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User:HCA

I'm an assistant professor in biomechanics, specializing in animal locomotion. My prior work has focused on arboreal snake locomotion, sidewinding and power amplification in frog jumping.

On Wikipedia, I try to contribute specialized knowledge from my areas of expertise in what little spare time I have. I'll often add long blocks of text, entirely new pages, or perform major re-writes. I frequently forget references, or add them in incorrect formats, so anyone is encouraged to fill in those omissions (as I may simply forget to come back and add them). It should generally be assumed that I don't know the right formatting for just about anything, and am just here to perform "brain dumps" for the sake of spreading information.

Please bug me about fixes/re-writes I've said I'll do on various talk pages "when I'm less busy". Unless it makes it into my "to do" list, I'll probably forget (and possibly even then), and I would appreciate reminders, even if I can't act on them immediately.

I am also the creator of WikiProject_Organismal_Biomechanics

To Do List
Fix errors in Stretch_shortening_cycle Fix references in Arboreal locomotion Fix origins and insertions of erector spinae Add twitch and tetanus to muscle contraction Add either a flight section to bat or a whole bat flight page Muscle embryology very poorly laid out. Especially fix hypaxial and epaxial. Anatomy as a whole needs to be less human-centric. Hyoid is far, far too human-centric - major re-write. Crocodilian_armor Needs to be massively revised. May be stolen in whole from old book. Aquatic_adaptation is just terrible and needs a complete re-write. Merge Human_anatomical_terms and Anatomical_terms_of_location, with a massive/major re-write. Merge Leg and Limb_(anatomy) Continue revision of muscle and skeletal muscle Add entire page for On Growth & Form Add images to arciferal and firmisternal Merge Human anatomy, human body and body systems

Pages created or completely re-written

 * Ringer's_solution
 * in vitro muscle testing
 * Gait
 * Arboreal locomotion
 * Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles
 * Work Loop
 * Epaxial_and_hypaxial_muscles
 * Cranial_kinesis
 * Keel-bellied_Water_Snake
 * Apodeme
 * Slit_sensilla
 * Cuban_crocodile
 * Petrochirus_diogenes
 * Epibulus_insidiator
 * Buccal_pumping
 * Branchial_arch
 * Pedicellate_teeth
 * Pyramiding
 * Hemipenis
 * Blue tegu
 * Alula
 * Articular
 * Quadrate_bone
 * Quadratojugal
 * Angular
 * Splenial
 * Suprangular
 * Jugal
 * Rectilinear_locomotion
 * Concertina_movement
 * Caenophidia
 * Scolecophidians
 * Henophidians
 * Sidewinding
 * Keeled_scales
 * Homalopsinae
 * snake skull
 * Constriction
 * Corallus
 * Aspidelaps
 * Pelvic spur
 * Demosponge
 * Jenny_Haniver
 * Furcifer_labordi
 * Burmese_Pythons_in_Florida
 * Arciferal
 * Firmisternal
 * Robostrider
 * Chinese_Alligator
 * Bothrops_atrox
 * Echis_carinatus
 * Cerastes_cerastes
 * Burmese_Python
 * herp
 * Myoneme
 * Bioactive terrarium

Tools & References
Reference format tool using pubmed ID etc. []

Frequent references: Pough's herpetology text: Pough's vertebrate life text: Lieber's muscle text: Biewener's animal locomotion: Kardong's vertebrate anatomy text: McMahon's muscle text:

title: User:HCA


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List of Volkswagen Group platforms

The German automotive concern, Volkswagen Group has, since the 1970s, developed a series of shared automobile platforms for their motor vehicles.

Originally, these were identified using a simple alphanumeric system. The first letter prefix indicates the car classification or physical size (A, B, C or D - for 'traditional' cars); followed by a number to enumerate different generations of the same class. However, more recent platforms have formally departed from this convention, although the older alphanumeric codes continue to be used informally.

These platforms may be used by one or more marques of the Group.

Original system
Note that some designations in common use are ambiguous; i.e. in some cases the same platform designation is used for different models that do not share a common platform. An example would be the B6 designation - this is used to identify the 2001-2005 Audi A4 (and the related Audi S4), which uses a longitudinal engine and transmission placement with a pressed steel front subframe; however it is also used to identify the sixth-generation Volkswagen Passat, but this uses a transverse engine and transmission placement with a very different cast aluminium alloy front subframe.

Joint-venture platforms
Platforms developed by Volkswagen Group as joint ventures with other manufacturers have designations which do not conform to the above scheme. These include:

Current system
More recently, Volkswagen Group have introduced a new alphanumeric nomenclature for car platforms. The platform code is composed as follows:

 * A letter, P, indicating a passenger car platform
 * A letter indicating the configuration of the engine:
 * Q indicates a transverse engine (Quer in German)
 * L indicates a longitudinal engine (Längs in German)
 * A digit indicating the platform size or class
 * A digit indicating the generation or evolution

An additional + suffix indicates a long-wheelbase variant.

Modular component systems
In 2007, Volkswagen Group introduced a more flexible "modular component system" architecture on which to base future platforms. Four such component systems were planned: However, models developed from these modular component systems may also be identified by PL/PQ platform designations.

 * MQB: Modularer Querbaukasten, or "modular transverse component system", highly scalable platform for vehicles with a transverse-mounted combustion engine and front-wheel or all-wheel drive, developed by Volkswagen.
 * MLB: Modularer Längsbaukasten, or "modular longitudinal component system", predecessor of the PPC for vehicles with a longitudinally installed combustion engine and front or all-wheel drive in the mid and luxury class, developed by Audi.
 * PPC: Premium Platform Combustion, successor to the MLB for vehicles with a longitudinally installed hybridised combustion engine and front or all-wheel drive in the mid and luxury class, developed by Audi.
 * MSB: Modularer Standardantriebsbaukasten, or "modular standard drive train system", for vehicles with longitudinally mounted front engine and rear-wheel or all-wheel drive, developed by Porsche.
 * MMB: Modularer Mittelbaukasten, for mid-engined or rear-engined sports cars. Currently used by the Porsche 992 911 and the Porsche 982 718.
 * MSS: Modulare Aufhängungslösung, or "Modular Sports System", used for the Audi R8 and the Lamborghini Huracán.
 * MNB: Modulare Nutzfahrzeugbaukasten, for light commercial vehicles (VW Crafter/MAN TGE).

Electric car platforms

 * J1: J1 Platform underpins the Porsche Taycan and Audi e-tron GT. It is derived from the MSB platform.
 * MEB: Modularer Elektrobaukasten is an electric car platform developed by Volkswagen Group.
 * PPE: Premium Platform Electric for larger electric car models co-developed by Audi and Porsche.
 * SSP: Scalable Systems Platform is planned to be introduced in 2029.

Other
The first generation of the Volkswagen Amarok (2H) is based on a specially developed chassis, while the second generation (NF) is based on and utilises the T6.2 platform in cooperation with Ford and shares many of the same parts as the second-generation Ford Ranger (P703/RA).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Volkswagen Group platforms


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Macquarie Centre

Macquarie Centre is a shopping centre in the suburb of Macquarie Park in the Northern Sydney region of Sydney and is located opposite the main campus of Macquarie University.

Transport
The Metro North West Line offers frequent services to Macquarie University station directly next to Macquarie Centre with trains running from Tallawong to Chatswood.

Macquarie Centre has bus connections to the Sydney CBD, North Shore, Northern Sydney and Greater Western Sydney, as well as local surrounding suburbs. It is served by Busways, CDC NSW and Transit Systems. The majority of its bus services are located in Herring Road in front of the shopping centre's main entrance.

Macquarie Centre also has multi level car parks with 4,900 spaces.

History
In 1968, Grace Bros. purchased 16 acres of land in North Ryde with plans to build a $12 million shopping centre. Rival department store David Jones had shown interest in the area and developed plans with Hooker Investment Corporation (now LJ Hooker) to build their own shopping centre known as Garden City at Epping Road, Macquarie Park on what was industrial land. David Jones had difficulty seeking approval with the plans rejected by Ryde Municipal Council and they were forced to lodge their plans with the State Planning Authority. Garden City was designed by Donald Crone, one of the leading architects who had designed the Sydney Tower. The plans included 80 speciality stores, an office tower and a distribution centre which would replace the one at Alexandria. The initial development application made by Grace Bros was not approved by council and instead lodged with SPA which was later rejected. Grace Bros unturned submitted a further appeal with the support of three town planners. In 1969, Grace Bros purchased further land and by November 1969, the State Government approved the Grace Bros proposal while David Jones proposal on zoning grounds was rejected.

Throughout the 1970s, Grace Bros barely opened a store with the Macquarie store set to be their first full-line store in over a decade. Work began in March 1979 on the 9.4 hectare site adjoining the university when the AMP Society agreed to become the majority shareholder and provide greater share of the finance for the $80 million shopping centre.

Throughout the construction period, the centre had faced industrial disputes with the Industrial Commission awarding $24 over their awards in November 1979 as major site allowance. After further problems arose, workers were offered $1000 in shopping vouchers depending on their qualification level. Further disputes continued with the demand for an additional $40 a week increase which was rejected and by July 1981, only a third of the required workforce were on the job.

Macquarie Centre had originally planned to open in Easter 1981, however it was delayed to September and then delayed again to November. The delays had a devastating impact on small retailers who had stocked up for opening deadlines.

Macquarie Centre officially opened on 17 November 1981 by then premier of New South Wales Neville Wran. The centre featured an Olympic sized ice rink, Grace Bros (rebranded to Myer in 2004), Big W, Target, Woolworths and 130 speciality stores. Macquarie Centre was the third centre in Sydney to facilitate an "incline mall" design (after Westfield Burwood and Westfield Hurstville) and was built on a spiral staircase around the sundial water fountain. This meant that it is a gently-ascending grade and that the levels were connected via a system of ramps, stairs and escalators. Franklins Fresh was added to the centre in 1992 and was renamed to Franklins in 2001 and operated until its closure in 2012. The middle of the centre included a spiral atrium with interconnecting stairways called the "Rain Forest". In 1997 this area underwent a refurbishment, redoing the layout entirely and adding a sundial clock fountain, which was removed in 2015.

Macquarie Ice Rink is home to Sydney Bears and Sydney Ice Dogs ice hockey teams. The ice rink is used for ice skating, ice dance, speed skating and ice hockey. Macquarie Centre is the only shopping centre in Sydney to provide a full size Olympic rink (60m x 30m) with seating for approximately 2000 people. Macquarie Ice Rink was used for the 1991 World short track speed skating Championships.

There were plans for a cinema complex to open in the centre in 1981, however these plans had fallen through. It was not until September 1994 when the eight screen Greater Union multiplex and leisure precinct opened on the rooftop level.

In 2000, the 'Escape' and 'Loft' areas were opened, which included a major facelift in 1999 to the centre's entrances, extra parking and new retail stores. These included Borders (second store in Australia), BaySwiss, Dick Smith Powerhouse, Freedom and Wheel & Barrow. The Loft was designed as a home wares precinct. This development also included new food outlets and an expansion of the Greater Union cinema complex, from 8 to 16 cinemas. Greater Union was renamed to Event Cinemas in 2009.

In 2010, Fitness First opened on the space vacated by Freedom and JB Hi-Fi moved from the location on level 2 to the space vacated by Borders on level 4.

AMP Wholesale Shopping Centre Fund No. 2 wholly owns the centre after an ownership agreement was reached with former co-owner Westfield Management Limited in 2012.

Recent development
In late 2012, AMP Capital Shopping Centres began work on the $440 million redevelopment. Stage 1 of the redevelopment was completed on 17 July 2014 with the opening of Coles, Aldi and the fresh food market. Stage 2 of the redevelopment was completed in October 2014, adding an entire new wing to the existing centre.

Stage 2 consisted of: As a result, Macquarie Centre is now the largest Sydney suburban shopping centre. It is expected to reach $6 billion in spending by 2021, and can support trade for 337,770 people.
 * A full line David Jones
 * A new 2 level mall linking the new David Jones with the existing centre and Myer
 * Approximately 130 new retail stores (including Sydney's first H&M, Zara, Uniqlo and Sephora)
 * Additional 1,050 car spaces

Future
Plans for the $1 billion redevelopment which included towers have been given approval. The plans would include 1000 new apartments in four tower blocks, 5000m² of dedicated community space, including a library and public creative hub. The towers will range in height from 26 to 33 storeys, and adding another 2175 car parking spaces. A new station plaza between Macquarie University station and the centre is also part of the plan. The development will unfold in stages over several years and future applications will be developed. This mixed use development has been approved on 15 November 2016.

As part of Stage 2 planning being approved, it was announced on 16 January 2019 that Macquarie Ice Rink would close on 31 January 2020 for demolition to make way for the new retail and residential towers.

In February 2019, AMP Capital Shopping Centres, which owns Macquarie Centre, announced it had decided to preserve the ice rink. This was largely due to the large public outcry regarding the removal of the iconic rink.

Tenants
Macquarie Centre has 134,900m² of floor space. The major retailers include David Jones, Myer, Big W, Kmart, Aldi, Coles, Woolworths, Cotton On, H&M, Uniqlo, Zara, JB Hi-Fi, Rebel, Fitness First, Timezone, Strike Bowling Bar, Macquarie Ice Rink and Event Cinemas.

Incidents

 * On 5 June 2007, a 40-year-old woman was stabbed and a man had self-inflicted knife wounds after a domestic incident at the centre carpark. The man was later arrested after he allegedly drove at a police officer and crashed into a parked car as he attempted to leave the scene.
 * Between February and June 2017, 16 vehicles, including luxury cars, had an acid-like substance poured on them. The attack was believed to be racially motivated and a man has been charged.
 * On 3 July 2017, a police officer was kicked in the face by a group of youths causing him to fall and hit his head. Police were called to the scene after 10pm after a group of youths assaulted two security guards nearby. The 16 year old youth was later charged.
 * On 16 April 2018, a 13-year-old boy was bitten in the cheek during an attempted robbery at the centre at around 11:40am. He was walking with a friend when they were approached by two men, who threatened the boy and tried to steal his sneakers.
 * On 17 May 2018, a brawl erupted in the ice rink which involved the chairman of CBR Brave, who started arguing with players from Sydney Bears. The chairman poured beer down on one of the players before a member of the crowd threw a bin at him, sparking an all-in shoving match between the fans.

title: Macquarie Centre


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Talk:The Roaches

I found a page called Roaches, only one page linked there, so I borught some of the content over to here and merged it in.

title: Talk:The Roaches


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Relish

A relish (a pickle based ketchup condiment) is a cooked and pickled culinary dish made of chopped vegetables, fruits or herbs and is a food item typically used as a condiment to enhance a staple. Examples are chutneys and the North American relish, a pickled cucumber jam eaten with hot dogs. In North America, the word "relish" is frequently used to describe a single variety of finely chopped pickled cucumber relish, such as pickle, dill and sweet relishes.

Relish generally consists of discernible vegetable or fruit pieces in a sauce, although the sauce is subordinate in character to the vegetable or fruit pieces. Herbs may also be used, and some relishes, such as chermoula, are prepared entirely using herbs and spices. Relish can consist of a single type or a combination of vegetables and fruit, which may be coarsely or finely chopped; its texture will vary depending on the slicing style used for these solid ingredients, but generally a relish is not as smooth as a sauce-type condiment such as ketchup. Relish typically has a strong flavor that complements or adds to the primary food item with which it is served.

Varieties
This is a list of notable relishes.

 * Ajika
 * Ajvar
 * Achar
 * Atchara
 * Bostongurka
 * Biber salçası
 * Branston relish
 * Chakalaka
 * Chermoula
 * Chow-chow
 * Chrain
 * Chutney
 * Cranberry relish
 * Ćwikła – Polish beet relish
 * Dill relish
 * Doenjang
 * Gentleman's Relish – was invented in 1828 by John Osborn and contains spiced anchovy. It is traditionally spread sparingly atop unsalted butter on toast.
 * Giardiniera
 * Gochujang
 * India relish
 * Lecsó
 * Ljutenica
 * Kachumbari – common in East Africa
 * Kimchi relish – prepared using kimchi as a main ingredient
 * Kyopolou
 * Kuchela
 * Malidzano
 * Mango pickle
 * Mixed pickles
 * Mostarda – prepared as a relish, fruit pickle, fruit preserve or chutney
 * Muhammara
 * Matbucha
 * Pear relish
 * Pebre
 * Piccalilli
 * Pickled cucumber
 * Pico de gallo
 * Pinđur
 * Salsa
 * Sambal
 * Tapenade
 * Vinagrete

In the United States, the most common commercially available relishes are made from pickled cucumbers and are known in the food trade as pickle relishes. Pickle relish is one of the most commonly used spreads in the U.S. Two variants of this are hamburger relish (pickle relish in a ketchup base or sauce) and hot dog relish (pickle relish in a mustard base or sauce). Another readily available commercial relish in the U.S. is corn (maize) relish. Heinz, Vlasic, and Claussen are well known in the U.S. as producers of pickled cucumbers and pickle relishes. Chicago-style relish is a sweet pickle relish that is a standard ingredient on the Chicago-style hot dog. Pickle relish is an important ingredient in many varieties of the U.S. version of tartar sauce.

title: Relish


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Talk:Robert Mugabe/Archive 3

It seems to me that the long note on what to call Zimbabwe belongs in the Zimbabwe article, not here. RickK 05:20, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Mugabe is an asshole, and should be hanged for having deceived the people of Zimbabwe into believing that he was going to help 'liberate' them.

Kofi Annan is another example of a corrupt, authoritarian motherfucker. The UN in general has made liberating mid-Africa near-impossible--they have only served to further enslave a people who have for the past couple hundred years taken more crap than any other region on Earth. Khranus

 * Talk pages are to talk about articles, not about the subject of the articles. Your remark, being as POV as they are, will not help us writing a better article. Andre Engels 21:37, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes they will. 'NPOV' is about representing all opinions in a quasi-neutral manner.  Though this fanciful notion will probably never completely manifest--it at least, in essence, regards all opinions as worthy of representation.  Therefore this opinion should be in some way incorporated into the article.  I think I'll do so myself, albeit in a more 'NPOV' manner, as soon as I feel like it, along with more information, quotes, etc.  I knew a guy from Zimbabwe, personally, when I lived in the United States.  He hated Mugabe, and told me many horrific things about the harsh reality of that country.  Let's face it, the media isn't telling us the whole truth about that place. Khranus:.

I think I know where some of the controversy surrounding that comment came from--and I'd like to clear it up.

I agree with Mugabe's statements that the United States merely wants to create a corrupt colonial government in Iraq--that is obvious. However, Mugabe himself is also a corrupt, twisted leader. People have been taught to think in 'good guy, bad guy' terms, as they did so erroneously during WWII, but this is almost never the case. At the moment, we have a battle being fought between several 'bad guys'. Very very few 'good guys' have been represented--and next to none have any political power anymore. Both the UN and the Bush regime are illegitimate, fascist organisations, and neither deserve the support of the people. Both are anti-human. Khranus (for analogy, just look at Hitler vs. Stalin during WWII. both powers were horrifically corrupt.  both killed millions of civilians for political dissent.  both were illegitimate and neither deserved the support of the people.  The same situation with the Cold War.)

Part of Mugabe's error is his obvious racism. He doesn't believe in freedom for ALL people, he believes in freedom for Black people, and no one else. This was demonstrated when he had innocent farmers murdered merely because they were white. This guy is a black equivalent to Hitler--he's not a good guy. Khranus

- Khranus:

Users who understand proper encyclopedic standards don't give a damn about your personal opinions. Find a more productive thing to do on Wikipedia; or find a more suitable forum for mouthing off about African leaders, African political crises, and socio-economic problems.

Just as the structure of the agrarian economy was the underlying foundation of so many revolutionary upheavals in the twentieth century (e.g., Mexico, China, Cuba, Algeria, and Vietnam, etc.), it has been in Zimbabwe since the land issue erupted in recent years. In other historical articles on social and political conflict in agrarian societies, we present the roles played by the landed upper classes and the peasantry without engaging in moral judgments on the basis of a very different set of cultural values (i.e. Anglo-American ones). We examine the range of historical conditions under which either or both of these rural groups become important forces for change.

Wikipedia is striving to reach the standards of the respected encyclopedias and sourcebooks, and we will not achieve this if the discussions on talk pages degenerate into mouthing off with your ideological and polemical platitudes, slogans, and clichés. 172 10:57, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

-

"... Ian Smith illegally declared independence ... " - aren't all declarations of indepedence illegal? Discuss (somewhere else) - Hotlorp 02:13, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

---

The article is managing to stay reasonably NPOV, focusing on his anti-colonial role, as well as various interpretations of the recent troubles, but the recently added paragraphs are not well-conceived - reasons for each of the changes follow: Opposition to Mugabe comes from Western powers, internally, and a few African leaders, so the 'western-led' heading makes little sense. The argument that Mugabe responded to 'decades of pent-up frustration' is dealt-with more deeply in the paragraphs above. Calling Tutu and Kaunda, two of the most vocal African voices against apartheid, 'pro-western' is disingeneous, buying into Mugabe's deflections of all criticism as 'racist', and ignoring and suppressing African critics. The MDC is supported by both trade unions and white (ex)-landowners - categorising it as a western puppet is again a Mugabe charge to deflect criticism. The 'rich white' tag is Mugabe ignoring critics from the rest of the body. Greenman 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

---

172, please discuss your changes on Talk before reverting. It's not NPOV to call Mugabe a statesman and Kaunda a dictator. You cannot say Mugabe is 'responding to decades of pent-up frustration' and 'redistributing to indigenous Zimbabweans' when that's debated above in the same article. Also, the trade union opposition is some of the most vocal remaining internal opposition, so don't censor it out. And justify your 'pro-western' tag for all African opposition.

Greenman 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Um, 172 is, um, kind of sure of himself, and has an, um, interesting take on things. Read Kim Jong Il --Robert Merkel 02:35, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

---

Robert:

Make me into a staw man all you want. This doesn't bother me, so long as I'm really around to defend myself.

I will explain that "interesting take on things." It stems from sufficient training to forego your type of mindless moralism. I also avoid trapping myself in a provincial, particularistic "Kiplingesque" worldview. I do not assume that underlying conditions in a particular context (e.g., the level of economic development, political history, position in the international division of labor, institutional legacies, class stratification, sociocultural traditions, or other "structural" features) will not be major factors in either the onset or the outcome of historical processes.

I focus on structural constraints (administrative, cultural, economic, socio-political) that help explain long-run historical trajectories. Others, on the other hand, choose to personalize history, and chose an extreme voluntarism. Others choose to ramble on about how evil tip-pot dictators are to blame for everything. But this is an utter fantasy.

You accused me of being an "apologist" for Kim Jong Il. But in reality, I addressed how his regime is embedded in layers of constraints beyond his control, whether administrative, economic, international, or even climatic. In addition, from your standpoint, to explain anything in terms of security interests and strategic positioning (such as the DPRK's weapons proliferation), and not in an "evil" man's inherent drive to do evil things, is being an apologist.

Now, I do admit to letting my normative biases reach the surface from time to time on the Mugabe article. I wouldn't to this elsewhere, but I have to act as a counterweight to all the users ignorant of Africa's harsh realities. Everyone else has the tendency to view Mugabe from the vantage point of Western values and concerns (especially political liberties), while failing to understand the extreme importance of the land issue in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Greenman, on the other hand, brought some legitimate concerns. I stand behind the use of "pent up frustrations." I recommend researching the failure of the "willing buyer, willing seller plan." Then, you'd understand that we're dealing with forces beyond Mugabe's control. 172 05:29, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * If you want to argue with me on Kim Jong Il, might I suggest you do so on the appropriate page. Now that you've raised the issue again, I'll raise some specific parts of that article.--Robert Merkel 06:47, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Well, you should have placed that personal attack on the Kim Jong Il page in the first place. BTW, this is boring me. You seem to want to trap me into some little game of ideological attack and counter-attack, but I'm not really interested. 172 08:25, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Heh, "forces beyond Mugabe's control". No brutality so brutal that you can't come up with an excuse for it, eh? By that reasoning, you shouldn't be looking down on us ignorant Westerners for our "provincial" and "Kiplingesque" biases - it must be due to "forces beyond our control", and if, say, Leopold allowed terrible things in the Congo, it was also due to "forces beyond his control". Historical materialism is great! I can shoot someone whose car I want, and say "not my fault, it's just those darn harsh realities that made me do it."
 * Don't make an ass out of yourself. I said that socio-economic, international, and institutional factors explain forces can constrain the range of possibilities of agency (i.e. historical actors). I did not say that any of these "structures" or "forces" determine anything. The two extremes of determinism and replacement are not historically valid. You're only proving to me that you're an illiterate when it comes to these matters. 172 09:53, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I hope nobody's being fooled by 172; this is just a particular POV that he's been trying to push in all over the place. Check out History of the United States (1980-present) for an example of the hypocrisy - 172 added plenty of gratuitous little digs at Reagan as part of an effort to blame him for everything bad that happened in the 1980s (no "forces beyond his control" operating there, apparently). So much for 172's pretended NPOV! Stan 09:06, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

-- Yeah, and no historian or social theorist recognizes any changes in social and economic structures, social conflict, demographic trends, or ideological ferment as having, in any way, underpinned anything in history, right?

These "forces" are just the silly ideas of a bunch of Marxists, right? Prior to periods of upheaval, such as the English Civil War, the French Revolution, the Revolutions of 1848, the US Civil War, and the Chinese Revolution, everything was all well and good, and things were stable, right? It's just that had a bunch of silly agitators and evil men running around agitating things and blowing everything out of proportion, right?

Sigh. In the real world, I don't have to deal with this crap. 172 09:46, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * "Ass"? "Illiterate"? "Crap"? Use them first, you're the loser. But it's funny, I was reading not too long ago about how Teddy Roosevelt exploited his superior's absence at the Navy department one afternoon to make sure that the Spanish-American War went the way he wanted. Not exactly an impersonal force acting according to the dictates of the dialectic! Stan 17:47, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * What's your point? Do you have any relevant evidence suggesting that the land issue is a non-issue in Zimbabwe? 172 00:43, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I didn't say it was a non-issue. But Mugabe had the choice of heating it up or cooling it down, and he chose to heat it up. That was his free choice. It's the job of a leader to make those kinds of choices; something often not understood by people who've never held a leadership position themselves. Stan 06:42, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * The French Revolution may have had its Jacobians, but it was just and a historical necessity. The fair distribution of land in Zimbabwe is a just cause as well. This issue was swept under the rug for two decades. It's about time that many in Zimbabwe would no longer accept the concrete manifestations of white supremacy. 172 04:45, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Brutality and random murder is never "just and a historical necessity"; Gandhi, MLK, etc prove that nonviolence works too. It is the misfortune of the French not to have been blessed with a leader who could have changed the regime without engaging in a Reign of Terror. But I know you have a guilty conscience about Mugabe - if you really thought that all of his actions were just and necessary, you would have no problem describing them explicitly, instead you're editing out the details and using lots of weasel words. Stan 08:10, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Wrong. You fail this test. See your talk page. 172 15:04, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

In the meantime, we can stop criticizing the past military dictators of Latin America for being "brutal." After all, those Commie agitators were outta control -- it was a matter of historical necessity to smack 'em down. User:64.7.89.54 07:24, 16 Jul 2004

OK guys - time to cool off and tone things down. We are all here to make Wikipedia a better place - calling each other names will not do that. K? --mav 02:21, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)~
 * Actually, I don't think 172 is here to make WP a better place. I think he's here seeking personal validation - note how he always claims to want people's opinions about his writing, but then gets progressively defensive, rude, then abusive if the opinions aren't deferential and admiring. Stan 06:42, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Personal validation? That would be the case if I had a fetish for abuse. And BTW, I'm only going to reciprocate your own rudeness and hostility. 172 06:52, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * It does seem irrational that you keep trying. Stan 07:20, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Blah, blah, blah. If you're running out of material, check out Logical fallacy for some more debating tips. 172 07:30, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Both of you please stop it. How about taking a break from editing this and other articles that are causing you trouble and come after you clear your heads? --mav

"Professional historian" 172 can't seem to get his head out of his ass and realize that not everything is white colonial & corporate oppressors vs. Marxist revolutionaries who have to remove certain rights for the "greater good." Trey Stone 08:43, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Mugabe/Archive 3


text: User talk:83.16.201.146

title: User talk:83.16.201.146


text:
Talk:C plus plus struct

This article is way too big and broad. It's really enough to just list the differences to classes. What access levels are, how stack variables are introduced, how methods are called, and what method declarations look like should all be dealt with elsewhere. Also, calling C++ structs an "extension" of C structs is odd. I'm changing this now. - Eelis 21:58, 2005 May 21 (UTC)

-

I added this article because I always found the revelation C programmers learning C++ have when learning this is funny to watch. If anyone has anything interesting to add to the article, please do.

(I tweaked it to note that the difference in default access extends to bases as well as members -- James Dennett)

title: Talk:C plus plus struct


text:
Piccalilli

Piccalilli, or mustard pickle, is a British interpretation of South Asian pickles, a relish of chopped and pickled vegetables and spices. Regional recipes vary considerably.

Etymology
The Oxford English Dictionary traces the word to the middle of the 18th century when, in 1758, Hannah Glasse described how "to make Paco-Lilla, or India Pickle". An apparently earlier reference is in Anne Blencowe's Receipt Book, written c. 1694, which has "To Pickle Lila, an Indian Pickle" credited to Lord Kilmory.

The more familiar form of the word appears in 1769, in Elizabeth Raffald's The Experienced English Housekeeper, as "To make Indian pickle, or Piccalillo". Richard Briggs, in his 1788 The English Art of Cookery, similarly calls it "Picca Lillo". The spelling "piccalilli" can be seen in an advertisement in a 1799 edition of The Times.

British piccalilli

British piccalilli regularly contains the common vegetables: cauliflower, onion, shallot, runner bean, carrot, courgette and gherkin, with the seasonings: flour, vinegar, ginger, garlic, coriander, mustard powder and turmeric.

Available from major British supermarkets, more finely chopped, is "sandwich piccalilli". It is used as an accompaniment to foods such as sausages, bacon, eggs, toast, cheese, and tomatoes. It is eaten as a relish with cold meats such as ham and brawn, and with a ploughman's lunch.

It is usually made in the autumn, when pickling onions become available. As well as being a commercial product, piccalilli is a mainstay of Women's Institute and farmhouse product stalls.

Cypriot piccalilli
An unsweetened variation of British piccalilli is found in Cyprus (including northern Cyprus). It is without baby onions, with a milder mustard sauce, and with the addition of carrot pieces. Piccalilli is known in Cyprus as πίκλα (pikla) in Cypriot Greek, and bikla in Cypriot Turkish. It is served as a condiment, and occasionally as a meze dish.

American piccalilli
In the Northeastern United States, commercial piccalillis are made with a base of sweet peppers or green tomatoes. This style is somewhat similar to sweet pepper relish, with the piccalilli being distinguished by having a darker red or green color and, like British piccalilli, the chunks are larger and it is slightly sweeter. It is commonly used as a topping on such foods as hamburgers and hot dogs. British-style, yellow, piccalilli is also available.

In the Midwestern United States, commercial piccalillis are based on finely chopped gherkins. Bright green and on the sweet side, they are often used as a condiment for Chicago-style hot dogs. This style is sometimes called "neon relish".

In the Southern United States, piccalilli is not commonly served. In its place, chow-chow, a relish with a base of chopped green (unripe) tomatoes, is offered. This relish may also include onions, bell peppers, cabbage, green beans, and other vegetables. While not similar to other piccalillis, chow-chow is often called as such and the terms may be used interchangeably.

In the Western United States, piccalilli is uncommon.

Surinamese piccalilli
A far spicier variant of piccalilli comes from the former Dutch colony of Suriname, where traditional British piccalilli is mixed with a sambal made of garlic and yellow Madame Jeanette peppers. This piccalilli is often homemade but can also be bought in jars in Dutch corner shops. Whilst Surinamese piccalilli is similar in appearance to ordinary piccalilli, the taste is much spicier.

Media references
As a term for a mixed collection, piccalilli lends its name to several books of poems, for example, Piccalilli: A Mixture, by Gilbert Percy (1862), and Dilly Dilly Piccalilli: Poems for the Very Young (1989), by Myra Cohn Livingston. Mr Piccalilli is the name of a character in the children's book Mr Pod and Mr Piccalilli (2005), by Penny Dolan.

The song "Lily the Pink", recorded in 1968 by UK comedy group The Scaffold, includes a humorous reference to piccalilli when describing Lily's eventual demise, in the lyric "...and despite her medicinal compound, sadly Picca-Lily died". The song was based on an earlier folk song "the Ballad of Lydia Pinkham", which celebrated a herbal remedy invented by the eponymous heroine, marketed from 1876 as "Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound". The connection between piccalilli and the vegetable compound is in name only, as the recipes differ completely.

title: Piccalilli


text:
Nagewadi

Nagewadi is a small village in Tasgaon tahsil of Sangli district (Maharashtra). This village is easily accessible from Miraj-Pandharpur state highway just about 6 km away.

title: Nagewadi


text:
80 Air Navigation School SAAF

80 Air Navigation School is a unit of the South African Air Force. It is currently an aerial navigation, maritime operations and maritime survival school.

 * Historic aircraft flown: Lockheed Ventura, various on loan
 * Current aircraft flown: None (the school loans the C-47TP, Cessna Caravan and PC-7 Mk.II Astra from other units as required)

title: 80 Air Navigation School SAAF


text:
Category:Indian cuisine

Indian cuisine is a general term for various regional cuisines of the Indian subcontinent.

title: Category:Indian cuisine


text:
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) is a nonprofit research university in Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Established in 1963 by King Saud bin Abdulalziz as the College of Petroleum and Minerals, it is ranked among the most prestigious academic institutions in Saudi Arabia.

Founded near the earliest local oil fields in response to the booming energy industry of Saudi Arabia, the University has adopted advanced training in the fields of science, engineering, and management as one of its goals in order to promote leadership and service in the Kingdom’s petroleum and mineral industries. The university ranks 5th and 8th globally in petroleum and mineral & mining engineering according to the QS subject rankings, respectively. As of 2024, the university has been ranked 4th globally by the National Academy of Inventors (NAI), first globally in the Student Unmanned Aerial Systems Ranking (SUAS), and first in the Middle East & North Africa (MENA) region according to the QS Ranking.

History
KFUPM is a premier university in Saudi Arabia, the Middle East, and North Africa regions. KFUPM was established on September 23, 1963, by a Saudi royal decree as the College of Petroleum and Minerals, to provide high-level education in the academic fields of petroleum and minerals, two of the most valuable natural resources in Saudi Arabia.

The first students were admitted on September 23, 1964, when 67 young men enrolled in what was then named the College of Petroleum and Minerals (CPM). The original campus was designed by CRS Design Associates, architects and engineers of Houston, Texas. The college was elevated to university status in 1975 when it expanded its academic offerings in science, engineering, technology, business, and management. In 1984 the Program of Industrial and Systems Engineering was first introduced. The university was renamed after King Fahd in 1986. Since that time, enrollment has grown to over 10,000 students by the 2021 academic year and has graduated more than 39,000 students since its inception.

In 2019 the university put in place a transformation plan whose primary goal is to support the transformation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from a natural resource monetizing economy primarily focused on oil and gas resources, into a diversified knowledge economy, to position the Kingdom as an active participant of the new global digital economy.

Part of this transformation plan presents an important milestone in the history of the university with the inclusion of female students in the engineering and technical academic programs. In 2019 male and female students were equally accepted into new postgraduate programs for the first time in the history of the university, and in 2021 admissions started for female students at the undergraduate level on a merit basis. This step will open the engineering fields for women in the Kingdom and enable their effective participation in all sectors of the new modern economy.

Academic programs
KFUPM degree offerings include Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, Master of Engineering, Master of Business Administration, and Doctor of Philosophy.

The university's widely renowned academic programs are focused on engineering, sciences, computer sciences, business, management, and are accredited by international bodies such as ABET, AACSB, as well as the national accrediting body NCAAA.

Since 2020 the university has introduced present-day and relevant features in the academic programs through undergraduate concentrations (CX) and professional masters (MX) that are designed to be multidisciplinary with a focus on the digital economy and emerging fields. All academic programs are offered with a digital foundation and recently there were introduced 38 undergraduate concentrations (CX), 32 one-year master's degrees, and 20 interdisciplinary research centers.

Innovative learning
The 35 undergraduate degrees were revised to meet the demands of the job market by including the study of modern programming languages, data science, big data analysis, artificial intelligence, machine learning, business, and entrepreneurship. Every discipline starts with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and then branches into specific fields. This prepares the students with a common language heavily based on Artificial Intelligence satisfying the needs of highly skilled work requirements in this discipline.

Additionally, KFUPM is launching an effort to migrate some of its courses into more modern instructional methods, such as inquiry-based learning (IBL), where research on the topics is encouraged to enhance the class time with discussions, debates, and questions and answers. This will transform the academic delivery from classical lecturing, which can lead to minimal retention by students, into more student engagement and participation during class.

To prepare students to make meaningful contributions and to tackle the challenges of society, KFUPM's 38 undergraduate concentrations (CX) where the students not only earn a major in a certain discipline but can choose to add a degree of specialization in an area of their interest. Some of the concentrations offered are in high demand and have been very well received by the industry through several sponsorships. A few examples of these concentrations are Hydrogen Mobility, Renewable Energy and Energy Storage, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Business Analytics, Robotics and Autonomous Systems, just to name a few.

KFUPM offers 32 one-year professional master's degrees (MX) to better prepare the professional segment of the economy in a variety of fields like Artificial Intelligence, Supply Chain Management, Quantum Computing, Smart and Sustainable Cities, etc. These one-year programs provide valuable professional development skills to professionals and entrepreneurs already working in the industry to make significant contributions to the advancement, effectiveness, and productivity of their organizations.

Admissions
KFUPM is a merit-based admissions academic institution. With an acceptance rate of 4% (2023), it is considered to be one of the most coveted universities in Saudi Arabia, recruiting roughly the top 2% of the national talent based on admission criteria that include performance on the nationwide aptitude tests to ensure the acceptance of the most promising students.

The university has accelerated the admission process of female students since 2019 as both male and female students were equally accepted into the new master's degree programs for the first time in the university's history. Starting from 2021, KFUPM is opening admissions for female students at the undergraduate level for the 2021/2022 academic year, marking an important milestone in the university's history since until now it was an institution exclusively open to male students.

KFUPM is improving the quality of the student intake by attracting the most outstanding high school graduates by introducing an early admissions system and accepting winners in international scientific Olympiad competitions. The progression of students in the first year has been accelerated by developing programs to bypass the preparatory year (SkipPrep).

Rankings
KFUPM was named the top university in the Arab Region as per the QS University Rankings for 2015 and 2016. In 2022 it was ranked the third university in the region.

Since the KFUPM transformation phase started in 2019, the university's rankings have seen a steady rise. According to the QS World University Rankings, KFUPM is placed among the top 200 universities in the world at the 163rd position.

Accreditation
All programs of the engineering colleges were evaluated for "Substantial-Equivalency" recognition by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). They were found substantially equivalent to similar accredited programs in the United States. All Business & Management related programs offered by KFUPM Business School (including its flagship Master of Business Administration) are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). KFUPM is a member of AACSB since 1975 and it is among the first few schools outside the US to get this prestigious recognition. KFUPM is also accredited by the national accrediting body NCAAA.

Colleges
KFUPM undergraduate and graduate programs are divided into seven colleges. As part of the university's recent transformational initiatives, all colleges recently underwent a complete restructuring to encourage collaboration among disciplines, and encourage cross-discipline research.
 * College of Engineering and Physics
 * College of Computing and Mathematics
 * College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences
 * College of Chemicals and Materials
 * College of Design and Built Environment
 * KFUPM Business School
 * College of General Studies

In addition, Dammam Community College is under the auspices of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals as a fully approved academic entity by the Minister of Higher Education.

Leadership
The current president of KFUPM is Muhammad M. Al-Saggaf.

Previous rectors (heads of institution) of KFUPM

 * Dr. Sahel N. Abduljauwad (acting)
 * H.E. Dr. Khaled S. Al-Sultan
 * H.E. Dr. Abdulaziz Al Dukhayyil
 * H.E. Dr. Bakr Bin Bakr
 * Dr. Saleh Ambah

King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals organized the international advisory board (IAB) in March 2007. The IAB is composed of senior academic and corporate executives.

IAB members

 * Martin C. Jischke: Chairman international advisory board, president emeritus, Purdue University, Indiana, United States
 * Khalid A. Al-Falih: Vice chairman International Advisory Board, chief executive officer, Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco), Saudi Arabia
 * Khaled S. Al-Sultan: Ex-Rector of KFUPM and president of King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy
 * Andrew Gould: chairman and chief executive officer, Schlumberger Limited, U.S.
 * Shih Choon Fong: president of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; former president of the National University of Singapore, Singapore
 * Mohamed Al-Mady: vice chairman and chief executive officer, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, Saudi Arabia
 * John Etchemendy: provost of Stanford University, California, U.S.
 * Hugo F. Sonnenschein: president emeritus and Adam Smith Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
 * John G. Rice: vice chairman, General Electric and president and chief executive officer of GE Technology Infrastructure, U.S.
 * Charles Elachi: director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), located in Pasadena, California.
 * Olivier Appert: chairman and chief executive officer Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP), France
 * Nam Pyo Suh: president of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), South Korea
 * Wolfgang A. Herrmann: president, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
 * Henry Rosovsky: Lewis P and Linda L Geyser University Professor, Emeritus at Harvard University, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * Samir A. Al Baiyat: Secretary of International Advisory Board, and manager of Research & Innovation Support at KFUPM

King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Science Park
Generally referred to as the KASP, the science park was established in 2002 and is located on a 35-hectare site north of the KFUPM campus. The park is closely integrated with the university. With its proximity to the science and engineering colleges, KASP provides interaction between tenant firms and their personnel and university scientists and engineers. At present, Schlumberger, Ciba, Yokogawa, Honeywell, UOP, Baker Hughes and JCCP have joined the park.

AMAAD Business Park
AMAAD is a mega real estate investment project of KFUPM Endowment and it converges the resources and experiences of the most prominent establishments in the kingdom to foster innovation through an energy and engineering hub spread across an area of 214,000 sqm in Dhahran. The park is designed to meet the demands of modern society that features a simple yet luxurious lifestyle for offices, residential, hospitality, as well as F&B and retail.

Consulting Services Center
The Consulting Services Center facilitate the consulting services for the university faculty to serve the industrial community in Saudi Arabia which contributes to their professional development and helps the outside community to resolve problems that require high intellectual and technological background.

Technology Business Incubator
The Technology Business Incubator provides a set of logistical, strategic, and operational support for start-up Saudi technology companies and entrepreneurs.

Liaison office
The Liaison Office is a point of contact with the industry/business.

Sultan bin AbdulAziz Science & Technology Center (SciTech)
The center is at the corniche of nearby Khobar city on 21,700 m2. The buildings area is 14,100 m2. It consists of seven main show halls, dealing with different sciences and technologies. There are more than 350 scientific exhibited pieces and the IMAX scientific dome, the Astronomic Observatory, Educational Unit, Conference Hall, Temporary Exhibitions Hall and Administrative and Services Facilities.

Research innovation
The Research Institute (RI) has 16 research centers and is looking to expand into 20 centers in the coming year. Spanning engineering research, environment and water, refining and petrochemicals, communications and IT, economics, and management systems. KFUPM has introduced new inter-disciplinary research centers bringing together faculty members, researchers, and students in exciting topics such as advanced materials, intelligent manufacturing, robotics, security, smart mobility and logistics, hydrogen and energy storage. The Research Institute has produced hundreds of research reports for industrial and government sponsors. King Fahd university offers different scholarships for international students to support the needy students. These scholarships cover all tuition fee, living cost and monthly expenses along with other privilege's.

Dhahran Techno Valley

The Dhahran Techno Valley Holding Company (DTVC) is a subsidiary company fully owned by KFUPM. It was created to promote a knowledge-based economy in Dhahran and the Eastern Province. It is a hub for entrepreneurship and a launchpad for innovators from within and outside KFUPM. The ecosystem includes KFUPM and national companies like Saudi Aramco, SABIC, Saudi Electricity Company, technology partners, small to medium size companies, and multiple startups.

The mission of the Dhahran Techno Valley Holding Company is to foster an environment for innovation and collaboration by attracting and supporting industry players focused on creating innovative technologies and adding value to its stakeholders.

DTVC also plays an important part in revitalizing the role of entrepreneurship in the research system by rejuvenating and encouraging a spirit of developing new business opportunities for faculty, students, and stakeholders from outside the university.

President
The president is the head of the institution and the university's chief academic and executive officer. The current president of KFUPM is Muhammad M. Al-Saggaf.

Previous presidents:
 * Dr. Sahel N. Abduljauwad (acting)
 * H.E. Dr. Khaled S. Al-Sultan
 * H.E. Dr. Abdulaziz Al Dukhayyil
 * H.E. Dr. Bakr Bin Bakr
 * Dr. Saleh Ambah

International advisory board (IAB)
The international advisory board (IAB) of King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals provides KFUPM's senior management with a global perspective on trends and issues that may affect the university. Since its establishment in March 2007, the IAB membership has included renowned academics and some of the most influential local and international corporate figures. Dr. Martin Jischke, president emeritus of Purdue University, continues to serve as chairman of the board.

IAB members discuss a wide variety of topics related to the university and have been very effective in guiding the university's academic programs, research activities, faculty recruitment, outreach to peer institutions, and others. The IAB has guided the development of action plans and specific strategies on key educational and research areas of national interest.

The current IAB Members are as follows:
 * Martin C. Jischke: chairman international advisory board, president emeritus, Purdue University, Indiana, United States.
 * Amin H. Nasser: vice-chairman international advisory board, president and CEO, Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia.
 * Muhammad M. Al-Saggaf: president, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia.
 * Charles Elachi: director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, California.
 * Abdulaziz Saleh Aljarbou: chairman, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), Saudi Arabia.
 * Seifi Ghasemi: chairman, president, and CEO Air Products, United States.
 * Paal Kibsgaard: CEO of Katerra Menlo Park, California.
 * Suh Nam-pyo: president of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), South Korea.
 * Tony F. Chan: president of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (Kaust), Saudi Arabia.
 * Samir A. Al Baiyat: secretary-general of international advisory board, and director of the Office of International Cooperation, KFUPM, Saudi Arabia.

Former IAB Members
 * Abdallah S. Jum'ah: former vice chairman of international advisory board, former president and CEO [Saudi Aramco], Saudi Arabia.
 * Tony Meggs: former group vice president – technology BP, London, England
 * Kazuo Oike: former president of Kyoto University, Japan.
 * David J. O’Reilly: chairman and chief executive officer, Chevron Corporation, U.S.
 * G. Wayne Clough: secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, U.S.
 * Shih Choon Fong: president of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; former president of the National University of Singapore, Singapore.
 * Wolfgang A. Herrmann: president, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany.
 * Henry Rosovsky: Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser, professor emeritus at Harvard University, Massachusetts, United States.
 * Robert J. Birgeneau: chancellor, University of California, Berkeley, United States.
 * Andrew Gould: non-executive chairman of the board, BG Group, England
 * John Etchemendy: provost of Stanford University, California, U.S.
 * Khalid A. Al-Falih: chief executive officer of Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia.
 * Mohamed Al-Mady: vice-chairman and chief executive officer, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, Saudi Arabia.
 * Olivier Appert: chairman and chief executive officer Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP), France.
 * Joe Saddi: vice chairman, Booz & Company, U.S.
 * Khaled S. Al-Sultan: ex-rector of KFUPM and president of King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (K.A.CARE).
 * Yousef Abdullah Al-Benyan: vice-chairman and CEO, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), Saudi Arabia.
 * Didier Houssin: chairman and CEO, IFP Energies Nouvelles (IFPEN), Paris, France
 * George P. "Bud" Peterson: president, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States.
 * John G. Rice: vice-chairman, General Electric and president and chief executive officer of GE Technology Infrastructure, United States.
 * Jean-Lou Chameau: president, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia
 * Hugo F. Sonnenschein: president emeritus and Adam Smith Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States.
 * Khattab G. Al-Hinai: former secretary-general of international advisory board.
 * Muhammad A. Al-Arfaj: former secretary-general of international advisory board.

Entrepreneurship
Since 2010, the mission of the Entrepreneurship Institute is to encourage and advance the development of an innovative and entrepreneurial ecosystem in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by providing education, training, and research. The institute also provides access to physical space and professional resources to students, faculty members, and entrepreneurs for the inception and growth of high potential startups.

Government and public service

 * Abdulaziz bin Salman, Minister of Energy (BSc and MBA, in industrial administration, '85)
 * Abdullah Abdulrahman Almogbel, former minister of transport and mayor of Riyadh
 * Abdulaziz bin Majid, former governor of Al Medina Al Monawwarah.
 * Bandar bin Khalid Al Faisal, former chairman of Sama Airlines and member of Arab Thought Foundation Board of Trustees (BSc, Computer Science, '88)
 * Saud bin Khalid Al Faisal, deputy governor of Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority and president of National Competitiveness Center(NCC) (BSc, Finance '01)
 * Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, was President of Iraq under the Iraqi Interim Government after the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
 * Fahd bin Abdul Rahman Balghunaim, former Saudi minister of agriculture (BSc, Civil Engineering, '75).
 * Abdullatif bin Ahmed Al Othman, former governor of Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority and former senior vice president of finance Saudi Aramco (BSc, Civil Engineering, '79).
 * Ahmed Alsuwaiyan, was appointed Governor and board member of the Digital Government Authority (DGA) in May 2021.

Academics

 * Khaled S. Al-Sultan: former Rector of KFUPM, former Dean of the college of Computer Systems and Engineering, former Chair of the Department of Systems Engineering at KFUPM, former professor of Optimization and Operations Research at the Department of Systems Engineering at KFUPM, former Assistant Minister of Higher Education in Saudi Arabia, KFUPM, (BSc and MSc, Systems Engineering, '87)
 * Zaghloul El-Naggar, a Muslim scholar and chairman of Committee of Scientific Notions in the Qur'an, Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs, Cairo, Egypt. El-Najjar worked as a professor of geology at KFUPM from 1979 to 1996
 * Ali Abdullah Al-Daffa, professor in field of History of Mathematics.
 * Hamdi Tchelepi, he is the professor and chair of the department of energy science and engineering at Stanford university, Tchelepi got his B.Sc, and M.Sc from King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals in 1985 and 1988 respectively, he is well known researcher in the field of reservoir simulation and multiphase flow.

Oil and gas industry

 * Khalid A. Al-Falih, former Minister of Energy, Industry and Mineral Resources and former chairman and president and CEO of Saudi Aramco, earned M.B.A.in 1991.
 * Nadhmi Al-Nasr, former interim president of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology and Saudi Aramco Vice President of KAUST (BSc in Chemical Engineering '79).
 * Omar Hussein (2007)

Sports and media

 * Yasser Al-Qahtani, Saudi Arabian footballer (drop-out)


text:
Erik Spiekermann

Erik Spiekermann (born 30 May 1947) is a German typographer, designer and writer. He is an honorary professor at the University of the Arts Bremen and ArtCenter College of Design.

Biography
Spiekermann studied art history at Berlin's Free University, funding himself by running a letterpress printing press in the basement of his house.

Between 1972 and 1979, he worked as a freelance graphic designer in London before returning to Berlin and founding MetaDesign with two partners.

In 1989, he and his then-wife Joan Spiekermann started FontShop, the first mail-order distributor for digital fonts. FontShop International followed and now publishes the FontFont range of typefaces. MetaDesign combined clean, teutonic-looking information design and complex corporate design systems for clients like BVG (Berlin Transit), Düsseldorf Airport, Audi, Volkswagen and Heidelberg Printing, amongst others.

In 2001, Spiekermann left MetaDesign over policy disagreements and started United Designers Network, with offices in Berlin, London, and San Francisco.

In April 2006, the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena awarded Spiekermann an Honorary Doctorship for his contribution to design. His family of typefaces for Deutsche Bahn (German Railways), designed with Christian Schwartz, received a Gold Medal at the German Federal Design Prize in 2006, the highest such award in Germany. In May 2007, he was the first designer to be elected into the European Design Awards Hall of Fame.

In January 2007, UDN was renamed SpiekermannPartners. In January 2009, SpiekermannPartners merged with Dutch design agency Eden Design & Communication and continued its operations under the name Edenspiekermann. Edenspiekermann currently run offices in Amsterdam, Berlin, San Francisco and Los Angeles. He now runs an experimental letterpress workshop in Berlin, Hacking Gutenberg (www.hackinggutenberg.berlin)

Spiekermann is considered a very influential personality in the field of typeface design and information design. He often attends international meetings, and has been giving a substantial contribution in several fields, such as app development and public wayfinding.

Notable works
Spiekermann has designed many commercial typefaces as well as typefaces as part of corporate design programmes.

 * Berliner Grotesk (original is from 1913, digitization is from c. 1978)
 * Lo-Type (original is from 1911/14, digitization is from 1980)
 * ITC Officina Sans (1990)
 * ITC Officina Serif (1990)
 * FF Meta (1991–1998)
 * FF Govan (2001)
 * FF Info (2000)
 * Nokia Sans (2002-2011, corporate typeface for Nokia and the default UI font for Symbian S60 smartphones)
 * FF Unit (2003)
 * FF Meta Serif (with Christian Schwartz and Kris Sowersby, 2007)
 * FF Unit Slab (with Christian Schwartz and Kris Sowersby, 2009)
 * Fira Sans (designed in collaboration with Ralph du Carrois) for Firefox OS, released in 2013 under the SIL Open Font License)
 * FF Real (with Anja Meiners and Ralph du Carrois, 2011)
 * Case, Case Text, Case Micro (with Anja Meiners and Ralph du Carrois, 2020)

Spiekermann co-authored Stop Stealing Sheep & Find Out How Type Works. He also participated in the creation of numerous corporate identities and other works, including redesigns of the publications The Economist and Reason.

Spiekermann also appeared in the documentary Helvetica.

Awards

 * 2003 – Gerrit Noordzij Prize
 * 2006 – German Design Award
 * 2007 – European Design Awards Hall of Fame
 * 2007 – Honorary Royal Designer for Industry, Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce, London
 * 2011 – Lifetime achievement award from German Design Prize
 * 2011 – TCD Medal Lifetime Award

title: Erik Spiekermann


text: User talk:62.135.35.142

title: User talk:62.135.35.142


text:
Siege Perilous

In Arthurian legend, the Siege Perilous (Gwarchae Peryglus, also known as The Perilous Seat, Sedd Peryglus) is a vacant seat at the Round Table reserved by Merlin for the knight who would one day be successful in the quest for the Holy Grail.

History
The English word "siege" originally meant "seat" or "throne" coming from the Old French sege (modern French siège); the modern military sense of a prolonged assault comes from the conception of an army "sitting down" before a fortress.

In Thomas Malory's 1485 book Le Morte d'Arthur, in an account taken from the Vulgate Cycle Queste del Saint Graal, the newly knighted Sir Galahad takes the seat in Camelot on Whitsunday, 454 years after the death of Jesus. The Siege Perilous is strictly reserved and therefore is fatal to anyone unworthy who sits in it. Another version of this story is related in Alfred Tennyson's Idylls of the King.

Originally, this motif about the seat and the grail belonged to Perceval, but the Lancelot-Grail Cycle transferred it to the new Cistercian-based hero Galahad. It appears, for example, in the earlier Perceval de Didot attributed to Robert de Boron, in which Perceval occupies the seat at Arthur's court at Carduel. According to many scholars, the motif of the dangerous seat can be further traced to Welsh, Cornish, and Breton mythology, from which the bulk of the Arthurian legend was derived. According to this theory, the Siege Perilous was a half-remembered version of a Celtic kingship ritual that has parallels in the Irish Lia Fáil.

title: Siege Perilous


text:
Air America (film)

Air America is a 1990 American action comedy film directed by Roger Spottiswoode and starring Mel Gibson and Robert Downey Jr. as Air America pilots flying missions in Laos during the Vietnam War. When the protagonists discover their aircraft is being used by government agents to smuggle heroin, they must avoid being framed as the drug-smugglers.

The plot of the film is adapted from Christopher Robbins' 1979 non-fiction book, chronicling the CIA-financed airline to transport weapons and supplies in Cambodia, Laos and South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

The publicity for the film, advertised as a lighthearted buddy movie, implied a tone that differs greatly from the actual film, which includes such serious themes as an anti-war message, focus on the opium trade, and a negative portrayal of Royal Laotian General Vang Pao (played by actor Burt Kwouk as "General Lu Soong").

Plot
In late 1969, helicopter pilot Billy Covington has his pilot's license suspended for breaking safety regulations. His skills, bravery and disregard for the law are noticed by a government agent, who offers him a job in Laos working for the "strictly civilian" company Air America, which turns out to be a front for CIA operations.

In Laos, he is introduced to Air America's unorthodox pilots and aircraft, being taken under the wing of pilot Gene Ryack, who uses official flights to buy black market weapons for his private cache. His retirement plan is to make enough money to afford quitting his Air America job.

Senator Davenport arrives to investigate rumors that Air America is transporting drugs for Laotian forces. Major Lemond and Rob Diehl, CIA leaders of Air America, show the Senator around Laos to prevent him discovering that the rumors are true. Unfortunately, Davenport loses great respect from General Soong during their first meeting at the airport when mistaking him to be a local luggage-carrying valet. Soong holds this over Davenport's head for the remainder of his visit.

While airdropping livestock in their C-123 cargo aircraft, Billy and Jack Neely are shot down, but Billy manages to crash-land the C-123 at a former World War II Japanese airstrip. The Pilatus PC-6 of General Soong arrives at the crash site and his soldiers load up with the opium from the crashed plane, but intentionally leave Billy and Jack behind while local Communist forces are moving in. Gene and another pilot rescue them; Billy boards Gene's helicopter.

Billy and Gene are shot down after a short time in the air and captured by a tribe. Gene strikes a deal to supply them with better weapons. At Gene's house, Billy is surprised to discover that Gene has a wife and children. Disillusioned with U.S. actions in Laos, Gene convinces Billy to quit his job, but Billy wants to get even with General Soong.

Davenport is losing patience and demands to know who is smuggling heroin. Learning that Jack has been killed, Lemond and Diehl claim he was the ring leader behind the drug trafficking. Billy blows up the heroin factory, but guards see him running away. Davenport demands more concrete evidence.

Gene finds a buyer for his arsenal, allowing him to quit Air America and take his family out of Laos. Billy accepts one more flight, taking flour to a refugee camp when he is instructed to divert for "routine inspection." Suspecting a setup, Billy inspects the cargo and finds heroin. He crash-lands on the same airstrip where he crashed earlier and uses the wreckage of the previous crash to hide the aircraft.

Davenport recognizes the nature of the setup and threatens to reveal Lemond and Diehl's operation to Washington. Major Lemond in return silences Senator Davenport by daring him to say what he thinks he saw in Laos but reveals that his own political connections involving a friendship with the President would only ruin Davenport's political career.

Gene, on his way to make his final weapons delivery, rescues Billy. They respond to a distress call from a refugee camp caught in crossfire. The official in charge of the camp refuses to leave without the refugees. Gene reluctantly dumps the weapons to make room for the refugees, with much pressure from Billy, and blows up their cache to cover the escape.

In the air, Gene and Billy hatch a scheme to sell the aircraft to recoup Gene's money. In the postscript of the closing credits, it is revealed...

That General Soong makes it to America eventually and gets his dream of owning and operating a Holiday Inn. That Gene wins a lottery in Thailand in 1975. And that Billy is deported from Thailand for fixing the same lottery in order for Gene to win.

Cast

 * Mel Gibson as Gene Ryack
 * Robert Downey Jr. as Billy Covington
 * Nancy Travis as Corinne Landreaux
 * Ken Jenkins as Major Donald Lemond (Based on Richard Secord)
 * David Marshall Grant as Robert Diehl (Based on Jerry Daniels)
 * Lane Smith as Senator Davenport (Based on Senator Stuart Symington)
 * Art LaFleur as Jack Neely
 * Ned Eisenberg as Nick Pirelli
 * Marshall Bell as O.V.
 * David Bowe as Saunders
 * Burt Kwouk as General Lu Soong (Based on General Vang Pao)
 * Tim Thomerson as Babo
 * Harvey Jason as Nino

Development
Director Richard Rush tried to develop the film in 1985, as the first comedy about Vietnam. Carolco Pictures bought the project as Rush wrote a script and found locations. Sean Connery was attached to play the older pilot, Gene Ryack, and the younger flier Billy Covington was at different times to be played by Bill Murray, James Belushi and Kevin Costner. The project was sold to producer Daniel Melnick after Connery and Costner became too expensive. Melnick hired screenwriter John Eskow to write a new script; and first hired director Bob Rafelson to work with Rush, but eventually hiring director Roger Spottiswoode. Mel Gibson was cast for a reported $7 million, for the role of Ryack, and Robert Downey Jr. took on the role of Covington. Nancy Travis was cast as Corinne Landroaux, replacing Ally Sheedy, and Michael Dudikoff was cast as General Lee.

Filming
The budget of Air America increased to $35 million as the production involved a 500-member crew shooting in 49 different locations between Thailand, London, and Los Angeles; operating between eight and fifteen cameras at a time. Principal photography began on October 3, 1989, and continued until February 10, 1990. The production was plagued by two earthquakes and a typhoon. The producers rented 26 aircraft from the Thai military, although some of the stunt flyers refused to perform some of the stunts, with 60-year-old veterans being drafted for the more demanding turns. PepsiCo wanted the filmmakers to use a fictional soda rather than show opium being refined at their abandoned factory. Therefore, the producers added a line about wondering if Pepsi knew what was going on. After previewing the film, six months after production, Gibson and other principals were called back to film a new ending.

Reception

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 13% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 3.4/10. Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 33 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Upon its release, Air America was embroiled in controversy over its treatment of the "secret CIA airline service." After the Persian Gulf War began on January 15, 1991, the film was withdrawn from distribution in over 100 cinemas throughout Germany. Air America received mostly negative reviews from critics. The film review in The New York Times by Caryn James, saw the film as a flawed "star vehicle". "This muddled film about a secret C.I.A. project in Laos in 1969 fails on every possible level: as action film, as buddy film, as scenic travelogue and even, sad to say, as a way to flaunt Mel Gibson's appeal." Film historian Alun Evans in Brassey's Guide to War Films, in his commentary, was brief but pointed in characterizing Air America as a "... tawdry, unfunny war comedy."

Some criticism was levelled at the inaccuracies prevalent in the production. The review of Air America in the St. Paul Pioneer Press noted: "... the comedy adventure doesn't feature any real heroes of that war, men like the Hmong pilot Lee Lue." Christopher Robbins said the movie distorted his book's presentation of the Air America story, and historian William Leary noted "The exploits of CAT/Air America form a unique chapter in the history of air transport, one that deserves better than a misleading, mediocre movie."

British film critic Andy Webb opined that Air America worked as an aviation film. "... on a small positive some of the flying stunts, and there are plenty of them, are pretty spectacular. In a movie which almost floats these moments of aeronautic acrobats (they) give an injection of adrenalin although by no means enough to save it."

Alexander Cockburn wrote in the Los Angeles Times that Air America received abuse for "dar[ing] to say the unsayable, and commits the added offense of joking about it ... It injects into mass culture truth on a matter that official America has been lying about for three decades, namely the confluence between U.S. covert operations and criminality, whether in Laos, Afghanistan or Central America".

Box office
Air America debuted at number three behind Flatliners and Young Guns II. The film ended up grossing $31,053,601 in the US and $3,243,404 in other countries for a worldwide total of $36,297,005.

title: Air America (film)


text:
Talk:Spandex fetishism

Removed from this page

This image seems appropriate to cosplay (where a very similar image already appears), but does not seem to be appropriate for this article. Can we have an image which depicts spandex fetishism as distinct from cosplay, please? -- Karada 11:47, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Material to be merged
Could someone please assess the following material that could be merged into this article? It has come from nylon fetishism, which has been through vfd and consensus is to merge and redirect it, with no agreement as to where. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:51, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Nylon fetishism is sexual attraction to nylon. This can include clothing such as stockings or pantyhose. It is also used to describe a fetish to nylon sportswear or even nylon waterproofs.

citation needed
Saying that spandex fetishism is caused by tight underwear in men is certainly a claim that needs to be cited from a reliable source. It may be original research by whomever wrote it- meaning it's possible that someone is just using wikipedia to promote their original research which is not okay. Lotusduck 23:56, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I really dont't understand your comment related to this article as this sentence has been written in this article 3 years ago ! There was never any objection to this sentence as the contents are obvious for people who are familiar with this subject matter.
 * I am not able to cite some sources as it is so obvious. -SEwiki 08:01, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Please, look also to Sexual fetishism article. You will find many explanations on the spandex fetichism and citations also. -SEwiki 08:53, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * There are so many Websites giving some references. Please refer for example to:

http://www.informedconsent.co.uk/encyclopervia/Second_skin

http://www.health24.com/sex/SexEtc/1253-2427-2635-2636-2637,32732.asp

http://invncble.best.vwh.net/geeklog/public_html/staticpages/index.php?page=about&mode=print

http://shop.fantastic-sextoys.de/Fetish-Fashion,,,,312,,,,a08b312b.html?language=en

http://www.trackie.nl/about.htm --SEwiki 14:58, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I understand that spandex fetishism exists, but all individual statements must be backed with references. The article can't just say "this mostly male fetish" without something for people to check against that. Also, while interesting, commercial shopping sites are not good sources for reliable information. Lotusduck 21:52, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, I propose to stop the debate. --SEwiki 23:16, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, you don't have to keep talking about it unless you want to keep taking away the verify tag. All articles need reliable sources for people to use when editing them, including this one. Lotusduck 23:44, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Removal of "shiny" and disassociation with "nylon"
The assertion that spandex fetishism is related to the fabric being shiny or that it is equivalent to "nylon fetishism" is unfounded in any scientific study that I have ever encountered. The original source of this article seems to be

http://www.lfshosting.co.uk/wipi/index.php/Spandex

But even this article appears to be conjecture and does not cite any sources of reasearch (psychiatric or otherwise). Are there more accurate references?

Spandex exists in both cotton and nylon form. The former is casual wear, and encompasses everything from women's capri pants to girl's ankle leggings, while the later is athletic wear, and encompasses anything from cycling shorts to gymnast leotards. Some nylon spandex garments are specifically manufactured for sexual play, but these are far less common than the prior two occurences.

Further, the article contradicts itself: "Another reason is that nylon-spandex fabric (preferred by many spandex fetishists)...." This would suggest that not all spandex fetishists prefer shiny spandex as the first paragraph mandates.

If this article is pertaining only to the athletic form of spandex, then it really should be titled as such -- nylon spandex fetishism -- to avoid confusing the general form of "spandex fetishism" in which it is specifically the stretchy and clingy qualities of the fabric that are completely pervasive to this fetish.

Furthermore, nylon fetishism is ambiguous. If the fetish in question is for the garment not the fabric exclusively, then this should really link to "pantyhose fetishism" not "spandex fetishism."

Rkrause 11:19, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * All spandex fetish communities I have been to do not find a great amount of interest in cotton spandex, and nylon spandex is far more popular and standard in the spandex fetish community. This article should explain the more popular and common forms of the fetishism, and can also touch on the more uncommon "forms" of the fetishism, and all the while explaining there is a possible relation to the nylon fabric itself. But, as you say, there is no "scientific study", and there probably never will be as this fetish is a comparitivly small and largely unknown about.

 * Completely removing the mentions of "shiny" is completely uncalled for as the shine is a obvious key element in the fetishim.

 * Also, "pantyhose fetishism" is completely separate as it is a fetish relating to the female garment of pantyhose, which is somewhat related to spandex, is a different fetish. 24.164.185.217 21:16, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Tights male is wearing in picture are lavender, not gray
The spandex tights that the male in the picture is wearing are obviously lavender, they are not gray. Keraunos 15:05, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

merge to List of fetishes?
Should this article be merged to this list? It's pretty much a stub and not very notable.--Honeymane Heghlu meH QaQ jajvam 20:42, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Weird Link
Is the Sportacus link on this page intended to exist? it sounds like a joke! lol -201.228.205.76 (talk) 21:34, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

False contents and false links
Leggings does not match the fetishism because leggings are only a type of skin-tight clothing covering the legs. Above in that article does not say anything, does not say any thing. For that reason, Leggings has nothing to do with fetishism. Then, Leggings should not be included in this article. 190.137.36.40 (talk) 10:02, 23 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Just a quick observation as I'm busy right now, but the whole point of "See also" is to highlight similar areas of interest that are not mentioned in the article. Ergo your insistence that Leggings not being in the article merely strengthens the argument to include it in "See also".  Chaheel Riens (talk) 11:03, 23 July 2013 (UTC)
 * This IP user has a current ANI report located at ANI. Tb hotch .™ Grammatically incorrect? Correct it!  See terms and conditions.  04:26, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

No sources..
There's no source in this page. Is this kind of a page necessary? LeticiaLL (talk) 19:40, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spandex fetishism


text:
Samuel Botsford Buckley

Samuel Botsford Buckley (May 9, 1809 – February 18, 1884) was an American botanist, geologist, and naturalist.

Buckley was born in Torrey, New York, on May 9, 1809. He graduated from Wesleyan University in

1836. He received a Ph.D. from Waco University in 1872.

Buckley investigated the botany of the southern United States and discovered many new species of plants and mollusks. The plant genus Buckleya was named in his honor.

Buckley determined the height of several summits in the Great Smoky Mountains, including Mount Buckley which was named in his honor.

Buckley was the state geologist of Texas from 1860 to 1861 and 1874 to 1877. He was the scientific editor of the State Gazette in Austin, Texas from 1871 to 1872. He wrote numerous scientific papers as well as a book on the trees and shrubs of the United States.

Buckley died in Austin on February 18, 1884.

title: Samuel Botsford Buckley


text:
Talk:Galleria Borghese

Untitled
Following an image request on Requested pictures I have found a suitable picture here. I have sent a request for permission to use the image to the photographer according to his Terms of use. Let's wait and see. -- Chris 73 | Talk 11:53, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I have received a "noncommercial license provided..." from the copyright holder as mentioned above and described on Image:Galleria Borghese by Mike Reed.jpg, and uploaded the image. -- Chris 73 | Talk 09:52, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

---

The Galleria Borghese is the collection housed in the Villa Medici (illustrated.) The gardens of the Villa Borghese unaccountably have a separate entry under Villa Borghese. The architectural history of the Villa Medici is important and needs to be outlined. Wetman 13:06, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Pay no attention. The above user is babbling. Wetman 13:50, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"Opened 1903" isn't the oddest thing about these two articles. --Wetman 07:05, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Galleria Borghese