text:
Talk:Jew's harp

Another early use of jaw harp
"The "jaw" variant is attested at least as early as 1774[10] and 1809,[11]"

See also Blue Laws (Connecticut), no. 35.

2001:171B:2274:7C21:C822:E68:E89D:BE33 (talk) 19:45, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

Reliable sources
This article contained a reference to the so-called "Silk Road Foundation", also known as "Silk Road". It's an online publisher. The website can be found here:

https://www.silkroadfoundation.org

This publication sometimes refers to itself as "Silk Road Journal", but should NOT be confused with Silk Road Journal Online, which has absolutely nothing to do with this discussion.

The Silk Road Journal in question is based primarily around Asian archaeology and history. It typically publishes theoretical articles written by researchers who appear to mostly hail from Russia and China. The sole editor of the publication, an American man named Daniel Waugh, has candidly stated that it has no formal peer review:

http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol15/srjournal_v15.pdf

From the outset, there has been no formal process of peer review, such as one expects in the standard academic journals. We still solicit articles (a task which largely has devolved on me over the years), though we also receive (but have not been overwhelmed by) unsolicited submissions.

Decisions on what to publish (as with any journal) ultimately rest with the editor, who in this case, for better or worse, has acted as the peer reviewer. I often see what I think is gold in material that could never find its way into a standard academic publication. But the perils of rarely seeking outside opinions may mean things slip through without acknowledgement that a subject has been thoroughly treated elsewhere.

The lack of formal peer review does have the unfortunate consequence that junior scholars hoping to advance in their profession may avoid us, since their promotion will depend in the first instance on peer reviewed publication, however excellent (and widely cited) a piece might be which we would publish. Yet in some cases where there is a premium for academics in other countries to publish in a respected journal in English, we have been able to provide just such an opportunity. Many of the senior scholars we have solicited for contributions have politely refused to write for us, since they are already over-committed [...]

So, the Silk Road Foundation is a speedy publishing mill for primary research that is not formally peer reviewed. The editor describes himself as someone who often sees "'gold in material that would never find its way in to a standard academic publication'". A lot of researchers don't want to be published by Silk Road Foundation, and those that do are disproportionately from non-English speaking countries, who struggle to get their theories published in standard English-language journals.

To my mind, this is very near to the definition of predatory publishing, with the exception that the Silk Road Foundation does not even provide the benefits of high-end predatory puboishers, like DOI. It's really more like an internet blog.

The Silk Road Foundation is cited on various ethnical and archaeological articles on Wikipedia, often advancing pet theories, which is out of touch with WP:RS, which says that Wikipedia should prioritize high-quality, peer reviewed secondary research over this kind of stuff.

Although I'm not aware of any controversial material in this particular Wiki article related to its Silk Road Foundation reference, and I have no enmity for the Silk Road Foundation or its publisher, or its authors, this source does not meet Wikipedia's standards for reliable sources, and should not be cited. Hunan201p (talk) 07:59, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

German composer Carl Orff is missing
While Koch and Eulenstein get mentioned the composer who will be most recognized by Germans for use of the Maultrommel or Jew's harp is Carl Orff. Many Germans are first introduced to the instument through Orff's Schulwerk music education pieces. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Orff Please add. 2600:1700:1C60:45E0:B531:4DBA:1E06:66F7 (talk) 02:44, 1 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Orff's article didn't appear to me to mention his use at all. That said, if you have one or more sources, you're welcome to add the information yourself. DonIago (talk) 16:08, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

Name change (10 years on)
The previous attempt at a name change was misguided, seemingly based on an incorrect etymology. Such is obviously not a valid reason for a change. However, I do think there is a valid reason.

I would propose the article itself be moved to the more neutral "jaw harp." This is still a common name for the instrument, and there is precedent for choosing the most neutral common name available. Plus I find that term "jaw harp" seems to have won out in more modern sources on the topic. If "Jew's harp" is mentioned, it's mentioned as an alternate or older name.

Sure, "Jew's harp" has a longer history of use, but there is no "original names" policy on Wikipedia. What is important is usually that the name is common (per the policy linked above). Wikipedia also strives for neutrality, and this essay mentions this also being applied to titles. And I'd propose it doesn't make a lot of sense for a constantly updating encyclopedia to have fossilized titles, using terms that are falling out of favor.

— trlkly 01:10, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

 * It's worth noting that a casual Google search (assuming I did it right) yields substantially more results for "jaw harp" than "Jew's harp". 4M versus 1.3M. DonIago (talk) 03:03, 23 June 2022 (UTC)
 * it should be moved to Jaw harp, I agree Always beleive in hope (talk) 03:25, 5 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I've requested that the page be moved at WP:RMT. Cheers. DonIago (talk) 03:42, 5 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I've initiated a discussion at WP:MR, since I think moving a page from such a longstanding title needs more discussion. The Blade of the Northern Lights ( 話して下さい ) 19:47, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The move review was closed since there was no requested move to review. A new move request can be started initiated per WP:RSPM. Vpab15 (talk) 21:28, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Please take the steps necessary to revert this page back to its original name. There is ample recent evidence in contrast to your claim.
 * The International Jews Harp Congress, the only international festival of its kind which unites jews harps musicians, academics, blacksmiths, and fans took place in Berlin, Germany on July 27, 2022.
 * https://jewsharpsociety.org/9th-international-festival
 * https://www.ufafabrik.de/en/20343/9-internationales-maultrommelfestival.html
 * There is a lengthy review of this exact controversy in the beginning Micheal Wright's book, The Jews-Harp in Britain and Ireland, published in 2015.
 * https://www.routledge.com/The-Jews-Harp-in-Britain-and-Ireland/Wright/p/book/9781472414137
 * Diedre Morgan has published her thesis on the instrument in 2017. The title, "Speaking in Tongues: Music, Identity, and Representation in Jew's Harp Communities." She too, goes in great detail regarding why she chose to use the name, Jew's Harp over any alternative name.  Her new book is entitled, "Jew’s Harps and Metal: Folk Traditions in Global Modernity" is due to be published in the upcoming years.
 * https://www.academia.edu/35053173/Speaking_in_Tongues_Music_Identity_and_Representation_in_Jews_Harp_Communities_PhD_dissertation_
 * https://www.deirdremorgan.com/news/2022/10/24/new-book-under-contract-with-routledge-jews-harps-amp-metal-music-folk-traditions-in-global-modernity
 * The nomenclature of the world's largest event that is centred around this instrument and current researchers use of Jew's Harp is in direct opposition to your personal views on changing the well established and currently dominant name. Concluding Jew's Harp is a "fossilized title" is simply in error.
 * The primary growth in the term, Jaw Harp, likely stems from a single youtuber who has recently had a couple viral videos in which he refers to the instrument. In these videos, he refers to the instrument as Jaw Harp: https://www.youtube.com/@bebbcorpharpery7331/featured
 * A single youtuber doesn't warrant a change in established and currently active nomenclature. Researchers and academics on the subject use the term, "Jew's Harp." The most prominent players and blacksmiths use the term, "Jew's Harp." These facts cannot be overlooked.  It is disappointing that proper research has not been done when changing the name of a page.
 * When changes are made without conducting proper research is why people lose confidence in the accuracy of Wikipedia, a resource we all love. 24.150.179.240 (talk) 20:19, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

Range of the instrument is not correct
The range of the mouth harp is an interesting topic and is not a one size fits all. It could also vary (slightly?) from person to person due to different shapes of people's mouths. The notes a mouth harp can make are the higher harmonics (of the frequency at which the mouth harp vibrates) that your mouth is able to reinforce. Your mouth can only contort to reinforce frequencies in a particular range. Think of whistling, it works the same way. The range of your whistle is the range of frequencies your mouth can reinforce (while in a whistling shape, which is not the same as a mouth harp playing shape). Personally, I find my mouth can reinforce frequencies in a range roughly 500 Hz - 3000 Hz. So let's look at an example. G2 is 97.9986 Hz, we'll call it 98. The notes I should be able to hit are the multiples of 98 that fall within that 500 - 3000 range. These are the 6th through 30th harmonics inclusive! The lower the base frequency, the higher the number of the lowest harmonic we can hit, but also the more harmonics we can pack into our range. In my experience, the lower the harmonic (as in the number of the harmonic, not the frequency), the more clear and beautiful the tone, so it is preferable to play as low as you can play comfortably if you're trying to play melodies. There is talk on this page of using two mouth harps, one tuned a 4th above the other, to achieve, I guess some superset of a major scale. But if your mouth harp is tuned low enough to have both the 16th and 32nd harmonic in your range (e.g. C2), that is a chromatic octave right there (16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 27 29 30 32)

Taking a look at the chart we currently have, it says a "tenor" mouth harp (not sure what that means) has a range from the 4th harmonic to the 12th harmonic. This is a factor of x3 between the lowest and highest note. My roughly 500 Hz - 3000 Hz range is a factor of x6. Unless I happen to have double the range of a normal human (and I don't think this likely), this chart is just plain wrong. There is no way to my knowledge to design a mouth harp that is limited to this range, you will either be able to go below 4, or above 12.

sources: Me, as a player of the instrument, and varganist.ru

I would like to edit this article to make changes regarding these things. But I'm hesitant to proceed without some guidance. I'm not sure if I should try to add a different note thing to replace the old one, nor am I sure how much of the information above is appropriate to include, as this is Wikipedia, not a mouth harp playing guide.

Mason Mackaman (talk) 18:23, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 5 February 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Page moved to alternative Jew's harp. Consensus emerged for the alternative name. (closed by non-admin page mover) --  Dane  talk  01:39, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

Jaw harp → Jew's Harp – The name, Jew's Harp has been firmly established in academia and international festivals which focus on the instrument. It is still the most common active name.

The International Jews Harp Congress, the only international festival of its kind which unites jews harps musicians, academics, blacksmiths, and fans took place in Berlin, Germany on July 27, 2022. https://jewsharpsociety.org/9th-international-festival https://www.ufafabrik.de/en/20343/9-internationales-maultrommelfestival.html

There is a lengthy review of this exact controversy in the beginning Micheal Wright's book, The Jews-Harp in Britain and Ireland, published in 2015. https://www.routledge.com/The-Jews-Harp-in-Britain-and-Ireland/Wright/p/book/9781472414137

Diedre Morgan has published her thesis on the instrument in 2017. The title, "Speaking in Tongues: Music, Identity, and Representation in Jew's Harp Communities." She too, goes in great detail regarding why she chose to use the name, Jew's Harp over any alternative name. Her new book is entitled, "Jew’s Harps and Metal: Folk Traditions in Global Modernity" is due to be published in the upcoming years. https://www.academia.edu/35053173/Speaking_in_Tongues_Music_Identity_and_Representation_in_Jews_Harp_Communities_PhD_dissertation_ https://www.deirdremorgan.com/news/2022/10/24/new-book-under-contract-with-routledge-jews-harps-amp-metal-music-folk-traditions-in-global-modernity 24.150.179.240 (talk) 21:27, 5 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. It was moved without sufficient discussion in the first place. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 06:37, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * COMMENT, does anyone have the ngrams? Not sure what the useage is.--Ortizesp (talk) 07:51, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Absolutely Oppose: Firstly, the Ngram, as one user mentioned, shows the term falling out of favor with academia. Secondly, the term "jaw harp" refers to a family of international instruments (e.g., the temir komuz or dàn môi) of which none are known by their country of origin as anything other than jaw harps. This is an international encyclopedia, despite using English. And since really only some Western scholars use the term, I prefer to use the more international, neutral, and correct term. Why? I Ask (talk) 08:31, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The term, Jew's Harp, has been and is continuously supported by academia, as proven in the links above. The term, Jew's Harp, does refer to family of international instruments that you mentioned. "Jaw Harp" is not a recognized instrument internationally.  Believe it or not, but the international word for the instrument is in fact, "Jew's Harp" as illustrated by the International Jew's Harp Society, which hosts board member from both Western and Non-Western countries.  Please see: https://jewsharpsociety.org/who-we-are
 * The Norwegians use the term, Jews Harp, in exchange of the local, Munnharpe. https://www.munnharpe.no/?lang=en
 * The Yakutians (Russians) use the term, Jews Harp, in exchange for the local word, Khomus, during an international Jew's Harp playing competition in 2022: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52EI9pLd9Pw 208.72.125.4 (talk) 21:55, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * oppose current name is slightly more common in recnet schoalrship [] ,[]—blindlynx 16:59, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Please show any recent scholarship that uses the term, "Jaw Harp". None such exist. 208.72.125.4 (talk) 21:38, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * A brief look at JStore under the search term Jaw Harp brought up 3,641 results. In many articles both Jew's harp and jaw/jaws harp is used together. Some samples:
 * 1972 On the Acoustics and the Systematic Classification of the Jaw's Harp, in the Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council,
 * 1984 Functional Changes in Batak Traditional Music and Its Role in Modern Indonesian Society, Journal: Asian Music,, quote: music was normally individual music for solo instruments such as one of the several types of flutes, bamboo clarinet, paddy shawm, hasapi (the boat-shaped lute), jaw harp (genggong or saga-saga), tube zither, xylophone, or slit drum.
 * 1999, Lewis & Clarkiana, in Archaeology,, quote: They had a couple of fiddles, a tambourine, a jaw harp , and spoons
 * 1999, Tracking down the Trump: Jaw Harp Speculative Second Fiddle in the Expedition's Musical Ensemble, by Hugh Gildea page 168
 * 2013 'If You Find Out Who Her Father is I Would Be Interested to Know' The Kwermin in an Eastern Min Context, in Oceania, quote: The jaw harp {tanam) This musical instrument is said...
 * There are plenty of academic articles using both terms; however only one term is anti-Semetic. Jacqke (talk) 15:05, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * A brief look at JStore using the term Jew's Harp brought up 11,010 results.
 * Clyne, A. (1928). The Jew’s Harp a Century Ago. The Musical Times, 69(1024), 508–509. http://www.jstor.org/stable/916388
 * Crane, Frederick. “The Jew’s Harp as Aerophone.” The Galpin Society Journal, vol. 21, 1968, pp. 66–69. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/841429. Accessed 7 Feb. 2023.
 * Ledang, O. K. (1972). On the Acoustics and the Systematic Classification of the Jaw’s Harp. Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council, 4, 95–103. https://doi.org/10.2307/767676
 * Kolltveit, G. (2009). THE JEW’S HARP IN WESTERN EUROPE: TRADE, COMMUNICATION, AND INNOVATION, 1150–1500. Yearbook for Traditional Music, 41, 42–61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25735478
 * Nikolsky, A.V. (2020). “Talking Jew’s Harp” and Its Relation to Vowel Harmony as a Paradigm of Formative Influence of Music on Language. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/%E2%80%9CTalking-Jew%E2%80%99s-Harp%E2%80%9D-and-Its-Relation-to-Vowel-as-a-Nikolsky/f1ced922d9bf1662b618c93faa0667c34e7ff359
 * The word 'Jew' is not antisemitic by default. Yaevinnn (talk) 17:19, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree it isn't anti-Semetic by default nor do I think it is widely used that way. As I wrote below, though, any perception of that should be taken seriously. To me that is the crux of the matter; it doesn't matter what the common usage is if it is wrong. I knew as a child that "Jew's harp" was not good. I saw that it was portrayed in American culture as backward and comical. Of course it isn't anti-Semetic...wink wink, nudge nudge, say no more... Jacqke (talk) 19:05, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * the google scholar link i provided has a 422 from the last ten years—blindlynx 19:55, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

 * • Support
 * Recognizability
 * - While there exists numerous academic articles using the terms, Jew's Harp and Jaw(s) Harp, more use the former, both presently and in the past.
 * Naturalness
 * - The reconizability doesn't entirely account for the casual use of the word, however. In an analysis of all newspapers published from 1750 to 1950 in Britain and Ireland, 90% of them used the term, Jew's Harp, when referencing the instrument.1  This may be shifting recently, but there is a lack of evidence for such.
 * As mentioned above, the International Jews Harp Society hosts board members from around the world. It is still running and have recently conducted an international festival in 2022 using the term, Jew's Harp.  This does appear to be the only international group dedicated to the instrument.
 * https://jewsharpsociety.org/fred-cranes-library
 * Precision
 * - Both fulfill this equally
 * Concision
 * - Both fulfill this equally
 * Consistency
 * - Both fulfill this equally
 * Finally, the possibility of an anti-semitic link is not cause for name change. The origin of the instrument's name in English is unknown and will likely always be.  Many theories exist, but they are simply theories.  There has also been no recent evidence of the name used in an antisemitic context.
 * 1 Wright, Michael. The Jews-Harp in Britain and Ireland (SOAS Studies in Music). 1st ed., Routledge, 2015. Yaevinnn (talk) 18:26, 7 February 2023 (UTC) —  is a confirmed sock puppet of.
 * Wow, another potential sock. I think there's a chance we should get an admin involved. Why? I Ask (talk) 19:19, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Support While it may seem odd at first, the evidence presented here clearly shows a public international favoring of the proposed change. MadTubeSock (talk) 22:10, 6 February 2023 (UTC) —  is a confirmed sock puppet of.

 * This is your second ever edit on the encyclopedia (deleted content not included). I question whether you are a (like your name suggests) a sock puppet. Why? I Ask (talk) 22:12, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Support, Jew's Harp appears to be far more common, both academically and casually. FranklinOfNull (talk) 23:20, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * According to whom? Other editors have claimed, with sources, that it's the other way around. DonIago (talk) 07:39, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose, If there is a perception anywhere that Jew's harp is somehow anti-Semitic, then that view should be taken seriously. I find it believable that pasting Jew's on an object (that already has connotations of being backward or different) is not innocent. Someone had their little joke, at someone else's expense. Jacqke (talk) 00:51, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Lowercase "harp": The proposal, without explanation, includes changing "harp" to "Harp", and it's not a proper name. It should be lowercase. — BarrelProof (talk) 21:46, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Lowercase "harp": per BarrelProof. On the fuller question I am silent. Cinderella157 (talk) 01:17, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Jew's harp. Overwhelmingly common name in English-language sources for most of history. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:09, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Dang, I didn't know history was the main reason to keep pages as is; as one user suggested above, let's rename African-American to negro; it wasn't until the 70s that the former became more popular, and the written record confirms that. As already shown above, the term jaw harp is slightly outpacing the term Jew's harp in modern academia. A historical basis is not a good one; we look to what modern researchers are using. Wikipedia is WP:NOT CENSORED, but if there's a chance that a name can be offensive when a suitable alternative exists, then I prefer the neutral alternative. Why? I Ask (talk) 14:16, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * if there's a chance that a name can be offensive when a suitable alternative exists, then I prefer the neutral alternative. Even if almost nobody ever uses it? -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:45, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Huh? You mean the hundreds of books and papers that use the term jaw harp? You can literally just look it up on Google to see people using it . "Almost nobody" is pure editor opinion (and a frankly wrong one at that). Why? I Ask (talk) 15:00, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh, come on, you know very well what the WP:COMMONNAME is! And unlike Negro, that has not changed. -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:00, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Per WP:COMMONNAME: Article titles should be neither vulgar (unless unavoidable) nor pedantic. When there are multiple names for a subject, all of which are fairly common, and the most common has problems, it is perfectly reasonable to choose one of the others. Oh come on, you know that defining an instrument as a "Jew's" harp can be potentially offensive. Why? I Ask (talk) 17:31, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The fact still remains that Jew's Harp is more common, academically, commonly, and internationally. Please review your research further, this statement cannot be reliably backed up: "the term jaw harp is slightly outpacing the term Jew's harp in modern academia." 208.72.125.4 (talk) 21:10, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Look, I hope you genuinely like the name out of nostalgia. The desire to bring it back worries me. It does not matter if Jews harp outpaces jaw/jaws harp 3-to-1 in the real world. The world that was innocent enough to create that name is gone.  Jew's harp is an old fashioned term that has more than a little bit of anti-Semitism associated with it, a way to sneak it into your child's vocabulary. It is offensive and frankly needs to go the way of some other old words from the 19th and 20th centuries. So what if it's not the top term-- everyone who types it in will be led to the same article--where they will find their favorite epithet in bold in the first paragraph.  Google will still bring up the Wikipedia page because the old term is part of the article.  The only thing different will be a page that has joined the 21st century, it's editors choosing to put aside a not-quite clean or innocent reminder that making fun of others is a great way to make them into the other. Jacqke (talk) 01:55, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh come on, you know that defining an instrument as a "Jew's" harp can be potentially offensive. Why would it be? Given that "Jew" is not considered to be an offensive term? It's no more offensive than French horn! -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:52, 10 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Completely different circumstances; the French horn was made and used by the French. It is part of their culture. The same cannot be said of the Jew's harp where it is not part of the culture. And even if some or even a small minority find it offensive, there is not reason not to use the just-as-common term in recent times, jaw harp. Why? I Ask (talk) 11:48, 10 February 2023 (UTC)
 * That doesn't explain why anyone would offended by the term. If it used a pejorative then I would understand, but it does not. There is no right not to be offended in any case, particularly if most people aren't. And I'm sorry, but just as common? No way. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:28, 10 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment References are being made to ngram evidence but I am not actually seeing any such evidence. The apostrohe in Jew's is problematic for a normal search but apparently, it is not insurmountable. I just don't know myself how to overcome the problem. Cinderella157 (talk) 02:41, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. We do not capitalize names of musical instruments except where they contain a proper name.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  13:59, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Note that the lowercase form has also been proposed in the discussion above. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:52, 10 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Support (with lowercase "harp") per common usage and arguments above. Ngram won't recognize apostrophe, but Google Scholar results for "Jew's harp" (383) plus "Jews harp" (287) are greater than the 422 for "jaw harp".  —  AjaxSmack  07:21, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * there is a tonne of overlap between those two i'm not sure a straight addition works to show dominant usage—blindlynx 19:58, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * There is a small amount of overlap (e.g. a source that uses "Jew's harp", but cites a URL with "jews-harp"), but after checking the first couple of pages of results, I was surprised at how little duplication there was. If you're seeing something I'm not, let me know. —  AjaxSmack  20:18, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Note to closer Someone has been attempting to sway consensus here by votestacking; I have struck through a couple of votes by socks above. Girth Summit  (blether)  15:29, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

Health impact?
Is it possible to damage your enamel by playing it? 37.47.201.21 (talk) 23:45, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 19 March 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. There is a clear absence of consensus in favor of the proposed move, and sufficient opposition to the move to make relisting unlikely to result in a different outcome. BD2412 T 18:54, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

Jew's harp → Jaw harp – "Jew harp" has only 3,50,000 results, "Jew's harp" has only 1,75,000 results, but "Jaw harp" has 6,50,000 results on Google, while "Mouth harp" has 5,42,000 results.

"Jaw harp" is the WP:COMMONNAME.

Not only that, but "Jew's harp" is treated as anti-semitic by a number of sources. This is yet another reason why we should avoid using this title. REDISCOVERBHARAT (talk) 05:30, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Have you reviewed the page-move discussion that's barely a thread above this proposal? If not, I would suggest that you do so, as that's barely a year old and your statement doesn't indicate that you're considering or addressing the points raised there. DonIago (talk) 05:45, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Support as a neutral name. Jew%27s harp confirms this instrument has nothing to do with the Jews. We should avoid the derogatory word. Georgethedragonslayer (talk) 07:22, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per previous RM. Very clear common name. I get considerably more hits for Jew's harp and Jew harp on Google than for Jaw harp. Of the sources cited above that describe it as anti-Semitic, one is from a novel in which one character says another finds it offensive. The other is from a book actually called The Jews-Harp in Britain and Ireland which goes on to explain that it is the common name and is wrongly perceived to be anti-Semitic as nobody really knows why it is so-called! And "Jew" is not a "derogatory word"! -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:29, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It's not necessarily that it's derogatory. It just misrepresents the instrument and its history. I would liken it to the misrepresentation of Native Americans as Indians: There are plenty of academic and historical sources that call Native Americans "Indians". Members within the communities (of the instrument and the indigenous people) may either find it offensive or promote it. But we can assure that we won't misrepresent anyone with the neutral, common title of "Jaw harp" (or "Mouth harp", as a slightly less common alternative). The fact that the Wright book even talks about a controversy means that we should probably avoid it altogether. This is obviously one reason. The other is that calling Chinese or African mouth harps "Jew's harps" is dumb. Why? I Ask (talk) 20:18, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I can't find any evidence that "jaw harp" is a common name, or that it has overtaken the name "Jew's harp" in the musical community. Nearly every reputable reference —, , , etc. – uses the original name, which seems unrelated to the Jewish people. As a Jewish person, I might wince at this, but it's not our prerogative to invent something and call it right.--Mike Selinker (talk) 13:45, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support: Per my arguments on the previous move discussion. Jaw harp more accurately refers to the family of instruments. (Why would you call the Đàn môi from Vietnam a Jew's harp?) It also is just as common in academia without potentially being misconstrued as anti-Semitic. (People arguing that mouth or jaw harp are uncommon terms are wrong; ask me, and I can provide no less than 20 academic sources.) At the very least, Jew's needs to be de-capitalized to become the non-possesive jews harp, which is another preferred manner for several academics, such as Michael Wright. Why? I Ask (talk) 14:02, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. "Jaw harp" is more commonly used. For example, this book by David Holt is using "Jaw harp". desmay (talk) 18:10, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per the ngram evidence and google scholar evidence, Jew's harp is clearly the WP:COMMONNAME. "Evidence" by assertion that it is otherwise is not evidence and evidence that certain sources use Jaw harp does not address the criteria of COMMONNAME, which requires us to survey a representative sample of sources (not just find sources that support one argument or the other and who can find the most sources). On the use of search results per the advice at COMMONNAME, searches of sources such as ngrams and google scholar are much preferred over more general google searches such as those provided by the nom.  As commented previously, the name is no different from French horn. The assertion being made is that one can't say Jehovah Jew without offending someone and getting stoned (by rocks - not the other sort of stoned).  Cinderella157 (talk) 00:43, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * No, the difference is the French horn is actually related to the French and there's a neutral page that already covers the family of instruments from other cultures (e.g., Horn (instrument)). Meanwhile, the Jew's harp is not related to the Jewish people at all and doesn't neutrally describe the family of instruments. Why? I Ask (talk) 05:39, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support (STRONGLY) per reasons listed by nominator and User:Why? I Ask. It's a significantly more neutral name — and the two terms are definitely quite close in popularity. Why not go with the more neutral name, truly. Also, since there's a controversy over whether the name is anti-semitic, why not avoid that controversy entirely.
 * Also, with what User:Why? I Ask said above: "Jaw harp more accurately refers to the family of instruments. (Why would you call the Đàn môi from Vietnam a Jew's harp?) [Jaw harp] is also just as common in academia without potentially being misconstrued as anti-Semitic." Paintspot Infez (talk) 02:27, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * And, the other point made by User:Why? I Ask sums it up really well: "It's not necessarily that it's derogatory. It [also] misrepresents the instrument and its history. I would liken it to the misrepresentation of Native Americans as Indians: There are plenty of academic and historical sources that call Native Americans "Indians". Members within the communities (of the instrument and the indigenous people) may either find it offensive or promote it. But we can assure that we won't misrepresent anyone with the neutral, common title of "Jaw harp" (or "Mouth harp", as a slightly less common alternative). The fact that the Wright book even talks about a controversy means that we should probably avoid it altogether." Paintspot Infez (talk) 02:28, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * AND, WP:COMMONNAME states: Article titles should be neither vulgar (unless unavoidable) nor pedantic. When there are multiple names for a subject, all of which are fairly common, and the most common has problems, it is perfectly reasonable to choose one of the others. Paintspot Infez (talk) 02:38, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * ...And, there's another point that's VERY apt, by "If there is a perception anywhere that Jew's harp is somehow anti-Semitic, then that view should be taken seriously. I find it believable that pasting Jew's on an object (that already has connotations of being backward or different) is not innocent."
 * So yeah, definitely support. Paintspot Infez (talk) 02:35, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose, not convinced it's the COMMONNAME. And not convinced it's offensive either.--Ortizesp (talk) 13:01, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support Commonly used name and it is not considered offensive by anybody unlike the current article title. Dympies (talk) 03:16, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per the ngrams and other comments here and in the 20203 RM above. The present title appears to be the common and long-term name, and the instrument is only offensive to the ear. Randy Kryn (talk) 09:39, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per evidence I and others presented in the previous RM 13 months ago. —  AjaxSmack  17:20, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support clearly a common name and not problematic like the existing title. What happened in the previous RM is irrelevant to this ongoing RM. Azuredivay (talk) 19:22, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. My opinions on this have not changed since the last time this was discussed. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 20:23, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose, per the reasoning in the last RM. Jew's harp appears to be the common name, and there's no evidence anyone particularly considers it to be offensive. — Amakuru (talk) 17:21, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jew's harp


text:
Synthetism

Synthetism is a term used by post-Impressionist artists like Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard and Louis Anquetin to distinguish their work from Impressionism. Earlier, Synthetism has been connected to the term Cloisonnism, and later to Symbolism. The term is derived from the French verb synthétiser (to synthesize or to combine so as to form a new, complex product).

History
Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and others pioneered the style during the late 1880s and early 1890s.

Synthetist artists aimed to synthesize three features:
 * The outward appearance of natural forms.
 * The artist's feelings about their subject.
 * The purity of the aesthetic considerations of line, colour and form.

In 1890, Maurice Denis summarized the goals for synthetism as,
 * It is well to remember that a picture before being a battle horse, a nude woman, or some anecdote, is essentially a flat surface covered with colours assembled in a certain order.

The term was first used in 1877 to distinguish between scientific and naturalistic impressionism, and in 1889 when Gauguin and Emile Schuffenecker organized an Exposition de peintures du groupe impressioniste et synthétiste in the Café Volpini at the Exposition Universelle in Paris. The confusing title has been mistakenly associated with impressionism. Synthetism emphasized two-dimensional flat patterns, thus differing from impressionist art and theory.

Synthetist paintings

 * Paul Sérusier - Talisman (Bois d'amour) (1888)
 * Paul Gauguin - Vision After The Sermon (1888), La Belle Angele (1889), The Loss of Innocence (1890)
 * Émile Bernard - Buckwheat Harvest (1888)
 * Charles Laval - Going to Market (1888)
 * Cuno Amiet - Breton Spinner (1893)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Synthetism


text:
Talk:Holy Island, Firth of Clyde

Untitled
Ponies, sheep and Goats. I just found an article with the names of varieties of Sheep Goat and Ponies on Holy Isle. All rather special. While there are no entries for Soay sheep or Eriskay ponies yet there are entries for Soay and Eriskay, and they have dead links to the sheep and ponies. So I have put deadlinks in too. Is that right? At the moment it would be more helpful to put Eriskay ponies but not so good in the long term. I'm not going to write the article on Eriskay pony, I've just met them on Holy Isle. What can I say? "They were very nice, if a bit timid". As for Soay sheep [] some one please make a start. Nothing on Sanann goats so left in goat.

By the way the article also mentions seals, butterflies, cormorants and oystercatchers, and yes they were all there, but not quite as notable. I have heard a rumour there is a temporate coral reef in Lamlash bay which is far more interesting.

By the way yes 130.88.96.66 was me. (Logged in on one Mozilla tab but not the other. Strange)

Billlion 23:37, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * There's nothing wrong with red links, providing one can have a resonable expectation that someone will one day write an article for said thing. There's pretty extensive coverage of breeds of cats and dogs, and I think for races of bee, but not so much for other animals.  A brief google suggests that both eriskay ponies and soay sheep are indeed breeds in their own right, so I think the red links are fine.  But remember that you can start an article without having to finish it - it's quite reasonable just to write a two sentence stub with an external link or two (google shall provide).  Of course one reasonably would add links to them in pony and sheep respectively, and before you know it you've been sucked off into sheepland.  There appears to be an artificial reef at Lamlash, btw  - heck, that page alone (reefballs!) would make a great wikipedia subject. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 23:49, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Requested move 26 October 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. Consensus to call this "Holy Island" but no consensus to change the "Firth of Clyde" qualifier, so I have moved it to "Holy Island, Firth of Clyde" (non-admin closure) Cwmhiraeth (talk) 19:50, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

Holy Isle, Firth of Clyde → Holy Island, Scotland – Per WP:WIAN "Holy Island" is the name of the island per the Ordnance Survey, Encyclopædia Britannica, A-Z, Collins Britain, Gazetteer for Scotland and the Scottish islands book. Only Google Maps, the official website and VisitScotland among common sources (see User:Crouch, Swale/Island names/Table) use "Holy Isle". Thus being consistent with the OS in other cases. I have proposed using "Scotland" its unique in Scotland but I'm fine with retaining the current qualifier, thus moving to Holy Island, Firth of Clyde or using the council area, thus Holy Island, North Ayrshire.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:40, 26 October 2019 (UTC) —Relisting. OhKayeSierra (talk) 03:13, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment. Certainly shouldn't be Holy Island, Scotland, given the existence of the other one that could also be translated as "Holy Island". -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:14, 30 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't see evidence that "Holy Island" (capitalized) is used for Eileach an Naoimh, then again we don't usually allow partial disambiguation and there's a risk here, therefore it might be best to stick with the current qualifier and use Holy Island, Firth of Clyde.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:16, 30 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Island and isle are essentially the same word, so I think it's best to err on the side of caution. -- Necrothesp (talk) 17:32, 30 October 2019 (UTC)
 * →Holy Island, Firth of Clyde as I think this is the most conservative approach. I think the main matter here is to ensure that people using 'Holy Isle' and 'Holy Island' end up at the same place as the survey of uses presented in the proposal shows that people could be looking for either one ... which actually suggests a non-move alternative of creating a redirect from Holy Island, Firth of Clyde to Holy Isle, Firth of Clyde. --User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 02:00, 2 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Holy Island, Firth of Clyde


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Simmons beuty rest bowling simmons beuty rest bowling ball

Simmons beuty rest bowling simmons beuty rest bowling ball Perhaps I've lead a sheltered life, but I doubt this exists even if spelled correctly. -- orthogonal 23:41, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This was a job for quick delete, and I've deleted it. Help keep VfD clean, tag quick delete candidates instead of listing them here! = Nunh-huh 23:43, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Confederalism

Removing npov statement from article
I removed the statement dealing with pov in the article because it seemed out of place and will now put a NPOV tag in it's place so users do not get confused. Arminius 23:45, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I started this article more than a year ago, and it was, to be simple, not very good. Additionally, there is already an article on confederation which goes into more detail, doesn't have an unfair POV, and is written more professionally. Also, having two pages on the same thing is redundant. Therefore, I think the best thing to do would be to redirect to there, and that's just what I'll do! Jesse Trombley 22:25, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Confederalism


text:
Scott Mosier

Scott A. Mosier (born March 5, 1971) is an American film producer, director and editor best known for his work with director Kevin Smith, with whom he occasionally co-hosts the weekly podcast, SModcast.

Early life
Mosier was born in Vancouver, Washington, and moved around as a child between British Columbia and Washington. He has dual Canadian and American citizenship, as his father John was born in Saskatchewan, Canada. As a teenager he resided in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Mosier met Kevin Smith while both were attending Vancouver Film School in Canada. Their first assignment, Mae Day: The Crumbling of a Documentary, was a student film documentary that fell apart in production. To salvage it, Smith and Mosier interviewed the crew about the demise of the very documentary that they had been attempting to produce. They also added a segment in which the two were shown in silhouette as they described their fictional thoughts.

Four months into the eight-month program, Smith decided to drop out, but not before making a deal with Mosier: each would start writing a script of his own, and the one who finished last would help the other with his film.

View Askew
On Smith's first feature film, Clerks, Mosier recorded the original sound on set, edited the film (at RST Video), and contributed to the budget. He also contributed by appearing on-screen as multiple characters, including the angry hockey player and Willam Black (Snowball).

On 1995 film Mallrats, Mosier worked in organizing the budget along with line producer Laura Greenlee, while presiding over a much larger crew. In the film, he portrayed Svenning's assistant, Roddy. The character later appeared on a Jay and Silent Bob MTV short.

On the 1997 romantic comedy film Chasing Amy, Mosier and Smith agreed with Miramax's Harvey Weinstein and Bob Weinstein to shrink the initial proposed budget from $3 million to $250,000. The compromise allowed Mosier and Kevin to cast their friends instead of established stars. Mosier appears in the beginning of the film as the comics convention patron who gets into an argument with Banky Edwards (Jason Lee) after demeaning his career as a tracer.

On the 1999 film Dogma, Mosier worked with Greenlee again; the editing of the film lasted nearly a year. He also played the Smooching Seaman who Ben Affleck and Matt Damon meet on the bus.

On the 2001 film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Mosier worked with a budget of $20 million. The editing was difficult, due to the MPAA threatening to give the film an NC-17 rating. In the film, Mosier played the assistant director on the set of the fictional sequel to Good Will Hunting and reprises his Willam Black character from Clerks.

Mosier had a comparatively larger budget to work with on the film Jersey Girl, at $35 million. The editing was also difficult due to the studio's desire to cut a large amount of Jennifer Lopez footage with Ben Affleck following the poor box-office performance of Gigli.

Mosier produced Clerks II in 2006. Smith stated he edited the film himself, making Clerks II one of three films Mosier has produced with Smith, but not edited (the others being Mallrats and Zack and Miri Make a Porno). Mosier makes a brief cameo as a concerned father who shields his daughter's eyes from the sight of a character sitting on a toilet.

In 2008, Mosier worked again with Smith as the producer on Zack and Miri Make a Porno.

Other work
Mosier served as an executive producer, editor, and actor for Bryan Johnson's Vulgar, an Askew production. He had also served as a producer (along with Smith) on Drawing Flies, A Better Place, and Clerks: The Animated Series; he served as a co-executive producer on Good Will Hunting and Big Helium Dog. He also appeared in cameos in Drawing Flies as the Crying Diaperman, in A Better Place as Larry, and in Vulgar as Scotty. Although he barely recorded any episodes in 2017, Mosier is also a co-host, along with Smith, of the SModcast podcast hosted by the Smith-owned SModcast.com.

In 2007, Salim Baba, a short documentary Mosier produced, was nominated for an Academy Award. Filmmakers Tim Sternberg and Francisco Bello received the nomination (Mosier was unable to be nominated due to a limit of two nominees per short film).

On SModcast 77, Mosier announced he would not produce Smith's film Cop Out (2010), instead pursuing his directorial debut. He stated on SModcast 90 that he finished writing his first feature screenplay and was in the process of trying to sell it.

On August 10, 2011, Mosier stated on Twitter that he has written some episodes of the Ultimate Spider-Man cartoon on Disney. This was confirmed in a special "SModcast Extra" (attached to SModcast No. 204 and episode 5 of the Comic Book Men podcast "Secret Stash") in which he and Smith interview Joe Casey; Mosier has written six scripts for the series.

Mosier made his directorial debut with Illumination Entertainment's animated feature The Grinch, based on the book by Dr. Seuss, and co-directed with Yarrow Cheney. It was released on November 9, 2018.

Personal life
Mosier was personally involved with fellow producer Monica Hampton for a while, whom he met while the two were producing Vulgar. He married girlfriend Alex Hilebronner on September 1, 2006. The couple met on the set of Jersey Girl.

In the documentary Back to the Well: Clerks II, he states that he is agnostic, but has gone to church with Kevin Smith on occasion.

title: Scott Mosier


text:
John Adams Dix

John Adams Dix (July 24, 1798 – April 21, 1879) was an American politician and military officer who was Secretary of the Treasury, Governor of New York and Union major general during the Civil War. He was notable for arresting the pro-Southern Maryland General Assembly, preventing that divided border state from seceding, and for arranging a system for prisoner exchange via the Dix–Hill Cartel, concluded in partnership with Confederate Major General Daniel Harvey Hill.

Biography
Dix was born in Boscawen, New Hampshire on July 24, 1798, the son of Timothy Dix and Abigail Wilkins, and brother of composer Marion Dix Sullivan. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, and joined the US Army as an ensign in May 1813, serving under his father until the latter's death a few months later. He attained the rank of captain in August 1825 and resigned from the Army in December 1828.

In 1826, Dix married Catherine Morgan, the adopted daughter of Congressman John J. Morgan, who gave Dix a job overseeing his upstate New York land holdings in Cooperstown. Dix and his wife moved to Cooperstown in 1828, and he practiced law in addition to overseeing the land holdings. In 1830, he was appointed by Governor Enos T. Throop as Adjutant General of the New York State Militia, and moved to Albany, New York. He was Secretary of State of New York from 1833 to 1839, and a member of the New York State Assembly (Albany Co.) in 1842.

U.S. Senator
Dix was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Silas Wright, Jr., and held office from 1845 to 1849. In November 1848, he was the Barnburner/Free-Soil candidate for Governor of New York, but was defeated by Whig Hamilton Fish. In February 1849, he ran for re-election to the U.S. Senate as the Barnburners' candidate, but the Whig majority of the State Legislature elected William H. Seward.

Railroad president and postmaster
In 1853 Dix was president of the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad. He was appointed Postmaster of New York City and served from 1860 to 1861.

In addition to his military and public duties, Dix was the president of the Union Pacific from 1863 to 1868 during construction of the First transcontinental railroad. He was the figurehead for rail baron Thomas C. Durant, in both of his railroad presidencies. He was also briefly president of the Erie Railroad in 1872.

Civil War service
Dix was appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury by President James Buchanan in January 1861 for the remainder of the lame duck president's term, ending on March 4. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he sent a telegram to the Treasury agents in New Orleans ordering that: "If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot." Although the telegram was intercepted by Confederates, and was never delivered to the Treasury agents, the text found its way to the press, and Dix became one of the first heroes of the North during the Civil War. The saying is found on many Civil War tokens minted during the war, although the wording is slightly modified.

Major general
At the start of the American Civil War, Dix was appointed a major general in the New York Militia. With George Opdyke and Richard Milford Blatchford, he formed the Union Defense Committee, empowered by President Abraham Lincoln to spend public money during the initial raising and equipping of the Union Army. He joined the Union Army as the highest ranking major general of volunteers during the war, effective May 16, 1861; also appointed on that day were Nathaniel P. Banks and Benjamin Franklin Butler, but Dix's name appeared first on the promotion list, meaning that he had seniority over all major generals of volunteers. In the summer of 1861, he commanded the Department of Maryland and the Department of Pennsylvania. His importance at the beginning of the Civil War was in arresting six members of the Maryland General Assembly and thereby preventing the legislature from meeting. This prevented Maryland from seceding, and earned him President Lincoln's gratitude. That winter, he commanded a regional organization known as "Dix's Command" within Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Department of the Potomac. Dix commanded the Department of Virginia from June 1862 until July 1863, and the Department of the East from July 1863 until April 1865.

On July 22, 1862, Dix and Confederate Major General Daniel Harvey Hill concluded an agreement for the general exchange of prisoners between the Union and Confederate armies. This agreement became known as the Dix-Hill Cartel. It established a scale of equivalents, where an officer would be exchanged for a fixed number of enlisted men, and also allowed for the parole of prisoners, who would undertake not to serve in a military capacity until officially exchanged. (The cartel worked well for a few months, but broke down when Confederates insisted on treating black prisoners as fugitive slaves and returning them to their previous owners.)

On October 10, 1862, Lincoln's Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles wrote that "a scheme for permits, special favors, Treasury agents, and improper management" existed and was arranged by Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase for General John A. Dix. The motive of Chase appeared to be for political influence and not for financial gain.

Dix was considered too old for field command. Some believe that his most distinguished contribution to the war was the suppression of the New York City draft riots in July 1863, although the rioting had already subsided by the time he replaced General John E. Wool. He was also active in the defense of Suffolk, which was part of his department. He served as the temporary chairman of the 1866 National Union Convention.

Later career
He was United States Minister to France from 1866 to 1869.

He was Governor of New York from 1873 to 1874, elected on the Republican ticket in November 1872, but was defeated for re-election by Samuel J. Tilden in November 1874. He suffered another defeat when he ran for the Mayor of New York City in 1876.

Death
Dix died on April 21, 1879, in New York City at age 80 and was buried at the Trinity Church Cemetery in Lower Manhattan.

Legacy

 * His memoirs, contained in two volumes, were compiled by his son, Morgan Dix.
 * Fort Dix, a United States Army post in New Jersey, is named for Dix, as is Dix, Illinois, and Dix Township, Ford County, Illinois. Several revenue cutters were also named for him.
 * Dix Mountain, one of the Adirondack High Peaks, was named for him. The name was later extended to its entire range.
 * There is a memorial to Dix at the Cathedral of All Saints in Albany, New York.
 * The windmill at his home in Westhampton Beach, New York was donated to the village, which plans to restore it.

title: John Adams Dix


text:
User:Topbanana/Reports/A disambiguation link is suggested

Overview
The list below shows pairs of pages with similar names that are not redirects and which are not linked. It was generated on 4th August 2004 from the 24th July 2004 database dump.

Preamble
Where a number of subjects go by the same or similar names, disambiguation links can help users find the information they are looking for. The list below may highlight cases where and disambiguation link would be useful. If so, add one.

Regenerating this report
This report is generated from a Link Analysis Database using the SQL:

SELECT concat( '*', B.art_title, ' → ', A.art_title, '' ) INTO outfile 'c:\out.txt' FROM art A, art B LEFT OUTER JOIN good_links ON B.art_id = from_id AND A.art_id = to_id WHERE locate( ',_', A.art_title ) > 0 AND B.art_title = left( A.art_title, locate( ',_', A.art_title ) -1 ) AND A.art_is_redirect = 0 AND B.art_is_redirect = 0 AND from_id IS NULL

Suggested improvements
The query needs to take into account the case where a separate disambiguation page has been setup for an article with the main article used by the most common definition. For example, Jasper refers to the mineral but there is also a Jasper (disambiguation) page. There are many examples of this disambiguation method. RedWolf 22:28, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

I concur. Here's my take on the logic to do it (sorry I don't know the SQL syntax):
 * For ARTICLE NAME X
 * Does ARTICLE NAME X (disambiguation) exist?
 * If no, end
 * If yes:
 * is ARTICLE NAME Y linked from ARTICLE NAME X (disambiguation)?
 * if no, then add to list of links
 * if yes, end

More or less. It should be do-able. Kevyn 11:43, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the feedback guys. I agree with the suggestions above and hope to generate 'version 2' of this report in the next week or so. - TB 11:53, Aug 19, 2004 (UTC)

Underscores & spaces
TB, can you fix the script to generate spaces instead of underscores on the final output? Currently, if a page title has a space in it (For example: Addington, Ontario), the script generates the link with underscores instead of spaces (For examle: Addington,_Ontario). WikiMedia automatially translates the underscores in the links to spaces when you click on then them, but the presence of the underscores makes it hard to do a text find on the page in many web browsers. A minor nit, but it would make this page more user-friendly. Kevyn 00:59, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

List
List removed, hideously out of date. - TB 18:01, 31 December 2005 (UTC)


text:
Ivan Doroschuk

Ivan Eugene Doroschuk  (born 9 October 1957) is an American-born Canadian musician. He is the lead vocalist and founding member of Men Without Hats, best known for the hit song "The Safety Dance".

Early life
Ivan Doroschuk was born on 9 October 1957 in Champaign, Illinois to Ukrainian-Canadian parents Eugene and Betty Doroschuk.

Doroschuk and his younger brothers Stefan and Colin were born in the United States while their father was pursuing a doctorate at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Eugene Doroschuk received his PhD in 1962, and accepted a teaching position at the Université de Montréal. Betty Doroschuk became a member of the music faculty at Montreal's McGill University, teaching classical voice. The three brothers, all classically trained musicians, grew up in the Montreal borough of Snowdon, Quebec.

In 1976, at the age of 18, Doroschuk briefly studied law in the south of France, returning to Montreal in 1977. At McGill University, he was a student in the Film and Communications program.

Musical career
Doroschuk formed the Canadian new wave/synthpop group Men Without Hats in 1977, earning worldwide success with "The Safety Dance" in 1983 and "Pop Goes the World" in 1987. Men Without Hats started out as a new wave band, but the band's sound changed throughout the 1980s, adding more rock influence and transitioning to hard rock by the end of 1990.

In 1997, recording under the name Ivan, he released a solo album, The Spell, followed by a 1999 tour to promote the album.

Doroschuk attempted to revive Men Without Hats in 2003 with his release of the band's comeback album No Hats Beyond This Point, but did not reform the group for a tour or live performances. The studio album used material originally intended for Doroschuk's unreleased second solo album Mote in God's Eye. Apart from a 2003 interview on VH1's True Spin, and a 2008 SOCAN Awards Gala where he was presented with an award for "The Safety Dance", Doroschuk made few public appearances during the 2000s.

In 2010, a full revival and reformation of the group Men Without Hats took place, with Doroschuk recruiting three new members. In 2012, they released the album Love in the Age of War, in which Doroschuk returned the band to its early-1980s synthpop sound by creating an intentional follow-up album to 1982's Rhythm of Youth.

Personal life
Doroschuk married in the late 1990s but later divorced. He has one son, age, and was a stay-at-home father before reforming Men Without Hats. He resides in Victoria, British Columbia.

title: Ivan Doroschuk


text:
Ignosticism

Ignosticism or igtheism is the idea that the question of the existence of God is meaningless because the word "God" has no coherent and unambiguous definition.

Terminology
The term ignosticism was coined in 1964 by Sherwin Wine, a rabbi and a founding figure of Humanistic Judaism.

Distinction from theological noncognitivism
Ignosticism and theological noncognitivism are similar although whereas the ignostic says "every theological position assumes too much about the concept of God", the theological noncognitivist claims to have no concept whatever to label as "a concept of God", but the relationship of ignosticism to other nontheistic views is less clear. While Paul Kurtz finds the view to be compatible with both weak atheism and agnosticism, other philosophers consider ignosticism to be distinct.

title: Ignosticism


text:
Talk:Aeolipile

Image
I've taken a picture and stuck it on here for now, hoping it will make it easier for readers to visualize the device; it's not a good picture, though. The model is fairly unlike Hero's original, and the photograph is poorly composed. If anyone has a better one, I hope we can replace this quickly! -FZ 23:58, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The acticle I linked to has a good image, which fits what I understand it to look like; Of course, I'm no expert, and I guess we'd need permission to use it. Barring that, I've been making a 3D animation of the aeolipile, a still of which could be used, but a photograph would definately be preferable. --GalanM 05:23, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've added the image. Turns out that the image was from a government site, and therefore public domain.--GalanM 21:05, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Lovely work. -FZ 12:39, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Image is definitely NOT from the original Pneumatica
I'm pretty sure that perspective drawing wasn't around in the first century. Attributing the illustration to Hero is pretty sloppy. The link to http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/hero/section50.html is dead.

Video?
I have video of a running Hero's engine from my glass shop class this last year - it's a little out of focus, and the engine is glass, but it still definitely gets the point across of how they run. If I put it on Youtube, would it be useful to add a link to it in this article? (Or is there some better way to reference videos in Wikipedia articles?) Splowey (talk) 01:45, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * You can certainly add a link to YouTube, although there are numerous such Aeolipile videos there already. Better would be to find out how to add it to Commons, since then you'd be able to have the video visible and running here, not just as a link.
 * EdJogg (talk) 18:39, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Useful work?
Can this thing do a useful amount of work?

Is escaping steam an efficient way of using the energy?

A steam engine builds up pressure inside its boilder to severals atmospheres, and the higher the pressure the more work it can do.

The boiler of the Aeolipile works at 1 atmosphere, so its poer potential is surely very small.

Tabletop 08:50, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * There's no reason that the boiler would have to be at 1 atmosphere. To a fair degree it depends on how much heat you put under it. Beyond a certain point the jets will do what's known as 'choke' and then the pressure can go above 1 atmosphere.WolfKeeper 17:17, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The question remains of had he connected some sort of machine to it and made it do work, would he have developed the idea into something that could do useful work. Seeing that it couldn't produce enough energy to do much work, he might have attempted improved/alternate designs that had more power. All of the basics exist in the aeolipile, it just needed some thought into how it could be used. -GamblinMonkey 04:09, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It was used in a small way to open doors in temples and such like.WolfKeeper 17:17, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It certainly CAN do physical work. The main cause of confusion is the question of wether the Greeks actually put such an engine to practical use. There's some debate over this, but I think that on the ballance of evidence they just viewed the aeolipile as being a "toy". Regardless of any practicalities/historical use, the dynamics go something like:-
 * accelerating Torque = Force of Rocket/nozzle * radius of action "nozzle"
 * decelerating torque = - Aerodynamic drag force * radius of action "drag"
 * accelerating torque + decelerating torque - net OUPUT torque = 0
 * OUTPUT power = OUTPUT torque * Revs/second
 * the force of the rocket/nozzle can be computed using the equations for Rocket_engine
 * aerodynamic drag forces are a LOT more difficult to compute without using Computational fluid dynamics but perhaps the Drag_equation is of some use in understanding what's going on.
 * steve10345 (talk) 17:49, 7 September 2008 (UTC)
 * aerodynamic drag forces are a LOT more difficult to compute without using Computational fluid dynamics but perhaps the Drag_equation is of some use in understanding what's going on.
 * steve10345 (talk) 17:49, 7 September 2008 (UTC)
 * steve10345 (talk) 17:49, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

pile: ball or gate?
I 've read a reference on Heron that called aeolipile Αιόλου πύλη or αιολοπύλη. Aeolus was the god who ruled the winds and πύλη is the greek word for gate, porte.

Although Pneumatika has survived in greek I could only find an online version translated in english (searching Heron's external links).

 * Heron's Pneumatika: Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar
 * Heron's Pneumatika: Other intermediate means of opening Temple Doors by Fire on an Altar
 * From Heron to Worcester
 * Heron's Pneumatika: Sounds produced on the opening of a Temple Door another project of Heron.

So Heron used this invention to open temple door with help of wind and perhaps this is how the term aeolipile occured. But we can only verify that 100% by checking a copy of Pneumatika in greek and see how he spelled aeolipile etc. MATIA 11:31, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * None of the spellings seem to be listed in the standard ancient Greek dictionary... AnonMoos (talk) 02:51, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

An aeolipile is not a rocket
An aeolipile is a rocket-like device, but it was not the first rocket.

The first reaction engine, the aeolipile (a ball that rotated as a reaction to escaping steam), was constructed by the inventor Heron (or Hero) of Alexandria. Developments through the centuries have resulted in two general types of reaction machines, the true rocket and the airstream engine, commonly known as the jet engine. Unlike a jet engine, a rocket engine carries with it chemicals that enable it to burn its fuel without drawing air from an outside source. - The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press

--Sean Brunnock 13:15, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Rocket engines *are* jet engines (as in an engine propelled by a jet). And lots and lots of sources say that the aeolipile *is* a jet engine. Given that they haven't defined what 'true rocket' means, it doesn't seem to settle the question. And I googled for 'airstream engine' and dug into the hits and essentially found only copies of this article on the web. They are defining aeolipile using non standard terms. Also, rockets don't have to involve combustion, there's steam rocket cars and water rockets and thermal rockets. This definition is flawed on multiple levels. WolfKeeper 15:34, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Rocket engines and jet engines are different. The Columbia Encyclopedia states that true rockets burn fuel and carry all of the chemicals needed for propulsion. The Columbia Encyclopedia is a reliable source. Your expert opinion is not. --Sean Brunnock 15:45, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Careful here:

American Heritage Dictionary - Cite This Source new! jet engine n.  1. An engine that develops thrust by ejecting a jet, especially a jet of gaseous combustion products. 2. An engine that obtains the oxygen needed from the atmosphere, used especially to propel aircraft and distinguished from rocket engines having self-contained fuel-oxidizer systems.

 * Note that both definitions are used; many people use it almost exclusively in the second sense basically as in short for 'turbojet', but the aeolipile (and a rocket) is a jet engine according to the first definition.WolfKeeper 16:22, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You gave us a definition for a jet engine. It states that they are distinguished from rocket engines. You seem to be shooting yourself in the foot. --Sean Brunnock 16:26, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Careful again. You apparently misunderstand dictionary definitions. When dictionaries number their definitions the definitions are distinct definitions. There are *two* definitions listed above, not one. Nobody is saying that a rocket is an air breathing jet engine, but it clearly is an engine that develops thrust by ejecting a jet; so it meets that definition of jet engine.WolfKeeper 16:35, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It's common to call non-combustion powered steam rockets, like the NERVA nuclear rocket, rockets. 83.70.70.229 23:55, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

MAD Magazine quote
What's wrong with this? It's directly related to the subject matter...are we worried about copyvio?
 * Image:21mad.jpg - The cover of Mad #21 (March 1955), which included an aeolipile as well as the début appearance of its eventual mascot Alfred E. Neuman" (the picture accompanying the 2010 submission of this test).

 * Mad Magazine spoofed the device in an article satirizing the popular mail-order house Johnson Smith, with this text:

"What home is complete without a genuine, operating aeolipile? If you haven't gotten an aeolipile by now, send for one right away. After you've received and used it, you will say, 'How did I get along for such a long time without an aeolipile?' Aeolipiles can be used by the whole family. Show them that you too have an aeolipile. Imagine the surprise on the faces of your friends when, in the middle of nowhere, you whip out your brand-new aeolipile. Wow. The girls will really admire you when they hear that you have an aeolipile."

What right do we have to claim this is a spoof? The magazine was obviously selling them to the public. This article should be covering the reasons why they are no longer in use as domestic appliances / security devices / business toys, etc...

EdJogg 19:49, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Very glad to see that we now have a reference for this, indeed an image of the original 'advert', with this very text, is included there. Could we get away with re-instating this text now? -- EdJogg (talk) 13:01, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Why the hell does a historical article like this have a picture from Mad magazine at all? The fact that they put a picture of one somewhere on their cover, with some ridiculous text as a joke, doesn't mean it should be here.   D r e a m Focus  00:20, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

 * It's not uncommon for articles to include an 'In popular culture' section, to indicate the item's cultural impact. The 'lost' text (and reference) is here:

The aeolipile's unusual look inspired Mad Magazine to include the device as a visual element in various articles over the years, starting with the cover of issue #21 which parodied the popular mail-order house Johnson Smith Company.

 * EdJogg (talk) 23:28, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

The Mad magazine quote should be included in a section called 'In Popular Culture'. It is probably where many people first heard of the things! 2.25.46.49 (talk) 11:42, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

This *is* a spoof. Other items in this same page include ads something like “Real alligator. Study its habits. Learn to keep out of its way. Put in your pool. Imagine the look on your friends faces as they are pulled under the surface. Wow!” This whole thing appeared on an early MAD cover as a clear parody of comic book novelty ads.

Anyway, the girls will really admire you when they hear you have an aeliopile, 2A00:23C7:E287:1900:9CD1:65F4:F739:E05C (talk) 01:32, 21 October 2021 (UTC)

Stub?
This article has just been labelled as a stub. Fine, it is a short article. But how much more could we seriously expect to write about it?

Hero(n)'s description amounts to a single paragraph (in the translation) + a diagram. It might be useful to quote that paragraph here, and provide an annotated diagram. But what else?

If we cannot reasonably expect to expand the article, is there any point in keeping the stub templates in place? At what point can we make this decision? Is there a template to say: "yes-we-know-this-is-a-stub-length-article-but-there-is-little-more-to-add"?

Suggestions?

EdJogg (talk) 13:51, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Rejig ???
I feel this article would be much improved, if the historic implementation(s) of this type of device were to be seperated out from the Mechanics of why they spin. The main problem areas as I see it are too do with the questions of "Were they put to work by Heron" and "How does it work/Can it be be used for useful work". The current article can be confusing, and is very susceptible to FUD(which doesn't help anyone!) because it doesn't take into acount that "engineers" largely consider the principles/physics of the device, while historians are more concerned about historic events/life. Both of these viewpoints are valid/verifiable, but it should be realised that are covering quite different areas:- hence my call for the subsections.

In the section on mechanics, a simple Free body diagram of the device seems warranted. It would help provide a clearer visualisation of the key components, and provides a good start for those who wished to detail/study it's motion in more detail. It should be said here that while it may be inefficent at doing so, it can certainly be used to drive a shaft/generator, and therefore Engineers would say it CAN generate useful work (using the defination of Work_(thermodynamics) as used by engineers). Also perhaps link to Catherine_wheel as their motion is produced in a very simlar manour to that of the aelipile's, because of the use of a Couple_(mechanics)

The "history" section should also make it easier for those more qualified in the device's history/background than I am, to verify why the device WAS NOT put to useful work in antiquity/ and hopefully give reasons for the confusion. Given the presence of a physics section, it would be nice to include possible reasons as to why wasn't used "back then", but perhaps this isn't verifiable as yet! IMHO it's probably all down to the relative costs (both of "fuel"/running costs and purchase) of the technology compared to using other forms of work such as animal/slaves for motive power. (To me that sounds like it's to do with [Energy_economics]] and forms a body of potential PHD material for an engineering historian??? ...and therefore probably not suitable for Wikipedia. YET!)

Any suggestions?

Any objections?

steve10345 (talk) 03:10, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Just for the record, it's likely to be horrendously inefficient. The tip speed is probably only a few meters a second in most cases, but the exhaust velocity is more like the speed of sound, or even several times that, so the propulsive efficiency is pretty much going to be in the dirt. The energy efficiency of the boiling steam is also lousy, the temperature reached is likely to be only slightly more than 100C, and it's exhausted not that much cooler, so the Carnot efficiency is also rotten. All in all, it's not going to be pretty, since you multiply those two efficiencies to get the overall efficiency.

 * With modern design techniques, materials (e.g. Kevlar) and thermodynamic knowledge (i.e. run it at really high pressures and speeds) it's probably possible to get reasonable efficiency, but in antiquity... nah, it's disastrously bad.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 03:44, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Was more thinking of verifying/quantifying the efficency (well OK the lack of it!) by using a mix of Thermodynamic systems and a consideration of the forces involved in the machine(hence the suggestion to have a "nice" animated free body diagram!). IMHO it makes things a lot easier for the none-engineer to understand what's going on, if the forces acting on the machine WHEN it's reached steady state are detailed(NB i've forgetten how to deal with angular acceleration!) From them it can be explained how it's shaft power is generated, by using something like:
 * (n_nozzles*radius_action_nozzle*Thrust_per_nozzle)+(radius_action_drag*Drag) = net_torque_output
 * net_torque*angular_velocity=net_shaft_power.
 * net_shaft_power/power_to_heat&boil_mass_water_passing_through_nozzle= Thermal efficiency

 * hadn't thought about the propulsive efficency equations. Certainly seems worthwhile including their implications on the aeolipile. You fancy working them in?
 * steve10345 (talk) 03:30, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it would be OR. The only attempt to make aeolipile work may have been somebody who may have been trying to make a steam ship. It looks like if that was what they were up to (and it's unclear), then it didn't perform or impress.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 03:37, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Regarding OR,
 * peops might have got the wrong hang of what I'm trying to do here . I'm not trying to "prove" it works, but instead trying to detail the principles by which engineers understand how it moves (from which comes the assertion well known in engineering, that it can do some degree of useful work).

 * A Free body diagram is just a diagram of the forces involved, and the forces involved have already been described here using words. (it's just a different way of organianising the infomation, and is common practice within engineering)

 * given that it's such a simple device, and can be easily understood from First principles it's often used a teaching aid in schools, As such I'm SURE that the mechanics of its motion will be detailled in physics/engineering text books. I'll go and hunt through the secondary school Physics books/Engineering books at my town's Central libary.

 * Final thought! Would it be OK to compare it's action to this [electrostatic windmill]? Both devices have a "wizzy round nozzles" which use the rocket principle to cause rotation. (The only real difference being the source of the "pressure" which powers the "rockets")
 * steve10345 (talk) 21:27, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

Inventor or Describer??
I have raised a question on the talk page for Hero of Alexandria (see Talk:Hero of Alexandria) to determine whether Hero should be documented here as the inventor of the aeolipile, or merely that he described it.

Please comment there if you can shed light on this matter. Thanks.

EdJogg (talk) 09:22, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Hero was not the first to describe the aeolipile, Vitruvius published it nearly a hundred years earlier and does not take credit for the invention Granite07 (talk) 23:30, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

 * This is a good find. Is there a direct online reference available? -- EdJogg (talk) 12:03, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

I've polished up the vitruvius info a little. I hope you don't mind. -Robtalk 22:41, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

Would article be better under Technology / Engineering than Physics
I've noticed this article is currently under wikiprojects Physics. While the device certainly utilises principles from Physics and is often used to demonstrate such principles, would it not be better placed under technology? To my mind the distinction is physics describes things which can happen, where as technology is a utilisation of physics to control what happens steve10345 (talk) 16:55, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Why not both? If the Physics Wikiproject is happy to include it, who are we to argue? EdJogg (talk) 23:55, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Would be fine with both. I also approve of the fleshing out of historical details, as it makes for a better balanced article. steve10345 (talk) 01:45, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

The physics principles behind multiple nozzles
The article currently reads:

When the nozzles, pointing in different directions, produce forces along different lines of action perpendicular to the axis of the bearings, the thrusts combine to result in a rotational moment (mechanical couple), or torque, causing the vessel to spin about its axis.

This suggests that multiple nozzles are required to create a moment. This is incorrect - the force from 1 nozzle is enough to create a moment about the axis. Multiple, equally-spaced nozzles multiply that moment while eliminating most other forces and moments through superposition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.35.138.148 (talk) 15:10, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

 * True but it would be highly unbalanced with only one nozzle. --Roly (talk) 16:04, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

 * That is a non-sequitur - nozzles do not affect balance in any way, they are just openings. 91.89.175.48 (talk) 19:41, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Intention to get the article to GA
Just to say I'm going to be copy editing the article over the next few days, with a view to getting it to GA. All comments welcome! Amitchell125 (talk) 22:21, 9 February 2021 (UTC).

title: Talk:Aeolipile


text:
Kenya Methodist University

The Kenya Methodist University (KeMU) is a chartered private university founded by the Methodist Church in Kenya. It is situated within woodland on the north eastern slopes of Mount Kenya, five kilometers from Meru Town. The development of KeMU is based on the 1906 Methodist Church education policy that resulted in the development of schools, industrial institutes and colleges.

History
In 1987 the Methodist Church in Kenya formed a working committee to work out how to establish a university in the region. In 1995 the Commission for Higher Education made an inspection visit of the project, and later in June 1997 granted a Letter of Interim Authority, giving approval for the establishment of Kenya Methodist University. The authority paved the way for the creation of academic programmes, research and post-graduate training. KeMU became a fully chartered university on 28 June 2006.

Campus
The university has campuses in Meru, Nairobi, and Mombasa.

title: Kenya Methodist University


text:
Joey Lauren Adams

Joey Lauren Adams (born January 9, 1968) is an American actress and director. Adams starred in Chasing Amy, for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, and played smaller roles in other Kevin Smith View Askewniverse films.

Career
Adams began her film career in 1977 with a small role in Exorcist II: The Heretic. From there she began to find larger roles. In 1991, Adams appeared in "Top of the Heap", the 100th episode of Married... with Children, and subsequently starred in its short-lived spinoff. In 1993, Adams landed her first major film role as Simone in Richard Linklater's Dazed and Confused. The same year, she appeared in the Saturday Night Live spinoff film Coneheads as one of Connie Conehead's friends. Two years later, Adams appeared in Mallrats, written and directed by Kevin Smith. The two started dating during the film's post-production, and their relationship provided the inspiration for Smith's next film, Chasing Amy. The relationship did not last long, but ended on friendly terms. Meanwhile, in 1996, while Smith was finalizing the script for Chasing Amy, Adams was cast in the slapstick comedy Bio-Dome, which was directed by Jason Bloom. Adams played Monique, Bud Macintosh's (Pauly Shore) girlfriend.

Adams played a leading role in 1997's Chasing Amy, portraying Alyssa Jones, a lesbian who falls in love with a man, played by Ben Affleck. Later, Smith would describe Chasing Amy as a "sort of penance/valentine" and a "thank-you homage" to Adams. In addition to her acting work on the film, Adams wrote and performed the song "Alive" for the film's soundtrack.

Adams' performance in Chasing Amy earned her both the 1997 Chicago Film Critics Award and Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Most Promising Actress, and a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress-Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. From there, Adams was originally slated to play the female lead in Smith's next film, 1999's Dogma, but Linda Fiorentino ultimately won the role. However, she would later make brief appearances in two other Smith projects: the 2001 film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, and the 2004 animated short Clerks: The Lost Scene, featured on the Clerks X DVD. In both of these appearances, Adams reprises the role of Alyssa Jones.

Her post-Smith projects included playing a spunky veterinarian's assistant who falls in love with a single father (Vince Vaughn) in 1998's A Cool, Dry Place. The following year, Adams appeared in her first big-budget Hollywood release, playing Adam Sandler's love interest in the successful comedy Big Daddy. She then went on to appear in many smaller films, including Beautiful and In the Shadows. In 2005, she had a guest role in an episode of the TV series Veronica Mars.

Also in 2006, Adams released her directorial debut film, Come Early Morning, starring Ashley Judd, Jeffrey Donovan, Diane Ladd, Tim Blake Nelson and Laura Prepon. The film, shot on location in Little Rock, Arkansas, was selected for the 2006 Sundance Film Festival.

In 2006, she, along with Lian Lunson and Nicole Holofcener, was awarded the Women in Film Dorothy Arzner Directors Award. On November 24, 2009, Interscope Records released Adams' directorial debut for a music video entitled "Belle of the Boulevard" by Dashboard Confessional.

Adams returned to TV in March 2010, on the Showtime series The United States of Tara. She appeared in six episodes as Pammy, a barmaid who falls for Buck, one of the title character's alternate personalities.

Adams is also known for her distinctive voice which one film critic referred to as that of a "sex-kitten-on-helium". Regarding her voice, Adams commented: "It's not a normal voice. It doesn't fit into people's preconceptions about what a woman's voice should sound like. My mom doesn't think I have an unusual voice, though. I'm sure it's helped me get some roles. But Chasing Amy I almost didn't get. There was concern the voice would grate on some people, which some critics said it did." Another film critic said that whether viewers loved it or hated it, her voice had "the potential to hypnotize."

Personal life
Adams was born in North Little Rock, Arkansas, the youngest of three children. Her father was a lumber yard owner. Adams grew up in the Overbrook neighborhood of North Little Rock and graduated from North Little Rock Northeast High School in 1986. She announced her intention to pursue acting after one year as an exchange student in Australia. In a May 7, 1997, appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno to promote Chasing Amy, Adams revealed she was a niece to Hee-Haw cast member and ordained minister Grady Nutt.

Adams married Brian Vilim in 2014.

title: Joey Lauren Adams


text:
Harold Sonny Ladoo

Harold Sonny Ladoo (4 February 1945 – 17 August 1973) was a Caribbean novelist, who was the author of two books documenting the struggles of living in poverty in the Hindu communities of Trinidad and Tobago. He moved to Canada in 1968 and was mysteriously murdered while on a visit to Trinidad in 1973.

Biography
Ladoo was born and grew up in an environment much like the world of his novels. He was born in Trinidad into extreme poverty, and immigrated to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with his wife and son in 1968 to study English at the University of Toronto.

It was during this time that he wrote his first and most notable novel, No Pain Like This Body, published in 1972. Described by David Chariandy and "an unusually strong first novel", it is the vivid story of a young boy growing up in a small Caribbean rice-growing community. The book focuses on the day-to-day struggles of a single family through illness, storm, and violence during the August rainy season. The writing is raw and often naïve yet manages to create a visceral experience.

His second book, Yesterdays (posthumously published, 1974), was a much more upbeat book about a young man attempting to launch a Hindu Mission to Canada.

Ladoo's third book was intended to be the last part of a trilogy; however, in 1973, while on a visit home to his Calcutta Settlement, he was mysteriously killed and his body was found on the side of a road in Trinidad.

Legacy
Michael Bucknor and Conrad James described Ladoo's work as being, along with the works of Andrew Salkey, "especially useful" for tracking developments in Caribbean social attitudes towards masculinity and issues of male sexuality during the mid- to late-20th century, a domain that had been neglected by Western scholars until recently.

An essay on Indo-Caribbean authors contrasted Ladoo's work with that of Sasenarine Persaud, neither of them ever having had direct experiences with India; Persaud integrated spiritual and aesthetic elements of Indian high culture into his writing, while Ladoo's writing of his colonial environment featured "naturalistic detail, black humour, and the grotesque". Scholar Victor Ramraj described Ladoo as being unique from fellow Indo-Caribbean writers Neil Bissoondath, Rabindranath Maharaj, Ismith Khan, V. S. Naipaul, and Samuel Selvon: Ladoo's use of Creole dialect is a departure from older Caribbean fiction.

Naipaul, Jean Rhys, George Lamming, Derek Walcott, and others, used the polished language of the coloniser and showed in doing so that they were equal to the British writers who made a name for themselves. Ladoo, on the other hand, shows his confidence by selecting Creole, as if to say, "This is the dialect of the common man, why should I try to gentrify it?" In doing so, he achieves an authenticity that is furthered by the immersion of his characters in the kind of vocabulary and sentence structure that the poverty-stricken people would use. In addition, his use of onomatopoeia heightens the effect of the sounds of movement in people and nature, and increases the animism that makes the characters even more authentic. Indigenous people all over the world have believed in the almost god-like power of nature. Ladoo amplifies this distinctive belief in the intentionality given to thunder or lightning or reptiles.

"To come to Sonny Ladoo from Persaud and his fellow Indo-Trinidadian novelists... is to be made aware quickly of how distinct he is from these writers – that he is unique in his depiction of a specific rural pocket of Trinidad's East Indian population in the early part of the twentieth century... Ladoo constructs a harsh, natural, and human environment of wrenching poverty, peopled by individuals given to violent and abusive domestic and communal relationships. They are perhaps the most appallingly brutal, vulgar, and obscene characters in all of West Indian literature."

The University of Toronto Mississauga campus (formerly Erindale College) offers to students The Harold Sonny Ladoo Book Prize for Creative Writing every year.

title: Harold Sonny Ladoo


text: Talk:Governor-General of India

title: Talk:Governor-General of India


text:
Jager

Jager is a Dutch occupational surname meaning "hunter". People with this surname include:

 * Durk Jager (1943–2022), Dutch businessman in the United States
 * Eric Jager (born 1957), American medievalist and literary critic
 * Evan Jager (born 1989), American long-distance runner
 * Finne Jager (born 1984), Dutch trance music DJ and producer
 * Henry Jager (1879–…), New York assemblyman 1921
 * Maja Jager (born 1991), Danish archer
 * Marike Jager (born 1979), Dutch singer-songwriter, guitarist and television presenter
 * Matt Jager (born 1988), Australian golfer
 * Robert E. Jager (born 1939), American composer, music theorist and a conductor
 * Sheila Miyoshi Jager (born 1963), American anthropologist
 * Tom Jager (born 1964), American freestyle swimmer, five-time Olympic champion

title: Jager