text:
Borsetshire

Borsetshire is a fictional county in the BBC Radio 4 series The Archers. Its county town is the equally fictional Borchester. The county is supposedly set between Worcestershire and Warwickshire, but is also intended as a generic West Midlands rural county. Its name also echoes Anthony Trollope's fictional Barsetshire and the real Dorsetshire.

Geography
Other places in the county include Ambridge, where The Archers is mainly set, Lower Loxley, a nearby village and Felpersham, a cathedral city which appears to be larger than Borchester. Ambridge is on the B3980 six miles south of Borchester and seventeen miles west of Felpersham. Ambridge lies in the valley of the River Am below Lakey Hill from which the (real-life) Malvern Hills may be seen in fine weather.

Felpersham is probably the largest settlement in the fictional county of Borsetshire. Felpersham is known to be the seat of a Church of England diocese, a university, and department stores. Unlike the county town, Borchester, Felpersham has city status. In having a cathedral but not being the county town it can perhaps be compared to Lichfield or St Albans.

The BBC map of Borsetshire shows most road numbers beginning with "1", which would place it in East Anglia, although some roads begin with "4" (appropriate to its apparent location in the West Midlands), "3", which would place it in the West Country, and even "9", which would place it in north-east Scotland. Fictional rivers in the county include the River Mercer, the River Perch and the River Am. There is also a fictional Felpersham Canal. There are railway stations at Felpersham, and at Hollerton Junction (nearer to Ambridge).

Miscellanea
The Borchester Echo is the local newspaper published at Borchester. Radio Borsetshire is a local radio station. Borsetshire Blue is the name of a fictional cheese made by Helen Archer in the programme.

title: Borsetshire


text:
Liutger

Liutger, also spelled Liudger, Ludger, or Leodegar, Latinized as Lutegerus, is a German male personal name, composed of liut 'people' and ger 'spear'.

 * Saint Ludger (died 809), Frisian missionary and the first bishop of Münster
 * Lutegerus is the putative author of MS I.33
 * Leodegar (615-679), Burgundian bishop
 * Leodegario Santa Cruz (born 1988), Mexican boxer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Liutger


text:
17 Squadron SAAF

17 Squadron SAAF is a squadron of the South African Air Force. It is currently a transport/utility helicopter squadron.

 * First formed: 1 September 1939
 * Historic aircraft flown: Junkers Ju 52/3m, Blenheim V, Lockheed Ventura GR V, Vickers Wellington, Vickers Warwick GR V, Harvard, Sikorsky S-55, Sikorsky S-51, Sud Aviation Alouette II, Aérospatiale Alouette III, Aérospatiale Puma, SA 365N Dauphin
 * Current aircraft flown: Atlas Oryx, Agusta A109LUH
 * Current base: AFB Swartkop, Pretoria.

title: 17 Squadron SAAF


text:
15 Squadron SAAF

15 Squadron SAAF is a squadron of the South African Air Force. It is currently a transport/utility helicopter squadron.

History
The squadron was formed on 18 September 1939 as a SAAF Coastal Command squadron based at Cape Town. During the war it flew Junkers Ju-86, Bristol Blenheim and Martin Maryland aircraft. The squadron suffered a tragedy in May 1942, when eleven out of twelve personnel perished when three Blenheims encountered a sand storm and lost their bearings during a training flight and had to make an emergency landing in the desert.

The squadron flew Baltimore 5 Light Bombers in May 1945 as part of 253 Wing of the Mediterranean Allied Tactical Air Force. Other aircraft flown during and after the war included Bristol Blenheims, and Martin Baltimores. Notable Second World War members include Harry Schwarz, who in 1984 was made honorary colonel of the squadron.

Post Second World War
Aircraft flown after the war included the Aérospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon and the Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma.

The current base is AFB Durban situated at the old Durban International Airport. It operates Atlas Oryx and MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 helicopters. Their primary role is maritime and landward search and rescue. Two flights of Oryx, A and B Flights, are based in Durban and C Flight, consisting of four BK 117s is detached to AFS Port Elizabeth.

The current BK 117 aircraft of C Flight were originally inherited from the Apartheid-era "homelands", the Ciskei having acquired 3 in 1983, Venda 2 in 1985, Transkei 2 in 1986 and Bophuthatswana 2 in 1987, making a total of 10 with an extra delivered from Brazil. Two of the aircraft have already been mothballed at AFB Bloemspruit. Four remain in service with 15 Squadron. C Flight's conversion to Agusta A109LUH helicopters has been postponed due to delays in developing emergency flotation equipment for the type, thus precluding its use in a maritime environment.

Roll of Honour
In respect of those recipients about whom it is available, the actions they were cited for follow below the table, since inclusion in the table itself is impractical.

title: 15 Squadron SAAF


text:
Alberto Cova

Alberto Cova (born 1 December 1958) is a retired Italian long-distance track athlete, winner of the 10,000 m at the 1984 Summer Olympics and 1983 World Championships.

Biography
Born in Inverigo, province of Como, Italy, Alberto Cova was characterized by his superiority in the sprint finish, and the only way to nullify this was to set a very fast pace from the start to finish. Cova got his first fame at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, where he surprisingly outsprinted the main favourite Werner Schildhauer from East Germany, to win his first international championship title. In the next year, Cova wasn't the main favourite at the first World Championships held in Helsinki, being considered only as a possible medal winner. The 10,000 m final at Helsinki was run in slow pace, with thirteen runners still in a leading pack at the bell. With only 30 metres to go, Cova was only in fifth place, but then sprinted forward to win. Schildhauer finished in second place. The top four runners sprinted to the finish line in 0.33 seconds (see Yleisurheilun MM-kisat Helsingissä / Athletics World Championships in Helsinki, edited by the Juoksija/Runner magazine, Helsinki: 1983).

The 10,000 m final at the Los Angeles Olympics began at an even slower pace than at Helsinki. At the 6 km mark, Martti Vainio from Finland, picked up the speed. Cova managed to follow him, and Vainio couldn't sustain his own pace, so Cova swept past him after the bell and sprinted to the line to win his last international title (see, for example, Tapio Pekola et al., eds., Suuri Suomalainen Olympiakirja/The Great Finnish Olympic Book, Helsinki: Juoksija-lehti (Runner magazine)/Laaseri, 1984).

At the 1986 European Championships in Stuttgart, Cova was beaten at his own game, when he was outsprinted by fellow countryman Stefano Mei on the last lap of the 10,000 m final. Cova never won a major race after that, and came tenth in his heat (thereby failing to qualify for the final) at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. This was his last international competition.

In the 1983 World Athletics Championships 10,000-metre final, there actually were seven men in the lead group at the bell (see the related video clip "Finns Near the Top" / Suomalaisia lähellä huippua in the Finnish Broadcasting Corporation YLE's Living Archives / Elävä arkisto, with the following links: Sports / Urheilu, Athletics / Yleisurheilu, World Championships / MM-kisat, 1983 World Championships / MM-kisat 1983;  the website is www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/). In the 1984 Olympics 10,000-metre final, Finland's Martti Vainio picked up the speed shortly before the 6 kilometre mark (see, for instance, The Great Olympic Book / Suuri Olympiateos, volume 4, published in Finland in 1984).

National titles
He won fourteen national championships at senior level.

 * Italian Athletics Championships
 * 5000 m: 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985 (4)
 * 10,000 m: 1981, 1982 (2)
 * Italian Athletics Indoor Championships
 * 3000 m: 1982, 1983, 1984 (3)
 * Italian Cross Country Championships
 * Long race: 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986 (5)

title: Alberto Cova


text:
Talk:Boeing AH-64 Apache

Costs
As per http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/08/07/india-usa-defence-idINKBN0G71OW20140807, the price is approximately 35 million per unit... not 20M $ as on the wiki, of course it includes missiles but then can't be worth 15 million

Just my $.02 here, but I have extensive personal experience with the AH-64A/D. In 2007 for kicks, I looked up the AH-64D in FEDLOG and/or the Army-specific counterpart (can't recall the acronym ATM). It priced at $25million as delivered. That is without that equipment that's on the owning unit commander's property book, such as radios, electronic countermeasures, etc. Also, that is a non-FCR aircraft. The MMA itself is almost $3.1million--I had to escort an entire AH-64D phase team to a hospital for drug/alcohol testing after they dropped one, because it was an instant Class A aviation accident since the value was >$1mil. $35million is consistent with my experiences for a ready-to-fight AH-64D.JimIsCrazy — Preceding unsigned comment added by JimIsCrazy (talk • contribs) 22:48, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

Israeli targeted killings
Those are the main leaders of Hamas killed by Israeli Apaches during the Second Intifada. They have entries in Wikipedia with plenty of sources. I don't see a reason why they should be excluded.--186.137.204.172 (talk) 18:18, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

 * This article isn't about Hamas, or even Israel. I actually don't think any of the leaders should be listed, but two is enough. - BilCat (talk) 18:36, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Oh, really? It says During the al-Aqsa Intifada... AH-64s were used to kill senior Hamas figures.... This is not even a comprehensive list, just the main Hamas leaders, killed by Israeli Apaches, with entries in Wikipedia.--186.137.204.172 (talk) 18:38, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes really. The article is about the Boeing AH-64 Apache. - BilCat (talk) 18:42, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

 * The sources only list 3 of those in the linked diff above. The article test says "such as" to indicate examples and not a full list. There's no need for a full list in the article. -Fnlayson (talk) 18:43, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I dont think a naming the people is relevant to the helicopter it is just sufficient to name the more notable operations that the AH-64 was involved in. MilborneOne (talk) 19:06, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree we don't need a complete list in this article, as it is off-topic. The article is about the helicopter type, so a couple of examples is sufficient, plus a link to any relevant or more complete list, if it exists. - Ahunt (talk) 19:35, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

Apache Attack Helicopter meme
Something should probably be added about the "I sexually identify as an attack helicopter" meme. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Silvarado98 (talk • contribs) 02:16, 29 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Let's not, as that's not a reliable source. - BilCat (talk) 07:29, 29 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I would also add that it isn't relevant to this article, but with a reliable source might be relevant to gender identity as a criticism or spoof of that subject. - Ahunt (talk) 18:00, 29 June 2017 (UTC)

Saudi Arabia
" On 17 March 2017, an Apache helicopter was reportedly involved in the attack on a Somali refugee boat in which 42 refugees were killed. Saudi Arabia denied involvement even though it is the only military in the Yemeni Civil War using Apache helicopter "

Hello.

I just checked the HRW site about this incident but I couldn't find whre it states the usage of an Apache.

When i looked at the citation and it was an iranian site, and i found something which is false ( SA attacking Yemeni army ) so I don't think it's a reliable source, especially because it's an iranian site and obviously SA and IR aren't the best friends. Technical Peace (talk) 04:42, 7 September 2017 (UTC) Technical Peace (talk) 04:42, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

Response time clearly incorrect
Currently the article states "The AH-64E flies 20 mph (32 km/h) faster than the AH-64D, cutting response time by 57 percent, and has better fuel efficiency, increasing time on station from 2.5–3 hours to 3-3.5 hours." This is from the article from the Military Times. But sorry LTC Davis, your math is wrong. Improving the speed from 140 to 180 miles per hour cannot possibly be the sole factor in a 57% improvement (and it does appear that the speed is the only reason for the improvement of flight times). The Army Times article states that it's about a 15 minute trip to the field. The A.T. article also does not include the incorrect statement. I'm removing the wording about the 57%.Linktex (talk) 14:47, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The source is a WP:RS and your conclusions are WP:OR, as we don't have the complete math to arrive at any conclusion. There may be other factors involved, such as quicker start up and launch times, etc. Furthermore the number is a quote from Lt. Col. John Davis, commander of the 1st Battalion, 229th Aviation Regiment, part of the 16th Combat Aviation Brigade at Joint Base Lewis McCord in Washington. - Ahunt (talk) 18:34, 10 April 2018 (UTC)
 * There is no possible math that comes out to a 57% improvement with only a 29% increase in speed. Too bad people can't understand this concept.Linktex (talk) 18:20, 11 April 2018 (UTC)
 * As I noted above this isn't simple arithmetic. The actual quote says "The faster speeds cut the amount of time it took aviators to reach front-line troops by 57 percent, Davis said." As I noted this may include a variety of other factors besides simple aircraft top speed, including start up time, hot refuelling turn-arounds, weapons loading times and other factors not explicitly mentioned. We have a reliable source with a quote from a unit commander, your assumptions don't trump that. To refute this you need another reliable source, not your own guesses. - Ahunt (talk) 18:28, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I concur with Ahunt on this. It's fine to question the source's statement, and you can add a disputed inline tag to the article it needed. But removing a claim because your personal calculations disagree isn't acceptable. It's quite possible that the journalist misunderstood some aspect of the statement, as journalists are often not all that familiar with military and technical jargon. The writer may have attributed the increase solely to speed when Lt Col Davis added other factors such as acceleration and those Ahunt pointed out. However, we would need a higher-quality source that gives a different figure, preferably from a serious aerospace or military periodical such as Jane's, AvWeek, or Flight International. Finally, the author could be contacted by email for a clarification, as his e-mail is posted. However, we could make changes based on his private response, but he might be able to publish a correction/clarification to the source article. - BilCat (talk) 20:15, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 September 2019
Primary users- United States Army Israeli Air Force Egyptian Air Force Royal Netherlands Air Force Indian Air Force — Preceding unsigned comment added by Partha.sen4 (talk • contribs)

 * Thanks for your request. We only list four primary operators in the userbox, not five. India only is operating eight AH-64s, which makes them a very small user of the type. Even when all 22 they have ordered are delivered, they would still be a small user and would not be included in the infobox. - Ahunt (talk) 20:32, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

Lack of cockpit image
Could someone add a cockpit photo of Apache to the page? KiL92 (talk) 23:47, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Wiki Commons doesn't currently have such an image. Do you have one? - Ahunt (talk) 23:36, 18 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Commons does have a few here: c:Category:Cockpits_of_AH-64_Apache, but none of them are great. (Hohum @ ) 00:24, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

General question
I came to the page and saw the sub section about Apache notable appearances in media and thought oh maybe I'll add in the appearances of it in classic military simulation video games, aka Janes Longbow anthology, but when I clicked edit page, it had a window pop up telling me about some wiki project prohibiting that information, was just curious as to why/what is a wiki project and I suppose that information now goes to the sub article Apaches in fiction? Like I said just curious, any enlightenment would help me better understand the inner working of wikipedia. Thanks TomaHawk61 (talk) 01:27, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

 * The project in question is WikiProject Aircraft, a collection of editors collaboratively working on aircraft articles. As per WP:AIRPOP we no longer add pop culture items to aircraft type articles, as in the past discussions of videos games, anime, transformers and such ended up dwarfing the information about the actual aircraft. So, as explained there, these are now collected at Aircraft in fiction instead, provided that they meet the criteria there for inclusion, including third party references and that the appearance is "a significant role" and not some mere mention. - Ahunt (talk) 01:41, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

Arrowhead / M-TADS
Seems strange that this article includes reference to TADS but not to Apache Arrowhead / M-TADS. I was going to add the link but I don't understand the differences / implementation enough to speak accurately about it. Retswerb (talk) 07:36, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Ok, reading is apparently hard. It was already there and I didn't see it. Retswerb (talk) 21:42, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

Update to QTY Built
I don't know how to add this info accurately, but it's now over 2,400 units.

See here: https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/us-army-takes-delivery-of-500th-boeing-ah-64e-apache-helicopter/

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.32.234.3 (talk)

 * Thanks, ✅ - Ahunt (talk) 12:35, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

India
As there's been another attempt to add India, bringing this here. The article body does not say India use it as a "primary attack helicopter", therefore it doesn't go in the lead. Equally the article doesn't say India are a primary user, therefore it doesn't go in the infobox. Per WP:ONUS, it is up to those wishing to include it to gain consensus to so do. FDW777 (talk) 14:31, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

 * This has been going on for a quite a while. The infobox is for the users with the largest number of aircraft, but a number of obviously Indian editors are using it for Nationalist editing. - Ahunt (talk) 14:43, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Yup. It's just another perennial issue we have to deal with on Wikipedia. Eventually, the Foundation will figure out what's going on, and they'll tell us that it's systematic bias for us to keep removing India. But until that happens, we'll just keep being vigilant. BilCat (talk) 07:38, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Or, when the Indian Air Force actually has more than three in service, we could discuss whether they qualify as a "Primary user". FDW777 (talk) 13:19, 15 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, only the top 4 users are listed in the Infobox per template instructions and WP:Aircraft practice. India will get listed when they have enough AH-64s in service to be a top 4 user, not an arbitrary number of aircraft. -Fnlayson (talk) 13:40, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

Addition of reference to Colonel Elswick Newport
Colonel Elswick Newport was the Plant Manager at the Hughes Facility in Culver City, CA, during the initial construction of the Apache helicopter. Newport, a Master Aviator, was appointed to this position by Dr. Ronald J. Fox, the Assistant Director of the Army at the time due to his considerable experience in Army Aviation and background in aviation procurement. Newport is a notable person who spearheaded this project and was part of the evaluation team, along with NASA Astronaut Neil Armstrong, that resulted in this contract being awarded to Hughes Helicopter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Curtmr4 (talk • contribs) 20:45, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Umm that doesn't even make logical sense. The production was conducted by Hughes, not by the Army. The Army was the customer and would have had tech reps at the plant to carry out acceptance test flying and other QA on delivered aircraft, but Hughes manufactured the aircraft. Thousands of people were involved in the design and production of the aircraft, most of whom are not individually notable, including plant managers. What exactly did civilian Neil Armstrong have to do with this? And what was the ref you were trying to cite: Keenan, Thomas J., Deputy Director, Division for Procurement and Production, AVSCOM, St. Louis, MO, 27 September 1976? Is that a letter or something? Regardless, this all looks like a WP:COI issue. Is this Colonel Elswick Newport a relative of yours? - Ahunt (talk) 21:13, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

Saudia Arabia
@Ahunt the reference I entered was the World Air Forces 2022 directory, but that seems not to support it either. Please take a look at the article List of equipment of the Saudi Arabian Army- it's been changed again and again to say 112. SurferSquall (talk) 02:09, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Reference 341 on this article. SurferSquall (talk) 02:11, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

 * The claim of 112 on List of equipment of the Saudi Arabian Army is not supported by either the cited ref (2022) or the same 2019 ref. On Wikipedia we go what the sources say, so unless you can find a source for 112, we have to go with 48. - Ahunt (talk) 02:16, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, that makes sense. But shouldn't it be 47 (22 in service plus 25 ordered)? SurferSquall (talk) 02:19, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes you are quite right! - Ahunt (talk) 02:34, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

AGM-65 Maverick
This is listed as "can be carried" in the specs. As far as I can tell, it may have been considered, but was never even attempted. The source is terrible, a wayback link to a Raytheon brochure on "www.poweredmodelairplanes.com", which is now ads. Seeking a consensus to remove it. Nelsonblaha (talk) 14:28, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Removed, technically unsupported information because the source no longer contains the claim SurferSquall (talk) 17:53, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

 * I have restored it - the archived copy of the cited brochure clearly lists the AH-64, even has a picture: https://web.archive.org/web/20131104071216/http://www.poweredmodelairplanes.com/pma/a10/maverick04.pdf - Ahunt (talk) 18:01, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Where on that page is the AH-64 mentioned????? SurferSquall (talk) 20:09, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Page two, right at the top, in the list of aircraft approved to carry. - Ahunt (talk) 20:11, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah. I guess leave it for now then SurferSquall (talk) 02:03, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * My point stands- it was only ever a proposal by Raytheon. There's no evidence a Maverick has ever been fired from an Apache or even carried by one, even if Raytheon really did put one on a rail on the ground (which isn't guaranteed by the photo). It doesn't belong as something that "may be carried" Nelsonblaha (talk) 15:40, 12 October 2023 (UTC)
 * You're right. You can go ahead and remove it. Kind of dumb to have it here if the only source is from 2002 SurferSquall (talk) 19:22, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

Hit piece
With was this article rewritten as a hit piece on the AH-64? I don't remember them constant interjections of things twisted to make the aircraft seem as bad as possible the last time I read this. Is there a new attack helicopter competition coming up? Or is this just to help Eurocopter sales in other places that might be considering the AH-64 as well?

Like really, they came out with a silly story that a "farmer with a rifle" shot down the US helicopter and this one single thing that probably didn't even happen "highlighted the Apache's vulnerability to rifle fire" and got it sneakily withdrawn from advanced operations. Yes, that's totally plausible. 👌 No one had any clue that rifle caliber rounds can down any aircraft, they were totally shocked at that, the Golden BB isn't a commonly talked about thing in military aviation, and the caution had no relationship to the far more effective and plentiful MANPADS and SAM systems proliferating the last few decades. Nope, the US Army lost one helicopter to a guy with a rifle after decades of service and immediately panicked and withdrew them all before they were falling like flies to old men with shotguns and boys with BB guns.

Too bad they didn't buy a Eurocopter Tigre instead, huh? Idumea47b (talk) 04:08, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boeing AH-64 Apache


text:
19 Squadron SAAF

19 Squadron SAAF is a current squadron of the South African Air Force operating as a transport/utility helicopter squadron. It was formed in 1939 as part of the Air Force airways Wing, flying transport aircraft but was disbanded after a few months. It was re-formed from No. 227 Squadron RAF in 1944 and disbanded again after the end of World War II. It was again re-established in 1970 as a helicopter squadron – a role which it still performs today.

History
19 Squadron was formed on 1 September 1939 together with 17 Squadron. It formed part of the Airways Wing at Swartkop Air Station flying ex-South African Airways Junkers Ju 52/3m's but was disbanded on 1 December the same year. The squadron did not participate in the Second World War until 12 August 1944 when 227 Squadron RAF was renumbered as 19 Squadron SAAF at Biferno in Italy. The squadron was deployed flying Beaufighters and was involved in operations in Italy, Greece and Yugoslavia until it was disbanded on 10 July 1945 after the end of the war.

On 1 March 1970 a Flight of 17 Squadron was transformed into 19 Squadron and equipped with SA330 Pumas at AFB Swartkop with A Flight flying from Swartkop and B Flight operating from AFB Durban for a period of time. "A" Flight was moved to AFB Louis Trichardt on 1 January 1991, with the rest of the squadron moving on 1 January 1992 flying Aérospatiale Alouette III's. The squadron moved to AFB Hoedspruit on 1 January 2004 where it is currently based. 19 Squadron became the first squadron to be equipped with the Oryx helicopter in early 1994.

title: 19 Squadron SAAF


text:
21 Squadron SAAF

21 Squadron SAAF is a squadron of the South African Air Force. It was formed as a bomber squadron in Kenya during World War II and became a VIP transport squadron in the 1960s, a role which it performs to this day. The squadron currently flies two Dassault Falcon 50s, two Cessna Citation IIs, a Dassault Falcon 900 and a Boeing BBJ aircraft. 21 Squadron is one of the most active squadrons in the air force with 606 VIP transport flights being made between 2009 and 2012. The Boeing BBJ is used as the presidential aircraft when the President of South Africa travels and designated callsign LMG1.

World War II
21 Squadron SAAF was first formed on 8 May 1941 in Nakuru, Kenya, as a bomber squadron flying Martin Maryland medium bomber aircraft. The squadron consisted of pilots from Squadrons 11, 15, and 16 of the SAAF. From November 1943 to February 1944, the 21st Squadron was based at Totorella in the province of Foggia, Italy. Baltimore, Anson, and DC3 planes were flown on bombing raids mainly over central Italy and into Yugoslavia. On 21 February 1944 the squadron moved from Tortorella to Campomarino, south east of Termoli, where bombing continued, mainly of railways and marshalling yards. 21 Squadron SAAF was disbanded on 10 September 1945.

VIP Squadron
In 1968, the squadron was reformed at AFB Swartkop flying a Vickers Viscount and three Douglas Dakotas. The squadron acquired Hawker Siddeley HS-125 in 1970 and Swearingen Merlin in 1975. In 1985 the squadron moved to AFB Waterkloof. In 1983 the Viscount was transferred to 44 Squadron and the Merlins were sold in 1985. Two Beech KingAir 200Cs were acquired, but one was later sold and the other aircraft transferred to 41 Squadron. The HS-125s were disposed of in 1999. The squadron currently flies a fleet of jet aircraft. The two Dassault Falcon 50s were acquired in 1982 and 1985, the two Cessna 550 Citation IIs in 1983 and the Dassault Falcon 900 in 1992. In January 2003 the squadron received the new presidential Boeing BBJ.

The Boeing 737 BBJ is known as "Inkwazi", meaning "Fish eagle" in the Xhosa and Zulu languages. The aircraft is based on the Boeing 737-700 and has an upgraded interior. It arrived in South Africa on 21 October 2002.

VIP flight usage
The following information was revealed when then Minister of Defence and Military Veterans Lindiwe Sisulu responded to a question posed by the Democratic Alliance's Sheik Shahid Esau in Parliament.

Lindiwe Sisulu
The following information was disclosed in response to another question posed to Sisulu by Advocate L H Max of the Democratic Alliance.

All VIP flight information has since been made classified for security reasons.

Shadow aircraft incident
In 2012 it was found that two aircraft had followed Jacob Zuma's Boeing BBJ flight into John F. Kennedy International Airport. The aircraft were using SAAF call signs. The aircraft were a Bombardier Global Express and a South African Airways Airbus A340. In response to the reports, then Chief of the Air Force, Lieutenant General Carlo Gagiano said that the aircraft followed to ensure that the president could make it to an important meeting after his New York visit. The Democratic Alliance said that Sisulu should take responsibility and explain why the aircraft were used.

Acquisition of new aircraft
In 2012 plans were announced to acquire a new Boeing 777 VIP aircraft for the SAAF in a R2 billion deal. The order was cancelled after the offer had lapsed.

In 2015, Armscor opened the tender process for a new VIP aircraft for use by the president. Analysts speculated that an aircraft meeting Armscor's specifications could cost R4 billion.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 26 May 1971, during a practice flypast for the Republic Day celebrations (31 May), three HS-125s crashed into Devil's Peak. All on board were killed. The accident was attributed to low visibility due to bad weather conditions.
 * In 2009, the aircraft carrying Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe made an emergency landing in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as it was running low on fuel. There were no injuries.
 * In 2011, the aircraft carrying Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe made a precautionary landing in New Zealand due to a warning light activating, caused by a faulty sensor in the aircraft. Also in 2011, mechanical difficulties on an aircraft intended to be used by the Deputy President caused the planned official visits to Finland, Sweden and Denmark to be cancelled.

title: 21 Squadron SAAF


text:
22 Squadron SAAF

22 Squadron is a squadron of the South African Air Force. It is currently a maritime helicopter squadron operating Lynx and Oryx helicopters for the South African Navy. Originally formed in 1942, the squadron is the only current maritime helicopter squadron of the SAAF. It has been involved with many rescues, some gaining international attention as well as arctic base support.

History
The squadron was formed in Durban on 1 July 1942 by renaming 31 Flight to 22 (Torpedo-Bomber-Reconnaissance) Squadron. It was equipped with ex-SAA Junkers Ju 86s as well as a number of Avro Ansons, and was assigned to anti-submarine, coastal reconnaissance and convoy support duties.

It had a relatively unremarkable period of duty in World War II, being engaged mainly in coastal patrols as part of Coastal Command SAAF. In mid 1945 it was flying Lockheed Venturas from Gibraltar, under the control of AHQ Malta at Valletta, but it left for home in July. It was disbanded at Idku in Egypt on 24 October 1945. Following the war, it was briefly recreated in 1954 and equipped with Lockheed Venturas, but disbanded again soon thereafter.

The latest chapter in the squadron's history began on 1 January 1964, when it was recreated at AFB Ysterplaat as 22 Flight and equipped with the newly delivered Westland Wasp helicopter, becoming a full squadron in May 1976. In 1978, it received a complement of Aérospatiale Alouette IIIs.

At the end of the 1980s, the Westland Wasps were withdrawn from service, but the squadron received a number of Aérospatiale Pumas in 1991 when it was amalgamated with 31 Squadron. The Pumas were later replaced with the Atlas Oryx M2.

This squadron is the sole maritime helicopter squadron of the SAAF, and therefore provides all helicopters, air and ground crew for operation aboard South African Navy vessels. It has previously been tasked with supporting South Africa's Antarctic research station, and therefore operated two specially modified Atlas Oryx M2 helicopters, suitable for use in the extreme conditions. One of the M2s was written off after a crash landing in July 2004.

Wasp helicopters from the squadron were involved in the rescue of South African Navy personnel in the South Atlantic following the sinking of the SAS President Kruger in 1982. The squadron also gained international recognition in 2002 during the high-profile rescue of the Magdalena Oldendorff which was trapped in the Antarctic ice. 22 Squadron's two Oryx M2s were embarked aboard the S. A. Agulhas for the successful operation.

Apart from official military support the squadron is involved in mountain rescue and air-sea rescue operations, fire fighting, crime prevention and humanitarian relief in the event of disasters.

The squadron's Alouette IIIs were retired in August 2007. The first of four Westland Super Lynx 300 helicopters for use aboard the South African Navy's new Valour class frigates, was delivered on 13 July 2007. It was accompanied to AFB Ysterplaat on its first flight in South Africa by two Oryx and an Alouette III.

Previous aircraft operated

 * Junkers Ju 86
 * Avro Anson
 * Lockheed Ventura
 * Westland Wasp
 * Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

title: 22 Squadron SAAF


text:
AD Flying Boat

The AD Flying Boat was designed by the British Admiralty's Air Department to serve as a patrol aircraft that could operate in conjunction with Royal Navy warships. Intended for use during the First World War, production of the aircraft was terminated as the end of the war came into sight, and the type saw little operational use. A number were repurchased after the end of the war by Supermarine Aviation and rebuilt as civil transports, becoming known as the Supermarine Channel.

Design and development
Designed in 1915 by the British yacht designer Linton Hope, the aircraft was of conventional biplane flying-boat configuration, and also featured a biplane tail with twin rudders. The pilot and observer sat in tandem in the nose, with the engine and pusher propeller mounted behind them, between the wings. The wings could be folded forwards to facilitate shipboard stowage.

Two prototypes were constructed in 1916 by Pemberton-Billing Ltd (later to become Supermarine Aviation Works). The first prototype was intended to be powered by a 150 hp (112 kW) Sunbeam Nubian engine, but as this was not ready to use, a 200 hp Hispano-Suiza 8 was substituted. The aircraft performed poorly both on the water and in the air, demonstrating severe fore and aft vibration during take-off, while subject to excessive yaw during flight. After these problems were solved by producing revised versions of the hull, and the fin and rudder, the AD Flying Boat was able to be ordered into production. A total of 80 aircraft were ordered, and 27 machines were built. Examples were tested with Sunbeam Arab and Wolseley Python engines.

Supermarine Channel
Following the Armistice, Supermarine purchased 19 of these AD Flying Boats to modify them for the civil market as the Supermarine Channel. The Channel I was powered with a 160 hp Beardmore 160 hp engines, and the Channel II was fitted with a 240 hp Armstrong Siddeley Puma engine. The reconfigured flying-boats provided accommodation for a pilot and three passengers in three open cockpits.

Military operators

 * Chilean Air Force - One aircraft.
 * Chilean Navy acquired one Channel with modified hull (similar to the Supermarine Seal II) in 1922.
 * Imperial Japanese Navy purchased three Channels.
 * Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service purchased four Beardmore engined Channels in 1920, acquiring a further ex-civil aircraft. One remained in service until 1928.
 * Royal Swedish Navy purchased a single Channel in 1921, it being destroyed during testing.
 * Royal Navy
 * Royal Naval Air Service operated AD Flying Boat.
 * Royal Swedish Navy purchased a single Channel in 1921, it being destroyed during testing.
 * Royal Navy
 * Royal Naval Air Service operated AD Flying Boat.
 * Royal Navy
 * Royal Naval Air Service operated AD Flying Boat.

Civil operators

 * Det Norske Luftfartsrederi, Channel Mk I
 * Det Norske Luftfartsrederi, Channel Mk I

title: AD Flying Boat


text:
Henricus von Gunterrodt

Heinrich von Gunterrodt (1557- † unk) was the author of a treatise on the art of fencing published in 1579 that was dedicated to Johann VII of Mecklenburg as, '"De veriis principiis artis dimicatoriae Tractatus brevis" (The True Principles of the Art of Fencing)'.

This book was the first to mention the Walpurgis or Lutegerus Fechtbuch (FECHT 1), which he claimed was given to him by the mercenary, beltmaker and celebrated swordsman Johann Herbart von Würzburg. Who had looted it during his military service from 1552-1553 to Albrecht 'Bellator' II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach.

title: Henricus von Gunterrodt


text:
28 Squadron SAAF

28 Squadron SAAF is a squadron of the South African Air Force. It is a medium transport squadron flying Lockheed C-130BZ Hercules medium transport aircraft.

 * First formed: 1 June 1943 (At Almaza, Egypt.) The squadron flew Dakota DC3's as part of No. 216 Group RAF of the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces in May 1945

title: 28 Squadron SAAF


text:
Airline transport pilot licence

The airline transport pilot license (ATPL), or in the United States of America, an airline transport pilot (ATP) certificate, is the highest level of aircraft pilot certificate.

In the United States, those certified as airline transport pilots (unconditional) are authorized to act as pilot in command on scheduled air carriers' aircraft under CFR 14 Part 121. In EASA states and the United Kingdom, pilots must hold an ATPL before they can be pilot in command of a multi-pilot aircraft flown for commercial air transport operations.

Context and privileges
Any pilot operating an aircraft for money must start by obtaining a commercial pilot license (CPL). This permits the pilot to carry out aerial work, such as crop spraying or banner towing.

However, in commercial air transport (CAT) operations, a CPL holder may only act as pilot in command of single-pilot aircraft or as co-pilot of multi-pilot aircraft. Commercial air transport is defined as "the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire". To act as pilot in command of a multi-pilot aircraft, the pilot must hold an ATPL.

Like PPLs and CPLs, ATPLs do not expire. However, a pilot must hold a valid medical certificate and the appropriate class rating, type rating and/or instrument rating for the flying they intend to do.

EASA and United Kingdom
An applicant for an ATPL must already hold a CPL, a multi-engine instrument rating, and a multi-crew cooperation certificate. Alternatively, in EASA states and the United Kingdom, the applicant may only hold a Multi-Pilot License (MPL). ATPL holders who previously held an MPL are restricted to multi-pilot operations unless they complete a CPL skill test and other requirements.

For aeroplanes, the applicant must have 1500 hours as a pilot of airplanes, including 500 hours in multi-pilot operations on airplanes, and a minimum number of hours as pilot in command (PIC) and/or pilot in command under supervision (PICUS). Time as pilot of helicopters, sailplanes and touring motor gliders may be partially cross-credited. For helicopters, the applicant must have 1000 hours as a pilot of helicopters, as well as other hour requirements. Time as a pilot of aeroplanes may be cross-credited up to 50%.

The applicant must pass a skill test, demonstrating their ability to perform procedures and manoeuvres, as PIC of a multi-pilot airplane under IFR. The applicant must hold a type rating for the aircraft used in the skill test. The skill test may be carried out in a suitably qualified full flight simulator.

The minimum age to gain an ATPL is 21 years, and holders must have a Class 1 medical certificate. There are separate ATPL licences for aeroplanes and helicopters.

From the age of 60-64, pilots may only act as part of a multi-pilot crew in commercial air transport operations, however they may continue to act as Pilot In Command. From the age of 65, they may no longer act as a pilot in commercial air transport operations (from age 70 for balloons and sailplanes).

Theoretical examination
The EASA ATPL requires candidates to pass fourteen separate theoretical exams, with a six-month residential or twelve-month distance-learning course mandatory during this phase.

In EASA states and the United Kingdom, the 14 theoretical subjects included in the examination of ATPL applicants are:
 * Air law
 * Aircraft General Knowledge — Airframe/Systems/Power plant
 * Instrumentation
 * Mass and Balance
 * Aircraft Performance
 * Flight Planning and Monitoring
 * Human Performance and Limitations
 * Meteorology
 * General navigation
 * Radio navigation
 * Operational Procedures
 * Principles of Flight
 * Communications

All exams must be passed within an 18-month period. A CPL and/or Instrument Rating must then be gained within 36 months. Provided that a CPL and IR are achieved, ATPL examination results are accepted for seven years after the most recent validity date of the IR entered in the CPL.

ATPL exams are acceptable for the issue of a CPL, so most pilots skip the CPL exams and take their ATPL exams before they obtain their CPL.

A CPL held by a pilot who has completed all ATPL theoretical exams is popularly known as a "frozen ATPL", although this term has no legal significance.

United States
After the crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407, an air transport certificate became a requirement for all commercial air transport pilots. This effectively raised the number of flight hours required for new commercial pilots from 250 to 1500. Applicants with military or university flying training can apply for a restricted airline transport pilot certificate (R-ATP) with a reduced number of hours. The R-ATP can be obtained at age 21.

To be eligible to take the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) ATP practical test, the candidate must have at least 1500 hours of experience in aircraft, including 250 hours as a pilot-in-command (PIC), and be at least 23-years-old. Restricted Licenses (which allow the holder to perform only second-in-command duties) may be granted to individuals that meet one of the following criteria: The pilot can remove the restriction once they have achieved the normal prerequisites.
 * Military pilots who are 21 years or older with 750 hours total time.
 * Graduates with a four-year degree in aviation from certain approved universities, that have 1000 hours of total flight time and are 21 years or older.
 * Graduates with a two-year degree in aviation, who have 1250 hours and are 21 years or older.
 * Pilots with 1500 hours who are 21 years or older.

The FAA ATP flight test can be taken in a light piston aircraft with 1,500 hours of experience, however, the FAA additionally requires a 'Type Rating' to pilot any large or jet-powered aircraft. Most FAA-certified pilots earn their ATP certificate and Type Rating (aircraft specific) simultaneously via the successful completion of a part 121 airline training program and type rating check-ride.

While pilot certificates in the United States do not expire, pilots must undergo periodic flight reviews to ensure they are safe to operate aircraft.

title: Airline transport pilot licence


text:
Aradhe

Aradhe is a town in the Isoko North Local Government Area (LGA), Isoko region of Delta State, Nigeria. The town has an estimated population of 20,000 inhabitants. Aradhe has a primary school called Aradhe Primary School founded in 19XX and a secondary school called Aradhe Grammar School founded in 19xx. The inhabitants of Aradhe are friendly and accommodating. The major occupation of the people are farming and trading. Aradhe Market day comes up every seven days interval. Major articles traded are garri, Cassava Starch, Yams. Palm oil, fruits etc. The Town is surrounded by swampland. Aradhe share a royal crown with two other communities which are Ovredhe and Ellu. The three communities are called Eraewhosa meaning Three Crown.

title: Aradhe


text:
Fierro Group

The IF Group, also known as Grupo Iberoamericano de Fomento or Grupo Fierro, is an economic group, originated in Spain, that has investments in Spain and Latin America, mostly in the industrial and financial sectors. The Fierro Group was founded by the Spanish entrepreneur and billionaire Ildefonso Fierro, a prominent Spanish businessman. The group is worth over US$4 billion with an annual net income in excess of US$300 million.

They started operations in Peru in 1961, when they installed a factory of matches, a product in which they are a world leader. In 2001 the Fierro Group in Peru was led by Manuel Isabal Roca and consisted of 18 companies, including Banco Interamericano de Finanzas (BIF), Fosforera Peruana, Tabacalera Nacional, Aval, Representaciones Alpamayo, Filtros del Perú, Destilería Peruana, Tabacalera del Sur, Industrial Cartavio, Verona Trading and Fosforera La Llama, employing around 5,000 staff between them.

In 1991 in Venezuela, the group owned Tabacalera Nacional (TANASA), today owned by Philip Morris, Fosforera Suramericana, C.A., Alimentos La Giralda, and Banco Exterior. Nowadays, Fierro Group in Venezuela (also known as Grupo Industrial Farallón de Venezuela: GIFVEN) has the first place of share market on match industry sales being also owners of different companies such as FOSUCA and DIFSA. Fierro Group companies had Factories such as Lander & Vera and Alimentos La Giralda which produce and distribute different manufactured goods related to liquors and canned food. Its most recognized brands are Fosforos el Sol, La Giralda, Ponche Imperial, Ruskaya, Licores Lander & Vera, among others.

In Ecuador, on October 24, 1958 Ignacio Fierro founded the company Fosforera Ecuatoriana S.A. (FESA) since then other companies were created: Tabacalera Nacional S.A. (Tanasa), acquired fully by Philip Morris in 2005, Banco Internacional, Seguros Cervantes, Grafandina S.A., Industria Licorera Iberoamericana S.A. (ILSA), PetroSud (Consorcio PetroSud-PetroRiva). In 2008 the leader of the Fierro Group in Ecuador was José Enrique Fuster Camps.

In August 2013, Francisco "Paco" Roche Navarro retired as leader of the Grupo IF banking division. Ex-BBVA Vicente de la Parra was brought in to lead the banking division. The Banks are composed of Banco Exterior (Venezuela), Banco Internacional (Ecuador), EBNA Bank (Curaçao), Interbanco (Guatemala), and BanBif (Peru).

International presence

 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * 🇬🇹 Guatemala
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador
 * 🇵🇪 Peru
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela

title: Fierro Group


text:
Borchester

Borchester is a fictional town in the BBC Radio 4 radio series The Archers. It is the county town of the fictional county of Borsetshire. According to series tradition it is located 6 miles north-east of Ambridge in the Am Vale and is a historic market and wool town. These typically English country-town features are complemented by more modern additions, such as Underwoods (an upmarket department store), Jaxx bar, which was previously a café both managed by Kenton Archer, and Ambridge Organics, the shop run by Helen Archer, who also makes the Borsetshire Blue cheese sold in Underwoods.

Location
As The Archers is usually taken to "exist" in a region centred on Evesham and somewhere not too far from the Malvern Hills and the edge of the Cotswolds, Borchester could be connected to Broadway, Tewkesbury or Pershore. Hints in the series about the range of shops, local features and road layout, as well as distances sometimes given between Borchester, Felpersham and Ambridge, tend to point to Pershore as the most likely analogy, if we assume that Felpersham = Evesham. Another school of thought has Felpersham as Worcester and Borchester as Droitwich Spa. This view is supported by the existence of a Bishop of Felpersham - Evesham does not have a Bishopric whereas Worcester does. (At one time Bishop Cyril of Felpersham was an occasional character.)

Although it is a county town, it is not a city. The nearby Felpersham, which might be based on Evesham, is the seat of a Church of England diocese and does have the city status that usually goes with it. Borchester has a by-pass, built with much controversy during the 1980s. Evesham and Droitwich Spa both have by-passes but not Pershore.

The BBC published a map of Borchester in the 1990s, which, across a north-south axis common to both towns, was a 'cut and paste' of Evesham west of the axis and Great Malvern to the east. A property company named Borchester Land has featured in the storyline for many years.

Facilities
Borchester is the location of the magistrates court for the area. Phil Archer served as a magistrate there for many years. In 1968, Nelson Gabriel, son of Walter Gabriel of Ambridge and a notorious rogue, was committed for trial and remanded in Gloucester prison at the Borchester magistrates. He returned many years later to run a wine bar in the town from 1980 to 1984. Also in Borchester is Borchester General Hospital.

Borchester is the scene of frequent shopping trips and social encounters in the series. It has a mixture of trendy, "southern England" features such as wine bars and upmarket delis combined with some working-class neighbourhoods. The Grundy family lived for a while in a substandard council flat in Borchester after being evicted from Grange Farm in 2000.

Borchester College, formerly Borchester Tech, is a Further education college offering both A-Level courses and vocational courses including management, hairdressing, and agricultural subjects. In 2002 it also offered evening classes in Italian. Several characters in the series have studied at Borchester College, and one, Russ Jones, taught there.

title: Borchester


text:
Melbourne tram route 5

Melbourne tram route 5 is operated by Yarra Trams on the Melbourne tram network from Melbourne University to Malvern. The 12.6 km route is operated out of Malvern depot with Z and D1 class trams.

History
Route 5 was allocated to the line between Malvern (Burke Road) and City (Swanston Street) on 21 November 1929, the same day that numbers were allocated to the rest of the Swanston Street trams. Trams traditionally terminated at the Victoria Street terminus, but following an accident in 1991, trams instead terminated at the Queensberry Street crossover. Due to congestion during peak hours at the crossover, some trams continued north to Melbourne University. Finally on 17 January 1996, a permanent shunt was built at Melbourne University. From then on, route 5 trams were altered run full-time to Melbourne University.

The origins of route 5 lie in separate tram lines. The section of track between Queensberry Street (Stop 4) and St Kilda Junction (Stop 30) is the oldest section of this route, dating back to the Brighton Road cable tram which opened on 11 October 1888 by the Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company. This cable tram line was electrified in stages by the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB). The section between Domain Interchange (Stop 20) and St Kilda Junction (Stop 30) was electrified on 27 December 1925. The section between Queensberry Street and City Road (near Stop 14) was electrified on the same day. The line between City Road and Domain Interchange was electrified on 24 January 1926. The section between St Kilda Junction and Chapel Street (Stop 32) also dates back to the cable era, as the Windsor to St Kilda Esplanade cable tramway which opened on 17 October 1891. This section was one of the first cable trams to be converted to electric traction on 27 December 1925.

The line east of Hawthorn Road (Stop 45) until the Malvern (Burke Road) terminus was one of the original lines constructed by the Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust (PMTT), which opened on 30 May 1910. The PMTT also built the section between the Sandringham railway line (near Stop 33) and Wattletree Road (Stop 40), opening on 16 December 1911. This line was extended to Chapel Street (Stop 32) on 31 March 1912.

On 24 June 1928, the MMTB constructed a small section of track between Wattletree Road and Glenferrie Road, giving a more direct route from Burke Road to St Kilda Junction.

As part of the St Kilda Junction separation works, the Wellington Street section was abandoned for a new section of track along the newly built Queens Way on 4 November 1968.

During the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the route was merged with route 55 to West Coburg at Domain Interchange to alleviate congestion along St Kilda Road.

Until 29 October 2023, the entire route only operated until 19:00, after which the route ran shuttle between Dandenong Road and Malvern. From 30 October 2023, route 5 was converted to full day operations along the entire route.

Route
Route 5 operates from Melbourne University travelling south through the CBD on Swanston Street via Melbourne Central station and Flinders Street stations. After crossing the Yarra River it continues south along St Kilda Road to St Kilda Junction, where it descends to Queens Way, Windsor and heads east, at Chapel Street, Queens Way becomes Dandenong Road. It continues east passing through Prahran, Armadale, Malvern and Malvern East to its terminus at Burke Road.

Operation
Route 5 is operated out of Malvern depot with Z and D1 class trams. It is occasionally operated by D2 class trams.

Until 29 October 2023, from 19:00 the service only operated between Dandenong Road / Wattletree Road and Malvern, with services timetabled to connect with route 64 services, displayed as Route 64/5.

Since 30 October 2023, the evening operations swapped with route 64, with route 5 running low-floor trams along the entire route throughout the evening, and route 64 running shuttle between Dandenong Road / Wattle Tree Road and East Brighton after 18:30.

title: Melbourne tram route 5


text:
List of concert halls

A concert hall is a cultural building with a stage that serves as a performance venue and an auditorium filled with seats.

This list does not include other venues such as sports stadia, dramatic theatres or convention centres that may occasionally be used for concerts.

 * The list is organised alphabetically by geo-political region or continent and then by country within each region.

New York
See also Broadway theatre for a listing of the theatres that support Broadway shows.

Industry associations

 * International Association of Venue Managers
 * World Council for Venue Management

title: List of concert halls


text: Category:Geography of England

title: Category:Geography of England


text:
Gold-plating (EU law)

Gold-plating is a term used to characterise the process whereby the powers of an EU directive are extended when being transposed into the national laws of a member state.

In an operational study relating to the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, the European Commission treats gold-plating as a source of interference with policy outcomes, defining gold-plating as "an excess of norms, guidelines and procedures accumulated at national, regional and local levels, which interfere with the expected policy goals to be achieved by such regulation". Business lobbyists generally argue against gold-plating, because additional regulation tends to raise costs for businesses, but there are a few companies who stand to benefit from it.

In case of gold-plating, the European Court of Justice does in fact have jurisdiction to interpret EU law, even if the case at hand is not directly governed by EU law.

Examples
The UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills gave the Agency Workers Regulations 2010 as an example of gold-plated EU legislation, because it had granted temporary workers the right to performance-related bonuses, something that was not in the original EU law, which dealt with "the right to the same pay as permanent staff".

In Italy, gold-plating has often been used as a device to pass through controversial measures and to ensure a lower degree of parliamentary scrutiny, particularly in periods of weak government.

Reform
EU governments committed themselves to a deregulation agenda at the Lisbon Summit in March 2000, and as a consequence, the European Commission has supported more maximum harmonisation measures in recent years, which effectively prohibit gold-plating.

Within the UK, the 2010 coalition agreement included a pledge to end gold-plating; the original policy guidelines were finalised in June 2011. Specifically, they stipulate that all EU legislation be reviewed every five years by "all departments...to ensure that they are only implementing the absolute minimum regulation necessary to comply". The principle of copying out the text of European directives directly into UK law was adopted in 2010, along with avoiding transposition into UK law earlier than the date specified in the relevant directive, unless there were "compelling reasons" for earlier implementation. Previously, a 2006 review of gold-plating by Lord Davidson QC found that some EU laws had indeed been "over-implemented", but Lord Davidson had cautioned against "copying out the text of a directive".

title: Gold-plating (EU law)


text:
Talk:Glyph

Image
Can you include an image with a glyph ?? compared with a normal type. TIA (Thanks In Advance). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.144.127.11 (talk • contribs)

We need Robert Langdon over here. Ironiridis 03:07, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Removal of ligature
While ffi is not a character, it can be a glyph, when combined as a ligature. Shinobu 13:42, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * that's exactly what the article is saying now. the removed statement claimed that ffi could be a character, which is incorrect. dab (ᛏ) 10:05, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps I'm more at unease with this: "The term for the abstract entity represented by a glyph is character". What I'm trying to say is that this should perhaps be rephrased a little. Something like "The term for the abstract entities glyphs represent is character". That way you don't rule out ligatures. They are discussed further on in the text, but I still feel this paragraph feels a bit odd. Maybe it's just me. Shinobu 13:24, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

In the sentence: 'But "glyph" first came to widespread European attention with the engravings and in guild wars lithographs from'... the 'guild wars' link goes to the article on the video game of that name. I'm not sure what it was supposed to link to, but i'm guessing it wasn't that. 4.248.221.49 15:32, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

I link hopped here from an article on 16th century English Occultist John Dee and his use of a symbolic ideogram to represent a concept in his book [|Monas Hieroglyphica]. That being said, I think that there should be work done to disambiguate the use of the term "glyph" by the subjects of:

 * Use in Archaeology
 * Use in the Occult and/or Esoterism
 * Use in Typography

Anyone agree? VigilantLocutor (talk) 11:03, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

Need Glyph (typography) and Glyph (archaeology)?
This article is about the use of the term "glyph" in typography but does not address the term glyph as it pertains to archaeology. This article is missing, to quote Wiktionary: "A figure carved in relief or incised, especially representing a sound, word, or idea [or] Any non-verbal symbol that imparts information".

I'm thinking that we might need 2 articles?? Madman 04:24, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You are so right, and I am WP:boldly moving it, after 11 years. BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 16:51, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

glyph vs. allograph
Some sources may use 'glyph' to mean 'allograph', but I doubt that's the predominant meaning. Per the OED, a 'character' is a distinctive written symbol (that is, a grapheme), but a glyph is specifically a carved symbol, not a graphic variant of a character. Given the ambiguity, wouldn't this article be better moved to allograph? kwami (talk) 12:01, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

This is a really, really academic article
I've read this article twice, and almost nothing has stuck due to the obscure technical terms and its academic style. At the risk of sounding like a cranky old man I'm definitely nominating this for translation into the 'Simple English' Wiki.... Harry Zilber (talk) 15:35, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Go for it. I've been in design for 20 years and I just had to read it twice. It is very jargon heavy.--Knulclunk (talk) 03:13, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes this page is unreadable in its current form. Were I qualified, I would re-write FROM SCRATCH. Crosslink (talk) 23:27, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Completely agree! The i with and without a dot?  Does not help explain the topic at all.  Todd (talk) 21:10, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

Image:MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.png
This bot has detected that this page contains an image, Image:MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.png, in a raster format. A replacement is available as a Scalable vector graphic (SVG) at File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg. If the replacement image is suitable please edit the article to use the vector version. Scalable vector graphics should be used in preference to raster for images that can easily represented in a vector graphic format. If this bot is in error, you may leave a bug report at its talk page Thanks SVnaGBot1 (talk) 15:16, 3 July 2009 (UTC)
 * And I did this. Fruckert (talk) 07:22, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

I came to this page to get an understanding of the term "glyph" as it relates to fonts. The article presently starts with an example of a dot and explains that it may or may not be a glyph. I would suggest that it would be better to start with a general definition of a glyph and only after that has been stated, should there be examples of specific glyphs and the reasons why they are or are not glyphs. After reading the entire article, I still have only a fuzzy idea of exactly what a glyph is.

I got this from Wiktionary, "A visual representation of a letter, character, or symbol, in a specific font and style." I do not know if that is completely accurate or not, but it is better than what is here. Due to my ignorance on this subject, I will leave any editing to others who are more knowledgeable.

--EPA3 (talk) 23:43, 23 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I completely agree. It is not clear why the dot on the dotless i should be considered a glyph.  The dotted i (including the dot) is one glyph, and the dotless i (just the base, without the dot) is another glyph. Todd (talk) 17:18, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

Conflicting concepts
About the term "glyph", there are some variations, like at W3C this table with images showing the "typical symbols" in the column Glyph: --Krauss (talk) 16:40, 31 August 2014 (UTC)
 * W3C, perhaps in a "loose use of the term", use the concept "glyph = typical symbol" about a set (charset and Fonts) of possible representations.
 * the illustration here use an opposite concept, as "various glyphs representing the typical symbol".

Lede is garbage.
The lede contains the claim that the word glyph is a typographical term then later in the article Archealogical glyphs have a separate section, making the lede inconsistent. I note that my 1993 edition of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary has ONLY the archeological and not the typographic meaning. The lede goes on to claim that the dot above the i in Turkish is a glyph "...because that language has two distinct versions of the letter "i"..." This is rubbish. This is like claiming that O and Q in English prove that the \ character is a glyph since it changes an O into a Q. The set of glyphs that make up a character set may or not contain elements that must be combined with other elements (diacritics). Note that I make no claim about whether Turkish has that particular glyph, just that the logic "it is a glyph because I and İ are different" is rubbish. This article fails miserably in actually defining what a "glyph" is - claiming it is a "mark" that "means (or changes the meaning of) something" is more rubbish. Changing a l to a T by a horizontal line on top of it is therefore a glyph? A glyph, it seems to me, is a member of the set of elements used to write a particular language, that set being one agreed to by the users/community. This topic gets a lot more complex in dealing with writing which is not character based (eg Chinese), or with information added to an element or group of elements either directly above, below, left or right of the element(s) or in some other location in the text. Some of this information may be variable in shape and size, making it difficult to precisely define typographically. It would be interesting to compare English, Arabic, and Chinese typographic definitions of the concept.72.172.11.121 (talk) 17:44, 31 October 2014 (UTC)

Glyph v. ligature
I'm left a little confused by this article. If it is true, as the article says, that a diacritic is a separate glyph from the letter it is placed on (even when they touch), so that for example Ł is a combination of two glyphs even though it is a single grapheme and represents a single phoneme, how is it possible that a ligature such as the ſi-ligature in the photo counts as a single glyph even though it represents two phonemes and is obviously two graphemes run together? Either there is an inconsistency in the article, or a far better explanation is required. Or possibly there are varying views on what a glyph is, in which case that needs to be said. --Doric Loon (talk) 13:43, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

Graphonomics
I removed the reference and section on Graphonomics because I was completely unable to find anywhere on the web any supporting evidence (but lots of copies of this information). I notice the word is not included in the list at Index of graphonomics-related articles. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 19:07, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

Article scope and set index
My understanding is that set indices are simple lists, but this has large amounts of explanatory text with references. It is clearly formatted like an article. Looking at the history, it was not created as a set index and wasn't labelled as one until relatively recently sometime this year; for the two decades prior it was an article. The set index template isn't even in the right place; it would go at the bottom.

Converting it into a set index because it's scope seems excessive is a bizarre way to deal with the problem. A better solution would be to split off less relevant sections into their own articles with some disambiguator in the title much like Glyph (data visualization) already does. I would suggest splitting Glyph (architecture) and reorganising Glyph to focus it on written or inscribed elements in a system of symbols, which was the original topic.

Although, actually, I'm not sure Glyph (architecture) is needed; Triglyph may be sufficient. Do other such "glyphs" occur in architecture? I suspect someone might be generalising Triglyph is a way that doesn't actually occur in practice. It may be easier to simply delete the irrelevant material relating to architecture and data visualisation, since these topics are covered in other articles already.

I don't think a separate section heading for "archaeology" is needed, given that the only source for that section is an online dictionary that gives a single entry which clearly encompasses both typography and archaeology. Splitting it off into its own section seems forced. The material about its use in archaeology could easily be integrated into the broader topic of glyphs as elements within a system of symbols, be it a system of pictographs/ideograms or letters of a writing system (and by extension, the characters of a typeface). As far as I'm aware, "glyph" is not used in a specialised sense in archaeology; the general understanding of a "glyph" naturally encompasses archaeology, given that systems of symbols occur in archaeological records as well as in contemporary cultures.

 * tl;dr This was an article for 2 decades. Split or delete irrelevant material; a split may not be needed since other articles on these topics exist. Don't convert it into a set index just because the scope has been stretched a bit.

– Scyrme (talk) 18:46, 20 November 2022 (UTC)
 * That argument is persuasive and I concede.
 * So going forward, am I correct in summarising your proposal as this
 * Treat the "written symbols" topic as the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC and dedicate this article exclusively to it.
 * Delete all the remaining material.
 * Create a redirect Glyph (architecture) (to Triglyph). Does Builder's signature need a mention somewhere? "Redirect with possibilities"
 * Add Triglyph and Maya glyphs to Glyph (disambiguation) (in the See Also, to be strictly according to the rules).
 * If it is, then I agree. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 19:50, 20 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I have left a "notice of intent" at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Archaeology, in case anyone has any further advice. So let's leave it a week before taking action. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 20:06, 20 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Should also add Glyph (data visualization) to the disambiguation page (I'm surprised it's not already there) but, otherwise, yes. – Scyrme (talk) 13:35, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅. I doubt that there will be any further comment but best leave it to Sunday before putting into effect. Meantime I've been building out the disambiguation page. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 14:40, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

Recasting completed yesterday. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 12:13, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

Glyphs, graphemes and characters
Even after cleaning it up, I'm still not happy with the section "Glyphs, graphemes and characters" as it stands, because it is rather a collection of miscellanea without any coherent structure. It really needs an intro but I can't think of anything more than what has already been said in the lead. Fresh eyes welcome. , any ideas? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 12:13, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glyph


text:
Open Platform Communications

Open Platform Communications (OPC) is a series of standards and specifications for industrial telecommunication. They are based on Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) for process control. An industrial automation task force developed the original standard in 1996 under the name OLE for Process Control. OPC specifies the communication of real-time plant data between control devices from different manufacturers.

After the initial release in 1996, the OPC Foundation was created to maintain the standards. Since OPC has been adopted beyond the field of process control, the OPC Foundation changed its name to Open Platform Communications in 2011. The name change reflects the applications of OPC technology for applications in building automation, discrete manufacturing, process control and others. OPC has also grown beyond its original OLE implementation to include other data transportation technologies including Microsoft Corporation's .NET Framework, XML, and even the OPC Foundation's binary-encoded TCP format.

History
The OPC specification' was based on the OLE, COM, and DCOM technologies developed by Microsoft Corporation for the Microsoft Windows operating system family. The specification defined a standard set of objects, interfaces e.g. IDL and methods for use in process control and manufacturing automation applications to facilitate interoperability. The most common OPC specification is OPC Data Access, which is used for reading and writing real-time data. When vendors refer to "OPC" generically, they typically mean OPC Data Access (OPC DA). OPC DA itself has gone through three major revisions since its inception. Versions are backwards compatible, in that a version 3 OPC Server can still be accessed by a version 1 OPC Client, since the specifications add functionality, but still require the older version to be implemented as well. However, a client could be written that does not support the older functions since everything can be done using the newer ones, thus a DA-3-compatible client will not necessarily work with a DA 1.0 Server.

In addition OPC DA specification, the OPC Foundation maintains the OPC Historical Data Access (HDA) specification. In contrast to the real time data that is accessible with OPC DA, OPC HDA allows access and retrieval of archived data.

The OPC Alarms and Events specification is maintained by the OPC Foundation, and defines the exchange of alarm and event type message information, as well as variable states and state management. By 2002, the specification was compared to Fieldbus and other previous standards.

An OPC Express Interface, known as OPC Xi, was approved in November, 2009, for the .NET Framework. OPC Xi used Windows Communication Foundation instead of DCOM, so it can be configured for communication across the enhanced security of network address translation (NAT).

About the same time, the OPC Unified Architecture (UA) was developed for platform independence. UA can be implemented with Java, Microsoft .NET, or C, eliminating the need to use a Microsoft Windows platform of earlier OPC versions. UA combined the functionality of the existing OPC interfaces with new technologies such as XML and Web services to deliver higher level manufacturing execution system (MES) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) support. The first working group for UA met in 2003, version 1.0 was published in 2006.

On September 16, 2010, The OPC Foundation and the MTConnect Institute announced cooperation to ensure interoperability and consistency between the two standards.

Design
OPC was designed to provide a common bridge for Windows-based software applications and process control hardware. Standards define consistent methods of accessing field data from plant floor devices. This method remains the same regardless of the type and source of data. An OPC Server for one hardware device provides the same methods for an OPC client to access its data as any other OPC Server for any hardware device. The aim was to reduce the amount of duplicated effort required from hardware manufacturers and their software partners, and from the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and other human-machine interface (HMI) producers in order to interface the two. Once a hardware manufacturer had developed their OPC Server for the new hardware device, their work was done with regards to allowing any 'top end' to access their device, and once the SCADA producer had developed their OPC client, it allowed access to any hardware with an OPC compliant server.

OPC servers provide a method for different software packages (as long as it is an OPC client) to access data from a process control device, such as a programmable logic controller (PLC) or distributed control system (DCS). Traditionally, any time a package needed access to data from a device, a custom interface or driver had to be written. There is nothing in the OPC specifications to restrict the server to providing access to a process control device. OPC Servers can be written for anything from getting the internal temperature of a microprocessor to the current temperature in Monument Valley.

Once an OPC Server is written for a particular device, it can be reused by any application that is able to act as an OPC client. OPC servers can be linked and communicate to other servers. OPC servers use Microsoft's OLE technology (also known as the Component Object Model, or COM) to communicate with clients. COM technology permits a standard for real-time information exchange between software applications and process hardware to be defined.

Some OPC specifications are published, but others are available only to members of the OPC Foundation. So while no company "owns" OPC and anyone can develop an OPC server whether or not they are a member of the OPC Foundation, non-members will not necessarily be using the latest specifications. It is up to each company that requires OPC products to ensure that their products are certified and that their system integrators have the necessary training.

title: Open Platform Communications


text:
Talk:Cultural evolution (disambiguation)

MERGE
This article should be merged with Cultural selection theory as they both provide an overview of theories from a wide range of disciplines and areas of study. An overview of the field can be found at http://www.agner.org/cultsel/chapt2/ Whichever article is retained should do no more than provide brief descriptions of the various theories in perhaps little more detail than is currently at the disambiguation page for Cultural evolution (disambiguation) LookingGlass (talk) 13:13, 26 October 2016 (UTC)
 * There are multiple overlapping articles in this area, and while I agree some of them ought to be merged (my preference would be merging cultural selection theory into cultural evolution, by far the more common name for the body of theory it's describing), until that is done we need to retain a disambiguation page. Joe Roe (talk) 18:45, 26 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Agree the disambiguation page should be retained whatever happens. I find the descriptions here clearer and more helpful than those given in the articles they refer to. If Cultural evolution is the common name then I agree to its retention.  But the article on it is poor/more of a stub compared to this one.  My suggestion referred to the content.  2c.  LookingGlass (talk) 14:03, 27 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm confused. This is the talk page for the disambiguation page, so I assumed that's what you were suggesting be merged. Were you talking about cultural evolution? Joe Roe (talk) 16:23, 27 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Apologies Joe, yes, you're right, I was referring to Cultural evolution not to Cultural evolution (disambiguation)- (I hadn't actually considered an option to merge the disambiguation page). So, to clarify, I agree with everything you wrote.  There are several ovelapping articles, as you say, an issue I had thought to try and address but didn't feel able to do what imo was needed.  I arrived at this disambiguation page from Cultural evolution as Cultural evolution is described there as a social theory and there is an issue whether sociocultural, social, and cultural are or are not synonymous.  It occured to me that mergeing Cultural evolution with Cultural selection theory may perhaps be a first step in bringing the various "summarising" articles on the discipline (if such it can be said to be) together.  2c LookingGlass (talk) 14:20, 28 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see what's happened. Talk:Cultural evolution redirects here, because when the draft was moved to mainspace Draft talk:Cultural evolution was left behind. I've requested an admin move it now; perhaps once that's done we should move this discussion there. Joe Roe (talk) 16:47, 28 October 2016 (UTC)
 * thanks for moving the draft talk; I've continued this discussion there Talk:Cultural evolution . AndySLord (talk) 08:39, 30 October 2016 (UTC)


text:
User:Sasse~enwiki

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$$\lim_{trabalho \to \infty}amizade_{fabio}= \lim_{saco \to \varnothing}paciencia_{amigos}$$

title: User:Sasse~enwiki


text:
User:Pcb21/stub test

Pcb21_stub_test

title: User:Pcb21/stub test


text: Category:Principal areas of Wales

title: Category:Principal areas of Wales