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Pelham Bay (neighborhood), Bronx

Pelham Bay is a middle class residential neighborhood in the borough of the Bronx, in New York City. It is named for Pelham Bay Park, New York City's largest park, which lies on the neighborhood's northeastern border; and for Pelham Bay, a body of water in that park. The neighborhood is bounded roughly by Pelham Parkway on the north, the New England Thruway (I-95) on the east, the Bruckner Expressway (I-95) on the south, and the Hutchinson River Parkway on the west.

Pelham Bay is part of Bronx Community District 10, and its ZIP Code is 10461. Pelham Bay is patrolled by the 45th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

History
Most of the neighborhood is land that was purchased by Thomas Pell in 1654, part of an original grant to the Dutch West India Company.

Despite the name, the area that is now the Pelham Bay neighborhood was not part of the historical Town of Pelham, which consisted of the modern-day town of Pelham in Westchester County as well as Pelham Bay Park and City Island in the Bronx. The latter two areas were annexed by the City of New York in 1895.

Land use
Pelham Bay's boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise, are Pelham Parkway to the north, New England Thruway to the east, Bruckner Expressway to the south, and Hutchinson River Parkway to the west. Pelham Bay includes the residential enclave of Country Club, which occupies the portion of the neighborhood east of Interstate 95 (I-95). The core of Pelham Bay is the portion west of I-95 and north of Middletown Road.

Pelham Bay is part of Bronx Community District 10, which also covers Throgs Neck and Co-op City. The neighborhood is home to a number of active civic and community associations, including the Pelham Bay Little League.

A variety of stores and eateries line the streets of this neighborhood, including Westchester Avenue, Buhre Avenue, Middletown Road, and Crosby Avenue (these two cross to form one of the main intersections of the neighborhood).

Arnow Place, a small street between Westchester Avenue and the New England Thruway (I-95) in Pelham Bay, was the site of the December 2005 shooting death of off-duty police officer, Daniel Enchautegui. Actor Lillo Brancato and an accomplice were charged with murder in the case. In 2006, the street was renamed Daniel Enchautegui Way.

There is a community playground called Westchester Square Playground located adjacent to the Hutchinson River Parkway. It has a baseball field, swing sets and a paddle ball court.

Demographics
The neighborhood is home to longstanding Italian American population with a recent influx of Hispanics changing the neighborhoods demographics considerably. Some homes have both Italian and American flags proudly waving. The neighborhood also has sizeable population of Greeks. While the majority of the population is white, there is a significant Hispanic minority, consisting mostly of Puerto Ricans. As with Riverdale and Country Club, Pelham Bay ranks as one of the safest and most desirable neighborhoods in the Bronx. It was ranked as the best neighborhood for children in the Bronx and top 10 neighborhood in the whole New York City.

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Pelham Bay-Country Club-City Island was 26,583, a decrease of 557 (2.1%) from the 27,140 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 917.45 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 29.0 PD/acre. The racial makeup of the Pelham Bay-Country Club-City Island neighborhood was 62.0% (16,488) White, 2.9% (773) African American, 0.1% (36) Native American, 3.6% (969) Asian, 0.0% (5) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (110) from other races, and 0.9% (252) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.9% (7,950) of the population.

The entirety of Community District 10, which comprises City Island, Co-op City, Country Club, Pelham Bay, Schuylerville, Throgs Neck and Westchester Square, had 121,868 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.1 years. This is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 20% are between the ages of between 0–17, 26% between 25–44, and 27% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 18% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 10 was $59,522. In 2018, an estimated 14% of Community District 10 residents lived in poverty, compared to 25% in all of the Bronx and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 13% in the Bronx and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 45% in Community District 10, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 58% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation,, Community District 10 is considered high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Police and crime
Community District 10 is patrolled by the 45th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 2877 Barkley Avenue in Throggs Neck. The 45th Precinct ranked 28th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 53 per 100,000 people, Community District 10's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 243 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.

The 45th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 67% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported five murders, 13 rapes, 235 robberies, 265 felony assaults, 108 burglaries, 609 grand larcenies, and 323 grand larcenies auto in 2022.

Fire safety
Pelham Bay is served by two fire stations of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY). Engine Co. 89/Ladder Co. 50 is located at 2924 Bruckner Boulevard while Squad 61/Battalion 20 is located at 1518 Williamsbridge Road.

Health
, preterm births are more common in Community District 10 than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Community District 10, there were 110 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.3 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Community District 10 has a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 7%, lower than the citywide rate of 14%, though this was based on a small sample size.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Community District 10 is 0.0075 mg/m3, the same as the city average. Fourteen percent of Community District 10 residents are smokers, which is the same as the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Community District 10, 24% of residents are obese, 13% are diabetic, and 37% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 25% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Eighty-seven percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 77% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", about the same as the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Community District 10, there are 7 bodegas.

The nearest large hospitals are Calvary Hospital, Montefiore Medical Center's Jack D. Weiler Hospital, and NYC Health + Hospitals/Jacobi in Morris Park. The Albert Einstein College of Medicine campus is also located in Morris Park.

Post office and ZIP Code
Pelham Bay is located within ZIP Code 10461. The United States Postal Service operates the Pilgrim Station post office at 1545 Crosby Avenue.

Education
Community District 10 generally has a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. While 34% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 16% have less than a high school education and 50% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 26% of Bronx residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Community District 10 students excelling in math rose from 29% in 2000 to 47% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 33% to 35% during the same time period.

Community District 10's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is slightly higher than the rest of New York City. In Community District 10, 21% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, a little more than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 75% of high school students in Community District 10 graduate on time, the same as the citywide average of 75%.

Schools
Served by the New York City Department of Education, the neighborhood is home to the elementary schools Public School 71 (named the Rose E. Scala School to honor a former principal) and Public School 14 (named the John D. Calandra School to honor a former State Senator), as well as to Herbert H. Lehman High School (right on the neighborhood's border). Several private and parochial schools also serve the neighborhood, including the Roman Catholic elementary schools associated with the church St. Theresa, and the Greek American Institute, a Greek Orthodox parochial school.

Library
The New York Public Library (NYPL)'s Pelham Bay branch is located at 3060 Middletown Road. The branch's one-story brick building opened in 1976.

Transportation
The following MTA Regional Bus Operations and Bee-Line bus routes serve Pelham Bay:
 * Bx5: to Bay Plaza Shopping Center or Simpson Street station ( trains) (via Crosby Avenue / Bruckner Boulevard / Story Avenue)
 * Bx8: to Williamsbridge or Locust Point (via Westchester Avenue / Williamsbridge Road)
 * Bx12: to University Heights (via Fordham Road – Pelham Parkway)
 * Bx12 SBS: to Bay Plaza Shopping Center or Inwood – 207th Street station ( train) (via Fordham Road – Pelham Parkway)
 * Bx23: to Co-op City
 * Bx24: to Country Club
 * Bx29: to City Island (via City Island Avenue)
 * Q50: to Co-op City or Flushing–Main Street station ( trains) (via Bronx–Whitestone Bridge)
 * BxM8: to Midtown Manhattan via Bruckner Blvd and 5th Ave
 * BL45: to Eastchester in Westchester County

The following New York City Subway stations serve Pelham Bay:
 * Middletown Road
 * Buhre Avenue
 * Pelham Bay Park

Notable people

 * Paul Attanasio (born 1959), screenwriter and film and television producer, who was an executive producer on the TV series House and received Academy Award nominations for his screenplays for Quiz Show and Donnie Brasco.
 * James Coco (1930–1987), actor known for his roles in Man of La Mancha and Only When I Laugh.
 * John Fox (1952–1990), novelist and short-story writer.
 * John F. Good (1936-2016), FBI agent who created the Abscam sting operation in the late 1970s and early 1980s which led to the arrest and conviction of several elected officials at the local, state and federal level, which was portrayed in the 2013 film American Hustle.
 * James Madio (born 1975), actor known for his roles in USA High, Hook and Band of Brothers.
 * Ronnie Ortiz-Magro (born 1985), actor best known as one of the eight main cast members in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore.
 * Thomas Pell (1612-1669), physician who bought the area known as Pelham, New York.

In popular culture
The movie The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, and its 2009 remake, involved the hijacking of a subway train leaving the Pelham Bay Park station at the scheduled time of 1:23.

title: Pelham Bay (neighborhood), Bronx


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Iron Duke engine

The Iron Duke engine (also called 151, 2500, Pontiac 2.5, and Tech IV) is a 151 cuin straight-4 piston engine built by the Pontiac Motor Division of General Motors from 1977 until 1993. Originally developed as Pontiac's new economy car engine, it was used in a wide variety of vehicles across GM's lineup in the 1980s as well as supplied to American Motors Corporation (AMC). The engine was engineered for fuel efficiency, smooth operation, and long life, not for performance. Total Duke engine production is estimated to be between 3.8 and 4.2 million units.

Development
At the time of the 1973 oil crisis the only engines Pontiac built were 350 cuin, 400 cuin, and 455 cuin versions of their V8 engine. Recognizing that future products would need to be smaller and more fuel-efficient, Pontiac engineers were tasked with developing a new engine that would be suitable for these future products. The engineers considered developing smaller displacement versions of the existing V8, a V6 derived from the V8, a V4 derived from the V8, and an inline-four derived from one of the cylinder banks of the V8 (in the same fashion as the 1961 Pontiac Tempest's "Trophy 4" engine), but ultimately decided to create an entirely new four-cylinder engine.

The development team's design goals were to minimize noise and vibration while maximizing durability, drivability, fuel economy, and "usable" power at lower engine speeds. They began by analyzing other four-cylinder engines in production at General Motors at the time, and they found that GM do Brasil's 151 cuin version of the Chevrolet 153 cu in four-cylinder—with a shorter 3 in stroke and longer 6 in connecting rods—had significantly reduced secondary vibration as compared to the original Chevrolet design and the newer 2.3 L four-cylinder from the Chevrolet Vega. This obviated the need for counter-rotating balance shafts, which would have increased the weight, complexity, and cost of the engine. Despite sharing the same bore, stroke, and cylinder spacing as the Brazilian engine, the majority of parts are not interchangeable.

Focusing on making power at lower engine speeds was a deliberate consideration in order to meet the rest of the design goals. Careful consideration was made to the design of the intake manifold and exhaust gas recirculation system to ensure power output from each cylinder was equalized. Power consumption of the water and oil pumps were reduced, and the piston rings, cylinder bores, and crankshaft journals were designed to minimize friction.

To maximize durability the engine block was made of cast iron with five main bearings, rather than the relatively fragile cast aluminum block used by the 2.3 L Vega engine. (Even with the cast iron block the Iron Duke only weighed about 20 pounds more.) The 2.3 L engine's belt-driven overhead camshaft was eschewed in favor of an overhead valve design with timing gears. Specially-designed bolts that stretch slightly farther than a conventional bolt were used to secure the intake and exhaust manifolds to the cylinder head, to allow slight movement while maintaining the seal of the gaskets in order to prevent cracking the manifolds as they expand with heat.

A two-stage, two-barrel carburetor with electric choke was used to improve performance in cold starts, while heat shields incorporated underneath the carburetor and between the intake and exhaust manifolds were used to prevent heat soaking the gasoline in the carburetor thereby improving performance in hot weather. Recognizing that cars with four-cylinder engines equipped with air conditioning tended to experience drivability issues in hot weather, other improvements were made including a cut-off switch that shut the compressor off at wide open throttle and a delay incorporated into the air conditioning's circuitry to prevent the compressor from engaging until twelve seconds after the engine was started.

Early applications
The Iron Duke's first applications were in the 1977 Astre and Sunbird subcompact cars, replacing the 2.3 L Vega engine, and in the compact Phoenix. As these cars were originally designed for Chevrolet engines, the Iron Duke also used the Chevrolet bell housing bolt pattern, instead of the Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac V8 pattern. The following year use of the engine expanded to the Sunbird's Chevrolet and Oldsmobile twins, the Monza and Starfire.

For the 1979 model year, the engine was extensively redesigned. The original reverse-flow cylinder head was replaced by a crossflow design, a new two-barrel carburetor called "Vara-Jet" was introduced, the distributor was relocated, and the size of the oil pan was reduced. The only parts carried over from the 1978 engines were the connecting rods. Peak power increased to 90 hp.

For 1980 the Iron Duke engine was redesigned to be mounted transversely, to suit the new front-drive General Motors "X-body" cars. The bellhousing bolt pattern was revised to match that of the new 60° V6 engine.

GM also began selling the engine to American Motors Corporation (AMC) starting with the 1980 model year. It was the base engine in Spirit, Concord, and Eagle automobiles, as well as in base-model Jeep CJs. The engines purchased by AMC continued to use the Chevrolet V8 bellhousing pattern. The four-cylinder engine was discontinued from AMC's rear-wheel drive models after 1982. During 1983, the all-wheel drive Eagle base engine switched from the Iron Duke to a new, AMC-developed 150 cid four-cylinder. The 1980 through 1983 Jeep CJs were also available with the Iron Duke as the base engine.

 * 1981–1982 AMC Concord
 * 1981–1983 AMC Eagle
 * 1980–1982 AMC Spirit
 * 1980–1981 Buick Skylark
 * 1980–1981 Chevrolet Citation
 * 1978–1980 Chevrolet Monza
 * 1980–1983 Jeep CJ
 * 1980–1981 Oldsmobile Omega
 * 1978–1980 Oldsmobile Starfire
 * 1977 Pontiac Astre
 * 1977–1981 Pontiac Phoenix
 * 1977–1980 Pontiac Sunbird
 * 1977 Pontiac Ventura

Tech IV

Iron Dukes were fitted with fuel injection (TBI, via a single injector in the throttle body) in 1982. This version was christened the Tech IV, though Car and Driver later ridiculed it as the low-Tech IV. Power output increased to 90 hp.

This was replaced by a swirl-port head with 9.0:1 (instead of 8.25:1) compression ratio in 1984 for a 2 hp gain. Other additions for 1985 included roller lifters, improved bearings, and a new crankshaft. Several significant changes were made in 1987, which included: an improved cylinder head, intake manifold, and throttle-body fuel injection module; a more-modern serpentine belt with an automatic spring-loaded tensioner for the accessories; and a Distributorless Ignition System (DIS). This revision to the engine increased power to 98 hp. In 1988, a balance shaft was added to smooth engine vibrations. Up to this point, the engine incorporated a 'dogbone' upper front engine mount secured to the cowling of the vehicle's hood latch, aiding in controlling the vibration. Further improvements in later years included new pistons, rods, crankshaft, and an in-pan oiling system. The most powerful variant of the Tech IV raised the rev limit to 5500 rpm, and achieved 110 hp. The Tech IV uses the same bellhousing pattern as the 2.8 L 60-Degree V6. Over the years, the Tech IV engine has proved to be a reliable workhorse for owners when not pushed to its limits. All 1978-1990 Iron Duke engines used a micarta camshaft gear that meshed directly with a steel gear on the crankshaft. 1991-92 VIN R and U engines used a timing chain instead.

The Grumman LLV (Long Life Vehicle) built from 1987 until 1994 for the United States Postal Service for use in mail delivery were initially powered by the Iron Duke engine. The Postal Service specifications called for a 24-year service life and those with 2.5 L engine have surpassed expectations.

 * 1982–1992 Buick Century
 * 1982–1991 Buick Skylark
 * 1985–1987 Buick Somerset/Somerset Regal
 * 1985–1990 Chevrolet Astro Cargo Van
 * 1982–1985 Chevrolet Camaro
 * 1982–1990 Chevrolet Celebrity
 * 1990–1992 Chevrolet Lumina
 * 1985–1993 Chevrolet S-10
 * 1985–1987 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer
 * 1985–1987 GMC S-15 Jimmy
 * 1985–1993 GMC S-15/GMC Sonoma
 * 1985–1990 GMC Safari Cargo Van
 * 1987–1994 Grumman LLV (USPS delivery vehicle)
 * 1985–1991 Oldsmobile Calais/Cutlass Calais
 * 1982–1992 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera
 * 1982–1991 Pontiac 6000
 * 1984–1988 Pontiac Fiero
 * 1982–1985 Pontiac Firebird
 * 1985–1991 Pontiac Grand Am

Super Duty
The Iron Duke block formed the basis of Pontiac's Super Duty four-cylinder racing engines of the 1980s, the last in a line of high-performance Pontiac Super Duty engines. The engines were featured in NASCAR's Charlotte/Daytona Dash Series, the IMSA GT Championship (in GTP and GTU class cars), and even in American Power Boat Association racing boats. Super Duty engines continued to be used in ARCA racing until well into the 2000s.

In addition to parts matching the Iron Duke's stock 2.5 L displacement other crankshafts and their corresponding connecting rods were offered by Pontiac Motorsports, resulting in displacements ranging from 2.1 L to 3.2 L. A 2.7 L, 232 hp Super Duty engine powered the 1984 Fiero Indy Pace Car to over 138 mph during the race, but Super Duty engines were never available in factory-built GM vehicles. However, GM sold the Super-Duty-specific parts at authorized dealers and all of the parts required to convert a stock Iron Duke engine to a Super Duty version were available.

Kansas Racing Products continued to make the engines in the early 21st century after buying rights to make them from GM.

Cosworth also produced a 16-valve, double-overhead cam head for the 3.0 L version of the racing engine (Cosworth Project DBA, 1987).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Iron Duke engine


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General Motors 60° V6 engine

The General Motors 60° V6 engine family is a series of 60° V6 engines produced for both longitudinal and transverse applications. All of these engines are 12-valve cam-in-block or overhead valve engines, except for the LQ1 which uses 24 valves driven by dual overhead cams. These engines vary in displacement between 2837 and 3350 cc and have a cast-iron block and either cast-iron or aluminum heads. Production of these engines began in 1980 and ended in 2005 in the U.S., with production continued in China until 2010. This engine family was the basis for the GM High Value engine family. These engines have also been referred to as the X engines as they were first used in the X-body cars.

This engine is not related to the GMC V6 engine that was designed for commercial vehicle usage.

This engine family was developed by Chevrolet, although it was used by many GM divisions, except for Saturn and Geo.

Generation I
The first generation of modern small GM 60° V6 engines featured an iron block and heads with inline valves. This "clean sheet" design was introduced in 1980 and versions were produced through 1995. Two different blocks with minor differences were developed:
 * A transverse engine family for front-wheel drive
 * A longitudinal engine family for rear-wheel drive

Transverse
The transverse engines began the 60° family in 1980. Like the rest of the Generation I engines, they were updated in 1985 with larger main journals for durability, along with multi-point fuel injection or E2SE carburetor and OBD I. Production of the Generation I transverse engines ended in 1988.

LE2
The 2837 cc LE2 was the first version of the 60° engine. It was a transverse version produced from 1980 through 1986 for the A-body and X-body cars. The standard ("X-code") engine for this line, it used a two-barrel carburetor. Output was 115 hp for 1980–81, 112 hp for 1982–86, and 135 lbft. Bore was 89 mm and stroke was 76 mm.

Applications:
 * 1986 Buick Century
 * 1980–1985 Buick Skylark
 * 1982–1986 Chevrolet Celebrity
 * 1980–1985 Chevrolet Citation
 * 1986 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera & Cutlass Cruiser
 * 1980–1984 Oldsmobile Omega
 * 1982–1986 Pontiac 6000
 * 1980–1984 Pontiac Phoenix

LH7
Introduced in 1981, the 2837 cc LH7 was a High Output ("Z-code") version of the LE2 for the higher-performance X-cars like the Chevrolet Citation X-11 and higher-performance A-cars like the Pontiac 6000 STE. It retained a two-barrel carburetor and produced 135 hp and 165 lbft for 1981 and 145 lbft for 1982–1984 versions. The LH7 was replaced after 1984 with the MFI L44.

Applications:
 * 1982–1984 Buick Skylark T-Type
 * 1984 Chevrolet Celebrity (optional on first year Eurosport)
 * 1981–1984 Chevrolet Citation X-11
 * 1989–1991 Isuzu Trooper/Trooper II
 * 1982–1984 Oldsmobile Omega SX
 * 1983–1984 Pontiac 6000 STE
 * 1982–1984 Pontiac Phoenix SJ/SE

L44
The L44 was produced from 1985 to 1988, replacing the LH7. It was the first transverse 2837 cc to use multiport fuel injection, and was a High Output ("9-code") engine option for the higher performance A-cars, X-cars, and Pontiac Fiero. This engine produced 140 hp at 5200 rpm and 170 lbft of torque at 3600 rpm.

Applications:
 * 1985–1986 Chevrolet Celebrity Eurosport
 * 1985 Chevrolet Citation X-11
 * 1985–1986 Pontiac 6000 STE
 * 1985–1988 Pontiac Fiero

LB6
The LB6 ("W-code") 2.8 L (2,837 cc) engine was introduced in 1985 to replace the original LE2. It used multiport fuel injection and produced 130 hp at 4500 rpm and 160 lb-ft (217 Nm) of torque at 3600 rpm.

Applications:

 * 1985 Buick Skylark
 * 1985–1986 Cadillac Cimarron
 * 1985–1989 Chevrolet Cavalier
 * 1985–1986 Chevrolet Celebrity
 * 1985 Chevrolet Citation
 * 1985–1987 Oldsmobile Firenza (GT)
 * 1985–1986 Pontiac 6000

LG6
The LG6 ("D-code") 3.1 L was produced from 1990 to 1996 in both transverse and longitudinal applications. It used throttle-body fuel injection and iron heads. It produced 120 hp and 170 lbft.

Applications:
 * 1990–1995 Chevrolet Lumina APV
 * 1991–1994 Isuzu Pickup
 * 1990–1992 Isuzu Rodeo
 * 1990–1995 Oldsmobile Silhouette
 * 1990–1995 Pontiac Trans Sport

Longitudinal
The longitudinal versions had minor differences from the transverse engines on which they were based. This group appeared in 1982 with the LC1 and LR2 and never added the aluminum heads of the Generation II engines.

Like the rest of the family, larger journals appeared in 1985, along with multiport fuel injection for the F-body LB8 version. TBI was added for the truck version in 1986. A 3135 cc version was added in 1990 with an 8 mm longer stroke (now 84mm), and a 3350 cc appeared for 1993 with a 92 mm bore and SFI. Production of the 2837 and 3135 cc (Isuzu) engines ended in 1994. Production ended for all longitudinal 60° V6s in 1996. GM's performance-parts division continued production of a related crate engine after 1999.

2.8 Applications:
 * 1986–1993 Chevrolet S-10/GMC S-15 Sonoma
 * 1986–1993 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy
 * 1988–1991 Isuzu Trooper II

3.1 Applications:
 * 1991–1994 Isuzu Pickup
 * 1991–1992 Isuzu Rodeo

LC1
The longitudinal LC1 was produced from 1982 to 1984. It was a 2-barrel High Output ("1-code") version for the F-body cars. Output was 102 hp and 145 lbft. It was replaced by the LB8 for 1985.

Applications:
 * 1982–1984 Chevrolet Camaro
 * 1982–1984 Pontiac Firebird

LR2
The longitudinal LR2 was a truck version ("B-code") produced from 1982 to 1986. It used a two-barrel carburetor and produced 115 hp and 150 lbft.

Applications:
 * 1982–1986 Chevrolet S-10/GMC S-15 Sonoma
 * 1982–1986 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy
 * 1984–1986 Jeep Cherokee
 * 1986 Jeep Comanche

LL1/LL2
The longitudinal LL1 was a high-output version of the LC1 produced in 1983 and 1984. It was an optional ("L-code") engine on the Pontiac Firebird with 125 hp.

Applications:
 * 1983–1984 Pontiac Firebird

The carbureted LL2 ("R-code") was produced from 1982 to 1988. Another LL2 ("R-code") with throttle-body fuel injection was produced from 1986 to 1993. Output of the TBI version was 125 hp.

Applications:
 * 1986–1993 Chevrolet S-10/GMC S-15 Sonoma
 * 1986–1993 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy
 * 1989–1991 Isuzu Trooper

LB8
The LB8 ("S-code") replaced the LC1 in 1985 and was produced until 1989. It used multiport fuel injection and was made for longitudinal mounting. Output was 135 hp and 165 lbft.

Applications:
 * 1985–1989 Chevrolet Camaro
 * 1985–1989 Pontiac Firebird

LH0
The 3.1L LH0 as used in the rear-wheel-drive applications differed significantly from that used in front-wheel-drive applications. The latter retained the Generation-I architecture block and heads. Output was 140 hp and 180 lbft.

Applications:
 * 1990–1992 Chevrolet Camaro
 * 1990–1992 Pontiac Firebird

L32
The power rating of the 3350 cc L32 ("S-code") used in the Camaro and Firebird was 160 hp at 4,600 rpm and 200 lbft torque at 3,600 rpm. It has a 92 mm × 84 mm (3.62 in × 3.31 in) bore and stroke. The F-body cars used the Generation I architecture, with iron heads, and without splayed valves.

Applications:
 * 1993–1994 Chevrolet Camaro (California models)
 * 1993–1995 Chevrolet Camaro
 * 1993–1994 Pontiac Firebird (California models)
 * 1993–1995 Pontiac Firebird

Generation II
The second generation, still 2837 cc, was introduced in 1987. It used aluminum heads with splayed valves and an aluminum front cover. It was produced exclusively for transverse, front-wheel-drive use. The next year, Chevrolet introduced a full-production long-stroke 3135 cc version in the Pontiac 6000 STE AWD, with a 89 mm bore and 84 mm stroke compared to the 2.8 which shared the same bore, however with a 76 mm in stroke. It was produced simultaneously with the 2837 cc in various compact and midsized vehicles until 1990, when the 2837 cc was dropped. MPFI was used on both, and a full-production turbo version was available on the 3135 cc. An even higher displacement DOHC 3350 cc LQ1 was also developed, and eventually, the new GM High Value engine family followed. Production of OHV Generation II engines ended in 1994 after the introduction of the Generation III in 1993.

LB6
The 2837 cc 60° V6 was used in these vehicles:
 * 1987–1989 Buick Century
 * 1988–1989 Buick Regal
 * 1987–1988 Cadillac Cimarron
 * 1987–1989 Chevrolet Beretta
 * 1987–1989 Chevrolet Cavalier
 * 1990–1994 Mexican Chevrolet Cavalier
 * 1987–1989 Chevrolet Celebrity
 * 1987–1989 Chevrolet Corsica
 * 1987–1989 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera
 * 1990–1992 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera S
 * 1988–1989 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
 * 1987–1989 Pontiac 6000
 * 1988–1989 Pontiac Grand Prix

LH0
The 3135 cc LH0 ("T-code") was introduced in 1988 on the Pontiac 6000 STE AWD, featuring more advanced multi-port fuel injection. It was produced until 1994 (1996 for the Mexican market) and was exported in some models. This engine produced 135 hp and 180 lbft of torque from 1988–1989; it was then upgraded to 140 hp at 4800 rpm and 185 lbft of torque at 3600 rpm.

Applications:
 * 1989–1993 Buick Regal
 * 1990–1993 Chevrolet Beretta
 * 1990–1994 Chevrolet Cavalier
 * 1990 Chevrolet Celebrity
 * 1990–1993 Chevrolet Corsica
 * 1990–1994 Chevrolet Lumina
 * 1989–1993 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
 * 1988–1991 Pontiac 6000 (STE AWD 1988–89, all models 1990–91)
 * 1989–1993 Pontiac Grand Prix
 * 1991–1994 Pontiac Sunbird
 * 1990–1996 Chevrolet Cutlass (Mexico)
 * 1990–1996 Chevrolet Century (Mexico)

L64
The L64 ("W-code") was introduced in 1991 as a flexible-fuel version of the 3135 cc. The two versions were one that could run M85 (85% methanol/15% gasoline) and one that could run E85 (85% ethanol/15% gasoline).

Uses:
 * 1991–1993 Chevrolet Lumina VFV
 * 1992–1993 Chevrolet Lumina E85 VFV

LG5
The LG5 ("V-code") was a special 3135 cc turbocharged engine produced with McLaren for the 1989 and 1990 model years. It featured the same multiport fuel injection intake manifolds and throttle body as the LH0, and produced 205 hp at 5200 rpm and 225 lbft of torque at 2100 rpm. Around 3,700 engines were produced each year. This engine had a block with more nickel content and hardened internals.

Applications:
 * 1989–1990 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo
 * 1990 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo STE

LQ1

The LQ1 (also called the Twin Dual Cam or TDC) was a 3350 cc DOHC V6 engine ("X-code") based on the aluminum-headed second generation of GM's 60° engine line, sharing a similar block with its pushrod cousins, the 3.1 L LH0 V6 and the then recently retired 2837 cc LB6 V6. The engine was built only for front-wheel-drive applications, and was featured exclusively in the first generation of GM's W-body platform.

It was built from 1991 to 1997. From 1991 to 1993, it used tuned multiport fuel injection, and made 200-210 hp at 5200 rpm and 215 lbft of torque at 4000 rpm. From 1994 to 1997, it used sequential port fuel injection, and made 210 hp at 5200 rpm and 215 lbft of torque at 4000 rpm. In 1996, the heads were redesigned for better flow, as well as now making the engine an interference design and adapting the engine for federally mandated OBD-II emissions. Output for the 1996–97 LQ1 is 215 hp and 220 lbft. It had four valves per cylinder. The 3350 cc engine substituted the standard camshaft for a chain-driven intermediate shaft, which drives four overhead cams via a cogged belt. Adapting the 60° pushrod block for the LQ1's overhead cams significantly increased packaged engine height.

Bore was increased to 92 mm, and the 3135 cc engine's 84 mm stroke was retained. Only a few interchangeable parts are use between this DOHC engine and other members of the 60° family, primarily the connecting rods and crankshaft.

The heads and intake manifolds were redesigned for the 1996 model year, incorporating a larger throttle body and plenum area, slightly longer intake runners, cloverleaf combustion chambers, and larger "pill"-shaped exhaust ports. Camshafts and cam timing were also revised for the new, higher-rpm powerband.

Optional from 1991 to 1993 was a Getrag 284 five-speed manual transaxle, which was also exclusive to the GM W platform and was available only with the LQ1. The electronically-controlled Hydramatic 4T60-E four-speed automatic transaxle was the alternative, used during the entire production run with the exception of the 1997 Monte Carlo Z34 and 1997 Lumina LTZ, which received the 4T65-E.

Applications:
 * 1991–1997 Chevrolet Lumina
 * 1995–1997 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
 * 1991–1996 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
 * 1991–1996 Pontiac Grand Prix

Generation III
The third generation of the 60° engine was introduced in the 1993 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme. Like its predecessors, it continued to use an overhead valve configuration with two valves per cylinder, a cast-iron cylinder block, aluminum cylinder heads, and an aluminum intake manifold. However, the heads and intake manifold were redesigned for better air flow, the cylinder block was stiffened, and the flat-tappets of the Generation I and II engines were replaced with roller tappets. This generation also came standard with sequential multiport fuel injection and structural oil pan.

L82
The L82 ("M-code") was an updated, SFI replacement for the MPFI LH0, produced from 1993 through 1999. It featured a structural oil pan, a stiffer redesigned engine block, sequential fuel injection, and revised aluminum heads. Output for the L82 was up 20 hp, over the previous Gen II LH0, to 160 hp at 5200 rpm and 185 lbft at 4000 rpm. Compression ratio for the L82 was 9.5:1 and the bore measured 89 mm, while the stroke was 84 mm giving it a displacement of 3135 cc.

Applications:
 * 1994–1999 Buick Century
 * 1994–1996 Buick Regal
 * 1994–1998 Buick Skylark
 * 1994–1996 Chevrolet Beretta
 * 1994–1996 Chevrolet Corsica
 * 1995–1999 Chevrolet Lumina
 * 1997–1999 Chevrolet Malibu
 * 1995–1999 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
 * 1994–1998 Oldsmobile Achieva
 * 1997–1999 Oldsmobile Cutlass GLS
 * 1994–1996 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera
 * 1993–1997 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme (1993 received both LH0 and L82 3135 cc motors)
 * 1994–1998 Pontiac Grand Am
 * 1994–1999 Pontiac Grand Prix

LG8
The LG8 ("J-code") was an updated version of the engine that displaced 3135 cc. It still had an iron block, two-valve pushrod aluminum heads, and full sequential port fuel injection. The LG8 also featured a new intake manifold and numerous changes to improve parts-sharing with the larger-displacement LA1 3400. Emissions were improved with secondary air injection and it earned LEV status. The engine featured a 89 mm bore and a 84 mm stroke and a 9.6:1 compression ratio. It produced 170 - 175 hp and 190 - 195 lbft. The LG8 was built in Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico, and Tonawanda, New York.

Applications:
 * 2000–2005 Buick Century
 * 1999–2003 Chevrolet Malibu
 * 2000–2001 Chevrolet Lumina
 * 2000–2003 Pontiac Grand Prix SE

LA1
The LA1 or 3400 ("E-code") was a larger-bore version of the L82. It was first used on the 1996 U-platform minivans. It displaces 3350 cc and has a 92x84 mm bore and stroke with a 9.5:1 compression ratio. Emissions are controlled via a catalytic converter and exhaust gas recirculation; however, the Pontiac Aztek and Buick Rendezvous do not use the latter. Fuel shut-off is at 6000 rpm. Starting around 2000, most vehicles have been equipped with GM's Engine Oil Life Monitor. This engine was assembled at both Tonawanda engine and the Mexican Ramos Arizpe engine plant.

Applications:
 * 2002–2005 Buick Rendezvous
 * 2000–2005 Chevrolet Impala
 * 2000–2005 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
 * 1996 Chevrolet Lumina Minivan
 * 1997–2005 Chevrolet Venture
 * 1999–2004 Oldsmobile Alero
 * 1996–2004 Oldsmobile Silhouette
 * 2001–2005 Pontiac Aztek
 * 1999–2005 Pontiac Grand Am
 * 1999–2005 Pontiac Montana
 * 1996–1998 Pontiac Trans Sport

Production in China by SAIC-GM
GM partnered with SAIC Motor to form SAIC-GM in 1997. This partnership manufactured variants of the 60° V6 engine in China, primarily for use in Chinese-market GM products. Chinese-built LNJ engines were used in the U.S. for the 2005–2009 Chevrolet Equinox and Pontiac Torrent.

LB8

The LB8 is General Motors' base V6 in China. It is a derivative of the LG8 with the same 89 mm bore and a shorter 66.7 mm stroke for 2490 cc. It remains an iron block with pushrods and an aluminum two-valve head. Power is 145 hp and 155 lbft.

Applications:
 * Buick GL/GLX (China)
 * Buick GL8 (China)
 * Buick Regal (China)

LW9
The LW9 is a larger version of the LB8 with an 80 mm stroke for 2986 cc. Power is 170 hp and torque is 185 lbft.

Applications:
 * Buick GL/GLX (China)
 * Buick GL8 (China)

LNJ
An updated version of the Generation III 3400 engine. It includes a new block, intake manifold, oil pan, engine cover, and fuel system, as well as electronic throttle control. It was built in China and shipped to Canada for installation in the Chevrolet Equinox and Pontiac Torrent. The LNJ makes 185 hp and 210 lbft.

Applications:

 * 2005–2009 Chevrolet Equinox
 * 2006–2009 Pontiac Torrent

title: General Motors 60° V6 engine


text:
Talk:Municipalities of Switzerland

I was wondering why the article was retitled "Municipalities". The actual Swiss word used is "Communes" (or Gemeinden or Comuni). Being as Communes is also an English word wouldn't using it as the title of the article be more accurate? MK 15:37, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * communes is a French rather than a general "Swiss" word. As such, I opted to use a English word which seems to be in more general use (also as translation in a Swiss context ). Maybe there is a better term? -- User:Docu

 * I'm of the opinion that it should really be "communes" (as that's what we use for communes of France, and even Communes of Luxembourg etc.) Municipalities should be a redirect. The situation now can lead to slightly confusing situations, such as Corbeyrier, where the photo clearly says Commune de Corbeyrier, but the caption says "Municipality of Corbeyrier". I see your point with the government translation though... on the other hand,  (at Geneva's official site) translates it as Commune. Any more input? --Storkk 09:46, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * i know this prescience of this thread has long since lost passed, but for what it's worth, the more accurate literal translation to english would be community...definitely not municipality. --emerson7 00:21, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Communes of France uses italics for "commune". The photo on Corbeyrier shows signs and posters in French (and German). Not sure if attempts to translate. Is there another term we could use? -- User:Docu

Standardization of the lists of municipalities
There is a discussion about an eventual standardization of all the lists of municipalities. Please join here and express your opinions.--Húsönd 19:59, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

kamu asalnya di mana —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.167.122.129 (talk) 00:30, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Name change
I changed the name of this article for a simple and obliged reason. In many Swiss cantons, the word Municipality does not refer to the Commune, but only to its executive. In fact, Swiss communes are generally governed by two direct-elected assemblies: the Council as legislative body, and the Municipality as executive body (the Mayor is choosen between the members of the Municipality, called "Municipalees").

So, if we speak about the Municipality of Lugano, we are speaking about the Executive assembly of the Commune of Lugano. Thanks for your attention.--Cusio (talk) 19:38, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I'd say municipality is the best English term that can be used for both small villages and large cities and it also translates as commune in French and Gemeinde in German, so I don't think there is a problem with using it, even if it can have several meanings. In any case all related lists and categories such as Category:Municipalities of Switzerland by canton should use the same term ("municipality" or "commune"). mge o  talk 13:35, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Municipalities of Switzerland


text:
User:Shhlomo

Hi, I'm Shhlomo!

title: User:Shhlomo


text: User talk:213.216.199.6

title: User talk:213.216.199.6


text:
User talk:Shhlomo

Leave messages here.

title: User talk:Shhlomo


text: Category:Bosque County, Texas

title: Category:Bosque County, Texas


text:
Talk:Triclosan

Triclosan Promotes Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization

 * "Syed AK, Ghosh S, Love NG, Boles BR. 2014. Triclosan promotes Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization. mBio 5(2):e01015-13. doi:10.1128/mBio.01015-13." ( Published 8 April 2014 )
 * http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/2/e01015-13 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:5c0:1400:a::159 (talk • contribs)

Flu season?
"Notably, this was quickly followed by what the CDC classified as a high severity flu season." This does not seem "notable", or even relevant: flu is a viral disease, and triclosan is an antibacterial, so there is no reason to suppose any direct connection. The sentence seems to insinuate, without evidence, that U.S. government action exacerbated a disease outbreak. Myopic Bookworm (talk) 12:10, 12 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I've just removed this sentence from the article. Daltob (talk) 22:35, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
Could somebody please show the pronunciation of triclosan? It's not even listed in dictionary.com. Bhami (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 02:52, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Toxicology
— Assignment last updated by Nc1018! (talk) 17:23, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Triclosan


text:
William Alden Smith

William Alden Smith (May 12, 1859 – October 11, 1932) was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan. After the 1912 sinking of the Titanic, Smith chaired the Senate hearings into the disaster. His report led to major reforms in maritime safety.

Early life and early career
Smith was born in Dowagiac, Michigan to George Richardson and Leah Margaret (Allen) Smith and attended the common schools. He moved with his parents to Grand Rapids in 1872, where he attended school, sold popcorn, and was a newsboy and messenger boy. He was appointed a page in the Michigan House of Representatives in 1875 (or 1879) at Lansing, Michigan. He studied law in the office of Burch & Montgomery (Marsden C. Burch was a one-time U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Michigan) and was admitted to the bar in 1882. Smith practiced law alone for some time, but later became associated with Fredrick W. Stevens. This firm afterwards became Smiley, Smith & Stevens. He was general counsel of the Chicago and West Michigan Railway and the Detroit, Lansing and Northern Railroad. While in this practice, Smith became an expert on railroad law and finance. He was assistant secretary of the Michigan Senate in 1883 and the State Game Warden from 1887 to 1891, reportedly the first salaried state game warden in the nation. He was a member of the Republican State Central Committee from 1888 to 1892.

House of Representatives
Smith was elected as a Republican from the Michigan's 5th congressional district to the 54th United States Congress and to the six succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1895, until his resignation, effective February 9, 1907, having been elected to the U.S. Senate. While in the House of Representatives, Smith was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department in the 56th Congress, the Committee on Pacific Railroads in the 57th and 58th Congresses. While Chairman of the Committee on Pacific Railroads, Smith was a leading advocate for universal safety standards on railroads, attracting the ire of many of the country's railroad executives.

Senate
Smith was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate on January 15, 1907, for the term beginning March 4, 1907. He was subsequently elected on February 6, 1907, to fill the vacancy in the term ending March 3, 1907, caused by the death of Russell A. Alger. He was reelected in 1913 and served from February 9, 1907, to March 3, 1919. He declined to run for renomination in 1918. Smith was chairman of the Committee on Canadian Relations in the 61st Congress, the Committee on Territories in the 62nd Congress, and the Select Committee to Examine Branches of the Civil Service in the 63rd through 65th Congresses.

RMS Titanic investigation
After the luxury liner RMS Titanic sank in the North Atlantic on April 15, 1912, with more than 1,500 lives lost, Smith chaired Senate hearings that began at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City the day after the survivors landed. Senators and spectators heard dramatic testimony from the surviving passengers and crew. Smith's subcommittee issued a report on May 28 that led to significant reforms in international maritime safety. Smith achieved some notoriety for being more colorful than knowledgeable, even being called "Watertight Smith" by the British press for asking whether watertight compartments, actually meant to keep the ship afloat, were meant to shelter passengers. In addition to this, Smith also asked the ship's fifth officer Harold Lowe what an iceberg was made of, which Lowe responded with, "Ice, I suppose sir?".

In "The Titanic Chronicles", a 1999 television documentary about the senate hearings, he was voiced by David Garrison. In "Unsinkable" the 2024 movie Sen. William Alden Smith was portrayed by Cotter Smith.

Other activities
Smith constructed the Grand Rapids, Kalkaska and Southeastern Railroad in Michigan in 1897 and became owner of the Lowell and Hastings Railroad in 1900. In June 1901, he was honored with the degree of Master of Arts by Dartmouth College. He was owner and publisher of the Grand Rapids Herald in 1906 and chairman of the board of directors of the Goodrich Company, which owned the Graham and Morton Steamship Line, the largest operator of steamboats from Chicago to various Lake Michigan ports.

In 1909 he defended Federal employee and civil rights activist Robert Pelham Jr. who was arrested when gathering information from witnesses after a black woman was beaten by a white police officer who was arresting her. Pelham was acquitted in the case.

Smith was married on October 21, 1886, to Nancy Alice ("Nana") Osterhout (October 21, 1859 – February 15, 1936) of Grand Rapids. They had one son, William Alden Smith, Jr. who died on April 19, 1920, at the age of 27. The second Disabled American Veterans chapter ever organized was in Kentwood, Michigan, and is named for him. The younger Smith was married to Marie McRae, daughter of Milton A. McRae of Detroit. This couple had a son, William Alden, III, who died on December 16, 1968, in San Diego, California at the age of 52. They are all buried in the family mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery, Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Death and legacy
Smith died in Grand Rapids on October 11, 1932 and is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery there.

The community of Alden, Michigan is named for him. A bronze statue of Smith was placed in Grand Rapids in 2017, as part of the city's Community Legends Project, which seeks to build statues honoring prominent Grand Rapids figures.

title: William Alden Smith


text:
Talk:World Revolution (UK)

From VfD:
A little entry on some communist newspaper. World Revolution as a concept merits its own article probably at world revolution, but I'm not sure on this. Dunc_Harris|☺ 15:45, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I vote to delete web-link-holding mentions for the folks I agree with (socialists) and people I don't agree with. Not notable, stub, linkspam. Geogre 16:37, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep & Clean Up: I trust Jmabel's hand in this, but I don't think the article yet really establishes notability for it.  Also, the entanglements of the press with the International are hard for me to fathom without knowing how strong the bodies were and are.  Let's see if more can be done by the Cleaning crew.  My primary objection, above, is that this was a linkholder.  It isn't anymore. Geogre 00:33, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quadell (talk) 20:25, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't delete - lins removed and information added
 * Vote by anon User:129.31.40.145, (presumably the author) who should log in to have his vote counted. He has expanded the page to, so its maybe worth a second look. Dunc_Harris|☺ 14:20, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Obscure, but less so than plenty that we keep. I'm in general for keeping articles that explain where the various little left (and right) factions fit into the history of plits and merges. This is info someone could reasonably be trying to look up, and this sort of thing is sometimes hard to come by. I find this more appropriate use of Wikipedia than a lot of the pop culture and sci-fi trivia we accumulate. -- Jmabel 03:34, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)

end moved dicussion

World Revolution
Just wondering if this organisation is still active as there is another group calling themselves World Revolution which has links to Workers Power (anon 14 March 2005)

Yes ICC/World Revolution is still active. It has no connection with the Workers Power youth group which is called Revolution. Jock Haston (15 July 2005)

title: Talk:World Revolution (UK)


text: Category:Columbia Records albums

title: Category:Columbia Records albums


text:
François Poulin de Francheville

François Poulin de Francheville, Seigneur de Saint-Maurice (7 October 1692 – November 1733) was a Montreal merchant who was granted permission by the King of France to mine the iron ore deposits on his seigneury in 1730. In 1730, Francheville founded the Compagnie des Forges de Saint-Maurice, but he died three years later.

The ironworks — Forges du St-Maurice — built near the town of Trois-Rivières (in present-day Quebec), were the only iron industry enterprise in New France. In 1736, the ironworks were taken over by a company that went bankrupt in 1741. The ironworks then became the property of the Crown, and began producing artillery pieces and objects of everyday use, such as pots and stoves.

Francheville had bequeathed ownership of his slave, Marie-Joseph Angélique, to his wife; the following year, Angélique was convicted for starting the 1734 fire of Montreal.

title: François Poulin de Francheville


text:
EADS Mako/HEAT

The EADS Mako/High Energy Advanced Trainer (Mako/HEAT) was a high-performance jet trainer or light attack aircraft intended for service with several European air forces. EADS proposed the Mako for the Eurotrainer program. The program was the final result of the AT-2000 project.

Design and development
The Mako design featured a single aft-mounted jet engine, fed by two air intake ramps at the roots of the mid-fuselage-wing. It features a trapezoidal wing with a sharp taper. The horizontal tail was an all-flying unit mounted close behind the wing and at nearly the same height. The retractable landing gear was a tricycle unit. The two occupants shared a highly streamlined bubble canopy.

Subcontractors would have included Diehl Aerospace, Aermacchi (now Leonardo), Saab, EAB and Dassault Aviation.

The Mako shows remarkable stealth aircraft features, partially due to faceting and partially due to composite materials, using some results from the MBB Lampyridae stealth program.

The intended engine was the General Electric F414M, which is a slightly derated version (at 75 kN) of the standard F414.

The Mako/HEAT was to be deployed at three shared bases around the continent of Europe, for use by all partner nations. There were nine candidate bases in seven countries, but no final selection was made. The Aermacchi M-346 trainer, also being proposed for Eurotrainer, made its maiden flight on 15 July 2004;, EADS had yet to announce a date for the Mako's maiden flight, and the project appeared to be defunct.

The Mako/HEAT bid for the 1998 South African Air Force strategic procurement project, but lost to the BAE Hawk and Saab Gripen.

title: EADS Mako/HEAT


text:
Trigonometric interpolation

In mathematics, trigonometric interpolation is interpolation with trigonometric polynomials. Interpolation is the process of finding a function which goes through some given data points. For trigonometric interpolation, this function has to be a trigonometric polynomial, that is, a sum of sines and cosines of given periods. This form is especially suited for interpolation of periodic functions.

An important special case is when the given data points are equally spaced, in which case the solution is given by the discrete Fourier transform.

Formulation of the interpolation problem
A trigonometric polynomial of degree K has the form

This expression contains 2K + 1 coefficients, a0, a1, … aK, b1, …, bK, and we wish to compute those coefficients so that the function passes through N points:
 * $$ p(x_n) = y_n, \quad n=0, \ldots, N-1. \, $$

Since the trigonometric polynomial is periodic with period 2π, the N points can be distributed and ordered in one period as
 * $$ 0 \leq x_0 < x_1 < x_2 < \ldots < x_{N-1} < 2  \pi. \, $$

(Note that we do not in general require these points to be equally spaced.) The interpolation problem is now to find coefficients such that the trigonometric polynomial p satisfies the interpolation conditions.

Formulation in the complex plane
The problem becomes more natural if we formulate it in the complex plane. We can rewrite the formula for a trigonometric polynomial as $$ p(x) = \sum_{k=-K}^K c_k e^{ikx}, \, $$ where i is the imaginary unit. If we set z = eix, then this becomes
 * $$ q(z) = \sum_{k=-K}^K c_k z^{k}, \, $$

with
 * $$ q(e^{ix}) \triangleq p(x). \, $$

This reduces the problem of trigonometric interpolation to that of polynomial interpolation on the unit circle. Existence and uniqueness for trigonometric interpolation now follows immediately from the corresponding results for polynomial interpolation.

For more information on formulation of trigonometric interpolating polynomials in the complex plane, see p. 156 of Interpolation using Fourier Polynomials.

Solution of the problem
Under the above conditions, there exists a solution to the problem for any given set of data points {xk, yk} as long as N, the number of data points, is not larger than the number of coefficients in the polynomial, i.e., N ≤ 2K+1 (a solution may or may not exist if N>2K+1 depending upon the particular set of data points). Moreover, the interpolating polynomial is unique if and only if the number of adjustable coefficients is equal to the number of data points, i.e., N = 2K + 1. In the remainder of this article, we will assume this condition to hold true.

Odd number of points
If the number of points N is odd, say N=2K+1, applying the Lagrange formula for polynomial interpolation to the polynomial formulation in the complex plane yields that the solution can be written in the form

where
 * $$ t_k(x) = e^{-iKx+iKx_k} \prod_{\begin{align}m&=0 \\[-4mu] m &\ne k\end{align}}^{2K} \frac{e^{ix}-e^{ix_m}}{e^{ix_k}-e^{ix_m}}.$$

The factor $$e^{-iKx+iKx_k}$$ in this formula compensates for the fact that the complex plane formulation contains also negative powers of $$e^{ix}$$ and is therefore not a polynomial expression in $$e^{ix}$$. The correctness of this expression can easily be verified by observing that $$t_k(x_k)=1$$ and that $$t_k(x)$$ is a linear combination of the right powers of $$e^{ix}$$. Upon using the identity

the coefficient $$t_k(x)$$ can be written in the form

Even number of points
If the number of points N is even, say N=2K, applying the Lagrange formula for polynomial interpolation to the polynomial formulation in the complex plane yields that the solution can be written in the form

where

Here, the constants $$\alpha_k$$ can be chosen freely. This is caused by the fact that the interpolating function ($$) contains an odd number of unknown constants. A common choice is to require that the highest frequency is of the form a constant times $$\cos(Kx)$$, i.e. the $$\sin(Kx)$$ term vanishes, but in general the phase of the highest frequency can be chosen to be $$\varphi_K$$. To get an expression for $$\alpha_k$$, we obtain by using ($$) that ($$) can be written on the form
 * $$ t_k(x) = \frac{\cos\tfrac12\Biggl(2Kx-\alpha_k+\displaystyle\sum\limits_{m=0,\,m \ne k}^{2K-1} x_m\Biggr)+\sum\limits_{m=-(K-1)}^{K-1}c_k e^{imx}}{2^N\sin\tfrac12(x_k-\alpha_k)\displaystyle\prod\limits_{m=0,\,m \ne k}^{2K-1}\sin\tfrac12(x_k-x_m)}.$$

This yields
 * $$\alpha_k=\sum_{\begin{align}m&=0 \\[-4mu] m &\ne k\end{align}}^{2K-1} x_m - 2 \varphi_K$$

and
 * $$ t_k(x) = \frac{\sin\tfrac12(x-\alpha_k)}{\sin\tfrac12(x_k-\alpha_k)}\prod_{\begin{align}m&=0 \\[-4mu] m &\ne k\end{align}}^{2K-1} \frac{\sin\tfrac12(x-x_m)}{\sin\tfrac12(x_k-x_m)}.$$

Note that care must be taken in order to avoid infinities caused by zeros in the denominators.

Equidistant nodes
Further simplification of the problem is possible if nodes $$x_m$$ are equidistant, i.e.
 * $$x_m=\frac{2\pi m}{N},$$

see Zygmund for more details.

Odd number of points
Further simplification by using ($$) would be an obvious approach, but is obviously involved. A much simpler approach is to consider the Dirichlet kernel
 * $$D(x,N)=\frac{1}{N} +\frac{2}{N} \sum_{k=1}^{(N-1)/2}\cos(kx) = \frac{\sin\tfrac12 Nx}{N\sin\tfrac12 x},$$

where $$N>0$$ is odd. It can easily be seen that $$D(x,N)$$ is a linear combination of the right powers of $$e^{ix}$$ and satisfies
 * $$D(x_m,N)=\begin{cases}0\text{ for } m\neq0 \\1\text{ for } m=0\end{cases}.$$

Since these two properties uniquely define the coefficients $$t_k(x)$$ in ($$), it follows that
 * $$\begin{align}

t_k(x) &= D(x-x_k,N)=\begin{cases} \dfrac{\sin\tfrac12 N(x-x_k)}{N\sin\tfrac12 (x-x_k)} \text{ for } x\neq x_k\\[10mu] \lim\limits_{x\to 0} \dfrac{\sin\tfrac12 Nx}{N\sin\tfrac12 x}=1 \text{ for } x= x_k \end{cases}\\&= \frac{\mathrm{sinc}\,\tfrac12 N(x-x_k)}{\mathrm{sinc}\,\tfrac12 (x-x_k)}. \end{align}$$ Here, the sinc-function prevents any singularities and is defined by
 * $$ \mathrm{sinc}\,x=\frac{\sin x}{x}.$$

Even number of points
For $$N$$ even, we define the Dirichlet kernel as
 * $$D(x,N)=\frac{1}{N} +\frac{1}{N}\cos \tfrac12 Nx + \frac{2}{N} \sum_{k=1}^{(N-1)/2}\cos(kx) = \frac{\sin\tfrac12 Nx}{N\tan\tfrac12 x}.$$

Again, it can easily be seen that $$D(x,N)$$ is a linear combination of the right powers of $$e^{ix}$$, does not contain the term $$ \sin \tfrac12 Nx $$ and satisfies
 * $$D(x_m,N)=\begin{cases}0\text{ for } m\neq0 \\1\text{ for } m=0\end{cases}.$$

Using these properties, it follows that the coefficients $$t_k(x)$$ in ($$) are given by
 * $$\begin{align}

t_k(x) &= D(x-x_k,N)=\begin{cases} \dfrac{\sin\tfrac12 N(x-x_k)}{N\tan\tfrac12 (x-x_k)}\text{ for } x\neq x_k\\[10mu] \lim\limits_{x\to 0} \dfrac{\sin\tfrac12 Nx}{N\tan\tfrac12 x}=1 \text{ for } x= x_k. \end{cases}\\&= \frac{\mathrm{sinc}\,\tfrac12 N(x-x_k)}{ \mathrm{sinc}\,\tfrac12 (x-x_k)}\cos\tfrac12 (x-x_k) \end{align}$$ Note that $$t_k(x)$$ does not contain the $$ \sin \tfrac12 Nx $$ as well. Finally, note that the function $$ \sin \tfrac12 Nx $$ vanishes at all the points $$x_m$$. Multiples of this term can, therefore, always be added, but it is commonly left out.

Implementation
A MATLAB implementation of the above can be found here and is given by:

Relation with the discrete Fourier transform
The special case in which the points xn are equally spaced is especially important. In this case, we have
 * $$ x_n = 2 \pi \frac{n}{N}, \qquad 0 \leq n < N.$$

The transformation that maps the data points yn to the coefficients ak, bk is obtained from the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of order N.

 * $$ Y_k = \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} y_n \ e^{-i 2 \pi nk/N} \, $$

 * $$ y_n = p(x_n) = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=0}^{N-1} Y_k \ e^{i 2 \pi nk/N} \, $$

(Because of the way the problem was formulated above, we have restricted ourselves to odd numbers of points. This is not strictly necessary; for even numbers of points, one includes another cosine term corresponding to the Nyquist frequency.)

The case of the cosine-only interpolation for equally spaced points, corresponding to a trigonometric interpolation when the points have even symmetry, was treated by Alexis Clairaut in 1754. In this case the solution is equivalent to a discrete cosine transform. The sine-only expansion for equally spaced points, corresponding to odd symmetry, was solved by Joseph Louis Lagrange in 1762, for which the solution is a discrete sine transform. The full cosine and sine interpolating polynomial, which gives rise to the DFT, was solved by Carl Friedrich Gauss in unpublished work around 1805, at which point he also derived a fast Fourier transform algorithm to evaluate it rapidly. Clairaut, Lagrange, and Gauss were all concerned with studying the problem of inferring the orbit of planets, asteroids, etc., from a finite set of observation points; since the orbits are periodic, a trigonometric interpolation was a natural choice. See also Heideman et al. (1984).

Applications in numerical computing
Chebfun, a fully integrated software system written in MATLAB for computing with functions, uses trigonometric interpolation and Fourier expansions for computing with periodic functions. Many algorithms related to trigonometric interpolation are readily available in Chebfun; several examples are available here.

title: Trigonometric interpolation


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Phengodidae

The beetle family Phengodidae is known also as glowworm beetles, whose larvae are known as glowworms. The females and larvae have bioluminescent organs. They occur throughout the New World from extreme southern Canada to Chile, numbering over 250 species in total. The recently recognized members of the Phengodidae, the Cydistinae, are found in Western Asia. The family Rhagophthalmidae, an Old World group, used to be included in the Phengodidae.

Larval and larviform female glowworms are predators, feeding on millipedes and other arthropods occurring in soil and litter. The winged males, which are often attracted to lights at night, are short-lived and probably do not feed. Females are much larger than the males and are completely larviform. Males may be luminescent, but females and larvae have a series of luminescent organs on trunk segments which emit yellow or green light, and sometimes an additional head organ which emits red light, as in railroad worms.

This family is distinct from the fireflies (family Lampyridae), which may also be called "glow-worms" in its larval stage. Some early studies suggested that Phengodidae might possibly include (or be sister taxon to) the long-lipped beetles, which were formerly treated as a family Telegeusidae, but these are now treated as a subfamily within the family Omethidae.

Genera

 * Acladocera
 * Adendrocera
 * Brasilocerus
 * Cenophengus
 * Cephalophrixothorax
 * Cydistus
 * Decamastinocerus
 * Distremocephalus
 * Eurymastinocerus
 * Euryognathus
 * Euryopa
 * Howdenia
 * Mastinocerus
 * Mastinomorphus
 * Mastinowittmerus
 * Microcydistus
 * Microphengodes
 * Neophengus
 * Nephromma
 * Oxymastinocerus
 * Paramastinocerus
 * Paraptorthodius
 * Penicillophorus
 * Phengodes
 * Phrixothrix
 * Pseudomastinocerus
 * Pseudophengodes
 * Ptorthodiellus
 * Ptorthodius
 * Spangleriella
 * Steneuryopa
 * Stenocladius
 * Stenophrixothrix
 * Taximastinocerus
 * Zarhipis

title: Phengodidae


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User:TurboTroll

I am TurboTroll!

Leave me a message!

title: User:TurboTroll


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Erdem Peremeci

non-notable filmmaker. 7 google hits, and the info in this article is the only info available Salasks 16:05, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable enough in the Anglophone world. He may well be appropriate for a Turkish wiki. Geogre 16:40, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with Geogre. Quadell (talk) 20:24, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * I think we might be jumping the gun a little bit here. 201 hits on alltheweb 1 (which is often better on foreign matters than google, IMHO) Tentative keep. Rhymeless 00:16, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * No IMDB page. Delete. Ambi 09:05, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Andris 10:46, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. It's not much of an article, so it would not be much of a loss, but (in response to Geogre) the fact that a semi-known is mainly known outside the English-speaking world is not, in my opinion, at all an argument against their inclusion. I'd rather have information in the English Wikipedia on people where there is a shortage of English-language info on the web than keep redundantly reproducing what is reaskly out there. -- Jmabel 03:45, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: In general I agree with you.  I do feel, however, that the threshold for notability moves up slightly with topics that are less likely to be useful to our users.  In particular, this individual is a journalist who publishes in Turkish.  Therefore, if we would say that a British or American journalist would have to be quite famous to be in (on the grounds that our users want to know about only notable journalists), we would need to ask that a non-Anglophone journalist be either a political force or a truly outstanding voice.  Given the fact that the article didn't even tell us where he published or to what readership, I merely suggested that his level of accomplishment evinced in the article might be more appropriate in a wiki dealing with his language group and political state. Geogre 04:39, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: IMDb contains articles about movie makers from all over the world. There are loads of Turkish language movies there (a quick search came up with 3028).  If this guy doesn't show up, how notable is he?  RickK 05:19, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * It appears that IMDB doesn't always list crews for foreign-language movies, usually only the actors. From what I could gather from mediocre machine translation of his website, most of his work seems to be on the order of television commercials, music videos, and film shorts. Rhymeless 05:32, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity. He is not notable even in Turkey. According to his personal website in Turkish he has directed 3 short films, and he's working as an editor in an IT magazine. Most of the Google hits are from websites he maintains. There will not be any more info on him then what's in the article.--leandros 18:16, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you, leandros. We are often at the mercy of the authors on non-English submissions, and it's wonderful to have someone from the language of origin help us out. Geogre 00:36, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * No mention Geogre, thank you. I wish I could do more and find all the other vanities in Turkish territories on WP. Or could speak like 50 more languages.--leandros 23:43, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Special Warfare insignia

The Special Warfare insignia, also known as the "SEAL Trident" or its popular nickname in the Navy community, "The Budweiser", recognizes those members of the United States Navy who have completed the Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training, completed SEAL Qualification Training (SQT) and have been designated as U.S. Navy SEALs.

History
Established on 16 October 1970, the Special Warfare insignia was initially issued in two grades: gold for officers and silver for enlisted. In 1978, the silver SEAL insignia was abolished, with the Special Warfare insignia being issued solely in gold thereafter. The SEAL insignia is therefore unusual in the Navy, in that it is one of the very few breast insignia issued identically for both officers and enlisted personnel. This is partly due to the combined training both officers and enlisted men receive, side by side, when involved in BUD/S training.

The Special Warfare insignia consists of an eagle clutching a U.S. Navy anchor, trident, and flintlock-style pistol. This gold badge is considered a successor to the obsolete Underwater Demolition Insignia.

Designator and title
Sailors who complete BUD/S training at Coronado, California are reclassified to the Special Warfare Operator (SO) rating. Sailors must complete SEAL Qualification Training (SQT) before receiving Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) 5326 Combatant Swimmer (SEAL) or, in the case of commissioned naval officers, the designation 1130 Naval Special Warfare (SEAL) Officer. Prior to the establishment of the SO rating in 2006, SEAL operators were sourced from regular Naval ratings, with the title of SEAL treated like a warfare qualification, attaching (SEAL) after the rating.

title: Special Warfare insignia


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User:Down on the corner

Hi

title: User:Down on the corner


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User talk:Down on the corner

Leave messages here.

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

see Talk:Kazimir_Malevich
Please comment on your edits on Kazimir_Malevich page

Unfree labour
It is a matter of etiquette, at Wikipedia, that major edits to a page are discussed, e.g. at Talk:Unfree_labour before they are made. I am the original authour of the page, I do not agree with your edits, especially the wiping of a whole paragraph. I would like to know what you see as "contentious" about the way it read/s.Grant65 (Talk) 00:19, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

In particular, it is simply incorrect to state that unfree labour occurs "for less pay than the wealth created by the worker", because that would include the vast majority of workers in the world. As the article now says: "under capitalism, workers never keep all of the wealth they create, as some of it goes to the profit of the capitalist." In other words, why would anyone want to be an employer, if they did not extract some of the "wealth"? Grant65 (Talk) 01:44, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Down on the corner


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Jolanda Čeplak

Jolanda Batagelj (previously known as Jolanda Čeplak until 2002, born Jolanda Steblovnik on 12 September 1976) is a Slovenian middle distance athlete. She was born in Celje and lived in Velenje until briefly moving to Monaco. She has lived in Celje since.

Running career
In her early career, she did not specialise, and ran at many distances. She later settled on the 800 metres where she found relative success on the IAAF Golden League circuit, despite having to compete against Maria de Lurdes Mutola, who went unbeaten at all major championships from 1999 until the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Her most successful season was 2002. On 2 March at the European Indoor Championships in Vienna she beat local favourite Stephanie Graf and set the indoor world record at 1:55.82. In the same year at the European Championships in Munich she became the European champion.

At the 2004 Olympics in Athens, Čeplak finished very strongly in the 800 m but could not quite catch winner Kelly Holmes and finished with exactly the same time as Hasna Benhassi. A photo-finish showed her in third-place, winning the bronze medal.

PED use and suspension
On 18 June 2007, Čeplak tested positive on erythropoietin. On 26 July, IAAF announced that the B test confirmed the result of the A test. Čeplak said that she has never taken any illegal substances and would try to prove her innocence with all means possible. She received a two-year suspension, and returned to competition in July 2009.

Personal life
After a divorce from Aleš Čeplak in 2007, she married a triple jumper Andrej Batagelj from Nova Gorica in 2009. They live in Celje.

Major achievements

 * 2002
 * European Indoor Championships – Vienna, Austria.
 * 800 m gold medal and world record
 * European Championships – Munich, Germany.
 * 800 m gold medal
 * IAAF World Cup - Madrid, Spain.
 * 800 m bronze medal
 * European Cup B League Final – Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.
 * 800 m gold medal
 * 2003
 * European Cup B League Final – Velenje, Slovenia.
 * 800 m gold medal
 * 2004
 * 2004 Summer Olympics – Athens, Greece.
 * 800 m bronze medal
 * World Indoor Championships – Budapest, Hungary.
 * 800 m silver medal
 * 2007
 * European Indoor Championships – Birmingham, England.
 * 800 m bronze medal

title: Jolanda Čeplak


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Francis Fox

Francis Fox (born December 2, 1939) is a former member of the Senate of Canada, Canadian Cabinet minister, and Principal Secretary in the Prime Minister's Office, and thus was a senior aide to Prime Minister Paul Martin. He also worked as a lobbyist in the 1980s.

Life and career
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Fox is a lawyer by training. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1972 election as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Argenteuil—Deux-Montagnes, Quebec. He was re-elected in the 1974 election from the same constituency. In the 1979 and 1980 elections, he was returned as MP for Blainville—Deux-Montagnes before being defeated in that riding in the 1984 election.

Fox was appointed to the Cabinet of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1976 when he became Solicitor General of Canada. Bilingual, Fox was seen as an up-and-comer in the Liberal cabinet, and even a potential party leader. However, he was forced to resign on January 27, 1978, when it became known that he had forged the signature of his then-girlfriend's husband on a form granting permission for her to have an abortion. Although he was married at the time of the scandal, he subsequently divorced his wife (m. 1965), Joan Pennefather. He later married a subsequent girlfriend, Vivian Case (b. 1950). He is currently married (~1979) to Case, who is an artist, and has three children.

Fox returned to Cabinet after the 1980 election when Trudeau appointed him to the position of Secretary of State for Canada and Minister of Communications. He then served as Minister of International Trade in 1984 in the short-lived government of Trudeau's successor, John Turner.

With the defeat of the Turner government and the loss of his own seat, Fox returned to the private sector. He became a lobbyist, and a member of Government Consultants International, a consulting firm, with Frank Moores, Gary Ouellet, and Gerald Doucet. Subsequently, he was a senior partner in the law firm of Martineau Walker, and later as an executive at Rogers AT&T Wireless.

In 2003, Fox became a senior member of Paul Martin's transition team as he prepared to succeed Jean Chrétien as prime minister. In 2004, Fox became Martin's principal secretary, but it was announced on August 18 that he would be leaving the position on October 1 in order to return to private life.

In private life, Fox served as the president of former minister Liza Frulla's riding. He was an early prominent supporter of former Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff.

Fox was appointed to the Senate on Martin's recommendation on August 29, 2005, and announced his resignation on November 30, 2011, effective December 2.

title: Francis Fox