text:
Talk:Breadth-first search

old comment on redirect
Breadth first recursion now redirects here.

Request for major editing:
I have been looking at this and also depth-first search and the preliminary explanation has the same meaning. It says that it starts at the root node "or a node", and explores each neighboring node of the "root" fully without making a cycle until it finds the goal. Something needs to be done about this. I'm just a student trying to learn this so I don't think I can really help. Maybe I'll ask my professor to fix this.

 * No that's not a mistake. Both algorithms have this property. The property you state does not uniquely identify the algorithm. The algorithms use completely different data structures and result in different traversal orders.

I think that since BFS uses a Queue, "push" and "pop" are wrong (stacks, LIFO): a queue uses "enqueue" and "dequeue". Edited. --Folletto 16:00, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"Since all nodes discovered so far have to be saved, the space complexity of breadth-first search is O(|V| + |E|)." I don't see it. Where does the |E| come from?

I agree. The runspace is O(|V|) in the worst case, since that will be the max size of the control queue. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.186.140.62 (talk) 23:37, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

What type of graph does this apply to?
It appears to be assumed that the graphs being dealt with have a root node, but this is not stated explicitly. Presumably any node will do if the graph is undirected, but what happens for a directed graph? If the article deals only with undirected graphs then it might be helpful if this was made clear at the beginning. Autoplunger (talk) 20:05, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree, some discussion of the promised input graph `G` would be an improvement. Cryptogoth (talk) 17:31, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

Pseudocode
The pseudocode looks funny, and a little too close to an actual implementation. I have taken liberty to modify it a little.

You did a poor job in modifying it, language is unclear, look at psuedocode on page for topological sort for good reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.77.52.94 (talk) 17:21, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

The pseudocode doesn't just look funny, it's wrong. "parent" is never used and nothing is searched for. It's a breadth-first traversal with an unnecessary extra variable.

Also, there's no mention whatsoever of cycles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.163.213.135 (talk) 21:22, 3 July 2016 (UTC)

To clarify: the marking of 'distance' (another unneeded variable) as INFINITE is apparently a check to make sure there are no cycles. But it relies upon there being a collection of unique graph nodes. This is just terrible pseudocode. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.163.213.135 (talk) 21:35, 3 July 2016 (UTC)

Can you give a little more detail on your reversion of my pseudocode simplification? Just trying to understand your reasoning. As far as I can understand, adding to a set and setting a value on a node should be the same complexity, both in space and time, if anything it seems like the set should be slower (depending on implementation, of course). Crazy2be (talk) 21:43, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Sure. Imagine that you have an intractably large state space, and you want to find the shortest path between two points in that state space that are only a few hops apart. If the first step is to flag the entire state space as unvisited, then the whole problem is rendered intractable. Using a "set" does not imply any particular implementation. A big table of flags is also a type of set. By flagging all the states as visited, you are essentially using the "set of all possible states" as a substitute for using a separate "set of visited states". In many cases this might be a good way to implementat it, but it would be unnecessarily specific to imply that combining these sets is always a good design. Headlessplatter (talk) 03:02, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

The code looks wrong 9           for all edges from v to w in G.adjacentEdges(v) do 10             if w is not labeled as discovered then 11                label w as discovered 12                w.parent := v This is going from v to w, but only modifying w, the last edge, repeatedly  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 105.186.83.153 (talk) 08:54, 5 February 2020 (UTC)

Dijkstra's Algorithm vs. BFS
When BFS is used with a priority queue, it is a total algorithm to find the shortest path between any two nodes in a weighted graph. Clearly, therefore, finding the shortest path between two nodes in a weighted graph is an application of BFS.

Somebody deleted this application because they felt that this should be an application of Dijkstra's Algorithm instead. What is the logic here? Clearly it is an application of both DA and BFS. DA is an optimization of the backtracing step of BFS, so you don't have to use back-pointers to remember how you got to the destination. The distinction between BFS and DA therefore has little to do with whether or not the graph is weighted. Finally, BFS is much easier to remember than DA, so BFS is undoubtedly the more popular algorithm to find shortest paths in any graph (weighted or unweighted). Therefore this application should be listed.

 * Hi, I think I was the one who deleted that passage. Why I did it? BFS simply does not find a shortest path in a weighted graph! It finds the path that has the fewest number of edges, but if edges have edge weights, BFS will find an arbitrary expensive path of n edges instead of the cheap path that has n+1 edges. Therefore BFS is not an application for finding a shortest path in a weighted graph simply because it computes absolute nonsense if run on a weighted graph. BFS will always find the path that has the fewest number of nodes which just happens to be the shortest path if all weights are the same. You certainly can modify BFS to use a priority queue instead of a normal queue so that it then really finds a shortest path. But then DFS is the same as BFS just with a stack instead of a queue. So you would have to add the part about shortest paths in the DFS article, too. All three algorithms differ (mainly) only by just the datastructure used to save the nodes in, but their output is absolutely different. --Regnaron 21:14, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

The original formulation of BFS did not restrict the queue to be a FIFO queue. If you use BFS with a FIFO queue on a weighted graph then you're effectively discarding the edge weights. That's why you get a different result from the algorithm with a priority queue versus FIFO queue: you're changing the input. DFS is completely different because you get a result that you won't get merely by changing the inputs. BFS has been used with a priority queue in scheduling simulators long before Dijkstra's algorithm got its name. It is not limited to unweighted graphs!

 * If you use BFS with a FIFO queue on a weighted graph then you're effectively discarding the edge weights. That's why you get a different result from the algorithm with a priority queue versus FIFO queue: you're changing the input. And exactly that result you get is wrong. It is not a shortest path but the path with fewest nodes. If you use it with a priority queue, the result is correct, but then, where is the difference to Dijkstras algorithm? Find the vertex that is first in the queue, update its value and never look at it again. Just the same as Dijkstra. --Regnaron 05:43, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Your question, "Where is the difference to Dijkstra's Algorithm?" gets to the heart of the matter. BFS with PQ is easy to remember, is immediately clear to anybody who has learned BFS, and is the oldest and most popular algorithm for finding all shortest paths in a weighted graph. By contrast, Dijkstra's Algorithm is obscure, known only in elite circles, difficult to memorize, and named after a professor. The differences between the algorithms have nothing to do with the problem they are solving, and everything to do with name-dropping elitism and obfuscation.

What you seem to be suggesting is that "Dijkstra's Algorithm solves the problem, therefore BFS with PQ does not". BFS and PQ long predate Dijkstra's Algorithm: they were used in the 1940s back in Alan Turing's days when lattice theory, AI, and scheduling systems were first developed for computers. So your statement should be turned around. What problem is Dijkstra's Algorithm solving that BFS and PQ did not already solve? If anything needs to be deleted, it's the Dijkstra's Algorithm entry, not the BFS entry.

BFS is what we call a blind search algorithm, cause it uses no more information than links between nodes. On the other hand are informed search algorithms, such as Best-first search. This last algorithm effectively uses a priority queue to handle the visiting nodes. So modifying BFS with such queue results in a different class of algorithm: BestFS. By the way this class of algorithm is still not optimal. You need to move forward to A* search algorithm (and in the process finding an admissible heuristic) to solve the "shortest" path in a weighted graph. So I'm with Regnaron in this matter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.55.140.181 (talk) 01:46, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Usage in 2D grids for computer games
''It is worth mentioning that when BFS is used in that manner, the neighbour list should be created such that north, east, south and west get priority over north-east, south-east, south-west and north-west. The reason for this is that BFS tends to start searching in a diagonal manner rather than adjacent, and the path found will not be the correct one. BFS should first search adjacent nodes, then diagonal nodes.''

I think a better explanation or a reference is required here. As I understand it the resulting path will be zig-zagged if diagonal moves are prioritized over moves to adjacent grid point. The resulting path should still be correct.

 * This section is mostly unintelligible and describes an obscure application in a very special field. There are thousands of equally obscure applications which are only interesting to their practitioners and add no additional insights to BFS. Suggest to remove it. --Mbetter 07:59, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree this is not helpful and is incorrect as it is currently worded. As Mbetter points out the topic is not especially important to BFS. I am removing it. Add it as a bullet to the applications section if you really feel it is worth mentioning. Jludwig 18:22, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

C++ implementation
In the sample implementation, why do we use an std::vector to keep track of key-value pairs? The method we currently use wastes more space, runs slower (when attempting to recover path data later on), makes reading the code less clear, and is less versatile (e.g., in expanding the function for a situation where graph size is unknown beforehand) than the much more elegant solution for such an associative array—an std::map. I will change the code accordingly if no reasonable objections appear within a week or so. --76.189.119.174 00:41, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * This has been changed accordingly. --76.189.119.174 03:16, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Connectedness, search and traversal
The article is vague about stating the problem that BFS is supposed to solve. Is the goal to search for a path to a given vertex, or to traverse all vertices? The distinction is important for instance if the graph is not connected. (The link to "graph search algorithms" actually leads to a page about traversal!) --Mbetter 08:10, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Complexity
The sections on complexity are slightly inconsistent and worded incorrectly. I am changing them to correct the reason for the time and space complexity and to reflect the common notation. Jludwig 18:26, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

The section on complexity (and the given complexity) is deceiving to the reader and doesn't obey usual conventions outside of this particular algorithm. If the graph has multiple connected components (which could cause O(|E| + |V|) to not be equivalent to O(|E|)), the given code will fail to explore all the nodes and thereby run in time O(|E|) for the subgraph it does explore. If the graph has a single connected component, the code will run in O(|E|) which is equivalent in this case to O(|E| + |V|). This is true regardless of what the convention in CLRS is. To illustrate my point, name any other example of an algorithm running in O(n^2 + n) time being the standard convention over O(n^2). 12.32.116.227 (talk) 20:56, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

Python Implementation
I think the Python implementation should store visited nodes in a set rather than a list, because testing membership in a set is O(1) rather than O(n) with the list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.28.233.233 (talk) 08:30, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Good call, I agree. I'll add it.--EricTalevich (talk) 00:24, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Wait, Python set test membership is worst case O(n)! BFS is a linear-time problem, this seems to me to destroy that property. Also, why is a huge sprawling, poorly coded Python implementation the code snippet for something so basic and important as BFS? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.146.192.229 (talk) 16:37, 23 April 2018 (UTC)

I believe that the Python implementation is still not correct because pop(0) on a list is linear time. In the worst case, the length of the queue is O(|V|), which makes the complexity of this implementation O(|V|^2). Also, checking to see whether the child is already in the queue is currently O(n) and needs to be O(1).

I will wait a few days to see if anyone contradicts me; otherwise I will go ahead and fix it (or at least make a note of the problem).--AllenDowney

 * Done. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.117.40.10 (talk) 17:42, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Pseudo code
It seems to be wrong. "Otherwise enqueue any successors (the direct child nodes) that have not yet been examined." But successors might have been already enqueued earlier (and not examined yet). So we should color them grey when enqueue, and enqueue only white nodes. Poemich (talk) 11:41, 3 May 2009 (UTC) kij —Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.78.252.57 (talk) 08:58, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

Merger_proposal
Merging the Implementation in to the main document would make more sense. And avoid deletion.

 * No. There's a good reason we don't clutter up the main document with large numbers of implementations. See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Computer science. —David Eppstein (talk) 13:40, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Breadth-first search implementation at AfD
See Articles for deletion/Breadth-first search implementation. As usual for AfD discussions, please leave a detailed comment explaining your opinion rather than just a keep or delete without an explanation. —David Eppstein (talk) 21:59, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

 afaik, there's no such thing as a "breath first search"
 * I tried a Google search for that, hoping to find something about underwater rescue techniques, but sadly it's all just spelling mistakes. —David Eppstein (talk) 06:47, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Completeness
What in the world is "completeness" (and "proof of completeness")? Is "completeness" a well-established term in some field? --Robin (talk) 04:14, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

Example with connected components
Would be great with an example showing what happens with Connected_component_(graph_theory) --Andreas (talk) 11:40, 18 March 2010 (CET)

C# implementation appears to be incorrect
When checking whether to enqueue a new node, the posted version appears to be check if the node is already in the queue by comparing it with every other node in the queue (an O(n) operation). This implementation doesn't have the same characteristics or behavior as the Java implementation, or the description in Cormen, Rivest. Could someone who knows C# fix this? 128.101.35.83 (talk) 20:14, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * There was a lot of weirdness in that implementation, beyond what you noted. I fixed that specific problem, and also changed it so that it's essentially the same as the Java implementation. -Xodarap00 (talk) 21:58, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Example explosion
We only need one implementation. As it is, both languages conflate language features with explanation of the algorithm. We should either have only a pseudocode implementation, or maybe Python or some other reads-mostly-like-pseudocode language if it can be made sufficiently close to pseudocode. The fact that  is in the example suggests to me that the example says more about Java than about BFS. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 12:53, 11 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. —David Eppstein (talk) 14:38, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Testing Bipartiteness
Doesn't this algorithm for testing bipartiteness assume that every node is reachable from the start node? I don't think it will work correctly for graphs that aren't connected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.107.120.19 (talk) 20:00, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

I concur. The pseudo-code that's given is specific to BFS for a tree graph. It doesn't work correctly for graphs with multiple components, and doesn't agree with the text. Frankly, this article is a hot mess. I'll edit this when I get home and can refer to Cormen et al. 163.173.9.3 (talk) 09:37, 29 May 2013 (UTC)

White, Grey and Black
The use of a colour attribute which is WHITE, GREY or BLACK, which I assume originated with the Corman et al. algorithms book, is useful for proving things about the algorithm. But it isn't used for anything in this article and it isn't needed for correctness of the algorithm. The pseudocode is still valid if "if adj.color == WHITE" is replaced by "if adj.distance == INFINITY" and then all statements involving colour are removed. So at the moment it only serves to complicate something simple. Who will object if I make this simplification? McKay (talk) 04:35, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I won't object. —David Eppstein (talk) 06:11, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

Could you please explain your edit ? I don't understand what your infinity means. And especially, why you deleted the condition about minimality ? Arthur MILCHIOR (talk) 18:32, 23 March 2017 (UTC)
 * It was very poorly stated indeed. Thank you and for noticing it. My editing was intended to do the disambiguation between minimalities within the very definition of function $$\nu_{(v_1,\dots,v_{i-1})}$$ and the one for function $$\nu_{(v_1,\dots,v_{i-1})}(w)$$ in respect to other possible enumerations $$\sigma '=(v_1,v'_2\dots,v'_{n})$$ for which $$\nu_{(v_1,v'_2\dots,v'_{i-1})}(w)\neq\infty$$ also holds. So that, I could have been better stated the respective paragraph as:

""Let $\sigma=(v_1,\dots,v_n)$ be an enumeration of the vertices of $V$. The enumeration $\sigma$ is said to be a BFS ordering (with source $v_1$) if, for all $1<i\le n$, $v_i$ is the vertex $w\in V\setminus\{v_1,\dots,v_i-1\}$ such that $ \nu_{(v_1,\dots,v_{i-1})}(w)=min\{ \, \nu_{(v_1,v'_2,\dots,v'_{i-1})}(w) \mid \sigma '=(v_1,v'_2\dots,v'_{n}) \text{ is a enumeration of } V \, \land \, \nu_{(v_1,v'_2\dots,v'_{i-1})}(w)\neq\infty \, \land \, (v_1,v'_2,\dots,v'_{i-1}) \text{ is a BFS ordering of } \{ v_1,\dots,v_{i-1} \} \, \} $ Equivalently, $\sigma$ is a BFS ordering if, for all $1\le i<j<k\le n$ with $v_i\in N(v_j)\setminus N(v_k)$, there exists a neighbor  $v_m$ of $v_j$ such that $m<i$.""

doesn't hold for $$i=1$$. As a counter-example, one may take $$i=1, \, j=2, k=5 \, $$, $$\nu_i=vertex \, 3, \, \nu_j=vertex \, 2, \, \nu_k=vertex \, 5$$ in the example presented in The breadth-first search algorithm.
 * Another issue is that the last sentence "" Equivalently, $\sigma$ is a BFS ordering if, for all $1\le i<j<k\le n$ with $v_i\in N(v_j)\setminus N(v_k)$, there exists a neighbor $v_m$ of $v_j$ such that $m<i$. ""
 * Felipe Sobreira Abrahão (talk) 22:38, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

A bad algorithm
Some IP editor is repeatedly trying to replace the pseudocode with (modulo typos and syntax) the following simplified algorithm: This is a bad algorithm. Because it does not check whether a vertex w has already been enqueued before enqueueing it again, it ends up adding each vertex multiple times, where the number of times is equal to the number of shortest paths from the start to the vertex. This could end up being exponential in the size of the input graph. The current pseudocode could probably be significantly simplified, but this is not the way to do it. —David Eppstein (talk) 19:22, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

 * That is a good algorithm. The set V of visited nodes prevents the problem of "adding each vertex multiple times". It's a pseudocode an not an implementation (like the python one). It's in sync whith the DFS article (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-first_search) 186.130.99.217 (talk) 15:00, 26 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Incorrect. Look at where in the pseudocode membership in V is set tested, and think: if w has not yet been dequeued, what is preventing another copy of w from being enqueued? —David Eppstein (talk) 16:07, 26 June 2018 (UTC)

Great catch, David! What are your thoughts of adding an additional set to test queue membership to this style of pseudocode; I think it is much easier to follow than the current code. Themichaelyang (talk) 00:40, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

It's an improvement over the current mess, definitely, but are you really using visited? It seems that the test for w not in visited and w not in prev_queued always gives exactly the same results as if you merely tested prev_queued. And in case you need them after the end of the algorithm, the two sets are exactly the same at that point. So wouldn't it be simpler as:

—David Eppstein (talk) 00:54, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

Whoops, another great catch! I hadn't even noticed that, but it seems obvious now. I'll update the pseudocode section with this snippet and a remarks about the incorrect implementation next time I get a chance. Michael Yang (talk) 19:58, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

Simplifying the Python code
The code has closed_set to remember which nodes have been dequeued, but if vertices are put into closed_set when they are enqueued instead of when they come off the queue, the two tests "if child in closed_set: continue" and "if child not in open_set" can be replaced by "if child not in closed_set". That would also fix an existing bug when the graph has a loop (while a node is having its neighbours processed it is in neither open_set nor closed_set so it will be enqueued again). McKay (talk) 06:23, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

Revisiting this page after a while, and now the pseudocode section contains a very confusing snippet of "Python" code (in actuality, it is not valid Python code). The new code also includes a very strange `problem` object parameter, which makes very little sense. Why not separate the inputs into actual parameters? I think for clarity purposes, the original pseudocode was much easier to follow, and made less assertions about the syntax and style of a particular implementation. Themichaelyang (talk) 00:01, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

I agree, I think things were much better a couple years ago (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breadth-first_search&diff=prev&oldid=789811794 was the last time I tried to edit the psuedocode). The code now is just inscrutable, and is badly written for an actual implementation, let alone psuedocode. This algorithm isn't hard, the psuedocode should be 10 lines, not 50! Seeing how other people agree with this, I'm thinking of just reverting the whole section to what it was then. Thoughts? Crazy2be (talk) 15:35, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 March 2019
The Q.enqueue line at the bottom of the non-recursive algorithm given should be an S.enqueue since the queue variable was named S at the top of the algorithm. 2601:603:1100:D4EF:E868:E527:B6D4:2CBB (talk) 18:51, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Danski454 (talk) 22:20, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 May 2019
The current pseudocode doesn't mark the starting vertex as discovered. I think it needs to be added.

1 procedure BFS(G,start_v): 2     let S be a queue --> label start_v as discovered 3     S.enqueue(start_v) 4     while S is not empty 5         v = S.dequeue 6         if v is the goal: 7             return v 8         for all edges from v to w in G.adjacentEdges(v) do 9             if w is not labeled as discovered: 10                label w as discovered 11                w.parent = v 12                S.enqueue(w)

Pcmx (talk) 09:35, 7 May 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ --Izno (talk) 00:32, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

Actually, DFS and BFS only have one difference.
If you use the implementation from the DFS wikipedia article, you can simply use a Stack for DFS, queue for BFS, and it will work depending on which implementation you use.

1 procedure DFS-iterative(G,v): 2     let S be a stack / queue for BFS 3     S.push(v) 4     while S is not empty 5         v = S.pop 6         if v is not labeled as discovered: 7             label v as discovered 8             for all edges from v to w in G.adjacentEdges(v) do 9                 S.push(w)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 September 2019
CHANGE:    The parent attribute of each vertex is useful for accessing the nodes in a shortest path TO:        The parent attribute of each node is useful for accessing the nodes in a shortest path

WHERE: Psuedocode -> More details -> Line 7

REASON:    This change would improve the clarity since even though `node` and `vertex` are interchangeable it is preferable to use only              one during a sentence.

Comment on not done: Despite the words being interchangeable it is still a mid-sentence inconsistency which is not preferable. Regardless, it is a rather small change which would increase the quality and clarity of that section.

LachieRussell (talk) 03:13, 1 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: There is a note in the article that says "Note that the word node is usually interchangeable with the word vertex." That should be fine. — MRD2014 (talk) 23:35, 1 September 2019 (UTC)

 * ✅ node and vertex are used interchangeably throughout. IME vertex is preferred by mathematicians and node by computer scientists. We've got a bit of both involved here so it will be hard to settle on one or the other. I do find it less confusing if a single term is used in this sentence so I have changed it. ~Kvng (talk) 13:21, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 October 2019

 * The line just below the Breadth-first search explanation:

It uses the opposite strategy as depth-first search, which instead explores the highest-depth nodes first before being forced to backtrack and expand shallower nodes.

 * This is incorrect. The algorithm does not know about highest-depth or shallow-depth nodes. It traverses node branches as far as possible before backtracking.

It uses the opposite strategy as depth-first search, which instead explores the node branch as far as possible before being forced to backtrack and expand other nodes.

 * Source: Cormen, Thomas H., et al. Introduction to Algorithms, MIT Press, 2009. ch. 22.3 Cell2749 (talk) 10:53, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

✅ ~Kvng (talk) 15:37, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

Parent nodes are not set in the code
It seems that through several modifications of this article, a problem has slipped in that can confuse readers: The pseudocode for breadth-first search does not set the parent nodes of discovered nodes whereas the surrounding text talks about the usefulness of the parent nodes and how they can be used to trace a shortest path back to the root.

I propose to either add the corresponding lines to the pseudocode (one additional line would set the parent of the root to null/undefined in the initialization stage before or after line 3, and another line would set the parent of a discovered node before or after line 11) or to remove any mentions of the parent nodes. I vote for adding the lines to the pseudocode but I can understand if they are left out for the sake of simplicity.

title: Talk:Breadth-first search


text: Category:English boxers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:English boxers


text:
Filthy Rich & Catflap

Filthy Rich & Catflap is a BBC sitcom produced in 1986 and broadcast in 1987. The series featured former The Young Ones co-stars Nigel Planer, Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson as its three titular characters. It was written by Ben Elton (with additional material credited to Mayall), and produced and directed by Paul Jackson (who also directed The Young Ones), with film sequences directed by Ed Bye. The show's music was written by Peter Brewis. One series consisting of six half-hour episodes was produced. Despite the continuity announcer saying that the show would return the following year, only one series was ever made due to a fall-out between Mayall and Elton over creative control.

The series enjoyed a resurgence of interest in 2004 when it was officially released on DVD by independent DVD production company Playback. The VHS and DVD versions were cut for musical rights. Cuts included Richie singing "Where Is Love?", "Morning Has Broken", and "Consider Yourself"; and Eddie singing "Roxanne", "You've Got to Pick a Pocket or Two", and "Message in a Bottle". A 25th-anniversary DVD was released in 2012.

Characters

 * Ralph Filthy (Nigel Planer): Richie's showbiz agent. He is sleazy and sickly and has, to quote writer Elton, "the morals of a dog caught short on a croquet lawn" (a line he would re-use as the tag line for his 1989 novel Stark). Quote: "Boys. It's not often I get excited but right now I feel like I've been locked in an off-licence". His speech is peppered with Polari and he refers to Richie as "Daughter"; his lapel also features a blue rose, a symbol of a quest for the impossible.
 * Gertrude Richard "Richie" Rich (Rik Mayall): a half-witted perennially "resting" (out of work) comedian/TV presenter whose most prominent work to date includes links on TVS. Despite this, he considers himself a "veritable superstar" and has paranoid delusions about everyone he meets wanting to either cash in on his fame or assassinate him. Hence, he hires a bodyguard.
 * Edward Didgeridoo Catflap (Adrian Edmondson): Richie's faithless minder; permanently drunk, disloyal and violent. Occasionally, Catflap holds up the pretence of being Richie's best friend, although this is usually for personal gain. (Edmondson's character in Bottom, Eddie Hitler, is similar but not identical.)

Summary
During the run of the series Richie kills several milkmen, Eddie blackmails Richie with a paternity suit scam, Ralph gets sent to prison and hanged, Richie is blackmailed by The Nolans, they spoof newspaper tycoon Rupert Murdoch and feature bodyguards wearing Federation Stormtrooper uniforms that previously featured in the sci-fi show Blake's 7. Richie appeared as a guest on a panel game called ''Ooer!! Sounds a Bit Rude!, which bore more than a passing resemblance to the BBC quiz show Blankety Blank'' (which itself is mentioned several times throughout the show). Richie finally becomes famous by slandering everyone in showbiz and becoming the only person censors deem clean enough to host every show on television (precisely everybody, from the "A-list" names down to the entire cast of Grange Hill). This leads to a song-and-dance routine from Richie, celebrating the fact that, in his words, he has "made it!"

As well as the Nolans, other people appearing as "themselves" included Midge Ure and Anne Diamond (then an anchor woman for breakfast TV station TV-am; it was rare at that time for the BBC to mention rival channels). The show also featured cameos by Barbara Windsor, Lynda Bellingham and Jools Holland. Contemporaries from the alternative comedy scene who also appeared include Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie, Helen Lederer, Gareth Hale, Norman Pace, Arthur Smith, Mel Smith, Chris Barrie, Lee Cornes, David Baddiel, Andy de la Tour, John Bird and Harry Enfield. Many of these guests had previously appeared in The Young Ones.

Episodes
All episodes directed by Ed Bye and Paul Jackson. All episodes written by Ben Elton, with additional material by Rik Mayall.

title: Filthy Rich & Catflap


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Aicardi syndrome

Aicardi syndrome is a rare genetic malformation syndrome characterized by the partial or complete absence of a key structure in the brain called the corpus callosum, the presence of retinal lacunes, and epileptic seizures in the form of infantile spasms. Other malformations of the brain and skeleton may also occur. The syndrome includes intellectual disability that is usually severe or moderate. So far, the syndrome has only been diagnosed in girls and in boys with two X chromosomes (Klinefelter syndrome).

Those with Aicardi syndrome are in need of various specialist and habilitation instances. Epilepsy is treated with medication, but additional treatment may also be needed. In order to utilize the individual's eyesight and investigate the need for visual aids, examination by ophthalmologist is indicated early in life. Problems from the gastrointestinal tract are frequent. In adulthood, continued habilitation efforts and support in daily life are needed.

The syndrome is named after the French child neurologist Jean Dennis Aicardi, who in 1965 described it in eight girls. A causative gene has not been identified. Symptoms typically appear before a baby reaches about 5 months of age.

Signs and symptoms
Those with Aicardi syndrome develop normally during the first months, but later various symptoms appear due to the syndrome's characteristic malformations in the brain. It is common for people with Aicardi syndrome to have a small head (microcephaly).

At three to six months of age, the child begins to have epileptic seizures, often of the infantile spasm type caused by changes in the brain's gray matter, the cerebral cortex. The seizures occur either as so-called flexor spasms, when the child's neck suddenly bends forward while the arms make a clasping movement, or as other types of epileptic seizures. Seizures come in series at short intervals and may increase in number from day to day until they are broken with medication. Epilepsy usually persists for life.

Most have a severe intellectual disability with a major impact on language, communication and motor skills. A few have a moderate intellectual disability. Mild intellectual disability also occurs but is very rare.

The eyes are always affected, and most people have impaired vision. During an eye examination, areas with less pigment (retinal lacunae) appear as white spots in the fundus, which is due to the absence of retinal pigment cells and other structures in these areas. If the lacunae are located in the macula, they affect acuity. Other types of eye abnormalities are also common, such as one eye being smaller than normal (microphthalmia), changes in the optic nerve, and incomplete closure/slitting of the membranes of the eye (coloboma). Rapid, involuntary eye movements (nystagmus) are common. Since people with Aicardi syndrome have an intellectual disability that makes it difficult to participate in an eye examination, it is difficult to measure vision accurately.

Problems from the gastrointestinal tract are common, for example constipation, diarrhea and that the normal valve mechanism between the stomach and the esophagus (upper mouth of the stomach) does not work normally and the stomach contents therefore leak up into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux). Some may also have difficulty eating.

Puberty may be entered puberty earlier than normal, but delayed puberty has also been described. Drooling and teeth grinding is common.

Extra ribs or lack of ribs and vertebral deformities often occur. A crooked back (scoliosis) may develop while growing up. There are reports of isolated cases of tumors, especially brain tumors.

Aicardi syndrome is a non-progressive condition and in itself does not lead to any deterioration, but various complications mean that there is an increased mortality associated with the syndrome. Very little is known about the long-term prognosis, but there are occasional reports that the epilepsy may become milder with increasing age. The oldest people with the syndrome described so far are in their 40s.

A number of tumors have been reported in association with Aicardi syndrome: choroid plexus papilloma (the most common), medulloblastoma, gastric hyperplastic polyps, rectal polyps, soft palate benign teratoma, hepatoblastoma, parapharyngeal embryonal cell cancer, limb angiosarcoma and scalp lipoma.

Genetics
The syndrome is probably caused by a change (mutation) in one or more genes on the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp22), but which gene or genes are mutated is not yet (2015) known.

Male fetuses with this change are unlikely to survive, which is because they only have one X chromosome. The individual boys with the syndrome described have also had the sex chromosome abnormality XXY syndrome (Klinefelter syndrome). Girls, who usually have two X chromosomes, can be born with the syndrome, because their second (normal) X chromosome compensates to some extent for the mutated gene.

The mutation leads to a characteristic malformation of the brain stem with a complete absence of the corpus callosum. As a rule, there are also signs that groups of brain cells have migrated incorrectly and placed themselves in the wrong place in the brain (heterotopias), an incorrect folding of the cerebral cortex (gyration abnormalities) or that the brain hemispheres are of different size.

Heredity
Aicardi syndrome is an autosomal dominant X-linked disease and arises as a new mutation. The mutation has then usually occurred in one of the parents' germ cells (eggs or sperm). The probability that they will again have a child with the disease is then estimated at less than 1 percent. However, the new mutation in the child becomes hereditary and can theoretically be passed on to the next generation. All cases of Aicardi syndrome are thought to be due to new mutations. No person with Aicardi syndrome is known to have transmitted the X-linked gene responsible for the syndrome to the next generation.

Diagnosis
Aicardi syndrome is typically characterized by the following triad of features - however, one of the "classic" features being missing does not preclude a diagnosis of Aicardi Syndrome, if other supporting features are present.
 * 1) Partial or complete absence of the corpus callosum in the brain (agenesis of the corpus callosum);
 * 2) Eye abnormalities known as "lacunae" of the retina that are quite specific to this disorder; optic nerve coloboma; and
 * 3) The development in infancy of seizures that are called infantile spasms.

Other types of defects of the brain such as microcephaly, polymicrogyria, porencephalic cysts and enlarged cerebral ventricles due to hydrocephalus are also common in Aicardi syndrome.

Suspicion of infantile spasms or other epileptic seizures during the first months of life should always be urgently investigated. There can be many different causes besides Aicardi syndrome. The investigation includes EEG (electroencephalogram), which in case of infantile spasms shows a characteristic pattern (hypsarrhythmia), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, blood and urine samples and examination of the spinal fluid (cerebrospinal fluid).

In Aicardi syndrome, MRI of the brain shows that the cerebral cortex is completely or partially missing. Sometimes it is possible to see that the cerebral cortex is thin and underdeveloped. Other changes can occur at the same time, for example fluid bubbles (cysts) in the brain's fluid-producing structures (plexus choriodeus), different sized brain hemispheres and islands of nerve cells that did not migrate to the right place in the brain during fetal development. It is also possible to see that the fold pattern on the surface of the cerebrum has a different appearance (polygyry, microgyry). Absence of the cerebral cortex and other malformations of the brain also occur in conditions other than Aicardi syndrome.

On eye examination, the retinal lacunae appear as white spots in the fundus, where the retina is missing. Sometimes there are slits in the eye (coloboma), retinal detachment and abnormally small or differently sized eyes.

When X-raying the skeleton, it is sometimes possible to see that there are vertebral changes and extra ribs or that ribs are missing.

Treatment
Treatment of Aicardi syndrome primarily involves management of seizures and early/continuing intervention programs for developmental delays.Additional comorbidities and complications sometimes seen with Aicardi syndrome include porencephalic cysts and hydrocephalus, and gastro-intestinal problems. Treatment for porencephalic cysts and/or hydrocephalus is often via a shunt or endoscopic fenestration of the cysts, though some require no treatment. Placement of a feeding tube, fundoplication, and surgeries to correct hernias or other gastrointestinal structural problems are sometimes used to treat gastro-intestinal issues.

Children with Aicardi syndrome come into contact with many different specialists in healthcare early on. It is therefore important that efforts are coordinated.

The drug treatment given for infantile spasms and other types of epilepsy is also given in cases of Aicardi syndrome. Epilepsy is often difficult to treat.

If medication does not help, after an examination at a regional hospital, a decision can be made as to whether another treatment may be appropriate. Since the cause of the epileptic seizures is found in many different places in the brain, however, epilepsy surgery is rarely an option in Aicardi syndrome.

Treatment with a ketogenic diet may be considered. It involves a carefully calculated diet that is rich in fat, contains a minimum of carbohydrates and provides the daily need for protein. The excess of fat forms starvation bodies (ketones) which can be used instead of glucose as a fuel source for the metabolism in the brain. For some children, this leads to fewer seizures. Treatment is started at regional hospitals by special teams with doctors, nurses and dieticians.

Another treatment option when the drug treatment of the epilepsy does not help is a so-called vagus nerve stimulator (VNS). The vagus nerve is one of twelve nerves that originate directly from the brain (cranial nerves). A small battery-powered box (generator) is operated under the skin under the left collarbone and a thin wire (electrode) from the generator is operated around the left vagus nerve. The generator is then set so that it sends electrical impulses to the brain via the vagus nerve at fixed intervals and fixed strength, which can be gradually increased if necessary. This can lead to a reduction in the number and strength of the seizures but almost never results in the seizures disappearing completely. This treatment is also started and followed up at the regional hospitals.

It is important that the child's eyesight is used in the best possible way, and should therefore be examined by a pediatric ophthalmologist at an early stage to investigate visual function and the need for visual aids.

Problems from the gastrointestinal tract need to be investigated and can be treated with medication. If there is difficulty eating, nutrition may need to be received via a nasal tube or a so-called button (PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy), an operatively created connection to the stomach via the abdominal wall. It is important to closely monitor the child's growth.

Preventive dental care and contact with a children's dental care specialist (pedodontist) is needed, as the child may find it difficult to participate in tooth brushing and dental treatments.

Due to the risk of developing scoliosis, the back should be examined regularly. Scoliosis is primarily treated with a brace but may sometimes require surgery.

Children with Aicardi syndrome need rehabilitation interventions that also include vision rehabilitation. A habilitation team includes professional categories with special knowledge of disabilities and their effects on everyday life, health and development. The interventions take place in the medical, educational, psychological, social and technical fields. They consist, among other things, of investigation, treatment, testing of assistive devices, information about the disability and conversational support. Information about society's support and advice on adapting the home and other environments in which the child lives is also given. Parents, siblings and other relatives also receive support. The family may need help with the coordination of various efforts.

The interventions are planned based on the needs of the child and the family, vary over time and always take place in close collaboration with people in the child's network. In order to develop the ability to communicate, it is important to work early on with educational efforts as well as alternative and supplementary communication routes (AKK).

A close collaboration takes place with the municipality, which can offer various forms of interventions to facilitate the family's everyday life. Personal assistance can be given to those who, due to severe and permanent disabilities, need help with basic needs, but also to expand the possibility of an active life despite extensive disabilities. Respite care, a contact family or short-term accommodation are other examples of support measures.

Adults
Adults with Aicardi syndrome need continued habilitation efforts and support in daily life. This could be, for example, support and care in a home with special services and daily activities.

Prognosis
The prognosis varies widely from case to case, depending on the severity of the symptoms. However, almost all people reported with Aicardi syndrome to date have experienced developmental delay of a significant degree, typically resulting in mild to moderate to profound intellectual disability. The age range of the individuals reported with Aicardi syndrome is from birth to the mid-40s.

There is no cure for this syndrome.

Epidemiology
Worldwide prevalence of Aicardi syndrome is estimated at several thousand, with approximately 900 cases reported in the United States. There is no definite information on how common Aicardi syndrome is, but the incidence is estimated to be around one in 100,000 newborns. There may be people who do not have the fully developed syndrome and who have not been diagnosed.

History
This disorder was first recognized as a distinct syndrome in 1965 by Jean Aicardi, a French pediatric neurologist and epileptologist.

title: Aicardi syndrome


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Talk:Volkswagen Group A platform

I don't know much about VAG and their platforms but I assume there are a bunch of Skoda's and Seats that share those platforms but aren't listed. -- stewacide 23:34, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * I think you're probably right. My 2003 SEAT Ibiza shares most of its componants with the modern VW Polo, to the extent that many engine componants are actually stamped with VW logos and not SEAT. The only major differences are the external panels, interior dash, and suspension. akaDruid 13:08, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

PQ35, IRS, and Jetta NCS
The NCS version of the Jetta (the big 2011- North American version) does not have an independent rear suspension except in the GLI version, but does use the PQ35 platform. This renders a bit of the text incorrect, I think. rcousine (talk) 22:17, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Volkswagen Group A platform


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Talk:Gait

New to sections?
Can someone add these references to the page? I have no idea how to properly format them in Wikipedia style:
 * http://www.jstor.org/pss/1311182
 * http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v292/n5820/abs/292239a0.html
 * http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3666097
 * http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;219/4582/251
 * http://www.springerlink.com/content/k4n326302181t784/
 * http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/233/5/R243

I'll deal with where to place them, I just need some sort of tags or something. Maybe dump them here, and I'll copy them over?

Types of gaits
Hi, I like the "jargon" in this article. Thank you, to whoever set it up. I've noticed a few redlinks like this one that need a home: double suspension gallop, so I'd like to add at least a note about the major types of gaits/gallops. I hope that fits in with the current content. --Hutcher (talk) 17:11, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Although I'm not sure that a dog's gait needs it's own article at: gait (dog), I put my content there. I'm not an expert on this topic so maybe the content is general enough to apply to other four-legged animals.  --Hutcher (talk) 18:23, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

phase
Isn't phase usually measured as an angle? In other words, in units of degrees, or radians? It seems odd that the article measures it in percent.

 * It's largely a matter of tradition and ease of communication, especially since it's not *really* about a wave or rotating object, so one could also argue that it's a misuse of "phase", too. Still, that's the way it's reported in the gait papers, so it's best for us to keep with that format. HCA (talk) 13:35, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Gait cycle
Important info but not enough to stand alone. Will aid understanding of existing Gait article. Mattwheatley (talk) 02:00, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, the contents of Gait Cycle should be merged into this page. HCA (talk) 22:35, 10 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. If you read the articles carefully, the Gait Cycle should be moved into Bipedal gait cycle (doing it right now). The "Gait" article must have its own "gait cycle" definition, taken from a reliable reference.-M.Altenmann >t
 * Most of this article is based on the Hildebrand text in the references. The concept of a "gait cycle" is actually sufficiently general that it can include bipeds and quadrupeds, as well as anything else with any number of legs.  The finer partitioning at Bipedal gait cycle is particular to bipedality, but easily subsumed into this article. HCA (talk) 14:44, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

 * My thinking is that this is an overview article. IF the gait cycle material is only a few paragraphs and start-class or less, it could merge.  On the other hand, one also could summarize the concept with a "Main" link to a more detailed article. I'm neutral because either way, I won't be the one to work on it.  But I dtrongly DO favor being sure the two articles "talk" to each other so those who want to know about gait cycles can get there easily if there is no merge.    Montanabw (talk)  20:31, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Linking to gaiety and gait, trying to seperate from happyness and gay or gay ness.
gaiety or gait may refer to: /ɡāt/ noun a person's manner of walking. "the easy gait of an athlete" Similar: walk step stride pace tread manner of walking way of walking bearing carriage comportment way of holding oneself way of carrying oneself deportment the paces of an animal, especially a horse or dog."
 * gait

gaiety use of word in article
Gaiety in the article Laetitia Wiki redirects to the happiness wiki article.

I feel like it has aspects to it's daintyness., or Gait a female sexy Version of swagger. (Gai"n"t or Gaint perhaps your call?.) But "I" don't think that's the same word as happy ness. *Because Gay*ness means happy*ness. It implies a childish of the feminin. But more so nature *a natural ~Aspect, than childish nature of the feminine form of a word, or form of the word. It can also be very masculine. If anything "a boyish gaynees to experience deers running through the forest" meaning the boy was happy. I would say Gia(e)nt like example ""her (gaintity Gaitety doesn't make sense)so" her gaiety flow like her dance moves when practicing ballet. "" I'm not going research but your call I feel either I'm right & it should go.

Definition dictionary, "gait /ɡāt/ noun a person's manner of walking. "the easy gait of an athlete" Similar: walk step stride pace tread manner of walking way of walking bearing carriage comportment way of holding oneself way of carrying oneself deportment the paces of an animal, especially a horse or dog."

Gaiety,:The gaiety of the ballet dancer was beautiful like God's image come to us as a flower and flowed like water in a spring. (and made her happy maybe.) That's my interpretation or definition. Which is why we don't use the word much, if its even a word otherwise it makes no sense to "me".

Definitely feminin. The only time I would use the MASCULINE example with humans would probably be athletics though because "gait /ɡāt/ noun a person's manner of walking. "the easy gait of an athlete" so Gaiety:pronounced Gay-ity emphasis on Gia*t and merge of e* iety examples, society and social or better example yet overanxiety and antianxiety it's a merge of words or concepts. So well *A.Gay and *B.many is a possible merge with iety it doesn't make sense, but *1.Gait and a *1.group or *1.groups with *2.Gait like *2.Ballet of *2.females does. With iety.The only time I would use the Masculine the example Gaiety or Gait with humans would probably be athletics Or the example would be  swagger, stagger, way about him, but not gait it sorts of implies mystery with the masculine it's a mismatch. Example "his gait marked him well fed and dangerous but bold an almost cocky type showboating."So he's feminin implied by his gut and dangerous showboating and likely has atleast a counter or better without his gut and showboating gait or he himself would be better so he's feminine, but for an athlete perhaps implies giving away nothing in his mild manner gait. So he's meek or offer's no clues in the dictionary example of "the easy gait of an athlete. " But the words easy and athlete certianly denotionalize the notional value of the word alone or singular as "Gait" almost the same but more sensical and less insulting for a woman it doesn't have same implications like a belly or cockyness it's more natural like a ballet dancers moves.

Gaeitity attempts to process there doesn't seem there is a natural language processing available to imply "Gay:iety" that means it's broken. So it's a modern word, this Gay implication could be in the word. But Gay the noun is a boyish quality or masculine form of happyness another noun. while gait is a feminin Verb to imply a feminin stance like ballet and beauty. Or another implication being of a feminin Action:verb or gait:verb. So it's the same only in the sense of its something to watch that will make you happy but other implications like happyness in the word Gaiety if its a word at all are being taken out of context like perhaps happyness implied by the verb or as happy the noun being applied to Gaiety or Gay instead of Gait.In other words you don't have to be a fan of Society to be Social but one does imply happyness and the other doesn't.

But the words easy and athlete certianly denotionalize the notional value of the word alone or singular as "Gait" almost the same but more sensical and less insulting for a woman it doesn't have same implications like a belly or cockyness it's more natural like a ballet dancers moves.

Gaeitity attempts to process there doesn't seem there is a natural language processing available to imply "Gay:iety" that means it's broken. So it's a modern word, this Gay implication could be in the word. But Gay the noun is a boyish quality or masculine form of happyness another noun. while gait is a feminin Verb to imply a feminin stance like ballet and beauty. Or another implication being of a feminin Action:verb or gait:verb. So it's the same only in the sense of its something to watch that will make you happy but other implications like happyness in the word Gaiety if its a word at all are being taken out of context like perhaps happyness implied by the verb or as happy the noun being applied to Gaiety or Gay instead of Gait.In other words you don't have to be a fan of Society to be Social but one does imply happyness and the other doesn't.

So hyper-linking the word Gaiety to happyness cannot make any sense at all. Gaiety if it does imply Happyness it must be secondary to the implication of Gait I've provided from the dictionary. 209.171.85.150 (talk) 03:35, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

Add List of Gait Types
I'm interested in adding a section called Gait Types that would give a description of various gait types (e.g., walk, trot, gallop, etc.) While various gaits are mentioned in this article, it doesn't give a description of each one. Is this the best article to add such a list? Or, is there a better place to put the list. Once the list is added, then when other articles mention a particular gait, it can be linked here, so the description of the gait does not have to be repeated. Most of the info would be from Elbroch's "Mammal Tracks & Sign". Wanted to get people's opinions, as once I spend the time to create the list, I didn't want it to be immediately deleted if people thought it was not useful. Sunandshade (talk) 18:00, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gait


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/William Cashman and Yvonne Kennedy

William Cashman and Yvonne Kennedy was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki to Wikimemorial. As of 17:06, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC), the article is still in the queue to be moved. Rossami (talk)

Welder and retired Red Cross volunteer - both of whom did not do anything of much significance in their lifetimes. Tranwiki to wikimemorial and delete. --Jiang 05:47, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete both. DJ Clayworth 16:22, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikimemorial. Rossami 23:35, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Memorial and delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:44, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Espionage

title: Category:Espionage


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Carrack

A carrack (nau; nao; carraca; karaka) is a three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in the 14th to 15th centuries in Europe, most notably in Portugal and Spain. Evolving from the single-masted cog, the carrack was first used for European trade from the Mediterranean to the Baltic and quickly found use with the newly found wealth of the trade between Europe and Africa and then the trans-Atlantic trade with the Americas. In their most advanced forms, they were used by the Portuguese for trade between Europe and Asia starting in the late 15th century, before being gradually superseded in the late 16th and early 17th centuries by the galleon.

In its most developed form, the carrack was a carvel-built ocean-going ship: large enough to be stable in heavy seas, and capacious enough to carry a large cargo and the provisions needed for very long voyages. The later carracks were square-rigged on the foremast and mainmast and lateen-rigged on the mizzenmast. They had a high rounded stern with aftcastle, forecastle and bowsprit at the stem. As the predecessor of the galleon, the carrack was one of the most influential ship designs in history; while ships became more specialized in the following centuries, the basic design remained unchanged throughout this period.

Name
English carrack was loaned in the late 14th century, via Old French caraque, from carraca, a term for a large, square-rigged sailing vessel used in Spanish, Italian and Middle Latin.

These ships were called carraca in Portuguese and Genoese, carraca in Spanish, caraque or nef in French, and kraak in Dutch.

The origin of the term carraca is unclear, perhaps from Arabic qaraqir "merchant ship", itself of unknown origin (maybe from Latin carricare "to load a car" or Greek καρκαρίς "load of timber") or the Arabic القُرْقُورُ (al-qurqoor) and from thence to the Greek κέρκουρος (kerkouros) meaning approximately "lighter" (barge) literally, "shorn tail", a possible reference to the ship's flat stern). Its attestation in Greek literature is distributed in two closely related lobes. The first distribution lobe, or area, associates it with certain light and fast merchantmen found near Cyprus and Corfu. The second is an extensive attestation in the Oxyrhynchus corpus, where it seems most frequently to describe the Nile barges of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. Both of these usages may lead back through the Phoenician to the Akkadian kalakku, which denotes a type of river barge. The Akkadian term is assumed to be derived from a Sumerian antecedent. A modern reflex of the word is found in Arabic and Turkish kelek "raft; riverboat".

Origins
By the Late Middle Ages, the cog and cog-like square-rigged vessels equipped with a rudder at the stern, were widely used along the coasts of Europe, from the Mediterranean, to the Baltic. Given the conditions of the Mediterranean, galley type vessels were extensively used there, as were various two masted vessels, including the caravels with their lateen sails. These and similar ship types were familiar to Portuguese navigators and shipwrights. As the Portuguese gradually extended their trade ever further south along Africa's Atlantic coast during the 15th century, they needed larger, more durable and more advanced sailing ships for their long oceanic ventures. Gradually, they developed their own models of oceanic carracks from a fusion and modification of aspects of the ship types they knew operating in both the Atlantic and Mediterranean, generalizing their use in the end of the century for inter-oceanic travel with a more advanced form of sail rigging that allowed much improved sailing characteristics in the heavy winds and waves of the Atlantic Ocean and a hull shape and size that permitted larger cargoes. In addition to the average tonnage naus, some naus (carracks) were also built in the reign of John II of Portugal, but were widespread only after the turn of the century. The Portuguese carracks were usually very large ships for their time, often over 1000 tons displacement, and having the future naus of the India run and of the China and Japan trade, also other new types of design.

A typical three-masted carrack such as the São Gabriel had six sails: bowsprit, foresail, mainsail, mizzensail and two topsails. In the Republic of Ragusa, a kind of a three or four masted carrack called Dubrovačka karaka (Dubrovnik Carrack) was used between the 14th and the 17th century for cargo transport.

In the middle of the 16th century, the first galleons were developed from the carrack. The galleon design came to replace that of the carrack although carracks were still in use as late as the middle of the 17th century due to their larger cargo capacity.

In Asia
Starting in 1498, Portugal initiated for the first time direct and regular exchanges between Europe and India—and the rest of Asia thereafter—through the Cape Route, a voyage that required the use of more substantial vessels, such as carracks, due to its unprecedented duration, about six months.

On average, four carracks connected Lisbon to Goa carrying gold to purchase spices and other exotic items, but mainly pepper. From Goa, one carrack went on to Ming China in order to purchase silks. Starting in 1541, the Portuguese began trading with Japan, exchanging Chinese silk for Japanese silver; in 1550 the Portuguese Crown started to regulate trade to Japan, by leasing the annual "captaincy" to Japan to the highest bidder at Goa, in effect conferring exclusive trading rights for a single carrack bound for Japan every year. In 1557 the Portuguese acquired Macau to develop this trade in partnership with the Chinese. That trade continued with few interruptions until 1638, when it was prohibited by the rulers of Japan on the grounds that the ships were smuggling Catholic priests into the country. The Japanese called Portuguese carracks "Black Ships" (kurofune), referring to the colour of the ship's hulls. This term would eventually come to refer to any Western vessel, not just Portuguese.

The Islamic world also built and used carracks, or at least carrack-like ships, in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. A picture of an Ottoman barca on Piri Reis' map shows a deep-hulled ship with a tall forecastle and a lateen sail on the mizzenmast. The harraqa (Saracen: karaque) was a type of ship used to hurl explosives or inflammable materials (firebomb in earthenware pots, naphtha, fire arrows). From the context of Islamic texts, there are two types of harraqa: The cargo ship and the smaller longship (galley-like) that was used for fighting. It is unclear whether the nomenclature harraqa has a connection with European carraca (carrack), or whether one influences the other. One Muslim harraqa named Mogarbina was captured by the Knights of St. John in 1507 from the Ottoman Turks and renamed Santa Maria. Gujarati ships are usually called naos (carracks) by the Portuguese. Gujarati naos operated between Malacca and the Red Sea, and were often larger than Portuguese carracks. The Bengalis also used carracks, sometimes called naos mauriscas (Moorish carracks) by the Portuguese. Arabs merchants of Mecca apparently used carracks too, since Duarte Barbosa noted that the Bengali people have "great naos after the fashion of Mecca".

Famous carracks

 * Santa María, in which Christopher Columbus made his first voyage to America in 1492.
 * Gribshunden, flagship of the Danish-Norwegian King Hans, built in the Low Countries 1485 and served the Danish-Norwegian crown until sinking in June 1495.
 * São Gabriel, flagship of Vasco da Gama, in the 1497 Portuguese expedition from Europe to India by circumnavigating Africa.
 * Flor do Mar or Flor de la Mar, as it was called, served over nine years in the Indian Ocean, sinking in 1512 with Afonso de Albuquerque after the conquest of Malacca with a huge booty, making it one of the legendary lost treasures.
 * Victoria, the first ship in history to circumnavigate the globe (1519 to 1522), and the only survivor of Magellan's expedition for Spain.
 * La Dauphine, Verrazzano's ship to explore the Atlantic coast of North America in 1524.
 * Grande Hermine, in which Jacques Cartier first navigated the Saint Lawrence River in 1535. The first European ship to sail on this river past the Gulf.
 * Santo António, or St. Anthony, the personal property of King John III of Portugal, wrecked off Gunwalloe Bay in 1527, the salvage of whose cargo almost led to a war between England and Portugal.
 * Great Michael, a Scottish ship, at one time the largest in Europe.
 * Mary Rose, Henri Grâce à Dieu and Peter Pomegranate, built during the reign of King Henry VIII of England — English military carracks like these were often called great ships.
 * Grace Dieu, commissioned by King Henry V of England. One of the largest ships in the world at the time.
 * Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai, a war ship built in India by the Portuguese
 * Santa Anna, a particularly modern design commissioned by the Knights Hospitaller in 1522 and sometimes hailed as the first armoured ship.
 * Jesus of Lübeck, chartered to a group of merchants in 1563 by Queen Elizabeth I of England. Jesus of Lübeck became involved in the Atlantic slave trade under John Hawkins.
 * Madre de Deus, built in Lisbon during 1589, she was one of the world's largest ships. She was captured by the English off Flores Island in 1592 with an enormously valuable cargo from the East Indies that is still considered the second-largest treasure ever captured.
 * Cinco Chagas, presumed to have been the largest and richest ship to ever sail to and from the Indies until it exploded and sank at the action of Faial in 1594.
 * Santa Catarina, Portuguese carrack which was seized by the Dutch East India Company off Singapore in 1603.
 * Nossa Senhora da Graça, Portuguese carrack sunk in a Japanese attack near Nagasaki in 1610
 * Peter von Danzig, ship of the Hanseatic League in 1460s–1470s.
 * La Gran Carracca, the ship of the Order of St. John during their rule over Malta.
 * Bom Jesus, a Portuguese ship that disappeared in 1533 after sailing from Lisbon. The well preserved shipwreck was discovered in 2008 on the coast of Namibia, along with its cargo of assorted copper ingots, elephant ivory and over 2000 gold and silver coins.

Popular culture
The Italian word caracca and derivative words are popularly used in reference to a cumbersome individual, to an old vessel, or to a vehicle in a very bad condition. The Portuguese form of "carrack", nau, is used as its unique unit in the Civilization V and Civilization VI strategy game.

title: Carrack


text:
Talk:Mary Cheney

2004 Presidential Campaign
It seems that there has been some major revision of this part of the article. One reason why Mary Cheney is such a public figure (in addition to being the vice president's daughter) is the issue of her sexuality in regards to the policies of the administration for which she campaigned in the 2004 election. As of 29 November, 2006, this part of the article only mentions that John Kerry and John Edwards mentioned her lesbianism, but that seems insignificant outside the context of the issue of homosexuality during that campaign. The article used to reference Cheney's own admission to having mouthed "Go fuck yourself" to John Edwards when he mentioned her lesbianism, as well as the controversy surrounding the apparent incongruity of Cheney's lesbianism and the Bush/Cheney administration's attempt to forestall homosexual marriage. I would like to see a reversion (for this section at least) to what it was on 29 August, 2006. --User: livesayd 7:23, 29 November 2006

Added the quote from Cheney regarding Mary from the same debate. MistressI

 * The section doesn't really capture the dynamic of the debate, but not having a tape of the encounter I'm probably not the right person to edit it. Vice President Cheney was clearly very angry that Senator Edwards was using Mary Cheney as a political football, and the tone of his answer clearly conveyed that. I don't know about anything he might have mouthed to Edwards, but the impression I describe was widely reported. The current article makes it sound like Cheney was genuinely appreciative. If we clarify, we'll need some strong sources to cite, though.

 * Wellspring (talk) 01:14, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Attention to Mary's Sexuality
Can anyone show me compelling evidence for the following statement in Mary Cheney's bio? If not, I'm going to delete it because is smells of pure opinion. --Ryan Knoll 12:18, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * In 2000 the Cheney family had insisted that Mary was a private citizen and off-limits to the press. Even so, her presence seemed to bolster the compassionate conservative image that the Republican ticket wanted to convey to voters. --Ryan Knoll 12:18, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the first sentence is accurate but I have not looked for a citation. It could be tricky to find one on the Internet because it is old.  I think someone should track down a citation and the sentence should be left in.  The second is an opinion.  I wouldn't have a problem with its deletion. Nysus 17:08, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I found a citation. An exact citation.  A too-exact citation, in fact.  The two sentences flagged by Ryan Knoll, along with the succeeding paragraph, were lifted almost verbatim from a Newsweek article reproduced on the MSNBC website.  I'm undecided whether to paraphrase the original or to just quote it with attribution.  While I'm thinking about that, I've added new heading here; Ryan, I hope this doesn't put your comment in a false light, but it was confusing to have it under the "From VfD" heading.  JamesMLane 17:57, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

James, the phrase "and some Republicans' use of anti-gay themes" seems a bit strange. Can you name an elected officials or official Republican Party documents that set forth clear anti-gay themes? --67.163.8.148 14:04, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

How about Senator Rick "Man-on-Dog" Santorum, who stated his belief that private homosexual conduct should be illegal?? OR, you could just go back and read the Mary Chaney article which mentions George W. Bush's support for amending the US Constitution to prevent gay people from ever having equal marriage rights in America?? Or the Official platform of the Republican Party, which every 4 years renews it's anti-gay language. Or Bush's father who, while in the Oval Office, said a homosexual relationship could never be the moral equivalent of a straight relationship. If you need more examples, they ain't that hard to find. How about all the official Republican support for all the state amendments aimed at preventing equal marriage rights for gays?? Or the very recent example of the nastiness expressed by Senator McCain (recent head of the Republican Party) toward the gay people who are serving honorably in the US Military. Not to mention the fact that ALL Republican US Senators threatened to filibuster the latest Defense Spending Authorization (Sept. 2010) because it had language requiring the Military to treat gay service men equally with straight ones. These examples only scratch the surface. I cannot believe anyone could be so ignorant of homophobia in the Republican Party as to ask such a ridiculous question! And by the way, yes, gay people consider that being discriminated against by their own government is "anti-gay". And those politicians who insist that this discrimination must continue are being "anti-gay". Perhaps that is where your misunderstanding arises from. -William Malmstrom, Clearwater, FL 70.126.98.155 (talk) 04:40, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

 * It was the Republican National Committee, but they didn't sign their names. If you go to http://dearmary.com/ you can see the front of the mailing that  DearMary cited in its criticism of Mary Cheney, and if you follow the link to  you can see the whole thing.  I think you raise a good point, so I've changed the reporting of DearMary's criticism of this mailing to specify whose mailing was being criticized. JamesMLane 06:22, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Your wording is better. As a side commentary note, the only relevant mention on the flier is "allowing same-sex marriage".  Not sure how supporting the definition of marriage is using anti-gay themes or gay baiting.

When the "definition of marriage" allows straight people to marry the person they are in love with and want to marry, but FORBIDS gay people from doing the same thing, how can you possibly not see this as "anti-gay"? The argument "but we've always done it that way" doesn't mean it isn't anti-gay. For a fuller explanation of all the ways it is anti-gay to prevent gay people from having marriage equality, see the judge's ruling in the August, 2010 decision in the case of Perry vs. Schwarzenegger. 70.126.98.155 (talk) 04:51, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

Is she the first pregnant lesbian child of a sitting US Vice-President? --Vladko 05:38, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Um, yes.BobCubTAC 03:59, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

I removed the following unsubstatiated line from this section: "Many Republicans are in fact accepting or accommodating of bisexuals and the concept of bisexuality, but view homosexuality as wrong, or improper. [3]"

First of all, this is patently false. I do not know where the author got his information, but I do know that many right-wing Republicans actually view bisexuality as being worse than homosexuality. Many others feel it is just as bad. Secondly, the source article for the accompanying footnote makes no mention of bisexuality, let alone how Republicans feel about it. So, into the Wikipedia trash heap you go, o' misinformed statement! BobCubTAC 04:07, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Ford's son was gay, but he is self-loathing like Scary Mary.

The above unsigned comment is unclear. By Ford, I guess it refers to the former President, but he has three sons. I guess it refers to Steven Ford, but claims that he was gay is strange - it suggests he no longer is, because Steven is alive. Can anyone clarify what the above comment actually means, and/or provide some evidence for his claim? Werdnawerdna (talk) 07:00, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Uncertainties about biographical information
Our previous text said Cheney lives in Denver. According to this article in USA Today, Cheney lives in Conifer. I don't think this is just a neighborhood of Denver. Our article on Trey Parker calls it a small town. The Conifer Chamber of Commerce website refers to "Jefferson County" government services, so I suspect that it's an unincorporated town or the like. (The Chamber also says that Conifer is "a few miles southwest of downtown Denver". )  I'm changing her stated residence to the red-linked Conifer.
 * Conifer is roughly 40 miles southwest of downtown Denver and well into the mountains, although the commute has gotten shorter with the widening of the highway over the last 8 years.MarnetteD | Talk 02:56, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

She received her MBA in 2002. According to an article in the Denver Post, she joined her father's campaign in July 2003. It would be nice if we could add some information about whatever she did in the interim. JamesMLane 06:59, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * JamesMLane, I am not convinced. Please supply more proof. 216.153.214.94 04:01, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Latest edit inaccurate
RyanKnoll claimed that Mary Cheney resigned from the RUC because of the increasing public discussion over same-sex marriage. Mary resigned in early 2003, when same-sex marriage was not a major issue (the major issue at the time was sodomy laws and right to privacy -- Mary resigned because of the furor over Rick Santorum's remarks and because fundamentalists were more and more outspoken about the GOP not being harsh enough on gay rights -- this was around the same time that RNC chairman Marc Racicot was transferred after speaking to a group for gay Republicans). I also removed "pro-family" because these organizations spend little time focused on family, unless you believe that banning wills and hospital visitation rights for gay couples or putting gays in jail somehow strengthens the family. I also edited the part about Mary "flaunting" herself at her father's victory rally, unless Ryan has seen some footage of Mary and her partner making out or cuddling onstage (they weren't even standing together in the photo I saw) and this somehow did not make the evening news.

--JamesB3 12:24, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * The gay marriage debate was increasing when Mary resigned in July 2003. But you're right about the issue not being quite as high profile nationally until 4 months later.  Courts in Hawaii, Alaska and Vermont ruled that banning same-sex marriage was unconstitutional, and the Mass case was filed in 2001 and speculation about the State Supreme court decision was mounting.  Most pro-family groups beleive homosexual choices (gay sex, gay marriage, etc.) should not be equally endorsed and supported by society as hetero relationships...regardless of your particular views about the recommended influences and dynamics of family.  The "flaunting" word was the exact language used in the linked artcle.  --Ryan Knoll 17:22, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The other court cases (AK, HI) were in the early-mid 90's and most discussion of them had stopped by the late 90's, partially because of the Defense of Marriage Act. MA didn't become a major issue until November 2003. The main reason that Mary resigned was because the well-funded anti-gay zealots who make up the base of the party were spreading rumors that Bush was involved in the "gay agenda" because he appointed a few gays to minor administration positions and Marc Racicot met with a few gay groups. So when the sodomy law stuff became an issue, the GOP had to start the attacks in order to keep their base happy.

Vermont was never really a big national issue in 2000 that I can remember, since so much at that time was focused on the Presidential race and gay rights were barely discussed by either campaign (whereas in 2004 one campaign seemed to run almost entirely on gay-bashing). I realize the viewpoint of the people in the article -- I would recommend that those words like "flaunting" have quotation marks around them, as they have now, if they ever went into the profile. I forget to do that myself too often.

Anyway, we have gone around in circles so many times and obviously we have very different viewpoints on this issue. So, have a nice day, and I will not keep changing or re-editing the entry as long as it seems fair.

--JamesB3 12:37, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Denver, Conifer, Portland?
The current article says she lives in Portland, OR. Earlier discussions indicate Conifer, CO. The Dick Cheney article says Denver, CO. Anyone know what is currently correct? Gwimpey 04:24, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

As Far as I know she still lives in Conifer, I would think it would have hit The High Timber Times or the Canyon Courier if she had moved. EnsRedShirt 00:59, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

In her book's About the Author, it says Virginia Beach. - SS

Also, it's quite unlikely to be Portland. It would be major news around here, not because we lack for news, but because of the political climate here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.116.67.106 (talk) 02:57, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Paragraph on Alan Keyes - General cleanup of Article
The paragraph on Alan Keyes belongs in the Alan Keyes article (if anywhere). Someone issuing random unwarranted insults toward Mary Cheney is not notable in terms of any article on her 9in most cases). If no one has a good reason, I plan on removing this and cleaning up this article which is currently mostly a series of slams against her for being a homosexual, or being a homsexual and having certain opinions which others think are invalid for a homosexual to have. Also, since Mary Cheney is only a marginal public figure, I plan to edit the excessive amount of personal information available on her to be more in line with accepted norms for figures of her position and visibility. Anyone who wants to help with this, please post your availability. Frankly, I was shocked at some of the stuff on this page when I started the cleanup. Caper13 22:28, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Good idea. I've made a quick first pass, but there's still much work to be done.  I will help where I can.  --Psiphiorg 07:14, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Pregnancy
Apparently, she is currently expecting a baby and this should as well be included. I noticed someone had earlier updated the article to include this new information but it was quickly pulled out. Looks like an edit way is rooming —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.24.112.56 (talk) 13:36, 7 December 2006 (UTC).
 * Read the article. It is there. The only thing that was reverted was a post that suggested Kevin Federline was the father? Please...try reading the article first. Caper13 16:36, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * How did she get pregnant?!? -- Jokes Free4Me 17:01, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Probably artificial insemination. Therequiembellishere 00:05, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * With whose semen? >:-) I mean, if sourced, that piece of info could very well be added to the article... Even though i myself couldn't find any mention of it anywhere. -- Jokes Free4Me 06:56, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Aren't those usually unknown? Therequiembellishere 07:43, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I just hope it wasn't Richard Nixon's seed.209.244.42.193 04:21, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Look up Sperm Bank and some of the links. Typically, donations are anonymous. However, some donors can arrange as being "willing to be contacted". In those cases, the donor is not identified to the mother; however, when the child turns 18, the sperm bank contacts him/her and (if and only if the child wishes) arranges a meeting with the donor. Neither the donor nor the mother have any contact at any point, except I guess if the child arranges it at this point. The other possibility is a private donation; in which case Mary or her partner would know because they arranged it themselves with a friend or colleague.

 * With all that said, unless the person is some kind of celebrity or there is some future controversy surrounding the donation, I would be very inclined to say that the point is non-encyclopedic and leave it out. WP:BLP figures in very strongly here. Wellspring (talk) 01:11, 22 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The sentence stating that, "circumstances surrounding the conception were not reported" should be deleted. If it wasn't reported it shouldn't be noted.  It's unencyclopedic and supposition.  If we included everything not reported in the articles they'd be huge and unreadable.  I will remove the sentence unless someone else shows me where I'm wrong.  Thank you.  Portia327 (talk) 12:54, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Heather Poe
What is Heather Poe's career, if any?

209.244.42.196 05:43, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know, but the article summary box lists her as Cheney's "spouse," which she certainly is not.

I'm wondering about Heather Poe being wikilinked, when the link does nothing but redirect to Mary Cheney's article. It does give the impression that Ms. Poe has an actual article of her own. In fact, I clicked twice on her link before I finally figured out what was happening. It's not a big thing, and if it's common practice in Wikipedia, then fine; I just found it a bit confusing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.66.26.136 (talk) 18:20, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

Sexuality
not sure sexuality should be in first section. Move to personal life?? Does not state in her sisters bio that she is heterosexual. Just be consistent Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.149.19.249 (talk) 21:40, 10 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Depends on how important the fact is to the subject. In her case, it is a a large part of her public identity. Dovid (talk) 17:09, 19 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I tried to improve this by adding the second sentence, which is about her work in politics rather than her sexual preference. I think that helps.  Also added sections about her political work in 2010 and 2014. 3dimen (talk) 20:24, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Can't be both
She can't be "politically conservative" since she is lesbian. Sexual deviancy is leftist thing, I suggest removing the reference to her being "politically conservative" 73.121.228.133 (talk) 03:54, 13 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Absolute BS. According to your twisted logic, Peter Thiel and Milo Yiannopoulos are "leftists," a notion which is absolutely laughable. The whole world (except you, obviously) can see they are both gay and intrepidly conservative. The same is true of Mary Cheney. End of story. Joe Bethersonton (talk) 22:10, 6 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mary Cheney


text:
Centennial Olympic Park

Centennial Olympic Park is a 22 acre public park located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, owned and operated by the Georgia World Congress Center Authority. It was built by the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games (ACOG) as part of the infrastructure improvements for the 1996 Summer Olympics. It plays host to millions of visitors a year and several events, including a summer popular music concert series (Wednesday WindDown), the annual SweetWater 420 Fest and an annual Independence Day concert and fireworks display.

History
The park property had previously been a variety of vacant lots and abandoned or run-down industrial buildings. ACOG's chief executive, Billy Payne, conceived the park both as a central gathering location for visitors and spectators during the Olympics and as a lasting legacy for the city. With the park being the showcase to the world during the Olympics, ACOG decided to hold a design competition to lay out and build the park. Landscape Architect EDAW, with the joint construction team of Beers/Russell, were selected to design and build the park by the Georgia World Congress Center Authority.

Centennial Olympic Park was constructed in two phases. Phase I of construction was completed July 1996, just in time for 1996 Olympic Summer Games at a cost of US$28 million. During the Olympics, the park contained sponsor exhibits, hosted entertainment and medal presentations, and was a hotbed for pin trading. Phase II construction took place shortly after the Olympics were over and was completed during the following year, in 1998, at the cost of US$15 million.

The celebrations in the park were marred by the July 27 bombing which killed two people (one from a heart attack) and injured 111 others. Security at the park and at all sporting venues was subsequently raised to include bag searches and metal detectors at all entrances. The bombing site is adjacent to the Park's "Centennial Tree". It was closed shortly after the Olympics for renovations, including installation of grass, until spring 1998.

On March 14, 2008, the park sustained minor damage when a tornado tore through downtown Atlanta. Two of the 65 foot tall light towers were blown down. It was the first tornado to hit the downtown area since weather record keeping began in the 1880s.

On July 16, 2016, the park held events commemorating the 20th anniversary of the 1996 Olympics and Paralympics, including a volunteer reunion, concessions, and a fireworks show. In November, a commemorative plaque honoring the Games was unveiled.

On May 29, 2020, Centennial Olympic Park was the scene of the start of what was supposed to be a peaceful protest in respect of the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota four days earlier. The protest route was supposed to head to the capital and return to the park, but it was stopped at the CNN Center by the Atlanta Police Department. A riot subsequently broke out, resulting in damage and looting to several buildings, including the CNN Center.

Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia, the park was closed to the public in July 2020. GWCCA executive director Frank Poe stated that Centennial Olympic Park relied on revenue from events taking place at the Georgia World Congress Center for the park's upkeep. By April 2021, portions of Centennial Olympic Park were reopened to the public; however, the park only operated from 10:00 a.m. to 6 p.m. Wednesday through Sunday and public restrooms, visitors' center, the Fountain of Rings, and the amphitheater remain closed. On October 14, 2021, GWCCA officials announced that the park would be open daily from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. starting on October 18 and most of the previously closed areas would reopen; however, the Fountain of Rings would not have any music shows and public restrooms remain closed.

Location
The park is surrounded by many major Atlanta Landmarks; the Georgia World Congress Center, College Football Hall of Fame, State Farm Arena, the CNN Center, and Mercedes-Benz Stadium are all on the west side of the park and the Georgia Aquarium, National Center for Civil and Human Rights, and the World of Coca-Cola on the north side of the park. It is bounded by Marietta Street to the west, Baker Street to the north and Centennial Olympic Park Drive to the east and south.

Andrew Young International Boulevard, named for the former Atlanta mayor and United Nations ambassador, runs through the southern portion of the park. Since 2008, the area around the park has been marketed, and increasingly referred to in the press, as the Luckie Marietta District. The Atlanta Streetcar passes along the east side of the park, with a stop for the park on Centennial Olympic Drive.

Features
A key feature of the park is the Fountain of Rings interactive fountain, which features computer-controlled lights and jets of water synchronized with music played from speakers in light towers surrounding it. It forms a splash pad that was designed for children to frolic in, as well as for concert-goers and joggers to cool off in on hot summer days. It consists of 251 jets that shoot 12 to 35 ft in the air, and also creates a water sculpture that is essentially the front yard of the nearby museum. An important formal architectural landmark that is also a fun and playful space, the computer controlled fountain concept has since been replicated in other urban designs such as Dundas Square in Toronto and in commercial uses such as the Bellagio Fountains at the Bellagio Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. The fountain area is surrounded by flags representing the host countries of each Summer Olympics preceding the 1996 games and eight 65 ft light towers reminiscent of classical Greek marker columns. There are several pieces of sculpture scattered through the park, including Gateway of Dreams, a monument honoring Pierre de Coubertin, the father of the modern Olympic movement. A small amphitheatre is located at the southern end of the park.

The park has shows at the fountain all 365 days of the year, four times daily. They play at 12:30 p.m., 3:30 p.m., 6:30 p.m., and 9:30 p.m. In July 2013, SkyView Atlanta, a transportable Ferris wheel, debuted across the street from the park. The 200 ft wheel features 42 air-conditioned cars and views of the park and the surrounding area.

Engraved bricks
The park was paid for in part by the donations of thousands of individuals who bought bricks engraved with the short message of their choice and laid as pavers throughout the park. The contribution for each brick was $35. The message was allowed 15 characters on each of two lines. The finished bricks were laid in alternating light (tan) and dark (brick red) groups comprising a large portion of the 800,000 bricks used in the park's construction. Many contributors ordered replica bricks to keep for themselves as souvenirs.

Economic impact
The park has become a catalyst for new development in Atlanta's downtown. The new World of Coca-Cola opened on May 24, 2007, next to the Georgia Aquarium just north of the park, and the Imagine It! Children's Museum of Atlanta opened on March 1, 2004, on a corner northeast of the park. Other significant attractions or developments surrounding the park include The Georgia World Congress Center, the Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau, the Atlanta Apparel Mart, the Omni Hotel, the Tabernacle (formerly a House of Blues location during the games), SkyView Atlanta, a 200 ft Ferris Wheel, the CNN Center, and the College Football Hall of Fame, State Farm Arena, and Mercedes-Benz Stadium.

In 2016, the park received the Downtown Economic Impact Award from Central Atlanta Progress Inc. Centennial Olympic Park was cited for attracting more than $2.4 billion in investment since opening in 1996.

title: Centennial Olympic Park


text:
Mozilla (mascot)

Mozilla was the mascot of Netscape Communications Corporation and subsequently the Mozilla Foundation. The mascot has varied in appearance, and was retired from active use in 2012.

Name
The mascot's name comes from a portmanteau of Mosaic, the original name of Netscape Navigator, and Godzilla. The name stood for "Mosaic killer", as the company's goal was to displace NCSA Mosaic as the world's number one web browser, and was used as the codename for Netscape Navigator 1.0. Programmer Jamie Zawinski came up with the name during a meeting while working at the company. The name "Mozilla" later became more prominent when it was used for the open source browser of the same name.

Green design
Initially the mascot took various forms, including that of a helmeted astronaut, but the eventual choice of a Godzilla-like lizard went well with the theme of "crushing the competition", and paid homage to the origin of its name. This design rendered Mozilla in the form of a green and purple cartoon lizard, designed by Dave Titus in 1994. Mozilla was featured prominently on Netscape's web site in the company's early years, but the need to project a more professional image (especially towards corporate clients) led to him being removed.

Mozilla continued to be used inside Netscape, though, often featuring on T-shirts given to staff or on artwork adorning the walls of the Netscape campus in Mountain View. When Netscape acquired the website directory NewHoo in 1998, they rebranded it the Open Directory Project with the nickname "DMOZ" (Directory of Mozilla) due to its similarity to the Mozilla project. A green and purple image of Mozilla was placed on every page of the site, which continued even after Netscape's disbanding when it was acquired by AOL.

Red design

With the launch of the mozilla.org web site in 1998, the mascot was redesigned as a larger, fiercer red Tyrannosaurus rex. The new design was by Shepard Fairey of "Obey Giant" and Barack Obama "Hope" poster fame. By September 2012, the mascot – referred to as "the dino" and "he" – had been "retired from active duty", removed from official Mozilla branding, and replaced by a "Mozilla" wordmark, all lowercase and set in Meta Bold typeface. Subsequently, in July 2019, the latter had been replaced by "moz://a", in Mozilla's Zilla Slab Highlight typeface and within a rectangle of a tone or color contrasting with that of the lettering.

title: Mozilla (mascot)


text: File:Tokyo Decadence DVD.jpg

title: File:Tokyo Decadence DVD.jpg


text:
Stillwater Range

The Stillwater Range is a mountain range located in western Nevada in the United States. It is a SSW-NNE running ridge, approximately 70 mi long. It cuts across the center of Churchill County and extends partway into Pershing County.

The Stillwater Range separates the Carson Sink (to the west) from Dixie Valley (to the east). To the north, a low pass separates it from the East Range. To the south, the Sand Springs Pass separates it from the Sand Springs Range. Nestled against the south end of the range is Sand Mountain, an enormous 600 ft tall sand dune which draws off-road vehicle enthusiasts from across Nevada and California.

A series of earthquakes measuring 6.6–7.1 on the Richter Scale, centered beneath or near the Stillwater Range, occurred between July and December 1954. As the area was then (and still is) sparsely populated, no fatalities and little property damage resulted. Extensive surface rupturing can be seen on the east slope of the range.

Several small mines can be found in the cliffsides of the mountains, many of which may not be marked on maps. Water running off the mountains is sometimes used to irrigate alfalfa fields. A notable point is the Steam Tractor Trail that begins of the eastern side. At the top of the trail is a steam tractor that was left there when the road was originally made.

The principal peaks of the Stillwater Range include Table Mountain (8330 ft), Mount Lincoln (8450 ft) and Job Peak (8727 ft).

title: Stillwater Range


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title: User talk:81.173.128.173