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ABS-CBN Corporation

ABS-CBN Corporation (also known alternatively and secondarily since August 2007, and formerly primarily from February 1, 1967 to September 23, 1972 and September 14, 1986 to August 2007 as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation) is a Filipino media company based in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. It is the largest entertainment television and film production, program syndication provider, film distributor and media conglomerate in the Philippines. It is a subsidiary of Lopez Holdings Corporation, which is owned by the López family. For citations about ABS-CBN Corporation being the largest entertainment and media conglomerate in the Philippines:
 * ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN).
 * ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN).
 * ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN).
 * ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN).
 * ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN).
 * ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN).
 * ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN).

ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation (BEC). In 1952, BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) with its corporate name, Alto Sales Corporation after Judge Antonio Quirino, brother of President Elpidio Quirino, purchased the company and later launched the first TV station in the country, DZAQ-TV on October 23, 1953. The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network, Inc. (CBN) by Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez, who was the sitting Vice President of the Philippines. A year later, the Lopezes acquired ABS. The ABS-CBN brand was first used on television in 1961.

The conglomerate became known as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on February 1, 1967. It then changed its primary name to ABS-CBN Corporation in August 2007 where it dropped the word "Broadcasting" on primary uses, to signify its diversification. Due to the change in the conglomerate's primary name, the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation name is now used as the company's alternative and secondary name in certain contexts. The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS.

Due to being denied for another 25-year free-to-air broadcasting franchise by the Philippine Congress, the conglomerate now mainly focuses on working as a content company, which includes producing television programs, films and other entertainment contents and distributions.

History
The company was founded on July 11, 1946, as Bolinao Electronics Corporation (BEC). BEC was established by James Lindenberg, one of the founding fathers of Philippine television, an American electronics engineer who went into radio equipment assembly and radio broadcasting. In 1949, James Lindenberg shifted Bolinao to radio broadcasting with DZBC and masterminded the introduction of television to the country in 1953.

In 1951, Lindenberg partnered with Antonio Quirino, brother of then-Philippine President Elpidio Quirino, in order to try their hand at television broadcasting. In 1952, BEC was renamed as Alto Broadcasting System or ABS (with Alto Sales Corporation as its corporate name). "Alto" was a contraction of Quirino's and his wife's first names, Tony and Aleli. Though they had little money and resources, ABS was able to put up its TV tower by July 1953 and import some 300 television sets. The initial test broadcasts began in September of the same year. The first full-blown broadcast was on October 23, 1953, of a party in Tony Quirino's humble abode. The television station was known as DZAQ-TV.

On June 16, 1955, Republic Act No. 1343 signed by President Ramon Magsaysay granted the Manila Chronicle its broadcasting franchise, leading to the formation of the Chronicle Broadcasting Network.

The Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN) was founded on September 24, 1956, by Eugenio Lopez Sr. and the then-Philippine Vice President Fernando Lopez. The network initially focused only on radio broadcasting. It launched its very own TV station, DZXL-TV 9, on April 19 (or July ), 1958. On February 24, 1957, Don Eugenio acquired ABS from Quirino and Lindenberg. A month later, Don Eugenio also acquired Monserrat Broadcasting System.

In 1958, the network's new headquarters at Dewey Boulevard was inaugurated, and all radio and television operations were consolidated into its two buildings – the radio stations at the Chronicle Building at Aduana Street, Intramuros, Manila and the TV operations at the brand new Dewey Boulevard building in Pasay, Rizal.

The ABS-CBN brand was first used in 1961. However, it was only on February 1, 1967, that the corporate name was changed to ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation. Before it was named ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, the corporate name was Bolinao Electronics Corporation (BEC).

In August 2007, the conglomerate's primary name and network's corporate name were changed to simply ABS-CBN Corporation to reflect the former's diversification. According to the conglomerate's chairman Gabby Lopez during its annual stockholders' meeting three years later in May 27, 2010, the change in the name was "a response to the changes in the media landscape brought about by technology. The media business has gone beyond merely broadcasting to encompass other platforms."

Assets and subsidiaries
ABS-CBN Corporation owns major media and entertainment companies in the Philippines, and offers services and products such as radio broadcast, satellite and cable television broadcast, broadcast syndication, telecommunications, publishing, content production and program and film distributor, television production, film production, new media and digital platforms, talent agencies, pay TV and broadband internet provider, consumer sales and merchandise, music label and recording, and theater.

The group owns and operates general entertainment broadcaster Kapamilya Channel and English-language news service ABS-CBN News Channel under ABS-CBN, AM radio station DWPM and Filipino-language cable and online news channel TeleRadyo Serbisyo (through a joint venture with Prime Media Holdings), and digital radio platform MOR Entertainment.

The Kapamilya Channel, in particular, is the largest contributor to the group's revenue mainly from selling airtime to advertisers. The remaining revenue is generated from block-timing and other networks and platforms as well as from consumer sales, mainly from ABS-CBN Global Ltd. and ABS-CBN International, which distributes international television channels such as TFC HD, ANC Global, Cinema One Global, Cine Mo! Global, Teleradyo Serbisyo Global and Myx Global and also from pay TV and broadband internet provider Sky Cable Corporation.

Other companies which operate under the ABS-CBN group are motion picture companies under ABS-CBN Film Productions, such as Star Cinema, Cinema One Originals, Cine Bro and Black Sheep Productions, the entertainment division ABS-CBN Studios (Dreamscape Entertainment, Star Creatives, RCD Narratives, JRB Creative Production and RGE Drama Unit under RSB Scripted Format), entertainment and film production Star Magic Studio (under Star Magic), and online ticketing and streaming site KTX.

It also operate music record labels under ABS-CBN Music, such as Star Music and its subsidiaries, Tarsier Records, and MYX Global. The group's publishing assets include ABS-CBN Publishing and ABS-CBN Books, pay TV content provider and distributor Creative Programs, telecommunications company ABS-CBN Convergence (68% co-owned with Globe Telecom). Its talent agency Star Magic is composed of divisions such as Star Hunt, Polaris, and Rise Artists Studio.

The ABS-CBN group's main entertainment and production division is called Star Creatives Group. The group's pay TV networks and channels include ANC, Cinema One, Cine Mo!, Jeepney TV, Kapamilya Channel, Knowledge Channel, Metro Channel, Myx and TeleRadyo Serbisyo.

In recent years, ABS-CBN has ventured and diversified into other businesses such as over-the-top platforms iWant TFC, TFC IPTV and web-based channel Kapamilya Online Live. Both iWant TFC and Kapamilya Online Live are under ABS-CBN Digital Media, a new media and digital division under ABS-CBN which also handles news.ABS-CBN.com and ABS-CBN.com.

ABS-CBN is also the principal owner of the ABS-CBN Philharmonic Orchestra. It owns ABS-CBN Studios, Inc. which operates its production facilities nationwide, including the ABS-CBN Soundstage located in Bulacan, and the newly relaunched theater arm of ABS-CBN, Teatro Kapamilya. Aside from the ABS-CBN Soundstage, ABS-CBN also owns many other real estate properties used in its operations.

title: ABS-CBN Corporation


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The Second Coming of Steve Jobs

The Second Coming of Steve Jobs is an unauthorized biography chronicling the life of Steve Jobs, a co-founder of Apple Inc by Vanity Fair magazine writer Alan Deutschman. It covers his period at NeXT, success at Pixar and his comeback to Apple followed by the introduction of iMac.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Second Coming of Steve Jobs


text:
Edwin Augustus Stevens

Edwin Augustus Stevens (July 28, 1795 – August 7, 1868) was an American engineer, inventor, and entrepreneur who left a bequest that was used to establish the Stevens Institute of Technology.

Life
Stevens was born at Castle Point, Hoboken, New Jersey, the son of Colonel John Stevens III (1749–1838) and his wife Rachel (née Cox) Stevens (1761–1839). He was the sixth of eleven children, and among his older brothers were John Cox Stevens and Robert Livingston Stevens.

Career
At an early age Stevens was entrusted by his father with the family business affairs, and in 1821 at the age of 26 he assumed full responsibility for the Stevens estate in Hoboken and other properties. Also in 1821, he developed the "Jeef Beef," a cast-iron plow with a curved moldboard and replaceable heel piece. The plow was popular among New Jersey farmers. He went on to design many other technological innovations, such as the “Beef Clothes” for New York City; the "closed fireroom” system of forced draft for his family's steamboat fleet; and the "vestibule car" for the Camden and Amboy Railroad.

Following the death of Colonel Stevens in 1838, Edwin and his brother Robert worked on a commission from the United States government to construct the nation's first ironclad naval vessel. After conducting tests to determine the amount of armor a vessel needed to defend itself against naval guns, the two brothers constructed a huge vessel known as the Stevens Battery. Though the craft was never fully completed, it nevertheless laid the groundwork for the modern armored warship. A scaled-down version, the USRC Naugatuck, saw limited action in the Civil War. After the war, the Naugatuck and the Battery were sold for scrap.

Stevens was part of the syndicate from the New York Yacht Club that built and raced the schooner-yacht America. His brother, John Cox Stevens, was the head of the syndicate and the NYYC's first Commodore. Edwin Augustus also served as Commodore of the NYYC, resigning in 1866.

Personal life
In 1836, he married Mary Barton Picton (1806–1842), daughter of Rev. Thomas Picton of Princeton, New Jersey. Together, they had a daughter:

 * Mary Picton Stevens (1840–1903), who married Virginia politician Muscoe Russell Hunter Garnett (1821–1864). After his death, she married Edward Parke Custis Lewis (1837–1892), U.S. Minister to Portugal.

In 1854, after his first wife's death, Stevens married Martha Bayard Dod (1831–1899), the daughter of Albert Baldwin Dod, a professor of mathematics at Princeton University, and Caroline Smith (née Bayard) Dod, who was the daughter of Samuel Bayard and granddaughter of Continental Congressman John Bubenheim Bayard. With Martha he had seven children:

 * John Stevens IV (b. 1856), grandfather of Millicent Fenwick
 * Edwin Augustus Stevens, Jr. (1858–1918), who married Emily Contee Lewis (1857–1931), the great-granddaughter of Lawrence Lewis, George Washington's nephew, and Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis, Washington's adopted daughter and step-granddaughter.
 * Caroline Bayard Stevens (b. 1859), who married Archibald Alexander and then H. Otto Wittpenn
 * Julia Augusta Stevens (b. 1863)
 * Robert Livingston Stevens II (b. 1864)
 * Charles Albert Stevens (b. 1865)
 * Richard Stevens (1868–1919), a Columbia College and Columbia Law School graduate who served as president of the Hoboken Land and Improvement Company.

Stevens died in Paris, France on August 7, 1868.

Legacy
In Stevens's will, he left the bulk of his fortune to his wife and children, but also donated land adjoining the Stevens family estate, as well as $150,000 for the erection of a building and $500,000 as an endowment for the establishment of an "institution of learning". Because of the Stevens family's close ties with engineering, the will's executors decided it would be an institution devoted to the "mechanical arts". This institution became Stevens Institute of Technology, which opened its doors in 1870.

The university has since expanded to an entire hilltop campus overlooking Manhattan, and the original building funded by Stevens's bequest, which was renamed Edwin A. Stevens Hall, continues to house much of the School of Engineering, the oldest of the university's four schools.

title: Edwin Augustus Stevens


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Cold case

A cold case is a crime, or a suspected crime, that has not yet been fully resolved and is not the subject of a current criminal investigation, but for which new information could emerge from new witness testimony, re-examined archives, new or retained material evidence, or fresh activities of a suspect. New technological methods developed after the crime was committed can be used on the surviving evidence to analyse causes, often with conclusive results.

Violent or major crime

Typically, cold cases are violent and other major felony crimes, such as murder and rape, which—unlike unsolved minor crimes—are generally not subject to a statute of limitations.

Sometimes disappearances can also be considered cold cases if the victim has not been seen or heard from for some time, such as the case of Natalee Holloway or the Beaumont children.

The rate of cold cases being solved are slowly declining, soon less than 30% will be solved per year. About 35% of those cases are not cold cases at all. Some cases become instantly cold when a seeming closed (solved) case is re-opened due to the discovery of new evidence pointing away from the original suspect(s). Other cases are cold when the crime is discovered well after the fact—for example, by the discovery of human remains. Some cases become classified cold cases when a case that had been originally ruled an accident or suicide is re-designated as murder when new evidence emerges.

The John Christie murders is a notable case when Timothy Evans was wrongly executed for the alleged murders of his wife and child. Many other bodies were later found in the house where they lived with Christie, and he was then executed for the crimes. The case helped a campaign against capital punishment in Britain.

Identifying a suspect
A case is considered unsolved until a suspect has been identified, charged, and tried for the crime. A case that goes to trial and does not result in a conviction can also be kept on the books pending new evidence.

In some cases, a suspect, often called a "person of interest" or "subject" is identified early on but no evidence definitively linking the subject to the crime is found at that time and more often than not the subject is not forthcoming with a confession. This often happens in cases where the subject has an alibi, alibi witnesses, or lack of forensic evidence. Eventually, the alibi is disproved, the witnesses recanted their statements or advances in forensics helped bring the subjects to justice.

Sometimes a case is not solved but forensic evidence helps to determine that the crimes are serial crimes. The BTK case and Original Night Stalker (the latter pending trial as of April 24, 2018) cases are such examples. The Texas Rangers have established a website in the hopes that it shall elicit new information and investigative leads.

Tunnel vision
Sometimes, a viable suspect has been overlooked or simply ignored due to then-flimsy circumstantial evidence, the presence of a likelier suspect (who is later proven to be innocent), or a tendency of investigators to zero in on someone else to the exclusion of other possibilities (which goes back to the likelier suspect angle)—known as "tunnel vision".

Improvements in forensics
With the advent of and improvements to DNA testing/DNA profiling and other forensics technology, many cold cases are being re-opened and prosecuted. Police departments are opening cold case units whose job is to re-examine cold case files. DNA evidence helps in such cases but as in the case of fingerprints, it is of no value unless there is evidence on file to compare it to. However, to combat that issue, the FBI is switching from using the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) to using a newer technology called the Next Generation Identification (NGI). Other improvements in forensics lie in fields such as:

 * Digital Forensics one application of which is to recover hidden or deleted data.
 * Ballistics Analysis which involves the evaluation of ammunition and firearms to determine which weapon might have been used in a crime.
 * Forensic Anthropology which analyzes skeletal remains to determine their cause of death or any other relevant information.
 * Mobile Forensics and Social Media which, since their creation, have had increased involvement in any police case cold or not.
 * Forensic Psychology which can be used to analyze crime scenes and identify suspect profiles.
 * Facial Recognition which has been used to identify suspects based on their facial features.
 * Artificial Intelligence (AI) which is used in all of the above systems to help analyze data and information from crime scenes.

Famous criminal examples
The identity of Jack the Ripper is a notorious example of an outstanding cold case, with numerous suggestions as to the identity of the serial killer. Similarly, the Zodiac Killer has been studied extensively for almost 50 years, with numerous suspects discussed and debated. The perpetrators of the Wall Street bombing of 1920 have never been positively identified, though the Galleanists, a group of Italian anarchists, are widely believed to have planned the explosion. The burning of the Reichstag building in 1933 remains controversial and although Marinus van der Lubbe was tried, convicted and executed for arson, it is possible that the Reichstag fire was perpetrated by the Nazis to enhance their power and destroy democracy in Germany.

Film

 * In the movie Max Payne, Detective Max Payne works in Cold Case, NYPD

Literature
The phrase "Cold Case" is found in a number of story and book titles. Examples include:
 * L.L. Bartlett (2010). "Cold Case". A Jeff Resnick Mystery. . Polaris Press. This short story inspired the fourth Jeff Resnick book, Bound by Suggestion.
 * True crime.
 * A children's book/mystery.
 * An urban novel.
 * An education and reference book.

Music

 * Cold Case Files (2008) and Cold Case Files Vol. 2 (2012) are compilation albums by the rap group Onyx
 * "Cold Case Love" is a song on Rihanna's Rated R album, released November 23, 2009 on the Def Jam label
 * "Stella: The Cold Case" is an EP by Aafke Romeijn

Television

 * The Canadian television series Cold Squad (1998–2005), the British television series Waking the Dead (2000–2011) and the American television series Cold Case (2003–2010) all follow groups of fictional homicide detectives who investigate cold cases. They are set in Vancouver, London and Philadelphia, respectively.
 * Cold Case Files (1999–2006) is a documentary-style television series recounting actual solved cold cases.
 * New Tricks is a BBC series revolving around retired CID officers acting as consultants to serving officers and investigating unsolved cold cases.
 * ''Unforgotten is a ITV, DCI Cassie Stuart (Nicola Walker) and DI Sunny Khan (Sanjeev Bhaskar), as they solve cold cases of disappearance and murder.

Video game

 * Chase: Cold Case Investigations - Distant Memories is a video game about two detectives of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department's cold case unit, Shounosuke Nanase and Koto Amekura.
 * Cold Case Inc - Cold Case Inc is an innovative online platform that offers immersive and interactive unsolved cold case file games.

title: Cold case


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Office of Scientific Intelligence

Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) also known as Scientific Intelligence Division was a department of the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1963, it was incorporated into the Directorate of Science & Technology.

Fictional uses of the name
The "Office of Scientific Intelligence" is the name for a fictional secret intelligence branch of the American government featured in the 1970s TV series The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman. The acronym OSI (Office of Secret Intelligence) is used in the cartoon The Venture Bros. The name is also used in The Puppet Masters. A variant name, the "Department of Scientific Intelligence" (DSI), aka "The Shop", is used in the Stephen King movies Firestarter, The Golden Years and The Lawnmower Man.

title: Office of Scientific Intelligence


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George Bancroft (actor)

George Bancroft (September 30, 1882 – October 2, 1956) was an American film actor, whose career spanned seventeen years from 1925 to 1942. He was cast in many notable films alongside major film stars throughout his Hollywood years.

Early years
Bancroft was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1882. He attended Tomes Institute in Port Deposit, Maryland.

Maritime work
After working on merchant marine vessels at age 14, Bancroft was an apprentice on USS Constellation (1854) and later served on USS Essex (1874) and West Indies. Additionally, during the Battle of Manila Bay (1898), he was a gunner on USS Baltimore (C-3). During his days in the Navy, he staged plays aboard ship.

In 1900, he swam underneath the hull of the battleship USS Oregon (BB-3) to check the extent of the damage after it struck a rock off the coast of China. For this, he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy, but found it too restrictive for his tastes and left to pursue a theatrical career.

Acting career
In 1901, Bancroft began acting in earnest, as he toured in plays and had juvenile leads in musical comedies. In vaudeville, he did blackface routines and impersonated celebrities. His Broadway credits include the musical comedies Cinders (1923) and The Rise of Rosie O'Reilly (1923).

One of his early films was The Journey's End (1921). Bancroft's first starring role was in The Pony Express (1925), and the next year he played an important supporting role in a cast including Wallace Beery, Charles Farrell and Esther Ralston in the period naval widescreen epic Old Ironsides (1926), then went from historical pictures to the gritty world of the underground in Paramount Pictures productions such as von Sternberg's Underworld (1927) and The Docks of New York (1928). He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1929 for Thunderbolt, played the title role in The Wolf of Wall Street (1929, released just prior to the Wall Street Crash), and appeared in Paramount's all-star revue Paramount on Parade (1930) and Rowland Brown's Blood Money (1933), condemned by the censors because they feared the film would "incite law-abiding citizens to crime." Bancroft had enjoyed his career height in silent pictures and none of his early sound films in which he played the lead had the same impact.

Reportedly, he refused to fall down on set after a prop revolver was fired at him, saying "Just one bullet can't stop Bancroft!". By 1934, he had slipped to being a supporting actor, although he still appeared in such classics as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) with Gary Cooper, Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) with James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart, Each Dawn I Die (1939) with Cagney and George Raft, and Stagecoach (1939) with John Wayne and Thomas Mitchell. In 1942, he left Hollywood to be a full-time rancher.

Personal life
Bancroft first married actress Edna Brothers. Three years later, he married musical comedy star Octavia Broske. In 1934, Brothers sued him, claiming they had never divorced. Two years later, the case was settled, and Brothers obtained a divorce.

Death
On October 2, 1956, Bancroft died in Santa Monica, California, at age 74. He was interred there in the Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery.

Complete filmography

 * The Journey's End (1921) as The Ironworker
 * The Prodigal Judge (1922) as Cavendish
 * Driven (1923) as Lem Tolliver
 * Teeth (1924) as Dan Angus
 * The Deadwood Coach (1924) as Tex Wilson – in play
 * Code of the West (1925) as Enoch Thurman
 * The Rainbow Trail (1925) as Jake Willets
 * The Pony Express (1925) as Jack Slade
 * The Splendid Road (1925) as Buck Lockwell
 * The Enchanted Hill (1926) as Ira Todd
 * Sea Horses (1926) as Cochran
 * The Runaway (1926) as Lesher Skidmore
 * Old Ironsides (1926) as Gunner
 * White Gold (1927) as Sam Randall
 * Too Many Crooks (1927) as Bert the Boxman
 * Underworld (1927) as 'Bull' Weed
 * Tell It to Sweeney (1927) as Cannonball Casey
 * The Rough Riders (1927) as Happy Joe
 * The Showdown (1928) as Cardan
 * The Drag Net (1928) as Two-Gun Nolan
 * The Docks of New York (1928) as Bill Roberts
 * The Wolf of Wall Street (1929) as The Wolf
 * Thunderbolt (1929) as Thunderbolt Jim Lang
 * The Mighty (1929) as Blake Greeson
 * Paramount on Parade (1930) as Mug (Impulses)
 * Ladies Love Brutes (1930) as Joe Forziati
 * Derelict (1930) as Bill Rafferty
 * Scandal Sheet (1931) as Mark Flint
 * Rich Man's Folly (1931) as Brock Trumbull
 * The World and the Flesh (1932) as Kylenko
 * Lady and Gent (1932) as Stag Bailey
 * Blood Money (1933) as Bill Bailey
 * Elmer and Elsie (1934) as Elmer Beebe
 * Hell-Ship Morgan (1936) as Captain Ira 'Hell-Ship' Morgan
 * Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) as MacWade
 * Wedding Present (1936) as Pete Stagg
 * A Doctor's Diary (1937) as Dr. Clem Driscoll
 * John Meade's Woman (1937) as Tim Mathews
 * Racketeers in Exile (1937) as William Waldo
 * Submarine Patrol (1938) as Capt. Leeds
 * Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) as Mac Keefer
 * Stagecoach (1939) as Marshal Curley Wilcox
 * Each Dawn I Die (1939) as John Armstrong
 * Espionage Agent (1939) as Dudley Garrett
 * Rulers of the Sea (1939) as Captain Oliver
 * Green Hell (1940) as 'Tex' Morgan
 * Young Tom Edison (1940) as Samuel 'Sam' Edison
 * When the Daltons Rode (1940) as Caleb Winters
 * Northwest Mounted Police (1940) as Jacques Corbeau
 * Little Men (1940) as Major Burdle
 * Texas (1941) as Windy Miller
 * The Bugle Sounds (1942) as 'Russ' Russell
 * Syncopation (1942) as Steve Porter
 * Whistling in Dixie (1942) as Sheriff Claude Stagg (final film role)

title: George Bancroft (actor)


text:
Hargeisa

Hargeisa ( Hargeysa; هرجيسا) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Somaliland, a de facto sovereign state in the Horn of Africa, still considered internationally to be part of Somalia. It is also the regional capital of the Maroodi Jeex region of Somaliland.

Hargeisa was founded as a watering and trading stop between the coast and the interior by the Isaaq Sultanate. Initially it served as a watering well for the vast livestock of the Isaaq clan that inhabited that specific region and later were joined by other Isaaq clans that currently inhabit Hargeisa. In 1960, the Somaliland Protectorate gained independence from the United Kingdom and as scheduled united days later with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic on 1 July. Up to 90% of the city was destroyed during the Isaaq genocide, a state-sponsored campaign of violence during the Somaliland War of Independence.

Hargeisa is situated in a valley in the Galgodon (Ogo) highlands, and sits at an elevation of 4,377 ft. Home to rock art from the Neolithic period, the city is also a commercial hub for precious stone-cutting, construction, retail services and trading, among other activities.

Etymology
The town evolved in the latter half of the 1800s as a Qadiriyya settlement established by Sheikh Madar, near a water-stop used by nomadic stock-herders on the way to the town of Harar. It proposes a possible derivation of the name "Hargeisa" from the sobriquet Harar as-sagir, meaning "Harar the little" According to historian Norman Bennett, Madar named the settlement Hargeisa or Little Harar since he aspired for it to emulate the city of Harar as a center for Islamic teachings. Another etymological root for Hargeisa's name derives from the towns connection to the skins trade. Hargeisa has been a watering and trading stop between the coast and the interior, and chief amongst the goods traded were the hide skins procured from the interior to be processed in the settlement. In this etymological version, 'Hargeisa' is derived from hargageys, which means "place to sell hides and skins" in Somali.

Prehistory
Numerous cave paintings from the Neolithic period are found in the Laas Geel complex, on the outskirts of Hargeisa. During November and December 2002, an archaeological survey was carried out in the area by a French team of researchers. The expedition's objective was to search for rock shelters and caves containing stratified archaeological infills capable of documenting the period when production economy appeared in this part of Somaliland (c. 5th and 2nd millennium BCE). During the course of the survey, the French archaeological team discovered the Laas Geel rock art, encompassing an area of ten rock alcoves (caves). In an excellent state of preservation, the paintings show human figures with their hands raised and facing long-horned, humpless cattle.

The rock art had been known to the area's inhabitants for centuries before the French discovery. However, the existence of the site had not been broadcast to the international community. In November 2003, a mission returned to Laas Geel and a team of experts undertook a detailed study of the paintings and their prehistoric context.

Somaliland generally is home to numerous such archaeological sites, with similar rock art and/or ancient edifices such as the Dhambalin rock art. However, many of these old structures have yet to be properly explored, a process which would help shed further light on local history and facilitate their preservation for posterity.

The Big Commune & Sheikh Madar
According to traditional poetic (gabay) oral accounts, Hargeisa was founded by the Eidagale as a watering and trading stop for passing nomads and caravans. It is believed that and the Habar Yoonis and the Arap subtribes were amongst the early settlers of Hargeisa. Hargeisa continued to grow with the arrival of Sheikh Madar Shirwa, widely considered to be the founder of Hargeisa religious commune and the modern iteration of the settlement.

Madar Shirwa was born in Berbera and belonged to the Nuh Ismail subdivision of the Sa'ad Musa Habr Awal. Madar arrived in Harar to study the Islamic Sciences under the top ulema of Harar, which consisted of Harari and Somali scholars. Sheikh Khalil, one of the ulema of Harar, advised Sheikh Madar to establish a Qadiriyya tariqa commune in present-day Hargeisa and spread the teachings he was taught, which lead Sheikh Madar and his companions to found the Big Commune (Jama'a weyne) of Little Harar (Hargeisa) in c. 1860. Somali pastoralists heavily follow rain and pastures this would change with the agricultural and stationary lifestyle Madar would introduce on the back of large sorghum plantations. This was to maintain self-sufficiency and Sheikh Madar and the other Mullahs would take care of the sick and elderly inhabitants of the growing settlement. Lastly, Sheikh Madar pushed towards a common religious identity rather than identifying solely by tribe. Stone houses and other structures would be built and Hargeisa would develop into a large permanent settlement irrespective of the caravan trade that defined it in decades prior. Sheikh Madar met with the 4th Isaaq Grand Sultan Deria Hassan outside Hargeisa in a famous 1870 shir (meeting) to discuss issues regarding the new town of Hargeisa and agreed that poaching and tree cutting in the vicinity should be banned.

H. Swayne, a British soldier and explorer who traversed the Somali peninsula between the 1880-1890s wrote about Hargeisa in his journals:

"This town is built some five hundred yards from the right bank of the Aleyadera nala, and at an elevation of thirty or forty feet above it. Round the place is a patch of jowari (sorghum) cultivation, two and a half miles long and a quarter of a mile broad. Quantities of livestock of all kinds graze on the low undulating hills for half a mile from the Aleyadera nala on either bank. Hargeisa is situated on two important caravan routes, one from Ogaden and the other from Harar. There are good direct camel-roads to Berbera and Bulhar. Supplies of rice, tobacco, and dates can sometimes be bought here in the trading season. Some four hundred people are employed looking after the jowari fields, and may be seen sitting on platforms, shouting and throwing stones to scare birds from the crops. There is abundance of good water in the bed of the river, and a masonry well has been built, and is kept in order by an Arab from Aden. The town is full of blind and lame people, who are under the protection of Sheikh Mattar and his mullahs."

British Somaliland
In 1888, after signing successive treaties with the then ruling Somali Sultans and chiefs, the British established a protectorate in the region referred to as British Somaliland with Berbera becoming the capital. The British garrisoned the protectorate from Aden in present-day Yemen, and administered it from their British India until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the Foreign Office until 1905 and afterwards by the Colonial Office.

The capital was moved from Berbera to Hargeisa, and the city was granted capital status in 1941. During the East African Campaign, the protectorate was invaded by Italy in August 1940, but recaptured by the British in March 1941. In 1945 the British administration had grown weary of the influence wadaads had wielded in the protectorate and moved to arrest several in Hargeisa. They had been deemed nuisances to implementing 'modern education' and agricultural reforms in Somaliland. Following their arrests on June 4, a mob formed and temporarily freed the imprisoned wadaads who were recaptured the next day. Religious leaders motivated the city's inhabitants and a crowd of several thousand rioters marched on the Hargeisa District Headquarters determined to free the imprisoned wadaads. They were fired upon by the District Commissioner's troops with one dying and dozens imprisoned for trying to free the Sheikhs.

The protectorate gained its independence on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, before uniting as planned days later with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.

1960–1991

In the post-independence period, Hargeisa was administered as the capital of the Woqooyi Galbeed province of Somalia. Numerous new development projects were subsequently launched in the city by the Somali government. Among these initiatives was the creation of the Hargeisa Provincial Museum. It was the first museum to be established in Somalia since independence in 1960. The Hargeisa International Airport was also renovated and modernized, with the ultimate aim of equipping the facility to accommodate larger aircraft and offer more flight destinations.

SNM offensive
On 31 May, at 2:15 a.m, the Somali National Movement (shortened SNM) attacked Hargeisa. With two Habar yunis leaders, one in Burco and the other in the capital city Hargeisa. The SNM force attacking Hargeisa was estimated at 500 men equipped with 84 vehicles, of whom only 14 were left due to vehicles being sent to the front in Adadley. The SNM captured the headquarters of the 26th Division, as well as capturing the Birjeex arms depot where the SNM collected ammunition. An SNM fighter who partook in the Hargeisa offensive described Somali troops dropping their uniforms on the ground and fleeing. The SNM encountered stiff resistance from the Somali Army as they surrounded Radio Hargeisa's headquarters. Due to heavy bombardment from Somali heavy artillery and tanks, the SNM force tasked with capturing Hargeisa airport fell back and retreated to Adadley.

By 1 June, with the exception of Hargeisa Airport, the SNM overran the city. During the Somali army counterattack the SNM line of defense in the city was behind Hargeisa's radio station.

Hargeisa campaign
Dictator Siad Barre's response to the SNM attacks was of unparalleled brutality; with explicit aims of handling the "Isaaq problem", he ordered "the shelling and aerial bombardment of the major cities in the northwest and the systematic destruction of Isaaq dwellings, settlements and water points. In one of the most brutal episodes of the Isaaq genocide, the regime targeted civilian members of the Isaaq group specifically, especially in the cities of Hargeisa and Burco and to that end employed the use of indiscriminate artillery shelling and aerial bombardment against civilian populations belonging to the Isaaq ethnic group.  Up to 90% of the city was destroyed.

Reconstruction
After the collapse of the Somali central government and the unilateral declaration of independence of the Republic of Somaliland, a slow process of infrastructural reconstruction subsequently began in Hargeisa and other towns in the country.

Since 1991, Hargeisa has undergone a large-scale facelift. The renovations have been largely financed by local entrepreneurs, as well as Somali expatriates sending remittance funds to relatives in the region through some of the various Somali-owned money transfer operators. Most of the destroyed residential and commercial buildings have since been reconstructed, with many newer structures erected. Single-storey buildings downtown are also progressively giving way to multi-storey high-rises.

Climate
Hargeisa has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh). The city generally features very warm winters and hot summers. However, despite its location in the tropics, due to the high altitude Hargeisa seldom experiences either very hot or very cold weather, a trait rarely seen in semi-arid climates. The city receives the bulk of its rain between the months of April and September, averaging just over 400 mm of rainfall annually. Average monthly temperatures in Hargeisa range from 18 C in the months of December and January to 24 C in the month of June.

Administration
Situated in the Maroodi Jeh region of Somaliland, Hargeisa is the seat of the Somaliland's Parliament, the presidential palace, and government ministries.

The first mayor of Hargeisa in 1960 was Aadan Cumar fure, who held the position from 1950-1959. The current municipal administration is led by Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge. A member of the Waddani party, he was elected the Mayor during the 2021 Somaliland municipal elections.

Districts
According to a more recent December 2017 report from the Social Research and Development Institute (SORADI) based in Hargeisa, the city divided into eight sub-districts; being the 31 May, 26 June, Ahmed Dhagah, Ahmed Moallim Haruun, Gacan Libaax, Ibrahim Kodbuur, Mohamoud Haibe, and Mohamed Moge Districts. This information is contradictory to an April 2003 report by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), which states only five sub-districts exist: being the 26 June, Ahmed Dhagah, Gacan Libaax, Ibrahim Kodbuur, and Mohamoud Haibe sub-districts, each having between four and six sub-sections of their own. Presumably a redistricting occurred sometime between 2004 and 2017.

Each sub-district has their own elected council members, whose responsibility is to represent their district and fulfil their populations needs. To increase the effectiveness of these sub-districts, especially underrepresented ones such as Gacan Libaax, a so-called "accountability forum" has been established to discuss and create policy to better represent marginalized communities.

Demographics
Hargeisa has grown rapidly since the middle of the 20th century. According to I. M. Lewis, Hargeisa's population was estimated to be 30,000 in 1958. In 2005, the UNDP said that the city had a population of 560,028. According to CIA factbook, Hargeisa had an estimated population of around 760,000 as of 2015. The main residents of Hargeisa are the Sa'ad Musa and Issa Musa subclans of the Habar Awal, the Eidagale and Habar Yoonis subclans of the Garhajis, the Arap, and the Ayub, all of which are subdivisions of the larger Isaaq clan. As of 2019, it is estimated that Hargeisa has a population of 1.2 million The urban area occupies 75 km2, with a population density of 12600 PD/km2.

Economy
Hargeisa is the financial hub to many entrepreneurial industries ranging from finance, retail, imports/export warehouses to gem cutters, construction, food processing, textiles and livestock trading.

In June 2012, the Partnership Fund for the private sector in Somaliland was launched at Hargeisa's Ambassador Hotel. Part of the larger Partnership for Economic Growth program, the initiative will see $900,000 USD allocated to 13 private local businesses, as well as the creation of 250 new full-time jobs, half of which are to be earmarked for youth and one third for women. The fund is expected to improve job opportunities for 1,300 entrepreneurs through ameliorated product distribution and investment in new technologies and processing facilities. Eligibility is determined through a competitive and transparent selection process overseen by the Partnership program, the Somaliland Chamber of Commerce, and government officials.

Transportation
Buses are the most commonly used form of public transportation in Hargeisa. They travel on a number of routes serving nearly all of the city's districts. Intercity bus services are also available, which connect Hargeisa to other major cities and towns across Somaliland, including Burao, Berbera and Borama.

With the growth of urban development, several new taxi companies have sprung up in Hargeisa.

Hargeisa Taxi is another of the recent taxi firms based in Hargeisa. It has a fleet of four small compact cars and seven passenger minivans, in addition to around 19 other vehicles. GPS devices installed by the Sahal Technology firm allow the cab company's dispatch office to monitor its taxis to ensure that they travel within the speed limit. The office can also disable the vehicles online in the event of theft. Other new taxi firms serving Hargeisa include Dalhis Taxi and Marodi Jeh Taxi. Fares are inexpensive, costing between 15,000 and 18,000 Somaliland shillings ($2–$3 USD) per ride, the US dollar is also widely accepted alongside the local currency.

International Airport
For air transportation, the city is served by the Hargeisa International Airport. The Somali-owned private carriers Daallo Airlines and Jubba Airways offer flights to various other towns in neighbouring Somalia, such as Mogadishu, Bosaso and Galkayo. Trips to international destinations are also available, including to Djibouti and Dubai. It has recently gained more airlines such as Ethiopian Airlines and flydubai.

Education
Various primary schools and nurseries are located in Hargeisa. There are several state-run and privately owned secondary and high schools in the city. Among these are the SOS Sheikh Secondary School, Abaarso School of Science and Technology, Hargeisa Technical School, Salaama Secondary School, and Smart Secondary School, the latter of which is the pre-eminent secondary institution in the area, about 8 mi west of Hargeisa.

The city is home to a number of colleges and universities including the University of Hargeisa, Admas University College, Somaliland University of Technology, Gollis University, New Generation University, Hope University and Marodijeh International University. The Edna Adan Maternity Hospital offers nursing programmes to students. The Institute for Practical Research and Training specializes in (applied) research and training.

title: Hargeisa


text:
Talk:Fushigi Yûgi

Byakko Seishi merge
I've proposed that all of the Byakko Seishi be merged into one article - you can contribute to the discussion here: Fiction/Noticeboard -Malkinann (talk) 21:48, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Clean up of this article, including the excessive character articles, is already on the project's to do list. See my fuller reply there for an explanation on part of the reason for the delay. :) AnmaFinotera (talk) 22:30, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Sailor Moon's success helping FY
In this article,, a VIZ employee says that he reckons Fushigi Yuugi was successful because of Sailor Moon. D'you think this is relevant to the FY article? -Malkinann (talk) 04:41, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Hmmm...not sure for here (thinking), but certainly is relevant to SM :) AnmaFinotera (talk) 05:15, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Merging Character Pages
I've noticed a lot of character pages, which have limited information or mostly plot summary centered around the character named, and their statistics. Most of these pages could be merged into the character page for Fushigi Yuugi rather than standalone pages, which could eventually be deleted. This applies not only to the characters of the original Fushigi Yugi series, but also the few that have sprung up for Genbu Kaiden. 142.58.82.39 (talk) 22:36, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * All the character pages have now been merged into List of Fushigi Yūgi characters. Most of them lacked the notability to stand on their own.  If there are disagreements, please discuss before trying to remake the page.  A22 (talk) 22:46, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Merge Fushigi Yūgi Eikoden
I have tagged Fushigi Yūgi Eikoden for merging into this article. There is no valid reason for that OVA to have a standalone article that I can see. It is nothing but a mass of plot with one minor line of reception. Plot summary goes in the episode list. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 07:06, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah i say it should be merged. --Refuteku (talk) 13:58, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Can we merge it now, it's been quite some time? --Refuteku (talk) 08:12, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Ao no Fūin link in See also
So exactly what in WP:SEEALSO precludes the addition of links to similar series? One of the main points of Wikipedia is that it allows linking to relevant and related material. As both of these series are based on the same legends, I don't see an issue here. AnmaFinotera obviously does. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjoe 18:26, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree - putting the manga series in the article on the legends themselves is often regarded as "popculture/fictioncruft", especially as it's not a relatively discreet "See also" but rather an indepth original research analysis of the legend and the manga series. (see, for example, Talk:Imperial Regalia of Japan.)  However, it is possible to remember either FY or Ao no Fuin as "that series that's based on this four constellation-animals legend" - and as FY is the more popularly known of the two, it's possible that people end up at Fushigi Yuugi when they meant to go to Ao no Fuin.  I think being based on the same legends covers the guideline's need for relevancy of the link. --Malkinann (talk) 12:01, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Separate book page
I really don't see the need for a new article for the books. But if they doesn't look so good here they could always be moved to where the volumes are listed.--Refuteku (talk) 08:14, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Normally, with that many volumes they would be split. The main reason they haven't, though, is that no one here can really summarize them, so they sit in limbo without the potential to become a proper list. They are not manga volumes, though, so they really wouldn't be appropriate there either. :( -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 12:32, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Missing and Mislabeled
The production section is weird. It doesn't seem like it has anything to do with the production of the manga or why it was created and subsequent anime, etc. And there is a character list missing. Could someone add that and out links to a character section? Also reception is very POV... It's all "Fushigi Yuugi was bad." It should be more balanced.--Hitsuji Kinno (talk) 14:31, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Review(s)
Pop Culture Shock vol. 9

--KrebMarkt 10:30, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

EX --Gabriel Yuji (talk) 16:27, 6 July 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. — Kralizec! (talk) 16:21, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Fushigi Yūgi → Fushigi Yûgi — This is the actual, official English release name, per the covers of the books themselves. Per WP:NAME, we should use it, not the editor preferred version of Fushigi Yūgi and it should go under the full-title, rather than a partial. Previous discussions have claimed that "ū" is correct and that Viz just miswrote it, however, Viz Media IS the official licensor of the title, and they get to choose what macron system is used, not Wikipedia editors. Per guidelines, even if it is "wrong", it is the official title and what should be used, same as it is not our place to correct a misspelling in any other book title. If consensus agrees, all sub-articles should also be moved to reflect the proper title. —-- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 03:47, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Question the first: How does Chuang Yi (the other official English licensor) romanize it? If they go for ū or uu or even u (all possible style choices), we have some discretion here. (This can probably be easiest checked by the Madman edition, as they routinely import Singapore editions over North American when they have a choice.) —Quasirandom (talk) 04:08, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Chuang Yi also uses Fushigi Yûgi: The Mysterious Play, with the û. Ditto Madman Entertainment,, and UK's Gollancz. Seems the English licensors are unanimous on it. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 04:12, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Comment why not just use Fushigi Yûgi ? It's shorter, and still uses the official diacritic. 76.66.197.17 (talk) 04:33, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Because Fushigi Yûgi: The Mysterious Play is the official name per all of the English publishers. Fushigi Yûgi can redirect to the proper name, same as all the other spellings. The article text can generally just use Fushigi Yûgi but the article itself should have the full name along with the lead, similar to what is done with other longer titles, like Bambi, A Life in the Woods --  AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 04:53, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Article titles should be only as precise as is needed. Fushigi Yûgi is perfectly adequate title if there are no other articles with that title. See WP:PRECISION. --Mika1h (talk) 13:03, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd argue that the full is needed to precision, as there are at least two Fushigi Yûgi sequels. This ensures the main article is at the first series name, not a generic one. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 16:34, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, then if it is moved to the extended title, I suggest a "franchise" article be written at the short name. That would obviously split this page in two, since Eikoden information is here. 76.66.197.17 (talk) 05:22, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * We generally do not do "franchise" articles. If the secondary series are not notable enough for their own articles, they are covered here per WP:MOS-AM, but the article is named for the primary work. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 05:38, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Except in this case, there are more than one series with articles (ie. Fushigi Yūgi Genbu Kaiden), and WP:NOTPAPER. So a franchise article with Eikoden split onto it would work. 76.66.197.17 (talk) 03:52, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Um, no, a franchise article would not work, nor would a split. Per the MoS, which I'm guessing you didn't read, sequels are covered in the original article unless they are significantly different, which neither of the other two are. One is a sequel, the other a prequel, with no significant differences warranting separate articles. Eikoden was merged per consensus because it couldn't support a valid article. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 04:07, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm going to disagree with you on that. Eikoden has a new plot which wasn't part of the manga, different production information, and a different reception (in terms of how much reviewers seemed to like it).  It also would have enough individual notability to pass the notability guidelines.  It seemed to me that the reason it was merged was because the article was all uncited plot summary and original research.  However, I think a fine artcile could be written on it if someone took the time to do so.  Also, it looked like only two people voted for merging, which I wouldn't really call a consensus even though there were no objections. Calathan (talk) 05:42, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify my above comment since I realized the word "that" in the first sentance is vague, I'm not suggesting that I think a series article should be created, or that Eikoden should be split now, just that Eikoden could support an article if someone put work into writing one. Calathan (talk) 05:47, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

 * No change - Unless another topic needs to be located at Fushigi Yūgi, it should stay here. It's concise, easy to find, and recognizable, while being technically accurate (which is what WP:NAME suggests.  Wikipedia generally favors common names over official names, I don't see a compelling reason to move it.  -- Kraftlos  (Talk | Contrib) 04:58, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Except, of course, that it is not the "common" name. ALL of the official English publishers use Fushigi Yûgi, not Fushigi Yūgi. And WP:NC-BK clearly indicates that we should use the official name, not some fan preferences. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 05:00, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * In English, û == ū == u. I'm not aware of any romanization of Japanese which uses the circumflex.  Can you provide a source which isn't bound by the ability or otherwise of the publisher to type a macron on their keyboard?  81.111.114.131 (talk) 18:25, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * We aren't talking about the Japanese title, we are talking about the books actual, official title. ALL of the English publishers are using the circumflex. Whether people think it is a proper "romanization" is irrelevant. Per conventions, media works that have been released in English should use their actual official English titles, irregardless of whether some people think all of the publishers were wrong for using it. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 18:42, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Per WP:MOSTM, we don't follow anyone else's typographical conventions. The circumflex is not part of the title, it's part of the typography. We very explicitly do not follow a publisher's typographical preference (hence E. E. Cummings). Remember that in the dark days before Wikipedia, it was common to denote vowel length with a circumflex since most people did not use a character set which contained the macron. Even within the last few years, there were still articles here using SAMPA rather than IPA. Provide a source which makes it clear that they haven't used the circuflex to get around some limitation, otherwise we shouldn't be using the circumflex any more than Toys R Us gets a backward R, Motorhead gets a heavy metal umlaut, or House of Leaves gets the word "Leaves" in blue. 81.111.114.131 (talk) 19:35, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * About whether there is a romanization of Japanese that uses the circumflex, the Kunrei-shiki romanization system uses the circumflex (assuming that the Wikipedia article is accurate). Calathan (talk) 19:26, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Hmm. In any case, Kunrei-shiki is not widely used, and Wikipedia uses Hepburn.  81.111.114.131 (talk) 19:35, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Leaning to support. We should be accurate and cohesive so we should use the official English title. It would be an incoherence if we stick with official English naming for characters names and locations and not for the series title. Thanks to the redirect it will be transparent for users consulting the article. --KrebMarkt 09:38, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Move to Fushigi Yûgi, without the subtitle. WP:NC-BK makes it clear that the subtitle is only included in the page name when it is needed for diambiguation purposes (and only when the title is short).  I don't think there is any need to have the full title in order to differentiate between this and Fushigi Yūgi Genbu Kaiden, as people looking for that series would be unlikely to expect it to be at the name Fushigi Yûgi.  I do think that the diacritic should be corrected to the official version (and that also should be done with Fushigi Yūgi Genbu Kaiden). Calathan (talk) 17:35, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Reviewing it further, I agree and have dropped the subtitle from the move suggestion. This would reflect what was also done with Kare Kano which was released as Kare Kano: His and Her Circumstances -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 18:47, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * So we go toward that direction then. --KrebMarkt 19:32, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The choice of macron vs. circuflex is a typographical one rather than one of spelling - that puts it within our remit.  We don't generally change the formatting of a title just because a creator wants it that way (may very well be because they can't type it properly with the bar) - our article on Spinal Tap doesn't place a diaresis over the "n" in normal use.  Our standard on rendering these is to use the bar macron, so a bar marcron should be used.  WP:MOSJP: long o and u are written with macrons as ō and ū respectively.  Searching is not an issue, since someone looking for the English title will invariably have typed "Yugi" for the second word, and redirects can take care of the rest.  81.111.114.131 (talk) 02:50, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * It is one of spelling. This is not an issue of a common word and arguments over how they are spell. This is the actual English title of the series, and MOSJP doesn't apply in this case. WP:NC-BK is the guideline that applies, not a manual of style, and it is very clear - the official English title is to be used if the book has been released in English. This is why we use Tramps Like Us instead of Kimi wa Pet, White Dog instead of Chien Blanc, Kare Kano instead of Kareshi Kanojo no Jijō, etc. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 18:47, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I fail to see how the argument that "Fushigi Yûgi" is the English title can possibly stand up. English is diacritic-agnostic, by virtue of not using any natively.  I see some references rendering the second word as "Yuugi", and not one of the references cited on the pages uses the circumflex while using a macron elsewhere. There's a clear conflict between Viz deciding to use a circumflex, presumably because whoever did it was using a keyboard with no way of entering it or a character set which doesn't include the macron (Latin-1, for example), and our convention which states to use the macron.  "It's the official spelling/formatting/capitals/diacritics/whatever" is a non-argument. 81.111.114.131 (talk) 19:35, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Viz is not the only one using it. ALL of the English publishers have used it. And yes, that IS the official English title. That does not mean it can't use a diacritic. That would be like claiming that a title that throws in a Spanish word is no longer the English. Viz, Madman, Gollancz, and Chuang Yi ALL wrote it the same way. They are the ones who decide what the the title of this work is, not Wikipedia editors who have issues with it using the circumflex and are falsely claiming that Viz somehow just couldn't type the right symbol (how do you know?). The conventions do not say that we can change the titles of media works for no reason. These are not trademarks, they are titles, which is why they have different guidelines.-- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 19:48, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * That's the point I'm putting to you. I'm asking for verifiable evidence that the circumflex isn't stylized typography or isn't a result of keyboard troubles.  Absent this, there is no reason to support this move other than "That's how they do it", and it's already been pointed out to you that we couldn't give a rat's beihnd.  81.111.114.131 (talk) 00:23, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Support. While I think the editors at Viz are crazy (I could go on for hours about all the really stupid things they do with their licenses), this is the official English title for the manga and the anime which therefore makes it the most common title in English (regardless of fandom's preference for something else). Both WP:MOS-JA and WP:NC indicate that the most common title should be used as the first choice. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 23:13, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose I can't see the difference between ū and û as being any different than arguments over putting titles in all caps. There is no functional difference, and Wikipedia MOS prefers ū, so we default to that regardless of cosmetic choices made by the English edition. Unless you're going to go argue for moving Bleach to BLEACH, I don't see how the discussion is at all justified. Doceirias (talk) 00:37, 1 January 2010 (UTC)
 * BLEACH is a stylization, not a difference between circumflex and macrons. And no, the MOS prefers the official, English title, which uses û. MOS-JP does not override the naming conventions, nor does it say to disregard an official title because some feel it is wrong. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 00:54, 1 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The difference between a circumflex and a macron IS a stylization, so the same principle applies. Doceirias (talk) 22:35, 1 January 2010 (UTC)
 * So you are arguing that the macron and the chapeau are both stylizations, therefore by MOS:TM they should both be removed... leaving Fushigi Yugi... 76.66.197.17 (talk) 06:28, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Not quite. The difference is what's being discussed here.  The current title is very obviously a romanization of the Japanese original, given that neither "Fushigi" nor "Yugi" are words in English.  Had the publishers chosen to use "uu", there might be a valid argument here, since "u" and "uu" are different in English.  However, they didn't, so there isn't.  I have no objection in principle to adding "The Mysterious Play", but we don't use the circumflex for a long vowel in Japanese transcriptions.  I also find the idea of an order of precedence in our guidelines nonsense, though if it must be entertained, there is a long history of empirical evidence that our MOS does override the naming convention, as can be seen at any relevant move.  See also WP:OFFICIAL and WP:OFFICIALNAMES.  81.111.114.131 (talk) 18:33, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Support. WP:MOSTM requires that editors "choose the style that most closely resembles standard English". I think a convincing case has been made that the style used by the licensors is commonly used in English. WP:MOSTM is mostly about preventing us from having to follow fancy styles like all-caps for trademarks; I can hardly view the usage of a circonflexe as such a fancy style. WP:MOSJP says that diacritics should be dropped in cases where the spelling without diacritics has entered common English usage; it's reasonable to continue from there that where a spelling with a different diacritic has entered common usage, which may well be the case here. Ucucha 09:57, 12 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Given that neither word is English, one can hardly describe either styling as "resembling standard English". MOSTM is about preventing us from having to follow fancy styles like depicting a long vowel using a circumflex.  It's patently not reasonable to infer a change in diacritic from MOSTM - it explicitly says they can be dropped, to go one step further is on par with reductio ad absurdam.  Every single shred of relevant naming and formatting rules is in opposition to this move, and nobody has provided any firm evidence to suggest why we should not follow them in this case.  In particular, I'm looking for evidence that the title hasn't been rendered this way because someone up the food chain couldn't get a macron, or because someone misread someone's handwriting.  That a certain song title was misheard as "Like a Pitcher of Water" to the point where the sheet music at the recording session had thewrong name doesn't actually change the name.  Unless someone can proide hard evidence that the circumflex is not simply the way someone has chosen to romanize the name (which others have then decided to follow blindly), there is no reason in logic or policy to support this move.  81.111.114.131 (talk) 21:26, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I would argue that the origin of the name is irrelevant; the licensor has chosen to use the proposed title in English, and we are not to judge whether their motives in doing so are good (cf. Nihonjoe above). If the standard way of referring to Fushigi Y–gi in English is with the circonflexe, then, yes, that is "standard English". Ucucha 21:33, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The choice of the licensor is neither here nor there, as they are not arbiters of how Wikipedia renders titles. I also fail to see how any rendering of a Japanese name that has not been absorbed into English (contrast kendo, Tokyo, etc.) could be judged as "standard English".  "Standard English" means just that - it does not mean "whatever people are doing with it".  It isn't for us to decide that they have it wrong, equally it isn't for us to decide that they have it right.  What matters is that the proposed title doesn't conform to our guidelines, and "that's the way they do it" is a non-argument.  81.111.114.131 (talk) 23:04, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Comment so what is the verdict? Rename or no rename? Thanks --KrebMarkt 10:30, 19 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I'll see if an admin is available to close, since if consensus is considered to move, an admin would have to anyway. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 14:00, 19 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Styles
User:Calathan wrote on my talk-page:

I see that you've tried to change a sentance in Fushigi Yûgi to not use passive voice a few times now. I think the wording you are trying to use just sounds unnatural. While passive voice should be avoided when the actor in a sentance is the important part of the sentance, in this case the Fushigi Yûgi manga is the focus of the article and the focus of this sentance, so it makes more sense to word the sentance in passive voice. Also, it seems unnatural to say that Shōjo Comic published the manga, as Shogakukan in the publisher (i.e. Shogakukan published Fushigi Yûgi in Shōjo Comic). I also noticed that you listed WP:Weasel as a reason not to use passive voice, but WP:Weasel was just about making who did things clear when it would otherwise be unclear, and doesn't apply to this case where who is doing the publishing is obvious. Calathan (talk) 04:57, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your insights: we evidently have slightly varying views about what "just sounds unnatural" - so let's leave personal opinions aside and talk about some of the technicalities of style. - We can agree that the article focuses on the Fushigi Y�gi manga - but that doesn't mean that we should make the series the subject of each and every sentence. That would sound strange! - In the lede at the moment the first three sentences begin with that subject, so providing a varied style would suggest that we can change one - and in the process avoid a passive construction. - WP:WEASEL has changed a lot in recent weeks, but at the time I referenced it on 2010-03-06 it stated: 'although the passive voice is syntactically correct, Strunk and White, in The Elements of Style (1918), recommend that it be used sparingly, calling it "less direct, less bold, and less concise" than the active voice.' Moreover, I don't find it intrinsically obvious in the article text who did the publication. One would need to know to scan the side-box, and even that doesn't spell out in a complete sentence that Shogakukan has done all the publishing throughout the history of the work(s). We can quite reasonably highlight the publisher in the article as the topic of the second sentence. - I take your point about the difference between the publisher and the publication-vehicle: we can make all that clearer and more comprehensive by adopting your suggested explanation and writing something like "Shogakukan published Fushigi Y�gi in  Shōjo Comic in its original serialized form from May 1992 through June 1996." -- 192.190.108.28 (talk) 02:40, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Improvement time
I've removed the unsourced section from the article. Specifically: "Megumi Nishizaki gained the inspiration to write the novel Eikou Den after a meeting with Watase and hearing her proposal of a story-idea in which Miaka gathers the re-incarnated Suzaku Seven. However, Nishizaki regarded Miaka's story as complete, so she invented a new character, Mayo Sakaki, intending her as someone whom people love to hate and to whom they can relate. Many regard Mayo as an evil type of person, but she is very soft on the inside. Nishizaki saw Mayo as representing all of the weakness in human character. She appears single-minded to the point of recklessness, impulsive, jealous, and bitter - but at heart she is a good person. Nishizaki points out that due to all of the hardships she has faced, she has become very jaded, and it takes meeting the Suzaku Seven to realize her innocence again."

This seems to contain some OR and it is contentious. I've removed it for now, I need to work on other parts of the article to get it up to snuff. ChrisGualtieri (talk) 17:08, 21 January 2014 (UTC)

Manga section
Corrected wording referring to a table not present on this page; wording used was same/similar to wording on the "List of Fushigi Yûgi chapters" page, where the referenced table is present. T3021 (talk) 17:45, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080418084159/http://www.animeondvd.com/reviews2/manga/manga.php?manga_view=54 to http://www.animeondvd.com/reviews2/manga/manga.php?manga_view=54
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091230134551/http://viz.com/news/newsroom/2004/03_secondedition.php to http://www.viz.com/news/newsroom/2004/03_secondedition.php
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Merger w/ Character List
I've cut the character descriptions way down to what I feel is an appropriate length. IMO the supporting characters could be cut completely, but I don't want to do that w/o putting it out there first. Whether the supporting cast is cut or not, who would like to finish performing the actual merger? Just Another Cringy Username (talk) 02:35, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Merger done! Just Another Cringy Username (talk) 21:54, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fushigi Yûgi


text:
User talk:Eleven~enwiki

This user is blocked. It is a sockpuppet created solely to vandalize User:Mike Church.

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Eleven. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Eleven~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Eleven~enwiki


text:
William Tite

Sir William Tite (7 February 1798 – 20 April 1873) was an English architect who twice served as President of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He was particularly associated with various London buildings, with railway stations and cemetery projects. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bath from 1855 until his death.

Early life and career
Tite was born in the parish of St Bartholomew the Great in the City of London, in February 1798, the son of a merchant in Russian goods named Arthur Tite.

He was articled to David Laing, architect of the new Custom House, and surveyor to the Parish of St Dunstan-in-the-East. Tite assisted Laing in the rebuilding of St Dunstan's church: according to an article published in the Architect in 1869, Tite entirely designed the new building, Laing himself having no knowledge of Gothic architecture.

In 1827–8 Tite built the Scottish church in Regent Square, St Pancras, London, for Edward Irving, in a Gothic Revival style, partly inspired by York Minster, and ten years later collaborated with Charles Robert Cockerell in designing the London & Westminster Bank head office in Lothbury, also in the city.

Royal Exchange
The rebuilding of the Royal Exchange, opened in 1844, was Tite's greatest undertaking. The previous building was destroyed by fire in 1838, and a competition to design a replacement was held the following year. When this proved unproductive, a second limited competition was held between Tite, Charles Robert Cockerell, George Gwilt, Charles Barry and Robert Smirke. Tite's winning design has an imposing eight-column entrance portico, inspired by the Pantheon in Rome, while the other sides of the building are based on Italian renaissance models.

Railway stations
Tite was the architect for the Eastern Counties, London and Blackwall, Gravesend and South Western Railways, and in France those between Paris and Rouen and Rouen and Le Havre; an article in the Architect named the station at Rouen, spanning nearly ninety feet, as an example of his structural skill. Tite designed many of the early railway stations in Britain, including:
 * The termini of the London and South Western Railway at Vauxhall (Nine Elms), Southampton Terminus, Gosport and Windsor Riverside
 * The termini of the London and Blackwall Railway at Minories and Blackwall (1840)
 * Carnforth, Carlisle Citadel and Lancaster Castle railway stations (1846–1847)
 * The majority of the stations on the Caledonian and Scottish Central railways, including Edinburgh (1847–1848) (not built) and Perth (1847–1848)
 * Barnes, Barnes Bridge, Chiswick and Kew Bridge railway stations (1849)
 * Stations between Yeovil and Exeter, including Axminster and the now-demolished Honiton.

His station at Carlisle was built in a neo-Tudor style with a frontage of about 400 feet, broken into several masses. At the centre of the façade was an arcade of five arches, with buttresses and pinnacles. The refreshment rooms had "an open timber roof, and oriels or bays, reminiscent of the dining-hall of olden times".

Cemeteries

As a company director of the South Metropolitan Cemetery Company he laid out his first cemetery at Norwood in 1836 and designed several significant monuments and chapels there. While previous cemetery designs had followed a classical style, Tite's design was the first to employ the Gothic revival alongside landscaping, which was subsequently judged to be the archetype for future cemeteries.

Between 1853 and 1854, with Sydney Smirke, he landscaped Brookwood Cemetery near Woking in Surrey for the London Necropolis Company. Maintaining his associations with railways, this cemetery was served by a dedicated train service from London Necropolis railway station, next to Waterloo station, in central London.

Between 1858 and 1859 he built a memorial church in the Byzantine style at Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire.

Later life
Tite's active work as an architect ceased about twenty years before his death (in recognition of his contributions, however, he was awarded the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1856).

In 1851 he visited Italy after a grave illness. In 1854 he stood for parliament, unsuccessfully contesting Barnstaple as a Liberal, but the following year he was returned as Member of Parliament for Bath, which he represented until his death. He keenly opposed Sir George Gilbert Scott's proposal to build the new Foreign and Commonwealth Office and other government buildings adjacent to the Treasury in Whitehall in the Gothic style. He was knighted in 1869 and was made a Companion of the Bath the next year. Tite had a wide knowledge of English literature and was a good linguist and a lover of old books. He was an elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1835, and a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1839. He was President of the Camden Society and of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

He was a director of the London and Westminster Bank and Governor of the Bank of Egypt; in 1856 he was nominated a member of the Select Committee on the Bank Charter. He was a member of the Metropolitan Board of Works, a magistrate of Middlesex and Somerset and Deputy Lieutenant for London. He was also a Governor of St. Thomas's Hospital, London, where he is commemorated by the William Tite Scholarship, for the best student in the first year, with the highest aggregate marks in Anatomy and Physiology. After over 125 years, this prize has been subsumed into King's College London, where it is still awarded for excellence in the pre-clinical medical course.

He died on 20 April 1873 at Torquay and was interred in the catacombs of his South Metropolitan Cemetery. Tite Street, which runs north-west from London's Chelsea Embankment, is named after him. Tite was a member of the Metropolitan Board of Works, largely responsible for the construction of Chelsea Embankment.

title: William Tite


text:
Talk:Ramsay Mcdonald

Is there a way to change the URL of this page to reflect Ramsay McDonald--emphasis on the capital D in McDonald's last name? When I created this stub, I did not realize the title was wrong. Also, a redirect from his full name--James Ramsay McDonald--might be helpful.

title: Talk:Ramsay Mcdonald


text:
Brendan Bracken

Brendan Rendall Bracken, 1st Viscount Bracken, PC (15 February 1901 – 8 August 1958) was an Irish-born businessman, politician and a minister in the British Conservative cabinet. He is best remembered for supporting Winston Churchill during the Second World War. He was also the founder of the modern version of the Financial Times. He was Minister of Information from 1941 to 1945.

Early life
Brendan Rendall Bracken was born in Templemore, County Tipperary, Ireland, the second son and third of the four children of Joseph Kevin Bracken (1852–1904), builder and monumental mason, and his second wife, Hannah Agnes Ryan (1872–1928). His father had belonged to the IRB and was one of the seven founders of the GAA.

Widowed in 1904, Hannah Bracken had moved her family (including two stepdaughters) by 1908 to Dublin, where Brendan attended St Patrick's National School, Drumcondra, until 1910, when he was transferred to the O'Connell School, run by the Irish Christian Brothers. Distressed by his misbehaviour, his mother sent him in 1915 to Mungret College, a Jesuit boarding school in County Limerick, but he quickly bolted and ran up hotel bills. She then sent him to Australia to live with a cousin who was a priest in Echuca, Victoria. The young man led a nomadic existence in Australia, moving often but reading avidly, as an auto-didact.

In 1919, Bracken returned briefly to Ireland, finding his mother settled in County Meath. He distanced himself from Ireland as well as his siblings, who were in revolt over their father's inheritance. He moved instead to settle in Liverpool. In 1920, he appeared at Sedbergh School, claiming to be a 15-year-old and an Australian, to have been orphaned in a bush fire and to have a family connection to Montagu Rendell, the headmaster of Winchester College. Without fully believing the story, Sedbergh's headmaster, impressed by the young Bracken's depth of knowledge and eagerness to progress, accepted him. By the end of one term, his Irish republican heritage and his five formative years in Australia had blended with the elements and trappings of a British public school man.

He might have had good reason to hide his Irish heritage, as the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) had aroused hostility toward Irish people living in Great Britain. For whatever reason, that denial became a regular feature of his life. Another example occurred in 1926, when he met Major-General Emmet Dalton, a former senior commander in the new Irish Army, in London. The former British Army officer, turned IRA confidant, who was one of General Michael Collins's right-hand men, recalled meeting Bracken at national school in Dublin. Bracken denied that, but Dalton insisted that he remembered the smell of Bracken's corduroy trousers. A third example occurred during the Second World War, when Bracken told people that his brother had been killed in action at Narvik, but his brother was alive and well in Ireland and was importuning Brendan for money.

Business and political career
After Sedbergh, whose "old boy" tie he used to good effect, Bracken was briefly a schoolmaster at Bishop's Stortford College. He then made a successful career from 1922 as a magazine publisher and newspaper editor in London. His initial success was based on selling advertising space to at least cover the cost of each number. In the 1923 election, he assisted Winston Churchill's unsuccessful attempt to be elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Leicester West, which began their political association. He also assisted in Churchill's 1924 Westminster Abbey by-election campaign. In the fighting that occurred on the streets, Bracken was stabbed.

Bracken himself was elected to the House of Commons in 1929 as a Unionist for the London constituency of North Paddington. Stanley Baldwin described Bracken as Churchill's "faithful chela", chela being the Hindi word for disciple.

Many of his early magazine stories included a political flavour, and he commissioned articles from a wide range of politicians such as Churchill and Benito Mussolini. Business and politics permanently overlapped in his life, like that of the career of his occasional friend Lord Beaverbrook. He needed politicians for stories and they needed the publicity his publications gave. A supporter of Churchill from 1923, who was out of Parliament and in his political wilderness, Bracken was invited to join Churchill's "Other Club". Their lives changed from the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939.

In 1926, he was the founding editor of The Banker, and magazine and bankers still name their respected annual Bank of the Year awards "Brackens" in his honour. The Banker features a regular column called "Bracken", focusing on providing views and perspectives on how to improve the global financial system.

Assists in selection of Churchill
In two matters relating to Churchill, Bracken can be said to have played a key part behind the scenes. When Neville Chamberlain prepared to resign in May 1940, the candidates to succeed him were Churchill or Lord Halifax. The political issue at stake at the time was which potential successor would the Labour Party accept in the formation of a National Government. Churchill's view was that the Labour Party would not support him and so agreed with Chamberlain to nominate Halifax.

When Bracken became aware of Churchill's agreement to nominate Halifax, he convinced Churchill that the Labour Party would indeed support him as Chamberlain's successor and Lord Halifax's appointment would hand certain victory to Hitler. Bracken advised Churchill tactically to say nothing when the three met to arrange the succession. After a deafening silence when Churchill was expected to nominate Halifax, the latter obligingly ruled himself out, and Churchill was put forward as Britain's wartime Prime Minister, having avoided any appearance of disloyalty to Chamberlain.

Support from the US 1940–1941
When Churchill became Prime Minister in May 1940, Bracken helped in moving him into 10 Downing Street. Bracken was sworn into the Privy Council in 1940, despite his lack of ministerial experience, and became Churchill's parliamentary private secretary.

An insight into the nature of the relationship between Churchill and Bracken is found in Churchill's history of the Second World War. Churchill wrote that he had received telegrams from Washington about Harry Hopkins "stating that he was the closest confidant and personal agent of the President. I therefore arranged that he should be met by Mr. Brendan Bracken on his arrival." The suggestion was that Churchill had arranged, as is diplomatic custom, for Hopkins to be met by the person who was his closest counterpart in British government and that Bracken often played the role of confidant and personal agent to Churchill. After Bracken met Hopkins's flight on 9 January 1941, Churchill and Hopkins forged a close association. According to Charles Lysaght's biography, Bracken and Hopkins had met in America in the late 1930s, and that personal tie helped speed the decision to assist Britain nearly a year before the US actually entered the war.

Minister of Information
In 1941, Bracken was promoted to the post of Minister of Information and served until 1945. At the same time, he was one of the heads of the Political Warfare Executive.

Postwar years
In 1945, after the end of the wartime coalition, Bracken was briefly First Lord of the Admiralty in the Churchill caretaker ministry, but lost the post in the general election won by Clement Attlee's Labour Party. Bracken lost his North Paddington seat but soon returned to the Commons, as Member of Parliament for Bournemouth in a November 1945 by-election. He was a relentless critic of the Labour government's policy of nationalisation and the retreat from empire.

At the 1950 general election, he was returned for Bournemouth East and Christchurch, a seat he held until the general election the following year. In early 1952 he was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Bracken, of Christchurch in the County of Southampton, but never used the title or sat in the House of Lords. He retired from publishing in 1956.

His best-known business accomplishment was merging the Financial News into the Financial Times in 1945. The latter had been published from Bracken House, London, clad in pink stone to match the colour of the paper, just south-east of St Paul's Cathedral, which was remodelled in 1989. At that stage, he was also publishing The Economist. In 1951, with his love of history, he helped found History Today magazine.

Death
A heavy smoker, Bracken died of oesophageal cancer on 8 August 1958, aged 57, in London. Although raised a Catholic, he refused the last rites of the Church despite efforts by his nephew, Rev Kevin Bracken, a Cistercian monk at Bethlehem Abbey, Portglenone, County Antrim, to persuade him. As he was unmarried, the viscountcy died with him.

He was cremated without ceremony at Golders Green Crematorium in north London. His ashes were scattered behind the Cinque Ports by his chauffeur, Alex Aley, at Romney Marshes of which "his master, Winston Churchill was the then Lord Warden".

Legacy
Bracken and his relationship with Churchill were the focus of an exhibit at The Little Museum of Dublin in 2016 called Churchill & the Irishman. The exhibit featured a collection of Bracken's letters to his mother. This was the first time that Bracken had been the subject of an exhibition.

In popular culture
In Evelyn Waugh's 1945 novel Brideshead Revisited, Bracken served as a model for the character of Rex Mottram. Bracken is featured in the 1981 TV mini series Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years, portrayed by Tim Pigott-Smith. In The Gathering Storm (2002), he is played by Anthony Brophy.

It has been theorized that Bracken may have been the inspiration for Big Brother and/or O'Brien of the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, as George Orwell worked at the Ministry of Information under Bracken's term as Minister of Information.

Bracken appears as a major character in Thomas Kilroy's 1986 play Double Cross. Stephen Rea originated the role.

2010 and 2015 television documentaries
On 21 December 2010, RTÉ One broadcast an hour-long TV documentary about his life entitled Brendan Bracken – Churchill's Irishman. The programme was made by Spanish production company, Marbella Productions, in association with RTÉ, and examined Bracken's life through photographs, interviews, rare archive footage and dramatic reconstructions, and told of his importance in the areas of British political and journalistic life, despite his attempt to hide from history by having all his papers burned after his death.

The 2015 television documentary Churchill's Secret Son is the 90-minute version of the previous documentary Churchill's Irishman, updated by the producers including additional images, stories about Bracken's life and additional footage. The programme was transmitted on Discovery UK's History Channel on 24 January 2015 at 10pm, as part of the British History week, and coincided with the 50th anniversary of Churchill's death in 1965.

title: Brendan Bracken


text:
Talk:Roquepertuse

[Untitled]
The third sentence regarding living places is a little unclear. Did the center not have inhabitants? Or did it not have suitable accomodation for its inhabitants?

The article says there is a depiction of the Buddha, which I think might be vandalism in reference to the picture at right. The caption says that it's a warrior. We need verification — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.147.154.21 (talk) 21:56, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

comment
Roquepertuse has never had any regular inhabitants, being occupied by priests only. The sanctuary did belong to the Celtic tribe living near Entremont, a capital city in those days. Entremont however has been destroyed in the same year of Roquepertuses destruction. The Celtic tribe was not allowed to rebuild the sanctuary and the city. The Romans however founded a new (Roman) city near Entremont (->>Aix-en-Provence).

Johannes.Richter

Not a direct translation from French
therefore it can probably be expanded somewhat from there, although I am not up for much translation right this second. As an additional search term though, apparently these people were "sallien" or "salyan". There are some more images; I'll bring those over to this page for now. Elinruby (talk) 00:31, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Definition from Salyes; "The Salyes or Salluvii (Greek: Σάλυες) were an ancient Celto-Ligurian people dwelling between the Durance river and the Greek colony of Massalia during the Iron Age. Although earlier writers called them 'Ligurian'" Elinruby (talk) 03:33, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

Copy-edit notes
just did a somewhat extensive copy edit, all of which is of course discussable. The two items I can think of which might be debatable are 1) the article said the column "had" cavities, but based on the photo they still do, so I changed that to "have" 2) the references to "Buddha-like position" are distracting imho. French says "seated in tailor positiones", which I don't think they conveys much in English, so I made it "crossed-legged". Turns out the French article only has two references; I am bringing the second one over now. I will take a look at the Catalan, which is possibly the version this was.translated from. Elinruby (talk) 19:18, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Henry or Henri: Sources have it both ways. French Wikipedia says Henry, although of course this is odd for someone born in Marseille. Am inclined to believe French Wikipedia but this should be checked, maybe against how he himself signed his articles? It's also linked twice but I am leaving this for now pending research on the name. Re the cross-legged position, apparently the Celts had a god (Cernunnos) often portrayed that way but the article I was just reading pointed out that the Roquepertuse figures are not antlered and this god was. I don't think that's useful is it? Unless there is a huge controversy about this of course, which should probably be mentioned as notable. Out of this for now. Elinruby (talk) 20:23, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Translation is from Catalan, and we already have the sources that are there. Elinruby (talk) 20:28, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * German version of this article has some context in terms of Roman history that is however uncited, so I did not import it. They seem to think that the place was destroyed.in a punitive raid for attacks on Massalia. Interesting if it can be verified. Next time I come over here I will take another shot at the journals. And I'll add that article about how the statues do not depict the horned god to the talk page, because someone add added an external link about him. Elinruby (talk) 12:25, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roquepertuse