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Taillefer

Taillefer (Incisor ferri, meaning "hewer of iron") was the surname of a Norman jongleur (minstrel), whose exact name and place of birth are unknown (sometimes his first name is given as "Ivo"). He travelled to England during the Norman conquest of England of 1066, in the train of William the Conqueror. At the Battle of Hastings, Taillefer sang the Chanson de Roland at the English troops while juggling with his sword. An English soldier ran out to challenge him and was killed by Taillefer, who then charged the English lines alone while singing and was engulfed, killing at least four more English in the process. Strangely, Taillefer is not depicted, by name at least, on the Bayeux Tapestry.

Wace mentions Taillefer in the Roman de Rou (c. 1170):

sor un cheval qui tost alout, devant le duc alout chantant de Karlemaigne e de Rollant, e d'Oliver e des vassals qui morurent en Rencesvals.
 * Taillefer, qui mult bien chantout,
 * Roman de Rou, lines 8013–8019

Upon a swift horse Sang before the Duke Of Charlemagne and of Roland And of Oliver and their vassals That died at Roncesvalles.
 * valign="top" style="padding-left:2em;"| Taillefer, who sang right well,
 * }

The story of Taillefer is told by Geoffrey Gaimar, Henry of Huntingdon, William of Malmesbury and in the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio. The accounts differ, some mentioning only the juggling, some only the song, but have elements in common. The story was the subject of an 1816 ballad by the German poet Ludwig Uhland, set to music for soprano, tenor, baritone, eight-part chorus and orchestra by Richard Strauss in 1903, Op. 52, named after the protagonist Taillefer. The work received a rare performance on 13 September 2014 at the Last Night of the Proms.

A version drawn from all the sources can be found in Winston Churchill's A History of the English-Speaking Peoples.

Near the end of the third volume of his works, Robert Ripley mentions Taillefer under the heading "General Eisenhower", pointing out the coincidences between the Allied general and the Norman knight. Taillefer embarked from the shore of Normandy where the Allies landed on D-Day in World War II. The Battle of Hastings was on 14 October 1066, and Taillefer died on that day; Eisenhower was born on 14 October 1890; and "Eisenhower" can be translated from German as "hewer of iron".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Taillefer


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Paradise in Me

Paradise in Me is the second studio album by Belgian band K's Choice. It was released in 1995 by Double T Music. In the United States, it was released on 20 August 1996 by 550 Music.

The album reached #121 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart. Six singles were released from the album: "A Sound that Only You Can Hear," "Mr. Freeze," "Not an Addict," "Wait," "Dad," and "Iron Flower." "Not an Addict" reached #5 on the U.S. Modern Rock Tracks chart.

Track listing
All songs were written by Gert and Sam (as Sarah) Bettens.

Notes

 * "To This Day" contains an interpolation from Julio Cortázar's book Hopscotch.

Credits and personnel

 * Sam Bettens - Vocals, songwriter, composer
 * Gert Bettens - Guitar, keyboards, backing vocals, songwriter, composer, drawing
 * Jean Blaute - Bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, producer
 * Alain Van Zeveren - Arranger
 * David Haas - Voices
 * Kevin Mulligan - Pedal steel guitar
 * Vincent Pierins - Bass guitar
 * Evert Verhees - Bass guitar
 * Erik Verheyden - Bass guitar
 * Bart Van Der Zeeuw - Percussion, backing vocals, drums
 * Werner Pensaert - Engineer
 * Tony Platt - Engineer
 * Uwe Teichart - Editing, mastering
 * Marc Braspenning - Photography
 * Jurgen Rogiers - Photography

title: Paradise in Me


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Neha Dhupia

Neha Dhupia (born 27 August 1980 ) is an Indian actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder. She won the title of Femina Miss India in year 2002 and represented India at Miss Universe 2002. She has worked in several film productions and has made number of reality show appearances.

Early life
Dhupia was born in (present-day Kochi), India to a Punjabi Sikh family. Her father, Commander Pradip Singh Dhupia, served in the Indian Navy and mother, Manpinder, (Babli Dhupia) is a homemaker. She went to Naval Public School, Cochin then transferred to Navy Children School, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi. She graduated from Jesus and Mary College in New Delhi, affiliated to the University of Delhi, with honours in History.

Career
Dhupia made her acting debut in a play in New Delhi called Graffiti. Thereafter she appeared in a music video for Indipop band Euphoria and modeled for advertisement campaigns.

She then appeared in the TV serial Rajdhani. In 2002, she participated in the Femina Miss India pageant, where she was crowned as Miss India 2002. She was subsequently sent to the Miss Universe 2002 pageant in Puerto Rico where she placed in the top 10. After placing in the pageant, Dhupia intended to pursue a career in the Indian Foreign Service, but turned to acting instead.

Film career
Her Bollywood debut was with the 2003 film Qayamat: City Under Threat, which had an average performance at the box office. She rose to fame with her title role in Julie and then appeared in Sheesha (2005) in a dual role of twin sisters, but it did not do well at the box office. Dhupia then starred in films such as Kyaa Kool Hai Hum (2005) and Shootout at Lokhandwala (2007), which did well at the box office and featured in a segment of the anthology film Dus Kahaniyaan (2007).

In the following years, Dhupia appeared in supporting roles in multiple films including Chup Chup Ke (2006), Ek Chalis Ki Last Local (2007), Mithya (2008), Maharathi (2008), and Singh Is Kinng (2008) and Dasvidaniya (2008). In 2011, she played Eva Braun in the film Dear Friend Hitler about Mahatma Gandhi.

Other
Dhupia has modeled on the runway for designers such as Rohit Bal and D'damas. In 2016, Dhupia conceptualized and hosted a Bollywood podcast called #NoFilterNeha on the Indian music app Saavn, in which she interviews Bollywood celebrities. The show received positive reviews, with over 2.3 million listeners. Dhupia debuted season four in November 2019 and planned to expand the podcast into a web series.

Personal life and off-screen work
Dhupia has run in the Mumbai Marathon to support the Concern India Foundation and helped to raise over 5 lakhs. She also helped to raise money for victims of the 2011 Sikkim earthquake. She performed at the GR8 Women's Award 2012. Dhupia is a vegetarian.

She participated in the Hiru Golden Film Awards 2014 in Sri Lanka as a special guest along with Bollywood actors such as Sunil Shetty, Vivek Oberoi, Anil Kapoor, and actress Bipasha Basu.

Dhupia married actor Angad Bedi, the son of former Indian cricket captain Bishan Singh Bedi in a private ceremony at a Gurudwara on 10 May 2018. On 18 November 2018, she gave birth to a girl named Mehr Dhupia Bedi. Dhupia was fat-shamed for her post-pregnancy weight gains by certain sections of the media in 2019. On 19 July 2021, she and Angad announced that they are expecting their second child with an Instagram post. She gave birth to her second child, a boy on 3 October 2021 and named him Guriq Singh Dhupia Bedi. She decided to leave MTV Roadies.

title: Neha Dhupia


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User talk:Ioliver

LVDS / HVDS etc.
Hi there, Ioliver, and welcome to Wikipedia. I like your article on anodising. I'm not so sure about your edit on Serial Storage Architecture, though. My understanding of LVDS is that the "L" means "lower than TTL", and that the "H" in HVDS means "TTL or higher". SSA is therefore HVDS. That's the view taken by Wikipedia's articles on the subject. Let me know if you disagree. As for the target of the Wikilink, you have a good point about linking to TTL. If we are going to link to anything, I would suggest a link to a new article called differential TTL. I didn't like the link to "differential", because that's an adjective in this context, and Wikipedia prefers article titles that are nouns. The new article could contain a technical description of differential TTL, a link to TTL, a mention that it's a kind of HVDS (in my opinion, at least), and a list of standards that use differential TTL. Any thoughts? -- Heron 13:16, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi. The differential TTL article is great - I wish I had the time to produce stuff of this quality this quickly! As for the relationship between LVDS, HVDS and differential TTL, I think you're probably right. Is it worth checking that the three articles on differential signaling link to each other? Thinking deeper, is it the case that they have so much in common that a "differential signalling" article should be used? BTW I have created a redirect for HVDS as one existed for LVDS. I also added link to the differential disambiguation page, but based on what you say regards nouns versus adjectives this is probably incorrect. If you confirm I will remove/revert it. Ian 14:36, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the favourable review :-) I will check the interlinks between the articles you mentioned. I say we keep the LVDS and HVDS articles separate, because LVDS has a unique status: unlike HVDS, it is a published ANSI/TIA/EIA standard, not just a generic term.  If you want to produce an umbrella article on "differential signalling", then don't let me stop you.  In fact, it sounds like a good idea, and would save the repetition of the "differential" text that I have written in at least three places.  Finally, I don't see any harm in the differential article (even though I would not have created one with that title), as long as the main text is in other articles with "proper" titles. -- Heron 15:04, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, when I "get around to it" I'll see what common elements from the various types of differential signaling could do into an article called differential signaling. I'll then cautiously try and link to this rather than having the content repeated. Agreed regards the special status of LVDS. But whether differential TTL is LVDS or HVDS probably depends on how your meter is calibrated that day. :-) BTW The differential article already existed. I added a category, but as you say, I added it as an adjective whereas other entries on the page are nouns. Ian 15:11, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Edit attribution
Hi Ian. Your edits as 217.146.109.248 have now been reattributed to you. Regards  — Kate Turner | Talk 09:11, 2004 Sep 4 (UTC)

Eurocard sizing
Hi Ioliver. I'm confused by the math you suggest for Eurocard sizing in a recent edit you made: 1 U is 44.45mm ... 3U Eurocard is 100mm x 160mm ... 6U Eurocard is 233.5mm x 160mm This may very well be correct, but I find this confusing/questionable and I'm sure the question will arise in others minds also, so can I suggest you cite sources? We can continue the discussion at Talk:Eurocard. Cheers! --Ds13 June 28, 2005 22:15 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ioliver


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Talk:Femina Miss India

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title: Talk:Femina Miss India


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Battle of Yamazaki

The Battle of Yamazaki (山崎の戦い) was fought in 1582 in Yamazaki, Japan, located in current-day Kyoto Prefecture. This battle is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Mt. Tennō (天王山の戦い Tennō-zan no tatakai).

In the Honnō-ji Incident, Akechi Mitsuhide, a retainer of Oda Nobunaga, attacked Nobunaga as he rested in Honnō-ji, and forced him to commit seppuku. Mitsuhide then took over Nobunaga's power and authority around the Kyoto area. Thirteen days later, Oda's forces under Toyotomi Hideyoshi met Mitsuhide at Yamazaki and defeated him, avenging his lord (Nobunaga) and taking Nobunaga's authority and power for himself.

Honnō-ji Incident
When Nobunaga died, Hideyoshi was busy fighting the Mōri clan in the Siege of Takamatsu. After betraying and defeating Nobunaga at Honnō-ji, Mitsuhide sent a letter to the Mōri. The letter contained a request for an alliance to crush Hideyoshi, but the letter's messenger was intercepted by Hideyoshi's forces and the plot was revealed.

Great Chugoku retreat
Upon hearing news that Nobunaga had been killed, and that Akechi Mitsuhide had not taken command of his possessions, Hashiba Hideyoshi immediately negotiated a peace treaty with the Mōri by demanding the seppuku of Shimizu Muneharu from Takamatsu, and remained careful to keep Nobunaga's death a secret. Once the treaty was secured, on 25 June, Hideyoshi's forces retreated from Chugoku region and he led his troops on a forced march towards Kyoto, covering up to 40 km a day, spending the night at his Himeji Castle, and reaching Amagasaki on 29 June. Niwa Nagahide and Oda Nobutaka joined him as he passed through Osaka.

Prelude
Akechi Mitsuhide controlled two castles (Shōryūji and Yodo) in the Yamazaki region. Learning of the size of Hideyoshi's army and not wanting to be caught inside a castle with his force divided, Mitsuhide resolved to prepare for battle somewhere to the south. Due to its position between a river and a mountain, Yamazaki provided Mitsuhide with choke points that could ease the number of enemies his forces would have to face at any one time.

Meanwhile, Hideyoshi decided that a wooded area called Mount Tennōzan, just outside the town of Yamazaki, was key to strategic control of the road to Kyoto. He sent a detachment under Nakagawa Kiyohide to secure this area, while he led the majority of the army to Yamazaki himself. His forces took over the mountain and gained a significant advantage.

Mitsuhide arranged his army behind a small river (the Enmyōji-gawa), which provided an excellent defensive position. On the night of 1 July, Hideyoshi's generals Nakamura Kazuuji and Horio Yoshiharu sent a number of ninja into the Mitsuhide camp, setting fire to buildings and generally causing fear and confusion, and therefore robbing the enemy of their sleep for most of the night.

Battle
On the following morning, 2 July, the main fighting began as Hideyoshi's men began to form up along the opposite shore of the Enmyōji-gawa from the enemy, and a portion of Mitsuhide's samurai, led by Matsuda Masachika and Nabika Kamon, crossed the river, seeking to make their way up the wooded Tennōzan hill. They were driven back by arquebus fire, and so Hideyoshi felt confident enough to launch the right wing of his forces, under the command of Kato Mitsuyasu and Ikeda Tsuneoki, across the river, and into Mitsuhide's front lines. They made some progress, and were soon joined by the left wing, with support from atop Mount Tennōzan. The majority of Mitsuhide's men fled, with the exception of the 200 men under Mimaki Kaneaki, who charged and were destroyed by Hideyoshi's larger force.

Soon, panic set in among the Akechi army, and Hideyoshi's army chased them back to Shōryūji, where the garrison collapsed. Mitsuhide himself fled much further, to the town of Ogurusu, where he was killed by a gang of bandits. Mitsuhide is thought to have been killed by a bandit known as Nakamura about two weeks after the battle.

In popular culture
The Battle of Yamazaki is the final stage of Akechi Mitsuhide in Samurai Warriors and the first stage of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in Samurai Warriors 2. It also features as a campaign map in The Conquerors expansion of the real-time strategy game Age of Empires II.

The battle is also the basis for the Sonny Chiba martial arts film Shogun's Ninja.

title: Battle of Yamazaki


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History of rugby league

The history of rugby league as a separate form of rugby football goes back to 1895 in Huddersfield, West Riding of Yorkshire when the Northern Rugby Football Union broke away from England's established Rugby Football Union to administer its own separate competition. Similar schisms occurred later in Australia and New Zealand in 1907. Gradually the rugby played in these breakaway competitions evolved into a distinctly separate sport that took its name from the professional leagues that administered it. Rugby league in England went on to set attendance and player payment records and rugby league in Australia became the most watched sport on television. The game also developed a significant place in the culture of France, New Zealand and several other Pacific Island nations, such as Papua New Guinea, where it has become the national sport.

Rugby union before the schisms
Although many forms of football had been played across the world, it was only during the second half of the 19th century that these games began to be codified. In 1871, English clubs playing the version of football played at Rugby School, which involved much more handling of the ball than in association football, met to form the Rugby Football Union. Many new rugby clubs were formed, and it was in the Northern English counties of Lancashire and Yorkshire that the game really took hold. Here rugby was largely a working class game, whilst the south eastern clubs were largely middle class.

Rugby spread to Australasia, especially the cities of Sydney, Brisbane, Christchurch and Auckland. Here too there was a clear divide between the working and more affluent upper-class players.

The strength of support for rugby grew over the following years, and large paying crowds were attracted to major matches, particular in Yorkshire, where matches in the Yorkshire Cup (T'owd Tin Pot) soon became major events. England teams of the era were dominated by Lancashire and Yorkshire players. However these players were forbidden to earn any of the spoils of this newly-rich game. Predominantly working class teams found it difficult to play to their full potential because in many cases their time to play and to train was limited by the need to earn a wage. A further limit on the playing ability of working class teams was that working class players had to be careful how hard they played. If injured, they had to pay their own medical bills and possibly take time off work, which for a man earning a weekly wage could easily lead to financial hardship.

The schism and the birth of rugby league
In 1892, charges of professionalism were laid against rugby football clubs in Bradford and Leeds, both in Yorkshire, after they compensated players for missing work. This was despite the fact that the English Rugby Football Union (RFU) was allowing other players to be paid, such as the 1888 British Isles team that toured Australia, and the account of Harry Hamill of his payments to represent New South Wales (NSW) against in 1904.

In 1893 Yorkshire clubs complained that southern clubs were over-represented on the RFU committee and that committee meetings were held in London at times that made it difficult for northern members to attend. By implication they were arguing that this affected the RFU's decisions on the issue of "broken time" payments (as compensation for the loss of income) to the detriment of northern clubs, who made up the majority of English rugby clubs. Payment for broken time was a proposal put forward by Yorkshire clubs that would allow players to receive up to six shillings (30p) (equivalent to £ in present-day terms) when they missed work because of match commitments. The idea was voted down by the RFU.

In August 1893, Huddersfield signed star players George Boak and John 'Jock' Forsyth from Carlisle-based club, Cummersdale Hornets. The transfer was sudden and both men were summoned to appear before Carlisle Magistrates' Court for leaving their jobs without giving proper notice. Huddersfield was also accused of offering cash inducements for the players to move clubs contrary to the strict rules of the RFU. After an investigation, Huddersfield eventually received a long suspension from playing matches.

The severity of the punishments for "broken time" payments and their widespread application to northern clubs and players contributed to a growing sense of frustration and absence of fair play. Meanwhile, there was an obvious comparison with the professional Football League which had been formed in 1888, comprising 12 association football clubs, six of whom were from Northern England. In this environment, the next logical step was for the northern rugby clubs to form their own professional league.

On 27 August 1895, as a result of an emergency meeting in Manchester, prominent Lancashire clubs Broughton Rangers, Leigh, Oldham, Rochdale Hornets, St. Helens, Tyldesley, Warrington, Widnes and Wigan declared that they would support their Yorkshire colleagues in their proposal to form a Northern Union.

Two days later, on 29 August 1895, representatives of twenty-two clubs met in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, to form the Northern Rugby Football Union, usually called the Northern Union (NU). This was effectively the birth of rugby league, the name adopted by the sport in 1922. Twenty clubs had agreed to resign from the Rugby Union, but Dewsbury felt unable to comply with the decision. The Cheshire club, Stockport, had telegraphed the meeting requesting admission to the new organisation and was duly accepted with a second Cheshire club, Runcorn, admitted at the next meeting.

The twenty-two clubs and their years of foundation were Batley 1880; Bradford 1863; Brighouse Rangers 1878; Broughton Rangers 1877; Halifax 1873; Huddersfield FC 1864; Hull F.C. 1865; Hunslet 1883; Leeds 1870; Leigh 1878; Liversedge 1877; Manningham 1876; Oldham 1876; Rochdale Hornets 1871; Runcorn 1895; Stockport 1895; St Helens 1873; Tyldesley 1879; Wakefield Trinity 1873; Warrington 1876; Widnes 1875; and Wigan 1872.

The rugby union authorities took drastic action, issuing sanctions against clubs, players and officials involved in the new organisation. This extended even to amateurs who played with or against Northern Union sides. Consequently, northern clubs that existed purely for social and recreational rugby began to affiliate to the Northern Union, whilst retaining amateur status. By 1904 the new body had more clubs affiliated to it than the RFU.

The separate Lancashire and Yorkshire competitions of the NRFU merged in 1901, forming the Northern Rugby Football League. Also in 1901, James Lomas became the first £100 transfer, from Bramley to Salford. The NRFU became the Northern Rugby Football League in the summer of 1922.

Similar schisms in football were threatened by the formations of the British Football Association in 1884 and the Amateur Football Association in 1907, but were averted.

The historic events that led to the 1895 rugby split were the subject of Mick Martin's play Broken Time, the first dramatic treatment of rugby league.

Development of rugby league in Great Britain
The first international rugby league match took place in 1904 between England and an Other nationalities team, mostly made up of Welsh players.

Initially the Northern Union continued to play under existing RFU laws. The first minor change (awarding a penalty for a deliberate knock-on) was introduced during the first season of the game. Other new laws were gradually introduced until, by the arrival of the All Golds in 1907 the major differences between the games had been introduced. These major differences were:
 * 13 players per team as opposed to 15 in union (the two "missing" are the flankers)
 * The "play the ball" (heeling the ball back after a tackle) rather than a ruck
 * The elimination of the line-out
 * A slightly different scoring structure, with all goals only being worth 2 points

See: Rugby league gameplay for more on the current game.

During this period the Northern Union began to develop the British game's major tournaments. The league championship, after initially being played as one competition, was split into two sections, the Lancashire and Yorkshire leagues, with only a limited number of inter-county games. This necessitated a play-off structure to determine the overall champions. A nationwide cup, the Challenge Cup was introduced, and soon became the biggest draw in the sport. Finally, in 1905, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Cups were introduced, thus completing a structure that was to last until the 1960s. There were therefore four trophies on offer to any one club, and the "Holy Grail" was to win "All Four Cups".

As it became obvious that two codes of rugby were going to co-exist for the foreseeable future, those interested in the game needed to be able to distinguish between them. It became customary to describe those teams affiliated to the NU as 'playing in the league' hence "rugby league" while those which remained affiliated to the RFU (who did not play in a league) as playing "rugby union".

Introduction to New Zealand
In 1905, as New Zealand's rugby union team, the All Blacks, toured Britain, they witnessed first-hand the growing popularity of the Northern Union games. In 1906, All Black George William Smith, while on his way home, met an Australian entrepreneur, J. J. Giltinan to discuss the potential of professional rugby in Australasia.

In the meantime, a less-well known New Zealand rugby union player, Albert Henry Baskerville (or Baskiville), was about to recruit a group of players for a professional tour of Great Britain. It is believed that Baskerville first became aware of the profits to be made from such a venture while he was working at the Wellington Post Office in 1906: a colleague had a coughing fit and dropped a British newspaper. Baskerville picked it up and noticed a report about a Northern Union match that over 40,000 people had attended. Baskerville wrote to the NRFU asking if they would host a New Zealand touring party. George Smith learned of Baskerville's activities and they joined forces to recruit a team.

All Golds tour

When the All Golds stopped off in Australia, three games were played at the Sydney Showground, against a professional NSW rugby team. These games were played under rugby union laws, as no copies of the Northern Union laws were available. Baskerville was greatly impressed by Dally Messenger, and persuaded him to join the touring party. For this reason, the All Golds are sometimes known as Australasia, rather than New Zealand, although Messenger was the only Australian in the touring team.

The All Golds arrived in Britain late in 1907 having never even seen a match played under the new Northern Union laws. They undertook a week's intensive coaching in Leeds to bring them up to speed, and after playing a number of touring matches the first true rugby league test was played, with the team going down 8–9 to Wales in Aberdare on 1 January 1908. The All Golds gained revenge however, defeating the full Great Britain side in two of the three Test matches, which were played at Leeds, Chelsea and Cheltenham; a surprising choice of venues given rugby league's northern base. The tour was a great success, and gave a much needed boost to the game in Britain, which was struggling financially against the rise of association football.

Baskerville died from illness on the Australian leg of the tour, but the professional rugby movement lived on, pushing forward in New Zealand despite strong opposition from the rugby union establishment.

Early setbacks for the game in New Zealand

Apart from the blow presented by the sudden and premature death of Baskerville, other difficulties would soon trouble the game in New Zealand. In some ways, the All Golds were too successful for the good of New Zealand rugby league, as many team members soon accepted lucrative contracts with British clubs. Baskerville's game would soon establish a strong following, especially in Auckland, but rugby union's strong grassroots organisation and finances in New Zealand—its "veiled professionalism" in the eyes of many observers at the time—meant that rugby league was unable to become quite as dominant there as in some regions of Australia and England.

New South Wales
In the Australian rugby stronghold of Sydney, issues of class and professionalism were beginning to cause friction. Rumours and claims of "shamateurism" (see Amateur sports) in the New South Wales Rugby Union were circulating. The growing tension was exacerbated by an incident in 1907, when a working class player, Alex Burdon, broke his arm while playing for the New South Wales team, and received no compensation for his time off work.

George Smith cabled a friend in Sydney to enquire whether there might be any support for a tour by his New Zealand professional team. Word reached Giltinan, who took great interest. Giltinan announced that he had invited Baskerville's team to play three matches in Sydney. The Australian press responded by dubbing the travelling New Zealand team "All Golds", a sardonic play on the nickname of the existing amateur New Zealand rugby team, the "All Blacks" and the supposed "mercenary" nature of the new code. The games were a great success; leaving the rugby rebels of Australia with much needed funds which soon proved to be vital for rugby league in Australia.

A meeting was held at Bateman's Crystal Hotel in Sydney on 8 August 1907, to organise professional rugby in Australia. Giltinan, Burdon and the Test cricketer Victor Trumper were among those who attended. The meeting resolved that a "New South Wales Rugby Football League" (NSWRFL) should be formed, to play the Northern Union rules. This was the first time that the words "rugby" and "league" were used in the name of an Australian organising body. Players were soon recruited for the new game; despite the threat of immediate and lifetime expulsion from the New South Wales Rugby Union. The NSWRFL managed to recruit Herbert "Dally" Messenger, the most famous rugby player in Sydney at the time.

The first season of the NSWRFL competition was played in 1908, and has continued to be played every year since (despite changes in administration and name), eventually going national and becoming the world's premier rugby football club competition.

In September 1909, when the new "Northern Union" code was still in its infancy in Australia, a match between the Kangaroos and the Wallabies was played before a crowd of around 20,000, with the Rugby League side winning 29–26. That year rugby union and rugby league had similar gate receipts. By 1910 league's had doubled and by 1913 rugby union's receipts were less than 10% of its competitors'. Union had to relinquish leases on major sporting grounds, with most being taken over by rugby league.

Queensland

The All Golds tour also served to kick start the game in the Australian state of Queensland, the great rival of NSW in rugby. On 16 May 1908, the returning New Zealanders played a hastily assembled Queensland team in Brisbane. Observers of the new game were shocked when Albert Baskerville fell ill in Brisbane and died of pneumonia. Test series between Great Britain and New Zealand are played for the Baskerville Shield, named in his memory.

A Queensland Rugby Football Association was founded, and in early July, informal club games were played in Brisbane. Later that month there were three representative games against NSW, and these acted as selection trials for a national team. The first game was also notable for a Queensland tackle which rendered one NSW player, Ed "Son" Fry, completely naked from the waist down—an event which did not stop him from scoring a try.

The Brisbane Rugby League premiership began in 1909. On 8 May the first match was played in Brisbane between Norths and Souths before a handful of spectators at the Gabba.

By the 1920s the Queensland Rugby League had established itself as a force to rival the NSWRL.

Rugby league's "Ashes"
Also in 1908, the Australian rugby union team returned from a tour of the British Isles, for which the team had received three shillings a day, for out-of-pocket expenses. Thirteen of the players immediately joined rugby league teams. By the northern winter of 1908–09, an Australian touring party was heading for Great Britain, and the test series was dubbed "The Ashes" by the press, in imitation of The Ashes cricket matches, contested by Australia and England.

Later in 1909, when New Zealand toured Australia, the home team's jersey featured a kangaroo for the first time, giving them the enduring nickname of "The Kangaroos".

Pre-war developments
The early years of the 20th century also saw attempts to establish the game in Wales, with several teams being formed in the country. None of these ventures lasted long, however Wales remained a source of playing talent for rugby league. Over the years many hundreds of Welsh rugby union players "moved north" to the major English clubs, attracted by the opportunity to earn money playing rugby. (It was not until rugby union officially allowed professionalism, in the late 20th century that this supply of talent ceased.)

The 1910 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, the first ever, took place after the 1909–10 Northern Rugby Football Union season and featured a number of Welsh former rugby union internationals. Several Wallabies players changed codes to play against this touring team, which was anticipated to be one of the best sides ever to visit Australasia.

In Australasia, the game centred around local, regional or statewide leagues, and there were no national competitions in either country until late in the 20th century. In both Australia and New Zealand, club championships were based on one set of home and away matches leading to a play-off, rather than the multiplicity of trophies available to British clubs. Rugby league quickly took over from rugby union as the most popular form of football in New South Wales and Queensland. The rest of the country was already dominated by Australian rules football. The amateur code still held sway in New Zealand, although the emergence of rugby league meant that it was no longer unrivalled in popularity.

Sport in general suffered as a result of the First World War, and rugby league was no exception. In Britain, the government discouraged all professional sports, and the major competitions were abandoned. In Australia, the situation was slightly less serious, and rugby league continued. The rugby union authorities opted to suspend play throughout the war, and this decision is often cited as one of the prime reasons for the traditional dominance of rugby league over rugby union in Australia.

Although the clubs continued to play, many of them were short of players due to the fighting. In 1917, Australia's first rugby league club, the Glebe "Dirty Reds" (founded on 9 January 1908), unleashed controversy when it fielded a player named Dan "Laddo" Davies. Local rivals Annandale protested that Davies lived within their designated recruiting area. Glebe were deducted two competition points and Davies received a lifetime ban. Many Glebe players already believed the NSWRL was biased against them and they went on strike; the league responded by suspending the first grade team until the following April. Davies returned to his native Newcastle, where his previous club, Western Suburbs—not to be confused with the Sydney club of the same name—sought to use him in the local league. They tried repeatedly to have Davies' suspension lifted, but the NSWRL refused. When Western Suburbs fielded him in a match the NSWRL disqualified most of the local officials for a year. Disgruntled Novocastrians formed a breakaway competition, which lasted until 1919. The fortunes of Glebe, both on the field and financially, did not improve greatly after the Davies affair, and it was expelled from the main NSWRL competition in 1929.

In November 1921 in England, the first £1,000 transfer fee took winger Harold Buck from Hunslet to Leeds.

Internationally, the game had settled into a steady pattern of alternating tours, with either Australia or New Zealand visiting Britain once every two years, and Britain reciprocating in the southern hemisphere. The war had intervened, but the schedule was picked up again after hostilities ceased.

An increasing number of Australian and New Zealand players headed for the bigger pay packets on offer in England, many of them destined never to be seen again on the playing fields of their home countries.

In 1933 a proposed hybrid sport of rugby league and Australian rules football was trialled only once.

Inter-war years
For many years, the rugby union authorities had suspected that the French rugby union was abusing the idea of amateurism, and in the early 1930s the French Rugby Union was suspended from playing against the other nations. In 1932 the first rugby league match under floodlights is played between Leeds and Wigan at White City in London. Following development work by both Harry Sunderland (on behalf of the Australian Rugby League) and the Rugby Football League based in England, the Australian and Great British Test teams played an exhibition game at Stade Pershing in Paris in late December 1933. The French Rugby League was formed on 6 April 1934.

Looking round for an alternative, many French players turned to rugby league, which soon became the dominant game in France, particularly in the south west of the country. The arrival of a French team on the international scene allowed more variety in the touring pattern, and also for the introduction of a European Championship.

During the Second World War, the British government took a more benign view of professional sports, viewing them as a vital aid to public morale. Although normal leagues were suspended, a War Emergency League was established, with clubs playing separate Yorkshire and Lancashire sections to reduce the need for travel. This period also saw a temporary relaxation of the regulations prohibiting rugby union players from contact with rugby league. In an extraordinary development a team representing rugby league met a rugby union equivalent in two matches, held to raise money for the Red Cross. Both games were held under rugby union rules; both were won by the rugby league side.

In Australia, the war years produced large crowds, and financially at least, the sport did not suffer the hardships endured during the First World War. Nonetheless, the loss of many young men in fighting undoubtedly weakened the talent pool available.

The defeat of France had serious implications for rugby league in France. The Vichy regime banned rugby league and forced players, clubs and officials to switch codes to union. Assets of the rugby league and its clubs were handed over to union.

The consequences of this action still reverberate; the assets were never returned, and although the ban on rugby league was lifted, it was prevented from calling itself rugby from 1949 to the mid-1980s, having to use the name Jeu à Treize (Game of Thirteen, in reference to the number of players in a rugby league side).

Post-war developments
The rules of the sport had continued to evolve, and until the 1940s there was no world governing body to oversee this and ensure consistency. Negotiations between the respective governing bodies were required to fix rules to be used for tours, though generally the other nations took their lead from the British authorities. For example, the field goal was banned by the New South Wales Rugby League in 1922, however this method of scoring was not officially recognised as being removed from the game until 1950, when the British authorities banned it.

This situation endured until 1948, when at the instigation of the French, the Rugby League International Federation (RLIF) was formed at a meeting on 25 January 1948 in Bordeaux. The 1947–48 Northern Rugby Football League season's Challenge Cup Final was the first rugby league match to be televised. All spectator sports in the United Kingdom experienced a surge in interest in the years following the end of World War II and rugby league boomed. Large crowds came to be expected as the norm for a period of around 20 years. The total crowds for the British season hit a record in 1949–50, when over 69.8 million paying customers attended all matches. On Saturday 10 November 1951 the first televised international rugby league match was broadcast from Station Road, Swinton, where Great Britain met New Zealand in the second Test of that 1951 series.

The surge in public interest in the sport was further demonstrated by the 1954 Challenge Cup Final Replay between Halifax and Warrington, held at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Wednesday, 5 May 1954. The officially recorded attendance was at 102,569 (a record for a single match of rugby league that stood until 107,999 watched Melbourne Storm defeat St George Illawarra Dragons at Stadium Australia in 1999). It is estimated that a further 20,000 spectators were present, as many got in free after a section of fencing collapsed. Warrington beat Halifax 8–4.

This period also saw growth in crowds in Australia, New Zealand and France. This was a golden age for the French, who led by the incomparable Puig Aubert, travelled to Australia and defeated their host in a three test series in 1951. On their return to France the victorious team were greeted by an estimated 100,000 fans in Marseille. They repeated the feat in France 1952–53 and again in Australia in 1955.

Birth of the World Cup
The French were the driving force behind the staging of the first Rugby League World Cup (also the first tournament to be officially known as the "Rugby World Cup") in 1954. This competition has been held intermittently since then, in a variety of formats. Unlike many other sports the World Cup has never really been the pinnacle of the international game, that honour falling to international test series such as the Ashes.

In 1956, the state government of New South Wales legalised the playing of poker machines ("pokies") in profit clubs, and this rapidly became the major source of income for NSW "leagues clubs", some of which became palatial "homes away from home" for their supporters. The pokie windfall stemmed the steady trickle of Australian players to the better-financed clubs in England, and led to increased recruiting of rugby union and league players from Queensland and overseas by New South Welsh clubs. Within the space of several years, the Sydney-based league had come to dominate the code within Australia. The large profits accrued from gambling have always been controversial; many questioned the morality of such an income stream and felt that it would inevitably lead to financial turmoil and scandal.

1961 saw the first televised game of rugby league in Australia. In the UK live coverage of professional rugby league began in the early 1960s, exposing the game to a national audience. David Attenborough, then controller of BBC2, made the decision to screen rugby league games from a new competition specially designed for evening televising, the BBC2 Television Floodlit Trophy. Although it was widely seen as a gimmick, it proved a success, and rugby league has featured on television ever since, to the point where (like most sports) income from selling broadcasting rights is the single greatest source of revenue for the game. In Australia the 1967 NSWRFL season's grand final became the first football grand final of any code to be televised live in Australia. The Nine Network had paid $5,000 for the broadcasting rights.

This period also saw further alterations to the rules of the sport. In 1964 substitutes were allowed for the first time, but only for players injured before half-time. In 1966 limited tackles were introduced. In 1967 professional matches were first allowed on Sundays. Also this year the number of times a team could retain possession after a play-the-ball was limited to four tackles. The concept of limited tackles had existed in American football since the 1880s, and it was hoped that this would encourage more attacking play, and prevent teams from simply playing to maintain possession of the ball at all costs. Although successful in this respect, it was felt that four tackles did not give sufficient time to develop an attack, with play often being characterised by pure panic. In 1971, the number of tackles allowed was increased to six, and has remained so ever since. That year the value of field goals was reduced as well, from 2 to 1.

In Britain's 1971–72 season, sponsors first entered the game: brewers Joshua Tetley and cigarette brand John Player. In 1976 Sydney club Eastern Suburbs set a precedent with a major sponsor, City Ford appearing on their jersey.

In 1977 Australian forward Graham Olling made headlines when he became the first rugby league player to admit to taking anabolic steroids, which at the time were not illegal in the sport.

In 1980 the first State of Origin match was played in Australia. This pitted teams representative of Queensland and New South Wales against each other. Although matches between the two had taken place for many years, the origin concept (borrowed from Australian rules football) meant that for the first time players were selected based on where they first played the game, rather than where they were currently playing. This had an immediate effect, evening up the competition, which had come to be dominated by New South Wales because of the financial strength of the Sydney clubs, and rousing greater pride in spectators as their players were considered more truly representative of their respective states. State of Origin matches are now some of the biggest and most keenly fought contests in Australian sport.

The 1980s also saw attempts to improve rugby league's popularity outside its traditional geographical boundaries. In Great Britain a new team from London (Fulham) was admitted to the professional ranks. In Australia, the first sides from outside the Sydney metropolitan area entered the top-flight competition in. In 1982 the Illawarra Steelers (based in Wollongong) and the Canberra Raiders (based in the national capital, Canberra) entered the competition. As a result of a lucrative illegal betting market having developed since the Second World War, FootyTAB was founded in 1983 to develop legal betting on rugby league, and was a resounding success.

In 1981 the 'Sin Bin' rule was introduced in rugby league in Australia. Newtown hooker Barry Jensen became the first player sent there. In 1983 the number of points awarded for scoring a try increased from three to four. Also in 1983, the Australian ABC-TV current affairs programme Four Corners, aired an episode entitled "The Big League". The programme was to have repercussions throughout Australian sport, and in the wider community. Reporter Chris Masters (the brother of league identity Roy Masters) described allegations of corruption within the NSWRL, including suggestions that officials were siphoning funds from particular clubs and international matches while players and spectators endured sub-standard facilities. As a result of the programme, a Royal Commission (the Street Royal Commission) was called. It led to the New South Wales chief magistrate Murray Farquhar being jailed, the end of NSWRL president Kevin Humphreys' career and the ABC being sued for libel by NSW State Premier, Neville Wran (who eventually settled out of court). Masters, Four Corners and the commission are widely credited with widespread improvements in the administration of rugby league in Australia.

In the late 1980s, rugby league competitions were launched or continued to expand in Russia, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific islands.

A further expansion to the NSWRL in 1988 saw the first Queensland teams added to the league: Brisbane Broncos and Gold Coast Giants, as well as another team from outside Sydney, Newcastle Knights. Expansion occurred again in 1995, with the addition to the League of teams from Perth, Townsville and Auckland. "'Thirteen-man rugby league has shown itself to be a faster, more open game of better athletes than the other code. Rugby union is trying to negotiate its own escape from amateurism, with some officials admitting that the game is too slow, the laws too convoluted to attract a larger TV following.'" In 1995 Ian Roberts became the first high-profile Australian sports person and first rugby footballer in the world to come out to the public as gay.

The 1990s saw the importance of television income to the sport continue to rise, and a battle for control of television rights led to the infamous Super League war, which saw the game split between rival competitions. This event affected the sport across the world during the middle of decade, and the damage done is only now being undone.

Switch to Summer Rugby and World Cup Expansion
While the Super League war was being fought in Australia, Rupert Murdoch approached the English clubs with a view to forming a Super League, primarily as a way to gain the upper hand during his battle with Kerry Packer for broadcasting rights for the sport in Australia. A large sum of money from News Corporation's UK subsidiary, BSkyB, helped fund the proposal. The new competition got under way in 1996. As part of the deal, rugby league switched from a winter to a summer season. The British, Australian and New Zealand seasons are now played concurrently from March to October, and major international tournaments are now largely played in November. The French, however, have continued to play a winter season.

After the 1997 season in Australia the Super League war came to an end, with News International and the Australian Rugby League agreeing to merge their competitions to create the National Rugby League, which commenced in 1998. The first ever team from Victoria, the Melbourne Storm entered the competition. Several clubs were either forced to merge (e.g. St. George Dragons and Illawarra Steelers became St George Illawarra Dragons), or folded. The omission of South Sydney Rabbitohs, one of the founding members of the original NSWRL, led to mass protests. Although Souths did not participate in the NRL during 2000 and 2001, a Federal Court decision in July 2001 paved the way for them to return to the league in 2002.

In 1995, rugby union went professional, and those who had long derided rugby league as merely a professional version of that game were soon predicting the demise of the sport. The Super League war, the financial problems of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup and the signing of several high-profile rugby league stars by the union game gave ammunition to this claim.

With the professionalism of rugby union, several high-profile league players changed codes, with varying degrees of success. Australian RU administrators appeared to be targeting league internationals when in 2001/02 Kangaroos Wendell Sailor, Mat Rogers and Lote Tuqiri all switched and soon represented the Wallabies. Other high-profile players, such as Jason Robinson, Iestyn Harris and Henry Paul followed. However press claims at the time that the "flood-gates" had opened proved to be more sensational than portentous. By the end of the decade, the flow of league players moving on big-money contracts to union seemed to have stabilised, and in fact in many cases this actually proved to be positive for rugby league, with the money gained from transfer fees being used to fund expansion and additional youth development in Britain and with many of the star crossover players returning to rugby league in Australia.

In Britain, the ending of discrimination against rugby league resulting from professionalism in rugby union led to an increase in numbers in the amateur game, with many rugby union amateurs keen to try out the other code. In 2004 the Rugby Football League was able to report a return to profitability, a reunified structure and a 94% increase in registered players in just two years.

In 2008, rugby league held its first World Cup since the disastrous 2000 tournament. The 2008 competition was heralded as a great success, turning a significant profit, and was generally seen as a major step forwards in the development of the international game. In addition, the Rugby League European Federation was set up during the decade and as a result the game saw massive advances in both the quality and quantity of international competition. The game in France saw a renaissance, largely as a result of the Catalans Dragons entry into Super League, while large advances were made in other countries such as Wales and New Zealand, who finished the decade as world champions.

In Australia in 2009, rugby league's popularity was confirmed as it had the highest official television ratings figures of any sporting event.

The 2013 Rugby League World Cup was held in Europe, with the final played at England's Old Trafford in front of 74,468, the largest crowd to attend an international fixture.

The 2014 National Rugby League Grand Final was the highest rated television show for the year in Australia.

In 2015, the league went through a structure change with promotion and relegation reintroduced between Super League and the Championship. It also saw rugby league pull 4 of the top 5 highest rated television broadcasts in Australia.

In 2017 rugby league saw its first professional club outside of Europe or Australasia/Oceania when the Canadian side Toronto Wolfpack entered the British Rugby League system in the third division. Toronto won League One in their first season and won promotion to the Championship, the second tier of British Rugby League for 2018. As of October 2018, Toronto's owner stated his intention of setting up a new franchise in Canada, whilst a New York City based team expressed their interest to join Toronto in the British rugby league system.

title: History of rugby league


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Collingbourne Ducis

Collingbourne Ducis is a village and civil parish on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, about 10 mi south of Marlborough. It is one of several villages on the River Bourne which is a seasonal river, usually dry in summer. The parish includes the hamlets of Cadley and Sunton.

History
From the Domesday Book we know Earl Harold held the manor, and in 1086 a large settlement of 87 households was recorded. In 1256 the village was named Collingbourne Earls after the Lord of the Manor, the Earl of Leicester, who also held neighbouring Everleigh. John of Gaunt inherited the manor, became the Duke of Lancaster, and the village was thus known as Collingbourne Ducis or Dukes.

Sunton House is a Grade II* listed seven-bay house from c. 1710.

The architect C.E. Ponting was born in Collingbourne Ducis in 1850. The restoration of St. Andrew's parish church in 1856 by G.E. Street made a lasting impression on him.

The Bourne Iron Works in the village was established by James Rawlings in the 1860s and made agricultural implements until the outbreak of World War II.

The Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway was opened through the Bourne valley in 1882, becoming the Midland and South Western Junction Railway in 1884 and part of the Great Western Railway in 1923. The line passed close to the east of Collingbourne Ducis and Collingbourne station was close to the village centre, south of the Cadley road. The station closed when the line was closed to passengers in 1961, and subsequently the track was removed.

Sunton, and the northern part of Cadley, were transferred to the parish from Collingbourne Kingston in 1934.

In 1974 a Saxon cemetery of archaeological significance was discovered in Cadley, including one bed burial. In 1998 a Saxon settlement was found in Saunders Meadow during the construction of a housing estate.

The Post Office at Collingbourne Ducis was mentioned by Sir Anthony Hopkins' character, Mr. Stevens, in the 1993 film The Remains of the Day. The village has one of the few surviving original Victorian post boxes inset to a flint cobble wall at Sally Lunn's Cottage.

Religious sites
The Church of England parish church of St Andrew (St Mary's until some time before 1786) is from the early 13th century. Alterations in the 14th century included the addition of the tower, which was rebuilt in the 15th. In 1856 the chancel was narrowed and a vestry added, to designs of G.E. Street; further restoration in 1877 was by Sir Arthur Blomfield. The church is a Grade II* listed building.

The parish was united with Everleigh in 1977 after the closure of St Peter's, Everleigh. It forms part of the Savernake team ministry.

A Primitive Methodist chapel was built at Cadley in 1880. The building was sold for residential use in 1988.

Local government
Collingbourne Ducis is a civil parish with an elected parish council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for all significant local government functions.

Amenities
Collingbourne Church of England Primary School serves the parish and surrounding area, including Collingbourne Kingston. Its building opened in 2004 at a new site on the northwest outskirts of the village; until then it occupied a National School building dating from 1859, close to the church.

Near the school is a village hall with playing fields. The village has two pubs: The Tipple Inn, an 18th-century building (formerly the Railway Hotel and the Blue Lion) on the A4 road, and The Shears Inn at the far end of Cadley Road.

Twinning Association
🇫🇷 Collingbourne and District is twinned with Le Merlerault in Normandy, France. The twinning agreement was made on 18 April 1992.

title: Collingbourne Ducis


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Dia Mirza

Dia Mirza Rekhi (born Dia Handrich; 9 December 1981) is an Indian actress who works in Hindi films. She won the title of Miss Asia Pacific International in 2000 after being crowned Femina Miss India Asia Pacific 2000. She made her acting debut with the Hindi film Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein (2001).

She subsequently featured in films including Dus (2005), Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006) Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd. (2007) and Sanju (2018). She co-owned a production house, Born Free Entertainment, with her ex-husband Sahil Sangha. Their first film, Love Breakups Zindagi, was released on 7 October 2011. After their divorce, she launched her own production house, One India Stories in 2019. She also starred in the web series Kaafir in 2019.

Early life
Mirza was born in Hyderabad, India. Her father, Frank Handrich, is a German graphics and industrial fair designer, architect, artist and interior designer based in Munich. Her mother, Deepa, is a Bengali interior designer and landscaper who also volunteers to help alcoholics and drug addicts. When she was four-and-a-half years old, her parents divorced. After her mother married Ahmed Mirza, a Muslim man from Hyderabad, she adopted her step-father's surname. He died in 2004.

After initially attending Vidyaranya High School, a co-ed school, Mirza was enrolled into Nasr School, a girl's day school in Khairtabad. She then attended Stanley Junior College before graduating with a Bachelor of Arts from Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad.

Modelling
Mirza worked while in college as a marketing executive for a media firm, Neeraj's Multi-media Studio. At the same time, she modelled for print and TV commercials for brands such as Lipton, Wall's ice cream, Emami and many more. She was the second runner-up at the Miss India pageant in 2000 and then went on to win the Miss Asia Pacific title in 2000.

Acting
She made her debut in Gautham Menon directed Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein, a remake of Menon's Tamil film Minnale. She then appeared in films such as Alag, Dum, Deewaanapan, Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge, Tumsa Nahin Dekha: A Love Story, Parineeta, Dus, Lage Raho Munna Bhai and Salaam Mumbai. In 2018, she appeared as Sanjay Dutt's wife Manyata Dutt in the biopic Sanju, which ranks among the highest grossing Indian films. In 2020, she appeared in Thappad, which went on to win the Filmfare Award for Best Film.

She appeared in the ZEE5 web series Kaafir in 2019. Set in Kashmir, she starred opposite Mohit Raina in the series.

Producer
In 2011, she started Born Free Entertainment, a production house with her ex-husband Sahil Sangha. She has also produced Love Breakups Zindagi, Bobby Jasoos and a sitcom web series titled Mind the Malhotras, streaming on Amazon Prime Video. The series stars Cyrus Sahukar and Mini Mathur in the lead. In December 2019 she announced she was forming a new production house "One India Stories" to create original content.

Humanitarian causes
Mirza lent her voice to a snow leopard called Layla for an environmental podcast of Run Wild, which is a collaboration between Runtastic, the UN Environmental Programme and the Internet of Elephants.

She has written articles for Hindustan Times and other publications.

Titles
Mirza was the second runner-up at Femina Miss India 2000 and was subsequently sent to Miss Asia Pacific 2000, where she won. She also won Miss Beautiful Smile, Miss Avon and Miss Close-Up Smile in Miss India. When she won the Miss Asia Pacific title on 3 December 2000 in Manila, the Philippines, she became the first Indian since Tara Anne Fonseca to win this title in 27 years. She completed the hat-trick of India winning international pageants in the year 2000; Lara Dutta won the Miss Universe title and Priyanka Chopra won the Miss World title in the same year.

Community services and activism
Mirza has been involved with the Cancer Patients Aid Association and Spastics Society of India, and has worked extensively with the government of Andhra Pradesh to spread HIV awareness, prevention of female foeticide, PETA, CRY and most recently the NDTV Greenathon – an effort to find tangible solutions against pollution and the book, "Deke Dheko" by Radio Mirchi (a campaign initiated to collect books for underprivileged children). She is on the board of the Coca-Cola Foundation which works towards development in rural India. She is associated with campaigns such as Sanctuary Asia's Leave Me Alone and Female Foeticide.

In 2010 she adopted two cheetah cubs at the Prince of Wales zoological park in Lucknow.

Mirza, along with Aamir Khan, publicly expressed support for the Narmada Bachao Andolan, a group protesting the building of a dam. This aroused the ire of political activists from the Bharatiya Janata Party, who led a protest march against the actress. She won the Green Award at IIFA 2012 for spreading awareness about environment-related issues.

Along with these, Mirza has endorsed The Body Shop for their stand on a ban on animal testing and propagation of recycled packaging and natural products. She is the Eco-Ambassador for Panasonic. Mirza has been felicitated at award functions for her active involvement in social and environmental issues.

She has been named the ambassador for the Swachh Bharat Mission's youth-based 'Swachh Saathi' programme. As an ambassador, the actress would interact with school and college students from across the country through awareness sessions, community cleaning activities and motivational videos.

She joined Save The Children India as their first-ever artist ambassador.

On World Environment Day 2017, she was appointed brand ambassador for the Wildlife Trust of India. She has lent her support to WTI's wildlife conservation endeavours for several years and is a founder-member of the organisation's Club Nature initiative, also supporting a campaign to raise awareness about the shrinking space for wild elephants in the country.

She was also appointed as the UN Environment's Goodwill Ambassador for India in 2017 and on 7 May 2020, her term was further extended till 2022. She was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as an advocate of Sustainable Development Goals. She also turned into a blogger to save the environment and create awareness. She hosted United Nations Champions Gala 2019 with Hollywood actor Alec Baldwin. She attended the 14th UN Conference of the Parties and hosted the finale reception.

Mirza initiated a cleanliness drive at Juhu beach on Independence Day 2019 and another at Mahim beach on 26 January, to make the beach free from single-use plastic.

Mirza supports Ramky's BIG Green Ganesha and felicitated the winners with Tree Ganeshas in 2019. She has also been featured by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in its 11th edition of BBC 100 Women List 2023, listing her as one of the four Indian women featured.

Personal life
In April 2014, Mirza became engaged to her longtime business partner Sahil Sangha, and they were married on 18 October 2014 at his farmhouse in Chhatarpur, South Delhi. In August 2019, Mirza announced their separation.

On 15 February 2021, Mirza married businessman Vaibhav Rekhi in Bandra, Mumbai.

On 1 April 2021, she announced that she was expecting her first child. On 14 July 2021, she announced that she had a premature birth to a baby boy, Avyaan Azaad Rekhi on 14 May and he was in NICU for 2 months. Mirza also has a step-daughter, Samaira Rekhi from Vaibhav Rekhi's first marriage.

Music song

 * 2003:Hum Ko To Hai Poora Yakeen made by MSN Cricket and sports MSN India on The Indian Cricket team for the  ICC Cricket World Cups in 2003

2002

 * Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut: Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein
 * Bollywood Movie Award – Best Female Debut: Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein
 * Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut: Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein
 * Nominated, Screen Award for Best Female Debut: Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein
 * Nominated, Screen Award for Best Female Debut: Deewaanapan

2012

 * IIFA Green Award for Contribution Towards a Greener Environment

2016

 * Ms. Eternal Beauty at the Femina Miss India

2019

 * Best actor OTT female (critics) for Kaafir at Gold Awards 2019
 * woman of style & substance at Filmfare glamour & style awards 2019

2022

 * Dia Mirza honoured with 'Mother Teresa Memorial Award' by the Governor of Maharashtra.

2023

 * In November 2023, Mirza was named to the BBC's 100 Women list.

title: Dia Mirza


text:
Ogawa

Ogawa (written: 小川 lit. "small river" or おがわ in hiragana) is the 30th most common Japanese surname. Less common variants are 小河 (also "small river") or 尾川 ("tail river"). Notable people with the surname include:

 * Ai Ogawa (愛 小川), American poet
 * Daiki Ogawa (小川 大貴), Japanese footballer
 * Frank H. Ogawa (1917–1994), the first Japanese American to serve on the Oakland, CA City Council
 * Hiroshi Ogawa (disambiguation), several people
 * Hitoshi Ogawa (小河 等), Japanese racing driver
 * Gōtarō Ogawa (小川 郷太郎), Japanese cabinet minister
 * Ito Ogawa (小川 糸), a Japanese novelist, lyricist and translator, born in 1973
 * Jiro Ogawa (小川 次郎), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Ogawa Kazumasa (小川 一眞), Japanese photographer
 * Kenichi Ogawa (尾川 堅一), Japanese boxer
 * Kiyoko Ogawa (小川 清子), Japanese sprinter
 * Kiyoshi Ogawa (小川 清), Japanese noted kamikaze pilot
 * Koki Ogawa (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Makoto Ogawa (pilot) (小川 誠), retired Japanese army aviator
 * Makoto Ogawa (小川 麻琴), Japanese pop singer and actress best known as a former member of Morning Musume
 * Marumi Ogawa (小川 まるみ), Japanese television personality and gravure idol
 * Masataka Ogawa (小川 正孝), Japanese chemist
 * Mikihiro Ogawa (小川 幹弘), a.k.a. Shido Nakamura
 * Naoya Ogawa (小川 直也), Japanese judoka/wrestler/mixed martial artist
 * Naoyuki Ogawa (小川 直之), Japanese sailor
 * Noriko Ogawa (pianist) (小川 典子), Japanese classical pianist
 * Noriko Ogawa (singer) (小川 範子), Japanese actress
 * Ryoya Ogawa (小川 諒也), Japanese footballer
 * Seiji Ogawa (小川 誠二), Japanese developer of Functional MRI, 2003 winner of the Japan Prize
 * Shinsuke Ogawa (小川 紳介), Japanese documentary film director
 * Shoot Ogawa (born 1974), magician
 * Ogawa Suketada (小川 祐忠), Japanese daimyō
 * Takehiro Ogawa (小川 健洋), Japanese musician
 * Tadaharu Ogawa (小川 忠晴), Japanese basketball player and coach
 * Tomohiro Ogawa (小川 智大), Japanese volleyball player
 * Toshio Ogawa (小川 敏夫), Japanese politician
 * Yōko Ogawa (小川 洋子), Japanese author
 * Yoshimi Ogawa (小川 善美), Japanese businesswoman
 * Yoshinari Ogawa (小川 良成), Japanese wrestler
 * Yoshizumi Ogawa (小川 佳純), Japanese footballer
 * Yusei Ogawa (小川 雄勢), Japanese judoka

Fictional characters

 * Alyssa Ogawa (Star Trek)
 * Ayumi Ogawa (緒川 歩実), (Good Luck!!)
 * Eri Ogawa (小川 恵里) (Kamen Rider Ryuki)
 * Hiroe Ogawa (小川 広恵) (F3: Frantic, Frustrated & Female)
 * Ikue Ogawa (小川 育恵) (High School Girls)
 * Michiru Ogawa (小川 みちる) (Bleach)
 * Miharu Ogawa (小川 美晴) (Red String)
 * Miyuki Ogawa (緒川美由紀), (Gender-Swap at the Delinquent Academy)
 * Sakura Ogawa (小川 さくら) (Battle Royale)
 * Sanshiro Ogawa (Natsume Soseki no Sanshiro)
 * Yuuko Ogawa (小川 優子) (Kocchi Muite! Miiko)

title: Ogawa


text:
Cocoon Crash

Cocoon Crash is the third studio album of the Belgian band K's Choice, released in 1998. Its singles were "Believe", "Everything for Free", and "If You're Not Scared". Musically, it is comparable to their second album, Paradise in Me, though with a generally lighter tone and subject matter.

Since its release, Cocoon Crash has sold more than 1,000,000 copies, and went platinum in Belgium and Netherlands. The album was produced by Gil Norton (Pixies, Counting Crows, Feeder).

Personnel

 * Sam Bettens – vocals, guitar
 * Gert Bettens – guitar, keyboards, vocals
 * Jan Van Sichem Jr. – guitar on "Cocoon Crash"
 * Eric Grossman – bass
 * Bart Van Der Zeeuw – drums, percussion

Additional personnel
Luis Jardin – percussion Roy Spong – percussion Mark Pythian – programming

title: Cocoon Crash


text:
Ahnatal

Ahnatal is a municipality in the district of Kassel, in Hesse, Germany. It is situated roughly 9 km northwest of Kassel, Germany.

Division of the municipality
It consists of three constituent villages, Weimar, Heckershausen, and Kammerberg.

Notable places
Although not famous for any particular sights, the "Bühl" in Weimar attracted geological interest at the beginning of the 20th century as it is one of the very few places where elementary iron (i.e. no iron compounds) can be found. The former mine is now a lake which is popular as a swimming pool.

Politics
From 1945 till 2008, Ahnatal has always had a social-democratic government. However, in the most recent elections of a mayor, the Christian-democratic candidate Michael Aufenanger was elected.

title: Ahnatal


text:
The Times Group

Bennett Coleman and Company Limited (abbreviated as B.C.C.L. and d/b/a The Times Group) is an Indian media conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The company, which is a family-owned business, publishes The Times of India newspaper, which is the highest selling daily English-language newspaper in India, in addition to several radio stations, television channels such as Times Now, the film magazine Filmfare, and the women's magazine Femina. The Sahu Jain family continues to own a majority of the stake in the group, and in May 2023, the Times Group was split into two separate business entities between brothers Vineet Jain and Samir Jain, such that its radio and broadcast properties would remain with Vineet Jain and its print properties would be under Samir Jain.

History
The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce was first published on 3 November 1838 as a predecessor to what would become The Times of India. While starting as a biweekly paper, it was converted to a daily in 1850. In 1859 the paper was merged with two other papers into the Bombay Times and Standard under editor Robert Knight. Two years later, in 1861, the paper got a more national scope with the title The Times of India. Subsequently the paper saw its ownership change several times until 1892 when an English journalist named Thomas Jewell Bennett along with Frank Morris Coleman (who later drowned in the 1915 sinking of the SS Persia) acquired the newspaper through their new joint stock company, Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. (BCCL). At the time, some 800 people were employed by the paper.

The company, by that time consolidated in the Times of India Group, was taken over from its British owners in 1946 by industrialist Ramkrishna Dalmia.

Ramkrishna Dalmia (7 April 1893 – 26 September 1978) was a pioneer industrialist and founder of the Dalmia-Jain group or Dalmia Group and The Times Group. The name is variously written as Ram Krishan Dalmia and Ram Kishan Dalmia. In 1947, Dalmia engineered the acquisition of the media giant Bennett, Coleman by transferring monies from a bank and an insurance company of which he was the Chairman. In 1955, this came to the attention of the socialist parliamentarian Feroze Gandhi who was part of the ruling Congress party headed by his estranged father-in-law Jawaharlal Nehru. In December 1955, he raised the matter in the Parliament, documenting extensively the various fund transfers and intermediaries through which the acquisition had been financed. The case was investigated by the Vivian Bose Commission of Inquiry.

In the court case that followed, where he was represented by the leading British attorney Sir Dingle Mackintosh Foot, he was sentenced to two years in Tihar Jail. But for most of the jail term he managed to spend in hospital. During this period the company was run by his son-in-law Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain.

Upon his release his son-in-law Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain to whom he had entrusted running of Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. rebuffed his efforts to resume command of the company. Jain would buy the company a few years later and the company would be primarily run by his family in the years after. The company expanded its presence in the Indian media sphere by founding different papers and local editions of The Times of India.

Decline and revival
The Times of India press published a number of influential English (e.g. Illustrated Weekly of India 1880-1993) and Hindi magazines (e.g. Dharmyug 1949-1997, Sarika, Dinaman 1965-1990s, Parag 1958-1990s), edited by distinguished authors including Khushwant Singh, Dharmveer Bharti, Agyeya and Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena. However, the organisation faced financial difficulties, and most of them were closed down during the 1990s.

The sons of Sahu Ashok Jain, Sahu Samir Jain and Vineet Jain are credited with reviving the financial success of the group with newer and more profitable ventures.

Publications

 * The Times of India, largest circulation of any English-language newspaper in the world, with 2.8 million copies.
 * The Economic Times
 * Navbharat Times
 * Maharashtra Times
 * Ei Samay
 * Mumbai Mirror
 * Vijaya Karnataka
 * Bangalore Mirror
 * Bombay Times

Television channels
The Times Group owns the following channels.

Times Business Solutions Limited
Times Business Solutions – A division of Times Internet Limited is a limited company, wholly owned by Bennett Coleman Company Limited (The Times Group). TBS develops web sites within areas such as recruitment, real estate and matrimonials such as SimplyMarry.com.

TBS started as a division of BCCL in 2004 to create an exchange for job seekers and employers on the internet. With the growth of internet attaining rapid speed and being a highly profitable venture, Times Business Solutions – A division of Times Internet Limited was born as the "Internet Initiatives" of BCCL. Times Group, others put $20 million into Square Yards in September 2019.

Times Internet
Times Internet is an Indian company which owns, operates and invests in various Internet-led products, services and technology.

Radio Mirchi
Radio Mirchi is a nationwide network of private FM radio stations in India.

title: The Times Group


text:
Naka District, Ibaraki

Naka (那珂郡) is a district of Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

Following the January 21, 2005 formation of the city of Naka, the district is coextensive with the village of Tōkai. As of January 1, 2005 population data, the district has an estimated population of 35,467 and a density of 946.29 persons per km2. The total area is 37.48 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Tōkai

Timeline (Heisei Era)

 * On October 16, 2004 the town of Ōmiya absorbed the villages of Miwa and Ogawa, all from Naka District, the town of Yamagata, and the village of Gozenyama, both from Higashiibaraki District, to become the new city of Hitachiōmiya.
 * On January 21, 2005 the town of Naka absorbed the town of Urizura to become the new city of Naka.

title: Naka District, Ibaraki


text:
User talk:Caesium~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Substubs
Hello! You might want to take a look at the Manual of style and Substubs. We're glad you're aboard, but you need to flesh out your articles beyond a single sentence. Thanks, and have fun! - Lucky 6.9 00:08, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Meetup
FYI, the fourth Cambridge meetup will occur on the afternoon of Saturday 1 August. Charles Matthews (talk) 18:53, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Cambridge meetup 14 November
Another Cambridge meetup is set for the afternoon of Saturday 14 November. Please contribute to the page and come along if you can. Charles Matthews (talk) 19:32, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject East Anglia
Would you be interested in WikiProject East Anglia?

If yes, please support us here at WikiProject Council/Proposals/East Anglia. Wilbysuffolk  talk  07:55, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Caesium. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Caesium~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:46, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:20, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Caesium~enwiki


text:
User talk:Centroyd

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Centroyd


text:
Kanasagō, Ibaraki

Kanasagō (金砂郷町) was a town located in Kuji District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,303 and a density of 183.37 persons per km2. The total area was 61.64 km2.

On December 1, 2004, Kanasagō, along with the villages of Satomi and Suifu (all from Kuji District), was merged into the expanded city of Hitachiōta and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kanasagō, Ibaraki


text:
List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilanga

Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.

Bilanbedo = Ruler


text: Category:Stews

title: Category:Stews


text:
User:Caesium~enwiki

Hi!

title: User:Caesium~enwiki


text:
Category:Yogis

Yogis are males who practice, or are mastered in, yoga. Yogini is the term used for female yogis.

title: Category:Yogis


text: Category:Swimmers

title: Category:Swimmers


text:
Suifu, Ibaraki

Suifu (水府村) was a village located in Kuji District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 6,011 and a density of 74.28 persons per km2. The total area was 80.92 km2.

On December 1, 2004, Suifu, along with the town of Kanasagō, and the village of Satomi (all from Kuji District), was merged into the expanded city of Hitachiōta and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Suifu, Ibaraki


text: Category:Rice dishes

title: Category:Rice dishes


text:
Henry Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland

Henry George Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland, (29 May 1846 – 14 May 1918), styled Lord Warkworth between 1865 and 1867 and Earl Percy between 1867 and 1899, was a British Conservative politician. He served as Treasurer of the Household under Benjamin Disraeli between 1874 and 1875 and was Chairman of the National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations from 1879 to 1883.

Background
Percy was the eldest son of Algernon Percy, 6th Duke of Northumberland, by his wife Louisa, daughter of Henry Drummond. Lord Algernon Percy was his younger brother. He became known by the courtesy title Lord Lovaine when his grandfather succeeded in the dukedom of Northumberland in 1865 and as Earl Percy when his father succeeded in the dukedom in 1867.

Political career
Percy was returned to parliament for Northumberland North in 1868. In 1874 he was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Treasurer of the Household under Benjamin Disraeli, a post he held until 1875. From 1879 to 1883 he was Chairman of the National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations. The Northumberland North seat was abolished in 1885 and Percy was not elected for another constituency. Two years later he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's barony of Lovaine.

From 1909 he was made an alderman on Middlesex County Council.

Civic and military appointments
Percy succeeded in the dukedom in 1899 upon his father's death and was made a Knight of the Garter the same year. He later served as Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland from 1904 until his death in 1918 and was Lord High Steward at King George V's coronation in 1911, where he bore St Edward's Crown. He was President of the Board of Governors of Durham University College of Science (in Newcastle) in 1902, and from 1913 he also served as the second Chancellor of the University of Durham.

He was president of the Guildford Agricultural Association from 1902.

He was honorary colonel of the 2nd Northumberland (Percy) Artillery Volunteers until it was disbanded in October 1902.

Family
Northumberland married Lady Edith Campbell, daughter of George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, on 23 December 1868. They had 13 children:

 * Lady Louisa Elizabeth Percy (7 November 1869 – 29 November 1893), unmarried.
 * Lady Edith Eleanor Percy (7 November 1869 – 2 April 1937), unmarried.
 * Henry Algernon George Percy, Earl Percy (21 January 1871 – 30 December 1909), unmarried.
 * Lady Margaret Percy (30 August 1873 – 29 January 1934), unmarried.
 * Lady Victoria Alexandra Percy (12 February 1875 – 18 January 1958), married Sir Robert Tidmarsh.
 * Hon. Josceline Percy (26 January 1876 – 31 January 1898), unmarried.
 * Hon. Ralph William Percy (9 March 1877 – 28 March 1889), died in childhood.
 * Lady Mary Percy (30 August 1878 – 18 March 1965). Married Aymer Edward Maxwell and was the mother of author and naturalist Gavin Maxwell.
 * Alan Ian Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland (17 April 1880 – 23 August 1930).
 * Lord William Richard Percy  (17 May 1882 – 8 February 1963), married Mary Swinton, daughter of Captain George Sitwell Campbell Swinton.
 * Lord James Percy (6 January 1885 – 20 May 1903), died unmarried.
 * Eustace Sutherland Campbell Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle (21 March 1887 – 3 April 1958).
 * Lady Muriel Evelyn Nora Percy (14 July 1890 – 23 November 1956), unmarried.

The Duchess of Northumberland died in July 1913, aged 63. Northumberland survived her by five years and died in May 1918, aged 71.

title: Henry Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland


text:
Almost Happy (album)

Almost Happy is the fourth studio album by Belgian rock band K's Choice.

Music
Almost Happy was recorded at Real World Studio's, Box, Wiltshire (UK) and published in 2000. Singles were "Almost Happy", "Busy" and "Another Year". The lyrics of this album are more autobiographical than of the previous album (Cocoon Crash). The music is, when compared to earlier work, more melancholy and intimate. The American (2002) version included an additional live CD and was published with another cover, featuring a drawing by band member Gert Bettens, who had also drawn the album covers for the two previous albums.

Personnel
Musicians:
 * Sam Bettens - vocals, guitar
 * Gert Bettens - guitar, vocals
 * Koen Lieckens - drums
 * Jan van Sichem Jr. - guitar
 * Eric Grossman - bass

Guest musicians:
 * Marshall Bird - keyboards

Mixed by Tchad Blake

Cover picture by Lieve Blanquaert

title: Almost Happy (album)


text:
Wars (series)

The Wars series, also known as Famicom Wars (ファミコンウォーズ) and Advance Wars, (ゲームボーイウォーズ) is a series of military-themed turn-based strategy video games, predominantly developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo. The series debuted in Japan in August of 1988 with the original Famicom Wars, followed by sequels on the Super Famicom and Game Boy. These early installments were released in Japan, with Advance Wars (2001) being the first to reach the North American and European markets. Advance Wars was released in the United States on September 10, 2001, but put on hold in Japan and Europe due to the September 11 attacks. Although released in Europe in January 2002, neither Game Boy Advance game was released in Japan until the Game Boy Wars Advance 1+2 compilation, which released for the Game Boy Advance on November 25, 2004. The success of Advance Wars in the West is frequently credited as a driving force for Nintendo bringing Intelligent Systems' franchise Fire Emblem outside of Japan, as both series share a similar tactical gameplay style.

In 2005, Advance Wars: Dual Strike was released on the Nintendo DS family of systems, which followed and expanded on the basic format of its predecessors. That same year Battalion Wars, developed by Kuju Entertainment, was released for the GameCube in Japan under the title ''Totsugeki!! Famicom Wars'', where it is considered a spin-off from the main series. Battalion Wars is a 3D action real-time strategy game, as opposed to the turn-based strategy of the main series. An expanded sequel for the Wii, Battalion Wars 2 was released two years later. The last major title in the franchise, Advance Wars: Days of Ruin, was released internationally for the DS in 2008 and departed from the series' light hearted tone. Like the two Game Boy Advance titles preceding it, the game was canceled in Japan following a series of delays until it finally released as a downloadable game in 2013. At E3 2021, over a decade after the release of Days of Ruin, a collection of remakes of both Advance Wars games, titled Advance Wars 1+2: Re-Boot Camp, was announced for the Nintendo Switch, with a planned release date of December 2021. A release date of April 8, 2022 was later announced, however on March 9, 2022 it was announced that due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine the game was being delayed until further notice. Another release date of April 21, 2023 would be announced a year later. These remakes were developed in collaboration with WayForward Technologies.

Gameplay
The player takes the role of a Commanding Officer (CO) in an army, usually of a country called Red Star (changed to Orange Star following international releases). In Days of Ruin, it is replaced by a nation called Rubinelle (Laurentia in the European release). In the single-player campaign of the Advance Wars games, each level consists of a new map and opposing CO to defeat. Victory is achieved when all the opponent's units have been destroyed, their HQ is captured, or another victory condition has been met. COs take turns recruiting and commanding units on grid-based maps. Units available include infantry, tanks, artillery, bombers, and many other military units. Each turn, each unit may move around and/or perform an action, such as attacking or capturing a property. Certain actions, such as capturing, diving, or loading may only be performed at certain instances throughout the game.

The original Famicom Wars game consists of two armies, Red Star (which became Orange Star in later international versions, possibly to avoid associations with Communism) and Blue Moon fighting over square grid-based maps. The two armies could either be controlled by human players, or a human player could play against an AI opponent. The original Game Boy Wars games featured a system similar to Famicom Wars, except the grid was changed so that the grid squares acted more like hexagons; each square is adjacent to six other squares, instead of four. Game Boy Wars also features a different opposing army called White Moon. Otherwise, the rules remain identical, and only in Game Boy Wars 3 were unit levels and a new resource introduced. Super Famicom Wars, the sequel to Famicom Wars, introduced Yellow Comet and Green Earth, bringing the number of armies playable at once to four. It returned to the basic square grid-based map style of the original game.

The Advance Wars games introduced several new elements. The most notable is that COs now have special abilities called CO Powers that can affect the battle in different ways, giving the CO a temporary advantage over the other COs, such as providing allied units with increased firepower or causing damage to opposing units. Black Hole Rising introduced Super CO Powers, and Dual Strike introduced Tag CO Powers. Conditions such as fog of war, rain, and snow affect the abilities of units to reveal the map and move around. Days of Ruin removed many of the features added to previous Advance Wars games, greatly weakening CO Powers and reintroducing a unit level system.

Multiplayer
Multiplayer mode is an important part of the Nintendo Wars series. This allows players to compete against friends, each choosing a Commanding Officer to play and country to represent. The Advance Wars series of games, along with the far lesser known Game Boy Wars 3, include map editors, giving them increased replayability. In the original Famicom Wars, two players were allowed to play; in Game Boy Wars, players could play hotseat multiplayer games. Currently the only release to lack hotseat multiplayer is Game Boy Wars Turbo. The Advance Wars series on the Game Boy Advance allowed link-play using link cables. Online multiplayer was originally planned for Dual Strike, but was only later implemented in Days of Ruin. Battalion Wars 2 introduced online multiplayer over the Wii's Wi-Fi connection. The game had 3 modes and 16 maps to play on. The multiplayer section was well-received but was criticized for not supporting voice chat.

title: Wars (series)


text:
List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga

This is a list of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga, located in present-day Burkina Faso.

List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga
Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.


text: Talk:Ghost Dad

title: Talk:Ghost Dad