text:
Lincoln L. McCandless

Lincoln Loy McCandless (September 18, 1859 – October 5, 1940) was a United States cattle rancher, industrialist and politician for the Territory of Hawaii. McCandless served in the United States Congress as a territorial delegate. A former member of the Hawaii Republican Party, McCandless was one of the earliest leaders of the Hawaii Democratic Party.

Life
Born September 18, 1859, in Indiana, Pennsylvania, his mother was Eliza Ann Newman and father Thomas McCartney McCandless. McCandless grew up in Volcano, West Virginia. McCandless moved to Hawaii in 1882 to employ his expertise in oil drilling and mining to construct artesian wells. He joined his younger brothers James S. McCandless (born 1855) who had arrived in 1880, and John A. McCandless (born 1853) who had arrived in 1881, forming the McCandless Brothers family firm. On May 24, 1904, he married Elizabeth Janet Cartwright of New York.

McCandless entered political life as a member of the Republic of Hawaii House of Representatives from the 5th district from 1898 to 1900. After the United States annexed the islands to form the Territory of Hawaii, McCandless was elected to the territorial legislature as a senator from 1902 to 1906. He started his career in the Hawaii Republican Party. But by 1906, he started to challenge the long-serving Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole.

By 1908 McCandless switched to join the Hawaii Democratic Party to oppose Kūhiō as non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives for Hawaii Territory's At-large congressional district, He was also nominated in 1910, and in 1912, losing all those elections, but Democrat William Paul Jarrett was nominated and won the elections in 1922 and 1924. McCandless was nominated and won the election on November 8, 1932, and served one term from March 4, 1933, to January 3, 1935. Losing a bid for reelection, McCandless directed the construction of roads, buildings, and a sewer system for Honolulu. He died in Honolulu, on October 5, 1940, and was cremated and interred in Oahu Cemetery in the Nuuanu Valley.

title: Lincoln L. McCandless


text:
Timeline of luminiferous aether

The timeline of luminiferous aether (light-bearing aether) or ether as a medium for propagating electromagnetic radiation begins in the 18th century. The aether was assumed to exist for much of the 19th century—until the Michelson–Morley experiment returned its famous null result. Further experiments were in general agreement with Michelson and Morley's result. By the 1920s, most scientists rejected the aether's existence.

Antiquity

 * 4th-century BC – Aristotle publishes Physics, in which the aether is briefly described as being an element lighter than air that surrounds celestial bodies. He describes the aether in relation to other elements - aether is lighter than air and is located above it, whereas air is lighter than water, and water is lighter than earth. In Aristotle's view, each element returns to its proper place when displaced, which explains why air rises, why earth and water fall, and why the heavens remain in place.

Early experiments

 * 17th century: Robert Boyle was a proponent of an aether hypothesis. According to Boyle, the aether consists of subtle particles, one sort of which explains the absence of vacuum and the mechanical interactions between bodies, and the other sort of which explains phenomena such as magnetism (and possibly gravity) that are, otherwise, inexplicable on the basis of purely mechanical interactions of macroscopic bodies.
 * 1690 - Christiaan Huygens's Treatise on Light hypothesized that light is a wave propagating through an aether.
 * 1704 – Isaac Newton publishes Opticks, in which he proposes a particle theory of light. This had trouble explaining diffraction, so he adds a "fudge factor," claiming that an "Aethereal Medium" is responsible for this effect, and going further to suggest it might be responsible for other physical effects such as heat.
 * 1727 – James Bradley measures stellar aberration for the first time, proving (again) that light has a finite speed as well as that the Earth is moving.
 * 1818 – Augustin Fresnel introduces the wave theory of light, which proposes light is a transverse wave travelling in an aether, thereby explaining how polarization can exist. It is important to note that both Newton's particle theory and Fresnel's wave theory both assume an aether exists, albeit for different reasons. From this point on, no one even seems to question its existence.
 * 1820 – Discovery of Siméon Poisson's "Bright Spot", supporting the Wave Theory.
 * 1830 – Fresnel develops a formula for predicting and measuring aether dragging by massive objects, based on a coupling constant. Such dragging seems to be at odds with aberration however, which would require the Earth not to drag the aether in order to be visible.
 * George Gabriel Stokes becomes a champion of the dragging theory.
 * 1851 – Armand Fizeau carries out his famous experiment with light travelling through moving water. He measures fringing due to motion of the water, perfectly in line with Fresnel's formula. However he sees no effect due to the motion of the Earth, although he does not comment on this. Nevertheless this is seen as very strong evidence for aether dragging.
 * 1868 – Martinus Hoek carries out an improved version of Fizeau's using an interferometer experiment with one arm in water. He sees no effect at all, and cannot offer an explanation as to why his experiment is so at odds with Fizeau's.
 * 1871 – George Biddell Airy re-runs Bradley's experiment with a telescope filled with water. He too sees no effect. It appears that aether is not dragged by mass.
 * 1873 – James Clerk Maxwell publishes his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism.
 * 1879 – Maxwell suggests absolute velocity of Earth in aether may be optically detectable.
 * 1881 – Albert Abraham Michelson publishes his first interferometer experiments, using the device for the measurement of extremely small distances. To Michelson's dismay, his experiment finds no "ether drag" slowing light, as had been suggested by Fresnel.
 * Hendrik Antoon Lorentz finds Michelson's calculation have errors (i.e., doubling of the expected fringe shift error).
 * 1882 – Michelson acknowledges his interpretation errors.

Crisis

 * 1887 – the Michelson–Morley experiment (MMX) produces the famous null result. A small drift is seen, but it is too small to support any "fixed" aether theory, and is so small that it might be due to experimental error.
 * Many physicists dust off Stokes' work, and dragging becomes the "standard solution"
 * 1887 to 1888 – Heinrich Hertz verifies the existence of electromagnetic waves.
 * 1889 – George FitzGerald proposes the Contraction Hypothesis, which suggests that the measurements are null due to changes in the length in the direction of travel through the aether.
 * 1892 – Oliver Lodge demonstrates that aether drag is invisible around rapidly moving celestial bodies.
 * 1895 – Lorentz proposes independently the Contraction Hypothesis.
 * 1902 to 1904 – Morley and Morley conduct a number of MM experiments with a 100 ft interferometer, producing the null result.
 * 1902 to 1904 – Lord Rayleigh and DeWitt Bristol Brace found no signs of double refraction (due to FitzGerald–Lorentz Contraction) of moving bodies in the aether.
 * 1903 – the Trouton–Noble experiment, based on an entirely different concept using electrical forces, also produces the null result
 * 1905 – Miller and Morley's experiment data is published. Test of the Contraction Hypothesis has negative results. Test for aether dragging effects produces null result.
 * 1908 – the Trouton–Rankine experiment, another experiment based on electrical effects, does not detect the FitzGerald–Lorentz Contraction.

Change

 * 1904 – Hendrik Lorentz publishes a new theory of moving bodies, without discarding the stationary (electromagnetic) ether concept.
 * 1905 – Henri Poincaré shows that Lorentz's theory fulfills the principle of relativity, and publishes the Lorentz transformations. His model was still based on Lorentz's ether, but he argues that this aether is perfectly undetectable.
 * 1905 – Albert Einstein publishes an observationally equivalent theory, but complete with a derivation from principles alone (leaving the ether aside). Einstein also emphasized that this concept implies the relativity of space and time. He later labelled it special relativity.
 * 1908 – Trouton–Rankine experiment shows that length contraction of an object according to one frame does not produce a measurable change of resistance in the object's rest frame
 * 1913 – Georges Sagnac uses a rotating MMX device and receives a clearly positive result. The so-called Sagnac effect was considered excellent evidence for aether at the time, but was later explained via general relativity. Good explanations based on SR also exist.
 * 1914 – Walther Zurhellen uses observations of binary stars to determine if the speed of light is dependent on movement of the source. His measurements show that it is not to 10−6. This is claimed to be additional evidence against aether dragging.
 * 1915 – Einstein publishes on the general theory of relativity.
 * 1919 – Arthur Eddington's Africa eclipse expedition is conducted and appears to confirm the general theory of relativity.
 * 1920 – Einstein says that special relativity does not require rejecting the aether, and that the gravitational field of general relativity may be called aether, to which no state of motion can be attributed.
 * 1921 – Dayton Miller conducts aether drift experiments at Mount Wilson. Miller performs tests with insulated and non-magnetic interferometers and obtains positive results.
 * 1921 to 1924 – Miller conducts extensive tests under controlled conditions at Case University.
 * 1924 – Miller repeats his experiments at Mount Wilson and yields a positive result.
 * Rudolf Tomaschek uses stars for his interferometer light source, getting the null result.
 * 1925 – the Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment produces a positive result while attempting to detect the effect of Earth's rotation on the velocity of light. The significance of the experiment remains debated to this day, but this planetary Sagnac effect is measured by ring laser gyros and taken into account by the GPS system.
 * 1925 April – Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences.
 * Arthur Compton explains the problems with the Stokes aether drag solution.
 * Miller presents his positive results of the aether drag.
 * 1925 December – American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting.
 * Miller proposes two theories to account for the positive result. One consists of a modified aether theory, the other a slight departure from the Contraction Hypothesis.
 * 1926 – Roy J. Kennedy produces a null result on Mount Wilson
 * Auguste Piccard and Ernest Stahel produce a null result on Mont Rigi.
 * 1927 – Mount Wilson conference.
 * Miller talks of partial entrainment
 * Michelson talks about aether drag and altitude differential effects
 * K. K. Illingworth produces a null result using a clever version of the MMX with a step in one mirror that dramatically improves resolution. The resolution is so good that most partial entrainment systems can be eliminated.
 * 1929 – Michelson and F. G. Pease perform the Pearson experiment and produce a null result.
 * 1930 – Georg Joos produces a null result using an extremely accurate interferometer placed entirely in vacuum.
 * 1932 – the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment uses an interferometer with arms of different lengths and not at right angles. They measure over several seasons and record on photographs to allow better post-measurement study. The Kennedy Thorndike experiment becomes one of the fundamental tests for SR, proving the independence of light speed wrt to the speed of the emitting source. The other two fundamental tests are Michelson–Morley experiment (proves light speed isotropy) and Ives–Stilwell experiment (proves time dilation)
 * 1934 – Georg Joos publishes on the Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment, stating that it is improbable that aether would be entrained by translational motion and not by rotational motion.
 * 1935 – Hammar experiment disproves aether entrainment
 * 1951 – Paul Dirac writes that currently-accepted quantum field theory requires an aether, although he never formulated this theory completely.

Debate slows

 * 1955 – R. S. Shankland, S. W. McCuskey, F. C. Leone, and G. Kuerti performed an analysis of Miller's results and explained them as stemming from systematic errors (Shankland's explanation is now widely accepted).
 * 1958 – Cedarholm, Havens, and Townes use two masers frequency locked to each other and send the light in two directions. They receive the null result. The experiment is not as precise as earlier light-based MMX experiments, but demonstrates a novel setup that would become much more accurate in the future.
 * 1964 – Jaseja, Javan, Murray and Townes repeat the earlier experiment with newer and much more precise masers.
 * 1969 – Shamir and Fox repeat the MMX experiment with the "arms" in acrylic glass waveguides and a highly stable laser as the source. The experiment should detect a shift as small as ~0.00003 of a fringe, and none is measured.
 * 1972 – R. S. Shankland admits he would not likely have given the effort to question Dayton Miller's work had it not been for Albert Einstein's "interest and encouragement."
 * 1973 – Trimmer finds a null result in a triangular interferometer with one leg in glass.
 * 1977 – Brecher repeats Zurhellen's experiment with binary pulsars, showing no difference in light speed to 2*10−9
 * 1979 Brillet and Hall use the Townes setup with highly accurate lasers, demonstrating no drift to 3 parts in 1015. The experiment also demonstrates a leftover 17 Hz signal, but the authors assume it is linked to the laboratory.
 * 1984 – Torr and Kolen find a cyclic phase shift between two atomic clocks, but the distance between is relatively short (0.5 km) and they are clocks of the less-precise rubidium type
 * 1988 – Gagnon et al. measure one way light speed and detect no anisotropy
 * 1990 – Hils and Hall repeat the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment with lasers, taking measurements over the period of a year. They find no shifting in 2 10−13

 * Krisher et al., Phys. Rev. D, 42, No. 2, pp. 731–734, (1990) use two hydrogen masers fixed to the earth and separated by a 21 km fiber-optic link to look for variations in the phase between them. They put an upper limit on the one-way linear anisotropy of 100 m/s.
 * 1991 – Over a six-month period, Roland DeWitte finds, over a 1.5 km underground coaxial cable, a cyclic component in the phase drift between higher-precision caesium-beam clocks on more-or-less the same meridian; the period equals the sidereal day
 * 2003 – Holger Mueller and Achim Peters carry out a Modern Michelson–Morley Experiment using Cryogenic Optical Resonators at Humboldt University, Berlin. They find no shifting in 10−15

Classical references

 * Maxwell, Collected Papers, H. A. Lorentz, Archives Neerlandaises, xxi. 1887, and xxv. 1892
 * Versuch einer Theorie der electrischen und optischen Erscheinungen in bewegten Korpern (Leyden, 1895)
 * "Elektrodynamik " and " Elektronentheorie " in the Encyk. der Math. Wissenschaften, Band v. 13, 14
 * O. Lodge, " On Aberration Problems," Phil. Trans. 1893 and 1897
 * J. Larmor, Phil. Trans. 1894-95-97, and a treatise, Aether and Matter (1900) p. 262
 * P. K. L. Drude, A. Schuster, R. W., General physics of the aether;
 * Collected Papers of Lord Rayleigh

External links and references

 * James DeMeo: "Dayton Miller's Ether-Drift Experiments: A Fresh Look"
 * James DeMeo: "Dayton Miller's Ether-Drift Experiments: A Fresh Look"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Timeline of luminiferous aether


text:
Category:Munros

Munros are mountains in Scotland over 3000 feet (914.4 m) that are listed in Munro's Tables, compiled by Sir Hugh Munro in 1891 and subsequently revised by the Scottish Mountaineering Club.

title: Category:Munros


text:
Lee Sheldon

Lee Sheldon may refer to:

 * Lee Sheldon (writer), game developer and writer
 * Stagger Lee Sheldon, American murderer

title: Lee Sheldon


text:
Category:Hewitts

A Hewitt is a hill in England, Wales or Ireland over two thousand feet (609.6 m) high with a relative height of at least 30 m (98 feet).

title: Category:Hewitts


text:
Category:Grahams

A Graham is a hill in Scotland with a height between 2000 feet (609 m) and 2500 feet (762 m) and a relative height of 500 feet (152.4 m).

title: Category:Grahams


text:
Talk:Post-1992 university

Names
I have (twice) reverted to the "University of Keele". This article is about the universities as then created and whilst the university may refer to itself as "Keele University" its charter and the dfes list uses the former! Djegan 16:53, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Their is too much changing back and forth of names in this article, i.e. the official name of the university when founded is replaced by the current "corporate" name that is promoted by the university - and which is not official. Keele and Lancaster are two excellent examples, on creation these universities were in the form "University of XXX" - and that is what this article is about, the universities as established (as some have since amalgamated with other institutions), it is no about the current trendy name as promoted by marketing departments or as used by the general public. Djegan 11:31, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, sorry about that. I was under the impression that Lancaster University was the official title. I still think it should be kept when the university is referred to in contemporary contexts, though. Lupin 12:44, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Not a bother, I am not trying to be fussy, by all means keep the university title article under its common name - universities that are too often run by marketing departments that like trendy names. Djegan 14:01, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Agree but can we make the link itself to the current page. With the amount of rebranding that goes on I expect a lot of pages to get relocated quite a bit in the next few years (look at how many titles a place like Imperial has had recently!). Timrollpickering 16:12, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * As this article is to a large extent historical might it be better to use a term such as "as created" and use simply the official founding name, although it goes without saying that people have a way of introducing errors and this is a part of wikipedia (just count the number of times that the word "university" is incorrectly capitalised - its a disease of modern society!), redirects are here to stay and are often essential to prevent mass duplication. Djegan 18:00, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Duplication
We also have the article Glass Plate universities which feeds from this, does anyone want to be cheeky and remove the duplicated materical on this article and place them all on Glass Plate universities article, and do similar for 1992 universities, else we will get a lot of duplication with many inconsistancies. Djegan 17:10, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

categories
I think the information on this page could be better expressed using categories, but I thought I'd comment before making such a drastic change to see what others thought. I'd suggest creating a Category:Post-1992 Universities and adding each University listed here to that category. It could then be wiki-linked from here, or itself be put into a Category:New Universities, alongside a Category:Plate glass Universities or similar.

Thoughts?

-- Jon Dowland 21:22, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * A list is still handy for at a glance checks. But categories would be useful. We also desperately need to get an unambiguous list for Post-1992 universities - currently that just redirects here. Timrollpickering 10:12, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

The anomaly of Arts London?
If there's just one possible bone of contention that I have truly and dutifully racked my mind over on Wikipedia as of late, it is how the University of the Arts, London is not once in any context mentioned as technically a 'post-1992 university' (given its only acquiring University status in 2004).

Presumably the general concensus amongst Wikipedians is that the institution's former history as the degree-awarding 'London Institute', since 1987, effectively overwrites any question of in which category it ought to reside? --MRacer 21:09, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * "Post 1992" is a description for a sector of universities rather than a chronological line in the sand. Technically the current University of Manchester was formed post 1992 (the two universities merged and the combined institute was chartered in 2004) but no-one would consider it a part of the post 1992 sector. I'm honestly not sure which sector UotA,L falls into. Timrollpickering 15:14, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think the UoM is really applicable here if it was formed by at least 1 pre 1992 university as I would assume it's obvious the term only applies to institutions which either didn't exist or weren't universities pre 1992. It IMHO doesn't affect whether the term is a line in the sand or not. I don't live in the UK and have never heard of the term before so I can't otherwise add anything but just want to point this out 203.109.240.93 01:33, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Kingston University - wrong classification?
"Kingston University - formerly the Kingston Technical Institute" - prior to becoming a University, it was a polytechnic, the "Technical Institute" name was much older.

West of Scotland/Paisley University
I think this actually may have been a polytechnic at some point (Paisley Polytechnic) -can anybody verify this so we can change it? Zagubov (talk) 14:39, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Prior to gaining university status the Paisley campus was Paisley College of Technology, a Scottish Central Institution. There are now three other campuses but none of these were polytechnics either.

Laurec (talk) 20:02, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Glyndŵr University
Surely this needs to be added, granted University status in 2008, it was previously a member of the University of Wales but only form 2003. 84.43.122.129 (talk) 16:26, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Post-1992 university


text:
Lasse Hallström

Lars Sven "Lasse" Hallström (born 2 June 1946) is a Swedish film director. He first became known for directing almost all the music videos by the pop group ABBA, and subsequently became a feature film director. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director for My Life as a Dog (Mitt liv som hund) (1985) and later for The Cider House Rules (1999). His other celebrated directorial works include What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993) and Chocolat (2000).

Early life and education
Hallström was born on 2 June 1946 in Stockholm, Sweden. His father was a dentist and keen amateur videographer; his mother was the author and poet Karin Lyberg.

He attended Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm, where he made his first music video and 8 mm films.

Career

In the late 1960s, Hallström worked as a director of short pop music clips at Sveriges Television.

He made his directorial debut in 1973, directing the comedy series Pappas pojkar for Swedish TV. He frequently collaborated with comic actors Magnus Härenstam and Brasse Brännström during his Swedish period.

Between 1974 and 1982, Hallström worked with the Swedish group ABBA on many of their music videos and also directed their 1977 film ABBA: The Movie. Almost all of ABBA's promotional films were directed and shot by Hallström, with only seven exceptions: "When I Kissed the Teacher" (1977); "Chiquitita" (1979), which was made by the BBC; "I Have a Dream" (1979); "On and On and On" (1980); "Lay All Your Love on Me" (1981); "The Day Before You Came" (1982), and "Under Attack" (1982), the latter two being directed by Kjell Sundvall and Kjell-Åke Andersson.

After the international success of My Life as a Dog (1985), Hallström started working in Hollywood. His first English-language film was Once Around, but his first notable English-language success was What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), starring Johnny Depp and Leonardo DiCaprio.

Hallström made a number of successful film adaptations from novels. In 1999, The Cider House Rules was released. He followed that success the following year by directing Chocolat, starring Johnny Depp, Juliette Binoche, and Judi Dench, which was a critical and box-office success. His 2001 film The Shipping News was adapted from a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by E. Annie Proulx and starred Kevin Spacey, Judi Dench, Julianne Moore, and Cate Blanchett.

His 2011 film Salmon Fishing in the Yemen, based on the 2007 novel of the same name by Paul Torday and starred Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt.

His 2017 film, A Dog's Purpose, based on the 2010 novel of the same name, was billed as "a celebration of the special connection between humans and their dogs".

Awards and nominations

 * 1985: Nominated, as screenwriter and director, for My Life as a Dog
 * 1993: What's Eating Gilbert Grape earned several nominations and a win for DiCaprio's performance
 * 1999: Nomination, Academy Award for best director, for The Cider House Rules; also six additional Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, with Michael Caine winning the Best Supporting Actor award and John Irving winning Best Adapted Screenplay.
 * 2000: Chocolat, nominations for Golden Globe, BAFTA, and Academy Awards including Academy Award for Best Picture. Binoche and Dench won Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively at both the European Film Awards and the Screen Actors' Guild awards
 * 2001: The Shipping News: Winner, Golden Bear award at the Berlin International Film Festival; Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for its lead and supporting actors
 * 2011: Salmon Fishing in the Yemen,  nominated for three Golden Globe Awards in the Comedy or Musical category, including Best Motion Picture, Best Actor for McGregor, and Best Actress for Blunt; nominated for the European Film Awards People's Choice Award
 * 2012: The Hypnotist selected as the Swedish entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards

Personal life
Hallström married media personality and actress Malou Hallström (1941–2005) in 1974, and the couple had one child, Johan, in 1976. They divorced in 1981. In 1990, he met actress Lena Olin; they married on 18 March 1994. The couple currently reside in Bedford, New York, and have two children, Tora (b. 1995) and a child from Lena Olin's first marriage, F. Auguste Rahmberg (b. 1984). They also have a home located in the Stockholm Archipelago.

Hallström turned vegan in 2014.

He divides his time between Sweden and the US.

Videography
(The following is a complete list of all the ABBA music videos that were directed by Lasse Hallström.)

 * 1974 – "Waterloo"
 * 1974 – "Ring Ring"
 * 1975 – "Mamma Mia"
 * 1975 – "SOS"
 * 1975 – "Bang-A-Boomerang"
 * 1975 – "I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do"
 * 1976 – "Fernando"
 * 1976 – "Dancing Queen"
 * 1976 – "Money, Money, Money"
 * 1977 – "Knowing Me, Knowing You"
 * 1977 – "That's Me"
 * 1977 – "The Name of the Game"
 * 1978 – "Take a Chance on Me"
 * 1978 – "Eagle"
 * 1978 – "One Man, One Woman"
 * 1978 – "Thank You for the Music"
 * 1978 – "Summer Night City"
 * 1979 – "Does Your Mother Know"
 * 1979 – "Voulez-Vous"
 * 1979 – "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)"
 * 1979 – "Estoy Soñando"
 * 1980 – "Conociéndome, Conociéndote"
 * 1980 – "Gracias por la Música"
 * 1980 – "The Winner Takes It All"
 * 1980 – "Super Trouper"
 * 1980 – "Happy New Year"
 * 1980 – "Felicidad"
 * 1981 – "When All Is Said and Done"
 * 1981 – "One of Us"
 * 1981 – "No Hay A Quien Culpar"
 * 1982 – "Head over Heels"

Filmography

 * 1975 – A Guy and a Gal
 * 1977 – ABBA: The Movie
 * 1979 – Father to Be
 * 1981 – Tuppen
 * 1983 – Happy We
 * 1985 – My Life as a Dog
 * 1986 – The Children of Noisy Village
 * 1987 – More About the Children of Noisy Village
 * 1991 – Once Around
 * 1993 – What's Eating Gilbert Grape
 * 1995 – Something to Talk About
 * 1999 – The Cider House Rules
 * 2000 – Chocolat
 * 2001 – The Shipping News
 * 2005 – An Unfinished Life
 * 2005 – Casanova
 * 2006 – The Hoax
 * 2009 – Hachi: A Dog's Tale
 * 2010 – Dear John
 * 2011 – Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
 * 2012 – The Hypnotist
 * 2013 – Safe Haven
 * 2014 – The Hundred-Foot Journey
 * 2017 – A Dog's Purpose
 * 2018 – The Nutcracker and the Four Realms
 * 2022 – Hilma (film)

title: Lasse Hallström


text:
Montastraea

Montastraea is a genus of colonial stony coral found in the Caribbean seas. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Montastraeidae and contains a single species, Montastraea cavernosa, known as great star coral. It forms into massive boulders and sometimes develops into plates. Its polyps are the size of a human thumb and fully extend at night.

Description
Great star coral colonies form massive boulders and domes over 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter in waters of shallow and moderate depths. In deeper waters, this coral has been observed growing as a plate formation. It is found throughout most reef environments, and is the predominant coral at depths of 40–100 feet (12.2–30.5 m).

This coral occasionally has a fluorescent red or orange color during daytime; it has recently been suggested that this hue is due to phycoerythrin, a cyanobacterial protein. It appears that, in addition to symbiotic zooxanthella, this coral harbors endocellular symbiotic cyanobacteria, possibly to help it fix nitrogen. However more recently, Oswold et al. (2007) showed an absence of functional phycoerythrin in M. cavernosa.

The species is gonochoric (colonies can be either male or female) and spawns one week after the full moon in late August. Skeletons show sex-related differences, with females having a less dense skeleton compared to males, which is presumably due to reallocating energy to egg production.

Bleaching
The distinction of bleaching in reefs of M. cavernosa from merely white-coloured corals was shown to be difficult using standard reflectance techniques. A survey in the Bay of All Saints concluded that this may lead to nearly two-fold overestimation of bleaching.

title: Montastraea


text:
Jonathan Charles Frederick

Jonathan Charles Frederick, hereditary Chief of the Miskito Nation, was the son of Princess Matilda, who was the daughter of H.M. Robert Charles Frederic, King of the Miskito Nation, by a junior wife. He succeeded after the abdication of his cousin, 8 March 1889, but died after falling from a horse, c. 8 July 1890.

title: Jonathan Charles Frederick


text:
Category:Donald mountains

A Donald is a hill in the Scottish lowlands over 2000 feet (609 m). There are 89 of them. The list was originally compiled by Percy Donald.

title: Category:Donald mountains


text:
165 University Avenue

165 University Avenue or Lucky Building or Karma Building is a small rented office building on University Avenue, the main commercial street in downtown Palo Alto, California, that gave rise to Plug and Play Tech Center and to the Amidi Group. It is run by Rahim & Saeed Amidi, whose family fled from the Iranian revolution in the 1970s. Located near Stanford University, the building has served as an incubator for several noted Silicon Valley companies, including Logitech, Google, PayPal, Danger, Inc (bought by Microsoft), BridgeBio Pharma, BetterWorks, Milo.com (bought by eBay), WePay (acquired by J.P. Morgan) and Yummly (bought by Whirlpool). YouTube also provides this location as the example address when setting the location of an uploaded video. Until 2000, the ground floor was home to a Palo Alto institution, Chimaera Books & Music. Like many independent bookstores, its closure was due, in part, to competition from the dot com economy.

title: 165 University Avenue


text: Category:Swedish film directors

title: Category:Swedish film directors


text:
Andrew Hendy

Andrew Hendy was a Hereditary Chief of the Mosquito Reservation.

He was proclaimed by the Nicaraguans on the death of his cousin George V, who died on 8 November 1888. He was repudiated by many people of the Miskitu Nation and abdicated in favour of his cousin Jonathan I, on 8 March 1889. He retired to Nicaraguan territory where he became a Miskitu Jefe Inspector and River Magistrate. He was subsequently chosen as a rival Chief by General Rigoberto Cabezas who deposed Robert Henry Clarence in 1894. He was reappointed for the third time and formally installed at the Government Palace, Bluefields, on 20 November 1894. He was later accepted as chief by his own relatives and others who resided around the Wangki River within traditional Nicaraguan territory, but was opposed by the vast majority, who saw him as a Nicaraguan stooge and rebelled against him in 1896, 1899 and 1900.

title: Andrew Hendy


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Tsuchigumo

Tsuchigumo (土蜘蛛) is a historical Japanese derogatory term for renegade local clans, and also the name for a race of spider-like in Japanese folklore. Alternative names for the mythological Tsuchigumo include yatsukahagi (八握脛) and ōgumo (大蜘蛛). In the Kojiki and in Nihon Shoki, the name was phonetically spelled with the four kanji 都知久母 (for the four morae tsu-chi-gu-mo), and these words were frequently used in the of Mutsu, Echigo, Hitachi, Settsu, Bungo and Hizen as well as others.

The name is believed to be derived from tuchigomori (土隠). tuchi (土) means "earth" and gomori (隠) means "hiding". The word is thought to have referred to a local clan of powerful people who did not obey the imperial court and lived in caves. As a local clan, the were described as short in stature but long in limbs, with the temperament of a wolf and the heart of an owl, and living an uncivilized life.

Historian Sōkichi Tsuda (ja) points out that unlike Kumaso and Emishi, is not treated as a group in the, but as an individual name. The historian Yoshiyuki Takioto (ja) also deduces that the were local chieftains with shamanism as their power background from the fact that the  in the  of Kyushu appear as sorcerers related to agriculture who appease angry.

The giant spider-like figure of the as a -like  first appeared in medieval literary works. The most representative work among these tales is The Tale of the Heike, compiled in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) in the first half of the 13th century, in which it appears under the name "mountain spider" (山蜘蛛). As the passed through the ages, it became a more bizarre-looking. In the 14th-century, the  is depicted as a giant  60 meters long, and when it was exterminated, 1990 heads of the dead came out of its belly. Minamoto no Yorimitsu and Watanabe no Tsuna, who participated in the extermination of the in these stories, are legendary heroes in Japan; they also appear in the legend of the powerful. The as a  also appeared as the subject of Noh, Jōruri and Kabuki plays.

Tsuchigumo of the Katsuragi
Of the clans referred to as tsuchigumo, those of the Mount Yamato Katsuragi are particularly well known. Katsuragi Hitokotonushi Shrine (葛城一言主神社) was said to be the remains where Emperor Jimmu captured tsuchigumo and buried their head, body and feet separately to prevent their grudges from harming the living.

In historic Yamato Province, the unique physical characteristics of the tsuchigumo were that they were tailed people. In the Nihon Shoki, the founder of the Yoshino no Futo (吉野首) were written to be "with a glowing tail," the founder of Yoshino no Kuzu (国樔) were stated to "have tails and come along pushing rocks (磐石, iwa)," presenting the indigenous people of Yamato as non-humans. Even in the Kojiki, they shared a common trait with the people of Osaka (忍坂) (now Sakurai city) in that they were "tsuchigumo (土雲) who have grown tails."

Records from the Keiko generation and others
In the Hizen no Kuni Fudoki, there is an article writing that when Emperor Keiko made an imperial visit to Shiki island (志式島, Hirado island) (year 72 in the legends), the expedition encountered a pair of islands in the middle of sea. Seeing smoke rising from inland, the Emperor ordered an investigation of the islands, and discovered that the tsuchigumo Oomimi (大耳) lived on the smaller island, and Taremimi (垂耳) lived on the larger island. When both were captured and about to be killed, Oomimi and Taremimi lowered their foreheads to the ground and fell prostrate, and pleaded, "we will from now on make offerings to the emperor" and presented fish products and begged for pardon.

Also, in the Bungo no Kuni Fudoki, there appeared many tsuchigumo, such as the Itsuma-hime (五馬姫) of Itsuma mountain (五馬山), the Uchisaru (打猴), Unasaru (頸猴), Yata (八田), Kunimaro (國摩侶), and Amashino (網磯野), of Negi field (禰宜野), the Shinokaomi (小竹鹿臣) of Shinokaosa (小竹鹿奥), and the Ao (青) and Shiro (白) of Nezumi cavern (鼠の磐窟). Other than these, there is also the story of Tsuchigumo Yasome (土蜘蛛八十女), who made preparations in the mountains to resist against the imperial court, but was utterly defeated. This word "Yaso" (八十), literally "eighty," is a figurative term for "many," so this story is interpreted to mean that many of the female chief class opposed the Yamato imperial court, and met a heroic end, choosing to die alongside their men. In the story, Yaso, one local female chief, was greatly popular among the people, and she separated her allies from those resisting the imperial forces. Tsuchigumo Yasome's whereabouts were reported to the emperor, and for her efforts she was spared.

According to writings in the Nihon Shoki, in the 12th year of emperor Keiko (year 82 in the legends), in winter, October, emperor Keiko arrived in Hayami town, Ookita (now Ooita), and heard from the queen of the land, Hayatsuhime (速津媛) that there was a big cave in the mountain, called the Nezumi cave, where two tsuchigumo, Shiro and Ao, lived. In Negino (禰疑野), Naoiri, they were informed of three more tsuchigumo named Uchizaru (打猿), Yata (八田), and Kunimaro (国摩侶, 国麻呂). These five had great amount of allies, and would not follow the emperor's commands.

Yōkai tsuchigumo

From the Japanese middle ages (Kamakura/Muromachi/Azuchi-Momoyama periods, or the late 12th to the early 17th centuries) onward, tsuchigumo began to be depicted as giant, monstrous spiders.

A commonly cited early text depicting the yōkai tsuchigumo is The Tale of the Heike, or rather some variant texts of the Heike. This work, which was passed down orally among biwa lute players, has a complicated textual history and numerous variants, including the massively expanded Genpei Jōsuiki, and some versions include an extended passage on swords, known as the "Sword Scroll", or tsurugi-no-maki. This is regarded as one of the most important and influential texts that depict the conflict between Yorimitsu and the tsuchigumo, and is the source for many later artistic representations. It describes Yorimitsu's using the sword to defeat a yamagumo, which led to his renaming it 'Kumokiri' (蜘蛛切, "Spider-Cutter"). At present, Daikaku-ji Temple, Hakone Shrine and an individual, have tachi that have been handed down as Hizamaru, which are also called by other names such as 'Kumokiri', 'Hoemaru' and 'Usumidori' based on various legends.

Works such as the 14th-century picture scroll Tsuchigumo Sōshi and the 15th-century Noh drama Tsuchigumo envision various versions of a legend in which Minamoto no Yorimitsu, also known as Raikō, a famous 10th-century general and ancestor of the Minamoto clan defeat an enormous spider yōkai referred to as a tsuchigumo or yamagumo ("earth spider" or "mountain spider", respectively). In some versions, Yorimitsu and his retainer Watanabe no Tsuna pursue the spider, which takes various forms such as a beautiful woman, and when they defeat it they cut it open and skulls pour out of its torso, while in others, Yorimitsu is incapacitated and a young retainer hunts the spider down in his stead.

Tsuchigumo Sōshi (see scrolling image below) interestingly contains a visual depiction that doesn't appear to match the accompanying text, as the text has Yorimitsu and Tsuna take down an enormous, 60-foot monster that they later realize is a giant spider, but the imagery shows them doing battle with two oni, or ogre-demons, resembling Gozu and Mezu, which perhaps represent another of the tsuchigumo's transformations.

title: Tsuchigumo


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Play for Today

Play for Today is a British television anthology drama series, produced by the BBC and transmitted on BBC1 from 1970 to 1984. During the run, more than three hundred programmes, featuring original television plays, and adaptations of stage plays and novels, were transmitted. The individual episodes were (with a few exceptions noted below) between fifty and a hundred minutes in duration. A handful of these plays, including Rumpole of the Bailey, subsequently became television series in their own right.

History
The strand was a successor to The Wednesday Play, the 1960s anthology series, the title being changed when the day of transmission moved to Thursday to make way for a sport programme. Some works, screened in anthology series on BBC2, like Willy Russell's Our Day Out (1977), were repeated on BBC1 in the series. The producers of The Wednesday Play, Graeme MacDonald and Irene Shubik, transferred to the new series. Shubik continued with the series until 1973 while MacDonald remained with the series until 1977 when he was promoted. Later producers included Kenith Trodd (1973–1982), David Rose (1972–1980), Innes Lloyd (1975–1982), Margaret Matheson (1977–1979), Sir Richard Eyre (1978–1980), and Pharic MacLaren (1974–1982).

Plays covered all genres. In its time, Play for Today featured contemporary social realist dramas, historical pieces, fantasies, biopics and occasionally science-fiction (The Flipside of Dominick Hide, 1980). Most pieces were written directly for television, but there were also occasional adaptations from other narrative forms, such as novels and stage plays.

Writers who contributed plays to the series included Ian McEwan, John Osborne, Dennis Potter, Stephen Poliakoff, Sir David Hare, Willy Russell, Alan Bleasdale, Arthur Hopcraft, Alan Plater, Graham Reid, David Storey, Andrew Davies, Rhys Adrian and John Hopkins.

Several prominent directors also featured, including Stephen Frears, Alan Clarke, Michael Apted, Mike Newell, Roland Joffé, Ken Loach, Lindsay Anderson, and Mike Leigh. Some of the best remembered plays broadcast in the strand include Edna, the Inebriate Woman (1971), The Foxtrot (1971), Home (1972), The Fishing Party (1972), Bar Mitzvah Boy (1976), The Other Woman (1976), Abigail's Party (1977), Blue Remembered Hills (1979) and Just a Boys' Game (1979). Certain other plays, including Penda's Fen (1974) and Nuts in May (1976), were commissioned by David Rose of the BBC's English Regions Drama department based in Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham.

Some installments in the series were spun off into full-blown series, including Rumpole of the Bailey, which was produced as a one-off in the Play for Today strand in 1975 and three years later became a series for Thames Television, again with Leo McKern. Alan Bleasdale's The Black Stuff, was a single play broadcast on BBC2 in January 1980, which was developed into Boys from the Blackstuff. It was never part of the Play For Today strand, although it was repeated on BBC1 later that year as a single play.

Other offshoots were Gangsters, Headmaster, and a single series of science fiction-based plays styled as Play for Tomorrow. Towards the end of the run, three plays set in Northern Ireland were written by Graham Reid. Known as the Billy Plays, they starred Kenneth Branagh as Billy Martin in his first acting role following his graduation from RADA.

There were also some groups of plays transmitted that — for various reasons — did not go out under the Play for Today banner, but which were funded from the same department, used much the same production team and are generally regarded in episode guides and analysis as being part of the Play for Today canon.

Several plays were BAFTA award winners. John Le Mesurier and Patricia Hayes were named Best Actor and Actress, respectively, for their roles in the 1971 series Traitor and Edna, The Inebriate Woman, the latter also being named Best Drama Production. Dame Celia Johnson was named Best Actress for Mrs. Palfrey At The Claremont, broadcast in 1973. Stocker's Copper (1972), Kisses At Fifty (1973), Bar Mitzvah Boy (1976), ''Spend, Spend, Spend! (1977), Licking Hitler (1978) and Blue Remembered Hills (1979)'' were all named Best Single Play by BAFTA.

Videotapes of thirty-seven of the episodes produced between 1970 and 1975 were wiped after transmission, and no copies of many of them are known to exist.

Two plays were controversially pulled from transmission shortly before broadcast due to concerns over their content: these were Dennis Potter's Brimstone & Treacle in 1976 and Roy Minton's Scum the following year. In the case of Brimstone & Treacle it was due to concerns over the play's depiction of a disabled woman's rape at the hands of a man who may possibly have been the devil, and with Scum the worry was its supposed sensationalism of life in a borstal. Scum and Brimstone & Treacle were eventually transmitted, although in the meantime both had circumvented their withdrawal by being re-made as cinema films.

One play, The Other Woman, generated some mild controversy for its "graphic depiction" of lesbianism, and for the onscreen kiss between Jane Lapotaire and Lynne Frederick.

Demise and legacy
After fourteen series and numerous repeats of individual productions, the programme officially ended in August 1984, although two series of single dramas without Play for Today billing were broadcast on BBC1 in a similar time slot from July to December 1983 and from November 1984 to February 1985. Thereafter the strand of single dramas became Screen Two on BBC2 from January 1985, and later also Screen One on BBC1 from September 1989. The general trend in 1980s television production was away from one-off plays and towards a greater concentration on series and serials. When one-offs were produced, such as Film on Four on Channel 4, they tended to be made with a cinematic approach rather than betraying television drama's roots in the theatre that Play for Today and earlier series on both the BBC and ITV had often demonstrated.

Nonetheless, the series is generally remembered as a benchmark of high-quality British television drama, and has become a byword for what many continue to argue was a golden age of British television. In 2000, the British Film Institute produced a poll of industry professionals to determine the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century, and five of the programmes included in the final tally were from Play for Today.

A new programme publicised as a return of Play for Today, but under the working title of The Evening Play, was announced at the beginning of March 2006, but nothing has been heard from it since. Kevin Spacey, film star and director of the Old Vic, in March 2008 told BBC News that he would like to see the return of the show, but the journalists Michael Gove and Mark Lawson expressed disagreement, Gove (by then a Conservative MP) describing them, at best counter-intuitively, as "exercises in viewer patronisation". Jan Moir in The Daily Telegraph wrote in support of Spacey, saying "the British loved Play for Today once, and would do so again. A good piece of drama looks at the human condition, and tells us something we should know about ourselves."

A book detailing the origins of the series, Play for Today: The First Year by Simon Farquhar, was published in 2021.

Productions
The following list was sourced according to the BBC Genome archive of Radio Times magazines. Titles that carried the tag Play For Today on the BBC listings for their first or subsequent transmission are included, along with some repeats such as the repeat of the Days of Hope quartet, where the initial broadcast was not branded Play for Today, but the repeat was. Repeats of the individual productions are excluded. All episodes were broadcast on BBC1, except for the delayed broadcast of Scum in 1991 which was broadcast on BBC2.

Some early episodes are missing or no longer exist in colour.

Home media
The BFI have released three box sets of the series on Blu-ray, each consisting of various plays from throughout the show's run. Volume 1 contains seven plays broadcast between 1970 and 77; The Lie (1970), Shakespeare or Bust (1973), Back of Beyond (1974), Passage to England (1975), Your Man from Six Counties (1976), Our Flesh and Blood (1977), and A Photograph (1977). Five of the productions were remastered using the original 16mm film negatives which still exist in the BBC Archives.

Volume 2 contains six plays broadcast between 1972 and 79; Stocker's Copper (1972), The Elephants' Graveyard (1976), Gotcha / Campion's Interview (1977), The Spongers (1978), Victims of Apartheid (1978), and Just a Boys' Game (1979).

Volume 3, released on 21 March 2022, contains six plays broadcast between 1971 and 79; Edna, the Inebriate Woman (1971), Just Another Saturday (1975), Bar Mitzvah Boy (1976), The Mayor's Charity (1977), Coming Out (1979), and A Hole in Babylon (1979).

Robin Redbreast, Penda's Fen, Abigail's Party, Our Day Out, The Imitation Game and several others have received standalone releases on DVD and Blu-ray, whilst others have been released on compilation DVDs with the creators' other works.

title: Play for Today


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Damageplan

Damageplan was an American heavy metal band from Dallas, Texas, formed in 2003. Following the demise of their previous group Pantera, brothers Dimebag Darrell and Vinnie Paul Abbott wanted to start a new band. The pair recruited former Halford guitarist Patrick Lachman on vocals, and later Bob Zilla on bass. Damageplan released New Found Power, their only album, in February 2004. New Found Power debuted at number 38 on the Billboard 200, selling 44,676 copies in its first week.

While Damageplan was promoting the album at a concert on December 8, 2004 at the Alrosa Villa nightclub in Columbus, Ohio, deranged fan Nathan Gale climbed on stage and killed guitarist Dimebag Darrell and three others before being fatally shot by police officer James Niggemeyer. Although no motive was found, some of Gale's friends reported that he believed that Pantera had stolen his lyrics and that its former members were attempting to steal his identity. Damageplan's manager confirmed there are unreleased Damageplan recordings, although they have not surfaced, and the band has been inactive since the incident. Vinnie and Zilla joined the band Hellyeah, and Lachman joined the Mercy Clinic. Vinnie Paul died in 2018.

Formation
By 2003, drummer Vinnie Paul and guitarist Dimebag Darrell were plagued with difficulties that their previous metal band, Pantera, was experiencing. Both described the performance level of Pantera's vocalist, Phil Anselmo, as "hit and miss, depending on what type of chemicals he was on". Following the release of Pantera's 2000 album Reinventing the Steel and the subsequent tour, Anselmo and bassist Rex Brown started to focus on their side projects, and remained out of contact with the brothers, affecting their ability to write or record any future Pantera material. Both Abbott brothers eventually chose to move on from Pantera, as they began writing new material on their own.

A demo of the song "Crawl" was sent to former Halford guitarist Pat Lachman who auditioned as vocalist. Lachman was hired, and New Found Power was formed in early 2003 with former Jerry Cantrell guitarist Shawn Matthews on bass initially, who was replaced after the album recording with the brothers' tattoo artist, Bob Zilla. When writing music, Paul claimed; "we put no boundaries on it ... we wanted it to be very diverse", and Darrell said "We wanted to stretch out and expand our capabilities to their fullest." The band changed its name to Damageplan and decided to name the first album New Found Power.

New Found Power
The single "Save Me" debuted on American radio on January 26, 2004, and the band's debut album, New Found Power, was released in the United States on February 10. The album was recorded at the brothers' backyard studio, Chasin' Jason, in Arlington, Texas, where previous Pantera albums were also recorded. The Abbott brothers found out that during recording, everyone was willing to contribute and "put 100% effort into it" while with Pantera, but they found it too difficult to have Anselmo in the recording studio. Corey Taylor of Slipknot and Stone Sour, Zakk Wylde of Black Label Society, and Jerry Cantrell of Alice in Chains made guest appearances on the tracks "Fuck You", "Soul Bleed", and the bonus track "Ashes to Ashes" respectively, and Sterling Winfield handled co-production duties.

New Found Power sold 44,676 copies in its first week to debut at number 38 on the Billboard 200. The album received mixed reviews from music critics; Christine Klunk of PopMatters commented "I'm not in the least bit interested in where this band goes or what new and exciting ways they'll think of to abuse the listeners," while Johnny Loftus of AllMusic felt it was a "blazing new beginning".

Alice in Chains' vocalist/guitarist Jerry Cantrell attended a Thanksgiving party hosted by the Abbott brothers. Darrell and Paul had a demo of the first song they wrote, titled "Ashes to Ashes". Lachman insisted that it was on the "backburner" until Cantrell showed interest. The band entered the Abbott brothers' backyard studio with Cantrell to record "Ashes to Ashes". Although the song was not completed in time to be featured on New Found Power, it was included on the Japanese version, and for the soundtrack The Punisher: The Album. To promote New Found Power, the band toured with Hatebreed, Drowning Pool, and Unearth on the second installment of the Headbangers Ball.

Death of Dimebag Darrell
On December 8, 2004, the band was on a tour at the Alrosa Villa nightclub in Columbus, Ohio. Moments into the concert, Nathan Gale, a deranged 25-year-old ex-marine and fan of the band, climbed onto the stage, drew a 9 mm Beretta 92FS, and shot Dimebag Darrell five times in the head, killing him instantly. The band's head of security Jeffery "Mayhem" Thompson then engaged in hand-to-hand combat with Gale, which allowed Paul and other members to escape. However, Thompson was shot and killed in the ensuing struggle. A fan named Nathan Bray, who attempted to give CPR to Thompson and Darrell, and Erin Halk, a U.S. Marine-turned-roadie who tried to disarm Gale while he was reloading, were both shot and killed as well. Once the police arrived, Columbus Police officer James Niggemeyer approached the stage from behind, and saw Gale holding his weapon to a hostage, who was the band's drum technician. Niggemeyer shot Gale once in the head with a 12-gauge Remington Model 870, killing him instantly. Fifteen shots were fired by Gale, and an additional 36 rounds were found in his possession.

A police investigation did not find any motive behind the shooting, although Gale's mother stated that he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, and that he believed the Abbott brothers had stolen his lyrics while trying to steal his identity. She was unaware if her son took the medication he was given for his condition, but was proud of his military service following his discharge, and had given him the weapon that was used in the shooting. Major Jason Johnston, a Marine Corps spokesman at The Pentagon, was unable to comment on Gale's discharge.

A foundation called The Dimebag Darrell Memorial Fund was founded after the incident, which donated its profits to cover medical expenses of drum technician John Brooks and tour manager Chris Paluska, who were among those injured during the shooting. A public memorial service for Darrell took place on December 14, 2004 at Arlington Convention Center in Arlington, Texas. Many musicians paid tribute to Darrell on message boards and at live performances.

In May 2005, Niggemeyer was called before a grand jury, which was convened by the Franklin County prosecutor's office to examine the actions taken on the night of Dimebag Darrell's demise, a standard practice when deadly force is used. The jury found that there was no wrongdoing on Niggemeyer's part. Franklin County prosecutor Ron O'Brien commented, "There was little doubt [the shooting] was lawful, given the 200 eyewitnesses and the circumstances that surrounded the shooting. Nevertheless, we still have an independent body review the facts". Niggemeyer was nominated for a bravery award on the TV show America's Most Wanted.

Aftermath
In a 2005 interview, Damageplan manager Paul Bassman said that unreleased recordings before Darrell's death were near completion. He commented, "Vinnie Paul has said there will be a follow-up album down the road, as Dime would have wanted his music to be heard." Rumors circulated of another album, although nothing has been released. Following the events since Dimebag Darrell's death, Paul was unsure if he wanted to continue playing music. He was invited to join the band called Hellyeah, which included members of Mudvayne and Nothingface, but declined the offer. However, bassist Jerry Montano repeatedly called Paul, and he accepted the offer to join the project as he thought "Everybody had their head in the right place." Hellyeah released its debut album on April 10, 2007. One week later, Zilla joined the band as its new bassist, after Montano left due to "personal reasons". The album was recorded at Abbott's backyard studio, Chasin' Jason, where New Found Power was also recorded.

Vocalist Lachman joined The Mercy Clinic, which aided the grieving process. He commented, "you have to get back on the horse. You could easily let a decade go by and not do anything. I'm happy to have walked away with my life after the situation I was thrown into. But, I mean, what do you do? I'm a musician. I'm going to make music. What Dime would have told me was, 'You make music, motherfucker. Get back on it. Do what you do.' So, that's what I did." Before the shooting, Phil Anselmo stated in the December 2004 edition of Metal Hammer that Dimebag "deserves to be severely beaten". He apologized and said the "severely beaten" comment was a joke, although Paul requested Metal Hammer to provide the audio tapes to discern the nature of the comments. Paul concluded that the quote was not a joke and referred to Anselmo as the "master of lies".

A book titled A Vulgar Display of Power: Courage and Carnage at the Alrosa Villa was penned by author Chris Armold. For 14 months, Armold interviewed people and researched the events leading up to December 8, stating "It's not a book about rock stars, but heroes, regular guys who made the ultimate sacrifice." In his research, Armold found no evidence that the comments Anselmo made before Darrell's death had influenced Gale's actions. The book was released in 2007.

In a 2017 interview with Loudwire, Paul had stated that he had planned to release all unreleased Damageplan recordings at some point in the future, many of which have no vocals. He even stated having some of Dimebag Darrell's favorite musicians, such as Rob Halford of Judas Priest to record vocals for the songs.

Vinnie Paul died on June 22, 2018, at the age of 54.

Lyrical themes and style
According to Johnny Loftus of AllMusic, Damageplan incorporated elements of traditional heavy metal, post-grunge, metalcore, and death metal. Damageplan's sound has been described as groove metal, nu metal  and thrash metal.

The lyrical process was a collaborative effort consisting of Paul, Darrell, and Lachman. Themes explored on the album included the brothers' experiences, Darrell commented, "the crumbling of one empire and then starting over ... So there are a lot of lyrics about being reborn in a sense, about it being a new day, moving forward, letting go of the past and becoming something new." This is exemplified in the songs "Reborn", "Wake Up", and "Breathing New Life". "Blunt Force Trauma" is about when someone or something comes up behind you when you least expect it, "it could be a situation in your life, it could be a person you know with a beer bottle".

When writing music, the Abbott brothers suggested guitar riffs and "grooves", while Lachman added his input to modify the song's structure. The band's sound has been described by music critics to be similar to Pantera. Christine Klunk of PopMatters disliked the similarities and commented, "aside from a constant, driving rhythm, repetitive riffs, and unintelligible lyrics about (I'm assuming) kicking ass—there's nothing of interest to pay attention to". The song "Breathing New Life" features 180 beats-per-minute bass drum pedaling, what Vik Bansal of MusicOMH described as "exploding into a blaze of riffage and a cool chorus". Bansal was impressed with certain elements of the song such as the switch from downbeat singing to "a big chorus lodged in power chord heaven", and the incorporated groove rhythms. However, he felt Dimebag "borrow[ed]" Anthrax's guitar solo from the song "Only".

Band members

 * Final lineup
 * Vinnie Paul – drums (2003–2004, died 2018)
 * Dimebag Darrell – guitars, backing vocals (2003–2004, his death)
 * Patrick Lachman – lead vocals (2003–2004)
 * Bob Zilla – bass, backing vocals (2003–2004)

 * Previous members
 * Shawn Matthews – bass, backing vocals (2003)

title: Damageplan


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Mundu

The mundu (Malayalam: muṇṭŭ; ) is a garment worn around the waist in the Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, the Lakshadweep archipelago, and the Indian Ocean island nation of Maldives. It is closely related to sarongs like dhotis and lungis. It is normally woven in cotton and coloured white or cream. The colour is dependent on whether the cotton is bleached or unbleached. A khadaṟ muṇṭŭ is made using handlooms. When unbleached, the mundu is called nēriyatu. In modern times, two types of mundu are prevalent—the single and the double. A single mundu is wrapped only once around the waist, while the double one is folded in half before wearing. A mundu is usually starched before use.

Men
A mundu usually has a line of comparatively thicker cloth woven into it near the border called the kara. The kara can be coloured and comes in various sizes. There is also double coloured and ornamental kara (a strip of colour at the end of the mundu). For more ceremonial occasions (like weddings), a mundu has a golden embroidery known as kasavu. The wearer highlights the 'kara' by carefully folding the end of the mundu. The kara generally appears on the right-hand side of the person, though styles with the kara on the left side are prevalent. Unspoken rules of etiquette govern the way the mundu is worn. Men will often fold the garment in half to resemble a short skirt when working, cycling, etc. When faced with such a social situation, the fold of the mundu is loosened with an imperceptible flick and it flutters down to cover the legs completely. Sometimes a belt will be used; a popular Velcro belt that comes in either green or black has yellow pockets to keep valuables and hold the mundu (or lungi) secure.

The melmundu is an upper garment similar to the nēriyatu or tunḍŭ. that is worn by women; 'mundu' and 'melmundu' are part of the traditional Malayali costume worn by men.

Despite the considerable influence of western dressing forms in South Indian culture, Hindu traditional ceremonies of Kerala (some Hindu castes in other south Indian states) it is mandatory for the men to wear the Mundu. For Hindu weddings, men have to wear Mundu along with either shirt or a mel mundu. Mundu along with utarīyam is worn during religious occasions by Kerala Brahmins. It is also considered appropriate for men to wear Mundu during their visits to the temples and attending religious functions, though it is not mandatory at all places. However, it is a mandatory requirement to wear mundu and mel mundu for men to visit some famous temples in Kerala like the Guruvayur Temple, the Padmanabhaswamy Temple) etc. For the convenience of devotees, temple managements may provide these on rent in the temple premises.

Women
A variant called a mundum neriyatum is used more often by women. The mundum neriyatum is a set of two mundus, both having matching kara. The set contains a lower garment similar to those worn by men. The upper mundu, worn with a blouse, is wrapped once around the waist and upper body and left hanging from the left shoulder, resembling a sari. This is often called a set-mundu. This is usually worn during festivals or special occasions.

A veshti is a small piece of cloth (generally put on the shoulders) along with a mundu, which is worn in Kerala amongst Malayalis for formal occasions.

Kerala Lungi
In Kerala, the lungi, also called kaili or kaili muṇṭŭ, is worn by both men and women. Labourers prefer to wear lungis while working. Most men in Kerala use lungi as casual wear or as a house dress, as it is quite comfortable to wear. Lungis are generally colourful, and with varying designs. They are not worn during occasions such as weddings or other religious ceremonies. Saffron-coloured lungis (kāvi muṇṭŭ) are also commonly worn by men.

title: Mundu


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Oldman (king)

Oldman (died 1687), King of the Mosquito Nation from c. 1625 until his death in 1687, was the son of a Miskito leader. This earlier king went to England, according to a memorial left in Jamaica by one of his descendants, during the reign of Charles I (1625–1649) but during the time when the Providence Island Company was operating in the region (c. 1631–1641). He was followed by another visitor, alleged to be a "prince" of the same group.

According to the testimony of his son Jeremy I, as recorded in 1699 by an English witness called W. M., Oldman was taken to England and received in audience by "his brother king", Charles II "soon after the conquest of Jamaica" (1655). He was given a lace hat as a sort of crown and a written commission "to kindly use and relieve such straggling Englishmen as should chance to come that way".

He was succeeded in 1687 by his son, Jeremy I.

title: Oldman (king)


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David Douglass (physicist)

David H. Douglass (born 1932) is an American physicist at the University of Rochester.

Climate change
A 2005 study by Douglass and fellow University of Rochester physicist Robert S. Knox argued that global climate models underestimated the climate response to the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. The study also contended that global temperature returned to normal much faster after the eruption than the models had predicted.

A 2007 paper by Douglass and coworkers questioned the reliability of 22 of the most commonly used global climate models analyzed by Benjamin D. Santer and used by the IPCC to predict accelerated warming in the troposphere. The study had originally been submitted to Geophysical Research Letters the previous year, but was rejected in September 2006 on Santer's recommendation. Santer and 17 co-authors later rebutted Douglass' paper.

Douglass was named a fellow of Alfred P. Sloan Foundation in 1963 and elected a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1969. He is a Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences.

title: David Douglass (physicist)


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George William Albert Hendy

George William Albert Hendy, Hereditary Chief of the Miskito Nation was the grandson of H.M. George Frederic Augustus I, King of the Miskito Nation. He was elected by the Council of State to succeed after the death of his cousin William Henry Clarence on 23 May 1879. He died on 8 November 1888.

title: George William Albert Hendy


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Talk:Moses Sofer

Pupils
Many of the pupils listed may never achieve enough notability to warrant their own pages. Do they need to remain linked? JFW | T@lk  21:11, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Out of these 21 names; there are complete books of the full biography of at least half of them. The ones I am aware of are: Maram Ash, Rabbi Avrohom Shag, leader of the "Teilung", Maharam Schick, Maglei Tzedek, Rabbi Yehuda Modrin, Ksav Sofer & probably Rabbi Shimon Sofer. The rest might have a book about them; but at the very least we probably have semi complete biographies of them; for example, the Kol Aryeh, Rabbi Chaim Zvi Manheimer; Rabbi Hillel Kolemeyer, Rabbi Chaim Sofer, Rabbi Zalmen Spitzer. Rabbi Meir Perles; while I haven't seen a complete biography of him; needs his own page, because he was probably the greatest Rabbi in Hungary who opposed the "Teilung". By opening new pages for even some less notable pupils of the Chasam Sofer; maybe someone out there has in their possession some more information; & if everone adds what they know I'm sure a full article can spring up in no time.

 * I do question if we should list all his pupils (most without links)? Does it make sense? Or only his most notable pupils? Itzse 22:00, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Some Emendations and response to Haskalah
I copyedited much of the work, fixing comma placements and such and editing sentences to remove some of the archaic style of writing. Also, חדש אסור מן התורה is a halacha that applies to grain before the Omer and Shtei-HaLechem; it is not a phrase created by the Chasam Sofer (ZT"L), but a Midrashic phrase appropriated for use in this situation.

Lastly, when talking about the immaleability of Torah, it is the Halachos, the rules, the precedents that are unchanging. For example, it is not true that electricity is Asur because it is new per se; rather, we seek to find the Halachic precedents for it in Torasaynu HaKedosha and see how they apply. As the Halachos of Aish, Makeh B'Patish, or Binyan (for example) are well described, the question is their application (unchanged in their tenents) to this phenomenon. To say that "Everything New is Asur", in my opinion, is to miss the point and walk dangerously along the lines of the Karaim when trying to define the Chasam Sofer.

His first wife's name
I had originally changed her name from Sarah to Malka because I found; I think in the Kalischer family tree that her name was Malka. I assumed that Malka must be correct because it seemed highly unlikely that both of his wives were "widows" and also with the same name Sarah. For the correctness of the article I'm changing it back to Sarah as I found it; until someone knows better and brings a source.

Also if someone knows that his first wife was a widow; then add that fact too.

Now regarding the Chasam Sofer's second wife; in the intoduction to the sefer Hayad Hachazaka her first father-in-law calls her Sarah but in Igrois Sofrim in a letter from her father Rabbi Akiva Eiger to her husband the Chasam Sofer; he calls her Sarel. It could still be that her main name was Sarah but her father called her Sarel beloshen chibah Itzse 21:06, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I finally found a source that his first wifes name was Sarah in an article about Prossnitz titled Geschichte Der Juden In Prossnitz by Dr. Leopold Goldschmied. The article is in German & if my memory serves me correct it is in a book by Hugo Gold. I found a copy of this article while I was searching (as usual) for something else.

 * In page 8 of the article he writes "Hier lebte damals Hirsch Jerwitz, der Sohn des langjahrigen Vorsitzenden des rabbinischen Gerichtshofes, Moses Jerwitz. Hirsch war hoch angesehen und Mitglied des Gemeindevorstandes. Am 11. Thamus 1785 verlangt er vom Vorstande eine Familienstelle fur den Brautigam seiner Schwester Sara fur Moses Sofer, Frankfurt, unter gleichzeitiger ErmaSigung der Einkommentaxe."

 * He also writes (ibid) "Biz zum Jahre 1794 bleib Moses Sofer hier. Die Vermogensverhaltnisse des Hirsch Jerwitz gestalteten sich abar so ungunstig, daS er nicht in der Lage war, seinem Schwager die versprochene Verpflegung zuteil werden zu lassen. Demzufolge sah sich Moses Sofer veranlaSt, selbst fur seinem Unterhalt zu sorgen. So kam er nach StraSnitz, wo er am 3. Elul 1794 zum Rabbiner gewahlt wurde."

 * I'm not exactly sure what title he gives for Rabbi Moses Jerwitz, if Rabbi or Rosh Beis Din (is it the same thing here?) or something else; so someone who really understands German; please correct the article accordingly.

 * Also is Strasnitz, Dresnitz? Itzse 18:49, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

I verified that Strossnitz is indeed Dresnitz. Also that Rabbi Moses Jerwits was Rosh Beth Din (chief of the Rabbinical court) of Prossnitz. Itzse 20:30, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Maharam Ash?
there was a talmid of the cahatam sofer called the Maharam Ash. any information on him? There definately exists a picture of him somewhere....

thanksgevaldik! 20:29, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a biography of the Maharam Ash in the beginning of one the works he authored. There is also a picture (painting; as he died in 1854) of him which illustrates biography & history books. Itzse 20:27, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Ktav Sofer
The subject's son, Rav A.S.B. Sofer, played an important role in the development of Hungarian orthodoxy, and his Torah thoughts are widely quoted. I notice we have no article about him. Does anyone have a good resource that I could use for background reading? Alternatively, is anyone willing to start off this article? JFW | T@lk  12:21, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The first biography of him was written by his son who called it Ohel Leah. It is printed in front of the sefer Ksav Sofer al Hatorah. More first hand information can be gotten from Chut Hameshulesh & Igrois Sofrim. If someone starts it I'll try to find time to edit it with more information. Itzse 23:23, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * Chatam Sofer colour.JPG

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 * Chatam Sofer colour.JPG

"post-humously published works"
The hyphen in "post-humously" seems rather non-standard. (Or rather, let's say -- quite incorrect.) Toddcs (talk) 18:03, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Moses Sofer


text: User talk:66.160.76.130

title: User talk:66.160.76.130


text:
William Henry Clarence

William Henry Clarence (1856–1879) was King, or Hereditary Chief, of the Miskito. He was educated privately at Kingston, Jamaica. He succeeded on the death of his uncle George Augustus Frederic II, 27 November 1865 and was crowned, c. 23 May 1866. He reigned under a Council of Regency until he came of age and assumed full ruling powers in 1874. He was poisoned on 5 May 1879, at age 23.

title: William Henry Clarence


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Anita Ekberg

Kerstin Anita Marianne Ekberg (29 September 1931 – 11 January 2015) was a Swedish actress active in American and European films, known for her beauty and curvaceous figure. She became prominent in her iconic role as Sylvia in the Federico Fellini film La Dolce Vita (1960). Ekberg worked primarily in Italy, where she became a permanent resident in 1964.

Early life
Anita Ekberg was born on 29 September 1931, in Malmö, Skåne (Sweden), the sixth of eight children. In her teens, Anita worked as a fashion model. Ekberg entered the Miss Malmö competition in 1950 at her mother's urging. This led to the Miss Sweden contest which she won. Despite speaking very little English, she went to the United States to compete for the 1951 Miss Universe title (an unofficial pageant at that time, the pageant became official in 1952).

Universal Studios
Although Ekberg did not win the Miss Universe pageant, as one of six finalists, she did earn a starlet's contract with Universal Studios.

As a starlet at Universal, she received lessons in drama, elocution, dancing, horseback riding, and fencing. She appeared briefly in The Mississippi Gambler (1953) with Tyrone Power, Abbott and Costello Go to Mars (1953) (playing a woman on Venus), Take Me to Town (1953) with Ann Sheridan, and The Golden Blade (1953) with Rock Hudson and Piper Laurie.

Ekberg skipped many of her drama lessons, restricting herself to riding horses in the Hollywood Hills. Ekberg later admitted she was spoiled by the studio system and played, instead of pursuing bigger film roles. Universal dropped her after six months.

Batjac and Paramount
The combination of Ekberg's voluptuous physique and colourful private life (such as her well-publicized romances with Hollywood's leading men like Frank Sinatra, Tyrone Power, Yul Brynner, Rod Taylor, and Errol Flynn) appealed to the gossip magazines, like Confidential and she soon became a major 1950s pin-up, appearing in men's magazines like Playboy. Additionally, Ekberg participated in publicity stunts. She once admitted that an incident in which her dress burst open in the lobby of London's Berkeley Hotel was prearranged with a photographer.

Ekberg toured Greenland with Bob Hope, entertaining American servicemen. Hope spoke of her beauty and John Wayne signed her to a contract with his Batjac Productions at $75 a week.

By the mid-1950s, after several modelling jobs, Ekberg finally broke into the film industry. She guest-starred in the short-lived TV series Casablanca (1955) and Private Secretary.

She had a small part in the film Blood Alley (1955) starring John Wayne and Lauren Bacall, made for Wayne's Batjac Productions. It was her first real speaking role in a feature. She appeared alongside the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis comedy act in Artists and Models (1955), directed by Frank Tashlin for Paramount, playing "Anita".

Ekberg's greatest opportunity was when Paramount cast her in War and Peace (1956) which was shot in Rome, alongside Mel Ferrer and Audrey Hepburn, directed by King Vidor. For a time, she was even publicised as "Paramount's Marilyn Monroe". Ekberg was third billed in a thriller for Batjac, Man in the Vault (1956). It was distributed by RKO Pictures who had given Ekberg an excellent part in Back from Eternity (1956), directed by John Farrow.

Ekberg signed a deal with Warwick Pictures, the company of producers Albert Broccoli and Irwin Allen, who made films in England. She did Zarak (1956) with Victor Mature.

Ekberg returned to Hollywood to make a second film with Martin and Lewis (and Tashlin), Hollywood or Bust (1956). Ekberg made a second film for Warwick with Mature, Interpol (1957). In 1956, Hedda Hopper said her fee was $75,000 per picture.

She was announced for Glare directed by Budd Boetticher, but it was not made.

When John Wayne split up with his producing partner Robert Fellows, Fellows took over Ekberg's contract.

Gerd Oswald
Ekberg returned to Hollywood to make Valerie (1957) with Sterling Hayden and her then-husband Anthony Steel for director Gerd Oswald. She co-starred with Bob Hope and Fernandel in Paris Holiday (1958). This film was also directed by Oswald, as was Screaming Mimi (1958). She did a third for Warwick, The Man Inside (1958) with Jack Palance. Another film was announced for her, entitled A Lot of Woman, but it was not made.

Italy and La Dolce Vita
Ekberg went to Italy to star in Sheba and the Gladiator (1959), playing Zenobia. She stayed in Rome to make La Dolce Vita (1960) for Federico Fellini, performing as Sylvia Rank, the unattainable "dream woman" of the character played by Marcello Mastroianni. The film features a scene of her cavorting in Rome's Trevi Fountain alongside Mastroianni, which has been called "one of cinema's most iconic scenes".

The movie was an international sensation and Ekberg settled in Rome. She had the lead in an Italian-French co production, Last Train to Shanghai (1960) (aka The Dam on the Yellow River), then was in Le tre eccetera del colonnello (1960), The Call Girl Business (1960), Behind Closed Doors (1961), and The Mongols (1961), which had an American director (Andre de Toth) and co star (Jack Palance).

She later said "things became a little bit boring for me after La Dolce Vita because every producer or director in Italy, England and America wanted me to recreate the same role – the movie star from America who comes over to Italy."

Ekberg then appeared in Boccaccio '70 (1962), a film that also featured Sophia Loren and Romy Schneider. Soon thereafter, Ekberg was being considered by Broccoli to play the first Bond girl, Honey Ryder in Dr. No, but the role went to the then-unknown Ursula Andress. However Broccoli then cast her in Call Me Bwana (1963) with Bob Hope. Call Me Bwana was featured in the second Bond film, From Russia with Love, during a sequence where Ali Kerim Bey assassinates the Russian agent Krilencu with a sniper rifle. Krilencu attempts to escape through a window, which is situated in Anita Ekberg's mouth, on the wall-sized poster: "She should have kept her mouth shut", Bond quips.

Ekberg co-starred with Andress, Frank Sinatra, and Dean Martin in the western-comedy 4 for Texas (1963). She returned to Europe to make Love Factory (1964) and Who Wants to Sleep? (1965). She went to England for an Agatha Christie adaptation, The Alphabet Murders (1965), directed by Frank Tashlin who had directed her two Martin and Lewis films.

Ekberg was in the Italian How I Learned to Love Women (1966) then had a small role in a Jerry Lewis comedy, Way... Way Out (1966). She was in Pardon, Are You For or Against? (1966), an Alberto Sordi comedy; The Cobra (1967), an Italian crime film with Dana Andrews; The Glass Sphinx (1967) with Robert Taylor; Woman Times Seven (1967), an anthology directed by Vittorio De Sica, in a segment with Michael Caine; and Crónica de un atraco (1968).

She had a cameo in If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium (1969) and the lead in Fangs of the Living Dead (1969), Death Knocks Twice (1969), and A Candidate for a Killing (1969).

Later career
Fellini called Ekberg back for a cameo in The Clowns (1970). She had bigger parts in The Divorce (1970) with Vittorio Gassman; The Conjugal Debt (1970); Quella chiara notte d'ottobre (1970); The French Sex Murders (1972), a giallo; and Deadly Trackers (1972).

She went to Asia to make a Hollywood film, Northeast of Seoul (1972). In 1972, she sued an Italian magazine for publishing naked photographs of her.

Ekberg was also in Gold of the Amazon Women (1979), Killer Nun (1979), S.H.E: Security Hazards Expert (1980), Cicciabomba (1982), and The Seduction of Angela (1986). Fellini used her in Intervista (1987), appearing as herself in a reunion scene with Mastroianni.

Later performances included Count Max (1991), Ambrogio (1992), Cattive ragazze (1992), Witness Run (1996), and Bámbola (1996), in a part turned down by Gina Lollobrigida. She had a good part in Le nain rouge (1998).

She guest-starred in the Italian TV series Il bello delle donne (2001).

In 2021 actress Monica Bellucci co-produced and starred in a mockumentary dedicated to Ekberg, called “The girl in the fountain” presented as a special event at the 2021 Torino Film festival.

Personal life
Both of Ekberg's marriages were to actors, but neither of them succeeded. She was married to Anthony Steel from 22 May 1956 until their divorce on 14 May 1959 and to Rik Van Nutter from 9 April 1963 until their divorce in 1975. In a 2006 interview she said she wished she had a child, but stated just the opposite six months later. Ekberg's great love was Gianni Agnelli, the Italian industrialist and owner of Fiat. They were lovers for several years, although he was married.

Ekberg was often outspoken in interviews, e.g., naming famous people she reportedly "couldn't bear". She was also frequently quoted as saying that it was Fellini who owed his success to her, rather than vice versa: "They would like to keep up the story that Fellini made me famous, that Fellini discovered me", she said in a 1999 interview with The New York Times.

In 1960, after paparazzi followed her home to her villa from a nightclub, she was photograph kneeing one of them in the groin, and pulling out a bow and arrow to threaten others. Felice Quinto claimed she shot arrows at him.

Ekberg did not live in Sweden after the early 1950s, and rarely visited the country. However, she welcomed Swedish journalists into her home outside Rome and in 2005, appeared on the popular radio program Sommar, talking about her life. She stated in an interview that she would not move back to Sweden but would be buried there.

In 1963, she was sued by her publicist. In 1977, she was robbed in August and in December.

On 19 July 2009, she was admitted to the San Giovanni Hospital in Rome after falling ill in her home in Genzano, according to a medical official in the hospital's neurosurgery department. Despite her condition not being serious, Ekberg was put under observation in the facility.

In December 2011, it was reported that the 80-year-old Ekberg was "destitute" following three months in a Rimini hospital with a broken hip, during which time her home was robbed of jewelry and furniture, and her villa was badly damaged by fire. Ekberg applied for help from the Fellini Foundation, which also found itself in difficult financial straits.

Death
Ekberg died on 11 January 2015, at the age of 83, at the clinic San Raffaele in Rocca di Papa, Roman Castles, from complications of chronic illnesses. The actress had been in a wheelchair for several years after being knocked down by one of her pet Great Danes, which broke her hip. Ekberg's funeral service was held on 14 January 2015, at the Lutheran-Evangelical Christuskirche in Rome, after which her body was cremated and her remains were buried at the cemetery of Skanör Church in Sweden, in accordance with her wishes to be buried in her land of birth.

title: Anita Ekberg


text:
User:JohnArmagh/Heads of State of Angola

List of Heads of State of Angola

Affiliations:-

FNLA = Frente Nacional de Libertação para de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) - northern regionalist, estd.1957 as UPNA: Unio das Populacoes do Norte de Angola)

MPLA-PT = Movimiento Popular da Libertação de Angola - Partido de Trabalho (Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labour Party) - authoritarian/extreme leftist, primarily ethnic Kimbundu (renounced marxism 26 March 1991, only legal party Nov 1975-1991

PDL = Partido Democratico Liberale (Liberal Democatic Party)

UNITA = União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) - authoritarian/conservative, primarily ethinic Ovimbundu

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)