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Falls Festival

Falls Music & Arts Festival (commonly known as Falls) is a multi-day music festival held annually in Byron Bay (New South Wales) and Fremantle (Western Australia), Australia over the New Year's Eve and January period. The festival hosts contemporary music performances, dance, comedy, theatre, circus, cabaret, and other art forms. Camping is available and all locations have nearby beaches which are either walking distance or a short bus ride away. Artists playing at the festival include rock, hip-hop, indie music, electronic music, blues and roots.

The Festival was previously held in Lorne, Victoria from its inception until 2018, Marion Bay, Tasmania between 2003 and 2019 and Melbourne, Victoria in 2022.

The Falls Festival in Byron Bay features a rave party hidden behind a washing machine in a laundromat.

History
The festival started in 1993, with a small one-day concert, held in Lorne, Victoria, Australia, and was named Rock Above The Falls. The initial event attracted nearly 11,000 people, exceeding the organisers' expectations, and the organisers negotiated the use of neighbouring land to accommodate the crowd.

In 1995, the event adopted a two-day format, and in 1996 the name was changed to The Falls Music & Arts Festival. The 1999 festival was the first to be held off the Lorne site, moved temporarily to the Torquay site of the Offshore Festival due to poor weather.

Two events were held simultaneously for the first time in 2003; one in Lorne, and an additional event at Marion Bay, Tasmania. The same acts played at both events; the 30 December acts who played at Lorne, play 31 December at Marion Bay, and vice versa. Both the Lorne and Marion Bay festivals have continued to run simultaneously and artists continue to be exchanged between the two locations over the course of the festival. Subsequent festivals retained this two-location format.

The Byron edition of the event was introduced in 2013, increasing the reach of the festival across the country.

In 2019, the festival at the Lorne site was cancelled due to extreme bushfire risk during the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season. All editions of the festivals in 2020 and 2021 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, with organisers citing interstate travel restrictions.

In 2021, the Marion Bay edition of the festival was cancelled permanently, with organisers citing low revenue from the event. In March 2023, Secret Sounds, the organisers of the festivals, placed the 273 hectare Marion Bay property that hosted the Tasmanian festival on the market, to be sold under expressions of interest.

In 2022, the Victorian edition of the festival was held at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl in inner city Melbourne, after originally being planned for the town of Murroon, located 35 km from Lorne. Organisers of the Festival pulled out of the planning process after a small local group opposed the planning permit approval.

The festival will not run in 2023 as the organisers decided to take the year off.

Awards
In 2008, the Falls Festival won the FasterLouder Festival Award for 'Best Lineup' and the following year the Marion Bay site received the 'Favourite Venue and Location' award.

The festival has a strong focus on sustainability, taking home the following awards over the past few years:
 * Winner – Excellence in Sustainability Victorian Tourism Awards 2012
 * Winner – Excellence in Sustainability Victorian Tourism Awards 2013
 * Winner – Excellence in Sustainability Victorian Tourism Awards 2014 (inducted into the Hall of Fame)
 * Outstanding in the Greener Festival Awards 2012
 * Outstanding in the Greener Festival Awards 2013
 * Outstanding in the Greener Festival Awards 2014
 * Winner – Major Festivals & Events Tasmanian Tourism Awards 2013
 * Winner – Major Festivals & Events Tasmanian Tourism Awards 2014
 * Winner – Major Festival Australian Event Awards 2014

National Live Music Awards
The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.

 * National Live Music Awards of 2016
 * Falls Festival
 * Best Live Music Festival or Event
 * Nominated
 * National Live Music Awards of 2018
 * Falls Festival
 * Best Live Music Festival or Event
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" | National Live Music Awards of 2019
 * rowspan="2"| Falls Festival
 * Victorian Live Event of the Year
 * Won
 * Tasmanian All Ages Achievement
 * Won
 * Won
 * Tasmanian All Ages Achievement
 * Won
 * Won

1996

 * Pennywise
 * Radio Birdman
 * Regurgitator
 * Custard
 * Powderfinger
 * The Living End
 * Even
 * Dave Graney and the Coral Snakes
 * Sidewinder
 * Pollyanna
 * Bodyjar
 * Snout
 * Moler
 * Rebecca's Empire
 * Meantime

1997

 * Iggy Pop
 * You Am I
 * The Cruel Sea
 * Hard Ons
 * Lagwagon
 * Superjesus
 * Jebediah
 * Shihad
 * Grinspoon
 * Guttermouth
 * The Living End
 * Even
 * Something For Kate
 * Deadstar
 * Front End Loader
 * Pre Shrunk
 * Sprung Monkey
 * Liberty (Triple J Unearthed Winners "Porcelein")

1998

 * Blondie
 * Mudhoney
 * Bentley Rhythm Ace
 * Rocket From The Crypt
 * Unwritten Law
 * Area-7
 * The Avalanches
 * Magic Dirt
 * Moler
 * You Am I
 * Grinspoon
 * Superjesus
 * Nancy Vandal
 * Ammonia
 * Screamfeeder
 * Even
 * Bodyjar
 * Something For Kate
 * Frenzal Rhomb
 * Violetine
 * Voitek
 * Honeysmack
 * Pound System

1999

 * Violent Femmes
 * The Tea Party
 * Freddy Fresh
 * Regurgitator
 * Something For Kate
 * You Am I
 * Frenzal Rhomb
 * Superheist
 * Killing Heidi
 * DJ Boppa
 * 28 Days
 * Alex Lloyd
 * Area-7
 * Rhubarb
 * Pollyanna
 * The Fauves

2000

 * Silverchair
 * Reef
 * The Vandals
 * Freestylers
 * Killing Heidi
 * Superjesus
 * The Avalanches
 * Magic Dirt
 * Bodyjar
 * Groove Terminator
 * John Butler Trio
 * Skulker
 * Pre Shrunk
 * Sunk Loto
 * 78 Saab
 * Superheist
 * Rocket Science
 * Dallas Crane
 * Nokturnl
 * Nitocris
 * The Waifs
 * George
 * Machine Gun Fellatio
 * Resin Dogs
 * Friendly (musician)
 * Josh Abrahams
 * 1200 Techniques
 * Honeysmack
 * Voitek

2001

 * The Hives
 * Stanton Warriors
 * Grinspoon
 * Regurgitator
 * John Butler Trio
 * Something For Kate
 * 28 Days
 * Resin Dogs
 * Groove Terminator
 * Alex Lloyd
 * Paul Kelly
 * Bodyjar
 * Dr. Alex Paterson
 * George
 * Superheist
 * Area-7
 * One Dollar Short
 * 1200 Techniques
 * Dern Rutlidge
 * Warped
 * NuBreed
 * On Inc
 * Pound System
 * Blueline Medic
 * For Amusement Only

2002

 * Jack Johnson
 * The Black Eyed Peas
 * Ozomatli
 * Timo Maas
 * The Vandals
 * The Ataris
 * Brad
 * Grinspoon
 * Machine Gun Fellatio
 * Infusion
 * Xavier Rudd
 * 1200 Techniques
 * The Casanovas
 * You Am I
 * Magic Dirt
 * Jet
 * Rocket Science
 * The Drones
 * Underside
 * Antiskeptic
 * The Gels
 * The Butterfly Effect
 * Groove Terminator
 * Offcutts
 * Warped
 * Pete Murray
 * Even
 * Melatonin
 * The Beautiful Girls
 * The Sleepy Jackson
 * Phil Smart
 * Goodwill
 * Samuel Jackson
 * The Alias
 * Ballpoint
 * Three Rounds Shy (JJJ Unearthed)
 * Ransom
 * Quirk

2003

 * Michael Franti and Spearhead
 * Rollins Band
 * Groove Armada
 * Pennywise
 * Reel Big Fish
 * G. Love and Special Sauce
 * Turin Brakes
 * Ozomatli
 * Mason Jennings
 * Paul Kelly
 * The Waifs
 * Xavier Rudd
 * Regurgitator
 * The Beautiful Girls
 * Cog
 * The Mess Hall
 * Trey
 * Bodyjar
 * Dallas Crane
 * Dexter
 * Bit By Bats
 * Nubreed
 * Krafty Kuts
 * Cut Copy
 * Missy Higgins
 * TZU
 * James De La Cruz
 * Offcuts
 * Danny Kelly and the Alpha Males
 * The Butterfly Effect
 * After The Fall
 * Degrees K
 * The Pictures
 * Riff Random
 * Ember Swift
 * Bomba
 * Gerling
 * Harry Manx
 * DJ's Kano & Ennio Styles
 * Flagrant and Ben Shepard
 * John Course and Goodwill
 * Bugdust
 * Epicure
 * The Swedish Styles
 * Carus
 * Whalebone
 * The Charlie Parkers
 * Damon
 * The Go Set
 * The Double Agents
 * Mick Hart
 * SMC
 * Unleash The Nugget
 * Reflex
 * Waiter
 * Peter Cornelius and the Devilles
 * The Fat Band
 * Enola Fall
 * Taiko Drum
 * S. Jackson and Somantik
 * Sharif Galal
 * DJ Selekt and B Dub

Performers at the 2003-04 event include Australian artists Xavier Rudd, The Beautiful Girls, Gerling, Regurgitator and The Waifs; and international acts Michael Franti and Spearhead, Pennywise, Reel Big Fish, and Ozomatli. Like many Australian festivals, the event also promotes local bands, with Victorian and Tasmanian artists also performing at their respective state's festival. Solo female performer Missy Higgins promoted the release of her album and several singles, for which she was later recognised by receiving multiple awards at the ARIA Awards in 2005.

2004
The 2004/05 festival was again held at both venues. Both sites sold out early – the only Falls Festival to sell as fast was the 1999 event. Artists performing at the event included:

 * The Black Keys
 * De La Soul
 * Billy Bragg
 * The Living End
 * The John Butler Trio
 * Missy Higgins
 * The Thrills
 * Veruca Salt
 * Spiderbait
 * The Cat Empire
 * Xavier Rudd
 * Donavon Frankenreiter
 * You Am I
 * The Beautiful Girls
 * Vusi Mahlasela
 * Hilltop Hoods
 * Rocket Science
 * Dakota Star
 * Bob Brozman
 * Downsyde
 * TZU
 * The New Pollutants
 * Butterfingers
 * The Panics
 * Hayden
 * Sarah Blasko
 * Even
 * The Cops
 * Betchadupa
 * The Spazzys
 * The Vasco Era
 * Carus and The True Believers
 * Epicure
 * Mia Dyson
 * Ash Grunwald
 * The Hot Lies
 * Clare Bowditch and the Feeding Set
 * The Roys

2005
Artists who performed at the 2005 event included:

 * The Dandy Warhols
 * Ozomatli
 * The Shins
 * Ian Brown
 * Wolfmother
 * Pete Murray
 * The Beautiful Girls
 * The Vasco Era
 * Faker
 * TZU
 * The Grates
 * Hoodoo Gurus
 * The Zutons
 * Sarah Blasko
 * End of Fashion
 * The White Buffalo
 * The Mess Hall
 * Evermore
 * Dallas Crane
 * Lior
 * Matt Walker and Ashley Davies
 * 67 Special
 * Ugly Duckling
 * The Cat Empire
 * Rolling Blackouts
 * The Presets
 * Eric Bibb
 * Kelly Stoltz
 * Little Birdy
 * Ash Grunwald
 * Dappled Cities Fly
 * True Live
 * Offcutts
 * Katalyst and RuCL
 * Rob Sawyer
 * Mia Dyson
 * Youth Group
 * Dan Sultan & Scott Wilson
 * The Embers

In 2005 tickets for the Marion Bay festival sold out two and a half days after going on sale on 15 August, and Lorne tickets selling out one week after coming on sale.

Further allocations of tickets for both festivals were released during December and sold out within hours of coming on sale. An unlimited number of Falls Festival patrons were able to attend the 'Falls Cinema' on Thursday 29 December (one day earlier than the official kick-off) in an effort to minimize traffic congestion. In Tasmania, the number of tickets available were capped at 9000.

2006
In early July, a new website for the 2006 event was launched. People were able to subscribe to the official mailing list and be entered into the draw to be offered tickets ahead of the official release date of 16 August. Subscribers that were selected were notified by 30 July. Tickets for the 2006 festival were put on sale as of 9 am, 16 August. All tickets to the Lorne event were gone in about 2 hours. The Marion Bay event followed suit, with all tickets sold out within 3.5 hours.

The announced performers as of 28 December, include:

 * Modest Mouse
 * Michael Franti and Spearhead
 * Wolfmother
 * Basement Jaxx
 * The Bees
 * John Butler Trio
 * Saul Williams
 * The Black Seeds
 * Matt Costa
 * The Vasco Era
 * Dan Kelly and The Alpha Males
 * The Fumes
 * Dallas Frasca & Her Gentlemen
 * You Am I
 * The Audreys
 * Youth Group
 * Josh Pyke
 * Blue King Brown
 * Jamie Lidell
 * Hilltop Hoods
 * Eskimo Joe
 * Unleash the Nugget
 * Wolf & Cub
 * Dexter
 * Timmy Curran
 * Labjacd
 * Scribe
 * The Sleepy Jackson
 * The Mountain Goats
 * Little Birdy
 * The Exploders
 * Jen Cloher and The Endless Sea
 * Dan Sultan
 * Cansei de Ser Sexy
 * Ground Components
 * FourPlay String Quartet
 * Custom Kings
 * Muph & Plutonic
 * The Embers

Restrictions on ticket sales were made in 2006 (in the form of a ballot) in an attempt to curb the increasing practice of ticket resale, commonly known as 'scalping', as well as to make the access to tickets more equitable. The changes reflected similar alterations made to ticket sale procedures of other major Australian music festivals such as Splendour in the Grass and The Big Day Out. Previously, tickets had been released for sale in bulk and with no limit on the number of tickets able to be purchased by an individual, resulting in a high incidence of individuals purchasing multiple tickets, and a subsequent sell-out of tickets within 12 – 24 hours.

The restrictions included a purchasing limit of four tickets per any individual, as well as the initiation of an online ticket lottery, which randomly allocated the sale of approximately 50% of all tickets to a list of people who had registered their interest on the Festival's website. Tickets were also released on multiple dates rather than in bulk, to make sales more manageable and to increase consumer accessibility to the sale of tickets.

2007
The artists at the festival of 2007/08 included:

 * Kings of Leon
 * Groove Armada
 * Paul Kelly
 * Midnight Juggernauts
 * Black Rebel Motorcycle Club
 * The Waifs
 * Gotye
 * Built to Spill
 * José González
 * The Go! Team
 * Blackalicious
 * The Mess Hall
 * Girl Talk
 * Kev Carmody
 * Whiskey Go Go's
 * Neville Staple's Specials
 * Adam Cousens**
 * Bridget Pross**
 * Magic Dirt*
 * Sarah Blasko*
 * Children Collide*
 * Jackson Jackson*
 * The Pipettes
 * The Herd
 * Lior
 * Little Red
 * Operator Please
 * Old Man River
 * Angus and Julia Stone
 * The Beautiful Girls
 * Regurgitator
 * Clare Bowditch
 * Downhills Home*
 * Jeff Lang
 * Cut Off Your Hands
 * The Scientists of Modern Music
 * Diafrix
 * Mattafix
 * Busdriver
 * The Panics
 * Dirty Harry and the Rockets**
 * The Cops
 * Nathan Weldon and the Two Timers**
 * Special Patrol*
 * Dukes of Windsor*
 * Macromantics*
 * The Paper Scissors*
 * Dances With Voices*
 * Goons of Doom*
 * Whitley
 * La Fiesta Sound System*
 * Favela Rock DJs*
 * Tokyo Apartment Party DJs*
 * Thief Featuring DJ Gsan & Mugen with Paris Well*
 * Jennifer Tutty & Katie Drover
 * Hoops*
 * Funktrust DJs*
 * Uber Lingua DJs*
 * New Young Pony Club*

(* Lorne Only), (** Marion Bay only)

Ticket purchasing procedures changed again in 2007, extending changes made to procedures in 2006. Changes included:

 * the extension of the ticket lottery from 50% to 80% of all tickets – intended to increase the equity of ticket sale
 * the centralisation of all ticket sales to the Falls Festival Website – intended to eliminate the need to line up outside stores overnight to purchase a ticket, as well as prevent criminal problems associated with it such as littering and drinking in public
 * the inclusion of a name and date of birth printed on the Festival ticket – intended to further restrict scalping practices

Tickets went on sale to the general public on Monday 10 September at 9 am AEST, with the 14,500 tickets to the Lorne event selling out on the day they were released.

2008

 * Franz Ferdinand
 * The Hives
 * Santigold
 * The Kooks
 * Gomez
 * Tegan and Sara
 * Fleet Foxes
 * Donavon Frankenreiter
 * SoKo
 * Jamie Lidell
 * Cut Off Your Hands
 * Mystery Jets
 * Atmosphere feat. Brother Ali
 * A-Trak
 * Late of the Pier
 * Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings
 * The Cat Empire
 * The Grates
 * Faker
 * Lykke Li
 * Augie March
 * Blue King Brown
 * Ash Grunwald
 * TZU
 * The Drones
 * Architecture in Helsinki
 * The Dodos
 * Wolf & Cub
 * Liam Finn
 * Rocket Science
 * Eli "Paperboy" Reed
 * British India
 * TinPan Orange
 * Labjacd
 * Violent Soho
 * South Rakkas Crew
 * Tame Impala
 * The Holidays*
 * Snob Scrilla*
 * Grafton Primary
 * Murs
 * CW Stoneking & The Primitive Orchestra
 * Laura Jean & The Eden Land Band
 * Mamadou Diabate
 * Kat Frankie
 * Barons of Tang
 * Dash & Will
 * Skipping Girl Vinegar

Those marked with an asterisk (*) played in Lorne only.

2009

 * Yeah Yeah Yeahs
 * Moby
 * Hilltop Hoods
 * Grizzly Bear
 * Rodrigo y Gabriela
 * The Temper Trap
 * Datarock
 * The Dirty Love^
 * Breakfast Balcony^
 * Jamie T
 * Amanda Blank*
 * Dappled Cities*
 * Wolfmother
 * Xavier Rudd
 * Emiliana Torrini
 * Little Birdy
 * Midnight Juggernauts
 * Andrew Bird
 * Lyrics Born
 * Chairlift
 * King Khan and the Shrines
 * Editors
 * Philadelphia Grand Jury
 * Kaki King
 * Sarah Blasko
 * Art vs. Science
 * DJ Yoda
 * Liam Finn
 * Lisa Mitchell
 * Major Lazer Soundsystem (DJ Set)
 * Patrick Watson
 * Seasick Steve
 * The View
 * Urthboy
 * White Rabbits
 * Future of the Left
 * Killaqueenz*
 * Yves Klein Blue
 * John Steel Singers
 * Bertie Blackman*
 * Washington*
 * The Inspector Cluzo*
 * Miami Horror*
 * Wagons*
 * Oh Mercy*
 * Jordie Lane*
 * Kid Sam*
 * The Beards*
 * Yacht Club DJs^
 * Little Red
 * The Phenomenal Handclap Band*
 * Fully Fitted*
 * The Vasco Era*
 * Dan Sultan*
 * Bag Raiders*
 * Grrilla Step*
 * Hoops DJ's*
 * Whitley*
 * Naysayer and Gilsun*
 * Catcall*
 * The Scare*
 * Zac Cooper^
 * The Paper Scissors*
 * Andy Murphy & Chardy*
 * Playing with Knives DJ's*

Funk’n’Soul Revue

 * Marva Whitney & The Transatlantics*
 * The Bamboos*
 * Deep Street Soul*
 * Mohair Slim
 * DJ Kano*
 * Emma Peel
 * Anna's Go-Go Academy
 * Russ Dewbury^
 * Chris Gill
 * Man Child

Those marked with an asterisk (*) played in Lorne only.

Those marked with a caret (^) played in Marion Bay only.

On 6 August 2009 some of the bands scheduled to play at the 2009 Falls Festival were leaked online due to a directory being left open on the official falls festival website. The organisers subsequently decided to officially release the entire first line-up announcement ahead of the scheduled 13 August release date.

On 7 October 2009 the Falls Festival announced that they would be putting on a pre-festival party, and extending the Falls Funk’n’Soul Revue to Lorne on 28 December. The extension of the revue made the Lorne festival a four-day event from 28 December to 1 January. The Funk’n’Soul Revue occurred over two days across the respective states, on the 28th in Lorne and on the 29th in Marion Bay with slightly differing lineups across the two locations.

2010

 * Interpol
 * Public Enemy (Performing their album Fear of a Black Planet in full)
 * Joan Jett and the Black Hearts
 * The Jezabels
 * The National
 * The Living End
 * Dan Kelly (musician)
 * Klaxons
 * Angus & Julia Stone
 * Tame Impala
 * The Rapture
 * Ladyhawke
 * Cold War Kids
 * Sleigh Bells
 * Chris Baio (Vampire Weekend)
 * Hot Hot Heat
 * Paul Kelly
 * Boy & Bear
 * Children Collide
 * The Beautiful Girls
 * The John Butler Trio
 * The Soft Pack
 * Last Dinosaurs
 * Dan Sultan*
 * Sally Seltmann*
 * The Cool Kids
 * Junip
 * Kitty, Daisy & Lewis
 * Marina & The Diamonds*
 * The Middle East
 * Cloud Control
 * Yacht Club DJs
 * Washington
 * The Public Opinion Afro Orchestra
 * The Morning Benders
 * The Bamboos
 * Tijuana Cartel (band)
 * A-Trak
 * Edan The Dee-Jay*
 * Ash Grunwald
 * Beardyman*
 * The Cuban Brothers*
 * World's End Press
 * Casiokids
 * Peaches
 * Daara J Family
 * Jamaica
 * Charlie Parr
 * Jonathan Boulet
 * Big Scary
 * Sampology
 * Eagle and the Worm
 * Jinja Safari
 * Tim & Jean

2011

 * Aloe Blacc
 * Alpine
 * An Horse
 * Arctic Monkeys
 * Arj Barker
 * Babylon Circus
 * Beirut
 * CANT
 * Crystal Castles
 * CSS
 * Dan Deacon
 * DJ Yoda
 * Easy Star All-Stars
 * Emma Louise
 * Fleet Foxes
 * Grouplove
 * J Mascis
 * John Butler Trio
 * Josh Pyke
 * Josh Thomas

 * Kimbra
 * Lanie Lane
 * Metronomy
 * Missy Higgins
 * Nouvelle Vague
 * Papa vs Pretty
 * PNAU
 * Regurgitator (Playing Unit in full)
 * The Scientists of Modern Music
 * Scratch Perverts
 * The Grates
 * The Head and the Heart
 * The Jezabels
 * The Jim Jones Revue
 * The Kooks
 * The Naked & Famous
 * Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs (cancelled)
 * Unknown Mortal Orchestra
 * Young MC

Marion Bay Only Lorne Only
 * The Dirty Love
 * 360
 * Bass Kleph
 * Dr Don Don
 * Hook N Sling
 * Lotek
 * Mic Newman & Tornado Wallace
 * Nina Las Vegas
 * Oscar & Martin
 * Strange Talk
 * The Death Set
 * Bleeding Knees Club
 * The Bombay Royale
 * Miles Kane
 * Puta Madre Brothers
 * Clairy Browne & The Bangin' Rackettes
 * Boy in a Box
 * Dub FX
 * Guineafowl
 * Gyuto Monks of Tibet
 * Kim Churchill
 * Lewis Floyd Henry

2012

 * Angus Stone
 * Ash Grunwald
 * Ball Park Music
 * Beach House
 * Best Coast
 * Bombay Bicycle Club
 * Boy & Bear
 * Coolio
 * Cosmo Jarvis
 * Django Django
 * First Aid Kit
 * Hilltop Hoods
 * Hot Chip
 * Jinja Safari
 * Lisa Mitchell

 * Lyke Giants
 * Matt Corby
 * Maxïmo Park
 * Millions
 * Sampology Presents a Falls Anniversary Live AV Show
 * SBTRKT
 * Sharon Van Etten
 * The Flaming Lips
 * The Hives
 * The Vaccines
 * Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs
 * Two Door Cinema Club
 * Willis Earl Beal

Lorne Only
 * Airwolf
 * Ajax
 * Alison Wonderland
 * Bleeding Knees Club
 * Cactus Channel
 * Cassian
 * Cub Scouts (Cub Sport)
 * Daniel Champagne
 * DZ Deathrays
 * Elizabeth Rose
 * Flume
 * Fraser A. Gorman
 * Grey Ghost
 * Howlin' Steam Train

 * Husky
 * Indian Summer
 * Jen Tutty & Katie Drover
 * King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard
 * Miami Horror DJs
 * Parachute Youth
 * Peking Duk
 * Regular John
 * The Rechords
 * The Trouble With Templeton
 * Tinpan Orange
 * Soccer Mum DJs
 * World's End Press

2013

 * !!!
 * Asta
 * Bombino
 * Bonobo
 * The Cat Empire
 * Chet Faker
 * Crystal Fighters
 * Cyril Hahn
 * Emma Louise
 * Flight Facilities
 * Gossling
 * Grizzly Bear
 * Hanni El Khatib
 * Hermitude
 * Horrorshow
 * James Vincent McMorrow
 * The John Steel Singers
 * Johnny Marr
 * London Grammar
 * MGMT
 * Neil Finn
 * Oliver Tank
 * The Paper Kites
 * POND
 * The Preatures
 * The Roots
 * The Rubens
 * Rufus
 * Solange
 * Thundamentals
 * Tom Odell
 * Vampire Weekend
 * Violent Femmes
 * Violent Soho
 * The War on Drugs
 * White Denim
 * The Wombats

2014

 * Airling^
 * Moses Gunn Collective^
 * KLP (musician)^*
 * Japanese Wallpaper*
 * Benson*
 * Just A Gent*
 * Charlotte OC*
 * Grmm*
 * Horns of Leroy*
 * Kilter*
 * Henry Stone (Comedian)*
 * Melbourne Gospel Choir*
 * Pierce Brothers*
 * Torren Foot*
 * Uv Boi بنفسجي فوق *
 * Yahtzel (DJ Set)*

Joining

 * alt-J
 * Art of Sleeping^*
 * Ásgeir
 * Big Freedia
 * The Black Lips
 * Bluejuice
 * Charlotte OC*
 * Cloud Control*^
 * Cold War Kids
 * Dan Sultan
 * DMA's
 * Fishing*^
 * Glass Animals
 * George Ezra
 * Jagwar Ma
 * Jamie xx
 * Joey Bada$$
 * John Butler Trio
 * Julian Casablancas + The Voidz
 * Kim Churchill
 * Kingswood *^
 * The Kite String Tangle
 * Megan Washington *^
 * Milky Chance
 * Movement
 * Northeast Party House *^
 * The Presets
 * Remi
 * Röyksopp & Robyn
 * Run The Jewels
 * Safia
 * SBTRKT (LIVE)
 * Spiderbait
 * Sticky Fingers
 * Thelma Plum *^
 * The Temper Trap
 * Tensnake
 * Tkay Maidza
 * Todd Terje (LIVE)
 * Tycho
 * Vance Joy
 * Wolf Alice

Those marked with a * played in Lorne only Those marked with a ^ played in Byron Bay only

2015
In 2015 the events Lorne, Victoria venue was threatened by bushfires in the area and moved to Mount Duneed Estate, which is approximately 15 minutes from Geelong.

 * Alpine
 * Art vs Science
 * The Avener (FRA)
 * Birds of Tokyo
 * Bloc Party (UK)
 * BØRNS (USA)
 * Courtney Barnett
 * Disclosure (UK)
 * Django Django (UK)
 * El Vez (USA)
 * Fleetmac Wood
 * Foals (UK)
 * Gang of Youths
 * Gary Clark Jr. (USA)
 * Halsey (USA)
 * Hiatus Kaiyote
 * Hilltop Hoods
 * King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard
 * Kurt Vile and The Violators (USA)
 * Little May
 * The Maccabees (UK)
 * Mac DeMarco (CAN)
 * Meg Mac
 * Oh Wonder (UK)
 * Paul Kelly & Merri Soul Sessions ft. Clairy Browne, Dan Sultan, Kira Piru, Vika & Linda Bull
 * Rüfüs
 * Seth Sentry
 * Toro y Moi (USA)
 * Weird Al Yankovic (USA)
 * Young Fathers (UK)

+ more to be announced

2016

 * Childish Gambino (USA)
 * London Grammar (UK)
 * The Avalanches
 * Violent Soho
 * Matt Corby
 * Alison Wonderland
 * Catfish and the Bottlemen (UK)
 * Fat Freddy's Drop (NZ)
 * Ta-Ku
 * The Rubens
 * The Jezabels
 * Ball Park Music
 * Grouplove (USA)
 * Bernard Fanning
 * Jamie T (UK)
 * Broods (NZ)
 * Tkay Maidza
 * Grandmaster Flash (USA)
 * Illy
 * Golden Features
 * Hot Dub Time Machine
 * DMA's
 * AlunaGeorge (UK)
 * Booka Shade (GER)
 * Client Liaison
 * Vallis Alps
 * Parquet Courts (USA)
 * City Calm Down
 * L D R U
 * Modern Baseball (USA)
 * Tired Lion
 * Remi
 * Ry X
 * Marlon Williams (NZ)
 * Lemaitre (NOR)
 * Shura (UK)

 * Grouplove cancelled their appearance at Falls Festival due to singer Hannah Hooper suffering from vocal problems

2017

 * Flume
 * Fleet Foxes (US)
 * The Kooks (UK)
 * Glass Animals (UK)
 * Peking Duk
 * Angus and Julia Stone
 * Foster The People (US)
 * Liam Gallagher (UK)
 * Vince Staples (US)
 * Jungle (UK)
 * Dune Rats
 * The Smith Street Band
 * DRAM (US)
 * Daryl Braithwaite
 * Everything Everything (UK)
 * Allday
 * The Jungle Giants
 * Thundamentals
 * Methyl Ethel
 * Slumberjack
 * D.D Dumbo
 * Anna Lunoe
 * DZ Deathrays
 * Confidence Man
 * Julia Jacklin
 * Bad//Dreems
 * Cosmo's Midnight
 * Winston Surfshirt
 * Luca Brasi
 * Alex Lahey
 * Camp Cope
 * Flint Eastwood (US)
 * Ecca Vandal
 * Dave (UK)
 * Total Giovanni

2018

 * Anderson Paak & The Free Nationals (USA)
 * Catfish and the Bottlemen (UK)
 * Vance Joy
 * Chvrches (UK)
 * Hilltop Hoods
 * Juice Wrld (USA)
 * Interpol (USA)
 * Toto (USA)
 * Dizzee Rascal (UK)
 * 88 Rising ft. Rich Brian, Joji, Niki, & August 8 (USA/IDN/JPN)
 * Flight Facilities
 * Amy Shark
 * DMA's
 * King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard
 * Golden Features
 * First Aid Kid (SWE)
 * Ocean Alley
 * Hockey Dad
 * Cashmere Cat (NOR)
 * The Vaccines (UK)
 * LPX (USA)
 * Cub Sport
 * Ruel
 * Jack River
 * Bishop Briggs (UK)
 * Mallrat
 * Briggs
 * Touch Sensitive
 * Tkay Maidza
 * Dermot Kennedy (IRL)
 * Tired Lion
 * Hobo Johnson & The LoveMakers (USA)
 * Soccer Mommy (USA)
 * Running Touch
 * Odette
 * Kinder
 * Mahalia (UK)
 * Hatchie
 * West Thebarton
 * Tia Gostelow
 * Kota Banks
 * Triple One
 * Alice Skye
 * Sweater Curse
 * Lex Deluxe

2019

 * Halsey (USA)
 * Vampire Weekend (USA)
 * Disclosure (UK)
 * Peking Duk
 * Playboi Carti (USA)
 * Of Monsters and Men (ISL)
 * Pnau
 * Lewis Capaldi (UK)
 * Milky Chance (GER)
 * John Farnham
 * Banks (USA)
 * Dope Lemon
 * Vera Blue
 * Yungblud (UK)
 * G Flip
 * Crooked Colours
 * Parcels
 * Thelma Plum
 * #1 Dads
 * Waax
 * Baker Boy
 * Psychedelic Porn Crumpets
 * Amyl and the Sniffers
 * The Japanese House (UK)
 * Pink Sweats (USA)
 * Good Dooogs
 * Cxloe
 * James Gillow
 * Totty

2023

 * Arctic Monkeys (UK)
 * Lil Nas X (USA)
 * Peggy Gou (KOR/GER)
 * Chvrches (UK)
 * Jamie xx (UK)
 * Aminé (USA)
 * Ocean Alley
 * CamelPhat (UK)
 * Spacey Jane
 * DMA's
 * G Flip
 * PinkPantheress (UK)
 * Rico Nasty (USA)
 * Amyl and the Sniffers
 * Mall Grab
 * Ben Böhmer (GER)
 * DJ Seinfeld (SWE/GER)
 * Genesis Owusu
 * TSHA (UK)
 * CC:Disco
 * Young Franco
 * Anna Lunoe
 * Luude
 * Lastlings
 * MAY-A
 * Choomba
 * The VANNS
 * King Stingray
 * Peach PRC
 * Beddy Rays
 * Jean Dawson (USA)
 * Telenova
 * Biscits (UK)
 * Barry Can't Swim (UK)
 * Elkka (UK)
 * Floodlights
 * Wongo
 * YNG Martyr
 * 1300
 * Moktar
 * Magdalena Bay (USA)
 * Dameeeela
 * Ebony Boadu
 * RONA.
 * Elsy Wameyo
 * Juno Mamba
 * The Wiggles

 * Jean Dawson was removed from the lineup for unknown reasons

title: Falls Festival


text:
U.S.A. (trilogy)

The U.S.A. trilogy is a series of three novels by American writer John Dos Passos, comprising the novels The 42nd Parallel (1930), Nineteen Nineteen (1932) and The Big Money (1936). The books were first published together in a volume titled U.S.A. by Modern Library in 1937.

The trilogy employs an experimental technique, incorporating four narrative modes: fictional narratives telling the life stories of twelve characters, collages of newspaper clippings and song lyrics labeled "Newsreel", individually labeled short biographies of public figures of the time such as Woodrow Wilson and Henry Ford and fragments of autobiographical stream of consciousness writing labeled "Camera Eye". The trilogy covers the historical development of American society during the first three decades of the 20th century. In 1998, the US publisher Modern Library ranked U.S.A. 23rd on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.

Main characters

 * Mac (Fainy McCreary) – A wandering printer, train-hopping newspaperman, and crusader for the working man
 * Janey Williams – A young stenographer from Washington, D.C. (assistant to Moorehouse)
 * Eleanor Stoddard – A cold, haughty young social climber
 * J. Ward Moorehouse – A slick, influential public relations man
 * Charley Anderson – A gullible, good-natured mechanic and flying ace
 * Joe Williams – A rugged, slow-witted sailor, brother of Janey Williams
 * Richard Ellsworth Savage – A Harvard graduate, employee of Moorehouse
 * Daughter (Anne Elizabeth Trent) – A spirited Texas belle and volunteer nurse
 * Eveline Hutchins – Artist and designer, Eleanor's long-time friend and rival
 * Ben Compton – A law student and labor activist/revolutionary
 * Mary French – Dedicated labor activist and journalist
 * Margo Dowling – Attractive, cagey and adventurous, eventually a Hollywood actress

Criticism
In his contemporary commentary on The 42nd Parallel and Nineteen Nineteen, Michael Gold noted their qualities as extensions of Dos Passos' techniques in his earlier novel Manhattan Transfer, and described these novels as "one of the first collective novels". Stanley Corkin has specifically expostulated The 42nd Parallel in the context of readings of Hegelian Marxism with respect to the particular historical time of the novel. Arnold Goldman has commented on the "progressive disenfranchisement" of Dos Passos from 20th century America in the trilogy. Justin Edwards has discussed the use of cinematic techniques in The Big Money. Donald Pizer has discoursed in detail on the passage 'only words against POWER SUPERPOWER' in The Big Money.

Janet Galligani Casey has analysed Dos Passos' treatment and development of the growth of his female characters in the trilogy. Stephen Lock has examined the cinematic ideas behind Dos Passos' use of the 'Camera Eye' sections.

Narrative modes

 * In the fictional narrative sections, the U.S.A. trilogy relates the lives of twelve characters as they struggle to find a place in American society during the early part of the 20th century. Each character is presented to the reader from his/her childhood on and in free indirect speech. While their lives are separate, characters occasionally meet. Some minor characters whose point of view is never given crop up in the background, forming a kind of bridge between the characters.
 * "The Camera Eye" sections are written in stream of consciousness and are an autobiographical Künstlerroman of Dos Passos, tracing the author's development from a child to a politically committed writer. Camera Eye 50 contains the arguably most famous line of the trilogy, when Dos Passos states upon the executions of Sacco and Vanzetti: "all right we are two nations."
 * The "Newsreels" consist of front page headlines and article fragments from the Chicago Tribune for The 42nd Parallel, and from the New York World for Nineteen Nineteen and The Big Money, as well as lyrics from popular songs. Newsreel 66, preceding Camera Eye 50, announcing the Sacco and Vanzetti verdict, contains the lyrics of "The Internationale."
 * The biographies are accounts of historical figures. The most often anthologized of these biographies is "The Body of an American", the story of an unknown soldier killed in World War I, which concludes Nineteen Nineteen.

Style
The separation between these narrative modes is rather a stylistic than a thematic one. Some critics have pointed out connections between the fictional character Mary French in The Big Money and journalist Mary Heaton Vorse, calling into question the strict separation between fictional characters and biographies. Coherent quotes from newspaper articles are often woven into the biographies as well, calling into question the strict separation between them and the "Newsreel" sections.

The fragmented narrative style of the trilogy later influenced the work of British science-fiction novelist John Brunner. It also influenced Jean-Paul Sartre's trilogy The Roads to Freedom.

Political context
The trilogy was written in the period when Dos Passos placed himself unequivocally on the political Left, before the major political shift which characterized his later career. Dos Passos portrays the everyday situations of the characters before, during, and after World War I, with special attention to the social and economic forces that drive them. Those characters who pursue "the big money" without scruple succeed, but are dehumanized by success. Others are destroyed, crushed by capitalism, and ground underfoot. Dos Passos does not show much sympathy for upwardly mobile characters who succeed, but is always sympathetic to the down and out victims of capitalist society. He explores the difficulty faced by winners and losers alike when trying to make a stable living for themselves as well as wanting to settle down in some means. The book depicts with considerable sympathy the activists of the Industrial Workers of the World. It is more reserved with regard to the American Communist Party which took the fore in the American Radical Left after World War I; though some Communists are depicted sympathetically, they are shown as caught up in the increasing bureaucratization of the party. The book expresses an obvious animosity to President Woodrow Wilson, depicting in detail his suppression of internal dissent during and immediately after World War I.

Adaptations
The novel has been adapted a number of times, for purposes such as radio and stage production. Paul Shyre created a "dramatic revue", working together with Dos Passos. Howard Sackler also adapted it for a well-received 1968 audio production with Caedmon Books. Neil Peart of Rush was inspired by the trilogy to write the lyrics for the song "The Camera Eye" released on their Moving Pictures album in 1981. Margaret Bonds also collaborated with Dos Passos and wrote a musical theater work set to U.S.A. in 1959.

Editions
Dos Passos added a prologue with the title "U.S.A." to The Modern Library edition of The 42nd Parallel and the same plates were used by Harcourt Brace for the trilogy. Houghton Mifflin issued two boxed three-volume sets in 1946 with color endpapers and illustrations by Reginald Marsh. The first illustrated edition was limited to 365 copies, 350 signed by both Dos Passos and Marsh in a deluxe binding with leather labels and beveled boards. The binding for the larger 1946 trade issue was tan buckram with red spine lettering and the trilogy designation "U.S.A." printed in red over a blue rectangle on the spine and front cover. The illustrated edition was reprinted in various bindings until the Library of America edition appeared in 1996, 100 years after Dos Passos' birth.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: U.S.A. (trilogy)


text:
Gorani

Gorani may refer to:

Places

 * Gorani, Croatia, a village in the municipality of Skrad, Croatia
 * Gorani, Konjic, a village in the municipality of Konjic, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Gorani, Visoko, a village in the city of Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Gorani, a village in Uda Commune, Argeș County, Romania
 * Gorâni, a village in Odăile Commune, Buzău County, Romania
 * Goranoi, a village in the municipal unit Faris, Laconia, Greece

People

 * Gorani people, Slavic-speaking Muslims in Kosovo
 * Gorani, Hala, French-American journalist, news anchor, war correspondent

Other uses

 * Gorani dialect, South Slavic language spoken by the Gorani people
 * Zaza–Gorani languages, Indo-Iranian languages
 * Gorani language, Western Iranian language
 * Hala Gorani, CNN International anchorwoman
 * Water deer (in Korean)

title: Gorani


text: Talk:Gorani

title: Talk:Gorani


text:
Talk:Mother goddess

POV in "Prehistoric matriarchy debate" section
The current version of this section is biased. There is widespread evidence of matrilineal elite genealogy and property transfers in early human societies. What is up for debate is the *extent* of such "matriarchal" relations in prehistoric times. The POV in this section takes a black-and-white perspective and just says, without source, "In academic circles, this prehistoric matriarchy is considered unlikely." ignoring evidence to the contrary and smearing all opponents of this view (a diverse range of perspectives) as followers of the "Goddess movement."

I am not an expert on this subject but it strongly seems to me that there is a lively academic debate on this subject and this section would benefit from clarification of opposing views, and being rewritten from an unbiased perspective. 76.21.38.200 (talk) 19:49, 5 April 2022 (UTC)
 * "it strongly seems to me that there is a lively academic debate on this subject" I have no idea. My few books on the subject date to the 1970s and 1980s. Are you aware of more recent publications on the subject matter? Dimadick (talk) 09:05, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mother goddess


text: Category:Soviet military trainer aircraft


text: Hungarian proverbs

title: Hungarian proverbs


text:
Via media

Via media is a Latin phrase meaning "the middle road" or the "way between (and avoiding or reconciling) two extremes".

Its use in English is highly associated with Anglican self-characterization, or as a philosophical maxim for life akin to the golden mean which advocates moderation in all thoughts and actions.

Originating from the Delphic maxim nothing to excess and subsequent Ancient Greek philosophy where Aristotle (384–322 BCE) taught moderation, urging his students to follow the middle road between extremes, the via media was the dominant philosophical precept by which Ancient Roman civilisation and society was organised.

Patristic period use
Augustine's The City of God (chapter 11) uses the phrase via media in the sense of a way connecting two opposing extremes, rather than in the sense of a golden mean or Goldilocks principle.

"This is the mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus: man, mediator, and way. Because if there is a via media between him who strives and that to whom he strives, there is hope of reaching it."

Boethius has been associated with a variant of the term: Non est medium via (There is no middle way) discussing a life tending to the godly or tending to the bestial.

Jean Gerson
French theologian and humanist Jean Gerson wrote in his On the Consolation of Theology (1418) about the via media et regia: the middle and royal way. Divine providence and human free will each have a mediating relation on the other: God saves those who humbly condemn themselves as incapacitated but seek him. The middle and royal way is of hope between despair and presumptuousness.

Erasmus
Erasmus of Rotterdam's irenic but anti-fanatic approach is often classed as a via media, however this can be weighed against his repeated denial of leading a movement or setting up a new church, and may be described as extreme tolerance within Catholic borders.

Anglicanism
The term via media is frequently claimed by Anglican proponents, though not without debate, as a term of apologetics.

The idea of a middle way, was proposed first, early in the Protestant Reformation, as between the Protestant traditions of Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity; subsequently by Richard Hooker as between Puritan and rump Roman Catholic practises; then by Bishop Hall as between the Calvinist and Arminianist beliefs; and finally by the Tractarians as between Roman Catholicism  and the Magisterial Reformers. Historian Hugh Trevor-Roper has argued that the doctrinal history of the English Church is marked by discontinuities.

The idea of the Anglican middle way may also be associated to the teachings of theologians such as Martin Bucer, Thomas Cranmer and Heinrich Bullinger who advocated a religious solution in which secular authority would hold the ring in the religious dispute, and ensure political stability.

Historical Anglicanism
Anglicanism, which emerged out of the English Reformation, was originally seen as a via media between two forms of Protestantism—Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity. Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury who played a chief role in shaping Anglicanism, sought a middle way between Lutheranism and Calvinism, though he was closer to Calvinism.

Historic Anglicanism is a part of the wider Reformed tradition, as "the founding documents of the Anglican church—the Book of Homilies, the Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion—expresses a theology in keeping with the Reformed theology of the Swiss and South German Reformation." The Most Rev. Peter Robinson, presiding bishop of the United Episcopal Church of North America, writes:

Richard Hooker
A recent scholarly study points out that, while Richard Hooker's Law of Ecclesiastical Polity has a reputation as "the classic depiction of the English via media based upon the sound triumvirate of scripture, reason and tradition", the actual term via media nowhere appears in the work (written in English).

Hooker's work concerned the form of Protestant church government as an argument against the extreme advocates of Puritanism, arguing that elements of Church of England practice condemned by the Puritans, in particular the Book of Common Prayer and the institution of bishops, are proper and accord with Scripture.

Joseph Hall
Bishop of Norwich Joseph Hall (1574–1656) wrote a book Via Media: The Way of Peace, in the five Busy Articles, Commonly Known by the Name of Arminius (1619) in which he argued that Article 6 of the 39 Articles, Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation, precluded adopting officially any doctrine like irresistible grace that were not clear or explicit in Scripture.

In Tractarianism
Two centuries later, the phrase was used by John Henry Newman in setting out his influential views on Anglicanism, as part of the argument he brought forward with the Tractarian movement. Via Media was the title of a series of the Tracts for Today, published by Newman around 1834 and expanded into published lectures. Newman, at that time, claimed that Anglican Church is, or could be, Catholic because it adopts Reformation theology without Roman accretions, but Apostolic because it kept the hierarchy, sacraments and liturgy.

"(A hypothesis, a substitute for direct evidence and hard reasoning) is the Via Media, a possible road, lying between a mountain and a morass, to be driven through formidable obstacles, if it is to exist, by the boldness and skill of the engineers. It is projected and planned for a definite necessity, the necessity of the Anglican position, except for which it would never have been imagined; and, as many other projects and plans, it may be made to look very fair on paper."

Newman's tracts in particular used the title to pay homage to the inception of the Thirty-Nine Articles and in so doing claim that the Tractarian movement was of the same vein as early Church of England scholars and theologians. They examined the Elizabethan Settlement and reinterpreted it as a compromise between Rome and Reform.

The Tractarians promoted the idea of Anglicanism as a middle way between the extremes of Protestantism and Catholicism, which became later an idea of Anglicanism as a middle way between Rome and Protestantism itself.

In justification of its idea of a via media, the Oxford Movement attributed this position to the works of the Elizabethan theologian Richard Hooker and in particular his book Lawes of Ecclesiastical Polity, which is accepted as a founding work on Anglican theology, a view of Hooker promoted by John Keble, who was one of the first to argue that English theology underwent such a "decisive change" in Hooker’s hands. Later theologians analysed Hooker's approach to the particular doctrine of justification by faith as a middle way between the predestinationism of the extreme Calvinists and Lutheran and Arminian doctrines.

The Oxford Movement recast this via media as a middle way not within Protestantism but between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Its application to early Anglicanism has remained current in Anglican discourse.

Nordic Lutheranism
Some of the Nordic Lutheran Churches, chiefly the national churches of Sweden, Finland and Norway, likewise consider themselves as via media churches. The latter professes its faith as "truly catholic, truly reformed, truly evangelical", a statement likewise echoed in the Canons of the Church of Sweden which states that the faith, confession and teachings of the Church are understood as an expression of the catholic Christian faith. It further states that this does not serve to create a new, confessionally peculiar interpretation, but concerns the apostolic faith as carried down through the traditions of the Church. These sentiment of these churches as a via media are expressed outright in the Common Statement of the Porvoo Communion, a communion of European Anglican and Nordic and Baltic Lutheran churches: "What made the Church of Sweden an evangelical-catholic church was to Archbishop Söderblom the fact that the Reformation in Sweden was a 'church improvement' and a 'process of purification' which did not create a new church. As a national church, the Church of Sweden succeeded in bringing together medieval Swedish tradition with the rediscovery of the gospel which the Reformation brought with it. Archbishop Söderblom included the historic episcopate in the tradition-transmitting elements. The Church of Sweden was, according to Söderblom, in an even higher degree than the Anglican Church a via media. —Together in Mission and Ministry: The Porvoo Common Statement"

title: Via media


text: Category:Italian Air Force

title: Category:Italian Air Force


text:
Skaneateles

Skaneateles may refer to, in the United States:

 * Skaneateles (village), New York, in Onondaga County
 * Skaneateles (town), New York, in Onondaga County
 * Skaneateles Lake, one of the Finger Lakes in New York State
 * Skaneateles Creek, the creek that drains the lake
 * Skaneateles Community, a short-lived 1840s utopian social experiment near Mottville, in the town of Skaneateles, New York

title: Skaneateles


text:
Talk:History of Azerbaijan/Shervan

Shervan, Sharvan, or Shirvan, the old region and province, next to the Caspian Sea at the north of Kura (Kor) River, in Albania or Arran of early middle ages and the current Soviet Azerbaijan. The history and geography of the region is not well clear yet. Its old capital has been Shabaran, and in later times Shamakhi, and its northernmost position has been Darband (Bab al-Abvab) [Derbent]. The rulers of Shervan were called Shervanshahs.

After the fall of the Shervanshahs dynasty by the Safavid, Shervan became a province of Iran [Persia], but its (Sunni) dwellers revolted a few times against the rulers of the Shia government of Iran, and asked the Ottoman Sultan for help. In the first Iran-Ottoman wars, Ottoman Turks captured Shervan. In the Turks era, Shervan was extended from Shakki [Shaki/Sheki] in the northwest to Baku in the southeast (Darband [Derbent] had been separated from Shervan from longer ago and had become an independent province). According to the 1724 treaty between Russia and Ottomans, the shores of Shervan including Baku, which was occupied by the Russians at the time, was transferred to Russia and the rest of it (including its capital Shamakhi) was transferred to the Turks. In 1147 AH, Nadir Shah conquered Shamakhi and according to the Ganja Treaty (Shawwal of 1147 AH) the Russians relinquished the coastal regions to Iran without a fight. After the death (1160 AH) of Nadir, Iran's rule over the regions was weakened and new emirates rose there. From this time, the term Shervan was applied to the khanate of Shamakhi. Fatthali Khan, the khan (1758-1789 CE) of Quba, subjugated Darband [Derbent] and Shervan, and was even thinking about the throne of Iran in the last years of his life. After the Qajar dynasty unified Iran, successors of Fatthali faced the Iranian government on one side and Russia on the other. Finally, according to the Golestan Treaty (1228 AH), the Iranian government abandoned its claims on Darband, Quba, Shervan, and Baku. in 1820 the Russians occupied the areas; Mostafa Khan, the khan of Shamakhi, fled to Iran, and his domain became a part of Russia. Currently, the Shervan region is a part of Soviet Azerbaijan.

''The above article is based on the 1966 Persian Encyclopedia and may be a copyright violation. Please don't use for anything but reference.''

title: Talk:History of Azerbaijan/Shervan


text:
Talk:List of rulers of Italy in the period 476–773

This is a list of Odoacer and the highly civilized Goths. The title "King of italy" is a lombard title. lombards are barbarians, like early Franks. Theodoric and his successors are not barbarians.

list is missing the lombard "dynasty"

I don't think Maximinus Thrax really counts as a "barbarian king," as he was a Roman citizen who became Roman Emperor. Kuralyov 20:16, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Well,is this a traditional appelation or what? Otherwise we should move to "post-Roman Empire kings of Italy" or something. Most of these certainly weren't 'barbarian' in any sense of the word (linguistically, culturally, etc.) 83.77.216.101 18:48, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

I agree with the last comment—at least inasmuch as the word barbarian needs to be glossed if readers are to understand what is meant here. The best you get following the barbarian link is "The Romans indiscriminately regarded the various Germanic tribes, the settled Gauls, and the raiding Huns as barbarians all." On that basis, that part of the article which states The term "barbarian" is more applicable to the Lombards than it is to Odoacer and to the Gothic kings: seems like special pleading of some sort. Though for whom and against whom else I cannot begin to guess.

Nevertheless the fact that this is a very useful list—as attested not so much by my belief that it is, but that a lot of useful articles link to it—suggests that I should do the following Any comments? Ian Spackman 14:24, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete the Lombard vs. Gothic special pleading (in the hope that it will be reinstated in a clearer form)
 * Move the article to List of rulers of Italy in the period 476–773
 * Redirect the current page to that one.

OK, in the absence of counsel to the contrary I have done just that. I hope I didn’t break any links in the process. Ian Spackman 17:06, 15 February 2006 (UTC)


text:
The Wings of the Dove

The Wings of the Dove is a 1902 novel by Henry James. It tells the story of Milly Theale, an American heiress stricken with a serious disease, and her effect on the people around her. Some of these people befriend Milly with honourable motives, while others are more self-interested.

Plot summary
Kate Croy and Merton Densher are two betrothed Londoners who desperately want to marry but have very little money. Kate is constantly put upon by family troubles, and is now living with her domineering aunt, Maud Lowder. Into their world comes Milly Theale, an enormously rich young American woman who had previously met and fallen in love with Densher, although she has never revealed her feelings. Her travelling companion and confidante, Mrs. Stringham, is an old friend of Maud. Kate and Aunt Maud welcome Milly to London, and the American heiress enjoys great social success.

With Kate as a companion, Milly goes to see an eminent physician, Sir Luke Strett, because she worries that she is suffering from an incurable disease. The doctor is noncommittal but Milly fears the worst. Kate suspects that Milly is deathly ill. After the trip to America where he had met Milly, Densher returns to find the heiress in London. Kate wants Densher to pay as much attention as possible to Milly, though at first he doesn't quite know why. Kate has been careful to conceal from Milly (and everybody else) that she and Densher are engaged.

With the threat of serious illness hanging over her, Milly decides to travel to Venice with Mrs. Stringham. Aunt Maud, Kate and Densher follow her. At a party Milly gives in her Venice palazzo (the older Palazzo Barbaro, called "Palazzo Leporelli" in the novel), Kate finally reveals her complete plan to Densher: he is to marry Milly so that, after her presumably soon-to-occur death, he will inherit the money they can marry on. Densher had suspected this was Kate's idea, and he demands that she consummate their affair before he will go along with her plan.

Aunt Maud and Kate return to London while Densher remains with Milly. Unfortunately, the dying girl learns from a former suitor of Kate's about the plot to get her money. She withdraws from Densher and her condition deteriorates. Densher sees her one last time before he leaves for London, where he eventually receives news of Milly's death. Milly does leave him a large amount of money despite everything. But Densher does not accept the money, and he will not marry Kate unless she also refuses the bequest. Conversely, if Kate chooses the money instead of him, Densher offers to make the bequest over to her in full. The lovers part on the novel's final page with a cryptic exclamation from Kate: "We shall never be again as we were!"

Inspiration
James based the character Milly on Minny Temple (1845–1870), his beloved cousin who died from tuberculosis. In his autobiography James wrote of The Wings of the Dove as his attempt to wrap her dying in the "beauty and dignity of art". However, as he also said in the preface to the New York Edition text of the novel, James had to prepare the situation that was to occupy Milly for the last months of her life. He established the background of Kate and Densher's inability to marry because of a lack of money.

Though the image of a dove has traditional associations with love and peaceful harmony, specific reference to a dove's wings may connote wealth or money: "Though you lie down among the sheepfolds, the wings of the dove are covered with silver, and her feathers with shimmering gold." (Psalm 68:13)

Literary significance and criticism
The Wings of the Dove has one of the strongest critical positions of any of James' works, although James himself sometimes expressed dissatisfaction with it. In his preface to the New York Edition, James spent much time confessing to supposed faults in the novel: defective structure, characters not as well presented as they could be, and a general failure to realise his initial plan for the book.

By and large, critics have regarded these faults as venial or nonexistent. Instead, they have concentrated on the central characters and supporting cast, and the technique that James uses in their presentation. Drawing on Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's work, critic Rachel Haines has commented on lesbian themes in the novel—what Haines calls its "queer metaphorics of influence and impressibility"—incarnate in desire between Milly, Kate, and Susan (Mrs. Stringham).

In 1998, the Modern Library ranked The Wings of the Dove 26th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.

Theatrical, television, and film adaptations
The first television production of The Wings of the Dove, presented in 1952 on Westinghouse Studio One on CBS, was directed by Franklin J. Schaffner and featured Charlton Heston in one of his earlier roles as Merton Densher. It was adapted for television again in 1959, when it was presented on Playhouse 90, also by CBS. It starred Dana Wynter as Kate Croy. Merton Densher, played by James Donald, was renamed Miles Denshaw for this version.

Playwright Guy Bolton adapted the novel for Broadway as Child of Fortune in 1956. It played a total of 23 performances, opening 13 November 1956 and closing less than three weeks later on 1 December. It starred Mildred Dunnock as Susan Shephard, Norah Howard as Mrs. Lowder, Edmund Purdom as Richard Denning (Merton Densher in the novel), Pippa Scott as Milly Temple (Theale in the novel), and Betsy von Furstenberg as Kate Croy. It played the Royale Theatre (now the Jacobs Theatre) and was directed by Jed Harris.

Composer Douglas Moore adapted the work into an opera which was given its premiere at the New York City Opera on 12 October 1961 with Regina Sarfaty as Kate Croy.

Christopher Taylor adapted the work into a play for the West End's Lyric Theatre, London in 1963. Directed by Frith Banbury, it starred Gene Anderson as Kate Croy, Susannah York as Milly Theale, Wendy Hiller as Susan Shephard, Elspeth March as Maud Lowder, and James Donald as Merton Densher.

It was again adapted as a television play by the BBC in 1979, directed by Rudolph Cartier. Another TV adaptation occurred in 1979 starring John Castle and Suzanne Bertish.

The Wings of the Dove has been made into theatrical films three times, first in 1981, again in 1997, and lastly in 1998. Iain Softley directed the 1997 adaptation starring Helena Bonham Carter as Kate Croy, Alison Elliott as Milly Theale, and Linus Roache as Merton Densher. The film received mostly favourable reviews, and fared well at the box office. Bonham Carter received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. In 1998, the story was adapted into a modernized version for the film Under Heaven. In this version, the story is transplanted from London to Seattle.

title: The Wings of the Dove


text:
Gorani language

Gorani (گۆرانی) also known by its main dialect; Hawrami (ھەورامی, romanized: Hewramî) is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken by ethnic Kurds in northeastern Iraq and western Iran and which with Zaza constitute the Zaza–Gorani languages. Gorani is considered a Kurdish dialect by many researchers.

Gorani is spoken in Iraq and Iran and has four dialects: Bajelani, Hawrami, and Sarli, some sources also include the Shabaki as a dialect of Gorani as well. Of these, Hawrami was the traditional literary language and koiné of Kurds in the historical Ardalan region at the Zagros Mountains, but has since been supplanted by Central Kurdish and Southern Kurdish. Gorani is a literary language for many Kurds.

Gorani had an estimated 180,000 speakers in Iran in 2007 and 120,000 speakers in Iraq as well in 2007 for a total of 300,000 speakers. Ethnologue reports that the language is threatened in both countries and that speakers residing in Iraq includes all adults and some children, however it does not mention if speakers are shifting to Sorani or not. Many speakers of Gorani in Iran also speak Sorani, Persian, as well as Southern Kurdish. Most speakers in Iraq also speak Sorani, while some also speak Mesopotamian Arabic.

Etymology
The name Goran appears to be of Indo-Iranian origin. The name may be derived from the old Avestan word, gairi, which means mountain.

Literature
Under the independent rulers of Ardalan (9th–14th / 14th–19th century), with their capital latterly at Sanandaj, Gorani became the vehicle of a considerable corpus of poetry. Gorani was and remains the first language of the scriptures of the Ahl-e Haqq sect, or Yarsanism, centered on Gahvara. Prose works, in contrast, are hardly known. The structure of Gorani verse is very simple and monotonous. It consists almost entirely of stanzas of two rhyming half-verses of ten syllables each, with no regard to the quantity of syllables.

Names of forty classical poets writing in Gorani are known, but the details of the lives and dates are unknown for the most part. Perhaps the earliest writer is Mele Perîşan, author of a masnavi of 500 lines on the Shi'ite faith who is reported to have lived around 1356–1431. Other poets are known from the 17th–19th centuries and include Shaykh Mustafa Takhtayi, Khana Qubadi, Yusuf Yaska, Mistefa Bêsaranî and Khulam Rada Khan Arkawazi. One of the last great poets to complete a book of poems (divan) in Gurani is Mawlawi Tawagozi south of Halabja.

Kurdish Shahnameh is a collection of epic poems that has been passed down through speech from one generation to the next, that eventually some stories were written down by Almas Khan-e Kanoule'ei in the eighteenth century. There exist also a dozen or more long epic or romantic masnavis, mostly translated by anonymous writers from Persian literature including: Bijan and Manijeh, Khurshid-i Khawar, Khosrow and Shirin, Layla and Majnun, Shirin and Farhad, Haft Khwan-i Rostam and Sultan Jumjuma. Manuscripts of these works are currently preserved in the national libraries of Berlin, London, and Paris.

Example of Gorani poetry
Şîrîn û Xesrew  written in 1740 by Khana Qubadî.

Bajelani
Bajelani is a Gorani dialect with about 59,000 speakers, predominately around Mosul, near Khanaqin and near the Khosar valley.

Hawrami
Hawrami ( هەورامی ;  Hewramî ) also known as Avromani, Awromani or Horami, is a Gorani dialect and is regarded as the most archaic one. It is mostly spoken in the Hawraman region, a mountainous region located in western Iran (Iranian Kurdistan) and northeastern Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan). There are around 23,000 speakers, and it was classed as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO in 2010.

Due to concerns with the decline of Hawrami speakers, as people move away from the Hawraman region to cities like Erbil, Jamal Habibullah Faraj Bedar, a retired teacher from Tawela, decided to translate the Qur'an from Arabic into Hawrami. The translation took two and a half months and 1000 copies of the publication were printed in Tehran.

Sarli
Sarli is spoken in northern Iraq by a cluster of villages north of the Little Zab river, on the confluence of the Khazir River and the Great Zab river, just west-northwest of the city of Kirkuk. It has fewer than 20,000 speakers. Many speakers have been displaced by conflicts in the region. It is reportedly most similar to Bajelani but is also similar to Shabaki. It contains Kurdish, Turkish and Persian influences, like its neighbours Bajelani and Shabaki.

Consonants
All voiceless plosives and affricates are aspirated.

 * A glottal stop [ʔ] may be heard before a word-initial vowel, but is not phonemic.
 * Sounds /ʕ ʁ/ only occur in loanwords.
 * /x/ can also be heard as [χ] among different dialects.
 * /q/ can also be aspirated as [qʰ].
 * The voiced /d/ may be lenited in post-vocal positions, and occur as a voiced dental approximant [ð̞]. In the Nawsud dialects, /d/ can be heard as an alveolar approximant sound [ɹ], and may also be devoiced when occurring in word-final positions as [ɹ̥].
 * In the Nawsud and Nodša dialects, a word-initial /w/ can be heard as a [v] or a labialized [vʷ].
 * /n/ when preceding velar consonants, is heard as a velar nasal [ŋ].

Vowels

 * Sounds /æ ə/ both can be realized as an open-mid [ɛ].

Nouns

 * Hawrami distinguishes between two genders and two cases; Masculine & Feminine, and Nominative & Oblique. The two cases are otherwise referred to as the Direct and Indirect Cases.

Gender distinctions in nouns are indicated by a combination of final stress and vowel/consonant ending. Masculine nouns in the nominative form are indicated by a stressed "-O", -Î”, "-U", "-E", "-A" and all consonant endings. Feminine nouns are indicated by an unstressed "-E", "-Î", a stressed "-Ê" and rarely, a stressed "-A".

There are 3 declensions. The declensions of each gender will be demonstrated as an example.

First Declension (Masculine Consonant Ending; Feminine Short Unstressed Vowel Ending)

 * Masculine : Kur (Boy)
 * Feminine : Xatune (Queen)

Second Declension (Masculine Stressed Short Vowel Ending; Feminine Stressed "-Ê” Ending)

 * Masculine : Yane (House)
 * Feminine : Namê (Name)

Third Declension (Stressed Long "-A" Ending)

 * Masculine : Pîya (Man)
 * Feminine : Dega (Village)

Source Note: " ' " indicates syllable followed will be stressed

In Hawrami, definiteness and indefiniteness is marked by two independent suffixes, "-ew", and "-(a)ka". These suffixes decline for case and gender. The indefinite suffix "-ew" is declined by the first declension pattern while the definite suffix "-(a)ka" follows the second declension paradigm

Textbooks

 * drive.google.com

title: Gorani language


text:
Warbird

A warbird is any vintage military aircraft now operated by civilian organizations and individuals, or in some instances, by historic arms of military forces, such as the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, the RAAF Museum Historic Flight, or the South African Air Force Museum Historic Flight.

Naming
Although the term originally implied piston-driven aircraft from the World War II era, it is now often extended to include all airworthy former military aircraft, including jet-powered aircraft and helicopters.

The several different types of warbirds include the fighter, trainer, bomber, jet, transports, utility, etc. Examples of aircraft types include the North American P-51 Mustang, Vought F4U Corsair, Consolidated B-24 Liberator, Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, North American T-6 Texan, Beechcraft T-34 Mentor, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Hawker Hurricane, Douglas C-47 Skytrain, Avro Lancaster and Supermarine Spitfire.

Sometimes, modern production aircraft such as Allison V-1710-powered Yakovlev Yak-9s from Yakovlev and replicas and reproductions of vintage aircraft are called "warbirds", such as Messerschmitt Me 262s built by the Me 262 Project and Focke-Wulf Fw 190s by Flug + Werk; this can include any one of a large number of different aircraft designs from between World War I and the late 1930s, when military aircraft design was less complex. Such replicated warbirds may even be powered by vintage engines from the era of the aircraft design being flown, as Cole Palen and others associated with his institution did at Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome aviation museum with accurate and airworthy reproductions of the Fokker Dr.I, Fokker D.VII, Fokker D.VIII, Sopwith Camel, and Sopwith Dolphin World War I aircraft.

Major operators of historic aircraft

 * Alpine Fighter Collection of New Zealand Fighter Pilots Museum
 * Amicale Jean-Baptiste Salis
 * Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
 * Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum
 * Historical Aviation Restoration Society
 * Shuttleworth Collection
 * Royal Australian Air Force No. 100 Squadron
 * Temora Historic Flight (Temora Aviation Museum)
 * The Fighter Collection
 * In the United States:
 * Army Aviation Heritage Foundation
 * Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation
 * Collings Foundation
 * Commemorative Air Force
 * EAA Aviation Museum
 * Fantasy of Flight
 * Lone Star Flight Museum
 * Military Aviation Museum
 * Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome
 * Planes of Fame Museum
 * Yankee Air Force

Restoration process
Vintage warbird restoration, or classic aircraft restoration, is the process of taking aircraft from the previous era, and performing processes such as maintenance, repairs, and refurbishments to restore the aircraft to its original military configuration (minus any working weaponry). According to Classic Warplanes, some of the tasks performed on these vintage aircraft include:
 * Structural repairs
 * Standard maintenance
 * Interior and exterior paint
 * Decals and stamps
 * Upholstery replacements
 * Control heads and radios
 * Parachutes, ejection seats, and ejection seat cartridges
 * Rewiring
 * Replacement of real weaponry with nonoperating replicas

Airshows
Restored warbirds are a frequent attraction at airshows. Airshows are held all over the world annually. Warbird Alley claims that some of the best-known airshows that feature warbirds are:
 * Alliance Airshow – Fort Worth, Texas
 * Commemorative Air Force AIRSHO – Midland, Texas
 * Classic Fighters – Blenheim, Marlborough, NZ
 * Dayton Airshow – Dayton, Ohio
 * EAA AirVenture Oshkosh – Oshkosh, Wisconsin
 * History of Flight Airshow – Geneseo, New York
 * Indianapolis Airshow – Indianapolis, Indiana
 * Miramar Airshow – Miramar, California
 * Sun 'n Fun – Lakeland, Florida
 * Warbirds over the Beach – Virginia Beach, Virginia
 * Warbirds over Monroe – Monroe, North Carolina
 * Warbirds over Wanaka – Wānaka, Otago

In Europe, one of the best-known warbird airshows is the annual Flying Legends arranged in Imperial War Museum Duxford in UK. La Ferté-Alais air show in France collects warbirds annually, too. Warbirds fly also in most of the Shuttleworth Collection flying days in UK every summer.

In Australia a biennial event, Warbirds Downunder, is held at the Temora Aviation Museum in Temora, NSW "for a two-day celebration of Australian aviation history". The event features warbirds from private and museum collections around the country (such as the HARS collection), both in flying and static displays, as well as being regularly supported by current squadrons of the Royal Australian Air Force, including No. 100 Squadron and the RAAF formation aerobatic display team, the Roulettes.

In New Zealand there is an airshow over the Easter Weekend each year, this alternates between the Warbirds Over Wanaka in Wānaka, Otago and Classic Fighters in Blenheim, Marlborough. These are well supported by the large fleet of warbirds in NZ, as well as the RNZAF and RAAF. There are also smaller shows held in Masterton, Tauranga and Auckland.

Air racing
Highly modified and "stock" warbirds can also frequently be seen at air races, since World War II-era fighters are among the fastest propeller-driven airplanes ever built.

The premier event for warbird air racing is the Reno Air Races, held each September near Reno, Nevada. There are several classes of racing that facilitate the application of warbirds in the sport, including the:
 * Jet Class
 * T-6 Class
 * Unlimited Class

Some of the most popular warbirds for racing are the North American P-51 Mustang, the Hawker Sea Fury, the Grumman F8F Bearcat, and the North American T-6 Texan.

In more recent years, straight wing, jet-powered warbirds such as the Aero L-29 Delfin, Aero L-39 Albatros, BAC Jet Provost, De Havilland Vampire, and PZL TS-11 Iskra have seen the conception of their own racing class, known simply as the Jet Class.

Clubs and organizations
Some organizations in the United States are:
 * Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA): The primary focus of the group started with building individual airplanes, and it soon grew to include antiques, classics, warbirds, aerobatic aircraft, ultralights, helicopters, and contemporary manufactured aircraft.
 * Warbirds of America is a nonprofit organization formed in 1964. A year after its start, it became a branch of the EAA.
 * Classic Jet Aircraft Association
 * Commemorative Air Force

title: Warbird


text:
National Capitol of Colombia

The National Capitol of Colombia (Capitolio Nacional de Colombia), often simply referred to as Capitolio Nacional (National Capitol), is a building on Bolivar Square in central Bogotá, the construction of which began in 1848 and was finished in 1926. It houses both houses of the Congress of Colombia. It was designed by Thomas Reed.

Murals
In 1938, Ignacio Gómez Jaramillo painted two murals for the Capitolio Nacional in Bogotá.

In 1947 for the Inter American Conference, Santiago Martínez Delgado painted a majestic mural under commission of the then director of the OEA, Alberto Lleras Camargo and Conference organizer Laureano Gómez, two men who later became Presidents of Colombia. This mural of the Elliptic chamber National Congress Building, made in the fresco style, represents Bolivar and Santander exiting the Cucuta congress during the creation of the Great Colombia. The mural is considered the most important fresco in the country and the artist's main masterpiece.

title: National Capitol of Colombia


text:
Talk:Gorani language

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): ArieniT.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:33, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
This is not checked for accuracy, but simply a result of disambiguation and 'prettification' of the Babelfish translation in the Old Gorani page ( now under talk:Gorani (Kosovo)). Please check and sclarify

Move to Gorani (language)
Regarding the science of antrapology and genetic studies, speakers of Zazki(Dımılki), Gorani(Hewrami), Kurmanji, Sorani, Luri, kelhuri, Bahtiyari do not differ racially from each other though they differs much from other iranian groups in many aspects. But in the course of time, Kurds, being members of different religions and using different religious books of different languages had some impect on their origional language. And other social, cultural and political expositions made some modifications on their language regionally. Zazaki or Gorani[Hewrami)seem to be the least modiefied remains of old kurdish language spoken by medians and partians and other ansestors of kurds and also closest to ancient sacred language of avesta and scripts of yaresan or alevi beleifs among all other kurdi languages.

As per naming conventions page should be renamed. "Kurdish" is too spesific, "language" is aproporate. There also appears to be a contravercy weather or not Gorani is a Kurdish dialect, this rename would also avoid such an unnecesary pov issue. -- Cat out 01:54, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I would suggest "Gorani (linguistics)"; see Mandarin (linguistics) and Cantonese (linguistics) for similar examples. Peter O. (Talk) 03:29, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * In addition, your suggestion might imply that Gorani is a language, which might be disputed. My name suggestion avoids such issues.  Peter O. (Talk) 03:32, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I have no objections. — Khoikhoi 03:44, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I have no objections either. -- Cat out 18:05, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * --To my suggestion? Peter O. (Talk) 21:37, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * To your move. :-) — Khoikhoi 22:17, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I am also pleased. I consider this move discussion complete and am removing the template accordingly. -- Cat out 09:13, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The discussion about whether Gorani is kurdish or not is sometimes absurd. It is interresting that outsider linguists and scholars label Gorani as non-kurdish when the Goranis themselvescall themselves Kurd and their language/dialect Kurdi (Kurdish). However there is no question about that the Kurmanjis language is Kurdish according to linguists. This however in spite of that the Kurmajis call their language/dialect Kurmanji. So what should be asked is who is a kurd? the Gorans or the Kurmanj? should the kurds define themselves or should outsiders label who is a kurd and who is not? If we accept thet the Gorans are Kurds and the kurmanjs are not then we have a ridiculous situation, when the majority group of the kurds are not kurds. It should also be remembered that the difference between language and dialect is a political matter, norwegian, swedish and danish would easily be qualified as one language. However due to political issues they are not. Since the kurds haven't been a political power for the latest 100 years, labeling of the kurds hasn't been made by the kurds themselves. So Gorani is also Kurdish, perhaps "more" kurdish than "the kurdish(ie. kurmanji) language" itself.

Wow, these turkish nationalists are sooo lame... Man.. From now on I shall create lots of accounts and start writing lies about the turks, as they have done. Then, perhaps this stupid encyclopedia, shall understad that they are making people more stupid. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.140.193.209 (talk) 17:34, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Merging Gorani and Pehlewani
Although people have mistakenly used the words Pehlewani and Gorani synonymously, the merging of Pehlewani and Gorani as one would be technically incorrect. Pehlewani is a broad and "mother" branch that encompasses several Indo-Iranian languages or dialects, which includes Gorani. Gorani is one language or dialect, or a series of dialects, belonging to the Pehlewani branch. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.70.250.61 (talk) 22:46, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Gorani
The term Gorani is used by native Kurds for all Kurdish dialects of southern Kurdistan, known in linguistics as southern Kurdish. However western linguists often mistakenly used (and may still use) Gorani for Haurami. which is a small enclave between central Kurdish (Sorani) and southern Kurdish (Gorani). Ellipi (talk) 13:45, 1 February 2009 (UTC)
 * there are gorani people in the balkans too. gora means mountain in macedonian language as well as in pashto language. another word. dolina. means valey in macedonian language, as well as in pashto. that can not be coincidence. but i wonder what's the word for mountain in greek (since they were present on the both ends of the civilized world)? wait. βουνό = buno :D .89.205.59.148 (talk) 21:25, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

Reverting edit
, kindly let me know why did you revert my edit here? Many scholars think that Gorani is a dialect of Kurdish and some as Hennerbichler recently have put forward the theory of Kurdish Complex that includes Gorani. Please use the talk page before reverting edits. Thanks Pirehelo (talk) 20:46, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

According to "language classification section" in the article, Gorani belongs to Zaza–Gorani branch of Northwestern Iranian and it is not linguistically related to Kurdish branch Northwestern Iranian languages. Despite some resources and linguistics, It is not considered as a dialect of Kurdish Languages! You have edited the article so that the content explicitly contradicts the "language classification section"!

 * https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hac
 * https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hac
 * https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gura1251

برسام (talk) 06:53, 28 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The references clearly states that Gorani is closely related to Kurdish. Why did you remove academic reliable sources? Until you explain the removal of referenced information, I will revert your edit. As of now it looks to be your personal disagreement with the info. --Semsurî (talk) 10:16, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

I'm going to report you to ANI for disruptive editing. Removing well-sourced references for the close relationship between the Kurdish continuum and Gorani just because it does not fit your worldview is vandalism. Also, the Izady reference you added yourself also clearly states that Gorani is influenced immensely by Kurdish (but I suppose you ignored that). --Semsurî (talk) 10:35, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

The meaning of the Gorani has not been mentioned in the resource you introduced. There is nothing in page 127 abut the meaning of Gorani. Resource,page 111 : "Its former literary ascendancy is possibly still reflected by the fact that the term gorani is the common word for "song" in Sorani." This sentence does not show what you mean. برسام (talk) 05:28, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

Admin note: You two are in danger of getting blocked for edit warring. I am going to full-protect the article for a couple of days to keep that from happening. Meanwhile you need to discuss the issues here, on this talk page and nowhere else. Make your points clearly, without insulting the other user. Be sure to cite your sources, because sourcing is what ultimately decides what goes in the article. -- MelanieN (talk) 21:02, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

If they don't intend to explain their edit changes, I will be re-adding removed sourced info. --Semsurî (talk) 11:39, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

Removal of information
You should use this page to explain why you remove academic references for someone like Minahan. It won't help keep re-adding the same when it will be removed. --Semsûrî (talk) 11:24, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

I added a lot of resources and information, I did not delete any resources. the person pursues to create perception with Kurdish ideological ideas as he does in all articles Benahol (talk) 11:27, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

 * You definitely removed information.. Why did you remove this?: "Gorani is considered a Kurdish dialect by many researchers."

I fixed the wrong places with new sources. Benahol (talk) 11:36, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

That was not a 'fix'. --Semsûrî (talk) 11:40, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

Yes i corrected. When the page is opened I will be editing more appropriately. Benahol (talk) 11:48, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

language page (not ethnicity page)
why some users insistently want a page with ethnic information. Shouldn't it just be language related? Not the Zaza people or the Gorani people page. Zaza Language and Gorani Language page. Benahol (talk) 10:45, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Removal of the voiced dental fricative
In the source for the phonology (The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia ) the symbol "ð" is used but it is 1: not used as a symbol for voiced dental fricative and 2:it is not considered to have "full phonemic status". In the article page it is said "The voiced /d/ may be lenited in post-vocal positions, and occur as a voiced dental approximant [ð̞]." and that symbol was used for that in the source

I tried to remove it but my edit got reverted.

Azhwan.haghiri (talk) 17:01, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gorani language


text: User talk:64.12.116.10

title: User talk:64.12.116.10


text:
The Ambassadors

The Ambassadors is a 1903 novel by Henry James, originally published as a serial in the North American Review (NAR). The novel is a dark comedy which follows the trip of protagonist Lewis Lambert Strether to Europe to bring the son of his widowed fiancée back to the family business. The novel is written in the third-person, from Strether's point of view.

Plot summary
Lewis Lambert Strether, the protagonist of the novel, is a cultured man in his fifties from the fictional town of Woollett, Massachusetts, who is dispatched to Paris to find Chad, the wayward son of his fiancée Mrs Newsome. The book is entirely told from Strether's point of view and chronicles his change from an American to a European view of things.

Strether, a middle-aged American of insignificant means, is sent to Paris by Mrs. Newsome, his wealthy fiancée. The mission he has been given is to talk her son, Chad, into returning to the family business in Woollett, Massachusetts. The Newsome family believes that Chad might be overstaying his European tour because of an inappropriate romantic liaison, perhaps with a vulgar adventuress. The reader is given to understand, in indirect ways, that if Strether fails, his engagement to Mrs. Newsome is at risk. Strether meets Maria Gostrey who delivers valuable insights about things European to him (and the reader).

Once Strether locates Chad, he is surprised to discover that Chad has improved from when he last knew him in America. Chad exhibits restrained urbanity, elegance and manners. This is not what Strether expected of someone in the grip of an inappropriate romantic entanglement. Strether wonders what has caused the transformation he sees in Chad. When Chad offers to introduce him to some of his close friends—Madame de Vionnet and her grown daughter Jeanne—Strether eagerly accepts. When the introduction occurs, Strether finds the mother and the daughter to be refined, virtuous and thoroughly admirable. He wonders if the lovely daughter is what has brought about the improvements in Chad. He learns that Madame de Vionnet is married but has been separated from her husband for years.

Strether himself is introduced to Paris in a way that starts to open his own mind and heart to a larger vision of the world's possibilities. He feels alive and renewed. His own interest in returning to America wanes. It is also clear that he is not exerting himself to talk Chad into returning. He develops some feelings for Madame de Vionnet. Chad has made clear he has no interest in marrying Jeanne de Vionnet, for whom he arranges a suitable marriage, while his liaison continues "virtuously" with Mme de Vionnet.

Meanwhile, Mrs. Newsome grows tired of Strether's failure to act. She sends over a set of new ambassadors to accomplish the mission—including her daughter and son-in-law. The group clearly doesn't see Paris, life's possibilities, Chad or Madame de Vionnet in the same way that Strether does. Sarah (Newsome) Pocock demands that Strether get himself in line and insist to Chad that Chad return. While the Pocock party is away on a short trip, Strether ventures out of Paris for a day of random wandering and accidentally happens upon Chad and Madame de Vionnet in a setting where it is evident that they are romantically and sexually entangled. He feels deceived but still acknowledges the improvements in Chad's character.

Chad makes the decision to return to Woollett, which will mean the sundering of his relationship with Madame de Vionnet. Strether has very mixed feelings about this. He, too, will return to Woollett, even if this means a less-alive existence. It is unclear whether Mrs. Newsome will receive him back into her graces.

Major themes
Henry James got the idea for The Ambassadors from his friend, novelist William Dean Howells, who while visiting his son in Paris was so impressed with European culture that he wondered if life hadn't passed him by.

The theme of liberation from a cramped, almost starved, emotional life into a more generous and gracious existence plays throughout The Ambassadors, yet it is noteworthy that James does not naïvely portray Paris as a faultless paradise for culturally stunted Americans. Strether learns about the reverse side of the European coin when he sees how desperately Marie fears losing Chad, after all she has done for him. As one critic proposed, Strether does not shed his American straitjacket only to be fitted with a more elegant European model, but instead learns to evaluate every situation on its merits, without prejudices, by selection. The final lesson of Strether's European experience is to distrust preconceived notions and perceptions from anyone, anywhere, but to rely upon his own observation and judgment.

Mediation/Intermediation: a major theme of the novel involves Strether's position as an ambassador. Strether, when giving his final account to Maria Gostrey, justifies his decisions by connecting his intermediary position to his concerns about gaining experience (and pleasure) whilst working on behalf of others. This conflict between personal desire and duty is important to consider when thinking about Strether's psychology.

Publishing history
The publishing history of The Ambassadors is complex, even for a work by James. The novel was written between October 1900 and July 1901, before The Wings of the Dove (1902), yet he did not immediately find a publisher. To fit the eventual NAR serialization, passages were omitted, including three chapters. For the book versions, James expected to use the serial-version proofs to provide the majority of copy to the London and New York City publishers, but the NAR supplied him only one set, instead of the requested two; thus, in August 1903, James supplied the British publisher with a carbon-copy of the unrevised, original typescript to enable them to meet their scheduled publication date. Moreover, at that time, he also lacked duplicate copies of the omitted passages, and those two circumstances resulted in significant textual variations in the Methuen edition. One of the most serious variations was that a chapter, not published in the serial version, was inserted before 'chapter 28', not after it, as in the Harper edition (which James thoroughly proof-read). Five years later, when he prepared the revised text for the New York Edition (NYE), James worked from the Harper edition, and the two chapters (numbers 28 and 29) became chapters 1 and 2 in book 11.

In 1950, Robert E. Young, knowing neither the Methuen edition difference nor the details of James's work on the novel, argued that the NYE order was incorrect, based upon the chronology of the story's events. Most critics agreed with Young, especially when Leon Edel noted the Methuen edition order, and, since then, most published versions of The Ambassadors, which usually use the NYE text, have reversed the order of the two chapters; however, the textual and bibliographical scholar Jerome McGann reopened the question in 1992. He noted that the publishing history revealed by Birch made it unlikely that James had the order wrong in the editions he closely supervised. Moreover, he controversially claimed that when James wrote to novelist Mrs Humphry Ward mentioning a "fearful ... weakness" he was referring to the chapter order in her Methuen edition copy. McGann explained the chronological discrepancies by noting that the start of (the Harper edition) chapter 28 tells that it will describe a conversation that will occur in the 'future' (relative to the juncture reached in the story), and that the 'that evening' line, at the start of chapter 29, refers not to the evening just described in chapter 28, but to the previous one.

Since 1992, few publishers of new editions of The Ambassadors have followed McGann's research and restored James's apparently preferred order, but, in characteristic postmodern way, it is now up to the reader to decide in which order these chapters should be read.

Literary significance and criticism
In the New York Edition preface Henry James proclaimed The Ambassadors as the best of his novels. Critics have generally agreed that it ranks high in the list of his achievements, though E. M. Forster and F. R. Leavis have been notable dissenters. James's evocation of Paris has gained many plaudits, as the city becomes a well-realized symbol of the beauty and the sorrow of European culture.

Critical controversy has swirled over Strether's refusal of Maria Gostrey, with some seeing it as a perverse rejection of his best chance for happiness. Others have said that Strether, whilst a great friend of Maria's, is not in love with her, and that the couple could not have made a successful marriage. Critics also have speculated about whether or not Chad will heed Strether's advice to remain with Marie, or if he will return to America for the substantial rewards of family business – their general verdict is that Chad will follow the money.

In a letter to a friend, James said that Strether bears a vague resemblance (though not facial) to his creator. It is true that Strether shows an ability to grow in understanding and good judgment, although some critics have seen him as limited and timid, despite his European experiences.

A continuing literary mystery is the nature of the "little nameless object" made in Woollett. Strether calls it: "a little thing they make—make better, it appears, than other people can, or than other people, at any rate, do"; and he calls the business: "a manufacture that, if it's only properly looked after, may well be on the way to become a monopoly". In an article in Slate magazine, Joshua Glenn proposes that the nameless object is a toothpick, while other critics have proposed matches, toilet articles, button hooks, et cetera.

In 1998, the Modern Library ranked The Ambassadors 27th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.

Literature

 * Patricia Highsmith's novel, The Talented Mr. Ripley (1955), begins with the protagonist, Tom Ripley, traveling to Europe in pursuit of a wealthy man's son with orders to bring him back to the family business. The inspiration is acknowledged in the novel with an explicit mention of James' The Ambassadors.
 * Cynthia Ozick's novel, Foreign Bodies (2010), tells the story of The Ambassadors with a woman as the protagonist.

Stage productions

 * A musical theatre version of The Ambassadors, titled Ambassador, was first produced in 1971 in London's West End, then on Broadway in 1972; it proved unsuccessful.

Television

 * The BBC television adaptation of the novel for their Play of the Month television series first aired on March 13, 1977, with Paul Scofield as "Strether" and Lee Remick as "Maria Gostrey" (she later played "Eugenia" in the 1979 Merchant Ivory cinema version of The Europeans).

title: The Ambassadors


text:
Bill Jones (California politician)

William Leon Jones (born December 20, 1949) is an American politician from California who served in the California State Assembly and later served as California's 25th Secretary of State for two terms from 1995 to 2003 under Governors Pete Wilson and later Gray Davis. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Governor of California in 2002 as well as an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate from California in 2004 against incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer. As of 2024, Jones is the last Republican to be elected to California Secretary of State to date.

Early life
Born in Coalinga, California, Jones earned his bachelor's degree in agribusiness and plant sciences from California State University, Fresno in 1971.

Member of the California State Assembly
In 1976, Jones began his political career with an unsuccessful run for the 31st District State Assembly seat against then State Senate aide and future Congressman Richard H. Lehman. Lehman defeated Jones by just under ten points and went on to represent the Fresno-based Assembly district for six years before being elected to the U.S. House. Jones spent those six years working as a farmer.

After the redistricting of 1982, Jones again sought a seat in the state legislature. This time, Jones soundly defeated Democrat Clyde Gould for California's 32nd Assembly District seat. Jones easily won reelection five times, carrying at least 69% of the vote in each election and twice running unopposed for the seat. Jones served in the Assembly from 1982 to 1994.

Proposition 184
One of Jones's most notable contributions while in the Assembly was authoring Proposition 184, California's three-strikes law, which passed with 72%. In 2000, 61% of California voters supported Proposition 36, which scaled the three-strikes law back by supporting drug treatment instead of life in prison for many convicted of possessing drugs. During the November 2004 elections, Proposition 66, which would have further limited California's three-strikes law, was voted down at the polls by 53% of the voters.

Assembly leadership
For years, Jones was an intra-party adversary of Assembly Republican Leader Ross Johnson, and nearly ousted him from the party leadership. After authoring Proposition 184, Jones was elected the Assembly Republican Leader in 1991. In that capacity, Jones worked with the newly elected Republican Governor Pete Wilson, supporting Wilson's plans to limit gerrymandering and raise taxes to cut the budget deficit. Due to more competitive districts, Republicans expected large gains in the 1992 election. However, the coattails of Democratic Presidential nominee Bill Clinton and the general strength of the Democratic Party in California led to disappointing results for Republican candidates. After the Republicans' weak showing in the November 1992 elections, Jones stepped down as Republican Leader, despite having easily won re-election in his own district.

California Secretary of State
Jones left the State Assembly after being elected Secretary of State, serving two terms in that office from 1995 to 2003. As the state's chief elections officer, Jones stated his goal was "100 percent participation but zero tolerance for voter fraud".

Use of the Internet was another priority of Jones's during his tenure as Secretary of State. In 2000, his office drafted a report stating that "California citizens should be online- not in line." His plan called for putting 90% of government services online by the expiration of his term while also "taking important steps toward closing the Digital Divide to ensure no Californians are left behind." Through use of technology, the Secretary of State's office registered or reregistered over 9 million voters, while purging 3 million ineligible voters from the rolls.

Jones was the first California Secretary of State to place campaign finance information on the Internet. In addition to providing instant Internet access to campaign finance reports, Jones launched the nation's first Internet site that carried live election returns on Election Day. Following the 2000 presidential election, Jones developed a 10-point election reform plan to modernize voting systems used in California. The plan was soon adopted as a national model for other states to use. However, it was controversial for allowing for wide and open adoption of Internet and electronic vote technology with many private vendors competing and few or no technical safeguards in common.

Role in suppressing vote pairing in October 2000
During his tenure as California's Secretary of State, Jones may have played a role in the outcome of the 2000 presidential election, when he charged that vote pairing Internet web sites were illegal. Many of these web sites were hosted in California, and were shut down by October 31 after Jones threatened their creators with criminal prosecution.

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) got involved to protect the web sites, seeking a restraining order, followed by a permanent injunction, against Jones, alleging that he had violated the constitutional rights of the web site creators. The issue could be resolved only after the 2000 election had already occurred. Later, the federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the legality of vote pairing.

Run for California Governor
In 2002, Jones ran in the Republican gubernatorial primary, finishing third, with 16%, behind former Mayor of Los Angeles Richard Riordan and businessman William Simon, Jr., who went on to be defeated by incumbent Gray Davis in the general election.

Jones' campaign largely addressed issues of budget deficits, electrical shortages, and perceived corruption in the Davis administration. Building on his success promoting technology as Secretary of State, Jones's platform contained an eGovernment plank. However, much of his campaign concentrated on his past experience and support from state Republican luminaries like former Governor George Deukmejian, as opposed to specific plans for addressing the state's budget and energy crises.

E-mail spamming controversy
During his unsuccessful primary campaign, Jones' campaign manager drew criticism for spamming (sending bulk emails to) potential voters and others around the world. After the spamming incidents, Jones spokesman Darrel Ng denied spamming was wrong and strongly defended the use of mass email for campaigns as an "innovative way to use the Internet." The hosting provider of the Jones campaign web site terminated its services for the last few days of the campaign.

Run for U.S. Senate
Following his unsuccessful run for governor in 2002, Jones tried a run for the U.S. Senate. Although he won the 2004 Republican primary over former U.S. Treasurer Rosario Marin, Jones lost the general election to Senator Barbara Boxer, with 38% of the vote. His campaign was so ill-funded that he did not run a single television commercial to promote his candidacy.

Career after public office
As Secretary of State, Jones had been responsible for regulating the voting-related services of private companies. After leaving office, he became a paid consultant to one of those companies, Sequoia Voting Systems.

title: Bill Jones (California politician)