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Bordesley Green

Bordesley Green is an inner-city area of Birmingham, England about two miles east of the city centre. It also contains a road of the same name. It is in the Bordesley Green Ward which also covers some of Small Heath and Little Bromwich. Bordesley Green East is in the Heartlands Ward.

Heartlands Hospital is located in the eastern part of Bordesley Green. The area is also served by Yardley Green Medical Centre and Omnia Practice.

Kingfisher Country Park covers the River Cole recreation grounds which are partially covered by the area's boundaries.

Bordesley Green has a larger Eastern European community including Romanians, Poles, and Russians settling in the area, but it is still predominantly South Asian.

History
The name of this part of Birmingham is derived from an ancient area of demesne pasture, listed in early records dating back to 1285 as La Grene de Bordeslei.

The area began to be built up in 1834, with scattered developments from Bordesley along Bordesley Green from the junction of Cattell Road and Garrison Lane as far east as Blake Lane. By 1906 urban development had spread eastwards as far as Blakesland Street and Mansell Road and included a fire station and police station, both of which survive, though the fire station no longer serves its original purpose and the police station is now a hostel for homeless people.

Many roads in Bordesley Green were built not long after the Boer War at the end of the 19th century and were named to commemorate the hundreds of soldiers from Birmingham that died in that war. Examples include Pretoria Road, named after the capital of the Boer republic of the Transvaal; Churchill Road, after Winston Churchill who fought in the Boer War, was captured but escaped; Botha Road, named after the Boer general who became the first prime minister of the Union of South Africa; and Colonial Road.

Many late-Victorian and Edwardian houses remain in Bordesley Green and much of the area has physically changed little since then.

Industrial Hub
At the turn of the twentieth century Bordesley Green had become a district noted for industry and manufacturing. It was the home from 1901 to 1920 of the Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company's motor cars and machine tools manufacturing plant.

The National Telephone Company's depot in Fordrough Lane came to be one of the three major General Post Office (GPO) factories in Birmingham. The factory specialised in manual telephony, including factory repaired telephones, "candlestick" ‘phones, switchboards and associated components, and played a significant role in the development of the Colossus computer used to read encrypted German messages in World War II.

In the 1960s, the HANDEL Nuclear Attack Warning equipment, known as the four minute warning was manufactured in Bordesley Green, along with equipment for regional seats of government, which were part of Britain's civil defence preparations for nuclear war.

Blitz
Bordesley Green was targeted during the Blitzkrieg with five raids hitting the area. The last German bomb to hit Birmingham landed on 24 April 1943 and hit Bordesley Green.

The GPO factory was also hit by German bombing raids in 1940.

Tumbling Pigeons
In the 1920s a Bordesley Green bus driver and pigeon fancier, William Penson, noticed one of his birds perform a backflip while in flight, and through selective breeding produced the Roller and Tumbler breed of pigeon. This breed is noted for its unique acrobatics while in flight and is used in ‘parlour rolling’ contests. Today there are hundreds of Birmingham Roller clubs around the world and fiercely fought competitions to pick the birds that perform the most dramatic tumbling.

Geology
The bedrock geology of the area consists predominantly of Sidmouth Mudstone Formation. Sedimentary Bedrock formed approximately 228 to 250 million years ago in the Triassic Period. The local environment was previously dominated by hot deserts. The types of sedimentary rocks in the Bordesley area are fluvial, lacustrine and marine in origin. They would have been detrital, deposited in lagoons or shallow seas, where a hot, arid climate would have led to the precipitation of beds of evaporites.

The superficial deposits tend to be glaciofluvial in origin, Mid Pleistocene - Sand And Gravel. Superficial Deposits in area were formed up to 2 million years ago in the Quaternary Period. The Bordesley environment would have been dominated by ice age conditions. The deposits are detrital, generally coarse-grained, forming beds, channels, plains and fans associated with meltwater.

Lost brook of Bordesley Green
Early maps of the area show a brook which extended from Shaw Hill down to Bordesley Green Road, which is now mostly submerged, with the exception of a small section which emerges from a culvert in Bordesley Green. It is called Washbrook. It starts up near Garrison Lane, then flows through the South African Estate, on through the allotments. It is open in Ward End Park then on into the River Tame at Bromford.

Demography
In 2001, an estimated 31,343 people were living in the ward making it the second most populous ward, behind Sparkbrook. This increased to 33,937 by the time of the 2011 Population Census. The ward has an area of 417.7 hectares resulting in a population density of 81.25 people per hectare. Females represent 51.2% of the population, below the city average of 51.6% and the national average of 51.3%.

99.7% of residents lived in households, above the city average of 98.3%. The other 0.3% lived in communal establishments. The total number of occupied households in the ward was 9,350. This results in an average of number of people per household of 3.3, higher than the city of 2.5 and national average of 2.4. The majority of households are owner occupied (58%). 20.6% of occupied households are rented from Birmingham City Council, above the city average of 19.4%. 337 houses were identified as being vacant. Terraced houses built in the late 19th or early 20th century were the most common form of housing in the area at 54.4%, compared with the city average of 31.3% and the national average of 25.8%. At 25.4%, semi-detached houses were the second most common form of housing.

The area is home to an ethnically diverse community and ethnic minorities comprise 71.1% of the population compared to 29.6% for Birmingham overall. 33.5% of the population was born outside of the United Kingdom, much higher than the city average of 16.5% and the national average of 9.3%. 62.2% of the population was of Asian origin, of which 50.5% were British Pakistanis. The proportion of Asian people in Birmingham is much lower at 19.5% and the proportion of Pakistani people is 10.6%. White British people represented 25.7% of the ward's population. There is a wide variety of languages spoken within the area such as Punjabi, Urdu, Mirpuri, Bengali, Pushto and Arabic with English being the most widely spoken language. The most dominant religion in the ward was Islam with 59.4% of the population stating themselves as Muslims, above the average for Birmingham of 14.3% and the national average of 3.1%. Christianity was the second largest religion in the ward with 27.1% of the ward's population stating themselves as Christians.

The ethnic minorities of Bordesley Green are particularly concentrated in the Victorian and Edwardian terraced houses, having emigrated to the area from the Commonwealth during the 1950s and 1960s.

The 25–44 age group represented the greatest portion of all age groups at 27.3%. At 22.2%, the 5–15 age group was the second largest. The proportion of the population that was of a pensionable age was 11.7%, below the city average of 16.7% and the national average of 18.4%. The proportion of people of a working age was 54.9%, below the city average of 59.8% and national average of 61.5%. The unemployment rate is 15.5%, higher than the city average of 9.5% and national average of 5%. 47.1% of the residents were identified as being economically active. Of the unemployed, 34.1% were in long term unemployment and 23.6% had never worked. 19.5% of the working population worked in the Wholesale & Retail Trade, Vehicle Repairs sector, followed by 19.3% of the working population working in the Manufacturing sector. The Birmingham Heartlands & Solihull Trust is the largest employer in the area, employing approximately 5,000 people. South Birmingham College is the second largest employer, employing around 850 people.

Several hundred terraced houses around Bordesley Green dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries were demolished in the early 1990s and new houses built on their site as part of a "New homes for old" initiative which allowed people to remain living in areas that their families had lived in for generations.

Politics
The Bordesley Green Ward was created in June 2004 out of the Small Heath and Sparkbrook wards. However the 2004 Council Election was marred by vote rigging by the Labour Party candidates, who were subsequently removed from the council.

It is represented at the Birmingham City Council by the Labour councillor.

Bordesley Green has faced a high increase in crime in the recent years, increased policing is now visible and measure are being put In place.

Bordesley Green has adopted a Ward Support Officer. The current holder of the title is Tracey Arthurs.

Bordesley Village
Bordesley Green has a neighbouring village, Bordesley Village, offering considerably better housing. The village is often referred as a separate area, and attempts are being made to separate the two to distinguish the areas. The village is also home to the city's football team, Birmingham City FC, built before the village was established from an old gypsy encampment and scrap yard. Recently, the village has seen several additions, becoming the hub of the city's new car sales and many more national companies within walking distance of the village.

The Village concept in Bordesley Green was the first "Ideal Village" in England, built between 1908 and 1914 by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin. The pair eventually went on to build Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire. The villages were a welcome relief to English cities at the time and the homes were built to high standards.

Daniels Road in Bordesley Green commemorates schoolteacher Francis Daniels. Originally from Ebley near Stroud, Daniels came to Birmingham in 1891 and soon saw the need to provide affordable social security for ordinary working people. With the Lord Mayor, Alderman William Kendrick as president and Daniels himself as general secretary, the Ideal Society was formed.

By 1910 the society had moved into housing provision and commenced the building of the Ideal Village at Bordesley Green, where Finnemore Road also commemorates an early chairman of the society, William Finnemore. The first houses to be built were in Drummond Road. The village, which was designed for artisan workers, has shops, a park and a school and a much lower density of housing than the nearby terraces.

St Paul's Mission, built in 1912 in Finnemore Road as a chapel of St Margaret's Ward End, was consecrated as a parish church in 1929. A new church was built c1970 in Belchers Lane behind the old, which was retained as the church hall. The church is now the centre of a community project embracing a number of different facilities and services.

In 1998 children from Bordesley Green Primary School discovered the origin of a badly damaged stone fountain in the Ideal Park which commemorates the rescue by a local boy of a drowning girl. On 7 May 1907 16-year-old cycle polisher, Harold Clayfield of 11 Ronald Road, jumped into a 5m deep clay pit at the junction of Belchers Lane and Bordesley Green to save 4-year-old, Florence Jones. The girl was saved, but non-swimmer Clayfield, drowned. His memorial was paid for by public subscription. Sadly Florence herself was to die only four years later as a result of playing with burning pieces of paper at her home in Green Lane.

Public art
The area features public art with the installation of Ondré Nowakowski's Sleeping Iron Giant, a large head lying on its side on a mound near the St Andrew's football ground.

Skate park
Bordesley Green has one skate park, known locally as the Pod. It is popular with mini BMX Rocker riders.

Bordesley Green Allotments
The historic Bordesley Green Allotments is a 25-acre site that is host to the Bordesley Green Forest garden and in 2012 was the venue for the Birmingham Annual Gardening Show which is normally held in Kings Heath Park.

Primary schools

 * Alston Junior and Infants Primary School
 * Bordesley Green Junior and Infants Primary School
 * Wyndcliffe Primary School

Secondary schools

 * Bordesley Green Girls' School
 * Saltley Academy

Further education

 * South and City College Birmingham – Bordesley Green Campus

Health

 * Heartlands Hospital
 * Yardley Green Medical Centre
 * Omnia Practice

Birmingham Wheels Park
Bordesley Green is home to Birmingham Wheels Park, a community motor sport facility that includes an oval race track, outdoor go-kart track, roller derby track, rally school and drifting track. Up to 5,000 people attended the oval track during its most popular stock car and banger racing meetings, while the speed skating team were multiple British champions in various age disciplines and the most successful roller speed club in the UK. In 2020, the operators announced that the site was under threat of closure due to failure to reach an agreement with the freeholders, Birmingham City Council, over plans to redevelop the area. The park closed for good on 31 October 2021.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Floodway

Floodway may refer to:
 * Flood bypass
 * Flood control channel
 * Floodway (road), a flood plain crossing for a road
 * The community of Floodway, Arkansas

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Essie Davis

Esther “Essie” Davis is an Australian actress and singer, best known for her roles as Phryne Fisher in Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries and its film adaptation, Miss Fisher & the Crypt of Tears, and as Amelia Vanek in The Babadook. Other major works include a recurring role as Lady Crane in season six of the television series Game of Thrones, Sister Iphigenia in Lambs of God, and the role of Ellen Kelly in Justin Kurzel's True History of the Kelly Gang.

Early life and education
Davis was born and brought up in Hobart, Tasmania. She is the daughter of local artist George Davis.

She was educated at Clarence High School; Rosny College; the University of Tasmania, where she was a member of the Old Nick Company; and the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney.

Career
Her acting career began with the Bell Shakespeare company when, straight out of NIDA, she was cast as Juliet in its 1993 production of Romeo and Juliet. She followed this with performances for the company in Hamlet and Richard III in 1993, and Macbeth and The Taming of the Shrew in 1994.

Davis's film career started with her role in the 1995 Australian film Dad and Dave: On Our Selection, which starred Geoffrey Rush, Leo McKern and Joan Sutherland. Film roles continued in The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions, director Richard Flanagan's 1998 Tasmanian film The Sound of One Hand Clapping, and Girl with a Pearl Earring.

After further stage performances in Australia, including Gwendolen Fairfax in a national tour of The Importance of Being Earnest in 2000 and The School for Scandal for the Sydney Theatre Company in 2001, in 2003 she won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Stella Kowalski opposite Glenn Close in Trevor Nunn's production of Tennessee Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire at the National Theatre in London. In 2004 she starred in a Broadway production of Tom Stoppard's Jumpers at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre, for which she earned a Tony Award nomination. In 2005 she appeared as Mrs. Nellie Lovett in the BBC production of Sweeney Todd with Ray Winstone.

In the 2008 film, Hey, Hey, It's Esther Blueburger she plays Esther's controlling mother. Also in 2008, she appeared in the film Australia with Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman, directed by Baz Luhrmann. The same year, Davis played Maggie in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof for the Melbourne Theatre Company.

Davis returned to Tasmania to launch the Tasmanian Theatre Company in 2008 and help support local theatre while encouraging youth to continue participating in the arts. In 2011, she received a Logie Award nomination for her role as Anouk in the Australian miniseries The Slap. In 2012, 2013 and 2015, Davis played Phryne Fisher, the central character in ABC Television's high-rating costume drama Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries.

Davis starred in Jennifer Kent's 2014 debut feature The Babadook. For her work in the film Davis was nominated for an AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, an AACTA International Award for Best Actress and a Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Leading Actress.

In 2016, she joined the HBO series Game of Thrones in Season 6 as Lady Crane; this role did not continue into Season 7. In June 2016 she started filming The White Princess, playing Dowager Queen Elizabeth (Elizabeth Woodville). In early January 2017, the producers released a video clip from the series as a brief trailer (teaser).

In 2018, Davis filmed the mini-series Lambs of God for Foxtel, playing the role of Sister Iphigenia. It was released July 2019 in Australia and has been sold to 46 other territories. For her performance as Sister Iphigenia, Davis has been nominated for an AACTA Award for Best Lead Actress in a Drama Series.

Later the same year, Davis played Ellen Kelly in Justin Kurzel's True History of the Kelly Gang. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival 11 September 2019 and was released in Australian cinemas in 2020 by Transmission Films.

Also in 2018, Davis reprised her role of Phryne Fisher from the popular television series Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries with a stand-alone action-adventure feature film, Miss Fisher and the Crypt of Tears With an AU$8m production budget, it wrapped production in late November 2018 and was released in cinemas in 2020.

In early 2019, Davis filmed the comedy-drama Babyteeth, playing the role of Anna. The film was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 76th Venice International Film Festival, where it had its world premiere on 4 September 2019.

In 2020, Davis finished filming The Justice of Bunny King, playing the title role. The film, co-starring Thomasin McKenzie, was shot in New Zealand.

Personal life
Davis married Justin Kurzel in 2002. They have twin daughters.

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Buckland End

Buckland End is an area of Birmingham, England.

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Marge

Marge is a feminine given name, a shortened form of Marjorie, Margot or Margaret. Notable Marges include:

People

 * Marge (cartoonist) (1904–1993), pen name of Marjorie Henderson Buell, American cartoonist
 * Marge Anderson (1932–2013), Ojibwe Elder and politician for the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
 * Marge Anthony (1935–2013), Canadian broadcaster and media executive
 * Marge Bishop (1910–1960), New Zealand cricketer
 * Marge Burns (1925–2009), American golfer
 * Marge Callaghan (1921–2019), American baseball player
 * Marge Carey (1938–2012), trade unionist and served as President of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW) from 1997 to 2006
 * Marge Chadderdon (born 1937), Republican Idaho State Representative
 * Marge Champion (1919–2020), American dancer and choreographer
 * Marge Frantz (1922–2015), American activist and women's studies academic
 * Marge Kõrkjas (born 1974), Estonian Paralympic swimmer
 * Marge Kotlisky (1927–1997), American actress
 * Marge Ostroushko (born 1951), public radio producer
 * Marge Piercy (born 1936), American poet, novelist, and social activist
 * Marge Redmond (1924–2020), American actress and singer
 * Marge Roukema (1929–2014), American politician
 * Marge Schott (1928–2004), American baseball team owner
 * Marge Simon (born 1942), American artist and writer
 * Marge Villa (1924–2023), American utility player in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League

Fictional characters

 * Marge Dursley, in the Harry Potter series
 * Marge Green, on the BBC soap opera EastEnders
 * Marge Gunderson, from the 1996 film "Fargo"
 * Marge Simpson, on the animated series The Simpsons
 * Marge Thompson in A Nightmare on Elm Street

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Make sure the article is in fact about a number and not about a year or a decade.

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Fufu

Fufu (or fufuo, foofoo, foufou  ) is a pounded meal found in West African cuisine. It is a Twi word that originates from the Akans in Ghana. The word has been expanded to include several variations of the pounded meal found in other African countries including Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Cote D'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Benin, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, Angola and Gabon. It also includes variations in the Greater Antilles and Central America, where African culinary influence is high.

Although the original ingredients for fufu are boiled cassava, plantains, and cocoyam, yams (Ghana), it is also made in different ways in other West African countries. In Ghana, Ivory Coast and Liberia, they use the method of separately mixing and pounding equal portions of boiled cassava with green plantain or cocoyam, or by mixing cassava/plantains or cocoyam flour with water and stirring it on a stove. Its thickness is then adjusted to personal preference, and it is eaten with broth-like soups. In Nigeria, fufu (akpu) is made solely from fermented cassava giving it its unique thickness compared to that found in other west African countries. It is eaten with a variety of soups with vegetables and lots of beef and fish. In recent years other flours, such as semolina, maize flour, or mashed plantains, may take the place of cassava flour. This is common for those in the diaspora or families that live in urban cities. Families in rural areas with access to farmland still maintain the original recipe of using cassava. Fufu is traditionally eaten with the fingers, and a small ball of it can be dipped into an accompanying soup or sauce.

Names

 * Angola: funge, fúngi
 * Benin: santana, foufou
 * Cameroon: couscous, couscous de manioc
 * Central African Republic: foufou
 * Congo-Kinshasa and Congo-Brazzaville: fufú, moteke, luku
 * Gabon: foufou
 * Ghana: fufu, fufuo, sakɔro
 * Guinea: foufou
 * Haiti: tomtom
 * Ivory Coast: foutou, foufou
 * Liberia: fufu
 * Mozambique: sadja, sadza, xima
 * Nigeria: fufu, akpụ, ụtara, loi-loi, swallow
 * Sierra Leone: foofoo
 * Togo: foufou

In Africa
Before the Portuguese traders introduced cassava to Africa from Brazil in the 16th century, fufu was mainly made from cocoyam, plantain and yams. The traditional method of eating fufu is to pinch some of the fufu off in one's right hand fingers and form it into an easily ingested round ball. The ball is then dipped in the soup before being eaten.

In Cote d'Ivoire
In Côte d'Ivoire, the word foutou is also used. Ivorian foufou is specifically mashed sweet plantains, whereas foutou is a stronger, heavier paste made of various staple foods such as yam, cassava, plantains, taro or a mix of any of those.

In the French-speaking regions of Cameroon, it is called "couscous" (not to be confused with the North African dish couscous).

Although people from Eastern Africa and Southern Africa seem to confuse fufu (or fufuo) with their type of corn or maize dough dish called ugali or nshima, it is not the same. Rather, ugali or nshima can be found in Ghana, where it is called akple, nsihoo (white etsew without the corn bran), or tuo zaafi, which are made from unfermented corn flour, unlike the other fermented corn dough foods such as etsew, dokuno (kenkey), banku, fonfom, among others in Ghanaian cuisine.

In Ghana
It is believed to originate in what is now modern-day Ghana, by the Asante, the Akuapem, the Akyem, the Bono, and the Fante people of the Akan ethnic group of Ghana and now generally accepted across the country. According to historian Miller, "the word Fufu literally means white in Twi." and is likely derived from the whitish colour of the cassava component in Ghanaian fufu. In Ghana, it is made out of pieces of boiled cassava and/or other tubers such as plantain or cocoyam. It is mostly pounded together in a locally made wooden mortar (woduro) using a wooden pestle (woma). In between blows from the pestle, the mixture is turned by hand, and water is gradually added until it becomes a soft, sticky slurry. The mixture is then formed into a rounded slab and served. With the invention of the fufu machine, preparation has become much less labour-intensive. The resulting food is eaten with liquid soups (nkwan) such as light soup (nkrakra nkwan), abenkwan (palm nut soup), nkatenkwan (peanut butter soup), and abunubunu soup. Today, it also features in Beninese cuisine, Cameroonian cuisine, Guinean cuisine, Congolese cuisine, Nigerian cuisine, and Togolese cuisine, where it is eaten with hot pepper soup, okra, or other kinds of stew. Fufu's prevalence in West African subregions has been noted in literature produced by authors from that area. It is mentioned in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart, for example, Fufu was a major cuisine of the Ashanti Empire. In Ghana, fufu, also known as fufuo, is white and sticky (if plantain is not mixed with the cassava when pounding).

In Nigeria
In Nigeria, fufu or akpu is a popular food made from fresh or fermented cassava. The Nigerian version of Fufu is different from Ghana's: it is however a staple food in both countries. Akpu, properly punctuated as akpụ in Igbo, is the Igbo word for cassava. Requiring several days to make, akpu is a wet paste often eaten with egusi soup. Akpu is traditionally made by peeling and washing raw cassava until it is white. The cassava is soaked in water for 3–4 days to ferment and become soft. It is then filtered with a porous calabash or sieve. Excess water is quickly drained by pouring the wet paste into a sack, upon which is placed a heavy and flat item (e.g., a plank and brick). The paste is then pounded and molded into large balls and simmered for 30–60 seconds, after which it is thoroughly pounded to remove lumps, molded again into smaller balls, boiled for 15–20 minutes, and then pounded until smooth. It is popular throughout Nigeria, particularly in the SouthEast and South-South.

In the Caribbean
In Caribbean nations with substantial populations of West African origin (such as Cuba, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Puerto Rico), plantains, cassava or yams are mashed with other ingredients. In Cuba, the dish retains its original African stem name, termed simply as fufú or with added descriptive extensions like fufú de plátano or fufú de plátano pintón. In the Dominican Republic, a beloved dish, mangú, is very similar to fufú. On other major islands, fufú goes by the names of funche in Puerto Rico. What distinguishes the Caribbean "fufú" from its West African relative is a firmer texture with stronger flavors. As it moves away from Cuba, the fufú's core is less a gelatinous dough and more of a consistent mass.

In Haiti it is called tonm tonm and foofoo. It is mostly made of breadfruit but can be made of plantain or yams and is usually served with an okra based stew or soup. It is primarily consumed in the southernmost regions of Haiti namely the Grand'Anse and Sud departments. The city of Jérémie is regarded as the tonmtonm capital of Haiti.

Puerto Rican mofongo, in keeping with the creolized cuisine traditions of the Caribbean, tends toward a fufú of much higher density and robust seasoning. While keeping a conspicuous African character, mofongo has borrowed from the island's Iberian culinary tradition, to create a dish made of fried green and yellow plantains, cassava or breadfruit. Unlike the mushier Caribbean and West African fufús, mofongo is generally firmer and crustier. To prepare mofongo, green plantains are deep-fried once unlike twice fried tostones. Next, they are mashed in a 'pilon' (mortar) with chopped garlic, salt, black pepper and olive oil. The resulting mash is then pressed and rounded into a hollowed crusty orb. Meat, traditionally chicharrón, is then stuffed into the chunky ball of fried green plantains. Some recipes call for a meat or vegetable salsa criolla" (related to American Creole sauce) poured atop the hot sphere. In the trendier "mofongo relleno", typical of western Puerto Rico, seafood is all over, inside and outside. Traditional mofongo, as previously cited, comes seasoned and stuffed with meat and bathed in a chicken broth soup. Because of its elaborate process of preparation and its sundry ingredients, poet and blogger Arose N Daghetto called the mofongo a type of "fufú paella" and branded it as "the big daddy of fufús". Although mofongo is associated with being fried, boiled and roasting plantain mofongo predate fried mofongo and is still excited but a rare find in Puerto Rico. A dish called funche made with taro, green and yellow plantains boiled and mashed with butter, garlic, and pork fat was once popular in Puerto Rico. Once mashed it was formed into balls and eaten with broth made from sesame seeds. Funche is written in early Puerto Rican cookbooks around the 1800s, but can probably be traced back to African slaves on the island. Funche today in Puerto Rico is cornmeal cooked in coconut milk and milk.

The vegetable or fufú sauce in the Anglo-Caribbean is not fried first. Plantain is not used as much, as it is used in so many dishes. Fufu is usually part of, or added to, a soupy sauce or on the side with a soupy dish. In Antigua, fufu is served as part of the national dish but is called fungi/fungee and is made using cornmeal and okra. Similarly, in Barbados it serves as part of the national dish and is called cou-cou and uses cornmeal or, less commonly, split peas, green bananas, or breadfruit instead, like several other English Caribbean islands.

Nutrition
100 g dry fufu flour (made from cocoyam) contains 2 g of protein, 0.1 g of fat and 84 g of carbohydrates, and 267 calories. One serving (240g) of cooked fufu contains 3.6 g of protein, 7.2 g of fat and 81 g of carbohydrates, and 398 calories.

It is low in cholesterol and rich in potassium, and it is commonly prescribed by doctors for people who have a low level of potassium in their blood.

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Alfred Ewing

Sir James Alfred Ewing  MInstitCE (27 March 1855 − 7 January 1935) was a Scottish physicist and engineer, best known for his work on the magnetic properties of metals and, in particular, for his discovery of, and coinage of the word, hysteresis.

It was said of Ewing that he was 'Careful at all times of his appearance, his suits were mostly grey, added to which he generally wore – whatever the fashion – a white piqué stripe to his waistcoat, a mauve shirt, a white butterfly collar and a dark blue bow tie with white spots.' He was regarded as brilliant and successful, but was conscious of his dignity and position. On appointment to head the newly created Admiralty codebreaking department, the Director of Naval Intelligence, Henry Oliver, described him as 'too distinguished a man to be placed officially under the orders of the Director of Intelligence or Chief of Staff'. His first wife, Annie, was an American, a great great niece of George Washington.

Early life
Born in Dundee, Scotland, Ewing was the third son of the Reverend James Ewing a minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He was educated at West End Academy and the High School of Dundee, Ewing showed an early interest in science and technology.

Ewing won a scholarship to the University of Edinburgh where he studied physics under Peter Guthrie Tait before graduating in engineering. During his summer vacations, he worked on telegraph cable laying expeditions, including one to Brazil, under William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and Fleeming Jenkin.

Japan
In 1878, on Fleeming Jenkin's recommendation, Ewing was recruited to help the modernisation of Meiji Era Japan as one of the o-yatoi gaikokujin (hired foreigners). Serving as professor of mechanical engineering at the Tokyo Imperial University, he was instrumental in founding Japanese seismology.

Ewing made two special friends at Tokyo University soon after arriving: Basil Hall Chamberlain and Lieutenant Thomas Henry James RN, who taught navigation. He was also in close contact with Henry Dyer and William Edward Ayrton at the Imperial College of Engineering (Kobu Dai Gakkō).

In Tokyo, Ewing taught courses on mechanics and heat engines to engineering students, and on electricity and magnetism to physics students. He carried out many research projects on magnetism and coined the word 'hysteresis'. His investigations into earthquakes led him to help develop the first modern seismograph, alongside Thomas Gray and John Milne of the Imperial College of Engineering, from 1880 to 1895. All three men worked as a team on the invention and use of seismographs, though Milne is generally credited with the invention of the first modern horizontal-pendulum seismograph.

Ewing joined Gray and Milne in founding the Seismological Society of Japan (SSJ) in 1880.

Return to Dundee
In 1883, Ewing returned to his native Dundee to work at the recently established University College Dundee as its first Professor of Engineering. He was appalled by the living conditions he found in many of the poorer areas of the town which he felt compared unfavourably with those in Japan. He worked fervently with local government and industry to improve amenities, in particular sewer systems, and to lower the infant mortality rate. Some of the letters Ewing wrote at this time are now held by Archive Services, University of Dundee along with some of his other papers.

A reminder of Ewing's connection with both University College and the city of Dundee is the University of Dundee's Ewing Building which was built in 1954 and named in his honour. The Ewing Building is currently part of the University's School of Science and Engineering.

University of Cambridge
In 1890, Ewing took up the post of Professor of Mechanism and Applied Mechanics at the University of Cambridge, initially at Trinity College, though he later moved to King's College. At Cambridge, Ewing's research into the magnetisation of metals led him to criticise the conventional account of Wilhelm Weber. In 1890, he observed that magnetisation lagged behind an applied alternating current. He described the characteristic hysteresis curve and speculated that individual molecules act as magnets, resisting changes in magnetising potential. (Note: According to the book Sir Alfred Ewing: A Pioneer in Physics and Engineering (1946) by Professor Bates, the discovery of magnetic hysteresis probably occurred before Ewing. However, Ewing re-discovered it, studied it in detail and coined the word hysteresis).

Ewing also researched into the crystalline structure of metals and, in 1903, was the first to propose that fatigue failures originated in microscopic defects or slip bands in materials. In 1895 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Society for his work on Magnetic Induction in Iron and other Metals.

Ewing was a close friend of Sir Charles Algernon Parsons and collaborated with him on the development of the steam turbine. During this time, Ewing published The Steam Engine and other Heat Engines around this time. In 1897 he took part in the sea-trials of the experimental vessel Turbinia, which set a new speed record of 35 knots.

In 1898, Ewing took his wife and children to Switzerland for a mountaineering holiday with the family of noted Professor of Electrical Engineering at King's College, John Hopkinson. All five of the Hopkinson brothers were members of the Alpine Club and soon initiated Ewing into the sport of rock climbing. On 27 August, John Hopkinson set out with his son Jack and two of his three daughters to climb. Ewing decided not to go with them as he was feeling a little stiff after his climb the previous day. The party never returned, and was found the next morning, all four bodies roped together five hundred feet below the summit.

In 1898 Ewing was elected to a Professorial Fellowship at King's College.

Admiralty
On 8 April 1903, The Times announced that the Board of Admiralty selected Ewing for the newly created post of Director of Naval Education (DNE) in Greenwich.

He married Anne Maria Thomasina Blackburn Washington on 14 May 1879 in Tokyo, Japan. She was a descendant of President George Washington's brother John Augustine Washington. Ewing's first wife, Annie (née Washington) died in 1909 and, in 1912, he married Ellen, the surviving daughter of his old friend and patron, John Hopkinson. He had two children with his first wife: Maud Janet Wills, née Ewing (20 May 1880 – 27 April 1952) and Alfred Washington Ewing (1 November 1881 – 5 December 1962).

As reward for his services, Ewing was made Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1906 and then Knight Commander of the Bath in 1911.

During World War I, from 1914 to May 1917, Ewing managed Room 40, the Admiralty intelligence department of cryptanalysis, responsible predominantly for the decryption of intercepted German naval messages. In this capacity, he achieved considerable fame in the popular press when Room 40 deciphered the Zimmermann Telegram in 1917 (which suggested a German plot to assist Mexico in recovering the southwestern United States). The publication of the Zimmermann Telegram is generally credited as the trigger event which brought American into the Great War.

University of Edinburgh
In May 1916 Ewing accepted an invitation to become Principal of the University of Edinburgh, in the course of which he instituted an extensive series of effective reforms and which he held until his retirement in 1929. In 1927 he gave a lecture to the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution which contained the first semi-official disclosure of the work done by Room 40. A house in Pollock Halls of Residence is named in his honour.

Sir Alfred Ewing died in 1935 and is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, with his second wife Lady Ellen Ewing.

Honours

 * Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1878);
 * Fellow of the Royal Society (1887);
 * LL.D. (honoris causa), University of Edinburgh (1902)
 * John Scott Medal (1907);
 * CB (1907);
 * KCB (1911);
 * President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1924–1929);
 * Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts (1929);
 * President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1932);
 * The James Alfred Ewing Medal of the Institution of Civil Engineers has been awarded for specially meritorious contributions to the science of engineering in the field of research since 1938.

Works

 * 1877: (with Fleeming Jenkin) On Friction between Surfaces moving at Low Speeds, Philosophical Magazine Series 5, volume 4, pp 308–10, link from Biodiversity Heritage Library.
 * 1883: A Treatise on Earthquake Measurement.
 * 1899: Strength of Materials, link from Internet Archive.
 * 1900: Magnetic Induction in Iron and Other Metals, 3rd edition, link from Internet Archive.
 * 1910: The Steam Engine and Other Engines, 3rd edition, from Internet Archive.
 * 1911: Examples in Mathematics, Mechanics, Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, Heat and Steam, Electricity, for the use of Junior Officers Afloat.
 * 1920: Thermodynamics for Engineers, link from Internet Archive.
 * 1921: The Mechanical Production of Cold, second edition, Cambridge University Press, link from Internet Archive.
 * 1933: An Engineer's Outlook, London: Methuen Publishing

title: Alfred Ewing


text:
Leroy Burrell

Leroy Russel Burrell (born February 21, 1967) is an American former track and field athlete, who twice set the world record for the 100 m sprint.

Early life
Burrell grew up in Lansdowne, Pennsylvania, and attended Penn Wood High School, where he single-handedly won the state championship by winning the 100 m, 200 m, long jump, and triple jump. Suffering from poor eyesight accentuated by a childhood eye injury, he was poor at other sports, but excelled on the track from an early age. He attended the University of Houston from 1986 to 1990, where he was a nine-time NCAA All-American and set the NCAA outdoor record in the long jump.

Professional career
Burrell was plagued by injuries and bad luck throughout his career, particularly around major championships. He won gold in the 100 m ahead of Carl Lewis at the 1990 Goodwill Games in Seattle. He won the silver in the 100 m behind Lewis at the 1991 World Championships. At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Burrell false-started in the 100 m final. When the race finally restarted, his reaction off the line was slow, and he finished fifth. He did manage to win a relay gold as part of the U.S. 4 × 100 m team.

On May 19, 1990, Burrell ran a wind-assisted 200 m at College Station, Texas, in a time of 19.61 seconds. The wind speed was +4.0 m per second. This was the fastest time for the 200 m for over six years until the 1996 Olympic final in Atlanta, where Michael Johnson ran 19.32 seconds.

He first set the 100m world record in June 1991 with a time of 9.90 seconds. This was broken that September by Carl Lewis who ran 9.86 sec at the 1991 World Track and Field Championships where Burrell finished second in a new personal best time of 9.88 sec. In July 1994, Burrell set the world record for the second time when he ran 9.85 sec (a record that stood until the 1996 Olympics when Donovan Bailey ran 9.84 sec).

Since his retirement in 1998, Burrell has replaced his old college mentor, Tom Tellez, as coach of the University of Houston's track and field team. Burrell has led UH to 14 men's Conference USA titles (nine indoor, five outdoor) and nine women's titles (four indoor, five outdoor). He was inducted into the Texas Track and Field Coaches Hall of Fame in 2014.

In June 2022, Burrell stepped down as head coach at Houston and accepted the head coaching position for Auburn track and field.

Personal life
Burrell married Michelle Finn, also a sprinter, in 1994, and they have three sons together: Cameron who was a sprinter for the Houston Cougars and died in 2021, Joshua, and Jaden. On June 7, 2017, Cameron joined his father in the sub-10 second club. Burrell's younger sister Dawn also competed in track and field at the highest level, as a member of the 2000 US Olympic team and world indoor champion in the long jump.

Statistics
Information from IAAF profile unless otherwise noted.

World records
Includes former all-conditions world best in the 200 meters. All world records are former as of May 24, 2014.

Overall

 * IAAF Grand Prix: 1990

100 meters

 * IAAF Grand Prix: 1990
 * Athens: 1990

Videos

 * Carl Lewis & friends: The fantastic four in Barcelona 1992 by the Olympic Channel via YouTube

title: Leroy Burrell


text:
Talk:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

Old stuff, 2004-2005
This sentence is rather unclear:
 * The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the mechanistic approach adopted by the Mannerist artists who followed the concept of painting prevalent before the High Renaissence and artists like Raphael and Michelangelo. Hence the name 'Pre-Raphaelite'.

It seems to say the Mannerist artists painted in the style prevalent before the High Renaissence, which surely can't be right. -- Tarquin 11:08, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

perhaps it is supposed to be after the reaissance? That would make sense.

 * Yes, it's utter and complete gibberish. This is the sentence as I originally wrote it: "The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a group of English painters, poets and critics whose intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the mechanistic approach adopted by the Mannerist artists who followed Raphael and Michelangelo. Hence the name 'Pre-Raphaelite'." Some idiot has rewritten it. There is also a lot of other nonsense here about the 'high point of English art in the middle ages', and about varnishing between layers of pigment - which has nothing to do with the PRB whatever and is historically false. This article needs to be completely re-written. Paul B

 * By "mechanistic" is it meant "thoughtlessly repetitive"? There are several concepts that use the word "mechanistic" as a designation. 173.61.223.45 (talk) 16:51, 23 May 2018 (UTC)DaShawn Bivins

Citing a source for "four declarations" of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in "Early Doctrines"
In the section Early Doctrines (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood#Early_doctrines), four declarations are listed. These declarations appear in almost every other description of Pre-Raphaelitism on the web, always without citing a source. Can someone please supply a reference? Thanks in advance.71.171.17.39 (talk) 13:41, 5 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Done, but your search technique leaves a lot to be desired - use google books. Johnbod (talk) 15:19, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

Thanks Johnbod! (Thanks also for the condescending comment.) Interestingly, I previously tried Google Books, searching for what I had construed to be the most unique part of the text, "self-parodying and learned by rote," but no such phrase was found, as this part of the quote appears in Latham as "self-parading and learned by rote." Latham cites Cecil Lang as his source; Lang in turn quotes Dante Gabriel Rossetti. His Family-Letters with a Memoir. The online versions of this work (see http://www.rossettiarchive.org/docs/pr5246.a43.rad.html) also contain the phrase, "self-parading and learned by rote" rather than "self-parodying and learned by rote." Since you are obviously more erudite and thorough than I, do you perhaps have any other sources that can resolve the discrepancy? 71.171.25.54 (talk) 03:30, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Don't know about that, I'm afraid - I got good results off searching in "most indispensable of all, to produce thoroughly good pictures and statues." So what happened to the statues I wonder? Oh, alright - the 1st page of the intro to the 1984 Tate exhibition catalogue has "self-parading". That's p. 11., by Alan Bowness, who is also rude about this manifesto ("a touching naivety"). It also makes more sense surely? Johnbod (talk) 03:47, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
 * With "statues," maybe Rossetti is trying to be inclusive of all the early members of the Brotherhood. Thomas Woolner was primarily a sculptor (http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/woolner/38.html), although he made some decent paintings and wrote poetry. 71.171.24.75 (talk) 09:30, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
 * we did have it correct originally, but some dickhead "corrected" it back in 2007. Johnbod (talk) 03:53, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, lots of other web pages have quoted this page: Google displays 4430 pages with the exact phrase, "self-parodying and learned by rote," while only 871 pages have the exact phrase, "self-parading and learned by rote."71.171.24.75 (talk) 10:15, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
 * It may well not be our original fault - lots of people auto-correct unusual words, sometimes without realizing it. Johnbod (talk) 13:45, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, "self-parading" certainly makes more sense. I also note that "Nature" in the original source is capitalized, and I have now changed this in the article. Best! 71.171.25.54 (talk) 03:58, 6 September 2016 (UTC)

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Requested move 24 March 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (non-admin closure) ■ ∃ Madeline ⇔ ∃ Part of me ; 18:56, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood → Pre-Raphaelites – Per WP:COMMONNAME and WP:CONCISE. The proposed name is more common than the current one and also Pre-Raphaelitism. The term "Pre-Raphaelites" applies to some artists not part of the original brotherhood, so it has a wider scope, but the article already covers that in some sections (like Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood or Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood). Vpab15 (talk) 18:02, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per previous discussion above. The two terms do not cover the same thing - "Pre-Raphaelite" is notoriously loosely used to cover vast amounts of British and even North American art for the rest of the century, with no real connection to the actual PRB. Even several of the main Pre-Raphaelite artists only used the style of the movement for a relatively short period. As per the previous discussion, it is better to keep the article tightly focused. Of course the other redirects here. Johnbod (talk) 19:18, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * with no real connection to the actual PRB. The fact they are also called "Pre-Raphaelites" heavily hints they have some connection with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Vpab15 (talk) 19:43, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * No, it really doesn't, except that they mostly lived in the same country and century. The "influences" on many are clearly from entirely different sources, but since the huge revival in interest in recent decades, "Pre-Raphaelite" has become an attractive branding for almost anything from Victorian painting. Johnbod (talk) 19:58, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. "Pre-Raphaelites" is the common name and recognizable to readers, and seems to be topic of this page.  The "Brotherhood" is only a subset, and should not be the title for the entire page - unless all mention of non-Brotherhood artists is removed, and a new parent article "Pre-Raphaelites" is created.  But as it stands, this is the "Pre-Raphaelites" parent page. Pre-Raphaelites already redirects here.  The addition of "Brotherhood" in the title is unnecessarily cumbersome, unfamiliar and not reflective of the actual content of this page. Walrasiad (talk) 06:04, 25 March 2023 (UTC)
 * "should not be the title for the entire page - unless all mention of non-Brotherhood artists is removed" doesn't follow at all, and it would be an idea to create a different page to cover all the "loosely associated" artists, if anyone can be bothered. The article text (not the lists) ignores all these later camp followers and concentrates entirely on the Brotherhood, and the small handful of their friends at their time whom sources always group as honorary members. Johnbod (talk) 05:17, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * On the contrary. Reading the text of the the actual page, the terms "Pre-Raphaelites", "Pre-Raphaelite style", "Pre-Raphaelite works", "Pre-Raphaelite principles", "Pre-Raphaelite circle", "Pre-Raphaelite painting" etc. come up quite a bit, proving the term "brotherhood" quite redundant.  There's an awkward attempt in some paragraphs to use "PRB" and "Brotherhood" rather relentlessly, but it comes up rather awfully. This is the "Pre-Raphaelites" page.  The very first sentence in the lede points that out.  The text expresses that.  The list of artists captures that.  That they may have thought or called themselves a "brotherhood" is a curiosity, unfamiliar to most, that can be dispatched in a sentence or two.  It should not dominate the page and certainly not the title.  The Wikipedia reading audience would certainly be better served by a more recognizable title. And I don't see what god is served by denying them that.   Walrasiad (talk) 09:50, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * To add to that, out of the 40 references only three use "brotherhood". And none of the "Further Reading" or "External links". It is quite clear the majority of reliable sources don't refer to the movement as a "brotherhood". Vpab15 (talk) 10:19, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose. Lets not conflate different things. Ceoil (talk) 07:44, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Strong Oppose per the formal name of the group and movement, per long-term historical significance, and per Johnbod's reasoned points. The shortened version is the often-used nickname, both an almost catch-all version of the style and a handle which is less of a mouthful when discussing or referring to the art movement, but not encyclopedically correct. Similar to a proposal to change Impressionism to Impressionists or Expressionism to Expressionists, the topic is best described as presented on this page. Randy Kryn (talk) 12:15, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

Additional sources
Ran across this: — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  08:58, 22 July 2023 (UTC); rev'd. 09:16, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Abstract is available without subscription access.

title: Talk:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood


text:
Medinilla

Medinilla is a genus of about 400 species of flowering plants in the family Melastomataceae, native to tropical regions of the Old World from Africa (two species) east through Madagascar (about 70 species) and southern Asia to the western Pacific Ocean islands. The genus was named after J. de Medinilla, governor of the Mariana Islands in 1820.

They are evergreen shrubs or lianas. The leaves are opposite or whorled, or alternate in some species. The flowers are white, pink, red, or orange, and are produced singly or in large panicles.

Selected species
There are approximately 418 species in this genus, including:
 * Medinilla acuminata Philippines
 * Medinilla arboricola China
 * Medinilla assamica India
 * Medinilla astronioides Philippines
 * Medinilla banahaensis Philippines
 * Medinilla beamanii Borneo
 * Medinilla brevipendunculata Philippines
 * Medinilla clemetis Philippines
 * Medinilla congesta Philippines
 * Medinilla cordata Philippines
 * Medinilla cummingii Philippines
 * Medinilla curtisii
 * Medinilla dolichophylla Philippines
 * Medinilla erythrophylla China, Nepal, India
 * Medinilla fengii China
 * Medinilla formosana Taiwan
 * Medinilla fuligineo-glandulifera China
 * Medinilla hainanensis China
 * Medinilla halconensis Philippines
 * Medinilla hayataina Taiwan
 * Medinilla himalayana India
 * Medinilla involucrata Philippines
 * Medinilla lanceata China
 * Medinilla luchuenensis China
 * Medinilla magnifica Philippines
 * Medinilla malindangensis Philippines
 * Medinilla merrillii Philippines
 * Medinilla mindorensis Philippines
 * Medinilla miniata Philippines
 * Medinilla multiflora Philippines
 * Medinilla mytiformis Philippines
 * Medinilla nana China
 * Medinilla petelotii China
 * Medinilla pycnantha Quisumb. & Merr. Philippines
 * Medinilla ramiflora Philippines
 * Medinilla rubicunda China
 * Medinilla scortechinii Philippines
 * Medinilla sedifolia
 * Medinilla septentrionalis China
 * Medinilla speciosa Philippines
 * Medinilla theresae Philippines
 * Medinilla venosa Indonesia, Philippines
 * Medinilla waterhousei Fiji "Tagimaucia"
 * Medinilla yunnanensis China

title: Medinilla


text:
Talk:The Poddington Peas

Untitled
How is posting the theme tune copyright infringement?

Erolos 20:29, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think the YouTube external link to an episode of the cartoon may also be copyright infringement... I'm not going to remove it though because I feel it adds to the article.--h i s  s p a c e   r e s e a r c h 20:33, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Poddington Peas


text:
Under Wraps (Jethro Tull album)

Under Wraps is the 15th studio album by the band Jethro Tull, released in 1984. The songs' subject matter is heavily influenced by bandleader Ian Anderson's love of espionage fiction. It was controversial among fans of the band due to its electronic/synthesizer-based sound, particularly the use of electronic drums. Dave Pegg has been quoted as saying that the tracks cut from the sessions for Broadsword and the Beast would have made a better album, while Martin Barre has referred to it as one of his personal favourite Tull albums. The album reached No. 76 on the Billboard 200 and No. 18 on the UK Albums Chart. The single "Lap of Luxury" reached No. 30.

Production
Unlike earlier albums where Anderson was the sole songwriter, Under Wraps was the first Jethro Tull album since This Was where the majority of songs were co-written between all members of the band, primarily Peter-John Vettese.

This is also the only Jethro Tull album that features no live drummer; all the percussion tracks were programmed electronically. After the recording Doane Perry joined the band on tour and became their permanent drummer thereafter.

Release
The original 1984 release had 11 tracks, with "Astronomy", "Tundra", "Automotive Engineering" and "General Crossing" only appearing on the cassette version. Of these extra tracks, "General Crossing" became the first Jethro Tull track never to be released on vinyl, as "Astronomy", "Tundra" and "Automotive Engineering" all appeared on the 12-inch single release of "Lap of Luxury".

The CD editions of the album carry all 15 tracks. The 2005 enhanced CD also contains a QuickTime video for "Lap of Luxury".

Live performances
For the 1984 tour to promote Under Wraps, Jethro Tull offered artistic stage production as usual. In a manner quite similar to the Thick as a Brick tour, the roadies appeared onstage sweeping the floor, counting the audience and studying the place. All band members and instruments were covered in "wraps", with Anderson then releasing them and the music starting. Anderson was suffering from vocal problems and was warned by his doctors not to tour. Anderson ignored this advice and went on tour, straining his throat in the process of performing the album's vocally demanding songs, resulting in surgery and an extended hiatus from the band.

Personnel

 * Ian Anderson – vocals, flute, acoustic guitar, drum programming, Fairlight CMI
 * Martin Barre – electric guitar
 * Dave Pegg – bass guitar, double bass
 * Peter-John Vettese – keyboards, electronic programming

 * Additional personnel
 * Trevor Key - cover photo, photography
 * John Pasche - artwork, cover design
 * Sheila Rock - photography

title: Under Wraps (Jethro Tull album)


text:
User:Laney/monobook.js

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