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Tarundeep Rai

Tarundeep Rai (born 22 February 1984) is an Indian archer from Sikkim, supported by OGQ. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2021 by the Government of India for his contribution to sports. He is a three time Olympian. He is selected to take part in the 2024 Summer Olympic Games at Paris in both individual and team events.

Early life
Rai was born in Namchi, Sikkim, India. He is supported by a sports NGO, Olympic Gold Quest.

Career
Rao made his international debut in 2003 at the age of 19 years at the Asian Archery Championship 2003 held at Yangon, Myanmar. He won India's maiden individual silver medal at the 16th Asian Games on 24 November 2010 in Guangzhou, China.

Earlier, he was also a member of the Indian team that won a bronze medal at the 15th Asian Games in Doha in 2006.

He became an Olympian taking part in the 2004 Summer Olympics, where he was placed 32nd in the men's individual ranking round with a 72-arrow score of 647. He faced Alexandros Karageorgiou of Greece in the first elimination round and lost 147-143. His final rank was 43. He was also a member of the Indian men's archery team that was place 11th at the 2004 Olympics.

Injury
He was out of action for two years in 2007 and 2008 due to a career-threatening shoulder injury. He won a silver medal at the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games in the individual event.

London Olympics
Rai was part of Indian men's recurve team at the 2012 London Olympics. after India took third place in the qualification round at Ogden, US in 2012.

He was a part of the Indian archery team that finished 4th at the 2003 World Championship in New York City. His was also part of the Indian team that won silver medal at the 2005 World Championship in Madrid, Spain. He also became the first Indian to make it to the semifinal round of the World Archery Championship in 2005 where he narrowly lost to Won Jong Choi of South Korea by 106-112 for the bronze medal play-off.

He won three gold medals at South Asian Games in Guwahati and Shillong.

Tokyo Olympics
Rai along with Atanu Das  and Praveen Jadhav won a quota place and took part in Tokyo Olympics. Due to lockdown, he trained at ASI campus. He reduced 14 kg in six months. He was part of the Indian team that defeated Kazakhstan in round of 16 in the men's team event. Later, they lost to Republic of Korea in the quarterfinals. In the individual event, he defeated Oleksii Hunbin of Ukraine 6-4 in the 1st round but lost to Itay Shanny of Israel in Round 2 in a one arrow shoot-off.

Awards

 * He received Arjuna Award in 2005.
 * He received Padma Shri in 2020.
 * In October 2023, ICFAI University in Sikkim conferred the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in recognition of his efforts in archery.

title: Tarundeep Rai


text:
Category:Marxist theorists

This is a list of those who contributed to Marxist theory, principally as authors; it is not intended to list politicians who happen(ed) to be a member of a nominally communist political party or other organisation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Marxist theorists


text:
Talk:M-209

The key
The page currently says the M-209's wheels were used to set the key:

 * From the code clerk's point of view, the M-209 was simple to operate. There were six wheels on top of the box that each displayed a letter of the alphabet through a window, and he could set these six wheels to provide the key for enciphering a message. This only gave a limited number of possible keys, but as will be discussed momentarily there were internal settings as well that could provide a much greater range of key settings.

However, David Kahn in The Codebreakers (see pp: 428-429) says that the key material consisted of the settings of the pins on the wheels and the positions of the lugs on the "cage". The positions of the wheels were set to a random position which was transmitted in the clear to the recipient. In other words, the initial positions of the wheels acted like an initialization vector.

I'm inclined to trust Kahn, but I was wondering if there is another source which contradicts him. I'll wait a few days and then make the change. Peter 03:27, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yep, it seems it could do with fixing. The manual talks about "internal" and "external" "keying elements"; as you note, the initial positions of the wheel ("internal") were used as an IV, and sent in the clear (or optionally encrypted somehow). The "external keying elements" were the positions of the lugs and the settings of the pins. — Matt 03:49, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

FYI, the report of the German crack of the M-209 comes from David Kahn's "The Codebreakers", pp. 460-461. Peter 03:07, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

An article (in German) about the breaking of the M-209 and other allied codes has appeared yesterday in Telepolis, based on the personal recollections of a former member of the unit who did the crack ("FNAST 5"). Might contain interesting new information, although it does not seem to have been verified yet. regards, High on a tree 12:40, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Unpublished result: should we weasel it?
Referring to:
 * "In the 1970s, US researchers Jim Reeds, Dennis Ritchie and Bob Morris are claimed to have developed a ciphertext-only attack on the M-209 that could solve messages of around 2000–2500 letters long. After discussions with the NSA, the authors were persuaded not to publish it as the principle was applicable to machines then still in use by foreign governments."

Should we include the "are claimed to have" bit? I suppose we should look at what sources exist support this; if it's just Ritchie's web page, we should probably keep something like "they claim to have". — Matt Crypto 09:25, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Even though I'm personally willing to take Ritchie's word on it, I agree with Matt's concern about citing an unpublished paper as fact. Is anyone willing to contact one of the authors and ask if they're ready to publish? inkling 12:02, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Jim now works for IDA/CRD and is therefore probably not now in a position to publish anything about cryptology.

 * I removed the "claimed to" since in fact I have read the cited paper, and it does spell out a workable method as advertised; also the "claimed to" read like a challenge to the veracity of the claim, which so far as I am aware has never been seriously challenged by anybody. Since the work and paper is mentioned in Dennis's "Dabbling in the Cryptographic World", which is already a cited reference for the article, you have a separate form of verification.  I'm pretty sure several others have seen the paper over the years, via its authors providing copies on request.  I could describe the method, which is a reasonably obvious one that various people must have independently thought of (I came up with something similar for attacking block cipher systems), but I feel the particular application to the M-209 is the intellectual property of its authors and one of them should be the one to describe it or release the paper.  I think the verifiability requirement is satisfied sufficiently well for the purposes of this particular statement, and that "claimed to" adds nothing of value and detracts from the impact of the text. — DAGwyn 22:53, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that the "claimed to" does carry an overly-strong connotation of doubt. On the other hand, I don't think we should assert without qualification a result from an unpublished paper on claims the author makes on a website: it's not strong enough a source. However, it is strong enough a source to repeat the claim, so I've tried to reword it to describe what Ritchie says. It might be a bit clumsy at present, so feel free to try and reword it, but I think something along these lines is needed. — Matt Crypto 08:50, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It looks good enough to me. — DAGwyn 05:35, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Note that 62.202.181.176 added a link to a PDF copy of the Reeds/Ritchie/Morris paper, so the foregoing discussion is moot. — DAGwyn (talk) 06:45, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

File:M209B cypher machine rotors-IMG 0557.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:M209B cypher machine rotors-IMG 0557.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on October 4, 2015. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2015-10-04. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Chris Woodrich (talk) 23:20, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:M-209


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Rádio e Televisão de Portugal

Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) is the public service broadcasting organisation of Portugal. It operates four national television channels and three national radio stations, as well as several satellite and cable offerings.

The current company dates from 2007, with the merger of two previously separate companies Radiodifusão Portuguesa (RDP; the radio broadcaster) and Radiotelevisão Portuguesa (television broadcaster), although they had been grouped under a single holding company and common branding since 2004.

RTP is funded by a broadcasting contribution tax which is incorporated in electricity bills, and by advertising revenues.

Radio
The Emissora Nacional de Radiodifusão, usually referred to by its abbreviated designation Emissora Nacional (EN), was established on 4 August 1935 as the public national radio broadcaster, inheriting the previous broadcasting operations of the Portuguese postal service (CTT). Five years later, EN became independent of the CTT.

Emissora Nacional was one of the 23 founding broadcasting organisations of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950. Following the Carnation Revolution, EN was reorganised and in 1976 changed its name to Radiodifusão Portuguesa (RDP). During this process, several previously private radio stations – such as Rádio Clube Português (RCP) – were nationalised and integrated into RDP.

In 1979, the RCP network was rebranded as Rádio Comercial, and was later privatised in 1993. At the same time, RDP launched the youth-oriented radio station Antena 3 and abolished advertising from all of its stations, so that the aforementioned broadcasting contribution tax became its sole source of funding.

Television
In 1953, a group on behalf of Emissora Nacional de Radiodifusão (later RDP) was set up examining the feasibility of a television service in Portugal. The group started a preliminary work for a network of television signals, with a budget on the order of 500,000 escudos. A foreign company had a proposal for the setup of the television network, including the possibility by a foreign company, with high foreign capital, tasking up a proposal for the building of the network and having the exclusive rights of the selling of television sets in the country for a determined period of time. In July 1954, their report A Televisão em Portugal (Television in Portugal) was published and was built upon the following pillars:

 * 1) The current status of TV and the opportunity for its introduction in Portugal
 * 2) The operating system to be adopted
 * 3) The solution that seems possible
 * 4) Outline of an initial plan and related charges
 * 5) Economic study
 * 6) List of work already carried out by ENR.

Without suspending the activity of the Television Studies Group (while entering a new phase of activity, evolving naturally on the data set gathered), it was nevertheless necessary to wait 6 months for a decisive impulse given to the preliminary work for the installation of the national TV network: a Commission, appointed by Order, was responsible for coordinating and commenting on the studies carried out or to be carried out and defining the scenario in which future broadcasts should take place. This Commission was made up of:

 * Brigadier Luís de Pina (former military attaché to the embassies in Washington and London), who presided over it
 * António Eça de Queirós
 * Engineer Manuel Bivar
 * Dr. Stichini Vilela, for Emissora Nacional
 * Major Jorge Botelho Moniz, for the private radio stations
 * Engineer Carlos Ribeiro
 * Dr. Fernando Elói, for the General Administration of Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones

Radiotelevisão Portuguesa (RTP) was established on 15 December 1955 as the national television service, under Article 1 of Decree nº 40 341, as a government limited liability company, under the name of RTP - Radiotelevisão Portuguesa, SARL, with the minimum capital provided for by law, in the amount of 60 million escudos, divided into thirds that fell to the State, the private broadcasters and to the public - this part to be subscribed in shares of 1 000 escudos, for which several banking institutions immediately became responsible.

The following radio stations had shares in RTP (values in thousands of escudos):

 * Rádio Clube Português: 9,260
 * Rádio Renascença: 4,630
 * Emissores do Norte Reunidos: 2,310
 * Rádio Clube de Moçambique: 2,310
 * Emissores Associados de Lisboa: 1,400
 * Rádio Ribatejo: 30
 * Rádio Pólo Norte: 30
 * Posto Emissor de Radiodifusão do Funchal: 20
 * Rádio Clube de Angra: 20

Experimental broadcasts began on 4 September 1956 from the Feira Popular (an entertainment park) experimental studios in Lisbon. Twenty monitors were installed in the park, but crowds gathered in shops around the city. The broadcast was received within a range of about 20 km. Around 1,000 TV sets are sold within a month. The first broadcast was made in association with the O Século newspaper. Intense work was done in the two weeks leading up to the first experimental broadcast.

On December 5, 1956, a contract was signed for the installation of the five transmitters to be built in the first phase of the national television network (dates implied are date of first operation):

 * Monsanto (December 3, 1956)
 * Monte da Virgem (December 31, 1957)
 * Lousã (November 23, 1957)
 * Monchique (April 25, 1958)
 * Montejunto (March 10, 1958)

RTP's first yearly report (in 1956) stated that there were difficulties in receiving the terrain to install the television transmitters, a goal RTP wanted to achieve by March 1957.

Regular broadcasting, however, did not start until 7 March 1957, by which time coverage had reached approximately 65% of the Portuguese population. By the end of 1958 the total number of sets in Portugal was around 32,000.

RTP was accepted as a full active member of the EBU in 1959.

By the mid-1960s, RTP had become available throughout the country. Robert Farnon's "Derby Day" was extensively used as RTP's fanfare to open the programming since the very first day, and over the decades it has become RTP's official anthem.

A second television channel, RTP2, began operation on 25 December 1968. Two new regional channels were created in 1972 and 1975, for the Portuguese archipelagos of Madeira (opening on 6 August 1972) and the Azores (10 August 1975).

Before the Carnation Revolution, RTP was essentially a mouthpiece of the regime, and famously opened the newscast of 20 July 1969 – the day of the first Moon landing – with a segment showing president Américo Thomaz opening a concrete factory. However, like many other broadcasters, it did broadcast live the landing of the man on the Moon during the night.

The first colour broadcast was made in 1975, with the live coverage of the first parliamentary elections after Carnation Revolution. However, due to the political turmoil and the economic situation of the country, the colour regular broadcast was delayed several times for nearly 5 years. During that time, RTP started to purchase some colour equipment and make the occasional colour recording. But the pressure kept going as the black and white equipment was getting old and very hard to repair, so in 1978 and 1979, a massive investment into colour broadcasts, supported by a foreign loan, gave RTP the opportunity to replace all the B/W to increase the current amount of equipment and to be updated with the most advanced broadcast technologies available at the time. Despite this, only in February 1980, the government finally authorised the regular colour broadcast and two weeks after, on 7 March, RTP started the regular colour broadcast, with more than 70% of the programmes being already in colour. Also, RTP moved its headquarters to a brand new building. The building was originally built to be converted to a hotel, but the owner decided to leave it untouched and reached an agreement with RTP for the purchase and converted the interior for office use. RTP moved to more adequate headquarters and sold the building in 2003 and the new owner converted into what is today the VIP Grand Lisboa.

Until 1991, RTP owned its transmitter network, which was transferred to a state-owned enterprise which, through a series of mergers, became part of Portugal Telecom. RTP held the television monopoly until 1992, the year when the private SIC (backed by Impresa, TSF, Rádio Comercial, Lusomundo, Expresso, Impala Editores, and the largest commercial TV network in Latin America Rede Globo) started broadcasting. Over the years, RTP's audience share has constantly reduced in favour of the private channels. 2007 was an exception to this tendency, and RTP1 became the second most watched channel in Portugal, only behind TVI, a rarity which occurred again in 2009 and 2010.

In 2004, RTP and RDP were organized under a new company and became part of a larger state-owned holding, named Rádio e Televisão de Portugal, SGPS, and inaugurated the new headquarters near Parque das Nações, in Lisbon. In the same year, the second channel was rebranded as '2:', promoting itself as the civil society service. Later in March 2007, 2: became 'RTP2' again. In February 2007 Radiotelevisão Portuguesa SA (the former RTP) and Radiodifusão Portuguesa SA (RDP) were merged into the new Radio e Televisão de Portugal SA, ceasing to be independent entities.

Due to the financial crisis Portugal faced, RTP was to be heavily restructured as part of the Portuguese government's austerity plan between 2011-15 and would have included the sale of one of the free to air channel licenses. However, due to pressure from the public and other organisations, the planned channel privatization never came into effect, although some restructuring took place, namely the phasing out of the international shortwave radio channels.

RTP has 16 regional offices spread all over the country, as well as international bureaus in Washington D.C., Brussels, Moscow, Brazil and several other locations.

RTP aired the 2008 Olympic Games in HD through the ZON TV Cabo satellite and cable platform. On 30 September 2009, RTP 1 HD returned in an experimental broadcast.

Following Salvador Sobral's win in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017, RTP took on hosting duties for the 2018 contest.

Post-merger
The use of original full names of the radio and television departments (Radiodifusão Portuguesa and Radiotelevisão Portuguesa, respectively) was phased out. The acronym RTP (previously used by the television department) was kept to designate both the whole organization resulting from the merger, as well as to continue to designate its several TV channels. The acronym RDP (previously used by the radio department) was kept to be used by the international radio services (RDP Internacional and RDP África) and by the regional radio centers (RDP Norte, RDP Centro, RDP Lisboa, RDP Sul, RDP Açores and RDP Madeira).

Former channels

 * RTP Mobile, is a channel adapted to mobile devices. It ended in 2011/2012, with the ascension of mobile apps.
 * RTP 4K, which was used to broadcast UEFA Euro 2016 and 2018 FIFA World Cup matches in 4K Ultra HD.

National

 * Antena 1, news, talk and sports station with a strong focus on Portuguese music;
 * Antena 2, cultural programming, classical and world music, featuring live performances;
 * Antena 3, an up-tempo, youth-oriented station with focus on contemporary and alternative music;

International

 * RDP Internacional, the international radio service;
 * RDP África, programming directed towards the Portuguese-speaking African communities;

Digital

 * Rádio Lusitania, a digital-only station with a focus on Portuguese music;
 * Rádio Vivace, a digital-only station with a focus on Classical music;
 * Rádio ZigZag, a digital-only station with a focus on Children's programmes;
 * Antena 1 Fado, a digital-only station with a focus on fado;
 * Antena 1 Memória, a digital-only station with a focus on rebroadcasts of programmes from the extensive archives of RDP and golden oldies music (in both cases from the 1930s to the 1980s). It is the only station to rely entirely on pre-existing recorded programmes and material;
 * Antena 1 Vida, a digital-only station;
 * Antena 2 Ópera, a digital-only station with a focus on opera music;
 * Antena 2 Jazzin, a digital-only station with a focus on jazz music;

Regional
The following stations are Antena 1 regional stations:
 * RDP Norte
 * RDP Centro
 * RDP Lisboa
 * RDP Sul
 * RDP Açores
 * RDP Madeira

News services
Most RTP1 news programmes are simulcasted with RTP Internacional, RTP África, and, sometimes, RTP 3 television channel. These news programs include:

 * Bom Dia Portugal (6:30−10 am), live from the Lisbon studios;
 * Jornal da Tarde (1 pm), live from the Porto studios;
 * Portugal em Direto (5:30 pm), live from the Lisbon studios;
 * Telejornal (8 pm), live from the Lisbon studios.

RTP2's only news service is Jornal 2 ('Journal 2' or 'News 2' in English) (9:30 pm), a shorter and a more objective newscast than the RTP1 ones.

RTP3 features hourly news updates and headlines.

Chairmen of the Board

 * Almerindo Marques, 2002−2008
 * Guilherme Costa, 2008−2012
 * Alberto da Ponte, 2012−2015
 * Gonçalo Reis, 2015–2020
 * Nicolau Santos, 2021–present

News Director

 * José Rodrigues dos Santos, 2001−2004
 * António Luís Marinho, 2004−2008
 * José Alberto Carvalho, 2008−2011
 * Nuno Santos, 2011−2012
 * Paulo Ferreira, 2012–2014
 * José Manuel Portugal, 2014–2015
 * Paulo Dentinho, 2015–2018
 * Maria Flor Pedroso, 2018–2020
 * António José Teixeira, 2020–present

Programming Directors of RTP1

 * Nuno Santos, 2002−2007
 * José Fragoso, 2008−2011, 2018−
 * Hugo Andrade, 2011–2015
 * Daniel Deusdado, 2015–2018

Programming Directors of RTP2

 * Manuel Falcão, 2003−2006
 * Jorge Wemans, 2006−2012
 * Hugo Andrade, 2012–2014
 * Elíseo Oliveira, 2014–2015
 * Teresa Paixão, 2015–present

title: Rádio e Televisão de Portugal


text:
Canadian Mathematical Society

The Canadian Mathematical Society (CMS; Société mathématique du Canada) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research, outreach, scholarship and education in Canada. It serves the national community through the publication of academic journals, community bulletins, and the administration of mathematical competitions.

It was originally conceived in June 1945 as the Canadian Mathematical Congress. A name change was debated for many years; ultimately, a new name was adopted in 1979, upon its incorporation as a non-profit charitable organization.

The society is also affiliated with various national and international mathematical societies, including the Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics Society and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. The society is also a member of the International Mathematical Union and the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

History
The Canadian Mathematical Society (CMS) was originally conceived in June 1945 as the Canadian Mathematical Congress. The founding members hoped that "this congress [would] be the beginning of important mathematical development in Canada". Seeking to end confusion with the quadrennial mathematical congresses, a name change was considered for many years. Finally, upon its incorporation as a non-profit, charitable organization in 1978, a new name was adopted – the Canadian Mathematical Society.

Since then the society has expanded its activities to serve K-12 and post secondary students as well as professors and established researchers. Graham P. Wright served as executive director of the CMS from 1979 to 2009, and helped to build up the society's executive office in Ottawa and to develop its web-based electronic services.

The Canadian Mathematical Society was to celebrate its 75th anniversary during its 2020 Summer Meeting in Ottawa, Ontario. However, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the meeting was postponed to 2021 Summer Meeting.

Publications
The flagship publications of the CMS are the prominent, peer-reviewed research journals Canadian Journal of Mathematics, which is intended for full research papers, and the Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, which publishes shorter papers. All past issues except the last five volumes are free to download. Access to the most recent research requires a subscription.

In cooperation with Springer Publications, the CMS publishes many text books aimed at a university and academic researcher level. The series is called CMS Books in Mathematics.

The CMS publishes ten issues per year of Crux Mathematicorum, which contains problem-solving challenges and techniques suitable for training in secondary school problem solving competitions such as the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad or the International Mathematical Olympiad. All past issues except the last five volumes are free to download and use. The CMS also publishes A Taste of Mathematics (ATOM), a series of small booklets on a variety of topics suitable for high school enrichment.

The CMS Notes is the Society's official newsletter, published six times per year and available to members or the public online. It includes news relevant to the Canadian mathematical community, including notice on conferences, columns on research and education, book reviews, award announcements, and employment advertisements for mathematicians.

Student Committee
The Canadian Mathematical Society's Student Committee (Studc) was formed in 1999. Studc aims to bring together French and English Canadian graduate and undergraduate mathematics students through research and networking events and publication opportunities. Studc manages and publishes Notes from the Margin, a magazine-style publication devoted to publishing accessible research-based content in addition to opinion pieces, news articles, open problems that are of interest to the mathematical community, and brainteaser puzzles.

CMS Meetings
CMS organizes two bilingual Meetings each year: the CMS Winter Meeting is normally held during the first weekend of December and the CMS Summer Meeting during the first weekend of June. Each Meeting takes place over the course of 3 days, with 2 days of pre-meeting activities. This includes the executive meeting, board of directors meeting, group development luncheon and mini-courses.

CMS Meetings are among the biggest mathematical events in Canada, bringing together over 800 of the most respected researchers, educators, post-doctorates and students in mathematics and related fields from around the world. The includes many scientific sessions and plenary, prize and public lectures.

Canadian Undergraduate Mathematics Conference
Through its Student Committee, the CMS is the main sponsor for the bilingual Canadian Undergraduate Mathematics Conference, an annual research and networking conference held each summer and targeted at Canadian undergraduates interested in any area of pure or applied mathematics. It is entirely student-run and driven by Studc. Delegates may opt to present a poster or paper, as well as a short talk on a topic of their choosing. The location of the conference is alternated between central Canada (defined as Ontario and Quebec) and Western or Eastern Canada every other year, with host applications being submitted by hopefuls a year in advance.

CWiMAC
The Women in Mathematics committee of the CMS also runs Connecting Women in Mathematics Across Canada (CWiMAC), a workshop and conference aimed at upcoming Canadian female mathematicians. In particular, they target current PhD students and new postdoctoral fellows seeking guidance in their field. The conference strives to strengthen the community between young female mathematicians and their senior counterparts through the building of mentorship, relationships, and networking.

Canadian Open Mathematics Challenge
The CMS administers the Canadian Open Mathematics Challenge, a problem solving competition targeted at Canadian high school students, which is modelled after the analogous William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition for undergraduates. High-scoring students may be invited to compete in the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad, a problem-solving and mathematics competition run by the CMS which is also used as a screening process for the selection of the Canadian team for the International Mathematical Olympiad.

Outreach
CMS runs several annual summer math camps across Canada to foster interest and excitement in elementary-school and secondary-school aged students. Some CMS math camps, are based on invitation and are targeted at high-potential students from all backgrounds, and others are open to all students with interest in mathematics. The CMS also runs several smaller specialty camps targeted at visible minorities and under-represented groups in the mathematical community.

Many member organizations also run outreach events to attract local talent to mathematics, such as Math Challenge programs held at the local university, Math Enrichment Centres, and educational events throughout the academic year.

Awards
The CMS annually awards the following prizes:
 * Jeffery–Williams Prize to recognize mathematicians who have made outstanding contributions to mathematical research.
 * Adrien Pouliot Award for contributions to mathematical education in Canada.
 * David Borwein Distinguished Career Award to recognize individuals who have made exceptional, broad, and continued contributions to Canadian mathematics.
 * Graham Wright Award for Distinguished Service recognizes individuals who have made sustained and significant contributions to the Canadian mathematical community and, in particular, to the Canadian Mathematical Society.
 * Excellence in Teaching Award recognizes sustained and distinguished contributions in teaching at the post-secondary undergraduate level.
 * G. de B. Robinson Award to recognize the publication of excellent papers in Canadian Journal of Mathematics and the Canadian Mathematical Bulletin
 * CMS Blair Spearman Doctoral Prize to recognize outstanding performance by a doctoral student.
 * Krieger–Nelson Prize is presented in recognition of an outstanding female in mathematics.
 * Coxeter–James Prize to recognize young mathematicians who have made outstanding contributions to mathematical research.
 * Cathleen Synge Morawetz Prize to recognize an outstanding research publication or series of closely related publications.

Presidents

 * Samuel Beatty (1945–1949)
 * Adrien Pouliot (1949–1953)
 * Gilbert de Beauregard Robinson (1953–1957)
 * Ralph Lent Jeffery (1957–1961)
 * Ralph James (1961–1963)
 * Max Wyman (1963–1965)
 * H. S. M. Coxeter (1965–1967)
 * Maurice L'Abbé (1967–1969)
 * Nathan Mendelsohn (1969–1971)
 * George F. D. Duff (1971–1973)
 * Albert John Coleman (1973–1975)
 * William O. J. Moser (1975–1977)
 * Rémi Vaillancourt (1977–1979)
 * Peter Lancaster (1979–1981)
 * Paul G. Rooney (1981–1983)
 * Renzo Piccinini (1983–1985)
 * David Borwein (1985–1987)
 * Carl Herz (1987–1989)
 * Frederick V. Atkinson (1989–1991)
 * Sherman D. Riemenschneider (1991–1992)
 * Michel Delfour (1992–1994)
 * Peter Fillmore (1994–1996)
 * Katherine Heinrich (1996–1998)
 * Richard Kane (1998–2000)
 * Jonathan Borwein (2000–2002)
 * Christiane Rousseau (2002–2004)
 * H. E. A. Campbell (2004–2006)
 * Tom Salisbury (2006–2008)
 * Anthony Lau (2008–2010)
 * Jacques Hurtubise (2010–2012)
 * Keith Taylor (2012–2014)
 * Lia Bronsard (2014–2016)
 * Michael Bennett (2016–2018)
 * Mark Lewis (2018–2020)
 * Javad Mashreghi (2020–2022)
 * David Pike (2022-present)

title: Canadian Mathematical Society


text:
User talk:67.84.138.44

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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. George Ho (talk) 08:58, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.84.138.44


text: Category:Museums in Germany

title: Category:Museums in Germany


text:
Douglas Young

Douglas or Doug Young is the name of:

 * Sir Douglas Young (judge) (1883–1973), British judge and Liberal Party politician
 * Douglas Young (1900–1972), one half of the British comedy duo Kenway and Young
 * Douglas Young (classicist) (1913–1973), Scottish poet, scholar, and translator; leader of the Scottish National Party
 * Douglas Young (solicitor) (born 1948), one of the founders of the British Armed Forces Federation
 * Douglas Young (cricketer) (1917–1995), English cricketer
 * Doug Young (politician) (born 1940), Canadian politician
 * Doug Young (ice hockey) (1908–1990), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
 * Doug Young (actor) (1919–2018), American voice actor
 * Doug Young (boxer) (born 1961), British boxer
 * Doug Young (sculptor) (born 1955), American sculptor
 * Doug Young (powerlifter) (1964–2005), American powerlifter

title: Douglas Young


text:
Douglas B-23 Dragon

The Douglas B-23 Dragon is an American twin-engined bomber developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company as a successor to (and a refinement of) the B-18 Bolo.

Design and development
Douglas proposed a number of modifications designed to improve the performance of the B-18. Initially considered a redesign, the XB-22 featured 1,600 hp Wright R-2600-1 Twin Cyclone radial engines. The complete B-18 redesign was considered promising enough by the USAAC to alter the original contract to produce the last 38 B-18As ordered under Contract AC9977 as the B-23. The design incorporated a larger wingspan with a wing design very similar to that of the DC-3, a fully retractable undercarriage, and improved defensive armament. The B-23 was the first operational American bomber equipped with a glazed tail gun position. The tail gun was a .50 calibre (12.7 mm) machine gun, which was fired from the prone position by a gunner using a telescopic sight.

The first B-23 flew on July 27, 1939 with the production series of 38 B-23s manufactured between July 1939 and September 1940.

Operational history
While significantly faster and better armed than the B-18, the B-23 was not comparable to newer medium bombers like the North American B-25 Mitchell and Martin B-26 Marauder. For this reason, the 38 B-23s built were never used in combat overseas, although for a brief period they were employed as patrol aircraft stationed on the west coast of the United States. The B-23s were primarily relegated to training duties, although 18 of them were later converted as transports and redesignated UC-67

The B-23 also served as a testbed for new engines and systems. For example, one was used for turbosupercharger development by General Electric at Schenectady, New York. Another was used for testing cabin pressurization.

After World War II, many examples were used as executive transports, with appropriate internal modifications, and as a result a large number have survived, both in public and private collections. Howard Hughes (among others) used converted B-23s as personal aircraft.

Operators

 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Army Air Corps

Variants

 * B-23
 * Twin-engined bomber version of the B-18 with modified fuselage, 38 built.

 * C-67
 * Conversion to utility transport with provision for glider towing, 12 conversions from B-23, redesignated UC-67 in 1943.

 * UC-67
 * C-67 redesignated in 1943.

Ecuador

 * UC-67
 * 39-031 (HC-APV) - Ecuadorian Air Museum, Quito.

On display

 * B-23
 * 39-0036 - McChord Air Museum in McChord AFB, Washington.
 * 39-0051 - Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona.
 * UC-67
 * 39-0047 - Castle Air Museum at the former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California.

Under restoration or in storage

 * B-23
 * 39-0033 - to airworthiness by ATW Aviation in Marana, Arizona.
 * 39-0037 - in storage at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio.
 * 39-0038 - for display at the 1941 Historical Aircraft Group Museum in Geneseo, New York.
 * UC-67
 * 39-0057 - in storage at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.
 * 39-0063 - to airworthiness by private owner in Anchorage, Alaska. Currently stored at Grant County International Airport, Moses Lake, Washington. Flew in 2017.

Wrecks

 * B-23
 * 39-0052 - wreck at Loon Lake, Idaho.

title: Douglas B-23 Dragon


text:
Category talk:Mountains of China

Naming Convention
As the character 山 (shān) means "mountain" in Chinese, article names such as "Mount Taishan" are redundant and should either be changed to "Mount Tai" or "Tai Shan". As it is, some of the articles use the former convention, some the latter, and some use the redundant form. We should probably adopt a convention across the articles. My preference is to use the "Tai Shan" style, and if there is no objection I'll make the change soon.--Jkiang 03:34, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. RedWolf 04:57, Aug 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've replied on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese). -- ran [[User talk:Ran|(talk)]] 07:22, Aug 30, 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Mountains of China


text: Category:Crawford County, Michigan

title: Category:Crawford County, Michigan


text:
Talk:Seoul Station

Untitled

 * The station started service in 1900, and was named Gyeongseong (Keijo) Station in 1910, when the city changed its name.

It this true? If my memory is correct, it was first 京城駅. It was renamed to 南大門駅 and was changed back to 京城駅 in 1915. --Nanshu 03:48, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, that seems to be correct, although I'm sure you will agree that it's odd that the station was called Gyeongseong (京城) in 1900, when the city was still called Hanseong (漢城). Anyhow, I checked online.  Every web page seems to give a slightly different set of names and dates, but the general consensus seems to be:
 * 1900: Gyeongseong Station (京城驛 or 京城停車場)
 * 1905: Namdaemun Station (南大門驛 or 南大門停車場)
 * 1915: Gyeongseong (Keijo) Station again (京城驛)
 * 1947: Seoul Station (서울驛)
 * So where did the name Gyeongseong come from, if it was already being used before 1910? -Sewing - talk 14:52, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I don't feel odd if I see the term 京城 appears on pre-1910 documents since I've actually found such records several times. Now I searched Japan Center for Asian Historical Records for that keyword. Even 1870s archives were hit. It is confirmed that the name 京城 became common, at least in Japanese, much earlier than you expected.

Actually, it is not important whether 京城 was the official name of the city or not since it is a common noun that can became a proper noun by official decision. 京城, 京師, 京都 and 서울. They all mean "capital." I've seen a Korean map that shows "京都" on the capital!

You may wonder why Japanese did not call it 漢城. I cannot find the exact reason from historical sources, but I presume that they didn't like that name because it sounded like a "Chinese city." --Nanshu 01:00, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Main Picture
I really think the main picture should be replaced with a photo showing its outer design. --DandanxD 23:08, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Seoul Station. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20040816190257/http://sca.visitseoul.net:80/korean/architecture/i_modern_building01019.htm to http://sca.visitseoul.net/korean/architecture/i_modern_building01019.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:24, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

Which district?
Does this station span two districts? I see addresses / categories for both Jung District, Seoul and Yongsan District, is this correct? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 12:41, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 2 May 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved buidhe 22:58, 12 May 2020 (UTC)

– Seoul Station and Busan Station are the WP:common use per File:Seoulstat01.jpg, File:Seoulin01.jpg, File:Q53118 Busan Station A01.jpg, File:Humetro Busan 02.jpg, File:대구역후면.jpg, File:132 Daegu Station 3.JPG, Pennsylvania Station (New York City), Montreal Central Station, and so on. Seoul Station is the biggest train station in South Korea. This discussion is restricted to South Korean train stations, excluding metro stations. Sawol (talk) 02:46, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Seoul station → Seoul Station
 * Busan station → Busan Station
 * Daegu station → Daegu Station

 * One property of the stations is that their names include "Station". For instance, Seoul Station is not "서울"역(Station), but "서울역". So it becomes "Seoul Station" station. But call it "Seoul Station" without duplication of "station". never are their names "서울" station, "부산" station, "대구" station. when taking their Korean names into account, I support Sawol's opinion. --Raccoon Dog (talk) 11:36, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * -revi user says the support/opposite of users from VP on foreign language Wikipedia can be regarded as Canvassing according to WP:Canvass, and I also think then, users from Korean Wikipedia VP below may cause the potential problem. Unless there is a special reason, it seems to be recommended that users from there cancel support/opposite opinion. Thus, I withdraw my support but instead keep the fact on their names in Korea afforded. --Raccoon Dog (talk) 11:44, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Support per NCCAPS, all of these are about specific stations with this name, I think the titling with lower case nouns for stations is a mistake, if sources don't treat "Station" is propoer nouns they should be in brackets, namely Seoul (station).  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:50, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. — the Man in Question (in question)  22:15, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Support ko: 이거 찬성 표시 맞죠? —  Gomdoli4696  (Talk · Contribs)  04:43, 3 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per Sawol and Raccoon Dog's opinion. 오모군 (talk) 08:09, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Moved! — Gomdoli4696 ( 토론 )  10:53, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Canvassing alert: Advertised on Korean Wikipedia VP. — regards, Revi 12:05, 4 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Can it be also a problem? I'm watching WP:Canvass but it says, The notification on "A central location (such as the Village pump or other relevant noticeboards) for discussions" is regarded as Appropriate notification. Besides, I think I offer my reasonable opinion that proves I didn't come to here just for support. --Raccoon Dog (talk) 10:43, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Sure, VP, but I don't think that policy was intended to allow foreign language Wikipedia's VP, not the enwiki VP. — regards, Revi 11:23, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Support but are we going to consider the fact that there are also subway lines (those that are not operated by Korail) that also provide interchanges at these stations? I could not remember if Station, instead of station, is used in signages in subway systems in South Korea. LSGH (talk) (contributions) 10:02, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Seoul Station


text:
Talk:Little Saigon

Scope
Isn't Little Saigon in this article defined to be Vietnamese communities in the US? This article has expanded to communities outside the US and even to communities that are DEFINITELY not considered "Little Saigon" (e.g. the Vietnamese communities in Eastern Europe, who are NOT formed by refugees but by former communist cadres, that are even called "Little Hanoi" instead of "Little Saigon"). Are we going to eventually mention the 5 million people living in Saigon as well?? I think we should either limit ourselves to communities in the US or rename the article to Expatriate Vietnamese communities or something similar. DHN 20:26, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

And I thought I was doing a good job looking and writing up all these up (very much a thankless job at that too).

You'll just be making the article too U.S.-centric in scope. Take a look at Chinatown, Koreatown, and Little India. I've attempted to use the model of Chinatown article on Little Saigon article. There are also many unnamed "Chinatowns" that act and are recognized as Chinatowns, but no mention of the population of Hong Kong or Mainland China were made in those articles.
 * Thanks for your hard work. As I understand it, Little Saigon has a more subtle meaning than Little Tokyo or Chinatown. First, it was formed by people fleeing Vietnam as refugees after the Vietnam War, who are usually antagonistic towards the government of their home country.  Second, it was named Little Saigon instead of Little Hanoi or Little Ho Chi Minh city because most of them came from the South and not other parts of Vietnam. How about moving the information regarding communities outside the US to Viet Kieu? DHN 00:44, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't know. You were so quick in deleting and rewriting the entry for Czech Republic and then making your remarks here, but then you're not so quick to implement your own suggestions.

It seems with the recent creation of Little Hanoi and Little Vietnam articles, we need to reorganize the topic and articles a bit that makes sense to a general reader. The first problem is that using the term Little Saigon to mean 'overseas Vietnamese enclave" is not universally applicable, as in the Eastern European nations. So if there's already a problem in deciding which among the Vietnamese enclaves should and should not be Little Saigons, then the second problem is that we don't have any list from a reputable source on which of these enclaves are called Little Saigon. It feels like we're treading on WP:OR. A very simple standard that could fail a lot of the listed places in this article is whether the location's local newspaper (e.g. Orange County Register) mentions "Little Saigon" to refer to the local Vietnamese enclave (even articles that talk about major efforts to have it named, as in the case of San Jose), or if there is some official decree by the city. Otherwise we should fallback to the Overseas Vietnamese article, or its associated lists that talk about cities with large populations of Vietnamese. yellowtailshark (talk) 22:40, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

Length of Article
I think this article is becoming rather lengthy. May I suggest we move the Little Saigon of Orange County into a separate sub-article? I think the scope of this article should be to cover Little Saigons in general; the information on the one in Orange County is rather lengthy. I'm not sure what to make of the long list with short stubs on each Little Saigon. I feel as though that should be moved into a sub-article as well. An example of which is List of named ethnic enclaves in North American cities being a sub-article for Ethnic enclave. Yellowtailshark (talk) 22:59, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd rather have this article be solely about the one in Orange County and the others in an article called List of Vietnamese enclaves in the United States. It is the first and by far the most popular meaning of "Little Saigon". When you say "Little Saigon", this is usually what is meant. DHN (talk) 23:28, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Malaysia
The part about Malaysia is very irrelevant to the whole Wikipedia page about Little Saigon and Vietnamese communities in the U.S., as this only talks about Vietnamese refugees and migrants in Malaysia and not permanent life and society of the Vietnamese-American communities. This part needs to be deleted and be moved to an article on Vietnamese boat people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.121.110.245 (talk) 06:45, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

Removed irrelevant content
I've removed the additional content added to this article supposedly to "globalize" it. The added content essentially made this a clone of the overseas Vietnamese article. The fact of the matter is there are no communities outside of the United States officially called "Little Saigon"; or if there are, they should be added, not discussed in a general manner. DHN (talk) 19:50, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

Change name
This page is about the ethnic regions of the Vietnamese people besides the areas called Little Saigon 2402:800:61B1:74AE:7C93:FF9B:1C17:AA4E (talk) 06:47, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

 * This talk page has other relevant discussions. I have archived the clutter so editors can see what has already been mentioned. Fettlemap (talk) 16:29, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Little Saigon is by far the most common name for these communities. "Little Hanoi" describes a distinctly different type of community (primarily in Eastern Europe) and could have its own article if there is enough sources referring to it.  "Vietnamtown" or "Little Vietnam" are rarely used and are controversial names for these communities in the US and is seen by some in those communities as an effort to whitewash the refugee experience. DHN (talk) 17:21, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Little Saigon


text:
Anti-Rent War

The Anti-Rent War (also known as the Helderberg War) was a tenants' revolt in upstate New York between 1839 and 1845. The Anti-Renters declared their independence from the manor system run by patroons, resisting tax collectors and successfully demanding land reform. The conflict resulted in the passage of laws that made feudal tenures illegal and outlawed leases greater than 12 years.

Events
The incident began with the death of Stephen Van Rensselaer III in 1839. Van Rensselaer, who was described as a "lenient and benevolent landowner" was the patroon of the region at the time. As a way to develop his vast landholdings, Van Rensselaer granted tenants lifetime leases at moderate prices.

During his life, when tenants were in financial constraints, he preferred to accept rent in the form of goods and services in lieu of cash, allow rents to accumulate, or accept partial payment rather than evict them. However, his leases also included a "quarter-sale" provision, which required tenants who sold their leases to pay Van Rensselaer one fourth of the sale price or one additional year's rent. The patroons owned all the land on which the tenants in the Hudson Valley lived, and used this feudal lease system to maintain control of the region.

When he died, his wealth had been reduced in the economic downturn known as the Panic of 1837, so Van Rensselaer's will directed his heirs to collect outstanding rents and quarter-sale payments to apply to his estate's debts. When the heirs attempted to collect, tenants who believed their debts would be forgiven at Van Renselaer's death could not pay the amounts demanded, could not secure a favorable payment schedule from the heirs, and could not obtain relief in the courts, so they revolted.

The first mass meeting of tenant farmers leading to the Anti-Rent War was held at the top of the Helderberg mountains in Berne, New York on July 4, 1839. They issued a declaration of independence, promising: "We will take up the ball of the Revolution where our fathers stopped it and roll it to the final consummation of freedom and independence of the masses." Among their tactics was the rent strike, with tenants refusing to pay on their leases unless Van Rensselaer's heirs and the other patroons agreed to a negotiated settlement.

In December 1839 the Anti-Renters repulsed a 500-man posse led by Albany County sheriff Michael Artcher and including William Marcy and John Van Buren. Governor William Seward threatened the rebels with 700 militiamen and obtained their surrender. However, an insurrection continued to smolder. Disguised "Calico Indians" resisted eviction, tax collection, and law enforcement, sometimes tarring and feathering their enemies.

The conflict gained the support of somewhere between 25,000 and 60,000 of the approximately 300,000 tenants in the patroon system. In January 1845, one hundred and fifty delegates from eleven counties assembled at St. Paul's Lutheran Church in Berne to call for political action to redress their grievances.

Results
The Anti-Rent War led to the creation of the Antirenter Party, which had a strong influence on New York State politics from 1846 to 1851. Newly elected governor Silas Wright moved in 1845 to stamp out the Calico Indians, and pushed for a law which outlawed disguises.

Trials of leaders of the revolt, charged with riot, conspiracy and robbery, were held in 1845 with Amasa J. Parker presiding. Attorneys included Ambrose L. Jordan, as leading counsel for the defense, and John Van Buren, the state attorney general, who personally conducted the prosecution. At the first trial, the jury came to no conclusion and Parker declared a mistrial. During a re-trial in September 1845, the two attorneys started a fistfight in open court. Both were sentenced by the presiding judge, John W. Edmonds, to "solitary confinement in the county jail for 24 hours." At the conclusion of the trial, one defendant, Smith A. Boughton, was sentenced to life imprisonment. After the election of John Young as governor with the support of the Anti-Renters, he pardoned Boughton.

John Van Steenburgh and Edward O'Connor were sentenced to death by hanging for their involvement in the shooting of Undersheriff Osman Steele, an incident that took place at Moses Earle's farm in Andes, New York during a sheriff's sale after Earle was unable to pay his rent. Earle and two others were sentenced to life in prison. Several others received lesser prison sentences. Governor Young later commuted the death sentences to life in prison.

The New York Constitution of 1846 added provisions for tenants' rights, abolishing feudal tenures and outlawing leases lasting longer than twelve years. The remaining manors dissolved quickly as the patroons sold off the lands.

People involved

 * Smith A. Boughton, Anti-Rent leader
 * John W. Edmonds, judge who presided at Anti-Rent leader trials
 * Ambrose L. Jordan, defense counsel at trials of Anti-Rent leaders.
 * William Marcy, participated in posse to end Anti-Renter insurrection.
 * Edward O'Connor, Anti-Renter who was convicted for murdering Undersheriff Osman Steele. He was sentenced to death, which was later commuted to life in prison.
 * Amasa J. Parker, judge who presided at trials of Anti-Rent leaders,
 * William Seward, governor at start of Anti-Rent rebellion who took steps to end it.
 * John I. Slingerland, state legislator and U.S. Congressman, was an advocate for the tenants during the Anti-Rent War.
 * John Van Buren, took part in posse that attempted to end Anti-Renter insurrection, prosecutor at trials of Anti-Renter leaders.
 * Lawrence Van Deusen, president of the Anti-Rent Association of Albany County, New York.
 * Stephen Van Rensselaer IV, heir to the Manor of Rensselaerswyck. His efforts to collect past due rents and refusal to negotiate with Anti-Renters was the primary cause of the dispute.
 * John Van Steenburgh, Anti-Renter who was convicted for murdering Undersheriff Osman Steele. He was sentenced to death, which was later commuted to life in prison.
 * Silas Wright, A Democrat who was governor prior to John Young, his efforts to end the Anti-Rent rebellion led to the election of Young, who was the nominee of the Whig Party.
 * John Young, governor following the trials of the Anti-Rent leaders, he granted a pardon to Smith Boughton and commutations to other participants.

title: Anti-Rent War


text: Category:Fresno County, California

title: Category:Fresno County, California


text:
Startup.com

Startup.com is a 2001 American documentary film directed by Jehane Noujaim and Chris Hegedus. D. A. Pennebaker served as a producer on the film. It follows the dot-com start-up govWorks.com, which raised $60 million in funding from Hearst Interactive Media, KKR, the New York Investment Fund, and Sapient.

The startup did not survive, but it became a reference for lessons learned, as it was the subject of a 2001 documentary that follows govWorks founders Kaleil Isaza Tuzman and Tom Herman from 1999 to 2000, as the Internet bubble was bursting.

The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2001. It was released on May 11, 2001, by Artisan Entertainment.

Production
The film was produced by D. A. Pennebaker, and was directed by Chris Hegedus and Jehane Noujaim. Noujaim had been Kaleil Tuzman's Harvard classmate and began filming Tuzman as he quit his job at Goldman Sachs, to begin govWorks with his high school friend Tom Herman. Noujaim contacted Hegedus and Pennebaker for help in financing the project. The film was distributed by Artisan Entertainment (which was later acquired by Lions Gate Entertainment).

The film was shot in digital video. The filmmakers shot for over two years, and were editing the more than 400 hours of video and film right up to their Sundance Film Festival premiere in early 2001. They re-edited the last few minutes of the film just prior to its May 2001 theatrical release.

Since the film's release, Herman and Tuzman worked together again at Recognition Group and JumpTV.

Critical response
Startup.com received positive reviews from film critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it holds a 93% approval rating, based on 94 reviews, with an average rating of 7.55/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Startup.com is more than just a look at the rise and fall of the new economy. At its center is a friendship being tested to the limit, and that's what makes it worth viewing." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 75 out of 100, based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

David Rooney of Variety called it a "timely, topical film, which goes beyond its potentially dry diet of facts to incorporate the juicy human drama of Machiavellian manipulations, ambition, torn loyalties and crushing betrayal."

title: Startup.com


text: Category:Hancock County, Iowa

title: Category:Hancock County, Iowa


text:
Talk:Judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Bronze Medals
Would somebody knowledgeable please explain in the article why two bronze medals are awarded? (I presume it's because no third-place bout is held between semifinal losers; but why is that? Other Olympic tournament-based sports do have a consolation match.) Doops 03:44, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * From the looks of it, the bronze medal winners must win their last matches (both of them) to win the bronze medal. Both semi-final losers must are sent down to the repechage which all the losing judokas are in, and they play the winner's there. Why the two winners dont play eachother though for the bronze medal is beyond me. Earl Andrew 06:33, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, now I see the repechage: stupid of me to write an offhand comment without looking into things at all. But I have to say: not only is it unclear (as you mention) why the repechage doesn't include a bronze-medal match, I can't even figure out who goes into the repechage. It doesn't seem to be set up quite like the "losers' bracket" of a classic double-elimination tournament. Doops 07:09, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, here's the system. Kinda bizzare! A single-elimination format determines the winners of the gold and silver medalists, while a double repechage...determines the two bronze medalists. ... All athletes who lose to a main-draw semifinalist participate in the repechage of their respective pool. Following a single-elimination format, two repechage winners emerge, one from Pool A and one from Pool B. The Pool A repechage winner competes against the losing semifinalist from the Pool B main draw, with the winner earning one bronze medal; the Pool B repechage winner faces the losing semifinalist from Pool A's main draw for the second bronze medal. Both losers from the two bronze-medal matches place fifth. [Quoted from http://www.nbcolympics.com/judo/about.html] In other words, the eventual fortunes of the competitor who defeats you determine whether or not you're invited back to the repechage. Doops 07:23, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Ellen Louise Wilson
Wow! I sure hope I am as good as she is when I am 54 years old (and 90 years after I die)! Seriously, though... what is the procedure here? New article? How should we disambiguate the name? -- Ben 00:25, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have set the link to Ellen Wilson (judoka). -- Jonel | Speak 01:18, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics


text:
Category:Cities in Portugal

In Portugal city status is granted by parliament. There are currently over 151 cities in Portugal. City boundaries do not necessarily coincide with the boundaries of the municipalities, nor parishes, except in certain cities.

title: Category:Cities in Portugal


text:
Talk:Florida State University

Semi-protected edit request on 21 May 2024
In the second paragraph, change the sentence "Florida State University comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers, facilities, labs, and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study, including professional school programs." to say "17 separate colleges" - the supplied link for reference now says 17 as opposed to 16. This is presumably from the Jim Moran College of Entrepreneurship becoming a college in 2019, Dedman School of Hospitality officially becoming a college in 2021, and then the colleges of Education and Human sciences combining to become the College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences last year. Lunsel (talk) 14:23, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Done. Thanks! ElKevbo (talk) 23:46, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 May 2024 (2)
Under the "Student Government" Section, there are a few changes:

1. Change the last line in the first paragraph from "The university's student government currently operates on a yearly $13.79 million budget, one of the largest student government budgets in the United States." to "The university's student government operates on an annual budget based on $12.86 per credit hour taken by students every year, which comes out to about $14 million annually. In 2024, $1,189,132 was allocated toward the Student Government for spending, which shall increase by 4% every year until 2029; the rest goes toward the Division of Student Affairs to put toward the Student Union, Campus Recreation, and Student Engagement." per https://sga.fsu.edu/executive-pdf/A&S-Fee-Allocation-MOU-02.29.24.pdf and https://sga.fsu.edu/financial/sga_financial_manual_22_23.pdf (page 8 lists the $12.86 number). I believe this change more accurately reflects the budgetary procedures of SGA. If nothing else, the link ought to be updated either to the budget for the 23-24 FY or the 24-25 FY.

2. Under the second paragraph outlining the Executive Branch, there are now seven agencies following the addition of the Jewish Student Union in 2021, and four bureaus following the abolition of quite a few (the Center for Participant Education, the Student Council for Accessibility Advocacy, and the Office of Student Sustainability). My new proposed outline (with changes bolded) is "The student government executive branch is led by the student body president and includes the student body vice President, student body treasurer, seven agencies, four bureaus, and an executive cabinet." The change from "executive secretaries within the Executive Office of the President" to "executive cabinet" is to highlight the flexibility in the names of that cabinet from year-to-year for posterity, so we don't have to choose between changing it frequently or it being out of date/inaccurate.

3. The final sentences of the final paragraph, regarding the judicial branch, shall be changed from "The chief justice may appoint a marshal and clerk. The election commission is also composed of Florida State University College of Law students and it adjudicates all student government election complaints. The commission has five members, one of whom also serves as the commission chairman." to "The chief justice may appoint a marshal and clerk. The election commission and the supervisor of elections is composed of Florida State University students and it adjudicates all student government election complaints. The commission has six members, and shall be chaired by the supervisor of elections." per https://sga.fsu.edu/statutes/statutes.pdf (page 108 regards the criteria for SOE, of which being a law student is not one of them, page 111 designates them as the chair of the commission, and pages 111-112 has the Commission selection criteria, which does not require them to be law students).

Thank you! Lunsel (talk) 14:54, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I'll another editor weigh in on this request. In my opinion, the article has way too much detail about this group and most of it should be removed from the article. ElKevbo (talk) 23:48, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I will go ahead and reduce this section a litte; it is overloaded with details about statutes and administrative structures .... this is not the place for that sort of thing. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 06:10, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm fine with that, I figure that any information we do have ought to be up-to-date which is what this information was trying to do. Lunsel (talk) 16:09, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: The section is overloaded with too much details. Consider simplifying the proposal. ABG (Talk/Report any mistakes here) 03:04, 30 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yep, I intend on cleaning up the section shortened via @Melchior2006 at some point to be the most pertinent and up-to-date info (the information retained is a bit arbitrary) but haven't gotten around to it yet. It shouldn't be more than a paragraph. Lunsel (talk) 13:03, 30 May 2024 (UTC)
 * This section contains far too much detail for a general article on Florida State. I suggest if you want this level of information connected to the main article, please write and connect a stub.Sirberus (talk) 14:29, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 June 2024
Update the endowment to "$947 million (2023)".

73.245.27.220 (talk) 18:17, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Do you have a link to a reliable secondary source for that information? PianoDan (talk) 16:33, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * NACUBO is *THE* preeminent source of college endowments. It's the same source used for the current endowment listed on the FSU wiki page, as well as numerous other universities on wiki.
 * https://www.nacubo.org/Research/2023/NACUBO-Commonfund-Study-of-Endowments 73.245.27.220 (talk) 17:09, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Also requesting budget to be updated to $3 billion (2024).
 * https://news.fsu.edu/news/university-news/2024/06/20/fsu-board-of-trustees-approves-3-billion-operating-budget/
 * https://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/local/fsu-news/2024/06/21/fsu-board-of-trustees-approve-3-billion-2024-25-budget-biggest-ever/74161050007/ 73.245.27.220 (talk) 17:17, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ TheNuggeteer (talk) 11:44, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

Students as cadets in Civil War – too much detail
The fact that ca. 25 (!) students "played a minor role in defending artillery pieces" in a battle is too detailed for the purposes of Wikipedia. It gets even worse when the section continues with "other reports, likely exaggerated." If they are likely exaggerated, why mention them? Sirberus has gone off on a tangent here, pls reduce. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 15:26, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll take a another look...maybe some of that could be available in a reference. These are facts I've been curious about for a long time.  What I am trying to do is provide the truth, as either the story gets aggrandized and embellished or entirely minimized and ignored.  It is too good a set of facts to gloss over in my view.
 * Kindly give me a day or so to tweak it.Sirberus (talk) 17:21, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, sounds good. It is an interesting side-line, but a bit arcane. I like your suggestion about placing it in a footnote, that's more realistic. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 17:24, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Good idea. Maybe some of the (well, forgive me - the "good stuff") is too granular for the typical reader.Sirberus (talk) 17:27, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I cut out some material...please let me know what you think.Sirberus (talk) 18:27, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

"Some former cadets later received pensions" – is this a joke?
This is supposed to be relevant for an encyclopedia entry about the history of a university? -- Melchior2006 (talk) 15:29, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Same explanation as above - The fact that application was made for pensions indicates there was much more than trivial service by these cadets. The photo of William Denham shows much more than a boy with a squirrel rifle.  This photo, which I dug up years ago from the state archives, says a lot about the school (at least to me).  Thanks for helping keep the article in good form.Sirberus (talk) 17:25, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Probably needs a GAR
After all the tremendous changes to the article and after it settles down, it should be reassessed for Good Article status. Normally, GA articles are fully developed and settled, but this hasn't been lately. Stefen Towers among the rest!  Gab • Gruntwerk 20:39, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

 * That's what we're in the middle of - a GAR. I don't see a GAR after a GAR helpful, but am I missing something? Sirberus (talk) 22:29, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oops, I didn't notice that. Carry on. :) And great job you're doing, by the way. Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 22:38, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * MUCH appreciated! It's Friday!  You, too. Sirberus (talk) 22:45, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

File Upload Needed for Civil Rights section
This photo is perfect for the Civil Rights section: https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/32312 Can someone familiar with the process upload this to Commons? Thanks! Sirberus (talk) 10:57, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Florida State University


text:
Angara (rocket family)

The Angara rocket family (Russian: Ангара) is a family of launch vehicles being developed by the Moscow-based Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. The launch vehicles are to put between 3800 kg and 24500 kg into low Earth orbit and are intended, along with Soyuz-2 variants, to replace several existing launch vehicles.

History
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, some formerly Soviet launch vehicles required components from companies now located in Ukraine, such as Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, which produced Zenit-2, and Yuzhmash, which produced Dnepr and Tsyklon. Additionally, the Soviet Union's main spaceport, Baikonur Cosmodrome, was located in Kazakhstan, and Russia encountered difficulties negotiating for its use. This led to the decision in 1992 to develop a new entirely Russian launch vehicle, named Angara, to replace the launch vehicles now built outside of the country, and ensure Russian access to space without Baikonur. It was decided that this vehicle should ideally use the partially completed Zenit-2 launch pad at the Russian Plesetsk Cosmodrome, and be able to launch military satellites into geosynchronous orbit, which Proton could not due to lack of a launch pad at Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Several companies submitted bids for the new launch vehicle, and in 1994 Khrunichev, the developer of Proton, was selected as the winner. The commercial success of Proton over the next two decades would be an advantage to Khrunichev, as the Angara project immediately ran into funding difficulties from the cash-strapped Russian government.

Khrunichev's initial design called for the use of a modified RD-170 for first stage propulsion and a liquid hydrogen powered second stage. By 1997, the hydrogen-powered second stage had been abandoned in favor of kerosene, and the RD-170 was replaced with a modular design which would be powered by the new RD-191, a one-chamber engine derived from the four-chamber RD-170. In late 1997, Khrunichev was given approval from the Russian government to proceed with their new design, which would both be able to replace the ICBM-based Dnepr, Tsyklon, and Rokot with its smaller variants, as well as be able to launch satellites into geostationary orbit from Plesetsk with the Proton-class Angara A5.

By 2004, the design of Angara had taken shape and the project proceeded with development of the launchers. In 2008, NPO Energomash, the builder of the RD-191, reported that the engine had completed development and burn tests and was ready for manufacturing and delivery, and in January 2009 the first completed Angara first stage was delivered to Khrunichev. The next year Vladimir Nesterov, Director-General of Khrunichev, announced that the first flight test of Angara would be scheduled for 2013, and in 2013 the first prototype Angara launch vehicle arrived in Plesetsk.

In 2014, 22 years after Angara's original conception, the first launch took place on 9 July 2014, an Angara 1.2PP suborbital test flight from the northern Plesetsk Cosmodrome. On 23 December 2014, Angara A5's first test flight was performed, launching it into geosynchronous orbit. In June 2020, it was reported that the first Angara Launching Pad was completed and would be transported to Vostochny Cosmodrome.

On 14 December 2020, 6 years after the first test flight, Angara-A5's second test flight took place from Plesetsk. According to Roscosmos chief Dmitriy Rogozin speaking about future plans after the launch in December 2020, two more Angara launches were coming in 2021: an Angara-1.2 and an Angara-A5 with a new booster, Persei. Only the launch of Angara-A5 with Persei upper stage ended up happening in 2021. The maiden flight of Angara 1.2 happened on 29 April 2022.

URM-1: first stage and boosters
The Universal Rocket Module (URM-1) forms the core of every Angara vehicle. In the Angara A5, four additional URM-1s act as boosters. Each URM-1 is powered by a single NPO Energomash RD-191 burning liquid oxygen and RP-1 (kerosene).

The RD-191 is a single-chamber engine derived from the four-chamber RD-170, originally developed for the boosters powering the Energia launch vehicle. Zenit's four-chamber RD-171 and the dual-chamber RD-180 powering ULA's Atlas V are also derivatives of the RD-170, as is the RD-193 proposed as a replacement for the 1970s-era NK-33 powering the first stage of the Soyuz 2.1v. The RD-191 is capable of throttling down to at least 30%, allowing core URM-1 stages to conserve propellant until booster URM-1 separation.

The URM-1 consists of a liquid oxygen tank at the top, followed by an intertank structure containing flight control and telemetry equipment, with the kerosene tank below that. At the base of the module is a propulsion bay containing engine gimballing equipment for vehicle pitch and yaw and thrusters for roll control.

URM-2: second stage
The second stage of the Angara, designated URM-2, uses one KBKhA RD-0124A engine also burning liquid oxygen and kerosene. The RD-0124A is nearly identical to the RD-0124 currently powering the second stage of Soyuz-2, designated Block I. The URM-2 has a diameter of 3.6 m for the Angara A5 and other proposed variants. The Angara 1.2 will fly a smaller RD-0124A-powered second stage, which may be 2.66 m to maintain commonality with Block I or widened to 2.9 m to maintain a consistent diameter with URM-1.

Upper stages (after 2nd)
Angara 1.2 will not use an upper stage, nor will Angara A5 when delivering payloads to low orbits. For higher energy orbits such as GTO, Angara A5 will use the Briz-M upper stage (currently used for the Proton-M rocket), powered by one S5.98M burning N2O4 and UDMH, or eventually a new cryogenic upper stage, the KVTK. This stage will use the LH2/LOX powered RD-0146D and allow Angara A5 to bring up to two tonnes more mass to GTO. The Blok D is being considered as an upper stage when launched from Vostochny since it will avoid the toxic propellant of the Briz-M.

Angara 1.2
The smallest Angara is the Angara 1.2, which consists of one URM-1 core and a modified Block I second stage. It has a lift-off mass of 171 tonnes and can deliver 3.8 tonnes of payload to a 200 km x 60° orbit. The successful maiden launch of Angara 1.2 took place 29 April 2022.

Angara 1.2pp
A modified Angara 1.2, called Angara 1.2PP (Angara-1.2 pervyy polyot, meaning Angara-1.2 first flight), made Angara's inaugural suborbital flight on 9 July 2014. This flight lasted 22 minutes and carried a mass simulator weighing 1430 kg. Angara 1.2PP weighed 171000 kg and consisted of a URM-1 core stage and a partially fueled 3.6 m-diameter URM-2, allowing each of the major components of Angara A5 to be flight tested before that version's first orbital launch, conducted on 23 December 2014.

Angara A5
The second Angara developed was the heavy lift launch vehicle, the Angara A5, which consists of one URM-1 core and four URM-1 boosters, a 3.6 m URM-2 second stage, and an upper stage, either the Briz-M or the KVTK. Weighing 773 tonnes at lift-off, Angara A5 has a payload capacity of 24.5 tonnes to a 200 km x 60° orbit. Angara A5 is able to deliver 5.4 tonnes to GTO with Briz-M, or 7.5 tonnes to the same orbit with KVTK.

In the Angara A5, the four URM-1s used as boosters operate at full thrust for approximately 214 seconds, then separate. The URM-1 forming the vehicle's core is operated at full thrust for lift off, then throttled down to 30% to conserve propellant. The core is throttled back up after the boosters have separated and continues burning for another 110 seconds.

The first Angara A5 test flight was launched on 23 December 2014. The second test flight was launched on 14 December 2020 from Plesetsk. A third test flight was launched on 27 December 2021, also from Plesetsk. However, the test of Persei upper stage failed and the payload did not make it from LEO to GEO.

Angara 1.1
Initial plans called for an even smaller Angara 1.1 using a Briz-KM as a second stage, with a payload capacity of 2 tonnes. This version was cancelled as it fell into the same payload class as the Soyuz 2.1v, which made its debut flight in 2013.

Angara A3
The Angara A3 would consist of one URM-1 core, two URM-1 boosters, the 3.6m URM-2, and an optional Briz-M or hydrogen powered upper stage for high energy orbits. The hydrogen powered stage for this vehicle, called RCAF would be smaller than the Angara A5's KVTK. This vehicle has no current plans for use (14.6 tonnes to 200 km x 60°, 2.4 tonnes to GTO with Briz-M or 3.6 tonnes with a hydrogen upper stage), but could be developed as a replacement for Zenit.

Angara A5P

Khrunichev has proposed an Angara A5 capable of launching a new crewed spacecraft weighing up to 18 tonnes: the Angara 5P. This version would have 4 URM-1s as boosters surrounding a sustainer core URM-1 but lack a second stage, relying on the spacecraft to complete orbital insertion from a slightly suborbital trajectory, much like the Buran or Space Shuttle. This has the advantage of allowing all engines to be lit and checked out while on the ground, eliminating the possibility of an engine failing to start after staging. The RD-191 engines may also be operated at reduced thrust to improve safety.

Angara A5V
Khrunichev has proposed an upgraded Angara A5 variant with a new big hydrogen-based upper stage (URM-2V) as replacement for URM-2 and upgraded engine thrust on the URM-1 stages. The thrust up the URM-1 boosters would be 10% higher during the first 40 seconds to allow good thrust/weight ratio even with the URM-2 replaced with the heavier URM-2V. Cross-feed and even more powerful RD-195 engines for the URM-1 are also considered. The capacity of A5V is supposed to be around 35-40 tonnes to LEO depending on final configuration.

Angara A7
Proposals exist for a heavier Angara A7, weighing 1133 tonnes and capable of putting 35 tonnes into a 200 km x 60° orbit, or delivering 12.5 tonnes to GTO with an enlarged KVTK-A7 as a second stage in place of the URM-2. There are no current plans to develop this vehicle as it would require a larger core URM-1 to carry more propellant and would have to await the development of the hydrogen powered engine for KVTK. The Angara A7 would also require a different launch pad.

Angara-100
The Angara-100 was a 2005 proposal by Khrunichev to build a heavy-lift launch vehicle for NASA's Vision for Space Exploration. The rocket would consist of four RD-170-powered boosters, an RD-180-powered core stage, and a cryogenic upper stage using a modified Energia RD-0120 engine, the RD-0122. Its payload capacity to LEO would be in excess of 100 tons.

Baikal
Together with NPO Molniya, Khrunichev has also proposed a reusable URM-1 booster named Baikal. The URM-1 would be fitted with a wing, an empennage, a landing gear, a return flight engine and attitude control thrusters, to enable the rocket booster to return to an airfield after completing its mission.

Testing and manufacturing
The production of the Universal Rocket Modules and the Briz-M upper stages will take place at the Khrunichev subsidiary Production Corporation Polyot in Omsk. In 2009, Polyot invested over 771.4 million RUB (about US$25 million) in Angara production lines. Design and testing of the RD-191 engine was done by NPO Energomash, while its mass production will take place at the company Proton-PM in Perm, Russia.

Facilities
Angara will primarily be launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Beginning in 2020,, plans called for it to also be launched from the Vostochny Cosmodrome. This would have allowed the phase out of Proton, a rocket whose operation at Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan has been objected to due to its use of large amounts of highly toxic UDMH and N2O4 and reliability issues.

Launch history
Future Launches
 * colspan=6 style="background: silver; padding-left: 1em; font-weight: bold;"|

 * }

Related projects
The South Korean launch vehicle Naro-1 used a first stage derived from Angara's URM-1 (fitted with a lower-thrust version of the RD-191 engine called RD-151). The vehicle made its first flight on 25 August 2009. The flight was not successful, but the first stage operated as expected. A second launch on 10 June 2010 ended in failure, when contact with the rocket was lost 136 seconds after launch. The Joint Failure Review Board failed to come to a consensus on the cause of the failure. The third flight on 30 January 2013 successfully reached orbit.

Comparable rockets
• UMLV

• Titan IIIC

• Ariane 5

• Vega

• H-IIA

• H-IIB

• Atlas V

• Falcon 9 Full Thrust

• Delta IV

• Long March 3

• Long March 5

• LVM 3

• Naro-1 — first stage derived from URM-1

• Rus-M

• Proton

• Antares

title: Angara (rocket family)


text:
Blowoff valve

A blowoff valve (also called dump valve or compressor bypass valve) is a pressure release system present in most petrol turbocharged engines. Blowoff valves are used to reduce pressure in the intake system as the throttle is closed, thus preventing compressor surge.

Design

A key function of blowoff valves is to prevent compressor surge, a phenomenon that would otherwise occur as the throttle is closed in a turbocharged engine. If the turbocharger's compressor wheel is spinning at high speed when the throttle is suddenly closed (such as during a gear change), the flow reduces beyond the surge line of the compressor. At this point the change in pressure across the compressor reduces, leading to a collapse in flow and possibly even flow reversal and a collapse in plenum pressure. As the compressor is still spinning at high speed, once the flow has reduced sufficiently, the change in pressure across the compressor begins to rise and flow is re-established into the plenum. This rapid cycle of pressurisation and depressurisation repeats until the compressor has slowed sufficiently or the throttle is re-opened. The sound produced by compressor surge is called turbo flutter and the repeated, high speed cycling will cause a cyclic torque on the compressor and may lead to increased stresses on the bearings and compressor impeller.

A blowoff valve is designed to release pressure in the intake system when the throttle is closed. A "recirculating" type blowoff valve releases the pressurised air back into the non-pressurized section of the intake (i.e. upstream of the turbocharger), while an "atmospheric venting" type blowoff valve dumps the air directly into the atmosphere.

Operation
A vacuum hose connected to the intake manifold downstream of the throttle provides a reference pressure for the blowoff valve.

When the throttle is open, the air pressure on both sides of the blowoff valve's piston is equal, therefore the spring holds the valve closed. As the throttle closes, the pressure in the intake manifold drops below the pressure upstream of the throttle, which causes the valve to open. This allows the excess pressure from the turbocharger to be released into either the atmosphere or the intake manifold.

Intake air metering
In the case where an airflow sensor is present upstream from the blowoff valve and the blowoff valve vents to atmosphere, the fuel injection system is unaware that some of the intake air has been vented instead of going into the cylinders. This volume of vented air is no longer relevant to the engine, however it is still included in the calculations for the required amount of fuel, which causes excess fuel to be injected and therefore the engine briefly operates with a fuel-rich mixture after each blowoff valve actuation. Effects of this rich running can include fouling the spark plugs, damaging the catalytic converter, stalling and hesitation when the throttle is opened.

One method to avoid this issue is by locating the airflow sensor downstream of the blowoff valve (known as a blow-through setup, as opposed to the traditional draw-through setup). By using a blow-through method, the MAF won't be affected by the blowoff valve opening, since the pressure is vented before the air reaches the MAF.

Other solutions include using a blowoff valve that recirculates the air back into the intake or using a manifold absolute pressure sensor (instead of an airflow sensor) to determine the amount of fuel required.

title: Blowoff valve


text:
User:Gracefool/welcome

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun! It can be overwhelming at first if you want to make comprehensive edits or create new articles, but I like to support newcomers. If you have any questions, post a question at the Help desk or at my Talk page.

title: User:Gracefool/welcome


text: Category:Moths

title: Category:Moths