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Talk:IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

What does this sentence mean?
"By suffix, it is meant that the parent functional group should have a suffix, unlike halogen substituents. " Could the person, who added the entry elaborate a little more on what is a 'parent functional group', 'a substituent' etc.? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.17.236.5 (talk) 19:55, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Numbering, by sum or smallest number?
Under Basic Principles, it is currently stated under instruction 6.1. that the numbering is done according to which order (right to left or vice versa):

 * "Has the lowest locant (or sum of locants) for the suffix functional group. Locants are the numbers on the carbons to which the substituent is directly attached."

Later, in the example of 18-bromo-12-butyl-11-chloro-4,8-diethyl-5-hydroxy-15-methoxytricos-6,13-dien-19-yne-3,9-dione, it is stated in instruction 2.2. that:

 * "The numbering of the molecule is based on the ketone groups. When numbering from left to right, the ketone groups get numbered 3 and 9. When numbering from right to left, the ketone groups get numbered 15 and 21. 3 is less than 15, therefore, the numbering is done left to right, and the ketones are numbered 3 & 9. The lesser number is always used, not the sum of the constituents numbers."

To me this seems contradictory. Could someone please clarify and/or correct? 88.195.173.125 (talk) 21:07, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

I found the same issue. In the blue book it says "so as to give lowest locants to the following structural features (if present) considered successively in the order listed until a decision is reached." It is not specific whether to give the minimum available value or the lowest sum. I kind of think because it says successively the lowest value is the correct. Hopefully can can find someone who is well versed with IUPAC standards. Youarefunny (talk) 23:48, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

I have learned that you should name with triple bonds, then double bonds, then functional groups, then alkyls in that precedence order. is that wrong? Ws04 (talk) 01:33, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

The latest version of the Blue Book states (P14.3.5, p 34):

 * "The lowest set of locants is defined as the set that, when compared term by term with other locant sets, each cited in order of increasing value, has the lowest term at the first point of difference."

i.e. line up all the numbers in ascending order, compare the lowest numbers of the two possible names, second lowest numbers, etc. until there's a difference. The set of numbers with the lower number at this first point of difference is correct. Labmuffin (talk) 05:48, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

Amides
In my opinion there is a little error in the text about Amides. It is stating that Amides are always terminal so there would not be a need for a prefix for them. But looking for example at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate you can see that in this case the Amide group is used as a prefix and not as a suffix because of the phosphate group. I do not know why phosphate does take precedence in this case but due to that exception in nomenclature I would recommend changing the statement in the entry about Amides implementing the prefix "Carbamoyl-". Furthermore I guess that the article does not state that the basic form of an Amin is Ammonia(NH3). If you for example have Triethylamine you would have N(CH2,CH3)3. So the three H-atoms of N would be substituted with Ethyl groups! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xc!te (talk • contribs) 18:02, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Does the first letter of the name have to be capitalized?
Some text books say that it does. Is there a rule stating this?
 * There is a rule, and it states the opposite! Chemical names are common nouns, and should only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence (or in a title in U.S. English). Physchim62 (talk) 08:17, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Just to add - The names are capitalized in German but that is because all nouns are capitalized in German.130.225.245.182 20:35, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

1-butene or but-1-ene (infixed numbering system)
I have been taught that it is 1-butene and after looking at other pages, such as Isomers of butylene, that form is used on wikipedia as well. So is one more correct than the other or are they interchangable and both correct under IUPAC? 70.49.20.43 22:53, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I too have been taught in school over the past 4 years that the numbering of suffixes comes before the root and not in the middle (eg 1-butene, 1,2-ethanediol, 2,2-dibromo-1-hexene.) I have only ever seen the root-number-suffix format used in much older textbooks, but I'm far from an expert... Besides, hex-1-ene just sounds goofy :P Bungeh 07:59, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * While "hex-1-ene" may sound goofy and seem like a useless convention, it places the position information directly with the functionality it is describing: the "1" describes the "ene"; the fact that the unsaturation is at position 1 is unrelated to the fact that it's a six-carbon chain, so why should it be a "1-hex" thing? For multifunctional compounds, localizing the number with what it describes can make a name easier to understand. Calling C=CC#CC "pent-1-en-3-yne" clearly identifies which unsaturation is where on the chain. Otherwise you have something like "1,3-pentenyne", and one's mind has to keep jumping back and forth to keep correspondence between the positional numbers and the unsaturation types. DMacks 17:50, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess that makes sense, especially when there are multiple suffixes; but like I said, the 1-hex was what I was taught at school. I guess a better question then is why are schools (Australian schools at least) teaching the nomenclature wrong :| Bungeh 04:52, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * DMacks is perfectly correct, and has probably explained it better than I can! If we take the other common example—2-propanol or propan-2-ol—according to IUPAC grammar, 2-propanol is the alcohol which is derived from 2-propane (which doesn't exist). The name isopropanol is disallowed for the same reason, although isopropyl alcohol (following different grammar) is permitted. Schools often teach the nomenclature wrongly, in a mistaken effort to be "purer than pure": hence ethanoic acid is a perfectly acceptable systematic name, but IUPAC would prefer that you call it acetic acid. For usage on Wikipedia, see Naming conventions (chemistry). Physchim62 (talk) 17:34, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There are two standards of IUPAC naming that are still going around, the 1979 version and the 1993 version. Since most professors and book writers around today probably learned the 1979 version, they still use the old fashioned 1-butene convention instead of but-1-ene. I don't think it's really wrong, so much as archaic (sort of like saying thee and thine). Everyone will still recognize it (and probably still has to if they're reading any chemistry papers before '93) but I think the "correct" version is but-1-ene.

 * I teach in the US, and the 1-butene, 2-propanol style is standard here in all the textbooks when teaching "IUPAC" names. Very confusing!  To say nothing of the tendency in some books (thankfully not Wade, the text I use) to call things like 2-propanone instead of acetone, which only adds to the mix.  Maybe we should go back to giving things names like dephlogistated air?  Walkerma 21:34, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Don't you mean dephlogisticated air? :) Physchim62 (talk) 08:18, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe my mangled version will become the new US spelling? :) Walkerma 14:16, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Infixed numbering is indeed not taught in textbooks in the USA, regarding IUPAC nomenclature. The convention is to place the number at the beginning of the name (e.g. 2-butene); this applies to other substituents as well (there is no propan-2-one for acetone in US textbooks).

71.241.124.193 (talk) 07:34, 24 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I teach from the McMurry text, which states in its 7th ed (2008): We should note that the IUPAC changed their naming recomendations in 1993 to place teh locant indicating the position of the double bond immediately before the -ene suffix […] This change has not been widely accepted by the chemical community, however, so we'll stay with the older but more commonly used names.
 * It then gives examples of both styles for several compounds, but in later areas only uses the older naming style. There is also a statement about the use of infix for ketones as being the newer IUPAC rule, but again, after a few comparison examples, does not appear to use it. DMacks (talk) 19:23, 24 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The actual rule is to use but-1-ene, because when naming larger compounds, but-1-ene is the only usable way. Manish EarthTalk •  Stalk 03:45, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Shouldn't this issue be mentioned in the relevant section of the article? — AlanM1 (talk) 11:53, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

Halogens missing from functional group precedence chart
I know halogens need to be on the list. I just don't know where. I've looked through two chemistry books and the IUPAC website, but still can't get a straight answer.

Plz fiz thx!!!1

Halogens do indeed belong on the precedence chart. They take the lowest precedence just above Alkanes (and alkanes don't change the suffix at all.) It should also be noted that Alkyne and Alkenes are missing from the precendence chart as well. They should fall in between Amines and Ethers. This is of course for numbering purposes and for which functional group takes priority for changing the last name and then which gets numbered with the lowest number on the parent chain.

Halogens are no longer considered as functional groups but as side chains, because they are in the form of the prefix in an IUPAC naming. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.172.31.52 (talk) 12:58, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

My notes include this list of priorities: 1. COOH 2. Aldehydes 3. Ketones 4. Alcohols 5. Amine 6. Alkyne 7. Alkene 8. Ether 9. Ether 10. Halogen 11. Alkane Elleacampbell (talk) 16:43, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Possible misnaming of 4-(1-methylpropyl)octane
It appears to me that the compound 4-(1-methylpropyl)octane is misnamed. My reading of this page is that the correct name for that compund is 3-methyl 4-propyloctane (based on rule C-13.11a). Evand 05:40, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * You're indeed correct -- the methyl substituent on the supposed "branch" is closer to the end than the "propyl group" (which is erroneously shown as the beginning end), so the "branch" should really be an ending. I'm going to edit the page in a sec to comment out the picture until it can be recreated, and I'll try to come up with a better example for the paragraph immediately below it.  I also intend to ping the image's creator in some way, although I'm not yet sure how I'll do so. --Waldo

Propan-2-one is redundant. It should simply be propanone. Why? If there were such a thing named propan-1-one it would be misnamed... that's proponal. Perhaps an organic chemist can drop in an fix what otherwise is a great set of graphics and information. User:sturmde

IUPAC Nomenclature is much broader than you represent
The scope of IUPAC Nomenclature recommendations is very large and you've barely scratched the surface here. I'd recommend that you consider renaming the article to something that better reflects the scope of information presented, or provide an overview of the entire IUPAC Nomenclature universe. Even the scope within organic chemistry is much broader than what you present here .. see http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/favre_310305.html. For the full flavor of what IUPAC encompasses see http://www.iupac.org/divisions/index.html. Courtland 02:24, 2005 Mar 8 (UTC)

Why is it 2,2 dimethyl-propane?
Don't both the methyl groups have to go on the carbon 2? Shouldn't it be dimethyl propane? This just says, take a propane molecule and stick two methyl groups on it...

If you choose carbon 1 or 3 then you lengthen the longest chain. Thus you must stick them both on carbon 2.

Appreciate this may be obviously flawed, I have just started chemistry at school.

Richard

I'm reasonably certain you are correct. It's also called neopentane. Evand 03:13, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, my fault I'm afraid. There are a few errors like this in the article mostly due to my bad memory/research. Feel free to change it to, say, 2,2-dimethylbutane and I'll try to update the related image in my copious free time. -- DrBob 19:08, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Ok, thanks for your help. Will have a go at fixing it.

Richard

 * As our article points out, the preferred name for this compund is indeed neopentane. Physchim62 (talk) 18:42, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I just checked the 3rd Edition Blue Book (1971) and it says (page 6) "The following names are retained [my italics] for unsubstituted hydrocarbons only... Neopentane". So it was not exactly "preferred". Pointillist (talk) 01:24, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The 1993 Recommendations also use the phrase "retained in these IUPAC recommendations for naming organic compounds". In other words, these are the recommended names for such compounds. Physchim62 (talk) 13:48, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Point taken - dimethylpropane isn't listed in the online version. I had in mind that "preferred" had a special meaning in IUPAC... oh well. Pointillist (talk) 00:46, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually so did I—think that the Blue Book used "preferred" with some special meaning—until I checked my sources! Nevertheless, I don't think there's any harm done in using the term on WP. Chemical nomenclature is complicated, and we all make mistakes from time to time! Physchim62 (talk) 16:42, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, neopentane is a trivial (common) name. Dimethylpropane is correct. Manish EarthTalk • Stalk 03:48, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

sugars
where do they fit in the nomenclature?
 * The nomenclature of sugars is separate from that of other organic compounds: the detailed recommendations can be found here. Physchim62 (talk) 18:42, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Is CH3F3N+ trifluoromethylammonium?
Could you not argue that (CF3)NH3+ is trifluoromethylammonium, as well as (CH3)NF3+? How would you distingiush them? Would you have to say the (CF3)NH3+ is trifluoromethyltrihydridoammonium?

 * (CF3)NH3+ would be trifluoromethylammonium. (CH3)NF3+ could be uniquely named N,N,N-trifluoromethylammonium, whith the N denoting substitution on the nitrogen, rather then on the carbon (Not to be confused with the lower case n used to denote straight chain alkanes). This systematic name may not be correct by the current IUPAC naming method however.
 * Parentheses can help here, as in (N,N,N-trifluoro)methylammonium vs. (trifluoromethyl)ammonium. Same disclaimer as the previous editor, my knowledge of these obscure details is a bit hazy. Walkerma 05:48, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * IUPAC doesn't give unique names, and has never pretended to! The two possibilities suggested by Walkerma seem pretty unambiguous to me: however the first species does't seem to exist, which simplifies naming matters considerably: I would not be confused by the name even in the absence of parentheses. Physchim62 (talk) 14:34, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

IUPAC vs CAS
There seems to be a page for registry numbers, but none for CA nomenclature or for chemical nomenclature in general. Since there seems to be difficulty getting even one of these finished, shouldwe consider combining them? i must first admit that though I'm very willing to set up pages, I am not quite so responsible about filling them in,especially here, where I would constantly have to check everything. I was a chem librarian once, but that was years ago. DGG 04:16, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I think CAS naming is less important than it used to be, but probably still worth an article. I would be against putting it here, though, just because having two similar-but-different systems described on the same page may confuse the reader.  Also, there are thousands of college or A-level students struggling their way through IUPAC names coming here for help on their homeworks, whereas CAS naming is only used by a much more limited group of people. Walkerma 15:26, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Possibly the language used may be a UK/US difference? But agreed, it isn't as important as when you had to learn it by heart in order to effectively search Chemical Abstracts. I see we already have a chemical nomenclature category, and it isnt high on my priority list either. DGG 05:02, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It is very difficult to write good articles on these subjects. CAS names are interesting because they are supposedly unique (that's the idea, anyway) whereas IUPAC ditched the goal of uniqueness to keep the system simpler. This story should be told somewhere on Wikipedia, but I'm never quite sure where. Physchim62 (talk) 14:37, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
 * perhaps the article on chemical nomenclature,, then the specifics on a page for each. DGG 18:49, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Regarding the table in the Alkanes section
Can an organic compound have more than 20 carbon atoms ? If so, the table would need to be extended. MP  (talk) 07:26, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * An organic compound can indeed have more than 20 carbons (or more than 1000) and I have added the system for naming carbon-chains up to 100 carbons. You won't need those names very often though. I know the table doesn't look very nice but I don't know how to make it look better. I hope some one will fix that.130.225.245.182 20:48, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The page here is about all IUPAC nomenclature. We don't need and shouldn't try to have full details about every specific class here--many of them already have their own pages that go into fuller detail. The alkane section already begins with "Main article: Alkanes", taking one to a pages explains the chain-length rules in more detail, and from there further linking to IUPAC numerical multiplier for the more complete and gory details. So I replaced your "more but still not all lengths" table here with a link to that comprehensive list. DMacks 20:56, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Acyl Chlorides
I didn't see any mention of acid chlorides or acid anhydrides as carboxylic acid derivatives. Inclusion would be helpful.71.215.136.243 21:35, 10 June 2007 (UTC)71.215.136.243 00:36, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Error in image
I've removed the following comment from the article: (The structure shown in the image at the left is incorrect.) Indeed, the image Image:Iupac-amine.png is inconsistent with the text that states "the substituent groups are ordered alphabetically". -- Ed (Edgar181) 16:11, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * A corrected image was provided by Fvasconcellos (Project Graphic_Lab/Images_to_improve). --Ondrejsv (talk) 18:13, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Fantastic. Shouldn't all the .svg images be added in place of the .pngs, then? -- Ed (Edgar181) 18:53, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and replaced them all with the new .svg files. -- Ed (Edgar181) 19:43, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, they should. Thanks, Ed. --Ondrejsv (talk) 14:28, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal

 * I propose that all the prefix/suffix organic chemistry pages be merged to this page. Most of the information covered by these articles, does or should belong here. Also I see little reason for these articles to be expanded much more than their current state. - Jkasd (talk) 18:12, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Disagree, with big big articles in practice it will be impossible to find the prefix you are looking for. If a reader is looking for the meaning of nor- give that reader what he or she is looking for and do not present a big big article. V8rik (talk) 19:38, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Do not merge. To template Template:Orgchemsuffixes I added a link "For more information, see IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry." Anthony Appleyard (talk) 22:15, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I read your comments, V8rik, on your user page about merging and stubs, and now I can see that even small pages like these can be useful. Since it looks like these articles are going to be kept, I think we shoud add something about functional groups to them, maybe link them to all the relevant pages. (By the way, the Organic Chemistry Affixes at the top of the template Template:Orgchemsuffixes already links to this page. It should probably be renamed to something more obvious though.) Jkasd (talk) 16:10, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Table added
I added a table of the overview of most functional groups. Please add the remaining groups. Thanks, Manish Earth Talk 10:42, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Basic principles changed
I have changed the section Basic principles by giving an outline of steps to follow to name a compound. I have also added an example with a fictitious molecule, and gone through the steps of naming it. This molecule may or may not exist in the free state, but it has almost all the aspects of a hydrocarbon, with multiple functional groups, multiple side chains, and all three types of covalent bonds Manish Earth Talk 09:45, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

I think this is a good start but it needs editing for conciseness. Also start with an easier example. The molecule is way to big to tell what's going on where. I also didn't see any notes on the precedence of the weight of halogens nor on the classification of Alkyl branches. I think overall the outline may be hard to understand from a layman's point of view. It seems like the reader would be better served if the outline were at the end of the article.Elleacampbell (talk) 16:42, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

The sample molecule shows almost all the aspects of naming, an can clarify some conflicts. Through this molecule, we can go through all the steps of naming. Manish Earth Talk 08:56, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I am, indeed, Elleacampbe's layman coming to this article for the first time: I got an A in GCSE chemistry but that is the extent of my expertise. I would like to congratulate Manish on his (super-human) attempt to  explain the basic principles, but I do have a problem with certain parts which are not clearly explained and with certain terms not clearly defined (if at all).  Not being an Organic Chemist, I am assuming there are no flaws in his steps aside from logical or linguistic errors.  I will comment each step as outlined and numbered in the article.

 * 1. Identify the parent... Well explained: no problem.

 * 2. Identify the functional group... Despite there being a link to functional group in the preamble, we could do with a concise definition here like we have in the first step. This will save time for readers that just want the basics.  (In fact I missed the link when I was reading the article since I jumped straight to the steps.)
 * ✅ I added a wikilink. There is no need of writing a definition, as Wikipedia is all about interlinks. Manish EarthTalk • Stalk 08:47, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 2.1. Identify the position... Position where, in what, with respect to what? I assume you mean ...in the chain, but you could equally mean ...in the formula or any number of other things.
 * ✅ Manish EarthTalk • Stalk 08:47, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 2.2. ...The functional group should have the lower number (as there are two ways of numbering—right to left and left to right)... I have tried to understand what this means for about an hour without looking it up. I don't understand what this means at all. (a) Do you mean ...should end up with... or ...should be given... or ...should already have...? (b) The lower number than which other entity's number? (c) Which numbering system should you actually use, therefore? [Incidentally, how come there isn't a consensus to use a particular numbering system? Surely it would make life a lot easier?!]   Basically, this entire sub-step needs to be elucidated for the lay reader.
 * ✅ Manish EarthTalk • Stalk 08:47, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 2.2. ...The number is written before the name of the functional group suffix (such as -ol, -one, -al, etc.)... This is clearly not correct: the numbers come before the group name not the suffix. 2,5,5-trimethylhexane not trimethylhex-2,5,5-ane. [Or perhaps you mean they come before that part of the the name that ends with the suffix?]
 * Strictly speaking, This line is correct. Though you can say 2-pentanol, the correct way is to say pentan-2-ol, just like 2-butene is correctly written as but-2-ene. Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk •  Stalk 08:47, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 2.2. ...If the group is a terminal-only group, that can only be at the end of a chain... Is the latter part of this a definition of terminal-only group or a type of terminal-only group?  If you mean the first, the definition should read something like ...ie a group that can only be at the end of a chain...; if you mean the second, that term needs defining and the statement as it stands changed to ...of the type that can only be at the end of a chain....
 * ✅ Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 08:47, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 2.2. Note ...The end result ... Of what? Numbering in both directions, merely ends up which two sets of numbers, which I still have no obvious use for. "Finding" side-chains doesn't help as there are still two numbers to be prioritized in some unexplained manner. (Sorry to be brutal!)
 * ✅ Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 08:47, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 3. Identify the side-chains and number them. Side chains should probably defined here rather than in the note to 2.2., since this is the step where they are actually considered.
 * ✅ Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 09:00, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 3.1. If there are more than one of the same type... English Usage: If there is more than one of the same type. The object is type which is singular. (Sorry for the pedantry!)
 * ✅ Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 09:00, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 3.1. ...The numbers...will be grouped... Do we group them all as a lump irrespective of which group they come from or with each group one after the other, ie 1,2,2,3,3,4-Tri... or 2,3,2,1,3,4-Tri...?
 * Umm... I wrote 'for that type of side chain', so each side chain has its own set of numbers and is placed seperately. Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 09:00, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 3.2 Different side-chains... Well explained, but needs to be more concise. Perhaps the examples could be slightly expanded and take the form ie amino-, ammonio-, tricarboxy-, ethyl-, dimethyl-... etc not amino-, ammonio-, dimethyl-, ethyl-, tricarboxy- ... etc.  When you do that ...as the "e" in "ethyl...[etc]" will then become redundant, I suspect, as the reader should follow the logic well enough.
 * ✅ Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 02:32, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 4. ...group their numbers...alphabetically... Numbers are grouped numerically not alphabetically... ;) Seriously, though, this is either wrong or very loosely explained.
 * ✅ Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 09:00, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 4. ...ion names... What are these?
 * ✅ Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 09:00, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 4. ...with the carbon chains... Do you mean they are to be grouped alongside the functional group carbon chains (in which case which one comes first?) or are they all lumped together? Alternatively, are you simply pointing out that we use the same method of grouping?
 * ✅ Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 02:32, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 5. ...the number of the carbon atom before them If I follow correctly, you mean ...the number of the carbon atom at the head of the bond. The other possibility is that we number the bond (how?) then place the number of the (unspecified) carbon atom in front of that number.  This needs disambiguating, even though there is only one logical reading that I can see, ie the first.
 * 5. ...many double bonds are named with a prefix(di-, tri-, etc.)... Is this proposed as an option ie tri- rather than 3-, or do you mean where there is more than one double bond we indicate this by...
 * ✅ Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 02:32, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 5. You only appear to explain how to identify a double bond. What about triple bonds and higher?
 * Nothing higher than triple bond due to shape of hybridized orbitals ✅ Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 02:32, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 6. Arrange everything like this: Group of side chains and secondary functional groups + prefix of parent hydrocarbon chain (eth, meth) + double/triple bonds + primary functional group. If I follow the logic correctly, that would result in the following: 2,2,5-[?]methylhexAlkane.  Obviously you mean primary functional group suffix, and mean us to add the side chain prefix in the appropriate place, ie second.  Also you should probably write The numbers derived from the group of side chains [etc]... or words to that effect.
 * ✅ Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 02:32, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Finalised... <If all bonds are single bonds, use "ane"> That's news to me! Ought to be in the appropriate step(s) somewhere...

Did this, too in other section. Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk • Stalk 15:59, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I think your example follows through correctly. However, you add things there that should be explained in the main text.  For example, The sum of 3 & 9 (12) is...[etc]: you never mentioned the need for basic maths in 2.2!

 * I hope this all makes sense and helps the WikiProject Chemistry collaborative to tidy this section up.

 * Jubilee♫ clipman 02:51, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Ill work on it when I get the time. Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk •  Stalk 16:44, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * All ✅ Tell me if anything else needs to be changed. Manish <i style="color:green;">Earth</i>Talk •  Stalk 15:59, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Adding ACS Link
Folks, I think that the American Chemical Society Committee on Nomenclature should have a link to its website posted at the External Links of this entr. It seems to make sense that a question of nomenclature might be answerable here, as it is at IUPAC. What do you think? MarkBenvenuto (talk) 23:25, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Possible error
Under the header 'Order of precedence of groups' the last sentence is 'The N position indicator for amines and amides comes before "1", e.g. CH3CH(CH3)CH2NH(CH3) is N,2-dimethylpropanamine.' I think the correct name for CH3CH(CH3)CH2NH(CH3) would be N,2-dimethylpropan-1-amine as CH3C(CH3)(NCH3)CH3 would be N,2-dimethylpropan-2-amine. In other words, I think there are two different positional isomers and therefore the locant for the amine group is needed. Please change the article if I am right, or enlighten me if I am wrong. Nirmos (talk) 14:57, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

Citric acid vs. article of substance
I'm not feeling well with the "information" in the C. A. article itself. This article reads: Citric acid is one example; it is named 2-hydroxypropane- 1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, rather than 3-carboxy, 3-hydroxypentanedioic acid.. I agree by 100%. But why has the variant with ...-pentanedioic acid been put up as the one and only "IUPAC name" in the article, and the naming ending on "...-tricarboxylic acid" is listed as alternate (?!?) name? The latter *IS* the one and only recommended IUPAC name and that's that. -andy 77.7.12.96 (talk) 04:50, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

Nomenclature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ENTIRELY missing?
I'm about to believe Courtland was right about us "barely scratching the surface". For instance, cf. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[j]fluoranthene. Why those letters in brackets? [a], [h], [j]. Where's the reason? Well, the Benzo[a]pyrene article explains it perfectly, but here (which should be the main location to look for) this is not covered at all. Wagonloads still to go: this article is perforated like a Swiss cheese. -andy 77.191.218.219 (talk) 04:06, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

The part relating to the cyclic compound nomenclature is entirely missing. Also, the nomenclature of bi cyclic compounds, nomenclature of geometric isomers, and nomenclature of a few functional groups is missing. The general outlay is quite good and informative for beginners. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.161.25.200 (talk) 15:10, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Nomenclature of esters
The statement "If the alkyl group is not attached at the end of the chain, the bond position to the ester group is infixed before "-yl": CH3CH2CH(CH3)OOCCH2CH3 may be called but-2-yl propanoate or but-2-yl propionate." in the Esters section seems wrong. Although this usage is common, I could not find this naming method in the IUPAC Blue Book. It states that the nomenclature of the alkyl chain follows the guidelines for naming alkyl radicals: (Rule A-2. Saturated Branched-chain Compounds and Univalent Radicals

2.25 - Univalent branched radicals derived from alkanes are named by prefixing the designation of the side chains to the name of the unbranched alkyl radical possessing the longest possible chain starting from the carbon atom with the free valence, the said atom being numbered as 1.

I've added a "citation needed" tag - in case there are guidelines or recommendations that I've overlooked. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marko223 (talk • contribs) 11:06, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

tricos-6,13-diene vs. tricosa-6,13-diene
Should the "a" be added like in hexadiene (vs. hexdiene)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.94.43.184 (talk) 04:33, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Multiple mistakes in convention
I've already fixed a few, but there are many more mistakes in the article. 1. Absolute stereochemistry is always convention. This is the IUPAC nomenclature page and we should be giving people what is convention. Relative stereochemistry is often used, but it's not convention. 2. Numbering short branches from short chains is often redundant (e.g. 2-methylpropane). That is not the IUPAC name for the compound. It is simply methylpropane. ★ Ffgamera ★ - My page! · Talk to me!· Contribs 10:09, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

Missing info
e.g. 'bis-'--عبد المؤمن (talk) 12:29, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

An important erratum to consider when improving this article
When improving this article, it must be considered that the 2013 version of the IUPAC's “blue book” contains important mistakes in section P-45.5.1. This is relevant even to write a basic description of the nomenclature because this section is necessary to name even some simple acyclic compounds. It describes a criterion used to select what the book calls “parent senior structure”. This corresponds roughly to the concept of parent chain/main chain. A correction has been published online. Mario Castelán Castro (talk) 19:08, 23 August 2016 (UTC).

Ambiguity of precedence
"In order of precedence" leaves it unclear whether the order given is in *increasing* or in *decreasing* precedence. I.e. is the highest-precedence item the one at the top of the list, or the highest-numbered item? Bernd Jendrissek (talk) 18:46, 26 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I have changed the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry&diff=901251914&oldid=901237992 language] in that section to specify. Mehmuffin (talk) 17:15, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

Imide formula in precedence table
In the table on precedence, the formula for imides is shown as "–CON=C<". What is the less than sign doing here? Why is the nitrogen shown as double bonded to the carbon? I can't tell if this is a method for writing condensed symbols that I haven't seen before (and doesn't appear to be documented anywhere) or if it's just an error. The article for imide uses "(-CO)_2N-", which seems alright to me (although a little rough, but I don't think there's any fixing the roughness of this completely since it has three R's on it), should this be changed to that? Mehmuffin (talk) 15:22, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

Basic Principles
I suspect there is an error with the priority rules here:

Rule #1 as of today says: "It should have the maximum number of substituents or branches cited as prefixes"

That isn't correct at all.

P-44.1.1 in the Blue Book says: "The senior parent structure has the maximum number of substituents corresponding to the principal characteristic group (suffixes) in accord with the seniority of classes (P-41) and the seniority of suffixes (P-43)."

Which is basically what rule #2 says. I think the rules need to be reordered.

2406:E003:1DCF:6100:615A:F6A6:20D5:C540 (talk) 11:07, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

 * They did mention it in rule 1
 * so ig they stated a rule again, though it might be referring to its name instead of choosing the parent hydride but yeah it's misleading Frisk17 (talk) 11:40, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

Incorrect order for choosing parent hydrides:

The 2013 bluebook 44.0 states "In acyclic parent structures the order of seniority between unsaturation and length of chain given in earlier recommendations is reversed. Thus, the first criterion to be considered in choosing a preferred parent acyclic chain is the length of the chain; unsaturation is now the second criterion." the wikipedia page is still using the earlier recommendations --Frisk17 (talk) 11:44, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

Priority order for isopropyl,secbutyl,terbutyl in prefix
Pls review it 202.142.79.252 (talk) 17:34, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

ZGSKS
"Identification of the side-chains. Side chains are the carbon chains that are not in the parent chain, but are branched off from it. (ZGSKS)"

What does ZGSKS mean? When I Googled it, nothing useful came up. 2603:8080:4E02:3942:E073:A66E:DFBA:42BC (talk) 01:04, 29 June 2023 (UTC)
 * That indeed does look weird, one of two edits by User:103.178.128.71, all of which were problematic. I removed it. DMacks (talk) 04:35, 29 June 2023 (UTC)


text: Category:Lander County, Nevada

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Lander County, Nevada


text:
Gila River Indian Reservation

Gila River Indian Reservation was a reservation established in 1859 by the United States government in New Mexico Territory, to set aside the lands of the Akimel O’odham (Pima) and the Piipaash (Maricopa) people along the Gila River, in what is now Pinal County, Arizona. The self-government of the reservation as the Gila River Indian Community was established by Congress in 1939.

History
The Pima Villages and some of their lands were included in the Gila River Indian Reservation in 1859. An Indian Agency was established at Casa Blanca with Silas St. John, (station agent of the Butterfield Overland Mail at Casa Blanca Station), appointed on February 18, 1859, as Special Agent for the Pima and Maricopa Indians. Agent St. John also conducted a census of the villages later that year.

title: Gila River Indian Reservation


text:
Bishan Singh Bedi

Bishan Singh Bedi (25 September 1946 – 23 October 2023) was an Indian cricketer who was primarily a slow left-arm orthodox bowler. He played Test cricket for India from 1966 to 1979 and formed part of the famous Indian spin quartet. He played a total of 67 Tests and took 266 wickets. He also captained the national side in 22 Test matches. Bedi wore a colourful patka and was always known for his outspoken and forthright views on cricketing matters. He was awarded the Padma Shri award in 1970 and the C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004.

Playing career
In Indian domestic cricket, Bedi first played for Northern Punjab when only fifteen, having taken up cricket only two years previously, a particularly late age for this sport. He moved to Delhi in 1968–69 and in the 1974–75 season of the Ranji Trophy, he took a record 64 wickets. Bedi also represented Northamptonshire in English county cricket for many years. He finished his career with 1560 wickets in first-class cricket — more than any other Indian cricketer.

His bowling has been described as graceful, even beautiful, and full of guile and artistry. He was an expert in flighting the ball, and was capable of making it hold back or hurry forward and added subtle variations of spin. His action was so relaxed and coordinated that he was able to bowl all day with rhythm and control, a great asset to any captain. He had several very successful Test series:
 * India vs Australia 1969–70: 21 wickets at the average of 20.57
 * India vs England 1972–73: 25 wickets at the average of 25.28
 * India in the West Indies 1975–1976 : 18 wickets at the average of 25.33
 * India vs New Zealand 1976–77: 22 wickets at the average of 13.18
 * India vs England 1976–77: 25 wickets at the average of 22.96
 * India in Australia 1977–78: 31 wickets at the average of 23.87

His best Test bowling was 7/98 against Australia at Calcutta in 1969–70, and his best match figures 10/194 at Perth in 1977–78, also against Australia. His best first class bowling was 7/5 for Delhi vs Jammu and Kashmir at New Delhi 1974–75. Although his batting was poor he hit a boundary off the second last ball in the Gillette Cup Semi Final for Northamptonshire vs Hampshire, winning the match by two wickets. His highest score of 50 not out, his only half century at Test level, was scored against New Zealand in Kanpur in 1976.

Bedi was appointed captain of India in 1976, succeeding Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi. His first Test victory as captain was against the West Indies at Port-of-Spain in the 3rd Test of the 1976 series in which India scored a then-record 406 in the fourth innings. This was followed up by a 2–0 series victory over New Zealand at home. However, after successive Test series losses to England (3–1 at home), Australia (3–2 away) and Pakistan (2–0 away), he was replaced as captain by Sunil Gavaskar in 1979.

Bedi is second to Lance Gibbs in terms of maiden overs per test, 16.35 against 16.62. He bowled 4.2 maiden overs per wicket as against 4.24 by Gibbs.

In 2008, Wisden Cricketers' Almanack named Bedi as one of the five best cricketers to have not been selected as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year.

Controversies
As captain of India, Bedi was involved in some controversies. Following India's record-breaking run-chase in the 3rd Test of the 1976 series against the West Indies, the West Indies opted for an aggressive four-man fast bowler attack for the 4th Test. Bedi objected to their tactics of bowling beamers because they could not get Indian batsmen out, and declared the Indian first innings closed early after two players were forced to retire hurt. Subsequently, five players were absent hurt in the second innings of the match.

In England's tour of India in 1976–77 he accused John Lever of using Vaseline to illegally polish the ball in the Third Test at Madras. Lever wore Vaseline strips on his forehead to keep the sweat out of his eyes; he was subsequently cleared of any wrongdoing.

In November 1978, he became the first captain to concede an international cricket match. In a One Day International against Pakistan at Sahiwal (Pakistan), India with 8 wickets in hand, required 23 runs from 14 balls. Bedi, however, recalled the batsmen from the crease and conceded the match in protest at the bowling of Sarfraz Nawaz who had bowled 4 bouncers in succession with not one being called wide by the umpires.

Coaching
In 1990, after he had managed a tour where India had played poorly, he threatened to dump the entire team in the sea on the return journey.

Opinions on modern-day cricket
Bedi expressed strong opinions on many aspects of modern-day cricket and was described as "being jealous of modern-day great spinners". In particular, he was a vehement critic of the bowling action of Muttiah Muralitharan ("if Murali doesn't chuck, then show me how to bowl" ) which he bluntly referred to as cheating and likened to a javelin throw and shot putting, saying that Muralitharan would "complete 1000 Test wickets but they would count as mere run-outs in my eyes". He took a very dim view of chucking, which he called "a bigger threat than bribing and betting" and claimed in 2004 that many bowlers on the subcontinent chuck, calling Muralitharan a "Sri Lankan bandit closing in on a dream artist called Shane Warne". He had stated, though, that he has nothing personal against Muralitharan, although Muralitharan had threatened to sue him. He levelled the same criticisms against his countryman Harbhajan Singh. Regarding suspect actions in cricket, he said "When a bowler is chucking, he's referred to panels and the home cricket board. Why not do the same for a wide or no-ball, then?". He had accused one-day cricket, modern cricket bats and small grounds of causing a decline in classical spin bowling in India.

Bedi also attacked Sunil Gavaskar, calling him "a destructive influence". He said to Australian coach John Buchanan "Tell us, John, have you made this Australian team great, or have they made you?"

Personal life and death
Bedi was born on 25 September 1946, in Amritsar in then British India.

His son Angad Bedi (born 1983) is an Indian actor and former model, and his daughter-in-law Neha Dhupia is a well known Bollywood actress.

He said that he had always washed his own clothes, calling it "the best exercise for your shoulders and fingers", when pointing out that spin bowling requires suppleness of limbs.

Bedi died in New Delhi on 23 October 2023, at the age of 77.

Records
Bedi held the world record for the most economical bowling figures in a 60-over ODI match amongst the bowlers who had completed their quota of overs (12 overs). In the 1975 World Cup, when the bowlers were allowed to deliver 12 overs, Bedi finished with 12–8–6–1 (overs-maidens-runs-wickets) against East Africa at Headingley.

Accolades
Bedi was awarded the Padma Shri in 1970.

In 2004, Bedi, along with Bhagwat Chandrasekhar, Srinivas Venkatraghavan and Erapalli Prasanna, collectively known as the Indian spin quartet, were named as winners of the C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award by the Board of Control for Cricket in India.

title: Bishan Singh Bedi


text:
American Public Media

American Public Media (APM) is an American company that produces and distributes public radio programs in the United States, the second largest company of its type after NPR. Its non-profit parent, American Public Media Group, also owns and operates radio stations in Minnesota and California. Its station brands include Minnesota Public Radio and Southern California Public Radio. Based in St. Paul, Minnesota, APM is best known for distribution of the national financial news program Marketplace.

Historical ties to Public Radio International
Formerly, much of American Public Media's programming content was distributed by Public Radio International, which itself was named "American Public Radio", or APR, until July 1, 1994. APR was formed by four stations—the Minnesota Public Radio network, WGBH in Boston, WNYC in New York, and KUSC in Los Angeles—to distribute A Prairie Home Companion. PRI owns and produces numerous programs today, but still also distributes diverse programming from many sources. In contrast, APM, which was founded in 2004, predominantly distributes content that it owns and produces itself; exceptions include The Story with Dick Gordon (which ended production in October 2013), the distribution to US stations of the BBC World Service, and the BBC Proms broadcasts from Royal Albert Hall in London.

The split happened as MPR and PRI began seeing each other more as potential competitors after MPR lost the partnership to WGBH to produce The World, and MPR purchased PRI-distributed Marketplace for its own distribution channels.

APM Reports
APM Reports is the investigative journalism unit of APM, based in St. Paul, Minnesota. Established in November 2015, APM Reports' journalists are drawn from Minnesota Public Radio and the former American RadioWorks. It produces documentary as well as investigative journalism. In 2019, APM Reports journalists Madeleine Baran and Samara Freemark received a Polk Award for season 2 of In the Dark, their investigation into the case of Curtis Flowers, who was tried six times for a quadruple murder in Winona, Mississippi in 1996. This was the first Polk Award given to a podcast. The In the Dark journalists also won two Peabody Awards, in 2016 and 2020, for the first and second seasons of In the Dark. In 2023, the APM Reports educational team, with journalist Emily Hanford, won a Edward R. Murrow Award (Radio Television Digital News Association) for Sold a Story: How Teaching Kids to Read Went So Wrong.

APM Research Lab
APM Research Lab is the research and data journalism unit of American Public Media. The Lab was established in 2017 under the leadership of American Public Media Group's CEO Jon McTaggart and EVP Dave Kansas with the hiring of its inaugural Managing Partner, Craig Helmstetter. The Lab was created to further strengthen APM's commitment to factual information as indicated by the tagline "bringing facts into focus." The unit has conducted several research projects in collaboration with newsrooms within the American Public Media Group and beyond, including partnerships with Marketplace, Minnesota Public Radio News, and PBS/Frontline and the Texas Newsroom.

In 2020 the Lab began publishing a project called Color of Coronavirus that tracks deaths due to COVID-19 by race and ethnicity in each U.S. state as well as the nation as a whole. This project has been cited hundreds of times, including by The Guardian, The Atlantic, Newsweek, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Classical South Florida
Until July 2015, APM operated Classical South Florida (WMLV-FM 89.7), which was sold to Educational Media Foundation, a California-based religious broadcasting company that airs contemporary Christian music; it now brands itself as a K-Love station.

Programs distributed
APM also distributes:

 * BBC World Service
 * Classical 24
 * Composers Datebook
 * The Daily
 * Marketplace and companion programs
 * The Dinner Party Download
 * On Point
 * Performance Today
 * Pipedreams
 * The Splendid Table
 * SymphonyCast

Several specials are also distributed by APM on a less frequent basis, including a number of Christmas programs, Giving Thanks at Thanksgiving, and the BBC Proms.

People

 * Madeleine Baran, host and lead reporter of In The Dark
 * Lynne Rossetto Kasper, former host of The Splendid Table
 * Francis Lam, host of The Splendid Table
 * Nora McInerny, host of Terrible, Thanks for Asking
 * John Moe, former host of Hilarious World of Depression
 * Kai Ryssdal, host of Marketplace and co-host of Make Me Smart
 * Molly Wood, former Marketplace tech correspondent and former co-host of Make Me Smart with Kai and Molly
 * Dave Kansas, former President of American Public Media

title: American Public Media


text:
Talk:A-Mei

Support for LGBTQ
Is it possible to find more information on her support on gay rights issues? I know that she has served as Rainbow Ambassador twice, when Taiwan set the record on largest asian gay pride parades. All articles I found on those have cited that she was chosen on the basis of her history of lgbtq support, but what does that history entail? Jademushroom (talk) 17:17, 31 December 2010 (UTC)\\

Untitled
"Similar sentiments were also echoed by others who accused A-Mei of selling out to mainland China."

I removed this statement because it is too vague. Please be more specific, namely, include what events illustrate these "sentiments". --Jiang 05:45, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Understood. I was refering to statements by various politicians as well as things posted on Taiwan messageboards. I'll see if I can find some sources to post. --Loren 03:44, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

"... a sultry voice reminiscent of Mariah Carey's."

To say that someone has a voice reminiscent of Mariah Carey's is a fairly bold statement! I don't wish to offend any A-Mei fans, but I don't think this is the case. If it is, sincere apologies. If someone could state where this was said, that would be great.

The word "china" itself can be perfectly understandable. "Mainland china" is a possible "chinglish" (rough translation) term. I do not see how "mainland" is necessary; nevertheless, "mainland" could also cause confusion. It misleads and giving a false idea that “china” could mean other “china (P.R.C.)” than we all know. Please, stop trying to influence original English with other foreign language.

 * Mainland China is the English term used in this part of the world.

Can the English translations of the song/album names be cited/verified? 219.77.110.110 13:45, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

YouTube links
This article is one of thousands on Wikipedia that have a link to YouTube in it. Based on the External links policy, most of these should probably be removed. I'm putting this message here, on this talk page, to request the regular editors take a look at the link and make sure it doesn't violate policy. In short: 1. 99% of the time YouTube should not be used as a source. 2. We must not link to material that violates someones copyright. If you are not sure if the link on this article should be removed, feel free to ask me on my talk page and I'll review it personally. Thanks. ---J.S (t|c) 07:09, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Discorgrapht
Discography NEEDS to be moved to something like A-mei Discography or something. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.230.2.29 (talk) 05:59, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Aboriginal languages
Does she thing anything in Taiwan aborigines' languages??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by FernanDior1 (talk • contribs) 10:22, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Ghost
Nothing here about the ghost appearing in her concert? Benjwong (talk) 05:46, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

New Picture
Thanks a lot to whowever adding good pic to the article --Lord Koxinga (talk) 17:36, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 06:21, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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text:
Lala Amarnath

Lala Amarnath Bhardwaj (11 September 1911 – 5 August 2000) was an Indian cricketer. He is considered to be the father figure of Indian cricket. He scored the first ever century for India in Test Cricket in 1933. He was independent India's first cricket captain and captained India in their first Test series win against Pakistan in 1952.

He played only three Test Matches before World War II (India played no official Test matches during the war). During this time he amassed around 10,000 runs with 30 hundreds in first-class cricket which included teams from Australia and England. After the war, he played another 21 Test Matches for India. He later became the chairman of the Senior Selection Committee, BCCI and was also a commentator and expert. His proteges include Chandu Borde, M.L. Jaisimha, and Jasu Patel who played for India. His sons Surinder and Mohinder Amarnath also became Test players for India. His grandson Digvijay is also a current first-class player. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan in 1991. Amarnath received the inaugural C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994, the highest honour bestowed by BCCI on a former player.

Early life
Amarnath was born in an impoverished Punjabi-speaking Brahmin family  of Kapurthala, Punjab. Recognizing his talent in Lahore, a Muslim cricketing household adopted Amarnath. He played his debut match against England in 1933 on the Bombay Gymkhana grounds in South Bombay. Amarnath also played for the Hindus in the Bombay Quadrangular. Aside from being a batsman, Lala Amarnath was also a bowler, the only one to dismiss Donald Bradman hit wicket.

Test career
In 1933's England's tour of India, Lala Amarnath was leading run-scorer. In the series he created history by scoring first ever Test 100 by an Indian batsman at Bombay.

Amarnath was controversially sent back from the 1936 tour of England by the captain, the Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, for "indiscipline". Amarnath and others allege it was due to politics. Vizzy, the Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, was named the captain for Indian cricket team for the 1936 tour of England, a post that he secured after lobbying and manipulation. Some of the senior players in the squad, including Lala Amarnath, C. K. Nayudu and Vijay Merchant, were critical of Vizzy's playing abilities and captaincy, and the team was split between those who supported and criticised the captain. During India's match against Minor Counties at Lord's Lala Amarnath had been nursing a back injury during the game. Vizzy had Amarnath's pad up but did not put him in to bat as a succession of other batsmen were sent in ahead of him, which prevented Amarnath from resting his injury. Amarnath was finally put in to bat at the end of the day. Visibly angry after returning to the dressing room, he threw his kit into his bag and muttered in Punjabi, "I know what is transpiring". Vizzy took this as an affront and conspired with team manager Major Jack Brittain-Jones to have Lala Amarnath sent back from the tour without playing the first test match. It is also alleged that in the first test against the England, Vizzy offered Mushtaq Ali a gold watch to run out Vijay Merchant.

Captain and manager
Lala Amarnath was the captain of the Indian team that toured Australia in 1947-1948. When the Partition of India took place in August 1947, Amarnath and his family had to flee the city to escape a Muslim mob. He lived in Patiala in the Indian state of Punjab till 1957, when he moved to the capital, Delhi. Lala Amarnath had received his education at Aligarh Muslim University. Amarnath is widely respected for reaching out to bridge the divide between players and fans of India and Pakistan, caused by political tensions between the two countries. Under his leadership, India won its first-ever Test against Pakistan in Delhi in 1952 and went on to win the series 2–1. Amarnath also managed the team when it toured Pakistan in 1954-55.

Family and legacy
His sons Mohinder and Surinder also played cricket for India and another son Rajinder played first-class cricket while his grandson Digvijay is also a first-class player. Throughout his twilight years, Amarnath was considered a living legend of Indian cricket.

Mohinder played the role of his father in the 2021 sports drama 83, while Mohinder himself was portrayed by Saqib Saleem. Both of them had previously shared screen space in the 2016 action comedy Dishoom.

title: Lala Amarnath


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Category:Fictional films

Articles about films that are referenced in other works of fiction but which do not actually exist.

These should not be confused with actual films that are about fictional events.

For working titles (aka production titles) use Category:Working titles instead.

title: Category:Fictional films


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Northgate, Seattle

Northgate is a neighborhood in north Seattle, Washington, named for and surrounding Northgate Mall, the first covered mall in the United States.  Wilma referenced Walt Crowley with Paul Dorpat (Photography Editor), National Trust Guide: Seattle (New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc., 1998), 209; HistoryLink.org Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, "Northgate Beginnings" (by Jim Douglas), accessed August 2001; L. B. Fussell, "Section To Be Known As 'Northgate'", The Seattle Times, February 22, 1948; "Features Of Northgate Shopping Area Outlined", The Seattle Times, February 1, 1950; "Polar Bear Cubs And $35,000 Car Vie At Northgate", The Seattle Times, May 23, 1950; "Plenty of Parking Space At Northgate", The Seattle Times, May 7, 1950; "Carter To Carve Totem Pole For Northgate", The Seattle Times, February 26, 1952; "Northgate Stores Fete Completion Of 5 acre Area", The Seattle Times, February 15, 1952; "Car Show Planned On Northgate Mall", The Seattle Times, April 30, 1953; "25 New Stores Opening At Northgate", The Seattle Times, August 17, 1965; "Did You Know?" The Seattle Times, March 18, 1965; "Northgate's Vast Parking Areas Can Accommodate Up To 50,000 Cars A Day", The Seattle Times, March 21, 1968; "Eighteen Stores Pioneered Merchandising History At Northgate", The Seattle Times, April 9, 1975; "Northgate An Instant Success", The Seattle Times, April 9, 1975; "Northgate Center Will Celebrate 30th Anniversary Next Month", The Seattle Times, March 13, 1980; simon.com Steve Schoenherr (University of San Diego), "Evolution of the Shopping Center", Steve Schoenherr Home Page accessed on November 4, 2004 Its north-south principal arterials are Roosevelt Way NE and Aurora Avenue N (SR 99), and its east-west principal arterials are NE Northgate Way and 130th Street. Minor arterials are College Way-Meridian Avenue N, 1st, 5th, and 15th avenues NE. High-Resolution Version, PDF format, 16.1 MB Medium-Resolution Version , PDF format, 1.45 MB  12 January 2004. Low-Resolution Version, PDF format, 825 KB 12 January 2004. "Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions", PDF format. 12 January 2004. The high resolution version is good for printing, 11 x 17. The low and medium resolution versions are good for quicker online viewing. Source: "Street Classification Maps, Note on Accessing These PDF Files"  Interstate 5 runs through the district. Besides the eponymous mall, the most characteristic distinctions of the area are North Seattle College (NSC) and the south fork of the Thornton Creek watershed and Seattle Kraken Iceplex center.

Prehistory
What is now Northgate has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 BCE—10,000 years ago). The D kh w’Duw’Absh, People of the Inside and Xacuabš, People of the Large Lake, Lushootseed (Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish native people had used the Liq'tid Springs area as a spiritual health spa. They harvested cranberries from the Slo’q `qed (SLOQ-qed, bald head), an 85 acre (34 ha) marsh and bog at what is now the NSCC car park, Interstate 5 interchange, and Northgate Mall. Large open areas for game habitat and foraging (anthropogenic grasslands) were maintained in what are now these neighborhoods by selective burning every few years. Today the Native American descendants are represented by the Duwamish tribe.

Development
The Northgate area has been subject to a large amount of residential and commercial development in the last few years, and many huge projects are underway. The height limits in the area have been increased to 85' to allow for further population growth.

In 2009 the Northgate Mall was remodeled and added dozens more retail shops. In 2006, a new park, library, and community center opened in the Northgate neighborhood across 5th Ave NE from Northgate Mall. These are part of the city's plan to accelerate development in Northgate.

While there is much commerce in the area, hotel development has been limited with only the Hotel Nexus, previously a Ramada Inn, being the only upscale hotel in the area. The many motels lining Aurora Avenue are further northwest than the Northgate neighborhood.

Dense mixed-use development is expected to be constructed adjacent to Northgate station on Link light rail, which opened in October 2021 as the terminus of the Northgate Link Extension. Northgate is also home to the headquarters and team practice facility of the Seattle Kraken which began play in October 2021.

Neighborhoods

Northgate neighborhoods are (north to south):
 * Haller Lake
 * Pinehurst
 * Licton Springs or North College Park
 * Maple Leaf

Places of Interest

The Idriss Mosque in Pinehurst has architecture unique to Seattle. An octagonal dome and a symbolic minaret, both sheathed in copper and capped with crescent moons, red brick walls banded with buff brick and tall glass-block windows topped with concrete lintels in the shape of Moorish arches distinguish the first mosque in Seattle (1981) and the first mosque west of the Mississippi River to be built in a Middle Eastern design.

Mall
The Northgate Mall, opened in 1950, is the oldest, first regional historic shopping center called a mall, though there are 3 other shopping centers in the United States which predate it. At the time of its opening, it was located outside of the Seattle city limits, though this is no longer the case. It is located in the Maple Leaf neighborhood of Northgate.

Surrounding Northgate Mall are many strip malls and the "Northgate North" shopping center which features a Best Buy and a two-story Target.

title: Northgate, Seattle


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Talk:Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition

Merger
I _really_ think this should be merged with the main article on the RSV. I don't see the need for a separate article. iHoshie 05:50, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This bible is really quite distinct from the RSV. You'll find alot of Catholics to disagree with you Carolynparrishfan 00:28, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Since this "debate" seems to be over, I'm removing the "merge" template. Carolynparrishfan 21:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Request for clarification
In the article as it is, one does not clearly see the difference between RSV-CE and NRSV-CE. It should also become clearer in the header that RSV-CE is the Catholic bible.--Robin.rueth 09:59, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, the Catholic Bible is the Neo Vulgata, and the official English-language Catholic Bible is the New American Bible (see the Vatican website for both), despite the constant claims by so-called "traditionalists" of its "rejection".

The notion of the Catholic bible is complex like many things in the Church. Here's my outline:

 * 1) First would be the earliest manuscripts in Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, or Greek which the Church acknowledges as authentic.
 * 2) Then would be the authorized translation of then in language of the Roman Rite (Latin).  This is the Nova Vulgata.  The unsigned commenter above used the Greek modifier "Neo" for a Latin word.  This translation has been updated since the time of St. Jerome as new manuscripts are found.  The latest revision is discussed on |  the Vatican web site
 * 3) Then next would come liturgical use translations.  These are approved by liturgical committees of bishops, the national conferences of bishops, and finally the Congregation for Divine Worship.
 * 4) Then next would come the translations given an Imprimatur by bishops.
 * 5) Finally would come any translation which includes the deutero-canonical books which complete the Catholic canon. patsw 00:58, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Catholics did not add books
The wording previously implied that in the RSV-CE Books were added by the Catholics. Things like this fuel a common Protestant misconception that Catholics added books to the Bible to support thier beliefs. While it may be debatable if these books are inspired or not, these books were later subtracted, not added by the Catholics. We are talking about books in the Old Testement that would have been included in the text that Jesus knew and used. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.113.145.193 (talk • contribs)

 * Strictly speaking, they were added to the Hebrew Bible in some versions of the LXX. They are not, as far as I know, to be found in the Jewish canon; therefore most Protestants reject them as being uninspired. Similarly, doctrines that are primarily or exclusively supported in these works are usually rejected by Protestants. (Note, however, that, as with other issues concerning the Bible, the story is more complex if the matter is examined in greater detail.) 108.246.205.134 (talk) 04:26, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Revisitng the merge issue
Both this article and the corresponding section in Revised Standard Version are a jumbled mess, and frankly I'm a little loathe to propse a merge that I couldn't actually accomplish. But I just don't see how this article can be justified as anything but as section(s) in the main RSV article. It doesn't even appear to be a single thing. Mangoe 11:38, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Why can't they copyleft bibles?
Lawyers for the New Living Translation and Amplified bibles in particular are hounding the web just like the RIAA. Unlike music though, isn't the word of god supposed to be spread freely? Why not a copyleft license such as the GFDL (GNU Free doucmentation license) or the CC-by-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike). The copyleft is very important. It prevents proprietarization of derivitative works (including shell-wrapping if the copyleft is strong like the GNU-GPL)

Every modern translation seems to need lots of permission and even royalties to give away free copies (only digital copies - .txt .pdf .doc - can be manufactured cheaply by individuals). And the ones who are translating for charity rather than money are going public domain. Copyleft is the way to go. Lest you will find another big business modding your translation a bit and selling it with full-restrictions copyright. Copyleft gurantees the entire recipient downline to be able to copy and spread the gospel freely.--GreatInca 22:32, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

liturgical use in the us
I believe the NAB in the official lectionary is the only version approved for the US (this is the version on the USCCB web site, for example). Can someone please find an authoritative citation allowing the RSV-CE? Explicitly disallowing the NRSV does not imply the RSV is approved. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.201.145.62 (talk) 23:02, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

According to the Website of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (http://www.usccb.org/bible/liturgy/index.cfm):

"Since May 19, 2002, the revised Lectionary, based on the New American Bible is the only English-language Lectionary that may be used at Mass in the dioceses of the United States, except for the current Lectionary for Masses with Children which remains in use.

The 1970 edition of the New American Bible is used in the Scripture readings and canticles of the Liturgy of the Hours (except the Benedictus, Magnificat, and Nunc dimittis.)"

However, the RSV Catholic Second Edition may become adopted for Ordinariate Use liturgies in the Personal Ordinariates for Catholics formerly from the Anglican Communion. The Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham states on its website (http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/liturgy-anglican-use):

"The sole Lectionary authorised for use in the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham is the Revised Standard Version, Catholic 2nd Edition."

The websites of the Personal Ordinariates of the Chair of St. Peter (U.S. & Canada) and Our Lady of the Southern Cross (Australia) do not specify. However, given that all three are in the process of adopting common worship texts for Ordinariate Use throughout the world, it seems likely they will adopt, and have approved, the convention in the U.K. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Luckybucky (talk • contribs) 18:24, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

The RSV-CE Today
This section of the wikipedia page:

"However Catholics who wish to remain in communion with the Catholic Church need to understand that the NRSV was revised and became the NRSV-CE due to the formers use of "inclusive language." The NRSV-CE (1989) is an adaptation for Catholic use of the NRSV. Although the NRSV was used in the American edition of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the NRSV (non-CE) was rejected for liturgical use by the Holy See owing to inclusive language in some unacceptable places. With this exception, like the predecessor RSV, it is a good formal equivalent translation (i.e. literal, but literary)."

This implies a difference in the translation between the NRSV and the NRSV-CE. The preface to NRSV-CE states that other than inclusion of the deuterocanonical Esther and parts of Daniel, there was no change to the translation (from the 1989 NRSV). The inclusive language remains, this article should no imply that it does not. including quotes from the preface to the NRSV-CE could help that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.70.17.95 (talk) 05:22, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Copyright violation
Hello, I have an RSV-CE and I believe that this article's chart of differences between the Catholic Edition and the original Revised Standard Version comes directly from the RSV-CE appendix and violates copyright laws. I think some of the information may be presented without reproducing the exact chart, but I wanted to mention this here before just deleting that section. Loves Macs  (talk) 15:17, 5 January 2009 (UTC)


text: User talk:66.122.63.55

title: User talk:66.122.63.55


text: User talk:211.76.240.231

title: User talk:211.76.240.231


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Postage stamp reprint

In philately a reprint is a new printing of a postage stamp from the original plates. A reprint is to be distinguished from a new print which is not printed from the original medium. A reprint may or may not be valid as postage.

Background
While it is common for a postal service to order print-runs as stocks are diminished by the public, it is also the usual practice to only use a given design for a small period of time so as to discourage forgery, and then to destroy the printing plates.

Sometimes the authorities keep the plates on hand, and reuse them later. The reasons have included:
 * Problems with a new design, resulting in a sudden need for additional stamps
 * Additional copies for stamp collectors
 * Souvenirs for stamp shows, government meetings, etc. (these are often printed on cards rather than stamp paper)

Identifying reprints
As reprints are produced from the original plates, it can be very difficult to distinguish them from the original printing. Frequently subtle details matter, such the type of paper, type of gum, or color shades. Reprints often appear fresh and bright compared to the originals.

Official reprints
In a few cases, the postal authorities have produced official reproductions, copies of an existing design created on new plates. A notable example of this occurred in 1875 in the United States, where all stamps issued to date were reproduced or reprinted with the intention of making them more readily available to collectors. (The actual numbers printed were small, and so most of the reissues are now rarer and more expensive than the originals they resemble.) In 1962, to prevent people profiting from the issue of an invert stamp error, the United States Post Office Department intentionally reprinted 40,270,000 copies the yellow Dag Hammarskjöld invert stamp.

Unofficial reprints
Unofficial or illegitimate reprints also exist, being produced by private printers who were contracted to print stamps, but retained the plates for their own use. The classic example is the Seebeck reprints of Latin American stamps produced in great numbers around the end of the 19th century.

title: Postage stamp reprint


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Scott Styris

Scott Bernardo Styris (born 10 July 1975) is a New Zealand cricket commentator and former cricketer, who played all formats of the game. An allrounder, Styris played as an aggressive right-handed middle order batsman and a right-arm medium pace bowler. Styris was a member of the New Zealand team that won the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy.

Educated at Fairfield Intermediate and Hamilton Boys' High School, Styris has represented Auckland and Northern Districts since 1994/95. Styris has played for Hamilton in the Hawke Cup.

Domestic career
Domestically Styris played for Northern Districts and for Auckland

In 2005 he signed with Middlesex and stayed with them for the 2006 season as well where he deputised for the country captain Ben Hutton in several matches. He received his county cap during the 2006 season. He signed a 2-month contract at Durham County Cricket Club from 1 June 2007. He was bought to play for the IPL 2009 champions Deccan Chargers, which is a Hyderabad based Indian Premier League franchise. In 2010 Styris played for Essex County Cricket Club in the Friends Provident t20 competition and returned to the club for the 2011 season. In 2012 while playing for Sussex County Cricket Club, Styris scored the equal third-fastest T20 century (37 balls) in the quarter finals of the 2012 Friends Life t20 competition. It won the 2012 Walter Lawrence Trophy.

International career
Styris made his debut for New Zealand in a One Day International at Rajkot in 1999/2000. His maiden wicket was that of Sachin Tendulkar, one of 3 wickets for the match.

He had to wait until mid-2002 to play his first Test Match, against the West Indies at Grenada. His debut had almost come at Karachi 2 months earlier but the match was abandoned due to bomb blasts near the team hotel. In the Test at Grenada he batted at number 8 and top scored with 107. When it was New Zealand's time to bowl Styris came on and took 2 for 88. The first of his wickets was that of Brian Lara which gave him impressive maiden scalps in both formats of the game. He made an unbeaten 69 in the second innings to complete a dream debut but missed out on the man of the match award which went to Chris Gayle who scored a double hundred.

In the ODI series after the Tests he continued his form but this time with the ball, taking 6 for 25 at Trinidad. This broke the record for best One Day International bowling figures by a New Zealander. At Mohali in 2003/04 against India he scored his second Test hundred with 119, one of 4 New Zealander's to make a century in the innings. Soon after he made his career best Test score of 170 against South Africa in Auckland, his innings taking just 220 balls.

In June 2004 New Zealand toured England and Styris impressed at Nottingham, making 108. He scored his fifth Test hundred at Auckland against the West Indies, an unbeaten 103 helping his side to win the Test. When New Zealand chased what was then an ODI record of 322 in 2005/06 against Australia at Christchurch, Styris contributed 101.

He then suffered a back injury missed out on the Sri Lanka series of December 2006. Making his return in the latter stages of the Commonwealth Bank series in Australia and then in the Chappell Hadlee series at home, Styris had done enough to be included New Zealand's World Cup squad.

Styris started the tournament with the man of the match award in a win over England at St Lucia. Chasing 210 for victory, Styris made an unbeaten 87 to guide his side home. His pugnacious batting style and distinctive gait led to former England captain Nasser Hussain referring to him as a "street fighter" from the commentary booth during the game. He made another half century in the game against Kenya and made 80 not out in a successful run chase against the home side. In the Super Eight stage the New Zealanders played Sri Lanka and Styris top-scored with 111 not out. The century came off 152 balls. It was his second ever World Cup century; he scored one in 2003.

Shortly after the world cup Styris' form dropped of contributing to injuries and not enough practice due to the injuries. He then participated in a test series against South Africa in 2007 but was dropped from the test squad.

He then continued to participate in ODI's and took part when the English cricket team were touring New Zealand in January to February 2008 and the Subsequent Return tour he participated well in both series with the bat but not much with the ball.

Styris, aged 35 and competing for a competitive medium pace all-rounder slot with Grant Elliott, was selected for the Tri-series in Sri Lanka August 2010 he scored 88 runs in the first ODI. He completed his comeback by showing a bowling performance in the next match against Sri Lanka when he took the wicket of Kumar Sangakkara However, after the tournament he suffered a back stress fracture during training and missed the series against Bangladesh and India.

Personal life
In 2010, Styris married former Miss New Zealand runner-up and former trampolinist Nicky Styris (née Walker). She went on to become TV3/Newshub sports presenter.

title: Scott Styris


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201 Penelope

Penelope (minor planet designation: 201 Penelope) is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on August 7, 1879, in Pola. The asteroid is named after Penelope, the wife of Odysseus in Homer's The Odyssey. It is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $68.39 km$ with an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.18 and a period of 1600.2 days. The orbital plane is tilted at an angle of 5.8° to the plane of the ecliptic.

Based upon the spectra of this object, it is classified as a M-type asteroid, indicating it may be metallic in composition. It may be the remnant of the core of a larger, differentiated asteroid. Near infrared absorption features indicate the presence of variable amounts of low-iron, low-calcium orthopyroxenes on the surface. Trace amounts of water is detected with a mass fraction of about 0.13–0.15 wt%. It has an estimated size of around 88 km. With a rotation period of 3.74 hours, it is the fastest rotating asteroid larger than 50 km in diameter.

title: 201 Penelope


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Flaying

Flaying is a method of slow and painful torture and/or execution in which skin is removed from the body. Generally, an attempt is made to keep the removed portion of skin intact.

Scope
A dead animal may be flayed when preparing it to be used as human food, or for its hide or fur. This is more commonly called skinning.

Flaying of humans is used as a method of torture or execution, depending on how much of the skin is removed. This is often referred to as flaying alive. There are also records of people flayed after death, generally as a means of debasing the corpse of a prominent enemy or criminal, sometimes related to religious beliefs (e.g. to deny an afterlife); sometimes the skin is used, again for deterrence, esoteric/ritualistic purposes, etc. (e.g. scalping).

Causes of death
Dermatologist Ernst G. Jung notes that the typical causes of death due to flaying are shock, critical loss of blood or other body fluids, hypothermia, or infections, and that the actual death is estimated to occur from a few hours up to a few days after the flaying. Hypothermia is possible, as skin provides natural insulation and is essential for maintaining body temperature.

Assyrian tradition
Ernst G. Jung, in his Kleine Kulturgeschichte der Haut ("A short cultural history of the skin"), provides an essay in which he outlines the Neo-Assyrian tradition of flaying human beings. Already from the times of Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BC), the practice is displayed and commemorated in both carvings and official royal edicts. The carvings show that the actual flaying process might begin at various places on the body, such as at the crus (lower leg), the thighs, or the buttocks. In their royal edicts, the Neo-Assyrian kings seem to gloat over the terrible fate they imposed upon their captives, and that flaying seems, in particular, to be the fate meted out to rebel leaders. Jung provides some examples of this triumphant rhetoric. From Ashurnasirpal II:"I have made a pillar facing the city gate, and have flayed all the rebel leaders; I have clad the pillar in the flayed skins. I let the leaders of the conquered cities be flayed, and clad the city walls with their skins. The captives I have killed by the sword and flung on the dung heap."

The Rassam cylinder in the British Museum describes this: "Their corpses they hung on stakes, they took off their skins and covered the city wall with them."

Other examples
Searing or cutting the flesh from the body was sometimes used as part of the public execution of traitors in medieval Europe. A similar mode of execution was used as late as the early 18th century in France; one such episode is graphically recounted in the opening chapter of Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish (1979).

In 1303, the treasury of Westminster Abbey was robbed while holding a large sum of money belonging to King Edward I. After the arrest and interrogation of 48 monks, three of them, including the subprior and sacrist, were found guilty of the robbery and flayed. Their skin was attached to three doors as a warning against robbers of church and state. At St Michael & All Angels' Church in Copford in Essex, England, it is claimed that human skin was found attached to an old door, though evidence seems elusive.

In Chinese history, Sun Hao, Fu Sheng and Gao Heng were known for removing skin from people's faces. The Hongwu Emperor flayed many servants, officials and rebels. Hai Rui suggested that his emperor flay corrupt officials. The Zhengde Emperor flayed six rebels, and Zhang Xianzhong also flayed many people. Lu Xun said the Ming dynasty was begun and ended by flaying.

Artistic

 * One of the plastinated exhibits in Body Worlds includes an entire posthumously flayed skin, and many of the other exhibits have had their skin removed.

Mythological

 * In Greek mythology, Marsyas, a satyr, was flayed alive after losing a musical contest to Apollo.
 * Also according to Greek mythology, Aloeus is said to have had his wife flayed.
 * The Giant Asterius was flayed alive by the goddess Athena.
 * In Aztec mythology, Xipe Totec is the flayed god of death and rebirth. Captured enemy warriors were flayed annually as sacrifices to him.

Historical

 * According to Herodotus, Sisamnes, a corrupt judge under Cambyses II of Persia, was flayed for accepting a bribe.
 * The Talmud discusses how Rabbi Akiva was flayed alive by the Romans for publicly teaching the Torah.
 * Catholic and Orthodox tradition holds that Saint Bartholomew was flayed before being crucified.
 * In 202 AD, Saint Charalambos was reportedly tortured mercilessly aged 113 during the reign of Septimius Severus. The torturers lacerated his body with iron hooks and scraped all the skin from his body.
 * In 260 AD, the Roman emperor Valerian was seized during a parley by Shapur I, king of Persia, at Edessa. According to some accounts he was flayed alive.
 * Mani, founding prophet of Manichaeism, was said to have been flayed or beheaded (c. 275).
 * Vasak Mamikonyan, commander-in-chief of the Armenian army during the reign of Arshak_II, king of Armenia, was flayed alive on the order of Shapur II, after he, along with Arsaces, was captured and imprisoned by the Persian king. His skin was then filled with hay and put before Arsaces to further mock and psychologically torture the imprisoned Armenian king. (c. 367).
 * Totila is said to have ordered the bishop of Perugia, Herculanus, to be flayed when he captured that city in 549.
 * In 991 AD, during a Viking raid in England, a Danish Viking is said to have been flayed by London locals for ransacking a church. Alleged human skin found on a local church door has, for many years, been considered as proof for this legend, but a deeper analysis made during the production of the 2001 BBC documentary, Blood of the Vikings, came to the conclusion that the preserved skin came from a cow hide and was part of a 19th-century hoax.
 * Pierre Basile was flayed alive and all defenders of the chateau hanged on 6 April 1199, by order of the mercenary leader Mercadier, for shooting and killing King Richard I of England with a crossbow at the siege of Châlus, in March 1199.
 * In 1314, the brothers Aunay, who were lovers of the daughters-in-law of king Philip IV of France, were flayed alive, then castrated and beheaded, and their bodies were exposed on a gibbet (Tour de Nesle Affair). The extreme severity of their punishment was due to the lèse majesté nature of the crime.
 * In 1323, the Mexica tribe asked for Yaocihuatl, daughter of Achicometl, ruler of Culhuacan in marriage. Unknown to him, she was sacrificed, with the priest appearing during the festival dinner wearing her skin as part of the ritual.
 * In 1404 or 1417, the Hurufi Imad ud-Din Nesîmî, an Islamic poet of Turkic extraction, was flayed alive, apparently on orders of a Timurid governor, and for heresy.
 * In 1490, Krokodeilas Kladas who led a revolt in the Morea was flayed alive by the Ottomans when caught in battle.Giuseppe-gatteri1571 il- martirio marcantonio bragadin.jpg, Venetian commander of Famagusta flayed alive by the Turks after a year's defense of the city in 1571]]
 * In August 1571, Marco Antonio Bragadin, a defeated Venetian commander, was flayed to death by the Ottomans, causing enormous outrage in Venice and perhaps inspiring Titian's Flaying of Marsyas.
 * In September 1611, Dionysios the Philosopher (or Dionysios Skylosophos) was flayed alive by the Ottomans after a failed revolt in Ioannina. His skin was filled with hay and was paraded.
 * In 1657, the Polish Jesuit martyr, Andrew Bobola, was burned, half strangled, partly flayed alive, and killed by a sabre stroke by Eastern Orthodox Cossacks.
 * In 1771, Daskalogiannis, a Cretan rebel against the Ottoman Empire, was flayed alive, and it is said that he suffered in dignified silence.
 * In the United States, Nat Turner, leader of a rebellion against slavery in Virginia, was hanged on November 11, 1831. His body was then flayed, his skin being used to make purses as souvenirs.
 * In Marcel Ophuls's documentary, Hôtel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie, the daughter of a French Resistance leader claims her father was tortured, including being flayed, by Klaus Barbie during his time at Lyon in 1942–1944.
 * In 1957, a victim of Ed Gein was found "dressed out like a deer". Gein appears to have been influenced by the then-current stories about the Nazis collecting body parts in order to make lampshades and other items. His story fueled the inspiration of the fictional characters Norman Bates (in Psycho), Jame Gumb "Buffalo Bill" (The Silence of the Lambs), and Leatherface (The Texas Chainsaw Massacre).

Fictional

 * In Thomas Harris's novel The Silence of the Lambs, the character Buffalo Bill is a serial killer whose modus operandi includes flaying his victims.
 * In the fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire and Game of Thrones, the Boltons of the Dreadfort flay their prisoners during their independent reign.
 * The titular monster/alien species of the Predator film franchise, the Yautja, flays its victims.
 * In Haruki Murakami's novel The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994–1995), the character Mamiya is traumatised by having witnessed a colleague being flayed to death in Manchukuo, in the late 1930s.
 * In the 1984 film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, the skins of flaying victims are visible in the backgrounds of multiple shots, hung up within the Temple of Kali.
 * In the 2008 French movie Martyrs, a female character is flayed alive by a secret philosophical society seeking to discover the secrets of the afterlife through the creation of "martyrs".
 * The Slitheen, a family of criminal extraterrestrials in the science-fiction series Doctor Who, disguise themselves using the skins of their deceased victims. It is heavily implied that some of their victims are flayed alive.
 * In the 2012 film Dredd, drug kingpin Ma-Ma orders three rogue dealers to be flayed alive before being tossed off a balcony.
 * In the sixth season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, the witch Willow Rosenberg uses dark magic to flay Warren Mears alive in retaliation for the murder of her girlfriend, Tara Maclay.
 * In the 2019 folk horror film Midsommar, one of the main characters, Mark, is flayed off-screen and his executioner is later seen wearing his face as a mask and his legs as a pair of pants.
 * In the 2020 film Hunter Hunter, Anne, one of the main characters, flays the face and upper body from the man who murdered her husband and daughter.
 * In the 2021 film Spiral, a character is flayed (partially on screen) as part of the spiral killer's plan.

title: Flaying