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Halo: The Flood

Halo: The Flood is a military science fiction novel by William C. Dietz, based on the Halo series of video games and based specifically on the 2001 video game Halo: Combat Evolved, the first game in the series. The book was released in April 2003 and is the second Halo novel. Closely depicting the events of the game, The Flood begins with the escape of a human ship Pillar of Autumn from enemy aliens known as the Covenant. When the Pillar of Autumn unexpectedly discovers a massive artifact known as "Halo", the humans must square off against the Covenant and a second terrifying force in a desperate attempt to uncover Halo's secrets and stay alive. Though the book roughly follows the same events of the Xbox game, featuring identical dialogue, Dietz also describes events not seen by the game's protagonist, the super-soldier Master Chief.

After the success of the first Halo novel, Halo: The Fall of Reach, publisher Del Rey and Halo publisher Microsoft signed a deal for new books based on Xbox games, including another entry in the Halo series. Del Ray approached author Dietz to write the next book. Dietz incorporated his first-hand experience in the military for the additional scenes of The Flood not found in the game.

Upon release, Halo: The Flood cracked the Publishers Weekly Top Ten Bestsellers List for Paperbacks, but critical reception to the novel was less positive than Eric Nylund's Fall of Reach or other Halo novels. The repetitive fight scenes and dramatically different characterization of the protagonist compared to Nylund's work were seen as major flaws, and Dietz's style of writing was alternatively praised and lambasted. The next Halo novel, Halo: First Strike, would serve to bridge the gap between Combat Evolved and its sequel, Halo 2.

The book was re-released on October 12, 2010, with new content and editorial corrections.

Background
The first Halo book, Halo: The Fall of Reach, sold more than 1,000,000 copies and prompted an extended agreement between Del Rey Books and Microsoft to produce more Halo novels. Science fiction writer Larry Niven, author of the Ringworld series of novels, was initially approached by Del Rey Books to pen a novelization of Halo: Combat Evolved. Niven declined, citing his inability to write for a "fully programmed universe". William C. Dietz, a Seattle-based science fiction author, was then approached to write the next Halo novel. Though he had never played the game, he immediately bought an Xbox console and a copy of Halo. When he learned that the game was selling rapidly at his local retailer, he agreed to pen the book.

Dietz, a former United States Navy Hospital Corpsman, incorporated elements of what he fondly called "The Green Machine" into his work; despite being in the 26th century, the marines of The Flood are very similar to their modern counterparts. To assist Dietz in writing, Bungie provided what Dietz referred to as "a tremendous" amount of background information on the Halo universe. Once Dietz had finished his draft, Bungie checked it over to make sure it complied with the plot established in the games and novels, as Bungie considers all Halo novels canon.

Setting
Halo: The Flood is set in the year 2552. Humanity has colonized hundreds of worlds across the galaxy, using faster-than-light drives and cryonic sleep to travel between worlds. Without warning, a collective of alien races known as the Covenant began attacking the outlying colonies, brutally exterminating all life by vitrifying the surface of the planets. Humanity, outnumbered and outclassed by the alien's superior technology, wages a losing war against the enemy. After the human bastion of Reach falls to the Covenant, the human ship Pillar of Autumn jumps into Slipspace to lead the Covenant away from Earth.

Plot
The novel, like the video game it is based on, begins as the Pillar of Autumn exits slipspace, discovering an unexpected massive ringworld hidden by a moon in orbit around a gas giant. In the system are a host of Covenant, who notice the lone ship. A Covenant leader forbids the fleet to fire on the Autumn, for fear of damaging the ring. Instead, they board and capture the ship. Meanwhile, technicians on the Autumn prepare for battle and awaken a single soldier from cryo sleep—a Spartan known as the Master Chief.

The Covenant board the Autumn; deprived of defensive options, the Autumn ' s captain, Jacob Keyes, tells the crew to abandon ship. The Master Chief is entrusted with the artificial intelligence Cortana; given the wealth of tactical information the A.I. contains, Keyes cannot allow Cortana to fall into enemy hands. The Master Chief leaves for the surface of Halo in a lifeboat; other soldiers, including a battalion of shock troops led by Antonio Silva and his second-in-command, Melissa McKay, land by special drop pods, and take a strategic bluff from the Covenant to use as a base of operations. Captain Keyes is captured by the Covenant, and taken aboard the Covenant cruiser Truth and Reconciliation; the Master Chief and a platoon of Marines board the Truth and Reconciliation, rescuing the captain. Keyes has learned that the ringworld they are on has vast significance to the Covenant- they believe that "Halo", as they call the ring, is a weapon of unimaginable power. Escaping from the Covenant cruiser, Keyes gives the Master Chief the mission of finding the Control Room of Halo before the Covenant. The Master Chief and Cortana discover the location of the Control Room, and with the help of some Marines, insert Cortana into Halo's computer network. However, Cortana realizes that the ring is not a weapon as they understood at all- but before the Chief can press her with questions, Cortana tells the Master Chief to find Captain Keyes.

Dropped into the swamp where Keyes and his men disappeared, the Master Chief discovers that the Captain has been captured and both human and Covenant soldiers have been turned into zombie-like creatures by bulbous aliens. One soldier, Private Wallace Jenkins, is left still semi-conscious and painfully aware of his predicament, unable to control his movement or actions as his former friends and he attack McKay's troops. Jenkins intends on ending his life, but is instead captured by McKay for study. The Chief is approached by Halo's resident A.I., 343 Guilty Spark, who informs the Chief that the creatures he has encountered are called the Flood, a virulent parasite that infects hosts and converts them into either forms for combat, or for reproduction. To activate Halo's defenses, Guilty Spark needs the Master Chief's help. In Halo's Control Room, Guilty Spark gives the Master Chief the key to activate Halo, but is stopped by a furious Cortana. Cortana explains that Halo is a weapon, but it doesn't kill the Flood- it kills their food, meaning humans, Covenant, and any other sentient life. Realizing that they have to stop Guilty Spark from activating Halo, Cortana and the Master Chief decide to destroy Halo by detonating the crash-landed Pillar of Autumn's fusion reactors. In order to do this, they need Captain Keyes' neural implants. Cortana discovers the Captain is still alive, held prisoner once again aboard the Truth and Reconciliation, now in the hands of the Flood who are trying to escape Halo. The Chief fights Covenant and Flood to the Captain, but finds out he is too late—the Captain has been assimilated into the parasite. The Chief retrieves the implants and leaves the Truth for the Autumn.

While the Chief and Cortana head to the Autumn, Alpha Base is evacuated. Silva decides to retake the Truth and Reconciliation and pilot the ship away in order to avoid being on Halo when the Autumn blows. The ship is taken successfully, but McKay realizes that Silva is blinded by the thought of promotion and glory to the danger of the Flood; if even one Flood specimen escaped containment on Earth, the entire planet could fall. Jenkins draws McKay's attention to a vital energy line on the ship, and realizing that the destruction of the Flood is more important than Silva's promotion, cuts the cable, sending the Truth and Reconciliation crashing into Halo, killing all aboard.

At the Autumn, the Master Chief is forced to destabilize the fusion reactors manually as 343 Guilty Spark and his robotic drones try to stop them. Once the countdown until detonation has begun, Cortana directs the Chief to a fighter still docked in the Pillar of Autumn hangar. Gunning the engines, the Chief and Cortana escape the ring just as the Autumn explodes, ending the threat of the Flood. Cortana scans for survivors and realizes that they are seemingly the only two who have survived. Cortana tells the Master Chief that the fight is finished, to which the Chief replies, "No. The Covenant is still out there, and Earth is at risk. We're just getting started."

Reception
Reception to the book was mixed. Some reviewers found William C. Dietz's style of writing subpar when compared to that of Eric Nylund, differing greatly. Other critics took issue with how the novel did not depart enough from the game's storyline; Fans complained about inconsistencies with the other novels and the game itself.

Responding to criticism about the book, including his interpretation of the Chief, Dietz replied: ...of [the book reviews] that I have read, the negative ones often say something to the effect that the book is just like the game, so why read it? What those readers may not realize is that I was hired to novelize the game. That means taking the game and turning it into a book [...] or, put another way, I did what I was hired to do. ...there must be some folks who feel that I wrote the Chief out of character. That's news to me. All I can tell you is that the Bungie folks, who care deeply about the character and the universe never raised that issue, and approved the book as written. However, there's no doubt that every author is different, and will approach characters differently. So if Nylund's rendition of the Chief is different from my own in subtle ways that would be understandable.

Despite the less enthusiastic response The Flood garnered than its predecessor, the book still sold well. Soon after release, The Flood made the Publishers Weekly top ten bestsellers paperback list. The next book in the series, Halo: First Strike, would be written by Eric Nylund and bridge the gap between Halo: Combat Evolved and Halo 2.

title: Halo: The Flood


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Inventor's notebook

An inventor's notebook is used by inventors, scientists and engineers to record their ideas, invention process, experimental tests and results and observations. It is not a legal document but is valuable, if properly organized and maintained, since it can help establish dates of conception and reduction to practice. It may be considered as grey literature. The information can improve the outcome of a patent or a patent contestation.

Purpose
A patent grants its owner(s) the right to sue those who manufacture and market products or services that infringe on the claims declared in the patent. Typically, governments award patents on either a first to file or first to invent basis. Therefore, it is important to keep and maintain records that help establish who is first to invent a particular invention.

The inventor's notebook (also called a journal, lab book or log book) is a systematic device for recording all information related to an invention in such a way that it can be used to develop a case during a patent contestation or patent-related lawsuit.

The notebook is also a valuable tool for the inventor since it provides a chronological record of an invention and its reduction to practice. Each entry must be signed and dated by a witness. The witness should not be someone with a conflict of interest (such as a research partner). If an inventor ever has to go to court to prove that they were the first to make the invention, then the witness would be called to the stand to testify that the signature is theirs and they signed that page on that date.

A "virtual inventor's notebook", in which one scans note pages and emails them to oneself, would not provide the same legal protection as a since it is easier to commit fraud with a virtual notebook.

The need for an inventor's notebook will diminish in the future as the United States is progressively implementing a first-to-file system pursuant to the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act. It has been said that first-to-file eliminates a troubling source of litigation, particularly for individual inventors who may lack the processes and legal resources to defend against evidentiary challenges by large corporate research organizations.

Famous notebooks
Though not necessarily following all the guidelines above, journals and notebooks have been kept by many famous inventors, scientists and engineers. Some of the most well-known journals include those of:
 * Leonardo da Vinci
 * Galileo Galilei
 * Evangelista Torricelli
 * Alessandro Volta
 * Thomas A. Edison
 * Thomas Jefferson
 * Albert Einstein
 * Nikola Tesla
 * Frederic Tudor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Inventor's notebook


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Frederick H. Mueller

Frederick Henry Mueller (November 22, 1893 – August 31, 1976) was a U.S. cabinet officer. He served as the United States Secretary of Commerce from 1959 until 1961, during the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Early life
Mueller was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the son of Emma Matilde Oesterle and furniture manufacturer John Frederick Mueller.

Education
He graduated from Michigan State University in 1914, with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering.

Career
Upon his father's retirement, he became president of the family business.

Prior to joining the Eisenhower administration, Mueller served in multiple posts at the Department of Commerce. In 1956, Mueller was charged with the heading of the Division of Domestic Affairs, and in 1958, he was elevated to deputy secretary, the number two position in the bureau.

Personal life
He married the former Mary Darrah on November 6, 1915; they had two children, Marcia Joan and Frederick Eugene Mueller.

Death
Mueller died in Grand Rapids, Michigan, on August 31, 1976, at age 82. He is interred in Graceland Mausoleum in Grand Rapids.

title: Frederick H. Mueller


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Halo: First Strike

Halo: First Strike is a military science fiction novel by Eric Nylund, based on the Halo series of video games. The book was released in December 2003 and is the third Halo novel; Nylund's second contribution to the series. The novel serves as a bridge between the events of the games Halo: Combat Evolved and its 2004 sequel Halo 2. First Strike was also released as an audiobook, narrated by Todd McLaren.

Halo: First Strike opens with the arrival of the Covenant armada at the human stronghold planet of Reach. The book follows both the unsuccessful attempt to defend Reach by the SPARTAN-IIs who were on the planet's surface and the adventures of the rag-tag survivors of the battle at Alpha Halo. The book also reveals that humanity's worst fear is going to come true: the Covenant is on its way to Earth. The book was well received by critics and sold well, making The New York Times Best Seller list. Critics found it added depth to the Halo video games and that it was exciting throughout.

Background
First Strike was Nylund's second Halo novel after his task of writing the prequel to the first game, 2001's Halo: The Fall of Reach. Nylund said in an interview that he wrote the book within sixteen weeks, a much longer deadline than the seven weeks he had to complete The Fall of Reach. However, due to more Halo canon already being published Nylund found it harder to write First Strike into the existing story; "There were more events and characters to link and keep track of…timelines to sync up…like threading three needles at once with one hand." To write a better novel than The Fall of Reach, Nylund read military combat manuals and biographies of soldiers, he also tried to improve where fans had criticized the first Halo book.

Setting
First Strike takes place in the 26th century, where humanity, under the governance of the United Nations Space Command (UNSC), has been fighting a losing war against a religious collective of alien races known as the Covenant. Humanity's best defense against the Covenant is the SPARTAN Project, super-soldiers in powered armor, but these elite troops are too few to turn the tide of war in the UNSC's favor. Following a Covenant attack on Reach, a planet within UNSC jurisdiction, the Pillar of Autumn flees randomly coming across an ancient installation built by the mysterious Forerunners. The Covenant call this relic Halo, and believe it is a means of transcendence. The UNSC discover that Halo destroys all sentient life in the galaxy to prevent the parasitic Flood from spreading beyond Halo. The SPARTAN Master Chief and his artificial intelligence companion, Cortana, detonate the Pillar of Autumn's engines, destroying Halo. Escaping the destruction via a fighter, the Chief and Cortana believe themselves the only survivors of the catastrophe.

Plot
The novel begins in orbit above planet Reach, as humanity fights the Covenant invasion forces. The last line of defence for the planet is an array of magnetic accelerator cannons (MACs) orbiting the planet. The Master Chief sends a team of Spartans to the surface of Reach to protect the MAC's planet-based power generators. Ultimately, the Covenant are able to destroy the generators and begin bombarding the planet's surface – melting its surface to glass ('glassing the planet'). The surviving Spartans flee underground to the hidden headquarters of the Office of Naval Intelligence. There they meet Dr. Halsey who, with help of some of the surviving Spartans, uncovers a strange crystalline shard in a cavern built by the ancient Forerunners. Pursued by the Covenant, the Spartans retrieve the shard and collapse the passage behind them, which saves them from the pursuing Covenant forces, but also traps them deep under the surface of Reach.

The book then shifts to events occurring soon after Halo, as the Master Chief and Cortana drift through the ruins of Halo, they discover other survivors including Sergeant Johnson and Corporal Locklear. The group commandeer the Covenant flagship Ascendant Justice and use its slipspace capabilities to return to the Reach system. To prevent the Covenant from finding Earth with a tracking device, the humans plan to find a suitably undamaged human ship to take them to Earth. Upon arrival the group receive a radio signal used by the Spartans in their training days. On the surface, they find three Spartans and Vice Admiral Danforth Whitcomb, the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations. The Vice Admiral arms a "Nova thermonuclear mine", a weapon that would destroy the planet. The Master Chief and his newly acquired team of Spartans then proceed to rescue Dr. Halsey and the other Spartans that were trapped under the surface of the planet. Meanwhile, Cortana, still aboard Ascendant Justice, learns that the Covenant already know the location of Earth and are preparing an invasion fleet. For additional power, Cortana salvages the derelict UNSC frigate Gettysburg, in effect creating a hybrid vessel referred to throughout the book as Gettysburg-Ascendant Justice.

Seeking the Forerunner shard, the Covenant attack, severely damaging Ascendant Justice, but are temporarily defeated. In order to make repairs, the UNSC forge an alliance with human separatists hidden in an asteroid field whose help also allows them to partially repair the crippled Gettysburg. Halsey, after saving the clinically dead Spartan Linda-058, abducts Spartan Kelly-087 and flees in a stolen ship, leaving Corporal Locklear with instructions to stop the crystal from falling into Covenant hands. Locklear decides to destroy the crystal, inadvertently killing himself, but stopping the Covenant from tracking the crystal's radioactive emissions and by extension the Ascendant Justice. However, the Covenant attack the asteroid base in overwhelming force, forcing the UNSC forces to flee into slipspace and abandon the separatists to destruction.

With the knowledge that the Covenant are en route to Earth, the Master Chief and his fellow Spartans decide to disrupt the invasion force at their rendezvous point. The Spartans successfully infiltrate the Covenant space station, Unyielding Hierophant, set it to self-destruct and escape in a drop-ship. On board the Ascendant Justice, Whitcomb tricks the Covenant fleet into following the ship closer to the Unyielding Hierophant; when the station explodes the entire Covenant armada is destroyed or damaged. Master Chief and the surviving Spartans take the partially repaired Gettysburg, which has been equipped with Ascendant Justice's slipspace drive, back to Earth with Sgt. Johnson and Cortana to warn of the approaching invasion. Meanwhile, the Covenant leadership discuss the fate of the "incompetent one," an Elite who allowed Halo to be destroyed and Ascendant Justice to be captured; setting the stage for Halo 2.

Reception
Upon release, First Strike was a critical and commercial success, being the first Halo novel to make The New York Times bestsellers list. IGN stated that the writing was "terse and exciting" and that players waiting for the release of Halo 2 could pick up interesting hints about what was to come in the game and in the ilovebees viral marketing campaign. About.com's Eric Qualls stated that First Strike and the other Halo novels "make you appreciate Halo and Halo 2 a hundred times more", and strongly recommended that fans of the game pick up the novel. Shawn of Digital Monkey Box criticized the way the Nylund sidelines characters who were developed early in the book as the Master Chief takes precedence but overall praised the book highly. Nylund's character development and the ethical challenges presented to the Master Chief were praised however and reviewer Josh Carter considered it superior to either of the previous books. When Phil Jones reviewed the book for Science Fiction Crowsnest he found that "the combat does get somewhat tiresome" but concluded that the book was a good, easy read and "as spin-offs go, it is not bad." The First Strike audiobook was also well received, reviewer Cliff Bakehorn commenting that "Todd McLaren did a good job narrating", as well as finding it to be "an exciting story throughout."

title: Halo: First Strike


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Category:Buick vehicles

This category contains links to the various automobiles sold under the Buick marque by General Motors Company.

title: Category:Buick vehicles


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Aloisius Joseph Muench

Aloisius Joseph Muench (February 18, 1889 – February 15, 1962) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Fargo from 1935 to 1959, and as Apostolic Nuncio to Germany from 1951 to 1959. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1959.

Muench was the most powerful American Catholic and Vatican representative in Allied-occupied Germany and subsequently in West Germany from 1946 to 1959 as the liaison between the U.S. Office of Military Government and the German Catholic Church in the American occupation zone (1946–1949), Pope Pius XII's apostolic visitor to Germany (1946–1947), the Vatican relief officer in Kronberg im Taunus, Germany (1947–1949), regent in Kronberg (1949–1951), as well as nuncio to Germany.

Early life and education
Muench was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to Joseph Muench and Theresa Kraus on February 18, 1889, the first of seven surviving children. His father's ancestors were from Sankt Katharina in the Bohemian Forest near the Bavarian border, what is now Svatá Kateřina in the Czech Republic. His father, a baker, emigrated to Milwaukee at age 18 in 1882. His mother was born in Kemnath in the Upper Palatinate region of Bavaria and emigrated to Milwaukee in 1882 at age 14; Muench's parents married in 1888. The family lived on the north side of Milwaukee among other German Catholic immigrants, his parents speaking only German in the home. Muench began his training for the priesthood at age 14, entering Saint Francis Seminary in 1904. He was ordained on June 8, 1916, in the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and assigned to Saint Michael's parish.

He left Milwaukee in 1917 to become the assistant chaplain of Saint Paul's University Chapel at the University of Wisconsin (now University of Wisconsin–Madison), where he obtained a masters in economics in 1918.

In 1919 Muench entered the University of Fribourg in Switzerland, earning a doctorate magna cum laude in July 1921 in the social sciences, focusing on theological disciplines of economics, social morality, and social ethics. He was a member of K.D.St.V. Teutonia Fribourg (Switzerland), a Catholic student fraternity that is part of the Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen.

The archbishop of Milwaukee granted Muench permission to remain in Europe to study at University of Leuven (Belgium), Cambridge, Oxford, the London School of Economics, the Collège de France, and the Sorbonne. Muench returned to St. Francis Seminary in 1922 as a professor. In 1929, he ceased his teaching duties to become a rector. Muench was promoted to the rank of monsignor in September 1934.

Bishop of Fargo (1935–1959)
On August 10, 1935, Pope Pius XI appointed Muench the third bishop of the Diocese of Fargo, North Dakota; he was consecrated on October 15, 1935, and installed on November 6, 1935.

Muench accompanied Archbishop Samuel Stritch to Rome when the latter was created cardinal by Pope Pius XII in 1946, and purchased the red hat Stritch received in the ceremony. In a meeting with the pope, Stritch recommended Muench for the role of apostolic visitor in Germany, because of his "sympathy" for the "suffering of the German people".

When Muench returned to the United States, he was offered the additional position of liaison between the U.S. post-war occupation authorities in Germany (the Office of Military Government, United States Zone, OMGUS) and the German Catholic Church, also on the recommendation of Stritch, after Anthony Strauss, the first choice of the Truman administration, turned the appointment down.

Post-war Germany (1946–1951)
Pope Pius XII appointed Muench apostolic visitor to Germany in 1946. From 1946 to 1949, he served as military vicar delegate of the United States armed forces, and from 1949 to 1951, he was the regent of the nunciature in Germany; back in Fargo, from 1947 onward, Leo Ferdinand Dworschak, the auxiliary bishop, served as apostolic administrator. Muench also served as "liaison consultant for religious affairs to the military governor", appointed by Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson. The German nunciature had been vacant since the death of Cesare Orsenigo in 1946. Muench assumed the de facto role of nuncio before he received the title on March 6, 1951.

According to Barry's biography, Muench focused on three goals: the Vatican mission for Catholic displaced persons and prisoners of war (funded by American donations brokered by Muench); maintaining the validity of the Reichskonkordat (a 1933 treaty between the Vatican and Germany); and the autonomy of German Catholic schools.

Historian Michael Phayer views Muench's dual appointment as significant: "Muench's position was extraordinary. At one and the same time, he was President Truman's Catholic liaison to OMGUS and Pius XII's personal envoy to zonal Germany. Serving two masters, he listened to Rome, not Washington from the moment of his arrival in Germany".

One World in Charity
Muench's pastoral letter One World In Charity was published in installments (in the U.S. first in January 1946, and in occupied Germany one year later). The 10,200 word letter was read from the diocese of Fargo's pulpits weekly on the five Sundays between Shrove Tuesday and Passion Sunday, and then translated into German and printed first in German language newspapers in the United States. Truncated versions of One World, focusing on Muench's comments about the collective guilt of German Catholics and the equation of the Nazis and the allied occupation authorities began to circulate in Germany in early 1947, and spread rapidly due to grassroots distribution (authorized or unauthorized) and quotation in German newspapers.

One World appeared in both religious and secular publications alongside statements denying Germans' complicity in the Holocaust, especially the concept of collective guilt. Muench received several letters from German Catholics commenting on One World; they regarded him as one who understood German "suffering" and believed him to be of German descent. One World referred to the Allied authorities as "other Hitlers in disguise, who would make of [the German] nation a crawling [Bergen-]Belsen. One World argued that responsibility for the Holocaust lay only with a very few war criminals who had "revived the Mosaic idea of an eye for an eye".

According to Brown-Fleming, Muench's sympathies in his writing matched his actions as one of the most active participants in the Vatican's "postwar clemency campaign on behalf of convicted war criminals". In particular, he spoke against what he perceived to be the mistreatment of high-ranking prisoners such as Konstantin von Neurath, Erich Raeder, Karl Dönitz, Walther Funk, Baldur von Schirach, Albert Speer, and Rudolf Hess. He wrote that their treatment was "another terrible blotch on our record for decent, humane treatment of war criminals". One World was cited by Josef Hering and other war criminals in their own writings.

Relationship with Jews
In at least four instances, Muench became involved in restitution disputes between Catholic Germans and Jews regarding property seized during the war; in each instance, Muench sided with the German Catholics, contacting highly placed German and American officials on their behalf. Muench wrote in a September 1946 letter that "some of these gents exploit the fact that they were in concentration camps for their own benefit, although some were there because of an unsavory past". In one restitution case, where a distant relative of Muench had been sentenced by a military court to a fine of 2,000 marks and the return of his business to a Warsaw Jew, Muench wrote "a lot of hardship and injustice comes about because of [restitution resulting from] denazification".

Muench was also an opponent of interreligious dialogue efforts that included Jews, opposing the organization of chapters of the National Conference of Christians and Jews (NCCJ) and the International Conference of Christians and Jews (ICCJ), among others, in occupied Germany. In a 1948 letter to Carl Zietlow, a Minnesotan Protestant pastor of the NCCJ, Muench described the organization as unneeded because: "regarding anti-Semitism" he had "found very little of it". Historian Paul Weindling has described Muench as having "made efforts to downplay war crimes by distrusting Holocaust survivors as exaggerating Nazi crimes", part of a broader worldview that stated that "Germans were victims: Jews, Slavs and communists were exaggerating crimes against them to extricate resources".

According to Phayer, for Muench as well as Pius XII, the "priority was not the survivors of the Holocaust, but the situation of the German Catholic refugees in Eastern Europe who had been driven from their homes at the end of the war. Bishop Muench felt that their lot was comparable to that of the Jews during the Holocaust".

Clemency for war crimes
Along with other German and American clerics, such as Johann Neuhausler, auxiliary bishop of Munich, Cardinal Josef Frings of Cologne, Muench was "in close contact with occupation authorities, other religious leaders, and the convicted war criminals themselves" regarding the campaign for clemency for Nazi war criminals.

In February 1950, Pius XII instructed Muench to write a letter in support of clemency for some convicted German war criminals to General Thomas Hardy, the head of the U.S. Army European Command, who had the final word on all clemency decisions; with his new appointment as papal regent, Muench was to speak as a direct representative of the pope. In his diary, Muench made it clear that he viewed as "questionable" the sentences of war criminals who had not been directly involved in medical experimentation or other extreme acts at concentration camps or the deportation of people for slave labor. Prior to this, Muench had frequently become involved in individual clemency cases, but took care not to attract undue attention or publicity to the Vatican. As the Vatican urged Muench to press harder against the U.S. authorities, Muench wrote to Undersecretary Montini (future Pope Paul VI) warning him that Rome was on "dangerously thin ice". According to Phayer, it was Muench's discretion that "saved the Vatican from becoming publicly associated with former Nazis". Muench wrote: "I have not dared to advise the Holy See to intervene, especially if such intervention would eventually become public".

Muench often preferred to work behind the scenes; for example, a letter from one of Muench's secretaries provided Father Franz Lovenstein the contact information he had requested "with the understanding, of course, that you are not to use his name in connection with any letters or briefs that will be sent to those gentlemen". For example, in the case of Hans Eisele, former SS doctor convicted of experimentation on prisoners, there is some evidence that Muench's intervention with General Clay in the summer of 1948 resulted in the commutation of Eisele's execution (scheduled for June 1948) and Eisele's eventual release in 1952.

Nunciature (1951–1959)
Muench's role as apostolic visitor was upgraded to nuncio when the Allied High Commission permitted the Federal Republic to form an independent foreign affairs ministry in March 1951. On March 9, 1951, Pope Pius XII appointed Bishop Muench papal nuncio to Germany with the title of archbishop. 1886 Muench viewed it as no small honor to hold the nunciature formerly occupied by Pius XII himself. On March 12, Pius XII moved the nunciature from Eichstätt to Bad Godesberg, outside of Bonn. By April 4, 1951, Muench was named dean of the German diplomatic corps, the first diplomat accredited by the Federal Republic.

Relationship with Pius XII
There is much evidence of genuine camaraderie between Pius XII and Muench. He met Eugenio Pacelli (the future pope) for the first time while Pacelli was nuncio to Bavaria, when Muench visited Munich as a student representative of the Catholic Central Verein of America (CCVA).

As pope, Pius XII received Muench in several audiences, and after their second audience on July 12, 1946, the two always conversed in German. Muench also wrote many reports on the events in Germany directly to Pius XII between 1946 and 1958, and there is some evidence that Pius XII read many of them personally, even in 1953 when his health began to deteriorate. The reports spoke not only of the immediate, material needs of German Catholics, but also of the spread of communism, a fear shared by Muench and Pius XII, and the subject of another 1954 audience between the two.

Muench and Pius XII met in February 1947 and in the fall of 1948 and 1949; although initially Muench (in his letters to others) expressed satisfaction with Pius XII's grasp of the situation in Germany, he later stated that the pope was too reliant on his own, earlier experiences in Germany and did not "fully grasp" the implications of the occupation and increasing secularization. Muench wrote that Pius XII was continuing to interpret the events unfolding in Germany "according to this or that phrase of the Concordat".

In the 1953 dedication of the North American College in Rome, Pius XII stopped as he passed by Muench, expressed his gratitude that Muench could join him in Rome, and added "don't forget to see me before you leave". Muench was, according to Father Gerald Weber (in attendance), the only one of the many assembled bishops and cardinals whom Pius XII stopped and talked to.

Muench mourned the death of Pius XII in October 1958, telling friends that the pope "treated him with the affection and love of a father to his son".

The correspondence between Muench and Pius XII focused almost exclusively on the various opinions shared by the two men, often with great levity, but rarely touched on the issues of anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, the wartime relationship between the church and Nazi Germany, and the situation of the postwar Jewry. According to Brown-Fleming, in one private audience between the two in May 1957 Pius XII told Muench a joke about Hitler dying, going to Heaven, and meeting the Old Testament Prophet Moses, who forgives Hitler; Hitler then asks Moses if he set fire to the burning bush himself, a tongue-in-cheek reference to the Reichstag fire, which apparently elicited a "big laugh" from Pius XII.

Cardinalate and death
He was elevated to cardinal on December 14, 1959, by Pope John XXIII. Muench resigned as Bishop of Fargo on December 9, 1959, just before he became Cardinal. He died in Rome on February 15, 1962, and was buried in Fargo.

Origins
Muench's papers from course of his work in Germany are well preserved. This makes them one of a very few collections of papers from German, American, or Vatican Catholic dignitaries of that time period that are "fully accessible to historians". According to Muench's biographer, Father Colman Barry, Muench took his papers with him to Rome when he retired as nuncio in December 1959 and the papers were returned to the diocesan archives in 1962 after his death. Altogether, the papers weigh over 2,500 pounds, including those Muench transferred directly from Bad Godesberg to Fargo prior to moving to Rome.

As early as June 1956, Muench tasked his secretary, Father Gerard Weber, with the talk of sending his files, mostly composed of his personal correspondences, back to Fargo; Muench further directed four German nuns of the Saint Lioba convent in Freiburg/Breisgau to organize his German language correspondence. He continued sending records to Fargo until December 1959; in December 1960 he wrote a letter thanking an American friend bringing his personal diplomatic archives to the United States "without custom difficulties". After Muench died on February 15, 1962, the papers were found by Sister Ilga Braun, secretary to the Bonn nunciature since 1951, who was invited by his successor as Bishop of Fargo, Leo Dworschak to organize the papers, which she did until 1963. The papers were presented to The Catholic University of America in September 1972 by Bishop Justin Albert Driscoll, and indexed by 1976.

Contents
Among the papers are tens of thousands of letters (and Muench's replies) from German Catholics dated from 1946 to 1959, many from convicted Catholic war criminals seeking Muench's assistance in revising their denazification sentence, having their imprisonment commuted, or seeking emigration to the United States. Muench's correspondence was vast, numbering approximately 15,000 letters in 1956 alone; but of those, only 300 addressed the Holocaust explicitly.

In addition, Muench received approximately 100 letters from U.S. Catholics and military government officials speaking frankly on taboo topics, such as anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, and its survivors. For example, a 1947 letter from a German Catholic alleged that U.S. generals such as Lucius D. Clay and Walter Muller were Jews, that Roosevelt had been assassinated by Jews, and other Jewish conspiracy theories. Another letter from a Catholic Army major wrote that enlisted Jews sought promotions into positions where they could "control thought".

Diary
Muench kept a diary, which often recorded his recollections of conversations with important post-war leaders. For example, Muench wrote in his diary that former President Herbert Hoover had confided in Muench his belief that "no emigrés who were not citizens for at least twenty years should be permitted to shape and execute policies in Germany".

He also reserved for his diary his description of Jewish Germans who had survived the war and resettled in the United States as "alien" and "recent" Americans, disloyal citizens, "in control" of American post-war policy in Germany, and harsh "avengers" against the Germans. For example, when Muench encountered difficulty in 1946 in easing travel restrictions on members of the clergy, he wrote in his diary that the problem was due to "Jews in control [of the] Public Safety [division]". Similarly, Muench referred to Franz Cueppers, a Frankfurt banker convicted of conducting illegal foreign exchange as a "victim of Jewish lawyers".

A recurring point of interest for Muench were what he referred to as "Thirty-Niners": Jews who had fled Germany in 1933 or 1934, received United States citizenship in 1939, and then enlisted in the U.S. Armed Forces—Muench believed—"to wreak their vengeance in every way possible on the defeated foe". Muench's writings often characterized Jews generally, and Jewish displaced persons specifically, to be "greedy, wilfully destructive, sexual predators, thieves, and anarchists involved in leftist activities".

Barry's biography
Muench commissioned Father Coleman Barry—whom he had met in Munich in 1953—to write his biography in 1961. Muench was a long-time benefactor of Barry, ever since he had reviewed Barry's first book, The Catholic Church and the German Americans for the Catholic Historical Review.

Barry interviewed Muench extensively in Fargo in the summer of 1961 and thereafter interviewed his family, friends, colleagues, and acquaintances in Milwaukee, Fargo, Germany, and Rome. Barry published American Nuncio; Cardinal Aloisius Muensch in 1969 and it remains the only biography of Muench.

Barry's biography does not cover the letters between Muench, American Catholics, occupation authorities, and Vatican officials; nor does it address Muench's views of German guilt and collective responsibility for the Holocaust in much depth.

Barry's biography was reviewed by the Journal of Ecumenical Studies and Church History as well as several Catholic journals and papers, which leveled very little criticism of the work, with the exception of the Journal of Ecumenical Studies. The reviewer, Prof. Franklin Littell of Temple University, argued that the work lacked objectivity.

Brown-Fleming's monograph
Suzanne Brown-Fleming, a fellow at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, published her monograph of the Muench papers in 2006: The Holocaust and Catholic Conscience: Cardinal Aloisius Muench and the Guilt Question in Germany. Dr. Brown-Fleming holds a Ph.D. in Modern German History form the University of Maryland, College Park.

The monograph has received positive reviews. Prof. Mark Edward Ruff of Saint Louis University calls the work "concise and clearly written", her use of primary sources "often convincing and damning", states Brown-Fleming "deserves kudos for bringing the work and values of Muench, a hitherto neglected figure, to the public eye". Prof. Michael Ott of Grand Valley State University calls the work a "critical contribution to the growing research on the question of the Roman Catholic Church's policies and actions with regard to the Holocaust during World War II". Prof. Kevin Spicer of Stonehill College calls the work an "insightful and well-researched examination".

Although Prof. John Conway of the University of British Columbia praises her use of the Muench papers, he notes that "her book suffers from the inaccessibility of the Vatican's records, since the papers for the reign of Pius XII are still-regrettably-closed".

title: Aloisius Joseph Muench


text:
Ua (singer)

Kaori Hasegawa (長谷川 歌織) (born March 11, 1972), simply known by the stage name Ua, is a Japanese singer. She made her debut under Speedstar Records in 1995 with the single "Horizon".

Biography
Ua was born Kaori Shima and grew up in Suita, Osaka. After graduating from Saga University of Arts in Kyoto, she worked as a lounge singer in her hometown. There in 1994, she was scouted by producer Hiroshi Fujiwara. She took on the unusual stage name of Ua (a Swahili word that means both "flower" and "kill") and made her debut with the Fujiwara-produced "Horizon". Her fourth single "Jōnetsu" became a smash hit and Ua was recognized all over Japan.

After releasing her first album, 11, Ua married actor Jun Murakami and gave birth to a son, Nijirō, in 1997, who is also an actor. The couple divorced in 2006. In 2000, after two more albums, Ametora and Turbo, Ua took a hiatus from her solo work and formed the band Ajico with Kenichi Asai. She resumed her solo activities in 2002 and released her fourth album, Dorobō. The same year she made her acting debut as the leading role in the film Mizu no Onna, as well as contributing to the soundtrack. The film went on to win the Golden Alexander prize for Best Feature-Length Film at the International Thessaloniki Film Festival and was screened at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival.

In 2003, Ua released Illuminate: The Very Best Songs, her first compilation album. In April that year, she expanded her activities by becoming the hostess named ううあ (the pronunciation remains the same since it is meant to be a phonetic representation of her usual stagename) of an educational TV program on NHK called Do Re Mi no TV, designed to pass along Japanese traditional songs to children. Utauua, a compilation of the songs performed, was released in 2004. The same year she released her fifth album, Sun, which was mastered by Ted Jensen. In 2005, she released her sixth album, Breathe, and a compilation album of collaborations titled Nephews to mark her 10th anniversary. In 2006, Ua collaborated with renowned jazz musician Naruyoshi Kikuchi on the album Cure Jazz. In 2007, in addition to releasing her seventh album Golden Green, Ua made a second foray into acting by appearing in Hitoshi Matsumoto's directorial debut Dai Nipponjin.

In 2008, Ua revealed that she married again and gave birth to a daughter, in August. In December, she released the single "2008", followed by her eighth album, Atta, in July 2009. In April 2010, Ua released her fourth live album, entitled Haluto Live.

In September 2010, her combined house and studio in Sagamihara accidentally burned down; no one was injured.

Discography

 * 11 (1996)
 * Ametora (1998)
 * Turbo (1999)
 * Dorobō (2002)
 * Sun (2004)
 * Breathe (2005)
 * Golden Green (2007)
 * Atta (2009)
 * JaPo (2016)

title: Ua (singer)


text:
Talk:No-hair theorem

Can someone explain the name?
Why is it called "no-hair" theorem or whatever? I can't find any information in the article about the origin of "no-hair" name. 83.10.102.254 (talk) 10:35, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

 * As it has now been explained as a metaphor, can someone please explain the metaphor?

 * AIUI (but some anon IP disagreed and reverted) this isn't a metaphor but a simile. We know from simple observation, then a mathematical proof, that it's impossible to smooth down all the hair on an arbitrary "hairy ball" - there's always at least a couple of points where it either sticks up, or is tightly curled. So anything that has "hair" must have such observable points (or boojums). No such points implies that there's no "hair". The simile is to identify something with "hair", and this can be any sort of directed field (i.e. something to which smoothing by orientation can apply). So as we don't observe these points in our theories, we postulate that there's no similar field on the surface of a black hole. Andy Dingley (talk) 16:10, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

 * is it possible that the word originates with Feynman? rather than being about boojums, it could be referring to the way Feynman thought of topological entities as hairy, green, etc. The explanation for hair seems to be overkill, since accepting that there is no property of hairiness obviates the need to talk about the existence of a property that is implied by hairiness. [fwiw I think it's a metaphor not a simile] Snaxalotl (talk)snaxalotl —Preceding undated comment added 02:01, 11 June 2009 (UTC).

 * clearly you should put in some more details about the name and what it means...CrocodilesAreForWimps (talk) 21:10, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

Title query
I would like to opine that the title is wrong! The no hair "conjecture", or whatever you want to call it, is not a theorem. A theorem is something you prove. Once you prove it, it is true. The uniqueness theorems are theorems. The only stationary black hole solutions in electro-vacuum Einstein-Maxwell are the the Kerr-Newman class. That's a theorem. Read Heusler's book. You can't have counterexamples to theorems, you can only have examples that have different assumptions. The Einstein-Yang-Mills, Einstein non-minimally couple scalar field etc solutions are counterexamples to the no hair "conjecture" but don't violate the uniqueness theorems. Theorems don't fail by definition (unless someone made a booboo).--Eujin16 (talk) 02:01, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I think this confusions reflects a confusion in the article. AIUI the NH theorem was made in the context of GR, and within that domain it is pretty well proven, isn't it?  cf Price's theorem (no relation) It seems people don't expect the NHT to hold within quantum gravity or a theory of everything; to that extent the so-called counter examples seem rather besides the point. --Michael C. Price talk 17:00, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Language query
This sentence makes no (or very little) sense, but I don't feel qualified to make any amends (First para):

 * All other information about the matter which formed a black hole or infalling into it, "disappear" behind the black-hole event horizon and are therefore permanently inaccessible to external observers.

First of all, 'information' is singularis, so it should be 'disappears', but 'infalling'? Could someone knowledgeable fix it? Asav 13 Dec. 2005

Igorivanov 14:24, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC) Color is not a pseudo-charge. It is linked to the gauge group, just like the usual charge, so it must be conserved. But, I guess, due to confinement, this is just of academic interest.

"The no-hair theorem postulates" - in my knowledge (and according to the New Oxford American Dictionary embedded in Mac OS X 10.6.7) a theorem is: "a truth established by means of accepted truths", i.e. a result of reasoning. A postulate is "a thing suggested or assumed as true as the basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief". Ouroboros just entered the building. I think "The no-hair theorem states" might be better wording. Sorry, it just bugged me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.236.82.124 (talk) 06:51, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

Microstates and macrostates ?
If the surface of a black hole has entropy S, doesn't that imply that the event surface is in one of (1/k) exp (S) microstates at a microscopic level, just by inverting S = k ln W ?

Why should the fact that its macroscopic properties are determined completely by the no hair theorem worry us any more than any other thermodynamic object which has a well-defined macrostate, but is in an unknown one of many possible microstates ? What is the big problem here ? -- Jheald 22:48, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

I would say there's no problem. Uniqueness theorems have nothing to do with identifying microstates. If they did then the string theorists would be barking mad, which, well, make your own minds up.--Eujin16 (talk) 02:06, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

What about volume?
Since volume doesn't depend on mass, charge, or spin, does the No-Hair Theorem state that black holes have zero volume, or that they all have identical volume, or what? ---63.26.160.105 02:19, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, volume doesn't really make sense in this context. See for example the discussion of the so-called Einstein-Rosen bridge (wormhole of a kind) in the discussion of nonrotating black holes modeled by the Schwarzschild vacuum solution in MTW, Gravitation; see General relativity resources for full citation.  On the other hand, you could ask for the area of the event horizon.  This has no immediate physical meaning but it is mathematically well defined and has a profound meaning in terms of the global structure of a black hole spacetime.  Then the brief answer to your question is that it can be computed in terms of the parameters mentioned in the no hair theorem.  See for example Frolov & Novikov, Black Hole Physics (full citation given in the article just mentioned). ---CH 03:16, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

John Wheeler
I believe I read in one of Kip Thorne's books that John Wheeler coined the term: "Black holes have no hair." Is this correct? David618 02:52, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. The book was no doubt Black Holes And Time Warps : Einstein's Outrageous Legacy, a popular book which contains many anecdotes about the Golden age of general relativity. ---CH 16:45, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

I thought it was from that book. Thanks. David618 15:39, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

The article used to source the name from JAW. For some reason this has been lost. Why? --Michael C. Price talk 17:01, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

"Black holes have no hair." <-- What does this mean, exactly? Is 'hair' something like information?
 * yes. --Michael C. Price talk 17:01, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Students beware
I edited earlier versions of this article and had been monitoring it for bad edits, but I am leaving the WP and am now abandoning this article to its fate. And WikiProject GTR is presumably defunct.

Just wanted to provide notice that I am only responsible (in part) for the last version I edited; see User:Hillman/Archive. I emphatically do not vouch for anything you might see in more recent versions, although I hope for the best.

Good luck in your search for information, regardless!---CH 02:28, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Conserved quantities
Mustn't all conserved quantities be conserved in a black hole as well? Granted most particle quantum numbers are violated in one process or another, but what about exact laws like conservation of color charge, or B−L? 164.55.254.106 19:55, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The no hair theorem deals only with classical gravitational and electromagnetic fields, under classical general relativity. If you were to add in new additional classical fields, it seems to me entirely likely that you would get new additional conserved quantities (but I'll leave it to the real GR experts here to pronounce definitively).

 * Note also that the quantum case is an entirely different ball game. If black holes have an entropy S, that implies that there are exp(S/k) conceptually identifiable different quantum states asscociated with each classical state.  Jheald 21:27, 18 July 2006 (UTC).

What about Momentum (non angular)?
I don't understand why this theorem explicitly states that black holes retain mass and angular momentum but says nothing about normal, linear momentum. I suppose it's considered obvious to an expert in the field? I can't imagine that a rapidly moving star ceases to move when it collapses in to a black hole (as if there were some coordinates throughout the universe such that non movement could even be defined). If I wanted to characterize a black hole COMPLETELY, I would need one number for mass, one signed number for charge, one 2 vector for direction of movement and a scalar for magnitude of movement, and one two vector for axis of rotation and a scalar for speed of rotation. Is that correct?

 * Momentum isn't considered a property of the black hole as it depends on reference frame. We only consider the frame-independent magnitude of the momentum, which is the mass. (Similarly, we only consider the magnitude of the angular momentum as a property, but not the direction) Ben Standeven 23:34, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Possible Reference to be included
I am not an expert in the field, but one might include "Black Hole Uniqueness Theorems" by Markus Heusler, Peter Goddard (editor) and Julia Yeomans (editor) because it gives an overview about the subject (without quantum gravity).

Cosmological constant
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0702006 "No hair theorems for positive $\Lambda$" which starts off:
 * "We extend all known black hole no-hair theorems to space-times endowed with a positive cosmological constant $\Lambda.$ "

seems to extend the non-hair theorem for black holes to universes which have a cosmological constant.--Michael C. Price talk 02:11, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9606008 "Eluding the No-Hair Conjecture for Black Holesstates"
 * I discuss a recent analytic proof of bypassing the no-hair conjecture for two interesting (and quite generic) cases of four-dimensional black holes: (i) black holes in Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs (EYMH) systems and (ii) black holes in higher-curvature (Gauss-Bonnet (GB) type) string-inspired gravity. Both systems are known to possess black-hole solutions with non-trivial scalar hair outside the horizon. The `spirit' of the no-hair conjecture, however, seems to be maintained either because the black holes are unstable (EYMH), or because the hair is of secondary type (GB), i.e. it does not lead to new conserved quantum numbers.

which also seems relevant. --Michael C. Price talk 02:19, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Hairy Ball Observation
Is this "black holes have no hair" statement related to the "hairy ball" observation? A "hairy ball" (e.g. the physiscist's standard spherical vacuum-racing hamster) cannot have all of the hair smoothed down perfectly flat. In at least two points ("boojums" if you'd like more physics-related neologisms) the hair must either come to either a radial point, or a point of extreme curl. As such points aren't observable from outside the event horizon, we can infer that there's no "hair" on a black hole, where this "hair" analogy can be extended to a number of forms of possible "texture" in its surface. Andy Dingley (talk) 11:15, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

No. This conjecture is about a very different type of 'hair'. 130.237.201.40 (talk) 14:12, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Hmmm, "a very different type of 'hair'"? Is there no similarity between combing & frame-dragging? Does a 2-sphere black hole not have 2 frame-dragging "dead" spots whereas a 2-torus frame-drags everywhere? 86.135.127.147 (talk) 04:25, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

 * sorry for reviving this old discussion, but given that this is not the first mention of this apparent similarity, i thought i'd revive the discussion. what do you guys think about the issue? couldn't we relate the "hair" (information) about the matter that created, and is absorbed by, the event horizon of the black hole to the properties of the tangent space (i.e. derivative)? sorta spitballing obv, but it sure seems i'm not the only one who sees a potential relationship that may be worthy of further discussion.174.3.155.181 (talk) 17:55, 2 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't understand what you're talking about. Please elaborate. I'm also going to remove the RfC template, since there's no RfC question (or if there is, it's not easily understood). Banedon (talk) 01:58, 19 July 2016 (UTC)

Classical/Quantum Entropy
Is the final word supposed to be 'isentropy' and not 'isotropy'? I thought we were talking about entropy, and not space... 128.171.31.11 (talk) 02:27, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Hypotheses
Surely a hypothesis that the black hole is stationary should be included in the first sentence. I think a hypothesis that the space-time is real analytic is also necessary. 130.237.201.40 (talk) 14:30, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Is it proven?
Misner, Thorne, & Wheeler (1973) says that although a series of theorems by Hawking, Carter, and Israel "come close" to proving it, it was not technically proven. Ludvigson (1999) says it's proven except for "details". Hall, Pulham (1996) regard it as proven and give an outline. Chow (2008) says it was proved by Carter, Hawking, Israel, Robinson, and Price. So I guess the article should say it's "regarded as proven"? -- Chetvorno TALK 08:10, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

In the book Recent Advances in General Relativity: Essays in Honour of Ted Newman (1992), Israel writes:
 * "The 'no hair' conjecture has over the years almost come to assume the status of an uncritically accepted paradigm. The spate of recent work in this area (e.g., Krauss and Wilczek 1989) has been salutary in exposing the severe limitations of such a paradigm. Of particular interest is the very recent discovery by Campbell, Duncan, Kaloper, and Olive (1990) that rotating black holes can support stable axionic hair."

This source is twenty years old and I don't know if the status has changed. If it hasn't been properly proven, then it would be wrong to label this as a 'theorem'. Does anyone have up-to-date information on this matter? --JB Gnome (talk) 04:27, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Perhaps someone who (unlike me) actually understands this stuff could add a section on progress toward a proof; the contributory theorems which have actually been proved so far. -- Chetvorno TALK 23:31, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

 * "The no-hair theorem, proved by the combined work of Israel, Carter, Robinson and myself, shows that the only stationary black holes in the absence of matter fields are the Kerr solutions...characterized by two parameters, mass M and angular momentum J. The no-hair theorem was extended by Robinson to the case where there is an electromagnetic field. The no-hair theorem has not been proved for the Yang-Mills field, but the only difference seems to be the addition of one or more integers that label a discrete family of unstable solutions. It can be shown that there are no more continuous degrees of freedom of time-independent Einstein-Yang-Mills black holes" -Hawking & Penrose, 2010, p.39
 * -- Chetvorno TALK 23:57, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

"Black holes in quantum gravity" section
This is a long, uncited section, and it seems to me that it is mostly unrelated to the article topic. --192.75.48.150 (talk) 15:51, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

 * It appears to be a theoretical argument that the no-hair theorem is not strictly true at a quantum level, but is merely a classical approximation. As such, it is relevant to the article. But it would be nice to have a reference for it. JRSpriggs (talk) 08:11, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

Clarification of Example
The Example currently mentions two black holes with identical properties, except that one is made of ordinary matter, while the other is made of anti-matter. The example states that to an outside observer, the two holes are indistinguishable. Fine. If two such black holes were to collide, I imagine that the result would be different from a collision involving two black holes made of the same type of matter. In other words in the event of a collision, it would become clear if the two holes were or were not made of the same type of matter. Would it be possible to expand the explanation to briefly include the case of a collision of the two mentioned black holes ? Lklundin (talk) 08:27, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

 * The following is, of course, speculation: Actually there is no difference between a black hole formed from ordinary matter and one formed from anti-matter. A collision between them would be exactly the same as a collision between two black holes formed from ordinary matter (or two formed from anti-matter, or two formed from dark matter). Once the contents have been crushed to a singularity at the center, their origin is no longer relevant to whatever they have become. JRSpriggs (talk) 13:00, 6 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks, that sounds consistent with the information in the article. In my (limited) understanding, if matter and anti-matter in a normal state were to collide, the mass would cease to exist and instead be converted to energy. If I understand the Example and the above explanation correctly, this would not be the case for a collision of black holes that originated from matter and anti-matter. Rather if I understand things correctly, such a collision would form a new black hole, with a mass equal to the sum of the two collided black holes. I think a short, specific explanation of this would help to make it clear that the type of matter (matter or anti-matter) that formed the black hole is lost in the collapse. Lklundin (talk) 13:22, 6 April 2013 (UTC)
 * if two BH with equal mass M but opposite electric charge Q and -Q, then in Reissner–Nordström metric the sign of

r_{Q}^{2} = \frac{Q^2 G}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0} c^4}. $$
 * would not change and they have the same RN metric, right ?. In the Lklundin's case, two BH has Q = 0? Earthandmoon (talk) 14:49, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

 * It is generally believed that black holes will not have any significant electric charge, i.e. $$r_Q \ll r_S \,.$$ This is because a charged celestial body would repel like charges and attract unlike charges until it has been effectively neutralized.
 * Two colliding black holes should emit a burst of gravitational radiation as they spiral inward towards their common center of mass, and then coalesce into one black hole.
 * Mass and energy are quantitative attributes of matter and radiation; they are not things which exist in themselves and inter-convert. Indeed, energy is conserved, i.e. it cannot be created nor destroyed, merely transferred between different things. JRSpriggs (talk) 21:27, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

Magnetic dipole moment?
Is there any intuitive way of understanding why a magnetic moment is not possible? Given tthat a charge is possible, and that angular momentum is possible, plain-old gut sense suggests that a magnetic dipole moment should be possible. I can think of hand-waving arguments to banish higher-order magnetic moments, but not the dipole. But surely, there is a way to do this? 67.198.37.16 (talk) 21:56, 30 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Magnetic dipole moment in fact equals (charge / mass) × (angular momentum), see equation (33.10) on p. 892 in Misner, Thorne, Wheeler "Gravitation" (ISBN 978-0716703341), so it must be non-zero for electrically charged rotating black holes. — Mikhail Ryazanov (talk) 18:20, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

Recent publication - soft hair
There's a new publication about "soft hair" on black holes retaining some of the information:. Could someone with more knowledge of the subject than me please edit that in? 2A02:810D:14C0:5A0C:20B7:15AE:50A5:C945 (talk) 21:06, 8 June 2016 (UTC)

 * The article already mentions "excepting quantum fluctuations". JRSpriggs (talk) 01:16, 9 June 2016 (UTC)

Limitations
I guess, the "theorem" conditions should state that it is limited to isolated black holes in equilibrium. Because, for example, when two black holes merge to form a single black hole, this non-stationary solution has more degrees of freedom than just the total mass, charge and angular momentum (see ). Or when something falls into a black hole, it also breaks the BH symmetry and creates "ripples" on its event horizon (leading to radiation of gravitational waves as the BH equilibrates). — Mikhail Ryazanov (talk) 05:00, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

How or Why?
The article explains the "results" of the theorem, ie what the theorem states, what the implications are. But what is the rationale behind the conjecture? How was it derived? For example "why" wouldn't it make a difference if the black hole was composed of matter or antimatter?Feldercarb (talk) 01:04, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

Some black holes may yet have hair. (lol)
If the black hole no longer has sufficient feed and radiates outward more energy than absorbed, it shrinks. This means that the event horizon is also shrinking, which in turn means that some information AKA 'hair' may yet be observed, if and when that information is stuck within the outer edge of the event horizon. This may constitute 'hair' and therefore shrinking black holes may yet not be (entirely) baldies.

More seriously, if we can find a black hole that is shrinking 'fast' and is nearing the minimum size of a black hole, then we may yet also experience/observe what the black hole is made of once it decompresses completely. At least we'd see how far a black hole can shrink before undergoing such decompression.

title: Talk:No-hair theorem


text:
Soft sign

The soft sign (Ь ь; italics: Ь ь ) is a letter in the Cyrillic script that is used in various Slavic languages. In Old Church Slavonic, it represented a short or reduced front vowel. However, over time, the specific vowel sound it denoted was largely eliminated and merged with other vowel sounds.

In most contemporary Slavic Cyrillic writing systems, such as those used in East Slavic languages (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian) and Church Slavic, the soft sign does not represent a distinct sound on its own. Instead, it serves as an indicator of palatalization of the preceding consonant. In the Bulgarian language, it is only used to mark the palatalization of the preceding consonant when in front of the letter o, causing the combination ьо (/ʲo/). An example of this is the word гьол (/gʲol/).

Palatalization is a linguistic process in which the middle of the tongue moves closer to the hard palate while pronouncing a consonant. It affects the pronunciation of the preceding consonant by giving it a palatal quality or causing it to become a palatal consonant. The soft sign acts as a visual marker to show that the consonant before it is palatalized.

For example, in Russian, the soft sign is often used after consonants to indicate palatalization. It affects the pronunciation of the preceding consonant and can change the sound of words. The specific effect varies depending on the consonant it follows. In other Slavic languages where the soft sign is used, a similar palatalization function is observed.

It may also be used as a superscript. (ь)

Palatalization sign
The soft sign is normally written after a consonant and indicates its softening (palatalization) (for example Ukrainian батько 'father'). Less commonly, the soft sign just has a grammatically determined usage with no phonetic meaning (like туш 'fanfare' and тушь 'India ink', both pronounced but different in grammatical gender and declension). In East Slavic languages and some other Slavic languages (such as Bulgarian), there are some consonants that do not have phonetically different palatalized forms but corresponding letters still admit the affixing soft sign.

The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet has had no soft sign as a distinct letter since the mid-19th century: palatalization is represented by special consonant letters instead of the sign (some of these letters, such as $⟨Љ⟩$ or $⟨Њ⟩$, were designed as ligatures with the grapheme of the soft sign). The modern Macedonian alphabet, based on the Serbian Cyrillic variant, has had no soft sign since its creation, in 1944.

Before a vowel in East Slavic languages
Between a consonant and a vowel, the soft sign bears also a function of "iotation sign": in Russian, vowels after the soft sign are iotated (compare Russian льют '(they) pour/cast' and лют  '(he is) fierce'). The feature, quite consistent with Russian orthography, promulgated a confusion between palatalization and iotation, especially because $⟨ь⟩$ usually precedes so-called soft vowels. Combinations $⟨ья⟩$ (ya), $⟨ье⟩$ (ye), $⟨ьё⟩$ (yo) and $⟨ью⟩$ (yu) give iotated vowels, like corresponding vowel letters in isolation (and word-initially), and unlike its use immediately after a consonant letter in which palatalization can occur but not iotation. In those cases, $⟨ь⟩$ may be considered as a sign indicating that a vowel after it is pronounced separately from the previous consonant, but that is the case neither for $⟨ьи⟩$ (yi) nor for $⟨ьо⟩$ (yo), because these vowels are not iotated in isolation. The latter case, though, is rarely used in Russian (only in loanwords such as $⟨бульон⟩$) and can be seen as a replacement of phonetically identical $⟨ьё⟩$, which gets rid of an "inconvenient" letter $⟨ё⟩$. In Ukrainian and Bulgarian, the spelling $⟨ьо⟩$ indicates palatalization, not iotation.

$⟨ъ⟩$, an "unpalatalization sign", also denotes iotation, as in the case of $⟨ъя⟩$, $⟨ъе⟩$, $⟨ъё⟩$ and $⟨ъю⟩$ in Russian. It differs from the soft sign in that it doesn't necessarily soften the preceding consonant like the soft sign does (although consonants preceding the hard sign are still sometimes softened).

Similarly, the soft sign may denote iotation in Belarusian and Ukrainian, but it is not used so extensively as in Russian. Ukrainian uses a quite different repertoire of vowel letters from those of Russian and Belarusian, and iotation is usually expressed by an apostrophe in Ukrainian. Still the soft sign is used in Ukrainian if the sound preceded by an iotated vowel is palatalized.

In Bulgarian
Among Slavic languages using the Cyrillic script, the soft sign has the most limited use in Bulgarian: while phonemic palatalization does occur, it is very limited, even more than in other hard languages like Serbian (compare Bulgarian кон to Russian конь or Serbian коњ). The only possible position is one between consonants and $⟨о⟩$ (such as in names Жельо, Кръстьо, and Гьончо, or the word синьо). Rather, the letter is mostly used in foreign words of French or German origin, such as шофьор (driver, chauffeur).

As a vowel in Slavic studies
In Slavistic transcription, which is a system used to represent Proto-Slavic language, the Cyrillic letters Ь and Ъ are employed to denote extra-short vowel sounds. Ь represents the extra-short /ĭ/ sound, while Ъ represents the extra-short /ŭ/ sound.

Proto-Slavic refers to the common ancestor of the Slavic languages, which was spoken around the 5th to 9th centuries AD. During this period, the Slavic languages were still in the process of diverging from a shared linguistic ancestor. Slavistic transcription aims to reconstruct the phonological features of Proto-Slavic based on historical and comparative linguistics.

In Old Slavonic orthography, which is closely related to Proto-Slavic, the soft sign (Ь) and the hard sign (Ъ) were originally used to represent the extra-short vowel sounds. These extra-short vowels were distinct from regular short vowels in terms of their duration or length.

The extra-short /ĭ/ sound represented by Ь was a front vowel, similar to the sound of "i" in the English word "bit." On the other hand, the extra-short /ŭ/ sound represented by Ъ was a back vowel, similar to the sound of "u" in the English word "put."

By utilizing Ь and Ъ in Slavistic transcription, linguists and researchers can indicate the presence of these extra-short vowel sounds in reconstructed Proto-Slavic words. This transcription system allows for a more accurate representation of the phonetic and phonological characteristics of the ancestral Slavic language.

Digraphs
In certain non-Slavic Cyrillic-based alphabets, such as Chechen, Ingush, and various Dagestanian languages like Tabasaran, the digraph ⟨аь⟩ is introduced to represent the sounds /æ/ or /a/. This combination of the letter "а" and the soft sign "ь" denotes a specific vowel sound. Similarly, the digraph ⟨оь⟩ is used for /œ/ or /ø/, and ⟨уь⟩ for /y/. Additional iotated forms like ⟨юь⟩ and ⟨яь⟩ are used as needed. This usage of the soft sign is similar to the trailing "e" in German when umlauts are unavailable.

This approach allows for the representation of specific vowel sounds in these non-Slavic languages using the available Cyrillic characters. The soft sign ⟨ь⟩, combined with other letters, creates digraphs to represent distinct phonemes that cannot be expressed by the bare letters alone.

There have also been proposals to use the ⟨аь⟩ digraph in Turkic languages as a replacement for Cyrillic Schwa (Ә), which represents the sound /ə/ or /æ/. Unlike Schwa, which may not be present in all Cyrillic character repertoires, both ⟨а⟩ and ⟨ь⟩ are commonly available letters in the basic modern Russian alphabet.

In addition to its use with vowels, the soft sign, like the hard sign and the palochka, is employed in many languages as digraphs to represent consonant sounds that are phonetically similar but distinct from the bare letter. For example, while the letter "г" represents the sound /g/, the combination "гь" represents /ɣ/ in Crimean Tatar, /ɦ/ in Archi, and /h/ in Avar and Tabasaran.

Representations
Under normal orthographic rules, it has no uppercase form, as no word begins with the letter. However, Cyrillic type fonts normally provide an uppercase form for setting type in all caps or for using it as an element of various serial numbers (like series of Soviet banknotes) and indices (for example, there was once a model of old Russian steam locomotives marked "Ь" – ru:Паровоз Ь).

In the romanization of Cyrillic, the soft sign is typically transliterated with. Sometimes is used, or the soft sign may be ignored if it is in a position that it does not denote iotation, for example: Тверь=Tver, Обь=Ob. It can also be transcribed "y" or "i" if preceding a vowel.

In Belarusian it is romanized as a combining acute, e.g., зь $⟨ź⟩$, ць $⟨ć⟩$, нь $⟨ń⟩$, ль $⟨ĺ⟩$.

Name of letter

 * мяккі знак,
 * ер малък, ; the hard sign $⟨ъ⟩$ being named ер голям
 * зөөлэн тэмдэг,
 * єрь
 * ѥрь, with unknown meaning
 * җөөлн темдг,
 * жіңішкелік белгісі,
 * ичкертүү белгиси
 * зөөлний тэмдэг,
 * мягкий знак, ; or (archaic, mostly pre-1917 name) ерь,
 * танко јер; or simply јер; the hard sign $⟨ъ⟩$ being named дебело јер, or јор
 * м’який знак,
 * юмшатиш белгиси,

Related letters and other similar characters

 * B|Latin letter B, which lowercase letter is nearly identical
 * Ъ ъ : Ъ|Cyrillic letter Hard sign
 * Ҍ ҍ : Ҍ|Cyrillic letter Semisoft sign
 * Ѣ ѣ : Ѣ|Cyrillic letter Yat
 * Ы ы : Ы|Cyrillic letter Yery
 * Љ љ : Љ|Cyrillic letter Lje
 * Њ њ : Њ|Cyrillic letter Nje
 * ' : '|Apostrophe
 * Latin capital letter I with bowl.svg, Latin small letter I with bowl.svg : I with bowl
 * Й and Ј, Cyrillic letters

title: Soft sign


text:
Martin Attlee, 2nd Earl Attlee

Martin Richard Attlee, 2nd Earl Attlee (10 August 1927 – 27 July 1991) was a British politician and a founding member of the Social Democratic Party. He was the only son of former British Prime Minister Clement Attlee.

Early life
Attlee suffered badly from dyslexia, and was a poor student as a child. His father chose to tackle this issue by having his son educated at Millfield School, which under its founding headmaster, the educationalist Jack Meyer, was noted for its progressive approach to reading problems. Attlee did well enough to study at the School of Navigation at University College, Southampton (now the University of Southampton), and served from 1945 to 1950 in the Merchant Navy. After a spell working for Iberian Airways, among other companies, he eventually joined British Rail's Southern Region, working for a long time in its public relations department; it was this experience that prompted him to write his book Bluff Your Way in PR (1971).

Parliamentary career
Attlee inherited the earldom, which carried with it a seat in the House of Lords, on his father's death in 1967. For some fourteen years he sat on the Labour Party benches, as his father had done, but in 1981 he joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP). After the SDP opted for merger with the Liberal Party, Attlee was one of the minority who chose to remain in the 'continuing' SDP led by David Owen, standing for that party in the Hampshire Central European Parliament by-election in December 1988, where he received 5,952 votes (7.7%). At the time, he commented that "Some people say that my father must be turning in his grave. But if so, it would only be because of the sight of the present so-called Labour Party."

Personal life
Attlee married Anne Henderson on 16 February 1955. They had a son and a daughter before divorcing in 1988. Attlee married Margaret Gouriet the same year.

Death
Attlee died at Southampton General Hospital on 27 July 1991 at the age of 63 following a stroke. His peerage was inherited by his son John, who takes the Conservative whip.

title: Martin Attlee, 2nd Earl Attlee


text:
Flaming Gorge Reservoir

Flaming Gorge Reservoir is the largest reservoir in Wyoming, on the Green River, impounded behind the Flaming Gorge Dam. Construction on the dam began in 1958 and was completed in 1964. The reservoir stores 3,788,900 acre.ft of water when measured at an elevation of 6,040 ft above sea-level (maximum).

Location
The reservoir is mainly in southwest Wyoming and partially in northeastern Utah. The northern tip of the reservoir is 10 mi southeast of Green River, Wyoming, 14 mi southwest of Rock Springs, Wyoming, and the Southern tip is approximately 40 mi north of Vernal, Utah. The lake straddles the Utah-Wyoming border. The nearby town of Dutch John, Utah, was built to serve as a base camp during construction of the dam, and as an administrative site afterwards.

Geology
The foundation of the reservoir is a steep-sided narrow canyon composed of siliceous sandstone and hard quartzites inter-bedded with softer shales, siltstones, and argillites. About 1.5 mi east of the dam, a road cut has revealed a fault scarp on the southbound side with about 9 ft of slippage.

Recreation
Visitors enjoy hiking, boating, fishing, windsurfing, camping, backpacking, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling within Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area, which is operated by Ashley National Forest. Camp sites can be found close to the dam and along Highway 191 for a fee, as well as free throughout the area. Campgrounds operated by the U.S. Forest Service close in the winter months, with the exception of Dripping Springs near Dutch John. There are also public camp sites at Buck Board and Lucerne Marinas, along Highway 530 on the west side of the reservoir. The many available fish species in the reservoir and surrounding lakes are Colorado River Cutthroat trout, Brown trout, Rainbow trout, Lake trout, Kokanee salmon, Smallmouth bass, Burbot and Common carp. The Green River is a popular spot for fishing, mainly below the dam. The river's ice cold water and beautiful structure make it a world class, world-renowned fly fishing stream.

title: Flaming Gorge Reservoir


text:
Category:Cadillac vehicles

This category contains automobiles sold under the Cadillac luxury marque by General Motors Corporation.

title: Category:Cadillac vehicles


text:
Sa'id Mufti

Sa'id Pasha al-Mufti (سعيد المفتي; Хьэбжьокъуэ Сайд; 26 June 1898 – 25 March 1989) was the 9th Prime Minister of Jordan and a Jordanian political figure of Circassian origin. Said Pasha received Emir Abdullah with a few Jordanian Sheikhs, when he came to Jordan and was leading the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman rule.

Al-Mufti served three terms as the Prime Minister of Jordan between 14 April 1950 and 1 July 1956. Al-Mufti lived in Jabal Amman, an elite area of the capital Amman; his house became known for its architecture and was later dubbed Al-Mufti House.

Al-Mufti was an independent politician, serving in several governments as interior minister (1944–1945, 1948–1950, 1951–1953 and 1957). He was Minister of Finance in 1945. He served as the President of the Senate of Jordan from December 1956 to July 1963 and from November 1965 to November 1974.

In his honor a main street in the Sweifieh area of Amman was named "Sa'eed al-Mufti Street", where the Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is located.

Foreign honour

 * : Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (1965)

title: Sa'id Mufti


text:
Minié ball

The Minié ball, or Minie ball, is a type of hollow-based bullet designed by Claude-Étienne Minié, inventor of the French Minié rifle, for muzzle-loading rifled muskets. It was invented in 1846 and came to prominence during the Crimean War and the American Civil War, where it was found to inflict significantly more serious wounds than earlier round musket balls. Both the American Springfield Model 1861 and the British Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled muskets, the most common weapons used during the American Civil War, used the Minié ball.

Rifling, the addition of spiral grooves inside a gun barrel, imparts a stabilizing spin to a projectile for better external ballistics, greatly increasing the effective range and accuracy of the gun. Before the introduction of the Minié ball, balls had to be rammed down the barrel, sometimes with a mallet, because gunpowder residue would foul a rifled bore after a relatively small number of shots, requiring frequent cleaning of the gun. The development of the Minié ball was significant because it was the first projectile type that could be made with a loose enough fit to easily slide down the barrel of a rifled long gun, yet maintain good accuracy during firing due to obturation by expansion of the bullet's base when fired.

Designs
The Minié ball is a cylindro-conoidal bullet with grease-filled cannelures on its exterior and a conical concavity in its base. Minié designed the bullet with a small iron plug, and lead skirting that would expand under the pressure of gunpowder deflagration causing the bullet to obturate, and grip the rifling grooves. This maximized muzzle velocity by creating a good bullet-to-bore seal with minimal pressure loss.

A precursor to the Minié ball was created in the 1830s by French Army captains Montgomery and Henri-Gustave Delvigne. Their design was made to allow rapid muzzle loading of rifles, an innovation that brought about the widespread use of the rifle rather than the smoothbore musket as a mass battlefield weapon. Delvigne had invented a ball that could expand upon ramming to fit the grooves of a rifle in 1826. The cylindro-conoidal ball design had been proposed in 1832 by Captain John Norton, but had not been adopted.

Captain James H. Burton, an armorer at the Harpers Ferry Armory, developed a major improvement on Minié's design when he added a deep conical cavity at the base of the ball, which more efficiently filled up with gas and expanded the bullet's skirt upon firing. A higher percentage of the explosive force went toward forward projectile motion and lesser percentage toward fitting into the rifling. Burton's modified Minie ball had decreased mass and increased speed, resulting in increased energy and better range, as well as a cheaper bullet, which was used in the Crimean War and then the American Civil War. Burton's version of the ball weighed 1.14 ounces.

Use
The Minié ball could be quickly removed from the paper cartridge, with the gunpowder poured down the barrel and the unexpanded bullet pushed down after it passed the muzzle rifling and any detritus from prior shots. It was then rammed with the ramrod, which packed the charge and filled the hollow base with powder. When the rifle was fired, the exploding gas in the base of the bullet expanded the skirt to engage the rifling, providing spin for accuracy, a better seal for consistent velocity and longer range, and easier cleaning of barrel detritus.

Effects
Wounds inflicted by the conical Minié ball were different from those caused by the round balls from smoothbore muskets, since the conical ball had a higher muzzle velocity and greater mass, and easily penetrated the human body. Round balls tended to remain lodged in the flesh, and they were often observed to take a winding path through the body. Flexed muscles and tendons, as well as bone, could cause the round ball to deviate from a straight path. The Minié ball tended to cut a straight path and usually went all the way through the injured part; the ball seldom remained lodged in the body. If a Minié ball struck a bone, it usually shattered it. The damage to bones and resulting compound fractures were usually severe enough to necessitate amputation. A hit on a major blood vessel could also have serious and often lethal consequences. One of the more infamous documented cases involving Minié ball injuries concerned a Confederate soldier wounded during Jubal Early's raid on Washington, D.C., on July 12, 1864. The soldier, a private in the 53rd North Carolina Infantry, was hit in the side of the head by a .58 caliber Minié ball, which shattered his skull and lodged in the right hemisphere of the brain. He went into convulsions and became paralyzed on one side of his body, but started recovering within eight days of being hospitalized. However, within three more days, his condition deteriorated and he eventually lost consciousness and died, having survived with his wound for 16 days. An autopsy of the soldier found that the right hemisphere of the brain was extensively damaged and large areas of it had necrosed. The brain was removed, preserved in formaldehyde and donated to the Army Museum in Washington. The primary cause of death had been infection caused by both the initial injury and subsequent necrosis of brain tissue.

title: Minié ball