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Cathays

Cathays (standardised Cathays; sometimes Y Waun Ddyfal, 'the constant meadow') is a district and community in the centre of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It is an old suburb of Cardiff established in 1875. It is densely populated and contains many Victorian terraced houses. The area falls into the Cathays ward. It is the third most populous community in Cardiff, having a population of 18,002 in 2011.

Etymology
The area that is now Cathays was formerly known in Welsh as Y Waun Ddyfal and in English as Little Heath (to distinguish it from Great Heath). The name Cathays first appeared in 1699 as "Catt Hays" and originally denoted a tract of common land north-east of Cardiff, now represented by Cathays Park. The second element is a derivative of Old English haga, meaning a park or enclosure, while the first element has been variously traced to the Welsh word cad, meaning "battle", and the Old English word catt, meaning "wildcat".

History
By the medieval period farmland outside the old Cardiff Castle, Cathays takes in the northern limit of medieval Cardiff — marked by the crossroads of Fairoak Road and Crwys Road.

After John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute, married Charlotte Hickman-Windsor (daughter of Lord Windsor) on 12 November 1766, he inherited great further lands, including in Cathays to the north of his existing estate which he had partially developed. He then bought other properties and farms to the north and east, including what became Cathays Park. There he built Cathays House at a cost of £40,000 and at further cost landscaped Cathays Park. After his son took over the title he preferred to live in Cardiff Castle, so demolished the house in 1815, and turned Cathays Park into purely enclosed parkland for grazing.

Suburb of Cardiff

Following the 2nd Marquis' development of Cardiff Docks, and the resultant number of new workers flocking to Cardiff, in 1875 the then rural Cathays became a suburb of Cardiff. At that time, a few streets led off Woodville Road and Cathays Terrace. By 1900 the urbanisation of Cathays was virtually completed. Allensbank and Wedal farms survived briefly. In 1914 they became no more than local place names.

Maindy Barracks opened in 1871. With United States Army troops temporarily stationed in transit in Cardiff during both World War I and World War II, the footpath between Gelligaer Street and New Zealand Road became known as " Road" (from the phrase "Be Undressed and Ready My Angel"), as they came to meet prostitutes.

Governance
Cathays does not have a community council.

The electoral ward of Cathays includes both the Cathays and Castle communities and elects four councillors to Cardiff Council.

Buildings and structures in Cathays
From 1840, the Taff Vale Railway company developed a railway line through Cathays, where they also developed the Cathays railway works. A major carriage and wagon construction and maintenance facility, it and the associated locomotive depot were taken over and maintained by the Great Western Railway. After nationalisation in 1946, British Railways sold the business and leased the site to the Pullman Company Ltd, where they maintained their carriages until the 1970s. The depot was closed from the late 1960s, and was later redeveloped for buildings now used by Cardiff University. The carriage and wagon works was redeveloped in the early 2000s, and now houses a Lidl store and a student accommodation block. Cathays railway station opened in 1983, adjacent to the students' union building which encloses the railway tracks.

In 1875, Nazareth House was opened to provide accommodation for orphans and the elderly. A popular local charity, one of its many benefactors was the boxer Jim Driscoll, who, since his burial in Cathays cemetery in 1925, has had his grave tended by the nuns of Nazareth House.

In 1898, John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute sold a large piece of land to Cardiff Council for the building of a new City Hall, imposing strict conditions regarding its purpose and where development could take place. As a result, City Hall was built as far south in the purchased block of land as possible, and the residual area to its north used for civic, cultural and educational purposes only. City Hall cost £129,000 to build, and was completed in 1905 when Cardiff was awarded city status.

The land purchased by the council to the north of the city hall now houses:
 * Cardiff University, which moved from Newport Road to Cathays Park in 1909
 * National Museum Cardiff, opened in 1927
 * Welsh National War Memorial, unveiled in 1928
 * Crown Buildings, the Welsh Government's main offices in Cardiff; the largest building in Cathays Park
 * Temple of Peace and Health (usually known as the Temple of Peace), opened in 1938

Maindy Pool was a clay pit that had gradually filled with water. After the death by drowning of ten children and adults, it was filled in by using it as a rubbish tip. In 1948 the building of Maindy Stadium began on the same site, completed in 1951, which held cycling races in the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. When the stadium was closed and replaced with a leisure centre, part of the site became a swimming pool.

Cathays Library is a Carnegie library built in 1906 and refurbished in 2009–10.

Companies House, which holds the registration records of all companies registered in England or Wales, has its headquarters in Cathays.

Today
The area of Cathays, given its proximity to most of Cardiff University's teaching sites and the University Hospital of Wales, has seen a dramatic fall in owner-occupation, with a high proportion of houses in multiple occupation (HMOs) which are let through private landlords and letting agencies to the large student population. 2012 figures available under the Freedom of Information Act show that over 70% of the houses in Cathays were then HMOs. The buy-to-let market has deterred young couples, families and first-time buyers from setting up home in the area.

Cathays High School is an 11-18 mixed comprehensive school that started as a boys' grammar school in 1903 and became a comprehensive high school in 1973.

Despite the urbanisation of Cathays, there is extensive parkland around the civic centre, including Gorsedd Gardens, Queen Alexandra Gardens, Bute Park and Blackweir.

Of more than 8570 wards in the 2011 census across England and Wales, Cathays ranked 8th lowest in the number of retired people and second lowest in Wales (behind Menai, a ward associated with Bangor University).

Transport
The area is served by Cathays railway station in the east, with frequent services south to Cardiff Queen Street and Cardiff Central or north to Aberdare, Merthyr Tydfil and Treherbert via Pontypridd. Cardiff Bus provides many services in the area. The following bus services run along North Road (in the west), going to the city centre in the reverse direction: Likewise, the following services run north along Crwys Road and/or Whitchurch Road (in the east):
 * 21 (Rhiwbina-Pantmawr-Whitchurch)
 * 23 (Whitchurch-Pantmawr-Rhiwbina)
 * 24 (Whitchurch-Llandaff North-Llandaff-City Centre)
 * 25 (City Centre)
 * 27 Capital City Green (Birchgrove-Thornhill)
 * 1 Bay Circle (Roath-Tremorfa-Splott-Adamsdown-City Centre-Bay-Grangetown-Canton-Fairwater-Llandaff-Gabalfa)
 * 2 Bay Circle (As 1 but reversed)
 * 8/9/9A (Heath-University Hospital of Wales) or (City Centre-Grangetown-Cardiff Bay)
 * 35 (Gabalfa) or (City Centre-Cardiff Bay)

The area is close to the busy Gabalfa Interchange, connecting it with the A48 and the M4 motorway.

title: Cathays


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Butetown

Butetown (or The Docks, Tre-biwt) is a district and community in the south of the city of Cardiff, the capital of Wales. It was originally a model housing estate built in the early 19th century by the 2nd Marquess of Bute, for whose title the area was named.

Commonly known as "Tiger Bay", this area became one of the UK's first multicultural communities with people from over 50 countries settled here by the outbreak of the First World War, working in the docks and allied industries. Some of the largest communities included the Somalis, Yemenis and Greeks, whose influence still lives on today. A Greek Orthodox church still stands at the top of Bute Street.

It is known as one of the "five towns of Cardiff", the others being Crockherbtown, Grangetown, Newtown and Temperance Town.

The population of the ward and community taken at the 2011 census was 10,125. It is estimated that the Butetown's population increased to 14,094 by 2019.

History

By 1911 the proportion of Cardiff's population that was black or Asian was second in the UK to London, though mainly concentrated in the dock areas such as Tiger Bay. The district was one of the epicentres of the 1919 South Wales race riots, with eyewitnesses reporting six deaths instead of the official accounts of three, and with nearly all arrests made by the Cardiff police being of the local ethnic minority population instead of the white soldiers who had instigated the riots.

During World War II, local authorities attempted to ban Black American G.I.s from drinking in the city's pubs; however, pub staff refused to enforce the ban.

In the 1960s, most of the original housing was demolished including the historic Loudoun Square, the original heart of Butetown. In its place was a typical 1960s housing estate of low-rise courts and alleys, and two high-rise blocks of flats.

In the 1980s, the new Atlantic Wharf development was built on the reclaimed West Bute Dock, and has involved the construction of some 1,300 new houses. Together with the developments in the Inner Harbour and Roath Basin, it was hoped this would spur redevelopment and employment in Butetown, but it seems not to have. The divide between the wealthy Cardiff Bay and the poor Tiger Bay seems as wide as ever, although some of the surviving areas of historic Butetown are becoming prime office and retail locations. With the new Century Wharf development to the west on the banks of the Taff, the housing estate is becoming a little 'boxed in', increasing feelings of exclusion. Over the next few decades, the 1960s housing will require renewal and it is hoped that new development will be more suited to the urban context of the area and will provide a better mix of private and public housing to help fully integrate the community with the rest of the city.

A three-year £13m project to redevelop a shopping parade, community hub, health centre and homes in Butetown began in 2010. The Loudoun Square development will include environmental aspects such as harvesting rain water. The project is a collaboration between Cardiff Community Housing Association (CCHA), Cardiff Council and Cardiff and Vale University Health Board. The facilities and 62 new homes will follow four years of consultation with local residents. In 2022 a well-known mural of Maimuna Yoncana on St James Street which celebrated Cardiff’s ethnic diversity was painted over with a McDonald's advert.

Demographics
The 2011 census included the following demographic information:

 * Overall population: 10,125
 * White: 65.7%
 * Black: 11.3%
 * Asian: 9.7%
 * Mixed Ethnicity: 5.7%
 * Other Ethnic Groups: 7.7%

People identifying themselves as Welsh: 42.8%

Welsh language
The growth of the docks in the mid 19th century attracted a significant Welsh-speaking community to the area. To serve this community three Welsh-language chapels were opened: Bethania, Loudon Square (Calvinistic Methodist; opened 1853, closed 1937); Mount Stuart (Congregationalist; opened 1858, relocated to Pomeroy Street in 1912); and Siloam, Mount Stuart Square (Baptist; opened 1860, moved to Grangetown in 1902). A Welsh-speaking Anglican church also opened in the area in 1856 (All Saints on Tyndall Street; Welsh language services moved elsewhere in 1870). One of the members of Butetown’s Welsh-speaking community was Evan Rees (Dyfed), a worker in the Bute Docks in the 1870s and a future Archdruid of Wales.

The 1891 census showed that 15% of Butetown’s population could speak Welsh, significantly higher than the Cardiff average of 10.7%. Some parts had a particularly high percentage, such as the Loudon Square/James Street area (28%). During the 20th century, however, the percentage declined, although Welsh-speakers remained a recognised part of the local community.

In the 2011 census it was recorded that 928 or 9.6% of Butetown residents (over 3 years old) could speak Welsh. This was a significant increase on the figures for the 2001 census, which were 356 and 8.3%.

Transport
The area is served by Cardiff Bay railway station with shuttle services every 12 minutes to Cardiff Queen Street. Cardiff Bus operates the 11 service to Pengam Green via Cardiff City Centre, Splott and Tremorfa and the 35 service to Gabalfa via Central Stn and Cathays. It also on the 1/2 Bay Circle route connecting the area with Grangetown, Canton, Fairwater, Llandaff, Gabalfa, Heath, Cathays, Roath, Tremorfa, Splott and the City Centre. Butetown also enjoys the incorporating Cardiff Bay, thus benefiting from its public transport opportunities such as the Baycar bus route.

Bute Street and Lloyd George Avenue, running parallel, link the area to the city centre. Also, the A4232 links it to Culverhouse Cross and the M4 J33 Cardiff West to the west and to Adamsdown in the east.

Government
Butetown is both an electoral ward, and a community of the City of Cardiff. There is no community council for the area. The electoral ward of Butetown is located in the parliamentary constituency of Cardiff South and Penarth. It is bounded by the wards of Cathays and Adamsdown to the north; Splott to the northeast; Severn estuary to the southeast; and Grangetown to the west.

Since the 2022 Welsh local elections, the Butetown ward has been represented by Labour councillors Saeed Ebrahim, Helen Gunter and Margaret Lewis.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Butetown


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St Fagans

St Fagans (Sain Ffagan) is a village and community in the west of the city of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It is home to the St Fagans National History Museum.

History
The name of the area invokes Saint Fagan, according to William of Malmesbury a second-century missionary to Wales but for whom there is no reliable historical evidence.

In 1648, the Battle of St Fagans took place close by.

Description
To the south lies the village of Michaelston-super-Ely, and to the east the suburb of Fairwater. The community includes Rhydlafar to the north. St Fagans lies on the River Ely, and previously had a railway station on the South Wales Main Line, and currently there is a level crossing.

The village is home to St Fagans National History Museum (formerly called the Welsh Folk Museum and the Museum of Welsh Life) which includes St Fagans Castle and gardens. St Mary's Church in the village dates from the 12th century, with an 18th-century tower. St Fagans Old Rectory is another important Grade II* listed building nearby.

St Fagans is home to St Fagans Cricket Club.

In 2017 construction started on a new Cardiff suburb of 7,000 houses, named Plasdwr, on countryside between St Fagans, Fairwater and Radyr.

Local government
St Fagans elects a community council of up to nine community councillors. The council is funded by a precept on local council tax bills and supports a number of local facilities and services. Elections are held every five years.

2017 Community Council Election
Six candidates stood for nine seats during the 2017 Cardiff Council election. All candidates were therefore elected unopposed, with three other seats filled through councillors being co-opted by members of the community council.

2022 Community Council Election
The next election is due to be held in May 2022.

title: St Fagans


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Grangetown

Grangetown may refer to:

 * Grangetown, Cardiff, a district and community in Wales
 * Grangetown (Cardiff electoral ward), a ward in Cardiff
 * Grangetown, North Yorkshire, Redcar and Cleveland, England
 * Grangetown, Tyne and Wear, Sunderland, England

title: Grangetown


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Louis MacNeice

Frederick Louis MacNeice (12 September 1907 – 3 September 1963) was an Irish poet, playwright and producer for the BBC. His poetry, which frequently explores themes of introspection, empiricism, and belonging, is considered to be among the greatest of twentieth century literature. Despite being renowned as a member of the Auden Group, he was also an independently successful (albeit occasionally overlooked) poet with an influential body of work, which is replete with themes ranging from faith to mortality. His body of work was appreciated by the public during his lifetime, due in part to his relaxed but socially and emotionally aware style. Never as overtly or simplistically political as some of his contemporaries, he expressed a humane opposition to totalitarianism as well as an acute awareness of his roots.

Ireland, 1907–1917
Louis MacNeice (known as Freddie until his teens, when he adopted his middle name) was born in Belfast, the youngest son of Rev. John Frederick and Elizabeth Margaret ("Lily") MacNeice. Both were originally from the west of Ireland. MacNeice's father, an Anglican clergyman, would go on to become a bishop in the Church of Ireland and his mother Elizabeth née Cleshan, from Ballymaconry, Connemara, County Galway, had been a schoolmistress. The family moved to Carrickfergus, County Antrim, soon after MacNeice's birth.

When MacNeice was six, his mother was admitted to a Dublin nursing home suffering from severe clinical depression and he did not see her again. She survived uterine cancer but died of tuberculosis in December 1914. MacNeice later described the cause of his mother's death as "obscure", and blamed his mother's cancer on his own difficult birth. His brother William, who had Down's syndrome, had been sent to live in an institution in Scotland during his mother's terminal illness. In 1917, his father remarried to Georgina Greer and MacNeice's sister Elizabeth was sent to board at a preparatory school at Sherborne, England. MacNeice joined her at Sherborne Preparatory School later in the year.

School, 1917–1926
MacNeice was generally happy at Sherborne, which gave an education concentrating on the Classics (Greek and Latin) and literature (including the memorising of poetry). He was an enthusiastic sportsman, something which continued when he moved to Marlborough College in 1921, having won a classical scholarship. Marlborough was a less happy place, with a hierarchical and sometimes cruel social structure, but MacNeice's interest in ancient literature and civilisation deepened and expanded to include Egyptian and Norse mythology. In 1922, he was invited to join Marlborough's secret 'Society of Amici' where he was a contemporary of John Betjeman and Anthony Blunt, forming a lifelong friendship with the latter. He also wrote poetry and essays for the school magazines. By the end of his time at the school, MacNeice was sharing a study with Blunt and also sharing his aesthetic tastes, though not his sexual ones; Blunt said MacNeice was "totally, irredeemably heterosexual". In November 1925, MacNeice was awarded a postmastership to Merton College, Oxford, and he left Marlborough in the summer of the following year. He left behind his birth name of Frederick, his accent and his father's faith, although he never lost a sense of his Irishness; (the BBC radio premiere of MacNeice's The Dark Tower in January 1946, was preceded by the poet's ten-minute introduction in his distinctive Ulster accent.)

Oxford, 1926–1930
It was during his first year as a student at Oxford that MacNeice first met W. H. Auden, who had gained a reputation as the university's foremost poet during the preceding year. Stephen Spender and Cecil Day-Lewis were already part of Auden's circle, but MacNeice's closest Oxford friends were John Hilton, Christopher Holme and Graham Shepard, who had been with him at Marlborough. MacNeice threw himself into the aesthetic culture, publishing poetry in literary magazines The Cherwell and Sir Galahad, organising candle-lit readings of Shelley and Marlowe, and visiting Paris with Hilton. Auden would become a lifelong friend who inspired MacNeice to take up poetry seriously.

In 1928 he was introduced to the Classics don John Beazley and his stepdaughter Mary Ezra. A year later he thought to soften the news that he had been arrested for drunkenness by telegraphing his father to say he was engaged to be married to Mary. John MacNeice (by now Archdeacon of Connor, and a Bishop a few years later) was horrified to discover his son was engaged to a Jew, while Ezra's family demanded assurances that Louis's brother's Down's syndrome was not hereditary. Amidst this turmoil MacNeice published four poems in Oxford Poetry, 1929 and his first undergraduate collection Blind Fireworks (1929). Published by Gollancz, the volume was dedicated to "Giovanna" (Mary's full name was Giovanna Marie Thérèse Babette). In 1930 the couple were married at Oxford Register Office, neither set of parents attending the ceremony. He was awarded a first-class degree in literae humaniores, and had already gained an appointment as Assistant Lecturer in Classics at the University of Birmingham.

Birmingham, 1930–1936
The newlyweds were found lodgings in Birmingham by E. R. Dodds (a Professor of Greek and MacNeice's future literary executor) and his wife Bet. Bet was a lecturer in the Department of English. The MacNeices lived in a former coachman's cottage in the grounds of a house in Selly Park belonging to another professor, Philip Sargant Florence. Birmingham was a very different university (and city) from Oxford, MacNeice was not a natural lecturer, and he found it difficult to write poetry. He turned instead to a semi-autobiographical novel, Roundabout Way, which was published in 1932 under the name of Louis Malone as he feared a novel by an academic would not be favourably reviewed. He felt that married life was not helping his poetry: "To write poems expressing doubt or melancholy, an anarchist conception of freedom or nostalgia for the open spaces (and these were the things that I wanted to express), seemed disloyal to Mariette. Instead I was disloyal to myself, wrote a novel which purported to be an idyll of domestic felicity. As we predicted, the novel was not well received."

The local Classical Association included George Augustus Auden, Professor of Public Health and father of W. H. Auden, and by 1932 MacNeice and Auden's Oxford acquaintance had turned into a close friendship. Auden knew many Marxists, and Blunt had also become a communist by this time, but MacNeice, although sympathetic to the left, was always sceptical of easy answers and "the armchair reformist". The Strings are False (written at the time of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) describes his wish for a change in society and even revolution, but also his intellectual opposition to Marxism and especially the communism embraced by many of his friends.

MacNeice started to write poetry again, and in January 1933 he and Auden led the first edition of Geoffrey Grigson's magazine New Verse. MacNeice also started sending poems to T. S. Eliot at around this time, and although Eliot did not feel that they merited Faber and Faber publishing a volume of poems, several were published in Eliot's journal The Criterion. On 15 May 1934, Louis and Mary's son Daniel John MacNeice was born. In September of that year, MacNeice travelled to Dublin with Dodds, who had republican sympathies, and met William Butler Yeats. Unsuccessful attempts at playwriting and another novel were followed in September 1935 by Poems, the first of his collections for Faber and Faber, who would remain his publishers. This helped establish MacNeice as one of the new poets of the 1930s.

In November, Mary left MacNeice and their infant son for a Russian-American graduate student called Charles Katzmann who had been staying with the family. MacNeice engaged a nurse to look after Dan, and his sister and stepmother also helped on occasion. In early 1936, Blunt and MacNeice visited Spain, shortly after the election of the Popular Front government. Auden and MacNeice travelled to Iceland in the summer of that year, which resulted in Letters from Iceland, a collection of poems, letters (some in verse) and essays. In October, MacNeice left Birmingham for a lecturing post in the Department of Greek at Bedford College for Women, part of the University of London.

London, 1936–1940
MacNeice was featured in two high-profile collections of modernist poetry of 1936. The Faber Book of Modern Verse, edited by young writer and critic Michael Roberts, printing MacNeice's '"An Eclogue for Christmas", "Sunday Morning", "Perseus", "The Creditor" and "Snow" towards the end of the roughly chronological book. In the book, MacNeice is set in amongst others of the new Auden Group, presenting a version of modernism in which Eliot is the star. MacNeice and his group were also featured in Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892–1935, edited by Yeats. This collection generally excluded American poets and was less well received critically, but instantaneously became a best-seller.

MacNeice moved into Geoffrey Grigson's former flat in Hampstead with Daniel and his nurse. His translation of Aeschylus's Agamemnon was published in late 1936, and produced by the Group Theatre. Shortly afterwards his divorce from Mary was finalised. They continued to write frequent affectionate letters to one another, although Mary married Katzmann shortly after the divorce.

MacNeice started an affair with Nancy Coldstream. Nancy was, like her husband Bill, a painter and a friend of Auden who had introduced the couple to MacNeice while they were in Birmingham. MacNeice and Nancy visited the Hebrides in 1937, which resulted in a book of prose and verse written by MacNeice with illustrations by Nancy, I Crossed the Minch. Nancy had painted a portrait of MacNeice.

August 1937 saw the appearance of Letters from Iceland (which had been finished by the two authors in MacNeice's London home the previous year), and towards the end of the year a play called Out of the Picture was published and produced by the Group Theatre. Music was written for the production by Benjamin Britten, as he had done previously for Agamemnon. In 1938, Faber and Faber published a second collection of poems, The Earth Compels, the Oxford University Press published Modern Poetry, and Nancy once again contributed illustrations to a book about London Zoo, called simply Zoo.

As the year – and his relationship with Nancy – drew to a close, he started work on Autumn Journal. By Christmas, Nancy was in love with Stephen Spender's brother Michael, whom she was later to marry, and at the end of the year MacNeice visited Barcelona shortly before the city fell to Franco. The poem was finished by February 1939, and published in May. It is widely viewed as MacNeice's masterpiece, recording his feelings as the Spanish Civil War raged and the United Kingdom headed towards war with Germany, as well as his personal concerns and reflections over the past decade.

During the Easter holiday that year, MacNeice made a brief lecture tour of various American universities, also meeting Mary and Charles Katzmann and giving a reading with Auden and Christopher Isherwood in New York attended by John Berryman, and at which Auden met Chester Kallman for the first time. MacNeice also met the writer Eleanor Clark in New York, and arranged to spend the next academic year on sabbatical so that he could be with her. A lectureship at Cornell University was organised, and in December 1939 MacNeice sailed for America, leaving his son in Ireland. Cornell proved a success but the relationship with Eleanor did not, and MacNeice was back in London by the end of 1940. Faber and Faber published Selected Poems in March 1940, which contained 20 poems drawn from Poems 1935, The Earth Compels and Autumn Journal. It went through six impressions by 1945. MacNeice worked as a freelance journalist (he had resigned from his lecturing position at Bedford College while in America) and was awaiting the publication of Plant and Phantom, which was dedicated to Clark (the previous year, the Cuala Press had published The Last Ditch, a limited edition containing some poems that would appear in the new volume). In early 1941, MacNeice was employed by the BBC.

War and after, 1941–1963
MacNeice's work for the BBC initially involved writing and producing radio programmes intended to build support for the US, and later Russia – cultural programmes emphasising links between the countries rather than outright propaganda. A critical work on W. B. Yeats (on which he had been working since the poet's death in 1939) was published early in 1941, as were Plant and Phantom and Poems 1925–1940 (an American anthology). At the end of the year, MacNeice started a relationship with Hedli Anderson and they were married in July 1942, three months after the death of his father. Brigid Corinna MacNeice (known by her second name like her parents, or as "Bimba") was born a year later. By the end of the war MacNeice had written well over sixty scripts for the BBC and a further collection of poems, Springboard. The radio play Christopher Columbus, produced in 1942 and later published as a book, featured music by William Walton, conducted by Adrian Boult, and starred Laurence Olivier. 1943's He Had a Date (loosely based on the life and death of MacNeice's friend Graham Shepard but also semi-autobiographical) was also published, as was The Dark Tower (1946, again with music by Britten). Dylan Thomas acted in some of MacNeice's plays during this period, and the two poets, both heavy drinkers, also became social companions. MacNeice narrated (and wrote poems for) the 1945 film Painted Boats.

In 1947, the BBC sent MacNeice to report on Indian independence and partition, and he continued to produce plays for the corporation, including a six-part radio adaptation of Goethe's Faust in 1949. 1948's collection of poems, Holes in the Sky, met with a less favourable reception than previous books. In 1950 he was given eighteen months' leave to become Director of the British Institute in Athens, run by the British Council. Patrick Leigh Fermor had previously been Deputy Director of the Institute, and he and his future wife, the Honourable Joan Elizabeth Rayner (née Eyres Monsell), became close friends of the MacNeices. Ten Burnt Offerings, poems written in Greece, were broadcast by the BBC in 1951 and published the following year. The family returned to England in August 1951, and Dan (who had been at an English boarding school) left for America in early 1952 to stay with his mother, to avoid national service. Dan would return to England in 1953, but went to live permanently with his mother after a legal battle with MacNeice.

In 1953, MacNeice wrote Autumn Sequel, a long autobiographical poem in terza rima, which critics compared unfavourably with Autumn Journal. The death of Dylan Thomas came partway through the writing of the poem, and MacNeice involved himself in memorials for the poet and attempts to raise money for his family. 1953 and 1954 brought lecture and performance tours of the USA (husband and wife would present an evening of song, monologue and poetry readings), and meetings with John Berryman (on the returning boat in 1953, and later in London) and Eleanor Clark (by now married to Robert Penn Warren). MacNeice travelled to Egypt in 1955 and Ghana in 1956 on lengthy assignments for the BBC. Another poorly received collection of poems, Visitations, was published in 1957, and the MacNeices bought a holiday home on the Isle of Wight from J. B. Priestley (an acquaintance since MacNeice's arrival in London twenty years earlier). However, the marriage was starting to become strained. MacNeice was drinking increasingly heavily, and having more or less serious affairs with other women. At this time MacNeice became increasingly independent of spirit, spending time with other writers, including Dominic Behan with whom he regularly drank to oblivion; the two men spent a particularly drunken night in the home of Cecil Woodham-Smith during a curious meeting in Ireland whilst Behan was working on assignment as a writer for Life magazine and MacNeice on assignment with the BBC. During the trip, which allegedly lasted some weeks, neither writer managed successfully to file their copy. MacNeice was awarded the CBE in the 1958 New Year's Honours list. A South African trip in 1959 was followed by the start of his final relationship, with the actress Mary Wimbush, who had performed in his plays since the forties. Hedli asked MacNeice to leave the family home in late 1960. In early 1961, Solstices was published, and in the middle of the year MacNeice became a half-time employee at the BBC, leaving him six months a year to work on his own projects. By this time he was "living on alcohol", and eating very little, but still writing (including a commissioned work on astrology, which he viewed as "hack-work"). In August 1963 he went caving in Yorkshire to gather sound effects for his final radio play, Persons from Porlock. Caught in a storm on the moors, he did not change out of his wet clothes until he was home in Hertfordshire. Bronchitis evolved into viral pneumonia, and he was admitted to hospital in London on 27 August, dying there on 3 September, aged 55.

His ashes were buried in Carrowdore churchyard in County Down, with his mother and maternal grandfather. His final book of poems, The Burning Perch, was published a few days after his funeral – Auden, who gave a reading at MacNeice's memorial service, described the poems of his last two years as "among his very best".

Influence
MacNeice wrote in the introduction to his Autumn Journal, "Poetry in my opinion must be honest before anything else and I refuse to be 'objective' or clear-cut at the cost of honesty." He has inspired many poets since his death, particularly those from Northern Ireland such as Paul Muldoon and Michael Longley. There has been a movement to reclaim him as an Irish writer rather than a satellite of Auden. Longley has edited two selections of his work, and Muldoon gives more space to MacNeice than to any other author in his Faber Book of Contemporary Irish Poetry, which covers the period from the death of W. B. Yeats until 1986. Muldoon and Derek Mahon have both written elegies for MacNeice, Mahon's coming after a pilgrimage to the poet's grave in the company of Longley and Seamus Heaney in 1965. At the time of MacNeice's death, John Berryman described him as "one of my best friends", and wrote an elegy in Dream Song #267.

Archive
Louis MacNeice's archive was established at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin in 1964, a year after MacNeice's death. The collection, largely coming from MacNeice's sister Elizabeth Nicholson, includes manuscripts of poetic and dramatic works, a large number of books, correspondence, and books from MacNeice's library.

Poetry collections

 * Blind Fireworks (1929, mainly considered by MacNeice to be juvenilia and excluded from the 1949 Collected Poems)
 * Poems (1935)
 * Letters from Iceland (1937, with W. H. Auden, poetry and prose)
 * The Earth Compels (1938)
 * Autumn Journal (1939)
 * The Last Ditch (1940)
 * Selected Poems (1940)
 * Plant and Phantom (1941)
 * Springboard (1944)
 * Prayer Before Birth (1944)
 * Holes in the Sky (1948)
 * Collected Poems, 1925–1948 (1949)
 * Ten Burnt Offerings (1952)
 * Autumn Sequel (1954)
 * Visitations (1957)
 * Solstices (1961)
 * The Burning Perch (1963)
 * Star-gazer (1963)
 * Selected Poems (1964, edited by W. H. Auden)
 * Collected Poems (1966, edited by E. R. Dodds)
 * Selected Poems (1988, edited by Michael Longley, redesigned and republished by Wake Forest University Press, 2009)
 * Collected Poems (2007, edited by Peter McDonald)

Plays
MacNeice also wrote several plays which were never produced, and many for the BBC which were never published.
 * The Agamemnon of Aeschylus (1936, translation)
 * Out of the Picture (1937)
 * Christopher Columbus (1944, radio) & performed, Brighton Dome (2002)
 * He Had a Date (1944, radio, not published separately)
 * The Dark Tower and other radio scripts (1947)
 * Goethe's Faust (1949, published 1951, a translation)
 *  The Mad Islands [1962] and The Administrator [1961] (1964, radio)
 * Persons from Porlock [1963] and other plays for radio (1969)
 * One for the Grave: a modern morality play [1958] (1968)
 * Selected Plays of Louis MacNeice, ed. Alan Heuser and Peter McDonald (1993)

Books (fiction)

 * Roundabout Way (1932, as "Louis Malone")
 * The Sixpence That Rolled Away (1956, for children)

Books (non-fiction)

 * I Crossed the Minch (1938, travel, prose and verse)
 * Modern Poetry: A Personal Essay (1938, criticism)
 * Zoo (1938)
 * The Poetry of W. B. Yeats (1941)
 * The Strings Are False (1941, published 1965, autobiography)
 * Meet the US Army (1943)
 * Astrology (1964)
 * Varieties of Parable (1965, criticism)
 * Selected Prose of Louis MacNeice, ed. Alan Heuser (1990)

title: Louis MacNeice


text:
Wikipedia:Recent additions 10

Did you know...

 * ...that the Battle of Tarawa at Tarawa Atoll was the first time in World War II that the American forces faced serious opposition in an amphibious landing?
 * ...that at the height of the Siege of Malta in the Mediterranean Theatre of World War II, food supplies were rationed to "three boiled sweets, half a sardine and a spoonful of jam a day"?
 * ...that Shuri Castle, designated a national treasures of Japan and used as a military headquarters during World War II, was shelled by U.S. Navy ships (including the USS Missouri) for three days, and is today a UNESCO World Heritage Site?
 * ...that Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe once said that "I am the only architect with whom I have never quarrelled" and was the designer of Big Ben?
 * ...that the Great Salad Oil Swindle was an infamous attempt at cornering the market?
 * ...that the political party at European level, an organization in the European Union eligible to receive EU funding, is recognized in the Maastricht Treaty and the draft European Constitution?
 * ...that the Frankfurt kitchen was the first built-in kitchen, and was designed with space efficiency in mind?
 * ...that the Pergamon Museum in Berlin hosts a reconstruction of a 113-m long sculptural frieze?
 * ...that dramatic structure has been diagrammed by both Aristotle and Gustav Freytag?
 * ...that SV40, a type of polyomavirus, replicates in the kidneys of monkeys without causing disease but causes sarcomas in hamsters?
 * ...that Ruffini's rule allows the rapid division of any polynomial by a binomial of the form x - r ?
 * ...that California's Owens River has been entirely diverted for irrigation and drinking water?
 * ...that the Communist League of America was formed after some members of the Communist Party USA were expelled for Trotskyism?
 * ...that Polish Communists forbade the use of Wymysorys shortly after World War II, and now only about 100 native speakers remain?
 * ...that the 1939 Battle of Halhin Gol between Soviet Red Army and Japanese Guandong Army soldiers in the village of Nomonhan is thought to have contributed to the Japanese decision to carry out the attack on Pearl Harbor?
 * ...that the Vietnam Women's Memorial in Washington, D.C. was designed by Glenna Goodacre, who also designed the Sacagawea dollar?
 * ...that there are many uses of trigonometry range from music theory to number theory?
 * ...that Dudley Pope wrote many of his books aboard a 54-foot wooden yacht?
 * ...that the tallest structure in California is a television antenna tower, while in Arizona it is a chimney?
 * ...that in his later years Dick Dastardly was often Yogi Bear's nemesis?
 * ...that the Snellen chart is used to measure visual acuity?
 * ...that a wrecking amendment is added to legislation in bad faith?
 * ...that the Honolulu Police Department became a deputized military force during World War II?
 * ...that a kammback is an aerodynamic drag-reducing car body styles?
 * ...that both Cliff Warner and Nina Cortlandt and Greg and Jenny Nelson are considered soap opera supercouples?
 * ...that while Tom Foley was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, he was not re-elected by his constituents?
 * ...that the California Gull is the state bird of Utah?
 * ...that the flags of the six Yugoslav Socialist Republics were the old flags of the constituent nations, with a red star added to represent communism?
 * ...that the United States Mint produced a half dime coin from 1792 until 1873?
 * ...that the Kármán line dividing the Earth's atmosphere and outer space is defined by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale as 100 km above mean sea level?
 * ...that feminist American magazine Ms. has not carried advertisements since 1989?
 * ...that the Brown Dog affair, a Edwardian-era vivisection cause célèbre, led to massive riots?
 * ...that the ideal cellular network has evenly distributed hexagonal cells?
 * ...that the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis was sparked by a Lee Teng-hui's visit to Cornell University in the New York?
 * ...that king Naresuan ruled Thailand at its greatest territorial extent?
 * ...that the Union Pacific Railroad still has offices in the historic Salt Lake City Union Pacific Depot?
 * ...that the Iliad and the Odyssey were just two parts of the eight-part Trojan War cycle of epic poems?
 * ...that automatic differentiation is a method for evaluating the derivative of a function at a given point?
 * ...that in Canada there were once eight districts of the Northwest Territories?
 * ...that Occidental Petroleum head Armand Hammer bought into Church and Dwight in order to hold a stake in their Arm and Hammer baking soda trademark, apparently finding humor in the coincidence of their names?
 * ...that Hurricane Audrey, which killed 390 in Louisiana in 1957, was one of the first hurricanes observed by weather radar?
 * ...that in linguistics, the La Spezia-Rimini Line separates eastern Romance languages from the western Romance languages using isoglosses?
 * ...that the dog called the Miniature Fox Terrier (or Mini Foxie) originated in Australia?
 * ...that the Great Basin tribes of North America began the Ghost Dance movement?
 * ...that "manscaping" is a neologism referring to the practice of men shaving their body hair?
 * ...that Jacaranda grows almost everywhere in the world that does not have frost?
 * ...that since the introduction of antivenin in 1956, only one person has died from the bite of the Australian redback spider, one of the venomous Widow spiders of the Latrodectus genus?
 * ...that the 1922 Ruhr Red Army uprising was a response to the Kapp Putsch?
 * ...that unplesant postoperative nausea and vomiting complications can be controlled in part using Ondansetron?
 * ...that the Royal Poinciana has been called the most colorful tree in the world?

title: Wikipedia:Recent additions 10


text:
Talk:Dave Weckl

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Untitled
Maybe "electric" is the correct english term, but the real name of the Chick Corea project is "Elektric band", as you can look on the home page of his official web site:

[www.chickcorea.com]

Ah, my fault, it was in lowercase so I didn't realize it was meant to be the official name for the band. Everyking 18:54, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Same image used for Vinnie Colaiuta article
The same image is used for the Vinnie Colaiuta article. I don't know what either drummer looks like, so I'll leave the fixing to someone else. --Skylights76 20:42, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Dave Weckl


text:
Talk:Trident

Untitled
What about the impossible figure 'Two-Pronged Trident'?

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Needs verification
I have removed the following sentence from the article:
 * It is also believed that the word "TRIDENT", is derived from 'TRIDANT' which in Hindi (an Indian language) means ' having 3 teeth '.

Can someone verify this? -- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:41, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

'tri' in Sanskrit means three and 'dant' means teeth ( again, Sanskrit. search for roots of 'dental' etc., ). So, literally, it makes sense. - Kumar. 13th March, 2006.

Every Lithuanian can verify this cause and Latin and Sanskrit are the remnants of old Lithuanian language. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.7.83.208 (talk) 02:11, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

Greek or Latin
I was always under the impression that the word "trident" was from Greek, not Latin.--Mr Fink 03:51, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Consulted my OED, comes from the Latin tridens, which in turns comes from the Latin tri-, a prefix indicating three, and dens, Latin for tooth. --82.36.172.64 20:35, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Trident versus Triforce
One statement in the article reads as follows: "In The Legend of Zelda, a video game franchise, the villain Ganon uses a trident called the Trident of Power. This is seen in The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures, and The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past." Slight misunderstanding. Ganon never uses a Trident called the Trident of Power. He uses The Triforce of Power, which is one of the three different Triforces. Since a trident would have nothing to do with Ganon, I'm omitting this statement. They do sound kind of similar, though. Happy editing! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.199.25.62 (talk) 23:24, 12 January 2007 (UTC).

What? Ganon uses a trident. He stole it in Four Swords Adventures. The article on Ganon has a sprite from ALttP of him holding the trident.65.6.209.183 05:07, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Why French?
Why is Trident said to be a French word meaning three teeth? The French for three is 'trois'. Who says the English word Trident comes from French and not direct from the Latin Tridentis? The Oxford Etymological Dictionary of English makes no mention of French mediation of this word in its passage to English.

89.168.30.127 20:22, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

I totally agree. It makes no sense, given than the word is probably older than the French language likely also connected to Sanskrit, either via Latin or not. If the introduction in the English language came from French there is need to quote some hard reference to it. Adding a citation needed tag.

Gabriele Dini Ciacci (talk) 12:45, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

In Popular Culture
The Popular Culture section is — to put it lightly — questionable. Not much in there is signifigant. 69.19.14.33 22:50, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

the hindu super god of destruction????? seriously lets try that line again

Satan & Pitchforks
I think it's resemblance to the pitchfork must also be mentioned within the body of the article itself since giggs are mentioned too. I would also like to read something about why Satan is almost always depicted holding such a tool. some historical data would be most appreciated. I tried to google it but no luck. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.229.236.247 (talk) 17:43, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Use by Jews for human sacrifice?
Left wondering what is meant where it reads:

"A fork Jewish priests (Kohanim) used to take their portions of offerings"

Could it be again written but clearer in meaning? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.1.69.20 (talk) 00:21, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

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Split suggestions to trishula
Contemplating moving the following details to Trishula, unless the named editors want to do so themselves.

--Kiyoweap (talk) 21:38, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Etymology. By
 * Thati Trishula By Suasysar.

Split to Trident of Poseidon
Probably will be moving the following attributable content to the more specific article, Trident of Poseidon.

 * "Earth Shaker" etc., by Wiseman75

--Kiyoweap (talk) 21:42, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trident


text:
Slide calculator

A slide calculator, also known as an Addiator after the best-known brand, is a mechanical calculator capable of addition and subtraction, once made by Addiator Gesellschaft of Berlin, Germany. Variants of it were manufactured from 1920 until 1982. The devices were made obsolete by the electronic calculator.

Design
The Addiator is composed of sheet-metal sliders inside a metal envelope, manipulated by a stylus, with an innovative carry mechanism, doing subtract ten, carry one with a simple stylus movement. Some types of Addiators can also handle negative numbers (with a complementary bottom window or by providing a subtraction mode on the back side of the device).

The Addiator also handles non-decimal measurements, like feet and inches, or pre-decimalization pounds, shillings, and pence. Addition and subtraction require different "screens", handled by turning the instrument over, or flipping a front panel, or, later, by extended sliders and an extra lower panel. Although not always advertised (e.g., the Magic Brain Calculator mentions "add, subtract, multiply" on its front plate), procedures exist for multiplication (by repeated addition or by individual digit multiplications) and division (e.g., by repeated subtraction, or use of additions combined with complementary numbers).

More expensive versions have a built-in slide rule on the back.

History
Sometime between 1666 and 1675, French polymath Claude Perrault invented the first slide calculator, called Abaque rhabdologique (a rabdological abacus), when he needed to do a lot of calculations while working as an architect.

About three decades later, around 1700 or shortly after, French businessman and amateur mathematician César Caze simplified Perrault's design and adapted it to counting money, getting a privilege (patent) in 1711. However, neither of these devices implemented a carry mechanism.

In 1845, German musician and amateur mechanic Heinrich Kummer, who was living in St. Petersburg, saw a mechanical calculator of a different design made by Hayyim Selig Slonimski, and in the next year borrowed the idea of its carry mechanism to greatly improve Caze's device, leading to the modern variant of the slide calculator.

Addiator
In 1889, Louis-Joseph Troncet successfully commercialized the Addiator, which became one of the most popular calculators of its kind, and the name is often used to refer to the type generally.

Addiators appeared in newspaper advertisements as early as 1921, listed at a price of GB£4 1921 in the Daily Record of Scotland. As of 1968, Addiators were advertised in American newspapers starting at $3.98 each.

title: Slide calculator


text:
Talk:Boston Terrier

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Why change year from 1870 to 1875 when source still says 1870?
The most recent change was changing the year of the first Boston Terrier sold from 1870 to 1875. However the source for that change still says 1870. So where is the source for 1875? https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/boston-terrier/#standard — Preceding unsigned comment added by Profpedia (talk • contribs) 23:41, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Traumnovelle (talk) 06:16, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

History section: Images
The history section don't show any historical image of the breed. I will suggest some images to add: Adventurous36 (talk) 19:39, 16 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I've added the second image to the article. Traumnovelle (talk) 06:04, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

Contradictory information.
In the second paragraph of the history section the weight for Judge and Gyp is given as 32lbs and 20lbs respectively, later on we are told the original Boston Terriers weighed up to 44lbs.

Whilst it is possible it's unlikely for dogs descended from a 32lb dog and 20lb bitch to end up producing 44lb dogs in just a few generations given breeders seemed to prefer the smaller size. Traumnovelle (talk) 06:07, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boston Terrier


text:
User talk:Westendgirl

Canadian wikipedians' notice board
Hi! Caught you via your comment on Talk:John Morgan (comedian). You should consider adding your name to and watching the fray at the Canadian wikipedians' notice board. Cheers! Samaritan 23:54, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

language tags
I saw on Category_talk:User_en-N that you are interested in learning how to use the language tags. Apparently, the system is described at Babel Yours, -- Jon Dowland 15:40, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If you want your language tags to appear stacked on the right side of your user page, add   to your user page.  -- Reinyday

Your name...
... has got a particular song stuck in my head... *grins* - UtherSRG (talk) 18:52, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Crohn's disease
I dont' know if you are still active but I just got active on the Crohn's article and saw your post about pregnancy. I think that it's a good idea to set up a title for pregnancy. There is a lot of information about it and I know a lot of people have questions about CD and pregnancy including the use of medications. If you are still active on Wikipedia, please drop me a comment on my talk page. Thanks, -- Crohnie Gal Talk  20:23, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi nice to hear from you. I'm sorry though, what information did I supply to help you talk to your dr about?  I have been working the article as my disease allows but I don't remember getting to pregnancy yet.  If you really want some info though about pregnancy, Crohn's and esp. medicine use go to [http//www.ccfa.org] I've been a member there since 2002 which is after diagnosis, and my first surgery, and learning about them.  They help me a lot about learning new things going on towards the help of Crohn's disease. Also, I've found this one  helpful. If I can help at all, please don't hesitate to either drop me a note on my talk page or even an email (my email is activated on my talk page).  Good luck with the new little one and enjoy.  I am begging already for grandchildren! :) -- Crohnie Gal  Talk  12:10, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi again, I worked on the article a bit yesterday. I put in a title about Crohn's and Pregnancy but I haven't gotten aroud to adding to it yet. I have to find the citations and then write it up. If you feel like it please join in at the article. I can use all the help I can get! :) Also, look at my comments about this on the talk page. -- Crohnie Gal  Talk  14:52, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Vancouver Meetup 2008
May 5, Benny's Bagels, see here. You show as a CWNB Vancouverite, hope to see you there! Franamax (talk) 05:59, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
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 * 1) James Mourilyan Tanner -

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Speedy deletion nomination of Patti Bacchus

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Nomination of Patti Bacchus for deletion
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A page you started (Oliver Bowen) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Oliver Bowen, Westendgirl!

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Speedy deletion nomination of Willace Bowen

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice to inform you that a tag has been placed on Willace Bowen requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, a "See also" section, book references, category tags, template tags, interwiki links, images, a rephrasing of the title, a question that should have been asked at the help or reference desks, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

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About adding biographies of Canadian women
Hello Westendgirl, thank you for your contributions. I am a contributor to the French version of Wikipedia and I just discovered that you recently created an article about Emma Gaudreau Casgrain that is unknown in Quebec. You also created the article about her husband, Henri-Edmond Casgrain, little known too. I will do the French version of these two biographies. I will also write that of Victoria Cartier that you created.

I also read that you are currently working on biographies of Canadian women and that you have a good command of French. Several of these biographies are not yet on the English version of the encyclopedia. I realized some of them for the French version that you could resume for the English version without having to do the research for the sources.

With articles on Harriet Brooks, Margaret Newton, Ursula Franklin, and Véronique Morin, who already exists for the English version, I wrote other biographies of Canadian women that could be included in the English version. Anne Marcotte, Cora Tsouflidou, Louise Champoux-Paillé and Renée Hudon among others. If you read French, you will see why I created their biographies. Since there are still a huge number of articles to be created for the French version, I do not have time to translate them for the English version. So help would be welcome! Regards.--Stefanos Stefanos (talk) 22:31, 18 February 2017 (UTC)Stefanos Stefanos Discussion utilisateur:Stefanos Stefanos|discuter

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KHII-TV

KHII-TV (channel 9) is a television station in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, serving the Hawaiian Islands as an affiliate of MyNetworkTV. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group alongside dual Fox affiliate/CW owned-and-operated station KHON-TV (channel 2). The two stations share studios at the Haiwaiki Tower in downtown Honolulu; KHII's main transmitter is located in Akupu, Hawaii.

Early history
KHII signed on the air on February 7, 1988, as KFVE, broadcasting on channel 5, as the final VHF station in the market. Originally, KFVE focused on low-budget programming such as Hawaii Five-O repeats. Later under the moniker "Hawaii is Watching us Grow", it focused on movies and syndicated fare, and by 1990 acquired programs from KMGT (channel 26, now KAAH) before its format switch to religious programming. As a small-time independent station, it had to rely on low-budget programming and Japanese television dramas (most of which were later carried on independent station KIKU, channel 20) through much of its early existence. That all changed in 1993 when another local station, KHNL (then a Fox affiliate owned by the Providence Journal Company), took over management of KFVE through a local marketing agreement (LMA). KFVE then merged its operations into KHNL's facility. It was the first such local market sharing organization in the country. After KHNL took over oversight of the station in the mid-1990s, coverage of University of Hawaii athletics moved over to KFVE, which rebranded as "The Home Team".

UPN and WB affiliations
On January 16, 1995, KFVE became a charter affiliate of UPN under the brand name "K-5 UPN Hawaii". On December 28, 1998, the station began carrying programming from The WB as a secondary affiliation. Previously, The WB was carried throughout Hawaii on KWHE (channel 14). KFVE was acquired outright by Raycom Media on December 31, 1999. Raycom had purchased KHNL and the LMA with KFVE from Belo Corporation two months earlier, but acquired KFVE's license as well after the FCC began permitting duopolies between television stations.

On September 2, 2002, KFVE dropped its affiliation with UPN and became a primary WB affiliate. The station rebranded itself as "K-5, The Home Team: Hawaii's WB", with the "Hawaii's WB" branding being used primarily during promotional advertisements for WB programming. In the Honolulu market, UPN programming moved to KHON-TV (channel 2) and KGMB (then on channel 9), which both carried secondary affiliations with the network from September 2002 to October 2004.

MyNetworkTV affiliation
On March 7, 2006, Raycom Media announced that KFVE would affiliate with MyNetworkTV as part of a group deal involving many of Raycom-owned affiliates of The WB and UPN (whose consolidation and shutdowns the following September resulted in the creation of The CW Television Network, which would affiliate in Hawaii with a digital subchannel of KHON-TV). KFVE officially joined MyNetworkTV on September 5, 2006, and did not air The WB's final two weeks of prime-time programming (though it continued to air WB daytime and Saturday morning programming until the end of the network's existence).

On January 15, 2009, DirecTV transferred KFVE from analog to its digital and high definition signals due to the analog shutdown. The HD feed of KFVE was pulled off DirecTV on January 16 for unknown reasons. A standard definition digital feed of the station was restored on the satellite provider on January 17. On February 29, 2012, KFVE's HD feed was restored on DirecTV.

On August 18, 2009, Raycom Media announced that it would enter into a shared services agreement with MCG Capital Corporation (owner of CBS affiliate KGMB), in which the operations of that station, KFVE and KHNL would be combined. The SSA also moved KFVE and its programming from virtual channel 5 to channel 9 under MCG ownership, while KGMB moved from 9 to 5 and fell under Raycom's ownership. The FCC only recognizes ownership of facility IDs and not station call signs or intellectual property, allowing MCG Capital to gain ownership of KFVE and Raycom ownership of KGMB during the swap. The overall viewership of KFVE, while on channel 5, fell outside the criteria (which restricts ownership of two stations in the same market to one of the four highest-rated stations and one not among the top four) that would have otherwise barred a duopoly between KHNL and KGMB if facility IDs were traded as well. The channel swap took effect with the SSA on October 26, 2009, as KFVE moved from 5 to 9 and changed its on-air branding from "K-5" to simply "KFVE" .As a result, KFVE now operates under KGMB's license. The two stations also swapped outer-island satellites. On November 20, 2013, MCG Capital filed to sell KFVE and its satellites to American Spirit Media, a company owned by Thomas B. Henson and a shared services duopoly partner with Raycom in several other markets, for $22 million.

Sale to Nexstar
On June 25, 2018, Atlanta-based Gray Television announced it had reached an agreement with Raycom to merge their respective broadcasting assets (consisting of Raycom's 63 existing owned-and/or-operated television stations, including KHNL and KGMB, and Gray's 93 television stations) under the former's corporate umbrella in a cash-and-stock merger transaction valued at $3.6 billion. Because Raycom operated three stations in the Honolulu market, the companies were required to sell either KHNL, KGMB or KFVE to another station owner in order to comply with FCC ownership rules.

On November 1, 2018, Irving, Texas–based Nexstar Media Group—which has owned Fox affiliate KHON-TV since January 2017—announced that it would acquire KFVE and the licenses of satellites KGMD-TV and KGMV from American Spirit Media for $6.5 million. Nexstar concurrently assumed the station's operations through a time brokerage agreement that took effect the day the transaction paperwork was filed with the FCC, under which Raycom forwarded the rights to certain managerial services involving KFVE – not counting certain other services to which Raycom would retain stewardship under the TBA – on a transitional basis. Under the deal, Nexstar also intends to integrate KFVE's operations into KHON's studio facilities at the Haiwaiki Tower on Piikoi and Waimanu Streets. However, Raycom will retain rights to the KFVE intellectual unit (call letters, syndicated and local programming), which will be shifted to a digital subchannel of either KHNL or KGMB as will KFVE-DT2's Bounce TV affiliation (which will be moved to KGMB-DT4); the KFVE calls will also be retained by Raycom for branding continuity. As such, Nexstar will likely assign new call letters to the channel 9 license as well as acquire programming to replace that being maintained by Raycom post-acquisition (which may include shifting the programming on KHON's CW-affiliated DT2 feed to the KFVE license, and/or the retention of the MyNetworkTV affiliation, which Raycom did not include in the KFVE intellectual property transaction.)

The sale of KFVE to Nexstar was approved by the FCC on December 17; the Gray-Raycom merger was approved three days later.

On January 17, 2019, Nexstar announced that it would relaunch the station as KHII-TV. The station would retain its MyNetworkTV affiliation and plans to continue its focus on bringing local programming to Hawaii. The rebranding and call sign change took place concurrent with the sale's completion on January 28. At the same time, KFVE's intellectual unit and syndicated programming, along with its Hawaii-centric specials, moved to the second digital subchannel of KHNL-DT2 (channel 13.2), and changed its cable channel position from Charter Spectrum 5/1005 to 22/1022. The HD feed of "K5" was temporarily exclusive to cable, because ever since its inception, KHNL-DT2 had been broadcast in 480i 4:3 standard definition. An equipment upgrade in early 2021 allowed for an upgrade of the subchannel to 720p 16:9 high definition; however, the KSIX-DT2 and KOGG-DT2 simulcasts of "K5" continue to be aired in standard definition.

Programming
KHII clears all MyNetworkTV programming, except for the occasional preemption in order to broadcast local sports or other special events. As the station (as KFVE) once did with UPN and WB programs, KHII will delay MyNetworkTV programming until the weekend in order to broadcast these sporting events. Because MyNetworkTV airs ten hours of programming per week, syndicated programming makes up a vast portion of KHII's weekday schedule, especially during the daytime. Until the 2009 channel swap, KFVE, unlike most affiliates, only used the MyNetworkTV logo to promote its programming in a similar way to WXSP-CA in Grand Rapids, Michigan, which uses the branding "The X" and a "MyNetworkTV WXSP" logo. KFVE's local logo was used at all other times such as when promoting sitcom repeats or news.

Movies are also a regular part of its weekend afternoon schedule; late night and early morning timeslots on KHII primarily feature infomercials. KHII was also home to the most complete and comprehensive college sports package in the country as the station showcased more than 100 University of Hawaii sports events annually. Sports covered on KFVE included football, men's and women's volleyball, men's and women's basketball, baseball, softball, and women's soccer. KFVE (since 1994) and sister station KHNL (from 1984 to 1993) had been the home of University of Hawaii sports in the islands for over two decades. KFVE broadcast home games in high definition beginning in August 2009 on pay-per-view, with Wahine Volleyball, Warrior Basketball and Warrior Football televised in HD. Events that were not aired on pay-per-view were broadcast in standard definition.

KFVE broadcast its last University of Hawaii sports event on May 15, 2011, with a baseball game against the San Jose State Spartans. In August 2011, Oceanic Cable began carrying University of Hawaii sports evening on a new regional sports network OC Sports Channel (which is carried on channel 12). In January 2012, KFVE broadcast two Pac-West Conference basketball games in HD, featuring Hawaii Pacific University as the home team in both contests.

KHII currently airs the MyNetworkTV prime time programming block from 8 to 10 p.m., instead of the usual scheduled time period of 7 to 9 p.m., which is reserved for local and syndicated programming (KHII airs a local newscast produced by KHON during the 7 p.m. hour).

In January 2015, KFVE added Korean dramas to its weekend lineup, airing Sundays from 2 to 5 p.m. They became the second station in Hawaii to feature Korean programming, after KBFD.

KFVE
On April 17, 1995, KHNL began producing a prime time newscast at 9 p.m. that was simulcast on KFVE; this newscast, by then a standalone program as KHNL dropped its 9 p.m. newscast after switching from Fox to NBC, was dropped on August 3, 1997. On October 18, 2004, KHNL began producing a prime time newscast for KFVE once more, this time airing exclusively on the station; KFVE was the only station in the market to carry its late evening newscast at 9 p.m. as Fox affiliate KHON-TV airs its late newscast at 10 p.m. However, KHON-TV added a 9 p.m. newscast in 2014. KHNL's production of KFVE's newscasts expanded on January 7, 2008, when the then-channel 5 began carrying an early evening newscast at 6:30 p.m. Later that year on December 22, KHNL began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition; KFVE's newscasts were included in the upgrade.

The shared services agreement resulted in the termination of all but four members of KHNL's on-air staff and all of the technicians for KHNL's morning show when its newsroom merged with KGMB and the two began simulcasting newscasts on October 26, 2009. KFVE maintains its 6:30 and 9 p.m. newscasts that it had prior to the formation of the SSA between KHNL and KGMB; however, the SSA resulted in the addition of an hour-long weekday morning newscast from 8 to 9 a.m., which airs in that timeslot and for only one hour due to KGMB continuing to run an hour-long extension of Hawaii News Now: Sunrise from 7 to 8 a.m. There are no simulcasts of any newscasts from either of its two major network sister stations.

KHII-TV
As part of the switch to KHII, on January 28, 2019, the station began airing a simulcast of KHON's morning newscast Wake Up 2day and an hour-long weeknight 7 p.m. newscast produced by KHON. Five days later, on February 2, KHII began simulcasting KHON's 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. weekend newscasts.

Notable current on-air staff

 * Augie T.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KHII-TV (as KFVE) discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on January 15, 2009, the date on which full-power television stations in Hawaii transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts (almost five months earlier than the June 12 transition date for stations on the U.S. mainland). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 23, using virtual channel 5. Following the channel swap with KGMB, the station's digital channel switched to UHF channel 22 and its virtual channel to 9.

Satellite stations
As with other major television stations in Hawaii, KHII operates satellite stations across the Hawaiian Islands to rebroadcast the station's programming outside of metropolitan Honolulu. The stations formerly served as KGMB satellite stations until the 2009 KGMB/KFVE facility swap, which resulted in both stations becoming satellites of KFVE. The 2019 purchase by Nexstar retained these stations as KHII satellites.

Notes:
 * 1. KGMD-TV used the call sign KHBC-TV from 1955 to 1965 and was KPUA-TV from 1965 to 1976.
 * 2. KGMV used the calls KMAU from its 1955 sign-on (and added the -TV suffix in 1956) to 1976; it was KGME-TV from April 12 to September 28, 1976.

title: KHII-TV


text:
Minister of the Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec

The Minister of the Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec (Ministre de l'Agence de développement économique du Canada pour les régions du Québec) is the member of the Cabinet of Canada who also serves as the chief executive of the Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec.

Prior to 2004, the portfolio was considered an add-on responsibility for a full Cabinet minister with other responsibilities, usually the Industry Minister. It was consequently termed the Minister responsible for the Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec.

Related regional development posts included Minister for the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency, Minister of the Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario and Minister of Western Economic Diversification.

The post was vacant since 2015, with the last minister to hold this post being Denis Lebel. The post was abolished in 2021, with the Minister responsible for the Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec portfolio being revived to take its place.

Ministers
Key:

{{legend||Liberal Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Conservative Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

Prior to 2004 and since 2021, responsibilities for this portfolio were handled by cabinet minister with another primary office, termed the Minister responsible for the Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec (List).