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Mercedes-AMG

Mercedes-AMG GmbH, commonly known as AMG (Aufrecht, Melcher, Großaspach), is the high-performance subsidiary of Mercedes-Benz AG. AMG independently hires engineers and contracts with manufacturers to customize Mercedes-Benz AMG vehicles. The company has its headquarters in Affalterbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

AMG was originally an independent engineering firm specializing in performance improvements for Mercedes-Benz vehicles. DaimlerChrysler AG took a controlling interest in 1999, then became the sole owner of AMG in 2005. Mercedes-AMG GmbH is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Mercedes-Benz AG, which is in turn owned by the Mercedes-Benz Group.

AMG models typically have more aggressive looks, higher performance, better handling, better stability and more carbon fibre than their regular Mercedes-Benz counterparts. AMG models are typically the most expensive and highest-performing variant of each Mercedes-Benz class. AMG has also made special variants of some Mitsubishi and Honda models.

AMG variants are usually badged with two numerals, as opposed to regular Mercedes-Benz vehicles, which have three (e.g. "E 63" as opposed to "E 350"). The numerals do not always indicate engine size, but are rather a tribute to earlier heritage cars, such as the 300 SEL 6.3 litre. For example, newer-model AMG V8s such as the E 63 actually have 4.0L V8s.

The world's first stand-alone Mercedes-AMG dealership, AMG Sydney, was opened in Sydney, Australia in 2018.

History
AMG was founded as a racing engine forge in 1967 under the name AMG Motorenbau- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH (German for 'AMG Engine Production and Development Limited') by former Mercedes-Benz engineers Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher in Burgstall an der Murr, near Stuttgart. The initialism 'AMG' stands for Aufrecht, Melcher and Großaspach (Aufrecht's birth town). In 1976, most of AMG moved to Affalterbach, with the racing-engine development remaining at the old location in Burgstall. At this time, Erhard Melcher ceased to be a partner, but he continued to be an employee at the Burgstall location.

In 1993, with AMG having become a high-profile purveyor of modified Mercedes-Benz cars, Daimler-Benz AG and AMG signed a contract of cooperation, allowing AMG to leverage Daimler-Benz's extensive dealer network and leading to commonly developed vehicles (the first one being the Mercedes-Benz C36 AMG, in 1993).

On 1 January 1999, DaimlerChrysler AG (as it was called between 1998 and 2007) acquired 51 percent of AMG shares, and AMG was renamed to Mercedes-AMG GmbH. Racing engine development was divested and continues to exist in Burgstall under the name HWA (Aufrecht's initials). On 1 January 2005, Aufrecht sold his remaining shares to DaimlerChrysler, and since then, Mercedes-AMG GmbH has been a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mercedes-Benz Group.

Development of the product range
AMG started off by designing and testing racing engines. It expanded its business into building custom road cars based upon standard Mercedes cars. AMG initially produced a range of unofficial upgrade and accessories packages mainly for the Mercedes-Benz R107 and C107 (1971–1989 SL roadster), Mercedes-Benz W116 (1972–1980 S-class), Mercedes-Benz W123 (1976–1985 E-class predecessor), Mercedes-Benz W124 (1984–1997 E-class), Mercedes-Benz W126 (1979–1992 S-class), Mercedes-Benz R129 (1989–2001 SL roadster), and Mercedes-Benz W201 (1990–1993 C-class) models.

During the early 1980s and up until 1990, AMG offered a variety of engine performance packages, alloy wheels and styling products as an entirely independent company from Daimler-Benz. In 1990, AMG signed a co-operation agreement with Daimler-Benz, and AMG options and cars were then offered in Mercedes-Benz showrooms; in 1999 Daimler AG, then known as DaimlerChrysler AG, bought the controlling share of AMG and made them part of the official Mercedes-Benz line-up.

Typical AMG performance enhancements, which the buyer could custom order, included increased engine displacements (5.2 litre, 5.4 litre), performance top ends with port and polished heads and intake, lightened valve train, and more aggressive cams. The DOHC 32V engine had also just been developed and was the pinnacle of AMG performance. A Getrag five-speed manual transmission could be ordered from AMG, and Mercedes had not offered a manual transmission V8 since the early 1970s.

The performance wheels offered during the same period were 15-inch or 16-inch ATS AMG Five Spoke Road Wheels, typically coupled with an AMG performance suspension package that included uprated and lowered springs, and re-valved shock absorbers.

Also popular were AMG body kits. These ranged from subtle front spoilers to aggressive Wide Body kits for the W126 coupes (reaching more than $700k on the classic market in 2022 ). Other options included Recaro seats, smaller diameter steering wheels, instrument clusters, chrome delete option (all brightworks colour-coded or painted satin black), refrigerators, shift knobs, hi-fi stereo systems, custom upholstery and enhanced interior wood packages.

An AMG-modified W124 E-Class was claimed to be the world's fastest passenger sedan in 1986. Nicknamed the Hammer, it featured an AMG-tuned 5.6-litre DOHC Mercedes-Benz V8 in a midsized sedan. Advanced for its time for a street engine, it had four valves per cylinder and was claimed to push the car faster than a Lamborghini Countach from 60 to 120 mph. Later models were even more powerful and introduced the 17-inch AMG Aero 1 Hammer wheels.

Through the early 2000s, AMG focused principally on supercharged V8 and V6 engines, but the company officially abandoned this technology in 2006 with the introduction of the naturally aspirated 6.2 L M156 V8. On 16 January 2006, Mercedes-AMG Chairman Volker Mornhinweg told AutoWeek that the company would use turbocharging for higher output rather than supercharging. For 2011, AMG released the M157 5.5L bi-turbo V8, which has supplanted the M156 in its full-sized cars such as the S-Class and CL-Class (and is trickling down to the CLS, E-Class, and ML-class). In 2012, Mercedes-AMG Chairman Olla Kallenius said that Mercedes-AMG will not produce diesel engines to compete with BMW's tri-turbo diesels (BMW M Performance range).

Although there were some AMG models in the 1980s with manual transmissions, almost all recent models have used automatics (5G-Tronic, 7G-Tronic and later 9G-Tronic with Speedshift), in contrast to BMW M, which used manual and recently automatic transmissions (the current type being a dual clutch transmission).

Although these are considered the most well known in-house tuning divisions, Mercedes-AMG has a considerably different philosophy than BMW M. Compared to BMW M, Mercedes-AMG is "less narrow in its sporting focus, yet still combining sledgehammer performance with relaxed handling, cultured comfort, and practicality".

While founders Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher had emphasized proper racing cars, Mercedes-AMG had diverged considerably from this philosophy in recent years, with their offerings being well known for straight-line acceleration but poor handling dynamics. However, current Mercedes-AMG chairman Volker Mornhinweg has urged the division to return to its roots of building sports cars.

Motor racing
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, AMG entered the big Mercedes-Benz 300SEL 6.3 V8 saloon, affectionately named the "Red Sow", in the 1971 Spa 24 Hours, and the European Touring Car Championship. AMG and Mercedes worked together on Mercedes-Benz W201 cars for the 1988 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM, German Touring Car Championship). AMG was made the official partner.

When DaimlerChrysler acquired a majority share of AMG in 1999, the motor racing department was divested into HWA AG. Their first car was the ill-fated Mercedes-Benz CLR. Since 2000, HWA builds and runs the cars for Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM), as well as the M271 engine tuned for use in Formula 3.

In 2000, an extensively modified one-off Mercedes-Benz AMG CLK 55 was built by the AMG Factory as a purpose-built race car to compete in the 2001 Targa Tasmania 7 day road race. Mick Doohan was the works Mercedes-Benz AMG driver. Six successive lightly modified Mercedes-Benz AMG models (including, most recently, a C190 GT Black Series) have acted as the safety cars for the FIA Formula One World Championship.

Since 2010, the SLS AMG GT3 and the AMG GT3 have been competing in GT competitions around the world, such as the FIA GT3 European Championship, Blancpain Endurance Series, Blancpain Sprint Series, VLN, 24 Hours of Nürburgring, British GT Championship, Super GT, Australian GT Championship, Bathurst 12 Hour, Dubai 24 Hour, Macau GT Cup and Pirelli World Challenge.

In late 2011, after the end of the Formula One season, Mercedes GP Petronas announced that it would be using the AMG branding for its F1 efforts, changing its name to Mercedes AMG Petronas from the 2012 season onwards.

Three AMG E-Class V8 Supercars competed in the Australian Supercars Championship from 2013 to 2015, operated by Erebus Motorsport under the AMG Customer Sports Program.

Relationship with Pagani
AMG also provides engines for Pagani's Zonda, Huayra and Utopia cars. The M297 7,291 cc displacement V12 engines were originally used in the 1998 Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR Straßenversion and made later available for the Zonda. It was the largest displacement naturally aspirated engine provided by AMG.

Relationship with Aston Martin
On 25 July 2013, Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd and Daimler AG announced moves towards a technical partnership with Mercedes-AMG GmbH. The deal will see Aston Martin access significant Mercedes-AMG GmbH and Mercedes-Benz Cars' resources, allowing the development of bespoke V8 powertrains and the use of certain components of electric/electronic architecture. Daimler AG now owns a stake of 5% of non-voting shares in Aston Martin, joining existing shareholders Investment DAR, Adeem Investment and Investindustrial. The technical partnership will support Aston Martin's launch of a new generation of models and newly developed bespoke V8 powertrains.

Since the 2021 Formula One World Championship, the German marque shared the role as the official Safety Car supplier with Aston Martin.

Relationship with Lotus
AMG also provides engines for the Lotus Emira. The M139 I4 engine was originally used in the CLA 45 AMG.

AMG trim
Mercedes-Benz allows customers to upgrade nearly any model by adding an AMG trim or styling package. So customers can customize Mercedes cars to look like an AMG car, minus the AMG engine and transmission. AMG trim can include things such as a rear spoiler, body styling, deep front air dam, AMG style wheels, sport front seats, sport steering wheel, AMG floor mats, sport suspension, sport brakes, and more.

Current AMG models
All AMG engines – with the exception of the "35", "43" and "53" models, as well as the PU106B 1.6 L V6 E-Turbo Hybrid F1 engine used on the AMG One – are hand built using a "one man, one engine" philosophy at the current AMG plant in Affalterbach, Germany. To signify this, each AMG engine builder stamps the engines they produce with an engraved plaque depicting their signature. According to Mercedes-Benz, there are only about 50 AMG engine builders.

As part of the official Mercedes product line, the AMG models are sold side by side with regular production models, unlike those offered by other Mercedes tuning firms such as Brabus.

PU106B 1.6 L V6 E-Turbo Hybrid

 * Mercedes-AMG ONE

"35" M260 2.0 L Inline-4 Turbo

 * Mercedes-AMG A 35
 * Mercedes-AMG CLA 35
 * Mercedes-AMG GLA 35
 * Mercedes-AMG GLB 35

"43" M139 2.0 L Inline-4 Turbo

 * Mercedes-AMG C 43
 * Mercedes-AMG SL 43
 * Mercedes-AMG GT 43
 * Mercedes-AMG GLC 43

"43" M256 3.0 L Inline-6 Turbo

 * Mercedes-AMG GT 43 4-Door Coupé

"45" M139 2.0 L Inline-4 Turbo

 * Mercedes-AMG A 45/A 45 S 4MATIC+
 * Mercedes-AMG CLA 45/CLA 45 S 4MATIC+
 * Mercedes-AMG GLA 45/GLA 45 S 4MATIC+

At 310 kW and 500 nm in the 45 S variant, the M139 with twin-scroll turbo was the world's most powerful four-cylinder engine in serial production at the time with a specific output of 208 hp per litre or 104 hp per cylinder.

"53" M256 3.0 L Inline-6 Turbo

 * Mercedes-AMG CLS 53 (C257)
 * Mercedes-AMG CLE 53
 * Mercedes-AMG GT 53 4-Door Coupé
 * Mercedes-AMG GLE 53

These are powered by the new Mercedes-Benz M 256 inline six cylinder engine.

"53 E-Performance" M256 3.0 L Inline-6 Turbo PHEV

 * Mercedes-AMG E 53 HYBRID 4MATIC+
 * Mercedes-AMG GLE 53 HYBRID 4MATIC+

"55" M177 4.0 L V8 Bi-Turbo

 * Mercedes-AMG SL 55 4MATIC+
 * Mercedes-AMG GT 55

"63" M177/M178 4.0 L V8 Bi-Turbo
Launched in the UK market in April 2015, the 4-litre M178 V8 uses an unusual configuration where the position of the intake and exhaust are reversed, to create a more compact engine and hence vehicle design. This "hot inside v" configuration, as AMG calls it, has the exhaust gasses exiting into the central v area of the engine block where the engine's twin turbochargers are also mounted.
 * Mercedes-AMG GT 63/63 Pro
 * Mercedes-AMG SL 63 4MATIC+
 * Mercedes-AMG GT 63 4-Door Coupé
 * Mercedes-AMG G 63 (W465)
 * Mercedes-AMG GLE 63 S
 * Mercedes-AMG GLS 63

"63 E-Performance" M139 2.0 L Inline-4 Turbo PHEV

 * Mercedes-AMG C 63 S E-PERFORMANCE
 * Mercedes-AMG GLC 63 S E-PERFORMANCE

The M139 found in the C 63 S E-Performance produces 350 kW, giving it a specific output of 175 kW per litre or 87.5 kW per cylinder, making it the current most powerful four-cylinder engine in serial production.

"63 E-Performance" M177 4.0 L V8 Bi-Turbo PHEV

 * Mercedes-AMG S 63 E-PERFORMANCE
 * Mercedes-AMG GT 63 S E-PERFORMANCE
 * Mercedes-AMG GT 4-Door Coupé E-PERFORMANCE
 * Mercedes-AMG SL 63 S E-PERFORMANCE

"43" Dual-Motor

 * Mercedes-AMG EQE 43
 * Mercedes-AMG EQE SUV 43

"53" Dual-Motor

 * Mercedes-AMG EQE 53
 * Mercedes-AMG EQE SUV 53
 * Mercedes-AMG EQS 53

"65" M275 6.0 L V12 Bi-Turbo
The models listed below were powered by a variant of the Mercedes-Benz M275 engine. This AMG powerplant had an all-new design of the bi-turbo system, which features larger turbochargers and a new, more powerful charge-air cooling system, and the increase in the engine displacement (to 5980 cc) as well as many other engine design measures. This allows it to produce a claimed 621 horsepower and 738 lbft of torque.
 * 2004–2013 S65 AMG
 * 2004–2014 CL65 AMG
 * 2004–2011 SL65 AMG
 * 2012–2018 G65 AMG
 * 2012–2018 Mercedes-AMG SL 65
 * 2014–2019 Mercedes-AMG S 65

"65" models used a 5-speed automatic transmission for a long time, as the newer 7G-Tronic wasn't able to handle the torque from the V12 engines. This was changed with the introduction of 2012 SL 65 AMG, which uses the same AMG SpeedShift MCT transmission as the rest of the AMG line-up.

Coinciding with the facelift of the CL-Class for the 2011 model year, the 2011 CL 65 AMG had an enhanced engine. AMG redesigned the exhaust gas turbochargers and added new engine electronics. It produced 621 horsepower, pushing the car from 0-60 mph in 4.2 seconds (0.2 seconds faster than the 2011 CL 63), with an electronically limited top speed of 186 mph. The update also improved fuel economy and reduced carbon emissions by 3.5% over the outgoing model.

"63" M157 5.5 L V8 Bi-Turbo
The models listed below were powered by the M157 variant of the Mercedes-Benz M278 engine. Rumoured in 2009 and confirmed in 2010, AMG developed the M157, a 5.5-litre V8 with direct fuel injection and twin turbochargers. Power is rated at up to 577 bhp at 5,250-5,750rpm with a peak torque of 664 lbft made between 2,000rpm and 4,500 rpm (the amount of power and torque depends on model, but these are the maximum ratings). Both engines are mated to Mercedes-Benz's 7-speed MCT transmission. Unlike the M156 naturally aspirated 6.2 L V8, which was developed entirely within AMG, the M157 is based upon the M278 used in the regular Mercedes-Benz S-Class and CL-Class. The M157 boasts 25% better fuel economy (10.5 litres per 100 kilometres versus 14.4 L/100 km in the European driving cycle) over the M156, meaning it avoids the US Gas Guzzler Tax for the first time ever, despite having up to 47 horsepower more. The M157's increased torque from both the regular version and performance package means the engine can be shifted into a taller gear sooner, keeping engine revs and fuel consumption to a minimum. The new M157 has an engine start/stop mode and is lightweight at 204 kg. The M157 is said to be ideal for powering full-size sedans such as the S-Class, but the older M156 remains in production, as its more precise throttle response is still well suited to smaller sportier models (the C-Class), until the 2015 model arrives, which is powered by a 4.0 liter V8.
 * Mercedes-AMG CLS 63 (W219)
 * Mercedes-AMG E 63 (W212)
 * Mercedes-AMG G 63 (W463)
 * Mercedes-AMG GL 63 (X166 pre-facelift)
 * Mercedes-AMG GLE 63 (W166 facelift)
 * Mercedes-AMG GLS 63 (X166 facelift)
 * Mercedes-AMG M 63 (W166 pre-facelift)
 * Mercedes-AMG S 63 (W222 pre-facelift)
 * Mercedes-AMG SL 63 (R231)

5.5 L V8 BiTurbo models carry the "63" model designation, shared with the 6.2L V8 models. Visually, the 2011 S 63 AMG is differentiated from the 2010 model (itself face-lifted over the 2009 S 63) by the more angular design of the chromed dual exhaust tips, which also sport embossed AMG logos, as well as new forged wheels. For the CL 63 AMG, the new M157 engine coincides with the facelift of the CL-Class for the 2011 model year.

Despite common belief, 63 AMG models are typically faster than their 65 AMG counterparts. An S 63 AMG accelerates faster and handles better than an S 65 AMG (due to 4-wheel drive and decreased weight), and an SL 63 AMG accelerates faster than an SL 65 AMG due to decreased torque, lower weight, and better balance by use of the V8.

Since 2013, AMG models with the S-Model package feature all-wheel drive, which allows for better handling and better acceleration. The Mercedes-Benz CLS 63 AMG S has been tested to accelerate to 60 mph in just 3.2 seconds, with a quarter mile time of 11.6 seconds. This made it the quickest production sedan at the time. MotorTrend tested the 2014 E 63 AMG S with the M157 engine to produce an estimated 676 bhp and 631 lbft.

"63" M156/M159 6.2 L V8

 * 2008-2015 C63 AMG, C63 AMG Black Series, Edition 507 (Sedan and Wagon) (facelifted for the 2012 model year)
 * Mercedes E63 AMG (W211, 2009-2011, Sedan and Wagon)
 * Mercedes-Benz CLK63 AMG, CLK63 AMG Black Series (introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show) (used as Safety Car for the 2006 and 2007 F1 World Championship)
 * Mercedes-Benz S63 AMG (2008-2011)
 * Mercedes-Benz CL63 AMG
 * Mercedes-Benz ML63 AMG
 * Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG (W212, 2010–2012, Sedan and Wagon)
 * Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG (M159)
 * Mercedes-Benz R63 AMG (2007)
 * Mercedes-Benz CLS 63 AMG (introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show, 2007–2011)
 * Mercedes-Benz SL63 AMG (2009–2012)

AMG developed its own V8 engine (dubbed M156 in development) for the DTM series. The M156, in various states of tune, was used in models such as the SL 63, E 63, CLS 63, and S 63 until it was replaced by the M157 5.5 L Biturbo V8. This naturally aspirated V8 replaced most of the "55" models. The published output according to Mercedes varies from 457 PS on the C 63 AMG, to 525 PS on the C/CLK/R/ML/GL/S/SL/CL/E 63 AMG. The 2008 S 63/CL 63/SL 63s that used the M156 engine at 518 horsepower edged out that of the S600/CL600/SL600, the latter powered by the 510 horsepower 5.5-liter twin-turbo V12, while also having a higher redline. However, the S600/CL600/SL600 is more expensive and has more torque at 612 lbft. The S 63/CL 63/SL 63, however, do have quicker acceleration times than their S600/CL600/SL600 counterparts and are the fastest in the lineup in 2014, due to the added weight and torque of the 65s, thus decreasing the 0-60 times and the handling limits.

Compared to the "55" supercharged 5.4 L V8 engine—which was restricted to the Speedshift 5G-Tronic five-speed automatic transmission, as it had a torque capacity of 796 lbft—the reduced torque of the "63" M156 6.2L V8 means it can be mated with the more efficient 7G-Tronic, which can withstand a limit of 542 lbft. Despite the reduction in torque, the increased horsepower and more efficient transmission enable the 63 models to match or surpass the acceleration of the "55" models. Most of the M156-engined models used the 7G-Tronic automatic transmission, however the more recent 2009 SL 63, 2010 E 63, and 2012 C 63 use the 7-speed MCT transmission.

In 2009, AMG developed the M159 engine, which is based on the M156 engine, to use in SLS AMG. The M159 produces 583 horsepower and 489 lb-ft of torque in the Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT, and 622 horsepower and 468 lb-ft in the SLS AMG Black Series.

"55" M152 5.5 L V8
The M152 is a naturally aspirated, detuned version of the M157 Biturbo V8. This V8 will be used for the 2012 SLK 55 AMG, and it produces 415 hp and 398 lb-ft. This engine was discontinued in 2016 with the release of the SLC 43 AMG.
 * AMG SLK 55

"43" M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo

 * Mercedes-AMG E 43
 * Mercedes-AMG GLE 43
 * Mercedes-AMG C 43 4MATIC+
 * Mercedes-AMG GLC 43 4MATIC+
 * Mercedes-AMG C 43
 * Mercedes-AMG SLC 43

"45" M133 2.0 L Inline-4 Turbo
The 2.0 L Turbo I4 was created for use in the smaller, 45 AMG models, such as the A-Class, CLA-Class, and GLA-Class, which all share the same platform. The M133 (2015 onwards) produces 381 PS (375 HP) and 350 lb-ft (475 Nm), which made it the most powerful turbo 4-cylinder in production at the time, and with a 190.5-horsepower per liter, one of the most power dense engines in production. Models with the M133 Turbo 4 are paired with a 7-speed AMG SPEEDSHIFT Dual-Clutch Transmission. The CLA45 AMG can accelerate from 0–97 km/h in 4.2 seconds, according to Motor Trend's first test of the vehicle.
 * Mercedes-AMG GLA 45
 * Mercedes-AMG A 45
 * Mercedes-AMG CLA 45

"30" 3.0 L I5 diesel

 * OM612 3.0 L "30" I5 Diesel models
 * C 30 CDI AMG (sedan, wagon, and Sportcoupé)

"32" 3.2 L V6 Kompressor
Powertrain consists of AMG Speedshift 5-speed automatic transmission mated to an AMG 3.2-litre V6 Kompressor engine with an output of 260 kW/349 hp and 332 lbft at 4,400 rpm. The engine is a special version of the 3.2 L (3199 cc) M112 E32, fitted with a helical twin-screw supercharger and water-to-air intercooler. The supercharger was developed in conjunction with IHI and features Teflon-coated rotors producing overall boost of 14.5 psi (1 bar). Compared to the standard M112 engine, the AMG version also has a new crankshaft, new connecting rods and pistons, an oil pump with a 70-percent increased capacity, lightweight camshafts, and harder valve springs for a redline of 6200 rpm, an increase of 200 rpm.

While rival BMW M developed the SMG-II automated manual for the BMW M3, the C 32 and SLK 32 have a 5-speed automatic transmission's "Speedshift" system, which now has quicker response (up to 35 percent) to accelerator and shift selector movements.

The C 32 had a smaller engine than its predecessors, the C 36 AMG with the M104 3.6L I6 engine, and the C 43 AMG powered by the M113 4.3L V8 engine. The C 32 AMG can do 0–60 mph in 5.2sec 0–100 in 12.6 with a 1/4 mile of 13.6 at 106 mph (C&D comparison test May 2003).

 * 3.2 L Supercharged M112 V6 AMG
 * 2002–2004 C 32 AMG (sedan, wagon (S203), and Sportcoupé)
 * 2001–2004 SLK 32 AMG
 * 2005–2006 Chrysler Crossfire SRT-6

"55" M113K 5.4L V8 Kompressor
This model was nicknamed the "Hammer" after the original 1986 AMG Hammer (a W124 E-Class sedan with an AMG-tuned 360 hp 5.6-litre V8). The 2003 E 55 AMG could do 0–60 mph in 4.4 seconds.

The main engine is a 5.4 L V8 engine This engine comes in two configurations.
 * The first configuration is a naturally aspirated V8 with 354 PS that is used in the C 55 AMG, CLK 55 AMG, E 55 AMG (1999-2002), SLK 55 AMG, and ML 55 AMG. The C 43 AMG (model years 1998–2000) was powered by a naturally aspirated V8 engine from the M113 family, but at a reduced displacement of 4.3L, hence the '43' designation.
 * The other configuration is a similar unit but with a highly efficient Lysholm type twin screw supercharger, as manufactured by Eaton. This supercharger is found in the rest of the AMG 55 models, which are typically midsized or larger vehicles. According to Mercedes, the published output varies from 476 PS to 517 PS and 700 Nm to 720 Nm, depending on various methods of power measurements and different ECU programming, in accordance with nation-specific requirements. For instance, the E 55 AMG's engine was at the low end, yet nonetheless it was still Mercedes-Benz's fastest sedan at the time, while the SL55 AMG's engine had the top output.  Mercedes has claimed that a more restrictive exhaust system was responsible for cutting output on the E 55 AMG, however some enthusiasts have managed to bump up horsepower to 505 on the E 55 by incorporating some parts from the SL 55.

The supercharged 5.4 L 24 valve V8 engine was mated to the Speedshift 5-speed automatic transmission, which has a torque capacity of 796 lbft, as the newer 7G-Tronic introduced in 2003 is limited to 542 lbft, which is not enough to handle the torque from the supercharged V8.

The V8 S 55 AMG had an output comparable to the V12-powered S600 throughout its production. The S 55 AMG (2001–02) was outfitted with a 5.4 L 354 hp V8 engine while the later versions (2003–06) sported the same motor, but supercharged to a rated 493 hp. The S600 (2001–02) was outfitted with a 5.8L 362 hp V12 engine while the later versions (2003–06) sported a twin-turbocharged (or Bi-Turbo) 493 hp 5.5L V12. The justification for having two models with the same power is that the S 55 AMG is sportier and more responsive, while the costlier S600 is more luxurious with a smoother ride.

AMG phased out both the naturally aspirated and supercharged 5.4 L engines in favor of the new M156 V8 beginning in 2006, which was paired with 7G-Tronic. However, some enthusiasts were disappointed because the naturally aspirated M156 produces less torque than the supercharged M113K.

For the Model Year 2009:
 * M113 5.4 L "55" V8 models (naturally aspirated)
 * SLK 55 AMG
 * M113 5.4 L "55" V8 models (supercharged)
 * G 55 AMG

Previous 55 AMG models

 * 1999–2002 E 55 AMG
 * 2003–2006 E 55 AMG
 * 2000–2003 ML 55 AMG
 * 2003–2005 C 55 AMG
 * 2001–2002 CLK 55 AMG
 * 2003–2006 CLK 55 AMG
 * 2004–2007 CLS 55 AMG
 * 2001–2008 SL 55 AMG
 * 2001–2006 S 55 AMG
 * 2001–2006 CL 55 AMG
 * 2005–2006 C 55 AMG
 * 2001–2009 G 55 AMG

"63" M137 6.3 L V12
The "63" badging was used on the short-lived 2001 S 63 AMG, 2001 CL 63 AMG and 2002 G 63 AMG. These were produced in limited quantities for one month and only offered through AMG to select customers in Europe and Asia, purportedly state leaders. The CL 63 AMG was the rarest C215 CL of all, and just 26 examples were built in November 2001 (51 plate), with some UK being and one for France registered in March 2002. These had a base price of £110,000 (~US$200,000). The G 63 AMG was the rarest W463 of all with just 5 examples built in September 2002 and sold in Germany at over €250,000 each.

These are powered by a naturally aspirated 6.3L V12 producing 326 kW. This engine is based on the M137 5.8L V12 used in the S 600 and CL 600, but the AMG variants have a larger displacement, a new management system, a new crank case and cooling system, weight-optimized pistons, and a new camshaft with greater valve lift and modified valves. 390 lbft of torque are available between 2500 and 5800 rpm with a peak of 620 Nm at 4400 rpm while horsepower grows by almost 80 over the 5.8L V12. It is mated to a 5-speed automatic transmission. The 2001 S 63 AMG V12 had 100 hp more than the 2001 S 55 AMG, and was a few tenths faster.

"60", "73", "70", "55"
The Mercedes-Benz SL-Class (R129) had several AMG variants during its production run from 1989 to 2001. The SL 60 AMG was the most numerous of these rare cars. Sold from 1993 to 1998, it used a 6.0 litre V8 engine producing 381 PS at 5500 rpm. AMG claimed a 0–62 mph speed of 5.6 seconds. Its top speed was limited to 250 km/h, but with the limiter removed, it was capable of approximately 185 mi/h. AMG later unofficially conceded that 0–60 mph was more like 5.0 seconds and the engine produced between 405 and 410 bhp.

Extremely rare was the SL 73 AMG, sold through Mercedes-AMG in 1995, and offering the most powerful V12 engine ever put into an SL up to that time. After a brief hiatus, the SL 73 was offered again from 1998 to 2001. The same 7.3 L V12 was later used by Pagani in the Zonda.

Even rarer is the SL 70 AMG (7.0 L (7055 cc) V12 engine).

The SL 55 AMG was sold in the R129 body style from 1998 to 2001 in limited numbers (5.4L V8, 354 PS at 5500 rpm). It was the predecessor of the production R230 SL 55 AMG sold later, albeit was normally aspirated in the R129 and not supercharged as in its R230 successor.

Electric Drive
In 2013, Mercedes-AMG announced the SLS AMG Coupe Electric Drive, which was to be the first zero emissions vehicle from AMG. The vehicle used technology derived from Formula 1, and was the fastest electric car. The SLS AMG Electric Drive has 740 horsepower and 738 lb-ft of torque, and Mercedes-AMG claims a 0–97 km/h time of 3.9 seconds.

Black Series models
AMG Black Series models are exclusive flagship models with the maximum in performance technology for AMG road cars. The AMG Performance Studio in Affalterbach is responsible for the upgrades that make an AMG into an AMG Black Series model. The Black Series treatment is only available on 2 door vehicles, which includes weight reduction, bucket seats, exterior alterations, interior alterations, higher power, greater traction, handling, and significantly greater overall performance. Black Series models are known as street-legal race cars. The SLS AMG Black Series was tested by Motor Trend to have a 0-60 mph time of 3.2 seconds, and a quarter mile time of 11.1 seconds at 129.8 mph. The SLS AMG Black Series "demolished" the Motor Trend figure eight in just 23.1 seconds, beating the McLaren MP4-12C, Ferrari 458 Italia, Audi R8 V10 Plus, and the SRT Viper. The SLS AMG Black Series had the same 1:19 time as the Lamborghini Murciélago LP670-4 SuperVeloce, the Ferrari Enzo, and beat the Ferrari 458 Italia, Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560-4, Porsche 997 GT2, and Nissan GT-R around the Top Gear test track.
 * SLK 55 AMG Black Series
 * CLK 63 AMG Black Series
 * SL 65 AMG Black Series
 * C 63 AMG Black Series
 * SLS AMG Black Series
 * AMG GT Black Series

As of July 2024, the AMG GT Black Series is the second fastest sports car in Nürburgring Nordschleife, behind the Porsche 991 GT2 RS Manthey Performance Kit.

Non-Mercedes AMG models
Although AMG is primarily associated with Mercedes and has been fully owned by them since 2005, it has also produced special variants of some Mitsubishi and Honda models.

Mitsubishi AMG models
AMG's relationship with Mitsubishi began with an enhanced version of the second-generation Debonair released in 1987, known as the Mitsubishi Debonair V3000 Royal AMG. This model had no performance upgrades, but received a body kit, wheels, steering wheel and badges from AMG, with a long-wheelbase version later added to the lineup.

A Mitsubishi Galant AMG was introduced in 1989, of which about 500 were built solely for the Japanese domestic market until 1991. The car was powered by an AMG-tuned Mitsubishi 4G63 engine producing 125 kW and received a body kit, alloy wheels, and full leather interior.

Honda AMG models
In the 1980s and 1990s, AMG produced sports variants of the Honda Ballade in South Africa. These models, known as Honda Ballade AMGs, were based on the fourth- and fifth-generation Honda Civics. They were fitted with lower Eibach springs, 15- or 16-inch Remotec aluminium wheels, and bigger rear spoilers. 180i models had 1.8-litre Honda B18B4 engines that were possibly tuned to produce 173 hp, while 160i versions with 1.6-litre engines were also offered.

The partnership between the two companies came about because Mercedes wanted to expand its lineup in South Africa to include more affordable models, while Honda wanted to start selling cars in the country. Since Mercedes did not want to invest in an entry-level model and Honda lacked the infrastructure and brand recognition of the already well-established German marque in the country, a deal was made where Mercedes-Benz of South Africa would build and sell Honda models in the country. The South African Honda Ballades were effectively rebadged versions of Honda Civics with more luxurious equipment, positioned below models like the Mercedes 190.

title: Mercedes-AMG


text:
Tettenhall

Tettenhall is a historic village within the City of Wolverhampton, England. Tettenhall became part of Wolverhampton in 1966, along with Bilston, Wednesfield and parts of Willenhall, Coseley and Sedgley.

History
Tettenhall's name derives from the Old English Teottanhalh, meaning "nook of land belonging to a man named Teotta". The original halh was likely situated in the sheltered area below the ridge where the church stands. This area, around Lower Green, was the original inhabited area of Tettenhall. In early English (Anglo-Saxon) times, as the place name evidence tells us, there were many cleared woodland areas – areas where field and settlement would have been commonplace. These can be seen today by the place name ending "ley", from early English "lēah", meaning woodland clearing; Wrottesley being one such example in the local area. Where most of the land was wooded, below the ridge ran, as it does today, the river Smestow - though at this time, it was a larger stream than it is today, running through extensive marshy ground.

The Battle of Tettenhall in 910 was the turning point in the battle against the Danish Viking invaders by the united forces of Edward the Elder of Wessex and Ealdorman Æthelred of Mercia. It saw the crushing defeat of the last of the large Danish Viking armies to ravage England, including the deaths of the Danish Kings, Eowils and Healfdan. In more recent times, the north part of the village became known as "Danescourt".

Tettenhall has an old parish church, St Michael and All Angels, located at the base of the ridge, leading off Lower Green. An exact founding date for it is not known, though records of a fourteenth-century dispute over village land tell us that the church had been founded during the reign of King Edgar, at some point between 959 and 975 AD. The Domesday Book of 1086 informs us that before the Norman conquest, Tettenhall was held by three Englishmen – Hunta, Wulfstan, and Godwin. Of course, as with the majority of England, post-conquest, William the Conqueror gave the land to his followers.

There is a variety of pear known as 'Tettenhall Dick', named after Tettenhall, originally found in the hamlet of Perton and dating to earlier than the 18th century. These small, dry pears are traditionally used for the making of perry. The Bees & Trees charity began a scheme to plant 2,000 Tettenhall Dick trees across the Midlands in a bid to save them, as very few of them existed any more. These trees were grafted from existing Tettenhall Dick trees, and the scheme has proven to be a success, with trees being planted in a variety of different locations. The variety is now part of the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale in Kent.

The original route of the London to Holyhead road ran through Tettenhall, though on a different course from the current A41 Tettenhall Road. The road, when heading north east from Wolverhampton, ran behind the shops at Newbridge, on bridges over the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal (when built in 1772) and the river Smestow, then across to Old Hill, where a steep climb was had for any carriages on route. The road then cut across Upper Green, swayed left into Wrottesley Road as far as Woodthorne Road, and then continuing on as the present Wergs Road. This route, because of the problems associated with carriages traversing the steep Old Hill, was looked at in the early 19th century by the Wolverhampton Trust and Thomas Telford, with a view to engineering a new route – either around, under, or through the ridge. Due to a dispute, Thomas Telford dropped out of the plans, leaving the Wolverhampton Trust to go it alone. The preferred method was a cutting through the ridge, with the course of the road sloping up on a gradual gradient from near the Newbridge area, cutting through and rising above Lower Green, before the direct cutting through the ridge to come out next to Upper Green. The spoil from the cutting through the ridge is what was used to create the incline of the road. Work was completed in 1823.

Tettenhall today

Tettenhall is one of the few places in England to have two village greens. Tettenhall Upper Green is situated on high ground near the edge of a ridge that runs in a broadly east–west direction, from Aldersley to Perton. The Upper Green has a large paddling pool, an extensive open grass area, a cricket pitch, practice nets and the Wolverhampton Cricket Club Ground, where W. G. Grace visited and played. The area is common land that was donated by the Swindley family to the people of the parish. A clock tower, built in 1912 by the local Swindley family and donated to the parish to celebrate the coronation of King George V, is a key landmark in Upper Green.

Tettenhall Lower Green is at the bottom of The Rock, near St. Michael and All Angels Church. It is a sloping grassy area that is popular for sledging on snowy winter days.

The A41 road runs through the village green as a single-carriageway road. Tettenhall was previously an Urban District in its own right, until most areas became part of the Borough of Wolverhampton in 1966, with some areas of the district being placed within the present South Staffordshire district. Despite the relatively close proximity to Wolverhampton's city centre, Tettenhall retains its rural village character and a strong sense of identity among its residents.

The village has tried to gain independence from Wolverhampton Council and has made plans to return to a parish council but this has no longer been pursued.

Two electoral wards of Wolverhampton City Council cover Tettenhall; Tettenhall Regis (the northern part) and Tettenhall Wightwick (the southern part).

Notable people

 * Francis Smith of Warwick (1672–1738), the architect, was son of Francis Smith of The Wergs near Tettenhall. (He became identified with Warwick through setting up business in that town, which he helped rebuild after the Great Fire of Warwick in 1694.)
 * Button Gwinnett (1735–1777) who later emigrated to America where he became the second signer of the United States Declaration of Independence had two daughters who were buried in St Michael's churchyard in 1759 and 1762.
 * Billy Harrison (1886–1948), professional footballer mainly for Wolverhampton Wanderers, ran a pub in the village after retiring from playing.
 * Married former Olympic competitors Hugh Porter (1940–), professional track cyclist and commentator, and his wife Anita Lonsbrough (1941–), swimmer, live in Tettenhall.
 * Children's television presenter Mark Speight (1965–2008), was from Tettenhall. His ashes are interred in the parish churchyard.

Education
Tettenhall College is a private school based in Tettenhall Towers, the former home of the Thorneycroft family.

St Regis Church of England Academy is a Church of England school for 11- to 19-year-olds. As part of the BSF programme, the school was refurbished and now incorporates Tettenhall Wood Special School onto its site.

Christ Church Infants and Juniors are linked to the church of the same name, situated in Tettenhall Wood.

St Michael's CofE School and Woodthorne Primary School are also located here.

Transport
Tettenhall has strong connections to Wolverhampton and Dudley with bus service 1 running every 9 minutes in the week and a 20-minute frequency on evenings and Sundays. Service 1 is operated by National Express West Midlands and also Let's Go. There are also buses to Compton (10/10A) and Telford (891).

Tettenhall also was served by three railway stations which were on the former Wombourne Branch Line. The stations that served Tettenhall were Dunstall Park, Tettenhall and Compton Halt. The nearest railway station to the village is Wolverhampton and Bilbrook.

There have been talks about opening a new station on the edge of Tettenhall on the Wolverhampton–Shrewsbury line.

The Tettenhall Transport Heritage Centre is the first transport museum in the City of Wolverhampton and is found in Tettenhall.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tettenhall


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Commercial pilot licence

A commercial pilot licence (CPL) is a type of pilot licence that permits the holder to act as a pilot of an aircraft and be paid for their work.

Different licenses are issued for the major aircraft categories: airplanes, airships, balloons, gliders, gyroplanes and helicopters. Depending on the jurisdiction these may all be on the same document.

A CPL will typically have no expiry date. However, a valid type rating or class rating will be required to use it, as well as a valid medical certificate. A pilot's ratings may be listed on the licence, including the types of aircraft that can be flown (single-engine or multiengine), whether flight under instrument flight rules is allowed (instrument rating), and whether instructing and examining of trainee pilots can be done (instructor or examiner rating).

Requirements
The basic requirements to obtain the license and the privileges it confers are agreed internationally by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). However the actual implementation varies quite widely from country to country. According to ICAO, to be eligible for a commercial pilot license, the applicant must;
 * be able to read, speak, write, and understand English
 * already hold a private pilot licence
 * have received training in the areas of a commercial pilot
 * successfully complete the relevant written exams.

In most European countries, aviation regulations are set by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). The requirements and privileges of a CPL are specified in EASA Part-FCL. Applicants for a CPL (aeroplanes) must have completed a solo cross-country flight of at least 300 nm with full-stop landings at two airfields other than the pilot's airfield of origin.

In the United Kingdom, a pilot must have flown 200 hours for the issue of a CPL, including 100 hours as pilot in command. They must have completed a qualifying cross country flight of at least 300 nautical miles as pilot in command, including full stop landings at two aerodromes different from the departure aerodrome.

In Canada, a pilot must be at least 18 years old, and must hold a Category 1 Medical Certificate. They must complete at least 80 hours of classroom instruction on a variety of topics, and pass a written exam with a score of at least 60%. They must also have logged at least 200 hours of flying experience. The experience must include 100 hours as the pilot in command, as well as specific experience at night, flying cross-country, and instrument time.

title: Commercial pilot licence


text:
Michael Gawenda

Michael Gawenda (born 1947) is an Australian journalist and was editor of The Age from 1997 to 2004. He was appointing inaugural Director of the Centre for Advanced Journalism at the University of Melbourne, launched in 2008.The centre's mission is to improve the practice of journalism through dialogue between journalists and the general community to stimulate public debate on important issues facing journalism.

Life as a refugee
Gawenda was born 1947 in a refugee camp in Austria. His family moved to Melbourne, Australia, in 1949. Gawenda attended Caulfield North state school. He studied economics and politics at a university.

Career
He started his career in 1970, joining The Age as a cadet journalist. In 1997 he became an editor and in 2003 the editor-in-chief. Before that, was a senior editor with TIME. During 2002 he became the subject of controversy when, as Editor-in Chief, he rejected a Michael Leunig cartoon which juxtaposed an image of a Jew standing at the gates of Auschwitz with an image of a Jew with a gun standing at the border between Israel and Palestine. The two images were clearly ironic and Leunig subsequently claimed that Gawenda did not understand the point he was making. Gawenda said "I think it's just inappropriate. Anyone seeing that cartoon would think it inappropriate."

Personal life
Gawenda has a wife and two children, Evie and Chaskiel/Husky, and resides in Melbourne. Gawenda is the uncle of television producer and former sports writer and founding executive produce of The Footy Show, Harvey Silver.

American Notebook
On 15 April 2004, Gawenda announced that he would return to reporting as The Age's Washington correspondent.

Gawenda's final article from Washington was published on 28 May 2007 when he announced he will be returning to Australia and would no longer be writing for The Age. This led to the publication in August 2007 of a book, American Notebook, sub-titled A Personal and Political Journey, about American politics.

Rocky and Gawenda
Gawenda's canine companion inspired him to join the blog revolution to escape from the stresses and frustration of journalism. The blog ran on the Crikey website from February to November 2009. The posts from February to June were collected in a volume titled Rocky & Gawenda . The book, published by Melbourne University Press, is composed of short essays, observations and recollections, mostly reflecting on aspects of his own life: family, especially his two children; dogs; blogging; the pleasure he finds in food; friends and funerals.

Leo Meo
The birth of his first grandchild inspired Gawenda to write a poem every two weeks for the first year of Leo's life. In 2017 he published the book of poetry Leo Meo - songs to my grandson containing these and other poems he had written.

The Powerbroker Mark Leibler, an Australian Jewish Life
An unauthorized biography of Australian lawyer Mark Leibler. This book shows how Leibler rose to a position of immense influence in Australian public life by skilfully entwining his roles as a Zionist leader and a tax lawyer to some of the country’s richest people. The book has interviews with former Prime Ministers Paul Keating, John Howard, Julia Gillard and Indigenous leader Noel Pearson.

My Life as a Jew
A memoir covering much of Gawenda's life from childhood experiences in a secular household, living a mainly non-Jewish life, as a journalist and rising to Editor of The Age newspaper. The book examines the rise of antisemitism and anti-Zionism and Gawenda's personal journey, embracing his Jewish identity late in life.

title: Michael Gawenda


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Amphicar

The Amphicar Model 770 is an amphibious automobile which was launched at the 1961 New York Auto Show. It was made in West Germany and marketed from 1961 to 1968, with production ceasing in 1965.

Designed by Hans Trippel, the amphibious vehicle was manufactured by the Quandt Group at Lübeck and at Berlin-Borsigwalde, with a total of 3,878 manufactured in a single generation. The name Amphicar is a portmanteau of "amphibious" and "car."

A spiritual descendant of the Volkswagen Schwimmwagen, and the Trippel SG6, the Amphicar offered only modest performance compared to most contemporary boats or cars, featured navigation lights and flag as mandated by the US Coast Guard — and after operation in water, required greasing at 13 points, one of which required removal of the rear seat.

In 2014, the publication Petrolicious described the Amphicar as "good for one thing: fun. It’s not quick or flashy, but it’s iconic, unique and friendly. What more could you ask from a vintage car? The Amphicar might not make any sense and that’s precisely why it’s so wonderful."

Product description (1966 Amphicar Model 770)
Engine: Triumph four-cylinder engine of 1147 cc, 8:1 compression ratio, rated at 43 bhp

Chassis/body Appearance

Front undersurface is slightly pointed and sharply cut away below. The wheels are set low, so that the vehicle stands well above ground level when on dry land. Front and rear bumpers are placed low on the body panels (but fairly high in relation to dry ground). The one-piece windshield is curved. The foldable top causes the body style to be classified as cabriolet. Its water propulsion is provided by twin propellers mounted under the rear bumper. The Amphicar is made of mild steel.

Powertrain
The Amphicar's engine was mounted at the rear of the craft, driving the rear wheels through a 4-speed manual transmission. For use in the water, the same engine drove a pair of reversible propellers at the rear, with a second gear lever engaging forward or reverse drive. Once in the water, the main gear lever would normally be left in neutral. By engaging first gear as well as drive to the propellers when approaching a boat ramp, the Amphicar could drive itself out of the water.

Performance
The powerplant was the 1147 cc (69 in³) Standard SC engine from the British Triumph Herald 1200. Many engines were tried in prototypes, but the Triumph engine was "state of the art" in 1961 and it had the necessary combination of performance, weight, cool running, and reliability. Updated versions of this engine remained in production in the Triumph Spitfire until 1980. The Amphicar engine had a power output of 43 hp (32 kW) at 4750 rpm, slightly more than the Triumph Herald due to a shorter exhaust. Designated the "Model 770", the Amphicar could achieve speeds of 7 knots in the water and 70 mph (110 km/h) on land. Later versions of the engine displaced 1296 cc and 1493 cc and produced up to 75 bhp. In water as well as on land, the Amphicar is steered with the front wheels, making it less maneuverable than a conventional boat.

In popular culture
In June, 1965, two Amphicars successfully navigated the Yukon River in Alaska.

In September, 1965, two Amphicars crossed the English Channel

In August, 1967, four Amphicars participated in the 1967 Yukon River Flotilla a joint Alaska-Yukon Centennial project commemorating the memory of the rugged Klondike gold-seekers who sailed down the Yukon River in 1898.

Lea Edgar wrote in BC Shipping News - October 2018: “One more local story regarding the Amphicar is that of the 1967 Yukon River Flotilla. A 10-day, 460-mile trip from Whitehorse down river to Dawson City was planned as a joint Alaska-Yukon Centennial project. Fifty-four craft were used, of those, four were Amphicars. The owners of the Amphicars were all Americans from Alaska. On August 16, the flotilla, including the Amphicars, made it to Dawson City where Discovery Day celebrations were in full swing.”

An Amphicar was restored in season 11, episode seven of the television show Wheeler Dealers. The car was purchased in the United States for $35,000 and shipped to the UK. Its lower bodywork proved to be in poor condition and required complete soda blasting back to clean metal before welding of replacement panel sections. After a test drive in the Thames at Windsor, the restored vehicle was sold for £35,200 at a profit of £4,600 (at that time's exchange rate).

Amphicars appear in the films Rotten to the Core (1965), The Sandwich Man (1966), The President's Analyst (1967), Inspector Clouseau (1968), The Laughing Woman (1969), Savannah Smiles (1982), and Pontiac Moon (1994), and in episode five of season four of The Avengers ("Castle De'ath", 1965). It also appears in the TV movie All the Way (2016).

US President Lyndon B. Johnson owned an Amphicar. Johnson, a known practical joker, was said to enjoy frightening visitors at his Johnson City, Texas, ranch by driving them downhill in his Amphicar, directly into his property's lake, all the while shouting that he had malfunctioning brakes.

In a fifth-season episode of The Simpsons, an antique filmstrip touts Springfield's famous "aqua-car" factory, showing Amphicars rolling off an assembly line and into the water.

The Amphicar was featured in Visiting... with Huell Howser, episode 733.

History
Production started in late 1960. By the end of 1963, complete production was stopped. From 1963 to 1965 cars were assembled from shells and parts inventory built up in anticipation of sales of 25,000 units, with the last new build units assembled in 1965. Cars were titled in the year they actually sold rather than when they were produced, e.g. an unsold Amphicar assembled in 1963 or 1965 could be titled as 1967 or 1968 if that was when it was first sold. Although the inventory could not be sold in the U.S. in the 1968 model year or later due to new environmental and USDOT emissions and safety equipment standards, they were available in other countries into 1968. The remaining inventory of unused parts was eventually purchased by Hugh Gordon of Santa Fe Springs, California.

Most Amphicars were sold in the United States. Cars were sold in the United Kingdom from 1964. Total production was 3,878 vehicles, of which only 97 were right-hand drive. Some were used in the Berlin police department and others were fitted for rescue operations.

Amphicar shows and rides
Amphicar owners regularly convene during the spring, summer, and fall at various locations nationwide for "swim-ins", the largest of which is held at Grand Lake St. Marys State Park, Ohio.

In 2015, the Boathouse at Walt Disney World's Disney Springs in Orlando, Florida, began offering public Amphicar rides to visitors, charging $125 per ride for groups of up to three. Disney heavily re-engineered and enhanced the eight Amphicars of various original colors in its fleet for safety, reliability, and comfort.

title: Amphicar


text:
United States Senate Committee on the District of Columbia

The United States Senate Committee on the District of Columbia was one of the first standing committees created in the United States Senate, in 1816. It had jurisdiction over the District of Columbia. It continued to exist until the reorganization of 1977 when, following the granting of home rule to the district, its duties were transferred to the Committee on Governmental Affairs.


text:
Sinister (band)

Sinister is a death metal band from Schiedam, the Netherlands, formed in 1988. They have released fourteen albums, most recently Deformation of the Holy Realm in 2020.

The band was idle between 2003 and 2005, after which Aad Kloosterwaard, the only constant member, switched from drums to vocals.

The band finished with recordings of the 15th album in October 2023. The recordings are currently in the studio for mix and mastering. Soon they will announce the release date.

Current members

 * Aad Kloosterwaard - vocals (2005–present), drums (1988-2003)
 * Walter Bokito Tjwa - guitar (2018–present)
 * Simon Skrlec - drums (2022–present)

Former members

 * Mike (Sinister) van Mastrigt - vocals (1988–1996)
 * Ron van de Polder - guitar, bass (1988–1992, 2003)
 * Corzas Nanuruw - bass (1989–1991)
 * Andre Tolhuizen - guitar (1991–1994)
 * Frank Faaze - guitar (1991)
 * Bart van Wallenberg - guitar, bass (1992–2002)
 * Michel Alderliefsten - bass (1996)
 * Eric de Windt - vocals (1997–1999)
 * Alex Paul - bass (1997–2003), guitar (2005–2011)
 * Joost Silvrants - vocals (2000)
 * Rachel Heyzer - vocals (2001–2003)
 * Pascal Grevinga - guitar (2003)
 * Paul Beltman - drums (2005–2008)
 * Bas van den Bogaard - bass (2005–2011)
 * Edwin van den Eeden - drums (2008–2011)
 * Dennis Hartog - guitar (2011 - 2020)
 * Mathijs Brussaard - bass (2011 – 2015)
 * Léon Caufijn - bass (2015–2016)
 * Bastiaan Brussaard - guitar (2011 – 2017)
 * Ricardo Falcon - guitar (2016–2018)
 * Toep Duin - drums (2011–2022)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Cross the Styx (1992)
 * Diabolical Summoning (1993)
 * Hate (1995)
 * Aggressive Measures (1998)
 * Creative Killings (2001)
 * Savage or Grace (2003)
 * Afterburner (2006)
 * The Silent Howling (2008)
 * Legacy of Ashes (2010)
 * The Carnage Ending (2012)
 * The Post-Apocalyptic Servant (2014)
 * Dark Memorials (2015) (covers album)
 * Syncretism (2017)
 * Deformation of the Holy Realm (2020)

EPs and singles
 * Putrefying Remains/Spiritual Immolation (1990)
 * Sinister (1990)
 * Bastard Saints (1996)
 * The Unborn Dead (2014)
 * Gods of the Abyss (2017)

Music Videos
 * Leviathan (1993)
 * ''The Science of Prophecy (2014)
 * Neurophobic (2017)

DVDs
 * Prophecies Denied (2006)

title: Sinister (band)


text:
Talk:Vector potential

needs to include a relativistic treatment
This article needs to include a relativistic treatment using differential forms as well. Phys 19:21, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Article needs a complete rewrite
This article, dealing with a more than 100-year old topic, is mostly original research. The interpretation is certainly novel, and rests on at least one false assertion: The article states that a vector field which has the same direction at every point must have zero divergence. Also, the calculation of curl curl A in the example is wrong. The whole thing should be rewritten from scratch. Brian Tvedt 01:25, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh dear, indeed, its a disaster, isn't it. Unfortunately, many of the articles in WP are in a similar sorry shape; it becomes rather plainly visible when the topic is elementary. linas 05:59, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

The article has been rewritten by Oleg Alexandrov and is much better now.Brian Tvedt 11:15, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I was too lazy though to theck the exact conditions when that theorem holds though. Meaning, how smooth the vector field should be and how fast it must decay in order to admit a vector potential. Hope somebody will get to it one day. Oleg Alexandrov 17:01, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

SI units
It would be nice if at least the SI unit of the vector potential was given somewhere.

Use
I'd love it if somebody could add a bit on what the heck use it is. My experience so far involves a physicist who always worked with A. I was running physical experiments on the device he had derived a theory for. He insisted the device would have "no magnetic field". I whipped out the gaussmeter and measured the magnetic field. He would not accept the readings, as he considered the B field an illusion. Yet he was unable to direct me to an instrument that could measure vector potential, and could not convert A to B due to the pesky gauge factor problem. Tomligon (talk) 22:57, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

 * There is no instrument that can measure vector potential, since only gauge-invariant quantities are measurable. If he cannot convert A to B, you should tell him that B=curl A. --Steve (talk) 04:58, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Must the field decay at infinity?
(copied from above)

Hold on. It is a fact that _any_ smooth vector field defined on all of R^3 which has divergence 0, is the curl of another vector field, is it not? This is the Poincare Lemma. It does not require any assumptions on decaying at infinity! It is only the given formula that would fail to work if we didn't have some nice decay property.

Anyway, the first and primary thing the article should say is, having divergence = 0 and domain all of R^3 is sufficient. I'll start changing it soon, if nobody has any objections. Kier07 (talk) 15:07, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I have only seen this stated with the proviso about decaying at infinity. What you say might be true but I suggest you find it stated explicitly. --Steve (talk) 02:12, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: 4A Wikipedia assignment
— Assignment last updated by Lzepeda12 (talk) 21:07, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vector potential


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Chandra North

Chandra North (born July 31, 1970, in Dallas, Texas, United States) is an American model.

Early years
Growing up, North had aspirations of becoming a professional ballerina. In her teen years, North was a bit rebellious. While her classmates would be attending school dance, she would be hitting up underground night clubs. While attending Southern Methodist University, she was scouted by a male model during her spring break. Shortly thereafter, she signed with The Kim Dawson Agency in Dallas and she secured modeling jobs for local news papers and department store catalogs.

In 1991, North left Texas to pursue her dream of becoming a professional dancer. Shortly after moving to New York City, her modeling career moved her to Paris. After struggling to make it in Europe, North came back to New York where she met her future husband, then a bicycle messenger. With his support, she eventually landed more work.

Career
In 1995, North featured in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition in which she wore a grass bikini. Since then, she has been featured in advertisements for Alberta Ferretti, Versace, Saks Fifth Avenue, Givenchy, J.Crew, Valentino, Chanel, and Banana Republic. North has walked the runways for Christian Dior, DKNY, and Chanel. North has also graced the covers of Vogue, Elle, Marie Claire, and Harper's Bazaar.

In 1999, North was featured in the Pirelli Calendar. North is currently represented by DNA Model Management, FM Model Agency and Kim Dawson Agency.

In 2012, North was the print model to celebrate Shiseido's 140th anniversary.

title: Chandra North


text:
Mount Didgori

Mount Didgori (დიდგორი), 1647 m, is situated some 40 km west of Georgia’s capital Tbilisi in the eastern part of the Trialeti Range, which is part of the Lesser Caucasus. It was a site of the celebrated victory won by the Georgian king David IV over the Seljuk armies on August 12, 1121. The battlefield extends for several kilometers and is covered by abundant subalipine meadows. Early in the 1990s, an impressive monument was erected at the site of the battle, consisting of dozens of massive swords pushed into the ground and posing as crosses, and colossal sculptures of dismembered bodies of warriors scattered in the meadows, centred around a massive concrete column in the shape of a 'deda bodzi', the central column in medieval Georgian dwellings. The monument is located at 41º45'38 N, 44º30'29 E. The monument was designed by sculptor Merab Berdzenishvili and architect Tamaz Gabunia, who were awarded the State Prize of Georgia for their work in 1995.

Since 1997, a commemoration of the battle, "Didgoroba" has been held at the monument each August 12.

Didgori is also the name of a Georgian Armoured Personnel Carrier.

title: Mount Didgori


text:
User:Aarchiba/myskin.css

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title: User:Aarchiba/myskin.css


text:
User talk:Goodfella ace

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Unverified image
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 * Image:KocaniCenter.jpg

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title: User talk:Goodfella ace


text:
The Journey of Ibn Fattouma

The Journey of Ibn Fattouma (Arabic:رحلة ابن فطومة) is an intermittently provocative fable written and published by Nobel Prize-winning author Naguib Mahfouz in 1983. It was translated from Arabic into English in 1992 by Denys Johnson-Davies and published by Doubleday.

Plot summary
Ibn Fattouma, more commonly known by his birth name Qindil Muhammad al-Innabi, is a Muslim man disillusioned by the corruption in his home city. When he asks his teacher why a land whose people obey the tenets of Islam suffers so, Qindil is told that the answer he seeks lies far away from the city, in the land of Gebel; the land of perfection. The teacher encourages Ibn Fattouma to seek the land of Gebel, where such problems have been solved. The teacher attempted to journey there himself, but civil war in neighboring lands and the demands of family ultimately prevented him from completing the journey. Further complicating Qindil's impending expedition, no documents exist about the land and no one is known to have returned from Gebel.

Qindil is determined to embark on the journey, for he feels betrayed by his mother, who remarried, and his lover, who was stolen by the sultan. He gives his farewells to his family and proceeds on a caravan out of his home city to the land of Mashriq. In this sexually libertine society, the women and men do not marry; rather, they share each other's partners. The religion of Mashriq is primitive and pagan; the moon is worshiped as a god. Qindil questions the land's customs, but he soon acculturates to their ways. He settles in Mashriq with a woman named Arousa and they have five children. Because of Qindil's insistence upon teaching his eldest son Islam, he is exiled from Mashriq and prohibited from seeing Arousa or their children again.

Qindil then travels to the land of Haïra. The invasion of Mashriq by militaristic Haïra further separates Qindil from his family, and when the annexation of Mashriq is finished, Arousa is brought to Haïra as a slave, who is then bought by Qindil. The chamberlain of the god-king of Haïra desires Arousa as a wife and arranges Qindil to be jailed. Twenty years pass in Haïra in jail before the god-king is overthrown, and the chamberlain, who is also later jailed, tells Qindil to look in the neighboring land of Halba for Arousa and children. In Halba, the freedom of the individual is the most important value. All religions peacefully coexist and Halba openly encourages freedom of inquiry. The Halbans are also aggressive promoters of their philosophy of life in other nations; preparations are underway as Qindil arrives for a war with neighboring Aman. There, Qindil meets and marries Samia, an intellectual Muslim pediatrician in Halba's hospital. Qindil reunites with Arousa, who thought he was lost and had since married a Buddhist man. With Samia's reluctant approval, Qindil decides to continue his journey before war makes such travel impossible.

In the land of Aman, justice is held as the most important value. To maintain order, he leaves just as Aman and Halba prepare to fight. His next stop, the land of Ghuroub, finds Qindil questioned to the depths of his being. Does he earnestly desire to go to Gebel, and why? Qindil states as he has many times before that he seeks to learn Gebel's secret of perfection in life and share it with the people of his homeland. He and the other seekers of Gebel are driven from Ghuroub by an invading army from Aman, and after months of travel, they sight Gebel itself from a mountain peak. As Qindil descends to continue his journey, the story ends leaving the reader to surmise whether or not he reached the city.

Setting
The setting of the story is not clearly spatial or temporal; the journey moves through a space that can represent the historical Middle East, an analogical space of different periods of history or a simply imaginary space. It can be viewed as some combination of these spaces.

The story may be allegorical for the rise of Human Civilization. Qindil starts his adventure from his homeland, the Dar al-Islam, which practices traditional, familiar Islamic values but imperfectly, and with a great deal of corruption. When Qindil sets out, the first land he visits is the Land of Mashriq. Mashriq is the land of the sunrise, and may represent early civilization; particularly that of pre-Islamic Arabia. Mashriq employs a very basic religion based on worship of the moon, and incorporates primal, tribal, values representative of early human development.

Haira may thus represent the rise of human civilization and the chaos that accompanied it. Haira means “confusion” in Arabic and features the rule of a divine king and frequent wars. Its values seem to reflect those of absolutism; though without any clear historical period in mind. Qindil travels to the Halba following Haira, Halba is the land of freedom. Halba may represent Western civilization, and includes democracy, wealth, and sophistication. Halba eventually conquers both Mashriq and Haira; plausibly mirroring the historical rise of the West.

Qindil then travels to Aman; the land of security and total justice. Aman employs communism and is engaged with a struggle for influence against Halba; an interesting parallel to the time the book was written in 1983. Finally Qindil stops at Ghuroub; the land of the sunset. Ghuroub is interesting, as it has no obvious parallel in the real world. It is a transitory place, where people train to go forth to the land of Gebel. Qindil then journeys to the Land of Gebel, which is at the top of a mountain. Gebel symbolizes heaven on Earth. No man has ever returned from Gebel, the land of perfect society.

Some of the places mentioned in the book, such as Gebel, Haira and Mashriq were names of historical kingdoms in the Classical and Medieval Middle East. They are not just analogies but also references to the real, if much mythologised past.

Analysis
Mahfouz turned away from Western literature and looked to Arabic modes for narrative inspiration. Medieval Arabic influence was shown in the story's episodic style with little interest in a central plot. Mahfouz used the Journey of Ibn Battuta as an inspiration but his character, Ibn Fattouma travels through time, not space. Each land fits into the evolution of civilization. The Journey is an allegory for Mahfouz's search for a perfect socio-political system. Each land was named after its time in the history of man; Mashriq was sunrise, Haira bewilderment, Halba arena, Aman security, Ghuroub sunset, and Gebel mountain. This story ends in the present as it is fitting that it does not continue into the future. Mahfouz shows the progression of man from undeveloped to modern, developed civilizations.

The land of Mashriq (or Sunrise in the original text) represents the origin of human society. A tribal land, it has an animist religion and the people live comparatively simply to Qindil's homeland. Next in the progression is the land of Haira (or Bewilderment), a land representing the transition to absolute monarchies in the course of human civilization. Haira incites a war against Mashriq, triumphs and promptly takes over it, showing the spread of monarchy as well as the spread of these empires. Next is Halba (or Arena), a land of freedom, where all religions are tolerated and freedom of speech is guaranteed and practice. However, it is plagued by crime. The democracy engages in war against Halba, succeeds, and takes over Haira, like the revolutions and change to democracy in much of the world in the 18th to 20th centuries. Next is Aman (or Security), a communist society in which equality is enforced and the government controls all aspects of society. The president, however, has absolute power and has a distinct social and monetary advantage over the commoners. A parallel in the world would be the Soviet Union. The land engages in a war with Halba and takes over Ghuroub out of fear of Halba taking it, much like the influence America and the Soviet Union had over other countries in the Cold War of recent times. The victor is left ambiguous, just as the victor of the Cold War was unknown in 1983, when the novel was written. Last is the land of Gebel (or Mountain); a utopia. It represents the climax of human society and the workings of the society are left unknown, just as the workings of a utopia today are unknown to humanity.

Characters
Qindil Muhammad al-Innabi - The narrator and the main protagonist, he is the son of an eighty-year-old man, Muhammad al-Innabi, who fell in love with a seventeen-year-old girl, Fattouma al-Azhari. He was given the name 'Ibn Fattouma' i.e. 'son of Fattouma'.

Arousa - The girl that Qindil falls in love with in the Land of Mashriq but the ways of the land are different and he can't marry (or purchase) her outright. But a union, of sorts, is established and Qindil settles down in the land, staying for years and fathering her children. Driven to bring his son up on the principles of Islam, he runs afoul of local customs and is arrested and deported. They are united momentarily after Mashriq is conquered are separated when Qindil is falsely arrested. Arousa then marries a Buddhist and sees Qindil in the Land of Halba in a jewelry shop that Qindil is working in.

Ham - Qindil's mentor throughout the land of Haira, he is the owner of the inn for foreign travelers.

Fam - Qindil's mentor throughout the land of Mashriq, he is the owner of the inn for foreign travelers.

Halima Adlial-Tantawi - She is a young woman in Qindil's homeland whom he spots walking throughout the streets with her father who is blind. Immediately, Qindil starts to admire her and decides to ask for her hand in marriage. Qindil's mother is reluctant at first, due to the fact that Halima originates from a family that is of a lesser class and states that Qindil is too young and can marry any other woman but Qindil is insistent.

Fattouma al-Azhari - When only seventeen, Fattouma al-Azhari married her husband of eighty years old. Qindil is given the name 'Ibn Fattouma' which means 'son of Fattouma' by his brothers as a means of "washing their hands of any possible relationship with them and casting doubts upon my mother."

Muhammad al-Innabi - Qindil's father, who is eighty when he falls in love with Fattouma al-Azhari, Qindil's mother and had produced seven notable merchant sons before him.

Samia - Qindil falls in love with her in the land of Halba. Qindil's relationships with Arousa and Samia over the course of his travels provide him with deep happiness and satisfaction. His greatest sorrows are in losing his two loves.

Sheik Maghagha al-Gibeili - Qindil's teacher who made a journey himself but had to stop before he could visit the land of Gebel due to a war. He marries Qindil's mother as he "cannot bear his solitude any longer" at the same time as Qindil's marriage to Halima is arranged. He is the tutor who extols the virtues of travel as a way of finding the true meaning of life.

Sheikh Hamada al Sabki - Qindil meets him in the land of Halba. He gives the call to prayer in the streets and tells Qindil that in the land of Halba, people preached that Islam encouraged homosexuality. Qindil is taken aback by this news and is disappointed by the New Islam that was manifesting itself in this country. Imam invites Qindil to his house and there, he introduces his daughter, Samia, to him.

The Sage in the Land of Ghuroub - He is an Old man located in the forest. He is the instructor of those who are perplexed, and prepares those who desire to make the journey to the Land of Gebel.

Theme
Throughout his ensuing journey, Ibn Fattouma undergoes many struggles both on an existential and intellectual level as he attempts to determine the meaning of life in relation to who he is. Themes present in Journey of Ibn Fattouma revolve around how to correctly organize a society and his personal existential struggles. The main character in the allegory, Qindil, travels to many lands to try to discover a perfect land and when he cannot find one, readers are left to realize whether a perfect society really exists and what a society should be based on. Qindil attempts to determine the meaning of life in relation to who he is. The story relies heavily on self-interpretation creating a path to discovery for Qindil and the reader leaving everyone to question what the real journey was.

Translations
The Journey of Ibn Fattouma was first published in Arabic in 1983, as رحلة إبن فطوم. and has since been translated in German, Italian, and English. The English translation was done by Denys Johnson-Davies. In 2022, the book was translated into Pashto by veteran Pashto writer, Hamayun Masoud, from Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It was published by 'Dust On Book', Peshawar.

Commercial reception
On a scale of A-F, complete-review.com gave Journey of Ibn Fattouma an A−, stating that it is “a clever...parable of different forms of governments and societies.”

Critical reception
“The style of the Arabic original is descriptive, sensuous, and sometimes moving. The translation, coming from the pen of an experienced translator, is meticulously faithful to the original while maintaining complete idiomatic English that flows smoothly.”- Issa Peters, World Literature Today

As said by The Complete Review, “The Journey of Ibn Fattouma is a clever if occasionally too simplistic parable of different forms of government and society, seen especially -- and very effectively -- in relation to Islam (both theoretical and the less-than-perfect real-life examples of Islamic states). Qindil's travels and observations are engaging and very nicely related… though much is a bit too quickly brushed over. War breaks out several times too often; presented as it is, it comes to look like an inevitability in practically each of these situations, which doesn't seem to be what Mahfouz means. Qindil's love-life is also a bit odd, his passion understandable but also too quickly indulged in (and then disposed of, as he leaves family after family behind). But the strengths of the text easily outweigh all the weaknesses. An enjoyable and thoughtful novel, certainly recommended,” and gave it a rating of A−.

Erik Cohen describes: “The original, archaic pilgrimage” as “the quest for the mythical land of pristine existence, of no evil or suffering, the primaeval centre from which man originally emerged, but eventually lost it,” (Cohen 182).. . . . . Erik is an Adjunct Fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center, as well as a member of EPPC's board of directors. As Issa Peters says, “The Journey of Ibn Fattouma, therefore, is a kind of pilgrim's progress, but the pilgrim here is more of a social reformer than a religious believer impelled by an apocalyptic vision of the divine."

Inspiration
Ibn Battuta, a 14th-century Moroccan explorer, was the inspiration and historical model for the fictitious journey in The Journey of Ibn Fattouma. He was one of the greatest travelers, having visited most of the known world of his day. Ibn Battuta recorded his experiences for posterity in his famous Journey of Ibn Battuta (partly translated into English by H A R Gibb in 1929). Based on the title, The Journey of Ibn Fattouma, Naguib Mahfouz clearly wants readers to be aware of the medieval work while reading his novel. Mahfouz was inspired by Ibn Battuta's journey to write his book, but he did not approach his historically modeled book with a respectful attitude. His intention was partly to parody Ibn Battuta's journey. “Whereas Ibn Battuta travelled in space, his fictitious descendant travels in time; the five 'lands' he visits being, within the allegorical framework of the book, symbolic of stages in the evolution of organised society from the dawn of history to the present day.”

Mahfouz shows that Ibn Fattouma is modeled off of Ibn Battuta, but is not a mirror image of him. Ibn Fattouma criticizes his homeland, whereas Ibn Battuta idealized Islam, regardless of where he traveled. Ibn Fattouma's critiques of Islam seem to create the basis of his journey, as he searches for a place where life is far more ideal than his homeland. He questions God as a merciful being after seeing ignorance and poverty. This fuels his journey and creates a more complex character than if the story was simply following Ibn Battuta, blindly mimicking his every trait.

Literary significance and criticism
The story is a "Morality Play"- it is not just what it may first seem, but in reality it's a story of “extoling the virtues of tolerance and understanding" The Journey of Ibn Fattouma is a simple story of government and society. Critics say that the story is engaging, yet at the same time redundant. Mahfouz is able to capture a lifetime's worth of experiences in one short novel. He is considered as one of the most western of contemporary Arab novelists.

Naguib Mahfouz, the author of The Journey of Ibn Fattouma, portrays himself in his writing, and in the lands and characters of the novel. The revolution of 1919 in Egypt influenced Mahfouz and inspired him to place a symbol of rebellion in the lands Qindil visits. Qindil travels to Mashriq, and discovers the underlying rules and restrictions of the seemingly free and open land. He rebels against the land's religion and attempts to teach his son the Islamic faith. As a result, Qindil is exiled and sent away on the next caravan that arrives. Similar to the revolution in Egypt, Qindil did not aggressively revolt using violence and anger. He was reserved and subtle in his actions. While The Journey of Ibn Fattouma symbolizes the development of human history, it also reflects the author and his connection to the Egyptian Revolution.

The novel is centered around a young traveler, Ibn Fattouma, who closely resembles a 14th-century traveler, Ibn Battuta. While Battuta did not travel to lands similar to those in the novel, his personality and background matched Fattouma's. Ibn Battuta's purpose was to see how the Islamic religion was perceived and practiced in different parts of the world. Ibn Fattouma was based on this real person, Ibn Battuta, who shared with him many similarities.

Symbolism
Cities:

Gebel: Gebelf perfection. “The Homeland”: It represents where Qindil's values came from

Mashriq: Represents the dawn of civilization and primitive values

Haira: Represents bewilderment and confusion

Halba: Represents Freedom and western (mainly American) culture

Aman: Represents equality in a modern communist government

Ghuroub: Peace and meditation

Characters:

Quindil: Represents humanity

Fam: Guide/Leaders in society

Arousa: Distraction

Samia: Women's rights and intellect

Ham: The effect of propaganda on society

title: The Journey of Ibn Fattouma