text:
John G. Downey

John Gately Downey (June 24, 1827 – March 1, 1894) was an Irish-American politician and the seventh governor of California from January 14, 1860, to January 10, 1862. Downey was the first governor of California to be born outside the United States. Downey was also the first man from Southern California to serve as governor.

Early years
Downey was born on June 24, 1827, in the townland of Castlesampson, Taughmaconnell, County Roscommon, Ireland, to Denis Downey and Bridget Gately. Castlesampson is 12 kilometres west of the town of Athlone. He emigrated with his family at the age of 14 to the United States in 1842, before the famine years. Settling in Charles County, Maryland, the Downeys joined two stepsisters who had already settled in the U.S. Dwindling family finances forced Downey to halt his education at age 16 and start working to become independent. He apprenticed at an apothecary in Washington, D.C. until 1846.

Career
Downey relocated to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he worked as a druggist. Like many who heard about the California Gold Rush, Downey decided to go West. He stopped along the way at Vicksburg, Mississippi; then Havana, Cuba and finally New Orleans, Louisiana. By 1849, Downey had arrived in California, briefly prospecting in Grass Valley before finding a job at a drug store in San Francisco.

He soon moved to Los Angeles, and he was elected for a one-year term to the Los Angeles Common Council in May 1852 and again in May 1856. He resigned from the council in December 1856.

A Lecompton Democrat who favored slavery in the Kansas Territory, Downey was elected as a member of the lower house California State Assembly for the 1st District, serving from 1856 to 1857. In the 1859 general elections, Downey was elected Lieutenant Governor, overcoming the party split within the Democratic Party between Lecompton and Anti-Lecompton Democrats, as well as seeing off a challenge from the infant Republican Party.

Governorship
Five days after Downey was sworn in as lieutenant governor, Governor Milton Latham resigned after being elected (by the State Legislature) to fill the U.S. Senate vacancy left by the death of David C. Broderick, killed in a duel in 1859. Downey assumed the governorship on January 14, 1860.

During Downey's governorship, the Assembly and Senate passed the "Bulkhead Bill," a highly controversial bill heavily supported by San Francisco capitalists. It would have placed the city's waterfront in the hands of private companies within monopolies. Despite support for the bill among San Francisco's wealthy, local merchants and the public alike were in staunch opposition. In a move that stunned many former wealthy supporters, Downey vetoed the Bulkhead Bill. He said, "[I]ts provisions are not only in conflict with the constitution and the principles of natural justice, but that the measure as a whole is calculated to work irreparable injury to our commerce, internal and external, of which San Francisco is and must forever remain a metropolis."

Downey's veto was widely popular both in San Francisco and throughout California, and it marked the peak of his popularity. Visiting the city shortly afterward, Downey was greeted as a hero. But, supporters of the Bulkhead Bill never forgave the governor. During a later visit to San Francisco, Downey described a protester as a "bulkheader." The man responded with a fist fight, broken up only when Downey supporters physically restrained his opponent.

At the 1860 presidential election, the Democratic Party again splintered. Anti-Lecomptons favored Stephen A. Douglas, while Lecomptons supported John C. Breckinridge. Previously part of the Lecompton faction, Downey sided with Anti-Lecomptons, supporting Douglas in his failed bid against Abraham Lincoln.

American Civil War
By the outbreak of the American Civil War, Downey pledged support to the Union, responding to requests by U.S. Secretary of War Simon Cameron for California troop assistance. But Downey's support for the Unionist cause remained vague. According to Victorian historian Theodore H. Hittell,

"Downey's unionism, it was very plain, was not of the kind by which the Union could be preserved. It meant continued submission and subserviency to slavery and the slave power, which had hitherto dominated the country while the advance of the age had outgrown it ... It cannot be said that Downey had any special love for slavery or the slave power; on the contrary, he had to a very considerable extent broken loose of the chivalry and what was called an Anti-Lecompton Democrat; but unfortunately for himself, he was still hampered with old-time doctrines when slavery ruled unquestioned ..."

With the Civil War in its first stages by the 1861 general elections, Downey's earlier support generated by his veto of the Bulkhead Bill had all but evaporated. Downey's Democratic Party again splintered violently over slavery and the Union. Despite turning away from the Lecompton "Breckinridge" faction, Downey failed to gain the nomination of the Anti-Lecompton "Unionist" Democrats during the state Democratic convention. This effectively ended his political career. During the election, the Republican Party capitalized on the Democratic split and won the elections. Californians voted for Leland Stanford over Breckinridge Democrat John R. McConnell and Unionist Democrat John Conness.

Post governorship
After his term as governor expired in 1862, Downey returned to Southern California. In 1871, he helped co-found Farmers and Merchants Bank, the first successful bank in Los Angeles, with Isaias W. Hellman, a banker, philanthropist and future president of Wells Fargo.

In 1879, Downey joined some public-spirited citizens led by Judge Robert Maclay Widney, in laying the groundwork for the University of Southern California, the first university in the region. When Widney formed a board of trustees, he secured a donation of 308 lots of land from three prominent members of the community: Ozro W. Childs, a Protestant horticulturist; Hellman, a German-Jew; and Downey. The gift provided land for a campus as well as a source of endowment, the seeds of financial support for the nascent institution. Downey Street on the USC campus is named after him.

Later years

In 1883, Downey, along with his wife, Maria Jesus Guirado, the daughter of a prominent Mexican gentleman of Sonora, were involved in a train accident at Tehachapi Pass, when their train plunged into a ravine. A porter pulled Governor Downey out of the burning wreckage, but Mrs. Downey's body was never found. The event plagued Downey for the remainder of his life, as he suffered from what was described as "nervous shock." Today it would likely be called post-traumatic stress disorder.

Following the accident and the death of Downey's wife, his friend Frank M. Pixley introduced him to the twenty-year-old Yda Hillis Addis, a new writer at Pixley's San Francisco journal The Argonaut. Downey was 32 years older than Addis, and they became engaged to marry. When Downey's two sisters discovered the betrothal, they were not pleased. Downey was a wealthy man; if he should pass away, his wealth would shift to Addis. The sisters took Downey and put him on a boat to Ireland. Addis sued for breach of promise, but left San Francisco before the trial. Some time after returning to the U.S., Downey married Rosa V. Kelly, of Los Angeles.

In 1880, Downey had acquired the nearly 45000 acre Warner's Ranch in San Diego County, which was being used for cattle ranching. In 1892 he moved to evict Cupeño American Indians who occupied some of the land as their traditional historic territory, especially near the hot springs (Agua Caliente.) The Cupeño challenged the eviction in a case that reached the US Supreme Court, but by the time it was decided in 1901, Downey had died. While the court ruled the Cupeño did have a right to land, it said they had waited too long to press their case, according to a law about the issue when California entered the Union. In 1903 they were relocated to the Pala Indian Reservation about 75 mi away.

Downey died in 1894 at his home in Los Angeles. He was originally interred at Old Calvary Cemetery in Los Angeles. After the cemetery was removed, Downey's remains were relocated to Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma.

Legacy
Downey, California was named after Downey. His land company owned the land that was subdivided to create the town in the 1870s.

During Downey's governorship, construction began on the California State Capitol in Sacramento. Also, during his governorship, the Pony Express began service to San Francisco, and the Central Pacific Railroad was formed.

title: John G. Downey


text:
Snort

Snort may refer to:
 * Nose-blowing
 * Sniffle
 * Nasal administration, the inhaling of drugs through the nose
 * Snort (software), a package for intrusion detection
 * Snort, a map-coloring game
 * Insufflation, the act of blowing, breathing, hissing, or puffing
 * Insufflation (medicine)
 * Snort, a common military name for a submarine snorkel
 * The name of a power shovel in Are You My Mother?
 * Dale Snodgrass, United States Naval Aviator and air show performer whose Naval callsign was "Snort"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Snort


text:
John Downey

John Downey may refer to:

 * John G. Downey (1827–1894), Governor of California
 * John T. Downey (1930–2014), former CIA officer shot down over communist China and imprisoned for two decades
 * John V. Downey (c. 1884–1960), New York politician
 * John W. Downey (1927–2004), contemporary classical composer
 * John Downey (Iowa politician) (1834–1906), Irish-born American politician in Iowa
 * John Downey (RAF officer) (1920–2010)
 * John Anthony Downey, accused of carrying out the Hyde Park bombing in 1982

title: John Downey


text:
Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars

By 1799, the French Revolutionary Wars had resumed after a period of relative peace in 1798. The Second Coalition had organized against France, with Great Britain allying with Russia, Austria, the Ottoman Empire, and several of the German and Italian states. While Napoleon's army was still embroiled in Egypt, the allies prepared campaigns in Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands.

Egypt
Napoleon had consolidated his control of Egypt for the time being. Soon after the beginning of the year, he mounted an invasion of Syria, capturing El Arish and Jaffa. On 17 March, he laid siege to Acre, and defeated an Ottoman effort to relieve the city at the Battle of Mount Tabor on 17 April.

However, his repeated assaults on Acre were driven back by Ottoman and British forces under the command of Jezzar Pasha and Sir Sidney Smith. By May, with plague rampant in his army and no sign of success against the city, Napoleon was forced to retreat into Egypt. In July, Turkey, with the help of the British navy, mounted an invasion by sea from Rhodes. Napoleon attacked the Turkish beachheads and annihilated their army at Aboukir.

In August–September, after six months of getting no news from France due to an effective enemy blockade, and now reading some French newspapers conveniently provided to him by his enemy Great Britain, Napoleon decided to return to Europe the next day, hearing from these newspapers of the political and military crisis in France. Leaving his 'Army of Egypt' behind with Kléber in command, he somehow managed to sail through the British blockade and returned to France on 9 October and then on to Paris where he resolved to take control of the then five-man Directory government there in a coup.

Netherlands
In August, the allies mounted an invasion of the Netherlands (which at that time was a French vassal state, known as the 1795-1806 Batavian Republic) with a combined Anglo-Russian army under the Duke of York, who landed at the northern tip of Holland. This army fought a series of battles, winning the first couple of fights and then losing the next few before finally ending in defeat at Castricum on 6 October.

That town passed from British-Russian to Batavian-French hands several times until the former finally fled, losing 2536 men and 11 guns; the Batavian-French losses stood at 1382.The Battle of Castricum persuaded the Duke that his position was untenable. After a chaotic retreat, in which two field hospitals were "forgotten", he reached an agreement with the French commander, Brune.

The British and Russians were allowed to withdraw, without paying reparations, and retaining captured bounty. As thanks, Brune received several magnificent horses from the Duke. By 19 November all the British and Russian troops had been embarked and the whole unhappy episode was over.

Italy
By January, the French army had pursued the Neapolitan army from Rome to Naples, taking the capital. French general Schérer attacked the Austrian army under Kray, but was heavily defeated at Magnano near Verona on 5 April. Russian general Suvorov, taking over the allied campaign, pursued the French to Cassano, defeating them and recapturing Milan and Turin.

In June, Suvorov won the Battle of Trebbia against a reinforcing army under MacDonald, pushing the French back into the Alps and Genoa. Gen. Moreau was briefly appointed to command the French forces, followed quickly by General Joubert, who was severely defeated at Novi, a few miles south of Marengo.

Joubert was killed there amongst the French skirmishers while reconnoitering the enemy lines. By the end of the year, French forces had almost been driven from Italy and Suvorov was ordered to Switzerland.

Germany
The French offensive relied on coordinated attacks by the Army of the Danube, the Army of Mayence, and the Army of the North.

Southwestern Germany
On 1 March 1799, the Army of Observation, in an order of battle of approximately 30,000 men in four divisions, crossed the Rhine at Kehl and Basel. The following day, it was renamed the Army of the Danube. Under the command of Jourdan, the army advanced in four columns through the Black Forest. First Division, the right wing, assembled at Hüningen, crossed at Basel and advanced eastward along the north shore of the Rhine toward Lake Constance. The Advanced Guard crossed at Kehl, and Vandamme led it north-east through the mountains via Freudenstadt.

This column eventually became the left flank. It was followed across the Rhine, also at Kehl, by the II. Division. The Third Division and the Reserve also crossed at Kehl, and then divided into two columns, III. Division traveling through the Black Forest via Oberkirch, and the Reserve, with most of the artillery and horse, by the valley at Freiburg im Breisgau, where they would find more forage, and then over the mountains past the Titisee to Löffingen and Hüfingen.

The major part of the imperial army, under command of Archduke Charles', had wintered immediately east of the Lech, which Jourdan knew, because he had sent agents into Germany with instructions to identify the location and strength of his enemy. This was less than 64 km distant; any passage over the Lech was facilitated by available bridges, both of permanent construction and temporary pontoons and a traverse through friendly territory.

In March 1799, the Army of the Danube engaged in two major battles, both in the southwestern German theater. At the intensely fought Battle of Ostrach, 21–2 March 1799, the first battle of the War of the Second Coalition, Austrian forces, under the command of Archduke Charles, defeated Jourdan's Army of the Danube. The French suffered significant losses and were forced to retreat from the region, taking up new positions to the west at Messkirch (Mößkirch, Meßkirch), and then at Stockach and Engen.

At the second battle, in Stockach, on 25 March 1799, the Austrian army achieved a decisive victory over the French forces, and again pushed the French army west. Jourdan instructed his generals to take up positions in the Black Forest, and he established a base at Hornberg. From there, General Jourdan relegated command of the army to his chief of staff, Jean Augustin Ernouf, and traveled to Paris to ask for more and better troops and, ultimately, to request a medical leave.

The Army was reorganized, and a portion was placed under the command of André Masséna and merged with the Army of Helvetia. Following the reorganization and change in command, the Army participated in several skirmishes and actions on the eastern part of the Swiss Plateau, including the Battle of Winterthur. After this action, three forces of the imperial army united north of Zürich, completing a partial encirclement of Masséna's combined Army of the Danube and Army of Switzerland.

A few days later, at the First Battle of Zurich, Masséna was forced west, across the Limmat. In the late summer, of 1799, Charles was ordered to support imperial activities in the middle Rhineland; he withdrew north across the Rhine, and marched toward Mannheim, leaving Zürich and northern Switzerland in the hands of the inexperienced Alexander Korsakov and 25,000 Russian troops.

Although the highly capable Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze remained in support, his 15,000 men were not able to counter Korsakov's poor defensive arrangements. Three weeks later, at the Second Battle of Zurich, the Russian force was annihilated, and Hotze was killed south of Zürich. This left Masséna in control of northern Switzerland, and closed forced Suvorov into an arduous three-week march into the Vorarlberg, where his troops arrived, starving and exhausted, in mid-October.

Switzerland
In March, Masséna's army occupied Switzerland, preparing an attack against Tyrol through Vorarlberg. However, the defeats of French armies in Germany and Italy forced him to return to the defensive. Taking over Jourdan's army, he pulled it back into Switzerland to Zürich. Archduke Charles pursued him and drove him back at the First Battle of Zurich.

When Charles left Switzerland for the Netherlands, the allies were left with a smaller army under Korsakov, who was ordered to unite with Suvorov's army from Italy. Masséna attacked Korsakov, crushing him at the Second Battle of Zurich. Subsequently, the French superior forces suffered tactical setbacks, e.g. the Battle of Muottental, anyway forcing Suvorov to retreat with considerable loss. Russia abandoned the Second Coalition soon after this debacle.


text:
Talk:Snort (software)

Deletion
On 27 July 2004, Snort was nominated for deletion. As a result of the discussion, the article was moved and kept. See Votes for deletion/Snort for details. Rossami 22:02, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Proprietary or free software
Snort is combined into the "Sourcefire Intrusion Sensor" by Sourcefile. There's no evidence that it is not done as an entirely proprietary aggregate distribution. If there's no proof that something is distributed as free software we usually note that its proprietary software. Since Snort is free software, the availability of a proprietary version would make it dual-licensed.

Sourcefire openly admits they combine proprietary add-ons to Snort in these sensors, but it's not clear they use the GPL to distribute Snort with the device that is sold to customers. They can use a proprietary license at their option since they are the presumed copyright holders. --69.165.73.238 14:20, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Absolutely incorrect. Snort is used within an appliance offered by Sourcefire. Snort itself is maintained by Sourcefire under the GPL, there is no dual license, the entire snort code base is under the GPL. Go to www.snort.org, download the source, and see for yourself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.214.53.2 (talk) 21:40, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

~Not free The software doen't seem free to mee, take a look at https://www.snort.org/products for pricingmodel  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.187.7.108 (talk) 11:31, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

Snort Back Orifice Preprocessor Buffer Overflow
"The vulnerable code will process any UDP packet that is not destined to or sourced from the default Back Orifice port (31337/udp). An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted UDP packet to a host or network monitored by Snort." "A remote attacker who can send UDP packets to a Snort sensor may be able to execute arbitrary code. Snort typically runs with root or SYSTEM privileges, so an attacker could take complete control of a vulnerable system. An attacker does not need to target a Snort sensor directly; the attacker can target any host or network monitored by Snort." Are these notices that I'm seeing jokes? Banaticus 05:48, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * No. This was a widely-known flaw in Snort at one point. Shadow1  (talk) 12:20, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

New article: Sourcefire, Inc
I've started an article, Sourcefire, Inc, for the company that develops the Snort and ClamAV free software packages. Contributions very welcome. --Gronky 09:38, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Applied watch command center removed
Applied Watch Command Center - Enterprise Security Management Suite for Snort is no longer free, although a trial version may be available. see following takeover by endace.com  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.242.145.52 (talk) 05:37, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Origin of creator?
Basically the Americans are saying a lot of their sensitive govermental organisations are using Snort and they don’t want the software to be controlled by an Israeli company, they see it as a threat. The same Bush administration review panel that approved a ports deal involving the United Arab Emirates has notified a leading Israeli software —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.139.45.11 (talk) 10:05, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Question
Can snort be used on a standalone machine? Ie, a single computer on a router? Sephiroth storm (talk) 05:01, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snort (software)


text:
Karl Stetter

Karl Otto Stetter (born 16 July 1941) is a German microbiologist and authority on astrobiology. Stetter is an expert on microbial life at high temperatures.

Career
Stetter was born in Munich and studied biology at the Technical University of Munich. Stetter wrote Stetter's doctoral dissertation on lactobacilli. From 1980 to 2002 Stetter was professor at, and head of, the department of microbiology and of the Archaea center of the University of Regensburg.

The majority of Stetter's research has focused on sampling, isolating and characterizing archaeal organisms which comprise the third domain of life, particularly undiscovered extremely heat-loving (hyperthermophilic) bacteria and Archaea, also called extremophiles, growing optimally between 80 and 113 °C.

Major discovery
In 1992, Stetter, along with Robert Huber, discovered a new species of thermophilic bacteria near Kolbeinsey Ridge and named the species Aquifex pyrophilous.

Nanoarchaeum equitans, an archaeal microorganism containing the world's smallest known genome, was discovered by Stetter in 2002 in a hydrothermal vent off the coast of Iceland. This archaebacterium was described in the scientific journal Nature in May 2002.

Discoveries
Among the other extremophiles discovered by Stetter has been Pyrococcus furiosus, which was found on the Italian island of Vulcano in 1981. This extremophile was the source of Pfu DNA polymerase. Stetter also discovered Aquifex aeolicus and Aquifex pyrophilus.

Awards and memberships
In 2003, Stetter was honored with the Leeuwenhoek Medal by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, an award given every 10 years to the scientist who has made the most outstanding contributions to the advancement of microbiology.

Stetter is a member of the:
 * Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina
 * American Society of Microbiology (ASM)
 * Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
 * Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Science (IGPP), UCLA
 * Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (DGHM)
 * Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh)
 * Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte
 * Gesellschaft für Biologische Chemie (GBCh)
 * International Committee on Environmental Biogeochemistry (ISEB)
 * International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB)
 * International Institute of Biotechnology
 * International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (ISSOL)
 * Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (1999)
 * Vereinigung für Allgemeine und Angewandte Mikrobiologie (VAAM)

title: Karl Stetter


text:
Newton Booth

Newton Booth (December 30, 1825 – July 14, 1892) was an American entrepreneur and politician who served as the 11th Governor of California.

Early life
Born to Hannah (née Pitts) of North Carolina and Beebe Booth of Connecticut, Quakers, in Salem, Indiana, he attended the common schools. In 1841, his parents Beebe and Hannah Booth moved from Salem to Terre Haute, Indiana. In 1846, he graduated from Asbury College (later renamed DePauw University), in nearby Greencastle, Indiana. Booth worked in his father's Terre Haute store, then studied law in the office of attorney William Dickson Griswold (1815–1896). He was admitted to the bar in 1849, and became a partner in Griswold's law firm.

Career
In 1850, Booth traveled to Panama, continuing by ship to San Francisco. Central Pacific Railroad founder, Lucius Anson Booth (1820–1906), a cousin, and New York native, and Thomas Morton Lindley Sr. (1819–1896), in 1849, began the firm of Lindley & Booth. When Newton Booth arrived in Sacramento, the first cholera epidemic was spreading, and he went to Amador County, where he was sick for some time. The epidemic, reportedly, ended in three weeks. In May 1850, John Forshee, Lucius Anson Booth and John Dye established Forshee, Booth & Co. In the Spring of 1851, Lucius Anson Booth and John Dye retired from Forshee, Booth & Co. In February, 1851, Charles Smith and Newton Booth established a business of Smith & Booth., on J Street, between 4th and 5th streets. Kleinhaus & Co., established in 1852, Theodore P. and David W. Kleinhaus as partners.

The firms suffered from the Sacramento Fire of 2 November 1852. Soon after Lucius Anson Booth, one of the organizers of Lindley & Booth, became a partner, and the firm assumed the name of Booth & Co. and continued until 1856, when Newton Booth retired and returned to Indiana, while the firm consolidated with Kleinhans & Co., but the name was not changed from Booth & Co. In 1856, C. T. Wheeler and T. L. Barker were admitted as partners. The Kleinhaus retired in 1860, and Newton Booth again entered the firm. Lucius Anson Booth and T. L. Barker retired in 1862, and Joseph Terry Glover (1832–1886), of San Francisco, became a partner in the firm. In 1869, Lucius Anson Booth was working in SF and living in Oakland. In December, 1871, business was established in San Francisco in connection with W. W. Dodge. The firm in 1878 was composed of Newton Booth, C. T. Wheeler, Joseph Terry Glover and W. W. Dodge.

Newton Booth made his fortune as a saloon keeper.

Terre Haute
He returned to Terre Haute in 1856 and engaged in the practice of law with future U.S. Congressman Harvey D. Scott. In the summer of 1857 Booth traveled through Europe.

California
In 1860, he returned to Sacramento, campaigned for Abraham Lincoln for president, and returned to the wholesale mercantile business.

In 1862, he was on Leland Stanford's (1824–1893) gubernatorial inauguration ball general committee.

In 1862, Booth was elected to the California State Senate, serving in 1863.

From 1863 to 1866, Booth was a resident of San Francisco.

From 1867 to 1892, Booth lived in Sacramento, on Front Street, between J and K streets.

In the 1871 California gubernatorial election, Booth became the eleventh governor of California, from December 8, 1871, to February 27, 1875. Booth openly sought black support.

Booth was later elected to the United States Senate, resigning his governorship.

U.S. Senate
In 1873, Booth helped to organize the Dolly Vardens political party, and with their support he was elected as an Anti-Monopoly Party member, serving as a Senator from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1881. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1880. During his time in the Senate, he served as chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Manufacturers and the U.S. Senate Committee on Patents, both during the 45th Congress. In 1876, the Greenback Party nominated him for Vice President of the United States on the ticket with Peter Cooper. However, Booth declined the nomination and Samuel F. Cary replaced him. As of 2021, Booth remains the only senator from California who served as a member of a third party.

California
After serving in Congress, he returned to his wholesale mercantile business in Sacramento.

Personal life
He married the widow of Joseph Terry Glover, his business partner, Octavine C. Glover (1833–1907) on 9 February 1892, in Sacramento, where he died, in July 1892. His wife, Octavine C. Booth (1833–1907), Glover's mother-in-law, Eliza Payne (1810–1873); his sister-in-law, Julia E. Dunn (1839–1923); and his brother-in-law, William Henry Payne (1848–1919); are interred in the Newton Booth plot in Sacramento Historic City Cemetery.
 * Microfilm at Colorado Mesa University; Edward Eberstadt & Sons - Collection: Archives at Yale
 * Microfilm at Colorado Mesa University; Edward Eberstadt & Sons - Collection: Archives at Yale
 * Microfilm at Colorado Mesa University; Edward Eberstadt & Sons - Collection: Archives at Yale
 * Microfilm at Colorado Mesa University; Edward Eberstadt & Sons - Collection: Archives at Yale
 * Microfilm at Colorado Mesa University; Edward Eberstadt & Sons - Collection: Archives at Yale

He was the uncle of author Booth Tarkington, son of his sister Elizabeth Booth, who was raised in Terre Haute.

Recognition

 * Sacramento's Newton Booth neighborhood was named for him.
 * Native Sons of the Golden West historical plaque in front of the Booth Company wholesale grocery Building 1017 Front Street in Old Sacramento.

Dolly Vardens (political party)
The Dolly Vardens was a new, independent, republican, Anti-Monopoly political party. The party was named for a calico pattern composed of many different colors and figures, alluding to a political party made up of "sore heads from any party or by any name".

title: Newton Booth


text:
Akira Yamaoka

Akira Yamaoka (山岡 晃) is a Japanese composer and music producer. He is best known for composing music for several video games in the Silent Hill series by Konami, among other games. Yamaoka also worked as a producer on the series, as well as composing for the Silent Hill film and its sequel. Since 2010, he has been the sound director at Grasshopper Manufacture.

Early life
Yamaoka attended Tokyo Art College, where he studied product design and interior design. He originally planned to follow a career in design.

Career
Yamaoka joined Konami on September 21, 1993. He immediately began to work on the games Contra: Hard Corps, Sparkster, and Sparkster: Rocket Knight Adventures 2. Shortly thereafter, he worked on the music for the PC Engine and Sega CD versions of Snatcher. When Konami began searching for a musician to compose Silent Hill's score, Yamaoka volunteered because he thought he was the only one capable of making the soundtrack. Although initially hired as a composer, he soon became involved in overall sound design.

On December 2, 2009, it was announced that Yamaoka was leaving his long term employer Konami. On February 3, 2010, it was announced that Yamaoka had joined Grasshopper Manufacture and was working with Goichi Suda and Shinji Mikami on their action game, Shadows of the Damned. He was first appointed to the role of chief sound officer at Grasshopper, but became involved in aspects of game production as well.

On August 10, 2012, Yamaoka announced he would be releasing a second solo album in late 2012, one "different from the usual Silent Hill music." On October 31, 2012, he announced via Facebook, that the new three-track Spanish-language single "Revolución" would premiere at V-CON during a live performance. In 2014, he expressed interest in returning as a composer for Silent Hills, although the project was later cancelled.

In late October and early November 2015, Yamaoka and his band performed tracks from the Silent Hill series at nine live events in cities across the United Kingdom, titled "Silent Hill Live". In July 2016, Yamaoka performed live at the BitSummit 4th indie game festival in Kyoto, Japan.

Personal life
Before working as a video game composer, Yamaoka initially sought a career as a designer, but instead became a musician after studying product design at Tokyo Art College.

Yamaoka stated in a 2009 interview that his favorite game creator is Suda51 and his favorite video game is No More Heroes.

His favorite of his own soundtracks is Silent Hill 2.

In March 2011, Yamaoka auctioned some of his musical instruments for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Play for Japan flood relief.

In a 2014 interview, he stated his favorite film was Dario Argento's Suspiria.

He is married to Ai "Tamu" Murata, who is the drummer of the heavy metal band Nemophila. They have two daughters.

Artistry
When asked what other artists influenced his work, Yamaoka cited Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails as his "main inspiration, both performing and in music style." Among his other influences are Angelo Badalamenti (best known for his soundtrack work with David Lynch), Massive Attack, Metallica and Depeche Mode.

When asked if his studies at Tokyo Art College had helped him in his musical career, he replied: "At that time, Mick Karn of Japan, Steve Strange of Visage, and a lot of other musicians combined the notions of Art and Music with their own new style. I got really influenced by that. Therefore, every time I write songs, I try to combine Art and Music." He has also stated that he derives much of his influence from baroque styles common throughout the 18th century.

Yamaoka stated some of his favorite songs to be "Der Mussolini" by D.A.F., "Amber" by Craig Armstrong, "Moments in Love" by Anne Dudley, "Moon Over Moscow" by Visage, and "The Ecstasy of Gold" by Ennio Morricone.

title: Akira Yamaoka


text:
George C. Perkins

George Clement Perkins (August 23, 1839 – February 26, 1923) was an American businessman and politician. A member of the Republican Party, Perkins served as the 14th Governor of California from 1880 to 1883, and as United States Senator from California from 1893 to 1915. He also served in the California State Senate.

Life and career
Perkins was born in 1839 in Kennebunkport, Maine, the son of Lucinda (Fairfield) and Clement Perkins. Perkins ran away to sea at age twelve, eventually arriving in San Francisco in 1855. After making an unsuccessful effort at staking a mining claim in Butte County, Perkins worked a succession of jobs in Sacramento and the mining town of Oroville, including driving a mule team and working as a store clerk. Perkins eventually bought the Oroville store he clerked at, and was soon grossing $500,000 a year.

Perkins was elected to California State Senate in 1869, representing Butte County. While in serving in the Senate in Sacramento, Perkins met businessman Charles Miner Goodall, with whom Perkins would form what would become the Pacific Coast Steamship Company.

Leaving his Oroville business to be operated by his brother, Perkins moved to San Francisco in 1875 and expanded his interests in the shipping industry.

Perkins sought the Republican nomination for governor in 1879 and ran a successful campaign emphasizing his purported independence from railroad interests given his interests in shipping, a competing industry.

During Perkins' term as governor, former Civil War general John Mansfield served as his lieutenant governor.

Perkins was appointed to the Senate by Governor Henry Markham in 1893 following the death of Leland Stanford. As a Senator, Perkins was a part of the powerful Southern Pacific political machine, commonly called the Southern Pacific Political Bureau, headed by Southern Pacific chief counsel William F. Herrin.

Perkins is buried alongside his wife Ruth Parker Perkins in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California.

Personal life
Perkins married Ruth Parker, the daughter of his business partner Edward Parker, on May 3, 1864, in Marysville. Born in 1843 in County Cork, Ireland, she immigrated to California with her family at age eight. An avid reader of poetry, Ruth Perkins had several poems of her own published in magazines and newspapers. She died on February 4, 1921, in Oakland, California.

Perkins and his wife Ruth had seven children. Mount Perkins in California is named after him.

title: George C. Perkins


text:
Talk:Victoria University

I (as someone who has never had anything to do with any of the Victoria Uni articles) strongly object to thjis page being converted back.

Of course Victoria University is not as important as the other institutions that still exist, but it is still (as the forerunner of no less than three leading British universities) important enough to have its own article. As it is the only institution called exactly 'Victoria University', its article should be at 'Victoria University'. Of course there should be a prominent link to the disambiguation page (as there was) as well, but at the end of the day, an article named 'Victoria University' should be about Vicotria University and not a list of links to vaguely similarly named articles. This is a Wikipedia policy.

Furthermore, the attempt to include some information on Victoria University in this article is flawed. Firstly, it contains far less information than previously and secondly, it creates a multi-purpose article that is again highly discouraged by Wikipedia (it makes pages difficult to categorise, etc).

Therefore I prepose changing things back to how they were.

 * Actually, Victoria University (University of Toronto) is called "exactly" Victoria University, not that it matters. Also, please sign your comments so we know who is saying what. Darkcore 00:16, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well let's at least move the British Victoria University out to its own page.
 * 62.64.232.172 01:22, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victoria University


text:
User talk:Ameltzer

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K-Pop
Hi, Ameltzer:

Thanks for your contributions on K-Pop (and J-Pop, for that matter...). Keep up the good work! --Sewing 01:27, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Bemani
Hi, I'd just like to congratulate you on your work on Bemani-related articles. Way to go! =) --Kamek 01:52, Aug 25, 2004 (UTC)

Kudo for the work too. SYSS Mouse 19:28, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hi, I'd like to congratulate you again for your work (most recently especially for the Bemani pseudonyms and Beatmania IIDX pictures). However, sometimes you seem to slip on a few Wikipedia formatting rules, so I'd like to suggest you reading this:
 * Manual of Style (headings)
 * Guide to layout

Other than that, you're doing great, and giving much more than I could ever do about Bemani.

Lastly, could you take a look at Category talk:Bemani? I am proposing some changes, but I believe the articles would get better organized with it. --Kamek 19:57, Sep 2, 2004 (UTC)

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Unreferenced BLPs
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See c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:New York Life Building 2.jpg. If you originally took this photo, your input would be appreciated. clpo13(talk) 16:52, 9 September 2021 (UTC)

I took this photo. I authorize its release under CC BY-NC-SA Ameltzer (talk) 01:18, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

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Manduca sexta

Manduca sexta is a moth of the family Sphingidae present through much of the Americas. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1763 Centuria Insectorum.

Commonly known as the Carolina sphinx moth and the tobacco hawk moth (as adults) and the tobacco hornworm and the Goliath worm (as larvae), it is closely related to and often confused with the very similar tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata); the larvae of both feed on the foliage of various plants of the family Solanaceae. The larvae of these species can be distinguished by their lateral markings: Tomato hornworms have eight V-shaped white markings with no borders; tobacco hornworms have seven white diagonal lines with a black border. Additionally, tobacco hornworms have red horns, while tomato hornworms have dark blue or black horns. A mnemonic to remember the markings is tobacco hornworms have straight white lines like cigarettes, while tomato hornworms have V-shaped markings (as in "vine-ripened" tomatoes). M. sexta has mechanisms for selectively sequestering and secreting the neurotoxin nicotine present in tobacco.

M. sexta is a common model organism, especially in neurobiology, due to its easily accessible nervous system and short life cycle. Due to its immense size M. sexta is big enough for medical imaging modalities (like CT, MRI, or PET) and used as a model in imaging and gut inflammation. It is used in a variety of biomedical and biological scientific experiments. It can be easily raised on a wheat-germ-based diet. The larva is large, and thus it is relatively easy to dissect it and isolate its organs.

Life cycle
M. sexta has a short life cycle, lasting about 30 to 50 days. In most areas, M. sexta has about two generations per year, but can have three or four generations per year in Florida.

Eggs
M. sexta eggs are spherical, approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter, and translucent green. They typically hatch two to four days after they are laid. Eggs are normally found on the underside of foliage, but can also be found on the upper surface.

Larva
M. sexta larvae are bright green in color and grow up to 100 millimeters in length. The posterior abdominal segment is tipped with a dorsocaudal horn that earns them the name "hornworm". The final instar consists of a cylindrical body covered with fine hairlike setae. The head is equipped with a pair of ocelli and chewing mouthparts. Each of the three thoracic segments bears a pair of true legs, and there is a pair of prolegs on the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and last abdominal segments in all larval instars. The prothoracic segment bears one pair of spiracles, and additional pairs occur on each of the eight abdominal segments.

The hemolymph (blood) of this species contains insecticyanin, a blue-colored biliprotein. When the larva feeds on its normal diet of plant foliage, it ingests pigmentacious carotenoids, which are primarily yellow in hue. The resulting combination is green. Under laboratory conditions—when fed a wheat-germ-based diet—larvae are turquoise in color due to the lack of carotenoids in their diet.

The caterpillar stage of the tobacco hornworm is quite similar in appearance to that of the closely related tomato hornworm. The larvae of these two species can however be readily distinguished by their lateral markings. Specifically, the M. sexta caterpillar has seven white diagonal lines with a black border at the first seven abdominal segments, and the horn is red or green with a red tip. The M. quinquemaculatacaterpillar has V-shaped white markings with no borders at all eight of its abdominal segments, and the horn is dark blue or black in color.

During the larval stage, M. sexta caterpillars feed on plants of the family Solanaceae, principally tobacco, tomatoes and members of the genus Datura. M. sexta has five larval instars, which are separated by ecdysis (molting), but may add larval instars when nutrient conditions are poor. Near the end of this stage, the caterpillar seeks a location for pupation, burrows underground, and pupates. This searching behavior is known as "wandering". The imminence of pupation—suggested behaviorally by the wandering—can be anatomically confirmed by spotting the heart (aorta), which is a long, pulsating vessel running along the length of the caterpillar's dorsal side. The heart becomes visible through the skin just as the caterpillar is reaching the end of the final instar.

A common biological control for hornworms is the parasitic braconid wasp Cotesia congregata, which lays its eggs in the bodies of the hornworms. The wasp larvae feed internally and emerge from the body to spin their cocoons. Parasitized hornworms are often seen covered with multiple white, cottony wasp cocoons, which are often mistaken for large eggs. A wasp species, Polistes erythrocephalus, feeds on hornworm larvae.

Pre-pupa
Before the larva pupates, it goes through a stage called the pre-pupa, where it shrinks considerably and prepares to pupate. Often people mistake this stage for a dead or dying caterpillar.

Pupa
The pupal stage lasts approximately 14–18 days under laboratory conditions (17 hours light, 7 hours dark, 27 °C). When reared on a short-day photoperiod (12 hours light, 12 hours dark), pupae enter a state of diapause that can last several months. During the pupal stage, structures of the adult moth form within the pupal case, which is shed during eclosion (adult emergence).

Adult
Adult M. sexta have narrow wings with a wing span of approximately 100 mm. M. sexta moths are nectarivorous and feed on flowers, demonstrating a remarkable ability to hover.

Adults are sexually dimorphic. Males are identifiable by their broader antennae and the presence of claspers at the end of the abdomen. Female moths are typically ready to mate one week after eclosion, and do so only once. Males may mate many times. Mating generally occurs on a vertical surface at night, and can last several hours, with the male and female facing in opposite positions, their posterior ends touching. After mating, females deposit their fertilized eggs on foliage, usually on the underside of leaves.

Laboratory rearing
Like Drosophila melanogaster, M. sexta is commonly used as a model organism for experiments. They are frequently studied in the laboratory due to their large size and relative ease of rearing. They may be reared on host plants, such as tobacco and tobacco relatives, tomato plants, or wheat-germ-based artificial diet. Their rearing is straightforward, provided they receive a long daylight cycle (e.g., 14 hours) during development to prevent diapause.

Eggs are rinsed for one to five minutes in dilute household bleach for disinfection.

Eggs are placed on diet cubes or host plants. The eggs hatch and develop at different speeds depending on temperature. The larvae are moved to a fresh diet or leaves as their food spoils or is consumed. When they start to "wander", they are about to pupate, so are placed in a pupation chamber. Pupation chambers are holes drilled into a wood board. The Manduca larvae are sealed in the chamber using a stopper and allowed to pupate. After pupation, the pupae are placed in a breeding or colony chamber to eclose. Providing a cup of sugar water and a tobacco (or related) plant will allow mated females to oviposit fertile eggs, which can then be reared.

When fed an artificial diet, Manduca larvae do not consume the xanthophyll -which is a yellow pigment- needed to produce their green coloration; instead they appear blue. On some diets, they have very little pigment and pigment precursors, so are a very pale blue-white. As vitamin A and other carotenoids are necessary for the visual pigments (rhodopsin), an artificial-diet-reared hornworm may have poor vision due to lack of carotenoids in the diet.

As pet food
Captive-bred hornworms fed on an artificial diet are often given to insectivorous exotic animals, such as certain reptiles, fish and small mammals. They are preferred over wild-collected hornworms, which may bioaccumulate poisonous substances found in dietary plants. Hornworms, though originally bred for laboratories, are also farmed for this purpose. They are often sold already packed into pods that include everything the larvae need, including food. Care is relatively easy, and animals seem to relish their bright color and flavor.

Animal model
M. sexta larvae grow up to 100 millimeters in length, reaching up to 20 grams. Due to their large size, they are used as alternative animal models for medical imaging modalities like computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or positron emission tomography. Researchers around Anton Windfelder have established the larvae of M. sexta as an alternative animal model for chronic inflammatory bowel diseases or as an animal model for testing new contrast agents for radiology.

Subspecies

 * Manduca sexta sexta (North and Central America)
 * M. s. caestri (Blanchard, 1854) (Chile)
 * M. s. jamaicensis (Butler, 1875) (Caribbean)
 * M. s. leucoptera (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903) (Galápagos Islands)
 * M. s. paphus (Cramer, 1779) (South America)
 * M. s. saliensis (Kernbach, 1964) (Argentina)
 * M. s. garapa (Pixley, 2016) (Saipan)

Feeding
Tobacco hornworms are facultative specialists; the larvae can grow and develop on any host plants. However, the larvae prefer solanaceous plants, such as tobacco and tomato plants. On these types of plants, larvae grow and develop faster. The lateral and medial sensilla styloconia (sensory receptors) on their mouthparts help them to identify solanaceous plants by recognizing indioside D, a steroidal glycoside found in those particular plants (del Campo et al., 2001). Salicin is a distasteful phagodeterrent, found only in Salix spp. while caffeine is a phagodeterrent that is actually toxic. Schoonhoven 1969 found that M. sexta habituation to salicin is mediated by desensitization of the deterrence associated peripheral neurons and Glendinning et al. 1999 the same for caffeine. However Glendinning et al. 2001 find only a small peripheral desensitization for salicin, concluding that Schoonhoven erred, and that habituation in this case is centrally mediated. Tobacco hornworms are considered pests because they feed on the upper leaves of tobacco plants and leave green or black droppings on the plants. As adults, they do not damage plants since they feed on nectar.

Tobacco hornworm larvae prefer humid environments. When dehydrated, tobacco hornworm larvae will move towards a source of water or to an area with a high relative level of humidity. They use their antennae to locate water to drink.

Defense
Nicotine is poisonous to most animals that use muscles to move because nicotine targets the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. However, the tobacco hornworm is capable of metabolizing nicotine from the tobacco plant and using nicotine as a defense against predators. It possesses a gene called cytochrome P450 6B46 (CYP6B46) that converts nicotine into a metabolite. About 0.65% of nicotine metabolites are transported from the gut to the hemolymph, where they are reconverted to nicotine and released into the air from the tobacco hornworm's spiracles. The emitted nicotine is used as a way to deter spiders, a practice known as “toxic halitosis.” In one study, tobacco hornworms that fed from nicotine-deficient plants or expressed low levels of CYP6B46 were more susceptible to wolf spider predation.

Tobacco hornworm caterpillars emit short clicking sounds from their mandibles when they are being attacked. This sound production is believed to be a type of acoustic aposematism, or warning sounds that let predators know that trying to eat them will be troublesome; tobacco hornworms have been observed to thrash and bite predators after producing those clicking sounds. These clicks can be heard at a close distance with a frequency range of 5 to 50 kHz. The intensity of clicks increases with the number of attacks (Bura et al., 2012).

title: Manduca sexta


text:
User talk:Strbenjr

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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COEBA
I've restored the article content for you at User:Strbenjr/COEBA. Note that using the text to recreate the deleted content is speedyable, and using it to keep it hanging around in your userspace has gotten editors penalized before. I have a problem with restoring the deleted talk page, since it contained whois information about an editor and not much in the way of discussion about the article -- not sure why you'd need it. .:.Jareth.:. babelfish 18:05, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think I found what you were looking for and added it to the bottom of the page. Let me know if that's not it. P.S. Its easier to contact me via my talk page.  Thanks! .:.Jareth.:. babelfish 18:22, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Did you look at what I added to the bottom of User:Strbenjr/COEBA? I think that was the stuff you were looking for. .:.Jareth.:. babelfish 18:27, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

OK... so I copied all the article and text out. How do I delete my talk page. I never had one before this so I don't guess I need to keep this one now. (Thanks again) --Ben 18:49, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Do you mean User:Strbenjr/COEBA? If so, I can delete that for you. .:.Jareth.:. babelfish 18:51, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. .:.Jareth.:. babelfish 19:00, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SITS Hacker-mod.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:SITS Hacker-mod.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Dark Falls  talk 00:58, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Please check my rationale that I just added and let me know if this is a rational rationale. Thanks!Ben 01:32, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It's a rationale, just not a particularly good one. Take a look at the Non free content criteria, and base your rationale on that. Also take a peak at this image, to see what a rationale should look like. Cheers. -- Dark Falls  talk 01:43, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Strbenjr


text:
James Renwick Jr.

James Renwick Jr. (born November 11, 1818, Bloomingdale in Upper Manhattan in New York City – June 23, 1895, in New York City) was an American architect in the 19th century, noted especially for designing churches and museums. The Encyclopedia of American Architecture calls him "one of the most successful American architects of his time".

Early life and education
Renwick was born in Upper Manhattan on November 11, 1818, to a wealthy and well-educated family. His mother, Margaret Brevoort, was from a wealthy and socially prominent New York City family. His father, James Renwick, was an engineer, architect, and professor of natural philosophy at Columbia College, which is now Columbia University. His two brothers went on to become engineers.

Renwick was not formally trained as an architect, but his ability and interest in building design were nurtured through his cultivated upbringing, which granted him early exposure to travel, and through a broad cultural education that included architectural history. He learned most of his skills from his father, and then studied engineering at Columbia College, now Columbia University, in Manhattan. He entered Columbia at age twelve and graduated in 1836. He received a M.A. three years later.

Career
After graduating from Columbia College, Renwick took a position as a structural engineer with Erie Railroad and subsequently served as supervisor on Croton Reservoir, serving as an assistant engineer on the Croton Aqueduct in New York City.

Renwick received his first major commission at the age of twenty-five in 1843, in which he won a competitive bidding process to design Grace Church, an Episcopal Church in New York City, which was built in English Gothic style. In 1846, Renwick won a competition to design of the Smithsonian Institution Building in Washington, D.C. Built between 1847 and 1855, the Smithsonian's many-turreted building, often referred to as "the Castle", was designed in Romanesque style, as requested by the Smithsonian's Board of Regents, and was built with red sandstone quarried at Seneca Quarry in Seneca, Maryland. The Smithsonian Institution Building proved influential in inspiring the Gothic revival in the United States.

In 1849, Renwick designed the Free Academy Building at present-day City College of New York at Lexington Avenue and 23rd Street in New York City. It was one of the first Gothic Revival college buildings on the U.S. East Coast.

Renwick went on to design St. Patrick's Cathedral, on the corner of Fifth Avenue and 51st Street, which is considered his most notable architectural achievement. He was chosen as architect for the Roman Catholic cathedral in 1853; construction began in 1858, and the cathedral opened in May 1879. The cathedral is the most ambitious Gothic-style structure, and includes a mixture of German, French, and English Gothic influences.

Another of the prominent buildings Renwick designed was Corcoran Gallery of Art, now home to the Renwick Gallery in Washington, D.C., which was designed in Second Empire style. Other works by Renwick include the first major buildings on the campus of Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York (1861–1865), including the Main Hall (1860), Saint Bartholomew's Church (1871–1872) at Madison Avenue and 44th Street in New York City (since demolished), the All Saints' Roman Catholic Church (1882–1893) in Harlem in the Victorian Gothic style, and many mansions for the wealthy of the area, including the Peter Aims-Aimes house, known as "Martinstow", in West Haven, Connecticut. Renwick was the architect of Ascension Memorial Church in Ipswich, Massachusetts, whose cornerstone was laid in October 1869.

Renwick also designed the St. Anthony Hall, the first chapter house for Delta Psi, the secret fraternal college society founded at Columbia University in 1847. Even though the 1879 structure at 29 East 28th Street is marred now by a street level storefront, Christopher Gray wrote in The New York Times in 1990 that, "Old photographs show a high stoop arrangement with the figure of an owl on the peaked roof and a plaque with the Greek letters Delta Psi over the windowless chapter room. In 1879, The New York Tribune called it French Renaissance, but the stumpy pilasters and blocky detailing suggest the Neo-Grec style then near the end of its popularity." In 1899, the fraternity moved to a new chapter house on Riverside Drive and for a few years the original building was kept as a clubhouse for graduate members. At that time a newspaper account described it as a "perfect Bijou of tasteful decoration".

Among his other designs were banks, the Charity and Smallpox Hospitals on Roosevelt Island, the main building of the Children's Hospital on Randall's Island, the Inebriate and Lunatic Asylums on Wards Island, and the former facade of the New York Stock Exchange. Renwick was the supervising architect for the Commission of Charities and Correction. A small group of Renwick's architectural drawings and papers are held by the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University.

Renwick was also the designer of the bell tower of the Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine in Florida, which was commissioned by Standard Oil partner Henry M. Flagler who was building luxury hotels in the historic city at the time. Renwick and his wife Anna Aspinwall lived and owned property in the lighthouse area on Anastasia Island in Florida.

In Spring 1890, Renwick listened to Franklin W. Smith deliver a speech to garner support for his Design and Prospectus for a National Gallery of History of Art at Washington. Renwick endorsed the idea and offered to provide drawings, plans, and illustrations for the project. Smith gratefully accepted, and the firm of Renwick, Aspinwall & Russell spent six months completing their contribution.

Firm history
In the late 1850s, already well-established, Renwick temporarily partnered with Richard T. Auchmoty. In the 1860s and 1870s, a few of Renwick's commissions are credited as Renwick & Sands. These indicate Renwick's short-lived partnership with architect Joseph Sands (? – 1879), and include Church of the Holy Sepulchre in New York City in 1869, and the former New York City Public Charities Building (since razed) at 66 Third Avenue (1868–1871).

One constant in the firm was J. Lawrence Aspinwall (1854–1936), who started to work for Renwick in 1875, practiced in the firm more than 60 years, was a firm partner from 1880 to 1925, and became an AIA Fellow in 1914. Aspinwall was the cousin of Renwick's wife Anna.

From 1878 to 1894, the firm was known as Renwick, Aspinwall & Russell, with the partnership of William Hamilton Russell (1856–1907), Renwick's grand nephew. Upon his graduation, Russell became a protégé of his great uncle, who designed the chapter house of Russell's fraternity, St. Anthony Hall, at 25 East 28th Street, New York in 1878, the same year Renwick completed St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York. It is likely Russell contributed work to both his fraternity's first chapter house as well as the cathedral during his apprenticeship with Renwick. Russell departed in 1894 to co-found Clinton & Russell.

Death and legacy
After Renwick's death in 1895, the immediate successor organization was called Renwick, Aspinwall & Renwick, then Renwick, Aspinwall & Owen, with the addition of Walter Tallent Owen (1864-1902). In 1904, it became known as Renwick, Aspinwall & Tucker, then Renwick, Aspinwall & Guard by the late 1920s.

Renwick is buried with his wife and father in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.

Notable employees
Several of Renwick's employees protégés became influential architects, including:

 * Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, whose designs included the Wolf's Head Secret Society Hall at Yale University, the Nebraska State Capitol building in Lincoln, Nebraska, Balboa Park in San Diego, and the chapel at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York. He began his apprenticeship at Renwick, Aspinwall and Russell in 1884, and his apprenticeship ended in 1891 when he won a national design competition for St. Matthew's in Dallas.  His first years with Renwick's firm partly coincided with Russell's first years, below.
 * John Wellborn Root, one of the founders of the Chicago School-style of architecture.

Major buildings designed

 * The Reformed Church of Saugerties, 173 Main St., Saugerties, NY (1852)
 * Mark Twain House, 21 Fifth Avenue, NYC (c. 1842; razed 1953)
 * Grace Church, New York (1843–1846)
 * Smithsonian Institution Building, Washington, D.C. (1847–1855)
 * Calvary Church, New York (1848)
 * Free Academy Building, City College of New York, Lexington Avenue and 23rd Street, New York City (1849)
 * Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel, Washington, D.C. (1850)
 * Rhinelander Gardens, 110-124 West 11th Street, NYC, a three-story above raised basement row of houses (c. 1850; razed 1956)
 * Trinity Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C. (1851; razed 1936)
 * Municipal Courthouse, 817 Princess Anne Street, Fredericksburg, Virginia (1852)
 * St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, (1858–1879)
 * Corcoran Gallery of Art (currently the Renwick Gallery), Washington, D.C. (1859–1871)
 * Main Building, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York (1861–1865)
 * Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour, Faribault, Minnesota (1862–1869)
 * Church of St. Barnabas expansion, Irvington, New York (1863)
 * St. Ann's Church, Clinton and Livingston, Brooklyn, New York (1866-1869)
 * St. Mary's Episcopal Church, Foggy Bottom, Washington, DC (1867).
 * Greymore Friars' Residence, NYC (1869)
 * Cathedral High School, NYC (1869)
 * First Presbyterian Church of Hartford, Connecticut (1870; Renwick & Sands)
 * Basilica of St. John the Baptist, Canton, Ohio (1871)
 * St. Bartholomew's Church, Madison Avenue and East 44th Street, NYC (1871–1872; razed)
 * Second Presbyterian Church, Chicago (1872–1874)
 * St. Claire's Chapel, [St. Mary Help of Christians Church, Aiken, South Carolina (1879)
 * Former St. Anthony Hall Chapter House, New York (c. 1879)
 * St. Nicholas of Myra Church, East 10th Street, NYC (1882–1883)
 * Demarest Building, Fifth Avenue and East 33rd Street, NYC (c. 1890)
 * George Walter Vincent Smith Art Museum, Springfield, Massachusetts (1895)

title: James Renwick Jr.


text:
User talk:Tooto

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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Touchgraph

 * Image:WorldWideWebAroundGoogle.png and Image:WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png were created with touchgraph, which itself use the relate function with google. I modified the image to remove some ugly (special char) links, and then took a screenshot. About the copyright: I assumed I have the copyright, since i ceated the images using the touchgraph software, as someone would create an image using gimp. I then released the images under the GFDL license. However, I am no legal expert, and there is a possibility that my assumptions are wrong. -- Chris 73 Talk 20:33, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

I thank you for commenting: minor edits???
''im not complaining as such, as the edits tend to be ok, nessisary and of good qulity. HOWEVER deleting/adding/re-wording large chunks of text are NOT minor edits. just a thought. tooto 09:39, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC) oh, personaly i think having your proffile sat to say "Mark all edits minor by default" is an extreemly bad idea, espesialy if you arnt one for doing small spell checking/copy editing''

I must ask you to specify which setting "Mark all edits minor by default", Im sure Ive come accross it somewhere, but not bothered with it. I do sometimes make small edits, spellings etc, but prefer to create new pages.

All the best: Faedra 13:53, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Ahh! found it, cheers, but the box you mention is not checked~? Faedra

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Image tags
I was wondering about your adding tags to Image:Me-Ow1918.jpeg, previously tagged PD-US, correctly as pre 1923. You added "albumcover", which it certainly is not. Why? Also, I notice you added "PD-70". Do you have a death date for Mel B. Kaufman? If so, could you please tell me, as I don't know it. (Please note that the tag you added is dependant on knowing that information.) Thanks, -- Infrogmation 00:13, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image tagging---be careful!
Hi! Thank you for helping out with the Humungous Image Tagging Project. It's a large undertaking, and can use all the help it gets. That said, tagging images as GFDL even when you don't know their license status is bad practice. (I'm referring to Image:Kiribati flag large.png and Image:Kazakhstan flag large.png off the top of my head here, but I haven't gone over any of your other edits.) If you can't determine an image's copyright status, it's better to either tag it (and preferably leave a comment on the uploader's talk page asking them where it came from) or just leave it alone. This job isn't enough of a rush not to be worth doing properly.

Remember, if a contributor licenses their text contributions under more licenses than just the GFDL (like, for a random example, User:AndrewKepert), you need to include their other licenses in the image's tag-list. For instance, that user licenses under Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 1.0 and 2.0. So any image created by that user would be tagged with all of the following copyright tags:

While, for instance, governmental flags are all, or  if you can be absolutely sure they came from the CIA World Factbook. Public domain images are more flexible in their available uses than GFDL images, so this distinction is important.

Don't let this stop you from helping out, but remember that we can never assume that someone else will fix something we leave in a maybe-broken state. This is especially true for copyright tags, which will most likely be used by people who want to (for instance) include Wikipedia with their latest Linux distribution.

Thanks for your contributions; if you have any questions, please don't hesitate to comment on my user page! grendel|khan 08:04, 2004 Dec 27 (UTC)

BBC 4
I guess you also listen to Radio 4. My first thought was also "I wonder if a wikipedia article has been written on auxetics" :) --Eean 08:33, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Style tip
Just a note, in math notation variables should be italic, like x or $$x$$, rather than x. And also, an edit summary is good to have. :) Cheers, Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 00:48, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

stuf I added while editing from a blocked IP (but im logged in!)
$$ =atan \left (\frac{distance2}{distance1}\right )$$

$$r_1=atan \left ( \frac{\sin 60^\circ{}}{\frac{\sin r_2}{\sin i_1} + \cos{60^\circ{}}} \right )$$

$$percentage \ error = 100 \cdot \frac{1}{1+ angle^2} \cdot \sqrt{ \left (\frac{error1}{value1} \right )^2 + \left (\frac{error2}{value2} \right )^2 }  $$

citation for Quantum electrodynamics
richard p. feynman QED: p89-90 "the light has an amplitude to go faster or slower than the speed C, but these amplitudes cancle each other out over long distances"

Relationship between Institutional Review Board and Tuskegee Syphilis Study Entries
Thank you for correcting the internal Wikipedia link, which prompted me to improve (I hope) the phrasing of the IRB entry itself. It is an important area to represent with accuracy. TrueC 14:20, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Image:Lactose.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Lactose.png, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —Nv8200p talk 16:33, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Lanc
Please see Image talk:Lanc.600pix.jpg -- Philip Baird Shearer 12:45, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, It's an old picture upload(by Wikipedia standers), before we had well defined image use guidelines. When people ask if they can use a picture on Wikipedia, they usually said something along the lines of "is it ok to use this picture on Wikipedia", not "is it ok to use this picture on wikipedia, and is it also ok for anyone else to use it if they areusing part of the article where it is found..." (which most people would consider is writing a blank check, so wouldn't allow.

 * Therefore, unless it has explicitly been put under a computable licence, its considered non-free.

 * (note that this dosn't stop someone else from asking again for permission to use the image under a licence that is compatible with Wikipedias image use guideline's) --tooto 01:16, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the explanation. Just a thought, as others may ask this question, perhapse a standard comment on the the picture's talk page could save everyone time. --Philip Baird Shearer 09:50, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Co-ordinate system transformation
Back to the question... I have chosen to do a worked example of finding the centre of the rectangle, as I wanted to do some maths by hand to convince myself of what is happening!

The setup I have used:
 * start X = 0
 * start Y = 0
 * start width = 200
 * start height = 100
 * transform = matrix(1,0.5,-0.5,1,25,-20)

The transform matrix can be re-written as:

$$ \begin{pmatrix} 1  & -0.5 & 25 \\ 0.5 &   1  &-20 \\ 0   &   0  & 1 \end{pmatrix}

$$

the corner of the retangle was:

$$ \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}_{corner}

$$

the centre of the rectangle was:

$$ \begin{pmatrix} \tfrac{200}{2} \\ \tfrac{100}{2}\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}_{centre} = \begin{pmatrix} 100 \\ 50\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}_{center}

$$

so now multiplying the coordinates of the center of the rectange with the transfromation matrix gives:

$$ \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}_{new}

=

\begin{pmatrix} 1  & -0.5 & 25 \\ 0.5 &   1  &-20 \\ 0   &   0  & 1 \end{pmatrix}

\cdot

\begin{pmatrix} 100 \\ 50\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}_{center} $$

$$

\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}_{new}

=

\begin{pmatrix} 100 - 25 + 25 \\ 50 + 50 - 20 \\ 0 + 0 + 1 \end{pmatrix}_{new}

=

\begin{pmatrix} 100 \\ 80 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}_{new}

$$

so the new centre of the rectangle is: x=100, y=80.

These are the coordinates of the rotation centre in Inkscape after applying the transformation matrix.

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tooto