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James Burke (gangster)

James Burke (July 5, 1931 – April 13, 1996), also known as "Jimmy the Gent", was an American gangster and Lucchese crime family associate who is believed to have organized the 1978 Lufthansa heist, the largest cash robbery in American history at the time. He was believed to be responsible for the deaths of those involved in the months after the robbery.

Following the testimony of Henry Hill, Burke was convicted in 1982, of conspiracy charges related to his involvement in the 1978–79 Boston College basketball point-shaving scandal, and sentenced to 12 years in prison. While in prison, he was convicted of murder and sentenced to another 20 years. He died of cancer at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York, eight years before he would have been eligible for parole.

Burke inspired the character Jimmy "The Gent" Conway, one of the main characters of the 1990 film Goodfellas, played by Robert De Niro.

Early life
At the age of two, Burke was placed in a foster home and was exposed to violence and sexual abuse while in the care of dozens of foster parents. At the age of 13, an altercation with his foster parents while riding in a car resulted in a crash and the death of his foster father.

In 1962, Burke married his girlfriend Mickey but discovered that she was being bothered by an ex-boyfriend. On their wedding day, police found the ex-boyfriend's remains, in over a dozen pieces, strewn around the inside of his car. He is the father of Lufthansa heist aide Frank James Burke (who was murdered in 1987), Jesse James Burke, and Catherine Burke (who married Bonanno crime family member Anthony Indelicato).

Criminal activities
As Burke was of Irish descent, he was ineligible to become a "made man" in the Italian-American Mafia, so he was limited to being an associate under capo Paul Vario. During the 1950s, Burke was involved with various illegal activities, such as distributing untaxed cigarettes and liquor. Burke became a mentor to Thomas DeSimone, Henry Hill, and Angelo Sepe, during the 1960s. Burke owned the South Ozone Park, Queens tavern Robert's Lounge.

In November 1972, Burke and Hill were arrested for beating Gaspar Ciaccio in Tampa, Florida. Ciaccio allegedly owed a large gambling debt to their friend, union boss Casey Rosado. They were charged with extortion, convicted, and sentenced to 10 years in the United States Penitentiary in Lewisburg. Burke was paroled after six years and resumed his criminal career, as did Hill, who was released two years prior. Both Hill and Burke began trafficking illegal narcotics, despite a ban by the Lucchese family, who feared their associates becoming informants in exchange for a lesser sentence, which is exactly what Hill did in 1980.

Murder of William "Billy Batts" Bentvena
In the book Wiseguy, Henry Hill said that after William "Billy Batts" Bentvena was released from prison in 1970, they threw a "welcome home" party for Bentvena at Robert's Lounge, which was owned by Burke. Hill stated that Bentvena saw Tommy DeSimone and jokingly asked him if he still shined shoes and DeSimone perceived it as an insult. DeSimone leaned over to Hill and Burke and said "I'm gonna kill that fuck." Two weeks later, on June 11, 1970, Bentvena was at The Suite, a nightclub owned by Hill. Late in the night, with the bar club nearly empty, DeSimone pistol-whipped Bentvena. Hill said that before DeSimone started to beat Bentvena, DeSimone yelled, "Shine these fucking shoes!"

After Bentvena was beaten and presumed killed, DeSimone, Burke, and Hill placed his body in the trunk of Hill's car for transport. They stopped at DeSimone's mother's house to get a shovel and lime. They started to hear sounds from the trunk, and when they realized that Bentvena was still alive, DeSimone and Burke stopped the car and beat him to death with the shovel and a tire iron. Burke had a friend who owned a dog kennel in Upstate New York, and Bentvena was buried there.

About three months after Bentvena's murder, Burke's friend sold the dog kennel to housing developers, and Burke ordered Hill and DeSimone to exhume Bentvena's corpse and dispose of it elsewhere. In Wiseguy, Hill said the body was eventually crushed in a mechanical compactor at a New Jersey junkyard, which was owned by Clyde Brooks. However, on the commentary for the film Goodfellas, he states that Bentvena's body was buried in the basement of Robert's Lounge, a bar and restaurant owned by Burke, and only later was put into the car crusher.

Lufthansa heist
The Lufthansa heist was planned by Burke and carried out by several associates. The plot began when bookmaker Martin Krugman told Burke's associate Henry Hill that Lufthansa flew in currency to its cargo terminal at John F. Kennedy International Airport. The information had originally come from Louis Werner, a worker at the airport who owed Krugman $20,000 for gambling debts and from his co-worker Peter Gruenwald.

Burke decided on Tommy DeSimone, Angelo Sepe, Louis Cafora, Joe Manri, Paolo LiCastri and Robert McMahon as the robbers. Burke's son Frank would drive one of the backup vehicles and Parnell "Stacks" Edwards's job was to dispose of the van afterwards. Depending on their role in the robbery, each participant was to receive $10,000 to $50,000. However, those amounts were based on the estimated haul, which was only $2 million compared to the actual take of $5.875 million. Werner was to receive a flat 10% of the take.

On December 11, 1978, an estimated $5.875 million (equivalent to $ million in ) was stolen, with $5 million in cash and $875,000 in jewelry, making it the largest cash robbery committed on American soil at the time.

Burke is also alleged to have either committed or ordered the murders of many of the robbers to avoid being implicated in the heist. The first was Edwards, on December 18, after he failed to get rid of the robbery van. Burke was never implicated or charged in the robbery, and the stolen cash and jewelry were never recovered.

Boston College point shaving scandal
In 1980, Burke was arrested for a parole violation. In 1982, Burke was convicted of conspiracy and sentenced to 12 years in prison for his involvement with the 1978–79 Boston College basketball point-shaving scandal, based primarily on the testimony of former mob associate Henry Hill. Hill's testimony in federal court resulted in a total of fifty convictions in this and other cases, including those of Burke and their boss, capo Paul Vario. While Burke was serving that sentence, he was charged with the 1979 murder of drug dealer Richard Eaton. He was convicted at a trial in which Hill testified and was sentenced in 1985 to a further 20 years in prison.

Burke's son Frank James Burke, a cocaine dealer and associate in the Gambino crime family, was shot dead at the age of 26 by another drug dealer, Tito Ortiz, after arguing with two men outside the Suncrest Tavern on Liberty Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn on May 18, 1987.

Death
Burke was serving his sentence in Wende Correctional Facility in Alden, New York, when he developed cancer. He died on April 13, 1996, while being treated at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center in Buffalo, New York. Had he lived, he would have been eligible for parole on March 11, 2004. Burke was buried at Saint Charles Cemetery in East Farmingdale, New York.

Aftermath
James Burke was portrayed by Robert De Niro in the 1990 Martin Scorsese film Goodfellas, renamed Jimmy Conway.

Burke was played by John Mahoney in the 1991 television film The 10 Million Dollar Getaway, which details the events of the Lufthansa Heist. Donald Sutherland also portrayed Burke for the 2001 television film The Big Heist.

In 2013, possible human remains were unearthed by the FBI and NYPD organized crime investigators at his former home.

In October 2014, Burke's involvement in the Boston College Point Shaving Scandal was discussed in the ESPN 30 for 30 episode "Playing for the Mob." Ray Liotta, who played Henry Hill in Goodfellas, is the narrator of the documentary.

title: James Burke (gangster)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lawrence M. Krauss

Lawrence M. Krauss was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

Non-notable person, ludicrous article. RickK 22:12, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Comment. Well, he wrote 'The Physics of Star Trek', quite a popular and famous book. Not sure if he's done anything else notable, but perhaps with a major overhaul, this article could be acceptable. Darksun 22:19, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * He's written about a dozen books, he's the chair of a major physics department, he's been a science writer & commentator in the mass media for about ten years, and he's coauthored over 200 papers (checked his uni's webpage). The article needs a lot of work, but he's notable- Keep. -FZ 22:40, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, a poor stub but a notable person. - SimonP 00:47, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Clean up, clean up, clean up on aisle 5! Keep it only, and I mean only, if it's cleaned.  The guy is a major popularizer of science.  He has been a happy radio contributor and a spokesman, and it's better by far to have nothing at all that to have this.  If it's not expanded after clean up, I think we're better off deleting and waiting for a new article. Geogre 01:03, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd lay money on this article appearing due to Scientific American running a Q&A with him in the August 2004 issue. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:18, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Even more so now that I checked the page history where it's explicitly stated :) -- Cyrius|✎ 01:18, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I did some work on it, it's (hopefully) looking a little better now. Could still do with cleaning up, and expanding if possible. But should be a keep now. Darksun 08:21, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Palapala 09:24, 2004 Aug 4 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable based on books and the work as a popularizer of science (possibly notable on other aspects as well, but those are enough). Andris 09:30, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, a good clean-up job. - TB
 * Keep, I guess. But I wonder exactly what "several best-selling books" means?  More than 2?  More than 3?  Why not give the exact number?  Looking at the list of books he's written, I can't believe that any of them except the two Star Trek books could possibly have been bestsellers.  And in any case, who says even those two were bestsellers? Hayford Peirce 03:35, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Is the above discussion implying that an article about a person be kept or deleted on Wikipedia because a few people don't think that person to be notable? Whose definition of notable are we supposed to consider? What if that person is very well re-knowned in a part of the world that the active wikipedians are not connected with? If an article has enough depth in it and transfers information that is with a NPOV, then by all means it must be kept. I'd say Keep! - Vohiyaar 19:55, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and remove from the VFD page. Since the cleanup I think it is clear that the article is acceptable. Manning 22:48, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Imperial (automobile)

Early 2004 article discussion (resolved)
The name had been in the line since the '30s, so I assume those will be in the Chrysler Imperial article which doesn't exist yet, along with 80's & 90's revivals.

For the late 50's, I think any reference to these cars ought to note the famous "Forward Look" slogan.

The '67 redesign was more significant than noted here. It was the first total re-do since '57--note that all '57-'66 Imperials use exactly the same wraparound windshield. Chrysler spent a lot of money on this generation, which would prove to be the last that had its own body. Sales were still poor, and cost savings caused the high degree of commonality seen between the Imp and the other Chryslers beginning in '69.

The extreme tuck-in at top and bottom of the fuselage cars was called tumblehome. May or may not be worth mentioning. Also, I'm afraid it's misleading to say that the mod-top patterned vinyl was available. According to this page, briefly some was overprinted and reused, but it wasn't a real option and was never supposed to be visible to the owner. Here's a bit of trivia of the kind that gladdens my heart--for '70, inexplicably, the fender skirts vanished, only for that one year.

For the last generation, I think this overstates the effect of the gas crisis. Gas was back down by '75, and big car sales recovered nicely. It probably ought to be noted that the exact same car was continued under the New Yorker name for three more years, and sold quite well after a price cut of $3,000 or so. The Imperial's problem seemed to be a mismatch between the price and the perceived value of the car. RivGuySC 22:14, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Added most of these points; do you think that works?

 * As far as I can tell, the 81-83 cars were actually also Imperials (again, Chrysler was not mentioned in their marketing) and I need to write a section on that car. I'm not sure if it should be here or in its own article, though.  Maybe in its own article; the 55-75 arc of Imperial as its own marque makes a better story on its own without that addendum.

 * Seperating this and Chrysler Imperial out is IMO justifiable on the grounds that the combined article would be just too big. Besides, the first Exner cars of '55 are a beautiful place to start a new article.

 * There are also the 90-93 Chrysler Imperials to consider, and I suspect they should be largely dealt with in their own article too. —Morven 08:11, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think that looks good. There's a terrific example of the last Imperial on ebay currently, and I've written to see if we could use the pictures.  Doesn't hurt to ask.

 * BTW--is seperate a Briticism or a typo? RivGuySC 23:40, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure, but feel free to correct it. —Morven 08:00, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)

"Fair Use" ???
I uploaded the 1981 Imperial pic. It is copyrighted by Chrysler Corporation. If I need to add additional info, please let me know. I am "testing the waters" here on this "fair use" thing. If I am wrong, then so be it. Otherwise, I need to understand right from wrong on this issue. Help is appreciated.UPDATE: Returned image to article. Placed "copyright tag" with photo. If this is not sufficient reasoning for retaining the photo on Wiki then image will probably be deleted by Admin.MJEH (talk) 00:41, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Wonderful!
My compliments to all who have contributed to this artcle. Very nice! user: stude62 user talk:stude62 18:12, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I pass on any praise to my sources, particularly the Imperial club, who have put such a wealth of information at our fingertips. —Morven 18:19, Jan 23, 2005 (UTC)

Imperials 1955 and newer to be split off from 'Chrylser Imperial' page and moved to this page ('Imperial') page
It has been suggested for a while now to merge the two separate Wikipedia articles. However, in order to keep the distinction between the Imperial marque and Chrysler Imperial, I plan in the near future on moving all infortmation and subsections dealing with 1955 and newer Imperials from the 'Chrysler Imperial' page to the 'Imperial' page. Within the 'Chrysler Imperial' page I will leave a clear marker to direct the reader to the 'Imperial' page for 1955 and newer models. Comments? Rockford1963 17:54, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Migration of information done Rockford1963 13:46, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Looks like we were doing this at the same time. Agree completely. Fallout11 14:15, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Nice work, Rockford1963. Thank you for the contributions. Fallout11 13:47, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

1981-83: Chryslers or Imperials?
The 1981-83 Imperials were indeed Chryslers according to Standard Catalog of American Cars 1975-99. Period Car and Driver and Road and Track reviews say so, as well.

Saying that the Imperial wasn't a Chrysler because the Chrysler brand name wasn't mentioned in advertizing is like saying the Oldsmobile Aurora wasn't an Olds because the Oldsmobile name wasn't feature initially in advertizing.

The Chrysler brand name WAS, however, mentioned in 1971-75 Imperial advertizing, as well as on the cars themselves, with their "Imperial by Chrysler" monikers.

The 1981-83 section should be added to the "Chrysler Imperial" section. Rhettro76 00:01, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

DONE, obviously it was a Chrysler, if you don't believe simply look on this beautiful pentastar crystal hood ornament… Shaman (talk) 19:53, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Points above taken, however I do believe that the 81-83 models were still separated from regular Chrysler products in a meaningful way.  This may be a gray zone with no definitive answer.Rockford1963 (talk) 08:07, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

I believe this article should be merged back into Chrysler Imperial as it always was Chrysler, there wasn't never 'Imperial Corporation', it was always sold in Chrysler dealerships, and this makes only things complicated to find specific model. Second, there (at Chrysler Imperial) should be only an overview of the consequent generations, like it's been done here: Mercedes-Benz SL-Class with links to articles about each generation. Shaman (talk) 18:33, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Please put some more careful thought into your preference and think about its flaws. There is (or was) no Dodge Corporation or Plymouth Corporation or DeSoto Corporation or Jeep Corporation or Eagle Corporation or MoPar Corporation, yet we have articles for Dodge, for Jeep, for Plymouth, for Eagle, for DeSoto, and for Mopar. It's because each of these—like Imperial in some year ranges—is a marque. In other year ranges, Imperial was a model name under the Chrysler marque. It is reasonable and appropriate that the Imperial be treated separately from the Chrysler Imperial, for they are not the same car. Of course you can propose a merger such as you have in mind, but you're likely to get shot down for the simple, reality-based reasons I've provided here. —Scheinwerfermann T·C 03:05, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Merger would be easy, providing that the title of the page would state: "Imperial and Chrysler Imperial automobiles". When it comes to the 1981-1983 as I wrote before I still believe that it is a Chrysler - firstly because of aforementioned pentastar on the hood and because it was meant to be a flaghip of "The New Chrysler Corporation" (you see this sentence in every 1981-1983 Chrysler Imperial brochure), so obviously they wanted it to be bound to the Chrysler rather than separate brand which wouldn't help them to raise prestige of Chrysler after bancrupcy. SHAMAN 19:48, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

 * You're entitled to hold whatever beliefs you wish, but your beliefs are not an adequate basis for textual changes; we work by consensus here. When you make unilateral changes based on what you think you understand of what you think you know, others will come along and revert your changes and guide you to the talk page. Here is where you make your arguments and present your case—including whatever reliable support you feel makes your claims verifiable. If consensus is attained to shift the article text to align with your preferences, that's what happens. If no such consensus is attained, the text stays as is. Your argument so far evinces a lack of knowledge, awareness, and understanding not only of how Wikipedia works, but also of the history of the cars covered by this present article. The Pentastar on the hood does not constitute evidence of anything; remember, plenty of Dodges and Plymouths bore Pentastar logos—that did not make them Chryslers. Likewise, your assumptions and guesses about what might have motivated Chrysler Corporation to market the cars as they did are pure conjecture, which is not even remotely adequate basis for supporting a textual change. You'll simply have to do better than that, in accord with Wikipedia core policies, or drop the argument. In the meantime, I've moved the relevant text back to this article and copyedited it for grammar, syntax, spelling, and to remove opinion and personal essay. —Scheinwerfermann T·C 02:40, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Scheinwerfermann, You don't have solid arguments to keep this section at Imperial (automobile) neither.

I improved this section vastly by adding proper infobox, finding engine details etc. Earlier version was horribly biased - there were some personal opinions about how it looks, as well as vague statements about reliability.

Instead of battling let's just improve each generation, that would be far more constructive. SHAMAN 21:18, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Chryslerimperialeaglecirca60s.jpg
Image:Chryslerimperialeaglecirca60s.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 13:28, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Generations
I named the generations with some basic data. I also reorganized and added verifiable detail to 1957-1966 Imperials, added some detail to the 1956 that recognized its superlatives, and corrected some minor errors in the Crown Imperial section.

Sadowski (talk) 18:49, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

"Green Hornet" 2011 film use depleted collector supply
I want to save this here for possible future use by one of you editors. Twenty-nine 1964-66 Imperials were purchased for the 2011 movie The Green Hornet Twenty-six were destroyed, thus making all others in collector's hands more valuable. The quote below, except for the last comment about a sequel, appeared in the Feb 2011 print version of Popular Mechanic magazine as well as online: http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/news/vintage-speed/behind-the-scenes-in-the-green-hornets-garage, which was a little longer. QUOTE FOLLOWS. 5Q5 16:40, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

"To persuade director Michel Gondry to use a '65 Imperial Crown, car coordinator Dennis McCarthy bought and modified one of the vehicles. Low to the ground, with tinted windows, green headlight covers and hot-rod wheels, it garnered Gondry's seal of approval. McCarthy then had to find 28 more '64 to '66 Imperial Crowns for the production's needs. ... By the end of production, 26 cars were wrecked; only three survived in pristine shape. "We definitely took a big chunk out of the remaining Imperials on the planet," McCarthy says. "If there's a sequel, it's going to be hard to find 25 more cars.""

- Popular Mechanics, Feb 2011, pg 22.

Mention of Lincoln Unibody
This is a touchy subject. Is unibody really an advancement for large cars? The evidence seems to be otherwise.

In any case the information concerning Lincoln was incorrect. Lincoln's first unibody car was the Zephyr in 1936. From 1949-1957 Lincolns were indeed built body on frame. But the 1958-1960 Lincolns were also unibody. And despite the cars excellent construction the general perception was that those cars were too big to benefit from such construction. So Lincoln downsized drastically in 1961. And Lincoln went back to separate body on frame construction in 1970, only three years after Imperial went to unibody.

So it's not at all clear that unibody was an improvement for Imperial. In any case, it certainly wasn't considered one for Lincoln.

Sadowski (talk) 22:43, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Recent Unibody and Separate Platform Edits
I made major revisions today reverting many of the recent changes. Much of it contained errors concerning options, body styles and trim levels. I recommend that people who volunteer to make such changes read Krause's Standard Catalog of American Cars before contemplating such changes. I also recommend that people read the entire article in order to understand the basic narrative. Sadowski (talk) 02:29, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

I keep seeing reedits in this regard. I'm trying to make my modifications as limited and respectful as possible. Again, I remind that making claims that are unsupportable should be avoided. Sadowski (talk) 02:13, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Exner vs Engel division
I never thought I would have to comment or do something about this. I'm a huge Exner AND Engel fan. The fact that the two spanned the design of one of my favorite automobile engineering triumphs, the 1957-66 Imperial, only excites me more. But I'm a little grieved at the recent turn of events on this page. I personally liked the previous labels applied to the 60-63 and 64-66 Imperials. I thought "The Iconic Years" perfectly captured the last Exner designed Imperial and that "Engel Design" captured the first of the Exner designed Imperials. I have no quarrel with the added content, as it only adds to the picture. I just hope Exner and Engel fans can overcome their apparent mistrust to appreciate the world's greatest automobile of all time, no matter who styled it.

Sadowski (talk) 02:28, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry for subsequent changes. I'm a perfectionist.

Sadowski (talk) 02:40, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Hi, Sadowski. You are making some invalid assumptions. The change I made had nothing to do with any kind of an Exner-versus-Engel rivalry or fan club grudge or preference or anything of the like. Like you, I'm a tremendous admiror of both designers' talents alike. The reason I changed the heading was because "Iconic years" is a subjective point of view based on your favourite Imperials. As such, it is not in keeping with our NPOV core policy, and it is not an encyclopædic section heading here unless you can find reliable support for those particular Imperials being generally and routinely referred to as the "iconic" ones. That kind of a subject heading would be right at home in an enthusiast report on these cars, but this is an encyclopædia. If no reliable support is forthcoming, I'm afraid "the iconic years" is going to have to go away again. —Scheinwerfermann T·C 03:08, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Very good. I appreciate your positive input. But it still seems to me that a more positive tag could be applied to this name change. If you insist on a more neutral tag you should come up with a much better one.

Sadowski (talk) 06:04, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

 * By the way, if you can come up with a better label for the 64-66 Imperials I'll be very aggreable too.

Sadowski (talk) 06:09, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

What is it about Exner's last Imperials and Engel's first Imperials that you consider sub-optimal? They are factual, free of judgement (positive or negative), concise…what would you be looking for in a "better" section heading? I do agree that the '64-'66 header ("Engel Design") is vague and insipid; have you a better suggestion? —Scheinwerfermann T·C 13:23, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I have no problem with that suggestion. Your previous suggestion was in fact "Exner's last Imperials" and "Engel Replaces Exner." This seems more poetic, and more balanced. Personally, I'll abide. Sadowski (talk) 05:39, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

 * P.S. I'd like to see Engel's design credentials more fully described to match the Exner description you have so well done. But perhaps I'll leave that to another time.

 * Oh, you're right, my 2nd suggestion wasn't the same as my first. I think the 2nd one's better, too, and have put it in. We do have a bit of a conundrum to deal with regarding "Forward Look". By convention, that term is applied to '57-'61 Mopars, even though the '62s were definitely(!) Exner's babies, and their long-hood/short-deck proportionality was in accord with one of the primary main underpinnings of Forward-Look design. The '60 Imperial surely fits with the '57-'59 cars as a Forward-Look design -- probably not much debate there. The '61 probably also does, though perhaps there'd be more to discuss on that point. But if the '61 is a Forward-Look car, then so are the '62 and the '63. This louses up the easy demarcation of the end of the Forward-Look era. I think the way we have it now with '61-'63 cars grouped as "Exner's last" is probably satisfactory, though we ought to say a few words about the phaseout of the Forward-Look design philosophy. What do you think?

 * Totally agree we ought to have more info on Engel. It's easy to talk about Exner, because it's easy to find material about Exner, because his designs were so unconventional that people talked about him a lot! Harder to find info on Engel because his designs were conventional. Very thoughtfully and masterfully so, but still…conventional. One way in which good design can manifest is by transparency: design so good that people don't see it per se. Any thoughts on where we might dig up some good material on Engel?

 * We've also got a lot of images in this article, to the extent that it's a little clogged up. We may want to think about shifting some of them to a gallery section. —Scheinwerfermann T·C 15:59, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

Were 1971-1975 Imperials actually Chrysler Imperials (again)?
I quote from the book "American Cars, 1960 to 1972": "Imperial reached the end of an era for 1971. Chrysler Corporation made the decision to demote the Imperial from an individual sales and marketing division to a model within the Chrysler division lineup. This made the 1970 models the last 'official' Imperial models. The 1971 cars were sold as Chrysler Imperials."

No, they were marketed as an Imperial. In 1971 they did away with the Imperial sales and marketing division but not the brand name.

Mhrogers (talk) 22:11, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

 * It's important to note that a make or marque or such as Imperial does not require it to have it's own manufacturing division or sales network to exist as a marque or make within a combined division. Imperials had their own make codes in the first three digits of their VINs which are legal identifiers for make of vehicle. Watchdevil (talk) 16:02, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

Crown Imperial Limousine
It's a Crown Imperial Limousine made by Ghia, which uses the same words as but is not the base series Imperial Crown. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.222.114.65 (talk) 03:47, 6 February 2017 (UTC)

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 * Chryslyer imperial all transistor car radio audio sound news clip.ogg

Chairman ref
it looks like you forgot to fill in this "Chairman" ref when you added it last year. Do you happen to remember what your source was? -- Fyrael (talk) 21:30, 21 April 2021 (UTC)

Thank you for bringing that to my attention; I'm still pretty much a novice here! Dyno Tested (talk) 23:01, 21 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imperial (automobile)


text:
Talk:Lal

Etymology fixed
An explanation of this edit: Persian Wikipedia's لعل corresponds (or links) to English Wikipedia's garnet. I found the Pashto meaning using Major H.G. Raverty's Dictionary of the Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or language of the Afghans (see here). --Kuaichik (talk) 23:46, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * so what you trying to say ? --DMulla (talk) 00:53, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * here the persian part of the Oxford press There is also a homonymous word lal in Hindi, from Persian meaning ‘ruby’, ‘red’, which may have increased the popularity of this name --DMulla (talk) 00:58, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * please consult with academic sources like the name dictionary oxford press that defines Lal and basic knowledge of the word. --DMulla (talk) 01:07, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

OK, I checked with a Persian dictionary, and I found out that "لعل" does mean "ruby" in Persian after all. But I still maintain that it does not mean "red" in Persian or Pashto, and it also means "garnet" in Persian (though apparently not in Pashto).

What I am trying to say is that "لعل" means "garnet" or "ruby" in Persian. However, it does not mean "red" in Persian. There are at least two words for "red" in Persian, but "لعل" is not one of them. If you still think it means "red" in Persian, you need reliable sources to back up that claim.

Regarding some other concerns you appear to have:

 * That source may be an authority on American family names, but it certainly does not dictate the meaning of Persian words or the etymology of Urdu words.
 * I added the "citation needed" tag to the first sentence because no sources have been provided to show that "(l)al...is derived from the Indo-Iranian word meaning ' Red '." Just because it looks like the Persian and Pashto word "لعل" doesn't mean that's necessarily where the Urdu word comes from. Furthermore, even the source you quoted says that the name "Lal" is of Sanskrit origin, not of "Indo-Iranian" origin. And finally, "Indo-Iranian" is usually used to refer to an entire language family. Which of the Indo-Iranian languages is it that has this "Indo-Iranian word meaning 'red,'" from which the article claims "Lal" was derived?
 * The language is Hindustani, not "Hindustan."
 * Lal is not even a word in Sanskrit, therefore lal cannot mean "red" in Sanskrit.
 * I see you are new to editing here. So, please refrain from personal attacks, such as this edit summary, where you assume that I am "blind."

Having said all that, thank you for your interest in this article. I assume and strongly hope that your contributions to Wikipedia will be, overall, constructive. --Kuaichik (talk) 03:22, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Perhaps your are having a hard time communicating in several areas. It was never mentioned that Lal was derived from urdu, the term Lal in urdu means red as well. It clearly states in the dictionary of names oxford press that Lal means red and ruby in persian. Further the word also appears in Pashto with the same usage and meaning. The term has more than one meaning and the script is one. (example the word 'beat' could mean a rhythm or 'beat' could mean physical beating. Understand ? --DMulla (talk) 04:39, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Yes, I understand all of that. But you're missing my point: it does not mean "red" in Persian, and that source is not an authority on the meaning of Persian words!

Understand? Now please, stop speculating about what fundamental physical/mental problems I may be having. --Kuaichik (talk) 04:51, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Oh, and another thing: it doesn't mean "red" in Pashto, either! In fact, you don't even have a source for that claim. --Kuaichik (talk) 05:34, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Another issue addressed here
This time I also replaced "Indo-Aryan" with "other South Asian." There is no such thing as an "Indo-Aryan" country; "Indo-Aryan" can be used to describe a set of languages or a migration, not a country. So, I replaced it with something that was more accurate. I think (I hope!) it still captures the original intended meaning, since the only "regions with significant populations" of speakers of Indo-Aryan languages listed in the article Indo-Aryans are all in South Asia. (In fact, they could also be described as being primarily in the Indian Subcontinent, but just in case "Lal" is also used in Afghanistan or something...!). --Kuaichik (talk) 04:07, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Lal concerns the use of "Lal" as a surname, but Lal (surname) also exists. I propose that Lal (surname) is merged into Lal by an expert. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 08:22, 11 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Support merge. This is a WP:CONTENTFORK. Narky Blert (talk) 15:54, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 18:50, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lal


text:
Eadgifu of Kent

Eadgifu of Kent (also Edgiva or Ediva; in or before 903 – in or after 966) was the third wife of Edward the Elder, King of Wessex.

Biography
Eadgifu was the daughter of Sigehelm, Ealdorman of Kent, who died at the Battle of the Holme in 902. She married Edward in about 919 and became the mother of two sons, Edmund I of England, later King Edmund I, and Eadred of England, later King Eadred, and two daughters, Saint Eadburh of Winchester and Eadgifu. She survived Edward by many years, dying in the reign of her grandson Edgar.

According to a charter issued by Eadgifu in the early 960s (S 1211), her father, Sigehelm, had given Cooling in Kent to a man called Goda as security for a loan of thirty pounds. The charter claims that Sigehelm had repaid the loan prior to departing for the Battle of the Holme, bequeathing the land to Eadgifu. Goda denied receiving payment and refused to surrender the estate, despite the decision of the witan that Eadgifu could claim it should she swear a public oath as to her father's repayment (which she did at Aylesford). Eadgifu attained possession of Cooling six years after her father's death, when her friends persuaded King Edward to intervene. Edward ultimately declared Goda's lands forfeit and gave all the charters of ownership to Eadgifu. However, she returned almost all the estates to Goda, an act which Matthew Firth argues was driven by Eadgifu's desire to avoid ongoing conflict with a powerful political rival. She did, however, retain the lands at Cooling and another estate at place called Osterland, as well as all of Goda's charters. Some time after this her marriage to Edward took place. After Edward's death, Goda asked King Æthelstan to intercede with Eadgifu, who subsequently returned the charters to Goda but retained the Cooling and Osterland estates.

She disappeared from court during the reign of her step-son, King Æthelstan, but she was prominent and influential during the reign of her two sons and attested many of their charters. In charter S 562, a grant to her by Eadred of land at Felpham in Sussex issued in 953, she is described as famula Dei, suggesting that she may have taken religious vows while continuing to live on her own estates. Given that the estate at Felpham had come into the ownership of Shaftesbury Abbey by the time of the Domesday Survey in the 1080s, Susan Kelly suggests Eadgifu may have become an associate of that house.

Following the death of her younger son Eadred in 955, she was deprived of her lands (or at least those that has been disputed with Goda) by her eldest grandson, King Eadwig. This may have been because she took the side of his younger brother, Edgar, in the succession dispute between their factions. When Edgar succeeded on Eadwig's death in 959 she recovered some lands and received generous gifts from her grandson, but she never returned to her prominent position at court. She is last appears in the historical record as a witness to charter S 745, the New Minster, Winchester refoundation charter, in 966.

She was known as a supporter of reforming churchmen and appears in the hagiographies of St Dunstan, the archbishop of Canterbury, and St Æthelwold, the bishop of Winchester. She was also a known benefactor of churches, granting the estates at Cooling and Osterland to Christ Church Canterbury once she regained them in Edgar's reign, and gifting lands to Abingdon and Ely abbeys.

title: Eadgifu of Kent


text:
Kirk Herbstreit

Kirk Edward Herbstreit (born August 19, 1969) is an American sportscaster and former college football player. He serves as an analyst for ESPN's College GameDay, a television program covering college football, and provides color commentary on college football games on ESPN and ABC and Thursday night NFL games on Prime Video. For his TV work, Herbstreit has won five Sports Emmy Awards in various categories. He appeared annually as a commentator in EA Sports' NCAA Football video game until the series was put on hiatus following NCAA Football 14.

From 1989 to 1993, Herbstreit played football as a quarterback for the Ohio State Buckeyes. He played in several games his junior season and was the starting quarterback throughout his senior season.

Playing career and subsequent activities in Ohio
Herbstreit graduated from Centerville High School in Centerville, Ohio, a suburb of Dayton. As a quarterback for the Elks, he was the Ohio Gatorade Player of the Year as a senior. He also was a standout basketball and baseball player.

Herbstreit was the first player to commit to the Ohio State Buckeyes after the hiring of John Cooper as head coach in 1988. Herbstreit was a four-year letterman as a quarterback at Ohio State University from 1989 to 1993. After waiting his turn behind Greg Frey and Kent Graham, Herbstreit finally led the team as a senior in 1992. That year, he was a co-captain (along with linebacker Steve Tovar) and voted team MVP. Herbstreit passed for 1,904 yards that season, including four 200-plus-yard games, before losing to the Georgia Bulldogs in the Florida Citrus Bowl. Herbstreit set the Ohio State record for pass completions (28) in the rivalry game against Michigan, throwing for 271 yards in a 13–13 tie in 1992. The record stood until 2006, when it was broken by Heisman Trophy winner Troy Smith. Herbstreit graduated from Ohio State in 1993 with a degree in business administration.

Herbstreit's father, Jim Herbstreit, was a co-captain (along with offensive tackle Jim Tyrer) of the 1960 Ohio State team, and later an assistant coach at Ohio State under Woody Hayes. When Herbstreit was named co-captain in 1992, the two became only the second father-and-son duo to have each been Ohio State captains. (James and Jeff Davidson were the first in 1989; Pepper and Dionte Johnson became the third in 2007.)

He also is known for a 2009 case in which he sued the IRS for changing an implied policy of allowing deductions for house donations to the fire department for training purposes.

Herbstreit is actively involved in multiple charities including the Buckeye Cruise for Cancer and The Make A Wish Foundation Ultimate Sports Auction.

He has lent his name to the Kirk Herbstreit National Kickoff Classic in Columbus, Ohio, and Arlington, Texas. According to the website, the Kickoff Classic "pits high school teams from the states of Ohio and Texas against prep football powerhouses from across the nation" over the Labor Day weekend. The games in Ohio are usually held at Ohio Stadium, while the games in Texas are held at AT&T Stadium.

Broadcasting career
Herbstreit joined ESPN in 1996, and has since gained roles as lead analyst on College GameDay with host Rece Davis, Desmond Howard, Pat McAfee, and Lee Corso. He serves as the analyst for ABC’s Saturday college football primetime games alongside former GameDay host and longtime colleague Chris Fowler.

Herbstreit was nominated for a 1997 Sports Emmy Award as television's top studio analyst and wrote a weekly in-season column, "Inside The Game With Kirk Herbstreit," for The Sporting News.

A frequent contributor to ESPN.com and ESPN The Magazine, Herbstreit has worked as a color commentator for ESPN's Thursday night college football games.

In July 2007, Herbstreit served as a panelist for the series Who's Now alongside Keyshawn Johnson and Michael Wilbon.

Herbstreit contributes to the 97.1 The Fan, an ESPN Radio affiliate out of Columbus, Ohio.

In 2018, Herbstreit was announced to replace Jon Gruden for night one of ESPN’s NFL Draft coverage, as Gruden left to return to the then-Oakland, now Las Vegas Raiders. When ABC picked up rights to air the first two nights of the Draft, Herbstreit moved to ABC’s coverage with his GameDay colleagues.

In 2020, Herbstreit announced the first game of the Monday Night Football Kickoff Week doubleheader alongside Chris Fowler. A week later, Herbstreit and Rece Davis worked a special Monday Night Football MegaCast on ESPN2 for the Saints–Raiders game, the first ever NFL game to be played in Las Vegas, on the night in which Monday Night Football celebrated its 50th anniversary. In 2022, Fowler and Herbstreit again called the first game of an MNF doubleheader, this time during the final week of the 2021 season.

On March 23, 2022, Herbstreit was announced as the new color commentator for Thursday Night Football on Prime Video, alongside NFL play-by-play announcer Al Michaels. That same day, Herbstreit agreed to an extension of his contract with ESPN to allow him to continue on GameDay, Saturday Night Football, and the NFL Draft, to go along with his new NFL duties for Amazon.

Personal life
Herbstreit met his wife Alison at Ohio State, where she was a cheerleader. They were married in 1998 and have four sons. The Herbstreits moved from Ohio to Nashville in 2011, but now split time between there and Cincinnati where their youngest son, Chase, plays quarterback for St. Xavier High School. His twin sons, Jake and Tye, were athletes at Montgomery Bell Academy. Tye now plays football as a walk-on at Clemson University; Jake walked on at Clemson before transferring to Ohio State to focus on academics. Herbstreit has another son, Zak, who joined the Ohio State football team as a preferred walk-on in 2021, as a tight end.

Herbstreit is a Christian. When asked about the role faith plays in his life, he said, “Everything. I try to every day walk that path.“

His hobbies include playing EA Sports video games, and working out. Herbstreit is a horse racing fan, and also follows Ohio sports teams like the Cincinnati Bengals, Columbus Blue Jackets, and Cincinnati Reds. Herbstreit was featured prominently in How We Lookin'?, a documentary about the life and career of longtime Reds broadcaster Marty Brennaman. He has four golden retrievers, one of which he takes on road trips to games.

Awards and honors

 * Five-time Sports Emmy Award winner
 * Three Outstanding Studio Analyst (2010, 2011, 2019)
 * Two Outstanding Event Analyst (2018, 2020)
 * Rose Bowl Hall of Fame (inducted 2023)

title: Kirk Herbstreit


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Solomon knowlton

Should be obvious - pure vanity and badly formatted to boot. Darksun 22:16, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Extraordinary vanity. Could as well have been sent to speedy deletion speedily.--leandros 22:48, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Obviously, and do not make it a redirect to John Cusack. Geogre 01:07, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yuck, delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:21, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * If you are so anonymous that you don't even get a capital letter for your last name, then the delete bin is a good spot for you. Denni ☯ 01:46, 2004 Aug 7 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Larkas~enwiki

Hi Larkas. Thanks for your comment on my page about John Marshall Law School, and also thanks for getting a login. I removed the links, because both were to journal sites, and the article was about a school, so I thought them not necessary. But feel free to add them again, especially if you want to write a longer article about the school. Sorry if i stepped on yoru toes. Actually, I just added the links again (easy to do, since the entire edit history is stored). BTW, if you write on a talk page, you can easily sign your comments by typing 4 tildes like this ~, which transforms into a signature and a date. Please let me know if you have any questions, and welcome to Wikipedia! Chris 73 | Talk 22:17, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Larkas. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Larkas~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:05, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:15, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Larkas~enwiki


text:
Edgar Saltus

Edgar Evertson Saltus (October 8, 1855 – July 31, 1921) was an American writer known for his highly refined prose style. His works paralleled those by European decadent authors such as Joris-Karl Huysmans, Gabriele D'Annunzio and Oscar Wilde.

Under the pseudonym Myndart Verelst, Saltus translated works by Balzac, Théophile Gautier, and Prosper Mérimée; he also wrote using the name Archibald Wilberforce.

Early life and education
Edgar Saltus was born in New York City on October 8, 1855, to Francis Henry Saltus and his second wife, Eliza Evertson, both of Dutch descent. He attended St. Paul's in Concord, New Hampshire. After two semesters at Yale University, Saltus entered Columbia Law School in 1878, graduating with a law degree in 1880.

Career
He wrote two books on philosophy: The Philosophy of Disenchantment (1885) focused on philosophical pessimism and in particular the philosophy of Schopenhauer and Eduard Von Hartmann, while The Anatomy of Negation (1886) tried "to convey a tableau of anti-theism from Kapila to Leconte de Lisle".

After a conversion experience, the once anti-theist and pessimist credited Ralph Waldo Emerson with having transformed his views. In an 1896 Collier's column, he wrote, "I began to see, and what to me was even more marvelous, I began to think." In time, he became a member of the Theosophical Society, an organization that studied, synthesized and experimented with the more esoteric concepts and practices of world religions.

Personal life
Saltus was married three times. He married his first wife, Helen Sturgis Read, in 1883 (divorced, 1891). At the church in the English Embassy in Paris, he married in 1895 Elsie Welch Smith (separated, 1901; died, 1911). Saltus married his third wife, author Marie Flores Giles, in 1911. Saltus had a three-year love affair in the 1890s with heiress Aimée Crocker, confirmed in her memoir And I'd Do It Again (1936).

Saltus and his first wife appeared in the 1887 first edition of the New York, Social Register.

His elder half-brother Francis Saltus Saltus was a minor poet. Both brothers are buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.

Legacy
Acclaimed by fellow writers in his day, Saltus fell into obscurity after his death.

His novel The Paliser Case was adapted to film in 1920, and his novel Daughters of the Rich was filmed in 1923.

Edgar Saltus: The Man, a biography by Marie Saltus, Edgar's third wife, was published in 1925. Edgar Saltus, a critical study by Claire Sprague, appeared in 1968.

The writer and photographer Carl Van Vechten, was instrumental in convincing Saltus's daughter, Elsie Saltus Munds, to donate to Yale what is now known as the Edgar Saltus Papers, consisting of thirty-eight first editions, two of them inscribed, and eighteen letters written in 1918.

A descendant through his wife Elsie, French-born James de Beaujeu Domville, was a major theatrical producer and Canadian cultural commissioner focused on the film industry.

Essays, history, and philosophy

 * Balzac. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. 1884.
 * The Philosophy of Disenchantment. New York: Belford, 1885.
 * The Anatomy of Negation. London: Williams and Norgate, 1886.
 * Love and Lore. New York: Belford, 1890.
 * Imperial Purple. Chicago: Morrill, Higgins, 1892.
 * The Pomps of Satan. London: Greening, 1904.
 * Historia Amoris. New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1906.
 * The Lords of the Ghostland. New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1907
 * Oscar Wilde: An Idler’s Impression. Chicago: Brothers of the Book, 1917.
 * The Imperial Orgy. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920.
 * The Gardens of Aphrodite. Philadelphia: Pennell Club, 1920.
 * Parnassians Personally Encountered. Cedar Rapids: Torch Press, 1923.
 * The Uplands of Dream. Chicago: Pascal Covici, 1925 (Compilation of sixteen essays published in magazines between 1900 and 1914).
 * Victor Hugo and Golgotha. Chicago: Pascal Covici, 1925.
 * The Philosophical Writings of Edgar Saltus: The Philosophy of Disenchantment & The Anatomy of Negation (2014) ISBN 9780988553644

Fiction

 * Mr. Incoul’s Misadventure. New York: Benjamin and Bell, 1887.
 * The Truth About Tristrem Varick. Chicago: Belford, Clarke, 1888.
 * Eden. Chicago: Belford, Clark, 1888.
 * A Transaction in Hearts. New York: Belford, Clarke, 1889.
 * A Transient Guest and Other Episodes. New York: Belford, Clarke, 1889.
 * The Pace That Kills. Chicago: Belford, Clarke, 1889.
 * Mary Magdalen. New York: Belford, 1891.
 * The Facts In The Curious Case of Hugh Hyrtl, Esq. New York: P.F. Collier, 1892.
 * Madam Sapphira. New York: F. Tennyson Neely, 1893.
 * Enthralled. London: Tudor Press, 1894.
 * When Dreams Come True. New York: P. F. Collier, 1895.
 * Purple and Fine Women. New York; Ainslee, 1903.
 * The Perfume of Eros. New York: A. Wessels, 1905.
 * Vanity Square. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1906.
 * Daughters of the Rich. New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1909.
 * The Monster. New York: Pulitzer, 1912.
 * The Paliser Case. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1919.
 * The Ghost Girl. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1922.
 * The Princess of the Sun and Other Decadent Stories. Snuggly Books, 2022. ISBN 9781645250999

Poetry

 * Poppies and Mandragora. New York: Harold Vinal, 1926.

Translations

 * Balzac: After-Dinner Stories [as Myndart Verelst]. New York: George J. Coombes, 1886.
 * Merimee, Prosper and Theophile Gautier. Tales Before Supper [as Myndart Verelst]. New York: Brentano’s, 1887.
 * Barbey d’Aurevilly. Story Without A Name. Chicago: Belford, 1891; New York: Brentano’s, 1919 (new introduction).
 * Adapted from the author bibliography that appears in Edgar Saltus by Claire Sprague.

title: Edgar Saltus


text:
James Jean

James Jean is a Taiwanese-American visual artist working primarily in painting and drawing. He lives and works in Los Angeles, where he moved from New York in 2003.

Early life
Jean was born in Taiwan and raised in New Jersey. During his early education, he explored various forms of artistic expression, including the piano and trumpet. He attended the School of Visual Arts in New York City, from which he graduated in 2001.

Early career
In 2001, Jean became a cover artist for DC Comics and Marvel Comics, garnering seven Eisner awards, three consecutive Harvey awards, two gold medals and a silver from the Society of Illustrators of Los Angeles, and a gold medal from the Society of Illustrators of New York. He illustrated covers for the comic book series Fables and The Umbrella Academy, for which he has won six Eisner Awards for "Best Cover Artist". Jean won the 2005 Wizard Fan Award for Favorite Cover Artist for Fables. In 2006, he won Best Artist from the World Fantasy Awards.

He also worked in advertising, and has contributed to many national and international publications. His clients included Time Magazine, The New York Times, Rolling Stone, Spin, ESPN, Atlantic Records, Target, Linkin Park, Playboy, Knopf, Prada among others. He also did the album art for My Chemical Romance 's album The Black Parade, which was released in 2006.

Present career
In 2008, Jean retired from illustration projects in order to focus on painting. Combining abstract figuration with loose, gestural marks, Jean creates layered compositions that evoke personal or collective experiences. Dream-like and at times disorienting, his works are expressive of narratives unbounded in time or space, and draw upon art historical antecedents ranging from Baroque painting traditions to Japanese woodblock prints and Chinese silk scroll paintings.

Sketchbooks
Sketchbooks have sustained a vital space in Jean's practice, solidifying importance in his time during art school as a rejection of the strict academic focus of visual arts studies. In favor of the freedom found in sketching during his childhood, Jean embraced sketchbooks as a means of exploring figures and imaginative creatures, synthesizing doodles, line drawings, and journalistic elements with more polished compositions in black-and-white and color. For Jean, sketchbooks are spaces for both experiment or study and for finished artworks in their own right.

Prada
In 2007, Jean created a mural for the Prada Epicenter stores in New York and Los Angeles. He also created a backdrop for Prada's Spring/Summer 2008 show in Milan.

Aspects of the Epicenter mural and the Milan wallpaper were transformed into clothing, handbags, shoes, and packaging. Prada undertook a global campaign that featured Jean's work in advertising environments, animation, and special events.

In 2008, Jean again collaborated with Prada, developing an animated short based on the wallpapers, clothing, and accessories produced in 2007. He wrote, storyboarded, and did the visual development for the animation, which would be eventually titled "Trembled Blossoms", taken from the poem "Ode to Psyche”, by John Keats.

Jean reunited with Prada to create prints for its Resort 2018 collection. He described the visual effect as a "tangle of floral elements occasionally populated and overrun by rabbits." Prada brought the collection to Shanghai as part of the brand's unveiling of Rong Zhai, a 20th-century mansion it restored, and exclusive looks were debuted in vivid reds, yellows, and blues.

Jean's images were used for the brand's SS2018 Menswear collection. His work also served as the set design for the collection's premiere at the Via Fogazzaro space. Jean's collaboration with Prada brought images inspired by graphic novels to high-fashion pieces, blending the superhuman with the human, and with a nod to the thick black lines that divide illustration panels.

Film artwork
Jean created the poster art for three films in 2017: Darren Aronofsky’s mother!, Guillermo del Toro’s The Shape of Water, and Denis Villeneuve’s Blade Runner 2049. Employing different media for each artwork, he hand-painted two character posters for mother! (one for Jennifer Lawrence and another for Javier Bardem), made a charcoal drawing for The Shape of Water, and used digital drawing tools for Blade Runner 2049. As part of his creative process, Jean collaborated closely with both Darren Aronofsky and Guillermo del Toro. Del Toro, a long-time fan of Jean's work, describes his drawings as having "a delicate nature to them and beautiful line work that is at the same time realistic and sort of elevated into a style of his own." Jean's posters uniquely evoke the tone and mood of each film without overtly revealing depictions of plot.

Notable exhibitions
Jean's first solo exhibition was held in 2009 at Jonathan LeVine (then located in the Chelsea neighborhood in New York), followed in 2011 by "Rebus," a solo presentation at Martha Otero Gallery (at the time located in the Fairfax district in Los Angeles).

In 2013, Jean's work was the subject of "Parallel Lives," a solo exhibition at Tilton Gallery in New York. Spanning both floors of the gallery, the show debuted a new body of work that fused personal with universal themes, and realism with mythology. Its title drawn from Plutarch's "Lives of the Noble Greens and Romans," also known as "Parallel Lives," the exhibition of paired works explored the tension created from "parallels."

Jean's work was included in "Juxtapoz x Superflat," organized by the Vancouver Art Gallery in 2016. Curated by artist Takashi Murakami and Juxtapoz editor Evan Pricco, the group exhibition brought together artists whose works had been included in the magazine and who had participated in or expanded upon Murakami's postmodern art movement Superflat. Jean's painting "Bouquet" served as the marquee image for the exhibition.

For "Azimuth," a 2018 solo exhibition at Kaikai Kiki Gallery in Tokyo, Jean presented drawings, paintings, and an installation of illuminated stained glass works, which he made at Judson Studios. The show centered on the radiance of color and light, with works driven by a force of optimism and innocence, informed in part by the joy of the artist's son.

Lotte Museum of Art
In 2019, Lotte Museum of Art in Seoul hosted "Eternal Journey," a major retrospective of Jean's work. Over 500 works were on view in the exhibition, including large-scale paintings, sculpture, installation, video art, 150 comic book covers, and more than 200 drawings that served as the inspiration for many of the included works. Nine large-scale paintings explored the theme of obangsaek, or the five fundamental or cardinal colors, a traditional color schema representative of the order of the universe.

Collaborating again with Judson Studios, the oldest family-operated stained-glass maker in the US, Jean created Gaia - Yellow Earth Center (2019), the centerpiece of the Lotte Museum of Art exhibition. The sculpture expands upon his earlier explorations into stained glass for "Azimuth," bringing his visual vocabulary to the traditional medium. Over eight feet in height, the illuminated sculpture, which combines water jet cutting, hand and airbrush painting, and fused glass, depicts the goddess Gaia with a slinking tiger in an all-over composition of natural and geometric elements.

The exhibition was on view from April 4 through September 1, 2019 and is accompanied by an exhibition catalogue with essays by Yoon-Kyung Kwon, Chief Curator at Lotte Museum of Art; Hee-Kyung Song, Art Historian and Professor at Ewha Womans University; and Christopher James Alexander, Architecture, Art, and Design Consultant, Principal of CJA Creative Collaborations.

NFTs
On 4 March 2021 Jean sold his first NFT with his artwork "Slingshot". It was auctioned on NFT platform "Foundation" and sold the next day for $469,696.35.

Awards
In 2008, Jean collaborated with AIDES, a France-based non-profit community organization dedicated to fighting HIV/AIDS, in their print advertising campaign around the theme “Explore, Just Protect Yourself.” Jean's print campaign was awarded the Bronze Lion at the 2008 Cannes Advertising Festival.

Publications
James Jean is the subject of numerous publications, including exhibition catalogues, artist's books, and thematic collections of his work.

 * Process Recess (AdHouse Books, 2005)
 * Process Recess 2: Portfolio (AdHouse Books, 2007)
 * Xoxo: Hugs and Kisses (Chronicle Books, 2008)
 * Fables: Covers (DC Comics, 2008)
 * Process Recess 3: The Hallowed Seam (AdHouse Books, 2009)
 * Kindling: 12 Removable Prints (Chronicle Books, 2009)
 * Rift (Chronicle Books, 2010)
 * Rebus (Chronicle Books, 2011)
 * James Jean: Parallel Lives (Tilton Gallery, 2013)
 * Memu: 100 Postcards (Chronicle Books, 2014)
 * Fables: The Complete Covers (DC Comics, 2015)
 * Xenograph (James Jean, 2015)
 * Pareidolia (PIE Books, 2015)
 * Zugzwang (James Jean, 2016)
 * Azimuth (James Jean, 2018)
 * Memu II: 100+ Postcards (James Jean, 2019)
 * Eternal Journey (Lotte Museum of Art, 2019)

title: James Jean


text:
International Peace Mission movement

The International Peace Mission movement is a religious movement that was founded and led by Father Divine. Father Divine was worshipped by his followers as a God. Thus, the core belief of the International Peace Mission Movement is that everyone is treated equal in the eyes of God. Father Divine preached against sexism and racism. He was most renowned during and following the Great Depression in the 1930s. Thus, the International Peace Mission movement is now known to be an important precursor of the Civil Rights Movement. The International Peace Mission movement emphasized its opposition to violence and war. Also the movement has a very strong focus on spiritual development through meditation and prayer.

The International Peace Mission movement is built on the principles of Christianity, democracy, Americanism, brotherhood, and Judaism with understanding that all religions teach the same basic truths. Members of the movement are taught not to discriminate race, color, or religion. The movement first started in Brooklyn, New York and then in Sayville, New York. Moving forward in 1942, the headquarters were relocated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During World War II, Father Divine organized rallies and prayer for his peace movement to oppose war. Today, the International Peace Mission movement still focuses on promoting the message of equality, peace, and social justice.

Teachings and beliefs
The teachings of the movement are based on the following principles:
 * Father Divine is God
 * "Heaven" is a state of consciousness
 * Unity of the world's religions
 * Celibacy, Marriage to God
 * Children shall be raised by assigned guardians
 * Use of the USA flag and the English language worldwide
 * Prohibition of smoking, drinking of alcoholic beverages, obscenity and receiving of gifts
 * Public education
 * Abandoning racial barriers
 * Communal ownership of property and donation of goods and services
 * Gender segregation

Leadership
The International Peace Mission Movement was led by Father Divine up to his death in 1965. Father Divine's widow Mother Divine then succeeded her late husband and led the Movement until her death in 2017.

Auxiliaries
An auxiliary are specific groups of people who are willing to support and help the International Peace Mission Movement. There are three "auxiliaries" in the Peace Mission movement - the Rosebuds, for girls and young women, the Lily-buds for older, mature women and the Crusaders for males of all ages. Each auxiliary has specific duties, creeds and uniforms.

Publications
There were two publications of the International Peace Mission Movement: The Spoken Word (1934–1937) and the New Day (1936–1989). Both were available to members and the general public. These publications contained articles on issues of the day, as well as articles on world and local events.

Church services
The services consist of singing Peace Mission hymns and songs from popular culture. The singing is followed by the playing of taped sermons by past or present leaders. Talks by visiting speakers, if present, follow. Readings of the King James Bible and/or a Peace Mission publication are conducted. Services conclude with member testimonials about the power of Father Divine.

Holy Communion services
The "Holy Communion service" is the signature ritual that symbolizes the Peace Mission. It symbolized the provision of food to those who could not afford it during the Great Depression. The origins of the "holy banquet" are in the communal home meals served to Father Divine's followers before 1932. By the mid-1930s, these communal meals had become well-attended banquets, feeding thousands of people. Often, Father Divine would give impromptu speeches during the meal.

The Peace Mission viewed the banquets as the reinstatement of the "Christian love feast" mentioned in the New Testament and the Last Supper that Jesus Christ attended before his crucifixion.

Divine Marriage anniversary celebration
On April 29, 1946, interracial marriage of 70-year-old Father Divine to his 21-year-old Canadian-born secretary is called the "Marriage of Christ to his Church" and the "fusion between heaven and Earth" in Peace Mission theology. It is celebrated each year in April as an "international, interracial, universal holiday", according to Peace Mission literature.

Every year since 1948, Peace Mission members gather at Father Divine's home or at headquarters in order to celebrate a special Holy Communion service for the Divine marriage anniversary celebration.

Communal shareholding
Members of the Peace Mission were encouraged to pool their individual resources and invest in businesses, the profits of which were to be divided up and shared. During the 1930s, these properties and businesses were quite numerous. Peace Mission businesses included the Divine Lorraine and Divine Tracy Hotels in Philadelphia, farmlands in upstate New York and garages.

Beginnings
George Baker Jr attended a local store front Baptist Church, often preaching and teaching in the church's Sunday school, until 1907, when he became Samuel Morris's (Father Jehovia), first follower. Thus, George Baker Jr known to be "the Messenger". In 1912, Father Divine disagreed that Father Jehovia was God and anyone could be God. As result, Father Divine parted ways and declared himself a God. Father Divine traveled down South to Georgia to preach and got into conflicts with local ministers and was sentenced to 60 days on a chain gang. Upon his release, he attracted a following of mostly black women in Valdosta, Georgia. On February 6, 1914, several followers' husbands and local preachers had him arrested for lunacy and Divine was incarcerated in an insane asylum. Father Divine was later released and pronounced mentally sound in spite of his "maniacal" beliefs, and admonished to leave the state.

1914–1932: The Proto-Peace Mission Movement
In 1914, Father Divine traveled to Brooklyn, New York, with a moderate amount of followers and an all-black congregation. In 1919, he and his followers moved the commune to Sayville, New York on Long Island. Father Divine and his followers were the first black homeowners in town. In this period, his movement underwent sustained growth, as he ran the entire movement from his communal house. Father Divine held free weekly banquets and helped newcomers find jobs. He began attracting many white followers as well as black in the late 1920s. On May 8, 1931, Father Divine and his followers was arrested and charged with disturbing the peace that was brought by his neighbors.

1930s: Peace Mission Movement Zenith
Press coverage and notoriety increased dramatically for the Peace Mission after the arrest for disturbing the peace ended in first conviction, then the death of the presiding judge and Father Divine's subsequent release. The impression that Justice Smith's death was an act of divine retribution was perpetuated by the press, which failed to report Smith's prior heart problems and implied the death to be more sudden and unexpected than it was. The New York based media frenzy following the death made this event and its repercussions the single most famous moment of Father Divine's life. Articles on Father Divine propelled his popularity. By December, his followers began renting buildings in New York City for Father Divine to speak in. Soon, he often had several engagements on a single night.

In May 1932, Peace Mission meetings were regularly held at the Rockland and throughout New York and New Jersey. Father Divine had many supporters in throughout the world, more specifically Washington State and California. During this period of expansions, several Peace Mission branch communes were opened in New York and New Jersey. In this period of time, Father Divine's followers finally named the movement: "the International Peace Mission movement".

Father Divine moved to Harlem, New York, and accumulated a significant following in the black community. Furthermore, Father Divine established a headquarters in Harlem, New York. The members of the movement held most deeds but they contributed toward Father Divine's comfortable lifestyle. As a result, purchasing several hotels, members could live and seek jobs inexpensively. Also, the Peace Mission movement opened several budget enterprises, such as restaurants and clothing shops.

1930s: International expansion and alliance with the Communist Party USA
In 1934, Peace Mission branches had opened in Los Angeles, California, and Seattle, Washington. The gatherings occurred in France, Switzerland, Canada, and Australia. Although, the membership totals were overstated in the press. Thus, Father Divine was called upon to offer political endorsements.

In early 1934, an alliance between Father Divine and the Communist Party USA began. The Peace Mission Movement practiced a form of communal socialism which profits from individual Peace Mission businesses were redistributed within the movement. Father Divine became impressed with the Communist Party's commitment to civil rights and resulted in an alliance being formed.

In spite of this alliance, the movement was largely apolitical until the Harlem Riot of 1935. Based on a rumor of police killing a black teenager, the Harlem Riot left four dead and caused over $1 million in property damage in Father Divine's neighborhood. Father Divine's outrage at this and other racial injustices fueled a keener interest in politics. In January 1936, the movement organized a convention to create political platforms incorporating the doctrine of Father Divine. Among other things, the delegates opposed school segregation and many of Franklin D. Roosevelt's social programs, which they interpreted as "handouts". Other planks called for the nationalization and government control of the major banks and industries.

1930s and 1940s: Peace Mission Movement scandals
Reports of improper sexual conduct would slant much of the public perception of the Peace Mission throughout its stay in the public spotlight. Several highly publicized Peace Mission sex and other scandals became part of the public record on the Mission.

1940s: the death of Peninniah (Mother) Divine, the rise of Sweet Angel and the doctrine of reincarnation
Mrs Peninniah Divine, also called Mother Divine, had been married to Father Divine some 30 years at the time of her death. She died in seclusion amongst what was, at the time, the Peace Mission's farms and other rural upstate New York business collectively called the "Promised Land". She was buried in an unknown and unmarked grave. Peninniah Divine had been prominently active in the itinerant ministry of George Baker Jr from the Valdosta, Georgia, days and was regularly covered in the Peace Mission press up till about 1940 or 1941 before coverage of her simply stopped and she disappeared from Peace Mission life.

Almost no one knew that Mother Divine had died until 70-year-old Father Divine's remarriage to his 21-year-old white Canadian secretary, Edna Rose Ritchings, also known as "Sweet Angel" in the movement, became public knowledge after her visa status came up for review. Father Divine claimed that his young secretary was his deceased wife returned.

Critics of the movement believed that the elderly and supposedly celibate Father Divine's controversial marriage to his 21-year-old secretary would destroy the movement. The Peace Mission response was the institutionalization of celebrating the wedding anniversary. Despite predictions by some in the press and others of the imminent collapse of the entire movement, the marriage became one of the most important and celebrated events in the Peace Mission.

Reincarnation had not previously been an emphasized part of Father Divine's doctrine and did not become a regular part of his theology until around 1960. Followers at the time believed that Peninniah was an exceptional case and viewed her "return" as "Sweet Angel" as a special miracle of Father Divine. The doctrine of reincarnation is now an accepted and regular teaching of the Peace Mission.

1940s and the early 1950s: reorganization, Woodmont and the long decline of the Peace Mission movement
In this period and through 1942, Father Divine centralized the movement into a formal church. Although this reduced the number of outposts, it put the organization under firmer control in the northeast. Three formal churches were set up in 1941, the Circle Mission Church the Unity Mission Church and the Palace Mission Church. Although they all had the same constitution and doctrines, they were financially independent. This redundancy made the movement stronger against legal attacks.

The Peace Mission's political focus on anti-lynching measures became more resolved. By 1940, its followers had gathered 250,000 signatures in favor of an anti-lynching bill that Father Divine had written.

In 1953 the Movement acquired its signature parsonage Woodmont, a 72 acre hilltop estate in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania, outside of Philadelphia. This French Gothic manor served as the home of Father Divine until his death in 1965.

1950s: the civil rights movement and the Peace Mission movement
In 1951, The Peace Mission advocated reparations be paid to the descendants of African slaves. It also advocated in favor of integrated neighborhoods. However, unlike its earlier joint meetings and public marches with the Communist Party USA during its zenith decade of the 1930s, it did not participate in the burgeoning American Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

1950s: The Red Scare and Peace Mission anti-communism
By the 1950s, which included the beginnings of the modern US Civil Rights Movement, the Cold War between the US and the USSR was at an all-time high. The Peace Mission Movement's depression era alliance with the radical left still rankled many. The Peace Mission response, starting around 1948/49, was to go on the anti-communist offensive, with Father Divine regularly lambasting communism while praising the "American way", even reversing some of his most pointed criticisms of the American system from the 1930s. Which he would continue to do until his death in 1965.

1960-1990s: Sweet Angel Divine leads the Peace Mission
Father Divine died on September 6, 1965. He was succeeded at the helm of the movement by his widow, Mrs. 'Sweet Angel' Divine (Edna Rose Ritchings a.k.a. "Mother Divine").

Mother Divine continued to preside over the "Holy Communion banquets" that are central to Peace Mission worship, and she continued to have her husband's taped and recorded messages played continuously at Peace Mission functions, in addition to distributing copies of his speeches in Peace Mission literature.

Over the decades, few new members have replaced the followers who die; thus the ability to sustain and maintain Peace Mission properties and publications has been severely degraded. The Peace Mission central newspaper, the New Day, first published in the movement's heyday year of 1936, ceased publication in 1989.

Early 21st century: contraction and current status
The Peace Mission Movement has steadily contracted from its 1930s heyday through the first decades of the 21st century. On March 4, 2017, Mother Divine died at the Woodmont estate at age 91.

Due to the decline in members, several once-central and iconic Peace Mission properties of the 1940s and 1950s, including the Divine Tracy Hotel and the Divine Lorraine Hotel, were sold by the movement before Mother Divine's death. Remaining properties of the Peace Mission include the Circle Mission Church, Home and Training School Inc in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which is the movement's international headquarters, the original commune home in Sayville, Long Island, New York, at 72 Macon Street, which was Father Divine's primary residence from 1919 to 1932 and is the Peace Mission's New York headquarters, and the movement's remaining signature property, the 73-acre, hilltop Woodmont manor house and estate outside of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Woodmont is the location of the Palace Mission Church and is also the official residence of the remaining Peace Mission leadership. The Peace Mission provides scheduled tours of both the Woodmont manor home and Father Divine's nearby mausoleum called the "Shrine To Life". On October 29, 2017, approximately 200 guests convened to celebrate the dedication and grand opening of the Father Divine Library and Museum at Woodmont.

title: International Peace Mission movement


text:
Mount Tongariro

Mount Tongariro is a compound volcano in the Taupō Volcanic Zone of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located 20 km to the southwest of Lake Taupō, and is the northernmost of the three active volcanoes that dominate the landscape of the central North Island.

Geology
Mount Tongariro is part of the Tongariro volcanic centre, which consists of four massifs made of andesite: Tongariro, Kakaramea-Tihia Massif, Pihanga, and Ruapehu at the southern end of the North Island Volcanic Plateau. The andesitic eruptions formed Tongariro, a steep stratovolcano, reaching a height of 1978 m. Tongariro is composed of layers of both lava and tephra and the eruptions that built the current stratovolcano commenced about 275,000 years ago.

Tongariro consists of at least 12 cones. Ngauruhoe, while often regarded as a separate mountain, is geologically a cone of Tongariro. It is also the most active vent, having erupted more than 70 times since 1839, the last episode in 1973 to 1975.

Activity has also been recorded at other vents in recent history. Te Māri Craters erupted in 2012, for the first time since 1897. Red Crater last erupted ash in 1926 and contains active fumaroles. There are many explosion craters on the massif; water has filled some of these to form Blue Lake and the Emerald Lakes.

The high altitude and severe alpine climate between March and October allow snowfall in the winter (there are commercial ski-fields at neighbouring Mount Ruapehu) and rain can freeze, causing verglas; in contrast in the mid to late summer, the mountains can be bare apart from remnant patches of snow in south-facing gullies. Unlike nearby Mt. Ruapehu, no glaciers exist on Tongariro today. However, geomorphological evidence in the form of moraines and cirques indicates the former presence of mountain glaciers. Dating of moraines on western Tongariro show that valley glaciers were present at several times during the last glacial cycle, before melting away at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum approximately 18,000 years ago.

History
Mount Tongariro is in the Tongariro National Park, New Zealand's first national park and one of the earliest in the world. It was set aside (literally "made sacred") in 1887 by Te Heuheu Tukino IV (Horonuku), paramount chief of the Māori Ngati Tuwharetoa iwi and made a national park in order to preserve its natural beauty. The park also includes the peaks of Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu, both of which lie to the southwest of Tongariro. The national park is a dual World Heritage Site for its outstanding natural and intangible cultural values.

The Tongariro Alpine Crossing hiking route passes between Tongariro and Ngauruhoe.

Mount Tongariro and its surroundings are also one of the several locations which Peter Jackson chose to shoot The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.

Eruptive history
The oldest recorded volcanism in the area was at 933,000 ± 46,000 years ago at Hauhungatahi, north-west of Ruapehu. There is then a gap in identified materials until a small lava inlier on the western side of Tongariro that has been dated at 512,000 ± 59,000 years ago and is essentially buried by more recent activity. The 90 km3 cone and 60 km3 ring-plain of the complex has multiple eruptive centres aligned with the Taupō volcanic rift and bounded by the Waihi and Poutu fault zones. The formation of these began about 304,000 years ago in the Tama lakes area and definitely was established by 230,000 years ago. The eruptive centres extend from the Te Maari craters in the north-east to the Tama Lakes in the south-west and include the more classic cone of Mount Ngauruhoe which like North Crater, another symmetrical but smaller cone, required the absence of ice after the last ice age to form. Tongariro displays evidence for extensive Quaternary glaciation in the form of moraines and lava-ice interaction textures. However Pukeonake is off this axis, approximately 6 km west of the linear vent zone, but is considered to be a satellite vent. The largest recent eruptions with volumes greater than 0.2 km3 occurred between 16,600 to 26,000 years ago with the Rotoaira tephras, at about 11,400 years ago producing the Pahoka tephra and the largest Mangamate Formation at about 11,200 years. The Pahoka-Mangamate sequence was an intense 200 year long period of large explosive eruptions from multiple vents between Tongariro and Ruapehu. This sequence is understood to have included a total volume of about 4.5 km3 in several episodes:
 * 1) Te Rato Episode, with Half Cone and North Crater active at similar times producing at least a tephra volume of 0.67 km3 (DRE 0.43 km3). This episode was from a deep magma reservoir at between 28 to 35 km depth.
 * 2) Oturere Episode, with three layers with initially Half Cone and Tama Lakes vents active at similar times, to a total volume of 0.48 km3, however the final most recent layer was from the Tama Lakes area alone.
 * 3) Ohinepango - Waihohonu twin episodes, again from Half Cone  and Tama lakes vents with the former predominant to a tolal volume of 1.11 km3
 * 4) Wharepu Episode, from only Tama Lake vents. This episode too was from a deep magma reservoir at between 28 to 35 km depth, and produced a tephra volume of at least 0.63 km3.
 * 5) Poutu Episodes, an initial Blue Lake vent eruption was followed by a proto-Ngauruhoe vent eruption to the south of the present Ngauruhoe crater with a total of five layers of tephra deposited to a total tephra volume of 1.42 km3.

2012 Te Māri eruptions
After a period of volcanic unrest that had resulted in an increase in alert level on 20 July 2012, at 11:50 pm (NZST, UTC+12) on 6 August 2012, Mt Tongariro had what was initially believed to be a hydrothermal eruption after this increased activity. The eruption occurred at the Te Māri Craters, which had not had a major ash eruption since 1897 and had been dormant since September 1899.

The eruption occurred in a new vent below the Upper Te Māri crater, and sent blocks as large as 1 m in size up to 2 km from the vent.

An ash cloud 6.1 km high deposited ash into the surrounding area, especially to the east of the volcano. The ash cloud travelled 250 km in four hours. NIWA reported the ash cloud contained about 10000 m3 of ash, and that the ash cloud was 25 km long and 15 km wide 39 minutes after the eruption. Ash and the smell of sulphur was reported in Napier and Hastings. The smell of sulphur was also reported in Wellington, Nelson and Blenheim.

State Highway 1 to the east and State Highway 46 to the north of the mountain each received up to 5 cm of ash cover, and were closed until the following morning due to ash and low visibility. A layer of ash 10 - 15 mm thick settled on farmland 5 to 10 km east of Mount Tongariro. Particle sizes were between 2 and 3 mm. The airspace within a 12 km radius of the mountain was closed after the eruption, but later reopened to visual flights only. Air New Zealand cancelled some flights in and out of Rotorua, Taupō, Gisborne, Napier, Wanganui and Palmerston North due to the risk of volcanic ash clogging the engines on their aircraft serving those airports.

No injuries were reported, and the only significant property damage was to the Department of Conservation's Ketetahi Hut, which is located 1.5 km west of the Te Māri Craters. There was no official evacuation but 24 people living along State Highway 46 fled their homes for fear of being isolated.

Mount Tongariro erupted again at 1:20 pm on 21 November, ejecting an ash cloud 4000 metres into the air. Flights in the area were cancelled, as were several the following morning. Geologists had no warning before the eruption, saying it wasn't linked to warnings the week before of elevated activity at nearby Mount Ruapehu.

title: Mount Tongariro


text:
User talk:Ramkumar iyer

This is Ramkumar Iyer. I am a PhD Student in Marketing at State University of New York at Buffalo.

My homepage is @ http://ramkumar.hopto.org. My interests are in Consumer Behavior, Statistical Analysis and Retail Management. You cam email me through Wikipedia.

Welcome to Wikipedia! This is your talk page where people can leave messages for you. Your user page is at User:Ramkumar iyer. You may want to create that. If you have any questions, you can ask me at my talk page. --Hemanshu 22:40, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ramkumar iyer


text: Category:Mishnah rabbis

title: Category:Mishnah rabbis


text:
Talk:America West Express

Move to America West Airlines
I'm merging the content of this very very stubby page with America West Airlines. It's informative and adds to the content of the other page. I'll put a redirect here to the America West Airlines page. --ABQCat 22:32, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Need pictures
Does anyone have a picture of the America West Express logo for this page? A few other pictures would also be nice. This page was put back since there is a lot more information than in the old stub. Vegaswikian 22:53, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Gone
I flew two "America West Express" flights earlier this week. The planes may say America West, but all the announcements, etc. are just US Airways Express operated by Mesa Airlines. The HP stuff is all gone except the logos. FCYTravis 05:51, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * We all expected that to happen. However if you check the HP schedule, the flights are still listed as 'Flight operated by Mesa Airlines doing business as America West Express.'  At least that's what I found on the few I checked.  This may simply be part of them calling everything US Airways stuff. Vegaswikian 06:06, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Or perhaps it means they just haven't changed the stuff on the schedule. US Airways schedules are notorious for having ancillary stuff like that not updated. Heck, they're still advertising "Join the US Airways Club in San Francisco" - there hasn't been a US Airways Club in San Francisco for two years now. This isn't like an operating certificate or something, where they have to say "America West Airlines." There is no such airline as America West Express - it's just a brand name like TED. Well, guess what? They've now stopped using the brand name, so it's pretty much pointless for us to call it something that they don't call it. FCYTravis 12:32, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * According to the two websites (US and HP), the Express flights are still operating as America West Express flights. Still too soon to start changing these from HPX to USX.Clipper471 16:50, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * According to the Mesa website, the April route map for HPX and USX . Clipper471 17:01, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * They're not actually operating as America West Express, though. Fly the freakin' planes. They're operated as US Airways Express. Never a mention is heard of anything related to America West, in stark contrast to ex-HP flights that are explicitly "US Airways operated by America West Airlines." All former HPX flights are now "US Airways Express operated by Mesa Airlines." The contract might say "America West Express" but that's the only place anyone will ever hear America West Express. You're arguing that if a United flight from SFO-IAD got subbed with a TED A320, we should call that flight a TED flight because the plane says TED on it. America West Express is gone. FCYTravis 18:18, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I think Mesa is the official word. From their website... Mesa Air Group, Inc. currently operates a total of 16 regional jet and turboprop aircraft for US Airways as US Airways Express.... Mesa Air Group, Inc. currently operates 56 regional jet and 6 turboprop aircraft as America West Express. It would be best to not jump the gun. It can wait.Clipper471 19:05, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Information needs to be verifiable for inclusion. So maybe its just a question of determining what the source will be?  Mesa seems a reasonable 3rd party source.  For the record, here is information on one flight from LAS to PSP on May 12.  Operates as flight 6100 by Mesa for HPX on the HP schedule.  On the US schedule it is flight 5269.  Vegaswikian 20:28, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Would you like me to bring a digital audio recorder with me so that I can record the voice of the flight attendant on my US Airways Express flight from Long Beach to Phoenix on Sunday afternoon? I can then upload that in digital form on Commons. FFS people. FCYTravis 02:15, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:America West Express