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Bad Salzuflen

Bad Salzuflen is a town and thermal spa resort in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. At the end of 2013, it had 52,121 inhabitants.

Geography
Bad Salzuflen lies on the eastern edge of the Ravensberg Basin, at the confluence of the rivers Salze (Bega) with the Werre. In comparison to other North Lippe communities it is densely populated. The city centre is surrounded by districts with a village like feel to them and agricultural land. North east of the River Werre and Salze (Bega) runs a strand of the Lipper highlands runs through the largely wooded hills with elevations up to 250 meters in the city. The lowest point is on the border of the River Werre at Herford at about 70 meters. Since 2008, the city is part of the Teutoburg Forest Nature Park / Eggegebirge.

The municipal area is crossed by the river floodplains of the Werre, and Salze. Podzol and Stagnosol brown soils prevail as soil types. The podzolic soils are mainly found in layers from the Tertiary Period, which are crossed by fault block from the Mesozoic. Characteristic of Bad Salzuflen are the saline springs that emerge at these geological folds and which give the region the name of "Germany's healing garden". The geothermal heat sources are of sufficient quality that it makes it viable to use heat recovery systems utilising borehole heat exchangers and heat pumps.

Expansion and use of the urban area
The part of Bad Salzulfen classified as the main central town covers an area of 100.06 km2. The municipal area has a roughly oval shape, with a maximum extension in east–west direction and 13 km in north–south direction of 11 km.

Neighbouring settlements
Bad Salzuflen is bordered to the east by the town of Lemgo, to the south by Lage and on the southwest by Leopoldshöhe. All three communities are part of the district of Lippe. To the west lies the county town of Bielefeld and in the north west, the city of Herford. To the north Bad Salzuflen borders on Vlotho in the district of Herford. Together with Herford, Bad Salzuflen belongs to conurbation of Bielefeld.

Areas of the town
The city is divided into twelve districts Bad Salzuflen, Biemsen-Ahmsen, Ehrsen-Breden, Grastrup-Hölsen (with Hölserheide), Holzhausen (with Sylbach), Lockhausen, Papenhausen (with Volkhausen) Retzen, Schotmar, Werl-Aspe (with Knetterheide), Wülfer-Bexten and the largest area in the district of Wüsten (with Frettholz, Glimke, Heller Hausen, Hollenstein, Pehlen, Pillenbruch, Voßhagen and Waldemeine). The most populous districts are Bad Salzuflen with about 19,700 inhabitants, Schotmar with 8,900, Werl-Aspe with 7,500 and Wüsten with 4,000 inhabitants (as of 31 December 2006). Together, these four districts over 70% of the population of Bad Salzuflen. The districts of Bad Salzuflen, Schotmar, Werl-Aspe, Holzhausen and Ehrsen-Breden form a continuous area of settlement.

Climate
Bad Salzuflen displays the typical fully humid temperate climate for Central Europe, with its maximum rainfall during the summer. The annual average temperature of 9.3 °C corresponds to the latitude and the altitude, however, the annual sum of precipitation is 743 mm which is slightly higher than the North German (640 mm) or the German average (690 mm), but due to its location in the rain shadow of the Teutoburg Forest, is slightly lower than the average for Lippe (877 mm).

History
The first mention of the settlement of Uflon comes in the middle of the eleventh century and of a place of salt nearby. In Old High German "Uflon" means The Woods/Forest. This later evolved into Uflen,  Mitteluflen and Dorf Uflen. Therefore, the entire name means The salt baths in the woods.

It was the use of the Pauline salt source in the Middle Ages that led to the establishment of the first Saline. These salt workshops were located at a place which is still called the Salt Yard or Salzhof and the well is represented in the town's coat of arms. Thanks to the lucrative salt trade and the promotion of the town to a city by the Counts of Sternberg, it was fortified with a circular wall and four gates. The Schliepsteiner gateway lies to the north (toward Exter), Heßkamper gateway to North East (toward Wüsten), Arminius to the southeast (toward Schotmar) and Herford Gateway to the West (toward Herford) with three fortified towers which also included the Katzenturm which can still be seen today. Until the Thirty Years' War, trading flourished with the white gold and brought great wealth to the town. The old houses, the sumptuous Bürgerhäuser and the Town Hall built in 1545/47 bear witness to this. The oldest surviving building in the city today is a three-storey Traufenbau of 1520. Bad Salzuflen was made famous by its cures. With its three drinking water, three thermal and three salt springs it had the status of a Lippischer State bath. Although the founding of the royal Solebads was made nearly 100 years ago, Salzuflen only received the additional name "Bad" on 14 April 1914.

Bad Salzuflen was one of the few cities in the Middle Ages that did not suffer from financial difficulties because of its salt production, its topographical position and its thriving commercial development. This is proven today by the many beautiful houses with their typical architectural style for that time. The high healing properties of the water meant that new bath houses were built and other sources were drilled, such as the Leopoldsprudel whose sacred well is in the midst of today's spa gardens. The development of the resort led to significant changes in the cityscape. The saltworks on the Salzhof discontinued salt production and is now the "town square" where the weekly market and town festivals take place. The Gradierwerke developed into a place that people with respiratory diseases retreated to. Over time, the long-established industry sectors disappeared and were replaced by the trading and spa industry, which benefited the numerous inns of the city.

The economic boom in the nineteenth century was also closely followed by the founding in 1850 of the Hoffmann starch factories that later rose to be the biggest European starch producers. The strategic location of Bad Salzuflen was rather insignificant and so was preserved largely during the Second World War from Allied bombing raids, and survived the war relatively unscathed after the war ended.

Between 1909 and 1924, the Bad Salzufler und Schötmarschen Straßenbahn GmbH plied their trade between those towns. From 1963, the Herford Light railway ran between the towns of Wallenbrück, Spenge, Herford, Vlotho, Weserhafen and the west of Herford.

Religion
In Bad Salzuflen, there are a variety of different religious communities. As the town is in the Protestant dominated Lippe District, they outweigh other evangelical Christians. The Evangelical Reformed Congregation are a part of the reformed Lippe Church and the Evangelical Lutheran congregation are unique in the town. There is a small Roman Catholic presence in the town as well as Baptists, Methodists, Gospel Christians, Mennonite Brethren, New Apostolics and Seventh-day Adventists. There is also a small Muslim community with a mosque in the town.

According to the 2011 census, there were 11.6% Roman Catholic Church and 54.5% Evangelical Church with other religions and those stating no religion making up the remaining 33.9%.

Churches
At the site of today's Evangelical Reformed Church of St. Kilian (neogothic) on the Kirchplatz in Schotmar stood the original building from around the year 800 AD, the first Christian church in the region. She is the mother parish for many villages in the surrounding area. It is a three-aisled neo-Gothic hall church. The west tower has an octagonal floor, which is crowned by a lantern-like roof riders with steep roof.

The Evangelical Reformed City Church is located on the area known as Hallenbrink, the highest elevation within the old town. The core of the late medieval hall building was rebuilt in 1762 after a fire. In 1892 there was a comprehensive renovation and expansion of the building. The most important piece is the pulpit made in 1765 by Heinrich Kamp Meyer. The community center near the town church is a stucco building with stepped gables, built in 1928 in expressionist style.

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Redeemer in the Martin-Luther-Straße is run under supervision by Karl Siebold (Schildesche), a neo-Romanesque church built around 1891–1892 after a design by architect Hermann Held (Bethel). The foundation stone was laid on 12 July 1891, the inauguration took place on 8 May 1892, the Jubilate Sunday. In 1908–1909 the church was enlarged by Karl Siebold to the western part with tower. A new extension was carried out in 1939 by Gerhard Balke (Bethel).

The Catholic Church of Our Lady is at the corner of Grabenstraße and Woldemarstraße. The groundbreaking ceremony was on 23 September 1956 which began construction of the church, which was designed by the architect Joseph Lucas in Paderborn, with the foundation stone laid on 8 December 1956. The consecration took place on 8 March 1959 under the title: "Mary, Our Lady, Queen of Peace."

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Resurrection on the corner Gröchteweg and Volkhausenstraße was built in 1964–1966 by the architect Loos (Bad Salzuflen). A significant contribution by the artist couple Hans-Helmuth von Rath and Margarete von Rath (Bad Salzuflen) can be seen in the artwork. The foundation stone was laid on 13 July 1964, and on 1 May 1966 the Jubilate Sunday, the church was consecrated. The Church of the Resurrection is used by the Lutheran and Reformed churches.

Governance
Two years after the division of the Free State of Lippe into districts, Bad Salzuflen was incorporated into in the county of Lemgo in 1934. On 1 January 1969, as part of the implementation of the "Law for the reorganization of the district Lemgo", part of the North Rhine-Westphalian territorial reform, the new town of Bad Salzuflen was formed from the two towns of Bad Salzuflen and Schotmar and the ten municipalities Biemsen-Ahmsen, Ehrsen-Breden, Grastrup-Hölsen, Holzhausen, Lockhausen, Papenhausen, Retzen, Werl-Aspe, Wülfer-Bexten and Wüsten.

As part of the implementation of the Bielefeld Act, the districts of Lemgo and Detmold were, on the first January 1973, merged to form the new District of Lippe, to which Bad Salzuflen has since belonged.

Bad Salzuflen is part of the parliamentary constituency Lippe I. Dirk Becker (SPD) was re-elected as a direct candidate in 2009 and at the 2012 election, Ute Schäfer (SPD).

City Council
The City Council currently has 48 seats. The Chairman of the City Council is mayor Wolfgang Honsdorf (SPD) who has voting rights. The following table shows the local election results since 1975: 1Free Voters Community

2All for one

3Citizens Initiative for Future

4regardless of rounding errors

Mayor
Since 2020, Dirk Tolkemitt (CDU) has been the full-time mayor of the city. He was preceded by Roland Thomas (SPD, 2015–2020), Wolfgang Honsdorf (SPD, 2004–2015), Gerhard Kleemann (CDU, 1999–2004) and Heinz-Wilhelm Quentmeier (SPD, 1982–1999).

Coat of arms
The Bad Salzuflen coat of arms shows a hexagonal blue red well shaft with two silver (white) Galgen trees, on which hangs a rising gold (yellow) bucket to the front and behind, below a golden (yellow) eight-pointed star. The star indicates the town formerly belonging to the County of Sternberg.

Demography
Population development by the end of 1968, only Salzuflen, *= census results:

With the establishment of the "new" town of Bad Salzuflen on 1 January 1969, Bad Salzuflen and Schotmar with the ten districts, there were 47,930 inhabitants, which corresponds to a population density of 479 inhabitants per square kilometer (currently 543 inhabitants / km ²)

Population in the districts of Bad Salzuflen on 1 January 1969:

Development of the population as of 1 January 1969, all data for the town of Bad Salzuflen in the borders since 1969, as each 31 December of the previous year

Theatre
The spa and town theatre has 498 seats but does not have its own ensemble. It is regularly played by the National Detmold and other visiting ensembles. The Detmold State ensemble regularly plays at the theatre.

Parks
On Kurgastzentrum is the entrance to the and is adjacent to the Country Park. There are 120 acres available for long walks and are one of the largest town parklands in Germany.

The Kurpark of 1907 extends along the Salze river with lawns, mature trees and a large floral inventory with entrance controlled by a ticket attendant. Exiting at the large Kurparksee, where can be found a fountain and boat hire, charges do not apply and landscaped gardens can be found emptying onto the urban forest with hiking and biking trails up to the Salzuflen Bismarck Tower on the Vierenberg, Loose and the Herford Bismarck tower.

Located in the middle of Kurpark stands the landmark of Bad Salzuflen. The fountain temple of the Leopold thermal bubble. With the development of the spa in 1906 to a 534 m depth, it linked Salzuflen to the thermal bath.

In the district Schotmar part of the castle of Stietencron contains a park with old trees.

Sport
Nationally successful clubs are the SG Knetterheide/Schotmar that play in the Women's Regional Handball Leagues and in table tennis the clubs of TuS Bexterhagen and SC Bad Salzuflen, both of which compete at the national league level. Also of some importance was the HC 93 Bad Salzuflen, which in the past competed in the 2nd Handball-Bundesliga, before being dissolved. Since the 2008/2009 season, the football team of the SC Bad Salzuflen plays in the Landesliga.

Regular events
Farmer's Markets in Schotmar take place in the market on Wednesdays and Saturdays, and on the Salzhof, weekly on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays in the morning. In the winter months the Thursday market is omitted from the beginning of November.

The Bad-Salzuflen Marathon takes place annually, since it first ran in 1993, on the last Saturday in February. It is organized by the LC 92 Bad Salzuflen. Kilian Festival is an annual festival in honor of St. Kilian Schotmar held in October. The Salzsiederfest is held annually in May in honor of the saltworkers. The Weihnachtstraum is an annual Christmas market on the Salzhof and throughout the city from the end of November to Christmas.

Roads
Bad Salzuflen lies on Bundesstraße 239. The A2 (E34) runs near the city and has easy accessibility to Junction 28 from the Ostwestfalenstraße and Junction 29 from the 239 feeder road. Today Lockhauser Straße connects the eastern and the western part of the city. The two previously existing roads over the Bega and Werre rivers were not able to accommodate the traffic in the city. Therefore, in the early 1980s the construction of a four-lane elevated highway was needed in the city.

Bus and rail
The central Bus station is called Am Markt. The city has four bus routes running hourly services which all run through Am Markt. All routes are operated by Bad Salzuflen GmbH, a subsidiary of Stadtwerke Bad Salzuflen. The surrounding cities of Bielefeld, Herford, Lemgo and on weekdays Oerlinghausen Vlotho-Exter are accessible by local buses from the bus station. Bad Salzuflen is part of the tariff association known as "The Six" (OWL Transport GmbH). In the spa area operates a round route tourist service, the "Pauline-train". Starting point is the main entrance to the spa, at the Gradierwerk.

Commissioned in 1881, the Bad Saluflen Rail Station lay on the Herford to Altenbeken line. Now it is known as Regional Railway route 72, the Ostwestfalenbahn, running an hourly service calling at Herford, Lage, Detmold, Altenbeken, Paderborn. Additianl stops in the town are at Schötmar and Holzhausen (Haltepunkt Sylbach).

Cycling
The long-distance Wellness cycle path and cycle route from Weser to Lippe traverse Bad Salzuflen. In addition, there are local bike paths, including the Soleradweg cycle path. In the Landschaftskurpark is a bike lane marked, but all other paths in the park are closed to cyclists. A heavily utilized cycling and footpath leads directly to the Werre along to Herford.

Notable businesses
Alba Moda, a mail order company for women's wear and swim wear. Essmann, manufacturing and sales roof lighting, venting and drainage, smoke and heat removal, smoke and fire. Dorma Glass, producer of fittings for glass doors. Maritim Hotel Company, specializes in conferences and congresses, as the second largest hotel chain in Germany. Median clinics operate the Burggrabenkliniken and the hospital Flachsheide. Sollich KG, maker of special machines for the confectionery industry. Lippische Nervenklinik Dr. Spernau GmbH & Co run a psychiatric-psychotherapeutic acute hospital in the district of Lippe.

Hoffmann's Stärkefabriken, starch manufacturing, was among the oldest industrial companies in Bad Salzuflen. The factory was established on 29 September 1850 by Henry Salomon Hoffmann and was founded on today's Hoffmannstraße. The largest European producers of starch at its height employed, around the turn of the century, about 1,200 employees and was not only the most powerful business enterprises in Salzuflen, but also in Lippe. The Ciba-Geigy AG of Basel took over the majority of shares in 1981, and in 1985 was taken over by the British firm Reckitt & Colman PLC, which ceased production at the site in Salzuflen in 1990. The distribution of Hoffmann's products is done today by Reckitt Benckiser from Slough near London.

Education
The town has eight primary schools and twenty-three Kindergartens. The districts of Lohfeld and Aspe each have a secondary school, junior high school and high school. In addition, there is the Erich Kästner-Schule, a school for children with learning difficulties. In 2007, the schools in the town had 372 teachers who taught a total of 5614 students, of which 36.5% in primary schools, 13.3% of secondary schools and 21% of secondary schools, 25.3% of high schools, as well as 3, 9% at the special school.

Spa and health facilities

A remnant of the salt mining, the Gradierwerke had a total length of 424 meters before today's length of about 300 m. Of the original four existing salt works, only two are completely preserved. A third, whose origins date back to the seventeenth century, had to be closed due to disrepair. It was rebuilt after a Council decision as Erlebnisgradierwerk and inaugurated again on 28 July 2007 Festival in July 2007. The salt works are now operated only for short cures. The brine trickles down, the air is enriched near the salt works with the salt, the water droplets bind particles in the air. Inhaling salty air moistens the respiratory tract and positively affects the walls of the respiratory organs. In addition, the fine salt crystals have an expectoprant action on secretions, which intensively cleanse the respiratory of bacteria and can reduce swelling of the mucous membranes.

Health resort and spa in the city theater, Parkstraße and Wandelhalle (1960–1961) and Konzerthalle (1962–1963) in the park are excellent examples of resort architecture of the 1960s. Kurgastzentrum (1980–1983) designed by the architectural firm Behnisch & Partner. In 1985 it won awards by the Association of German Architects of North Rhine-Westphalia.

The Vitalzentrum with the Institute for tinnitus research and treatment. The Vitasol thermal bath is housed under one roof several salt baths with up to 38 °C thermal water from a depth of 1,018 m, and widely integrated into the landscape are a sauna park, health club, beauty and wellness center, a health restaurant, sports and exercise therapy, children's club.

The former bathhouses are still partly preserved, but they are used for other purposes. The "inhalator" is a medical forum, the former "Bath House I" was the private clinic Salinenpark and the former "Leopoldbad" restaurant.

Monuments
Monument to the saltworkers – The monument at the salt yard represents a salt boiler around 800 BC. It was designed and executed by the sculptor Marianne Herford Bleeke – Ehret and installed in May 1988. Salzuflen Tree of Life is a sculpture in bronze and granite stands in front of the new City Hall on the Rudolph Brandes Ave. It was created by Axel Seyler ( University of East Westphalia -Lippe, Detmold campus ) and erected on 8 September 1984. Rudolph Brandes Obelisk is in honor of the pharmacist Rudolph Brandes (1795–1842) and stands on a small lawn area at the confluence of the Riestestraße and Rudolph Brandes Avenue since 1979. Monument to Eduard Hoffmann, son of the founder of Hoffmann 's starch factories, dedicated in 1900 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the factory of the workforce. The monument stands at the Hoffman Road, between the cemetery and the former fire station. Just across the street was once the main entrance to the factory. Monument to the gallows dispute The monument stands between Salzuflen and Schotmar at the former city limits, at the intersection Rudolph-Brandes-Allee/Walhallastraße Salzuflen. The Council of Schotmar had asked the Council Salzuflen to be able to use the gallows. This request and the response is written on the relief. On the left, two councilors and the crest are shown, the right Kilianskirche and laughing children, in the midst of sinners under the gallows. The gallows dispute is the subject of the 50-pfennig Notgeldscheines.

Notable buildings
The historic City Hall, on located at Am Markt. By Easter 1530 it was already in use (recent studies mention 1545–1547) and was built for the needs of both management and the council. It has been a Tavern, wedding, dance and guild house, court room, party room and records chamber, fire equipment room and ammunition room for shooters and linen storage rooms for grain tithe. About the architect of the house there has been no information, though it was built in the Renaissance style with narrow gable front gable. The three heraldic stones on the facade (city coat of arms, rose and star) were inserted later there. Similarly, the staircase at the front, which was grown in 1853 to plans by the Saline Director Gödecke.

Memorial "Old Synagogue" in the Mauerstraße
In the pogrom of 9 to 10 November 1938 the Salzuflen synagogue was descrated and destroyed after 83 years of being the house of prayer of the local Jewish community. The attempt of arson was prevented by the duty Polizei Obermeister. Police managed to save scriptures and sacred objects from destruction. The remains of the synagogue were, on 12 November 1938, cleared by the local branch of Technical Emergency in Bad Salzuflen. On 9 November 1982 a plaque was attached to a wall adjacent to the site of the synagogue following a proposal from the local chapter of DKP Bad Salzuflen. The text reads "Here stood the synagogue / of the Israelites / town of Bad Salzuflen / was on 9 November 1938 / destroyed by the Nazis / Exodus 3.5 ". In 1998 the current memorial 1998 was built on the site of the synagogue, designed by architect Paul Meier Dahl.

Memorial "Jewish Cemetery" at the Werler Straße
The Jewish cemetery is closed today, but was most probably created around 1543–1603. It was destroyed in the time of Nazi rule. The remaining grave stones were re-erected after the war. In 1988, the city had acquired the remainder of the area under private ownership, the building demolished and designed the new cemetery. On the monument in the form of a seven-branched candelabrum (menorah) 50 names were inscribed. In 2009, were added another 14 names. On the stone is engraved with the following text:

 A reminder to the Jewish victims of Salzuflen and Schötmar that the suffering and injury to you under the National Socialist dictatorship between 1933 and 1945 were wrong and should not be forgot.

and in Hebrew

''ת. נ. צ. ב. ה (T.N.Z.W.H.)''

Te’hi Nischmató zrurá Bi’zrór Ha’Chajim meaning (May his soul be bound in league of (eternal) life)

Stolpersteine
Since November 2010, the artist Gunter Demnig has been laying Stolpersteine, or stumbling blocks. The Stolpersteine are a memorial detailing the Jewish victims of the Nazi's on the pavement outside the last known home of that person.

War memorials
War memorials are found in various cemeteries dedicated to the victims of war. On the sports field in Ehrsen-Breden is a memorial stone, at the cemetery in Biemsen-Ahmsen. In Wüsten, Retzen, Wülfer-Bexten and in the park in Schotmar are cenotaphs. The war memorial in Bad Salzuflen is above the upper mountain cemetery in the woods. It was designed by and built in 1923. Memorial Day commemorative events are held in all these places every year.

Twin towns – sister cities
Bad Salzuflen is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Luckenwalde, Germany (1990)
 * 🇫🇷 Millau, France (1975)

Notable people
The following personalities were born in Bad Salzuflen or are connected to the city

 * Johann Schröder (1600–1664), physician and pharmacist
 * (1791–1868), medical officer and city physician in Bad Salzuflen and initiator of the bathing establishment
 * Rudolph Brandes (born 1795), founder of Pharmacists Association (today's German Pharmacists Association) and namesake of Rudolph Brandes High School in the school center Lohfeld
 * Heinrich Karl Brandes (born 1798), principal of the high school to Lemgo and writer of travel literature
 * Korl Biegemann (born 1854), doctor and Lippe
 * Albert Krecke (born 1863), surgeon
 * Friedrich Frisius (1895–1970), vice admiral
 * Karel Niestrath (born 1896), sculptor
 * Heinrich Welslau (born 1918), 1969–1976 volunteering mayor of Bad Salzuflen
 * Hans Leo Kornberg (1928–2019), biochemist and professor at Boston University
 * Ingrid Hartmann (1930–2006), canoeist
 * Muhammad Salim Abdullah (born 1931), journalist and Senior Director of the
 * Horst Steinmann (born 1934), economist and emeritus professor of business administration and management
 * Arnold Schönhage (born 1934), mathematicians, computer scientists, and Professor Emeritus at the University of Bonn
 * Hildegard Ochse (1935–1997), photographer
 * Fritz W. Kramer (born 1941), ethnologist
 * Gerhard Schröder (born 1944), former German politician (SPD) and Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005
 * Ulla Klomp (born 1945), writer and artist
 * Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp (born 1947), Turkologist, Tibetologist and Indologist
 * Jürgen von der Lippe (born 1948), TV presenter and comedian
 * Kurt Dröge (born 1951), folklorist
 * Klaus Leroff (born 1953), politician
 * Andreas Lukoschik (born 1953), television presenter, actor and author
 * Michael Diekmann (born 1954), German manager
 * Ute Frevert (born 1954), historian
 * Peter Klein (born 1959), athlete
 * Bettina Herlitzius (born 1960), politician (Alliance 90/The Greens)
 * Barbara Ostmeier (born 1961), politician (CDU)
 * Jörg Sasse (born 1962), photographer
 * Bernd Begemann (born 1962), musician, connected to the music movement Hamburger Schule
 * Thomas Helmer (born 1965), former German footballer
 * Frank Spilker (born 1966), musician (Die Sterne)
 * Bernadette La Hengst (born 1967), musician
 * Andreas Schmidt (born 1978), scientist and entrepreneur, founder of AYOXXA Biosystems and Proteona
 * Wiebke Muhsal (born 1986), politician (Alternative for Germany)

title: Bad Salzuflen


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Julien Offray de La Mettrie

Julien Offray de La Mettrie (November 23, 1709 – November 11, 1751) was a French physician and philosopher, and one of the earliest of the French materialists of the Enlightenment. He is best known for his 1747 work L'homme machine (Man a Machine).

La Mettrie is most remembered for taking the position that humans are complex animals and no more have souls than other animals do. He considered that the mind is part of the body and that life should be lived so as to produce pleasure (hedonism). His views were so controversial that he had to flee France and settle in Berlin.

Early life
La Mettrie was born at Saint-Malo in Brittany on November 23, 1709, and was the son of a prosperous textile merchant. His initial schooling took place in the colleges of Coutances and Caen. After attending the Collège du Plessis in Paris, he seemed to have acquired a vocational interest in becoming a clergyman, but after studying theology in the Jansenist schools for some years, his interests turned away from the Church. In 1725, La Mettrie entered the College d'Harcourt to study philosophy and natural science, probably graduating around 1728. At this time, D'Harcourt was pioneering the teaching of Cartesianism in France. In 1734, he went on to study under Hermann Boerhaave, a renowned physician who, similarly, had originally intended on becoming a clergyman. It was under Boerhaave that La Mettrie was influenced to try to bring changes to medical education in France.

Medical career
After his studies at D'Harcourt, La Mettrie decided to take up the profession of medicine. A friend of the La Mettrie family, François-Joseph Hunauld, who was about to take the chair of anatomy at the Jardin du Roi, seems to have influenced him in this decision. For five years, La Mettrie studied at faculty of medicine in Paris, and enjoyed the mentorship of Hunauld.

In 1733, however, he departed for Leiden to study under the famous Herman Boerhaave. His stay in Holland proved to be short but influential. In the following years, La Mettrie settled down to professional medical practice in his home region of Saint-Malo, disseminating the works and theories of Boerhaave through the publication and translation of several works. He married in 1739 but the marriage, which produced two children, proved an unhappy one. In 1742 La Mettrie left his family and travelled to Paris, where he obtained the appointment of surgeon to the Gardes Françaises regiment, taking part in several battles during the War of the Austrian Succession. This experience would instill in him a deep aversion to violence which is evident in his philosophical writings. Much of his time, however, was spent in Paris, and it is likely that during this time he made the acquaintance of Maupertuis and the Marquise de Châtelet.

It was in these years, during an attack of fever, that he made observations on himself with reference to the action of quickened blood circulation upon thought, which led him to the conclusion that mental processes were to be accounted for as the effects of organic changes in the brain and nervous system. This conclusion he worked out in his earliest philosophical work, the Histoire naturelle de l'âme (1745). So great was the outcry caused by its publication that La Mettrie was forced to quit his position with the French Guards, taking refuge in Leiden. There he developed his doctrines still more boldly and completely in L'Homme machine, a hastily written treatise based upon consistently materialistic and quasi-atheistic principles. La Mettrie's materialism was in many ways the product of his medical concerns, drawing on the work of 17th-century predecessors such as the Epicurean physician Guillaume Lamy.

The ethical implications of these principles would later be worked out in his Discours sur le bonheur; La Mettrie considered it his magnum opus. Here he developed his theory of remorse, i.e. his view about the inauspicious effects of the feelings of guilt acquired at early age during the process of enculturation. This was the idea which brought him the enmity of virtually all thinkers of the French Enlightenment, and a damnatio memoriae which was lifted only a century later by Friedrich Albert Lange in his Geschichte des Materialismus.

Philosophy
Julien de La Mettrie is considered one of the most influential determinists of the eighteenth century. He believed that mental processes were caused by the body. He expressed these thoughts in his most important work Man a Machine. There he also expressed his belief that humans worked like a machine. This theory can be considered to build off the work of Descartes and his approach to the human body working as a machine. La Mettrie believed that man, body and mind, worked like a machine. Although he helped further Descartes' view of mechanization in explaining human bodily behavior, he argued against Descartes' dualistic view on the mind. His opinions were so strong that he stated that Descartes was actually a materialist in regards to the mind.

The philosopher David Skrbina considers La Mettrie an adherent of "vitalistic materialism":

Man and the animal
Prior to Man a Machine he published The Natural History of the Soul in 1745. He argued that humans were just complex animals. A great deal of controversy emerged due to his belief that "from animals to man there is no abrupt transition". He later built on that idea: he claimed that humans and animals were composed of organized matter. He believed that humans and animals were only different in regards to the complexity that matter was organized. He compared the differences between man and animal to those of high quality pendulum clocks and watches stating: "[Man] is to the ape, and to the most intelligent animals, as the planetary pendulum of Huygens is to a watch of Julien Le Roy". The idea that essentially no real difference between humans and animals existed was based on his findings that sensory feelings were present in animals and plants. While he did recognize that only humans spoke a language, he thought that animals were capable of learning a language. He used apes as an example, stating that if they were trained they would be "perfect [men]". He further expressed his ideas that man was not very different from animals by suggesting that we learn through imitation as do animals.

His beliefs about humans and animals were based on two types of continuity. The first being weak continuity, suggesting that humans and animals are made of the same things but are organized differently. His main emphasis however was on strong continuity, the idea that the psychology and behavior between humans and animals was not all that different.

Man a machine
La Mettrie believed that man worked like a machine due to mental thoughts depending on bodily actions. He then argued that the organization of matter at a high and complex level resulted in human thought. He did not believe in the existence of God. He rather chose to argue that the organization of humans was done to provide the best use of complex matter as possible.

La Mettrie arrived at this belief after finding that his bodily and mental illnesses were associated with each other. After gathering enough evidence, in medical and psychological fields, he published the book.

Some of the evidence La Mettrie presented was disregarded due to the nature of it. He argued that events such as a beheaded chicken running around, or a recently removed heart of an animal still working, proved the connection between the brain and the body. While theories did build off La Mettrie's, his works were not necessarily scientific. Rather, his writings were controversial and defiant.

Human nature
He further expressed his radical beliefs by asserting himself as a determinist, dismissing the use of judges. He disagreed with Christian beliefs and emphasized the importance of going after sensual pleasure, a hedonistic approach to human behavior. He further looked at human behavior by questioning the belief that humans have a higher sense of morality than animals. He noted that animals rarely tortured each other and argued that some animals were capable of some level of morality. He believed that as machines, humans would follow the law of nature and ignore their own interests for those of others.

Influence
La Mettrie most directly influenced Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis, a prominent French physician. He worked off La Mettrie's materialistic views but modified them in order to be not as extreme. La Mettrie's extreme beliefs were rejected strongly, but his work did help influence psychology, specifically behaviorism. His influence is seen in the reductionist approach of behavioral psychologists. Nonetheless, the backlash he received was so strong that many behaviorists knew very little to nothing about La Mettrie and rather built off other materialists with similar arguments.

Cybernetics and its applications to psychology are also consistent with La Mettrie's position.

However, currently the psychological school most clearly influenced by La Mettrie is cognitive science, including the philosophy of artificial intelligence, which proposes to build robots in the image and likeness of the human being and other living beings, and even analyze the human being based on the robot analogy.

Journey to Prussia
La Mettrie's hedonistic and materialistic principles caused outrage even in the relatively tolerant Netherlands. So strong was the feeling against him that in 1748 he was compelled to leave for Berlin, where, thanks in part to the offices of Maupertuis, the Prussian king Frederick the Great not only allowed him to practice as a physician, but appointed him court reader. There La Mettrie wrote the Discours sur le bonheur (1748), which appalled leading Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire, Diderot and D'Holbach due to its explicitly hedonistic sensualist principles which prioritised the unbridled pursuit of pleasure above all other things.

Death
La Mettrie's celebration of sensual pleasure was said to have resulted in his early death. The French ambassador to Prussia, the comte de Tyrconnel, grateful to La Mettrie for curing him of an illness, held a feast in his honour. It was claimed that La Mettrie wanted to show either his power of gluttony or his strong constitution by devouring a large quantity of pâté de faisan aux truffes. As a result, he developed a gastric illness of some sort. Soon after he began suffering from a severe fever and eventually died.

Frederick the Great gave the funeral oration, which remains the major biographical source on La Mettrie's life. He declared: "La Mettrie died in the house of Milord Tirconnel, the French plenipotentiary, whom he had restored to life. It seems that the disease, knowing with whom it had to deal, was cunning enough to attack him first by the brain, in order to destroy him the more surely. A violent fever with fierce delirium came on. The invalid was obliged to have recourse to the science of his colleagues, but he failed to find the succor that his own skill had so often afforded as well to himself as to the public"." In a letter to his sister, Frederick described him as a good devil and medic but a very bad author. He was survived by his wife and a 5-year-old daughter.

La Mettrie's collected Œuvres philosophiques appeared after his death in several editions, published in London, Berlin and Amsterdam.

Selected works

 * Histoire Naturelle de l'Âme. 1745 (anon.)
 * École de la Volupté. 1746, 1747 (anon.)
 * Politique du Médecin de Machiavel. 1746 (anon.)
 * L'Homme Machine. 1748 (anon.)
 * L'Homme Plante. 1748 (anon.)
 * Ouvrage de Pénélope ou Machiavel en Médecine. 1748 (pseudonym: Aletheius Demetrius)
 * Discours sur le bonheur ou Anti-Sénèque [Traité de la vie heureuse, par Sénèque, avec un Discours du traducteur sur le même sujet]. 1748 (anon.)
 * L'Homme plus que Machine. 1748 (anon.)
 * Système d'Épicure. 1750 (anon.)
 * L'Art de Jouir. 1751 (anon.)

Collected works

 * Œuvres philosophiques, 2 vols., Paris: Fayard 1984, 1987 ISBN 2-213-01839-1; ISBN 978-2-213-01983-3
 * [vol. 3] Ouvrage de Pénélope ou Machiavel en Médecine, Paris: Fayard 2002 ISBN 2-213-61448-2
 * Œuvres philosophiques, 1 vol., Paris: Coda 2004 ISBN 2-84967-002-2

Critical editions of his major works

 * Aram Vartanian (ed.): La Mettrie's L'homme machine. A Study in the Origins of an Idea, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960)
 * John F. Falvey (ed.): La Mettrie. Discours sur le bonheur in Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, vol. cxxxiv (Banbury, Oxfordshire: The Voltaire Foundation, 1975)
 * Ann Thomson (ed.): La Mettrie's Discours préliminaire. in Materialism and Society in the Mid-Eighteenth Century (Genève: Librairie Droz, 1981)
 * Théo Verbeek (Ed.): Le Traité de l'Ame de La Mettrie, 2 vols. (Utrecht: OMI-Grafisch Bedrijf, 1988)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Julien Offray de La Mettrie


text: User talk:4.5.90.116

title: User talk:4.5.90.116


text:
Oerlinghausen

Oerlinghausen (Ankhiusen) is a city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany located between Bielefeld and Detmold in the Teutoburg Forest. At the end of February 2023, it had 17,314 inhabitants.

Geography
Geographically, Oerlinghausen is situated on top of the Teutoburger Forest hills. Oerlinghausen's highest point is the Tönsberg with 334 meters. The flatlands of northern Germany start some 40 km north of Oerlinghausen. There are hiking routes along the hill chain which stretches 80 km in east-west direction. To the south of the hills are large sand areas originating from melting glaciers during past ice ages. Although not high, the hills are steep in many places and almost completely covered by forest.

History and culture
First mentioned in documents in 1036, the town became a city in 1926 by authority of the Land of Lippe. In 1969 the city was expanded with the addition of Helpup, Währentrup and Lipperreihe as part of the "Gebietsreform" movement.

Oerlinghausen is home to an airfield which is one of Europe's largest gliding centres as well as the well known Archäologisches Freilichtmuseum Oerlinghausen (archaeological open-air museum) featuring reconstructions of a variety of dwellings spanning from 10,000 BC to 1000 AD.

The city has also been home to an unusual number of well-known sociologists. Marianne Weber (born Schnitger), who was born in Oerlinghausen and married Max Weber here in 1893, was a well-respected author herself. Niklas Luhmann and Richard Grathoff, two of the key sociologists who made the Bielefeld University one of the premier institutions for sociology in Europe, have also lived in Oerlinghausen for extended time periods.

Hanning Elektro-Werke is headquartered in Oerlinghausen.

Mayors

Sons and daughters of the town

 * Marianne Weber (born Schnitger) (1870–1954), lawyer, sociologist and legal historian
 * Friedrich Bödeker (1867–1937), craftsman and cacti explorer
 * Berthold Müller-Oerlinghausen (1893–1979), sculptor
 * Andreas Ortmann (born 1953), economist

title: Oerlinghausen


text:
Michel de Certeau

Michel de Certeau (17 May 1925 – 9 January 1986) was a French Jesuit priest and scholar whose work combined history, psychoanalysis, philosophy, and the social sciences as well as hermeneutics, semiotics, ethnology, and religion. He was known as a philosopher of everyday life and widely regarded as a historian who had interests ranging from travelogues of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to contemporary urban life.

A multidisciplinarian, he wrote ground-breaking studies in fields as diverse as mysticism, the act of faith, cultural dynamics in contemporary society, and historiography as an intellectual practice. His impact continues unabated, with new volumes appearing regularly, and perhaps surprisingly his reputation is growing even more rapidly in English and German-speaking countries and the Mediterranean than in his native France. This strong and growing interest in academia is not matched in the public sphere; however, partly due to his being considered a "difficult" author because of his highly personal style which makes translation difficult, and partly due to the declining status of French in the world generally. Nevertheless, portions of his prolific output have been translated into a dozen languages.

Education
Michel Jean Emmanuel de La Barge de Certeau was born in 1925 in Chambéry, Savoie. De Certeau's education was eclectic, following the medieval tradition of peregrinatio academica. After obtaining degrees in classics and philosophy at the universities of Grenoble and Lyon, he studied the works of Pierre Favre (1506–1546) at the École pratique des hautes études (Paris) with Jean Orcibal. He undertook religious training at a seminary in Lyon, where he entered the Jesuit order (Society of Jesus) in 1950 and was ordained in 1956. De Certeau entered the Society of Jesus hoping to do missionary work in China. In the year of his ordination, de Certeau became one of the founders of the journal Christus, with which he would actively be involved for much of his life. In 1960 he earned his doctorate ("thèse de 3e Cycle") at the Sorbonne with a study of co-founder of the Society of Jesus Pierre Favre (the Sorbonne is a secular state university where theology may not be taught) before embarking on his celebrated study of Jean-Joseph Surin.

Biography
De Certeau was greatly influenced by Sigmund Freud and was, along with Jacques Lacan, one of the founding members of École Freudienne de Paris, an informal group which served as a focal point for French scholars interested in psychoanalysis. He came to public attention after publishing an article dealing with the May 1968 events in France. He also took part in Robert Jaulin's department of ethnology at the University of Paris-VII after May 68.

De Certeau went on to teach at several universities in locations as diverse as Geneva, San Diego, and Paris. Through the 1970s and 1980s he produced a string of works that demonstrated his interest in mysticism, phenomenology, and psychoanalysis.

He died in Paris, aged 60, from pancreatic cancer.

The Practice of Everyday Life
De Certeau's most well-known and influential work in the United States has been The Practice of Everyday Life, cited in fields such as rhetoric, performance studies, and law. In The Practice of Everyday Life, de Certeau combined his disparate scholarly interests to develop a theory of the productive and consumptive activity inherent in everyday life. According to de Certeau, everyday life is distinctive from other practices of daily existence because it is repetitive and unconscious. De Certeau’s study of everyday life is neither the study of “popular culture”, nor is it necessarily the study of everyday resistances to regimes of power. Instead, he attempts to outline the way individuals unconsciously navigate everything from city streets to literary texts.

The Practice of Everyday Life distinguishes between the concepts of strategy and tactics. De Certeau links "strategies" with institutions and structures of power who are the "producers", while individuals are "consumers" or "poachers," acting in accordance with, or against, environments defined by strategies by using "tactics". In the chapter "Walking in the City", de Certeau asserts that "the city" is generated by the strategies of governments, corporations, and other institutional bodies who produce things like maps that describe the city as a unified whole. De Certeau uses the vantage from the World Trade Center in New York to illustrate the idea of a synoptic, unified view. By contrast, the walker at street level moves in ways that are tactical and never fully determined by the plans of organizing bodies, taking shortcuts in spite of the strategic grid of the streets. De Certeau's argument is that everyday life works by a process of poaching on the territory of others, using the rules and products that already exist in culture in a way that is influenced, but never wholly determined, by those rules and products.

According to Andrew Blauvelt, who relies on the work of de Certeau in his essay on design and everyday life:

"De Certeau's investigations into the realm of routine practices, or the 'arts of doing' such as walking, talking, reading, dwelling, and cooking, were guided by his belief that despite repressive aspects of modern society, there exists an element of creative resistance to these structures enacted by ordinary people. In The Practice of Everyday Life, de Certeau outlines an important critical distinction between strategies and tactics in this battle of repression and expression. According to him, strategies are used by those within organizational power structures, whether small or large, such as the state or municipality, the corporation or the proprietor, a scientific enterprise or the scientist. Strategies are deployed against some external entity to institute a set of relations for official or proper ends, whether adversaries, competitors, clients, customers, or simply subjects. Tactics, on the other hand, are employed by those who are subjugated. By their very nature tactics are defensive and opportunistic, used in more limited ways and seized momentarily within spaces, both physical and psychological, produced and governed by more powerful strategic relations."

The Writing of History
His work The Writing of History, translated into English after his death, deals with the relationship between history and religion. De Certeau makes a point in linking the history of writing history to the legitimization of political power and that "Western" traditions of history involve using the act of writing as a tool of colonialism; writing their own histories while un-writing the embodied traditions of native peoples.

Major works
In French:
 * La Culture au Pluriel. Union Générale d'Editions,1974.
 * L'Ecriture de l'Histoire. Editions Gallimard. 1975.
 * La Fable Mystique. vol. 1, XVIe-XVIIe Siècle. Editions Gallimard. 1982.
 * Histoire et psychanalyse entre science et fiction. Editions Gallimard. 1987. (Rev.ed. 2002)
 * La Faiblesse de Croire. Edited by Luce Giard. Seuil. 1987.
 * L'Invention du Quotidien. Vol. 1, Arts de Faire. Union générale d'éditions 10-18. 1980.
 * With Dominique Julia and Jacques Revel. Une Politique de la Langue : La Révolution Française et les Patois, l'enquête de Grégoire. Gallimard. 1975.
 * La Possession de Loudun. Gallimard. 1970.

In English:
 * The Capture of Speech and Other Political Writings. Translated by Tom Conley. University of Minnesota Press. 1998.
 * The Certeau Reader. Edited by Graham Ward. Blackwell Publishers. 1999.
 * Culture in the Plural. Translated by Tom Conley. University of Minnesota Press. 1998.
 * Heterologies: Discourse on the Other. Translated by Brain Massumi. University of Minnesota Press. 1986.
 * The Mystic Fable, Volume One: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Translated by Michael B. Smith. University of Chicago Press. 1995, ISBN 9780226100371.
 * The Mystic Fable, Volume Two: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Translated by Michael B. Smith. University of Chicago Press. 2015, ISBN 9780226209135.
 * The Practice of Everyday Life. Translated by Steven Rendall. University of California Press. 1984.
 * With Luce Giard and Pierre Mayol. The Practice of Everyday Life. Vol. 2, Living and Cooking. Translated by Timothy J. Tomasik. University of Minnesota Press. 1998.
 * The Possession at Loudun. Translated by Michael B. Smith. University of Chicago Press. 2000, ISBN 9780226100357.
 * The Writing of History. Translated by Tom Conley. Columbia University Press. 1988.

title: Michel de Certeau


text:
User talk:Nevilley/Archive4

Archived on 16th July 2004

Thanks for all the kind messages. As I said somewhere down there,

... That's very kind of you all. To be honest I am not really sure if I am "back" in terms of participating how I used to. I'm still thinking about it and how to fit things in! :) Nevilley 08:54, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

[Older] I've decided to give Wikipedia a break for a while, for a variety of reasons. I wish the project much success, and I send greetings to my friends here. Bye for now. Nevilley 09:02 19 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Sad to see you go and hope it is not too prolonged. I also that a debacle over a certain transport problem alleviation scheme page is not of the reasons! Pcb21 09:38 19 May 2003 (UTC)

I'm sorry to see you go as well, Nev. I hope you'll come back soon - you've written some good stuff, and it's been fun having you around. --Camembert

I've found that it is very healthy to get away from Wikipedia for a while and then come back charged up and ready to go. The daily squabbles do take their toll and it is therefore good to reset things once in a while and concentrate on other areas of our lives (or, as in my case, put my life back in order - I'm a hopeless Wikiholic :). I hope you come back soon and I look forward to reading yet more brilliant prose penned by you. --mav 20:04 26 May 2003 (UTC)

Welcome back. :) Angela. 17:05, Jan 28, 2004 (UTC)

Hey, good to see you back! Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 09:04, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Yes, great to see you're back - I hope it's for good! James F. (talk) 13:46, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

No problem on Black Dyke Band - would've left you a note that I'd done it but my connection broke, then the door bell rang, then I forgot... Good to see you sort of back, by the way :) --Camembert

I've been a bit slow noticing you're (sort of) back. Welcome! I'm as active as ever on pics, 800 added since I started with WP in Jan 2003. Adrian Pingstone 14:15, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi Nevilley, on Holy Island - guess I overreacted a bit to its being shunted right to the bottom. I'll see if I can sort out a compromise of some sort in the next few days. The reserve aspect is very important though, more so than the human history on the international stage. Right that the majority of the human visitors are there for the priory & castle, not the birds, but visiting isn't essential for them, it is for the wildlife :-) MPF 14:41, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi Nevilly. Do feel free to indicate the link on the page Baron Gisborough. -- Emsworth 22:56, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

Hi Nevilly - no reason for that change, it's just that there was an edit conflict and I thought I'd retype your change rather than all mine. When I retyped it, I didn't put in the / because I didn't think it was necessary. Warofdreams 17:14, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi Nevilley, seems we both took a long(ish) break. Nice to see you're "back". I'm giving it another try and won't let it get to me quite so much. User:Renata

Nobody refers to it, but its true. See. Morwen 10:22, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)

Hi Nevilley,

Mostly out of curiosity at this point, I'd like to pick up a matter we were dealing with a few days ago. What you said was:

 * "Yes, you're right. Sorry. [Marsalis's Haydn Trumpet Concerto recording] was a very bad example of a crossover ... so I have removed it entirely as you suggest. Nevilley 00:41, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)"

I would appreciate your explaining why the recording is a "very bad example"--it had seemed like such a straightforward case to me! I notice elsewhere on the Wikipedia/Web that you have a strong interest in trumpets, so you must have a reason. Thanks in advance, Opus33 00:41, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

P.S. Please note that Crossover (music) has since become a separate article.

Hi, Nevilley.

Your defence of Wikipedian Wit is sweet and meet.

If there was a "rapturous round of applause" emoticon, I would place it here...

I think the word I'm looking for is: "props".

chocolateboy 02:31, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Thanks, Nevilley Opus33 15:36, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Re:corny query
"Wheat" seemed more neutral. It's a sheaf of grain, like the one displayed at the Eleusinian mysteries, not an ear of maize that's in the god's hand. But what if it's actually barley.... oh dear oh dear.... Wetman 21:10, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Bug reports

 * from the pump

At the top it says don't report bugs here. People are, however, doing so. Is this OK really? If I don't have to go over to some other namespace to do so I would rather not. --Nevilley 21:02, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Do as we say, not as we do! ;-) Seriously, though, the main developers of the software find it much easier if all the bug reports are kept in one place - preferably at sourceforge, which has specially-designed software for tracking them. Pages have been set up on meta as a compromise, because feedback is genuinely useful, but people were reluctant to use sourceforge - at least that way you can use the software you're used to. Leaving it elsewhere is essentially laziness (or OMTWA?), and is likely to result in the report being lost and forgotten. - IMSoP 21:41, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that. To be honest my worry was just that - that by leaving a comment there, on the meta, I had actually helped it to be lost/forgotten. However, the thing I was moaning about has indeed been fixed, so maybe the system really DOES work, yippee! Thanks. :) --Nevilley 22:22, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * There is no guarantee developers will read this page, and as the village pump is often archived, problems and suggestions are very likely to be lost if made here. Please use MediaWiki 1.3 comments and bug reports or sourceforge. Angela. 22:37, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Template conversion
You asked about the template conversion. Here is a (hopefully useful) slightly non-technical answer. Tim Starling wrote a script to convert all the old {{ to the new template style. Thus {{msg:stub}} becomes {{stub}}. First he had to find all the Mediawiki and move them into a new namespace, not very hard. Now he has to search the entire database and remove all those msg: in the templates. Hope that helps. Burgundavia 09:42, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Meetup
Hi Nev - no, the meetup wasn't invitation only or anything like that, and I'm a bit annoyed I never thought to mention it to you here on your talk page... then again, it's good to keep the riff-raff out, eh? ;-) There was a page dedicated to it at User:Jimbo_Wales/2004-06-05, but you probably wouldn't know about it unless you knew about it, if you see what I mean. We'll probably have to think of a better way to advertise it come the next one. --Camembert

Link to images
to link to an image without displaying it (as in speedy deletion page) put a colon in fron of the word image Image:foo.jpg. BTW I read the comment above, the next meetup will possibly be on the first saturday of June next year so look out for announcements about that time. theresa knott 11:07, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Gt St Barts church
I named it with hyphens 'cos that's what I know it as, probably derived from my dip-reading of Pevsner. Either's fine with me, really, but I think that with hyphens is more... common? Clear? Faithful? *shrugs* James F. (talk) 00:28, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Looks like Nevilley is gone. But just in case he can't resist taking a peek--

Thanks for your reply about Wynton Marsalis and the Haydn Trumpet Concerto, Neville.

As a possibly-cheering thought, I can note that after almost 40 years, Mozart's Piano Concerto K. 467 seems to be no longer the "Elvira Madigan" concerto; and after 40 years, hardly anyone will associate the Haydn Trumpet Concerto with the Marsalis recording.

It would seem tacky to take advantage of your departure to revert, so I won't. Good luck going cold turkey. Cheers, Opus33 14:57, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Images
That's no problem - I'm having a general tidy of images as they are a mess. I'm presuming that if a user uploaded an image which they said they took that it is licensed under the GFDL or we would be stuck with even more unverified images. Secretlondon 11:20, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Bye - and thank you for your contributions. Secretlondon 12:32, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nevilley/Archive4


text:
Division No. 6, Alberta

Division No. 6 is a census division in Alberta, Canada. It includes the City of Calgary and surrounding areas. The majority of the division consists of Alberta's Calgary Region, while the northern portion of the division includes parts of central Alberta. The division also forms the southern segment of the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. Division No. 6 is the largest census division in Alberta according to population and also has the highest population density.

Census subdivisions
The following census subdivisions (municipalities or municipal equivalents) are located within Alberta's Division No. 6.

 * Cities
 * Airdrie
 * Calgary
 * Chestermere
 * Towns
 * Carstairs
 * Cochrane
 * Crossfield
 * Didsbury
 * Diamond Valley
 * High River
 * Irricana
 * Okotoks
 * Olds
 * Sundre
 * Villages
 * Beiseker
 * Cremona
 * Longview
 * Municipal districts
 * Foothills County
 * Mountain View County
 * Rocky View County
 * First Nation reserves
 * Eden Valley 216
 * Tsuu T'ina Nation 145

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Division No. 6 had a population of $1,590,639$ living in $604,628$ of its $638,160$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $1,498,778$. With a land area of 12614.18 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Division No. 6, Alberta


text:
DVD Shrink

DVD Shrink is a freeware DVD transcoder program for Microsoft Windows that uses a DVD ripper to back up DVD video. It can also be run under Linux using Wine. The final versions are 3.2.0.15 (English) and 3.2.0.16 (German); all other versions, such as DVD Shrink 2010, are illegitimate. DVD Shrink's purpose is, as its name implies, to reduce the amount of data stored on a DVD with minimal loss of quality, although some loss of quality is inevitable (due to the lossy MPEG-2 compression algorithm). It creates a copy of a DVD, during which the DVD region code is removed, and copy protection may also be circumvented. A stamped DVD may require more space than is available on a writeable DVD, unless shrunk. Many commercially released video DVDs are dual layer (8.5 GB); DVD Shrink can make a shrunk copy which will fit on a single-layer (4.7 GB) writeable DVD, processing the video with some loss of quality and allowing the user to discard unwanted content such as foreign-language soundtracks.

Features
DVD Shrink is designed to be easy to use. It is contained within a single executable file that is one megabyte in size. The program features a DeCSS decryption algorithm, enabling it to open and decrypt many currently available DVDs, although it is defeated by some newer copy protection techniques. As well as this, it can open DVD files contained in a VIDEO_TS folder or a disk image (ISO, IMG, NRG or MDS/Ixx).

The DVD video may then be re-encoded by the application's VBR encoder. The user is able to choose how the compression is to be distributed across the DVD. DVD Shrink can automatically re-compress video, to as little as 39% of its original size, depending on the aspect ratio of the original DVD (with a corresponding loss in quality) to allow it to fit on a standard DVD±R(W), a Dual-Layer DVD+R, or any user-defined custom size. When "Deep Analysis" and "Adaptive Error Compensation" options are selected, the quality of the resulting DVD is improved. These options are more time-consuming because DVD Shrink runs through the DVD once doing the analysis, and then again doing the transcoding. The transcoder in DVD Shrink was unusual at the time of its release in that it employs compressed domain video processing technology to avoid a full decode and re-encode of the video stream. This boosts performance significantly as only part of the video stream is decoded and scraped.

DVD Shrink operates in two main modes, "Reauthor" and "Full Disk".

In "Reauthor" mode, the interface allows the user to choose specifically which DVD elements (Main Title, Menus, audio tracks and subtitles, and Special Features) to retain on the "shrunken" DVD; the Menu clips are stored in folders and some of them are playable. The compression is automatic if the Main Title only is selected, to fit it onto the selected size of DVD. If Special Features are also selected, their compression may be manually selected at the minimum possible using the Custom Ratio option, to give disk space to the Main Title.

In "Full Disk" mode, DVD Shrink allows the user to make a functionally identical backup copy without changes; alternatively random audio/subtitle streams can be deselected. Sections of the DVD, such as unwanted messages or logos/titles, can be replaced with still images, saving disk space for the Main Title. The compression can be automatic or manual, which allows selection of greatest compression for Menus or Special Features, saving disc space for the Main Title.

In either mode, the program has options to facilitate the stripping of the CSS copy protection, User operation prohibition (prohibiting skipping over previews or "FBI Warnings" and so on), and also allows the copy to be either made region-free (the default setting) or set for any region code. Extra software (such as AnyDVD, AVS Video Converter, or DVD Decrypter) may be required to remove more recent forms of copy protection such as Macrovision Ripguard. DVD Shrink can also shrink hard disk files already ripped by programs that can overcome more recent copy protection systems, but that do not offer the 2-layer to 1-layer compression.

Once the DVD content has been reduced in data size, the resulting output is an ISO file or a DVD VIDEO_TS folder. The program cannot burn these images itself, as it does not contain a built-in burning engine. It can however automatically pass the burning job to either Nero (version 7 or lower), DVD Decrypter or CopyToDVD as long as these programs are installed. This process appears transparent to the end user. To burn with ImgBurn the user can either copy the ImgBurn executable to the DVD Decrypter folder and rename it to dvddecrypter.exe (both engines use the same commands as they are coded by the same programmer) or use the hacked DVD Shrink with ImgBurn version. Alternatively, the resulting ISO file may be burned with any software capable of writing ISO files.

Although DVD Shrink gives the user free rein over compression settings for individual tracks on the DVD, removing content altogether is not allowed as there is a risk of upsetting the DVD's menu software. Audio tracks and subtitles can, however, be removed. DVD Shrink also gives the alternative option of transferring selected sections as a series of stills, which acts as a high-compression "placeholder" for the original.

Recent events (increase in processor speed, lower cost terabyte disk storage, RAID drive functionality, etc.) have made it easier to store the ISO files directly to hard drive, in effect creating large-scale DVD media servers. Playback of these ISO files can be done directly on a network connected computer running a virtual DVD ROM emulator (like Daemon Tools Lite), or even through open source media systems (like XBMC).

DVD Shrink also has other uses. In particular, the 8-cm discs produced by the new DVD-based video camcorders are not fully compatible with all computers and DVD players; "ripping" them with DVD Shrink (or a similar program) and re-recording them to standard-sized DVDs is a quick and very effective solution to this problem. It also allows the recorded footage to be used with drives that do not support 8-cm discs, such as slot-loading drives (often used in Apple Macintosh computers).

Due to new copy protections that have come along since the final edition of DVD Shrink, backups may need the help of one or more other programs such as DVD Decrypter, DVDFab, DVD43 or AnyDVD.

Legal status
On August 17, 2005 the official DVD Shrink website was updated to say that the site "is no more!", prompting many sites to mirror the latest DVD Shrink version and offer it for download. This was a result of DVD Shrink's web host receiving a Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notice, as compromising limits on the accessibility of a copyrighted work is prohibited in many cases under the laws of the United States, specifically the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Shortly after, the website was restored, and a search box was put in place of the download link. DVD Shrink is now available from the official web page again, as it is available from many other sites on the Internet as well, and it suggests finding a download source using a general web search, "DVD Shrink".

In some countries, the software in itself is illegal under applicable laws pertaining to copyrighted content. German law, for instance, while allowing the manufacture of copies of copyrighted digital material for personal, non-commercial use, dictates that it is illegal to circumvent mechanisms that prevent copying. Therefore, the use of any software enabling a user to work around copyright restrictions such as CSS is against the law in Germany.

Scams
The final versions are 3.2.0.15 (English) and 3.2.0.16 (German); all other versions are scams. The "official website" (dvdshrink.org) is not operated by the original developers. Alternate sites like Softpedia have been providing a clean, adware-free download of DVDShrink for a decade. A list of checksums for other valid DVD Shrink versions is available at the DVD Shrink Forum as well as at the doom9 forum.

title: DVD Shrink


text:
The Press of Atlantic City

The Press of Atlantic City is the fourth-largest daily newspaper in New Jersey. Originally based in Pleasantville, it is the primary newspaper for southeastern New Jersey and the Jersey Shore. The newspaper designated market runs from Waretown in southern Ocean County (exit 69 on the Garden State Parkway) down to Cape May (exit 0). It also reaches west to Cumberland County. The Press closed its printing facility in Pleasantville in 2014, at which time it outsourced printing to a facility in Freehold. That printing plant (owned by Gannett) closed in 2017, with most of the New Jersey printing and production operations consolidated in Gannett's Rockaway plant.

Coverage focuses largely on local and regional news, with limited state, national and international news appearing on the Nation & World page in the Money section. The Press also publishes various other products, including At The Shore, the area's entertainment guide. Presented in tabloid format, it is inserted in the paper each Thursday and an additional 20,000–40,000 copies are bulk dropped to key tourist locations throughout the year. Other specialty niche publications include Bliss, a twice-yearly bridal magazine; Real Estate Monthly; Summer Fun; The Atlantic County Living Guide; and The Cape May County Living Guide, among many others. Two branded editions of the paper, Press Extra and Sunday Saver, provide very limited coverage of the area.

Because The Press focuses on local issues, with an emphasis on local and school events – particularly high school sports – other daily papers have penetration in the area. These include The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Asbury Park Press, Cherry Hill's Courier-Post, and the Vineland Daily Journal. In recent years, the Press has begun covering college football.

History
The newspaper was founded in 1895 by Walter Edge as the Atlantic City Daily Press. In 1930, the name of the paper was changed to the Atlantic City Press, and in 1971, the name was changed to The Press. In 1988, its name was changed again to The Press of Atlantic City, the name currently in use.

The paper was owned from 1951 to 2013 by Abarta, a privately owned Pittsburgh-based holding company largely known for Coca-Cola bottling, and oil and gas operations in Pennsylvania. On January 14, 2013, Abarta officials announced they were selling the paper to focus on their other business operations. On July 18, 2013, an asset purchase agreement was signed with BH Media, a Berkshire Hathaway subsidiary, for $9.6 million and the paper became wholly owned by BH Media on August 11, 2013. In 2014, BH Media bought the Current and Gazette newspapers. In 2015, BH Media bought Atlantic City Weekly. The newspapers were acquired by Lee Enterprises upon its purchase of BH Media in 2020.

Starting April 3, 2023, the newspaper will publish its print edition three days a week on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The print edition will also be delivered by the U.S. Postal Service, rather than by newspaper carriers.

== Business office personnel ==
 * Publisher: Paul Farrell
 * Vice president of sales and marketing: Kellie Myers
 * Director of circulation: Carol Steiger
 * Director of advertising: Kellie Myers
 * Finance manager: Ellen Wolcott
 * Human resources manager: Karla Hernandez

Editorial content personnel

 * Executive editor: W.F. Keough
 * Editorial page editor: Kevin Post

Editions and subscription rates
The Press of Atlantic City is available in several formats. It is published in print and in several digital formats. In May 2013, the paper shifted from a traditional business model of separate paid subscriptions for print and digital, and created All Access Passes which give readers access to the news across all available platforms for one price. Current rates range from $16.50 a month for full digital access with Sunday home delivery or no home deliver, to $23.50 for seven-day print home delivery plus full digital access. The print newsstand rate is $1.00 for the daily edition, and $2.00 for Sunday. Prices are higher in Toms River and north.

On October 15, 2011, PressofAtlanticCity.com became a paid content website, and was the first daily newspaper site in New Jersey to request payment for access to its digital content. It is also available in a replica e-edition that allows viewers to see the entire paper digitally as it appears each day in print, along with page-turning technology and links. In addition to news and sports, both web editions have local auto, real estate and job pages within the respective sites. Readers may currently view up to five pages on a free trial, after which they are asked to subscribe.

title: The Press of Atlantic City


text:
BWA

BWA or Bwa may refer to:

Codes

 * Botswana, ISO country code
 * BWIA West Indies Airways, ICAO code (predecessor of Caribbean Airlines)
 * Caribbean Airlines, ICAO code
 * Gautam Buddha Airport, IATA code

Companies and organisations

 * Baptist World Alliance
 * Basketball Western Australia
 * Billiards World Cup Association, a former carom-governing body
 * Black Women's Action, a 1970s Australian activist group which later became the Roberta Sykes Foundation
 * Black Women's Alliance, former name of Third World Women's Alliance, an American Black feminist group established in 1970
 * Bosnian Wand Airlines, an airline of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Languages and people

 * Baboa people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, also known as Bwa
 * Bwa languages, a branch of the Gur languages spoken by the Bwa people of Burkina Faso and Mali
 * Bwa language, a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
 * Bwa people of Burkina Faso and Mali

Other uses

 * Boil-water advisory, a public health advisory notice when water has been contaminated by pathogens
 * British West Africa, The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, and Nigeria in the colonial era
 * Broadband Wireless Access, technology that provides high-speed wireless Internet access or computer networking access over a wide area
 * Burrows–Wheeler Aligner, a bioinformatic tool (algorithm) to map short nucleotide sequences to a reference genome
 * Red Bull Big Wave Africa, a surfing competition

title: BWA