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R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz

René Adolphe Schwaller de Lubicz (December 30, 1887 – December 7, 1961), born René Adolphe Schwaller in Alsace-Lorraine, was a French Egyptologist and mystic who popularized the idea of sacred geometry in ancient Egypt during his study of the art and architecture of the Temple of Luxor in Egypt, and his subsequent book The Temple In Man.

Early life
René Schwaller left home at the age of eighteen after having completed an apprenticeship with his father in pharmaceutical chemistry. Moving to Paris from Alsace to study modern chemistry and physics, he developed an interest in Alchemy, reading every alchemical text he could find including those by Paracelsus and Ramon Llull. He also developed an interest in painting and became the student of Matisse.

He was given the title "de Lubicz" in 1919 by the Lithuanian writer, mystic and diplomat Oscar Vladislas de Lubicz Milosz.

He also wrote under the mystical name 'Aor', signifying "Light of the Higher Mind".

He may have become a student of Theosophy and Syncretism, as those two concepts are extensively tackled in his books.

Les Veilleurs
Schwaller de Lubicz was the founder in 1919, with other members of the Theosophical Society, of the esoteric right-wing French group called Affranchis, that published a journal L'Affranchi-Hiérarchie, Fraternité, Liberté, a monthly journal of art and philosophy, dealing with a spiritual and social renewal within the framework of a mystical political philosophy. Its president was René Bruyez. On 23 July 1919 the group dissolved and another group was formed in its place: Les Veilleurs ("the Vigilants"), to which (at least according to the historian Pierre Mariel) the young Rudolf Hess belonged. Its uniform consisted of a dark shirt, high-boots and riding-breeches, akin to the Sturmabteilung.

Les Veilleurs delivered its manifesto in December 1919, its politics conveyed through a series of letters called "Appeals" and signed by its members. The letter signed by "Aor" was addressed "To the Jews", where he advised all Jews to "go back home". The first issue of its journal, Veilleur, contained an anonymous antisemitic article that first appeared in a Masonic journal from 1898.

The artist André Vanden Broeck in his memoirs and biography of Schwaller de Lubicz described him as antisemitic, and Joscelyn Godwin commented "Schwaller de Lubicz was not sufficiently vindictive to persist in the course of action followed by Hess and Hitler, but nor was he sufficiently humane, it would seem, to regret his contribution to the currents of the time."

In his biography of Schwaller de Lubicz, La Vie et l'œuvre de Rene Schwaller de Lubicz, Érik Sablé writes, "The feigned Nazi connections of de Lubicz, some purportedly claim, are spurious, unfounded, and totally without merit; which only exposes the shallow nature of those authors who succumb to the victor’s stories."

Suhalia
During the 1920s with his wife Isha, Schwaller de Lubicz established in Switzerland the Station Scientifique Suhalia, a research centre consisting of "laboratories for physics, chemistry, micro-photography and the manufacture of homeopathic tinctures was set up, along with an astronomical observatory, a machine shop, workshops for woodworking, blacksmithing, printing, weaving, rugmaking and glassmaking and a theater." While there, Schwaller de Lubicz brought to a total whole his philosophical vision and in 1926 published his book L'Appel du Feu, where his "inspiration and higher intelligence is personified as 'Aor' (Hebrew for 'intellectual light')." Suhalia became the location where he began to "elaborate his philosophy of the evolution of consciousness."

In Suhalia, between 1926 and 1927 Schwaller created an Egyptian Tarot Game consisting of 25 cards (originally in black and white), partly copied and partly inspired by Egyptian gods paintings. The Italian painter and musician Elmiro Celli and Lucie Lamy, daughter of Isha, are supposed to have contributed to the realization of this "game of life"; but the active participation of Isha in planning is not to be excluded, being a passionate Egyptologist and scholar of comparative religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism).

Egypt
Schwaller de Lubicz lived in Egypt for twelve years, studying the temples of Thebes in detail. He, with the French Egypologist Alexandre Varille, developed the symbolist approach to ancient Egypt. He argued that Egyptian temples were used for mystical initiations, and that their design incorporated symbolism expressing a belief system that combined religion, philosophy, art, and science. He believed, for instance, that the Egyptians were aware of astronomical concepts like axial precession, which was reflected in their religious beliefs. He linked the astrological age of Gemini with the development of the dualistic themes in Egyptian religion, the age of Taurus with the bull god Apis, and the age of Aries with the god Amun, who was depicted as a ram. He also argued that the human form was the basis for ancient Egyptian architecture, and he equated parts of the temples with parts of the human body. His three-volume work The Temple in Man includes a drawing that compares the plan of Luxor Temple to the shape of a human skeleton. Lynn Picknett and Clive Prince argue that these ideas were influenced by Schwaller de Lubicz's existing beliefs, such as Syncretism and Theosophy. Like many other esotericist figures, he believed that Egyptian civilization dated back much farther than conventional Egyptian chronology allows.

Mainstream Egyptologists have largely ignored his claims or viewed them with hostility, although Erik Hornung points out that his survey of Luxor Temple contains information useful to anyone studying the temple today. He is an influential figure among the advocates of theories about ancient Egypt that challenge the conclusions of mainstream Egyptology—theories that are sometimes labeled "alternative Egyptology". Many adherents of George Gurdjieff's Fourth Way find parallels in Schwaller de Lubicz's writings, and he has been an inspiration to authors like John Anthony West, whose claims about the great age of the Great Sphinx of Giza are inspired by those of Schwaller de Lubicz, and Naomi Ozaniec.

Works

 * Études sur les Nombres (Aor publications, 1917). English translation titled A Study of Numbers: A Guide To The constant creation of The Universe (Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International, 1986). ISBN 0-89281-112-9
 * L'appel du feu (Saint-Moritz: "Montalia", 1926). Facsimile reprint, Deuil-la-Barre: MCOR-la Table d'émeraude, 2002. ISBN 2-914946-00-7
 * Adam l'homme rouge: ou les elements d'une gnose pour le mariage parfait (Montalia's Editions,St.-Moritz, 1926). Reprint Slatkine Editions,Geneva, 2014,with an introduction from Emmanuel Dufour-Kowalski as a contribution to schwallerian's studies, ISBN 978-2-05-102608-6
 * Le Temple dans l'homme (Le Caire, Impr. de Schindler, 1949). English translation titled The Temple In Man: The Secrets of Ancient Egypt (Brookline: Autumn Press, 1977). ISBN 0-394-42079-9. Published in 1981 by Inner Traditions titled The Temple In Man: Sacred Architecture and The Perfect Man. ISBN 0-89281-021-1.
 * Du symbol et de la symbolique (published privately in 1951. Paris: Dervy, 1978). English translation titled Symbol And The Symbolic: Egypt, Science, and The Evolution of Consciousness (Brookline, Massachusetts: Autumn Press, 1978). ISBN 0-394-73513-7
 * Le Temple de l'homme, Apet du Sud à Louqsor (Paris: Caractères, 1957). English translation titled The Temple of Man: Apet of The South at Luxor (Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions, 1998). ISBN 0-89281-570-1
 * Propos Sur Ésotérisme et Symbole (Paris: La Colombe, 1960).
 * Le Roi de la Théocratie Pharaonique (Paris: Flammarion, 1961, originally published privately in 1958). English translation titled Sacred Science: The King of Pharaonic Theocracy (New York: Inner Traditions International, 1982). ISBN 0-89281-007-6
 * Le Miracle Égyptien, présenté par Isha Schwaller de Lubicz (Paris: Flammarion, 1963). English translation titled The Egyptian Miracle: An Introduction To The Wisdom of The Temple (New York: Inner Traditions International, 1985). ISBN 0-89281-008-4
 * Les Temples de Karnak: contribution à l’étude de la Pensée Pharaonique (Paris: Dervy-Livres, 1982). ISBN 2-85076-153-2. English translation titled The Temples of Karnak (London: Thames & Hudson, 1999). ISBN 0-500-01923-1
 * Nature Word (The Lindisfarne Press, 1982). ISBN 0-940262-00-2. Originally published titled Verbe Nature contained in Isha Schwaller de Lubicz, “Aor”: R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz. Sa vie. Son œuvre. (La Colombe, Éditions du Vieux Colombier, Paris, 1963).

Using the name Aor

 * La Doctrine: trois conférences faites à Suhalia, Noël 1926 (l'éditions de St Moritz, Officina Montalia, 1927). Facsimile reprint, Paris: Axis Mundi, 1988. ISBN 2-905967-03-X.

title: R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz


text:
List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom (1984–1989)

1987

 * 5 March: Midlands West - John Bird (Lab), replacing Terry Pitt who died 3 October 1986

1988

 * 15 December: Hampshire Central - Edward Kellett-Bowman (Con), replacing Basil de Ferranti who died 24 September 1988

Change of Group

 * John Taylor (UUP) left the European Democrats on 20 January 1987 and joined the European Right group.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Ansaldo (car)

The Ansaldo was an Italian automobile manufactured by the armaments concern Gio. Ansaldo & C. from 1921 to 1931 based in Torino. The company entered car manufacture with an OHC 1847 cc inline-four engine model which could develop 36 bhp at 3600 rpm. A sports version with 1981 cc engine was offered, as was a six-cylinder version of 1991 cc; later six-cylinders were offered with engines of 2179 cc.

Among the company's last cars was an OHV straight-8 of 3532 cc. Ansaldos were generally of good quality and modern design, and competed in many races. When Wikov began manufacture in Czechoslovakia in 1928, they built the 1453 cc Ansaldo Tipo 10.

In 1928 the company manufactured their first commercial chassis for omnibus and ambulance with front engine rear axle configuration powered by a two liter petrol inline four engine producing 35hp of power. Supporting was a four speed manual transmission which helped the vehicle achieve 38mph and with a 63 liter fuel tank capacity. Next year the manufacturer also started to manufacture commercial taxi cars which were not much different than their standard parts.

title: Ansaldo (car)


text:
Provel cheese

Provel is a white processed cheese prominent in St. Louis cuisine. A combination of cheddar, Swiss, and provolone,  Provel has a low melting point and a gooey texture and buttery flavor.

Provel cheese is the traditional topping for St. Louis–style pizza. It is also used in pasta sauces, cheese soup, salads, and sandwiches such as the Gerber sandwich.

Provel is rarely used or sold outside of St. Louis. Provel can be purchased at St. Louis-area grocery stores such as Schnucks or Dierbergs Markets, and Hy-Vee grocery stores across the Midwest.

History
Provel was purportedly invented for St. Louis–style pizza in the 1940s by Costa Grocery (now Roma Grocery on the Hill), in collaboration with Hoffman Dairy of Wisconsin (now part of Kraft Foods), according to St. Louis Post-Dispatch food writer Joe Bonwich. Provel was developed to meet demand for a pizza cheese with a clean bite, melting well while breaking off nicely when cut or bitten.

Neither Kraft Foods nor Roma Grocery has a definitive answer for the origin of the name, although one popular theory is that it is a portmanteau of the words provolone and mozzarella, two of the cheeses for which it is substituted.

The Provel name trademark, was first used in 1947 and held by the Churny Company, Inc. of Glenview, Illinois. Churny later became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kraft Foods after it was closed in 2012.

title: Provel cheese


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Gorkha National Liberation Front

Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) is a political party in the Darjeeling District of West Bengal, India. It was formed in 1980 by Subhash Ghisingh with the objective of demanding a Gorkhaland state within India.

Early history
Part of the desire for independence stems from the notion that the Gurkhas are ethnically and culturally diverse from the rest of the population of West Bengal due to their roots within Gorkhali history. R. B. Rai describes the Darjeeling region as "social, political, and symbolic center" for all Indian Gorkhas, leading the movement to include the Nepali Language in the Indian constitution. Other ethnic identities in the region such as the Lepchas,  the indigenous population of the area, and the Bhutias are looked at by Gorkhas as holding minority status. Language is one of the main distinguishing factors between Gorkhas and others in the Darjeeling district as out of a total of around one million people living in the hills of Darjeeling, 90 percent speak Nepali. It is also important to note that the Nepali spoken in the Darjeeling district is distinct from that spoken outside of the Darjeeling region as it emerged as a combination of several different “kura” or “Gorkhali” dialects. The British went even further in helping establish Gorkhas as a distinct ethnic identity as they institutionalized their racial classification through military policy. Over time this led to an even stronger sense of ethnic identity. A sense of otherness for Indian born Nepali speakers may also have been a strong contributing factor for some in their motivation to  gain independence from India. Indian born Nepali speakers were not considered Nepalis by other Nepali speakers, but were also looked at as foreigners by Indians. Some members of the Indian government such as ex-Prime Minister Morarji Desai who stated that if Indians wanted to speak Nepali that they should “Go to Nepal” clearly share this stance on the Nepali language. The tie between ethnic heritage and the Gorkha National Liberation Front is clearly represented in the flag’s use of the traditional sword of the Gorkha’s, the Kukri.

A contributing factor to the push for an independent Gorkhaland beyond ethnic identity was an economic downturn brought on by corruption and mismanagement of resources in the Darjeeling region by the Indian government during post colonial rule. Although the region was recognized as having several valuable resources such as tea, lumber and tourism, misappropriation led to long periods of economic hardship. These circumstances of economic uncertainty mixed with ethnic identity conflicts made the region a potential site for unrest. Other political parties have also supported actions or conflicts by Gorkhaland movement members like the GNLF, such as the Kamtapur Progressive Party. The instability also leads to uncertainty pertaining to potential conflict between people living in the Hills and people living in the Plains. This uncertainty is especially relevant when considering the differences in language and ethic orientation in those separate spaces.

During the 1980s, the GNLF led an intensive and often violent campaign for the creation of a separate Gorkhaland state in the Nepali-speaking areas of northern West Bengal (Darjeeling, Dooars and Terai). The movement reached its peak around 1985–1986. On 22 August 1988, the GNLF, under Subhash Ghisingh, signed the Darjeeling Hill Accord, which created the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) in exchange for the GNLF giving up its demand for Gorkhaland.

State assembly
GNLF boycotted the West Bengal state assembly elections in 1991. In the assembly elections in 1996, 2001, and 2006, GNLF won three assembly seats, one each from Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong.

Lok Sabha
In 1989, GNLF candidate Inderjeet Khuller, a former journalist covering the Gorkhaland agitation and a close friend of Subhash Ghisingh, won the Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency) elections. GNLF supported Inderjeet as the Indian National Congress candidate in 1991, who won the Lok Sabha elections riding on GNLF support. GNLF boycotted the Lok Sabha elections in 1996, 1998, and 1999, which were won by CPI(M) candidates. Ahead of the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, the GNLF supported the Congress party candidate Dawa Narbula, who won with a big margin from the Darjeeling constituency. In the 2009 elections, GNLF was out of power in the hills and did not field any candidate or support any party and the Lok Sabha seat was won by Jaswant Singh of BJP with the support from GJMM.

Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council
The GNLF administered the DGHC with Subhash Ghisingh as the chairman of the council from 1988 to 2004 for three successive terms. Subhash Ghisingh was appointed the sole caretaker of the DGHC from 2005 to 2008 as no election for the DGHC was held.

Sixth Schedule
A Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) was signed between the Central Government, the State Government and the GNLF for the establishment of a Sixth Schedule tribal council called the Gorkha Hill Council in the DGHC area on 6 December 2005. After some initial support, there was widespread opposition to the Sixth Schedule council, led by leaders like Madan Tamang of ABGL.

Downfall
The DGHC elections were due in 2004. However, the government decided not to hold elections and instead made Subhash Ghisingh the sole caretaker of the DGHC till the Sixth Schedule council was established. Resentment among the former councillors of DGHC grew rapidly. Among them, Bimal Gurung, once the trusted aide of Ghising, decided to break away from the GNLF. Riding on a mass support for Prashant Tamang, an Indian Idol contestant from Darjeeling, Bimal quickly capitalised on the public support he received for supporting Prashant, and was able to overthrow Ghisingh from the seat of power. Ghising decided to shift residence to Jalpaiguri and GNLF lost most of its support and cadres to Gorkha Janmukti Morcha, a new party headed by Bimal Gurung.

West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections 2011
After lying in political hibernation for three years, GNLF chief Subhash Ghisingh announced that his party would contest the West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections in 2011. Subhash Ghisingh returned to Darjeeling on 8 April 2011 ahead of the assembly elections after three years of "exile". All the three GNLF candidates, Bhim Subba from Darjeeling, Prakash Dahal from Kalimpong and Pemu Chettri from Kurseong lost the elections held on 18 April 2011.

Splinter group
Gorkha National Liberation Front (C.K. Pradhan) or GNLF(C) is a splinter group of Gorkha National Liberation Front in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India. GNLF(C) was formed in 2002 after the murder of GNLF leader C.K. Pradhan.

Pradhan's widow Sheila Pradhan claimed that he was killed by GNLF since he was about to break away from the main party. After the assassination, Sheila and others floated GNLF(C). The party is led by (Retd) Col. D.K. Pradhan of Kalimpong who is C.K. Pradhan's brother. GNLF(C) was a member of the Democratic Front, an alliance of parties such as CPRM and ABGL in the Darjeeling area. It a member of the Gorkhaland Task Force, an alliance of political parties and social organisations formed to demand a separate state of Gorkhaland.

title: Gorkha National Liberation Front


text:
Ansbach (automobile)

The Ansbach was a German automobile manufactured from 1910 to 1913 by the forerunner of Faun, a company known for its trucks and buses. The 1559 cc, four-cylinder 14 hp Ansbach touring car was known as the Kautz.

title: Ansbach (automobile)


text:
Berar Province

Berar Province, also known as the Hyderabad Assigned Districts, was a province of Hyderabad. After 1853, it was administered by the British, although the Nizam retained formal sovereignty over the province. Azam Jah, the eldest son of the 7th Nizam, held the title of Mirza-Baig ("Prince") of Berar.

In 1881, the population of Berar was 2,672,673. The total area of the territory was 29340 km2.

After 1 October 1903, the administration of the province was placed under the Commissioner-General for the Central Provinces, as the Berar Division. In 1936, the territory was renamed as the Central Provinces and Berar, and its legislative assembly was established.

The successor to Berar, with changed boundaries, is Amravati Division in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.

Background
Before the Mughal occupation, Berar was a part of the Nizam Shahi Sultanate of Ahmadnagar. It was ceded to Emperor Akbar by Chand Bibi in 1596, who was unable to stand against the imperial forces led by Prince Mirza Murad. After this initial victory, Prince Mirza Murad settled in Berar, with Balapur as his headquarters. Near Balapur, he founded a new city named Shahpur and constructed a beautiful palace for himself. As his relationship was deteriorating with Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, the commander of the army, Akbar recalled Khan-i-Khanan and sent his trusted friend Abul Fazl to help him. Mirza Murad died in 1598. After his death, Mirza Daniyal was given the charge as governor of Berar, Ahmadnagar, and Khandesh, and Khan-i-Khanan was sent along with Mirza Daniyal. Akbar died in 1605.

In 1611, the southern provinces of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Khandesh defied Mughal sovereignty under Malik Ambar. Jahangir sent Man Singh and others to crush the revolt. Man Singh died a natural death on 6 July 1614 at Ellichpur. During Jahangir's rule, Malik Ambar, till his death in 1626, recovered a substantial part of the Deccan from the Mughals including Berar. In 1628, the first year of the reign of Shah Jahan (Mirza Khurram), Berar again came under the Mughal sway.

In 1636, the Mughal possessions in Dakhin (Deccan) were divided into 4 Subahs. Berar Subah was one of them, with Ellichpur as its capital, and Gavilgad as its main fort. Aurangzeb was appointed Viceroy of the four Deccan Subahs for the first time, and he occupied the post for eight years (till 1644). He was again appointed viceroy for the second time in 1653, and he remained in that post till 1657.During Aurangzeb's reign, Mirza Azam was appointed at Berar, and then Amir Qamaruddin Nizam (I) became the Viceroy of Berar. Berar was successively overrun by the Mughals after the Mughals appointed the Maratha Senapati Sawai Shri Shriman Santaji Bhonsle Seena Sahib-e-Subah because Santaji was the father-in-law of Mirza Bedarbakht, son of Mirza Azam, and grandson of Aurangzeb.

In 1720, Maratha Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath had the right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi from Berar.

Nizam and Maratha period
In 1724, the Nizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah established the independent line of the Nizams of Hyderabad, and thenceforth the latter claimed to be de jure sovereigns of Berar, with exception of certain districts (Mehkar, Pusad, etc.) ceded to the Maratha Peshwa in 1760 and 1795. The claim was contested by the Maratha Bhonsla rajas of Nagpur, and for more than half a century the country was devastated by wars between the two.

This condition of things was ended by Wellesley's victories at Assaye and Argaon (1803), which forced the Bhonsla raja to cede his territories south of Gawilgarh and Narnala Fort and east of the Wardha River. The forts of Gavilgad and Narnala remained subject to the Bhosale raja of Nagpur.

By the partition treaty of Hyderabad (1804) between Nizam and the British, these ceded territories in Berar were transferred in perpetual sovereignty to the Nizam, together with some tracts about Sindkhed and Jalna, which had been held by Sindhia. The treaty of 1822 extinguished Maratha's right to levy tribute (chauth), the Wardha River was fixed as the eastern boundary of Berar, the Melghat and adjoining districts in the plains being assigned to the Nizam, in exchange for the districts east of the Wardha held by the Peshwa.

When Berar was no longer protected by its Maratha taskmasters, it remained long prey to the turbulent elements let loose by the sudden cessation of the wars. From time to time bands of soldiers, whom the government was powerless to control, scoured the country, and rebellion upon rebellion till 1859, when the last fight against open rebels took place at Chichamba near Risod.

British Raj
At last, the British government intervened, and in 1853, a new treaty was signed with the Nizam, under which the Hyderabad contingent was to be maintained by the British government, while the pay of this force and in satisfaction of other claims, certain districts were assigned to the British East India Company. It was these "Hyderabad Assigned Districts" that were popularly supposed to form the province of Berar. In 1860, by a new treaty modified in Nizam's favour of 1853, it was agreed that Berar should be held in trust by the British government for the purposes specified in the treaty of 1853.

After 1865, the American Civil War gave an immense stimulus to Berar's cotton trade, as did the laying of a railway line across the province.

Building Berar's prosperity on cotton, however, came with a price. During the famine of 1900, for example, nearly 8.5% of the population died, "with the greatest number of deaths", according to the historian Sven Beckert, "occurring in districts most specialized in cotton production".

Through an agreement signed on 5 November 1902, 6th Nizam Nawab Mir Mahbub Ali Khan leased Berar permanently to the British against an annual payment of 25 lakhs Rupees. Lord Curzon decided to merge Berar with the Central Provinces, and this was proclaimed on 17 September 1903. Thus the Central Provinces and Berar was born by a Residency Order, dated 30 September 1903, and the administration of Berar was placed under the Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces.

On 1 October 1903, Berar was placed under the administration of the British Commissioner–General of the Central Provinces. In 1936, with the establishment of the legislative assembly of the "Central Provinces and Berar", the territory was renamed as the Central Provinces and Berar. Berar became known as Berar Division.

Administration
In 1853, after the administration of the province was assigned to the British East India Company by the Nizam following a treaty, it was divided into two districts, South Berar with its headquarters at Hingoli, and North Berar with its headquarters at Buldana. Both were placed under a deputy commissioner. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Hingoli and its adjoining areas were restored to the Nizam and the province was reconstituted into two districts, East Berar with its headquarters at Amraoti, and West Berar with its headquarters at Akola.

In 1864, East Berar was divided into two districts: Amraoti and Southeast Berar (which was first renamed as Wun district and then in 1905, Yeotmal district), with headquarters at Yeotmal. In 1867, Ellichpur District was also carved out of Amraoti. In 1864, the talukas of Malkapur, Chikhli, and Mehkar were separated from the West Berar District, and a new district, Southwest Berar District, was formed, which was renamed Mehkar District in 1865. In 1867, Buldana was selected as the district's headquarters, and later the district was renamed as Buldana district. In 1868, Basim district was formed.

Berar consisted of one Division with a Commissioner and six districts viz. Amraoti, Ellichpur, Wun, Akola, Buldana, and Basim in 1905. It was rearranged into four Amraoti, Yeotmal, Akola, and Buldana districts. In 1869, municipal administrations were introduced at Amraoti, Akola, Ellichpur, Basim, Yavatmal, and Khamgaon. Later, Shegaon (1881), Akot (1884), and by 1904, four more, became municipal towns.

Officers of Berar Province

 * Commissioner - Lt. Col W Hastings
 * Deputy Commissioner - A Godwin-Austen
 * Judicial Commissioner - J K Batten
 * Civil and Sessions Judge - F W A Prideaux

title: Berar Province


text:
Creational pattern

In software engineering, creational design patterns are design patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner suitable to the situation. The basic form of object creation could result in design problems or in added complexity to the design due to inflexibility in the creation procedures. Creational design patterns solve this problem by somehow controlling this object creation.

Overview
Creational design patterns are composed of two dominant ideas. One is encapsulating knowledge about which concrete classes the system uses. Another is hiding how instances of these concrete classes are created and combined.

Creational design patterns are further categorized into object-creational patterns and class-creational patterns, where object-creational patterns deal with object creation and class-creational patterns deal with class-instantiation. In greater details, object-creational patterns defer part of its object creation to another object, while class-creational patterns defer its object creation to subclasses.

Five well-known design patterns that are parts of creational patterns are the
 * abstract factory pattern, which provides an interface for creating related or dependent objects without specifying the objects' concrete classes.
 * builder pattern, which separates the construction of a complex object from its representation so that the same construction process can create different representations.
 * factory method pattern, which allows a class to defer instantiation to subclasses.
 * prototype pattern, which specifies the kind of object to create using a prototypical instance, and creates new objects by cloning this prototype.
 * singleton pattern, which ensures that a class only has one instance, and provides a global point of access to it.

Definition
The creational patterns aim to separate a system from how its objects are created, composed, and represented. They increase the system's flexibility in terms of the what, who, how, and when of object creation.

Usage
As modern software engineering depends more on object composition than class inheritance, emphasis shifts away from hard-coding behaviors toward defining a smaller set of basic behaviors that can be composed into more complex ones. Hard-coding behaviors are inflexible because they require overriding or re-implementing the whole thing in order to change parts of the design. Additionally, hard-coding does not promote reuse and makes it difficult to keep track of errors. For these reasons, creational patterns are more useful than hard-coding behaviors. Creational patterns make design become more flexible. They provide different ways to remove explicit references in the concrete classes from the code that needs to instantiate them. In other words, they create independency for objects and classes.

Consider applying creational patterns when:
 * A system should be independent of how its objects and products are created.
 * A set of related objects is designed to be used together.
 * Hiding the implementations of a class library or product, revealing only their interfaces.
 * Constructing different representation of independent complex objects.
 * A class wants its subclass to implement the object it creates.
 * The class instantiations are specified at run-time.
 * There must be a single instance and client can access this instance at all times.
 * Instance should be extensible without being modified.

Structure
Below is a simple class diagram that most creational patterns have in common. Note that different creational patterns require additional and different participated classes.

Participants:
 * Creator: Declares object interface. Returns object.
 * ConcreteCreator: Implements object's interface.

Examples
Some examples of creational design patterns include:

 * Abstract Factory pattern: a class requests the objects it requires from a factory object instead of creating the objects directly
 * Factory method pattern: centralize creation of an object of a specific type choosing one of several implementations
 * Builder pattern: separate the construction of a complex object from its representation so that the same construction process can create different representations
 * Dependency Injection pattern: a class accepts the objects it requires from an injector instead of creating the objects directly
 * Lazy initialization pattern: tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed
 * Object pool pattern: avoid expensive acquisition and release of resources by recycling objects that are no longer in use
 * Prototype pattern: used when the type of objects to create is determined by a prototypical instance, which is cloned to produce new objects
 * Singleton pattern: restrict instantiation of a class to one object

title: Creational pattern


text:
Forward osmosis

Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that, like reverse osmosis (RO), uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a "draw" solution of high concentration (relative to that of the feed solution), is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution, thus effectively separating the feed water from its solutes. In contrast, the reverse osmosis process uses hydraulic pressure as the driving force for separation, which serves to counteract the osmotic pressure gradient that would otherwise favor water flux from the permeate to the feed. Hence significantly more energy is required for reverse osmosis compared to forward osmosis.

The simplest equation describing the relationship between osmotic and hydraulic pressures and water (solvent) flux is:

$J_w = A \left(\Delta \pi - \Delta P \right)$

where $$J_w$$ is water flux, A is the hydraulic permeability of the membrane, Δπ is the difference in osmotic pressures on the two sides of the membrane, and ΔP is the difference in hydrostatic pressure (negative values of $$J_w$$ indicating reverse osmotic flow). The modeling of these relationships is in practice more complex than this equation indicates, with flux depending on the membrane, feed, and draw solution characteristics, as well as the fluid dynamics within the process itself.

Tsolute flux ($$J_s$$) for each individual solute can be modelled by Fick's Law

$J_s = B \Delta c $

Where $$B$$ is the solute permeability coefficient and $$\Delta c$$ is the trans-membrane concentration differential for the solute. It is clear from this governing equation that a solute will diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration if solutes can diffuse across a membrane. This is well known in reverse osmosis where solutes from the feedwater diffuse to the product water, however in the case of forward osmosis the situation can be far more complicated.

In FO processes we may have solute diffusion in both directions depending on the composition of the draw solution, type of membrane used and feed water characteristics. Reverse solute flux ($$J_s$$) does two things; the draw solution solutes may diffuse to the feed solution and the feed solution solutes may diffuse to the draw solution. Clearly these phenomena have consequences in terms of the selection of the draw solution for any particular FO process. For instance the loss of draw solution may affect the feed solution perhaps due to environmental issues or contamination of the feed stream, such as in osmotic membrane bioreactors.

An additional distinction between the reverse osmosis (RO) and forward osmosis (FO) processes is that the permeate water resulting from an RO process is in most cases fresh water ready for use. In FO, an additional process is required to separate fresh water from a diluted draw solution. Types of processes used are reverse osmosis, solvent extraction, magnetic and thermolytic. Depending on the concentration of solutes in the feed (which dictates the necessary concentration of solutes in the draw) and the intended use of the product of the FO process, the addition of a separation step may not be required. The membrane separation of the FO process in effect results in a "trade" between the solutes of the feed solution and the draw solution.

The forward osmosis process is also known as osmosis or in the case of a number of companies who have coined their own terminology 'engineered osmosis' and 'manipulated osmosis'.

Emergency drinks
One example of an application of this type may be found in "hydration bags", which use an ingestible draw solute and are intended for separation of water from dilute feeds. This allows, for example, the ingestion of water from surface waters (streams, ponds, puddles, etc.) that may be expected to contain pathogens or toxins that are readily rejected by the FO membrane. With sufficient contact time, such water will permeate the membrane bag into the draw solution, leaving the undesirable feed constituents behind. The diluted draw solution may then be ingested directly. Typically, the draw solutes are sugars such as glucose or fructose, which provide the additional benefit of nutrition to the user of the FO device. A point of additional interest with such bags is that they may be readily used to recycle urine, greatly extending the ability of a backpacker or soldier to survive in arid environments. This process may also, in principle, be employed with highly concentrated saline feedwater sources such as seawater, as one of the first intended uses of FO with ingestible solutes was for survival in life rafts at sea.

Desalination
Desalinated water can be produced from the diluted draw / osmotic agent solution, using a second process. This may be by membrane separation, thermal method, physical separation or a combination of these processes. The process has the feature of inherently low fouling because of the forward osmosis first step, unlike conventional reverse osmosis desalination plants where fouling is often a problem. Modern Water has deployed forward osmosis based desalination plants in Gibraltar and Oman. In March 2010, National Geographic magazine cited forward osmosis as one of three technologies that promised to reduce the energy requirements of desalination.

Evaporative cooling tower – make-up water
One other application developed, where only the forward osmosis step is used, is in evaporative cooling make-up water. In this case the cooling water is the draw solution and the water lost by evaporation is simply replaced using water produced by forward osmosis from a suitable source, such as seawater, brackish water, treated sewage effluent or industrial waste water. Thus in comparison with other ‘desalination’ processes that may be used for make-up water the energy consumption is a fraction of these with the added advantage of the low fouling propensity of a forward osmosis process.

Landfill leachate treatment
In the case where the desired product is fresh water that does not contain draw solutes, a second separation step is required. The first separation step of FO, driven by an osmotic pressure gradient, does not require a significant energy input (only unpressurized stirring or pumping of the solutions involved). The second separation step, however does typically require energy input. One method used for the second separation step is to employ RO. This approach has been used, for instance, in the treatment of landfill leachate. An FO membrane separation is used to draw water from the leachate feed into a saline (NaCl) brine. The diluted brine is then passed through a RO process to produce fresh water and a reusable brine concentrate. The advantage of this method is not a savings in energy, but rather in the fact that the FO process is more resistant to fouling from the leachate feed than a RO process alone would be. A similar FO/RO hybrid has been used for the concentration of food products, such as fruit juice.

Brine concentration
Brine concentration using forward osmosis may be achieved using a high osmotic pressure draw solution with a means to recover and regenerate it. One such process uses the ammonia-carbon dioxide (NH3/CO2) forward osmosis process invented at Yale University by Rob McGinnis, who subsequently founded Oasys Water to commercialize the technology. Because ammonia and carbon dioxide readily dissociate into gases using heat, the draw solutes can effectively be recovered and reused in a closed loop system, achieving separation through the conversion between thermal energy and osmotic pressure. NH3/CO2 FO brine concentration was initially demonstrated in the oil and gas industry to treat produced water in the Permian Basin area of Texas, and is currently being used in power and manufacturing plants in China.

Feed water 'softening' / pre-treatment for thermal desalination
One unexploited application is to 'soften' or pre-treat the feedwater to multi stage flash (MSF) or multiple effect distillation (MED) plants by osmotically diluting the recirculating brine with the cooling water. This reduces the concentrations of scale forming calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate compared to the normal process, thus allowing an increase in top brine temperature (TBT), output and gained output ratio (GOR). Darwish et al. showed that the TBT could be raised from 110 °C to 135 °C whilst maintaining the same scaling index for calcium sulphate.

Food Processing
Although osmotic treatment of food products (e.g., preserved fruits and meats) is very common in the food industry, FO treatment for concentration of beverages and liquid foods has been studied at laboratory-scale only. FO has several advantages as a process for concentrating beverages and liquid foods, including operation at low temperatures and low pressures that promote high retention of sensory (e.g., taste, aroma, color) and nutritional (e.g., vitamin) value, high rejection, and potentially low membrane fouling compared to pressure-driven membrane processes.

Osmotic power
In 1954 Pattle suggested that there was an untapped source of power when a river mixes with the sea, in terms of the lost osmotic pressure, however it was not until the mid ‘70s where a practical method of exploiting it using selectively permeable membranes by Loeb and independently by Jellinek was outlined. This process was referred by Loeb as pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and one simplistic implementation is shown opposite. Some situations that may be envisaged to exploit it are using the differential osmotic pressure between a low brackish river flowing into the sea, or brine and seawater. The worldwide theoretical potential for osmotic power has been estimated at 1,650 TWh / year. In more recent times a significant amount of research and development work has been undertaken and funded by Statkraft, the Norwegian state energy company. A prototype plant was built in Norway generating a gross output between 2 – 4 kW; see Statkraft osmotic power prototype in Hurum. A much larger plant with an output of 1 – 2 MW at Sunndalsøra, 400 km north of Oslo was considered but was subsequently dropped. The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO) in Japan is funding work on osmotic power.

Advantages
Forward osmosis (FO) has many positive aspects in the treating of industrial effluents containing many different kinds of contaminants and also in the treating of salty waters. When these draw effluents have moderate to low concentrations of removable agents, the FO membranes are really efficient and have the flexibility of adapting the membrane depending on the quality desired for the product water. FO systems are also really useful when using them combined with other kinds of treatment systems as they compensate the deficiencies that the other systems may have. This is also helpful in processes where the recovery of a certain product is essential to minimize costs or to improve efficiency such as biogas production processes.

Disadvantages
The main disadvantage of the FO processes is the high fouling factor that they may experience. This occurs when treating a high saturated draw effluent, resulting in the membrane getting obtruded and no longer making its function. This implies that the process has to be stopped and the membrane cleaned. This issue happens less in other kind of membrane treatments as they have artificial pressure forcing to trespass the membrane reducing the fouling effect. Also there's an issue with the yet to be developed membranes technology. This affects to the FO processes as the membranes used are expensive and not highly efficient or ideal for the desired function. This means that many times other cheaper and simpler systems are used rather than membranes.

Industrial market and future
Currently the industry uses few FO membranes processes (and membranes technologies in general) as they're complex processes which are also expensive and require a lot of cleaning procedures and that sometimes only work under certain conditions that in industry can't always be ensured. For that reason the focus for the future in membranes is to improve the technology so it's more flexible and suitable for general industrial usage. This will be done by investing in research and by slowly getting these developments into the market so the production cost is lowered as more membranes are produced. Keeping with the current development it can be ensured that in few years from now, membranes will be spread-used in many different industrial processes (not only water treatments) and that there will appear many fields where FO processes can be used.

Research
An area of current research in FO involves direct removal of draw solutes, in this case by means of a magnetic field. Small (nanoscale) magnetic particles are suspended in solution creating osmotic pressures sufficient for the separation of water from a dilute feed. Once the draw solution containing these particles has been diluted by the FO water flux, they may be separated from that solution by use of a magnet (either against the side of a hydration bag, or around a pipe in-line in a steady state process).

title: Forward osmosis


text:
Bob Essery

Robert John "Bob" Essery (22 November 1930 – 23 November 2021) was a British railway modeller and historian with a particular interest in the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and one of its principal constituents, the Midland Railway (MR).

Essery was one of the founding members of the LMS Society in 1963, and particularly with David Jenkinson has authored many books. He worked in his early working years as a fireman on the LMS. Essery also established the historical journals Midland Record and LMS Journal. From 1999 in collaboration with the National Railway Museum, Essery with others have produced monographs on individual locomotive classes.

title: Bob Essery


text:
Girolamo Diruta

Girolamo Diruta (c. 1546 – 1624 or 1625) was an Italian organist, music theorist, and composer. He was famous as a teacher, for his treatise Il Transilvano (Venice, 1st part 1593; 2nd part 1609-10 ) on counterpoint, and for his part in the development of keyboard technique, particularly on the organ. He was born in Deruta, near Perugia.

Biography
Diruta was born in Deruta in 1546 c. He became a friar minor conventual in the convent Perugia in 1566; later, from 1569 to 1574, he was in the convent of Correggio. Around 1578 he moved to Venice, where he met Claudio Merulo, Gioseffo Zarlino and Costanzo Porta (who was also a friar minor conventual), and he probably studied with each of them. Merulo mentioned Diruta in a prefatory letter to the Transilvano (1593), as one of his finest students. From 1580 until 1585 he was organist at the Gubbio cathedral. He returned in Venice at the Frari convent, where he was organist from 1586 until 1589. By 1593 he was organist at Chioggia cathedral. In these year he dedicated the first part of his treatise Il Transilvano to Sigismund Bathory, prince of Transylvania. Later he returned to live in Umbria. He was again organist at the Gubbio cathedral from 1604 to 1610. In 1610 from Gubbio he dedicated the second part of his treatise Il Transilvano to Leonora Orsini Sforza, niece of Grand Duke Ferdinand I of Tuscany. He died in Deruta in 1624 or 1625.

His nephew Agostino Diruta (c. 1595 – c. 1647) was also a composer, and his pupil.

Works
Diruta's major work is a treatise in two parts on organ playing, counterpoint, and composition, entitled Il Transilvano (The Transylvanian) published for the first time in 1593; it is in the form of a dialog with Istvan de Josíka, a diplomat from Transylvania whom Diruta met during one of Josíka's missions to Italy. It is one of the first practical discussions of organ technique which differentiates organ technique from keyboard technique on other instruments. His fingerings largely follow the usual ones of his times: for example, his fingering for a C major scale never includes the thumb, and crosses the middle finger over the ring finger: his work is one of the earliest attempts in Italy to establish consistency in keyboard fingering.

As a contrapuntist, Diruta anticipates Fux in describing the different "species" of counterpoint: note against note, two notes against one, suspensions, four notes against one, and so forth. Unlike Fux, he defines a less-rigorous kind of counterpoint that was adequate for improvisation; for example it neither requires contrary motion nor prohibits successive perfect consonances. It describes contemporary keyboard practice well, as can be observed from the contemporary toccatas and canzonas of composers such as Merulo.

Diruta included many of his own compositions in Il Transilvano, and they are mostly didactic in nature, showing different kinds of figuration, and presenting different kinds of performance problems. These four toccate are among the earliest examples of the etude.

The Prima parte also includes toccatas by other composers of the time, chosen for their musical and didactic value: Claudio Merulo, Andrea Gabrieli, Giovanni Gabrieli, Luzzasco Luzzaschi, Antonio Romanini, Paolo Quagliati, Vincenzo Bellavere and Gioseffo Guami. The Seconda parte includes ricercares by Luzzaschi, Gabriele Fattorini and Adriano Banchieri.

title: Girolamo Diruta


text:
Structural pattern

In software engineering, structural design patterns are design patterns that ease the design by identifying a simple way to realize relationships among entities.

Examples of Structural Patterns include:

 * Adapter pattern: 'adapts' one interface for a class into one that a client expects
 * Adapter pipeline: Use multiple adapters for debugging purposes.
 * Retrofit Interface Pattern: An adapter used as a new interface for multiple classes at the same time.
 * Aggregate pattern: a version of the Composite pattern with methods for aggregation of children
 * Bridge pattern: decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently
 * Tombstone: An intermediate "lookup" object contains the real location of an object.
 * Composite pattern: a tree structure of objects where every object has the same interface
 * Decorator pattern: add additional functionality to an object at runtime where subclassing would result in an exponential rise of new classes
 * Extensibility pattern: a.k.a. Framework - hide complex code behind a simple interface
 * Facade pattern: create a simplified interface of an existing interface to ease usage for common tasks
 * Flyweight pattern: a large quantity of objects share a common properties object to save space
 * Marker pattern: an empty interface to associate metadata with a class.
 * Pipes and filters: a chain of processes where the output of each process is the input of the next
 * Opaque pointer: a pointer to an undeclared or private type, to hide implementation details
 * Proxy pattern: a class functioning as an interface to another thing

title: Structural pattern


text:
Talk:Natasha

Macaque
The part about Natasha in the main Macaque articles has been updated to make it clearer that this is not likely to be evolution, to bring it in line this one. --Zerbey 20:51, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Bemba
Natasha is also a common female name in the Bemba/Nyanga languages in Zambia. It means "I thank you". The root verb being 'uku-tasha' (to thank) and the 'Na' referring to oneself. The prefix can also be replaced with other pronouns eg. 'Twatasha' which is the plural form meaning "We thank you". The pronunciation of the name is only slightly different from a western one. Emphasis is placed on the first syllable and all the vowels are pronounced 'ah'. -- personal communication (I was named Natasha by my Zambian parents)

Usage in Russian
In Russia "Natasha" is still a pet name of "Natalia". You will never meet girl with "Natasha" printed in her birth certificate / passport / license. This is so obvious, that I doubt that it is mentioned in any Russian source. 134.159.163.135 (talk) 06:11, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Tasha
Tasha is a redirect to this page, but where is Tasha in here? Nowhere. If something is redirected, shouldn't it be then addressed? 85.217.46.172 (talk) 17:37, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

I put at least one in. Archon Shiva (talk) 06:44, 19 October 2016 (UTC)

About the Hindu Sanskrit origin
"The Indian Hindu name has several meanings in Sanskrit including, 'of subdued desire'." The editor who added this could only have been talking about the Sanskrit natāśā (नताशा) Naθɑːshɑː in IPA, nataashaa in ITRANS, which is नता+आशा nataa+aashaa "subdued desire" while the Russian one is pronounced NaTaaShaa I guess. In any case, there is not even remotely any question of being cognates here. As such this does not deserve an entry here.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Nidhishunnikrishnan (talk • contribs) 14:12, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

I think this does need to be mentioned on this page. As far as I can tell, at least 5 of the famous people listed are of Indian origin. The Indian version of the name is likely not of Slavic origin, yet is spelled the same. The Indian name is also supposed to be pronounced very similarly to the Slavic one. In Indian English they would be pronounced the same, both with unaspirated /t/. I believe your IPA is wrong here, 2 Indian people I know named Natasha both say their names as, which would be written as "नताशा" in Devanagari. /θ/ is closest to 'थ' in Devanagari, but still isn't the right sound there.

Alternatively, Nikita (given name) has made a separate section of people with the Indian version of the name, but this is not ideal, since it would be speculation to guess if a person was named based on the Sanskrit word or based on the Slavic name.

Klausklass (talk) 18:52, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Natasha


text:
Ansted-Lexington

The Ansted-Lexington, also known as the Ansted, was an American automobile manufactured in 1922. The Ansted-Lexington was a custom-designed Lexington roadster marketed under the Ansted emblem, sporting an Ansted six as its engine. The sports car was luxuriously appointed, and cost $4,500.

title: Ansted-Lexington


text:
Behavioral pattern

In software engineering, behavioral design patterns are design patterns that identify common communication patterns among objects. By doing so, these patterns increase flexibility in carrying out communication.

Design patterns
Examples of this type of design pattern include:

 * Blackboard design pattern
 * Provides a computational framework for the design and implementation of systems that integrate large and diverse specialized modules, and implement complex, non-deterministic control strategies

 * Chain-of-responsibility pattern
 * Command objects are handled or passed on to other objects by logic-containing processing objects

 * Command pattern
 * Command objects encapsulate an action and its parameters

 * "Externalize the stack"
 * Turn a recursive function into an iterative function that uses a stack
 * Interpreter pattern
 * Implement a specialized computer language to rapidly solve a specific set of problems

 * Iterator pattern
 * Iterators are used to access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation

 * Mediator pattern
 * Provides a unified interface to a set of interfaces in a subsystem

 * Memento pattern
 * Provides the ability to restore an object to its previous state (rollback)

 * Null object pattern
 * Designed to act as a default value of an object

 Observer pattern a.k.a. Publish/Subscribe or Event Listener. Objects register to observe an event that may be raised by another object  Weak reference pattern De-couple an observer from an observable
 * Protocol stack
 * Communications are handled by multiple layers, which form an encapsulation hierarchy
 * Scheduled-task pattern
 * A task is scheduled to be performed at a particular interval or clock time (used in real-time computing)

 * Single-serving visitor pattern
 * Optimise the implementation of a visitor that is allocated, used only once, and then deleted

 * Specification pattern
 * Recombinable business logic in a boolean fashion

 * State pattern
 * A clean way for an object to partially change its type at runtime

 * Strategy pattern
 * Algorithms can be selected on the fly, using composition

 * Template method pattern
 * Describes the skeleton of a program; algorithms can be selected on the fly, using inheritance

 * Visitor pattern
 * A way to separate an algorithm from an object

title: Behavioral pattern


text:
Concurrency pattern

In software engineering, concurrency patterns are those types of design patterns that deal with the multi-threaded programming paradigm.

Examples of this class of patterns include:

 * Active Object
 * Balking pattern
 * Barrier
 * Double-checked locking
 * Guarded suspension
 * Leaders/followers pattern
 * Monitor Object
 * Nuclear reaction
 * Reactor pattern
 * Read write lock pattern
 * Scheduler pattern
 * Thread pool pattern
 * Thread-local storage

title: Concurrency pattern


text:
Costanzo Porta

Costanzo Porta (1528 or 1529 – 19 May 1601) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance, and a representative of what is known today as the Venetian School. He was highly praised throughout his life both as a composer and a teacher, and had a reputation especially as an expert contrapuntist.

Biography
Porta was born in Cremona. Details of his early life are slim, but he probably was educated at the Convent Porta San Luca in Cremona. Around 1550 he is thought to have studied with Adrian Willaert, who was maestro di cappella at St. Mark's in Venice; while he was there he met Claudio Merulo, who was also a student; they remained close friends throughout their lives. In 1552 Porta became maestro di cappella at Osimo Cathedral; in 1565 he took a position in Padua briefly, but took a more important position in Ravenna the next year, where he was hired to build an entirely new music practice at the cathedral. By 1580 his services were much in demand, and there was competition for him; he declined an offer from Milan, moving instead between positions in several cities. In addition he had become a renowned teacher by this time, and numerous composers of the next generation learned their contrapuntal skills from Porta. His last years were spent in Padua, and they were clearly difficult. Musical standards there began to decline, and he faced in addition the burden of ill health and the jealousy of the man who was eventually to replace him. He died in Padua. He is buried in the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua.

Style
Most of Porta's output is sacred music, especially motets. He published at least eight books of motets, one of which is known to be lost, as well as books of masses, introits, and a huge cycle of hymns for Vespers.

Porta's music is even more polyphonic than that of Gombert, and he showed a liking for academic, even severe contrapuntal devices, although they are used so skillfully that the text can always be clearly understood. Often his music uses strict canons; one motet from his book of 52 motets from 1580, in seven voices, has no less than four of the voices entirely derived canonically. Another motet from this same book is a mensuration canon, that most difficult of all contrapuntal forms to carry off. While many composers were reacting to the strictures of the Council of Trent against excessive polyphonic practice, Porta evidently felt unobliged to follow them; perhaps he had sufficient confidence in his skill in conveying the text. His music is as carefully controlled as that of Palestrina, with cautious use of dissonance and chromaticism, while displaying polyphonic virtuosity to a degree uncommon in other composers of sacred music at the end of the 16th century.

Some of the later motets use polychoral writing extensively. Although Porta was not in Venice in the late part of the century, where this style had become famous (see Venetian polychoral style), he had spent years there as a student studying with Willaert, and the influence clearly lasted throughout his life. Most likely he was familiar with the current practice in Venice, and adopted some of the innovations which worked best with his highly learned style.

Porta also wrote madrigals. Many of these were clearly intended for specific occasions, such as weddings and large social events in the families of his employers; they are in a much simpler style than his sacred works, much in keeping with contemporary practice.

title: Costanzo Porta


text:
Talk:Qatna

External links modified
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Royal Tomb
The intact Royal Tomb of Qatna (the Royal Hypogeum) was a major recent archaeological discovery. So I'm disappointed that the article didn't even have a separate section for this, or didn't highlight it in any way. Y-barton (talk) 15:38, 28 July 2022 (UTC)

That was a while ago. A ref for it is even in Adad-Nirari of Qatna. But yes should probably get more ink in the article.Ploversegg (talk) 18:01, 28 July 2022 (UTC)
 * And now, as it turns out, there were two intact tomb surprises. The second one, the double-chambered Tomb VII was found in 2009, and it was also full of remarkable objects. I'll put this into the article soon. Y-barton (talk) 02:36, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

No need for disappointment. The tomb does not warrant a whole section. If there is enough material, then it should be given its own short article which I did here: Royal Hypogeum of Qatna. This is a featured article, so you need to first discuss changes on the talk page. Some sources added are not academic and some sentences do not have a citation and thats not good for a featured article. You also almost eliminated the lead! I have reverted most of your edits for now, awaiting a discussion here (remember, a featured article is the result of a consensus and this article was heavily discussed during its nomination process, including the organization of its sections)--Attar-Aram syria (talk) 18:04, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

Using Archaeological periods
We use archaeological periods when we have nothing else to go by. With the Kingdom of Qatna, we have a clear polity where the sub-headings: zenith - decline ....etc dont make much sense if the main section is simply: Middle Bronze. The readers are not archaeologists and naming the kingdom of Qatna by its corresponding archaeological period will confuse them. Also, it is important to note that Amut-Pi-Il I is not mentioned in connection with Qatna, and that the next mention after the story of Sinuhe is from Mari during the reign of Ishi Addu. Attar-Aram syria (talk) 13:39, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Qatna


text:
USS Morris (DD-417)

USS Morris (DD-417), a World War II-era Sims-class destroyer in the service of the United States Navy, was named after Commodore Charles Morris. She was among the most decorated US Naval vessels of World War II.

Construction and commissioning
Morris was laid down at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, on 7 June 1938; launched on 1 June 1939, sponsored by Mrs. Charles R. Nutter, great-granddaughter of Commodore Morris; and commissioned on 5 March 1940, with Commander Harry B. Jarrett in command.

Service history
Morris, flagship of Destroyer Squadron 2 (DesRon 2), followed her shakedown with routine training schedules until the summer of 1941 when she joined the North Atlantic Patrol. With the entry of the United States into World War II, she entered Charleston Navy Yard, where she was equipped with the first fire control radar for a destroyer. By 3 January 1942, she was underway for Pearl Harbor, rejoining her squadron there at the end of February.

Attached to Task Force 17 (TF 17), the destroyer sailed on 16 March for Noumea, and into her first major enemy engagement, the Battle of the Coral Sea. Prior to the battle, she guarded the carriers of the task force as their planes struck at enemy shipping in Tulagi Harbor and in the Louisiade Archipelago. From 4–8 May, she splashed one enemy plane and damaged two while screening USS Yorktown (CV-5) and USS Lexington (CV-2), and when the latter was heavily damaged, pulled alongside to rescue some 500 survivors. Damage received during the rescue forced her back to Pearl Harbor where hurried repairs put her back into condition for the Battle of Midway a month later. In that action she again pulled alongside Yorktown to rescue over 500 survivors.

Morris's next action came in late August, when she joined TF 61 in support of the Guadalcanal Campaign. For the next 2 months, she screened carriers and patrolled among the Solomon Islands. On 25 October, following a 3-day independent sweep through the Gilbert Islands, she rejoined TF 17 and took part in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. During the action, she destroyed six aircraft and once more came to the rescue of USS Hornet (CV-8), from which she took on 550 survivors. As in other rescue operations her superstructure was damaged, but, after repairs at Espiritu Santo, she was back in the Guadalcanal area, first operating with USS Enterprise (CV-6) and then as supply unit escort to USS Russell (DD-414).

In May 1943, Morris departed the southern Pacific and sailed north to support the capture and occupation of Attu Island and Kiska, the Aleutian end of the Japanese ribbon defense. Then she returned to San Francisco, California for a 7-week overhaul. In November, she again joined an air support group escorting USS Liscome Bay (CVE-56), USS Coral Sea (CVE-57), and USS Corregidor (CVE-58) in the Gilberts offensive, during which she went to aid Liscome Bay. As the task forces pressed further into the central Pacific, Morris sailed with them into the Marshall Islands. On 30 January 1944, she led a column of warships in a shore bombardment mission against Wotje Atoll. Thence she steamed to Kwajalein Atoll, where, while providing close fire support off Namur, she wiped out a Japanese counterattack force from an adjacent island. In mid-February she departed Kwajalein and moved with TG 51.11 to support the seizure and occupation of Eniwetok. Arriving on 17 February, she continued carrier operations until 24 February, when she sailed for Pearl Harbor.

Morris returned to combat in April 1944, when as a unit of the 7th Fleet she took part in all the western New Guinea landings, beginning with Hollandia. In May and June she give fire support in the Toem-Wakde-Sarmi areas and then during the Biak Island operation. In July, she went against enemy guns on Noemfoor Island and then at Cape Sansapor. In August, she participated in operations against Halmahera and Morotai and then began preparations for the initial invasion of the Philippines.

On 16 October, with TG 8.6, she got underway for Leyte Gulf. Safely delivering her charges, transports with the first reinforcement groups aboard, on the 21st, she took up anti-aircraft station and, for several days, experienced meetings with the newest Japanese tactics: the kamikaze. Throughout the next month she continued to escort troops and supplies to Leyte. With the dawn of the new year, 1945, she was en route north for the Luzon operations. Arriving within the week she participated in pre-invasion bombardment and then provided fire support during the landings on 9 January. For 18 days she patrolled, bombarded shore positions, and fought off kamikazes.

Detached from the 7th Fleet after Luzon, Morris rejoined the 5th Fleet and prepared for Okinawa. On 1 April, she arrived off Kerama Retto with TG 51.11. For the next 5 days, she escorted transports and oilers and cruised in various assigned sectors on antiaircraft and antisubmarine patrols. On 6 April, while patrolling station A-11, a Nakajima B5N "Kate", carrying either a heavy bomb or torpedo, closed in on her. Morris's guns scored hits and set the plane afire, but could not stop it. Shortly after 1815, it crashed into the ship on the portside, between the Nos. 1 and 2 guns. Fires caused by the explosions spread quickly. Two hours were needed to bring them under control with another 30 minutes to extinguish them. Morris then returned to Kerama Retto where temporary repairs somewhat corrected her demolished bow and subsequent draft of 18 feet 3 inches, her large protrusion of plating on the starboard side, and her damaged steering. The ship suffered 13 dead, 45 wounded.

On 22 May, she started out across the Pacific, and on 18 June entered the San Francisco Naval Shipyard. Declared neither seaworthy nor habitable, she was decommissioned on 9 November. Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 28 November, she was stripped of gear and sold to Franklin Shipwrecking on 2 August 1947, then resold to the National Metal and Steel Corporation in Los Angeles, California on 17 July 1949, where she was scrapped.

Awards
Morris received 15 battle stars for her action in World War II, placing her among the most decorated US Naval vessels of World War II.

title: USS Morris (DD-417)


text:
Ansted

The Ansted was an American automobile; successor to the Lexington and the Ansted-Lexington, it was manufactured from 1926 to 1927. Following the sale of the Lexington plant in Connersville, Indiana to Auburn, the company marketed its last cars as Ansteds. They were the same as Lexingtons, differing only in their radiators, emblems, and hubcaps.

title: Ansted


text:
Claudio Merulo

Claudio Merulo (8 April 1533 – 4 May 1604) was an Italian composer, publisher and organist of the late Renaissance period, most famous for his innovative keyboard music and his ensemble music composed in the Venetian polychoral style. He was born in Correggio and died in Parma. Born Claudio Merlotti, he Latinised his surname (meaning little blackbird) when he became famous in Venetian cultural clubs.

Life
Little is known about his early life except that he studied in Correggio with Tuttovale Menon, a famous madrigalist who also worked in the Ferrara court; he also studied with Girolamo Diruta, an organist. It is likely that he studied with Zarlino at St. Mark's in Venice. While in Venice he became close friends with Costanzo Porta, a friendship which was to endure for his entire life. On 21 October 1556, he was appointed organist at Old Cathedral of Brescia (Duomo Vecchio), and his skill as an organist must have been impressive, because he became organist at St. Mark's, one of the most prestigious positions for an organist in Italy, in 1557; he was selected over a list of candidates that included Andrea Gabrieli. This was the first important event of his career, and he was considered to be the finest organist in Italy.

It is important to note that in St. Mark's there were two organs, and two separate organists were appointed to play them: in 1557 Merulo was appointed to the second, smaller organ, while Annibale Padovano remained at the post of first organist.

After Padovano's hurried departure from Venice in 1566, Merulo was appointed to the first organ, and Andrea Gabrieli became the second organist. He was appointed as ambassador of Venetian Republic at the marriage of Franceso de’ Medici and Bianca Cappello in 1579 and wrote music of celebration for Henry III of France, who visited Venice in 1574.

In 1584, he suddenly left this position in Venice. The reasons for this are unclear, and somewhat surprising; in Venice he was well-paid, and had a very good reputation; and St. Mark's was one of the most important places for an organist. However, in December 1584 his name appears in payment register of Farnesia Court of Parma.

In 1587 he was appointed as organist in Parma Cathedral and from 1591 also in Church of Santa Maria della Steccata. While here, he requested improvements to the organ, carried out by Costanzo Antegnati, the last heir of the great Brescian family of organ makers. We can deduce that Merulo used the Steccata's organ for his proofs of new composition, based on his Venetian experience, and continued to compose in this style.

He lived in Parma until his death. During this period, he made several trips in Venice and Rome, where he published his famous two volume Toccate per organo.

Merulo died in Parma on 4 May 1604 and was buried in Parma Cathedral near to the tomb of Cipriano de Rore. He left a daughter and his wife Amabilia Banzola.

Music and influence
Merulo is famous for his keyboard music. His Toccatas, in particular, are innovative; he was the first to contrast sections of contrapuntal writing with passageworks; often he inserts sections which could be called ricercars into pieces which otherwise are labelled toccatas or canzonas. (In the late 16th century, these terms are only approximately descriptive; different composers clearly had different ideas of what they meant). Often his keyboard pieces begin as though they are to be a transcription of vocal polyphony, but then gradually add embellishment and elaboration until they reach a climactic passage of considerable virtuosity. Sometimes, especially in his later music, he develops ornaments which acquire the status of a motif, which is then used developmentally; this anticipates a principal generative technique in the Baroque era. Often Merulo casually ignores the "rules" of voice-leading, giving the music an expressive intensity more associated with the late school of madrigalists than with keyboard music of the time. His keyboard music was hugely influential, and his ideas can be seen in the music of Sweelinck, Frescobaldi and others; because of the immense influence of Sweelinck as a teacher, much of the virtuoso keyboard technique of the north German organ school, culminating in Johann Sebastian Bach, can claim to be descended from the innovations of Merulo.

Even though the fame of his instrumental music has overshadowed much of his a cappella vocal output, Merulo was also a madrigalist. Since he was a member of what is known today as the Venetian School, he also wrote motets for double choir in the manner of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli. He published two books of Madrigali a 5 voices (1566 and 1604), one of Madrigali a 4 (1579) and a 3 (1580).

The famous essay of keyboard technique Il Transilvano (1593), by Girolamo Diruta, was dedicated to Merulo, indicating his status as one of the most important keyboard players of the Italian Renaissance.

Works

 * Ricercari d’Intavolatura d’Organo, Libro primo (1567):
 * 1) Ricercar del primo tuono
 * 2) Ricercar del secondo tuono
 * 3) Ricercar del terzo tuono
 * 4) Ricercar del quarto tuono
 * 5) Ricercar dell’undecimo tuno
 * 6) Ricercar del duodecimo tuono
 * 7) Ricercar del settimo tuono
 * 8) Ricercar dell’ottavo tuono

 * Toccata del terzo tuono from Il Transilvano, part I, by Diruta (1597)
 * Toccate d’Intavolatura d’Organo, Book 1 (1598):
 * 1) Primo Tuono Toccata prima
 * 2) Primo Tuono Toccata seconda
 * 3) Secondo Tuono Toccata terza
 * 4) Secondo Tuono Toccata quarta
 * 5) Secondo Tuono Toccata quinta
 * 6) Terzo Tuono Toccata sesta
 * 7) Terzo Tuono Toccata settima
 * 8) Quarto Tuono Toccata ottava
 * 9) Quarto Tuono Toccata nona

 * Toccate d’Intavolatura d’Organo, Book 2 (1604):
 * 1) Undecimo detto Quinto Tuono Toccata prima
 * 2) Undecimo detto Quinto Tuono Toccata seconda
 * 3) Duodecimo detto Sesto Tuono Toccata terza
 * 4) Duodecimo detto Sesto Tuono Toccata quarta
 * 5) Settimo Tuono Toccata quinta
 * 6) Settimo Tuono Toccata sesta
 * 7) Ottavo Tuono Toccata settima
 * 8) Ottavo Tuono Toccata ottava
 * 9) Nono Tuono Toccata nona
 * 10) Decimo Tuono Toccata decima

 * Canzoni d’Intavolatura d’Organo, a quattro voci, fatte alla francese, Book 1 (1592) :
 * 1) La Bovia
 * 2) La Zambeccara
 * 3) La Gratiosa
 * 4) La Cortese
 * 5) La Benvenuta
 * 6) La Leonora
 * 7) L’Albergata
 * 8) La Rolanda
 * 9) Petit Jacquet

 * Canzoni d'intavolatura d'organo fatte alla francese, Book 2:
 * 1) La Ironica
 * 2) La Jolette
 * 3) La Pazza
 * 4) La Palma
 * 5) La Pargoletta
 * 6) La Rosa
 * 7) La Radivila
 * 8) La Seula
 * 9) La Scarampa
 * 10) L'Arconadia
 * 11) Petite Camusette
 * Canzoni d'intavolatura d'organo fatte alla francese, Book 3:
 * 1) Languissans
 * 2) Onques amour
 * 3) Susanne un jour
 * 4) Content

 * Madrigali a 5 libro I (1566) e II (1604)
 * Madrigali a 4 (1579)
 * Madrigali a 3 (1580)
 * Mottetti a 5 libro I (1578), II (1578)
 * Mottetti a 6 libro I (1583), II (1593) e III (1605, postumo)
 * Sacrae Cantiones (1578)
 * Mottetti a 4 (1584)
 * Sacri Concentus (1594)
 * Messe a 5 (1573)

References and further reading

 * Giuseppe Martini, Claudio Merulo. Parma, Ordine Costantiniano di S. Giorgio, 2005 (512 pp., with ill.) ISBN 88-901673-8-6
 * Eleanor Selfridge-Field, Venetian Instrumental Music, from Gabrieli to Vivaldi. New York, Dover Publications, 1994.  ISBN 0-486-28151-5
 * Article "Claudio Merulo," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  ISBN 1-56159-174-2
 * Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4

title: Claudio Merulo


text:
2.4 Metre

The International 2.4mR is a one-person keelboat. The class is a development class governed by the 2.4mR rule. The rule controlled by World Sailing (formerly known as ISAF) is one of the few classes designated as an International Class. The International 2.4mR Class rule is closely related to the International 12mR class rule that was used at the America's Cup.

While there is a small but active group of amateur or professional designers and builders around the world, around 90% of the 2.4mR boats are the commercially produced Norlin Mark III designed by Swedish yacht designer Peter Norlin. Over the years, new 2.4mR designs such as the Stradivari III, the Proton and the Super 3 have come into production.

The 2.4mR boats are primarily used for racing and the class holds highly competitive national events in many countries. World and European championships can attract as many as 100 boats at a time.

The 2.4mR is ideal for adaptive sailing since the sailor barely moves in the boat, and all settings can be adjusted from a facing forward seated position. Both hand-steering and foot-steering are possible. The boat is sailed without a spinnaker, but it is equipped with a whisker-pole that is extending outward to hold the shape of the jib when sailing downwind. The boat's capability as a truly inclusive sailing boat has been demonstrated over many years at multiple Open World Championships.

History
After the 1980 America's Cup, people in the Newport, RI area started sailing boats called Mini-12s. They were named after the 12-Metre yachts that were used at the America's Cup. As the fleet started to grow, the word spread to Sweden, home of the yacht designer Peter Norlin. Peter Norlin refined the original designs, and along with other naval architects, they collectively initiated the International 2.4mR Class that we know today. Although the 2.4mR is a development class, Peter Norlin has become the dominant designer, and the class is therefore often mistaken as a one-design class.

One-design
In recent years attempts have been made to develop a one-design class based on the 2.4 Norlin Mark III. This was primarily because the competition within the Paralympics was meant to be more about the sailors' competitiveness and less about the equipment. This led to the introduction of Appendix K to the Class rules and a group of individuals started to work on a set of stand-alone one-design rules. This is still at the early stages but this effort is likely to lead to the emergence of a new one-design 2.4mR class alongside the existing development 2.4mR class.

Rating formula
As an open class rather than a one-design, all boat designs must meet the following formula.

\frac{L + 2d + \sqrt{S} - F}{2.37} \leq 2.4 \mbox{ metres} $$

(all measurements in mm)
 * L = the "corrected" length of the hull (see rule D.6.3)
 * d = the midship girth difference (see rule D.6.4)
 * F = the average freeboard height (see rule D.6.5)
 * S = the total rated area of the mainsail and jib combined.

Para World Sailing Championships
The 2.4 metre has been used a number of times as equipment for the One-Person Technical Disabled discipline which holds an annual World Championships.

Paralympics
From 2000 to 2016, the 2.4 Metre was the official single-crew class boat for sailing at the Summer Paralympics although it was used in a more one-design form utilising the Norlin Mk3 design.

title: 2.4 Metre


text:
Antoine (automobile)

The Antoine was a Belgian automobile manufactured by Victor Antoine of Liège, an engine manufacturer, from 1900 to 1903. At least two models were offered. One was a 4 hp voiturette. The other, offered in 1903, was a 15/25 hp car.

title: Antoine (automobile)


text:
Cray Operating System

The Cray Operating System (COS) is a Cray Research operating system for its now-discontinued Cray-1 (1976) and Cray X-MP supercomputers. It succeeded the Chippewa Operating System (shipped with earlier Control Data Corporation CDC 6000 series and 7600 computer systems), and was the Cray main OS until replaced by UNICOS in the late 1980s. COS was delivered with Cray Assembly Language (CAL), Cray FORTRAN (CFT), and Pascal.

Design
As COS was written by ex-Control Data employees, its command language and internal organization bore strong resemblance to the CDC SCOPE operating system on the CDC 7600 and before that EXEC*8 from CDC's earlier ERA/Univac pedigree. User jobs were submitted to COS via front-end computers via a high-speed channel interface, and so-called station software. Front end stations were typically large IBM or Control Data mainframes. However the DEC VAX was also a very popular front-end. Interactive use of COS was possible through the stations, but most users simply submitted batch jobs.

Disk-resident datasets used by a user program were 'local' to the individual job. Once a job completed, its local datasets would be released and space reclaimed. In order to retain the data between jobs, datasets had to be explicitly made 'permanent'. Magnetic tape datasets were also supported on Cray systems which were equipped with an I/O Subsystem.

COS also provided job scheduling and checkpoint/restart facilities to manage large workloads, even across system downtimes (both scheduled and unscheduled.)

Internally, COS was divided into a very small message-passing EXEC, and a number of System Task Processors (STP tasks). Each STP task was similar in nature to the peripheral processor programs in earlier Control Data operating systems, but since the Cray machines did not have peripheral processors, the main central processor executed the operating system code.

List of STP tasks
While the source for version 1.13 was released as public domain, 1.17 is available at archive.org.

title: Cray Operating System


text:
Europe (dinghy)

The Europe is a one-person dinghy designed in Belgium in 1960 by Alois Roland as a class legal Moth dinghy. The design later changed into its own one-design class.

The dinghy is ideal for sailors weighing 50–85 kilos. The hull is made of fibre glass and weighs 45 kg, fully rigged 60 kg. The dinghy is tapering in the stem and round in the bottom. The sail is made of dacron. The mast is made of carbon fibre and specially designed to the sailor. A soft mast is best for light sailors, while heavier sailors use stiffer masts. Sails are also specially designed according to mast stiffness and crew weight.

The Europe was introduced as an Olympic class in the 1992 Summer Olympics as the women's single-handed dinghy. It was replaced by the Laser Radial in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Since 2008 the Europe is one of the Vintage Yachting Classes at the Vintage Yachting Games.

Asian Games Women's
=== Pan American Games Women's ===

Continental Championships
====European Championship Women's====

====European Championship Men's====

title: Europe (dinghy)


text:
Curtis Frye

Curtis Frye (born October 20, 1951, in Vass, North Carolina) is the head coach for the University of South Carolina Track and Field teams. He served as an assistant coach for the United States women's track and field team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

Fry's coaching specialties are the hurdling events, sprints, and relays. These are also his areas of responsibility on the US Women's Olympic team.

Before coming to South Carolina, Frye was an assistant coach at East Carolina University, the University of Florida, North Carolina State University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

At Florida he coached Dennis Mitchell, who went on to win the bronze medal in the 100 meter dash at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

At North Carolina, he coached athletes such as Marion Jones and Allen Johnson. Johnson still trains with Frye in Columbia, South Carolina and is a volunteer assistant coach for the Gamecocks.

At South Carolina, some of his most successful athletes include Terrence Trammell, Demetria Washington, Miki and Lisa Barber, Otis Harris, Aleen Bailey, Lashinda Demus, Natasha Hastings and Tiffany Ross-Williams.

His teams have consistently finished high in the four NCAA championship events and the women team won the national title in the 2002 NCAA Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championship, the school's first NCAA Championship title. That year he was named the national coach of the year.

Frye also formed the Speed Elite, a group of high quality athletes like Johnson and Monique Hennagan, that have the goal to compete in and win national and international competitions.

Curtis Frye puts a high value on education and ensures that all of his student athletes graduate from college. Of the almost 200 individuals he has coached at the University of South Carolina, all but one have finished their undergraduate work and earned a degree from the school.

On June 15, 2023, Frye announced that he was retiring, effective June 30 of that year.

Achievements

 * 2008 Order of Ikkos medallion
 * 2002 Women's NCAA Championship
 * 1999 & 2002 Women's Outdoor SEC Championship
 * 1999 & 2002 USTCA Women's Outdoor National Coach of the Year
 * 1999 USTCA Men's National Indoor Coach of the Year
 * 1999 & 2002 SEC Women's Coach of the Year
 * In 2002 coached athletes who won 7 NCAA titles and 4 gold and one silver medal at the World Junior Championships. In addition had 2 named National Athlete of the Years and 1 named Men's National Scholar-Athlete of the Year
 * 2001 Nike Coach of the Year
 * U.S. Men's Head Coach at 2001 Goodwill Games
 * 1999 Assistant Coach for the US at the World Track and Field Championships
 * 1997 USOC Track and Field Coach of the Year
 * Assistant coach of 18 ACC Championship Teams
 * Coached 6 Olympic medalists
 * Coached 25 Olympians (that have won 11 medals)
 * Coached over 60 NCAA Champions
 * Coached over 415 NCAA All-Americans
 * Coached over 100 SEC Champions
 * Coached over 75 ACC Champions

title: Curtis Frye


text:
Antoinette (manufacturer)

Antoinette was a French manufacturer of light petrol engines. Antoinette also became a pioneer-era builder of aeroplanes before World War I, most notably the record-breaking monoplanes flown by Hubert Latham and René Labouchère. Based in Puteaux, the Antoinette concern was in operation between 1903 and 1912. The company operated a flying school at Chalons for which it built one of the earliest flight simulators.

Private engine-building venture
Antoinette began as a private venture led by the engineer Léon Levavasseur and financed by Jules Gastambide, who owned an electricity generating station in Algeria. While on holiday with Gastambide and his family in 1902, Levavasseur expressed his interest in the emerging field of aviation and proposed the development of light, powerful engines for use in aircraft. Levavasseur then suggested to Gastambide's daughter, Antoinette, that the engines should be named after her. Gastambide financed the venture. Levavasseur patented the V8 engine configuration that year. By 1904, most of the prize-winning speedboats in Europe were powered with Antoinette engines. During this time, he designed engines of various configurations of up to thirty-two cylinders.

Antoinette incorporates
La Société Antoinette was incorporated in 1906, with Gastambide as president and Levavasseur as technical director. Aviation pioneer Louis Blériot was the vice-president.

Antoinette displayed an automobile with a 7.2 L, 32 hp V8 engine in the 1906 Paris Salon de l'Automobile of that year.

The company's primary business was the sale of engines to aircraft builders. Their engines were used in the Santos-Dumont 14-bis of 1906, Paul Cornu's rudimentary helicopter of 1907, the Voisin biplane that was modified and piloted by Henri Farman who used it to complete Europe's first 1 kilometer circular flight in January 1908, and other significant pioneer aircraft.

The Farman-Voisin biplane was powered by a water-cooled Antoinette V8 engine which developed 50 hp at 1,400 rpm. It used an early form of manifold injection and weighed only 190 pounds in working order, including the water-filled cooling system. The engine block was cast aluminium, holding removable steel cylinders. Levavasseur's Antoinette engines often included advanced features, including then called "direct petrol injection" manifold injection, and evaporative engine cooling.

Aircraft manufacture
Levavasseur experimented with the construction of aircraft and in 1906 the Antoinette company was contracted to build an aircraft for Captain Ferdinand Ferber. In 1908 Blériot tried to dissuade the directors of Antoinette from becoming aircraft manufacturers, fearing that they would begin competing against him for customers. Blériot left the company when his advice was ignored.

Flying school at Châlons
In early 1909, the Antoinette company worked with the French Army at Camp Châlons near Mourmelon-le-Grand to establish the first military aircraft trials, a flight school and a workshop. The school included the Antoinette Trainer – a rudimentary flight simulator that comprised a half-barrel mounted on a universal joint, with flight controls, pulleys, and stub-wings (poles) to allow the pilot to maintain balance while instructors applied external forces. One of their earliest pupils was the adventurer Hubert Latham. Within months of learning to fly Latham became the company's principal instructor. His pupils in 1909 included Marie Marvingt, who became the first woman to fly combat missions as a bomber pilot and established air ambulance services throughout the world, and Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera, cousin of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and the first Spanish military pilot.

Aircraft promotion with Latham
In the spring of 1909, Latham made several impressive flights. This convinced Levavasseur that Latham could cross the English Channel in an Antoinette aircraft and win the Daily Mail prize for doing so. Latham made two attempts to cross the English Channel in July 1909, both of which were unsuccessful due to engine failure while over the Channel. Between Latham's attempts, former Antoinette vice-president Blériot successfully crossed the Channel in his own aircraft using a simpler and more reliable 25 hp air-cooled Anzani W3 engine  and a more efficient Lucien Chauvière Integrale  propeller.

Latham's efforts to promote Antoinette products were more successful at the Grande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagne on 22–29 August 1909 at Reims, France, where he won the altitude prize, finished second in the speed competition, took third place in the Gordon Bennett Cup for aeroplanes, and, in the Grand Prix event, trying to fly the longest distance around the circuit in a single uninterrupted flight, he won second prize in one aircraft (an Antoinette IV) and fifth prize in another (an Antoinette VII).

At the 1910 Gordon Bennett Trophy race at Belmont Park in the United States, Latham flew an Antoinette VII with a 100 hp V16 engine.

Turbulent times and the end of Antoinette
Levavasseur left the Antoinette company in November 1909, shortly after Gastambide. Gastambide and Levavasseur returned to the company in March 1910, Gastambide as president of the board and managing director and Lavavasseur as technical director. After Levavasseur's return, he designed the Antoinette military monoplane, a streamlined monoplane with cantilever wings, which was ultimately rejected by the military. The Antoinette company went bankrupt shortly afterward.

title: Antoinette (manufacturer)