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Nusaybin

Nusaybin is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,079 km2, and its population is 115,586 (2022). The city is populated by Kurds of different tribal affiliation.

Nusaybin is separated from the larger Kurdish-majority city of Qamishli by the Syria–Turkey border.

The city is at the foot of the Mount Izla escarpment at the southern edge of the Tur Abdin hills, standing on the banks of the Jaghjagh River (Çağçağ), the ancient Mygdonius (Μυγδόνιος). The city existed in the Assyrian Empire and is recorded in Akkadian inscriptions as Naṣibīna. Having been part of the Achaemenid Empire, in the Hellenistic period the settlement was re-founded as a polis named "Antioch on the Mygdonius" by the Seleucid dynasty after the conquests of Alexander the Great. A part of first the Roman Republic and then the Roman Empire, the city (Nisibis; Νίσιβις) was mainly Syriac-speaking, and control of it was contested between the Kingdom of Armenia, the Romans, and the Parthian Empire. After a peace treaty contracted between the Sasanian Empire and the Romans in 298 and enduring until 337, Nisibis was capital of Roman Mesopotamia and the seat of its governor (dux mesopotamiae). Jacob of Nisibis, the city's first known bishop, constructed its first cathedral between 313 and 320. Nisibis was a focus of international trade, and according to the Greek history of Peter the Patrician, the primary point of contact between Roman and Persian empires.

Nisibis was besieged three times by the Sasanian army under Shapur II ((r. 309 – 379)) in the first half of the 4th century; each time, the city's fortifications held. The Syriac poet Ephrem the Syrian witnessed all three sieges, and praised Nisibis's successive bishops for their contributions to the defences in his Carmina Nisibena, while the Roman caesar Julian ((r. 355 – 363)) described the third siege in his panegyric to his senior co-emperor, the augustus Constantius II ((r. 337 – 361)). The Roman soldier and Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus described Nisibis, fortified with walls, towers, and a citadel, as "the strongest bulwark of the Orient".

After the defeat of the Romans in Julian's Persian War, Julian's successor Jovian ((r. 363 – 364)) was forced to cede the five Transtigritine provinces to the Persians, including Nisibis. The city was evacuated and its citizens forced to migrate to Amida (Diyarbakır) – which was expanded to accommodate them – and to Edessa (Urfa). According to the Latin historian Eutropius, the cession of Nisibis was supposed to last 120 years. Nisibis remained a major entrepôt; one of only three such cities of commercial exchange allowed by Roman law promulgated in 408/9. However, despite several Roman attempts to recapture Nisibis through the remainder of the Roman–Persian Wars and the construction of nearby Dara to defend against Persian attack, Nisibis was not returned to Roman control before it was conquered in 639 by the Rashidun Caliphate during the Muslim conquest of the Levant.

Under Sasanian rule and after, Nisibis was a major centre of the Christian Church, and the bishop of Nisibis attended the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon convened in 410 by the emperor Yazdegerd I ((r. 399 – 420)). As a result of this council, the Church of the East was set up, and the bishop of Nisibis became the metropolitan bishop of the five erstwhile Transtigritine provinces. Narsai, formerly a theologian at the School of Edessa, founded the famous School of Nisibis with the bishop, Barsauma, in the 470s. When the Roman emperor Zeno ((r. 474 – 491)) closed the School of Edessa in 489, the scholars migrated to Nisibis's school and established the city as the foremost centre of Christian thought in the Church of the East. According to the Damascene monk John Moschus, the city's cathedral had five doors in the 7th century, and the monastic and later bishop of Harran, Symeon of the Olives, was recorded as having renewed several ecclesiastical buildings in the early period of Arab rule. The monasteries of the nearby Tur Abdin, led by the reforms of Abraham the Great of Kashkar, founder of the "Great Monastery" of Mount Izla, underwent substantial revival in the years after the Muslim conquest. However, besides the baptistery known as the Church of Saint Jacob (Mar Ya‘qub) and built in 359 by bishop Vologeses, little remains of ancient Nisibis, probably because of ruinous earthquake in 717. Archaeological excavations were conducted in the vicinity of the 4th-century baptistery in the early 21st century, revealing various buildings including the 4th-century cathedral.

Antiquity
First mentioned in 901 BCE, Naṣibīna was an Aramean kingdom captured by the Assyrian king Adad-Nirari II in 896. By 852 BCE, Naṣibīna had been fully annexed to the Neo-Assyrian Empire and appeared in the Assyrian Eponym List as the seat of an Assyrian provincial governor named Shamash-Abua.

It was under Babylonian control until 536 BCE, when it fell to the Achaemenid Persians, and remained so until taken by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE.

Hellenistic period
The Seleucids re-founded the city as Antiochia Mygdonia (Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Μυγδονίας), mentioned for the first time in Polybius' description of the march of Antiochus III the Great against Molon (Polybius, V, 51). The Greek historian Plutarch suggested that the city was populated by descendants of Spartans. Around the 1st century CE, Nisibis (נציבין) was the home of Judah ben Bethera, who founded a famous yeshiva there. In 67 BCE, during Rome's first war with Armenia, the Roman general Lucullus took Nisibis (Մծբին) from the brother of Tigranes.

Like many other cities in the marches where Roman and Parthian powers confronted one another, Nisibis was often taken and retaken. In 115 CE, it was captured by the Roman Emperor Trajan, for which he gained the name of Parthicus, then lost to and regained from the Jews during the Kitos War. After the Romans again lost the city in 194, it was once more conquered by Septimius Severus, who made it his headquarters and re-established a colony there. The last battle between Rome and Parthia was fought in the vicinity of the city in 217.

Late Antiquity
With the fresh energy of the new Sassanid dynasty, Shapur I conquered Nisibis, was driven out, and returned in the 260s. In 298, by a treaty with Narseh, the province of Nisibis was acquired by the Roman Empire.

During the Roman–Persian Wars (337–363 CE) Nisibis was unsuccessfully besieged by the Sassanid Empire thrice, in 337, 346 and 350. According to the Expositio totius mundi et gentium bronze and iron were forbidden to be exported to the Persians, but for other goods, Nisibis was the site of substantial trade across the Roman–Persian frontier.

Upon the death of Constantine the Great in 337 CE, the Sassanid Shah Shapur II marched against Roman held Nisibis with a vast army composed of cavalry, infantry and elephants. His combat engineers raised siege works, including towers, so his archers could rain down arrows at the defenders. They also undermined the walls, dammed the Mygdonius River and constructed dikes to direct the river against the walls. On the seventieth day of the siege, the water was released and the torrent struck the walls; entire sections of the city walls collapsed. The water passed through the city and knocked down a section of the opposite wall as well. The Persians were unable to assault the city because the approaches to the breaches were impassable due to floodwater, mud and debris. The soldiers and citizens inside the city worked all night and by dawn the breaches were closed with makeshift barriers. Shapur's assault troops attacked the breaches, but their assault was repulsed. A few days later the Persian lifted the siege.

Nisibis was besieged a second time in 346 CE. The details of the second siege have not survived. Shapur besieged the city for seventy-eight days and then lifted the siege.

In 350 CE, while the Roman Emperor Constantius II was engaged in a civil war against the usurper Magnentius in the West, the Persians invaded and laid siege to Nisibis for the third time. The siege lasted between 100 and 160 days. The Persian engineers tried several innovative siege technics; using the River Mygdonius to bring down a section of the walls, and creating a lake around the city and using boats with siege engines to bring down another section. Unlike the first siege, as the walls fell, Persian assault troops immediately entered the breaches supported by war elephants. Despite all this they failed to break through the breaches and the attack stalled. The Romans, experts at close-quarter combat, and supported by arrows and bolts from the walls and towers checked the assault and a sortie from one of the gates forced the Persians to withdraw. Shortly after the Persian Army, suffering heavy casualties from combat and disease, lifted the siege and withdrew.

The Roman historian of the 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus, gained his first practical experience of warfare as a young man at Nisibis under the magister equitum, Ursicinus. From 360 to 363, Nisibis was the camp of Legio I Parthica. Because of its strategic importance on the Persian border, Nisibis was heavily fortified. Ammianus lovingly calls Nisibis the "impregnable city" (urbs inexpugnabilis) and "bulwark of the provinces" (murus provinciarum).

Sozomen writes that when the inhabitants of Nisibis asked for help because the Persians were about to invade the Roman territories and attack them, Emperor Julian refused to assist them because they were Christianized, and he told them that he would not help them if they did not return to paganism.

In 363 Nisibis was ceded to the Sassanian Empire after the defeat of Julian. Before that time the population of the town was forced by the Roman authorities to leave Nisibis and move to Amida. Emperor Jovian allowed them only three days for the evacuation. Historian Ammianus Marcellinus was again an eyewitness and condemns Emperor Jovian for giving up the fortified town without a fight. Marcellinus' point-of-view is certainly in line with contemporary Roman public opinion.

According to Al-Tabari, some 12,000 Persians of good lineage from Istakhr, Isfahan, and other regions settled at Nisibis in the fourth century, and their descendants were still there at the beginning of the seventh century.

The School of Nisibis, founded at the introduction of Christianity into the city by ethnic Assyrians of the Assyrian Church of the East, was closed when the province was ceded to the Persians. Ephrem the Syrian, an Assyrian poet, commentator, preacher and defender of orthodoxy, joined the general exodus of Christians and re-established the school on more securely Roman soil at Edessa. In the fifth century, the school became a center of Nestorian Christianity, and was closed down by Archbishop Cyrus in 489. The expelled masters and pupils withdrew once more, back to Nisibis, under the care of Barsauma, who had been trained at Edessa, under the patronage of Narses, who established the statutes of the new school. Those that have been discovered and published belong to Osee, the successor of Barsauma in the See of Nisibis, and bear the date 496; they must be substantially the same as those of 489. In 590, they were again modified. The monastery school was under a superior called Rabban ("master"), a title also given to the instructors. The administration was confided to a major-domo, who was steward, prefect of discipline and librarian, but under the supervision of a council. Unlike the Jacobite schools, devoted chiefly to profane studies, the School of Nisibis was above all a school of theology. The two chief masters were the instructors in reading and in the interpretation of Holy Scripture, explained chiefly with the aid of Theodore of Mopsuestia. The free course of studies lasted three years, the students providing for their own support. During their sojourn at the university, masters and students led a monastic life under somewhat special conditions. The school had a tribunal and enjoyed the right of acquiring all sorts of property. Its rich library possessed a most beautiful collection of Nestorian works; from its remains Ebed-Jesus, Bishop of Nisibis in the 14th century, composed his celebrated catalogue of ecclesiastical writers. The disorders and dissensions, which arose in the sixth century in the school of Nisibis, favoured the development of its rivals, especially that of Seleucia; however, it did not really begin to decline until after the foundation of the School of Baghdad (832). Notable people associated with the school include its founder Narses; Abraham, his nephew and successor; Abraham of Kashgar, the restorer of monastic life; and ArchbishopElijah of Nisibis.

As a fortified frontier city, Nisibis played a major role in the Roman-Persian Wars. It became the capital of the newly created province of Mesopotamia after Diocletian's organization of the eastern Roman frontier. It became known as the "Shield of the Empire" after a successful resistance in 337–350. The city changed hands several times, and once in Sasanian hands, Nisibis was the base of operations against the Romans. The city was also one of the main crossing points for merchants, although elaborate counter-espionage safeguards were also in place.

Islamic period
The city was taken without resistance by the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate under Umar in 639 or 640. Under early Islamic rule, the city served as a local administrative centre. In 717, it was struck by an earthquake and in 927 it was raided by the Qarmatians. Nisibis was captured in 942 by the Byzantine Empire but was subsequently recaptured by the Hamdanid dynasty. It was attacked by the Byzantines once again in 972. Following the Hamdanids, the city was administered by the Marwanids and the Uqaylids. From the middle of the 11th century onwards, it was subjected to Turkish raids and being threatened by the County of Edessa, being attacked and damaged by Seljuq forces under Tughril in 1043. The city nevertheless remained an important centre of commerce and transport.

In 1120, it was captured by the Artuqids under Necmeddin Ilgazi, followed by the Zengids and Ayyubids. The city is described as a very prosperous one by the period's Arab geographers and historians, with imposing baths, walls, lavish houses, a bridge and a hospital. In 1230, the city was invaded by the Mongol Empire. Mongol sovereignty was followed by that of the Ag Qoyunlu, Kara Koyunlu and Safavids. In 1515, it was taken by the Ottoman Empire under Selim I thanks to the efforts of Idris Bitlisi.

Modern history
On the eve of World War I, Nusaybin had a Christian community of 2000, along with a Jewish population of 600. A massacre of Christians took place in August 1915, after which the Christian community of Nusaybin diminished to 1200. Syrian Jacobites, Chaldean Catholics, Protestants, and Armenians were targeted.

As agreed upon by the governments of France and the new Republic of Turkey in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, the Turkey-Syria border would follow the line of the Baghdad Railway until Nusaybin, after which it would follow the path of a Roman road leading to Cizre. After the establishment of the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, Nusaybin lost over 60% of its population to the settlements there, most prominently Qamishli.

Nusaybin was a place on the transit routes of Syrian Jews leaving the country after the 1948 formation of Israel and the subsequent Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries. Upon reaching Turkey, after a route that took them through Aleppo and the Jazira sometimes with the help of Bedouin smugglers, most headed for Israel. There had been a large Jewish community in Nisbis since antiquity, many of whom moved to Qamishli in the early 20th century for economic reasons. A synagogue in Jerusalem practises the Nisibis and Qamishli rites today.

21st century
Nusaybin made headlines in 2006 when villagers near Kuru uncovered a mass grave, suspected of belonging to Ottoman Armenians and Assyrians killed during the Armenian and Assyrian genocides. Swedish historian David Gaunt visited the site to investigate its origins, but left after finding evidence of tampering. Gaunt, who has studied 150 massacres carried out in the summer of 1915 in Mardin, said that the Committee of Union and Progress's governor for Mardin, Halil Edip, had likely ordered the massacre on 14 June 1915, leaving 150 Armenians and 120 Assyrians dead. The settlement was then known as Dara (now Oğuz). Gaunt added that the death squad, named El-Hamşin (meaning "fifty men"), was headed by officer Refik Nizamettin Kaddur. The president of the Turkish Historical Society, Yusuf Halaçoğlu, following the Turkish government's policy of Armenian genocide denial, said that the remains dated back to Roman times. Özgür Gündem reported that the Turkish military and police pressed the Turkish media not to report the discovery.

The Turkish Interior Ministry looked into dissolving Nusaybin city council in 2012 after it decided to use Arabic, Armenian, Aramaic, and Kurmanji on signposts in the town, in addition to the Turkish language.

Tensions and violence
In November 2013, Nusaybin's mayor, Ayşe Gökkan, commenced a hunger strike to protest against the construction of a wall between Nusaybin and the neighboring Kurdish-majority city of Qamishli in Syria. Construction of the wall stopped as a result of this and other protests.

On 13 November 2015, the town was placed under a curfew by the Turkish government, and Ali Atalan and Gülser Yıldırım, two elected members of the Grand National Assembly from the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), began a hunger strike in protest. Two civilians and ten PKK fighters were killed by security forces in the ensuing unrest. By March 2016, PKK forces controlled about half of Nusaybin according to Al-Masdar News and the YPS controlled "much" of it, according to The Independent. The Turkish state imposed eight successive curfews over several months and employed the use of heavy weapons in defeating the Kurdish militants, resulting in large swathes of Nusaybin being destroyed. 61 members of the security forces had been killed by May 2016. By 9 April, 60,000 residents of the city had been displaced, yet 30,000 civilians remained in the city, including in the six neighborhoods where fighting continued. YPS reportedly had 700–800 militants in the city, of which the Turkish army claimed that 325 were "neutralised" by 4 May. A curfew was in place between 14 March and 25 July in the majority of the town. After the fighting ended in a Turkish Army victory, in late September 2016 the Turkish government began demolishing a quarter of the city's residential buildings. This rendered 30,000 citizens homeless and caused a mass evacuation of tens of thousands of residents to neighboring towns and villages. Over 6,000 houses were bulldozed. After demolition was completed in March 2017, over one hundred apartment towers were built. The Turkish government offered to compensate homeowners at 12% of the value of their destroyed houses if they agreed to certain relocation conditions.

Economy
As a result of Turkish government policy to close all border crossings with the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, the city's border with Syria (i.e. the large Syrian city of Qamishli) has been closed, with claims that the cessation in smuggling has led to a 90% rise in unemployment in the city.

Transportation
Nusaybin is served by the E90 roadway and other roads to surrounding towns. The Nusaybin Railway Station is served by two daily trains. The closest airport is Qamishli Airport five kilometers to the south, in Qamishli in Syria. The closest Turkish airport is Mardin Airport, 55 kilometers northwest of Nusaybin.

Geography
Nusaybin is on the north side of the Syria-Turkey border, which divides it from the city of Qamishli. The Jaghjagh River flows through both cities. The Nusaybin side of the border has a minefield, with a total of some 600,000 landmines having been set by the Turkish Armed Forces since the 1950s. Located to the east is Mount Judi, which people (including Muslims) consider to be the place where the ark of Nuh or Noah (who is regarded as a Nabi or Prophet in Abrahamic religions) came to rest.

Composition
There are 84 neighbourhoods in Nusaybin District. Fifteen of these (8 Mart, Abdulkadirpaşa, Barış, Devrim, Dicle, Fırat, Gırnavas, İpekyolu, Kışla, Mor-Yakup, Selahattin Eyyübi, Yenişehir, Yenituran and Zeynelabidin) form the central town (merkez) of Nusaybin.

 * 8. Mart
 * Abdulkadirpaşa
 * Acıkköy (Bamidê)
 * Açıkyol (Aferî)
 * Akağıl (Derzandik)
 * Akarsu (Stîlîtê)
 * Akçatarla (Dal)
 * Bahçebaşı (Bawernê)
 * Bakacık (Kinikê)
 * Balaban (Birêgiriya)
 * Barış
 * Beylik (Bakisyan)
 * Büyükkardeş (Cinata Miho)
 * Çağlar (Şanîşê)
 * Çalıköy (Çalê)
 * Çatalözü (Gundikê Xêlid)
 * Çiğdem (Giremara)
 * Çilesiz (Mezra Mihoka)
 * Çölova (Menderê)
 * Dağiçi (Harabemişke)
 * Dallıağaç (Herbê)
 * Değirmencik (Qolika)
 * Demirtepe (Girhesin)
 * Devrim
 * Dibek (Badip)
 * Dicle
 * Dirim (Şabanê)
 * Doğanlı (Talat)
 * Doğuş (Qûzo)
 * Durakbaşı (Qesra)
 * Duruca (Kertwin)
 * Düzce (Sirinçk)
 * Eskihisar (Marinê)
 * Eskimağara (Zivingê)
 * Eskiyol (Cuva)
 * Fırat
 * Girmeli (Girmira)
 * Gırnavas
 * Görentepe (Bizgur)
 * Günebakan (Zorava)
 * Güneli (Geliyê Sora)
 * Günyurdu (Marbobo), (Merbabê)
 * Gürün (Gurinê)
 * Güvenli (Xirbeka)
 * Hasantepe (Tilhasan)
 * Heybeyi (Dêrcemê)
 * İkiztepe (Têzxerab)
 * Ilkadım (Habisê)
 * İpekyolu
 * Kalecik (Kelehê, Keleha Bûnûsra)
 * Kaleli (Efşê)
 * Kantar (Qenter)
 * Karacaköy (Xerabê Reşik)
 * Kayadibi (Mendikan)
 * Kışla
 * Kocadağ (Gelîye Pîra)
 * Küçükkardeş (Cinata His)
 * Kuruköy (Xerabê Bava)
 * Kuyular (Cibilgrav)
 * Mor-Yakup
 * Nergizli (Nergizlokê)
 * Odabaşı (Igunduke d-'ito), Gundik Şukrî)
 * Pazarköy (Bazar)
 * Selahattin Eyyübi
 * Sınırtepe (Aznavur)
 * Söğütlü (Girêbiya)
 * Taşköy (ʼArboʼ)
 * Tekağaç (Mişavil)
 * Tepealtı (Tel Yaqub)
 * Tepeören (Xirbêzil)
 * Tepeüstü (Tilminar)
 * Turgutköy (Kemina)
 * Üçköy (Arkaḥ)
 * Üçyol (Sederi)
 * Yandere (Hatxê)
 * Yavruköy (Kurke)
 * Yazyurdu (Qesra Belek)
 * Yenişehir
 * Yenituran
 * Yerköy (Binerdka)
 * Yeşilkent
 * Yolbilen (Erbet)
 * Yolindi (Cibiltînê)
 * Zeynelabidin

Climate
Nusaybin has a semi-arid climate with extremely hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall is generally sparse.

Demographics
Nusaybin is predominantly ethnically Kurdish. The city's people have historically close ties with those of neighboring Qamishli, and cross-border marriages are a common practice. The city also contains a minority Arab population.

In early 20th century, Nusaybin was composed mostly of Arabs who came from Mardin, roughly 500 Jews, and some Assyrians, totaling to 2000 people. Likewise, Mark Sykes recorded Nusaybin as a town inhabited by Chaldeans, Arabs, and Jews. The town was largely Arabic-speaking such that Kurdish families settling in the town eventually learned Arabic. The ethnic and linguistic demographics changed after mid-century. Jews migrated to Israel, and Assyrian population substantially decreased. After dense Kurdish migration in late 20th century, Nusaybin became a largely Kurdish-speaking and Kurdish town.

A very small Assyrian population remains in the city; what remained of the Assyrian population emigrated during the height of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict in the 1990s and as a result of the resumption of the conflict in 2016, only one Assyrian family reportedly remained in the city.

Christianity

Nisibis (, Nṣibin, later Syriac ܨܘܒܐ, Ṣōbā) had an Assyrian Christian bishop from 300, founded by Babu (died 309). Shapur II besieged the city in 338, 346, and 350, when St Jacob or James of Nisibis, Babu's successor, was its bishop. Nisibis was the home of Ephrem the Syrian, who remained until its surrender to the Sassanid Persians by Roman Emperor Jovian in 363. The bishop of Nisibis was the Metropolitan Archbishop of the ecclesiastical province of Bit-Arbaye. By 410, it had six suffragan sees and as early as the middle of the 5th century was the most important episcopal see of the Church of the East after Seleucia-Ctesiphon. Many of its Nestorian or Assyrian Church of the East and Jacobite bishops were renowned for their writings, including Barsumas, Osee, Narses, Jesusyab and Ebed-Jesus. The Roman Catholic Church has defined titular archbishoprics of Nisibis, for various rites – one Latin and four Eastern Catholic for particular churches sui iuris, notably the Chaldean Catholic Church and the Maronite Catholic Church.

When the Syriac Catholic Eparchy of Hassaké was promoted to archiepiscopal rank, it added Nisibi to its name, becoming the Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Hassaké-Nisibi (not Metropolitan, directly dependent on the Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch).

Latin titular see
Established in the 18th century as Titular Archiepiscopal see of Nisibis (informally Nisibis of the Romans). It has been vacant for several decades, having previously had the following incumbents, all of the (intermediary) archiepiscopal rank:
 * Giambattista Braschi (1724.12.20 – 1736.11.24)
 * José Calzado López (Bolaños de Calatrava, 17/04/1680 – Madrid, 7/04/1761) Discalced Franciscans (O.F.M. Disc.) (1738.11.24 – 1761.04.07)
 * Cesare Brancadoro (1789.10.20 – 1800.08.11) (later Cardinal)*
 * Lorenzo Caleppi (1801.02.23 – 1816.03.08) (later Cardinal)*
 * Vincenzo Macchi (1818.10.02 – 1826.10.02)(later Cardinal)*
 * Carlo Luigi Morichini (1845.04.21 – 1852.03.15) (later Cardinal)*
 * Vincenzo Tizzani, C.R.L. (1855.03.26 – 1886.01.15) (later Patriarch)*
 * Johann Gabriel Léon Louis Meurin, Jesuits (S.J.) (1887.09.15 – 1887.09.27)
 * Giuseppe Giusti (1891.12.14 – 1897.03.31)
 * Federico Pizza (1897.04.19 – 1909.03.28)
 * Francis McCormack (1909.06.21 – 1909.11.14)
 * Joseph Petrelli (1915.03.30 – 1962.04.29)
 * José de la Cruz Turcios y Barahona, Salesians (S.D.B.) (1962.05.18 – 1968.07.18)

Armenian Catholic titular see
Established as Titular Archiepiscopal see of Nisibis (informally Nisibis of the Armenians) in circa 1910. It was suppressed in 1933, having had a single incumbent, of the (intermediary) archiepiscopal rank :
 * Gregorio Govrik, Mechitarists (C.A.M.) (1910.05.07 – 1931.01.26)

Chaldean Catholic titular see: Established as Titular Archiepiscopal see of Nisibis (informally Nisibis of the Chaldeans) in the late 19th century, suppressed in 1927, restored in 1970. It has had the following incumbents, all of the (intermediary) archiepiscopal rank :
 * Giuseppe Elis Khayatt (1895.04.22 – 1900.07.13)
 * Hormisdas Etienne Djibri (1902.11.30 – 1917.08.31)
 * Thomas Michel Bidawid (1970.08.24 – 1971.03.29)
 * Gabriel Koda (1977.12.14 – 1992.03)
 * Jacques Ishaq (2005.12.21 – ...), Bishop of Curia emeritus of the Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon

Maronite titular see
Established as Titular Archiepiscopal see of Nisibis (informally Nisibis of the Maronites) in 1960. It is vacant, having had a single incumbent of the (intermediary) archiepiscopal rank:
 * Pietro Sfair (1960.03.11 – 1974.05.18)

Notable people

 * Ephraim the Syrian (4th century), Christian Saint was native of Nisibis (modern Nusaybin)
 * Musa Anter (1920-1992), Kurdish writer, journalist and intellectual
 * Gülser Yıldırım (1963*), Politician
 * Mithat Sancar (1963*), professor of public and constitutional law, columnist and translator
 * Sara Kaya (1970*), Politician
 * Ferhad Ayaz (1994*), Footballer

Sources and external links

 * Nisibis, Catholic Encyclopedia
 * GCatholic, Armenian Catholic titular see
 * GCatholic, Chaldean Catholic titular see
 * GCatholic, Latin Catholic titular see
 * GCatholic, Maronite titular see
 * Turkish News - Latest News from Turkey, Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review
 * The Battle of Nisibis, AD 217
 * The Battle of Nisibis, AD 217

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Talk:MusicXML

Initial expansion
I expanded the article so it's longer than a single sentence, but I still think it looks ugly. Improvements will be welcomed. --Ardonik 00:49, 2004 Aug 8 (UTC)

I could be wrong, but I thought it was called MusicML? ...or is that something else? --yoshi 06:50, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * MusicXML and MusicML are different XML-based markup languages. The latter was developed in South Africa, and is not (to my mind) as good a solution, nor as widely supported. Elphion (talk) 16:21, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

I truly hate stupidly verbose XML. human-readable my ass! Why should all parsers be XML parsers? Why not more sensible and appropriate domain-specific languages? Should we rewrite C++ so that it is now a XML-application and ready to receive the full XSLT treatment? sheesh... GUIDO music notation is much more well-suited for the purposes of computer presentable musical notation... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.186.174.130 (talk) 16:14, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Full ack, I see it the same way. Thus I added a reference to GUIDO under "see also". Faerwynn 16:43, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

There are many music notation file formats, and a reference to GUIDO would be an appropriate addition to that Wikipedia page. But unlike NIFF, GUIDO is not a music notation interchange format. Thus the reference seems inappropriate here, regardless of the relative merits of XML and other language approaches. Mdgood 06:41, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Freedom and alternatives
1) How free ist this format really? Is it allowed to develop enhanced versions/schemes based upon MusicXML? Is it "safe" to use this format within free software? 2) Are there better alternatives as it comes to sound generation rather to score notation? Imagine a music tracker (like LMMS using its own XML) that focusses on easy generation of effectful sound & music (including morphing, phasing, fading etc.) in a simple XML notation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.60.33.71 (talk) 19:01, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

If you follow the license link, you will see that the license allows enhanced versions and is compatible with free software. If you follow the software list link, you will see that there are many free and open source software projects using the MusicXML format. MusicXML is not an audio format; I do not know if there are alternatives that work the same for audio programs as MusicXML does for score programs. Note that Cubase (a similar type of program to LMMS) supports MusicXML as part of its score editor feature. Mdgood (talk) 05:42, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Commercial support for MusicXML
It should be mentioned along with the opening statements that although Sibelius and Finale support MusicXML export there is as yet (February 2008) no commercial notation product that will IMPORT MusicXML files.--207.165.188.21 (talk) 19:44, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * This is not true. In fact import is better supported than export. The latest versions of Sibelius and Finale both import MusicXML 2.0 or earlier (but only export to MusicXML 1.0 or 1.1). (See ).--Dbolton (talk) 02:52, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Neither Sibelius 5 or 6 export MusicXML.  2009 09 02

 * Conversion from Sibelius file format to MusicXML requires the Dolet plug-in (currently $US199) 2009 09 02  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.90.131.141 (talk) 18:19, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Notability/Sources Tags
I am tempted to remove these tags immediately (at least the notability one). The tags were added by an individual who admittedly has no understanding of the topic and seems to be trying to delete references all over about MusicXML. That being said, most of the references do come from MakeMusic who develops MusicXML and I will try to find some alternate sources in addition to those already added. I would request that the user not make any more edits to a page where the subject is not understood. I wouldn't dare try to question and make edits to a page with a topic I have no education on. I think it's reasonable to expect that from others. Ngreen2001 (talk) 16:54, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I have added a number of reliable 3rd party sources. I will return later to clean up a bit.  If there are no further comments after a few days, I'll remove the tags.Ngreen2001 (talk) 17:29, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The fact someone has 'no education on' is exactly perhaps the point. If someone who is trying to learn can't figure out why something is notable, then there's a MAJOR, HUGE issue with the article. Either it is, in fact, not actually notable or the article needs some actual sources to show it. It looks like you added two, which is a good start, though there are still major issues with the article as it's written. ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ (talk) 19:25, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Melodia. I thought the overall article was pretty clear on why MusicXML is notable.  I did add 6 or so additional citations to help boost 3rd party references.  Can you be more specific what you mean by "major issues with the article as it's written"? Do you mean just needing the additional references or something more?  MusicXML is a big deal when it comes to music engraving.  If the article doesn't quite demonstrate that, then I'll continue to work on it.  I'm not a technical expert by any means, but I can certainly help clean this up as I have a bit of experience with the topic. Ngreen2001 (talk) 21:19, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I should also note that I don't necessarily see someone uneducated in music or familiar with XML not fully understanding the article as a problem. I would  never understand some articles either!!Ngreen2001 (talk) 21:40, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Most of the references are just links to the existence of the programs cites, they aren't really actual refs. Since they are notable programs in their own right, Wikilinking is probably all that's nessesary -- linking to, say, the Sibelius home page doesn't tell you anything about the notability of MusicXML and is almost counter-useful as it stands. As for major problems? Well it's written in a very promotional style, the lead doesn't summarize the rest of the article, and with the (I believe) two actual references that are actually true sources for the article, it's still a bit on the fringe. But someone a bit more familiar with the whole source issue could probably explain better. ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ (talk) 22:03, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not quite seeing the promotional style, but I'll see what I can do. I'll modify what I've done with your suggestions, though.  I appreciate the feedback.Ngreen2001 (talk)

As regards notability, MusicXML is being considered by the Library of Congress as part of its planning for preservation of digital resources. I have replaced the opening of the article with wording derived from their (neutral, authoritative) description of the format. I also propose that this is sufficient evidence of the format's notability for us to remove the notability template from this article — thoughts?  Alexbrn 08:31, 14 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I would tend to agree that we have enough to remove the notability tag. We probably do still need to work on some additional sources, though.Ngreen2001 (talk) 19:26, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

Reply to Nrgreen2001's first post, I made no such admission and your assumption about what i'm doing is wrong. In reply to your request, no. You are dead wrong about who should edit pages. People of all different understandings should be encouraged to edit pages. They are meant to be accessible to all levels and should be based on what is written in independent reliable sources, not based on the personal knowledge and understanding of experts. duffbeerforme (talk) 05:35, 15 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I'd rather not rehash a previous discussion, but from our conversation I strongly questioned your understanding of the topic to which you replied it was irrelevant. It's not.  In no way did I suggest that articles be written from personal knowledge, but a basic understanding of the topic is reasonable to expect.  I wouldn't start questioning the notability of a small article related to astrophysics because I probably wouldn't grasp the topic.  I apologize if you were offended--that wasn't my intent.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ngreen2001 (talk • contribs) 12:40, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

List of MusicXML Sources/Repositories
I noticed the list of MusicXML Repositories was also deleted. Is there consensus that the section shouldn't be included in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ngreen2001 (talk • contribs) 14:23, 15 November 2012 (UTC)
 * this edit? The reason given was "EL cleanup", and External links does state "it is not Wikipedia's purpose to include a lengthy or comprehensive list of external links related to each topic" — so maybe just a link to Official MusicXML Sites List is enough?  Alexbrn 14:56, 15 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay, that makes sense. I think that one you mentioned is sufficient.Ngreen2001 (talk) 16:01, 15 November 2012 (UTC)
 * No, we generally only have one link to the official site. If a reader wants to goto said list they can visit the site and get to it from there. See WP:EL for more. ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ (talk) 17:01, 15 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Copy that. Thanks.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ngreen2001 (talk • contribs) 17:12, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

References to Primary Sources
What exactly is the policy here? The primary source (MakeMusic) has a lot of information. Should it not be used at all according to Wikipedia guidelines? If so, should they be removed? Or do we just need to ensure a sufficient amount of other sources, as well? If that's the case, can the tag be removed with the number of 3rd party sources we currently have? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ngreen2001 (talk • contribs) 16:14, 20 November 2012 (UTC)
 * On a side note, one of these days I'll remember to sign my name...Ngreen2001 (talk) 16:17, 20 November 2012 (UTC)
 * WP:PRIMARY covers it, and note "a primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements of facts that can be verified by any educated person with access to the source but without further, specialized knowledge" — so using MakeMusic as a source for purely factual statements (e.g. "Version 1.0 was released in January 2004") is fine (even though a secondary source would be even better). However anything descriptive/evaluative should be sourced from a secondary source. Alexbrn (talk) 16:24, 20 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay that makes perfect sense. Thanks.Ngreen2001 (talk) 16:29, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:MusicXML


title: Category:1986


title: Category:1483


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Ötztal Alps

The Ötztal Alps (Alpi Venoste, Ötztaler Alpen) are a mountain range in the Central Eastern Alps, in the State of Tyrol in western Austria and the Province of South Tyrol in northern Italy.

Geography
The Ötztal Alps are arrayed at the head of the Ötztal valley, a side valley of the Inn river southwest of Innsbruck, Austria. One line of summits forms part of the border between Austria and Italy.

The Ötztal Alps are bordered by the Reschen Pass (1504 m) in the west and the Inn river in the northwest and north. In the east the range is separated from the Stubai Alps by the Ötztaler Ache in the Ötztal, the Timmelsjoch (2474 m) and the Passer river in the Passeier Valley. On the south and southwest, the range is limited by the deep valley of the Etsch river, here known as the Vinschgau.

The Ötztal Alps are surrounded by the following ranges:
 * Lechtal Alps
 * Mieming Range
 * Stubai Alps
 * Sarntal Alps
 * Ortler Alps
 * Sesvenna Alps
 * Samnaun Alps

In September 1991, Ötzi the so-called "Iceman" was found on the Hauslabjoch between the peaks Fineilspitze and Similaun.

Peaks
The highest point of the Ötztal Alps is Wildspitze 3774 m, which is also the second highest mountain in Austria (after Großglockner). Wildspitze is on one of several arms that extend north and northeast from the main ridge.

Some of the main peaks of the Ötztal Alps are:

Passes
The main mountain passes of the Ötztal Alps are:

title: Ötztal Alps


title: Category:1985


title: Category:1983


title: Category:1982


text:
Tabas

Tabas is a city in the Central District of Tabas County, South Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

Early history
The history of Tabas dates back to pre-Islamic times. It was an important outpost of the Sassanid empire.

Due to its strategic location at the edge of the Great Salt Desert, and at the confluence of many roads, the geographer al-Baladhuri called the city "the Gate of Khurasan". In the early Islamic period it was known as Tabas al-Tamr  due to a large forest of date palms that grew there, and later as Tabas Gilaki after a famous governor of the city, Abu'l-Hasan ibn Muhammad Gilaki, who in the mid-11th century had pacified the region. Along with the town of Tabas-e Masina further east, it gave its name to the local district, Tabasayn. In the 10th–11th centuries, the town is described as well fortified, with several villages around. Medieval and geographers note that it was amply supplied with water due to underground wells; the town even featured hot baths, and extensive lemon and orange plantations. In the late 11th century, it became part of the Nizari Ismaili state, and was besieged by the Seljuk Turks under Ahmad Sanjar in 1102.

Tabas was spared when the Mongols attacked Iran. It had a local government incorporating not only Tabas but also Ferdows and Gonabad. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, it as under the control of the Zangu'i Arabs as an independent state which included nearby Tun. For a time they even kidnapped Nader Mirza Afshar and placed the Kurds of Khabushan in control of Mashhad.

Earthquake of 1978
In 1978, the 7.4 Tabas earthquake affected the city with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 15,000 people were killed. Since then, the city has been rebuilt with many new streets, parks and public buildings.

Operation Eagle Claw
The failed rescue American operation Operation Eagle Claw on 24–25 April 1980 to free American hostages in Tehran occurred near Tabas in Tabas Country about 127km southwest of Tabas town by the road to Yazd location (33.07020674739667;55.89196171977231). In Iran, the operation is called amaliat tabas (Tabas operation), and the significance and aftermath of the failed operation made the city Tabas known in almost every corner of Iran. The Tabas air defense system is accordingly named so.

Administrative changes
At first, Tabas County was part of Khorasan province. It became a part of Yazd province in 2001, transferring to South Khorasan province in 2013.

Language
The people of Tabas speak a Khorasani accent of Persian that sounds somewhat different from the standard Iranian version ("Tehrani accent").

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 30,681 in 7,962 households, when it was in Yazd province. The following census in 2011 counted 35,150 people in 9,903 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 39,676 people in 11,876 households, by which time the county had been separated from the province and become a part of South Khorasan province.

Location
Tabas is in central Iran, 950 kilometers southeast of Tehran, in South Khorasan Province.

It is a desert city with many date and citrus trees. It has a 300-year-old public garden (Bagh-e-Golshan). There is also a shrine in Tabas that is visited every year by thousands of pilgrims. Tabas has two universities with 2,500 to 3,500 students. The city has hot summers, and people rarely see a winter snowfall.

Climate
Tabas has a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh).

Agricultural products
The agricultural products of this desert city are very significant. Products such as: oranges, pistachios, dates, persimmons, summer fruits and daffodils; Also, tea bread, chickpea bread, and jams that are prepared from agricultural products, such as: spring orange jam, balang jam, orange peel jam, and Tabas mountain and local liqueurs.

Mines
Tabas has some of the richest coal mines of Iran.

Transportation
Multiple bus lines, a railroad station and an airport connect Tabas to Mashhad, Yazd, Tehran, Kerman and Birjand (the capital city of South Khorasan province).

Notable people

 * Abbas Vaez-Tabasi, born 25 June 1935 in Tabas; Grand Imam and Chairman of the Astan Quds Razavi board
 * Massoud Rajavi, born 18 August 1948 in Tabas; one of the two leaders of the People's Mujahedin of Iran

title: Tabas


text:
Talk:Cincinnati Bengals

Wha? huH? (anti-clutter edit)
The original article posted here seems like an exact transplant of the information from

www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Cincinnati-Bengals

Unfortunately it includes some names in the "Not to be forgotten" list that I've never heard of. If they can't be justified then they were forgotten,... and perhaps should be?

Those I've never heard of are: Sherrill Headrick; Bobby Hunt; John Stofa; Ernie Wright

Have you guys heard of them? What is their signifigance? If nothing comes up that's worthy of note then I'll ditch'em by the end of this week. --Duemellon 18:20, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Uhm, could someone plz add a quick sentence to their names so they'r relevence shows. I don't really know what to say about them. I removed them once, but someone restored them. I know who they were, but I think they're as important as Krumrie, Montoya, Pickens, or Breeden. --Duemellon 13:48, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Okay, filled out a bit more of the "not to be forgotten" bit. I think we can safely say the "bad years" are behind us & call it a dark portion of Bengals' history. My challenge still stands as no one has helped explain the relevence Sherrill Headrick, Bobby Hunt, John Stofa, or Ernie Wright has to the game (anymore so than David Fulcher, Harold Green, or Stacy Adams). Please, someone, elucidate or I'll consider them clutter. Please. --Duemellon 22:42, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Why the removal of the "not to be forgotten" sections? That huge list is quite cumbersome & poorly patched together otherwise. How would you like to have it divvied up? And, why remove Jim Breech? He doesn't hold many records, but he was one of the 1st well liked & easily identifiable personalities in Bengaldom. Heck, he's still around. --Duemellon 11:53, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Trim the lead
The lead needs someone with a talent for trimming content. The lead is way too bloated and includes a lot of unnecessary details that should only appear in the body. Unfortunately, trimming leads is not a skill I possess. The lead should summarize and highlight only the most important content from the rest of the article. Look at any other NFL team's article, even the oldest teams, and you'll see that their leads are nice and concise, and hit all the important highlights. The other content that isn't lead-worthy can be included in the body if its not already there. So, who's really good at condensing a lead? 2605:A000:FFC0:D8:FDF2:3EB5:8751:7A62 (talk) 19:39, 2 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I'll second that. I was going to start a new discussion here for that so thank you for doing that! Facts707 (talk) 07:54, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

Including more modern cultural changes for the Cincinnati Bengals
I created two additional headings underneath the "culture" section of the Cincinnati Bengals page, and was informed to post my additions here for review and post. The two headings I included are "Harambe", which gained prevelance when Sam Hubbard, the Bengals' defensive captain mentioned him in a podcast regarding Super Bowl 56, and "Joe...", which detailed the differing nicknames that the Bengals fandom have given to their breakout star quarterback Joe Burrow, who broke the team's playoff drought. [] holds the information I wish to add, and [] holds the original information of the page. Thank you for your time. --Lharg (talk) 01:35, 14 March 2022 (UTC)Lharg

Minor Edit
In the sentence “After the first two conference championships they lost to the San Francisco 49ers in both Super Bowls XVI and XXIII” The “Super Bowls” Word should have a comma between the L and S and there should be no link in the word that directs you to the Super Bowl History Page and all that. 71.38.106.38 (talk) 02:30, 25 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your message. We can place commas after certain words, but we don't place them in the middle of a word. The Super Bowl link is helpful for the general reader who may not be that familiar with the term. Larry Hockett (Talk) 02:40, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

game balls?
Is it worth creating a para for this game balls thing ? Valereee (talk) 21:51, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cincinnati Bengals


text:
Bedford Avenue station

The Bedford Avenue station is a station on the BMT Canarsie Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Bedford Avenue and North Seventh Street in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, it is served by the L train at all times. With an annual total of 9,388,289 passengers for 2015, Bedford Avenue is the busiest subway station in Brooklyn outside of Downtown Brooklyn, as well as the busiest station in Brooklyn served by one subway service.

History
Bedford Avenue opened on June 30, 1924, as part of the initial segment of the underground Canarsie Line that originally stretched from Sixth Avenue station in Manhattan to Montrose Avenue station, built by the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) under the Dual Contracts.

As part of the wide scope in the rebuilding of the Canarsie Tubes that were damaged during Hurricane Sandy, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority started renovating the station in 2017. At the Bedford Avenue end of the station, two new street-level stairways were built, platform stair capacity was increased, the mezzanine was expanded, turnstiles were added, and new elevators were installed and opened on August 6, 2020. At the Driggs Avenue end, two new street-level stairways were added, the mezzanine area was redesigned with additional turnstiles installed, and a new platform stairway was built. Substantial completion was projected for November 2020, and MTA officials formally dedicated the new elevators and entrances that October.

New York City councilmember Lincoln Restler founded a volunteer group, the Friends of MTA Station Group, in early 2023 to advocate for improvements to the Bedford Avenue station and four other subway stations in Brooklyn. In 2023, a short barrier was installed at the center of the platforms to reduce the probability of passengers being pushed into the tracks.

Station layout
At platform level, Bedford Avenue utilizes a simple island platform setup with two tracks. The track normally used by southbound trains to Canarsie is labeled Q1, and the track normally used by northbound trains to Manhattan is labeled Q2. The Q- prefix denotes that the track is on the Canarsie Line, but this is only used by MTA officials and not by the general public.

The Bedford Avenue station's walls have a brown-and-green mosaic pattern with geometric shapes and embellished "B" ornamentation.

There are two mezzanines above the platform: one at Bedford Avenue on the west and one at Driggs Avenue on the east. Two stairs and an elevator rise from the west end of the platform to the Bedford Avenue mezzanine, while a stair from the east end of the platform rises to the Driggs Avenue mezzanine.

Exits
There are two sets of entrance and exit points. The western set comprises four street stairs: two stairs each to the southeastern and northeastern corners of Bedford Avenue and North 7th Street. It also comprises a 24-hour booth and an elevator to the northeastern corner of the intersection. The eastern exits are two stairs each to the southeastern and northeastern corners of North 7th Street and Driggs Avenue.

Some of these staircases are original to the station, while others were built as part of the 2019 expansion. The entrances built as part of the expansion are similar to those at Enhanced Station Initiative stations in other parts of the subway system, with next-train countdown clocks and neighborhood wayfinding maps at the exterior of the entrance. The new entrances contain a mural by Marcel Dzama entitled No Less Than Everything Comes Together, which depicts a sun and moon rising over fanciful figures.

Ridership
Bedford Avenue has experienced a surge in ridership along with the recent gentrification of Williamsburg. In the 1970s, the station had a fairly low annual ridership of 1.2 million, amounting to an average of 3,000 entries during weekdays. In 2000, there were 3.783 million boardings recorded at the station, but after the neighborhood was re-zoned in 2005, the MTA noted even higher ridership. By 2007, ridership had increased over 50%, to 5.776 million annual passengers. In 2008, Bedford Avenue was used by more than 6 million people, making it the 53rd most-used subway station in New York City and one of the busiest in Brooklyn. In, riders used this station.

Between 1998 and 2011, passenger numbers on the L increased three times as much as ridership on the subway system as a whole. As a result, by 2011, many Manhattan-bound L trains were running at their full capacity of 1,160 riders per train by the time they reached the Bedford Avenue station. In 2010, Bedford Avenue surpassed seven million entries for the first time in its history, receiving press for its particularly high weekend passenger volume. Crowding has become such an issue that politicians have called upon the MTA to "create a schedule that is more reflective of ridership patterns."

title: Bedford Avenue station


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Stubai Alps

The Stubai Alps (in German Stubaier Alpen) is a mountain range in the Central Eastern Alps of Europe. It derives its name from the Stubaital valley to its east and is located southwest of Innsbruck, Austria. Several peaks form the border between Austria and Italy. The range is bounded by the Inn River valley to the north; the Sill River valley (Wipptal) and the Brenner Pass to the east (separating it from the Zillertal Alps); the Ötztal and Timmelsjoch to the west (separating it from the Ötztal Alps), and to the south by tributaries of the Passer River and Eisack.

Geography
Important parts of the Stubai Alps show signs of glaciation. The northern part around the Sellrain valley and the Kühtai is now only lightly glaciated and a popular ski touring destination (Zischgeles, Lampsenspitze, Pirchkogel, Sulzkogel). The High Stubai around the upper Stubai valley is still heavily glaciated and a classic high mountain touring region in the Eastern Alps. Here there is a glacier ski area on the Stubai Glacier.

Together with the Ötztal Alps to the west, with which they are linked by the saddle of Timmelsjoch, the Stubai Alps form one of the biggest mountain blocks of the Eastern Alps.

Boundary and neighbouring mountain groups
In the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps (AVE) the Stubai are no. 31. Their boundary follows the following line:
 * in the north, it follows the course of the River Inn
 * in the northwest, it follows the Inn from its confluence with the Ötztaler Ache (near Ötztal railway station) to the confluence with the Gurglbach (near Imst), then to the Mieming Chain (AVE 4) in the Northern Limestone Alps
 * in the north, it follows the River Inn to Innsbruck, which divides the Stubai Alps from the Karwendel (AVE 5) in the Northern Limestone Alps
 * in the east, it is formed by the Wipptal valley:
 * in the northeast it follows the Sill to its confluence with the Schmirnbach (Schmirntal) near St. Jodok, opposite the Tux Alps (AVE 33)
 * in the southeast, it follows the Sill to the Brenner Pass – Eisack to Sterzing, which separates the Stubai Alps from the Zillertal Alps (AVE 35)
 * in the south it follows the lower Ridaunbach – Jaufenbach (Jaufental) – Jaufen Pass – St. Leonhard in Passeier, a line which divides it from the Sarntal Alps (AVE 32, which are counted as part of the Central Eastern Alps)
 * in the west, it follows the line: Passeiertal – Schönauer Alm – Timmelsjoch – Timmelsbach – Gurgler Ache – Ötztaler Ache (the whole Ötz valley) to its confluence with the Inn, forming the boundary to the Ötztal Alps (AVE 30)

Subgroups
The Alpine Club guide to the Stubai Alps divides the range into 15 subgroups as follows:
 * Northern Sellrain Mountains (Nördliche Sellrainer Berge), highest peak: Rietzer Grießkogel, 2,884 m
 * Southwestern Sellrain Mountains (Südwestliche Sellrainer Berge), highest peak: Gleirscher Fernerkogel, 3,194 m
 * Southeastern Sellrain Mountains (Südöstliche Sellrainer Berge), highest peak: Hohe Villerspitze, 3,092 m
 * Larstig Mountains (Larstiger Berge) + Bachfallenstock, highest peak: Strahlkogel, 3,295 m
 * Alpein Mountains (Alpeiner Berge), highest peak: Schrankogel, 3,497 m
 * Habicht-Elfer-Kamm, highest peak: Habicht, 3,277 m
 * Serleskamm, highest peak: Kirchdachspitze, 2,840 m
 * Sulztalkamm, highest peak: Wilde Leck, 3,361 m
 * Western Main Chain (Westlicher Hauptkamm), highest peak: Zuckerhütl, 3,507 m (also the highest mountain in the entire Stubai Alps)
 * Central Main Chain (Mittlerer Hauptkamm), highest peak: Wilder Freiger, 3,418 m
 * Eastern Main Chain (Östlicher Hauptkamm), highest peak: Pflerscher Tribulaun, 3,097 m
 * Windach-Brunnenkogelkamm, highest peak: Jochköpfl, 3,143 m
 * Botzergruppe + foothills, highest peak: Botzer, 3,250 m
 * Aggls-Rosskopf-Kamm, highest peak: Agglsspitze, 3,196 m
 * Kalkkögel, highest peak: Schlicker Seespitze, 2,804 m

Lakes

 * Blaue Lacke

Peaks
The ten highest peaks in the Stubai Alps are:

 * Zuckerhütl, 3,507 m
 * Schrankogel, 3,497 m
 * Pfaffenschneide, 3,498 m
 * Ruderhofspitze, 3,474 m
 * Sonklarspitze, 3,463 m
 * Wilder Pfaff, 3,456 m
 * Wilder Freiger, 3,418 m
 * Östliche Seespitze, 3,416 m
 * Schrandele, 3,393 m
 * Hohes Eis, 3,388 m

There is a total of just under 500 named and surveyed mountains in the Stubai Alps. Amongst the better known are (in order of height and excluding the top ten above):

 * Wilde Leck, 3,361 m
 * Stubaier Wildspitze, 3,341 m
 * Schaufelspitze, 3,332 m
 * Lüsener Fernerkogel, 3,298 m
 * Breiter Grießkogel, 3,287 m
 * Habicht, 3,277 m
 * Östlicher Feuerstein, 3,268 m
 * Botzer, 3,250 m
 * Schneespitze, 3,178 m
 * Pflerscher Tribulaun, 3,097 m
 * Hohe Villerspitze, 3,087 m
 * Gamsspitzl, 3,052 m
 * Weißwandspitze, 3,017 m
 * Sulzkogel, 3,016 m
 * Hochreichkopf, 3,010 m
 * Zischgeles, 3,004 m
 * Roter Kogel, 2,832 m
 * Gamskogel, 2,813 m
 * Schlicker Seespitze, 2,804 m
 * Serles, 2,717 m
 * Hoher Burgstall, 2,611 m
 * Lämpermahdspitze 2,595 m
 * Elferspitze, 2,505 m
 * Gargglerin, 2,470 m
 * Saile (Nockspitze), 2,404 m
 * Fleckner (Flecknerspitze), 2,331 m

Passes
The main mountain passes of the Stubai Alps are:

title: Stubai Alps


text:
Aharon Lichtenstein

Aharon Lichtenstein (May 23, 1933 – April 20, 2015) was an Orthodox rabbi and rosh yeshiva who was an authority in Jewish law (Halakha).

Biography
Aharon Lichtenstein was born to Rabbi Dr. Yechiel Lichtenstein and Bluma née Schwartz in Paris, France, but grew up in the United States, where he studied in Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin under Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner as well as Rabbi Ahron Soloveichik. He earned a BA and semicha ("rabbinic ordination") at Yeshiva University under Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik, whose daughter, Tovah, he would later marry, and a PhD in English Literature at Harvard University, where he studied under Douglas Bush.

Lichtenstein married Dr. Tovah Soloveitchik on January 26, 1960. They had six children: Mosheh, Yitzchak, Meir, Esti, Shai and Tonya.

After serving as Rosh Yeshiva/Kollel at Yeshiva University for several years, Lichtenstein answered Rabbi Yehuda Amital's request in 1971 to join him at the helm of Yeshivat Har Etzion, located in Gush Etzion, and moved to Jerusalem. He maintained a close connection to Yeshiva University as a Rosh Kollel for the Gruss Institute in Jerusalem, an affiliate of Yeshiva University and its rabbinical school, Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary.

In 2005, he and his wife moved to Alon Shvut, where Yeshivat Har Etzion is located.

On January 4, 2006, Rabbi Yaakov Medan and Rabbi Baruch Gigi were officially invested as co-roshei yeshiva alongside Amital and Lichtenstein, with an eye toward Amital's intention to retire. On October 28, 2008, Lichtenstein's eldest son, Rabbi Mosheh Lichtenstein, was officially invested as co-Rosh Yeshiva, simultaneous with Amital's official retirement, this time with an eye toward Aharon Lichtenstein's eventual plan to retire.

He was committed to intensive and original Torah study and articulated a bold Jewish worldview embracing elements of modernity within the framework of a Torah life, reflecting the tradition of his teacher and father-in-law, Joseph B. Soloveitchik in line with Centrist Orthodoxy.

Lichtenstein was awarded the Israel Prize for Jewish Literature on Israeli Independence Day: May 6, 2014. He died on April 20, 2015. He was a source of inspiration for a wide circle of Jewry, for both his educational attainments and his intellectual and spiritual leadership. He was especially admired by many centrist Modern Orthodox leaders as well as many in the Religious Zionist camp.

Works

 * Henry More: The Rational Theology of a Cambridge Platonist, (PhD Dissertation) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.
 * By His Light: Character and Values in the Service of God, based on Lichtenstein's addresses and adapted by Reuven Ziegler ISBN 9781592644698 revised edition (Maggid Books, 2016)
 * Leaves of Faith (vol. 1): The World of Jewish Learning
 * Leaves of Faith (vol. 2): The World of Jewish Living
 * Varieties of Jewish Experience
 * Minchat Aviv: Chiddushim veIyyunim baShas: Edited by Elyakim Krumbein, Maggid Books, 2014 ISBN 9789655261714
 * Mussar Aviv: Al Mussar, Emuna veChevra: Edited by Aviad Hacohen and Reuven Ziegler Maggid Books, 2016 ISBN 9789655261905
 * Halakha and Humanism: Essays on the Thought and Scholarship of Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein, by Yitzchak Blau (Editor), Alan Jotkowitz (Editor), Reuven Ziegler (Editor)
 * A Life Steady and Whole: Recollections and Appreciations of Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein, zt"l : Edited by Joel B. Wolowelsky and Elka Weber Ktav, 2018 ISBN 9781602802933
 * Return and Renewal: Reflections on Teshuva and Spiritual Growth : Adapted and edited by Michael S. Berger and Reuven Ziegler Maggid Books, 2018 ISBN 9781592645077

Based on Lichtenstein's Talmud classes at Yeshivat Har Etzion, his students' notes have been edited and published as Shiurei Harav Aharon Lichtenstein on Tohorot, Zevahim, the eighth chapter of Bava Metzia, the third chapter of Bava Batra, the Ramban's pamphlet on Dinah DiGarmi, the first chapter of Pesahim, Masechet Horayot, and several critical chapters of Gittin.

title: Aharon Lichtenstein


title: Category:1070s


text: Category:11th century

title: Category:11th century


text: Country codes: L

title: Country codes: L


title: Category:1810s


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Harry Reasoner

Harry Reasoner (April 17, 1923 – August 6, 1991) was an American journalist for CBS and ABC News, known for his adroit use of language as a television commentator and as one of the original hosts of the news magazine 60 Minutes (1968–1970, 1978–1991).

Over the course of his career, Reasoner won three Emmy Awards and a George Foster Peabody Award in 1967.

Early life
Reasoner was born on First Street North in Dakota City, Iowa; he and his older sister, Esther, were the children of Eunice (Nicholl) and Harry Ray Reasoner, who married in 1911. Harry Reasoner was taught to read by his parents before entering school, gaining a broad vocabulary from his mother.

Reasoner attended West High School in Minneapolis, where he developed an interest in journalism. He authored a story titled "The Wench of the Week," which garnered the attention of the principal, who expelled Reasoner, but later let him return following a plea from a fellow student. Reasoner graduated in January 1940, having missed the 1939 class graduation ceremony. He studied journalism at Stanford University and the University of Minnesota, receiving a journalism degree from the latter's School of Journalism in 1989 at the age of 66. Reasoner served in the Army during World War II and after the war, he resumed his journalism career with The Minneapolis Times. His novel Tell Me About Women, about a fading marriage, was written partly during his war service and was first published in 1946.

Journalism
After beginning to work in radio with CBS in 1948, Reasoner worked for the United States Information Agency in the Philippines. When he returned to the US, he transitioned into working in television while at station KEYD (later KMSP) in Minneapolis. He ran for city council in Minneapolis as a Republican in 1949 receiving 381 votes (4.4 percent). In 1956, Reasoner joined CBS News in New York. There in addition to commentator and special news narration duties, he eventually hosted a morning news program, Calendar, from 1961 to 1963.

JFK assassination
Reasoner took part in covering the John F. Kennedy assassination on Friday, November 22, 1963. Walter Cronkite and Charles Collingwood had been switching back and forth to report on the incident for about four hours after Cronkite broke the news at 1:40 p.m. EST. Reasoner took over the anchor chair after Collingwood tossed it to him at 5:49 p.m. EST and opened with the repeat of an announcement by Frank Stanton, the president of CBS, which had already been relayed by Collingwood:

"Thank you, Charles. As you know, CBS has announced that there will be no commercial announcements and no entertainment programming until President Kennedy's funeral."

He later reported on the arrival of President Kennedy's body in Washington, D.C., and provided details regarding Lee Harvey Oswald, who was then accused only of killing Dallas Police Officer J. D. Tippit; Oswald would be accused of killing the president only hours later. Reasoner left the desk when Cronkite returned to anchor CBS Evening News at 6:35 p.m. EST. He reappeared in another studio, approximately two hours later, to narrate a special program called John F. Kennedy—A Man of This Century; he talked about Kennedy's career and the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, and announced the conclusion of CBS's coverage for that day. (Reasoner also anchored the final coverage of the next day, with a CBS News special, titled A Day to Mourn.)

Reasoner's next appearance came on Sunday, two days later, and as Reasoner was at the anchor desk, Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby while he was being moved in the Dallas City Jail. At that very moment, Roger Mudd was filing a report from Washington which described the President's funeral arrangements:

"Tomorrow there will be a final hour for the public to pay their final respects to the President before the President leaves Capitol Hill for the last time. The last soldier, milit—"

At that moment, CBS abruptly cut back to Reasoner at the newsroom anchor desk with breaking news:

"We are now switching to Dallas where they're about to move Lee Oswald, and where there's a scuffle in the police station."

When CBS picked up KRLD's live feed of the city jail basement, Oswald was lying on the floor, and Dallas Police were apprehending Ruby. KRLD's reporter on the scene, Bob Huffaker, was heard to say, "Oswald has been shot, Oswald has been shot." After the ambulance carrying Oswald sped out of the jail en route to Parkland Hospital, KRLD switched back to CBS in New York, where Reasoner replayed the tape from the beginning so that viewers could see Ruby shooting Oswald. Several minutes later, he reported that the Dallas Police had released Ruby's name. (Oswald's death was later announced by Cronkite, who replaced Reasoner at the anchor desk.)

60 Minutes
In 1968, Reasoner teamed up with Mike Wallace to launch 60 Minutes, a new newsmagazine series. On 60 Minutes and elsewhere, he often worked with producer and writer Andy Rooney, who later became a well-known contributor. In a farewell interview on 60 Minutes in 2011, Rooney said Reasoner was a great writer in his own right but was lazy, which gave Rooney more opportunities to show his writing skills. Rooney and interviewer Morley Safer agreed that Reasoner enjoyed drinking and was "one of the most companionable fellows" they had ever known.

To ABC and back
In November 1970, Reasoner was hired away from CBS by ABC to become an anchor on the network's evening newscast. Prior to his hire, the network's New York-based broadcast, ABC Evening News, was anchored by Howard K. Smith and Frank Reynolds, and in December 1970, Reasoner was moved into Reynolds's position (and Reynolds became the network's chief Washington correspondent).

Reasoner anchored the news alongside Smith until 1975, when he took the sole anchor position while Smith moved into a commentary role. The next year, however, ABC paired Reasoner with a new co-anchor, former Today Show co-host Barbara Walters; ABC had gone to great lengths to hire her away from NBC. Walters and Reasoner did not enjoy a close relationship; Reasoner did not like sharing the spotlight with a co-anchor and also was uncomfortable with Walters's celebrity status. Many also believed that Reasoner disliked the idea of a woman anchoring the network news; one woman at ABC told a reporter that he was a "male chauvinist pig." He had a history of antifeminist editorializing on air. For example, on the December 21, 1971 newscast, he compared the newly launched feminist Ms. magazine to tabloid journalism and pornography, claiming that although the "girls" composing it were prettier than other "shock" publishers, their work had no value.

Disclaiming gender bias against Barbara Walters, however, Reasoner said he was "trying to keep an open mind about it." In another interview, Reasoner said, "I've worked in journalism for women and with women for years. For two years I did a CBS morning news program with a woman. I feel they're no worse than men are."

After two years of co-anchoring ABC Evening News with Walters, Reasoner departed the network after nearly eight years in July 1978 and returned to CBS that fall, where he resumed his duties on 60 Minutes. Shortly after his departure ABC scrapped ABC Evening News altogether and reworked the newscast into World News Tonight.

Reasoner stayed with 60 Minutes until his retirement, on May 19, 1991.

Personal life
Reasoner was married twice, first to Kathleen Carroll Reasoner for 35 years until her death in 1986, and then to insurance executive Lois Harriett Weber in 1988. He had seven children by his first marriage: Harry Stuart, Ann, Elizabeth, Jane, Mary Ray, Ellen, and Jonathan. He had six grandchildren: Leslie, Ryan, Samantha, Christian, Ian, and John. Harry Reasoner had two operations for lung cancer, in 1987 and 1989.

Death
Reasoner died within three months of his retirement in 1991 from a blood clot in the brain, resulting from a fall at his home in Westport, Connecticut. He is interred at Union Cemetery in Humboldt, Iowa.

title: Harry Reasoner


text:
Little Germany

Little Germany may refer to:

 * Little Germany, New York (Kleindeutschland), a former neighborhood; a steamboat disaster sped up its decline
 * Little Germany, Bradford, a commercial and historic area, formerly influenced by local German merchants
 * Little Germany, Ontario (disambiguation)
 * Little Germany, Grey County, Ontario: in the Blue Mountains
 * Little Germany, Northumberland County, Ontario: in the Township of Alnwick/Haldimand
 * A former neighborhood in Lake City, Seattle, Washington
 * "Little Germany", a political group in Cambridge that met at the White Horse Tavern during the English Reformation

title: Little Germany


title: Category:1560s


title: Category:1020s


text:
Sacroiliac joint

The sacroiliac joint or SI joint (SIJ) is the joint between the sacrum and the ilium bones of the pelvis, which are connected by strong ligaments. In humans, the sacrum supports the spine and is supported in turn by an ilium on each side. The joint is strong, supporting the entire weight of the upper body. It is a synovial plane joint with irregular elevations and depressions that produce interlocking of the two bones. The human body has two sacroiliac joints, one on the left and one on the right, that often match each other but are highly variable from person to person.

Structure

Sacroiliac joints are paired C-shaped or L-shaped joints capable of a small amount of movement (2–18 degrees, which is debatable at this time) that are formed between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and the ilium bones. However, most agree that there are only slight movements occur on these joints, with only 3 degrees range of motion during flexion-extension, followed by 1.5 degrees axial rotation, and 0.8 degrees lateral bending. The joints are covered by two different kinds of cartilage; the sacral surface has hyaline cartilage and the iliac surface has fibrocartilage. The SIJ's stability is maintained mainly through a combination of only some bony structure and very strong intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments. The joint space is usually 0.5 to 4 mm.

Aging changes the characteristics of the sacroiliac joint. The joint's surfaces are flat or planar in early life. Once walking ability is developed, the sacroiliac joint surfaces begin to develop distinct angular orientations and lose their planar or flat topography. They also develop an elevated ridge along the iliac surface and a depression along the sacral surface. The ridge and corresponding depression, along with the very strong ligaments, increase the sacroiliac joints' stability and makes dislocations very rare. The fossae lumbales laterales ("dimples of Venus") correspond to the superficial topography of the sacroiliac joints.

Ligaments
The ligaments of the sacroiliac joint include the following:
 * Anterior sacroiliac ligament
 * Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
 * Posterior sacroiliac ligament
 * Sacrotuberous ligament
 * Sacrospinous ligament

The anterior ligament is not much of a ligament at all and in most cases is just a slight thickening of the anterior joint capsule. The anterior ligament is thin and not as well defined as the posterior sacroiliac ligaments.

The posterior sacroiliac (SI) ligaments can be further divided into short (intrinsic) and long (extrinsic). The dorsal interosseous ligaments are very strong ligaments. They are often stronger than bone, such that the pelvis may actually fracture before the ligament tears. The dorsal sacroiliac ligaments include both long and short ligaments. The long dorsal sacroiliac joint ligaments run in an oblique vertical direction while the short (interosseous) runs perpendicular from just behind the articular surfaces of the sacrum to the ilium and functions to keep the sacroiliac joint from distracting or opening. The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments (also known as the extrinsic sacroiliac joint ligaments) limit the amount the sacrum flexes.

The ligaments of the sacroiliac joint loosen during pregnancy due to the hormone relaxin; this loosening, along with that of the related symphysis pubis, permits the pelvic joints to widen during the birthing process. The long SI ligaments may be palpated in thin persons for pain and compared from one side of the body to the other; however, the reliability and the validity of comparing ligaments for pain have currently not been shown. The interosseous ligaments are very short and run perpendicular from the iliac surface to the sacrum, they keep the auricular surfaces from abducting or opening/distracting.

Function
Like most lower extremity joints, one of the SI joints' functions is shock absorption (depending on the amount of available motion at the sacroiliac joint) for the spine, along with the job of torque conversion allowing the transverse rotations that take place in the lower extremity to be transmitted up the spine. The SI joint, like all lower extremity joints, provides a "self-locking" mechanism (where the joint occupies or attains its most congruent position, also called the close pack position) that helps with stability during the push-off phase of walking. The joint locks (or rather becomes close packed) on one side as weight is transferred from one leg to the other, and through the pelvis the body weight is transmitted from the sacrum to the hip bone.

The motions of the sacroiliac joint
 * Anterior innominate tilt of both hip bones on the sacrum (where the left and right move as a unit)
 * Posterior innominate tilt of both hip bones on the sacrum (where the left and right move together as a unit)
 * Anterior innominate tilt of one innominate bone while the opposite innominate bone tilts posteriorly on the sacrum (antagonistic innominate tilt) which occurs during gait
 * Sacral flexion (or nutation) Motions of the sacrum occur simultaneous with motion of the ilium so you must be careful in the description of these as isolated motions.
 * Sacral extension (or counter-nutation).

The sacroiliac joints like all spinal joints (except the atlanto-axial) are bicondylar joints, meaning that movement of one side corresponds to a correlative movement of the other side.

Inflammation and dysfunction
Sacroiliitis refers to inflammation of one or both sacroiliac joints, and is one cause of low back pain. With sacroiliitis, the individual may experience pain in the low back, buttock or thigh, depending on the amount of inflammation.

Common mechanical problems of the sacroiliac joint are often called sacroiliac joint dysfunction (also termed SI joint dysfunction; SIJD). Sacroiliac joint dysfunction generally refers to pain in the sacroiliac joint region that is caused by abnormal motion in the sacroiliac joint—either too much or too little motion. It typically results in inflammation of the SI joint, or sacroiliitis.

Signs and symptoms
The following are signs and symptoms that may be associated with an SI joint (SIJ) problem: Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is tested using provocative and nonprovocative maneuvers. Nonprovocative sacroiliac joint examination maneuvers would include Gillet Test, prone knee flexion test, supine long sitting test, standing flexion test, and seated flexion test. There is a lack of evidence that these sacroiliac joint mobility maneuvers detect motion abnormalities.
 * Mechanical SIJ dysfunction usually causes a dull unilateral low back pain.
 * The pain is often a mild to moderate ache around the dimple or posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) region.
 * The pain may become worse and sharp while doing activities such as standing up from a seated position or lifting the knee towards the chest during stair climbing.
 * Pain is typically on one side or the other (unilateral PSIS pain), but the pain can occasionally be bilateral.
 * When the pain of SIJ dysfunction is severe (which is infrequent), there can be referred pain into the hip, groin, and occasionally down the leg, but rarely does the pain radiate below the knee.
 * Pain can be referred from the SIJ down into the buttock or back of the thigh, and rarely to the foot.
 * Low back pain and stiffness, often unilateral, that often increases with prolonged sitting or prolonged walking.
 * Pain may occur during sexual intercourse; however, this is not specific to just sacroiliac joint problems.

Given the inherent technical limitations of the visible and palpable signs from these sacroiliac joint mobility maneuvers, another broad category of clinical signs has been described called provocative maneuvers. These maneuvers are designed to reproduce or increase pain originating from within the sacroiliac joint. When the provocative maneuvers reproduce pain along the typical area, it raises suspicion for sacroiliac joint dysfunction. However no single test is very reliable in diagnosing of sacroiliac joint dysfunction. Weakness, numbness, or the loss of a related reflex may indicate nervous system damage.

The current gold standard for diagnosis of sacroiliac joint dysfunction emanating within the joint is sacroiliac joint injection confirmed under fluoroscopy or CT-guidance using a local anesthetic solution. The diagnosis is confirmed when the patient reports a significant change in relief from pain and the diagnostic injection is performed on 2 separate visits. Published studies have used at least a 75 percent change in relief of pain before a response is considered positive and the sacroiliac joint deemed the source of pain.

Pregnancy
Muscle imbalance, trauma (e.g., falling on the buttock) and hormonal changes can all lead to SIJ dysfunction. Sacroiliac joint pain may be felt anteriorly, however, care must be taken to differentiate this from hip joint pain.

Women are considered more likely to suffer from sacroiliac pain than men, mostly because of structural and hormonal differences between the sexes, but so far no credible evidence exists that confirms this notion. Female anatomy often allows one fewer sacral segment to lock with the pelvis, and this may increase instability.

title: Sacroiliac joint


text:
Talk:Battle of Narva (1700)

Untitled
The date of the battle is something I would like somebody to clarify for me. The article says "20 November 1700 (Julian calendar)". At that time, Narva was part of Sweden, which at that time did NOT use the Julian calendar. It had decided to gradually convert from Julian to Gregorian over a period of 40 years, by successively omitting 11 leap days (29 February). The first omission was in 1700. The "Swedish Transitional Calendar" had now commenced, which would differ from the 10-day difference) in the Swedish Transitional Calendar, but to 19 November (11 days) in the true Julian Calendar.  So it seems the info provided is not internally consistent.  If the date really was 20 November in the Julian calendar, this would equate to 1st December in the Gregorian.

I suspect (but can't yet prove) that Narva happened on 19 November (Julian) = 20 November (Swedish) = 30 November (Gregorian). Does anybody know what the real truth is, and can they quote an authoritative source? I would be most interested, and Wikipedia would be the better for it.

 * The Swedish literature mention the 20:th November. As far as I know all dates of the GNW in Swedish literature are written in Swedish calendar (this is especially noticeable for Swedes visiting Halden in Norway, at the monument on Charles XII:s death, the Danish (Gregorian) dates are written that differs somewhat from the dates taught in Swedish schools and lit.). In Swedish lit. Charles fell Nov. 30:th 1718, the Norwegian monument puts his death in december (I do not remember the exact date). The link to the article on the Swedish calendar should be renamed into "Swedish transitional calendar" or something like that. Since most of the other dates (incl. Charles death) is written in Swedish calendar format, I suggest that the Swedish dates are kept, but Gregorian dates are added as well.

Swedish calendar: 20 November, Julian: 19 November, Gregorian: 30 November. I am sure!

-Objectivity Am I the only one sceptical about the phrasing in the aftermath part? Using the phrase 'wasted the victory' seems extemely objective to me. Being an encyclopedia, judgement should not be taken - especially in a topic that is much debated in military history (ie whether or not Karl XII made the right decision or not when it comes to the war strategy post-Narva).
 * I don't have a problem with the wording. I thought there was pretty much consensus that the strategy after Narva didn't do much good to the Swedish position. If you know sources that make an argument for the strategy I guess it could be a good thing to reword.

But if Charles XII would march into Russia after the victory then he would have August II in his back. Furthermore the russians still had 120000 soldiers in russia not so far from wer eCharles XII were going.Pukkie 07:34, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Makeup of the armies
Should there perhaps be more information about the makeup of the armies. Eg the Swedish army was made up of large numbers of ethnic Finnish recruits as well as Germans. What about the Russian army? It is mentioned that most of the officers were foreigners. Where did they come from? KarlXII 22:19, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Well the most of the swedish soldiers were born in sweden

 * The Russians must have used Polish, Cossack and other officers. This is an educated guess, since soldiers from these territories made excellent account of themselves in the battle, especially cossacks. Though I'm not sure if the Cossacks were even under the Russians at this point or still a rebellious force.

Zar Peter used a great many German Officers in his army, They were what we call Soldies Of Fortune. Many were King August officers from Saxony. Rytter.

Casualties
Could someone verify the very detailed casualty count for the Swedish army. I have seen numbers accurate to the last man, but I am not sure it is 667. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.85.58.133 (talk) 16:23, 15 April 2007 (UTC).

"Sweden lost only 667 men while the Russian army lost about 15,000 men, many of whom fled the battlefield only to drown in the Narva River."

Can I just ask how this can be said for certain?

Good question, I have seen accurate numbers way back (in a book that I cannot recall the name of), but 667 is not familiar. I guess you can make out very detailed KIA counts from the regimental archives. Should we change it to 700 or whatever is the standard rounded number?

The Swedish encyclopedia "Nationalencyclopedin" (my edition is printed 1994) lists 667 as the KIA count for the Swedish side, and 15000 on the Russian side, 12000 Russians is listed as captured.

It also lists the sizes of the armies as 10500 Swedes vs. 37000 Russians. The encyclopedia entry make a reference to Nils F. Holm, Det svenska svärdet: Tolv avgörande händelser i Sveriges historia (1948)

--

Swedish casulty numbers can be taken as being pretty accurate as many of the company rolls are still preserved in the Swedish Military Arcives. Russian numbers can be very much Guess Work, often tending to look favorable for their side. The total numer of Russian dead was never established and Zar Peter never fill´d in the number, possibly feeling it was too much too stomich. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ryttar (talk • contribs) 06:47, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Right, now that we have seen what Swedish have written, why don't we look at russian side of the battle, shall we, just to be on the objective side, right?

http://battls.ru/52.html

this site estimates 3,000 killed for Swedish, 8,500 for russians. Maybe we should add both casualties, one under swedish claim, another under russian claim? Also, a question: how do we know Tzar Peter never counted the numbers? It seems rather unreal to me that after a devastating loss like that, you do not count how many dead you have, and how many you have left alive. You are, after all, building a new army. I shall look up more websites and literature for the russian side, one is not enough. --99.231.50.255 (talk) 19:05, 27 June 2009 (UTC)Pavel Golikov. -- Can someone explain why the number 667 disappeared? It was accurately quoted, and as far as I understand it based on counts done in the military records. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.204.59.154 (talk) 05:10, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Decisive?
Im sorry but this battle was not decisive. Decisive doesn't mean "crushing victory", it means that it had a direct affect on the outcome of hostilities, in favour of the winning party. If it had been decisive, Sweden would have retained mastery over Russian and the continent. The battle didn't decide anything, apart from a Russian policy change from extrovert aggression to introvert modernisation. It was just another scirmish in a long war which Russia eventually won. Just because Charles XII pulled off a move of strategic genius doesn't change history. Yes Sweden won this battle, clearly, but Russia won the war and Narva did nothing to end hostilities. It wasn't decisive, and classing it as decisive seems to be a product of the "anti-Russian" tone of the whole article, which is the reason i wrote the thing. Far too biased, not decisive. Yours --Tefalstar 12:58, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I've seen far more anti-swedish content on wikipedia than on any other site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sidesnoble (talk • contribs) 17:55, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Wow, good point, i suppose we'll just let this bias and bad history slide then, Thanks for your contribution... --Tefalstar 17:44, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Nonsense, a PoV. "If it had been decisive, Sweden would have retained mastery over Russian and the continent." Says you. There is no such defination requirement for a decisive victory in Wikipedia. "Russia won the war" No kidding? The Axis Powers lost World War II, Central Powers World War I - that doesn't invalid the decisive victories they won which do not cover your defination requirement. "Far too biased..."anti-Russian" tone" Quite the opposite, revisionism like this is anti-Swedish tone in regards of Sweden's history. Regards, --Kurt Leyman 13:58, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Undoing
Undoing the page since Soviet sources are known to be greatly unreliable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Irtehprwn (talk • contribs) 22:56, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Self references
From what I can see the references about Russian troops killing their foreign generals only referes to its own wiki page. Shouldn't the claim be removed if it can't be properly sourced? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.161.187.254 (talk) 08:06, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Peter's Flight
The source is unreliable and no pages are cited. Book is impossible to find. The "facts" are purely biased, showing favour towards Charles XII and taking for truth that Peter fled out of cowardice, when no such thing occurred. Rewriting to be inclusive to both interpretations and using a different citation. Czarevich (talk) 18:49, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

POW
How could a garrison of 6,500 Swedes (initial strength minus killed and wounded) capture and guard up to 30,000 Russian POW? Looks like Swedish editors like the fantasy genre. --Voyevoda (talk) 19:30, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, I would guess the high figures come from the fact that the remaining Russian army of about 20.000 men capitulated. They were allowed to leave Narva, but had to leave their weapons and banners. Only officers and some soldiers were actually taken as prisoners. 134 prisoners arrived in Stockholm in May 1701, but among them were Jakov Dolgorukov, Ivan Baturlin, Avtomon Golovin, Ivan Trubetskoy, Adam Weide and prince Alexander of Imereti. Field marshal Charles Eugène de Croÿ remained as prisoner in Reval. Närking (talk) 19:58, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Troop Count
The article states that Charles positioned his 10500 men in front of the Russians. But from my memory, I have not checked sources at this moment and hence I will not change the article, the troop count including the battalions sent from the city added up to 10500. The Swedish army advancing TO the city counted something like 8000-9000 heads or so. The entire troop compliment could not have been placed at the same place since there was an army between the city and the Swedish army.

Another point, the article does not have enough information on the tactics employed, I recall that the Swedish army had artillery on an elevated position in the centre and the wings consisted of infantry and cavalry. Normally, the centre would be made up from infantry with some field artillery placed between or in front of the infantry battalions. This is a rather interesting tactical development that should be discussed and linked to the proper military theory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.204.59.154 (talk) 08:39, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Alexander of Imereti
there are only the main commanders in the card, the commander-in-chief and commanders of main divisions. Alexander of Imereti was the nominal chief of artillery, and there is nothing known about his role in the battle.--Nicoljaus (talk) 08:49, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

He commanded the Russian artillery in that battle, which is mentioned in some literature ( "Peter the Great" by Paul Bushkovitch, "Historical Dictionary of Georgia" & "Borodin" biography ) and there isn't that much info about Veyde either. But both were very high ranking generals who got captured by the Swedes. TheMightyGeneral (talk) 09:11, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

Yes, but there are only mentions about his post, no more. Veyde personally commanded the left flank and independently negotiated surrender. Alexander of Imereti can be added, but then it is necessary to indicate the Swedish artillery commander, for Weight--Nicoljaus (talk) 09:34, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

My logic is that a General of the Artillery is one of the highest ranks and if someone like that participated and got captured, it should be at least mentioned in the article, if not the commanders card. If the Swedish artillery was commanded by someone with equvivalent rank, then sure, why not. TheMightyGeneral (talk) 16:18, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

10 generals were taken prisoner there, it is impractical to mention all. Yes, Swedish artillery was under command of the Master-General of the Ordnance Johan Siöblad and the role of Swedish artillery in the battle is much better reflected in the sources, for example Massie: "The Swedish horse artillery, screened from Russian eyes by the line of galloping dragoons and brought up unexpectedly to the very front line, was suddenly unmasked and opened fire at close range on the clusters of Russian horsemen on the opposite bank.

As soon as the guns were unlimbered and served, the Swedish artillery opened a bombardment along the middle of the Russian line"

I did not read any details about the actions of Russian artillery in the battle, except for full surrender--Nicoljaus (talk) 12:17, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

Alright, but there should at least be a mention of both in the article then, which can be expanded TheMightyGeneral (talk) 12:54, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

Captured Weapons
The notes state that the Swedish captured 24000 Muskets, however in the 'Results' category it is stated that only 4050 muskets were captured. D348vR (talk) 21:22, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Narva (1700)


text: Talk:Kameoka, Kyoto

title: Talk:Kameoka, Kyoto


text: Category:13th century

title: Category:13th century


text: Category:10th century

title: Category:10th century