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Lavaca Bay

Lavaca Bay is a northwestern extension of the Matagorda Bay system found mostly in Calhoun County, Texas, United States. The ports of Port Lavaca and Point Comfort have been established on the bay, and are the main areas of human habitation. Linnville was located on the bay until its abandonment after the Great Raid of 1840, and the major port of Indianola was found near the confluence with the main Matagorda Bay, until the town's final destruction following the massive hurricane of 1886. Smaller communities include Olivia, Alamo Beach and Magnolia Beach. Lavaca Bay is approximately 82 mi northeast of Corpus Christi, about 121 mi southwest of Houston, and 145 mi southeast of San Antonio.

In the late 1680s, French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle built a colony dubbed Fort St. Louis in this area. A June 1996 dig at the site that was believed to be the correct location revealed eight French cannon. This led archeologists to excavate the Keeran Ranch site in the area, during 1996–2002; they concluded that the Spanish Presidio La Bahía fort "was built on the La Salle settlement". Some 10 percent of the artifacts recovered are believed to have originated in France.

The bay is noted for its superfund site, caused by mercury pollution from the heavy industry in Point Comfort (specifically Alcoa), across the bay from the largest settlement of Port Lavaca. Although fishing has declined in recent years due to fears of contamination, the bay supports a large finfish population, and the efforts of environmental organizations and the federal government have pressured Alcoa to reduce the polluted areas.

History
Lavaca Bay was formed when the sea level rose following the last ice age, flooding the Lavaca River-Garcitas Creek basin. The name comes from the Spanish adaptation of the French vache or cow, given to the area by French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle for the sightings of Plains Bison, which were once common near the bay and the creeks that feed it. It is believed La Salle established his Fort St. Louis colony near the bay on Garcitas Creek. The first sizable human settlement on the bay shore was at the town of New Port, established in 1831 by Irish merchant John J. Linn as part of De León's colony. The site was later renamed Linnville, and grew to a population of 200 by 1839. It was described as "a place of considerable business" in Sketches of Texas in 1840, and was used extensively during the early years of the Republic of Texas. Future San Antonio Mayor Samuel Maverick owned a warehouse in the town, along with many other prominent Texans. The town was destroyed during the Great Raid of 1840, orchestrated by the Comanche Indians, and was later abandoned.

Port Lavaca or Lavaca, developed after the abandonment of Linnville. It grew substantially following the destruction of Indianola, and became a prominent shipping location and national leader in shrimp production. Across the bay and currently connected by Texas State Highway 35, the town of Point Comfort is found. It was incorporated in 1953 at a citywide vote and is known for its large aluminium and petrochemical plants built in the 1960s. The small town of Olivia, which was founded in 1892 as a Swedish Lutheran community, is located on the shores of Keller Bay. The unincorporated towns of Alamo Beach, established around 1900, and Magnolia Beach, founded sometime thereafter, and named for the Magnolia figs produced in the area, are found north of the remains of the ghost town of Indianola.

Features
Lavaca Bay is the largest extension of the Matagorda Bay system and includes its own extensions of Chocolate Bay to the southwest, Cox Bay to the east, and Keller Bay to the southeast. The Lavaca River as well as Garcitas Creek and Venado Creek supply the bay with fresh water from the north. Channels have been dredged to connect the bay to the Intracoastal Waterway, which runs to the south. On average, the bay is about 4 ft in depth.

Unlike most of the Matagorda Bay system, Lavaca Bay has a mostly muddy bottom with large amounts of oyster reefs and spoils islands formed by the dredging of several canals. The shores are lined with grassy bluffs and a thick cover of trees. The Lavaca River enters near the Port Lavaca Causeway as it traverses Lavaca Bay from Port Lavaca to Point Comfort at the center of the bay, which is also its narrowest width. The river flows 115 mi southeast from its source in northeast Gonzales County, draining approximately 2280 sqmi into Lavaca Bay. South of the Port Lavaca Causeway in Point Comfort, on the bay's eastern shore, a heavy industrial sector is located, which lines the coast to Cox Bay, which extends to the east. South of Cox Bay is the larger Keller Bay extension, which extends the bay to its easternmost point near Olivia. Below the extension, is a narrow peninsula, bounded by Matagorda Bay to the south, which extends west to the mouth of Lavaca Bay. Across the mouth on the western shore, past the Matagorda Ship Channel, which runs through the middle of the bay to Point Comfort, the town of Magnolia Beach is found. To the northwest is the town of Alamo Beach, located on Gailinipper Point, from which a major oyster reef begins across the bay to Point Comfort. The point is located on the northeastern extreme of a headland that juts to the north, forming Chocolate Bay to the west. Port Lavaca is found north of Chocolate Bay, back at the Port Lavaca Causeway. North of the causeway is a large circular extension, forming the northern boundary of the Lavaca Bay. The northwestern extreme is formed by Garcitas Cove, fed by Garcitas Creek, which flows 48 mi from its source in DeWitt County. To the east is Venado Creek, which converges with the bay, northwest of the mouth of the Lavaca River.

Ecosystem
Lavaca Bay hosts a wide range of finfish including Black drum, Flounder, Redfish, Sheepshead and Speckled trout, however it suffers from mercury pollution. An Alcoa plant in Point Comfort dumped an estimated 67 lb of mercury into the bay per day in the 1960s, affecting 64 sqmi. A mercury superfund was established at the site, and the processing of oysters and blue crab in certain locations was prohibited. A study revealed that the bay's detritus is more than ten times as contaminated as nearby Keller Bay.

The pollution issue is a main concern of citizens of Calhoun County, and has attracted demonstrations against industry in Point Comfort. However, Alcoa has worked with state and federal officials, spending $110 million to reduce the size of the superfund site, as part of a 2005 settlement. Cooperation aims to create 70 additional acres of salt marsh and 11 acres of oyster reef habitat.

Locals have estimated that the only area still affected by contamination is just offshore from the Alcoa plant. Signs warning boaters of the water's toxicity are found at the site. The stigma attached to the bay due to reports of pollution has discouraged fishing, enabling a healthy population to develop.

Industry
Industry is heavy along the bay, with an abundance of natural gas and oil wells at all corners. Natural gas was discovered at the site in 1934, and oil was discovered the next year. Point Comfort is home to several industrial plants along the shore, including Alcoa, Union Carbide, DuPont, and Formosa Plastics Corp. Despite the restrictions on the bay that prevent the production of fish and shellfish along the superfund site, seafood harvesting is a major industry. However, it is not as prominent as it was in the 1920s, when Port Lavaca led the nation in shrimp production, leading to the construction of a quick-freezing plant. Today, shrimping is only allowed south of the Port Lavaca Causeway, due to the north's classification as a nursery location. Shellfish production is allowed in Keller Bay and Lavaca Bay south of Point Comfort, but is restricted along the eastern and northern coast and Chocolate Bay, and is conditionally approved in the remaining locations, including along the shore of Port Lavaca. A small tourism industry also fuels economic growth, spurred by the Port Lavaca State Fishing Pier found alongside the Port Lavaca Causeway. The pier once served as the causeway across the bay but was replaced in the 1960s and converted into a fishing pier of 3200 ft, billed as the longest in the world. However this pier is now memorialized by its remains, posts, and small platforms no longer accessible from the shore stand alongside the modern causeway.

title: Lavaca Bay


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Alan N. Cohen

Alan Norman Cohen (December 19, 1930 – August 10, 2004) was the former co-owner of the Boston Celtics and the New Jersey Nets, and chairman and CEO of the Madison Square Garden Corporation, owner of the New York Knicks and the New York Rangers.

Biography
Born to a Jewish family, Cohen graduated from Columbia College in 1952 and Columbia Law School in 1954. While attending Columbia College, Cohen was initiated into the Delta chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. After school, he served in the U.S. Army and then went to work for Paul, Weiss, Rifkin, Wharton and Garrison in 1957 becoming a partner of the firm in 1964. In 1970 he accepted a position at Warner Communications (now WarnerMedia) as executive vice president where he was responsible for Atlantic Records, Elektra Records, and Warner Bros. Records. He joined with a group of investors including Warner CEO Steve Ross and purchased the New York Cosmos, which made international headlines by signing superstar Pelé.

In 1974 he became chairman and CEO of Madison Square Garden Corporation, a public corporation which owned the New York Knicks and the New York Rangers. In 1978, Cohen and a group of investors purchased the New Jersey Nets basketball team. In 1983, he sold his interest in the Nets, and together with his partners, Don Gaston and Paul Dupee, purchased the Boston Celtics. The Celtics won the NBA championship in 1984 and 1986, with superstar players Larry Bird, Kevin McHale, and Robert Parish. From 1985 to 1987, he served as chairman of the NBA Board of Governors helping to pioneer the concept of the salary cap.

While not known as an innovator, Cohen did come up with the idea of placing revolving advertisements courtside at NBA games. He was the founding Chairman of ANC Sports in Purchase, New York, a provider of rotational and LED signage at sports facilities; and served as co-chairman of Sportsco International which owns the SkyDome stadium in Toronto.

Philanthropy
Cohen served as a trustee or director of various entities including the Independence House, a youth offender rehabilitation facility; the Alvin Ailey Dance Theatre; the International Center for Photography; Haifa University; American Friends of the Hebrew University; the Educational Alliance; Columbia College; Columbia Law School; and the Graduate School of Management of the New School. He also served as the director of the American Friends of Tel Aviv University. He received Columbia University's John Jay Award and was elected to Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. In 2001, Cohen was elected to the Board of Directors of the Jewish Federation of South Palm Beach County.

Personal life
Cohen was married twice. He had two children, Laurie Cohen Fenster and Gordon Cohen, with his first wife Joan Fields Cohen, who died in 1989; and one child, Rebecca Cohen, with his second wife Carol Cohen. Cohen died in Boca Raton, Florida, of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Services were held at the Park Avenue Synagogue in Manhattan.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alan N. Cohen


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Nome King

The Nome King is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum. He is introduced in Baum's third Oz book Ozma of Oz (1907). He also appears in many of the continuing sequel Oz novels also written by Baum. Although the character of the Wicked Witch of the West is the most notable and famous Oz villain (due to her appearance in the 1939 MGM musical The Wizard of Oz), it is actually the Nome King who is the most frequent antagonist in the book series.

Precursor
Katharine M. Rogers, a biographer of L. Frank Baum, has argued that there was a precursor of the Nome King in one of Baum's pre-Oz works. In A New Wonderland (1899), later known as The Magical Monarch of Mo, there is a similar character called King Scowleyow. Rogers finds him a "convincingly evil" villain despite his ridiculous name. His people reportedly live in caves and mines. They dig iron and tin out of the rocks in their environment. They melt these metals into bars and sell them.

Scowleyow hates the King of Phunnyland and all his people, because they live so happily and "care nothing for money. He decides to destroy Phunnyland and instructs his mechanics to build what is essentially a robot. It is described as a great man built of cast iron, and containing within him machinery. The robot is called "the Cast-iron Man". The metallic creature roars, rolls his eyes, and gnashes his teeth. It is set on marching across a valley, destroying trees and houses on its path.

Rogers notes the similarities between Scowleyow and the Nome King: they represent the negation of good will and happiness, they are associated with the underground and material wealth, Scowleyow is a powerful figure who uses his technological knowledge to create a machine capable only of destruction, and both villains demonstrate the tendency of evil towards self-destruction.

In the novels
The character called the Nome King is originally named Roquat the Red. Later, he takes the name Ruggedo, which Baum first used in a stage adaptation. Even after Ruggedo loses his throne, he continues to think of himself as king and the Oz book authors politely refer to him that way. Authors Ruth Plumly Thompson and John R. Neill used the traditional spelling "gnome" so Ruggedo is the title character in Thompson's The Gnome King of Oz (1927).

In Baum's universe, the Nomes are immortal rock fairies who dwell underground. They hide jewels and precious metals in the earth, and resent the "upstairs people" who dig down for those valuables. Apparently as revenge, the Nome King enjoys keeping surface-dwellers as slaves—not for their labor but simply to have them.

The Nomes' greatest fear are eggs. Upon seeing Billina, Roquat is terrified, declaring that "Eggs are poison to Nomes!" He claims that any Nome who comes in contact with an egg will be weakened to the point that he can be easily destroyed unless he speaks a magic word only known to a few Nomes. Baum, however, strongly hints that the fear of eggs is unjustified, as the Scarecrow repeatedly pelts him with eggs at the end of the novel, causing him no apparent harm beyond stress enough to allow Dorothy Gale to remove his Magic Belt. Sally Roesch Wagner, in her pamphlet The Wonderful Mother of Oz, suggests that Matilda Joslyn Gage had made Baum aware that the egg is an important symbol of matriarchy, and that it is this that the Nomes (among whom no females are seen) actually fear.

In their first encounter with Roquat, in Ozma of Oz (1903), Princess Ozma, Dorothy Gale, and a party from the Emerald City free the royal family of Ev from his enslavement and, for good measure, take away his magic belt.

Roquat becomes so angry that he plots revenge in The Emerald City of Oz (1910). He has his subjects dig a tunnel under the Deadly Desert while his general recruits a host of evil spirits like the Whimsies, the Growleywogs, and the Phanfasms to conquer Oz. Fortunately at the moment of invasion, Ozma wishes (using her magic belt) for a large amount of dust to appear in the tunnel. Roquat and his allies thirstily taste the Water of Oblivion and forget everything where Roquat forgets his enmity and his name.

Tik-Tok of Oz (1914) reintroduces the Nome King with his new name, Ruggedo (all the Nomes, Whimsies, Growleywogs, and Phanfasms having forgotten the old one and old resentments). Using some personal magic, he has enslaved the Shaggy Man's brother, a miner from Colorado. Shaggy, with the help of Betsy Bobbin, the Oogaboo army, some of Dorothy's old friends, and Quox the dragon, conquer the Nome King again and Tititi-Hoochoo the Great Jinjin expels him from his kingdom, placing Chief Steward Kaliko on the throne. In Rinkitink in Oz (1916), Kaliko behaves much like his former master.

In The Magic of Oz (1919), the exile Ruggedo meets the young enchanter Kiki Aru and plans to destroy Oz again. He gets into the country without Ozma's knowledge, creating havoc. However, he again drinks of the Water of Oblivion, and to stop him ever going bad again Ozma settles him in the Emerald City.

Soon after taking over the Oz series, Ruth Plumly Thompson brought back Ruggedo, his memory and rancor restored and living imprisoned under the city. Finding a box of mixed magic in Kabumpo in Oz (1922), he grows into a giant and runs away with Ozma's royal palace on his head. He is placed on a Runaway Land which runs out to the Nonestic Ocean and strands him on an island.

In The Gnome King of Oz (1927), he is helped off the island by Peter Brown, an athletic boy from Philadelphia, making his first trip to Oz. As in Ozma of Oz, Ruggedo is quite friendly when he thinks he is going to get his way. After threatening the Emerald City utilizing a Cloak of Invisibility, he is hit with a Silence Stone and immediately struck dumb.

In Pirates in Oz (1931), the mute Ruggedo finds a town in the Land of Ev called Menankypoo, whose people speak with words across their foreheads and seek a dumb king. Peter, Pigasus and Captain Samuel Salt aid in his defeat and he is transformed into a jug.

In Handy Mandy in Oz (1937), the Wizard of Wutz, the handsome but cruel King of the Silver Mountain, restored Ruggedo's proper form. At the end of that book, Himself the Elf transforms both of them into cacti, so that they can never make trouble again.

Ruggedo made no further appearances in the original Oz series, but his further adventures have been written in several later books (some of which harmonize with one another; others which are contradictory).

The Nome King and the Gnome King
Much fan discussion has revolved around the identity of the Gnome King in Baum's The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902), a jolly rock dweller who does not believe in giving, but only in even exchange. His gnomes watch over the rocks in the Forest of Burzee and make sleigh bells for each of Santa Claus's ten reindeer that he gives in exchange for toys for his children. An editor's note to Judy Pike's article "The Decline and Fall of the Nome King" conjectures that the Gnome King is the Nome King's father.

Analysis
Concerning the original depiction of the Nome King by L. Frank Baum, essayist Suzanne Rahn has suggested that he was a "distinctly American kind of monarch". Rather than a traditional king, the Nome King was more of an industrial capitalist. His power resided in controlling a monopoly. Ozma's relationship with the Nome Kingdom has been discussed as an example of imperialism in English literature. Rahn compares the king to industrialists Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919), J. P. Morgan (1837-1913), and John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937). Richard Tuerk expands this theory to include the other Nome King, Kaliko. In Rinkitink in Oz (1916), Kaliko says to his allies Queen Cor and King Gos: "as a matter of business policy we powerful Kings must stand together and trample the weaker ones under our feet". In this case, Baum makes his replacement Nome king sound like a stereotypical capitalist from his time period.

According to Jack Zipes, the Gnome King represents materialist greed. He is driven by a lust for power for the sake of power. Once defeated, the King gains a new sinister motivation, revenge. He and his allies want to enslave people to attain wealth and power. Oz is Baum's version of the utopia and the Nome King strives to undermine this utopian civilization.

Zipes believes that Baum was against any kind of violence. In The Emerald City of Oz (1910), the Nome King's invasion of Oz is therefore defeated in a non-violent way. Baum invented a fountain filled with the water of oblivion. A single sip of this water makes the drinker forget everything, including any evil intentions. The would-be invaders of Oz drink from the fountain, forget everything, and return home. Zipes argues that Baum was not going for a message of turning the other cheek. He was aware that if one uses the same methods as one's enemies, one risks becoming like them. If the defenders of Oz became cutthroat and militant like the Nome King and his forces, this would have tarnished the spirit and principles of Oz. So their victory, as orchestrated by Ozma is using a different method, oblivion. The method is creative, humane, and humanitarian.

Gore Vidal argued that Oz represents a "pastoral dream" deriving from the ideals of Thomas Jefferson, though here the slaves have been replaced by magic and good will. The Nome King and his black magic represent a technological civilization, driven by machines and industrialization. Vidal concluded that "the Nome King has governed the United States for more than a century; and he shows no sign of wanting to abdicate."

Zipes believes that Baum was essentially a fairy tale writer. He places him in a group of writers with Charles Dickens (1812–1870), John Ruskin (1819-1900), George MacDonald (1824–1905), and Oscar Wilde (1854–1900). They brought an oppositional political perspective to their fairy tales and questioned the classical fairy tales and society at large. They reached out to young readers from the upper class, the petite bourgeoisie, and the working class. The literary fairy tale was their political weapon and they preached a message of social liberation. In Zipes words': "Their art was a subversive symbolic act intended to illuminate concrete utopias waiting to be realized once the authoritarian rule of the Nome King could be overcome".

Rogers points that The Emerald City of Oz (1910) was supposed to be the finale of the Oz series. Following the end of the Nome King's invasion, Baum announced that the Land of Oz was forever closed from the outside world. The truth was that the writer had become tired of the series. In the preface of Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908), Baum humorously complained that children kept asking him for more Oz tales. He claimed that he knew of many other stories and hoped to tell them as well. In other words, he was ready to move on to other works. This complain also appeared in The Road to Oz (1909), where he hinted at a coming finale to the series.

In this novel, the Nome King has lost all traces of being jolly and good-humored. He has long been stewing over his defeat and the loss of his magic belt. He feels nothing but a constant anger, which has destroyed his own capacity to feel happiness and makes his subjects miserable as well. The King himself points that he is now angry morning, noon, and night. He sees his situation as monotonous and preventing him from gaining any pleasure in life. Rogers observes that the King now resembles any number of historical rulers. He has become an irresponsible tyrant, and is driven only by malice. He also resembles a naughty child given to impotent rages. He starts the book by storming and raving "all by himself". He walks up and down in his jewel-studded cavern and gets angrier all the time. He also turns his anger towards his own subjects, when they disagree with him. He punishes them by throwing them away, though Baum does not really explain the meaning of this punishment. Rogers suggests that it sounds "mysteriously horrible".

Despite Baum's intentions to end the Oz series, he eventually returned to it. He continued writing it from 1912 until his death in 1919. His motivations for returning to it were the readers' continued demand for new stories, his financial need for commercially successful stories, and his own fascination with the world of Oz. In this second period of Oz, Oz becomes a "socialist paradise". The threats to it are genetic experimentation and abuse of magic. The Nome King returns in Tik-Tok of Oz (1914), where he represents cruel oppression.

Jason M. Bell and Jessica Bell trace the slavery and emancipation theme in the Oz tales to Baum's own childhood. As a child, Baum experienced the American Civil War (1861-1865) and the consequent abolition of slavery in the United States. The heroes of the Oz tales tend to be abolitionists and strive to end slavery in any form. The villains are slave owners who seek to enslave others and institute slavery. The inevitable conflict between the two sides is a recurring theme in the Oz tales and has in their view contributed to the enduring popularity of the series. The Bells argue that it is no coincidence that abolitionist Dorothy Gale is from Kansas. Baum was a child during the Bleeding Kansas conflict (1854-1861). Thousands of abolitionists moved to Kansas to vote against slavery, while Border Ruffians from Missouri crossed the borders to stop them. The Nome King is a slave owner and a chauvinist. He is outsmarted and humiliated by Billina the hen, and literally left with egg on his face. The writers find it telling that the hyper-masculine Nomes and their King are terrified of feminine eggs.

In other media
The Nome King was first played by Paul de Dupont in The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908). John Dunsmure played Ruggedo, the Metal Monarch in the stage play The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913), by Baum, Louis F. Gottschalk, and Victor Schertzinger, produced in Los Angeles by Oliver Morosco. In the play, he sings a duet with Polychrome titled "When in Trouble Come to Papa". As in the novel, the lack of females among Nomes causes Ruggedo to be willing to take her as wife, sister, or daughter so long as she remains to brighten his kingdom, and the song has him trying out the father option.

Over the summer of 2007, South Coast Repertory performed a play called Time Again in Oz, featuring many familiar Oz characters, such as Roquat the Nome King, Tik-Tok, Uncle Henry, and, of course, Dorothy. Instead of being portrayed as an old man that looks like a mineral, Roquat is identified as being tall, rock-like with a boulder-like mass for his torso, and wears a large crown upon his rocky head. He controls the Nomes at will, headed by his lead Nome, Feldspar, who is very similar to Chistery, the flying monkey character from the Broadway adaptation, Wicked.

The Nome King was portrayed on film by Nicol Williamson in 1985's Return to Oz which was based loosely on the books Ozma of Oz and The Marvelous Land of Oz. In that film, his rock-like nature was taken to the extreme via Will Vinton's Claymation. His personality and characterization largely stays true to how he is portrayed in the original novels, being seemingly fair and courteous to Dorothy and her companions under the belief that they will fail a game he sets up for them (in which they touch an ornament from his collection and say "Oz" simultaneously, having three chances each to do so) in order to give them a chance to locate the Scarecrow, whom the Nome King transformed into an ornament shortly after their entering of his domain. Of the group, all but Dorothy fail and are subsequently transformed also. As this occurs, the Nome King progressively becomes more organic looking in appearance, and would have most likely became completely human should Dorothy failed on her last guess (why the Nome King so desires this is never elaborated upon). It is only when she successfully locates the Scarecrow and her friends, subsequently reverting the Nome King to his original form, does he reveal a more sadistic and threatening side to his character (hinted at throughout the film in his earlier exchanges with Princess Mombi and also his Nome Messenger). Hungry for revenge, he grows to an enormous size surrounded in a blaze of fire and tries to eat the protagonists in a scene inspired by Georges Méliès's The Conquest of the Pole (1912). He is eventually destroyed by ingesting the hidden Billina's chicken egg, laid in a panic by the hen (herself hiding in Jack Pumpkinhead's hollow head), since eggs are poisonous to Nomes. In Kansas, his counterpart is Dr. J.B. Worley (also portrayed by Williamson) who is a psychiatrist obsessed with machines and has an interest in electro-therapy. Dorothy was taken to his clinic when she was unable to sleep. By the end of the movie, it was mentioned by Aunt Em that Dr. Worley perished in the fire trying to save his machines.

Roquat, having regained his original name, is the villain of The Oz-Wonderland War, published by DC Comics and starring Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew. Much of the story retreads material from Ozma of Oz, as he has also regained the Magic Belt, and it must be seized again. He uses Nomes that parody the Fantastic Four and the Hulk that get pelted by Easter Eggs, again to no apparent harm, as in the book.

Michael G. Ploog, who was a conceptual artist of Return to Oz, wrote and illustrated a graphic novel based on The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus in which the Gnome King looked like the Nome King's likeness in the film, but whose function was greatly expanded from the novel to be the ruler of all the Immortals.

In L. Sprague de Camp's Harold Shea series he teams his protagonist with the Nome King in "Sir Harold and the Gnome King."

In Bill Willingham's Vertigo comic book series Fables, the Nome King has sided with the Adversary and is now the ruler of Oz. He is later deposed in an uprising led by former Fabletown resident Bufkin, one of the winged monkeys native to Oz.

In the comic book The Oz/Wonderland Chronicles #1 (2006), Ruggedo is coerced by a new Witch to bring the Jabberwocky creature to life.

In the novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, the Nome King is alluded to once, along with other underground threats believed by the citizens of Wicked's Oz to be mere legend. It is not officially stated whether the Nome King, or other figures undeniably real in Baum's Oz such as Lurline, actually exist in Maguire's Oz.

In Blade: Trinity, Zoe is read the Oz books by her mother and she later compares Drake to the Nome King in that he is bad simply because he has never tried to be good.

In Emerald City Confidential, the Nome King is now a bartender and is mostly reformed (although he is not above using illegal magic to gain back his fortune).

Sherwood Smith's novels The Emerald Wand of Oz and Trouble Under Oz feature Ruggedo's son, Prince Rikiki, who aspires to regain his father's kingdom.

The Nome King appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by professional wrestler Al Snow. He is among the villains that accompanies the Wicked Witch of the West in her attack on Earth. During the climax of the film, the Nome King fights the Tin Man and is defeated by him.

The Nome King appears in the comic series Fables. He is the current ruler of that land, as well as many of the surrounding kingdoms and Imperial districts. Nome King attended the Imperial conference called after the destruction of the magic grove and was positively delighted by the plans outlined by the Snow Queen for the effective genocide of the mundane population. He did feel, however, that the plan could be improved with his assistance, feeling that he had many minions that could be of great use. In the wake of the fall of the Adversary's Empire, the Nome King creates his own pan-Ozian empire. He was killed during Bufkin's revolution when the Nome King's own hanging rope magically came to life and snapped its master's head off. The Nome King appears in the season one finale of Emerald City portrayed by Julian Bleach. He appears as a flayed man trapped by Mistress East in the Prison of the Abject, possibly even the first to be imprisoned there. Dorothy Gale frees him in her search of someone able to control the stone giants. He manages to find his skin and puts it back on, before growing bat-like wings and flying to the Emerald City. While his name isn't revealed, it appears he is a form of the so-called "Beast Forever" that the people of Oz are afraid of. The episode ends with Dorothy being called back to Oz to help save it from the Beast Forever. The Beast Forever's identity is revealed in the credits, which list him as "Roquat".

The Nome King appears in Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz voiced by Jason Alexander. He has taken over the Emerald City, captured Glinda and Tuffy, took Glinda's wand, and now he wants to destroy Dorothy and seize her ruby slippers. Since his great fear of the Wizard has kept him underground, Dorothy and her friends journey to Topeka to get the Wizard to return to the Land of Oz and set everything straight. The Nome King is defeated when he falls under the Jitterbug's dancing spell and loses the Ruby Slippers when Tom and Jerry try to keep him from falling into the Pit of Nome Return. His Kansas counterpart is Lucius Bibb who is the neighbor of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. He files a lawsuit claiming that the twister released some of the Gale pigs who then plundered his prize watermelon patch. He takes the animals away unless Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, and their farmhands can get jobs to get the money to keep their farm animals in twenty-four hours. By the end of the film, Dorothy, Toto, Tom, and Jerry use the potion the Wizard gave them to help pay off Mr. Bibb and have him cancel his lawsuit against the Gale farm where he gets a larger watermelon.

The Nome King appears in Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz portrayed by J. P. Karliak. His plans to take over the Land of Oz and his fear of chickens remain intact with the series.

title: Nome King


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HMS Brilliant

Nine ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Brilliant.

 * HMS Brilliant (1696) was a prize sloop taken in 1696 and sold in 1698.
 * HMS Brilliant (1729) was a sloop in service in 1729.
 * HMS Brilliant (1757) was a 36-gun fifth rate launched in 1757 and sold in 1776.
 * HMS Brilliant (1779) was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1779 and broken up in 1811.
 * HMS Brilliant was the former name of HMS Orontes (1813), renamed in 1813 and broken up in 1817.
 * HMS Brilliant (1814) was a 36-gun fifth rate launched in 1814, renamed Briton in 1889 and sold in 1908.
 * HMS Brilliant (1891) was an Apollo-class cruiser light cruiser launched in 1891 and sunk in 1918 as a blockship at Ostend.
 * HMS Brilliant (H84) was a B-class destroyer launched in 1930. She served in World War II and was sold in 1947.
 * HMS Brilliant (F90) was a Type 22 frigate launched in 1978. She took part in the Falklands War. She was sold to the Brazilian Navy in 1996 and renamed Dodsworth

Battle honours

 * Belgian Coast 1914
 * Zeebrugge 1918
 * English Channel 1940–43
 * Atlantic 1941–43
 * North Africa 1942–43
 * Falklands War 1982
 * Kuwait 1991

title: HMS Brilliant


text:
Ahmed Aboul Gheit

Ahmed Aboul Gheit (أحمد أبو الغيط, also: Abu al-Ghayt, Abu El Gheyt; born 12 June 1942) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat. He has been Secretary-General of the Arab League since July 2016. He was reappointed for a second term on 3 March 2021. Aboul-Gheit served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt from 11 July 2004 to 6 March 2011. Previously, between 1999 and 2004, he was Egypt's Permanent Representative to the United Nations. He was succeeded as Minister of Foreign Affairs by ICJ judge Nabil Elaraby in March 2011, following the overthrow of President Hosni Mubarak. He was elected Secretary-General of the Arab League in March 2016, and his term commenced on 3 July 2016.

He was awarded the French Legion d'Honneur, first rank in 2002.

Biography
Ahmed Aboul Gheit was born in Heliopolis in Cairo on 12 June 1942, He studied business at Ain Shams University, Cairo.

Diplomatic career
Aboul Gheit joined the diplomatic corps in 1965 after completing university, and rose through the ranks of the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, occupying diplomatic positions in Rome, Nicosia, Moscow and New York. He participated in negotiations in 1978 of the Camp David Accords, which led to the signing of the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. In 1999, he was appointed Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations, before being recalled to Cairo in 2004 to take the lead in diplomacy.

Aboul Gheit started his career as Third Secretary at the Embassy of Cyprus. Later he was First Secretary for Egypt's Ambassador to the United Nations, Political Consultant at the Egyptian Embassy in the Soviet Union in 1984, and Ambassador of Egypt to Italy, Macedonia and San Marino. In 1999 he was the head of Egypt's permanent delegation to the United Nations.

Foreign Minister
Aboul Gheit served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt from 11 July 2004 to 6 March 2011. In December 2005, he began mediating the Chad-Sudan conflict. In 2006, he was critical of Pope Benedict XVI and accused him of having no understanding of real Islam.

On 26 December 2010, Aboul Gheit opened the first Egyptian consulate outside Baghdad in the northern city of Erbil, where he also held talks with Iraqi President Jalal Talabani.

After Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was ousted in February 2011, Aboul Gheit retired from the foreign ministry to write his memoirs.

Secretary-General of the Arab League
In March 2016 Aboul Gheit was elected Secretary-General of the Arab League succeeding Nabil el-Arabi although his election was contested due to his age. His term commenced on 3 July 2016.

In 2019, Gheit called the 2019 Turkish offensive into northeastern Syria a blatant violation of Syria's sovereignty. On 11 May 2021, he called Israeli air strikes on Gaza indiscriminate and irresponsible.

Awards and recognition

 * Egypt: Grand Cross of the Order of the Republic (Egypt)
 * Egypt: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Egypt)
 * France: Grand Officer of the Ordre national du Mérite
 * Italy: Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 * Serbia: First Class of the Order of the Serbian Flag
 * Russia: Medal of the Order of Friendship

Published works

 * Egypt's Foreign Policy in Times of Crisis: My Testimony, Cairo, The American University in Cairo Press, 2019
 * Witness to War and Peace: Egypt, the October War, and Beyond, Cairo, The American University in Cairo Press, 2018

title: Ahmed Aboul Gheit


text:
HMS Argonaut

Four ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Argonaut after the Argonauts of Greek mythology:

 * HMS Argonaut (1782) was a 64-gun third rate, originally the French ship Jason, captured in 1782 in the West Indies and broken up in 1831.
 * HMS Argonaut (1898) was a Diadem-class cruiser armoured cruiser launched in 1898 and broken up in 1921.
 * HMS Argonaut (61) was a Dido-class cruiser light cruiser launched in 1941 and sold in 1955.
 * HMS Argonaut (F56) was a Leander-class frigate frigate launched in 1966 and broken up in 1995.

Battle honours
Ships named Argonaut have earned the following battle honours:
 * Arctic 1942
 * North Africa 1942
 * Mediterranean 1942
 * Normandy 1944
 * Aegean 1944
 * Okinawa 1945
 * Falkland Islands 1982

title: HMS Argonaut


text: Category:Warsaw

title: Category:Warsaw


text:
User talk:Noirdame

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 06:45, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for Your Input
Thanks for making an effort on Talk:Tsushima Islands... the naming issue is straight forward (Now) but confused for a while by yours truly (re: Circular Arguement and post it was extracted 'up' from), but the 'local' politics are not. See: Part of Wider War then decide to go back and cast a vote. You're allowed, esp. if you buy or oppose my arguements in the link. (Part of the Village Pump, or was.)
 * I'm going to add your signature under your text. (Just in case you don't know, I see your contribs are scattered over a long time, just add '' or '~' to add Sig or Sig plus timestamp respectively. In talk pages, it's customary to sign with the last form.
 * I like the name. Reminds me of another lady writer I keep touch with now and again. 'HerLadyship' LOL I'm so prosaic or something, so I added color to the sig! Fra  nkB  8 July 2005 19:04 (UTC)

Your greeting
Hi Noirdame, I've moved your personal greeting into your userspace, and it can be found at User:Noirdame/greeting. You can still transclude it by using, or (preferably),. I also slightly modified it to only reference the, rather than transcluding it onto the template page and the page of every user you welcome, as they may not need help. Regards, —bbatsell ¿?  18:46, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks, I posted a quick reply on your talk. Noirdame 19:14, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

The undeletion vote on Template:User No Marxism
Hi! I see you have been using this template on your user page. In case you haven't voted yet, make sure you don't miss the vote on the issue, whether to undo its deletion or not Deletion_review/Userbox_debates. Constanz - Talk 14:14, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

My Manifesto
Thank you for you signature there, i've heard what you said from a few people, and i'd be honored by your assistance in making it clearer. Ultimately, that's what it's there for, a need for some rule of law on Wikipedia rather than a climate of fear. Karm a  fist  18:34, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Hi Karmafist, I will respond some more on your page too when I have a chance. A firm "rule of law" would be great, and take some of the heavy-handedness down a bit. Noirdame 22:47, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia Cat Lovers' Committee
, I can see from your userboxes that you love cats.

Would you be interested in joining the Wikipedia Cat Lovers' Committee?

If you want to join, you can add yourself to the members list and contact the committee founder, me, GeorgeMoney on my talk page.

Thank You. -- George Mon  e  y Talk   Contribs 22:46, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Old Skool Esperanzial note
Since this isn't the result of an AC meeting, I have decided to go Old Skool. This note is to remind you that the elections are taking place now and will end at 23:50 UTC on 2006-04-29. Please vote here. Thanks. --Cel es tianpower háblame 20:42, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Userbox Public Transit
According to The German solution, here’s a a tip for you: (in lieu of the blanked template:User Public Transit). -- Olve 22:46, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

A short Esperanzial update
As you may have gathered, discussions have been raging for about a week on the Esperanza talk page as to the future direction of Esperanza. Some of these are still ongoing and warrant more input (such as the idea to scrap the members list altogether). However, some decisions have been made and the charter has hence been amended. See what happened. Basically, the whole leadership has had a reshuffle, so please review the new, improved charter.

As a result, we are electing 4 people this month. They will replace JoanneB and Pschemp and form a new tranche A, serving until December. Elections will begin on 2006-07-02 and last until 2006-07-09. If you wish to run for a Council position, add your name to the list before 2006-07-02. For more details, see Esperanza/June 2006 elections.

Thanks and kind, Esperanzial regards, —Cel es tianpower háblame 16:00, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program in Houston
Hi! I'm leaving you this message because you're listed as a Wikipedian from Houston. The Wikipedia Ambassador Program is currently looking for Campus Ambassadors from the Houston area, to help with Wikipedia assignments at Texas Southern University. Classes at TSU will be participating in the Public Policy Initiative for the Spring 2011 semester, and the role of Campus Ambassadors will be to provide face-to-face training and support for students on Wikipedia-related skills (how to edit articles, how to add references, etc.). This includes doing in-class presentations, running workshops and labs, possibly holding office hours, and in general providing in-person mentorship for students.

Prior Wikipedia skills are not required for the role, as training will be provided for all Campus Ambassadors (although, of course, being an experienced editor is a plus).

If you are interested in being a Wikipedia Campus Ambassador, or know someone in Houston who might be, please email me or leave a message on my talk page. Thanks!--Sage Ross - Online Facilitator, Wikimedia Foundation (talk) 20:06, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Republicans for Kerry

The article Republicans for Kerry has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No sources since 2009; orphaned since 2009

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Viriditas (talk) 22:46, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Back Porch Video

The article Back Porch Video has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non-notable local TV show. No independent sigcov provided to establish notability."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jdcooper (talk) 16:22, 12 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Noirdame


text:
Morshed Khan

Morshed Khan (born 8 August 1940) is a Bangladeshi politician who served as the minister of foreign affairs of Bangladesh from 2001 until 2006. He served as a Jatiya Sangsad member representing the Chittagong-10 constituency in the 6th, 7th and 8th parliaments.

Khan was imprisoned in May 2009 in connection with a graft case in which he was sentenced to 13 years.

Education
Khan completed his Bachelor of Engineering study from Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.

Career
In 1986, Khan was elected to the Jatiya Sangsad. He was then elected to parliament three more times (February 1996, June 1996, and 2001). He was the special envoy to the prime minister during the tenure of the full-fledged minister from 12 to 8, and was also the chairman of the Bangladesh Special Committee on Foreign Affairs. Morshed Khan served as the foreign minister of the government of Bangladesh from 2001 to 2006.

Khan retired from politics by resigning from the vice president post of BNP on 5 November 2019.

Charges and convictions
In December 2007, the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) filed cases against Khan and his wife for amassing Tk 1.7 crore wealth illegally and concealing information about wealth worth Tk 91.34 lakh in his wealth statement submitted to ACC. In August 2008, a special judge's court convicted Khan and sentenced him to 13 years' imprisonment. The High Court, in August 2010, suspended that sentence following an appeal by Khan.

In 2013, ACC filed a case Khan, his wife Nasrin Khan and their son Faisal Morshed Khan under the Money Laundering Prevention Act. In September 2019, a Dhaka court allowed the government and ACC to confiscate their assets in Hong Kong. The assets include Hong Kong dollar worth Tk 16 crore with Standard Chartered Bank and 16.8 lakh shares of Fareast Telecommunications Ltd in Hong Kong.

Personal life
Khan is married to Nasrin Khan (originally from Jalpaiguri). His son, Faisal Morshed Khan, was the managing director of the pioneer mobile operator of Bangladesh, CityCell Mobile, Pacific Bangladesh Telecom. Faisal is married to his cousin, the daughter of A. M. Zahiruddin Khan (his father Morshed Khan's first-cousin). Morshed Khan's daughter is married to the only son of Salman F Rahman.

title: Morshed Khan


text: User talk:82.159.136.1

title: User talk:82.159.136.1


text:
Orélie-Antoine de Tounens

Orélie-Antoine de Tounens (born Antoine Tounens) (12 May 1825 – 17 September 1878) was a French lawyer and adventurer who proclaimed by two decrees on 17 November 1860 and 20 November 1860 that Araucanía and Patagonia did not depend of any other states and that he himself was King of Araucanía and Patagonia. On 5 January 1862, he was arrested by the Chilean army and imprisoned. He was declared insane by the court of Santiago on 2 September 1862, and expelled to France on 28 October 1862. He tried three further times to go back to Araucanía to regain his "kingdom", but without success, and he died in poverty on 17 September 1878, in Tourtoirac, France.

Biography
In 1858, Antoine de Tounens, a former lawyer in Périgueux (France) had read the book of Alonso de Ercilla, La Araucana, and decided to go to Araucania, inspired by the book to become the King of Araucania. He disembarked at the port of Coquimbo in Chile and spent two years in Valparaíso and Santiago, studying Spanish. Later he moved South to the Bio-Bio where he met some loncos (Mapuche tribal leaders). He promised them arms and the help of France to maintain their independence from Chile. The indians elected him Great Toqui, Supreme Chieftain of the Mapuches.

By two decrees on 17 November 1860 and 20 November 1860, he proclaimed himself king of Araucania and Patagonia under the name Orélie-Antoine I.

De Tounens wrote in his Memoirs in 1863 "I took the title of king, by an ordinance of 17 November 1860, which established the bases of the hereditary constitutional government founded by me [...] On 17 November I returned to Araucania to be publicly recognized as king, which took place on 25, 26, 27 and 30 December. Weren't we, the Araucanians, free to bestow power on me, and I to accept it?"

De Tounens sent copies of the constitution of his kingdom to Chilean newspapers and El Mercurio published a portion of it on 29 December 1860. Then he returned to Valparaíso to wait for the representatives of the Chilean government. They ignored him. He also attempted to involve the French government in his idea, but the French consul, after making some inquiries, came to the conclusion that de Tounens was insane. He returned to Araucanía where many Mapuche tribes were again preparing to fight the incursions of the Chilean Army during the occupation of Araucanía.

The supposed founding of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia led to the Occupation of Araucanía by Chilean forces. Chilean president José Joaquín Pérez authorized Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, commander of the Chilean troops, to invade Araucanía. His servant, Juan Bautista Rosales, contacted Chilean authorities and Antoine de Tounens was captured on 5 January 1862 by the Chilean army, then imprisoned and declared insane on 2 September 1862 by the court of Santiago and expelled to France on 28 October 1862.

De Tounens published his memoirs in 1863. In 1869, he returned to Araucanía, via Buenos Aires. The Mapuche were surprised to see him because Chileans had told them that they had executed him. De Tounens proceeded to reorganize his realm and again attracted the attention of the Chilean authorities. Colonel Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez promised a reward for his head but the Mapuche decided to defend their unusual ally.

Without proper funds in 1871 he had to return to France, where he published a second set of his memoirs. He also founded an Araucanian newspaper La Corona de Acero ("The Steel Crown"). In 1872, he proclaimed that he was seeking a bride so that he might sire an heir; indeed, the next year, he wrote to tell his brother that he intended to marry a "mademoiselle de Percy", but there is no evidence that he ever did.

In 1874, he tried again to return to his kingdom, this time with some arms and ammunition he was able to gather with the feeble support of a few entrepreneurs in Europe. Because he was persona non grata in Chile, he traveled with a false passport. However, he was recognized as soon as he landed in Bahía Blanca (on the Argentine coast) in July 1874, and was summarily deported to France.

De Tounens tried to return again in 1876. However, local settlers robbed him on his way to Patagonia and handed him over to Chilean authorities. He also fell ill and had to go through an operation to survive. His health did not allow him to continue his journey and he had to return to France.

On 28 August 1873 the Criminal Court of Paris ruled that Antoine de Tounens, first king of Araucania and Patagonia did not justify his status of sovereign.

De Tounens died in poverty on 17 September 1878 in Tourtoirac, France.

De Tounens had no children but since his death in 1878, some French citizens without familial relations declared themselves to be pretenders to the throne of Araucania and Patagonia. Whether the Mapuche themselves accept this, or are even aware of it, is unclear.

The pretenders to the throne of Araucania and Patagonia are called monarchs and sovereigns of fantasy,   "having only fanciful claims to a kingdom without legal existence and having no international recognition".

title: Orélie-Antoine de Tounens


text:
Category talk:Foundation universe books

Untitled
I reverted this change:

Category:Foundation universe is an indirect subcategory of Category:Fictional. Category:Fictional is meant to be the inheritance root for everything fictional, like fictional characters, fictional locations, fictional technology. But not for books, movies, authors and actors.

If you disagree or if you have any question about the Fictional categorization, please discuss at Category talk:Fictional.

Pjacobi 06:52, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry to have snuffed your change like that. I'm not in the habit of checking a history before I make changes; I probably should.  But the reason why I made the change: I think that Category:Foundation universe books should be a subcategory of Category:Foundation universe, because it is an element thereof, not seperate therefrom.  I won't revert you if you choose to reinstate your edit, because its not worth quibbling over.  So you make the call on whether Category:Foundation universe books is part of Category:Foundation universe.--→Iñgólemo← 00:28, 2004 Aug 18 (UTC) (a.k.a. User:216.228.163.41)

 * The main argument was, that a book in Category:Foundation universe books is real. It has an ISBN and you can buy and sell it. In contrast, the Encyclopedia Galactica is fictional. Anyway I'm hunting around in over ten fictional universes and try to fine-tune the categories, so that the Category:Fictional scheme will work. If you think, something is fundamentally wrong with this categorization, it may be best to voice it Category:Foundation universe, as the question how to handle the book articles affects quite a large number of places. For now, I'll revert to my version. -- Pjacobi

 * I also think this (and other similar categories, like Star Trek movies, Star Wars movies, etc.) should be part of the Foundation universe category. It's not that uncommon in Wikipedia categories that a subcategory fits very well into a category, but subcategory of that subcategory, while it fits very well in the subcategory, does not fit into the superior category, and I don't think there is anything wrong with that. Furthermore, I don't think the Category:Fictional is that necessary anyway. There are also numerous articles that describe both the fictional universe and the book in one article. Ausir 10:34, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The idea if Category:Fictional is to make it possible in a future version of the mediaWiki software, to optionally exclude (or include) all articles describes fictional things from searches. If both books and fictional items end up in Fictional, this scheme would be less exact. But of course, as there are already articles which describe both to some extent, the border will always be fuzzy. -- Pjacobi 10:51, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Short stories
Should short stories such as "Galley Slave" be put in this category, or should it be restricted to full books only? —ScouterSig 16:38, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * With no opposing comments, I have removed all the short stories from this category. —ScouterSig 04:27, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Foundation universe books


text:
Juan Antonio Lavalleja

Juan Antonio Lavalleja y de la Torre (June 24, 1784 – October 22, 1853) was a Uruguayan revolutionary and political figure. He was born in Minas, nowadays being located in the Lavalleja Department, which was named after him.

Pre-Independence role
He led the group called "Thirty-Three Orientals" during Uruguay's Declaration of Independence from Brazil in 1825. His leadership of this group has taken on somewhat mythic proportions in popular Uruguayan historiography.

Post-Independence career
After Uruguay's independence in 1825, Lavalleja sought the presidency as a rival to Fructuoso Rivera in 1830, who won. In protest to his loss, Lavalleja staged revolts. He was part of a triumvirate chosen in 1852 to govern Uruguay, but died shortly after his accession to power.

Historical legacy
Lavalleja is remembered as a rebel who led the fight against Brazil. But as one of the major figures in early, post-independence Uruguayan history he is identified as a skilled but reactionary warrior who contributed to the culture of intermittent civil war which dogged Uruguay for much of the 19th century.

Family
Lavalleja married Ana Monterroso in 1817; she was sister of José Benito Monterroso.
 * Setembrino Pereda, La leyenda del arroyo Monzón, Lavalleja y Rivera. Montevideo: 1935.

title: Juan Antonio Lavalleja


text:
Talk:Edie Foy

Should this be a redirect? No, the mis-spelling is to rare. Or rather, it was until WP spread it all over the Web via its mirrors. IMO, we need to keep it to service the something like 600 Google hits. --Jerzy(t) 06:54, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edie Foy


text:
User talk:"ramu" Ramakrishna Reddy

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. We need spaces after commas and periods. That's why your article should be at National Institue of Engineering, Mysore and why I copy edited it. RickK 06:55, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)

you could remove National Institue of Engineering
Hi RickK you could remove National Institue of Engineering from wikipedia.I misspelled Institue for Institute

Welcome!

Hello, "ramu" Ramakrishna Reddy, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

pamri 15:16, August 15, 2005 (UTC)

Challenge
I challenge you to find my hidden page on my user page. --Destructo 087 03:49, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Welcome back
Good to see you back here after a long break. Hope you like this place and decide to stay. Would you be interested in joining India project? Regards, Ganeshk  ( talk ) 12:05, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:"ramu" Ramakrishna Reddy


text:
Godswar

GodsWar may refer to:
 * GodsWar, a.k.a. Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms), in Dungeons & Dragons games
 * GodsWar Online, from Internet Gaming Gate and set in ancient Greece

title: Godswar


text:
Talk:Whaling in Japan

Organized Whaling section neutrality
Checking the section in question, it looks like the wording is very loaded such as

Domestically, Japanese people have been trying to shift responsibility of whale declines to whaling by other nations for hundreds of years to even today, and claim that their whaling have been completely different to that by other nations.[1] Claiming that their whaling were unlike brutal hunts by foreigners, but being humble and emotional, and Japanese people use all the parts of whale bodies unlike westerners who hunt whales only for oils, and Japanese strictly controlled catch quotas for sake of whales, and they never hunted juveniles and cow-calf pairs as their respects to whales. When they kill whales, hunters invoked the Budda and pray for the repose of whales' souls,[1] and they held funerals for whales and built cenotaphs and graves to them, and gave posthumous Buddhist names to the dead whales, or released deceased fetuses back to the sea after incising cows' bellies, and people of Japan were the best in the world about building healthy relationships with whales, being strongly connected with elitism, antiforeignism, and nationalism.[2][3]

Are these quotations or something, and perhaps this section could be reworded? Seems to take a very cynical/hostile tone against Japanese whaling. Perhaps someone could look further into this. ZeroDamagePen (talk) 14:58, 16 October 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by ZeroDamagePen (talk • contribs) 15:40, 10 October 2015 (UTC)

✅ Cleaned up the section, tried to remove POV wording, make it more neutral and more accurate, and added another reference. I haven't removed the "Neutrality Disputed" banner, so if you concur with the editing changes I've made, and the tone of neutrality is no longer in dispute, please feel free to remove the banner. - Boneyard90 (talk) 14:06, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

Whalocaust returns to Japan.
The japanese high-seas fleet has decided to resume large scale whaling for the 2016 season, the corresponding article in now on the BBC News website: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34952538 82.131.150.14 (talk) 16:33, 28 November 2015 (UTC)

Pirate Whaling
An editor removed a relevant section of the article that was complete with references while arbitrarily claiming there was no evidence to support what was written. Why were the references ignored and the section removed without any debate?

I put a lot of work into this article and did my best to ensure it wasn't biased but now it seems to have reverted to a state where random contributors are editing out historical facts they don't agree with and failing to justify why the information should not be included in the article.

Cetamata (talk) 19:10, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I looked through the edits as far back as January 2015 and didn't see your user name. Which edits are you referring to? Can you link them? - Boneyard90 (talk) 16:51, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

 * The original edits were put in years ago, along with much of the history sections of the article. So, why was that information about pirate whaling arbitrarily removed with no consideration for the references included? Also, if there is a perceived bias in the text that was removed, would a larger range of reference points to confirm the information be satisfactory for including it in the article? This article is one of those subjects where someone is always offended which is why I stayed away from the opposition portions and stuck mostly to researching history. I can rewrite that piece and expand on it now that I have some time for wiki editing again. Cetamata (talk) 23:00, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * If you look at the history tab of this article, you can go back in time to your edits way back when. Copy and paste them here so we have an idea of what the issue was, and update the references if needed. Cheers, BatteryIncluded (talk) 23:45, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * My apologies. It looks like the data is mostly still there, it's just been altered to get rid of the words 'pirate whaling'. I thought the whole section had been wiped out when I skimmed over the article. Is it just the term 'pirate whaling' that is contentious? For example, the UNEP defines it as "companies that killed whales illegally þ a process known as pirate whaling." Thanks. Cetamata (talk) 00:42, 15 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Maybe replaced by "illegal" whaling?. Anyway, glad you found the info is still there. BatteryIncluded (talk) 01:52, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

On accuracy of terms
I believe I (for one) at one time altered the term "pirate whaling", for the following reasons: I hope this has cleared up the modification in wording. - Boneyard90 (talk) 14:42, 15 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Piracy is a legal term, and furthermore, nobody concerned (i.e. no Japanese whaler) has ever been convicted of "piracy", therefore it would be inaccurate to label Japanese whaling as "pirate whaling".
 * "Pirate whaling" does not exist. See the IMB section of the Piracy page: "The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) defines piracy as: the act of boarding any vessel with an intent to commit theft or any other crime, and with an intent or capacity to use force in furtherance of that act." This term "pirate whaling" is an inaccurate colloquialism that fails the definition.
 * The IWC is not a legislative body; its resolutions are not binding, and not enforceable. There are no penalties for defiance of the resolutions. Therefore, IWC resolutions are not laws, and whaling of any kind is not, and can not be, "illegal".

 * I see what you're saying but unfortunately editing based on a perceived technicality effectively acts as a euphemism in this case.

 * In the literature documenting this history it's referred to as 'pirate whaling'. It's a term in common use.

 * So your position is that the act of a ICRW signatory nation, using foreign entities to hunt additional whales outside of IWC oversight without reporting the catch, when no IWC quota has been agreed on for this catch, cannot be referred to as illegal and not pirate whaling because of your strict interpretation of the word piracy in this case.

 * One already included reference is the United Nations Environment Programme which refers to this as 'pirate whaling' and describes pirate whaling as illegal. However, it doesn't have to be a legal term to be an appropriate term for the subject matter. It is not intended to refer to conflate the whaling with high seas piracy of shipping lanes. It is intended to identify the unregulated take of whales -- which was purposely obscured from the international regulatory authority. Cetamata (talk) 06:08, 30 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Here is another example from US Government documentation.

 * NOAA Administrator and U.S.Whaling Commissioner Richard A. Frank concerning the 31st meeting of the International Whaling Commission is quoted.

 * At the meeting, Japan also announced it no longer would import whale meat from non-IWC countries. "This could well end pirate whaling activities outside IWC regulations by ships like the Sierra," Frank said.

 * Cetamata (talk) 06:18, 30 January 2016 (UTC)

 * First, do not try to downplay the significance of legal terms by alluding to a "perceived technicality". It's not a matter of perception, and it's not a technicality. Piracy is a crime, and it's well defined. Whaling is not a crime ... it's more like internationally frowned on. You also try to exaggerate the importance of the source you link. "Government documentation" makes your source sound like a law or other legal policy, when all you've linked is a newsletter, and a quote by a biased official, who uses the term "pirate whaling" much as you want to use it, a slang term of convenience to dramatize the whaling activity and encourage the view that it's an actual crime, rather than what it is, a discouraged practice. I don't see how the term deserves any significant place in this article, and certainly no place that would grant it the appearance of legitimacy, when all it is is a propaganda term to heighten the drama. - Boneyard90 (talk) 12:04, 30 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Would 'illegal' or 'pirate whaling' apply to hunting protected species? Cheers, BatteryIncluded (talk) 14:07, 30 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Protected by whom? This isn't like Africa, where there are national laws in place, and park police armed with AK-47s who hunt poachers. The whales are in international waters, therefore can't be protected by any one nation's laws, and there is no law enforcement agency in pursuit of the whalers. Besides, the whalers are acting under the jurisprudence of Japan, a sovereign nation. What the whalers are doing is legal, according to the laws of Japan. So, the terms "illegal" or "pirate whaling" represent one point of view, and their use in this article would set a non-neutral POV tone. - Boneyard90 (talk) 04:43, 31 January 2016 (UTC)
 * The problem here is quite obvious. Boneyard90 is injecting his personal opinion, or point of view, into the wiki in substitution for terms in common use and authoritative sources of data on the subject of whaling. This is unfortunately not a new problem for this particular wiki where in the past some editors wished to describe the subject with terms like murder and slaughter and others wished to selectively remove information as if the history of the subject doesn't include any scandals or controversies.

 * Furthermore, statements by International Whaling Commission representatives are part of the historical record concerning Japan's whaling whether you personally agree with them or not. I've now provided two references that are authoritative and relate to the issue directly -- from the United Nations and the government of the United States. There are, of course, many other sources of this information, including history books that also use the term 'Pirate Whaling'. So, are the other editors who maintain this article supposed to use such references, or are they all supposed to ignore Wikipedia policies on WP:NPOV concerning content, like terminology, that they don't personally agree with? Cetamata (talk) 06:49, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

 * From the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, William F. Perrin, Bernd Wursig, J.G.M. 'Hans' Thewissen, Academic Press, Feb 26, 2009, page 1235 -- Illegal whaling occurs in contravention of national laws or internationally agreed quotas, season, area restrictions, and other limitations, whereas "pirate whaling" refers to unregulated whaling conducted outside the aegis of the International Whaling Commission, usually under a flag of convenience. Cetamata (talk) 07:11, 31 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, when someone wants to be obtuse, there is no way to deal with them. BatteryIncluded (talk) 15:36, 31 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Nice. I've been trying to maintain an impartial tone, and keep the article NPOV, a concept User:Cetamata has had issue with in the past concerning this subject, to judge from the user's talk page. But now we have a source. The earlier source was unacceptable because it was relaying POV. Quoting a non-NPOV, even if it is in spuriously described "government documentation" is not acceptable. But if it is in "common use" (one source is rarely enough), then the term may have a place in the article. Adding it under the "History" section gives it undue weight. I suggest adding and describing the term and its implications, in the Controversy section, perhaps under one of the sub-headings. - Boneyard90 (talk) 16:02, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

 * First, thank you for recognizing that a source has been provided. However, another source was already provided in the article which you did not recognize when you edited the words pirate whaling out. The history book, Men and Whales, by Richard Ellis, Globe Pequot Press, 1999, even includes a chapter titled Pirate Whaling from pages 450 - 456. This source was already cited in the Wiki prior to the removal of the term "pirate whaling". Please make an attempt to review citations prior to removing text you find objectionable in the future.

 * Second, I respectfully disagree that the information should be removed from the history section due to your personal preferences. I don't think every detail from Ellis and other sources needs to be mentioned. A short paragraph or two summarizing this information (which was already present in the wiki) is appropriate and unbiased in my opinion. However, just because something seems controversial doesn't mean it is being given undue weight according to placement. Pirate whaling caused the International Whaling Commission to change its rules about the importation of whale meat from non-member countries -- and as previously mentioned here at the 31st IWC meeting Japan agreed to not import whale meat from non-members too. This is not an arbitrary argument between activists and whalers about anthropomorphism. It is a historical fact about whaling in Japan. Cetamata (talk) 17:43, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Well, at this point I think it's a matter of perspective and placement. If the label "pirate whaling" is applied to the Japanese practice, is it part of the history of whaling in Japan, or is it part of the history of the controversy. Certainly it is not how the Japanese see their whaling practice. They have, in the past, tried to maintain adherence to the rules concerning culling for scientific research. Has the label affected the government's policies, or cultural perceptions? This is supposed to be a history of whaling in Japan, not a history of the debate outside of Japan, nor a history of the protests outside of Japan. I think our current disagreement stems partly with the difficulty in recognizing this distinction, and thus which aspect of the article the inclusion of the term is most relevant. But the distinction between the history of whaling in Japan and the history of the controversy outside Japan, and what effect it has had on one rather than the other, is why I feel it is more appropriate, and more relevant, in the controversy section. - Boneyard90 (talk) 18:38, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

 * The debate is still crossing into WP:NPOV territory. The Wiki is not to be written from the perspective of Japanese whalers or from the perspective of anti-whaling activists. So how Japanese people might perceive this is not really the subject matter. That is merely a particular point of view. Pirate whaling, in this historical context, was a form of unregulated whaling that Japan's fisheries participated in. Therefore it is relevant to the Whaling in Japan wiki. Yes, it is controversial because this was done without informing the IWC but sometimes historical facts are considered controversial. The participation in pirate whaling was entirely commercial and also occurred long before the research whaling programs were created, by the way. Rather than attempting to shape a narrative that promotes a POV like "[they] always tried to maintain adherence to the rules" (which is factually incorrect), why can't historical details simply be recounted as they happened in brief summary? Cetamata (talk) 19:36, 31 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I am not trying to write from the perspective of the Japanese whalers. I am saying that the history of whaling in Japan should be exactly that. The label "pirate whaling" is an external label, and should be added to the section on external views of Japanese whaling. Can you link the original text? I'd rather not have to scroll back looking for it. Boneyard90 (talk) 01:15, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

you wrote:

I'm sorry, but your entire statement is 100% false, for you have completely disregarded international law and international treaties. I would invite you to look into the official ruling of the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial branch of the United Nations, of which Japan is a member, bound to abide by its rules). Japan is party to international treaties which prohibit these activities in international waters, so the sovereignty of Japan is of no consequence here. The prohibited harvest of a protected species is poaching by its very definition. "Pirate whaling" is a thing that has been described in documents dating back at least to 1954, if not earlier.

Additionally, your premise that the topic of this article should be restricted to discussion of whaling in Japan and only in Japan doesn't hold water (no pun intended), for the article Whaling in the United States discusses excursions to the South Pacific; History of Basque whaling discusses activities well outside of the Basque region; and the list goes on and on.

I believe that the consensus of the editors on this page is clearly not in agreement with your theories as presented. — groll tech  ( talk ) 18:33, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

 * You have made several misinterpretations in your comment. I conceded in a previous comment that "pirate whaling" may be a legitimate concept when a second source was presented. At first, the editor only presented one source, and it was POV. However, just because it is "a thing", does not make it a legal thing. And your link has only shown its popularity, not its legal validity. It is comparable to poaching, but not the same. There are no legal penalties against the Japanese, either the government or individual whalers, for engaging in whaling activities. If so, then show me. Who has been charged? When did any nation's Naval vessels engage and apprehend the Japanese whaling fleet? They haven't.
 * I am aware of the UCJ ruling; and Japan said it would abide by the ruling on one of its scientific programs (JARPA II), but is going ahead with another scientific program. Furthermore, the ICJ ruling concerned only the hunts in the Antarctic. The ICJ did not rule on Pacific whaling operations. See here. The ICJ ruling is quite limited in scope.
 * Next, on the International Whaling Commission, see the section Enforcement under the IWC, where it says: "IWC is a voluntary international organization and is not backed up by treaty. Therefore, the IWC, in essence, is a voluntary organization which has substantial practical limitations on its authority. ... the IWC has no ability to enforce any of its decisions through penalty imposition." No authority, no laws, no enforcement.
 * Last, I said the History section should be focused on Japan. I have already stated that if "pirate whaling" is a concept that Japanese whalers have been accused of, then the description should go in the Controversy section, where matters of the controversy are described. I don't know why this is unacceptable. I look forward to your response. - Boneyard90 (talk) 20:42, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

Some seems to have fun editing this article
"Organized open-boat shore whaling began in the 1900's because Putin was gay; and continued into the early 20th century.[17]" What is that in an article about whaling? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.70.99.165 (talk) 17:50, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

Motion to renew commercial hunt
Update: Japan just proposed to stop the ban on commercial whaling through a new "Sustainable Whaling Committee" and setting catch limits "for abundant whale stocks/species". . They leverage this in exchange to stop killing in the whale sanctuaries for "research". Not sure if to include this until an outcome is reached, but the discussions may simmer for years. -Rowan Forest (talk) 14:32, 7 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The ICW voted the same day to reject the proposal. The 1982 moratorium is now a permanent ban, but it is non-binding. Updated the article accordingly. Cheers, Rowan Forest (talk) 18:23, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

Do Japanese hunt belugas?
The Beluga whales article has a sentence which @Lever112 inserted on 29 October 2018, saying: That sentence has no source, the Whaling in Japan article does not mention Belugas (and did not on 29 oct), and I found no source saying it. Does anyone here know if Japan hunts belugas?Numbersinstitute (talk) 03:26, 17 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Belugas are targets of Japanese research whaling as well. See Whaling in Japan.
 * From what I understand, belugas have been caught by Japanese whalers and (sold?) to aquariums etc, but aren't the targets of the hunts (ahem, "research"). I can't find hard numbers, but the statement in Beluga whale is false, as far as I know. Curly "JFC" Turkey 🍁 ¡gobble! 10:36, 17 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I never read of beluga commercial hunts research by Japan, so I did a quick web search and found nothing. I'd say delete that entry. Rowan Forest (talk) 16:08, 17 November 2018 (UTC)

You shouldn't use Sea Shepherd's text as sources.
Paul Watson recommends his followers to make up the facts and statistics without hesitations on Earthforce, his book. So Sea Shepherd's text cannot be the sources on Wikipedia.

>Watson was explicit about what he perceived to be the lack of truthfulness in mass media: "If you do not know an answer, a fact, or a statistic, then simply follow the example of an American President and do as Ronald Reagan did—make it up on the spot and deliver the information confidently and without hesitation."[47][48]

From Paul_Watson(固定リンク)

So Wikipedia mentions that, too. I haven't checked that part directly, though. Emmanuel Chanel (talk) 06:59, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

Editorializing and claim without citation under Modernization section
The final paragraph of the Modernization subheading of the History section appears poorly worded (using the term basically - MOS:OPED/WP:NOTE) while also making a strong factual claim without a citation. It doesn't appear to be a summary of cited information presented earlier in the section, so a citation ought to be included per WP:BURDEN.

--Iceman 259 (talk) 19:48, 14 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree. Rowan Forest (talk) 06:04, 15 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Removed the basically. — Llywelyn II   06:35, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

Imperial Japan
Obviously, this page is contentious and political enough that we shouldn't go out of our way documenting unrelated complaints but it is necessary to at least include links to the articles on the imperial Japanese occupation of Korea and Taiwan if we're discussing the 'expansion of Japanese whaling into new waters'. There's a very specific reason it was expanding into those waters at that time.

If an interested editor wanted to expand coverage of that particular era (right now the article glosses over almost all of it to describe only one particular company), the Eluanbi Lighthouse article claims Cape Eluan was a major station used to attack the pods hanging out in the bays near the Luzon Strait. There might be more at its sources. — Llywelyn II   06:35, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: CRISIS COMMUNICATION
— Assignment last updated by Jalenhooper (talk) 22:18, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

Update: New whaling mothership
[Kangei Maru] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:59c8:187f:2110:b8e5:114c:76a8:1ab5 (talk) 19:56, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whaling in Japan


text: File:Avpmovie.jpg

title: File:Avpmovie.jpg


text:
Arlington College

Arlington College might refer to one of several academic institutions, including:
 * Arlington College, the school that eventually became the University of Texas at Arlington
 * Arlington College, a Christian school in California that merged into Azusa Pacific University

title: Arlington College


text:
Fibrosis

Fibrosis, also known as fibrotic scarring, is a pathological wound healing in which connective tissue replaces normal parenchymal tissue to the extent that it goes unchecked, leading to considerable tissue remodelling and the formation of permanent scar tissue.

Repeated injuries, chronic inflammation and repair are susceptible to fibrosis, where an accidental excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, such as the collagen, is produced by fibroblasts, leading to the formation of a permanent fibrotic scar.

In response to injury, this is called scarring, and if fibrosis arises from a single cell line, this is called a fibroma. Physiologically, fibrosis acts to deposit connective tissue, which can interfere with or totally inhibit the normal architecture and function of the underlying organ or tissue. Fibrosis can be used to describe the pathological state of excess deposition of fibrous tissue, as well as the process of connective tissue deposition in healing. Defined by the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, fibrosis results in scarring and thickening of the affected tissue—it is in essence an exaggerated wound healing response which interferes with normal organ function.

Physiology
Fibrosis is similar to the process of scarring, in that both involve stimulated fibroblasts laying down connective tissue, including collagen and glycosaminoglycans. The process is initiated when immune cells such as macrophages release soluble factors that stimulate fibroblasts. The most well characterized pro-fibrotic mediator is TGF beta, which is released by macrophages as well as any damaged tissue between surfaces called interstitium. Other soluble mediators of fibrosis include CTGF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and interleukin 10 (IL-10). These initiate signal transduction pathways such as the AKT/mTOR and SMAD pathways that ultimately lead to the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, which deposit extracellular matrix into the surrounding connective tissue. This process of tissue repair is a complex one, with tight regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and degradation ensuring maintenance of normal tissue architecture. However, the entire process, although necessary, can lead to a progressive irreversible fibrotic response if tissue injury is severe or repetitive, or if the wound healing response itself becomes deregulated.

Anatomical location
Fibrosis can occur in many tissues within the body, typically as a result of inflammation or damage. Common sites of fibrosis include the lungs, liver, kidneys, brain, and heart:

Lungs

 * Fibrothorax
 * Pulmonary fibrosis
 * Cystic fibrosis
 * Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (idiopathic meaning 'of unknown cause')
 * Radiation-induced lung injury (following radiation therapies commonly used to treat cancer)

Liver

 * Bridging fibrosis – an advanced stage of liver fibrosis, seen in the progressive form of chronic liver diseases. The term bridging refers to the formation of a "bridge" by a band of mature and thick fibrous tissue from the portal area to the central vein. This form of fibrosis leads to the formation of pseudolobules. Long-term exposure to hepatotoxins, such as thioacetamide, carbon tetrachloride, and diethylnitrosamine, has been shown to cause bridging fibrosis in experimental animal models.
 * Senescence of hepatic stellate cells could prevent progression of liver fibrosis, although has not yet been implemented as a therapy due to risks assosciated with hepatic dysfunction.

 * Cirrhosis

Kidney

 * CYR61 induction of cellular senescence in the kidney has shown potential to limit renal fibrosis.

Brain

 * Glial scar

Heart
Myocardial fibrosis has two forms:
 * Interstitial fibrosis, described in cases of congestive heart failure and hypertension, and as part of normal cellular aging.
 * Replacement fibrosis, indicating tissue damage from previous myocardial infarction.

Other

 * Arterial stiffness
 * Arthrofibrosis (knee, shoulder, other joints)
 * Chronic kidney disease
 * Crohn's disease (intestine)
 * Dupuytren's contracture (hands, fingers)
 * Keloid (skin)
 * Lipedema (fat cells, typically in lower limbs)
 * Mediastinal fibrosis (soft tissue of the mediastinum)
 * Myelofibrosis (bone marrow)
 * Myofibrosis (skeletal muscle)
 * Peyronie's disease (penis)
 * Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (skin)
 * Progressive massive fibrosis (lungs); a complication of pneumoconiosis
 * Retroperitoneal fibrosis (soft tissue of the retroperitoneum)
 * Scleroderma/systemic sclerosis (skin, lungs)
 * Some forms of adhesive capsulitis (shoulder)

Fibrosis reversal

Historically, fibrosis was considered an irreversible process. However, several recent studies have demonstrated reversal in liver and lung tissue,  and in cases of renal, myocardial, and oral-submucosal fibrosis.

title: Fibrosis


text:
Talk:Cynthia (butterfly)

Taxobox
Do we need such a detailed taxobox? - if it was a bird, I'd chop it dramaticallay, but I don't know the consensus for insects.jimfbleak 07:05, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The concensus is that they're a bad thing, as per WikiProject Tree of Life. Please don't hesitate to simplify them. If any truly pertinent information is removed, someone will replace it; most of this is probably just an attempt to be as thorough as possible. Josh 07:24, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Removed some of the taxobox clutter. DGERobertson (talk) 15:41, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Vanessa virginiensis
I took this out of the gallery; I don't think it is V. virginiensis as it lacks the distinguishing wihte spot inside the forewing orange field. Although the pattern of blue pupils on the hindwing is unusual, the orangeness of the leading edge makes me think this is V. anabella. On the other hand, since it was shot in North Carolina I would tend to say it is V. cardui. cardui sometimes has the blue pupils in summer, and this was shot in September. Opinions? --User:Chinasaur
 * Good points. See my talk page response for my take on this identification.--Cotinis 16:24, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Additional note. I just looked at Glassberg, Butterflies Through Binoculars--the East, and he gives a character to differentiate, saying that in V. virginiensis two prominent dark bands on forewing above are not connected, but in V. cardui, they are. His photo of V. virgiensis matches mine on that character, and, incidentally, has its white spot on the orange ground almost non-existent. Glassberg's photos also match mine on the forewing-notch character--V. virginiensis has a slightly falcate forewing, V. cardui's is more rounded. So, yes, I am confident (now!) my photo is V. virginiensis.--Cotinis 03:09, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * See this BugGuide page, where I did a detailed comparison. --Cotinis 19:09, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Host plants & nectar sources
Added more information regarding host plants and nectar sources. Some information from personal experience (I raise Painted Ladies and Monarchs as a hobby) and others from a field guide I own. chalicerae 17:02, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

There is good info that I can never find anywhere else.

Disambiguation
This page suffers from the usual identity crisis: Confusion about common names vs. species epithets. The page is a redirect from Vanessa cardui, a specific animal. Yet the page describes various and sundry animals sharing (pieces of) a common name.

A page purporting to describe a species should not dump one in a catch-all page of commonly named animals; common names are capricious and ordinary and subjective and local. Unless and until Wikipedia solves this very common problem, credibility is in the toilet. Nickrz 12:41, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Bruce,
 * This problem is likely to be resolved soon. WikiProject Lepidoptera is likely to finalise on the issue 'scientific names' vs çommon names' and consensus as of now appears to be in favour of scientific name. You can see the proceedings on the talk page. You are welcome to express your opinion there where it would be more relevant than here. AshLin 16:27, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The consensus clearly never occurred, so if we are going to deal with Bruce's point, we need some other mechanism. I propose the following – and am quite happy to carry it out, if there is agreement (given the lack of contributions to this page, anyone agreeing will do for me!):
 * Copying the whole page to "Vanessa cardui" (...wait for it!)
 * Removing the taxobox and reworking the intro of "Painted Lady" to make it generic
 * Removing the Vanessa cardui gallery and Commons tag from "Painted Lady"
 * Fixing the "References" section on "Painted Lady" (or deleting it)
 * Removing the section "Distinguishing features" from the page "Vanessa cardui" and replacing with a cross-reference and wikilink to "Painted Lady"
 * Providing similar cross-references and Wikilinks to "Painted Lady" from other Vanessa spp. pages
 * In due course, as part of my British butterflies project, I will upgrade the text with key reference(s) from the UK

—GRM (talk) 11:28, 21 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. Clearly a case where there is more than one meaning to the term. Species articles are best under their scientific names, especially when the name is common to other species or other cultural references. AshLin (talk) 07:49, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

✅—GRM (talk) 15:33, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:10, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

Migrating Painted lady butterflies in a 70-mile-wide wave is caught on radar

 * https://www.sacbee.com/news/nation-world/article177123731.html
 * October 2017

69.181.23.220 (talk) 17:20, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cynthia (butterfly)


text: User talk:64.81.243.120

title: User talk:64.81.243.120


text:
Talk:The Icicle Thief

No subject
what the original Italian title? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.66.16.12 (talk • contribs)

Original Italian title is 'Ladri di Saponette', found this on the french cinema library www.bifi.fr, see this url; http://195.115.141.14/catalogue/index.php?collection=F&Textfield=savonnettes

According to this reference the movie came out in 1988 and not 1989, but suppose 1989 refers to when the English title came out.--Jkleene 09:46, 14 February 2007 (UTC)-

It may be worth noting that throughout the film, the suburban family (not) watching TV, doesn't notice the very dramatic things going on around them (like the stunning castle the boy is assembling with Legos). More importantly, the film ends with the fourth wall being broken as the director, inside the TV, can view the real-yet-understated drama occurring in the real world -- the tragedy of a possible late-term miscarriage, which is also not as fully realized by the suburban family as it is by the viewer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.130.17.165 (talk) 21:57, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

Shouldn't the name be "Icicle Thieves" instead of the other
I believe a translation from italics to plain language might improve this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.183.224.2 (talk) 23:24, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:The Icicle Thief