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Wikipedia talk:To-do list

NOTICE: This page is intended for discussion of the page called "To-do list". Neither that page nor this talk page here are an actual to-do list. If you want to suggest something to be done on an existing Wikipedia article, please go to that article's "talk page" and make your suggestion there (look for the "Talk" tab at the top of the article). If you want to suggest a new article, please start here.

Needs a hide/show button
This desperately needs a hide/show button, and a parameter to have it hidden by default. The code for this can be ripped from any of a number of other templates (I've even seen a WikiProject talk page banner that does this - it has a line reading something like "Project to-do list [show]" and it uses the same to-do list as this box template. —  SMcCandlish [talk] [contrib] ツ 01:53, 6 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Since 2008, the box can be made collapsible. Adding  as in   will make the list appear collapsed, with a "show" button. As far as I can see, there is currently no way to make the template collapsible, but expanded by default.
 * Happy editing! ✅ --RainerBlome (talk) 19:22, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

Shrink the size of the "to-do" box
I have a to-do box on my userpage. It is too big for some screens. in other words it begins below my userboxes as opposed to being beside it. How can that be fixed? Is there a way to shrink the box size? thanks, PGPirate 17:00, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, there is, since 2006. Adding  as in   will make the list appear as a sidebar. See the documentation at Template:To_do.
 * Happy editing! ✅ --RainerBlome (talk) 19:33, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

Priority vs. urgency
The list currently has a 'priority' (popularity, more accurately) status, but what about the urgency of the work? Some articles only need minor adjustments or have very low urgency tasks such as 'improve related articles', 'maintain quality' etc. Should this also be a factor, as with class/importance in banners? Richard001 07:53, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * When you say urgent, do you mean important?--99.237.222.73 (talk) 22:02, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
 * In my view, the easiest way to prioritize tasks is to simply order them in an itemization, and write something like "From most important to least" above the list. As far as I understand, the priority value applies to the whole list. Therefore, to use more than one priority value, one would need to use more than one "to do" list, distinguishing lists with the 'list' parameter. I am not aware of anyone making actual use of the 'priority' parameter value. By the way, the parameter name is 'priority', why should "popularity" be more accurate? --RainerBlome (talk) 22:38, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

Instructions please
Greetings. I found the instructions inadequate. This is complicated (for me) so please look over the step-by-step and see if it really works. Where to put the * bullet point tasks? Would help to have a screen shot or two. See my problems here, thanks. HG | Talk 13:07, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * See my answer to another question. Copying the relevant parts: The use of  that you are seeing is the default content of the to do list. Using that default content is completely optional. You can replace it with your own text, for example a simple itemization. Looking at your to-do list edits, the second edit indicates that you tried something like that. Simply remove that   and you should be good.
 * Happy editing! ✅ --RainerBlome (talk) 20:32, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

todo template on user and project pages?
While WP:to-do list only mentions adding todo to talk pages, the examples in template:todo mention adding it to project and user pages. Is it in fact legitimate to use todo to keep track of tasks on a user page? Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 11:22, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, why not? A to-do list is essentially just a sub-page. Judging from PGPirate's entry above from 23 June 2007, there already were people who use the todo template on their user page before you asked. By default, to-do lists are not globally registered, so that should be no issue. Looking at your user page, I see that you simply tried it, and it looks like it works.
 * Happy editing! ✅ --RainerBlome (talk) 18:31, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

This page is useless.
It doesn't explain the parameters of the template and how to use them. When I click to edit the task list, I get: and there is zero explanation to what we're supposed to write, or what some of it means, for example, what is "gan", "gar, and "fsc"? How do I answer these too? For "copyedit" do I just write "yes" or "needs this" or what? This whole article needs rewriting with actual real-life instructions on its use.MagnoliaSouth (talk) 17:36, 5 May 2016 (UTC)
 * The use of  that you are seeing is the default content of the to do list. Using that default content is completely optional. That default "tasks" list can serve as a reminder of which areas *might* need work, so does appear useful to me. You can replace it with your own text, for example a simple itemization, if you want to. I sometimes did just that, but commented out the "tasks" template with its parameters, to keep them as a convenient reminder. Template:Tasks is separate from Template:To_do, so to understand Template:Tasks' parameters, you need to look at its own documentation. Template:To_do even refers to Template:Tasks in its (to do's) documentation, in section See also. The obscure parameter names that you mention are acronyms, Template:Tasks explains their meaning.
 * Happy editing! ✅ --RainerBlome (talk) 20:15, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I found this VERY confusing as the To-do list page had no explanation of what this "Task template" was and how to use it. I just now added a brief explanation that you could either use the Task template or delete it and put in your own bullets. (And please edit the text if someone has better wording.) - Dyork (talk) 21:55, 13 March 2020 (UTC)

Should first template reference be “Todo” or “To do”?
As someone just learning about this template, I was confused to read in the first paragraph:

> It is created and formatted using the template.

But then to read in the subsequent instructions that the template text has a space in the middle, as in. I adjusted one example to have a space, but when I look at the code for the first instance it is “ Todo ”. Can this also be changed to have a space in it? While I have been editing Wikipedia for years, I have not done much with templates themselves and so I do not know how edits may or may not affect them. Hence this question. - Dyork (talk) 00:57, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The page name is Template:to do, with a space, while Template:todo is a redirect to the other. Using either one should work. To avoid unnecessary redirects, I suggest we use use it with a space in all its documentation, so feel free to change uses of "todo" to "to do".--RainerBlome (talk) 09:12, 13 March 2020 (UTC)

 * ✅ - Thanks for the explanation, . Updated first reference to "to do" with a space, and searched rest of page for any other reference without a space (there weren't any). - Dyork (talk) 14:38, 13 March 2020 (UTC)

Red link for the adjacent article?
I notice when I use the template, added to a Talk page, then edit that same To Do list, it shows up in an editing block as a tab very similar to a Talk page. Ah... but the tab adjacent to that at top left of the editing area is a redlink, as if my new to-do list isn't connected to an article, or at least t one that isn't yet created. This is throwing me off. Is this an error? Why not make the To-Do tab a third tab, showing it inside the Talk page when it has been used? Jax MN (talk) 21:13, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

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file:Ryansnote.svg Arlo James Barnes 03:22, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:To-do list


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User:Zulkey

http://www.zulkey.com is the domain of Claire Zulkey, a Chicago writer who posts humor, literature and interviews on her site five times a week.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Zulkey


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Meridian, Seattle

Meridian or Tangletown is the part of Seattle's Wallingford neighborhood that lies north of N 50th Street, near Green Lake. Of note are its "K streets": Kensington, Kenwood, Keystone, and Kirkwood Places N.

The concentration of mostly retail businesses on N 55th Street near Meridian Avenue is known variously as Tangletown or Meridian and considered by some to be more closely associated with Greenlake than Wallingford. The likely source for the name Tangletown is the irregular configuration of Seattle's street grid in this transition zone, where Wallingford shades into the Green Lake neighborhood, some of which follow the contours of Green Lake, others conforming to the city's basic grid. An alternative explanation is that the neighborhood was given the name Tangletown years ago, when a streetcar interchange occupied the space where businesses and condominiums now stand.

Meridian sometimes refers to a wider neighborhood than Tangletown, which refers strictly to the retail district. The name Meridian came from the Meridian Line, a streetcar line. The name became popular when it was used by brothers Stan and Milton Stapp who published the local newspaper, the North Central Outlook. They used the term to differentiate the area from the nearby neighborhoods of Greenlake and Wallingford.

One of the neighborhood's principal landmarks The Keystone Building, built in 1910 by D.J. Orner & Son (see image below) has been the home of various businesses over the years. In 1938, the building housed the Barclay's Grocery, Kenwood Market and Sires Brother's Paint Company. From 1956 it became the longstanding Lamont's Food Center until the 1980s when it was converted to the Honey Bear Bakery, while the East side of the building became the M&R Grocer. Today the West corner of the building is home to the TangleTown Public House (the old Honeybear bakery) while the East side is now the Mighty-O Donuts headquarters.

The neighborhood is bounded on the south by N 50th Street, beyond which is the rest of Wallingford; on the west by Green Lake Way N., beyond which is Woodland Park and Phinney Ridge; on the north by N 60th Street, beyond which is the Green Lake neighborhood, and on the east by Interstate 5, beyond which is the University District. Its main thoroughfares are Meridian Avenue N, Kirkwood Place N, and Latona Avenue NE (north- and southbound) and NE 56th Street (east- and westbound).

title: Meridian, Seattle


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UCT (disambiguation)

The University of Cape Town (UCT) is a public research university located in Cape Town, South Africa.

It may also refer to:

Chemistry

 * Upper consolute temperature, the critical temperature above which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions

Places

 * Temuco Catholic University (Universidad Católica de Temuco)
 * Ukhta Airport
 * University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague

Other uses

 * Upper Confidence Tree (upper confidence bounds applied to trees), a Monte Carlo tree search algorithm
 * Unconditional cash transfer
 * Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, of which UCT is a deprecated alias)

title: UCT (disambiguation)


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King David Kalakaua Building

The King David Kalakaua Building in Honolulu, Hawaii is a government building formerly known as the U.S. Post Office, Customhouse, and Courthouse. It was the official seat of administration in the Territory of Hawaii and state of Hawaii for the United States federal government.

Federal building
The building was designed in 1918 and built from 1921 to 1922 in Mission/Spanish Revival architecture. An addition to the building was started in 1929, and opened in 1931. Among other functions, the building held courtrooms and offices for the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on January 27, 1975, under the former name as site 75000620. In 1978 it was also included as a contributing property in the NRHP listing of the Hawaii Capital Historic District.

State building
In December 2003, the federal government sold most of the building to the state of Hawaii for US$32.5 million, upon which the building was renamed in honor of King David Kalākaua — last king of the Hawaiian monarchy. By that point in time, all federal agencies and departments had already moved their Hawaii-based offices years earlier to the Prince Kuhio Federal Building near Honolulu Harbor, except for a small section of the building that is still used as a post office.

Today, the building is home to the offices of the Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs.

title: King David Kalakaua Building


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William De Morgan

William Frend De Morgan (16 November 1839 – 15 January 1917) was an English potter, tile designer and novelist. A lifelong friend of William Morris, he designed tiles, stained glass and furniture for Morris & Co. from 1863 to 1872. His tiles often recall medieval or Islamic design patterns. He applied innovative glazes and firing techniques. Galleons and fish were common motifs, as were "fantastical" birds and animals. Many of De Morgan's tiles were designed to create intricate patterns when several were laid together.

Life and work

Born in Gower Street, London, the son of the distinguished mathematician Augustus De Morgan and his highly educated wife Sophia Elizabeth Frend, De Morgan was supported in his desire to become an artist. At the age of twenty, he entered the Royal Academy schools, but he was swiftly disillusioned with the establishment. Then he met Morris and through him the Pre-Raphaelite circle. Soon De Morgan began experimenting with stained glass, ventured into pottery in 1863, and by 1872 had shifted his interest wholly to ceramics, initially working in Fitzroy Square.

In 1872, De Morgan set up a pottery in Chelsea, where he stayed until 1881 —his most fruitful decade as an art potter. The arts and crafts ideology he was exposed to through his friendship with Morris and his insistent curiosity led De Morgan to begin to explore every technical aspect of his craft. His early efforts at making his own tiles during his Chelsea Period were of variable technical quality—often amateurish with firing defects and irregularities. In his early years, De Morgan made extensive use of blank commercial tiles. Hard and durable biscuit tiles of red clay were obtained from the Patent Architectural Pottery Co. in Poole. Dust pressed tiles of white earthenware were bought from Wedgwood, Mintons and other manufacturers but De Morgan believed these would not stand frost. He continued to use blank commercial dust-pressed tiles which were decorated in red lustre into his Fulham Period (1888–1907). However, he developed a high-quality biscuit tile of his own, which he admired for its irregularities and better resistance to moisture. His inventive streak led him to spend hours designing a duplex bicycle gear and lured him into complex studies of the chemistry of glazes, methods of firing, and pattern transfer.

De Morgan's decoration of pottery included chargers, rice dishes and vases. Some of these were made in his works, but many were bought as biscuit ware from Wedgwood and others and decorated by De Morgan's workers. Some were signed by his decorators including Charles Passenger, Fred Passenger, Joe Juster and Miss Babb.

De Morgan was particularly drawn to Eastern tiles. Around 1873–1874, he made a striking breakthrough by rediscovering the technique of lustreware (marked by a reflective, metallic surface) found in Hispano-Moresque pottery and Italian maiolica. Nor was his interest in the East limited to glazing techniques, but it permeated his notions of design and colour as well. As early as 1875, he began to work in earnest with a "Persian" palette: dark blue, turquoise, manganese purple, green, Indian red, and lemon yellow. Study of the motifs of what he referred to as "Persian" ware (and what we know today as 15th and 16th-century İznik ware), profoundly influenced his unmistakable style, in which fantastic creatures entwined with rhythmic geometric motifs float under luminous glazes.

The pottery works was beset by financial problems, despite repeated cash injections from his wife, the pre-Raphaelite painter Evelyn De Morgan (née Pickering), and a partnership with the architect Halsey Ricardo. This partnership was associated with a move for the factory from Merton Abbey to Fulham in 1888. During the Fulham period De Morgan mastered many of the technical aspects of his work that had previously been elusive, including complex lustres and deep, intense underglaze painting that did not run during firing. However, this did not guarantee financial success, and in 1907 De Morgan left the pottery, which continued under the Passenger brothers, the leading painters at the works. "All my life I have been trying to make beautiful things", he said at the time, "and now that I can make them nobody wants them."

De Morgan turned his hand to writing novels, and became better known than he ever had been for his pottery. His first novel,  Joseph Vance, was published in 1906, and was an instant sensation in the United States as well as the United Kingdom. This was followed by An Affair of Dishonour, Alice-for-Short, and the two-volume It Never Can Happen Again (1909). The genre has been described as "Victorian and suburban".

De Morgan died of trench fever in London in 1917, and was buried in Brookwood Cemetery. Recollections praise him for his personal warmth and the indomitable energy with which he pursued his kaleidoscopic career as designer, potter, inventor and novelist.

Museums and collections
Collections of De Morgan's work exist in many museums, including the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the William Morris Gallery in London, a substantial and representative collection in Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, and a small but well-chosen collection along with much other pottery at Norwich. There was an exhibition of his work and of that of his wife, Evelyn, at the De Morgan Centre in Wandsworth, London (part of Wandsworth Museum) from 2002 until 2014. His Dragon Charger is in the Dunedin Public Art Gallery in New Zealand. The National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa has a good collection of William De Morgan's work given by Ruth Amelia Jackson in 1997 but much of it is kept in store. De Morgan's work is also present in many major collections with decorative art including the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada, the Musée d'Orsay, Paris, Manchester Art Gallery and the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

A number of properties in the UK open to the public have tiles and pottery on display or incorporated in the building's decoration. They include Wightwick Manor (the National Trust, Wolverhampton), Standen (the National Trust, East Grinstead), Blackwell (Lakeland Arts Trust, Windermere), Leicester Secular Hall and Leighton House (London Borough of Kensington). His ceramics, papers and artworks by both de Morgans, were collected by his sister-in-law after his death. These are now the collection of the De Morgan Foundation. Long-term loans of these artworks can be seen at Cannon Hall at Cawthorne in Barnsley, with a selection of both William's and Evelyn's work on display in the exhibition 'A Family of Artists', and at Watts Gallery in Surrey and in the De Morgan Collection exhibition in the Malthouse Gallery at Wightwick Manor, a National Trust Arts & Crafts house in Wolverhampton. A selection of ceramics from the De Morgan Collection is on long-term loan to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. There are also other, temporary exhibitions from the collection from time to time.

title: William De Morgan


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IBM 519

The IBM 519 Document-Originating Machine, introduced in 1946, was the last in a series of unit record machines designed for automated preparation of punched cards. Others in the series included the IBM 513 & IBM 514 Reproducing Punch.

The 519, which was "state of the art for the time", could:
 * reproduce all or parts of the information on a set of cards
 * "gangpunch" - copy information from a master card into the following detail cards
 * print up to eight digits on the end of a card
 * compare two decks of cards
 * "summary punch" — create punch cards containing summary information provided by a connected accounting machine, such as totals from a group of processed cards
 * "mark sense" — detect marks made with an electrographic pencil in designated locations on a punched card and then punch holes corresponding to those marks into the card
 * number cards consecutively (an optional feature)

The reproducing, gangpunching, summary punching, and comparing features of the IBM 519 are very similar to those of the IBM 513 and IBM 514.

IBM 513 Reproducing Punch
The IBM 513 Reproducing Punch, like the IBM 514, had some - but not all - of the capabilities included in the IBM 519. This model was released circa 1933.

IBM 514 Reproducing Punch
The IBM 514 Reproducing Punch was introduced in February 1949. Like the 513, it had fewer capabilities than the IBM 519. The 514 was withdrawn in 1978.

The identifier "IBM 514" has been partially recycled in the form of "IBM 514 Watt(s) Hot-Swap Power Supply."

Capabilities table
The IBM 513, 514 and 519 all operated at 100 cards per minute, and their operations were directed by a removable control panel that was known as a plugboard. As with other IBM punched card devices that operated as automatic punches, cards are fed "face down, 12-edge first.". (On devices that operated as automatic readers, cards were fed "face down, 9-edge first instead.)

History
Production of the IBM 519 was still going strong in 1956/1957, and production was consolidated to Rochester (for the Americas) and Milan, Italy. IBM closed its last punched card manufacturing plant in 1984, nearly a century after Herman Hollerith's 1886 construction of the first card sorting machine.

title: IBM 519


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Air and Space Expeditionary Service Ribbon

The Air and Space Expeditionary Service Ribbon (AFESR) is a military award of the United States Air Force and United States Space Force which was first created in June 2003 as the Air Force Expeditionary Service Ribbon. The ribbon is awarded to any member of the Air Force or Space Force who completes a standard contingency deployment. On 16 November 2020, the Air Force Expeditionary Service Ribbon was renamed to the Air and Space Expeditionary Service Ribbon by the Secretary of the Air Force.

The regulations of the Air and Space Expeditionary Service Ribbon define a deployment as either forty-five consecutive days or ninety non-consecutive days in a deployed status. Temporary duty orders also qualify towards the ninety-day time requirement. For deployments exceeding 45–90 days, a single Air and Space Expeditionary Service Ribbon will be awarded for the entire time frame rather than issuing multiple awards for the same period of deployed service.

Gold frame
Similar to the US Army's Combat Service Identification Badge (CSIB), for those service members who serve in designated combat zones and participate in combat operations, a gold frame, which the Air Force and Space Force refers to as a gold border, may be attached to the ASESR basic ribbon. However, it can also be awarded to those who serve in areas where the service member receives hostile fire pay and supports combat operations. The gold border is issued as a one-time award only, regardless of the number of combat operations in which a service member serves.

The Air and Space Expeditionary Service Ribbon with gold border may also be awarded to certain "over-the horizon" combat assignments, such as remotely piloted vehicle and space operators for employing a long-range weapon into a combat zone. It is therefore possible to earn the gold border geographically separated from the battlefield by thousands of miles. Such personnel, however, must have first earned the Air and Space Expeditionary Service Ribbon before the ribbon can be upgraded with a gold border.

Additional awards of the Air and Space Expeditionary Service Ribbon are denoted by oak leaf clusters and the award is retroactive to October 1, 1999.

Symbolism
The center stripe is light blue and stands for Air Force and Space Force capability. From this center stripe outward on each side, the narrow white stripe stands for integrity; ultramarine blue represents worldwide deployment; Department of the Air Force yellow stands for excellence, and the last two stripes (scarlet and blue) stand for the United States.


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Liberal Party of Honduras

The Liberal Party of Honduras (Spanish: Partido Liberal de Honduras) is a centrist liberal political party in Honduras that was founded in 1891. It is the oldest extant political party in the country; further, it is one of the two main parties that have, until recently, dominated Honduran politics. The party is a member of the Liberal International. The PLH is identified with the colours red and white, as the flag Francisco Morazán used in most of his military campaigns during time of the Central American Federal Republic.

The party is against the legalisation of abortion, which is punishable by imprisonment in Honduras.

2005 elections
The PLH won the closely contested 2005 presidential race, but the PNH has a majority in the National Congress due to an alliance with the Christian Democrats (Democracia Cristiana).

In the general election of 27 November 2005, the party won 62 out of 128 seats in the National Congress; and its presidential candidate, Manuel Zelaya, polled 49.9% to defeat the PNH's Porfirio Pepe Lobo, restoring the PLH as the presidential party. He was inaugurated on 27 January 2006.

Elected as a liberal, Zelaya shifted dramatically to the political left and socialism during his presidency, forging an alliance with the Hugo Chávez-linked ALBA, angering conservatives and his own Liberal Party. He was deposed by a coup d'état in 2009 and replaced by Roberto Micheletti, also of the Liberal Party.

2009 elections
At the 2009 elections, which took place after the 2009 Honduran coup d'état that removed Manuel Zelaya from power, the Liberal Party suffered a heavy defeat by the National Party, with the Nationals' candidate for president, Porfirio Lobo Sosa, winning the presidency with (according to the Electoral Tribunal) over 1,212,846 votes and 56.56% of the national total of valid votes (in all participation as acknowledged by the tribunal was of 41%) compared with 816,874 votes and 38.1% of the national total for Liberal candidate Elvin Santos. In the elections for the National Congress of Honduras the Liberal Party won a total of 45 seats, dropping from its previous 61. The elections were held under a tense political atmosphere without the accustomed OAS observers and under a decree restricting civil rights with the elected president Zelaya under military siege in the Brazilian embassy at Tegucigalpa. Sectors opposed to the 2009 coup claim the participation was much less than reported by the authorities, but this claim has not been verified.

In 2011, Zelaya's supporters left the Liberal Party and founded Liberty and Refoundation.

Recent activities
Following Zelaya's split, the Liberal Party has seen a decline in its support, with Liberty and Refoundation becoming the National Party's main rival. At the 2013 election, liberal candidate Mauricio Villeda got 20.3% of votes, finishing third.

The party further declined in the 2017 election; its candidate Luis Zelaya only obtained 14.74% of the vote, and again finished third. However, the party maintained its 26 seats in the parliament. The Liberal Party denounced the result as fraudulent.

Note
In the 1957 election, Ramón Villeda Morales was elected by the Constituent Assembly.

title: Liberal Party of Honduras


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Autobiography (Ashlee Simpson album)

Autobiography is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Ashlee Simpson. Released in the United States by Geffen Records on July 20, 2004, the album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Musically, it combines elements of rock and pop. Critical reception for the album by critics was mixed. Autobiography has sold more than five million copies worldwide.

Three singles from Autobiography were released: "Pieces of Me"—the first and most successful single—which was a hit in several countries in mid to late 2004, as well as the follow-up singles "Shadow" and "La La". MTV highlighted the process of making the album in the reality series The Ashlee Simpson Show, which drew a large audience and served as an effective promotional vehicle for the album.

Background
Simpson described the process of writing the album's twelve songs as being similar to keeping a diary, and before the album's US release she said that "My inspiration came from what I have gone through in the past three years. Every single day I was thinking of what I was going through and would write songs about it." The lyrics primarily deal with love and heartbreak; in particular, much of the album's lyrical content was inspired by Simpson's breakup with her boyfriend at the time, Josh Henderson. She has described the album as being "very honest" and "very true to my emotions"—"I wasn't afraid to say that I was hurting and how I got over it." Simpson worked closely with a number of experienced songwriters on the album. The album's producer, John Shanks—who won a Grammy in February 2005, in part for his work as producer on Autobiography —receives songwriting credit alongside Simpson on all but two songs. Kara DioGuardi also receives songwriting credit, together with Simpson and Shanks, on seven of the songs, including the three singles.

The album incorporates rock as well as pop elements, which contrasts with the heavily pop-oriented music of sister, Jessica. One reviewer noted that, unlike Jessica's music, Autobiography "relies on glitzy guitars and big power-pop riffs". On her reality show, Simpson emphasized that she did not want to make her music like pop singers such as her sister or Hilary Duff; instead, she has cited musicians such as Chrissie Hynde and Joan Jett as influences.

In a 2004 interview, Simpson said that when she began seeking a recording contract record labels would not meet with her because they thought she just wanted "to be like her sister". Simpson also said that she did not want to meet with Jessica's record label (Columbia) because she wanted to be signed because of her music, rather than her sister. She eventually signed with Geffen in 2003. As for her role as co-writer of the songs, Simpson has said that she had a lot of input lyrically: "...I come up with the whole concept of the song. To me, writing is a very important thing. It's what I've always done and what I've always loved to do, and it was a big part of my wanting to do a record. So my label was amazing because they really let me have my hands in there. I got to write a lot." Simpson said of making the album: "It's a lot of work. From finding the right label to the actual recording, it took about nine months, then it was followed by the publicity work." In an extensive list of thank-yous in the album's liner notes, Simpson includes Benji and Joel Madden of the band Good Charlotte, with whom she worked on the song "Harder Everyday", which was released as an international bonus track.

Composition
The title track, which was also the theme song to her MTV reality series The Ashlee Simpson Show, opens the album by introducing Simpson, who sings "got stains on my t-shirt, and I'm the biggest flirt" and "if you want my auto, want my autobiography / baby, just ask me". The Village Voice review described the song as "wrist-pumping Joan Jett rock candy", but Stylus labelled the track "an age-old trope and a boring one at that". "Pieces of Me", a song about the comfort and happiness Simpson found in her relationship with Ryan Cabrera, has been characterised as a soft rock ballad with "stringy guitar riffs". "Shadow", described by People magazine as the "most personal song" on the album, is a slower tune in which Simpson recounts playing a lesser role to her sister when she was younger, but eventually finding her own identity.

The album continues with "La La", a song with sexual lyrics that Simpson has described as "tongue-in-cheek". One reviewer described "La La" as a "punk inspired, fast beat, screaming anthem". "Love Makes the World Go Round", which epinions.com described as having a "Duff vibe", talks about the disappointment of an ending relationship. "Better Off", which has been described as a "bubbly" song and as a "chunk of pop/rock goodness", and "Love Me For Me", which has been called "Joan-Jett-esque" and which Simpson has said is about "self-appreciation" both deal with contradictory feelings about relationships. The synth-driven "Surrender" follows with Simpson consenting to a breakup, with lyrics such as "you make your misery my company"; epinions wrote that it is on this track that Simpson sounds "most loose and carefree".

"Unreachable" combines a piano line and vintage Chamberlin sounds with lyrics dealing with regrets about rushing into a relationship. Simpson has described "Nothing New" as being about her frustration with an ex-boyfriend's "dramas" until she is ultimately "finished with him", while "Giving It All Away" encourages the listener to stand on one's own feet: "hold on to your life and don't give that away", Simpson said of the song. The album's closing track, "Undiscovered" (which Simpson has described as a favorite of hers ), was written after her breakup with Josh, and is described by epinions.com as a song with "haunting strings" and "mellow guitars"; in the song, Simpson ponders what might have been in a lost pairing. Non-US pressings follow with "Harder Everyday", and the United Kingdom edition adds "Sorry", while the Japanese edition closes with "Endless Summer". The US Wal-Mart edition of the album also included an access code to download a reduced-quality version of "Sorry" on the internet.

Critical reception
Critical reviews of Autobiography were mixed. People magazine considered it a "passable debut" and said that it showed Simpson was a "credible talent in her own right"; Allmusic called it "an unexpectedly strong debut". The Village Voice compared Autobiography favorably to Courtney Love's 2004 album, America's Sweetheart, referring particularly to Autobiography ' s "Fruit Stripe bubblegrunge guitars and insanely chewy melodies and an ear-tickling production job." It also praised Simpson's singing, saying that she "can pack so much contradictory emotion into a single line—a single word—that the music can barely contain it." According to Blender, all of the album's songs "paint in huge strokes"; its review also regarded Simpson's vocals positively. E! Online also praised Simpson's singing and catchy tracks, saying that "Ashlee Simpson still managed to piece together this collection of tracks that sound as if they were ripped right from the pages of her diary. Ashlee even makes you think twice about her semicharmed life. So, even if it doesn't wow you, Autobiography may surprise you."

Other critics were more negative. Rolling Stone called it "mundane...with a predictable script", and at one point described Simpson's singing as "wailing in lieu of hitting notes". In its review, the BBC said that "half the album ... feels self-indulgent and lacks substance", but also said that "in-between the formulaic, innocuous songs are a smattering of catchy pop-rock tracks." IGN.com called it "by-the-books, generic (and at times bland) pop/rock", although it did say Simpson's vocals showed maturity and promise. A writer for Stylus magazine commented that "after spending more than forty minutes with Ashlee, I feel like I don’t know her any better than I did beforehand...[and] for a record with the name Autobiography, it seems like no bigger criticism could be leveled." The New York Times said that Autobiography "is a thoroughly calculated package, aiming for the same audience that embraces Avril Lavigne and Pink."

Promotion
The album and singles received considerable promotion in the US—where they sold the most copies—and other countries, and much of this focused on contrasting her with Jessica by highlighting her more rock-oriented image. This image distinction from Jessica did not mean that the two were not associated in publicity, however; the sisters appeared together in television commercials at around the time of Autobiography ' s release, for Pizza Hut and Ice Breakers Liquid Ice.

A key element of Simpson's promotion was The Ashlee Simpson Show, which debuted on June 16, 2004, and ran for eight episodes, achieving high ratings for cable television. Jessica's reality show, Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica, had debuted in 2003 and had proved highly successful, being credited with reviving her flagging music career; reality television proved similarly effective in helping launch Simpson's music career. It has been said that Simpson's father and manager Joe Simpson "redefined how you sell records" through his use of reality television to promote his daughters. Simpson said that she initially did not want to do the reality show but that her father persuaded her to do it because it would be about the production of her album: "...I thought that was kind of cool. You're actually seeing a deeper look into how this album got made." She also thought the show, by showcasing her own personality, would help to distinguish her from Jessica.

Geoff Mayfield, Billboard ' s director of charts, pointed to a combination of factors in explaining Simpson's success with Autobiography. He described Simpson as the "right thing at the right time" and said: "The MTV show is a huge catalyst, radio jumped all over the song, and her famous sister opened the door. If Jessica never happened, then Ashlee doesn't get her own show and this album doesn't happen." Zena Burns of Teen People, while noting the importance of effective promotion and Simpson's connection to Jessica, stressed the appeal of "Pieces of Me" in explaining her success: "Ashlee has an amazing promotional machine, and it doesn't hurt to have Jessica and MTV behind you, but she also came out with an insanely catchy pop single." From July 13 to July 20, the week prior to Autobiography ' s release, MTV.com's "The Leak" featured the album for streaming on its website. Autobiography drew 2.66 million requested streams during the time period, breaking a record previously held by Britney Spears' 2003 album In the Zone.

Simpson's publicity suffered when the performance on the October 23–24 edition of Saturday Night Live went awry. According to Simpson's publicists, her father and manager decided to use a vocal guide track because of problems she was having with her voice, beginning earlier in the day, that were caused by acid reflux. Although her first performance of the night—"Pieces of Me"—was successful, her second performance, which was supposed to be of "Autobiography" (at the time planned as her third single), went wrong: "Pieces of Me" mistakenly began playing, and Simpson's recorded vocals were heard when her microphone was not near her mouth. She subsequently walked off the stage and then apologized for the error during the show's closing. Some viewers accused Simpson of lip synching, and the incident received widespread coverage in the news. Simpson joked about the incident with a performance of "Autobiography" at the Radio Music Awards on October 25. Despite the low points of this period of the album's promotion, there were also significant successes. According to a Geffen press release, her December 6 AOL Music Live performance "had the biggest one-week audience ever for AOL with 1.6 million plays."

Singles
Before The Ashlee Simpson Show debuted, "Pieces of Me" began picking up substantial airplay on radio, In May 2004, a Los Angeles Times article noted that radio stations were adding the song to their playlists faster than any other songs up to that point in the year. "Pieces of Me" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in June and reached a peak position of number five in September. The song "Shadow" was the album's second US single; it reached a peak of number 57 on the Hot 100, failing to match the success of "Pieces of Me".

Shortly afterward, "La La" replaced "Autobiography" as the album's third single. It reached a chart peak at number 86 on the Hot 100, falling considerably short of the positions reached by her two previous singles. Simpson suffered further negative publicity at the halftime show for the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida on January 4, 2005, where she performed "La La" and was booed by the crowd. This may have represented backlash from the SNL debacle, as the Orange Bowl publicists said. "Shadow" was not released in Europe (although it was the second single in Australia), where "La La" was the second single. Shortly after the Orange Bowl incident, Simpson performed the song on several television shows in the UK in January 2005; "La La" debuted and peaked just outside the top ten, and sales of Autobiography also rose considerably during the same period.

Commercial performance
In the US, Autobiography was 2004's biggest debut album by a female artist, and in September the RIAA gave the album a triple platinum certification. Following its July 20 release, it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, selling about 398,000 copies; according to Nielsen SoundScan figures Autobiography sold a total of 2,576,945 copies from the time of its release until early January 2005, making it the ninth best-selling album of 2004.

In Canada, where the album's release corresponded with the US, it sold about 3,000 copies in its first week (number 37 on the album chart); it rose on the chart to number eight at one point and went double platinum in February 2005. The album was released in the UK on October 4, 2004, and debuted at number 31 on the album charts. However, it returned to the top 40 in January 2005, rising substantially from number 91 to number 33 in the week ending January 24, following Simpson's promotion of "La La" (the album's second single in the UK, released on January 24). In Ireland, the album peaked at number 22 on the chart in late January, at the same time as "La La" was released as a single chart. The album also reached number 36 in Switzerland and number 29 in Norway. Simpson's success in album sales with Autobiography outshines that of her sister Jessica, who despite having a singing career since 1999, failed to attain major success with record sales until she appeared on her 2003 reality television show. Geffen President Jordan Schur said of Simpson's success: "It's unheard of in this business—even for a superstar—to sell this number of records," and emphasized her relative obscurity until not long before the album's release. Simpson expressed surprise at the degree of her album's success: "I just hoped my album charted. I didn't expect it to be number one in the country! It was a huge shock." In Brazil the single "Pieces of Me" was the theme of the soap opera "America" and made huge success selling about 15,000 copies of the album in the country.

Personnel
Adapted from the Autobiography liner notes.

 * Ashlee Simpson – vocals; background vocals (tracks: 1–4, 10 and 12)
 * Kenny Aronoff – drums (tracks: 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10)
 * John Shanks – guitars, bass; keyboards (tracks: 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 12); background vocals (tracks: 1, 5, 7, 8 and 9)
 * Kara DioGuardi – background vocals (tracks: 1–4, 6 and 10)
 * Jeff Rothschild – drums (tracks: 2, 4, 11, and 12)
 * Jamie Muhoberac – piano, organ (track 3)
 * Patrick Warren – Chamberlin (tracks: 3 and 12)
 * Abe Laboriel, Jr. – drums (tracks: 6, 7, and 9)
 * John Feldmann – original programming (track: 11)
 * David Campbell – string arrangement (tracks: 3 and 12)

Production

 * John Shanks – producer, mixing
 * Jeff Rothschild – mixing
 * Mark Valentine – additional engineering
 * Ted Jensen – mastering
 * Jordan Schur – executive producer, A&R
 * Mark Liddell – photography
 * Soap Design Co. – design

title: Autobiography (Ashlee Simpson album)


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National Democratic Congress (Grenada)

The National Democratic Congress (NDC), also known as the National Democratic Congress of Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Martinique, is a social democratic and centre-left political party in Grenada. It is the governing party in Grenada, having won a majority in the 2022 general elections. The party is led by current prime minister Dickon Mitchell as of October 2021.

History
The party was founded in 1987 by George Brizan and Francis Alexis, as a party opposed to the New National Party government that came to power in the 1984 elections after the United States invasion of Grenada. It won the 1990 elections, with Nicholas Brathwaite becoming Prime Minister. It lost power to the NNP in the 1995 elections, which were held shortly after Brathwaite's resignation. The NDC was thereafter in opposition for 13 years. It failed to win any seats in the 1999 elections, but only narrowly lost the 2003 elections, in which it won 45.6% of the popular vote and seven of the 15 seats.

In the July 2008 general election, the NDC won 11 out of 15 seats, and party leader Tillman Thomas became Prime Minister. Despite a 40% vote share in the 2013 election, the party lost all its seats to the New National Party under Keith Mitchell, which obtained all 15 seats.

The NDC was affiliated to the former Central American liberal organisation FELICA (the Federation of Liberal Parties of Central America and the Caribbean), also known as the Federación de Partidos Liberales de Centroamérica y el Caribe. The party maintains close links with the other center-left political parties in the English-speaking Caribbean such as the Democratic Labour Party in Barbados.

title: National Democratic Congress (Grenada)


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Lenny Wilkens

Leonard Randolph Wilkens (born October 28, 1937) is an American former basketball player and coach in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has been inducted three times into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, first in 1989 as a player, as a coach in 1998, and in 2010 as part of the 1992 United States Olympic "Dream Team" for which he was an assistant coach. In 1996, Wilkens was named to the NBA 50th Anniversary Team, and in 2021 he was named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team. In addition, in 2022 he was also named to the list of the 15 Greatest Coaches in NBA History, being the only person to be in both NBA 75th season celebration list as player and coach. He is also a 2006 inductee into the College Basketball Hall of Fame.

Wilkens made a combined 13-time NBA All-Star Game appearances as a player (nine times) and as a head coach (four times), was the 1993 NBA Coach of the Year, won the 1979 NBA championship as the head coach of the Seattle SuperSonics, and an Olympic gold medal as the head coach of the 1996 U.S. men's basketball team.

During the 1994–95 season, Wilkens set the record for most regular season coaching wins in NBA history, a record he held when he retired with 1,332 victories. , he is in third place on the list, behind Don Nelson and Gregg Popovich. Wilkens won the Chuck Daly Lifetime Achievement Award for the 2010–11 NBA season. Wilkens is also the most prolific coach in NBA history, at 2,487 regular-season games, 89 more games than Nelson, and over 400 more than any other coach, and has more losses than any other coach in NBA history, at 1,155.

Early life
Leonard Randolph Wilkens was born on October 28, 1937, in Brooklyn, New York. Wilkens grew up in the Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn. His father was African American and his mother was Irish American. Wilkens was raised in the Catholic faith.

At Boys High School, Wilkens was a basketball teammate of longtime Major League Baseball star Tommy Davis, and played for coach Mickey Fisher.

College career
Wilkens was a two-time All-America (1959 and 1960) at Providence College. He led the team to their first NIT appearance in 1959, and to the NIT finals in 1960. When he graduated, Wilkens was, with 1,193 points, the second-ranked scorer in Friar history (he has since dropped to 20th as of 2005). In 1996, Wilkens' No. 14 jersey was retired by the college, the first alumnus to receive such an honor. In honor of his collegiate accomplishments, Wilkens was one of the inaugural inductees into the College Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006.

St. Louis Hawks (1960–1968)
Wilkens was drafted sixth overall by the St. Louis Hawks in the 1960 NBA draft. He began his career with eight seasons with the St. Louis Hawks, who lost the finals to the Boston Celtics in his rookie season. The Hawks made the playoffs consistently with Wilkens but never again reached the finals. Wilkens placed second to Wilt Chamberlain in the 1967–1968 MVP balloting, his last with the Hawks.

Seattle SuperSonics (1968–1972)
Wilkens was traded to the Seattle SuperSonics for Walt Hazzard and spent four seasons there. He averaged 22.4 points, 6.2 rebounds, and 8.2 assists per game in his first season for the SuperSonics, and was an All-Star in three of his seasons for them. He was named head coach in his second season with the team. Although the SuperSonics did not reach the playoffs while Wilkens simultaneously coached and started at point guard, their record improved each season and they won 47 games during the 1971–72 NBA season. Wilkens was dealt to the Cleveland Cavaliers before the start of the next season in a highly unpopular trade, and the SuperSonics fell to 26-56 without his leadership on the court.

Cleveland Cavaliers (1972–1974)
Wilkens played two seasons with the Cleveland Cavaliers.

Portland Trail Blazers (1974–1975)
Wilkens played one season with the Portland Trail Blazers.

Legacy
Wilkens scored 17,772 points during the regular season, was a nine-time NBA All-Star, and was named the 1971 NBA All-Star Game MVP in 1971. With Seattle, he led the league in assists in the 1969–70 season, and at the time of his retirement was the NBA's second all-time leader in that category, behind only Oscar Robertson. In 2021, to commemorate the NBA's 75th Anniversary The Athletic ranked their top 75 players of all time, and named Wilkens as the 75th greatest player in NBA history.

Seattle SuperSonics (1969–1972)
Wilkens was a player-coach for the Seattle SuperSonics from 1969 to 1972.

Portland Trail Blazers (1974–1976)
In his one season as a player with the Portland Trail Blazers, he was a player-coach. He retired from playing in 1975 and was the full-time coach of the Trail Blazers for one more season.

Seattle SuperSonics (1977–1985)
After a season off from coaching, he again became coach of the SuperSonics when he replaced Bob Hopkins who was fired 22 games into the 1977–78 season after a dismal 5–17 start. The SuperSonics won 11 of their first 12 games under Wilkens and made the playoffs in back-to-back years, losing in seven games to the Washington Bullets in the 1978 NBA Finals before returning to the 1979 NBA Finals and defeating the Washington Bullets in five games for their only NBA title.

He coached in Seattle for eight seasons (1977–1985), winning his (and Seattle's) only NBA championship in 1979.

Cleveland Cavaliers (1986–1993)
Wilkens would go on to coach the Cleveland Cavaliers from 1986 to 1993.

Atlanta Hawks (1993–2000)
Wilkens coached the Atlanta Hawks from 1993 to 2000.

Toronto Raptors (2000–2003)
Wilkens coached the Toronto Raptors from 2000 to 2003.

New York Knicks (2004–2005)
The Hall of Famer was named head coach of the New York Knicks on January 15, 2004. After the Knicks' slow start to the 2004–05 season, Wilkens resigned from the team on January 22, 2005.

Executive career
On November 29, 2006, he was hired as vice chairman of the Seattle SuperSonics' ownership group, and was later named the Sonics' President of Basketball Operations on April 27, 2007. On July 6, 2007, Wilkens resigned from the Sonics organization.

Broadcasting career
Wilkens later worked at Northwest FSN Studio as a college basketball analyst and occasionally appears on College Hoops Northwest at game nights.

Personal life
Since 1962, Wilkens has been married to Marilyn Reed; they have three children, Leesha, Randy and Jamee. The Wilkens have seven grandchildren, six girls and one boy.

Wilkens is the founder of the Lenny Wilkens Foundation for Children and lives in Medina, Washington. He is a practicing Catholic.

Awards and honors
NBA
 * 1979 NBA champion (as head coach of Seattle)
 * 13-time NBA All-Star
 * nine times as a player
 * four times as a head coach
 * 1971 NBA All-Star Game MVP
 * 1994 NBA Coach of the Year
 * 2011 Chuck Daly Lifetime Achievement Award
 * No. 19 retired by Seattle SuperSonics (carried over to the Oklahoma City Thunder)
 * Top 10 Coaches in NBA History (NBA 50th Anniversary)
 * Top 15 Coaches in NBA History (NBA 75th Anniversary)

USA Basketball
 * Two-time Olympic gold medal winner:
 * 1992 as an assistant coach with the "Dream Team"
 * 1996 as head coach of the U.S. men's team

Halls of Fame
 * Three-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductee
 * class of 1989 as a player
 * class of 1998 as a coach
 * class of 2010 as a member of the "Dream Team"
 * Cleveland Cavaliers Wall of Honor (class of 2022)
 * U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame (class of 2009 - as a member of the "Dream Team")
 * FIBA Hall of Fame (class of 2017 - as a member of the "Dream Team")
 * College Basketball Hall of Fame (class of 2006)
 * Providence College Hall of Fame.

State/Local
 * City of Seattle renamed Thomas Street to Lenny Wilkens Way.

Organizational
 * 1999 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement

Quotes

 * "I learned my basketball on the playgrounds of Brooklyn. Today, being a playground player is an insult. It means all you want to do is go one-on-one, it means your fundamentals stink and you don't understand the game. But the playgrounds I knew were tremendous training grounds."
 * "Show people how to have success and then you can push their expectations up."

title: Lenny Wilkens


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Robert Carr

Leonard Robert Carr, Baron Carr of Hadley, (11 November 1916 – 17 February 2012) was a British Conservative Party politician who served as Home Secretary from 1972 to 1974. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for 26 years, and later served in the House of Lords as a life peer.

Background
Leonard Robert Carr was born in North Finchley on 11 November 1916. He was educated at Westminster School and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he read Natural Sciences, graduating in 1938. After graduation he applied his knowledge of metallurgy at John Dale & Co, the family metal engineering firm. A collapsed lung kept him from war service but his firm specialised in the construction of airframes for Lancaster bombers.

In 1943, Carr married Joan Twining, and they had a son and two daughters. Their son, David, died in a traffic accident in 1965.

Political career
Carr first sought the Conservative nomination in Barnet ahead of the 1950 election, but lost to Reginald Maudling. He was instead elected Member of Parliament for Mitcham in 1950 and served there until 1974, when the seat was merged and he moved to Carshalton. He was a parliamentary private secretary to Anthony Eden from to 1951 to 1955, and a parliamentary secretary to the labour ministry after Eden became prime minister.

Carr was a supporter of the European Economic Community, and was amiable to Edward Heath's election as Conservative Party leader in 1965, even though he had supported Maudling. When Heath became prime minister in 1970, he served as Secretary of State for Employment and was responsible for the modernising Industrial Relations Act 1971, which balanced the introduction of compensation for unfair dismissal with curbs on the freedom to strike and the virtual abolition of closed shop agreements. The Industrial Relations Act 1971 was deeply disliked by, trade unions, whose industrial action lead to the three-day week and ultimately to the defeat of the government. The victorious Labour Party promptly repealed the Industrial Relations Act and replaced it with the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974, which scrapped the "offensive" provisions but effectively re-enacted the remainder of Carr's 1971 Act.

In 1971, Carr escaped injury when The Angry Brigade anarchist group exploded two bombs outside his house. More than thirty years later, a member of the group issued a public apology to Carr and sent him a Christmas card.

In 1972, Carr served a brief period as Lord President of the Council and then was appointed Home Secretary following Reginald Maudling's resignation. Following Heath's defeat in the first ballot of the 1975 Conservative leadership contest, he asked Carr to "take over the functions of leader" until a new leader was elected. The day after her election the new leader, Margaret Thatcher met with Carr, according to her at his request, before she formed shadow cabinet. According to her memoirs, Carr had been close to Heath and so she would have understood "if he did not relish the prospect of serving under" her. She stated that Carr made it clear that the only post that he would accept would be that of Shadow Foreign Secretary. She told him that she could not promise that and confided in her memoirs that at that stage, she was still considering appointments and was "not convinced" that she would offer Carr any role in the shadow cabinet. She proceeded to appoint Maudling as Shadow Foreign Secretary and saw Carr again later to inform him of her decision. In her memoirs, she speculated that Carr might have been "persuaded to stay in another capacity" but did not offer him the chance and noted, "I was not keen to have another strong opponent in any position on the team".

In 1975, Carr co-founded the Tory Reform Group.

Later life
Carr was created a life peer as Baron Carr of Hadley, of Monken Hadley in Greater London, in 1976. He served on the board for a number of companies, including Cadbury Schweppes, Prudential Assurance (which he chaired from 1980 to 1985), and Securicor. From 1985 to 1986, he was president of the Surrey County Cricket Club.

Carr died from bronchopneumonia at a nursing home in Alderley Edge, Cheshire, 17 February 2012, at the age of 95. His body was buried in the graveyard of St. Peter's Church, in the Gloucestershire village of Farmington. He was survived by his wife, Joan, and two daughters.

title: Robert Carr


text:
Category:Elections in Greenland

See also: Category:Referendums in Greenland

title: Category:Elections in Greenland


text:
Murderdolls

Murderdolls was an American rock band formed in Hollywood, California in 2002. Its lineup consisted of core members Wednesday 13 and Joey Jordison while former touring members included Ben Graves, Acey Slade, Eric Griffin and Tripp Eisen.

The band released two albums, the first in the form of Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls which was released in 2002. Though the band had limited initial success in the United States, their album and singles charted well in Europe, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan. Their second album, Women and Children Last, was released in August 2010. Wednesday 13 confirmed the band's split in an interview in July 2013.

Characteristics
The sound of the band is made up of their shared influences, which musically are punk rock and as well as from some of the 1970s hard rock acts (such as Kiss and Alice Cooper). The band also share a large interest in horror movies, from which they take most of their images and references.

Lyrically, the group most often present themselves in a "tongue-in-cheek" manner, covering topics of necrophilia, grave robbing, cross-dressing, amongst other things.

The Murderdolls are often described as "Mötley Crüe meets the Misfits" by critics and fans alike.

Early years
Some consider the Murderdolls history to go back as far as 1994 to a Des Moines, Iowa-based band Joey Jordison played in, named The Rejects, which was fronted by vocalist Dizzy Draztik. The sound of the band was somewhat comparable to what the Murderdolls would later develop, minus the horror themed lyrics.

The Rejects split up as Jordison's other band Slipknot were signed to a major label. During the 1999 Ozzfest tour, Jordison met Tripp Eisen and asked him if he was interested in a project he had in mind, the reforming of the Rejects with Draztik. Eisen agreed to join the project and a friend of his from the band Dope and previously the Genitorturers, Racci Shay played drums with them. Also a bassist named Ian, who had played in New York based band the Vampire Love Dolls (fronted by Acey Slade who was known as J at the time), played with them live.

Formation, Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls (2001–2002)
Dizzy Draztik introduced Joey Jordison to the music of the Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13, a horror punk band from Charlotte, North Carolina, fronted by vocalist Wednesday 13. Draztik persuaded the band to invite the Drag Queens frontman to play with the Rejects. The pair had previously considered bringing Wednesday 13 into the band before Eisen joined. Wednesday joined them in November 2001, where he was brought into the Rejects as a bassist. Tripp Eisen has claimed that he suggested that his friend Acey Slade was brought into the band around this time, but was turned down.

Soon, Wednesday 13 was moved to the frontman position after Dizzy left the band to take care of his ailing mother. The band changed their name to the Murderdolls and would soon adopt a horror themed approach. In fact, in terms of material used Wednesday 13 became the driving force for it. Most of the tracks on the Murderdolls debut album were covers from his previous band Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13. These covers which would later introduce a whole new audience to the past music of Wednesday 13.

Wednesday 13, Jordison and Eisen went into the recording studio to record a demo consisting on an albums worth of material. This demo ended up becoming the band's first album. Because of the association of Eisen and Jordison's other bands, was to be released on Roadrunner Records. Primarily the recording features Wednesday 13 and Joey Jordison playing all of the instruments and vocals, however Eisen recorded some of the guitar solos on it.

Around this time in late March 2002, Ben Graves and Eric Griffin, two musicians native of Boston, Massachusetts but were living in Hollywood, California at the time joined the Murderdolls. They were brought in after Eisen showed Jordison a video of himself jamming with the pair, they decided the duo would be right for the band. And although they would feature on the debut album artwork, they did not actually play on the album itself. The band played their first show together as the Murderdolls on July 30, 2002, at San Diego's Epicenter club.

An EP was released in early 2002 named Right to Remain Violent and featured some tracks from the forthcoming album. The full-length album soon followed, titled Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls. The initial release featured fifteen tracks; twelve in total had previously been recorded by Wednesday 13 with Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13 and one from his earlier band Maniac Spider Trash. 13 did however write all of the aforementioned tracks himself.

The song "Welcome to the Strange" was featured on the soundtrack for the movie Freddy vs. Jason. This track was later available as a bonus track on an expanded release of the debut album along with the single White Wedding; a Billy Idol cover.

Upon its release the Murderdolls album was promoted to the public as the "other band" of Joey Jordison, the drummer of Slipknot, or a "collaboration" between Jordison and Tripp Eisen. At the time Wednesday 13's importance as songwriter wasn't known by the public. The lead single from the album was titled "Dead in Hollywood", the promotional video featured a guest appearance by Marilyn Manson, who had previously become friends with Jordison and was returning the favor of him earlier appearing in the video for "Tainted Love".

In July 2002 Eisen announced he was leaving the band and returning to his main band Static-X as they were due to record a new album at the time. Eisen's former Dope bandmate Acey Slade was brought in to replace him on guitar.

Touring (2002–2004)
The first tour dates of the Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls World Tour took the band through parts of the United States including; Los Angeles, Detroit, Chicago and Jordison's native Iowa. Their first major date was at the Summer Sonic Festival in Tokyo, Japan during August 18, 2002, two days before their debut album was released. This helped them gain a fan base in Japan.

Following this they played some dates in Europe, including a tour of the United Kingdom with AntiProduct (the lead singer of which, Alex Kane, briefly replaced Griffin on bass when he had to return home during the tour) and Ireland.

Their restless touring continued throughout 2002 into 2003, where they played in several major festivals; first, they played at the Australian festival Big Day Out, going on after Queens of the Stone Age and Foo Fighters headlined the event. They were received favorably and one reviewer commented on the band's performance as a "mangled, choked and psychotic version of the Sex Pistols." The other major festival dates during this time were Download Festival and Rock am Ring, Iron Maiden headlined both of the festivals.

Together, the band recorded a cover version of Billy Idol's "White Wedding". A promotional video was recorded for it, in which they mocked popstar singing contests such as the Idol series. It was released as a single in the United Kingdom and they even performed it on the UK chart show Top of the Pops.

Mid 2003 The Murderdolls co-headlined a tour of England with fellow Roadrunner Records band, Stone Sour, which contained two of Jordison's fellow members of Slipknot; Corey Taylor and James Root.

Murderdolls toured at the end of 2003 in support of the single and the re-release of their debut, which included their Billy Idol cover as well as five other bonus tracks and b-sides: "Let's Fuck'", "I Take Drugs", "Crash Crash", "Welcome to the Strange" and "I Love to Say Fuck". The latter two had previously been recorded by Wednesday 13 with the Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13. The tour went through many European countries including Spain, Italy, Croatia, and Scandinavian countries before ending with a four date tour of the UK supported by English psychobilly band Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster.

Murderdolls played their last show on January 17, 2004, in Corona, California. After this they went on an indefinite hiatus with Jordison returning to Slipknot. Since the hiatus begun, both Wednesday 13 and Jordison maintained that the band had not split up for good, and that they would return to record a second album together in the future. Additionally, in a 2009 interview, Slade revealed that he would have been happy to reform the Murderdolls by now, but it always proves impossible due to other commitments of the band members.

Reunion, Women and Children Last and breakup (2010–2011)
In February 2010, whilst embarking on a solo tour in Australia, Wednesday 13 spoke with Drum Media and told them he was tossing up whether to record another solo album or record another Murderdolls album. He stated that the idea was still in talks, but would be his number one priority if the opportunity arose.

In March 2010, Jordison officially revealed to Kerrang! magazine that Murderdolls had officially reunited with him and Wednesday working with producer Chris "Zeuss" Harris. Jordison said about the reunion, "It's been an ongoing conversation between Wednesday and I from 2006 until now. We were bored with everything out there, and thought we had something to piss people off and shake things up. Everything is such a product or a fucking formula these days... Fuck formula! Fuck the norm!"

It was revealed on the band's official website that the band would feature a new lineup without Slade, Griffin or Graves. Drummer Racci Shay joined the band alongside guitarist Roman Surman and bassist Jack Tankersley.

Mötley Crüe guitarist Mick Mars recorded a guest appearance on the new album, whilst he was recording material for his debut solo album in the same space. On April 15, the band confirmed that they had finished recording their upcoming album Women and Children Last. Joey Jordison has said that he considers Women and Children Last as really the first true Murderdolls album.

The band was expected to embark on a tour of North America, but the idea was scrapped after Jordison began touring with Rob Zombie on the Hellbilly Deluxe 2 World Tour and after the untimely death of his Slipknot bandmate Paul Gray. This led to the band performing only two shows in California in mid-June to promote their new album. The first show was captured on video and was released on DVD for the special edition of the album. Jordison resumed touring with Zombie in early July.

For Women and Children Last, Jordison and Wednesday 13 confessed to VerdamMnis Magazine that they consider this new release to be their very first album, as this is the first time they "sat down together to write songs and the production is a far better than from Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls. They also revealed to the magazine that the CD was recorded in a mansion upon the Hollywood Hills, which encouraged them "to create their own sound with no influence from the outside world", as they were secluded.

The album was released on August 31, 2010, through Roadrunner Records.

The band promoted the album on the Women & Children Last World Tour, on which they supported Guns N' Roses on a handful of European dates, performed on the main stage at the UK edition of the Ozzfest, supported Rob Zombie and Alice Cooper on the Halloween Hootenanny Tour (Jordison performed double duty with Zombie and the Murderdolls), and performed on Fuel TV's The Daily Habit. The band was expected to embark upon a headlining tour of North America in December, followed by a tour of the United Kingdom in January, before returning to Australia for the first time in 8 years to co-headline the Soundwave Festival.

The band announced that, along with their North America tour, Violent Night, Deadly Night Tour, they were releasing a music video for the song "Nowhere" from Women and Children Last on November 29, 2010. However, On November 29, 2010, it was announced that the Violent Night, Deadly Night Tour was canceled, due to family issues.

The last time the Murderdolls performed together was April 24, 2011. This final gig marked the last time Joey and 13 spoke. In March 2013, Wednesday 13 announced in an interview that the Murderdolls had split for good in 2011.

Post-breakup
In 2017, Wednesday 13 stated his interest in resurrecting the Murderdolls, and that Joey may also be interested. Further speculation came in July 2018 when Jordison claimed new material was ready to go and a reunion could happen when the time was right. However, in a February 2019 interview, Wednesday 13 stated that no progress on a reunion had occurred and that Joey and he were still friends.

On May 9, 2018, former drummer Ben "The Ghoul" Graves died of cancer at the age of 45. Wednesday 13, along with former members Eric Griffin and Acey Slade performed with each other for the first time in 14 years to pay tribute to their late drummer.

On July 26, 2021, Joey Jordison died at the age of 46.

Members

 * Wednesday 13 – lead vocals, studio guitars and bass (2002–2004, 2010–2011, 2018)
 * Joey Jordison – guitars, backing vocals, studio drums, percussion, keyboards and piano (2002–2004, 2010–2011; died 2021)

 * Tripp Eisen – guitars, backing vocals (2002)
 * Acey Slade – guitars, backing vocals (2002–2004, 2018)
 * Eric Griffin – bass, backing vocals (2002–2004, 2018)
 * Alex Kane – bass (live, 2002), guitars (live, 2018)
 * Ben Graves – drums (2002–2004; died 2018)
 * Roman Surman – guitars, backing vocals (2010–2011)
 * Jack Tankersley – bass (2010–2011)
 * Racci Shay – drums (2010–2011)
 * Jason West – drums (2011)
 * Johnny Kelly – drums (live, 2018)

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls (2002)
 * Women and Children Last (2010)

title: Murderdolls


text: Category:Elections in Honduras

title: Category:Elections in Honduras


text:
Talk:Russian ruble

"First decimal system"
This article claims that the ruble was "the world's" first decimal currency; this is obviously not true, since everything in China has been decimal for thousands of years. The Decimal Day article repeats this claim, with a contradictory addition about China with a reference in Dutch. I could just delete it, but perhaps there is a useful fact to be presented, that the ruble was the first decimal currency in Europe... Imaginatorium (talk) 07:03, 20 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Russian propaganda lying? Say it isn’t so. Say it isn’t so! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C5:8D97:ED01:D5CB:BAE9:BC85:CFE3 (talk) 10:07, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

Need longer-term exchange rate charts, going back to 1998, 1993, or way back thru Soviet Union Ruble
What have exchange rates looked like over the long term? ★NealMcB★ (talk) 18:50, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Rouble heads to record low, sell-off hits stocks as Russia invades Ukraine
Source: https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/russian-rouble-drops-fresh-record-low-thin-offshore-trade-2022-03-07/

Typo in the History section
There may be a typo in the History section of the article, under the heading 'RUB (1998–present)'. The section states that 'the ruble want above its pre-war value', but I think the correct phrasing would be 'the ruble went above its pre-war value'. If this is the case, an established, registered editor should change it accordingly. 90.139.88.55 (talk) 10:20, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅. lol1VNIO[not Lol1VNIO] (talk • contribs) 11:54, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

Countries
@John Maynard Friedman: Regarding these edits, it would be great if you stopped pushing a specific political point of view into economy-focused articles. A country with a de facto functioning government is a country for Wikipedia, and the number of its recognitions doesn't really matter. Yes, we do use "Infobox country" for Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria, and also for Kosovo, Northern Cyprus, State of Palestine, Taiwan, Western Sahara, etc.

Besides, please stop adding "illegal" to many articles where Russian invasion is mentioned. Most if not all military invasions and most wars globally can be termed as illegal, and it's extremely POV-pushing when you add "illegal" only to wars initiated by Russia. — kashmīrī  TALK  08:24, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * International law requires that countries do not invade and attempt to annex the sovereign territory of other countries. Russia's attack on Ukraine is indisputably illegal under international law. Do you have another definition of "illegal" that does not mean law breaking? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 09:20, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * So what? This is an article about a currency, not about wars and their legality.
 * By the way, do you also keep adding the word "illegally" whenever Wikipedia mentions Occupied Palestinian Territories? — kashmīrī  TALK  10:39, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * re Putin's illegal invasion, I have not written that in the visible text, even though many RSs attest to its illegality, because it is not relevant to the currency at this time.
 * Re Israel's illegal settlements and de facto annexations, see wp:WHATABOUT.
 * This stuff is peripheral to my interests, I just got dragged into it when cleaning up after a banned editor. I don't intend to spend any more time on it. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 15:34, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * the MoS subpage that covers the use of these notes is WP:HIDDEN. From a cursory glance those notes appear to be a violation of WP:BADHIDDENTEXT. While the MoS does not have to be applied rigidly, if there is a reason for an exception in this case it should be provided once a discussion is started. If you have no interest in pursuing this further, that's fine but I would recommend reviewing those portions of the MoS to avoid misunderstandings in the future. 74.73.224.126 (talk) 23:16, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks, 74.73.224.126, very helpful.
 * @John Maynard Friedman: (1) May I suggest you to read the full title of the page to which WP:WHATABOUT points? (2) Your interest doesn't seem so "peripheral" when you reverted two different editors objecting your wording. (3) The main problem, however, is that you (a) push your POV that goes against Wikipedia consensus and its NPOV policy: that Abkhazia / South Ossetia "are not countries" or that they "don't have international recognition", both statements being explicitly untrue (see relevant articles), and (b) push your POV where irrelevant (like, here or at List of country calling codes). — kashmīrī  TALK  07:01, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

English language orthography in the lead
We have a disagreement about how prominently we should cover transliterations of the Russian word. For ESL readers unfamiliar with American and British spelling differences, the problem arises because, Both forms are recognised in American and British dictionaries, they just list them in order of local preference. Struck out as unhelpful per later discussion. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 09:23, 10 June 2023 (UTC)
 * in British English (and French), the spelling "ruble" rhymes with "rub"
 * in American English, the spelling "rouble" rhymes with "rout"

I start from the position that it is not really appropriate (see WP:LEAD) for the very first sentence of an article to get sidetracked (IMO!) into the niceties of English language orthography. The article has managed fine without it since its inception in 2007 and only became an issue recently as part of an unpleasant dispute at talk:Ruble that led (among other things) to an editor being banned.

But I recognise the contrary view, so the question is really how can we reconcile these views?

The compromise I have seen elsewhere is to use footnotes. The fairly evident superscript next to each of the forms draws readers' attention to the fact that a more detailed explanation exists, should they want to investigate further. On some systems, merely mousing over the footnote marker will pop up the footnote. Does that resolve the issue? 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 18:57, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't really see an issue with the formulation you just introduced, it might be better to combine the footnotes but it's all rather minor stuff. 74.73.224.126 (talk) 19:55, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Some articles have a dedicated section on spelling or etymology (can't quote examples from the top of my head, but they are aplenty). We can also have one, and pronunciation could be added there. — kashmīrī  TALK  19:55, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with JMF that there is a problem with too much parenthesised incidental detail following the subject of the first sentence of the article. This is a Wikipedia-wide failing, as evidenced by the way that people like Google quote a WP lead paragraph with everything in parenthesis removed. I think it is quite standard and acceptable in biographical articles to put the subject's lifespan in brackets after the name, but this has a tendency to expand into details of calendars, maiden names, Uncle Tom Cobley and all. I think a lead sentence should be kept simple, excluding all "sidetracking", but able to use parentheses for genuine purpose. For example:

 * The ruble (or rouble) is the currency of the Russian Federation.

 * I really do not think footnotes are a very satisfactory answer. Everything else belongs in an infobox (if it is a pure one-off detail, such as the ISO code) or further down the article, if it deserves text explanation. I think the issue of spelling should be explained: the name is really "рубль" and this can be Romanised differently. Of course the "rouble" spelling is basically French (even though French has the second-worst spelling "system", this looks like the only way to write it). Please do not use the text at the top of this section, which is almost totally wrong: "ruble" in French would be a IPA:'y' sound, not matching English 'rub'; in BrE it would match 'bugle', not 'rubble'. The current infobox needs work: the plural in English of "ruble" is "rubles"; I really do not think a lesson on Russian grammar (ру́бль рубля́ рублю́ ру́бль рублём рубле́; рубли́ рубле́й рубля́м рубли́ рубля́ми рубля́х) is appropriate here. Imaginatorium (talk) 14:42, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * And why not рублёвый, ру́блик, and рубли́шко while we're at it?
 * Anyway, I agree that that even a footnote should be short. I revised it to its current version which I think strikes the balance of explaining the two bolded variants without getting too into the weeds, but I wouldn't be all that bothered to see it go.
 * I don't really have strong opinion an a dedicated section either, but if one is introduced, it should still be fairly brief. It would also need good sourcing, and I don't believe any has thus far been proposed. 74.73.224.126 (talk) 03:35, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The advantage of a footnote is that it intercepts subsequent well-meaning edits to add "parenthesised incidental detail following the subject of the first sentence of the article". Recall that we are having this discussion precisely because of such an edit. It really should not be necessary but evidently it is. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 10:34, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I don't mind a footnote, I wrote the current version after all, I just think it should be brief. Multi-paragraph footnotes also defeat the purpose of allowing a quickmouseover for the curious. If the addition of further parenthetical material continues, a better option may be to just add a hidden note referring to this discussion and asking people to go to the talk page first. 74.73.224.126 (talk) 13:46, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Just to expand a bit, and trying to think in MoS terms.
 * We should be hesitant to place both рубль, руб, within a footnote or move them out of the lead since those redirect here.
 * As for the ISO, while the MoS prefers everything in the infobox to be present in text, exceptions sometimes occur where it would be awkward. However including the ISO code in a lead parenthetical is widespread (see e.g. Yen, Euro, United States Dollar, or Pound Sterling), so it wouldn't surprise me if there were some obscure guideline that says to do that.
 * Otherwise the stuff in the existing parenthetical could be footnoted, but I don't see the need. While a touch longer than usual, it's still short enough where it doesn't interfere with the flow and it's length is by no means exceptional.
 * In sum, I think it's fine as is, but if someone wants to shuffle a few more things into footnotes or add some hidden text I'm not going to revert.
 * I think a section on etymology is fine so long as it's not too long (just a WP:WEIGHT thing really), but we need some sources first.
 * Addendum: If pronunciation has widespread regional variation it's going to be unwise to detail it out even in the body beyond mentioning that mere fact, as it will very quickly result in too much ancillary material for an article about currency. 74.73.224.126 (talk) 14:40, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

Rouble doesn't rhyme with "rout" in my American English (i.e. [aʊ]), and I've never heard that pronunciation on TV or radio either! We do pronounce Moscow with an [aʊ] at the end (or some of us do), but that's the same as German does. If you meant the vowel as in "route" (i.e. [uː]), then your word was poorly chosen... AnonMoos (talk) 20:52, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Well I am not American so it not really surprising that is not a good approximation. Feel free to correct it. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 22:45, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * This is preciously why we need sources before adding that. I also suspect there's enough regional variability that detailing pronunciation isn't going to be workable, but again we'll need to have sources to examine before making any kind of determination. 74.73.224.126 (talk) 23:36, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

 * The Wiktionary entries https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ruble and https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rouble both indicate only the "oo" ([u:]) pronunciation. I strongly doubt whether any significant number of quasi-standard-English speakers have pronounced it "rowbble" in either the 20th or 21st centuries.  As for "rubble", maybe someone got confused by the saying "More rubble for the ruble", which was jocularly claimed to be the Soviet version of "More bang for the buck".  There's supposed to be an assonance in "More rubble for the ruble", not a rhyme. AnonMoos (talk) 05:57, 10 June 2023 (UTC)
 * No, the attempted explanation is the other way round. In each dialect, the current spelling gives a reasonable approximation of the Russian pronunciation, when read by a person with that dialect. The issue is that they do not do so when read by a person of the other dialect.
 * I'm afraid that this is turning out to be a blind alley / cul-de-sac and it would be best to just discard it as it is just generating more heat than light. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 07:55, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Russian ruble


text:
The Singing Detective (film)

The Singing Detective is a 2003 American musical crime comedy film directed by Keith Gordon and loosely based on the BBC serial of the same name, a work by British writer Dennis Potter. It stars Robert Downey Jr. and features a supporting cast that includes Katie Holmes, Adrien Brody, Robin Wright Penn, Mel Gibson, Jeremy Northam and Carla Gugino as well as a number of songs from the 1950s.

Plot
Detective novelist Dan Dark is hospitalized due to the skin disease psoriasis and crippling psoriatic arthritis. Around doctors and nurses, he occasionally hallucinates them in choreographed musical numbers. They attempt to help Dark, but are dismissed by Dark's anger and bitterness towards everyone. In an attempt to solve his mental issues, the doctors send him to psychiatrist Dr. Gibbon. The doctor suspects the thoughts behind these problems are in Dark's novel The Secret Detective, which is about a nightclub singer/private eye, hired by Mark Binney, who takes on a strange case involving prostitutes and two mysterious men. He fantasizes about the book during these meetings, with people from the real world acting as the fictional characters.

After reading some pages, Gibbon thinks Dark may have a problem with women. This leads to Dark flashing back to his childhood, when his mother worked as a prostitute and had sex with several men at the home, including his father's business partner. People he encountered in his childhood act as characters in fantasies of his novel; his mother is a prostitute, his father's business partner is a rich guy, and two passengers he only once encounter on a bus are thugs.

Despite his skin condition improving, his attitude worsens after learning a film studio is interested in purchasing the rights for The Singing Detective. He is informed of this by his wife Nicola, who also is a prostitute in the book fantasies. He is paranoid that Nicola is trying to steal the work so she can make money, and that Gibbon was met by a "whore" trying to get into the situation. Additionally, the two thugs from the fantasies have entered the real world, planning to rebel against the author for making them "stand around" constantly instead of playing more important roles, like being officers of the federal government.

Eventually, however, Dark is mentally cured through a civil discussion with Gibbon about his childhood. He states his father didn't care about him due to being a "pain-in-the-ass" to raise, and Dan was often alone in his room to read. His father also constantly beat up his wife and kid. Just as he is about to be released from the hospital, he has another hallucination where reality meets his novel fantasies; the two thugs quickly drag his hospital bed throughout the building and attempt to kill him, while he also imagines himself as the detective alongside other vaudeville women. It ends with the fictional detective shooting the real author. After the hallucination, he leaves the hospital with his wife.

Production
Potter's screenplay had been circulating in Hollywood for many years as Potter was enthusiastic about a film version. Robert Altman was at one time attached to direct with Dustin Hoffman in the lead, but financing proved difficult and the production was shelved. It was eventually discovered by an executive at Mel Gibson's production company Icon Productions, who loved it and got Gibson on board to produce. The screenplay had also been imagined as a horror film directed by genre veteran David Cronenberg and starring Al Pacino as the title character.

Reception
The film scored a 39% "Rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews from 108 critics, with an average rating of 5.09/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Delightful performance from Robert Downey Jr. can't save The Singing Detective's transition from TV to the big screen". While some critics, such as Roger Ebert, liked the film, others, like Joe Baltake at the Sacramento Bee, considered it an "interesting failure".

Soundtrack
The soundtrack to The Singing Detective was released on October 14, 2003. It consisted of songs from the 1950s rather than the 1940s as in the original television series.

title: The Singing Detective (film)


text:
Munster cheese

Munster, Munster-géromé, or (Alsatian) Minschterkaas, is a soft cheese with a strong taste and aroma, made mainly from milk first produced in the Vosges, between the Alsace-Lorraine and Franche-Comté regions in France. The name "Munster" is derived from the Alsace town of Munster, where, among Vosgian abbeys and monasteries, the cheese was conserved and matured in monks' cellars.

History
This cheese originated in the Admodiation, an area on the top of the Vosgian mountains of France, named "Chaumes" or "Les grandes Chaumes" (comitatus Calvomontensis). Calvomontensis is the Latin for a mountaintop without woods.

As early as 1371, and possibly before, these territories were occupied by cattle herds driven by men, called "marcaires" (from the Alsatian "Malker", Milker in English), pastured there between May and September. When the herds returned to their valleys, the cattle herdsmen first paid the fees and tithes to the religious and political owners of the summer pastures or simply financiers of these migrations. During feudal times these owners possessed all goods, living creatures, rights of pasture and cattle. Those who herded were known as serfs.

This mountain population paid their debts with cheese and jars of butter. The lords were the first religious establishments, women like chanoinesses from Remiremont or from Andlau, or men such as the chanoines or canons from Murbach or Saint-Dié, Benedictines from Munster, Senones, Moyenmoutier, and other monastic areas. Political protectors included the duke of Lorraine, count of Salm, count of Ribeaupierre, and other Alsatian noblemen.

During the 17th century, this tradition, though disappearing, was maintained in two special places, Gérardmer in the western Lorraine part of the main range and Munster for the east and Alsatian part. Hence the two names of this cheese, gérômé and Munster written with little type.

PDO in the European Union
In the European Union, munster cheese is protected by an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC). This certification places the main steps of the cheese process under control. The producers are required to observe rigorously:

It is made from unpasteurized cow's milk called "crude" or raw milk, from the above-described zone d'appellation contrôlée. This soft white cheese is formed into flat cylinders, with two common dimensions: little Munster gérômé has a 7 – diameter; big Munster gérômé (commonly just called Munster) has a 13 – diameter. The cheese's crust must be washed regularly. It is matured in damp cellars for five weeks for the smaller formats (roughly 300 g) and up to 2 to 3 months for the larger ones (about 1500 g). During this period, the rind is periodically washed with brine. The added moisture helps the development of bacteria that gives this cheese its particular taste and color.
 * A limited area of milk production, including a major part of Vosges, near the mountains of Alsace; the départements Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin; a few communes in département Haute-Saône; Belfort Territory; and the cantons of départements Moselle and Meurthe-et-Moselle.
 * Precise characteristics of the transformation in cheese.
 * Cheese affinage

 * Quality control is maintained in storage, packaging and labeling (called étiquetage). The cheese, now round with a fat content of 45% in dry matter, has a diameter between 12 and 20 cm, and a thickness between 3 cm and 5 cm. Normally it is sold unwrapped on a straw bed, but for export it may be wrapped in cellophane or clear plastic. The cheese should have a slick shiny brick-colored or orange rind, with apparent moisture on it; a semi-soft body; a very strong and penetrating odor; and a very strong taste. Defects can be an unripened body (crumbly), a broken rind, too salty or too old and overdone.

Munster géromé is at its best in the summer and the autumn, when it is made from milk from the haute chaumes ("high stubble") of pastures that have already been mowed for midsummer hay in the Vosges mountains. The best cheeses, in some people's opinion, come from the haute vallée de Munster itself, but this cheese is also made in Lapoutroie, Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, Villé, and other villages practically or in western Vosges, in Lorraine. Local opinions vary greatly on the best source according to their individual tastes.

Genericization of the term
Although first produced in France, production of Munster cheese has grown outside of the historic PDO region, which outside the European Union has led to the generecization of the term “munster”. The cheese is also known as “creamy muenster” in the United States.

The United States Food and Drug Administration has established what are known as standards of identity (SOIs). SOIs establish the common name for a food and define the basic nature of that food and its ingredients. The US Code of Federal Regulations Title 21--FOOD AND DRUGS, CHAPTER I--FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, SUBCHAPTER B--FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION establishes the production process of “muenster” cheese. This SOI, in addition to establishing “muenster” as the product name for this type of cheese for production in the United States, would also apply to any “muenster” cheese imported from non-United States countries.

title: Munster cheese