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SEC filing

The SEC filing is a financial statement or other formal document submitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Public companies, certain insiders, and broker-dealers are required to make regular SEC filings. Investors and financial professionals rely on these filings for information about companies they are evaluating for investment purposes. Many, but not all SEC filings are available online through the SEC's EDGAR (Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval) database and as structured datasets in the Harvard Dataverse.

Common filing types
The most commonly filed SEC forms are the 10-K and the 10-Q. These forms are composed of four main sections: The business section, the F-pages, the Risk Factors, and the MD&A. The business section provides an overview of the Company. The F-pages contain the financial statements which are either audited or reviewed by an independent auditor.

The Risk Factors contain a list of all of the potential risks that exist for the company. While the MD&A contains a narrative about the financial results of the company. This narrative is also accompanied by management's expectations for the upcoming year.

Other filings are required with respect to offerings by private companies.

All filing types
The filings accepted by the SEC as of November 2011.

Finding forms
All forms are filed with the SEC, and many can be found for free in the SEC's EDGAR database. There are also several other portals that specialize in sorting information found in individual forms, such as the financial search engine, AlphaSense. And new platforms leveraging AI, like stockinsights.ai, are emerging to provide advanced features to navigate these filings.

Forms which are not found in EDGAR include the Form PF, which is used for private funds and is kept confidential per the Dodd–Frank Act.

title: SEC filing


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Avrocar (band)

Avrocar are an electronica band from Birmingham, England. Band member Antony Harding has another more folk-oriented project called July Skies.

Discography

 * Cinematography
 * Live at Ochre 7
 * Guidance
 * Against the Dying of the Light
 * "Summer Blonde"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Avrocar (band)


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York Park

York Park is a sports ground in the Inveresk and York Park Precinct, Launceston, Australia. Holding 21,000 people, York Park is known commercially as University of Tasmania (UTAS) Stadium and was formerly known as Aurora Stadium under a previous naming rights agreement signed with Aurora Energy in 2004. Primarily used for Australian rules football, its record attendance of 20,971 was set in June 2006, when Hawthorn Football Club played Richmond Football Club in an Australian Football League (AFL) match.

The area was swampland before becoming Launceston's showgrounds in 1873. In the following decades the grounds were increasingly used for sports, including cricket, bowls and tennis. In 1919, plans were prepared for the transformation of the area into a multi-sports venue. From 1923, the venue was principally used for Australian rules football by the Northern Tasmanian Football Association, and for occasional inter-state games. Visiting mainland football clubs regularly played mid-season or end-of-season matches at the ground. Other sports such as cricket, tennis, bowling, cycling and foot-racing have been played at the venue.

Hawthorn has played between two and five AFL matches each season since 2001, and the St Kilda Football Club played two games a year between 2003 and 2006. In 2007, the Tasmanian Government signed a $16.4 million, five-year sponsorship deal with Hawthorn, under which the club will play four regular season games and one National Australia Bank Cup pre-season match at the venue each year. The venue hosted its first VFL/AFL finals during the 2021 AFL finals series.

Throughout its history, York Park has hosted major pop concerts and other entertainments. Since 2001 it has been a venue for international sports events, and in 2005 was redeveloped at a cost of $23.6 million. On 21 February 2009 York Park became home to the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame.

History
The area now known as York Park was originally "swampy, sour, and choked with weeds". After European settlement, it was used for landfill before becoming the Launceston showgrounds in 1874. By 1881, 47 acre of land (now York and Invermay Parks) had been taken over by the Launceston City Council "for the purpose of recreation, health and enjoyment". The area was ready to be used for two cricket games by the end of 1886. Cricketers were full of praise for the ground, but because winter rain caused it to become waterlogged, footballers (Australian rules) were often unable to use the facility.

At a council meeting in July 1901, one member, Alderman Storrer, proposed that Inveresk Park be renamed York Park in honour of the Duke of York (later King George V), who visited Tasmania during the Federation celebrations of 1901. The proposal was passed 4–2, although another member, Alderman Sadler, noted that "Launceston was well known as a loyal community and did not need to change the park's name" to prove their fidelity to the monarchy. A bowling green and tennis courts were completed by 1910, along with the main oval which was used for state school sports. In 1919, the council held a competition for the design of the York Park sports ground, the winner to receive £20. The final design had to include two full sized tennis courts, a bowling green, a cycling track, cricket and football grounds with dressing rooms and facilities for spectators. Although not fully complete, York Park was officially opened by the St Andrews Caledonian Society on 1 January 1921. A cycling track surrounding the perimeter fence was in use by September of the same year. On 4 May 1923 The Examiner reported on that "Work on the grandstand was completed for the opening of the 1923 football season, when the game was transferred from the NTCA Ground to York Park. Work on the grandstand and the seating round the oval has been proceeded with at top speed, and spectators at the game tomorrow should have little to complain of." The first game between teams representing the northern and southern halves of Tasmania took place at the oval in August 1923 in front of a crowd of 9,441. A reporter from The Examiner commented: "The oval is in good order and well grassed and the new motor mower copes with the latter very effectively under favourable conditions. The whole five acres can be cut in six hours, as compared with twenty hours by the horse mower." When the ground was harrowed, glass and other debris would surface; a contemporary observer, John Orchard, later remembered: "they'd line up a whole group of people, perhaps thirty or forty players, and we'd go along with a container alongside each other and we'd pick up everything that was likely to hurt a player."

Heavy floods in 1929 caused substantial damage to the ground, destroying the cycling track, which was subsequently rebuilt. In the 1930s the Launceston Football Club, who played regularly at the ground, won six consecutive premierships before World War II intervened. As a consequence of the war NTFA matches were cancelled after the 1941 season, not to resume until May 1945. Three years later, 12 ornamental trees were planted at the ground, in memory of NTFA players who had lost their lives in the war.

In 1960, York Park was the venue of a football match in which Tasmania defeated Victoria for the first time. The match was attended by a record crowd of approximately 15,000. Four years later, the southern stand (demolished in 2004) was completed. In the 1970s another stand was added, capable of holding 650 spectators and incorporating sales kiosks and committee rooms.

Up to 1999 York Park had remained a sports ground used predominately for local events, generally attracting modest crowds; according to ground manager Robert Groenewegen, supporters were able to "park [their] car[s] next to the boundary fence". However, before the 1998 federal election the local member of parliament (MP) representing the Division of Bass, Warwick Smith—a minister from the ruling Liberal Party—promised public funding for the redevelopment of York Park. Although Smith lost his seat, the Liberals retained power and kept the promise. The $6.4 million redevelopment completed in 2000 was the first major phase in the process of raising the ground to Australian Football League (AFL) standard. Work included the construction of the Gunns Stand, a two-level grandstand originally holding 2,500 (now extended to 5,700) which incorporates corporate facilities. Other improvements added were five 45 m television standard light towers, a watering and drainage system able to disperse up to 100 mm of rain an hour, and 85 in-ground sprinklers capable of rising 15 cm.

In 2003, the Government of Tasmania allocated $2 million to erect a roof above 6,000 terrace seats, in readiness for the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup; this meant that almost all of the seating area was protected from the weather. In 2004, the ground became known as Aurora Stadium as the result of six-year naming rights sponsorship deal with Aurora Energy. During 2006, the state government supplied $150,000 for new gates and ticket boxes at the stadium entry. The gates were later named after recently deceased Tasmanian Premier Jim Bacon. These gates, and the heritage-listed Northern Stand, have been placed on the Tasmanian Heritage Register as culturally significant to the state. The two-storey Cameron-Tyson stand was in 2005, replaced by an extension of the Gunns Stand. In March 2008, an arson attack destroyed part of the Northern Stand, causing between $300,000 and $500,000 damage. In December 2008 the Launceston City Council proposed a $7 million development for a replacement Northern Stand. The project includes the relocation of the old Northern Stand's heritage roof into part of the redevelopment of facilities at Invermay Park. The old structure at York Park will be replaced with a 2,125-seat grandstand which will include three AFL compliant changerooms, an AFL umpire changeroom, a corporate facility for 936 people in corporate boxes, suites and function rooms, coaches boxes, along with statistician, timekeepers and print media rooms. Post-match press conference, drug testing, and radio rooms will also be included. The stand has increased the ground's capacity to 21,000 and the seating capacity to 13,825. These works were designed by Tasmania-based architects Philp Lighton Architects. The Australian Government was expected to contribute $4 million, the Tasmanian Government $2 million and Launceston City Council $500,000. The Hawthorn Football Club are currently asking for a "sizeable" contribution from the AFL towards the development, and Inveresk Precinct Authority chairman Robin McKendrick has indicated that a contribution of $1 million was possible.

On 22 October 2016, the University of Tasmania bought the naming rights to the stadium for a five-year contract that would take effect on 1 January as the university campus would sit next to York Park, bringing an end to a 13-year partnership with Aurora Energy.

In March 2022 Tasmanian Premier Peter Gutwein announced the government intended to expand the seating capacity of the stadium to 27,500 and install retractable seating for rectangular sports. The development will occur within the following five years, provided the state government's $65 million contribution is matched by the federal government and the stadium's ownership is transferred from the Launceston City Council to the state government-run Stadiums Tasmania agency.

Australian rules football

Australian rules football is the main sport played at the stadium which has hosted Australian Football League (AFL) games since 2001, when the state government started paying interstate clubs to relocate their home games. Melbourne-based Hawthorn played one game in 2001 and two in 2002, and in 2003 were joined by another Melbourne team, St Kilda. In 2004, it was estimated that the cost to the government per game was between $300,000 and $500,000, but Tasmanian Premier Jim Bacon stated that the government was making a profit on its investment, estimating that each game injected between $1 million and $1.5 million into the Tasmanian economy.

The number of AFL matches peaked in 2006, when Hawthorn played three home games and one pre-season game, while St Kilda played two home games. The games drew an average crowd of 17,108, with a record attendance of 20,971 for the match between Hawthorn and Richmond.

Controversy occurred at York Park when, in a game between St Kilda and Fremantle, the final siren was too quiet to be heard by any of the umpires; play was restarted in error, and in the subsequent confusion St Kilda levelled the scores. After a protest, the AFL Commission convened and overturned the result, awarding Fremantle the victory. The stadium's sirens were replaced, and the old ones were put on display at the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery.

In 2007 York Park benefitted from a five-year, $16.4 million sponsorship of Hawthorn by the state government. Under the sponsorship agreement the stadium is the venue for five of Hawthorn's matches each year—one pre-season and four premiership games. Hawthorn president Jeff Kennett has expressed interest in his club playing higher profile teams, such as Collingwood, at the stadium.

As well as being an AFL venue, York Park is the long-term base of North Launceston, and thus hosts regular Tasmanian State League matches. The ground also hosted occasional Tasmanian Devils Football Club home games in the Victorian Football League, from 2001 until the club's demise in 2008.

In 2021, due to COVID-19 restrictions and lockdowns preventing matches from being played in Melbourne and Sydney, York Park hosted its first two AFL finals matches: both first-week elimination finals, the first a victory over, and the second a Greater Western Sydney Giants win over the Sydney Swans in Sydney Derby XXII.

Other uses
York Park hosted its first international sporting fixture in the group phase of the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup, when Romania and Namibia played in front of 15,457 spectators. As a soccer venue the stadium has hosted one National Soccer League match and three A-League pre-season games. Melbourne Knights and Perth Glory played a national league match at the stadium during the 2001–02 NSL season. In July 2006, after the A-League replaced the NSL, the stadium hosted Tasmania's first A-League match when Melbourne Victory and Adelaide United played in the pre-season competition. In 2007, 8,061 attended the corresponding match, which has since become a regular fixture. In addition to pre-season matches, Aurora Stadium has also hosted regular season A-League matches: on 1 February 2012, Melbourne Victory played Gold Coast United FC in a regular season A-League game in front of a crowd of 5,268 people and on 12 January 2013, Melbourne Victory played against Central Coast Mariners in front of a crowd of 6,238 people. Inveresk Precinct Authority chairman Robin McKendrick has stated that ground authorities are attempting to win hosting rights for Australian national soccer team matches. On 30 December 2017, the ground played host to its first ever Big Bash League match when the Hobart Hurricanes took a home game to York Park with the Sydney Thunder being their opponents. The Thunder won by 57 runs in front of 16,734 fans. Western United FC are playing two home matches in 2021.

Among non-sporting events, before its redevelopment the stadium hosted an Ike & Tina Turner concert and a Billy Graham religious revival meeting. The Crusty Demons performed at the stadium during 2006 and March 2008. Elton John performed at York Park during his Rocket Man: Greatest Hits Live Tour at the end of 2007; this remains his only appearance in Tasmania as of August 2009.

Structures and facilities
York Park is an oval-shaped grassed arena surrounded by several different stands, the largest being the two-tier Gunns Stand on the ground's western side. The stand originally had a capacity of 2,500, which was increased by an extension in 2005 to 5,700. The stand has two corporate box areas, the Gunns Function Centre and the Corporate Function Centre. Immediately north of the Stand is the Aurora Function Centre, which also houses coaches' boxes, and is next to the heritage listed Northern Stand connecting the Northern, Southern and Eastern Terraces. The stands have a collective capacity of 6,000, bringing the ground's total seating to 11,700. The Railway Workers Hill is a small, uncovered stand located at the eastern side of the ground between the Northern and Eastern Terraces. The ground has a parking capacity of approximately 2,500, from the use of large grassy areas at the adjacent Inveresk site, with an option of street parking.

York Park has often been criticised for its large playing surface, which is blamed for producing unattractive low-scoring football. Prior to the start of 2009, only 11 of 28 matches saw a score beyond 100 points. For a pre-season match in 2009, 13 metres of width was removed from the outer wing "in a bid to produce more attractive games." Before the match, Groenewegen said, "Because that outer wing was so wide, once they [a team] chipped wide out there it was very easy for teams to flood back because you were so far away from the goals." The ground is also known for its strong wind, which hinders the accuracy of long-distance kicks that are propelled high into the air.

A grant of $50,000 from the Tasmanian Community Fund in 2005 helped the Launceston City Council and AFL Tasmania construct a permanent Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame at York Park. The ground was chosen as the site because it is regarded as the home of Australian rules football in Tasmania. AFL Tasmania initiated the Hall of Fame nomination process, and since 2005 various clubs, players and grounds have been inducted. The Hall of Fame opened to the public on 21 February 2009. As of May 2009, $23.6 million had been spent re-developing the stadium.

Crowds
The ground's record attendance is 20,971, at an AFL match between Hawthorn and Richmond on 18 June 2006. This match occurred before the Northern Stand was damaged and the stadium's capacity reduced. An AFL match between Hawthorn and St Kilda on 8 August 2009 saw a capacity crowd of 20,011, the largest crowd since the fire. The stadium's lowest AFL attendance is 9,007 for the match between Hawthorn and on 23 June 2018.

The highest recorded attendance for an interstate match at York Park is 15,000 for the 1960 clash between Tasmania and Victoria.

The highest recorded attendance for a Tasmanian Football League match at York Park is 6,755 for the 1989 Second Semi Final played between North Launceston and North Hobart on 2 September 1989.

The highest recorded attendance for a soccer match is 8,061, when Melbourne Victory played Adelaide United on 16 July during a 2007 A-League Pre-Season Challenge Cup match. The Billy Graham religious revival meeting on 17 March 1959 attracted 17,000 attendees, a record for a non-sporting event at the ground.

Attendance records
Top 10 sports attendance records

Last updated on 1 January 2012

title: York Park


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Template:Index Railway Stations Japan

List of railway stations in Japan

title: Template:Index Railway Stations Japan


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Talk:Hōki Province

There is also a fish called Hoki
http://www.seafood.co.nz/business/fishaqua/species/hoki.asp

title: Talk:Hōki Province


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This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb

This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb was a folk punk band from Pensacola, Florida, United States. Their first recording was released in 1997 on Ghostmeat Records. Their later releases have been on Plan It X Records and No Idea Records, but now appear on their own label Plan-It X South. This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb initially started as a new wave band, with folk singer David Dondero on drums. They quickly switched to playing country music, but their punk roots were evident enough in their music that they became one of the premiere bands at the forefront of the folk-punk genre. They did several US tours, including an Alaska tour 2003 played at Geekfest, and toured Europe.

On February 3, 2011, This Bike Is A Pipe Bomb announced that it was ending. Rymodee and Terry still write and play together in Zippers To Nowhere, based in Chattanooga.

Much of their music is politically oriented. This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb is staunchly pacifist and concerned with the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and racial equality in general.

Band members

 * Rymodee - guitar, vocals, harmonica
 * Terry Johnson - bass, vocals
 * Teddy "Ted" Helmick - drums, jokes, vocals
 * Zine author Aaron Cometbus has been known to play drums for the band on occasion.
 * Spot - fidola

Discography

 * S/T 7" Ghost Meat Records, 1997 Out Of Print
 * Dance Party With... CD Plan-It-X Records, 1999
 * Dance Party With... 10" Troy from Vancouver, 2004
 * Of Chivalry and Romance in a Dumpster 10" Fab Records, 1999 Out Of Print
 * Black Panther Party 7" Arkam Records, 2001
 * This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb/The Devil Is Electric Split 7" Risk Records, 2001 Out Of Print
 * Front Seat Solidarity LP Plan-It-X Records, 2002 Out Of Print (repressed on No Idea Records in 2007)
 * Front Seat Solidarity CD Plan-It-X Records, 2002
 * Songs Of Our Soil CD and zine (self-released), 2002
 * This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb/Carrie Nations Split 7" Shake/Plan-It-X Records, 2004 Out Of Print
 * Three Way Tie for a Fifth CD Plan-It-X Records, 2004
 * Three Way Tie for a Fifth LP No Idea Records, 2005
 * Convertible CD Plan-It-X Records, 2008
 * Convertible LP No Idea Records, 2009
 * Radon/This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb/Vaginasore Jr./King Friday Split Fast Crowd Records, 2008 (contributed the song "Bright One")

Controversy over name
On March 2, 2006, at 5:30 am an Ohio University police officer spotted a bicycle attached to the Oasis restaurant bearing a promotional sticker for the band. The officer saw the words "This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb" and became concerned. The area was cordoned off, and part of the campus was closed for several hours. The bicycle was subsequently destroyed by the Athens bomb squad despite assurances from the bike's owner that it was just a sticker. The owner, a graduate student, was initially charged with inducing panic, a misdemeanor. However, the charges were dropped a few days later. Later the student was awarded money for the damages to his bicycle.

A similar incident occurred in 2001, when a police officer spotted and detained a woman at an Austin, Texas peace rally. Her bicycle was also labeled with the band's sticker. The woman was released after the band's existence was confirmed.

On March 14, 2006, Bellarmine Hall at Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was evacuated because of another bicycle with the band's name painted on it. No charges were filed.

On February 16, 2009, Terminal C at Memphis International Airport was evacuated because of a bicycle with the band's sticker on it. A pilot notified police when he saw the bike, with the band's sticker on it, parked outside of the terminal. Police evacuated the terminal and sent in K9 units; however, no explosive materials were found. Police arrested the owner of the bike but let the owner go a few hours later because he had not committed a crime. After hearing about the incident, the band's lead singer urged fans to use caution when they applied the stickers.

title: This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb


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Buddha in art

Much Buddhist art uses depictions of the historical Buddha, Gautama Buddha, which are known as  (lit. 'Form of the Awakened One') in Sanskrit and Pali. These may be statues or other images such as paintings. The main figure in an image may be someone else who has obtained Buddhahood, or a boddhisattva, especially in the various traditions of Mahayana Buddhism. Other Buddhas and bodhisattvas in art have become increasingly common over the centuries, perhaps now outnumbering images of the historical Buddha.

In its first centuries Buddhism was largely or entirely aniconic, not showing the person of Buddha except by symbols and relics. This changed, and figures of the Buddha became very common in the art of Gandhara and Gupta art. As forms of esoteric Buddhism developed, other figures from the expanding array of Buddhist sacred persons became more prominent. In Theravada Buddhism this was much less the case, and figures of the historical Buddha remain the most common main images in temples and shrines to the present.

Early images were most often of Buddha standing, but seated meditating postures, essentially the lotus position of yoga, came to predominate. Often these represent a specific moment in the Buddha's life, which is identified by the Buddha's hand gesture (mudra), or attributes shown. There are also statues of the Reclining Buddha, lying down, usually showing the moment of his death.

Sets of narrative scenes from the life of the Buddha tend to concentrate on standard groupings such as the Eight Great Events or other sets, but may be much larger. Originally common in reliefs, and probably paintings of which few have survived, they have more recently mostly been in painted form. Narrative scenes may show the Buddha in various poses, though they tend to show the Buddha in the same standing, seated or lying positions, with other figures or a mudra indicating what moment is being depicted.

Commonalities
Despite cultural and regional differences in the interpretations of texts about the life of Gautama Buddha, there are some general guidelines to the attributes of a Buddharupa:

 * Fingers and toes are elongated proportionately
 * Long, aquiline nose
 * Elongated earlobes
 * Head protuberance
 * Broad shoulders

The elongated earlobes are vestiges of his life as a prince, when he wore extravagant jewelry. The bump at the top of the head is the ushnisha and represents spirituality, wisdom, and awakening.

Regional variations
Depictions of the Buddha vary widely across cultures.

Proportions
The image of Buddhas started to emerge from the first century CE in North India, developed in Gandhara and Mathura. The art of Gandhara was influenced by Ancient Greek art, leading to the development of Greco-Buddhist art with anatomically well-proportioned and realistic figure of the Buddha. One of the most influential Buddhist art was Gupta art and the later Amaravati style. From India the depiction of Buddha spread to the rest of Asia. The Buddharupas of India, Sri Lanka, Javanese Sailendra and Cambodian art usually depict a well-proportioned figure, but sometimes he is shown emaciated, in recollection of the Buddha's years of ascetic practices.

Many people may be familiar with the "Happy" or "Laughing" Buddha, a different historical figure, who should not be confused with the images of Gautama Buddha. Budai, a Chinese Buddhist monk also known as Hotei, is depicted as fat and happy, almost always shown smiling or laughing, and is associated with Maitreya, the future Buddha.

Postures, gestures and artifacts
A statue or a painting of Buddha always illustrates a mudra or gesture. There are large numbers of these, but a few are the oldest and most common. In Mahayana Buddhism, some of the most common have also become identified with the five transcendental Buddhas, also called "Dhyani Buddhas" or "Pancha Buddhas", further complicating identification of the figure shown. These mudras are as follows:

 * Dharmachakra Buddha Mudra – Vairochana: Dharmachakra mudra has two hands held against the chest with the tips of the thumbs and forefingers of each hand united. This mudra represents a gesture of teaching.
 * Bhumisparsa Buddha Mudra – Akshobhya: This gesture, "touching the earth" (Bhumisparsa) mudra, became Buddha Akshobhya's mudra. The Buddha called upon mother earth to bear witness to his attainment of Enlightenment. To indicate this, he touched the earth with his right hand as witness to his perfection. This mudra is related to the Maravijaya attitude.
 * Varada Buddha Mudra – Ratna Sambhava: In this mudra right hand lies open near his right knee. His left hand is seen holding an alms bowl. In Sanskrit, Varada means "granting a boon". The gesture shows the right palm turned towards the receiver of boons, with the fingers pointed downwards.
 * Dhyana Buddha Mudra – Amitabha Buddha: This mudra has the left hand resting on the lap with the palm facing upwards, the right hand on the top of the left one (also with its palm facing upwards), and the two thumbs touching each other. Sometimes a bowl is placed above his palms. Here the meditating hand gesture represents a state of deep meditation and the unity of wisdom and compassion.
 * Abhaya Buddha Mudra – Amoghsiddhi: Abhaya mudra represents the hand gesture of fearlessness and protection. The gesture of fearlessness and protection, usually shown as the left hand with palm turned outward and all fingers extended upwards. The symbolic meaning of the dispelling fear pose is an interpretation of the action of preaching. It is said that one gains fearlessness by following the Bodhisattva path.

Images of Buddha showing him reclining, represent his Parinirvana or departure into final nirvana at death.

Other times he is holding various symbolic objects, or making symbolic mudras (gestures).

The clothing also varies with national styles. In East Asia it tends to follow local monastic dress, with the arms covered. In India early depictions, especially from hotter regions, such as art of Mathura, Buddha is often shown with very thin robes or topless, with most of the body uncovered, or appearing so.

title: Buddha in art


text: User talk:68.194.219.164

title: User talk:68.194.219.164


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Talk:Love Boat

The official website's domain has been taken over by one of those horrid generic search engines. Does anyone have the new location of the organization? Punani 02:43, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I believe this is the site. Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission Illusionz 07:21, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Anti-interracial marriage?
According to the Chinese Wikipedia, one of the organization's goals is to discourage interracial marriage between the Chinese and other races: Shawnc 09:28, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I changed the Chinee wikipedia entry. It is true that one of the motives of the camp is to have ABC's meet other ABC's, but it isn't a "racial" motive since quite a number of people who attend the camp are from "mixed marriages" in which only one parent is ethnically Chinese.

Roadrunner 05:54, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Removed KMT paragraph
I doubt that this is true anymore given that the KMT is the opposition party.

 * The study tour is sponsored by the China Youth Corps, an organization affiliated with the Chinese Nationalist Party (a.k.a. Kuomintang or KMT) of the Republic of China on Taiwan.

Roadrunner 05:39, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Love Boat


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Tearaght Island

Tearaght Island or Inishtearaght (, meaning "the westerly") is an uninhabited steep rocky island west of the Dingle Peninsula in County Kerry, Ireland.

Geography
At longitude 10° 39.7' Tearaght is the westernmost of the Blasket Islands, and thus the westernmost island of Ireland. It is also one of the westernmost points in Europe after Iceland, and Azores. However, there are some exposed rocks further west: Tearaght Rocks, Tearaght Rocks West (10° 41.0'), and Foze Rocks (10° 41.3').

An Tiaracht is about a kilometre from east to west, and 500 m from north to south. The island is divided into two sections, a larger eastern part (254 m high) and a western part that rises to 116 m. A narrow neck of rock, with a natural tunnel through it, joins the two parts.

Nature
Like the other Blasket Islands, Tiaracht holds large numbers of seabirds, with internationally important populations of Manx shearwater and European storm-petrel. Leach's storm-petrels have also been found there (but not proved to be breeding) in recent years. The number of auks, especially puffins, has apparently fluctuated greatly, though early records are not always reliable.

Inishtearaght Lighthouse
A lighthouse was established on the island in 1870, and automated in 1988. The lighthouse, maintained by the Commissioners of Irish Lights, has a tower 17 m high and the focal height is at 84 m above sea level, it has a range of 19 nmi. The light was served by the steepest funicular rail track in Europe from 1913 until automation.

title: Tearaght Island


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Pestalozzi

Pestalozzi is the surname of an Italian family originally based in Gravedona and Chiavenna who settled in Switzerland during the Counter-Reformation. Members of this family include:

 * Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827), Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer
 * Max Pestalozzi (1857–1925), Swiss chess master
 * Hans A. Pestalozzi (1929–2004), Swiss social critic

title: Pestalozzi


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Jan Brown

Janet Corinne Brown (born June 23, 1947) is a former Canadian politician. She was first elected as a member of Parliament under the Reform Party of Canada ticket in the Alberta riding of Calgary Southeast in the 1993 federal election. Before entering politics, Brown was a schoolteacher and then agribusiness executive. She is of Croatian descent.

Brown rose to prominence as a well-spoken and moderate member of the Reform Party, becoming Canadian Heritage Critic in its shadow cabinet when it was second Opposition in the 35th Canadian Parliament. She and Stephen Harper were the only two MPs to speak out against the motion to deny same-sex couples the same rights as heterosexual ones at the 1994 Reform convention. She won much admiration for putting a yellow rose on the empty desk of rival Bloc Québécois party leader Lucien Bouchard, who was suffering from a life-threatening illness. The image of the solitary rose on his empty desk was broadcast around the nation. Brown was curious about gender roles within Canadian politics and subsequently wrote an article on the subject.

Later that year she was voted sexiest, best-dressed, and most generous MP by the Hill Times newspaper. Due to her success in questioning Canadian Heritage Minister Michel Dupuy, she was promoted to critic for Human Resources Development Canada.

Early in 1996, however, Brown, along with fellow Reform MP Jim Silye, spoke out openly against the right wing of the party. The remarks were motivated by Art Hanger's planned trip to Singapore to look into the success of caning at deterring crime. While the party leaders acknowledged that Brown and Silye's criticism had weight, they were attacked for publicly criticizing the party. Brown promised to deal with any future concerns within the party, and both she and Silye apologized. The next month, however, Reform MP Bob Ringma mentioned that store owners should be free to move gays and "ethnics" "to the back of the shop", or even to fire them, if it helped their business. A few days later MP David Chatters aroused more controversy when he suggested it would be reasonable to ban homosexuals from teaching children. Party leader Preston Manning and the other top party officials did not censure the remarks or demand apologies from the MPs.

On May 7, 1996, the Reform executive voted to suspend Ringma and Chatters for their remarks but also voted to suspend Brown for speaking out against the party. Brown was disappointed and three days later announced she was quitting the party to sit as an independent. She was especially critical of Preston Manning and how he managed the party.

Brown remained an independent for the rest of the parliament but co-operated closely with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. In the 1997 election, she ran as a Progressive Conservative, moving to contest the adjacent riding of Calgary Southwest, then represented by Reform leader Preston Manning.

Despite drawing much attention in the sometimes bitter campaign against her former party leader, Brown lost by a significant margin, and retired permanently from politics. In 2005, she completed a Ph.D. in education and women's studies. She became a lifelong learning consultant and retired in 2013.

title: Jan Brown


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Drop Bear

On 29 July 2004, Drop Bear was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Rossami 00:33, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

MYTHICAL Australian marsupials, according to the article, but it also claims they fall on tourists and cause horrific injuries, images of which are suppressed by the govt. Yeah right. Supposed to be humorous, but seems a little juvenile. Needs work to survive IMMHO. Moriori This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * I've no idea if this is a "real" myth or not, but I'll note that we have a good article for Jackalope and a category:fictional species. Jgm 02:51, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that the article has been present since June 2003 and many editors have made contributions to it. It's an article about a joke, I think we have a few of them. (Keep) -- Tim Starling 02:52, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * This is a well-known joke, amongst other things referenced (but not originated) by a prominent advertising campaign for Bundaberg Rum. Keep.--Robert Merkel 03:09, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It's in Terry Pratchett's The Last Continent, if nowhere else. Haha funny.  If the article makes it clear that this is a jackalope-critter, it can stay, but only with a clean up. Geogre 04:15, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * You know, I'm changing to flat out keep. All we need to do is edit very, very slightly. Geogre 13:02, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll have to abstain—I copyedited the article a few hours ago. But if you examine its history, you'll see that I, too, thought the article was a joke.  --Ardonik 05:10, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. -- Chuq 08:06, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a reasonably well known Australian legend, and a very funny way to scare foreign tourists. Ambivalenthysteria 13:33, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe there should be a common mythical creatures catagory to link this kind of article. I believe that as long as there is a legitimate, established legend/myth then it should stay (pending cleanup). Therefore, my vote is Keep— --tmoore 11:23, 29 Jul 2004 (EST)
 * Keep. Well known humorous urban legend. Article needs some cleanup though. --Gene_poole 23:30, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's a real mythical creature. :-) p.s. I have made Dropbear a redirect to it, that's the spelling I always thought was correct, and Google suggests that both are widely used. —Stormie 23:35, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Juvenile but well-known. Even this ignorant Yank has heard of them. Keep. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:32, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The dropbear is a common myth here in Australia.
 * Keep. The page may never be very interesting, but it serves as a useful definition + explanation.  I do like the "mythical creatures" page idea from tmoore above.  DJP 02:10, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a humorous myth here in Australia, I think it would be a shame if it was deleted.  --AxSkov 11:14, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article is clearly linked from listings of joke animals: and it is indeed a real and common joke animal in Oz: not only used on foreign tourists. --GPoss 12:06, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Nuorgam

Nuorgam (Njuorggán) is a village in the Utsjoki municipality in the region of Lapland, Finland. It has approximately 200 inhabitants. It is the northernmost point of Finland and the northernmost point of the European Union. It is situated on the Deatnu river (Teno, Tana), which is very popular for salmon fishing. Nuorgam is located near the villages of Utsjoki and Tana bru (in Norway). The nearest cities are Murmansk, Rovaniemi, Hammerfest, Alta and Tromsø.

The Finnish WWII action film Sisu, directed by Jalmari Helander, was mainly filmed in Nuorgam in 2021.

History
The origin of the name Njuorggán is unclear. Nuorgam is a Finnish adaptation of the original Northern Sámi name.

The first settler in the area originated from Buolbmát in Norway, arriving in the area in the late 18th century. The surname Nuorgam, used since the 1770s (Niorkam), originates from the village.

title: Nuorgam


text:
Code of Iowa

The Code of Iowa contains the statutory laws of the U.S. state of Iowa. The Iowa Legislative Service Bureau is a non-partisan governmental agency that organizes, updates, and publishes the Iowa Code. It is republished in full every odd year, and is supplemented in even years.

External reference

 * Iowa Code online at Iowa General Assembly.
 * Iowa Online Law Reference

title: Code of Iowa


text:
Suurpea

Suurpea is a village in Kuusalu Parish in Harju County in northern Estonia. The village has a population of 163 (as of 1 January 2009). It is situated on the western coast of the Pärispea Peninsula.

title: Suurpea


text:
Jyske Bank

Jyske Bank A/S is the third largest Danish bank in terms of market share.

The headquarters are located in Silkeborg, and the bank has 98 branches, in Denmark, and a single one in Germany (Hamburg). It is the second-largest bank to be listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange, and it is the largest bank in Denmark headquartered outside Copenhagen.

The current CEO of Jyske Bank is Anders Dam. The bank employs over 3350 individuals (as of the end of Q3, 2020).

History
Jyske Bank is the result of the merger in 1967 of four banks from the mid-Jutland area: Silkeborg Bank, Kjellerup Bank, Kjellerup Handels- og Landbobank, and the Handels- og Landbrugsbank in Silkeborg. These banks trace their roots back to the mid-19th Century.

 * 1968 – Jyske Bank acquired Banken for Brædstrup og Omegn.
 * 1970 – Jyske Bank acquired Samsø Bank.
 * 1970 – Jyske Bank acquired Odder Landbobank.
 * 1981 – Jyske Bank acquired Copenhagen-based Finansbanken, giving it national coverage.
 * 1983 – Jyske Bank acquired Vendelbobanken.
 * 1989 – Jyske Bank acquired Holstebro Bank.
 * 2011 – Jyske Bank acquired most of Fjordbank Mors.
 * 2013 – Jyske Bank acquired Spar Lolland201
 * 2014 – Jyske Bank acquired BRFkredit A/S
 * 2022– Jyske Bank acquired the Danish branch of Svenska Handelsbanken

International operations

 * 1981 – With its merger with Finansbanken, Jyske Bank acquired the subsidiary in Zürich, Switzerland, that Finansbanken had established in 1970 under the name Finanz- und Investmentbank. This is the oldest Scandinavian-owned subsidiary in Switzerland.  In 1985 the subsidiary's name became Jyske Bank (Schweiz).
 * 1983 – Jyske Bank established an office in London and three years later upgraded it to a branch.
 * 1984 – Jyske Bank established a representative office of Jyske Bank Private Banking in Fuengirola on the Spanish Costa del Sol.
 * 1987
 * Jyske Bank acquired Banco Galliano (est. 1855), a family-owned bank and the oldest bank in Gibraltar.
 * Jyske Bank acquired Hamburger Handelsbank (est. 1921), giving it a branch in Hamburg.

 * 1988 – Jyske Bank converted its representative office in Spain into a subsidiary that it later converted back to a representative office.
 * 2002 – Jyske bank formed a strategic alliance with Nykredit to become a major actor in the Danish finance industry.
 * 2003 – Jyske Bank established representative office for Jyske Bank Private Banking in Cannes, on the French Côte d'Azur.
 * 2004
 * Jyske Bank established a representative office in Poland to conduct private banking.
 * Jyske Bank acquired 60% of Berben's Effectenkantoor in Echt, Netherlands.

 * 2007 – Jyske Bank Private Banking closed the offices in Warsaw and Fuengirola.
 * 2008 – Jyske Bank closed its branch in London.
 * 2014 – Jyske Bank sells Berben's Effectenkantoor
 * 2015 – Jyske Bank closes Jyske Bank Schweiz
 * 2020 – Jyske Bank sells Jyske Bank (Gibraltar) Ltd. — leaving the Hamburg branch as the only one outside Denmark.
 * 2022 - Jyske Bank confirm discussions on the acquisition of Handelsbanken Danish Operations.

Subsidiaries

 * Jyske Realkredit A/S
 * JN Data A/S
 * Jyske Finans A/S

Remaining international branches or subsidiaries

 * Jyske Bank, Filiale Hamburg (Germany)

Products
Jyske Bank offers a range of banking products, including savings and loans, mortgages, private banking, and business banking.

Controversies
Jyske Bank was mentioned in the Panama Papers and the bank was used by Sergei Pugachev for money laundering. In 2018 the Danish FSA criticised the bank for insufficient measures to prevent money laundering.

title: Jyske Bank


text:
Petrades

Petrades (Πετράδες) is a village near the easternmost point of mainland Greece. Since 1997, it is part of the municipality of Didymoteicho. It is located south of the community of Pythio. Turkey is to the south and to the east. Forests are along the riverbed and farmlands are along Petrades. It is accessed by a road linking Greek National Road 51 near Didymoteicho with Pythio. The community was affected by the floods of Evros which lasted from February 17 to March 8, 2005.

title: Petrades


text:
Pasiene

Pasiene (Pasīne/Posīne ) is a settlement in Pasiene Parish, Ludza Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia. It is the easternmost point of Latvia and the easternmost point of the contiguous part of the Baltic states.

As of February 2022, the settlement has a population of 267. Although Pasiene is a small village, it is known for its Baroque-style Roman Catholic church dating from 1761. There also used to be a Dominican abbey in Pasiene, close to the church, but it burnt down in 1837.

title: Pasiene


text:
Plymouth Scamp

There have been two small cars from Plymouth called the Scamp:
 * 1971–1976 RWD 2-door hardtop coupe, based on the Plymouth Valiant
 * 1983 FWD coupé utility, based on the Plymouth Horizon; see Dodge Rampage

title: Plymouth Scamp


text:
Lincoln Island

Lincoln Island may refer to:

 * Lincoln Island (Alaska), an island in Lynn Canal in Alaska, United States
 * Lincoln Island, one of the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea known as Dōng Dǎo in Chinese and Đảo Linh-Côn in Vietnamese
 * Lincoln Island, a fictional island in Jules Verne's novel The Mysterious Island

title: Lincoln Island


text:
French battleship Bouvet

Bouvet was a pre-dreadnought battleship of the French Navy that was built in the 1890s. She was a member of a group of five broadly similar battleships, along with FRENCH BATTLESHIP Charles Martel, FRENCH BATTLESHIP Jauréguiberry, FRENCH BATTLESHIP Carnot, and FRENCH BATTLESHIP Masséna, which were ordered in response to the British Royal Sovereign-class battleship. Bouvet was the last vessel of the group to be built, and her design was based on that of Charles Martel. Like her half-sisters, she was armed with a main battery of two 305 mm guns and two 274 mm guns in individual turrets. She had a top speed of 18 kn, which made her one of the fastest battleships in the world at the time. Bouvet proved to be the most successful design of the five, and she was used as the basis for the subsequent Charlemagne-class battleship. Nevertheless, she suffered from design flaws that reduced her stability and contributed to her loss in 1915.

Bouvet spent the majority of her peacetime career in the Mediterranean Squadron conducting routine training exercises. This period was relatively uneventful, though she was involved in a collision with the battleship FRENCH BATTLESHIP Gaulois in 1903 that saw both ships' captains relieved of command. In 1906, she assisted in the response to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Italy. Bouvet was withdrawn from front-line service in 1907 and thereafter used as part of the training fleet. The ship was the only vessel of her group of five half-sisters still in service at the outbreak of World War I in July 1914.

A significant portion of the French Army was stationed in French North Africa, so at the start of the war, Bouvet and much of the rest of the fleet were used to escort troop convoys across to southern France. With this work done by late August, Bouvet and several other battleships were used to patrol for contraband shipments in the central Mediterranean. From November to late December, she was stationed as a guard ship at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal. The ship thereafter joined the naval operations off the Dardanelles, where she participated in a series of attacks on the Ottoman fortifications guarding the straits. These culminated in a major assault on 18 March 1915; during the attack, she was hit approximately eight times by shellfire but was not seriously damaged. While turning to withdraw, however, she struck a mine and sank within two minutes; only 75 men were rescued from a complement of 718. Two British battleships were also sunk by mines that day, and the disaster convinced the Allies to abandon the naval campaign in favor of an amphibious assault on the Gallipoli Peninsula.

Design

In 1889, the British Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act that resulted in the construction of the eight Royal Sovereign-class battleships; this major expansion of naval power led the French government to pass its reply, the Statut Naval (Naval Law) of 1890. The law called for a total of twenty-four "cuirasses d'escadre" (squadron battleships) and a host of other vessels, including coastal defense battleships, cruisers, and torpedo boats. The first stage of the program was to be a group of four squadron battleships that were built to different designs but met the same basic characteristics, including armor, armament, and displacement. The naval high command issued the basic requirements on 24 December 1889; displacement would not exceed 14000 t, the primary armament was to consist of 340 mm and 270 mm guns, the belt armor should be 450 mm thick, and the ships should maintain a top speed of 17 kn. The secondary battery was to be either 140 mm or 160 mm caliber, with as many guns fitted as space would allow. The general similarity of the ships led some observers to group them together as a ship class, though the authors of Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships point out that the vessels had "sufficient differences to prevent them from being considered as one class."

The basic design for the ships was based on the previous battleship FRENCH BATTLESHIP Brennus, but instead of mounting the main battery all on the centerline, the ships used the lozenge arrangement of the earlier vessel FRENCH IRONCLAD Magenta, which moved two of the main battery guns to single turrets on the wings. Although the navy had stipulated that displacement could be up to 14,000 t, political considerations, namely parliamentary objections to increases in naval expenditures, led the designers to limit displacement to around 12000 t. Five naval architects submitted proposals to the competition; Charles Ernest Huin prepared the design for Bouvet. He had also designed her half-sister FRENCH BATTLESHIP Charles Martel, upon which the design for Bouvet was based. Before work on Charles Martel had begun, the naval command asked Huin to design an improved version. He completed the plans for the ship, which was slightly larger than her half-sisters, on 20 May, and the Navy awarded the contract for the ship on 8 October 1892.

Bouvet proved to be the most successful of the five ships, and she was the only one still in active service at the outbreak of World War I. She also provided the basis for the next class of French battleships, the three Charlemagne-class battleships built in the mid-1890s. She and her half-sisters nevertheless were disappointments in service; Bouvet suffered from stability problems that ultimately contributed to her loss in 1915, and all five of the vessels compared poorly to their British counterparts, particularly their contemporaries of the Majestic-class battleship. The ships suffered from a lack of uniformity of equipment, which made them hard to maintain in service, and their mixed gun batteries comprising several calibers made gunnery in combat conditions difficult, since shell splashes were hard to differentiate. Many of the problems that plagued the ships in service were a result of the limitation on their displacement, particularly their stability and seakeeping.

General characteristics and machinery
Bouvet was 117.9 m long between perpendiculars, 121.01 m long at the waterline, and 122.4 m long overall. She had a beam of 21.4 m and an average draft of 8 m. She had a displacement of 12200 t as designed. Unlike her half-sisters, which had a cut down quarterdeck, Bouvet retained a full flush deck. Her superstructure was reduced in size compared to her half-sisters, and she had a pair of short military masts; these changes were made to reduce the top-heaviness experienced with the earlier vessels. She kept the pronounced tumblehome to give the 27 cm guns wide fields of fire. Bouvet had a standard crew of 31 officers and 591 enlisted men, though as a flagship her crew grew to 41 officers and 651 enlisted men.

She had three vertical triple-expansion steam engines each driving a single three-bladed screw; the outboard screws were 4.5 m wide, while the center shaft was slightly smaller, at 4.4 m in diameter. The engines were powered with steam supplied by thirty-two Belleville water-tube boilers that were license-built by Indret. The boilers were divided into four boiler rooms, which were placed in two pairs on either end of the magazines for the wing turrets, and divided by a central bulkhead. The boilers were ducted into a pair of funnels. Her three engines were placed side by side and also divided by longitudinal bulkheads.

Her propulsion system was rated at 14000 hp-metric, which allowed the ship to steam at a maximum speed of 18 kn on speed trials with a light loading, though while on a 24-hour test using normal displacement, she cruised at 17 to 17.5 kn. Using forced draft, she reached 18.2 kn from 15462 CV during the tests. Bouvet was fast by the standards of the day; the only British battleship that approached her in speed was the second-class battleship HMS Renown (1895). As built, Bouvet could carry 610 MT of coal, though additional space allowed for up to 980 MT in total. At a cruising speed of 9 kn, the ship could steam for 3000 nmi.

The ship's electrical system consisted of four 400-ampere/80-volt dynamos that had a combined output of 128 kW. The dynamos were placed on the platform deck between the ducting for the boilers. Several smaller electric motors, rated at 29 kW, powered the ship's ventilation system, and 9 kW motors drove the ash hoists for the boiler rooms. Bouvet was fitted with six searchlights: four on the battery deck (two amidships and one each forward and aft) and the remaining two on the masts.

Armament
Bouvet's main armament consisted of two Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893 guns in two single-gun turrets, one each fore and aft and two Canon de 274 mm Modèle 1893 guns in two single-gun turrets, one amidships on each side, sponsoned out over the tumblehome of the ship's sides. Both types of guns were experimental 45 caliber variants of the guns fitted in her half-sister FRENCH BATTLESHIP Masséna. The 305 mm guns had a muzzle velocity of 815 m/s, which allowed the shells to penetrate up to 24 in of iron armor at a range of 2000 yd. This was sufficiently powerful to allow Bouvet's main guns to easily penetrate the armor of most contemporary battleships at the common battle ranges of the day. The 274 mm guns, which were also 45 calibers long, had the same muzzle velocity, but being significantly smaller than the 305 mm guns, produced 18 in of iron penetration. The gun turrets were hydraulically operated and required the guns to be depressed to −4° to be loaded. They both had a rate of fire of one shell per minute. Both types of mounts allowed elevation to 14°; for the 305 mm guns, this produced a maximum range of 12400 m, and for the 274 mm guns, their maximum range was 11700 m.

Her secondary armament consisted of eight Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1891 naval guns, which were mounted in single turrets in the hull; two were placed just aft of the forward 305 mm turret, four were placed on either sides of the 274 mm guns, and the remaining two were just aft of the rear 305 mm turret. These guns had a firing rate of 4 rounds per minute, with a maximum range of 11000 m from up to 20° elevation. For defense against torpedo boats, Bouvet carried eight 100 mm quick-firing (QF) guns in individual pedestal mounts with gun shields on the upper deck. Four were located between the funnels, two were placed abreast of the forward bridge, and the remaining two were similarly arranged on either side of the aft bridge. They had a rate of fire of between 7 and 15 shots per minute and they could engage targets out to 5000 m. She also had twelve 47 mm 3-pounder guns, and eight 37 mm 1-pounder guns, all in individual mounts. Of the 37 mm guns, three were five-barreled Hotchkiss revolver cannon and the remaining five were single-barrel QF guns. Four of the 47 mm guns were mounted on the lower platforms of the military masts and the remainder, along with the 37 mm guns, were distributed along the length of the superstructure.

As was customary for capital ships of the period, her armament suite was rounded out by four 450 mm torpedo tubes, two of which were submerged in the ship's hull; both were located on the broadside close to the bow; they were aimed directly perpendicular to the centerline. The other two tubes were mounted above water, in trainable launchers placed amidships. The fire of these tubes was directed either by armored sights located abreast of the conning tower or unprotected sights on the battery deck. Bouvet carried a total of ten torpedoes of the Modèle 1892 Toulon/Fiume type; six were allocated to the submerged tubes, with the other four for the deck launchers. Bouvet also carried twenty Modèle 1892 naval mines that could be laid by the ship's pinnaces.

Fire control
In the early 1890s, before Bouvet had begun construction, the French Navy introduced a fire-control system that included rangefinders, observers in the masts, and electric order transmitters to communicate fire control instructions from the control center to the gun crews. Bouvet was the first battleship completed with the system; for the purposes of fire control, her gun battery was divided into either individual sections (the large and medium-caliber guns) or groups of two or more guns (the 100 mm, 47 mm, and 37 mm guns). All of the guns were controlled by the Poste central de commande (central command post) that was located directly below the conning tower, below the armored deck. The central command post received the range and bearing information from the rangefinders and calculated firing solutions, which would then be sent via the electric order transmitters to direct the fire of individual guns or sections.

Armor

The ship's armor was constructed with nickel steel manufactured by several firms, including Schneider-Creusot, Saint-Chamond, and Châtillon & Commentry, which allowed the design staff to reduce the thickness of the steel without compromising its effectiveness. Thus, weight could be saved that could be used elsewhere in the displacement-limited ships. The main belt was 400 mm thick amidships, and tapered down to 200 mm at the lower edge. Forward of the central citadel, the belt was reduced to 300 mm (also reduced to 200 mm on the lower edge) and aft of the citadel, it tapered to 260 mm (reduced to 120 mm on the bottom edge). The belt extended for the entire length of the hull, and it was backed with 200 mm of teak. Above the belt was 80 mm thick strake of side armor that created a highly subdivided cofferdam to reduce the risk of flooding from battle damage. The side of the cofferdam was reinforced by two layers of 10 mm plating. Bouvet's main deck was protected with 70 mm of mild steel, back with two layers of 10 mm plating. Mild steel was used here, as the deck was designed to bend rather than shatter when struck by an armor-piercing shell at an oblique angle. The lower platform deck was 30 mm thick, with a single layer of 10 mm plating behind it; it was intended to catch splinters that penetrated the main deck.

The main battery guns (both the 305 mm and 274 mm guns) were protected with 370 mm of cemented armor on the faces and sides, with 70 mm thick roofs and 65 mm thick floors. Both the floors and roofs were composed of mild steel. The turrets sat atop barbettes with 310 mm thick sides. The 138 mm turrets had 100 mm thick sides and faces, with 20 mm roofs and 15 mm floors. Gun shields that were 72 mm thick protected the 100 mm guns. The conning tower had 320 mm thick sides, a 20 mm thick roof, and a 25 mm thick floor. The uptakes for the boilers were protected with coamings that were 300 mm thick.

The ship's armor layout was not as effective as the designers had hoped; at the designed displacement, the belt armor was submerged with just a 3° heel, and training all of the main battery turrets to one side would produce a heel of 2°. Incremental increases in weight during the construction process, which Huin was unable to supervise, left little margin for the belt to remain above the water. These increases forced compromises elsewhere in the ship's armor protection, most notably the barbettes, which were criticized at the time; nothing could be done, however, due to the strict limit placed on displacement. The cofferdam also proved to be highly susceptible to uncontrollable flooding, which would have serious effects on the vessel's stability.

Service history
Bouvet was laid down at the French Navy shipyard in Lorient on 16 January 1893, and was launched on 27 April 1896. After completing fitting-out work, she began sea trials on 5 March 1898. The ship was intended to have conducted her trials from Brest, but she was sent to Toulon to reinforce the Mediterranean Squadron due to the Fashoda crisis with Britain. She was commissioned into the French Navy in June 1898. The ship was named in honor of Admiral François Joseph Bouvet.

Throughout the ship's peacetime career, she was occupied with routine training exercises that included gunnery training, combined maneuvers with torpedo boats and submarines, and practicing attacking coastal fortifications. Since Bouvet was one of the most modern French battleships in the late 1890s and early 1900s, she spent this time in the Mediterranean Squadron, France's primary fleet. One of the largest of these exercises was conducted between March and July 1900, and involved the Mediterranean Squadron and the Northern Squadron. On 6 March, Bouvet joined the battleships Brennus, FRENCH BATTLESHIP Gaulois, FRENCH BATTLESHIP Charlemagne, Charles Martel, and FRENCH BATTLESHIP Jauréguiberry and four protected cruisers for maneuvers off Golfe-Juan on the Côte d'Azur, including night firing training. Over the course of April, the ships visited numerous French ports along the Mediterranean coast, and on 31 May the fleet steamed to Corsica for a visit that lasted until 8 June. After completing its own exercises in the Mediterranean, the Mediterranean Squadron rendezvoused with the Northern Squadron off Lisbon, Portugal, in late June before proceeding to Quiberon Bay for joint maneuvers in July. The maneuvers concluded with a naval review in Cherbourg on 19 July for President Émile Loubet. On 1 August, the Mediterranean Fleet departed for Toulon, arriving on 14 August.

Bouvet was assigned to the 2nd Battle Division of the Mediterranean Squadron, along with Jauréguiberry and the new battleship FRENCH BATTLESHIP Iéna, the latter becoming the divisional flagship. Bouvet departed Toulon on 29 January 1903 in company with the battleships FRENCH BATTLESHIP Saint Louis, Gaulois, and Charlemagne, four cruisers, and accompanying destroyers for gunnery training off Golfe-Juan. At the time, Bouvet and Gaulois were the 2nd Division, with Bouvet in the lead; the other two ships formed the 1st Division. Two days later, when the divisions were ordered to change from two columns to a single line ahead for shooting drills, Bouvet failed to take her prescribed position and instead turned too closely to Gaulois. The latter accidentally struck the former, with Bouvet losing a ladder and incurring damage to one of the deck-mounted torpedo tubes. Gaulois had two armor plates torn from her bow. Both ships' captains were relieved of command over the incident. In October, Bouvet and the rest of the Mediterranean Squadron battleships steamed to Palma de Mallorca, and on their return to Toulon they conducted training exercises.

The year 1904 saw the Mediterranean Squadron visit Souda Bay in Crete, Beirut, Smyrna, and Salonika in the Ottoman Empire, Messina in Sicily, and Piraeus, Greece, during a cruise of the eastern Mediterranean in the middle of the year. The following year passed uneventfully for Bouvet, and on 10 April 1906, she, Iéna, and Gaulois were sent to Italy in the aftermath of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The three ships carried some 9,000 rations and their crews assisted the victims to recover from the disaster. The division returned to France in time for a naval review on 16 September held in Marseilles that included detachments from Britain, Spain, and Italy. Bouvet and the other French ships then returned to Toulon. The following year, in January 1907, Bouvet was withdrawn from front-line service with the Mediterranean Squadron. Now part of the Second Squadron, she was retained on active service for the year, but with a reduced crew. In July 1908, the Mediterranean Fleet was reorganized and Bouvet was attached to the 3rd Battleship Division as its flagship, under the command of Contre-amiral (Rear Admiral) Laurent Marin-Darbel, along with Jauréguiberry and the battleship FRENCH BATTLESHIP Suffren.

Beginning in January 1909, with the commissioning of the six République-class battleship and Liberté-class battleships, the Mediterranean Squadron was reorganized into two battle squadrons; Bouvet was at that time assigned to the 3rd Division, part of the 2nd Battle Squadron, still the flagship of Marin-Darbel. Her place was taken the following year by Saint Louis, and she remained out of service that year, with the exception of during the fleet maneuvers conducted in June, which she joined. In January 1911, she returned to service as the flagship of Contre-amiral Adam in the 2nd Division of the 2nd Battle Squadron. On 5 October, the fleet was again reorganized and her place in what was now the 3rd Battle Squadron was taken by Charles Martel. On 16 October 1912, Bouvet, Gaulois, Saint Louis, Carnot, Masséna, and Jauréguiberry were activated for training duties as the 3rd Squadron of the Mediterranean Squadron; in July 1913, they were joined by Charlemagne. The squadron was dissolved on 11 November, and Bouvet, Saint Louis, and Gaulois were assigned to the Division de complément (Supplementary Division). Training activities continued into 1914, and in March, the division joined the rest of the Mediterranean Squadron, which was now re-designated as the 1re Armée Navale (First Naval Army) for gunnery training off Corsica. Additional maneuvers were conducted beginning on 13 May, during which the fleet visited Bizerte in French Tunisia, Algiers in French Algeria, and Ajaccio, Corsica.

World War I
Following the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, France announced general mobilization on 1 August. The next day, Admiral Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère ordered the entire French fleet to begin raising steam at 22:15 so the ships could sortie early the following morning. The bulk of the fleet, including the Division de complément (designated as "Group C"), was sent to French North Africa, where they would escort the vital troop convoys carrying elements of the French Army from North Africa back to France to counter the expected German invasion. At the time, the division was commanded by Contre-amiral Émile Paul Amable Guépratte, and it was tasked with guarding against a possible attack by the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben, which instead fled to the Ottoman Empire. Bouvet and her division mates steamed first to Algiers and then Oran. There, they rendezvoused with one of the convoys and covered its voyage north to Sète on 6 August. From there, Bouvet and the battleships proceeded on to Toulon, before departing again for Algiers for another escort mission. Once the French Army units had completed their crossing by late August, the Group C ships were tasked with patrolling merchant traffic between Tunis and Sicily to prevent contraband shipments to the Central Powers.

In November, she and the armored cruiser FRENCH CRUISER Amiral Charner were sent to relieve the British armored cruisers HMS Black Prince (1904) and HMS Warrior (1905) as guard ships at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal. She remained there only briefly, however, before she was ordered north to the Dardanelles to relieve the battleship FRENCH BATTLESHIP Vérité on 20 December. Over the coming months, the Triple Entente amassed a large fleet tasked with breaking through the Ottoman defenses that guarded the straits. During this period, before the start of major offensive operations, the Anglo-French fleet alternated between anchorages at Tenedos and Mudros Bay on the island of Lemnos, and it was tasked with patrolling the entrance to the straits to ensure that Goeben—which had by then been transferred to the Ottoman Navy as Yavuz Sultan Selim—did not attempt to sortie. On 1 February 1915, the ships sailed to Sigri on the island of Lesbos.

Dardanelles campaign
By mid-February 1915, the French and British had assembled a fleet of four French and twelve British battleships, including Bouvet, to lead the assault on the Dardanelles. The plan called for Ottoman defenses to be neutralized to allow the fleet to enter the Sea of Marmara and attack Constantinople directly. The first stage of the attack began on 19 February, which saw Bouvet and Suffren, together with the British battlecruiser HMS Inflexible (1907) and the pre-dreadnought battleships HMS Albion (1898), HMS Triumph (1903), and HMS Cornwallis (1901), bombard the coastal defenses protecting the entrance of the straits. During the bombardment, Bouvet assisted the battleship Suffren by sending firing corrections via radio while Gaulois provided counter-battery fire to suppress the Ottoman coastal artillery. Another attempt was made six days later, with Bouvet again spotting for Gaulois; this attack was more successful, and the French and British battleships silenced the outer fortresses, allowing minesweepers to enter the area and begin clearing the minefields protecting the straits. The French division steamed into the Gulf of Saros on the Aegean coast of the Gallipoli Peninsula on 1 March to scout Ottoman positions in the area. They then covered the British battleships as they bombarded Ottoman positions in the straits on 5 March, before taking their turn the next day, when they attacked the fortification at Dardanus.

On 18 March, the French and British squadrons made another attack on the straits, directed at the inner ring of fortresses that guarded the narrowest part of the Dardanelles. The larger British contingent, commanded by Rear Admiral John de Robeck, was to make the initial attack at longer range, led by the powerful dreadnought battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913); once the batteries were reduced, the French ships, under Guépratte, were to enter the straits and attack at closer range. Bouvet and Suffren were to attack the fortresses on the Asian side of the straits, while Gaulois and Charlemagne were to silence the batteries on the European side. Mistakenly believing the Ottoman guns to have been largely neutralized by the British bombardment, Guépratte led his ships to within 10000 yd of the inner fortresses and engaged in an artillery duel. Suffren and Bouvet operated as a pair, taking alternating passes at high speed to make it more difficult for the Ottoman gunners to score hits. Nevertheless, by 14:00, Bouvet had taken several hits and two of her casemate guns had been knocked out. A serious fire had also been started on her bridge, though she had succeeded in neutralizing the Hamidieh battery. In the course of the attack on the fortresses, Bouvet sustained eight hits from Turkish artillery fire. Her forward turret was disabled after the propellant gas extractor broke down.

At around 13:45, de Robeck had ordered Guépratte to withdraw his ships so their British counterparts could take their turn against the Ottoman fortifications. Bouvet was at that time battling the fort at Namazieh, and her commander, Capitaine de vaisseau (Ship of the line captain) Rageot de la Touche, initially did not respond to Guépratte's instruction to follow Suffren out of the narrows. After Guépratte again ordered him to break off contact, de la Touche turned Bouvet south to withdraw. Shortly thereafter, Bouvet was rocked by a major explosion, followed by a large cloud of red-black smoke; observers aboard the other ships could not immediately tell whether she had been hit by an Ottoman shell, torpedoed by a shore-mounted torpedo battery, or if she had struck a mine. The escorting destroyers and picket boats raced to the scene to pick up her crew, but in the span of just two minutes, Bouvet capsized and sank. A total of 75 of her crew were pulled from the water; 24 officers and 619 enlisted men died in the sinking. Most of the survivors were rescued by the British destroyer HMS Mosquito (1910). The ship was in poor condition at the time due to her age, which likely contributed to her rapid sinking, though there was some speculation that her ammunition magazine exploded. Guépratte himself remarked that "that ship must have had poor stability." It was later determined that Bouvet had struck a mine, which was part of a field that had been freshly laid a week before the attack, and was unknown to the Allies.

Despite the sinking of Bouvet, the first such loss of the day, the British remained unaware of the minefield, thinking the explosion had been caused by a shell or torpedo. Subsequently, two British pre-dreadnoughts, HMS Ocean (1898) and HMS Irresistible (1898), were sunk and the battlecruiser Inflexible was damaged by the same minefield. Suffren and Gaulois were both badly damaged by coastal artillery during the engagement. The loss of Bouvet and the two British battleships during the 18 March attack was a major factor in the decision to abandon a naval strategy to take Constantinople, and instead opt for the Gallipoli land campaign. While the Franco-British forces began preparations for the attack, Bouvet's place in the fleet was filled by FRENCH BATTLESHIP Henri IV.

Wreck
In the early 2010s, Turkish marine archaeologists conducted sonar surveys of many of the wrecks from the Dardanelles campaign, including Bouvet. Research on the wrecks had long been difficult, as the area's status as a busy maritime artery and the strong current combine to make diving difficult. The survey of Bouvet, which lies upside down on the sea floor, revealed that a 305 mm shell from an Ottoman shore battery had struck the ship at the waterline amidships on the same side as she struck the mine, which contributed to the fatal flooding that caused her to rapidly capsize and sink.

title: French battleship Bouvet


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Banco Galliano

Banco Galliano was the oldest bank in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.

History
In 1855, Antonio Luis Galliano (1803–1866) and his family, immigrants from Genoa via Cádiz, established A.L. Galliano Bankers in Gibraltar, better known as Banco Galliano in Spanish, or Galliano's Bank in English. This family-owned bank was Gibraltar's oldest bank, though it did not incorporate until August 1978. (Before that it was a partnership.) In 1987 Jyske Bank acquired Banco Galliano renaming it Jyske Bank (Gibraltar) Limited.

From the latter half of the 19th century, Galliano's bank started to face competition. The Anglo-Egyptian Bank (later Barclays) opened a branch in 1888, and Credit Foncier (later Crédit Agricole) entered in 1920. There were also, by the start of the 20th century, four other small, family-owned banks – Cuby Brothers, Benzecry (El Banquerito; established 1882), Rugeroni Brothers (established 1919), and Marrache and Sons – but by 1940 these had ceased operating.

A.L. Galliano Bankers survived the Great Depression, the Spanish Civil War, and both world wars, albeit with difficulty. Gibraltarian Francis (Paco) Galliano OBE, the last Galliano to own and run the bank, entered the bank in 1944 at the age of 17. He became a partner in 1953 and the senior partner in 1964. His son, Frank Galliano was General Manager until the takeover.

Trivia
In 1822, the spanish guitar-maker Joséf Pagés made a Spanish guitar that came to belong to members of the Galliano family. Paco Galliano sold it in 2008 for £6,600.

Citations and references

 * Citations

 * References

title: Banco Galliano


text: User talk:61.8.253.162

title: User talk:61.8.253.162


text:
Pednathise Head

Pednathise Head is a skerry that is the southernmost point of England, the United Kingdom, and the British Isles if the Channel Islands are excluded. It is part of the Western Rocks group of the Isles of Scilly, southwest of Cornwall.

title: Pednathise Head


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Bound Skerry

Bound Skerry is part of the Out Skerries group in the Shetland Islands. As well as being the most easterly island of that group, it is also the easternmost point of Scotland.

It has a lighthouse on it, which was built in 1857 at a cost of £21,000. Robert Louis Stevenson's family were lighthouse builders, and his signature can be seen in its guestbook. The keepers lived on nearby Grunay.

The island was bombed twice in World War II by the German Luftwaffe, because it was suspected to harbour a munitions factory.

title: Bound Skerry