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Talk:Reduplication

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Idiotic name
Literally, it means 'quadruplication'.

Japanese
Does reduplication have anything to do with the large number of Japanese language double-words (e.g. gorogoro, sorosoro, potsupotsu, barabara, garagara, kurukuru, wakuwaku, pekopeko, isoiso, etc)?
 * It depends a little bit on your definition of reduplication, but in general, yes, surely. The article's definition and description is far too narrow, I'm planning on extending it to be more complete --Strangeloop (talk)  21:25, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I think there are two distinct categories of duplicated words in Japanese. Things like hitobito = people (hito = person) or hibi = days (hi = day) are clear examples of reduplication, complicated by rendaku, the way initial "h" turns into "b" in compounds. In these case the word that gets doubled has its own kanji. But then there are the words which don't have kanji and are even often written in katakana, which seem to be to be onomatopeia in the extended Japanese style, and often have associations of childishness. I'd say "pekopeko" (hungry), fuwafuwa (soft) and so on would fall into this category, which isn't really reduplication: for one thing the phrase that's doubled ("jiro", "fuwa" etc) doesn't have much distinct meaning of its own. This page is on the subject, although it doesn't seem to draw the same distinction that seems quite crisp to me. --AlexChurchill 11:53, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * As I said, it depends. I think it is useful to make language-internal (semantic) distinctions between words or word classes that show reduplication, like you do. But I think that a general description of reduplication would have to focus on what happens (i.e., duplicating (some part of) the word), because that seems to define the phenomenon. Lots of interesting semantic things happen in reduplication, and lots of word classes undergo the process; it would be good to mention all sorts of examples in the article, but one shouldn't ground the definition of the morphological process on this variation. So I would, for example, be reluctant to add the condition that the base should have a distinct meaning of its own. - Strangeloop (talk)  06:51, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thai
Can't believe that the duplication character used in Thai: ๆ is not mentioned. The full name of this character is: ไม้ยมก, and is pronounced maya-mok. Example word that uses this character is: ใกล้ ๆ, pronounced "glai-glai" which means "very near". 99.7.238.68 (talk) 21:45, 5 December 2011 (UTC)Gene Livingston

Reduplication in English?
Many informal or pejorative English forms like shilly-shally, mumbo-jumbo, hugger-mugger are often described in dictionary etymologies as formed by reduplication. The article's definition suggests only the possibility of conjugation/declension of a word, rather than creating new words. Is there some other technical name for the process at work in English? Joestynes 04:29, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * English also has exact reduplication which means something along the lines of "canonical example of" or "literal interpretation of." For example, if I were to say "My father used to have a pet lion" you might respond "He had a lion lion?", that is, did he actually have a literal lion as a pet, or did you mean something figurative?  You also see this in sentences like "Yeah, but do you like like her?" 128.135.226.181
 * I haven't got a thought-out opinion on your English examples (I remember reading some article about this sort of English forms, I'll try to dig it up), but surely reduplication is not confined to conjugation/declension of a word, or to grammatical functions only. I call it reduplication, but there you have the problem: we haven't got a very thorough definition of reduplication here. I think it's best to focus on the morphological aspect of reduplication, since that is what defines the phenomenon. If it is used in grammar or somewhere else is of course interesting, but it doesn't belong to the definition.
 * Many African language use reduplication extensively for all sorts of semantic nuances as well as grammatical tasks. Yoruba for example uses (partial) reduplication to add the notion of 'intensity' to an adjectival concept: rògòdò 'round and big' > rògòdò-dò 'very round and big' and gbèm 'heavy and soft' > gbèm-gbè 'very heavy and soft'.
 * I am planning a rewrite of this article soon, since I think it is a little too anecdotal and example-centered (does anyone know the meaning of 'wiki-wiki' in Hawaiian?). If anyone disagrees with me, just let me know. --Strangeloop (talk)  21:25, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * "wiki-wiki" means, as far as I know, "very fast" or "express" in Hawaiian. When you land in Honolulu and are about to depart the plane, the airplane staff instructs you that you need to take the "wiki wiki bus" (express bus) to get to the terminal.

 * "wiki" is a stative verb meaning to hurry, hasten. The reduplication "wiki-wiki" is translated as fast, speedy. From Hawaiian Dictionary by Pukui & Elbert. DaveDixon (talk) 19:10, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

 * the example given of Finnish slang seems quite similar to reduplication usage I would consider to be a part of commonly used English, at least here in the UK. I can't think of any examples, but as far as I can tell I would say that in English, the first instance of the redoubled word becomes an adjective that describes the following word as being literally true. To use the Finnish example (although i'm not sure if this would ever come up in English usage) "food food" would mean food that has the property of being literally real/proper food, as opposed to food that has some degree of fakeness about it - pretty similar to the Finnish. Can anyone think of any examples that would be more commonly used in English, and perhaps explain it a little better than I can? ;) --81.136.198.37 23:14, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * google gives Corpus of English contrastive focus reduplications which I also am too lazy to incorporate into the article. Joestynes 01:22, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'm amazing this article doesn't refer to "schm" reduplication! (Reduplication, schmeduplication.) Though I guess it might be more accurate to call it Yiddish reduplication than English reduplication... Somegeek 13:15, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * There is a separate article shm-reduplication. It's referred to and linked to in the "English reduplication" section. User:Angr 13:43, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I had performed a text search of the article for 'schm', my mistake. Somegeek 19:41, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

I'm not convinced that "walkie-talkie" is an example of reduplication. It's a rhyming foreshortening of "walk and talk," which was a novel concept in an era when radios where big and heavy and required high voltage power. See Walkie-talkie. DaveDixon (talk) 19:10, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

leipo and leloipa
Instead of using an irregular example of a Greek verb, shouldn't a more regular one like luw be substituted? E.g. luw to leluka in the perfect.
 * Maybe, although neither of them are very bright examples of reduplication. Probably we should look out for more prototypical examples of reduplication to use in the article.  — mark ✎ 15:38, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that leipo, leloipa is a fairly obvious example of IE reduplication; the irregularity comes from the fact that it also exhibits vowel gradation in the past stem. Perhaps this should be pointed out.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 19:55, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

organization suggestion
Hi.

I suggest that this page be organized into different redup. types. Maybe something like:

 * partial redup
 * total
 * prefixal
 * suffixal
 * internal
 * with or without non-iterative content
 * segmental redup (C, CV, CVC)
 * syllable/mora redup
 * etc. etc.

Also a survey of some of the common functions & meanings of reduplication, as it is often iconic in meaning.

I'll provide a bibliography later, in case folks are interested. peace - Ish ishwar 20:50, 2005 Mar 10 (UTC)

 * the list of examples is too long. needs pruning & moving to respective lang article.

 * someone needs to edit the function section. it's poor. – ishwar  (speak)  01:05, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Chinese reduplication
Currently the article mentions the following:
 * Mandarin Chinese also uses reduplication: 人 ren for "person", 人人 renren for "everybody". Japanese does it too: 時 toki "time", tokidoki 時々 "sometimes, from time to time". Note that in these languages reduplication is not a productive process, i. e. it's not part of a regular system.

I don't know about Japanese, but that last statement is not true for Chinese. Reduplication has become idiomatic for nouns such as 人, but it is productive for other parts of speech. Any measure word in Chinese can be reduplicated. For instance 枝, the measure word for stick-like objects, can be used in the following manner:
 * 一枝筆 = One pencil
 * 枝枝筆 = Every pencil

Reduplication is also productive for verbs as well. When verbs are reduplicated, it indicates a delimitative aspect. For instance:
 * 看看 (look look) = to have a little look
 * 討論討論 (discuss discuss) = to have a little chat

Lastly, reduplication in adjectives serves to emphasize the adjective. Is there a reason why the statement about reduplication as an unproductive process is there? Does it apply only to Japanese? --Umofomia 10:31, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Since there hasn't been any response in a week, I've removed the statement. --Umofomia 09:48, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

In Basque
For reduplication in Basque, see:
 * Larry Trask on m-reduplication.
 * LES ONOMATOPÉES RÉDUPLIQUÉES EN BASQUE SOULETIN, Jean-Baptiste / Battittu COYOS, UMR 5478 CNRS

Why "reduplication" when "duplication" would seem to be correct?
Given a word, "x", duplication would produce "x x". The prefix "re" has several meanings; undoing something (for example, a term familiar to Wikipedia, "revert"),or doing something again ("repeat"). Given "x" and its duplication generating "x x", it would be pointless for the "re" of "reduplication" to mean undo (thus generating the single "x") so it must mean to duplicate again (generating either "x x x" if you think only the original "x" is referenced or "x x x x" if the the result thus far is again duplicated).

The obvious question: Naming this process "duplication" would seem to be adequate, indeed logically correct. Why was it named "reduplication"? 69.106.255.221 (talk) 04:45, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Reduplication is just the standard linguistic term, and has been for some time. It seems redundant, but there are other words in English like that too. 71.82.211.210 (talk) 06:54, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * (edit May 24th: I eternally seem to be getting this confused. In fact it is the allophone that is the specific, and phoneme that is the abstract, the reverse of my comment here! —  r obbiemuﬃn  page  talk 14:28, 24 May 2008 (UTC)) Another one I think is like that is grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence, which almost always is really grapheme-to-allophone correspondence. —  r obbiemuﬃn  page  talk 20:30, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

 * 71.82.211.210 above is right: it is just the standard linguistic term at least since Pott's early comparative study of the phenomenon. See Pott, August Friedrich. 1862. Doppelung (Reduplikation, Gemination): Als eines der wichtigsten Bildungsmittel der Sprache, beleuchtet aus sprachen aller Welttheile. Meyer. — mark ✎ 09:15, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * If the standard term is logically wrong, why is it the standard term? And if the term "duplication" is "occasionally used," then why can't we use it as the name of the page? I am preparing some material for students, and it seems ridiculous and counterproductive to teach them about "reduplication." 188.239.0.177 (talk) 23:58, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

 * If you call it duplication, your students will be confused when they read anyone else's terms. 2620:15C:8:0:DFF4:1E9E:9279:181E (talk) 21:09, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The term "reduplication" is very firmly established in the literature. The logic of using the term "duplication" is clear, but it is the purpose of Wikipedia to report and explain the topic, not to try to change established terminology (even if the change might seem logical). So, the term "reduplication" must be maintained in this article. Pete unseth (talk) 14:25, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

Hebrew
Hebrew language also has some examples:

par (פר) - Bull parpar (פרפר) - Butterfly

gal (גל) - Wave galgal (גלגל) - Wheel

tzar (צר) - Narrow tzartzar (צרצר) - cricket

 * These seem like they might be coincidences rather than reduplications, as the meanings of the single and double terms don't appear to be related. RCTN (talk) 19:51, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

 * There are similar ones in Arabic. If you look at the root carefully, sometimes you can find the connection (I'm speaking of the untrained eye of course). However, the words have become very independent of each other and people use them as sperate words. I don't know if they are considered reduplications. Examples of the Arabic would be:

 * sal (سل) to pull a sword out of it's pocket > salsal (سلسل) to make a chain

 * qal (قل) to become little (in number or amount) > qalqal (قلقل) to become unstable

 * Sar (صر) to make a squeaking sound > SurSur (صُرصُر) cricket > also SarSar (صَرصَر) whistling wind
 * --Mahaodeh (talk) 03:00, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

kookoo (קוקו) - crazy (person) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.1.52.21 (talk) 00:59, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

There oought to be a section added on reduplication in Semitic languages. In Semitic, we find reduplication of at least the following sorts, using numerals for radical consonants: 123 -> 1223 123 -> 12323
 * 12 -> 1212 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pete unseth (talk • contribs) 22:45, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Is reduplication responsible for the biblical phrases usually translated in the forms "Song of Songs" or "King of Kings?" This seems to match the exemplary or intensifying sense seen in the current examples. RCTN (talk) 19:51, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Polish
I have used, and heard some other people use Finnish style reduplication (meaning 'genuine') in Polish. This is rather coincidence and not Finnish influence.--80.52.185.234 (talk) 07:33, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Words in category:Reduplicants
The following words in Category:Reduplicants are not currently mentioned in the article. I list them here as suggestions for inclusion if they are linguistically significant.
 * Rongorongo (Oceania)
 * Beriberi (Sinhalese)
 * Bling-bling (an example in modern English language)
 * Chin Chin and Puff Puff (Nigerian fried foods)
 * Hunguhungu (Central America)
 * Khoikhoi (Bushmen)
 * Mai-Mai (Congo)
 * Mau Mau Uprising (Kenya)
 * Piri piri (Mozambique?)
 * Toyi-toyi (Zimbabwe)
 * Yorta Yorta (Australia)

Category:Double-named places also has reduplicated places from several areas of the world.

If the members of these categories are added to this article or made into new lists, then they may be speedily deleted; see CFD 20008 June 11. - Fayenatic (talk) 15:05, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

redlink Morphological Doubling Theory

 * Morphological Doubling Theory Ling.Nut (talk) 05:36, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Chinese II
Do nicknames / proper nouns count? In Chinese, it's common practice (at least among my wife's extended family) that people are called by their first name (first syllable of a typically three-syllable name), but doubled. For example, a person named Gao Ze Xin would be called Xin Xin by his family and friends. Should this kind of thing be mentioned in the article? — Loadmaster (talk) 15:38, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Sure, if it can be sourced. It's actually very common in European languages too (Lulu, Dodo, Mimi, etc.) +Angr 15:45, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Indo-Aryan (and Dravidian) languages
This section is extremely overly-simplified and not accurate. Here are some good examples soecific to Hindi:

हरेक लड़के को एक एक रूपया दो | harek laDke ko ek ek rupiya do. ek = one and saying ek ek doesn't mean "one one" but instead becomes "one to each". from this book: http://www.amazon.com/Teach-Yourself-Complete-Course-Package/dp/0071414126/ref=dp_cp_ob_b_title_2 page 210

Other good examples are कभी kabhi by itself means "often" but कभी कभी kabhi kabhi means "sometimes".

When adjectives are concerned, reduplication of said adjective makes a bigger meaning, i.e. बड़ी बड़ी आँखें baDi baDi aankhe.n means "really big eyes", whereas बड़ी आँखें baDi aankhe.n just means "big eyes".

Finally, I'm not sure if this is reduplication, but there is also the case of इश्क विश्क ishq vishq. इश्क ishq by itself means romantic love, and विश्क by itself has no meaning. Together, इश्क विश्क ishq vishq denotes a negative feeling towards romantic love (as in the English phrase money-schmoney denotes "who needs money").

I'd edit the Wikipedia page except I'm not sure how to pull Hindi out from under the Indo-Aryan title without totally messing up the feel of the article. I hope what I wrote made sense. :) 70.240.26.119 (talk) 05:53, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Oh and finally, why are we lumping Dravidian languages in with Indo-Aryan languages? The two are not at all related except for some Sanskrit that was shared from the Indo-Aryans to the Dravidians. It's almost like lumping Romanian and Hungarian together in a language article because the two countries are neighbors, despite the fact that Romanian is based off Latin and Hungarian is a Uralic language and is close to Finnish and Siberian, but has no relationship with Romanian whatsoever except for a few words shared between the two over the years http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages 70.240.26.119 (talk) 16:05, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Reduplication in Sanskrit
A whole new sections could be added for reduplication in Sanskrit. More than any other language Indo-European or otherwise, Sanskrit demonstrates the use of reduplication in abundance. The third conjugation of verbs (juhotyAdi) - dA - dadAti, dhA - dadhAti etc. Perfect past tense - vac - uvAca, gam - jagAma, bhU - babhUva etc Desideratives - pA - pipAsA, j~na - jij~nAsA Frequentiatives - suShupti —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.218.103.41 (talk) 15:38, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Why "tohu wabohu" may be reduplication and not merely rhyme
Hebrew תֹ֙הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ (tohu wabohu) is usually rendered in English as "formless and void". The reason that this phrase may be an example of reduplication, and not merely of rhyme, is that "bohu" appears not to have any other meaning, and does not appear anywhere else in the Hebrew bible, except in this single phrase. (This is all explained, with cites, at tohu wa-bohu.) It is possible, then, that "bohu" is a nonsense word, added as a reduplication to intensify the sense of "tohu", which means "vain" or "empty". This is why I added the phrase to this article.

Does this make sense? Is it plausible? Does "tohu wabohu" seem more like an appropriate addition now? Does anyone have any further thoughts?

Thanks, —Mark Dominus (talk) 01:27, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I would not include "tohu wabohu" under "Reduplication". Echo words (also called other titles), are arguably a different phenomenon. It would be much more interesting if you could cite other similar examples from Hebrew, not just a singleton. Pete unseth (talk) 22:57, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Okay, thanks. —Mark Dominus (talk) 13:55, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

A word to check

 * hald "I hold" vs. haíhald (hĕhald) "I/he held"

I never saw Latin, Greek or PIE word ending in -ld. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.184.79.250 (talk) 15:16, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

Is "gigantic" an English example?
You'd think the adjective formed from "giant" would be "giantic" or something like that - Virginia-American (talk) 03:42, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

 * No. "gigas" was the Latin word for giant, which had the instrumental case form "gigantem". The /g/-->[j]/V_V (the intervocalic /g/ became /j/) in the romance language English borrowed the noun from (old French) so /gigantem/-->gijantem and then /gijant/ once the case system ended, but English borrowed the adjective "gigantic" from Latin in the 1610s, so it appears with an intervocalic /g/. "Gigantic" replaced the original English adjective "giantlike" from the 1570s. I might be oversimplifying the phonological rule /g/-->[j]/V_V but it describes the gist of things. Brianc26 (talk) 21:50, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't it have been the  before the high front vowel going from /ɡ/ to /dʒ/ (i.e. /ɡiɡantem/ to /dʒiɡantem/)? Jimp 12:54, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

Other Austronesian languages...
Languages of SE Asia should not be listed in the same sub category as Austronesian languages (the languages of mainland SE Asia are mostly not in the Austronesian family).

There needs to also be significantly more Austronesian language examples. I will add in one from Tagalog, and another from Ilokano in a few days, but I know the process occurs in all austronesian languages for things like verb intensity, verbal aspect, plurality (in some), and even validity (e.g. in Ilonggo bilay=house bilay-bilay=fake house; maestro=teacher, maestro-maestro=pretend teacher).

Basically, that section needs expansion... Brianc26 (talk) 05:10, 11 June 2013 (UTC)

MORE IMPORTANTLY (I just noticed this):

Austronesian languages are listed under Austro-Asiatic languages and in fact the Austronesian languages are an entirely different family... It would be like listing Indo-European languages as part of the Finno-Ugaritic family. Austronesian and Austo-Asiatic have confusingly similar names, and coexist geographically in South East Asia, but they are not established to belong to one language family. The locations of their proto languages are also fairly far apart... Proto-Austronesian was spoken on Taiwan, whereas the Proto-Mon-Khmer language probably was spoken thousands of miles away in mainland Asia.

Brianc26 (talk) 05:20, 11 June 2013 (UTC)

Never mind. My fonts were just appearing weird for a moment... The austronesian languages still need more examples Brianc26 (talk) 05:22, 11 June 2013 (UTC)

Mongolian duplication
,. I think this might help. Komitsuki (talk) 06:25, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 4 one external links on Reduplication. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130708124706/http://odur.let.rug.nl/~gilbers/onderwijs/klankleer/K1college9/K1COL9.PPT to http://odur.let.rug.nl/~gilbers/onderwijs/klankleer/K1college9/K1COL9.PPT
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130806230911/http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts/mll/linguistics/exercises/morpho.html to http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts/mll/linguistics/exercises/morpho.html
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091211010443/http://www.african.gu.se:80/aa/pdfs/aa02004.pdf to http://www.african.gu.se/aa/pdfs/aa02004.pdf

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Walkie-talkie
Is walkie-talkie really an example? The point of the thing is that it's mobile, i.e. you can walk with it, and you can talk to people with it. So, both the walkie and the talkie bits have their own meaning. It's not just a willy-nilly addition of some rhyming word. Jimp 12:44, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

Adding a more literal translation is apparently vandalism
Regarding this revert: How is translating Eerst bla-bla, dan boem-boem to its English formal equivalent First blah-blah, then boom-boom vandalism? --Damian Yerrick (talk) 19:52, 6 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Resolved in this edit. Thank you. --Damian Yerrick (talk) 03:00, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

Reduplication in Korean
Reduplication is used in Korean. These papers have some examples: http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/1074-0510/1074-KIM-0-0.PDF http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/636-1203/636-KIM-0-0.PDF

I wonder if this really counts but they also say "다음 다음" or "다다음" for "next next" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.216.120.167 (talk) 21:00, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

References and citations
I came here to fix problems reported by the parser migration tool (this message refers) but noticed that there were lots of inconsistencies and a few problems with the references. Many of these are fixed in the recent series of edits. Apart from a few copy edits en passant there are no intentional content changes.

What is the status of the remaining citations in the References section? Have they been added to support the content or are they really "further reading"? --Mirokado (talk) 01:08, 23 April 2018 (UTC)

Three-part ablaut
This is a real thing for which examples were provided. Why has it been removed repeatedly with no justification? --198.27.189.162 (talk) 22:17, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

Intro
Why the heck does this article start with an example from the Pingapelese language, which nobody has probably ever heard of? This article is in English, it should start with an English example! General to specific!!Hwfr (talk) 23:30, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Because English does not make for a good example of reduplication. It's better to use a language where reduplication is a productive grammatical process rather than something used rarely in informal expressions. Looking at it this way the article DOES go from the general to the specific.--Megaman en m (talk) 07:31, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I just added "so-so" and "ticky-tacky" to the English examples. If I were more enterprising, I'd rework the lede to include some English language ablaut reduplications as an immediate way to give the reader a practical idea of what reduplications entail. Meanwhile, I suggest you have at it. --Kent Dominic·(talk) 14:33, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

Couscous
What about Couscous, a food? MountVic127 (talk) 04:56, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

Please add a section explaining why it's called "reduplication" instead of "duplication"
Please add a section explaining why it's called "reduplication" instead of "duplication" 24.181.129.253 (talk) 19:10, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

duplifix
The box at the top labeled "Affixes" includes "duplifix". "Duplifix" is redirected to this page. But other than its appearance in the "Affixes" box, there's no other reference to duplifix on this page. If duplifix is an alternate word for reduplication, it should at least be mentioned on this page, possibly in the opening sentence: "In linguistics, reduplication (sometimes called duplifix)..." Omc (talk) 16:35, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

Australian indigenous languages
Not a linguist here, but - koori languages appear to use reduplcation to turn a word into a proper noun, or to apply the definite article to it. Multiple place names in Australia: Gin-gin, Wagga-wagga. Saw on TV once a story about a dude who was bitten multiple times by snakes and survived (probably dry bites, but whatever), whom the locals dubbed "Devil-devil man". 203.13.3.90 (talk) 00:36, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reduplication


text:
Talk:John Kerry/First Wound

 * 1) It should be stated that Kerry recieved a purple heart.
 * 2) His crewmates assertion that he was injured, but by what they do not know.
 * 3) The doctors statement that he was injured, and that he thought it could have been from a mortar round.
 * 4) That the Kerry campaign asserts that the doctor in question never had any contact with Kerry.
 * 5) That the Kerry campaign has not released any record that indicates he was treated for injury

Here are articles with supporting facts for both sides of the arguement:

Now, remember that most of these sources are biased, so be objective!

Most of the carping seems to me to be about trivia -- Kerry opponents who are desperate for a basis to attack him can't deny that he was in Vietnam, that he came under fire, that he was wounded more than once, that he was decorated, etc., so they try to raise phony questions about what color underwear the treating physician was wearing. (Now, before anyone accuses me of being snide, let me make clear that I know no one has raised that particular point -- at least not yet. I'm exaggerating for effect.  It's not snideness, it's a recognized literary technique known as hyperbole.)  I'm not impressed by the evidence they've offered, but rather than waste a lot of time arguing about it, or working out a finely calibrated presentation of every minute item than anyone can think of to quarrel about, I think it would be simpler to finesse many of the contested points. Case in point: the shrapnel. There's documentary evidence that the doctor removed it. Rex speculates that maybe Kerry removed it. I think the evidence supports the former viewpoint, but, in the interest of not spending eternity arguing about this foolishness, I'm willing to let Rex's persistence pay off to the extent of some unwarranted weakening of the narration. We can simply say that the shrapnel was removed. We'll just have to leave it vague whether it was removed by Kerry, the doctor, or the Shrapnel Fairy. (That snideness isn't mine. It's a reference to a snide comment Hawkeye Pierce made in an episode of M*A*S*H.) JamesMLane 02:18, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:John Kerry/First Wound


text:
Maximum modulus principle

In mathematics, the maximum modulus principle in complex analysis states that if $$f$$ is a holomorphic function, then the modulus $$|f|$$ cannot exhibit a strict maximum that is strictly within the domain of $$f$$.

In other words, either $$f$$ is locally a constant function, or, for any point $$z_0$$ inside the domain of $$f$$ there exist other points arbitrarily close to $$z_0$$ at which $$|f|$$ takes larger values.

Formal statement
Let $$f$$ be a holomorphic function on some connected open subset $$D$$ of the complex plane $$\mathbb{C}$$ and taking complex values. If $$z_0$$ is a point in $$D$$ such that
 * $$|f(z_0)|\ge |f(z)|$$

for all $$z$$ in some neighborhood of $$z_0$$, then $$f$$ is constant on $$D$$.

This statement can be viewed as a special case of the open mapping theorem, which states that a nonconstant holomorphic function maps open sets to open sets: If $$|f|$$ attains a local maximum at $$z$$, then the image of a sufficiently small open neighborhood of $$z$$ cannot be open, so $$f$$ is constant.

Related statement
Suppose that $$D$$ is a bounded nonempty connected open subset of $$\mathbb{C}$$. Let $$\overline{D}$$ be the closure of $$D$$. Suppose that $$f \colon \overline{D} \to \mathbb{C}$$ is a continuous function that is holomorphic on $$D$$. Then $$|f(z)|$$ attains a maximum at some point of the boundary of $$D$$.

This follows from the first version as follows. Since $$\overline{D}$$ is compact and nonempty, the continuous function $$|f(z)|$$ attains a maximum at some point $$z_0$$ of $$\overline{D}$$. If $$z_0$$ is not on the boundary, then the maximum modulus principle implies that $$f$$ is constant, so $$|f(z)|$$ also attains the same maximum at any point of the boundary.

Minimum modulus principle
For a holomorphic function $$f$$ on a connected open set $$D$$ of $$\mathbb{C}$$, if $$z_0$$ is a point in $$D$$ such that
 * $$0 < |f(z_0)| \le |f(z)|$$

for all $$z$$ in some neighborhood of $$z_0$$, then $$f$$ is constant on $$D$$.

Proof: Apply the maximum modulus principle to $$1/f$$.

Using the maximum principle for harmonic functions
One can use the equality

 * $$\log f(z) = \ln |f(z)| + i\arg f(z)$$

for complex natural logarithms to deduce that $$ \ln |f (z) | $$ is a harmonic function. Since $$z_0$$ is a local maximum for this function also, it follows from the maximum principle that $$| f (z) | $$  is constant. Then, using the Cauchy–Riemann equations we show that $$f'(z)$$ = 0, and thus that $$f(z)$$ is constant as well. Similar reasoning shows that $$ | f (z) | $$  can only have a local minimum (which necessarily has value 0) at an isolated zero of $$f(z)$$.

Using Gauss's mean value theorem
Another proof works by using Gauss's mean value theorem to "force" all points within overlapping open disks to assume the same value as the maximum. The disks are laid such that their centers form a polygonal path from the value where $$f(z)$$ is maximized to any other point in the domain, while being totally contained within the domain. Thus the existence of a maximum value implies that all the values in the domain are the same, thus $$f(z)$$ is constant.

===Using Cauchy's Integral Formula === As $$D$$ is open, there exists $$\overline{B}(a,r)$$ (a closed ball centered at $$a \in D$$ with radius $$r>0$$) such that $$\overline{B}(a,r) \subset D$$. We then define the boundary of the closed ball with positive orientation as $$\gamma(t)=a+re^{it}, t \in [0,2\pi]$$. Invoking Cauchy's integral formula, we obtain

 * $$ 0 \leq \int_{0}^{2\pi} |f(a)|-| f(a+re^{it})| \,dt \leq 0 $$

For all $$t \in [0,2\pi]$$, $$| f(a) |-| f(a+re^{it}) | \geq 0$$, so $$| f(a)|=| f(a+re^{it}) |$$. This also holds for all balls of radius less than $$r$$ centered at $$a$$. Therefore, $$f(z)=f(a)$$ for all $$z \in \overline{B}(a,r)$$.

Now consider the constant function $$g(z)=f(a)$$ for all $$z \in D$$. Then one can construct a sequence of distinct points located in $$\overline{B}(a,r)$$ where the holomorphic function $$g-f$$ vanishes. As $$\overline{B}(a,r)$$ is closed, the sequence converges to some point in $$\overline{B}(a,r) \in D$$. This means $$f-g$$ vanishes everywhere in $$D$$ which implies $$f(z)=f(a)$$ for all $$z \in D$$.

Physical interpretation
A physical interpretation of this principle comes from the heat equation. That is, since $$ \log | f(z) | $$ is harmonic, it is thus the steady state of a heat flow on the region $$D$$. Suppose a strict maximum was attained on the interior of $$D$$, the heat at this maximum would be dispersing to the points around it, which would contradict the assumption that this represents the steady state of a system.

Applications
The maximum modulus principle has many uses in complex analysis, and may be used to prove the following:
 * The fundamental theorem of algebra.
 * Schwarz's lemma, a result which in turn has many generalisations and applications in complex analysis.
 * The Phragmén–Lindelöf principle, an extension to unbounded domains.
 * The Borel–Carathéodory theorem, which bounds an analytic function in terms of its real part.
 * The Hadamard three-lines theorem, a result about the behaviour of bounded holomorphic functions on a line between two other parallel lines in the complex plane.

title: Maximum modulus principle


text:
SAIC-GM

SAIC General Motors Corporation Limited (commonly known as SAIC-GM; ) is a joint venture between General Motors Company and SAIC Motor. The company was founded in 1997 as Shanghai General Motors Company Ltd or Shanghai GM. Headquartered in Shanghai, the company manufactures and sells Chevrolet, Buick, and Cadillac brand automobiles in Mainland China, and exports its cars to several overseas markets.

History
SAIC-GM was founded on June 12, 1997, with 50% investment each from each partner. SAIC-GM began assembling the venture's first vehicle, the Buick Regal, in Shanghai, China in April 1999. This later followed with the Chinese-built Buick GL8 minivan which was a Chinese-exclusive vehicle and was not offered in the United States and Canada.

By 2003, China became the second largest single market for General Motors, selling 201,188 vehicles, an 81.6% percent increase over the previous year. In that year SAIC-GM achieved a 13% market share in mainland China, second only to Volkswagen Group China among foreign carmakers. Sales dropped in 2004 when the company retired the Buick Sail and the release of its replacement, the Chevrolet Sail, was delayed to February 2005, knocking General Motors Shanghai to seventh place in mainland China market share. SAIC-GM market share climbed back to nearly 9.8 percent, placing SAIC-GM among the top three passenger car manufacturers in mainland China.

In June 2004, the Cadillac brand was introduced to China then in January 2005, the Chevrolet brand was launched.

In May 2005 SAIC-GM completed construction of a new assembly plant, the South Plant, at its facility in eastern Shanghai's Pudong district, more than doubling its annual production capacity to 320,000 vehicles.

SAIC-GM was the top passenger vehicle producer in China in 2006, with sales of 413,400 vehicles. In 2011, SAIC-GM sold 1,200,355 vehicles in the Chinese market. SAIC-GM is the largest joint venture GM has in China.

In February 2010, SAIC acquired an additional 1 percent stake in the joint venture for US$85 million and assistance in securing a US$400 million line of credit to boost SAIC's total share of SAIC-GM to 51%. In April 2012, GM regained 50% control of the joint venture.

Exports
In September 2006, General Motors launched the Chevrolet Corsa Plus in Chile built by SAIC-GM, an export version of the first-generation Chevrolet Sail which in turn is a version of the 4-door Opel Corsa with a 1.6-liter engine. It is the first export market to receive a vehicle manufactured by SAIC-GM.

In 2010, SAIC-GM started exporting the second-generation Chevrolet Sail to Latin American markets, starting with Chile. The third-generation Sail or Aveo, also built by SAIC-GM, was exported to Mexico and the Caribbean since 2017 until 2023, when SAIC-GM-Wuling took over the development and production of the Sail/Aveo.

In 2016, General Motors started importing the Buick Envision into the US from China. The Envision is built by SAIC-GM at its Dongyue Motors plant. Buick expected to sell 40,000 to 50,000 units of the Envision annually in North America.

Since 2020, SAIC-GM also exports the Chevrolet Equinox to Uzbekistan. SAIC-GM also assisted UzAuto Motors, the largest Uzbek automaker formerly known as GM Uzbekistan to produce Chevrolet vehicles such as the Onix.

Related businesses
SAIC and GM also operated other joint ventures, including:

 * Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center Co., Ltd. (PATAC), an engineering services and research and development (R&D) operations centered in China
 * Shanghai OnStar Telematics Co., Ltd that operates OnStar services in China
 * SAIC General Motors Sales Co., Ltd., a national sales company. GM China has a 49 percent stake and SAIC a 51 percent stake.
 * SAIC-GMAC Automotive Finance Co., Ltd. (SAIC-GMAC), a financing arm
 * Shanghai Chengxin Used Car Operation and Management Co., Ltd., a joint venture established by GM China, SAIC-GM and SAIC subsidiary Shanghai Automotive Industry Sales Co. Ltd.
 * SAIC-GM-Wuling, a separate manufacturing and sales joint venture using Wuling and Baojun brands

Buick

 * Electra E4
 * Electra E5
 * Enclave
 * Encore Plus
 * Envista
 * Envision S
 * GL8
 * LaCrosse
 * Regal
 * Regal GS
 * Velite 6
 * Verano

Cadillac

 * CT4
 * CT5
 * CT6
 * GT4
 * Lyriq
 * Optiq
 * XT4
 * XT5
 * XT6

Chevrolet

 * Menlo
 * Onix
 * Monza
 * Malibu XL
 * Camaro RS
 * Tracker
 * Trailblazer
 * Blazer
 * Equinox
 * Silverado
 * Colorado
 * Equinox EV

Buick

 * Enclave
 * Excelle XT
 * Encore
 * Excelle
 * Excelle GT
 * Excelle GX
 * Envision
 * GL6
 * New Century
 * Park Avenue
 * Roadmaster
 * Royaum
 * Velite 5
 * Velite 7
 * Verano Hatch/GS

Cadillac

 * ATS
 * ATS-L
 * CTS
 * Escalade
 * Fleetwood Brougham
 * Fleetwood
 * SLS
 * SRX
 * XLR
 * XTS

Chevrolet

 * Aveo
 * Caprice Classic
 * Captiva
 * Cavalier
 * Corsica
 * Corvette (C4)
 * Corvette (C6)
 * Corvette (C7)
 * Cruze
 * Epica
 * Epica II
 * Lova
 * Lova RV
 * Lumina APV
 * Malibu
 * Orlando
 * Sail
 * Spark
 * Trax

title: SAIC-GM


text:
Talk:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen

Appearance
Remarkable not to find a word aobut his flamboyant style and appearance (not sure if "dress sense" is quite the right word), one of the things he's best known for. Surely there should be something about that. Also a pic if at all possible. Flapdragon 13:25, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Jewish
Is he really Jewish? What is the source? HustonJMarble 19:41, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

On the programme "Pilgrimage" which began on BBC Two tonight (Friday 8 April 2922) he was described as a Pagan. YTKJ (talk) 21:07, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

Fictional death
He appears as himself in season three of The League of Gentlemen, his character dying in a traffic accident. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.103.177.191 (talk) 01:59, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Llewelyn.
Have I missed something? Where does the Llewelyn come into the name? Brakn (talk) 21:16, 29 September 2008 (UTC)
 * How do you mean? As far as I know, Llewelyn-Bowen is the full surname, with a hyphen (or space) in it.  According to this article, Llewelyn-Bowen was his father's surname as well, though this Wikipedia article says otherwise, and his wife calls herself Mrs. Llewelyn-Bowen.  I haven't found anything about his middle name. Leena (talk) 06:31, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

I thought it might be interesting to find out where the Llewelyn come into the family. His family tree was on "Who Do You Think You Are" last night and there was no mention of it.

Laurence was registered at birth as Bowen as was his brother Edward. His father's birth was registered as Trevor L. Bowen and according to his death his middle name was Llewellyn (4 Ls). He was married as Trefor L. Bowen.

Was the LLewellyn- bit just a middle name that joined with the surname Bowen? Brakn (talk) 09:40, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

He was called Laurence Bowen, without the Llewelyn while at Alleyn's School. Camayoc (talk) 21:32, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

In 2020 he made a cameo appearance in a video by YouTuber Max Fosh about roundabouts, where he copied the dance of an 18ft inflatable man. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ItzPlayer (talk • contribs) 15:38, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

Commercial Links
A link to his books on amazon? A link to his commercial sites? I'm removing them because they look like blatant advertising. If anyone disagrees, feel free to revert. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.97.110.64 (talk) 22:33, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Jim Bowen?
The article states that LLB is related to the late comedian Jim Bowen. Is there a citation for this? Jim Bowen is a stage name (his real name is James Brown Whittaker > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bowen — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.166.53.253 (talk) 16:47, 26 September 2018 (UTC)

Welsh?
Obviously his ancestry is, but there's nothing on his upbringing here. He also sounds 'terribly' English. 90.219.192.70 (talk) 16:11, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

Welsh is not a nationality. I changed his nationality to what it is - British —Preceding unsigned comment added by Realtóg (talk • contribs) 16:26, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Should be British, he was born and raised in England - And he's terribly snobby-English. I don't think the Welsh want him, I'll relieve them from their care :P --Τασουλα (Shalom!) (talk) 20:45, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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'I Became The First YouTuber To Buy A Roundabout, Max Fosh'
I've noticed that under Guest Appearances the bulletpoint 'I Became The First YouTuber To Buy A Roundabout, Max Fosh' has been added. I'm not entirely sure if that would be notable enough for it to be included - on other wikipages about other people who have made appearances in YouTube videos it has not been added. Fixing26 (talk) 16:13, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

 * It has 1.2 million views, probably way more than the other two Guest Appearances. I'd say it is very notable. Digial (talk) 14:58, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I second Digials opinion.
 * I have not yet heard of Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen, but I learned about him through the YouTube Video, wich, with 1.25 Million views is quite notable I'd say.
 * So I think it is a rather important point, falling under "Other appearances within pop-culture".
 * Pretty sure more people have seen him in the video than his cameo in the book... Guppynm (talk) 23:07, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Why is it not here? It is certainly notable. Hence I third Digials opinion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.122.187.161 (talk) 17:56, 11 August 2022 (UTC)
 * There's no reliable source to indicate that's a notable appearance, so no, it will not be added. OhNo itsJamie Talk 18:49, 11 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The video is right there on the internet, with the view count clearly visible to literally everyone. Compare that to television networks publishing what are at best rough estimates of viewer counts that are still far lower than those of the video. How much more "reliable" could you possibly need? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.246.60.215 (talk) 08:23, 29 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't understand how that is not a notable appearance seeing as I literally just stumbled upon this page after watching Max Fosh's video having never heard of Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen before? Can you explain? 91.125.224.85 (talk) 22:08, 24 November 2022 (UTC)
 * As others have pointed out, it is completely nonsensical to not count the 1st party source as a reliable source.
 * If this guy himself is notable, then his appearance in popular media with a view count of currently more than 1.7 million is too. Kongen af fodbold (talk) 23:03, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen


text:
Volkswagen Group China

Volkswagen Group China (VGC; 大众汽车(中国)) is the Chinese subsidiary of the German automotive concern Volkswagen Group in the People's Republic of China.

Volkswagen Group China enjoyed annual sales of around 3.14 million cars (as of 2017) in the Chinese market and is the largest car brand in China by sales. The Chinese market is Volkswagen's largest market, accounting for around 50% of Volkswagen's global sales in 2021. Operations of Volkswagen in China include the production, sales and services of whole cars, parts and components, engines and transmission systems, and the sales and service of imported cars. The company's locally manufactured and imported vehicles are sold under various brand names such as Volkswagen, Audi, Škoda, Bentley, and Lamborghini in China.

Volkswagen Group China is the largest, earliest, and the most successful international partner in China's automotive industry. It started its connection with China as early as in 1978, and has been taking the leading position in the Chinese automotive market for more than 25 years. Its first joint venture in China, Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd., was established in October 1984. This joint venture, now called SAIC Volkswagen. was in the process of building an electric-car plant in Anting, near Shanghai by late 2018; it was expected to make 300,000 e-vehicles per year, starting in 2020.

The second joint venture, FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company Ltd. was established in Changchun in February 1991. It manufactures VW and Audi cars. In 2018, an executive with FAW-Volkswagen's Audi division said that two million China-made Audi cars will be sold in the country by 2020. As of the end of 2017, the total to date was 777,000.

History
In 1984, Volkswagen signed a 25-year contract to make passenger cars in Shanghai. Since, at that time, vehicle manufacturers could not own a majority stake in a manufacturing plant, Volkswagen's venture took the limit of 50 per cent foreign ownership.

Today, the Group has 16 representative companies in the country, undertaking parts delivery and service provision for both customers and industry in addition to vehicle production and import.

By May 2004, Volkswagen Group had concentrated its strengths in the founding of Volkswagen Group China (VGC), which is governed by a six-member management team responsible for the areas of sales and marketing, technology, purchasing, personnel and governmental relations as well as finance. VGC's tasks include supervision of the Chinese associated companies of the Volkswagen Group, and the set-up of new business segments.

Operations
Volkswagen Group, via its Volkswagen Group China division, has 16 subsidiaries in China, with Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), and First Automobile Works (FAW) being the two major Chinese partner companies.

SAIC-Volkswagen
In 1984, a joint venture (JV) was established between Volkswagen Group and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (now SAIC Motor), creating Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd. (SVW), headquartered in Anting, Shanghai. Equity holdings are split (as of 2010) - Volkswagen AG (40%), Volkswagen (China) Invest (10%), SAIC (50%). This a fixed term venture, of 45 years, running until 2030.

Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd. (SVW) is the first car-making joint venture since China began its reform, and debut to the outside world, and is located in Anting International Auto City on the northwest outskirts of Shanghai. Producing cars under the Volkswagen and the Škoda brands, SVW currently offers a total of twelve model series. By October 2009, SVW had turned out over five million cars in total, becoming the carmaker that has the biggest population of cars in China.

SAIC-Volkswagen and Škoda
In April 2005, Škoda officially landed at Shanghai Volkswagen, ushering Shanghai Volkswagen into the dual brand era. In September 2006, Shanghai Volkswagen Škoda – the first Chinese manufactured Škoda - was launched and the Chinese name was announced.

Octavia, the first Shanghai Volkswagen Škoda model, hit the market on 6 June 2007. Following Octavia's success, Shanghai Volkswagen launched Fabia in 2008 and Superb in 2009.

SAIC-Volkswagen and Audi
In 2021, SAIC-Volkswagen launched the production of Audi branded cars, with the first being the Audi A7L. It has plans to sell 250,000 to 300,000 units per year by 2025 after the launch of other models. According to SAIC Audi marketing division, Audi cars that SAIC-Volkswagen intend to launch are all superior to the existing Audi models of FAW-Volkswagen.

FAW-Volkswagen
Established in February 1991, FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company (FAW-VW) is a joint venture by FAW Group's First Automobile Works, Volkswagen AG, Audi AG and Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd headquartered in Changchun, Jilin. It was the first modern car industrial base constructed with an economy of scale in China. With its development over the years, FAW-Volkswagen is producing thousands of vehicles on a daily basis.

FAW-Volkswagen manufactures 10 products of two globally known brands, Volkswagen Passenger Cars and Audi, with advanced technology and equipment. Volkswagen Jetta, New Bora, Golf, Sagitar, Magotan, Volkswagen CC, Audi A6L, Audi A4L, Audi Q3 and Audi Q5 cars are very popular among consumers. FAW-Volkswagen is a mature production base in China, with a complete portfolio of both A-, B- and C-grade cars.

FAW-Volkswagen and Audi
Audi AG, with more than 20 years of development experience in China, was the first global premium car brand to realize domestic production in China.

Agreements on the manufacturing of the Audi 100 under license were signed on 13 August 1988, with this date marking the conclusion of negotiations lasting one year. The joint venture agreement included both the technology transfer for the production and planning of the Audi 100, and the setting up of after sales support. Expertise was in addition transferred by providing training for some 500 Chinese workers at Audi in Germany. Furthermore, around 30 Audi employees were posted to Changchun to provide production support. In November 1993, the then-Board Chairman of FAW and Volkswagen AG, signed a letter of intent on the integration of Audi production and a V6 engine plant into the FAW-Volkswagen joint venture, which had been established at the end of 1991. As a result of the signing of the agreements in December 1995, Audi acquired a 10 percent stake in the joint venture by the name of FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company Ltd. Volkswagen AG controls 30 percent, with FAW continuing to hold a 60 percent stake.

The first Audi product built by the joint venture, a modified Audi 100 with V6 engine bearing the model designation Audi 200, went into production in May 1996. The Audi 200 remained in production until summer 1999 (facelift of the Audi 100) with 2.6 and 2.4 litre V6 engines and the 4-cylinder, 1.8 litre turbo power unit. The content manufactured locally at the Changchun plant was 60 percent.

Volkswagen Anhui
Volkswagen Anhui (formerly JAC-Volkswagen) is a joint venture formed in 2017 between JAC Motors and Volkswagen headquartered in Hefei, Anhui, initially to produce electric vehicles under the SEAT brand, and later the Sehol brand.

It was renamed to Volkswagen Anhui after Volkswagen took a majority stake (75%) in the company in 2020 along with a 50% stake in government-owned JAG (parent of JAC) in a one billion euro deal. The company will focus on electric vehicles, with an eMobility R&D hub that will serve the entire Volkswagen Group in China.

Volkswagen is building a new factory for Volkswagen MEB platform electric vehicles with a capacity of 350,000 a year under the company, alongside a battery systems factory under wholly-owned VW Anhui Components Company.

In May 2023, Volkswagen announced a further CNY23.1 billion (US$3.3 billion) investment into Volkswagen Anhui, consisting of CNY14.1 billion on a research and development center and nearly CNY9.1 billion on the first phase of a production base in Hefei.

100%TechCo
In April 2023, Volkswagen announced the investment of one billion euros ($1.1 billion) in a new China center called 100%TechCo for the development, innovation and procurement of fully connected electric cars. It will be based in Hefei, near Volkswagen Anhui and be driven by 2,000 staff.

It plans to merge vehicles and components R&D with procurement, shortening the development cycle of new products and technologies by around 30%. It is supposedly already expected to “play a major role” in the development of a future Volkswagen brand model to be launched in 2024.

Further VGC entities
The following are the subsidiary companies which form Volkswagen Group China:

title: Volkswagen Group China


text:
Expedition 9

Expedition 9 (2004) was the ninth expedition to the International Space Station (21 April 2004 – 23 October 2004).

Mission parameters

 * Perigee: 384 km
 * Apogee: 396 km
 * Inclination: 51.6°
 * Period: 92 min

Mission objectives
Padalka and Fincke arrived at the Station on 21 April 2004 aboard the Soyuz TMA-4 spacecraft with European Space Agency (ESA) Astronaut André Kuipers. After more than a week of joint operations and handover activities, Padalka and Fincke officially took command of the Station on 29 April when Expedition 8 Commander Michael Foale and Flight Engineer Alexander Kaleri left the Station. This mission was the site for the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Project.

Expedition 8 and Kuipers returned to Earth that same day aboard the Soyuz TMA-3 spacecraft. Kuipers' 11-day mission to the ISS was part of a commercial agreement between ESA and the Federal Space Agency of Russia.

Spacewalks
The Expedition 9 crew conducted four spacewalks during its stay at the International Space Station. The four spacewalks were devoted to ISS maintenance and assembly. All four were based out of the Pirs Docking Compartment and used Russian Orlan spacesuits.

Before these four extravehicular activities (EVAs), 52 spacewalks had been performed at the ISS, with 27 based out of the Station.

Gennady Padalka (EV1): red stripes Mike Fincke (EV2): blue stripes

Mission patch
The design of the Expedition 9 mission patch includes a tribute to astronauts and cosmonauts who gave their lives in space exploration. The outspread wings of the eagle have 16 stars and 1 star of David. They represent the Apollo 1 crew Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee. Space Shuttle Challenger STS-51L crew Dick Scobee, Michael J. Smith, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Gregory Jarvis, Judith Resnik and Christa McAuliffe. Space Shuttle Columbia STS-107 crew Rick Husband, William C. McCool, David M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Michael P. Anderson, Laurel Clark and Ilan Ramon, the first Israeli astronaut. Around the eagles neck are 4 small red stars and one larger red star. The large star is for Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space during Vostok 1, who was killed during training for Soyuz 3. The other 4 are for Soyuz 1 cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov, Soyuz 11 crew Georgi Dobrovolski, Viktor Patsayev and Vladislav Volkov.

title: Expedition 9