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Pendragon (role-playing game)

Pendragon, or King Arthur Pendragon, is a Tabletop role-playing game (RPG) in which players take the role of knights performing chivalric deeds in the tradition of Arthurian legend. It was originally written by Greg Stafford and published by Chaosium, then was acquired by Green Knight Publishing, who in turn passed on the rights to White Wolf Publishing in 2004. White Wolf sold the game to Stewart Wieck in 2009. Wieck formed Nocturnal Media, who updated and reissued the 5th edition originally published by White Wolf. In 2018, it returned to Chaosium.

After it was published in 1985, Pendragon won several industry awards, and reviewers highly recommended it; in following years, it was included in several "Best of" industry lists.

Setting
Like several other RPGs from Chaosium (most notably Call of Cthulhu), Pendragon has a literary basis, in this case the fifteenth-century Arthurian romance, Le Morte d'Arthur. It studiously avoids fantasy RPG cliches in favor of its source material. This has caused it to become something of a cult game, even within the narrow confines of the RPG market.

Adventures are often political, military, or spiritual in nature, rather than dungeon crawls, and are often presented as taking place congruently with events from Arthurian legend.

An important part of the game is the time between adventures, during which player characters manage their estates, get married, age, and have children. Typically, the characters will have one adventure per year, and campaigns often carry over across generations, with players retiring their character and taking the role of that character's heir. This is quite different from most role-playing games, where one set of characters is played fairly intensively, and there is typically little consideration made of what happens to their family or descendants. The influence of this idea can be seen in the Ars Magica RPG, which also encourages stories taking years or decades to unfold (and which is also set in medieval Europe).

The default Pendragon setting is a pastiche of actual fifth- and sixth-century British history, high medieval history (10th to 15th centuries), and Arthurian legend. The political forces are roughly those actually present in sub-Roman Britain: Celts fighting Germanic, Irish, and Pictish invaders in the wake of the collapse of Roman authority. However, Technology and many aspects of culture progress in an accelerated fashion, such that King Arthur's Britain is depicted as thoroughly feudal. Knights bear unique coats of arms, joust in tournaments, follow chivalric customs, and pursue courtly love. In effect, many trappings of the milieu in which the Arthurian romances were composed are projected backwards. Many of the campaign events and personalities come from the great mass of Arthurian literature composed from the Middle Ages to the twentieth century. That being said, it is also possible to run a Pendragon campaign set firmly in the Dark Ages or in a more fantastic vision of Arthurian Britain.

System
The rules system of Pendragon is most notable for its system of personality traits and passions that both control and represent the character's behavior. Otherwise, it uses fairly traditional game mechanics for normal play, based to some degree on the Basic Role-Playing (BRP) system,. It also has a set of charts and tables for determining what happens to a character's family in between adventures. The characters' ability scores are based on the BRP standard, but skills are resolved using d20, rather than d100.

Personal Traits
These are thirteen opposing values that represent a character's personality. The Traits are: Chaste / Lustful, Energetic / Lazy, Forgiving / Vengeful, Generous / Selfish, Honest / Deceitful, Just / Arbitrary, Merciful / Cruel, Modest / Proud, Pious / Worldly, Prudent / Reckless, Temperate / Indulgent, Trusting / Suspicious, and Valorous / Cowardly. The values on the left side are Virtues and the values on the right are Vices. The Traits are 1-20 points split between the opposing values (e.g., 10/10, 14/6, 5/15). For every point above 10 on a Virtue, a point must be placed below 10 on another Virtue. Characters start during character creation with a base of 15/5 in Valorous/Cowardly (because they are heroes), a base of 13/7 in their Religious Virtues (because they are the good guys) and a base score of 10/10 in the remaining values.

A d20 roll is made to use a Virtue (e.g., Merciful to show mercy towards a captive mortal enemy) or resist a Vice (e.g., Deceitful to deceive a friend). If the roll is at or below the value, it Succeeds and the desired result occurs. If the roll exceeds the value, it is a Failure and the opposite result occurs. If a Virtue or Vice is rated at 20, the opposite is rated at 0; any roll on this trait is automatically successful (e.g., an Energetic character's attempt to persist in a difficult or arduous task) or automatically unsuccessful (e.g., an Indulgent character who must use Temperate to resist gluttony or intoxication). This is congruent with Arthurian legend, in which a hero's weaknesses are his downfall (like Lancelot's lust for Guenevere) or a villain has a moment of nobility (like King Uriens of Gore showing mercy to Prince Arthur rather than striking him down).

The Chivalric Virtues are: Energetic, Generous, Forgiving, Just, Modest, Temperate, and Valorous. Characters possessing point values in these seven Virtues totaling above 80 are granted a bonus to Chivalry rolls.

The Chivalric Vices are: Lazy, Selfish, Vengeful, Arbitrary, Cruel, Proud, and Cowardly. Characters possessing point values in these seven Vices totaling above 80 suffer a penalty to Chivalry rolls.

The Christian Religious Virtues are: Chaste, Forgiving, Merciful, Modest, and Temperate. Christian Characters possessing one or more of these traits at a value of 16+ gain a Religious bonus.

The Romantic Virtues are: Forgiving, Generous, Honest, Just, Merciful, and Trusting. Characters possessing point values in these six Virtues totaling above 65 are granted a bonus to Romance rolls.

Later on, other cultures were added for players who wanted to play a non-Christian character.
 * The Pagan Religious Virtues are Lustful, Energetic, Generous, Honest, and Proud. This covers British and Welsh pagans.
 * The Heathen Religious Virtues are Vengeful, Honest, Arbitrary, Proud, and Worldly. This covers Saracens and Picts.
 * The Wotanic Religious Virtues are Generous, Honest, Proud, Worldly, Reckless and Indulgent. This covers Germanic and Scandinavian pagans.

Passions
Passions are higher values that influence a character's behavior. They are generated by rolling 2d6+6 or 3d6 (creating a base range between 3 and 18) and adding or subtracting various modifiers.

Passions roll on a d20, just like Traits. If a character fails a Passions roll, he goes into a state of Melancholy (hopeless depression) for violating his core belief. A critical failure or failed attempt to recover from Melancholy can lead to Madness, which forces the character to go into retirement until such time as he can redeem his actions or be forgiven by those he wronged.

Later editions added new Passions.
 * Loyalty is a sense of duty to obey a liege, ally, or friend.
 * Love is a feeling of affection for another person (a parent, sibling, friend, or lover) or people (allies / followers, friends, or family members) that the character has strong emotional ties to.
 * Love (Family), an affection for family members, is common for daughters and firstborn sons.
 * Hospitality is the courtesy of providing shelter, lodging, and protection towards a guest.
 * Honor is a sense of duty towards following the rules of proper and noble behavior.
 * Amor is Romantic love for a person, replacing Love for a lover.
 * Hate is the obsessive dislike for a person, nation, or race.

A character's Passion is often used to create dissonance and conflict. An example would be a Loyal knight faithfully obeying a cruel order from his unjust liege (or an Honorable knight refusing to do so, no matter the reason or excuse). Another would be an Hospitable host giving protection to a rude and discourteous guest (or an enemy who abuses the custom for insidious ends).

Magic and Magic-Users
Only the fourth edition of Pendragon included mechanics for magic and magician characters. All other versions of the game, including the later fifth edition, assumed that the character was a knight or lady and restricted magic to game master-controlled characters.

Character Generation
The first through fourth editions allowed random character generation of characters from a wide variety of cultures of Great Britain and western Europe, which was expanded by later supplements. The fifth edition supports only point-based creation of young landholding knights from the default homeland of Salisbury, which was a preferred option in the third and fourth editions as well. The supplement Book of Knights and Ladies, self-published by Greg Stafford in 2008, allows creation of more diverse characters for fifth edition.

The regions of Logres, Cumbria, and Cambria profiled in the following three supplements were internal to Arthur's realm, and thus used standard character generation.
 * Savage Mountains (1991) - Cambria (Wales); Welsh characters.
 * Perilous Forest (1992) - Cumbria (Northern Britain); describes the lands of Cumbria (Northwest Britain) and Northumberland (Northeast Britain).
 * Blood and Lust (1995) - Logres (Southern Britain); loosely describes the lands of Lindsey, East Anglia, Middle Anglia, Mercia, and Wessex and the Saxon Shore of Essex, Sussex and Kent.

Over its history the game spawned a number of supplements dealing with areas within or beyond Arthurian Britain and creating characters outside the culture of the Celtic Britons:
 * Pagan Shore (1994) - Ireland; Irish character generation, including Feudal Irish and two types of tribal peoples: the Cruithni (Irish Picts) and Lochlannach (somewhat ahistorical Norse raiders).
 * Beyond the Wall: Pictland & The North (1995) - Pictland (Caledonia, roughly modern Scotland); Pictish character generation.
 * Land of Giants (1996) - Scandinavia and the Nordic areas of Britain during the era of Beowulf; Northmen character generation.
 * Saxons! (1999) - The origins of Anglo-Saxon England (Southeast Britain); Jute (Jutland), Angle (Schleswig-Holstein), Frisian (Friesland), Saxon (Germany) & Frankish (France) character generation.

Publication history
The first edition was a boxed set published by Chaosium in 1985, and was designed and written by Greg Stafford. Chaosium planned a second edition, with minor changes to the rules, but this was never actually released. They released a third edition, with rules revised by Stafford, as a single softbound book in 1990. The fourth edition, published by Chaosium in 1993 and reprinted by Green Knight Publishing in 1999, was also released as a softbound manual: the core rules remained consistent with the third edition, but the book was expanded to include rules for player-character magicians and for advanced character-generation (the latter had originally appeared separately in the third-edition supplement Knights Adventurous). Green Knight Publishing also released a cut-down version of the fourth edition aimed at beginning players, The Book of Knights.

Original designer Greg Stafford produced a much-streamlined fifth edition, which was published as a hardcover book by White Wolf in December 2005. The most notable supplement for this edition is The Great Pendragon Campaign, a massive (432-page) hardcover scenario book which details events, adventures and characters from Uther Pendragon's reign in 485 through to the end of the Arthurian era. In Ownership passed from White Wolf to Nocturnal Media. In 2017 Nocturnal Media Kickstarted Paladin: Warriors of Charlemagne!. Using the Pendragon rules system, it is set in medieval Europe with players playing young Frankish squires or knights in the service of Charlemagne. The Pendragon line returned to Chaosium in 2018.

In 2020, a Quickstart preview for a sixth edition was published by Chaosium. In June 2023, Chaosium released a sixth edition boxed starter set.

Game supplements and adventures

 * The Pendragon Campaign (1985)
 * The King Arthur Companion (1986)
 * Noble's Book (1986)
 * The Grey Knight (1987)
 * Tournament of Dreams (1987)
 * Knights Adventurous (1990)

Reception
In the December 1985 issue of White Dwarf, Graham Staplehurst gave an effusive review, saying despite the very high price (£25.95) Pendragon "looks to be one of the best systemised role-playing games around." Staplehurst liked the fact that the Arthurian background was generally known by players already, and lauded the research done in order to produce a timeline, and British folk beasts. He called the character generation system "adept." Staplehurst gave an overall rating of 9 out of 10, saying, "I would not hesitate to recommend the game to any rolegaming aficionado... were it not for the dreadful price."

In the March 1986 edition of Dragon (Issue 107), Ken Rolston was effusive in his praise, calling it "in subject, mechanics, and presentation... the best designed, most attractive, and most effective traditional role-playing game I have ever seen. The process of playing the game, from the reading of the Player’s Book through the creation of a character to the playing of a simple introductory scenario, was one of the most satisfactory role-playing experiences of my life." Rolston noted the simplified combat system, saying "Pendragon has attractively simple and streamlined versions of conventional RPG combat mechanics while offering innovative mechanics supporting role-playing and character development. (If you are interested in the wargaming aspect of fantasy role-playing, you may prefer another system with greater detail in combat mechanics and with player-character magic.)" He concluded by recommending it: "In presentation, Pendragon is attractive and pleasurable reading. The Pendragon boxed set is an excellent value, certainly one of the most important RPG releases of 1985, and belongs on every serious fantasy role-playing gamer’s shelf. In the February–March 1987 edition of Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer (Issue No. 77), Steven List recommended it, saying, "It presents ample opportunity for both desperate combat and imaginative interactive play, with an orientation different from the typical fantasy campaign."

Stewart Wieck reviewed Pendragon in White Wolf #7 (1987), rating it a 10 out of 10 and stated that "Pendragon is as perfect a game as I have ever played. It is obviously a labor of love. Designer Greg Stafford is obviously well versed in the Arthurian legends."

The Games Machine reviewed Pendragon and stated that "In Pendragon Greg Stafford and friends have produced a truly outstanding game, treating their theme with all the respect and thoroughness it deserves. Any gaming group with an interest in the Arthurian theme should give this game a try."

In his 1990 book The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games, game critic Rick Swan called this game "a masterful design ... that perfectly captures the grandeur and romance of the era." Swan noted that the game "places an extraordinary emphasis on actual role-playing as opposed to resolving violent confrontations." Swan concluded by giving Pendragon his top rating of 4 out of 4, saying, "With brilliant game mechanics, a gorgeous presentation, and remarkable insight, Pendragon is as close to a work of art as a role-playing game can get."

Andrew Rilstone reviewed Pendragon 4th Edition for the British games magazine Arcane, and commented, "Every rule and every bit of background meshes together to produce a game in which you can't help but think and act and even feel - like one of King Arthur's knights." Rilstone concluded by giving it an excellent rating of 9 out of 10 overall, saying, "Running a full campaign, and seeing the young squires from the first session growing up to be the veterans in the final battle, has been one of the best experiences in my roleplaying career." Rilstone comments that

Later that year, in a reader poll conducted by Arcane to determine the top 50 role-playing games of all time, Pendragon was ranked 12th. Editor Paul Pettengale commented, "Pendragon is a game with a huge amount of charm. It's extremely character orientated, and so players have the opportunity to spend time developing a separate persona, rather than having to deal with too much action. It has intrigue and complicated plots, but these are geared around the characters instead of merely being an excuse for the characters to do something."

In 1999, Pyramid magazine named Pendragon as one of The Millennium's Most Underrated Games. Editor Scott Haring said, "Pendragon is one of the few RPGs that has a moral point of view ... And it's a great melding of game system with game world."

In 2006, Gaming Report called the 5th edition of Pendragon one of the "Best Retreads" in 2006.

Over twenty years after its publication, Pendragon was chosen for inclusion in the 2007 book Hobby Games: The 100 Best. Shannon Appelcline stated, "King Arthur Pendragon could be lauded as a top RPG solely based upon the innovation it brought to the industry. Its concentration on epic storytelling and its traits mechanic were both notable and original when the game was released in 1985. However, even today, Pendragon remains vital. It provides a picture-perfect model of literary knighthood and, through its well-crafted and well-considered design, effortlessly conjures its theme — so successfully, in fact, that few other publishers in the last 20 years have even tried to bring another Arthurian roleplaying game to market. You just can't improve on perfection.''

In a retrospective review of Pendragon in Black Gate, John ONeill said "Pendragon had lots of interesting ideas. The game mechanics included ways to trigger powerful passions — love, hate, and loyalty — in your player character, which could in turn produce feats of valor, acts of mercy or cowardice, cruelty, and much more."

Awards

 * At the 1986 Origins Awards, the supplement The Pendragon Campaign won "Best Roleplaying Supplement of 1985."
 * At the 1991 Origins Awards, the third edition of Pendragon won "Best Roleplaying Rules of 1990."
 * In 2007, the revised and retitled supplement The Great Pendragon Campaign won the Diana Jones Award for "excellence in gaming."

Pendragon Fiction Line
The Pendragon fiction series was a trade paperback line that offered reprints of "lost" classics of Arthurian fiction, as well as original novels and anthologies. First published by Chaosium, the line was taken over by Green Knight Publishing when they acquired rights to the Pendragon role-playing game in 1998. Scholar Raymond H. Thompson served as consulting editor for the entire series. Green Knight hired James Lowder to direct the line as executive editor in 1999.

 * To the Chapel Perilous, by Naomi Mitchison. (GKP6203, Green Knight Publishing, 1999); reprint of the 1955 Allen & Unwin edition.
 * Kinsmen of the Grail, by Dorothy James Roberts. (GKP6204, Green Knight Publishing, 2000); reprint of the 1963 Little, Brown and Company edition.
 * The Life of Sir Aglovale, by Clemence Housman. (GKP6205, Green Knight Publishing, 2000); reprint of the 1905 Methuen & Co. Ltd. edition.
 * The Doom of Camelot, edited by James Lowder. (GKP6206, Green Knight Publishing, 2000); original anthology.
 * Exiled From Camelot, by Cherith Baldry. (GKP6207, Green Knight Publishing, 2001); original novel.
 * Expanded and corrected edition of Pendragon fiction series CHA6200 The Arthurian Companion (1st ed.).
 * The Pagan King, by Edison Marshall. (GKP6209, Green Knight Publishing, 2001); reprint of the 1959 Doubleday & Co. edition.
 * The Merriest Knight: The Collected Arthurian Tales of Theodore Goodridge Roberts, edited by Mike Ashley. (GKP6210, Green Knight Publishing, 2001); original collection of Roberts' stories, including previously unpublished material.
 * Legends of the Pendragon, edited by James Lowder. (GKP6211, Green Knight Publishing, 2002); original anthology.
 * The Follies of Sir Harald, by Phyllis Ann Karr. (GKP6212, Green Knight Publishing, 2001); original novel.
 * Historical novel of Celtic Arthur's resistance to the Saxons and Picts.
 * The Follies of Sir Harald, by Phyllis Ann Karr. (GKP6212, Green Knight Publishing, 2001); original novel.
 * Historical novel of Celtic Arthur's resistance to the Saxons and Picts.

One additional title in the series — a reprint of William Henry Babcock's 1898 novel Cian of the Chariots — was announced for 2002, but has not seen print.

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Jimmy Naifeh

James O. Naifeh (born June 16, 1939) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party from the State of Tennessee. He served as the Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1991 to 2009, serving longer in that position than anyone else in Tennessee history.

Early life
Naifeh is a second-generation Lebanese-American from Covington, a town north of Memphis. His family was in the grocery business and has hosted an annual Naifeh Family Coon Supper since 1945. Following his graduation from the University of Tennessee, Naifeh served in the United States Army as an infantry officer.

Election to the House
He was first elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1974, and was Speaker from 1991 to 2009. He represents House District 81, which includes most of Tipton County and all of Haywood County. Prior to his election as Speaker served in other positions in the Democratic Caucus such as chairman of the Rules Committee, Majority Floor Leader, and chairman of the Rural West Tennessee Democratic Caucus.

Marriage
From 1995 to 2008, Naifeh was married to Betty Anderson, considered by many Tennessee political observers to be the most influential lobbyist in the state. Naifeh's detractors saw this as a conflict of interest. Naifeh's reply was that she had no undue influence over him in any area of legislation and that she had been in that profession for many years before the personal relationship between them began, so it is hardly as if she entered the field once she married the Speaker as a way of offering access to him.

Partisan activities
Naifeh is considered a master of parliamentary procedure and tactics, which is very important in that the Speaker of the House in Tennessee generally personally presides over all sessions of the chamber. He is also regarded as being very partisan, particularly by his Republican opponents, who have long made him a "target" for defeat. In the most recent redistricting, much of the southern portion of Naifeh's native Tipton County was removed from his district. Many suggest that this was because Memphis suburbanites, who are generally quite conservative and reliable Republican voters with no long-term ties to Tipton County, would vote to replace Naifeh with a conservative Republican. However, he easily defeated retired Air Force colonel Tony Lopez in 2002.

Contested 2004 election
In December 2002, African American physician Dr. Jesse Cannon, a Republican and Naifeh's personal physician, announced that he would oppose Naifeh in 2004. Dr. Cannon counted heavily on support from outside the immediate region and was fairly successful raising campaign funds among affluent Republicans in the Nashville area.

In an interesting dynamic to the race, the only other county in the district, added in the most recent redistricting, Haywood County, is Tennessee's only black-majority county. However, on November 2, 2004, Naifeh defeated Cannon by a margin of approximately 58% to 42%.

Challenges to speakership
The Democratic majority in the Tennessee House was narrowed to 53-46 by the overall statewide outcome of this election. Shortly after the election some pundits suggested scenarios in which another Democrat considered to be less partisan, such as Frank Buck of Dowelltown in Middle Tennessee, could have been elected Speaker if he could get the unanimous support of the Republican minority and the help of a few dissident Democrats from the eastern two-thirds of the state.

From 1973 until January 2007, when state senator John S. Wilder was defeated in his reelection bid for the speakership of the state senate, both houses of the Tennessee General Assembly had been led by West Tennesseans. However, Republicans could not agree on a replacement, and when the issue came to a vote (Buck declined to be nominated), nine Republicans joined with all of the Democrats to reelect Naifeh. These Republican members were warned of the possibility, even the probability, of facing officially-party-endorsed opponents in the August 2006 primary election, should they choose to stand for another term.

In 2006, The NRA lobby began lobbying TN reps within the legislature. Speaker Naifeh walked into his office one morning noting “well, the NRA lobby is all up in these halls.”

With the NRA funding the TN GOP, a shift in TN politics and policy was occurring. In 2008 election / 2009 inauguration Republicans took over the TN House for the first time in decades; and “guns in bars” was one of their biggest policy concerns - during an economic crisis.

Republican majority in 2008
In the 2008 November elections Republicans won the majority of the state House, winning 50 of the 99 seats, with the Democrats holding 49. This is the first time the GOP has had a majority in the Tennessee House since 1971, and the first time both House and Senate have had Republican majorities since Reconstruction. This ended Naifeh's long term as Speaker, but the Republicans' narrow majority in the House did not allow them to elect their preferred Speaker. While 49 Republicans voted for Jason Mumpower, the 49 Democrats and Republican Representative Kent Williams voted for Williams to succeed Naifeh as Speaker.

Naifeh, who was chairing the House for the last time, helped to engineer Williams' election by instructing the House clerk to depart from the normal practice of conducting a roll call of the members in alphabetical order, instead calling first on the Democrats, then on the Republicans. This allowed Williams to vote last, so that before he voted he knew that his vote for himself would be the deciding vote.

Retirement
On March 8, 2012; Naifeh announced he would not run for a 20th term in November. By the time of his retirement, he was the only elected Democrat above the county level in much of his district. While he had remained popular over the years, it had long been very likely that his seat would be taken by a Republican once he retired.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jimmy Naifeh


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Khant

Khant may refer to:

People

 * Khant caste, a Hindu caste in India
 * Khanty people, in Russia

Surname

 * Aleksandr Khant (born 1985), Russian filmmaker
 * Jeetmal Khant, Indian politician
 * Savitaben Khant (died 2012), Indian politician

Other uses

 * Khant, Punjab, a village in India
 * Khanty language

title: Khant


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Oscar A. C. Lund

Oscar Augustus Constantine Lund (May 21, 1885 – May 2, 1963) was a Swedish-born silent film actor, screenwriter and director of the American and Swedish motion picture industry.

Biography
Oscar A. C. Lund was born May 21, 1885, in Gothenburg, Sweden, the son of Swedish actor and theater director Carl Ludvig Lund (1858–1893). He emigrated in 1900 to the United States. Lund joined the burgeoning motion picture industry, directing his first film in 1912 titled The Wager. The following year, Lund filmed The Great Unknown in Canada.

Lund also wrote the screenplay as well as acted in many of the films he directed. In 1917 he wrote Mother Love and the Law based on a real life child-custody case in Illinois.

Between 1912 and 1924, Lund directed more than 60 films in the United States. These included the first feature film made by the New Jersey based U.S. division of the French Éclair Film Company in 1914 titled Into the Wilderness. He was a director and writer for Together (1918),  The Nature Girl (1918) and Peg of the Pirates (1918). He frequently worked with director and screenwriter B. A. Rolfe (1879–1956) and with the British actress Barbara Tennant (1892–1982), directing her in more than half a dozen films.

Lund was a member of the New York brank of the Motion Picture Directors Association and served as Outer Guard in 1922.

Lund returned to Sweden in 1931, and to filmmaking, directing his first and only talkie, a Swedish language film titled Kärlek och dynamit (1933).

Lund died May 2, 1963.

Selected filmography

 * Lady Babbie (1913)
 * The Sons of a Soldier (1913)
 * Her New York (1917)
 * For Woman's Favor (1924)
 * Kärlek och dynamit (Love and Dynamite) (1933)

title: Oscar A. C. Lund


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Bob Tewksbury

Robert Alan Tewksbury (born November 30, 1960) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher and current Mental Skills Coordinator for the Chicago Cubs. He played professionally for the New York Yankees, Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Cardinals, Texas Rangers, San Diego Padres and the Minnesota Twins.

Bob Tewksbury has the second-lowest ratio of base on balls per innings pitched for any starting pitcher to pitch in the major leagues since the 1920s, and the lowest ratio for any pitcher to pitch since the 1800s except for Deacon Phillippe, Babe Adams, Dan Quisenberry, and Addie Joss.

Early life
Tewksbury was born in Concord, New Hampshire and attended Merrimack Valley High School in Penacook, New Hampshire. He played college baseball at Rutgers and Saint Leo University. In 1979 and 1980, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and was named a league all-star in 1979.

Playing career
Tewksbury's talent was initially discovered by Andy Michael in Concord. Michael contacted the New York Yankees and Tewksbury was drafted by them out of Saint Leo University in the 19th round of the 1981 Major League Baseball draft. He earned a spot in the Yankees' rotation in 1986 after pitching 20 straight scoreless innings in spring training. In his major league debut on April 11, 1986, he allowed two runs in $7 1/3$ innings against the Milwaukee Brewers, was credited with the win in New York's 3–2 victory, and received a standing ovation from the fans at Yankee Stadium. After the game, team owner George Steinbrenner sent him a bottle of champagne, which the pitcher never opened and kept as a souvenir. He played for the Yankees for two years, and was then sent to the Chicago Cubs. As a free agent in 1988, he signed with the St. Louis Cardinals, where he would stay until 1994. Again a free agent, he went to the Texas Rangers for a year. In 1996, he signed with the San Diego Padres for one more year. In December 1996, he signed with the Minnesota Twins and played for two years with the team, but shoulder problems effectively ended his baseball career after that.

Due to the shoulder and arm problems he faced over the course of his playing career, Tewksbury became known as an excellent control pitcher. His best year was 1992, in which he went 16–5 on the season and had a 2.16 ERA in 233 innings pitched. He appeared in the All-Star game and was third in the Cy Young Award voting that year. His injury problems marred his success from that point forward, with his best post-Cardinals year being in San Diego, where he helped the Padres capture the NL West division title.

In 1992 Tewksbury walked only 20 batters in 233 innings, the best ratio in the major leagues in over half a century. The next season Tewksbury came very close to ending the season with more wins than bases on balls allowed, an elusive feat only accomplished 4 times by 3 different starting pitchers in MLB history. He had 17 wins with only 18 walks allowed late in the season but gave up a walk apiece in his last two starts and did not achieve a win in either game, ending the season with 17 wins on 20 walks.

Tewksbury was a better than average fielding pitcher in his major league career. He recorded a career .980 fielding percentage with only 10 errors in 492 total chances covering 1,807 innings pitched over 302 pitching appearances, which was 24 points higher than the league average at his position.

Tewksbury was primarily a starting pitcher (302 appearances, 277 as a starter) but on April 13, 1990, he picked up his one and only save. Tewksbury pitched the final 3 innings of a 11-0 Cardinals victory over the Phillies. He saved the game for starting pitcher John Tudor.

During and after his baseball career, he became well known for his philanthropy. He has done a lot of work for the Boys & Girls Clubs of America, as well as hospital visits for sick children.

Pitching style
Tewksbury was a "changeup artist," according to Rory Costello of the Society for American Baseball Research. Since his fastball was relatively slow, he relied on deception and strategic location of his pitches to win ballgames. He was not afraid of the ball getting hit, realizing that most balls put in play are outs. Tewksbury would also vary the speeds of his offerings to frustrate the batters' timing. In 1997, the ever-crafty Tewksbury threw an Eephus pitch, joining an elite few who have thrown the "junkiest pitch in baseball." He threw it to power-hitter Mark McGwire in an interleague play game at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome and McGwire grounded out on the pitch – twice. Tewksbury's son, Griffin, has been quoted as calling this pitch "The Dominator."

After retirement
After retiring, Tewksbury worked as a player development consultant for the Boston Red Sox and appeared as a commentator for Red Sox coverage on the New England Sports Network He earned his Bachelor of Science degree in physical education at St. Leo University in 2000 and earned his master's degree in psychology at Boston University in 2004.

Tewksbury has been a sports psychology coach since 2004. After earning a master's degree in the subject from Boston University, he served as the sports psychologist for the Boston Red Sox and, later, the San Francisco Giants. He is an Adjunct Professor of Sport Psychology & Exercise at NHTI, Concord's Community College. Tewksbury still lives in New Hampshire, continuing his charitable work.

Tewksbury played himself in the movie The Scout.

Awards and honors
Tewksbury was inducted into the Saint Leo Sports Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2018, he became one of the inaugural members of the Merrimack Valley High School Hall of Fame.

title: Bob Tewksbury


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Talk:Library (biology)

Untitled
I am a bit unhappy about this article because I do not think that library in this biological sense is really a topic for explanation: it is a technical usage of a word worthy only of definition.

To avoid a stub I suggest we delete this page but carry the text of alternative meaning back onto the referring page. Alternatively can anyone possibly think of anything else to say on this? --BozMo|talk 15:15, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

If its under discussion, I think this is an important page. I linked it from clone library, and BAC library. --Dan|(talk) 15:34, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Metagenomic libraries aren't mentioned at all!? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.70.166.119 (talk) 13:48, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Library (biology)


text:
Talk:Pejorative terms for failed gender roles

doesn't it just suck? the way people critisize others because of the way the look or act without even getting to know that person, inagine if everyone in the world did that, we'd have nothing! nobody would have a job, because any employers "wouldn't like the look"of most prospective employees

in fact there woul be very little co-operation at all and the world would be such a small minded place.

thank god (or whoever) for open minded people! Selphie 15:15, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal

Great Offices of State
The page on the great offices doesn't mention Lord Keeper of the Great Seal as one of them... which page is incorrect?

Image?
Is there an image of the seal or of an impression of the seal? – Kaihsu 17:05, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal


text:
CHI

The initialism CHI may refer to:

Health

 * Catholic Health Initiatives, a hospital network in the United States
 * Child Health International, UK-based charity
 * Commission for Health Improvement, former UK body
 * Community Health Index, Scotland
 * Comprehensive health insurance
 * Creatinine height ratio, estimating protein in body composition

Places & Sports Teams

 * An abbreviation for the U.S. city of Chicago, Illinois and its major professional sports teams
 * Chicago Bears of the National Football League
 * Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League
 * Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association
 * Chicago Cubs, also CHC, of Major League Baseball
 * Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer
 * Chicago White Sox, also CWS, of Major League Baseball
 * Chile (in sports: IOC and FIFA code CHI)
 * Channel Islands, a UK dependency (Chapman code: CHI)

Science and technology

 * Carvill Hurricane Index
 * Computer–human interaction or human–computer interaction
 * CHI (conference)
 * CHI (compiler), an Intel C compiler for heterogeneous integration
 * Hyperbolic cosine integral, in trigonometry

Transit

 * Chingford railway station, United Kingdom — railway station code
 * IATA code for all Chicago airports
 * Chicago Union Station (Amtrak code)
 * Chiltern railway station, Australia

Other

 * Chichester and Harbour Independents, a minor British political party (Chichester, England)
 * Columbia Helicopters, an American aircraft manufacturer
 * CHI, one of Longwood University § Secret societies (Virginia, USA)
 * Cationic Hydration Interlink, a hair-care brand owned by Farouk Systems (founded by Farouk Shami).

title: CHI


text:
Samuel T. Cohen

Samuel Theodore Cohen (January 25, 1921 – November 28, 2010) was an American physicist who is generally credited as the father of the neutron bomb.

Biography
Cohen's parents were Austrian Jews who emigrated from London, England. He was born on January 25, 1921, in Brooklyn and raised in New York City. He studied mathematics and physics at University of California, Los Angeles before joining the United States Army after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In 1944 he worked on the Manhattan Project in the efficiency group at Los Alamos and calculated how neutrons behaved in Fat Man, the atomic bomb that was later detonated over Nagasaki, Japan. After the war he studied for his Ph.D. at Berkeley before dropping out to join the RAND Corporation. At RAND Corporation in 1950, his work on the intensity of fallout radiation first became public when his calculations were included as a special appendix in Samuel Glasstone's book The Effects of Atomic Weapons. Cohen was personally responsible for recruiting the famous strategist Herman Kahn into the RAND Corporation.

During the Vietnam War, Cohen argued that using small neutron bombs would end the war quickly and save many American lives, but politicians were not amenable to his ideas and other scientists ignored the neutron bomb in reviewing the role of nuclear weapons. He was a member of the Los Alamos Tactical Nuclear Weapons Panel in the early 1970s. President Carter delayed development of the neutron bomb in 1978, but during Ronald Reagan's presidency, Cohen claims to have convinced Reagan to make 700 neutron bombs, 350 shells to go into the 8 inch (200-millimeter) howitzer and 350 W70 Mod. 3 warheads for the Lance missile.

"Clean" nuclear tests
In 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced the testing of a 95% "clean" (2-stage) fusion weapon, later identified to have been the July 11 Navajo test at Bikini Atoll during Operation Redwing. This weapon had a yield of 4.5 megatons. Previous "dirty" weapons had fission proportions of 50–77%, due to the use of uranium-238 as a "pusher" around the lithium deuteride (secondary) stage. This is deliberate; the fusion reactions give off large quantities of 14.1 MeV neutrons, which have more energy than the 1.1 MeV "fission threshold" for U-238. This means the neutrons, which would otherwise escape, create fission reactions in the neutron reflecting 'tamper', increasing the overall yield of the weapon essentially "for free".

The 1956 "clean" tests used a lead pusher, while in 1958 a tungsten carbide pusher was employed. Hans A. Bethe supported clean nuclear weapons in 1958 as chairman of a presidential science advisory group on nuclear testing: "... certain hard targets require ground bursts, such as airfield runways if it is desired to make a crater, railroad yards if severe destruction of tracks is to be accomplished ... The use of clean weapons in strategic situations may be indicated in order to protect the local population. – Dr. Hans Bethe, Working Group Chairman, 27 March 1958 'Top Secret – Restricted Data' Report to the NSC Ad Hoc Working Group on the Technical Feasibility of a Cessation of Nuclear Testing, p 9."

In consequence of Bethe's recommendations, on July 12, 1958, the Hardtack-Poplar shot of the Mk-41C warhead was carried out on a barge in the lagoon yielded 9.3 megatons, of which only 4.8% was fission, and thus 95.2% "clean".

In 1958, Cohen investigated a low-yield "clean" nuclear weapon and discovered that the "clean" bomb case thickness scales as the cube root of yield. So a larger percentage of neutrons escapes from a small detonation, due to the thinner case required to reflect back X-rays during the secondary stage (fusion) ignition. For example, a 1-kiloton bomb only needs a case one-tenth the thickness of that required for 1-megaton.

So, although most neutrons are absorbed by the casing in a 1-megaton bomb, in a 1-kiloton bomb they would mostly escape. A neutron bomb is only feasible if the yield is sufficiently high that efficient fusion stage ignition is possible, and if the yield is low enough that the case thickness will not absorb too many neutrons. This means that neutron bombs have a yield range of 1–10 kilotons, with fission proportion varying from 50% at 1-kiloton to 25% at 10-kilotons (all of which comes from the primary stage). The neutron output per kiloton is then 10–15 times greater than for a pure fission implosion weapon or for a strategic warhead like a W87 or W88.

U.S. Department of Defense manual on the neutron bomb
Cohen's neutron bomb is not mentioned in the unclassified manual by Glasstone and Dolan, The Effects of Nuclear Weapons 1957–1977, but is included as an "enhanced neutron weapon" in chapter 5 of the declassified (formerly secret) manual edited by Philip J. Dolan, Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons, U.S. Department of Defense, effects manual DNA-EM-1, updated 1981 (U.S. Freedom of Information Act).

Under most atmospheric conditions no fallout effects would occur from the use of a neutron bomb, according to that manual, as the combination of 500-meter burst altitude and low yield prevents fallout in addition to significant thermal and blast effects. The reduction in damage outside the target area is a major advantage of such a weapon to deter massed tank invasions. An aggressor would thus be forced to disperse tanks, which would make them easier to destroy by simple hand-held anti-tank missile launchers.

Cohen's backing of investigations into these controversial ideas won him some media attention after many years of being ignored. In 1992 he was featured in the award-winning BBC TV series Pandora's Box, episode "To the Brink of Eternity", discussing his battles with officialdom and colleagues at the RAND Corporation. Cohen controversially argued: "When we started this systems analysis business, we stepped through the looking glass where people did the weirdest things and (used) the most perverse kind of logic imaginable and yet claimed to have the most precise understanding of everything."

Alleged support from the Pope for low-yield tactical nuclear bombs
Cohen reportedly worked in France on low-yield, highly discriminate tactical nuclear weapons in 1979–80. He claimed that he was awarded a medal by Pope John Paul II in 1979 for his bid to reform modern warfare. Author Charles Platt reported in a 2005 profile of Sam Cohen that "... he showed me the Medal of Peace that he had received from the Pope in 1979."

At the time, Warsaw Pact forces had a massive tank superiority in Europe (though NATO maintained an overall strategic superiority); the Christian Science Monitor reported in 1981 that there were "19,500 tanks in the Soviet-controlled forces of the Warsaw Pact aimed at Western Europe. Of these, 12,500 are Soviet tanks in Soviet units. NATO has 7,000 tanks on its side facing the 19,500." A deterrent which was designed to minimise civilian casualties was a step away from the risk of indiscriminate warfare. The neutron bomb's killing by neutron radiation is different from the fallout of a normal high yield thermonuclear weapon because it can be controlled more precisely, restricted to military targets and kept away from civilians.

The speed of modern warfare meant that the civilian population would be unlikely to be able to withdraw from combat zones and would suffer a large number of deaths in a nuclear war where the blast yields and fallout were significant. Because neutron bombs do not produce the indiscriminate blast (only 40 kilopascals at ground zero from a 1 kt blast yield detonation at 500 m altitude, and only 7 kPa at 2 km distance), heat, and fallout damage of other nuclear weapons, they were more credible as a deterrent to Soviet tanks. However, many people believed that the very deployment of the neutron bomb threatened an escalation to full-scale nuclear retaliation, thus canceling out the supposed benefits. Advances in precision anti-tank weapons ultimately made the neutron bomb redundant tactically in its original objective. The debate over "clean" low yield nuclear weapons continues with earth penetrator technology ("nuclear bunker busters").

Red Mercury claims
More recently, Cohen was the main proponent of what most consider to be a mythical substance, red mercury. If the "conventional story" is to be believed, red mercury was a disinformation campaign led by US government agencies in order to lure potential terrorists into being captured. The story that was released was that red mercury was developed by the Soviet Union as a "shortcut" to a fusion bomb, and that with the fall of the Soviet Union it was being offered on the market by the Soviet mafia. When prospective buyers showed up to take delivery of the material, they were arrested.

During the height of the story, in the 1990s, Cohen became a proponent of red mercury. He claimed not only that it existed, but that he knew its nature; it was a powerful ballotechnic material that directly compressed the fusion fuel without the need for a fission primary. Bombs using red mercury had no real critical mass and could be developed at any size. He further claimed that the Soviets had produced a number of "micro-nukes" based on red mercury, which are described as being about as large as a baseball and weighing 10 pounds. According to Cohen, their existence meant that any effort to control nuclear proliferation based on fissile material was thus hopeless. A reiteration of the claim can be seen in The Nuclear Threat That Doesn't Exist – or Does It or No?, by Cohen and Joe Douglass in a March 11, 2003, guest editorial in Financial Sense Online.

Political involvement
In 1984, in a cover story for the libertarian magazine Reason, Cohen expressed support for the construction of a nuclear-radiation field along the borders of Israel as a means of protecting it from the military forces of other nations and killing anyone who approached it via gamma radiation. "What I am suggesting is the construction of a border barrier whose most effective component is an extremely intense field of nuclear radiation (produced by the operation of underground nuclear reactors), sharply confined to the barrier zone, which practically guarantees the death of anyone attempting to breach the barrier," he wrote. "Establishing such a 'nuclear wall' at the borders of a threatened country can make virtually impossible any successful penetration by ground forces – as well as a preemptive ground attack by the threatened country."

Cohen spoke at an April 2000 fundraiser in La Canada, California, for then-Reform Party presidential candidate Patrick Buchanan. Irv Rubin was prominently present at this event, with his organization, the Jewish Defense League (JDL), and with members of the Libertarian Party, to protest. The JDL posted Cohen's home phone number and address on its website, urging its members to contact him, to persuade him to stop supporting Buchanan.

In her address to the 2000 Reform Party National Convention, Buchanan's running mate, Ezola Foster, cited Cohen's endorsement of Buchanan to refute the claim that the candidate was anti-Semitic.

Support for Baptist pastor and author William P. Grady
As part of a self-described unusual friendship, Cohen wrote the afterword to William P. Grady's 2005 bestseller titled How Satan Turned America Against God. Cohen explained that although he was an unbelieving Jew, and thus could not relate to the spiritual content of the book, he concurred with Grady's grasp of America's disastrous foreign policy.

Death
He died on November 28, 2010, in Brentwood, Los Angeles, from complications of his stomach cancer.

In popular culture
On the DVD of the film Repo Man (which contains a fictional character loosely based on Cohen and the neutron bomb as a plot device), Cohen is interviewed in the commentary on the deleted scenes. During the interview, Cohen asserts that the neutron bomb conforms to just war theories.

The Neutron bomb documentary film by Kulan, Peter partly based on an interview with Cohen.

title: Samuel T. Cohen


text:
John R. Cash (album)

John R. Cash is the 51st overall album by country singer Johnny Cash, released in 1975 on Columbia Records. It consists mostly of covers of other musicians' songs. The first track on the album, a song titled "My Old Kentucky Home", is not the state song of Kentucky, but a composition by Randy Newman which had been previously recorded by the Osborne Brothers in 1970 and Three Dog Night in 1972; Cash's version, like that of the Osborne Brothers five years previous, was released as the second single from the album, though the previously issued single "The Lady Came from Baltimore" had achieved greater success on the charts, reaching #14. The Cash original "Lonesome to the Bone" had previously appeared on Ragged Old Flag (1974) and would make one more appearance on Silver (1979).

Cash himself disliked John R. Cash, criticizing both the album and its production process in his 1997 autobiography, Cash: The Autobiography. He said the release was "[the CBS bosses'] idea of an album to restore [Cash's] sales potential", mentioning that the instrumental tracks were recorded separately from the vocals, a standard practice Cash didn't usually follow himself. In addition, this was the first Johnny Cash album on which his regular backing group, The Tennessee Three did not participate; instead, producer Gary Klein recruited a number of session musicians including members of Elvis Presley's TCB Band concert backing group, including guitarist James Burton, pianist Larry Muhoberac and drummer Ron Tutt.

Personnel

 * Johnny Cash – vocals, guitar
 * Marshall Grant – bass
 * Bob Wootton – guitar
 * Reggie Young – guitar
 * Henry Strzelecki – bass guitar
 * Kenny Malone – drums
 * Shane Keister, Teddy Irwin – keyboards
 * David Allan Coe – harmony vocals
 * Jackie Ward, The Ron Hicklin Singers – backing vocals
 * Harry Bluestone – strings concertmaster
 * Frank DeCaro – contractor
 * Ron Tutt, Reini Press, David Foster, Larry Muhoberac, Ron Elliot, Ry Cooder, James Burton, Russ Thelman, Jerry Cole, Victor Feldman, Joe Porcaro, Gene Estes, Nick DeCaro, Gene Cipriano – musicians in Los Angeles

Additional personnel

 * Produced by Gary Klein
 * Arranged by Nick DeCaro
 * Mixed by Al Schmitt
 * Cover design: Bill Barnes and Julie Holiner
 * Cover photo: Al Clayton
 * Flyleaf photo: Emerson-Loew

Charts
Singles – Billboard (United States)

title: John R. Cash (album)


text:
John Cash

John Cash may refer to:

 * Johnny Cash (1932–2003), singer
 * John R. Cash (album), a 1975 album by Johnny Cash
 * John Cash (physician) (1936–2020), former president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
 * John Theodore Cash (1854–1936), British physician, professor of Materia Medica, Aberdeen University
 * John Carter Cash (born 1970), American country musician and son of Johnny Cash
 * John Cash (American football) (born 1934), American football player
 * John Cash (1822–1880), British manufacturer, co-founder of J. & J. Cash Ltd.

title: John Cash


text:
Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State

The Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State was a transitional post established in January 1922, lasting until the creation of the Irish Free State in December 1922.

The Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921 was passed by the Irish Republic's Dáil Éireann. The British government also required it to be passed by the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, and for a legal government to be established. Michael Collins became Chairman of the Provisional Government (i.e. prime minister). He also remained Minister for Finance of Arthur Griffith's republican administration.

After Collins and Griffith's deaths in August 1922, W. T. Cosgrave became both Chairman of the Provisional Government and President of Dáil Éireann, and the distinction between the two became increasingly confused and irrelevant until the creation of the Irish Free State in December 1922.


text:
User talk:Nbray

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Nbray


text:
User talk:Pontac

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Categories relevant to wine are "Grape varieties" and "varietals". Burschik 10:35, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Talk:Pinotage
There is a discussion about your removal of the André van Rensburg "Child rape" comment. Your input in the discussion would be greatly appreciated. AgneCheese/Wine 01:30, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pontac


text:
Talk:Gladys Rodriguez

I've removed Category:Puerto Rican people from this article twice now. It's redundant due to the fact that this article is already a member of "Puerto Rican actors and actresses" and "Puerto Rican comedians", both of which are direct subcategories of Puerto Rican people. The first line of Categorization reads "Articles should be placed in the most specific categories possible" - the "people" category is too general, IMO. Bryan 15:27, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gladys Rodriguez


text:
Ageratina

Ageratina, commonly known as snakeroot, is a genus of over 300 species  of perennials and rounded shrubs in the family Asteraceae.

These plants grow mainly in the warmer regions of the Americas and West Indies. Over 150 species are native to Mexico. Some flourish in the cooler areas of the eastern United States. Two Mexican species have become a pest in parts of Australia and Taiwan. Ageratina used to belong to the genus Eupatorium, but it has been reclassified.

The genus name Ageratina means "like Ageratum" and consists of Ageratum and -ina, the feminine form of the Latin adjectival suffix.

Description
The inflorescence consists of multiple fluffy, red or pinkish-white capitula in clusters. These lack the typical ray flowers of the composites.

They have multiple, much-branched woody stems. The petioles are rather long. The leaves are triangular, serrate and opposite with a foul-smelling, musky scent.

Species
, Plants of the World online accepted 315 species:

 * Ageratina acevedoana
 * Ageratina acevedoi
 * Ageratina adenophora
 * Ageratina adenophoroides
 * Ageratina aegirophylla
 * Ageratina altissima
 * Ageratina amblyolepis
 * Ageratina ampla
 * Ageratina anchistea
 * Ageratina angustifolia
 * Ageratina anisochroma
 * Ageratina apollinairei
 * Ageratina appendiculata
 * Ageratina aracaiensis
 * Ageratina arbutifolia
 * Ageratina areolaris
 * Ageratina aristeguietii
 * Ageratina aristei
 * Ageratina aromatica
 * Ageratina arsenei
 * Ageratina asclepiadea
 * Ageratina astellera
 * Ageratina atrocordata
 * Ageratina austin-smithii
 * Ageratina ayerscottiana
 * Ageratina baccharoides
 * Ageratina badia
 * Ageratina barclayae
 * Ageratina barriei
 * Ageratina beamanii
 * Ageratina bellidifolia
 * Ageratina bishopii
 * Ageratina blepharilepis
 * Ageratina bobjansenii
 * Ageratina boekei
 * Ageratina boyacensis
 * Ageratina brandegeana
 * Ageratina brevipes
 * Ageratina bustamenta
 * Ageratina caeciliae
 * Ageratina calaminthifolia
 * Ageratina calophylla
 * Ageratina campii
 * Ageratina campylocladia
 * Ageratina capazica
 * Ageratina capillipes
 * Ageratina cardiophylla
 * Ageratina carmonis
 * Ageratina cartagoensis
 * Ageratina celestini
 * Ageratina cerifera
 * Ageratina chachapoyasensis
 * Ageratina chazaroana
 * Ageratina chimalapana
 * Ageratina chiriquensis
 * Ageratina choricephala
 * Ageratina choricephaloides
 * Ageratina colimana
 * Ageratina collodes
 * Ageratina concordiana
 * Ageratina contigua
 * Ageratina contorta
 * Ageratina corylifolia
 * Ageratina costaricensis
 * Ageratina crassiceps
 * Ageratina crassiramea
 * Ageratina cremastra
 * Ageratina cronquistii
 * Ageratina cruzii
 * Ageratina cuatrecasasii
 * Ageratina cuencana
 * Ageratina cuicatlana
 * Ageratina cumbensis
 * Ageratina cutervensis
 * Ageratina cuzcoensis
 * Ageratina cylindrica
 * Ageratina dasyneura
 * Ageratina davidsei
 * Ageratina deltoidea
 * Ageratina desquamans
 * Ageratina dictyoneura
 * Ageratina dillonii
 * Ageratina diversipila
 * Ageratina dolichobasis
 * Ageratina dombeyana
 * Ageratina dorrii
 * Ageratina eleazarii
 * Ageratina elegans
 * Ageratina enixa
 * Ageratina espinosarum
 * Ageratina etlana
 * Ageratina etlensis
 * Ageratina ewanii
 * Ageratina fastigiata
 * Ageratina feuereri
 * Ageratina flaviseta
 * Ageratina fleischmannioides
 * Ageratina flourensifolia
 * Ageratina funckii
 * Ageratina geminata
 * Ageratina gentryana
 * Ageratina gilbertii
 * Ageratina glabrata
 * Ageratina glandulifera
 * Ageratina glauca
 * Ageratina glechonophylla
 * Ageratina glischra
 * Ageratina gloeoclada
 * Ageratina glyptophlebia
 * Ageratina gonzalezorum
 * Ageratina gracilenta
 * Ageratina gracilis
 * Ageratina grandifolia
 * Ageratina grashoffii
 * Ageratina guatemalensis
 * Ageratina gynoxoides
 * Ageratina gypsophila
 * Ageratina halbertiana
 * Ageratina harlingii
 * Ageratina hartii
 * Ageratina hasegawana
 * Ageratina havanensis
 * Ageratina hederifolia
 * Ageratina helenae
 * Ageratina henzium
 * Ageratina herbacea
 * Ageratina hernandezii
 * ''Ageratina hidalgensis
 * Ageratina hirtella
 * Ageratina huahuapana
 * Ageratina huehueteca
 * Ageratina humochica
 * Ageratina hyssopina
 * Ageratina ibaguensis
 * Ageratina ilicifolia
 * Ageratina illita
 * Ageratina iltisii
 * Ageratina infiernillensis
 * Ageratina intercostulata
 * Ageratina intibucensis
 * Ageratina irrasa
 * Ageratina isolepis
 * Ageratina jahnii
 * Ageratina jaliscensis
 * Ageratina jalpana
 * Ageratina jalpanserra
 * Ageratina jocotepecana
 * Ageratina josepaneroi
 * Ageratina josephensis
 * Ageratina jucunda
 * Ageratina juxtlahuacensis
 * Ageratina killipii
 * Ageratina kochiana
 * Ageratina kupperi
 * Ageratina lapsensis
 * Ageratina lasia
 * Ageratina lasioneura
 * Ageratina latipes
 * Ageratina leiocarpa
 * Ageratina lemmonii
 * Ageratina leptodictyon
 * Ageratina liebmannii
 * Ageratina ligustrina
 * Ageratina lobulifera
 * Ageratina lopez-mirandae
 * Ageratina lorentzii
 * Ageratina luciae-brauniae
 * Ageratina lucida
 * Ageratina macbridei
 * Ageratina macdonaldii
 * Ageratina macvaughii
 * Ageratina mairetiana
 * Ageratina malacolepis
 * Ageratina manantlana
 * Ageratina maranonii
 * Ageratina markporteri
 * Ageratina mayajana
 * Ageratina mazatecana
 * Ageratina megacephala
 * Ageratina megaphylla
 * Ageratina miahuatlana
 * Ageratina microcephala
 * Ageratina miquihuana
 * Ageratina molinae
 * Ageratina moorei
 * Ageratina mortoniana
 * Ageratina muelleri
 * Ageratina mutiscuensis
 * Ageratina neblinensis
 * Ageratina neohintonorium
 * Ageratina neriifolia (
 * Ageratina nesomii
 * Ageratina nubicola
 * Ageratina oaxacana
 * Ageratina ocanensis
 * Ageratina occidentalis
 * Ageratina oligocephala
 * Ageratina oppositifolia
 * Ageratina oreithales
 * Ageratina ovilla
 * Ageratina ozolotepecana
 * Ageratina palmeri
 * Ageratina pampalcensis
 * Ageratina paramensis
 * Ageratina parayana
 * Ageratina parviceps
 * Ageratina paucibracteata
 * Ageratina pauciflora
 * Ageratina paupercula
 * Ageratina pazcuarensis
 * Ageratina pelotropha
 * Ageratina pendula
 * Ageratina pentlandiana
 * Ageratina perezii
 * Ageratina persetosa
 * Ageratina petiolaris
 * Ageratina photina
 * Ageratina pichinchensis
 * Ageratina pochutlana
 * Ageratina popayanensis
 * Ageratina potosina
 * Ageratina pringlei
 * Ageratina proba
 * Ageratina prunellifolia
 * Ageratina prunifolia
 * Ageratina pseudochilca
 * Ageratina pseudogracilis
 * Ageratina psilodora
 * Ageratina queretaroana
 * Ageratina ramireziorum
 * Ageratina ramonensis
 * Ageratina rangelii
 * Ageratina regalis
 * Ageratina resiniflua
 * Ageratina resiniflua
 * Ageratina reticulifora
 * Ageratina rhodopappa
 * Ageratina rhodopoda
 * Ageratina rhomboidea
 * Ageratina rhypodes
 * Ageratina rhytidodes
 * Ageratina riparia
 * Ageratina riskindii
 * Ageratina rivalis
 * Ageratina roanensis
 * Ageratina robinsoniana
 * Ageratina roraimensis
 * Ageratina rosei
 * Ageratina rothrockii
 * Ageratina rubicaulis
 * Ageratina rupicola
 * Ageratina salicifolia
 * Ageratina saltillensis
 * Ageratina salvadorensis
 * Ageratina sandersii
 * Ageratina saxorum
 * Ageratina schaffneri
 * Ageratina scopulorum
 * Ageratina scordonioides
 * Ageratina seleri
 * Ageratina serboana
 * Ageratina serrulata
 * Ageratina shastensis
 * Ageratina simulans
 * Ageratina sodiroi
 * Ageratina soejimana
 * Ageratina solana
 * Ageratina sotarensis
 * Ageratina sousae
 * Ageratina spooneri
 * Ageratina standleyi
 * Ageratina sternbergiana
 * Ageratina stictophylla
 * Ageratina stricta
 * Ageratina subcoriacea
 * Ageratina subferruginea
 * Ageratina subinclusa
 * Ageratina sundbergii
 * Ageratina tambillensis
 * Ageratina tarmensis
 * Ageratina tejalapana
 * Ageratina tenuis
 * Ageratina textitlana
 * Ageratina theifolia
 * Ageratina thyrsiflora
 * Ageratina tinifolia
 * Ageratina tomentella
 * Ageratina tonduzii
 * Ageratina tovarae
 * Ageratina trianae
 * Ageratina triangulata
 * Ageratina triniona
 * Ageratina tristis
 * Ageratina urbani
 * Ageratina vacciniifolia
 * Ageratina vallincola
 * Ageratina venulosa
 * Ageratina vernalis
 * Ageratina vernicosa
 * Ageratina viburnoides
 * Ageratina viejoana
 * Ageratina villarrealii
 * Ageratina villonacoensis
 * Ageratina viscosa
 * Ageratina viscosissima
 * Ageratina warnockii
 * Ageratina websteri
 * Ageratina wrightii
 * Ageratina wurdackii
 * Ageratina yaharana
 * Ageratina yecorana
 * Ageratina zapalinama
 * Ageratina zaragozana
 * Ageratina zinniifolia
 * Ageratina zunilana

Selected synonyms:
 * Ageratina conspicua — synonym of Ageratina grandifolia
 * Ageratina dendroides — synonym of Raulinoreitzia crenulata

Toxicity
Milk from cows that have eaten snakeroot can cause illness if ingested because the milk becomes toxic. Symptoms of milk sickness include vomiting.

Medicinal use
Ageratina pichinchensis is a traditional Mexican treatment for superficial fungal infections of the skin. These plant extracts contain encecalin which has activity to inhibit and kill the fungus. Studies have compared its effectiveness in treating toenail fungus with ciclopirox.

Long used in India to treat snakebite, epilepsy, mental disorders. It was also discovered to be useful in regulating hypertension discovered in 1949, but it causes various side effects. Used to treat schizophrenia due to the alkaloid reserpine it contains.

title: Ageratina


text:
Outline of human–computer interaction

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human–computer interaction:

Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) – the intersection of computer science and behavioral sciences — this field involves the study, planning, and design of the interaction between people (users) and computers. Attention to human-machine interaction is important, because poorly designed human-machine interfaces can lead to many unexpected problems. A classic example of this is the Three Mile Island accident where investigations concluded that the design of the human-machine interface was at least partially responsible for the disaster.

What type of thing is human–computer interaction?
Human–Computer Interaction can be described as all of the following:
 * A field of science – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
 * An applied science – field that applies human knowledge to build or design useful things.
 * A field of computer science – scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications.
 * An application of engineering – science, skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, to design and also build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes.
 * An application of software engineering – application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the design, development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software.
 * A subfield of computer programming – process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is written in one or more programming languages (such as Java, C++, C#, Python, PHP etc.). The purpose of programming is to create a set of instructions that computers use to perform specific operations or to exhibit desired behaviors.
 * A social science – academic discipline concerned with society and human behavior.
 * A behavioral science – discipline that explores the activities of and interactions among organisms. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through controlled and naturalistic observation, and disciplined scientific experimentation. Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, and cognitive science.
 * A type of system – set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole or a set of elements (often called 'components' ) and relationships which are different from relationships of the set or its elements to other elements or sets.
 * A system that includes software – software is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. Software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system.
 * A type of technology – making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, methods of organization, to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments.
 * A form of computer technology – computers and their application.

Styles of human–computer interaction

 * Command line interface
 * Graphical user interface (GUI)
 * Copy and paste, Cut and paste
 * Single Document Interface, Multiple Document Interface, Tabbed Document Interface
 * Elements of graphical user interfaces
 * Pointer
 * Widget (computing)
 * icons
 * WIMP (computing)
 * Point and click
 * Drag and drop
 * Window managers
 * WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get)
 * Zooming user interface (ZUI)
 * Brushing and linking
 * Crossing-based interface
 * Conversational user interface
 * Voice computing

Related fields
Human–computer interaction draws from the following fields:
 * psychology
 * human memory
 * human perception
 * sensory system
 * sociology and social psychology
 * cognitive science
 * human factors / cognitive ergonomics / physical ergonomics
 * repetitive strain injury
 * computer science
 * computer graphics
 * artificial intelligence
 * computer vision
 * visualization
 * information visualization
 * scientific visualization
 * knowledge visualization
 * design
 * industrial design
 * graphic design and aesthetics
 * information design
 * interaction design
 * process-centered design
 * sonic interaction design
 * Interactive Art and HCI
 * library and information science, information science
 * information security
 * HCISec
 * speech-language pathology
 * personal information management
 * phenomenology

History of human–computer interaction
History of human–computer interaction
 * Ivan Sutherland's Sketchpad
 * History of automated adaptive instruction in computer applications
 * History of the GUI

Interaction paradigms

 * Time-sharing (1959)
 * hypertext (Ted Nelson 1963), hypermedia and hyperlinks
 * Direct manipulation (ex. lightpen 1963, mice 1968)
 * Desktop metaphor (197x XEROX PARC)
 * Windows-Paradigm
 * Personal computer
 * CSCW: Computer Supported Collaborative (or Cooperative) Work, collaborative software
 * Ubiquitous computing ("ubicomp") coined 1988
 * World Wide Web (Tim Berners Lee 1989)
 * Mobile interaction
 * "sensor-based / context-aware interaction"-paradigm

Notable systems and prototypes

 * Office of the future (1940s)
 * Sketchpad (1963)
 * NLS and The Mother of All Demos (1968)
 * Dynabook (circa 1970)
 * Xerox Alto (1973)
 * Xerox Star (1981)
 * Apple Macintosh (1984)
 * Knowledge Navigator (1987)
 * Project Looking Glass (circa 2003 or 2004)
 * The Humane Environment (alpha release, 2004)

General human–computer interaction concepts

 * accessibility and computer accessibility
 * adaptive autonomy
 * affordance
 * banner blindness
 * computer user satisfaction
 * contextual design and contextual inquiry
 * Feminist HCI
 * gender HCI
 * gulf of evaluation
 * gulf of execution
 * habituation
 * human action cycle
 * human interface device
 * human–machine interface
 * interaction technique
 * look and feel
 * mode (user interface)
 * physiological interaction
 * principle of least astonishment
 * progressive disclosure
 * sonic interaction design
 * thanatosensitivity
 * transparency
 * usability and usability testing
 * user, luser
 * user experience and user experience design
 * user-friendliness
 * user interface and user interface design
 * user interface engineering and usability engineering
 * handheld devices
 * Human–computer information retrieval
 * Information retrieval
 * Internet and the World Wide Web
 * multimedia
 * Software agents
 * Universal usability
 * User experience design
 * Visual programming languages.
 * Knowbility

Hardware
Hardware input/output devices and peripherals:
 * List of input devices
 * unit record equipment
 * barcode scanner
 * keyboard
 * computer keyboard
 * keyboard shortcut
 * ways to make typing more efficient: command history, autocomplete, autoreplace and Intellisense
 * microphone
 * pointing device
 * computer mouse
 * mouse chording
 * List of output devices
 * visual devices
 * graphical output device
 * display device
 * computer display
 * video projector
 * computer printer
 * plotter
 * auditory devices
 * speakers
 * earphones
 * tactile devices
 * refreshable Braille display
 * braille embosser
 * Haptic devices

Interface design methods

 * activity-centered design
 * Affordance analysis
 * bodystorming
 * Contextual design
 * focus group
 * iterative design
 * participatory design
 * pictive user interface workshop method
 * rapid prototyping
 * Scenario-based design (SBD)
 * task analysis/task modeling
 * user-centered design
 * usage-centered design
 * User scenario
 * Value sensitive design
 * Wizard of Oz experiment

Usability

 * Usability testing
 * heuristic evaluation
 * cognitive walkthrough
 * usability lab

Models and laws

 * Hick's law
 * Fitts' law
 * Steering law
 * GOMS – goals, operators, methods, and selection rules
 * Keystroke-level model (KLM)

Movies
Motion pictures featuring interesting user interfaces:
 * 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
 * Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977)
 * Alien (1979)
 * Blade Runner (1982)
 * Tron (1982)
 * The Last Starfighter (1984)
 * Ghost in the Shell (1991/1995)
 * The Lawnmower Man (1992)
 * Johnny Mnemonic (1995)
 * The Matrix (1999)
 * Serial Experiments Lain (1998)
 * Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001)
 * Minority Report (2002)
 * Simone (2002)
 * I, Robot (2004)
 * Iron Man (2008)
 * Avatar (2009)
 * Her (2013)

Industrial labs and companies
Industrial labs and companies known for innovation and research in HCI:
 * Alias Wavefront
 * Apple Computer
 * AT&T Labs
 * Bell Labs
 * HP Labs
 * Microsoft Research
 * SRI International (formerly Stanford Research Institute)
 * Xerox PARC

Persons influential in human–computer interaction

 * Tim Berners-Lee
 * Bill Buxton
 * John M. Carroll (information scientist)
 * Douglas Engelbart
 * Paul Fitts
 * Alan Kay
 * Steve Mann
 * Ted Nelson
 * Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)
 * Donald Norman
 * Bernhard Preim
 * Jef Raskin
 * George G. Robertson
 * Ben Shneiderman
 * Herbert A. Simon
 * Ivan Sutherland
 * Terry Winograd

title: Outline of human–computer interaction


text:
Basquiat (film)

Basquiat is a 1996 American biographical drama film directed, written and co-composed by Julian Schnabel in his feature directorial debut. The film is based on the life of American postmodernist/neo expressionist artist Jean-Michel Basquiat. It is the first film about an American painter written and directed by another artist.

Jeffrey Wright portrays Basquiat, a Brooklyn-born artist who used his graffiti roots as a foundation to create collage-style paintings on canvas. David Bowie plays Basquiat's friend and mentor, pop artist Andy Warhol. Additional cast members include Gary Oldman as a character based on Schnabel, Michael Wincott as the poet and art critic Rene Ricard, Dennis Hopper as Bruno Bischofberger, Parker Posey as gallery owner Mary Boone, and Claire Forlani, Christopher Walken, Willem Dafoe, Courtney Love, Tatum O'Neal, and Benicio del Toro in supporting roles as "composite characters".

Plot
The film is a lightly fictionalized account of Basquiat's life. A struggling artist living in a cardboard box in Tompkins Square Park works his way up the rungs of the New York art world in the eighties, thanks in part to his association with Andy Warhol, the art dealer Bruno Bischofberger, poet and critic René Ricard, and fellow artist Albert Milo.

Alongside the development of his artistic career, the film follows Basquiat's tumultuous relationship with Gina, a fellow aspiring artist he meets while she is working as a waitress at the diner he frequents with his friend Benny. Their romance is affected by Basquiat's affair with "Big Pink", a woman he picks up on the street, and his heroin addiction. Eventually, Basquiat finds himself isolated by his fame, the death of Warhol, and his drug use. The film ends with an intertitle stating that Basquiat died of a heroin overdose on August 12, 1988, at the age of 27.

Cast

 * Jeffrey Wright as Jean-Michel Basquiat
 * David Bowie as Andy Warhol
 * Benicio del Toro as Benny Dalmau
 * Dennis Hopper as Bruno Bischofberger
 * Gary Oldman as Albert Milo
 * Michael Wincott as René Ricard
 * Claire Forlani as Gina Cardinale
 * Parker Posey as Mary Boone
 * Courtney Love as Big Pink
 * Elina Löwensohn as Annina Nosei
 * Paul Bartel as Henry Geldzahler
 * Tatum O'Neal as Cynthia Kruger
 * Christopher Walken as The Interviewer
 * Willem Dafoe as the Electrician
 * Michael Badalucco as Counterman At Deli
 * Sam Rockwell as Thug
 * Linda Larkin as Fan
 * Joseph Glasco as Medieval Villager

Writing
Julian Schnabel had given seed money to another film that was being developed about Jean-Michel Basquiat, but when he read an early script that he believed misrepresented Andy Warhol, he decided to make the film himself. Schnabel said, '' In the film, I wanted to make a requiem for Jean and Andy ... They were so attacked. Andy cared about Jean-Michel. He was really human. He wasn't a vampire. His death broke Jean-Michel's heart."

The film has a screenplay by Schnabel and a story by Lech Majewski.

Schnabel's art in film
As director, Schnabel inserted himself into the film as the fictional character Albert Milo (Gary Oldman), based on himself. Schnabel also added cameo appearances by his mother, father, and daughter (as Milo's family). Schnabel appeared as an extra as a waiter.

Basquiat was the first commercial feature film about a painter made by a painter. Schnabel said: "I know what it's like to be attacked as an artist. I know what it's like to be judged as an artist. I know what it's like to arrive as an artist and have fame and notoriety. I know what it's like to be accused of things that you never said or did. I know what it's like to be described as a piece of hype. I know what it's like to be appreciated as well as degraded."

Basquiat died in 1988 of mixed-drug toxicity (he had been combining cocaine and heroin, known as "speedballing"). Basquiat's estate denied permission for his work to be used in the film. Schnabel and his studio assistant Greg Bogin created paintings "in the style of" Basquiat for the film.

Casting
After the film was released, Jeffrey Wright said that "I think my performance was appropriated, literally, and the way I was edited was appropriated in the same way his [Basquiat's] story has been appropriated and that he was appropriated when he was alive. [...] Julian made him out to be too docile and too much of a victim and too passive and not as dangerous as he really was. It's about containing Basquiat. It's about aggrandizing himself through Basquiat's memory."

Comparing Bowie's Warhol to earlier portrayals, Paul Morrissey (who directed many Warhol films) said "Bowie was the best by far. You come away from Basquiat thinking Andy was comical and amusing, not a pretentious, phony piece of shit, which is how others show him." He also noted that "Bowie at least knew Andy. They went to the same parties." Bowie was able to borrow Warhol's actual wig, glasses and jacket from the Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh for the film. Writer Bob Colacello, who edited Warhol's Interview magazine in the 70's and early 80's, said "[Crispin] Glover walked the most like [the real] Andy, [Jared] Harris talked the most like Andy, and Bowie looked the most like Andy. When I first saw Bowie on the set, it was like Andy had been resurrected."

In 2018, musician and actor Lenny Kravitz said in an interview with V Magazine, that Schnabel had asked him to take the role of Basquiat. Kravitz said, "I look back and I'm like, wow, I probably should have done that".

Joseph Glasco, a friend of Schnabel's, had a small acting role in the film and provided some voice over narration. He died May 31, 1996 before the film was released in August. Schnabel dedicated the film to Glasco in the final film credit.

Box office
Basquiat opened theatrically on August 9, 1996 in 6 venues, earning $83,863 in its first weekend. The film ultimately grossed $3,011,195 domestically.

Critical reception
The film received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 67% rating based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. Metacritic reports a 65 out of 100 rating based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three and a half out of a possible four stars stating that in Schnabel's portrayal Basquiat "is a quiet, almost wordless presence, a young man who rarely says what he is thinking and often deliberately chooses to miss the point of a conversation. He is dreamy, sweet, and pensive. There are deep hurts and angers". Janet Maslin in The New York Times called the film "bold, attention-getting and more than a little facile, a stylish-looking film without the connective tissue to give it real depth."

David Bonetti of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a poor review due to his perception of the inexperience of the director, stating, "Schnabel can't decide whether he wants to tell a traditional rise-and-fall morality tale or make an art film. His attempt at telling Basquiat's story straightforwardly collapses under its own banality". Similarly, the Los Angeles Examiner said that "Basquiat does not seem interested in anything that doesn't advance its director's personal agenda." The review stated that "Though as a writer-director, Schnabel's work is not the total fiasco the debut films of fellow artists David Salle (Search and Destroy) and Robert Longo (Johnny Mnemonic) were, it is fascinating to see what a compendium of Troubled Genius movie cliches he has turned out." Like several of the negative reviews, the review picked out for praise the acting of Jeffrey Wright as Jean-Michel Basquiat, saying "Basquiat's only genuine inspiration was casting Jeffrey Wright, who won a Tony for his work in Angels in America on the New York stage, as the artist. An actor whose talent is visible even in this standard role, Wright's ability creates more interest in Basquiat's fate than would otherwise exist."

The reviews in the art press focused more on the relation of Schnabel as director to his portrayal of Schnabel as artist in the film, and on changes to the facts of Basquiat's life introduced by Schnabel to make a more accessible film. In Art in America, the art critic Brooks Adams wrote: Basquiat can be seen as a huge, lurking self-portrait of the artist-Schnabel, not Basquiat. So laden is the film with the innumerable coincidences of Basquiat and Schnabel's enthusiasms (among others, for pajamas and surfing) that the movie should be more appropriately called My Basquiat... To a remarkable degree, the movie succeeds, by dint of its authorial slant, in popularizing the myth of Basquiat as a young, gorgeous, doomed, yet ultimately transcendent black male artist, even as it extends and reinflates the myth of Schnabel as a protean, Picassoid white male painter... Yet for all one's apprehension about the very idea of Schnabel making such a film, Basquiat turns out to be a surprisingly good movie...It is also an art work.

Music
The following songs are in order of their appearance in the film.

 * "Fairytale of New York" – The Pogues
 * "Public Image" – Public Image Ltd.
 * "Girlfriend" – The Modern Lovers
 * "Suicide Mode" – Nicholas Marion Taylor
 * "Suicide Hotline Mode" – Nicholas Marion Taylor
 * "I'm Not in Love" – Toadies
 * "Lust for Life" – Iggy Pop
 * "The Nearness of You" – Keith Richards
 * "Waiting on a Friend" – The Rolling Stones
 * "Pixote Theme" – Electro Band
 * "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" – Them
 * "You Can't Be Funky (If You Haven't Got Soul)" – Bush Tetras
 * "Flamenco Sketches" – Miles Davis
 * "Ko-Ko" – Charlie Parker
 * "White Lines" – Melle Mel (as GrandMaster Flash Melle Mel)
 * "Beast of Burden" – The Rolling Stones
 * "Rise" – Tripping Daisy
 * "Is That All There Is?" – Peggy Lee
 * "Paris Je T'aime (Paris, Stay the Same)" – David McDermott
 * "April in Paris" – Charlie Parker
 * "Who Are You This Time" – Tom Waits
 * "India" – The Psychedelic Furs
 * "D'amor sull'ali rosee" (Il trovatore, Act 4 Sc. 1) – Renata Tebaldi
 * "Tom Traubert's Blues (Four Sheets to the Wind in Copenhagen)" – Tom Waits
 * "A Small Plot of Land" – David Bowie
 * Symphony No. 3, Opus 36 (Symphony of Sorrowful Songs) – Henryk Górecki (London Sinfonietta)
 * "Summer in Siam" – The Pogues
 * "She Is Dancing" – Brian Kelly
 * "Hallelujah" – John Cale
 * "This Is the Last Song I'll Ever Sing" – Gavin Friday

title: Basquiat (film)


text:
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text: User talk:195.175.37.7

title: User talk:195.175.37.7


text:
Madeleine of Valois

Madeleine of Valois (10 August 1520 – 7 July 1537) was a French princess who briefly became Queen of Scotland in 1537 as the first wife of King James V. The marriage was arranged in accordance with the Treaty of Rouen, and they were married at Notre-Dame de Paris in January 1537, despite French reservations over her failing health. Madeleine died in July 1537, only six months after the wedding and less than two months after arriving in Scotland, resulting in her nickname, the "Summer Queen".

Early life
Madeleine was born at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, the fifth child and third daughter of King Francis I of France and Claude, Duchess of Brittany, herself the eldest daughter of King Louis XII of France and Anne, Duchess of Brittany.

She was frail from birth, and grew up in the warm and temperate Loire Valley region of France, rather than at Paris, as her father feared that the cold would destroy her delicate health. Together with her sister, Margaret, she was raised by her aunt, Marguerite de Navarre until her father remarried and his new wife, Eleanor of Austria, took them into her own household. By her sixteenth birthday, she had contracted tuberculosis.

Marriage negotiations
Three years before Madeleine's birth, the Franco-Scottish Treaty of Rouen was made to bolster the Auld Alliance after Scotland's defeat at the Battle of Flodden. A marriage between a French princess and the Scottish King was one of its provisions. In April 1530, John Stewart, Duke of Albany, was appointed commissioner to finalize the royal marriage between James V and Madeleine. However, as Madeleine did not enjoy good health, another French bride, Mary of Bourbon, was proposed.

James V sent his herald James Atkinhead to see Mary of Bourbon, and a contract was made for James to marry her. King James travelled to France in 1536 to meet Mary of Bourbon, but smitten with the delicate Madeleine, he asked Francis I for her hand in marriage. Fearing the harsh climate of Scotland would prove fatal to his daughter's already failing health, Francis I initially refused to permit the marriage.

James V met Francis I and the French royal household between Roanne and Lyon on 13 October. He continued to press Francis I for Madeleine's hand, and despite his reservations and nagging fears, Francis I reluctantly granted permission to the marriage only after Madeleine made her interest in marrying James very obvious. The court moved down the Loire Valley to Amboise, and to the Château de Blois, and the marriage contract was signed on 26 November 1536.

Wedding at Notre-Dame
In preparation for the wedding, Francis I bought clothes and furnishings for Madeleine; jewels and gold chains were supplied by Regnault Danet, linen and cloths by Marie de Genevoise and Phillipe Savelon, clothes by the tailors Marceau Goursault and Charles Lacquait, veils by Jean Guesdon, and trimmings by Victor de Laval, who also made passementerie for a bed that Francis gave the couple. The goldsmith Thibault Hotman made silver plate for Madeleine. A quantity of gold and silver trimmings for embroidering the clothes of Madeleine and her ladies were ordered from Baptiste Dalverge, a wire-drawer. A platform walkway was constructed from the Bishop's Palace to Notre-Dame de Paris.

After a Royal Entry into Paris on 31 December 1536, they were married at Notre-Dame on 1 January 1537. There was a banquet that night in the Great Hall of the Palais de la Cité. Over the next two weeks there were further celebrations and tournaments at the Château de la Tournelle and Louvre. The wedding festivities in 1537 were similar to those of 24 April 1558, for the wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France.

Francis I provided Madeleine with a generous dowry of 100,000 écu, and a further 30,000 francs settled on James V. According to the marriage contract made at Blois, Madeleine renounced her and any of her heirs' claims to the French throne. If James died first, Madeleine would retain for her lifetime assets including the Earldoms of Fife, Strathearn, Ross, and Orkney with Falkland Palace, Stirling Castle, and Dingwall Castle, with the Lordship of Galloway and Threave Castle.

Queen of Scots
In February the couple moved to Chantilly, to Senlis and Compiègne, where James received the Papal gift of hat and sword. They stayed two nights at the Château de La Roche-Guyon. After months of festivities and celebrations, the couple left France for Scotland from Le Havre in May 1537. The French ships were commanded by Jacques de Fountaines, Sieur de Mormoulins. On 15 May, English sailors sold fish to the Scottish and French fleet off Bamburgh Head. Madeleine's health deteriorated even further, and she was very sick when the royal pair landed in Scotland. They arrived at Leith at 10 o'clock on Whitsun-eve, 19 May 1537.

According to John Lesley the ships were laden with her possessions;"'besides the Quenes Hienes furnitour, hinginis, and appareill, quhilk wes schippit at Newheavin and careit in Scotland, was also in hir awin cumpanye, transportit with hir majestie in Scotland, mony costlye jewells and goldin wark, precious stanis, orient pearle, maist excellent of any sort that was in Europe, and mony coistly abilyeaments for hir body, with mekill silver wark of coistlye cupbordis, cowpis, & plaite.'"

A list or inventory of wedding presents from Francis I also survives, including Arras tapestry, cloths of estate, rich beds, two cupboards of silver gilt plate, table carpets, and Persian carpets. Francis I also gave James V three of the ships, the Salamander, Morsicher, and Great Unicorn. Madeleine took up residence at Holyrood Palace on 21 May 1537.

French household in Scotland
The French courtiers who came with her to Scotland to form her household included; her former governess, Anne de Boissy Gouffier, Madame de Montreuil; Anne de Viergnon, Madame de Bren or Bron; Anne Le Maye; Marguerite de Vergondois her chamberer; Marion Truffaut, her nurse; her secretary, Jean de Langeac, Bishop of Limoges; master household, Jean de St Aubin; squires and cupbearers Charles de Marconnay and Charles du Merlier; the physician Master Partix; pages John Crammy and Pierre de Ronsard; furrier Gillan; butcher John Kenneth; barber Anthony. A physician from Paris, Jacques Lecoq, set out later to join her in Scotland.

Death
Madeleine wrote to her father from Edinburgh on 8 June 1537 saying that she was better and her symptoms had diminished. James V had written to Francis I asking him to send the physician Master Francisco, and Madeleine wrote that he was now needed only to perfect her cure. She signed this letter "Magdalene de France". However, a month later, on 7 July 1537, (a month before her 17th birthday), Madeleine, the so-called "Summer Queen" of Scots, died in her husband's arms at Holyrood Palace.

James V wrote to Francis I informing him of his daughter's death. He called Madeleine "my dear companion" – votre fille, ma trés chére compaigne.

Queen Madeleine was interred in Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, next to King James II of Scotland. Black mourning clothes were worn at her funeral, and an order was sent to the merchants of Dundee to provide black cloth. Her household servants were provided with "dule gowns", and horses at the procession had black cloths and trappings. The grave was desecrated by a mob in 1776 and her allegedly still beautiful head was stolen.

One of her gentlewomen, Madame de Montrueil or Motrell, visited London on her back to France. She said that Madeleine "had no good days after her arrival there (in Scotland), but always sickly with a catarrh which descended into her stomach, which was the cause of her death".

An inventory made of the king's goods in 1542 includes some of her clothes, furnishings for her chapel, and gold cups and other items made for her when she was a child.

Commemoration
Madeleine's marriage and death were commemorated by the poet David Lyndsay's Deploration of Deith of Quene Magdalene; the poem describes the pageantry of the marriage in France and Scotland:"O Paris! Of all citeis principall! Quhilk did resave our prince with laud and glorie, Solempnitlie, throw arkis triumphall.  [arkis = arches] * * * * * * Thou mycht have sene the preparatioun Maid be the Thre Estaitis of Scotland In everilk ciete, castell, toure, and town * * * * * * Thow saw makand rycht costlie scaffalding Depaynted weill with gold and asure fyne * * * * * * Disagysit folkis, lyke creaturis devyne, On ilk scaffold to play ane syndrie storie Bot all in greiting turnit thow that glorie. [greiting = crying: thow = death]"

Epitaphs in Latin were composed by the French writers Etienne Dolet, Nicolas Desfrenes, Jean Visagier, and an anonymous poet. Gilles Corrozet and Pierre de Ronsard wrote verses in French.

Less than a year after her death, following negotiations completed by David Beaton, James V married the widowed Mary of Guise. She had attended his wedding to Madeleine, and perhaps her uncle, Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine, suggested her to Francis I as a bride for the Scottish king. Twenty years later, listed amongst the treasures in Edinburgh Castle were two little gold cups, an agate basin, a jasper vase, and crystal jug given to Madeleine when she was a child in France.

title: Madeleine of Valois