text:
Category:Human evolution

Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates—in particular genus Homo—and leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, the great apes. This process involved the gradual development of traits such as human bipedalism and language, as well as interbreeding with other hominins, which indicate that human evolution was not linear but a web.

title: Category:Human evolution


text:
Talk:ColorForth

Untitled
If Esoteric programming languages really are "designed as a proof of concept, or as jokes, and not with the intention of being adopted for real-world programming", then Color Forth isn't one. PML.
 * You're correct. ColorForth is definitely not an esoteric programming language according to Wikipedia's current definition of the term. I've moved it to the main programming languages category, as a rightful Forth dialect. — danakil 08:14, Aug 25, 2004 (UTC)

Does anybody else keep trying to click the word 'color', thinking it's a link to a nonexistent wiki page? Veinor (ヴエノル) 22:57, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Color
I've removed the coloring on the name "colorForth". See Manual_of_Style_(trademarks) for my justification of this. Although colorForth would not appear to be a trademark and color is not mentioned explicitly, the general principles would appear to apply. fraggle 16:19, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:ColorForth


text:
Congo red

Congo red is an organic compound, the sodium salt of 3,3′-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl)bis(4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid). It is an azo dye. Congo red is water-soluble, yielding a red colloidal solution; its solubility is greater in organic solvents. The use of Congo red in the textile industry has long been abandoned, primarily because of its carcinogenic properties, but it is still used for histological staining.

History
Congo red was first synthesized in 1883 by Paul Böttiger, who had been employed at Friedrich Bayer Company in Elberfeld, Germany. He was looking for textile dyes that did not require a mordant step. The company which had a right of first refusal to his inventions was not interested in this bright red color, so he filed the patent under his own name and sold it to the AGFA company of Berlin. AGFA marketed the dye under the name "Congo red", a catchy name in Germany at the time of the 1884 Berlin West Africa Conference, an important event in the Colonisation of Africa. The dye was a major commercial success for AGFA. In the following years, for the same reason, other dyes were marketed using the "Congo" name: Congo rubine, Congo corinth, brilliant Congo, Congo orange, Congo brown, and Congo blue. Once of economic significance, Congo red has fallen into disuse as have all benzidine-derived dyes, owing to their carcinogenic activity.

It is prepared by azo coupling of the bis(diazonium) derivative of benzidine with naphthionic acid.

Congo blue, however, is in widespread international use, in gel sheet form, as a filter to place in front of theatrical, motion picture, television, church, and live event lighting instruments. It is sold under the item name "181 Congo Blue" by Lee Filters. It emits a deep rich saturated blue color with elements of red. Depending upon the color temperature of the source lamp, the light from a lighting instrument with a Congo Blue filter reflected from a white surface can vary from very saturated blue to purple or violet. The manufacturer reports that fluorescent light through a Congo Blue filter gives the appearance of black light. Congo Blue filters are frequently used at live music concerts at an angle from behind musicians to cross back-light with a "warm" color gel like yellow, straw, gold, orange, or magenta, from an opposing angle, for a very dramatic effect. Another use of Congo Blue filters by lighting technicians, is to cut a small strip from the gel sheet, which the technician looks through to make brightness adjustments to a video monitor displaying a standard color bar chart. The Congo Blue filter effectively removes the color from chart and shows the separate bars only in terms of their differing incremental brightness levels. This allows the technician to adjust the monitor to show a full and correct range of brightnesses.

Behavior in solution
Due to a color change from blue to red at pH 3.0–5.2, Congo red can be used as a pH indicator. Since this color change is an approximate inverse of that of litmus, it can be used with litmus paper in a simple parlor trick: add a drop or two of Congo red to both an acid solution and a base solution. Dipping red litmus paper in the red solution will turn it blue, while dipping blue litmus paper in the blue solution will turn it red. This property gives Congo red a metachromatic property as a dye, both in strongly acidic solutions and with strongly acidophilic tissue.

Congo red has a propensity to aggregate in aqueous and organic solutions. The proposed mechanisms suggest hydrophobic interactions between the aromatic rings of the dye molecules, leading to a π–π stacking phenomenon. Although these aggregates are present under various sizes and shapes, the "ribbon-like micelles" of a few molecules seem to be the predominant form (even if the "micelle" term is not an entirely appropriate name for it). This aggregation phenomenon is more prevalent in high Congo red concentrations, at high salinity and/or low pH.

Diagnostic use
In histology and microscopy, Congo red is used for staining in amyloidosis, and for the cell walls of plants and fungi, and for the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Apple-green birefringence of Congo red stained preparations under polarized light is indicative of the presence of amyloid fibrils. Additionally, Congo red is used for the diagnostics of the Shigella flexneri serotype 2a, where the dye binds the bacterium's unique lipopolysaccharide structure. Furthermore, Congo red may also be used to induce expression of the type III secretion system of Shigella flexneri, bringing about the secretion of IpaB and IpaC, which form translocation pores within host cell membrane, allowing effector proteins to pass through and alter the host cell's biochemistry. The dye can also be used in flow cytometry experiments for the detection of Acanthamoeba, Naegleria and other amoebal cysts. In confocal microscopy, Congo red can be used as a stable fluorescent stain.

title: Congo red


text:
Schreber

Schreber is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Daniel Gottfried Schreber (1708–1777), German jurist and scholar
 * Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber (1739–1810), German naturalist
 * Moritz Schreber (1808–1861), German physician and inventor
 * Daniel Paul Schreber (1842–1911), German judge and son of Moritz

title: Schreber


text: User talk:83.110.128.216

title: User talk:83.110.128.216


text:
Skulker

Skulker was an ARIA Award-nominated rock band from Sydney that formed in 1994. After two albums, the group parted ways in 2005.

History
The group's original members met at Cheltenham Girls High School in northern Sydney in 1994 and decided to form a band. The original line-up consisted of Greer Skinner on lead vocals and guitar, Annette Harada on bass guitar, Naomi "Batti" Battah on guitar and occasional lead vocals and drummer Angela Blackshaw.

After an initial period establishing itself on the Sydney live circuit the band came to the attention of independent label Chatterbox Records and in 2000 Skulker released the album Too Fat for Tahiti. The title was apparently inspired by the band being rejected for a gig as a house band at a resort in Tahiti because they were "too fat".

Too Fat for Tahiti spawned the singles "Hëj" and "Naughty" which received considerable support from the national youth radio station Triple J and both were voted into the network's annual listeners' poll, the Triple J Hottest 100, 2000, at number 50 and 80 respectively. The album was subsequently nominated for ARIA Award for Best Independent Release and Best New Live Act at the Australian Music Awards.

In 2003, the band released their second studio album, The Double Life. A free download-only single "Rock Nugget" was released. It was downloaded over 20,000 times and received high rotation on Triple J. The band also played alongside one of their major music influences, Veruca Salt, in Sydney's The Metro Theatre in July that year. The band released the singles "Coming Home" and "In Your Arms" and played the Big Day Out tour in 2004. Early 2004 also found the band opening for Pink in Sydney and Newcastle and touring nationally supporting The Superjesus.

At this point Batti decided to depart the band and moved to Canada to pursue other interests. Following the replacement of Batti with new guitarist Gregory Boulting, Skulker toured the east coast of Australia and recorded extensive demos of new material that have never been released. The band members have since decided to go their own ways and pursue further interests.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards are a set of annual ceremonies presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * 2000
 * Too Fat for Tahiti
 * Best Independent Release
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }
 * }

title: Skulker


text:
List of ancient physicians

The following is a list of ancient physicians who were known to have practised, contributed, or theorised about medicine in some form between the 30th century BCE and 4th century CE.

title: List of ancient physicians


text:
William Wilson (Coventry MP)

William Wilson DL (28 June 1913 – 18 August 2010), was a British Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for constituencies in Coventry from 1964 to 1983. He was the chairman of the British-Soviet Friendship Society from 1977 to 1983.

Wilson was educated at Coventry Technical College and Birmingham University. He served in the British Army during World War II in North Africa, Italy and Greece, rising to the rank of sergeant. After the war he qualified as a solicitor and made several unsuccessful attempts to win the Warwick and Leamington constituency in 1951, 1955, 1957 and 1959, before being successful in 1964 in Coventry South, which he represented (later as Coventry South East) until retiring from Parliament in 1983. He also was a Warwickshire County Councillor from 1958, being leader of the Labour Group in the 1960s and from 1972 to 1993.

Wilson was responsible for piloting the Divorce Reform Act 1969 through Parliament which changed the basis for divorce procedures from the old concept of matrimonial offences to that of the irretrievable breakdown of marriage.

title: William Wilson (Coventry MP)


text:
Talk:Institute of Cetacean Research

Extra info
I have added an extra info. The previious article appear to imply that ICR is a instiute invented solely to provide cover for commercial whaling which is not the case. It has been a genuine research institute way before the whaling become a political issue. It had to absorbed whaling facility because it previously relied its scientific data on commercial whaling operation which ended after the ban. It now fund whaling operation from the sale of whale meat. FWBOarticle 11:41, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It pretty much is an institute invented solely to provide cover for commercial whaling. This seems very self-evident.  BB  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.81.224.137 (talk) 06:31, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The problem is that it isn't completely self evident. It is a nonprofit organization operating under Japanese government law.  It is very hard to conclusively say that it is in existence for the primary purpose of commercial whaling.  Wikipedia isn't around for guessing without conclusive evidence.  We must only state the known facts, not personal interpretation.  The controversy section is around for displaying the arguments of critics.  We need to make sure that the rest of the article isn't completely biased by our own opinion.
 * That having been said, yeah I agree the ****ing ICR is there just to whale and try to open up the trade again. >.>
 * But hey this isn't a forum its an Encyclopedia so what are you going to do. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.126.207.112 (talk) 02:46, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, then: just cite the fact that they don't produce any peer-reviewed research. This is a fact.  The first comment is probably from someone involved with the industry; the broken English is suggestive.  GeoffP1974  —Preceding unsigned comment added by GeoffP1974 (talk • contribs) 19:22, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

 * yep, and the same guy has his hands all over the "Whaling in Japan" page. I'm slowly attempting to provide much-needed balance to these pages.  Lets see how long the following bit lasts here on the ICR front..
 * Environmental groups dispute the Japanese claim of research "as a disguise for commercial whaling, which is banned."
 * (first added to Whale Wars page yesterday) Fhue (talk) 03:43, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * It's hard to say what to put in the article. "Officially" it's scientific research but it's plain as day it's a front. The question is how obvious does something have to be before it can be good enough for the wiki? If what we have isn't enough there was an article I read in the paper a month or two ago that was about countries talking about the situation. If someone can confirm that they were almost unanimously in agreement about it being a front it would be the word of experts on the subject from across the world vs the Institute of Cetacean Researches word. --71.49.89.113 (talk) 04:27, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Scare Quotes
I'm wondering if the quotation marks around "research" in places where it's not a direct quote are appropriate. If the claim is that it is a research organization - then it should be called that (sans quotes) until there is conclusive evidence that it is not. I completely agree that it's pretty clear that they are a front for a commercial whaling enterprise - but it's an encyclopedia, and "pretty clear" doesn't really cut it. Yes? I know such things are likely to be contentious for people who are passionate about these isuses - so I want to mention it here before I make the change so as to avoid an edit war. Lekoman (talk) 11:09, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Its not pretty clear though. Its clear, thus being "research".  Link no longer works.  Dvferret (talk) 04:59, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Speaking as a professional scientist, if ICR does not produce articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, then it is not a "research" organization. Peer-reviewed publication is the only end-point to a legitimate scientifc endeavor and the primary measure of the quality of an institute's research.  That's not my opinion, it is a fact based on scientific method.  The fact that ICR refuses and/or fails to publish in bonafide peer-reviewed scientific journals constitutes "conclusive evidence" that ICR is not a legitimate research organization.  Therefore, the quotations around "research" are appropriate.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.215.65.95 (talk) 03:45, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it's a borderline case between scare quotes (which are discouraged in Wikipedia) and quotation marks. They call it "research", but we can't call it "research" because it's quite clearly not actually research. A solution might be to use the word only in slighly longer quotations as in "research into cetacean whatever"[ref to ICR source], to make it clear that the quotation marks mark quotations. Hans Adler 19:18, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Well then lets also call this an "encyclopedic" entry filled with "facts" because they surely are very disputable. For example this article states that only 10 papers have been published, none of which were peer reviewed, yet if I look at the documentation and sources given on this very same page I see that about 105 peer reviewed papers have been released and about 185 scientific documents presented. And in the past 3 years alone about 75 papers...
 * See for yourselves here http://www.icrwhale.org/JARPAResults.htm here http://www.icrwhale.org/JARPApaper.htm and here http://www.icrwhale.org/JARPA91paper.htm.
 * I can't edit the article, but I seriously urge anyone with authority to do so. If the cause is dear to you, it really doesn't help discrediting it this blatantly, at the same time calling ICR work "research". This article is nothing but "scare qoute" research "scare quote" on ICR, if it keeps telling lies like this.
 * 90.184.16.234 (talk) 21:44, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Through this article's history there have been various claims (less than 10 peer-reviewed articles, 1 per year, etc.) that don't seem to make much sense and which it seems never were backed with a proper source. The ICR's own list can't be used to prove there were practically no peer-reviewed articles. Of course it doesn't prove the opposite either. Note that most of the early articles are cited as having appeared in "Rep. int. Whal. Commn". This resolves to "The Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission". In other words, they were not peer-reviewed research but bureaucratic reports which were presumably published regardless of their correctness. It seems that around 1999 there was an effort to gain credibility as a 'research' institution by actually publishing something. The current output, when measured in number of papers per year, is not unlike what you often see as the output of a single researcher.
 * The unsupported anti-ICR statements need to be removed. But of course there is a reason why they have been added: People felt the need for a counter-balance to the excessive mission statement that makes up the section "Research programs". This section has been tagged as unsourced since May 2009, and I will soon remove it unless someone can find a source. (I once thought it was easy and looked on the ICR website, but with no success.) That will solve the problem: The entire section will simply disappear. Hans Adler 11:38, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Bias Propaganda encyclopedia?
This article shows a very clear bias in just about every way imaginable.

1. "research" scare quotes. This apparently has to do with whether there are or aren't peer-reviewed reports. According to this link there are several every year. I don't think wikipedia is in a position to determine how much research can be attributed to "one" scientist either. - http://www.icrwhale.org/JARPAResults.htm - http://www.icrwhale.org/JARPA91paper.htm Or do we have sources to say that Jpn. J. Zoo Wildl. Med., Journal of Reproduction and Development, J.Cetacean Res.Manage, etc. are not peer-reviewed journals?

- "The ICR hunts and kills nearly a thousand whales yearly [5] while claiming that it is necessary for cetacean "research". The IRC has produced less than 10 research papers including only one 2001[6], none of which are peer-reviewed.[7]."

Odd, I count 10 published papers since 2007 alone. http://www.icrwhale.org/JARPA91paper.htm

2. In the controversy section there is a lot of issues about ICR research being criticized in IWC. However, IWC has also expressed approval. There are pro and anti-whaling members of IWC, but it seems only 1 side of that is being presented. http://www.e-kujira.or.jp/iwc/2009funchal/text/text_ext3.html

3. If we're going to include sentences like this: "Environmental groups dispute the Japanese claim of research "as a disguise for commercial whaling, which is banned" I think it's only fair that we include a sentence describing how Japan could quit IWC and whale commercially at their discretion without bothering with research, as Norway and Iceland have done. There is no penalty to leaving IWC.

4. http://www.oceannenvironment.org/japan_is_out_to_kill_1035_whales.htm  Is this really the kind of source you want to put into an Encyclopedia? I'm sure there is something far less sensationalist than "TERRORISM against Whales."

5. Accusing people of being paid by ICR because they make a good point on the talk page is pretty pathetic.

That's all I've got for now. I look forward to seeing this article look less like a propaganda tool.24.35.12.76 (talk) 19:20, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

 * It's been awhile but your enumerated points deserve a response, though I don't have the time to reply to all. Last summer this article looked like a press release from the ICR, so it's come along way to being more balanced. Specifically, putting the term research in quotes is indeed a questionable way to say "they call it research but we're not so sure, or we doubt it..." Nonetheless, there are several others' comments above which address this issue. What is the alternative? To remove the quotes gives their claim undue weight.
 * Remarking on an editor's bias may not be the ideal way to discuss their contributions, but it is far from pathetic -- corporations and lobbyists are known to abuse Wikipedia in order to further their causes. PrBeacon (talk) 05:45, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Also, no ICR logo, but instead a picture of a whaling harpoon? 71.160.221.11 (talk) 20:23, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

Japanese Government's whalers
I've just removed a sentence that read:
 * The Institute has also been called the "Japanese's Government's whalers".

The source, Hardline warrior in war to save the whale, is an article about Sea Sheperd's Watson and their campaign against whaling. I was expecting the article to quote Watson calling the ICR that, in which case we could amend the sentence along the lines of:
 * Paul Watson of Sea Shepherd has said that the scientific research body had "effectively become the Japanese Government's whalers."

The quote, however, comes from the nameless author of the article (or editorial?). I find the bias and inaccuracies in this article as well as the notability and relevance of the author and the remark such that it does not belong. The viewpoint is well represented. We don't need to give a platform for this drivel. --Swift (talk) 22:36, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * It appears to be a mirrored story from [], which appears to be an op-ed piece.-- Terrillja talk  22:41, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * At least that source gives the author: John Vidal, the Guardian's environment editor. I would put Paul Watson: Sea Shepherd's stern 'warrior' defies Japanese whalers as the original. --Swift (talk) 23:51, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Sourcing Issues
Undoubtedly this is incorrectly formatted comment. Use of Sea Shepherd propaganda machine to source harvest numbers does little to provide impartial and unbiased perspective. If numbers of harvested animals are sourced to organizations infamous for their altercations with the organization in question, we can hardly assume unbiased information is included. Major media outlets and government filings should be sourced as reliable sources of data. Currently this article is a detriment to Wikipedia, and the use of this source is akin to sourcing "The Eternal Jew" for an article on the history of Judaism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.102.237.50 (talk) 23:32, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

JARPA/JARPN
This info also appears in the Whaling in Japan article, almost verbatim except for the graph there. As I & others note in Talk:Whaling in Japan this info shouldn't be in both articles [in full]''.. The "research" doesn't qualify as scientific because it's not peer-reviewed, and thus should not be given undue weight here. The extensive JARPA/JARPN sections may belong in one or both of the articles, but not in both at full length. In one or the other, they should be summarized and a link to the full version included.''  PrBeacon (talk) 08:50, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

Theft of Whale Meat
In the Controversy section, I think it would be good to include the accusations by former whalers that members of the Japanese whaling crews are stealing large quantities of whale meat for their own personal profit. The ICR seems to know of this and does nothing about it. See  http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100609a9.html --Westwind273 (talk) 04:51, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

The ICR as a threat to democracy in Japan
I think the article could use references from Jun Morikawa's book "Whaling in Japan". http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fb20100425a1.html Specifically, the amakudari system of corruption between government bureaucrats and politicians serves to take control of the Japanese government away from the Japanese people themselves. It is reminiscent of the military government （軍事政権）that took control of Japan in the years leading up to World War II and led Japan on a similar path that antagonized the international community. The ICR strikes at the very nature of democracy itself. --Westwind273 (talk) 11:23, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Tsunami and ICR fleet
Does anyone know if the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami damaged the ICR whaling fleet? The Whaling fleet was headed back to home port according to this 18 February 2011 press release on the ICR official wwebsite: http://www.icrwhale.org/pdf/110218ReleaseENG.pdf Dreammaker182 (talk) 18:13, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

CUNTS
Is this just vandalism? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.40.4.248 (talk) 21:14, 10 September 2011 (UTC)
 * It was removed. Thank you for pointing that out. Oda Mari (talk) 08:09, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

False rumor
I remove this addition as the information is groundless and misleading. Please see these. and. Oda Mari (talk) 09:35, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

Is this paper relevant?
I just removed this from the External Links section, because I fail to see the relevance to ICR. If anyone feels it is relevant, then please figure out how to work it in as reference. Good luck doing that, especially since the paper is about the North Atlantic. Groll †ech ( talk ) 22:32, 26 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Kristin Kaschner et al. Modeling and Mapping Trophic Overlap Between Marine Mammals and Commercial Fisheries in the North Atlantic

Earthquake Recovery Funds
Multiple reliable NPOV sources state "earthquake recovery funds" were granted to ICR for the 2011-2012 whale hunt. user:Veritas_Fans has repeatedly removed this language and removed the references providing it because he claims it is misleading. Yet as the referenced sources explicitly use the term "earthquake recovery funds", the removal of such terminology/sources amounts to biasing the article, misrepresenting the sources, and white-washing the topic. As multiple reliable NPOV sources state "earthquake recovery funds", this is what the article should reflect.  ~Autumnal Monk~  talk 03:20, 20 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I explained in my edit the rationale for removing the misleading terminology. I hope that your abnormal insistence upon use of this otherwise immaterial term does not suggest ulterior motive.

 * The sources may indeed use the term "earthquake recovery fund". This wording is non-technical, finds no usage in equivalent situations, and provides no additional information than the existing wording "supplementary budget... passed by the Japanese Government for reconstruction after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami". However, use of the term "earthquake recovery fund" becomes potentially misleading in light of existing confusion regarding the origin of that money. Certain elements have propagated the notion that the money for the whaling program was appropriated from donated charitable funds, which has confused even media reporting of the issue. See:
 * http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/13/japan-disaster-funds-whaling-research
 * http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-12-07/japan-whaling-fleet-embarks/3716546
 * The use of the term then, in this context, is vague and potentially misleading. Replacement of the term with the more specific wording I provided comes at no loss to clarity or factual basis, but serves only to strengthen them.
 * Should you continue to insist upon the misleading wording, and to alter the article accordingly, it will speak only of a bias and violation of Wikipedia policy. Veritas Fans (talk) 04:37, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

 * You, as an editor, have to right to judge what is inaccurate or misleading in the reporting of reliable news sources. We repeat what is in reliable sources, we do not reinterpret it.  Doing so amounts, at best, to original research and is a violation of Wikipedia policy.  At worst it could appear to be a systematic attempt to censor Wikipedia in line with a political agenda.  And while it is reportedly true that no donated international funds were used to support the whale hunt, it is also documentedly true that the ICR received funds from a budget package that was designated "earthquake recovery fund" and was rationalized as a means of supporting the whaling industry because it was, reportedly, in some locations, adversely impacted by the earthquake/tsunami.  Further, your "alternate wording" is convoluted, difficult to parse, and has poor flow. In my opinion it smacks of concealment via obfuscation.
 * Your argument that insisting that wording used in multiple reliable sources be used in the article is "bias and a violation of Wikipedia policy" is laughable. As are you attempts to label my edits WP:vandalism (the definition of which, apparently, you need to examine). Alternatively, I can assure you that removal, by a single purpose account such as yours, of well referenced and accurately quoted material, as part of an evident pattern of article-biasing edits, is MUCH more likely to be considered vandalism and a violation of Wikipedia WP:policy.
 * In light of our obvious differences of perspective I suggest that no further changes to the article be made regarding this until the input of other experienced editors/admins is be obtained.  ~Autumnal Monk~  talk 00:53, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

 * You are correct that it is not our position as editors to reinterpret news sources. But it is our position to ensure that misleading information is not included. Your inexplicable and strangely determined insistence upon the use of a demonstrably imprecise and confusing term that brings with it no recognizable benefit falls well beyond the bounds of what is expected of an editor. As I have stated, it suggests an agenda.
 * Your insistence upon referring to a government budget as a "relief fund", particularly in light of the circumstances of heightened potential for confusion that has been explained to you, is strange and irrational. No other government budgets are labelled in this way. Your use of a source such as "Mother Jones" to justify use of this term does not reassure.
 * Should you indeed find the wording I provided to be beyond your skills of comprehension, then you are more than welcome to suggest alternative phrasing that does not include the misleading terminology you so strongly favor.
 * I look forward to having this matter reviewed by a third party. Veritas Fans (talk) 10:14, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Institute of Cetacean Research. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090414032522/http://icrwhale.org:80/agecomposition.htm to http://www.icrwhale.org/agecomposition.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:48, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

"Some", or "many" environmental groups oppose research whaling?
The article at least twice states that "some environmental groups oppose research whaling, claiming it is a cover for commercial whaling" (paraphrased). I would have assumed that the fact that quite a large number of environmental groups share this view would make "many" a better indication of the number/proportion of said groups that share said view. Regards, Aardwolf A380 (talk) 11:11, 1 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I would simplify it by omitting the words "some" or "many". Just leave it at "environmental groups oppose research whaling." Cheers, BatteryIncluded (talk) 17:22, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

Sounds like a good idea. Regards, Aardwolf A380 (talk) 23:35, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Aonach Eagach

The is a large mountain ridge in the Scottish Highlands, marking the northern edge of Glen Coe. It stretches east–west for several miles and includes two Munro summits: Sgùrr nam Fiannaidh at 967 m (3,175 ft) high, and Meall Dearg at 952 m (3,124 ft) high. The ridge is very rocky and the route along it requires scrambling ability. The slopes to each side are extremely dangerous, with steep grass-and-scree slopes hiding even steeper slopes which end in cliffs on both north and south sides of the ridge.

Climbing

The Aonach Eagach is usually regarded as the most difficult horizontal 'scrambling' ridge in mainland Scotland, though it vies with Liathach (and, in winter, An Teallach) for this title. In his book "Scrambles in Lochaber", local climber Noel Williams warns that there are no other ridges in the area that are "so narrow and so difficult to escape from once committed. Some sections are extremely exposed. This makes it a difficult outing to grade, because the technical difficulties are not great". Williams settled on grade 2, implying it is easier than the (optional) grade 2/3 approach scramble up A'Chailleach, but added a further warning (in bold type) that "there are no safe descents on the south side of the ridge".

The Aonach Eagach is normally tackled from the Glen Coe (south) side in an east–west traverse. The best parking for this scrambling route is located just off the A82 at grid reference NN 17335674. From Allt-na-reigh near the head of Glen Coe a good path ascends Am Bodach (a subsidiary Munro top) and continues westwards along the ridge to the first Munro proper, Meall Dearg.

From here the summit of Sgorr nam Fiannaidh lies only two kilometres to the west, but a number of pinnacles must be scrambled over, and it is not uncommon for parties to take more than two hours to cross this short distance. There are a couple of sections where the use of a rope may prove prudent.

In winter, the ridge is a fine expedition, though considerably harder than in summer (Scottish Winter Grade I/II), and many parties will go roped for some sections. Because of the short winter days, benightment on the ridge or its approaches is also not infrequent.

Competent summer scramblers have plenty of time to reverse the ridge and descend Am Bodach, saving a walk back up the glen.

From Sgorr nam Fiannaidh, the most direct descent is to head south by southwest, down a steep zig-zag path leading by the side of Clachaig gully. This 'path' is exceptionally steep and extremely loose in places, and has many small rock steps; it approaches close to the main gully in several places and so is potentially dangerous (fatal accidents have occurred here). A gentler alternative is to continue along the ridge, until reaching the bealach between Sgorr nam Fiannaidh and the Pap of Glencoe. From here a track heads down the hillside, ending on the road just outside Glencoe village. It is also possible to retreat approximately 200 m east from the summit of Sgorr nam Fiannaidh and descend directly down the scree slope to Loch Achtriochtan, taking care to avoid being drawn into gullies further down. This descent also requires care, particularly near the top, but is still far safer than the Clachaig Gully descent.

Alternatively, the two Munros may be climbed individually by simply descending by the route of ascent. However it is for the traverse that the Aonach Eagach is best known.

Devil's Staircase
A path known as the Devil's Staircase crosses the range about 6 km east of Meall Dearg. Today, as part of the West Highland Way, it is used primarily by walkers and mountain bikers travelling between Kinlochleven and Glencoe.

The Devil's Staircase was given its name by the soldiers who were part of the road building programme of General Wade, because of the difficulties of carrying building materials up that stretch of the road. Later, however, the road lived up to its name when workers building the Blackwater Dam chose to travel to the Kings House Hotel after they had been paid, rather than walking down to Kinlochleven. The journey to the pub often proved to be more difficult than they realised and on the return trip, after a few drinks on a cold winter's night, the devil often "claimed his own".

In 1692, the path was the approach route for the (apparently delayed) troops coming from Kinlochleven to provide reinforcements for the Massacre of Glencoe.

title: Aonach Eagach


text:
Marion Ross

Marion Ross (born Marian Ellen Ross; October 25, 1928) is an American actress. Her best-known role is that of Marion Cunningham on the ABC television sitcom Happy Days, on which she starred from 1974 to 1984 and for which she received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Before her success on Happy Days, Ross appeared in a variety of film roles, appearing in The Glenn Miller Story (1954), Sabrina (1954), Lust for Life (1956), Teacher's Pet (1958), Some Came Running (1958), Operation Petticoat (1959), and Honky (1971), as well as several minor television roles, one of which was on television's The Lone Ranger (1954). She was also twice nominated successively in 1992 and 1993 for the Primetime Emmy Award for her performance on the CBS television comedy-drama Brooklyn Bridge and later netted another Emmy nomination (her fifth and last) in 1999 for a two-episode appearance on the popular CBS drama Touched by an Angel. Ross also starred in the high-profile, long-anticipated sequel to Terms of Endearment (1983), The Evening Star (1996), in a turn for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress, as well as both a nomination and win for a Lone Star Film and Television Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Since the 1990s, Ross has been known for voice-over work on animated television series, including King of the Hill and SpongeBob SquarePants, among others, and recurring roles on The Drew Carey Show, Gilmore Girls, and Brothers & Sisters and guest appearances.

Early life
Marian Ellen Ross was born on October 25, 1928 in Watertown, Carver County, Minnesota, the middle child of Gordon and Ellen Alicia (née Hamilton) Ross, natives of Saskatchewan, Canada. She had an elder sister, Alicia, and a younger brother, Gordon. She lived in Waconia, then moved to Willmar, and eventually to Albert Lea, Minnesota.

At the age of 13, she changed the spelling of her name from "Marian" to "Marion", as she thought it had a "more pleasing appearance" and would look better on a theatrical program and a theater's marquee. After completing her sophomore year in high school, she moved to Minneapolis, studying drama at the MacPhail Center for Music and attending Southwest High School. A year later, her family moved to San Diego, California. She graduated from Point Loma High School in San Diego. She received her undergraduate degree from San Diego State University.

Early film and television roles: 1953–1973
Ross made her 1953 film debut in Forever Female, starring Ginger Rogers and William Holden. She found steady work in film, appearing in The Glenn Miller Story (1954), Sabrina (1954), Lust for Life (1956), Lizzie (1957), Teacher's Pet (1958), Some Came Running (1958), and Operation Petticoat (1959). She also appeared in Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970), Honky (1971), and Grand Theft Auto (1977).

Ross' career on television also began in 1953, when she played the Irish maid on the series Life with Father for two years. In 1954, she appeared as Ginny Thorpe on The Lone Ranger, and in 1958, she appeared on NBC's Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer as Mary Williams. In 1959, she appeared as a teacher Miss McGinnis on ABC's The Donna Reed Show. She appeared on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, The Millionaire (1956 episode), Steve Canyon, Perry Mason (The Case of the Romantic Rogue), Buckskin, The Barbara Stanwyck Show, Father Knows Best, The Outer Limits (The Special One), Thriller (U.S. TV series) (The Prisoner in the Mirror), The Brothers Brannagan (two episodes as Diane Warren), The Eleventh Hour, Mannix, Route 66, Mr. Novak, Death Valley Days, Hawaii Five-O, The Brady Bunch, The Fugitive, and Night Court.

In the 1961–62 television season, she played Gertrude Berg's daughter on the CBS sitcom Mrs. G. Goes to College as well as starred as a mail order bride on Rawhide. Ross had an uncredited and non-speaking role as one of the hapless passengers on board Trans Global Flight #2 in Airport (1970). In 1970, she also played a computer scientist in the sci-fi thriller Colossus: The Forbin Project.

Happy Days success and roles thereafter: 1974–1995
Ross' best known role is on the sitcom Happy Days, which aired for 11 seasons on ABC, from 1974 to 1984. She portrayed matriarch Marion Cunningham, mother of Richie, Joanie, and (briefly) Chuck. She received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her work on the show in 1979 and 1984. Ross later reprised Marion Cunningham on the spin-off series Joanie Loves Chachi and on Family Guy. Between 1978 and 1986, she appeared as different characters on The Love Boat. In the final (#9) 1986–87 television season, Ross became a series regular, playing Emily Haywood, who was the love interest of Captain Stubing, played by Gavin MacLeod. She later starred in the short-lived, critically acclaimed comedy-drama Brooklyn Bridge, which ran on CBS from 1991 to 1993. The series won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award following its first season. Ross also appeared on the game show Password Plus in 1979.

Recent roles: 1996–2021
In 1996, Ross starred as housekeeper Rosie Dunlop (played originally by Betty R. King in the preceding 1983 film), opposite Shirley MacLaine in The Evening Star, a sequel to Terms of Endearment. Despite panning the film, New York Times critic Janet Maslin enthused that, "Marion Ross does a warm, sturdy job as the devoted housekeeper who has been kept too long under Aurora's wing." She was nominated for a 1997 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance, as well as going on to win the 1997 Lone Star Film and Television Award for Best Supporting Actress for that very same turn.

Ross had a recurring role on Touched by an Angel as a homeless woman and was in the final two episodes of the series. Additionally, she played a secretly ill mother in "The Cat", an episode of Early Edition that first aired in April 1997. She had recurring roles as Drew Carey's mother on The Drew Carey Show (during one episode of which she was referred to as her Happy Days character Mrs. Cunningham, a deliberate error for a contest the show was running); as mean grandmother Bernice Forman on That '70s Show; and as Lorelai "Trix" Gilmore and Marilyn Gilmore on Gilmore Girls. She also frequently appeared on Hollywood Squares. During the 1990s, Ross became active in voice-over work. She voiced Grandma SquarePants on Nickelodeon's SpongeBob SquarePants, and Mrs. Lopart on Handy Manny. She also guest-starred on The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries, The Wild Thornberrys, Generator Rex, and King of the Hill.

In 2007, Ross appeared in Music Within. In 2007 and 2010, she played Ida Holden on ABC's Brothers & Sisters. In June 2008, the Albert Lea Civic Theater in Albert Lea, Minnesota, changed its name to the Marion Ross Performing Arts Center. That year, Ross played Aunt Lucille in the film Superhero Movie, and in 2009 she appeared in a guest spot on The New Adventures of Old Christine.

In 2010, Ross guest-starred on Nurse Jackie and Grey's Anatomy, and appeared in the Cartoon Network television film Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster as Mrs. Trowburg. In 2013, she guest-starred on both Major Crimes and The Middle, and in 2014 on Two and a Half Men. In September 2015, she began making brief appearances on MeTV to share her memories of her Happy Days co-stars. In 2020, Ross played Mrs. Genzinger in the Hallmark Christmas television movie Signed Sealed Delivered For Christmas. In 2021, Ross announced that she had officially retired from acting but continued to make several small appearances in various online projects. In 2024, she returned to SpongeBob SquarePants, reprising her role as Grandma SquarePants in the season 13 episode "Don’t Make Me Laugh".

Personal life
Ross lives in Cardiff by the Sea, a neighborhood of the city of Encinitas, California, in northern San Diego County. In July 2011, she served as grand marshal of the Cardiff Centennial Celebrations. Ross lived in Los Angeles, with her husband, actor Paul Michael, before his death.

Ross's two children also work in entertainment. Son Jim Meskimen's credits include How the Grinch Stole Christmas and appearances on Whose Line Is It Anyway? Marion and Jim have both acted in The Boondocks (although not always in the same episodes). Daughter Ellen Plummer was a writer/producer on Friends.

Happy Days lawsuit
On April 19, 2011, Ross and four of her Happy Days co-stars, Erin Moran, Don Most, Anson Williams, and the estate of Tom Bosley filed a $10 million breach-of-contract lawsuit against CBS Paramount, which owns the show, claiming they had not been paid for merchandising revenue owed under their contracts. The cast members claimed they had not received revenue from show-related items, including comic books, T-shirts, scrapbooks, trading cards, games, lunch boxes, dolls, toy cars, magnets, greeting cards, and DVDs where their images appear on the box covers. Under their contracts, they were supposed to be paid five percent from the net proceeds of merchandising if their sole images were used, and half that amount if they were in a group. CBS said it owed the actors $8,500 and $9,000 each, most of it from slot machine revenue, but the group said they were owed millions. The lawsuit was initiated after Ross was informed, by a friend playing slots at a casino, of a Happy Days-themed machine on which players win the jackpot when five Marion Rosses are rolled.

In October 2011, a judge rejected the group's fraud claim, which rejects their claim to millions of dollars in potential damages. On June 5, 2012, a judge denied a motion filed by CBS to have the case thrown out, which meant it would go to trial on July 17 if the matter was not settled by then. In July 2012, the actors settled their lawsuit with CBS. Each received a payment of $65,000 and a promise by CBS to continue honoring the terms of their contracts.

title: Marion Ross


text:
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Françoise Dorléac

Françoise Paulette Louise Dorléac (21 March 1942 – 26 June 1967) was a French actress. She was the elder sister of Catherine Deneuve, with whom she starred in the 1967 musical, The Young Girls of Rochefort. Her other films include Philippe de Broca's movie That Man from Rio, François Truffaut's The Soft Skin, Roman Polanski's Cul-de-sac, and Val Guest's Where the Spies Are.

Early films
Dorléac was the daughter of screen actors Maurice Dorléac and Renée Simonot. Slim, fair and blonde, she modeled for Dior and then made her film debut in The Wolves in the Sheepfold (1960), directed by Hervé Bromberger. She went on to appear in The Door Slams (1960) with Dany Saval and her sister Catherine Deneuve. Dorléac had a small role in Tonight or Never (1961) with Anna Karina for director Michel Deville, The Girl with the Golden Eyes (1961) with Marie Laforêt, All the Gold in the World (1961) with Bourvil, and Adorable Liar (1961) from director Deville.

Dorléac was Jean-Pierre Cassel's leading lady in The Dance (1962) and had one of the leads in a TV movie, Les trois chapeaux claques (1962), directed by Jean-Pierre Marchand.

She was reunited with Cassel in  (1962) and was one of many stars of the television movie Teuf-teuf (1963).

French stardom
Dorléac leapt to international stardom with the female lead in That Man from Rio (1964) starring Jean-Paul Belmondo and directed by Philippe de Broca. She followed it with The Soft Skin (1964) directed by François Truffaut.

She was in The Gentle Art of Seduction (1964) with Belmondo and Jean-Paul Brialy, with her sister in a support part. Dorléac was one of several French stars in Circle of Love (1964) directed by Roger Vadim, and appeared in a TV show, Les petites demoiselles (1964), directed by Deville and starring De Broca. She also appeared in the comedy films, Arsène Lupin contre Arsène Lupin (1962) opposite Jean-Claude Brialy, and Male Hunt (1964), with Belmondo and her sister.

International career
That Man from Rio and Soft Skin were seen widely internationally and Dorléac received an offer to play the female lead in an expensive Hollywood financed epic, Genghis Khan (1965). She was David Niven's love interest in a spy film at MGM, Where the Spies Are (1966).

Dorléac appeared as the adulterous wife in Roman Polanski's black comedy Cul-de-sac (1966), shot in Britain. She returned to France to star in a TV adaption of the Prosper Mérimée novel Julie de Chaverny ou la Double Méprise (1966) directed by Marchand. Then she joined Gene Kelly and her sister Catherine, who was a cinematic star by this time, playing starstruck singing twins in The Young Girls of Rochefort (1967), an homage to Hollywood musicals.

Her final film role was the female lead in Billion Dollar Brain (1967) opposite Michael Caine, who played spy Harry Palmer.

Private life
Dorléac’s parents were protective of her and her siblings, and well into adulthood she shared a bunk bed with her sister Catherine Deneuve in the family home, to which she regularly returned, according to Roger Vadim.

In December 1960, she met future co-star Jean-Pierre Cassel at the Épi-Club, a fashionable Montparnasse nightclub where she danced and partied with her younger sister, who also met Vadim there through mutual acquaintances. Cassel wrote in his 2004 autobiography that Dorléac had been the "love of his youth.”

She was briefly the companion of François Truffaut in 1964, during and after the filming of the film La Peau Douce. This affair quickly turned into a friendship between the actress and the director, who affectionately called her “Raspberry."

In an interview with Libération, Guy Bedos, who also appears in Ce Soir ou Jamais by Michel Deville, evokes his missing relatives and significant others including her: "I had a fiancée, Françoise Dorléac. Since her death, I can no longer pass in front of the Louvre without seeing her.”

Later she lived in an apartment at 159, boulevard Murat, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, just opposite the building where she grew up and where her parents lived.

Death
Dorléac was on the brink of international stardom when she died in a traffic accident on 26 June 1967, aged 25. She lost control of her rented Renault 10 and hit a signpost ten kilometres from Nice at the Villeneuve-Loubet exit of the autoroute La Provençale. The car flipped over in a field and burst into flames. Dorléac had been en route to Nice Airport after vacationing with Deneuve at Saint-Tropez and was afraid of missing her flight. She was pinned under the steering wheel and was seen struggling to get out of the car, but was unable to unbuckle her seat belt and open the door. Police later identified her body only from the fragment of a cheque book, a diary, and her driver's licence.

Feature films

 * Les loups dans la bergerie (1960) – Madeleine
 * Les portes claquent (1960) – Dominique (together with her sister Catherine Deneuve)
 * Ce soir ou jamais (1961) – Danièle
 * La fille aux yeux d'or (1961) – Katia
 * All the Gold in the World (1961) – La journaliste
 * Adorable menteuse (1962)
 * The Dance (1962) – Françoise
 * Arsène Lupin contre Arsène Lupin (1962) – Nathalie Cartier
 * L'homme de Rio (1964) – Agnès Villermosa
 * La peau douce (1964) – Nicole
 * Circle of Love (1964)
 * Male Hunt (1964) – Françoise Bicart alias Sandra Rossen
 * Genghis Khan (1965) – Bortei
 * Where the Spies Are (1966) – Vikki
 * Cul-de-sac (1966) – Teresa
 * Les demoiselles de Rochefort (1967) – Solange Garnier (also with Deneuve)
 * Billion Dollar Brain (1967) – Anya (final film role, released posthumously)

Television roles

 * Les trois chapeaux claques (TV movie, 1962) – Paula
 * Les petites demoiselles (TV movie, 1964) – Anne
 * Julie de Chaverny ou la Double Méprise (TV movie, 1967) – Julie

Appearances as herself

 * Cinépanorama (TV series documentary, 1959) – herself
 * Les échos du cinéma (TV series short, 1961–1962) – herself
 * Discorama (TV series, 1962) – herself
 * Teuf-teuf (TV musical divertissement, 1963) – herself
 * 4 FOIS D – Françoise Dorléac (Documentary short, 1964) – herself
 * Grand écran (TV series documentary, 1964) – herself
 * Ni figue ni raisin (TV series, 1965) – herself
 * New Reports from France (TV series documentary, 1966) – herself, segment four
 * Dim Dam Dom (TV series documentary, 1966) – herself
 * Gala de l'Unicef (TV series, 1966) – herself
 * Septième art septième case (TV series, 1966) – herself
 * Derrière l'écran (TV series, 1966) – herself
 * Tilt (TV series, 1967) – herself
 * Hollywood in Deblatschka Pescara (Short film, 1967) – herself, uncredited
 * The Monkees (TV series, 1968) – herself, uncredited (one episode, filmed days before her death, aired posthumously)

title: Françoise Dorléac


text:
Talk:List of political parties in Sri Lanka

Untitled
I changed the writing "Since independence...", since SLFP was actually not existing at the first years of Independence. The main opposition party in the early years of Independece was the LSSP. --Soman 11:50, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Two questions: Electionworld 19:04, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Could somebody provide the romanization of the Sinhala ressp. Tamil names of the parties?
 * Art the Desha Vimukthi Janatha Pakshaya and the National Liberation People's Party (Desha Vimukhti Janatha Party) the same parties?

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Shafi Goldwasser

Shafrira Goldwasser (שפרירה גולדווסר; born 1959 ) is an Israeli-American computer scientist and winner of the Turing Award in 2012. She is the RSA Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology; a professor of mathematical sciences at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel; the director of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing at the University of California, Berkeley; and co-founder and chief scientist of Duality Technologies.

Education and early life
Born in New York City, Goldwasser obtained her Bachelor of Science degree in 1979 in mathematics and science from Carnegie Mellon. She continued her studies in computer science at Berkeley, receiving a Master of Science degree in 1981 and a PhD in 1984. While at Berkeley, she and her doctoral advisor, Manuel Blum, would propose the Blum-Goldwasser cryptosystem.

Career and research
Goldwasser joined MIT in 1983, and in 1997 became the first holder of the RSA Professorship. She became a professor at the Weizmann Institute of Science, concurrent to her professorship at MIT, in 1993. She is a member of the theory of computation group at MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. In 2005, Goldwasser was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to cryptography, number theory, and complexity theory, and their applications to privacy and security, and in 2006, Berkeley awarded her its Computer Science Distinguished Alumni Award.

Goldwasser was a co-recipient of the 2012 Turing Award for "revolutionizing the science of cryptography".

Since November 2016, Goldwasser has been serving as the chief scientist and co-Founder of Duality Technologies, a US-based start-up which offers secure data analytics using advanced cryptographic techniques. She is also a scientific advisor for several technology startups in the security area, including QED-it, specializing in the Zero Knowledge Blockchain, and Algorand, a pure proof-of-stake blockchain.

On January 1, 2018, she became the director of Berkeley's Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing.

Goldwasser's research areas include computational complexity theory, cryptography and computational number theory. She is the co-inventor of probabilistic encryption, which set up and achieved the gold standard for security for data encryption.

Goldwasser is a co-inventor of zero-knowledge proofs, which probabilistically and interactively demonstrate the validity of an assertion without conveying any additional knowledge, and are a key tool in the design of cryptographic protocols. Her work in complexity theory includes the classification of approximation problems, showing that some problems in NP remain hard even when only an approximate solution is needed, and pioneering methods for delegating computations to untrusted servers. Her work in number theory includes the invention with Joe Kilian of primality proving using elliptic curves. Goldwasser is also a lead on Project CETI, an interdisciplinary initiative for translating the communication of sperm whales.

Awards and honors
Goldwasser was awarded the 2012 Turing Award along with Silvio Micali for their work in the field of cryptography.

Goldwasser has twice won the Gödel Prize in theoretical computer science: first in 1993 (for "The knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems"), and again in 2001 (for Interactive Proofs and the Hardness of Approximating Cliques). Other awards include the ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award (1996) for outstanding young computer professional of the year and the RSA Award for Excellence in Mathematics (1998) for outstanding mathematical contributions to cryptography. In 2001 she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 2002 she gave a plenary lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Beijing. In 2004 she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and in 2005 to the National Academy of Engineering. She was selected as an IACR Fellow in 2007. Goldwasser received the 2008–2009 Athena Lecturer Award of the Association for Computing Machinery's Committee on Women in Computing. She is the recipient of The Franklin Institute's 2010 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science. She received the IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award in 2011. She received the 2018 Frontier of Knowledge award together with Micali, Rivest and Shamir.

Goldwasser was elected as an ACM Fellow in 2017. In July 2017, she was a plenary lecturer in the Mathematical Congress of the Americas.

In 2018, Goldwasser was awarded an honorary degree by her alma mater, Carnegie Mellon University. On 26 June 2019 Goldwasser was awarded an honorary doctorate of science by the University of Oxford.

Goldwasser is featured in the Notable Women in Computing cards. She won the Suffrage Science award in 2016. She was on the Mathematical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2020. She was awarded the 2021 L’Oréal-UNESCO for Women in Science Award in Computer Science.

title: Shafi Goldwasser


text:
Ferreira de Castro

José Maria Ferreira de Castro (24 May 1898 – 29 June 1974) was a Portuguese writer and journalist. Ferreira de Castro had a long career in journalism, and considered his fiction writing to be an extension of his documentary reporting; in that regard, he is considered to be one of the fathers of contemporary Portuguese social-realist (or neorealist) fiction, a forerunner of socially-committed literature about the rural and working classes later further established by Alves Redol, and more than once a nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Ferreira de Castro was part of the group of noted public intellectuals that were oppositionists to the authoritarian Estado Novo regime; despite his participation in almost every pacific action directed against the regime, his national and international recognition as an acclaimed novelist meant he was never a victim of excessively violent repression, such as prison, torture or loss of political rights.

Life
The eldest son of José Eustáquio Ferreira de Castro, a poor peasant, and Maria Rosa Soares de Castro, he lost his father at the age of 8. At 12 years old, he decided to emigrate with the intention of supporting his family. On January 7, 1911, he embarked on the steamship Jerôme bound for Belém do Pará, in Brazil. There, he would publish his first novel, Criminoso por Ambição, in 1916.

Later, for four years, he lived in the rubber plantation of Paraíso, in the middle of the Amazon rainforest, on the banks of the Madeira River. After leaving Paraíso, he lived in precarious conditions, having to resort to jobs such as pasting posters, or as a deckhand on Amazonian ships.

Later, in Portugal, he was editor of the newspaper O Século, director of the newspaper O Diabo and contributor to the magazines O Domingo Ilustrado (1925-1927), Renovação (1925-1926), and Ilustração (started in 1926). While working for O Século he penned vibrant chronicles, such as his purposeful arrest in Limoeiro Jail to witness the lives of prisoners in Portuguese prisons, or his exclusive Dublin interview of Éamon de Valera, leader of Sinn Fein, in 1930.

In 1930, he published A Selva, the work that earned him recognition on an international level, including his nomination to the Nobel Prize in Literature. The book receives positive reviews in The New York Times, introduces him to Hollywood and allows him to join the French Pen Club. At that time, his wife, Diana de Liz, died. The novel is dedicated to her.

After the death of his wife, Ferreira de Castro left for England by boat, in the company of the writer Assis Esperança. He falls ill, diagnoses with sepsis, but is treated by the doctor and art historian Reynaldo dos Santos. As a result of his profound state of mourning, in December 1931, Ferreira de Castro unsuccessfully attempted suicide. He travels to Madeira for his convalescence, where he writes the novel Eternidade (1933), on the theme of the obsession with death.

He was also famous for his travel literature, namely his book A Volta ao Mundo, recounting his travels around the world in the outset of World War II.

He suffered a stroke and died shortly after the Carnation Revolution, which he welcomed enthusiastically, having marched on the historic first demonstrations of the International Workers' Day the week that followed the revolution. His remains were buried, following his express wishes, on the Sintra Mountains, by a winding lane that goes up to the Castle of the Moors.

title: Ferreira de Castro


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Strigil

The strigil (Latin: strigilis) or stlegis (στλεγγίς, probably a loanword from the Pre-Greek substrate) is a tool for the cleansing of the body by scraping off dirt, perspiration, and oil that was applied before bathing in Ancient Greek and Roman cultures. In these cultures the strigil was primarily used by men, specifically male athletes; however, in Etruscan culture there is some evidence of strigils being used by both sexes. The standard design is a curved blade with a handle, all of which is made of metal.

Strigils were commonly used by individuals who were engaging in vigorous activities, in which they accumulated large amounts of dirt and sweat on their bodies. The people who used the strigil included athletes, the wealthy, soldiers, and more. However, wealthy or prestigious individuals often had slaves to wield the strigils and clean their bodies, rather than doing it themselves.

Strigils were not only significant in a practical sense, but culturally as well. They are often found in tombs or burials, in some cases along with a bottle of oil.

Timeline
Strigils were not used in the earlier ages of Greek history. This is supported by Homer’s poems, which state that oil was applied after bathing and was not removed. Furthermore, strigils are not mentioned in literature until the later portion of the fifth century BC. As early as the sixth century BC, however, representations of strigils can be found on vases. By the fourth century BC, strigils are depicted in other types of artwork, such as skyphoi and statues.

Cultural depictions
As stated above, strigils are represented throughout Greek, Roman, and Etruscan cultures in varying ways. Strigils were often depicted alongside olive oil and an athlete. The Croatian Apoxyomenos is a statue that displays the use of a strigil by an athlete. Strigils were also represented on some sarcophagi, such as the marble strigil sarcophagus of a Greek physician, which has elaborate S-shaped curves on it to symbolize strigils.

One source offers an alternative portrayal of strigils, "a secondary meaning for the word stlengis, strigil, is wreath or tiara." To support the claim that a strigil may have been viewed as a tiara or wreath, there was a fifth-century grave that had a strigil across the forehead of a corpse.

Burials and tombs
Strigils were significant beyond merely being tools for cleansing; they were also a common offering given to the deceased during burial. For instance, three graves from Greece in the third century BC, which contained adult males, all had iron strigils.

In the excavation of another third century BC tomb, which contained an Etruscan woman, there was an inscribed silver strigil along with a mirror. Strigils were commonly found in the tombs of Etruscan women, and it seemed to be an essential part of women’s bathing equipment. The inscribed silver strigil of the Etruscan tomb has two inscriptions on the handle: One being śuthina, an inscription found on numerous objects in the tomb. While the other, more significant inscription is a monogram, R:M, which reads as Ra:Mu. The monogram is speculated to be the beginning of the Etruscan woman’s name.

In 2018, archaeologists discovered in Assos many strigils. Some of the strigils found were iron, but most were made of bronze.

Composition and design
As is obvious from the strigils found in the previously discussed tombs, strigils could differ in the type of metal used, design, etc., depending on the status of the individual it belonged to, time period, and other relevant factors. The typical metals used for strigils were bronze and iron. Some other variations of strigils are as follows: Hippias, an ancient Greek sophist who created his own strigil, made it in a unique way which allowed for sweat to drain through a small channel. Literature from Plutarch states that Spartans used reeds at times instead of the typical metal strigils.

title: Strigil


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Kings of Leon

Kings of Leon is an American rock band formed in Mount Juliet, Tennessee, in 1999. The band includes brothers Caleb, Nathan, and Jared Followill and their cousin Matthew Followill.

The band's early music was a blend of Southern rock and garage rock with blues influences, but it has evolved throughout the years to include a variety of music genres and a more alternative rock-based sound. Kings of Leon achieved initial success in the United Kingdom with nine top 40 singles and two BRIT Awards in 2008, and all three of the band's albums at the time peaked in the top five of the UK Albums Chart. Their third album, Because of the Times, reached No. 1.

After the release of Only by the Night in September 2008, the band achieved chart success in the United States. The singles "Sex on Fire", "Use Somebody", and "Notion" all peaked at number one on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart. The album was their first platinum-selling album in the United States, and the best-selling album of 2008 in Australia, being certified platinum nine times. The band's fifth album, Come Around Sundown, was released on October 18, 2010. Their sixth album, Mechanical Bull, was released on September 24, 2013. The seventh studio album, Walls, was released on October 14, 2016. Their eighth studio album, When You See Yourself, was released on March 5, 2021. Their ninth studio album, Can We Please Have Fun, was released on May 10, 2024. The group has won 4 Grammy Awards from 12 nominations, including Record of the Year for "Use Somebody" in 2010.

Early years: before 2002
The three Followill brothers (Matthew is their cousin) grew up in Oklahoma and Tennessee with their father, Ivan Leon Followill, a United Pentecostal Church preacher, and their mother, Betty-Ann. Nathan was born in Oklahoma, and Jared and Caleb were born in and around Memphis, Tennessee. Jared attended Mount Juliet High School, while Matthew was born and raised in Mississippi. According to Rolling Stone magazine, "While Ivan preached at churches and tent revivals throughout Oklahoma and the Deep South, his boys attended services and were occasionally enlisted to "bang on some drums". They were either home-schooled by their mother, or enrolled in small parochial schools at this time. Except for a five-year period when they settled in Jackson, Tennessee, the Followills' childhoods were spent driving through the southern United States in a purple 1988 Oldsmobile, camping for a week or two wherever Ivan was scheduled to preach.

When the boys' father resigned from preaching and their parents divorced in 1997, Nathan and Caleb relocated to outside Nashville and originally embraced country music. While there, they met songwriter Angelo Petraglia, who helped the siblings hone their songwriting skills and introduced them to the musical influences of Thin Lizzy, the Rolling Stones and the Clash in particular. Jared, who had briefly attended public school, was more influenced by the music of the Pixies and the Velvet Underground. When he and their cousin Matthew also moved to Nashville in 1999, Kings of Leon was formed. They named the band after their grandfather Leon, who died in January 2014.

Signing and first EP: 2002–2003
By 2002, Nathan and Caleb had received interest from a number of music labels and eventually signed with RCA Records, which initially insisted on putting a band together for the two of them. In an interview with Billboard, however, Nathan outlined how they told RCA, "We don't want to be Evan and Jaron. We're going to buy our little brother a bass, he's a freshman in high school. Caleb will teach himself the guitar, Matthew played guitar when he was 10 and I'll play the drums. They said, 'All right, we'll come down in one month and see you guys. Later in the interview Caleb admitted to the brothers "kidnapping" their cousin Matthew from his hometown in Mississippi for him to join the band. They told his mother that he was only going to be staying for a week but never allowed him to return home. "We locked ourselves in the basement with an ounce of marijuana and literally spent a month down there. My mom would bring us food down", added Nathan. "And at the end of that month the label people came and we had 'Molly's Chambers', 'California Waiting', 'Wicker Chair', and 'Holy Roller Novocaine'."

The band's first record, an EP entitled Holy Roller Novocaine, was released on February 18, 2003. At this stage, Jared was only 16 years old and had not yet learned to play the bass. The release of Holy Roller Novocaine gave Kings of Leon a significant amount of exposure, receiving a 4/5 star rating from Rolling Stone magazine. All of the songs released on the EP were co-written by Angelo Petraglia, who also produced the record, and four of the five songs would later be released on Youth and Young Manhood. The versions of "Wasted Time" and "California Waiting" on the EP differ from their album versions, however, with the first having a more tense riff and different vocal style than the same track off Youth and Young Manhood, the second being recorded in a rush to finish the EP. The EP also contains the song "Wicker Chair", while a track called "Andrea" was discarded before its release. In addition, three songs from Holy Roller Novocaine were used in the Farrelly brothers film Stuck on You with Matt Damon and Greg Kinnear: "California Waiting", "Molly's Chambers" and "Holy Roller Novocaine".

First albums and critical recognition: 2003–2006
The Followills' debut album, Youth and Young Manhood, was released in the UK in July 2003 and in the United States that August. The album was recorded between Sound City Studios in Los Angeles and Shangri-La Studios in Malibu, California. It was produced by Angelo Petraglia and Ethan Johns. According to Rolling Stone magazine, the band's retro-chic look and blend of Southern boogie and gritty garage rock inspired comparisons to both Lynyrd Skynyrd and the Strokes. The album became a sensation in the UK and Ireland, where NME declared it "one of the best debut albums of the last 10 years" and The Guardian described the band as "the kind of authentic, hairy rebels the Rolling Stones longed to be". The album still failed to make any significant impact in the US, where reviews were generally lukewarm and the modern rock audience was generally uninterested. In the United States, Youth and Young Manhood sold only 100,000 copies, compared with the 750,000 copies it moved abroad.

The band's second album, Aha Shake Heartbreak, was released in the UK in October 2004 and in the United States in February 2005. Building on the Southern-infused garage rock of their first album, the album broadened the band's domestic and international audience. The album was again produced by Angelo Petraglia and Ethan Johns. "The Bucket", "Four Kicks", and "King of the Rodeo" were all released as singles, with "The Bucket" rising into the Top 20 in Britain. "Taper Jean Girl" was also used in the 2007 film Disturbia and the film Cloverfield in 2008. The band garnered accolades from several of their rock peers, including Elvis Costello, and also toured with U2, Bob Dylan and Pearl Jam during 2005 and 2006.

Because of the Times and Only by the Night: 2006–2010
The band's third album was titled Because of the Times and was released on April 2, 2007, in the UK, and a day later in the United States. The album release was preceded by the single "On Call", which became a hit in both the UK and Ireland. The album debuted at number one in both UK and Ireland album charts and entered the European charts at number 25, selling approximately 70,000 copies in its first week of release. Although it was lauded by some critics, others found the album inferior to their previous efforts.

In 2008, Kings of Leon released its fourth studio album, Only by the Night, produced by Jacquire King and Angelo Petraglia on September 19, which subsequently entered the UK Albums Chart at number one and remained there for one more week. Only by the Night also had two single-week stints as the UK number one album in 2009, one directly after the BRIT Awards. In the United States, the album reached number four on the Billboard 200. Reception to the album was the most polarized yet, with the British press granting the album glowing reviews, while in the United States, reactions to the album were more mixed. The album was officially named as the UK's third-biggest-selling album of 2008 and the biggest-selling album of 2008 in Australia. "Sex on Fire" was the first single released for download in the UK on September 8. The song became the band's most successful as it peaked at number one in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand. They won Best International Band and Best International Album at the Brit Awards in 2009, where they also performed "Use Somebody" live. Kings of Leon also performed on March 14, 2009, at Sound Relief, a benefit concert, for the Victorian Bushfire Crisis. The song "Crawl" from this album was released as a free download on the band's website on July 28. The third and fourth singles were "Revelry", which peaked at number 19 in New Zealand, and "Notion", which peaked at number 24 in Belgium. Only by the Night was certified Platinum in the United States by the RIAA for selling one million copies in less than a year after its release. In 2008, Kings of Leon headlined the Glastonbury Music Festival, and in 2009, the band headlined a number of music festivals, including Reading & Leeds, Rock Werchter, Oxegen, T in the Park, Gurtenfestival and Open'er Festival in Poland, Europe, along with Sasquatch, Lollapalooza, and Austin City Limits in the United States.

The band released its first DVD, Live at the O2 London, England, on November 10, 2009. It was released on Blu-ray Disc on November 24, 2009. The footage was filmed in London's O2 Arena on June 30, 2009, when the band performed a 22-song set in front of a sold-out crowd of more than 18,000 people. In an interview with Billboard.com, drummer Nathan stated, "England is really the first place we broke [...] We figured what better place to make a live DVD than where the fans have been the craziest for the longest." The show featured songs from the four first of the band's albums, and Nathan continued by saying, "We just put the cameras in the back of our minds and acted like they weren't even there."

In 2009 Kings of Leon founded Serpents and Snakes Records, a record label including such bands as the Features, Snowden, Turbo Fruits, and the Weeks.

On January 31, 2010, Kings of Leon took home the Grammy Award for Record of the Year, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song for "Use Somebody" at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards.

Come Around Sundown: 2010–2011
The band's fifth album, called Come Around Sundown, was released on October 18, 2010, in the UK, and October 19, 2010, in the US. It was recorded in Nashville and New York between February and June 2010 with Jacquire King and Angelo Petraglia once more at the helm. Following the release of Come Around Sundown in Australia, the band released all the tracks from the new album on their website.

In June 2010, the band embarked on a tour visiting more than 50 cities in North America and Europe. The tour dates ran from June 5 to September 23. In June they headlined the Slane Castle festival in Ireland, while they were informed of the death of their uncle Cleo. On July 27, 2011, during a concert in Dallas, Texas, singer Caleb Followill appeared to be heavily intoxicated and slurred incomprehensibly between songs, often rambling about nothing. He left the stage, claiming he was going to vomit, drink a beer and return to play three more songs. He never returned, causing the rest of the band to apologize to the crowd and end the concert abruptly. On August 1, 2011, the band announced through their website that the remainder of their US tour would be canceled with no reschedules due to dates they already had scheduled.

Hiatus and Mechanical Bull: 2011–2014
On October 31, 2011, the band announced that after the conclusion of their Australian tour in November that they would be going on hiatus. Nathan stated that the band's hiatus should not take any longer than six months.

On August 22, 2012, Jared and Nick Brown from Mona released their song "No Tell" under the name Smoke & Jackal. On August 23, 2012, when asked if it was the end of Kings of Leon with Smoke & Jackal announced, Jared said "Not even close. Working on album six very soon". Kings of Leon bassist Jared Followill confirmed that the band had finished recording their sixth LP, which was reported by NME to be released in September. The album title Mechanical Bull was revealed on June 7, and the album was released on September 24. The album's first single, entitled "Supersoaker", was released on July 17, 2013. The second single "Wait for Me" was released in the United Kingdom in August 2013 and debuted at number 31 in the UK Singles Chart. "Last Mile Home", a song originally from the deluxe version of Mechanical Bull, had a stripped-down version written for the soundtrack of the film August: Osage County.

Walls: 2016–2019
Following their New Year's Eve show in Nashville, Nathan Followill said that the band was aiming to release its seventh album in 2016: "We've already started pre-production in our studio for the next record, but the main thing on the calendar for 2016 is getting the record finished. And then the whole press machine kicks up and doing press for the record." Caleb added: "We enjoy this part of the process. Obviously there's a lot of work that goes into it and it can get stressful at times, but we're all in a good place and we're having fun with it and we're all excited to do something new." The album was stated to be likely to be recorded in Los Angeles, with Caleb saying the band were looking for inspiration: "We might just try to get a little change of scenery. Our first two albums we recorded in L.A., so we're going to try to go back and see if it inspires us," he said. "If it doesn't, we always have a studio at home, so we can always come back."

In August, the band announced that the album title would be Walls (acronym for We Are Like Love Songs), and that it would be released October 14, 2016. The first single from the album, "Waste a Moment", was released on September 9, 2016. The album went on to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. Walls moved 77,000 album units by the end of the week ending October 20.

To celebrate the tenth anniversary of Only by the Night, the band released a never-before-seen video containing behind the scenes footage of the recording of the album, serving as a video for "Frontier City", which was originally a B-side to the album. Later that year, marking the 15th anniversary of Aha Shake Heartbreak, the song "Where Nobody Knows", another B-side, was made available digitally for the first time.

When You See Yourself: 2020–2023
On March 31, 2020, the band released a live acoustic recording of its first new song in more than three years, "Going Nowhere"—later renamed "Supermarket" and be included on their eighth studio album When You See Yourself—through YouTube and various social media platforms. On January 1, 2021, the band teased the song "The Bandit" on Instagram, and subsequently posted five more teasers of new songs. The name of the album was announced on January 7, 2021, and the album was released on March 5, 2021. On the same day, the band released the album's two lead singles; "The Bandit" and "100,000 People". Like its predecessor the album was produced by Markus Dravs.

The band became the first to sell a newly-released album in the form of a non-fungible token, a type of cryptocurrency that contains unique assets such as music and art. The release came in the form of three different types of tokens for three separate packages in a series called "NFT Yourself". They contained a special album package, a live show package, and an audiovisual package. The tokens were developed and hosted by YellowHeart, a ticketing platform employing blockchain technology. The album was the first NFT to be displayed at the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. The band's NFT also became the first to be launched to outer space on Inspiration4, the all-civilian space exploration, which was auctioned as a charity campaign.

Can We Please Have Fun: 2024
Kings of Leon announced their ninth studio album Can We Please Have Fun on February 22, 2024. It was released on May 10, 2024, by LoveTap Records and Capitol Records, their first for those labels. The lead single, "Mustang", was released the same day as the album's announcement, folllowed by "Splitscreen" on March 29th and "Nothing To Do" on April 19th.

Band members
Current members
 * Caleb Followill – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1999–present)
 * Jared Followill – bass, keyboards, backing vocals (1999–present)
 * Matthew Followill – lead guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1999–present)
 * Nathan Followill – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1999–present)

Touring musicians
 * Liam O'Neil – keyboards, percussion, backing vocals (2015–present)
 * Timothy Deaux – rhythm guitar, keyboards, percussion, backing vocals (2016–present), lead guitar (2021–2022)

Former touring musicians
 * Christopher Coleman – rhythm guitar, keyboards, trumpet, percussion, backing vocals (2010–2014)
 * Ethan Luck – rhythm guitar, keyboards, percussion, backing vocals (2014–2016)

Discography

 * Youth & Young Manhood (2003)
 * Aha Shake Heartbreak (2004)
 * Because of the Times (2007)
 * Only by the Night (2008)
 * Come Around Sundown (2010)
 * Mechanical Bull (2013)
 * Walls (2016)
 * When You See Yourself (2021)
 * Can We Please Have Fun (2024)

Brit Awards

 * rowspan="2" align="center"| 2004
 * rowspan="3"|Kings of Leon
 * Best International Breakthrough Act
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|Best International Group
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" align="center"| 2008
 * Nominated
 * Because of the Times
 * rowspan="2"|Best International Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" align="center"| 2009
 * Only by the Night
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"|Kings of Leon
 * rowspan="2"|Best International Group
 * Won
 * rowspan="2" align="center"| 2011
 * Nominated
 * Come Around Sundown
 * Best International Album
 * Nominated
 * 2014
 * rowspan="2"|Kings of Leon
 * rowspan="2"|Best International Group
 * Nominated
 * 2017
 * Nominated
 * }
 * Nominated
 * 2014
 * rowspan="2"|Kings of Leon
 * rowspan="2"|Best International Group
 * Nominated
 * 2017
 * Nominated
 * }
 * Nominated
 * }

Grammy Awards

 * rowspan="3" align="center"| 2009
 * Only by the Night
 * Best Rock Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|"Sex on Fire"
 * Best Rock Song
 * Nominated
 * Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Won
 * rowspan="4" align="center"| 2010
 * rowspan="4"|"Use Somebody"
 * Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Record of the Year
 * Won
 * Best Rock Song
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Won
 * rowspan="2" align="center"| 2011
 * rowspan="2"|"Radioactive"
 * Nominated
 * Best Rock Song
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" align="center"| 2012
 * Talihina Sky: The Story of Kings of Leon
 * Best Long Form Music Video
 * Nominated
 * Come Around Sundown
 * rowspan="2"|Best Rock Album
 * Nominated
 * align="center"|2014
 * Mechanical Bull
 * Nominated
 * align="center"|2022
 * "The Bandit"
 * Best Rock Song
 * Nominated
 * }
 * Come Around Sundown
 * rowspan="2"|Best Rock Album
 * Nominated
 * align="center"|2014
 * Mechanical Bull
 * Nominated
 * align="center"|2022
 * "The Bandit"
 * Best Rock Song
 * Nominated
 * }
 * Nominated
 * }

MTV Europe Music Awards
2009 - Best Rock, Best Group, Best Live, Best World Stage, Best Song ("Use Somebody") 2010 - Best Rock, Best Live 2011 - Best Rock, Best World Stage 2013 - Best Rock 2014 - Best World Stage 2016 - Best Alternative

Sweden GAFFA Awards
Delivered since 2010, the GAFFA Awards (Swedish: GAFFA Priset) are a Swedish award that rewards popular music awarded by the magazine of the same name.

!Ref.
 * rowspan="2"| 2010
 * Kings of Leon
 * Best Foreign Band
 * Won
 * style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|
 * Come Around Sundown
 * Best Foreign Album
 * Won
 * }
 * Won
 * }
 * }

Tours

 * Come Around Sundown World Tour (2010-2011)
 * Mechanical Bull Tour (2014-2015)
 * WALLS World Tour (2017)
 * When You See Yourself Tour (2021)
 * Can We Please Have Fun World Tour (2024)

In other media
In early April 2011, an 87-minute film directed by Stephen C. Mitchell documenting the band members' lives was shown at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival in New York, called Talihina Sky, the name of an early Kings of Leon track. The Tribeca premiere was followed by scheduling a hometown premiere at the deadCENTER Film Festival in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on June 8, 2011.

The European premiere was hosted at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on June 25 and was followed by an interview session with the band. UK distributor Revolver Entertainment streamed the movie and interview session to 150 UK cinemas for a "One Night Only" live screening event. RCA Records later announced that the film would be released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on November 1, 2011.

Kings of Leon are mentioned in the Bedroom Philosopher's song "Northcote (So Hungover)" as inspirational icons: "Riding around on the 86, so hungover / Gonna go down to Pony, pretend I'm in Kings of Leon", and depicted in the music video.

Caleb, Nathan, and Jared Followill made a guest appearance in the It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode "The High School Reunion" (season 7, episode 12). The episode mocks the Fox musical-comedy Glee, which itself is set in a high school. The members of Kings of Leon dislike Glee and refused to let them use their music, and as fans of Sunny, asked to make a guest appearance.

In 2016 the Northern Ireland national football team made a historic run into the finals of the UEFA European Championships – branded as EURO 16 and held in France. The country’s first-ever goal and victory at the tournament came against Ukraine on 16 June in a 0–2 victory held at Parc Olympique Lyonnais in Lyon. The group of players that competed at the tournament have since been referred to in Northern Irish media as ‘The Kings of Lyon’.

Lana Del Rey mentions the band in the song "White Dress" from her 2021 album Chemtrails over the Country Club.

The cover of the Mechanical Bull album appears in the 2021 video game Life Is Strange: True Colors and the characters listen to the song "Don't Matter".

The band was selected to play as part of the festivities of the 2021 NFL Draft at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio.

title: Kings of Leon


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Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics

This page shows the final results of the Judo Competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.

title: Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics


text:
DGH

Degrees of general hardness (dGH or °GH) is a unit of water hardness, specifically of general hardness. General hardness is a measure of the concentration of divalent metal ions such as calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) per volume of water. Specifically, 1 dGH is defined as 10 milligrams (mg) of calcium oxide (CaO) per litre of water. Since CaO has a molar mass of 56.08 g/mol, 1 dGH is equivalent to 0.17832 mmol per litre of elemental calcium and/or magnesium ions.

In water testing hardness is often measured in parts per million (ppm), where one part per million is defined as one milligram of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) per litre of water. Consequently, 1 dGH corresponds to 10 ppm CaO but 17.848 ppm CaCO3 which has a molar mass of 100.09 g/mol.

title: DGH