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Dodge Omni

The Dodge Omni and the nearly identical badge engineered variant, the Plymouth Horizon, is a subcompact car manufactured and marketed by Chrysler Corporation for model years 1978-1990. The first Chrysler model line produced with front-wheel drive, the Omni and Horizon were also the first front-wheel drive economy cars assembled in the United States. Marketed for eleven years with very few changes, around 2,500,000 Omnis and Horizons were manufactured, with the Plymouth variants more popular than the Dodge-branded models.

The first (and only) world car designed by Chrysler, the model line originated from a design of Chrysler Europe (who developed the namesake Chrysler Horizon). While visually similar, the American Omni/Horizon would have extensive functional differences from its European counterpart, primarily to accommodate US marketing and regulatory requirements.

From 1977 to 1990, Chrysler manufactured the Omni and Horizon at its Belvidere Assembly Plant facility (Belvidere, Illinois); from 1987 to 1989, the model line was manufactured under contract by American Motors Corporation (AMC) at its own facility in Kenosha, Wisconsin. From 1987 to 1990, the model line was marketed alongside its successor, the Dodge Shadow/Plymouth Sundance hatchback sedan.

Development
In 1974, Chrysler president Lynn A. Townsend sent an American management team to Chrysler Europe to find a suitable small-car design to market in the United States, ultimately rejecting a front-wheel drive compact (codenamed C6) as unsuitable to produce for the United States (the design was produced in Europe as the Chrysler Alpine). At the end of 1974, Chrysler Europe approved the final clay model design of a shorter wheelbase version (codenamed C2) as a subcompact in the 1.3 L engine range. The C2 project provided multinational Chrysler Europe with a single model line to replace the outdated Simca 1100 and the Hillman Avenger.

The development of the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon began life in 1975. Following the retirement of Townsend, Chrysler management decided to develop an American-market version of the C2 project, working in tandem with Chrysler Europe. While one American design team sought to redevelop the body as a coupe, designers ultimately retained the five-door hatchback, favoring its European-style configuration (similar to the five-door Golf).

At the time, Chrysler Europe was splitting design and engineering work between France (chassis, powertrain, and manufacturing) and the United Kingdom (body design and development). Alongside component design for European use, American designers developed the C2 project to comply with local standards.

As part of the dire financial situation of its parent company, Chrysler Europe was sold to PSA Peugeot Citroën in August 1978. As part of the sale, Peugeot phased out the Chrysler brand in Europe in favor of a revived Talbot marque; the rebranded Horizon continued production (nearly unchanged) through 1987.

The sale of Chrysler Europe ended further design work on the C2 project; at the time, the company was seeking to expand the model line to a four-door sedan and a shorter-wheelbase three-door hatchback.

Transition to American design
During the mid-1970s, Chrysler held no presence of its own in the subcompact automobile segment. Following the unsuccessful introduction of the Plymouth Cricket (captive imports of the Hillman Avenger), the company shifted to the Dodge/Plymouth Colt (captive import of the Mitsubishi Lancer).

At the time, the front-wheel drive layout was largely reserved for low-volume luxury cars (including the Cadillac Eldorado and Oldsmobile Toronado). By 1976, Honda (with the Civic and the Accord) and Volkswagen (with the Rabbit) became the first manufacturers to offer competitive front-wheel drive economy cars in the American market. To further develop the C2 project for the American market, Chrysler Corporation purchased nearly 100 Volkswagen Rabbits in the United States for the purposes of reverse engineering.

At the end of 1977, the C2 project entered production in both Europe and North America, with Chrysler Europe sharing the Horizon nameplate (as the Chrysler-Simca Horizon) with the American Plymouth division. While Chrysler had trailed the AMC Gremlin, Ford Pinto, and Chevrolet Vega to market by eight years, the $2,500 (US$ in ) Omni/Horizon provided the company an extensive headstart on its American competitors (which were released in 1981 and 1982, respectively) with the adoption of front-wheel drive, transverse-mount powertrains.

Following the 1978 sale of Chrysler Europe, Chrysler Corporation retained the design rights to its version of the C2 project and continued production in Illinois.

Model overview
The Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon are five-door hatchbacks sold in North America. Introduced in January 1978, the model line was developed in tandem with Chrysler Europe, leading to the namesake Chrysler Horizon. Chrysler also sold multiple variants of the model line derived from the same chassis, including 2+2 coupes and coupe utility pickup trucks.

Produced nearly unchanged from the 1978 to the 1990 model years, Chrysler had beaten out Ford and General Motors to the market with a domestically produced front-wheel drive car to challenge the VW Rabbit.

Chassis
The Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon use the front-wheel drive Chrysler L platform on a 99.2-inch wheelbase (shared with its European namesake). Initially designed by Chrysler Europe, Chrysler Corporation made substantial changes to the suspension design for the American market. In contrast to the Chrysler Horizon, which has a front torsion bar suspension, the model line uses front MacPherson struts. While the rear suspension shares a semi-independent layout (coil springs, rear trailing arms), the Omni/Horizon was developed with its own suspension tuning.

The model line is equipped with power-assisted front disc brakes and rear drum brakes and a rack and pinion steering system.

Powertrain
While sharing a transverse engine layout, the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon diverge furthest from the Chrysler Horizon in its engine offerings. At the time, Chrysler did not have capability to supply four-cylinder engines for the North American market (of any type), and the Simca-designed 1.1 to 1.4 L engines were deemed insufficient in terms of output. Instead, Chrysler adopted a 75 hp 1.7 L I4, sourced from Volkswagen in the United States with a Chrysler-designed intake manifold. Torque was 90 lbft and the engine was paired with a 4-speed manual transmission or a 3-speed automatic. At the time of introduction, only the CARB-certified version with an air pump and 70 hp had been available. In 1979 power climbed to 77 hp, while by 1980 it dropped to 68 hp and 83 lbft of torque in all fifty states.

Chrysler's 2.2 L K-car engine appeared for the 1981 model year as an upmarket option to the Volkswagen engine, mated to a new four-speed manual with an overdrive fourth. It produced 84 hp at first, rising to 93 hp in 1986. For 1983, Chrysler introduced a Peugeot-supplied 62 hp 1.6-liter Simca unit as a new base engine (requiring only an alternator to be added by Chrysler ); the engine was paired with a manual transmission and the deletion of air conditioning. For 1987, the 1.6 was dropped, with the 2.2-liter becoming the standard engine offering. The 2.2 received fuel injection for 1988, accompanied by three additional horsepower. Latterly, the 2.2 L engine was paired to a 5-speed manual transmission or a 3-speed automatic.

Chrysler had planned on offering PSA's new 1.9-liter diesel in the Omni/Horizon for the 1984 model year. Thanks to the implosion of the diesel market in North America, this never saw the light of day – although the engine was used in the European Horizon. For 1985, Chrysler had planned to build a "fast-burn, high-swirl" 1.8-liter four for the Omni as well as K-cars, but these plans also stalled.

Body
While sharing a visually similar appearance with its Chrysler Europe counterpart, the Omni/Horizon shares almost no body commonality. Along with the American requirement of sealed-beam headlamps, 5-mph bumpers, the body stampings are not shared between the two model line; for example, the joint between the roof and A-pillar on the American model line is welded together (on the European version, it is a single stamping). On the Omni/Horizon, the rear door windows do not roll down completely; the corresponding version of the Chrysler Horizon does (through a higher-cost, more complex design).

With the exception of grilles, taillamps, and model badging, the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon were largely indistinguishable from one another. For 1984, the model line underwent a minor revision. Distinguished by revised exterior badging, the revision phased out a large degree of chrome exterior trim in favor of black-painted trim. The interior received a redesigned dashboard (a Rallye dashboard with full instrumentation was introduced as an option) and new seats; a 5-speed manual transmission became standard. For 1987, to streamline production, all vehicles received an instrument panel with tachometer, oil pressure, and voltmeter gauges.

For 1990, the Omni and Horizon underwent several minor revisions. Chrysler invested in a number of significant changes that ended up being used for only one year; the cars gained larger exterior rear-view mirrors borrowed from the departed M-body sedans in lieu of the original round units, and, to comply with federal passive-restraint regulations, a driver-side airbag was added along with rear-seat outboard shoulder belts. The instrument panel was mildly redesigned, complete with HVAC controls moved to the center, taking the place of the radio (which took the place of the ashtray).

Trim
In contrast to many Chrysler model lines, the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon were largely sold across a single trim level. For 1981 and 1982, Chrysler introduced a "Miser" version; this lightly equipped version was developed to increase fuel economy, including an overdrive manual transmission.

For 1984, the SE (Sport Edition) option was introduced, which consisted of two-tone exterior paint. From 1984 to 1986, the Carroll Shelby Omni GLH, GLH-T, and GLHS (see below) were high-performance turbocharged versions of the Omni hatchback.

For 1987, the America edition of the Omni was introduced to compete with recent low-priced imports such as the Yugo and the Hyundai Excel. The price was dropped from $6,209 to $5,499, with "$684 of added equipment at no cost" according to Chrysler. The break-even point of the Omni America was 170,000 cars. To offer the vehicle as the lowest-price American-assembled subcompact, Chrysler reduced the number of options to two (air conditioning and a radio, three options if the California emissions package is included), while cutting the profit margin. Suppliers, United Auto Workers, Chrysler dealers, and even the State of Illinois also made concessions to help lower the price of the car.

Production
From 1977 to 1990, Chrysler Corporation assembled the Omni and Horizon hatchbacks at Belvidere Assembly Plant (Belvidere, Illinois), which assembled the entire line of L-body vehicles, including the Dodge Omni 024, Plymouth Horizon TC3, Dodge Charger, Plymouth Turismo, Dodge Rampage, and Plymouth Scamp. The Omni and Horizon appeared at a critical time for Chrysler, when the company was on the brink of bankruptcy and sought government support to survive. However, the L-bodies miscarried at first, since 1978 was a year of strong sales for larger cars and demand for compacts and subcompacts noticeably shrank. These initial poor sales of the cars contributed to Chrysler's financial woes at the time, but when the company requested federal assistance, the Omni was an important piece of evidence that they were attempting to compete with imports and build small, fuel-efficient cars and might be worth saving. For the three years leading up to the introduction of Chrysler's K-cars, the Omni/Horizon was Chrysler's best selling model line.

In 1985, Chrysler entered an agreement with American Motors Corporation (AMC) to produce Chrysler M-body vehicles at its Kenosha, Wisconsin facility (supplementing AMC production of Renault-badged vehicles). Alongside production of Chrysler's M-body sedans (Dodge Diplomat/Plymouth Gran Fury/Chrysler Fifth Avenue), Chrysler and AMC agreed to add the L-body Omni and Horizon to the contract in 1987. M-body sedans were built at the Kenosha Main plant, while L-bodies were built at Kenosha Lakefront.

Production Figures:

Variants
Following the introduction of the five-door Omni/Horizon, Chrysler introduced several additional versions of the L-body platform, including the Dodge 024/Plymouth TC3 three-door hatchbacks (later the Dodge Charger/Plymouth Turismo) and the Dodge Rampage/Plymouth Scamp coupé utility pickup truck.

As a hot hatch, Chrysler introduced the turbocharged Omni GLH (later the Shelby GLH-S).

Dodge Omni 024/Dodge Charger
For 1979, Chrysler introduced a hatchback coupe version of the Omni/Horizon, named the Dodge Omni 024 and Plymouth Horizon TC3. Using an L-body chassis (shortened to a 96.6-inch wheelbase), the 024/TC3 coupes shared no external bodywork with the five-door hatchbacks. Sharing the same powertrain as the Omni and Horizon, the coupes were largely designed for appearance over performance.

For 1982, the O24/TC3 were renamed Dodge Charger and Plymouth Turismo. While again offering the same powertrain as the five-door hatchbacks, the 2.2 L high-output engine was added to create the Dodge Shelby Charger/Plymouth Turismo Duster. For 1984, the coupes received updated exterior styling (distinguished by a quad-headlamp front fascia). For 1985 and 1986, the Shelby Charger adopted the 146 hp engine of the Omni GLH-T.

Following the 1987 model year, the Dodge Charger/Plymouth Turismo were replaced by the Dodge Shadow/Plymouth Sundance; Dodge would not again remarket a Charger until the 2005 model year. The final 1000 Dodge Shelby Chargers were built as Shelby Charger GLHS vehicles with a 175 hp 2.2 L Turbo II engine, upgraded transmission, brakes, and suspension, and the deletion of all Dodge badging.

Dodge Rampage/Plymouth Scamp
For 1982, Chrysler introduced a coupe utility pickup derived from the L-body chassis, named the Dodge Rampage. The first front-wheel drive American pickup truck, the Rampage extended the Dodge Omni chassis to a 104.2-inch wheelbase. To compete with the payload of the larger Chevrolet El Camino, Chrysler redesigned the rear frame and suspension of the L-body for the Rampage, with the vehicle receiving a leaf-sprung rear axle.

For 1983 the Plymouth Scamp was introduced alongside the Dodge Rampage, distinguished primarily by badging and trim; the Scamp was offered only for 1983. For 1984, the Rampage received the quad-headlight front fascia of the Dodge Charger and block-letter badging.

Dodge Omni GLH
The highest-performance Dodge Omni was the 1984–1986 Omni GLH, modified by Carroll Shelby. Following the rejection of "Coyote" by Chrysler, the initials GLH ("Goes Like Hell", the choice of Carroll Shelby) were used instead.

For 1984, the Omni GLH adopted many of the modifications of the 1983 Shelby Charger, including its 110 hp 2.2 L "high-output" I4, stiffer suspension, larger brakes and wider tires. For 1985 and 1986, Shelby offered the GLH with an optional 146 hp 2.2 L Turbo I I4 (GLH-T); 1986 vehicles are largely distinguished by their center brake light.

Shelby GLH-S
Shelby Automobiles purchased the final 500 1986 GLH-T (all in black) and used them as the basis for the 1986 Shelby GLHS ("Goes Like Hell S'more"). Modified by the company in California, the GLHS vehicles were legally sold as Shelbys. The Turbo I engine underwent extensive modification, adopting multiple components of what would become the Turbo II engine introduced for 1987. Along with an intercooler, the engine received a larger turbocharger and throttle body, tuned intake and exhaust manifolds, a new wiring harness, and a new radiator and engine fan (among other engine modifications). The suspension was upgraded further, receiving stiffer springs, and adjustable Koni struts and shocks, along with larger tires mounted on Shelby-designed wheels. In contrast to the red pinstripes of the GLH/GLH-T, the GLHS used silver pinstripes and badging; a "Shelby" decal was added to the windshield and a large GLHS decal was added to the driver-side C-pillar (the passenger-side C-pillar was occupied by the gas cap door).

Legacy
At the time of its 1978 launch, the Omni and Horizon would play a significant role in the survival of Chrysler Corporation. While initially struggling against rebounding sales of larger vehicles, nearly 200,000 examples of the combined model line were sold in the first model year. In contrast to most Chrysler model lines, the Plymouth Horizon would outsell the Dodge Omni (some years, by a significant margin), with the exception of the final 1989 and 1990 model years.

As the Omni/Horizon became the best-selling Chrysler model line between 1978 and 1980, it would play a major role in Chrysler securing government-backed funding in 1979. The model line was evidence that Chrysler was attempting to develop more fuel-efficient vehicles competitive with automakers around the world. Along with ensuring the continued survival of the company, the $1.5 billion loans ($ in ) allowed Chrysler to finish the development of its compact/mid-size K-Car program and its minivans, two of its most profitable model lines during the 1980s.

Awards
Following its launch, the Dodge Omni was awarded the 1978 Motor Trend Car of the Year Award. In a similar fashion, the 1978 Chrysler Horizon was voted European Car of the Year for 1979.

Consumer Reports review
Shortly after their introduction, Consumer Reports tested the Omni and Horizon and reported that it lost control in hard maneuvering. As front-wheel-drive cars were still considered a new idea in the American automotive industry, the allegation received extensive mainstream coverage, including a piece in Time magazine. Other automotive media reported no problems and said the Consumer Reports test did not approximate real-world driving conditions. In response to the Consumer Reports article, Chrysler modified the car to add a steering damper and a lighter-weight steering wheel.

title: Dodge Omni


text: User talk:192.6.111.74

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:192.6.111.74


text:
Tehaapapa III

Princess Teri'inavaharoa (8 August 1879 – 27 April 1917) was the last sovereign monarch of the Kingdom of Huahine and Mai'ao from 1893 to 1895. Comteporary sources seems to call her Tehaapapa II instead, disregarding the ruling queen by the same name at the time James Cook visited the island.

Biography
Teha'apapa III was a member of a royal Tahitian dynasty, the deposed royal family Teururai of Huahine.

As a Tahitian Princess, she became Queen of Huahine.

She was the last Queen of Huahine from 1893 to 1895. She was the eldest daughter of Marama Teururai, prince regent of Huahine by his wife Tetuanuimarama a Teuruari'i, Princess of Rurutu.

She was crowned with the regnal name Teha'apapa III in 1893, and was deposed when Huahine was annexed by the French in September 1895.

Marriage
She married first at Fare on 15 May 1895 (divorced 6 August 1897) to His Highness Teriitevaearai a Mai, a descendant of Mai, of the Princely House of Bora Bora, and secondly on 1900 to a native minor noble man called Tinitua a Tuariihi'onoa.

She had one son by her first husband and eleven other natural children through a morganatic union with Tinitua a Tuariihi'onoa.

She died at Fare, 27 April 1917.

External links and sources

 * Jean-François BARE, Tahiti, les temps et les pouvoirs. Pour une anthropologie historique du Tahiti post-européen, Paris, ORSTOM, 543 p.
 * Eugène HANNI, Trois ans chez les Canaques. Odyssée d'un Neuchâtelois autour du monde. Lausanne, Payot & Co Éditeurs, 342p.,
 * Teuira Henry, Tahiti aux temps anciens (traduction française de Bertrand Jaunez, Pars, Musée de l'Homme, Société des Océanistes, 671p. (édition originale Ancient Tahiti, Honolulu 1928)
 * Bruno SAURA, La lignée royale des Tamatoa de Ra'iatea (îles Sous-le-Vent), Papeete, ministère de la Culture, 229 p.
 * Bruno SAURA, Huahine aux temps anciens, Cahiers du Patrimoine [Savoirs et traditions] et Tradition orale, édition 2006.
 * Raoul TEISSIER, Chefs et notables au temps du protectorat: 1842 - 1880, Société des Études Océaniennes, réédition de 1996.
 * Raoul TEISSIER, Chefs et notables au temps du protectorat: 1842 - 1880, Société des Études Océaniennes, réédition de 1996.

title: Tehaapapa III


text:
Pumping station

Pumping stations, also called pumphouses, are public utility buildings containing pumps and equipment for pumping fluids from one place to another. They are critical in a variety of infrastructure systems, such as water supply, drainage of low-lying land, canals and removal of sewage to processing sites. A pumping station is an integral part of a pumped-storage hydroelectricity installation.

Pumping stations are designed to move water or sewage from one location to another, overcoming gravitational challenges, and are essential for maintaining navigable canal levels, supplying water, and managing sewage and floodwaters. In canal systems, pumping stations help replenish water lost through lock usage and leakage, ensuring navigability. Similarly, in land drainage, stations pump water to prevent flooding in areas below sea level, a concept pioneered during the Victorian era in places like The Fens in the UK. The introduction of "package pumping stations" has modernized drainage systems, allowing a compact, efficient solution for areas where gravity drainage is impractical.

Water pumping stations are differentiated by their applications, such as sourcing from wells, raw water pumping, and high service pumping, each designed to meet specific demand projections and customer needs. Wastewater pumping stations, on the other hand, are engineered to handle sewage, with designs that ensure reliability and safety, minimizing environmental impacts from overflows. Innovations in pump technology and station design have led to the development of submersible pump stations, which are more compact and safer, effectively reducing the footprint and visibility of sewage management infrastructure. Electronic controllers have enhanced the efficiency and monitoring capabilities of pumping stations, essential for modern systems. Pumped-storage schemes represent a critical use of pumping stations, providing a method for energy storage and generation by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations, highlighting the versatility and importance of pumping stations across sectors.

Some pumping stations have been recognized for their architectural and historical significance, e.g. the Claverton and Crofton Pumping Stations, are preserved as museum attractions. Examples such as land drainage in the Netherlands water supply in Hong Kong and agricultural drainage in Iraq, underscore the vital role these facilities play in supporting modern infrastructure, environmental management, and energy storage.

Canal water supply
In countries with canal systems, pumping stations are also frequent. Because of the way the system of canal locks work, water is lost from the upper part of a canal each time a vessel passes through. Also, most lock gates are not watertight, so some water leaks from the higher levels of the canal to those lower down. The water has to be replaced or eventually the upper levels of the canal would not hold enough water to be navigable.

Canals are usually fed by diverting water from streams and rivers into the upper parts of the canal, but if no suitable source is available, a pumping station can be used to maintain the water level. An example of a canal pumping station is the Claverton Pumping Station on the Kennet and Avon Canal in southern England, United Kingdom. This pumps water from the nearby River Avon to the canal using pumps driven by a waterwheel which is powered by the river.

Where no external water supply is available, back pumping systems may be employed. Water is extracted from the canal below the lowest lock of a flight and is pumped back to the top of the flight, ready for the next boat to pass through. Such installations are usually small.

Land drainage

When low-lying areas of land are drained, the general method is to dig drainage ditches. However, if the area is below sea level then it is necessary to pump the water upwards into water channels that finally drain into the sea.

The Victorians understood this concept, and in the United Kingdom they built pumping stations with water pumps, powered by steam engines to accomplish this task. In Lincolnshire, large areas of wetland at sea level, called The Fens, were turned into rich arable farmland by this method. The land is full of nutrients because of the accumulation of sedimentary mud that created the land initially.

Elsewhere, pumping stations are used to remove water that has found its way into low-lying areas as a result of leakage or flooding (in New Orleans, for example).

Package pumping station
In more recent times, a "package pumping station" provides an efficient and economic way of installing a drainage system. They are suitable for mechanical building services collection and pumping of liquids like surface water, wastewater or sewage from areas where drainage by gravity is not possible.

A package pumping station is an integrated system, built in a housing manufactured from strong, impact-resistant materials such as precast concrete, polyethylene, or glass-reinforced plastic. The unit is supplied with internal pipework fitted, pre-assembled ready for installation into the ground, after which the submersible pumps and control equipment are fitted. Features may include controls for fully automatic operation; a high-level alarm indication, in the event of pump failure; and possibly a guide-rail/auto-coupling/pedestal system, to permit easy removal of pumps for maintenance.

Traditional site constructed systems have the valve vault components installed in a separate structure. Having two structural components can lead to potentially serious site problems such as uneven settling between components which results in stress on, and failure of the pipes and connections between components. The development of a packaged pump station system combined all components into a single housing which not only eliminates uneven settling issues, but pre-plumbing and outfitting each unit prior to installation can reduce the cost and time involved with civil work and site labor.

Water pumping stations
Water pumping stations are differentiated from wastewater pumping stations in that they do not have to be sized to account for high peak flow rates. They have five general categories:

 * Source (such as a well) pump discharging into an elevated tank
 * Raw water pumping from a river or lake
 * In-line booster pumping into an elevated tank
 * High service pumping of finished water at high pressure
 * Distributed system booster without a storage tank in the piping system

Water pumping stations are constructed in areas in which the demand or projected demand is reasonably defined, and is dependent on a combination of customer needs and fire flow requirements. Average annual per-capita water consumption, peak hour, and maximum daily can vary greatly due to factors such as climate, income levels, population, and the proportions of residential, commercial, and industrial users.

Wastewater pumping stations
Pumping stations in sewage collection systems are normally designed to handle raw sewage that is fed from underground gravity pipelines (pipes that are sloped so that a liquid can flow in one direction under gravity). Sewage is fed into and stored in a pit, commonly known as a wet well. The well is equipped with electrical instrumentation to detect the level of sewage present. When the sewage level rises to a predetermined point, a pump will be started to lift the sewage upward through a pressurized pipe system called a sewer force main if the sewage is transported some significant distance. The pumping station may be called a lift station if the pump merely discharges into a nearby gravity manhole. From here the cycle starts all over again until the sewage reaches its point of destination—usually a treatment plant. By this method, pumping stations are used to move waste to higher elevations. In the case of high sewage flows into the well (for example during peak flow periods and wet weather) additional pumps will be used. If this is insufficient, or in the case of failure of the pumping station, a backup in the sewer system can occur, leading to a sanitary sewer overflow—the discharge of raw sewage into the environment.

Sewage pumping stations are typically designed so that one pump or one set of pumps will handle normal peak flow conditions. Redundancy is built into the system so that in the event that any one pump is out of service, the remaining pump or pumps will handle the designed flow. The storage volume of the wet well between the "pump on" and "pump off" settings is designed to minimize pump starts and stops, but is not so long a retention time as to allow the sewage in the wet well to go septic.

Sewage pumps are almost always end-suction centrifugal pumps with open impellers and are specially designed with a large open passage so as to avoid clogging with debris or winding stringy debris onto the impeller. A four pole or six pole AC induction motor normally drives the pump. Rather than provide large open passages, some pumps, typically smaller sewage pumps, also macerate any solids within the sewage breaking them down into smaller parts which can more easily pass through the impeller.

The interior of a sewage pump station is a very dangerous place. Poisonous gases, such as methane and hydrogen sulfide, can accumulate in the wet well; an ill-equipped person entering the well would be overcome by fumes very quickly. Any entry into the wet well requires the correct confined space entry method for a hazardous environment. To minimize the need for entry, the facility is normally designed to allow pumps and other equipment to be removed from outside the wet well.

Traditional sewage pumping stations incorporate both a wet well and a "dry well". Often these are the same structure separated by an internal divide. In this configuration pumps are installed below ground level on the base of the dry well so that their inlets are below water level on pump start, priming the pump and also maximising the available NPSH. Although nominally isolated from the sewage in the wet well, dry wells are underground, confined spaces and require appropriate precautions for entry. Further, any failure or leakage of the pumps or pipework can discharge sewage directly into the dry well with complete flooding not an uncommon occurrence. As a result, the electric motors are normally mounted above the overflow, top water level of the wet well, usually above ground level, and drive the sewage pumps through an extended vertical shaft. To protect the above ground motors from weather, small pump houses are normally built, which also incorporate the electrical switchgear and control electronics. These are the visible parts of a traditional sewage pumping station although they are typically smaller than the underground wet and dry wells.

More modern pumping stations do not require a dry well or pump house and usually consist only of a wet well. In this configuration, submersible sewage pumps with closely coupled electric motor are mounted within the wet well itself, submerged within the sewage. Submersible pumps are mounted on two vertical guide rails and seal onto a permanently fixed "duckfoot", which forms both a mount and also a vertical bend for the discharge pipe. For maintenance or replacement, submersible pumps are raised by a chain off of the duckfoot and up the two guide rails to the maintenance (normally ground) level. Reinstalling the pumps simply reverses this process with the pump being remounted on the guide rails and lowered onto the duckfoot where the weight of the pump reseals it. As the motors are sealed and weather is not a concern, no above ground structures are required, excepting a small kiosk to contain the electrical switchgear and control systems.

Due to the much reduced health and safety concerns, and smaller footprint and visibility, submersible pump sewage pumping stations have almost completely superseded traditional sewage pumping stations. Further, a refit of a traditional pumping station usually involves converting it into a modern pumping station by installing submersibles in the wet well, demolishing the pump house and retiring the dry well by either stripping it, or knocking down the internal partition and merging it with the wet well.

Electronic controllers
Pump manufacturers have always designed and manufactured electronic devices to control and supervise pumping stations. Today it is also very common to use a programmable logic controller (PLC) or Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) for such work, but the experience needed to solve certain particular problems, makes an easy choice to look for a specific pump controller. RTUs are very helpful in remote monitoring of each pumping station from a centralized control room with SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) systems. This setup can be helpful in monitoring pump faults, levels, and other alarms and parameters, making it more efficient.

Pumped-storage schemes
A pumped-storage scheme is a type of power station for storing and producing electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations.

Typically, water is channeled from a high-level reservoir to a low-level reservoir, through turbine generators that generate electricity. This is done when the station is required to generate power. During low-demand periods, such as overnight, the generators are reversed to become pumps that move the water back up to the top reservoir.

List of pumping stations
There are countless thousands of pumping stations throughout the world. The following is a list of those described in this encyclopedia.

United Kingdom
In the UK, during the Victorian Era, there was a fashion for public buildings to feature highly ornate architecture. Consequently, a considerable number of former pumping stations have been listed and preserved. The majority were originally steam-powered, and where the steam engines are still in situ, many of the sites have since re-opened as museum attractions.

Canal water supply

 * Claverton Pumping Station, on the Kennet and Avon Canal, near Bath, water-powered
 * Cobb's Engine House, ruin near southern portal of Netherton Tunnel
 * Crofton Pumping Station, on the Kennet and Avon Canal, near Great Bedwyn
 * Leawood Pump House, on the Cromford Canal in Derbyshire
 * Smethwick Engine, now removed from original site to Birmingham Thinktank
 * New Smethwick Pumping Station (now part of Galton Valley Canal Heritage Centre)

Groundwater supply
Used to pump water from a well into a reservoir
 * Bestwood Pumping Station, Nottinghamshire
 * Boughton Pumping Station, Nottinghamshire
 * Bratch Pumping Station, Staffordshire
 * Mill Meece Pumping Station, in Staffordshire
 * Papplewick Pumping Station, Nottinghamshire (pumped from a 200 ft deep well)
 * Selly Oak Pumping Station, Birmingham (building converted to an electricity substation)
 * Twyford Pumping Station, Hampshire

Hydraulic power station

 * Wapping Hydraulic Power Station, London (converted to electricity, now an arts centre and restaurant)

Land drainage

 * Pinchbeck Engine, near Spalding (preserved beam engine and scoop wheel)
 * Pode Hole pumping station, near Spalding, Lincolnshire (formerly steam beam engines, no longer present)
 * Prickwillow Engine House, near Ely, Cambridgeshire (now the Museum of Fenland Drainage)
 * Stretham Old Engine, Stretham, Cambridgeshire
 * Westonzoyland Pumping Station, Somerset

Public water supply
Used to pump drinking water from a reservoir into a water supply system.
 * Blagdon Pumping Station, Chew Valley, Somerset
 * Edgbaston Waterworks, Birmingham
 * Kempton Park Pumping Station, London
 * Kew Bridge Pumping Station, Kew Bridge, London
 * Langford Pumping Station ("Museum of Power"), Essex
 * Ryhope Engines Museum, Sunderland
 * Tees Cottage Pumping Station, Darlington

Sewage

 * Abbey Pumping Station, Leicester
 * Abbey Mills Pumping Station, in North London. (steam engines no longer present)
 * Cheddars Lane Pumping Station, Cambridge
 * Claymills Pumping Station, near Burton upon Trent
 * Coleham Pumping Station, Coleham, near Shrewsbury
 * Crossness Pumping Station, in South London
 * Dock Road Edwardian Pumping Station, in Northwich, Cheshire (Gas engines. Built 1913)
 * Low Hall Pumping Station, Walthamstow, North London
 * Markfield Beam Engine, Tottenham, London
 * Old Brook Pumping Station, Chatham, Kent

Underground railway

 * Brunel Engine House (now Brunel Museum), Rotherhithe, East London (extracted water from Thames Tunnel; engine no longer present)
 * Shore Road Pumping Station, Birkenhead, Wirral (originally steam, now electric; extracts water from the rail tunnel under the River Mersey)

Hong Kong

 * Public water supply
 * Engineer's Office of the Former Pumping Station, Hong Kong

Iraq

 * Agricultural drainage
 * Nasiriyah Drainage Pump Station, Dhi Qar Province

Canada

 * Hamilton Museum of Steam and Technology, Hamilton, Ontario's first Water Works, powered by two 1859 steam engines

Netherlands

 * Land drainage
 * Cruquius pumping station (Operational, but no longer steam-powered.)
 * – an 8-beam Cornish engine with the largest cylinder (144 in (3.5m) diameter) in the world.
 * ir.D.F. Woudagemaal, (ir. Wouda pumping station) (world's largest steam-powered pumping station)

Spain

 * Stations for public water supply in Barcelona. One of them is a Barcelona City History Museum heritage site (MUHBA Casa de l'aigua). Another is a museum itself: Museu Agbar de les Aigües (Agbar water museum).

United States

 * Chicago Avenue Pumping Station in Chicago, built in 1869, still in use (with modern pumps) but also serves as a theater.
 * Pumping Station No. 2 San Francisco Fire Department Auxiliary Water Supply System, San Francisco, California, listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Waterworks railways

 * Colne Valley Waterworks railway, Eastbury Pumping Station, near Watford
 * Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway
 * List of narrow gauge railways at water treatment and sewage works in Great Britain
 * Metropolitan Water Board Railway, Kempton Park, London

title: Pumping station


text:
Carlos Paredes

Carlos Paredes (16 February 1925 – 23 July 2004) was a virtuoso Portuguese guitar player and composer. He is regarded as one of the greatest players of Portuguese guitar of all-time.

Born in Coimbra, Portugal, in a family with a long tradition of guitar playing, he was taught to play the Portuguese guitar by his father, Artur Paredes. He composed numerous soundtracks for cinema and theatre, such as the soundtrack for the Portuguese film Os Verdes Anos (1963), which contains his famous piece "Canção Verde Anos". He released several recordings as a solo artist and performed in numerous countries worldwide.

Besides his music career, Paredes also worked in the public service for most of his life. In 1958, during Portugal's dictatorial Estado Novo regime, he was imprisoned for 18 months for joining the Portuguese Communist Party, at the time an illegal organization.

Early life
Carlos Paredes was born in Coimbra on 16 February 1925. His father was Artur Paredes, an acclaimed player of Portuguese guitar from Coimbra. His grandfather Gonçalo Paredes, his great-uncle Manuel Paredes and his great-grandfather António Paredes were also guitar players.

Around 1934, aged 9, Paredes and his family moved to Lisbon. He did his primary education at the João de Deus School, and afterwards attended the Passos Manuel Lyceum. While attending the lyceum, he had violin and piano lessons. In 1943, he entered the Chemical-Industrial Engineering Course in Instituto Superior Técnico, but was enrolled for only one year.

He started playing guitar when he was 4 years-old, taught by his father. At age 9, he began accompanying his father on the guitar, in his father's concerts. At age 14, Carlos and Artur Paredes started participating on a weekly show in the Emissora Nacional de Radiodifusão, Portugal's public national radio broadcaster, a show that was created by Artur Paredes himself.

In 1949, he became a public service worker, a job he would retire from only later in life, in November 1986. He worked in the radiography archive of the Hospital de São José, in Lisbon, while maintaining his musical career.

Political affiliation and imprisonment
Paredes grew up in an environment of discreet resistance and political opposition to António Salazar's Estado Novo regime. In 1958, he became a member of the Portuguese Communist Party, which at the time was an illegal organization in Portugal.

In the morning of 26 September 1958, he was arrested by PIDE agents in his workplace in Hospital de São José, on the accusation of belonging to an illegal political party opposing the government. He was kept imprisoned for 18 months. During his time in prison, he composed music in his head. According to some sources, people in the prison thought that Paredes was going insane, walking around his cell pretending to play the guitar, when in fact he was composing.

After his release from prison, he was suspended from his job in the hospital and worked for some years as a delegate of medical propaganda.

After the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, like others who had been political prisoners during the Estado Novo regime, Paredes was seen as a hero. He disliked this status and preferred not to talk about his time in prison, saying that there were people who suffered more than him. He was reinstated to his previous job in the Hospital de São José shortly after the revolution.

Paredes remained a member of the Portuguese Communist Party until his death.

1950s and 1960s
Paredes' first release was a self-titled EP in 1957. He was accompanied by Fernando Alvim on the classical guitar. After this first record, the musical partnership between Paredes and Alvim would last for more than 20 years.

During the 1960s, Paredes composed the soundtracks for numerous Portuguese films. He composed the soundtrack for the 1963 film Os Verdes Anos, directed by Paulo Rocha. The piece "Canção Verdes Anos", which is part of this soundtrack and was also included in his first studio album, became one his most recognizable works. He also composed the soundtracks for the film Fado Corrido (1964), by Jorge Brum do Canto, the film Mudar de Vida (1966), by Paulo Rocha, and contributed to the soundtrack of several short-films: Rendas de Metais Preciosos (1960), by Cândido Costa Pinto; P.X.O. (1962), by Pierre Kast and Jacques Valcroze; As Pinturas do Meu Irmão Júlio (1965), by Manoel de Oliveira; Crónica do Esforço Perdido (1966), by António de Macedo; À Cidade (The City) (1968) and The Colombus Route (1969), by José Fonseca e Costa; and Tráfego e Estiva (1968), by Manuel Guimarães.

In theatre, he collaborated with José Cardoso Pires and Fernando Gusmão in 1964, with Carlos Avillez in the play Bodas de Sangue and performances of García Lorca's The House of Bernarda Alba by Teatro Experimental de Cascais.

His first studio album, Guitarra Portuguesa, was released in 1967. That same year, he played alongside Amália Rodrigues in her show at the Olympia in Paris, by her invitation. Amália, who was very impressed with his talent, wished to have Paredes accompany her in her touring band, but Paredes declined, citing his father's advice: "If you want to be soloist, you must accompany no-one". Still, the two remained lifelong friends.

In 1968 he released three EPs: Porto Santo, Divertimento and Variações em Ré menor.

1970s
In 1970 he released a collaboration album with Cecília de Melo, titled Meu País. In 1971, he released his second solo album, Movimento Perpétuo.

Between 1971 and 1977, he composed the music for Agustin Cuzzani's play O Avançado Centro Morreu ao Amanhecer, performed by the Campolide Theatre Group. He also selected the soundtrack for the group following shows.

After the Carnation Revolution of 1974 in Portugal, he toured Europe. He participated in several events promoted by the Portuguese Communist Party, playing shows in Portugal and Eastern Europe. His music was used in the television coverage of the country's first democratic elections for the Assembly of the Republic, in 1975. In 1975 he released the album É Preciso um País with poet Manuel Alegre.

Around 1975, Paredes was working on the successor for Movimento Perpétuo. The recording sessions were interrupted and resumed several times because of Paredes' dissatisfaction with his recordings. Eventually, the initial plans for the album were abandoned, but some of the recordings from these sessions were selected by Paredes for a release named O Oiro e o Trigo. However, his record label Valentim de Carvalho did not agree with it, and this was the basis for his breakup with Valentim de Carvalho. O Oiro e o Trigo was ultimately released in East Germany in 1980.

1980s
In 1982 his piece "Danças Para Uma Guitarra" was choreographed by Vasco Wellenkamp for the Gulbenkian Ballet.

In 1983 Paredes released the live album Concerto em Frankfurt, recorded in a concert at the Frankfurt Opera.

In 1986 he released a collaboration album with Portuguese composer António Victorino de Almeida, titled Invenções Livres.

In 1987 he released a new solo album, Espelho de Sons, which reached 3rd place in the Portuguese weekly album charts. It was followed by Asas Sobre o Mundo, in 1989.

1990s
In 1990 Paredes released an album with American jazz bassist Charlie Haden, titled Dialogues.

His last show was in October 1993 at the Aula Magna, in Lisbon, accompanied by Luísa Amaro.

After retiring from music and public life, he release two more albums from previously unreleased material: Na Corrente (1996), containing pieces recorded between 1969 and 1973 at the Valentim de Carvalho studios, and Canção para Titi (2000), with recordings from 1993.

Illness and death
In December 1993, Paredes was diagnosed with myelopathy. The disease forced Paredes to stop playing guitar, thus ending his career as a musician. He was interned at the Fundação-Lar Nossa Senhora da Saúde, in Campo de Ourique, Lisbon, until his death.

Paredes died on 23 July 2004, in Lisbon. Following his death, the Portuguese government declared one day of national mourning in his honour. He lays buried at the Prazeres Cemetery, in Lisbon.

Personal life
Carlos Paredes was married two times. He married Ana Maria Napoleão Franco, in 1960. His second marriage was with Cecília de Melo. He had six children.

He is remembered for his humbleness by those who knew him. He refused to solely make a living as a musician and kept his job in the radiography archive of the Hospital de São José until the age of 61, stating that he "loved music too much to live from it".

Legacy
Carlos Paredes is regarded as one of the greatest Portuguese guitarists of all-time and a genius of the Portuguese guitar. He is frequently called "The master of the Portuguese guitar" (Portuguese: O mestre da guitarra portuguesa) and "The man with the thousand fingers" (Portuguese: O homem dos mil dedos). Acclaimed fado singer Amália Rodrigues said that Paredes was "a national monument, like the Jerónimos Monastery".

Several buildings in Portugal are named after Paredes. The Carlos Paredes Prize, an award for Portuguese musicians given by the Vila Franca de Xira municipality since 2003, is named after him.

Awards and honors
In 1992, Carlos Paredes was awarded the title of Commander of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword by the President of Portugal.

Studio albums

 * Guitarra Portuguesa (Portuguese Guitar) (1967)
 * Movimento Perpétuo (Perpetual Movement) (1971)
 * O Oiro e o Trigo (1980, East Germany release)
 * Espelho de Sons (1987)
 * Asas Sobre o Mundo (1989)
 * Na Corrente (1996)
 * Canção para Titi: Os Inéditos 1993 (2000)

Extended plays

 * Carlos Paredes (1957)
 * Guitarradas Sob o Tema do Filme "Verdes Anos" (1963)
 * Romance Nº 2 (1968)
 * Fantasia (1968)
 * Porto Santo (1968)
 * António Marinheiro - Tema da Peça (1972)

Collaboration albums

 * Meu País (My Country) (1970), with Cecília Melo
 * É Preciso um País (1975), with Manuel Alegre
 * Invenções Livres (1986), with António Vitorino d'Almeida
 * Dialogues (1990), with Charlie Haden

Live albums

 * Concerto em Frankfurt (1983)

Compilation albums

 * Meister Der Portugiesischen Gitarre (1977, East Germany release)

title: Carlos Paredes


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Talk:Synergy

Removing tags, blank edit summaries
When you are ready to behave professionally, let me know and I'll unprotect the page. I have no special connection to this article, but removing the tags without an explanation is disruptive. El_C 04:25, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Also, please consider registering an account instead of, confusingly, hopping from IP to IP. El_C 04:39, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I am sorry to stop attempting to put some logic into the squabble between religious concepts, art, charlatanry a pinch of science that passes as an entry for Synergy in Wikipedia. The editor has clearly no knowledge nor interest about the subject (he wrote me so) and just applies lazily archaic dogmatic rules without regard to logic, clarity and relevance. I am ashamed to have recommended in innumerable occasion students to check Wikipedia without being aware that many article are badly edited, contain misleading information and rather subtract from the knowledge of the reader. Cheers MercuryTest (talk) 20:48, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * This response comes after several attempts to improve the section on synergy that were deleted without any explanations MercuryTest (talk) 20:52, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * If this message is for me, I will try to edit with my login MercuryTest. Sorry if I have coused disruptions. I am new to editing wiki. But the article on synergy is totally biased towards religious cristian fundamentalism promoted by Peter Crorning and I try to provide more scientific alternative views 201.208.118.204 (talk) 12:02, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

Psychokinetically enslaved by the most intuitive man
In the end of its exponentially accelerating hierarchization, the universe's matter becomes psychokinetically enslaved by the most intuitive man. (underline is my emphasis)—This seems like synthesis and, anyway, is too complex for the lead. Psychokinetically enslaved (whatever that supposed to mean) needs to be better explained and better referenced, at the very least, if it even belongs in the article, to to mention the lead. It all seems like undue weight to the concept of synergy. How is the reader to make sense of this in the context of an encyclopedia article? El_C 04:35, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
 * In the article, "psychokinetically enslaved" is a hyperlink, and people can easily learn what it is. Enslavement is the central notion of synergetics, so it cannot be omitted. 91.122.11.237 (talk) 04:55, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Not easily at all. That link to wikiquote serves as a poor explanation (I, at least, have had trouble with it)—if you want to write about synergetics, maybe devote a section to it in the body; and also work to depict it as if you're writing an encyclopedia article, because that's what Wikipedia is. I'm not sure delving into the depths is appropriate for the lead. This article is about the concept of synergy, more broadly. Try to write with the average reader in mind, not as if you're writing for other specialists, like in an academic journal. El_C 05:07, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
 * The most intuitive man becomes capable of psychokinesis.—Is there scholarly consensus that this amounts to the definition of synergy at its highest form? Because it appears to be, at the very least, undue weight. Synergy has several meanings in English, and it looks like the lead is emphasising, and also synthesising, just one aspect. The lead, especially, remains overspecialised and does not read like an introductory effort into synergy, in all its many forms. El_C 06:35, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Basically, I'm concerned that you've turned the lead into a discussion about Synergetics rather than Synergy. You can't monopolise the article—the way you've been going is not sustainable. I've been far too lenient with you, both your behaviour and your content. El_C 06:44, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Still waiting for a response... El_C 08:58, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree that the past few days' changes have completely altered the first part of the article into something unrecognizable as a general article on synergy. I would be in favor of reverting back to somewhere around 17 May. Perhaps the editor(s) making these changes can be persuaded that they need to create a new article, disambiguated, for their special sense of synergy. But I agree that it all looks a lot like a mistaken takeover by some version of Synergetics, which has its own problems.  — jmcgnh  (talk) (contribs)  12:54, 24 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the input. Indeed, if the IP behind these massive changes continues to fail to respond to these multiple issues, I suggest we do just that. El_C 15:09, 24 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Still no response from the author. ♫It's getting to the point♪ El_C 06:01, 28 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I remain in favor of the restoration of the older version.  — jmcgnh  (talk) (contribs)  06:54, 28 May 2017 (UTC)
 * If you are looking for a response of the author of this nonsense, see
 * the edit:
 * the author:
 * the town:
 * the indef blocked sockmaster: Sockpuppet investigations/Antichristos
 * If they respond, they can be reported there, and blocked. - DVdm (talk) 08:59, 28 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Final Fantasy mention
I do not see any merit in the mentioning of "Synergists" in the Final Fantasy game. The description offers no indication that these characters have anything to do with the concept of synergy. I propose to remove it. I was going to edit but this is still semi-protected at the moment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Technokratisch (talk • contribs) 12:33, 27 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Please sign all your talk page messages with four tildes ( ~ ) — See Help:Using talk pages. Thanks.
 * Yes, by all means be wp:BOLD and remove it, mentioning the lack of sourcing and referring to the talk page in the edit summary. They can always put it back with a proper source. - DVdm (talk) 13:31, 27 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, semi-protected. ✅: . - DVdm (talk) 13:37, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

Synergy in relationship of all kinds of energy...
Thermal Energy, Dark Energy, Kinetic Energy to work together as synergy of energy, what's this? 112.201.11.90 (talk) 13:56, 14 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Synergy


text:
Category:Plymouth vehicles

This category is for automobiles sold under the Plymouth brand name of the Chrysler Corporation.

title: Category:Plymouth vehicles


text:
Talk:Yesterday (song)

Composition and structure
The chords given for the 'second section' are all wrong. But heck, the chords for the first section are wrong too. The progression is mostly the same for both the verse and the middle eight. You got G and F#m7 and B7 and C and D and there's an Em7 at the end followed by an A7 and then a C before resolving to the tonic G. This makes for a great two-tone phrase D-C#-C on top of a lower E.

Not impressed at all by Pollack - quite the contrary, and it might help if he played guitar like Macca. And got more fresh air from time to time. Who wrote that section? Played any gigs recently?

String Quartet
A full string quartet was used in the making of "Yesterday" but it seems the Viola comes very strong and adds the emotion and expression to this song in the final verse. More so than the Violin, Cello or Bass. This applies only to the strings section and not the guitar.Amaddrums (talk) 14:49, 12 April 2015 (UTC)
 * And?

Yesterday in films?, cont'd
Hi there,

I see in the archive that someone asked if it could be interesting to list the movies in which the song is played, but got no reply. I was once told of a (1970's?) film where the character is obsessed with the song and keeps playing it over and over, but i never heard of any other mention of such a film. Anyone ? --Jerome Potts (talk) 03:18, 20 June 2015 (UTC) Well, there is now an entire movie ("Yesterday"). --Daveler16 (talk) 20:33, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Maybe Anna (Go to Him) Al Bundy, Married With Children, 1991? MBG02 (talk) 03:00, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

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Scrambled eggs
Isn't the "scrambled eggs" paragraph repetitive and redundant? It explains that McCartney asked around about the melody, became confident it was his, and wrote the nonsense lyrics. Then it goes on to say that McCartney asked around about the melody, became confident it was his, ands wrote the nonsense lyrics. Mind if I shorten it?--Daveler16 (talk) 20:30, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

No objection, apparently, so I made the change, keeping the citation.--Daveler16 (talk) 16:44, 14 July 2019 (UTC)

Film
Although an uncited reference to it has recently been removed, the film named after the song probably warrants a mention. Thoughts? Dave.Dunford (talk) 23:51, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

Erasing McCartney
Seems it's the standard on Wikipedia to put "written by John Lennon" at every given opportunity, because if a source claims McCartney had nothing to do with it, that's the one to use. McCartney himself claims he contributed to almost every song and in the Beatles anthology, while admitting John wrote most of "all you need us love", he still wrote part of it. Backed up by George Harrison, Ringo Starr and George Martin, in the same documentary, with all three refering to both of them as the writers of it. But, if Lennon fans can get away with giving John sole ownership, they'll have it. Meanwhile, when it's a McCartney song, the words "primarily" written by Paul McCartney proves to be the prefferd phrasee, hintig that "he didn't do it on his own." Such a shame this bias is allowed to run rampant through Wikipedia. 77.98.216.8 (talk) 04:29, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * We follow the sources, not personal opinions or hearsay. Beatles-related articles are very well sourced because there is a huge amount of information available. One thing to remember: Lennon and McCartney had an agreement from the very beginning of their partnership that both would be credited for all songs they wrote (while in the Beatles). Song articles always indicate "credited to Lennon-McCartney". We can't do otherwise because those are the official credits for all Lennon and McCartney songs when they were in the Beatles. But please note that song articles also make a point of stating (almost always in the lead) what the sources say about the actual writer(s). This article is an example: "written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney". No one is "erasing McCartney", and there is no conspiracy here by "Lennon fans". All Beatles articles have a lot of eyes on them. If such a conspiracy was even attempted, it would be immediately reverted. Everything on Wikipedia must be reliably sourced. And there is no debate that all of their songs are "credited to Lennon-McCartney". You won't find a source any more reliable than those already used that states otherwise. Sundayclose (talk) 04:48, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 14 May 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Move per agreement over WP:PRIMARY TOPIC (non-admin closure) >>> Extorc . talk  12:04, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Close also endorsed by, see below.

Yesterday (Beatles song) → Yesterday (song) – There have been several previous RMs here, but all focused on the two extreme options of simply Yesterday or the doubly-disambiguated Yesterday (Beatles song). Per WP:INCOMPDAB and WP:PDAB, a partly-disambiguated title may still have a primary topic; a rule of thumb I often see used is whether the article gets more pageviews than all other candidates combined. Well, let's see. |Yesterday_(Black_Eyed_Peas_song)|Yesterday_(Toni_Braxton_song)|Yesterday_(Shanice_song) For the previous year: That is a 33:1 pageview ratio in favor of the Beatles song over the three others combined. Similarly, WikiNav shows that the Beatles song got 35.91% of outbound clicks from the Yesterday DAB in April, the highest of any song and the second-highest overall (after the recent film); no other song cracks the top 6 (which bottoms out at 1.8%). In addition to that technical data, there is the fact that the Beatles song is one of the most influential, most covered, and most popular songs of all time. I think there is a strong case here for it to be the primary topic for "Yesterday (song)". -- Tamzin  [ cetacean needed ] (she|they|xe) 18:23, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Yesterday (Beatles song): 241,137 pageviews in 2022
 * Yesterday (Toni Braxton song): 5,210
 * Yesterday (Shanice song): 1,061
 * Yesterday (Black Eyed Peas song): 1,022
 * Comment: In addition to the four songs listed above, there are about 25 other songs listed at Yesterday (disambiguation) with this title, and three of them (a total of seven) have articles devoted to them. That seems like a more diverse list of topics than the quintessential PDAB example, Thriller (album). — BarrelProof (talk) 19:52, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Some of those songs are "Yesterdays". The three I listed are the only ones with articles. There's 10 listed that point to albums and 3 that point to artists. As noted at WP:INCOMPDAB, there's been consensus to ignore non-article-worthy songs in INCOMPDAB situations. I don't think that any of these non-notable songs, none of which get a significant percentage of outbound clicks, shift the analysis much. --  Tamzin  [ cetacean needed ] (she|they|xe) 20:36, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes, the Ashley Roberts song article was blanked and redirected in 2021, and some of the others are "Yesterdays". One caveat I suggest though is not to consider "not having an article devoted specifically to the song" synonymous with necessarily being "a non-notable song". Disambiguation is about topics, not articles, and may consider topics discussed as a subtopic within an article that is primarily about something else (such as an album or artist). I don't know whether that distinction matters here or not – perhaps not. — BarrelProof (talk) 22:52, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose malformed and early close Other songs. See WP:DISAMBIGUATION. In ictu oculi (talk) 21:35, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * While you certainly can oppose the RM, it isn't malformed and there is no reason to early close. Please see WP:ETIQ. 162 etc. (talk) 21:59, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay. Well, I'll strike "malformed and early close" - but this is a proposal contrary to WP:PT and WP:TITLE. Why would we deliberately ambiguate an article title in this case? In ictu oculi (talk) 12:46, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose. No reason at all to move this to an incomplete disambiguation title. Gonnym (talk) 03:10, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
 * There were reasons given, those being a 33:1 pageview ratio between the Beatles song and other songs titled "Yesterday"; 35.91% of outbound clicks from the Yesterday DAB; and the fact that the Beatles song is one of the most influential, most covered, and most popular songs of all time. lol1 VNIO ( I made a mistake?  talk to me ) 09:39, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support, the Beatles song is primary and has long-term historical significance. Randy Kryn (talk) 12:17, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose I'd normally expect more like 1 in 100 or at least in in 50.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:15, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. Thresholds vary for when "incomplete disambiguation" is appropriate, but my own preferences are solidly met here.  The Beatles song is many many many times more notable than all the rest combined per page view stats.  It's more prominent than the non-song meanings, too.  SnowFire (talk) 20:23, 18 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. I would normally be against a specific song having the primary title whenever other songs with the same title have separate articles. That being said, I do think there is a strong case to be made for this being the primary topic. It has the page-views to support it, and there is just a strong long-term historical significance. If this change is made, I think a hat-note redirecting users to the disambiguation page and to the links for other songs with this title would be beneficial. Aoba47 (talk) 21:57, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

Discussion after close
with respect and assuming good faith, I have reverted your non-admin close and placed a message on your Talk page. This is such a high visibility move contrary to en.wikipedia guidelines, it could have a knock on effect elswhere in the article corpus, and is highly controversial, so an admin closer would be preferable. At least a relist would be expected at this 7 day mark. But if you push through your close again I will not revert a second time. In ictu oculi (talk) 12:42, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * following a request by Extorc on my talk page, I'm reinstating Extorc's close here. Procedurally, it was not legitimate to simply reverse the close simply because it was a non-admin close - WP:RMNAC is clear that not being an admin is not sufficient ground on its own to reject a close. Also, having looked over the discussion I think it's a fair close, the policy explicitly allows for partial primary topics if a sufficient bar is met, which a majority here felt it did. I'm happy to also put my endorsement on this close as an admin, if that makes things clearer for you.. If you still wish to challenge the close after this, the course of actino would be to discuss it with Extorc, perhaps mention some aspects you think they failed to consider. Then, if you're still not happy after discussion with Extorc, you can file an entry at WP:MRV. Cheers and I hope you're both having a good weekend otherwise. — Amakuru (talk) 14:01, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Although I personally think that 3 oppose and 3 support would have been better served by a relist, No I do not think any further action is needed at this point. We'll see how the change benefits readers over the next year(s). In ictu oculi (talk) 20:36, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

Original 2,200 cover versions citation
Re, I did a little bit of digging in search of the original source. The citation just added for the "2,200 covers" claim is to cheatsheet.com, but this in turn cites a "book" by PediaPress, based on Wikipedia (quote: "BBC News named his song "Yesterday" the most covered song in history—by over 2,200 artists"). The citation ([625]) is not available in the Google Books version of the Pedia Press book. However, the citation for this claim in the Paul McCartney article, where the Pedia Press book presumably got it from, is to a BBC article from 1999. So that's the citation I've gone with. God knows where the BBC got their information from. Dave.Dunford (talk) 07:44, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yesterday (song)


text:
Warren Ellis (musician)

Warren Ellis (born 14 February 1965) is an Australian musician and composer. He is a member of the rock groups Dirty Three and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. He also performed with the band Grinderman until its disbandment in 2013. He has also composed film scores with long-time friend, collaborator and band-mate Nick Cave. Ellis plays the violin, piano, accordion, bouzouki, guitar, flute, mandolin, mandocello and viola. He has been a member of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds since 1994.

Life and career
Ellis was born in Ballarat, Victoria. He has said that he came to music by accident: while playing at the local tip, he found an abandoned piano accordion. He took it to school and his teacher showed him how to play it. He later learned classical violin and flute at school in Ballarat.

After winning a scholarship to a private high school, Ellis went to university in Melbourne, where he studied classical violin. After that he then worked briefly as a schoolteacher in country Victoria. In January 1988 he travelled to Europe, where he busked in Greece, Hungary, Scotland and Ireland. A year later he returned to Australia. Ellis then wrote music for theatre groups and performed at art openings and plays in Melbourne, before he started playing in bands in the early nineties.

In 1992, Ellis formed The Dirty Three with guitarist Mick Turner and drummer Jim White. As of 2018 the band has recorded nine studio albums, including several to appear on the ARIA charts in their native Australia.

In 1993, Ellis was invited to play with Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds as part of a small string ensemble for several songs on Let Love In (released 1994). He soon joined the band as a full-time member, initially emphasising violin but gradually adding many other instruments. Ellis eventually co-wrote many of the band's songs and became a pivotal collaborator with singer Nick Cave in film scores and other projects. Ellis was also a member of Grinderman, a side-group from the Bad Seeds, who have released two albums. In 2002, Ellis released a solo album on King Crab records called Three Pieces for Violin. Since 2005 he has played on several Marianne Faithfull albums. Nick Cave and Warren Ellis composed the award-winning score of the film The Proposition, and collaborated again on the scores of The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, The Road, and Far from Men.

In 2009, Nick Cave and Warren Ellis released White Lunar – an album that includes other soundtrack scores.

Following the release of Carnage, Ellis and Nick Cave toured Europe in the autumn of 2021 and the United States in the spring of 2022.

Ellis has lived in Paris since 1998 with his French wife and their two children.

In 2021, Ellis and his wife announced the purchase of a parcel of land in Sumatra, which they donated to the non-profit Jakarta Animal Aid Network. Ellis Park Wildlife Sanctuary is adjacent to the existing Sumatra Wildlife Centre, and specialises in animals who need lifetime care and cannot survive in the wild.

Solo albums

 * Three Pieces for Violin (2002)

Solo scores

 * Mustang, film soundtrack (2015)
 * Bad Girl, film soundtrack (2017)
 * Django, film soundtrack (2017)
 * This Train I Ride, film soundtrack (2020)
 * Purple Perilla, book soundtrack (2021)

Collaborations with Nick Cave

 * Woyzeck, theatre score (2005), adaptation by Gísli Örn Gardarsson
 * The Proposition, soundtrack (2005)
 * The Metamorphosis, theatre score (2006)
 * The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, soundtrack (2007)
 * The English Surgeon, soundtrack (2007) with Nick Cave
 * The Road, soundtrack (2009)
 * The Girls of Phnom Penh, soundtrack (2009)
 * Lawless soundtrack (2012) composed with Nick Cave
 * Days of Grace, soundtrack (2012) With Nick Cave, Atticus Ross, Claudia Sarne, Leopold Ross & Shigeru Umebayashi
 * West of Memphis, soundtrack (2013)
 * Loin des Hommes, soundtrack (2015)
 * Hell or High Water, soundtrack (2016) composed with Nick Cave
 * War Machine, soundtrack (2017) composed with Nick Cave
 * Wind River, soundtrack (2017) composed with Nick Cave
 * Kings, soundtrack (2017) composed with Nick Cave
 * Carnage, studio album (2021)
 * La Panthère Des Neiges, soundtrack (2021)
 * Blonde, soundtrack (2022) composed with Nick Cave
 * Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story, soundtrack (2022) composed with Nick Cave
 * "Wood Dove", a track for the "For the Birds: The Birdsong Project", Vol. 2.
 * Back to Black, soundtrack (2024) composed with Nick Cave

Other collaborations

 * The Blackeyed Susans' album All Souls Alive (1993)
 * Kim Salmon's album Hey Believer (1994)
 * David McComb's album Love of Will (1994)
 * Played live music for Chicago neo-burlesque performer Maya Sinstress in 2000
 * Cat Power's album You Are Free (violin on "Good Woman") (2003)
 * Loene Carmen's album Slight Delay (2004)
 * "Crazy Love" by Marianne Faithfull/Nick Cave, with Isabelle Huppert on Before the Poison (2005)
 * "Hell's Coming Down" from Primal Scream's album Riot City Blues (2006)
 * Theo Hakola's album Drunk Women and Sexual Water (2008)
 * Jim Yamouridis' album Into the Day (2011)
 * "Pirate Jenny" with Shilpa Ray and Nick Cave on Son of Rogues Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs & Chanteys (2013)
 * Marianne Faithfull's album Give My Love to London (2014)
 * "Stepkids" from The Avalanches' album Wildflower (2016)
 * "A Common Truth" by Saltland (Rebecca Foon) (2017)
 * "Le Brasier Shelley" with Augustin Viard, audio cinema film featuring Marianne Faithfull and Gaspard Ulliel, France Culture (2018)
 * Five tracks on Amadjar by Tinariwen
 * Co-credit with Marianne Faithfull – She Walks in Beauty (2021)
 * "About You" from The 1975's album "Being Funny in a Foreign Language" (2022)

Books

 * Nina Simone's Gum (2022, Faber & Faber; ISBN 9780571365630)

Awards and nominations

 * 2005 AFI Awards: Best Original Music Score (The Proposition)
 * 2005 Inside Film Awards: Best Music (The Proposition)
 * 2005 Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards: Best Musical Score (The Proposition)
 * 2010 Kermode Awards: Best Score (The Road)
 * 2016 César Award for Best Original Music: Best Original Music Score (Mustang)

The APRA Awards have been presented annually since 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters".
 * APRA Music Awards

! Ref.
 * rowspan=2| 2014
 * "Jubilee Street" (with Nick Cave)
 * rowspan=2| Song of the Year
 * rowspan=2|
 * "We No Who U R" (with Nick Cave)
 * 2021
 * "Ghosteen" (with Nick Cave)
 * Song of the Year
 * 2022
 * "Albuquerque" (with Nick Cave)
 * Song of the Year
 * "Ghosteen" (with Nick Cave)
 * Song of the Year
 * 2022
 * "Albuquerque" (with Nick Cave)
 * Song of the Year
 * 2022
 * "Albuquerque" (with Nick Cave)
 * Song of the Year

The ARIA Music Awards is an annual ceremony presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.
 * ARIA Music Awards

 * 2006
 * The Proposition (Nick Cave with Warren Ellis)
 * Best Original Soundtrack / Cast / Show Recording
 * Nominated
 * 2007
 * Nick Cave (honorary inductees Harvey, Ellis, Savage, Casey)
 * ARIA Hall of Fame
 * inducted
 * 2013
 * Lawless (with Nick Cave)
 * Best Original Soundtrack / Cast / Show Recording
 * Nominated
 * 2021
 * Carnage (with Nick Cave)
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Nominated
 * 2021
 * Carnage (with Nick Cave)
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Nominated

The Australian Music Prize (the AMP) is an annual award of $30,000 given to an Australian band or solo artist in recognition of the merit of an album released during the year of award. It commenced in 2005.
 * Australian Music Prize

! scope="row"| 2021
 * Carnage (with Nick Cave)
 * Australian Music Prize
 * Nominated

The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.
 * National Live Music Awards

 * 2020
 * himself
 * Live Instrumentalist of the Year
 * Won
 * 2023
 * Nick Cave and Warren Ellis - Australian Carnage Tour (Supersonic)
 * Best International Tour in Australia
 * Won
 * Best International Tour in Australia
 * Won

title: Warren Ellis (musician)


text:
Hans Much

Hans Much (1880–1932) was a German writer, and physician.

title: Hans Much


text:
User talk:Pomare V.

Please go to Image:Kingkigeli.jpg and edit the page to give the source (where you got that image from) and its copyright and lisensing information. Thank you. Lupo 14:57, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey, I see you're on-line now. So what about this image? Lupo 10:42, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Its wery hard to tell.I gained the picture from what mayhaweben an opne forum,but the site is extremelly hard to find.

 * Well somebody found it, and it appears to be a copyright violation. As are all the other images you uploaded. And please stop copying copyrighted texts from http://www.4dw.net/royalark/ or elsewhere into Wikipedia: this is a copyright violation, too. Please see Copyright for more information. Lupo 10:37, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Well,how can you know that i dont know the text from somwhere else? Pomare V.
 * I'm not sure what your question is. If you take text from somewhere else, it is YOUR responsibility to find out if it is copyrighted.

 * Writing articles in your own words is best.

 * Copyrighted text and images cannot be placed in Wikipedia; it could legally endanger the whole project. See Copyright for more info. If you're interested in making serious original contributions here, check out Welcome, newcomers and the Manual of Style. -- Infrogmation 04:48, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Can you find out where you got Image:Alexandru cel bun 1.gif as well? --Ricky81682 (talk) 08:16, Jan 3, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Bez_názvu2_SOURCE_Nicaragua_FLAG.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Bez_názvu2_SOURCE_Nicaragua_FLAG.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Orphaned non-free image (Image:Bez názvu1.bmp)
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title: User talk:Pomare V.


text:
Talk:Senor Cardgage

For a December 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Senor Cardgage

I'm pretty sure Señor Cardgage and Creepy Comb-over Strong Bad are the same person, since Strong Sad actually SAYS that they're the same person (if I recall correctly). This is really not important, though. What matters even LESS is that ``Senor`` should be ``Señor``, although they don't spell it that way on the homestarrunner site, so I won't change it for authenticity's sake. - J.F.Oceanhahn 13:58, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

If someone can discover the place where it's explicitly stated that they're the same person, it would be worth it to merge the wikis and resolve it. However, as far as I know, and according to the people at the HSR wiki, they are different individuals.

And yes, to be correct in Spanish, it would be spelled with the accent, but in the world of HSR, it isn't, and the wiki should be left as it is. Besides that, the goofy pronunciation of HSR stuff implies that maybe the word is not actually the Spanish word for "Mister," but a name that is nearly-the-same, but isn't it exactly.

-laguna72

Look, the Creepy Comb-over Strong Bad page contains identical information to this one. They should be merged. Besides, who is going to come to Wikipedia and search for "Creepy Comb-over Strong Bad?" Fishal 07:02, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Senor Cardgage