus ...
 * 17.07.1416: Wladislaus ...
 * 6.09.1422: Wladislavs (sic! with v)...
 * 24.06.1425: Wladislaus ...

King Vladislaus III of Varna (Władysław III Warneńczyk)

 * 21.12.1436: Wladislaus Dei gratia rex Polonie Lithwanieque princeps supremus et heres Russie
 * 16.12.1438: Wladislaus Tercius Dei gracia rex Polonie necnon terrarum Cracouie, Sandomirie, Syradie, Lancicie, Cuiauie, Lithwanieque princeps supremus, Pomeranie Russie dominus et heres et cetera
 * 5.03.1440: Wladislaus Tercius ...
 * 5.03.1440: Wladislaus Tercius ...
 * 11.06.1443: Wladislaus Dei gracia Hungarie, Polonie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. rex Litwanieque princes supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 11.06.1443: Wladislaus ...
 * 17.04.1444: Wladislaus ...
 * 19.04.1444: Wladislaus Dei gracia Polonie, Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. rex Lithwaniaque princeps supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 18.08.1444: Wladislaus Dei gracia Polonie, Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. tex necnon terrarum Cracouie, Samdomirie, Syradie, Lancicie, Cuyauie, Lithwanie princeps supremus, Pomeranie, Russieque dominus et heres etc.
 * 18.08.1444: Wladislaus ...
 * 27.08.1444: Wladislaus

King Vladislaus IV Vasa (Władysław IV Waza)

 * 20.02.1633: Vladislaus Quartus Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Livoniaeque, necnon Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque haereditarius rex, electus magnus dux Moschoviae
 * 12.03.1633: Wladislaus Quartus ...
 * 14.08.1634: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 17.03.1637: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 24.03.1637: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 7.05.1638: Vladislaus IV ...
 * 30.09.1641: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 24.03.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 16.05.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 16.05.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 1.09.1647: Vladislaus Quartus ...

Vladislaus vs. Ladislaus
I've certainly seen historians (e.g. Norman Davies) use the version Ladislaus. Stop changing the articles, please. Ausir 00:49, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

For me Ladislaus seems to be a speling error. How about an article at Vladislaus, Ladislaus being a redirect?? Vladislaus Rex 00:50, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Google returns much more "Ladislaus" than "Vladislaus" results. It seems that both latinized versions were in use. Ladislaus is more common in google searches, so it should IMHO be kept as the main name for the articles, but Vladislaus/Wladislaus/Ladislas (this version is also common in google) versions should be created as redirects. Ausir 00:51, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

How many of these google returns are about the Polish kings??? Should we promote an error, just beacase it is widespread?? Ladislaus looks like a German version of the name, not English at all. Vladislaus Rex 00:58, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

It might have been borrowed from German, but it is indeed the most common version in English language usage nowadays. The Wikipedia naming policy is to use the most common English language versions. And a google search for "king ladislaus" also gives more results than "king vladislaus". Ausir 01:01, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Please look at Ladislaus disambig. Maybe the Ladislaus name was used in Bohemia and Hungary, but certainly not in Poland. Vladislaus Rex 01:08, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Actually, I don't seem to find any uses of Ladislaus for Bohemian rulers, but I do for Polish and Hungarian ones. Here are google search results:

Ladislaus - 15,100 Vladislaus - 801 Wladislaus - 741 Vladislav - 117,000 (mostly because it's still a modern spelling of the Czech name and a transliteration of the Russian name) Ladislas - 12,600 Wladyslaw - 58,200 (mostly because it's a modern Polish name)

Ladislaus, Poland - 4,450 Vladislaus, Poland - 215 Wladislaus, Poland - 417 Vladislav, Poland - 11,500 (see above) Ladislas, Poland - 2,040 Wladyslaw, Poland - 26,100(see above)

"king Ladislaus" - 805 "king Vladislaus" - 232 "king Wladislaus" - 75 "king Vladislav" - 563 "king Ladislas" - 690 "king Wladyslaw" - 561

"Ladislaus of Poland" - 66 "Vladislaus of Poland" - none "Wladislaus of Poland" - 6 "Vladislav of Poland" - 18 "Ladislas of Poland" - 138 "Wladyslaw of Poland" - 36

"Ladislaus I of Poland" - 211 "Vladislaus I of Poland" - none "Wladislaus I of Poland" - none "Vladislav I of Poland" - 24 "Ladislas I of Poland" - 76 "Wladyslaw I of Poland" - 30

Ausir 01:24, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Please try also: Wladislaus, Vladislav, Ladislas Vladislaus Rex 01:40, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Added more examples and changed to English language search results only. As you can see, the most common spelling for the names of Polish kings in the English language is Ladislaus/Ladislas, then Vladislav, and only then the versions you proposed. It might not be a correct latin version, but it is currently an English version of this name (when monarchs are considered). Ausir 02:03, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Vladislav IV, king of Poland -wiki (English only)

Ladislaus IV, king of Poland - 1,860 Vladislav IV, king of Poland - 1,650 Ladislaus IV, king of Poland - 1,090 Wladislaw IV, king of Poland - 812 Wladislaus IV, king of Poland - 265 Vladislaus IV, king of Poland - 98

The names with initial W- and V- are pretty good present in the English language internet. Aproximetelly half of the hits begin with L-. So we have to choose, deciding which form is right. In my opinion the rights form is Vladislaus or Wladislaus; Ladislaus/Ladislas although present in internet sources is clearly an error. Wikipedia should promote the right names, and that why I recommend the Vladislaus forms. Vladislaus Rex 02:32, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I think the Ladislaus hits represent the Hungarian kings, and the Wladislaus hits show the Polish kings in most cases. Vladislaus Rex 02:34, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I've seen the L-version used by English-speaking historians, like Norman Davies. Apparently, the version Ladislaus is currently the most common equivalent of Władysław/Vladislav/Ulaszlo, whether you like it or not, and whether it is correct latin or not. English Wikipedia uses the English language names, not Polish or Latin ones, even if they are derived from those sources. Would you call "Cracow" an error just because it is spelt differently than the version it is derived from? It just happens to be the English name for Kraków. And for using different versions for rulers of Hungary and Poland, some of the Ladislauses were rulers of more than one of those three (Poland, Bohemia, Hungary) countries, so there has to be a common naming convention for all of these. We don't have to choose which version is correct, because all of these versions are. THe question is - which one is the most common? And in most google searches it is Ladislaus. Ausir 02:54, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Another way to test is to find the best modern histories of Poland by an English-speaking historians, and just do what they do. Google is not entirely trustworthy on tricky technical points of transliteration - it is possible for lots of people to have cloned the same bad info. A better version of the test is to search Amazon's book list, effectively gives you the collective wisdom of authors, editors, and factcheckers. Stan

I've checked with Norman Davies, currently the best known English language writer of Polish history books, and he uses Ladislaus. Ausir 07:56, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Britannica also uses Ladislaus. Ausir 07:48, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'd like to point out a problem with using Ladislaus as the English form of Władysław. It's that Ladislaus is also being used for a different name - László in Hungarian. Thus we could have two separate kings of Hungary referred to as Ladislaus II: both II. László (1162-63) and II. Ulászló (1490-1516). Maybe both Hungarian names derive from the same Polish name, but nevertheless there are different names in Hungarian and this difference needs to be expressed somehow in any anglicised form. I notice on the Ladislaus disambiguation page that II László isn't even listed - so clearly there is some confusion caused by this naming convention Scott Moore 17:31, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Naming, revisited
I did some counts at Talk:Wladislaus_I_Herman_of_Poland and the most popular variant is Vladislav where this disambig should be moved. Google search indicates there is no common English spelling, with the three most popular variants being Vladislav (1m), Ladislav (800k) and Wladyslaw/Władysław (400k). Out of the latinized versions, Ladislaus is the most popular one with 111,000 hits. As I explained on the W.Herman talk page, in the case of Polish kings Władysław is the best choice. I have done similar research on the pages about other Polish kings and the most logical answer seems to be the following formula: Polish first name, roman numeral, second name in English if nickname, in Polish if a proper surname. I plan to move all Polish kings to their new, better names soon, and I recommend adoption of a similar scheme for all European kings.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 02:40, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Piping
I see a lot of discussion here about these people having multiple monikers; and the names of the target pages not agreeing with some people's preferences; but I read nothing here about piping the links i.e. hiding the actual name of the page. I think this is a mistake (and I think it also goes against the spirit and style of disambiguation pages). I suggest the links should be unpiped (and also bypass any redirects) so the text of the link is the name of the page. If that person is known by more than one name, those names can be listed along with whatever other information is necessary for a reader to find the page heir looking for. Forexample:

 * László I 1077–1095 = Saint László
 * László II 1162–1163

could become:

 * Ladislaus I of Hungary 1077–1095, László I, Saint László
 * Ladislaus II of Hungary 1162–1163, László II

Ewlyahoocom 18:54, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I am sorry, apparently my original comments on this page did not actually post. Thank you for responding anyway.  I am not convinced by the opposition to piping.  It is sometimes highly desirable and indeed required by the style or content of the text.  Wikipedia entries do not always list things in optimal fashion, and sometimes they may be quite out of place.  Consider, for example Theodore I Ducas found in various articles on medieval Greece.  This is (or was) the Wikipedia entry, but in fact there was no second Theodore, the name Ducas really ought to be rendered Doukas by ODB standards, and finally he generally used the names Komnenos Doukas, while actually belonging to the Angelos family.  Obviously, piping here is highly desirable.

 * As to the content of the Ladislaus disambiguation page. I do not think there should be a problem with the piping here.  The entry is Ladislaus, which means we do not have to repeat this form (which is in all but one case technically incorrect) for every person listed in the tabulation below.  A reader who has reached this point or followed a link from it would know that Ladislaus is one of the forms of the respective person's name.  Supplying the actual Wikipedia entry seems to me a little redundant and messy.  For example, since the disambiguation entry is Ladislaus, and the kings of Hungary are listed under "Kings of Hungary", there is no reason to show

 * Ladislaus I of Hungary 1077–1095, László I, Saint László instead of:
 * László I 1077–1095 = Saint László.

 * This would get much messier if he were ruler of other states (e.g., also king of Bohemia and duke of Austria).

 * Moreover, in the increasingly culturally sensitive climate of modern usage, the largely artificial form Ladislaus is increasingly out of place. Why does a king of Poland or a king of Hungary merit less consideration than a modern Polish or Hungarian crewman on a movie set?  Furthermore, modern English usage is extremely inconsistent.  Encyclopaedia Britannica may have listed such rulers under Ladislaus in its 11th edition, but then how does one distinguish between a László and an Ulászló?  By creating an even more artificial form?  In current standard reference works one finds:

 * Ladislas of Austria and Naples, Vladislav of Bulgaria, Vladislav and Ladislas of Bohemia, Władysław of Poland, Ladislas and Vladislas of Hungary (Morby, Dynasties of the World Oxford University Press, 2002) or

 * Ladislas of Austria and Naples, Vladislav and Ladislas of Bohemia, Ladislas and Vladislav of Hungary, Vladislav of Poland and Bulgaria (Tapsell, Monarchs Rulers Dynasties and Kingdoms of the World, Facts on File, 1983) or

 * Vladislav and Ladislav of Bohemia, Vladislav of Bulgaria, László and Ulászló of Hungary, Ladislas of Naples, Władysław of Poland (Ross, Rulers and Governments of the World, Bowker, 1978). This last publication makes a point of following the modern vernacular forms (with the exception of Ladislas of Naples).

 * While I realize that it would be difficult and unadvisable to change the titles of actual Wikipedia entries, especially since some of the bearers of the name reigned in more than one realm. I think that on this disambiguation page the simplest and clearest usage would be to list rulers according to region, with a miminum of visible forms represented (e.g., the fifth Ladislaus of Hungary is László V, who was also Ladislav as king of Bohemia and Ladislaus as duke of Austria), while the piped link would lead to the appropriate Wikipedia entry.  This seems less messy, more precise (given distinction between forms even in the same language), and more culturally sensitive.  In fact, using the standardized vernacular forms is the only way to achieve a consistent usage, which cannot be achieved by the arbitrary form Ladislaus or any recourse to medieval Latin (which itself was inconsistent in the treatment of such forms).  That being said, I am open to further discussion of this issue.  Imladjov 19:53, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

OK, let me see if I understand you correctly: you find it "highly desirable and indeed required" to have Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary linked on this page 3 different times with 3 different texts (László V, Ladislaus, Ladislav) and never as the actual name of the article? Ewlyahoocom 16:23, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, Ladislaus Postumus is a ruler of three separate entities. A person seeking to consult Wikipedia on him may not be aware to look under Ladislaus of Bohemia and Hungary, wherever that may be found in a list in which he would be mentioned only once.  Consequently, I think it is clearer to have a separate section for each monarchy, and each ruler listed there.  The actual title of the article not appearing does not cause any problem, as long as the terms are linked up correctly.  László V, Ladislav, and Ladislaus all link up to the same Wikipedia entry.  And if one wants to see the title of that entry at a glance, all one has to do is place the cursor over the link.  It seems to me that a disambiguation page should be simple and unambiguous, and that is best achieved by a consistent tabulation by monarchy plus the necessary minimum of name forms and other information.  And that seems best achieved by piping.  Best, Imladjov 01:06, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

what other wikis say
Hungarian: "A László férfinév a szláv Vladislav névből fejlődött Ladiszló, Ladszló, Lacló, László alakokon keresztül. A szláv név elemeinek jelentése: hatalom és dicsőség."

Polish: "Władysław lub Ładysław - imię męskie pochodzenia słowiańskiego. Wywodzi się od słowa oznaczającego 'ten, który zawładnął sławą'. Istnieje teoria, iż jest to pierwotnie imię bułgarskie, zapożyczone przez Węgry do Polski i za pośrednictwem polskim zaszczepione w Czechach. Na polskim gruncie powstała również inna forma tego imienia, bardziej dostosowana do specyfiki jęz. polskiego: Włodzisław. Nie jest możliwe określenie, która z tych form pojawiła się w Polsce wcześniej."

German: "Die Herkunft ist aus dem slawischen Raum und bedeutet in der wortwörtlichen Übersetztung 'Ruhm und Macht'. Eine Theorie besagt, dass der Name ursprünglich aus dem Bulgarische Sprache entlehnt wurde und später nach Ungarn und Polen gelangte. Die Tschechen haben den Namen durch Polen vermittelt bekommen. Im polnischen Sprachgebraucht existiert noch die alternative Form Włodzisław. Welche der beiden Formen zuerst in Polen benutzt wurde ist nicht bekannt."

The origin of the name is in Slavonic languages and their region. The literal translation is "Fame and Power". There is a theory that the name was originally loaned from ancient non-Slavic Bolgar language in Ukraine and taken later to Poland and Hungary. The Czechs have received the name from Poland. In Polish usage there however existed an alternative form, Wlodzislaw (though it is unknown which of the two forms was firstly used in proto-Polish). Shilkanni 17:40, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * This is a disambiguation page. While it lists the variants of the name in various vernaculars, is this really the place to detail hypotheses about linguistic borrowing?  Moreover, this is highly suspect.  I see that you took out the blatantly wrong assertion that the origin of the name came from non-Slavic Bolgar in your edit to the actual page, but I think it is quite questionable whether the name was borrowed into Czech from Polish.  The name occurs earlier in the Czech (well, Moravian) ruling elite than in the Polish.  I am not sure this paragraph (in whatever) form really belongs in the actual article. Imladjov 19:04, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * This is no longer a pure disambig page. And it is well allowed to dvelop this page further. This could as well be the article (the report) of research knowledge about the origins and the use of the name Ladislaus. Its article name certainly is fitting for that purpose. (If someone wants a pure disambig page, it c/should be at Ladislaus (disambiguation)) Shilkanni 23:04, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Fine, but even so, the paragraph you inserted contains various inaccuracies as I pointed out above and as noted by Cyon (below). Given that it becomes worthless: the phrasing "origin of the name is in Slavonic languages and their region" is of questionable style and at any rate covered more precisely by noting that the name is Slavic.  The path of borrowing from Polish to Czech is both unproved and unlikely.  The direct path from any language in Ukraine to Polish and Hungarian likewise.  The existence of the alternative Polish form is already noted in the intro.  The translation "Fame and Power" is inaccurate as Cyon pointed out below.  While the translation of the two elements in the name is clear enough ("rule" or "ruling" and either "glory" or "Slavs"), it would be difficult to provide an unassailable precise translation.  Given all the problems with this paragraph, I am editing it out. Imladjov 13:50, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I am sorry, but you obviously got it wrong. First, not non-Slavic Bolgar language, but Slavic Bulgarian language. I guess the assumption of such an origin of the name was made because of a certain phonetic feature: the proto-Slavic phonetic group *vold had different continuations in different Slavic languages. The Bulgarian (and OCS) had vlad, Polish has włod (which was earlier equal to vlod), and Eastern Slavic volod. Another name with this morphem is Vladimir (which is OCS form used in Russian), compare Polish Włodzimierz and Ukrainian (which uses native Eastern Slavic form) Volodymyr. The form Władysław simply doesn't conform to rules of Polish historical phonology and that's why it is regarded to be a borrowing. It wouldn't be unreasonable to expect it to be borrowed to Poland via Ukraine, because there were many loanwords in Eastern Slavonic from OCS due to liturgical use of the latter in orthodox church - but in fact, both Polish and German verisons you cited don't mention Ukraine, but Hungary. And last, the name doesn't literally mean "Fame and Power" although it is a compound of two morphemes of similar meaning (one of which is usually regarded to be verbal, in Polish version above: "He who rules over fame"). Another possibility is that the name was borrowed from Czech or Moravian (which share form vlad with Bulgarian), or to be more exact the underlying word: Polish władza ('power'), władać ('to rule') in comparison to Polish native forms włodarz (originally: 'ruler'), włości (originally 'things that are ruled' = 'estate'). Cyon 21:33, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Ladislaus (disambiguation) - proposed page move
I spent some time today trying to sort out several variations of Wladyslaw III, Ladislaus II, and so forth. While adding disambiguation notes to various pages, it became clear to me that Wikipedia badly needs a Ladislaus (disambiguation) page. The question is now, whether to just move this Ladislaus page to the new name, or start up a separate disambiguation page (I created one today, which is temporarily redirecting here). Does anyone have an opinion on "start a new disambig page" vs. "move this one"? --Elonka 23:27, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

move this page
in my opinion move this one is the best idea —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zawada (talk • contribs) 00:22, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Oppose speedy deletion
I see a "speedy deletion" banner on the front side of this page. eEven if there are no pages pointing to "Ladislav", that name could be entered manually in a search, and sending such a user over to Ladislaus (disambiguation) is a help. — Tonymec (talk) 22:42, 16 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ladislav


text:
Melbourne tram route 112

Melbourne tram route 112 was operated by Yarra Trams on the Melbourne tram network from West Preston to St Kilda. The 18 kilometre route was operated out of East Preston depot with A, B and D2 class trams.

The route number was introduced in 2000, and was discontinued on 27 July 2014 as part of a wider timetable change to the Yarra Trams network. This saw route 112 replaced by routes 11 and 12.

History
The origins of route 112 lie in separate tram lines, a cable tram from Spencer Street to Fitzroy North, an electric line from Fitzroy North to West Preston and an electric line from the CBD to Fitzroy Street, St Kilda (partially built utilising a former cable line).

A cable line was opened from Spencer Street to Barkly Street, Fitzroy North along Collins Street, MacArthur Street, Gisborne Street, Victoria Parade, Brunswick Street and St Georges Road on 2 October 1886, by the Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company.

After World War I, the municipal Fitzroy, Northcote & Preston Tramways Trust constructed a stand-alone electric tram system, running from the cable tram terminus at Barkly Street, Fitzroy North, over the Merri Creek bridge, and up St Georges Road. Two branches split off at Miller Street, one to East Preston, the other to West Preston, up Gilbert Street to Regent Street, the terminus of the current route 11. The lines were taken over by the newly formed Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB) before the first services ran, opening on 1 April 1920. This network was connected to the rest of the electric system and the CBD on 24 March 1925, when an east–west line from Lygon Street, Brunswick along Holden Street (with a dogleg up Pilkington Street and Barkly Street) was built.

On 31 October 1925, a new route to St Kilda via South Melbourne was opened by the MMTB, travelling from St Kilda Road along Sturt Street, Eastern Road, Heather Street, Park Street, Clarendon Street, Albert Road, Canterbury Road, Mills Street, Danks Street, Patterson Street, Park Street, Mary Street and Beaconsfield Parade.

In 1929, the MMTB started converting the Collins Street cable lines to electric traction, with the last cable tram running down Collins Street on 14 September 1929, and the first electric tram on 8 December 1929. The remaining section of cable tram track along Brunswick Street and St Georges Road was converted to electric traction by the MMTB on 26 October 1930, connecting the West Preston electric line to Collins Street.

The South Melbourne cable line was converted to electric traction by the MMTB on 25 July 1937, with the section of track between Clarendon Street and Hanna Street (now Kings Way) along City Road abandoned in favour of a new section of track along Clarendon Street, between City Road and Flinders Street. This allowed trams to travel from St Kilda to Collins Street, along Clarendon Street and Spencer Street.

On 8 November 1959, the track along Mary Street and Beaconsfield Parade, St Kilda West was abandoned in favour of a short extension along Park Street to Fitzroy Street, St Kilda, route 112's final terminus.

From the 1950s until 1992, this line ran mainly as two separate routes which overlapped along Collins Street. Route 12, ran from the Fitzroy Street, St Kilda terminus to St Vincent's Plaza, with the destinations being 'South Melbourne - St Kilda Beach' and 'City - Brunswick Street' respectively. Route 11 was similar to the current route, running from West Preston to the city, terminating at Spencer Street, where trams would reverse. The destinations were simply 'West Preston' and 'City'. A route 10 also operated out of peak hours, which traversed the whole line from West Preston to St Kilda Beach.

Route 10 was discontinued after 29 April 1995, with only routes 11 and 12 operating. In mid-2000, W-class trams were temporarily removed from service due to brake issues. As a result, on 7 August 2000, route 112 was introduced to replace routes 11 and 12 during weekdays, and was essentially a new number for the old route 10. It later (believed to be 9 September 2001) became a full-day service with route 11 becoming peak-hour only and route 12 withdrawn.

In 2005, route 112 was part of the Think>Tram project, with measures aimed at improving tram services introduced to Clarendon Street, South Melbourne.

On 27 July 2014, route 112 was withdrawn and replaced by routes 11 and 12. This was part of the program by Yarra Trams to simplify the network and increase passenger capacity.

Description
Route 112 ran from West Preston south on Gilbert Road, turning east at Miller Street and south onto St Georges Road. It then traversed the suburbs of Thornbury, Northcote and Fitzroy North. At Edinburgh Gardens it turned into Brunswick Street and continued south into Fitzroy. It turn west into Victoria Parade, passing through St Vincent's Plaza, East Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, the Eye & Ear Hospital and then turned south onto Gisborne Street. It then continue south west along MacArthur Street and turned west into Collins Street, entering the CBD, passing Melbourne Town Hall and City Square.

It turned south from Collins Street into Spencer Street, passing Southern Cross station. It then crossed the Yarra River and entered Southbank on Clarendon Street where it traversed through South Melbourne. It turned south west at Albert Road, passing the Melbourne Sports & Aquatic Centre, it turned south-east briefly onto Canterbury Road, Albert Park and turned south-west into Mills Street, and finally south-east into Danks Street, Middle Park, Patterson Street and Park Street, where it continued and arrives at its terminus at Fitzroy Street, St Kilda.

Operation
Route 112 was operated out of East Preston depot with A1, B1 class, B2 class and D2 class trams.

title: Melbourne tram route 112


text:
Lizard Point (Queensland)

Lizard Point, Queensland is a rocky outcrop between Mount Steamer and Mount Roberts. It offers great panoramic views of the Main Range National Park, Boonah and other Scenic Rim areas.

title: Lizard Point (Queensland)


text:
The Weirdos

The Weirdos are an American punk rock band from Los Angeles. They formed in 1975, split-up in 1981, re-grouped in 1986 and have remained semi-active ever since. Critic Mark Deming calls them "quite simply, one of the best and brightest American bands of punk's first wave."

Formation
The band was formed in 1975 by singer John Denney and his guitarist brother Dix (sons of Hollywood actress Nora Denney), initially using the band names the Barbies and the Luxurious Adults. The Weirdos were originally a 1950s-inspired hard rock and roll band that, like the Ramones in New York City, predated the UK punk scene. While initially trying to distance themselves from the genre name "punk" that was created in New York, ultimately the band, in the words of John Denney, "just kinda became more like this punk ROCK N ROLL type thing and we kinda went with it because the fans wanted it. They wore us down and we just said 'OK, fine! We're punk rock, similar to the Ramones. Whatever you say.'"

In a 1990 Flipside interview, John Denney listed the Ramones, New York Dolls and Iggy Pop as fundamental musical inspirations, adding: "When we saw the Ramones in '76, we already had short hair and we were already playing fast music like that in late 1975 in small venues and halls mostly, but the Ramones really made us decide to go for it even more. We came before the Sex Pistols and The Damned. They may have been our peers later, but we already had a set of songs in 1975 which were sort of Ramones meets Iggy Pop's Stooges influenced punk songs. Well before any of the UK bands started cloning America's punk sound and before any of the UK albums were released. I always felt we were a true garage punk band..."

Denney claimed that the band's name dated from the early part of the 1970s and referred to his countercultural short hair, at a time when long hair on men was the fashion of the day. "In 1974 according to some left over hippies, I looked like a lobotomy, hippies thought I was weird," Denney said. "A few months later when we formed, the rest of the band got really short cropped hair too. "We were all weird then, we were considered weirdos".

By the second half of 1977, the Weirdos were able to pack clubs (eventually including the Whisky a Go Go, The Roxy and later The Masque) as a headlining band. Known for their zany stage costumes and antics, the band helped shape the vigorous and experimental early Los Angeles punk scene and served as an inspiration to a crop of new bands.

John Denney recalled: "We [Los Angeles] had our own look, our own sound. It was apart from New York or London.... We were staunchly against safety pins, we tried to parody punk rock at first. We did happy faces onstage as a joke sometimes, which was the exact opposite of what New York was doing. We were just thumbing our noses at everything. Everything was a joke; punk was a joke, we were a joke. Nonetheless, we were still serious about rocking."

Recordings
The Weirdos' first release was a 7-inch EP, "Destroy All Music," released in 1977 on Greg Shaw's Bomp! Records. It was followed by the 1978 single "We Got the Neutron Bomb," released on the Los Angeles punk label Dangerhouse. The band later released two 12-inch EPs in 1979 and 1980.

The band were highly critical of some of their recordings and shady engineers, with John Denney characterizing the 1979-80 period as "a big botch job" marked by a series of "aborted recording sessions." It was not until 1991 that a first volume of early recordings would be remixed by the band for release by Frontier Records as a compilation album, Weird World - Volume One 1977-1981. More than another decade would pass before a long-planned second compilation album of early tracks would see the light of day, issued by Frontier in 2003 as We Got The Neutron Bomb - Weird World Volume Two 1977-1989.

Personnel
The Denney brothers were the only constant members, though guitarist/bassist Cliff Roman, bassist Dave Trout and Bruce Moreland (also of Wall of Voodoo), and drummer Nickey "Beat" Alexander were relatively long-term Weirdos.

Dix Denney died on March 12, 2023, at the age of 65.

Breakup and legacy
The Weirdos broke up in 1981. Shortly after, Dix and John Denney published the album Warhead under the project name If-Then-Else. That same year Dix, Williams (bass) and Cliff Martinez, who briefly drummed for the band played on and co-wrote Lydia Lunch's second solo album 13.13

Martinez, went on to join the Red Hot Chili Peppers, playing on the latter's first two albums. Dix Denney was also close to becoming a member of the Chili Peppers. However, after many practices with Denney, things didn't work out and he was replaced by guitarist Jack Sherman.

LA-based rock band Symbol Six stated that the Weirdos were one of their biggest formative influences, and covered "The Hideout'" which appeared on their self-titled 2013 album on Dr. Strange Records, even creating a tribute video for the song that honored the Weirdos.

Reformations
The Weirdos have reunited several times, beginning in 1990. The resulting first full-length studio album, Condor, issued that year by Frontier, was an effort to "re-establish ourselves as contemporary," according to John Denney.

A 2004 reunion included Circle Jerks bassist Zander Schloss and the Skulls drummer Sean Antillon in the lineup.

Another reformed edition of the Weirdos, featuring the Denney brothers, Schloss and Devo drummer Jeff Friedl, appeared at the Punk Rock Bowling and Music Festival in Las Vegas on May 25, 2013, followed by additional 2013-2014 shows in California, Denver and Austin, as well as an appearance at the Dangerhouse Records Night concert on November 29, 2014, at the Echoplex in Los Angeles.

In 2016, Bruce Moreland, the bassist from the 1978 version of the Weirdos, rejoined the band.

Studio albums

 * Condor (1990, Frontier)
 * Live on Radio (2008, Frontier)

Singles and EPs

 * "Destroy All Music" 7-inch EP (1977, Bomp!)
 * "We Got the Neutron Bomb" 7-inch single (1978, Dangerhouse)
 * "Skateboards to Hell" 7-inch single as Dix Denney and John Denney (1979, self-released)
 * Who? What? When? Where? Why? 12-inch EP (1979, Bomp!)
 * Action-Design 12-inch EP (1980, Rhino)
 * "Life of Crime" 7-inch single (1985, Line Records)
 * "Message from the Underworld" 7-inch single (1991, Insipid Vinyl)
 * "Do the Dance" 7-inch single (2007, Bomp!)

Compilation albums

 * Weird World - Volume One 1977-1981 (1991, Frontier)
 * We Got The Neutron Bomb - Weird World Volume Two 1977-1989 (2003, Frontier)
 * Destroy All Music (2007, Bomp!)

Compilation appearances

 * We're Desperate: The L.A. Scene (1976-79) (1993, Rhino) - "A Life Of Crime", "We've Got The Neutron Bomb"

title: The Weirdos


text:
Armadale (automobile)

The Armadale was an English automobile manufactured from 1906 to 1907 by Armadale Motors Ltd, Northwood, Middlesex, then Northwood Motor & Engineering Works, also of Northwood.

Three wheel
Initially called the Toboggan, the Armadale Tri-car, so-called the "perfect little three-wheeler" featured infinitely variable friction drive and a pressed steel chassis, unusual in a tricar. It used either a one-cylinder Aster or a 2-cylinder Fafnir engine.

Four wheel
In 1906, the company listed a conventional 4-wheeler with a 16 hp 4-cylinder engine.

Tourist Trophy Race of 1906
An Armadale car, owned or driven by A.C. Godwin Smith, was entered in the Tourist Trophy Race in the Isle of Man on 27 September 1906, but it did not start.

title: Armadale (automobile)


text:
User talk:Vladislaus Rex

I've certainly seen historians (e.g. Norman Davies) use the version Ladislaus. Ausir 00:49, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

For me Ladislaus seems to be a speling error. How about an article at Vladislaus, Ladislaus being a redirect?? Vladislaus Rex 00:50, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Google returns much more "Ladislaus" than "Vladislaus" results. It seems that both latinized versions were in use. Ladislaus is more common in google searches, so it should IMHO be kept as the main name for the articles, but Vladislaus/Wladislaus/Ladislas (this version is also common in google) versions should be created as redirects. Ausir 00:51, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

How many of these google returns are about the Polish kings??? Should we promote an error, just beacase it is widespread?? Ladislaus looks like a German version of the name, not English at all. Vladislaus Rex 00:58, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

It might have been borrowed from German, but it is indeed the most common version in English language usage nowadays. The Wikipedia naming policy is to use the most common English language versions. And a google search for "king ladislaus" also gives more results than "king vladislaus". Ausir 01:01, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Please look at Ladislaus disambig. Maybe the Ladislaus name was used in Bohemia and Hungary, but certainly not in Poland. Vladislaus Rex 01:08, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Let's move the discussion to Talk:Ladislaus. Ausir 01:26, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vladislaus Rex