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Sergei Parajanov

Sergei Iosifovich Parajanov (January 9, 1924 – July 20, 1990) was a Soviet film director and screenwriter of Armenian origin. He is regarded by film critics, film historians, and filmmakers to be one of the greatest filmmakers of all time.

Parajanov studied at Moscow's VGIK under the tutualge of filmmakers Igor Savchenko and Oleksandr Dovzhenko, and began his career as professional film director in 1954. Parjanov became increasingly disenchanted of his films as well as the state sanctioned art style of socialist realism, prominent throughout the Soviet Union. After moving to Ukraine and directing Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, his first major work which diverged from socialist realism and gave him international acclaim, he would later disown and proclaim his films made before 1965 as "garbage." Parajanov subsequently directed The Color of Pomegranates, which was met with widespread acclaim among filmmakers, and is often considered one of the greatest films ever made.

Parajanov was a bisexual, which exposed him to increase legal scrutiny from Soviet authorities over his personal life, his films, and political involvement surrounding Ukrainian nationalism. Nearly all of his film projects from 1965 to 1973 were banned by the Soviet film administrations, both locally in Kyiv, Yerevan and federally in the Soviet Union, many without discussion.

Parajanov's films are ranked among the greatest films of all time by Sight & Sound. He won prizes at Mar del Plata Film Festival, Istanbul International Film Festival, Nika Awards, Rotterdam International Film Festival, Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival, São Paulo International Film Festival and others. A comprehensive retrospective in the UK took place in 2010 at BFI Southbank. The retrospective was curated by Layla Alexander-Garrett and Parajanov specialist Elisabetta Fabrizi who commissioned a Parajanov inspired new commission in the BFI Gallery by contemporary artist Matt Collishaw ('Retrospectre'). A symposium was dedicated to Parajanov's work bringing together experts to discuss and celebrate the director's contribution to cinema and art.

Early life and films
Sergei Iosifovich Parajanov was born on January 9, 1924 in Tiflis, Georgia SSR to artistically inclined Armenian parents Iosif Parajanov and Siranush Bejanova. His Armenian family name, Parajaniants, is attested by a surviving historical document at the Sergei Parajanov Museum. His father was a merchant and owned an antique shop, trading jewelry and valuables. This got him in frequent trouble with authorities, who often raided his business and seized many of his valuables due to the Soviet Union's ban on financial speculation. Because his father could not get his business legalised, Parajanov was often forced to swallow small jewelry pieces, and defecate them once authorities withdrew from their search, saving them from being seized.

Parajanov attended a local railway college, before running away to attend the Tbilisi State Conservatoire. He was later transferred to the Moscow Conservatoire in Russia, where he studied alongside Russian soprano singer Nina Dorliak. Parajanov left the conservatoire to enroll at the directing department at the VGIK, one of the oldest and highly respected film schools in the country. He studied under the tutelage of directors Igor Savchenko and Oleksandr Dovzhenko.

Parajanov was bisexual In 1948, he was charged with illegal homosexual acts with an MGB officer Nikolai Mikava in Tbilisi, Georgia. He was sentenced to five years in prison, but was released under an amnesty after three months. In video interviews, friends and relatives contest the truthfulness of anything he was charged with, and believe his sentencing was procured through a kangaroo court due to his tendency for political retaliation and rebellious views. In 1950 Parajanov married his first wife, Nigyar Kerimova, in Moscow. She came from a Muslim Tatar family and converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity to marry Parajanov. Kerimova's relatives who disapproved of the marriage, murdered her following her conversion. After her murder Parajanov moved to Kyiv, Ukraine, where he produced a few Russian and Ukrainian language documentaries (Dumka, Golden Hands, Natalia Uzhvy) and a handful of narrative films: Andriesh, The Top Guy, Ukrainian Rhapsody, and Flower on the Stone. He became fluent in Ukrainian and married his second wife, Svitlana Ivanivna Shcherbatiuk (1938–2020), in 1956. Shcherbatiuk gave birth to their son, Suren, in 1958.

In a 1988 interview he stated that, "Everyone knows that I have three motherlands. I was born in Georgia, worked in Ukraine and I'm going to die in Armenia."

Break from Socialist Realism
Andrey Tarkovsky's first film, Ivan's Childhood, had an enormous impact on Parajanov's self-discovery as a filmmaker. Later the influence became mutual, and he and Tarkovsky became close friends. Another influence was Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini, who Parajanov would later describe as "like a God" to him and a director of "majestic style". In 1965 Parajanov abandoned socialist realism and directed the poetic Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, his first film over which he had complete creative control. It won numerous international awards well received by the Soviet authorities, who praised the film for "conveying the poetic quality and philosophical depth of Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky’s tale through the language of cinema," and called it "a brilliant creative success of the Dovzhenko film studio." Authorities allowed the release the film with its original Ukrainian soundtrack intact, rather than redub the dialogue into Russian for Soviet-wide release, in order to preserve its Ukrainian integrity. (Russian dubbing was standard practice at that time for non-Russian Soviet films when they were distributed outside the republic of origin.)

In 1969, Parajanov briefly moved to Armenia, to work on his next film, Sayat Nova. It was shot under relatively poor conditions and had a very small budget. Unlike Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, Sayat Nova was not well received by Soviet authorities, who were quick to intervene and ban the film for its allegedly inflammatory content and lack of Socialist realism, Parajanov re-edited the film and renamed it The Color of Pomegranates.

Imprisonment and later work

Since the early 1960's, Parajanov increasingly became the subject of attention by the KGB, for a variety of political activities related to his affinity towards Ukrainian nationalism. He was an active protester following the 1965–1966 Ukrainian purge. In 1969 a report by the Committee for State Security to the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist party indicated their belief that Parajanov is a negative influence on his younger colleagues, as well as a key purveyor of ideologically harmful opinion. He was also deemed as someone with a desire to defect if were to travel abroad. In December 1973, he was arrested in Kyiv, and was accused of homosexuality, sodomy propagation of pornography, and was sentenced to five years in a hard labor camp. Three days before Parajanov was due to be sentenced, Andrei Tarkovsky wrote a letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, asserting that "In the last ten years Sergei Parajanov has made only two films: Shadows of Our Forgotten Ancestors and The Colour of Pomegranates. They have influenced cinema first in Ukraine, second in this country as a whole, and third in the world at large. Artistically, there are few people in the entire world who could replace Paradanov. He is guilty – guilty of his solitude. We are guilty of not thinking of him daily and of failing to discover the significance of a master." An eclectic group of artists, actors, filmmakers and activists protested on behalf of Parajanov, calling for his immediate release. Among them were Robert De Niro, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Leonid Gaidai, Eldar Ryazanov, Yves Saint Laurent, Marcello Mastroianni, Françoise Sagan, Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Luis Buñuel, Federico Fellini, Michelangelo Antonioni, Mikhail Vartanov, and Andrei Tarkovsky himself.

Parajanov served four years out of his five-year sentence, and later credited his early release to the efforts of the French Surrealist poet and novelist Louis Aragon, the Russian poet Elsa Triolet (Aragon's wife), and the American writer John Updike. His early release was authorized by Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, presumably as a consequence of Brezhnev's chance meeting with Aragon and Triolet at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. When asked by Brezhnev if he could be of any assistance, Aragon requested the release of Parajanov, which was effected by December 1977.

While he was incarcerated, Parajanov produced a large number of miniature doll-like sculptures (some of which were lost) and some 800 drawings and collages, many of which were later displayed in Yerevan, where the Serhii Parajanov Museum is now permanently located. (The museum, opened in 1991, a year after Parajanov's death, hosts more than 200 works as well as furnishings from his home in Tbilisi.) His efforts in the camp were repeatedly compromised by prison guards, who deprived him of materials and called him mad, their cruelty only subsiding after a statement from Moscow admitted that "the director is very talented."

After his return from prison to Tbilisi, the close watch of Soviet censors prevented Parajanov from continuing his cinematic pursuits and steered him towards the artistic outlets he had nurtured during his time in prison. He crafted extraordinarily intricate collages, created a large collection of abstract drawings and pursued numerous other avenues of non-cinematic art, sewing more dolls and some whimsical suits.

In February 1982 Parajanov was once again imprisoned, on charges of bribery, which happened to coincide with his return to Moscow for the premiere of a play commemorating Vladimir Vysotsky at the Taganka Theatre, and was effected with some degree of trickery. Despite another stiff sentence, he was freed in less than a year, with his health seriously weakened.

In 1985, the slow thaw within the Soviet Union spurred Parajanov to resume his passion for cinema. With the encouragement of various Georgian intellectuals, he created the multi-award-winning film The Legend of Suram Fortress, based on a novella by Daniel Chonkadze, his first return to cinema since Sayat-Nova fifteen years earlier. In 1988, Parajanov made another multi-award-winning film, Ashik Kerib, based on a story by Mikhail Lermontov. It is the story of a wandering minstrel, set in the Azerbaijani culture. Parajanov dedicated the film to his close friend Andrei Tarkovsky and "to all the children of the world".

Death
Parajanov then attempted to complete his final project. He died of cancer in Yerevan, Armenia on July 20, 1990, aged 66, leaving this final work, The Confession, unfinished. It survives in its original negative as Parajanov: The Last Spring, created by his close friend Mikhail Vartanov in 1992. Federico Fellini, Tonino Guerra, Francesco Rosi, Alberto Moravia, Giulietta Masina, Marcello Mastroianni and Bernardo Bertolucci were among those who publicly mourned his death. They sent a telegram to Russia with the following statement: "The world of cinema has lost a magician. Parajanov’s fantasy will forever fascinate and bring joy to the people of the world…”.

Legacy
Despite having studied film at the VGIK, Parajanov discovered his artistic path only after seeing Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky's dreamlike first film Ivan's Childhood.

Parajanov was highly appreciated by Tarkovsky himself in the biographical film "Voyage in Time" ("Always with huge gratitude and pleasure I remember the films of Sergei Parajanov which I love very much. His way of thinking, his paradoxical, poetical... ability to love the beauty and the ability to be absolutely free within his own vision"). In the same film Tarkovsky stated that Parajanov is one of his favorite filmmakers.

Italian filmmaker Michelangelo Antonioni stated that “The Color of Pomegranates by Parajanov, in my opinion one of the best contemporary film directors, strikes with its perfection of beauty.” Parajanov was also admired by American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola. French film director Jean-Luc Godard also stated that "In the temple of cinema, there are images, light, and reality. Sergei Parajanov was the master of that temple".

Despite having many admirers of his art, his vision did not attract many followers. "Whoever tries to imitate me is lost", he reportedly said. However, directors such as Theo Angelopoulos, Béla Tarr and Mohsen Makhmalbaf share Parajanov's approach to film as a primarily visual medium rather than as a narrative tool.

The Parajanov-Vartanov Institute was established in Hollywood in 2010 to study, preserve and promote the artistic legacies of Sergei Parajanov and Mikhail Vartanov.

Partially produced screenplays

 * Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors (Тіні забутих предків, 1965, co-written with Ivan Chendei, based on the novelette by Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky)
 * Kyiv Frescoes (Київські фрески, 1965)
 * Sayat Nova (Саят-Нова, 1969, orignal production screenplay of The Color of Pomegranates)
 * The Confession (сповідь, 1969–1989)
 * Studies About Vrubel (Этюды о Врубеле, 1989, depiction of Mikhail Vrubel's Kyiv period, co-written and directed by Leonid Osyka)
 * Swan Lake: The Zone (Лебедине озеро. Зона, 1989, filmed in 1990, directed by Yuriy Illienko, cinematographer of Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors)

Unproduced screenplays
Among his projects, there also were plans for adapting Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha, Shakespeare's Hamlet, Goethe's Faust, the Old East Slavic poem The Tale of Igor's Campaign, but film scripts for these were never completed.
 * The Dormant Palace (Дремлющий дворец, 1969, based on Pushkin's poem The Fountain of Bakhchisaray)
 * Intermezzo (1972, based on Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky's short story)
 * Icarus (Икар, 1972)
 * The Golden Edge (Золотой обрез, 1972)
 * Ara the Beautiful (Ара Прекрасный, 1972, based on the poem by 20th century Armenian poet Nairi Zaryan about Ara the Beautiful)
 * Demon (Демон, 1972, based on Lermontov's eponymous poem)
 * The Miracle of Odense (Чудо в Оденсе, 1973, loosely based on the life and works of Hans Christian Andersen)
 * David of Sasun (Давид Сасунский, mid-1980s, based on Armenian epic poem David of Sasun)
 * The Martyrdom of Shushanik (Мученичество Шушаник, 1987, based on Georgian chronicle by Iakob Tsurtaveli)
 * The Treasures of Mount Ararat (Сокровища у горы Арарат)

References in popular culture

 * Parajanov's life story provides (quite loosely) the basis for the 2006 novel Stet by the American author James Chapman.
 * Lady Gaga's video for "911" visually references The Color of Pomegranates through much of the video. The film poster also appears on the street scene at the end of the video. Gaga's video presents the film's symbols in her own allegory of pain.
 * Madonna's 1995 music video Bedtime Story restages some content from the movie (such as the scene of a young child lying in a fetal position on a pentagram on the floor while an adult covers it with a blanket, and another where a naked foot crushes a bunch of grapes lying on an enscribed tablet), among other artistic inspiration depicting dreams and surrealist artwork in the video.
 * Nicolas Jaar released, in 2015, the album Pomegranates, intended as an alternative soundtrack for The Color of Pomegranates.
 * It also influenced alternative rock group R.E.M.'s music video for "Losing My Religion".

Awards and recognition

 * There is a statue of Parajanov in Tbilisi
 * There is a plaque on the wall of Parajanov's childhood home
 * The street Parajanov grew up on, Kote Meskhi street, was renamed Parajanov Street in 2021
 * There is a house museum dedicated to Parajanov in Yerevan, Armenia

English language sources

 * Dixon, Wheeler & Foster, Gwendolyn. "A Short History of Film." New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780813542690
 * Cook, David A. "Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: Film as Religious Art." Post Script 3, no. 3 (1984): 16–23.
 * First, Joshua. Sergei Paradjanov: Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors. London and Chicago: Itellect; University of Chicago Press, 2016. ISBN 9781783207091
 * Jayamanne, Laleen. Poetic Cinema and the Spirit of the Gift in the Films of Pabst, Parajanov, Kubrick and Ruiz. Amsterdam University Press 2021. ISBN 9789463726245
 * Kim, Olga. “Cinema and Painting in Parajanov’s Aesthetic Metamorphoses.” Studies in Russian & Soviet Cinema 12, no. 1 (March 2018): 19–36. doi:10.1080/17503132.2017.1415519.
 * Nebesio, Bohdan. "Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: Storytelling in the Novel and the Film." Literature/Film Quarterly 22, no. 1 (1994): 42–49.
 * Oeler, Karla. "A Collective Interior Monologue: Sergei Parajanov and Eisenstein's Joyce-Inspired Vision of Cinema." The Modern Language Review 101, no. 2 (April 2006): 472–487.
 * Oeler, Karla. "Nran guyne/The Colour of Pomegranates: Sergo Parajanov, USSR, 1969." In The Cinema of Russia and the Former Soviet Union, 139–148. London, England: Wallflower, 2006. [Book chapter]
 * Papazian, Elizabeth A. "Ethnography, Fairytale and ‘Perpetual Motion’ in Sergei Paradjanov's Ashik- Kerib." Literature/Film Quarterly 34, no. 4 (2006): 303–12.
 * Paradjanov, Sergei. Seven Visions. Edited by Galia Ackerman. Translated by Guy Bennett. Los Angeles: Green Integer, 1998. ISBN 1892295040, ISBN 9781892295040
 * Parajanov, Sergei, and Zaven Sarkisian. Parajanov Kaleidoscope: Drawings, Collages, Assemblages. Yerevan: Sergei Parajanov Museum, 2008. ISBN 9789994121434
 * Razlogov, Kirill. “Parajanov in Prison: An Exercise in Transculturalism.” Studies in Russian & Soviet Cinema 12, no. 1 (March 2018): 37–57. doi:10.1080/17503132.2018.1422223.
 * Steffen, James. The Cinema of Sergei Parajanov. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013. ISBN 9780299296544
 * Steffen, James, ed. Sergei Parajanov special issue. Armenian Review 47/48, nos. 3–4/1–2 (2001/2002). Double issue; publisher website
 * Steffen, James. "Kyiv Frescoes: Sergei Parajanov's Unrealized Film Project." KinoKultura Special Issue 9: Ukrainian Cinema (December 2009), online. URL: KinoKultura
 * Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Movie Directors." London: Hachette/Cassell, 2007. ISBN 9781844035731

Foreign language sources

 * Bullot, Érik. Sayat Nova de Serguei Paradjanov: La face et le profil. Crisnée, Belgium: Éditions Yellow Now, 2007. (French language) ISBN 9782873402129
 * Cazals, Patrick. Serguei Paradjanov. Paris: Cahiers du cinéma, 1993. (French language) ISBN 9782866421335,
 * Chernenko, Miron. Sergei Paradzhanov: Tvorcheskii portret. Moskva: "Soiuzinformkino" Goskino SSSR, 1989. (Russian language) Online version
 * Grigorian, Levon. Paradzhanov. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2011. (Russian language) ISBN 9785235034389,
 * Grigorian, Levon. Tri tsveta odnoi strasti: Triptikh Sergeia Paradzhanova. Moscow: Kinotsentr, 1991. (Russian language)
 * Kalantar, Karen. Ocherki o Paradzhanove. Yerevan: Gitutiun NAN RA, 1998. (Russian language)
 * Katanian, Vasilii Vasil’evich. Paradzhanov: Tsena vechnogo prazdnika. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2001. (Russian language) ISBN 9785895330425
 * Liehm, Antonín J., ed. Serghiej Paradjanov: Testimonianze e documenti su l’opera e la vita. Venice: La Biennale di Venezia/Marsilio, 1977. (Italian language)
 * Mechitov, Yuri. Sergei Paradzhanov: Khronika dialoga. Tbilisi: GAMS- print, 2009. (Russian language) ISBN 9789941017544
 * Paradzhanov, Sergei. Ispoved’. Edited by Kora Tsereteli. St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2001. (Russian language) ISBN 9785267002929
 * Paradzhanov, Sergei, and Garegin Zakoian. Pis’ma iz zony. Yerevan: Fil’madaran, 2000. (Russian language) ISBN 9789993085102
 * Simyan, Tigran Sergei Parajanov as a Text: Man, Habitus, and Interior (on the material of visual texts) // ΠΡΑΞΗMΑ. Journal of Visual Semiotics 2019, N 3, pp. 197–215
 * Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Directores de Cine." Barcelona, Spain: Grijalbo, 2008. ISBN 9788425342646
 * Tsereteli, Kora, ed. Kollazh na fone avtoportreta: Zhizn’–igra. 2nd ed. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2008. (Russian language) ISBN 9785895330975
 * Vartanov, Mikhail. "Sergej Paradzanov." In "Il Cinema Delle Repubbliche Transcaucasiche Sovietiche." Venice, Italy: Marsilio Editori, 1986. (Italian language) ISBN 8831748947
 * Vartanov, Mikhail. "Les Cimes du Monde." Cahiers du Cinéma" no. 381, 1986 (French language)

title: Sergei Parajanov


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Yoshio Nishina

Yoshio Nishina (仁科 芳雄) was a Japanese physicist who was called "the founding father of modern physics research in Japan". He led the efforts of Japan to develop an atomic bomb during World War II.

Early life and career

Nishina was born in Satoshō, Okayama. He received a silver watch from the emperor as he graduated at the top of his class at Tokyo Imperial University as an electrical engineer in 1918. He became a staff member at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (now RIKEN) where he began studying physics under Hantaro Nagaoka.

In 1921, he was sent to Europe for research. He visited some European universities and institutions, including Cavendish Laboratory, Georg August University of Göttingen, and University of Copenhagen. In Copenhagen, he did research with Niels Bohr, and they became good friends. In 1928, he wrote a paper on incoherent or Compton scattering with Oskar Klein in Copenhagen, from which the Klein–Nishina formula derives.

In 1929, he returned to Japan, where he endeavored to foster an environment for the study of quantum mechanics. He established Nishina Laboratory at RIKEN in 1931, and invited some Western scholars to Japan including Heisenberg, Dirac and Bohr to stimulate Japanese physicists. It was also in 1931 that he lectured about the Dirac theory in Kyoto, which was where he met and was attended by Hideki Yukawa and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga.

Atomic bomb
On 7 August 1945, Nishina led a team of scientists sent by the Japanese high command to confirm whether or not Hiroshima was attacked with an atomic bomb. After making the physical measurements necessary to confirm the bomb's nature, he wired his confirmation of an atomic bomb back to Tokyo on August 8.

His laboratory was severely damaged during World War II, and most of its equipment had to be discarded and rebuilt after the war.

Postwar
The US Army occupation forces dismantled his cyclotrons on 22 November 1945, and parts were dumped into Tokyo Bay. The aftermath of the incident caused a huge furor in the US. Nishina later published an article on his reaction to the cyclotron's destruction.

The American physicists Harry C. Kelly and Gerald Fox were recruited to the occupation forces. Fox stayed a few months in Japan, but Kelly stayed until 1950 and became friends with Nishina, who spoke English. At one point, the US Army formulated a list of Japanese scientists to purge, which included Nishina's name. Asked to vet Nishina by US intelligence officers, Kelly took the file home and made his assessment: “He was an international scholar, respected all over the world. And he had spoken out against the war. I said it was against everyone's interests to purge that man." Nishina sought to restart Japanese science after the war and found an ally in Kelly. Two issues were most important for Nishina: acquiring radio isotopes for research for a variety of nonmilitary purposes and attempting to preserve Riken as an institution for scientific research, which occupation forces were seeking to dismantle on the basis of anti-monopoly concerns. Riken owned stocks of some large companies. When an interim agreement was worked out, Nishina became head of the reorganized Riken.

Nishina died from liver cancer in 1951. Since Nishina's widow was ailing herself, help with care of Nishina's children (Yuichiro and Kojiro) came from Nishina's assistant at Riken, Sumi Yokoyama. Harry Kelly, his friend and colleague, remained close to the family after Nishina's death.

Kelly's ashes were buried in a grave besides Nishina's in Tama Cemetery in Tokyo in a ceremony attended by Nishina's and Kelly's families.

Work
Nishina co-authored the Klein–Nishina formula. His research was concerned with cosmic rays and particle accelerator development for which he constructed a few cyclotrons at RIKEN. In particular, he detected what turned out to be the muon in cosmic rays, independently of Anderson et al. He also discovered the uranium-237 isotope and pioneered the studies of symmetric fission phenomena occurring upon fast neutron irradiation of uranium (1939–1940), and narrowly missed out on the discovery of the first transuranic element, neptunium.

He was a principal investigator of RIKEN and mentored generations of physicists, including two Nobel Laureates: Hideki Yukawa and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga. During World War II, he was the head of the Japanese nuclear weapon program.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yoshio Nishina


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Blohm & Voss BV 222

The Blohm & Voss BV 222 Wiking (pronounced "Veeking") was a large six-engined German flying boat designed and built by the German aircraft manufacturer Blohm & Voss. It was the largest flying boat to attain operational status during the Second World War.

The BV 222 was originally developed during the late 1930s as a commercial venture to serve the transatlantic and other long distance routes of the German flag carrier Luft Hansa. It featured a relatively uninterrupted interior, free of bulkheads, and retractable floats; its use of diesel-powered engines made it easier to be refuelled at sea. By the time of its maiden flight on 7 September 1940, Nazi Germany was almost one year into the Second World War and the operation of long distance civil services was not realistic, thus development was reorientated towards military roles. On 10 July 1941, V1 undertook its first cargo transport mission with the Luftwaffe; further logistics use proceeded thereafter. Later that year, the first armed BV 222s were delivered. Production standard aircraft, designated BV 222C, did not emerge until 1943.

The BV 222 was operated by the Luftwaffe, typically for logistical purposes, across numerous theatres, including the Norway, France, North Africa and even the Arctic. At one point, Nazi officials were considering establishing a long distance air route between Germany and Japan using modified BV 222s flying from Kirkenes in north Norway to Tokyo via Sakhalin Island, a distance of 6400 km. After the Allied Invasion of Normandy in June 1944, all of the remaining BV 222s were transferred to KG 200. At the end of the conflict, several BV 222s were reportedly captured and subsequently operated by both the United States and Britain; they were allegedly studied and influenced the design of future flying boats. No BV 222s have been preserved.

Development
During the interwar period, the German flag carrier Deutsche Luft Hansa had built up a lucrative network of long range airmail routes, the longest of which included transatlantic ones. During the mid 1930s, the airline continued to hold a strong interest in the further development of its long distance routes; accordingly, Luft Hansa formulated a requirement for a new large flying boat to serve on its transatlantic routes. Specifics of this requirement included sufficient space to accommodate a minimum of 24 passengers. In response, the German aircraft manufacturer Hamburger Flugzeugbau decided to design a new larger flying boat, which was initially designated the Ha 222; the company's design team was headed by Dr. Richard Vogt.

During September 1939, the company, which had changed its name to that of its parent company, Blohm & Voss, received an initial order from Luft Hansa for three aircraft under the new designation of BV 222. Blohm & Voss had been so confident that it would receive such an order that it had already elected to commence production of the first aircraft in January 1938, as well as to start work on two more aircraft later that same year.

On 7 September 1940, the first aircraft, designated V1, performed its maiden flight, carrying the civil registration D-ANTE. By this point, the Second World War had been waged for almost a whole year and Luft Hansa saw no prospect of operating a transatlantic route at a time of open hostilities, thus the airline had no immediate role for the BV 222 to perform. Accordingly, the flight test programme was adjusted to investigate the type's potential for military applications; various minor modification, such as the addition of larger loading doors, were promptly made.

Initial trials found that the BV 222 had relatively stiff flight controls and that its hydrodynamic qualities could be improved; the former issue was largely attributed to friction and thus was readily addressed. Those same trials also demonstrated that the aircraft was capable of carrying up to 92 passengers, or 72 stretcher-bound patients, over a short distance at a maximum speed of 385 km/h. The flight characteristics were determined to be satisfactory, although some improvements were required. Further trials of the aircraft lasted until December 1940, at which point the V1 was transferred to the Luftwaffe. It received a military paint scheme and the Stammkennzeichen individual alphabetic military aircraft registration code of CC+EQ, which was later changed to the alphanumeric Geschwaderkennung "wing code" designation of X4+AH, when in service with Lufttransportgruppe (See) 222.

Early aircraft were identified as V1 to V8. Production examples were designated C-09 to C-13. Up to two BV 222s could be assembled at a time at the company's Steinwerder works outside Hamburg; each complete airframe took an average of 350,000 man hours to construct. At the height of production, personnel worked night and day, permitting a hull to be completed within as little as six weeks.

Design
The Blohm & Voss BV 222 was a sizable six-engined flying boat. The interior volume of the hull was particularly spacious due to there being no partitioning bulkheads present above the floor level; the area between the keel and the cabin floor had close-pitched bulkheads instead. There were no heavy structural elements needed to carry stresses between the base of the hull and the wings. Access to the bilge was achieved via manholes. The planing bottom of the hull featured an unfaired and transverse main step. A further five smaller steps were present on the planing bottom, while the rear of the keel terminated in a deep knife-edge. To prevent the corrosion issues experienced with the first prototype, a specially-developed paint was applied to most BV 222s; unlike most flying boats, a high-quality surface finish was deemed to be unnecessary.

Typical amongst flying boats of the era, the BV 222 incorporated balance floats; unusually, these consisted of a matching pair of retracting float units per side, which extended from beneath the wing's outer panels in a "clamshell" fashion when fully extended, and retracted into recesses within the underside of the wing. While not originally present, flutes were added to sides of the floats to improve their hydrodynamic properties. The structure of the wing comprised a welded tubular steel wing spar; the engines were also supported by this same spar. This spar was of a constant section up to the outermost engine, after which it tapered towards the wingtips. Both fuel and oil were housed in separate compartments within the wing spar. In response to feedback from formal evaluations, the outer wing structure was strengthened somewhat over that of the original design.

The majority of the flight control surfaces, save for segments of the elevators that were power-augmented, was manually actuated by the pilot. On production aircraft, an arrangement of torsion tubes, gears and quadrants were used instead of push-pull rods to actuate the control surfaces. The ailerons were divided into two sections, the inner of which being fitted with servo tabs. Under normal operational conditions, the inner and outer aileron sections would move and work together, however, the inner sections would be picked up by stops on the outer sections in situations where they became ineffective, such as during low speed flight or taxiing downwind. The elevator was split into three sections, the outer one being used only for trimming, the inner section was directly controlled by the pilot, while the centre section was operated by an autopilot; the latter function was considered particularly useful for reducing operator fatigue during long distance flights, but was switched off during the landing and takeoff phases of the flight. Instead of the conventional three trimming wheels, a tab box was designed for the aircraft; it was highly praised by pilots.

The BV 222 was originally powered by an arrangement of six Bramo 323 Fafnir radial engines. Later built aircraft were powered by six 746 kW (1,000 hp) Jumo 207C inline two-stroke opposed-piston diesel engines instead. The use of diesel fuel permitted refueling at sea by special re-supply U-boats. A single aircraft, C-13, was the only example to be fitted with Jumo 205C and later Jumo 205D engines.

Operational history

On 10 July 1941, V1 undertook its first cargo transport mission for the Luftwaffe. Up to 19 August 1941, V1 performed seven flights between Hamburg (Germany) and Kirkenes (Norway), transporting a total of 65000 kg of supplies and 221 wounded men, covering a distance of 30000 km in total. After undergoing an overhaul at Hamburg, V1 was sent to Athens (Greece), from where it carried supplies for the Afrika Korps, making 17 flights between 16 October and 6 November 1941. At this time, V1 was unarmed, and thus received an escort by a pair of Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighters.

Following these flights, V1 returned to Hamburg to have defensive armament fitted, comprising a 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 81 machine gun in the hull, two turret-mounted 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns, and four 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 81s in waist mounts. The registration was changed to X4+AH at the same time and V1 formed the basis for the new air transport squadron Lufttransportstaffel 222 (LTS 222). Between 1942 and 1943, the aircraft flew in the Mediterranean theatre, until it sank following a collision with a submerged wreck while landing at Piraeus harbour in mid-February 1943.

On 7 August 1941, V2 (CC+ER) made its first flight; following a period of extensive testing, it was assigned to LTS 222 on 10 August 1942 as X4+AB. Since the aircraft was intended for long-distance overwater flights, in addition to the armament fitted to V1, it received two rear-facing wing-mounted turrets with dual 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131s, which were accessed via the tubular wing spar. These wing-mounted turrets were not present on the majority of BV 222 after it was determined that they negatively impacted overall aerodynamic performance.

Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, plans were made to connect Germany and Japan by air using Luftwaffe aircraft modified for very long range flights since commercial flights to the Far East by Deutsche Luft Hansa were no longer possible, and it had become very dangerous for ships or U-boats to make the trip by sea. Field Marshal Erhard Milch authorized a study in to the feasibility of such direct flights and various routes were considered, including departing from German-occupied Russia and Bulgaria, and a sea route using a BV 222 flying from Kirkenes in north Norway to Tokyo via Sakhalin Island, a distance of 6400 km. The BV 222 was one of three aircraft considered seriously for the program, along with the Focke-Wulf Fw 200 and the Heinkel He 177. The He 177 was ruled out due to it being considered unreliable and in 1943 the Junkers Ju 290 was selected for the flights.

On 28 November 1941, V3 (initially DM+SD) first flew, it was transferred to LTS 222 on 9 December 1941. After V1's sinking, V3 returned to Hamburg where it was armed. It was destroyed along with V5 on 20 June 1943 at Biscarrosse by RAF de Havilland Mosquitos of No. 264 Squadron.

V4, which had an altered height tail, was also assigned to LTS 222 for Africa flights. V6 was shot down on 21 August 1942 on the Taranto (Italy) to Tripoli (Libya) route by a Bristol Beaufighter; V8 was shot down on the same route on 10 December 1942.

By late 1942, German officials had become increasingly interested in deploying the BV 222 as a long range maritime patrol aircraft and less as a transport. Accordingly, future refits commonly saw the addition of the FuG 200 Hohentwiel search radar, rear warning systems, and armament changes. Somewhat related to these changes was V7 (TB+QL), which made its first flight on 1 April 1943. In addition to the aforementioned changes, V7 was fitted with six 746 kW (1,000 hp) Jumo 207C inline two-stroke diesel engines. With a takeoff weight of 50000 kg and a range of 6100 km. it was intended as the prototype BV 222C.

One BV 222, V4, is reported to have shot down a US Navy PB4Y-1 Liberator of VB-105 (BU#63917) on 22 October 1943. On occasion, this event has often been mistakenly construed as a BV 222 shooting down an Avro Lancaster.

A BV 222, believe to have been C-10, reportedly shot down southwest of Biscarrosse on the night of 8 February 1944 by an RAF Mosquito of No. 157 Squadron. During 1944, V2 participated in Operation Schatzgräber ("Treasure Seeker"), the code name of a German weather station at Alexandra Land in the Arctic, whose sick crew needed to be evacuated. The BV 222 dropped a spare wheel for a Fw 200 which had sustained damage during landing near the station.

Following the Invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the remaining BV 222s were transferred to KG 200. Of these, C-09 was probably the BV 222 reported to have been strafed and destroyed by RCAF Hawker Typhoon aircraft of No. 439 Squadron on 24 April 1945 at Seedorf. V7 and V4 were scuttled by their crews at Travemünde and Kiel-Holtenau airport respectively, at the end of the conflict.

Postwar
Three BV 222s were captured and subsequently operated by Allied forces: C-011, C-012 and C-013. C-012, which was captured at Sørreisa in Norway after the end of the conflict along with V2, was flown by Captain Eric "Winkle" Brown from Norway to the RAF station at Calshot in 1946, the aircraft being assigned the RAF serial number "VP501". After it was tested by the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment at Felixstowe, it was assigned to No. 201 Squadron, which operated VP501 up to 1947, at which point the aircraft was scrapped.

At the end of the Second World War, both C-011 and C-013 had been captured by US forces at the end of the conflict. On 15 August and again on 20 August 1945, US Navy pilot Richard Schreder performed test flights, accompanied by a German flight crew, of one of these captured BV 222s. Across two flights, covering a total flight time of 38 minutes, no less than four engine fires were recorded. While many spare engines were available, they were of substandard quality due to the lack of quality alloys near the end of the conflict, and thus caught fire easily. Since the aircraft was not airworthy with these engines, the aircraft was taken out to open water and sunk by a US Navy destroyer.

Other reports indicate the US captured aircraft were flown or shipped to the US. Convair allegedly acquired one for evaluation at the Naval Air Station Patuxent River, the intensive studies leading to the hull design of their Model 117, which in turn led to the R3Y Tradewind. Their subsequent fate is unknown.

The V2 aircraft briefly wore US markings in 1946. The V2 aircraft had identification markings from the original V5 aircraft for Operation Schatzgräber. V2 was later scuttled by the British who filled it with surplus waste from the base at Ilsvika to weigh it down. V2 was towed to a position in Trondheimsfjord between Ilsvika and Munkholmen, where it now rests on the seabed at 318 m deep, perfectly preserved due to low oxygen levels in the water. There were plans to raise and restore this aircraft. However, the plane was located in October 2023 by the firm Blueye Robotics, and they published video of the wreck. Signs now indicate nature is slowly breaking down the aircraft, and that coral can be seen growing on the plane. Historian Knut Sivertsen, advisor at Justismuseet in Trondheim stated in 2023 that the plane is probably too big to salvage, and there are no plans to do so at the present time.

Variants

 * BV 222A : Prototype aircraft.
 * BV 222B : Proposed version powered by 1470 hp (1100 kW) Junkers Jumo 208 diesel engines.
 * BV 222C : Production aircraft.

title: Blohm & Voss BV 222


text: User talk:67.100.25.239

title: User talk:67.100.25.239


text:
Kim Thomson

Kim Ellen Thomson (born 30 October 1959) is a British actress who has appeared on stage, television and film since the early 1980s in both the United Kingdom and the United States.

Early life
Thomson was born on 30 October 1959, although other sources have said in 1960 and 1964, in Scotland or Bath, Somerset, England to a Scottish father and Irish mother. Her parents split when she was three years old, and she was raised in Surrey by her father's parents, who were originally from Alloa. At the age of six, she was sent to a boarding school for five years. Much later she went on record to say boarding schools should be abolished.

She trained as an actress at the Central School of Speech and Drama.

Career
Her most memorable role was that of Lesley Bainbridge in the BBC sitcom Brush Strokes, which at its peak, was watched by over 15 million people with the British tabloids avidly following the storyline. In the 1987 episode of the TV series "Tales of the Unexpected" Thomson played the role of hotel maid Elly Somerton alongside Topol who starred as the lead character Professor Max Kelada.

Thomson shared her first lead in Stealing Heaven (1988) with Derek de Lint and Denholm Elliott. In its review, Films and filming said "Kim Thomson's Heloïse moves with delicate poise, a heroine worthy of Rossetti or Burne-Jones, with vivacity and intelligence." The next year, 1989, she played Estella in a film of Great Expectations directed by Kevin Connor, with Jean Simmons, who had played Estella in the 1946 film, as Miss Havisham. Also in 1989 she was Cordelia on stage in King Lear, directed by Jonathan Miller, with the British Theatre Yearbook commenting "Kim Thomson's Cordelia can rarely have been equalled; she was exquisite in beauty, tender in care, full of youthful integrity." In 1991, she played Kitty Winter opposite Jeremy Brett in The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes: "The Illustrious Client", and in 1992, Thomson was the leading lady of the TV series Virtual Murder, and in 1994, she played another leading role in a costume drama series, The Wanderer''. Dozens more appearances in film and on television followed, often as a character actress, such as her role as a society reporter in The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004).

In 1997, she took on the part of Lady Chiltern in An Ideal Husband, of which the Theatre Record said "Others have played this pure, cool, idealistic, demanding role with more authority and finesse, but she is simply right for it". In 2001, she was Irina in a new West End theatre production of Uncle Vanya directed by Peter Gill.

During 2008, Thomson had a recurring role in ITV's detective show The Bill, as barrister Naomi Woods, wife of DC Jacob Banks.

In March 2009, she became a regular cast member of the ITV1 soap opera Emmerdale, playing the role of Faye Lamb. At the end of 2009, she signed a new contract with the show. In January 2011, it was reported that she was leaving the show and would make her on-screen departure later in the year.

Personal life
In 2010, Thomson graduated from the University of London with a degree in politics, philosophy and history.

Film and television

 * The Lords of Discipline (1983) - Girlfriend
 * Party Party – Brenda (1983)
 * Screamtime – Lady Anne (1983)
 * Cover Her Face – Sally Jupp (4 episodes, 1985)
 * Lovejoy (1986) "The Firefly Cage" – Nicola Page
 * Brush Strokes – Lesley Bainbridge (1986)
 * The Life and Loves of a She-Devil – Elsie Flowers (1986)
 * The Ruth Rendell Mysteries – "Wolf to the Slaughter" - Linda Grover (1987)
 * A Killing on the Exchange (1987)
 * Stealing Heaven – Heloise (1988)
 * Tales of the Unexpected – Elly Somerton (1988) - episode (9/10) "Mr Know-All"
 * The Tall Guy – Cheryl (1989)
 * Minder – "Fatal Impression" Sylvie (1989)
 * Great Expectations – Estella (1989)
 * Jekyll & Hyde – Lucy Harris (1990)
 * Perry Mason: The Case of the Desperate Deception — Cathy Bramwell (1990)
 * Inspector Morse – "The Sins of the Fathers" Helen Radford (1990)
 * Hands of a Murderer (TV film) – Sophie DeVere (1990)
 * Murder 101 – Francesca Lavin (1991)
 * The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes: "The Illustrious Client" (1991) – Kitty Winter
 * Virtual Murder – Samantha Valentine (1992)
 * The Wanderer – Beatrice (1994)
 * Loved By You – Becky Edwards (1997)
 * The 10th Kingdom – Queen Riding Hood III (2000)
 * Midsomer Murders – Janet Reason (2001)
 * The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004) – Elsie Kentworthy, reporter
 * Rosemary & Thyme (2006) – Andrea
 * Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2007) – Della
 * 1408 (2007) – Desk Clerk
 * Messages (2007) – Frances Beale
 * The Street (2007) – Pat Tinsey
 * Judge John Deed (2007) – Marie Madsen
 * The Bill (2008) – Naomi Woods
 * New Tricks (2008) – Tiffany Barker
 * The Green Green Grass (2009) – Antonia Page
 * Taggart (2009) – Phyllis
 * Emmerdale – Faye Lamb (2009–2011)
 * Casualty (2009) – Amber
 * Holby City (2014) – Catherine O'Malley

title: Kim Thomson


text:
Issei Yamamoto

Issei Yamamoto was a Japanese astronomer and professor at Kyoto University. In 1920, he became first president of the Oriental Astronomical Association. He was director of the Kwasan Observatory in Kyoto.

Honors
Named after him:
 * The crater Yamamoto on the Moon.
 * Asteroid 2249 Yamamoto.

title: Issei Yamamoto


text: File:Singing Detective Poster.jpg

title: File:Singing Detective Poster.jpg


text:
Sahelian kingdoms

The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of centralized kingdoms or empires that were centered on the Sahel, the area of grasslands south of the Sahara, from the 8th century to the 19th. The wealth of the states came from controlling the trade routes across the desert. Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in such kind of battle. All of these empires were also quite decentralized with member cities having a great deal of autonomy.

The Sahel states were limited from expanding south into the forest zone of the Bono and Yoruba as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests and the horses and camels could not survive the diseases of the region.

Economy
There were integrated kingdoms and empires, with substantial cities and significant towns; and less organised territories with large scattered populations. People practised agriculture, stock-rearing, hunting, fishing, and crafts (metalworking, textiles, ceramics). They navigated along rivers and across lakes, traded over short and long distances, and used their own currencies.

History of Sahel kingdoms

 * The first major state to rise in this region was the Ghana Empire. Established in c. the 3rd century, it was centered in what is today Senegal and Mauritania. Ghana grew wealthy through the trans-Saharan trade routes linking Aoudaghost with Tahert and Sijilmasa in north Africa following the introduction of the camel to the western Sahel in the 3rd century AD. Ghana was the first to benefit from the introduction of pack animals by Wolof traders. Ghana dominated the region between the 3rd century and the 13th century.  Smaller states in the region at this time included Takrur to the west, the Malinke kingdom of Mali to the south, and the Songhai centred on Gao to the east.
 * When Ghana collapsed in the face of invasion from the Almoravids and conquest by the Sosso Empire; after 1235, the Mali Empire rose to dominate the region, which traded with Bono state at the far south. Located on the Niger River to the west of Ghana in what is today Niger and Mali, it reached its peak in the 1350s, but had lost control of a number of vassal states by 1400.
 * The most powerful of these states was the Songhai Empire, which expanded rapidly beginning with king Sonni Ali in the 1460s. By 1500, it had risen to stretch from Cameroon to the Maghreb, the largest state in African history. Its territory diminished to cover only the Dendi province in 1591 as a result of the invasion by the Saadi Dynasty of Morocco. The empire collapsed in 1901 when the French deposed the last askia.
 * Far to the east, on Lake Chad, the state of Kanem-Bornu, founded as Kanem in the 9th century, now rose to greater preeminence in the central Sahel region. To their west, the loosely united Hausa city-states became dominant. These two states coexisted uneasily, but were quite stable.
 * In 1810, the Sokoto Caliphate rose and conquered the Hausa, creating a more centralized state. It and Kanem-Bornu would continue to exist.

title: Sahelian kingdoms


text:
Talk:Li Po Chun United World College

Cleanup
Right now, the article is a mess, with all the information presented at once. Can an LPC grad please fix this up? Pdinc 08:22, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Coordinates
Hey, can someone add the coordinates for the college? I've done it for Mahindra College already, would nice to have them for all colleges (so people like me can finally find out where LPC actually is :-)) How to go about it: 1) Find the college in something like Google Earth and note down the coordinate 2) Put a tag of the type 18.52472°N, 73.58528°W in the Wiki text, it will result in something like this: 18.52472°N, 73.58528°W - which leads users to a page where they can select a map and look at it. Cheers, Tobi Tobi Kellner

NPOV
This article reads too much like a sales brochure...

Phrases of questionable POV:

"excellent educational platform"

"It also serves as a springboard for local students, whose academic distinction and enthusiastic involvement in community service and extra-curricular activities are commonly praised, to enter prestigious universities all over the globe"

"With the recent and much regrettable death of Mr. Blair Forster" - not to cast doubt on Mr. Forster's character, but wouldn't "With the recent death of Mr. Blair Forster" be more appropriate here?

Edit: Edited the article accordingly.

Edit: We're back to the sales brochure as of 2020, the school has only put outdated exam results as they have significantly decreased. I am new to editing stuff here but I hope somebody can change it.

Criticisms
I'd like to add some of the criticisms of the college from both internal and external sources, but these are mainly first hand and not exactly citable, what is the procedure for things like that? Omishark 03:17, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

clean up
I am an LPC student but I attempted to make it much more neutral. I added a lot of information as well, I'm not sure how much of it qualifies as "encyclopedic" however, so if someone could help me differentiate that'd be great. I think I'll add more information later as to housing and information about the school board as well as controversies on campus recently. I guess I'm viewing the article as "What would I want to know if I was going to visit/attend LPC?" but I'm not sure all of that information would be relevent. Let me know! 219.76.138.70 04:27, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

adhakl;fdha;

I keep on trying to make it more neutral and someone keeps on adding stuff like

"As a result of the achievements in both academics and student development, Li Po Chun is considered one of the best schools worldwide." which you cannot possible add without some reference. I deleted a few extraneous sentences and phrases. Omishark 00:47, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Official logo uwc.png
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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --09:35, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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New “Belt & Road learning and resources centre”, from major donation
Need to add a bit about this new centre, with its political allegience to China: Hong Kong peace college to open Belt & Road centre, allying itself with the Chinese Communist Party. Cossaxx (talk) 18:15, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Li Po Chun United World College


text:
Russell McWhortor Cunningham

Russell McWhortor Cunningham (August 25, 1855 – June 6, 1921) was an American Democratic politician who was the acting Governor of Alabama from April 25, 1904, to March 5, 1905. He was lieutenant governor when Governor William D. Jelks fell ill and left the state for treatment, and since the Alabama Constitution requires that if the governor leave the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor must act as governor until their return.

Although he was de jure only an interim chief of the state administration, because he served as Acting Governor for nearly a year, he is regarded as one of the Alabama Governor by the state government, and his portrait hanging along other Governor's portrait, as well as he figured on official state site alongside them. Cunningham is buried in Elmwood Cemetery.

Cunningham served in the Alabama House of Representatives 1880–1881. In 1896–1900, he served in the Alabama State Senate and was president of the senate. He also served in the Alabama Constitutional Convention of 1901.

title: Russell McWhortor Cunningham


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carrie dickman

Carrie dickman was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

seems bogus. Googles find nothing for the name, pen name, or book. Maximus Rex 01:57, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * What other books did this woman write? "Ode to a School Board Member"? "The Woman Who Had Few Relevant Yahoo! Hits"? "The Made-Up Fabrication from the Black Lagoon"? Delete. Mike H 01:58, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)

Seems like a fascinating woman in history to me. Goes to show that just because she's a WOMAN trying to earn her way in a MAN'S world, it's considered absurd. And if you can't find it on yahoo, well, it has to start somewhere. Carrie Dickman was my great great great great grandmother, and she deserves a little recognition.
 * Why didn't she capitalize her last name? RickK 04:28, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * It's absurd because it looks like you made her up. Mike H 02:19, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sounds like absolute bollocks to me. Delete.  Exploding Boy 02:20, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonsense unless the author can offer verifiable references. - Lucky 6.9 02:55, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not voting, but in response to the "man's world" jibe above: It may not be obvious to you, User:24.177.116.24, but not everyone on the Wikipedia, or even everyone voting here, is a man. The Wikipedia is a community, not a conspiracy, and you would do well to assume the best about others' intentions.  You should know after reading a few of the entries on VfD that vanity pages are disdained around here.  --Ardonik 03:50, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, although I'd be happy to see it recreated with verifiable references at some point in the future. —Stormie 04:02, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: Look, I'm very sorry to be rude, if I am, but it's just not true.  1. 1766 is not the birth date of the first woman to use a male name (in 1801 or 2).  Women using male names had gone on for a long, long, long, long time.  Men also used women's names to publish.  In fact, Sarah Fielding outsold her brother, Henry Fielding, by a long shot in the 1740's.  2. Secondly, women did find work.  Not all women were instantly married and housewives.  "Manuta maker" and "seamstress" was common, but women ran shops.  Women worked as servants.  If this particular woman could not find work, it was not because she was a woman.  3. Surviving triplets would be rare in the era (very).  Late-life triplet birth might well lead to the mother's death, but triplets are very hard to keep viable today.  In sum, it just doesn't add up.  This article can be disproven.  Unlike Constantia Jones, where, as it turns out, the person never showed up on any of the Newgate records, we can easily prove or disprove this book.  If we need to go to the Short Title Catalog for the book title, we can.  The ESTC is online and free.  The author may have had the best of intentions, may have gotten this as family lore, but it's just not true. Geogre 04:49, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Correction: Alas, the ESTC is now for pay. If anyone's going to a big U. or the British Lib., though, there is access. Can't blame them for charging. Geogre 14:02, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Also, in fairness, a primary reference for Constantia Jones has turned up. Geogre 19:59, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unless your great great great great grandfather did something encyclopedic, we don't want an article on him either. Ambivalenthysteria 07:08, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * google is not the arbiter of all knowledge, especially pre-internet history. However this smells bogus, I'd like to see some independent evidence backing statements such as "Carrie Dickman was the first woman in history to use a male pen name in order to become an author" before wanting to keep this. Ianb 15:39, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Just FWIW, both Susan Spenser (recommended) and Dale Spender (not) have books listing some hundred or so female authors prior to 1800 who wrote either under their own names (Mary Manley, Anne Barbauld, Maria Edgeworth, Charlotte Lennox, Sarah Fielding, "Fanny" Burney of course, Jane Austen of course, and dozens of others) or under male names (many of the above at times, but incl. Aphra Behn). The Bronte view of English fiction just doesn't wash out for this period.  It's also worth noting that women assumed male names if they were going to write "men's" literature (subject of much argument, the gendered genre), but some genres were supposedly exclusively feminine, and thus male authors assumed women's names (one claimant for "first novel," Pamela, was supposed to be by a woman).  This particular claim is easily disputed, seems to me. Geogre 16:32, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless substantial verification can be provided before the end of the VFD period. DJ Clayworth 17:16, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I searched for "Carrie Dickman" and "Oliver Deutchen" in three online databases, Chadwyck Literature Online, Gale Literature Resource Center, and MLA Bibliography. No hits.  This is surprising, in that Dickman apparently has the sort of biography that academics drool over.  I also searched for them in WorldCat, which is the combined catalog of thousands of worldwide libraries, and found no books by an author of either name. Either Dickman is so obscure that no one has written about her in a decade or so and her books do not appear in any library in the English speaking world, or this is fabricated.  If it’s true, go to the nearest university and I’m sure you’ll find a prof willing to write about her.  But without any sort of evidence, I vote delete.  Gamaliel 19:26, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: We've been getting a few bogus articles about bogus people in the last few days, the latest being from that moron that is posting spaced-out fiction based on "Titanic."  I'd lay you odds this has sprung from the same keyboard.  The only thing worse than a practical joke is having a liar deny any association with it.  If I sound a bit harsh, good.  OK, great-great-great grandchild.  What do you say?  Do you have anything to verify this article of yours?  If not, don't get your panties in a bunch since you got caught in a lie, got it?  And, I'm certain that any further attempts at posting bogus articles will be blown out of the water on sight.  I'm one of the most patient and friendly people you're likely to meet, but I am damned sick of being nice about this kind of garbage. - Lucky 6.9 06:30, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete unless verifiable evidence is provided. Average Earthman 11:10, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete This article reads like a contrivance, a sham, a tissue of lies, a mockery of this dear encyclopedia we all hold so dear. No evidence has been brought forward to bolster this friperry, so it should be removed straight away. The use of 'neighbor' is just one of the give-aways. This is not how the English describe the English, we spell it 'neighbour'.
 * Delete probable fiction. -- Cyrius|✎ 13:44, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Category:Digital signal processors

The category of digital signal processors includes all types and makes of signal processing microprocessors.

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Talk:Bérenger Saunière

self promotion? May 2008
\\\I have tried to add a source of information on the subjects of Rennes le Chateau, Saunierre, The Holy Grail etc but my inserts have been repeatedly removed as self promotion. My book The Secret History of Christianity, is a serious piece of literature and I think it should be given the same type of mention in the articles as The Holy blood Holy grail. I notice the editors don't accuse or remove Henry Lincolns name or Dan Brown as self promoting. Read the book its a beginners guide to understanding the correlation between heretic art, Rosslyn, The Templars.(Mrmajinka (talk) 22:54, 13 May 2008 (UTC))

 * Other Wikipedia editors have removed your contributions on the basis of self-promotion and have advised you not to do it. Furthermore, it is part of Wikipedia Policy to not to

promote Fringe material:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories/Noticeboard

Wfgh66 (talk) 04:48, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

NPOV tag 2004
I have no particular objection to anyone making changes in this article. However, user 195.92.194.17 (whom I believe is Paul Smith) completely replaced the article that I and others have worked on. I've done my best to blend the new into the old, but in the future, please make edits rather than replacing the entire article. See How_to_edit_a_page and Tutorial for more information. Please try to make edits conform to Wikipedia Style. Gwimpey 02:14, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * As there haven't been any recent problems, I'm going to remove the NPOV notice. Gwimpey 09:58, Nov 6, 2004 (UTC)

Da Vinci fans have vandalised Rennes-le-Chateau to the point Sauniere's been reïnterred in 5 cu.yd. of concrete under a 3 t sarcophagus.SMH with G-D reg req'd Kwantus 00:03, 2004 Nov 21 (UTC)

trafficking in masses ? unsigned and undated
Trafficing in masses? Anyone care to make an edit to clarify just what, exactly, that is? It's not exactly clear what it means: holding church services too often?

conspiracy theories?
"He would be unknown today if not for the fact that he is a central figure in many of the conspiracy theories surrounding Rennes-le-Château."

Though there are some conspiracy theories around Rennes-le-Chateau, largely, the story is one about treasure and mystery, not conspiracies. E.g. a conspiracy theory would be that Sauniere was involved in a political murder, and that most books about Sauniere tackle such things. However, most books focus on stories of Sauniere finding "something" buried in his village. Hence, qualifying this as "conspiracy theory" is totally incorrect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.74.202.254 (talk) 15:21, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Capagne les Bains ??
According to such sites as www.viamichelin.fr and others, there is no such place in France. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.178.111.19 (talk) 22:06, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

HB,HG & Da Vinci Code
The entry alleges: "co-wrote the 1982 book Holy Blood Holy Grail, in which, unaware they were relying on forged documents as a source, they stated as a "fact" that the Priory of Sion had existed. The book became an international bestseller, inspiring several authors and resulting bestsellers, such as Lynn Picknett and Clive Prince's The Templar Revelation, and Dan Brown's 2003 novel, The Da Vinci Code."

The courtcase Baigent & Leigh vs. RandomHouse, in the matter of The Da Vinci Code, however, concluded Brown's novel was not based on HB,HG; this was conform to Brown's statement that HB,HG did not serve as his source. As such, this passage should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.178.111.19 (talk) 22:10, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Trafficking in masses
I will try to explain what trafficking in masses is. I prefer not to edit the article myself, because I am Spanish and, although I write English well, I don't want to make mistakes in a wikipedia article.

At the time of Berenger Sauniere the souls of people who died went often to the purgatorium (nowadays, the purgatorium in the Catholicism doesn't exist (or so did the last Pope said)).

Familiars where expected to pay to a priest to celebrate masses in the memory of their beloved and died familiars.

Also, priests weren't allowed to dedicate one mass to more than one soul. That limit disappeared decades ago, but was still present at the time of Sauniere.

What Sauniere did was offering masses to familiars of people he saw had died in the newspapers but never had time to celebrate them. As Sauniere wrote a register of every letter he did send and receive about this and given the limit mentioned before and the duration of masses (at least half an hour) it is easy to see that he couldn't celebrate the masses that the familiars were paying him to.

That is said "trafficking with masses". For more info about the details of Sauniere's trafficking with masses, you can see them at www.priory-of-sion.com

Ambigious Evidence
I have spent some time and effort researching this topic, and the facts are few and far between. Much of the evidence that exists (for either party) is ambigious and vague. Both the pro-hoax and pro-mystery sides are guilty of twisting the evidence. Although it is true that Sauniere was charged with mass trafficking, that alone does not account for the money he spent on developing the estate. No other source is apparent. This, of course, is taken by the pro-hoaxers to mean that no other source existed, while the pro-mystery faction take it as concrete proof of another source.

At this stage, I believe, that any empirical evidence related to this case is buried under so many layers of misinterpretation and misconstruance that the facts can never be known.

Gabhala 23:52, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Try reading some of the essential French books on the subject matter and you will see that the evidence is not that "ambiguous" and that Sauniere's first bishop, Monsignor Billard, amassed more money from selling masses - over one million francs - no need to travel that far from Rennes-le-Chateau to find proof of the same sort of thing - Billard was the Bishop of Carcassonne until he, too, was suspended for committing financial irregularities within the French Church.

wfgh66

Marie
The journal entries in the article are given as evidence of his relationship with his housekeeper. I don't quite follow how his housekeeper coming home and fixing his meals is equivalent to them having a relationship over and above employer/employee. Could someone clarify that? -- Silverhand Talk 17:25, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

There was no "relationship" between Sauniere and his housekeeper. wfgh66.

what about the reports that they were father and daughter?

Sauniere and Marie Denarnaud
I have deleted the part of the article that claimed that Sauniere had an "ambiguous relationship with Marie Denarnaud". If you visit the village of Rennes-le-Chateau you will find that its inhabitants treat such piffle with humorous contempt, and that they do not follow the life of the priest as some "mystery".

I have replaced the passages with this addition:

Quoting Sauniere's principles on which he dealt with his maidservant, Marie Denarnaud: "Respect, but not familiarity. Not to permit her to talk about matters of his ministry. What you say to a servant should not be able to be said to other women. She must avoid ecxesses of language, and he must not trust in her age or her piety too easily. She is not to enter the bedroom when he is in bed, except in case of illnesses." (cited in Corbu & Captier, L'Heritage de l'Abbe Sauniere, 1985, page 71).

wfgh66

 * I see that your deletion was reverted. Let's see if we can resolve the problem from another angle: under the heading "Ministry", the 3rd paragraph begins "Claims that Bérenger Saunière had an ambiguous relationship with his maidservant..." The use of "ambiguous" here actually adds ambiguity to the article, whereas Wikipedia is intended to reduce ambiguity. The phrase "ambiguous relationship" conveys no information without a stronger term for it to modify (such as saying that a hero had an "ambiguous relationship" with a villain, which actually tells us something about the dynamic between them). But suggesting an "ambiguous relationship" between a priest and his female housekeeper tells us nothing. If the intent is to suggest that Saunière and Denarnaud had an intimate relationship, then plain-speaking should be used; say "Claims that Bérenger Saunière had an intimate relationship with his maidservant..." Unless someone can suggest a more appropriate way to phrase it, that is what I will change it to. Bricology (talk) 19:42, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

Andre Douzet
The paragraph relating to Andre Douzet has been removed because he is widely regarded as a hoaxer and a charlatan in France and belongs to the world of Fringe and not to the world of bonafide historical research. See for example: http://www.octonovo.org/RlC/Fr/ctrb/ctrb07.htm

Only recently, a few weeks ago during an interview Jean-Luc Robin stated about Douzet: "I haven't yet been shown the proofs that the letters Sauniere exchanged with the manufacturer of the model were genuine" (Douzet is promising to "show" these letters in Summer 2008 - why not straight away?).

The person responsible for inserting the paragraphs relating to Douzet in this article is most probably Filip Coppens, his ardent disciple.

Be warned! Douzet has never provided any evidence to substantiate his allegations despite what the contributor to this Wikipedia article claims (the French can testify to that) and Douzet belongs to the world of the Fringe and not to bonafide historical research.

wfgh66 —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 16:49, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Sauniere as Free Priest of RLC between 1909 and 1917
I added to the article the fact that Sauniere operated in the capacity of Free Priest in RLC between 1909-1917 following his transfer to Coustouges and subsequent resignation on 1 February 1909. Sauniere received corresondence that read: Berenger Sauniere, Pretre Libre, Rennes-le-Chateau, Aude. These addressed enevelopes to Sauniere are reproduced in several French books.

wfgh66 —Preceding comment was added at 07:27, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Referencing and footnotes
Please note that a list of references at the end of the article is not considered adequate on Wikipedia. There should be citations (with page numbers) using footnotes throughout the article so that other editors may tell what is actually verifiable (and by extension, what is not). Wednesday Next (talk) 19:26, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Then buy the books and fill in the footnotes yourself. It's time you began reading some history for a change. And stop targetting Priory of Sion and Rennes-le-Chateu for abundance and abundance of unnecessary footnotes. Go to other articles on Wikipedia that are devoid of footnotes like Antiochus Epiphanes. Antiochus Epiphanes is more notable in world history than Priory of Sion and Rennes-le-Chateau. Or don't you want to do that? Wfgh66 (talk) 19:37, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It is the responsibility of the editor who added the information to properly cite it. Any editor may remove improperly cited material. Wednesday Next (talk) 19:38, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Then remove the uncited material. But the moment you begin copying and pasting from Holy Blood and Holy Grail that will be the moment when that material will be discredited.

Wfgh66 (talk) 20:12, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Please be specific as to the issues - try three issues to start with - we can then resolve those and move on. No specific issues - no tags! --Matilda talk 02:26, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * There are a lot of specific issues, which I have tagged individually. Sources are referred to in such an opaque manner as to be unverifiable. A "report", a "local paper". Where is the title and date of the report. How could we find it? Is it a primary source? Is there a secondary source which mentions it?

 * "Claims" about the subject's relationship with his maidservant are brought up, but not sourced. Neither is the dismissal of them as "myth and legend" sourced.\

 * It is stated that the subject was "tried" in 1910. Tried by whom? a church court? a provincial court? what kind of court? And what was the outcome? what is the reliable source that reports this trial?

 * "There were ... accusations" Why is this is passive voice. Who made the accusations? What source reports on these accusations?

 * "The popular story" - what sources report on the popular story as such? Is there a core story and variants?

 * "The actual source" - there is one sourced sentence here, which may represent one researcher's opinion. What is the source for all the details. How certain are the details? Are they really certain enough to use the loaded word "actual" in the section heading?

 * "rumors" - is this section all hearsay? it is quite short on citations. How can "a local paper" be verified. Why do we have an article title without the name of the publication in which it appeared or the date of publication. What supports the story being "picked up by the national press"? Shouldn't we have a citation for a claim that "the conspirators admitted fraud"?

 * These questions and defects in verifiability is why I tagged the article. It seems quite deficient in actual verifiable citations while giving the impression of being sourced. Wednesday Next (talk) 17:14, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

I have added sub sub heads for each of these issues and we can discuss there. I have dealt with one issue but have limited time for more at present. --Matilda talk 23:42, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

"Claims" about the subject's relationship with his maidservant
"Claims" about the subject's relationship with his maidservant are brought up, but not sourced. Neither is the dismissal of them as "myth and legend" sourced. Wednesday Next (talk) 17:14, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I have provided a ref for claims about the relationship. Tagged for citation needed for "no justification for the claim " --Matilda talk 23:50, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

1910 trial
It is stated that the subject was "tried" in 1910. Tried by whom? a church court? a provincial court? what kind of court? And what was the outcome? what is the reliable source that reports this trial? Wednesday Next (talk) 17:14, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/27/60minutes/printable1552009.shtml (currently note 7) references the trial and states Where did the priest of Rennes Le Chateau, Bérenger Saunière, get the money to build his estate? In 1910 he was summoned to appear before the bishop's court in the local, medieval-walled city of Carcasonne. In Carcasonne, Sauniere was tried and found guilty of trafficking in masses. Priests are allowed to accept money for saying up to three masses a day. But what Saunière had done was to solicit and receive money for thousands of masses, which he couldn't possibly have said. In fact, he didn't even try. So the source of the wealth of the priest of Rennes le Chateau was not some ancient, mysterious treasure — but good old-fashioned fraud. CBS news meets WP:RS --Matilda talk 00:01, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Note - the issues are exapnded on at the section The actual source of Saunière's wealth--Matilda talk 00:04, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I note I had already drawn Wednesday Next's attention to this ref on his talk page?--Matilda talk 01:58, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Accusations
"There were ... accusations" Why is this is passive voice. Who made the accusations? What source reports on these accusations? Wednesday Next (talk) 17:14, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * ref added re German spies - google it and you will find plenty more --Matilda talk 00:13, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Popular Story
"The popular story" - what sources report on the popular story as such? Is there a core story and variants? Wednesday Next (talk) 17:14, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * de Sede's obit at supports the assertions at the section on The popular story of Saunière's wealth - I have added the reference. --Matilda talk 23:42, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Actual source
"The actual source" - there is one sourced sentence here, which may represent one researcher's opinion. What is the source for all the details. How certain are the details? Are they really certain enough to use the loaded word "actual" in the section heading? Wednesday Next (talk) 17:14, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

I think so - why don't you read the ref - see above on 1910 trial. However I have added another ref --Matilda talk 00:21, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Rumours
"rumors" - is this section all hearsay? it is quite short on citations. How can "a local paper" be verified. Why do we have an article title without the name of the publication in which it appeared or the date of publication. What supports the story being "picked up by the national press"? Shouldn't we have a citation for a claim that "the conspirators admitted fraud"? Wednesday Next (talk) 17:14, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * ref supplied including scanned images of the papers to verify. It is pretty self evident that the story was picked up but the cite in fact supports this.  Cite added for fraud admission--Matilda talk 00:44, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Book covers
It is my understanding that the standard on Wikipedia is that images of book covers are only considered to be fair use on an article specifically about the book in question. Wednesday Next (talk) 19:30, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Strange story
it is said on the web that there are 'legends' of sauniere having found old documents and some even say treasures buried in or around his rennes-le-chateau church. even if presented as legends and myths, someone should include these in the article. 21 August, 2011 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Enlightener 749 (talk • contribs) 23:22, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

 * None of the claims date from Sauniere's lifetime, and are recent devised by those with various agendas. The legends are dealt with in the "The popular story of Saunière's wealth" part of the article.Lung salad (talk) 12:55, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

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"purchased a clergyman's directory"?
Under the heading "Ecclesiastical trials, punishment and suspension" the final sentence of the first paragraph reads "In 1899 Saunière purchased a clergymen's directory (Annuaire du clergé français) through which he contacted both priests and religious communities across France to solicit Mass requests (emphasis added)." Can anyone explain what "purchasing a clergyman's directory" means? My reading of this sentence suggests that the implication is that Saunière purchased advertising space in a directory, through which other priests and religious communities could pay him to say masses for them, but that may be incorrect. But as it stands, "purchasing a clergyman's directory" implies that Saunière actually bought copies of printed directories, which is nonsensical. Bricology (talk) 19:51, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bérenger Saunière


text:
Invasion of the Bee Girls

Invasion of the Bee Girls (re-released in 1981 as Graveyard Tramps) is a 1973 American science fiction film. The first film venture for writer Nicholas Meyer, it was directed by Denis Sanders and stars William Smith, Anitra Ford and Victoria Vetri.

The premise of the movie is that a mad scientist (Ford) is using radiation-mutated bee serum to create an army of female beauties who seduce men to death. One by one, the male victims are killed before the local police catch on to the plans of the infected females. The script was altered while Meyer was visiting his parents. When he saw the new script, he wanted to take his name off of the project, but was convinced by his manager that he needed a credit.

Plot
Neil Agar, a special agent with the State Department's Office of Security (the predecessor of the Diplomatic Security Service), is dispatched to Peckham, California to investigate the death of John Grubowsky, a bacteriologist working at the government-sponsored Brandt Research. Quickly making the acquaintance of the laboratory's head librarian, Julie Zorn, he begins interviewing the firm's leading scientists, many of whom have reputations as sexual players. His investigation is soon complicated by a growing number of deaths, all men who died of congestive heart failure caused by sexual exhaustion.

Faced with a rapidly escalating body count, the local sheriff, Captain Peters, holds a town meeting at which the laboratory's leading sex researcher, Henry Murger, urges the town populace to practice sexual abstinence – an idea greeted with derision by the locals. Neil and Julie arrange a meeting with Murger afterwards to discuss his theories as to the cause of his deaths, only to see him chased down and run over by a car with an unseen driver. While Agar is telephoning the agency, Julie is attacked and sexually assaulted by a group of local thugs, who are then beaten up by Agar on his return. During his investigation of Murger's home in search of clues, Neil discovers a secret room concealing sexual paraphernalia and Murger's gay lover, Joe, who informs Neil that he saw Murger driving off with an unknown woman prior to his death.

Despite a curfew and the establishment of a military quarantine, the scientists continue playing their sex games. One of them, Herb Kline, is approached by Susan Harris, a beautiful entomologist working on bees. Though described by the men as an "iceberg", she flirts with Kline and invites him over for dinner. That night, as they engage in sex, Kline suffers a fatal thrombosis and Harris reveals black compound eyes, suggesting that she is more than she seems to be.

Meanwhile, convinced there is a similar pattern at work, Neil begins studying the sexual patterns of insects. Seeking information about the mating habits of honey bees, he interrogates Dr. Harris at her lab; when he departs, she resumes her project – the transformation of Kline's wife Nora into a Bee Girl through a process of controlled mutation. With the aid of other previously mutated women, she cocoons Nora and places her in a chamber where she is swarmed by mutated honey bees; when she emerges, she is bombarded with radiation and awakens with the same black compound eyes and drive to mate that the other transformed women possess. The next morning, Herb Kline's body is discovered; when Captain Peters goes to inform Nora, she attempts unsuccessfully to seduce him.

Having worked out much of what has taken place, Neil summons the remaining department chairs and presents his theory. Though the geneticist, Stan Williams, scorns the idea, the head of the diagnostics department, Aldo Ferrara, is more receptive. At Grubowsky's funeral, Neil and Julie bring a radiation detector, which picks up the gamma radiation coming from the women in attendance who have been subjected to the treatment. Aware that they have been detected, the transformed women move to eliminate the remaining scientists; Williams is nearly killed by his now-mutated wife and Ferrara dies during a visit by Dr. Harris, who then lures Julie to her lab to be transformed.

When Neil discovers Ferrara's body, he realizes what the women are up to. Racing to the lab, he interrupts the women as they begin the process of turning Julie into one of them. With Harris threatening to kill Julie unless he leaves, he moves to depart, but pulls out a revolver instead and shoots the machinery. Neil then rescues Julie and bars the door, leaving the mutated women to die amidst a cascade of exploding machinery.

Cast

 * William Smith as Neil Agar
 * Anitra Ford as Dr. Susan Harris
 * Victoria Vetri as Julie Zorn
 * Cliff Osmond as Captain Peters
 * Wright King as Dr. Henry Murger
 * Ben Hammer as Herb Kline
 * Anna Aries as Nora Kline
 * Andre Philippe as Aldo Ferrara
 * Sid Kaiser as Stan Williams
 * Katie Saylor as Gretchen Grubowsky
 * Beverly Powers as Harriet Williams
 * Cliff Emmich as Coroner
 * Jack Perkins as Barney

Sequel
A semi-sequel to the movie, the play Beyond the Invasion of the Bee Girls was produced by House of Dames in 1998 in Seattle, Washington.

Home media releases
The movie was released on DVD as Graveyard Tramps and featured on the compilation Stephen Romano Presents Shock Festival. Invasion of the Bee Girls was also released on DVD as part of a four-movie package called Four Cult Movie Marathon Volume 1.

Scream Factory released the movie on Blu-ray on April 4, 2017.

title: Invasion of the Bee Girls


text:
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

The Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, also called the Udvar-Hazy Center, is the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (NASM)'s annex at Dulles International Airport in the Chantilly area of Fairfax County, Virginia. It holds numerous exhibits, including the Space Shuttle Discovery, the Enola Gay, and the Boeing 367-80, the main prototype for the popular Boeing 707 airliner.

The 760,000 ft2 facility was made possible by a $65 million donation in October 1999 to the Smithsonian Institution by Steven F. Udvar-Házy, an immigrant from Hungary and co-founder of the International Lease Finance Corporation, an aircraft leasing corporation. The main NASM building, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., had always contained more artifacts than could be displayed, and most of the collection had been stored, unavailable to visitors, at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Silver Hill, Maryland. A substantial addition to the center encompassing restoration, conservation and collection-storage facilities was completed in 2010. Restoration facilities and museum archives were moved from the museum's Garber facility to the new sections of the Udvar-Hazy Center.

Architecture and facilities
Designed by Hellmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum, who also designed the National Air and Space Museum building, the Center required 15 years of preparation and was built by Hensel Phelps Construction Co. The exhibition areas comprise two large hangars, the 293707 sqft Boeing Aviation Hangar and the 53067 sqft James S. McDonnell Space Hangar. The Donald D. Engen Observation Tower provides a view of landing operations at adjacent Washington Dulles International Airport. The museum also contains an IMAX theater. A taxiway connects the museum to the airport.

An expansion of the Udvar-Hazy Center is dedicated to the behind-the-scenes care of the Smithsonian's collection of aircraft, spacecraft, related artifacts and archival materials. On December 2, 2008, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center received a gift of $6 million for phase two from Airbus Americas Inc. — the largest corporate gift to the Smithsonian Institution in 2008.

The wing includes:

 * The Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar — spacious enough to accommodate several aircraft at one time with a second-floor viewing area designed to give visitors a behind-the-scenes look.
 * Archives — the foremost collection of documentary records of the history, science and technology of aeronautics and space flight will be housed in a single location for the first time, providing researchers with ample space and equipment.
 * The Emil Buehler Conservation Laboratory — provides conservators much-needed space to develop and execute specialized preservation strategies for artifacts.
 * Collections processing unit — a dedicated loading dock and specially designed secure area for initial inspection and analysis of artifacts.

A further expansion of the collections center was approved in December 2016. The addition will be made up of three additional storage modules on the south side of the building.

Collection
The center was opened on December 15, 2003. The Udvar-Hazy Center displays historic aviation and space artifacts, especially items too large for the National Air and Space Museum's building on the National Mall, including:

 * The Enola Gay, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress which dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan
 * The orbital spacecraft Space Shuttle Discovery was put on public display in the James S. McDonnell Space Hangar on April 19, 2012, replacing the atmospheric test vehicle, Space Shuttle Enterprise.
 * A first-generation tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS) that hangs directly above Discovery
 * The Gemini 4 space capsule
 * The Friendship 7 space capsule
 * A Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft
 * An Air France Concorde supersonic airliner
 * A United States Air Force Lockheed C-121 Super Constellation, the military version of the Lockheed Constellation ("Connie") airliner
 * The Boeing 367-80 ("Dash-80") jet transport, which was the prototype for the KC-135 tanker and the 707 airliner
 * The only surviving Bell XV-15 experimental tiltrotor craft
 * A PGM-11 Redstone rocket
 * A SAM-N-2 Lark like the one which scored the first successful United States surface-to-air missile interception of a flying target
 * The only surviving Verville-Sperry M-1 Messenger, the USAAS's first messenger aircraft
 * The Langley Aerodrome A, an early attempt at powered flight by Smithsonian Secretary Samuel Pierpont Langley
 * The Northrop N-1 experimental aircraft
 * The only surviving Boeing 307 Stratoliner, the ex-Pan Am Clipper Flying Cloud
 * One of two surviving German Heinkel He 219 Uhu night fighters
 * The only surviving German Dornier Do 335 Pfeil fighter
 * The only surviving German Horten Ho 229 prototype flying wing jet fighter/bomber
 * The only surviving German Arado Ar 234 Blitz jet bomber
 * The only surviving German Horten H.VI flying wing aircraft
 * One of three surviving German Bachem Ba 349 Natter rocket-powered interceptors
 * The only surviving Japanese Nakajima J1N1-S Gekko
 * The only surviving Japanese Aichi M6A1 Seiran
 * The only surviving Japanese Kyushu J7W Shinden
 * One of four surviving Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighters
 * One of two surviving Boeing P-26 Peashooter fighters
 * A Bede BD-5, single-seat, home-built aircraft that was somewhat popular in the 1970s (5J version is the smallest crewed jet aircraft)
 * The Beck-Mahoney Sorceress, known as the "winningest" racing biplane in aviation history
 * A British Hawker Hurricane fighter
 * A Japanese balloon bomb like the one that killed six U.S. civilians in Oregon during World War II
 * Lockheed Martin X-35 Joint Strike Fighter, prototype of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
 * Grumman F-14 Tomcat fighter involved in the Gulf of Sidra incident (1989).
 * The Gossamer Albatross, which was the first man-powered aircraft to fly across the English Channel
 * The primary special-effects miniature of the "Mothership" used in the filming of Close Encounters of the Third Kind
 * The Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer piloted by Steve Fossett for the first solo nonstop and nonrefueled circumnavigation of Earth
 * The first aircraft operated by FedEx, a Dassault Falcon 20
 * A piece of fabric from the LZ 129 Hindenburg that survived the Hindenburg disaster.
 * Universal's filming model of the LZ 129 Hindenburg from The Hindenburg.
 * Mercury-Atlas 10 unused Project Mercury spacecraft
 * U.S. Coast Guard Sikorsky HH-52 Seaguard helicopter
 * A Sikorsky JRS-1 twin-engine aircraft, one of only three surviving aircraft from the Attack on Pearl Harbor
 * A Launch Entry Suit
 * A Vought RF-8 Crusader reconnaissance aircraft
 * A McDonnell Douglas F-4S Phantom II fighter
 * A Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 fighter
 * The NASA Pathfinder, an early solar powered aircraft
 * A Piasecki PV-2 helicopter
 * A French Caudron G.4 bomber
 * A German Focke-Wulf Fw 190F fighter/bomber
 * A British Westland Lysander Army cooperation aircraft
 * A CASA 352L transport
 * A Republic F-105D Thunderchief fighter-bomber
 * A Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter
 * Darryl Greenamyer's Grumman F8F Bearcat "Conquest I" racing aircraft
 * The North American P-51C Mustang "Excalibur III" fighter
 * A North American F-86 Sabre fighter
 * A Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter
 * A Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat fighter
 * A Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 "Fishbed" fighter
 * A Beechcraft Bonanza
 * A Beechcraft Model 18
 * A Bell 47 helicopter
 * A Bell H-13 Sioux helicopter
 * A Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter
 * A Boeing-Stearman Model 75 biplane trainer aircraft
 * A Grumman A-6E Intruder ground-attack aircraft
 * A Curtiss P-40E Kittyhawk fighter
 * A Vought F4U-1D Corsair fighter
 * A Piper J-3 Cub
 * A Grumman G-22 Gulfhawk II
 * An Aeronca C-2 ultralight aircraft
 * The Stanley Nomad glider
 * An Arrow Sport A2
 * A Space Systems/Loral FS-1300 communications satellite, previously a ground spare for Sirius Satellite Radio
 * The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission payload that flew on STS-99.
 * Bob Hoover's Shrike Commander
 * Gondola of Breitling Orbiter 3, the first balloon to fly around the world non-stop
 * Gondola C-49 of Goodyear Blimp Columbia (N4A), class GZ-20, and Gondola of Goodyear Pilgrim
 * A Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka kamikaze aircraft
 * A Pegasus XL air-launched rocket.
 * Foam 331, an Oshkosh airport crash tender which was among the emergency vehicles which responded to The Pentagon after it was attacked on 9/11

The museum is still in the process of installing exhibits, and 169 aircraft and 152 large space artifacts were on display as of May 2012; plans called for the eventual installation of over 200 aircraft. The current list is maintained at the Objects On Display page of the Smithsonian Institution NASM Collections site.

Events
A number of events are held at the museum throughout the year. These include lectures, book signings, sleepovers, and events for children. Some of the museum's larger events include Air & Scare for Halloween, an open house, and Innovations in Flight: Family Day and Outdoor Aviation Display.

Media appearances
The center made its first media appearance in the 2009 film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. The center remained open while filming took place, although certain areas were closed. The SR-71 that is on display in the museum is featured as the vehicle mode for Jetfire, a Decepticon who switches sides to become an Autobot, in the film. In the film, it is referred to simply as the National Air and Space Museum.

title: Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center