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User talk:N0iz77

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Nomination of Sorune for deletion
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title: User talk:N0iz77


text:
Alter Motor Car Company

The Alter Motor Car Company, of Plymouth, Michigan, produced over 1,000 automobiles between 1914 and 1916.

The company was organized on January 26, 1914, by Guy Hamilton, F.M. Woodward, and other local residents. Construction of the factory started in the spring of 1914. Soon after, they started production of the Alter designed by Clarence Alter of Manitowoc, Wisconsin. The car was made from component parts shipped to Plymouth by rail and then assembled at the Farmer Street factory.

At its peak, the factory employed 100 people, and produced 25 vehicles a day. January 1917, the company went into receivership, and closed. The factory building still stands on Farmer Street near downtown Plymouth, across from the Cultural Center. In 2000 it was restored and, as of October 2007, is home to the C.D. Sparling Co., a small manufacturing company.

The 1914 model was a five-passenger touring car. A roadster was later introduced. The 1916 Alter model was described as "the classy look and finish of the higher priced cars", by the Plymouth Mail (local newspaper) on March 3, 1916. The 1916 model had a 27 horsepower 4-cylinder engine, 12 usgal fuel tank under the cowl, with a wheelbase of 108 in. The 1916 Alter sold for $685.

Rarity
Only one Alter model is still known to exist, car No. 75, a 1915 model Alter. In 1959, Mr. & Mrs Dale Blair from Upper Sandusky, Ohio, drove to Plymouth to see the factory where the vehicle was built. He later displayed the vehicle in the Old Car Festival at Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. Clarence Moore, a charter member of the Plymouth Historical Society eventually bought the car. It is now on display at the Plymouth Historical Museum.

External information & Pictures

 * AlterMotorCar.com

Books

 * Hudson, Sam (1975) "The story of Plymouth Michigan - A Midwest Microcosm"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alter Motor Car Company


text:
Kateb Yacine

Kateb Yacine (2 August 1929 or 6 August 1929 – 28 October 1989) was an Algerian writer notable for his novels and plays, both in French and Algerian Arabic, and his advocacy of the Berber cause.

Biography
Kateb Yacine was officially born on 6 August 1929 in Constantine, though it is likely that his birth occurred four days earlier. Although his birth name is Yacine Kateb, he once said that he was so used to hearing his teachers calling out names with the last name first that he adopted Kateb Yacine as a pen name.

He was born into a scholarly maraboutic Chaoui Berber family from the modern Sedrata, in wilaya of Souk Ahras (in the Aurès region). His maternal grandfather was the 'bach adel', or deputy judge of the qadi in Condé Smendou (Zirout Youcef). His father was a lawyer, and the family followed him through his various assignments in different parts of the country. Young Kateb (which means 'writer'), attended the Sedrata Quran school in 1937, then in 1938 the French school in Lafayette (Bougaa) in Little Kabylie, where the family had moved. In 1941 he enrolled in the colonial 'collège' (secondary school) of Setif as a boarder.

Kateb Yacine was in his third year of collège when the demonstrations of 8 May 1945 occurred. He participated in these demonstrations that ended with the massacre of between six and eight (according to nationalists forty-five) thousand Algerians by the French army and police in the Sétif and Guelma massacre. Three days later he was placed under arrest and imprisoned for two months. From that point on he became a partisan for the nationalist cause. Expelled from secondary school, watching his mother's psychological health decline, passing through a period of dejection and being immersed in the writings of Lautréamont and Baudelaire, his father sent him to the high school in Bône (Annaba). There he met 'Nedjma' ('the star'), an 'already married cousin' with whom he lived for 'maybe eight months', as he later acknowledged.

While living with Nedjma he published his first collection of poetry in 1946. He had already become 'politicized' and started giving lectures under the auspices of the Algerian People's Party, 'the great nationalist party of the masses'. Yacine went to Paris in 1947, "into the lion's den" as he put it.

In May 1947, he joined the Algerian Communist Party and gave a lecture in the 'Salle des Sociétés savantes' on emir Abd al-Qadir. During a second visit to France the following year he published 'Nedjma ou le Poème du Couteau' (a hint of what was to follow) in the revue 'Le Mercure de France'. He was a journalist at the daily 'Alger Républicain' between 1949 and 1951.

After his father's death in 1950, Yacine worked as a longshoreman in Algiers. He returned to Paris where he would stay until 1959. During this period in Paris he worked with Malek Haddad, developed a relationship with M'hamed Issiakhem, and in 1954, spoke extensively with Bertold Brecht. In 1954, the revue Esprit published Yacine's play 'Le cadavre encerclé', which was staged by Jean-Marie Serreau but was banned in France.

'Nedjma' was published in 1956 (and Kateb would not forget the editor's comment: "This is too complicated. In Algeria you've got such pretty sheep, why don't you talk about your sheep?"). During the Algerian War of Independence, Yacine was forced to travel abroad for a long time due to the harassment he faced from the DST. He lived in numerous places, subsisting as a guest writer or working various odd jobs in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Yugoslavia and the USSR.

After a stay in Cairo, Yacine returned again to Algeria in 1962, shortly after the independence celebrations. He resumed writing for 'Alger Républicain' but traveled frequently between 1963 and 1967 to Moscow, France and Germany. 'La Femme sauvage', which he had written between 1954 and 1959, was performed in Paris in 1963. 'Les Ancêtres redoublent de férocité' was staged in 1967. 'La Poudre d'intelligence' was also staged in Paris in 1967 and an Algerian Arabic version in Algiers in 1969. In 1964 Yacine published six essays on 'our brothers the Indians' in 'Alger Républicain' and recounted his meeting with Jean-Paul Sartre while his mother was being committed to the psychiatric hospital in Blida ('La Rose de Blida', in 'Révolution Africaine', July 1965). He left for Vietnam in 1967, completely abandoning the novel and wrote 'L'Homme aux sandales de caoutchouc', a play celebrating Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnamese struggle against imperialism, that was published, performed and translated into Arabic in 1970.

The same year Yacine returned to make a more permanent home in Algeria. During this period he had a significant change in philosophy: he refused to continue writing in French, and instead began working on popular theatre, epics and satires, performed in dialectal Arabic. Beginning this work with the theatre company 'Théatre de la Mer' from Bab El Oued in 1971, sponsored by the Ministère du Travail et des Affaires Sociales, Kateb traveled all over Algeria for five years, putting on plays for an audience of workers, farmers and students.

Between 1972 and 1975 Kateb went with on tour performing the plays 'Mohamed prends ta valise' and 'La Guerre de deux mille ans' to France and to the German Democratic Republic. The Algerian government in Sidi-Bel-Abbes more or less sentenced him to direct the city's regional theatre as a kind of exile. Having been forbidden to appear on television, Yacine staged his plays in schools or businesses. He was often criticized for his emphasis on Berber tradition and the 'Tamazight' language, as well as for his liberal positions on issues of gender equality such as his position against women being required to wear a headscarf.

In 1986 Kateb Yacine circulated an excerpt of a play about Nelson Mandela, and in 1987 he received the Grand prix national des Lettres in France.

In 1988 the Avignon Festival staged 'Le Bourgeois sans culotte ou le spectre du parc Monceau', a play about Robespierre that Yacine wrote at the request of the Arras Cultural Center for the bicentennial commemoration of the French Revolution. Yacine settled in Verscheny in Drôme, traveled often to the United States and continued to make frequent trips to Algeria. At his death he left an unfinished work on the Algerian riots of October 1988. In 2003 his works were admitted to the Comédie-Française.

Taught in the language of the colonizer, Kateb Yacine considered the French language the Algerians' spoil of the war for independence. He declared in 1966 that "La Francophonie is a neocolonial political machine, which only perpetuates our alienation, but the usage of the French language does not mean that one is an agent of a foreign power, and I write in French to tell the French that I am not French". Trilingual, Kateb Yacine also wrote and supervised the translation of his texts into the Berber language. His work manifests his multicultural country's search for identity and the aspirations of its people.

Kateb Yacine is the father of three children, Hans, Nadia and Amazigh Kateb, singer for the band Gnawa Diffusion.

Books by Kateb

 * Soliloques, poems, Bône, Ancienne imprimerie Thomas, 1946. Reprint (with an introduction by Kateb Yacine), Algeria, Bouchène, 1991, 64 pages.
 * Abdelkader et l'indépendance algérienne, Algeria, En Nahda, 1948, 47 pages.
 * Nedjma, novel, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1956, 256 pages. (English translation by Richard Howard, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991, ISBN 0-8139-1312-8 and ISBN 0-8139-1313-6 [paperback])
 * Le Cercle des représailles, play, Paris, Editions du Euil, 1959, 169 pages [contains Le Cadavre encerclé, La Poudre d'intelligence, Les Ancêtres redoublent de férocité, and Le Vautour, introduction by Edouard Glissant: Le Chant profond de Kateb Yacine].
 * Le Polygone étoilé, novel, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1966, 182 pages.
 * Les Ancêtres redoublent de férocité, [with a new ending], Paris, collection TNP, 1967.
 * L'Homme aux sandales de caoutchouc, tribute to Vietnam and leader Ho Chi Minh, play, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1970, 288 pages.
 * Boucherie de l'espérance, plays, [four plays, including Mohammed prends ta valise, 1971, and Le Bourgeois sans culotte], Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1999, 570 pages. ISBN 2-02-033905-6
 * L'Œuvre en fragments, Inédits littéraires et textes retrouvés, rassemblés et présentés by Jacqueline Arnaud, Paris, Sindbad 1986, 448 pages (ISBN 2-7274-0129-9).
 * Le Poète comme un boxeur, interviews 1958-1989, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1994. ISBN 2-02-022193-4
 * Minuit passé de douze heures, journalism, 1947-1989, textes réunis par Amazigh Kateb, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1999, 360 pages. ISBN 2-02-038730-1
 * Parce que c'est une femme, introduction by Zebeïda Chergui, play, [including an interview with Kateb Yacine by El Hanar Benali, 1972, La Kahina ou Dilhya; Saout Ennissa, 1972; La Voix des femmes et Louise Michel et la Nouvelle Calédonie], Paris, Editions des Femmes, 2004, 174 pages.

Introductions and prefaces

 * Les Fruits de la colère, introduction to Aît Djaffar, Complainte de la petite Yasmina
 * Les mille et une nuit de la révolution, introduction to Abdelhamid Benzine, La Plaine et la montagne
 * Les Ancêtres redoublent de férocité, introduction to Tassadit Yacine, "Lounis Aït Menguellet songs, in Berber and French, Paris, La Découverte, 1989; Alger Bouchène/Awal, 1990 [ Kateb Yacine's final work, written for Tassadit Yacine on 29 September 1989, one month before he died].

On Kateb Yacine

 * Hommage à Kateb Yacine [with a detailed bibliography by Jacqueline Arnaud], Kalim n° 7, Algeria, Office des Publications Universitaires, 1987, 264 pages.
 * Ghania Khelifi, Kateb Yacine, Eclats et poèmes, [chronology and many documents], Algeria, Enag Editions, 1990, 136 pages.
 * Kateb Yacine, Eclats de mémoire, documents réunis par Olivier Corpet, Albert Dichy et Mireille Djaider, Editions de l'IMEC, 1994, 80 pages (ISBN 2-908295-20-2).

title: Kateb Yacine


text:
Altham (car)

Altham was an automobile manufactured from 1898 to 1899, in Fall River, Massachusetts, United States. It was designed by George J. Altham, and manufactured by Altham International Motor Car Company, which was based in Boston, Massachusetts, United States.

History
In 1896, a designer George J. Altham from Fall River, Massachusetts, United States, after years of work, had made a petrol engine. In August 1897, he installed it in a vehicle for testing purposes. In 1898, Altham International Motor Car Company was established, with its headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. By October 1898, the working prototype was sufficiently developed, and the commercial production of the Altham car had begun. The manufacturing factory was located in Fall River, Massachusetts, United States. The production ended in 1899, with only a few vehicles being built overall.

Specifications
The Altham car had an air-cooled two-cylinder petrol engine, with 6 horsepower (4.4 kW), and 1000 revolutions per minute. The vehicle had two seats.

title: Altham (car)


text:
Kips Bay, Manhattan

Kips Bay, or Kip's Bay, is a neighborhood on the east side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is roughly bounded by 34th Street to the north, the East River to the east, 23rd Street to the south, and Third Avenue to the west.

Kips Bay is part of Manhattan Community District 6, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10010 and 10016. It is patrolled by the 13th and 17th Precincts of the New York City Police Department.

Geography

According to The Encyclopedia of New York City and the New York City Department of City Planning, Kips Bay proper is generally bounded by East 34th Street to the north, the East River to the east, East 27th Street to the south, and Third Avenue to the west. City documents have also used New York City census tract 70 (from 29th to 34th Streets, First to Third Avenues) as an approximation for Kips Bay, and referred to tract 66, immediately below it, as "Bellevue South".

The American Guide Series defines the combined Kip's Bay–Turtle Bay area as running from 27th Street north 59th Street, and from Third Avenue to the East River, excluding the neighborhoods of Beekman Place and Sutton Place.

For its entry on Kips Bay, the American Institute of Architects' AIA Guide to New York City uses the area from 23rd Street north to roughly 38th Street, and from the East River west to just past Second Avenue. In AIA Guide, Kips Bay is adjacent to Tudor City and the United Nations/Turtle Bay area on the north, Murray Hill and Rose Hill on the west, and the Stuyvesant Square area and Peter Cooper Village on the south.

Other popular definitions of the neighborhood, such as that by The New York Times, include 23rd Street to the south, 34th Street to the north, Lexington Avenue to the west, and the East River to the east. To the north is Murray Hill; to the west is Madison Square, NoMad, and/or Rose Hill; and to the south is the Bellevue area or the Gramercy Park neighborhood and Peter Cooper Village.

Colonial settlement
Kips Bay was an inlet of the East River running from what is now 32nd Street to 37th Street. The bay extended into Manhattan Island to just west of what is now First Avenue and had two streams that drained into it. The bay was named after New Netherland Dutch settler Jacobus Hendrickson Kip (1631–1690), son of Hendrick Hendricksen Kip, whose farm ran north of present-day 30th Street along the East River. The bay became reclaimed land, yet "Kips Bay" remains the name of the area. Kip built a large brick and stone house, near the modern intersection of Second Avenue and East 35th Street. The house stood from 1655 to 1851, expanded more than once, and when it was demolished was the last farmhouse from New Amsterdam remaining in Manhattan. Iron figures fixed into the gable-end brickwork commemorated the year of its first construction. Its orchard was famous, and, when first President George Washington was presented with a specimen of its Rosa gallica during his first administration (1789–1793), when New York was serving as the first national capital city, it was claimed to have been the first garden to have grown it in the Thirteen Colonies.

Kips Bay was the site of the Landing at Kip's Bay, an episode of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and part of the New York and New Jersey campaign. About 4,000 British Army troops under General William Howe landed at Kips Bay on September 15, 1776, near what is now the foot of East 33rd Street off the East River from a Royal Navy fleet which had first landed earlier on Staten Island, then Long Island for the pivotal Battle of Brooklyn (also known as the Battle of Long Island) the previous month. Howe's forces defeated about 500 American militiamen stationed at Kips Bay by Washington and commanded by Colonel William Douglas. The American forces immediately retreated, and the British occupied New York Town at the south point of the island soon afterward forcing General Washington to retreat northward to the Harlem River.

A single survivor of the late 18th or early 19th century in the neighborhood is the simple vernacular white clapboard house, much rebuilt, at 203 East 29th Street. The house, standing gable-end to the street, is one of a mere handful of wooden houses that remain on Manhattan Island. Its date of construction is unknown but has been variously dated from around 1790 to as late as 1870; currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the house is privately owned and not open to the public.

South of the Kips Bay Farm stood the substantial Federal-style villa erected facing the East River by Henry A. Coster, in the thirty-acre estate that was purchased in 1835 by Anson Greene Phelps; towards the city, the Bull's Head cattle market fronting the Boston Post Road extended southwards from 27th Street to 23rd Street, affording a distinctly less rural aspect; the villa was removed to make way for row houses in the 1860s and the cattle market was moved farther out of town, to 42nd Street.

Later development

The neighborhood has been rebuilt in patches, featuring both new high-rise structures often set back from the street, and a multitude of exposed party walls that were never meant to be seen in public. A nearly forgotten feature is the private alley called Broadway Alley, between 26th and 27th Streets, halfway between Lexington and Third Avenues, reputedly the last unpaved street in Manhattan; it is not known what this alley is named after, since it is not near the main Broadway.

In 1940 the Madison Square Boys (and later Girls) Club, which previously had been located on East 30th Street just east of Second Avenue, built its own facilities on East 29th Street (back-to-back with its older facility). In the 1990s, the Club sold its building to the Churchill School and Center, and moved its office in the Empire State Building.

In the 1960s and 1970s, several high-rise apartment complexes were constructed between First and Second avenues as a result of urban renewal. Located between East 30th and 33rd streets, the NYU-Bellevue urban renewal project resulted in the development of Kips Bay Towers, a 1,112-unit apartment complex designed by architect I. M. Pei and completed in 1963. The Bellevue South urban renewal project, located between 23rd and 30th streets, resulted in multiple housing developments, including East Midtown Plaza and Phipps Plaza (named after 19th century industrialist and philanthropist Henry Phipps).

Waterside Plaza is a residential and business complex built on a pier above the East River between East 25th and East 28th Streets which includes the United Nations International School. There were plans to build additional above-water apartments, offices, and a hotel in the 1980s, but environmental concerns and community opposition doomed the project. Today, the waterfront south of Waterside Plaza is Stuyvesant Cove Park. The park includes a small man-made brownfield land mass extending out into the East River, which was created from excess concrete dumped into the river when the site was a ready-mix plant.

Demographics
For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Kips Bay as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called Murray Hill-Kips Bay. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Murray Hill-Kips Bay was 50,742, a change of 2,323 (4.6%) from the 48,419 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 334.93 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 151.5 PD/acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 66.6% (33,818) White, 4.8% (2,423) African American, 0.1% (55) Native American, 16.2% (8,233) Asian, 0% (16) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (181) from other races, and 2% (1,008) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.9% (5,008) of the population.

The entirety of Community District 6, which comprises Kips Bay and East Midtown, had 53,120 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 84.8 years. This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are adults: a plurality (45%) are between the ages of 25–44, while 22% are between 45–64, and 13% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 7% and 12% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 6 was $112,383. In 2018, an estimated 10% of Kips Bay and East Midtown residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty-five residents (4%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 42% in Kips Bay and East Midtown, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation,, Kips Bay and East Midtown are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Structures
Within Kips Bay, the area along First Avenue is dominated by the institutional buildings of New York University, including Tisch Hospital, NYU College of Dentistry, NYU School of Medicine, and Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine; Bellevue Hospital Center teaching hospital, including Hunter College's Brookdale Health Sciences Center and the Alexandria Center for the Life Sciences; and the Manhattan VA Hospital for the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Further north on First Avenue, in Murray Hill between East 37th and East 38th Streets, is the former Kips Bay Brewing Company, originally constructed in 1895 and now occupied by offices.

Many businesses in the neighborhood use the neighborhood's name: e.g. Kips Bay Cinemas, Kips Bay Cleaners, Kips Bay Endoscopy Center and the Kips Bay branch of the New York Public Library.

Since 1965, the area has had a commercial strip mall on Second Avenue between East 30th and 32nd Streets, set back from the street by a driveway running parallel to Second Avenue. This group of stores is referred to as "Kips Bay Plaza".

New York City's first microapartment tower opened in Kips Bay in 2016. Named Carmel Place after its location at the intersection of East 27th Street and Mount Carmel Place, the building contains 55 units ranging in size from 260 to 360 sqft and was constructed using modular units prefabricated at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The project was the winner of a competition sponsored by the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development to design, construct and operate a microapartment building on a city-owned site and pilot the use of compact apartments to accommodate smaller households.

Police and crime
Kips Bay is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD. The 13th Precinct is located at 230 East 21st Street and serves the part of the neighborhood south of 30th Street, while the 17th Precinct is located at 167 East 51st Street and serves the part of the neighborhood north of 30th Street. The 13th and 17th Precincts ranked 57th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. The high per-capita crime rate is attributed to the precincts' high number of property crimes. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 35 per 100,000 people, Kips Bay and East Midtown's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 180 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.

The 13th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 80.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 2 murders, 18 rapes, 152 robberies, 174 felony assaults, 195 burglaries, 1,376 grand larcenies, and 37 grand larcenies auto in 2018. The 17th Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 80.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 0 murders, 13 rapes, 63 robberies, 91 felony assaults, 80 burglaries, 748 grand larcenies, and 26 grand larcenies auto in 2018.

Fire safety
Kips Bay is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Company 16/Ladder Company 7 fire station, located at 234 East 29th Street.

Health
, preterm births and births to teenage mothers in Kips Bay and East Midtown are lower than the city average. In Kips Bay and East Midtown, there were 78 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 1.5 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate was based on a small sample size. Kips Bay and East Midtown have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 3%, less than the citywide rate of 12%, though this was based on a small sample size.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Kips Bay and East Midtown is 0.0102 mg/m3, more than the city average. Twelve percent of Kips Bay and East Midtown residents are smokers, which is less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Kips Bay and East Midtown, 10% of residents are obese, 5% are diabetic, and 18% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 7% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Ninety-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 90% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Kips Bay and East Midtown, there are 7 bodegas.

The Bellevue Hospital Center and NYU Langone Health are located in Kips Bay, as is the Manhattan campus of VA New York Harbor Healthcare System. In addition, In addition, Beth Israel Medical Center is located in Stuyvesant Town.

Post offices and ZIP Codes
Kips Bay is located in two primary ZIP Codes. The area south of 26th Street is located in 10010, while the area north of 26th Street is in 10016. The United States Postal Service operates two post offices in Kips Bay:
 * Murray Hill Station – 115 East 34th Street
 * Madison Square Station – 149 East 23rd Street

Education

Kips Bay and East Midtown generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. A majority of residents age 25 and older (82%) have a college education or higher, while 3% have less than a high school education and 15% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Kips Bay and East Midtown students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.

Kips Bay and East Midtown's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In Kips Bay and East Midtown, 8% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 91% of high school students in Kips Bay and East Midtown graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.

Schools
The New York City Department of Education operates the following public schools in Kips Bay:
 * PS 116 Mary Lindley Murray (grades PK-6) – the area's zoned elementary school
 * PS 347 The 47 American Sign Language & English Lower School (grades PK-8) – provides American Sign Language immersion education for deaf and hearing children
 * 47 The American Sign Language and English Secondary School (grades 9-12) - provides ASL immersion education for deaf and hearing children
 * The two ASL schools were a single institution until they were administratively divided in 2005. The two schools share the same building.

Students in grades 6-8 are zoned to IS 104 Simon Baruch School in Gramercy Park.

In addition, the United Nations International School is located in Waterside, just east of Kips Bay. as well as Rose Hill Montessori Preschool

Libraries

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates two branches in the neighborhood:
 * The Epiphany branch is located at 228 East 23rd Street. The Epiphany branch opened in 1887 and moved to its current structure, a two-story Carnegie library, in 1907. It was renovated from 1982 to 1984.
 * The Kips Bay branch is located at 446 Third Avenue. The one-story branch opened in 1972 as a replacement for the St. Gabriel's and Nathan Straus branches, which had been torn down to make way for construction of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel and Kips Bay Towers, respectively.

Parks and recreation
Manhattan Community District 6, which includes Kips Bay, has the lowest ratio of public park space per capita of all community districts in the borough and also ranks second to last among all community districts in New York City with regards to the percentage of district land that is parkland. There are three public parks in Kips Bay:

 * Asser Levy Recreation Center is located on the west side of the FDR Drive between East 23rd and 25th streets and includes indoor and outdoor pools and an outdoor playground. The playground was expanded in 2014 when Asser Levy Place was closed to traffic and added as an extension to the park.
 * Bellevue South Park, located from East 26th to 28th streets mid-block between First and Second avenues, was originally planned in the 1960s as part of the Bellevue South Urban Renewal Area but did not open until 1979 due to a lack of municipal funding during the city's fiscal crisis.
 * Vincent F. Albano Jr. Playground is located at the northwest corner of Second Avenue and East 29th Street on a parcel of land that was originally purchased by the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority in 1965 as right-of-way to construct the proposed Mid-Manhattan Expressway.

Transportation
The nearest New York City Subway stations are the 23rd Street and 28th Street stations at Park Avenue South, served by the. The Second Avenue Subway is expected to eventually expand south to Lower Manhattan and pass through the neighborhood. New York City Bus routes include the, and.

Kips Bay is served by two ferry landings on the East River, Stuyvesant Cove in Stuyvesant Cove Park near East 20th Street and the East 34th Street Ferry Landing. Stuyvesant Cove is served by NYC Ferry's Soundview route and East 34th Street is served by three NYC Ferry routes (Astoria, East River, and Soundview) as well as Seastreak.

Other transportation facilities in the area include the East 34th Street Heliport and the New York Skyports Seaplane Base, the latter of which is located in the East River at the foot of East 23rd Street.

title: Kips Bay, Manhattan


text:
Philip Francis Thomas

Philip Francis Thomas (September 12, 1810 – October 2, 1890) was an American lawyer, mathematician and politician. He served in the Maryland House of Delegates, was the 28th Governor of Maryland from 1848 to 1851, and was Comptroller of Maryland from 1851 to 1853. He was appointed as the 23rd United States Secretary of the Treasury in 1860 in the Buchanan administration. After unsuccessfully standing for the United States Senate in 1878, he returned to the Maryland House of Delegates, and later resumed the practice of law.

Thomas was also elected twice to the United States House of Representatives, once in 1838 and again in 1874. He holds the all-time record for the longest break in between two terms of service in Congress, with 34 years separating his only two terms.

Governor of Maryland
Born in Easton, Maryland, he graduated from Dickinson College in Pennsylvania in 1830. He studied law and became a lawyer in Easton. Thomas was a delegate to the Maryland's constitutional convention in 1836 and a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1838, 1843, and 1845. He was elected as a Democrat to the 26th Congress in 1838 from MD's 2nd congressional district, but declined to run again in 1840. He went back to his law practice, but returned to politics eight years later when he was elected the 28th Governor of Maryland, a position he held through 1851. While Governor, in 1849 he commissioned Maryland's contribution to the Washington Monument, a marble building stone upon which the colonial Sparrow Seal of Maryland was engraved.

From 1851 to 1853, he was Comptroller of Maryland and then collector of the port of Baltimore from 1853 to 1860, and United States Commissioner of Patents for a fragment of that year (February through December).

Secretary of the Treasury
Thomas was appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury in the Presidential Cabinet of President James Buchanan and served from December 12, 1860 until his resignation on January 14, 1861. When Howell Cobb, the 22nd Secretary of the Treasury resigned in 1860, Buchanan appointed Thomas the 23rd Secretary. Thomas reluctantly accepted the position. Immediately upon entering office, Thomas had to market a bond to pay the interest on the public debt. There was little faith in the stability of the country due to the threat of secession by the Southern United States, and war appeared inevitable. Northern bankers refused to invest in Thomas's loan, wary that the money would go to the South. Following Interior Secretary Jacob Thompson, Thomas resigned after only a month in response to his failure to obtain the loan. However, other sources point to Thomas's "disagreement with (then President) Buchanan's emerging policy concerning South Carolina." His letter of resignation reprinted in the New York Times states that his reason for doing so was President Buchanan's reply accepting the resignation in that same New York Tines edition of January 17, 1861—six days after the event—stated that Thomas in his brief tenure as Secretary of the Treasury had discharged "duties in a manner highly satisfactory to myself."

Later political career
Two years later, he again became a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1863. He presented credentials as a senator-elect to the United States Senate for the term beginning March 4, 1867, but was not seated as a person "who had given aid and comfort" to the Confederate cause by way of giving money to his son "to aid him in joining the rebel army." The charge against him was contested in The New York Times as "partisan intolerance," and in The Chicago Times as "lawless despotism." However, Senator Jacob Howard of Michigan speaking to the Senate in mid-February 1868 had catalogued all of the ways in which Thomas had aided the insurrection: e.g., "only three days before he (Secretary Thomas) resigned his place as Secretary of the Treasury, the sub-treasury at Charleston, South Carolina was robbed deliberately by the rebels, plundered, taken into possession by the government there while Thomas here at Washington stands by quietly, offers no rebuke, makes no effort to defend the public treasure." As his reason for resignation on January 11, 1861, Thomas cited "the purpose of the Cabinet and President to enforce the collection of the customs in the port of Charleston."

He was then elected as a Democrat to the 44th Congress from the 1st Congressional district of Maryland, serving from 1875 to 1877, and declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1876.

He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate in 1878. He returned to the Maryland House of Delegates twice, in 1878 and 1883, and then resumed the practice of law in Easton.

Death and burial
He died in Baltimore in 1890 and is buried in Spring Hill Cemetery in Easton.

title: Philip Francis Thomas


text:
West Nile virus in the United States

The West Nile virus quickly spread across the United States after the first reported cases in Queens, New York, in 1999. The virus is believed to have entered in an infected bird or mosquito, although there is no clear evidence. The disease spread quickly through infected birds. Mosquitoes spread the disease to mammals. It was mainly noted in horses but also appeared in a number of other species. The first human cases usually followed within three months of the first appearance of infected birds in the area except where cold weather interrupted the mosquito vectors. Since the virus has become widely established in the U.S., an average of 130 deaths a year occurred.

Differences in surveillance and reporting between health departments and generally increased surveillance as the disease spread cause some problems in direct comparison of the number of cases and the mortality rate. The reported number of infected in 2009 was 720, but the estimated total number of infected the same year was 54,000. The true mortality rate is thought to be much lower because most cases are so mild they go undiagnosed. Some estimates put severe cases at only 1% of all cases. It is believed that the elderly or people with weak immune systems are most vulnerable to serious illness or death if bitten by a mosquito infected by West Nile. Most mild cases go undiagnosed. In addition, some more severe but non-neuroinvasive cases are not reported to the CDC. Some mild cases are discovered during blood donation screening. 1,039 West Nile-tainted blood donations were discovered between 2003 and mid-2005. 30 cases of West Nile from blood transfusion were known, the majority from 2002 before blood screening was instituted.

In the first ten years since the virus arrived in the U.S., over 1,100 deaths occurred with human cases reported from every U.S. state except Maine, Alaska and Hawaii. (Animal cases have been occasionally found in Maine and in Puerto Rico.) In 2012, there was a widespread outbreak with the highest death toll and second-highest total case numbers. Maine and Puerto Rico reported one case each, the first time the disease was reported in those places.

Discovery in the United States
In August 1999, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) began receiving reports of large die-offs of crows in parks across New York City. On August 9, dead wild crows were discovered outside both the Queens Zoo and the Bronx Zoo, prompting head pathologist Dr. Tracey McNamara to begin investigating what was going on. At the same time, Dr. Deborah Asnis, an infectious disease specialist at Flushing Hospital Medical Center in Queens, noticed two male patients who were suffering from similar, unusual symptoms. The two patients, aged 60 and 75 respectively, were exhibiting sudden paralysis in their arms and legs, as well as disorientation and high fevers. Lab testing also showed elevated numbers of white blood cells within the spinal fluid of both males. Neither of the patients were responding to antiviral drugs. Possible early hypotheses included botulism, viral encephalitis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, or meningitis, but none of these illnesses exactly matched the symptoms. Asnis decided to pursue a more concrete diagnosis by contacting authorities and other colleagues.

Dr. Asnis contacted Dr. Marcelle Layton, the New York City Department of Health's chief epidemiologist, on Monday, August 23, 1999, to report her patients' symptoms. Layton advised Asnis to send samples of the patients' blood and spinal fluid to the New York State Department of Health in Albany for further analysis. Around the same time, Dr. McNamara identified a potential viral encephalitis in brain tissue from the dead crows and sent samples off for further testing. Meanwhile, by Friday, August 27, just four days after Asnis had contacted Layton, two additional patients had been identified in Queens. The number rose to eight by Sunday, August 29, at Flushing Hospital Medical Center and other hospitals in Queens. All of the early patients resided within a few miles of one another. They were also frequent gardeners in the evenings.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (C.D.C.) initially identified the mystery illness as St. Louis encephalitis on September 3, 1999. The city of New York began widespread spraying for mosquitos later that same day. However, laboratory testing continued to determine a definitive cause of the symptoms.

On September 9, Dr. McNamara contacted the C.D.C. with concerns that the epidemiologic pattern of this outbreak were not consistent with St. Louis encephalitis, which does not cause bird die-offs. Additionally, she reported that other known avian viral diseases would have resulted in the deaths of other bird species in the zoos (avian influenza and Newcastle disease would have killed chickens in the petting zoo and eastern equine encephalitis would have killed emus on exhibit). Since only corvids appeared to be dying, she suggested the possibility of a novel pathogen. The C.D.C. disagreed that the epidemiologic pattern was inconsistent and declined to test tissue samples from animal species. Instead, Dr. McNamara sent tissue samples to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory. On September 11, they reported that the samples she submitted were positive for a flavivirus, marking the first time a virus in this genus was implicated in an animal disease.

The U.S. federal government eventually revised its diagnosis from St. Louis encephalitis to West Nile virus on September 27, 1999, based on research by Dr. Duane J. Gubler, a C.D.C. expert on arborviruses, and their own testing on samples submitted by Dr. McNamara.

Both Dr. McNamara and Dr. Asnis have been credited by health experts with the early identification of West Nile virus in the United States. Their actions likely prevented a more widespread outbreak. In their 2003 book, The New Killer Diseases: How the Alarming Evolution of Germs Threatens Us All, authors Elinor Levy and Mark Fischetti praised Dr. Asnis' response to the symptoms, writing that, "Asnis did something other doctors might not have bothered to do." They elaborated that, "One of the worst problems with our disease-detection system is that many doctors never report cases of strange symptoms, either because they are unsure of the disease they are facing, they're ignorant of the reporting requirement, or they simply never get around to it. Deborah Asnis was highly conscientious."

Recent cases
During the years between 1999 and 2010, an estimate of 3 million people have been infected in the United States. Highest incidence rates are observed in states of the central great plains, with South Dakota, Wyoming and North Dakota leading in incidence.

During the 2012 West Nile virus outbreak in Texas, 1,868 cases were reported. Male patients, persons >65 years of age, and minorities were at highest risk for neuroinvasive disease. At total of 1,868 cases including 844 (45%) WNND (West Nile neuroinvasive disease) cases and 89 deaths (case-fatality rate 5%). Dates of onset ranged from May 1, 2012, through December 6, 2012. The outbreak peaked during week 33 (mid-August) with 225 reported cases, which is historically the same peak for all reported WNV cases in Texas during 2002–2011. The median time from date of symptom onset to date of official report to TxDSHS was 27 days (range 6–274 days). Of the 254 counties in Texas, 135 (53%) reported a WNV case. The overall incidence rate for the state was 7.8 cases per 100,000 population. Almost half of the cases were reported from the northeastern quadrant of the state, including the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex (902 [48%] cases): Dallas (396 [21%]), Tarrant (259 [14%]), Collin (64 [3%]), and Denton (183 [10%]) counties. These 4 counties had a combined incidence rate of 16 cases per 100,000 population.

Cases
Sources: Final Cumulative Maps & Data for 1999–2018, Preliminary Maps & Data for 2019, and West Nile Virus Disease Cases by State 2020, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

*2019 also had 104 presumptive cases observed in blood donors

** as of December 15, 2020, also 127 presumptive cases observed in blood donors

Maps of progression
The following maps show the progress of human cases of West Nile across the United States. States are colored according to the percentage of all U.S. West Nile cases they represented in that year. Zero percent (no cases) is colored white; less than 1% is blue; between 1% and 5% is green; between 5% and 10% is yellow, and greater than 10% of cases in a year is red.

title: West Nile virus in the United States


text:
Thaton

Thaton (သဓီု ) is a town in Mon State, in southern Myanmar on the Tenasserim plains. Thaton lies along the National Highway 8 and is also connected by the National Road 85. It is 230 km southeast of Yangon and 70 km north of Mawlamyine. Thaton was the capital of Thaton Kingdom from at least the 4th century BC to the middle of the 11th century AD.

Etymology
Thaton is the Burmese name of Sathuim (သဓီု) in Mon, which in turn is from Sudhammapura (MY သုဓမ္မပူရ) in Pali, after Sudharma, the moot hall of the gods. This name has Buddhist symbolism: according to the 4th-century Buddhavaṃsa, this was the name of the city where the Śobhita Buddha was born, as well as the name of his father, and "Sudhammavati" was also the name of the city where the Sujāta Buddha "held his first assembly of monks". The name of Thaton probably originated as the formal Pali name "Sudhamma", which then became vernacular Mon form "Sadhuim", which is in turn pronounced "Thaton" in Burmese.

Geography
Thaton is located on a "fanlike" area at the foot of an elongated mountain spur, with the coast to the west. There is a significant slope within the city, from 43 m above sea level at the northeast corner to 9 m in the southwest. Just south of Thaton, the mountain range opens up and there is a valley 20 km long offering passage to Hpa-an and eventually over the Three Pagodas Pass to central Thailand. Besides the mountain range, there are also eight smaller hills that form a low arc around the city. Seven of these are located on the west and south, which conveniently provide protection against flooding on the side that is otherwise exposed to the sea. The eighth hill, Neimindara, is on the northeast. It is thought to have been a key strategic point in pre-cannon times, and "the troops that held this hill controlled the city".

On the west side of Thaton is a fault line, which the railway follows. To the south are the Gawt and Waba streams.

Southern Myanmar has extensive deposits of laterite, a reddish-yellow soil which is rich in iron. At Thaton, this is found as a "clay layer" about 10 cm below the ground surface. Historically, laterite was widely used as a building material in southern Myanmar, and today, it is also mined extensively for iron in the area north of Thaton.

Silting has resulted in the coastline moving 16 km away from Thaton, which is now a sleepy town on the rail line from Bago to Mawlamyine (Moulmein).

History
Thaton was the capital of the Thaton Kingdom, a Mon Kingdom which ruled present day Lower Burma between the 4th and 11th centuries. Like the Burmans and the Thais, some modern Mons have tried to identify their ethnicity and, specifically this kingdom at Thaton, with the semi-historical kingdom of Suwarnabhumi ("The Golden Land"); today, this claim is contested by many different ethnicities in south-east Asia, and contradicted by scholars.

In the kingdom of Dvaravati, Thaton was an important seaport on the Gulf of Martaban, for trade with India and Sri Lanka. Shin Arahan, also called Dhammadassi, a monk born in Thaton and raised and educated in Nakhon Pathom, an old capital of the Mon kingdom of Dvaravadi, now in Thailand, took Theravada Buddhism north to the Burmese kingdom of Bagan. In 1057, King Anawrahta of Bagan conquered Thaton.

However, Michael Aung-Thwin, has disputed the entire traditional narrative of a "Thaton Kingdom" and its conquest by Anawrahta. No contemporary inscriptions refer to Thaton or its conquest by Anawrahta, and the full version of the conquest story does not appear in later chronicles until U Kala's Mahayazawingyi, written in the early 1700s. Aung-Thwin also disputes the existence of Thaton itself during this time period, writing that "it is not even certain that the area... was not under the ocean" during the first millennium CE, since the shoreline likely would have been much farther inland at the time.

Contemporary epigraphy
The first undisputed mention of Thaton is in the 1479 Kalyani Inscriptions, which were written in the Middle Mon language and attributed to Dhammazedi. This inscription uses "Sudhuim", which is the usual Mon form of the name.

Thaton is not mentioned before this, although other inscriptions from Bagan and Ava monarchs do mention places farther south. Then in 1486, the name Sudhammapura appears in three Mon inscriptions. There is one inscription purportedly dating to 1067 records the building of a temple by a king Manuho of Thaton, but based on linguistic analysis (for example, the spelling of certain words is more characteristic of later times than of Pagan times), Aung-Thwin says the inscription is likely from a later period. (Even among scholars who are proponents of the idea that Thaton was a major capital at this time period, the 1067 inscription is also rejected for the same reasons, and they say it could be no earlier than the 1500s.)

The earliest dated inscriptions found near Thaton (but not mentioning it) are the Kyaik Talan and Kyaik Te inscriptions, which were made in 1098 under Kyanzittha. The two inscriptions were found at the Kyaik Talan and Kyaik Te stupas in Ayetthema, on the northwest side of Kelasa Mountain. The inscriptions record the renovation of the stupas under Kyanzittha.

Archaeology
An urban site at Thaton was excavated between 1975 and 1977 under U Myint Aung. The site is small, with an area of about 1,500 square yards and "at most three major stupas". A large structure that may have been a palace has partially been excavated, at the center of the site. Part of the city walls also remain.

The walled area of Thaton is mostly rectangular in shape, roughly measuring 2010 m from north to south and 1290 m from east to west. The walls aren't perfectly rectangular, though — the northeast and southeast corners each have a few rounded segments that serve to "draw water off from streams flowing down from peaks on the escarpment". The overall layout resembles the 1st-millennium site of Halin, which also had a rectangular shape.

The lower layers of Thaton's city walls contain numerous fingermarked bricks, which according to Elizabeth Moore are characteristic of first-millennium architectural remains over a wide area including not just Myanmar but also parts of India and Thailand. As a result, Moore and San Win date the walls of Thaton to the first millennium as well.

Remains of city gates have been found on the north and south walls, but none have been found on the east or west walls.

Three carved reliefs of Hindu deities found at Thaton in the 19th century have been variously stylistically dated to the 9th/10th or 11th centuries. One depicts Shiva and Parvati. The other two are reddish sandstone reliefs, each over a meter tall, depicting the god Vishnu reclining on the serpent Ananta Shesha. Three lotus stems are depicted as coming out of Vishnu's navel, and smaller figures of Vishnu, Brahma, and Shiva are depicted sitting on them. (Normally, there would only be one lotus and deity coming out of Vishnu's navel.) The exact find spots for these three reliefs was not recorded, so their function is unknown. They were likely intended for local faithful, indicating an "eclectic religious milieu" at first-millennium Thaton. All three were destroyed during the Second World War when they were kept in the University of Yangon's library.

Another relief found at Thaton is a 1.2 m-tall depiction of Shiva sitting down, with his bull Nandi shown below his right leg and a "buffalo demon" below his left knee.

There is also a set of sema, or boundary stones, at the Kalyani Thein ordination hall near the Shweyazan stupa. The Kalyani sema are each over a meter tall and carved with panels depicting of the life of Gautama Buddha and floral designs at the top. Their date is highly uncertain — stylistically similar sema found in Thailand are associated with the Dvaravati culture and dated to the 6th through 9th centuries, but the Kalyani sema also have their own distinct forms that have been tentatively associated with Mon migrations from Haripuñjaya in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Myint Aung's excavation in the 1970s did not produce any radiocarbon dating, so the exact date of the site is uncertain. According to Moore and San Win, repeated renovations and additions to pilgrimage sites has made detecting first-millennium remains "extremely difficult". However, as mentioned above, they identify the fingermarked bricks as evidence of first-millennium occupation at Thaton.

Historiography of the conquest story
The origins of the conquest story by Anawrahta in 1057 are unclear and "apparently does not go back to any single source". According to Michael Aung-Thwin, the story may have originated from Bagan's conquest of Lower Burma during this period. Anawrahta's southward expansion is well-documented in contemporary inscriptions, with about 28 votive tablets recording his activity as far south as Mergui. But no Bagan-era inscription mentions a conquest of Thaton, which would be unusual because it would have been directly on the route to Mergui.

In the Zambu Kungya
The earliest text to mention something like the conquest of Thaton is the Zambu Kungya, written by Wun Zin Min Yaza, who served as a minister under the Ava-period kings Mingyi Swasawke and Mingaung I in the late 1300s and early 1400s. The only surviving part of this is an 1825 copy, although some of its content was also incorporated into the Maniyadanabon, which was written in the late 1700s. This version (the one incorporated into the Maniyadanabon) says nothing about a conquest of Thaton; it only says that in 1054 "the king, ministers, officers, people, and monks of Thaton carried the three Pitakas of the scriptures" to Bagan. Although the version in the Maniyadanabon was only written in 1781, Aung-Thwin writes that it "is very likely a good preservation" of the Zambu.

In the Kalyani Inscriptions
The Kalyani Inscriptions of 1479, which are relatively close in date to the Zambu Kungya, are often cited to illustrate the conquest of Thaton, However, Aung-Thwin writes that the Kalyani Inscriptions contain no direct reference to this event. Instead, they refer to two completely separate things: in one part, the Pali version of the inscription says simply that Anawrahta "took a community of monks together with the Tipiṭaka and established the religion in Arimaddanapura, otherwise called Pugāma", without saying where the monks or texts came from; in another part, the inscriptions refer to the decline of Thaton during the reign of a king Manohor, without mentioning any sort of conquest. These two parts were then conflated, according to Aung-Thwin, into a single narrative of conquest in 18th-century chronicles and then repeated by 19th-century colonial scholars.

Aung-Thwin interprets the Kalyani Inscriptions as a way of legitimizing Dhammazedi's religious reform to more closely follow what he saw as a more "orthodox" form of Theravada Buddhism of the Mahavihara tradition. Thus, the story of Thaton's decline under Manohor was meant to "illustrate what happened when Buddhist kings allowed the religion to decay". It also "invented the tradition of an 'earlier' Thaton" that had practiced an earlier, more "pure" version of Buddhism before being corrupted, so that his own religious reforms could appeal to an even older tradition and overcome opposition from "conservative forces in Lower Burma" who were following an allegedly corrupted strain of Buddhism.

In the Jinakālamālī
The Jinakālamālī, written in Pali in the early 1500s by an author from Chiang Mai, is the first work to mention Anawrahta's conquest of Manohara's kingdom. It appears to treat the story as "an illustration of Buddhist principles": a weak ruler like Manohara, who fails to properly uphold Buddhist ideals, would inevitably be defeated by a strong ruler who does.

In the Mahayazawingyi
The "first chronicle of Burma with the most comprehensive and complete version" of the conquest story is U Kala's Mahayazawingyi, written sometime between 1712 and 1720. It is not clear where U Kala got this story from — none of the sources he is said to have used mention the conquest of Thaton. He may have been using older sources that are now lost, or he may have synthesized or embellished it based on the sources he was using. In any case, U Kala's version proved influential: it was used as a source for both the Yazawin Thit and especially the Hmannan Maha Yazawindawgyi, which "depended heavily on his work".

In the Yazawin Thit
The Yazawin Thit, written by Twinthin Taikwun Maha Sithu in the late 1700s, introduces a couple of details not found in previous or contemporary sources. First, Twinthin — a well-educated scholar who was already familiar with Old Burmese inscriptions — was the first scholar to specifically cite the Kalyani Inscriptions as a source for the conquest of Thaton (probably because he interpreted it as confirming what was by his time "common knowledge"). Second, he was the first one to write that Shin Arahan was born at Thaton, which was repeated in the Hmannan.

Sites of interest
Thaton's primary Buddhist pagoda is Shwesayan Pagoda, which is near the town's main Myoma Market. Myathabeik Pagoda is perched on a hilltop east of the town. Thaton is home to the U Pho Thi Library, which houses an extensive collection of palm-leaf manuscripts, at the Saddhammajotikārāma Monastery.

Health care

 * Thaton District Hospital

Education
Thaton is home to Computer University (Thaton), which offers five-year bachelor's degree programs in computer science and computer technology. It is also the home of Thaton Institute of Agriculture.

title: Thaton


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Alan Davis

Alan Davis (born 18 June 1956) is an English artist and writer of comic books, known for his work on titles such as Captain Britain, The Uncanny X-Men, ClanDestine, Detective Comics, Excalibur, JLA: The Nail and JLA: Another Nail.

UK work
Davis began his career in comics on an English fanzine. His first professional work was a strip called The Crusader in Frantic Magazine for Dez Skinn's revamped Marvel UK line.

Davis's big break was drawing the revamped Captain Britain story in Marvel Superheroes. At the time, he was working full-time in a warehouse in Corby doing work that included loading trucks. He initially had no interest in pursuing a career in comics, as he considered drawing to be a hobby. Due to his inexperience, Davis did not leave enough room for word balloons in the five-page first installment, so it had to be recut to six pages. Afterwards, Alan Moore took over writing duties on Captain Britain. Davis drew 14 issues of the monthly Captain Britain title, which was later reprinted in trade paperback. Davis and Moore formed a close working partnership as creators; they also created D.R. and Quinch for 2000AD. Later, Davis replaced Garry Leach on Marvelman in Warrior and yet again worked with Moore. He also drew the story "Harry Twenty on the High Rock" in 2000AD.

American work
In 1985 Davis received his big break in the United States when he was hired by DC Comics to draw Batman and the Outsiders, written by Mike W. Barr. Davis took over from Jim Aparo, who launched the direct market version of the title. His work proved popular enough for him to be assigned artistic duties on DC's flagship title Detective Comics in 1986, again with Barr writing. During the "Batman: Year Two" storyline, however, Davis encountered difficulties with his editor and left after the first issue of the four-issue storyline. The remaining three issues were illustrated by Todd McFarlane. In the story, which featured Joe Chill, the murderer of Batman's parents, Barr wanted Chill to have a large gun. He asked Davis to draw him with a Mauser with an extended barrel, similar to the one used by the Paul Kirk version of Manhunter. However, after Davis rendered Chill with this firearm throughout Detective Comics #575 and on its cover, he obtained copies of the pages for Batman #404 by Frank Miller and David Mazzucchelli, which was scheduled to be released months before the "Year Two" storyline, and saw that Chill was depicted using a smaller handgun without the extended barrel. When asked by editorial to redraw the gun in his artwork, Davis refused. Dick Giordano redrew the gun in the artwork.

Davis accepted an offer by Uncanny X-Men writer Chris Claremont to work on Marvel Comics' X-Men books. With Claremont, Davis drew two New Mutants Annuals and three issues for Uncanny X-Men. In 1987 the duo launched the monthly series Excalibur, which featured a team consisting of Captain Britain and Meggan together with former X-Men members Kitty Pryde, Nightcrawler and Rachel Summers. The stories, set in England, saw appearances by many characters from Moore's and Davis' Captain Britain stories of the early 1980s, including the Crazy Gang and the Technet. Davis' pencils were inked by Paul Neary and, later, Mark Farmer. Davis left with issue 24 due to deadline pressures, but returned with issue 42, this time also as writer. During this second run, according to Davis, "[Editor] Terry Kavanagh spoiled me, gave me near total freedom, and encouraged me to experiment." Among the new characters he created for his second run on the title were Feron, Cerise, Micromax and Kylun.

In 1994 Davis created a new series of original characters called the ClanDestine, which featured the Destines, a family of long-lived, magically powered British superhumans. Davis wrote and penciled the title for the first eight issues. He departed after issue 8, and the series was canceled with issue 12. In 1996 Davis wrote and drew the two issue crossover miniseries X-Men and The ClanDestine.

In 1991, Davis reunited with writer Barr to draw the sequel to "Year Two", the one-shot Batman: Full Circle. During much of the 1990s Davis drew many of Marvel and DC Comics major characters and titles, including JLA: The Nail and The Avengers. He was also commissioned to write both main X-Men series in 1999 (providing art for X-Men as well), but he left the following year.

Starting in October 2002 he wrote and drew for Marvel Killraven, a six-issues miniseries revamping the title character of the 1970s. After a return to Uncanny X-Men, working again with Claremont, Davis wrote and drew in 2006–2007 a six-issue Fantastic Four: The End limited series for Marvel (not to be confused with a similar one-shot written by Stan Lee and drawn by John Romita Jr). In February 2008, Davis wrote and pencilled a five-part ClanDestine miniseries and the one-shot Thor: Truth of History for Marvel. Davis most recent work has been in Totally Awesome Hulk (#7–8, 2016), the Thanos Trilogy (2018–2019) and a reunion with Roy Thomas in 2019 for two issues of The Savage Sword of Conan (#10–11, volume 2).

Personal life
Davis and his wife Heather have a son, Thomas, and a daughter, Pauline. Thomas had recently been born when Davis began his work on the Captain Britain stories in 1981, and Pauline was born a few years later.

DC Comics

 * Batman and the Outsiders (then, Adventures of the Outsiders) #22–36 (1985–1986)
 * Detective Comics #569–575 (1986–1987)
 * Batman: Full Circle, graphic novel (1991)
 * Legion of Superheroes vol. 4 #100, Annual #6 (1998)
 * JLA: The Nail, miniseries, #1–3 (writer/artist, 1998)
 * Superboy's Legion, miniseries, #1–2 (2001)
 * Batman: Gotham Knights (Batman Black and White) #25 (2002)
 * JLA: Another Nail, miniseries, #1–3 (writer/artist, 2004)

Marvel Comics

 * Astonishing X-Men: Ghost Boxes, miniseries, #1 (2008)
 * Avengers vol. 3 #38–43, 63 (2001–2003)
 * Avengers: Ultron Forever #1–3 (2015)
 * Avengers Prime, miniseries, #1–5 (2010–2011)
 * Avengers: The Children's Crusade: Young Avengers (2011)
 * Captain America vol. 6 #6–10 (2012)
 * Captain America #703 (2018)
 * Captain Britain and The Mighty Defenders #1–2 (2015)
 * ClanDestine #1–8 (writer/artist, 1994–1995)
 * ClanDestine, miniseries, #1–5 (2008)
 * Daredevil vol. 3 Annual #1 (2012)
 * Dark Reign The List: Uncanny X-Men (2009)
 * Excalibur #1–7, 9, 12–17, 23–24, 42–52, 54–58, 61–67 (1988–1993), Special Edition (1987)
 * Fantastic Four Annual #33 (2012)
 * Fantastic Four: The End, miniseries, #1–6 (writer/artist, 2007)
 * Fantastic Four vol. 3 #1–3 (1998)
 * Free Comic Book Day: Civil War II (2016)
 * Giant-Size X-Men: Nightcrawler #1 (2020)
 * Guardians of the Galaxy: Mother Entropy, miniseries #1–5 (2017)
 * The Infinity Entity, miniseries, #1–4 (2016)
 * Iron Man vol. 3 #64 (2003)
 * Killraven, miniseries, #1–6 (writer/artist, 2002)
 * Marvel Comics #1000 (2019)
 * Marvel Comics Presents (ClanDestine) #158 (1994)
 * Marvel Super-Heroes (Black Knight) #4 (1990)
 * New Mutants Annual #2–3 (1986–1987)
 * Savage Hulk #1–4 (writer/penciller) (2014)
 * Savage Sword of Conan vol. 2 #10–11 (2019)
 * Secret_Invasion: Fantastic Four miniseries, #1A, 2, and 3 of 3 (cover artist) (2008)
 * S.H.I.E.L.D. vol. 3 #3 (2015)
 * Solo Avengers (She-Hulk) #14 (1989)
 * Spider-Man The Official Movie Adaptation (2002)
 * Stan Lee Meets Doctor Strange (2006)
 * Tarot #1–4 (writer only, 2020)
 * Thanos: The Infinity Siblings OGN (2018)
 * Thanos: The Infinity Conflict OGN (2018)
 * Thanos: The Infinity Ending OGN (2019)
 * Thor vol. 2 #58 (2003)
 * Mighty Thor #18–21 (2012)
 * Thor: Truth of History, one-shot (writer/artist, 2008)
 * The Totally Awesome Hulk #7–8 (2016)
 * Uncanny X-Men (artist): #213, 215, 444–447, 450–451, 455–459, 462–463, Annual #11 (1987–2004); (writer): #366–380, Annual 1999 (1999–2000)
 * Wolverine: Bloodlust, graphic novel (1990)
 * Wolverine vol. 4 Annual #1 (writer/artist, 2012)
 * Wolverine vol. 5 #1–4, 8–13 (2013–2014)
 * X-Men vol. 2 (artist): #85–90, 93–94, 96–98, Annual #9; (writer): #91–92, 95, 99 (1999–2000)
 * X-Men: Schism, miniseries, #4 (2011)
 * X-Men/ClanDestine, miniseries, #1–2 (1996)
 * Young Avengers Presents #6 (2008)

Marvel UK

 * Captain Britain vol. 2 #1–14 (1985–1986)
 * The Daredevils (Captain Britain) #1–11 (1983)
 * The Empire Strikes Back Monthly #153, 156 (1982)
 * Marvel Superheroes (Captain Britain) #377–388 (1981–1982)
 * Mighty World of Marvel vol. 2 (Captain Britain) #7–16 (1983–1984)

Other publishers

 * 2000 AD (Harry Twenty on the High Rock) #287–307; (D.R. and Quinch) #317, 350–351, 352–359, 363–367, 509; #525–534 (also co-writer); Judge Dredd #585; No. 322 (1983) (IPC Magazines, 1982–1988)
 * 2000 AD Sci-Fi Special (IPC Magazines, 1985)
 * Gen13 Bootleg #1–2 (Image Comics, 1996)
 * The Maze Agency Special #1 (Innovation Publishing, 1990)
 * Miracleman #1–6 (Eclipse Comics, 1985–1986)
 * Vampirella #19 (Harris Comics, 2003)
 * Warrior (Marvelman) #4, 9–10, 13–16 (Quality Comics, 1982–1983)

Collected editions

 * Avengers Prime, Marvel Comics, 128 pages, hardcover, April 2011, ISBN 0-78514-725-X; trade paperback, October 2011, ISBN 0-78514-726-8
 * Avengers: Standoff, includes Avengers (vol. 3) #63, Thor (vol. 2) #58, and Iron Man (vol. 3) #64, hardcover, 120 pages, Marvel Comics, March 2010, ISBN 0-78514-467-6
 * Captain Britain Omnibus, collects Marvel Super-Heroes (UK) #377–388, The Daredevils (UK) #1–11, Captain America #305–306, Mighty World of Marvel (UK) #7–16, Captain Britain (UK) #1–14, New Mutants Annual #2, Uncanny X-Men Annual #11, hardcover, August 2009, 688 pages, ISBN 0-7851-3760-2
 * Clandestine Classic Premiere, collects ClanDestine #1–8, Marvel Comics Presents #158 and X-Men & ClanDestine #1–2, hardcover, Marvel Comics, 312 pages, February 2008, ISBN 0-7851-2742-9
 * ClanDestine: Blood Relative Premiere, hardcover, Marvel Comics, 120 pages, October 2008, ISBN 0-7851-2740-2
 * The Complete D.R. & Quinch, trade paperback, 128 pages, 2000 AD, 2010, ISBN 1-90673-588-3
 * Excalibur Classic, trade paperback, Marvel Comics, 2005–2007, Volumes 1–4, including Excalibur: The Sword Is Drawn and Excalibur issues drawn by Davis from #1–24. (Vol. 1: ISBN 0-7851-1888-8; Vol. 2: ISBN 0-7851-2201-X; Vol. 3: ISBN 0-7851-2202-8; Vol. 4: ISBN 0-7851-2203-6)
 * Excalibur Visionaries: Alan Davis, trade paperback, Marvel Comics, 2009–2011, Volumes 1–3, including Excalibur issues drawn by Davis from #42–67. (Vol. 1: ISBN 0-7851-3740-8; Vol. 2: ISBN 0-7851-4455-2; Vol. 3: ISBN 0-7851-5543-0)
 * JLA: The Nail, tpb, 1999, DC, ISBN 1-56389-480-7, Titan, ISBN 1-84023-064-9
 * JLA: Another Nail, tpb, 2004, DC, ISBN 1-40120-265-9
 * Harry 20: On the High Rock, tpb, 2010, 2000 AD, ISBN 1-90673-591-3
 * Killraven, hardcover, June 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2538-8; softcover, December 2008, ISBN 0-7851-1083-6

title: Alan Davis


text:
Michael Manning (fetish artist)

Michael Manning (born 1963) is an American comic book artist and writer, fine art illustrator, and traditionally trained animator currently based in Los Angeles, California. He is best known for his graphic novel series, The Spider Garden and Tranceptor, which combine elements of pan-sexual fetishism and BDSM culture with complex characters in science fiction and fantasy settings. He is also active in the supernatural horror and fantasy genres, drawing adaptations of the work of authors such as H.P. Lovecraft, Edgar Allan Poe, and Alexandre Dumas for the Graphic Classics comics anthology series, as well as illustrating an anachronistic version of the German folk epic, The Nibelungen.

Early career
Manning was born in Flushing in the New York City borough of Queens and raised in Beverly, Massachusetts where he exhibited an early interest in drawing and writing. Exposure to Japanese animation, fairy-tale book illustration, American and European comics, and the mythology of many cultures all contributed to the formation of his emerging style.

1980s
Manning went on to study film and animation at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. He began self-publishing art and comics in 1987 while working at Olive Jar Animation in Brookline, MA as an animator and director of short films, commercials, and music videos. Self-published titles such as Shunga, Ukiyo-X and Z/Xero brought his work to the attention of comic book artists John Bergin and James O'Barr (creator of The Crow) who in turn showed his work to Kevin Eastman of Tundra Publishing. This led to the inclusion of two of Manning's short pieces (one of which was a collaboration with Red Spider White Web author Misha Nogha) in Tundra's Bone Saw anthology - Manning's first professional comics publication.

1990s
A move to San Francisco in 1991 coincided with Manning's decision to focus on comic books and erotic illustration full-time. Manning continued to self-publish and produce work for the Bay Area's emerging BDSM/sex-zine community while his artwork and stage/costume design for multi-media performances appeared regularly at local music venues, fetish events, and art galleries. Much of his graphic work from this period was subsequently collected and published in the art collection Lumenagerie (1996) and the anthology Cathexis (1997). He also wrote and drew four volumes of the Spider Garden series and in collaboration with artist Patrick Conlon the first installment of the Tranceptor series.

2000s
A second collection, Inamorata: The Erotic Art of Michael Manning with an introduction by Patrick Califia-Rice, was published by Last Gasp in 2005 just after Manning moved to Los Angeles. The second volume in the Tranceptor series, Iron Gauge, was published in 2007.

Manning's artwork has been exhibited in galleries in San Francisco, New York, Chicago, Boston, Omaha, Miami, Los Angeles, Tokyo, and Milan. In 2002, mural-sized reproductions of panels from his In A Metal Web graphic novel were featured as part of a special installation at San Francisco's Yerba Buena Center for the Arts comic book-themed exhibition ''Fantastic! Comics and the Art of Illusion''.

Manning's work appears to illustrate Tales of Gor, a role-playing game based on the works of John Norman, written by James Desborough.

Publications

 * Michael Manning, Cathexis, Amerotica, 1997. ISBN 1-56163-174-4.
 * Michael Manning, Lumenagerie, Nantier Beall Minoustchine Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-56163-151-5.
 * Michael Manning, Patrick Conlon, Tranceptor: The Way Station (Tranceptor Series), Amerotica, 1998. ISBN 1-56163-211-2.
 * Michael Manning, Inamorata, Last Gasp, 2005. ISBN 0-86719-628-9.
 * Michael Manning, Patrick Conlon, Tranceptor: Iron Gauge (Tranceptor Series), 2007. ISBN 978-1-56163-519-1
 * Michael Manning, Erwin Tschofen, Michael Manning's The Nibelungen, SUM Legio Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-3-9502635-8-9
 * Michael Manning, Erwin Tschofen, Michael Manning's The Nibelungen 1st Edition, SUM Legio Publishing, Jan 2010. ISBN 978-3-9502635-9-6

Spider Garden

 * Michael Manning, The Spider Garden (Spider Garden), Amerotica (NBM Publishing), 1995. ISBN 1-56163-117-5.
 * Michael Manning, Hydrophidian (Spider Garden), Amerotica (NBM Publishing), 1997. ISBN 1-56163-167-1.
 * Michael Manning, In a Metal Web (Spider Garden), Amerotica, 2003. ISBN 1-56163-356-9.
 * Michael Manning, In a Metal Web II (Spider Garden), Amerotica, 2003. ISBN 1-56163-360-7.
 * Michael Manning, Il giardino della tela di ragno (Italian version of The Spider Garden), Phoenix Enterprise, 1995/1999, ISBN 888643549-5.

The Spider Garden Series
The Spider Garden graphic novel series, written and drawn by Manning, currently consists of four volumes in the following order: The Spider Garden (1995), Hydrophidian (1996), In A Metal Web (2004), and In A Metal Web II (2004).

Publication History
The first volume of the Spider Garden series was originally produced under contract for Kevin Eastman's Tundra Publishing line. After Manning was released from his contract with Tundra in 1994, The Spider Garden became the inaugural book in NBM Publishing's Amerotica line with the three subsequent volumes in the series also appearing under the NBM/Amerotica imprint. An Italian language edition of the first volume was published by Phoenix Erotica in 1999, followed by French and Italian language editions from BD Érogéne in 2000.

Plot
Set in a futuristic, matriarchal world of warring clans which vaguely recalls feudal-era Japanese culture, the action centers on the eponymous Spider Garden, a palace-fortress populated by concubines, human pets, and the spider-like automata who give the Garden its name. The Garden's ruler is Shaalis the Sacred Androgyne, a seemingly immortal hermaphrodite who is referred to by the pronouns 'Hir' and 'S/He' (pronounced as "her" and "she" respectively) to denote Hir multi-gendered status.

The main plot follows the socio-political intrigues between Shaalis' Metal Spider Clan and the Serpentine Sisters, Squamata and Lichurna - incestuous twins who command the rival Water Serpent Clan which is based in an aquatic palace, Hydrophidian. Caught in the middle are former lovers Sasaya Nijan, a female courtesan who enters service in the Spider Garden in order to settle a gambling debt, and Lord Verio, head of the Double Ibis Clan who, following a failed assassination attempt on the Sacred Androgyne, finds himself deposed and forced into an alliance with the Serpentine Sisters.

Also appearing in the story are the Tengu, a non-human race of horse-like bipeds. Inspired by but not identical to the tengu of Japanese legend, it is implied that these creatures once held humanity in bondage in the distant past.

title: Michael Manning (fetish artist)


text:
Alvarez

Álvarez or Álvares may refer to:

People

 * Álvarez (surname), Spanish surname

Places

 * Alvares (river), a river in northern Spain
 * Alvares (ski resort), in Iran
 * Alvares, Iran
 * Alvares, Portugal
 * Álvarez, Santa Fe, a town in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina
 * Álvarez, Tamaulipas, Mexico
 * Alvarez Glacier, Antarctica
 * General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite, Philippines
 * Los Alvarez, Texas, US
 * 3581 Alvarez, an asteroid

Other uses

 * Alvarez (Gotham), a character in the TV series Gotham
 * Manny Alvarez, a character in The Last of Us Part II
 * Alvarez Guitars, an acoustic guitar manufacturer
 * "Alvarez", a song by the band Funeral for a Friend
 * "Uncle Alvarez", a song by Liz Phair

title: Alvarez


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Will to Power

Delete - dupe of info on Friedrich_Nietzsche -quotes better on wikiquote Sc147 00:28, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Has spent months on Cleanup with little improvement, is of dubious copyright, and is not very informative.  Unless this is turned into a decent article in five days it shouldbe deleted. - SimonP 00:37, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I worked on it on Clean Up, and I was really worried about the copyright on the translation.  Further, the Nietzschean philosophy probably isn't the term that would be desired for a search.  Material in Nietzsche is much, much better, so no merging. Geogre 01:13, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Friedrich Nietzsche. SWAdair | Talk  04:37, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Friedrich Nietzsche. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:03, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Friedrich Nietzsche. Arevich 21:16, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text: Template:POTD

title: Template:POTD


text:
Talk:Alimentos La Giralda

Untitled
From VfD:

"a Venezuelan Company that imports, produces and distributors: Capers, Pickles, Olives and Canned Vegetables, among other foodstuffs". Ad, unencylopedic. Hope they're not behind the fighting thingymon vegetables. Ianb 00:29, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't read like an ad, but appears non-notable.  SWAdair | Talk  04:43, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not really the kind of business that generates a lot of google hits. And Ianb forgot to put the VfD heading on it. Neutral, and don't bite the newbie. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:46, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * there now. I think there was a software error the first time I posted it. Ianb 07:56, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I was the one that put it there. I honestly don't mind if it's deleted.  I am quite new to Wikipedia and have been entering articles on and off, about different subjects.  I put this because recently I met somebody that used to work there and one day, for no reason, I decided to make an article about it.  Sometimes, I am entering articles to see if they "develop further".  And regarding the Google Hits, most companies outside industrialized nationes don't seem to generate too many google hits.  As a curiosity...How many google hits would make something a good article?  AAAAA |  Talk 11:46, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I hate to do this, but...it depends. For something like this (a company w/o a huge internet presence, from a not-completely-industrialized country), I would say pretty low. The best thing to do is to hang out on Votes for deletion, which should help you reach your own conclusion about what stays and what goes. Hope to see you around, and keep contributing. Neutral on this article, btw. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:21, 2004 Jul 24 (UTC)
 * Hi AAAAA. I put the deletion notice on. It's nothing personal - it's just that the article as I saw it wasn't very "encylopedic", only a very basic statement of fact. It didn't tell me how significant Alimentos La Giralda is : is it someone's uncle's business being run out of a shed in Caracas, or is it a large business which has, say, a major role in Venezuelan trade? I see a lot of new articles like this which don't convince me of their significance, and often remain as unloved "substubs" for a long time, making Wikipedia into an elephant's graveyard for contextless information. I'd rather see them deleted; quite often the listing for deletion can save an article, as someone will provide the salient facts; if not, and the subject is important enough, it will be recreated sometime. Regarding google hits: I am sceptical about their worth as a measure of notability. This is how the text of the article would ideally be; then I would know roughly what kind of company it is, and be happy for it to hang around even as a stub:
 *  Alimentos La Giralda is a Venezuelan trading company that imports, produces and distributes foodstuffs such as capers, pickles, olives and canned vegetables. It was founded in 19xx. As of 2003 it had a market share of xx%. It is part of the XXX Group / It also owns a number of subsidiaries such as .... Ianb 18:35, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Again, I am neutral. But I did enter a tiny extra bit of information and I believe the company is the leader (in Venezuela) in what it does AAAAA |  Talk --AAAAA 06:10, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub. If it can not be expanded, I would also be comfortable merging the content into Fierro Group and redirecting. Rossami 22:42, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Mm, yes. Shunt the content into Fierro (which can itself use some substantial rewriting), and redirect. DS 14:46, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Alimentos La Giralda