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Murray Perahia

Murray David Perahia (born April 19, 1947) is an American pianist and conductor. He has been considered one of the greatest living pianists. He was the first North American pianist to win the Leeds International Piano Competition, in 1972. Known as a leading interpreter of Bach, Handel, Scarlatti, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schumann, among other composers, Perahia has won numerous awards, including three Grammy Awards from a total of 18 nominations, and 9 Gramophone Awards in addition to its first and only "Piano Award".

Early life
Murray (Moshe) was born in the Bronx borough of New York City to a family of Sephardi Jewish origin. According to the biography on his Mozart piano sonatas CD, his first language was Judaeo-Spanish, or Ladino. The family came from Thessaloniki, Greece. His father moved to the United States in 1935. Perahia began studying the piano at age four, with a teacher, he said, who was "very limiting" because she made him play a single piece until it was perfect. He said his musical interests blossomed at age 15 for reasons he can't explain, and he began to practice seriously. At age 17, Perahia attended Mannes College, where he studied keyboard, conducting, and composition with his teacher and mentor Mieczysław Horszowski. During the summer, he also attended the Marlboro Music School and Festival, where he studied with musicians Rudolf Serkin, Alexander Schneider, and Pablo Casals, among others. He played duets for piano four hands with Serkin, who later made Perahia his assistant at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, a position he held for over a year. In 1965, Perahia won the Young Concert Artists International Auditions. In 1972, he was the first North American to win first prize at the Leeds Piano Competition, helping to cement its reputation for advancing the careers of young pianists.

Career
In 1973, Perahia worked with Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears at the Aldeburgh Festival, and with fellow pianist Radu Lupu. He was co-artistic director of the Festival from 1981 to 1989.

In the 1980s, Perahia was invited to work with Vladimir Horowitz, an admirer of his art. Perahia says this had a defining influence on his pianism. He became close to Horowitz, whom he visited during the elder pianist's last four years to play for him.

From 1973 to 2010, Perahia recorded exclusively for Columbia Masterworks, now Sony Classical. His first major recording project was Mozart's 27 piano concertos, conducted from the keyboard with the English Chamber Orchestra. In the 1980s, he also recorded Beethoven's five piano concertos, with Bernard Haitink and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra.

Hand injuries
In 1990, Perahia suffered a cut to his right thumb, which became septic. He took antibiotics for this condition, but they affected his health. In 1992, his career was threatened by a bone abnormality in his hand causing inflammation, requiring several years away from the keyboard and a series of operations. During that time, he says, he found solace through studying the music of J.S. Bach. After recovering, he produced a series of award-winning recordings of Bach's keyboard works in the late 1990s, including a notable rendition of the Goldberg Variations.

In early 2005, Perahia's hand problem recurred, prompting him to withdraw from the concert stage on the advice of his doctors. He cancelled several appearances at the Barbican Centre, as well as a ten-city national tour of the United States but returned with recitals in German cities in 2006 and at the Barbican in April 2007.

In autumn of 2007, he completed a ten-city tour of the United States. Owing to his hand problem, and on the advice of his doctor, Perahia cancelled a February 2008 solo recital at the Barbican Centre and a tour in the United States with the Academy of St Martin in the Fields (March and April 2008). He returned to the platform in August 2008, touring with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra under the direction of Bernard Haitink, and had an Asian recital tour in October and November.

Recent activities
Perahia has recorded Chopin's études, and Schubert's late piano sonatas. He is currently editing a new Urtext edition of Beethoven's piano sonatas. Besides his solo career, Perahia is active in chamber music and appears regularly with the Guarneri and Budapest String Quartets. He is also Principal Guest Conductor of the Academy of St Martin in the Fields, with which he records and performs.

In January 2009, Murray Perahia was appointed president of the Jerusalem Music Center established by violinist Isaac Stern. In an interview with Haaretz newspaper, he said: "Music represents an ideal world where all dissonances resolve, where all modulations — that are journeys — return home, and where surprise and stability coexist."

Perahia appeared at Sir Neville Marriner's 90th birthday concert on April 1, 2014, playing Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 20 with the Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Marriner.

In 2016, Perahia signed with Deutsche Grammophon. His first release for the label, Bach's French Suites, came out in October 2016.

Teaching
Upon graduation from Mannes, Perahia was appointed to the faculty and taught there from 1969 to 1979. Perahia was invited to teach at the International Piano Foundation Theo Lieven (known today as the International Piano Academy Lake Como) to selected students. He has given masterclasses at such institutions as Juilliard School, Stanford University, and Peabody Institute, among many others. Each year, he holds a summer course at the Jerusalem Music Centre to young Israeli pianists, aged 12 to 18. He continues to give frequent masterclasses as president of the JMC. Perahia plans to hold a series of masterclasses in Munich on Beethoven's piano sonatas, hosted by the publisher G. Henle Verlag, with ten young professional pianists.

Personal life
Perahia lives in London with his wife, Ninette Shohet, who is of Iraqi-Jewish heritage. He has two adult sons, Benjamin and Raphael.

Awards
Leeds International Piano Competition
 * 1972 Leeds International Piano Competition First Prize

Seventh International Schumann Festival
 * 2000 Robert Schumann Society Claudio Arrau Memorial Medal

Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance
 * 1989 Bartók: Sonata for Two Pianos & Percussion

Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance
 * 2003 Chopin: Études, Opp. 10, 25
 * 1999 Bach: English Suites Nos. 1, 3 and 6

Gramophone Award
 * Gramophone Award for best concerto recording, 1984, Piano Concertos Nos. 15 and 16 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Gramophone Award for best concerto recording, 1986, Piano Concertos Nos. 3 and 4 by Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Gramophone Award for best instrumental recording, 1986, works by Franz Schubert and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart with Radu Lupu
 * Gramophone Award for best instrumental recording, 1995, works by Frédéric Chopin
 * Gramophone Award for best instrumental recording, 1996, works by George Frideric Handel and Domenico Scarlatti
 * Gramophone Award for best instrumental recording, 2001, Goldberg Variations by J.S.Bach
 * Gramophone Award for best instrumental recording, 2003, Études by Frédéric Chopin
 * Gramophone Award for best instrumental recording, 2011, piano music of Johannes Brahms
 * Gramophone Award for best instrumental recording, 2016, Six French Suites by J.S. Bach

Perahia is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Music and Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music (1985). In 2007, he was elected to an Honorary Fellowship of Jesus College, Cambridge.

On March 8, 2004, Queen Elizabeth II made him an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. (This entitles him to use the post-nominal letters KBE, but not to the title "Sir".)

In 2012 he was voted into the inaugural Gramophone Hall of Fame.

In 2012 he was awarded the Jean Gimbel Lane Prize in Piano Performance from Northwestern University.

In 2013 he was awarded the Royal Academy of Music Bach Prize

In 2015 he was awarded the Wolf Prize in Arts (with Jessye Norman).

A species of solitary bee from Israel was named in his honour in 2016.

1970s

 * Schumann: Davidsbündlertänze, Op. 6; Fantasiestücke, Op. 12 (1973)
 * Chopin: The Chopin Preludes. (1975)
 * Schumann: Études Symphoniques op. 13 & Études Posthumes; Papillons (1977)

1980s

 * Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 26, k. 537 "Coronation" and Rondos, K.382 & 386 (1984)
 * Schubert: Wanderer Fantasy, Op. 15; Schumann: Fantasy in C major, Op. 17 (1986)
 * Mozart, Beethoven: Quintets for piano and winds (1986)
 * Mozart: Sonata (K. 448); Schubert: Piano Sonata for four hands (1986; with Radu Lupu)
 * Beethoven: Piano Concertos Nos. 3 and 4 (1986)
 * Brahms: Piano Quartet (1987)
 * Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Nos. 17, 18 and 26 (1987)
 * Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 5 (Emperor) (1987)
 * A Portrait of Murray Perahia (1987)
 * Mendelssohn: Piano Concertos Nos. 1 and 2 (CD 1987, but recorded in 1974 and originally issued on LP) — with Neville Marriner and the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields
 * Mozart: Piano Concertos Nos. 11, 12 and 14 (1987)
 * Mozart: Piano Concertos Nos. 22 and 24 (1987)
 * Chopin: Piano Concerto No. 1, Barcarolle, etc. (1987)
 * Beethoven: Piano Concertos Nos. 1 and 2 (1987)
 * Mozart: Piano Concertos Nos. 9 and 21 (1987)
 * Schumann: Symphonic Études, posthumous études, Papillons; Chopin: Piano Sonatas Nos. 2 and 3 (1988)
 * Schumann: Davidsbündlertänze; Fantasiestücke (1988)
 * Beethoven: The five piano concertos (1988) — with Bernard Haitink and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra
 * Schumann: Piano Sonata, Op. 22; Schubert: Piano Sonata, D. 959 (1988)
 * Bartók: Sonata for 2 Pianos and Percussion; Brahms: Variations on a Theme by Haydn (1988)
 * Schumann, Grieg: Piano concertos (1989)

1990s

 * Schubert: Impromptus (1990)
 * Chopin: Piano Concertos Nos. 1 and 2 (1990)
 * Murray Perahia in Performance (1991)
 * Murray Perahia Plays Franck and Liszt (1991)
 * Brahms: Sonata No. 3, Rhapsodies, etc. (1991)
 * Mozart: Concertos for 2 and 3 pianos, Andante and Variations for piano four hands (1991) with Radu Lupu
 * Mozart: Piano Concertos Nos. 21 and 27 (1991)
 * The Aldeburgh Recital (1991)
 * Mozart: Piano Sonatas (K. 310, 333, and 533) (1992)
 * Bach: Harpsichord Concertos (1993)
 * Immortal Beloved Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1994)
 * Greatest Hits: Grieg (1994)
 * Chopin 4 Ballades: Waltzes Op 18&42, Nocturne Op 15, Mazurkas Op 7,17&33, Études Op 10 Sony Classical #SK 64 399 (1994)
 * Beethoven: Piano Sonatas (Op. 2, Nos. 1–3) (1995)
 * Murray Perahia: 25th Anniversary Edition (1997)
 * Schumann: Kreisleriana, Piano Sonata No. 1 (1997)
 * Schumann: Complete works for piano and orchestra (1997) — with Claudio Abbado and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
 * Murray Perahia Plays Handel and Scarlatti (1997)
 * Bach: English Suites Nos. 1, 3 and 6 (1998), Sony Classical
 * Songs Without Words: Bach/Busoni, Mendelssohn and Schubert–Liszt (1999)
 * Mozart: Piano Concertos Nos. 20 and 27 (1999)
 * Glenn Gould at the Movies (1999)
 * Bach: English Suites Nos. 2, 4 and 5 (1999), Sony Classical

From 2000

 * Bach: Goldberg Variations (2000), Sony Classical
 * Chopin: Études (2001)
 * Bach: Keyboard Concertos Nos. 1, 2 and 4 (2001), Sony Classical
 * Bach: Keyboard Concertos Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7 (2002)
 * Schubert: Late Piano Sonatas (2003)
 * Murray Perahia Plays Bach (2003)
 * Beethoven: String Quartet, Op. 127; Piano Sonata, Op. 101 (2004) (The string quartet is transcribed for full string orchestra and conducted by Murray Perahia)
 * Bach: Partitas Nos. 2, 3, 4 (2008), Sony Classical
 * Bach: English Suites Nos. 1-6, BWV 806-811 (2008), Sony Classical
 * Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Op. 14, Nos. 1 and 2, Op. 26, Op. 28 (Pastorale) (2008), Sony Classical
 * Bach: Partitas Nos. 1, 5, 6 (2009), Sony Classical
 * Mozart: Piano Concertos Nos. 17 & 18 (2009), Sony Classical
 * Brahms: Handel Variations; Two Rhapsodies, Op. 79; Six Piano Pieces, Op. 118; Four Piano Pieces, Op. 119 (2010)
 * Schumann: Piano Concerto in A Minor, Op. 54 - Grieg: Piano Concerto in A Minor, Op. 16 (2010), Sony Classical
 * Mozart: Piano Concertos Nos. 21, 23 & Rondos (2010), Sony Classical
 * Bach: French Suite No 5 (2011)
 * Beethoven: Piano Sonata No 27 Op 90 (2011)
 * Chopin: Mazurka C-Sharp Minor Op 30 No 4 (2011)
 * Bach: The French Suites (2016)
 * Beethoven: Piano Sonatas (2018)

Videography

 * Murray Perahia in Performance (1992)
 * Mozart: Piano Concertos Nos. 21 and 27 in rehearsal and performance (1992)
 * Schubert: Winterreise (with Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau)
 * Beethoven: Piano Concertos Nos. 1 and 3 (1988)
 * Beethoven: Piano Concertos Nos. 2 and 4 (1988)
 * Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 5 (1988)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Murray Perahia


title: User:Patrick/1


text:
Buffalo River (Tennessee)

The Buffalo River is the longest unimpounded river in Middle Tennessee in the United States. It flows 125 mi through the southern and western portions of that region. The Buffalo is the largest tributary of the Duck River. Canoeing is popular, especially in its middle section. The river is named for the Buffalo fish which was abundant when the first European settlers arrived.

Course
Below the confluence, the Buffalo trends northwest for several miles. After entering Lewis County, it intersects the Natchez Trace Parkway. The confluence with the Little Buffalo River occurs in Lewis County followed by smaller tributaries. State Route 99 parallels the river for a distance and then crosses it in the broad Texas Bottoms. In Lewis County, the river continues to meander westward. Entering northern Wayne County, the stream has several more tributaries, notably the Green River.

A few miles below the mouth of the Green River is the community of Flatwoods. Here State Route 13 bridges the Buffalo and then abruptly turns northerly for the balance of its flow. It crosses into Perry County near here. For most of its course through Perry County, the Buffalo roughly parallels State Route 13. Shortly after crossing into Humphreys County, it is bridged by Interstate 40 and then by Bakerville Road. About 8 miles north of this is the mouth of the Buffalo, its confluence with the Duck.

Watershed
The upper Buffalo River, in Lawrence County, is designated a "State Scenic River" under the Tennessee Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.

The only incorporated towns along the Buffalo, Linden and Lobelville, are in Perry County. Two unincorporated communities, Flatwoods and Beardstown are adjacent to the river in Perry County.

Hydrology
The Buffalo River watershed is the total land area that drains into the Buffalo River. It is designated as Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) 06040004 by the USGS. It empties into watershed 06040003, the Lower Duck River watershed.

The Buffalo River watershed is composed of three sub-watersheds; two sections of the Buffalo River and the Cane Creek sub-watershed. The southeastern part of the Buffalo River watershed is HUC 0604000401. It includes the headwaters of the Buffalo plus the Little Buffalo River and both Chief Creek and Fortyeight Creek. The western side and northern one-third of the watershed is HUC 0604000402. It reaches from the Green River in Wayne County at the southern end to the mouth of the Buffalo in Humphreys County. Cane Creek, the third part of the watershed is HUC 0604000403. Upper Cane Creek begins at the headwaters of the creek near Hohenwald in Lewis County. Lower Cane Creek includes the mouth at Beardstown in Perry County.

The Buffalo River watershed contains 1,200 miles of tributary streams. Impoundments include 349 lake acres in ponds and water stored behind 10 dams. These dams are primarily in the southeastern portion of the watershed. The majority of the impounded water is in Laurel Hill Lake with 329 acre plus an additional 22 acre in the VFW Lake. TDEC has also identified some wetlands sites in the southeastern portion of the watershed.

Land use
Watershed land is primarily forested: 69% being deciduous, 3% evergreen, and 4% mixed forest. The second significant land use is agricultural crops. Pasture and hay fields account for 10% of the area while row crops occupy another 8%. Residential and commercial areas occupy less than 0.5% of the land.

The soil in the watershed is primarily loam with some silty loam. The soil pH varies from about 4.85 to 5.45. Portions of the area have characteristic karst topography.

Natural history
The Buffalo is rich in aquatic life. Fishing it through passive methods such as limb and trot lines is traditional. There are many catfish and other non-game fish such as drum. The largest aquatic animal usually found in the Buffalo is the alligator snapping turtle. It is often caught (usually unintentionally) on trot and limb lines. These turtles can weigh 50 lb or more.

TDEC lists 48 rare plant and animal species in the watershed. Rarity typically results from either a small population or a very restricted range. The non-aquatic species include 18 plants, one mammal, three birds, two reptiles, one amphibian, three insects and spiders, and one other invertebrate. There are 20 aquatic species associated with the river or its tributaries; 12 fish, one crustacean, three mussels, and four snails.

Fish
Identified rare fish in the Buffalo include eight varieties of darters, one madtom catfish (saddled madtom), and one cavefish (southern cavefish). Most of the identified darters are listed as either threatened or endangered by the state and/or federal government (the latter by authority of the Endangered Species Act of 1973).
 * Ammocrypta vivax, scaly sand darter
 * Cyprinella monacha, turquoise shiner or spotfin chub – Federal threatened status
 * Etheostoma aquali, coppercheek darter – State-level threatened status
 * Etheostoma boschungi, slackwater darter – Federal threatened status
 * Etheostoma cinereum, ashy darter – State-level threatened status
 * Etheostoma denoncourti, golden darter
 * Etheostoma pseudovulatum, egg-mimic darter – State-level endangered status
 * Percina burtoni, blotchside darter
 * Percina macrocephala, longhead darter – State-level threatened status

Crustacean
The Alabama crayfish, Orconectes alabamensis is a rare crayfish species found near the Buffalo.

Mussels
Three species of mussels are among the rare species listed by TDEC. Both the Cracking Pearly Mussel and the Pale Lilliput are listed by both State and Federal authorities as Endangered.
 * Hemistena lata, Cracking Pearly Mussel
 * Quadrilla cylindrical cylindrical, Rabbitsfoot
 * Toxolasma cylindrellus, Pale Lilliput

Snails
Four species of rare snails are found near the Buffalo; none of them are included by TDEC on species concerns lists.
 * Leptoxis praerosa, Onyx Rocksnail
 * Lithasia duttoniana, Helmet Rocksnail
 * Lithasia geniculata fuliginosa, Geniculate Rocksnail
 * Lithasia geniculata fulginosa, Geniculate Riversnail

Geology
Except for a very small section on the southern end, the watershed is part of the Western Highland Rim, one of 25 Level IV subecoregions in the state. The dissected, rolling terrain is characterized by long ridges with steep sides and hollows deeply eroded into those ridges. The river flows in a wide flood plain of "bottom land". The elevation varies from 400 to 1000 ft.

The predominant geology of the area is that of Paleozoic limestones. The Mississippian limestone base along with chert and shale is overlaid by fairly thin soils of moderate fertility. These tend to be acidic. Much of the differential erosion leading to the terrain features results from differences in deposition and mineralization of the various types of limestone in the area and the presence of large portions of chert. Some chert bears small quantities of the iron-containing mineral hematite or other oxides of iron. During the mid-to-late 19th century there was considerable iron-ore related mining and smelting of Limonite ore.

The sizable tributary streams flow out of narrow hollows into the Buffalo; only the largest ones have true stream valleys of their own. Streams are typically clear with a moderate gradient.

Economy
Canoeing float trips significantly contribute to the area's economy. The area's remoteness depresses the local economy compared to that of the state as a whole. The Middle Tennessee Council of the Boy Scouts of America operates Grimes Canoe Base along the Buffalo in southern Perry County. Several businesses provide commercial canoe and float access to the river for tourists. The river is primarily a Class I stream with significant stretches of flat water. Free float tubing is feasible in selected portions of the river. Between 1837 and 1837, the section of the river below Beardstown was briefly legally considered a navigable waterway.

There are three trails associated with the river.
 * Buffalo River – Perry County – A scenic water trail through nature – 37.87 mi
 * Ladies Bluff Trail – Perry County – A scenic, hiking, wilderness trail – 2 mi – Partially ADA compliant
 * Linden City Park Walking Trail – Perry County – Health and fitness trail 0.2 mi – ADA compliant

River access

 * Metal Ford is accessible from the Natchez Trace Parkway about 3.4 mi south of Tennessee State Route 20.

title: Buffalo River (Tennessee)


text:
Talk:Calgary

Updated history of Calgary
I noticed the history of Calgary was lacking significant details and sources. Although the history I published is not complete and overlooks some key events, I think it is a much better representation of the city. Feel free to add, improve, copyedit, etc.

Caddyshack01 (talk) 19:36, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

Infobox bloat
Two editors have attempted to reduce infobox bloat on this page and both been reverted as here by one editor. Main discussion of this is at the Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Infoboxes, where I and a fourth editor have also argued against infobox bloat. There appears to be a clear editor consensus against this information being in the infobox, and per WP:INFOBOXPURPOSE, "The less information it contains, the more effectively it serves that purpose, allowing readers to identify key facts at a glance." Sirfurboy🏄 (talk) 09:26, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

Music history, name change
Bishop Grandin has been renamed to Our Lady of the Rockies High School. Gypsyhick (talk) 22:20, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

indigenous names as native names?
not sure if there’s already been a discussion on a different article but i wonder if it would be appropriate to list the native name in the infobox as the name given to the place in the most common indigenous language? i understand english is the most common language in most cities in canada but would it be inappropriate to include a native name MishchaytWiki (talk) 03:58, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I'd personally love to see a resurgence in the usage of native names alongside Calgary. However, I don't think the salience of the issue is nearly broad enough here as it is in, say, New Zealand, where upwards of 40% of the national population is in favour of officially renaming the country to better reflect the indigenous language.
 * I really appreciate the detail put into the Etymology section of the page though, it really helps to frame the city and its geographical context neutrally. I think Mohkinstsis especially is sticking among younger Calgarians, and I could see this becoming normalized here as like ward names in Edmonton. Until then, we'd probably best leave it how it is. Bismvth (talk) 18:08, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

Founding date
Calgary existed as a town well before 1875. Documents indicate the town of 500 people existing and being incorporated in 1844 TheBrodsterBoy (talk) 02:16, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Both these dates are in the article.... what is it you're looking to change? Moxy 🍁 02:40, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Please show us these documents. I'm always willing to learn something new, but at the moment I've very dubious of the notion of a permanent settlement before 1875. Indefatigable (talk) 03:25, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * https://hssh3.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/download/40681/36861/50927
 * some of its in French, but yeah . Calgary was incorporated as a town in November 1844 as it hit the population threshold of 500 people(this also implies a Village and prior Hamlet of Calgary existed for some time prior) 2604:3D09:1F80:CA00:B8C0:DC5F:9D12:C67B (talk) 06:00, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That has to be a typo - 1884 was intended. In 1844, that region was under the governance (from the settler perspective) of the HBC, which barely acted as a government at all. I'm pretty sure they didn't "incorporate" any municipal governments. And they pretty much ignored that section of Rupert's Land, as it wasn't productive for the furs they wanted. In 1884 the NWT government incorporated the town. There are extensive and well-sourced paragraphs in the article on the 1884 events leading to incorporation. Indefatigable (talk) 15:33, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yep. Typo. An obvious one to boot as it directly contradicts the title of the document. Hwy43 (talk) 16:01, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calgary


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Cephalopods/species taxobox example with picture


text: Category:Asteroid spectral classes

title: Category:Asteroid spectral classes


text:
Sigmund Ringeck

Sigmund Schining ein Ringeck (Sigmund ain Ringeck, Sigmund Amring, Sigmund Einring, Sigmund Schining) was a German fencing master. While the meaning of the surname "Schining" is uncertain, the suffix "ain Ringeck" may indicate that he came from the Rhineland region of south-western Germany. He is named in the text of his treatise as Schirmaister to one Duke Albrecht, Count Palatine of Rhine and Duke of Bavaria. Other than this, the only thing that can be determined about his life is that his renown as a master was sufficient for Paulus Kal to include him on his memorial to the deceased masters of the Society of Liechtenauer in 1470. Ringeck seems to have authored one of the few complete glosses of the epitome of the grand master Johannes Liechtenauer, making him one of the most important German fencing masters of the 15th century.

The identity of Ringeck's patron remains unclear, as four men named Albrecht held the title during the fifteenth century. If it is Albrecht I, who reigned from 1353 to 1404, this would signify that Ringeck was likely a direct associate or student of Liechtenauer. However, it may just as easily have been Albrecht III, who carried the title from 1438 to 1460, making Ringeck a second- or third-generation master carrying on the tradition. Albrecht IV claimed the title in 1460 and thus also could have been Ringeck's patron; this seems less likely in light of Ringeck's apparent death within that same decade, meaning the master would have had to have penned his treatise in the final few years of his life. In its favor, however, is the fact that Albrecht IV reigned until 1508 and both the Dresden and Glasgow versions of the text were likely created during his time.

Writings
Ringeck is often erroneously credited as the author of the MS Dresden C487. While Ringeck seems to be the author of three of the core texts, glosses of Liechtenauer's verses on unarmored longsword fencing, armored fencing, and mounted fencing, the manuscript is an anthology of several treatises by different masters and is currently thought to have been composed between 1504 and 1519 (well after the master's lifetime). Likewise, the MS E.1939.65.341, though often described as merely an illustrated version of the Dresden manuscript, is a separate anthology with its own collection of works by various authors and is internally dated to 1508.

While it was not copied nearly as often as the more famous Anonymous gloss (often misattributed to Peter von Danzig), Ringeck's gloss nevertheless seems to have had a lasting influence. Not only was it reproduced by Joachim Meyer in 1570 as part of his final manuscript, but in 1539 Hans Medel von Salzburg took it upon himself to create a revised version of Ringeck's Bloßfechten gloss, integrating his own commentary in many places.

Literature

 * Lindholm, David and Svard, Peter. Sigmund Ringeck's Knightly Art of the Longsword. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2003. ISBN 978-1-58160-410-8
 * Lindholm, David and Svard, Peter. Sigmund Ringeck's Knightly Arts of Combat: Sword-and-Buckler Fighting, Wrestling, and Fighting in Armor. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-58160-499-3
 * Tobler, Christian Henry. Secrets of German Medieval Swordsmanship. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2001. ISBN 1-891448-07-2

title: Sigmund Ringeck


text:
Paulus Kal

Paulus Kal was a 15th-century German fencing master. According to his own testimony, he was the student of one Hans Stettner, who was in turn an initiate of the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer. He served as fencing master at three different courts in his career, serving in various military capacities including commanding men in at least three campaigns. Perhaps his most significant legacy is an honor role of deceased masters included in the Bologna (Ms. 1825) and Munich (Cgm 1507) versions of his treatise, which he styled the Society of Liechtenauer (Geselschaft Liechtenauers). While several of these masters remain unknown, the majority wrote treatises of their own and Kal's list stands as an independent confirmation of their connection to the grand master. Kal's treatise is also interesting in that it represents the first attempt to give pictorial illustrations for parts of Liechtenauer's tradition of fencing.

Life
Little is known of Kal's early life, but from 1440 to c. 1449 he served Louis IV of the House of Wittelsbach, Count Palatine of the Rhine. In 1448, while in the count's service he participated in the defense Nuremberg, commanding a unit of wheel cannons below the gates. The Nuremberg Council notes from 17 March 1449 mention that he had broken the peace of the city at that time by drawing his weapons.

Kal entered the service of Ludwig IX "the Rich" of the House of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut, on 29 September 1450. In 1461, he is mentioned commanding a unit of 12 marksmen. From 1465 to 1475, he seems to have also maintained a secondary occupation as a toll collector in Dingolfing. In November 1468, he participated in military actions on the Castle Saldenburg, which was successfully taken on 4 December. Shortley thereafter, in c. 1470, Paulus Kal created a second, expanded version of his fencing manual for Ludwig IX, the current Cgm 1507 (as well, possibly, as the MS 1825). Kal is listed as a guest at the wedding of Ludwig's son George, and continued in the duke's service until his death on 18 January 1479.

On 12 February 1480, Paulus Kal entered the service of Sigismund, Archduke of Austria. Kal acted as one of the archduke's witnesses at a number of interrogations held on 17 October 1485 in Innsbruck, related to the witch trials being conducted by Heinrich Kramer at that time. This is the final time that Kal's name appears in the histories. Several copies of Kal's treatise were created during the 1480s and 90s, including the extensive MS KK5126, but it is unknown if he directly commissioned any of them.

In total, Paulus Kal's teachings are preserved in at least six manuscripts written between 1440 and 1514. The probable archetype, Cgm 1507, includes brief explanations in German for most devices (many extracted from Liechtenauer's record). There are four other text-less versions, and these were probably copied from the 1470 version. A sixth version was sold at auction in Italy during the 20th century as individual leaves; this copy contains single-word captions in Latin or Italian and was likely based on one of the four without text. In addition, Paulus Hector Mair based content in several sections of the Munich version (Cod.icon. 393) of his Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica on Kal's treatise. It appears that the copy he used for this was textless, and so he added his own extensive commentary on the images. The precise set of images Mair drew upon do not appear in any of the six extant manuscripts, which may signify that there was once a seventh copy of Kal's work which has since been lost.

Literature

 * Studer, Charles (in German). Das Solothurner Fechtbuch. Zentralbibliothek Solothurn, 1989.
 * Tobler, Christian Henry. In Saint George's Name: An Anthology of Medieval German Fighting Arts. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9825911-1-6
 * Tobler, Christian Henry. In Service of the Duke: The 15th Century Fighting Treatise of Paulus Kal. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2006. ISBN 978-1-891448-25-6

title: Paulus Kal


text:
Category talk:Science fiction writers

Thanks
I would like to thank those who helped move this category! --ssd 12:34, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Misplaced writers
I have found a few people misplaced between science fiction / fantasy. I'm keeping lists of them on Talk:List of science fiction authors and Talk:List of fantasy authors. If you find more, feel free to add them on the respective pages. --ssd 12:34, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Medical fiction writers
Category:Medical fiction writers is a subcategory of this category. This looks wrong, but I will leave it to others who know more than me to decide whether it is appropriate. (Also, I couldn't find a better place to discuss this. If there is one, please move this discussion.) HairyWombat (talk) 20:28, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Science fiction writers


text:
Talk:Economy of Nigeria

Foreign Investment
There is a tone of informality here that seems a little off. Using phrases "which is needed" and "which is not relevant", imply a level of evaluation of the relative goodness and badness of various policies, rather than simply saying how they relate. It also makes me suspicious of NPOV. I'm not any kind of expert, so I decline to make edits — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeffeldred (talk • contribs) 22:32, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
the first sentence of this article is taken nearly verbatim from the CIA factbook, which is not even cited. i don't know how to flag it for correction.

67.250.41.173 (talk) 05:25, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

I'm really sorry, I made a mistake in putting italian version here.... can someone correct it? I don't know how to do it.

I'm really really sorry for my mistake.

Nigeria Airways
It is worthy of note that Nigeria Airways has now been liquidised and the title of the natioanl carrier has now been sold to virgin Atlantic.

Types of crude oil in Nigeria
Types of crude oil in Nigeria has been sitting around doing nothing since its AfD in September 2005 - over a year and a half ago. The result was "no consensus." Is this worth merging? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Strangerer (talk • contribs) 00:48, 5 April 2007 (UTC).

 * I just looked at the article and it doesn't seem there's much there. It should probably just be tagged AfD again. --D 21:53, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Alternative data source
I believe there is more current and accurate information at the Central Bank of Nigeria at this site: http://www.cenbank.org/OUT/SPEECHES/2007/Govadd14-5-07.pdf. The gdp and most economic indicators are way off base. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.16.190.55 (talk • contribs)

Agreed, the GDP information was taken for one quarter, and other data sources show that there are large fluctuations in GDP by sector throughout the year. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.101.124.124 (talk) 19:09, 23 April 2018 (UTC)

Entries on Advance fee fraud
I have removed the re-inserted edit below:

Nigeria is also the home of the Advance fee fraud (a.k.a. 419 scam and "Nigerian scam"), which nets the country a significant amount of money. The United States Secret Service stated that the scheme generates hundreds of millions of dollars every year. Insa Nolte, the director of University of Birmingham's African Studies Department, stated that "The availability of e-mail helped to transform a local form of fraud into one of Nigeria's most important export industries." .
 * Main article: Advance fee fraud

'''These statements are inaccurate and misleading - "nets the country a significant amount of money" implies that this is a government or business supported economic activity. "Insa Nolte, the director of University of Birmingham's African Studies Department" - Ms. Nolte is a junior academic at the Centre of West African Studies of the University of Birmingham (http://www.cwas.bham.ac.uk/staff/) whose academic credentials and experience are limited to socio-political research. Furthermore there is already a comprehensive article dedicated to this subject. The neutrally of this edit is suspect.''' Ajisekanla (talk) 13:25, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

I told Aji to discuss this on Talk:Nigeria - I will leave this alone for now, but the info on "Nigeria" has been reverted. WhisperToMe (talk) 04:26, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

 * This issue has been resolved. Please see the  Nigeria talk page for more information.  Ajisekanla (talk) 16:32, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

This article is completely missing an explanation of how much the crime contribute to the economy, such as 419 scams and bribery. I've seen many video news reports that bribery is constant in Nigeria and the crime bosses who are in charge of people doing 419 scams are immensely rich and greatly shape local economies. This article needs to explain about this and other crime and how it contributes to the economy, which I've generally seen on TV news is a large amount. At present, it does not even mention them. I've also heard of babies being stolen or switched at hospitals in Nigeria unless you bribe the hospital employees or else go to a very expensive hospital. William Ortiz (talk) 21:58, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Out Dated Information
This article seems to be largely outdated. I looked over it and most of the information is 2007 or older. Could someone who is good at editing do some updating? 72.235.55.243 (talk) 01:15, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Look up the CIA Factbook and see if it published new information about the economy of Nigeria. WhisperToMe (talk) 06:43, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

hi
Hello editor,

i added a link to "economy of nigeria" that provides most current updates on the nigeria economic climate. yet it was removed and i got a mesaage that wikipedia is not for promotion or search rankings.

i was just adding a good link. thats all.

i added it because i used it and found it very useful.

but if i did something wrong, sorry.Sbogang (talk) 00:58, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

ITC external link on trade data
Hello everyone, I am working for the International Trade Centre (ITC). I would like to propose the addition of an external link that could lead directly to the specific country’s trade data held by ITC. I would like you to consider this link under the WP:ELYES #3 prescriptions. Moreover, the reliability and the pertinence of this link can be supported by the following facts 1) ITC is part of the United Nations 2) No registration is required 3) Trade data (imports/exports) are regularly updated 4) The link gives direct access to the trade database of the specific country 5) The addition of reliable trade data to the Economy section of the country could provide an appropriate contribution to the information therein contained. Thank you for your attention.Divoc (talk) 13:47, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Sentence stops nowhere
second paragraph under industry: Nigeria's proven oil reserves are estimated to be 35 billion barrels (5.6×109 m3); natural gas reserves are well over 100 trillion cubic feet (2,800 km3). Nigeria is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and in mid-2001, its crude oil production was averaging around The types of crude oil exported by Nigeria are Bonny light oil, Forcados crude oil, Qua Ibo crude oil and Brass River crude oil. 74.142.97.158 (talk) 23:32, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

External link to tariff data
Hello everyone, I am working for the International Trade Centre (ITC), a UN/WTO agency that aims to promote sustainable economic development through trade promotion. I would like to propose the addition of an external link (http://www.macmap.org/QuickSearch/FindTariff/FindTariff.aspx?subsite=open_access&country=SCC566%7cNigeria&source=1|ITC Market Access Map) that leads directly to our online database of customs tariffs applied by Nigeria. Visitors can easily look up market access information for Nigeria by selecting the product and partner of their interest. I would like you to consider this link under the WP:ELYES #3 prescriptions. Moreover, the reliability and the pertinence of this link can be supported by the following facts 1) ITC is part of the United Nations, and aims to share trade and market access data on by country and product as a global public good 2) No registration is required to access this information 3) Market access data (Tariffs and non-tariff measures) are regularly updated

Thank you, Divoc (talk) 08:37, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

What did Nigeria export? problem with media viewer
There is an image that shows what Nigeria exported in 2011. The problem is that if you press it, you still don't get its legend. You have to press on "more details" to get from the media viewer to the details page. Tzafrir (talk) 17:39, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100611172746/http://www.imf.org:80/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G=2001 to http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G=2001

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External links modified
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I have just modified 3 external links on Economy of Nigeria. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150424153316/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/41 to http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/41
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150915131636/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/312 to http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/312
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150317150032/http://www.tribune.com.ng/business/tribune-business/item/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy to http://www.tribune.com.ng/business/tribune-business/item/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy

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Lots of unsourced data in the infobox
I tried to clean up the data in the infobox, but I'm giving up. There are too many entries that are unsourced. Editors keep changing the numbers, but too few update the references. We have entries that say "2021", but the source is from 2019! And some of the URLs don't work anymore. (For example, it looks like the IMF has changed its URLs.) In conclusion: The infobox is in a sorry state. It needs a lot of cleanup. — Chrisahn (talk) 18:20, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

Why is the Nigeria mixed economy made of large public sector and small private sector
D 129.205.110.18 (talk) 21:09, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Social studies
Économic actveties of Nigeria 41.184.151.89 (talk) 09:34, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of Nigeria


text:
United Nations Association Wales

The United Nations Association Wales (UNA Wales) (Cymdeithas y Cenhedloedd Unedig Cymru) is an organisation campaigning in Wales to make the ideals of the United Nations a reality. It campaigns, lobbies and raises awareness on issues of disarmament, conflict prevention, sustainable development and human rights. It aims to promote informed debate on international issues, including the UN system itself.

UNA Wales is based at the Temple of Peace, Cardiff and is affiliated with the Welsh Centre for International Affairs.

title: United Nations Association Wales


text:
User:Patrick/levels of substitution for "Do for every South Holland municipality"

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text:
Debbie McGee

Debra Ann McGee (born 31 October 1958) is an English television, radio and stage performer who is best known as the assistant and widow of magician Paul Daniels. McGee is a former ballet dancer and for three years was artistic director of her own ballet company. She presents a Sunday morning show for BBC Radio Berkshire. McGee was a finalist in BBC's 2017 Strictly Come Dancing and a winner of the 2019 Christmas Special, and as of January 2018 is a recurring member of the Loose Women panel.

Early life and magic career
McGee was born in 1958 in Kingston upon Thames, to Patrick McGee and Lillian Howes. She has two younger siblings, a sister called Donna and a brother named Robert. When McGee was young her parents ran a corner shop. Later, her father worked for a large manufacturing firm making gold rings and other jewellery.

McGee attended Our Lady Immaculate RC Primary School in Tolworth, followed by Tolworth Girls' School, a secondary school also in Tolworth. At the age of 16 McGee auditioned for and won a place at the Royal Ballet School. After graduating, she joined the Iranian National Ballet Company in Tehran. Aged 19, she became part of the Corps de Ballet and later a soloist, but her ballet career was brought to an abrupt halt by the Iranian Revolution. She was forced to flee the country and returned to the UK with little in the way of money and possessions. Seeking new work she auditioned for the Bernard Delfont Organisation, which was responsible for a number of big summer resort shows and touring productions.

Delfont found her a job performing on stage with magician Paul Daniels in his 1979 summer show at the Britannia Pier Theatre in Great Yarmouth. She met Daniels on 23 May 1979 at rehearsals for the show, which were held at a church hall in London.

She later joined Dougie Squires's Second Generation troupe as a dancer, which involved touring Europe with acts including Chris de Burgh and James Last. After winter work in pantomime, McGee joined Daniels again for his 1980 summer season in Bournemouth. She then performed in his London stage show It's Magic, which opened on 10 December 1980 and which, by the time it closed 14 months later, had become the longest running magic show ever to play in the West End.

McGee achieved national and international fame through television appearances with Daniels. After seeing her on stage in the West End, BBC producer John Fisher asked Debbie to appear in the BBC1 series The Paul Daniels Magic Show, which had begun in 1979. That series continued until 1994 and regularly attracted audiences of 15 million in the UK and was sold to 43 countries. Daniels regularly referred to McGee on his TV shows as "The lovely Debbie McGee", a phrase that entered popular culture as a stereotype for magicians' assistants. Daniels and McGee were married in Buckinghamshire in April 1988.

In October 1991, McGee was one of the first female magicians to become a member of The Magic Circle, a society for British professional magicians. She celebrated by appearing on TV to perform a trick accompanied by Daniels as her assistant "The Lovely Paul", who was not allowed to speak during the performance.

McGee was the 2017 winner of the Magic Circle's Maskelyne award "for services to British Magic", the same award that her husband received in 1988.

Personal life
McGee's pastimes include golf and she has played in celebrity charity events.

In January 2019 McGee announced that she had overcome the early stages of breast cancer in 2018; after a small surgical procedure she had been given the all-clear.

Dance company
In 2000, McGee and Daniels set up Ballet Imaginaire to produce ballet shows and tour them around the country. The enterprise was never intended to be financially successful (as acknowledged in When Louis Met...) but in the three years it was active it did achieve its stated objective of allowing Debbie to fulfil a lifelong dream of producing ballet and achieving recognition as a dancer''.

Radio
In 2004 McGee presented Box Jumpers, a two-part radio documentary about magician's assistants for BBC Radio 4. She works as a presenter for BBC Radio Berkshire, where, since 8 June 2008, she has hosted a regular Sunday morning show from 9 am to noon.

On 12 June 2018, McGee was a guest on the BBC Radio 4 programme My Teenage Diaries.

Television and film
In 2001, McGee and Daniels were the subjects of an episode of When Louis Met..., a documentary filmed by Louis Theroux. The episode, titled When Louis Met... Paul and Debbie, was broadcast on BBC Two and subsequently Netflix.

In 2001, McGee appeared in the documentary Paul Daniels in a Black Hole, which challenged Daniels to be recognised as a famed magician in the United States within one week.

McGee appeared on comedian Caroline Aherne's talk show The Mrs Merton Show in 1995; Aherne's character Mrs Merton asked McGee "what first attracted you to the millionaire Paul Daniels?", a joke which a poll later ranked as Britain's second-best one-liner. The couple later joked about the quip, with Daniels saying "when Debbie and I got married, I certainly wasn't a millionaire and the other funny thing was Caroline had just married a millionaire so we thought that was hysterical". Calling the continuing popularity of the joke "lovely", McGee credits the appearance on Mrs Merton for kickstarting her own fame, saying "after Mrs Merton people started to really recognise me. It gave us great publicity."

In October 2004, McGee and her husband appeared on The Farm, Five's version of the RTÉ show Celebrity Farm. In May 2006, she appeared on The X Factor: Battle of the Stars with her husband singing "Let Me Entertain You" by Robbie Williams. Debbie and Paul were knocked out in the first round of the talent show.

On 1 April 2007, McGee appeared along with her husband, Vanessa Feltz, and her then-fiancé Ben Ofoedu in a celebrity edition of Channel 4's hit reality television show Wife Swap. In 2008 McGee appeared on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway. On 14 September 2010, McGee appeared on the celebrity version of Come Dine with Me.

In 2012, McGee made a cameo appearance as herself in an episode of the UK TV comedy drama Stella.

In 2017, McGee appeared alongside Nigel Havers, Simon Callow and Lorraine Chase in Barging Loving Celebs.

She took part in Celebrity MasterChef in 2017. In August 2017, it was announced that McGee would be appearing as a contestant on the fifteenth series of Strictly Come Dancing where her professional dance partner was Giovanni Pernice. The couple reached the final but were beaten by Joe McFadden and Katya Jones.

In November 2017 she appeared alongside Chesney Hawkes in Celebrity Antiques Road Trip.

In December 2019, McGee appeared in the quiz show Tenable All Stars for a Christmas special.

Other activities
McGee worked alongside her husband in venues around the world. Also, according to the biography on her personal website, she was writing a book. A cookery and party book written by McGee has appeared on WH Smith and Amazon websites called Dine with Debbie, although it is no longer in print. In 2005 she became the brand ambassador for "Good Boy" chocolates.

In 2006 McGee and friend Sue Simons created modelling and casting agency Debbie McGee Models.

In February 2009, McGee and Daniels appeared in Closer magazine in a picture recreating an image from an Armani advert that featured footballer David Beckham and his wife Victoria. Later in the summer of that year, she appeared in a fringe theatre show in London called Frank's Closet.

On 21 August 2013, McGee took part in the Dead Air Podcast, a show hosted by Nick Lee and Rob Oldfield.

From 9 December 2016 to 1 January 2017, McGee starred in the pantomime Aladdin as Slave of the Ring at the Grand Opera House, York.

She is known for her charitable work with dogs.

title: Debbie McGee


text:
Philippe Douste-Blazy

Philippe Douste-Blazy (born 1 January 1953) is a French United Nations official and former centre-right politician. Over the course of his career, he served as Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, Special Adviser on Innovative Financing for Development in the UN and chairman of UNITAID.

He previously served as French Minister for Health (1993–1995 and 2004–2005), Minister of Culture (1995–1997) and as Foreign Minister in the cabinet of Dominique de Villepin (2005–2007). He was mayor of Lourdes 1989–2000 and mayor of Toulouse 2001–2004.

Originally a member of the Centre of Social Democrats (CDS), the Christian Democrat component of the Union for French Democracy (UDF) party, he later joined the Union for a Popular Movement.

A cardiologist by profession, he became professor at Toulouse Sciences University in 1988.

Early years
Born in Lourdes in the Hautes-Pyrénées, Douste-Blazy studied medicine in Toulouse, where he had his first job in 1976. He then worked as a cardiologist in Lourdes and Toulouse, namely in Purpan's hospital from 1986. He then joined the French Society of Cardiology. He became Professor of Medicine at Toulouse Sciences University in 1988. Since 2016, he has also been a visiting professor at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

Early beginnings
A member of the Centre of Social Democrats (CDS), the Christian Democrat component of the Union for French Democracy (UDF), Douste-Blazy entered politics in March 1989, being elected mayor of Lourdes. He was also elected national director of the association of research against elevations of cholesterol.

Member of the European Parliament, 1989–1993
In the 1989 European elections, Douste-Blazy was elected Member of the European Parliament in June of the same year. He was then a member of the European People's Party.

During his time in parliament, Douste-Blazy served on the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection. In addition to his committee assignments, he was a member of the parliament’s delegation to the Joint Assembly of the Agreement between the African, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP countries) and the European Economic Community.

Minister of Health, 1993–1995
Elected deputy for Hautes-Pyrénées département in March 1993, Douste-Blazy was appointed to the cabinet of Edouard Balladur as Minister-Delegate (a junior minister) at the Ministry for Health.

In May 1994, in his capacity as minister, Douste-Blazy visited Rwanda and refugee camps in neighboring Tanzania to witness the consequences of the genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi by members of Rwanda’s Hutu majority government. During his time in office, France approved a bill which prohibited postmenopausal pregnancy, which Douste-Blazy said was "...immoral as well as dangerous to the health of mother and child."

Douste-Blazy stayed at the ministry until the 1995 presidential election. In March 1994, he was elected at Hautes-Pyrénées's General Council. He became general secretary of the CDS in December and Government's spokesman one month later.

Minister of Culture, 1995–1997
In May 1995, after the election of Jacques Chirac as President of France, a candidacy he was backing, Douste-Blazy was nominated Minister of Culture. In June, he was also re-elected Mayor of Lourdes then, five months later, elected general secretary of Democratic Force, the party which replaced the CDS.

In June 1997, the overwhelming defeat of the Presidential Majority during legislative election made him lose his position as Minister of Culture, but he remained deputy of Hautes-Pyrénées and became president of the UDF parliamentary group at the French National Assembly. During the election campaign he was badly hurt when a mentally unstable man stabbed him in the back as he was campaigning in Lourdes. It turned out that the Minister's assailant was an Albanian refugee who had already tried to attack Mr Douste-Blazy in 1992.

At the head of the centrist parliamentary group, he was often opposed to the UDF party leader François Bayrou. Indeed, while the latter advocated the emancipation of the UDF towards its Gaullist allies, Douste-Blazy proposed the union of the right-wing parties behind President Chirac.

Mayor of Toulouse, 2001–2004
Seeking one of the country's most important municipal seats, Douste-Blazy narrowly won the election for Mayor of Toulouse in 2001, which saw the left making its best showing in decades. Once in office, he had to deal with a reinvigorated political opposition, as well as with the dramatic explosion of the AZF plant in late 2001.

Douste-Blazy supported Jacques Chirac in the two rounds of the 2002 presidential election, in spite of the candidacy of François Bayrou. Consequently, he participated to the unification of some right-wing groups in the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) and appeared as a possible prime minister. However, once re-elected, President Chirac choose Jean-Pierre Raffarin and Philippe Douste-Blazy refused to resign from its mayoralty to be minister. The same year, he changed of constituency and was elected deputy for Haute-Garonne département.

Minister of Health, 2004–2005
After the electoral crash of the UMP in the 2004 regional election, Douste-Blazy left its function in Toulouse and returned at the Ministry of Health. His predecessor Jean-François Mattéi was discredited due to his response to the 2003 European heat wave. He was the instigator of a new reform of medical insurances.

Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2005–2007
In a government reshuffle following the rejection of the European constitution in 29 May 2005's referendum, Douste-Blazy replaced Michel Barnier and became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin.

In his capacity as minister, Douste-Blazy summoned Iran's ambassador to France in October 2005, demanding an explanation for President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's public call for Israel to be "wiped off the map." He announced France’s support for the Israeli separation barrier on 25 October 2006. In November 2006, he summoned Israel's ambassador to Paris, Daniel Shek to express "serious concern" about violations of a ceasefire that ended the 33-day war between Israel and Hezbollah guerrillas.

During his time in office, France played a central role in international attempts to end the bloodshed in the 2006 Lebanon War. In October 2006, the French National Assembly, despite Douste-Blazy’s opposition, passed a bill which if approved by the Senate and would make Armenian genocide denial a crime.

Douste-Blazy left the position with the departure of Jacques Chirac from the Presidency in May 2007. He did not run for a new parliamentary term in the 2007 elections.

On 6 November 2007, Douste-Blazy was among the guests invited to the state dinner hosted by President George W. Bush in honor of President Nicolas Sarkozy at the White House.

United Nations
While serving as foreign minister of France, Douste-Blazy became chairman of the Executive Board of UNITAID, the International Drug Purchase Facility hosted by the World Health Organization which France co-founded in 2006.

On 19 February 2008, Douste-Blazy was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as Special Adviser on Innovative Financing for Development, with the rank of UN Under-Secretary-General. From 2008 until 2009, he was a member of the High Level Taskforce on Innovative International Financing for Health Systems, co-chaired by Gordon Brown and Robert Zoellick. He is also the chairman of the board of the Millennium Foundation for Innovate Finance for Health.

His main responsibilities as the Special Adviser included promoting UNITAID and other sources of innovative financing for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), advising the United Nations Secretary-General on innovative financing solutions to the implementation of the Monterrey consensus, coordinating with the High-Level Group on the MDGs, and liaising with various UN and non-UN related institutions, such as the main Bretton Woods institutions, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), the United Nations Development Group and the Millennium Communication Campaign.

Douste-Blazy was also in charge of organizing the first World Conference of Non-Governmental Donors, with a special focus on the financing for development provided by citizens, local and regional authorities, foundations, non-governmental organizations, economic and social representatives, faith groups and the private sector. It is hoped that these innovative sources of funding could compensate the insufficient official development assistance in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

Ahead of the 2012 presidential elections, Douste-Blazy announced in January 2012 that he no longer supported Nicolas Sarkozy and instead was lending his support to centrist candidate François Bayrou.

Political functions
Governmental functions

Minister of Health and government's spokesman : 1993–1995.

Minister of Culture and government's spokesman : 1995–1997.

Minister of Solidarity, Health and Family : 2004–2005.

Minister of Foreign Affairs : 2005–2007.

Electoral mandates

European Parliament

Member of European Parliament : 1989–1993 (Became minister in 1993 and elected in parliamentary elections in March 1993).

National Assembly of France

President of the group of Union for French Democracy : 1998–2002.

Member of the National Assembly of France for Hautes-Pyrénées : Elected in March 1993 but he became minister / 1997–2001 (Resignation). Elected in 1993, reelected in 1997.

Member of the National Assembly of France for Haute-Garonne : 2001–2004 (Became minister in 2004). Elected in 2001, reelected in 2002.

General Council

General councillor of Hautes-Pyrénées : 1994–2001.

Municipal Council

Mayor of Toulouse : 2001–2004.

Deputy-mayor of Toulouse : 2004–2008.

Municipal councillor of Toulouse : 2001–2008.

Mayor of Lourdes : 1989–2000 (Resignation). Reelected in 1995.

Municipal councillor of Lourdes : 1989–2001. Reelected in 1995.

Urban community Council

President of the Urban community of Greater Toulouse : 2001–2008.

Member of the Urban community of Greater Toulouse : 2001–2008.

Political functions

General secretary of the Union for a Popular Movement : 2002–2004.

Other activities

 * GBCHealth, Member of the Board of Directors
 * Innovative Finance Foundation (IFF), Member of the Advisory Board
 * International Consortium on Anti-Virals (ICAV), Member of the Board of Directors

Honours and recognition

 * 1997 – Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay
 * 2004 – Honorary Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
 * 2011 – Clinton Global Citizen Award of the Clinton Foundation

title: Philippe Douste-Blazy


text:
Vesselina Kasarova

Vesselina Kasarova (Веселина Кацарова; born 18 July 1965) is a Bulgarian operatic mezzo-soprano.

Early life and education
Kasarova was born in the central Bulgarian town of Stara Zagora. Under the communist regime she studied Russian as a second language and had an early start in music education. She started taking piano lessons at the Pionerski Dom at age 4 (in 1970) and enrolled at Hristina Morfova School of Music and Performing Arts (normal studies in the morning, and music in the afternoon) in her native town in 1979. As she studied piano and worked as accompanist at recitals, Kasarova became so drawn to the voice as a musical instrument that upon earning her concert pianist diploma in 1987, she switched to study singing under Ressa Koleva at Bulgarian State Music Academy in Sofia, focusing on the works of Mozart and Rossini. Kasarova gave her first singing performance in her native town singing "Habanera" from Bizet's Carmen. She performed at Sofia National Opera while still a student. She performed the part of Rosina in The Barber of Seville for her graduation exam.

Singing career
In 1989, her final year at the Sofia Conservatory, she and 5 other students were sent to a month-long concert tour of France. The artist agent Luisa Lasser-Petrov made a recording of one of her performances which she sent to Herbert von Karajan, who immediately requested to see her in Salzburg and then in Vienna. They met in Salzburg where she was asked to sing "Agnus Dei" from Bach's Mass in B minor. Karajan wanted to engage her to sing Bach's mass with him at the Salzburg Festival the following year, but died shortly after. The Impresario of the Vienna State Opera, Ioan Holender (then jointly directing with Eberhard Wächter) was persuaded by Lasser-Petrov to hear her auditions and immediately offered her a 2 yrs contract at that house to start in 1991-92 season. When she returned to Bulgaria, she took part in another audition at Stara Zagora Opera where she was heard by Christoph Groszer, the impresario of the Zürich Opera. He also immediately engaged her for his company.

After graduation, Kasarova joined the ensemble at Zurich Opera in 1989 and made her professional stage debut in Wagner's Götterdämmerung as the 2nd Norn and Wellgunde. She soon became a local favorite there with the audience appreciative of her unique vocal timbres, expressive intensity, and virtuoso ability. She also entered and won that year's Neue Stimmen competition. The competition was sponsored by Bertelsmann, which owns BMG Classics label, leading to her exclusive recording contract.

In 1991, she made her debut at the Salzburg Festival singing 2 concerts in commemoration of Mozart's 200th death anniversary and as Annio in Mozart's La clemenza di Tito under Sir Colin Davis. In that same year she left Zurich to fulfill her contract at the Vienna State Opera debuting in the role of Rosina in Rossini's The Barber of Seville, and remained with the company for 2 years.

Her international career took flight in Salzburg in 1992 when at short notice, she stood in for Marilyn Horne as Tancredi in two concert performances of the Rossini opera. Since then she has been a regular guest at that summer festival, performing in Mozart's La clemenza di Tito, Idomeneo, Così fan tutte, Mitridate, the Mozart pastiche Ombra felice, and Berlioz's La damnation de Faust. She has also performed at other notable opera festivals such as Bregenz, St. Moritz, Glyndebourne, Munich and Pesaro.

Kasarova initially specialized in Mozart's operas and works by bel canto composers such as Rossini, Bellini, and Donizetti. By the mid 2000s she became much sought after in Baroque trouser roles such as Orphée in Gluck's Orphée et Eurydice, Ruggiero in Händel's Alcina, and the title role in Ariodante. After her first assumption of Bizet's Carmen in 2008, however, her voice has gained more warmth and size as she adds more dramatic roles to her repertoire. When asked about her repertory change in interviews the singer consistently states her intention to keep singing bel canto roles for as long as possible in order to maintain vocal health as she moves toward the heavier roles of French, Verdi & Wagnerian operas.

In 2003 Kasarova collaborated with the Bulgarian composer Krassimir Kyurkchiyski to produce the CD 'Bulgarian Soul'. She sings with the Cosmic Voices from Bulgaria and the Sofia Soloists Orchestra in this compilation of Bulgarian folk songs. "Many people don't know my native land. I would like them to discover the Bulgarian soul," the singer commented. She hosted Deutsche Welle's Euromaxx television series Vesselina Kasarova: Bulgarian Encounters, introducing European audiences to her native Bulgaria.

The versatile singer spends her time between performances giving master classes, and, in March 2012, published her first book, Ich singe mit Leib und Seele (I Sing With Heart And Soul), with music critic Dr. Mariane Zelger-Vogt.

Recent roles:
 * "Carmen" in Bizet's Carmen
 * "Charlotte" in Massenet's Werther
 * "Dalila" in Saint-Saëns's Samson et Dalila
 * "Eboli" in Verdi's Don Carlo
 * "Marina" in Modest Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov
 * "Romeo" in Bellini's I Capuleti e I Montecchi* (retired in Munich in 2012)
 * "Ruggiero" in Handel's Alcina
 * "Venus" in Wagner's Tannhäuser
 * "Orlofsky" in Strauss Jr's Die Fledermaus
 * "Helene" in Offenbach's La Belle Helene
 * "Judit" in Bartók's Bluebeard's Castle

Awards and honors
Kasarova won the "Female Singer of the Year" (Sängerin des Jahres) in 2003 Echo Klassik. In 2005 she won the Merkur Preis and was named Bavarian Kammersängerin. She was also named Österreichische Kammersängerin in April 2010.

Recordings of operatic roles

 * Tchaikovsky: Pique Dame (The Queen Of Spades) (1988) -- [audio CD] As a governess with Emil Tchakarov & Sofia Festival Orchestra
 * Tchaikovsky: Pique Dame  (1992) -- [VHS] As Pauline with Seiji Ozawa & Vienna State Opera
 * Bellini: Beatrice di Tenda  (1992) -- [audio CD] As Agnese with Pinchas Steinberg & ORF Symphony Orchestra
 * Rossini: Tancredi  (1996) --[audio CD] As Tancredi with Roberto Abbado & Munich Radio Orchestra
 * Weber: Oberon  (1996) --[audio CD] As Fatime with Marek Janowski & Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin
 * Offenbach: La Belle Hélène  (1997) -- [VHS & DVD] As Hélène with Nikolaus Harnoncourt & Zurich Opera (Note: VHS and DVD versions show performances from different dates.)
 * Massenet: Werther  (1999) --[Audio CD] As Charlotte with Vladimir Jurowski & Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin
 * Bellini: I Capuleti e i Montecchi  (1999) --[Audio CD] As Romeo with R. Abbado & Munich Radio Orchestra
 * Berlioz: La damnation de Faust  (1999) -- [DVD] As Marguerite with Sylvain Chambreling from the 1999 Salzburg Festival
 * Rossini: The Barber of Seville (2001) -- [DVD] As Rosina with Nello Santi and Zurich Opera
 * Donizetti: La Favorite (2001) --[Audio CD] As Leonor with Viotti & Munich Radio Orchestra
 * Monteverdi: Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria  (2003) -- [DVD] As Penelope with N. Harnoncourt & Zurich Opera
 * Mozart: La clemenza di Tito  (2003) --[DVD] As Sesto with Nikolaus Harnoncourt from the Salzburg Summer Festival (now part of the M22 project)
 * Gluck: Orphée et Eurydice  (2004) --[DVD] As Orphée with Ivor Bolton & Bavaria State Opera
 * R. Strauß: Der Rosenkavalier  (2005) --[DVD] As Oktavian with Franz Welser-Mōst & Zurich Opera
 * Mozart" La clemenza di Tito  (2005) --[DVD] As Sesto with Franz Welser-Mōst from Zurich Opera
 * Mozart: La clemenza di Tito  (2006) --[Doppel CD] As Sesto with Pinchas Steinburg & Munchner Rundfunkorchester
 * Mozart: Mitridate, re di Ponto  (2006) --[Doppel CD] As Farnace with Sir Roger Norrington & Camerata Salzburg from the 1997 Salzburg Festival
 * Rossini: La Cenerentola  (2006) --[Doppel CD] As Angelina with Carlo Rizzi & Munchner Rundfunkorchester
 * Donizetti: Dom Sebastien  (March 2007) --[CD] As Zayda with Mark Elder & ROH Orchestra
 * Händel: Alcina (September 2007) -- [SACD] As Ruggiero with Ivor Bolton from Bavarian State Opera
 * Bizet: Carmen (2008) -- [DVD] As Carmen with Franz Welser-Möst from Zurich Opera
 * Händel: Alcina (November 2010) -- [DVD] As Ruggiero with Marc Minkowski and Les Musiciens du Louvre—Grenoble at the Wiener Staatsoper

Other recordings
Vesselina Kasarova has an exclusive recording contract with RCA Victor Red Seal.

 * Hermann Suter Le Laudi (Le laudi di San Francesco d’Assisi) (1991) --[Audio CD] with Budapester Sinfoniker Chor and Kinderchor des Ungarischen Rundfunks Budapest
 * Wir Schwestern Zwei, Wir Schönen  --[Audio CD] lieder duets with Edita Gruberova including the famous Rossini's Katzen-Duett (Duetto buffo di due gatti)
 * Berlioz, Ravel, Chausson (1994) --[Audio CD] song cycles with Pinchas Steinberg and the ORF Symphonieorchester (This recording won the Prix Maurice Ravel award)
 * A Portrait (1996) --[Audio CD] with Friedrich Haider and the Munchner Rundfunkorchester. Arias from Handel's Rinaldo, Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice, Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro and Don Giovanni, Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia and L'italiana in Algeri, Donizetti's Anna Bolena and La favorita, and Bellini's I Capuleti e i Montecchi.
 * Franz Schubert: Mass No. 6 in E-Major (1997) --[Audio CD] with Riccardo Muti & Wiener Philharmoniker and Chor des Mitteldeutschen Rundfunks, Leipzig
 * Gustav Mahler: Symphony No. 8 in E-Major "Sinfonie der Tausend" (1997) --[Audio CD] with Sir Colin Davis & Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks
 * Mozart Arias (1997) --[Audio CD] with Sir Colin Davis and the Staatskapelle Dresden. Arias from Cosi fan tutte, Le nozze di Figaro, Idomeneo, Mitridate, Don Giovanni, Lucio Silla, and La clemenza di Tito. This recording was nominated for the Grammy Award
 * Schubert, Brahms, Schumann: Lieder (1999)  [Audio CD] with Friedrich Haider
 * Rossini: Arias and Duets (2000)  [Audio CD] with Juan Diego Florez and Arthur Fagen & Musikalische Leitung. This record won the 2000 Cannes Classical Awards for Songs and Vocal Recitals 19/20 Century.
 * Nuit Resplendissante (2001) [Audio CD] Rarely heard French opera arias with Frédéric Chaslin & Münchner Rundfunkorchester
 * Love Entranced: French Opera Arias (2002) [Audio CD] with Frédéric Chaslin and the Munich Radio Orchestra.
 * Bulgarian Soul: Kyurkchiyski (2003) [Audio CD] with Cosmic Voices from Bulgaria under Vania Moneva, and the Sofia Soloists Chamber Orchestra under Tzanko Delibozov singing traditional Bulgarian folk songs. This recording was nominated for the German ECHO Klassik award (Classics Without Frontier)
 * Berlin Opera Night (2004) --[DVD & audio CD] Sings Charlotte's letter scene from Werther as part of the benefit concert to raise fund for AIDS research. CD under title Gala Night
 * The Magic of Kasarova (2004) [Audio CD] compilation of arias from her acclaimed roles including tracks from live performances from the 2003 Munich production of Orphée et Eurydice and the 1999 Salzburger Festspiele production of La damnation de Faust.
 * Belle Nuit (2008) [Audio CD] with Ulf Schirmer and the Munich Radio Orchestra. Live recording of a concert at Philharmonie am Gastieg of Offenbach operetta arias.
 * Sento Brillar (July 2008) [Audio CD] with Alan Curtis and Il Complesso Barocco. Studio recording of Handel opera arias that were written for Carestini.
 * Passionate Arias (May 2009) [Audio CD] with Giuliani Carrera and Munich Radio Orchestra. Studio recordings of compilation of dramatic mezzo-soprano arias.
 * Chopin At The Opera (2010) [DVD] Documentary on opera's influence on the music of Frédéric Chopin. Filmed at George Sands' estate with short clips of Kasarova's rehearsal for a concert with Roland Raphael.
 * China Meets Europe (2014) [Audio CD] with Xincao Li and Tonkuenstler-Orchester. Studio recording of Enjott Schneider's 3rd Symphony.
 * Of Madness And Love (2015) [Audio CD] with Ivor Bolton and Sinfonieorchester Basel. Music of Hector Berlioz.
 * Russian Arias (2015) [Audio CD] with Pavel Baleff and Philharmonie Baden-Baden.

TV documentary

 * Vesselina Kasarova: Ein Portrait: Mozart ist ohne Ende (BMG Classic & Saarländischer Rundfunk) From 1997 interview with clips from Idomeneo in Florence, I Capuleti e i Montecchi in Paris, recording session of her Mozart Arias CD in Dresden
 * Tell Me, Little White Cloud (Arte-TV) Making of Bulgarian Soul CD with the Cosmic Voices from Bulgaria Female Choir
 * Vesselina Kasarova: Die Kunst der Verwandlung (ORF) 2005 documentary of her career.
 * Bulgarian Encounters Deutsche Welle's Euromaxx television series where Kasarova serves as the host

title: Vesselina Kasarova


text:
Talk:The Wildlife Trusts partnership

Needs to merge with The Wildlife Trusts partnership Andy Mabbett 12:47, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts
As of June 2004, the official name is the Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts and so this needs to be renamed.

Comment re: NPOV nomination
In need of a fairly thorough cleanup to make it suitable for Wikipedia and less like blurb churned out by the RSWT's PR department SP-KP 00:47, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It certainly is. Furthermore I'm not at all sure that RSWT is the same thing as a 'wildlife trust', so possibly the body of this article needs to go the existing The Wildlife Trusts partnership, and a new article written for Wildlife Trust. Naturenet 07:05, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've made a new page called Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts and put into it the best of this page and The Wildlife Trusts partnership. I would welcome any commnents and further contributions (logo, anyone?) before I redirect both this page and The Wildlife Trusts partnership to the new page at Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts. Naturenet 16:41, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I would advise against redirecting a page entitled "wildlife trust" to the new RSWT page; this implies that all "wildlife trusts" are affiliated to the RSWT, which is not the case; as far as I know, all county wildlife trusts are, so a redirect of that would be valid. This page is probably best cleared down, turned into a generic definition of a wildlife trust and transwikified to Wiktionary - SP-KP 17:06, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Can I make the same suggestion regarding the first sentence of the new page i.e. be clear the the RSWT is the umbrella organisation for the 47 county wildlife trusts; as things stand, the implication is that it is an umbrella organisation for all UK "wildlife trusts" - SP-KP 19:32, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I was not aware of that - perhaps you could make that modification yourself? I am aware that such distinctions are not unimportant! Naturenet 20:14, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think I've unpicked this rather confusing oversupply of partnerships and trading names. I've made careful reference to the Wildlife trsuts website and official statements, noting that they call themselves 'local trusts' rather than 'county trusts'. Entire page filletted and all good stuff relocated to The Wildlife Trusts partnership, redirect made accordingly. New page made for Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts. NPOV notice removed. Naturenet 19:37, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Naturenet: good work - I've built on this by doing a few more tidy-ups and basically, all I think that remains to be done is to clear up the following problem: if I search for Wildlife Trust on the main Wikipedia page, I am taken to The Wildlife Trusts partnership page instead of my newly-created Wildlife Trust (disambiguation) page. The only solution to this, I think, is to delete the wildlife trust page. I would like to suggest adding this to Votes for Deletion; would you be OK with that? - SP-KP 21:44, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ta! Good additions too. VFD sounds fine to me, I'll support it. Naturenet 07:34, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * OK - added the redirect page to Redirects for Deletion. Hope my explanation there makes sense - SP-KP 19:19, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ah - a wiser head than ours seems to have resolved the problem much more simply. I'm happy with it as it now is. Suggest you might now consider removing the Redirect for Deletion. Naturenet 07:51, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yep, I like this too. I think we now have a nice tidy set of Wildlife Trust pages. No excuse for me not to go back and finish off the National Vegetation Classification pages ... yawn!

title: Talk:The Wildlife Trusts partnership


text:
Talk:The Wildlife Trusts

Needs to merge
Needs to merge with Wildlife trust Andy Mabbett 12:48, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This page has been made from several others
I've taken the best of this page and Wildlife trust and merged them here. Wildlife trust is now redirected here. I also made a new page called Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts. Naturenet 19:40, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Surrey Wildlife Trust was formed in 1959. http://www.surreywildlifetrust.co.uk/ 9/6/2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gwyddno (talk • contribs) 18:31, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

I'm not sure what the purpose of the Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts article is, since this article says that The Wildlife Trusts is the trading name for Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, so they are one and the same thing. I propose merging Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts back into this article. ghouston (talk) 10:24, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I would support this merge, the RSWT and it's activites/history should be discussed in this article. Acather96 (click here to contact me) 18:32, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I also support this merge. I had a look at the http://www.rswt.org/ web page today. It has no content, just a couple of lines of 'comment' hypertext when I viewed the source code so it looks like the 'public face' of the RSWT has disappeared. The http://www.wildlifetrusts.org/ page is still active though. As it states at Royal_Society_of_Wildlife_Trusts,"the society trades as and is commonly known by the name The Wildlife Trusts." I think WP:COMMONNAME applies here. I also note that the The Wildlife Trusts web page has the same registered charity number as is displayed at the Charity Commission entry for Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts so it does look like they are the same body.Waugh Bacon (talk) 13:40, 8 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Support merge as per above. --Animalparty-- (talk) 16:59, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

Well this took two years, but I've finally merged the articles back together again. Feel free to check over the parts I changed. QueenCake (talk) 16:29, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Number of Wildlife Trusts
Does anyone know if there are 46 or 47 individual wildlife trusts as some pages conflict with each other. AustinRedd007 (talk) 12:14, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * There were 47 but in 2018 Brecknock Wildlife Trust merged with The Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales so there are now 46. See . Dudley Miles (talk) 12:29, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

OK thanks. I have now updated the rest of the individual trust pages to reflect the current number. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AustinRedd007 (talk • contribs) 10:38, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Wildlife Trusts


text:
Loosahatchie River

The Loosahatchie River is a 64.0 mi stream in southwestern Tennessee. Except for a few miles near its head, its mouth, and near the middle of its length, it has been entirely channelized, as have its major tributaries, for agriculture purposes. Its drainage basin was once the site of extensive cotton plantings, which have been greatly diminished in recent decades by extensive urbanization of the area.

The Loosahatchie rises in the westernmost part of Hardeman County, Tennessee, and flows largely east to west throughout its length. It enters Fayette County, Tennessee, flowing through Somerville, and is crossed west of there by Interstate 40 in the only unchannelized portion of its midcourse. It then flows into Shelby County. Its mouth is slightly north of the Memphis suburb of Frayser. It meets the Mississippi north of the mouth of the Wolf River near Mud Island. Slightly downstream from its mouth in the main Mississippi channel is the Loosahatchie Bar, which is named for it.

The name "Loosahatchie River" is partially redundant—the word "hatchie" is one of many words for "river" in several Muskogean languages native to the Southeast.

title: Loosahatchie River


text:
List of US Open men's singles champions

The US Open men's singles championship is an annual tennis tournament that is part of the US Open and was established in 1881. It is played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows – Corona Park, New York City, United States. The US Open is played during a two-week period in late August and early September, and has been chronologically the last of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987. Newport (1881–1914), Forest Hills (1915–1920, 1924–1977), and Philadelphia (1921–1923) held the event before it settled in 1978 at the USTA National Tennis Center, now the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, in New York City. The inaugural tournament, in 1881, was reserved for United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) club members, before the championships opened to international competitors in 1882. The USTA is the national body that organizes this event.

History
The men's singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1884 to 1911, the event started with a knockout phase, the All-Comers singles, whose winner faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All-Comers winner was awarded the title six times (1888, 1893, 1898, 1901, 1904, 1907) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1912 edition. From 1908 to 1914, when the championships were held at Newport, men's singles draws had exceeded 128 players, but when the event moved to Forest Hills in 1915 entries would be "submitted by clubs, thereby making the clubs weed out mediocre players. Furthermore, the entry fee would be set high enough to prevent cheapskates from entering just to get a seat at the tournament at a lower price and then defaulting". Since 1881, all matches but the All-Comers final and the challenge round were played as the best-of-three sets, before the event switched to best-of-five for all rounds in 1886. Best-two-out-of-three-sets matches were reintroduced for early rounds in 1917, from 1943 to 1945, and from 1975 to 1978. Before 1884, the winner of the next game at five-games–all took the set in every match except the All-Comers final and the challenge round, which were won by the player who had at least six games and at least two games more than his opponent. This advantage format was introduced for the final sets of early rounds in 1884, and used for all sets in all rounds from 1887 to 1969. The tie-break system was introduced in 1970 for all sets, in its best-of-nine points sudden death version until 1974, and in its best-of-13 points lingering death version since 1975. In addition, the US Open was the first slam to have a fifth set tie-break.

The court surface changed twice, from grass (1881–1974), to Har-Tru clay (1975–1977), to DecoTurf hard courts, since 1978. The only man to win on all three surfaces, which are grass, Har-Tru clay, and DecoTurf hard was Jimmy Connors.

The champion receives a full-size replica of the event's trophy engraved with his name. In 2010, the winner received prize money of US$1,700,000. A bonus pool of $1,000,000 is also to US Open champions who have clinched the first place of the US Open Series.

In the U.S. National Championships, Richard Sears (1881–1887), William Larned (1901–1902, 1907–1911) and Bill Tilden (1920–1925, 1929) hold the record for most titles in the men's singles, with seven victories each. Four of Sears' wins and all of Larned's, came in a time when the tournament used a challenge round format, and they won respectively only three times and twice after going through a complete draw. Sears also holds the all-time record for most consecutive titles, with seven from (1881 to 1887); the first win came when the event was closed to foreign participants. Without the challenge round, the record stands at six, and is held by Tilden (1920–1925).

During the US Open, since the inclusion of the professional tennis players, Jimmy Connors (1974, 1976, 1978, 1982–1983), Pete Sampras (1990, 1993, 1995–1996, 2002), and Roger Federer (2004–2008) have won the most championships, with five titles. Federer has had the most consecutive wins, with five (2004–2008).

Multiple champions
(*) denotes event only for USNLTA club members only
 * Years in italic type denote titles defended in the challenge round.

title: List of US Open men's singles champions


text:
Taiwan Esperanto Association

The Taiwan Esperanto Association was a Taiwanese society founded to promote Esperanto. It was active in Taiwan under Japanese rule, notably Taipei, during the 1920s and 1930s. Its predecessor was the Japan Esperanto Association, Taiwan Branch, founded in 1913 by Kodama Shirō (児玉四郎). (The new Tajvana Esperantista Asocio, founded 1990, is historically unrelated.) The society exchanged its official monthly publication, La Verda Ombro ("The Green Shade"; 1919-1924), with many similar-minded societies overseas. The well-known political activist Ren Onkyō (連 温卿) was the main editor.

In the early 1930s, the society was active in internationalist politics unrelated to Esperanto promotion. In 1932, for example, it attempted to publish an article in a leading paper condemning Japan's invasion of Manchuria; the article was censored by the Japanese authorities. In the following year it took part in an alliance to protest Adolf Hitler.

Publication:
 * Organized Study of Esperanto, a Textbook (in Japanese)

title: Taiwan Esperanto Association