text:
1883 in art

Events from the year 1883 in the arts

Events

 * April – Exhibition of Impressionist paintings opens at the Dowdeswell Gallery in London.
 * 20 April – Claude Monet moves to the house in Giverny which will be his main residence for the rest of his life.
 * 28 October – Les XX established in Brussels by Octave Maus.
 * J.-K. Huysmans publishes L'Art moderne.

Works

 * Michael Ancher – Redningsbåden køres gennem klitterne ("The Lifeboat is Taken through the Dunes")
 * Marie Bashkirtseff
 * Autumn
 * The Umbrella
 * Arnold Böcklin – Isle of the Dead (Die Toteninsel, 3rd version)
 * Gustave Caillebotte – Portrait of Henri Cordier
 * William Merritt Chase
 * Mrs Meigs at the Piano Organ
 * Portrait of Miss Dora Wheeler
 * John Collier – Marion Collier
 * Pierre Auguste Cot – The Storm
 * Pascal Dagnan-Bouveret – Hamlet and the Gravediggers
 * Pierre Puvis de Chavannes
 * The Dream
 * Ludus Pro Patria
 * Luke Fildes – The Village Wedding
 * William Powell Frith – A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881
 * Jean-Léon Gérôme – The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer
 * James Guthrie
 * A Hind's Daughter
 * To Pastures New
 * Sydney Prior Hall – The three daughters of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra
 * Ivan Kramskoi – Portrait of an Unknown Woman
 * John Lavery – The Bridge at Grez
 * Benjamin Williams Leader – The Valley of the Llugwy
 * Charles-Auguste Lebourg – Labour (sculpture)
 * Konstantin Makovsky – A Boyar Wedding Feast
 * Jacek Malczewski – The Prisoners
 * Claude Monet – Stormy Sea in Étretat
 * William Morris – Strawberry Thief textile design
 * Walter Osborne – Apple Gathering, Quimperlé
 * Paul Philippoteaux – Gettysburg Cyclorama
 * Pierre-Auguste Renoir:
 * By the Seashore
 * Dance at Bougival
 * Dance in the Country
 * The Umbrellas (Les Parapluies)
 * Georges Rochegrosse - Vitellius Dragged Through the Streets of Rome by the Popoulus
 * Ilya Repin – Religious Procession in Kursk Province
 * William Wetmore Story – Chief Justice John Marshall (bronze)
 * James Tissot
 * The Bridesmaid
 * A Little Nimrod
 * Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec – Self-portrait in a mirror
 * Jan van Beers – Portrait of a Young Woman
 * Henry Van Brunt and Frank M. Howe – William Washington Gordon Monument
 * Vincent van Gogh
 * Cottages (continuing series)
 * Peasant Character Studies (continuing series)
 * Bulb Fields
 * Cows in the Meadow (lost)
 * Drawbridge in Nieuw-Amsterdam (watercolor)
 * Farm with Stacks of Peat
 * Farmhouse Among Trees
 * Farmhouses in Loosduinen near The Hague at Twilight
 * Footbridge across a Ditch
 * Landscape with a Church at Twilight
 * Landscape with Dunes
 * Landscape with Trees (watercolor)
 * Landscape with Wheelbarrow (watercolor)
 * Marshy Landscape
 * Meadows near Rijswijk and the Schenkweg
 * Peatery in Drenthe
 * Three Figures near a Canal with Windmill
 * A Wind-Beaten Tree
 * Fritz von Uhde – Summer Resort
 * Erik Werenskiold
 * September
 * Shepherds at Tåtøy
 * W. L. Wyllie – Toil, Glitter, Grime and Wealth on a Flowing Tide

Births

 * 3 February – Camille Bombois, French naïve painter (died 1970).
 * 18 February – Jacques Ochs, French artist, épée and foil fencer and Olympic gold medallist (died 1971).
 * 12 April
 * Francis Cadell, Scottish Colourist painter (died 1937)
 * Imogen Cunningham, American photographer (died 1976).
 * 24 June – Jean Metzinger, French painter and art theorist (died 1956).
 * 16 July – Charles Sheeler, American modernist painter and photographer (died 1965).
 * 31 July – Erich Heckel, German painter and printmaker (died 1970).
 * 19 August – Coco Chanel, French fashion designer (died 1972).
 * 20 August – Caroline Risque, American sculptor and painter (died 1952).
 * 14 September – Richard Gerstl, Austrian painter and draughtsman (died 1908).
 * 9 November – Charles Demuth, American painter (died 1935).
 * 4 December – Felice Casorati, Italian painter (died 1963).
 * 24 December – Stojan Aralica, famous Serbian Impressionist painter and academic (died 1980).
 * 26 December – Maurice Utrillo, French painter (died 1955).
 * date unknown – Charles Jourdan, French fashion designer (died 1976).

Deaths

 * January 12 – Clark Mills, American sculptor (born 1810)
 * January 19 – Guillaume Geefs, Belgian sculptor (born 1805)
 * January 23 – Gustave Doré, French illustrator (born 1832)
 * February 26 – Miguel Ângelo Lupi, Portuguese painter (born 1826)
 * April 30 – Édouard Manet, French painter (born 1832; died following amputation)
 * July 14 – Edward Calvert, English painter and printmaker (born 1799)
 * August 19 – József Borsos, Hungarian portrait painter and photographer (born 1821)
 * November 24 – Albert Fitch Bellows, American landscape painter (born 1829)
 * December 11 – Richard Doyle, British illustrator (born 1824)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1883 in art


text:
Carroll Alley

Carroll Overton Alley, Jr. (June 13, 1927 – February 24, 2016) was an American physicist. He served as the Principal Investigator on the Apollo Program's Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment, which significantly restricted the possible range of spatial variation of the strength of the gravitational interaction. Alley was a PhD student of Robert Henry Dicke.

Alley’s goal was to understand quantum mechanics, gravitation, and relativity. His lifelong research interests included experimental and theoretical questions about the foundations of gravitational and quantum physics.

Alley developed some of the earliest important laboratory tests of Albert Einstein's theories of relativity. In recent years he became known for alternative theories of gravitation. He was a Physics professor at University of Maryland, College Park, emeritus since 2008, until his death on 24 February 2016.

Career details
Professor C. O. Alley served as the first chairman of the Lunar Ranging Experiment team. He was the Principal Investigator (PI) for the Apollo 11 laser ranging retro-reflector (LR3) experiment, deployed on the moon by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin in 1969. In addition to the gravitational interaction results mentioned above, the experiment measured the orbit of the moon to centimeter accuracy—and still produces data to this day. For this work he was awarded the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Award in 1973; was designated by the Maryland Academy of Sciences, for their 1976 Bicentennial Exhibit, as one of two outstanding 20th Century Scientists; and received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Richmond in 1978.

Some additional accomplishments of Professor Alley, his graduate students, the Quantum Electronics Research and Lunar Ranging Experiment Teams, support staff, and numerous collaborators include: In later years Alley collaborated in the study, development, and application of a new formulation of gravity as curved spacetime found by Professor Huseyin Yilmaz. They postulated that the correct understanding of the lunar laser ranging measurements, the behavior of clocks in a global positioning system, and many strong gravity field astrophysical phenomena—such as gravitational radiation—require the interactive N-body solutions of the Yilmaz Theory (or "New Theory"), which are not present in Einstein’s General Relativity field equations. Alley maintained the validity of the Yilmaz Theory and remained active in the study of gravitation until his death.
 * Surveyor 7 laser beam pointing tests in preparation for the Apollo 11 experiment and visual detection of laser beams from Earth, as well as subsequent lunar laser ranging on later Apollo missions
 * Role in the commissioning of the Global Positioning System by contributing to the calculations that correct for time dilation in gravitational fields
 * Conducting relativistic proper time experiments by flying caesium and rubidium atomic clocks in a Navy P3C aircraft over the Chesapeake Bay, to measure the effects of gravitational potential difference on their recorded proper times and comparing those times to ground clocks using short laser pulses
 * Experiments in fundamental quantum mechanics with light quanta, including the first delayed-choice experiment in quantum mechanics
 * First use of spontaneous parametric down conversion in quantum optics to exhibit entangled polarization quantum states of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm type (thesis of Alley’s PhD student Yan Hua Shih)
 * Direct measurements of possible difference in the one-way speed of light between the east-west and west-east directions on the rotating Earth, by flying atomic clocks between Christchurch, New Zealand, and Thule, Greenland

Biography
Carroll O. Alley, Jr. was born in Richmond, VA to Carroll Overton Alley, Sr. and Mittie Points Alley on June 13, 1927. Alley attended John Marshall High School, where he was a swimmer, choir member, and Cadet Corps First Captain and Regimental Commander of A Company. He earned a B.S. in mathematics and physics from the University of Richmond in 1948, and returned there in 1951-’52 as a physics instructor.

Alley attended Princeton University, earning a master's degree (1952) and PhD (1962) in Physics. From 1954 to 1960, he was an instructor and lecturer in both Electrical Engineering and Physics at Princeton, where he met and married his late wife, Elizabeth (Slack) Delany Alley. His daughter Frances Alley Kruger was born in Princeton in 1955.

At Princeton, Alley studied electrical engineering as well as theoretical and experimental physics. He was greatly influenced by the work of Eugene Wigner and John Archibald Wheeler. His PhD dissertation developed new methods of detecting the ground state hyperfine transition in optically-pumped rubidium vapor for the type of atomic clock invented by Princeton professors Robert Henry Dicke—Alley’s thesis advisor—and Thomas R. Carver. This type of atomic clock was later used in the U.S. Global Positioning System and the European Union’s Galileo Global Positioning System.

Alley initiated laser physics research at the Institute of Optics and the Physics Department of the University of Rochester, where he was an assistant professor of physics and optics from 1960 to 1963. His daughter Margaret Alley Seymour was born in Rochester in 1961. In 1963 Alley was recruited to the University of Maryland, College Park Campus, by John S. Toll, then-chair of the Department of Physics and Astronomy.

For most of his career—more than 40 years—Alley served as professor of Physics and director of the Quantum Electronics Research Group at the University of Maryland. He taught and conducted research at Maryland from 1963 to 2008, at which time he was granted Professor Emeritus status—a post he held until his death on February 24, 2016.

title: Carroll Alley


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Pharmacology/Photographs/E


text:
VVC

VVC may refer to:
 * Variable Valve Control, an automobile variable valve timing technology
 * Versatile Video Coding, a video compression standard developed by ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG
 * Victor Valley College, of Victorville, California
 * Virtual value chain, a business model
 * All-Russia Exhibition Centre, abbreviated as GAO "VVC" (Gosudarstvennoye Aktsionernoye Obshchestvo "Vserossiyskiy Vystavochny Centr")
 * La Vanguardia Airport (IATA code VVC)
 * Vulvovaginal candidiasis, more commonly known as vaginal yeast infection

title: VVC


text:
Baraat

Baraat (बरात, بارات) or Varayatra (वरयात्रा)  is a groom's wedding procession in Indian subcontinent. In Indian subcontinent, it is customary for the bridegroom to travel to the wedding venue (often the bride's house) on a mare (or vintage car nowadays and chariots or elephants in the past), accompanied by his family members.

The baraat can become a large procession, with booking its own band, dancers, and budget. The groom and his horse are covered in finery and do not usually take part in the dancing and singing; that is left to the "baraatis" or people accompanying the procession. The groom usually carries a sword. The term baraati is also more generically used to describe any invitee from the groom's side. Traditionally, baraatis are attended to as guests of the bride's family.

The baraat, headed by a display of fireworks and accompanied by the rhythm of the dhol, reaches the meeting point, where the elders of both the families meet. In Indian Hindu weddings, the groom is greeted with garlands, tilak and aarti. In traditional Indian weddings, baraats are welcomed at the wedding venue with the sound of shehnais or nadaswaram, which are considered auspicious at weddings by Hindus.

Etymology
The word Baraat is derived from Sanskrit word Varayātrā (वरयात्रा) literally meaning groom's procession. In Bengali, the baraat is usually referred to as "Borjatri" (বরযাত্রী) when the groom along with his family members, friends and closest relatives leave for the bride's home which is the venue of the marriage. This is the common tradition of the Bengali Hindus.

Dogra Baraat
In Dogra tradition, baraat is organized with great pomp and show. It is also known as Janjh in Dogri. When the groom gets ready, he is adorned with Sehra by his maternal uncle. This is known as Sehrabandhi. After this, Ghodi-chadha takes place where groom rides the horse with sword in his hand. The horse is offered fooder and chana daal. The sisters of groom adorn groom with necklaces of gold or silver or even currency notes. Dogri folk songs called ghodia are sung. And sisters in law apply kajal on groom's eyes. Dhol and musical instruments are played and the family members and friends of groom dance in joy. The baraat halts temporarily at local Mandir for darshan. This ceremony is called Dev Karaj. In older times, when baraat used to travel long distances, then women of household used to stay at home. They would celebrate the marriage by performing Jagarna dance. When the baraat reaches wedding venue, fireworks are displayed. The groom is welcomed by his mother in law by applying tilak & aarti and offering him sweets and Dogra dish Suchi. After this, the ceremony of Milini takes place. Relatives of both groom and bride meet and exchange gifts. Ladies from bride's side, sing the special song called sidnya (humorous song). After completion of wedding rituals, the baraat headed by groom brings bride to home.

Kauravi Baraat
The Kuru region comprises parts of Western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, parts of Haryana and Lower Uttarakhand; where Kauravi dialect is spoken. The region has its distinct culture and nupital traditions.

In this region, Baraat consists of traditions like Ghudchadhi, Mandir darshan, Janvāsā etc. Ghudchadhi is the ceremony where bridegroom rides over the horse. The procession of family members and friends then proceeds to a Mandir to seek blessings. After that baraat reaching the wedding venue is welcomed and rest marriage ceremonies are completed. The bridegroom then brings bride from Janvāsā to his home.

Marathi Varaat
In Marathi tradition, bridegroom's procession is called 'Varaat ' and is accompanied by family members and relatives. After completion of wedding customs, the bride and groom carry the silver image of Goddess Gauri which the bride had worshipped during Gaurihar Puja (custom performed before the beginning of wedding).

Kumaoni Baraat
In Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, Baraat is associated with special nupital songs called Phaag which are initiated by a priestess. The procession is a accompanied with band which plays instruments like dhol & dammu. On arrival at wedding venue, the groom is welcomed by bride's family by applying tilak, performing aarti. This ceremony is known as Dulighray.

Odia Baraat or Barjaatri or Varanugaman
In Odia language, Baraat is also called Barjaatri or Varanugaman where Bar (Var) means groom, jaatra (yaatra) means procession/journey and anugaman means arrival. In this ceremonial procession the groom and his family members and friends arrive at the wedding mandap amid great pomp and magnificence. Aarti and Tilak of groom is performed and he is also offered curd mixed with honey or jaggery.

Bengali Boraat or Borjatri
In Bengali tradition, Bor Jatri is basically the baraat, where the groom, his family and friends dress up for the wedding and start their journey to the bride’s house or the wedding venue. After the bor jatri or the baraat reaches the bride’s place, the bride’s mother along with other family members welcome the groom by blowing shankhs (conch shells) and his side of the family by doing aarti with the holy lamp and serving the sweets and drinks.

Punjabi Baraat
Both men and women participate in the procession of a Punjabi baraat (also known as jaññ). Close male relatives of both the bride and groom always wear turbans, which indicates honor. When the baraat arrives at the wedding venue, a ceremony known as the milni (literally, meeting or merger) is carried out, in which equivalent relatives from the groom and bride's sides greet each other.

Rajput Baraat
The bridegroom is usually dressed in a gold achkan, with an orange turban and a churidar or jodhpurs with juttis. The baraat members also must wear achkans or sherwanis with jodhpurs and safas (colorful turbans). The procession to the bride's house looks rather regal as there is absolutely no dancing on the streets by the baraatis. In fact, all members, including the groom who rides an elephant or a female horse, carry swords. The horse is important for the Rajputs

Gujarati Baraat or Varghodo
In a Gujarati wedding, the groom arrives at the bride's house on a horse and is followed by a dancing procession led by his family members and friends is called Varghodo or Jaan. They are also accompanied by a group of band members playing instrumental music. The groom, in reverence, touches feet of mother-in-law. A playful ritual where mother in law grabs nose of groom is performed which is a reminder to groom that mother-in-law is giving her beloved and precious daughter to him, so he should be humble and grateful.

The Milni
A simple ceremony takes place and both families exchange well wishes on meeting each other. This is followed by light snacks and tea before the religious ceremony begins.

A mother & daughter enjoy the moment. One by one designated family members exchange garlands and a hug.

Nepali-Sikkimese Baraat or Janti
In Nepal and Sikkim state of India, Baraat is also known by the name ''Janti & Baryatra. Janti or Baryatra'' is the groom's wedding procession which goes from his house to the bride's to bring her to his house. The Janti consisting of the groom's family members, relatives and friends, sets out for the bride's home. It is accompanied by a musical band, indulges in dance and merrymaking all along the way.

Telugu Edurukolu
In Telugu weddings, Edurukolu ceremony is the equivalent of Baraat ceremony. In Edurukolu ceremony, the groom's procession is grandly welcomed by the bride's party amidst traditional music of 'Nadaswaram'/'Sannai Melam '. The groom and his parents are specially welcomed by the bride's parents when the bride's mother applies 'kumkum' on the groom's and his mother's forehead followed by 'Harati' (waving the plate with burning camphor) to the groom.

Kannada/Tulu Dibbana
The wedding processions in Kannada & Tuluva tradition are referred to as Dibbana. The start of Dibbana procession is preceded by Vāhana Pujā where prayer is performed using kumkum & coconut for safe journey of the groom. The groom and his family members and friends adorn Peta (Mysore cap). Musicians play instruments like nadaswaram. On arrival at marriage venue, groom is welcomed using Akshat (rice) and Aarti.

Tamil Janavasam
The groom's procession in Tamil tradition is known by the name Janavasam. During Janavasam, the groom boards a beautifully decorated car. He is accompanied by a large marriage procession of close friends and relatives. Professional musicians are invited to entertain the procession, by playing traditional wedding songs. Fireworks form a part of the marriage celebrations. The bride's brother puts garland around the groom's neck, in order to welcome him at the entrance of the kalyana mandapam (wedding hall).

title: Baraat


text:
Renegade (BBS)

Renegade is a freeware bulletin board system (BBS) written for IBM PC-compatible computers running MS-DOS that gained popularity among hobbyist BBSes in the early to mid 1990s. It was originally written by Cott Lang in Turbo Pascal, optimized with assembly language, based on the source code of Telegard, which was in turn based on the earlier WWIV.

Transfer of control
On April 23, 1997, after the decline of BBS popularity, Lang ceased development work on Renegade and passed it on to two Renegade BBS utility authors: Miri Spence and Gary Hall. Spence and Hall maintained Renegade for three years, releasing three updates with their new, ordinal date version scheme.

Jeff Herrings, another former third-party software developer, was handed the source by Spence in January 2000 after offering help when he found there was no Y2K-compliant version of the software. Herrings released a public alpha version of Renegade in March 2000 addressing Y2K-compliance problems. He stepped down as active programmer in October 2001 citing lack of time and desire.

Spence eventually handed the program over to Corey Snow in 2002, who intended to release an open-source, Java-based clone of the software which never saw the light of day.

T.J. McMillen received the source code in October 2003 from Miri Spence in a plea to have some much needed features added to Renegade. McMillen then added the help of Chris Hoppman, one of the few remaining Renegade BBS operators around. Together they released a few updates which addressed bugs and debuted some new features before Hoppman lost interest. Hoppman stepped down from the project in 2004 and is no longer involved. This left McMillen, once again, alone to carry on the Renegade code.

Herrings released his Y2K-compliant source code to the public via the Dreamland BBS in September 2005 citing he believed it was right to share a software he deemed mostly abandoned in hopes that it would see further and more active development. He claimed that due to a perceived immoral injustice by Miri Spence, he was no longer under any moral obligation to a previous agreement not to release the source code.

With little free time, Renegade idled for more than a year until April 2006 when McMillen (also known as Exodus) added the talent of Lee Palmer to the Renegade team to replace Hoppman. Palmer (also known as Nuclear) is a former third-party software developer for the T.A.G. Bulletin Board System. Palmer disappeared sometime around 2012 and has not been heard from. McMillen was once again the lone code holder.

In 2013, McMillen released the v1.19 for DOS Source code on GitHub in hopes someone would add to it. No one stepped up in 7+ years, so McMillen once again resurfaced in 2020 to release version 1.22/DOS. With some time on his hands due to the pandemic, McMillen was able to hash out v1.25 for DOS on May 16, 2021.

Lee Woodridge was added to the RG Development Team in September 2021. Woodridge worked on his own fork of the v1.19a/DOS code and added quite a few fixes and updates. Woodridge was asked to join and to merge his code base with the v1.25/DOS code.

A full install and an upgrade package of v1.33/DOS can be downloaded from the Official Renegade BBS website listed below.

Current information
The current work is now being coded under 'The Renegade Development Team' name.

Version 1.33 for DOS Full Install and Upgrade versions were released on May 6, 2023.

title: Renegade (BBS)


text:
Woodrow Wilson Bridge

The Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge, also known as the Woodrow Wilson Bridge or the Wilson Bridge, is a bascule bridge that spans the Potomac River between Alexandria, Virginia and Oxon Hill, Maryland in Prince George's County, Maryland. The original bridge was one of only a handful of drawbridges in the Interstate Highway System. It contained the only portion of the Interstate System owned and operated by the federal government until construction was completed and it was turned over to the Virginia and Maryland departments of transportation.

The Wilson Bridge carries Interstate 95 (I-95) and I-495 Capital Beltway. The drawbridge on the original span opened about 260 times a year, frequently disrupting traffic on a bridge that carried about 250,000 cars each day. The new, higher span requires fewer openings.

The bridge's west abutment is in Virginia, a small portion is in Washington, D.C., and the remaining majority of it is within Maryland (because that section of the Potomac River is within Maryland's borders). About 300 ft of the western midspan portion of the bridge crosses the tip of the southernmost corner of the District of Columbia. It is the only bridge in the US that crosses the borders of three state-level jurisdictions (DC, Maryland, and Virginia). The section in Washington DC is also the shortest segment of Interstate Highway between state lines.

The bridge is named for the 28th president of the U.S., Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), a native of Staunton, Virginia. While he was president, Wilson reportedly spent an average of two hours a day riding in his automobile to relax or to "loosen his mind from the problems before him". President Wilson was an advocate of automobile and highway improvements in the U.S. In 1916, he said, "My interest in good roads is [...] to bind communities together and open their intercourse, so that it will flow with absolute freedom and facility".

Original bridge
A bridge at Jones Point was first proposed by the District Highway Department in August 1952 as part of a study of Potomac River bridge crossing needs. The bridge linked to US Route 1 and the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway in Virginia. In Prince George's County, Maryland, the bridge would connect with Overlook Avenue and Chesapeake Street. It was also intended to link with the proposed extension of the George Washington Memorial Parkway/Anacostia–Kenilworth Parkway (later built as the southern leg of the Anacostia Freeway) in Prince George's County (authorized by Congress in 1930 but never built) and the Inter-County Metropolitan Freeway (proposed in 1944 and later planned and constructed as the Capital Beltway). The Regional Planning Council approved construction of the bridge just four months later. The bridge won the backing of Representative Joel Broyhill of Virginia, who championed legislation funding its construction in Congress. By November 1953, the US Department of the Interior had also recommended its construction. Congress authorized construction of the bridge on August 17, 1954, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the measure into law later that month.

The bridge received its name through the efforts of Representative Burr Harrison, a Virginian who sought to honor the 100th anniversary of the birth of Woodrow Wilson. Eisenhower signed this legislation into law on May 22, 1956, as part of a bill authorizing initial funding for the bridge. Construction of the bridge began in September 1958, and it opened to traffic on December 28, 1961. Edith Wilson, Wilson's widow, died that very morning; she was supposed to have been the guest of honor at the bridge's dedication ceremony. The 5900 ft5,900-foot (1,798 m) bridge included a bascule bridge to allow large, ocean-going vessels access to the port facilities of Washington DC. It had six traffic lanes and was designed to handle 75,000 vehicles a day.

By 1999, the old Wilson Bridge was handling 200,000 vehicles a day, more than 2.6 times the original design capacity. The bridge had serious maintenance problems and underwent continuous patchwork maintenance beginning in the 1970s. It was completely redecked in 1982 and 1983.

One of the reasons for the inadequate design was that it was not originally planned to be part of the major north–south I-95, but rather, as part of the circumferential Capital Beltway. I-95 was planned to bisect the Capital Beltway with a shorter through-route, extending north from Springfield, Virginia, across the Potomac River, through downtown Washington DC, and the northeastern section of DC, and into Maryland to reconnect with the beltway near College Park, Maryland. While the portions in Virginia and in DC south of New York Avenue were built, the remaining segment—designated the Northeast Freeway—was opposed by residents, and construction was canceled in the late 1970s. The portion north of Springfield was designated as a spur, I-395 (Shirley Highway). The eastern half of the Capital Beltway was additionally signed as I‑95.

Traffic was also boosted by growth in the Washington metropolitan area and increases in suburb-to-suburb commuting. Because housing costs in Prince George's County, Maryland, are much lower than in Northern Virginia—which saw enormous job growth in recent decades—tens of thousands of workers commute daily over the bridge, a situation not anticipated when it was constructed. After the highway on both sides of the bridge was widened to eight lanes, the six-lane bridge became a daily bottleneck as heavy traffic slowed in order to funnel into fewer lanes. Two incidents demonstrated this. On November 11, 1987, a snowstorm snarled traffic; many commuters ran out of gas and spent the night in their vehicles on the bridge. In November 1998, the bridge was closed for several hours during the afternoon rush hour when Ivin L. Pointer engaged police in a seven-hour standoff, creating 20 mi traffic backups. (Pointer jumped off the bridge, but survived the fall.)

Construction
Maryland, Virginia, and federal highway officials had been confronting the problems and exploring alternatives for many years. After considerable study and public debate, officials chose a plan that would double the capacity and increase the height of the drawbridge to reduce the frequency of openings. The new bridge would include two side-by-side drawbridges with a total of 12 lanes and 70 ft of vertical navigational clearance at the draw span. The project also included an extensive redesign and reconstruction of the Capital Beltway as it approached the new bridge from the Maryland and Virginia sides.

Construction began on the replacement facilities and approaches in 1999. Bridge construction began in October 2000 with the commencement of a dredging contract. On May 17, 2001, the Maryland State Highway Administration (MSHA) issued notice to proceed for the foundations contract. The preconstruction conference for the bridge superstructure contract was held on September 11, 2001. The events of the day, including the crash of American Airlines Flight 77 into the nearby Pentagon, caused the evacuation of the bridge foundation construction crews and disrupted the preconstruction meeting. On December 16, 2001, MSHA received only one bid (which was more than 70 percent above the engineer's estimate), and the bid was ultimately rejected. In total, the work was executed by 26 prime contractors and 260 subcontractors.

The majority of the highway project was completed by 2009, and the upgraded Telegraph Road interchange was completed in early 2013. The Wilson Bridge project received numerous awards, including four American Road and Transportation Builders Association (ARTBA) national awards for environmental excellence, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Outstanding Projects and Leaders (OPAL) award, the Gustav Lindenthal Award, the Marvin M. Black Excellence in Partnering award, and the ACEC Grand Award. Starting in 2001 with a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)-approved financial plan budget of $2.44 billion (equivalent to $ in ), the project completed its financial close in early 2015 at $2.36 billion (equivalent to $ in )—$86 million (equivalent to $ in ) below its original budget after more than 10 years of construction.

The first new, six-lane Potomac River bridge opened for northbound Outer Loop traffic on June 10, 2006, with only minor delays (the lane striping of the bridge and approach did not initially match up). The first car to cross was a Toyota Corolla. On July 16, 2006, at midnight, traffic from the Inner Loop of the beltway was rerouted to the future Outer Loop express lanes for two years. The original 1961 bridge was demolished at 12:35 am, on August 29, 2006, to make room for completion of the six-lane Inner Loop bridge, located between the original bridge and the new Outer Loop span. Local commuter Daniel Ruefly was given the honor of initiating the detonation after he won a contest where he was judged the driver to have suffered the most over the years from the bridge's congestion, with an estimated combined total of two and a half years spent in traffic caused by the bottleneck at the bridge. The airspace above the bridge, and the beltway in both directions, were closed for the detonation, which happened 36 minutes behind schedule. The second bridge span was dedicated on May 15, 2008, and on May 30, 2008, Inner Loop traffic was shifted onto it.

After the completion of the Wilson Bridge project, the state of Maryland and the commonwealth of Virginia became the joint owners of the completed bridge, and both states exercise joint responsibility and oversight of bridge activities, maintenance, and operations. The District of Columbia, a jurisdiction that once had ownership rights to the 1961 Wilson Bridge span, relinquished future ownership rights and responsibility for the new bridge. Additionally, DC granted a permanent easement to Maryland and Virginia for the portion of the bridge located within its boundaries.

Use and features

Of the 12 lanes, six are used for local traffic. Four lanes, isolated from the local lanes, are used for through traffic. The bridge design allows for the remaining two lanes to be used by Washington Metro or other mass transit, though there are no current plans to do so. The consultant team for the main bridge over the Potomac River included engineers of record Parsons Transportation Group; bridge architect Miguel Rosales of Rosales + Partners; Consulting engineers were A. Morton Thomas & Associates, Inc.; Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers provided Geotechnical engineering; Subconsultants Finley McNary Engineers (piers); and Hardesty & Hanover, LLP (bascule span). Project management was provided by WSP USA, Rummel, Klepper & Kahl LLP, and URS Corporation.

The northern span of the bridge also includes pedestrian and bike passage, separated from traffic by safety barriers. The path, which opened on June 6, 2009, is about 12 ft wide and 1.1 mi long, with "bump-out" areas where users can stop to observe views of Washington and Old Town Alexandria.

The new spans are 20 ft higher than the old bridge, high enough to allow most boats and small ships to pass underneath without having to raise the bridge and reducing the projected number of annual traffic-hindering openings from about 260 to about 60.

According to a draft executive summary released in December 2022 by the Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation for their I-495 Southside Transit/TDM study, the Woodrow Wilson Bridge has "future accommodation for potential future rail transit". An extension of the Blue Line across the bridge was also proposed at the same time.

title: Woodrow Wilson Bridge


text:
Beckhampton Avenue

The Beckhampton Avenue was a curving prehistoric avenue of stones that ran broadly south west from Avebury towards The Longstones at Beckhampton in the English county of Wiltshire. It probably dates to the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age.

Only one stone, known as Adam, remains standing and even in William Stukeley's time (early 18th century) there was little evidence on the surface of the avenue. The other stones were probably broken up and sold by local landowners in the post-medieval era. Excavations by the University of Southampton in 2000, however, revealed the parallel rows of holes that held the stones. 120 m of the avenue was uncovered and indicated that the avenue consisted of a double row of stones placed at 15 m intervals in a similar pattern to those at Kennet Avenue.

Stukeley's theory was that the two avenues were part of a giant 'snake' winding across the landscape with its head at The Sanctuary and also incorporating the Avebury monument.

The avenue may have originally extended further past the Longstones, with Adam being part of the 'cove' or standing stone arrangement sited along its course. Eve is a known part of the avenue leading back to the western gateway of the henge, which included what is now the village high street.

Before the avenue was built, the site was host to an earlier Neolithic causewayed enclosure.

title: Beckhampton Avenue


text:
Blà Bheinn

Blà Bheinn or Blàbheinn, also known as Blaven, is a mountain on the Isle of Skye in Scotland. It is usually regarded as an outlier of the Black Cuillin range. It is a Munro with a height of 929 m. North of the summit is the ridge of Clach Glas, which leads to the peaks of Garbh-bheinn (808 m) and Sgùrr nan Each (720 m). It is mainly composed of gabbro, a rock with excellent grip for mountaineers and scramblers.

The name Blà Bheinn is thought to mean "blue mountain", from a combination of Norse and Gaelic. Whereas blå in Modern Norwegian means "blue", the Old Norse word blá could, however, also refer to the colours blue-black and black.

The normal route of ascent for walkers is from the east. A path leaves the B8083 on the shores of Loch Slapin about 4 km after the village of Torrin. The path follows a burn, the Allt na Dunachie, into the corrie of Coire Uaigneich. From here a short steep route along the ridge leads to the summit. A small amount of scrambling is needed to reach the true top of the mountain. Alternative routes follow the south ridge, or come from the north having traversed the Clach Glas ridge which links to the Red Cuillin peaks.

Blaven stands in the Strathaird Estate, owned and managed since 1994 by the John Muir Trust.

In popular culture
Blaven is depicted in Mary Stewart's 1956 thriller novel Wildfire at Midnight.

title: Blà Bheinn


text:
SUT

Sut is a demon in Islam.

SUT may refer to:

 * H2 SUT, a model of Hummer H2
 * Shaanxi University of Technology, China
 * Sharif University of Technology, Iran
 * Shenyang University of Technology, China
 * Society for Underwater Technology
 * Solar updraft tower, a solar power plant
 * Sport Utility Truck
 * Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand
 * System under test in software testing
 * IATA airport code for Sumbawanga Airport
 * London Underground station code for Sudbury Town tube station, England
 * Sutherland, historic county in Scotland, Chapman code
 * TV Shizuoka, a Japanese commercial broadcaster

title: SUT


text:
Category talk:Images

Categorizing images
moved from the village pump

 * Hello I am a user from to Wikipedia in spanish. My propose it´s show you that I discovered two days ago.

 * The images may to be categorized, and then it´s more easy for users to find the image what they need for those article. In "enWikip" you have 11360 images, and so it´s very difficult to find one image for to put in one article. If you will be categorize all images, for theme (topic), then to search the image it´s easy.

 * How?: In the page of the image you must edit and to put the where "Topic" it´s the category like it to have in the articles, but adding the suffix (images) (witn a space between). So in all images. Each images accept several categories, it´s very "recomendable" what not only edit one category, but also all categories which the images "in".

 * The categories so creates, they must categorized in the three o subcategorized, where the category master it´s : . This category, and the rest of subcategories, appear in the page of categories but, they difference from categories of articles, in the suffix (images).

 * I have create the category images and i have introduced one image for to show you like this to do. You can to see Category:Images for details.. in the Spanish Wikipedia, y have categorized around 80 images and you can to see there, if here you don´t understand the "how" : http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Im%E1genes

 * I´m sorry, what you now for me you hace more work , but it´s one step more, for to arrive to our "meta"...

 * If you have any doubts quetion me, (in the wikipedia spanish, please : shame user), but me english it´s bad... lucky: .. --Crescent Moon 22:25, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * One more thing: you must to tel this to another wikipedia's in another countries ... --Crescent Moon 22:31, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Images


text:
Piper PA-24 Comanche

The Piper PA-24 Comanche is an American single-engine, low-wing, all-metal monoplane of semimonocoque construction with tricycle retractable landing gear and four or six seats. The Comanche was designed and built by Piper Aircraft and first flew on May 24, 1956. Together with the PA-30 and PA-39 Twin Comanches, it made up the core of Piper's lineup until 1972, when the production lines for both aircraft were destroyed in the 1972 Lock Haven flood.

Design and development
Two prototypes were built in 1956, with the first being completed by June 20, 1956. The first production aircraft, powered by a 180 hp Lycoming O-360-A1A engine, first flew on October 21, 1957. In 1958, it was joined by a higher-powered PA-24-250 with a 250 hp Lycoming O-540-A1A5 engine; this model was originally to be known as the PA-26, but Piper decided to keep the PA-24 designation.

In 1964, the 400 hp PA-24-400 was introduced. The following year, the PA-24-250 was superseded by the PA-24-260, featuring the Lycoming IO-540D or E engine of 260 hp. A turbocharged version using a Rajay turbocharger was introduced in 1970.

Production of the Comanche ended in 1972, when torrential rains from Hurricane Agnes caused the great Susquehanna River flood of 1972, flooding the manufacturing plant and destroying airframes, parts, and much of the tooling necessary for production. Rather than rebuild the tooling, Piper chose to abandon production of the Comanche and Twin Comanche and continue with two newer designs already in production at Piper's other plant in Vero Beach, Florida - the PA-28R-200 Arrow and the twin-engined PA-34 Seneca.

Comanche 180

The original version of the Comanche was the PA-24, which featured a carbureted 180 hp Lycoming O-360-A1A engine, swept tail, laminar flow airfoil, and all-flying stabilator.

The standard fuel capacity of the PA-24-180 was 60 USgal. The flaps were manually actuated, controlled by the same Johnson bar actuator as the Piper Cherokee. The aircraft specifications were for cruise speeds of 116 to 139 kn and fuel burns between 7.5 and 10.5 USgal/h at 55 and 75% power settings, respectively. Full-fuel payload with standard fuel was 715 lb, with a gross weight of 2550 lb and range with 45-minute reserve of 700 nmi.

When new, standard, typically equipped Comanche 180s sold between $17,850 (1958) and $21,580 (1964). A total of 1,143 were built.

Comanche 250
In 1958, Piper introduced a 250 hp version using a Lycoming O-540 engine, giving the PA-24-250 Comanche a top cruise speed of 160 kn. Most 250s had carbureted Lycoming O-540-AIA5 engines, but a small number were fitted out with fuel-injected versions of the same engine. Early Comanche 250s had manually operated flaps and carried 60 USgal of fuel. Auxiliary fuel tanks (90 USgal total) became available in 1961. Electrically actuated flaps were made standard with the 1962 model year.

Comanche 260

Four 260-horsepower (194 kW) versions of the Comanche were introduced beginning in 1965. They were:
 * PA-24-260 (1965)
 * PA-24-260B (1966 to 1968)
 * PA-24-260C (1969 to 1972)
 * PA-24-260TC (Turbocharged 260C) (1970 to 1972)

A total of 1,029 airplanes were sold from the Comanche 260 line, including the 260TC.

The 260 had an empty weight around 1700 lb and a maximum gross weight of 2900 lb. It had four seats, and a 90 USgal-capacity auxiliary fuel system was available as an option. Cruise speed was advertised as 142 - 161 kn with fuel burn of 10 to 14 USgal/h.

The 260B had an overall length 6 in more than the previous models due to a longer propeller spinner, not a longer fuselage. The 260B had a third side window and a provision for six seats. The fifth and sixth seats take up the entire baggage area and seat smaller adults, placarded to a total weight of 250 lb. Typical empty weight was 1728 lb and gross weight was 3100 lb. Fuel burn was 11 to 14 USgal/h and advertised speed was 140 - 160 kn.

The 260C introduced a new "Tiger Shark" cowling, maximum gross weight of 3200 lb, cowl flaps, and an aileron-rudder interconnect. Cruise speed was advertised as 150 - 161 kn with fuel flow of 12.5 to 14.1 USgal/h. To prevent possible aft center-of-gravity problems due to the increased gross weight and its fifth and sixth seats, the propeller shaft was extended. This moved the center of gravity slightly forward. With a useful load of 1427 lb, it has the largest payload of all of the Comanches except the 400. Often mistaken on the ramp for the 400 model, the slightly longer cowling includes a distinctively longer nose gear door, as compared to the B models and older versions.

Starting in 1970, Piper offered a turbo-normalized variant of the PA-24-260 known as the 260TC with a Lycoming IO-540-R1A5 engine and dual Rajay turbochargers. Twenty-six were produced between 1970 and 1972. Advertised by Piper as a "second throttle", the turbochargers are controlled using a manual wastegate assembly that places an additional handle labeled "boost" next to the throttle handle in the cockpit, effectively creating a secondary throttle. The TC model is certified for flight to 25000 ft, with an advertised turbo critical altitude of 20000 ft, giving a maximum true airspeed of 223 mph.

PA-24-300
In 1967, one aircraft was modified with a 300 hp Lycoming engine for trials. It did not enter production.

PA-24-380
Two prototype aircraft were built in 1961. They were standard Comanche airframes, but had 380 hp Lycoming IO-720-A1A engines with a three-bladed propeller. The design was modified with an even larger 400 hp engine and produced as the PA-24-400.

Comanche 400
The PA-24-400 Comanche 400 was produced from 1964 to 1966. Only 148 PA-24-400s were built.

The Comanche 400 is powered by the 400 hp, horizontally opposed, eight-cylinder Lycoming IO-720 engine, developed specifically for the model. Cooling problems have happened with the rear cylinders.

The Comanche 400 has a three-bladed propeller and carries 100 USgal of fuel, or 130 USgal with optional extended tanks. Fuel burn was advertised as 16 to 23 USgal/h, at 55-75% power. The high fuel burn means that it is expensive to operate. The 400 had a typical empty weight of 2110 lb and a maximum gross weight of 3600 lb.

Book speeds for the PA-24-400 included a cruising speed of 185 kn and a top speed of 194 kn.

While identical in planform to other PA-24 models, the 400 is structurally strengthened, primarily in the tail, with an extra nose rib in the stabilator and the vertical fin. The stabilator, vertical fin, and rudder of the 400 share virtually no common parts with the 180, 250, or 260 hp Comanches.

PA-33

In 1967, a single Comanche was modified by Swearingen with a pressurized cabin. The prototype, powered by a 260 hp Lycoming O-540 engine and equipped with Twin Comanche landing gear, was designated the PA-33. First flown on March 11, 1967, the prototype later crashed on takeoff in May 1967 and the project was cancelled.

Max Conrad
In June 1959, Max Conrad flew a Comanche 250 on a record-breaking distance flight in Fédération Aéronautique Internationale C1-D Class, for aircraft from 3858 lb to less than 6614 lb. Having removed the interior seats and replaced them with fuel tanks, Conrad flew nonstop from Casablanca, Morocco, to Los Angeles, a distance of 7668 mi. When the aircraft took off from Casablanca, it was heavily overloaded and just cleared the airport fence. The Comanche 250 Max Conrad flew for this flight is now located in the museum at the Liberal, Kansas, airport.

On November 24–26, 1959, Conrad flew a Comanche 180 on a distance record flight in FAI C1-C Class for aircraft taking off at weights from 2204 lb to less than 3858 lb that still stands: Casablanca to El Paso, Texas, 6966 mi nonstop, a distance of 6967 mi, in 56 hours 26 minutes. He set a closed-circuit distance record in the same aircraft on July 4–6 November 1960, flying 6921 mi.

Kenneth Walker
On 14 May 1962, Kenneth Walker arrived in Brisbane, Australia, in a PA-24-250 on a delivery flight from San Francisco. Walker's flight was the first ever solo single-engine crossing of the Pacific, and the third solo crossing from the US to Australia. From Brisbane, Walker continued south to deliver the Comanche to the Royal Newcastle Aero Club at Maitland, New South Wales, Australia.

Toku-Hana
In July 1964, Henry Ohye, flying a 1961 PA-24-250, made the first successful trans-Pacific flight from the United States to Japan in a single-engined aircraft. He flew from Los Angeles to Tokyo with stops in Honolulu, Midway, Wake, Guam, and Okinawa.

Myth Too
A 1966 Comanche 260B, named Myth Too and registered as G-ATOY, was owned by English aviator Sheila Scott. The aircraft, flown by Scott, holds 90 world-class light aviation records. It is on public display at the National Museum of Flight, Scotland.

Oldest circumnavigator
The circumnavigation by the oldest pilot on record in 1994 was made by Fred Lasby at age 82 in a Comanche 260B.

Accidents

 * The 1963 Camden PA-24 crash – On March 5, 1963, country music singers Patsy Cline, Lloyd "Cowboy" Copas, and Hawkshaw Hawkins were on board a Comanche owned and piloted by Cline's manager, Randy Hughes, when it crashed in deteriorating weather near Camden, Tennessee, killing all on board.

title: Piper PA-24 Comanche


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Ferdinand Magellan/archive1

Ferdinand Magellan
I think it's very neat. Muriel G 10:31, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Neutral. But getting better and with a little more work... Marlowe 20:17, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't like the section headers - they read too much like a children's schoolbook, not an encyclopedia article. The whole thing could do with more detail. In particular, more detail is needed on Magellan the person - David Gerard 13:01, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Headers have been streamlined. Text on Magellan's life has been greatly and, i think, well expanded - Marlowe 22:58, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Object, for the reasons below. Jeronimo 13:40, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * The article's quite short: I would expect more information to be available on Magallan.
 * The image has no source/copyright info stated.
 * The tables look ugly, and and I'm not entirely sure they're necessary.
 * Two sentence sections should be avoided.
 * The article continues calling him the first man to sail around the globe, a feat he did not accomplish (he died in the Pacific).
 * A map of his journey would be nice (this is not part of my objection, although I wouldn't support the article without it).
 * Some of your objections have been addressed (will try to do some more editing later. some passages could use clarityMarlowe 22:52, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)):
 * The article's quite short: I would expect more information to be available on Magallan. Article has been greatly expanded.
 * The image has no source/copyright info stated. Source cited.
 * There are copyrighted images used, claiming fair use -- but I'm skeptical whether this legitimately falls under fair use. IANAL, and I don't know if this is the right forum to discuss, but some of the sites these were taken from could be considered as competition, or at the least, they are providing similar information as Wikipedia about Magellan. I just doesn't "smell quite right" to me to take their work and repackage it for essentially the same purpose. older ≠ wiser 20:42, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The tables look ugly, and and I'm not entirely sure they're necessary. Possibly ugly, but i think the table add insight, especially the names of those returned-- fascinating considering how many actually came back.
 * Two sentence sections should be avoided. Remedied.
 * The article continues calling him the first man to sail around the globe, a feat he did not accomplish (he died in the Pacific) This has been addresses in the lead, as well as later in the article.
 * A map of his journey would be nice (this is not part of my objection, although I wouldn't support the article without it). I agree, will try to find one.
 * Great improvement, but I'm not withdrawing my objection. New notes listed below. Keep up the good work, though! Jeronimo 06:54, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * The two map images of Spain are copyrighted, and I see no reason why these should be fair use. Regardless, these images illustrate the - I think - least interesting part of his journey; the article could easily do without.
 * This article is really more about Magellan's journey than about Magellan. There should really be more about him personally, if that information is available.
 * Considering that Magellan would be a footnote in history without the circumnavigation i think it is appropriate to focus much of the article on it. Even so, the bio has been expanded so hopefully this addresses your objection.  Thanks.  Marlowe 20:24, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * As for the tables: I may agree they are interesting, but they still look ugly. Removing the borders would greatly improve them. Also, they should not be presented as entire sections, but rather as "side information". I'm not at all interested in the list of names of those who returned - none of them actually accomplished anything else (or did they?), but that's no reason to remove it.
 * A minor point: the "early life" section has three paragraphs starting with "in 15xx". This looks a bit ugly.
 * Fixed. Marlowe 21:39, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, this looks much better. My only remaining objection is the Sanlucar image. It's copyrighted, and I don't see why it is fair use. Jeronimo 21:31, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * If this is your only remaining objection, then i suggest removal of the picture. Its not essential anyway. Muriel G 16:08, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Created a new Sanlucar/Guadalquivir delta image from a NASA satellite shot. Ancheta Wis 01:12, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Support. A fine article about an important historical figure, and please, while I can agree that a two-sentence section could stand some revision, does that bar a work from feature article status? Denni ☯ 06:02, 2004 Jul 3 (UTC)
 * Good article. My objection is that I don't understand how we can use Image:Magellan Map.gif as fair use, I think this is not something we should do in FAs. [[User:Sverdrup|❝Sverdrup❞ ]] 13:25, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC) (I addressed this myself 16:56, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC))
 * Object. Contains non-free images. anthony (see warning)
 * I think this objection was already addressed. Muriel G 15:56, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The portrait i think is under public domain because has more than 90 years. As for the others, for me they can be removed. Muriel G 18:16, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * As of now, it hasn't. Image:Ferdinand Magellan.jpg has no source or licensing information.  Image:Strait_of_Magellan.jpeg is non-free.  Image:Magellan_Map.gif is also non-free. anthony (see warning)
 * Object. I don't think the copyrighted images qualify for "Fair Use" in the way they are used here. See my note above. older ≠ wiser 17:57, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Unless I'm missing the blindingly obvious, both those images are out of copyright. One is a portrait (which uncropped comes complete with Latin inscription) painted hundreds of years ago; the map is clearly pre-20th century, at least (they don't do them like that anymore).  I've amended the copyright information. Markalexander100 06:44, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:Mrfinch~enwiki

My name is Roland Steinebach,

I was born at 19. August 1942 in Bergneustadt.

I grew up in Dieringhausen.

Today I live as a pensioner in Nümbrecht.

Since 26. Juni.2004 I work for wikipedia.

International
de:Benutzer:mrfinch

title: User:Mrfinch~enwiki


text:
Lunar Landing Research Vehicle

The Bell Aerosystems Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV, nicknamed the Flying Bedstead) was a Project Apollo era program to build a simulator for the Moon landings. The LLRVs were used by the FRC, now known as the NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center, at Edwards Air Force Base, California, to study and analyze piloting techniques needed to fly and land the Apollo Lunar Module in the Moon's low gravity environment.

The research vehicles were vertical take-off vehicles that used a single jet engine mounted on a gimbal so that it always pointed vertically. It was adjusted to cancel 5/6 of the vehicle's weight, and the vehicle used hydrogen peroxide rockets which could fairly accurately simulate the behavior of a lunar lander.

Success of the two LLRVs led to the building of three Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTVs), an improved version of the LLRV, for use by Apollo astronauts at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, predecessor of NASA's Johnson Space Center. One LLRV and two LLTVs were destroyed in crashes, but the rocket ejection seat system safely recovered the pilot in all cases.

The final phase of every Apollo landing was manually piloted by the mission commander. Because of landing site selection problems, Neil Armstrong, Apollo 11 commander, said his mission would not have been successful without extensive training on the LLTVs. Selection for LLTV training was preceded by helicopter training. In a 2009 interview, astronaut Curt Michel stated, "For airborne craft, the helicopter was the closest in terms of characteristics to the lunar lander. So if you didn't get helicopter training, you knew you weren't going. That sort of gave it away." Even Tom Stafford and Gene Cernan did not get LLTV training for their Apollo 10 mission which was the first flight of the Lunar Module to the Moon, because NASA "didn't have plans to land on Apollo 10" so "there wasn't any point in ... training in the LLTV." Cernan only got this training after being assigned as backup commander for Apollo 14, and in 1972 was the last to fly the LLTV while training as commander for Apollo 17, the final landing mission.

History
Built of aluminum alloy trusses, the LLRVs were powered by a General Electric CF700-2V turbofan engine with a thrust of 4,200 lbf (19 kN), mounted vertically in a gimbal. The engine lifted the vehicle to the test altitude and was then throttled back to support five-sixths of the vehicle's weight, simulating the reduced gravity of the Moon. Two hydrogen peroxide lift rockets with thrust that could be varied from 100 to 500 lbf (440 to 2,200 N) handled the vehicle's rate of descent and horizontal movement. Sixteen smaller hydrogen peroxide thrusters, mounted in pairs, gave the pilot control in pitch, yaw and roll. The pilot had an ejection seat. On activation, it propelled the pilot upward from the vehicle with an acceleration of roughly 14 times the force of gravity for about a half second. From the ground, it was sufficient to propel the seat and pilot to an altitude of about 250 feet where the pilot's parachute could be automatically and successfully deployed. Manufactured by Weber Aircraft LLC, it was one of the first zero-zero ejection seats, capable of saving the operator even if the aircraft was stationary on the ground, a necessity given the LLRV's low and slow flight envelope.

After conceptual planning and meetings with engineers from Bell Aerosystems, Buffalo, New York, a company with experience in vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, NASA issued Bell a $50,000 study contract in December 1961. Bell had independently conceived a similar, free-flying simulator, and out of this study came the NASA Headquarters' endorsement of the LLRV concept, resulting in a $3.6 million production contract awarded to Bell on February 1, 1963, for delivery of the first of two vehicles for flight studies at the FRC within 14 months.

LLRV-1 was shipped from Bell to FRC in April. LLRV-2 was also shipped at the same time, but in parts. Because of a potential cost overrun, the FRC Director, Paul Bickle, decided to have it assembled and tested at FRC. The emphasis then was on LLRV-1. It was first readied for flight on a tilt table constructed at FRC to evaluate its engine operation without actually flying it. The scene then shifted to the old South Base area of Edwards.

The first three flights of #1 were made on October 30, 1964 by FRC's senior research test pilot, Joe Walker. He continued to pilot a number of flights through December 1964, after which flights were shared with Don Mallick, also a FRC research pilot, and Jack Kleuver, the Army's senior helicopter test pilot. Familiarization flights were also made by NASA Manned Spacecraft Center (later Johnson Space Center) pilots Joseph Algranti and H.E. Ream.

Modifications were later made to the cockpits of both LLRVs to better simulate the actual Lunar Module. These included the addition of the LM's three-axis hand controller and throttle. A Styrofoam cockpit enclosure was also added to simulate the pilot's restricted view in the LM.

The final LLRV flight at FRC took place on November 30, 1966. In December 1966, vehicle #1 was shipped to Houston, followed by #2 in January 1967. During the preceding two years, a total of 198 flights of LLRV-1 and six flights of LLRV-2 had been flown without a serious accident.

The first LLRV flight by Neil Armstrong was made in vehicle #1 on March 27, 1967 from its base at a corner of Ellington Air Force Base, the headquarters for Johnson Space Center's aircraft operations. Joe Algranti, chief of JSC's Aircraft Operations Division, and test pilot H.E. Ream also made flights that month. Both observed, as did Armstrong and the other astronauts, that if a serious control problem developed, the pilot had little choice but to eject, since the vehicle only operated to a maximum altitude of 500 feet.

On May 6, 1968, Armstrong was forced to use LLRV-1's ejection seat from about 200 feet altitude after a control problem, and had about four seconds on his full parachute before landing on the ground unhurt. LLRV-1 was lost. The accident investigation board found that the fuel for the vehicle's attitude control thrusters had run out and that high winds were a major factor. As a result, JSC management decided to terminate further LLRV flights, as the first LLTV was about to be shipped from Bell to Ellington to begin ground and flight testing.

LLRV-2 (NASA 951) was eventually returned to the Armstrong Flight Research Center, where it is on display as an artifact of the center's contribution to the Apollo program.

Lunar Landing Training Vehicle
Negotiations between JSC and Bell Aerosystems for three LLTVs (LLTV-1 to 3), an improved training version of the LLRV, were initiated in October 1966 and a $5.9 million contract for three vehicles was finally signed in March 1967.

In June 1968, the first vehicle (LLTV-1) was delivered by Bell to Ellington to begin its ground and flight testing by JSC's Aircraft Operations Division (AOD). AOD's head, Joe Algranti, was the principal test pilot for its first flight in August 1968. Flight testing continued until December 8, when Algranti lost control of LLTV-1 during a flight to expand the vehicle's speed envelope. He managed to eject just three-fifths of a second before the vehicle hit the ground, the close call believed to be as a result of his attempt to regain control.

The accident investigation found that the ground controllers had elected not to monitor in real time the attitude thrusters that controlled the vehicle's yaw motion, and, at the velocity Algranti was flying, the thrusters had been overpowered by the LLTV's aerodynamic forces, causing Algranti to lose control. Due to tight cost constraints on the LLRV and LLTV, wind tunnel testing had been avoided in favor of careful flight testing for evaluation of the vehicles' aerodynamic characteristics. After reviewing the results of the crash investigation, however, it was decided that the third LLTV (LLTV-3) be loaded into NASA's Super Guppy and flown to the Langley Research Center in Virginia for testing in its full-scale wind tunnel. Testing was initiated on January 7, 1968 and ended one month later on February 7.

It was quickly determined that the cause of the divergence was the Styrofoam cockpit enclosure. As the vehicle's sideslip angle reached minus two degrees, a yawing force rapidly built up that exceeded the ability of the yaw thrusters to counteract. The fix decided on was simply to remove the top of the enclosure, thus venting it and eliminating the excessive yawing force. It was also possible from the wind tunnel results to develop a preliminary flight envelope for the LLTV, defining its allowable maximum airspeed at various angles of angle of attack and sideslip. All this had to be verified by flight test, however, since it was not possible in the tunnel to obtain good data with the engine running.

A high level LLTV Flight Readiness Review Board was appointed on March 5, 1969 by JSC Director Dr. Robert Gilruth. It consisted of him as chairman, with board members Chris Kraft, head of Mission Operations; George Low, head of JSC's Apollo Program; Max Faget, JSC's Director of Engineering and astronaut Deke Slayton, Director of Flight Crew Operations. The board reviewed the wind tunnel results, and on March 30 gave approval for the resumption of test flights in LLTV-2. The test program of 18 flights, all flown by H.E. Ream, was successfully completed on June 2. Hence, in the month before the Apollo 11 launch Armstrong was able to complete his LLTV flight training. He commented after his return:"Eagle (the Lunar Module) flew very much like the Lunar Landing Training Vehicle which I had flown more than 30 times at Ellington Air Force Base near the Space Center. I had made from 50 to 60 landings in the trainer, and the final trajectory I flew to the landing was very much like those flown in practice. That, of course, gave me a good deal of confidence — a comfortable familiarity."

In Armstrong's 2005 authorized biography First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong, astronaut Bill Anders is quoted as describing the LLTV as "a much unsung hero of the Apollo Program". Although Armstrong had to eject from the LLRV, no other astronaut ever had to eject from the LLTV, and every Lunar Module pilot through the final Apollo 17 mission trained in the LLTV and flew to a landing on the Moon successfully.

In January 1971 LLTV-2 was destroyed while testing a major modification to the computer system. Its test pilot, Stuart Present, was able to eject safely.

Gene Cernan piloted the surviving LLTV-3 vehicle on November 13, 1972, three weeks before Apollo 17. LLTV-3 (NASA 952) is now on display at the Johnson Space Center.

Lunar Sim Mode
There were two distinct modes of flight for the LLRV and LLTV. The basic mode was with the engine fixed so that it remained 'normal' with respect to the body.

In the gimbaled "Lunar Sim Mode," the free-gimbaled turbofan engine was allowed to swivel and was kept pointing downward to Earth's center of mass regardless of the LLRV's attitude; this allowed the vehicle to tilt at the far greater angles that would be typical of hovering and maneuvering above the lunar surface. Despite its ungainly appearance, the LLRV was equipped with a highly sophisticated array of early sensors (mainly Doppler radar) and computational hardware. The system had no specific name, but the effect it produced was called "Lunar Sim Mode." This was the highest degree of hardware-based simulation. It was not a system to unburden the pilot, as an autopilot does, nor was it meant to introduce any sort of safety or economy.

Lunar Sim Mode can also be thought of as a mixture of stability augmentation, recalculation of vertical acceleration according to the lunar gravity constant, all followed by accompanied instantaneous corrective action. The LLRV's Lunar Sim Mode was even able to correct for wind gusts within milliseconds, as they would have disturbed the impression of a missing atmosphere.

FRC test pilot Don Mallick's comments following the vehicle's first flight in the lunar simulation mode illustrate the experience of piloting the LLRV:

"As a general statement concerning the translation ability on earth versus the translational ability in the lunar simulation; the vehicle is reduced from a very positive high response vehicle to a very low or weak response vehicle. I'm sure with training and experience the pilot will be able to increase the overall vehicle-pilot performance once he adapts to the low translational accelerations that are available, as well as the lag that follows along with the anticipation that is required to properly control the vehicle. Even with this training, the pilot is faced with the situation of about 5/6 of his translational maneuvering performance removed from that on earth which is a marked change."

Deke Slayton, then NASA's Chief Astronaut, later said there was no way to simulate a Moon landing except by flying the LLRV.

Control system
The electronic control system for the Lunar Landing Training Vehicle was developed for NASA by Bell Aerosystems, Inc. which had engineering facilities located in Niagara Falls, New York. The LLTV was a second generation vehicle, after the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, used by NASA Apollo Program astronauts to develop piloting skills. The LLTV provided Apollo program commanders the opportunity to experience the flight characteristics associated with the 1/6 gravity conditions on the Moon. The first LLTV vehicle was assembled at Ellington Air Force Base in Houston, Texas in 1967. Three LLTV vehicles were eventually delivered to Ellington AFB. The last remaining of the three LLTV vehicles is on display at the Johnson Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas.

The electronic control system was designed with redundant channels that used 2 of 2 logic. The outputs of each primary channel were compared on a continuous basis. If a fault was detected in the primary control system, then control was automatically switched to an identical backup channel and the pilot immediately took measures to bring the vehicle to the ground. All the controls were analog circuits utilizing Burr-Brown transistor amplifier modules and other analog components.

Aircraft on display
Two of the five vehicles survive:

 * LLRV-2 (LLRV NASA 951) is on display at the Air Force Flight Test Museum at Edwards Air Force Base. It was lent to the museum by NASA in 2016.
 * LLTV-3 (LLTV NASA 952) is on display at the Johnson Space Center.
 * The South Part of Bone Yard at the Yanks Air Museum 03.jpger vehicle, a replica of NASA 952, is in a partially complete state in the aircraft boneyard at the [[Yanks Air Museum]].

title: Lunar Landing Research Vehicle


text:
Talk:Jean Carnahan

Untitled
The tone of this article suffers from a snide sexism and a denial of voter agency that is characterisitc of conservative speak. Jean Carnahan is singled out for having won office because she was attached to a politically powerful man. Why there is no comparable reference to the father-daughter Murkowski team in the Senate? This article also suggest that the voters of Missouri somehow didn't understand that Mel Carnahan was dead when they voted.

 * Thank you for your suggestion! When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make whatever changes you feel are needed. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. You don't even need to log in! (Although there are some reasons why you might like to…) The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome.
 * jredmond 16:13, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Added in that she lost her Senate seat. Article implies she "left the senate" of her own volition.
 * The article already stated two sentences earlier that she ran as an incumbent in the 2002 special election but was defeated by Jim Talent. But  don't think your edit hurts anything.  TMS63112 02:56, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Jean Carnahan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120222051150/http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/bpnews.asp?ID=14599 to http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/bpnews.asp?ID=14599

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:00, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Jean Carnahan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051211065427/http://www.firedupmissouri.com/bio-jean to http://www.firedupmissouri.com/bio-jean

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:12, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jean Carnahan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ridicule

Ridicule was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete definition. Exploding Boy 15:28, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Definition moved to Wiktionary, Keep the film information if it can be expanded. User:Krik 16:17, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep present stub on film. Dunc_Harris|☺ 16:34, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Good film, so the stub should grow. Keep, possibly Clean Up to get attention. Geogre 17:38, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Holy water

Holy water is water that has been blessed by a member of the clergy or a religious figure, or derived from a well or spring considered holy. The use for cleansing prior to a baptism and spiritual cleansing is common in several religions, from Christianity to Sikhism. The use of holy water as a sacramental for protection against evil is common among Lutherans, Anglicans, Roman Catholics, and Eastern Christians.

In Christianity
In Catholicism, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy and some other churches, holy water is water that has been sanctified by a priest for the purpose of baptism, for the blessing of persons, places, and objects, or as a means of repelling evil.

History
The Apostolic Constitutions, whose texts date to about the year 400 AD, attribute the precept of using holy water to the Apostle Matthew. It is plausible that the earliest Christians may have used water for expiatory and  purificatory purposes in a way analogous to its employment in Jewish Law ("And he shall take holy water in an earthen vessel, and he shall cast a little earth of the pavement of the tabernacle into it", Numbers 5:17). Yet in many cases, the water used for the sacrament of Baptism was flowing water, sea- or river-water, which — in the view of the Catholic Church — could not receive the same blessing as that water contained in the baptisteries. However, Eastern Orthodox Christians do perform the same blessing, whether in a baptistery or for an outdoor body of water.

Use and storage
Sprinkling with holy water is used as a sacramental that recalls baptism. In the West the blessing of the water is traditionally accompanied by exorcism and by the addition of exorcised and blessed salt.

Holy water is kept in the holy water font, which is typically located at the entrance to the church (or sometimes in a separate room or building called a baptistery). Smaller vessels, called stoups, are usually placed at the entrances of the church, to enable people to bless themselves with it on entering.

In the Middle Ages Christians esteemed the power of holy water so highly that in some places fonts had locked covers to prevent the theft of holy water for unauthorized magic practices. The Constitutions of Archbishop Edmund Rich (1236) prescribe that: "Fonts are to be kept under lock and key, because of witchcraft (sortilege). Similarly the chrism and sacred oil are kept locked up."

Proper disposal
In Catholicism, holy water, as well as water used during the washing of the priest's hands at Mass, is not allowed to be disposed of in regular plumbing. Roman Catholic churches will usually have a special basin (a sacrarium) that leads directly into the ground for the purpose of proper disposal. A hinged lid is kept over the holy water basin to distinguish it from a regular sink basin, which is often just beside it. Items that contained holy water are separated, drained of the holy water, and then washed in a regular manner in the adjacent sink.

Hygiene
Holy water fonts have been identified as a potential source of bacterial and viral infection. In the late-19th century, bacteriologists found staphylococci, streptococci, coli bacilli, Loeffler's bacillus, and other bacteria in samples of holy water taken from a church in Sassari, Italy. In a study performed in 1995, 13 samples were taken when a burn patient acquired a bacterial infection after exposure to holy water. The samples in that study were shown to have a "wide range of bacterial species", some of which could cause infection in humans. During the swine-flu epidemic of 2009, Bishop John Steinbock of Fresno, California, recommended that "holy water should not be in the fonts" for fear of spreading infections. Also in response to the swine flu, an automatic, motion-detecting holy-water dispenser was invented and installed in an Italian church in 2009. In 2020, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, Episcopal Conferences directed that holy water be removed from the fonts or stoups.

Sacramental and sanctification
A blessing, as a prayer, is a sacramental. By blessing water, Catholic priests praise God and ask him for his grace. As a reminder of baptism, Catholic Christians dip their fingers in holy water and make the sign of the cross when entering a church.

Fr. John F. Sullivan, writing in the early twentieth century, noted that, "Besides the pouring of baptismal water ... the sprinkling with holy water is a part of the ceremonies of Matrimony, of Extreme Unction and of the administration of the Holy Eucharist to the sick, and it is employed also in services for the dead."

The Sunday liturgy may begin with the Rite of Blessing and Sprinkling Holy Water, in which holy water is sprinkled upon the congregation; this is called "aspersion" (from the Latin, aspergere, "to sprinkle"). This ceremony dates back to the 9th century. An "aspergill" or aspergillum is a brush or branch used to sprinkle the water. An aspersorium is the vessel which holds the holy water and into which the aspergillum is dipped, though elaborate Ottonian examples are known as situlae. Blessed salt may be added to the water where it is customary to do so.

The Catholic Church teaches this use of holy water and making a sign of the cross when entering a church reflects a renewal of baptism, a cleansing of venial sin, as well as providing protection against evil. It is sometimes accompanied by the following prayer:

"By this holy water and by your Precious Blood, wash away all my sins, O Lord."

Some Catholics believe that water from specific shrines (such as Lourdes) can bring healing - although that water is not the same as typical holy water found in parishes, since it has not been blessed by a priest.

Formula
The traditional Latin formula for blessing the water is as follows:

"Exorcizo te, creatura aquæ, in nomine Dei Patris omnipotentis, et in nomine Jesu Christi, Filii ejus Domini nostri, et in virtute Spiritus Sancti: ut fias aqua exorcizata ad effugandam omnem potestatem inimici, et ipsum inimicum eradicare et explantare valeas cum angelis suis apostaticis, per virtutem ejusdem Domini nostri Jesu Christi: qui venturus est judicare vivos et mortuos et sæculum per ignem. Deus, qui ad salutem humani generis maxima quæque sacramenta in aquarum substantia condidisti: adesto propitius invocationibus nostris, et elemento huic, multimodis purificationibus præparato, virtutem tuæ benedictionis infunde; ut creatura tua, mysteriis tuis serviens, ad abigendos dæmones morbosque pellendos divinæ gratiæ sumat effectum; ut quidquid in domibus vel in locis fidelium hæc unda resperserit careat omni immunditia, liberetur a noxa. Non illic resideat spiritus pestilens, non aura corrumpens: discedant omnes insidiæ latentis inimici; et si quid est quod aut incolumitati habitantium invidet aut quieti, aspersione hujus aquæ effugiat: ut salubritas, per invocationem sancti tui nominis expetita, ab omnibus sit impugnationibus defensa. Per Dominum, amen."

A priest may choose from three other formulae found in the Book of Blessings for blessing water. They are to be accompanied by the priest blessing the water with the sign of the cross. They are as follows:

"V. Blessed are you, Lord, all-powerful God, who in Christ, the living water of salvation, blessed and transformed us. Grant that when we are sprinkled with this water or make use of it, we will be refreshed inwardly by the power of the Holy Spirit and continue to walk in the new life we received at Baptism. We ask this though Christ our Lord. R. Amen."

"V. Lord, holy Father, look with kindness on your children redeemed by your Son and born to a new life by water and the Holy Spirit. Grant that those who are sprinkled with this water may be renewed in body and spirit and may make a pure offering of their service to you. We ask this through Christ our Lord. R. Amen."

"V. O God, the Creator of all things, by water and the Holy Spirit you have given the universe its beauty and fashioned us in your own image. R. Bless and purify your Church. V. O Christ the Lord, from your pierced side you gave us your sacraments as fountains of salvation. R. Bless and purify your Church. V. Priest: O Holy Spirit, giver of life, from the baptismal font of the Church you have formed us into a new creation in the waters of rebirth. R. Bless and purify your Church."

Protection against evil

In his book The Externals of the Catholic Church, originally published in 1917, Fr. John F. Sullivan writes: "'The prayers said over the water are addressed to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, that through the power of the Blessed Trinity the spirits of evil may be utterly expelled from this world and lose all influence over mankind. Then God is besought to bless the water, that it may be effective in driving out devils and in curing diseases; that wherever it is sprinkled there may be freedom from pestilence and from the snares of Satan.'"

Catholic saints have written about the power of holy water as a force that repels evil. Saint Teresa of Avila (1515-1582), a Doctor of the Church who reported visions of Jesus and Mary, believed fervently in the power of holy water and stated that she used it with success to repel evil and temptations. She wrote:

"I know by frequent experience that there is nothing which puts the devils to flight like Holy water."

The 20th-century nun and mystic Saint Faustina in her diary (paragraph 601) said she once sprinkled a dying sister with holy water to drive away demons. Although this was wrong to do, since it was the priest's duty, she remarked, "holy water is indeed of great help to the dying".

In Holy Water and Its Significance for Catholics, Cistercian priest Henry Theiler states that in addition to being a strong force in repelling evil, holy water has the twofold benefit of providing grace for both body and soul.

The new Rituale Romanum excludes the exorcism prayer on the water. Exorcised and blessed salt has traditionally been added to the holy water as well. Priests can continue to use the older form if they wish as confirmed by Pope Benedict XVI in Summorum Pontificum, which states "What earlier generations held as sacred, remains sacred and great for us too".

Eastern Christians

Among the Eastern Orthodox and the Byzantine Rite  Catholics, holy water is used frequently in rites of blessing and exorcism, and the water for baptism is always sanctified with a special blessing.

There are two rites for blessing holy water: the "Great Blessing of Waters", which is held on the Feast of Theophany and at baptisms, and the "Lesser Blessing of Waters" which is conducted according to need and local custom during the rest of the year, certain feast days calling for the Lesser Blessing of Waters as part of their liturgical observance. Both forms are based upon the Rite of Baptism. After the blessing of holy water the faithful are sprinkled with it and each drinks some of it.

Holy water is drunk by the faithful after it is blessed and it is a common custom for the pious to drink holy water every morning. In the monasteries of Mount Athos holy water is always drunk in conjunction with consuming antidoron. Eastern Orthodox do not typically bless themselves with holy water upon entering a church as Western Catholics do, but a quantity of holy water is often kept in a font placed in the narthex (entrance) of the church, available for anyone who would like to partake of it or to take some of it home.

After the annual Great Blessing of Waters at Theophany (also known as  Epiphany), the priest goes to the homes of the faithful within his parish and, in predominantly Orthodox lands, to the buildings throughout town, and blesses them with holy water.

When blessing objects such as the palms on Palm Sunday, Paschal eggs and other foods for Easter, candles, or liturgical instruments and sacred vessels (at least in some traditions, such as in that of the Georgian Orthodox Church, icons and crosses must also be blessed, as they are not considered intrinsically holy and redeemed), the blessing is completed by a triple sprinkling with holy water using the words, "This (name of item) is blessed by the sprinkling of this holy water, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."

Throughout the centuries, members of the Orthodox Church have believed many springs of water to be miraculous. Some still flow, such as the one at Pochaev Lavra in Ukraine, and the Life-Giving Spring of the Theotokos in Constantinople (commemorated on Bright Friday).

Anglicans
Although "Holy water" is not a term used in official rites of the Church of England, font water is sanctified in the Church of England baptism rite. In contrast, the Episcopal Church (United States) does expressly mention the optional use of holy water in some recent liturgies of blessing. More generally, the use of water within High Church Anglicanism or Anglo-Catholicism adheres closely to Roman Catholic practice. In many Anglican churches baptismal water is used for the asperges. A widely-used Anglo-Catholic manual, Ritual Notes, first published by A. R. Mowbray in 1894, discusses the blessing and use of holy water. In addition to "the pious custom" of blessing oneself on entering and leaving a church "in memory of our baptism and in token of the purity of heart with which we should worship Almighty God", the book commends that "Holy water should be obtained from the parish priest, may be (and indeed should be) taken away and kept for use privately by the faithful in their homes." An English translation of the traditional rite for the blessing of water and salt, including the exorcisms, was included in the Anglican Missal. Shorter forms are found in A Priest's Handbook by Dennis G. Michno, and Ceremonies of the Eucharist by Howard E. Galley. Some parishes use a stoup, basin, or font to make holy water available for the faithful to use in blessing themselves, making the sign of the cross upon entering the church.

In the Book of Occasional Services of the Episcopal Church (United States), in the rite for Restoring of Things Profaned, the bishop or priest while processing around the church or chapel recites Psalm 118 with the antiphon Vidi aquam:

"I saw water proceeding out of the temple; from the right side it flowed, alleluia; and all those to whom that water came shall be saved, and shall say, alleluia, alleluia."

A rubric directs that as each profaned object is addressed, "it may be symbolically cleansed by the use of signs of purification, such as water or incense."

Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Holy water is important to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and regarded as healing from demonic possession and for treating sick people, particularly in cases of mental illness. It can be consumed or poured over someone supposed to be afflicted by harmful things. A majority of studies show that many Ethiopians prefer holy water for biomedical purposes, especially for treatment of HIV/AIDS. Pilgrims visit different monasteries such as Tsadkane Mariam and Entoto Kidane Mehret to acquire holy water.

Besides, holy water also used for Ethiopian Orthodox holidays such as Timkat (Epiphany) where Christians gather at notable squares and churches and priests bless holy water and spatter them. In Gondar, the Fasilides Bath is used to bathe and represents the Jordan River.

Lutherans
The use of holy water in some synods of Lutheranism is for the baptism of infants and new members of the church. The water is believed to be blessed by God, as it is used in a sacrament. The water is applied to the forehead of the laity being baptised and the minister performs the sign of the cross. Lutherans tend to have baptismal water fonts near the entrance of the church.

Other synods do not use holy water but do typically treat the water used for baptisms in a respectful manner.

Methodists
In the Methodist tradition, Holy Baptism is often administered by sprinkling or pouring holy water over the candidate. The official Baptismal Liturgy, as well as the liturgy for Reaffirmation of Baptism commonly done through asperges, has a prayer for the blessing of this water:

"Pour out your Holy Spirit, to bless this gift of water and those who receive it, to wash away their sin and clothe them in righteousness throughout their lives, that, dying and being raised with Christ, they may share in his final victory. All praise to you, Eternal Father, through your Son Jesus Christ, who with you and the Holy Spirit lives and reigns for ever. Amen."

Sikhism

One of the holiest sites in Sikhism, Harmandir Sahib, is surrounded by a pool of water called amritsar or amritsarovar. For those who wish to take a dip in the pool, the Temple provides a half hexagonal shelter and holy steps to Har ki Pauri. Bathing in the pool is believed by many Sikhs to have restorative powers, purifying one's karma. Some carry bottles of the pool water home particularly for sick friends and relatives. The pool is maintained by volunteers who perform kar seva (community service) by draining and desilting it periodically.

Sikhs use the Punjabi term amrita (ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤ) for the holy water used in the baptism ceremony known as Amrit Sanskar or Amrit Chhakhna.

Hinduism

The significance of water in Hinduism is described in the hymn called the mantra pushpam, present in the Taitiriya Aranyakam section of the text Yajurveda. Bathing in holy water is a key element in Hinduism, and the Ganges is considered the holiest Hindu river. Holy water in Hinduism is thought to purify the soul and combat evil. Some Hindus use holy water to wash hands before ringing a bell.

Buddhism
The idea of "blessed water" is used in virtually all Buddhist traditions. In the Theravada tradition, water is put into a new pot and kept near a Paritrana ceremony, a blessing for protection. This "lustral water" can be created in a ceremony in which the burning and extinction of a candle above the water represents the elements of earth, fire, and air. This water is later given to the people to be kept in their home. Not only water but also oil and strings are blessed in this ceremony. Most Mahayana Buddhists typically recite sutras or various mantras (typically that of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara for example) numerous times over the water, which is then either consumed or is used to bless homes afterwards. In Vajrayana Buddhism, a Bumpa, a ritual object, is one of the Ashtamangala, used for storing sacred water sometimes, symbolizing wisdom and long life.

Islam

The Muslim variety of holy water is the Zamzam water that comes from a spring near the Kaaba in Mecca.

The drinking of "healing water" (āb-i shifā) is a practice in various denominations of Shia Islam. In the tradition of the Twelver Shi'a, many dissolve the dust of sacred locations such as Karbala (khāk-i shifa) and Najaf and drink the water (āb-i shifā) as a cure for illness, both spiritual and physical.

The Ismaili tradition involves the practice of drinking water blessed by the Imam of the time. This water is taken in the name of the Imam and has a deep spiritual significance. This is evident from the names used to designate the water, including light (nūr) and ambrosia (amṛt, amī, amīras, amījal). This practice is recorded from the 13th and 14th centuries and continues to the present day. The ceremony is known as ghat-pat in South Asia.

Mandaeism
In Mandaeism, mambuha, sometimes spelled mambuga, is sacramental drinking water used in rituals such as the masbuta (baptism), while halalta is sacramental rinsing water used in rituals such as the masiqta (death mass).

Others
In Ancient Greek religion, holy water called khernips (χέρνιψ) was created when a torch from a religious shrine was extinguished in it. In Greek religion, purifying people and locations with water was part of the process of distinguishing the sacred from the profane.

In Wicca and other ceremonial magic traditions, a bowl of salt is blessed and a small amount is stirred into a bowl of water that has been ritually purified. In some traditions of Wicca, this mixture of water and salt symbolizes the brine of the sea, which is regarded as the womb of the Goddess, and the source of all life on Earth. The mixture is consecrated and used in many religious ceremonies and magical rituals.

Unofficial uses
Holy water has also been believed to ward off or act as a weapon against mythical evil creatures, such as vampires. In eastern Europe, one might sprinkle holy water onto the corpse of a suspected vampire in order to destroy it or render it inert. Thereafter, the concept proliferated into fiction about such creatures.

Gallery

 * Stoups

title: Holy water


text:
Man from Delmonte (band)

Man from Delmonte were an independent band from Manchester, England, formed in the mid-1980s.

History
Band members included Mike West (vocals and acoustic guitar), Sheila Seal (bass), Martin Vincent (guitar), and Howard Goody (drums).

The band members had little in common with most Manchester bands. Goody was a graduate of Winchester School of Art. Vincent had been an art critic and painter. Seal, a Glaswegian, was a classically trained musician who had run an art gallery. And West, who wrote the songs, was the Australian-born son of the author Morris West.

The band played many gigs at the Boardwalk club, in Manchester, where they recorded their Big Noise live album in 1989.

They took their name from a series of 1980s television advertisements for Del Monte fruit juices, featuring the "man from Del Monte". In these, the man would visit villages to sample their fruit juices, to see if they were good enough to be included in his company's drinks. The tagline, shouted jubilantly by a villager on approval was, "The man from Del Monte, he say 'Yes!.

At one point they were managed by the journalist Jon Ronson.

After they split up in 1990, some members continued as Surfurbia. West moved to New Orleans to pursue a solo career in the early 1990s.

Discography
Chart placings shown are from the UK Indie Chart.

Singles

 * "Drive, Drive, Drive" (Ugly Man, 1987)
 * "Water in My Eyes" (Ugly Man, 1987)
 * "Will Nobody Save Louise" (Ugly Man, 1988) (#13)
 * Monday Morning After EP (Bop Cassettes, 1989)
 * "Big Noise" (Bop Cassettes, 1989) (#20)
 * "My Love Is Like A Gift You Can't Return" (Bop Cassettes, 1989) (#13)

Albums

 * Catholic Boys on Mobilettes (Bop Cassettes, 1989) – compilation
 * Big Noise (Bop Cassettes, 1989)
 * Big Noise (Vinyl Japan, 2000) – reissue
 * The Good Things in Life (Vinyl Japan, 1999) – compilation

title: Man from Delmonte (band)


text: User talk:61.6.97.64

title: User talk:61.6.97.64