text:
Korg Triton

The Korg Triton is a music workstation synthesizer, featuring digital sampling and sequencing, released in 1999. It uses Korg's "HI (Hyper Integrated) Synthesis" system and was eventually available in several model variants with numerous upgrade options. The Triton became renowned as a benchmark of keyboard technology, and has been widely featured in music videos and live concerts. At the NAMM Show in 2007, Korg announced the Korg M3 as its successor.

History and pedigree
The Korg Triton line is considered the direct descendant of the earlier Korg Trinity line of workstations. The two ranges are aesthetically and functionally very similar. The Triton "Classic" followed the Trinity's naming conventions of the Pro and Pro X being designated to models featuring 76 and 88 keys respectively (that naming system actually started with previous 01/w series, also available with 61 keys (base and -FD models), 76 (01/wPro) and 88 (01/wProX).

The original Triton introduced many improvements over the Trinity, like 62-note polyphony, dual polyphonic arpeggiators, RPPR phrase recorder, onboard sampler with expandable RAM, greatly improved effects & routing possibilities (including the processing of external signals via the internal effects), larger synthesis modulation matrix, faster operating system, significantly faster touchscreen response, sample ROM expandability, enhanced UI including category search (ability to browse through related groups of sounds like pianos, brass, strings, etc.), additional audio output jacks, redesigned sequencer adding individual track looping and Cue List and significantly more event memory, more than doubled Program/Combination memory slots, more realtime controllers including knobs, portamento, and availability of multi-timbral MOSS synthesis expansion (whereas Trinity's MOSS expansion was mono-timbral). In addition, the Triton US MSRP was $800 less than the basic Trinity.

The biggest improvement of Triton was in the sound: new multisamples and better processing, combined with full availability of all five insert effects per Program (each equivalent to a Trinity "Size 2" or two "Size 1" effects). The HI Synthesis engine also provides dual filters per digital oscillator configurable to either a series 24dB/octave resonant low-pass setting or else a parallel 12dB/octave high-pass plus 12dB/octave low-pass combination (which together can also be used similar to band-pass filter). Further, despite the very close similarly between the Triton and Trinity synthesis engines, PCM ROM, and effects processing, Korg programmed many of the Triton preset Programs and Combinations to appeal to the contemporary pop, dance, and hip-hop genres, making full use of the new dual arpeggiators and RPPR feature. All this essentially made Triton one of the best selling synths of the 2000s (its successors M3/M50 and later Krome sound engines are essentially improved Tritons with better UI and more wave ROM). Although it lost the sequencer audio tracks, digital input and output, these options were rarely installed in the Trinity, so the difference thereof was negligible. The onboard sampler was another significant improvement, as well as the "instant sequencing" function found in the latest firmware versions of Triton Classic and all subsequent Tritons (which allows the user to convert a combi into a song where all parts (programs) are instantly set up as tracks within a song). The Triton Extreme added in-track sampling support, allowing stereo samples to be recorded in context with a MIDI sequence and automatic triggering of the samples at their proper locations in the sequence during playback. The Triton Classic has since been re-released by Korg as a software synth (both standalone and VST), for use in digital music production, while hardware Tritons are still widely used by gigging musicians.

"Classic"
The original Triton was released in 1999 and became known as the "Classic" or "Classic 61" as subsequent models were released. The options available to buyers included a MOSS board, SCSI interface, two EXB-PCM expansion boards and 64MB RAM. It had a 61-key synth-/semi-weighted keyboard.

Pro and ProX "Classic"
The Pro was a 76-key synth-/semi-weighted workstation, while the ProX was an 88-key hammer-action/full-/piano-weighted workstation. Both were otherwise identical in specification to the Classic 61.

Triton-Rack
The Triton-Rack was the rackmount version of the Triton. Since musicians would use it as a sound module rather than a complete workstation, requiring a separate keyboard to control it via MIDI, it was designed with different abilities. The oversized touchscreen was replaced with a smaller, more conventional 240x64-dot graphic LCD, with eight soft-keys under the LCD and cursor keys for user-interface navigation (essentially the same user interface later used in the Triton Le, Karma, and Korg TR keyboards), plus a rotary wheel and ten-key pad for data entry (like the touchscreen Tritons), while also retaining the knobs (here doing double-duty for both synthesizer and arepeggiator control) and floppy disk drive.

Though not equipped with a keyboard, it had advantages over Triton Classic 61, Pro, and ProX models, including storage of up to eight (instead of only two) EXB-PCM ROM boards containing additional sampled waveforms, many extra sound Program and Combi memory locations, expandability to maximum 96MB sample RAM (instead of only 64MB) and featured a built-in S/PDIF digital audio output (not available on the Classics).

Like the Classic models, the Triton-Rack featured sampling and could also support Korg's MOSS synthesizer expansion board (EXB-MOSS), distinguishing a so-expanded Triton-Rack as the only way to obtain MOSS synthesis (essentially identical to Korg's Z1 and extremely similar to Korg's Prophecy) in rack-mounted form, with the additional benefit of the Triton's seven-total effects processors (more numerous, variable, and capable than those in Z1 or Prophecy), albeit with 6-voice polyphony compared to the Z1's 12 (or 18 with optional expansion.)

The Triton-Rack also supported the EXB-DI "Digital Interface" board providing ADAT output and Word Clock, or EXB-mLAN option featuring mLAN output.

KARMA
The Korg KARMA, released in 2001, featured the Triton synthesis technology with full effects processing, two PCM ROM expansion slots, and MOSS synthesizer expansion slot, but without both Triton's sampling/audio-input functionality and touchscreen interface. It included the more specialised KARMA music system instead of Triton's two programmable arpeggiators. It was only available in a 61-key version (with a lesser quality keyboard than the Triton).

Le
The Triton Le, released in 2002, was a stripped-down, cost-reduced version of the original Triton. It uses a smaller non-touch screen similar to the TRITON-RACK. The ribbon controller and floppy disk drive were omitted but a Smartmedia slot was instead included. A lighter and cheaper key bed than those used on the Trinity/original Triton range was installed, and the effects bus was downscaled from five insert effects to one. The MOSS, a Z1-based board, cannot be fitted on the Le. The functionality of the original sequencer and arpeggiator was retained, though. It was possible to load samples via the Smartmedia slot into the onboard sample RAM without requiring the sampling board to be fitted.

Marketed at a much lower price than the original Triton range, the Le was a commercial success.

A special edition of Le was released featuring a black body, visually similar but functionally different from the later TR.

Three versions of "Le" are available : Triton Le 61 – 61 keys Triton Le 76 – 76 keys Triton Le 88 – 88 keys (RH2 Real Weighted Hammer action)

Studio
The Triton Studio, released in 2002, included the features of the "Classic" with double polyphony (although oddly split, with half polyphony dedicated to original 32MB ROM samples and sample RAM, and half to all EXB-PCM expansion sample boards including the built-in piano expansion), plus the addition of S/PDIF input and output, as well as the EXB-PCM08 piano expansion board, and some operating system enhancements. Sample RAM could be expanded to a maximum 96MB and a SCSI interface was included as standard. The instrument also had space for seven EXB-PCM sample expansion boards and could be fitted with an optional hard drive, internal CD-RW drive, EXB-DI expansion board with an ADAT interface or EXB-mLAN expansion board with mLAN interface.

Extreme
In 2004, Korg released the Triton Extreme, with many of the features of the Studio (such as the entire PCM ROM from the Studio model) plus the entire sample sets from Korg's best-selling Trance Attack, Orchestral Collection, and Vintage Archives expansion boards, as well as the most popular sounds from the Dance Extreme, Studio Essentials, and Pianos/Classic Keyboards collections. PCM data not available on any other Triton models was also included such as improved pianos and acoustic guitars. The 34MB ROM of the "Classic" was upgraded to 160MB.

Valve Force circuitry, using a vacuum tube and an analog ultra gain transistor to allow for warmer, guitar amp-like sounds for more extreme analog overdrive/distortion sounds was included, and proved especially useful for pad and organ sounds, as well as adding depth and realism to acoustic sounds, such as piano. Unlike previous Tritons, which were a white-silver color, the Extreme was finished in dark blue, though, much like with the Korg Trinity Plus and Triton LE, there also was a Special Edition version of the Extreme with a black finish, made exclusive to only the Domestic (Japanese) Market.

Like the Triton "Classic" and Studio, the Triton Extreme included a touch screen interface, along with the knob and button controls. A USB interface providing both Type A and Type B connectors enabled external storage and connectivity with a PC, facilitating exchange of samples, sound programs, sequences, and other Triton-compatible files. CompactFlash and microdrive cards up to 8 GB were supported, negating the need to sample directly to RAM. The USB port also allowed control of software synths and host applications via MIDI. However, unlike the "Classic", Studio, and Rack versions, the Extreme could not be fitted with sample expansion boards due to the expansion ROMs having been pre-installed. It was compatible, though, with the MOSS board and up to 96 MB of sample RAM. No SCSI, mLAN or ADAT interfaces were included but optical stereo S/PDIF inputs and outputs were installed.

The USB Type A connector can be used to connect a USB thumb drive, hard drive or CD writer drive for making music CDs and loading AKAI format sample libraries. The sequencer was upgraded to facilitate in-track sampling.

It is also seen as the keyboard of choice for Tsumugi Kotobuki in the anime K-On!.

TR
Released in 2006, the TR was similar to the Triton Le but included expanded ROM and additional programs and combinations. It also features a USB cable for data connection with a PC. The TR also features an SD card slot. The piano quality was also improved compared to the "Classic" and Le keyboards.

X50 and MicroX
The X50 and MicroX, released in 2007, were oriented towards the lower end of the market and were consequently less physically robust and included fewer features. They contained the same HI synthesis engine found on the TR with the basic Triton and extended ROM: the X50 maintains the same extended ROM as the TR, while the MicroX extended ROM focused more on drum and percussion samples. Neither had the sequencing or expansion capability of the TR. USB connection was available for high-speed MIDI control (and use with the included plug-in editor), but incompatibilities with the other Tritons hampered the use of libraries for those keyboards. The main difference between the two keyboards was in scale and control layout: the X50 was a 61-key keyboard with pitch and modulation wheels, while the MicroX had only 25 keys with the Triton joystick. Neither had the aftertouch functionality of the TR keyboard. Both included patch editor and librarian software as well as a plug-in for DAW control, allowing the import and export of Triton-compatible files. Similarly to the LE and TR, only one insert effect and two master effects could be assigned.

Triton Taktile
A USB-powered controller with the 512 programs from the original factory bank of the Classic, the Triton Taktile is offered in 25- and 49-key versions, with the same semi-weighted (though without aftertouch) keyboard used on the KROME. It includes a touch pad inherited from the Kaossilator that lets you play melodies using just a single finger, velocity-sensitive trigger pads (16 on the 49-key, 8 on the 25-key) that let you generate chords in the key and scale of your choice, an arpeggiator, ribbon controller, sliders and switches. Audio output is a stereo 1/8 '' mini headphone jack. The onboard sounds can't be edited, layered or split, and playback is mono‑timbral.

Triton Classic and Extreme VSTi
On December 26, 2019, Korg released a VSTi software version of the Classic Korg Triton, complete with all of its expansion packs, then followed it up with another VSTi Version of the Korg Triton Extreme on July 28, 2021. Both are available as part of the Korg Collection of VST software meant to replicate their previous hardware synths.

Features
All models, except the Triton Rack, X50, Micro-X, KARMA and Taktile were available in 61, 76 and 88-key configurations. They could also be upgraded with increased sample EDO RAM and expansion boards for additional sounds. Only the Triton Le did not provide this feature. The Triton "Classic", Extreme, and Studio were controlled by a touchscreen. The KARMA, Le and Rack, however, featured a more conventional display.

Availability
Except for the Triton Taktile, all models of the Korg Triton model range have been discontinued by the manufacturer. Today, the Best Of Triton Soundbanks can be found on Korg's website as downloadable programs for the Korg Krome workstation, KORG Pa4X Professional arranger, KRONOS as well as an in app purchasable soundbank for the full version of the korg sound module for iOS. On December 26, 2019, Korg released a VST plugin replicating the Korg Triton, including all factory patches & waveforms, and the full collection of EXB-PCM expansions.

Notable users

 * BT
 * Phil Collins
 * Chris Lowe of Pet Shop Boys
 * Andy Stott
 * Wiley
 * Pharrell Williams
 * The Neptunes

title: Korg Triton


text:
Talk:Bohr–Mollerup theorem

Comment
"[...] textbook on probability theory as Bollerup had thought it proven already." - Bollerup = Bohr or Mollerup? --pred 17:20, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed the text, as there is no point in it being here, as long as the name is incorrect. --pred 20:50, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I've added the text back in with a correction that both authors published the textbook together, plus a reference to the textbook 128.232.231.16 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 23:02, 9 March 2009 (UTC).

When?
When was this theorem proven? --Jobu0101 (talk) 15:02, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

Not a good short description
User:GhostInTheMachine, your short description is not helpful. It applies to a thousand pages on Wikpedia. Walt Pohl (talk) 13:31, 4 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Please read the full guidelines at WP:SDCONTENT — GhostInTheMachine talk to me 20:13, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bohr–Mollerup theorem


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Infrastructure bias

This article appears to be part of 142.177's attempt to impress their idiosyncratic critique of science on Wikipedia, defining new terms as they go. Reference version:

Googling for "infrastructure bias" finds lots of copies of this article in Wikipedia-clones, and a very few uses in other contexts, where it is used to mean things like
 * bias of sampling by laziness: "Infrastructure bias is the disproportionate sampling of areas near roads and towns." http://www.earthscape.org/r2/scb/scb14_6/hir01/hir01.html
 * location of telecommunications resources: "If such bias is found to be significant in a region, then public policies and government investment must be designed to correct infrastructure bias." http://ltl13.exp.sis.pitt.edu/Website/Webresume/ESRIPaper/P147.htm
 * company organization: "the acquisition improves the end-use balance of JURA’s existing business from its traditional infrastructure bias and extends its reach to the critically important Zürich market and its environs." http://www.crh.ie/crhplc/news/releases/2004/2004-07-06/
 * location of resources, again "strings attached to most central government subsidies; infrastructure bias; tie funding to spatial planning & transport / env. appraisal results not to modes" http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpc/pdf/1d_conclusions.pdf, page 8 of 14.

So: apart from this article "infrastructure bias" is not only not in wide use, it is apparently not in any use as a term in ethics or in the sense of this article. I suggest deletion on the grounds of No original research, failing the Google test, and Wikipedia is not a soapbox.

By the way; I'm not advocating that we suppress criticism of science in the pages of Wikipedia; there are many criticisms of science and its uses which deserve to be thoroughly covered in Wikipedia. What I'm advocating is that we apply the same NPOV approach to these articles as any other.

-- The Anome 09:52, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * (William M. Connolley 10:25, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)) Not terribly keen on the page itself but the concept is sensible.

OK, I've replaced it with a very amall NPOV rewrite, with the politics and the idiosyncrasy taken out. Is this better? -- The Anome 10:29, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep rewrite. Useful concept. (William M. Connolley 13:08, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC))
 * Keep rewrite. (We only measure cells after we invent the microscope, the questions we can ask are biased by the tools we've already made?) Geogre 14:33, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The rewrite is cogent and would make a good initial stab at an article ... if the phrase was in general (or even specialised) use to begin with.  However, I don't think that has been sufficiently demonstrated.  Noisy 18:06, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Appears to be a neologism that hasn't quite caught on. First three pages of Google hits are almost entirely WP clones. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:36, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Filtering out Wikipedia clones on google leaves very little in the way of verification. Call it a neologism for the time being and delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:20, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I lean toward keep. I found several uses [www.uneptie.org/energy/act/pol/wokshops/bangkok/docs/roaring.doc] [www.ifgb.uni-hannover.de/institut/1_eue/lehre_eue1/skripte/Int_Org_iDev_SS04/Hannover%20slides%20Tim.ppt]  in serious context that match the definition given in the current version of the article.  Google is probably biased against a term like this, since it's somewhat technical and isn't going to be used in casual conversation. (sorry, a couple of those links don't seem to work.  Isomorphic 05:26, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The words may occasionally be used together to mean something like what the rewrite is saying, but "infrastructure bias" doesn't seem to be accepted as a term. -- WOT 20:25, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Sydney Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton

Sydney Charles Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton, (25 October 1853 – 15 October 1934) was a radical British Liberal politician of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He also served as the second Governor-General of South Africa from 1914 to 1920

Background and education
Buxton was the son of Charles Buxton and grandson of social reformer Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1st Baronet. His mother was Emily Mary, daughter of the physician and traveller Sir Henry Holland, 1st Baronet. He was born in London and educated at Clifton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was a member of the London School Board from 1876 to 1882.

Political career
In 1880, Buxton became prominent in political circles by the publication of his Handbook to the Political Questions of the Day, a work which eventually went through 11 editions. That same year, he ran for Parliament for Boston, but lost. However, he became an MP in 1883 by winning a by-election in Peterborough. He was defeated in the 1885 general election, but returned to Parliament the very next year, representing Poplar. He would represent this constituency in Parliament until 1914.

From 1892 to 1895, Buxton served as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. In 1905, he earned his first Cabinet post, that of Postmaster-General. In this capacity he introduced such services as penny postage to the United States, the Canadian magazine post, and cheap postage for the blind. In 1910, Buxton was named president of the Board of Trade; in this position he oversaw the passage or amendment of many trade and commerce laws. Upon the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, he asked Lord Loreburn, the Lord Chancellor, to appoint a commission of inquiry into the disaster. This commission eventually came to be headed by Lord Mersey.

In February 1914, Buxton was appointed Governor-General of South Africa, and on 11 May of that year he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Buxton, of Newtimber in the County of Sussex. A revolt by some of the South African populace on the outbreak of the First World War temporarily threatened his safety, but the country's Prime Minister, General Louis Botha, immediately attached the Union of South Africa to Britain. Thereafter, Lord Buxton and General Botha formed an effective partnership, planning and executing South African actions in the war, including the invasion of the neighbouring German colony of South West Africa. Lord Buxton travelled widely throughout South Africa, and endeared himself to the people. Upon his retirement in 1920, the people demonstrated their affection for him. He continued his interest in South African affairs after returning to England, serving as president of the African Society from 1920 to 1933.

He was created Earl Buxton on 8 November 1920, and continued to be a member of the Liberal Party, often supporting his close friend and colleague Sir Edward Grey. In his later years, he had to undergo amputation of his leg due to a knee injury sustained earlier in his life.

He died at Newtimber on 15 October 1934.

Marriages
Lord Buxton was twice married, firstly in 1882 to Constance Mary Lubbock (died 1892), second daughter of John Lubbock, and secondly in 1896 to Mildred Anne Smith, elder daughter of Hugh Colin Smith, governor of the Bank of England, of Mount Clare, Roehampton, a sister of the banker Vivian Smith and of Admiral Sir Aubrey Smith, RN.

By his first wife, he had two sons and one daughter, of whom the sons both died in his lifetime. By his second wife, he had one son and two daughters, of whom the son and the elder daughter died in his lifetime.

Issue
By his first wife, Constance Mary Lubbock (died 3 November 1892):
 * Charles Sydney Buxton (26 May 1884 – 31 August 1911); died unmarried. He proposed marriage to Octavia Wilberforce (1888–1963), a descendant of the reformer, but she refused him.
 * Kenneth Sydney Buxton (4 September 1886 – 27 August 1894); died in childhood, aged seven.
 * Lady Phyllis Sydney Buxton (17 April 1888 – 27 January 1942), later Lady Phyllis Ponsonby OBE; married 23 September 1918 Rev. Canon Maurice George Jesser Ponsonby, MC, DL, JP (10 September 1880 – 27 February 1943), a grandson of The 2nd Baron De Mauley, had 5 children, of which two (Elizabeth and Mary) have descendants

By his second wife, Mildred Anne, Countess Buxton (1866–1955):
 * Lady Doreen Maria Josepha Sydney Buxton (29 November 1897 – 28 July 1923), a fraternal twin; married 24 January 1918 Charles Alfred Euston Fitzroy, a scion of the Dukes of Grafton. She died aged 25, shortly after the birth of her third child. After her death, her husband remarried. His second wife, Lucy Eleanor Barnes (died 1943), was a first cousin of his first wife through her Buxton mother, in 1924. Twice widowed, he married, thirdly, in 1944. He succeeded to the dukedom in August 1936 when a young cousin, The 9th Duke of Grafton, was killed in a motoring race.
 * Denis Bertram Sydney Buxton (29 November 1897 – 9 October 1917), a fraternal twin; killed in action, aged 19, Passchendaele, as a Second Lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards. At the time of his death, he was his father's only surviving son and heir to his titles. The location of his grave is unknown and he is commemorated on Panel Nine of the Tyne Cot Cemetery, a memorial bearing the names of some 35,000 men of the British and New Zealand forces who have no known grave, nearly all of whom died between August 1917 and November 1918.
 * Lady Alethea Constance Dorothy Sydney Buxton (2 August 1910 – 25 July 2004); married Venerable Peter Charles Eliot, TD, MBE (30 October 1910 – 1995), son of Edward Granville Eliot (himself grandson of The 3rd Earl of St Germans) and Clare Louise Phelips, on 12 July 1934. They had no issue, and Lady Alethea died aged 93 in 2004.

Since all his sons died unmarried in his lifetime, his titles became extinct at his death. Earl Buxton was survived by his second wife Mildred (died 1955) and his youngest daughter Lady Althea Eliot (died 2004), and by eight grandchildren including the future Duke of Grafton (1919–2011).

Works

 * Handbook to Political Questions of the Day (1880).
 * Mr. Gladstone's Irish Bills (1886).
 * Finance and Politics: An Historical Study, 1783–1885. Volume I and Volume II (1888).
 * Mr. Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer (1901).
 * Fishing and Shooting (1902).
 * The Arguments on either side of the Fiscal Question (1903).
 * General Botha (1924).

title: Sydney Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton


text:
Sarajevo International Airport

Sarajevo International Airport (Međunarodni aerodrom Sarajevo) (Međunarodna zračna luka Sarajevo) (Међународни аеродром Сарајево) is the main international airport in Bosnia and Herzegovina, serving Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located 3.3 NM southwest of the Sarajevo railway station and some 6.5 NM west of downtown Sarajevo in the Ilidža municipality, suburb of Butmir. In 2022, 1,377,348 passengers travelled through the airport, compared to 323,499 in 2001.

Early years
First regular flights to Sarajevo using an airfield in the suburb of Butmir begin in 1930 when the domestic airliner Aeroput opened a regular route linking Belgrade to Podgorica via Sarajevo. A year later, Aeroput opened a new route which linked Belgrade and Zagreb via Sarajevo, Split, and Rijeka. In 1935, Aeroput operated three times weekly the non-stop route Belgrade – Sarajevo, which was extended to Dubrovnik a year later. In 1937, Aeroput included regular flights linking Sarajevo to Zagreb, and 1938 was the year when first international flights were introduced when Aeroput extended the route Dubrovnik – Sarajevo – Zagreb to Vienna, Brno, and Prague.

The airfield in Butmir remained in use all the way until 1969. The need for a new airport in Sarajevo, with an asphalt-concrete runway, was acknowledged in the mid-1960s when JAT, Yugoslav national carrier at that time, began acquiring jet planes. The construction of the airport began in 1966 at its present location, not far from the old one.

Sarajevo Airport opened on 2 June 1969 for domestic traffic. In 1970, Frankfurt became the first international destination served. Most of the time the airport was a 'feeder' airport where passengers embarked for flights to Zagreb and Belgrade on their way to international destinations. Over time, the traffic volume steadily grew from 70,000 to 600,000 passengers a year. The first renovation came for the 1984 Winter Olympics, when the runway was extended by 200 meters, the navigation system was improved, and a new terminal building was built, designed for 1 million passengers a year.

At the beginning of the Bosnian War, the airport was put under control of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). When the regular flights were stopped, the JNA evacuated some 30,000 people, mostly women and children, who were spouses and children of JNA officers fleeing the siege of Sarajevo; the first humanitarian aid from the US and France arrived in this period too. After JNA left, the airport was for a while under control of Bosnian Serb forces and in June 1992, they handed over the airport to the UN to use it for humanitarian purposes (United Nations Security Council Resolution 757). In the biggest humanitarian operation in history of the UN that followed, during the Bosnian war, some 13,000 flights were carried out and over 160,000 tons of international humanitarian aid was delivered to the besieged city of Sarajevo.

The airport re-opened to civilian air traffic on 16 August 1996 and has since been renovated and slowly restored. Since the Dayton Agreement in 1995, the airport has a commercial flight business which includes Austrian Airlines, Lufthansa, Air Serbia, Croatia Airlines, Turkish Airlines, and others.

Development in the 2000s
On 18 October 2005, Paddy Ashdown, the High Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina, suspended a decision by Bosnian authorities to name the airport after Alija Izetbegović, the first President of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The High Representative stated that such a renaming might undermine the reconciliation process by alienating non-Bosniak citizens. In 2005, the European branch of the Airports Council International awarded Sarajevo the award of Best Airport Under 1 Million Passengers.

In 2013, Sarajevo International Airport had 665,638 passengers which is more than all of the other airports in Bosnia and Herzegovina had together and a 14.7% increase from 2012, this is the highest number of passengers per year since the reopening of the airport. On 26 December 2014, the airport welcomed its 700,000th passenger on Austrian Airlines flight OS758 to Vienna.

In May 2015, work has started on expansion of Sarajevo International Airport. Current work is undergoing on expansion of arrival area, adding more passport control check stands and rearranging whole arrival area to make it more passenger friendly. Next to follow is expansion of check in area which will include three more check in counters making it total of 15 check in counters. By the end of the year the airport will begin with platform expansion and the construction of rapid exit taxiway with scheduled completion by mid of the next year. 2017 should be the year in which airport will enter into the reconstruction of the runway and the maneuvering areas. Expansion of the airport at the current level is financed by Sarajevo Airport own funds. On 6 June 2015, Pope Francis visited Sarajevo arriving on an Alitalia Airbus A320-200 from Rome. Welcome ceremony was held at Sarajevo International Airport.

The airport served as the home base for the country's flag carrier, B&H Airlines, until July 2015 when the airline ceased operations. During December 2015, Sarajevo Airport experienced very low visibility and fog. About 40% of flights were canceled which impacted passengers growth and financial loss to the airport. Airport handled only 28,167 passengers of 50,000 planned (last year in December 43,079 passengers were handled). For Sarajevo International Airport one of major restrictions is a mountain terrain that requires a high approach precision and a big inclination angle in a procedure of unsuccessful approach and landing. Vlado Jurić, Head of the Office for aviation safety at Bosnia and Herzegovina Air Navigation Services Agency (BHANSA), presented the information about problems caused by reduced minimums at Sarajevo Airport. For the implementation of ILS categories (CAT II or CAT III), the terrain in front of the runway start should be free of obstacles for at least 1,000 metres. It means that the RWY 12 threshold should be moved for additional 200 metres which would reduce the runway length and as such is unacceptable. From the point of view of procedure design, the reduction of minimums is not an option and therefore it is necessary to find other solutions for improvement of landing conditions at Sarajevo Airport. The biggest problem at Sarajevo Airport is fog. The representative of Sarajevo Airport, Mr Nermin Zijadić informed that there is a relevant plan regarding this problem. He also presented the information about future projects of Sarajevo Airport among which the most important one is a reconstruction of the runway including its lighting system.

In 2016, Qatar Airways announced a new route from Doha to Sarajevo. However, the start of this service was first postponed and then moved to 10 October 2017. with four weekly flights. On 5 December 2016, the airport welcomed its 800,000th passenger on Air Serbia flight JU113 to Belgrade.

In 2017, Sarajevo International Airport welcomed six new airlines and seven destinations: AtlasGlobal (Istanbul), Wizz Air (Budapest), Wataniya Airways (Kuwait City), Nesma Airlines (Riyadh), TUI fly Belgium (Charleroi), flydubai (Dubai), Qatar Airways (Doha).

On 28 November 2017, Sarajevo International Airport received its 900,000th passenger of the year, representing a record number of passengers in one calendar year. On 5 December 2018, Sarajevo International Airport welcomed for the first time its millionth passenger of the year.

On 3 May 2017, the airport announced a major terminal expansion. The project is worth 20 million Euros and scheduled to be completed in 2020. A new, 10,000 sqm building on four levels will be built as an addition to the current terminal building. The new terminal will have capacity to handle 2 million passengers per year and will be equipped with three jet bridges. On 9 April 2019, the airport announced expansion of the VIP area into a new VIP building as part of the expansion project for the new main terminal with a separate check-in, customs and arrival section for VIP travellers. During June–July 2019, the airport saw its largest destination expansion. A total of 10 new destinations were added. FlyBosnia started flights from Sarajevo to Riyadh, Kuwait, Jeddah, Gassim, and Bahrain. Flynas started flights from Riyadh and Jeddah. Norwegian started flights from Göteborg, while Eurowings started flights from Berlin Tegel Airport. In October and November 2019, FlyBosnia started flights to London Luton and Rome Fiumicino Airport.

2020s
On 17 November 2020, Sarajevo International Airport terminated its contract with FlyBosnia after the company failed to repay its debts within 60 days.

On 3 February 2021, Wizz Air announced the opening of its second base in Bosnia and Herzegovina, after Tuzla; the airline will open a base at Sarajevo with one Airbus A320. The airline announced nine new European destinations from Sarajevo with 21 weekly departures. On 12 August 2021, Wizz Air has subsequently announced that it will base its second aircraft at Sarajevo International Airport. It is planned to launch 7 new routes from December 2021. Also, Wizz Air Abu Dhabi plans to introduce direct routes between Sarajevo and Abu Dhabi in October 2021. However, in September 2022, Wizz Air announced it would close its base at the airport, ending all routes except those to London and Abu Dhabi.

In 2024 Ryanair introduced six routes connecting Sarajevo with: Bergamo, Charleroi, Gothenburg, London–Stansted, Memmingen and Thessaloniki.

Passenger
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Sarajevo International Airport:

By car
Sarajevo Airport is connected to the Sarajevo–Zenica–Mostar highway (A1) via nearby Stup Interchange and Brijesce Interchange.

By bus
Centrotrans Eurolines, in cooperation with Sarajevo International Airport, provide a bus service Airport – Baščaršija City Center – Airport. The bus stand is just outside of the arrivals area in the main terminal. The price of a one-way ticket is €2.50. WiFi internet is available on board.

By trolleybus
The airport is connected with Sarajevo's city center with trolleybus number 103, operated by the GRAS transport company.

Accidents and incidents

 * 18 January 1977: Džemal Bijedić, then prime minister of Yugoslavia, and his wife were among the eight people killed when their Learjet 25 crashed on the Inač mountain near Kreševo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The plane took off from Batajnica Air Base in Belgrade and was en route to Sarajevo when it crashed, ostensibly due to poor weather conditions. Conspiracy theorists have suggested that the crash was not an accident but rather the result of foul play at the hands of his rivals.
 * 31 December 1994: A Belair Ilyushin-76TD cargo plane, registration EW-76836 was operating on a flight from Luxembourg to Sarajevo on behalf of the United Nations. At the time of landing at Sarajevo airport, the runway was flooded and the aircraft overran the runway and struck a ditch with the nose gear. There were no fatalities in the crash landing, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
 * 23 December 2001: A Crossair Avro RJ, registration HB-IXH, skidded 100 meters off the runway when it tried to land at Sarajevo airport under snowy conditions. Nobody was injured in the accident, nor was there any damage. By next Monday afternoon, the aircraft had been recovered and was parked on the apron. The French Air Detachment (DETAIR) and local aeronautical authorities have opened an investigation to determine the cause of the accident. It was snowing on the afternoon of 23 December. The airport snow plough had just cleared the runway, a 20-minute job, when an HB-IXH from Zürich requested authorization to land.
 * 17 October 2019, FlyBosnia flight 6W108 from Rome, operated using an Airbus A319 (E7-FBB, MSN 1925), landed at Sarajevo Airport where it struck a boarding stair vehicle, damaging its left wingtip fence. The causes of the incident were determined to be the insufficient monitoring of the follow-me vehicle's movements by the flight crew while taxiing to the aircraft's parking position, and the incorrect positioning of the passenger stair vehicle on the apron.

title: Sarajevo International Airport


text:
Sun Public License

The Sun Public License (SPL) is a software license that applies to some open-source software released by Sun Microsystems (such as NetBeans before the 5.5 version). It has been approved by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) as a free software license, and by the Open Source Initiative (OSI) as an open source license. It is derived from the Mozilla Public License.

This license has been superseded by the Common Development and Distribution License, which is also derived from the MPL.

title: Sun Public License


text:
Nasturtium (plant genus)

Nasturtium is a genus of a small number of plant species in the family Brassicaceae (cabbage family) commonly known as watercress or yellowcress. The best known species are the edible Nasturtium officinale and Nasturtium microphyllum. Nasturtium was previously synonymised with Rorippa, but molecular evidence supports its maintenance as a distinct genus more closely related to Cardamine than to Rorippa sensu stricto.

These plants are related to garden cress and mustard, noteworthy for a peppery, tangy (pungent) flavor. The name Nasturtium comes from the Latin nasus tortus, meaning "twisted nose", in reference to the effect on the nasal passages of eating the plants. Nasturtium foliage is used as food by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, including Orthonama obstipata (The Gem).

One species, Nasturtium gambellii, is federally listed in California as an endangered species.

Nomenclature
The genus Nasturtium should not be confused with the ornamental garden plant, usually grown as an annual, that is commonly known as nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus). Though not closely related, the leaves of the garden nasturtium also have a peppery taste.

Species
, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species and hybrids:
 * Nasturtium floridanum (Al-Shehbaz & Rollins) Al-Shehbaz & R.A.Price – Florida watercress or Florida yellowcress
 * Nasturtium gambellii (S.Watson) O.E.Schulz (orth. var. N. gambelii) – Gambel's watercress or Gambel's yellowcress
 * Nasturtium microphyllum (Boenn.) Rchb. – onerow watercress or onerow yellowcress
 * Nasturtium officinale W.T.Aiton – watercress or yellowcress
 * Nasturtium × sterile (Airy Shaw) Oefelein – N. officinale × N. microphyllum, hybrid watercress

Plants of the World Online regards Nasturtium africanum as a synonym of Rorippa africana.

title: Nasturtium (plant genus)


text:
George Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon

George Herbert Hyde Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon, (7 June 1877 – 13 December 1955), styled Lord Hyde from 1877 to 1914, was a British Conservative politician from the Villiers family. He served as Governor-General of the Union of South Africa from 1931 to 1937.

Background
Clarendon was the only son of Edward Hyde Villiers, 5th Earl of Clarendon and his wife Lady Caroline Elizabeth Agar, daughter of James Agar, 3rd Earl of Normanton. George William Frederick Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, three times Foreign Secretary, was his grandfather.

Political career
Lord Hyde was in November 1902 appointed an extra aide-de-camp to the Earl of Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

Clarendon took his seat on the Conservative benches in the House of Lords on his father's death in 1914. When Bonar Law became Prime Minister in 1922 he appointed Clarendon Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms (government chief whip in the House of Lords), a position he also held under Stanley Baldwin until January 1924, and again from December 1924 to 1925. He then served as the first Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs until 1927. In 1931 Clarendon was appointed Governor-General of South Africa, in which position he remained until 1937. During his tenure as Governor-General of South Africa, he also served as Chief Scout of South Africa. Clarendon High School for Girls and its associated schools, Clarendon Primary School and Clarendon Preparatory School in East London, South Africa are named after him.

Clarendon became Lord Chamberlain in 1938 and served until the death of King George VI in 1952. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1931 and made a Knight Companion of the Garter in 1937.

Family
Lord Clarendon married Adeline Verena Ishbel Cocks, daughter of Herbert Haldane Somers Cocks, in 1905.

They had three children:
 * George Villiers, Lord Hyde, killed in a shooting accident in South Africa in 1935, leaving a son George Frederick Laurence and a posthumous daughter, Rosemary.
 * (Nina) Joan Villiers, Lady Newman
 * (William) Nicholas Villiers.

He died in December 1955, aged 78. His eldest son George Villiers, Lord Hyde, had been killed in a shooting accident in 1935; the earldom was inherited by George's son Laurence.

Honours

 * 🏴 He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Watford on 28 July 1924.
 * UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George on 2 December 1930,, which would normally allow him the Title "Sir" but this was outranked by his peerage so was not used. It gave him the Post Nominal Letters "GCMG" for life.
 * He was sworn in as a member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council in 1931. This allowed him the Honorific Title "The Right Honourable" and the Post Nominal Letters "PC" for life.
 * Order of the Garter UK ribbon.svg He was made a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter in 1937 by HM King George VI, which would normally allow him the Title "Sir" but this was outranked by his peerage so was not used. It gave him the Post Nominal Letters "KG" for life.
 * UK Royal Victorian Order ribbon.svg He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Royal Victorian Order on 8 June 1939 by HM King George VI, which would normally allow him the Title "Sir" but this was outranked by his peerage so was not used. It gave him the Post Nominal Letters "GCVO" for life. He also served as Chancellor of the Order from 1938-1952.
 * Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg He was made a Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St John on 18 June 1940. Within the Order this allowed him the post nominal letters "GCStJ" for life. He also served as Prior of the Order from 1943–1946.
 * Royal Victorian Chain Ribbon.gif He was awarded the Royal Victorian Chain on 21 October 1952. by HM Queen Elizabeth II.
 * 🏴 He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Hertfordshire. This gave him the Post Nominal Letters "DL" for life.

title: George Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon


text:
Talk:Sun Public License

Official copy of SPL?
I looked around sun.com briefly, but I couldn't find a "master copy" of the license anywhere, so I used a copy I found from the OSI site. If anyone knows of a more official location of the license's full text, please do the honours and update the external link. -- Neilc 10:08, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sun Public License


text:
Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet

Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet, PC, QC (11 September 1873 – 16 March 1960) was a South African politician, lawyer, and judge who was Chief Justice of South Africa and acting Governor-General from 1943 to 1945.

Early life
De Wet was born and went to school in Aliwal North, and attended Victoria College in Stellenbosch. He then went to Downing College at the University of Cambridge, from which he earned his LLB (First Class, with the Chancellor's Medal) in 1895. He was admitted as an advocate (the South African equivalent of a barrister) in 1896. During the Anglo-Boer War he was military secretary to General Louis Botha, commandant-general of the Transvaal forces, and acted as an interpreter at the peace conference that ended the war in 1902.

Political career
After the war, de Wet joined Botha in politics, and was a member of the Transvaal legislative assembly from 1907 to 1910. He was a legal adviser to the Transvaal delegation to the 1908-1909 National Convention that drew up the Constitution for the Union of South Africa. In 1913, he was appointed a King's Counsel. He was also a founder member of the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns ("South African Academy for Science and Art") in 1909.

De Wet was a member of the Union Parliament between 1913 and 1929, serving as a member of the House of Assembly from 1913 to 1920 and a Senator from 1920 to 1929. He served in the South African Party government as Minister of Justice from 1913 to 1924. As such, he had to deal with the legal aspects of an armed Afrikaner uprising against the government in 1914, and the 1922 Rand Revolt.

Judicial career
De Wet was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court in 1932, a judge of the Appeal Court in 1937, and Chief Justice in 1939. As Chief Justice, he was required ex officio to act as Officer Administering the Government under a dormant commission, in the absence of the Governor-General, which he did for two and a half years, from the death of Sir Patrick Duncan in 1943 and the appointment of Gideon Brand van Zyl in 1945.

He was appointed a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1939.

Family life
De Wet was married twice. His first wife was Ella Scheepers, who is reputed to have composed the popular Afrikaans song Sarie Marais during the Anglo-Boer War. His second wife was Jakomina du Toit. He died in 1960. His son by his first marriage, Dr. Quartus de Wet, was also a judge, and presided over the 1963 Rivonia Treason Trial of Nelson Mandela and other anti-apartheid activists.

title: Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet


text:
Chili dog

A chili dog is a hot dog served in a bun and topped with a meat sauce, such as chili con carne. Additional toppings may include cheese, onions, and mustard. The style has multiple regional variations in the United States, many calling for specific and unique sauce ingredients, types of hot dogs, or types of buns and referred to regionally under region-specific names.

Texas wiener
In New Jersey and Pennsylvania, the "Texas hot dog", "Texas chili dog", "Texas hot", or "Texas wiener" is a hot dog with chili or hot sauce; it is served in variations with assorted condiments. The Texas wiener was created in Paterson, New Jersey, before 1920 and in Altoona, Pennsylvania, by Peter "George" Koufougeorgas in 1918 and originally called Texas Hot Wieners. The "Texas" reference is to the chili sauce used on the dogs. It is considered a unique regional hot dog style, partly because in addition to the chili or hot sauce, the hot dog itself is always deep-fried. From its origins, the invention spread to the Pennsylvania cities of Scranton and Philadelphia. By the 1920s, it had reached Western New York, where numerous longstanding hot dog stands still remain, including a stand run by the Rigas Family (dating to 1921) and Ted's Hot Dogs (which opened in 1927).

Coney Island hot dog

In southeastern Michigan, a Coney Island hot dog is a European-style Frankfurter Würstel (Vienna sausage) of German origin with a natural lamb or sheep casing, topped with a beef heart-based sauce, which was developed by Macedonian and Greek immigrants in the area. It has several local variations, including Detroit style, Flint style, and Jackson style.

Hot wiener
In Rhode Island the hot wiener or New York System wiener is a staple of the food culture and is served at "New York System" restaurants. The traditional wiener is made with a small, thin hot dog made of veal and pork, giving it a different taste from a traditional beef hot dog, served in a steamed bun, and topped with celery salt, yellow mustard, chopped onions, and a seasoned meat sauce.

Michigan hot dog
In the North Country of New York State, a Michigan hot dog, or "Michigan", is a steamed hot dog on a steamed bun topped with a meaty sauce, generally referred to as "Michigan sauce."

Cheese coney
In Greater Cincinnati, as well as parts of northern Oklahoma, such as in Tulsa and Stillwater, OK, Cheese coneys or Coney Islands (without the cheese) are hot dogs in buns topped with Cincinnati chili (a Greek-inspired meat sauce), onions, mustard, and cheese.

Carolina style
In North Carolina, hot dogs topped with chili, onions, and either mustard or slaw are referred to as "Carolina style", which is also used to refer to hamburgers with similar toppings.

Half-smoke
In Washington, D.C., the half-smoke is similar to a hot dog, but usually larger, spicier, and with more coarsely-ground meat, the sausage is often half-pork and half-beef, smoked, and served with herbs, onion, and chili sauce.

title: Chili dog


text:
Communist Revolutionary League of India

Communist Revolutionary League of India (CRLI) is a political party in the Indian state of West Bengal. The party is led by Ashim Chatterjee, former student leader of Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). Chattejee broke with Charu Majumdar in 1971 after the failure of the attempts to build an armed movement in the Debra-Gopiballavbur area in West Bengal and due to the opposition of CPI (ML) towards the liberation struggle of Bangladesh. Chatterjee formed the Bengal-Bihar-Orissa Border Regional Committee, CPI (ML). His group joined the CPI (ML) of Satayanarayan Singh. Later Chatterjee formed the CRLI.

During the period of 1995-2000 CRLI was member of Left Front. After breaking with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI (M)), CRLI was in contact with the Party of Democratic Socialism of Saifuddin Chaudhury.

In the 2005 West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections, CRLI leader Chatterji contested on the election symbol of Trinamool Congress.

In 2015 party returned to Left Front.

title: Communist Revolutionary League of India


text:
Lucas Cornelius Steyn

Lucas Cornelius Steyn, PC, QC (21 December 1903 – 28 July 1976) was Chief Justice of South Africa and, as such, acted as Governor-General on two occasions.

Early life
Steyn was born in 1903 on a farm in the Orange River Colony, shortly after it had fallen under British rule during the Boer War. His parents were Christiaan Louwrens Steyn and Magdalena Josina Maria Kruger. He attended Kroonstad Secondary School and graduated with a law degree from the University of Stellenbosch in 1926, was admitted as an advocate (the South African equivalent of a barrister) in 1928, and obtained a doctorate in law in 1929.

Legal career
There followed an illustrious career as a civil servant under four successive Prime Ministers. He was Attorney-General of South West Africa, which was then under South African administration, from 1931 to 1933, and worked in the Department of Justice from 1933 to 1944. He was appointed a King's Counsel in 1943. He assisted the South African delegation to the United Nations from 1946 to 1949, and was a legal adviser in the 1950 International Court of Justice hearing into South Africa's refusal to give up South West Africa.

Steyn was appointed a judge of the High Court (Transvaal Provincial Division) in 1951. Shortly thereafter, in 1955, he was promoted to the Appellate Division. And soon after that he was appointed Chief Justice, ahead of the noted liberal judge of many years' appellate experience, Oliver Schreiner. This unprecedentedly rapid ascent reflected Steyn's favour with D F Malan's Afrikaner nationalist administration. As Chief Justice, Steyn acted ex officio as Officer Administering the Government, i.e. acting Governor-General under a dormant commission, for the period between the death of Dr Jansen in 1959 and the installation of C.R. Swart in 1960, and again between Swart's resignation as the last Governor-General in 1961 and his inauguration as the first State President of South Africa a few weeks later. It was he who administered the oaths of office to Swart on both occasions.

Steyn's tenure as Chief Justice lasted twelve years. True to his appointment by an Afrikaner nationalist government, Steyn's jurisprudence was executive-minded and critical of English influences on South African law. He retired from the bench in 1971.

Personal life
Steyn married Huibrecht van Schoor in 1928. They had two children. He died in 1976.

title: Lucas Cornelius Steyn


text:
Robert Brown (Scottish politician)

Robert Edward Brown (born 25 December 1947) is a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician. He was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Glasgow region from 1999 to 2011.

Career
A graduate of the University of Aberdeen, he was Depute Procurator Fiscal of Dumbarton 1972−1974 and has since been a partner and consultant with a Glasgow firm of solicitors. He was a Glasgow City councillor (Liberal) for several years in the 1970s and 1980s and was Convener of the Scottish Liberal Democrat Policy Committee for much of the 1990s and 2000s. He was first elected to the Scottish Parliament in its first election in 1999.

Following Nicol Stephen's election as party leader and succession as Deputy First Minister of Scotland in 2005, Brown was appointed Deputy Minister for Education and Young People in the Scottish Executive.

He was second on the Liberal Democrat list of candidates for Glasgow region in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election but was unsuccessful when the party failed to gain any list seats.

In May 2012, he was elected as a councillor for the Rutherglen South ward on South Lanarkshire Council, and retained the seat at the 2017 elections; being the only Liberal Democrat representative in the council out of 64 seats. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Rutherglen and Hamilton West constituency at the 2017 UK general election, losing his deposit after receiving only 4% of the vote.

Brown was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for political service. He currently resides in Burnside, in the south of Greater Glasgow.

title: Robert Brown (Scottish politician)


text:
Barbara Cook

Barbara Cook (October 25, 1927 – August 8, 2017) was an American actress and singer who first came to prominence in the 1950s as the lead in the original Broadway musicals Plain and Fancy (1955), Candide (1956) and The Music Man (1957) among others, winning a Tony Award for the last. She continued performing mostly in theatre until the mid-1970s, when she began a second career as a cabaret and concert singer. She also made numerous recordings.

During her years as Broadway’s leading ingénue, Cook was lauded for her excellent lyric soprano voice. She was particularly admired for her vocal agility, wide range, warm sound, and emotive interpretations. As she aged her voice took on a darker quality, even in her head voice, that was less prominent in her youth. At the time of her death, Cook was widely recognized as one of the "premier interpreters" of musical theatre songs and standards, in particular the songs of composer Stephen Sondheim. Her subtle and sensitive interpretations of American popular song continued to earn high praise even into her eighties. She was named an honoree at the 2011 Kennedy Center Honors.

Early life
Cook was born in Atlanta, the daughter of Nell (née Harwell) and Charles Bunyan Cook. Her father was a traveling hat salesman and her mother was an operator for Southern Bell. Her parents divorced when she was a child and, after her only sister died of whooping cough, Barbara lived alone with her mother. She later described their relationship as "so close, too close. I slept with my mother until I came to New York. Slept in the same bed with her. That's just, it's wrong. But to me, it was the norm....As far as she was concerned, we were one person." Though Barbara began singing at an early age, at the Elks Club and to her father over the phone, she spent three years after graduating from high school working as a typist.

Early career
In 1947 Cook was engaged as a featured performer for Atlanta's Southeastern Fair at the Lakewood Fairgrounds. While visiting Manhattan in 1948 with her mother, she decided to stay and try to find work as an actress. In 1949 she performed in a touring vaudeville act entitled "A Toast To Rodgers and Hammerstein" which was organized by pianist Erwin Strauss, the son of the composer Oscar Straus. Beginning in Boston, the act performed mainly at hotels and venues owned by Ernie Byfield in cities like New York and Chicago. She began to sing at other clubs and resorts, eventually procuring an engagement at the Blue Angel club in Manhattan in 1950.

Cook made her Broadway debut as Sandy in the short-lived 1951 musical Flahooley. She landed another role quickly, portraying Ado Annie in the 1951 City Center revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma!, and stayed with the production when it went on its national tour the following year.

Also in 1952, Cook made her first television appearance on the show Armstrong Circle Theatre which presented her in an original play entitled Mr. Bemiss Takes a Trip. In 1954, Cook appeared in the short-lived soap opera Golden Windows and starred as Jane Piper in a television version of Victor Herbert's operetta Babes in Toyland. That summer, she returned to City Center to portray Carrie Pipperidge in a revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Carousel, which Cook described as "the first time the critics really paid attention to me. It was like I was the new young thing. It was very important for me."

In 1955, she received major critical praise for playing the supporting role of Hilda Miller in Plain and Fancy. Walter Kerr wrote of her performance: "Barbara Cook, right off a blue and white Dutch plate, is delicious all the time, but especially when she perches on a trunk, savors her first worthwhile kiss, and melts into the melody of 'This Is All Very New to Me'." Cook's critical reputation and coloratura soprano range won her the role of Cunegonde in Leonard Bernstein's 1956 operetta 'Candide', in which she premiered the vocally demanding, show-stopping comic aria "Glitter and Be Gay".

Although Candide was not a commercial success, Cook's portrayal of Cunegonde established her as one of Broadway's leading ingenues. In 1957 she appeared in a second City Center revival of Carousel, this time in the role of Julie Jordan, and won a Tony Award for creating the role of Marian the Librarian in Meredith Willson's 1957 hit The Music Man. Cook continued to appear regularly on television in the late 1950s, starring in a 1956 Producers' Showcase production of Bloomer Girl, a 1957 live broadcast of The Yeomen of the Guard, and a 1958 musical adaptation of Hansel and Gretel. She also made appearances on Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Ed Sullivan Show, The Dinah Shore Chevy Show, and The Play of the Week.

Cook starred in an acclaimed 1960 City Center revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I and in the short-lived 1961 musical The Gay Life. In 1963, she created the role of Amalia Balash in the classic Jerry Bock-Sheldon Harnick musical She Loves Me. Her performance prompted Norman Nadel of the World-Telegram & Sun to write, "Her clear soprano is not only one of the finest vocal instruments in the contemporary musical theatre, but it conveys all the vitality, brightness and strength of her feminine young personality, which is plenty." A number from She Loves Me, "Vanilla Ice Cream", became one of Cook's signature songs.

In the mid-1960s, Cook began working less frequently. She appeared in the 1964 flop Something More!, which ran for only 15 performances on Broadway, and tried her hand at non-musical roles, replacing Sandy Dennis in the play Any Wednesday in 1965 and originating the role of Patsy Newquist in Jules Feiffer's 1967 play Little Murders. She starred in national tours of The Unsinkable Molly Brown in 1964 and Funny Girl in 1967. Her last original "book" musical role on Broadway came in 1971 when she played Dolly Talbo in The Grass Harp. In 1972, Cook returned to the dramatic stage in the Repertory Theater of Lincoln Center's production of Maxim Gorky's Enemies.

1970s to 2004
As she began struggling with depression, obesity, and alcoholism in the Seventies (she would quit drinking in 1977), Cook had trouble getting stage work. In the mid-1970s Cook's fortunes changed for the better when she met and befriended composer and pianist Wally Harper. Harper convinced her to put together a concert and on January 26, 1975, accompanied by Harper, she made her debut in a solo concert at Carnegie Hall that resulted in a successful live album. Continuing a collaboration with Harper that lasted until his death in 2004, Cook became a successful concert performer. Over the next three decades, the two performed together at not only many of the best cabaret spots and music halls in New York City--like Michael's Pub and the St. Regis Hotel--but nationally and internationally. Cook and Harper returned to Carnegie Hall in September 1980, to perform a series of songs arranged by Harper. The New York Times' reviewer, John S. Wilson, wrote: "Since her first Carnegie Hall appearance, she has grown from a delightful singer to become a delightful entertainer who also happens to be a remarkable singer." The performance was captured on the CD It's Better With a Band.

In 1986, Cook was nominated for an Olivier Award "The Observer Award for Outstanding Achievement" for her one-woman show, accompanied by Harper, at London's Donmar Warehouse and the Albery Theatre. She won the Drama Desk Award "Outstanding One Person Show" in 1987 for her Broadway show A Concert for the Theatre, again with Harper. In October 1991, they appeared as featured artists at the Carnegie Hall Gala Music and Remembrance: A Celebration of Great Musical Partnerships which raised money for the advancement of the performing arts and for AIDS research. In 1994, they performed a critically acclaimed concert series at the Sadler's Wells Theatre in London, which was recorded by DRG as Live From London. "Cook still comes across with consummate taste and with a voice that shows little sign of wear after 40 years." Alastair Macaulay wrote in the Financial Times about the concert, "Barbara Cook is the greatest singer in the world ... Ms. Cook is the only popular singer active today who should be taken seriously by lovers of classical music. Has any singer since Callas matched Cook's sense of musical architecture? I doubt it." The performing duo traveled all over the world giving concerts together including a number of times at the White House – for Presidents Carter, Reagan, Bush, and Clinton.

From the mid-1970s on, Cook returned only sporadically to acting, mostly in occasional studio cast and live concert versions of stage musicals. In September 1985 she appeared with the New York Philharmonic as Sally in the renowned concert version of Stephen Sondheim's Follies. In 1986, she recorded the role of Martha in the Sharon Burgett musical version of The Secret Garden along with John Cullum, Judy Kaye, and George Rose. In 1987 she performed the role of Julie Jordan in a concert version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Carousel with Samuel Ramey as Billy, Sarah Brightman as Carrie, and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, and she won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show for A Concert for the Theatre. In 1988, she originated the role of Margaret White in the ill-fated musical version of Stephen King's Carrie, which premiered in England and was presented by the Royal Shakespeare Company. In May of 1990, she was the featured soloist in a program of theatre music given by the Oratorio Society of New York. In 1994, she provided both her acting and singing skills to the animated film version of Thumbelina, as Thumbelina's mother which featured music by Barry Manilow. That same year she was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.

In November 1997, Cook celebrated her 70th birthday by giving a concert at Albert Hall in London with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, joined by performers including Elaine Stritch and Maria Friedman. The Times reviewer noted: "The world is usually divided into actresses who try to sing and singers who try to act. Cook is one of the few performers who manage to combine the best of both traditions, as she reminded us in 'It Might as Well be Spring' – and, at the close, in her encore of Bock and Harnick's 'Ice Cream'."

In 2000, she was one of the only American performers chosen to perform at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Arts Festival in the Sydney Opera House. Also in 2000, she was joined by Lillias White, Malcolm Gets, and Debbie Gravitte on the studio cast recording of Jimmy McHugh's Lucky in the Rain.

In February 2001, Cook returned to Carnegie Hall to perform Barbara Cook Sings Mostly Sondheim which was recorded live and released on CD. Critically acclaimed from the start, Cook then took the concert to the West End Lyric Theatre in 2001. She garnered two Olivier Award nominations for Best Entertainment and Best Actress in a Musical for the concert. She went on to perform Sings Mostly Sondheim at Lincoln Center for a sold-out fourteen-week run from December 2001 to January 2002, and again in June 2002 to August 2002. She was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Theatrical Event. She took the show on a National tour throughout major cities in the United States. DRG filmed the stage production during a performance at the Pepsico Theatre, SUNY Purchase, New York, on October 11, 2002 and it was released on DVD on the DRG/Koch Entertainment label. In June and August 2002 Cook performed Sings Mostly Sondheim at the Terrace Theater, Kennedy Center as part of the Sondheim Celebration.

In 2004 she performed two limited engagement concert series at the Vivian Beaumont and Mitzi Newhouse theaters at Lincoln Center, "Barbara Cook's Broadway!", with Harper as her musical director/arranger. She received the New York Drama Critics Circle Award ("for her contribution to the musical theater") and a nomination for the Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Solo Performance. A recording of the concert was made.

Later years
After Wally Harper's death in October 2004, Cook made adjustments to new accompanists in solo shows like Tribute (a reference to Harper) and No One Is Alone that continued to receive acclaim; The New York Times wrote in 2005 that she was "at the top of her game.... Cook's voice is remarkably unchanged from 1958, when she won the Tony Award for playing Marian the Librarian in The Music Man. A few high notes aside, it is, eerily, as rich and clear as ever." In January 2006, Cook became the first female pop singer to be presented by the Metropolitan Opera in the company's more than one hundred-year history. She presented a solo concert of Broadway show tunes and classic jazz standards, and was supported on a few numbers by guest singers Audra McDonald and Josh Groban and Elaine Stritch (although Stritch did not appear on the CD of the concert). The concert was recorded and subsequently released on CD. On June 25, 2006, Cook was the special guest star of the Award Winning Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C., celebrating GMCW's Silver Anniversary in a performance at the Kennedy Center in Washington DC.

Cook was the featured artist at the ''Arts! by George'' gala on September 29, 2007 at the Fairfax campus of George Mason University. On October 22, 2007, Cook sang at the Broward Center for the Performing Arts with the Fort Lauderdale Gay Men's Chorus in the chorus's concert entitled "An Evening With Barbara Cook". Upon completion of the concert, an almost full house greeted her with a round of "Happy Birthday" in honor of her impending 80th birthday, which, on December 2, 2007, she celebrated belatedly in the UK with a concert at the Coliseum Theatre in London's West End.

As she entered her ninth decade, Cook performed in two sold-out concerts with the New York Philharmonic at Lincoln Center in 2007. The New York Times Stephen Holden wrote that Cook is "a performer spreading the gospel of simplicity, self-reliance and truth" who is "never glib" and summoning adjectives such as "astonishing" and "transcendent", concluding that she sings with "a tenderness and honesty that could break your heart and mend it all at once."

In June 2008, Cook appeared in Strictly Gershwin at the Royal Albert Hall in London, England, with the full company of English National Ballet. An advertised appearance with the Ulster Orchestra as the Closing Concert of the Ulster Bank Belfast Festival at Queen's at the Waterfront Hall in Belfast on October 31, 2008 was cancelled due to scheduling difficulties. Her other 2008 appearances included concerts in Chicago and San Francisco.

In 2009, she performed with the Princeton Symphony, Detroit Symphony, and gave concerts in Boca Raton, Florida, and at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton. She performed in a cabaret show at Feinsteins at the Regency (New York City) which opened in April 2009.

Cook returned to Broadway in 2010 in the Roundabout Theatre's Stephen Sondheim revue Sondheim on Sondheim, created and directed by long-time Sondheim collaborator James Lapine, at Studio 54. She starred opposite Vanessa L. Williams, Norm Lewis and Tom Wopat. Cook was nominated for a Tony Award for her performance in the category of Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical. On April 12, 2011, Cook appeared with James Taylor, Bette Midler and Sting, at Carnegie Hall for a gala called "Celebrating 120 Years of Carnegie Hall".

Cook was named an honoree at the 2011 Kennedy Center Honors, held on December 4, 2011 (the ceremony was broadcast on CBS on December 27, 2011). Performers paying tribute to Cook on that occasion included Matthew Broderick, Sarah Jessica Parker, Patti LuPone, Glenn Close, Kelli O'Hara, Rebecca Luker, Sutton Foster, Laura Osnes, Anna Christy, and Audra McDonald.

In 2016, Cook published her autobiography Then & Now: A Memoir with collaborator Tom Santopietro. She announced her retirement in May 2017.

Personal life
Cook married acting teacher David LeGrant (December 8, 1923 – July 28, 2011) on March 9, 1952, after meeting at a resort on the Borscht Belt. They performed together in a national stage tour of Oklahoma in 1953. The couple had one child, Adam, born in 1959. They divorced in 1965.

Death
Cook died from respiratory failure at her home in Manhattan on August 8, 2017, at age 89. The marquee lights of the Broadway theaters were dimmed for one minute in tribute to Cook on August 9. Cook's friend and fellow musical theater actress, Elaine Paige paid tribute to Cook during her BBC Radio 2 show Elaine Paige on Sunday on August 13.

Discography
Solo
 * Songs of Perfect Propriety (1958)
 * Barbara Cook Sings "From the Heart" – [The Best of Rodgers & Hart] (1959)
 * At Carnegie Hall (1975)
 * As Of Today (1977)
 * It's Better With a Band (1981)
 * The Disney Album (1988)
 * Dorothy Fields: Close as Pages in a Book (1993)
 * Live from London (1994)
 * Oscar Winners: The Lyrics of Oscar Hammerstein II (1997)
 * All I Ask of You (1999)
 * The Champion Season: A Salute to Gower Champion (1999)
 * Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas (2000)
 * Sings Mostly Sondheim: Live at Carnegie Hall (2001)
 * Count Your Blessings (2003)—Grammy Award nominee (Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album)
 * Barbara Cook's Broadway! (2004)
 * Tribute (2005)
 * Barbara Cook at The Met (2006)
 * No One Is Alone (2007)
 * Rainbow Round My Shoulder (2008)
 * Cheek to Cheek: Live from Feinstein's at Loews Regency (Barbara Cook & Michael Feinstein) (2011)
 * You Make Me Feel So Young: Live at Feinstein's at the Loews Regency (2011)
 * Loverman (2012)

Cast and studio cast recordings
 * Flahooley (1951)
 * Plain and Fancy (1955)
 * Candide (1956)
 * The Music Man (1957)—Grammy Award winner (Best Original Cast Album)
 * Hansel and Gretel (Television Soundtrack, 1958)
 * The Gay Life (1961)
 * Show Boat (Studio Cast, 1962)
 * She Loves Me (1963)—Grammy Award winner (Best Score From An Original Cast Show Album)
 * The King and I (Studio Cast, 1964) with Theodore Bikel, in new orchestrations by Philip Lang 1964
 * Show Boat (Lincoln Center Cast, 1966)
 * The Grass Harp (1971)
 * Follies in Concert (1985)
 * The Secret Garden (World Premiere Recording, 1986)
 * Carousel (Studio Cast, 1987)
 * Thumbelina  (Motion Picture Soundtrack, 1994)
 * Lucky in the Rain (2000)
 * Sondheim on Sondheim (2010)

Compilations
 * The Broadway Years: Till There Was You (1995)
 * Legends of Broadway—Barbara Cook (2006)
 * The Essential Barbara Cook Collection (2009)

Stage work
Source:
 * Flahooley (1951)
 * Oklahoma! (1953)
 * Carousel (1954)
 * Plain and Fancy (1955)
 * Candide (1956)
 * Carousel (1957)
 * The Music Man (1957)
 * The King and I (1960)
 * The Gay Life (1961)
 * Fanny (1962)
 * She Loves Me (1963)
 * Something More! (1964)
 * The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964)
 * Any Wednesday (1965) (replacement for Sandy Dennis)
 * Show Boat (1966)
 * Little Murders (1967)
 * Funny Girl (1967)
 * The Grass Harp (1971)
 * Halloween (1972)
 * Enemies (1972)
 * Follies (1985) (Lincoln Center)
 * Barbara Cook: Wait Till You See Her (1986)
 * Barbara Cook: A Concert for the Theater (1987)
 * Carrie (1988)
 * The King and I (1996)
 * Mostly Sondheim (2002)
 * Something Good: A Broadway Salute to Richard Rodgers on His 100th Birthday (2002)
 * Barbara Cook's Broadway (2004)
 * Sondheim on Sondheim (2010)

Television

 * Armstrong Circle Theatre (S2, Epd 24), ("Mr. Bemiss Takes a Trip"), NBC (broadcast February 26, 1952
 * Golden Windows (NBC soap opera, 1954)
 * Ed Sullivan Show (A Salute to Rodgers & Hammerstein)(Cook sings "Many A New Day" from OKLAHOMA!) broadcast March 27, 1955)
 * Babes in Toyland, TV special NBC, broadcast December 24, 1955
 * Bloomer Girl (selections) (Producers' Showcase, NBC, broadcast May 28, 1956) with Keith Andes, James Mitchell
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1957) (Season 2 Episode 38: "A Little Sleep") as Barbie Hallem (with Vic Morrow)
 * The Yeomen of the Guard (broadcast April 10, 1957) with Alfred Drake
 * Hansel and Gretel (NBC Special, broadcast April 27, 1958) with Red Buttons, Hans Conreid, Sondra Lee
 * The Bell Telephone Hour ("The Music Man" excerpts), NBC (broadcast February 26, 1960; one of the earliest TV productions shot in color)
 * The Bell Telephone Hour ("A Salute to Vienna", with Alfred Drake), NBC (broadcast March 16, 1962)
 * The Bell Telephone Hour ("The American Girl", with Robert Goulet), NBC (broadcast March 2, 1965)
 * The Bell Telephone Hour ("A Salute to Veterans' Day", with Anita Gillette), NBC (broadcast November 7, 1965)
 * The Mike Douglas Entertainment Hour ("A Salute to Broadway") with John Raitt, February 1981
 * The Dick Cavett Show, guest, 1982
 * The Jonathan Schwartz Show, guest with Wally Harper, 1984
 * 41st Tony Awards Show, 1987, "A Salute to Robert Preston" (Cook sings "'Til There was You"), CBS, June 7, 1987
 * Carrie the Musical (Stratford Production), Opening Night, 1988
 * Boston Pops, PBS, 1989
 * MAC Awards Show, 1994, (Cook sings "Ship in a Bottle")
 * Theater Talk, guest (local New York show with Michael Riedel and Susan Haskins) broadcast June 11, 1997
 * Theater Talk, guest (discusses "The Music Man"), (local New York show) broadcast April 21, 2000
 * 60 Minutes, Interviewed by Mike Wallace, CBS, December 2001
 * Master Cabaret Performance Class on Irving Berlin,with students from various Manhattan schools; conducted at and by the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Library, February 21, 2006
 * 34th Annual Kennedy Center Honors, 2011, "Tribute to Barbara Cook", CBS, December 27, 2011

Video

 * Barbara Cook sings from The Music Man (1957 production)
 * Barbara Cook sings from She Loves Me (2007 concert)

title: Barbara Cook


text: Category:Governors-General of South Africa


text:
HMS A3

HMS A3 was an A-class submarine (1903) submarine built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. She sank in 1912. The wreck is a Protected Wreck managed by Historic England.

Design and description
A3 was a member of the first British class of submarines, although slightly larger, faster and more heavily armed than the lead ship, HMS A1. The submarine had a length of 105 ft overall, a beam of 12 ft and a mean draft of 10 ft. They displaced 190 LT on the surface and 206 LT submerged. The A-class submarines had a crew of 2 officers and 9 ratings.

For surface running, the boats were powered by a single 16-cylinder 450 bhp Wolseley petrol engine that drove one propeller shaft. When submerged the propeller was driven by a 150 hp electric motor. They could reach 10 kn on the surface and 7 kn underwater. On the surface, A3 had a range of 320 nmi at 10 kn; the boat had a range of 30 nmi at 5 kn submerged.

The boats were armed with two 18-inch (45 cm) torpedo tubes in the bow. They could carry a pair of reload torpedoes, but generally did not as doing so that they had to compensate for their weight by an equivalent weight of fuel.

Construction and career
A3 was laid down by Vickers, Sons & Maxim as Yard No.295 at Barrow-in-Furness on 6 November 1902 and was launched on 9 May 1903. She was commissioned on 13 July 1904. She primarily served as a coastal defense and training submarine in her over seven years of service.

On 2 February 1912, A3, along with several other submarines dispatched from the port of Gosport, conducted training exercises on target ships in the Solent. Whilst attacking the depot ship HMS Hazard (1894), the semi-submerged A3 accidentally collided with its target 2 nmi southwest of the East Princessa Buoy in the eastern Solent. Its rudder and propeller were both disabled, and the holed submarine sank immediately with all 14 hands lost. The King sent his immediate condolences to the families of the lost seamen.

The submarine was raised from the bottom on 11 March and was brought into the south lock of Portsmouth dockyard the following day, slung below a salvage lighter; the lock was pumped dry so that the 14 bodies could be recovered and the damages surveyed.

After being towed from Portsmouth to Portland Naval Dockyard, the wreck was towed offshore into Weymouth Bay and, after some technical experiments on the hull, it was sunk as a gunnery target by shells from HMS St. Vincent (1908) on 17 May 1912. In July 2016 the wreck of A3 was officially designated as a protected site.

title: HMS A3


text:
East Londonderry (UK Parliament constituency)

East Londonderry (also known as East Derry)  is a constituency in Northern Ireland represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. Its current Member of Parliament (MP) has been Gregory Campbell of the DUP since 2001.

Constituency profile
This is a mostly rural constituency stretching from the hill country of the Sperrin Mountains in the south to the Atlantic coast in the north; and from the suburbs of Derry city in the west to the River Bann in the east. The constituency's two main towns are Limavady and Coleraine; other urban areas include the upland town of Dungiven; and the coastal resorts of Portstewart and Portrush (the latter in fact lies in Country Antrim).

Boundaries
The seat was created in boundary changes in 1983, as part of an expansion of Northern Ireland's constituencies from 12 to 17, and was predominantly made up from the old Londonderry constituency, minus the area around the city of Derry/Londonderry itself which formed the new Foyle constituency.

From further revisions in 1995 (when it lost parts of the district of Magherafelt to the Mid Ulster constituency), and until the 2008 revision, it covered exactly the same area as the districts of Coleraine and Limavady. The inclusion of all of Coleraine Borough means that part of the East Londonderry constituency is actually in County Antrim.

For the 2010 general election the East Londonderry constituency was formed by the following local government areas, as confirmed by the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Constituencies Order.
 * The entire local government districts of Limavady and Coleraine.
 * Banagher, and Claudy, from the Londonderry district.

Prior to the 2024 general election, the following additions were made to the East Londonderry constituency:

 * The entire ward of Eglinton is transferred from Foyle.
 * The entire ward of Claudy, which was split between Foyle and East Londonderry, is assigned to East Londonderry.

History
The constituency has a Unionist majority although, in many elections, nationalists have polled close to 35% of the vote, and the middle-of-the-road Alliance Party sometimes above 10%. The main interest in elections has been the contest between the Ulster Unionist Party and the Democratic Unionist Party. The UUP were normally ahead of the DUP until the 2001 general election, when the DUP finally overtook them.

The 2001 election was seen at a province-wide level as a battle over the Belfast Agreement, with the DUP opposed to it and most of the UUP in favour. However, that situation was seemingly reversed in East Londonderry, in which the sitting Ulster Unionist MP, William Ross, was completely opposed to all involvement with the Agreement and its institutions, whilst the DUP candidate, Gregory Campbell, was a minister in the executive set up by the agreement. Many commentators joked that the DUP's gain meant that East Londonderry now had a more pro-agreement MP than before.

For the history of the equivalent constituency prior to 1983, see Londonderry.

In the 2016 EU referendum 21,098 people in the constituency voted to remain in the European Union, 19,455 voted to leave, and 10 votes were rejected.

Members of Parliament
The Member of Parliament since the 2001 general election is Gregory Campbell of the Democratic Unionist Party. In that election he defeated William Ross of the Ulster Unionist Party who had represented East Londonderry since 1983 and its predecessor seat of Londonderry between 1974 and 1983.

Elections in the 1990s
1997 changes are compared to the notional figures from 1992.

Demographics
On Census day 2021 there were 103,285 people living in the East Londonderry parliamentary constituency. Of these:

 * 42.5% (43,869) belong to or were brought up in the Catholic Christian faith and 48.7% (50,342) belong to or were brought up in various 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' denominations. 0.8% (871) belong to other religions and 7.9% (8,203) had no religious background.
 * 36.6% (37,829) indicated that they had a British only identity, 22.9% (23,639) had an Irish only identity and 23.3% (24,083) had a Northern Irish only identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity).


text:
Jobsworth

A jobsworth is a person who uses the (typically small) authority of their job in a deliberately uncooperative way, or who seemingly delights in acting in an obstructive or unhelpful manner. It characterises one who upholds petty rules even at the expense of effectiveness or efficiency. Related concepts include malicious compliance, passive-aggressive behavior, and micromanagement, which can impair progress through excessive focus on details and obsessive control over those one has authority over.

Origin
"Jobsworth" is a British colloquialism derived from the notion that something being asked of one in a work environment is too great to risk their job over, as in, "I can't do that; it's more than my job's worth."

The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "A person in authority (esp. a minor official) who insists on adhering to rules and regulations or bureaucratic procedures even at the expense of common sense." Jonathon Green similarly defines "jobsworth" as "a minor factotum whose only status comes from enforcing otherwise petty regulations". It is a form of passive aggressive obstructionism, using the letter of the law as a weapon to impair progress or prevent change.

Examples
An example of the phrase in its original context can be found in the 1965 Beatles movie Help!, when Roy Kinnear's character, the assistant scientist Algernon, exclaims, "Well it's more than my job's worth to stop him when he's like this; he's out to rule the world...if he can get a government grant."

An example of the term in its fully formed metaphorical use was by UK folk-singer Jeremy Taylor in a song he wrote in the late 1960s:

Usage
The term became widespread in vernacular English through its use in the popular 1970s BBC television programme That's Life!, which featured Esther Rantzen covering various human interest and consumer topics. A "Jobsworth of the Week" commissionaire's hat was awarded each week to "a startling tale of going by the book".

The term is in use, particularly in the UK, to characterise inflexible employees, petty rule-following and excessive administration, and is generally used in a pejorative context.

The slang expression "Little Hitler" is also used with a similar meaning.

title: Jobsworth


text:
Talk:List of Assyrian kings

Ghost kings
Matatat Erishu (III) & Shamshi-Adad (II) seem reduplicated in the Old Assyrian list

 * And there are also two kings Erishum I (1939-1900 and 1906-1867). These problems apparently arise because data from different and mutually exclusive chronologies have been combined. I will make some changes to make the chronology more consistent. - Hans van Deukeren 14:36, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Regrettably there remains a break in the chronology because apparently the dates given for the reigns before Erishum III (ca. 1570 BC) are still "traditional" (based on King List A instead of B and C, contrary to was is said in the Introduction?), thus leading to a chronological jump of 18 or 19 years in the 16th century BC. I do not know of an elegant solution to this problem, so in the list I simply give both Erishum III datings with a minimal explanation.
 * Another problem is the date given for Ushpia (ca. 2020 BC). This date leaves no room for the ten generation dynasty of "kings who were forefathers" between him and Sulili and Kikkia (ca. 2000 BC)? - Hans van Deukeren 16:17, 8 October 2006 (UTC); and Hans van Deukeren 17:01, 8 October 2006 (UTC).

Psalmanazar
Which .Shalmaneser gave name to George Psalmanazar?

Old-Assyrian chronology?
I’m little bit surprised with the middle Assyrian dates. According to my own research there is none available. The source for some Assyrian kings given is Who's Who in the Ancient Near East, by Gwendolyn Leick. The source Leick used was Grayson – Assyrian inscriptions from 1972. According to chronology used in this book there are no available dates between Mut-Ashkur and Enlil-nasir II. We should not forget that there is very little archeologic material from this time. What often is availble is an amount of years the kings reigned according to later kinglists. Veenhof recently published an article(K. Veenhof, Akkadica 119-120, p. 137-150) giving the new dates for old-Assyrian kings from Erishum I to Shamshi-Adad I. I suggest the following here: Either someone provide a good source for those old Assyrian kings or we delete the years of the Assyrian kings between Shamshi-Adad I and Enlil-nasir II and we replace them with the years given to them by later traditions. We also change the dates from the first old Assyrian to the chronology according to Veenhof. Opinions? Djaser 17:03, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Very confusing indeed.
 * Erishum I
 * 1939-1900, or c.1906-1867 []
 * 1906 - 1867
 * 1934-1900.
 * 2022-2004
 * 1940-1910
 * 1906 - 1867 - Cambridge ancient history By Cambridge University Press -
 * Dont know what to do. Chaldean 19:20, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

There seem to be a high, a middle, and a low chronology. We should have all tree of them. The thing is that I need to find a complete table with all the concerning dates, I hope that I soon will the time to do so. There are really a lot dates missing from the Middle Assyrian period on the contrary what this article means, I will delete the concerning dates soon. Djaser 13:43, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Hey people, I hope you don't mind but I am going to use this source: and fill in any blanks or any specualtions. Tourskin 23:49, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Name and years
Would there be any objection to renaming this page the List of Assyrian kings, for consistancy, as this is a list.

I'd also like to de-link the years, add notes from the short chronology timeline, and use short chronology throughout (since we have a good central source for this now).

Let me know if this is ok. Twofistedcoffeedrinker (talk) 02:27, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Dating
What the text says we are doing and what the list actually does are completely different now, due to changes made for no apparent reason by an anon. Very irritating. 71.185.1.79 (talk) 05:22, 4 April 2014 (UTC)

Ruler titles
Why do you call all of the Assyrian rulers "King". They where not Kings, nether King title existed at their time. Their title was "Tsar", "Sar", as almost every one of them has the suffix at the end of their name or prefix: Ashurbanipal (A - Sur (Sar, Tsar) - Bani - Apal; Shalmaneser (Shal aman e Sar (Tsar). The change happened with Greek and Latin writers. Same is with Babylonian and Persian Tsars: Nebopolasar Nabu - Apal - Sar (Tsar), which even in slavic languages means something (excuse me if in your language means nothing) but Nebo - Pola - Sar means Ruler of the half sky in my language. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.122.163.182 (talk) 17:17, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

The Babylonian and Assyrian word for "king" is actually Sharu, but we call them "king" because that is the translation of "sharu" in English. In fact, several of the earlier Assyrian kings did not take that title but ensi or lugal, but we still use the English term, king. Philip Mexico (talk) 17:23, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

You are right, "sharu", from "sar", a slavic word for ruler. My question is why you don't mention it anywhere? In the Middle Ages the title Tsar influeted some of the European languages, speaking about that, the English title Ser is derivied from Tsar or Sar. The late Persian Empire rulers titeled them self "Shah" which is also derivied from Tsar or Sar. As well as the game Ches which we took from Persia. Sooner you accept this the less damage it will cause to you and your pathetic science of negating everything what comes from the East Europe and Middle East and especially the Slacics. Am I sinfull if I say that Lesander the great in my language means something, and means nothing in any other language? What Lesander means in Greek? Nothing. But on my language it means "gift of the woods". "Les" is wood, "dar" is gift. Not to mention Darius the great which on my language means "generous one". Other then that, can any of your pathetic scientists can explain me why I can read Snaskrit as it is my native language? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.122.163.182 (talk) 17:35, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

 * We cannot say Assyrian Sharu comes from Slavic Tsar for the same reason that no reliable sources we could cite say this. Not much we can do without those.  Anyway, what they do say is that Tsar is from the Latin name Caesar. Philip Mexico (talk) 18:17, 22 September 2015 (UTC)
 * There is no Latin word Casar. Julius took the title "Ka" from Egypt trough his wife Cleopatra, and took "Sar" title from Dardania (he told that he was proud of his Dardanian origins), and he combined those 2 titles into "Ka e Sar", Kaesar or Caesar (because latins didnt had K letter, which means Ka and Sar, (and is larin e). You got it all wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.122.163.182 (talk) 18:40, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

 * If there is no documented source for such a derivation, you are the first person ever to premiere such an idea and it is therefore not allowed here as "original research" (please read that policy). Philip Mexico (talk) 19:01, 22 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm not expecting you to change things here because I know it is impossible, nether I wanted you to do so. Because, it is not time yet. The common History is written by the German semi-amateurs 200 years ago, everyone know that. Also everyone knows that History will be reconstructed, and American Scientists begin to do that, because they found out that what we have as a convencional history is contradictous. But the time will come, and then I will return here and ask you some things. I don't judge you because you only write what someone else said is true and he/she has a huge title above his head, and everything he/she says is by default true.

 * Oh really? Well, whenever you can show us anything like your source for any of the above, then it will become clear that you are not just making this nonsense up yourself. Philip Mexico (talk) 19:53, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of Assyrian kings. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080827192547/http://sshi.stanford.edu/Conferences/2000-2001/empires2/bedford.pdf to http://sshi.stanford.edu/Conferences/2000-2001/empires2/bedford.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:57, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Assyrian kings


text:
Shalmaneser

Shalmaneser (Salmānu-ašarēd) was the name of five kings of Assyria:

 * Shalmaneser I ((r. undefined – undefined)c. 1274–1245 BC)
 * Shalmaneser II ((r. undefined – undefined)1030–1019 BC)
 * Shalmaneser III ((r. undefined – undefined)859–824 BC)
 * Shalmaneser IV ((r. undefined – undefined)783–773 BC)
 * Shalmaneser V ((r. undefined – undefined)727–722 BC), who appears in the Bible as the conqueror of the Kingdom of Israel

It may also refer to:

 * Shalmaneser, an artificial intelligence in John Brunner's 1968 novel Stand on Zanzibar
 * Salmanazar, a wine bottle size measuring 9 litres
 * George Psalmanazar (c. 1679–1763), a Frenchman who posed as a Formosan immigrant

title: Shalmaneser


text:
Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission

The Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission is a non-departmental public body of the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office that awards scholarships and fellowships to American students for postgraduate and postdoctoral study and research at UK universities.

History
The commission was established by the Marshall Aid Commemoration Act 1953 (1 & 2 Eliz. 2. c. 39) of the UK Parliament, in recognition of the Marshall Plan, which had provided economic support to Western Europe (including the UK) in the aftermath of the Second World War. The principal architect of the scheme was Sir Roger Makins (1904-1996), a Deputy Under Secretary in the Foreign Office. Soon after the bill was passed by parliament Makins was appointed British Ambassador to the United States. He was subsequently ennobled as Baron Sherfield.

The commission has up to ten members, who are appointed by the British Government. The first chairman was Sir Oliver Franks (1905-1992), who had been British Ambassador to the US while the Marshall Plan was in operation. The work of the commission is administered by the Association of Commonwealth Universities.

Twelve Marshall scholarships were awarded in the first year. The number of awards increased over the years with forty new awards made in 2017. Since 1954, approximately 1,800 Marshall Scholarships have been awarded.

Marshall Sherfield Fellowships were established in 1997 for postdoctoral research. The fellowships are named after Lord Sherfield, who as Sir Roger Makins was the architect of the commission.

Total expenditure in the year to March 2016 was £2,157,267, of which 93% was funded by the UK government. Some scholarships were jointly funded from other sources.

Marshall Scholarships
Marshall Scholarships are for postgraduate study by US students at UK universities. Candidates are nominated by US universities and are interviewed by eight regional committees in the US, based at the British Consulates-General and at the British Embassy in Washington DC.

The scholarships can cover courses of study from one or two years, extendable to three years. They pay university fees, a living allowance and travel from and to the US. Additional allowances are available for books and for research travel.

Marshall Sherfield Fellowships
Marshall Sherfield Fellowships support up to two American postdoctoral researchers to study at a UK university or research institute.

Marshall Medals
Marshall Medals are awarded every ten years by the commission, "to people of outstanding achievement whose contribution to British-American understanding, distinguished role in public life, or creative energy, reflect the legacy of George C Marshall."

Commissioners

 * Christopher Fisher (Chair)
 * Janet Legrand (Deputy Chair)
 * Alan Bookbinder
 * Professor Brian Cantor
 * Suzanne McCarthy
 * Professor Simon Newman
 * Barbara Ridpath
 * Xenia Wickett
 * Lord Wood of Anfield

title: Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission


text:
User:Rmathew

Ranjit Mathew (http://rmathew.com/)

title: User:Rmathew