text:
Talk:Petra

Rock manipulation techniques
Can anyone please elaborate on the techniques used to work with the rock? This is more of a science question. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.11.79.150 (talk) 10:08, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

Kabah
Removed "kabah" statement, as the Kabah is absolutely NOT worshiped by Muslims.

I am not sure that the Category:Roman towns and cities is suitable for this city, as it simple was not :) Romans passed by the city, it was under the Roman Empire at some point, but it was build long before the Roman Empire entered the region, and it have a totally different architectural style than Roman cities. I am no expert, but this is how I see it. -- Isam 01:46, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The Romans used it as an administrative center and built temples, a street grid, and a Roman-style theater. From the second century until its abandonment the city was almost completely Romanized (and later, Byzantinized). Fishal 20:44, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Museum exhibit
The Cincinnati Art Museum in Cincinnati, Ohio has an exhibit of artifacts on display as of 10/25/04. There is a traveling museum show of two aspects of Petra. Petra, Lost City of Stone (archeology) and The Bedouin Tribes of Petra, Photographs 1986-2003 by Vivian Ronay. This show is currently at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Ottawa and will be there until January 2007. Prior to this it was at the Glenbow Museum in Calgary.

Petra in Biblical prophecy
I question the necessity of the following statement: "There is even some speculation that some Christians have been slipping Bibles and many essential survival items into Petra in preparation for that moment." It seems extremely speculative and unnecessary. I have been to Petra recently and saw nothing to corroborate this statement. - Cybjorg 15:07, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

I changed the title to better reflect the subject of the section: The Speculative Future of Petra. The Bible never mentions Petra in the end times, and to use such a title simply reflects scholarly conjecture. I also removed the following controversial line:

"There is even some speculation that some Christians have been slipping Bibles and many essential survival items into Petra in preparation for that moment."

– Cybjorg 13:42, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Is it included in this article that in the book of Isaiah the Bible prophesied that Petra would fall and that wild animals would dwell there, as they do now. Invmog (talk) 18:41, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Not helpful for this particular article.

 * There is no way to prove that what Isaiah was talking about was a city that had not yet been built.

 * Even if it could be proven, so what to this article? Says more about Isaiah than it does about Petra. It would be off WP:TOPIC.

 * The way that prophets and scripture are selected are as follows: a) "Tom" predicts that City X will fall before the year 200, "Dick" says it will fall after the year 1000, "Harry" says it will fall after the year 2000. If it fell in 1500, we throw out Tom's and Harry's predictions. We know now that they were not inspired. We think Dick is inspired. There is a potential fallacy here. I suppose the bible avoids this by Isaiahs followers writing down everything and not just what they remembered as being correct. We can hope anyway. Student7 (talk) 15:31, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Location
Does anyone know the coordinates of Petra?

 * 30° 19' 22.55" N, 35° 26' 49.99" E. This is a location between the Roman Theater and the High Place of Sacrifice.  The main gate (visitor's entrance) is located at 30° 19' 23.90" N, 35° 28' 3.00" E. - Cybjorg 21:55, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Link to Burgon's "Rose-Red" poem
http://parisparfait.typepad.com/paris_parfait/2006/05/petra_and_deser.html

Removed the Dispensationalist commentary
"Left Behind" is a work of fiction and references to it in this should be noted, but not over-explained. Fans of that work of fiction should look elsewhere for such explanations.

Petra in movies and popular culture
The "movies and popular culture" section currently includes these items: These items do not have anything to do with the archaeological site Petra; they just happen to have the same name. That makes them fair game for the Petra (disambiguation) page, and in fact two of them were already listed there. I have just added the third one (the musical play) after editing out some non-NPOV language.
 * Petra is a very famous musical play produced by the Rahbani brothers, and performed by the Great International Lebanese Diva, Fairuz. It was one of their most successful plays. It was performed in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria for two consecutive years (1977 and 1978).
 * Petra is also the name of a popular Christian band.
 * Petra is a character in the Ender's Game Series by Orson Scott Card.

But these three items don't belong in this article, and I am deleting them. Pat Berry 06:02, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The first reference is VERY interesting, because the play takes PLACE in ancient Petra...(Fairuz plays Queen Shaqilat, mother of King Rabbel, the last king of Petra before Roman acquisition.) i agree however with the remainder of u'r assessment concerning the last two references. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.18.249.133 (talk • contribs) 7 September 2006  (UTC)

 * It was definitely used in one of the laste scenes of Indiana Jones & the Last Crusade. --Rubik's Cube 20:35, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Re: The Trivia template in the article I suggest removing the section and adding to "Petra today" a sentence like: "The picturesque site is a popular sight and featured in various works of art such as the movies Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Passion in the Desert and Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger, the Sisters of Mercy-Video "Dominion", the game Spy Hunter, or the novels Left Behind and Appointment with Death." Comments please, if none come, I'll change the article as proposed in a week. Eliot Stearns 09:25, 19 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. Eliot Stearns 21:57, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

In regards to the template I added
I added this template because it asks critical questions, constantly cites evidence, and otherwise sounds like a high school history textbook. It might even be straight from one. While the information here is good, the language used in this article is almost pretentious. Or plagiarized. For example:

It is thought that a position of such natural strength must have been occupied early, but we have no means of telling exactly when the history of Petra began. The evidence seems to show that the city was of relatively late foundation, though a sanctuary (see below) may have existed there from very ancient times. This part of the country was assigned by tradition to the Horites, i.e. probably cave-dwellers, the predecessors of the Edomites;[1]the habits of the original natives may have influenced the Nabataean custom of burying the dead and offering worship in half-excavated caves. But that Petra itself is mentioned in the Old Testament cannot be affirmed with certainty; for though Petra is usually identified with Sela, which also means a rock, the Biblical references[2] are far from clear. 2 Kings xiv. 7 seems to be more explicit; in the parallel passage, however, Sela is understood to mean simply "the rock" (2 Chr. xxv. 12, see LXX). Hence many authorities doubt whether any town named Sela is mentioned in the Old Testament. What, then, did the Semitic inhabitants call their city? Eusebius and Jerome (Onom. sacr. 286, 71. 145, 9; 228, 55. 287, 94), apparently on the authority of Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews iv. 7, 1~ 4, 7), assert that Rekem was the native name, and Rekem certainly appears in the Dead Sea Scrolls as a prominent Edom site most closely describing Petra.

The first paragraph here has a first person statement "... but we have...". And it also constantly cites its evidence, even though Wikipedia articles all should have their evidence and sources at the bottom. The second paragraph starts with that useless question. Lord GS-41 15:41, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Aramaic-speaking?
They wrote in Aramaic in the earlier phases of their history, but does that make them Aramaic-speaking? They had Arabic names, for one thing, and the Wikipedia article on Nabataeans says: "This Aramaic dialect was increasingly affected by the Arabic dialect of the local population. From the 4th century AD, the Arabic influence becomes overwhelming, in a way that it may be said the Nabataean language shifted seamlessly from Aramaic to Arabic. The Arabic alphabet itself developed out of cursive variants of the Nabataean script in the 5th century.". Slacker 17:13, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * That part of the article is quoting sources from biblical times, when they were Aramaic-speaking. --Hugh Charles Parker (talk - contribs) 21:08, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

The inhabitants of Petra clearly were speaking Aramaic in the early days. But the Nabatu as they called themselves as well spoke and wrote an Aramaic dialect, Nabataean. During the later stages of the hellenistic period especially 1st century BC greek also gets attested more frequently. Arabic which is a semitic language as well, comes quite a bit later. 91.177.163.228 (talk) 19:33, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Petra is one of the new Seven
http://www.new7wonders.com/index.php?id=633
 * I can see there's disagreement about whether this is important enough to go in the article, or if it's just another of the many corporate promotions involving Petra. It would be really helpful if, here on the talk page, you could offer some of the big media coverage associated with the "new Seven" and show that the list is truly of international importance.  -FisherQueen (Talk) 12:37, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Have a look at the conversation on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Taj_Mahal#Seven_New_Wonders_of_the_World It is dealing with the same topic. The new7wonders wikipedia entry classed this event as a scam. So how does it make sense to pollute other, worthwhile, entries with this and replace things like "UNESCO world heritage site" with "being named as one of the world's seven wonders" (with no mention of it being the classical, real, ones or this commercial event) - DanniellaWB 13:38, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

To say there is no global importance is to keep our eyes closed to international events. For example lets see the articles on it on BBC alone. BBC Pictures, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/player/nol/newsid_6280000/newsid_6281600? BB Video] and the news itself. I do see the point raised by people saying that the ratings are based on financial gains, but isnt that the same with Forbes and others of those kind and dont we have those mentioned on top of the articles on wikipedia? Lets be fair. Cheers ώiki Ѕαи Яоzε†αLҝ 12:44, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It does not belong in the lead section, but is an event related to the modern history of the site and I have no problem mentioning it in an appropriate location. Putting it in the lead gives it undue weight. It is not equivalent to being a UNESCO site in any meaningful way. IPSOS (talk) 13:53, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Oops, I didnt read this before inserting it on the lead. You probably right but seems neither the UNESCO is mentioned on the lead Jor70 14:49, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

 * UNESCO and this new thing are completely different. It is entirely appropriate to mention UNESCO in the lead. It is well established, has been recognized for decades, and is not a sensationalist publicity stunt! IPSOS (talk) 14:51, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, then, why the UNESCO is not mentioned in the lead ? --Jor70 14:54, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't know. Thought it was but clearly I was confusing this article with another. Feel free to add it or I will later. IPSOS (talk) 14:57, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I've included it, I could've sworn it was there some months ago. Thanks for the assistance btw. Cheers, DanniellaWB 15:14, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Y're welcome --Jor70 18:14, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

News story

 * Archaeologists seek to safeguard Petra
 * Ling.Nut 02:36, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

New pic of end of siq? Is it good?
I shot this picture 6-2007 at the end of the siq. It's a lot higher res - and has better color than the one up on the page now. Here for everyone's consideration. --KasemO 04:32, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Added link to database
Hi, I added a link to the database of excavations at the Great Temple. The content was developed by researchers and has a Creative Commons license. Due disclosure: I helped create that database. If anyone thinks the link shouldn't be there, please remove it, but it seems relevant to me, even though I'm an interested party. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.32.226.236 (talk) 17:45, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Religion in Petra
I just finished watching a documentary on the discovery channel on Petra, and they said they found little figurines of Aphrodite in the tombs and that it was a hellenistic culture. This seems to contrast with the article that claims they worshipped Arabic Gods, which is strange as from the rest of the article the culture is clearly hellenistic. --216.110.236.243 (talk) 07:54, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

I think this could have been vandalized
Sorry, I'm new to this and I could have done some mistakes, but the Petra article was using those templates

 * Template:Multi-video start
 * Template:Multi-video item
 * Template:Multi-video end

that caused the page to be quite out of wikipedia standards....

HTH, --Giupo777 (talk) 15:07, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Display problems
Does anyone know why the article currently displays with all the other-language wiki articles as red links? It shows up properly when you press on the most recent version from the history page, but not when you go to the article directly. NoCal100 (talk) 18:05, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

The Rekem inscription
This inscription is illus. in the article. The following text has been repeatedly deleted:
 * The only place in Petra where the name "Rekem" occurs was in the rock wall of the Wadi Musa opposite the entrance to the Siq. About twenty years ago the Jordanians built a bridge over the wadi and this inscription is now buried beneath tons of concrete.

 * Brünnow thinks that "the rock" in question was the sacred mountain en-Nejr (above). But Buhl suggests a conspicuous height about 16 mi north of Petra, Shobak, the Mont-royal of the Crusaders, aka Montreal.

In this, "Brünnow" refers to Rudolf-Ernst Brünnow, who, with von Domaszewski, made an early attempt at classification of Petra's architecture. "Buhl" referes to Frants Buhl Geschichte der Edomiter (Leipzig, 1893). Someone seems in haste to suppress this text. Blanking isn't editing. --Wetman (talk) 23:13, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

 * There's nothing wrong with the inscription but the "buried by the Jordanians beneath tons of rock" really needs some sort of WP:FOOT.Student7 (talk) 00:29, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Eh, when was it built?
With a case of a subject like this, one thing pretty much anyone reading the article is going to want to know is: when were the buildings constructed? It should be right in the lead, or otherwise easily discoverable early in the article. The History section here is full of info, but damned if I could find a simple statement along the lines of, "Current estimates place the construction of Petra from ____ to _____ BC." In fact, the History section overall seems too focused on sources and not focused enough on presenting a clear, approachable narrative. —Preceding unsigned comment added by NonsuchDan (talk • contribs) 22:01, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Most of the buildings are 1st century BCE, the info box says 1200BC and links to the Jordan tourist office site which says the first evidence of inhabitants was 1200bc. This has nothing to do with the site as it is now, it's like describing the Tower of London as 50,000 BC because Neanderthal remains were found on the site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.87.93.229 (talk) 21:51, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

More references needed
There a lot more references needed in this article. The history section is particularly short of them and is full of POV statements such as "More satisfactory evidence of the date of the earliest Nabataean settlement may be obtained from an examination of the tombs". Who says this evidence is more satisfactory? The paragraph then goes on to say: "Two types may be distinguished—the Nabataean and the Greco-Roman. The Nabataean type starts from the simple pylon-tomb with a door set in a tower crowned by a parapet ornament, in imitation of the front of a dwelling-house." There is no corroboration of this by references and so it could be a completely wrong interpetation. Articles in wikipedia are supposed to be verifiable. Also, the Geography section tells you were the treasury and the theatre are located but there is no mention of the Monastery although it is supposed to be the largest building. It also says "at the foot of the mountain called en-Nejr, is a massive theatre, so placed as to bring the greatest number of tombs within view" What tombs? - they haven't been mentioned before. Richerman (talk) 13:32, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Wikiproject?
Can someone explain to me why this article is under the Wikiproject Christianity? The people of Petra were hellenized or at least pagans right? Sure, there is some info in the article about Petra being mentioned in the Bible but it's from the Old Testament and related to Judaism, not Christianity. What is the relation to the wikiproject and what info does this article provide to the topic of the wikiproject. 24.182.142.254 (talk) 05:44, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

I presume because of the bit under religion which says

Christianity found its way into Petra in the 4th century AD, nearly 500 years after the establishment of Petra as a trade center. Athanasius mentions a bishop of Petra (Anhioch. 10) named Asterius. At least one of the tombs (the "tomb with the urn"?) was used as a church. An inscription in red paint records its consecration "in the time of the most holy bishop Jason" (447). The Christianity of Petra, as of north Arabia, was swept away by the Islamic conquest of 629–632. During the First Crusade Petra was occupied by Baldwin I of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and formed the second fief of the barony of Al Karak (in the lordship of Oultrejordain) with the title Château de la Valée de Moyse or Sela. It remained in the hands of the Franks until 1189. It is still a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.[13]

It also says under the wikiproject banner above that it is supported by the Syriac Christianity work group, which is particularly interested in eastern Christianity. The fact that a project takes a passing interest in an article doesn't really mean very much - many articles have multiple wikiproject banners on them because they have various elements of interest to different groups. Richerman (talk) 12:37, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Yes, Richerman is on target. Petra is significant to Christians, just as the Old Testament is, and articles in these areas are of interest to Wikipedia editors who work in the area of Christianity. The project banner is not a topic of discussion in the article, it is only a matter of convenience for editors who specialize in these areas. --KP Botany (talk) 21:39, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Correct translation of Greek πέτρα
The Greek word πέτρα simply means rock, not cleft in the rock. Reviewing this article's history shows that this spurious translation was added January 2009 by an editor (Rktect) who was blocked soon afterward for "disruptive editing." Before that edit, the translation had been given correctly as simply rock. I am going to remove the spurious and wholly incorrect "cleft in the."--Jim10701 (talk) 05:55, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for catching that!Student7 (talk) 12:40, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

Are Sela' and Petra really the same?
I was of the understanding that Petra and Sela' were not one and the same place. Sela' being a sort of natural fort (close to the old Edomite capital of Busheira) used when being attacked (for example the Macedonians in 312BC), described as being a large flat rock on which the defenders took place and that was only mountable by a narrow stairway like path. While Petra lies in the center surrounded by large rocks (which is quite the opposite), and while accessed by one small entrance as well, the suq, it really doesn't seem to fit the description.

Doing a quick search it seems that nabataea.net seems to agree. will try to reference an Academic work in the future to back this statement up. Of course a lot of work just writes and assumes that petra and sela are the same, I guess it's just a common mistake based on outdated information due to a lack of research in many books. 91.177.163.228 (talk) 19:49, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Forgot the linky: http://nabataea.net/sela.html 91.177.163.228 (talk) 19:53, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

The latin "Petra deserti" of Isaias 16 in the Vulgate is rendered "Sela" in the hebraica. ThvAq (talk) 18:57, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I have removed from the lead the unsourced claim that "The earliest historical reference to Petra was an unsuccessful attack on the city ordered by Antigonus I in 312 BC and recorded by various Greek historians." This theory, identifying this "Petra" with the one attacked by the Macedonians in 312, has been largely discarded. See the article Sela (Edom) for more on this. Arminden (talk) 07:00, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

Arabic architecture?
I removed the category:Arabic Architecture. reason is, this is an ancient site. and what is usually called Arabic architecture dates from the seventh century.Broad Wall (talk) 12:24, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

"Unsustainable" Tourism
The reference provided for this claim (16) doesn't seem to say anything about unsustainable tourism in Petra. 89.211.80.208 (talk) 11:01, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

"Rediscovery"
In the article I see that the Romans, Byzantines (admittedly not Westerners under some definitions), and Crusaders knew of Petra. So in what sense can a Westerner have discovered or rediscovered it in 1812? It seems akin to saying that a British travel writer "rediscovered" Vietnam in 2003 by writing about it in a magazine and making it an object of interest again. 98.243.172.27 (talk) 14:42, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

Century old EB material in history
I've just fixed a problem with the article where Mada'in Saleh was identified by an almost untraceable name. There's a serious problem in that a large chunk of the history comes from a 1911 encyclopedia. Not only are encyclopedias bad sources for history - they almost always represent one author's understanding, this is far too old, but it's only been tweaked since it was added in 2002.. Dougweller (talk) 11:20, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

And the Walls Come Tumblin' Down
Does anyone have verifiable information on the recent (2015) threat to Petra by triumphant terrorists/Islamicist invaders? Recent network news broadcasts implied that the same fate as had befallen other archaeological sites overrun -- mass defacement so as to impose Mohammedan strictures against certain images -- was in process against the architecture at Al-Batrā. A tragedy, if true...! While one ought not automatically assume such evil acts ARE  true without data, it should surprise no one if proven. Again -- anybody have verifiable info?

67.55.154.8 (talk) 04:31, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

67.55.154.8 (talk) 04:30, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

Arab Nabateans
The Nabateans were Arab,. And I put this because there are some people who mistake the Greek name of Petra into thinking that Petra was built by the Greeks.--Makeandtoss (talk) 19:26, 26 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I've looked into this a bit more and it seems to be the general consensus. It never occurred to me that people might think they were Greek. Petra's a lovely place, I'm lucky to have been there. Doug Weller (talk) 21:51, 26 October 2015 (UTC)
 * It probably was built with the involvement of at least greek architects. For example, this and this and this source say so. 91.157.10.191 (talk) 14:46, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * It is. But in the past few days I was shocked to hear that some Europeans thought it was made by Greeks!--Makeandtoss (talk) 22:07, 26 October 2015 (UTC)

Early mosques faced Petra
Dan Gibson's book Qur'anic Geography indicates through mapping that early mosques faced Petra, not Mecca. Islam came from Petra, not Mecca. Should this be a heading?

 * Find this discussion below under "Dan Gibson". --IbnTufail (talk) 17:50, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

Deleted text and where it was copied from
"More satisfactory evidence of the date of the earliest Nabataean settlement may be obtained from an examination of the tombs. Two types of tombs have been distinguished: the Nabataean and the Greco-Roman. The Nabataean type starts from the simple pylon-tomb with a door set in a tower crowned by a parapet ornament, in imitation of the front of a dwelling-house. Then, after passing through various stages, the full Nabataean type is reached, retaining all the native features and at the same time exhibiting characteristics which are partly Egyptian and partly Greek. Of this type close parallels exist in the tomb-towers at Mada'in Saleh in north Arabia, which bear long Nabataean inscriptions and supply a date for the corresponding monuments at Petra. Then comes a series of tomb fronts which terminate in a semicircular arch, a feature derived from north Syria. Finally come the elaborate façades copied from the front of a Roman temple; however, all traces of native style have vanished. The exact dates of the stages in this development cannot be fixed. Few inscriptions of any length have been found at Petra, perhaps because they have perished with the stucco or cement which was used upon many of the buildings. The simple pylon-tombs which belong to the pre-Hellenic age serve as evidence for the earliest period. It is not known how far back in this stage the Nabataean settlement goes, but it does not go back farther than the 6th century BC." is from the 1911 EB.

A period follows in which the dominant civilization combines Greek, Egyptian and Syrian elements, clearly pointing to the age of the Ptolemies. Towards the close of the 2nd century BC, when the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms were equally depressed, the Nabataean kingdom came to the front. Under Aretas III Philhellene, (c.85–60 BC), the royal coins begin. The theatre was probably excavated at that time, and Petra must have assumed the aspect of a Hellenistic city. In the reign of Aretas IV Philopatris, (9 BC–40 AD), the tombs of the el-I~ejr type may be dated, and perhaps also the High-place. is copied from the same source or the 1926 version or een a later version. Copying broke some the text so that "el Hejr" which is Mada'in Saleh became "el-I~ejr". All of this was easy to find. We have a lot of articles with material from the EB1911 but I'm not happy with that. On the other hand, this article clearly states in the references that "This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "article name needed". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press." Doug Weller talk 12:15, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

Dan Gibson
Does anyone other than Lecker discuss Gibson Doug Weller  talk 14:20, 22 October 2016 (UTC)'s ideas about Petra?

 * There is a brief but critical review by Daniel C. Waugh in the 2012 issue of The Silkroad Journal. AstroLynx (talk) 15:34, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Interesting. Also this review does avoid any direct rejection of Gibson's claim. Also this review makes a lot of noise about Gibson's mistakes in the surroundings of his central claim, yet shows some cluelessness concerning the central question. I wish that established academics would set up a project to test Gibson's hypotheses. It is about numbers, and it is about soil examination. It cannot be so difficult. But exactly that this does not happen is the real scandal, in my humble opinion. Gibson puts sound pressure on a veeery reluctant academia.
 * Back to Wikipedia criteria: The public, non-academic attention drawn on the topic by Gibson can be a justification to mention him, and that the reviews do not outright reject his central claim, too. If Gibson is successful to place his TV docu on known TV stations, there will be a certain duty to mention him to set things straigt for the public: Yes, Gibson has an interesting idea, but no, he has also major flaws, and his central idea is not yet academically verified (or falsified). --IbnTufail (talk) 17:30, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Petra. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111228122554/http://petranationaltrust.org/ui/ShowContent.aspx?ContentId=1 to http://www.petranationaltrust.org/UI/ShowContent.aspx?ContentId=1

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:16, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

Animal Abuse at Petra
Hi everyone, I was just wondering why my paragraph on the animal abuse at Petra was deleted?? Thanks in advance for your feedback (OliCharlton (talk) 02:53, 26 February 2018 (UTC))
 * Read WP:REF, please. Greetings. Tajotep (talk) 15:05, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

I have added in more references now. Can you please check it is ok to be published now? Thank you OliCharlton (talk) 08:03, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

Please advise why my paragraph on the animals at Petra has been removed? Thanks [```] — Preceding unsigned comment added by OliCharlton (talk • contribs) 21:15, 17 April 2018 (UTC)
 * User:Makeandtoss may want to answer that. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:18, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Greek raids

 * Sources in the Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations all view the confrontations as raids against Nabataean wealth.
 * "But the wealth of the Nabataeans brought the envy of their neighbors and were forced to repel several attacks on their capital during the late 4th century BC by the Seleucid King Antigonus".
 * "...but profit was on Antigonus's mind more than strategic considerations."
 * "The immense wealth of Petra had become the envy of neighboring kingdoms as early as the third century BC." Makeandtoss (talk) 13:46, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

 * "Antigonus probably intended to try to take over the Nabataean trade in frankincense and bitumen" "Antigonus wanted to cut out the middlemen"
 * "Demetrius insisted that the Nabataeans provide him with political hostages from their leading families and offer him precious gifts to be displayed as tribute. Demetrius then abandoned the campaign claiming that Nabataean territory was not a viable acquisition for his father's domains" "When Demetrius returned from the campaign, his father Antigonus rebuked him for not taking more aggressive action against the Nabataeans"
 * The campaign of the "second confrontation" was clearly aimed at subjugation or conquest of the area, not just "ransacking".
 * As for "envy", although the the sources may contain such colorful expressions, "an envious Greek dynasty" is a needlessly ambiguous and polemic expression. 91.157.10.191 (talk) 19:46, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

 * What drew the Antigonids to attacking Petra, in the first instance, was its wealth. Therefore, there's nothing problematic with saying that the earliest recorded historical reference to the city was when an envious Greek dynasty attempted to ransack the city in 312 BC. It was both the first instance and the earliest recorded reference. As for "envious", its certainly not ambiguous. It clearly states what it implies. I don't find it "polemic" either−at least not to an unacceptable extent. Makeandtoss (talk) 21:12, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I don't find it "polemic" either−at least not to an unacceptable extent
 * Is that a joke? "Greeks be jelly hhh" is not encyclopaedic.
 * It's not an "envious Greek dynasty", it's the Antigonid Kingdom. 91.157.10.191 (talk) 07:14, 14 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes “Greeks be jelly hhh” is directly what “envious Greek dynasty” implies, and what the sources imply. The term is encyclopedic enough that it is used in several reliable sources and does not go against Wikipedia’s words to watch. Please seek consensus here from other users before reverting to your preferred version as this constitutes edit warring. We can write “draw the envy of the Greek Antigonids”.Makeandtoss (talk) 08:19, 14 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Why is it so important to keep the "envious" there? It's at best a colorful, "personal" description that seems more suitable for a tourist guide than a serious encyclopaedia, while "envious Greek dynasty" is ambigous and unnecessarily national. Should articles also use "an envious Arab dynasty" etc? Also, "several reliable sources"? Look at the sources you quoted: "Seleucid King Antigonus"? That's a very poor source.
 * Secondly, the army of Demetrius was clearly out to make the area at least a tributary part of the Antigonid domains, and that fact should be accommodated.
 * Let's at least have "drew the interest of the Greek Antigonids" or something similar. 91.157.10.191 (talk) 13:21, 14 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Based on the above arguments, I propose changing the contested part to "when its wealth attracted the interest of the Greek Antigonids who raided the region"
 * If no reasonable arguments are presented against this proposal, I will consider it to have attained consensus. 91.157.10.191 (talk) 13:41, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * For any third parties out there, note that the user demanding me to seek consensus has done sweeping changes to the article without as much as an edit note, including adding the whole contested part. 91.157.10.191 (talk) 14:11, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Consensus is required when there is a conflict only, obviously. I hope the modified version is to your liking. Thank you for your cooperation and your constructive edits are always welcomed. Wikipedia guidelines do not prohibit the use of such terms, here are the two reliable sources that use the term "envious": . Both are peer-reviewed reliable pieces of scholarship. Makeandtoss (talk) 16:09, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * It's less bad now. However, "attempted to ransack" is still wrong; for example, the second source you mentioned directly says Antigonus "captured Petra in 312 BC", as the first expedition did capture and sack the city. Also, the sources technically say the city attracted the "envy" of neighbors by the 3rd century (200s) BC or by the Roman times, both after 312 BC.
 * The "attempted to ransack" should be changed to "raided the city", "attacked the city", or just "captured the city" like the source says. 91.157.10.191 (talk) 17:13, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Done, put both. Makeandtoss (talk) 11:32, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

TV Show Jinn
Petra and Jinns Mammyounas (talk) 21:18, 2 July 2019 (UTC)
 * You need to provide a bit more than just three words. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:23, 2 July 2019 (UTC)

Jokteel is NOT Petra, remove autodirect!
Petra is not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible/OT, at least there is no certainty about it, and the only contemporary Edomite village there the one at Umm al-Biyara, was a tiny site, so no surprise that it's not in the OT. Arminden (talk) 10:19, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

What is Petra Roman Road? Remove autodirect!
Petra Roman Road wikilink links right back to Petra article. Never defined. What is it? All I can think of is the Roman-period main street (not road) in the city centre, leading to Qasr el-Bint. Or is some trade road connecting Petra with, say, Via Nova Traiana meant? Please, either fix or remove the autodirect!!! Thanks. Arminden (talk) 12:45, 17 December 2019 (UTC)\

Was not offering a description a conscious decision?
We don't have here a proper "Description" paragraph - was that a conscious decision? Yes, there are lots of good online descriptions, but so what, this is WP!

Considering that, I think we at least need a well-visible list of the main sites, not hidden in the "Petra category", which hardly anyone looks at & which contains some topics only remotely connected to the Petra site. For that reason I added to "see also" a list of already existing WP articles under the heading "Petra monuments, findings, and nearby related sites", adding "(see also "Petra" category below)". Please don't remove or change this useful item in major ways until we do have a description of Petra containing wikilinks to all the listed sites. Thanks! Arminden (talk) 08:25, 18 December 2019 (UTC)

Infobox picture

 * The treasury has to be part of the infobox picture. Petra is almost synonymous with the treasury for many people. A collection of different pictures for the treasury, little Petra and other structures in the city of Petra can serve as an inclusive infobox picture. Makeandtoss (talk) 21:36, 23 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Done. Makeandtoss (talk) 21:55, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Removed Ego Photos
The "tourism" section contained two photos of some brits who finished some trail race that ended in petra. There were two photos of the same couple - which is one more photo than the whole page has of petra itself. these photos and the accompanying text added zero to the article and are reasonably understood to be ego-based vandalism and hence were removed. The "tourism" section deserves legitimate expansion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:6484:DB00:E556:641F:5778:70F1 (talk) 10:29, 8 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Well done. —Cote d'Azur (talk) 10:49, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Petra
Hi my name is Lea I am going to tell you about Petra. The Petra names come from the Greek rock. It is a historic and archeological city in souther Jordan. 188.247.79.10 (talk) 12:50, 22 March 2022 (UTC)

Location of the "rekem" inscription
I am questioning this line

"The name 'Rekem' (rqm) was inscribed in the rock wall of the Wadi Musa opposite the entrance to the Siq. However, Jordan built a bridge over the wadi and this inscription was buried beneath tons of concrete."

First of all, it is not clear where the inscription is (or was) nor when is was found or inscribed - surely this can be reworded, eg. "an inscription reading .... was found ... " Also "Jordan" the country built the bridge? Wouldn't the passive be better here? It doesn't say when the bride was built. Is there a photo of this bridge? Also, the "tons" on concrete sounds like criticism or rhetorical exaggeration - is it important how many tons? 2A02:8108:48BF:F214:6DD6:386D:5C3F:B686 (talk) 06:24, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

 * The part about the bridge is going out until a proper source is provided. The current source is a tourism company, which is a type of source notoriously unreliable. Zerotalk 07:03, 7 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm also removing the image as the only inscription visible on it is some modern graffiti in English letters. From the snippets I can see of the source, the inscription is there but if it isn't visible in the photo there is no point in having it. The source doesn't suggest any age or spelling of the inscription, which sort of makes it hard to justify. I'll look at the source in a few days. Zerotalk 07:28, 7 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The "tons of concrete" part was a copy-paste from the tourism company. Zerotalk 07:39, 7 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok, I found proper sources and they explain why I couldn't find the inscriptions in the photo: they are about a meter underground! I have to sort out the details, then I'll rewrite that section. Zerotalk 08:57, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

Petra on mosaic map in madaba
This article currently says that "Petra may be seen on the Madaba mosaic map from the reign of Emperor Justinian." As far as I know the mosaic map currently doesn't include Petra. Wondering what this is referring to? Is it known that Petra was on a part of the map that's missing? 188.247.70.218 (talk) 08:48, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

Treasury Image
The Treasury image is inverted/upsidedown. Mrericsully (talk) 18:34, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

Geology??
Nothing in terms of real geological background: what formations, their age and composition, tectonics - nothing! Sandstone & erosion is far too superficial. Arminden (talk) 08:40, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petra


text:
Talk:Nesebar

Naming controversy
There has been some controversy over which name should be used as the title of this article. The name of the town in the Cyrilic script is definitely Несебър, but the question is how this should appear in an English language encyclopedia.

Nesebâr originally seemed to me to be the most correct way of transcribing the name (see below), but this appears to be rare in English usage. I was enventually convinced that Nessebar was the best option because this is the name used by UNESCO on their list of World Heritage Sites, which in my mind gives this spelling some official status, although for all I know UNESCO could have made an arbitrary decision on this matter.

As an indication of the popularity of various alternatives, here are the number of Google hits for some possible spellings of the name:

 * Nessebar: 91,500
 * Nesebar: 81,000
 * Nessebur: 6,430
 * Nesebur: 3,790
 * Nesebâr: 1,100

My original preference of Nesebâr is not common, however I remember seeing it in Bulgaria. Furthermore the â seems to be a good unambiguous way of transliterating the Bulgarian ъ which is a schwa. As for how the word is pronounced in Bulgaria, I seem to remember it as having the emphasis on the second syllable, and the last syllable hardly being pronounced at all — it was not like the English words "bar" or "burr".

The following discussion was had on my talk page and that of Deb:

 * Hello. Please don't take offence that I have moved your article on Nesebar to Nessebur.  An article had already been started, under what was felt to be the most common English spelling of the placename.  You will still be able to access it and add to it. Deb 16:38, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * No offence taken. However, I began a rewrite of the article on this town at Nesebâr because I believe that is the correct transcription from the Bulgarian Cyrilic alphabet, even if it only gets 1000 Google hits. Nessebur which you give as the most common English spelling only gets 6000 as opposed to Nessebar with 60,000, which is currently a redirect. The Bulgarian 'ъ' is a schwa which corresponds roughly to the 'a' in English 'about' or 'o' in 'harmony', and is usually transcribed as 'â'. Nesebâr isn't the most common spelling encountered in English language tourist literature because the authors of such material are just looking for a simple phonetic representation, which either an 'a' or a 'u', along with a double 's' do well. If we are striving for encyclopedic accuracy though we should have Nesebâr as the main article with common spellings as redirects. This is also the spelling I encountered most on signs and bus timetables in the area itself. — Trilobite 16:58, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I understand your position. If you feel it has to be under the "most correct" spelling (although it's debatable whether any spelling that involves accents can ever be appropriate in the English language), then please feel free to move it.  However, we must have only one article, and no double-redirects. Deb 17:03, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

At that time, a stub existed at Nessebur with Nessebar and Nesebâr as redirects. I have since discovered an unrelated stub at Nesebur. Now I have written a more extensive article I have chosen Nessebar as the location, with the others as redirects.

I have provided this information to explain why the article can be found where it is. If you disagree with my conclusions please raise them here before moving the article. It would help to have some input from someone who actually knows a lot about these matters.

— Trilobite 01:47, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

There are several ways to transliterate the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet. See Transliteration of Bulgarian into English. According to the official Bulgarian transliteration (used by the ministry of interior for personal names) it should be Nesebar. Markussep 21:06, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Neolithic and Thracians

 * Anything prior to 1000 BC belongs to Neolithic cultures.Thracians are identified at 1000 BC

 * John Boardman, I.E.S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N.G.L. Hammond. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC. Cambridge University Press, 1982, p. 53. "Yet we cannot identify the Thracians at that remote period, because we do not know for certain whether the Thracian and Illyrian tribes had separated by then. It is safer to speak of Proto-Thracians from whom there developed in the Iron Age..."
 * Check Neolithic article and related articles to see which culture corresponds to any 2,000 BC or 3,000 BC for example discovery.Megistias (talk) 10:49, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Nesebar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://naim.bg/issuesFiles/_HEROS_HEPHAISTOS.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.morskivestnik.com/mor_kolekcii/izsledwaniq/u_14.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070222105747/http://www.villabeneia.com/Site/okolnostite.htm to http://www.villabeneia.com/Site/okolnostite.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:21, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Nesebar


text:
Darling

Darling is a term of endearment of Old English origin.

Darling or Darlin'  or Darlings may also refer to:

People

 * Darling (surname)
 * Darling Jimenez (born 1980), American boxer
 * Darling Légitimus, stage name of Mathilda Paruta (1907–1999), French actress
 * Prabhas (born 1979), Indian film actor, sometimes nicknamed Darling

Australia

 * Darling Downs, a region in Queensland
 * Darling Harbour, Sydney
 * Darling Heights, Queensland
 * Darling Point, Sydney
 * Darling River
 * Darling Scarp, an escarpment in Western Australia
 * Darling Street, Balmain, Sydney
 * Darling railway station, Melbourne

Canada

 * Darling, Alberta

Nepal

 * Darling, Baglung, a Village Development Committee (administrative region)
 * Darling, Lumbini, a village and municipality

United States

 * Darling, Arizona (disambiguation)
 * Darling, Mississippi, a census-designated place
 * Darling, Pennsylvania, a ghost town
 * Darling Run, a stream in Ohio

Elsewhere

 * Darling, Chin State, Burma/Myanmar
 * Darling, South Africa
 * Darling Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada
 * Darling Township (disambiguation)

Films

 * Darling (1961 film), a Spanish-West German comedy film
 * Darling (1965 film), a British film directed by John Schlesinger
 * Darling (2007 Indian film), an Indian Hindi-language film starring Fardeen Khan
 * Darling (2007 Swedish film), directed by Johan Kling
 * Darling (2007 French film), starring Marina Foïs, directed by Christine Carrière
 * Darling (2010 film), an Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film starring Prabhas, the latter also nicknamed "Darling" and the film's apparent namesake
 * Darling (2012 film), an Indian Bengali-language film
 * Darling (2014 film), an Indian Kannada-language film
 * Darling (2015 Indian film), an Indian Tamil-language horror comedy film by Sam Anton
 * Darling 2, its 2016 sequel film
 * Darling (2015 American film), an American horror film
 * Darlin' (2019 film), an American film
 * Darling (2021 film), an Indian Marathi-language film by Ritika Shrotri
 * Darling (2024 film), an Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film
 * Darlings (film), a 2022 Indian film about domestic violence
 * Darling! The Pieter–Dirk Uys Story, a 2007 documentary by Julian Shaw

Music

 * Darlin' (French band), a short-lived French band that eventually split-off into Daft Punk and Phoenix
 * Darling (British band), a British band featuring guitarist Hal Lindes and drummer Paul Varley

Albums

 * Darling (Robert Hazard album), 1986
 * Darling (EP), a 2007 promotional EP by Kylie Minogue
 * Darling (Yui Horie album), 2008
 * Darlings (Kevin Drew album), 2014
 * Darlin', a 1981 album by Tom Jones

Songs

 * "Darlin (The Beach Boys song) (1967)
 * "Darlin (Poacher song) (1970)
 * "Darlin (Roch Voisine song) (1991)
 * "Oh! Darling", by the Beatles (1969)
 * "Darl+ing", by Seventeen (2022)
 * "Darling", by Stories (1973)
 * "Darling", by Baccara Soja, Dostal (1977)
 * "Darling", by Cindy & Bert (1979)
 * "Darling", by Nazar, (1978)
 * "Darlin'", by Backstreet Boys from their eponymous album (1996)
 * "Darling", by Golden Earring from the album Paradise in Distress (1999)
 * "Darling", a song by V6 (2003)
 * "Darling", by Sons and Daughters (2008)
 * "Darling", by Eyes Set to Kill (2009)
 * "Darlin", by Avril Lavigne from the album Goodbye Lullaby (2011)
 * "Darling", a song by Kana Nishino (2014)
 * "Darling", by Girl's Day from the album Girl's Day Everyday 4 (2014)
 * "Darling", by Real Estate from the album In Mind (2017)
 * "Darling", by Taeyang from the album White Night (2017)
 * "Darling", a song by Needtobreathe (2018)
 * "Darling", by Halsey from the album If I Can't Have Love, I Want Power (2021)
 * "Darling", by Lee Hi from the album 4 Only (2021)
 * "Darling", by Zach Bryan from the album American Heartbreak (2022)

Other uses

 * Darling (Blackadder), a character in the British sitcom Blackadder
 * Darling (fragrance), promoted by Kylie Minogue
 * Darling (magazine), a quarterly women’s magazine
 * Darling (software), an open source Darwin / OS X compatibility layer for Linux
 * Darling: New & Selected Poems, by Jackie Kay
 * Darling language, an aboriginal language of the Darling River in Australia
 * Darling, an early automobile model manufactured by Neue Automobil Gesellschaft
 * Darling, an automobile model manufactured from 1901 to 1902; see List of defunct automobile manufacturers of the United States
 * The Darlings, recurring characters on the American television series The Andy Griffith Show

title: Darling


text:
Patrick V. McNamara

Patrick Vincent McNamara (October 4, 1894 – April 30, 1966) was an American politician. A Democrat, he served as a United States Senator from Michigan from 1955 until his death from a stroke in Bethesda, Maryland in 1966.

Early life and career
Patrick McNamara was born in North Weymouth, Massachusetts, to Patrick Vincent and Mary Jane (née Thynne) McNamara, who were Irish immigrants. The oldest of eight children, he received his early education at public schools in his native town. He attended the local high school for two and a half years before transferring to the Fore River Apprentice School in Quincy, where he learned the trade of pipe fitting. In 1916, he began working as pipe fitter and foreman at the Fore River Shipyard. He then played semi-professional football from 1919 to 1920.

McNamara moved to Detroit, Michigan, where he worked as foreman of a construction crew for the Grinnell Company. He then married Kathleen Kennedy, with whom he had two children. Mary Jane (1922) and Patrick (1925). His wife died in 1929. He then married Mary Mattee in 1930. He then served as job superintendent for R.L. Spitzley Company (1922–1926) and general superintendent of H. Kelly Company (1926–1930). From 1930 to 1932, he took extension courses at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. He was maintenance foreman at a Chrysler plant (1931–1934) before joining the Donald Miller Company. In 1937, he became president of Pipe Fitters Local 636, a position he held until 1955. He also served as vice-president of the Detroit chapter of the American Federation of Labor from 1939 to 1945.

During World War II, he served as rent director of the Office of Price Administration in Detroit from 1942 to 1945. He then joined the Stanley-Carter Company, where he served as superintendent of construction, customer contact man, head of labor relations, and vice-president.

In 1946, McNamara made his first venture into politics with a successful campaign for an unexpired term on the Detroit City Council. He won twenty-one of the city's twenty-three wards, and served until 1947. From 1949 to 1955, he was a member of the Detroit Board of Education.

U.S. Senate
In 1954, McNamara challenged former Senator Blair Moody for the Democratic nomination for a seat in the United States Senate. He was given little chance of defeating Moody by most political analysts, but won the nomination after Moody died two weeks before the primary election. He faced two-term Republican incumbent Homer S. Ferguson in the general election, during which McNamara criticized President Dwight D. Eisenhower's economic, labor, and farm policies. In November, he narrowly defeated Ferguson by a margin of 51%-49%.

McNamara was reelected over Alvin Morell Bentley in 1960, serving from January 3, 1955, until his death in Bethesda, Maryland. In the Eighty-seventh Congress, he became the first chairman of the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging. He also chaired the U.S. Senate Committee on Public Works in the Eighty-eighth and Eighty-ninth Congresses. The 1959 committee hearings which Pat McNamara called on the subject of the health of the elderly began a public debate which led to the creation of Medicare.

McNamara died of a stroke at Bethesda Naval Hospital on April 30, 1966, aged 71, and was interred in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Detroit.

McNamara was a member of Americans for Democratic Action. The Patrick V. McNamara Federal Building in Detroit was named for him.

Legacy
McNamara donated his archival papers to the Walter P. Reuther Library, where they are open to the public for research. The bulk of materials relate to his time in the Senate and his work on the Public Works Committee (chairman, 1963–66), Labor and Public Welfare Committee, Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, Select Subcommittee on Poverty, and the Special Committee on Aging. Subjects covered include problems of the aged, civil rights, atomic energy, education, taxes, public works, federal highway acts, and labor. Correspondents include all major political figures of the period and many labor leaders.

title: Patrick V. McNamara


text:
Icos

Icos Corporation (trademark ICOS) was an American biotechnology company and the largest biotechnology company in the U.S. state of Washington, before it was sold to Eli Lilly and Company in 2007. It was founded in 1989 by David Blech, Isaac Blech, Robert Nowinski, and George Rathmann, a pioneer in the industry and chief executive officer (CEO) and co-founder of Amgen. Icos focused on the development of drugs to treat inflammatory disorders. During its 17-year history, the company conducted clinical trials of twelve drugs, three of which reached the last phase of clinical trials. Icos also manufactured antibodies for other biotechnology companies.

Icos is best known for the development of tadalafil (Cialis), a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction. This drug was discovered by GlaxoSmithKline, developed by Icos, and manufactured and marketed in partnership with Eli Lilly. Boosted by a unique advertising campaign led by the Grey Worldwide Agency, sales from Cialis allowed Icos to become profitable in 2006. Cialis was the only drug developed by the company to be approved. LeukArrest, a drug to treat shock, and Pafase, developed for sepsis, were both tested in phase III clinical trials, but testing was discontinued after unpromising results during the trials. Eli Lilly acquired Icos in January 2007, and most of Icos's workers were laid off soon after. CMC Biologics, a Danish contract manufacturer, bought the remnants of Icos and retained the remaining employees.

History
Icos was founded in 1989 by George Rathmann, Robert Nowinski, and Christopher Henney, each of whom had previously started another biotechnology company: Rathmann had created Amgen; Nowinski had launched Genetic Systems, later sold to Bristol-Myers Squibb; and Henney co-founded Immunex, later sold to Amgen. Icos was formed with the goal of developing new drugs to treat the underlying causes of inflammatory diseases and halt the disease process in the early stages. The name Icos comes from icosahedron, a 20-sided polyhedron, which is the shape of many viruses, and was chosen because the founders originally thought retroviruses might be involved in inflammation. The founders raised $33 million in July 1990 from many investors, including Bill Gates – who at the time was the largest shareholder, with 10% of the equity. The company initially had temporary offices in downtown Seattle, but moved to Bothell in September 1990. Icos went public on June 6, 1991, raising $36 million. George Rathmann, seen as a guiding father to Icos, left the company in February 2000, and was replaced as CEO and chairman by Paul Clark, a former executive at Abbott Laboratories. A former Icos manager named short-sighted leadership by Clark as a factor in the failure of the company to develop any other successful drugs apart from Cialis.

Cialis
Sold as Cialis and initially codenamed IC351, tadalafil is a drug prescribed for erectile dysfunction (ED) and approved for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, similar in function to sildenafil. In addition to ED and PAH, tadalafil has undergone clinical trials for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and for female sexual dysfunction.

Tadalafil was initially formulated by Glaxo Wellcome (now GlaxoSmithKline) under a new drug development partnership between Glaxo and Icos that began in August 1991. The drug was originally researched as a treatment for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and angina, but focus quickly shifted to ED with the success of another PDE5 inhibitor, sildenafil (Viagra), which had been developed by Pfizer. Icos began research on tadalafil in 1993, and clinical trials started two years later. Glaxo let the partnership with Icos lapse in 1996, including the company's 50% share of profits from resulting drugs, because the drugs in development were not in Glaxo's core markets. In 1998, Icos formed a 50/50 joint venture with Indianapolis-based Eli Lilly (Lilly Icos LLC) to develop and commercialize tadalafil as Cialis. The release of Cialis in the United States was delayed in April 2002 when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended that Icos perform more studies, improve labelling, and address manufacturing issues. Cialis was approved in Europe in November 2002 and in the United States a year later. The drug was approved for once-daily use for ED in Europe in June 2007 and in the United States in January 2008.

In 2006, Cialis generated $971 million in sales, leading Icos to post its first-ever quarterly profit in August. In May 2009, tadalafil, to be sold as Adcirca by United Therapeutics, was approved in the United States for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension based on data from a pivotal study begun before the sale of Icos to Eli Lilly.

Lawsuits with Pfizer
Pfizer and Lilly Icos have filed many lawsuits against each other in various countries over Cialis and Viagra. Pfizer was given a broad patent on PDE5 inhibitors in Britain in 1993. Lilly Icos filed a complaint in a London court in September 1999, and the patent was overturned in November 2000 on the grounds that Pfizer's patent was based on information already in the public domain when the patent was issued. In the United States, Pfizer filed suit against Lilly Icos soon after receiving a broad US patent for PDE5 inhibitors in October 2002. The United States Patent and Trademark Office ordered a reexamination of the patent, and, as in Britain, the examiner found that PDE5 inhibitors were not a new invention by Pfizer, voiding the patent. In Canada, Pfizer moved to block sales of Cialis five months after it was approved there, arguing that there could be consumer backlash against Pfizer should Cialis be pulled from the market months later as a result of an ongoing patent lawsuit. A federal judge refused, saying he could not "imagine demonstrations in the street or storming of the barricades because one impotence medicine is made unavailable".

Blindness warning on label
In May 2005, the FDA began investigating reports of sudden blindness in users of sildenafil (Viagra). The FDA said it had received reports of the condition, a permanent blindness in one eye known as non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, in 38 users of sildenafil and 5 users of tadalafil or vardenafil (Levitra). Lilly Icos voluntarily amended the Cialis label to warn of the condition. The FDA was criticized for its handling of the matter, as an FDA safety officer had commented on unusual reports of blindness over 13 months before a journal article was published on the issue. United States Senator Chuck Grassley wrote a letter to the FDA detailing his criticism, saying that the FDA's Office of New Drugs (OND) had taken no action "despite OND's knowledge of the blindness risks since January 2004 and general agreement among FDA staff last spring that the label should be updated". Grassley's letter also suggested that Pfizer resisted adding the blindness warning to Viagra's label. In July 2005, the FDA said that Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis labels would all carry warnings on the risk of sudden blindness, though it was unclear whether the drugs were actually causing the blindness.

Marketing
Lilly Icos hired the Grey Worldwide Agency in New York, part of the Grey Global Group, to run the Cialis advertising campaign. Cialis advertisements were described as being gentler, warmer and with a more relaxed feel than those of its rivals, to reflect the longer duration of the drug. (Tadalafil has a half-life of 17.5 hours, compared to 3.5 for sildenafil and 4.5 for vardenafil.) Iconic themes in Cialis advertisements include couples in bathtubs and the slogan "When the moment is right, will you be ready?" Cialis advertisements were unique among those of ED drugs in that they went beyond describing ED and mentioning the drug's benefits. As a result, Cialis advertisements were also the first to describe side effects, as the FDA requires advertisements in support of a specific brand name to mention side effects; ads for Levitra and Viagra did not mention the brand name of the drug, therefore circumventing this FDA requirement. One of the first advertisements for Cialis aired during the 2004 Super Bowl; Lilly Icos paid more than $4 million for the one-minute ad. Just weeks before the game, the FDA required more possible side effects, including priapism, to be listed in the advertisement. Although many parents objected to the ad being aired during the Super Bowl, Janet Jackson's halftime "wardrobe malfunction" overshadowed Cialis. In January 2006, a physician was added to the advertisements to describe side effects on-screen, and Icos began running advertisements only where more than 90 percent of the audience was made up of adults, effectively ending Super Bowl advertisements. In 2004, Lilly Icos, Pfizer, and GlaxoSmithKline spent a combined $373.1 million to advertise Cialis, Viagra, and Levitra respectively.

Miscellaneous drugs
Icos developed several drugs whose purpose was to disrupt the process of inflammation in the body. The research program focused on the underlying causes of inflammation rather than specific disorders. The compounds developed by Icos were tested in clinical trials in the areas of sepsis, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, heart attack, pancreatitis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial cystitis, psoriasis, hemorrhagic shock, sexual dysfunction, benign prostatic hyperplasia, rheumatoid arthritis, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

LeukArrest
Rovelizumab, trade-named LeukArrest and also known as Hu23F2G, was developed to treat patients with hemorrhagic shock, which is caused by massive blood loss. The drug is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the recruitment of white blood cells to the site of inflammation. During testing, few patients were given the drug, because LeukArrest had to be administered within four hours of the injury and informed consent was required; patients were often unconscious, and relatives had to be reached to give consent. In June 1998, Icos and many medical centers asked the FDA to waive consent requirements in situations where the patient was at high risk of dying and relatives could not be reached. While some medical ethicists opposed waiving consent, the FDA approved the proposal in August 1998 for five medical centers. Development of LeukArrest was halted in April 2000 when interim data from phase III clinical trials did not meet Icos's goals of significantly reducing the chance of multiple organ failure and reducing the death rate from shock at 28 days. LeukArrest was also tested unsuccessfully for treatment of heart attack, multiple sclerosis, and stroke.

Pafase
Pafase, also known as rPAF-AH, was developed to treat severe sepsis. Pafase is the recombinant form of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH, also known as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2), an enzyme made naturally by macrophages and found in human blood. PAF-AH inactivates platelet-activating factor, a phospholipid that plays a role in the inflammation seen in sepsis. The enzyme was discovered in the mid-1980s by graduate student Diana Stafforini and researchers Steve Prescott, Guy Zimmerman, and Tom McIntyre at the University of Utah. The gene that codes for Pafase was discovered by Icos. Early trials for sepsis showed that the drug reduced the death rate after 28 days and patients were less likely to develop severe respiratory problems. Icos also tested Pafase for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In phase II trials for ARDS, Pafase reduced the death rate after 28 days and reduced the chance that the lungs of the patient would fail. However, Icos halted development in December 2002 when interim data from phase III trials for sepsis showed that the drug did not help patients survive. Scientists at Northwestern University later studied Pafase for necrotizing enterocolitis, and there is ongoing research on the enzyme for atherosclerosis at the University of Utah.

Sitaxentan sodium and TBC3711
In June 2000, Icos and Texas Biotechnology formed a 50/50 partnership to research endothelin receptor antagonists for use in the areas of pulmonary hypertension and chronic heart failure. Two drugs, sitaxentan sodium (also spelled sitaxsentan) and TBC3711, were tested in clinical trials under the partnership. Sitaxentan was designed to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension, and TBC3711 was designed to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. In April 2003, Icos sold its part of the 50/50 partnership, including any share of sitaxentan and TBC3711, to Texas Biotechnology for $4 million at closing and another $6 million within 18 months. Sitaxentan sodium was later approved in Europe, Canada, and Australia, and was marketed under the brand name Thelin. In 2010, Thelin was voluntarily withdrawn from the market worldwide due to concerns about irreversible liver damage.

Other drugs tested in clinical trials
Icos tested many other drugs that were not approved. They are:
 * ICM3, an antibody blocking ICAM-3, designed to treat psoriasis.
 * IC14, an antibody blocking CD14, designed to treat sepsis.
 * IC747 and IC776, two LFA-1 antagonists, designed to treat psoriasis.
 * Resiniferatoxin (RTX), a naturally occurring capsaicin analog, designed to treat interstitial cystitis.
 * IC485, a PDE4 inhibitor, designed to treat emphysema, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.
 * IC83, a CHK-1 inhibitor, designed to enhance chemotherapy.

Manufacturing
Icos manufactured many antibodies for various companies. In August 2001, the company partnered with Seattle Genetics to manufacture a component of their top experimental antibody drug SGN-15. In November 2001, Icos signed a production agreement with GPC Biotech to manufacture a class of GPC's antibodies that targeted B-cell lymphomas. In January 2002, Icos signed an agreement with Eos Biotechnology, under which Icos would produce Eos's most promising monoclonal antibody candidate, and Eos would have non-exclusive rights to Icos's CHEF1 enhanced mammalian protein production technology. Eos's antibody inhibited angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) and was being researched as a treatment for solid tumors. In October 2003, Icos partnered with Protein Design Labs to manufacture their M200 antibody.

Acquisition by Eli Lilly
After Icos's experimental drugs failed in clinical trials, Eli Lilly was in a prime position to purchase the company. In October 2006, Eli Lilly announced that it had reached terms to acquire Icos for $2.1 billion, or $32 a share. After receiving pressure from large institutional shareholders as well as proxy advisory firm Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) suggesting the deal should be rejected, Lilly increased its offer to $2.3 billion or $34 per share, a 6% increase. Again, resistance was voiced by some large shareholders, and ISS advised shareholders against accepting the new offer, which it still deemed insufficient. On January 25, 2007, at a special meeting, 77% of the shareholders voted in support of the acquisition. Eli Lilly closed the transaction to acquire Icos for $2.3 billion on January 29, 2007.

As a result of the acquisition, Eli Lilly gained complete ownership of Cialis, and promptly shut down Icos operations and laid off Icos personnel, except for 127 employees working at the biologics facility. Icos was the largest biotechnology company in the state of Washington at the time of the acquisition, and employed around 700 people. In December 2007, CMC Biopharmaceuticals A/S, a Copenhagen-based provider of contract biomanufacturing services, bought the Bothell biologics facility and retained the existing 127 employees.

Controversy
In addition to the layoff of Icos employees, other aspects of the acquisition were equally controversial, such as assertions that Icos was being sold too cheaply and that conflicts of interest existed. The latter related to Icos senior executives, who – despite poor stock performance, in part from failed clinical development programs and an inability to successfully license drugs over the preceding years – were to be massively compensated upon a successful acquisition.

Senior executives at Icos received cash payments worth a combined $67.8 million for selling the company to Eli Lilly. Icos chairman, chief executive, and president Paul Clark received "a 'golden parachute' worth $23.2 million in severance pay, cashed-out stock options, restricted stock awards and other bonuses for retention and closing the deal." Nine senior Icos executives received similar packages, each worth more than $1 million.

title: Icos


text:
Elizabeth Township

Elizabeth Township may refer to one of the following townships in the United States:

 * Elizabeth Township, Jo Daviess County, Illinois
 * Elizabeth Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota
 * Elizabeth Township, Lawrence County, Ohio
 * Elizabeth Township, Miami County, Ohio
 * Elizabeth Township, New Jersey
 * Elizabeth Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
 * Elizabeth Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

title: Elizabeth Township


text: Category:Dalai Lamas

title: Category:Dalai Lamas


text:
Dead Man's Party (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"Dead Man's Party" is the second episode of the third season of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by Marti Noxon, directed by James Whitmore, Jr., and first broadcast on The WB on October 6, 1998.

Buffy struggles with life back in Sunnydale. Her problems with Angel, combined with the anger and distance of her friends and mother, only make things more difficult. However, everyone is eventually brought back together when a Nigerian mask that Joyce has acquired causes an army of zombies to rise up all over Sunnydale.

Plot
Joyce hangs up a Nigerian mask given by a gallery friend. At Giles' apartment, Buffy avoids most questions about her summer, while Giles hides his relief at her return.

The next day, Joyce takes Buffy to see Principal Snyder, who takes vindictive pleasure in refusing to lift her expulsion. Buffy meets the annoying Pat, a member of Joyce's book club, who comments on Buffy's recent behavior and its impact on Joyce. Buffy finds a dead cat in the basement and buries it in the garden. That night, the Nigerian mask's eyes glow red and the reanimated cat crawls out of the earth.

The return of the cat shocks Buffy and Joyce; Giles arrives to collect it for study. He notices the mask before having to remind Buffy that she is not allowed on school grounds. At school, Buffy's friends decide to throw her a party. The discussion distracts Giles from a page showing the Nigerian mask.

Overwhelmed by the noisy party, Buffy tries in vain to talk to Willow. She overhears Joyce telling Pat how tough Buffy's return has been on her. Combined with the coldness of her friends and the problems with school, Buffy decides it was a mistake to have come home and starts packing.

At the library, Giles is horrified by what he learns about the mask. He tries to call Buffy, but party-goers fail to relay the message. Driving to Buffy's house, Giles hits a man in the road, gets out of the car and finds the man to be a reanimated zombie. Giles barely escapes as bodies rise all over Sunnydale and are inexorably drawn to Joyce's mask.

Willow finds Buffy packing to leave and starts berating her for all the pain and worry she caused, explaining that she and the rest of the Scoobies had tough things to deal with as well. Buffy and Joyce argue in the midst of the party, and Xander sides with Joyce against Buffy, while Oz tries to break it up. As the argument grows heated, the revenants crash through the windows and doors, causing the Scoobies — even Joyce, who grabs a weapon — to quit arguing and band together to combat the threat. Several guests are killed. In the bedroom, Willow checks Pat's pulse and finds she is dead.

Giles tells Oz and Cordelia about the mask containing the powers of the zombie demon Ovu Mobani, which means "Evil Eye". Pat reanimates as a zombie and puts the mask on and becomes the demon incarnate. Buffy plunges a shovel into Pat's eyes, causing her to vanish along with all the other zombies. The anger that Joyce and the other Scoobies felt towards Buffy dissipates.

The next day, Giles tries to convince Snyder to let Buffy return. When he refuses, Giles applies a little intimidation. In the coffee shop, Willow tells Buffy about her experiences dabbling in witchcraft. Buffy apologizes for not being there to support her, and Willow forgives her.

Themes
Essayist Emily (last name not given) of the site InsectReflection.com discusses friendship, friendship done wrongly, and blame. First, she singles out "Anthony Steward Head's microexpressions. He cements his status as one of the show's truly elite actors as he is able to convey such depth of emotion with no words," then adds that he is the only sympathetic and sympathizing character here. "The central purpose of Dead Man's Party," she writes, "is to bring the main cast back together and tie up any emotional loose threads from the previous season."

"[The Scoobies] are avoidant from the offset... They plan a party in her house that anyone who has spent five minutes with Buffy would know she does not want. Willow stands her friend up when they arrange to go for coffee, and later, when Buffy considers leaving again, rats her out to Joyce. Joyce embarrasses her daughter publicly, guilt-trips her for making the 'bad choice' of running away, and offers no regrets for being the one who actually kicked her out. Xander bitches about Buffy behind her back, sides with her mother, and scolds her as she is on the verge of tears. ... There is some amount of typical-Buffy-Summers emotional avoidance – her insistence that nobody could understand her pain while she stubbornly refuses to share that pain for example – but this only really comes out after the dogpiling in the living room begins – a dogpiling so overwhelming and severe that it would require saintliness to not become defensive in response to it."

She concludes, wryly, that "it is difficult to sympathise with the Scoobies' point of view when the episode itself has no interest in it."

Continuity
Joyce threatens Snyder, "If I have to, I'll go all the way to the Mayor." Mayor Wilkins has not yet appeared on the show. Joyce will meet him in "Gingerbread."

Reception
Rhonda Wilcox and David Lavery described "Dead Man's Party", in which Buffy attempts to reconnect with her mother and friends, as "one of the most uncomfortable episodes of the series". They wrote that the zombies represent the group's "failed attempts to bury their anger" at Buffy, and that they only achieve a partial catharsis by fighting alongside her. They quote Xander who says "you can't just bury stuff, Buffy, it will come right back to get you".

Vox ranked it at #47 of all 144 episodes on their "Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best" list, writing, "It always hurts when the Scoobies fight, but it’s also always fantastic television: The characters are so well-defined that you can see each point of view clearly, and you get why each character firmly believes themselves to be correct." Similarly, Myles McNutt writes that it is "the sort of episode which is meant to be unpleasant, as characters hide their emotions from one another and it leads to a charged confrontation at episode’s end. I like the darkness inherent to this concept, as it places Buffy’s friends as the antagonists as she struggles to return to life in Sunnydale, but I would have much rather not been dealing with a silly Nigerian Zombie mask at the same time."

Reviewer Billie Doux gives a rating of 3 out of 4 stakes and points out, "The zombies and the Ovu Mobani Evil Eye demon/mask thing are a transparent metaphor for Buffy's situation that is even pointed out by Xander. Buried stuff is coming up, and masks hide what we feel." Roger Pocock writes, "As is so often the case with Buffy, the fantasy element is by far the least interesting aspect of the episode. A zombie attack is nothing new... But it’s the emotional conflict that is the really interesting aspect of the episode."

Mike Loschiavo suggests that the episode is rather slow, like its zombies, but beneficially: "While the show has been busy investigating real life teen troubles (and branching out into social woes this season), we needed an episode that showed us an oft-overlooked issue: consequences."


text:
South Brisbane railway station

South Brisbane railway station is a heritage-listed railway station at 133 Grey Street, South Brisbane, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is one of two stations serving the South Brisbane area, the other being South Bank. It was built from 1891 to 1918, making it the second oldest railway station in central Brisbane. It is also known as Cultural Centre Station, Melbourne Street Station, and South Brisbane (Interstate) Station. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Services
South Brisbane station is served by Beenleigh, Cleveland and Gold Coast railway lines.

Transport links
Adjacent to the station lies the Cultural Centre busway station that is served by Transport for Brisbane bus services.

Adjacent attractions
The station is very convenient to the Queensland Cultural Centre, including the Queensland Museum, the Queensland Performing Arts Centre, and the State Library.

The station is also very conveniently located to the Queensland Conservatorium and Suncorp Piazza, which are both situated within the South Bank Parklands.

History
The first station was constructed in 1884 on the corner of Melbourne and Grey Streets and opened as Melbourne Street railway station.

The second and current building was constructed on higher ground in 1891 as the terminus for the new rail extension from Boggo Junction (now Dutton Park railway station). This line bypassed the Woolloongabba railyards and made redundant the Stanley Street railway station that existed from 1882 to 1884. The £77,585 contract was let to Murphy & Company on 2 April 1890, and the line was completed by them on 7 December 1891.

A £5,658 contract for erecting the new passenger station, to be known as South Brisbane railway station, was let to Henry Pears on 22 June 1891. It was the second masonry station to be erected in Brisbane after Roma Street railway station (opening 1875) and pre-dating Central railway station (opening in 1901) by a decade.

Passenger services commenced on 21 December 1891, although the station building had not been completed. For this reason there was no accompanying opening ceremony. When the building opened shortly afterwards it included a temperance refreshment room, and served commuters on the South Coast, Cleveland and Beaudesert lines.

South Brisbane station was intended as a temporary terminus, pending an extension of the line across the river, so only two platforms were constructed. However, after the 1893 flood washed away the Albert Bridge over the Brisbane River at Indooroopilly, the South Brisbane station served as the principal terminus for all southern and western rail services for the next two and a half years.

The Victoria Bridge was also partially washed away, together with telephone wires to the north side of the river. South Brisbane Railway Station was one of only five or six places that remained connected with the north side by telephone. In the adjoining Melbourne-street post and telegraph office the water rose to a height of 56 in on the upper floor. The Railway Commissioners granted PMG the use of a suitable room in the South Brisbane Railway Station until repairs were carried out.

A 1912–1913 proposal to expand South Brisbane station to a six platform station reflected the increasing importance of the southern rail network, both as a passenger service and as a goods line. This work was undertaken between 1914 and 1918. To handle the increased traffic a 40 ft turntable was constructed in 1916, which was expanded to 60 ft in 1925. This was removed with the change-over to diesel engines in 1968.

In September 1930, the Southern Brisbane Interstate station opened to the west of the existing station on the site of the present Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre, when the standard gauge New South Wales North Coast line was extended from Kyogle. It was the terminus for the Brisbane Limited.

On 18 November 1978, the narrow-gauge line was extended, via the Merivale Bridge from South Brisbane station into Roma Street station on the opposite side of the Brisbane River. As the interstate station at South Brisbane was to be demolished to make way for the World Expo 88 site, the standard gauge services were extended to the Brisbane Transit Centre, an extension of Roma Street station, on 21 June 1986, making the Transit Centre the interstate terminal.

Since two of the c. 1918 island platforms at South Brisbane were removed to accommodate the cross-river line, the South Brisbane station was reduced to its two original two platforms. However, in 1995, as part of the construction of the Gold Coast line, the standard gauge line was converted to dual gauge and Platform 3 which had been out of use since November 1978, was recommissioned.

From 31 October 2011, the station was closed for seven weeks for major structural works and raising the platforms. Trains still travelled through South Brisbane during that period but did not stop.

Description
The station is a long, two-storeyed brick building with a hipped corrugated-iron roof. The Grey Street frontage is dominated by a central projecting pedimented entrance. Either side of the entrance are sloping corrugated-iron street awnings, which are supported by cast-iron columns with Corinthian capitals and large brackets.

Other Renaissance stylistic elements to the street facade include: Romanesque windows on the upper floor, rendered string courses and window mouldings, pilasters with Corinthian capitals, and a solid rendered parapet.

A former garden park in front of the Grey Street entrance is now a car park/loading bay.

At the rear of the station building are the platforms, which were constructed level with the upper floor of the main building, in anticipation of the river extension. The awning to No 1 platform retains a tank roof on a steel frame, with cast-iron columns and brackets and a decorative timber frieze (1891). No 2 platform has a cantilevered butterfly roof (bullnosed until recent re-roofing), which is supported by lattice iron girders (c. 1918.

On both platforms the furniture consists of a considerable number of early cast-iron framed seats which incorporate the QR logo. Many of these were collected from other Brisbane metropolitan stations for the Expo '88 refurbishment, and have remained.

As preparation for Expo '88 the external brickwork and cast iron was restored, the roof was replaced, and all the exterior brickwork except for the upper level front facade was painted an uncharacteristic pink or peach. Interior renovations included false ceilings, a new staircase for office staff, and repainting.

The main building at the South Brisbane Railway Station remains substantially intact, despite interior alteration, but the turntable, two island platforms, and the front park and garden have been removed.

Heritage listing
South Brisbane Railway Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The South Brisbane Railway Station, erected in 1891, is significant historically as a reflection of the importance of South Brisbane as a commercial centre in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and as a major terminal in the southeast Queensland regional rail network until 1986.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

It is a substantially intact masonry railway station complete with early platform furniture, one of only three erected in Brisbane by 1901, and a good example of its type.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

It is a substantially intact masonry railway station complete with early platform furniture, one of only three erected in Brisbane by 1901, and a good example of its type.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The place is significant also for its aesthetic contribution to the South Brisbane townscape.

title: South Brisbane railway station