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Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore

Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, (29 September 1699 – 24 April 1751) was a British nobleman and Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. He inherited the title to Maryland aged just fifteen, on the death of his father and grandfather, when the colony was restored by the British monarchy to the Calvert family's control, following its seizure in 1688. In 1721 Charles came of age and assumed personal control of Maryland, travelling there briefly in 1732. For most of his life, he remained in England, where he pursued an active career in politics, rising to become Lord of the Admiralty from 1742 to 1744. He died in 1751 in England, aged 52.

Early life
Charles Calvert was born in England on 29 September 1699, the eldest son of Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore, and Charlotte Lee, Lady Baltimore. His grandmother Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield, was the illegitimate daughter of Charles II, by his mistress, Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland.

Like the rest of his Calvert family, Charles had been raised a Catholic but was withdrawn from his Jesuit school when his father Benedict converted to Anglicanism, largely for political reasons. Henceforth father and son would worship within the Church of England, much to the disgust of Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, who upheld his Catholic faith, despite the political drawbacks, until his death in 1715.

Background
In 1688, eleven years before Charles Calvert (1699–1751) was born, the Calvert family had lost their title to the Province of Maryland, following the events of the Glorious Revolution in England. In 1689 the royal charter to the colony was withdrawn, leading to direct rule by the British Crown. In 1715, when Charles was fifteen, his grandfather Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore died, passing his title, and his claim to Maryland, to his son Benedict Leonard Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore, (1679–1715). Benedict Calvert immediately petitioned George I for the restoration of the family's proprietorial title to Maryland but, before the king could rule on the petition, Benedict Calvert himself died, just two months after his father, passing on his title in turn to his son Charles. Charles Calvert soon found himself, aged just fifteen, in the fortunate position of having had his family's proprietorial title to Maryland restored by the king.

In 1721 Charles came of age and, at 21, assumed control of the colony of Maryland, though he appointed his cousin Charles Calvert, then a captain in the Grenadier Guards, as governor.

In 1722, Charles Calvert, fifth Baron Baltimore found himself in financial difficulties and sold the Kiplin estate, his family's home since 1620, to his mother's second husband (his stepfather) Christopher Crowe for £7,000 (approximately £550,000 in modern currency) (later purchased as historical inheritance for the State of Maryland by the University of Maryland).

In 1727 Lord Baltimore appointed his brother, Benedict Leonard Calvert, governor of the colony, replacing his cousin Captain Calvert. The handover of power from cousin to cousin was not entirely smooth. Captain Calvert insisted on retaining fifty per cent of the 3 pence tobacco duty which was his due under legislation passed in 1727. Benedict was unimpressed, and his younger brother Cecil wrote to him that family opinion in England was appalled at Captain Calvert's behaviour, and "thinks him mad". Lord Baltimore himself wrote that Benedict should receive the full benefit of the tax.

Unfortunately, Benedict's health was poor and he died of tuberculosis on 1 June 1732, while sailing back to England. He was succeeded in 1732 by Governor Samuel Ogle under whose rule Maryland became engaged in a border dispute with Pennsylvania. Several settlers were taken prisoners on both sides and Pennsylvania sent a committee to Governor Ogle to resolve the situation. Rioting broke out in the disputed territory and Ogle appealed to the King for resolution.

Journey to Maryland
Faced with this situation, Charles sailed to Maryland and personally assumed charge of the colony in 1732, becoming for a brief period governor in his own right. His purpose in undertaking the long journey was chiefly to settle the dispute with Pennsylvania, as well as to attend to other pressing matters. Violence had broken out on the border with Pennsylvania, with Maryland loyalists such as Thomas Cresap engaging in violent exchanges with hostile Pennsylvanians.

Unfortunately for the Marylanders, Charles unwittingly agreed to a settlement of the territorial dispute with Pennsylvania, based on an inaccurate map, using calculations of latitude and longitude which were either wrong or were deliberately omitted. Upon realizing the scale of his deception, Lord Baltimore reneged on the agreement, but in 1735 The Penns brought proceedings in the Court of Chancery in London to enforce compliance. Chancery proceedings were notoriously slow and a final verdict was not reached until 1750, when Lord Chancellor Hardwicke found in favour of the claims of the Pennsylvanians in every respect. Charles's error ultimately resulted in the loss to Pennsylvania of approximately one thousand square miles of Maryland territory.

Return to England
In 1732 Calvert returned to England, again leaving the government of Maryland in the hands of Governor Samuel Ogle, and pursued a successful career in English politics. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and a friend of fourth-cousin, Frederick Louis who was Prince of Wales and the eldest son of King George II of Great Britain. He was Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales between 1731 and 1747.

In 1739 he sailed on his new yacht Augusta for Russia to represent the British royal family at the marriage of Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia to Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The union, designed to strengthen the relationships between the houses of Romanov and Habsburg, was celebrated in grand style. Francesco Algarotti, the Italian polymath accompanied Calvert and sent detailed accounts of the journey to and from St Petersburg to his friend Lord Hervey. Also in the party were mathematician Erasmus King, and young Thomas Desaguliers, son of Dr John Theophilus Desaguliers.

Baltimore was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for St Germains, a rotten borough in Cornwall, from 1734 to 1741, and was MP for Surrey from 1741 to 1751. He was Lord of the Admiralty from 1742 to 1744, and from 1747 to 1751 he was Surveyor-General of the Duchy of Cornwall. In addition, he was Cofferer of the Household to the Prince of Wales from 1747 to 1751.

Calvert was able to sit in the House of Commons as a member of the Irish peerage. Irish peerages were often used as a way of creating peerages which did not grant a seat in the English House of Lords and so allowed the grantee to sit in the House of Commons in London. As a consequence, many Irish peers had little or no connection to Ireland.

George II said of Charles Calvert: "there is my Lord Baltimore, who thinks he understands everything, and understands nothing: who wants to be well with both Courts and is well with neither, and who, entre nous, is a little mad."

Family
On 20 July 1730, Charles married Mary Janssen, who died at Chaillot, Paris, on 25 March 1770, the daughter of Sir Theodore Janssen, 1st Baronet, and Williamza or Williamsa Henley. Mary's sister, Barbara, married Thomas Bladen a year later. Charles and Mary had three children:
 * Frederick Calvert (6 February 1731 – 4 September 1771) who succeeded his father to become the 6th and final Lord Baltimore, but led a life of idleness, indulgence and scandal.
 * Caroline Calvert, born ca. 1745, who on 26 April 1763 married Sir Robert Eden, 1st Baronet, of Maryland, the last colonial governor of Maryland. His rule was overthrown during the events of the American Revolution in 1774–6.
 * Louisa Calvert, married John Browning. On the death of her brother Frederick in 1771, Louisa contested his will, arguing that she should inherit the proprietorship of Maryland, rather than Frederick's illegitimate son Henry Harford. Before the suit could be decided, Maryland was part of the independent United States of America.

Charles also had an illegitimate son, Benedict Swingate Calvert, born in around 1730–32. His mother's identity is not clear but H. S. Lee Washington, writing in the New England Historic Genealogical Society Register in July 1950, suggests that she was Melusina von der Schulenburg, Countess of Walsingham. Melusina was the daughter of George I of Great Britain and his mistress, Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal. Whatever the truth of this, it seems likely that Benedict's mother was a person of some consequence. According to a letter of Benedict's daughter-in-law Rosalie Stier Calvert dated 10 June 1814, his mother had been a woman "of the highest rank in England". In 1742, aged about ten or twelve years, the young Benedict was escorted to America and placed in the care of Dr. George H. Steuart, an Annapolis physician and a political ally of the Calverts.

It appears Charles Calvert also had two illegitimate children by Cecil Mignon Bressan (b. 1717), daughter of Peter Bressan: Charles Cecil Bressan Calvert and Augustus Bressan Calvert.

Woodcote Park
Charles lived with his family at Woodcote Park in Epsom, Surrey, a grand estate originally built in the seventeenth century by Richard Evelyn, brother to John Evelyn the diarist. He made many changes to the house, though his brothers complained that he "pulled down everything" and "finished nothing".

Death and legacy
Charles died in 1751 and was succeeded by his eldest legitimate son, Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore. Unlike his father, Frederick Calvert took little interest in politics, treating his estates, including Maryland, as mere sources of revenue to indulge his appetites, which were considerable. By 1776 Maryland had been engulfed in the American Revolution and the Calverts would lose control over their proprietary colony for good.

Charles Calvert's portrait, along with those of the other Barons Baltimore, still hangs today in the Enoch Pratt Free Library in Baltimore, the city that bears his family name.

The historian Thomas Carlyle described Calvert as "something of a fool, judging by the face of him in portraits, and by some of his doings in the world", though other historians have been kinder to his reputation.

The official flag of the State of Maryland, uniquely among the fifty states, still bears the arms of the Barons Baltimore to this day.

Charles County and Charles Street in Baltimore is named for Charles Calvert.

title: Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore


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Henderson Forsythe

Henderson Forsythe (September 11, 1917 – April 17, 2006) was an American actor. Forsythe was known for his role as Dr. David Stewart #2 on the soap opera As the World Turns, a role he played for 32 years, and for his work on the New York stage.

Early life
Forsythe was born in Macon, Missouri, the son of Mary Katherine (née Henderson) and Cecil Proctor Forsythe. He grew up in Monroe City, Missouri where he first studied theatre. He transferred from Culver Stockton College to The University of Iowa in 1938.

While attending Culver-Stockton College, he was an active member of Mu Theta Nu Fraternity.

Theatre
In 1979, Forsythe won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor (Musical) for his work in The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. He also appeared onstage in dramas such as Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? by Edward Albee, where he was in the original production taking over the role of George originated by Arthur Hill, and The Birthday Party by Harold Pinter. He also appeared as Andrew Jorgensen in the off-broadway play Other People's Money. He was first to perform as the Auditor in Samuel Beckett's Not I, opposite Jessica Tandy.

Television and film
His television credits included a recurring role as Big Bud on the television series Eight is Enough, which he reprised for another television series starring Scott Bakula called Eisenhower and Lutz. He appeared in many movies, such as Silkwood and Chances Are. In 1965, he briefly carried his As the World Turns character, Dr. David Stewart, over to the prime time soap Our Private World. Other soap operas on which he appeared are From These Roots and The Edge of Night.

Personal life
Forsythe married actress Dorothea Maria Carlson on May 26, 1942 (d. November, 2010). They had two sons, Eric, a professor at The University of Iowa and Jason, a writer. He died of undisclosed causes, aged 88, at Williamsburg Landing in Williamsburg, Virginia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henderson Forsythe


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Talk:Archbishopric of Duklja

This page was created when this flawed content couldn't be included in History of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It should be a candidate for deletion... --Shallot 19:39, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Archbishopric of Duklja


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Justin Green (cartoonist)

Justin Considine Green (July 25, 1945 – April 23, 2022) was an American cartoonist who is known as the "father of autobiographical comics." A key figure and pioneer in the 1970s generation of underground comics artists, he is best known for his 1972 comic book Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary.

Biography
Green was born in Boston, Massachusetts, but grew up in Chicago, Illinois, the son of a Jewish father and Catholic mother; he was raised Catholic. As a child he at first attended a Catholic parochial school, and later transferred to a school where most students were Jews. He rejected the Catholic faith in 1958 as he believed it caused him "compulsive neurosis" that decades later was diagnosed as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).

Green was studying painting at the Rhode Island School of Design when in 1967 he discovered the work of Robert Crumb and turned to cartooning, attracted to what he called Crumb's "harsh drawing stuffed into crookedly-drawn panels". He experimented with his artwork to find what he called an "inherent and automatic style as a conduit for the chimerical forms in own psyche". He dropped out of an MFA program at Syracuse University when in 1968 he felt a "call to arms" to move to San Francisco, where the nascent underground comix scene was blossoming amid the counterculture there.

Green's short comics pieces appeared in various titles and anthologies including Art Spiegelman's and Bill Griffith's anthologies Arcade and Young Lust. But in 1972, he was overwhelmed by an urgent desire to tell the story of his personal anxieties. Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary is a solo comic book that details Green's struggle with a form of OCD known as scrupulosity, within the framework of growing up Catholic in 1950s Chicago. Intense graphic depiction of personal torment had never appeared in comic book form before, and it had a profound effect on other cartoonists and the future direction of comics as literature. Art Spiegelman was so inspired by Binky Brown that he thought he'd try his own memoir-type story, a strip he called "Maus" which some years later became the seed of Maus.

Green was also a master sign painter, which he described during the 1980s in his monthly comic strip for the trade publication Signs of the Times, that later became a book entitled Justin Green's Sign Game (Last Gasp, June 1995).

In the 1990s, Green focused his cartooning attention on a series of visual biographies for Pulse!, the in-house magazine for Tower Records. It ran for ten years, later collected into an anthology known as Musical Legends (Last Gasp, 2004 ISBN 978-0867196214).

Green still made comics the way he did when he started, by dipping a pen nib into an ink bottle.

Justin and his wife Carol Tyler are the subject of the documentary film "Married to Comics" which presented in 2023 at the Small Press Expo event feature at the AFI Silver Theater and Culture Center.

Personal life
Green's younger brother Keith Green (c. 1951 –1996) was also involved in the underground comix movement, as an underground distributor from c. 1968–1975, and publishing comics under the name Keith Green Industrial Realities (as well as the imprint Saving Grace) in the period c. 1971–1977. He later became an art dealer. Keith Green died in 1996.

Justin Green lived in Cincinnati, and was married to fellow cartoonist Carol Tyler. Green and Tyler met in San Francisco in the early 1980s; they have a daughter together, Julia, who is also an artist.

Green also has a daughter Catlin b. 1976 and was first cousins with film director William Friedkin (Green's father and Friedkin's mother are siblings).

Death
Green died on April 23, 2022, in Cincinnati. His death was announced by Carol Tyler on her Facebook page.

title: Justin Green (cartoonist)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stephanie Heinrich

I could be wrong, but it doesn't seem to me like this person's done anything notable. Deb 19:42, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Not sure how I'll vote, yet, but she has appeared in one non-Playboy movie called "Dark Horse" in 2004, where she was "Dog's girlfriend." Otherwise, she's been in Playboy stareware and a Playboy TV show.  The avid teens and sad men who populate the web with ratings of their favorite "babes" seem to like her to distraction. Geogre 01:42, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, delete. Why should being selected as a playmate get a person her own encyclopedia article when she hasn't done anything else that was noteworthy?  A Google search turns up only porn pictures.  Gimme a break.  --Ardonik 04:20, 2004 Aug 8 (UTC)
 * Delete. LOL.  Antandrus 04:29, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I took a few hours to think about it. Being Dog's girlfriend isn't really putting her at the level of a soap opera star (my personal minimum for actor/actress fame).  Being a drool stimulus certainly isn't enough. Geogre 17:40, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * [Not a vote: Anon] Retain. Under Playmate there is a list of Playmates of the Year and famous playmates.  If Playmate warrants an entry, why not the ladies who have held that title?  Cf. the lists of members of Congress, most of whom are similarly anonymous and did not do anything memorable.  I say leave her in.
 * She's very pretty and, um, pneumatic. The question is whether she is notable enough on her own accomplishments to be in an encyclopedia.  She might do great things in the future, or infamous things, and achieve notability for something other than her looks and be included.  She might not.  Information on her is appropriate in the Playmate list, but not as a solo article at this point.  See below, for example, on some of the other notability debates.  The bar is not awfully high, but it's not awfully low, either.  By the way, be sure to sign in.  On VfD, only logged-in users have their votes count. Geogre 01:00, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Feel free to add her to the list of notable Playmates if you really feel like it, but she definitely does not warrant her own entry. Skyler 21:22, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Question: Google result is "583 of about 9,630"; am i right that this means "of the first 1000 hits, only 583 were significantly different"? Would that Google score be keepish or deletish, if her notoriety were based other than on mushy-core porn? I think that would determine my vote, since the tone on this VfD sounds to me excessively high-brow compared to our voracious appetite for punk, anime, video games, and rare sexual practices. --Jerzy(t) 20:24, 2004 Aug 10 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure exactly what you meant, but since she was a playmate, it would not suprise me that she had 583 entries on google. I'm betting there are a few actual fan sites and then the rest are redirects to a pay porn site. If someone can expand on the article and show relevant notable status, I will retract my vote. However, I stay with delete because it does not appear that this can be done. Skyler 23:08, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, Jerzy(t), I can tell you why I voted the way I did. I believe that we vote on notability.  I do not think one's body, or exposure of it, is an accomplishment.  As you know, I also don't think we need to be collecting trading cards or writing up our favorite jokes or comic books, but here it's a matter of what she has done.  She is all over Google, yes, in one form: her picture.  In that regard, her accomplishment is akin to Elsie the Borden Cow:  she's an object of graphic art.  I think that her notability as an actress, spokeswoman, author, or anything else, is in the future.  I do believe she'll achieve some.  She is trying films and will, I think, do well.  At present, she is a graphical object. Geogre 01:02, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Santos Ortega

Santos Edward Ortega (June 30, 1899 – April 10, 1976) was an American actor and comedian. He was best known for playing Will Hughes in As the World Turns, taking over from Will Lee, who had played the role from the first episode on April 2, 1956, to May 31, 1956. Ortega continued in the role until his death in 1976.

Early life
Ortega was born in New York City on June 30, 1899, to parents Rafael (born in Venezuela and of Spanish descent) and Isabella (née Corbett, from Ireland) Ortega. Rafael Ortega was a cigar maker by trade, which may have influenced his son's habit of cigar smoking throughout his career.

Ortega initially had aspirations of joining the priesthood and studied briefly at the St. Joseph's Seminary of the De La Salle Christian Brothers in Pocantico Hills, New York, but changed his mind after landing a series of small acting roles in a series of Broadway productions.

Stage
He began his career when he was 17 in the theater in "an extravaganza at the old Hippodrome Theater. Later, he went on tour with a singing group, returning to New York City to appear on the Broadway stage including roles in Jeb (1946), Puppets of Passion (1927), What Never Dies (1926-1927), What's the Use (1926), and Marilyn's Affairs.

Radio
As radio stations began to come on the air in large numbers, radio programs began to gain momentum, thus opening up new opportunities for Ortega. He first worked in radio in comedy, appearing on a variety show, Blackstone Plantation, where he played a character named Don Rodrigo. Ortega later said that he was hired for the role after a casting director hired the young unknown based on seeing Ortega's name, assuming that he would be perfect for the role.

Despite Ortega's ethnic-sounding name, and the fact that he did have Latino origins on his father's side, he did not speak Spanish. He came to learn that if he convincingly mastered a Spanish dialect, more work would come his way, and it did.

He served as straight man for the duo of Frank Crumit and Julius Sanderson. Ortega said, "It was a song and patter show, and I provided the laughter." He went on to be active in the medium, starring in The Adventures of Nero Wolfe (1943–1944) and narrating Gang Busters, as well as Stroke of Fate. Perhaps his most famous and notable radio role was Commissioner Weston on The Shadow. He played the title role in Bulldog Drummond (1942–43) and was heard in the daytime radio serials Valiant Lady (as Edward Curran), Perry Mason, 1948's Roger Kilgore, Public Defender, and as the title character in The Adventures of Charlie Chan (1947–1948), The Affairs of Peter Salem from 1949 to 1953, and Hannibal Cobb (1950–1951).

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s and into the 1950s and early 1960s, the prolific Ortega lent his remarkable range of voice characterizations to numerous other radio drama series such as Inner Sanctum, The Mysterious Traveler, Suspense, Casey Crime Photographer, The Eternal Light, The Columbia Workshop, The Big Story, Perry Mason, You Are There, Dimension X, and X Minus One.

He also originated the radio role of Inspector Queen on The Adventures of Ellery Queen.

Television
On television, he played Will Hughes (usually just referred to as "Grandpa") on As the World Turns, replacing Will Lee as of June 21, 1956. On November 22, 1963, he was in the middle of a scene with actress Helen Wagner when CBS suddenly cut in with the first bulletin on President Kennedy's assassination. (The cast, which was performing the episode live, was not yet aware of the situation.) Ortega continued in the role until shortly before his death in 1976.

Film
Ortega played character roles in two films during the 1950s: The Family Secret (1951) and Crowded Paradise (1956).

Personal life
Ortega was married twice. He married Evelyn Fairbank in 1926, but the couple had no children and later divorced. He later married Cynthia Beckett, 20 years his junior, when he was around 50 years old. They would go on to have two children.

Ortega was a lifelong tobacco user who often smoked cigars during his radio shows. However, during his tenure on "As The World Turns," he was most often seen smoking a pipe.

Death
Ortega died on April 10, 1976, in Broward General Hospital in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, while he was visiting in that area. He was 76. Survivors included a son, a daughter and a sister. A memorial service was held April 25, 1976, at the Church of the Heavenly Rest in New York City.

Filmography

 * As the World Turns (1956-1976): Will Hughes

title: Santos Ortega


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Talk:Roswell (TV series)

Title.
It's not a type of television — would be a better to move this article to Roswell (television series). -- Jeandré, 2004-08-07t19:46z

 * Agreed – see Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(television). The Roswell page pointed to Roswell (TV show) until recently.  Not only was it made worse, no-one bothered to update the links that pointed to the old name.  I plan to improve this article soon and I'll try to rename it too.  – Lee J Haywood 21:54, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Renamed this article from Roswell (TV) to Roswell (TV series) – I'm now updating all the links to point to it. – Lee J Haywood 08:40, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It says in the UK the show was called "Roswell High", and cites the BBC program listing page as evidence. This gives the misleading impression that ALL airings of the show went under "Roswell High", which isn't true. I used to watch it on Skyone, it aired under "Roswell". Currently, I'm watching sunday morning re-runs on E4, on which the show is called "Roswell".

I'm going to edit article to reflect this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.132.180.62 (talk) 11:24, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Frakes starring
Jonathan Frakes directed several episodes and also starred in two episodes as himself, an actor well known for his role in Star Trek.

I know Frakes made at least two appearances, one in the Pilot and another in a 2nd or possibly 3rd season episode where Max auditioned as an alien. I wouldn't call that starring though... perhaps I'm missing something? -- SS 21:42, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've changed it. According to Webster, starring can mean 'to perform outstandingly', but in my mind it was implied that he guest starred.  But you're right - unless you knew who he was in the first place he's not a star of Roswell.  The reason I put him on this page, by the way, is because his page links here, as does 'References to Star Trek'.  Thanks.  — Lee J Haywood 18:51, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Frakes is one of 5 people credited as "Executive Producer" on the pilot... I'll have to check the other episodes, but he may have been an executive producer for all 3 years. Two of the others are David Nutter (who directed the pilot), and Jason Katims.
 * Interestingly, the subtitles merely call his character in the pilot "emcee", and I didn't see him listed in the beginning or end credits (as an actor). So, unless someone mentioned that he was Johnathan Frakes (which is doubtful) we can't be 100% sure that he was playing himself in this instance.  It is patently obvious however ;-)

 * As I was writing this, a light bulb went off in my head. Frakes's largest (on-screen) role on Roswell would have to be in "The Convention" (s1).  Again, I didn't see him in any of the normal places actors are listed, but he was definitely playing himself in this episode.  So that brings the Johnathan Frakes Roswell appearance count up to three.

 * -- SS 23:31, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Spoiler warning
The spoiler warning was removed as unnecessary. After re-reading the spoiler guidelines, it's not obvious to me why this page doesn't qualify for the warning flag. The "basic premise" section contains specific spoilers for the pilot, followed by general spoilers for much of season one, yes? Looking at a few related series' pages, usage seems to vary--Buffy has the warning, while Star Trek and X-File do not. If there's another page that more completely explains when to apply spoiler warnings, that would be helpful for understanding how this works. -Cate8 July 9, 2005 05:30 (UTC)

 * When I wrote the original "basic premise" section I had tried to make it only cover the pilot episode without specifically revealing the plot. I think you're right, because this makes the unreasonable assumption that people have at least seen the pilot – which is going to be less and less likely to be true for future readers.  I would have like to used the second spoiler template to refer the pilot, but you've pointed out vague references to what happens after it.  I've restored the basic spoiler warning, thanks.   — Lee J Haywood 9 July 2005 08:39 (UTC)

>>>I gotta say that the first five minutes of the pilot episode TOTALLY hooked my wife on this show. It was a superb intro the the entire concept of the series.

Episode list
Other series pages appear to place episode lists on a separate "List of ____ episodes" page. Any reason to leave Roswell's episode on this page? Or should it likewise be broken out to a separate page? -Cate8 July 9, 2005 05:30 (UTC)

 * I'd say it depends on how much it might change in the future. It looks ugly at the moment and if you look at, for example, List of Star Trek: Voyager episodes then you'll see a page that looks better but also changes a lot as images for each episode are added.  I vote for a separate page.   — Lee J Haywood 9 July 2005 08:39 (UTC)

Australia broadcast
Wasn't Roswell screened on channel Nine in Australia? Yes Channel nine had the rights to Roswell, the comments on the problems with airing were not related to Prime but Channel nine. I watched most of the seasons missing one or two here and there. The pilot originally aired on Channel 9 at 8:30pm Monday night, it later moved to 9:30 and was up against Band Of Brothers I think. Later it moved to 10:30pm then 11:00pm.

CFD notice
Removed cfdnotice, cfd has completed. --Kbdank71 16:22, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Season 4 Petition
I believe that this Roswell Season 4 Continuation Petition should be linked to somewhere on the page: 75.5.29.9 00:31, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Trivia section
this part of the trivia section needs to be deleted/modified There are two version of the series finale: One that ran 43 minutes (the aired version) and one that ran 82-minutes. When it became apparent that the series would not return for a fourth season, the producers wrote the season-finale as two episodes and filmed it on the budget of a single episode hoping that UPN would air it. But UPN wasn’t interested in a 2-hour affair and they never aired the 2-hour version of the episode, which was since supposedly disappeared. The additional footage included a sex scene between Max/Liz, Isabel finding out that she is pregnant, Maria and Michael getting married at city hall, as well as a scene with the parents discovering the pod chamber – and the final scene was supposedly Max, Liz, Isabel, her daughter, Maria, Michael, and Kyle standing on a cliff over-looking the grand canyon starring up into the stars. These are rumors, most likely created by the fans. These things shouldn't be considered encyclopedic especially without a source in order to verify that what is written is really the truth. The only thing confirmed by official resources is that the finale of season 3 was longer than what we saw. Writers had to cut it in order to make it a regular episode. There're some web sites with cut scenes taken from the original scripts (but these sites aren't official) and as for "Graduation" the only cut scene available is the one about M&L's decision to make love when he proposed her. I will try to modify that part with only the confirmed informations. However, if someone has a valid source that confirms what i quoted here, he will be able to write these things again. --*Josephine85* (talk) 12:29, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I'll do that one better, Josephine: I've pulled the entire Trivia section and put it below. None of the material can return until it is properly cited and converted into prose. trivia is trivial, and we don't use it.

 * Trivia

 * When it became apparent that the series would not return for a fourth season, the writers wrote a longer episode for the finale of the series trying to summarize what they wanted to create into the season four that they didn't get. However, the UPN wasn’t interested into a longer episode and writers had to create a regular episode cutting part of what they wrote for the finale, still trying to summarize what they intended to do into a fouth season.
 * The television series was based on the Roswell High series of books created by author Melinda Metz under editor Laura J. Burns. The pair eventually joined the show in the 3rd season as staff writers. The episode "A Tale of Two Parties" marked their television-writing debut.
 * Despite being set in New Mexico, the series was filmed entirely within Los Angeles and its surrounding districts. Most of the exterior shots were filmed in the city of Covina, California.
 * The alien pod chamber (disguised as a rock formation of distinctive slanting rocks) are actually Vasquez Rocks, located outside of Los Angeles.
 * One notable quirk was the aliens' favorite condiment, Tabasco brand hot sauce, which they liberally sprinkled on nearly every meal. It was finally explained in the third season that when the aliens came out of the pods, for the first few months they couldn't smell or taste anything except for strong flavors such as Tabasco sauce. Although their sense eventually matured, they kept the Tabasco habit. The Tabasco sauce connection was later highlighted by fans who sent thousands of the tiny bottles to network executives along with pleas to save the show.
 * Delfino—who was pursuing a musical career off-screen — sang several times on the series, including the Phil Collins single "In the Air Tonight" and the gospel classic "Amazing Grace."
 * Jonathan Frakes, an actor well known for his role in Star Trek: The Next Generation, was an executive producer, and directed several episodes. He also appeared in the pilot episode as an MC, then as himself in two other episodes, "The Convention" and "Secrets and Lies."
 * Another link with the Star Trek franchise occurs in the third season episode "Secrets and Lies" in which Max auditions for a role in Enterprise while staying in Los Angeles.
 * Yet another link to Star Trek was the guest appearance of J.G. Hertzler as teacher Mr. Lafeber in the episode "Ask Not." Hertzler is best known for his work in various Star Trek roles, most notably as the General/Chancellor Martok of the Klingon Empire in Deep Space Nine.
 * Show creators went to great lengths to ensure accuracy between the show and the real town of Roswell, New Mexico. License plates on cars, driver's licenses, and even state seals were used in the series.
 * Native American actor Michael Horse plays deputy Owen Blackwood in the first episodes of season 1. He was deputy Hawk in the series Twin Peaks and sheriff Charles Tskany in an episode of the X-Files.
 * In the pilot episode, Maria tells best friend Alex that Liz sat next to Pam Troy, whom she openly hates. Pam Troy is a character that was also referenced in Jason Katims's other hit, My So Called Life.
 * The Tabasco that the aliens loved so much was actually tomato juice. The actors originally tried to tough it out with Tabasco but soon could no longer handle keeping up with the addiction and tomato juice was switched in.

- Arcayne   (cast a spell)  14:56, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Ranking informations
I will remove these informations because they are unsourced However i copy them here so if someone finds a source can copy and paste them in the article. Season one The first season ranked #128, with an average nielsen rating of 2.6

Season two The second season ranked #113, with an average of 4.04 million viewers

Season three The third season ranked #141, with an average of 3 million viewers --*Josephine85* (talk) 17:10, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Mistake in season 3 story
My english is poor so I would ask someone else to correct this. At the beginning of the season, the fifth alien and the space ship rebuilt by the military are mentioned. The fact that the guardian is genetically programmed to obey Max's every command can be omitted. But they didn't leave Earth because of mechanical damage - that's an open mistake...

Max changed his mind at the last second and didn't enter the ship because of his feelings for Liz. He realized that she is too important to him to let go. Trivia - by doing it so late, he ruined the fifth alien's life because by shapeshifting (necesary for the spaceship piloting) the alien lost his human senses such as taste or smell...

Please some one use this to correct the main article, 24 January 2009  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.14.84.242 (talk) 21:45, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Removed more trivia
I removed the References/Spoofs section because it contained trivia not worth copying/pasting here. This is a reminder that Wikipedia is not a fansite. Some information that may be interesting to a small group of diehard fans is not appropriate for an encyclopedia. Also, the article has a considerable amount of information but only a handful of cited sources, some of which are questionable in their reliability. I'm going to tag the page accordingly. This has the potential to be a B class article. momo ricks  00:12, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Link to Roswell Wiki
How about an external link to the Roswell Wiki? http://roswell.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page --CadmiumX99 (talk) 20:54, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

iTunes release info...
I think it would be useful to include info in the main Roswell (TV series) article about other release dates. For example, Season 1 is available on iTunes, but Seasons 2 & 3 are not available. It may also be available on NetFlix, Amazon, or other "video streaming" sources that people should know about.

GregCampbellUSA (talk) 05:09, 10 October 2009 (UTC) GregCampbellUSA

morgan fairchild guest starred
just wondering why morgan fairchild is not listed as a guest star in season three. she played the wife of the old man who housed max's soul and took on the form of max's body after max tried to heal him. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Musickluvr (talk • contribs) 18:04, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Television
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Television. Soliciting ideas on how the current article here can be improved. Thanks. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 03:10, 13 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roswell (TV series)


text:
Alma, Wisconsin (disambiguation)

Alma, Wisconsin may refer to:

 * Alma, Wisconsin, a city
 * Alma, Buffalo County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Alma, Jackson County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Alma Center, Wisconsin, a village

title: Alma, Wisconsin (disambiguation)


text:
Marie Masters

Marie Masters (born February 4, 1941) is an American actress.

Early years
Born Marie Mastruserio in Cincinnati, Ohio, Masters attended Marian College in Indiana. After graduation, she worked at the city desk of the publication Women's Wear Daily.

As the World Turns
Masters was featured on several daytime soap operas, including Love of Life and One Life to Live. Her best-known and longest running role was Dr. Susan Stewart on As the World Turns, a role she played from 1968 to 1979 and again from 1986 to 2010. The character of Susan was an alcoholic "homewrecker" during the show's heyday in the 1970s. Susan (and Masters) was again featured as the troublemaker in a front-burner storyline in 1990, when Susan had an affair with town patriarch Dr. Bob Hughes. The storyline was unusual in that all of the actors featured prominently in the story were over 50, yet the affair became a popular, attention-grabbing storyline for nearly a year. Masters was reduced to recurring basis in 2002, but was still seen often during ATWT's final years. She was prominently featured in the 50th anniversary episode of the show in April 2006, as well as the final episode in September 2010.

Other roles
Masters has been featured on several primetime programs, including Kate and Allie, Law & Order, and Our Group. Masters has been involved with the New York City theater group New Group since its inception in 1993, and has been a director or assistant director for many productions. In 1982, she played District Attorney Helen Murdoch on "One Life to Live", prosecuting Victoria Riley for refusing to reveal a source.

She is also an accomplished writer, having co-written the films Mad Money, "The Special", "Played Out" and "Loveland". For several years, Masters was a member of the writing team at As the World Turns.

Personal life
Masters is the mother of Grammy award-winning musician Jesse Harris and Jenny Harris, an executive producer of Lou Dobbs Tonight. Masters' son-in-law is CNBC market analyst David Faber.

title: Marie Masters


text:
User:Acheron

Hi.

I haven't done much aside from minor edits. I did write the Vertical Horizon pages though.

title: User:Acheron


text:
User talk:Davec

9/11 conspiracy theories
The links were sort of tacked on at the end in an uncyclopedic way. There are also plenty of similar links in the article.--DCAnderson 23:26, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

150P/LONEOS
A tag has been placed on 150P/LONEOS, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. If you plan to expand the article, you can request that administrators wait a while for you to add contextual material. To do this, affix the template   to the article and state your intention on the article's talk page. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.

 Ma lze es  o.0  05:55, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Davec


text:
User talk:Cybe

AfD nomination of Royal Proclamation of 1830
An article that you have been involved in editing, Royal Proclamation of 1830, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Wehwalt (talk) 20:24, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cybe


text:
User talk:Blue Dragon~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Blue Dragon. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Blue Dragon~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:08, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Blue Dragon~enwiki


text:
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore

Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (6 February 1731 – 4 September 1771), styled The Hon. Frederick Calvert until 1751, was an English nobleman and last in line of the Barons Baltimore. Although he exercised almost feudal power in the Province of Maryland, he never once set foot in the colony, and unlike his father, he took little interest in politics, treating his estates, including Maryland, largely as sources of revenue to support his extravagant, often scandalous lifestyle. In 1768 he was accused of abduction and rape by Sarah Woodcock, a noted beauty who kept a milliner's shop at Tower Hill. The jury acquitted Calvert, but he left England soon afterwards, and never recovered from the public scandal that surrounded the trial. Dogged by the criticism and poor health, he contracted a fever and died in Naples at the age of 40.

Early life
Frederick Calvert was born in 1731, the eldest son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, 3rd Proprietor Governor of Maryland (1699–1751). He was named after his godfather, Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of George II, and father of George III. The young Frederick was sent to Eton College to be educated, where he acquired some proficiency in the classics. Calvert had two sisters, Caroline Calvert, born about 1745, and Louisa Calvert.

Adulthood and inheritance

In 1751 Charles Calvert died, and Frederick, aged just 20, inherited from his father the title Baron Baltimore and the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland, becoming at once both a wealthy nobleman in England and a powerful figure in America. Maryland was then a British colony administered directly by the Calverts. Frederick benefited from an income of some £10,000 a month from taxes and rents, an immense sum at the time. In addition, he controlled shares in the Bank of England, and an estate at Woodcote Park, in Surrey.

Maryland
Calvert's inheritance coincided with a period of rising discontent in Maryland, amid growing demands by the legislative assembly for an end to his family's authoritarian rule. Calvert, however, took little interest in the colony and, unlike his predecessors, never set foot there. Instead, he lived in England and on the European continent, particularly in Italy and, for a time in Constantinople, which he was eventually forced to leave after being accused of keeping a private harem. Calvert lived a life of leisure, writing verse and regarding the Province of Maryland as little more than a source of revenue.

During the 1750s, during the French and Indian War, when funds were needed to finance the common defence of the colonies, Maryland alone refused its share. Calvert was prepared to pass an Act raising taxes but only if his own vast estates were exempted. Benjamin Franklin later wrote: "It is true, Maryland did not then contribute its proportion, but it was, in my opinion, the fault of the Government, and not of the people". The colony was ruled through governors appointed by Calvert, such as Horatio Sharpe and later Robert Eden. Governor Sharpe was keenly aware of the difficulties placed upon his subjects by Lord Baltimore's intransigence, but his hands were tied. Calvert oversaw the end of the long-running Penn–Calvert Boundary Dispute.

Marriage
On 9 March 1753, he married Lady Diana Egerton (3 March 1732 – 13 August 1758), youngest daughter of Scroop Egerton, 1st Duke of Bridgewater by Lady Rachel Russell. The union was not a success, and the couple spent most of their married life apart. They had no children, and in May 1756 they were formally separated due to "incompatibility of temper". In 1758, Lady Diana "died from a hurt she received by a fall out of a Phaeton carriage", while accompanied by her husband. Although Calvert was suspected of foul play, no charges were brought.

European travels

Calvert's reputation for exotic living spread quickly. In 1764 James Boswell (1740–1795) began his Grand Tour of Europe, having heard that Baltimore was "living at Constantinople like a Turk, with his seraglio all around him"." Boswell also observed that Baltimore "... lived luxuriously and inflamed his blood, then he became melancholy and timorous, and was constantly taking medicines... he is living a strange, wild, life, useless to his country, except when raised to a delirium, and must soon destroy his constitution". Calvert spent a good deal of time in Italy, where the German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768) described him as being "one of those worn-out beings, a hipped Englishman, who had lost all physical and moral taste".

Such was Calvert's fascination with the Ottoman Turks that in 1766, on his return to England, he pulled down part of his London house, rebuilding it in the style of a Turkish harem. In 1767 Calvert published an account of his travels in the East, titled ''A tour to the East, in the years 1763 and 1764: with Remarks on the City of Constantinople and the Turks. Also Select Pieces of Oriental Wit, Poetry and Wisdom''. The book, said Horace Walpole, "deserved no more to be published than his bills on the road for post-horses", adding that it demonstrated how "a man may travel without observation, and be an author without ideas". It gains a mention from a character in Tobias Smollett's epistolary novel The Expedition of Humphry Clinker.

Calvert's spending was prodigious, and he spent considerable sums of money on his family estate at Woodcote Park. According to Walpole, Calvert spent a great deal of money making the interior of the house "tawdry" and "ridiculous" in the "French" style.

Trial, scandal and decline
In 1768, Calvert was accused of abduction and rape by Sarah Woodcock, a noted beauty who kept a milliner's shop at Tower Hill. He was indicted at Kingston Assizes, and put on trial, pleading not guilty by reason of consent. After deliberating for an hour and twenty minutes the jury acquitted Calvert, believing that Woodcock did not make adequate attempts to escape.

Much salacious gossip accompanied the trial, and in the same year, one of Calvert's willing sexual partners, Sophia Watson, found it opportune to write a salacious autobiography entitled Memoirs of the Seraglio of the Bashaw of Merryland, by a Discarded Sultana (London, 1768) Her readers were left in no doubt as to whom she was referring to, which further harmed Baltimore's reputation. Sultana Watson offered many intimate details of life in the seraglio, including the predictable, unkind suggestion that Baltimore himself was barely able to satisfy one, let alone eight, mistresses.

Following his acquittal Frederick left England, presumably hoping that his notoriety did not extend to Europe. In this he seems to have been at least partly correct, as in July 1769 the British Ambassador to Russia reported that "Lord Baltimore arrived here last week from Sweden; I had the honour to present him to the Empress, who was pleased to receive his Ld extremely graciously." Nevertheless, Calvert's brush with the law does not appear to have affected his unconventional living arrangements. Count Maximilian von Lamberg wrote of his travels:

"In 1769, my Lord was travelling with eight women, a physician, and two negroes, which he called his corregidores, who were entrusted with the discipline of his little seraglio. With the aid of his physician, he conducted odd experiments on his houris: he fed the plump ones only acid foods and the thin ones milk and broth. He arrived at Vienna with the train I have described; when the chief of police requested him to declare which of the eight ladies was his wife, he replied that he was an Englishman, and that when he was called upon to give an account of his sexual arrangements, if he could not settle the matter with his fists, it was his practice to set out instantly on his travels again."

By this time it is evident that he was suffering from financial difficulties, and in 1768 he sold the family's great estate at Woodcote Park, apparently to a wealthy Soho upholsterer.

Death in Naples
Calvert never returned to his native England. His mother, Mary Janssen, died at Chaillot, Paris, on 25 March 1770. He remained on the continent, "constantly moving ... that he might not know where he should be buried", and it was in Naples in September 1771 that he contracted a fever and died. His body was returned to London, lying in state at the Great Room of Exeter Exchange, Strand, and was interred in his family's vault at St. Martin's "with much funeral pomp, the cavalcade extending from the church to the eastern extremity of Epsom". According to Gentleman's Quarterly: "His Lordship had injured his character in his life by seduction, so that the populace paid no regard to his memory when dead, but plundered the room where his body lay the moment it was removed".

He was buried in Epsom, Surrey.

Family and children
Calvert had numerous illegitimate children by various women, though he does appear to have attempted to support them. He is said to have left, on his death "a whole seraglio of white, black, etc, to provide for."

Calvert had two children by Hester Whelan:
 * Henry Harford (1758–1835), the last Lord Proprietor of Maryland.
 * Frances Mary Harford (1759–1822) who married William Frederick Wyndham (1763–1828) on 21 July 1784. Their son George Wyndham became the 4th Earl of Egremont.

In 1765, he fathered twin daughters with Elizabeth Dawson of Lincolnshire, Sophia and Elizabeth Hales.

He had another daughter, Charlotte Hope, born in Hamburg in 1770, with Elizabeth Hope of Münster, Germany.

Maryland and the War of Independence
In his will, Calvert left his proprietary Palatinate of Maryland to his eldest (perhaps only confirmed) illegitimate son, Henry Harford, then aged just 13. This was done against the wishes of his family, though Calvert did provide for cash bequests to his sisters, specifically £20,000 to be divided between Louisa and Caroline. The colony, perhaps grateful to be rid of Frederick at last, duly recognised Harford as Calvert's heir. However, the will was challenged by the family of Calvert's sister, Louisa Calvert Browning, who did not recognise Harford's inheritance. Before the case could grind its way through the Court of Chancery, events in America changed Maryland forever. Unfortunately for the young Henry, by the time he had reached adulthood, Maryland had become engulfed by the American Revolution, and by 1776 was at war with Britain. Henry Harford ultimately lost almost all his colonial possessions, though he remained wealthy due to his extensive inheritance in Great Britain.

Reputation and legacy

Calvert was not generally well-regarded by his contemporaries. One characterised him as "Feeble in body, conceited, frivolous, and dissipated, but withal generous and sympathetic ... [a man] who gave himself up to a life of pleasure". Another described him as "a disreputable and dissolute degenerate". Posterity has been little kinder to his reputation.

Some have said that Frederick County, Maryland, is named after the last Baron Baltimore, but this remains unproven. The official flag of the State of Maryland, uniquely among the 50 states, bears witness to his family legacy.

Published works

 * A tour to the East, in the years 1763 and 1764: with Remarks on the City of Constantinople and the Turks. Also Select Pieces of Oriental Wit, Poetry and Wisdom, London (1767).
 * Gaudia poetica Latina, Anglica, et Gallica Lingua Composita, London (1770).

title: Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dr. Briefs

I think we've seen enough of these now, haven't we? Deb 19:55, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Minor Dragon Ball characters. Some of the other characters listed in Category:Dragon_Ball_characters could stand to be moved, too. --Benc 21:31, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, do not redirect. Useless pseudoinformation. Wile E. Heresiarch 21:39, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. -Sean Curtin 01:26, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I note that my Dr. Boxers card can beat him if played sideways on the 4th rank, and he's only available in the special edition collector's supersets available only in Korea for 2 weeks in alternate months of May....  Sorry, folks.  I don't mean to live up to my name, but delete. Geogre 01:46, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Merge and redirect is fine, but if no one does that, definitely delete. Skyler 21:25, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If we are interested in probing the granularity of the universe, this might be a useful article. However, what comes next is Socks of the famous. Do we really need this ultratrivial ultraboring ultranonsense? Denni ☯ 01:42, 2004 Aug 10 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect' to Minor Dragon Ball characters. I thought this was Bad jokes and deleted nonsense?. -SV


text:
Protea (telephone)

The Protea telephone plug, sometimes called simply the South African telephone plug, was widely used in South Africa from the 1970s until the 1990s. As of 2004, telephone installations in South Africa use RJ11 plugs (which are sometimes referred to in South Africa as Venus plugs), but Protea plugs are still often encountered in older installations.

title: Protea (telephone)


text:
Medical billing

Medical billing is a payment practice within the United States healthcare system. The process involves the systematic submission and processing of healthcare claims for reimbursement. Once the services are provided, the healthcare provider creates a detailed record of the patient's visit, including the diagnoses, procedures performed, and any medications prescribed. This information is translated into standardized codes using the appropriate coding system, such as ICD-10-CM or Current Procedural Terminology codes—this part of the process is known as medical coding. These coded records are submitted by medical billing to the health insurance company or the payer, along with the patient's demographic and insurance information. Most insurance companies use a similar process, whether they are private companies or government sponsored programs. The insurance company reviews the claim, verifying the medical necessity and coverage eligibility based on the patient's insurance plan. If the claim is approved, the insurance company processes the payment, either directly to the healthcare provider or as a reimbursement to the patient. The healthcare provider may need to following up on and appealing claims.

The medical billing process requires accuracy, knowledge of medical coding guidelines, and familiarity with insurance policies to ensure timely and accurate reimbursement for healthcare services rendered. Medical billers are encouraged, but not required by law, to become certified by taking an exam such as the CMRS Exam, RHIA Exam, CPB Exam and others. Certification schools are intended to provide a theoretical grounding for students entering the medical billing field. Some community colleges in the United States offer certificates, or even associate degrees, in the field. Those seeking advancement may be cross-trained in medical coding or transcription or auditing, and may earn a bachelor's or graduate degree in medical information science and technology.

It is not required to have a certification to learn billing, though it may help with employment prospects, and billing practices vary from state to state.

History
For several decades, medical billing was done almost entirely on paper. However, with the advent of medical practice management software, also known as health information systems, it has become possible to efficiently manage large amounts of claims. Many software companies have arisen to provide medical billing software to this particularly lucrative segment of the market. Several companies also offer full portal solutions through their web interfaces, which negates the cost of individually licensed software packages. Due to the rapidly changing requirements by U.S. health insurance companies, several aspects of medical billing and medical office management have created the necessity for specialized training. Medical office personnel may obtain certification through various institutions who may provide a variety of specialized education and in some cases award a certification credential to reflect professional status.

Billing process
The medical billing process is a process that involves a third party payer, which can be an insurance company or the patient. Medical billing results in claims, which are billing invoices for medical services rendered to patients. The entire procedure involved in this is known as the billing cycle, sometimes referred to as Revenue Cycle Management. Revenue cycle management is the process of collecting a clinic revenues through medical billing, and it initiates with the designing of the RCM work model. This can take anywhere from several days to several months to complete, and require several interactions before a resolution is reached. The relationship between a health care provider and insurance company is that of a vendor to a subcontractor. Health care providers are contracted with insurance companies to provide health care services. The interaction begins with the office visit: a physician or their staff will typically create or update the patient's medical record.

After the doctor sees the patient, the diagnosis and procedure codes are assigned. These codes assist the insurance company in determining coverage and medical necessity of the services. Once the procedure and diagnosis codes are determined, the medical biller will transmit the claim to the insurance company (payer). This is usually done electronically by formatting the claim as an ANSI 837 file and using Electronic Data Interchange to submit the claim file to the payer directly or via a clearinghouse. Historically, claims were submitted using a paper form, in the case of professional (non-hospital) services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Some medical claims get sent to payers using paper forms which are either manually entered or entered using automated recognition or OCR software.

The insurance company (payer) processes the claims, usually by medical claims examiners or medical claims adjusters. For higher dollar amount claims, the insurance company has medical directors review the claims and evaluate their validity for payment using rubrics (procedure) for patient eligibility, provider credentials, and medical necessity. Approved claims are reimbursed for a certain percentage of the billed services. These rates are pre-negotiated between the health care provider and the insurance company. Failed claims are denied or rejected and notice is sent to the provider. Most commonly, denied or rejected claims are returned to providers in the form of Explanation of Benefits (EOB) or Electronic Remittance Advice. Certain utilization management techniques are put in place to determine the patient's benefit coverage for the medical services rendered.

In case of the denial of the claim, the provider reconciles the claim with the original one, makes necessary rectifications and resubmits the claim. This exchange of claims and denials may be repeated multiple times until a claim is paid in full, or the provider relents and accepts an incomplete reimbursement.

There is a difference between a "denied" and a "rejected" claim, although the terms are commonly interchanged. A denied claim refers to a claim that has been processed and the insurer has found it to be not payable. A denied claim can usually be corrected and/or appealed for reconsideration. Insurers have to tell the insured why they've denied the claim and how the insured can dispute their decisions. A rejected claim refers to a claim that has not been processed by the insurer due to a fatal error in the information provided. Common causes for a claim to be rejected includes when personal information is inaccurate (i.e.: name and identification number does not match) or errors in the information provided (i.e.: truncated procedure code, invalid diagnosis codes etc.) A rejected claim has not been processed, so it cannot be appealed. Instead, rejected claims need to be researched, corrected and resubmitted.

Electronic billing
A practice that has interactions with the patient must now, under HIPAA law 1996, send most billing claims for services via electronic means. Prior to actually performing service and billing a patient, the care provider may use software to check the eligibility of the patient for the intended services with the patient's insurance company. This process uses the same standards and technologies as an electronic claims transmission with small changes to the transmission format, this format is known specifically as X12-270 Health Care Eligibility & Benefit Inquiry transaction. A response to an eligibility request is returned by the payer through a direct electronic connection, or more commonly their website. This is called an X12-271 "Health Care Eligibility & Benefit Response" transaction. Most practice management/EM software will automate this transmission, hiding the process from the user.

This first transaction for a claim for services is known technically as X12-837 or ANSI-837. This contains a large amount of data regarding the provider interaction, as well as reference information about the practice and the patient. Following that submission, the payer will respond with an X12-997, simply acknowledging that the claim's submission was received and that it was accepted for further processing. When the claim(s) are actually adjudicated by the payer, the payer will ultimately respond with a X12-835 transaction, which shows the line-items of the claim that will be paid or denied; if paid, the amount; and if denied, the reason.

Payment
In order to be clear on the payment of a medical billing claim, the health care provider or medical biller must have complete knowledge of different insurance plans that insurance companies are offering, and the laws and regulations that preside over them. Large insurance companies can have up to 15 different plans contracted with one provider. When providers agree to accept an insurance company's plan, the contractual agreement includes many details, including fee schedules which dictate what the insurance company will pay the provider for covered procedures, and other rules such as timely filing guidelines.

Providers typically charge more for services than what has been negotiated by the physician and the insurance company, so the expected payment from the insurance company for services is reduced. The amount that is paid by the insurance is known as an "allowed amount". For example, although a psychiatrist may charge $80.00 for a medication management session, the insurance may only allow $50.00, and so a $30.00 reduction (known as a "provider write off" or "contractual adjustment") would be assessed. After payment has been made, a provider will typically receive an Explanation of Benefits (EOB) or Electronic Remittance Advice (ERA) along with the payment from the insurance company that outlines these transactions.

The insurance payment is further reduced if the patient has a copay, deductible, or a coinsurance. If the patient in the previous example had a $5.00 copay, the physician would be paid $45.00 by the insurance company. The physician is then responsible for collecting the out-of-pocket expense from the patient. If the patient had a $500.00 deductible, the contracted amount of $50.00 would not be paid by the insurance company. Instead, this amount would be the patient's responsibility to pay, and subsequent charges would also be the patient's responsibility, until his or her expenses totaled $500.00. At that point, the deductible is met, and the insurance would issue payment for future services.

A coinsurance is a percentage of the allowed amount that the patient must pay. It is most often applied to surgical and/or diagnostic procedures. Using the above example, a coinsurance of 20% would have the patient owing $10.00 and the insurance company owing $40.00.

Steps have been taken in recent years to make the billing process clearer for patients. The Healthcare Financial Management Association (HFMA) unveiled a "Patient-Friendly Billing" project to help healthcare providers create more informative and simpler bills for patients. Additionally, as the Consumer-Driven Health movement gains momentum, payers and providers are exploring new ways to integrate patients into the billing process in a clearer, more straightforward manner.

Medical billing services
Some providers outsource their medical billing to a third parties, known as medical billing companies, which provide medical billing services. One goal of these entities is to reduce the amount of paperwork for medical staff and to increase efficiency, providing the practice with the ability to grow. The billing services which can be outsourced include regular invoicing, insurance verification, collections assistance, referral coordination, and reimbursement tracking.

Practices have achieved cost savings through group purchasing organizations (GPO).

title: Medical billing


text:
User:Jan Philipp Fiedler~enwiki

For information about me see my user page in the German Wikipedia.

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Raffaellesco

discussion moved from Pages needing translation into English:
 * Raffaellesco - Italian, I suspect either Italian-language dicdef or nonsense. Someone put the tag on it July 25 but did not list it here. -- Jmabel 00:56, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not nonsense, but dicdef. I suppose it could best be deleted at this stage. Someone with experience in the field could check whether it could be inserted in a list of psychical disorders. For now I don't think it merits and article by itself (it isn't even a stub). Cat 09:03, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Cat, I agree, it should be deleted here. But Italian Wiki does not have an entry like that yet, so maybe we should copy it there, and let them decide. --Fenice 16:11, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. Let's see what comes of it. Cat 19:17, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * So can we move this discussion to VFD? -- Jmabel 06:22, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

It's either nonsense or an Italian-language slang dicdef. Delete either way. Jmabel 20:13, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed w/ Jmabel. Incidentally a web search for "Raffaellesco" yields images of beautiful dinnerware. Wile E. Heresiarch 21:43, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. Doesn't belong on the Italian Wikipedia, either; the Wiktionary is multilingual and perfectly capable of accomodating these sorts of things.  --Ardonik 04:17, 2004 Aug 8 (UTC)
 * Delete. For reasons listed above. Skyler 21:27, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)


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Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary

Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary is an autobiographical comic by American cartoonist Justin Green, published in 1972. Green takes the persona of Binky Brown to tell of the "compulsive neurosis" with which he struggled in his youth and which he blamed on his strict Roman Catholic upbringing. Green was later diagnosed with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and came to see his problems in that light.

In the story, sinful thoughts that he cannot control torment Binky Brown; to his alarm, phallic objects become literal penises and project what he calls "pecker rays" at religious objects such as churches and statues of the Virgin Mary. He develops an internal set of rules to obey and punishments for breaking them. The torment does not subside, and he comes to reject the Catholic Church in defiance as the source of it. The work combines a wide variety of visual and narrative techniques in a style that echoes the torment of its protagonist.

Binky Brown had an immediate influence on contemporaries in underground comix: such cartoonists as Aline Kominsky, Robert Crumb, and Art Spiegelman soon turned to producing similarly confessional works. Binky Brown has gained a reputation as the first major work of autobiography in English-language comics, and many aspects of its approach have become widespread in underground and alternative comics.

Background
Justin Green (1945–2022) was born to a Jewish father and Catholic mother and raised Catholic. As a child he at first attended a Catholic parochial school, and later transferred to a school where most students were Jews. He rejected the Catholic faith in 1958 as he believed it caused him "compulsive neurosis" that decades later was diagnosed as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).

Green was studying painting at the Rhode Island School of Design when in 1967 he discovered the work of Robert Crumb and turned to cartooning, attracted to what he called Crumb's "harsh drawing stuffed into crookedly-drawn panels". He experimented with his artwork to find what he called an "inherent and automatic style as a conduit for the chimerical forms in own psyche". He dropped out of an MFA program at Syracuse University when in 1968 he felt a "call to arms" to move to San Francisco, where the nascent underground comix scene was blossoming amid the counterculture there. That year Green introduced a religion-obsessed character in the strip "Confessions of a Mad School Boy", published in a periodical in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1968. He named the character Binky Brown in "Binky Brown Makes up His Own Puberty Rites", published in the 17th issue of the underground comic book Yellow Dog in 1969. "The Agony of Binky Brown" followed in the first issue of Laugh in the Dark, published by Last Gasp in 1971.

At the time, comic books had a reputation in the US as low-brow children's entertainment, and the public often associated them with juvenile delinquency. Comics had little cultural capital and few American cartoonists had challenged the perception that the medium was inherently incapable of mature artistic expression.

Synopsis
Green (the cartoonist) takes the persona of Binky Brown, who opens the story writing a confession of the neurosis that has tortured him since puberty. In Binky's childhood, he knocks over a statue of the Virgin Mary and feels intense guilt over this affront to his mother and to God. Binky is raised a Catholic and undergoes the religious indoctrination of nuns at a strict Catholic parochial school that commonly employs corporal punishment. He forms an image of a vengeful God, which fills him with feelings of fear and guilt.

Binky's intrusive thoughts bring him to believe that his body is trying to lead him to sin and eternal punishment. He develops an internal system of rules to cope with these thoughts and punishes himself for violations. He wards off thoughts and fantasies he could not control, and that gives him guilt by silently repeating the word "noyatin" to himself, a contraction of the repentant "not a sin".

As he approaches adolescence and becomes aware of his sexuality, he begins to see common objects as phalluses—phalluses that project unholy rays. These objects include Binky's fingers, toes, and his own penis, and he obsessively tries to deflect their "pecker rays" from reaching holy items such as churches or statues of Mary. Binky finds his anguish all-consuming as he imagines the destruction he cannot avoid and spends hours praying to God for forgiveness. Eventually Binky comes to the conclusion that he has sinned so much through his thoughts that he is bound for hell no matter what, and decides to experiment with a variety of activities considered sinful, including beer, speed, self-harm, Hesse novels, and acid trips. The narrator tells us that bad acid trips were like "water off a duck's back" to Binky, since everyday routines were already potentially traumatic experiences. As an adult, as the effects of an acid trip are beginning to wear off, Binky encounters a statue of the Virgin Mary in his path. Expecting to be tormented by his neuroses, he tries to dissolve the tension by facetiously singing "Lady of Spain". Binky is shocked when he walks by the statue and no distressing thoughts occur. Emboldened by this, Binky confronts his faith and by smashing a set of miniature statues of the Virgin Mary, he declares himself free of his obsession with sexual purity. Noticing that one of the statues in the pile has survived unscathed, he puts it on his mantel and says to himself "Mother of God, eh? Guess I'll build up some new associations around you now... Let bygones be bygones!"

Composition and publication

Green spent about a year working on the 44-page Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary. He took a few months making cards of what he called "factual incidents or neurotic habits" to incorporate. During the seven months he drew the work Green received a monthly stipend of $150 from Ron Turner, the founder of underground comix publisher Last Gasp Eco-Funnies. Last Gasp published the story as a one-shot comic book in 1972—Green's first solo title. It went through two print runs of 55,000 copies each with a "Youngsters Prohibited" label on the cover.

In 1990, Green had an essay published entitled "The Binky Brown Matter" in The Sun. In the essay, he describes the OCD with which he was diagnosed years after completing Binky Brown. Last Gasp reprinted the story in 1995 in The Binky Brown Sampler, a softcover anthology of Binky Brown strips with an introduction by Art Spiegelman and an expanded version of "The Binky Brown Matter".

Green sold the original artwork to the strip in the 1970s; McSweeney's staff contacted the owner of the artwork, Christine Valenza, to make fresh scans for a standalone reprinting in 2009, overseen by McSweeney's editor Eli Horowitz. It had a print run of 5,000 copies and reprints the artwork at the full size of the originals; the page reproductions mimic the actual pages, including marks, smudges, and corrections. In 2011, the publisher Stara published a French translation by Harry Morgan titled Binky Brown rencontre la Vierge Marie, and La Cúpula published a Spanish translation by Francisco Pérez Navarro titled Binky Brown conoce a la virgen María.

Style and analysis

The story takes the form of a guilt-ridden confession. In the opening, the adult Binky hangs over a sickle, bound from head to toe and listening to Ave Maria as he draws with a pen in his mouth. He declares his intention: "to purge myself of the compulsive neurosis which I have served since I officially left Catholicism on Halloween, 1958". He justifies the work to communicate with the "many others are slaves to their neuroses" and who, despite believing themselves isolated, number so many that they "would entwine the globe many times over in a vast chain of common suffering".

Though Green built Binky Brown on an autobiographical base he fabricated many scenes—such as one in which Binky is bullied by two third-graders—"to suggest or convey a whole generalized idea about some subjective feeling, such as order or fear or guilt". To critic Charles Hatfield Binky Brown displays a "radical subjectivity" that calls into question the notion of objectivity in autobiography. The presentation is insistently subjective and non-literal in its visuals.

Despite the heavy tone, humor is prominent. The work is conscious of its own creation—Green's drawing of it frames the narrative proper and there are constant reminders of it throughout. Green patterned the opening after those featuring the Crypt-Keeper in EC Comics' Tales from the Crypt series from the 1950s. Green used the adult Binky as the narrator of the captions and as a way to tie together the past and present timeframes. There is a disconnect in that the narrator refers to his younger self as "he". Other references to comics include a Sinstopper's Guidebook, which alludes to Dick Tracy's Crimestopper's Textbook and a cartoon by Robert Crumb in the background.

Green employs numerous Catholic symbols, such as a word balloon adorned with symbols of Christ's martyrdom to represent the depth of Binky's desperation. Catholic works such as a catechism and Treasure Chest parochial comics appear throughout the work.

Despite strict censorship in other media in the US, explicit sexuality was common in underground comix. Binky Brown was the first work of autobiographical comics to depict explicit sexuality: penises appear throughout, and Binky masturbates in one scene. The central symbol of the penis recurs sometimes subtly as in the images of pencils used to craft the work, and more often explicitly, as every phallic-like object Green sees becomes a literal "pecker ray"-projecting penis in Binky's mind.

Art Spiegelman described the artwork as "quirky and ungainly". Though it appears awkward, Green put considerable effort into elements such as graphical perspective, and draws attention to his craft by depicting himself drawing and by placing the drawing manuals Perspective and Fun with a Pencil in the backgrounds. In contrast to the mundane tales of Harvey Pekar, another prominent early practitioner of autobiographical comics, Green makes wide use of visual metaphors. In Binky Brown symbols become literal, as when Binky imagines himself becoming a snowball hurtling into Hell or as a fish chased by a police officer who wears a crucifix. The work displays a wide array of visual techniques: diagrammatic arrows; mock-scholarly documentation; a great variety in panel size, composition, and layout; and a range of contrasting mechanical and organic rendering techniques, such as screentone alongside dense hand-drawn hatching. The symbolic and technical collide where the Virgin Mary becomes the vanishing point of Binky's converging "pecker rays".

Critic Joseph Witek sees the shifting between different modes of traditional comics representation at times presents a literalist view through "windowlike panels", and at others "representational, symbolic, allegorical, associative, and allusive", an approach analogous to "Binky Brown's massively and chaotically overdetermined subjectivity". Witek finds roots for the fractured psychological landscape of Binky Brown in the comics of earlier eras: the unrestrained psyches in the dreams of Winsor McCay's Dream of the Rarebit Fiend, the irrational, shifting landscapes of George Herriman's Krazy Kat, and Superman's obsessively contrarian nemesis Bizarro.

In Binky Brown Green blames the Catholic Church for his psychological troubles; years later, he was diagnosed with OCD, and came to see these episodes in that light rather than as the fault of the Church. He nevertheless continued to blame the Church for contributing to his anxieties and maintained that religion has a magnifying influence on the condition. He said the abandoning of both religion and recreational drugs made it easier to cope with his condition. In 1990 a Catholic priest raised concerns that Binky Brown may be harmful to minors; Green countered that he believed it was the Church that was harming minors. Green likened his OCD to a "split vision" which made him "both the slave to the compulsion and the detached observer".

Literary scholar Hillary Chute sees the work as addressing feminist concerns of "embodiment and representation" as it "delves into and forcefully pictures non-normative sexuality". Chute affirms that despite its brevity Binky Brown merits the label "graphic novel" as "the quality of work, its approach, parameters, and sensibility" mark a "seriousness of purpose".

Reception and legacy
Green recounted "a strong energy" that Binky Brown drew from his readership, the first significant response he got from his work. The story has had a wide influence on underground and alternative comics, where its self-mocking and confessional approach has inspired numerous cartoonists to expose intimate and embarrassing details of their lives. Under the influence of Binky Brown, in 1972 Aline Kominsky published her first strip, the autobiographical "Goldie: A Neurotic Woman" in Wimmen's Comix #. Other contemporary underground cartoonists were soon to incorporate confessional autobiography into their work. Robert Crumb followed the same year with "The Confessions of R. Crumb" and continued with numerous other such strips. Art Spiegelman, who had seen Binky Brown in mid-creation in 1971, went as far as to state that "without Binky Brown there would be no Maus"—Spiegelman's most prominent work. The same year as Binky Brown`s publication, Green asked Spiegelman to contribute a three-page strip to the first issue of Funny Aminals, which Green edited and was published by Apex Novelties. Spiegelman delivered the three-page "Maus" in which Nazi cats persecute Jewish mice, inspired by his father's experiences in the Auschwitz concentration camp; years later he revisited the theme in the graphic novel of the same name. Comics critic Jared Gardner asserts that, while underground comix was associated with countercultural iconoclasm, the movement's most enduring legacy was to be autobiography.

Binky Brown went out of print for two decades after selling its initial print runs, during which time enthusiasts traded copies or photocopies. Green made his living painting signs, and contributed occasional cartoon strips to various publications. Green used the Binky Brown persona over the years in short strips and prose pieces that appeared in underground periodicals such as Arcade and Weirdo. "Sweet Void of Youth" in 1976 follows Binky from high school to age thirty-one, torn between cartooning and more respected forms of art. Aside from occasional one-off strips, his more regular cartooning appeared in the ongoing strips The Sign Game, in Signs of the Times magazine, and Musical Legends in America, in Pulse! Such later work has attracted far less attention than Binky Brown.

Though autobiographical elements had appeared earlier in the work of underground cartoonists such as Crumb, Spain, and Kim Deitch, Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary has gained credit as the first important work of autobiographical comics in English. To Charles Hatfield Binky Brown is "the ur-example of confessional literature in comics"; for Paul Gravett Green was "the first neurotic visionary to unburden his uncensored psychological troubles"; Douglas Wolk declared Green and his work "ahead of the memoirist curve"; Art Spiegelman declared: "What the Brontë sisters did for Gothic romance, what Tolkien did for sword-and-sorcery, Justin Green did for confessionary, autobiographical comix [sic]"; and Publishers Weekly called the work the "Rosetta Stone of autobiographical comics".

Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary has appealed mostly to comics fans and cartoonists, and has gained little recognition from mainstream audiences and arts critics. Spiegelman has speculated this neglect comes from the nature of the comics medium; in contrast to explicit works such as Philip Roth's Portnoy's Complaint, the penises in Green's work are visual.

According to underground comix historian Patrick Rosenkranz, Green represents a break with past convention by being "the first to openly render his personal demons and emotional conflicts within the confines of a comic". Green denied credit, calling confessional autobiography "a fait accompli, a low fruit ripe for the plucking", examples of which abounded in literary works he had read by James Joyce, James T. Farrell, and Philip Roth. He has accepted credit for "anticipat the groundswell in literature about obsessive compulsive disorder by almost two decades", for which he knew of no precedent. Chute sees major themes of isolation and coping with OCD recurring in autobiographical works such as Howard Cruse's Stuck Rubber Baby (1995) and Alison Bechdel's Fun Home (2006). Hatfield sees echoes of Green's unrestrained approach to dealing with a mental condition in Madison Clell's Cuckoo (2002)—about Clell's dissociative identity disorder—and in David B.'s Epileptic (2003).

To cartoonist Jim Woodring, Green's autobiographical work "has never been surpassed". Woodring's own autobiographical work in Jim draws from his dreams rather than his waking life. British-American cartoonist Gabrielle Bell sympathized with Brown's approach, which she described as "talking about his feelings or his emotional state when he was illustrating it with striking images that were sort of absurd or a weird juxtaposition". Green's influence extended overseas to cartoonists such as the Dutch Peter Pontiac, who drew inspiration from Binky Brown and Maus to produce Kraut (2000), about his father who collaborated with the Nazis during World War II.

The story ranked No. 9 on The Comics Journal's list of the best hundred English-language comics of the 20th century, and featured as the cover artwork for the autobiographical comics issue of the journal Biography (Vol. 31, No. 1). Artwork to Binky Brown appeared in an exhibition of Green's work at Shake It Records in Cincinnati in 2009.

title: Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary


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