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Buckhurst Hill

Buckhurst Hill is a suburban town in Epping Forest, Essex, within the Greater London Urban Area and adjacent to the northern boundary of the London Borough of Redbridge. The area developed following the opening of a railway line in 1856, originally part of the Eastern Counties Railway and now on the Central line of the London Underground.

History
The first mention of Buckhurst Hill is in 1135, when reference was made to "La Bocherste", becoming in later years "Bucket Hill", originally meaning a hill covered with beech trees. It lay in Epping Forest and consisted of only a few scattered houses along the ancient road from Woodford to Loughton. Before the building of the railways, Buckhurst Hill was on the stagecoach route between London and Cambridge, Norwich, Bury St Edmunds and Great Dunmow. Originally it was a part of the parish of Chigwell; there was no road connecting the two communities and in order to get to church, parishioners had to ford the River Roding at Woodford. The Parish Church of St John was built in 1838 as a chapel of ease but Buckhurst Hill did not become a separate ecclesiastical parish until 1867. St John's National School was also built in 1838. The lord of the manor gave a site next to the church; the building cost £209, most of which was donated by the church congregation. The opening of Buckhurst Hill station in 1856 saw a rapid expansion in the population of the area; nearly six hundred new houses had been built near the station by 1871, leading to the opening of the Prince's Road school in 1872. Some of the land for this expansion was enclosed from Epping Forest, before this practice was halted by the Epping Forest Act 1878.

The civil parish of Buckhurst Hill became Buckhurst Hill Urban District in 1894. In 1933, it was merged with the parish of Chigwell and Loughton Urban District to form the Chigwell Urban District. A further merger with Epping Urban District, Waltham Holy Cross Urban District and most of Epping and Ongar Rural District in 1974 brought Buckhurst Hill into Epping Forest District, and in 1996, Buckhurst Hill Parish Council was established as a first tier of local government.

Geography
The town is located at the western edge of Essex, 10.7 miles (17.2 km) north-east of Charing Cross and bordering the London Borough of Redbridge. Parts of Epping Forest in Buckhurst Hill are intermingled with residential areas.

Transport

Buckhurst Hill is served by two London Underground stations: Buckhurst Hill (in London fare zone 5) and Roding Valley (in zone 4), which are on the Central line. The line directly links the area to central London, as well as local areas including Woodford, South Woodford, Leytonstone, Epping and Loughton.

London Overground railway services from nearby Chingford station can be used to reach London Liverpool Street, via Walthamstow and Hackney.

Most bus routes serving Buckhurst Hill are London Buses services, operated by Stagecoach London. Services link the town with Chingford, Debden, Ilford, Loughton, Walthamstow and Woodford. Bus service 397 can be used to reach Chingford station.

Sport
Loughton Rugby Union Football Club has its clubhouse and pitches on Hornbeam Road at the south of the town. Buckhurst Hill F.C. is on Roding Lane at the east of the town.

Buckhurst Hill Cricket Club plays in the Shepherd Neame Essex League, and fields four Saturday XIs, two Sunday XIs, and teams in a junior section. The club plays at two cricket fields: one off Roding Lane at the east of the town; and one at the edge of Powell's Forest (part of Epping Forest), off High Road at the north of the town.

Education
Primary schools include Buckhurst Hill Community (BHCPS), St John's (Church of England) and Whitebridge.

Roding Valley High School in Loughton provides secondary level education for the area. It was formed by the merger of three schools: Loughton County High School for Girls, Buckhurst Hill County High School (for boys) and Epping Forest High School.

Braeside and Daiglen are independent schools.

Notable people

 * Sir William Addison (1905–1992) – historian and author, lived in Buckhurst Hill and owned a bookshop in Loughton.
 * Richard Crossman, Labour politician, was born and grew up in Buckhurst Hill.
 * Mark Knopfler, musician, lived in Buckhurst Hill for a while when he first moved to London and was still an English teacher.
 * Daniel Mays, actor, grew up in Buckhurst Hill.
 * Jack Straw, Labour politician, was born in Buckhurst Hill.
 * Dick Turpin moved to Buckhurst Hill in 1725.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Buckhurst Hill


text:
Foekje Dillema

Foekje Dillema (18 September 19265 December 2007) was a Dutch track and field athlete. She competed in sprinting where she was a rival of Fanny Blankers-Koen. When she refused a sex verification test at age 24, she was banned from competition by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1950. After her death, it was determined that she was an intersex person.

Early life
Foekje Dillema was born on 18 September 1926 in Burum, Friesland in the Netherlands.

She started running at the age of twelve.

1948
On 13 June 1948, Dillema debuted in Marsum, where the 21-year-old ran the 100 metres in 13 s.

About a month later, she competed in the Dutch Championships in Eindhoven, where she ran 12.5 s in the 100 metres, resulting in 4th place in the heats, and 26.2 s in the 200 metres, resulting in 4th place in the final.

1949
In 1949, Dillema did not compete in the Dutch Championships due to an injury of her thigh.

Dillema was named "athlete of the match" in 1949 after winning the 100 metres and 200 metres race during a tournament in London. She was an important rival for another Dutch athlete Fanny Blankers-Koen, who won four gold medals during the 1948 Summer Olympics and who was voted "Female Athlete of the Century" by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) in 1999.

1950

In 1950, Dillema was banned from competition for life by the IAAF. Dillema had refused to go to a mandatory sex test for the European championships in Brussels in August 1950. Dillema was the first subject of a mandatory gender verification. The IAAF introduced mandatory sex verification in 1950 and continued this practice until 1992. Dillema's national record of 24.1 seconds for the 200 metres was erased.

On 13 July 1950, Dillema was stopped on her way to an international meeting in France by the Dutch athletics authorities and expelled for life from competition.

After the ban
After Dillema was banned from competition, she returned home to Friesland and did not leave her house for at least one year. She lived a quiet life in her home town afterwards and always refused to speak on the subject.

She died on 5 December 2007 in Kollum, Netherlands.

Posthumous testing
Dillema, having the typical female phenotype, was designated female at birth, raised as a girl and lived her life as a woman. After her death a forensic test on body cells obtained from her clothing showed signs of a Y-chromosome in her DNA. She may have been a genetic mosaic, having cells with either 46,XX (female) or 46,XY (male) chromosomes, in approximately a one-to-one ratio, in her skin. The forensic report speculated that Dillema developed from a zygote with an XXY genotype that promptly divided into a half XX, half XY embryo through nondisjunction. Dillema was probably a 46XX/46XY woman. This is also known as ovotesticular disorder of sex development (DSD) or true hermaphroditism.

Her biographer Max Dohle concludes that Dillema, having a Y-chromosome, would never have been allowed to race in the last 45 years. The Barr body test (1966) as well as the test based on PCR (1992) scan for a Y-chromosome or an SRY-gene on the Y-chromosome. All female athletes with a Y-chromosome were expelled from competition from 1966 until 2011.

Dohle concludes that Dillema was an intersex individual who had ovotesticular DSD. She had an operation on her glands in 1952. During the operation, testes or ovotestes were removed. The SRY-gene on the Y is the testis determining factor, so Dillema may have had infertile testes or ovotestes palpable in her groin. These ovotestes produce more testosterone than ovaries. Higher testosterone levels were considered unfair towards the competition, despite being an entirely natural feature of Dillema's physiology.

Rehabilitation

Shortly after Dillema's death, the director of the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation apologized to her family for the manner of her suspension and her personal best in the 200 metres was reinstated.

In 2014, Ids Willemsma made a sculpture commemorating Dillema, currently installed in Leeuwarden.

In Amsterdam, a street was named after her.

title: Foekje Dillema


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Life-like cellular automaton

A cellular automaton (CA) is Life-like (in the sense of being similar to Conway's Game of Life) if it meets the following criteria:

 * The array of cells of the automaton has two dimensions.
 * Each cell of the automaton has two states (conventionally referred to as "alive" and "dead", or alternatively "on" and "off")
 * The neighborhood of each cell is the Moore neighborhood; it consists of the eight adjacent cells to the one under consideration and (possibly) the cell itself.
 * In each time step of the automaton, the new state of a cell can be expressed as a function of the number of adjacent cells that are in the alive state and of the cell's own state; that is, the rule is outer totalistic (sometimes called semitotalistic).

This class of cellular automata is named for the Game of Life (B3/S23), the most famous cellular automaton, which meets all of these criteria. Many different terms are used to describe this class. It is common to refer to it as the "Life family" or to simply use phrases like "similar to Life".

Notation for rules
There are three standard notations for describing these rules, that are similar to each other but incompatible. use the Wolfram code, a decimal number the binary representation of which has bits that correspond to each possible number of neighbors and state of a cell; the bits of this number are zero or one accordingly as a cell with that neighborhood is dead or alive in the next generation. The other two notations unpack the same sequence of bits into a string of characters that is more easily read by a human.

In the notation used by Mirek's Cellebration, a rule is written as a string x/y where each of x and y is a sequence of distinct digits from 0 to 8, in numerical order. The presence of a digit d in the x string means that a live cell with d live neighbors survives into the next generation of the pattern, and the presence of d in the y string means that a dead cell with d live neighbors becomes alive in the next generation. For instance, in this notation, Conway's Game of Life is denoted 23/3.

In the notation used by the Golly open-source cellular automaton package and in the RLE format for storing cellular automaton patterns, a rule is written in the form By/Sx where x and y are the same as in the MCell notation. Thus, in this notation, Conway's Game of Life is denoted B3/S23. The "B" in this format stands for "birth" and the "S" stands for "survival".

A selection of Life-like rules
There are 218 = 262,144 possible Life-like rules, only a small fraction of which have been studied in any detail. In the descriptions below, all rules are specified in Golly/RLE format.

Several more rules are listed and described in the MCell rule list and by, including some rules with B0 in which the background of the field of cells alternates between live and dead at each step.

Any automaton of the above form that contains the element B1 (e.g. B17/S78, or B145/S34) will always be explosive for any finite pattern: at any step, consider the cell (x,y) that has minimum x-coordinate among cells that are on, and among such cells the one with minimum y-coordinate. Then the cell (x-1,y-1) must have exactly one neighbor, and will become on in the next step. Similarly, the pattern must grow at each step in each of the four diagonal directions. Thus, any nonempty starting pattern leads to explosive growth.

Any automaton of the above form that does not include any of B0, B1, B2 or B3 cannot support movement or expansion of patterns because any cell outside a rectangular building box containing the pattern has at most three on neighbours. Most finite patterns in rules whose notation begins with B2, and all finite patterns in rules beginning with B1, grow in all directions rather than remaining of bounded size, with a front that moves at the speed of light. Thus, the remaining "interesting" rules are the ones beginning with B3 (Game of Life, Highlife, Morley, 2x2, Day&Night) or beginning with B0 (and not including S8, as otherwise the dual can be studied instead).

Generalizations
There are other cellular automata which are inspired by the Game of Life, but which do not fit the definition of "life-like" given in this article, because their neighborhoods are larger than the Moore neighborhood, or they are defined on three-dimensional lattices, or they use a different lattice topology. For example:

 * Non-totalistic rules depend on the configuration of live cells in the neighborhood.
 * Non-isotropic rules that behave differently in different directions. There are 2512≈1.34*10154 rules of this kind, including isotropic rules.
 * Isotropic non-totalistic rules behave identically under rotation and reflection. There are 2102≈5.07*1030 rules of this kind, including outer-totalistic rules.
 * Generations rules include one or more "dying" states cells switch to instead of instantly dying. The most famous examples in this category are the rules "Brian's Brain" (B2/S/3) and "Star Wars" (B2/S345/4). Random patterns in these two rules feature a large variety of spaceships and rakes with a speed of c, often crashing and combining into even more objects.
 * Larger than Life is a family of cellular automata studied by Kellie Michele Evans. They have very large radius neighborhoods, but perform "birth/death" thresholding similar to Conway's life.  These automata have eerily organic "glider" and "blinker" structures.
 * RealLife is the continuum limit of Evan's Larger Than Life CA, in the limit as the neighborhood radius goes to infinity, while the lattice spacing goes to zero. Technically, they are not cellular automata at all, because the underlying "space" is the continuous Euclidean plane R2, not the discrete lattice Z2.  They have been studied by Marcus Pivato.
 * Lenia is a family of continuous cellular automata created by Bert Wang-Chak Chan. The space, time and states of the Game of Life are generalized to continuous domains, using large neighborhoods, fractional updates, and real number states, respectively.
 * Carter Bays has proposed a variety of generalizations of the Game of Life to three-dimensional CA defined on Z3 (3D Life). Bays has also studied two-dimensional life-like CA with triangular or hexagonal neighborhoods.

title: Life-like cellular automaton


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Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (SDUK) was founded in London in 1826, mainly at the instigation of Whig MP Henry Brougham, with the object of publishing information to people who were unable to obtain formal teaching or who preferred self-education. It was a largely Whig organisation, and published inexpensive texts intended to adapt scientific and similarly high-minded material for the rapidly-expanding reading public over twenty years until it was disbanded in 1846.

Origins
Henry Brougham considered that mass education was an essential prerequisite for political reform. In October 1824 he contributed an article on "scientific education of the people" to the Whig Edinburgh Review, in which he argued that popular education would be greatly enhanced by the encouragement of cheap publications to complement the numerous recently founded provincial mechanics' institutes. The following year a version of this article was issued as a pamphlet entitled Practical Observations upon the Education of the People Addressed to the Working Classes and Their Employers, selling at least 19 editions. In April 1825 Brougham set about trying to found a society to produce cheap educational books, although it was not until November 1826 that the SDUK was formally founded. One of those present at the first meeting was the philosopher James Mill, and the founding committee included many Fellows of the Royal Society and Members of Parliament, as well as twelve founding committee members of the newly formed University College London.

Aims
SDUK publications were intended for the working class and the middle class, as an antidote to the more radical output of the pauper presses. The Society set out to achieve this by acting as an intermediary between authors and publishers by launching several series of publications. Its printers included Baldwin & Cradock, later succeeded by Charles Knight. The SDUK commissioned work and dealt with the printers, and finally distributed the publications; profits were used to continue the Society's work. By using the new technologies of mass production, such as steam presses and stereotype, the Society and its printers kept costs low and were able to sell the books at much cheaper prices than was usual.

The Society was not without opposition, and the Literary Gazette mounted a campaign on behalf of the book trade, supported by publications such as the Royal Lady's Magazine, who complained in the early 1830s that: Few persons are aware that the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge have done, and are still doing, more to ruin the Book trade than all the change of times, the want of money, the weight of taxes, and even the law of Libel have accomplished; yet they – a committee of Noblemen and pretended Patriots – are permitted to go on in their unfeeling, nay, considering the hundreds of thousands engaged in the Book trade, we may add brutal, career, without interruption.

Activities
The SDUK publishing programme began with the Library of Useful Knowledge. Sold for sixpence and published fortnightly, its books focused on scientific topics. Like many other works in the new genre of popular science—such as the Bridgewater Treatises and Humphry Davy's Consolations in Travel—the books of the Library of Useful Knowledge imbued different scientific fields with concepts of progress: uniformitarianism in geology, the nebular hypothesis in astronomy, and the scala naturae in the life sciences. According to historian James A. Secord, such works met a demand for "general concepts and simple laws", and in the process helped establish the authority of professional science and specialised scientific disciplines.

The first volume of the Library of Useful Knowledge, an introduction to the series by Brougham on the "objects, advantages and pleasures of science", sold over 33,000 copies by the end of 1829. Despite the initial success of the series, however, it soon became clear that it was too demanding for many readers, and the Society began to offer more varied and attractive publications, starting with the Library of Entertaining Knowledge (1829–38) and the Penny Magazine (1832–1845), a lavishly illustrated weekly that achieved unprecedented success, with sales in excess of 200,000 copies in the first year. The scope and scale of the Society's activities expanded further over the following decade, and included the production of a Penny Cyclopaedia (1833–1843) in 27 volumes.

Although sales of these publications may have been more among the middle- than the working-classes, the Society had a significant role in pioneering "the idea of cheap, improving publications, freely and easily available, well produced and distributed on a scale hitherto unknown," and became iconic of the "March of Intellect". The publisher Charles Knight bears much of the credit for the success that SDUK publications had; he engaged in extensive promotional campaigns, and worked to improve the readability of the sometimes abstruse material.

The Society's continuing commitment to the high intellectual standards with which it was conceived probably contributed to its ultimate decline, as subscribers and sale of publications fell away. The Biographical Dictionary begun in 1842 was immensely ambitious and contributed to the Society's demise.

Main publication series

 * Library of Useful Knowledge (1827–1846)
 * British Almanac (1828–1914; and associated Companion)
 * Library of Entertaining Knowledge (1829–1838)
 * Working Man's Companion (1831–1832)
 * Quarterly Journal of Education (1831–1835)
 * Penny Magazine (1832–1845)
 * Gallery of Portraits (1832–1834)
 * Penny Cyclopaedia (1833–1843)
 * Library for the Young (1834–1840)
 * Farmers Series, which included works by William Youatt on the dog, the horse, cattle, and sheep (1834–1837)
 * Biographical Dictionary (1842–1844)
 * Maps, primarily in a two-volume set, and prepared to a very high standard (many drawn by W.B. Clarke, architect). The Society was a pioneer in utilising "volunteered geographic information".

In popular culture

 * Thomas Love Peacock satirised the SDUK in 1831 in Crotchet Castle as the 'Steam Intellect Society': a vicarage is almost set on fire by a "cook taking it into her head to study hydrostatics, in a sixpenny tract, published by the Steam Intellect Society".
 * In the Notes to Anthony Trollope's book, Framley Parsonage, published by Oxford University Press as a World's Classic in 1980, P. D. Edwards writes that Trollope's character, Lord Boanerges, "may have been modelled in some respects on Lord Brougham.... founder of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge".
 * References to the Society are rare in the modern era, but within Steampunk culture, it is not entirely uncommon to refer to the Society itself and/or its better-known publications in an attempt to lend Victorian verisimilitude. The in-house publishing organ of the Museum of Jurassic Technology in Los Angeles is called the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Information; while many communities in North America have established Societies for Learning in Retirement which are partially modelled along the same lines with the goal of disseminating knowledge amongst people who, although retired, are still interested in continuing to learn.
 * The Blackwood Gallery, a contemporary art gallery at the University of Toronto Mississauga, has published a series of free print and PDF broadsheets since 2018, which adopt the SDUK moniker. These publications reflect on contemporary issues in the arts, humanities, and social sciences by questioning the nature of “useful knowledge,” in dialogue with the history of the SDUK.

Related societies
An independent Boston Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was founded as part of the Lyceum movement in the United States in 1829. It sponsored lectures by such speakers as Ralph Waldo Emerson and was active from 1829 to 1947. Later, an independent American Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was founded, which published a fifty-volume set of books called The American School Library. Henry David Thoreau cites the Society in his essay "Walking" in which he jestingly proposes a Society for the Diffusion of Useful Ignorance.

Collections
The archives of the Society are held by University College London, having been deposited by the Society after it closed in 1848. The archive spans 200 volumes and 121 boxes. It includes minutes, financial records, unpublished manuscripts, and correspondence.

University College London also holds the papers of the Society's founder, Henry Brougham. The papers consist primarily of Brougham's incoming correspondence, totalling around 50,000 items, and material relating to his legal and political career.


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Øresund Region

The Øresund Region (Øresundsregionen ; Öresundsregionen ), also known as the Greater Copenhagen Region, is a transnational metropolitan region encompassing the Capital Region and Region Zealand in eastern Denmark and Region Skåne and Region Halland in southern Sweden. Centred around the Øresund strait and the two cities which lie on either side, Copenhagen in Denmark and Malmö in Sweden, the region is connected by the Øresund Bridge, which spans the strait at its southern end, and the HH Ferry route between Helsingør, Denmark, and Helsingborg, Sweden, at the narrowest point of the strait.

The region has a population of app. 4.5 million (2023) and a population density of 170 PD/km². The Øresund Region consists of both rural and urban areas. Areas on the periphery of the region have a relatively low population density, whereas the two metropolitan areas of Copenhagen and Malmö are two of the most densely populated in Scandinavia. Helsingborg also forms an important urban hub on the Swedish side.

Official collaboration
The official Øresund Region was established in 1993 as a transnational collaboration between the Capital Region and Region Zealand in Denmark and Region Skåne in Sweden. In January 2016, after considerable opposition from Skåne, the official brand name of the region was changed to Greater Copenhagen Region. In 2018, Region Halland joined the region.

Cross-border activity
The Øresund Region is an important hub for economic activity in Scandinavia.

In 2007, almost 25 million people traveled over the Øresund Bridge: 15.2 million by car and bus, and 9.6 million by train. By 2009, the figure had risen to a total of 35.6 million travellers by car, coach, train or ferry.

Statistics compiled in January 2007 show 14,000 people commuting each day over the Öresund Bridge. Compared with 2005, the commuter traffic increased by 43% in 2006. The growing number of Swedes commuting in order to take advantage of the need for labour on the job market in Copenhagen and the higher salaries offered in Denmark, as well as an increased immigration of Danes to the south of Sweden, were essential factors in the traffic increase. In 2006, 4,300 persons moved from the Danish part of the Øresund Region to Scania, attracted by lower Scanian real estate prices. Since July 2000, 22,500 Danes have moved to Scania.

Apart from work related commuting, Swedes cross over to Copenhagen to enjoy shopping and nightlife, to attend cultural and educational institutions and to use Copenhagen Airport. The largest airport in Scania, Malmö Airport is located 47 km (29.2 mi) from Copenhagen Airport and has limited international air traffic.

After the opening of the bridge in 2000, an 'Öresund identity' has been promoted in the region in order to counter-act various barriers to cross-border cooperation caused by nationalistic sentiments on both sides. In 1997, a consortium of twelve universities (four Swedish and eight Danish) from both sides of the Sound has been established, opening up all courses, libraries and other facilities to all students, teachers and researchers from the region. The universities have 150,000 students and more than 14,000 researchers combined. The secretariat is located at Lund University and at the University of Copenhagen.

The commercial interaction across the border has also significantly increased. In 2018, an average of 19,100 vehicles crossed the bridge each day.

The ports of Copenhagen and Malmö were merged in 2001 to form a single company, Copenhagen Malmö Port. This cross-border merger of two ports into one legal entity is the first in history, according to Copenhagen Malmö Port AB, the Swedish registered limited liability company operating the port, a company equally owned by Port of Copenhagen and Port of Malmö.

In May 2018 the Øresundsmetro Executive was announced, formed of representatives from the two cities, industry and researchers, to explore the proposal to link Copenhagen and Malmö via a driverless metro system, with travel time of around 20 minutes compared to 35 minutes by train.

According to the population registry, as of 2023, 12,872 Swedes live in the Danish regions of the Øresund region and 19,540 Danes in Scania as of 2021. While the number of Swedes in the Danish regions has steadily increased from 10,507 in 2008, the number of Danes living in Scania has decreased from nearly 24,000 in 2009 to 19,540 in 2021. 7,564 Danes live in Malmö, 2,052 in Helsingborg and 862 in Lund, while 5,539 Swedes live in Copenhagen, 937 in Frederiksberg and over 500 in both Gentofte and Helsingør.

Political and administrative structure
In 1993, local, regional and national authorities established the Øresund Committee as a regional policy forum. In 2016, as a compromise, following the debate about the name change, it was initially renamed The Greater Copenhagen & Skåne Committee. When Halland joined the colleboration, its name was shortened to the Greater Copenhagen Committee. The forum consists of 18 politicians, whose election periods differ as they comply with the functional period for the various authorities they represent.

The committee is legally a member organization funded by its members and by the Nordic Council through external project funding. The European Union cross-border projects have supported the region through Interreg II (1994–1999) and Interreg IIIA, operative since the end of 2000. In 1997, an EU-funded EURORES project was launched in the region in order to promote a common labor market.

In 2020, Tue David Bak assumed the position as managing director of Greater Copenhagen's secretariate in Copenhagen.

Members of the Greater Copenhagen Committee
As of April 2024, Greater Copenhagen Committee had the following 18 members:
 * Executive committee
 * Lars Gaardhøj (Chairman), Chairman of the Capital Region of Denmark
 * Carl Johan Sonesson, Chair of Skåne Regional Council
 * Sophie Hæstorp Andersen, Lord Mayor of Copenhagen
 * Mikaela Waltersson, Chair of Halland Regional Council
 * Mikael Smed (voce chairman), chair of KKR Sjælland
 * Other members
 * Pernille Beckmann, Mayor of Greve Municipality
 * Katrin Stjernfeldt Jammeh, Mayor of Malmö
 * Christian Orsing, Mayor of Helsingborg
 * Camilla Palm, Mayor of Kristianstad
 * Henrik Fritzon, Zealand Tegional Council member
 * Steen Christiansen, Chairman of KKR Hovedstaden
 * Anders Almgren, Mayor of Lund
 * Patric Åberg, Chair of Skånes kommuner
 * Randi Mondorf, Capital Regional Council member
 * Heino Knudsen, Region Sjælland chairman
 * Jan Hendeliowitz, Zealand Regional County member
 * Karsten Längerich, Mayor of Allerød Municipality

Challenges
One deterrent to closer economic integration is the lack of a single currency, as both Sweden and Denmark maintain their own currencies, the Danish krone and Swedish krona, although both are accepted in some areas of the other country.

Another problem has been a lack of transparency of the rules for taxes, social security, pension and unemployment benefits. While specific tax treaties exist for the region, there are still problems with administering them. People commuting to work over the border (grænsegænger, gränsarbetare) had a problem receiving information of rules affecting them and sometimes risked paying double taxes. They also risked losing the right to unemployment benefits because foreign employment did not contribute to entitlements in their home state, losing the right to kindergarten for their small children for the same reason etc. Some of these problems have been solved after the recent years of political coordination between the countries, but the local tax authorities have difficulties implementing the complex rules for cross-border taxation.

An imbalance in the municipal budgets is also a problem, since the flow of commuters move mostly in one direction: from the residential side in Sweden to the labor market side in Denmark. Rules of taxation have left the Scanian municipalities with increased costs not covered by increased tax revenues from the growing commuter population mainly taxed in the country of employment.

A fourth problem is voting privileges; Danes living in the Swedish part of the Øresund Region, but working in the Danish part, lose their right to vote in general elections in Denmark even if they work in Denmark.

Universities

 * Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen
 * IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
 * University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
 * Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen
 * Lund University, Lund
 * Malmö University, Malmö
 * World Maritime University, Malmö
 * Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Malmö
 * Roskilde University, Roskilde

Statistics
Data as of January 1, 2023

Statistical areas
The region is divided into seven statistical areas (NUTS 3), six in Denmark and one in Sweden.
 * 1) Byen København
 * 2) Københavns omegn
 * 3) Nordsjælland
 * 4) Bornholm
 * 5) Østsjælland
 * 6) Vest- og Sydsjælland
 * 7) Skåne län

title: Øresund Region


text:
2000 Falkirk West by-election

The 2000 Falkirk West by-election was a parliamentary by-election held on 21 December 2000 for the Scottish constituency of Falkirk West.

The vacancy was caused by the resignation from the House of Commons of Dennis Canavan, the Member of Parliament (MP) for Falkirk West. Canavan had first been elected for West Stirlingshire in the October 1974 election as a Labour Party candidate, and had held that seat until its abolition in 1983. He had then won the new Falkirk West seat, and held that seat as a Labour MP until he was expelled from Labour in 1999. He then sat as an Independent until he resigned on 21 November 2000 by accepting the office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead.

A by-election to fill the seat was held on 21 December. The Scottish National Party mounted a strong challenge, but fell 705 votes short of winning.

title: 2000 Falkirk West by-election


text:
User talk:Danziggawhat

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title: User talk:Danziggawhat


text:
Talk:Opel Kadett

Untitled
The notation in the fifth paragraph that the Kadett-D was GM's first front-drive model in 1979 is clearly incorrect. That was the Oldsmobile Toronado in 1966. Maybe the author meant to say Opel's first, or GM's first in Europe? But I don't know enough about the European models to edit in a correction. RivGuySC 18:07, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

i find that these pages are quite hard to define between the vauxhall, opel and holden varients of the cars because of the way the the cars were badged as diffrent names e.g. the couple of opel kadett models were badged as the vauxhall astra but opel then bought out an opel astra slightly later so i feel that the pages should be seperated into diffrent sections for vauxhalls, opels and holdens - sorry if you can't understand i tend to ramble a bit!

Naming
I noticed that somewone changed the naming in the boxes from Kadett A,B,C,D,E to mk1,mk2 etc. without stating the reason for this. Why? The kadetts were never called mk1,2 etc or have i missed something? --Dahlis 23:13, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

It is incorrect to say that the Opel Kadett carried on in South Africa after 1992. When the changes to standardise all model names was made, the same was done in SA with the intorduction of the Astra name being badged on the Kadett and the Monza

Top Gear Appearance
Myredroom: please define how something is deemed to be relevant or not. Surely if a car gains notoriety, that is relevant and as such it is reasonable to include a note to that effect on the page. I would direct you to the Lancia Beta page, which also features a note of the car's appearance on the same Top Gear episode.

 * This is a classic example of an "in popular culture" item. Wikipedia Talk:WikiProject Automobiles has a policy based on extensive discussion and consensus that such material is not worth including if it is most significant to the popular culture item, but only if it is most significant to the car itself. For example, mentioning The Italian Job is worthwhile on the Mini article because it helped significantly to raise the car to icon status.
 * So, are a couple of Top Gear appearances, no matter that they were cute and funny, able to demonstrably cause a massive resurgence in public awareness of this model, or a surge in values? You'll need to provide references for that, or the section, having been challenged, will surely go. (The onus is on one to prove notability, not to disprove it.)
 * Regarding the Lancia Beta citation — that too is controversial and against the guideline by the same argument, so not a good precedent. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 13:41, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

I agree absolutely with Kieran's response, but would also add that an appearance on Top Gear does not make a car 'notorious'. It may make it notorious with some of top gear's viewers, but that is not the same as notoriety. It could be argued for example that Jeremy Clarkson is notorious as an anti environmentalist, but I doubt it could successfully be argued that a car gains notoriety just by being used in a feature on top gear. Personally I refer to articles in encyclopedias, precisely because I want to read verifiable facts about a subject and not to discover an individual's personal views on the cultural impact of a particular subject. For that I would use google, or a similar search engine. Myredroom (talk) 10:06, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Kadett D (1979–1984) not common in Lithuania
Although, I don`t know how to prove it.

Warren (talk) 10:36, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

Merge Chevrolet Kadett in here
Hi there. I believe it would be a good idea to merge Chevrolet Kadett into this article, the two being the same car under different badges. What do you think about this? Saludos, Cvalda (talk) 10:27, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Support - even the pictures show Opel badged Kadetts! Warren (talk) 10:30, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

 *  Support , but I think that the Chevrolet Kadett page should remain in condensed form, à la Mazda 121.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  16:33, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

I rewrote the article and feel that perhaps it has more of a raison d'être now.  Mr.choppers |  ✎  19:38, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose the merger idea.  There are various cars from all over the world that shared sub-assemblies, pressings etc - and in the case of the Kadett C virtually the entire design of the car - with the Opel Kadett, but if they all get merged into a single long entry, methinks you'd need a fully functioning global positioning device simply to navigate your way round the resulting multi-dimensional wiki-entry.   Regards Charles01 (talk) 10:55, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

 *  Support , Like User:Mr.choppers, I think that the Chevrolet Kadett page should remain, but in a condensed form, similar to the Sixth generation Oldsmobile Cutlass (not to tout my own work). A main article link to the Opel Kadett and a quick description of differences between the Opel and Chevrolet versions.VX1NG (talk) 14:26, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

US Sales volumes Kadett B
According to German wikipedia they sold 430,000 Kadett Bs in the USA (where it was branded simply as the "Opel" and sold though Buick dealers) and we've taken that number to the English entry.

It's entirely possible. But getting on for half a million cars is quite a lot of metal to be shifting in a single national market, even in a market as large as the US in the boom years of the late 1960s: off the top of my head that means roughly one American in every 600 (including the infants and others for one reason or another not active as car buyers) was an Opel buyer. Far from impossible, but still quite a lot.

Does anyone have access to a published source for the number of cars sold in the US, by brand & model, in the period 1966 - 1972, please, that we could use as a source (or, if necessary, corrective) for this number?

Thanks for sharing any info/thoughts. Regards Charles01 (talk) 10:55, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

Total production of Kadett E based vehicles?
I wonder what the total production is of the Kadett E and all the vehicles based on it through the present? I've looked at many pictures of the various versions and it looks like the core of even the latest 2013 Uz-Daewoo version is identical to the 1984 Kadett E except for the door handles. I'd bet the doors could interchange across the entire history of the Kadett E and its descendents. Bizzybody (talk) 23:13, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

 * They may be interchangeable, but one never knows what little invisible modifications have taken place over the years/continents/manufacturers.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  21:56, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

"...why is "oversquare" essential to the car?..."
Traditionally European car engines had long thin cylinders while North Americans favo(u)red short fat cylinders - ie closer to or beyond "oversquare". Whereby bore (cylinder diameter) exceeds stroke (distance of longitudinal piston travel within the cylinder).

The reasons are partly lost in the mists of time, but partly down to nutty taxation policies. In most of the car buying countries of Europe car drivers paid an annual car tax based on the "tax horsepower", a system of tax bands which in many countries was a function of cylinder bore/diameter (so encouraging these long thin cylinders in order to minimize the car tax burden).

"Oversquare" engines are "better" (despite my own lack of any sort of engineering background) because the larger cylinder diameter means the cylinder inlet and outlet valves can be more efficiently located and / or larger. More scope for a more efficient combustion process, even more effective use of twin or triple carbs set-ups. Economy, performance and whehey....  Undersquare engines are "better" for European consumers because they protect the domestic automakers from floods of cheap imports from Detroit (and did so pretty effectively in the 1920s and 1930s).

 * (If you're on the American side of that argument you say that's because Detroit were MUCH more efficient at making cars.  If you want to justify the European side, you point out that everyone was a protectionist at this time and the European autoindustry was the original autoindustry and needed protecting and the Americans had access to economies of scale that the Europeans couldn't access and the Americans has access to wads of investment cash which wasn't available to Europeans because European politicians liked to spend a higher proportion of government - and everyone else's - income on ruinously expensive world wars in Europe and on sustaining increasingly cash neutral or cash negative empires elsewhere...., while the Americans believed in something called isolationism and don't mention the Philippines or Cuba and there's more than one kind of empire or .. or... )

In the 1950s many European automakers were still using engines that had been designed in the 1930s. That includes Opel.

So a new oversquare engine in the 1960s (which for other reasons, too, as you read on in the Kadett entry, was unusually efficient eg because of the way the camshaft and valvegear were driven) was significant both as a defining improvement for Opel and as a signal to the future. "Oversquare" here is a sort of short hand for "better and new and more efficient and pointing the way to the future".

Who cares? Our Canadian colleague has removed the adjective "oversquare" in the context of the engine from the intro para with the question at the head of this note. I think that's probably a wrong judgement by him. On your rhetorical question, I don't think it "essential to the car" that we have an entry on any car in wikipedia at all, but that is a piece of cheap pedantry on my part. The question to consider is whether the "oversquare" bit is sufficiently important to (1) the Opel Kadett and (2) the developments in the European auto-industry more generally to feature in the intro para of the entry.

But I figured it would be polite/prudent (as well as being helpful to my own mental processes) to try and set out why I think the thing important, rather than just going back and reversing your edit.

Do you, dear TP, or does anyone else care enough to share an opinion? And please? Regards Charles01 (talk) 08:55, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

Kadett B model codes (since removed)
The first two digits of the chassis number identified the body type and equipment level as follows:

 * Chassis number . . . . . . .Years . . . Body type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment level
 * Chassis number 31........: 1965-73: two door "Limousine" (saloon/sedan): Standard equipment level

 * Chassis number 32........: 1965-70: Coupé („Kiemen-Coupé" / "Gills coupé"), "L" equipment level

 * Chassis number 32........: 1966-70: code "32.." also used for "Rallye-Coupé"

 * Chassis number 33........: 1967-70: five door "Caravan" (estate/station wagon): Standard equipment level

 * Chassis number 34........: 1965-73: three door "Caravan" (estate/station wagon): Standard equipment level

 * Chassis number 35........: 1967-70: five door "Caravan" (estate/station wagon): "L" equipment level

 * Chassis number 36........: 1965-73: four door "Limousine" (saloon/sedan): Standard equipment level special "Ascona" branded Kadett for Swiss assembly

 * Chassis number 37........: 1965-73: four door "Limousine" (saloon/sedan): "L" equipment level

 * Chassis number 38........: 1965-73: two door "Limousine" (saloon/sedan): "L" equipment level

 * Chassis number 38........: 1973: code "38.." also used for limited edition "specials" "Kadett Festival" and "Kadett Holiday"

 * Chassis number 39........: 1965-73: three door "Caravan" (estate/station wagon): "L" equipment level

 * Chassis number 91.........: 1967-70: two door "LS" fastback "Limousine" (saloon/sedan) with forced air ventilation

 * Chassis number 92.........: 1967-73: two door fastback "Coupé F"

 * Chassis number 92.........: 1967-73: code also used for "Coupé F" bodied "Kadett-Rallye""

 * Chassis number 95.........: 1965-72: two door "Coupé F" USA export version

 * Chassis number 96.........: 1967-70: four door "LS" fastback "Limousine" (saloon/sedan) with forced air ventilation

 * Chassis number 97.........: 1967-70: Opel Olympia: four door "LS" fastback "Limousine" (saloon/sedan). Similar to Chassis nbr "96.." cars but with modified front and "Olympia" level (better) equipment

 * Chassis number 98.........: 1967-70: Opel Olympia: two door "LS" fastback "Limousine" (saloon/sedan). Similar to Chassis nbr "97.." cars but with only two doors

 Mr.choppers |  ✎  02:00, 11 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Chassis number 98.........: 1967-70: Opel Olympia: two door "Coupé F". Similar to Chassis nbr "92.." cars but with modified front and "Olympia" level (better) equipment

a comment
"....as part of a larger reparations package agreed upon by the victorious powers." agreed by themselves for themselves

the set up "victorious" "powers" you mean — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:582:7C50:4800:47D:2EDE:9915:43C1 (talk) 15:38, 16 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opel Kadett


text:
First Viennese School

The First Viennese School is a name mostly used to refer to three composers of the Classical period in Western art music in late-18th-century to early-19th-century Vienna: Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Sometimes, Franz Schubert is added to the list.

In German-speaking countries, the term Wiener Klassik (lit. Viennese classical era/art) is used. That term is often more broadly applied to the Classical era in music as a whole, as a means to distinguish it from other periods that are colloquially referred to as classical, namely Baroque and Romantic music.

The term "Viennese School" was first used by Austrian musicologist Raphael Georg Kiesewetter, in 1834, although he only counted Haydn and Mozart as members of the school. Other writers followed suit and eventually Beethoven was added to the list. The designation "first" is added today to avoid confusion with the Second Viennese School.

These composers sometimes encountered each other: Haydn and Mozart were even occasional chamber-music partners. Beethoven for a time received lessons from Haydn, probably heard Mozart play, and met Schubert a few times (see Beethoven and his contemporaries). However, they did not form a school in the sense of a deliberate co-operation associated with 20th-century schools, such as the Second Viennese School, or Les Six. Nor is there any evidence (other than Haydn teaching Beethoven) that one composer was "schooled" by another, in the way that Berg and Webern were taught by Schoenberg.

Attempts to extend the First Viennese School to include such later figures as Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, and Gustav Mahler are merely journalistic, and never encountered in academic musicology. According to scholar James F. Daugherty, the Classical period itself from approximately 1775 to 1825 is sometimes referred to as "the Viennese Classic period".

title: First Viennese School


text:
Boonesborough, Kentucky

Boonesborough or Boonesboro is an unincorporated community in Madison County, Kentucky, United States. Founded by famed frontiersman Daniel Boone in 1775 as one of the first English-speaking settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains, Boonesborough lies in the central part of the state along the Kentucky River and is the site of Fort Boonesborough State Park, which includes the Kentucky River Museum. The park site has been rebuilt to look like a working fort of the time that Boone resided there.

Boonesborough is part of the Richmond-Berea micropolitan area. It is located at the junction of Kentucky Route 388 and Kentucky Route 627.

History
Boonesborough was founded as Boone's Station by the frontiersman Daniel Boone while working for Richard Henderson and Nathanial Hart of the Transylvania Company. Boone led a group of settlers (which included a number of African Americans ) through the mountains from Fort Watauga (present-day Elizabethton in Tennessee), carving the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap, and established Fort Boonesborough. Boone lived there from 1775 to 1779. The region was at that time part of the Commonwealth of Virginia, which officially chartered Boonesborough in October 1779. It was one of the first English-speaking communities west of the Appalachian Mountains. Boone successfully led his fellow settlers during the Siege of Boonesborough in 1778. He then moved to his son Israel's settlement at Boone's New Station near present-day Athens, Kentucky.

Although the town served as a way-station for pioneers venturing further into Kentucky during the 1780s and 1790s, it never attracted a significant long-term population, and thus slowly declined. By 1877, Boonesborough had "almost disappeared as a village".

title: Boonesborough, Kentucky


text:
User talk:AntonR~enwiki/to1

to1

title: User talk:AntonR~enwiki/to1


text:
User talk:Ryusei~enwiki

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title: User talk:Ryusei~enwiki


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British Hit Singles & Albums

British Hit Singles & Albums (originally known as The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles and The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums) was a music reference book originally published in the United Kingdom by the publishing arm of the Guinness breweries, Guinness Superlatives. Later editions were published by HiT Entertainment (who had bought the Guinness World Records brand). It listed all the singles and albums featured in the Top 75 pop charts in the UK. In 2004 the book became an amalgamation of two earlier Guinness publications, originally known as British Hit Singles and British Hit Albums. The publication of this amalgamation ceased in 2006, with Guinness World Records being sold to The Jim Pattison Group, owner of Ripley's Believe It or Not!. At this point, the Official UK Charts Company teamed up with Random House/Ebury Publishing to release a new version of the book under the Virgin Books brand. Entitled The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles, it was first published in November 2008 with a separate albums book and second edition being published over the next couple of years.

The first ten editions of The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles were compiled by Paul Gambaccini, Mike Read and brothers Tim Rice and Jonathan (Jo) Rice (known as GRRR). Read left the team in the mid-1980s (with the book copyright now belonging to GRR Publications Ltd) and the other editors resigned in 1996. Chart editor for many editions was David Roberts.

Content
British Hit Singles & Albums was generally considered to be the authoritative reference (and only) source for both the UK Singles Chart (since its inception in 1952) and the UK Albums Chart. It listed all the singles and albums ever to have been in the UK charts since 1952 (albums since 1958), listing them in alphabetical order and by both artist and song title. The entries also included the date of chart entry, highest position, catalogue number and number of weeks in the chart. Short biographical notes accompanied many of the artists' chart details.

The book's sources are the New Musical Express (NME) chart from November 1952 to March 1960, and the Record Retailer (later Music Week) chart thereafter. It could be said that this division is misleading, since the Record Retailer chart was little known until it was adopted by the BBC in 1969 and that by adopting this chart as its standard, the editors had a non-consensual view. An example often given is the case of The Beatles' second single "Please Please Me" which was recognised as a number one hit by every other publicly available chart of the time, but not by Record Retailer and therefore not by British Hit Singles. Other records to which this applies include "19th Nervous Breakdown" by The Rolling Stones, "Stranger on the Shore" by Acker Bilk and the Eurovision Song Contest entry "Are You Sure?" by The Allisons.

Even after February 1969 the BBC-approved chart, as used by the Book of British Hit Singles, suffered from errors. Reasons for these include low, late, unusable, or even complete lack of returns from record shops used to compile the chart. Typically only around 10% of stores sent in properly detailed sales information on time. The other major problem was "chart hyping". There were two main forms of this. The first was for record companies, or artists' management, to simply buy positions for their records in the Hit Parade. The second was, knowing that only 10% of sampled stores reliably sent in sales info, to find out which stores those were, and then send in "customers" to buy out all the stock of a particular record in those specific stores in a particular week, thus artificially giving that record a high chart placing. As such, even through the 70s and 80s many books on British chart history referred to the New Musical Express and/or Melody Maker chart.

Co-founder Jo Rice has defended the book's choice of source material on the grounds that Record Retailer was the only chart to consistently publish a Top 50 from 1960 onwards. This can be substantiated by the fact that charts published in the NME were of a shorter format and other chart listings such as those in Melody Maker, became less and less informative although they were probably more accurate. Subsequent research has shown that during the "disputed" period of the 1960s, the samples sizes of the Record Retailer chart were considerably inferior to those of the other charts: around 30 shops in 1963 in comparison to more than 100 used by Melody Maker, and later around 80 in comparison to NMEs 150 and Melody Makers 200. As a result, the placings in that chart were more open to error and manipulation – a situation further worsened by the larger number of records listed in the chart.

1977–96 original editors
The first edition was published as The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles in November 1977. It was not the first Guinness music reference publication, as the previous year a book called The Guinness Book of Music Facts & Feats had been published. It also contained feats from the world of classical music.

The first edition was issued to coincide with the 25th anniversary of the first UK singles sales chart, which was published in November 1952, by the New Musical Express. Subsequently, a new edition was published every two years, adding a few hundred titles to each edition.

Keeping in line with the book's parent publication The Guinness Book of Records, each edition of British Hit Singles also contained a 'facts and feats' section, which included various lists of remarkable chart feats such as 'most hits', 'most no. 1 hits', 'most weeks on chart' or 'Least successful chart artist'. Also included in the books were photographs (often with captions) and introductions written by the four authors. They also wrote a bi-annual lookback on the major developments in the UK charts in the two preceding years.

The series was soon regarded as the number one source for music and chart reference, thanks to the commercial success of the books and its various sister publications (see below).

The series' 10th edition, published in June 1995, was the last to feature its original authors Rice, Rice and Gambaccini. From the 11th edition onwards, the book was compiled by in-house editors at Guinness Publishing and, later, by David Roberts who had already been a chart editor and designer for the original team.

1997–2006
From the 12th edition onwards (published in 1999), the book was published every year rather than bi-annually. In 2004, the book merged with The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums to form The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums. The eighteenth edition of the book (2005) was billed as a "Special Collector's Edition" as it featured detailed information on the 1,000 Number Ones in the UK Singles Chart from Al Martino's "Here in My Heart" on 14 November 1952 to Elvis Presley's "One Night / I Got Stung" (Limited Edition Collector's re-issue), 22 January 2005. The 19th edition (2006) was the last in the series. A supposed 20th edition was due to be published in 2007, but apparently the original publishers lost interest in chart reference books after their contract with The Official Charts Company expired, which saw that organisation sell the contract to Virgin.

Associated merchandise
Following the success of the Guinness Book of British Hit Singles series, the original authors and Guinness quickly turned to other charts-related books and projects. The following books were written by them:
 * The Guinness Book of Hits of the 70s (1980)
 * The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1982)
 * The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums (first issued in 1983, second edition in 1986 with bi-annual updates until 1996)
 * The Guinness Book of Hits of the 60s (1984)
 * The Guinness Hits Challenge (a pop quiz book) (1984)
 * The Guinness Hits Challenge 2 (1985)
 * The Guinness Book of Number One Hits (2nd edition) (1988)
 * UK Top 1000 Singles (1988)
 * Hits of the 80s (1990)
 * The Guinness Hits Quiz (1990)
 * Guinness Top 40 Charts (1992)
 * The Guinness Hits Quiz 2 (1992)
 * UK Top 1000 Singles 2 (1993)
 * The Guinness Book of Number One Hits (3rd edition) (1994)
 * Guinness Top 40 Charts 2 (1996)

In the late 1990s and 2000s several other merchandise was produced, such as karaoke CDs, a calendar, a DVD quiz (British Hit Albums and Singles No. 1 Music Quiz) and a series of themed compilation CDs with original hits from the book.

References and further reading

 * Roberts, David. Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums. Guinness World Records Ltd. 18th edition (May 2005). ISBN 1-904994-00-8
 * Roberts, David. Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums. Guinness World Records Ltd. 19th edition (June 2006). ISBN 1-904994-10-5
 * Roach, Martin. The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles. Virgin Books (Nov. 2008). ISBN 0-7535-1537-7
 * McAleer, Dave. The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles – Volume 2. Virgin Books (Nov. 2010). ISBN 978-0-7535-2245-5

title: British Hit Singles & Albums


text:
Category:Bentley vehicles

This category is for automobiles sold under the Bentley Motors Limited marque

mk:Категорија:Бентли

title: Category:Bentley vehicles


text:
Julie Chen Moonves

Julie Suzanne Chen Moonves ( Chen; born January 6, 1970) is an American television personality, news anchor, and producer for CBS. She has been the host of the American version of the CBS reality-television program Big Brother since its debut in July 2000.

From 2002 to 2010, she was a co-anchor of The Early Show on CBS. In 2004, Chen married CBS executive Les Moonves. Starting in 2010, Chen Moonves was a co-host and the moderator of the CBS Daytime talk show The Talk, until 2018 when she left the show following multiple sexual assault and sexual harassment allegations against her husband Les Moonves that came to light. Following this, she began using her married name with the September 13, 2018 episode of Big Brother, signing off with, "I'm Julie Chen Moonves, goodnight." This broke her established pattern of previously signing off simply as, "Julie Chen."

In 2018, Chen Moonves authored her first children's book, When I Grow Up, dedicated to her son, Charlie.

Early life
The daughter of Chinese immigrants, Julie Chen was born in Queens, New York City. Chen's mother, Wang Ling Chen, grew up in Rangoon, Burma. Her father, David Chen, was born in China, and subsequently fled to Taiwan following the Chinese Civil War. Chen's maternal grandfather, Lou Gaw Tong, grew up "dirt poor" in the rural village of Penglai in Fujian province of China, and became wealthy through a chain of grocery stores and ultimately became a polygamist with nine wives and 11 children. Julie has two older sisters, Gladys and Victoria.

Chen attended junior high school in the Whitestone area of Queens. Chen went on to graduate from St. Francis Preparatory School in 1987. She attended the University of Southern California and graduated in 1991, majoring in broadcast journalism and English.

Career
One of her earlier jobs came in June 1990, interning alongside Andy Cohen at CBS Morning News  –  the series which she would anchor a decade later –  where she answered phones and copied faxes for distribution. The following year, while still in school, she worked for ABC NewsOne for one season as a desk assistant. She was subsequently promoted to work as a producer for the next three years. The following year, she relocated to Dayton, Ohio, to work as a local news reporter for WDTN-TV, from 1995 to 1997.

In 2015, Chen revealed on The Talk that during her time in Dayton her news director had told her that she would never become a news anchor because of her "Asian eyes". After a "big-time agent" agreed and advised her to get plastic surgery, she made the decision to have a surgical procedure to reduce the epicanthic folds of her eyes.

From 1999 to 2002, Chen was the anchor of CBS Morning News and news anchor of CBS This Morning and later The Early Show, alongside Bryant Gumbel, Jane Clayson, Hannah Storm, Harry Smith, Maggie Rodriguez, Erica Hill, and Rene Syler. From 2002 to 2010, she was a co-host of The Early Show on CBS, before leaving the daily position but remaining as a special contributing anchor of the program until its cancelation. Before CBS News, she was a reporter and weekend anchor at WCBS-TV in New York City.

Since 2000, she has also been the host of the American version of Big Brother. During the first season (2000), Chen was widely criticized for her heavily scripted, wooden delivery in her interaction with the studio audience and in the interviews on the live programs, earning her the nickname "Chenbot." She has indicated in two interviews that she takes no personal offense at the term, adding that it may derive from her "precise on-air style" which comes from "a desire to be objective." She again acknowledged the nickname while discussing mugs made in her likeness when she proudly proclaimed, "I am the Chenbot!" in a segment on The Early Show.

Chen was the moderator and co-host of the CBS Daytime talk show, The Talk, which premiered on October 18, 2010. The show featured Chen, the show creator Sara Gilbert, Sharon Osbourne, Leah Remini, Holly Robinson Peete and Marissa Jaret Winokur. Chen says that Remini and Robinson Peete complained about her to CBS and demanded that she be ousted from the show. Instead, it was the two actresses who were gone after the first season. Chen says she has since reconciled with them.

On September 18, 2018, Chen announced in a prerecorded tape that she would not be returning to The Talk because she needed "to spend more time at home with [her] husband", after a number of sexual assault allegations surfaced against her husband Les Moonves.

In her 2023 audiobook But First, God: An Audio Memoir of Spiritual Discovery, she says she was "collateral damage" following the decision to oust Moonves at CBS. She says the day before Season 9 of The Talk premiered, she was told that “two of my co-hosts called the powers at CBS and said, ‘If Julie shows up to work tomorrow, we’re not coming in.’ So, I was basically told, ‘Please don’t come back to work anymore.'” Her Talk co-hosts at the time were Gilbert, Osbourne, Sheryl Underwood and Eve.

Personal life
Following her graduation from the University of Southern California as a broadcasting and English major, she became a news assistant for ABC News in Los Angeles, in September 1991. There, she met her future longtime boyfriend, television news editor Gary Donahue, though their relationship did not last. She began dating Les Moonves, president and chief executive officer of CBS Television, during his marriage to Nancy Wiesenfeld Moonves, and on April 22, 2003, a week after Les Moonves signed a five-year, multimillion-dollar contract with Viacom, his wife filed for divorce in Los Angeles Superior Court citing irreconcilable differences. Divorce proceedings were delayed for almost two years because of financial settlement disagreements. On December 10, 2004, Moonves got a court to grant an early divorce, leaving spousal support and child support to be determined at a later date.

On December 23, 2004, Chen and Moonves were married in a private ceremony in Acapulco, Mexico. On September 24, 2009, Chen gave birth to their son, Charlie.

In September 2013, during the first week of Season 4 of The Talk, Chen revealed that she had undergone blepharoplasty early in her career after being pressured by her previous news director and a high-profile agent to look less Asian. Chen said that her decision "divided" her family, but stated she must "live with every decision that I've made and it got me to where we are today. And I'm not going to look back."

Following a series of sexual misconduct allegations against her husband Les Moonves in 2018, she began using her married name beginning with the September 13, 2018, episode of Big Brother, signing off with, "I'm Julie Chen Moonves, goodnight." This broke her established pattern where previously she would sign off simply as Julie Chen. The sign-off received a mixed response from viewers and fans on social media. CBS officially confirmed she would return to host the second season of Celebrity Big Brother in a press release on November 27, 2018, using the name "Julie Chen Moonves".

In her audiobook, But First, God: An Audio Memoir of Spiritual Discovery, released on September 19, 2023, she revealed that she had embraced Christianity in 2018 after never having attended a Sunday church service. She told Good Morning America: "Julie Chen before she found God was self-absorbed, career-minded, vain, gossipy — fun to be with, but probably kind of a shallow person. Julie Chen Moonves, who now knows the Lord, is someone who wants to help others; who wants to look at everyone with a soft heart."

Books

 * Chen Moonves, Julie (2023). But First, God: An Audio Memoir of Spiritual Discovery. Simon & Schuster Audio Originals. ISBN 1797158554
 * Chen Moonves, Julie (2023). But First, God: An Audio Memoir of Spiritual Discovery. Simon & Schuster Audio Originals. ISBN 1797158554

title: Julie Chen Moonves