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Midnight Commander

GNU Midnight Commander (also known as  , the command used to start it, and as mouseless commander in older versions ) is a free cross-platform orthodox file manager. It was started by Miguel de Icaza in 1994 as a clone of the then-popular Norton Commander.

GNU Midnight Commander is part of the GNU project and is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

Design
Midnight Commander is a console application with a text user interface. The main interface consists of two panels which display the file system. File selection is done using arrow keys, the insert key is used to select files and the function keys perform operations such as renaming, editing and copying files. Later versions of the Midnight Commander additionally have mouse support. Such versions are aware of GPM and X terminal emulators (such as GNOME Terminal or xterm) which support mouse reporting. When running inside an X terminal, these versions can update the name of the window in which Midnight Commander runs (if allowed by the terminal emulator).

Midnight Commander's features include the ability to view the contents of RPM package files, to work with common archive formats as if they were simply another directory, and to function as an FTP or FISH client. Midnight Commander also includes an editor called mcedit, which can be executed as a standalone program or from Midnight Commander using the F4 key. mcedit's features include syntax highlighting for many languages, macros, code snippets, simple integration with external tools, automatic indentation, mouse support, a clipboard and the ability to work in both ASCII and hex modes. Users also have the option to replace mcedit with the editor of their choice (Options Menu>Configuration>[Don't] Use Internal Edit).

Midnight Commander can also rename groups of files, unlike a number of other file managers that can only rename one file at a time. This is convenient for manipulating large collections of files, e.g. to make them conform to a new naming convention. Midnight Commander can also move files to a different directory at the same time as it renames them. It lets the user specify the original and resulting file names using wildcard characters. This makes the power of regular expressions available for renaming files, with a convenient user interface. In addition, the user can select whether or not to use "shell patterns" or "globs" (automatic grouping of wildcards). All of these features are available by using the File > Rename/Move menu selection. (Pressing F1 would then produce a brief explanation of the options, including examples of how to use wildcards.)

Midnight Commander is based on versatile text interfaces, such as Ncurses or S-Lang, which allow it to work on a regular console, inside an X terminal, over SSH connections, over an RS-232 interface (for embedded devices) and all kinds of remote shells.

Unicode support
Native support for UTF-8 locales for Unicode was added in 2009 to development versions of Midnight Commander. As of version 4.7.0, mc has had Unicode support.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Midnight Commander


text:
User:Wweewq

///

title: User:Wweewq


text:
User:Israhell

Israhell

title: User:Israhell


text:
Talk:Panzer

Untitled
Isn’t the ‘whole books have been written’ an exaggeration? Reference should be provided, if not.
 * This is called a hyperbole. Should I state: "Literally every nut and bolt of the Tiger has been documented" I speak the truth, but I don't mean each nut has it own book. :o)--MWAK 20:35, 4 April 2005 (UTC)

 * Is panzer only used in context with 2WW? In germany all heavy amored vehicles (mostly caterpillars) are called Panzer. Panzerkampfwagen is a term only for 2WW-vehicles.

 * This isn't strictly true.--MWAK 20:35, 4 April 2005 (UTC)

"self-propelled artillery piece" would translate into german as "Artillerie auf Selbstfahrlafette" while the term "Sonderkraftfahrzeug" (Special-purpose vehicle), or SdKfz for short, meant the identification tag for the vehicle-classes themselves. So SdKfz 181 is the ID for a Tiger I and SdKfz 182 is the ID for a Tiger II, SdKfz 250/XX indicated vehicles classified as light apcs, SdKfz 161/XX the various Panzer IV variants. If it was used by the german armed forces and was able to move on its own, it was a special-purpose vehicle and given a SdKfz ID.

So to make a long story short: the correct description of a ... say Panzer IV, F2 variant would be: SdKfz 161/1 Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf F2.

sources: and lots of books about aforementioned nuts.

 * Things are a bit more complex; the Sonderkraftfahrzeug designation would be used in a certain administrative context, e.g. when dealing with industry and of course spare parts supply. Not in a tactical context though. So such a description would be not so much more correct as more complete.

--MWAK 16:05, 7 July 2005 (UTC)

Relevance of a link
There's a link on the main article to panzer-drink.com, and I really don't see it's relevance to Panzer the armoured vehicle.

 * There was a mention of the vodka brand in the artile that was removed. I added it back. It's not important, but giving it a single line at the bottom doesn't hurt. I have no opnion on the link. If someone wants to remove it I won't complain. I imagine there are other external links we can provide that deal with the real subject of the article. -R. fiend 17:45, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

It just smacks of unnecessary commercialisation that's all. I think some links to notable authorities on panzer armoured vehicles would be a much more relevant substitute.

Panzerkampfwagen or Panzer Kampfwagen
I've seen the term written as two words Panzer Kampfwagen, and I notice that the abbreviation is often capitalized PzKpfw. Is one more correct, or has the usage changed? —Michael Z. 2005-12-12 00:58 Z

 * @ Michael Z.

I am not aware that Panzerkampfwagen is a two-word term in German, because it actually would mean two different things not combined: a tank and an armed vehicle. As single term the meaning is tank or armoured vehicle.

The abbreviation PzKpfw as well as SdKfz is quite correct though as the german military is best known for a funny thing called "AKüFi" in short (one of the very few traditions adopted by the Bundeswehr from pre-1945 military tradition by the way ;-)) - I think it is for more easy reading compared to Pzkpfw. Written out it would be "PanzerKampfwagen" without space between but with a capital in the word; that is not approved in German.

 * Before the war it was not unusual to use a hyphen: Panzer-Kampfwagen. You can still see this in the titles of the famous Spielberger-series--MWAK 11:46, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * @ IP & MWAK

Today in Germany Panzer is a term covering all heavy armoured wheeled combat vehicles (like Spähpanzer "Luchs", Transportpanzer "Fuchs") and not necessarily heavy armoured caterpillars (like Kampfpanzer "Leopard", Brückenlegepanzer "Biber" and lightweight tanks "Wiesel" or M 113). It is quite evident that another tradition of the Wehrmacht kept is the nomination of tanks with animal names: main battle tanks are called by large cats of prey, wheeled vehicles and other caterpillar tanks by smaller mammals. The term Panzerkampfwagen is out of use. Peter W., Germany -- 194.231.228.118 12:26, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, today the common word for tank is (Kampf)panzer. But the change was a slow process, so it is not strictly true that no postwar tanks were ever referred to as Panzerkampfwagen.--MWAK 11:46, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

If you saw 'Panzer Kampfwagen' written in two words you just found a victim of a new raging pestilence in written German. In the course of the last three or so years, more and more Germans tend to divide words, that has been written together in one word for ages. It's known as 'Deppenleerzeichen' (idiot's space character). I say the ones to blame are the pupils of nowadays, who never in their life read a book, nor show any interest in learning. THIS WILL BRING THE WORLD TO AN END AND WE ALL GONNA DIE IN A FIRE! Nah, just kidding, I just hate this Deppenleerzeichen so much. --217.17.197.166 08:31, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It's happening in Dutch too. I blame using a key board (keyboard? key-board?). When typing very quickly the brain just can't cope and the very words disintegrate.--MWAK 07:57, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Introduction

 * ''A panzer is a tank, usually a Second World War German model. The term is rarely, if ever, used outside this context. Panzer also describes armoured forces, as in "panzer division".

"The term..." can be misunderstood because it is not just WWII, a quick Google on [Panzer NATO] or [Panzer Leopard] show that the term is still used:
 * about 84,600 English pages for NATO Panzer
 * about 71,800 English pages for Leopard Panzer

Taking a look at one of those pages http://www.arrc.nato.int/divisions/7gediv.htm (A NATO site URL), I think sums up the usage of the word Panzer in English. It is normally used to describe the formation in which tanks reside, but the tank itself, if described usually remains "main battle tank" or something similar. A Google search on "King Tiger Panzer" and "King Tiger Tank" indicates that this is true:
 * about 21 English pages for "King Tiger Panzer"
 * about 27,800 English pages for "King Tiger Tank"

It is also often used as a collective noun for tanks as in "Rommel launched his panzers". A Google returns "about 98,800 English pages for panzers Rommel". In this context it may also be used to describe an unidentified tank, as in "The rocket firing Typhoon destroyed a panzer ..." but a Google of "a Panzer" and "the panzer" both return less than a dozen pages.

So I think it would be a good idea to rewrite the first paragraph to reflect this. --Philip Baird Shearer 08:12, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Why is google searches used as a result of a naming system. just because it has more serches deosnt mean its coorect. liek searches often repat and display things that have notign that has to do with the artical. im just wondering why this is used a offical profe (Esskater11 23:50, 26 April 2007 (UTC))

'Panzer' is also a term used in European industrial machinery manufacture. 'Panzer Grade' or 'PG' is a coarse screw thread commonly used in offshore EX zone electrical installations and heavy industry. The thread was designed around WW2? to be used on the Panzer tanks and is still used extensively today. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Theraphosa Blondi (talk • contribs) 12:14, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Polish origin
I removed the speculation about the Polish origin of the word Panzer, which was definitively unfounded. Panzer is derived from Old French panciere, which istself is based on the Latin word pantex. Polish had no influence on this whatsoever. No doubt about it.

- You need to read this, then (which is not my entry): Towarysz Pancerny The words Pan Czerny mean Black Knight and these are the same as the German Schwarzenritter whence Tolkien's Black Riders are derived. As the article shows, it derives from the Old Polish word Pancerz meaning Chainmail. From there, I guess, one would need to know how old the word is relative to the French Pancier and whether there are any obvious prior linguistic derivations to settle the argument. I fancy the heraldic Panther of the Imperial Austrian Duchy of Styria (anciently, pre-Charlemagne, ethnically Slovene) might also come into play.

210.50.72.46 11:34, 29 October 2006 (UTC) Ian Ison

 * For what it's worth, the Online Etymolgical Dictionary gives the pantex- panciere- route. Also, panzer is used in other conexts, such as panzerschiff (armored ship}- the Deutschland class cruiser. As 210.50.72.46 says, Getrman for Black Night is Schwarzenritter. I can't imagine a connection there.   Cheers, :) Dlohcierekim  21:34, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Other Uses
I added the line about Civ III, forgot to log in before doing so. Just FYI. Cheers.--Mike 06:37, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Misleading Mistranslation
The article states that the "Panzer" as a noun means "tank". This is one use of the word (and it's an informal contraction in this use). It more usually means "armor". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.141.210.140 (talk) 21:30, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Removed "Other Uses"
It was either spam, trivia, or irrelevant uses of similar, but unrelated, words. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.141.210.140 (talk) 21:43, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

clearly inferior
I changed this to read "were in some respects inferior to some of their French and Soviet counterparts". It's true that the Russian tanks had more armour and a stronger cannon but they had no radio communications as did the tanks from Germany. More armour leads to more weight which hinders accleration and probably also top speed. Moreover the Russian cannons were considerably shorter than those from Germany and hence were deadlier in close combat but less accurate. In comparison to the German ones. Use at long ranges was futile. The serious inferiority of the German tanks was their numbers. In battle the Russiana outnumbered them at least by 10 to 1. Only coordinated tactics led to a defeat of the Russians in isolated combat.

AdrianAbel (talk) 12:50, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Panzerkampfwagen literal translation.
"The dated German term is Panzerkampfwagen, ‘tank’ or literally ‘armoured combat vehicle’"

Surly the literal translation of Panzerkampfwagen is "armoured chariot".

The German that would produce the literal translation of ‘armoured combat vehicle’ would be PanzerKampffahrzeug. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.182.117.127 (talk) 21:11, 5 December 2014 (UTC)
 * References, please. Or a novel translation for "Volkswagen": what you like more: "people's cart" or "people's risk". And 'Hochzeit' must be 'Up time'. Staszek Lem (talk) 01:08, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Cut the subject in two, translate both parts, merge them again = expect a way-off translation. --Denniss (talk) 01:02, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

Loanword, not italicised
Per MOS:FOREIGNITALIC, Panzer is a loanword - http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/panzer - so I have removed the italicised title. ( Hohum  @ ) 15:52, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

Pointless article
Maybe we should move Panzer (disambiguation) here? There's no point in the article as it is. Volunteer1234 (talk) 12:08, 16 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Seconded. I requested the move in Talk:Panzer (disambiguation). Staszek Lem (talk) 16:56, 16 May 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Panzer (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:17, 16 May 2019 (UTC)

Renamed Panzer tank
I'm boldly renaming this "Panzer tank" as I mentioned in the discussion, and redirecting again. I hope we can now move the disambig to Panzer without much opposition. Volunteer1234 (talk) 22:10, 17 May 2019 (UTC)

 * The consensus so far is that Panzer is a primary topic, regardless of whether it's redirected or not. Please don't move or redirect pages while discussions are ongoing. - BilCat (talk) 22:37, 17 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Panzer


text: Talk:Naval officer ranks

title: Talk:Naval officer ranks


text:
Far Manager

Far Manager (short for File and ARchive Manager) is an orthodox file manager for Microsoft Windows and is a clone of Norton Commander. Far Manager uses the Win32 console and has a keyboard-oriented user interface (although limited mouse operation, including drag-and-drop, is possible).

Far Manager was created by Eugene Roshal, and has been under development by the Far Group since 2000. The project's Unicode branches (2.0 and 3.0) are open-source (under the BSD-3-Clause license). All branches are available as 32- and 64-bit builds. Far Manager is often viewed as a very customizable file manager and text editor, and a free alternative to Total Commander.

Features
Far Manager features an internal viewer and editor, customizable user menus, tree views, file search, compare, integrated help, and a task switcher for its tools. Its standard functionality can be expanded with macros (which allow scripting) and plugins.

Far Manager's default interface combines two file panels with a command prompt. Panels may be fully customized as to which columns are shown and in which order, and operations may be done to and from either panel. The file panels support wildcard selection, advanced filtering, sorting and highlighting. The file panels and the command prompt are both active at the same time (they are interacted with using different keys), and most features can be accessed using keyboard shortcuts (the key bar at the bottom displays the function key actions for the currently held down modifier keys).

Extensibility
Far's standard functionality can be greatly extended with macros (written in Lua scripting language, primarily used to record keypress sequences) and plugins. Standard plugins installed by default include FTP, Windows network, extensible archive file support and temporary panel (sandbox) virtual file systems, a process list, print manager, filename case converter, and several editor plugins to format, wrap, and otherwise alter text.

Third-party plugins are available from the PlugRing repository and plugin announcement forum. Some popular plugins include regular expression search and replace (both in the text editor and across multiple files), syntax highlighting and auto-completion for the text editor, SFTP/SCP and Windows Registry virtual file systems, 7-zip integration, a hex editor and a picture viewer (which overlays a DirectX surface over Far's console window). Wrappers are available which allow using some Total Commander plugins with Far Manager, and vice versa. Plugins can be developed using the native C/Pascal API, or using wrappers which permit plugin development in other platforms and languages, such as .NET (including PowerShell), and Lua.

Linux, MacOS and BSD version
far2l project develops port of Far Manager v2 working on Linux, MacOS and BSD systems. As of February 2021, the port successfully builds and the most common functions work. Among ported and working plugins are Colorer, MultiArc and TmpPanel. There is also new NetRocks plugin implementing network connections via FTP, FISH, SCP, SFTP, SMB, NFS and WebDAV. As of January 2022, the project has moved to the beta stage, support for python and lua scripts has been added.

far2l also supports "terminal extensions". Although FAR2L itself is a TUI application, it can run in GUI or TTY backends modes. While TTY backend can run in any terminal (like, for example, xterm), it can also run inside a built-in terminal of GUI mode far2l, gaining capabilities not available on "regular" terminals (such as recognizing all possible keyboard key combinations, even with keyup events). Also, the "host" far2l can provide shared clipboard access and desktop notifications. Those extensions can be used by running TTY far2l inside an SSH client session opened in "host" GUI far2l (or by using SFTP/SCP protocols in NetRocks to run remote far2l via "execute remote command" feature).

far2l is available in Ubuntu Linux starting from version 24.04, and can be installed using  command.

Licensing
Far Manager is available under the BSD-3-Clause license.

Originally, Far Manager was available as 40 days shareware for everyone except for citizens of the former USSR countries, who could use it as freeware for non-commercial use only. On 26 October 2007, the source code for the Unicode development version (1.80, later renamed to 2.0) was released under the BSD-3-Clause license. On 17 May 2010 the 1.x branch has also been released under the BSD-3-Clause license, though without source code.

title: Far Manager


text:
User talk:Pdean

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Wendover - A413
Oops - I knew it was one or the other! -- Francs2000 11:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Image:Buncefield-Smoke.jpg
That's an amazing photo, thanks for contributing it! — ceejayoz talk  23:15, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 15 years on, I thought the same. The red dawn, the pall of smoke, the frost and the figure in the garden. Photo is now at commons:File:BuncefieldFire.jpg. It would be interesting to hear the photographer's memories of that morning and what has become of them since. Beorhtwulf (talk) 13:46, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pdean


text:
User talk:Israhell

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Israhell


text:
User:Spleeman/Sam Spade

User Page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sam_Spade

Contributions: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=Sam_Spade

What links here: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=User%3ASam_Spade

As JackLynch

 * vandalized Atheism and Agnosticism pages
 * User:Lord_Kenneth#Wall_of_Shame
 * more on the Kenneth Alan dispute: Requests_for_comment/User_conduct_disputes_archive/Lord_Kenneth_%28JackLynch%29
 * More past conduct disputes:
 * Requests_for_comment/User_conduct_disputes_archive/JackLynch
 * http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:sMucydnuhMQJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputes+JackLynch+site:en.wikipedia.org&hl=en
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Wikipedia_talk%3APossible_misuses_of_sysop_rights&diff=2300839&oldid=2277297

 * name change: http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:SCXDkuXlMkEJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Changing_username/Archive1+JackLynch+site:en.wikipedia.org&hl=en
 * Is there some trick to getting the above link working? What is the evidence that Lynch and Spade are the same?--Silverback 22:33, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It's at Changing_username/Archive1 about half way down the page. --Ben Brockert 19:34, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

As Sam Spade
"I'm known both for my candor and wit, as well as my engaging manner and thoughtful attentions."

 * false accusation against User:RickK?: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:RickK&oldid=3710208#do_not_vandalize_my_user_page
 * Request for arbitration by User:172: Requests_for_arbitration
 * Request for arbitration by User:Danny:

Political bias

 * From Sam's own user page: User:Sam_Spade/Theoretical_Biases
 * This is a good thing. It is not evidence of intentional bias, but evidence that Sam recognizes avoids his own biases. How many others on Wikipedia can show this? Hyacinth 19:54, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Removes references to groups such as the KKK as "right-wing"
 * Attempts to sugarcoat racist views

 * The claim the Geli Raubal was Hitler's mistress is just that, a claim.

 * Wants Hitler labeled as a socialist on the communism page (see Talk:Communism)

 * Insists on including his personal theories regarding a relationship between nazism and Chinese communism in nazism article:
 * User_talk:Andries
 * Talk:Nazism

 * From Talk:Socialism:
 * "I intend to do what I always have, which is insist that the Nazi's were socialist because... they were." (Sam Spade 00:32, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC))
 * Called another editor a "fascist" (Talk:Socialism). This is similar to his attempts to try to provoke me by implying that I was a nationalist, or not an anarchist:
 * "Enforcing american spelling is a sign of nationalism, and would therefore seem to suggest your not an anarchist? Or perhaps your a "anarcho-nationalist"? ;p" (Sam Spade 08:06, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC), User_talk:Spleeman)
 * "Censorship isn't very anarchist" (Sam Spade 23:25, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC), Talk:Anarchism/Archive10)

 * More on belief in non-racial eugenics: Why Sam is Right Wing (a list by User:Stopthebus18)
 * Stopthebus18: "People (including our country) have done horrible things in the name of eugenics." (StoptheBus18 16:02, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC))
 * Sam Spade: "Seems to work in Singapore. Bad things have been done in the name of all sorts of medicine, but we don't stop going to the doctor, do we?" (Sam Spade 17:21, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC))

 * Guess what everybody!!! "The attempt to paint them [the Nazis] as "reactionaries" is a propagandistic fraud." (Sam Spade 16:11, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC), Talk:Nazism) Wow! You learn something new everyday.... Not.

 * Hmm. For some reason, Sam doesn't want anybody to know that white-supremacist Wolfgang Droege was involved in drug trafficking.

Talk:Anarchism

 * On anarcho-capitalism: "From what I read of anarcho-capitalism, I am one. I reserve the right to defend myself, my values, and my property and will not hesitate to utlize every means necessary to do so, regardless of the desires or presence of a state. Also the definition of Libertarian Socialist (an oxymoron whose mention has lead to hearty amusement amongst many I have discussed it with) is so convoluted and bizarre as to possibly include myself as well, I wouldn't know, I don't understand it any better than that ass Chomsky who advocates it." (Sam Spade 17:48, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC), quoted by me, 22:38, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC), Talk:Anarchism/Archive10)

Religious bias

 * Insists on POV representation of atheistic views on the Soul page ,

 * Miscellaneous quotes:
 * "I am biased in favor of...God" (Sam Spade 22:45, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC), User_talk:Raul654/archive)
 * "When it comes to converting non-believers...I personally favor deductive reasoning." (Sam Spade 17:58, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC), Talk:Arguments_for_the_existence_of_God)
 * "I love God w every fiber of my being" (Sam Spade 21:23, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC), Talk:Heterosexuality)
 * "God is the name of the Absolute Infinite, the one God who is all. He is not included among your "gods" and failing to mention him creates an error in your definition of atheism. You are implying that you only reject the false, lesser gods, and you fail to address the great "I AM"". (Jack 17:20, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC), Talk:Atheism/Archive_5)
 * "God is not a god." (Jack 21:56, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC))
 * "I have known alot of neopagans, and the jokes about them are constant. Just today, for example, my family spent a solid 10 minutes making light of neopaganism whilst watching blair witch 2." (Sam Spade 04:54, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC), Talk:Paganism)
 * "As an outsider, a voodoo priestess or tribal witch doctor would prob make me nervous. I have seen both on documentaries, and they gave me a "witchy" type impression. Wiccans on the other hand remind me more of renaissance fair attendees (altho more punk/hippy type fashions), or antiwar protestors, and are about as worthy of the title "witch" IMO (and I ascribe to the traditional definition of the word, scary people we used to burn, and who still are burned in Africa) as a school girl on Halloween." (Sam Spade 05:22, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC), Talk:Paganism)
 * "Theism is a pragmatic faith, atheism a no-win soloution (in my POV satanism disguised)." (Sam Spade [as JackLynch] 23:33, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC), Talk:Pantheism/Archive_1

 * Talk:Atheism dispute: In a comment timestamped 01:13, 29 Jan 2004 (UTC), Jack Lynch appeared to agree to set aside the issue of the capitalization of the word "god" for the time being, and to stick to the compromise to use "deity" instead. But approximately four hours later, he moved the entire discussion to Talk:Atheism/Archive_5, and then began editing the Atheism page once again to restore the capital "G" to "God" and add/remove information to suit his POV , , , , , , , (note the false edit summary), . By doing so, he managed to provoke a new, full-scale edit war, during which he reverted the article 5 times in one day , , , , . Concurrent discussion can be found at Talk:Atheism/Archive_6. The edit war subsided for a time, but come February, Jack was back, except this time as "Sam Spade" ,  (note misleading "minor" edit label), . Only a few, mostly benign edits from Sam February-July (although there was this: ), but now in August he's back to his old tricks, vandalizing atheism-related pages , ,  (another misleading edit summary), , , . It seems he can't stop, really.
 * Even though I'm a non-believer (atheist or agnostic, depending on your definition of God), I still usually capitalize God out of respect for believers.--Silverback 22:42, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sadly its this type of muddled thinking which the authors of the atheism page were trying to avoid. The argument was never about weather you spell the Abramatic deity's name as God or god.  It was about weather atheists don't believe in God or weather atheists don't beleive in any gods.  By pushing the capitalization of God, Sam Spade was attempting to put his own bias into the article by insisting that in the atheist's mind God (whom is his god specifically) was more important than any other god.  Of course atheists capitalize God, just like they capitalize Zeus, but the more important question is if atheists reject all deities or only a specific deity named God. millerc 04:12, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Racism/Anti-Semitism

 * "Primitive man is also backwards, diseased and superstitious, having many obvious drawbacks which incline most indigenous people to embrace the modern life." (Sam Spade 17:48, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Thinks Holocaust deniers should be treated as equally credible to mainstream historians, whom he refers to as "Jewish organizations". (Talk:Jew/Archive 7)
 * This link doesn't get to the quote.--Silverback 22:48, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Now it does, as it had been archived and Spleeman was linked to the original talk page. IZAK 04:56, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Quotes:
 * "The term "Holocaust" is always POV." (Sam Spade 22:18, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC), Talk:Jew) Really? I didn't know that!
 * "It would almost never apply in an NPOV, encyclopedic sense, but might in cases of people being vigorously hacked apart, which is not what the nazi's generally did. They mainly worked people to death in reletively unhealthful conditions, gassing the weak (young, old, disabled, etc...). I don't find "slaughter" much more relevent in an encyclopedic sense here than it would be in describing... say the slave ships carrying africans to the new world." (Sam Spade 23:38, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC), Talk:Jew/Archive 7)

 * Sam uses edit wars and other tactics, such as placing warnings at the tops of articles, to bully his opponents into accepting his POV. Recently, on the Jew page, he placed a "totally disputed" warning on the page because of two sentences he didn't like (Talk:Jew/Archive 7). When another editor removed the warning, Sam reverted the page  and added an "attention" warning . Another editor put it best when reverting this silliness: "An article doesn't become totally disputed and in need of attention because someone stumbles across it and doesn't like one sentence."

 * The disputed sentences link does not get to the right place either. This would be more useful if we could see the original evidence.--Silverback 22:49, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Fixed, as the link was subsequently archived. IZAK 04:56, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Homophobia/transphobia

 * From Exploding Boy's talk page
 * "Gay stuff bothers me" (Sam Spade 03:47, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)) -- if he's so bothered by "gay stuff", why does he edit so many gay-related pages?
 * Talk from Featured_article_candidates/Archived_nominations/Gay_bathhouse
 * Refers to the subject of the gay bathhouse article as "clearly objectionable" -- note the use of "clearly" indicating his apparent inability to see how other's views could differ from his own
 * Refers to homosexuality as a "depraved lifestyle"
 * See also Talk:Gay_bathhouse
 * Edits from the Gay bathhouse article:
 * "(and sexy)": ,
 * From the heterosexuality talk page (see especially his comments on the subject of heteronormativity):
 * Calls things he disagrees with, doesn't understand, or isn't "focused on" at the moment "ideosyncratic (sic)" and/or "BS" and wants them removed
 * Refers to gay slang to as "paraphiliac jargon"
 * Miscellaneous quotes:
 * "In the past people understood that men and women marrying was normal, and other types of sexuality were not suited to matrimony"
 * "I don't like the term "bisexual""
 * "Heterosexuality is the sort of sexuality which I encourage, and which I choose to participate in"
 * "I think the concept of "bisexuality" puts too much emphasis on choice and freedom, which is not something I generally approve of"
 * More on heteronormativity:
 * Talk:Heteronormativity
 * Edit history
 * ""heteronormative"...is a junk science term invented for the purpose of misleading those allowing its use towards perverse and unmerited conclusions" (Sam Spade 22:14, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC), Talk:Prevalence_of_heterosexuality)
 * Calls effeminacy a "vice"
 * Considers his moral viewpoints the standard of morality and "general consensus" on paraphilia
 * Talk:Paraphilia
 * Edit history
 * On homosexuals' sexual activity and the nature of sexual orientation: "I've successfully made the joke for years that if your [sic] not sexually active, your not homosexual." (Sam Spade 20:40, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC), Talk:Sexual_orientation)
 * On the use of "clinical" terminology: "I certainly will impose clinical and other precise terminology upon the wikipedia." (Sam Spade 22:27, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC), User_talk:Hyacinth)
 * On homosexuality and Nazism: "I very much agree with Brian Kendig, and would point out that equating homosexuality and nazism is not a new nor utterly uncommon idea.... There was a large pink swastika rally at a church within a block of my mothers house just a few years ago. (Sam Spade 08:03, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC), Talk:Main_page)

Behavioral notes

 * Constantly chides others for breaking wiki policy, yet often breaks same policies, especially when it comes to civility issues and missing edit summaries ,

 * Seeks out controversial articles, especially ones that relate in some way to his moral, political, and/or religious beliefs

 * Makes changes to articles in accordance with his POV, , , ,

 * Frequently engages ideological opponents in online debates; provokes frustration and anger in opponents; starts/participates in edit wars

 * Is convinced other users are out to get him ,
 * For instance, he believes a group of "rabidly pro-homosexual editors" are trying to prevent him from editing gay-related pages due to their "pro-gay POV slant" (User_talk:Raul654/archive)

More on interactions with other users

 * User:172:
 * User_talk:Sam_Spade/_-_archive_August_2004
 * User_talk:Sam_Spade/_-_archive_August_2004
 * User:AndyL
 * User_talk:Sam_Spade/_-_archive_July_2004_2
 * User_talk:Sam_Spade/_-_archive_July_2004_2
 * User:Hyacinth
 * User_talk:Sam_Spade/_-_archive_July_2004
 * User:Nat Krause
 * User_talk:Sam_Spade/_-_archive_June_2004_2
 * User:GrazingshipIV
 * User_talk:Sam_Spade/_-_archive_May_2004
 * User_talk:Sam_Spade/_-_archive_May_2004
 * User:Viajero
 * User_talk:Sam_Spade/_-_archive_May_2004
 * User:Bcorr
 * Talk:Pantheism/Archive_2
 * User_talk:Bcorr/Archive_200403
 * User_talk:Bcorr/Archive_200403
 * User:David Gerard
 * Talk:Pantheism/Archive_2
 * User_talk:David_Gerard/archive_1
 * User:Mirv
 * User_talk:Mirv
 * User:Sunray
 * User_talk:Sunray

This is a Political Trial for Thoughtcrimes. Highly NOT reccommended!
Hey, folks, leave Sam alone! He was one of my most active and fierce critics for edits on Iridology. But hey, are you after witches or something? Leave the man/lady/Wiki editor at large just as he/she is - free and alone! Or I'll report your acts as a fascist deviation! The right to free speech includes leaving people free to think as they deem fit. If they express themselves, it's there inalienable right. Raising files with profiles and then spamming editors with "urgent" nonsense and stuff raises specters of political police! When I was younger I myself had a huge file in Securitate for opposing communism. I wish not see this experience again! For anybody! If you don't like what Sam thinks, say so, write to him, demonstrate in front of him with facts and your stuff that his opinions are not yours, etc. But don't carry him to Salem for more witch*hunting. Duh! Disgusting! - irismeister 22:54, 2004 Oct 10 (UTC)
 * Sam Spade has been actively witch hunting for some time now, this page documents his efforts at hiding other people's POV's. Duh! Read the evidence. millerc 04:47, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Does this offend the no personal attacks rule of Wikipedia. We all have our biases.  It doesn't matter if we profess them, so long as it is not carried over to the articles.  This seriously resemble lynching. Mandel 04:32, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * You miss the point; the problem isn't just that Sam Spade has biases, we all do. His problem is that his definition of NPOV is his POV, he has been repeadedly told to read the NPOV page, and he still insists on erasing any POVs that disagree with his own from articles, even when they're properly attributed.  He started a VfD on the libertarian socialism page simply because he didn't agree with libertarian socialism!  I'm sure there are a lot of wikipedians who don't believe in Christianity, but would it be proper for them to try to delete its article and everything pertaining to Christianity in other articles?  He is heavy handed and extremely pushy.  Beyond his own propaganda, anyone who has had experience in dealing with him knows that he is rarely capable of compromise or of rational discourse.  He is also extremely hypocritical; he uses whatever tactics he can to get his own way, while actively denouncing others who've used similar tactics.

 * Its not a trial for thought crimes, its simply documenting that Sam Spade is incapable of acting in a civil manner while dealing with others. He can still talk about his own POV all he wants to, and he frequently does.  That's not the problem that people have with him.  His attempts at irriating those whom he doen't agree with into leaving an article, and his erasure of other POVs from articles are more important than him talking about himself on talk pages.

 * I may also point out that Spleeman's own bias leans toward anarchism (real anarchism, not anarcho-capitalism). So it make sense that he would create a page like this (its called direct action) when the formalities of wikipedia and the wikipedian power hierarchy have been incapable, or unwilling to deal with his obviously inappropriate but not quite rule breaking behavior (although he has broken the no personal attacks rule on many occasions).

 * Since this page was created Sam Spade has relented to some extent on his bad behaviors. So it has served a purpose.  Those communities that were struggling with Sam Spade's inability to cooperate, are now able to advance the state of the articles which Sam Spade was vandalizing, while Sam Spade may still actively participate in wikipedia. millerc 04:43, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Spleeman/Sam Spade


text:
Please Teacher (film)

Please Teacher is a 1937 British comedy film, based on a musical play by KRG Browne, Bert Lee and RP Weston. This was adapted into a screenplay by Stafford Dickens, who also directed.

Plot
On his 30th birthday, unemployed rogue Tommy Deacon (Bobby Howes) inherits his aunt's fortune, but is informed it has been hidden in a bust of Napoleon in a country house he has also inherited. On discovering the house is now an Academy for Young Ladies, Tommy pretends to be the brother of Anne (René Ray), one of the girls, in order to gain admittance.

Cast

 * Tommy Deacon - 	Bobby Howes
 * Petunia Trundle - 	Vera Pearce
 * Ann Trent - 	René Ray
 * Round - 	Arthur Chesney
 * Oswald Clutterbuck - 	Wylie Watson
 * Agatha Pink - 	Bertha Belmore
 * Wing Foo - 	Lyn Harding
 * Reeves	- Aubrey Dexter

Critical reception
In 1937, The Sydney Morning Herald wrote, "Although a little slow in getting in to their stride, because of the sluggish opening of the story, the actors manage to vitalise a feeble plot with enough comical characterisation to make it acceptable as average entertainment."

title: Please Teacher (film)


text:
Hair conditioner

Hair conditioner is a hair care cosmetic product used to improve the feel, texture, appearance and manageability of hair. Its main purpose is to reduce friction between strands of hair to allow smoother brushing or combing, which might otherwise cause damage to the scalp. Various other benefits are often advertised, such as hair repair, strengthening, or a reduction in split ends.

Conditioners are available in a wide range of forms, including viscous liquids, gels and creams, as well as thinner lotions and sprays. Hair conditioner is usually used after the hair has been washed with shampoo. It is applied and worked into the hair and may either be rinsed out a short time later or left in.

History
For centuries, natural oils have been used to condition human hair. A conditioner popular with men in the late Victorian era was Macassar oil, but this product was quite greasy and necessitated the pinning of a small cloth, known as an antimacassar, to the headrests of chairs and sofas to preserve the upholstery from being damaged by the oil.

Modern hair conditioner was created at the turn of the 20th century when the Edouard Pinaud company presented a product he called Brilliantine at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. His product was intended to soften men's hair, including beards and moustaches. Since the invention of Pinaud's early products, modern science has advanced the hair conditioner industry to include those made with silicone, fatty alcohols and quaternary ammonium compounds. These chemical products have the benefits of hair conditioner without feeling greasy or heavy.

Mechanism of action
The outermost layer of a hair follicle is called the cuticle and is composed largely of keratin. This is rich in cysteine groups which are mildly acidic. When the hair is washed these groups can deprotonate, giving the hair a negative charge.

The ingredients in conditioner, especially positively charged quaternary ammonium species, such as behentrimonium chloride or polymers that are known as Polyquaternium-XX, where XX is an arbitrary number, can then become attached to the hair via electrostatic interactions. Once attached these compounds have several effects. Their long hydrocarbon backbone helps to lubricate the surface of each hair follicle, reducing the sensation of roughness and assisting combing. The surface coating of cationic groups means that hairs are repelled from each other electrostatically, which reduces clumping. The compounds can also act as antistatic agents, which helps to reduce frizzing.

Types

 * Conditioners, also called deep conditioners or hair masks, are heavy and thick, with a high content of cationic surfactants that are able to bind to the hair structure and "glue" the hair surface scales together. This type of conditioner is designed to restore hair's moisture levels and reduce breakage. These are usually applied to the hair for a longer time (30–45 minutes).
 * Leave-in conditioners are thinner and have different surfactants, which add only a little material to the hair to avoid weighing down the hair or causing greasiness. They are based on unsaturated fatty acid chains, which are bent, not straight. Leave-in conditioner is designed to be used in a similar way to hair oil, preventing the tangling of hair and keeping it smooth. Its use is particularly prevalent among those with naturally curly or kinky hair.
 * Rinse-out/rinse-through conditioners are the most common or generic on the market. Ordinary conditioners are generally applied directly after using shampoo, and manufacturers usually produce a conditioner counterpart for different types of shampoo for this purpose.
 * Hold conditioners, based on cationic polyelectrolyte polymers, hold the hair in a desired shape. These have a function and composition similar to diluted hair gels.
 * Cleansing conditioners are a newer category, typically based on a combination of amphoteric and cationic surfactants that can be used either in place of shampoo or as a pretreatment before shampooing for hair that is damaged or very curly.

Ingredients
There are several types of hair conditioner ingredients, differing in composition and functionality:
 * Acidifiers are acidity regulators that maintain the conditioner's pH at about 3.5. In contact with an acidic environment, the hair's somewhat scaly surface tightens up as the hydrogen bonds between the keratin molecules are strengthened.
 * Antistatic agents, which bind to the hair and reduce the static, can include cationic polymers such as Polyquaternium-10 and Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride.
 * Detanglers modify the hair surface pH as acidifiers or coat it with polymers as glossers.
 * Glossers are light-reflecting chemicals that bind to the hair surface and are usually polymers, usually silicones (e.g., Dimethicone or Cyclopentasiloxane).
 * Lubricants such as fatty alcohols, Panthenol, Dimethicone, etc.
 * Moisturizers, whose role is to hold moisture in the hair, usually contain high proportions of humectants. These could also be provided by natural oils such as Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (sweet almond) oil.
 * Oils (EFAs – essential fatty acids) can help dry/porous hair become more soft and pliable. The scalp produces a natural oil called sebum. EFAs are the closest thing to natural sebum (sebum contains EFAs).
 * Preservatives protect the product from spoilage by microorganisms during the product's shelf life.
 * Reconstructors, usually containing hydrolyzed protein, supposedly penetrate the hair and strengthen its structure through polymer cross-linking.
 * Sequestrants improve function in hard water.
 * Sunscreen provides protection against protein degradation and color loss. Currently, Benzophenone-4 and Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate are the two sunscreens most commonly used in hair products. Cinnamidopyltrimonium Chloride and a few others are used to a much lesser degree. The common sunscreens used on the skin are rarely used for hair products due to their texture and weight effects.
 * Surfactants – approximately 97% of hair consists of a protein called keratin. The surface of keratin contains negatively charged amino acids. Hair conditioners therefore usually contain cationic surfactants, which don't wash out completely, because their hydrophilic ends strongly bind to keratin. The hydrophobic ends of the surfactant molecules then act as the new hair surface. Examples are Behentrimonium Chloride and Cetrimonium Chloride.
 * Thermal protectors, usually heat-absorbing polymers, shield the hair against excessive heat caused by blow-drying, curling irons, hot rollers, etc.

pH
Conditioners are frequently acidic, as low pH protonates the keratin's amino acids. The hydrogen ions give the hair a positive charge and create more hydrogen bonds among the keratin scales, giving the hair a more compact structure. Organic acids such as citric acid are usually used to maintain acidity.

title: Hair conditioner


text:
Talk:Philip Sidney

Copyright violation
I unfortunately removed a vast amount of data that was added by an anon editor. It seemed to be from an academic paper, with multiple footnotes, and I noticed that it contained citations from the 1980s. I did not look for the text to determine if it was available online or not. I reverted this to a page prior to the addition of this material and added the copyvio notice. If the anon editor is in fact the author, this can be undone, but this needs to be made with explicit permission (and you probably should have a login ID as well.)  Thanks --- Smerdis of Tlön 13:46, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Added the Kingdom of Hungary
For gods' sakes, it's mentioned in the Defense of Poesy, whereas Austria and all that jazz are not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.2.67.160 (talk) 10:59, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

References in the sentences
Wouldn't this article look much nicer if the references in the sentences were moved to footnotes. 128.250.217.20 06:04, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Defence of Posey
the present comments on "defense of poesy" is clearly a revenge of prose against Philip Sidney's radical position against philosophy and history. None of the assertions can stand a quotation of Sidney's own words. Above all the reduction of this extremely deep text to "neo-platonism" is an illustration of Sidney's allegoric image of prosaic insinuations out of poets eggs immediatly cannibalize its genitors. A huguenot metrician —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.123.53.163 (talk • contribs) 09:46, 8 June 2006

I think that the final three sections (Influence, Significance, and On Method) should be formed into a new page and simply linked to this Sidney page. I'd do it right away, but I'm not sure which references go to which section. Tell me what you think on my page, please. Scoutersig 16:18, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Main character in a work of fiction
It happens to be a fact that Philip Sidney is one of the main characters (if not the main character) in The Armor of Light by Melissa Scott and Lisa A. Barnett. I am quite not up to speed on what the correct way to mention that in the article would be, but surely it deserves a nod of some sort or another. -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. 11:41, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

-->You're right, and I added that information. I think it fits nicely into the "Pop culture" section. Popslashgirl (talk) 18:35, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

monty python
No mention of the python sketch featuring michael palin as sir philip sidney. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.40.206.42 (talk) 19:04, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Sidney's funeral
http://wiki.umd.edu/psidney/index.php?title=Main_Page

It is not clear if this is one of the most magnificent funeral processions of the time or merely one of the best documented. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fotoguzzi (talk • contribs) 18:44, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Poor Quality
B-class??? As it stands, this "article" has almost nothing to to with poetry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.43.174.211 (talk) 22:08, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071218180925/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/SESLL/EngLit/ugrad/hons/theory/CultMaterialism.htm to http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/SESLL/EngLit/ugrad/hons/theory/CultMaterialism.htm

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Potential King of Poland?
I see no mention of it in his article in the History of Parliament, but I recall that Thomas Fuller, in his Worthies of England (a 17th century writer) mentioned in his sketch of Sidney under the chapter on the county of Kent, that he had been offered and declined the Kingdom of Poland. Is there published factual basis to support this?Cloptonson (talk) 12:29, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I came here to ask exactly the same question, having just read a quote from Anthony à Wood's Athenae Oxonienses:
 * So that whereas (through the fame of his high deserts) he was then, or rather before, in election for the crown of Poland, the Queen of England refused to further his advancement, not out of emulation, but out of fear to lose the jewel of her times.

 * This may be of interest. --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  09:16, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philip Sidney


text:
Talk:Matrix defense

Untitled
Should this be moved to a different title? The Matrix defense, Matrix defense, "The Matrix" defense? Is that last even possible? Rmhermen 13:48, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

Should NOT be deleted
No citations, and available case law (Westlaw) shows that "the matrix defense" was never accepted; but was rather indicative of paranoid schizophrenia or some other underlying pathological condition that could potentially negated culpability. As such it is not a legal defence, or even a factor that mitigates culpability but an expression of a serious mental condition and as such, there is no need to retain it, except perhaps as a footnote for an insanity plea. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.146.119.9 (talk) 18:23, 25 December 2010 (UTC)

 * So why the NOT?--Jack Upland (talk) 23:29, 23 December 2016 (UTC)

 * the NOT seems to have been inserted by a cheeky IP. While the original IP makes an impassioned argument to delete the article, the subject passes WP:GNG, with coverage in multiple independent reliable sources, and so should be kept. ‑‑ Yodin T 11:28, 24 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I would suggest a merge.--Jack Upland (talk) 20:56, 24 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matrix defense


text:
Category:Rugby league

This category is for the sport of rugby league football.

title: Category:Rugby league


text:
User talk:Ola H

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Lancasterrose.gif

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you wish to release your own work to the public domain,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. Peter O. (Talk, automation script) 21:18, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Unspecified source for Image:Lancasterrose.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Lancasterrose.gif. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 13:44, 28 January 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 13:44, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ola H


text:
Iberian language

The Iberian language was the language of an indigenous western European people identified by Greek and Roman sources who lived in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Iberian Peninsula in the pre-Migration Era (before about AD 375). An ancient Iberian culture can be identified as existing between the 7th and 1st centuries BC, at least.

Iberian, like all the other Paleohispanic languages except Basque, was extinct by the 1st to 2nd centuries AD. It had been replaced gradually by Latin, following the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.

The Iberian language is unclassified: while the scripts used to write it have been deciphered to various extents, the language itself remains largely unknown. Links with other languages have been suggested, especially the Basque language, based largely on the observed similarities between the numerical systems of the two. In contrast, the Punic language of Carthaginian settlers was Semitic, while Indo-European languages of the peninsula during the Iron Age include the now extinct Celtiberian language, Ionic Greek, and Latin, which formed the basis for modern Iberian Romance languages, but none of these were related to the Iberian language.

Geographic distribution

Iberian inscriptions are found along the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, reaching up to the river Hérault in the south of France. Important written remains have been found in Ensérune, between Narbonne and Béziers in France, in an oppidum with mixed Iberian and Celtic elements. The southern limit would be Porcuna, in Jaén (Spain), where splendid sculptures of Iberian riders have been found. Further inland, the exact distribution of the Iberian language inscriptions is uncertain. It seems that the culture reached the interior through the Ebro river (Iberus in Latin) as far as Salduie, but no further.

Among the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, the following might have spoken the Iberian language: Ausetani (northeastern Catalonia), Ilergetes (Lleida and Huesca up to the Pyrenees), Indigetes (coast of Girona), Laietani (Barcelona), Cassetani (Tarragona), Ilercavones (Murcia and Levante up to Tarragona), Edetani (Valencia, Castellón and Teruel), Contestani (Valencia, Alicante, Cartagena and Albacete), Bastetani (Granada, Almería and Murcia) and Oretani (Jaén, Ciudad Real, Albacete and Cuenca). Turduli and Turdetani are believed to be of the Tartessian language group.

For some scholars, such as Velaza (2006), Iberian could have been the language spoken by the autochthonous population of these territories, while for others, such as De Hoz (1993), Iberian could have been more of a lingua franca.

History

The origin of the language is unknown. Although Iberian ceased to be written in the 1st century AD, it may have survived in some areas until the Visigothic period (ca. 500s to 700s), according to Menéndez Pidal.

There are several theories about the geographical origin of Iberian. According to the Catalan theory, the Iberian language originated in northern Catalonia, where the earliest Iberian inscriptions are documented (600 BC in Ullastret). Its expansion towards the north and south would have been due to broad population movements in times shortly before the first written documents, from the 11th to the 10th century BC, given that the Iberian language appears homogeneous in Iberian texts and, if it were of greater antiquity, the development of dialects should be evident. The presence of non-interpretable elements, such as Iberian anthroponyms amongst inscriptions in this area has not been considered statistically significant.

Writing

The oldest Iberian inscriptions date to the 6th century BC or maybe the 5th century BC and the latest ones date from the end of the 1st century BC or maybe the beginning of the 1st century AD. More than two thousand Iberian inscriptions are currently known. Most are short texts on ceramic with personal names, which are usually interpreted as ownership marks. Many coins minted by Iberian communities during the Roman Republic have legends in Iberian. The longest Iberian texts were made on lead plaques; the most extensive is from Yátova (Valencia) with more than six hundred signs.

Three different scripts have remained for the Iberian language:
 * Northeastern Iberian script
 * Dual variant (4th century BC and 3rd century BC)
 * Non-dual variant (2nd century BC and 1st century BC)
 * Southeastern Iberian script
 * Greco-Iberian alphabet (most of the aforementioned Leads of La Serreta are written in this version).

Northeastern (or Levantine) Iberian script

The northeastern Iberian script is also known as the Iberian script, because it is the Iberian script most frequently used (95% of the extant texts (Untermann 1990)). The northeastern Iberian inscriptions have been found mainly in the northeastern quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula: chiefly on the coast from Languedoc-Roussillon to Alicante, but with a deep penetration into the Ebro valley. This script is almost completely deciphered.

All the paleohispanic scripts, with the exception of the Greco-Iberian alphabet, share a common distinctive typological characteristic: they use signs with syllabic value for the occlusives and signs with monophonematic value for the remaining consonants and for vowels. From a writing systems point of view, they are neither alphabets nor syllabaries; rather, they are "mixed" scripts that are normally identified as semi-syllabaries. Regarding their origin, there is no agreement among researchers; for some linguists, they are linked only to the Phoenician alphabet, while others see the Greek alphabet as playing a part.

Southeastern (or Meridional) Iberian script
The southeastern Iberian script is a semi-syllabary too, but it is more similar to the Tartessian script than to the northeastern Iberian script. The southeastern Iberian inscriptions have been found mainly in the southeastern quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula: eastern Andalusia, Murcia, Albacete, Alicante and Valencia. This script is not completely deciphered.

Greco-Iberian alphabet
The Greco-Iberian alphabet is a direct adaptation of an Ionic variant of a Greek alphabet to the specificities of the Iberian language. The inscriptions that use the Greco-Iberian alphabet have been found mainly in Alicante and Murcia.

Current extent of linguistic knowledge
Very little is known for certain about Iberian. The investigation of the language is past its initial phase of transcription and compiling of material, and is currently in the phase of identifying grammatical elements in the texts.

The hypotheses currently proposed are unconfirmed, and are likely to remain so unless the discovery of a bilingual text allows linguists to confirm their deductions.

Vowels
Iberian appears to have five vowels commonly transcribed as a e i o u. Some other languages on the peninsula such as Basque and modern Spanish also have such systems. Although five-vowel systems are extremely common all over the world, it has been suggested that this may point to a Sprachbund amongst the ancient languages of the Iberian peninsula.

The unrounded vowels (in frequency order: a, i, e) appear more frequently than the rounded vowels (u, o). Although there are indications of a nasal vowel (ḿ), this is thought to be an allophone. Judging by Greek transcriptions, it seems that there were no vowel length distinctions; if this is correct then Iberian uses the long ē (ἦτα) as opposed to the short epsilon (ἒ ψιλόν).

Diphthongs
It seems that the second element of diphthongs was always a closed vowel, as in ai (śaitabi), ei (neitin), and au (lauŕ). Untermann observed that the diphthong ui could only be found in the first cluster.

Semivowels
It is possible that Iberian had the semivowels (in words such as aiun or iunstir) and  (only in loanwords such as diuiś from Gaulish). The fact that is lacking in native words casts doubt on whether semivowels really existed in Iberian outside of foreign borrowings and diphthongs.

Consonants

 * Vibrants: There are two vibrants r and ŕ. Iberian specialists do not agree about the phonetic values assigned to either vibrant. Correa (1994) hypothesized that ŕ was an alveolar flap and r was a "compound vibrant", that is, a trill . Later, Rodríguez Ramos (2004) suggested that ŕ was an alveolar flap  and r is a retroflex flap  in line with Ballester (2001) who thought that r represents a uvular fricative . However, Ballester (2005) later changed his hypothesis and took r for an alveolar flap  and ŕ for the alveolar trill . Neither r nor ŕ occurs word-initially, which is also the case in Basque.
 * Sibilants: There are two sibilants s and ś. The distinction is unclear, and there are multiple proposals. Ballester (2001) theorizes that s was an alveolar and ś was an alveolo-palatal . Rodríguez Ramos (2004) proposes that ś was alveolar  and s was an affricate, either dental  or palatal  (like English "ch"). This proposal coincides with the observation by Correa on adaptations of Gallic names in Iberian texts.
 * Laterals: The lateral l is normally interpreted as . It is extremely rare in final position and it could be that the distribution is on occasion complementary with ŕ: aŕikal-er ~ aŕikaŕ-bi.
 * Nasals:
 * The n was probably alveolar.
 * m: Researchers studying Iberian do not agree on the kind of nasal represented by this letter. The letter m rarely occurs word-initially. Velaza (1996) hypothesizes it could be an allophone of medial n, as shown in the example of iumstir/iunstir. José A. Correa (1999) suggests it may be a geminate or strong nasal. Ballester (2001) considers it to be a labialized nasal in Iberian and in Celtiberian. Rodríguez Ramos (2004) mentions that it could be an allophone of n where it nasalizes the preceding vowel.
 * There is some controversy over the sign transcribed as ḿ. While it is thought to be some type of nasal, there is no certainty as to its phonetic value. Several linguists agree on the value, based on similarities with texts written in the Greek alphabet, as there are similarities between the suffixes -ḿi / -nai, and in the onomastic elements -ḿbar- / -nabar-. Another part of this theory seems to contradict itself with the transcription of ḿbar-beleś into Latin as VMARBELES. Correa (1999) proposes that it was a labialized nasal. It is not even clear that the sign is always pronounced in the same form. Rodríguez Ramos (2004) considers it a nasalized vowel, produced by progressive nasalization.
 * Plosives: There are five plosives.

 * The evidence indicates the non-existence of a phoneme p as it is not documented either in the Greek alphabet or in the dual Iberian systems. It is only found in Latin inscriptions naming native Iberians and is thought to be an allophone of b.
 * It has been suggested that the phoneme b would on occasions have been pronounced similar to w (this would be explained by the frequency of the sign bu), and as such it could have had a nasalized pronunciation.

Morphology
There are a number of known affixes, especially applied to last names. For the Iberian language these seem to be postpositional, and apparently more agglutinative than fusional.

The best-known are the following:

 * -ar: applied to proper names to mark possession.
 * -en: of a similar or identical use to -ar.
 * -ka: seems to indicate the person who receives something.
 * -te: seems to indicate the ergative.
 * -ku: seems to indicate the ablative. Possibly related to the Basque local genitive -ko.
 * -ken / -sken: usually understood as genitive plural because of its use on coins in ethnical names (with parallels on Latin and Greek coins).
 * -k: has been proposed on occasions to mark the plural. -k is a plural marker in Basque.

Lexicon
There are some words for which there has been surmised a more or less probable meaning:

 * aŕe take as akin to the Latin formula hic est situs ("here he is") (Untermann 1990, 194) because of a bilingual inscription from Tarragona C.18.6
 * eban and ebanen as equivalent to the Latin coeravit ("he cared [to be done]") in tombstones (Untermann 1990, 194), because of a bilingual inscription from Sagunto F.11.8
 * iltiŕ and iltun as typical Iberian toponyms for city names, meaning something like "city" / "town"
 * ekiar: verb or verbal noun with a meaning like "to do" / "to make" compared with the Basque verb egin (Beltrán 1942; Correa 1994, 284). likine-te ekiar usekerte-ku with a meaning akin to "made by Likinos of Osicerda" (Correa 1994, 282)
 * seltar and siltar as meaning something like "tomb" on tombstones (Untermann 1990, 194).
 * śalir as meaning something like "money" / "coin", because of its use in coins (as iltiŕta-śalir-ban) and its use in lead plaque inscriptions adjacent to numbers and quantities (Untermann 1990, 191).

Personal names
Thanks to the Latin Inscription of the plaque of Ascoli, which includes a list of Iberian cavalry soldiers in the Roman army (the Turma Salluitana attested in the Bronze of Ascoli), the forms of Iberian proper names have been unraveled. Iberian names are formed mainly by two interchangeable elements, each usually formed of two syllables, which are written together (Untermann 1998). For example, the element "iltiŕ" can be found in the following names: iltiŕaŕker, iltiŕbaś, iltiŕtikeŕ, tursiltiŕ, baiseiltiŕ or bekoniltiŕ. This discovery was a giant step: from this moment it was possible to identify with some kind of confidence the names of persons in the texts. Nevertheless, the list of components of Iberian names varies between researchers. The basic list comes from Untermann (1990) and was recently updated by Rodríguez Ramos (2002b); complementary data and criteria can be found in the Faria papers (the last two: 2007a and 2007b).

The following list includes some of the elements proposed as components of Iberian names: abaŕ, aibe, aile, ain, aitu, aiun, aker, albe, aloŕ, an, anaŕ, aŕbi, aŕki, aŕs, asai, aster, ata, atin, atun, aunin, auŕ, austin, baiser, balaŕ, balke, bartaś, baś, bastok, bekon, belauŕ, beleś, bels, bene, beŕ, beri, beŕon, betan, betin, bikir, bilos, bin, bir, bitu, biuŕ, bolai, boŕ, boś, boton, ekes, ekaŕ, eler, ena, esto, eten, eter, iar, iaun, ibeś, ibeis, ike, ikoŕ, iltiŕ, iltur, inte, iskeŕ, istan, iunstir, iur, kaisur, kakeŕ, kaltuŕ, kani, kaŕes, kaŕko, katu, keŕe, kibaś, kine, kitaŕ, kon, koŕo, koŕś, kuleś, kurtar, lako, lauŕ, leis, lor, lusban, nalbe, neitin, neŕse, nes, niś, nios, oŕtin, sakaŕ, sakin, saltu, śani, śar, seken, selki, sike, sili, sine, sir, situ, soket, sor, sosin, suise, taker, talsku, tan, tanek, taneś, taŕ, tarban, taŕtin, taś, tautin, teita, tekeŕ, tibaś, tikeŕ, tikirs, tikis, tileis, tolor, tuitui, tumar, tuŕś, turkir, tortin, ulti, unin, uŕke, ustain, ḿbaŕ, nḿkei.

In some cases, linguists have encountered simple names, with only one element for a suffix: BELES, AGER-DO and BIVR-NO are in the plaque of Ascoli, neitin in Ullastret and lauŕ-to, bartas-ko or śani-ko in other Iberian texts. More rarely there have been indications of a linking element, which can be -i-, -ke- or -ta- (Untermann used oto-iltiŕ in front of oto-ke-iltiŕ or with AEN-I-BELES). In rare cases Untermann also encountered an element is- or o- prefacing a proper name (is-betartiker; o-tikiŕtekeŕ; O-ASAI).

In the elements that formed Iberian names it is common to encounter patterns of variation, as in eter/eten/ete with the same variations as in iltur/iltun/iltu; kere/keres as lako/lakos; or alos/alor/alo and bikis/bikir/biki).

Some Iberian onomastic elements have look-alikes in Aquitanian or Basque. This has been explained by Vascologists like Mitxelena as an "onomastic pool". However, since the meaning of most Iberian words remains opaque to date, the connection remains speculative except in a very small number of cases. An ancient sprachbund involving these two languages is deemed likely by some linguists. But as Trask notes, Basque has been of no help in translating Iberian inscriptions.

Iberian and Basque
Whether Iberian and Basque are two languages of the same language family is still a much-debated question. Many experts on Iberian suspect that there is a relationship of some sort between Iberian and Aquitanian, a precursor of the Basque language. But there is not enough evidence to date to ascertain whether the two languages belong to the same language family or whether the relationship is due to linguistic borrowing. Lexical and onomastic coincidences could be due to borrowing, while the similarities in the phonological structures of the two languages could be due to linguistic areal phenomena (cf. the similarities between Basque and Old Spanish in spite of being languages of two different families). More scientific studies on the Iberian language are needed to shed light on this question.

From a historical perspective, the first features where a relationship between Basque and Iberian was claimed were:
 * the suffixes -sken / -ken on Iberian coins (which were compared to the genitive plural on similar ancient coins) with the Basque plural (-k) and genitive (-en) endings
 * Iberian town names containing ili (particularly iliberri), where parallels were drawn with Basque hiri ("town") and berri ("new").

Although other pairs have been proposed (such as eban, ars, -ka, -te), the meanings of these Iberian morphs are still controversial. The main arguments today which relate to coinciding surface forms between Basque and Iberian are:

 * Phonetics: Proto-Basque phonology, first proposed by Michelena, appears to be very similar to what is known about the Iberian phonological system. It has been claimed that the lack of /m/, common to both Proto-Basque and Iberian, is especially significant ).
 * Onomastics: Aquitanian-Latin inscriptions contain personal and deity names which can clearly be related to modern Basque words, but also show structural and lexical resemblances with Iberian personal names. But Iberian influence on the Aquitanian name system, rather than a genetic link, cannot be dismissed either.
 * In Iberian iltiŕ and iltur, ili is read "city". Modern Basque hiri, "city", is derived from the very similar Proto-Basque root *ili
 * The Iberian genitive ending -en and maybe the genitive plural -(s)ken, compared to the Basque genitive -en and the Basque genitive plural *ag-en as reconstructed by Michelena. But Michelena himself was sceptical about this comparison.
 * An Iberian formula which frequently appears on tombstones, aŕe take, with variants such as aŕe teike, which on a bilingual inscription from Tarragona may be equivalent to the Latin hic situs est ("here is"), as proposed by Hübner. This was compared by Schuchardt (1907) with Basque (h)ara dago “there is/stays”.
 * The Iberian word ekiar, explained as something akin to “he made”, proposed to be linked with the Basque verb egin "make"
 * The Iberian word śalir explained as “money”, “coin” or “value”, proposed to be linked to Basque word sari (probably Proto-Basque *sali) meaning “value”, “payment”, “reward”.

Numerals
In 2005 Eduardo Orduña published a study showing some Iberian compounds that according to contextual data would appear to be Iberian numerals and show striking similarities with Basque numerals. The study was expanded upon by Joan Ferrer (2007 and 2009) based on terms found on coins, stating their value, and with new combinatorial and contextual data. The comparison proposes the following:

The basis of this theory is better understood if we compare some of the attested Iberian compounds with Basque complex numbers (the dots denote morpheme boundaries and are not normally written in Basque; also note that the final -r in numbers 3 and 4 also occurs in bound forms in Basque i.e. hirur- and laur-):

Even so, Orduña does not claim this comparison to be a proof of a family relation between Iberian and Basque, but rather owing to Iberian loanwords in the Basque language. In contrast, Ferrer believes that the similarities could be caused due to both the genetic relationship or the loan, but indicates that the loan of the entire system of numerals is rare (but has known to occur such as the case of Middle Chinese numerals being borrowed wholesale into Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Thai).

Joseba Lakarra (2010) has rejected both hypotheses: loan and genetic relationship. Lakarra’s arguments focus almost exclusively on the field of Basque historical grammar, but also argues, following de Hoz's (1993) hypothesis, that the hypothesis of the borrowing has already turned out implausible due to the limited and remote extension of the territory where Iberian was spoken as first language in South-East Spain.

Javier de Hoz (2011, pp. 196–198) considers plausible the internal contextual and combinatorial arguments that would support the hypothesis that these Iberian elements could be interpreted as numerals. In fact, concerning the specific values, he considers valid the proposed equivalences between Iberian ban with 'one' and between Iberian erder with 'half', according to the marks of value found in coins, while he considers that the rest of the proposed equivalences are a working hypothesis. Regarding the equivalence between the possible Iberian numerals and the Basque numerals, he agrees with Lakarra (2010) that the shape of the documented Iberian forms does not fit the expected Proto-Basque forms. Finally, he considers that the greatest difficulty in accepting this hypothesis is, paradoxically, its extent and systematic nature, because if it was correct, it would result in a close relationship between Iberian and Basque, which should allow the identification of other relationships between Iberian and Basque subsystems, as clearly as this one, relationships that no investigator using reasonable linguistic arguments has been able to identify.

Eduardo Orduña (2011) insists that the Iberian elements proposed as numerals are not only similar to the Basque numerals, but also combine as numerals and appear in contexts where numerals are expected. He observes Lakarra (2010) does not dispute these arguments [neither does de Hoz (2010)]. As regards the de Hoz hypothesis about considering the Iberian language as a lingua franca, Orduña notes its hypothetical character, although Lakarra presents that hypothesis as an established fact. The problems with this hypothesis have been collected by Ferrer (2013) in a later work. Regarding the phonetic difficulties indicated by Lakarra, Orduña argues that its proposals are compatible with the Proto-Basque reconstructed by Michelena, which is for chronology and security the reconstruction that an iberist has to consider, while the hypothesis of internal Basque reconstruction of Lakarra has a vague chronology and a much lower degree of security. Finally, contrary to his first opinion in favor of the loan, concludes that the most economical hypothesis to explain the similarities between the Iberian numeral system and the Basque numeral system is the genetic relationship. Francisco Villar (2014, 259) notes that the similarities between Iberian numerals and Basque numerals are of the same order as those documented among Indo-European languages and consequently argues that the only sustainable hypothesis at this point is the genetic relationship between Iberian and Basque. Villar also believes that if the reconstruction of Proto-Basque proposed by Lakarra (2010) is incompatible with the evidence derived from the numerals, the reconstruction must be corrected as it is, like all reconstructions, hypothetical and perfectible.

General works

 * Anderson, James, M. (1988) Ancient Languages of the Hispanic Peninsula, University Press of America, New York, ISBN 0-8191-6732-0
 * Ballester, Xaverio (2005) Lengua ibérica: hacia un debate tipológico, Palaeohispanica 5, pp. 361–392.
 * Correa Rodríguez, José Antonio (1994) La lengua ibérica, Revista Española de Lingüística 24/2, pp. 263–287.
 * de Hoz Bravo, Javier
 * (1998) La epigrafía ibérica de los noventa, Revista de Estudios Ibéricos 3, pp. 127–151.
 * (2001) Hacia una tipología del ibérico, Religión, lengua y cultura preromanas de Hispania, pp. 335–362.
 * (2011) Historia lingüística de la Península Ibérica en la Antigüedad II. El mundo ibérico prerromano y la indoeuropeización, Madrid, ISBN 978-84-00-09405-8.

 * Panosa Domingo, Mª. Isabel (1999) La escritura ibérica en Cataluña y su contexto socioeconómico (siglos V-I a. C.), Argitalpen Zerbitzua, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Vitoria-Gasteiz, ISBN 84-8373-160-6.
 * Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2004) Análisis de Epigrafía Íbera, Vitoria-Gasteiz, ISBN 84-8373-678-0.
 * Untermann, Jürgen
 * (1980) Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum II: Die Inschriften in iberischer Schrift in Südfrankreich, Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden, ISBN 978-3-88226-098-4.
 * (1990) Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. III Die iberischen Inschriften aus Spanien, Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden, ISBN 978-3-88226-491-3.
 * (1996) Los plomos ibéricos: estado actual de su interpretación, Estudios de lenguas y epigrafía antiguas – ELEA 2, pp. 75–108.
 * (2001) Die vorrömischen Sprachen der iberischen Halbinsel. Wege und Aporien bei ihrer Entzifferung, Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden, ISBN 3-531-07375-3.
 * (2005) La lengua ibérica en el sur de Francia in Oriol Mercadal Fernández (coord) Món ibèric : als Països Catalans : XIII Col•loqui Internacional d'Arqueologia de Puigcerdà : homenatge a Josep Barberà i Farràs : Puigcerdà, 14 i 15 de novembre de 2003 Vol. 2, ISBN 84-933111-2-X, pp. 1083–1100.

 * Valladolid Moya, Juana (1997) La epigrafía ibérica: estado actual de los estudios, Tempus. Revista de Actualización Científica, 17, pp. 5–53.
 * Velaza, Javier (1996) Epigrafía y lengua ibéricas, Barcelona.

Iberian writing

 * Correa Rodríguez, José Antonio (2004) Los semisilabarios ibéricos: algunas cuestiones, Estudios de lenguas y epigrafía Antiguas – ELEA 5, 75-98.
 * de Hoz Bravo, Javier
 * (1985–86) La escritura greco-ibérica, Veleia 2-3, pp. 285–298
 * (1989) El desarrollo de la escritura y las lenguas de la zona meridional, Tartessos: Arqueología protohistórica del bajo Guadalquivir, pp. 523–587.

 * Ferrer i Jané, Joan (2005) Novetats sobre el sistema dual de diferenciació gràfica de les oclusives sordes i sonores, Palaeohispanica 5, pp. 957–982.
 * Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2002) La escritura ibérica meridional, Zephyrus: Revista de prehistoria y arqueología 55, pp. 231–245.

Lexicon, phonology and grammar

 * Ballester, Xaverio
 * (2001) Fono(tipo)logía de las (con)sonantes (celt)ibéricas, Religión, lengua y cultura prerromanas de Hispania, 287-303, Salamanca.
 * (2003) El acento en la reconstrucción lingüística: el caso ibérico, Palaeohispánica 3, pp. 43–57

 * Correa Rodríguez, José Antonio
 * (1994) La transcripción de las vibrantes en la escriptura paleohispanica, Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina 21, pp. 337–341.
 * (1999) Las nasales en ibérico, Pueblos, lenguas y escrituras en la Hispania preromana, pp. 375–396, Salamanca.
 * (2001) Las silbantes en ibérico, in Francisco Villar, María Pilar Fernández Alvárez (coords) Religión, lengua y cultura prerromanas de Hispania ISBN 84-7800-893-4, pp. 305–318.

 * de Hoz Bravo, Javier
 * (1981) Algunas precisiones sobre textos metrológicos ibéricos, Archivo de Prehitoria Levantina 40, pp. 475–486.
 * (2002) El complejo sufijal -(e)sken de la lengua ibérica, Palaeohispánica 2, pp. 159–168
 * (2003) Las sibilantes ibéricas, in S. Marchesini & P. Poccetti (eds) Linguistica è storia. Sprachwissenschaft ist Geschichte. Scritti in onore di Carlo de Simone, Pisa, 85-97.

 * Faria António M. de
 * (2007) Crónica de onomástica paleo-hispânica (13), Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia 10:2, 161-187.
 * (2016) Crónica de onomástica paleo-hispânica (25), ARSE nº 50, pp 109-140. ISSN 0213-8026.

 * Ferrer i Jané, Joan.
 * (2006) Nova lectura de la inscripció ibèrica de La Joncosa (Jorba, Barcelona), Veleia 23, pp. 129–170.
 * (2007) Sistemes de marques de valor lèxiques sobre monedes ibèriques, Acta Numismàtica 37, pp. 53–73.
 * (2009) "El sistema de numerales ibérico: avances en su conocimiento", Palaeohispanica 9, pp. 451–479.

 * Ferrer i Jané, Joan & Giral Royo, Francesc (2007) A propósito de un semis de Ildiŕda con leyenda erder. Marcas de valor léxicas sobre monedas ibéricas, Palaeohispanica 7, pp. 83–89.
 * Fletcher Valls, Domingo (1992) palabra ibérica, ARSE'' nº 28-29, pp 155–173. ISSN 0213-8026.
 * Lakarra Joseba (2010) Haches, diptongos y otros detalles de alguna importancia: notas sobre numerales (proto)vascos y comparación vasco-ibérica (con un apéndice sobre hiri y otro sobre bat-bi), Veleia 27, pp. 191–238.
 * Luján Martínez, Eugenio Ramón (2005) Los topónimos en las inscripciones ibéricas, Palaeohispanica 5, pp. 471–490.
 * Moncunill Martí, Noemí (2007) Lèxic d'inscripcions ibèriques (1991–2006), doctoral dissertation, UB-Barcelona.
 * Orduña Aznar, Eduardo
 * (2005) Sobre algunos posibles numerales en textos ibéricos, Palaeohispanica 5, pp. 491–506.
 * (2006) Segmentación de textos ibéricos y distribución de los segmentos, doctoral dissertation, UNED-Madrid (unpublished doctoral dissertation).
 * (2008) Ergatividad en ibérico Emerita Vol. 76, Nº 2, pp. 275–302
 * (2011) Los numerales ibéricos y el protovasco, Veleia 28, pp. 125-139.

 * Pérez Orozco, Santiago (2009) Construcciones posesivas en ibérico, Estudios de lenguas y epigrafía antiguas – ELEA 9, pp. 561–578
 * Quintanilla Niño, Alberto
 * (1998) Estudios de Fonología Ibérica, Vitoria-Gasteiz, ISBN 84-8373-041-3.
 * (2005) Palabras de contenido verbal en ibérico, Palaeohispanica 5, pp. 507–520.

 * Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús
 * (2000b) Vocales y consonantes nasales en la lengua íbera, Faventia 22, Fasc. 2, pp. 25–37.
 * (2002) Índice crítico de formantes de compuesto de tipo onomástico en la lengua íbera, Cypsela 14, pp. 251–275.
 * (2002b) Problemas y cuestiones metodológicas en la identificación de los compuestos de tipo onomástico de la lengua íbera, ARSE Nº 36, pp. 15–50. ISSN 0213-8026.
 * (2004) Sobre los fonemas sibilantes de la lengua íbera, Habis 35, pp. 135–150

 * Siles Ruiz, Jaime (1985) Léxico de inscripciones ibéricas, Ministerio de Cultura, Dirección General de Bellas Artes y Archivos, Madrid, ISBN 978-84-505-1735-4.
 * Silgo Gauche, Luis
 * (1994) Léxico Ibérico, Estudios de Lenguas y Epigrafía Antiguas – ELEA, ISSN 1135-5026, Nº. 1, pages 1–271.
 * (2007) Las palabras “dinero” y “plata” en Ibérico, Palaeohispanica, nº 7, pp 219-222.

 * Tolosa Leal, Antonio (1996): “Sobre el ibérico SELDAR”, ARSE. nº 30-31, pp 119–122. ISSN 0213-8026.
 * Untermann, Jürgen
 * (1984) Inscripciones sepulcrales ibéricas, Cuadernos de prehistoria y arqueología Castellonenses 10, pp. 111–120
 * (1985–1986) Las gramática de los plomos ibéricos, Veleia 2-3, pp. 35–56.
 * (1998) La onomástica ibérica, Iberia 1, pp. 73–85.
 * (1999) Über den Umgang mit iberischen Bilinguen in E. Seebold, W. Schindler & J. Untermann Grippe, Kamm und Eulenspiegel: Festschrift für Elmar Seebold zum 65. Geburtstag ISBN 978-3-11-015617-1, pp. 349–358.

 * Velaza Frías, Javier
 * (1991) Léxico de inscripciones ibéricas: (1976–1989), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ISBN 84-7875-556-X.
 * (1994) Iberisch EBAN TEBAN Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 104, 142-150.
 * (2004) Eban, teban, diez años después, Estudios de lenguas y epigrafía antiguas – ELEA 5, pp. 199–210.
 * (2002) Ibérico-te, Palaeohispánica 2, pp. 271–275.
 * (2006) Tras las huellas del femenino en ibérico: una hipótesis de trabajo, Palaeohispánica 6, pp. 247–254

Origins and relationships

 * Ballester, Xaverio (2001) Las adfinitas de las lenguas aquitania e ibérica Palaeohispánica 1, 2001, pp. 21–33.
 * Ferrer i Jané, Joan (2013) Los problemas de la hipótesis de la lengua ibérica como lengua vehicular, E.L.E.A. 13, 115-157.
 * de Hoz Bravo, Javier (1993) La lengua y la escritura ibéricas y las lenguas de los iberos, Lengua y cultura en Hispania prerromana : actas del V Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas de la Península Ibérica : (Colonia 25-28 de Noviembre de 1989) (Francisco Villar and Jürgen Untermann, eds.), ISBN 84-7481-736-6, Salamanca, pp. 635–666.
 * Gorrochategui Churruca, Joaquín (1993) La onomástica aquitana y su relación con la ibérica, Lengua y cultura en Hispania prerromana : actas del V Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas de la Península Ibérica : (Colonia 25-28 de Noviembre de 1989) (Francisco Villar and Jürgen Untermann, eds.), ISBN 84-7481-736-6, Salamanca, pp. 609–634.
 * Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús
 * (2001) La cultura ibérica desde la perspectiva de la epigrafía: un ensayo de síntesis, Iberia: Revista de la Antigüedad 4, pp. 17–38.
 * (2002) La hipótesis del vascoiberismo desde el punto de vista de la epigrafía íbera, Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta, 90, pp. 197–218, ISSN 0046-435X.

 * Velaza Frías, Javier (2006) Lengua vs. cultura material: el (viejo) problema de la lengua indígena de Cataluña, Actes de la III Reunió Internacional d'Arqueologia de Calafell (Calafell, 25 al 27 de novembre de 2004), Arqueo Mediterrània 9, 273-280.
 * Villar, Francisco (2014): Indoeuropeos, iberos, vascos y sus parientes, Estratigrafía y cronología de las poblaciones prehistóricas, Universidad de Salamanca, Estudios Filológicos.

title: Iberian language


text:
Talk:Battle of Blenau

For an August 2000 deleton debate over this page see: Votes for deletion/Battle of Blenau

Is this confused or just nonsense? Gdr 13:54, 2004 Aug 9 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Blenau


text:
Talk:Media Oriented Systems Transport

MOST 25/50/150
Wouldn't it be good if the article explained about variants MOST 25, MOST 50 and MOST 150? The Seventh Taylor (talk) 15:36, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. MOST150 has been around (in development projects) since 2007. German wiki has it covered a bit more. Yakem (talk) 09:49, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Media Oriented Systems Transport