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Golden calf

According to the Bible and the Quran, the golden calf (עֵגֶל הַזָּהָב) was a cult image made by the Israelites when Moses went up to Mount Sinai. In Hebrew, the incident is known as "the sin of the calf" (חֵטְא הָעֵגֶל). It is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus.

Bull worship was common in many cultures. In Egypt, whence according to the Exodus narrative, the Israelites had recently come, the Apis was a comparable object of worship, which some believe the Hebrews were reviving in the wilderness. Alternatively, some believe Yahweh, the national god of the Israelites, was associated with or pictured as a sacred bull through the process of religious assimilation and syncretism. Among the Canaanites, some of whom would become the Israelites, the bull was widely worshipped as the Lunar Bull and the creature of El.

Biblical narrative
When Moses went up Mount Sinai to receive the Ten Commandments, he left the Israelites for forty days and nights. The Israelites feared that he would not return and demanded that Aaron make them "a god who shall go before us". Aaron told the Israelites' to bring their golden earrings and ornaments in order to stall for time, constructed a "golden calf" and he declared, "'This is your god, O Israel, who brought you out of the land of Egypt!'".

Aaron built an altar before the calf and proclaimed the next day to be a feast to (again in order to stall for time). "Early next day, the people offered up burnt offerings and brought sacrifices of well-being; they sat down to eat and drink, and then rose to dance."

told Moses what the Israelites were up to back in camp, that they had turned aside quickly from the way which God commanded them and he was going to destroy them and start a new people from Moses. Moses pleaded that they should be spared "And renounced the punishment planned for God’s people."

Moses went down from the mountain; upon seeing the calf, he became angry and threw down the two Tablets of Stone, breaking them. Moses burnt the golden calf in a fire, ground it to powder, scattered it on water, and forced the Israelites to drink it. When Moses asked him, Aaron admitted to collecting the gold and throwing it into the fire; he said it came out as a calf.

Exclusion of the Levites and mass execution
The Bible records that the tribe of Levi did not worship the golden calf. Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said, “Whoever is for YHWH, come here!” Then all the men of Levi rallied to him. "He said to them, "Thus says, the God of Israel: Each of you put sword on thigh, go back and forth from gate to gate throughout the camp, and slay sibling, neighbor, and kin." The men of Levi did as Moses had bidden; and some three thousand of the people fell that day. And Moses said, "Dedicate yourselves to this day—for each of you has been against blood relations—that [God] may bestow a blessing upon you today.""

Other mentions in the Bible
The golden calf is mentioned in. "But they, our ancestors, became arrogant and stiff-necked, and they did not obey your commands. They refused to listen and failed to remember the miracles you performed among them. They became stiff-necked and in their rebellion appointed a leader in order to return to their slavery. But you are a forgiving God, gracious and compassionate, slow to anger and abounding in love. Therefore you did not desert them, even when they cast for themselves an image of a calf and said, 'This is your god, who brought you up out of Egypt', or when they committed awful blasphemies.

Because of your great compassion you did not abandon them in the wilderness. By day the pillar of cloud did not fail to guide them on their path, nor the pillar of fire by night to shine on the way they were to take. You gave your good Spirit to instruct them. You did not withhold your manna from their mouths, and you gave them water for their thirst. For forty years you sustained them in the wilderness; they lacked nothing, their clothes did not wear out nor did their feet become swollen."

The language suggests that there are some inconsistencies in the other accounts of the Israelites and their use of the calf. As the version in Exodus and 1 Kings are written by Deuteronomistic historians based in the southern Kingdom of Judah, there is a proclivity to expose the Israelites as unfaithful. The inconsistency is primarily located in Exodus 32:4 where "gods" is plural despite the construction of a single calf.

The episode of the golden calf is also mentioned in the New Testament, by the apostle Paul, in 1 Corinthians chapter 10, as a warning against idolatry. "Now these things occurred as examples to keep us from setting our hearts on evil things as they did. Do not be idolaters, as some of them were... ."

Scholars are divided on other intertextual references to the golden calf in the Torah, notably the ordeal of the bitter water in the Book of Numbers 5:17–24. Specific elements of the ritual, such as the powder mixed into water and being forced to drink, echo similar language in the aftermath of Moses punishing Israel at the end of the narrative.

Jeroboam's golden calves at Bethel and Dan
According to, after Jeroboam establishes the northern Kingdom of Israel, he contemplates the sacrificial practices of the Israelites. "Jeroboam thought to himself, "The kingdom will now likely revert to the house of David. If these people go up to offer sacrifices at the temple of the in Jerusalem, they will again give their allegiance to their lord, Rehoboam king of Judah. They will kill me and return to King Rehoboam." After seeking advice, the king made two golden calves. He said to the people, "It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem. Here are your gods, Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt." One he set up in Bethel, and the other in Dan. And this thing became a sin; the people came to worship the one at Bethel and went as far as Dan to worship the other."

His concern was that the tendency to offer sacrifices in Jerusalem, which is in the southern Kingdom of Judah, would lead to a return to King Rehoboam. He makes two golden calves and places them in Bethel and Dan. He erects the two calves in what he figures (in some interpretations) as substitutes for the cherubim built by King Solomon in Jerusalem.

However, in the Antiquities of the Jews (v. VIII: 8), which is taken from the Septuagint, Josephus states: "He made two golden heifers, and built two little temples for them, the one in the city Bethel, and the other in Dan...and he put the heifers into both the little temples in the aforementioned cities."

Richard Elliott Friedman says "at a minimum we can say that the writer of the golden calf account in Exodus seems to have taken the words that were traditionally ascribed to Jeroboam and placed them in the mouths of the people." Friedman believes that the story was turned into a polemic, exaggerating the throne platform decoration into idolatry, by a family of priests sidelined by Jeroboam.

The declarations of Aaron's people and Jeroboam are almost identical: After making the golden calf or golden calves, both Aaron and Jeroboam celebrate festivals. Aaron builds an altar and Jeroboam ascends an altar (Exod 32:5–6; 1 Kings 12:32–33).
 * 'These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt' (Exod 32:4, 8);
 * 'Behold your gods, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt' (1 Kings 12:28)

Jewish views
In Legends of the Jews, the Conservative rabbi and scholar Louis Ginzberg wrote that the worship of the golden calf was the disastrous consequence for Israel who took a mixed multitude in their exodus from Egypt. Had not the mixed multitude joined them, Israel would not have been misled to worship this molten idol. The form of the calf itself came from a magical virtue of an ornament leaf with the image of the bull which is made by Aaron.

The devotion of Israel to this worship of the calf was partly explained by a circumstance at passing through the Red Sea, when they beheld the most distinct creature about the Celestial Throne which is the resemblance of ox, then they thought it was an ox who had helped God in their journey from Egypt. After seeing Hur, son of Miriam, who was carelessly murdered by the people following his rebuke of their ingratitude action to God, Aaron was willing rather to take a sin upon himself to make an idol than to cast the burden of an evil deed upon the people if they commit so terrible sin of killing a priest and prophet among them.

Also there would be among the Israelites no priestly caste, and the nation would have been a nation of priests only if Israel had not sinned through worshiping the golden calf that the greater part of the people lost the right to priesthood, except the tribe of Levi as the only tribe who remained faithful to God and did not partake in this sinful deed.

According to Nachman of Breslov, everyone contributed to the building of the Tabernacle, and the contribution that each Jew made was his or her good points. Thus, the Tabernacle was built by the good points found in each person; this was sufficient to counteract the blemish of the golden calf. The "good points" are reflected in the "gold, silver and copper" that the Jews donated. The various colors of these metals reflect the Supernal Colors and the beauty of a person's good deeds.

Christian views
Justus Knecht gives two important moral points from the episode of the golden calf: 1) The Mercy of God. "The people of Israel had sinned horribly against God by their idolatry, and yet, at Moses’ intercession, He forgave them." 2) Idolatry. "The weak people were most ungrateful and faithless to God. The Lord had done such great things for them! Only forty days before, full of holy fear, they had heard His voice and had repeatedly promised obedience to His Commandments; and now they transgressed the first and most important of them, and forsook God to worship idols. Saint Paul calls lust and covetousness idolatry. Whenever a man loves anything more than he loves God, he is guilty of idolatry."

Islamic Views
The incident of the worship of the golden calf is narrated in the second chapter of the Quran, named Al-Baqarah, and other works of Islamic literature. The Quran narrates that after they refused to enter the promised land, God decreed that as punishment the Israelites would wander for forty years. Moses continued to lead the Israelites to Mount Sinai for divine guidance. According to Islamic literature, God ordered Moses to fast for forty nights before receiving the guidance for the Israelites. When Moses completed the fasts, he approached God for guidance. During this time, Moses had instructed the Israelites that Aaron was to lead them.

The Israelites grew restless, since Moses had not returned to them, and after thirty days, a man the Quran names as Samiri raised doubts among the Israelites. Samiri claimed that Moses had forsaken the Israelites and ordered his followers among the Israelites to light a fire and bring him all the jewelry and gold ornaments they had. Samiri fashioned the gold into a golden calf along with the dust on which the angel Gabriel had trodden, which he proclaimed to be the God of Moses and the God who had guided them out of Egypt. There is a sharp contrast between the Quranic and the biblical accounts of the prophet Aaron's actions. The Quran mentions that Aaron attempted to guide and warn the people from worshipping the golden calf. However, the Israelites refused to stop until Moses had returned. The righteous separated themselves from the pagans. God informed Moses that he had tried the Israelites in his absence and that they had failed by worshipping the golden calf.

Returning to the Israelites in great anger, Moses asked Aaron why he had not stopped the Israelites when he had seen them worshipping the golden calf. The Quran reports that Aaron stated that he did not act due to the fear that Moses would blame him for causing divisions among the Israelites and that he was afraid of being killed, he explained "Son of my mother, indeed this people thought me to be weak, and they were about to kill me. So do not let the enemies gloat over me, and do not take me with the wrongdoing lot." Moses realized his helplessness in the situation, and both prayed to God for forgiveness. According to Qur’anic sources Moses then questioned Samiri for the creation of the golden calf; Samiri justified his actions by stating that he had thrown the dust of the ground upon which Gabriel had tread on into the fire because his soul had suggested it to him. Moses informed him that he would be banished and that they would burn the golden calf and spread its dust into the sea. Moses ordered seventy delegates to repent to God and pray for forgiveness. The delegates traveled alongside Moses to Mount Sinai, where they witnessed the speech between him and God but refused to believe until they had witnessed God with their sight. As punishment, God struck the delegates with lightning and killed them with a violent earthquake. Moses prayed to God for their forgiveness. God forgave and resurrected them and they continued on their journey.

In the Islamic view, the calf-worshipers' sin had been shirk (شرك), the sin of idolatry or polytheism. Shirk is the deification or worship of anyone or anything other than God (Allah in Arabic) or more literally the establishment of "partners" placed beside God, a most serious sin.

Historical interpretation
Current historiography considers that this episode was introduced into the Exodus account in the time of Josiah (late 7th century BCE) or later to discredit the custom rooted in the Kingdom of Israel (North) of identifying Yahweh with a bull. The cult of the bull was rooted in Palestine from pre-Israelite times, as attested by the archaeological find of a bronze bull in the sanctuary of the acropolis of Jasor dated to the late Bronze Age. A bronze bull has also been found in an Israelite sanctuary east of Tel Dothan, in the mountains of Samaria, dated to around the 11th century BCE.

Albertz says that when we read in 1 Kings 12:28 that the first monarch of the northern kingdom, Jeroboam, had introduced the worship of golden calves in Bethel and Dan, we must interpret that what Jeroboam really does is to return to the traditional Israelite religion, as opposed to the syncretistic innovations introduced by David and Solomon in centralizing the cult in Jerusalem.

According to Michael Coogan, it seems that the golden calf was not an idol for another god, and thus a false god. He cites as evidence: "He [Aaron] took the gold from them, formed it in a mold, and cast an image of a calf; and they said, "These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt!" When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it; and Aaron made proclamation and said, "Tomorrow shall be a festival to the (Yahweh)."" Importantly, there is a single calf in this narrative. While the people refer to it as representative of the "gods", this is a possessive form of the word Elohim ( elo'hecha, from ), which is a name of God as well as general word for "gods". While a reference to singular god does not necessarily imply Yahweh worship, the word usually translated as 'lord' is Yahweh in the original, so at least it cannot be ruled out. In the chronology of Exodus the commandment against the creation of graven images had not yet been given to the people when they pressed upon Aaron to help them make the calf, and that such behavior was not yet explicitly outlawed.

Another understanding of the golden calf narrative is that the calf was meant to be the pedestal of Yahweh. In Near Eastern art, gods were often depicted standing on an animal, rather than seated on a throne. This reading suggests that the golden calf was merely an alternative to the Ark of the Covenant or the cherubim upon which Yahweh was enthroned.

The reason for this complication may be understood as
 * 1) a criticism of Aaron, as the founder of one priestly house that rivaled the priestly house of Moses, and/or
 * 2) as "an attack on the northern kingdom of Israel." The second explanation relies on the "sin of Jeroboam," who was the first king of the northern kingdom, as the cause of the northern kingdom's fall to Assyria in 722 BCE. Jeroboam's "sin" was creating two calves of gold, and sending one to Bethel as a worship site in the south of the Kingdom, and the other to Dan as a worship site in the north, so that the people of the northern kingdom would not have to continue to go to Jerusalem to worship (see 1 Kings 12:26–30). According to Coogan, this episode is part of the Deuteronomistic history, written in the southern Kingdom of Judah, after the fall of the northern kingdom, which was biased against the northern kingdom. Coogan maintains that Jeroboam was merely presenting an alternative to the cherubim of the Temple in Jerusalem, and that calves did not indicate non-Yahwehistic worship.

The documentary hypothesis can be used to further understand the layers of this narrative: it is plausible that the earliest story of the golden calf was preserved by E (Israel source) and originated in the northern kingdom. When E and J (Judah source) were combined after the fall of northern kingdom, "the narrative was reworked to portray the northern kingdom in a negative light," and the worship of the calf was depicted as "polytheism, with the suggestion of a sexual orgy" (see Exodus 32:6). When compiling the narratives, P (a later Priest source from Jerusalem) may have minimized Aaron's guilt in the matter, but preserved the negativity associated with the calf.

Alternatively it could be said that there is no golden calf story in the J source, and if it is correct that the Jeroboam story was the original as stated by Friedman, then it is unlikely that the golden calf events as described in Exodus occurred at all. Friedman states that the smashing of the Ten Commandments by Moses when he beheld the worship of the golden calf, is really an attempt to cast into doubt the validity of Judah's central shrine, the Ark of the Covenant. "The author of E, in fashioning the golden calf story, attacked both the Israelite and Judean religious establishments."

As adoration of wealth
A metaphoric interpretation emphasizes the "gold" part of "golden calf" to criticize the pursuit of wealth. This usage can be found in Spanish where Mammon, the Gospel personification of idolatry of wealth, is not so current.

Eponymous subjects

 * Le veau d'or est toujours debout (The Golden Calf is still standing), an aria in Charles Gounod's opera Faust
 * Cave of the Golden Calf, a notorious nightclub in Edwardian London, created by Frida Uhl
 * The Golden Calf and the Altar, an episode in the unfinished opera Moses und Aron, a three-act, uncompleted opera by Arnold Schoenberg
 * Dance around Golden Calf-Belgrade.JPGThe Golden Calf, a sculpture by conceptual artist Damien Hirst
 * The Golden Calf, a song on the Prefab Sprout album From Langley Park to Memphis
 * Mooby the Golden Calf, a fictional character featured in the works of Kevin Smith
 * The Little Golden Calf, a satirical novel by Soviet authors Ilf and Petrov
 * Cash Cow (A Rock Opera In Three Small Acts), a song on the Steve Taylor album Squint
 *  Dance Around the Golden Calf, a painting by Emil Nolde
 *  The Calf of Dan, a sculpture by James W. Washington Jr.
 * The 2021 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) featured a golden statue of former United States President Donald Trump. Online commentators compared this political idol with the Exodus's golden calf, considering Trump's largely evangelical and conservative Christian base.

Others

 * In Episode 79 of the U. S. television series Batman, a Golden Calf full of money was stolen by The Riddler

title: Golden calf


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Argo (automobile)

The Argo was a short-lived American automobile manufactured by the Argo Motor Co in Jackson, Michigan, between 1914 and 1918. Previously, the factory had been used by the Standard Electric Car Co to build an electric car.

The company originally made the four-cylinder "Motorvique" cyclecar based on the Ajax built by the Briscoe brothers in France. It had a 4-cylinder 12 hp engine and was different from the French market Ajax only in that it did not use friction drive.

Few cyclecars sold well in America, and in 1916, it was replaced by a conventional 22 hp assembled touring car in an attempt to rival Ford at producing a "motor car for the millions". The 1916 model sold for $405 in two-seater form.

In 1917 the company was sold to Mansell Hackett, and the name was changed to Hackett and moved its operations to Grand Rapids, Michigan.

The company had an unknown connection with the Saginaw, Michigan, based Argo Electric vehicle company.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Argo (automobile)


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Cyclo-cross

Cyclo-cross (cyclocross, CX, cyclo-X or 'cross) is a form of bicycle racing. Races typically take place in the autumn and winter (the international or "World Cup" season is October–February), and consist of many laps of a short (2.5–3.5 km or 1.5–2 mile) course featuring pavement, wooded trails, grass, steep hills and obstacles requiring the rider to quickly dismount, carry the bike while navigating the obstruction and remount. Races for senior categories are generally between 40 minutes and an hour long, with the distance varying depending on the ground conditions. The sport is strongest in the traditional road cycling countries such as Belgium (Flanders in particular), France and the Netherlands.

Cyclo-cross has parallels with mountain bike racing, cross-country cycling and criterium racing. Many of the best cyclo-cross riders cross train in other cycling disciplines; however, cyclo-cross has reached such size and popularity that some racers are specialists, and many prioritize cyclo-cross races over other disciplines. Cyclo-cross bicycles are similar to road racing bicycles: lightweight, with somewhat narrow tires and drop handlebars. They are typically differentiated by their greater tire clearances, lower gearing, stronger frames, cantilever brakes or disc brakes and more upright riding position. They also share characteristics with mountain bikes in that they use knobby tread tires for traction and disc brakes. They have to be lightweight because competitors need to carry their bicycle to overcome barriers or slopes too steep to climb in the saddle. The sight of competitors struggling up a muddy slope with bicycles on their shoulders is the classic image of the sport, although unridable sections are generally a very small fraction of the race distance.

Compared with many disciplines of road and track cycle racing, tactics are fairly straightforward, and the emphasis is on the rider's aerobic endurance and bike-handling skills. Drafting, where cyclists form a line with the lead cyclist pedaling harder while reducing the wind resistance for other riders, is of much less importance than in road racing where average speeds are much higher than in cyclo-cross.

A cyclo-cross rider is allowed to change bicycles and receive mechanical assistance during a race. While the rider is on the course on one bike, their pit crew can clean, repair and oil a spare.

Origins and history
There are many stories about the origins of cyclo-cross. One is that European road racers in the early 1900s would race each other to the next town over from them and that they were allowed to cut through farmers' fields or over fences, or take any other shortcuts, in order to make it to the next town first. This was sometimes called steeple chase as the only visible landmark in the next town was often the steeple. This was a way for them to stay in shape during the winter months and put a twist on road racing. In addition, riding off-road in more difficult conditions than smooth pavement increased the intensity at which the cyclists were riding and improved their on-the-road bike handling abilities. Forced running sections, or portage, were incorporated to help deliver warm blood to the feet and toes, as well as exercise other groups of muscles. Daniel Gousseau of France is credited as having inspired the first cyclo-cross races and organized the first French National Championship in 1902. Géo Lefèvre, the originator of the idea for the Tour de France, also played a key role in the early days of the sport.

After Octave Lapize attributed his win in the 1910 Tour de France to his off season training in cyclo-cross the sport began to spread to countries bordering France. Belgium organized its first national championship in 1910, Switzerland did so in 1912, then Luxembourg in 1923, Spain in 1929 and Italy in 1930.

Cyclo-cross proved itself as a sport extending beyond the boundaries of France when in 1924 the first international race, Le Critérium International de Cross-Country Cyclo-Pédestre, was held in Paris.

Like many international cycle sports, cyclo-cross is administered by the Union Cycliste Internationale; although it was not until the 1940s, around 40 years after cyclo-cross' inception, that the UCI began its regulation and the first world championship was held in Paris in 1950.

The first United States Cyclo-cross National Championships took place on 20 October 1963, in Palos Park, IL, near Chicago. These championships in the midwest continued until 1969. Cyclo-cross began to become popular in the United States in the 1970s, in New England and California. The Cyclo-cross National Championships restarted in 1975 in Berkeley, CA and have continued to be held every year at various locations throughout the United States. The Surf City race series held in Santa Cruz, CA has contributed to the history of cyclo-cross in the United States. The sport has experienced a growth in popularity in the United States since the mid-1990s. Cyclo-cross races are now regularly held in the fall and winter seasons throughout the United States and continue to grow in popularity.

Racing seasons
Cyclocross is typically an autumn and winter sport, the northern hemisphere season running from September to February. The World Championships take place in late January. The Canada championships are held in November with the US and UK championships held in January. In the United States, there is little racing after that except in states with year-round warm climates such as Florida and California. The cyclocross racing season within southern hemisphere nations typically runs from May to August.

Riders' age categories for cyclocross under UCI rules are currently determined by their age on 1 January which lies in the middle of the international season, i.e. they compete in the same category that they would be in for the following road season.

Bicycles
Cyclo-cross bicycles generally resemble road racing bicycles. Cyclo-cross-specific frames differ with their wider tire clearances, knobby tires, cantilever or disc brakes, and lower gearing. Cables are generally routed on the upper side of the top tube, which allows the rider to carry the bike comfortably on the right shoulder through portage sections, and prevents cable contamination by dirt. Popular on many cyclocross bikes is routing the brakes so that the right brake is often the front brake. This is done to allow the left hand to control speed while approaching obstacles requiring the bike to be carried, while the right hand grips the frame ready to lift the bike onto the shoulder as soon as the rider's feet touch the ground. As a high-end bicycle purpose-built for a specific sport competition, they also differ from ordinary "hybrid or trekking" cross bikes, which are general-purpose utility bikes fitted with slightly wider 700C tires for use on unpaved paths or trails.

Cyclo-cross bike design and frame geometry has evolved over the years. The first cyclo-cross bikes were touring-type road bikes, used for their cantilever bosses, slacker angles and wider tire clearance. Over time as the sport became more formalized, frame angles changed for quicker handling and bottom brackets heights were raised to clear broken ground. Most cyclo-cross frames have a non-compact (flat or near-flat top tube) frame design for easier shouldering. Some design features have recently begun to change, for example, a heightened bottom bracket was typical 10+ years ago; now many cyclo-cross-specific frames do not have elevated bottom brackets, in fact many have a lower bottom bracket than road racing bicycles; this is favorable since the lower seat height makes for easier remounting, and a lower center of gravity increases stability. Many cyclo-cross bicycles are now set up with a single chainring and chain "drop" guards. A single chainring setup simplifies mechanics and reduces the chance of the chain derailing on a bumpy course. People who do run a double chain-ring set up on their bicycles generally use a 36–46 gearing. Many professional-level cyclo-cross bikes are set up with deep-section carbon tubular wheels, not for the purpose of aerodynamics, but to keep the wheel from being entrapped in deep sand or mud sections. Tubular tires are used to avoid pinch flats, decrease rolling resistance and increase grip with lower tire pressures. In addition, single speed cyclo-cross bikes are becoming increasingly popular for a variety of reasons, including lower initial cost of setup, ease of use and maintenance, and decreased likelihood of mechanical failure on the course.

Clothing
Clothing is similar to that of road racing. However, since cyclo-cross is a cold-weather sport there is an emphasis toward warmer clothing such as long sleeves, tights, knickers and arm and leg warmers. While many racers will use standard two-piece road kits, there is a very strong preference to wear one piece skinsuits to maximize freedom of movement. The other advantage of skinsuits is that they are tighter, preventing the jersey from getting caught on stray tree branches during some singletrack sections of the race course. The one piece construction of the skinsuit also prevents it from exposing the torso while the rider shoulders the bike. Mountain bike shoes are adopted, as they allow the competitors to run, unlike their road racing counterparts, and due to their degree of traction (compared to smooth bottoms found on road racing shoes). Toe spikes are used to aid in running up steep muddy slopes and in the adverse underfoot conditions. Full-finger gloves are optional but generally recommended for hand protection and for grip in muddy/wet situations. Experienced riders racing in dry conditions may eschew gloves, presumably for better tractional feedback though the handlebar, and more natural bike portage.

Courses
Races usually consist of many laps over a short course, ending when a time limit is reached, rather than after a specific number of laps or certain distance; the typical length for senior events is one hour, with 30 and 45 minute races for lower categories being the norm. Generally each lap is around 2.5–3.5 km and is 90% rideable. Races run under UCI rules must have courses that are always at least 3 m wide to encourage passing at any opportunity, but sections of singletrack are common for small races in the US and Great Britain. A variety of terrain is typical, ranging from roads to paths with short steep climbs, off camber sections, many corners and, a defining feature, sections where the rider may need, or would be best advised to dismount and run while carrying the bike. Under-tire conditions include asphalt, hardpack dirt, grass, mud and sand. In comparison to cross-country mountain bike events, terrain is smoother. Less emphasis is put on negotiating rough or even rocky ground with more stress on increased speed and negotiating different types of technical challenges. Drafting is of far less strategic importance than in road racing, though it can still be employed in paved sections or extremely windy conditions. Instead, tactics are chiefly focused on line choice, pacing strategy, passing technique, and racers' ability to identify and exploit sections of the course that are conducive to attacking or recovery.

Each section of the course typically lasts no longer than a handful of seconds. For example, long climbs are avoided in favour of short, sharp inclines. Sections are generally linked together, or long straights broken up, with tight corners. This not only allows a standard length course to fit in a relatively small area, but also forces competitors to constantly change speed and effort. Accelerating out of corners, then having to decelerate for the next before accelerating again is a common theme.

Obstacles that force a rider to dismount and run with their bike or to "bunny hop" include banks too steep to ride up, steps, sand pits and plank barriers. Besides the start/finish area, these obstacles may be placed anywhere on the course that the race director desires. Several race directors have tried to limit bunny hopping for safety reasons by placing barriers in pairs or in triple (although under UCI rule no more than two barriers can appear in succession). The maximum height for a barrier is 40 cm.

Since outside assistance is allowed, pits are included to provide a consistent area for this to occur. A pit to the right of the course is normal since most riders dismount to their left. In larger events a separate pit lane is featured so only those wishing a new bike or other assistance need enter the lane (this type was debuted at the Zeddam, Netherlands World Cup of January 1999). In some cases pits are provided in two different parts of the course.

Long-format races, in which riders compete cross country also exist. Examples include the Three Peaks Cyclo-Cross, a 61 km race, Barry-Roubaix, and the American UltraCX Championship Series which consists of seven stages ranging from 80 to 115 km.

Technique
Cyclo-cross courses require specific technical abilities of competitors. For example, dirt single-track and streams are also sometimes integrated into the course, depending on the location, both of which require rider experience and technique. Some course sections may be extremely muddy, wet or snowy, and others are dusty and sandy. Most of these conditions are usually considered too extreme to be ridden with the standard 32c tire, and so much of the challenge of cyclo-cross lies in maintaining traction through loose or slippery terrain at speed.

Also common are steps, barriers, ditches, stairs, steep slopes and very deep mud or sand which all require running while carrying the bicycle. Therefore the ability to fluidly dismount at speed, pick up and carry the bike, then put it back down and remount without losing momentum is key, and a faulty or slow dismount/remount may cost valuable seconds, waste energy or cause the competitor to crash. Often, when sections are extremely technical or become impossible to ride due to erosion from repeated wear or inclement weather, the racer will carry the bike and jog for an extended time to save energy.

A more recent development to overcome obstacles such as barriers and sometimes ditches is the bunnyhop, a technique which came to prominence in 1989 when Danny De Bie used it in his successful World Championship run. Bunny hopping has become less popular as a result of race directors seeking to prevent its use by setting up two or three barriers in a row. Skilled riders are still able to hop the obstacles, despite the back to back to back barriers. Many riders, such as Sven Nys, an ex-BMX racer, were known for their technical skill in bunny-hopping over various obstacles.

Major series and races

 * UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships
 * UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup
 * National Cyclo-cross Championships
 * Superprestige (Europe)
 * X²O Badkamers Trophy (Belgium)
 * United States National Cyclo-cross Championships (United States)
 * U.S. Gran Prix of Cyclocross (United States) *Now defunct
 * USCX Cyclocross Series (United States)
 * MFG Cyclocross (United States)
 * Cross Crusade (United States)
 * SSCXWC (Singlespeed Cyclocross World Championship)

title: Cyclo-cross


text: User talk:80.137.239.64

title: User talk:80.137.239.64


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Argonaut (automobile)

The Argonaut was an American automobile manufactured from 1959 to 1963, or at least the company is listed as being in existence during those years. The Argonaut Motor Machine Corporation was based in Cleveland, Ohio. The company's president was Richard S. Luntz (1919–2006).

The company announced its production plans for a line of U.S.-made luxury cars in September 1958, planned as the finest and most luxurious in the world. The prices quoted ranged from a low of $28,600 to a high of $36,000; a variety of stainless and other special steels were proposed for the car's manufacture. A supercharged V-12 ohc aluminum air-cooled engine developing some 1010 bhp was designed for the Argonaut, and all cars were to carry a four-year guarantee. The company claimed, in its catalogue, that two of its models (the "Smoke" and the "Raceway") had maximum speeds approaching 240 mph.

A number of high tech features were claimed, among them special tires with interwoven strands of steel to withstand sustained speeds of 200 mph, electric shock absorbers (individually adjustable from the cockpit) and 3 independent braking systems.

A news article about the Argonaut announcement appeared in The Washington Post on September 14, 1958, and Popular Science magazine published an article with several illustrations in the January 1959 issue, including a photo of a chassis and engine. A number of local articles also appeared in Cleveland area newspapers over the next few years. The "Spotlight on Detroit" column on page 12 of the December 1958 issue of Motor Trend Magazine (not available online) has pictures of the frame, a few parts including the instrument panel, and drawings of the different proposed body styles.

In a 1987 interview, Luntz said that an influential group of backers "felt that to put Italian bodies on an American chassis would infuriate the steel companies". In one article, these Italian coachbuilders were stated to be Bertone and Touring. Luntz also stated that 3 Argonaut prototypes were built, but all research since has only verified one surviving example: a 392 cubic inch Chrysler marine V-8 engine and 3-speed manual overdrive transmission mounted in a custom-built rolling chassis, but without any body. This is the chassis that was publicly displayed and pictured in newspaper accounts of the period, and was listed (with photo) in an auction catalog from the late 1970s, then owned by a private New York State collector.

The Blackhawk Museum in Danville, California, featured a complete Argonaut automobile from 1988 up to about 1997, but this vehicle's appearance bears only a vague resemblance to the Argonaut Raceaway. Rather, its beautifully finished boattail speedster body is more akin to a low-slung mid-1930s Duesenberg. This speedster may have been built on the 'show' chassis; Blackhawk literature makes reference to a '240-MPH speedometer' and a chassis that is a 'formidable feat of engineering'. As of 2005, the Blackhawk Museum was unaware of this car's whereabouts. Two brief Facebook videos posted in 2017 show the boattail backing out of a shipping container in Japan and driving away.

title: Argonaut (automobile)


text:
Argonne (automobile)

The Argonne was an American automobile manufactured from 1919 to 1920 by the Jersey City Machine Co. of Jersey City, New Jersey.

Only 24 were produced before the company folded. The prototype car was a sports roadster with an aluminum body crafted by the Schutte Body Co. of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It was powered by an inline-four Buda engine. A Rochester-Duesenberg power plant was also available. Production models included a roadster on a 118 in wheelbase, and some sources list an open Tourer model on a 132 in wheelbase.

The marque featured a sharply pointed radiator similar to that found on the Austro-Daimler.

title: Argonne (automobile)


text:
Margaret Lee (lady-in-waiting)

Lady Margaret Lee ( Wyatt; c. 1506) was an English courtier. She was a sister of the poet Thomas Wyatt and a friend of Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII of England. Historians have speculated that she may have been present during Boleyn's execution.

Family
Margaret Wyatt was the daughter of Sir Henry Wyatt by Anne Skinner, the daughter of John Skinner of Reigate, Surrey. She had two brothers:

 * Sir Thomas Wyatt, who married Elizabeth Brooke, the daughter of Thomas Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham, by Dorothy Heydon, daughter of Sir Henry Heydon and Elizabeth or Anne Boleyn, daughter of Sir Geoffrey Boleyn.
 * Henry Wyatt, assumed to have died an infant.

Life
Margaret is best remembered for having been a companion of Anne Boleyn, whose family estates lay near the Wyatts' and who later employed Margaret as one of her ladies-in-waiting. A portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger shows a woman presumed to be Margaret at the age of thirty-four, and it is assumed that it was painted around 1540. It is therefore probable that Margaret was close to Anne in age, being born around 1506 (whilst Anne is assumed to have been born around 1501).

Few question that there was some form of friendship between Lady Margaret and Queen Anne. There is also a strong tradition which states that Margaret's sister, Mary, was also part of the Queen's social circle and that Margaret's brother, Thomas Wyatt, fell passionately in love with Anne in the 1520s. Another female favourite of the Queen's was Lady Bridget Wingfield, who died while giving birth in 1534.

Margaret was one of Anne's chief ladies-in-waiting, and accompanied her to Calais, France in 1532, where it is presumed Anne and Henry VIII made secret plans to marry in the immediate future. It is known that Anne had a lady-in-waiting who "she loves as a sister", and it has been suggested that this lady was Margaret.

She was certainly part of the Queen's circle of favourites. As Mistress of the Queen's Wardrobe, she would presumably have played a leading part in the decadent social life at court in the mid-1530s, which was fuelled by the extravagance of Henry and Anne.

Lady Margaret was sent to attend her royal mistress in the Tower of London in May 1536 when the Queen was arrested on charges of adultery, treason and incest. She attended Anne on the scaffold on 19 May, and even received the last gift of a prayer book from her. Anne had written a short farewell inside the prayer book:
 * "Remember me when you do pray,
 * that hope doth lead from day to day."

A sketch by the famed court artist Hans Holbein has been identified as being a sketch of a Queen Anne Boleyn when she was pregnant, but current research suggests that it might have been one of the Wyatt sisters — either Margaret or her sister, Mary.

Lady Margaret Lee is commemorated in Songs and Sonnets, also known as Tottel's Miscellany, a poetry anthology published by the law printer Richard Tottel in 1557. The book contains poems written by Lady Margaret's brother, Sir Thomas Wyatt, as well as poems by the Earl of Surrey, Nicholas Grimald and a number of anonymous poets. Grimald's funeral elegy, "An Epitaph of the Lady Margaret Lee", advises the reader, "Man, by a woman learn, this life what we may call," and praises her "blood, friendship, beauty, youth," and other qualities (no. 158, 1–2). Lady Margaret is one of several Tudor ladies memorialized in the volume.

Marriage and issue
About 6 July 1532 Margaret Wyatt married Sir Anthony Lee (d.1549), by whom she had four sons and five daughters:

 * Sir Henry Lee.
 * Robert Lee (died c.1598).
 * Thomas Lee.
 * Cromwell Lee (d.1601), who compiled an Italian-English dictionary.
 * Anne Lee, who married Leonard Spenser of Naunton Hall in Rendlesham, Suffolk.
 * Lettice Lee, who married Nicholas Cooke of Linstead, Suffolk.
 * Katherine Lee, who married Gyles Symonds (died circa 1596) of Cley next the Sea, Norfolk.
 * Joyce Lee, who married, on 29 November 1562, John Chenye, son of Sir Robert Chenye of Chesham Bois, Buckinghamshire.
 * Jane Lee, who married Peter Reade of Gimingham, Norfolk.

title: Margaret Lee (lady-in-waiting)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peter Malkin

I don't think we need an article simply listing the alias of a person we don't even have an article about. Deb 20:30, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to [Mossad] and add the one-liner there somewhere. Arevich 21:44, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, I can't verify this. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:25, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: If it's true, then none of us can confirm it.  Furthermore, the name does ring a bell, but not as any Massad agent. Geogre 03:38, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Cyrius, that was coffee you almost caused to cover my screen. Seriously, though, this seems to check out.  See   .  The first of those mentions a memoir by Malkin, "Eichmann In My Hands."  This checks out on Amazon.  Looks like a sub-stub with potential.  Keep.  SWAdair | Talk  05:31, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Once there was an article about the real person, then this could be a redirect, but otherwise no need to keep it. RickK 05:44, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * See "Gideon's Spies" by Gordon Thomas.   EDIT: There are two people in the Israeli government named Rafi Eitan.  One is Peter Malkin/Rafi Eitan of Mossad, the other is a normal political official. Geogre: He's retired from Mossad (currently counterterrorism advisor to Ariel Sharon).  Keep. Prospero
 * Agree with Rick. The content belongs at Rafi Eitan. Rossami 23:32, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Centered triangular number

A centered (or centred) triangular number is a centered figurate number that represents an equilateral triangle with a dot in the center and all its other dots surrounding the center in successive equilateral triangular layers.

This is also the number of points of a hexagonal lattice with nearest-neighbor coupling whose distance from a given point is less than or equal to $$n$$.

The following image shows the building of the centered triangular numbers by using the associated figures: at each step, the previous triangle (shown in red) is surrounded by a triangular layer of new dots (in blue).

Properties

 * The gnomon of the n-th centered triangular number, corresponding to the (n + 1)-th triangular layer, is:

 * $$C_{3,n+1} - C_{3,n} = 3(n+1).$$

 * The n-th centered triangular number, corresponding to n layers plus the center, is given by the formula:

 * $$C_{3,n} = 1 + 3 \frac{n(n+1)}{2} = \frac{3n^2 + 3n + 2}{2}.$$

 * Each centered triangular number has a remainder of 1 when divided by 3, and the quotient (if positive) is the previous regular triangular number.

 * Each centered triangular number from 10 onwards is the sum of three consecutive regular triangular numbers.

 * For n > 2, the sum of the first n centered triangular numbers is the magic constant for an n by n normal magic square.

Relationship with centered square numbers
The centered triangular numbers can be expressed in terms of the centered square numbers:

 * $$C_{3,n} = \frac{3C_{4,n} + 1}{4},$$

where

 * $$C_{4,n} = n^{2} + (n+1)^{2}.$$

Lists of centered triangular numbers
The first centered triangular numbers (C3,n < 3000) are:

 * 1, 4, 10, 19, 31, 46, 64, 85, 109, 136, 166, 199, 235, 274, 316, 361, 409, 460, 514, 571, 631, 694, 760, 829, 901, 976, 1054, 1135, 1219, 1306, 1396, 1489, 1585, 1684, 1786, 1891, 1999, 2110, 2224, 2341, 2461, 2584, 2710, 2839, 2971, ….

The first simultaneously triangular and centered triangular numbers (C3,n = TN < 109) are:

 * 1, 10, 136, 1 891, 26 335, 366 796, 5 108 806, 71 156 485, 991 081 981, ….

The generating function
If the centered triangular numbers are treated as the coefficients of the McLaurin series of a function, that function converges for all $$ |x| < 1$$, in which case it can be expressed as the meromorphic generating function
 * $$ 1 + 4x + 10x^2 + 19x^3 + 31x^4 +~... = \frac{1-x^3}{(1-x)^4} = \frac{x^2+x+1}{(1-x)^3} ~.$$

title: Centered triangular number


text:
Multilingual User Interface

Multilingual User Interface (MUI) enables the localization of the user interface of an application.

MUI is provided by Microsoft as an integrated feature of its operating system Windows 11 down to Windows 2000 with some limitations in older versions.

MUI is used for localizing flagship Microsoft products Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office and as an open technology can be used in any application that runs in a version of Windows that supports MUI.

The core feature of MUI is the user-defined, system settings for preferred language that can be used/shared by all applications on a computer. The next most core feature is system functions (i.e. LoadString) that use this preference to load user interface assets at runtime from resources in the user's preferred language. To be MUI-enabled, an application need only store user interface assets as language-specific resources and use LoadStrIng to load them at runtime.

MUI also supports storing user interface assets as separate, single-language files which provides for development and deployment flexibility. This feature is optional. The resources can be stored in the application binary.

MUI also provides system functions that allow for custom and extended localization behavior.

Overview
The MUI technology is integrated into the Windows OS and can be leveraged in an application by storing localizable assets as resources in a prescribed way and using MUI-enabled win32 functions to read the resources.

A relatively simple implementation of MUI in an application stores the strings of each language in a string-table resource of the binary file and uses the win32 function LoadString to load strings at runtime. No other MUI related configuration or code is required. The following optional capabilities of MUI can be implemented if desired:

The design of MUI attempts to provide a common way to store application localization information that alleviates limitations of more traditional and monolithic designs for localization such as including all languages in the application logic files (i.e. resources). With MUI, the following deployment scenarios are possible:
 * Store the resources of each language in a separate DLL in order to enable deployment/installation flexibility
 * An application can use dedicated MUI functions to provide more control of localizable asset consumption such as using a language other than the system-defined user preference
 * Localizable assets can be stored in a format other than resource
 * Add support for a language by installing only languages files -- without modifying application logic or other language files
 * Add new features and fix bugs by installing only application logic files -- without modifying the installed language files

Terminology
The following MUI related terms are either used in or derived from the Microsoft documentation.

Language-neutral (LN): Describes something that conveys a meaning regardless of the languages of the viewer, such as an image without text or other localizable aspects

LN resource: a resource that is shared by and installed for all language versions of the application

LN file: Windows binary containing the application logic and language-neutral resources

Language-specific (LS): Describes something that has significantly different meaning based on the languages of the viewer. The most common LS items are interface strings but can be other items such as an image with text in it

LS resource file: A set of resources localized for one language; a.k.a. MUI file

Language Preferences
A language selection is stored by the system for the system (shared by all users and maybe used as default for a new user) and for each user. These selections can be modified by the user via the system Control Panel but cannot be modified by an application.

These preferences control the language that the OS uses for UI elements. Applications can also use these preferences, and via MUI-enabled system functions (such as LoadString) the use is automatic and transparent (requires no MUI-specific code to use). But use of these preferences is optional and customizable. An application can be designed to ignore the language preferences. Or it may use them in ways other than that provided by MUI-enabled system functions.

An application can use MUI functions to read language preferences -- that default to the user selection [assumed] and are a list of languages in preference order. These preferences are provided at the system, user, process and thread levels [assumed that changing at a higher level modifies the preferences for lower levels].

An application can modify these language preference lists (via SetThreadPreferredUILanguages and other functions) in order to influence the behavior of MUI. For example: std::string languageIdSpec = "en-US"; languageIdSpec.push_back('\0'); // must be double-null terminated ULONG langCount = 1; if (!::SetThreadPreferredUILanguages(MUI_LANGUAGE_NAME, languageIdSpec.c_str, &langCount)) throw std::runtime_error("Unable to set thread preferred UI language.");

Resource Storage
MUI provides support for localized resources stored in Windows binary (a.k.a. Win32 PE) files (DLL, EXE, SYS) -- usually DLL files.

The resources for a language can either be stored in the application binary or in a MUI (a.k.a. LS) file -- one per language. For MUI to find resources, a MUI file must be in the same directory as its associated LN file and be named the same as the LN file plus ".LCID.mui". For example, for LN file my-lib.dll, the MUI file for en-US would be named my-lib.dll.0409.mui.

String resources are coded as string table like so: LANGUAGE LANG_ENGLISH, SUBLANG_NEUTRAL STRINGTABLE BEGIN 1 L"message text" END

Resource Retrieval
Several win32 functions that read application resources are MUI-enabled, including LoadString, FormatMessage, and LoadImage.

Each function attempts to read a resource for a language as selected by global language preferences, from application resources or associated MUI files (co-located with LN file and following naming convention). Each uses the global language preferences to choose a language that is available. If loading the resource for the first preferred language fails either because the MUI file does not exist or the resource does not exist in the MUI file, the function will try the next preferred language and so on until all preferences have been tried. If load fails for all preferred languages, then tries the LN file.

The most commonly used function is LoadString which loads strings from a string-table resource. Example using LoadString: wchar_t* resourceCharArray; int resourceLength = ::LoadStringW(_moduleHandle, resourceId, (LPWSTR)&resourceCharArray, 0); if (!resourceLength) throw std::runtime_error("Unable to find resource."); std::wstring text; text.append(resourceCharArray, resourceLength); This retrieves the address of the resource text character buffer which is not guaranteed to be null terminated. Then, this copies the characters to a std::string and its c_str method is guaranteed to be null terminated. Therefore, there is no need to append a null. Another option is to have LoadString copy the string to a passed buffer, but that requires using a fixed-length buffer which has downsides like usually allocating more than needed or truncation if too short.

Oddly, MS documentation for LoadString does not mention its interaction with MUI -- use of language preference.

FormatMessage is also MUI-enabled. Its function reference page describes its interaction with the user's language preference when parameter dwLanguageId is passed as 0. But FormatMessage reads from a message table, not a string table and as Raymond Chen says, "nobody actually uses message tables".

Non-Resource Storage and Retrieval
MS documentation recommends storing UI assets as resources since MUI fully supports retrieving from this storage, but it notes that MUI supports any other file format, such as XML, JSON or flat text file. This implies that using the resource retrieval aspect of MUI is not required for an application to be MUI-enabled. An application can use its own, custom UI asset retrieval logic.

To be MUI-enabled, the application must use the system language preferences. The custom UI asset retrieval logic might optionally use the MUI function GetFileMUIPath to leverage the MUI file location and naming conventions.

Other Aspects
The MS MUI documentation describes the following concepts, but it is unclear how they relate to MUI and what value they offer:

 * Resource Configuration File
 * Registry String Redirection

Implementing
Basic tasks to support/implement MUI:

Upon completing the basic tasks, an application is MUI-enabled. But there are other features of MUI that an application can optionally take advantage of.
 * Use LoadString in the application code to read resources; it uses user preference, system settings to read resources that are in the language that is most preferred by the user based on availability
 * Author resource source code (RC) for each language; recommended to store each language in a separate RC file

The basic tasks imply storing all languages in the resources of the application binary -- which means it is not language neutral. This structure provides all runtime localization benefits of MUI and simple, single-file deployment but does not allow for deployment flexibility that MUI provides. In order to take advantage of the deployment flexibility:

 * Configure the application binary project to exclude all LS resources -- making it the LN file
 * Configure project(s) to build each language to a resource DLL; named the same as the LN file + "LCID.mui" -- MUI files
 * Deploy/install MUI files in same directory as the LN file

To store localized assets in formats other than resource, the application must implement a mechanism for reading assets at runtime based on the language preference system settings (see GetThreadUILanguage). In other words, the application loads UI assets based on the system language preference settings without using LoadString. The application might leverage the MUI file-per-language location and naming convention by using GetFileMUIPath.

Advantages over Localized Version
The MUI technology was developed in response and as an improvement to localized versions -- an older technology for globalizing and deploying software packages. This section describes the differences and advantages of MUI over localized versions.

Windows localized via a MUI pack achieves the same goal as a localized version, but there are key differences. While both display menus and dialogs in the targeted language, only a localized version uses translated file and folder names. [what does this mean? some special folders are localizable (Documents, Downloads, ...) but a user created file/folder is not localizable (by the OS). Doesn't a language pack localize the special folder names? What else could it do?]

A localized version of Windows translates the base operating system, as well as all included programs [what programs?], including file and folder names [so it does localize file/folder names. this contradicts above], objects names [what's an object?], strings in registry [really? what strings?], and any other internal strings used by Windows into a particular language. Localized versions of Windows support upgrading from a previous localized version and user interface resources are completely localized, which is not the case for MUI versions of a product. [what is not the case for MUI?]

A MUI version does not contain translated administrative functions such as registry entries [registry entries are functions?] and items in Microsoft Management Console.

One advantage of a MUI version is that each user of a computer can use a different language. For a localized version of the OS, this is not possible. It may be possible for localized applications but requires installing multiple versions; one for each language, and this may lead to application storage space and side-by-side installation issues. With MUI, the single version supports multiple languages, and the OS and applications use the user's preferred language. Further, the same OS can host an application that uses any of the application's supported languages which may be different than the OS selected language and even a language that's not supported by the OS.

History
MUI was introduced with Windows 2000 and is supported in each subsequent Windows release.

Windows 2000 and Windows XP
MUI products for these versions were available only through volume agreements from Microsoft. They were not available through retail channels. However, some OEMs distributed the product.

Languages in Windows XP
Up to Windows XP, MUI packs for a product are applied on top of an English version to provide a localized user experience. There are a total of 5 sets of MUI packs.

Set 1

 * Deutsch- German
 * Français- French
 * 한국어- Korean
 * 中文 (简体)- Chinese (Simplified)
 * 中文 (繁體)- Chinese (Traditional)
 * 日本語- Japanese

Set 2

 * Español- Spanish
 * Italiano- Italian
 * Nederlands- Dutch
 * Português (Brasil)- Portuguese (Brazil)
 * Svenska- Swedish
 * עברית- Hebrew
 * العربية- Arabic

Set 3

 * Čeština- Czech
 * Dansk- Danish
 * Norsk bokmål- Norwegian Bokmål
 * Suomi- Finnish
 * Русский- Russian

Set 4

 * Magyar- Hungarian
 * Polski- Polish
 * Português (Portugal)- Portuguese (Portugal)
 * Türkçe- Turkish
 * Ελληνικά- Greek

Set 5

 * Eesti- Estonian
 * Hrvatski- Croatian
 * Latviešu- Latvian
 * Lietuvių- Lithuanian
 * Română- Romanian
 * Slovenčina- Slovak
 * Slovenščina- Slovenian
 * Български- Bulgarian
 * ไทย- Thai

Windows Vista
Windows Vista enhanced MUI technology to separate the English resources from the application logic binary files. The application logic files are now language-neutral a.k.a. language-independent. In other words, the application logic files are no longer English-centric. This separation allows for changing languages completely without changing the core binaries of Windows, and to have multiple languages installed using the same application logic binaries. Languages are applied as language packs containing the resources required to localize part of or the entire user interface in Windows Vista.

MUI packs are available to Windows Vista Enterprise users and as an Ultimate Extras to Windows Vista Ultimate users.

Beginning with Windows Vista, the set of associated MUI APIs are also made available to developers for application development. [This allows anyone to use the MUI technology?]

At launch, the following 16 language packs were released:

 * Dansk- Danish
 * Deutsch- German
 * English- English
 * Español- Spanish
 * Français- French
 * Italiano- Italian
 * Nederlands- Dutch
 * Norsk bokmål- Norwegian Bokmål
 * Português (Brasil)- Portuguese (Brazil)
 * Suomi- Finnish
 * Svenska- Swedish
 * Русский- Russian
 * 한국어- Korean
 * 中文 (简体)- Chinese (Simplified)
 * 中文 (繁體)- Chinese (Traditional)
 * 日本語- Japanese

On October 23, 2007, the remaining 19 language packs were released:

 * Čeština- Czech
 * Eesti- Estonian
 * Hrvatski- Croatian
 * Latviešu- Latvian
 * Lietuvių- Lithuanian
 * Magyar- Hungarian
 * Polski- Polish
 * Português (Portugal)- Portuguese (Portugal)
 * Română- Romanian
 * Slovenčina- Slovak
 * Slovenščina- Slovenian
 * Srpski- Serbian (Latin)
 * Türkçe- Turkish
 * Ελληνικά- Greek
 * Български- Bulgarian
 * Українська- Ukrainian
 * עברית- Hebrew
 * العربية- Arabic
 * ไทย- Thai

Windows 7
MUI is available to Windows 7 Enterprise and Ultimate edition users, as well as Windows Phone 7.

Beginning with Windows 7, Microsoft started referring to a "MUI pack" as a "Language Pack"; not to be confused with a Language Interface Pack (LIP).

List of languages in Windows 7 (PC)
At launch, the following 15 language packs were released (Chinese (Hong Kong) is not available on mobile):

 * Deutsch- German
 * English (United Kingdom)- English (United Kingdom)
 * English (United States)- English (United States)
 * Español- Spanish
 * Français- French
 * Italiano- Italian
 * Nederlands- Dutch
 * Polski- Polish
 * Português (Brasil)- Portuguese (Brazil)
 * Русский- Russian
 * 한국어- Korean
 * 中文 (简体)- Chinese (Simplified)
 * 中文 (繁體)- Chinese (Traditional)
 * 中文 (香港)- Chinese (Hong Kong)
 * 日本語- Japanese

On October 31, 2009, the remaining 22 language packs were released (Estonian, Croatian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Hebrew, Arabic, and Thai are not available on mobile):

 * Čeština- Czech
 * Dansk- Danish
 * Eesti- Estonian
 * Hrvatski- Croatian
 * Latviešu- Latvian
 * Lietuvių- Lithuanian
 * Magyar- Hungarian
 * Norsk bokmål- Norwegian Bokmål
 * Português (Portugal)- Portuguese (Portugal)
 * Română- Romanian
 * Slovenčina- Slovak
 * Slovenščina- Slovenian
 * Srpski- Serbian (Latin)
 * Suomi- Finnish
 * Svenska- Swedish
 * Türkçe- Turkish
 * Ελληνικά- Greek
 * Български- Bulgarian
 * Українська- Ukrainian
 * עברית- Hebrew
 * العربية- Arabic
 * ไทย- Thai

List of languages in Windows Phone 7
At launch, only six languages were supported.

 * Deutsch- German
 * English (United Kingdom)- English (United Kingdom)
 * English (United States)- English (United States)
 * Español- Spanish
 * Français- French
 * Italiano- Italian

With the launch of Windows Phone 7.5 on September 27, 2011, twenty more languages are added (Turkish and Ukrainian are not supported as display languages until Windows Phone 8). The first LIPs for Windows Phone 7 were Indonesian and Malay with the Tango update.

 * Bahasa Indonesia- Indonesian
 * Bahasa Melayu- Malay
 * Čeština- Czech
 * Dansk- Danish
 * Magyar- Hungarian
 * Nederlands- Dutch
 * Norsk bokmål- Norwegian Bokmål
 * Polski- Polish
 * Português (Brasil)- Portuguese (Brazil)
 * Português (Portugal)- Portuguese (Portugal)
 * Suomi- Finnish
 * Svenska- Swedish
 * Türkçe- Turkish
 * Ελληνικά- Greek
 * Русский- Russian
 * Українська- Ukrainian
 * 한국어- Korean
 * 中文 (简体)- Chinese (Simplified)
 * 中文 (繁體)- Chinese (Traditional)
 * 日本語- Japanese

Windows 8/8.1/RT
Beginning with Windows 8/RT, most editions of Windows are able to download and install all Language Packs, with a few exceptions:

 * In Single Language editions of Windows, only one language pack is allowed to be installed, the same behavior as editions of Windows 7 and earlier that are not Enterprise or Ultimate.
 * In OEM editions of Windows, the exact language packs that are preinstalled/available for download depend on the device manufacturer and country/region of purchase (and the mobile operator for devices with cellular connectivity). This is a mixture of a local-market feature and a feature for everyone everywhere. There may be multiple display languages preinstalled on the device by the manufacturer and/or wireless carrier, but each manufacturer and/or wireless carrier installs two different sets of languages: one set of preloaded languages and one set of languages that can be installed by the end user. This rule is currently used in Windows Phones as of Windows Phone 7 and PCs as of Windows 8 (since Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8 share the same Windows NT kernel) and was later dropped in Windows 10 version 1803, but was later quietly reinstated as of Windows 10 version 1809. An end user could install a retail license on top of an OEM license by performing a clean install through the Media Creation Tool to circumvent the region locking and install any display language that they want.
 * The Windows update process does not affect the currently installed display languages in any way, but it may give the end user access to newly released language packs made available by the OEM (PCs only). However, when installing a new feature update, it may change the display language back to the one set during the initial setup process. For example, if the Samsung ATIV Smart PC on AT&T is upgraded from Windows 8.1 to Windows 10 Anniversary Update (not necessarily done in one go), it will now be able to install Portuguese (Brazil), Vietnamese, Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), and Japanese in addition to English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, and Korean (the last three languages can be downloaded by the end user at the time of its launch), just like with the Galaxy S8 series and the Verizon-based Galaxy Book.
 * On the other hand, a Samsung Galaxy Book device does not support Afrikaans as a display language, because Samsung apps do not officially support Afrikaans. Furthermore, cellular variants of the Galaxy Book laptops sold in North America support fewer display languages than their Wi-Fi-only counterparts, just like on their smartphones.
 * Certain language packs like English (Australia) and English (Canada) are only supported on the Xbox consoles and the Surface Duo.
 * Some LIP packs require certain MUI packs (base languages) to be present or compatible. If that base language is not present or compatible, then that LIP cannot be installed on that device.

Windows 10
Beginning with Windows 10 version 1803, Microsoft started using the term "Local Experience Pack" (LXP) in some places [store?] instead of the older term "Language Pack", but they work the same way. In addition to installing via Windows Settings, these 110 LXPs are also available through the Microsoft Store (app and web); the latter enabling remote installation for consumer editions of Windows. As with all applications from the Microsoft Store, only the LXPs that are compatible with that Windows device are shown in the Microsoft Store app.

An LXP is updated through the Microsoft Store; outside of the normal Windows update cycle.

Supported languages
Supported languages by OS version is as follows:

Mobile
The multilingual user interface for Windows Phones did not appear until version 7.0.

Patent
The MUI technology is covered by an international patent titled "Multilingual User Interface for an Operating System". The inventors are Bjorn C. Rettig, Edward S. Miller, Gregory Wilson, and Shan Xu.

title: Multilingual User Interface


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Metapad (0th nomination)

The article is advertising. It may be advertising a free product, but I still don't see how it belongs in the Wikipedia. Or does anyone think otherwise? Ropers 20:37, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * if it is the drop-in replacement for Notepad (e.g. what Firefox/Mozilla is to IE), then probably notable. Otherwise: the world is full of text editors. Move to recycle bin. Ianb 20:45, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The web page has got a pile of "top pick" banners on it, but the program hasn't been updated since 2002 and its yahoo group hasn't had a post since. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:32, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Advert for a non-notable program. Delete. Spectatrix 01:49, 2004 Jul 26 (UTC)
 * Delete advert. SWAdair | Talk  02:49, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm using it to edit this vote! delete - UtherSRG 16:11, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It's a nice program (I use it instead of Notepad) but it's not encyclopedic. Delete. --Fastfission 16:33, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Argus (automobile)

The Argus was a German automobile manufactured by Internationale Automobilzentrale KG Jeannin & Co from 1902 to 1904, Argus Motoren-Gesellschaft Jeannin & Co from 1904 to 1906, and then Argus Motoren-Gesellschaft m.b.H. from November 1906 to 1945.

The company was founded by Henri Jeannin in Berlin, and originally built copies of Panhard & Levassor cars; they also featured P&L engines, and most of the other components of the vehicles came from France. In 1903 the company began producing engines of its own design; Argus cars now had 2,380 cc two-cylinder engines, and 4,960 cc and 9,240 cc four-cylinder engines.

The company went on to produce marine and aero engines. In 1929 they briefly returned to car engines making some for Horch.

title: Argus (automobile)


text:
John Hemming

John Hemming may refer to:
 * John Hemming (historian) (born 1935), British explorer and author
 * John Hemming (politician) (born 1960), British politician

title: John Hemming


text:
User talk:Aponar Kestrel

Shonen Jump spellings
''Please see Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style for Japan-related articles for the eventual results of this discussion, which (unfortunately for the casual browser) was originally carried out across multiple pages. --Aponar Kestrel''

Just a reminder - Please do not change circumflexes to macrons in any Shonen Jump-related manga (barring Ruroni Kenshin, which uses macrons) - the U.S. Shonen Jump magazine uses circumflexes instead of macrons and many related proper nouns (E.g. Tenka'ichi Budôkai and Anna Kyôyama) show this.

And spellings like "Yugi Mutou" need not be changed because Shonen Jump spells his name that way. I will be changing the macrons back to circumflexes in that article in about a minute. :) WhisperToMe 20:44, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

In most cases, I'm happy to use proper-Manual of style spellings and such next to the "official" spellings. But I don't see why macrons and circumflexes should be in the same article like that. The "Accent-thingy" is a circumflex and works exactly the same way as a macron does. Then, what would be the point of having both in the article in cases like Anna Kyôyama? With the majority of non-Shonen Jump manga, macrons are used by default because official publications don't specify. WhisperToMe 20:58, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

It wouldn't matter how Shonen Jump romanized her name if they weren't the official publisher of Shaman King manga in the United States. But as they are the official publisher of Shaman King manga in the United States, they get to spell her name differently (Likewise with Nekketsu Koha: Kunio-Kun, the whole series didn't get English releases under all of the same "names" so this article should conform to style) - Also, many articles on Europeans have the diatritical mark there, with a redirect from the non-marked versions of the name. (E,G, Gerhard Schroeder -> Gerhard Schröder).

Speaking of which, this is why redirects are so beautiful. If one punches in "Anna Kyoyama", one is lead to the circumflexed title. Wikipedia should use their romanization system because they have the rights to publish the manga in the U.S. - Also, the MoS says "Wikipedia is an English encyclopedia. An English word or name with a Japanese origin should be used in its English form in the body of an article, even if that is pronounced or spelled differently from the properly romanized Japanese form: use Mount Fuji, Tokyo, jiu jitsu, shogi and not Fujisan, Tōkyō, jūjutsu, shōgi. Give the romanized Japanese form in the opening paragraph if it differs from the English form (see below). See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)." And technically Anna Kyôyama is an English form. If we followed what you are saying, then "Yu-Gi-Oh!" would be moved to "Yugio". WhisperToMe 21:33, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thank you
Yes, it seems weird I'm thanking you now; but my last Shonen Jump revealed: Now I am convinced that manga besides Dragon Ball/Dragon Ball Z and Naruto (Which have circumflexes used in the actual manga) and possibly One Piece and Shaman King (As they haven't yet used macrons but circumflexes are used in introductory pages) should default to circumflexes. I'm thanking you for reverting the circumflexes in the Yugi Mutou article. WhisperToMe 02:02, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The magazine uses circumflexes in text relating to "Whistle!", but once inside the actual manga, macrons are used!
 * ... uh, just doing my job? --Aponar Kestrel 03:05, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)

This text seems to convince me that ecchi means perverted in English (not Japanese, of course) "The word is often used in the context of manga and anime in Japan and the United States. However, its use in the United States is more general in its reference to something that would be considered "perverted" and carries different connotations than allowed for by the original Japanese." Straight from the Ecchi article itself... (And I moved it because ecchi hasn't surfaced in any dictionary... yet - But I moved it back) WhisperToMe 04:26, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Kanji romanization
I see you fixed the romanization in the Kanji article. When I changed the instances of on-yomi and kun-yomi to onyomi and kunyomi I completely overlooked the fact that I was screwing them up! Thanks for catching that (and all the other changes that I have to assume are correct). - dcljr 02:00, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Meioh setsuna REDIRECT
I believe that the lower case version is better as a redirect, because it will get people to the proper article, with proper caps, faster since that is the first variation checked; see Go button. Either capitalization of the redirect page, they end up at the correctly captitalized and ordered name. Google, etc. has gotten people used to caps-insensitive searching. I just want to get people to the desired info as fast as possible, and I believe a l/c redirect gets them there faster. If you want to slow down users, I won't revert, but I suggest you consider the limitations of WP searches and the big picture before you decide what's "best" for a REDIRECT! Niteowlneils 05:14, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Your request just slows down users, without changing what they see. Are you sure that is what you want? Niteowlneils 05:23, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Argument to move Meio/Kaio/Teno back to Meioh/Kaioh/Tenoh
I posted an argument at Talk:Sailor Moon JUST to get the article titles for Meio/Kaio/Teno to be moved back to the "oh" form, with an explanation that those spellings are NONSTANDARD romanizations (And the Japanese manga seems to spell their names that way too) - WhisperToMe 01:58, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Kanji revisited
I noticed after switching "rules" 1 and 2 concerning choosing the pronunciation of Kanji that you were the one who originally switched them. I assume you did this based on "validity" (prevalence of exceptions)? If so, go ahead and switch them back, but phrase the first one as "Kanji occuring...", not just "Compounds...". Thanks. - dcljr 00:00, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Eh, I just rewrote most of the section. --Aponar Kestrel (talk) 04:02, 2004 Sep 2 (UTC)

 * Wait, shouldn't karaage be karāge and kageboushi be kagebōshi? Or am I on crack? (See Romaji.) - dcljr 04:42, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Notsomuch. I don't think macrons should extend across morpheme boundaries: thus お母さん okāsan, 天皇 tennō, 宇宙 uchū but 空揚げ karaage, 雇う yatou, 幕内 makuuchi. (Maybe these should be kara-age and maku-uchi -- I think there's a non-phonemic glottal stop in there, but I can't check right now.) Kageboushi is just wapuro, though; thanks for catching it. --Aponar Kestrel  (talk) 14:51, 2004 Sep 5 (UTC)

Relating Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway

 * You forgot someone who is well known in the English language in the Western naming order. His name is Shoko Asahara. Just because he isn't well known in Western world in general doesn't mean he isn't known BETTER under one particular naming order.

In addition, other Aum articles, even those that I didn't start, use Western naming order. WhisperToMe 21:53, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Relating to the other comment, there is one other way I check for naming orders. I look on CNN and the English Mainichi Shimbun to see what they do. And both put these names in English order. WhisperToMe 22:03, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Astrochicken
Hi, Aponar. :) You were the nominator of the article on Astrochicken for VfD. I'm letting everyone who voted on it know that I have placed it on Votes for Undeletion. I would appreciate any comments there that you may have. func (talk) 16:59, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Dispute tag
Why is there a dispute tag on this user page? The sole text of the page is "Aponar Kestrel is a Wikipedia user." This doesn't seem like the sort of information that is typically subject to dispute. Is there any serious controversy over whether Aponar Kestrel is a Wikipedia user? Ken Arromdee 19:12, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. Under the Artificial Sentience Treaty of 2056, I do not legally qualify as a user. –Aponar Kestrel (talk) 00:45, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Reminder...
When using template tags on talk pages, don't forget to substitute with text by adding subst: to the template tag. For example, use {{subst:test}} instead of {{test}}. This reduces server load and prevents accidental blanking of the template. — Ian Manka Talk to me‼ 21:37, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Talk:Practical joke
Hi - When you edited this page, you removed some other people's comments. Could you please restore them? Thanks - SCEhard T 08:59, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Glaah. Thanks for pointing that out; I think I reverted to a previous version by accident. I've fixed it. –Aponar Kestrel (talk) 16:54, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks! - SCEhard T 17:10, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Anime/manga naming conventions
Hi AK, please don't feel like you need to withdraw from the discussion on naming conventions ... you pointed out pretty much the same inconsistencies and problems with Ned's reasoning that I did but for some reason he took yours largely as a personal attack (honestly at first I wasn't sure if he was writing to you or to me!). This is one of those topics I wish we could quickly resolve and move on to other things, but I fear a resolution is not going to be easy when a common understanding of the problem and applicable conventions hasn't even been reached yet. CES 02:14, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, well. I was getting irritated. Besides, I'm not withdrawing entirely; I'm just ... stepping back to catch my breath. –Aponar Kestrel (talk) 02:40, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Rubber Merchant
Yeah, I don't get the point either. I've had it happen a few times where a copyvio'd article is resolved, but is still worthy of deletion. Oh well, if only I were an admin. : )  --cholmes75 (chit chat) 20:23, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

The Kohta Hirano dispute guy is asking for a protection for the Kohta Hirano article
See

Bakemono is trying really hard to get it at Kouta Hirano. WhisperToMe 20:43, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Um, hello... ^^;
Sorry I keep finding you (if you are who I think you are), but... AMK?!? Heh. --Galaxiaad 17:48, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Oops, that'd be AMKestrel from the anime chat on Napster years ago, but I guess I was mistaken so please ignore! ^^;;; --Galaxiaad 17:07, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Aponar Kestrel! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:26, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Naoki Takeshi -

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aponar Kestrel


text:
National Police Directorate (Norway)

National Police Directorate (Politidirektoratet) a government agency subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and Public Security which heads the Norwegian Police Service. The directorate is led by the National Police Commissioner (Politidirektør), who since 2012 has been Odd Reidar Humlegård.

In Norway there is only one police force. The organisation of the Norwegian Police is largely based on the principle of an integrated police, that is that all the functions of the police are collected in one organisation.

title: National Police Directorate (Norway)


text:
Paul Bocuse

Paul François Pierre Bocuse (11 February 1926 – 20 January 2018) was a French chef based in Lyon known for the high quality of his restaurants and his innovative approaches to cuisine. Dubbed "the pope of gastronomy", he was affectionately nicknamed Monsieur Paul (Mister Paul). The Bocuse d'Or, a biennial world chef championship, bears his name.

A student of Eugénie Brazier, he was one of the most prominent chefs associated with the nouvelle cuisine, which is less opulent and calorific than the traditional cuisine classique, as well as stresses the importance of fresh ingredients of the highest quality. Bocuse claimed that Henri Gault first used the term, nouvelle cuisine, to describe food prepared by Bocuse and other top chefs for the maiden flight of the Concorde airliner in 1969.

In popular culture, Bocuse inspired the character of chef Auguste Gusteau in the 2007 animated film Ratatouille, directed by Brad Bird, the plot line of which was also influenced by fellow chef Bernard Loiseau's life story.

After completing his formal education, Bocuse enrolled in a culinary apprenticeship in Lyon, a city renowned for its culinary traditions. Under the guidance of some of the most skilled and experienced chefs in France, he honed his skills and gained a deep understanding of the art and science of French cuisine.

Contributions to French gastronomy
Bocuse made many contributions to French gastronomy both directly and indirectly, because he had numerous students, many of whom have become notable chefs themselves. One of his students was Austrian Eckart Witzigmann, one of four Chefs of the Century and chef at the first German restaurant to receive three Michelin stars. Since 1987, the Bocuse d'Or has been regarded as the most prestigious award for chefs in the world (at least when French food is considered), and is sometimes seen as the unofficial world championship for chefs. Bocuse received numerous awards throughout his career, including the medal of Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.

The Culinary Institute of America honoured Bocuse in their Leadership Awards Gala on 30 March 2011. He received the "Chef of the Century" award. In July 2012 the Culinary Institute of America announced in The New York Times that they would change the name of their Escoffier Restaurant to the Bocuse Restaurant, after a year-long renovation.

In 1975, he created soupe aux truffes (truffle soup) for a presidential dinner at the Élysée Palace. Since then, the soup has been served in Bocuse's restaurant near Lyon as Soupe V.G.E., VGE being the initials of former president of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

Restaurants
Bocuse's main restaurant, L'Auberge du Pont de Collonges, is a luxury establishment near Lyon, which has been serving a traditional menu for decades. It was one of only 27 restaurants in France to receive a three-star rating in 2017 by the Michelin Guide. However, it lost its record-breaking 55-year long 3-star rating in the 2020 Michelin Guide, sparking controversy in the French culinary world. He also operated a chain of brasseries in Lyon, named Le Nord, L'Est, Le Sud and L'Ouest, each of which specialize in a different aspect of French cuisine.

Paul Bocuse's son, Jérôme, manages the "Les Chefs de France" restaurant which the elder Bocuse co-founded with Roger Vergé and Gaston Lenôtre and is located inside the French pavilion at Walt Disney World's EPCOT.

Bocuse was considered an ambassador of modern French cuisine. He was honoured in 1961 with the title Meilleur Ouvrier de France. He had been apprenticed to Fernand Point, a master of classic French cuisine. Bocuse dedicated his first book to him.

Institut Paul Bocuse Worldwide Alliance
In 2004, the Institut Paul Bocuse Worldwide Alliance was created. In 2014, the Alliance brought together students of 14 nationalities for a course in Lyon.

Notable alumni of the programme include Lebanese chef Tara Khattar.

Death
Bocuse died of Parkinson's disease on 20 January 2018 at age 91 in Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or, north of Lyon, in the same room above his restaurant, L'Auberge du Pont de Collonges, in which he was born in 1926. His son Jérôme asked there not be a national tribute, stating it is not what his father would have wanted, remembering a "simple" man; President Emmanuel Macron recognised a "mythical figure" who represented "French gastronomy in its generosity, its respect for traditions but also its inventiveness".

Works

 * Paul Bocuse's French Cooking, translated by Colette Rossant (Pantheon Books 1977)
 * Bocuse a la Carte, translated by Colette Rossant (Pantheon Books 1987)

title: Paul Bocuse


text:
User talk:Jakob~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jakob. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jakob~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:12, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jakob~enwiki


text:
Jane Campbell

Jane Campbell may refer to:
 * Jane Campbell, Viscountess Kenmure (died 1675) Scottish aristocrat
 * Jane Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Surbiton (born 1959), Commissioner of the Equality and Human Rights Commission
 * Jane L. Campbell (born 1953), American politician
 * Jane Campbell (table tennis) (born 1968), British Paralympic table tennis player
 * Jane Campbell (soccer) (born 1995), American soccer goalkeeper
 * Jane Cannon Campbell, American Revolutionary War patriot
 * Jane Montgomery Campbell, British musician and poet
 * Jane Maud Campbell, librarian

title: Jane Campbell