text:
Yamanaka, Ishikawa

Yamanaka (山中町) was a town located in Enuma District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town has an estimated population of 9,801 and a density of 63.48 persons per km2. The total area is 154.39 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Yamanaka was merged into the expanded city of Kaga and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Yamanaka, Ishikawa


text:
Steven Hatfill

Steven Jay Hatfill (born October 24, 1953) is an American pathologist and biological weapons expert. He became the subject of extensive media coverage beginning in mid-2002, when he was a suspect in the 2001 anthrax attacks. His home was repeatedly raided by the FBI, his phone was tapped, and he was extensively surveilled for more than two years; he was also terminated from his job at Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). At a news conference in August 2002, Hatfill denied that he had anything to do with the anthrax letters and said "irresponsible news media coverage based on government leaks" had "destroyed his reputation". He filed a lawsuit in 2003, accusing the FBI agents and Justice Department officials who led the criminal investigation of leaking information about him to the press in violation of the Privacy Act.

In 2008, the government settled Hatfill's lawsuit with a $4.6 million annuity totaling $5.8 million in payment. The government officially exonerated him of any involvement in the anthrax attacks, and the Justice Department identified another military scientist, Bruce Edwards Ivins, as the sole perpetrator of the anthrax attacks. Jeffrey A. Taylor, the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia, wrote in a letter to Hatfill's lawyer that "we have concluded, based on laboratory access records, witness accounts and other information, that Dr. Hatfill did not have access to the particular anthrax used in the attacks, and that he was not involved in the anthrax mailings."

In 2004, Hatfill filed lawsuits against several periodicals and journalists who had identified him as a figure warranting further investigation in the anthrax attacks. He sued the New York Times Company and New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristof for defamation, defamation per se, and intentional infliction of emotional distress in connection with five of Kristof's columns in 2002. The courts dismissed this suit, finding that Hatfill was a limited purpose public figure. In 2007, Hatfill settled a similar libel lawsuit against Vanity Fair and Reader's Digest for an undisclosed amount, after both magazines agreed to formally retract any implication that Hatfill was involved in the anthrax mailings.

In 2010, Hatfill was an independent researcher and an adjunct assistant professor of emergency medicine at the George Washington University Medical Center. He has criticized the response of health authorities to the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa and suggested that it is possible that Ebola could be transmitted by aerosol, a position which other experts have criticized.

In 2020, he became a coronavirus advisor to the Trump White House, where he strongly promoted the use of hydroxychloroquine to treat the virus despite FDA objections to the drug. After the 2020 election he became part of Donald Trump's attempt to overturn the election results.

Early life
Hatfill was born in Saint Louis, Missouri, and graduated from Mattoon Senior High School, Mattoon, Illinois (1971), and Southwestern College in Winfield, Kansas (1975), where he studied biology.

Hatfill was enlisted as a private in the U.S. Army from 1975 to 1977. (In 1999, during an interview with a journalist, he claimed to have been a "captain in the U.S. Special Forces", but a subsequent investigation revealed that, according to the Army, he had never served with the Special Forces. ) Following his Army discharge, Hatfill qualified and worked as a medical laboratory technician, but soon resolved to become a doctor. He worked as a medical missionary in Kapanga, Zaire under a mentor, Dr. Glenn Eschtruth, who was murdered there in 1977. A brief marriage, from 1976 to 1978, to Eschtruth's daughter, Caroline Ruth Eschtruth, produced one daughter.

Medical education
In 1978, Hatfill settled in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and entered the Godfrey Huggins Medical School at the University of Rhodesia in Salisbury (now Harare). (His claimed military associations during this period included assistance as a medic with the Selous Scouts and membership in the Rhodesian SAS, but according to one journalist the regimental association of the latter is "adamant Hatfill never belonged to the unit".) After failing in 1983, he graduated in 1984 with a M ChB degree and, in 1984 to 1985, completed a one-year internship at a small rural hospital in South Africa's North West Province. The South African government recruited him to be medical officer on a 14-month tour of duty, from 1986 to 1988, in Antarctica with the South African National Antarctic Expedition (SANAE). In 1988, he completed a master's degree in microbiology at the University of Cape Town. Two years later, he worked toward a second master's degree—in medical biochemistry and radiation biology—at the University of Stellenbosch, while employed as a medical technician in the university's clinical hematology lab. A three-year hematological pathology residency at Stellenbosch from 1991 to 1993 followed. Hatfill also conducted research toward a Ph.D. between 1992 and 1995—under the supervision of microbiology professor Ralph Kirby at Rhodes University—on the treatment of leukemia with thalidomide.

Hatfill submitted his Ph.D. thesis for examination to Rhodes University in January 1995, but it was failed in November. Hatfill later claimed to have completed a Ph.D. degree in "molecular cell biology" at Rhodes, as well as a post-doctoral fellowship (1994–95) at the University of Oxford in England and three master's degrees (in microbial genetics, medical biochemistry, and experimental pathology), respectively. Some of these credentials have been seriously questioned or disputed. During a later investigation, officials at Rhodes maintained that their institution had never awarded him a Ph.D. In 2007, Hatfill's lawyer Tom Connolly – in his lawsuit against former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft and the FBI – admitted that his client had "[p]uffed on his resume," falsely claiming he had earned a PhD and had "[f]orged a diploma" for the PhD.

Back in the United States, another of Hatfill's post-doctoral appointments commenced at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), one of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1995. He then worked in 1997 to 1999 as a civilian researcher at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), the U.S. Department of Defense's medical research institute for biological warfare (BW) defense at Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. There, he studied, under a National Research Council fellowship, new drug treatments for the Ebola virus and became an authority on BW defense.

Anthrax attacks
In January 1999 Hatfill transferred to a "consulting job" at Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), which has a "sprawling campus" in nearby McLean, Virginia. The corporation did work for a multitude of federal agencies. Many projects were classified. Hatfill designed BW defense training curricula for government agencies.

By this time there had been a number of hoax anthrax mailings in the United States. Hatfill and his collaborator, SAIC vice president Joseph Soukup, commissioned William C. Patrick, retired head of the old US bioweapons program (who had also been a mentor of Hatfill) to write a report on the possibilities of terrorist anthrax mailing attacks. Barbara Hatch Rosenberg (director of the Federation of American Scientists' biochem weapons working group in 2002) said that the report was commissioned "under a CIA contract to SAIC". But SAIC said Hatfill and Soukup had commissioned it internally – there was no outside client.

The resulting report, dated February 1999, was subsequently seen by some as a "blueprint" for the 2001 anthrax attacks. Amongst other things, it suggested the maximum amount of anthrax powder –2.5 grams – that could be put in an envelope without making a suspicious bulge. The quantity in the envelope sent to Senator Patrick Leahy in October 2001 was 0.871 grams. After the attacks, the report drew the attention of the media and others, and led to their investigation of Patrick and Hatfill.

Assertions by Rosenberg
As soon as it became known, in October 2001, that the Ames strain of anthrax had been used in the attacks, Barbara Hatch Rosenberg and others began suggesting that the mailings might be the work of a "rogue CIA agent" and they provided the name of the "most likely" person to the FBI. On November 21, 2001, Rosenberg made similar statements to the Biological and Toxic Weapons convention in Geneva. In December 2001, she published "A Compilation of Evidence and Comments on the Source of the Mailed Anthrax" via the web site of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) suggesting the attacks were "perpetrated with the unwitting assistance of a sophisticated government program".

Rosenberg discussed the case with reporters from the New York Times. On January 4, 2002, Nicholas Kristof of the New York Times published a column titled "Profile of a Killer" stating "I think I know who sent out the anthrax last fall." For months, Rosenberg gave speeches and stated her beliefs to many reporters from around the world. She posted "Analysis of the Anthrax Attacks" to the FAS web site on January 17, 2002. On February 5, 2002, she published an article called "Is the FBI Dragging Its Feet?" At the time, the FBI denied reports that investigators had identified a chief suspect, saying "There is no prime suspect in this case at this time." The Washington Post reported that "FBI officials over the last week have flatly discounted Dr. Rosenberg's claims."

On June 13, 2002, Rosenberg posted "The Anthrax Case: What the FBI Knows" to the FAS site. Five days later, Rosenberg presented her theories to senate staffers working for Senators Daschle and Leahy. On June 25, the FBI publicly searched Hatfill's apartment, turning him into a household name. "The FBI also pointed out that Hatfill had agreed to the search and is not considered a suspect." Both The American Prospect and Salon.com reported that "Hatfill is not a suspect in the anthrax case, the FBI says." On August 3, 2002, Rosenberg told the media that the FBI asked her if "a team of government scientists could be trying to frame Steven J. Hatfill."

Person of interest
In August 2002, Attorney General John Ashcroft labeled Hatfill a "person of interest" in a press conference, although no charges were brought against him. Hatfill, who researched viruses, vehemently denied having any connection to the anthrax mailings and sued the FBI, the Justice Department, John Ashcroft, Alberto Gonzales, and others for violating his constitutional rights and the Privacy Act. On June 27, 2008, the Department of Justice announced it would settle Hatfill's case for $5.8 million.

Hatfill later went to work at Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In September 2001, SAIC was commissioned by the Pentagon to create a replica of a mobile WMD "laboratory", alleged to have been used by Saddam Hussein, then President of Iraq. The Pentagon said the trailer was to be used as a training aid for teams seeking weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.

His lawyer, Victor M. Glasberg, stated: "Steve's life has been devastated by a drumbeat of innuendo, implication and speculation. We have a frightening public attack on an individual who, guilty or not, should not be exposed to this type of public opprobrium based on speculation."

In an embarrassing incident, FBI agents trailing Hatfill in a motor vehicle ran over his foot when he attempted to approach them in May 2003. Police responding to the incident did not cite the driver, but issued Hatfill a citation for "walking to create a hazard". He and his attorneys fought the ticket, but a hearing officer upheld the ticket and ordered Hatfill to pay the requisite $5 fine.

FBI Director Robert Mueller changed leadership of the investigation in late 2006, and at that time another suspect, USAMRIID bacteriologist Bruce Ivins, became the main focus of the investigation. Considerable questions were raised about the credibility of the case against Ivins, as well.

60 Minutes interview
Hatfill's lawyer, Tom Connolly, was featured in a CBS News 60 Minutes interview about the anthrax incidents on March 11, 2007. In the interview Connolly revealed that Hatfill faked his Ph.D. degree: "It is true. It is true that he has puffed on his resume. Absolutely. Forged a diploma. Yes, that's true." He went on to state, "Listen, if puffing on your resume made you the anthrax killer, then half this town should be suspect."

The New York Times stated that Hatfill had obtained an anti-anthrax medicine (ciprofloxacin, which is an antibiotic medication) immediately prior to the anthrax mailings. Connolly explained, "Before the attacks he had surgery. So yes, he's on Cipro. But the fuller truth is in fact he was on Cipro because a doctor gave it to him after sinus surgery." Hatfill had previously said the antibiotic was for a lingering sinus infection. The omission in the Times' article, of the reason why he had been taking Cipro, is one reason Hatfill sued the newspaper. The newspaper won a summary judgment ruling in early 2007, squelching the libel suit that had been filed by Steven Hatfill against it and columnist Nicholas Kristof.

Hatfill v. John Ashcroft, et al.
In August 2003, Hatfill sued U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft, the U.S. Department of Justice, the FBI, FBI Supervisory Special Agent Van Harp, two DOJ employees, and an unknown number of FBI agents, alleging that the government denied his constitutional rights and attempted to scapegoat him for the anthrax attacks. The suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.

In March 2007, U.S. District Judge Reggie Walton allowed Hatfill to re-subpoena various reporters, seeking the names of government sources who had told reporters that Hatfill was under investigation. During an earlier round of discovery, Hatfill issued subpoenas to six reporters (Michael Isikoff and Daniel Klaidman of Newsweek, Brian Ross of ABC, Allan Lengel of The Washington Post, Jim Stewart of CBS, and Toni Locy of USA Today). In the second round of subpoenas, Hatfill subpoenaed eight news outlets, including three not previously subpoenaed. The federal government opposed Hatfill's move as an impermissible expansion of discovery.

In March 2008, Walton held Toni Locy of USA Today in contempt of court for declining to identify her sources, fining her $500 per day, escalating to $5,000 a day, until she identified her sources. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit suspended the fines against Locy, and in November 2008 threw out the order because the case had settled. Locy's position was supported by the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press and Reporters Without Borders, and she received the National Press Club's John Aubuchon Freedom of the Press Award for her stance.

In January 2008, Walton ordered the parties to attempt mediation, and set a tentative trial date of December 2008 if settlement talks failed. In June 2008, a settlement was announced, in which the Justice Department agreed to pay $4.6 million (consisting of $2.825 million in cash and an annuity paying $150,000 a year for 20 years) to Hatfill. The settlement did not include an admission of liability by the government.

Hatfill v. The New York Times
In June 2003, Hatfill sued the The New York Times Company and Nicholas D. Kristof for defamation in Virginia state court. Hatfill alleged that Kristof had published columns implying that he was responsible for the anthrax mailings, and thus defamed him. He refiled the suit in federal court in July 2004, alleging defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress. After filing his complaint, Hatfill voluntarily dropped Kristof as a defendant because the federal district court lacked personal jurisdiction over the columnist.

The federal district court initially granted the newspaper's motion to dismiss, holding that the language in Kristof's columns could not reasonably read as accusing Hatfill of responsibility for anthrax attacks, and that the columns reported information on the federal investigation into Hatfill, without accusing him of guilt. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, in July 2005, reversed this ruling (holding that "Kristof's columns, taken together, are capable of defamatory meaning under Virginia law") and returned the case to the district court for further proceedings.

In January 2007, Judge Claude M. Hilton threw out Hatfill's defamation suit against the The New York Times, granting summary judgment to the newspaper. The court held that Hatfill was either a "public figure" or "public official" and thus could only prevail in a defamation suit if the defendants acted with actual malice, and that Hatfill could not demonstrate that Kristof had acted with actual malice. The court additionally found that Hatfill could not, as a matter of law, meet his burden of proof that the allegedly defamatory statements were materially false; it also threw out his claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

In July 2008, the Fourth Circuit, in a unanimous decision, affirmed the district court's ruling. In December 2008, the Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal, leaving the newspaper's win intact.

Hatfill v. Foster
Donald Wayne Foster, an expert in forensic linguistics and a professor at Vassar College, advised the FBI during the investigation of the anthrax attacks. He later wrote an article for Vanity Fair about his investigation of Hatfill. In the October 2003 article (entitled ""The Message in the Anthrax"), Foster described how he had tried to match up Hatfill's travels with the postmarks on the anthrax letters, and analyzed old interviews and an unpublished novel by Hatfill about a bioterror attack on the United States. Foster wrote that "When I lined up Hatfill's known movements with the postmark locations of reported biothreats, those hoax anthrax attacks appeared to trail him like a vapor cloud."

In 2004, Hatfill sued Foster and Condé Nast Publications, alleging defamation. He also sued The Reader's Digest Association (which had published a condensed version of the article—entitled "Tracking The Anthrax Killer"—in the December 2003 issue of Reader's Digest). In 2007, the defendants settled the case before trial on undisclosed terms. A statement by Vanity Fair issued after the settlement was announced read: "To the extent any statements contained in the article might be read to convey that Condé Nast and Professor Foster were accusing Dr. Hatfill of perpetrating these attacks, Condé Nast and Professor Foster retract any such implication."

Hatfill case against blogger
Hatfill obtained from Google the IP address behind the blog of one "Luigi Warren" hosted by Google's Blogspot web-hosting service. According to Newsweek, "Luigi Warren" had "operated a lurid rumor mill about Hatfill for more than a decade – promoting, in particular, hearsay about the years he lived and worked in southern Africa during the throes of apartheid." In 2010, Hatfill's attorneys sent a letter to a stem-cell research scientist at Harvard Medical School whom they accused of authoring the "Luigi Warren" posts. The Harvard researcher, however, did not make the posts in question, and instead maintained a different blog, in which he wrote that "the campaign to promote Steven Hatfill as a 'person of interest' ... was a bureaucratic ruse or diversion to maintain a useful strategic ambiguity." The Harvard researcher believed that someone was impersonating him. Google revealed the IP address for the blog, which was traced to a computer at Stellenbosch University in South Africa (Hatfill's alma mater); the university identified a radiation oncologist as the user of the computer in question, and the blogger later agreed to an undisclosed settlement.

2010s
Since the settlements of his legal cases, which included receiving $5.8 million (less legal costs) from the Justice Department (2008) and undisclosed sums from Condé Nast (2008) and the South African medical researcher (2010), Hatfill has pursued activities as an independent researcher. He was appointed an adjunct assistant professor of emergency medicine at the George Washington University Medical Center in 2010. In 2011, he added additional affiliations at GW in "Clinical Research and Leadership" and "Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine". (His BA degree and one MS degree — but not his other previously claimed medical degrees — appear on the GW Faculty Directory. ) He oversaw construction of a "state-of-the-art boat" on which to conduct his own scientific trials. He has allocated more than $1 million of his own money to construct a full-scale prototype of what he calls Beagle III. This craft, with a crew of military veterans and scientists, would ply the waters of "high-biodiversity areas" – the Amazon, or the great rivers of Borneo – seeking and studying rare plants and fungi as sources of new drugs. A Newsweek interviewer has described ... "...Hatfill's unbuilt, twin-diesel-powered boat. Inside the vessel's aluminum hull, he envisioned a plexus of laboratories, with DNA microarrays and other 'space-age zuzu' for analyzing the genetic compositions of plants. Bedrooms would be equipped with video-conferencing systems and DVD players, and the executive cabin was modeled after the president's quarters on Air Force One.... Hatfill had also thrown in a roof-mounted cosmic ray detector, which would switch on near the equator to capture data on 'high-energy cosmic ray showers'. An onboard chef from the ranks of Le Cordon Bleu would fuel a crew of scientists and trainees, and a 30-day supply of dehydrated food would hedge against disaster." Hatfill owns a colonial-style brick home in Marion County, Florida as well as a property in the El Yunque rain forest, in Puerto Rico, where he has run a military-style Outward Bound-like program. Hatfill chairs the Asymmetrical Biodiversity Studies and Observation Group (ABSOG) in Malaysia, a not-for-profit trust he has established to support his drug discovery boat mission. Hatfill has also established Templar Associates II, a for-profit corporation in Puerto Rico as a revenue-generator and as an "environmental testing ground for new tactics, techniques, equipment, and procedures for ABSOG's designated mission as well as for the U.S. military". Hatfill is also medical director of EFP Tactical Medical Group, a London-based company that provides integrated training, security and tactical medical support services to government agencies, private corporations, and NGOs worldwide. (EFP Tacmed has extensive Middle Eastern and African contracts; it operates a remote jungle-training facility to test new equipment in "high-biodiversity areas".) He is also a board member of Doctors for Disaster Preparedness, a politically conservative Arizona-based non-profit described by some journalists as a "political fringe group". He claims status as a fellow of the Explorers Club. In 2014, Hatfill publicly criticized the response of U.S. public health authorities to the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa and suggested that it is possible that Ebola could be transmitted by aerosol, an assertion which other experts have disputed; his views on this have been characterized as misrepresentations of the primary scientific literature by other experts.

In November 2019, Hatfill and two other authors self-published Three Seconds Until Midnight. The book examines current preparedness and unpreparedness for a devastating future influenza pandemic.

2020s
In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Hatfill was interviewed on several right-wing media outlets including Stephen Bannon's War Room: Pandemic, The Epoch Times, and Sinclair Broadcast Group's Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson. He opposed the U.S. response to the pandemic, particularly the exclusion of hydroxychloroquine for early treatment of COVID-19, making unproven claims that the low fatality rate experienced by some nations is the result of their early use of the drug.

In February 2020, Hatfill became an unpaid "volunteer" advisor to White House trade director Peter Navarro on the subject of the coronavirus pandemic. He interacted directly with senior officials at the Department of Health and Human Services, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the White House, and he represented the administration in dealings with health care companies. Early in the pandemic he urged Navarro to quickly acquire tests and supplies, although he said such supplies should come only from U.S. sources. In an email to White House chief of staff Mark Meadows he said the president was being "grossly misadvised" by the White House Coronavirus Task Force, and recommended that the virus should be fought by widespread proactive administration of hydroxychloroquine, a malaria drug which the FDA had declared ineffective and potentially harmful to use for coronavirus. He repeatedly attacked Anthony Fauci and FDA commissioner Stephen Hahn, at one point telling Fauci that he was "full of crap". Although the two were not removed from the task force as he urged, they were increasingly sidelined by Donald Trump.

Following the November 2020 election, Hatfill became an active participant in Trump's efforts to overturn the election results, flying to Arizona to help challenge its election results, writing proposals for "Trump's Legal Fight", and sharing anti-Biden rumors. According to House Majority Whip James E. Clyburn (D-S.C.) who chairs the House Select subcommittee investigating the COVID-19 crisis, "Dr. Hatfill has refused to provide documents and misleadingly downplayed his involvement in the pandemic response in communications with Select Subcommittee staff".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Steven Hatfill


text:
Enuma District, Ishikawa

Enuma (江沼郡) was a district located in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 9,801 with a density of 63.48 persons per km2. The total area was 154.39 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of only one town:

 * Yamanaka

 * Notes:

History
Ishikawa Enuma-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Recent mergers

 * On October 1, 2005 - The town of Yamanaka was merged into the expanded city of Kaga. Therefore, Enuma District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Enuma District, Ishikawa


text:
Neagari, Ishikawa

Neagari (根上町) was a town located in Nomi District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 15,880 and a density of 1,170.23 persons per km2. The total area was 13.57 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Neagari, along with the towns of Tatsunokuchi and Terai (all from Nomi District), was merged to create the city of Nomi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

People

 * Shigeki Mori, former mayor, father of ex-prime minister Yoshiro Mori.
 * Hideki Matsui, Former MLB Designated Hitter and Outfielder.

title: Neagari, Ishikawa


text:
Edward Hand

Edward Hand (31 December 1744 – 3 September 1802) was an Irish-born American military officer and politician who served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, rising to the rank of general, and later was a member of several Pennsylvania governmental bodies.

Early life and career
Hand was born in Clyduff, King's County (now County Offaly), Ireland, on 31 December 1744, and was baptised in Shinrone. His father was John Hand. Among his immediate neighbours were the Kearney family, ancestors of U.S. President Barack Obama. He was a descendant of either the families of Mag Fhlaithimh (of south Ulaidh and Mide) or Ó Flaithimhín (of the Síol Muireadaigh) who, through mistranslation (Flaithimh/Flaithimhín into Láimhín; laimh = hand), became Lavin or Hand.

Hand earned a medical certificate from Trinity College, Dublin. In 1767, Hand enlisted as a Surgeon's Mate in the 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot. On 20 May 1767, he sailed with the regiment from Cobh, Cork, Ireland, arriving at Philadelphia on 11 July 1767. In 1772, he was commissioned an ensign. He marched with the regiment to Fort Pitt, on the forks of the Ohio River, returning to Philadelphia in 1774, where he resigned his commission.

In 1774, Hand moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he practiced medicine. On 13 March 1775, he married Katherine Ewing (born 25 March 1751 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Lancaster was the region of some of the earliest Irish and Scots-Irish settlements in Pennsylvania. Hand was active in forming the Lancaster County Associators, a colonial militia.

Hand was a 32nd degree Freemason, belonging to the Montgomery Military Lodge number 14.

American Revolution
Hand entered the Continental Army in 1775 as a lieutenant colonel in the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment under Colonel William Thompson. He was promoted to colonel in 1776 and placed in command of the 1st Continental (then designated the 1st Pennsylvania). Promoted to brigadier general in March 1777, he served as the commander of Fort Pitt, fighting British loyalists and their Indian allies. He was recalled, after over two years at Fort Pitt, to serve as a brigade commander in Major General La Fayette's division.

In 1778, Hand attacked the Lenape village Kuskusky, killing Captain Pipe's mother, brother, and a few of his children during a military campaign. Failing to distinguish among the Native American groups, Hand had attacked the neutral Lenape while trying to reduce the Indian threat to settlers in the Ohio Country, because other tribes, such as the Shawnee, had allied with the British.

Planning for a campaign against the Iroquois was already under way, and Hand’s frontier experience naturally recommended him as a participant. In the resulting Sullivan-Clinton Iroquois Expedition (May-November 1779) through the Southern Tier and Finger Lakes regions of New York, Edward Hand commanded the Third Brigade, composed of the Fourth and Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiments, the German Regiment, Proctor’s Artillery, Captain James Parr’s Riflemen, Captain Anthony Selin’s Riflemen, and two Wyoming companies. The brigade composed the “Light Corps” of Sullivan’s army and formed its vanguard. The journals kept by the officers on the expedition indicate that Hand played a major role in the success of the campaign. When he rejoined his family in Lancaster at the close of the year he was thirty-five years old, the youngest of the brigadiers.

After a few months, he was appointed Adjutant General of the Continental Army and served during the siege of Yorktown in that capacity. In recognition of his long and distinguished service, he was, in September 1783, promoted by brevet to major general. He resigned from the Army in November 1783.

He was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati.

After the Revolution
Hand returned to Lancaster and resumed the practice of medicine. A Federalist, Hand was active in civil affairs, holding posts that included:
 * Chief Burgess of Lancaster
 * Presidential elector
 * Delegate to the convention for the 1790 Pennsylvania Constitution
 * Member of the Congress of the Confederation, 1784–1785
 * Member of the Pennsylvania Assembly, 1785–1786

Beginning in 1785, he owned and operated Rock Ford plantation, a 177 acre farm on the banks of the Conestoga River, one mile (1.6 km) south of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The Georgian brick mansion remains today; the farm is a historic site open to the public. Hand was also an enslaver, owning several enslaved people, one of whom, Frank, ran away in 1802.

Hand is suspected to have died from typhoid, dysentery or pneumonia at Rock Ford in 1802. Medical records are unclear, but some sources state Hand died of cholera. There is no evidence Lancaster County suffered from a cholera epidemic in 1802. Hand is buried in St. James's Episcopal Cemetery in Lancaster, the same church where he had served as a deacon.

title: Edward Hand


text:
Category talk:Charities

size
This category will become too big. Should it be sub- divided by geography (UK charities, USA charities, etc.) or theme (conservation charities; children's charities, etc.)? Andy Mabbett 09:27, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Do we have any guidelines as to what the optimum size of a category should be? In any case, you're probably right. My inclination would be to say that dividing by country probably makes more sense - though there's no reason why we can't do it both ways. --   ALargeElk | Talk 09:39, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

charities, nonprofits, NGOs
This category and others were discussed at CFD Dec 31 2007. - Fayenatic (talk) 20:48, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Organizations/Taskforce-Categorization for discussion of overlap. --Lquilter (talk) 01:59, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Charities


text:
Pedro Knight

Gerónimo Pedro Knight Caraballo (September 30, 1921 – February 3, 2007) was a Cuban musician, and the husband and manager of singer Celia Cruz.

Early life
Pedro Knight Caraballo was born in Cuba September 30, 1921.

Career
Knight was a trained trumpeter, and a "powerfully expressive" musician, according to Sue Stewart of The Guardian. At age 23, he joined the Havana-based, Afro-Cuban conjunto band, La Sonora Matancera ("the sound of Matanzas", a port with a large black population), that produced, highly rhythmic dance music rooted in traditional, Africa-based styles of son and guaracha, as revived decades later by the Buena Vista Social Club. The key to the band's sound relied on trumpets, percussion, Cuban guitar, double bass, voices, and piano. At the time, Havana was emerging as one of the world's most popular musical nightspots. By the 1950s the band's sophisticated arrangements and live radio performances had become part of the golden age of Cuban music, having appeared alongside American singers such as Nat King Cole and Sarah Vaughan.

In 1950, the band's leader, Rogelio Martínez, invited Celia Cruz, who had gained popularity for her radio performances and for breaking the color barrier with the sexy song and dance act Las Mulatas de Fuego at the Tropicana, to join the band. Over the course of six or seven years, she and Knight gradually became good friends, though she resisted his romantic advances because she feared a relationship with Knight, whom she knew enjoyed casual relationships with women and had five children at that point, would not work out.

In July 1960, a year and a half after Fidel Castro came to power, La Sonora Matancera went to Mexico City to accept a two-year touring contract, but Martínez announced during a radio interview that he had no intention of returning to Cuba, a stance in which the rest of the band joined him. After 18 months, the band accepted a long-term contract at the Hollywood Palladium in Los Angeles, which entitled them to American residencies. By then, Cruz fell in love with Knight, and the couple moved to New York, where they married on July 14, 1962, after Knight abandoned his own music to become Cruz's manager, and the couple were inseparable. Commenting on their relationship, Cruz said, "Pedro is my 50%. I am the one that sings, but he takes care of everything else."

In 1963, after pressure from New York's salsa label, Fania, Knight agreed for Cruz to produce the album Celia y Johnny with musician/producer Johnny Pacheco, which began a lifelong friendship between the collaborators, and continued success for Cruz, including tours of six continents for the band in the 1970s and 1980s. By the mid-1990s, Cruz was an international star, and incorporated Knight into her performances, clasping him to her and referring to him as Mi cabecita de algodon (my little cottonhead) because of his halo of snow-white hair, and white mutton-chops. At home in Queens, New York, and later in Fort Lee, New Jersey, however, Cruz said she was a conventional Latina wife, performing errands such as cooking for him.

In early 2005, he attended the opening of an exhibition dedicated to Cruz at Washington's Smithsonian Museum. He worked on a biography and CD releases, but complications from years of diabetes began to take their toll on Knight, beginning with a mild stroke and then another more serious seizure in February 2006, the effects of which were exacerbated by family feuding over Cruz's fortune, though the lawsuits would be withdrawn due to Knight's dementia.

Death
Knight died on February 3, 2007, at age 85 of diabetes and other ailments. He is survived by their daughter, Ernestina Knight, and his other four children Emilia, Gladys, Pedro and Roberto, who remained in Cuba. He is buried with Cruz in the mausoleum he built for them in 2003.

title: Pedro Knight


text:
List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English

This list contains Germanic elements of the English language which have a close corresponding Latinate form. The correspondence is semantic—in most cases these words are not cognates, but in some cases they are doublets, i.e., ultimately derived from the same root, generally Proto-Indo-European, as in cow and beef, both ultimately from PIE *gʷōus.

The meanings of these words do not always correspond to Germanic cognates, and occasionally the specific meaning in the list is unique to English.

Those Germanic words listed below with a Frankish source mostly came into English through Anglo-Norman, and so despite ultimately deriving from Proto-Germanic, came to English through a Romance language (and many have cognates in modern Romance languages). This results in some Germanic doublets, such as yard and garden, through Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman respectively.

List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
* reconstructed form

Noun/adjective doublets
In particular, the use of Latinate words in the sciences gives us pairs with a native Germanic noun and a Latinate (or Ancient Greek-derived) adjective:
 * animals: ant/formic, bee/apian, bird/avian, crow/corvine, cod/gadoid, carp/cyprine, fish/piscine, mew/larine, wasp/vespine, butterfly/papilionaceous, worm/vermian, spider/arachnid, snake/anguine, mouse (or rat)/murine, cat/feline, rabbit/cunicular, hare/leporine, dog/canine, deer/cervine, reindeer/rangiferine, fox/vulpine, wolf/lupine, goat/caprine, sheep/ovine, swan/cygnine or cygnean, duck/anatine, starling/sturnine, goose/anserine, horse/equine, chicken/gallinaceous, cow/bovine, pig/porcine, whale/cetacean, ape/simian,  bear/ursine, man/human or hominid (gender specific: man/masculine, woman/feminine).
 * physiology: head/capital, ear/aural, tooth/dental, tongue/lingual, lips/labial, neck/cervical, finger/digital, hand/manual, arm/brachial, foot/pedal, sole of the foot/plantar, leg/crural, eye/ocular or visual, mouth/oral, chest/pectoral, nipple/papillary, brain/cerebral, mind/mental, nail/ungual, hair/pilar, heart/cardial, lung/pulmonary, bone/osteotic, liver/hepatic, kidney/renal, blood/sanguine.
 * astronomy: moon/lunar, sun/solar, earth/terrestrial, star/stellar.
 * sociology: son or daughter/filial, mother/maternal, father/paternal, brother/fraternal, sister/sororal, wife/uxorial.
 * other: book/literary, edge/marginal, earl/comital, fire/igneous, water/aquatic, wind/vental, ice/glacial, boat/naval, house/domestic, door/portal, town/urban, light/optical, sight/visual, tree/arboreal, marsh/paludal, sword/gladiate, king/regal, fighter/military, bell/tintinnabulary.


text: Category:West Midlands

title: Category:West Midlands


text:
List of colonial governors of Ubangi-Shari

List of the Colonial Heads of Upper Oubangui and the region becoming the Central African Republic
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

For continuation after independence, see: Heads of State of the Central African Republic (and Central African Empire)


text:
Terai, Ishikawa

Terai (寺井町) was a town located in Nomi District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 15,874 and a density of 1,207.15 per km2. The total area was 13.15 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Terai, along with the towns of Neagari and Tatsunokuchi (all from Nomi District), was merged to create the city of Nomi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Terai, Ishikawa


text:
Goniatite

Goniatids, informally goniatites, are ammonoid cephalopods that form the order Goniatitida, derived from the more primitive Agoniatitida during the Middle Devonian some 390 million years ago (around Eifelian stage). Goniatites (goniatitids) survived the Late Devonian extinction to flourish during the Carboniferous and Permian only to become extinct at the end of the Permian some 139 million years later.

Morphology
All goniatites possessed an external shell, which is divided internally into chambers filled with gas giving it buoyancy during the life of the animal. An open chamber at the front of the shell provided living space for the goniatitid animal, with access to open water through a ventral siphuncle. The general morphology and habit of goniatites was probably similar to that of their later relatives the ammonites, being free swimming and possessing a head with two well developed eyes and arms (or tentacles).

Goniatite shells are small to medium in size, almost always less than 15 cm in diameter and often smaller than 5 cm in diameter. The shell is always planispirally coiled, unlike those of Mesozoic ammonites in which some are trochoidal and even aberrant (called heteromorphs). Goniatitid shells vary in form from thinly discoidal to broadly globular and may be smooth or distinctly ornamented. Their shape suggests many were poor swimmers.

The thin walls between the internal chambers of the shell are called the septa, and as the goniatite grew it would move its body forward in the shell secreting septa behind it, thereby adding new chambers to the shell. The sutures (or suture lines) are visible as a series of narrow, wavy lines on the surface of the shell. The sutures appear where each septa contacts the wall of the outer shell.

The typical goniatitid has a suture with smooth saddles and lobes, which gives the name "goniatitic" to this particular suture pattern. In some the sutures have a distinctive "zigzag" pattern. Not all goniatitid ammonoides have goniatitic sutures. In some the sutures are ceratitic, in others, even ammonitic. Nor are goniatitic sutures limited to the Goniatidia. The sutures of nautiloids are by comparison somewhat simpler, being either straight or slightly curved, whereas later ammonoids showed suture patterns of increasing complexity. One explanation for this increasing extravagancy in suture pattern is that it leads to a higher strength of the shell.

Ecology
Ecologically, goniatites were limited to environments of normal-marine salinity—as appears to be the case for all cephalopods throughout their history. Goniatites are much more abundant and speciose in sediments that represent epicontinental seas than they are in those that represent the open ocean. Within these inland seas, goniatites' greatest abundance and diversity appears to have been achieved in deeper offshore and basinal environments rather than in nearshore environments. Known nearshore (e.g., lagoonal) occurrences have generally been ascribed to wash-in of shells from offshore waters.

Due to lack of strong evidence for any particular life mode (e.g., benthic nektonic, planktonic), it remains unclear what resources goniatites were capitalizing on in these offshore environments. Only a few goniatites' full trophic apparatuses have ever been described, and reports of stomach contents in these creatures' fossils remain questionable at best. However, goniatites clearly lacked the calcified jaw apparatuses developed in later ammonites; this has been cited as evidence against their having a durophagous (shell-crushing) diet.

Distribution
Goniatites are found in North America, Europe, North Africa and Australasia where they are used as index fossils in age determination and stratigraphic correlation. However, they seem to occur mostly in areas which at the time would have been tropical to subtropical. Almost any fossil-bearing limestone or shale from inland seas of the late Paleozoic tropics or subtropics is likely to yield some goniatites. In the USA, such rocks are found from Maine, New York, and Virginia and in every state west to Nebraska and south to Texas and Alabama; as well as in parts of almost every western state (with the exception of North Dakota, Oregon, Washington, and Hawaii).

Notable goniatite occurrences are found in certain limestones in western part of Ireland (particularly Slieve Anierin) which are packed with beautifully preserved goniatite fossils. They are also found in marine bands of the Carboniferous coal measures in Europe and in marine rocks of the Pennsylvanian period in Arkansas. Large numbers of goniatites also occur in rocks from the Devonian period of Morocco.

title: Goniatite


text:
Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa

Tatsunokuchi (辰口町) was a town located in Nomi District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 14,804 and a density of 259.13 persons per km2. The total area was 57.13 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Tatsunokuchi, along with the towns of Neagari and Terai (all from Nomi District), was merged to create the city of Nomi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa


text:
Tegel

Tegel is a locality (Ortsteil) in the Berlin borough of Reinickendorf on the shore of Lake Tegel. The Tegel locality, the second largest in area (after Köpenick) of the 96 Berlin districts, also includes the neighbourhood of Saatwinkel.

History
The Tegel Palace (or Humboldt Palace), originally a Renaissance manor house from 1558 and a hunting lodge of Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg, was bequeathed to the Humboldt family in 1797. Alexander von Humboldt and Wilhelm von Humboldt lived here for several years. In 1824 Wilhelm had the palace rebuilt in a Neoclassical style by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. In the park is a tomb, where Alexander, Wilhelm, and other members of the Humboldt family are buried. From 1927 until 1931 Tegel Palace was the site of a sanatorium, founded by the psychoanalyst Ernst Simmel (1882–1947).

From 1898 on Tegel was the seat of the Borsig-Werke steam locomotive manufacturing company until it moved to Hennigsdorf in Brandenburg in 1931.

Between 1930 and 1934 an artillery firing range in the district was used by the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (Society for Space Travel) for experiments with liquid-fueled rockets. The principal names involved were its leader Rudolf Nebel and other staff members Hermann Oberth and Wernher von Braun.

During World War II, Tegel was the location of a subcamp of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, and a Nazi prison with several forced labour subcamps in the region.

Tegel was the site of a medium wave broadcasting station from 1933 to 1948. A wire hung in a wooden tower served as an antenna. This tower was demolished as part of the construction of Tegel International Airport at the end of 1948.

Today
Tegel is chiefly known for being the location of Berlin-Tegel Otto Lilienthal, Berlin's former main airport. It has a population of 33,417 and houses the Tegel Prison, one of Germany's largest prisons with about 1,700 inmates as of 2007, known from Alfred Döblin's 1929 novel Berlin Alexanderplatz.

One of Berlin's largest shopping malls Borsighallen is located in the former locomotive manufacturing halls of the Borsigwerke. There is also the Villa Borsig at the shore of Lake Tegel, the former residence of the Borsig family. Today it is a school for future diplomats.

Besides this, Tegel is an extensive residential district with some industry. With the large Lake Tegel, set in woodlands, the locality is also a popular destination for daytrippers. It boasts Berlin's oldest tree, an oak called Dicke Marie ("Fat Mary").

Transportation
Tegel is served by the Berlin S-Bahn line S25 at the station Berlin-Tegel. U-Bahn connection to the inner city is provided by the U6 line with the stations Otisstraße, Holzhauser Straße, Borsigwerke and Alt-Tegel.

title: Tegel


text:
Talk:Goniatite

Goniatites are ammonoids, Nautilus are cephalopods - the similarities are only aesthetic ones.

I originally wrote this article in 1998 and published it on the Web....

It need links to other articles.

Dlloyd 09:58, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Portions of this text are :

"Copyright © 1995-1997 The Fossil Company Ltd. © 1997-1999 The British Fossil Company Inc. and licensed by the owner under the terms of the Wikipedia copyright." Please contact me if you need further clarification on this.

Dlloyd 00:34, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Merge duplicated articles Suggestion
Goniatites should be merged into Goniatite as duplicate topic. Nmclough (talk) 22:35, 26 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose They are taxonomic topics on two very different levels of the Taxonomy.  Goniatite is for the entire cephalopod order,  while Goniatites is solely on one single genus.-- Kev  min  § 19:21, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Disambiguate For the layperson, they look like duplicate articles. Nmclough (talk) 19:34, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * There is no need to disambiguate, the opening sentences for each clearly identify the topics-- Kev min  § 20:10, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

 * okay, point taken. Will remove in few days assuming nobody else chips in. Nmclough (talk) 21:26, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Goniatite


text:
Sellia, Chania

Sellia (Σελλία) is a small village in Crete, Greece, in the municipal unit of Vamos, in the regional unit of Chania. The village is located in between the towns of Vamos and Georgioupoli on the Drapano Peninsula, close to the north coast of the island, in the Apokoronas region. It has a winter population of 50 and a summer population of about 150. It is divided into Upper and Lower Sellia. It is a very small, quiet rural village with many older homes and plenty of traditional Cretan charm plus views of the Cretan White Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. There is a kafenion (coffee house) but all services are available in nearby Vamos.

title: Sellia, Chania


text:
Kawakita, Ishikawa

Kawakita (川北町) is a town located in Nomi District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 6,282 in 1939 households, and a population density of 430 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 14.64 sqkm.

Geography
Kawakita occupies the northern bank of the Tedori River, sandwiched between the cities of Hakusan to the north and Nomi to the south. It is flatland, subject to flooding. The town has a humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by mild summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kawakita is 14.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2535 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.8 °C.

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Ishikawa Prefecture
 * Hakusan
 * Nomi

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kawakita has remained relatively stable apart from an uptick in the 2000s.

History
The area around Kawakita was part of ancient Kaga Province. The area became part of Kaga Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Following the Meiji restoration, the area was organised into Nomi District, Ishikawa. The villages of Nakajima, Kusabuka, and Sunagawa were founded on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. These three villages merged on Augsu 5, 1907 to form the village of Kawakita. Kawakita was raised to town status on April 1, 1980.

Economy
Agriculture and the manufacture of electrical components is important to the local economy.

Education
Kawakita has three public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a public high school.

Railway

 * The town does not have any passenger rail service.

Local attractions

 * Kawakita Festival

title: Kawakita, Ishikawa


text:
Nomi District, Ishikawa

Nomi (能美郡) is a district located in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003 population data but following the merger forming the city of Nomi, the district has an estimated population of 5,387 with a density of 364.97 persons per km2. The total area is 14.76 km2.

Municipalities
The district consists of one town:

 * Kawakita

History
Ishikawa Nomi-gun.png:

]]
 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period

Recent mergers

 * On February 1, 2005 - The towns of Neagari, Tatsunokuchi, and Terai were merged to form the city of Nomi.

title: Nomi District, Ishikawa


text:
Frohnau

Frohnau is a locality in the Reinickendorf borough of Berlin, Germany. It lies in the extreme northern part of the city. Frohnau is an affluent area characterized by many patrician villas from the early 20th century.

History
Founded in 1910, Frohnau was created whole as a planned community, corresponding to the early twentieth-century idea of a garden city. Frohnau was founded in the Stolper Heath, which had been bought for the Berlin Terrain Commission by Count Guido Henckel von Donnersmarck in 1907. The competition for the design was won by a plan developed by Joseph Brix and Felix Genzmer. Their concept represented an asymmetrical, seemingly natural development out of the dunes near the Havel River. Even the name "Frohnau" was determined by a contest. In 1920, Frohnau was annexed into the Greater Berlin city-state. During World War II, in early 1945, a death march of prisoners of various nationalities from the dissolved camp in Żabikowo to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp passed through the neighborhood.

During the Cold War, it was part of West Berlin.

Architectures
The natural center of the city has always been the train station and the nearby buildings. The casino tower serves as the symbol of Frohnau. The entire area is noted for its large mansion-like buildings.

The architects responsible for the typical mansions include Walter and Johannes Krüger (the Church of St. John), Hart and Lesser (train station and casino tower), Max Meyer (Buddhist house), Paul Poser, Max Scheidling, and Heinrich Straumer (better known for his work on Berlin's radio tower, Funkturm).

Frohnau includes one of the tallest buildings in Germany: The Richtfunkmast (microwave radio tower) measures 358.6 m (1177 ft) in height and was built between 1977 and 1979. Until German reunification, this was the means for keeping microwave radio contact with West Germany. The receiving tower on the West German side was in Gartow, Lower Saxony. Alongside the Richtfunkmast is a 117 m (384 ft) free-standing steel framework tower, which is dwarfed in comparison. This was built between 1970 and 1973, and had 18 m (66 ft) diameter parabolic antennae to enable radio connection beyond the horizon to Lower Saxony until 1995. Since 2002 mediumwave digital radio transmissions have been tested in Frohnau at 1485 kHz. Since neither the Richtfunkmast nor the parabolic antenna tower was intended for mediumwave transmissions, an additional 10 m (33 ft) long-wire antenna was installed.

title: Frohnau


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of car models

A redundant (and orphaned) list. Only contains models in India. We already have List of automobile manufacturers and most manufacturers have a model list. User:Krik 09:42, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Well meant, I'm sure, but an easy delete. Geogre 12:31, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Run over it with a Fiat. - UtherSRG 14:42, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Back over it with a Mahindra just to make sure. :^)  Delete. - Lucky 6.9 17:24, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - redundant and terribly incomplete. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:51, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep under new name. - SimonP 03:40, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

This discussion is closed. 5 delete 1 keep. Deleted. DJ Clayworth 16:34, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Mikawa, Ishikawa

Mikawa (美川町) was a town located in Ishikawa District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 12,918 and a density of 1,416.45 persons per km2. The total area was 9.12 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Mikawa, along with the city of Mattō, the town of Tsurugi, and the villages of Kawachi, Oguchi, Shiramine, Torigoe and Yoshinodani (all from Ishikawa District), was merged to create the city of Hakusan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

A new joint-venture car assembly factory is scheduled to be built in the outskirts.

title: Mikawa, Ishikawa


text:
Tsurugi, Ishikawa

Tsurugi (鶴来町) was a town located in Ishikawa District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 22,103 and a density of 620.17 persons per km2. The total area was 35.64 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Tsurugi, along with the city of Mattō, the town of Mikawa, and the villages of Kawachi, Oguchi, Shiramine, Torigoe and Yoshinodani (all from Ishikawa District), was merged to create the city of Hakusan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Tsurugi, Ishikawa


text:
Belemnoidea

Belemnoids are an extinct group of marine cephalopod, very similar in many ways to the modern squid. Like them, the belemnoids possessed an ink sac, but, unlike the squid, they possessed ten arms of roughly equal length, and no tentacles. The name "belemnoid" comes from the Greek word βέλεμνον, belemnon meaning "a dart or arrow" and the Greek word είδος, eidos meaning "form".

Belemnoids include belemnites (which belong to the order Belemnitida), aulacocerids (order Aulacocerida), phragmoteuthids (order Phragmoteuthida), and diplobelids (order Diplobelida). Belemnoidea has been suggested to be paraphyletic by some authors.

Occurrence
Belemnoids were numerous during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and their fossils are abundant in Mesozoic marine rocks, often accompanying their cousins the ammonites. The belemnoids become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period along with the ammonites. The belemnoids' origin lies within the bactritoid nautiloids, which date from the Devonian period; well-formed belemnoid guards can be found in rocks dating from the Mississippian (or Early Carboniferous) onward through the Cretaceous. Other fossil cephalopods include baculites, nautiloids and goniatites.

Anatomy
Belemnoids possessed a central rostrom/guard made of aragonite and with negative buoyancy. To the rear of the creature was a heavy calcite guard whose main role appears to have been to counterbalance the front (towards the head) of the organism; it positions the centre of mass below the centre of buoyancy, increasing the stability of the swimming organism. The guard would account for between a third and a fifth of the length of the complete organism, arms included.

Like some modern squid, belemnoid arms carried a series of small hooks for grabbing prey. Belemnoids were efficient carnivores that caught small fish and other marine animals with their arms and ate them with their beak-like jaws. In turn, belemnites appear to have formed part of the diet of marine reptiles such as Ichthyosaurs, whose fossilized stomachs frequently contain phosphatic hooks from the arms of cephalopods.

Ecology
Belemnoids were effectively neutrally buoyant, and swam in near-shore to mid-shelf oceans. Their fins could be used to their advantage in all water speeds; in a gentle current they could be flapped for propulsion; in a stronger current they could be held erect to generate lift; and when swimming rapidly by jet propulsion they could be tucked in to the body for streamlining.

Preservation

Normally with fossil belemnoids only the back part of the shell (called the guard or rostrum) is found. The guard is usually elongated and bullet-shaped (though in some subgroups the rostrum may only exist as a thin layer coating the phragmocone). The hollow region at the front of the guard is termed the alveolus, and this houses a chambered conical-shaped part of the shell (called the phragmocone). The phragmocone is usually only found with the better preserved specimens. Projecting forwards from one side of the phragmocone is the thin pro-ostracum.

While belemnoid phragmocones are homologous with the shells of other cephalopods and are similarly composed of aragonite, belemnoid guards are evolutionarily novel and are composed of calcite or aragonite, thus tending to preserve well. Broken guards show a structure of radiating calcite fibers and may also display concentric growth rings.

Diagenetic modifications of the shells are complex. Radiating calcitic crystals are thin, or very large, with a shape indicative of a strong alteration. In other samples, the aragonite - calcite boundary is not dependent on growth lines. In a given fossil sites, some specimens are calcite, others are aragonite.

The guard, phragmocone and pro-ostracum were all internal to the living creature, forming a skeleton which was enclosed entirely by soft muscular tissue. The original living creature would have been larger than the fossilized shell, with a long streamlined body and prominent eyes. The guard would have been in place toward the rear of the creature, with the phragmocone behind the head and the pointed end of the guard facing backward.

The guard of the belemnoid Megateuthis gigantea, which is found in Europe and Asia, can measure up to 46 cm in length, giving the living animal an estimated length of 3 m.

Very exceptional belemnoid specimens have been found showing the preserved soft parts of the animal. Elsewhere in the fossil record, bullet-shaped belemnite guards are locally found in such profusion that such deposits are referred to semi-formally as "belemnite battlefields" (cf. "orthocone orgies"). It remains unclear whether these deposits represent post-mating mass death events, as are common among modern cephalopods and other semelparous creatures.

Thunderstones
The name "thunderbolt" or "thunderstone" has also been traditionally applied to the fossilised rostra of belemnoids. The origin of these bullet-shaped stones was not understood, and thus a mythological explanation of stones created where lightning struck has arisen.

Uses
The stable isotope composition of a belemnoid rostrum from the Peedee Formation (Cretaceous, southeast USA) has long been used as a global standard (Peedee Belemnite, "PDB") against which other isotope geochemistry samples are measured, for both carbon isotopes and oxygen isotopes.

Some belemnoids (such as Belemnites of Belemnitida) serve as index fossils, particularly in the Cretaceous Chalk Formation of Europe, enabling geologists to date the age the rocks in which they are found.

Classification
Note: all families extinct

 * Clade Belemnoidea
 * Basal and unresolved
 * Genus Jeletzkya
 * Genus Belemnotheutis
 * Order Aulacocerida
 * Family Aulacoceratidae
 * Family Dictyoconitidae
 * Family Hematitidae
 * Family Palaeobelemnopseidae
 * Family Xiphoteuthidae
 * Order Belemnitida
 * Suborder Belemnitina
 * Family Cylindroteuthidae
 * Family Hastitidae
 * Family Oxyteuthidae
 * Family Passaloteuthidae
 * Family Salpingoteuthidae
 * Suborder Belemnopseina
 * Family Belemnitellidae
 * Family Belemnopseidae
 * Family Dicoelitidae
 * Family Dimitobelidae
 * Family Duvaliidae
 * Suborder Belemnotheutina
 * Family Belemnotheutidae
 * Family Chitinobelidae
 * Family Sueviteuthidae
 * Order Diplobelida
 * Family Chondroteuthidae
 * Family Diplobelidae
 * Order Phragmoteuthida
 * Family Phragmoteuthidae
 * Family Rhiphaeoteuthidae

title: Belemnoidea


text:
Britz

Britz is a German locality (Ortsteil) within the Berlin borough (Bezirk) of Neukölln.

History
The village of Britzig was first mentioned in 1273. It was incorporated by the 1920 Greater Berlin Act. It is known for being the site of the Hufeisensiedlung ("Horseshoe Estate"), part of the UNESCO Berlin Modernism Housing Estates World Heritage Site since 2008.

Public transport
Britz is served by the U7 (Berlin U-Bahn) traveling North / South from and to the terminus at Rudow (Berlin U-Bahn).

Sights

 * Village church with foundation walls from the 13th century
 * Schloss Britz (Britz Manor), rebuilt in 1883, former residence of Prussian statesman Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg
 * Britz windmill built in 1866
 * Britzer Garten, site of the 1985 Bundesgartenschau

Hufeisensiedlung
The subsidized housing estate was built on the fields of Britz manor between 1925 and 1933 according to plans by Bruno Taut and Martin Wagner. The project was initiated by a housing cooperative established to combat the shortage of affordable living space. Numerous blocks and terraced houses in New Objectivity style with colorful facades include more than 1,000 apartments, situated in spacious gardens designed by landscape architect Leberecht Migge.

Transmission facility
The transmission facility of the newly founded RIAS - present-day Deutschlandradio - was built on a site in Britz in 1946 by the American military administration. Several temporary structures were replaced in 1948 with the current, 100-metre high steel masts. These were later extended to heights of 160 m and 144 m.

Short-wave transmissions were made from Britz starting in 1949. In 1978 a medium-wave transmission aerial was added to allow better reception across the whole of the GDR's territory, especially at night.

Blub
The disused Blub ("Berliner Luft- und Badeparadies") water park is situated in Britz, near the Teltow Canal. It has become a site of interest to those interested in ruined architecture. It is due for redevelopment in the near future.

title: Britz


text:
Nonoichi, Ishikawa

Nonoichi (野々市市) is a city located in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 54,112 in 25,381 households, and a population density of 4,000 persons per km2. The total area of the city was 13.56 sqkm.

Geography
Nonoichi is in central Ishikawa Prefecture, sandwiched between the geographically much larger cities of Kanazawa and Hakusan. The city is located on flatlands on the fertile floodplain of the Tedori River

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Ishikawa Prefecture
 * Kanazawa
 * Hakusan

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Nonoichi has grown rapidly over the past 50 years.

Climate
Nonoichi has a humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by mild summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Nonoichi is 14.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2,542 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.8 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.0 °C.

History
The area around Nonoichi was part of ancient Kaga Province. The area became part Kaga Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate, and nonoichi was a post station on the Hokuriku kaidō highway. Following the Meiji restoration, the area was organised into Ishikawa District, Ishikawa. The village of Nonoichi was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on July 1, 1924. A referendum to merge with the city of Kanazawa was rejected in 1937. On April 1, 1955, Nonoichi expanded by annexing the neighbouring village of Tomioka. Nonoichi was elevated to city status on November 11, 2011. Ishikawa District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

Government
Nonoichi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 15 members.

Economy
Nonoichi is primarily a bedroom community for the city of Kanazawa. Local industries include agriculture and food processing.

College and university

 * Kanazawa Institute of Technology
 * Ishikawa Prefectural University

Primary and secondary education
Nonoichi has five public elementary schools and two middle schools operated by the city government, and one public high school operated by the Ishikawa Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operates one special education school.

Railway
Effective 16 March 2024, JR West no longer operates in Nonoichi as its operations on the Hokuriku Main Line have since been transferred to the IR Ishikawa Railway.

IR Ishikawa Railway Hokuriku Railroad Ishikawa Line
 * Nonoichi
 * Oshino - Nonoichi - Nonoichi-Kōdaimae

Sister city relations

 * 🇳🇿 - Gisborne New Zealand, from 1990
 * 🇨🇳 -Shenzhen, China, friendship city

Local attractions

 * Okyōzuka Site, a Jomon period archaeological site and National Historic Site
 * Suematsu temple ruins, a National Historic Site

title: Nonoichi, Ishikawa


text:
Kawachi, Ishikawa

Kawachi (河内村) was a village located in Ishikawa District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,168 and a density of 15.69 persons per km2. The total area was 74.42 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Kawachi, along with the city of Mattō, the towns of Mikawa and Tsurugi, and the villages of Oguchi, Shiramine, Torigoe and Yoshinodani (all from Ishikawa District), was merged to create the city of Hakusan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kawachi, Ishikawa


text:
Talk:Belemnoidea

Reference to broken DOI
A reference was recently added to this article using the Cite DOI template. The citation bot tried to expand the citation, but could not access the specified DOI. Please check that the DOI 10.1007/BF02988082 has been correctly entered. If the DOI is correct, it is possible that it has not yet been entered into the CrossRef database. Please complete the reference by hand here. The script that left this message was unable to track down the user who added the citation; it may be prudent to alert them to this message. Thanks, Citation bot 2 (talk) 23:18, 22 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Why not put the reference down directly in the first place, that's what I would have done.J.H.McDonnell (talk) 01:39, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

Belemnoid vs Belemnite
This article seems to have a similar problem to the old ammonite/ammonoid article. Most of the text is about belemnites (Belemnitida) while the taxobox and other details refer to belemnoids in general, including several other orders that lived much earlier. I suggest we separate these two concepts into two articles. Cephal-odd (talk) 17:53, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed, right on. And for titles lets stick with scientific terms like Belemnitida and Belemnoidea and not use the familiar slang J.H.McDonnell (talk) 01:37, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I thought Belemnitida = Belemnites and Blemenoids = Belemnoids, as with Ammonitida = ammonites and ammonidea = ammonoids. It even refers to belemnitida as belemnites here: http://www.ukfossils.co.uk/guides/belemnites.htm, I think Belemnoidea miht be a super-order or something The Talking Toaster (talk) 21:56, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Definitely agree. Belemnites should redirect to Belemnitida, not Belemnoidea. Then there's the other problem. Belemnites is also a genus. The real problem though, is that no article exists on Belemnitida. But yeah, the descriptions on this page actually refers mostly to Belemnitida. Phragmoteuthida and Belemnotheutina for example, do not actually have the elongated and bullet-shaped rostra described in the article. I'll try and see what I can fix.- Obsidi ♠ nSoul  22:41, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I have created a stub for Belemnitida over the previous redirect here: Belemnitida. I'm too busy writing the article on Tessaratomidae at the moment though to be of much help expanding it. If anyone is interested in expanding it please do so, so we can move extraneous stuff from Belemnoidea to there. I will help once I mainspace the article I'm working on. Cheers. -- Obsidi ♠ nSoul  23:23, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Belemnoidea


text:
Yoshinodani, Ishikawa

Yoshinodani (吉野谷村) was a village located in Ishikawa District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,310 and a density of 9.17 persons per km2. The total area was 142.89 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Yoshinodani, along with the city of Mattō, the towns of Mikawa and Tsurugi, and the villages of Kawachi, Oguchi, Shiramine and Torigoe (all from Ishikawa District), was merged to create the city of Hakusan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Yoshinodani, Ishikawa


text:
Torigoe, Ishikawa

Torigoe (鳥越村) was a village located in Ishikawa District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,086 and a density of 41.62 persons per km2. The total area was 74.15 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Torigoe, along with the city of Mattō, the towns of Mikawa and Tsurugi, and the villages of Kawachi, Oguchi, Shiramine and Yoshinodani (all from Ishikawa District), was merged to create the city of Hakusan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Torigoe, Ishikawa


text:
Talk:Blood Syndicate

Untitled
I've got a question - what kind of powers did Kwai have?

User:Mare-Silverus 10:48, 27, Jul 2004

Generic mystical powers, best I can tell. She could do healing, and she could fly, and she could use those golden ribbons to grab people and to wrap things with... y'know, magic. Plus she could reincarnate 77 times (her Syndicate membership was her 77th time around - after that, her death would be permanent). DS 20:52, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

What about Oro's powers; and by the way the "every detail of all the plots in which the characters", I wrote them in because its what I know about the character

User:Mare-Silverus 15:15, 29, Jul 2004

Hm. Oro's powers - um, lemme think. He could fly, and had some kind of golden (thus the name "Oro") light-display ... Ivan Velez wasn't the most straightforward writer, pardon the pun.

Don't get me wrong, by the way. It's good that you remember all these details about all these characters. But you have to learn to boil them down to essential information. "Eternity is listening to an eight-year-old tell the plot of this Really Neat Movie", you know?

Keep up the good work. DS 02:46, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm confused (and, obviously, ignorant). Are the Blood Syndicate heroes or villains? --Paul A 07:59, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

No. :)

They're people. In a gang. Their primary motivation is self-interest and mutual protection. They didn't form to fight crime or anything, and they don't have much respect for the law. But many of the members have generally good character, and when something that is genuinely "evil" threatens them or their community, they'll fight it. Tverbeek 13:01, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I thought that might be it. I was hoping for a simple black-and-white answer, though - simple black-and-white answers make things so much easier. :) --Paul A 01:05, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The Blood Syndicate were, as the page says, the remnants of two decimated gangs which came together. Technically, and for advertising purposes, they were a gang. However, they were significantly more moral than most gangs. Their criminal activity seemed to be limited mostly to robbing drug dealers. They weren't, IIRC, ever shown doing things that we tend to associate with gangs, such as dealing drugs, accosting civilians, etc.

I might quibble with the characterization of Fade as being "possibly" in love with Tech-9. I might be remembering this from the unpublished FADE mini series, but I think it was very clear in the Blood Syndicate series that Fade was very deeply in love with Tech-9 and there were much subtler implications that Tech-9 may have reciprocated.

Suggestion For Improvement
Take all the info from the 'Characters' section and start a Fictional Team Biography.

Also, in response to the other person, the Blood Syndicate started out as really bad people and gained morals over the course of the series. Lots42 16:35, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Fictional Team Biography
I decided to add the Fictional Team Biography. I know it repeats info in the character section but...for lack of a better way to phrase it, I plan to work on it all later. No worries, I won't blow a fuse if anyone wants to add to the biography. Lots42 16:51, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

A Note
I plan to come back later and work on this article some more, I have a lot of ideas on how to improve it. Don't worry, I'm not so silly enough to think of this article as 'mine', if anyone else wants to jump into the fray, go nuts. I -am- looking for details on that reality altering nutjob that messed with the group so very much. Lots42 10:23, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I finally got around to makle improvements. I know it's not perfect, far from it, but you gotta take a mental break sooner or later. Lots42 (talk) 21:28, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 15:50, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

C-Class rated for Comics Project
As this B-Class article has yet to receive a review, it has been rated as C-Class. If you disagree and would like to request an assesment, please visit WikiProject_Comics/Assessment and list the article. Hiding T 14:56, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Masquerade's Gender
I've edited the bio for Masquerade to reflect his gender. Given that he canonically identifies as male, it's inappropriate to refer to him as as 'her' or 'she', beyond the introduction of the fact that he is transgendered. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eatingartemis (talk • contribs) 10:36, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Heroes or villains
To clarify an earlier question on this page, the gang emphatically moved to a more heroic set of activities. In other words, they seriously worked on cleaning up their act. Lots42 (talk) 16:51, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Blood Syndicate


text:
Oguchi, Ishikawa

Oguchi (尾口村) was a village located in Ishikawa District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 698 and a population density of 5.08 persons per km2. The total area was 137.52 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Oguchi, along with the city of Mattō, the towns of Mikawa and Tsurugi, and the villages of Kawachi, Shiramine, Torigoe and Yoshinodani (all from Ishikawa District), was merged to create the city of Hakusan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Oguchi, Ishikawa


text:
Shiramine, Ishikawa

Shiramine (白峰村) was a village located in Ishikawa District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,131 and a density of 5.11 persons per km2. The total area was 221.50 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Shiramine, along with the city of Mattō, the towns of Mikawa and Tsurugi, and the villages of Kawachi, Oguchi, Torigoe and Yoshinodani (all from Ishikawa District), was merged to create the city of Hakusan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Shiramine, Ishikawa


text:
Ishikawa District, Ishikawa

Ishikawa (石川郡) was a district located in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of February 2011, the district had an estimated population of 51,976 with a density of 3,830 persons per km2. The total area was 13.56 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of only one town:

 * Nonoichi

 * Notes:

History
Ishikawa Ishikawa-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period}]]

Recent mergers

 * On February 1, 2005 - The towns of Mikawa and Tsurugi, and the villages of Kawachi, Oguchi, Shiramine, Torigoe and Yoshinodani were merged with the city of Mattō to form the city of Hakusan.

 * On November 11, 2011 - The town of Nonoichi was elevated to city status to become the city of Nonoichi. Therefore, Ishikawa District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Ishikawa District, Ishikawa


text:
Eric Wright

Eric Wright may refer to:

Sports

 * Eric Wright (cornerback, born 1959), American football cornerback for the San Francisco 49ers in the 1980s
 * Eric Wright (cornerback, born 1985), American football cornerback
 * Eric Wright (wide receiver) (born 1969), American football wide receiver
 * Eric Wright (footballer) (born 1980), Liberian footballer

Others

 * Eric Wright (writer) (1929–2015), Canadian writer of mystery novels
 * Eric Darnell Wright or Lil Eazy-E (born 1984), American rapper
 * Eric Joseph Wright (1912–1979), Australian general practitioner, medical administrator and public servant
 * Eric Lloyd Wright (1929–2023), American architect
 * Eric Lynn Wright or Eazy-E (1964–1995), American rapper, producer, and record executive
 * Eric William Wright (1919–2007), Battle of Britain RAF officer

title: Eric Wright


text:
Müggelberge

The Müggelberge (also formerly called the Müggelsberge; Muggle Mountains) are a wooded line of hills with heights up to in the southeast of Berlin's Treptow-Köpenick quarter. They are dominated by the Kleiner Müggelberg (88.3 m) and Großer Müggelberg (114.7 m). The Müggelberge cover an area of around seven square kilometres. The ridge was formed during the ice age.

A viewing tower called the Müggelturm has been erected on the hills with a view of the Müggelsee and the Berlin-Müggelberge TV Tower.

title: Müggelberge


text:
Nipa

NIPA, Nipa or nipah may refer to:

 * Shamim Ara Nipa, Bangladeshi dancer and choreographer
 * Nipah~, an onomatopoeia frequently used by Furude Rika, a character in the Japanese visual novel Higurashi When They Cry
 * Nipa hut, a type of stilt house indigenous to the cultures of the Philippines
 * Nipah virus, a Henipavirus

NIPA

 * National Income and Product Accounts, one of the main sources of data on general economic activity in the United States
 * National IT Industry Promotion Agency, an IT industry promotion organization operated by the Government of South Korea
 * National Institute of Public Administration (Malaysia), a Malaysian government agency responsible for the training of civil servants
 * National Institute of Public Administration (Pakistan), a school to impart training for Civil Servants of Pakistan
 * NIPA1, a gene in humans that encodes Non-imprinted in Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome region protein 1
 * NIPA2, a gene in humans that encodes Non-imprinted in Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome region protein 2

Plants

 * Nipa palm, Nypa fruticans
 * Nipa grass, Distichlis palmeri
 * Pisang Nipah or saba banana, a banana cultivar

Places

 * Nipa, a Barangay in Palapag, Philippines
 * Nipa Rural LLG in Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea

title: Nipa


text:
Müggelturm

The Müggelturm (“Müggel Tower”) is a popular day-trip destination in Köpenick, in southeastern Berlin, Germany. It is located to the south of the Müggelsee lake in the Müggelberg hills atop the Kleiner Müggelberg (“Small Müggelhill”). Berlin's highest natural elevation is the nearby Großer Müggelberg at 115 m.

Access
The Müggelturm area can be reached from the former Marienlust restaurant to the south at the River Dahme via a footpath ending in a stairway (374 steps), or from lake Müggelssee in the northeast up another stairway (111 steps). From the street Müggelheimer Damm there is a road leading to the tower (named Straße zum Müggelturm), but cars must be left at a parking lot a few hundred metres before the plateau.

The early towers
In 1880, Carl Spindler, owner of the Köpenick laundry and dyeworks W. Spindler (and source of the name of the Berlin district Spindlersfeld), had a 10 m high wooden lookout tower, known as the Spindlerturm, built on the Kleiner Müggelberg. Because of its low height there was not much of a view and it accordingly attracted few visitors. In 1889 Spinder spent 40,000 marks to extend the tower, now 27 metres high, and choosing an architecture reminiscent of a pagoda, It opened to the public on 1 April 1890 and had a quadratic base of 5 m per side tapering to 4.2 m above the restaurant and 2.8 m at the viewing platform. This tower was also a wooden construction and had a shingled facing. The architect was Max Jacob; and the first restaurant manager was Carl Streichhahn. The enlarged tower and its restaurant rapidly became a popular excursion destination. From the platform at the top a panoramic view extended as far as 50 km on clear days and included the region's forest and lake landscape and the Berlin skyline. There were some 52,000 visitors already in its first year of operation.

In 1924 the architect Walter Wichelhaus purchased the tower and in the following years carried out structural improvements on the Kleiner Müggelberg. He constructed several buildings which included a new restaurant, a kitchen, and an apartment for himself. During excavation work for these new outbuildings prehistoric relicts were found. In 1926 a new terrace with a large hall at the side was built in front of the tower. Here Wichelhaus and the Märkisches Museum displayed a collection entitled “Geschichte des Müggellandes und der Müggelberge” (“History of the Müggel Area and the Müggel Hills”) with prehistoric artifacts from the Müggel region. Visitors could learn something about the culture of the local inhabitants during the stone age, Bronze Age and Iron Age, as well as about the Sprewanen, a Wendish tribe which lived in the Dahme-Spree region. A famous exhibit item was a molar from a mammoth. Another part of the exhibit provided the evidence that there was formerly a large hall on the Kleiner Müggelberg which probably served as a place of ritual worship for the Sprewanen. In 1928 two stairways were constructed up the Kleiner Müggelberg. In 1942 the museum's artifacts were moved to the Schmetterlingshorst restaurant, where they could be viewed there together with the world-famous butterfly collection of the restaurant's owner, Büttner. Both collections were destroyed in bombing raids during World War II.

In 1945 as the Soviet army approached Berlin the tower was declared a military object and used as a radio transmission tower as well as an observation post for artillery units. As was the case with the Bismarck vantage point on the neighboring Großer Müggelberg, the Müggel tower was to be blown up by German troops before the arrival of the advancing Soviet army. The tower restaurant proprietor Walter Wichelhaus prevented this destruction by cutting the electrical cable leading to the explosives.

After the war a restaurant was again provided for visitors, and in 1956 HO Köpenick took over operation of the Müggel Tower grounds. In January 1957 the Müggel Tower was closed because its dilapidated state made it unsafe; the following month the Berlin magistrate decided to stabilize the tower with a new foundation and the addition of a steel truss construction. As part of this work the restaurant was to be enlarged, but on the afternoon of 19 May 1958 the tower burned down completely, the probable cause being welding activities during the renovation.

Today’s tower
That same year the Berliner Zeitung launched an architectural competition for a new construction, which attracted 32 designs. These were exhibited to the public in August 1958 in the Köpenick city hall and a month later in the newspaper's pavilion at the Friedrichstraße train station. The opinions expressed by visitors in a book made available for the purpose confirmed the choice of the jurors. The proposal by a student collective from the Kunsthochschule Berlin-Weißensee headed by Jörg Streitparth, Siegfried Wagner and Klaus Weißhaupt won the competition and after modification it formed the basis of the new construction. An oval ground plan was originally intended for the tower, but this was changed to today's quadratic form for reasons of cost.

The foundation stone was laid on 6 October 1959 and on 20 August 1960 the topping out ceremony was celebrated. The tower was opened on New Year's Eve, 31 December 1961. The construction of the new Müggel Tower was significantly supported by public involvement and donations. As part of the German Democratic Republic's initiative calling for voluntary, charitable work (“Nationale Aufbauwerk”), the public contributed 130,000 Marks and 3,700 hours of work.

The 29.61 m high tower of reinforced concrete has nine storeys with panorama windows and a platform which can be reached via 126 steps. Along with its auxiliary buildings it reflects a modern approach in contrast to the eclecticism of the previous construction and is an early example of DDR architecture in the style of socialist classicism. The gastronomy area includes a restaurant, a wine tavern and sun terraces. The new tower again became a centre of attraction for Berlin's populace, with an average of 240,000 visitors annually. Especially on holidays such as Pentecost there were large crowds in the tower and gastronomy area. A lack of maintenance effort continues to plague the area. In 1996 the tower itself was fully renovated with EU financing amounting to one million DM, but more work remains to be done.

In a restaurant flower window can be found the triangulation point “1st order Müggelberg,” which is important for Berlin and German geodesy as it defines the zero point of the coordinate network for Berlin topographical maps. The stone is also a memorial to Johann Jacob Baeyer (1794–1885) who was born in Müggelheim and is known for his role in determining central European longitude and latitude degree coordinates. He also used the Müggelberg hills along with measurements of the city of Berlin to determine the elevation of the immediate surroundings, such as the height of Köpenick's St. Laurentius church and the Gosener mountains. Since the stone and its precise location as a surveying point is protected, it cannot be moved without the consent of the Berlin Senate (Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung).

The situation after 1990 and new utilization concepts
In 1995 the city of Berlin became owner of the area and the district of Köpenick has administered it ever since. In the same year the building on the Kleiner Müggelberg received the status of a listed monument. Since 2000 a number of invitations to tender have been issued in a search for an investor to develop and maintain the area. Proposals included construction of a hotel, a restaurant, and renovation of the water and power supplies, but none were accepted for various reasons. In 2007 the property was sold to an investor from Krefeld.

title: Müggelturm