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Laws of the Game (association football)

The Laws of the Game are the codified rules of association football. The laws mention the number of players a team should have, the game length, the size of the field and ball, the type and nature of fouls that referees may penalise, the offside law, and many other laws that define the sport. During a match, it is the task of the referee to interpret and enforce the Laws of the Game.

There were various attempts to codify rules among the various types of football in the mid-19th century. The extant Laws date back to 1863 where a ruleset was formally adopted by the newly formed Football Association (FA) and written by its first secretary, Ebenezer Cobb Morley. Over time, the Laws have been amended, and since 1886 they have been maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).

The Laws are the only rules of association football FIFA permits its members to use. The Laws currently allow some minor optional variations which can be implemented by national football associations, including some for play at the lowest levels, but otherwise almost all organised football worldwide is played under the same ruleset. Within the United States, Major League Soccer used a distinct ruleset during the 1990s and the National Federation of State High School Associations and National Collegiate Athletic Association still use rulesets that are comparable to, but different from, the IFAB Laws.

List of Laws
The Laws of the Game consist of seventeen individual laws, each law containing several rules and directions:
 * Law 1: The Field of Play
 * Law 2: The Ball
 * Law 3: The Players
 * Law 4: The Players' Equipment
 * Law 5: The Referee
 * Law 6: The Other Match Officials
 * Law 7: The Duration of the Match
 * Law 8: The Start and Restart of Play
 * Covers the kick-off and dropped-ball; other methods of restarting play are covered in other laws.
 * Law 9: The Ball In and Out of Play
 * Law 10: Determining the Outcome of a Match
 * Law 11: Offside
 * Law 12: Fouls and Misconduct
 * Law 13: Free Kicks
 * Law 14: The Penalty Kick
 * Law 15: The Throw-in
 * Law 16: The Goal Kick
 * Law 17: The Corner Kick

Permitted variations
All high-level association football is played according to the same laws. The Laws permit some variation for youth, veterans, disability and grassroots football, such as shortening the length of the game and the use of temporary dismissals.

Presentation and interpretation
In 1997, a major revision dropped whole paragraphs and clarified many sections to simplify and strengthen the principles. These laws are written in English Common Law style and are meant to be guidelines and goals of principle that are then clarified through practice, tradition, and enforcement by the referees.

The actual law book had long contained 50 pages more of material, organised in numerous sections, that included many diagrams but were not officially part of the main 17 laws. In 2007, many of these additional sections along with much of the material from the FIFA Questions and Answers (Q&A), were restructured and put into a new "Additional Instructions and Guidelines for the Referee" section. In the 2016/2017 revision of the Laws, the material from this section was folded into the Laws themselves.

Referees are expected to use their judgement and common sense in applying the laws; this is colloquially known as "Law 18".

Jurisdiction and change management
The laws are administered by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). They meet at least once a year to debate and decide any changes to the text as it exists at that time. The meeting in winter generally leads to an update to the laws on 1 July of each year that take effect immediately. The laws govern all international matches and national matches of member organisations. A minimum of six of the eight-seat IFAB board needs to vote to accept a rule change. Four seats are held by FIFA to represent their 200+ member Nations, with the other four going to each of the British associations (the FA representing England, the SFA representing Scotland, FAW representing Wales and the IFA representing Northern Ireland), meaning that no change can be made without FIFA's approval, but FIFA cannot change the Laws without the approval of at least two of the British governing bodies.

Pre-1863
In the nineteenth century, the word "football" could signify a wide variety of games in which players attempted to move a ball into an opponent's goal. The first published rules of "football" were those of Rugby School (1845), which permitted extensive handling, quickly followed by the Eton field game (1847), which was much more restrictive of handling the ball. Between the 1830s and 1850s, a number of sets of rules were created for use at Cambridge University – but they were generally not published at the time, and many have subsequently been lost. The first detailed sets of rules published by football clubs (rather than a school or university) were those of Sheffield F.C. (written 1858, published 1859) which codified a game played for 20 years until being discontinued in favour of the Football Association code, and those of Melbourne FC (1859) which are the origins of Australian rules football. By the time the Football Association met in late 1863, many different sets of rules had been published, varying widely on such questions as the extent to which the ball could be handled, the treatment of offside, the amount of physical contact allowed with opponents, and the height at which a goal could be scored.

1863 rules

In 1863, some football clubs followed the example of Rugby School by allowing the ball to be carried in the hands, with players allowed to "hack" (kick in the shins) opponents who were carrying the ball. Other clubs forbade both practices. During the FA meetings to draw up the first version of the laws, there was an acrimonious division between the "hacking" and "non-hacking" clubs. An FA meeting of 17 November 1863 discussed this question, with the "hacking" clubs predominating. A further meeting was scheduled in order to finalise ("settle") the laws. At this crucial 24 November meeting, the "hackers" were again in a narrow majority. During the meeting, however, the FA's secretary Ebenezer Cobb Morley brought the delegates' attention to a recently published set of football laws from Cambridge University which banned carrying and hacking. Discussion of the Cambridge rules, and suggestions for possible communication with Cambridge on the subject, served to delay the final "settlement" of the laws to a further meeting, on 1 December. A number of representatives who supported rugby-style football did not attend this additional meeting, resulting in hacking and carrying being banned.

Francis Campbell of Blackheath F.C., the most prominent "hacking" club, accused FA President Arthur Pember, Morley, and their allies of managing 24 November meeting improperly in order to prevent the "pro-hacking" laws from being adopted. Pember strongly denied such an "accusation of ungentlemanly conduct". The verdicts of later historians have been mixed: Young accuses Campbell of "arrogance", while Harvey supports Campbell's allegations, accusing the non-hackers of a "coup" against the pro-hacking clubs. Blackheath, along with the other "hacking" clubs, would leave the FA as a result of this dispute.

The final version of the FA's laws was formally adopted and published in December 1863. Some notable differences from the modern game are listed below:
 * There was no crossbar. Goals could be scored at any height (as today in Australian rules football).
 * While most forms of handling were forbidden, players were allowed to catch the ball (provided they did not run with it or throw it). A fair catch was rewarded with a free kick (a feature that today survives in various forms in Australian rules football, rugby union and American football).
 * There was a strict offside rule, under which any player ahead of the kicker was in an offside position (similar to today's offside rule in rugby union). The only exception was when the ball was kicked from behind the goal line.
 * The throw-in was awarded to the first player (on either team) to touch the ball after it went out of play. The ball had to be thrown in at right-angles to the touchline (as today in rugby union).
 * There was no corner-kick. When the ball went behind the goal-line, there was a situation somewhat similar to rugby: if an attacking player first touched the ball after it went out of play, then the attacking team had an opportunity to take a free kick at goal from a point fifteen yards behind the point where the ball was touched (somewhat similar to a conversion in rugby). If a defender first touched the ball, then the defending team kicked the ball out from on or behind the goal line (equivalent to the goal-kick).
 * Teams changed ends every time a goal was scored.
 * The rules made no provision for a goal-keeper, match officials, punishments for infringements of the rules, duration of the match, half-time, number of players, or pitch-markings (other than flags to mark the boundary of the playing area).

At its meeting on 8 December 1863, the FA agreed that, as reported in Bell's Life in London, John Lillywhite would publish the Laws. The first game to be played under the new rules occurred eleven days later between Barnes and Richmond. Adoption of the laws was not universal among English football clubs. The Sheffield Rules continued to be used by many. Additionally, in preference for hacking as well as handling of the ball, several clubs, such as Blackheath, decided against being part of the FA in its early years and would later form the Rugby Football Union in 1871.

IFAB created
Minor variations between the rules used in England (the jurisdiction of the Football Association) and the other Home Nations of the United Kingdom – Scotland, Wales and Ireland – led to the creation of the International Football Association Board to oversee the rules for all the home nations. Their first meeting was in 1886. Before this, teams from different countries had to agree to which country's rules were used before playing.

FIFA adoption
When the international football body on the continent FIFA was founded in Paris in 1904, it immediately declared that FIFA would adhere to the rules laid down by the IFAB. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913. Up until 1958, it was still possible for the British associations to vote together to impose changes against the wishes of FIFA. This changed with the adoption of the current voting system whereby FIFA's support is necessary, but not sufficient, for any amendment to pass.

Notable amendments
Notable amendments to the rules include:
 * 1866 – The strict rugby-style offside rule is relaxed: a player is onside as long as there are three opponents between the player and the opposing goal. The award of a free kick for a fair catch (still seen in other football codes) is eliminated. A tape (corresponding to the modern crossbar) is added to the goals; previously goals could be scored at any height (as today in Australian rules football).
 * 1867 – The situation when the ball goes behind the goal-line is simplified: all rugby-like elements are removed, with the defending team being awarded a goal-kick regardless of which team touched the ball.
 * 1870 – All handling of the ball is forbidden (previously, players had been allowed to catch the ball). Teams change ends at half-time, but only if no goals were scored in the first half.
 * 1871 – Introduction of the specific position of goalkeeper, who is allowed to handle the ball "for the protection of his goal".
 * 1872 – The indirect free kick is introduced as a punishment for a handball, the first mention of a punitive action for contravening the rules. The corner kick is introduced. Teams do not change ends after goals scored during the second half.
 * 1873 – The throw-in is awarded against the team who kicked the ball into touch (previously it was awarded to the first player from either team to touch the ball after it went out of play). The goalkeeper may not "carry" the ball.
 * 1874 – The indirect free kick, previously used only to punish handball, is extended to cover foul play and offside. The first reference to a match official (the "umpire"). Previously, team captains had generally been expected to enforce the laws.
 * 1875 – A goal may not be directly scored from a corner-kick or from the kick-off. Teams change ends at half-time only. The goal may have either a crossbar or tape.
 * 1877 – The throw-in may go in any direction (previously it had to be thrown in at right-angles to the touchline, as today in rugby union). As a result of this change, the clubs of the Sheffield Football Association agreed to abandon their own distinctive "Sheffield Rules" and adopt the FA laws.
 * 1878 – A player can be offside from a throw-in.
 * 1881 – The referee is introduced, to decide disputes between the umpires. The caution (for "ungentlemanly behaviour") and the sending-off (for violent conduct) appear in the laws for the first time.
 * 1883 – The International Football Conference, held between the English, Scottish, Irish and Welsh football associations in December 1882, resulted in the unification of the rules across the home nations, which entailed several changes to the FA's laws the following year. The throw-in finally reaches its modern form, with players required to throw the ball from above the head using two hands. A player cannot be offside from a corner kick. The goalkeeper may take up to two steps while holding the ball. The goal must have a crossbar (the option of using tape is removed).  The kick-off must be kicked forwards. The touch-line is introduced (previously, the boundary of the field of play had been marked by flags).
 * 1887 – The goalkeeper may not handle the ball in the opposition's half.
 * 1888 – The drop ball is introduced as a means of restarting play after it has been suspended by the referee.
 * 1889 – A player may be sent off for repeated cautionable behaviour.
 * 1890 – A goal may not be scored directly from a goal kick.
 * 1891 – The penalty kick is introduced, for handball or foul play within 12 yards of the goal line. The umpires are replaced by linesmen. Pitch markings are introduced for the goal area, penalty area, centre spot and centre circle.
 * 1897 – The laws specify, for the first time, the number of players on each team (11) and the duration of each match (90 minutes, unless agreed otherwise). The half-way line is introduced.  The maximum length of the ground is reduced from 200 yards to 130 yards.
 * 1901 – Goalkeepers may handle the ball for any purpose (previously the goalkeeper was permitted to handle the ball only "in defence of his goal").
 * 1902 – The goal area and penalty area assume their modern dimensions, extending six yards and eighteen yards respectively from the goal posts. The penalty spot is introduced.
 * 1903 – A goal may be scored directly from a free kick awarded for handball or foul play (previously all free-kicks awarded for infringements of the laws, other than penalty kicks, had been indirect). A referee may refrain from awarding a free kick or penalty in order to give advantage to the attacking team. A player may be sent off for "bad or violent language to a Referee".
 * 1907 – Players cannot be offside when in their own half.
 * 1912 – The goalkeeper may handle the ball only in the penalty area.
 * 1920 – A player cannot be offside from a throw-in.
 * 1924 – A goal may be scored directly from a corner kick.
 * 1925 – The offside rule is relaxed further: a player is onside as long as there are two opponents between the player and the opponents' goal-line (previously, three opponents had been required).
 * 1931 – The goalkeeper may take four steps (rather than two) while carrying the ball.
 * 1937 – The "D" is added to the pitch markings, to ensure that players do not encroach within 10 yards of the player taking a penalty kick.
 * 1938 – The laws are completely rewritten and reorganised by a committee under the leadership of Stanley Rous. The rewriting introduces the schema of seventeen laws that still exists today.  A player may be sent off for "serious foul play".
 * 1958 – Substitutions of injured players is allowed in competitive matches for the first time, subject to national association approval.
 * 1970 – Introduction of red and yellow cards.
 * 1990 – A further relaxation of the offside law: a player level with the second-last opponent is considered onside (previously, such a player would have been considered offside). A player may be sent off for an offence that denies opponents a "clear goalscoring opportunity".
 * 1992 – Introduction of the back-pass rule: the goalkeeper may not handle the ball after it has been deliberately kicked to him/her by a teammate.
 * 1993 - Introduction of the golden goal: if either team scored a goal during extra time in a competitive match, the game ends immediately and the scoring team becomes the winner. This rule remained in place until being removed from most competitions in 2004.
 * 1997 – The rules are completely rewritten, for the first time since 1938. A goal may be scored directly from the kick-off or from a goal kick. The goalkeeper may not handle the ball after receiving it directly from a team-mate's throw-in.
 * 2000 – The four-step restriction on the goalkeeper handling the ball is repealed and replaced by the "six-second rule": the goalkeeper may not handle the ball for more than six seconds. The goalkeeper may no longer be charged while holding the ball.
 * 2004 – The golden goal rule is eliminated.
 * 2012 – Goal-line technology permitted (but not required).
 * 2016 – The kick-off may be kicked in any direction. Fouls from "legitimate football challenges" inside the penalty area that are a "denial of an obvious goal scoring opportunity" reduced in punishment from a red card to a yellow card and the penalty kick for the foul. Fouls for "stopping a promising attack" inside the penalty area no longer attract a yellow card, only a penalty kick. These fouls can still be punished with a red or yellow card if deemed to be reckless, with excessive force or with brutality by the referee.
 * 2017 – Prohibition on the use of electronic devices by coaching staff removed. Microphones, earpieces, mobile phones, tablets, watches and laptops are allowed for player welfare, safety & tactical coaching reasons. Players remain restricted to use of electronic performance tracking systems, with no electronic communication devices allowed.
 * 2018 – Video assistant referees permitted (but not required). A fourth substitution is permitted in extra time.
 * 2019 – Goals scored by hand, whether accidental or not, are disallowed. Attacking players can no longer interfere in defensive walls during free kicks. Substituted players have to leave the field at the nearest goal line or touchline instead of walking to their technical area. Goal kicks put the ball into play immediately (instead of having to leave the penalty area). Team officials can also be cautioned or dismissed. During penalties, goalkeepers are only required to keep one foot on the line. The dropped ball is no longer competitive, instead being dropped for the defensive goalkeeper if in the penalty area, otherwise for the team which last touched the ball. Disallowance of goals scored by a throw from the goalkeeper introduced for all football, but mainly intended as a preventative measure in youth & small pitch football played under official laws.
 * 2022 - Increase in standard number of substitutions from 3 to 5 and introduction of 3 "substitute windows" teams can using during regulation play to make their changes. These two changes were introduced in a trial form during the COVID-19 pandemic to enable an easier recovery and return to football for players who contracted COVID.
 * 2023 - "Kicks from the penalty mark" renamed to "Penalties (penalty shoot-out)". Cautions in regulation play & extra time are no longer carried forward into a penalty shootout. Expanded wording to clarify meaning regarding what "deliberate play" means in relation to an offside player receiving the ball from an opponent. Goal celebrations positively identified as a reason for additional playing time to be added. "Downgrade" on punishment for an offence which results in a penalty kick clarified to also apply to challenges on opponent in addition to attempts to play the ball.

Titles of the laws
The 1938 rewriting of the laws introduced the scheme of 17 named laws that has lasted until today, with only minor alterations. The history of the numbering and titles of the laws since 1938 is shown in the table below:

title: Laws of the Game (association football)


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Andino

Andino was a small automobile manufacturer around 1967 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Andino built sports coupés using Renault engines.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andino


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Íþróttabandalag Akraness

Íþróttabandalag Akraness (abbreviated ÍA) is an Icelandic sports club founded in 1946 and based in the town of Akranes, west Iceland. Among the main sports its members can practice are basketball, football, golf, horsemanship, gymnastics, volleyball, bowling, karate, badminton, swimming and powerlifting. The football team plays in yellow shirts and socks, and black shorts.

Honours

 * Icelandic Championships: 18
 * 1951, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1983, 1984, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2001
 * Runner-up: 1952, 1955, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1969, 1978, 1979, 1985, 1997

 * Icelandic Cups: 9
 * 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2003
 * Runner-up: 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1969, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1999, 2021

 * Icelandic League Cups: 3
 * 1996, 1999, 2003

 * Icelandic Super Cup: 1
 * 2003

 * Division One: 5
 * 1968, 1991, 2011, 2018, 2023

Managers

 * 🇮🇸 Karl Guðmundsson (1948)
 * 🇮🇸 Ríkharður Jónsson (1951–60)
 * 🇮🇸 Guðjón Finnbogason (1960)
 * 🇮🇸 Ríkharður Jónsson (1961–66)
 * 🇮🇸 Helgi Hannesson (1967–68)
 * 🇮🇸 Ríkharður Jónsson (1969–70)
 * 🇮🇸 Magnús Kristjánsson (1971)
 * 🇮🇸 Ríkharður Jónsson (1972–73)
 * 🏴 George Kirby (1974–75)
 * 🏴 Mike Ferguson (1976)
 * 🏴 George Kirby (1977–78)
 * 🇩🇪 Klaus Hilpert (1979)
 * 🏴 George Kirby (1980)
 * 🏴 Steve Fleet (1981)
 * 🏴 George Kirby (1982)
 * 🇮🇸 Hörður Helgason (1983–85)
 * 🏴 Jim Barron (1986)
 * 🇮🇸 Guðjón Þórðarson (1987)
 * 🇮🇸 Sigurður Lárusson (1988–89)
 * 🏴 George Kirby (1990)
 * 🇮🇸 Guðjón Þórðarson (1991–93)
 * 🇮🇸 Hörður Helgason (1994)
 * 🇮🇸 Logi Ólafsson (1995)
 * 🇮🇸 Guðjón Þórðarson (1996)
 * Ivan Golac (1997)
 * 🇮🇸 Logi Ólafsson (1997–99)
 * 🇮🇸 Ólafur Þórðarson (1999–2006)
 * 🇮🇸 Arnar Gunnlaugsson (2006)
 * 🇮🇸 Bjarki Gunnlaugsson (2006)
 * 🇮🇸 Guðjón Þórðarson (July 1, 2007 – July 21, 2008)
 * 🇮🇸 Arnar Gunnlaugsson (July 2008 – July 9)
 * 🇮🇸 Bjarki Gunnlaugsson (July 2008 – July 9)
 * 🇮🇸 Þórður Þórðarson (July 16, 2009 – June 18, 2013)
 * 🇮🇸 Þorvaldur Örlygsson (June 19, 2013 – Sept 28, 2013)
 * 🇮🇸 Gunnlaugur Jónsson (Oct 10, 2013 - Aug 21, 2017)
 * 🇮🇸 Jón Þór Hauksson (Aug 21, 2017 - Oct 1, 2017)
 * 🇮🇸 Joey Guðjónsson (Oct 12, 2017 - Feb 1, 2022)
 * 🇮🇸 Jón Þór Hauksson (Feb 1, 2022-)

Honours

 * Icelandic Championships: 3
 * 1984, 1985, 1987
 * Runner-up: 1981, 1988, 1989, 1992

 * Icelandic Cups: 4
 * 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993

Basketball
ÍA's men's team played in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla from 1993 to 2000, making the playoffs in 1994, 1997 and 1998. Its women's team played one season in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild kvenna during the 1995–1996 season.

title: Íþróttabandalag Akraness


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 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

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FC TVMK

FC TVMK was an Estonian football club. TVMK won the Estonian Meistriliiga in 2005. They are also multiple winners of the Estonian Cup.

History
Founded in 1951, TVMK played in regional leagues until 1986, when the club eneterd the "Jõgeva III division", winning promotion to the II liiga the same year. In 1988 TVMK reached the top flight of 1988 Estonian SSR Football Championship, that was not directly affiliated with Soviet Union football league system where Estonia was represented by SK Tallinna Sport and JK Tallinna Kalev. TVMK won the Estonian SSR

TVMK won two of the final seasons of the Estonian SSR Football Championship in 1990 and 1991 subsequently becoming one of the founding members of Estonian Meistriliiga as TVMV when the independent championship was first held in 1992, following the Soviet occupation.

Financial difficulties at TVMV parent company - the TVMV plywood-producing factory (known as TVMK for most of its history) put the club’s existence at risk following the 1992 season. The club was saved by sponsorship investments from the transport company Nikol AS.

Due to sponsorship reasons, TVMK played both the 1992-93 and 1993-94 seasons under the name of FC Nikol, securing Meistriliiga bronze medals on both occasions.

One game before the end of the 1993-94 season, newly-formed FC Tevalte was disqualified from Meistriliiga on match fixing allegations. Tevalte owner, Sergei Belov, filed a complaint against disqualification, but ultimately established a new club based on FC Nikol. The new club was named FC Lantana-Marlekor, where Marlekor was referring to the company that privatised the TVMK factory, a business with which FC TVMK was affiliated.

Despite using FC Nikol’s Meistriliiga license and referencing TVMK owners Marlekor AS in their name, Lantana-Marlekor was mostly formed out of former FC Tevalte players and was coached by Sergei Belov’s father, who had also coached FC Tevalte the season earlier. Most of the TVMK/Nikol players, including player-coach Vjatseslav Smirnov, left the club during this transition.

In the subsequent season, following Belov’s successful appeal to FIFA, the Estonian Football Association (EJL) reinstated FC Tevalte back to Meistriliiga. Since Sergei Belov was already operating his club under a new license and name, the slot regained by FC Tevalte was passed to AS Marlekor, effectively returning FC TVMK’s successors to Meistriliiga. Marlekor used Tevalte’s Meistriliiga license, and the team played the 1995-96 Meistriliiga season as Tevalte-Marlekor. Meanwhile, Lantana dropped the reference to Marlekor from their name. The return of TVMK’s successors to Meistriliiga saw many former TVMK/Nikol players, including player-coach Vjatseslav Smirnov, rejoin the team.

Tevalte-Marlekor finished the 1995-96 season in third place, level on point with FC Flora and six point behind FC Lantana. The following season Tevalte was dropped from the club’s name and the team continued under the name of Marlekor.

Ahead of the 1997-98 season, the club regained it’s historic name, FC TVMK. TVMK achieved limited success between 1997 and 1999, finishing either 5th or 6th in Meistriliiga. It wasn’t until 2000 that TVMK secured Meistriliiga bronze medals. Subsequently, TVMK consistently won either silver or bronze during the five Meistriliiga seasons between 2000 and 2004, culminating in their first and last Meistriliiga championship in 2005.

After the title
After winning the title TVMK lost several key players to other clubs in the pre-season. Club top scorers Ingemar Teever and Tarmo Neemelo left to Sweden (although the latter would later return on loan, after a troubled start abroad), Maksim Smirnov and Deniss Malov left for rivals FC Levadia, Egidijus Juška returned to Lithuania. Vyacheslav Bulavin continued as the head coach, but was sacked in mid-season, with the former Russia international Sergei Yuran taking over. The fortunes didn't change much though, and the highlights of the season were winning the Estonian Cup and Estonian Super Cup, as the club finished only fourth in the league. The following season Yuran left for Shinnik Yaroslavl. Vjatšeslav Smirnov took over and led the team to a third-place finish in the league. After the 2007 season Pjotr Sedin, the chairman, announced that the club is currently considering a possibility of giving up their professional status, because of financial difficulties.

FC TVMK licene was revoked following the 2007 season.

Name History

 * TVMK (1951–1991)
 * TVMV (1991)
 * FC Nikol (1992-1994)
 * Tevalte-Marlekor (1995–1996)
 * FC Marlekor (1996–1997)
 * TVMK (1997–2008)

Achievements

 * Meistriliiga
 * Champions (1): 2005
 * Estonian Cup
 * Winners (2): 2002–03, 2005–06
 * Estonian SuperCup
 * Winners (2): 2005, 2006

UEFA club competition results

 * 1Q = 1st Qualifying Round

title: FC TVMK


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Erich Loest

Erich Loest (24 February 1926 – 12 September 2013) was a German writer born in Mittweida, Saxony. He also wrote under the pseudonyms Hans Walldorf, Bernd Diksen and Waldemar Naß.

Life and career
He was a conscript soldier in World War II and a Nazi Party member, he was captured by US troops in 1945. In 1947 he joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and became a journalist for the Leipziger Volkszeitung. His first novels were heavily criticized, he was dismissed from the Volkszeitung and became a freelance writer. In 1957 he lost his SED membership and was held as a prisoner in a Stasi prison in Bautzen for "konterrevolutionärer Gruppenbildung (counter-revolutionary grouping)" until 1964, during which he was prohibited from writing.

From 1965 to 1975, he wrote eleven novels and 30 short stories, some under pseudonyms. In 1979 he was ostracized from East Germany and did not return until after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990.

In 1995, Frank Beyer directed the film Nikolaikirche, which was written, at first, as a screenplay by Loest, who later made it a novel. In his later years, Loest became seriously ill and announced at an Academy of Arts ceremony in 2010 that he did not have the strength to write another novel. On 12 September 2013, he committed suicide by jumping from a second-floor hospital window. He was 87 years old.

Works

 * Jungen, die übrig blieben, Leipzig 1950
 * Nacht über dem See und andere Kurzgeschichten, Leipzig 1950
 * Liebesgeschichten, Leipzig 1951
 * Die Westmark fällt weiter, Halle (Saale) 1952
 * Sportgeschichten, Halle (Saale) 1953
 * Das Jahr der Prüfung, Halle (Saale) 1954
 * Aktion Bumerang, Halle (Saale) 1957
 * Sliwowitz und Angst, Berlin 1965
 * Der Mörder saß im Wembley-Stadion, Halle (Saale) 1967 (pseudonym Hans Walldorf)
 * Waffenkarussell, Berlin 1968 (pseudonym Hans Walldorf)
 * Hilfe durch Ranke, Berlin 1968 (pseudonym Hans Walldorf)
 * Der Abhang, Berlin 1968
 * Öl für Malta, Berlin 1968
 * Der elfte Mann, Halle (Saale) 1969
 * Gemälde mit Einlage, Berlin 1969 (pseudonym Hans Walldorf)
 * Schöne Frau und Kettenhemd, Berlin 1969 (pseudonym Hans Walldorf)
 * Mit kleinstem Kaliber, Halle (Saale) 1973 (pseudonym Hans Walldorf)
 * Schattenboxen, Berlin 1973
 * Das Vorurteil, Berlin 1974 (pseudonym Bernd Diksen)
 * Wildtöter und Große Schlange, Berlin 1974
 * Ins offene Messer, Berlin 1974
 * Eine Kugel aus Zink, Berlin 1974 (pseudonym Hans Walldorf)
 * Etappe Rom, Berlin 1975
 * Oakins macht Karriere, Berlin 1975
 * Rotes Elfenbein, Halle (Saale) 1975 (pseudonym Hans Walldorf)
 * Die Oma im Schlauchboot, Berlin 1976
 * Ich war Dr. Ley, Berlin 1976 (pseudonym Waldemar Naß)
 * Es geht seinen Gang oder Mühen in unserer Ebene, Halle [u.a.] 1977
 * Rendezvous mit Syrena, Halle [u.a.] 1978 (together with Gerald Große)
 * Pistole mit sechzehn, Hamburg 1979
 * Swallow, mein wackerer Mustang, Berlin 1980
 * Durch die Erde ein Riß, Hamburg 1981
 * Harte Gangart, Köln 1983
 * Völkerschlachtdenkmal, Hamburg 1984
 * Der vierte Zensor, Köln 1984
 * Geordnete Rückzüge, Hannover 1984
 * Herzschlag, Niddatal 1984
 * Zwiebelmuster, Hamburg 1985
 * Leipzig ist unerschöpflich, Paderborn 1985
 * Saison in Key West, München [u.a.] 1986
 * Bruder Franz, Paderborn [u.a.] 1986
 * Ein Sachse in Osnabrück, Freiburg i. Br. 1986
 * Froschkonzert, München [u.a.] 1987
 * Eine romantische Reise um die Welt, Künzelsau 1988
 * Fallhöhe, Künzelsau 1989
 * Eine romantische Reise durch Europa, Künzelsau 1989
 * Bauchschüsse, Künzelsau 1990
 * Der Zorn des Schafes, Künzelsau 1990
 * Die Stasi war mein Eckermann oder: mein Leben mit der Wanze, Göttingen 1991
 * Heute kommt Westbesuch, Göttingen 1992
 * Katerfrühstück, Leipzig 1992
 * Inseln der Träume, Künzelsau, 1993
 * Zwiebeln für den Landesvater, Göttingen 1994
 * Nikolaikirche, Leipzig 1995
 * Als wir in den Westen kamen, Stuttgart 1997
 * Gute Genossen, Leipzig 1999
 * Reichsgericht, Leipzig 2001
 * Träumereien eines Grenzgängers, Stuttgart 2001
 * Werkausgabe, Künzelsau [u.a.]
 * Bd. 1. Jungen, die übrig blieben, 1991
 * Bd. 2. Der elfte Mann, 1992
 * Bd. 3. Schattenboxen, 1993
 * Bd. 4. Zwiebelmuster, 1994
 * Bd. 5. Swallow, mein wackerer Mustang, 1996
 * Bd. 6. Die Mäuse des Dr. Ley, 2000

title: Erich Loest


text:
Talk:704 Hauser

Comment
The show's premise reminds me of the situation we've just had with my grandma's house. She died last year, and we had to sell her house. First time in over 100 years that the house has been outside the family, and even now I can't see anyone but Grandma living there. It was so much a part of my childhood, and now it's gone. I think that's the same thing here with this show. It was painful to not see Archie and his family in that house anymore, and that's why the show upended before too long.

JesseG 22:05, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Joey Stivic
What kind of "disturbing" are we talking about here?

Is it really a spinoff?
704 Hauser is more of a "remake" just as the new Battlestar Galactica was a remake of the original 70s show. (And also how All in the Family was not a spinoff, but a remake of the original BBC show.)

In my opinion it's not exactly a spin-off but more of a soft sequel, as it's very distinctly set in the Bunkers former house, in a neighbourhood that has changed in it's demographics, AND Joey Stivic, a baby in the origional show, is in the first episode as a grown man looking to explore the home he grew up in.

HOME MEDIA
The 6 eppisodes are avaliable for free streaming in Canada on CTV.CA as part of their "Throwback" sitcoms, should that be mentioned on the wiki? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.206.20.134 (talk) 18:30, 15 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:704 Hauser


text:
FC Santa Coloma

FC Santa Coloma is an Andorran professional football club based in Santa Coloma, parish of Andorra la Vella, that competes in the Primera Divisió. It is the most successful team in both Primera Divisió and Copa Constitució, having won both titles thirteen and ten times respectively.

History
Fútbol Club Santa Coloma was founded in 1986 through the efforts of a group of football enthusiasts who represented the village of the same name that belongs to Andorra la Vella in the National Football Tournament (the former amateur league of Andorra). Later on FC Santa Coloma became one of the founder members of Primera Divisió in 1995. Since 2001 the club has enjoyed a great success in all Andorran competitions standing with all the records in the Premier Andorran League (13) and Andorran Cup (10).

At the end of 2017, the Spanish La Liga Villarreal CF team announced a collaboration agreement with the Andorran club at grassroots football level.

In July 2022, Gold Star Sports Management Group, led by Ukrainian-American entrepreneur, Daniel Milstein, completed the acquisition of the club. With Milstein as chairman, he announced Alex Lubyansky as CEO and Annabel Llevot as the General Manager. FC Santa Coloma and Gold Star FC Detroit are both under the Gold Star Football Club group of clubs.

FC Santa Coloma in Europe
FC Santa Coloma has two unique achievements for an Andorran team in European competitions, never repeated so far by any Andorran team: it is the only team from Andorra to win a match in any European competition and the only team that did not concede a goal in a match in a European competition.

Both of these feats were achieved on three occasions: the first match in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup qualifying round against the Israeli side Maccabi Tel Aviv, in which FC Santa Coloma won 1–0 at home with a goal scored by Juli Fernandez, then in the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League First qualifying round when they beat Banants of Armenia 1–0, and in the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League Second qualifying, in which FC Santa Coloma won 1–0 at home against Valur of Iceland. On the first and last occasion, in the return leg they lost 4–0 to Maccabi and 3–0 to Valur, thus FC Santa Coloma were eliminated from the tournament.

Against Banants, they lost the second leg away in Armenia 3–2, however the game finished 3–3 on aggregate and FC Santa Coloma won by the away goals rule, thanks to a last minute goal by goalkeeper Eloy Casals. It was the second time an Andorran club won a two-legged tie in Europe after Sant Julià.

The 2023–24 season saw FC Santa Coloma claim another first - becoming the first Andorran team to navigate two European two-legged ties in the same season. Entering at the first qualifying round of the 2023–24 UEFA Europa Conference League, they eliminated Welsh club Penybont F.C., then Montenegrin club FK Sutjeska Nikšić, to reach the third qualifying round against Dutch club AZ.

Colours and badge
FC Santa Coloma dressed in all white all the seasons since the creation of the Andorran Premier League, alternating the home kit with red or blue. Traditionally, the away kit has been all blue and third kit all red. However the original first kit at the beginning of the foundation of the club was blue and gives the nickname of Blues. In the club crest feature the colours of Andorra and the Holy Dove that gives the name of the Santa Coloma d'Andorra town and therefore the name of the club.

* Since the Andorra Football Federation affiliation.

El Clàssic
The main rival of FC Santa Coloma in Primera Divisió has been always Sant Julià playing in a derby called El Clàssic. Both teams are strong in the Andorran Premier League and since the creation of the championship the clubs have been competing for being the champion of the top flight.

El Derbi Colomenc
The local rival of FC Santa Coloma is actually their neighbour's hometown football team UE Santa Coloma. The rivalry between these two teams has increased since the 2009/10 season when those teams were competing for winning the Premier Andorran League.

Honours

 * Primera Divisió:
 * Winners (13): 1994–95, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19
 * Runners-up (8): 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2019–20
 * Copa Constitució:
 * Winners (10): 1991, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2018
 * Runners-up (7): 1996, 1998, 1999, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2023
 * Supercopa Andorrana:
 * Winners (7): 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2015, 2017, 2019
 * Runners-up (10): 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020

European results
In 2014, Santa Coloma advanced for the first time in a knock-out round after beating FC Banants on the away goals rule. The deciding goal was scored by Coloma's goalkeeper in the 4th minute of added time.

 * Notes
 * PR: Preliminary round
 * QR: Qualifying round
 * 1Q: First qualifying round
 * 2Q: Second qualifying round

Current squad
As of 1 March 2024

Managers

 * 🇪🇸 Santos Ilatigo (2006–07)
 * 🇪🇸 Xavier Roura (2007)
 * 🇦🇩 Vicens Marques (2008–10)
 * 🇪🇸 Xavier Roura (2010–11)
 * 🇪🇸 Luis Blanco Torrado (2011–13)
 * 🇦🇩 Richard Imbernón (2013–18)
 * 🇪🇸 Marc Rodríguez (2018–20)
 * 🇪🇸 Albert Jorquera (2020–)

title: FC Santa Coloma


text:
File:Queenstamp.gif

Fair use rationale for Queen Elizabeth II domestic rate stamp (Canada)

 * This image is a non-fictional reproduction of the Queen Elizabeth II definitive stamp issued by Canada Post between December 19, 2003, and December 20, 2004.
 * This image is being used not for a commercial nature but for non-profit educational purposes regarding Canadian postage stamps.
 * This image is the copyrighted work in its entirety.
 * Use of the image affects neither its potential market nor its value as it is being used for non-commercial purposes both at the original website and at Wikipedia.

Fair use rationale for Postage stamps and postal history of Canada

 * This image is a non-fictional reproduction of the Queen Elizabeth II definitive stamp issued by Canada Post between December 19, 2003, and December 20, 2004.
 * This image is being used not for a commercial nature but for non-profit educational purposes regarding Canadian postage stamps.
 * This image is the copyrighted work in its entirety.
 * Use of the image affects neither its potential market nor its value as it is being used for non-commercial purposes both at the original website and at Wikipedia.

title: File:Queenstamp.gif


text:
Alexander's Bridge

Alexander's Bridge is the first novel by American author Willa Cather. First published in 1912, it was re-released with an author's preface in 1922. It also ran as a serial in McClure's, giving Cather some free time from her work for that magazine.

Plot introduction
Bartley Alexander is a construction engineer and world-renowned builder of bridges undergoing a mid-life crisis. Although married to Winifred, Bartley resumes his acquaintance with a former lover, Hilda Burgoyne, in London. The affair gnaws at Bartley's sense of propriety and honor.

Plot summary
Professor Wilson arrives at the Alexanders' house in Boston, Bartley Alexander having persuaded him to attend a Congress of Psychologists in the city. He is greeted by Winifred Alexander. When her husband comes home the men talk; Winifred plays the piano for them. The next day, she tells Wilson how she met her husband through her aunt.

On Christmas Eve, the Alexanders prepare for Christmas dinner. Bartley tells Wilson he is having trouble with a bridge in Canada. Later he gives his wife pearl earrings. On New Year's Day, Alexander makes ready to leave for London. On the ship, he endures sharp gales and goes into a bar, where he gambles at bridge, the card game. In London, Bartley visits Hilda and tells her he cannot go on having two relationships; she must forget about him and leave him alone. She is distressed. The day before he is due to return to America however, he takes her out to dinner.

Later, Hugh MacConnell walks Hilda back to her house on a foggy day. She says she isn't attracted to him; they are just close friends. In her house, she receives a letter from Bartley, saying he is going mad away from her. This prompts her to visit him in America to tell him she will marry another man; Bartley doesn't like the idea. They spend one last evening together.

Soon afterward, Philip Horton calls Bartley to Canada to inspect the bridge. Bartley discovers that one of the lower chords is failing, compromising the structural integrity of the entire bridge. Horton had been concerned that the bridge was not safe and had attempted to contact Bartley to have him inspect the bridge earlier – on the very day Bartley was with Hilda. While Bartley is on the bridge telling the work crews to stop working because the bridge was unsafe, the bridge collapses, killing Bartley and many of the workers. Bartley's body is recovered the next day and taken to Horton's house. Winifred comes back to make arrangements for her husband's corpse. Finally, Wilson visits Hilda. The latter expresses her envy of Winifred. Wilson reminds her that Winifred is now bereft and will be haunted by Bartley's death. Hilda concludes that she will be too.

Characters

 * Professor Lucius Wilson, a professor of philosophy. He was a student in Boston and now lectures in a Western university
 * Mrs Winifred Alexander
 * Mr Bartley Alexander, a bridge builder
 * Thomas, the Alexanders' servant
 * MacKeller, a Scottish engineer who brought Bartley from London to Quebec when he was younger; he was a friend of Eleanor Pemberton's
 * Mrs Eleanor Pemberton, Winifred's aunt
 * Maurice Mainhall, a popular man amongst writers
 * Hugh MacConnell, a playwright
 * Florence Merrill
 * Cyril Henderson
 * Hilda Burgoyne, Bartley's erstwhile lover with whom he resumes an affair; she is an actress
 * Irene Burgoyne, a member of Hilda's family
 * Sir Harry Towne
 * Lord Westmere
 * Lady Dowle
 * Lady Westmere
 * Lady Warford
 * Lady Kildare, an Irish philanthropist
 * Robert Owen, Lady Kildare's nephew
 * Sarah Frost, a novelist
 * Mr Frost, Sarah Frost's husband
 * Marie, a French girl
 * Madame Anger
 * Angel, Madame Anger's servant, who was from Brittany and eventually left to start affairs with soldiers
 * Mrs Hastings
 * Angora
 * Philip Horton, he works on bridges with Bartley

Allusions to other works

 * Music is mentioned with Robert Schumann's Carnaval and Giuseppe Verdi's Il trovatore.
 * Literature is mentioned with William Shakespeare's Sonnets and Ernest Dowson. There is also a quotation from Milton's Il Penseroso: "Forget thyself to marble".

Allusions to actual history
It has been argued that the story might have been prompted by the collapse of the Quebec bridge on August 29, 1907.

title: Alexander's Bridge


text:
Blood lancet

A blood lancet, or simply lancet, is a small medical implement used for capillary blood sampling. A blood lancet, sometimes called a lance, is similar to a scalpel style lancet, but with a double-edged blade and a pointed end. It can even be a specialized type of sharp needle. Lancets are used to make punctures, such as a fingerstick, to obtain small blood specimens. Blood lancets are generally disposable.

Lancets are also used to prick the skin in dermatological testing for allergies.

A blood-sampling device, also known as a lancing device, is an instrument equipped with a lancet. It is also most commonly used by diabetic patients during blood glucose monitoring. The depth of skin penetration can be adjusted for various skin thicknesses. Long lancing devices are used for fetal scalp blood testing to get a measure of the acid base status of the fetus.

Blood sampling
The small capillary blood samples obtained can be tested for blood glucose, hemoglobin, and many other blood components.

title: Blood lancet


text:
FK Alfa Modriča

Fudbalski klub Modriča (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Модрича), known as Alfa Modriča for sponsorship reasons, is a professional football club based in Modriča that is situated in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The club was founded in 1922 and it is currently active in the Second League of the Republika Srpska. The club plays its home matches at the Dr. Milan Jelić Stadium, which has a capacity of 6,000 seats.

Modriča became champions in the First League of RS in the 2002–03 season, which secured them a place in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The club's big success came in the 2003–04 season when it won the national cup. Due to this victory, Modriča qualified for the following season's UEFA Cup tournament. It played against FC Santa Coloma of Andorra and won both games, but was later knocked out by Bulgarian side PFC Levski Sofia.

However, its biggest success was when it won the 2007–08 Bosnian Premier League and qualified for the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds where they played against FK Dinamo Tirana and Aalborg BK.

The club is sponsored by Meridianbet.

History
The origins of Modriča's history of professional sports are connected to football, and they date back to 1921.

The first football was brought from Prague by a student Đoka Petrović. The first football club was founded in Modriča in 1922. The club was originally named Rogulj, but it soon changed its name to Zora. In the first years of development of the sport, there were no official competitions – only friendly matches played between teams from neighbouring locations, and the players purchased sports equipment for themselves alone. The first official match Zora played was against the neighbouring team of "Bosanac" from Bosanski Šamac in 1923, which resulted in a 2–2 draw.

Zora existed up until 1927, when the authorities forbade its operation. Soon after, however, another club was founded under the name Olimpija, which existed under this name until 1938, when it changed its name to FK Dobor. After the beginning of World War II, all sports activities ceased, and only when the war was over, in August 1945, a new football club was founded, named Sloga. The club later changed its name to Napredak until it finally got the name Modriča. For sponsoring reasons, Modriča later received for a long time the surname Maxima. What was later changed again in summer 2017 because of sponsor change to Alfa.

The biggest successes of the club during the years of the former Yugoslavia were in the season 1968/69, when it won first place and the title of amateur champion of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the second place in the competition for amateur champion of Yugoslavia.

The shirt of FK Modriča Maxima has been worn, among others, by: Nikola Nikić, Goran Peleš, Džemal Đedović, Slavko Cvijić, Dragan Voćkić, Rade Radulović, Slavko Mamuzić and Mustafa Čoralić. Coaches FK Modriča Maxima Dušan Radoja, Mitar Lukić, Slaviša Božičić, Zoran Ćurguz, Nikola Nikić, Marko Stojić.

The 2003–04 season saw Modriča's first participation in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The same season saw Modriča lift the Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup on 26 May 2004.

In the 2007–08 season, Modriča won its first and so far only league title, which ranks as the biggest success in the long history of the club.

Stadium
The stadium was built and opened in 1962. FK Modriča was formed in 1922 as a club and played its home games at Vranjak.

At the time, the stadium was mainly built with wooden stands and could have an attendance of 3,000 spectators. Modriča, being an industrial city and having the oil refinery as the main provider for most of the population of the city, needed to provide some kind of job offer for its hard workers.

Now, the decision was made to build a larger stadium since FK Modriča was taking part in the country's top league. The stadium "Dr. Milan Jelić" was named after the former president of Republika Srpska. After Dr. Milan Jelić's death on 30 September 2007, the club decided to change the name of their stadium in his honour. The stadium has changing rooms, offices for the hosts, chairs for its main stand, and the capacity altogether is 6,000.

League

 * Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
 * Winners (1): 2007–08
 * First League of the Republika Srpska:
 * Winners (1): 2002–03
 * Second League of the Republika Srpska:
 * Winners (1): 2017–18 (west)

Cups

 * Bosnia and Herzegovina Cup:
 * Winners (1): 2003–04
 * Republika Srpska Cup:
 * Winners (1): 2006–07
 * Runners-up (2): 2002–03, 2003–04

Historical list of managers

 * 🇧🇦 Nikola Nikić
 * 🇧🇦 Mitar Lukić
 * 🇷🇸 Slaviša Božičić
 * 🇧🇦 Dario Purić

title: FK Alfa Modriča


text:
List of Marvel Comics first appearances

This article contains a list of the first appearances of significant artifacts, characters, locations, species and teams in Marvel Comics, its predecessors Timely Comics and Atlas Comics, and imprints.

title: List of Marvel Comics first appearances


text:
FC Tbilisi

FC Tbilisi was a Georgian football team based in the capital Tbilisi. The club played their home games at Olimpi Stadium. FC Tbilisi were renamed Olimpi Rustavi after merging with second division club Rustavi.

In the summer of 2008, the two clubs split up again. Tbilisi took the spot from Olimpi B Rustavi and continued to play in Pirveli Liga.

History
Founded as FC Olimpi Tbilisi
 * 2003: Merged with Merani-91 Tbilisi, as Merani-Olimpi Tbilisi
 * 2003: Renamed as FC Tbilisi
 * 2006: Merged with Rustavi, Renamed as Olimpi Rustavi.
 * 2008: Split up.

First Team

 * 2002–03: Olimpi Tbilisi Regionuli Liga
 * 2003–04: FC Tbilisi Umaglesi Liga
 * 2004–05: FC Tbilisi Umaglesi Liga
 * 2005–06: FC Tbilisi Umaglesi Liga
 * 2006–08: part of Olimpi Rustavi
 * 2008–09: FC Tbilisi Pirveli Liga

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 * rowspan=2|FC Tbilisi
 * Champ.Group
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 * 2004/05
 * Umaglesi Liga
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 * UC 2nd qualifying round
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 * FC Tbilisi
 * }
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Second Team

 * 2003–04: Olimpi Tbilisi Pirveli Liga
 * 2004–05: Olimpi Tbilisi Pirveli Liga
 * 2005–06: FC Tbilisi B Pirveli Liga
 * 2006–07: Olimpi Tbilisi Pirveli Liga
 * 2007–08: Olimpi B Rustavi Pirveli Liga

Third Team

 * 2004–05: FC Tbilisi C Regionuli Liga
 * 2006–07: FC Tbilisi Regionuli Liga

Notable players
Akaki Devadze (2004–05)

Zaal Eliava

Soso Grishikashvili (2004)

Gogita Gogua (2003–05)

Sandro Iashvili (2004–05)

Lasha Jakobia (2003)

Revaz Kemoklidze

Gocha Khojava

Givi Kvaratskhelia

Honours

 * Umaglesi Liga
 * Third place (1): 2004-05

title: FC Tbilisi


text:
FC Dinamo Tbilisi

FC Dinamo Tbilisi (დინამო თბილისი, ) is a Georgian professional football club based in Tbilisi that competes in the Erovnuli Liga, the top flight of Georgian football.

Dinamo Tbilisi was one of the most prominent clubs in Soviet football and a major contender in the Soviet Top League almost immediately after it was established in 1936. The club was then part of one of the leading sport societies in the Soviet Union, the All-Union Dynamo sports society which had several other divisions besides football and was sponsored by the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs. Its main claim to European fame was winning the Cup Winners' Cup in 1981, beating FC Carl Zeiss Jena of East Germany 2–1 in the final in Düsseldorf. It remains the only club based in Georgia to have ever lifted a trophy in European competition. Throughout its history, FC Dinamo Tbilisi produced many famous Soviet players: Boris Paichadze, Avtandil Gogoberidze, Shota Iamanidze, Mikheil Meskhi, Slava Metreveli, Murtaz Khurtsilava, Manuchar Machaidze, David Kipiani, Vladimir Gutsaev, Aleksandre Chivadze, Vitaly Daraselia, Ramaz Shengelia, and Tengiz Sulakvelidze. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, it would later produce some of the finest Georgian players such as Temur Ketsbaia, Shota Arveladze, Giorgi Kinkladze, Kakha Kaladze, Levan Kobiashvili, Khvicha Kvaratskhelia, Giorgi Mamardashvili and etc.

Dinamo Tbilisi was one of a handful of teams in the Soviet Top League (along with Dynamo Kyiv and Dynamo Moscow) that were never relegated. Their most famous coach was Nodar Akhalkatsi, who led the team to the Soviet title in 1978, two Soviet Cups (1976 and 1979), and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1981. He was also one of three co-coaches of the Soviet Union national football team during the FIFA World Cup in 1982. FC Dinamo Tbilisi are also 16–time Georgian league champions and 13–time Georgian Cup holders (the current records).

The beginning: 1920s
The history of FC Dinamo Tbilisi began in autumn 1925 when the Dinamo sports society set out to form a football club, at a time when football was gradually becoming one of the greatest and most popular sports in the world.

In 1927, FC Dinamo Tbilisi established a Junior club, "Norchi Dinamoeli" (young Dinamo). The Juniors club provided the senior with many young skillful players, including the first goalkeeper who played for Dinamo in the USSR championship, the first captain Shota Savgulidze, defender Mikhail Minaev, forward Vladimer Berdzenishvili and other famous players.

In the early years, no official championship existed in Georgia, so the teams played friendly games against each other. The first match was played with Azerbaijan team Dinamo Baku on 26 January 1926, with the more experienced Azerbaijan squad winning 1–0. The Dinamo team starred: D. Tsomaia, A. Pochkhua, M. Blankman, I. Fedorov, N. Anikin, A. Gonel, A. Pivovarov, O. Goldobin, A. Galperin, S. Maslenikov, and V. Tsomaia.

Three days later, Dinamo played another Azerbaijani team, "Progress", and easily beat them 3–0.

Despite their success in the middle years of the 1930s, the Football Federation of the Soviet Union placed FC Dinamo Tbilisi in the first league instead of the Top League. Dinamo continued to show good form against the top teams, winning 9–5 in Tbilisi against probably the best team in the USSR championship, Dynamo Moscow. They later beat Dinamo Leningrad 3–2, winning 5 matches out of 6 plus a draw against Stalinec Moscow. This was enough for Dinamo to qualify for the top league.

World War II: 1930s and 1940s
The second championship started in autumn 1936. Altogether Dinamo played 1424 matches in the Soviet Union Championship. The first match was against Dynamo Kyiv, finishing 2–2, with goals by Nikolas Somov and Boris Paichadze. The team sheet was: A. Dorokhov, S. Shavgulidze (E. Nikolaishvili), B. Berdzenishvili, N. Anikin, V. Jorbenadze, G. Gagua, I. Panin, M. Berdzenishvili, B. Paichadze, M. Aslamazov, and N. Somov.

The first victory in the USSR championship was in the match against Spartak Moscow on 25 September with Mikheil Berdzenishvili scoring the winning goal. Dinamo finished the season in 3rd place. They challenged for the title, but this faded after the 2–3 loss against Krasnaia Zaria Leningrad. Dinamo also played an unforgettable match in Moscow against Spartak Moscow in the Soviet Cup quarter-final, when Dinamo beat them 6–3. They reached the first edition of the Soviet Cup final, but lost 0–2 to Lokomotiv Moscow. Their first international match was against the Spanish team Baskonia in 1937, which Dinamo lost 0–2.

In the 1930s and 1940s, Dinamo was one of the top Soviet football teams, even though they did not win a title. They were often referred to as the "crownless champions" with the team including S. Shavgulidze, A. Dorokhov, S. Shudra, B. Frolov, M. Berdzenishvili, A. Kiknadze, V. Paniukov, V. Berezhnoi, G. Gagua, V. Jorbenadze, and G. Jejelava.

1950s
In the 1950s, the team was led by Avtandil Gogoberidze who spent 17 years with Dinamo. He still holds the record for games played and goals scored for Dinamo, with 341 matches and 127 goals. In the same period, the following players starred for Dinamo: G. Antadze, Vladimer Marghania, N. Dziapshipa, M. Minaev, A. Zazroev, V. Eloshvili, and Avtandil Chkuaseli.

A prominent place in Dinamo history belongs to Andro Jordania, a coach who is considered as one most important figures in the club's history. His period in charge was seen as "the Renaissance" of Dinamo's traditions, which laid the ground for the major successes connected with his name. The club's Digomi practice ground is named after him.

First Soviet successes: 1960s
The first major success came in the 1964 Soviet Top League when Dinamo won the Soviet Top League, with the team unbeaten in the last 15 matches. At the end, Dinamo was tied with Torpedo Moscow so the teams played an additional match in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, which Dinamo won 4–1. Georgian supporters celebrated the victory by naming their team "Golden Guys".

A popular French magazine, France Football, wrote: "Dinamo has great players. Their technique, skills, and playing intellect enables us to name them the best Eastern representatives of 'South American Football Traditions'. If Dinamo were able to participate in the UEFA European Cup, we are certain, they would bring the hegemony of Spanish-Italian teams to an end." However, no Soviet team appeared in the European Cup at that time.

The line-up of the winning team in 1964 was: Sergo Kotrikadze, Giorgi Sichinava, Guram Petriashvili, Jemal Zeinklishvili, Guram Tskhovrebov, Vakhtang Rekhviashvili, Shota Iamanidze, Slava Metreveli, Vladimer Barkaia, Mikheil Meskhi, Ilia Datunashvili, and Alexander Apshev. Coach: Gavriil Kachalin.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the quality of the Dinamo team was further enhanced by several skillful players: Mikheil Meskhi, Slava Metreveli, Murtaz Khurtsilava, Revaz Dzodzuashvili, Kakhi Asatiani, Gocha Gavasheli, Guram Petriashvili, Piruz Kanteladze, and the Nodia brothers, Givi and Levan.

European years: 1970s
Dinamo's first appearance in Europe was in 1972 against Dutch team Twente in the UEFA Cup. Dinamo won the game 3–2, with two goals scored by Givi Nodia and one by David Kipiani. The following players appeared on the field in this historic match: David Gogia, Revaz Dzodzuashvili, Vakhtang Chelidze, Murtaz Khurtsilava, Shota Khinchagashvili, Guram Petriashvili, Manuchar Machaidze, Kakhi Asatiani, Vladimir Gutsaev, Levan Nodia, Givi Nodia, and David Kipiani. In the second match Twente won the game 2–0 and progressed to the next round.

In 1973 Dinamo won their first International tournament. After beating Atlético Madrid and Benfica, the club won the Columbus's Caravela Trophy.

In 1976 Nodar Akhalkatsi was appointed as Dinamo's head coach. It was under his leadership that Dinamo achieved greatest success. The club was referred to as the "Great Team" between 1976 and 1982, characterised by a mobile, fast and technical style of play.

In this period Dinamo won the Soviet Cup for the first time in their history, convincingly defeating Armenian side Ararat Yerevan 3–0 in the final, with goals scored by David Kipiani, Piruz Kanteladze and Revaz Chelebadze. In 1978 the club won the Soviet Top League for a second time. Next year Dinamo won the Soviet Cup again by defeating Russian side Dynamo Moscow in the final. In 1979 the club played its first match in the UEFA European Cup tournament. In the first round Dinamo knocked out English side Liverpool, at the time one of the strongest teams in European football. After losing the first match at Anfield 1–2, Dinamo comfortably beat the opponent 3–0 in Tbilisi and advanced to the next round, where they were eliminated by German champions Hamburg. In the 1970s Dinamo also eliminated famous Italian sides Inter Milan and Napoli in European competitions.

Last Soviet days: 1980s
The highlight of Dinamo's history was winning the 1980–81 European Cup Winners' Cup, including knocking out clubs like West Ham United (4–1, 0–1) and Feyenoord Rotterdam (3–0, 0–2), and beating East German side Carl Zeiss Jena 2–1 in the final on 13 May 1981. Vitaly Daraselia and Vladimir Gutsaev scored goals in the final. Helmut Schön, 1974 FIFA World Cup winning coach said: "It is to be said directly, Dinamo deserved the victory. This team has top-quality performers."

Next year in 1982 as reigning champions Dinamo advanced to the semi-finals in the Cup Winners' Cup tournament, where they were eliminated by Belgian side Standard Liège. In the 1980s numerous skillful players appeared on the team, but for various reasons they were not able to do their best: Grigol Tsaava, Mikheil Meskhi (Junior), Otar Korghalidze, Gia Guruli, Mamuka Pantsulaia, Merab Jordania, Levan Baratashvili and many other talented players.

In 1983 a crisis began. It was hard for the club to go through the first rounds of the Soviet Cup. They also performed poorly in the championship. From 1983 to 1989 the team appeared only once in the UEFA tournaments.

Dinamo Tbilisi played its last game in the Soviet Top League on 27 October 1989 against Dynamo Kyiv. Dinamo played its first and last official matches in the Soviet championship with Dynamo Kyiv, with both matches ending 2–2.

1990s
In 1990 the Georgian Football Federation refused to participate in the Soviet Union championship. That meant that no Georgian football clubs would appear in Soviet tournaments. From that moment the more recent history of FC Dinamo Tbilisi began.

During this time, as a means of distancing from the Soviet past, the club was renamed Iberia Tbilisi. This move was largely opposed by the supporters and by 1992 the club reverted to its initial name.

The club played its first match in the Georgian National championship against Kolkheti Poti on 30 March 1990. Dinamo lost the historic match, 0–1. Ultimately the club recovered from this setback and won the first Georgian National championship. The club also won the next 9 championships.

In 1992 came Dinamo's first double: the team won the league and the Georgian Cup, beating Tskhumi Sokhumi in the final. In 1993 Dinamo played its first international official match representing independent Georgia. Dinamo won the home match against Linfield 2–1, with goals from Shota Arveladze and Gela Inalishvili. The second leg in Belfast ended 1–1. However the club was disqualified for attempting to bribe the referee in the first leg.

Despite continued success in national cups and championships, the club had no success in European club tournaments.

In 1996 Dinamo passed 3 rounds in the UEFA Cup. They beat CS Grevenmacher 4–0, 2–2, Molde FK 2–1, 0–0 and Torpedo Moscow 1–0, 1–1. In the next round the club was unable to overcome Portuguese side Boavista and left the tournament.

Dinamo came very close to advancing in the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stages, but were eliminated by Athletic Bilbao on the away goals rule, 2–1, 0–1. The migration of key players to European clubs caused negative results. It became harder and harder for the club to win the Georgian Championship or Georgian Cup.

2000s
In the early 2000s, famous Georgian businessman Badri Patarkatsishvili purchased FC Dinamo Tbilisi. In 2003 the club won the Georgian Championship and Georgian Cup.

In 2004 Dinamo, under the leadership of Croatian coach Ivo Šušak, won the CIS Cup in Moscow, beating Latvian side Skonto 3–1 in the final. In the same year, Dinamo successfully made it through the UEFA Cup qualifying rounds, after defeating BATE Borisov (1–0, 3–2), Slavia Prague (2–0, 1–3) and Wisła Kraków (2–1, 3–4) and qualified for the group stage, where their opponents were Newcastle United, Sporting CP, Sochaux and Panionios. Dinamo lost all four games and finished bottom in the group.

In the following season Dinamo were again Georgian champions and they won the Georgian championship again in 2008, when the head coach of Dinamo was Czech Dušan Uhrin.

In 2009 the club beat Olimpi Rustavi and won the Georgian Cup.

2010s
In January 2011, FC Dinamo Tbilisi was purchased by Georgian businessman Roman Pipia. That year, the club successfully played in the UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds, but they were not able to overcome AEK Athens in the play-off round.

After a bad performance in the Georgian championship of 2011–12, Dinamo could not qualify for any UEFA competitions for the first time. The new owner immediately started the modernization of the club starting with the reconstruction of the Digomi training ground. The Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena was reconstructed as well. The pitch surface was changed with a new specially adapted surface for the local climate. Renovated Youths Football Academy also began.

The club were beaten 5–0 by Tottenham Hotspur in the Europa League play-off round in the 1st leg and again 3–0 the following week at White Hart Lane, thus crashing out 8–0 on aggregate.

After that in national competitions Dinamo won the double in the 2013, 2014 and 2016 seasons.

Stadium
Construction of the Dinamo stadium started in autumn 1929 although the project was soon suspended. The construction was renewed in 1933 (chief architect – Archil Kurdiani). Construction is completed on 12 October 1935 with a maximum capacity of 23,000 spectators.

In 1960–1962 the stadium was reconstructed and the number of spectators increased to 36 000. After reconstruction the stadium was officially opened on 27 July 1962. Dinamo Tbilisi hosted FC Dynamo Leningrad in the Soviet championship and defeated it with minimal score 1–0.

The demand for a new and bigger stadium had increased due to the successful performance of Dinamo Tbilisi. This was the Communist time, when every problem had to be solved by the USSR supreme government body. The leader and the first secretary of Georgian Communist Party Eduard Shevardnadze was able to persuade official Moscow, that Georgia needed a bigger and better stadium for home matches. By the time the stadium was built, it had the third biggest capacity in the Soviet Union. It could fit 78,000 supporters and fulfill every standard and requirement of the Soviet Football Federation as well as the UEFA.

The first official match played after the stadium was built occurred on 29 September 1976. This was the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1/16 final match between Dinamo Tbilisi and Cardiff City. Dinamo won the opening game 3–0.

The next reconstruction of the stadium was held in 2006 (architects-Gia Kurdiani and Archil Kurdiani Junior) and the number of spectators was changed to 54,549. The stadium was opened with the European championship qualifying match. On 6 September 2006 the Georgia national team hosted the France national team and was defeated with the score 3–0. In 2012 the turf of Dinamo Arena was changed. Energy and irrigation systems were also fully rehabilitated. There was new lighting to satisfy demands for high standards. The VIP box was fully changed and fixed according to UEFA standards.

Even though the stadium's maximum capacity was 78,000, Georgian football fans can remember matches with more accommodation. For instance, in 1979 Dinamo was hosting one of the best British teams – Liverpool. The first match was played in England at Anfield, and Liverpool won 2–1. The attendance was 110,000 and their support played an important role in winning. Dinamo beat Liverpool 3–0 and qualified in the next round. In the Soviet Union Dinamo stadium kept the record with an average attendance of 45,000.

The record attendance was repeated in 1995 for Georgia vs Germany. The football clubs Spartak Moscow and Dynamo Kyiv often played their autumn international matches at this stadium.

Hundreds of Georgian, European and even South American stars played in Dinamo stadium. In 1985 the stadium hosted the qualifying stage of the Juniors World Cup. Cláudio Taffarel and Muller played for the Brazil national team.

In 1995 the stadium was renamed Boris Paichadze National Stadium after a major Georgian international footballer. It is home to the Georgia national football team. Holding lit torches, 80,000 fans came in 1981 to congratulate the team on their European Cup Winners Cup triumph.

The stadium hosted the 2015 UEFA Super Cup match between Barcelona and Sevilla. Barcelona won 5–4 in extra time.

Honours
Dinamo Tbilisi is by far the most successful football club in Georgia, having won the championship 18 times and the cup 13 times. Dinamo also was one of the major football clubs in Soviet football that has never been relegated from the top league, and alongside Ukrainian Dynamo Kyiv was the only club in Soviet era to win a European competition.

Georgian

 * Erovnuli Liga
 * Winners (19): 1990, 1991, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2007–08, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2019, 2020, 2022 (record)
 * Georgian Cup
 * Winners (13): 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2008–09, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16 (record)
 * Georgian Super Cup
 * Winners (9): 1996, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2008, 2014, 2015, 2021, 2023 (record)

Soviet

 * Soviet Top League
 * Winners (2):  1964, 1978
 * Soviet Cup
 * Winners (2): 1976, 1979

European

 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
 * Winners (1): 1980–81

Other international competitions

 * Commonwealth of Independent States Cup (level 1)
 * Winners: (1) 2004

Individual player awards
Soviet Footballer of the Year
 * David Kipiani – 1977
 * Ramaz Shengelia – 1978
 * Aleksandre Chivadze – 1980
 * Ramaz Shengelia – 1981

Georgian Footballer of the Year
 * Temur Ketsbaia – 1990
 * Giorgi Kinkladze – 1993

European Championship winners

Three players have won the 1960 European Championship whilst at Dinamo Tbilisi:

 * Givi Chokheli
 * Zaur Kaloev
 * Mikheil Meskhi

Olympic gold medalists

One player has won the Seoul 1988 Olympic gold medal whilst in Dinamo Tbilisi:

 * Gela Ketashvili

Managerial history
All managers of FC Dinamo Tbilisi:

Seasons
Key

 * P = Played
 * W = Games won
 * D = Games drawn
 * L = Games lost
 * F = Goals for
 * A = Goals against
 * Pts = Points
 * Pos = Final position

 * ERL = Erovnuli Liga
 * STL = Soviet Top League
 * SFL = Soviet First League

 * R1 = First round
 * R2 = Second round
 * R3 = Third round
 * QF = Quarter-finals
 * SF = Semi-finals
 * GS = Group stage
 * QR1 = First Qualifying Round
 * QR2 = Second Qualifying Round
 * QR3 = Third Qualifying Round

title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi


text:
User:JoeyDay

Welcome to the user page of Joey Day. I’m a 40-something software engineer (read: big nerd) in Salt Lake City. When I grow up I’d like to be a seminary professor (read: even bigger nerd).

Things I’m proud of

 * I’m the sole founder and former proprietor of the Homestar Runner Wiki. We've been building a Homestar Runner knowledge-base since October 7, 2003.

title: User:JoeyDay


text:
Shamkir FC

Shamkir Football Club (Şəmkir Futbol Klubu), is an Azerbaijani football club based in Şəmkir, that currently plays in the Azerbaijan First Division. The club is one of the most oldest and most successful clubs in Azerbaijan's football history with two Azerbaijan Premier League titles.

History
The club was established in 1954, even though it never participated at any Soviet football league. It was re-established in 1993. Shamkir's most successful years were at the start of the 2000s, after Shahbaz Suleymanov's takeover, club with Agaselim Mirjavadov consecutively won three Azerbaijan Premier League titles and reached the final of Azerbaijan Cup three times. The club also became the first Azerbaijani team to pass qualifying stage of Champions League. In 2005, the club was briefly defunct due to sponsorship reasons but re-established once again on 19 August 2009 after finding sponsors.

Stadium
Shamkir Olympic Sport Complex Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Shamkir, Azerbaijan. It is used as a home ground of Shamkir FC since 2010.

National

 * Azerbaijan Premier League
 * Winners (2): 1999–00, 2000–01

 * Azerbaijan First Division
 * Winners (1): 1994–95

UEFA club competition results

 * Q = Qualifying

Managers in modern history

 * 🇦🇿 Afgan Talybov (1997–1998)
 * 🇦🇿 Agaselim Mirjavadov (1998–2001)
 * 🇦🇿 Gahraman Aliyev (2001–2005)
 * 🇦🇿 Faig Jabbarov (2009–2011)
 * 🇦🇿 Anar Kalantarov (2011–2013)
 * 🇦🇿 Ruslan Abbasov (2013–2015)
 * 🇦🇿 Kamran Alibabayev (2015–2016)
 * 🇦🇿 Gahraman Aliyev (2016–2017)
 * Badri Kvaratskhelia (2017)

title: Shamkir FC


text: Category:Kandiyohi County, Minnesota

title: Category:Kandiyohi County, Minnesota


text:
Anna Seghers

Anna Seghers (born Anna Reiling, 19 November 1900 – 1 June 1983), is the pseudonym of German writer Anna Reiling, who was notable for exploring and depicting the moral experience of the Second World War. Born into a Jewish family and married to a Hungarian Communist, Seghers escaped Nazi-controlled territory through wartime France. She was granted a visa and gained ship's passage to Mexico, where she lived in Mexico City (1941–47).

She returned to Europe after the war, living in West Berlin (1947–50), which was occupied by Allied forces. She eventually settled in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), where she worked on cultural and peace issues. She received numerous awards and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1959, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1972.

She is believed to have based her pseudonym, Anna Seghers, on the surname of the Dutch painter and printmaker Hercules Pieterszoon Seghers or Segers (c. 1589 – c. 1638).

Life
Seghers was born Anna Reiling in Mainz in 1900 into a Jewish family. She was called "Netty". Her father, Isidor Reiling, was a dealer in antiques and cultural artefacts. In Cologne and Heidelberg she studied history, the history of art, and Chinese.

In 1925 she married László Radványi, also known as Johann Lorenz Schmidt, a Hungarian Communist and academic, thereby acquiring Hungarian citizenship.

She joined the Communist Party of Germany in 1928, at a time when the Weimar Republic was moribund and soon to be replaced. Her 1932 novel, Die Gefährten was a prophetic warning of the dangers of Nazism, for which she was arrested by the Gestapo. In 1932, she formally left the Jewish community.

By 1934 she had emigrated, via Zürich, to Paris. After German troops invaded the French Third Republic in 1940, she fled to Marseilles, seeking to leave Europe.

One year later, she was granted an entry visa to Mexico and ship's passage. Settling in Mexico City, she founded the anti-fascist 'Heinrich-Heine-Klub', named after the German Jewish poet Heinrich Heine. She also founded Freies Deutschland (Free Germany), an academic journal.

While still in Paris, in 1939, she had written The Seventh Cross. The novel is set in 1936 and describes the escape of seven prisoners from a concentration camp. It was published in English in the United States in 1942 and quickly adapted for an American movie of the same name. The Seventh Cross was one of the very few depictions of Nazi concentration camps, in either literature or the cinema, during World War II. In 1947 Seghers was awarded the Georg Büchner-Prize for this novel.

Seghers's best-known short story, the title of her collection in The Outing of the Dead Girls (1946), was written in Mexico. It was partially autobiographical, drawn from her reminiscence and reimagining of a pre-World War I class excursion on the Rhine river. She explores the actions of the protagonist's classmates in light of their decisions and ultimate fates during both world wars. In describing them, the German countryside, and her hometown Mainz, which was soon destroyed in the second war, Seghers expresses lost innocence and ponders the senseless injustices of war. She shows there is no escape from such loss, whether or not one sympathized with the Nazi Party. Other notable Seghers novels include Sagen von Artemis (1938) and The Ship of the Argonauts (1953), both based on myths.

In 1947, Seghers returned to Germany, settling in West Berlin, an enclave within the Soviet-controlled East Germany. She joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in the zone occupied by the Soviets. That year she was also awarded the Georg Büchner Prize for her novel Transit, written in German, and published in English in 1944.

In 1950, she moved to East Berlin, where she co-founded the Academy of the Arts of the GDR, and became a member of the World Peace Council.

Her radio play The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431 was adapted to the stage by Bertolt Brecht. It was written in collaboration with Benno Besson and premiered at the Berliner Ensemble in November 1952, in a production directed by Besson (his first important production with the Ensemble), with Käthe Reichel as Joan.

Honors and awards
In 1951, Seghers received the first National Prize of the GDR and the Stalin Peace Prize. She received an honorary doctorate from the University of Jena in 1959. Seghers was nominated for the 1967 Nobel Prize in Literature by the German Academy of Arts. In 1981, she was made an honorary citizen of her native town Mainz. She died in Berlin on 1 June 1983 and is buried there.

Representation in other media

 * The Seventh Cross (1944) was adapted in English from her 1942 novel of the same name and released by MGM, starring Spencer Tracy.
 * Anna Seghers is mentioned in the German ostalgie film, Good Bye, Lenin! (2003), directed by Wolfgang Becker.
 * Her novel published as Transit (1944) in English, set in Marseilles, was adapted for a 2018 film of the same name by German director Christian Petzold. It was set in contemporary Marseilles, again a center of refugees.

Selected works
Anna Seghers's earlier works are typically attributed to the New Objectivity movement. She also made a number of important contributions to Exilliteratur, including her novels Transit and The Seventh Cross. Her later novels, published in the GDR, are often associated with socialist realism. A number of her novels have been adapted into films in Germany. In 2021, a collection of her short stories was published in English by NYRB Classics.

 * 1928 – Aufstand der Fischer von St. Barbara – Revolt of the Fishermen of Santa Barbara (novel)
 * 1933 – Der Kopflohn – A Price on His Head (novel)
 * 1939 – Das siebte Kreuz – The Seventh Cross (novel)
 * 1943 – Der Ausflug der toten Mädchen – "The Excursion of the Dead Girls" (story) (in German Women Writers of the Twentieth Century, Pergamon Press, 1978)
 * 1944 - Transit – Transit (novel)
 * 1946 - Die Saboteure – The Saboteurs (1946)
 * 1949 - Die Toten bleiben jung – The Dead Stay Young (novel)
 * 1949 - (short story) "The Wedding from Haiti"
 * 1950 - Die Linie.
 * 1950 - Der Kesselflicker "The Tinker" (short story)
 * 1951 - Crisanta (novella)
 * 1951 - Die Kinder.
 * 1952 - Der Mann und sein Name (novella)
 * 1953 - Der Bienenstock "The Beehive" (short story)
 * 1954 - Gedanken zur DDR. In Aufsätze ... 1980, as an excerpt from Andreas Lixl-Purcell (ed.): Erinnerungen deutsch-jüdischer Frauen 1900–1990.
 * 1958 - Brot und Salz "Bread and Salt" (short story)
 * 1959 - Die Entscheidung "The Decision" (novel)
 * 1961 - Das Licht auf dem Galgen "The Light on the Gallows" (short story)
 * 1963 - Über Tolstoi. Über Dostojewski.
 * 1965 - Die Kraft der Schwachen The Power of the Weak (novel)
 * 1967 - Das wirkliche Blau. Eine Geschichte aus Mexiko. "The Real Blue" (short story)
 * 1968 - Das Vertrauen Trust (novel)
 * 1969 - Glauben an Irdisches (essays)
 * 1970 - Briefe an Leser.
 * 1970 - Über Kunstwerk und Wirklichkeit.
 * 1971 - Überfahrt. Eine Liebesgeschichte. "Crossing: A Love Story" (Diálogos Books, 2016)
 * 1972 - Sonderbare Begegnungen Strange Encounters (short stories)
 * 1973 - Der Prozeß der Jeanne d'Arc zu Rouen 1431 The Trial of Joan of Arc in Rouen (radio play, later adapted by Berthold Brecht)
 * 1973 – Benito's Blue and Nine Other Stories
 * 1977 - Steinzeit. "Stone Age" Wiederbegegnung "Reencounter" (short stories)
 * 1980 - Drei Frauen aus Haiti Three Women from Haiti (short stories)
 * 1990 - Der gerechte Richter The Righteous Judge (short stories)

title: Anna Seghers


text:
Neftçi PFK

Neftçi Peşəkar Futbol Klubu, known simply as Neftçi or Neftchi Baku in English-speaking media, is an Azerbaijani professional football club based in the capital, Baku, that plays in the Azerbaijan Premier League, the highest tier of Azerbaijan football. The club was founded on 18 March 1937 and played under the name of Neftyanik until 1968. Since then, the club has been competing under the name of Neftçi.

Neftçi played for a total of 27 seasons in the Top Division of Soviet football. The main achievement of that period is the bronze medals of the USSR Championship won in 1966. Neftçi has won nine Azerbaijan Premier League titles, six Azerbaijan Cups and two Azerbaijan Supercup titles. The club is one of the two teams in Azerbaijan, along with Qarabağ, which has participated in all Azerbaijan Premier League championships so far.

In 2012, Neftçi became the first Azerbaijani club to advance to the group stage of a European competition after defeating APOEL 4–2 on aggregate in the play-off round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. Neftçi plays its matches at the Neftçi Arena in Baku, which also serves as the venue for Azerbaijan national team matches.

Soviet era (1937–1991)
The club was founded on 18 March 1937 and played under the name of Neftyanik until 1968. The first official match of Neftyanik took place on May 24, 1937. In the 1/64 finals of the Soviet Cup, Neftyanik won FC Dinamo Yerevan (1:0). The goal scored by Pavel Shtyrlin in the 87th minute was the first in the history of Neftçi.

The team, which has played since the USSR championships in the group G, took the 11th place among 12 participants. In the same year, in the matches for the USSR Cup, Neftyanik, although he won in 1/64 and 1/32 finals in the Dinamo teams from Yerevan and Batumi, lost in the 1/16 finals from the fight, losing to the Dinamo Tbilisi.

Between 1938 and 1941, Neftyanik also played in local Azerbaijani and Caucasus championships. At the start of World War II, the players had to join the army. Mirmehdi Aghayev, who played for the club before the war, was among those killed in action. As the war drew to an end, the team gradually resumed operations and in 1944, Neftyanik returned to the Azerbaijani championship, becoming champions the following year.

Neftyanik competed in the 2nd Group of the USSR championship in 1946–1948, and was qualified for the first time in its history for the 1st Group (Top League) in 1949. After Temp Baku which took part only one year in the 1st Group eleven years ago, Neftyanik became the second representative of the Republic in that level in the history of Azerbaijan football. The first Top League match was against the VVS Moscow at the then Lenin Stadium (now Ismat Gayibov Stadium). In this historic match, the team won with a score of 1:0. The first goal in group A of the championship of the USSR was recorded by Viktor Anoshkin. They finished the Top Division in 14th place in their debut season. Playing in the Top Division for two consecutive years, Neftyanik left it in 1950 and had to play in the Class B again. The team was qualified for the second time in its history for the Top League in 1960, and by playing regularly in the Top League during 1960–1965.

The 1966 season stands out in the history of Neftçi, as the club achieved its biggest success in the USSR championships by finishing third. By beating Spartak Moscow 3:0 in the last game of the championship in the current Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium on 30 November, the Black and Whites, coached by 31-year-old Ahmad Alaskarov, reached 45 points and finished only two points short of the Rostov Army Club who were second. Dynamo Kyiv won the championship with 56 points. Two years later, in 1968, the club began the 30th USSR championship as Neftçi rather than Neftyanik.

Neftçi dropped to the Second Division in 1972 and spent the 1973–76 seasons there. Elbrus Abbasov played a great role in the team's comeback. By scoring 28 goals, he became the Second Division's top scorer, helping the Black and Whites finish second and qualify for the top flight again. In 1987 season, Neftçi coached by Aghasalim Mirjavadov, finished the championship in 9th place, registering its best performance since 1971. The team was known for its attacking trio which included Isgandar Javadov, Mashalla Ahmadov and Igor Ponomaryov. 1988 was a disappointing season for the club, as they finished 15th and were relegated to the Second Division. Aghasalim Mirjavadov coached them in the first half of the season and Yuriy Kuznetsov in the second, but neither could save the team from relegation.

Domestic hegemony (1991–2012)
Neftçi won the first Azerbaijani national championship having begun as clear favourites, since many of the players playing for the club at the end of the Soviet period remained. The team was coached by Ahmad Alaskarov. Another success came three years later. In 1995, Neftçi, led by Vagif Sadygov, defeated all rivals in the fight for the Cup of Azerbaijan. 1995–1996 season, Neftçi finished with a "golden double" — won the national championship and became the owner of the Cup. This success was achieved thanks to the efforts of coaches Vagif Sadygov, Asif Aliyev and Kazbek Tuaev.

In 2006, Neftçi managed to win the CIS Cup after defeating FBK Kaunas of Lithuania in the final. In European competitions, the club also have advanced to the second qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League twice, having defeated Bosnian champions – NK Široki Brijeg – and Icelandic champions – FH Hafnarfjarðar – in 2004 and 2005 respectively. Neftçi advanced to the third round of the 2008 Intertoto Cup, after defeating the Slovak club FC Nitra and the Belgian side K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot in the first two rounds.

A long period of decline followed the success of the 2005 to the end of the decade. Despite the appointment of famous names such as Gurban Gurbanov, Vlastimil Petržela, Anatoliy Demyanenko and Hans-Jürgen Gede, the club did not achieve any success and squandered large sums of money on unsuccessful signings.

Prospects changed positively in December 2009 when the club's control was given to Sadıq Sadıqov. The takeover was immediately followed by a flurry of bids for high-profile international players such as Bahodir Nasimov, Nicolás Canales, Flavinho, Bruno Bertucci, Eric Ramos, Igor Mitreski and Julius Wobay. In May 2011, coached by Arif Asadov, the club won its sixth championship title. Asadov also become the first person in Azerbaijan to win the league title as a coach and football player. However, Asadov was dismissed after the defeat to Dinamo Zagreb in the qualifying round of the Champions League 2011–2012 season.

In the 2011–12 season, Boyukagha Hajiyev guided Neftçi to another domestic success as the club become champions for seventh time in their history. In November 2011, Neftçi celebrated its 1,000th victory in official matches and its 1,000th goal in Azerbaijan League, scored by Araz Abdullayev.

European breakthrough (2012–present)
In 2012, Neftçi qualified for the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League group stage, being the first Azerbaijani team to advance to this stage in a European competition. Neftçi managed to get three points in six matches, drawing with Partizan both times and holding Internazionale away at the San Siro.

A third consecutive Premier League title followed in 2012–13. Neftçi then won the Azerbaijan Cup on 28 May 2013 to secure the domestic double. Following Neftçi's early exit from European cups, Boyukagha Hajiyev resigned from his post. Following defeat at 2013 Azerbaijan Supercup, Nazim Suleymanov was appointed as Neftçi's new manager after Tarlan Ahmadov was sacked just three months in charge. On 8 January 2014, Suleymanov resigned as manager after a transfer fund dispute. In May 2014, despite finishing fourth, Neftçi managed to win Azerbaijan Cup. In August 2014, the club reached Europa League play-off round after defeating Chikhura Sachkhere on aggregate.

On 2 November 2014, Neftçi club president Sadygov stated that the club was experiencing financial difficulties. In 2015, it was announced that the club would become a public limited company – Neftchi PLC, while the club's new president would be Chingiz Abdullayev.

On 8 June 2018, Roberto Bordin was announced as Neftçi's new manager on a two-year contract. Under the head coach of Roberto Bordin, the team finished Azerbaijan Premier League in second place and they have advanced two qualifying rounds in the UEFA Europa League. On 18 January 2020, the club officially announced that the contract with Bordin mutually terminated, and he was replaced temporarily by his assistant Fizuli Mammadov.

On 11 November 2020, Samir Abbasov was appointed manager. The contract between the parties was signed until the end of the 2021/2022 season. In the first season under his coach, the club won the Azerbaijan Premier league after 7 years again.

On 11 July 2023, Adrian Mutu was appointed as Neftçi's new Head Coach on a two-year contract.

Grounds
Neftçi's home matches are usually played at Tofiq Bahramov Stadium in Baku. Built by German prisoners of war in 1951 and constructed in the shape of a "C" to honour Joseph Stalin, it was renamed after famous football referee Tofiq Bahramov in 1993 after his death. The stadium also serves as the home ground of the Azerbaijan national football team and holds 31,200 spectators, making it the second-largest stadium in the country.

Neftçi's current home venue is the 11,000 capacity Neftçi Arena. It has been the club's home since the 2012–13 season.

Supporters
Neftçi is one of the most supported clubs in Azerbaijan, with supporters organized in many fan clubs around the world, including the United States, Turkey, Russia and any other country with a sizeable Azerbaijani community. Neftçi's fans are the first to bring Ultras Culture to Azerbaijan. Various companies were Neftçi's number of participating groups. Among them are "Flaqman", "Ultra Neftçi", "Neftçimania" and Forza Neftçi. Currently, the biggest fan group of the club is "Forza Neftçi". In the 2010s, although Neftçi improved its position, the average attendance fell to record low levels.

The club's most popular celebrity supporters are the likes of actors Bahram Bagirzade, Bashir Safaroglu and Lutfali Abdullayev, composers Gara Garayev, Fikrat Amirov and Niyazi, judoka Ilham Zakiyev and scientist Mirali Qashqai.

Rivalry with Khazar Lankaran
Matches between Neftçi and Khazar Lankaran are some of the biggest clashes in Azerbaijan. The relationship between the two clubs has always been known for its great animosity, as the classic opposes two geographic regions – with Neftçi and Khazar Lankaran representing the north and south of Azerbaijan, respectively.

Recent seasons
Statistics from the previous decade. For a full history see; List of Neftçi PFK seasons

Rank = Rank in the league; P = Played; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; GD = Goal difference; Pts = Points; Cup = Azerbaijan Cup; CL = UEFA Champions League; EL = UEFA Europa League; ECL = UEFA Europa Conference League.
 * Key

in = Still in competition; – = Not attended; 1R = 1st round; 2R = 2nd round; 3R = 3rd round; 1QR = 1st qualifying round; 2QR = 2nd qualifying round; 3QR = 3rd qualifying round; PO = Play-off round; GS = Group stage; R16 = Round of sixteen; QF = Quarter-finals; SF = Semi-finals.

Crest and colours
In 1937 Baku had already gained a reputation as an oil city. Therefore, those working in the field of "black gold" soon formed a football team on 18 March 1937. But they didn't have to think much about the name. They gave own names to the team. The color of "black gold" also formed the basis of the form. At that time, along with oil, cotton, called "white gold", played no less a role in the glory of the Azerbaijani SSR than oil, so it was decided that the color of cotton should be reflected in the form. Since then, Neftçi, has remained faithful to black-white.

1949 means for history of Neftçi not less than the year of its establishment. That year taking part under the name Neftyanik, the club was qualified for the first time in its history for the Soviet Top League. A radical changes were made in the staff of Neftyanik with the aim to provide successes of the team among Football elite. Also the team logotype was made. The emblem was the letter "Н" of the Cyrillic Alphabet against the background of an oil rig – the first letter of the word Neftyannik. The logo of Neftçi has been changed four times, in 1977, 1997, 2004 and in 2024.

Shirt sponsors and kit manufacturers
Neftçi's traditional kit was composed of black shirts, white shorts and socks of the same colour. Although through the years these two have gone from alternating between white and black stripes.

European record
The club have participated in 21 editions of the club competitions governed by UEFA, the chief authority for football across Europe. These include 7 seasons in the Champions League, 13 seasons in the UEFA Cup and Europa League, two seasons in the UEFA Europa Conference League and one seasons in the Cup Winners' Cup and Intertoto Cup. Counting all of the 74 games the side have played in UEFA competitions since their first entry into the Cup Winners' Cup in the 1995–96 season, the team's record stands at 25 wins, 19 draws and 34 defeats.

Current squad
For recent transfers, see Transfers summer 2024.

Reserve team
Neftçi-2 plays in the Azerbaijan Reserve League from 2023.

Azerbaijan

 * Azerbaijan League
 * Winners (9): 1992, 1995–96, 1996–97, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2020–21
 * Runners-up (5): 2000–01, 2006–07, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22
 * Third place (7): 1994–95, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2017–18, 2022–23
 * Azerbaijan Cup
 * Winners (6): 1994–95, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2012–13, 2013–14
 * Runners-up (5): 2000–01, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2022–23
 * Azerbaijan Supercup
 * Winners (2): 1993, 1995
 * Runners-up (1): 2013

USSR

 * Soviet Top League
 * Third place (1): 1966
 * Soviet First League
 * Runners-up (1): 1976
 * Third place (1): 1954
 * Soviet Cup
 * Semi-finalist (4): 1966–67, 1967–68, 1970, 1971
 * USSR Federation Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 1988

European

 * UEFA Intertoto Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 2008 (joint runners-up)

International

 * Commonwealth of Independent States Cup
 * Winners (1): 2006
 * Runners-up (1): 2005

Presidential history
Neftçi has had numerous presidents over the course of its history, some of whom have been owners of the club while others have been honorary presidents. In 1988, Neftçi had registered as a professional football club and club since then had nine presidents.

Notable managers
The following individuals have all won at least one trophy while coaching Neftçi:

title: Neftçi PFK