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Savannah College of Art and Design

Savannah College of Art and Design (SCAD) is a private art school with locations in Savannah, Georgia; Atlanta, Georgia; and Lacoste, France. It was founded in 1978 to provide degrees in programs not yet offered in the southeast of the United States. The university enrolls more than 16,000 students from across the United States and around the world with international students comprising up to 17 percent of the student population. SCAD is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges and other professional accrediting bodies.

History
Richard G. Rowan, Paula S. Wallace, May L. Poetter and Paul E. Poetter legally incorporated the Savannah College of Art and Design September 29, 1978. In September 1979, the university first began offering classes with four staff members, seven faculty members, and 71 students. Initially, the school offered eight majors: ceramics, graphic design, historic preservation, textile design, interior design, painting, photography, and printmaking. In May 1981, the first graduate received a degree. The following year, the first graduating class received degrees. In 1982, the enrollment grew to more than 500 students, then to 1,000 in 1986, and 2,000 in 1989. In 2014, the university enrolled more than 11,000 students.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a rash of faculty suicides prompted a nervous reaction from school administrators. The unrest led a competing art school to open downtown, igniting an "all-out war."

Student unrest grew in the early 1990s regarding student representation within the school, culminating in 1992 with the detonation of an explosive device at the administration building, and two more later that year, at the Savannah Civic Center.

SCAD opened a study abroad location in Lacoste, France in 2002 that provides programming for the various academic departments offered by the university's degree-granting locations. It launched an online learning program in 2003 that U.S. News & World Report ranks as among the best for bachelor's programs in the nation. In 2005 the university opened a location in Midtown Atlanta that merged with the Atlanta College of Art in 2006. In September 2010, SCAD opened a Hong Kong location in the Sham Shui Po district.

Richard Rowan served as president of the college from its inception in 1978 until April 2000, when SCAD's board of trustees promoted him to chancellor. As chancellor, Rowan spent most of his time traveling and recruiting international students and staff. In 2001, he resigned the job and left the college.

Paula S. Wallace is the current president. Wallace, formerly Paula S. Rowan, served as SCAD's provost and dean of academics before becoming president. As president, Wallace directs the internal management of the institution. Wallace has led the collaboration for several annual events, such as the Sidewalk Arts Festival, Savannah Film Festival, a Fashion Show, SCAD Style, deFine Art Festival, Art Educators' Forum and Rising Star. Questions have been raised about the unusual pay packages granted to Wallace and her family. Paula Wallace received $9.6 million in compensation in 2014, and 13 members of her family have received $60 million over the past 20 years.

The university's second museum, SCAD FASH Museum of Fashion + Film, opened in 2015, at SCAD Atlanta.

In 2018, a student started a petition calling for better mental health services for students after two suicides occurred after the beginning of the 2018 academic year. In 2019, SCAD increased the number of professional counseling staff and created Bee Well, which provides virtual and physical counseling, wellness workshops, and a 24/7 toll-free emotional support hotline.

In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, SCAD transitioned to entirely virtual learning for all students, while allowing international students and others to remain in residence halls following social distancing protocols.

In June 2020, SCAD discontinued studies at its Hong Kong location, citing concerns about student safety and academic quality following the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests and the COVID-19 pandemic. The North Kowloon Magistracy will be returned to the city.

In June 2020, in the midst of Black Lives Matter protests around the U.S., SCAD created an office of inclusion and announced related initiatives to address systemic racism, including the addition of 15 endowed scholarships for Black students.

Facilities
SCAD's efforts to work with the city of Savannah to preserve its architectural heritage include restoring buildings for use as college facilities, for which it has been recognized by the American Institute of Architects, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Historic Savannah Foundation and the Victorian Society of America. The college campus includes 67 buildings throughout the grid-and-park system of downtown Savannah. Many buildings are on the 22 squares of the old town, which are laden with monuments, live oaks and a Southern-Gothic feel.

Located in Atlanta's Midtown, SCAD Atlanta includes classroom and exhibition space, computer labs, library, photography darkrooms, printmaking and sculpture studios, a dining hall, fitness center, swimming pool and residence hall. SCAD Atlanta's Ivy Hall (also known as the Edward C. Peters House) opened in 2008 after extensive restoration. In 2009, SCAD Atlanta opened the Digital Media Center.

The SCAD Lacoste campus is made up of 15th- and 16th-century structures. The campus includes an art gallery, guest houses, computer lab and printmaking lab. In Hong Kong, SCAD occupies renovated historic North Kowloon Magistracy Building, with more than 80000 sqft. It is equipped with classrooms, meeting areas, computer labs, an art gallery and library.

The college's first academic building was the Savannah Volunteer Guards Armory, which was purchased and renovated in 1979. Built in 1892, the Romanesque Revival red brick structure is included on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally named Preston Hall, the building was renamed Poetter Hall in honor of co-founders May and Paul Poetter. SCAD soon expanded rapidly, acquiring buildings in Savannah's downtown historic and Victorian districts, restoring old and often derelict buildings that had exhausted their original functions.

The college operates four libraries: Jen Library in Savannah, Georgia; ACA Library in Atlanta, Georgia; Hong Kong Library in Hong Kong; and Lacoste Library in Lacoste, France. There is also a large amount of resources available via the eLearning Library.

The most notable of the group is Jen Library for the size of its collection. The Jen Library houses approximately 42,000 books, 11,000 bound volumes of periodicals, and 1,600 videotapes in an 85,000 square foot building. The building, itself, once served as a Maas Brothers department store before being acquired and repurposed by the university. Its structural and design features include a large glass staircase and floor-to-ceiling windows on opposite corners of the building. The Jen Library houses multiple rare collections containing both books and visual arts materials including the Don Bluth Collection of Animation and the Newton Collection of British and American Art. It is also home to the Gutstein Gallery, an assemblage of contemporary art from both nationally recognized artists as well as SCAD alumni.

In April 2021, the college announced plans of expanding its film and digital media studio, which would make it the largest college movie studio in the country. Plans include a new digital stage and three new soundstages house at a 10.9-acre backlot.

Student housing
In Atlanta, the university provides three residence halls, ACA Residence Hall of SCAD, Brookwood Courtyard, and the Forty. The Hong Kong residence hall is the Hong Kong Gold Coast residences. The residence halls in Savannah are Barnard Village, Boundary Village, Montgomery House, Oglethorpe House, Turner House, Chatham House, Victory Village, Turner Annex, and the Hive student housing complex, consisting of Apiary, Bumble, Colony, Dance, Everest, Flower, Garden, and Honey at The Hive. Students in Lacoste live in Maison Pitot, Fortunee, Renard, Murier, Olivier, and Basse.

Museums and galleries
SCAD operates museums, galleries, and exhibition spaces across its campuses, including the SCAD Museum of Art, located on the site of the former Central of Georgia Railway headquarters in Savannah, Georgia, and SCAD FASH Museum of Fashion + Film in Atlanta, Georgia. Rafael Gomes is the director of fashion exhibitions and has curated several shows including ‘Robert Fairer Backstage Pass: Dior, Galliano, Jacobs, and McQueen.'

University galleries include Gutstein Gallery, Pei Ling Chan Gallery, Pinnacle Gallery and La Galerie Bleue in Savannah; Gallery 1600, Trois Gallery and Gallery See in Atlanta; and Moot Gallery in Hong Kong.

Academics
SCAD offers fine art degrees. In Fall 2019, SCAD enrolled more than 14,840 students (12,167 undergraduates; 2,673 postgraduates) from all 50 states, and more than 110 countries. As of 2020, international student enrollment was 17 percent.

Accreditation
SCAD is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award bachelor's and master's degrees. The university confers Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Architecture, Master of Arts, Master of Arts in Teaching, Master of Fine Arts and Master of Urban Design degrees, as well as undergraduate and graduate certificates. The professional M.Arch. degree is accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board. The Master of Arts in Teaching degrees offered by SCAD are approved by the Georgia Professional Standards Commission. SCAD is licensed by the South Carolina Commission on Higher Education. The SCAD interior design Bachelor of Fine Arts degree is accredited by the Council for Interior Design Accreditation.

Study abroad
The university offers a study-abroad campus in Lacoste, France. In Fall 2010, SCAD opened SCAD Hong Kong in the former North Kowloon Magistracy.

Schools and departments
The university is divided into nine schools:

 * School of Building Arts
 * School of Business Innovation
 * School of Communication Arts
 * School of Design
 * School of Fashion
 * School of Digital Media
 * School of Entertainment Arts
 * School of Fine Arts
 * School of Liberal Arts

Student activities
There are 80 student organizations related to academic and non-academic programs and activities. SCAD has no fraternities or sororities.

Student media
The university has multiple student-run media organizations at its Savannah and Atlanta locations.

Savannah Atlanta
 * District, an online-only news publication, in print from 1995 to 2008
 * The Manor, an online fashion magazine published since 2014
 * Port City Review, an annual literary and arts journal published since 2013
 * The HoneyDripper, a sequential art and illustration blog published since 2016
 * SCAD Radio, an online webcasting station broadcasting since 2002
 * Women's Empowerment Club (WEC), discussion based group dedicated to intersectional feminism and social awareness
 * The Connector, an online-only news publication, in print from 2006 to 2008
 * SCAN Magazine, a quarterly general interest magazine published since 2009
 * SCAD Atlanta Radio, an online webcasting station broadcasting since 2007

SCAD Savannah Bees
The athletic teams of the SCAD Savannah campus are called the Bees. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Sun Conference (formerly known as the Florida Sun Conference (FSC) until after the 2007–08 school year) since the 2004–05 academic year; The Bees previously competed as an NAIA Independent during the 2003–04 school year (which they were a member on a previous stint from 1987–88 (when the school began intercollegiate athletics) to 1991–92); as well as a member of the Division III ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as an NCAA D-III Independent from 1992–93 to 2002–03.

SCAD Savannah competes in 22 intercollegiate varsity sports. Men's sports include bowling, cross country, cycling, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include bowling, cross country, cycling, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor); and co-ed sports include equestrian and eSports. Former sports included men's & women's basketball, cheerleading and co-ed fishing.

Fencing is offered as a club sport. Opportunities for athletics participation also exist through the college's intramural programs. Volleyball, beach volleyball, basketball, soccer, flag football, softball and various other activities are available at the intramural level.
 * Club/intramural sports

On June 17, 2003, Savannah College of Art and Design executive vice president Brian Murphy and athletic director Jud Damon announced that the university would be changing athletic affiliation from the Division III ranks of the NCAA and re-joining the NAIA. SCAD had been a Division III member since 1992, but would now be joining the Florida Sun Conference. The college was a member of the NAIA from 1987 to 1992 and renewed membership in the NAIA and the FSC (now the Sun Conference) beginning with the 2003–04 season.
 * NCAA to NAIA

SCAD Atlanta Bees
The athletic teams of the SCAD Atlanta campus are likewise called the Bees. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Appalachian Athletic Conference (AAC) since the 2012–13 academic year; after spending two seasons as an NAIA Independent within the Association of Independent Institutions (AII) from 2010–11 (when the school began intercollegiate athletics and joined the NAIA) to 2011–12.

SCAD Savannah competes in 16 intercollegiate varsity sports. Men's sports include bowling, cross country, cycling, fencing, golf, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include bowling, cross country, cycling, fencing, golf, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor).

In 2010, SCAD Atlanta entered the NAIA in men's and women's golf, men's and women's tennis and men's and women's cross country.
 * Origins

Savannah Film Festival
The college holds numerous lectures, performances and film screenings at two historic theaters it owns, the Trustees Theater and the Lucas Theatre for the Arts. These theaters also are used once a year for the Savannah Film Festival in late October/early November. Past guests of the festival include Roger Ebert, Peter O'Toole, Tommy Lee Jones, Norman Jewison, Ellen Burstyn, Sir Ian McKellen, Oliver Stone, Liam Neeson, James Franco, Sidney Lumet, Miloš Forman, Michael Douglas, Woody Harrelson, John Goodman, Claire Danes, James Gandolfini, Patrick Stewart, Holly Hunter and many others. With average attendance more than 40,000, the event includes a week of lectures, workshops and screenings of student and professional films. There also is a juried competition.

deFINE ART
Founded in 2010, deFINE ART brings leading contemporary artists to Savannah and Atlanta annually in February to present new projects, commissioned works, and new performances. Since 2010, guests have included artists such as Lawrence Weiner, Marilyn Minter, Hank Willis Thomas, Carlos Cruz-Diez, and others.

Sidewalk Arts and Sand Arts Festivals
Each April, SCAD hosts the Sidewalk Arts Festival in downtown Forsyth Park. The festival consists primarily of the chalk-drawing competition, which is divided into group and individual categories of students, alumni and prospective students. Similar is the Sand Arts Festival. This sand festival is held every spring on the beaches of nearby Tybee Island. Contestants can work alone or in groups of up to four people. The competition is divided into sand relief, sand sculpture, sand castle and wind sculpture divisions.

Other events
Individual departments host yearly and quarterly shows to promote student work. Annual festivals such as SCAD AnimationFest, SCAD GamingFest, SCAD aTVfest, and events such as SCAD Style and offer opportunities for networking.

Students also frequent en masse non-SCAD-affiliated events if they are held in the historic district, such as the Savannah Jazz Festival and the St. Patrick's Day celebration.

Clarence Thomas Center for Historic Preservation
SCAD has received repeated backlash for naming one of its academic halls after Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. Thomas was born and raised in Savannah, and served as an altar boy at a convent located at 439 East Broad Street. In 2010, the building was acquired by the school and renamed the Clarence Thomas Center for Historic Preservation, with Thomas attending the dedication. Following the renewed interest of the Anita Hill hearings during Brett Kavanaugh’s Supreme Court nomination, several petitions were formed by SCAD students and alumni demanding the school change the building’s name. Despite one petition receiving over 2,000 signatures, SCAD refused to rename the building. Students also launched a petition to keep Thomas’ name on the building, which received over 18,000 signatures. In 2022, in response to the Supreme Court’s decision to overturn Roe v. Wade with the decision of Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, SCAD once again received backlash for the building’s name. Thomas voted with the majority holding that the U.S. Constitution did not confer a right to abortion, returning to individual states the power to regulate any aspect of abortion not protected by federal law, a decision which sparked protests across the country and in Savannah. Another petition was started by a SCAD student which amassed over 2,000 signatures. Following this renewed backlash, SCAD removed the sign with Thomas’ name from the building, but issued no statement on the matter.

Impact on Savannah
SCAD has had a significant impact on tourism in Savannah. In a report published by SCAD in 2018, the school claimed to have generated over $3 billion for the city and attracted 14.5 million visitors. A similar report by SCAD in 2020 claimed that the school’s Atlanta and Savannah campuses brought in $766.2 million in annual economic impact for the state. Yet many Savannah residents and SCAD students have expressed dissatisfaction with SCAD’s growth, specifically in Savannah. SCAD does not pay property taxes in Savannah, and the continued growth of the school’s facilities has raised property taxes in many of Savannah’s lower-income neighborhoods. In 2023, the first large-scale protest against SCAD’s expansion was held by community members at the SCAD Museum of Art in response to SCAD’s continued displacement of black families in Savannah. The school has issued no comment on the matter.

In 2022, it was reported that SCAD has claimed "nearly $800 million of property out of local tax revenue" while luring luxury developers to further displace local residents.

Racial discrimination lawsuits
Between 2020 and 2022, three former instructors at SCAD filed suit claiming racial discrimination and retaliation for speaking out.

Bobby Zarem lawsuit
In 2014, the New York Post reported that former SCAD employee and influential publicist Bobby Zarem was suing SCAD for dismissing him after he spoke out about a series of sexual assaults on campus.

Censure of SCAD
SCAD has been officially censured by the American Association of University Professors for issues surrounding academic freedom, tenure, and the dismissal of faculty members. The first censure came in 1993. After working with the AAUP to overturn this ruling in 2010, the organization and school came to an impasse and again, in 2012, the AAUP renewed its censure. SCAD remains on the AAUP censure list.

title: Savannah College of Art and Design


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Growing Without Schooling

Growing Without Schooling (GWS) was a homeschooling newsletter focused primarily on unschooling and deschooling. It was founded in 1977 by educator John Holt, and was published in Boston, Massachusetts. Reportedly the first such publication in the United States, it was read worldwide, and helped to catalyze the early growth and development of the homeschooling movement. Publication ceased in 2001 after 143 issues.

Content and philosophy
The newsletter included letters with questions and advice about homeschooling, interviews with participants in homeschooling, directories of resources, news items, and analysis. One common feature addressed challenges homeschooling families face, such as legal hurdles, skeptical grandparents, the need for parents to relearn material, and balancing homeschooling with other work for parents. Space was also devoted to connecting people with people in similar positions, such as observant Jewish homeschooling families, single parents interested in homeschooling, and parents of children with intellectual disabilities.

Many articles criticized schools. These criticisms expressed concerns that schools stifle student motivation and creativity, interfere with learning, mistreat students with disabilities, maintain class hierarchy, and monopolize resources that would be better invested in libraries, museums and community centers.

Leadership
Following Holt's death on September 14, 1985, Holt Associates took over the newsletter. Patrick Farenga served as Managing Editor with Editors John Holt and Donna Richoux, Susannah Sheffer joined as Associate Editor for Issue #52, Editor by Issue #58. Meredith Collins later served as editor.

Legacy
One of the first documentaries about homeschooling, Grown Without Schooling, was named in homage to the magazine and profiled several of the grown homeschoolers who had written for it. Its producer, Peter Kowalke, also wrote occasionally for the magazine.

Everywhere All the Time: A New Deschooling Reader, edited by Matt Hern and published in 2008, includes a chapter on Growing without Schooling.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Growing Without Schooling


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Chrysler turbine engines

The Chrysler turbine engine is a series of gas turbine engines developed by Chrysler intended to be used in road vehicles. In 1954, Chrysler Corporation disclosed the development and successful road testing of a production model Plymouth sport coupe which was powered by a turbine engine.

Development
Tests of the Chrysler Turbine were first run in 1954 and proved successful enough to convince project lead George Huebner of the engine's viability for further development.

With the aim of keeping price competitive with its contemporaries, the team sought to address concerns with the engine of throttle response, noise, and to see if it was even possible to power a car using a jet engine. Likewise, new materials were developed to be resistant to the high temperatures of the engine's combustion chamber while remaining economical to manufacture at the scale of a mass-produced automobile.

A number of benefits were also identified; the turbine engine being conceptually simpler than a piston engine drove an attendant reduction in parts count from the roughly 300 of a typical engine to only 60. This resulted principally in a longer engine life, longer service intervals, and substantially improved power density over a conventional engine of comparable output. Numerous factors of the turbine's performance were identified as superior to its piston contemporaries – particularly ease of cold starting, reduced noise and vibration, and a resistance to stalling under sudden load.

Testing
The first successful test of a gas turbine engine in a car (CR1) took place in 1954 at Chrysler's testing grounds. In 1956, the first successful cross-country trip using a turbine-engined car took place using a Plymouth Belvedere.

Further engineering work resulted in the second generation (CR2), which improved fuel economy and increased horsepower.

In 1961, a third-generation engine (CR2A) was installed in a 1962 Dodge Dart, which successfully drove from New York City to Los Angeles, through snowstorms, rain and heavy winds.

The fourth-generation engine, installed in the Chrysler Turbine Car, was put into use in 1963. This engine runs at up to 44,500 revolutions per minute, according to the owner's manual, and could operate using diesel fuel, unleaded gasoline, kerosene, JP-4 jet fuel, and even vegetable oil. The engine can run on virtually anything with combustible properties and "Chrysler claimed the turbine could gulp everything from peanut oil to Chanel No. 5." The then-incumbent President of Mexico tested this theory by running one of the first cars—successfully—on tequila, after Chrysler engineers confirmed that the car would operate successfully. No air/fuel adjustments are required to switch from one fuel type to another and the only evidence of which fuel was used is the odor of the exhaust.

The turbine spins on simple sleeve bearings for vibration-free running. Its simplicity offers the potential for long life, and because no combustion contaminants enter engine oil, no oil changes are considered necessary. The 1963 Turbine's engine generated 130 bhp and an instant 425 lb·ft of torque at stall speed, making it good for 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in 12 seconds at an ambient temperature of 85 F—it can sprint quicker if the ambient air was cooler and denser.

The lack of many moving parts and the lack of liquid coolant eases maintenance, while the exhaust does not contain carbon monoxide, uncombusted carbon, or raw hydrocarbons. Nevertheless, the turbine generates nitrogen oxides and the challenge of limiting them proved an ongoing problem throughout development.

The power turbine is connected, without a torque converter, through a gear reduction unit to an only moderately modified TorqueFlite automatic transmission. The flow of the combustion gases between the gas generator and free power turbine provides the same functionality as a torque converter but without using a conventional liquid medium. Twin rotating recuperators transfer exhaust heat to the inlet air, greatly improving fuel economy. Varying stator blades prevent excessive top end speeds and provide engine braking on deceleration.

Throttle lag and exhaust gas temperatures at idle plagued generations 1 and 2; Chrysler was able to remedy or mitigate these to some degree. Acceleration lag, however, remained a problem, and fuel consumption was excessive, although it improved with each generation. Acceleration was excellent provided the turbine was spun up (by applying power) prior to releasing the brakes. The Turbine Car also featured a fully stainless steel exhaust system, the exits of which were flat in cross section. This was intended to spread the exhaust gases thinly and thus cool them further, in order to allow the vehicle to stand in traffic without risking damage to following traffic. The combustor, or burner, was primitive by the standards of modern turbojet engines. A single reverse-flow canister featuring a more-or-less standard spark plug for ignition was employed. Had the engine been further developed, annular combustion chambers along with a second power turbine might have improved power and economy even more. The transmission has an "idle" position instead of "neutral".

After the user testing period completed, Chrysler collected all of the cars, destroying 40 out of the original 50. Chrysler kept two, then sent the remaining examples to museums.

Later development and project end
Chrysler's turbine engine program did not end with the Chrysler Turbine Car. A new coupe body, which was to become the 1966 Dodge Charger was considered for a new fifth-generation turbine engine. However, Chrysler went on to develop a sixth generation gas-turbine engine which finally met US nitrogen oxide regulations, and installed it in a 1966 Dodge Coronet, though it was never introduced to the public.

A smaller, lighter, seventh generation engine was produced in the early 1970s, when the company received a grant from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for further development, and a one-off, special bodied, turbine Chrysler LeBaron was built in 1977 as a prelude to a production run. However, by 1978 the company was encountering significant financial difficulties and new CEO Lee Iacocca needed U.S. government loan guarantees to avoid bankruptcy. A government condition of that 1979 deal was that the gas-turbine program be abandoned because they believed it was "too risky" for an auto company of Chrysler's size.

While the automotive division of Chrysler never mass-produced a turbine powered vehicle, Chrysler Defense (later General Dynamics Land Systems) would ultimately employ the unrelated Honeywell AGT1500 in the M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank.

Engine series

 * CR1 1954–1956: Plymouth Belvedere 4-door
 * ~100 hp (75 kW)
 * No engine braking
 * Slow spool up
 * CR2 1956–1957: 1956 Plymouth Belvedere, 1957 Plymouth Fury
 * Better regenerator
 * Better fuel economy (18 US mpg)
 * CR2A 1960–1962: 1960 Plymouth Fury, 1962 Plymouth Fury (2), 1962 Dodge Dart (2), 1961 Dodge 2½ ton stake
 * Turboflite show car
 * 140 hp (104 kW), 375 lbf·ft (508 N·m)
 * Adjustable nozzle blades
 * A831 1963–1966: 1963 Chrysler Turbine Cars (50)
 * 130 hp (97 kW), 425 lbf·ft (576 N·m)
 * Much less lag
 * 50 cars + 5 prototypes. All but nine were destroyed.
 * Surviving examples, location and operational status
 * # 991211 - National Museum of Transportation, St. Louis, Missouri – Active
 * # 991225 - Gilmore Car Museum, Hickory Corners, Michigan – Inactive
 * # 991230 - Walter P. Chrysler Museum, Auburn Hills, Michigan – Active
 * # 991231 - Private Collection in Terre Haute, Indiana – Active
 * # 991234 - Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan – Inactive
 * # 991242 - Jay Leno Private Collection in Burbank, California – Inactive (being rebuilt after accident)
 * # 991244 - Los Angeles County Natural History Museum, Los Angeles, California – Inactive
 * # 991245 - Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. – Inactive
 * # 991247 - Walter P. Chrysler Museum, Auburn Hills, Michigan – Active
 * A875 1964: 1964 Plymouth Furys (2)
 * Same as A831 but with larger regenerators
 * Gen6 1964–1973: Prototype Dodge Charger, 1966 Dodge Coronet, 1973 B-Body sedans (3)
 * Same as A875 but with split accessory drive
 * Gen7 Coupe 1977: 1976 4-door Dodge Aspen (3), Concept F-body 79 Mirada, Concept 1980 Chrysler Lebaron
 * 104 hp (78 kW) (could be raised to 125 hp (93 kW))

title: Chrysler turbine engines


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Talk:Economy of Pakistan

Adamgerber80 (talk) the India nationalist attack our Pakistan pages
This hateful Indian guy Adamgerber80 (talk) from India is attacking Pakistan by covertly inserting biased information from fake India news media into all our Pakistan related pages. A very simple look at his edit history shows he is continuously editing all available Pakistan pages to make Pakistan look bad...all with a biased slant towards supporting India. And then he tries to block other Pakistani editors from putting in new information. We cannot accept Adamgerber80 (talk) putting biased information from fake India sources and secretly inserted this fake pro-India information into all of our Pakistan related pages. Pakistan will never be defeated by India! Unacceptable! Pakistan is the greatest! 58.92.227.183 (talk) 09:07, 16 January 2018 (UTC)

Agreed, Moderator please remove baseless edits and simply add "Pakistan is the best performing economy in the world!" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.137.245.206 (talk) 18:48, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

He is actually pro Indian and putting wrong GDP of Pakistan Tayyab Ahmad67 (talk) 21:16, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 January 2021
Pls I want to edit gdp of pak according to 2021 thank u 202.142.164.37 (talk) 13:35, 12 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. I don't see any new publications from the International Monetary Fund (the current source for the GDP data in the article), so you'll need to specify where the data should be retrieved from. Perryprog (talk) 13:51, 12 January 2021 (UTC)

Pakistan is currently 26th in terms of PPP and 41st in GDP. Links below - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP) https://worldinfigures.com/rankings/topic/8 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FEA8:E263:7700:C808:7288:7FC5:E536 (talk) 20:18, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 January 2021
Pls can u make GDP of Pakistan in 2021 to $282 billion and Pakistan surplus Thank u Tayyab Ahmad67 (talk) 21:35, 13 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made., as stated above, the IMF's biannual publication won't be until April. If you have a source that supports the change you want to make, then please provide it. Perryprog (talk) 22:30, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 January 2021
Hi pls fix Pakistan GDP 2019 to $278.22 billion here world bank link u can check https://data.worldbank.org/country/pakistan And also Pakistani surplus https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/762843-country-posts-current-account-surplus-for-5th-straight-month 202.142.164.37 (talk) 10:19, 15 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Please don't post duplicate requests. I don't know if we usually use worldbank.org as a source so I'll let someone else take a look at that. RandomCanadian (talk / contribs) 17:19, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: the GDP is already sourced to the same year from the World Economic Outlook, I see no reason to change that. The budget deficit is already sourced to FY 2020 as a percentage of the GDP; I'm not sure if it's normally listed as US dollars. It does look like Pakistan's ministry of finance released data for 2020 July–Sept., so I'll update the current budget deficit to match that. Paging as a second look at this would be helpful. Perryprog (talk) 18:13, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

No respond
Hello I requested to change Pakistan GDP according to 2019 which is $278.22 billion U can check on world bank and the Pakistan surplus is also on google u can check thank u Tayyab Ahmad67 (talk) 11:13, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 January 2021
Hi pls fix pakistani surplus and ease of doing bussines rank https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/771482-pakistan-improves-in-wb-s-ease-of-doing-business-index https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/762843-country-posts-current-account-surplus-for-5th-straight-month Tayyab Ahmad67 (talk) 10:18, 21 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. RandomCanadian (talk / contribs) 17:11, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 January 2021
Hi pls change pakistan ease of doing business rank from 108 to 72 u can search up urself and also Pakistan gdp according to 2021 THank u Tayyab Ahmad67 (talk) 17:48, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done:, the World Bank's ease of doing business index still shows 108; this can be seen if you follow the link listed in the footnote next to the figure. Please provide a reliable source to support the change you want to make for Pakistan's 2021 GDP, as I don't see it listed on the current source from the World Economic Outlook. Perryprog (talk) 18:19, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 February 2021
According to imf Pakistan gdp is $276 billion(2019) and $1.1 trillion(2021) and gdp per capita $5,230 (2021) Fix that https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK 202.142.164.37 (talk) 17:12, 10 February 2021 (UTC)
 * This is listed as such in the infobox. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 18:07, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

The economy of Pakistan is the 22nd largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), and 45th largest in terms of nominal gross domestic product. Pakistan has a population of over 220 million [31] (the world's 5th-largest), giving it a nominal GDP per capita of $1,186 in 2020-21,[32] which ranks 154th in the world and giving it a PPP GDP per capita of $5,839 in 2019, which ranks 132nd in the world for 2019. However, Pakistan's undocumented economy is estimated to be 36% of its overall economy, which is not taken into consideration when calculating per capita income.[33] Pakistan is a developing country.[34][35][36] The economy is semi-industrialized, with centres of growth along the Indus River.[37][38][39] Primary export commodities include textiles, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals and carpets/rugs.[40][41]

Growth poles of Pakistan's economy are situated along the Indus River;[38][42] the diversified economies of Karachi and major urban centers in the Punjab, coexisting with lesser developed areas in other parts of the country.[38] The economy has suffered in the past from internal political disputes, a fast-growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment.[43] Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit – driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion – could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term.[44][45] Pakistan is currently undergoing a process of economic liberalization, including privatization of all government corporations, aimed to attract foreign investment and decrease budget deficit.[46] In October 2016, foreign currency reserves crossed $24.0 billion[47] which has led to stable outlook on the long-term rating by Standard & Poor's.[48][49] In 2016, BMI Research report named Pakistan as one of the ten emerging economies with a particular focus on its manufacturing hub.[50]

As of May 2019, IMF has predicted that future growth rates will be 2.9%, the lowest in South Asia.[51] According to the World Bank, poverty in Pakistan fell from 64.3% in 2002 to 29.5% in 2014.[52][53][54] The country's worsening macroeconomic position has led to Moody's downgrading Pakistan's debt outlook to "negative".[55]

In 2017, Pakistan's GDP in terms of purchasing power parity crossed $1 trillion.[56] By May 2019, the Pakistani rupee had undergone a year-on-year depreciation of 30% vis-a-vis the US Dollar. In 2020 CPEC Phase 2 has been started, with new billion dollar agreements. Pakistan is focusing on its own Electric Vehicle, biomedical, electromagnetic, smartphones and semi-conductor Industry. Samsung and Realme announces to set up assembly plant in Pakistan. Pakistan's first digital is establishing in haripur. At this moment, Oppo and haier to invest in Pakistan Digital City (PDC) Haripur. PDC is near from Telephone Industries of Pakistan (TIP) and National Radio and Telecommunication Corporation (NRTC).[57] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.82.63.149 (talk) 15:28, 7 March 2021 (UTC)

2409:4054:293:E663:0:0:263C:20AD (talk) 18:57, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ― Qwerfjkl  (please use  on reply) 19:31, 16 May 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 May 2021
It is a manipulated page full of terrorism. 2409:4054:293:E663:0:0:263C:20AD (talk) 19:01, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ― Qwerfjkl  (please use  on reply) 19:22, 16 May 2021 (UTC)

Please rectify Pakistan's GDP amount
Please rectify the GDP of pakistan in US Dollars. You have cited the right reference and as per that reference, pakistan's gdp is 47 trillion rupees which as per the current conversion rate of 155 rupees/US dollars is 303 billion dollars, not 294 billion dollars which is wrongly mentioned on economy of pakistan article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:9880:1BF7:FF8D:F4BA:606B:FB15:A6BE (talk) 22:01, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

Sorry but IMF says Pakistan gdp is $262 billion (2020) and 1.5% rate in 2021 Tayyab Ahmad67 (talk) 09:27, 13 June 2021 (UTC) Pakistan GDP in 2022 is 383 billion now — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sherrywaseer (talk • contribs) 10:35, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

Please rectify Pakistan's GDP amount to 307.8 billion US
Please rectify the Pakistan GDP value. As per the Dawn article which you have provided as a reference, pakistan GDP is 47.709 trillion rupees, meaning 47,709 billion rupees which as per current conversion rate of 1 US = 155 rupees is 307.8 billion US Dollars not 294 billion dollars which wikipedia has mistakenly mentioned here as pakistan GDP. Kindly correct this.

Please Rectify Pakistan's GDP

Pakistan's GDP was 284 billion dollar in 2020 as per IMF and its not only growth rate which determines GDP. The increasing value of rupee against the dollar also increased it. Dawn article has been mentioned there as a reference document with  but if you do not accept the facts & figures mentioned in that article then why Dawn is there as a reference?. When people are outlining that mentioned GDP of pakistan is not as per Dawn article statistics, you say IMF says something else. Then why you dont put IMF reference document there instead of Dawn. Atleast provide that reference document with GDP which is acceptable to you!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:9880:1BF7:FF8D:7820:39E4:39F2:A152 (talk) 00:35, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Nominal GDP in US $ is calculated by dividing the (GDP at current prices in PKR) by 30th June ( last day of a fiscal year) average exchange rates of USD/PKR. Average exchange rate is the average of buying and selling rate of USD. For fiscal year 2021, this should be 47,709.325  / 157.3104 = 303.281 Billion USD. There are no official documents which describe Pakistan's GDP in US $ except "Pakistan's External Debt and Liabilities - Outstanding" . Here in this document you can see that GDP in USD is calculated by the aforementioned method. Dawn article's 296 Billion $ figure was given by Mininstry of Finance back in May 2021 and was the estimated figure based on their future exchange rate predictions. Now the Dawn article is of no importance as we have the official figures required to calculate the GDP in USD. Mohammad Adnon Khan (talk) 14:17, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

Pakistan's GDP Data For 2020/2021 is wrong
Wikipedia is mentioning Pakistan's GDP here in Economy of Pakistan article as 267 billion dollar, which is utterly wrong. Cant you guys research a bit before mentioning numbers. As per Forbes, Pakistan's GDP growth has been nearly 4% in 20/21. On which basis you are mentioning 267 billion dollars here?. Size of economy is 47.7 trillion rupees which as per current exchange rate of 157 is 303 billion dollars. If wikipedia cannot mention the accurate data, kindly don't mention it at all rather than giving misleading information to general public. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.164.26.34 (talk) 18:26, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

The data is again written wrong although I have complained several times. Îßlæm8ç (talk) 17:21, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

Unsourced data in export and import sections
The #Exports and #Imports sections contain tables with data for several commodities from 2016 to 2021. As far as I can tell, the sources are and, respectively, and they are referenced immediately before the tables. I checked some (not all) of the numbers for 2019 and 2020, and they look good. But there are no sources for the other years: 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2021. Can someone provide reliable sources for these years? If not, we'll have to delete these columns in accordance with Verifiability (see WP:UNSOURCED in particular). You added some 2021 export and import data in this edit. Could you add the sources for your data to the article? Thanks! — Chrisahn (talk) 21:10, 5 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Since no sources were provided, I deleted the unsourced data. — Chrisahn (talk) 15:03, 10 July 2021 (UTC)
 * The only available official data on exports/imports by commodities is in the format of Excel sheet on State Bank of Pakistan website.. And it includes only monthly imports/exports data of different commodities. So, i manually calculated it for the whole year.
 * data link for exports https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Export_Receipts_by_Commodities_and_Groups_Arch.xls
 * data link for imports https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Import_Payments_by_Commodities_and_Groups_Arch.xls Mohammad Adnon Khan (talk) 05:35, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lot for the sources! I checked some of the sums for earlier fiscal years and got the same results. Nice! There are slight discrepancies between the PDF and XLS files though. For example, imports of petroleum products for FY 2019–20 (Jul 19–Jun 20): the PDF says 4,189,338, but the sum of the Jul 19 to Jun 20 entries in the XLS is 4,189,547. Similary for other export and import numbers I checked, sometimes with larger differences. These discrepancies are not a big problem, but I think we should round the numbers in the tables. Currently the numbers are given with three decimal digits, which implies a precision they don't actually have. (See Significant figures: "Spurious digits, introduced by calculations resulting in a number with a greater precision than the precision of the used data in the calculations, or in a measurement reported to a greater precision than the measurement resolution.") — Chrisahn (talk) 14:20, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I added a different pdf source in imports. Now the discrepancies should be resolved. and yeah we might consider rounding off to one decimal digit. Mohammad Adnon Khan (talk) 13:44, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

Export and import 2021
The exports of Pakistan surge to more than 25 billions while imports surge to 57 billions ..kindly update Wikipedia Pakistani Observer (talk) 23:18, 8 July 2021 (UTC)
 * What are the reliable sources for your claims? — Chrisahn (talk) 12:38, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 September 2021
FDI stock is around 2.1 billion$ it's showing way too much !!! 171.50.173.129 (talk) 07:27, 10 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 07:36, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

Correction needed
Please correct rank of Pakistan GDP(PPP) to 174 as it is wrongly mentioned as 114 in the right summary table — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.103.242.226 (talk) 16:43, 29 September 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅. Perryprog (talk) 17:54, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

Request for the corrections of Pakistan's nomisl GDP per capita and Nominal GDP
Pakistan's nominal GDP and per capita income is according to the data of Economic survey of Pakistan 2020 while it should be according to the latest economic survey of 11 June 2021 Îßlæm8ç (talk) 03:21, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. RandomCanadian (talk / contribs) 04:01, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

What isn't clear? Can't you search it for your itself what is the Nominal GDP and nominal per capita income of Pakistan? It will be better to search first and then provide the data or if someone is saying that the data is wrong then you should search why is he questioning the data rather then saying him to search the data. For your convenience I have provided an even more reliable source in the latest edit. Îßlæm8ç (talk) 16:34, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 October 2021
The nominal GDP of Pakistan according to the 2021 Economic survey isn't $263 billion rather it is $299 billion "Economic Survey 2020-21: Overview of the economy". So it should be changed from $263 billion to $299 billion. The nominal per capita income of Pakistan shouldn't be $1260 rather it should be $1542 according to the 2021 Economic survey of Pakistan. Îßlæm8ç (talk) 06:56, 3 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Semi-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: According to the page's protection level you should be able to edit the page yourself. If you seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. — Sirdog (talk) 02:36, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

ISLAM
we'' all are muslims islam is dominant religion about 96.47% of pakistani are muslim according to THE 2017 census Pakistan has  the second largest number of muslim in the world after Indonisia and home for(10.5%) of the world muslim population the majotity of them are(SUNNI) and mostly follow (SUFIM) (ESTIMATED BETWEEN 75%AND95%)  WHILE (SHIAS) represent between5--25% in(2019) the (shias)populatin in Pakistan was estimated to be 42 million out of total population of 210 million Pakistan also the largest muslim city in the world (KARACHI  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.206.164.219 (talk) 09:06, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

You are showing Pakistan economy as 435 billion but according to world bank and IMF it’s not even 300 billion. Please correct it.👍😊
You are showing Pakistan economy as $435 billion but according to world bank and IMF it’s not even $300 billion. Please correct it.👍😊 2A00:23C7:7622:5E01:60DC:DED3:2D56:7664 (talk) 11:14, 1 February 2022 (UTC)

Inclusion of 435 billion figure
Hello, currently there is a disagreement between myself and Hercules298. He is insisting on adding a 435 billion GDP figure which is sourced from a Dawn article, specifically from this paragraph in the article.

Quote: "Dr Rashid Amjad, former vice-chancellor of the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) and a member of the government’s economic advisory group, sounded optimistic and talked of a spike in investment while advising one and all to avoid paying heed to speculations of the naysayer.

“Rebasing was long overdue and though new sectors, like IT and food delivery, have been added, it still underestimates the real size of the national economy which to my mind is at least 25-30pc larger."

His rationale is that the current nominal GDP of Pak is listed at 347 billion and a 1.25 multiplication of that figure is 435 billion dollars. This certainly constitutes WP: Original Research as a 435 billion figure is not explicitly said in the article nor is it mentioned in any other source/article/report. The Jan 2022 Pakistan Government Report lists a nominal GDP of 347 billion which is based of 2015 basic price, which is the only thing that should be listed in the article for nominal GDP.

Moreover, other "economy of countries" wikipedia pages only include data that is sourced through accredited economical and financial instiutuions like the World Bank, the IMF, or government reports and not off a quote in some article. Examples like Economy of China, India, Japan, the USA etc. IIBxtrerII (talk) 09:28, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 March 2022
203.101.165.202 (talk) 19:02, 2 March 2022 (UTC) Update Pakistan GDP Nominal (2022) And GDP PPP (2022) New data
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. 晚安 (トークページ) 08:33, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 April 2022
91.155.153.47 (talk) 04:45, 25 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. 💜 melecie   talk  - 05:02, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

Pakistans economy 2022
Correct your information Pakistans gdp nominal stands at 388 billion you can check by provinces then gdp ppp is 1.4 trillion, labour force 76.8 million, exports 32 billion, imports 60.6 billion and foreign reserve 24 billion Correct this 91.155.153.47 (talk) 04:50, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 May 2022
GDP per capita at $1798 and GDP at $383 Billion. MuhammadPices (talk) 04:24, 19 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Aidan9382 (talk) 10:54, 19 May 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 3 June 2022
Pakistan's nominal GDP has increased to $383 Billions as reported by State Bank Of Pakistan. 2001:8F8:1F26:B907:3C25:7641:CF2E:1BA1 (talk) 20:36, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 20:50, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

Updating the Economic Data
Please update the Economic data of Pakistan such as Nominal GDP, PPP GDP, per capita income, exports and imports according to the data provided in the Economic survey 2022. Îßlæm8ç (talk) 09:43, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 1 August 2022
Hello according to IMF July 2022 World Economic Outlook report Pakistan GDP Growth Rate in 2021 was 5.7% and in 2022 it will be 6.0% please update it. 101.53.225.41 (talk) 15:51, 1 August 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ The IMF provides more recent data, though the change is just a rounded number. I changed it despite that. (Do note that the IP is blocked for socking.) SWinxy (talk) 04:13, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

Update data
Please update the GDP growth rate to "Projected 6% (Jan 2022)", slashed to 3% due to political instability and floods. Toomanyyearskodakblack (talk) 02:39, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 11 October 2022
Please update the gdp figures according to new IMF data here:

https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 103.244.173.68 (talk) 13:22, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Done Toomanyyearskodakblack (talk) 00:27, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 13 November 2022
Hi, I am requesting you to add some links to add with the relevant terms. Kindly allow me to add the relevant links Insysd 10:13, 13 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. – dudhhr talk contribs (he/they) 17:07, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Forex reserves has changed. Please reduce protection to update the value.
Editor8220 (talk) 04:34, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. – Jonesey95 (talk) 17:21, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

The new forex reserves of State Bank of Pakistan stands at 6.7 billion as per latest data released So forex reserve has to change from 7.597 bn to 6.700 bn.Editor8220 (talk) 07:41, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅. Colonestarrice (talk) 14:18, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

The forex has again changed. The new reserves stands at 6.1 billion usd. So 6.7 billion has to be changed to 6.1 billion Editor8220 (talk) 13:17, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Hey there Please note that economic figures like these on Wikipedia are here to give readers a gross estimate. They should be updated in reasonable intervals, not hourly. Colonestarrice (talk) 08:28, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

Pakistan Economy
How possible is that Israel,Egypt,Malaysia,Bangladesh,Vietnam,Phillipines GDP is more than Pakistan have 240Millions Population And these all countries are smaller than Pakistan? 203.101.165.202 (talk) 11:27, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 11 February 2023
Please update Pakistan's future GDP projection. 2400:ADC1:477:8500:8030:5110:F5FE:901E (talk) 08:45, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. M.Bitton (talk) 17:58, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 15 February 2023
Update Foreign Reserves figure from USD 6.7 bn to USD 2.9 bn (Feb 2023)

Source: https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/forex.pdf 103.9.23.248 (talk) 09:11, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Uzek (talk) 18:25, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 April 2023
montly = monthly 2603:8000:D300:D0F:B031:8DEA:F0DA:7F4F (talk) 05:12, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Tollens (talk) 05:25, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 5 May 2023
Dear Wikipedia! The picture of Karachi (The financial of Pakistan) You used is Too old now. Karachi has changed alot i want to change picture and Place this Syed Hasan shahazal (talk) 03:41, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Please provide an image with an acceptable license. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 10:54, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 July 2023
Paksitan exports for fy22-23 needs to be replaced with $27.73 billions and imports for fy22-23 be replaced from $84 billions to $55.36 billions as confirmed by Govt of Pakistan official statistics Bilawal1 (talk) 03:02, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you provide a reliable source? Deauthorized. (talk) 05:49, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

"Artical on PEST analysis of OGDCL" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artical_on_PEST_analysis_of_OGDCL&redirect=no Artical on PEST analysis of OGDCL] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. toweli (talk) 15:09, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 January 2024
Hello. Just a formatting issue:

On the GDP table, there is a collumn header that says GDP (Billion US $ nominal), however, it should be correctly written as GDP (Billion US$ nominal), with the US$ together, not separated, such as in all tables for Economy_of_%Country% pages. Thanks a lot for checking into this. MarcBr7 (talk) 20:25, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Sam Sailor 21:29, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 January 2024
i wanna add some additional information from current research papers and explain all the factors and impacts more precisely Mujeebali1 (talk) 14:30, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Liu1126 (talk) 15:39, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

Economy of Pakistan
topic 154.198.96.149 (talk) 13:41, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 July 2024
Trump lu (talk) 01:03, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of Pakistan


text:
Tainted Love

"Tainted Love" is a song composed by Ed Cobb, formerly of American group the Four Preps, which was originally recorded by Gloria Jones in 1964. Renowned session musician and virtuoso guitarist Glen Campbell played lead guitar. In 1981, the song attained worldwide fame after being covered and reworked by British synth-pop duo Soft Cell; it has since been covered by numerous groups and artists. A version by Impedance reached #14 on the Canadian Dance charts, April 14, 1990.

Gloria Jones versions (1964; released 1965) (second recording 1976)
American artist Gloria Jones made the first recording of "Tainted Love" in 1964, with renowned session guitarist Glen Campbell on lead guitar. The song was written and produced by Ed Cobb and arranged by Lincoln Mayorga. It was the B-side of her 1965 single "My Bad Boy's Comin' Home", which was a commercial flop, failing to chart in either the US or the UK. According to Nick Talevski, before Jones recorded the song, Cobb had offered it to the Standells, whom he managed and produced, but they rejected it. The Standells say that the song was never offered to them, and that they were not signed to Cobb's company Greengrass Productions until 1966, some two years after Jones's recording.

In 1973, British club DJ Richard Searling purchased a copy of the almost decade-old single while on a trip to the United States. The track's Motown-influenced sound (featuring a fast tempo, horns, electric rhythm guitar and female backing vocals) fit in perfectly with the music favoured by those involved in the UK's Northern soul club scene of the early 1970s, and Searling popularised the song at the Northern soul club Va Va's in Bolton, and later, at Wigan Casino.

Owing to the new-found underground popularity of the song, Jones re-recorded "Tainted Love" in 1976 and released it as a single, but it also failed to chart. This version was released on her album Vixen and was produced by her boyfriend Marc Bolan.

In 2014, NME ranked it number 305 in their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

Soft Cell version (1981)
English synth-pop duo Soft Cell became aware of the song through its status as a UK "Northern soul" hit. In 2010, DJ Ian "Frank" Dewhirst claimed he was the first person to play the song for Marc Almond, the vocalist for Soft Cell. Some time after, Soft Cell began performing the song in their live setlist, choosing it instead of Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons' "The Night" (a song they would go on to record in 2003). Eventually, a Phonogram Records A&R manager Roger Ames opted the band to record the single at a London-based Advision Studios, with producer Mike Thorne. There, Soft Cell's version was recorded in a day and a half with Almond's first vocal take being used on the record.

Thorne commented that he was surprised by the choice as he had not been impressed by Jones's 1976 version on hearing it, but was impressed by the new arrangement and Almond's sinister vocal: "You could smell the coke on that second, Northern Soul version, it was really so over-ramped and so frantic. It was good for the dance floor, but I didn't like the record...when Soft Cell performed the song I heard a very novel sound and a very nice voice, so off we went."

Phonogram Records chose to release "Tainted Love" in 1981 as Soft Cell's second single (their first was "Memorabilia", which did not chart). The label's representatives implied that this single would be Soft Cell's final release on Some Bizzare if it did not sell. The 12" single version (extended dance version) was a medley, transitioning to a cover of the Supremes' "Where Did Our Love Go" halfway through the song, which gives a progressive dimension to this version. Marc Almond said that this decision was not the duo's, recounting, "If only we'd put our own song on it then we would be considerably richer", while David Ball described the medley as "the most costly idea of our career".

Thanks to a memorable performance on the BBC's Top of the Pops chart show, "Tainted Love" reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, and was known as the best-selling single of 1981 in the UK, until the Official Charts Company recalculated the data in 2021 (giving the title to "Don't You Want Me" by The Human League). "Tainted Love" had 1.05 million sales in the UK in 1981, with that total increasing to 1.35 million copies as of August 2017.

Buoyed by the then-dominant new wave sound of the time, "Tainted Love" became a major hit in the US during the Second British Invasion, with the song spending a then-record breaking 43 weeks on the US Billboard Hot 100. On the US chart dated January 16, 1982, the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 90. It appeared to peak at number 64 and fell to number 100 on February 27. After spending a second week at number 100, it started climbing again. It took 19 weeks to crack the American Top 40 and reached number 8 during the summer of 1982.

A video was recorded specially for Soft Cell's video album Non-Stop Exotic Video Show, directed by Tim Pope and featuring David Ball as a cricketer meeting Marc Almond in a toga on what seems to be Mount Olympus.

In 1996, director Spike Jonze used Soft Cell's version of the song in a television commercial for Levi's jeans, titled "Doctors", syncing the song to the sound of a heart rate monitor in a hospital. The television commercial was nominated for an Emmy award the following year.

Soft Cell's version of "Tainted Love" ranked number 5 on VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 1980s. It was also heavily sampled on Rihanna's 2006 single "SOS" and the Veronicas' 2007 single "Hook Me Up". In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's fourth favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV.

Soft Cell/Marc Almond version (1991)
A re-recorded version of the song was issued in 1991, seven years after Soft Cell's dissolution in 1984, as a tie-in to the compilation album Memorabilia – The Singles (which reached number 8 in the UK albums chart in June 1991). "Tainted Love '91" was a follow-up to "Say Hello, Wave Goodbye '91", which was another re-recorded/remixed version of an earlier single from the Soft Cell/Marc Almond compilation. "Tainted Love '91" became another Top 40 hit from the collection and peaked at number 5 in the UK charts, making it Soft Cell's sixth Top 10 hit (as records with re-recorded vocals were seen as a new hit by the chart compilers of the time)

The video for the version, directed by Peter Christopherson, features a man pacing at night and dancing with starry apparitions, while Almond sings amongst the stars. Christopherson's band Coil had covered "Tainted Love" in 1985, with a music video that included a cameo appearance by Almond.

Marilyn Manson version (2001)
American rock band Marilyn Manson covered "Tainted Love" with an arrangement based on Soft Cell's version. It was released in November 2001 as a single from the Not Another Teen Movie soundtrack. The accompanying music video featured cast members Chyler Leigh, Mia Kirshner, Chris Evans and Jaime Pressly. It was later included as a bonus track on international editions of the band's following album, The Golden Age of Grotesque. Manson said that he was not "really thinking about '80s nostalgia" during the recording, while recognizing it as a main concept behind the soundtrack.

"Tainted Love" topped the charts in Portugal and peaked within the top ten of the charts in the United Kingdom. It also peaked within the top ten of the charts throughout the rest of Europe, including Austria, Denmark, Germany, Italy and Norway. It was nominated for the Kerrang! Award for Best Single in 2002, and won the Kerrang! Award for Best Video. It was also nominated for Best Video at the 2002 Q Awards.

title: Tainted Love


text:
Jean Jacoby

Jean Lucien Nicolas Jacoby (March 26, 1891 – September 9, 1936) was a Luxembourg artist. He won Olympic gold medals in the Olympic art competitions of 1924 and 1928, making him the most successful Olympic artist ever.

Life
After spending his youth in Molsheim in Alsace, Jean Jacoby studied art at the École des Beaux-Arts in Strasbourg. He was then a teacher of drawing from 1912 to 1918 at the Lewin-Funcke school in Berlin, then worked in Wiesbaden, before taking over the art department of a printing firm in Strasbourg.

He became internationally known when in 1923 he won the French Concours de l'Auto with his drawing Hurdle runner, beating 4,000 other entrants. Jacoby often depicted sports in his works, also designing Luxembourg postage stamps for the 1952 Summer Olympics. He himself was featured on a Luxembourg postage stamp in 2016.

From 1926 to 1934 he worked as an illustrator and artistic director for two newspapers of the Ullstein-Verlag, the Berliner Illustrierte and the Grüne Post. He also founded a radio programme guide for all of Germany, called Sieben Tage.

In 1934 he moved to Mulhouse, where he died in 1936 of a heart attack. His second wife was Maria née Kasteleiner.

title: Jean Jacoby


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Erich Koch

Erich Koch (19 June 1896 – 12 November 1986) was a Gauleiter of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in East Prussia from 1 October 1928 until 1945. Between 1941 and 1945 he was Chief of Civil Administration (Chef der Zivilverwaltung) of Bezirk Bialystok. During this period, he was also the Reichskommissar in Reichskommissariat Ukraine from September 1941 until August 1944 and in Reichskommissariat Ostland from September 1944. After the Second World War, Koch stood trial in Poland and was convicted in 1959 of war crimes and sentenced to death. The sentence was later commuted to life in prison and Koch died of natural causes in his cell at the Barczewo prison on 12 November 1986.

Early life and First World War
Koch was born in Elberfeld, today part of Wuppertal, as the son of foreman Gustav Adolf Koch (1862 – 1932) and his wife Henriette, née Matthes (1863 – 1939). In World War I he served as a soldier from 1915 to the end of the war in 1918. He later fought as a member of Freikorps Rossbach in Upper Silesia. A skilled trader, Koch joined the railway service as an aspirant for the middle level of the civil service. He was dismissed from this position in 1926 for anti-Weimar Republic activities.

Rise in the Nazi Party
Koch joined the NSDAP in 1922 (member #90). From 1922 he worked in various party positions in the NSDAP Gau Ruhr, including as Business Manager. During the Occupation of the Ruhr, he was a member of Albert Leo Schlageter's group and was imprisoned several times by the French authorities. He belonged to the left wing of the party and was a supporter of the faction led by Gregor Strasser. He became a member of the National Socialist Working Association, a short-lived group of north and northwest German Gaue, organized and led by Strasser, which unsuccessfully sought to amend the Party program. It was dissolved in 1926 following the Bamberg Conference.

On 22 March 1926, Koch became a Bezirksleiter of the NSDAP in Essen and, in October of that year, succeeded Joseph Goebbels as Business Manager of Großgau Ruhr. In 1927, he succeeded Viktor Lutze as the Deputy Gauleiter there.

Gauleiter of East Prussia
In October 1928 Koch became Gauleiter of the Province of East Prussia and the leader of the NSDAP faction in the provincial diet. From September 1930 he was a member of the Reichstag for East Prussia. After the Machtergreifung, Koch was appointed to the Prussian State Council in July 1933. He became Oberpräsident of East Prussia on 2 June 1933 (acting until September) replacing Wilhelm Kutscher. He thus united under his control the highest party and governmental offices in the province. In November 1938 Koch was appointed SA-Obergruppenführer.

Koch's pre-war rule in East Prussia was characterized by efforts to collectivize the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his critics inside and outside the Party. He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province. These actions made him unpopular among the local peasants. However, through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the "Erich Koch Plan" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment; on August 16, 1933, Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia, a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich.

Koch's industrialization plans led him into conflict with Richard Walther Darré, who held the office of the Reich Peasant Leader (Reichsbauernführer) and Minister of Agriculture. Darré, a neopaganist rural romantic, wanted to enforce his vision of an agricultural East Prussia. When his "Land" representatives challenged Koch's plans, Koch had them arrested.

Second World War

At the commencement of World War II on 1 September 1939, Koch was appointed Reich Defense Commissioner (Reichsverteidigungskommissar) for Wehrkreis (Military District) I, which comprised East Prussia. On 26 October 1939, after the end of the Invasion of Poland, the territory of his Gau was adjusted. Regierungsbezirk West Prussia was transferred from East Prussia to the new Reichsgau Westpreußen, later renamed Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. East Prussia was compensated with Regierungsbezirk Zichenau (previously Ciechanów). These new areas lay approximately between the rivers Vistula and Narew.

In March 1940 Theodor Schieder, who was director in charge of Regional Office for Postwar History (Landesstelle fur Nachkriegsgeschichte), presented Gauleiter Erich Koch with a detailed plan regarding studies of territories annexed to East Prussia; Koch himself wanted to know political, social and ethnic conditions in those areas. Schieder in return sent two reports to Koch, including a population inventory conducted at the end of 19th century of the area in question, which was most relevant to Nazi policies of extermination and settlement, and provided basis for segregation of Jewish and "Slavic" spouses from ethnic Germans in the German Volksliste.

Soon after the invasion of the Soviet Union, Koch was appointed "civil commissioner" (Zivilkommissar) on 1 August 1941, and later as Chief of Civil Administration in Bezirk Bialystok.

In 1942 Gauleiter Erich Koch expressed thanks to Theodor Schieder for his help in Nazi operations in annexed Poland writing: "As a director of 'Landesstelle Ostpreußen für Nachkriegsgeschichte' you have provided material that provided significant service in our fight against Poles and continues to help us in establishing new order today in Regierungsbezirke Zichenau and Bialystok."

On 1 September 1941, Koch became Reichskommissar of Reichskommissariat Ukraine with control of the Gestapo and the uniformed police. His domain now extended from the Baltic to the Black Sea; it comprised ethnic German, Polish, Belarus and Ukrainian areas. As Reichskommissar he had full authority in his realm, which led to conflict with other elements of the Nazi bureaucracy. Alfred Rosenberg, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories (Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete), expressed his disapproval of Koch's autonomous actions to Hitler in December 1941.

Koch's first act as Reichskommissar was to close local schools, declaring that "Ukraine children need no schools. What they'll have to learn will be taught them by their German masters." His brutality is best exemplified by his remark, "If I meet a Ukrainian worthy of being seated at my table, I must have him shot." Koch worked together with the General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment (Generalbevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz) Fritz Sauckel in providing the Reich with forced labor. He was also involved in the persecution of Polish and Ukrainian Jews. Due to his brutal actions, Nazi rule in Ukraine was disturbed by a growing number of partisan uprisings.

Statements about the Germans as a Herrenvolk (master race) belong to the Nazi officials of various ranks. In particular when Reichskommissar Ukraine Koch said:

On 21 September 1944, Koch succeeded Hinrich Lohse as Reichskommissar for the Ostland, overseeing the Nazi administration in the Baltic States. On October 13, 1944, Riga, the capital of the Reichskommissariat and head of the region, was liberated by Soviet forces. Koch was appointed as head of the Volkssturm of East Prussia on 25 November 1944. As the Red Army advanced into his area during 1945, Koch initially fled Königsberg to Berlin at the end of January after condemning the Wehrmacht for attempting a similar breakout from East Prussia. He then returned to the far safer town of Pillau, "where he made a great show of organizing the marine evacuation using Kriegsmarine radio communications, before once more getting away himself" by escaping through this Baltic Sea port on 23 April 1945 on the icebreaker Ostpreußen. From Pillau through Hel Peninsula, Rügen, and Copenhagen he arrived at Flensburg, where he hid himself after unsuccessfully demanding that a U-boat take him to South America. He was captured by British forces in Hamburg in May 1949.

Trial and imprisonment
The Soviet Union demanded Koch's extradition, but the British government decided to pass him on to the Communist Polish government instead. On 14 January 1950 he was handed over by the British to a prison in Warsaw, the Mokotów Prison, where he remained imprisoned for another eight years before his trial began on 19 October 1958. He faced charges of war crimes for the extermination of 400,000 Poles, but was never indicted for his crimes in Ukraine.

Found guilty of these crimes, he was sentenced to death on 9 March 1959 by the district court in Warsaw for having planned, prepared and organized the mass murder of civilians.

His sentence was commuted to life imprisonment due to ill health, although many believe he was spared because the Soviets thought he possessed information about art looted by the Nazis during the war; in particular, information about the whereabouts of the Amber Room of Tsarskoye Selo palace near Leningrad which was dismantled on Koch's direct orders. The Soviets believed he had ordered parts of this famous room to be hidden on board the Wilhelm Gustloff cruise liner, which was torpedoed and sunk by the Soviets in the Baltic whilst evacuating German refugees from East Prussia in early 1945. Salvage attempts by both Soviet and Polish diving teams in the 1950s revealed no evidence to substantiate this theory.

Koch appeared in a television report on Königsberg's history in 1986, interviewed by West German journalists in his Polish prison cell. He remained unrepentant to the end, arguing that he would never have surrendered the city of Königsberg as "it was a matter of honour". He died shortly thereafter of natural causes in Barczewo prison (formerly Wartenburg in East Prussia) at the age of 90, as the last war criminal to serve a term in Poland. He was buried in an unmarked grave, at the local prison cemetery.

Koch and Christianity
Koch was one of the openly Christian Nazi party members. In addition to his political career, Koch was also the elected praeses of the Synod of the old-Prussian Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia. Although Koch gave preference to the Deutsche Christen Movement over traditional Protestantism, his contemporaries regarded Koch as a bona fide Christian, whose success in his church career could be attributed to his commitment to the Lutheran faith.

Koch officially resigned his church membership in 1943, but in his post-war testimony he stated: "I held the view that the Nazi idea had to develop from a basic Prussian-Protestant attitude and from Luther's unfinished Protestant Reformation." On the 450th anniversary of Luther's birth (10 November 1933), Koch spoke on the circumstances surrounding Luther's birthday. He implied that the Machtergreifung was an act of divine will and stated that both Luther and Hitler struggled in the name of belief.

It has been speculated that Koch's conflicts with Rosenberg and Darré had a religious element to them.

title: Erich Koch


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User talk:Erholmes

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Worker bee

A worker bee is any female bee that lacks the reproductive capacity of the colony's queen bee and carries out the majority of tasks needed for the functioning of the hive. While worker bees are present in all eusocial bee species, the term is rarely used (outside of scientific literature) for bees other than honey bees, particularly the European honey bee (Apis mellifera). Worker bees of this variety are responsible for approximately 80% of the world's crop pollination services.

Worker bees are the caste of bee that perform most of the fundamental tasks of the hive, and they are by far the most numerous type of bee. They are much smaller than drones or queen bees, with bodies specialized for nectar and pollen collection. They perform different tasks around the hive progressively over their lifespans in a predictable order based on their age.

Worker bees gather pollen in the pollen baskets on their back legs and carry it back to the hive where it is used as food for the developing brood. Pollen carried on their bodies may be transferred to another flower, where a small portion can rub off on the pistil, resulting in cross pollination. Nectar is sucked up through the proboscis, mixed with enzymes in the stomach, and carried back to the hive, where it is stored in wax cells and evaporated into honey.

Life cycle
Honey bee workers maintain the hive temperature in the critical brood area where new bees are hatched and raised. Workers must maintain the hive's brood chamber within a range of 34 - 36 C. If the chamber becomes too hot, the workers collect water or diluted nectar and deposit it around the hive, then fan the air with their wings to generate cooling by evaporation. If the chamber becomes too cold, worker bees can increase the temperature of their thoracic muscles using isometric contractions, pressing their warmed muscles against caps or walls of brood cells. In the wintertime, worker bees can cluster together to generate body heat to keep the brood area warm as external temperature decreases.

The life span of a worker bee fluctuates between the summer and winter months. In the summertime, worker bees typically only live two to six weeks compared to wintertime when workers can live up to 20 weeks. The reason for this difference lies in interior physiological processes that worker bees experience, and external factors, such as bees not leaving the relative safety of the hive during the colder winter months. Worker bees are exposed to a lot more risks during the summer months when they leave the hive to forage, and therefore have a shorter relative lifespan.

Honey bees begin as an egg laid by the queen in the brood nest, located near the center of the hive. Worker eggs are laid in smaller cells compared to drone eggs, and will hatch after three days into a larva. Nurse bees feed it royal jelly for three days, followed by pollen and honey for about two more days until the cell is capped by worker bees. The larva spins itself into a cocoon and becomes an inactive pupa. During this 10-day stage, the bee begins to develop features such as eyes, wings, legs and other features that adult bees possess. After this 21 day developmental period, the adult bee will chew through its wax cap and cocoon and emerge into the hive as a fully grown bee, immediately beginning its roles in the hive.

Progression of tasks
Through the lifecycle of a worker bee, she will take on many different roles within the hive, depending on how old she is and how long she has been working in the hive. The exact number of days she spends at each task depends on the requirements of the hive, however there is an estimated number of days each worker bee will spend at each task.

Cell cleaning (days 1–2)
Brood cells must be cleaned before the next use. Worker bees in the cleaning phase perform this cleaning. Cells are inspected by the queen and if unsatisfactory, they will not be used. If the cells are not clean, the worker bee must repeat the cleaning process.

Nurse bees (days 3–12)
Nurse bees feed the worker larvae worker jelly, which is secreted from glands that produce royal jelly. On days 6–12, nurse bees feed royal jelly, rich in vitamins, to the queen larva and drones. Drones receive worker jelly for 1 to 3 days until they are started on a diet of honey.

Queen attendants (days 7-11)
Queen attendants take care of the queen by feeding and grooming her. After coming into contact with the queen, the attendants spread queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) throughout the hive, which is a signal to the rest of the bees that the hive still has a viable queen.

Wax production (days 13–18)
Wax bees build cells from wax, repair old cells, and store nectar and pollen brought in by other workers. Early in the worker's career, she exudes wax from the space between her abdominal segments. Four sets of wax glands, situated inside the last four ventral segments of the abdomen, produce wax for comb construction.

Foraging bees (days 21–42)
The forager and scout bees travel up to 3 km to a nectar source, pollen source, or to collect propolis or water. Worker bees journey away from the hive around 10 times each day, with each trip lasting an hour.

Honey production
Worker bees collect nectar from flowers using their tubular mouth parts, and store it in their honey stomach. Enzymes proceed to break down the nectar into simple sugars. Back at the hive, the nectar is distributed to other worker bees who either distribute it to young bees or store it in honeycomb cells. Then, honey is produced by being further dehydrated via fanning then sealed with a wax cap, which prevents absorption of moisture from the air.

Drone feeding
Drones do not feed themselves when they are young; they are fed by workers and then when the drone bees get older they feed themselves from the honey supply.

Honeycomb building
Worker bees have eight pairs of wax glands under their abdomen from which they can create honeycomb. By chewing the wax, she mixes in her saliva, which adjusts the malleability of the wax and enables her to create each individual honeycomb cell. This process is repeated thousands of times to create comb in the hive, which will be used for honey production and brood space.

Pollen packing
Pollen brought into the hive for feeding the brood is also stored. It must be packed firmly into comb cells and mixed with a small amount of honey so that it will not spoil. Unlike honey, which does not support bacterial life, stored pollen will become rancid without proper care. It has to be kept in honey cells.

Propolizing
The walls of the hive are covered with a thin coating of propolis, a resinous substance obtained from plants. When workers add enzymes to the propolis, the combination has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Propolis is placed at the entrance of hives to aid in ventilation.

Some bees add excess mud to the mixture, making it geopropolis, such as in the bee Melipona scutellaris. Geopropolis displays antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity and has been proven to be a source of antibiofilm agents. It also presents selectivity against human cancer cell lines at low concentrations compared to normal cells.

Mortuary bees
Dead bees and failed larvae must be removed from the hive to prevent disease and allow cells to be reused. They will be carried some distance from the hive by mortuary bees.

Fanning bees
Worker bees fan the hive, cooling it with evaporated water. They direct airflow into the hive or out of the hive depending on need.

Water carriers
When the hive is in danger of overheating, these bees will obtain water, usually from within a short distance from the hive and bring it back to spread on the backs of fanning bees.

Guard bees
Guard bees will stand at the front of the hive entrance, defending it from any invaders such as wasps. The number of guards varies from season to season and from species to species. Entrance size and daily traffic also play an integral role in the number of guard bees present. Guard bees of the species Tetragonisca angustula and Schwarziana quadripunctata are examples of eusocial bees that have been observed hovering at their nest entrances, providing more protection against intruders.

Genetic characteristics
In most common bee species, worker bees are infertile due to enforced altruistic kin selection, and thus never reproduce. Workers are nevertheless considered female for anatomical and genetic reasons. Genetically, a worker bee does not differ from a queen bee and can even become a laying worker bee, but in most species will produce only male (drone) offspring. Whether a larva becomes a worker or a queen depends on the kind of food it is given after the first three days of its larval form.

Gut bacteria
The workers perform different behavioral tasks in the colony that cause them to be exposed to different local environments. The worker gut microbial community composition is found to be associated with the behavioral tasks they perform, therefore also with the local environment they are exposed to and the environmental landscape is shown to affect the gut microbial community (gut microbiota composition) of honey bees.

Stinger
The worker bee's stinger is a complex organ that allows a bee to defend itself and the hive from most mammals. Bee stings against mammals and birds typically leave the stinger embedded in the victim due to the structure of flesh and the stinger's barbs. In this case, the venom bulb stays with the stinger and continues to pump. The bee will die after losing its stinger, as the removal of the stinger and the venom bulb damages or removes other internal organs as well.

The barbs on the stinger will not catch on most animals besides mammals and birds, which means that such animals can be stung repeatedly by the same bee.

Other social bees
There are many types of eusocial bees, including bumble bees, stingless bees, some orchid bees, and many species of sweat bees, native to all continents except for Antarctica, that have workers. Workers in these other bee lineages do not show significant morphological differences from queens, other than coloration or a smaller average body size, though they are often quite different in their behavior from queens, and may or may not lay eggs. See the respective articles for these lineages for details.

title: Worker bee


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Talk:C. H. Douglas

Untitled
What was he a Major of? -FZ 18:30, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I don't think he was born in 1970--MBizon (talk) 23:12, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:C. H. Douglas


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Housebreaking

Housebreaking (American English) or house-training (British English) is the process of training a domesticated animal that lives with its human owners in a house or other residence to excrete (urinate and defecate) outdoors, or in a designated indoor area (such as an absorbent pad or a litter box), rather than to follow its instinctive behaviour randomly inside the house.

Around 840 million cats and dogs alone are owned as pets around the globe; and in the United States, seventy percent of households own a pet. The process requires patience and consistence from the human. Accidents are a part of the process, and if the pet's owner reacts negatively, it could be discouraged, and the success of the training might be delayed.

Dogs
The first step in housebreaking a puppy is creating a routine or schedule. Young puppies are not able to control their bladder as well as older dogs, and they should be taken out frequently. A general rule of thumb is that puppies can hold their bladder one hour for every month of age, but if you would prefer to bring them out every half hour or hour, you may be able to train very quickly. However, this is not necessary. When taking the puppy outside, its owner should take it to a designated spot every time. Using a word as they excrete, such as "outside" or "bathroom," can be used as a way to remind the puppy what to do in the future once they are trained. Rewarding the puppy after they are done excreting helps the puppy to recognize that outdoors is the proper place to urinate and defecate. It is also important to note that older animals, dogs in particular, can require just as much training and attention as puppies whenever they are introduced to a new home.

Punishing the dog for not responding well to training and making mistakes should be avoided. Punishment will make the animal anxious and confused and may cause a setback for the entire training process.

Crate training should be used when the human is not able to take the dog out within its scheduled time. The crate should be big enough for the puppy to be comfortable, but small enough for them to not want to excrete inside the crate.

One important part of housebreaking a pet, and dogs in particular, is to have preparations in place for periods of one's absence. Many pet owners focus a lot of their energies into housebreaking their pet and then have the results of their efforts undone when they are away from their pet. If another person cares for a pet when its owner is away, and has been accustomed to a particular place in the home as its toilet, its good toilet discipline is likely to last.

Cats
Housebreaking a kitten is different from housebreaking a puppy. A kitten's toilet area would be a litter box inside the house, rather than a particular spot outside the house. A cat's instinct is to excrete within a substrate, and then to scratch and dig to hide the excretion. Litter boxes support this natural behavior. There are several varieties of substrate for litter boxes, but according to most veterinarians, cats prefer a scent-free clumping clay substrate. Litter boxes, too, are available in different sizes and design - small, big, with walls, with a lid - and choosing a suitable one is important. Where the litter box will be located also matters: it should be in a quiet area so that the kitten would not feel agitated by the setting of its toilet area.

To introduce the kitten to its toilet area and acquaint it with the substrate, it should be placed in the prepared litter box. The kitten should be placed in the litter box again after it has eaten, as that is when its urge to excrete is the strongest. Most kittens take to litter boxes immediately if the substrate is to their liking. However, cats have different preferences, and some cats may prefer separate litter boxes for urine and feces.

While many people train their cat to use a litter box, cats can also be housebroken like a dog. However, this process requires more careful effort, and success depends also on the age of the cat.

title: Housebreaking


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Samla Mammas Manna

Samla Mammas Manna was a Swedish progressive rock band often characterized by virtuosic musicianship, circus references and silly humour, similar in many ways to the song-writing style of Frank Zappa. They were one of the founding members of the Rock in Opposition (RIO) movement in the late 1970s. In 1979 they were Fred Frith's backing band on his solo album, Gravity (1980). Musically, they bore a resemblance to the Canterbury scene.

The original line-up was Lars Hollmer (keyboards), Hasse Bruniusson (drums), Lars Krantz (bass) and Henrik Öberg (percussion). For Måltid, jazz fusion guitarist Coste Apetrea joined the group.

They were on the fringe of the Swedish political "progg" movement, although their lyrics were humorous and not explicitly political. The title of the album Klossa Knapitatet is a play on the Swedish phrase krossa kapitalet, a common slogan in the 1970s that means "crush the capital", and also the title of a seminal progg song by Blå Tåget, called "Staten och Kapitalet (Den ena handen vet vad den andra gör)". Some more serious elements of the progg movement were not amused by this frivolous attitude.

They spent a significant part of the 70s touring in Sweden, but also in other European countries.

The band underwent line-up and name changes over the years (they released albums as Zamla Mammaz Manna and von Zamla), reinventing their sound each time. In 1999, the band reformed under their original name for a one-off release entitled Kaka. In 2002 they reunited again, this time with Japanese musician Tatsuya Yoshida on drums, for some performances and their final album Dear Mamma. The band played their first concerts in the US in August 2003, in Chicago at Schuba's, and at the annual Progday festival in North Carolina.

In 2005 the band opened the international progressive rock festival that took place in Moscow, Russia, InProg 2005.

Hollmer died in December 2008.

Musical style
The musical style of Samla Mammas Manna has been described as a fusion of progressive rock and various national folk styles. This being the result of complex rhythms using instruments not commonly used in the rock genre including the marimba, bouzouki, veena, and accordion.

Having no direct political stand, being neither "a traditional Swedish folk group" nor, "a leftist folk-rock band" as stated by Andrew Jones in his book Plunderphonics, Pataphysics & Pop Mechanics: An Introduction to Musique Actuelle, they freely weaved in and out of the styles of both groups creating their own  unique sound.

Discography
as Samla Mammas Manna
 * Samla Mammas Manna (1971)
 * Måltid (1973)
 * Klossa Knapitatet (1974)
 * Snorungarnas symfoni (1976)
 * Kaka (1999)
 * Dear Mamma (2002)

as Zamla Mammaz Manna
 * För äldre nybegynnare (1977)
 * Schlagerns mystik (1978)
 * Familjesprickor (1980)

as von Zamla
 * Zamlaranamma (1982)
 * No Make Up! (1984)
 * ... 1983 (live) (1999)

title: Samla Mammas Manna