text:
Talk:Country club

Article neutrality
I agree with this article, but surely we can come up with something more neutral. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:50, 2004 Aug 10 (UTC)

It looks like about half of this article is spent discussing the "exclusiveness" of country clubs. While exclusiveness is characteristic of country clubs, is it really worthy of being half the article? Furthermore, there are several grammar issues in those sections. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.151.13.60 (talk) 18:00, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

Huh? Not sure what you mean
Which part of it do you have POV problems with? If you agree with it, cool. If you feel it is not neutral, fine too, but you have to give us something to go on as far as why you marked it.

We can't read your mind... ;) and the problem is not necessarily obvious.

- John Sherwood

Maybe he means the last paragraph, where it talks about businessmen trying to conceal their conversations and lying and cheating behind the gilded iron gates of a country club? You gotta admit, it smacks of an "I hate corporations" opinion. You present some of that part as fact and it should be presented as more like popular opinion or the opinion of some. If it is alright with everyone who cares about this article, I'd like to edit it and make it sound more neutral (while preserving the content). It would also be nice to add a list of famous country clubs. --flyhighplato 19:10, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I snipped out the last couple of sentences. If anyone would care to rewrite them, I've posted them below. --CVaneg 07:45, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The exclusion allows corporate dialogue and behavior to be concealed from the public and gives businessmen an environment where they need not fear retrobution for offensive behavior. Indeed, if popular culture is to be believed, most business golfers either cheat at golf, if they are poor golfers, or play under their ability, if they are good, since it is considered most advantageous to lose to one's superior, but within fewer than 6 strokes.

Article needs improvment
The first sentence is a good definition of what a country club is, the entire rest of the article reads like "Why I don't like country clubs". Some of the sentences are worthwhile and factual, such as "In the early 20th century..." and the Augusta section. These sections belong in an article which also addresses the positive aspects of country clubs.

The two sentences  "Critics of exclusive country clubs argue that the high membership fees are a means to exclude "undesirables." In support of this claim, critics point out that club membership and maintenance fees can significantly exceed the upkeep costs necessary to maintain a country club's facilities." are blatantly non NPOV to me. At least I would need support of these 'critics' who point out the excessive fees, this claim is highly dubious. I know quite a bit about the financials of country clubs, and in general the claim is simply false. It is true that many clubs are very expensive to join, but the money that clubs take in is used to create a luxurious environment for the members of the club to enjoy. BillWallace 23:30, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Ok, I went ahead and edited the article, mostly to add a brief section about the benefits of joining a club. I left most of the social issue stuff, but I deleted the most unsupported and non-neutral sections. BillWallace 00:37, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Grammer concern
Hey there,

I'm not sure if the grammer is correct here:

"In the United Kingdom, most exclusive golf clubs are simply golf clubs, and play a smaller role in their communities than American country clubs; gentlemen's clubs in Britain fill many roles of the country club in the United States. "

Should the first sentence read insted "In the United Kingdom, most exclusive *country* clubs are simply golf clubs..."

If there are no objections, I'm more than happy to make the update. -Stone

 * I agree... I worked in an "exclusive golf club" in Surrey, and it also boasted squash courts, tennis courts, swimming pool, fishing etc. etc. not to mention various other activities that were one-offs and occasional things. So, despite being known as merely a golf club, it was very much what could be considered a "country club" in that sense of the word.

Removed sentence "This led to the formation of country clubs that catered specifically to Jews,Catholics or African Americans who could not gain membership at other clubs. ".  This needs citation of an example. BillWallace 17:05, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

"The term is mainly used in..."
The term is mainly used in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and other former British colonies and dominions."

That is, wherever English is the primary language. I bet this can be said of a lot of English words. Sentence deleted! Simões ( talk/contribs ) 03:31, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Links to specific country clubs
Sometimes people add links to specific country clubs in an "External Links" section. I deleted the remaining ones as none of them were mentioned in the article. If you feel that a specific country club is particularly important in relation to this article, please drop a note in this discussion page. Thanks! JeremyStein 15:25, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Merge

 * Merge golf club (institution) in to this article. The stub was created just because a lot of people (50?) created links to golf club when no such article existed, whereas the link should have been made to this article. 199.125.109.58 (talk) 06:04, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
 * A golf club is not the same as a country club, A country club is a private club which offers a variety of recreational sports facilities; a golf club only offers golf. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 17:57, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
 * As discussed in this article, some country clubs are organized either as golf clubs or as tennis clubs. The second sentence says "Two of the most common types of facilities are tennis and golf clubs". There is no separate article on either golf clubs or tennis clubs. 199.125.109.58 (talk) 20:56, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I probably first read that as meaning One of the most common type of facility is a tennis and golf club, but that isn't what it says or means - what it means, and says, is that Two of the most common types of facilities are tennis clubs and golf clubs. 199.125.109.58 (talk) 21:04, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Of course there should be an article on golf clubs! There are many famous golf clubs, worldwide, and not all of them fit the American country club model or wish to. Let the stub grow. Andrewa (talk) 02:06, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I think the best way to start it would be by adding a heading to the country club article. If it grows to longer than 5-6 paragraphs it can be split out as a separate article. Right now the country club article is 4,540 bytes and surely has room to cover golf clubs. 199.125.109.58 (talk) 03:29, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Disagree. It would be like saying let's not have an article on the clarinet as there's room to deal with it under woodwind. Golf clubs have an identity all their own, just as the sport has its own identity. Andrewa (talk) 10:35, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Should be renamed, "Criticism of Country Clubs"
The article's tone is blatantly hostile and denial of it is passive aggressive and disrespectful. The culture of these clubs isn't 1920's Northeast America, and business is virtually never discussed. Everything reads like a stereotype promoted by vulgar comedy films instead of how people actually act in the real world. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.89.5.84 (talk) 22:24, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Aren't country clubs a place where lots of business deals are negotiated?
I was under the impression that country clubs are a fairly neutral place to negotiate business deals. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:CE2E:2550:3DA9:7C1E:CED4:130F (talk) 13:38, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

Advertising
This article, which should explain a general notion, has been turned into an advertisement for one Indian company. Even the infobox is full of trash. These edits are definitely done in bad faith, so I suggest cleaning up the article and permabanning the "contributor(s)". --213.184.43.2 (talk) 17:18, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

NPOV/agenda pushing
I have to agree with several of the above comments. The article spends far too much space on unreflecting allegations of discrimination and a general condemnation of this. All in all, it sounds like a PC fanatic decided to make this article a pet project. (An increasing common problem that has a severe negative impact on Wikipedia and its strive for encyclopedic writing.)

The section on women is particularly problematic: The typical country club would not accept the husband and leave the wife out. In my impression, the wife is also more likely to drive for membership and the associated social status/bragging rights than the husband, who often is content to drive for a good golf score. :-) 80.226.24.6 (talk) 22:22, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

Dead link in the references
the link that is currently reference #7, http://www.pellresearch.com/Golf-Courses-and-Country-Clubs.htm, is a dead link. I don't know what the proper procedure is for handling links that have died. How do we give them a proper burial? CMW275 (talk) 21:52, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:23, 9 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Farmington Country Club Aerial View 1.jpg

"Restricted (jewish)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Restricted (jewish) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 April 4 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 20:14, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

Merge Golf Club (establishment)
Back in 2008, it was determined that Golf club (institution) should redirect here. In part, that seemed to be because the aforementioned article was a stub that could be easily merged into this article. Now, the article Golf Club (establishment) has been created, and I'm re-opening the merge discussion. Significa liberdade (she/her) (talk) 02:42, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Pinging Dinternational. Significa liberdade (she/her) (talk) 23:51, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the info. I was not aware of the merge back in 2008. I created the page for Golf club (establishment) as not all golf clubs are country clubs. In fact, the country club term is mainly used in the US and UK, whereas its a very uncommon establishment in the majority of most European countries. For instance, I am from Denmark, and we have more than 100 golf clubs, and maybe 2-3 country clubs - which is why I thought there should be a designated page for each. But we can do the merge (again), if it makes more sense. Dinternational (talk) 19:21, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Do you think it's worthwhile to have two separate pages? Are there enough differences between country clubs and golf clubs for them to be two distinct pages? Significa liberdade (she/her) (talk) 19:45, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge - these seem to be sufficiently distinct topics to warrant separate coverage, particularly given that in many countries they are distinct. Klbrain (talk) 07:37, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Country club


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Tab Smith

Talmadge "Tab" Smith (January 11, 1909 – August 17, 1971) was an American swing and rhythm and blues alto saxophonist. He is best remembered for the tracks "Because of You" and "Pretend". He worked with Count Basie, the Mills Rhythm Boys and Lucky Millinder.

Biography
Smith was born in Kinston, North Carolina, United States. He joined his first professional band, the Carolina Stompers, in 1929. In the 1930s and 1940s, he spent several years in the bands of Lucky Millinder and Count Basie, as well as spending long periods freelancing both as a player and as an arranger. In 1944, he participated in a recording date led by Coleman Hawkins, for which he also arranged the material. After the Second World War, he led his own groups, which concentrated on rhythm and blues.

His biggest R&B hit was "Because of You" (1940), which reached number 1 on the US Billboard R&B chart, and number 20 on the pop chart, in 1951. "Because of You" was recorded for United Records, a label for which Smith was a prolific artist until it closed in 1957. Tab Smith cut 24 singles and a 10-inch album for the label. On his United sides, Smith sometimes played tenor saxophone.

During the 1950s, Smith was a significant rival to alto saxophone-playing bandleader Earl Bostic, who recorded for King. He was also in competition with his own formative influence, Johnny Hodges, until Hodges returned to the Duke Ellington band in 1955.

His career never recovered from the closure of United Records. After brief stays at Checker and King, Smith retired from the music business in the early 1960s. He sold real estate and played piano part-time in a steakhouse.

He died in St. Louis, Missouri, in August 1971, aged 62.

title: Tab Smith


text:
Timeline of the Weimar Republic

The Timeline of the Weimar Republic lists in chronological order the major events of the Weimar Republic, beginning with the final month of the German Empire and ending with the Nazi Enabling Act of 1933 that concentrated all power in the hands of Adolf Hitler. A second chronological section lists important cultural, scientific and commercial events during the Weimar era.

For a chronology focusing on the rise of Nazism see Early timeline of Nazism.

1918: end of the German Empire

 * 3 October: Prince Maximilian von Baden is appointed the last chancellor of the German Empire.
 * 4 October: Germany asks U.S. president Woodrow Wilson to mediate an armistice based on his Fourteen Points peace proposals.
 * 23 October: In a diplomatic note, President Wilson implies that in order for an armistice to be negotiated, Emperor Wilhelm II must be stripped of power and Germany become more democratic.
 * 24 October: The naval order of 24 October 1918 commands the German fleet to sail into the North Sea and attack the British fleet.
 * 28 October: Ships of the Germany navy off Wilhelmshaven mutiny against the 24 October naval order.
 * 28 October: In line with U.S. president Wilson's demands for a more democratic Germany, the constitution of the German Empire is amended to make it a parliamentary monarchy.
 * 3 November: The mutiny of sailors at Kiel marks the start of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 that brought down the German Empire and led to the founding of the Weimar Republic.
 * 8 November: Kurt Eisner proclaims the Free People's State of Bavaria in Munich. King Ludwig III had fled the city the day before. He was the first of the German royalty to be deposed.

1918: beginning of the Weimar Republic

 * November 9: Maximilian von Baden prematurely announces the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II and hands the chancellorship to Friedrich Ebert of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
 * November 9: Philipp Scheidemann of the SPD proclaims the German Republic; a few hours later, Karl Liebknecht of the Marxist Spartacus League, proclaims the “Free Socialist Republic” of Germany.
 * November 10: The Council of the People's Deputies becomes Germany's revolutionary government.
 * November 11: The Armistice of Compiègne, which ended the fighting in World War I, is finalized. Matthias Erzberger signs for the new German government.
 * November 11: Emperor Wilhelm II goes into exile in the Netherlands.
 * November 28: Emperor Wilhelm II formally abdicates.
 * November 30: The Council of People's Deputies announces elections for a constituent national assembly that will write a constitution for the new republic.
 * December 24: The fighting between the socialist revolutionary Volksmarinedivision and the German army during the Christmas crisis results in 67 deaths.
 * December 31: The Communist Party of Germany (KPD) is founded in Berlin.

1919

 * 5 January: Anton Drexler founds the German Workers' Party, the predecessor of the Nazi Party.
 * 5–12 January: The Spartacist uprising between far-left groups and forces of the Council of the People's Deputies, with support from Freikorps units, breaks out in Berlin and is defeated.
 * 15 January: Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, leaders of the Communist Party of Germany, are murdered by Freikorps members in Berlin.
 * 19 January: Elections for the National Assembly that will draw up a new constitution for Germany take place. For the first time in a national German election women can vote. The top 3 parties are the Social Democrats (SPD), the radical left Independent Social Democrats, and the right-wing German National People's Party.
 * 6 February: The first meeting of the National Assembly takes place in Weimar, the city associated with Goethe and Schiller that will give the new republic its informal name. Berlin is considered too politically unstable to be the meeting place.
 * 11 February: The Weimar National Assembly elects Friedrich Ebert of the SPD as president of Germany.
 * 13 February: President Friedrich Ebert appoints Philipp Scheidemann of the SPD minister president (similar to chancellor).
 * 21 February: Bavarian minister president Kurt Eisner is murdered in Munich by right-wing student Anton Arco-Valley.
 * 3–13 March: In the Berlin March Battles, supporters of the Communist Party of Germany expand a general strike into an armed uprising intended to set up a council republic. The revolt is put down by government and Freikorps troops.
 * 7 April: The Bavarian Soviet Republic is proclaimed in Munich. It lasts until 1 May 1919.
 * 7 May: The German delegation at Versailles receives the Allies' peace conditions.
 * 16 June: The German government receives an ultimatum from the Allied Powers demanding that they accept the Treaty of Versailles or risk being invaded.
 * 20 June: After Minister President Philipp Scheidemann refuses to accept the Treaty of Versailles, he and his cabinet step down. On the following day, Gustav Bauer, also of the SPD, takes Scheidemann's place.
 * 23 June: Confronted with another Allied ultimatum, the Weimar National Assembly approves the Treaty of Versailles with no conditions.
 * 28 June: The Treaty of Versailles is formally approved in the Hall of Mirrors.
 * 12 July: The Allied blockade of Germany that had begun in 1914 ends.
 * 31 July: The Weimar National Assembly approves the Weimar Constitution, 262 to 75.
 * 14 August: The Weimar Constitution, which had been signed by President Friedrich Ebert three days previously, becomes effective.
 * 18 November: In front of a parliamentary committee, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg implies that it was the failure of the home front that cost Germany victory in World War I. The statement helped give rise to the stab-in-the-back myth.

1920

 * 10 January: The Treaty of Versailles becomes effective.
 * 13–17 March: The Kapp Putsch, an attempt by a group of right-wing extremists to take power in Berlin, forces the government to flee the city but then quickly fails.
 * 13 March–12 April: An uprising of workers in the Ruhr industrial district leads to battles with Freikorps and regular troops in a failed attempt to set up a council republic. Other workers' uprisings take place across central Germany.
 * 26 March: The Bauer cabinet falls as a result of the Kapp Putsch. A new government is formed by Hermann Müller of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).
 * 6 June: In the first election to the new Reichstag, the SPD again has the highest percentage of votes at 22%, followed by the right-wing German National People's Party and the Catholic Centre Party.
 * 25 June: Constantin Fehrenbach of the Centre Party becomes chancellor after the fall of the Müller government.
 * 11 July: In the East Prussian plebiscite, voters in parts of West Prussia and East Prussia return large majorities in favour of remaining with Germany rather than becoming part of Poland (92.4 percent and 97.9 percent respectively).
 * 19 August: The Second Silesian Uprising breaks out among the dissatisfied Polish population in the mixed German and Polish region of Upper Silesia.
 * 1 October: Germany completes its withdrawal from the demilitarized zone stretching 50 kilometres east of the Rhine as required by the Treaty of Versailles.

1921

 * 24–29 January: The Paris Conference establishes German reparations obligations at 226 billion gold marks.
 * 1–7 March: At the London Conference on reparations, Germany refuses to accept the terms of the Paris Conference and walks out.
 * 8 March: French troops occupy Ruhrort, Duisburg and Düsseldorf in response to the German walkout at the London Conference.
 * 20 March: The Upper Silesia plebiscite is held to determine whether the ethnically mixed region will stay part of Germany or join Poland. Sixty percent of the vote favours Germany.
 * 22–29 March: In the March Action, the Communist Party of Germany tries to start a general rebellion in central Germany. The Reichswehr violently suppresses the uprising.
 * 3 May: In the Third Silesian Uprising, Polish irregulars reacting to the outcome of the Upper Silesia plebiscite of 20 March begin an armed uprising to force union with Poland. The League of Nations resolves the issue by dividing the region between Germany and Poland on 15 May 1922.
 * 4 May: The cabinet of Constantin Fehrenbach resigns as a result of the London ultimatum on reparations. He is replaced by Joseph Wirth, also of the Centre Party.
 * 5 May: The London Schedule of Payments reduces total reparations to 132 billion gold marks. It is approved by the Reichstag on 11 May.
 * 29 July: Adolf Hitler becomes chairman of the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
 * 26 August: Matthias Erzberger, former German minister of finance and one of the signers of the Armistice of November 11, is murdered by members of the extreme right-wing group Organisation Consul.

1922

 * 16 April: Germany and Russia sign the Treaty of Rapallo that mutually renounces all territorial and financial claims and normalizes relations between Walther Rathenau.jpg, the German foreign minister who was assassinated in June 1922]]the two countries.
 * 24 June: Walther Rathenau, Germany's Jewish foreign minister, is assassinated in Berlin by members of the extreme right-wing Organisation Consul.
 * 18 July: The Law for the Protection of the Republic, written in response to the assassination of Walther Rathenau, is approved by the Reichstag. It allows the banning anti-republican printed material, gatherings and associations.
 * 18 November: The Nazi Party is banned in Prussia. Similar bans follow in Thuringia, Saxony and Hamburg.
 * 22 November: The independent Wilhelm Cuno forms a new government, replacing Joseph Wirth's cabinet.

1923

 * 2 January: In a sign of growing inflation, it costs 7,525 marks to buy one U.S. dollar.
 * 11 January: The Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops begins after Germany is declared to be in default on its reparations payments. Two days later the German government reacts with a call for passive resistance.
 * 1 July: It costs 160,400 marks to buy one U.S. dollar.
 * 12 August: As a result of the Ruhr occupation crisis, the Cuno government resigns. It is replaced by a grand coalition led by Gustav Stresemann of the German People's Party.
 * 26 September: The German government ends passive resistance.
 * 27 September: Gustav Ritter von Kahr is declared General State Commissioner for Bavaria with executive power. In response, Berlin declares a nationwide state of emergency.
 * 1 October: The Küstrin Putsch, a failed attempt by the Black Reichswehr to overthrow the Weimar Republic, takes place in Küstrin, on the border with Poland.
 * 29 October: In the "German October", the Berlin government orders the forcible replacement the state governments of Saxony and Thuringia after the Communist Party of Germany joins their ruling coalitions.
 * 8–9 November: The Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt led by Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff to overthrow the Weimar Republic, fails in Munich.
 * 15 November: Germany's period of hyperinflation ends with the introduction of the Rentenmark.
 * 23 November: The Stresemann government falls on a vote of no confidence. The new chancellor is Wilhelm Marx of the Centre Party.

1924

 * 28 February: President Friedrich Ebert ends the state of emergency that he had declared on 27 September 1923. It remains in effect only in Bavaria.
 * 1 April: Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in prison for his role in the Beer Hall Putsch.
 * 4 May: In the first of two 1924 Reichstag elections, the Social Democratic Party, the right-wing German National People's Party and the Catholic Centre Party are the top three vote getters.
 * 1 September: The Dawes Plan to lower and reschedule Germany's reparations payments comes into force.
 * 11 October: The Reichsmark replaces the temporary Rentenmark, which had been introduced on 15 November 1923.
 * 7 December: The second Reichstag election of 1924 ends with the same parties in the top three places as after the 4 May vote.
 * 20 December: Adolf Hitler is released from prison after being pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court. He had served less than 8 months of his 5-year sentence for his part in the Beer Hall Putsch.

1925

 * 15 January: Hans Luther, an independent, becomes German chancellor a month after the fall of Wilhelm Marx's government.
 * 28 February: President Friedrich Ebert dies.
 * 26 April: Paul von Hindenburg is elected president of Germany.
 * 14 July: French and Belgian troops start their evacuation of the Ruhr, marking the beginning of the end of the occupation of the Ruhr that had begun on 11 January 1923.
 * 1 December: The Treaty of Locarno, which guaranteed Germany's western border but allowed for negotiations on the eastern, is formally ratified.

1926

 * 24 April: Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Treaty of Berlin, which guarantees Germany's neutrality in any war between the Soviet Union and a third country.
 * 12 May: The Luther government falls as a result of its support for a modified imperial flag for use at the Republic's foreign missions. Wilhelm Marx of the Centre Party again becomes chancellor.
 * 20 June: A popular referendum to expropriate the property of the former German princes without compensation fails due to low voter turnout.
 * 10 September: Germany is admitted to the League of Nations with a permanent seat on its council.
 * 10 December: Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann and his French counterpart Aristide Briand receive the Nobel Peace Prize for their work on the Locarno Treaties.
 * 16 December: Philipp Scheidemann of the Social Democratic Party reveals that the Reichswehr is secretly working with the Soviet Red Army and anti-republican groups in Germany.

1927

 * 31 January: The Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission responsible for overseeing the Allied occupation of the Rhineland leaves Germany.
 * 18 July: A national system of unemployment insurance comes into effect.

1928

 * 20 May: As in the previous two Reichstag elections, the Social Democratic Party, the right-wing German National People's Party and the Catholic Centre Party are the top three vote getters.
 * 28 May: After the collapse of the Marx government, Hermann Müller of the Social Democratic Party becomes chancellor for the second time.
 * 27 August: Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann signs the Kellogg–Briand Pact for Germany. It renounces wars of aggression.

1929

 * 1 May: In the May Day Blutmai (Blood May), the Berlin police try to prevent Communist Party of Germany demonstrators from marching into the city centre. About 30 are killed and 200 hurt.
 * 7 June: The Young Plan proposes reducing Germany's total reparations payments to 121 billion Reichsmarks, with the final payment due in 1988.
 * 3 October: Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann dies.
 * 24 October: The New York Stock Market crashes, marking the onset of the Great Depression.
 * 22 December: A popular referendum against the Young Plan, supported by German National People's Party and the Nazi Party, fails due to low voter turnout.

1930

 * 23 January: Wilhelm Frick is the first Nazi Party member to become a minister in a state government (Thuringia).
 * 12 March: The Young Plan is ratified by the Reichstag.
 * 27 March: The Müller government falls. It is replaced by the first presidential cabinet, led by Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party.
 * 30 June: The last Allied troops leave the Rhineland, ending its occupation after 11 years and 7 months.
 * 16–18 July: After the Reichstag rejects Chancellor Brüning's budget bill, he enacts it by emergency decree, then dissolves the Reichstag when they vote to rescind his decree.
 * 14 September: In the Reichstag election, a radical shift among voters puts the Nazi Party and the Communist Party of Germany second and third behind the Social Democratic Party.

1931

 * 15 January: Almost 4.8 million workers in Germany are unemployed.
 * 11 May: Austria's largest bank, the Creditanstalt, fails and sends financial shockwaves throughout Europe.
 * 20 June: U.S. president Herbert Hoover proposes a moratorium on the payment of international debts, including German reparations.
 * 13 July: Germany's second largest bank, the Danat-Bank, fails and causes a nationwide banking crisis.
 * 11 October: The German National People's Party, Nazi Party and the Stahlhelm paramilitary veterans group form the Harzburg Front with the goal of bringing down the Brüning government.

1932

 * February: Germany's number of unemployed peaks at 6.13 million.
 * 10 April: Paul von Hindenburg is re-elected president of Germany on a second ballot. Adolf Hitler comes in second.
 * 13 April: The Nazi SA and SS are banned.
 * 30 May: The Brüning government resigns. The new chancellor is Franz von Papen, who resigned from the Catholic Centre Party to accept the office. Like the Brüning government, Papen's cabinet is presidential.
 * 4 June: President Hindenburg dissolves the Reichstag and sets new elections for July.
 * 14 June: The ban on the Nazi SA is lifted.
 * 20 July: In the Prussian coup d'état, President Hindenburg appoints Chancellor Papen Reich commissar of Prussia. Papen ousts the democratically elected Prussian government, which was led by the Social Democrats.
 * 31 July: In the Reichstag election, the Nazi Party wins 37% of the votes, followed by the Social Democrats (21.5%) and the Communist Party (14%).
 * 12 September: The Reichstag is again dissolved.
 * 6 November: In the second Reichstag election of the year, the Nazis, Social Democrats, and Communists are again the top three vote winners, although the Nazi's share dropped by 4%.
 * 17 November: The Papen cabinet resigns. The new chancellor, Kurt von Schleicher, takes office on 3 December.

1933

 * 28 January: Kurt von Schleicher resigns as chancellor. Reichstagsbrand.jpg on the night of 27 to 28 February 1933|209x209px]]
 * 30 January: President Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler chancellor of Germany.
 * 1 February: At Hitler's request, President Hindenburg dissolves the Reichstag.
 * 27–28 February: The Reichstag building burns. President Hindenburg issues the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspends most of the fundamental rights enshrined in the Weimar Constitution.
 * 5 March: In the Reichstag election, the Nazis win 44% of the vote, well short of the absolute majority they wanted. The Social Democrats and Communists fall to 18% and 12%, respectively.
 * 23 March: The Enabling Act of 1933 passes the Reichstag. It gives the chancellor and cabinet the power to write and enforce laws without the involvement of the Reichstag or the German president. It essentially marked the end of the Weimar Republic.

1919

 * 12 April: Walter Gropius founds the Bauhaus school.
 * 10 December: Max Planck is awarded the 1918 and Johannes Stark the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physics. Fritz Haber receives the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1920

 * 27 February: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari), a film by Robert Wiene, has its premier.
 * 1 October: The impressionist painter Max Liebermann becomes president of the Prussian Academy of Arts.
 * 29 October: Paul Wegener’s film The Golem: How He Came into the World (Der Golem, wie er in die Welt kam) premiers in Berlin.

1921

 * 10 December: Albert Einstein is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

1922

 * 5 March: Berlin's Primus-Palast hosts the premiere of F. W. Murnau's film Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror NosferatuShadow.jpg''|left]](Nosferatu: Eine Symphonie des Grauens).
 * 15 September: Hermann Hesse’s novel Siddhartha is published.
 * 10 December: Otto Meyerhof is awarded the Nobel Prize for his research in the field of medicine.

1924

 * 30 May: Mercedes-Benz Automobil GmbH is established.
 * 27 November: Thomas Mann completes his novel The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg) after 12 years of work.

1925

 * 25 March: Lion Feuchtwanger's historical novel The Jew Süß (Jud Süß) is published in Munich.
 * 14 June: The New Objectivity (Neue Sachlichkeit) art exhibition opens in Mannheim.
 * 10 December: James Franck and Gustav Hertz are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, Richard Zsigmondy the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1926

 * 6 January: Junkers Luftverkehr and Aero Lloyd merge to form the Deutsche Lufthansa AG Corporation.
 * 14 January: Dancer Josephine Baker performs in Berlin.
 * 22 October: Frank Wedekind's play Lulu premiers in Berlin.

1927

 * 10 January: The Fritz Lang film Metropolis has its premiere at the Berlin UfA-Palast am Zoo. Bundesarchiv Bild 102-06616, Berlin, "Graf Zeppelin" über Brandenburger Tor.jpg over Berlin's Brandenburg Gate]]
 * 10 December: Heinrich Wieland is awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1928

 * 31 August: The musical play The Threepenny Opera by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill premieres in Berlin.
 * 1 October: The Graf Zeppelin airship leaves Friedrichshafen on its maiden passenger voyage. It arrives in Lakehurst, New Jersey on the 15th.
 * 3 November: Bavarian Motor Works (BMW) buys the Dixi-Werke of Eisenach and starts building its own automobiles.
 * 10 November: The Vossische Zeitung publishes Erich Maria Remarque's anti-war novel All Quiet on the Western Front.

1929

 * 30 September: Alfred Döblin's novel Berlin Alexanderplatz is published.

 * 10 December: Thomas Mann receives the Nobel Prize in Literature for his 1901 novel Buddenbrooks.

1930

 * 1 April: The film The Blue Angel starring Marlene Dietrich and Emil Jannings has its premier in Berlin.
 * 2 October: The Pergamon Museum in Berlin opens.

1931

 * 11 May: Fritz Lang's film M has its first showing in Berlin.
 * 16 December: Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Otto Warburg receives the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

1932

 * 10 December: Werner Heisenberg receives the Nobel Prize in Physics.

title: Timeline of the Weimar Republic


text: Category:Total Annihilation

title: Category:Total Annihilation


text:
User talk:Duesentrieb (usurped)

Namesake
Hello, this is Duesentrieb from the German Wikipedia. This here is not my account. So if you want to talk to me, please go here: de:Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb. And if you, Duesentrieb-of-the-english-WP, get messages that seem directed at me, please hand them on... thnaks! -- de:Duesentrieb

 * I now also have an account at the english WP: User:Gearloose -- de:Duesentrieb

Request for Usurpation
Hello, Duesentrieb. A request has been made at Changing username/Usurpations to usurp, or "take over", your username because you have not used it to edit, and another user would like to use it to edit. Changing username/Usurpations says that any unused username may be usurped if the user is given seven days notice to object and does not do so.

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If you do not object to being renamed to a new username in order for another user to utilize the name you currently have, please log in and post a reply here saying so (you may also tell us what username you would like to be renamed to, or we will provide you with a generic one).

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If you object to being renamed : please log in and make an edit. You may make an edit here saying "No", you may make an edit to blank this page, or any other edit you like; making any edit at all prevents your username from being usurped, because users with edits cannot have their usernames usurped.

Please note that even if your current username is usurped, you can still edit and your data will not be lost; your preferences, watchlist, and other user settings will be transferred to a new username.

Thank you for your time. G. Gearloose (?!) 21:02, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Duesentrieb (usurped)


text:
Mary Baldwin University

Mary Baldwin University (MBU, formerly Mary Baldwin College) is a private university in Staunton, Virginia. It was founded in 1842 as Augusta Female Seminary. Today, Mary Baldwin University is home to the Mary Baldwin College for Women, a residential college and women's college with a focus on liberal arts and leadership, as well as co-educational residential college for undergraduate programs within its University College structure. MBU also offers co-educational graduate degrees as well as undergraduate degree and certificate programs for working professionals and non-traditional students.

The university is the oldest institution of higher education for women in the nation affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA), and it is home to the only all-female corps of cadets in the world.

History
Located in Staunton, Virginia within Augusta County, the university was founded as the Augusta Female Seminary in 1842 by Rufus William Bailey. Among the first students was Mary Julia Baldwin. In 1863, Baldwin was named principal and headed the school through the Civil War, although most schools in the area had closed due to the war and economic hardship.

In 1895, the school was renamed Mary Baldwin Seminary in honor of Baldwin. In 1923, the name changed to Mary Baldwin College when the school became a four-year institution.

In 1963, Mary Baldwin became racially de-segregated, officially ending its policy of admitting only white women.

In the mid-1970s, men began to be admitted as day students and graduate students. Four decades later, in 2017, the school began accepting residential male students, albeit not without some controversy at the time.

In 1976, when Staunton Military Academy (SMA) closed, its grounds and buildings were purchased by Mary Baldwin, expanding the campus from 19 to 58.5 acre.

In 1977, Mary Baldwin became the first college in Virginia to launch an adult degree program. Cynthia Haldenby Tyson was appointed as the eighth president in 1985. That same year, the Program for the Exceptionally Gifted (PEG) was established to allow academically gifted girls to earn bachelor's degrees.

In 1995, the Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership was established as the only all-female cadet corps. In 2001, the university established the Shakespeare and Performance graduate program after the American Shakespeare Center opened the Blackfriars Playhouse in Staunton.

In 2003, after 18 years as president, Cynthia Haldenby Tyson retired and Pamela Fox, dean of Miami University's School of Fine Arts, was named the ninth president.

In May 2015, the board of trustees voted unanimously to change the name of the institution to Mary Baldwin University, effective August 31, 2016, reflecting the school's range of bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs.

On July 1, 2023, Dr. Jeffrey P. "Jeff" Stein, EdD, began his tenure as Mary Baldwin University's tenth president after two decades at Elon University.

Academics
Mary Baldwin University offers Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Social Work degrees in more than 30 majors. Undergraduate degrees are offered through the Mary Baldwin College for Women and two co-educational programs: University College and MBU Online. The school offers graduate degrees through the College of Education (Master of Arts in Teaching, Master of Education, Master of Science in Higher Education, and Master of Science in Applied Behavior Analysis), Murphy Deming College of Health Sciences (Doctor of Occupational Therapy, Doctor of Physical Therapy, Master of Science in Physician Assistant, and RN-to-BSN), and the Shakespeare and Performance program (Master of Letters and Master of Fine Arts).

Additionally, Mary Baldwin offers fast-track degrees, bachelor's-plus-master's-degree plans, professional school preparation and certificate programs. Community service and study-abroad opportunities are supplied through the Spencer Center for Civic and Global Engagement, which opened in 2007.

Institutional partnerships
The co-educational Master of Letters and Master of Fine Arts students in the Shakespeare and Performance program is partnered with the American Shakespeare Center, allowing the students to learn and perform in the Blackfriars Playhouse located a block away from campus.

The Heifetz International Music Institute, founded by violinist Daniel Heifetz, was moved from its Wolfeboro, New Hampshire location to Mary Baldwin University in 2012. The institute accepts applicants annually from around the world and offers summer programs for classically trained musicians.

MBU has also partnered with international organizations including the Clinton Global Initiative and Women for Women International to sponsor participants in Women for Women programs and raise awareness of human trafficking around the world.

Mary Baldwin has partnerships with several women's colleges around the world including Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts in Japan, Sungshin Women's University in South Korea, and Lady Doak College in India.

The Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership (VWIL)
Founded in 1995 by request of the Commonwealth of Virginia, VWIL (pronounced "vee-will") is an all-female cadet corps and four-year program preparing participants for both military and civilian leadership through academics, fitness, military training, practical experiences and co-curricular activities. Cadets also participate in co-educational ROTC training. Commandant of the corps of cadets is Brig. Gen. Teresa "Terry" A. H. Djuric (USAF, Retired).

Program for the Exceptionally Gifted
The Program for the Exceptionally Gifted (PEG) at Mary Baldwin University is an early entrance college program for girls who have completed 6th-10th grade and have not yet completed, or in some cases not yet started, high school. Critically, the program accepts young women between the ages of 12 and 16. Applicants of later ages are encouraged to apply for early admission instead. The program was founded in 1985 with a class of 11 students and now enrolls up to 30 new students each year. Early success of the program was greatly boosted by the women-only residential campus, which eased parental concerns, as well as exceptionally strong participation and attention by faculty in providing extra challenges and opportunities to the gifted students. Participants ("PEGs") reside in a PEG-specific dorm building named for past president Cynthia Tyson, but attend classes with traditional-age students with the exception of a mandatory, PEG specific, introductory philosophy course named "Knowing the Self" (Phil 112). PEGs typically earn a bachelor's degree in the normal four years.

Campus
The MBU main campus is located in Staunton, and its Murphy Deming College of Health Sciences is located in nearby Fishersville.

The first building on Staunton campus was the Mary Baldwin University, Main Building, built in 1844. The building now houses administrative offices and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) since 1973.

Traditions
MBU celebrates several annual traditions with the surrounding community. Every autumn, Mary Baldwin University commemorates Apple Day, during which students and faculty glean apples at a Virginia orchard. In recent years, the collected fruit has been distributed to area food pantries. The college also has marked Founders Day each October since 1898 to honor founders Mary Julia Baldwin and Rufus William Bailey.

The "Mary Baldwin College Fight Song" is sung to the tune of "Blue and Gold." The song was used by Staunton Military Academy (SMA) until it closed in 1976. After Mary Baldwin purchased the SMA campus, the college began using the academy's athletic fields, adopted the melody of the SMA fight song in 2008, and still flies SMA flags during parades. VWIL continues to hold an annual SMA reunion weekend involving a parade, banquet, and awarding of several scholarships.

Athletics

Mary Baldwin athletic teams are the Fighting Squirrels. The university is a member of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the USA South Athletic Conference (USA South) since the 2007–08 academic year. The Fighting Squirrels previously competed in the Atlantic Women's Colleges Conference (AWCC) from 1995–96 to 2006–07, and in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC) from 1984–85 to 1991–92.

Mary Baldwin competes in 13 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer, tennis and track & field. Women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.

Mary Baldwin began to sponsor men's sports since the university became co-educational, effective in the 2019–20 school year; beginning with cross country, soccer, tennis and track & field. Later baseball was added for the 2021–22 school year. And recently, basketball was added for the 2021–22 school year.

Mascot
The original mascot of the Mary Baldwin athletics program was Gladys the Fighting Squirrel. Baldwin was introduced as the new athletics mascot in November 2019.

Notable alumni

 * Cora Lily Woodard Aycock, First Lady of North Carolina
 * Tallulah Bankhead, actress
 * Claudia Brind-Woody, IBM executive
 * Dorie Clark, author and executive education professor
 * Mary S. Cummins, educator
 * Judith Godwin, abstract painter
 * Caroline Rose Hunt, hotelier and philanthropist
 * Anna Jarvis, founder of Mother's Day
 * Louisa Venable Kyle, writer
 * Custer LaRue, musician
 * Lucille Foster McMillin, federal official
 * Jason Narvy, actor
 * Susan Schmidt, Pulitzer prize-winning journalist
 * Susan Swecker, chair of the Virginia Democratic Party
 * St. Clair Wright, historic preservationist

title: Mary Baldwin University


text:
Highway hypnosis

Highway hypnosis, also known as white line fever, is an altered mental state in which an automobile driver can safely drive lengthy distances with no recollection of consciously having done so. In this state, the driver's conscious mind is fully focused elsewhere, while seemingly still processing the information needed to drive safely. Highway hypnosis is a manifestation of the common process of automaticity.

The concept was first described in a 1921 article that mentioned the phenomenon of "road hypnotism": driving in a trance-like state while gazing at a fixed point. A 1929 study, Sleeping with the Eyes Open by Walter Miles, also addressed the subject, suggesting that motorists could fall asleep with their eyes open and continue to steer. The idea that this phenomenon could explain the unaccountable automobile accidents became popular in the 1950s. The term "highway hypnosis" was coined by G. W. Williams in 1963. Building on the theories of Ernest Hilgard (1986, 1992) that hypnosis is an altered state of awareness, some theorists hold that the consciousness can develop hypnotic dissociation. In highway hypnosis, one stream of consciousness drives the car while the other deals with other matters. Partial or complete amnesia related to the time spent driving under highway hypnosis can develop for the driver involved.

title: Highway hypnosis


text:
Sector General

Sector General is a series of twelve science fiction novels and various short stories (1957–1999) by the Northern Irish author James White. The series derives its name from the setting of the majority of the books, the Sector 12 General Hospital, a huge hospital space station located in deep space, designed to treat a wide variety of life forms with a wide range of ailments and life-support requirements, and to house an equally diverse staff. The Hospital was founded to promote peace after humanity's first interstellar war, and in the fourth book the authorities conclude that its emergency services are the most effective way to make peaceful contact with new species.

In order to treat patients of other species, doctors must download into their brains "Educator tapes" containing the necessary medical knowledge, and these tapes also transmit the personalities of their donors. As a result, doctors have to struggle with the tastes imported from their donors, ranging from a dislike of their own species' normal food to sexual attraction for members of the donor's species. Other running gags include the acerbic tongue of the Chief Psychologist and one very senior non-human doctor's love of gossip, especially about the sexual behavior of other species.

The series is noted for its diverse and believable non-humanoid alien life forms, and for its pacifist philosophy. White chose the hospital setting as a way to generate dramatic tension without violence, and because in his youth he wanted to be a doctor but had to go to work. Some commentators have praised the whole series, while others have thought there was a decline after the sixth book. One reviewer described the last book as "in a very positive way, a throwback to an earlier era in science fiction".

Background
Sector General is a gigantic multi-species hospital space station founded as a peace-promoting project by two heroes from opposite sides of humanity's first full interstellar war. The hospital accommodates patients and staff from dozens of species, with different environmental requirements, behaviors and ailments, but many of the stories feature types of patient that the builders did not anticipate. Initially most of the stories center round the career of Doctor Conway, who rises from junior surgeon to the top level, Senior Diagnostician. In the fourth book the Galactic Federation decides that the emergency service which the hospital offers to victims of space accidents and planetary catastrophes is its most effective means of making peaceful contact with new spacefaring species, which allows the series to expand its range of plots, characters and locations.

White said that The Troubles in Northern Ireland induced him to write about the sort of world he would like to live in, and that he disliked war and militarists. As a youth he wanted to become a doctor, but had to go out to work. Hence he relied on epidemics and natural disasters to provide the conflicts that stories need to make them interesting. He credited his wife, who was an intensive care nurse at the height of The Troubles, for advice on medical details and for pointing out how padres often did more good than doctors for disturbed patients, which inspired The Genocidal Healer.

Challenges of inter-species medicine
Sector General was founded to promote inter-species harmony, and therefore all medical staff must be prepared to treat beings with very different physiologies and behavior patterns, and sometimes with environmental requirements that would be lethal to staff without suitable protection. The hospital uses a four-letter system to assign patients to wards that provide suitable environments, a classification technique used earlier by E. E. "Doc" Smith's Children of the Lens. White's Star Healer introduces the classification "FOKT", which is regarded as an in-joke on the name of the Glasgow science fiction club Friends of Kilgore Trout.

Early on, it was learned that diseases were species specific, so there was no danger of a disease or virus spreading to other races and potentially causing a pandemic. Extreme care is still taken, as there only has to be single instance of this not being the case to have deadly consequences.

When necessary physicians, surgeons and pathologists download information about patients' species into their minds from "Educator tapes", recordings of the memories of great practitioners in the appropriate species. However, in addition to medical knowledge, the educator tapes also capture the personalities of the medical experts who recorded them. Thus having an educator tape active threatens the recipient with multiple personality disorder. The new personality is from a vastly different species, often with very different behavior codes and sexual preferences, and, to make matters worse, the donors were often very dominant personalities. The mildest symptom of such conflicts is a running gag in which users of these tapes are often seen in the Sector General's cafeteria, eating a bland-looking sandwich with closed eyes. On the other hand, the risk of finding members of other species sexually attractive is a serious concern.

Junior doctors usually have these acquired memories erased as soon as possible. However, as a doctor rises up through the hospital hierarchy, and if its mind proves to be sufficiently stable, it may find itself the permanent recipient of one or more tapes. Diagnosticians, the medical elite of Sector General, can have as many as ten different tapes active at one time, as they may have to supervise treatment of many species at the same time.

In the case of species with two permanent sexes, including but not limited to Earth-humans, the stories state that females are psychologically incapable of allowing their psyches to be violated to the extent required by the educator tapes. However, in one of the later books a very assertive non-human female character accidentally acquires several sets of memories which cannot be erased, and adjusts to this with relative ease.

Regular characters
Although many of the characters are "Earth-human" – "human" is ambiguous because all species refers to themselves as "human" in their own languages – the stories feature medical staff from a wide range of species. In each story characters belonging to species different from that of the protagonist are treated as neuter and referred to as "it". Some species are touchy about any reference to sexual roles and behavior, some have more than two sexes and some change sex once or more during their lifetimes.

The following appear in nearly all the stories:
 * Dr. Conway
 * A male Earth-human who starts as a junior intern and, over the course of the series, works his way up to Chief Surgeon and eventually Diagnostician in Charge of Surgery. Conway (whose first name, Peter, is only revealed in the ninth book ) generally prefers extraterrestrial company to that of his own species, and has a habit of thinking aloud. His passions are healing and Murchison.
 * Murchison
 * A curvaceous female Earth-human first seen as a senior nurse in the Pathology department. She eventually becomes a doctor and a Pathologist herself, and also Conway's wife.

 * Dr. Prilicla
 * A large but fragile winged insect-like being from the very low-gravity planet Cinruss. In addition to being highly skilled in the more delicate types of surgery, Prilicla is an empath and therefore can sense the emotions of most other lifeforms including many non-intelligent animals. Its tact and the desire of colleagues to avoid distressing it by displaying negative emotions generally makes others willing to follow its advice – a pattern that one reviewer described as "a pleasant Machiavellian streak." Despite its natural timidity and the distress that other beings' anger, fear and pain cause it, Prilicla uses its empathic ability in prolonged searches for survivors of space combat and accidents.

 * Major O'Mara
 * The Earth-human head of the hospital's Psychology department, his job is to ensure that the hospital's diverse species work together as harmoniously, efficiently and safely as circumstances allow, and particularly to save the staff from being driven insane by over-use of Educator tapes. Since he is a very acute observer of behavior and often uses sarcasm "to shrink heads, not swell them", he is sometimes called a "latter-day Torquemada".

 * Charge Nurse Naydrad
 * A member of the Kelgian species, Naydrad looks like a giant caterpillar. Since the involuntary movements of Kelgians' fur completely show their emotions, the species is incapable of both lying and tact. Naydrad is a specialist in rescuing victims of space accidents.

 * Thornnastor
 * A native of the high-gravity planet Traltha, Thornnastor (nicknamed "Thorny") has a body like a six-legged elephant, and its own keen senses are supplemented by a symbiont that provides acute vision over up to 360 degrees. Thornnastor is the Diagnostician in Charge of Pathology, and it carries ten Educator tapes. Its fascination with gossip, especially about the scandalous activities of a multi-sexed, methane-breathing, cryogenic species, is a running gag in the series.

Critical appraisal
The Sector General series defined the subgenre of multi-species medical stories, although L. Ron Hubbard's Ole Doc Methuselah stories and Murray Leinster's Med Service stories, neither of which were highly regarded, had explored some similar themes. Sector General was "the first explicitly pacifist space opera" series, while much of contemporary space opera from the USA was notably military. Mike Resnick described the series' characters as "the most memorable crew of aliens ever created". Michael Ashley commented that the setting of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine is reminiscent of Sector General. The Babylon 5 television series was also set in space station with atmospheres for different species. It is highly likely that the short lived 1998-99 television series Mercy Point was influenced by Sector General.

Many commentators attribute the series' popularity to the altruism of its doctors and the emphasis on seeking to build peaceful relations between different species. John Clute wrote that "in the depiction of goodness may lie the real genius of James White." White's hatred of war and xenophobia is a constant theme of the series, notably in: Star Surgeon, where the Monitor Corps fights a savage battle in defence of the hospital space station, to prevent the conflict from escalating into a full interstellar war that can only end in genocide; and in The Genocidal Healer, where an alien race's sexual urges are almost eliminated by a plague and can only be stimulated by hand-to-hand combat.

The early stories focus almost entirely on medical problems, mainly from Conway's viewpoint. In Dave Langford's opinion the xenobiological novelties were becoming less credible by the end of Star Healer, and using a variety of alien viewpoint characters gave the later books "considerable new pep". These also deal with deeper issues, notably in The Genocidal Healer, and better than most science fiction according to Resnick.

Opinions differ about the quality of the series as a whole. For example, Gary Westfahl wrote that "the Sector General stories remained consistently fresh and involving, and they grew in prominence as the series progressed." On the other hand, Todd White wrote that the series declined after Star Healer (1985), hitting a low point with The Galactic Gourmet (1996), and that the later books tended to stretch a short story's worth of content to the length of a novel. However he thought that Mind Changer (1998) represented an improvement.

Publishers Weekly described Mind Changer as "White's finest performance, replete with wit, originality, medical expertise and sheer decency" and commented that the series shows no signs of aging, and Booklist described the book as an "enjoyable, witty resumé" of Chief Psychologist O'Mara's career.

Clinton Lawrence described the last Sector General book, Double Contact (1999), as "in a very positive way, a throwback to an earlier era in science fiction" since it is optimistic and depicts several advanced species working harmoniously. The struggle to build trust and produce a successful first contact is, he thought, as exciting and suspenseful as one could wish for. However he noted that the level of characterization was the minimum required to support the plot.

Stories in the series
The Sector General series began as short stories published in New Worlds from 1957 onwards. Originally White intended to end the series with Star Healer (1985), by which time the central characters had reached the top levels in their careers, but Ballantine Books persuaded him to continue. He extended the stories' range by introducing new central characters beginning with Code Blue - Emergency (1987), and The Genocidal Healer (1992) focused on psychological and theological issues of guilt and forgiveness rather than strictly medical ones. The books in the series are:
 * Hospital Station (1962: stories published in New Worlds 1957–1960)
 * Star Surgeon (1963)
 * Major Operation (1971: stories published in New Worlds 1968–1971)
 * Ambulance Ship (1979)
 * Sector General (1983)
 * Star Healer (1985)
 * Code Blue - Emergency (1987)
 * The Genocidal Healer (1992)
 * The Galactic Gourmet (1996)
 * Final Diagnosis (1997)
 * Mind Changer (1998)
 * Double Contact (1999)

These were also published as omnibus editions:
 * Beginning Operations (2001) contains Hospital Station, Star Surgeon and Major Operation.
 * Alien Emergencies (2002) contains Ambulance Ship, Sector General and Star Healer.
 * General Practice (2003) contains Code Blue - Emergency and The Genocidal Healer.
 * Tales of Sector General (1999) contains The Galactic Gourmet, Final Diagnosis, and Mind Changer.

Short stories

 * White's short story "Sector General" is included in the book Hospital Station.
 * In addition to these books, several related short stories ("Countercharm", "Tableau", "Occupation: Warrior", and "Custom Fitting") appear in other collections by White. The first three appear in The Aliens Among Us, the fourth in Futures Past.
 * The short story "Custom Fitting" does not mention Sector General, but does describe the Galactic Federation making its first contact with Earth. "Tableau" also does not mention Sector General but introduces the alien race of the Orligians, who appear in the series.
 * The short story "Occupation: Warrior", published in 1959, provides the backstory of the Monitor Corps' Commander Dermod, who appears in some of the books. However the editor of Science Fiction Adventures removed all reference to Sector General from Occupation: Warrior because he thought it was too grim to be treated as part of the series.  "Countercharm" is the only short story actually set in Sector General not included in a Sector General book.

title: Sector General


text:
Hospital Station

Hospital Station is a 1962 science fiction book by author James White and is the first volume in the Sector General series. The book collects together a series of five short stories previously published in New Worlds magazine between 1957 and 1960.

Stories

 * "Medic" – During the construction of Sector 12 General Hospital, construction worker O'Mara is suspected of negligently causing the death of two alien workers. Pending an investigation he is restricted to quarters and given the aliens' child to care for.
 * "Sector General" – The first story of the main series' narrative. Doctor Conway has spent two months on the station and is about to be confronted with several emergencies as well as his first educator tape.
 * "Trouble with Emily" – Conway is ordered to assist with a project involving a large dinosaur-like alien, dubbed Emily (after Emily Brontë) for its supposed resemblance to Brontosaurus.
 * "Visitor at Large" – A SRTT shape-changing alien runs amok in the hospital. Conway and a newly arrived Prilicla are enlisted to capture it.
 * "Out-Patient" – Following the recovery of a badly injured alien from a wrecked ship, Conway must pursue a radical treatment.

title: Hospital Station


text:
Clear Fork (Big South Fork Cumberland River tributary)

The Clear Fork (also known as the Clear Fork River or Clear Fork Creek ) is a 27.2 mi stream draining part of the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee, United States. It is a tributary of the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River. By that river, the Cumberland River, and the Ohio River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.

The Clear Fork rises on the Cumberland Plateau in southern Fentress County, Tennessee. It is composed of two major components, the North Prong and the South Prong, and numerous smaller tributaries. The North Prong drains an area adjacent to and east of U.S. Highway 127. The South Prong is slightly further east; it and its tributaries form an important portion of the border between Fentress County and Morgan County.

The former English settlement of Rugby, Tennessee, promoted in the late 19th century as a settlement for the "second sons" of English nobility who did not receive hereditary peerages, is located on the Plateau above the Clear Fork valley; swimming in its pools provided the "Rugby Colony" with an important recreational diversion. The stream crosses into Scott County through an oil field developed by the petroleum industry and reaches its confluence with the New River. From this point the combined stream is known as the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River; the upper reaches of the stream are the focal point of a National Recreation Area.


text:
Fred Dunlap

Frederick C. "Sure Shot" Dunlap (May 21, 1859 – December 1, 1902) was a second baseman and manager in Major League Baseball from 1880 to 1891. He was the highest paid player in Major League Baseball from 1884 to 1889. He has also been rated by some contemporary and modern sources as the greatest overall second baseman of the 19th century. He earned the nickname "Sure Shot" for the strength and accuracy of his throws to first base, and was also sometimes referred to in the 1880s as the "King of Second Basemen."

Dunlap played for the Cleveland Blues from 1880 to 1883, where he secured his reputation as one of the best players in the game. As a rookie in 1880, he led the National League in doubles and ranked second in extra base hits. While playing for Cleveland, he also compiled batting averages of .325 and .326 in 1881 and 1883 and led the league in assists by a second baseman and range factor. When the Union Association was formed in 1884, Dunlap was lured to play for the St. Louis Maroons where he became the highest paid player in baseball. His .412 batting average in 1884 was the highest ever recorded to that time in Major League Baseball and 56 points higher than any other player in the major leagues in 1884 due to the lack of talent in the UA.

After three years in St. Louis, Dunlap was sold to the Detroit Wolverines and helped that team win the 1887 National League pennant. Dunlap's baseball career ended in 1891 when he broke his leg sliding into a base. He went into the construction business and bet on horses in the 1890s. At the time of his death in 1902, Dunlap was penniless and living in a rundown boarding house.

Early years
Dunlap was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1859. Both of his parents died when he was 10 years old. Dunlap did not attend school after his parents died and spent his youth playing baseball. Lacking formal education, Dunlap remained illiterate throughout his life.

Dunlap began playing semi-pro baseball at age 15 in 1874 for the Gloucester Club in Gloucester City, New Jersey. In 1875, he started the season with the Greighers of Camden, New Jersey, then joined the Kleinz Club of Philadelphia. He played for Chester at the start of the 1876 season before joining the Quicksteps of Wilmington, Delaware, as a pitcher. In 1877, he began playing professional baseball as a second baseman for the Auburns of Auburn, New York. In 1878, he played for teams in Hornellsville and Albany, New York. He remained with Albany in 1879.

Cleveland Blues
In May 1880, Dunlap began a 12-year career in Major League Baseball with the Cleveland Blues. In his first season, Dunlap immediately established himself as one of the game's best players. For the 1880 season, Dunlap led the National League (NL) in doubles (27) and ranked second in extra base hits (40) and times on base (132) while serving as the team's leadoff hitter. He also made a strong debut on defense, leading the National League in assists by a second baseman (290). Dunlap remained with the Blues for four seasons and consistently ranked as one of the leading hitters and defensive second basemen in the National League. In 1881, he compiled 156 total bases, the second most in the NL, and had a .325 batting average and .444 slugging percentage, ranking fifth in the NL in both categories. In 1882, he led the NL's second basemen with 297 assists and a range factor of 6.73.

In his final year in Cleveland, Dunlap had a .326 batting average, .361 on-base percentage, and .452 slugging percentage, ranking among the league's leaders in each of those categories. Defensively, he led the league's second basemen in putouts (304) and ranked third in assists (290) and fielding percentage (.911). Dunlap was the star of the Cleveland team in the early 1880s. So key was he to the Blues that one writer observed, "The Maroons without Dunlap are like the play of Hamlet without the melancholy Dane."

"Sure Shot"
Dunlap was known during his baseball career by the nicknames "Sure Shot" and "King of Second Basemen". Most accounts indicate that the "Sure Shot" nickname arose from Dunlap's powerful and accurate throws to first base. King Kelly reportedly gave Dunlap the "Sure Shot" nickname after watching him throw. One account described Dunlap's throwing prowess as follows: "[E]ndless practice made him adept as a monkey at grabbing a sizzling ground ball in either hand and firing it off from the very spot he seized it. His whistling throws, which seemed to clear the grass by no more than half a foot, never seemed to lose more than an inch or two."

Alfred Henry Spink, who saw Dunlap play, wrote that Dunlap could chase down a ball in the outfield and throw it to home plate "with such fearful speed and accuracy that the ball seemed to sing as it flew." Dunlap was known for his range in getting to balls that others of his era could not, and he was reportedly able to dive for a ball and throw while lying on the ground with enough velocity to sting the first baseman's hand. Dunlap was ambidextrous and was able to catch and throw a baseball with the same skill and accuracy with either hand. Moreover, Dunlap reportedly never wore a glove.

One source gives an entirely different account of how Dunlap obtained the "Sure Shot" nickname. In his book on the history of the home run, Mark Ribowsky wrote that the nickname dated back to a game against the Chicago White Stockings on July 10, 1880. The White Stockings had won 21 straight games until Dunlap hit a walk-off two-run home run in the bottom of the ninth inning. According to Ribowsky, "For this Shot Heard 'Round Cleveland, Dunlap won the nickname 'Sure Shot.'"

St. Louis Maroons
In November 1883, Dunlap signed a contract to play for the St. Louis Maroons in the new Union Association. He was the biggest star lured to the new league. His contract paid Dunlap a salary of $3,400 (including $1,000 paid in advance), the highest salary paid to any baseball player at that time. He remained the highest paid baseball player every year from 1884 to 1889.

Dunlap played second base for the St. Louis Maroons from 1884 to 1886 and also served as the team's manager for portions of those seasons. During the 1884 season, the Maroons and Dunlap dominated the Union Association. The team compiled a record of 94-19, and Dunlap led the new league in most significant offensive and defensive categories. His .412 batting average was 56 points higher than any other player in the Union Association, the National League, or the American Association. He also led the league in on-base percentage (.448), slugging percentage (.621), runs scored (160), hits (185), total bases (279), home runs (13), extra base hits (60), assists by a second baseman (300), putouts by a second baseman (341), range factor at second base (6.41), and fielding percentage at second base (.926). Dunlap's .412 batting average in 1884 was the highest ever recorded in any of the major leagues up to that time. His 160 runs scored in 1884 remains one of the highest single-season totals in major league history.

Some baseball historians have suggested that Dunlap's accomplishments during the 1884 season should be discounted due to the lesser talent pool in the Union Association. In 1885, the Union Association was disbanded after only one year, and the St. Louis Maroons joined the National League. Although his batting average dropped 142 points to .270 in 1885, Dunlap continued to be one of the best defensive second basemen in the major leagues. He led the National League's second basemen in 1885 with a .934 fielding percentage and ranked second in assists (374), putouts (314), and range factor (6.49). Dunlap spent a third season with the Maroons in 1886, and hit for the cycle on May 24. However, the Maroons were in financial distress, and rumors spread that the team might disband.

Detroit Wolverines
In early August 1886, Dunlap was sold to the Detroit Wolverines for $4,700, the most expensive purchase price at the time. In addition to the sum paid to the Maroons to grant the release, the Detroit team signed a contract to pay Dunlap $4,500 a season for two seasons, with an advance of $1,500 on the first day of November 1886 and 1887, respectively. The mid-season sale led to concerns about the Maroons: "The transfer of Dunlap to Detroit is a small thing in itself, but its bearing on the entire base ball world is so great as to almost revolutionize the present order of things. He was the king pin of the St. Louis Club and his sale makes a certainty of the dissolution of the Maroons." The Detroit management was praised for their "pluck and enterprise" in making the bold "business stroke." The Sporting News wrote at the time:"'Dunlap has joined the Detroits and now that team will fly the League pennant just as sure as time flies and the world grows. From the day the old St. Louis Union team went out of existence Dunlap has been anything but a favorite in St. Louis. Still there was no one in the world but was willing to concede that he was the greatest second baseman America has ever known.'"

Dunlap, too, expressed delight at the move, noting that he had "tried for two seasons to get away from the Maroons." While the reaction to the acquisition was overwhelmingly positive in Detroit, the Detroit Free Press expressed some concern over Dunlap's reputation as a "disorganizer" and "mischief maker." For the 1886 season, Dunlap led the National League with a career high 393 assists, more than any NL player at any position. In 1887, Dunlap's defensive play at second base helped lead the Detroit Wolverines to the NL pennant with a record of 79-45. Dunlap again led the NL's second basemen in fielding percentage (.948) while also ranking second in range factor (6.72). He also played in 11 games of the 1887 World Series against the American Association champions, the St. Louis Browns. Detroit won the series 10 games to 5. At the end of the 1887 season, Sporting Life praised Dunlap's contributions to Detroit's championship team: "Dunlap is the king of second basemen, and a first-class all-round player. His fielding average in 1886 was .931, ranking third. This season he ranks first, with .949. ... Dunlap is one of the most active men on the field, and is of great value to a team on account of his ability as a kicker and coacher."

Before the last game of the World Series had been played, rumors spread that Detroit (which had amassed an all-star lineup with a commensurate payroll) was in negotiations to unload Dunlap's high salary by selling him to Pittsburgh. Dunlap announced in November 1887 that he would not consent unless the Detroit club paid him half of the sum it was to receive from Pittsburgh to secure his release. He said at the time, "I am sick and tired of being sold without gaining anything by it, and it is about time that my bank account was benefited by these transfers." He told a reporter for The New York Times that he was not penniless and would refuse to play unless his demands were met. He told the reporter that the Detroit club had three choices -- "give me half of the money secured for my release, allow me to go where I please, or fulfill the contract made with me last year."

In January 1888, Dunlap finally consented to the sale and received $2,000 of the $5,000 sales price paid to Detroit. His total annual compensation on signing with Pittsburgh was $6,000, making him the highest paid player in baseball history to that time. The Detroit Free Press congratulated the "cranks" of Pittsburgh for their team's acquisition of "no less than the king second baseman of the country."

Pittsburgh Alleghenys
Dunlap played for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys from 1888 to 1890, and served as manager of the Alleghenys for a portion of the 1889 season. During his three years in Pittsburgh, Dunlap's offensive performance declined. His batting average for the Alleghenys went from .262 in 1888 to .235 in 1889. At the same time, he remained one of the leading defensive second basemen in the game. In 1888, Dunlap ranked second among the league's second basemen in fielding percentage (.940) and range factor (6.33), and in 1889, Dunlap's last full season in the major leagues, his .950 fielding percentage led the National League and was a career high for Dunlap.

Before the start of the 1890 season, Dunlap engaged in protracted salary negotiations with President Nimick of the Alleghenys. In late March 1890, the Pittsburg Dispatch reported that the two sides had reached a resolution, "and it now seems certain that Dunlap will play his old position in the Pittsburg league club." Nimick said at the time: "I had a long talk with Mr. Dunlap, and we agreed to terms for him to play with us this season. Of course the terms were below those of last year, that is, he will play for much less than $5,000.  He did not sign a contract, for reasons that were quite satisfactory to me ... We know he is a good player and he is quite willing to remain with us."

In the first 17 games of the 1890 season, Dunlap's batting average fell to .172, and as a result he was released by the Alleghenys on May 15. Aside from his batting average, disagreements with Pittsburgh's manager, Guy Hecker, reportedly contributed to the decision. The Pittsburgh Dispatch quoted manager Hecker as saying, "Dunlap is certainly the worst man to get along with that I ever met. He has had everybody in hot water during our entire western trip." Others speculated that Dunlap's release was motivated by his $3,500 salary and the fact that Pittsburgh's backup second baseman, Henry Youngman, had signed for a salary of only $1,050.

Giants and Statesmen
Dunlap jumped to the New York Giants of the Players' League in late May 1890. At the time, the Washington correspondent for Sporting Life predicted that Dunlap would bring bad luck to his new team. He wrote: "Fred is a great player, but the hoo-doo that seems to shadow him will make itself felt wherever he may go. There are a number of people in this vicinity who have watched his course with more than ordinary interest, and they do not hesitate to declare him a Jonah." Dunlap appeared in only one game for the Giants and announced in July that he would play no more in 1890 and that he would spend the remainder of the summer at Atlantic City, New Jersey, with plans to return in 1891 "and play the game of his life."

Dunlap concluded his baseball career in 1891 with the Washington Statesmen in the American Association. He appeared in only eight games for the Statesmen before breaking his leg sliding into a base on April 20, 1891. In early June 1891, the Washington management notified him that it would discontinue his salary payments. Dunlap returned the notice and filed a grievance, contending he should have been continued at least on half pay since he was disabled while sliding into a base. Washington refused to pay, and he never played professional baseball again.

Career Statistics
In 965 games over 12 seasons, Dunlap posted a .292 batting average (1159-for-3974) with 759 runs, 224 doubles, 53 triples, 41 home runs, 366 RBI, 85 stolen bases, 283 bases on balls, .340 on-base percentage and .406 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .924 fielding percentage.

Later life
When he retired from baseball, Dunlap was reported to have $100,000 in savings. He went into the building business in Philadelphia during the 1890s, and owned various properties in the city. The Sporting Life reported that Dunlap "dropped out of the game in 1892 to follow the racing game, at which he lost the respectable fortune he accumulated in base ball." Another account indicated that Dunlap lost everything on stock market investments. In July 1902, the Philadelphia Times reported that Dunlap was "clean broke."

In December 1902, Dunlap died penniless and alone at age 43. According to the Sporting Life, the "last two years of his life were spent in abject poverty and mental gloom" in a Philadelphia boarding house. According to several accounts, a policeman at the morgue saw the body and believed it to be Dunlap. Lave Cross was called to the morgue and confirmed that the body was Dunlap. His funeral was poorly attended by his former baseball colleagues, and one former player who did attend observed, "There were not enough friends of Dunlap at his funeral to bury him and we had to call on the hack drivers to make up the list of active pall-bearers." Following Dunlap's death, William A. Phelon, Jr., editor of Sporting Life wrote:"'So Fred Dunlap has passed into the great beyond, and the man whose salary figure marked the high-water limit of the long ago is gone! ... What a ball player this Dunlap was and what an artist in getting the fat salaries! ... Dunlap was a real infielder of the type so popular ten years ago -- one of the solid, bulky style through whom no grounder seemed able to pass, but who could nevertheless wave the hot ones goodbye with graceful ease when occasion demanded. With the gloves now in use to aid, Dunny would have been even a bigger wonder now than then.'"

Legacy
Dunlap has been rated by some contemporary and modern sources as the greatest overall second baseman of the 19th century. In his 1910 book on the history of baseball, Alfred Henry Spink, the founder of The Sporting News, was unequivocal: "I have seen all the great second basemen ... I am free to say that Dunlap was far and away the greatest second baseman that ever lived." Stanley Robinson, who owned and managed major league teams in St. Louis and Cleveland, went even further: "He was not only the greatest second baseman, but take him in all the departments of the game, he was perhaps the greatest player that ever lived." Another of Dunlap's contemporaries, Sam Crane, also picked Dunlap as the greatest second baseman in a newspaper column published in 1912. Crane wrote: "Fred Dunlap was acknowledged to be the best second baseman of his day, and was excellent from every angle. I think he excelled Fred Pfeffer." In 1910, John Montgomery Ward, a Hall of Fame inductee who played from 1878 to 1894, published an article about the greatest infielders in baseball history. While picking Fred Pfeffer as a shade better than Dunlap", Ward observed: "Fred Dunlap was the king. Dunlap had the record average of .953 in 64 games with the Detroit club in 1887, and was the personification of ease and grace. He was something of a grandstand player, because of his tendency to make one-handed catches and stops but he got there just the same and was a big favorite wherever he showed."

In a 2008 book using modern sabermetric methods, author William F. McNeil concluded that Dunlap was the best offensive second baseman, the second best defensive second baseman, and the best overall second baseman of the 19th century. Dunlap's career range factor of 6.31 at second base still ranks as the fifth highest in the history of Major League Baseball. However, Bill James, in his 2001 book The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, ranked Dunlap as the 89th greatest second baseman of all time (and the 8th best of those who played the majority of their careers in the 19th century). James wrote that Dunlap was "never a legitimate star in a legitimate major league, but a good second baseman and a .275 hitter."

title: Fred Dunlap


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Caller

Caller may refer to:

 * Caller (telecommunications), a party that originates a call
 * Caller (dancing), a person that calls dance figures in round dances and square dances
 * Caller, the Catalan equivalent of Cagliari
 * A software program or procedure that invokes a subroutine

title: Caller


text: Talk:Caller

title: Talk:Caller


text:
Gene L. Coon

Eugene Lee Coon (January 7, 1924 – July 8, 1973) was an American screenwriter, television producer, and novelist. He is best remembered for his work on the original Star Trek as a screenwriter, story editor, and showrunner from the middle of the series' first season to the middle of the second. Along with series creator Gene Roddenberry, Coon is given credit for the show's idealistic tone and for creating several key story and world-building elements that would become important parts of the ongoing franchise.

Life and career
The eldest son of U.S. Army Sgt. Merle Jack "Pug" Coon and decorator Erma Gay Noakes, Eugene Lee Coon was born in Beatrice, Nebraska, on January 7, 1924. At four years of age, young Gene showed talent, singing on the radio at WOAW-AM in Omaha. He knew 24 songs, including one in French and one in German. In his youth, Coon was a member of the Gage County 4-H Club and the Boy Scouts of America. He later attended Omaha Technical High School and participated in Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, also playing in the school band. During this time, he was also a teenaged newscaster for KWBE (AM) in Beatrice. Coon later moved, with his parents and younger brothers, Merle Jack Coon Jr. and Bloise Newell Coon, to Glendale, California. Another brother died at 10 years old when they still lived in Beatrice. His father found employment there working with poultry, and Coon transferred to Glendale High School.

During World War II, Coon served stateside in the United States Marine Corps from 1942 to 1946. Thereafter, he remained in the Marines as a reservist while studying radio communications at Glendale Junior College, where he performed in a production of The Night of January 16th. Following additional studies at the University of Iowa, he returned to active duty during the Korean War in 1950. He received additional training as a war reporter, and ran a pharmacy and built houses. He wrote about many of his experiences in the novels Meanwhile Back at the Front and The Short End of the Stick.

Upon his demobilization in 1952, Coon found work first as a radio newscaster before turning to freelance writing under the mentorship of Los Angeles Times reporter Gene Sherman. From 1954 to 1959, Coon operated a pharmacy at the intersection of Beverly Boulevard and North Ardmore Avenue; during this period, Sherman covered his pharmacy exploits in the page 2 "Cityside" column for the newspaper. Sherman also allowed Coon to have a guest spot promoting Meanwhile Back at the Front in the column Sherman wrote for The Farmer's Market, using the pen name Dick Kidson.

Beginning in 1956, Coon was primarily involved in scripting teleplays for popular Western and action television shows, including Dragnet (1951), Wagon Train (1957), Maverick (1957), and Bonanza (1959). At Universal in the early 1960s, he turned McHale's Navy (1962) from a one-hour drama into a successful 30-minute sitcom. Together with the writer Les Colodny, Coon floated the idea for The Munsters (1964), as a satirical take on The Donna Reed Show (1958), to MCA chairman Lew Wasserman. The result of this last, whose format was worked out by Allan Burns and Chris Hayward and whose characters and situations were developed by Norm Liebman and Ed Haas, was yet another hit show, under the creative auspices of Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher. MCA, then the parent company of Universal Studios, produced the show through its Revue TV and Kayro-Vue Productions banners.

Star Trek
His Wagon Train scripts contained strong moral lessons concerning personal redemption and opposing war, and he later repeated very similar themes in his Star Trek scripts. (The latter series, though it owed much to C. S. Forester's novels about Horatio Hornblower and Jonathan Swift's satire Gulliver's Travels, was sold to the NBC television network using the unofficial nickname of "Wagon Train to the stars".) Coon joined the original Star Trek series during its first season; David Gerrold credited him with being a skilled showrunner before Coon left in the middle of the second season. Coon was responsible for many rewrites of Star Trek scripts.

His credited creations for Star Trek include the Klingons and the Organian Peace Treaty (in "Errand of Mercy"), Khan Noonien Singh (in "Space Seed", where he adapted a Carey Wilber story), Zefram Cochrane (in "Metamorphosis"), the advancement and the definition of the Prime Directive in "The Return of the Archons" and "Bread and Circuses", respectively, the official naming of the United Federation of Planets itself in "Arena" (in which he inadvertently plagiarized a Fredric Brown story), and the official naming of Starfleet Command in "Court Martial". Since he also had the responsibility of revising scripts, he worked uncredited on many other episodes. He also mentored the young Gerrold and helped him polish the script for the episode "The Trouble with Tribbles". Other popular Star Trek episodes that he wrote included "The Devil in the Dark", "A Taste of Armageddon", and "A Piece of the Action". He is credited with much of the character development of Star Trek's characters, much of the humor of Star Trek, and the "bickersonesque" disagreements between Spock and McCoy.

Following arguments with Roddenberry over the tone of the installment "Bread and Circuses", partly a satire on the medium of television, Coon left the writing staff and designated John Meredyth Lucas as showrunner. After announcing to Lucas that he was leaving, Lucas, who had already written the installments "The Changeling" and "Patterns of Force" for the program, quoted Coon as saying, "Why the hell don't you take over? You produced The Fugitive and Ben Casey and that shit". Lucas suspected Coon may have been secretly diagnosed with cancer, but he never definitely learned whether this was the case.

Coon contributed to four scripts for the third season under the pseudonym of Lee Cronin, as he was by then under contract to Universal Studios.

Post–Star Trek
Following his period with Star Trek, Coon produced the Universal Studios series It Takes a Thief, starring Robert Wagner, during which he mentored Glen A. Larson. He also continued to write for Kung Fu and The Streets of San Francisco. In 1973, he served as co-writer with Gene Roddenberry on the NBC-TV movie The Questor Tapes. The movie was to serve as a pilot for a new series, but Roddenberry balked at a decision by NBC to eliminate the character of Jerry Robinson, Questor's human companion/mentor. (Coon died before the pilot aired in early 1974.)

Although Coon turned down the opportunity to work on Star Trek: The Animated Series, he continued to work with Roddenberry, co-writing Genesis II and the proposal for Spectre. He also founded UniTel Associates, one of the earliest production companies aimed at the home video market.

Coon was known as one of the fastest writers in Hollywood, and he often rewrote a script for shooting overnight or over a weekend. He had a dry sense of humor, as reflected in his two novels. After years of separation, Coon again found his first love, model Jackie Mitchell. In 1967, he divorced his wife Joy so that he could be with Jackie, with whom he spent the last five years of his life.

Death and tributes
A chain smoker of cigarillos for most of his life, the man whom fellow writer/producer Glen A. Larson referred to as "the spirit and soul of Star Trek, died in July 1973 of lung and throat cancer at the age of 49, just one week after being diagnosed. A possible cause of Coon’s cancer was radiation from Nevada bomb testing sites he visited with his mentor Gene Sherman and his first wife Joy in the 1950s.

D. C. Fontana dedicated her novelization of The Questor Tapes to him. William Shatner dedicated a chapter in his 1993 memoir Star Trek Memories to him, titled "The Unsung Hero", in which he attributed many aspects of Star Trek to him. Leonard Nimoy did the same in his own memoir (I Am Spock), as did Herbert F. Solow and Robert H. Justman with Inside Star Trek: The Real Story. In the closing credits of the 1999 Star Trek tribute film Free Enterprise, Gene Coon is referred to as "The Forgotten Gene" in recognition of his contributions to Star Trek, as well as his professional collaboration and personal relationship with his collaborator, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry.

Television
He worked as a writer on Dragnet, Bonanza, Zorro, Peter Gunn, Mr Lucky, Have Gun – Will Travel, Wagon Train, The Wild Wild West, The Four Just Men, Combat!, and McHale's Navy. Later, his role was producer for The Wild Wild West.

Films

 * The Girl in the Kremlin (1957)
 * Man in the Shadow (1957)
 * No Name on the Bullet (1959)
 * The Raiders (1963)
 * The Killers (1964)
 * First to Fight (1967)
 * Journey to Shiloh (1968)
 * The Questor Tapes (1974)

Books
By Gene L. Coon
 * Meanwhile Back at the Front (New York: Crown, 1961. 309 pp.) is a novel dealing with the improbable exploits of the Public Information Section of the 1st Marine Division during the Korean War.
 * The Short End of the Stick (published 1964) is a novel dealing with the lives and problems of American troops stationed along the DMZ in Korea after the war ended. It includes how they got along with and were treated by the native Koreans, focusing on sex and cultural clashes. It is also one of the earliest publications to discuss the drug problems of the bored occupation troops and how commanders dealt with them.

title: Gene L. Coon