text:
Helen Traubel

Helen Francesca Traubel (June 16, 1899 – July 28, 1972) was an American opera and concert singer. A dramatic soprano, she was best known for her Wagnerian roles, especially those of Brünnhilde and Isolde.

Born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri, she began her career as a concert singer and went on to sing at the Metropolitan Opera from 1937 to 1953. Starting in the 1950s, she also developed a career as a nightclub and cabaret singer as well as appearing in television, films and musical theatre. Traubel spent her later years in Santa Monica, California, where she died at the age of 73.

Early life
Traubel was born in St. Louis, Missouri to a prosperous family of German descent. She was the daughter of Otto Ferdinand Traubel, a pharmacist, and Clara Traubel (née Stuhr). She studied singing in her native city with Louise Vetta-Karst and later in New York City with Giuseppe Boghetti among other teachers. She made her debut as a concert singer with the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra in 1923, and in 1926 she received an offer to join the Metropolitan Opera company after performing the Liebestod from Wagner's Tristan und Isolde at the Lewisohn Stadium under conductor Rudolph Ganz. She turned down the Met's offer in order to continue with her studies and career as a concert singer.

Opera career
On May 12, 1937, Traubel made her debut appearance on the opera stage, after composer Walter Damrosch asked her to sing the role of Mary Rutledge in the world premiere of his opera The Man Without a Country at the Metropolitan Opera. She made her debut with the Chicago City Opera Company later that year, appearing there until the company went bankrupt in 1939. In 1940, she joined the roster of the Chicago Opera Company, remaining a member of that company until it too went bankrupt in 1946. She made her debut with the San Francisco Opera as Brünnhilde in Die Walküre on October 9, 1945, with Lauritz Melchior as Siegmund, Margaret Harshaw as Fricka, and William Steinberg conducting; she made several further appearances there during 1945 and 1947.

Since the Metropolitan already had two first-class Wagnerian sopranos, Kirsten Flagstad and Marjorie Lawrence, Traubel at first had difficulty finding her niche at the Met. Her debut as a regular member of the company was as Sieglinde in Die Walküre in 1939, the only standard role which she had previously sung, at the Chicago Opera. Flagstad left the US in 1941 to visit her homeland of Norway and could not return due to the war in Europe. The same year, Lawrence was stricken with polio and her career was curtailed.

On February 22, 1941, Arturo Toscanini conducted Traubel and tenor Lauritz Melchior in excerpts from Wagnerian operas, including act 1, scene 3 of Die Walküre on the live radio broadcast concert of the NBC Symphony Orchestra. RCA Victor later released recordings of excerpts from the concert, as well as a classic studio recording of Traubel in Brünnhilde's Immolation Scene from Götterdämmerung. Traubel later triumphed in Tannhäuser and in Tristan und Isolde. She was renowned for her powerful voice, which was often described as a "gleaming sword"; her endurance and purity of tone were unsurpassed, especially as Brünnhilde and Isolde. Although she longed to sing Italian opera, she never appeared in an Italian opera performance onstage, although she often included Italian arias and songs in her recital repertoire. Towards the end of her career at the Met, she added the Marschallin in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier briefly to her repertoire.

In 1948, while her Met career was at its height, US President Harry S. Truman contracted her to act as an "advisor" to his daughter, Margaret, who was hoping to launch a career as a classical singer. Traubel's 1959 autobiography, St. Louis Woman, contains an account of the three years she spent in the role, and how in the end she felt it had adversely affected her stature in the music world to have her name associated with "such a musical aspirant" of questionable talent.

Traubel's association with the Metropolitan Opera ended in 1953; General Manager Rudolf Bing chose not to renew her contract after expressing disapproval of her radio and TV appearances alongside the likes of Jimmy Durante, and her wish to expand her lucrative career in major supper and night clubs. Traubel went on to appear at the Copacabana, as well as in many cameo television roles. After her Met career, she appeared on Broadway in the Rodgers and Hammerstein financial failure, Pipe Dream, playing a bordello madame with a heart of gold and the voice of Isolde. Additionally, she appeared in the films Deep in My Heart, The Ladies Man and Gunn. She also appeared opposite Groucho Marx as Katisha in a Bell Telephone presentation in an abridged performance of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado. Traubel's last night club appearance was with Jimmy Durante at Harrah's Lake Tahoe in 1964.

Personal life
A baseball fan, Traubel was once the part owner of her hometown team, the St. Louis Browns. She wrote a mystery short story, The Ptomaine Canary, which was serialized in US newspapers via Associated Press) in 1950. A full-length follow-up, The Metropolitan Opera Murders (1951), was ghostwritten by Harold Q. Masur and features a soprano heroine, Elsa Vaughan, who helps solve the mystery.

Her later years were devoted to caring for her second husband and former business manager, William L. Bass, whom she had married in 1938. (Her first husband, was Louis Franklin Carpenter, a St. Louis car salesman. The couple married in 1922 but soon separated. ) Traubel died of a heart attack in Santa Monica, California, aged 73, and was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

For her contribution to the recording industry, Traubel has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6422 Hollywood Blvd. In 1994 she was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame.

title: Helen Traubel


text:
Category:World Heritage Sites in Spain

World Heritage Sites located in Spain.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:World Heritage Sites in Spain


text:
Farncombe

Farncombe, historically Fernecome, is a village and peripheral settlement of Godalming in Waverley, Surrey, England and is approximately 0.8 miles (1.3 km) north-east of the Godalming centre, separated by common land known as the Lammas Lands. The village of Compton lies 1.8 mi to the northwest and Bramley 2 mi to the east; whilst Charterhouse School is to the west. Loseley Park, in the hamlet of Littleton, lies 1 mi to the north of the village.

History
The earliest evidence of human activity is an early Anglo-Saxon spearhead, found in 1985. Farncombe appears in the Domesday Book as Fearnecombe, thought to mean "valley of the ferns". In 1086, it was held by the Bishop of Bayeux. Its Domesday assets were: 2 ploughs, 15 acre of meadow, woodland worth 3 hogs. It rendered £1 4s 0d.

Among the oldest buildings in the village is a row of almshouses, built in 1622 for Richard Wyatt, the Master Carpenter of the Carpenters' Company in London. Farncombe Infants' School, on Grays Road, near the railway station was built by subscription in 1905 and was originally a boys' school. It was a mixed infants' school from 1935, and became a junior school in 1975 with an annexe for the infants school.

Governance
Farncombe is part of one of the five wards that make up the town of Godalming. Farncombe is within the census area Godalming Farncombe and Catteshall (Ward) which had a population of 4600 in 2011.

Transport Links
Farncombe is served by the Portsmouth-London railway, through Farncombe railway station, and the Hoppa community bus project. It is near the A3, which links the village with London and Portsmouth, and the M25. It lies on the River Wey and canal boats can be hired there taking travellers up to Guildford and beyond.

Sports
Farncombe has a youth football team called Farncombe Youth Football Club (FYFC) for boys and girls from ages 6/7 to 16/17. Farncombe has a Leisure Centre called Godalming Leisure Centre which is home to Godalming Swimming Club. It is home to Farncombe Cricket Club which is on Summers Road and Godalming Tennis Club, also on Summers Road.

Schools
Farncombe is home to several schools, including:
 * Broadwater school secondary school is on Summers Road. There are three houses; Pegasus, Phoenix and Aquilla.
 * Farncombe Infants is on Grays Road. There are 5 classes, Apple, Lime, Oak, Beech and Sycamore. This school is primary.
 * The Ladybird Nursery is on Fern Road. This school is of 3 months to the time of full-time education (around 5 years).

Pubs, Shops and Businesses
Farncombe is served by a number of traditional English pubs including: The Freeholders (closed in 2017), The White Hart, The Leathern Bottle, The Manor, The Three Lions, The Charterhouse and The Cricketers which has associations with Julius Caesar who played cricket in the area. It is also home to shops and businesses.

Notable people

 * Nellie Boxall (1890-1965) was born here and educated to be a domestic servant. She found notability working for Virginia Woolf.
 * John George "Jack" Phillips (1887–1912) was born in Farncombe. He died while serving as senior wireless operator on board the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic. He continued working as the ship sank, trying to contact other ships that might be able come to the assistance of the Titanic. The Jack Phillips pub in Godalming High Street is named after him.
 * Alan P. F. Sell (1935-2016), academic and theologian was born in Farncombe.

title: Farncombe


text:
Talk:B. F. Skinner

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 14 January 2019 and 8 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): JasmineHutson21.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:45, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 16 September 2019 and 18 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Evansalexawiki.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:45, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Adult Development Fall 2022
— Assignment last updated by Leggyregg (talk) 21:20, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

Name Spelling
Is it "Frederic" or "Frederick"? It says "Frederic" in the lede, but some of the citations and other internet sources say "Frederick". Which one is it? — I'ma editor2022 (🗣💬 |📖📚) 22:16, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:B. F. Skinner


text:
Jesse Ferguson

Jesse Ferguson (born March 20, 1957) is a retired American boxer who was a Heavyweight Title Challenger and Top Contender who Beat Undisputed Heavyweight World Champion Buster Douglas, Heavyweight World Champion Ray Mercer and Cruiserweight World Champion Tyrone Booze. His professional career is filled with matches with champions and contenders and his name is linked with numerous boxing stars of the 1980s and 1990s.

Early years
Ferguson grew up in rural Knightdale, North Carolina, one of 13 children of a tobacco farm workers William and Jesse Ferguson.

Military service
Ferguson took up boxing at the age of 22, while serving with the U.S. Marines.

Professional career
After an amateur career in the early 80s, Ferguson turned pro in 1983 at the age of 25. He had 10 straight wins (all by knockout), the most notable being a 4-round knockout of Reggie Gross. To supplement his meager boxing earnings, Jesse Ferguson was working as a construction worker and a security guard.

This earned him a place in ESPN's 1985 Young Heavyweight tournament. He made a debut with a 4-round knockout of Richard Scott, and followed it up in the semi-finals with a 10-round points win where he outpunched James "Buster" Douglas, a fight that would become more significant over the years, as Douglas went on to upset Mike Tyson in 1990 and win the undisputed heavyweight championship of the world. In the final he took on Tony Anthony and knocked him out in the 10th round, earning himself a world ranking.

His success was short-lived however. He was matched up with Carl "The Truth" Williams, who was himself coming off a disputed 15-round points loss to Larry Holmes. Williams' experience won out, as he climbed off the floor twice to knock out Ferguson in 10 rounds.

Ferguson was employed as a sparring partner for Mike Tyson, Razor Ruddock, Lennox Lewis, and Michael Moorer.

Tyson fight
In a theme that would continue throughout his long career, Ferguson was matched tough in his next fight. In 1986 he took on prospect Mike Tyson who was 17–0, and making his national television debut. Tyson broke Ferguson's nose in the fifth round with an uppercut, sending him to the canvas. Referee Luis Rivera disqualified Ferguson in the next round, for what he deemed "excessive holding." The local commission later changed the result to a "TKO" for Tyson.

Journeyman
From this point on Ferguson became a part-time boxer, finding it difficult to find meaningful fights but used regularly by all the top contenders as a sparring partner, who preferred training with him than risking fighting him. In 1987 he fought only once, on the undercard of the Tyson/Tucker fight, knocking out ex-contender George Chaplin, sending him into retirement. In 1988 he fought 22-0 Orlin Norris for his NABF belt. Norris was a fast-rising prospect with slick skills and some big wins under his belt already. Ferguson's ring rust showed as he was outpointed over 12 dull rounds.

It may be said that by this point Ferguson's heart was no longer fully in the game. By the time he fought Oliver McCall in 1991, he had only had one fight in three years, a 6-round kayo of Terry Armstrong in 1990. Although rusty and overweight, Ferguson appeared to get the better of McCall. However Ferguson had been relegated to 'trial horse' status and McCall was given the decision. Three years later in 1994, McCall would knockout Lennox Lewis in two rounds to become heavyweight champion of the world. In 1992 he took on Bruce Seldon where an indifferent Ferguson retired after five rounds with an eye injury. Three years later, Seldon would win the vacant WBA heavyweight title.

Ferguson dropped decisions to two ex-world champions, Michael "Dynamite" Dokes and Tony "TNT" Tubbs, but in 1993 would see a turnaround of his fortunes.

Upset, controversy and title shot
On February 6, 1993, Ferguson fought on the untelevised undercard of an HBO event at Madison Square Garden in New York. Ferguson was signed to fight Ray Mercer, a former World Boxing Organization world Heavyweight champion, in what was actually a heavyweight title eliminator but was regarded by many as a tune up for Mercer for a potential second shot at a world championship. The winner of the bout was to face the winner of the main event between reigning WBA and IBF champion Riddick Bowe and former champion Michael Dokes for the titles at a future date. Ferguson, however, defied the odds and defeated an underprepared Mercer by a unanimous decision to earn his shot against Bowe, who knocked out Dokes in the first round.

The win over Mercer proved controversial as Mercer was later investigated for allegedly trying to bribe Ferguson to let Mercer win the bout.

The fight was signed for May 22, 1993, and was staged at RFK Stadium in Washington, DC. Ferguson came into the fight below 230 pounds for the first time in years and was considered to be in the best shape of his career. Because the IBF did not consider Ferguson to be a legitimate contender, they would not sanction the defense for Bowe and only the WBA and lineal championships were on the line. Ferguson thought he had a legitimate chance to knock the champion out, but Bowe disregarded his boasts. Ferguson was knocked down toward the end of the first round and barely made it back to his feet at the bell, then was dropped again as the second round began and knocked out.

Remainder of pro career
Despite the defeat, Ferguson was back in the ring shortly afterwards. He was matched against Mercer yet again, who this time came in shape at 223. Although the fight was closer, Ferguson still appeared to outpunch Mercer and get the better of him. Once again Ferguson was on the wrong end of a close decision as Mercer was awarded a split decision that was even jeered by his hometown crowd at Atlantic City. In 1994 Ferguson travelled to the U.K. to fight Frank Bruno, who was returning after his loss to Lennox Lewis. The overweight Ferguson collapsed in one round in a passionless performance. A year later Bruno would outpoint Oliver McCall and win the WBC heavyweight title.

In his only other fight in 1994 Ferguson was matched with Larry Holmes, the 44-year-old former great who was on another comeback trail. Ferguson despite being out of shape had Holmes reeling in the second, and appeared to get the best of the ex-champ. Yet again Ferguson was on the wrong side of the points decision, and even the New York Times reported it as: "A robbery. Larry Holmes came off second-best against Jesse Ferguson." By 1995 Ferguson was frequently out of shape and made little effort in his fights. He had Jeremy Williams out on his feet but quit in the 7th with a swollen eye. He dropped Alex Stewart twice but was denied the decision. He did nothing against Danell Nicholson and pulled out after 8 rounds. In all three fights he looked distinctly uninterested.

Return to form
In 1996 he was hired as chief sparring partner for champion Mike Tyson in the lead-up to his fight with Bruce Seldon. It was during this time, with a little encouragement from Team Tyson, Ferguson began to realise he was better than he gave himself credit for.

He returned late in 1996, now aged 39, and beat undefeated Bobby Harris. He followed this up with two more wins before a high-profile fight on HBO with Tongan Samson Po'uha, in 1997. He decked Po'uha several times before knocking him out in the 8th round.

This led to another big fight on HBO in 1998, where a now 40-year-old Ferguson took on young and undefeated powerful punching contender Hasim Rahman for the USBA belt. Ferguson lost by decision. Rahman would go on to defeat Lennox Lewis and become the Heavyweight Champion of the World.

Ferguson followed up the Rahman fight with a 10-round decision win over ex-cruiserweight champ Tyrone Booze. He then took on Obed Sullivan, ranked No. 4 in the world, and won an upset decision.

In 1999 Jimmy Thunder, citing an injury, dropped out of a fight with Polish contender Andrew Golota. Ferguson was tapped as Thunder's replacement and accepted the bout on short notice; he lost the fight by decision.

After this loss Ferguson's manager handed him back his contract and stopped answering his calls. Ferguson could no longer find fights. His career ended in 1999 with a record of 26-18-0 with 16 knockouts.

Ferguson spoke of comebacks in 2000 and 2002 but each time nothing came of them. He complained of being "blackballed" by the boxing establishment.

Professional boxing record

 * align="center" colspan=8|26 Wins (16 knockouts, 10 decisions), 18 Losses (7 knockouts, 11 decisions)
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
 * -align=center
 * Loss
 * 26-18
 * align=left|🇵🇱 Andrew Golota
 * UD
 * 10
 * 30/01/1999
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 26-17
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Obed Sullivan
 * SD
 * 10
 * 08/12/1998
 * align=left|🇺🇸 New York City, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 25-17
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tyrone Booze
 * UD
 * 10
 * 03/09/1998
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mashantucket, Connecticut, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 24-17
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Hasim Rahman
 * UD
 * 12
 * 31/01/1998
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|USBA/IBF Intercontinental Heavyweight Titles.
 * Win
 * 24-16
 * align=left|🇹🇴 Samson Po'uha
 * TKO
 * 8
 * 31/05/1997
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|Referee stopped the bout at 2:53 of the eighth round.
 * Win
 * 23-16
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Thomas Williams
 * TKO
 * 8
 * 03/04/1997
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Worley, Idaho, U.S.
 * align=left|Referee stopped the bout at 2:38 of the eighth round.
 * Win
 * 22-16
 * align=left|🇯🇲 Everton Davis
 * UD
 * 10
 * 05/12/1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 21-16
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bobby Harris
 * UD
 * 10
 * 12/09/1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Melville, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 20-16
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Danell Nicholson
 * TKO
 * 8
 * 19/10/1995
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 20-15
 * align=left|🇯🇲 Alex Stewart
 * UD
 * 10
 * 08/08/1995
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Coachella, California, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 20-14
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jeremy Williams
 * RTD
 * 7
 * 05/03/1995
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Palm Springs, California, U.S.
 * align=left|Ferguson could not answer the bell in round eight.
 * Loss
 * 20-13
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Larry Holmes
 * UD
 * 10
 * 09/08/1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Shakopee, Minnesota, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 20-12
 * align=left| Frank Bruno
 * TKO
 * 1
 * 16/03/1994
 * align=left| Birmingham, England
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 20-11
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ray Mercer
 * SD
 * 10
 * 19/11/1993
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 20-10
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Rocky Pepeli
 * TKO
 * 9
 * 22/07/1993
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Biloxi, Mississippi, U.S.
 * align=left|Referee stopped the bout at 1:30 of the ninth round.
 * Loss
 * 19-10
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Riddick Bowe
 * KO
 * 2
 * 22/05/1993
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Washington, D.C., U.S.
 * align=left|WBA Heavyweight Title. Ferguson knocked out at 0:17 of the second round.
 * Win
 * 19-9
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ray Mercer
 * UD
 * 10
 * 06/02/1993
 * align=left|🇺🇸 New York City, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 18-9
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tony Tubbs
 * UD
 * 10
 * 24/11/1992
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Auburn Hills, Michigan, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 18-8
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Michael Dokes
 * UD
 * 10
 * 28/07/1992
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 18-7
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mike Robinson
 * TKO
 * 6
 * 05/06/1992
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 17-7
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bruce Seldon
 * TKO
 * 5
 * 19/01/1992
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|IBF Intercontinental Heavyweight Title. Referee stopped the bout at 3:00 of the fifth round.
 * Loss
 * 17-6
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Oliver McCall
 * UD
 * 10
 * 08/08/1991
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 17-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Terry Armstrong
 * TKO
 * 6
 * 31/03/1990
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tampa, Florida, U.S.
 * align=left|Referee stopped the bout at 1:19 of the sixth round.
 * Loss
 * 16-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Orlin Norris
 * UD
 * 12
 * 15/11/1988
 * align=left|🇺🇸 San Diego, California, U.S.
 * align=left|NABF Heavyweight Title.
 * Win
 * 16-4
 * align=left|🇺🇸 John Morton
 * UD
 * 10
 * 10/09/1988
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 15-4
 * align=left|🇺🇸 George Chaplin
 * KO
 * 8
 * 01/08/1987
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
 * align=left|Chaplin knocked out at 1:52 of the eighth round.
 * Loss
 * 14-4
 * align=left|🇸🇪 Anders Eklund
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 17/10/1986
 * align=left| Randers, Denmark
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 14-3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 James Smith
 * MD
 * 10
 * 07/06/1986
 * align=left| Hamilton, Bermuda
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 14-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mike Tyson
 * TKO
 * 6
 * 16/02/1986
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Troy, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|Referee stopped the bout at 1:19 of the sixth round.
 * Win
 * 14-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Oscar Holman
 * UD
 * 10
 * 11/01/1986
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 13-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Carl Williams
 * TKO
 * 10
 * 31/08/1985
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|Referee stopped the bout at 0:37 of the tenth round.
 * Win
 * 13-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tony Anthony
 * TKO
 * 10
 * 20/06/1985
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|Referee stopped the bout at 2:55 of the tenth round.
 * Win
 * 12-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Buster Douglas
 * MD
 * 10
 * 09/05/1985
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 11-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Richard Scott
 * TKO
 * 4
 * 27/03/1985
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|Referee stopped the bout at 2:28 of the fourth round.
 * Win
 * 10-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Oscar Holman
 * UD
 * 8
 * 13/12/1984
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 9-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Reggie Gross
 * TKO
 * 3
 * 20/09/1984
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|Referee stopped the bout at 1:49 of the third round.
 * Win
 * 8-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Kid Samson
 * KO
 * 5
 * 24/07/1984
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 7-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Robert Hill
 * TKO
 * 7
 * 05/06/1984
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 6-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ernie Singleton
 * TKO
 * 5
 * 26/03/1984
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 5-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mike Perkins
 * UD
 * 6
 * 14/02/1984
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 4-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Joe Ballard
 * KO
 * 4
 * 08/10/1983
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 3-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 James Holmes
 * TKO
 * 3
 * 29/09/1983
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 2-0
 * align=left|Eddie Cowart
 * KO
 * 2
 * 25/05/1983
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 1-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tony Jackson
 * KO
 * 1
 * 12/01/1983
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * }
 * Win
 * 5-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mike Perkins
 * UD
 * 6
 * 14/02/1984
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 4-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Joe Ballard
 * KO
 * 4
 * 08/10/1983
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 3-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 James Holmes
 * TKO
 * 3
 * 29/09/1983
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 2-0
 * align=left|Eddie Cowart
 * KO
 * 2
 * 25/05/1983
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 1-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tony Jackson
 * KO
 * 1
 * 12/01/1983
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * }
 * 12/01/1983
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * }

title: Jesse Ferguson


text:
Category:World Heritage Sites in Japan

 * World Heritage Sites in Japan.

title: Category:World Heritage Sites in Japan


text:
Talk:Red vs. Blue

Discussion pertaining to non-free image(s) used in article
A cleanup page has been created for WP:FILMS' spotlight articles. One element that is being checked in ensuring the quality of the articles is the non-free images. Currently, one or more non-free images being used in this article are under discussion to determine if they should be removed from the article for not complying with non-free and fair use requirements. Please comment at the corresponding section within the image cleanup listing. Before contributing the discussion, please first read WP:FILMNFI concerning non-free images. Ideally the discussions pertaining to the spotlight articles will be concluded by the end of June, so please comment soon to ensure there is clear consensus. --Happy editing! Nehrams2020 (talk • contrib) 05:01, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

Stuff going on with the page that needs attending to
Characters section full of spoilers, I REALLY think someone should put a spoiler tag. My reason for not bothering: too busy with college things to go out of my way to edit Wikipedia articles.

Also, Characters section has noticeable grammatical errors and the like, I fixed 2 of them, but as I looked around a bit I realized I don't have time to fix them all and play proof-reader. see above for explanation why. anyone who cares enough is free to fix them. --66.189.24.40 (talk) 05:52, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia no longer uses spoiler tags, see Spoiler.  O x g u y 3  t  c  23:25, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Comment from 64.40.84.98
Next to Tucker's name where his description should be is apparently some of Church's description instead. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.40.84.98 (talk) 12:19, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Season 9 trailer view count
"The trailer entitled Red vs Blue: Season 9 was released on the Rooster Teeth website and received 100,000 views in its first hour."

We don't release our view counts so I'm curious where this number came from, unless it was plucked from the YouTube upload of the trailer. YouTube is our secondary distribution platform, our site (powered by blip.tv) is the primary. This number is probably way off. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.109.186.19 (talk) 00:59, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for bringing attention to this. I've removed the statistic and noted the need for more citations in this article.  EW  i kist Talk 01:11, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

June 13?
In the article it states that Season 9 will be released June 13, 2011. Is there a source for this? Jacktheinfinite101 (talk) 15:49, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

Really
So Red vs Blue is just a bunch of people who are now famous voice actors, playing Halo on Xbox live, and messing with the camera view of the game? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.44.144.190 (talk) 15:40, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

Yeah, pretty much. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.235.249.139 (talk) 17:34, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Serenity is just a movie about two groups of men fighting of a mentally disturbed scantily clad sixteen-year-old. The Lord of the Rings is about a midget destroying stolen property.

Everything will sound bad if you say it the right/wrong way. 143.92.1.33 (talk) 01:08, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

If you're that stupid, Lord of the Rings is a full length movie with actual actors, costumes, staff etc not just people filming a video game and talking? WTF how can you compare the two? --24.94.249.157 (talk) 19:35, 15 August 2013 (UTC)

Gus Sorola Article Is Nominated For Deleation
Hello! I wanted to let people involved with this article know that the Gus Sorola article has been nominated for deletion. You can find the discussion about this at WP:Articles_for_deletion/Gus_Sorola. I am hoping someone knowledgable about this subject area can provide some comments and perhaps some sources on the WP:Notability of Sorola. Sailing to Byzantium (talk) 15:58, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

Deleted Articles?
Where have the articles for Seasons 6, 7 and 8 gone?

Article concerns
This article has a unref tag in the Seasons 9 and 10 section, and the lack citations in the audio and music section. Before a FAR is needed, I will look in the detail for a prose myself. If anybody fixing or watching the article, or the sources are added, I'll check back in the week and so. JJ98 (Talk / Contributions)  07:52, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

Renaming the Unnamed Series Section
In the navigation template at the bottom of the page, Season Nine and Ten are classified under 'Unnamed Series'. However in a recent, official, Rooster Teeth survey, they listed the two seasons under 'Project Freelancer'. So I think we should rename that part as Project Freelancer as well. Survey Link: RoosterTeeth TYRULES6 (talk) 03:56, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

Resources to use for rewrite
I've created a list of sources that could be used for rewriting this article at User:Nomader/RedvsBlue which I'll be adding to over the next couple of days. Nomader (talk) 15:21, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Seasons/Series box
Okay, Lar409 and 90.192.57.78, make your cases here regarding the different approaches. I'm personally leaning towards Lar409's version (I think, at least). In any case, let's stop a revert war before it begins. I don't like clutter in edit histories, and endless reverting generates more clutter.--Drat (Talk) 14:11, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

It's dealt with, just trying to find a middle ground of order and accurate info. And yes the split boxes do look better. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.192.57.78 (talk) 21:28, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

Holiday Plans
I wanted to point out that "Holiday Plans" shouldn't be considered a mini-series like Out of Mind, Relocated, and Recovery One. It is a three-part holiday special, similar to the ODST 3-parter and the Reach mini-series 3-parter, and should be considered a special episode of RvB rather than an actual mini-series. It is also non-canon to the series, unlike the 3 stated above, but you could argue that MIA and WTAWTAW may not be canon as well, which I don't really believe they are, but I read from a source (http://rvb.wikia.com/wiki/Talk:Red_vs._Blue:_MIA#Time_Period) that Burnie Burns stated MIA as canon. Personally, those 2 mini-series have a better reason to be considered canon, since technically it takes place inside the Epsilon Unit. To further add that Holiday Plans is not a mini-series like the stated main 3 is this: according to the RT website: http://roosterteeth.com/archive/?sid=rvb&v=more&s=7, Holiday Plans is listed under "Special Videos", unlike "Out of Mind", "Recovery One", and "Relocated" which are posted along with their respective seasons.

I have talked to another user about this, but I wanted to know what you guys think, because I believe that adding Holiday Plans along with the other mini-series would cause confusion. 173.74.249.192 (talk) 23:41, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

You're right this page needs a serious clean-up; Holiday Plans doesn't fit anywhere into the plot line because it is indeed a "special" as the above user has mentioned and for the record I believe MIA and the Wall miniseries are supposed to take place between episodes 7 to 9 of season 9, going by the Burnie Burns quote in the above link. I've blanked the article page for Holiday Plans and I'm also gonna double check that episode count and take the Reconstruction and Recreation trailers out if need be as they don't really count do they? They're not on the Blu-rays in any case and I think Burnie has also stated the Recreation trailer at least to be non-canon. Please correct me if I'm wrong or have misread. Hypered1 (talk) 02:03, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

No you're right. Burnie stated the Recreation trailer as non-canon & the Reconstruction trailer can be considered non-canon too as it is unneeded to follow the story. 173.74.249.192 (talk) 11:06, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

Hey I've managed to find the survey for the best of DVD http://roosterteeth.com/survey/take.php?id=9 and it only lists five mini-series: Out of Mind, Recovery One, Relocated, MIA and Where There's a Will, There's a Wall. This must be solid confirmation if nothing else is. Also with regards to the two trailers, seasons 6 to 10 have a total of 100 episodes when the trailers are discounted and as the first 5 seasons have the same total it makes sense that this would be the correct amount. Hypered1 (talk) 13:58, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

References about release dates
I know when they where uploaded however there are no reliable sources to back up that the first ever episode was released on April 1, 2003, are their any reliable references that can be added because I've had no luck so far. - 10:18, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

Hi SilentDan, in response to your question the airdate for the first episode and the anniversary of the company as a whole has been mentioned numerous times by various members of the staff; including the core four of Burnie Burns, Gus Sorola, Geoff Ramsey and Matt Hullum with Burnie sometimes going so far as to express regret as some people have thought he was joking when he said the anniversary date is 1st April. Cryomantic (talk) 10:16, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Chorus Civil War
Although I have no issue with naming the latest seasons as 'Chrous Civil War', I would like to know where this name came from as I've never heard or seen any of the Roosterteeth make any mention of it. Thanks. Cryomantic (talk) 09:38, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Mini-series page
I have noticed that the individual pages for each of the miniseries have been deleted and replaced with a single page set up as an over view of the series as whole; however it has little detail regarding the miniseries - despite their canonicity - and the page itself, beyond some of my own tweaks, has not been updated properly in over a year. At any rate listing the episodes of the main seasons seems redundant as they each have their own pages.

So my proposal is that a page be set up in the style of the individual season pages but with descriptions of the episodes for each of the five mini-series (a total of 22 episodes); I would attempt it myself however I am not confident that I wouldn't make a complete mess of it, also I had considered editing/ adapting the aforementioned existing 'List of RvB media' page for the same purpose; however again I felt that an edit of that scale would be looked down upon without prior approval. Cryomantic (talk) 11:22, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Red vs. Blue. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.roostertooths.com/interview.php?interview=bandg
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060118022647/http://www.cinemastrikesback.com:80/?p=560 to http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/?p=560

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:57, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Red vs. Blue. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060630010211/http://shootingpeople.org/shooterfilms/interview.php?int_id=23 to http://shootingpeople.org/shooterfilms/interview.php?int_id=23

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:34, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Red vs. Blue. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120324235106/http://www.jengajam.net/2009/10/burnie-vs-lfto.html to http://www.jengajam.net/2009/10/burnie-vs-lfto.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:38, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Red vs. Blue. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://roosterteeth.com/viewEntry.php?id=1988
 * Added tag to http://redvsblue.com/viewEntry.php?id=1888
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120713073338/http://redvsblue.com/blog/viewEntry.php?id=2546770 to http://redvsblue.com/blog/viewEntry.php?id=2546770
 * Added tag to http://roosterteeth.com/viewEntry.php?id=136
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130111080621/http://roosterteeth.com/viewEntry.php?id=234 to http://roosterteeth.com/viewEntry.php?id=234
 * Added tag to http://roosterteeth.com/viewEntry.php?id=243
 * Added tag to http://roosterteeth.com/viewEntry.php?id=280
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130201203204/http://roosterteeth.com/viewEntry.php?id=653 to http://roosterteeth.com/viewEntry.php?id=653
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130201113507/http://roosterteeth.com/viewEntry.php?id=348&page=6 to http://roosterteeth.com/viewEntry.php?id=348&page=6
 * Added tag to http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=5373433&publicUserId=5546002

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:31, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Red vs. Blue. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161104010136/http://redvsbluebook.com/ to http://redvsbluebook.com/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:32, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:57, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Red VS Blue Logo.png

Sources for production content
Is there any actual possible sourcing for the voice actor table? If it can't be reliably sourced, it should probably be removed. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs talk 20:13, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

Episode lists
With a lot of trims to get the plot sections in line with coverage, I've folded together all the seasons into List of Red vs. Blue episodes (a lot more of the plot would still need to be cleaned up.) However, before I continue, I wonder if it actually makes any sense to have an episode list to that level at all? LISTN says "because the group or set is notable, the individual items in the list do not need to be independently notable", but as far as I've seen there's never been significant coverage of the episodes as a grouping, or specific episodes, beyond the basic coverage of seasons (and even there I'm finding pretty little.) In which case it would make sense to just redirect it to this page and have an overarching season listing. Thoughts? Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs talk 18:42, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red vs. Blue


text:
Azam Khan (singer)

Mahbubul Haque Khan (28 February 1950 – 5 June 2011), known as Azam Khan, was a Bangladeshi singer-songwriter, record producer, and lead singer for the pop-rock band Uccharon. He was also a freedom fighter who took part in the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971. He is considered to be one of the greatest artists in the history of Bangladeshi folk music and a founding figure of Bangla rock.

Born and raised in Dhaka, he had been interested in music since childhood and would later begin his music career with Trinity Artist Group in 1967. He took part in the 1969 mass uprising against the Pakistani military, which resulted in the resignation of Pakistan's president, Ayub Khan among other concessions to protesters.

In 1971, inspired by his father, he and his brothers took part in the Liberation War of Bangladesh. He was trained in Meghaloy, India. He fought in Sector 2, under Major Khaled Mosharraf. In mid-December, 1971 he came back from the training camps and restarted his music career. He founded the pioneering rock band Uchcharon, along with his friends Nilu (lead guitar) and Mansoor (rhythm guitar), and Sadek (drums). They first appeared on Bangladesh Television in 1972. They achieved commercial success with the hit "Rail Liner Oi Bostite" in 1975. This was followed up with more hit songs in the 1970s, like "Alal ar Dulal", "Saleka Maleka" and "Papri Keno Bojhena".

In 2019, he was posthumously awarded the second highest civilian honour award, Ekushey Padak, in recognition of his contribution to the music industry. He has been dubbed "The Pop Samrat" (The Pop Emperor) and "The Rock Guru."

Early life
Khan was born on 28 February 1950 in Azimpur, Dhaka to Aftabuddin Khan and Jobeda Begum. They used to live in the No. 10 Government Quarter Colony. His father was the administrative officer of Secretariat Home Department, as well as a homeopathic doctor. His mother was a singer, a source of his passion for music. He had three brothers — Sayeed Khan, Alam Khan, Leyakot Ali Khan and a sister – Shamima Akhter Khanom. In 1956, his father built a house in Kamalapur. He was admitted to Motijheel Provincial School. In 1965, he was admitted to Siddheswari Boys' High School in the commercial division, from where he passed the Secondary School Certificate exam in 1968.

He enrolled in T & T College in 1970, but his studies were interrupted by his participation in the Liberation War alongside his father and siblings.

Participation in liberation war
In 1969, Khan took part in the mass uprising in East Pakistan (Public Awakening, গণঅভ্যুত্থান) against the West Pakistan government. He was a member of the Trinity Artist Group (ক্রান্তি শিল্পী গোষ্ঠী). He would compose songs against Pakistani leaders. In 1971, his father Aftabuddin became the senior officer of the secretariat. His father inspired him and his brothers to join the war. At the age of 21, he and two friends traveled to Agartala on foot with the goal of serving under major Khaled Mosharraf in Sector 2. After training Melaghar Camp in India, Khan fought against the Pakistani army in Comilla. He first fought in Saldah and Agartala before being sent to Dhaka to take part in the ongoing guerrilla war against Pakistan. Khan served under section commander Khaled Mosharraf on a guerilla team known as Crack Platoon. He took part in several guerrilla attacks in Dhaka and the surrounding areas and was promoted to section commander. Khan was responsible for managing guerrilla operations within the Jatrabari-Gulshan area. The most notable of these was "Operation Titas" under his leadership. Their mission was to destroy gas pipelines supplying Dhaka. A primary target were pipes supplying the Hotel Intercontinental (Now Sheraton Hotel). Their goal was to disrupt foreigners staying in those hotels in order to raise awareness of the war. During the conflict, he was hit in his left ear, which damaged his hearing. His section managed to defeat members of the Pakistani army in a battle organized in Trimohani, near Madartek. Azam Khan entered Dhaka with his accomplices in mid-December 1971.

Career
After the war, he was able to return to his aspirations of music. He founded the band Uchcharan in 1972. Guitarist Rocket then joined the band. Khan's first appearance in music was Spondon's musical program and performance on Bangladesh Television, in DIT Building in Dhaka with rock singers like Nasir Ahmed Apu, Firoz Shai. Guitarist Mansur, Congo player Naseem of Spandan. The program was directed by Mansur Ahmed Nipu of Spandan and produced by Noazesh Ali Khan of BTV. His rock band earned instant reputation and Azam Khan came to be known as the "Rock Guru". Some of his biggest hits are "Ore Saleka, Ore Maleka", "Jibone Kichhu Pabona Re", "Ami Jare Chaire", "Ashi Ashi Bole Tumi", "Obhimani", "Rail liner bostite", "Hei Allah Hei Allah Re", "Alal O Dulal".

He was also a cricketer, having played in Dhaka's second division league as late as 1998, when he was around 48.

Personal life
Khan married Sahida Begum in 1981. Together they had two daughters, Ima Khan and Aroni Khan, and a son, Hridoy Khan.

Death
Khan died on 5 June 2011 at Dhaka Combined Military Hospital at the age of 61. He was suffering from oral cancer which had spread to his lungs. In 2013, his family established "Azam Khan Foundation" aiming to help impoverished artists.

Khan, along with his contemporaries Fakir Alamgir, Ferdous Wahid, Pilu Momtaz, Firoz Shai and Nazma Zaman is credited with pioneering popular music in Bangladesh. About his career, pop singer Habib Wahid said, "the history of Bangladeshi rock music began with Azam Khan. His songs were very popular in the post-independence Bangladesh, and they haven't lost their appeal at all." Female rock artist Mila Islam said, "Azam Khan introduced the genre rock and roll to Bangladeshi people." Indie musician Shayan Chowdhury Arnob said, "He is not among us anymore, but his songs will keep his spirit alive. He'll live forever through his music."

Influences
His influences included famous Indian singers such as Kishore Kumar, Hemanta Mukherjee, Manna Dey, as well as British rock bands The Beatles and The Rolling Stones. He was particularly intrigued by George Harrison, whose 1971 Concert for Bangladesh sought to rally support for the liberation army in the West.

Awards

 * Best Pop Singer Award (1993)
 * Television Audience Award in 2002
 * Lifetime Achievement Award
 * Award of Council of Urban Guerilla
 * Dhaka '71 and Freedom Fighter Award from Radio Today
 * Ekushey Padak (2019)

Discography

 * Arrogant
 * Frustration
 * Alal and Dulal
 * On the Earth
 * Bangladesh"
 * Something to Ask
 * Granny
 * I Have No One
 * Blue Eyes
 * It's Burning
 * In the Slum Beside the Rail Line
 * Salam to You, Guru (2011)
 * Saleka Maleka (2017)

Filmography

 * Hiramani (1986)
 * Godfather (1993)

title: Azam Khan (singer)


text:
User:Klenje

Hi, I'm a friulian (Friuli is a region in north east of Italy) guy who works mainly on the italian version of wikipedia and on the new friulian wikipedia; here I just fix small things but I plan to expand the Friulian language article and other things about my beautiful land. Greetings

de:Benutzer:Klenje it:Utente:Klenje fur:User:Klenje

title: User:Klenje


text:
List of colonial governors of French Guinea

This is a list of colonial governors of French Guinea, from 1891 to 1958.

List of Colonial Heads of Guinea
(Dates in italics indicated de facto continuation of office)

For continuation after independence, see: Presidents of Guinea


text:
User talk:GSMartin

GSMARTIN, the person
GSMartin is the person who created this page.

GSMartin, the individual
GSMartin is new to Wikipedia.

GSMartin, the spirit
GSMartin is far from a free spirit.

GSMartin, the final chapter
, is not yet written.

title: User talk:GSMartin


text:
Norwegian heavy water sabotage

The Norwegian heavy water sabotage (Tungtvannsaksjonen; Tungtvassaksjonen) was a series of Allied-led efforts to halt German heavy water production via hydroelectric plants in Nazi Germany-occupied Norway during World War II, involving both Norwegian commandos and Allied bombing raids. During the war, the Allies sought to inhibit the German development of nuclear weapons with the removal of heavy water and the destruction of heavy-water production plants. The Norwegian heavy water sabotage was aimed at the 60 MW Vemork power station at the Rjukan waterfall in Telemark.

The hydroelectric power plant at Vemork was built in 1934. It was the world's first site to mass-produce heavy water (as a byproduct of nitrogen fixing), with a capacity of 12 tonnes per year. Before the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, the French Deuxième Bureau removed 185 kg of heavy water from the Vemork plant in then-neutral Norway. The plant's managing director agreed to lend France the heavy water for the duration of the war. The French transported it secretly to Oslo, then to Perth, Scotland, and then to France. The plant was still capable of producing heavy water, however, and the Allies were concerned that the Germans would use the facility to produce more heavy water.

Between 1940 and 1944, a series of sabotage actions by the Norwegian resistance movement and Allied bombing ensured the destruction of the plant and the loss of its heavy water. These operations — code-named Grouse, Freshman, and Gunnerside — knocked the plant out of production in early 1943. In Operation Grouse, the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) successfully placed an advance team of four Norwegians on the Hardanger Plateau above the plant in October 1942. The unsuccessful Operation Freshman was mounted the following month by British paratroopers, who were to rendezvous with the Operation Grouse Norwegians and proceed to Vemork. This attempt failed when the military gliders (and one of their tugs, a Handley Page Halifax) crashed short of their destination. Except for the crew of one Halifax bomber, all the participants were killed in the crashes or captured, interrogated and executed by the Gestapo.

In February 1943, a team of SOE-trained Norwegian commandos destroyed the production facility in Operation Gunnerside; this was followed by Allied bombing raids. The Germans ceased operations, and attempted to move the remaining heavy water to Germany. Norwegian resistance forces then sank the ferry carrying the heavy water, the SF Hydro, on Lake Tinn.

Background

Enrico Fermi and his colleagues studied the results of bombarding uranium with neutrons in 1934. That year, Ida Noddack first mentioned the concept of nuclear fission. In December 1938, four years after the Fermi publication, Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch correctly interpreted Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann's radiochemical experimental results as evidence of nuclear fission.

News of the discovery spread quickly among physicists and it was realized that if chain reactions could be controlled, fission might be a new source of great power. What was needed was a substance which could moderate the energy of the secondary neutrons emitted by fission, so they could be captured by other fissile nuclei. Heavy water and graphite were the prime candidates for moderating neutron energy.

When Nazi Germany investigated the production of an atomic bomb, a range of options was identified. Although historical records provide limited detail on the German decision to pursue the heavy water approach, it became clear after the war that they had explored that option. Although ultimately unsuccessful, the approach chosen has been demonstrated as technically viable. Plutonium-239 (239Pu) makes effective weapons material, although requiring an implosion-type mechanism as a simpler Thin Man gun-type bomb is not feasible. Heavy water has been demonstrated as an effective moderator for 239Pu production, and may be separated from ordinary water by electrolysis. The German program had already been handicapped by the Nazi purging of German Jewish physicists and the conscription of others and ended in the autumn of 1942.

Approaches to developing a weapon
In nuclear-weapon development, the main problem is securing sufficient weapons-grade material; it is particularly difficult to acquire fissile isotopes of uranium-235 (235U) or 239Pu. Weapons-grade uranium requires mining, extracting and enriching natural ore. Plutonium can be "bred" in reactors fueled by unenriched uranium, which requires chemical separation of the 239Pu produced.

Plutonium production
Although the most common isotope of uranium, uranium-238 (238U), can be used as secondary fissile material in hydrogen (fusion) bombs, it cannot be used as the primary fissile material for an atomic (fission-only) bomb. 238U can be used to produce 239Pu through the fission of 235U, which produces neutrons (some of which will be absorbed by 238U, creating 239U). The 239U will decay after a few days, turning into weapons-usable 239Pu.

The Germans found that a chain reaction could not be sustained if graphite was used as a moderator, and abandoned it. Unaware that this was due to impurities, they did not test ultra-pure graphite (which would have been suitable). Instead, they settled on a heavy-water-based reactor design. A heavy-water-moderated nuclear reactor could be used for nuclear-fission research and, ultimately, to breed the plutonium with which a bomb could be made.

Heavy-water production
In normal water, there is only one deuterium atom for every 6,400 hydrogen atoms; deuterium is more prevalent in the residue of water used as an electrolyte. An analysis of residues from the Vemork hydroelectric plant, a large-scale nitrate production plant using the Haber process, showed a hydrogen-to-deuterium ratio of 48 (most of the deuterium bound in HDO molecules). Norwegian Institute of Technology lecturer Leif Tronstad and Jomar Brun, head of the hydrogen plant, proposed a project in 1933 (the year heavy water was first isolated). It was accepted by Norsk Hydro, and production began in 1935.

The technology is straightforward. Heavy water (D2O) is separated from normal water by electrolysis, because the difference in mass between the two hydrogen isotopes translates into a slight difference in the speed at which the reaction proceeds. To produce pure heavy water by electrolysis requires a large cascade of electrolysis chambers, and consumes large amounts of power. Since excess power was available, heavy water could be purified from the existing electrolyte. Norsk Hydro became the heavy-water supplier for the world's scientific community, as a by-product of fertilizer production for which the ammonia was used. Hans Suess, a German adviser on the production of heavy water, had assessed the Vemork plant as incapable of producing militarily-useful quantities of heavy water in less than five years at its capacity at the time.

Pre-invasion efforts
French research considered the production of 239Pu using reactors moderated by heavy water and graphite. Preliminary French research indicated that the graphite then available commercially was not pure enough to serve the purpose, and heavy water would be required. The German research community had reached a similar conclusion, and had procured additional heavy water from Vemork in January 1940. The German firm IG Farben, a partial owner of Norsk Hydro, had ordered 100 kg per month; Norsk Hydro's maximum production rate was then limited to 10 kg per month.

The Deuxième Bureau (French military intelligence) directed three French agents (Captain Muller and Lieutenants Mossé and Knall-Demars) to remove the world's extant supply, 185 kg, of heavy water from the Vemork plant in then-neutral Norway in 1940. Norsk Hydro general director Axel Aubert agreed to lend the heavy water to France for the duration of the war, noting that if Germany won the war he would probably be shot. Transportation was difficult, since the Abwehr (German military intelligence) was present in Norway and had been alerted of ongoing French activities in Norway (although they were not specifically warned about heavy water). If they had become aware of the shipment, they might have tried to intercept it. The French transported it secretly to Oslo, then to Perth, Scotland, and finally to France.

When France was invaded, French nuclear scientist Frédéric Joliot-Curie took charge of the material and hid it in a Banque de France vault and then in a prison. Joliot-Curie moved it to Bordeaux, where it, research papers and most of the scientists (Joliot-Curie remained in France) boarded the British tramp steamer SS Broompark (1939) (one of the many merchant ships involved in saving over 200,000 troops and civilians in the three weeks after the Dunkirk evacuation).

The ship already had industrial diamonds, machinery and a number of British evacuees aboard. The Broompark delivered its passengers and cargo, including the global stockpile of heavy water, to Falmouth, Cornwall on 21 June. The award of an OBE to Captain Paulsen was recorded in The London Gazette of 4 February 1941. Crucial to the success of the mission was the role played by Charles Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk, the British liaison to the French scientific establishment.

Although the supply of heavy water had been removed, the plant was capable of producing more. The Norsk Hydro management's collaboration with the Germans was examined during investigations of collaborationism begun by Norwegian authorities after the war, but Aubert's cooperation with the French aided the company's case.

Operations Grouse and Freshman
In October 1942, Combined Operations Headquarters began operations to destroy the Vemork plant. There were two operations; the first (Operation Grouse) would drop a number of Norwegians in the area as an advance force. When they were in place, a party of British engineers would be landed by military glider to attack the plant itself (Operation Freshman).

On 18 October 1942, a four-man team of Special Operations Executive (SOE)-trained Norwegian commandos parachuted into Norway. Since they had to ski a long distance to the plant from their drop point in the wilderness, considerable time was allotted for Operation Grouse. Unlike previous failed plans, Grouse required the team to memorize blueprints.

The British were suspicious, because the Norwegian Grouse team were delayed in contacting SOE team; the Norwegians had been dropped at the wrong place, however, and had gone off course several times. The secret question was, "What did you see in the early morning of (a day)?" The Grouse team replied, "Three pink elephants." The British were ecstatic at the success of Grouse, and the next phase of the operations began.

On 19 November 1942, Operation Freshman followed with a planned glider-borne landing on the frozen lake Møsvatn near the plant. Two Airspeed Horsa gliders, towed by Handley Page Halifax bombers (each glider carrying two pilots and 15 Royal Engineers of the 9th Field Company, 1st British Airborne Division), took off from RAF Skitten near Wick, Caithness, Scotland. The towing of gliders, always hazardous, was worse in this case because of the long flight distance to Norway and poor visibility.

One of the Halifax tugs crashed into a mountain, killing all seven aboard; its glider cast off but crashed nearby, resulting in several casualties. Although the other Halifax arrived at the vicinity of the landing zone, the zone could not be precisely identified because the link between the Eureka (ground) and Rebecca (aircraft) radar beacons failed.

After many tries and with fuel running low, the Halifax pilot decided to abort the operation and return to base. Shortly afterward, the tug and glider experienced heavy turbulence and the tow rope broke. The glider crash-landed near the crash site of the other glider, killing and injuring several more people. The Norwegians were unable to reach the crash sites in time; the survivors were captured by the Gestapo, who tortured and later had them executed under Adolf Hitler's Commando Order.

The unsuccessful raid alerted the Germans to Allied interest in their heavy-water production. The surviving Norwegian Grouse team had a long wait in their mountain hideaway, subsisting on moss and lichen until they captured a reindeer just before Christmas.

Operation Gunnerside
British authorities, aware that the Grouse team was still operational, decided to mount another operation with them; by this time, the Grouse team was known as Swallow. On the night of 16 February 1943, in Operation Gunnerside (named after the village of Gunnerside, where SOE head Charles Jocelyn Hambro and his family used to shoot grouse), an additional six Norwegian commandos were dropped by parachute by a 138 Squadron Halifax bomber from RAF Tempsford. They landed successfully, and found the Swallow team after a few days of searching on cross-country skis. The combined team made final preparations for their assault, scheduled for the night of 27–28 February 1943.

Supplies required by the commandos were dropped with them in special CLE containers. One container was buried in the snow by a Norwegian patriot to hide it from the Germans; he later recovered it, and gave it to an officer of the British Army Air Corps (which was conducting exercises in the area) in August 1976. The container was brought back to England and displayed at the Airborne Museum at Aldershot, which became part of the Imperial War Museum Duxford.

After the failed Freshman attempt, the Germans placed mines, floodlights, and additional guards surrounding the plant. Although the mines and lights remained in place, security at the plant had weakened over the winter. The 75 m bridge spanning the deep ravine 200 m above the river Måna, however, was fully guarded.

The force decided to descend into the ravine, ford the icy river and climb the steep hill on the far side. The winter river level was very low, and on the far side (where the ground leveled) they followed a single railway track straight into the plant without encountering any guards. Even before Grouse landed in Norway, SOE had a Norwegian agent in the plant who supplied detailed plans and schedules. The demolition party used this information to enter the main basement by a cable tunnel and through a window. The only person they encountered in the plant was a Norwegian caretaker named Johansen, who was very willing to cooperate with them.

The saboteurs then placed explosive charges on the heavy-water electrolysis chambers, and attached a fuse which allowed sufficient time for their escape. In an attempt to prevent reprisals, a Thompson submachine gun  was purposely left behind to indicate that this was the work of British forces and not the local resistance. When the fuses were about to be lit, the caretaker was worried about his spectacles (which were somewhere in the room; during the war, new eyeglasses were nearly impossible to obtain). A frantic search ensued; the spectacles were found, and the fuses lit. The explosive charges detonated, destroying the electrolysis chambers.

The raid was considered successful. The entire inventory of heavy water produced during the German occupation, over 500 kg, was destroyed with equipment critical to the operation of the electrolysis chambers. Although 3,000 German soldiers were dispatched to search the area for the commandos, all escaped; five commandos escaped by skiing 322 km to Sweden, two proceeded to Oslo (where they assisted Milorg), and four remained in the region for further resistance work.

Resumed operation and Allied air raids
The attack halted production for several months, although it did not permanently damage the Vemork plant. The plant was repaired by April; SOE concluded that a repeat commando raid would be extremely difficult, since German security was considerably improved.

Almost as soon as production resumed, the USAAF began a series of raids on Vemork. The plant was attacked in November by a massive daylight bombing raid of 143 B-17 heavy bombers, which dropped 711 bombs. Although the raid caused extensive damage, at least 600 bombs missed the plant.

On 16 and 18 November, 35 B-24 heavy bombers from the 392nd Bomber Group (based at Wendling, Station 118) extensively attacked the hydro-electric power station at Rjukan. The missions, the bomber group's longest, lasted $9 1/2$ and $10 1/2$ hours respectively. There was less need for ground assaults than a year earlier, since night bombing (previously unrealistic due to German air cover) was now an alternative. The Germans, convinced that air raids would result in further serious damage, decided to abandon the plant and move its remaining stocks and critical components to Germany in 1944.

Sinking of the SF Hydro
Knut Haukelid (the only trained commando in the immediate area) was informed of the German plan to remove the heavy water, and was advised to muster support and destroy the shipment. Haukelid recruited two people, and they decided to sabotage a ferry which would be carrying the heavy water across Lake Tinn on the Tinnsjø railway ferry. One of his recruits recognized a ferry-crew member and spoke with him, taking an opportunity to slip into the bottom of the ship, plant the bomb and slip away. Eight-and-a-half kilograms of plastic explosives (with two alarm-clock fuses) were fixed to the keel of the SF Hydro, which would transport railway cars with drums of the heavy water across Lake Tinn.

The ferry and its cargo sank in deep water shortly after its departure around midnight on 20 February 1944. Witnesses reported seeing steel drums floating after the ferry sank, leading to speculation that they did not really contain heavy water; an examination of records after the war showed that some barrels were only half-full, however, and would have floated. A few may have been salvaged and transported to Germany.

Despite the mission's intention to minimize casualties, 18 people were killed; 29 survived. The dead were 14 Norwegian crew and passengers and four German soldiers.

A 2005 expedition retrieved a barrel, numbered "26", from the bottom of the lake. Its heavy-water contents matched the concentration noted in German records, confirming that the shipment was not a decoy. The concentration of heavy water in a number of the barrels was too small to be of value to a weapons program, however, which might explain the lack of tight security around the shipment and why the ferry was not searched for bombs. In the film The Heroes of Telemark, the locomotive and train is shown covered with German soldiers, according to Ray Mears' BBC Television coverage, the general in command had ordered this disposition of troops.

Historical perspective
Recent investigation of production records at Norsk Hydro and analysis of an intact barrel which was salvaged in 2004 indicated that although the barrels in this shipment contained pH 14 water (suggestive of the alkaline electrolytic-refinement process), they did not contain high concentrations of D2O. Despite the apparent shipment size, the total quantity of pure heavy water was limited; most barrels contained only 0.5–1.0 percent heavy water, confirming the success of Operation Gunnerside in destroying higher-purity heavy water.

The Germans would have needed a total of about 5 t of heavy water to operate a nuclear reactor, and the manifest indicated that there was only 500 kg of heavy water being transported to Germany. The Hydro was carrying too little heavy water to supply one reactor, let alone the 10 or more tons of heavy water needed to make enough plutonium for a nuclear weapon.

The historical consensus about the German nuclear weapons program is that it was a long way from producing a bomb, even if the Norwegian heavy water had been produced and shipped at the maximum rate. However, the unsuccessful Operation Freshman and the efforts of the saboteurs in Swallow, Grouse and Gunnerside made the secret war on heavy-water production internationally known.

Agents
Joachim Rønneberg, the last surviving member of the Gunnerside team, died on 21 October 2018 at age 99. The New York Times reported that at 95, Rønneberg was "still mentally sharp ... and possessed of the unflappable calm that so impressed British military commanders more than 70 years ago." Einar Skinnarland was the first agent inside.

Histories

After interviewing Nielsen and Helberg, Barbara Wace of the Associated Press filed a news article on the sabotage in May 1945. Wartime censorship delayed publication until after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. But For These Men (ISBN 0705700453), a 1962 book by John D. Drummond, recounts two dramatic raids: on the Norsk Hydro heavy-water factory at Vemork and another the railway ferry Hydro. The Real Heroes of Telemark: The True Story of the Secret Mission to Stop Hitler's Atomic Bomb, a 2003 book by Ray Mears (ISBN 0-340-83016-6), emphasises the Norwegian commandos' unique survival skills. The book is a companion volume to The Real Heroes of Telemark, a BBC television documentary series.

Skis Against the Atom (ISBN 0-942323-07-6) is a first-hand account by Knut Haukelid, one of the Gunnerside raiders who remained behind. Jens-Anton Poulsson (Swallow and Grouse) wrote The Heavy Water Raid: The Race for the Atom Bomb 1942–1944 (ISBN 9788245808698), a 2009 book. Operation Freshman is covered in two books: Richard Wiggan's 1986 Operation Freshman: The Rjukan Heavy Water Raid 1942 (ISBN 9780718305710) and Jostein Berglyd's 2007 Operation Freshman: The Actions and the Aftermath (ISBN 9789197589598).

Richard Rhodes's Pulitzer Prize-winning book, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, includes details of the events. Leo Marks' 1998 book, Between Silk and Cyanide: A Codemaker's Story 1941–1945 (ISBN 0-684-86780-X), also details the story. Marks (SOE's cryptographer) knew the Norwegian team, trained them in cryptography so they could communicate with SOE in England, and followed their progress after they were dropped in Norway. The raid is the subject of Assault in Norway: Sabotaging the Nazi Nuclear Program (ISBN 9781585747504), a 2002 book by Thomas Gallagher based on interviews with many of the commandos.

An account of Operation Gunnerside is part of Neal Bascomb's 2016 The Winter Fortress: The Epic Mission to Sabotage Hitler's Atomic Bomb (ISBN 9780544368057). Damien Lewis's book Hunting Hitler's Nukes: The Secret Race to Stop the Nazi Bomb (ISBN 9781786482082), also published that year, details the raid and the sinking of the SF Hydro. The 2018 book, Heroes of Telemark; Sabotaging Hitler's atomic bomb, Norway 1942–44 by David Greentree (ISBN 9781472827678), describes the operation's planning, execution and aftermath.

Swedish power metal band Sabaton (band) wrote a song about the events in their song "Saboteurs" on their 2010 album "Coat of Arms".

title: Norwegian heavy water sabotage