text:
British Aerospace Jetstream 41

The British Aerospace Jetstream 41 is a turboprop-powered feederliner and regional airliner, designed by British Aerospace as a stretched version of the popular Jetstream 31. Intended to compete directly with 30-seat aircraft like the Embraer Brasilia, Dornier 328 and Saab 340, the new design eventually accommodated 29 passengers in a two-by-one arrangement like the Jetstream 31. Eastern Airways of the UK is the biggest operator of Jetstream 41s in the world, with 14 in the fleet.

Design and development
The Jetstream 41's stretch added 16 ft to the fuselage, consisting of an 8 ft plug forward of the wing and a 7 ft plug to the rear; the fuselage design was all-new with no commonality with the old fuselage. The wing had increased span and redesigned ailerons and flaps. It was mounted below the fuselage, so the spar did not form a step in the cabin aisle. This also gave more baggage capacity in larger wing-root fairings.

The Allied Signal TPE331-14 engines deliver 1,500 shp (1,120 kW), (later 1,650 shp (1,232 kW)), and are mounted in nacelles with increased ground clearance. The flightdeck is improved with a modern EFIS setup, and a new windscreen arrangement. The J41 was the first turboprop certified to both JAR25 and FAR25 standards.

Operational history

The J41 flew for the first time on 25 September 1991 and was certified on 23 November 1992 in Europe, and 9 April 1993 in the United States, with the first delivery, to Manx Airlines on 25 November 1992. In January 1996, the J41 became part of the Aero International (Regional) (AI(R)), a marketing consortium consisting of ATR, Aérospatiale (of France), Alenia (of Italy), and British Aerospace. Sales initially were fairly strong, but in May 1997 BAe announced that it was terminating J41 production, with 100 aircraft delivered.

Operators
As of July 2018, 51 aircraft remain in active commercial service.

Civil operators

 * Sky Express (1)
 * Sky Express (1)

 * Sky High Aviation Services (2)
 * Sky High Aviation Services (2)

 * Yeti Airlines (6)
 * Guna Airlines (5)
 * Guna Airlines (5)

 * Airlink (8)
 * Airlink (8)

 Operated by Corporate Flight Management
 * Eastern Airways (14)
 * Contour Airlines (4)

 * Proflight Zambia (3)
 * Proflight Zambia (3)

Other operators include:
 * Royal Star Aviation (1)
 * Air Republiq Airlines (1)
 * Air Republiq Airlines (1)

Former Civil operators

 * Brindabella Airlines
 * Brindabella Airlines

 * Air Atlantic
 * Air Atlantic

 * EasyFly (Colombia) (10)
 * EasyFly (Colombia) (10)

 * Hong Kong Government Flying Service – (2) for search-and-rescue.
 * Hong Kong Government Flying Service – (2) for search-and-rescue.

 * Moçambique Expresso (1)
 * Agni Air (3)
 * Origin Pacific Airways (5)
 * Eastern SkyJets (1)
 * Loganair (3)
 * Trans States Airlines (25) – aircraft operated as American Connection, Delta Connection and Trans World Express providing passenger feed service on behalf of respective major air carrier partners American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and Trans World Airlines (TWA).
 * Atlantic Coast Airlines – aircraft operated as United Express providing passenger feed service on behalf of major air carrier partner United Airlines.
 * Eastern SkyJets (1)
 * Loganair (3)
 * Trans States Airlines (25) – aircraft operated as American Connection, Delta Connection and Trans World Express providing passenger feed service on behalf of respective major air carrier partners American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and Trans World Airlines (TWA).
 * Atlantic Coast Airlines – aircraft operated as United Express providing passenger feed service on behalf of major air carrier partner United Airlines.
 * Trans States Airlines (25) – aircraft operated as American Connection, Delta Connection and Trans World Express providing passenger feed service on behalf of respective major air carrier partners American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and Trans World Airlines (TWA).
 * Atlantic Coast Airlines – aircraft operated as United Express providing passenger feed service on behalf of major air carrier partner United Airlines.

 * Delbitur (1)

 * Venezolana (9)

Military operators

 * Royal Thai Army
 * Royal Thai Army

Preservation
The prototype Jetstream 41 G-JMAC is preserved by the Speke Aerodrome Heritage Group (SAHG) on the former airside apron behind the Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport Hotel, which was the original terminal building of Liverpool Speke Airport.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 7 January 1994, United Express Flight 6291 crashed short of the runway at Port Columbus International Airport, killing five people out of eight passengers and crew.
 * On 24 September 2009, South African Airlink Flight 8911 crashed in the suburb of Merebank in Durban, South Africa, shortly after takeoff from Durban International Airport. The crew of three and one person on the ground was injured. The captain, Allister Freeman, died as a result of complications from his injuries on 7 October 2009.
 * On 24 September 2016, A Yeti Airlines flight registration 9N-AIB en route from Kathmandu to Bhairahawa overran the runway while landing at Gautam Buddha Airport. All 29 passengers and the crew of 3 were unhurt but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.

title: British Aerospace Jetstream 41


text:
User talk:Leemur

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Leemur


text:
Dodge Avenger

The Dodge Avenger is a front-wheel drive, mid-sized sedan that was marketed by Dodge. The Avenger made its North American debut in 1994 for the 1995 model year as a coupe that was produced until 2000. The model name was reintroduced to the market as a four-door sedan in 2007 for the 2008 model year. The Dodge Avenger name was used on the South African market Hillman Avengers in 1975 and 1976.

The 2014 model year marked the end of Avenger production as the mid-sized models for both the Dodge and Chrysler brands were consolidated into the new Chrysler 200 introduced for the 2015 model year while Dodge received the new compact Dart.

Nameplate history
The first use of the Dodge Avenger name was on a badge-engineered version of the European Hillman Avenger, exclusive to South Africa. The same car was sold in North America as the Plymouth Cricket between 1972 and 1974. In place of the Hillman engines, this version used a Peugeot 1.6 L engine (as also installed in locally assembled Peugeot 404s) to satisfy local content requirements. The Dodge-branded Avenger was introduced in 1975 and was then renamed Chrysler in 1976. This generation has nothing in common with later Dodge Avengers. After Chrysler ZA was merged into Sigma in 1976, the Avenger was soon canceled to allow Sigma to free up more production capacity for the Mazda 323.

The Avenger nameplate returned as a 2023 subcompact Jeep model available as a plug-in hybrid version or an all-electric drivetrain.

Dodge Avenger Coupe (1995–2000)
Introduced as a two-door coupe in North America, the Dodge Avenger was built from 1994 until 2000 in a similar size and price class as the Dodge Daytona, which was discontinued in February 1993.

The Avenger, along with the similar Chrysler Sebring coupe, was built by Diamond Star Motors (DSM), a joint venture between Chrysler Corporation and Mitsubishi Motors, on a version of the Mitsubishi Galant platform (which also spawned the similar Mitsubishi Eclipse). Chrysler sold its equity stake to Mitsubishi in 1993. Diamond-Star Motors was renamed Mitsubishi Motors Manufacturing America (MMMA) on July 1, 1995. Avengers and Sebring coupes built from 1994 until 1996 have DSM identification in their engine compartments.

The Avenger was built on a 103.7 in wheelbase and used either a 2.0 L inline-four engine (the Chrysler 420A) or a Mitsubishi-designed 2.5 L V6. The four-cylinder was coupled to a five-speed manual transmission, shared with the Mitsubishi Eclipse and Eagle Talon, or a four-speed automatic. The V6 engine was only available with the A604 automatic transmission. The Avengers featured a fully independent double wishbone suspension and variable-speed rack-and-pinion steering.

Trims included the Highline base model (the V6 engine, among other options, were made standard in 2000) and the ES.

1995
A DOHC 16-valve 2.0 L I4 engine (140 hp and 130 lbft of torque) is standard. A SOHC 24-valve 2.5 L V6 engine and an automatic transmission (155 hp and 160 lbft of torque) are optional on the ES. Fog lamps and ABS are optional on the ES.

1996

 * Power and torque ratings for the V6 are increased (163 horsepower, 170 lbft torque), and the ES coupes had new seat fabric
 * OBD-II is standard
 * New colors
 * A universal garage door opener was added as an option

1997
Standard were 16-inch wheels, and the license plate was moved from the decklid to the rear bumper. The front and rear fasciae were redesigned. A Sport model was introduced (in addition to the base and ES). The Avenger Sport package consisted of exclusive 16-inch aluminum wheels and a body-color spoiler. This appearance package was available on the base model.

A body-color rear spoiler, P215/50HR17 tires, and 17-inch cast-aluminum wheels were added for the ES. The V6 is also standard for the ES, and rear disc brakes.

1998
An onboard recycling vapor recovery system, Cafe Latte exterior color, and a black and gray interior color combination are added.

1999
Next-generation driver and front passenger airbags are added, as well as a new exterior color: Shark Blue. The V6 engine and automatic transmission are standard on all models in mid-year, as well as several options. An antilock braking system (ABS) was used in all ES models until 1999.

2000
For the 2000 model year, the V6 and automatic transmission combination were standard on all Avengers, and ABS was an "option" for ES models. The four-cylinder engine was no longer available. Standard features that had previously been optional included power windows and locks. Base models added cruise control and four-wheel disc brakes. The ES coupes now come with standard leather upholstery, keyless remote entry, and a power driver's seat.

Replacement
The coupe did not achieve high sales numbers, so in 2000, the Avenger was discontinued. It was replaced by the Dodge Stratus coupe for the 2001 model year. This coupe utilized the third-generation Eclipse platform and architecture. Mitsubishi assembled it at the former Diamond Star plant. However, the Stratus sedan was engineered and built by Chrysler.

Dodge Avenger sedan (2007–2014)
The Dodge Avenger nameplate returned in February 2007 as a 2008 model year sedan to replace the Dodge Stratus, whose coupe version had replaced the original Avenger in 2001.

Like its Dodge Journey stablemate, the Avenger's exterior was styled by Chrysler's Ryan Nagode. Ben S. Chang designed the interior.

The Avenger was officially unveiled as a concept car at the Paris Motor Show on 28 September 2006. It was launched in Europe and marketed in the United Kingdom, filling a gap in the Chrysler range left by the Neon's discontinuation four years earlier. It was also launched in Australia with only the 2.4 L engine. The Avenger was discontinued in that market in 2010 due to slow sales. The 2007 through 2014 models were sold in New Zealand.

According to some reports, the Avenger and the redesigned Chrysler Sebring share a DaimlerChrysler/Mitsubishi Motors platform called JS, which used the Mitsubishi GS as a starting point. The SE and SXT trim levels' base engine was the 2.4 L GEMA I4 naturally aspirated "World Engine", a joint venture between DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai. Additional engines included an optional 2.7 L V6 in the SXT and a standard 3.5 L V6 in the R/T trim level. In addition to the 2.4 L World Engine and the V6s, export vehicles were offered with the 2.0 L naturally aspirated World Engine, as well as a 2.0 L turbocharged diesel (Pumpe-Düse) made by Volkswagen.

2008
Although a 2008 model, the Dodge Avenger was available in February 2007. In the U.S. market, the Avenger was launched with a 30-second television advertisement, "Tuned Up", that debuted on 4 March 2007, during NHL hockey, an ad in which a lab technician discovers he can play "Smoke on the Water" by Deep Purple on the Avenger's transmission. Another television spot likened the Avenger to the "superhero" vehicle for the everyman, depicting a driver piloting his Avenger through Gotham-like streets and alleys, speaking to the MyGig entertainment system in distinctly Batman-reminiscent tones, to arrive home, pull into a two-car garage, and open the rear door to a sleeping child in the rear car seat.

Features on the new Avenger included optional heated/cooled cup holders and Dodge's new "Chill Zone", a feature that comes standard on all Avenger models, which can store up to four 12-US-fl oz cans in the glove box and chill them to 40 °F.

The Avenger competed directly with the Chevrolet Malibu and Ford Fusion, with the 2007 and later Chrysler Sebring being aimed at the higher-priced American cars such as the Mercury Milan, Pontiac G6, and Saturn Aura.

2009
For the 2009 model year, like its Caliber, Charger, Grand Caravan, Journey, and Nitro models, the "AVENGER" badge at the trunk lid's left was repositioned to the right side to make way for "DODGE" at the left.

Following Fiat's takeover of Chrysler Group, marketing of the Avenger was discontinued in the United Kingdom. Sales of the Avenger continued in the Republic of Ireland and Western Europe until late 2009, following Fiat's takeover of Chrysler Group. This version continued with SE and SXT trim levels but was not badged the same way as North American or South American versions.

2010
Under the influence of Fiat, the 2010 model year Avenger sedan had few changes.New were front side and head-curtain airbags as well as head-impact protection in the front seats. The optional all-wheel drive was discontinued, limiting the Avenger to only front-wheel drive. The 2.7 L V6 was dropped, leaving two different drivetrains: a 2.4 L (173 hp I4 with four-speed automatic transmission (the SXT model) or a 3.5 L (235 hp V6 with AutoStick six-speed (available on the R/T). The Avenger featured a soft ride while the R/T versions included a firmer suspension, front and rear stabilizer bars, and 18-inch wheels.

2011
For the 2011 model year, the Avenger received its first significant overhaul since its 2008 reintroduction. Exterior changes include slightly revised sheet metal with a new crosshair grille displaying the new Dodge logo on the lower right corner of the grille, a sleeker bumper cut design, and standard LED combination taillights. Changes to the interior are more noticeable with a completely redesigned dashboard and instrument panel featuring an available 6.5-inch navigation/media center screen. Higher-quality soft-touch plastics for dashboard, door, and trim panels replaced the old materials, which were criticized for their poor fit and finish quality, as well as being unpleasant to the touch. The seats receive better cushioning and higher-grade upholstery. Two-tone interior color combinations were available.

Mechanically, the 2011 Avenger came standard with the existing 173 hp 2.4 L GEMA I4. However, it was now paired with a six-speed automatic or the option of having the previous four-speed. Also available was the new 3.6 L Pentastar V6, rated at 283 hp and 260 lb·ft of torque. The suspension was revised to improve handling and ride quality. Trim level designations were replaced by Express, Mainstreet, Lux, and Heat models.

The Dodge Avenger was ranked the "Most American Made" sedan by the American University's Kogod School of Business 2013 Made in America Auto Index. The Dodge Avenger also has an overall rating of 6.7.

Trims

 * SE: (2007–2009, 2012–2013) The "base" trim level from 2007 to 2009, and then again from 2012 to 2013.
 * 2.0 L VW TDI PD I4 DOHC 16V CRD 6-speed manual
 * 2.4 L GEMA I4 DOHC 16V Dual VVT 4-speed automatic
 * SXT: (2007–2010, 2012–2013) The "volume" trim level from 2007 to 2010, and again from 2012 to 2013.
 * 2.0 L VW TDI PD I4 DOHC 16V CRD 6-speed manual
 * 2.4 L GEMA I4 DOHC 16V Dual VVT 4-speed automatic
 * 2.7 L EER V6 DOHC 24-valve MPI 4-speed automatic
 * 2.4 L GEMA I4 DOHC 16V Dual VVT 6-speed automatic
 * 3.6 L Pentastar V6 DOHC 24V MPI 6-speed automatic
 * SXT Plus: (2012) One of the more "uplevel" trim levels in 2012. Discontinued after 2012.
 * 3.6 L Pentastar V6 DOHC 24V MPI 6-speed automatic
 * R/T: (2007–2010, 2012–2013) At first the "top-of-the-line" trim level from 2007 to 2010, and then the "performance-oriented" trim level from 2012 to 2013.
 * 3.5 L EGF V6 24V MPI 6-speed automatic
 * 3.6 L Pentastar V6 DOHC 24V MPI 6-speed automatic
 * R/T AWD: (2007–2009)
 * 3.5 L EGF High Output V6 24V MPI 6-speed automatic
 * Express: (2010-2011) Replaces SE as basic trim level from 2010 to 2011. Discontinued after 2011.
 * 2.4 L GEMA I4 DOHC 16V MPI 4-speed automatic
 * Mainstreet: (2011) Replaces SXT as one of the more "basic" trim levels in 2011, and then discontinued after 2011.
 * 2.4 L GEMA I4 DOHC 16V MPI 6-speed automatic
 * Lux: (2011) Replaces SXT Plus as one of the "uplevel" trims in 2011, and then discontinued after 2011.
 * 2.4 L GEMA I4 DOHC 16V MPI 6-speed automatic
 * 3.6 L Pentastar V6 DOHC 24V MPI 6-speed automatic
 * Heat: (2011) Replaces SXT Plus as one of the "uplevel" trim levels in 2011, and then discontinued after 2011.
 * 3.6 L Pentastar V6 DOHC 24V MPI 6-speed automatic

Safety
The 2008 through 2013 Avenger, also sold as the Chrysler Sebring from 2008 until 2010, and the Chrysler 200 from 2011 through 2013, received an overall "Good" rating by the IIHS, indicating no significant injuries. The car received an overall "Acceptable" rating in the small overlap test due to marginal dummy kinematics and slight intrusion into the passenger compartment. In the side test, the Avenger earned a "Good" rating; however, rib fractures were possible for the driver. In the roof strength evaluation, it gained a "Good" rating, as well as for its head restraints and seats.

The Avenger earned the "Top Safety Pick" award in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2014 as well as earned the "Top Safety Pick+" award in 2013.

Discontinuation
The discontinuation of the Dodge Avenger was announced by the automaker in early 2014, along with the end of the Chrysler 200 convertible model. The final 2014 model year Avengers were produced during the first quarter 2014.

The Avenger nameplate has since been revived as the Jeep Avenger with the 2023 model year.

Motorsport
The first-generation Dodge Avenger body style was widely used in the National Hot Rod Association and earned the most prominence driven by Darrell Alderman and Scott Geoffrion from 1994 until 2000 as the Dodge Boys.

The coupe was used for the 1994 and 1995 incarnations of the International Race of Champions. Although Dodge was IROC's car of choice since 1990, Dodge dropped out of this racing series after the 1995 season.

Avenger sheet metal was also used on race cars by several ARCA race teams from 1995 until 2000.

The Avenger replaced the Charger as Dodge's car for the 2007 NASCAR Nextel Cup Season. It appeared in Dodge Avenger grille, headlights, and taillights as the standard "spec" Car of Tomorrow (CoT) model. It got its first win with former Formula One driver Juan Pablo Montoya in the 2007 Toyota/Save Mart 350 at the Infineon Raceway.

In 2008, the Dodge CoT appearance was changed back to the Charger model.

title: Dodge Avenger


text: User talk:146.124.141.250

title: User talk:146.124.141.250


text:
Hans von Dellingshausen

Hans von Dellingshausen (1641–1705) was a Swedish statesman and soldier. Between 1698 and 1705, he served as the Governor of Halland County.

He was born in Gothenburg, named after a great-uncle from Reval (Tallinn) in Estonia on March 24, 1641. He left Sweden at age 15 and became a musketeer in the French guards by 1660. In 1663 he had advanced to corporal at French cavalry regiment and fought in the Portuguese Restoration War. He was one of the fighting French soldiers on the Iberian peninsula under the command of Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg.

title: Hans von Dellingshausen


text:
User talk:Darksun/Archive 1

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
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 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Pedophilia
Hi, just read your comments about pedophilia. I can understand your feelings very well as it was me who pointed out that pedophiles had entered wikipedia to abuse it for their propaganda about harmlessness of child abuse. I once met a pedophile who handed me a leaflet with that kind of propaganda, that is how I know that the "childlove movement" exists. I discussed with that guy until he saw that his entire way of "argumentation" was utterly flawed and he started to cry. I have never been proud about making someone cry before. He told me he would start a therapy, and I hope he does. Cecropia helped me to clean the pedophilia related articles of propaganda. Unfortunately, at the German version people are not as cooperative although even the head of the German wikimedia association mentioned in a recent newspaper interview that pedophiles are a problem of wikipedia. After what users like Zanthalon and Moon_light_shadow wrote I am quite sure you are right in that they engage in crimes. Please do not allow them to succeed by leaving wikipedia as Lucky did. The pictures may be disgusting, they may however be helpful for healthy people to understand the danger of self-proclaimed "childlovers". Get-back-world-respect 11:23, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

My sandbox
Thanks! Theresa Knott (Hot net streak!) 21:22, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

wikiproject Holidays
Thanks for joining. I hope we can get some stuff done. — Ilγαηερ  (Tαlκ) 21:23, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Marquess of Londonderry
Heya; I saw that you put the "disputed" Template on the above, but I can't for the life of me see why - there's no discussion on the talk page, nor even within the edit summaries, and it was your first edit to the page. What was the reason?

James F. (talk) 22:14, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

International Labo(u)r Organization
I don't really care which spelling we use on "International Labo(u)r Organization", but your recent cut-and-paste move left all of the history at International Labor Organization and the article at International Labour Organization. Please use the "move" capability when moving articles. You left a lot of unnecessary work behind for some administrator. -- Jmabel 18:45, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * I reverted your edits to the aboive ILO articles to stay within GFDL accordane. - Davodd 19:24, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

Flemingsberg
The Flemingsberg article is my introducing someone to wikipedia, please let us go through her english mistakes and wikipedia stuff before jumping in, ta :-)

talk page
Thanks for reverting my talk page. I timed out thrice trying to do so. 13:19, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

fahrenhype 9/11
hi i think the page shouldn't be deleted there is no mention of anti-Michaelmoore

VFD
I turned Candi Calvana Smith into a redirect to Evander Holyfield. If that looks ok to you, would you drop a note on the VFD entry? Joyous 17:43, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)

Data Management Wiki Committee
Thank you for your contribution to one, or more, articles that are now organized under Data management.

Because of your previous intrest, you are recieving an invitation to become a founding member of the Data Management Wiki Committee.

The members, of course, will form and solidify the purpose, rules, officers, etc. but my idea (to kick things off) is to establish a group of us who will take responsiblity to see that the ideas of Data management are promoted and well represented in Wikipedia articles.

If you are willing to join the committee, please go to Category_talk:Data_management and indicate your acceptance of this invitation by placing your three tilde characters in the list.

KeyStroke 01:23, 2004 Sep 25 (UTC)

Hi
I remembered my account data yesterday. I've got about 20 edits, but most were under my IP and I'm waiting for them to fix that. Luigi30 19:50, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Yay!
Yay! You voted on a VFD I did! Also, HS went crazy and banned me from every channel he has ops in. Mind bringing him to his senses (if he has any)? Luigi30 20:35, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Curse
Be sure to smack your friends for me! -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 14:17, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)

Copyright violating image
Hi Darksun,

I noticed the image you listed on WP:IFD today. As it violates your copyright, you can get it deleted immediately at Request for immediate removal of copyright violation. Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 22:09, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Darksun/Archive 1


text: Category:Turkish cuisine

title: Category:Turkish cuisine


text:
User talk:Mike Halterman/archive5

This archive is for notes addressed to me, written from July 19 to August 1, 2004.

Tillie
RE: Tillie's Punctured Romance - Good stuff! Nice to see an article that is informative. JillandJack 17:14, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Soaps
I've watched All My Children since day one, off and on. And I was a fan of Ryan's Hope when it was on the air. GH and OLTL are sort of "I watch them if I happen to see them on." I've always loved Ilene Kristen, though. RickK 22:28, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)

I replied to you on my page. RickK 22:34, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)

Hey, amigo
For the record, are you of the opinion that Childlove movement should be deleted? blankfaze | (беседа!)  15:16, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * No. Not at all. I just think it is a subject with too many emotions for me, and as such I won't go near it. Mike H 15:18, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * All right. That's what I thought.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  15:20, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism
You ought to protect your User page. RickK 22:12, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I asked Angela to do it for me. It is now done. Mike H 22:12, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

Vandal reverts
Thanks for that. And incidentally, 4000 contributions! Jesus Christ. Congrats on your fine work. Best, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:10, 2004 Jul 21 (UTC)

Hey, which 7 year-old contributor are you talking about? Exploding Boy 03:51, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

Blankfaze v. Custom
-- Damn, bitch, thought I'd passed you! I'll get you one of these days! - blankfaze | (беседа!)  00:52, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Me: 4162 contributions
 * You: 4317 contributions

It is not a competition! Ever hear the aphorism "quality over quantity", whore?205.188.116.196 01:55, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Television Schedules Update
Wow. Those are so not getting done this week. I will try to set some time down to finish at least ONE tonight. Mike H 00:04, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

Got your note
Hi. You're right that we haven't crossed paths in a while. My 'pedia-ing has been a little limited recently. I've kept an eye on my watchlist but my contributions are way down since I started a new phase of a non-'pedia project. I see you've been busy though. 4000 contributions! That's pretty darn good. Keep it up (not like you need me to tell you that). --Rory ☺ 03:02, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

Christian Campbell
Have a look, and see if theres anything you can do. I've noticed you like tv, and gay stuff, so I figured this would prob be your area. Sam [Spade] 06:40, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Don't Cry For Me Argentina?
Hi, thanks for the talk msg. I checked the sleeve notes for Evita and there's no comma in the title of the song, or in the Guinness Book of Hit Singles. Still it makes no difference to me, so little point changing it back if you disagree... Smb1001 09:12, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"stand to sense"
I wouldn't know. I can kinda guess what your trying to say, but I'm not familiar w that turn of phrase. Anyways, good looking out on that article, Cheers, Sam [Spade] 16:12, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * That’s what I figured you ment, but I'm not so sure I believe in "gay". I have yet to fully explain the evolutionary, sociobiological basis for such a phenomena. Best as I can grok, it is a response to overcrowding, unpleasant culture, and other environmental phenomena. While on the one hand I appreciate the theoretical benefit presented to myself by others who are generally unwilling to breed, my altruism questions their well-being. I am a spiritual person, but that doesn't factor in so very much here, my thought being that which you do in private w consenting others is between you, them and God. If you can make your peace w him, and I don't know anything about it, who am I to judge? Begs the question of course, how to respond to bold pronouncements of alternative sexuality. Myself, I oppose all bold pronouncements of sexuality, alternative, standard, what-have-you. It strikes me as a dubious state of affairs when I have the misfortune to become aware of the nocturnal deeds of others with whom I am not myself intimate. In conclusion, I think Clinton had it right w "don't ask, don't tell". ;) Sam [Spade] 16:38, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Well thats why I said "generally unwilling". I've known plenty of gay folks, and the number who had some interest in having children was fairly high. Surrogate, artifical insemination, cloning or what-have-you, its a far less likely sucessful breeding plan than the traditional method, and carries w it its own particular difficulties. Surrogate mom's often want to be moms, etc... Anyhow I don't claim to have alot of particularly convincing advice on the subject other than "every last redneck does not need to know what you do in your spare time", and "think deeply, pray deeply, and love your neighbor (but don't tell me exactly how you love him, please ;)". Sam [Spade] 16:57, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

AMC
Looks good to me. RickK 23:47, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)

User:Mark
I'm sorry. - Mark 15:40, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Cliff and Nina
Good job. RickK 18:33, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)

Kris Aquino
While I don't entirely disagree that some work is needed, you might want to take a closer look at the history of this article, where you'll find that a small number of anon users (more likely one using multiple IPs) have repeatedly posted the extremely POV material you saw. Making it more NPOV will likely only provoke the vandal further, though if I can find a half-hour, I plan to try. - Kenwarren 21:21, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

T H Kerry
>You CAN quote something on videotape.

I suppose. But "quoted as saying" connotes a lot more room for the quote to have been bent or falsified or "put in my mouth" than does "videotaped saying". I'm convinced she said "unamerican traits" because I saw the video. If she's having hissies that "traits" was changed to "activites", she should say that. So far it looks like she's denying she said "unamerican" which is just whacked Frootloops. 142.177.24.141 23:32, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Read what I changed it to. She didn't deny using the term, she denied calling political conventions unAmerican. RickK 23:34, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

Manual_of_Style_for_Japan-related_articles
Well, I'm having a bit of trouble on Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style_for_Japan-related_articles - If you think I'm making good points, please say so. WhisperToMe 06:19, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Ena
I know I've boasted about this before, but I did see her once, in full costume, standing in the Granada canteen. Saw Ken Barlow too, but he was less interesting. This was in 1976. Deb 16:51, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

did you know
i removed the top entry because it was my best estimate that that was the one which had been there the longest. it was a rule of thumb guess, and if it was wrong i apologize. Thepedestrian 19:23, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

The vandal
Mike, any idea who this Hada-i person is? As per my comments at WP:VIP it would simplify things if we knew. I'm thinking you are a much closer associate of Hadal than I am (I do like Hadal, but our paths rarely cross) and might have an idea of what he's been embroiled in recently? Just a thought. Jwrosenzweig 23:13, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

IRC
Hi, Custom, if I may call you so. After we spoke on IRC yesterday I went look at some of your articles, and I think you're doing really good work. Few of the older soaps have aired in this country, so many articles are highly exotic to me, but that only makes it more fun. :-) I understand your concern about college, the transition is an angst-inducing business. Still, not to sound uplifting or anything, but many people do very soon become happier at college than they ever were at school. (Being an academic myself, I expect to see it happening with my nervous new students again over the next term.) Anyway, it was nice talking with you.--Bishonen 11:57, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

ABS-CBN
The article is a good start. It seems to be accurate based on the trivial knowledge I know about the station. Good work! :) --seav 21:41, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Farthen Dûr & Votes for deletion/Farthen Dûr
Heya... please take a look at the improvements to the article. Thanks! - UtherSRG 02:55, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Entertainment Unit
I feel you took my original reply the wrong way. I really see no harm in adding trivia with limited appeal. I mean, who's it hurting? If yer don't like it, just don't read it. It were just a harmless piece of fun. If this is the policy, why not get started on the Simpsons page? Or the Beatles? I mean, who is going to search for Mal Evans? or My Two Cents? . I can't imagine too many people searching for Ferdinand de Lessops either, but it seems reasonable that he should be on. I don't think this whole encyclopedia thing can be harmed by little bits of useless trivia, connected to more important matter. I'm not going to bother appealing for it to be un-deleated. I left a fairly harsh message on the deletion board. Just so you know, it dosn't really apply to you. I thank you for appealing for it to be at least moved elsewhere, if you'd just told me I would gladly have removed it, edited it and put it elsewhere. My only real complaint is the seeming hypocritical method you used. At the top of this page, you appeal for people to refrain for being condecending towards you, and yet you blatently went behind my back, gave me no notice and then seemingly mocked the responce I gave in a very paternalistic manner, which frankly, I don't deserve. Thanks for the efforts to maintain my work you made (I'm not being sarcastic). --Crestville 00:55, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mike Halterman/archive5


text:
Battle of Legnano

The battle of Legnano was a battle between the imperial army of Frederick Barbarossa and the troops of the Lombard League on May 29, 1176, near the town of Legnano, in present-day Lombardy, Italy. Although the presence of the enemy nearby was already known to both sides, they suddenly met without having time to plan any strategy.

The battle was crucial in the long war waged by the Holy Roman Empire in an attempt to assert its power over the municipalities of northern Italy, which decided to set aside their mutual rivalries and join in a military alliance symbolically led by Pope Alexander III, the Lombard League.

The battle ended the fifth and last descent into Italy of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who after the defeat tried to resolve the Italian question by adopting a diplomatic approach. This resulted a few years later in the Peace of Constance (June 25, 1183), with which the Emperor recognized the Lombard League and made administrative, political, and judicial concessions to the municipalities, officially ending his attempt to dominate northern Italy.

The battle is alluded to in the Canto degli Italiani by Goffredo Mameli and Michele Novaro, which reads: «From the Alps to Sicily, Legnano is everywhere» in memory of the victory of Italian populations over foreign ones. Thanks to this battle, Legnano is the only city, besides Rome, to be mentioned in the Italian national anthem. In Legnano, to commemorate the battle, the Palio di Legnano takes place annually from 1935, on the last Sunday of May. In the institutional sphere, the date of May 29 was chosen as the regional holiday of Lombardy.

Historical context
The clash between the municipalities of northern Italy and imperial power originated in the struggle for investitures, or in that conflict which involved, in the 11th and the 12th centuries, the Papacy, the Holy Roman Empire, and their respective factions, the so-called "Guelphs and Ghibellines", respectively. At times it was a dispute so bitter that several municipalities in northern Italy came to dismiss their bishops on the charge of simony, inasmuch as they had been invested in their offices by the emperor and not by the Pope.

The dispute about investitures was not the only source of friction between the Empire and the municipalities of northern Italy. A crisis of feudalism arose with the economic growth of northern Italian cities and their emerging desire to free themselves from imperial administration. Furthermore, the Italian territories of the Holy Roman Empire were distinctly different from the Germanic ones in socioeconomic and cultural aspects, and were not sympathetic to imperial power wielded by an authority of German lineage. Moreover, the nobility of the Italian territories dominated by the Empire were much less (and progressively less) involved in the administrative functions of the city-dominated regions, than the nobility were in German lands. Because of the frictions that arose in the 11th and the 12th centuries, the cities of northern Italy experienced a rising ferment that led to the birth of a new form of local self-government based on an elective collegial body with administrative, judicial, and security functions, and which in turn designated city consuls: the medieval commune.

This institutional evolution was contemporary with the investiture struggle. When a city's bishop, who had traditionally exerted a strong influence on the civil matters of the municipality, became largely preoccupied with the contest between Empire and Papacy, the citizens were stimulated, and in some ways obliged, to seek a form of self-government that could act independently in times of serious difficulty. Citizens became increasingly aware of the public affairs of their own municipality and disinclined to accept the ecclesiastical and feudal structures, with their rigid and hierarchical management of the government. The change that led to a collegial management of public administration was rooted in the Lombard domination of northern Italy; this Germanic people was in fact accustomed to settling the most important questions (which were usually of military nature) through an assembly presided over by the king and composed of the most valiant soldiers, the "gairethinx" or "arengo". City consuls generally came from the increasingly dominant (merchant and professional) classes of a city; although the duration of a consul's mandate was only one year, and there was a certain turnover of individuals in the positions, a communal administration sometimes amounted to a coterie of leading families that shared municipal power in oligarchic fashion. In any case the northern Italian cities gradually ceased to recognize feudal institutions, which now seemed outdated.

Moreover, previous emperors, for various vicissitudes, adopted for a certain period an attitude of indifference towards the issues of northern Italy, taking more care to establish relations that provided for supervision of the Italian situation rather than the effective exercise of power. As a consequence, imperial power did not prevent the expansionist aims of the various municipalities in the surrounding territories and other towns, and cities began taking up arms against each other in contests to achieve regional hegemony.

Frederick Barbarossa, on the other hand, repudiated the policy of his predecessors by attempting to restore imperial control over the northern Italian municipalities, also on the basis of the requests of some of the latter, who repeatedly asked for imperial intervention to limit Milan's desire for supremacy: in 1111 and 1127 the city conquered, respectively, Lodi and Como, forcing Pavia, Cremona and Bergamo to passivity.

To make matters worse the relations between the Empire and the municipalities were further soured by the harsh measures implemented by imperial authorities against the Milanese region. Of these, two contributed the most to fuel anti-imperial sentiment: to try to interrupt the supplies in Milan during one of his descents in Italy, in 1160, the emperor devastated the area north of the city destroying the crops and fruit trees of farmers. In particular, in fifteen days Barbarossa destroyed the countryside of Vertemate, Mediglia, Verano, Briosco, Legnano, Nerviano, Pogliano and Rho. The second event was instead linked to the measures taken by Frederick Barbarossa after the surrender of Milan (1162): the imperial vicar who administered the Milanese countryside after the defeat of Milan forced the farmers of the area to pay a heavy annual tax of foodstuffs for the emperor, which made the population increasingly hostile to imperial power.

The first three descents of Frederick Barbarossa in Italy

To try to pacify northern Italy and restore imperial power, Frederick Barbarossa crossed the Alps at the head of his army five times. The first descent, which began in the autumn of 1154 and led only 1,800 men, led the king to besiege and conquer the riotous Asti, Chieri and Tortona and to attack some castles of the Milanese countryside, but not the capital of Milan, given that he did not have sufficient forces. This campaign continued with the convocation of diet of Roncaglia, with which Frederick re-established imperial authority, nullifying, among other things, the conquests made by Milan in previous years, especially with regard to Como and Lodi. The first part of that journey continued along the Via Francigena and ended in Rome with the coronation of Frederick Barbarossa as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Adrian IV (18 June 1155). During his stay in Rome, Frederick, who had left from the north with the title of King of Germany, was harshly contested by the people of the city; in response, the emperor reacted by stifling the revolt in blood. Following this episode, and to Frederick's military campaign, the relations between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy began to crack. During the return trip to Germany, the emperor destroyed Spoleto, accused of having paid the fodro, that is, the taxes to be paid to the sovereign, with a false currency. Already during this first descent, the difference between Frederick and his predecessors was felt. In fact, Barbarossa showed a strong aversion to municipal autonomies: his will was to restore effective power over northern Italy.

The second descent, which began in June 1158, was originated by the rebelliousness of Milan and the allied municipalities to accept imperial power. This long expedition began with the attack of Frederick Barbarossa in Milan and his allies of the Milanese countryside: after defeating Brescia, which was a Milanese company, and having freed Lodi from the Milanese yoke, Barbarossa directed the attack to the Milanese capital, who agreed to surrender (8 September 1158) to avoid a long and bloody siege. Milan again lost the conquests made in previous years (Como, Pavia, Seprio and Brianza), but it was not razed. Frederick Barbarossa, then, summoned a second diet to Roncaglia (autumn 1158) where he reiterated the imperial dominion over the municipalities of northern Italy, with the authority of the sovereign that imposed itself on that of the local institutions, establishing, among other things, that the regalie were entirely paid to the sovereign. The proclamations of this second diet of Roncaglia had disruptive effects on the Italian communes, which immediately rebelled. After receiving reinforcements from Germany and having conquered several riotous municipalities in northern Italy during a military campaign that lasted a few years, Barbarossa turned its attention to Milan, which was first besieged in 1162 and then, after its surrender (1 March), completely destroyed. A similar fate fell on several cities allied to Milan. Frederick then exacerbated the grip of imperial power on Italian cities, going beyond the provisions decided during Roncaglia's second diet: he set up a bureaucratic structure run by officials who responded directly to the emperor instead of the municipal autonomies, which were virtually suppressed, and established an imperial-nominated podestà at the head of the rebel cities. Meanwhile, Pope Adrian IV died and his successor, Pope Alexander III, soon proved to be in solidarity with the Italian municipalities and particularly hostile to the emperor.

In 1163 the rebellion of some cities in northeastern Italy forced Frederick Barbarossa to descend for the third time in Italy in a military campaign that ended up in a stalemate, above all against the Veronese League, which in the meantime had formed between some cities of the March of Verona. With pacific Lombardy, Frederick in fact preferred to postpone the clash with the other municipalities of northern Italy due to the numerical scarcity of his troops and then, after having verified the situation, he returned to Germany.

The fourth military campaign in Italy and the Lombard League

At the end of 1166 the emperor went to Italy for the fourth time at the head of a powerful army. To avoid the Marca of Verona, after having crossed the Alps from the Brenner Pass, instead of going along the usual Adige Valley, Barbarossa turned towards Val Camonica; its objective was not, however, the attack on the rebellious Italian communes, but the Papacy. In fact, Frederick sided with the Antipope Paschal III, who in the meantime had ousted the legitimate pontiff, Alexander III, from Peter's throne; the latter, in 1165, after having obtained the recognition of the other European sovereigns, had returned to Rome, but Barbarossa, mindful of the role that his predecessors had on papal appointments, decided to intervene directly. As a test of strength, and for demonstration purposes, Frederick attacked some cities in northern Italy, reaching Rome victorious, but an epidemic that spread among the ranks of the imperial army (perhaps of malaria) and which also affected the emperor himself, forced him to leave Rome, which in the meantime had surrendered, and to return precipitously to northern Italy in search of reinforcements (August 1167).

A few months before the epidemic that struck the imperial army, the municipalities of northern Italy had joined forces in the Lombard League, a military union whose Latin name was Societas Lombardiae. According to the traditional narrative the municipalities sealed their alliance on 7 April 1167 with the oath of Pontida; this event, however, is questioned by historians for its lack of mention in contemporary chronicles and because the first mention of the oath is late, given that it appears in a document dated 1505. On 1 December 1167 the Lombard League expanded considerably with the accession of the municipalities of the Lega Veronese. Arrived in northern Italy, Frederick decided to face the League, but finding himself in a stalemate that was caused by some failed sieges and by the constant growth of the number of cities that adhered to the municipal military alliance, he decided to postpone the confrontation and to return to Germany (1168). After the emperor's departure, the role of the Lombard League was limited to the diplomatic or military resolution of the diatribes that periodically broke out between the municipalities belonging to the alliance.

Shortly after Barbarossa returned to Germany, the League founded a new city, Alessandria, named in honor of Pope Alexander III, who sided with the Italian municipalities so that the municipal military coalition was symbolically headed by the same Pope. The foundation of a new city without the consent of the imperial authority was a serious setback to Frederick Barbarossa, who decided to definitively resolve the Italian question.

The fifth and last descent

In 1174 Frederick Barbarossa, to try to resolve the situation once and for all, went down to Italy for the fifth time with a powerful army of about 10,000 men. Instead of crossing the Alps from the usual Brenner, guarded by the League, the emperor had passed from Savoy thanks to the support of Count Humbert III. In the first phase of the campaign he succeeded in easily subjugating some cities of northwestern Italy, trying without luck to conquer also Alessandria (1174–1175). After this unfortunate siege, with the exhausted army, Frederick went to Pavia (April 1175), his ally and shortly before sacked by the municipal armies, to try to find an agreement with the army of the League, but without success. During the negotiations the emperor thought, at a certain point, that the agreement was close and therefore dismissed most of his army; the negotiations, however, failed in May 1175 and the armies prepared themselves again for the war.

Realizing the mistake he made, which would later prove decisive, the emperor met his cousin Henry the Lion and other feudal lords in Chiavenna between January and February 1176 with the aim of asking for reinforcements to continue his campaign. When Henry denied him these, Frederick turned to his wife Beatrice of Burgundy; Rainald of Dassel, the archbishop of Cologne and Archchancellor; and Wichmann von Seeburg, archbishop of Magdeburg, asking for additional troops to be sent to Italy; after receiving the support of the latter, he moved to Bellinzona to wait for them. Upon the arrival of the troops, Frederick realized, however, that their number was much lower than expected, since they consisted only of a number of knights including, according to the discordant sources of the time, between 1,000 and 2,000 units (the latter, according to most historians, is the most probable).

Despite the insufficient number of reinforcements coming from Germany and other Italian allies, the emperor decided to leave the alpine valleys resuming the march from Como to Pavia, both of his allies, in a hostile territory but characterized by the presence of vast areas covered with an impenetrable forest that allowed a relatively safe journey. His goal was to meet with the rest of his militias and to clash with the municipal troops in the Milanese or in Alessandria; Frederick Barbarossa was in fact certain that a march in forced stages towards Pavia could have prevented the municipal troops from intercepting it. The Lombard League, on the other hand, decided to engage in battle with the imperial army as soon as possible to prevent the reunification of the Teutonic armies; this despite being still in reduced ranks (15,000 men), given that he could not count on all the military forces specified in the various cities forming part of the alliance (30,000 men), which were in fact still converging on Milan.

The Lombard League was headed by the Cremonese Anselmo da Dovara and by the Vicentine Ezzelino I da Romano representing the two souls of the coalition, the Lombard and the Venetian. The military operations of the municipal troops, on this occasion, were instead guided by the Milanese Guido da Landriano, former consul of the Milanese capital, rector of the Lombard League as well as an expert knight.

Frederick Barbarossa in Cairate

During the night between 28 and 29 May 1176, during the descent towards Pavia, Frederick Barbarossa was with his troops at the monastery of the Benedictine nuns of Cairate for a stop which later proved to be fatal, since it caused a delay compared to the contemporaneous moves of the Lombard League. The emperor probably spent the night in Castelseprio in the manor of the counts of the homonymous county, who were bitter enemies of Milan. Barbarossa decided to stop in Cairate to cross the River Olona, the only natural barrier that separated it from the faithful Pavia, trusting to have the possibility to enter the area controlled by the allied city after having traveled the remaining 50 km in a horse day.

Overall, according to most historians, the imperial army encamped in Cairate was formed by 3,000 men (2,000 of whom were reinforcements from Germany), the vast majority of whom were heavy cavalry, who was able, if necessary, to fight on foot. Despite the numerical disparity, the extent of the Teutonic army was highly respected, given that it consisted of professional soldiers. The army of the League was instead mainly made up of private citizens who were recruited in case of need; the knights of the League, given the high cost of the steed and armor, were of high social extraction, while the infantry were mostly peasants and citizens from the low social classes.

The Carroccio in Legnano

However, the information regarding Barbarossa encamped in Cairate did not reach the leaders of the Lombard League, who were convinced that the emperor was distant, still in Bellinzona waiting for the reinforcement troops. For this reason, the Carroccio, the emblem of the autonomy of the municipalities belonging to the Lombard League carrying the cross of Aribert, escorted by a few hundred men of the League, was transferred from Milan to Legnano, leaving from the capital of Milan from Porta Romana, and then up the Olona to its final destination. In Legnano the Carroccio was placed along a slope flanking the river, presumably wooded, to have a natural defense on at least one side, that traced by the stream.

In this way, Barbarossa, who was expected along the river coming from Castellanza, would have been obliged to attack the municipal army in a situation of disadvantage, having to go back to this depression. This choice turned out to be wrong: in fact Barbarossa arrived from Borsano (nowadays frazione (hamlet) of Busto Arsizio), that is from the opposite side, forcing the municipal troops to resist around the Carroccio with the escape road blocked by the Olona. Another possible reason that led the municipal troops to position the Carroccio in Legnano was to anticipate Barbarossa, still believed to be far away, by making an incursion into the Seprio with the aim of preventing a new alliance between the two: the Seprio was in fact a historically connected territory with the emperor together with another area of Lombardy, the Martesana.

The Lombard League troops took possession of the area between Legnano, Busto Arsizio, and Borsano. The remaining part of the army, which on the whole was formed by about 15,000 men (3,000 of whom were knights, while 12,000 were infantry), followed with considerable detachment along the road between the Lombard capital and Legnano. The decision to place the Carroccio in Legnano was not accidental. At the time the village represented an easy access for those coming from the north to the Milanese countryside, given that it was located at the mouth of the Valle Olona, which ends at Castellanza; this passage had therefore to be closed and strenuously defended to prevent the attack on Milan, which was also facilitated by the presence of an important road that existed since Roman times, the Via Severiana Augusta, which connected Mediolanum (the modern Milan) with the Verbanus Lacus (Lake Verbano, or Lake Maggiore), and from there to the Simplon Pass (lat. Summo Plano). His journey was then taken up by Napoleon Bonaparte to build the Simplon state road.

For this reason, in Legnano there was a high medieval fortification, the castle of the Cotta, which was built at the time of the Hungarian raids and which was later used during the battle of Legnano as a military outpost. Later, the castle of the Cotta was replaced, as a defensive bulwark of Legnano, by the Castle Visconteo, which rises further south along the Olona. The Cotta castle was flanked by a defensive system formed by walls and a flooded moat that encircled the inhabited center, and by two access gates to the village: medieval Legnano thus appeared as a fortified citadel.

A second reason that explains the positioning of the Carroccio in Legnano lay in the fact that the Legnanese was a territory not hostile to the troops of the Lombard League, given that the population of the area was still mindful of the devastation operated by Frederick Barbarossa a few years earlier; these people would also have provided logistical support to the troops of the League. From a strategic point of view, in Legnano the municipal army was therefore in a position that would have prevented the emperor from making the most logical moves: to attack Milan or reach Pavia.

The first contact between the armies in Borsano

After spending the night in Cairate, Frederick Barbarossa resumed the march on Pavia heading towards the Ticino. Meanwhile, some avant-gardes of the Lombard League army stationed in Legnano, formed by 700 knights, broke away from the main army and searched the territory between Borsano and Busto Arsizio. According to other sources, the knights instead controlled the area between Borsano and Legnano, in other words, the modern-day districts of Ponzella and Mazzafame.

At 3 miles (about 4.5 km) from Legnano, near Cascina Brughetto, the 700 municipal knights on the track crossed—just outside a forest—300 knights of the imperial army on patrol, which represented only the vanguards of Frederick's troops. Being numerically superior, the Knights of the League attacked the imperial column and succeeded, at least initially, in gaining the upper hand. Immediately after the first clashes, Barbarossa arrived with the bulk of the army and charged the municipal troops. Some chroniclers of the time report that Barbarossa's advisers had suggested to the emperor to stall for a new strategy, but the sovereign would have refused to take advantage of the numerical superiority and not to be forced to retreat towards hostile territories; furthermore, a retreat would have affected the prestige of the emperor. The fate of the battle, therefore, reversed and the imperial troops forced the first rows of the municipal army to back off in confusion.

The strong impact then forced the municipal knights to retreat towards Milan, leaving the soldiers alone who were in Legnano to defend the Carroccio. Barbarossa therefore decided to attack the latter with the cavalry, given that it was defended only by the infantry—according to the canons of the time considered to be clearly inferior to the cavalry—and to a small number of militias on horseback.

The defense of the Carroccio in Legnano and the epilogue

At this point an exceptional event occurred with respect to the traditional dominance of cavalry on infantry of that period. In Legnano the municipal infantry, with the few remaining knights, after being attacked by Barbarossa, settled around the Carroccio (maintaining a certain distance from the symbol of their municipalities), organizing themselves on some defensive lines along a wide semicircle 2–3 km, each of which consisted of soldiers protected by shields. Between one shield and another the lances were then stretched, with the first row of foot soldiers fighting on their knees so as to form a jumble of spears aimed at the enemy. During the fight, which lasted eight to nine hours from morning to three in the afternoon and which was characterized by repeated charges punctuated by long pauses to make the armies repackage and refurbish, the first two lines finally gave way, but the third resisted shocks. According to other sources, the rows that capitulated were instead four, with a fifth and last that rejected the attacks.

Meanwhile, the municipal troops who were retreating towards Milan met the bulk of the Lombard League army moving towards Legnano; the municipal army, now reunified, after having reorganized moved towards Legnano and arrived at the point where the Carroccio was located attacked the imperial troops on the sides and from behind, who were already tired from the vain assaults on the Carroccio. With the arrival of the cavalry, also the infantrymen around the communal cart passed to the counteroffensive. Sensing that the heart of the battle was now around the Carroccio, Frederick Barbarossa, with his usual audacity, threw himself into the middle of the fray trying to encourage his troops, but without appreciable results. In the heat of battle his horse was mortally wounded and the emperor disappeared to the sight of the fighters; in addition, the imperial army standard-bearer was killed, pierced by a spear. The imperials, attacked on two sides, then began to become discouraged and faced a total defeat.

The strategy of the imperials to resist until the evening and then, at the end of the battle, fall back to catch up and reorganize did not go well. They tried to flee towards Ticino passing from Dairago and Turbigo, but were pursued by the troops of the Lombard League for eight miles. The waters of the river were the theater of the last phases of the battle, which ended with the capture and killing of many soldiers of the imperial army and with the sacking of the military camp of Frederick Barbarossa in Legnano. The emperor himself found it difficult to escape capture and reach the faithful Pavia.

After the battle, the Milanese wrote to the Bolognese, their allies in the League, a letter stating, among other things, that they had in custody, right in Milan, a conspicuous loot in gold and silver, the banner, the shield and the imperial spear, and a large number of prisoners, including Count Berthold I of Zähringen (one of the princes of the Empire), Philip of Alsace (one of the empress's grandchildren) and Gosvino of Heinsberg (the brother of the Archbishop of Cologne).

Losses

There are no precise data on the losses suffered by the two armies that faced each other in the battle of Legnano; from the descriptions in our possession, however, it can be affirmed that the imperial ones were heavy, while the losses attributable to the municipal army were quite slight.

According to some studies conducted by Guido Sutermeister, part of the dead of the battle of Legnano were buried around the little church of San Giorgio, now no longer in existence, which once stood on the top of the hill of San Martino along the modern via Dandolo, in the near the church of San Martino in Legnano.

Analysis of battle
From the military point of view, the battle of Legnano was a significant battle that involved a considerable number of men. Other important battles fought in the same period in fact employed a comparable number of soldiers: for example, 1,400 Aragonese knights and 800 French were involved in the Battle of Muret.

At the strategic level, the clash between the two armies was carefully prepared by both factions. Barbarossa meticulously chose the place to cross the Alps, deciding to wait for reinforcements and to cross the Alpine arch again centrally in place of the usual Brenner, to easily reach Pavia. In fact, the second choice would have involved a much longer journey in enemy territory. Moreover, shortening the journey to Alexandria, his real goal, he focused on the surprise effect, which he partly obtained. Even the leaders of the Lombard League acted with foresight: to beat the emperor on time, they anticipated the times and moved towards Legnano to block the way towards the rest of his army, forcing him to fight in a territory known to them and therefore favorable.

One of the most important phases of the battle was the strong resistance of the infantry around the Carroccio after the temporary retreat of the cavalry; under the emblem of the autonomy of their municipalities, the municipal infantry resisted against a militarily superior army and moreover on horseback. The Carroccio also had a tactical function: being a very important symbol, in case of folding, the municipal army would have been obliged to protect it at all costs, and so it happened that, just to stay around the wagon, the municipal infantry they organized themselves into a semicircle defensive system. The position of the lances within this formation, all facing outwards, was certainly another reason for the victorious resistance, given that it constituted a defensive bulwark that could not be easily overcome Furthermore, the municipal troops, grouped on a territorial basis, were linked by kinship or neighborhood relations, which contributed to further compacting the ranks. In addition to fighting for their fellow soldiers, the municipal soldiers also fought for the freedom of their city and to defend their possessions and this led to a further stimulus to resistance against the enemy.

This battle is one of the first examples in which the medieval infantry could demonstrate its tactical potential towards the cavalry. The merit of the victory of the municipal troops must however also be shared with the light cavalry, which came later, which carried out the decisive charge against the imperials.

Origins and places of battle

At centuries of distance, given the scarcity of authentic information written by contemporary chroniclers at the events, it is difficult to establish precisely where the clashes took place. The chronicles of the epoch that deal with the battle of Legnano are in fact short writings formed by a number of words between one hundred and two hundred; the exception is the Life of Alexander III written by Boso Breakspeare, which reaches four hundred words. On some occasions there is the problem of the distortion of toponyms made by the copyists of the time, who did not know the geography of the area.

The contemporary sources that deal with the battle of Legnano are divided into three categories: the chronicles written by the Milanese or by the federated cities in the Lombard League, those written by the imperials or their allies and the ecclesiastical documents of the papal party. The contemporary Milanese chronicles unanimously report that the battle was fought de, apud, iuxta, ad Lignanum or inter Legnanum et Ticinum. Among them stands a document compiled by two anonymous chroniclers (Gesta Federici I imperatoris in Lombardy. Trad.: "The exploits of Emperor Frederick I in Lombardy" ), whose two parts of the text, written by an unknown reporter between 1154 and 1167 and the other completed by another anonymous in 1177, they were copied in 1230 by Sire Raul. The annals of Brescia, of Crema, the Genoese chronicler Ottobono, Salimbene from Parma and the bishop of Crema also report apud Legnanum. The contemporary chronicles of the imperial part, on the other hand, do not specify the places of the conflict but merely describe the events; among the Teutonic documents, the most important are the annals of Cologne, the writings of Otto of Freising and the chronicles of Godfrey of Viterbo. The most important contemporary ecclesiastical sources are the writings of the Archbishop of Salerno and the Life of Alexander III drafted by Boso Breakspeare, with the first not referring to the indication of the places, and the second that report the crippled toponym of Barranum.

Among the sources after the battle, Bonvesin da la Riva, who wrote about a century after the fight, stated that the battle had taken place "inter Brossanum et Legnanum", while Goffredo da Bussero, a contemporary of Bonvesin de la Riva, reported that "imperator victus a Mediolanensisbus inter Legnanum et Borsanum".

The first phase of the battle, which is connected to the initial clash between the two armies, seems to have taken place between Borsano and Busto Arsizio. This thesis is supported, among other things, by the document of the two anonymous chroniclers, where it is said that:

"Then Saturday, May 29, 1176, while the Milanese were at Legnano together with fifty knights from Lodi, about three hundred from Novara and Vercelli, about two hundred from Piacenza, with the militia of Brescia, Verona and the whole of the March [Trevigiana]. the infantry of Verona and Brescia were in the city, others were near by on the street and came to join the Milanese army – the Emperor Frederick was encamped with all the Comaschi near Cairate with about a thousand German knights, and it was said that they were two thousand he had brought across the valley of Disentis so secretly that none of the Lombards could have known. Indeed, when it was said that they were near Bellinzona, it seemed like a fairy tale. The emperor wanted to pass and go to Pavia, believing that the Pavesi should come to meet him. Instead they came, met the Milanese with the knights indicated above, between Borsano and Busto Arsizio, and a huge battle was attacked. The emperor put to flight the knights who were on one side near the Carroccio, so that almost all the Brescians and most of the others fled to Milan, as well as most of the best Milanese. The others stopped at the Carroccio with the Milan infantrymen and fought heroically. Finally the emperor was made to flee, almost all the Comaschi were captured, of the Germans many were taken and killed, many died in the Ticino."

- Anonymous reporters

As for the final stages of the battle, which are connected to the defense of the Carroccio and the subsequent and resolute clashes between the two armies, the Life of Alexander III of Boso Breakspeare, contemporary with the battle, provides an important indication: in this text we indicate the toponyms, evidently crippled by the copyists, of Barranum and Brixianum, which could indicate Legnano and Borsano or Busto Arsizio and Borsano, and the precise distance between the site of the last phases of the battle and Milan, 15 miles (about 22 km), which is the exact distance between Legnano and the Lombard capital. This distance of 15 miles was then used to refer to Legnano also in subsequent documents. In fact, in the Life of Alexander III we read that:

"[The Milanese] settled, in large numbers, in a place suitable for them, between Barrano and Brissiano, around eight o'clock, 15 miles from the city."

- Boso Breakspeare

The same source also mentions the distance of 3 miles (about 4.5 km) from Legnano in reference to the first contact of the two armies, confirming the hypothesis that this phase of the clash took place between Borsano and Busto Arsizio. The same document states that:

"Then they sent forward, towards Como, 700 soldiers to know on which side their powerful and very strong adversary advanced. There they met 300 Germanic soldiers, for about three miles, whose traces Frederick trodden with the whole army, ready to fight."

- Boso Breakspeare

Regarding the identification of the place where the troops of the Lombard League on the run met the remaining part of the army, the sources are conflicting. The chronicles of Boso Breakspeare report in fact that the crossing of the two armies took place at half a mile (about 700 m) from the Carroccio:

"The Lombards were forced, in spite of themselves, to flee and, wishing to find refuge with the Milanese carroccio, could not remain to face the pursuer, but were forced to flee with the many other fugitives, beyond the carroccio, for half a mile."

- Boso Breakspeare

The annals of Piacenza instead report that the contact occurred near Milan:

"The emperor, however, put the Milan militias to flight as far as the Carroccio, while most of the Lombard militias fled to the city."

As regards the exact location of the Carroccio in reference to the current topography of Legnano, one of the chronicles of the clash, the Cologne Annals, contain important information:

"The Lombards, ready to win or die on the field, placed their army inside a large pit, so that when the battle was in full swing, no one could escape."

This would suggest that the Carroccio was located on the edge of a steep slope flanking the Olona, so that the imperial cavalry, whose arrival was expected along the river, would have been forced to attack the center of the League's army Lombard climbing up the escarpment. Considering the evolution of the clash, this could mean that the crucial phases in defense of the Carroccio have been fought on the territory of the Legnanese contrada of San Martino (more precisely, near the 15th century church of the same name, which in fact dominates a slope that descends towards the Olona) or of the Legnanese quarter of Costa San Giorgio, since in another part of the neighboring areas it is not possible to identify another depression with the characteristics suitable for its defense. Considering the last hypothesis mentioned, the final clash could also have taken place on part of the territory now belonging to the Legnanese contrade of Sant'Ambrogio and San Magno (between the quartier of "Costa of San Giorgio" and the Olona is still present today a steep slope: this slope was later included in the Parco castello) and to the municipality of San Giorgio su Legnano.

A popular legend tells that at that time a tunnel put San Giorgio su Legnano in communication with the Visconti castle of Legnano and that for this tunnel Frederick Barbarossa managed to escape and save himself after the defeat. Towards the end of the 20th century, during some excavations, sections of a very ancient tunnel were actually found: the first was found not far from San Giorgio su Legnano, while the second section was discovered in Legnano. Both were immediately blocked by the municipal administration for security reasons. During some excavations carried out in 2014 at the Visconti castle in Legnano, the entrance to another tunnel was identified.

Aftermath

The battle of Legnano put an end to Frederick Barbarossa's fifth descent in Italy and his attempt to hegemonize the municipalities of northern Italy. Frederick also lost the military support of the German princes, who, after the 10,000 knights provided at the beginning of his campaign and the 3,000 laboriously collected shortly before the battle of Legnano, would hardly have given Barbarossa more aid to resolve the situation in Italy, which would have brought them very little benefit. Having no support at home, Frederick, to try to resolve the dispute, tried the diplomatic approach, with the armistice that was signed at the Venice congress of 1177. In this agreement, the emperor recognized, among other things, Alexander III as a legitimate pontiff and submitted to papal power by recomposing the schism that had arisen some years before. From then on, Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy wife of Frederick ceased to be referred as Imperatrix ('empress') in the chancery productions, as her coronation as such had been made by an anti-pope and was thus declared nullified.

The first negotiations for definitive peace took place in Piacenza between March and May 1183. The Lombard League asked Frederick Barbarossa the complete autonomy of the cities, the possibility of the latter to freely erect walls and fortifications, the exemption from all types of taxes and the absence of any kind of interference by the emperor in local matters; requests to which Frederick Barbarossa, in the first instance, firmly opposed. Shortly before the negotiations in Piacenza, from an imperial perspective, however, an important event occurred: Alessandria submitted to the imperial power and was recognized by Frederick as a city of the Empire.

The continuation of negotiations led to the signing of the Peace of Constance (25 June 1183), which first of all provided for the recognition of the Lombard League by Frederick Barbarossa. As regards the individual cities, the emperor made administrative, political and judicial concessions; in particular, Frederick granted a wide autonomy with respect to the management of land resources such as forests, water and mills, with respect to court cases and related penalties and, finally, with regard to military aspects, such as the recruitment of army and the free construction of defensive walls and castles. As far as legal proceedings were concerned, the imperial vicars would have intervened in disputes only for the appeal cases that involved goods or compensation worth more than 25 lire, but applying the laws in force in the individual municipalities. Moreover, Barbarossa confirmed the customary law that the cities had conquered in the thirty years of clashes with the Empire, and officially granted the municipalities the right to have a consul, who had to swear allegiance to the emperor.

The municipalities of the Lombard League, on the other hand, formally recognized the imperial authority and agreed to pay the fodro but not the royalties, which remained in the municipalities. Furthermore, the Italian municipalities agreed to pay the Empire, as taxes, 15,000 one-off lire and an annual sum of 2,000 lire. Earnings from the defeat of Frederick Barbarossa were not only Italian municipalities, but also the Papacy, which managed to emphasize its position of superiority over the Empire. The peace of Constance was the only imperial recognition of the prerogatives of Italian municipalities: for this reason, it was celebrated for centuries.

Alberto da Giussano and the Company of Death
The name of Alberto da Giussano appeared for the first time in the historical chronicle of the city of Milan written by the Dominican friar Galvano Fiamma in the first half of the 14th century, that is 150 years after the battle of Legnano. Alberto da Giussano was described as a knight who distinguished himself, together with his brothers Ottone and Raniero, in the battle of 29 May 1176. According to Galvano Fiamma, he headed the Company of Death, a military association of 900 young knights.

The Company of Death owed its name to the oath that made its members, which foresaw the struggle until the last breath without ever lowering its arms. According to Galvano Fiamma, the Company of Death defended the Carroccio to the extreme and then carried out, in the final stages of the battle of Legnano, a charge against the imperial army of Frederick Barbarossa.

However, contemporary sources at the battle of Legnano do not mention either the existence of Alberto da Giussano or that of the Company of Death. The stories of Fiamma should be taken with the benefit of the doubt since in his chronicles there are inaccuracies and legendary facts.

National unification references
In a proclamation issued in Bergamo on August 3, 1848, the revolutionary leader Garibaldi referred to the historic battle of Legnano as a source of inspiration for his own struggle for the unification of Italy: "Bergamo will be the Pontida of the present generation, and God will bring us a Legnano!". In a similar vein Il Canto degli Italiani, written in 1847 and now the Italian national anthem, contains the lines, "From the Alps to Sicily, Legnano is everywhere."

title: Battle of Legnano


text:
User talk:Charles Cingolani

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. I thought I'd warn you, Wikipedia discourages the creation of articles about yourself; the theory is that if you're famous enough for an article, someone else will create it, and otherwise the vanity pages are just too hard to sort out. We appreciate your signing up, however. See What Wikipedia is not and The perfect article for more guidelines on what to include. Also, here's a list of things that could use doing (though of course you're under no obligation:

Again, welcome, and best wishes! [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 14:40, 2004 Aug 2 (UTC)

Links to your websites
Charles, please do not continue to add links to your websites to Wikipedia articles. Wikipedia is not an appropriate place to promote your work, please see our external links, spam and editing with a conflict of interest guidelines.

If you believe the sites contain information of encyclopedic value to the articles place them on the talk page with an explanation of who you are and why you think the links should be included and ask other editors to add them if they believe they aare appropriate. Thanks --Siobhan Hansa 14:48, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

I note that my six entries have been deleted across-the-board with the explanation that the material is from my personal website and without any encylcopedic value. Just because the material offered by me was my own work cannot be sufficient reason. Did anyone read what was deleted to see if it was relevant or of value? The editor took the time to consult the Amazon ISBN ranking number to ascertain its value, but did he read it before deleting? The literature about the Holocaust, the Antietam material, the poetry about Butler, Pennsylvania? Had the material not been on my website, might that have made it of encylcopedic value? As regards to a website, I would think the instant availability of a source only enhances its encyclopedic value. Charles 18:07, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * That editor was me. Yes - the fact that they are links to your own website is reason enough to remove them - see the guidelines I referred you to above.  If your sites were respected resources for the subjects in question regular editors of the articles will have come across them and will be able to add them.  If you wish to contribute to Wikipedia, please add content to the articles - don't use Wikipedia to promote yourself or your own point of view by adding links to your own work.  If you truly believe your own work to be encyclopedic for a particular subject, please post the link to the talk page and ask other editors to evaluate its appropriateness for the article.

 * I am cautious about removing links that are valuable to readers, so even though you added these links yourself, I did read them and check what they were about. Since they were your own thoughts on the subjects, and you are not a noted commentator on those subjects, I did not find them to be encyclopedic. self-published or minor works that are not subject to scrutiny are rarely encyclopedic.  In one case - the Butler Pennsylvania article - I could see possible value and I instigated a talk page discussion to see if regular editors on the article (who would be in a position to better know the standing of your work within Butler) thought it was encyclopedic.  In another case other, regular editors of the article thought the link should stay and I replaced it on the page.

 * I don't think this is an unreasonable stand to take. --Siobhan Hansa 19:28, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Charles Cingolani