text:
Talk:Proteobacteria

Classification
1.   I know that the phylum of proteobacteria is divided into 5 classes alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon. What is the basis of dividing them into this 5 groups?

-->> It is based on 16S rDNA differences. Onco p53 04:36, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

2. You should probably note that the betaproteobacteria are really a subdivision of the gammaproteobacteria

 * Noted.
 * According to iTol (cited) the gamma and beta proteobacteria are sister clades. Peteruetz (talk) 00:48, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

Completing orders and families
I am currently going through, starting with the alpha proteobacteria, to complete the orders and families and to have full tax boxes for them. I won't go down to species level yet. My references will be:
 * NCBI Taxonomy http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/
 * LBSN http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/
 * The latest Bergey's lists http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys/
 * My PhD in Microbiology Onco p53 02:46, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * uBio microscope is pretty handy, too. It would be nice if we could give :some information beyond membership and phylogenetic position, but that seems difficult for many :groups.  Do you know of any orders or families that have unique characteristics, like unusual :metabolic processes or forms?  I'd like to expand on such groups, but beyond the photosynthetic :families and myxobacteria, they're hard to identify. Josh

 * I agree, I'll have a look for general characters, but with the move from a phenetic to phylogenetic classification system, such things can be tricky. Some are easy like Methylobacterium. Onco p53 02:46, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't Moraxellaceae be listed? Phizq (talk) 06:43, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Phylogeny
I am ever so sorry to have had to remove the second tree from the article — I know how devastating it feels —, but it was a repetition of the previous figure and had several other issues.

Repetition is the main reason for its removal, but it also contained factual inaccuracies and non-standard style. E.g. pseudomonads are gammaproteobacteria and not some basal species — if some poorly characterised species (non-validated) have been newly discovered possible basal species, it should be written explicitly, like Acidithiobacillus in the previous paragraph —. I am slightly disturbed and annoyed at the frequent usage in wikipedia of Cavalier-Smith nomenclature, which does not anywhere near as much in the actually literature. Regarding the style, I am not sure where it is written, but I am pretty sure the symbols used are not the preferred ones for tables, not to mention it looks ugly. --Squidonius (talk) 04:04, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

Clarification
"The alpha, beta, delta, epsilon sections are monophyletic,[5][6][7] bar the Gammaproteobacteria due to the Acidithiobacillus genus is paraphyletic to Betaproteobacteria, according to multigenome alignement studies, which if done correctly are more precise than 16S." Are there words missing (or too many words) here? I'm having trouble understanding this. Amkilpatrick (talk) 12:30, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

Acidithiobacillia and Zetaproteobacteria
The Class Acidithiobacillia has been proposed (Williams & Kelly 2013) and will constitute a Valid Publication as soon as the print edition appears, though the paper is online in the IJSEM as of 29th January 2013. This has been added to the article but the tree on the right needs editing please to add this Class.

The "Zetaproteobacteria" is not a validly published Class and has no standing in nomenclature. It should be removed from the tree on the righthand side since it is effectively nothing more than a nickname until it has been validly published. It is worth leaving mention of it in the article such that its status is widely known. 141.163.157.18 (talk) 14:58, 29 January 2013 (UTC) Dr Rich Boden, University of Plymouth rich dot boden at plymouth dot ac dot uk

chemoautotroph
A typo in the fourth paragraph needs correcting - probably by the author. It reads: "Betaproteobacteria . . . and includes chemoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs." Clearly the editor who wrote this had in mind to include two different classes but repeated "chemoautotrophs" by mistake. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hedles (talk • contribs) 13:11, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
Recently all the Greek-lettered "classes" have been revised to be called phyla. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.213.73.12 (talk) 22:08, 18 April 2019 (UTC)

Cladogram
Proposal for a cladogram replacement as follows:

Current references are not onlne and hard to verify. Current cladogram is missing the new classes, too. --Ernsts (talk) 19:15, 29 April 2019 (UTC)

Change from Proteobacteria to Pseudomonadota
I am notifying interested editors that the subject of this article, as presented in the text, but not (yet) in the title, has been changed from Proteobacteria to Pseudomonadota, by an apparently good faith IP editor. Points to consider: Thanks. twsabin 18:39, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) Some content was removed. Maybe that content should be copied from history to another article, where it may belong now.
 * 2) If this change is accepted, the article should be moved to Pseudomonadota.
 * The change has since been reverted. twsabin 18:48, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Pseudomonadota which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 01:37, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Pseudomonadota which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:48, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Proteobacteria


text:
User:JohnArmagh/Heads of State of Benin

List of Heads of State of Benin

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

Affiliations:-
FARD = Front d'Action pour le Rénouveau et le Développement (Action for Renewal and Development) – centrist

PD = Parti Démocratique (Democratic Party, merger of PRD and UDD 1964)

PRB = Parti de la Renaissance du Bénin (Party for the Rebirth of Benin) – centrist

UTRD = Union pour le Triomphe du Renouvellement Démocratique (Union for the Triumph of the Democratic Renewal)

PRD = Parti du Rénouveau Démocratique (Democratic Renewal Party)

PRPB = Parti du Revolutionare Popular du Benin (Popular Revolutionary Party of Benin only legal party 1979-1990) - communist

RDD = Rassemblement Démocratique du Dahomé (Dahomey Democratic Rally)

UDD = Union Démocratique du Dahomé (Dahomey Democratic Union)

Mil = Military

See also:-

 * Heads of Government of Benin
 * Colonial Heads of Benin (Dahomey)
 * Lists of Incumbents

Benin, List of Presidents of

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:JohnArmagh/Heads of State of Benin


text:
Orpheus (disambiguation)

Orpheus was a legendary figure in Greek mythology, chief among poets and musicians.

Orpheus may also refer to:

Music and dance

 * List of Orphean operas, several operas titled Orpheus or variants, including:
 * Orpheus (Telemann), a 1726 opera by Georg Philipp Telemann
 * Orpheus (Liszt), an 1854 symphonic poem by Franz Liszt
 * Orpheus (ballet), a 1948 ballet by Igor Stravinsky and George Balanchine
 * Orpheus (band), a 1960s American rock band
 * "Orpheus" (Ash song), 2004
 * "Orpheus" (David Sylvian song), 1988
 * "Orpheus", a song by Sara Bareilles from Amidst the Chaos, 2019
 * Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, based in New York City
 * Orpheus Foundation, which supports the Orpheus Sinfonia, based in London
 * Orpheus Music, an American record label

Film, television, and theater

 * Orpheus (play), a 1926 play by Jean Cocteau
 * Orpheus (film), a 1950 adaptation of the play, directed by Cocteau
 * "Orpheus" (Angel), a 2003 television episode
 * "Orpheus" (Stargate SG-1), a 2003 television episode
 * Orpheus (Days of Our Lives), a character in the American soap opera Days of Our Lives
 * Doctor Byron Orpheus, a character in the TV series The Venture Bros.
 * Triana Orpheus, a character in the TV series The Venture Bros.
 * Orpheus, a character in the 2006 off-Broadway musical Hadestown
 * Lyra Orpheus, a character in the 1987 film Saint Seiya: The Movie

Games and comics

 * Orpheus (DC Comics), a fictional character
 * Orpheus (role-playing game), published by White Wolf Game Studio
 * Orpheus, the main character's persona in the video game Persona 3
 * Orpheus, a character in the video game Hades
 * Orpheus, a survivor and hunter in the video game Identity V

Places and structures

 * Orpheus, Ohio, US
 * Orpheus Gate, a geographical pass in Antarctica
 * Orpheus Monument, a Roman-era monument in Slovenia

Science and technology

 * 3361 Orpheus, an Apollo asteroid
 * Bristol Siddeley Orpheus, a turbojet engine
 * Orpheus, a mockingbird genus, now a junior synonym of Mimus

Ships

 * Orpheus (ship), three commercial ships
 * HMS Orpheus, several ships of the Royal Navy

Other uses

 * Orpheus (magazine), Italian modernist journal between 1932 and 1934
 * Orpheus – Oper und mehr, German magazine for music theatre
 * Krewe of Orpheus, a New Orleans Mardi Gras krewe
 * Orpheus Roye (born 1973), American professional football player
 * Orpheus, a character from the Inkheart series by Cornelia Funke

title: Orpheus (disambiguation)


text:
User:Maha

I write mainly for the German Wikipedia.

Weblinks

 * Homepage
 * My German Wikipedia Page
 * Weblog

de:Benutzer:Maha eo:Vikipediisto:Maha fr:Utilisateur:Maha it:Utente:Maha sm:User:Maha

title: User:Maha


text:
Talk:Hermitage AOC

I removed "The variety has been hybridised with Pinot Noir as Pinotage. The resulting vines are cultivated in South Africa and Zimbabwe" as Hermitage as used in this entry is referring to the wines of the Hemitage region and not a variety.

Moved to Hermitage AOC to be consistent with other AOC entries Justinc 23:51, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hermitage AOC


text:
Lungi

The lungi is a clothing similar to the sarong that originated in the Indian subcontinent. The lungi, which usually multicoloured, is a men's skirt usually tied around the lower waist below the navel. It can be worn as casual wear and night wear. It is favoured in hot and humid climates where the airflow it allows makes it more comfortable than alternatives.

Design
They are especially worn in hot regions. There are also cheaper "open" lungis, in identical dimensions but not sewn into a tube shape. The standard adult lungi is 115 cm in height and 200 cm in length, when open. Children's lungis are approximately two-thirds of this size. They are normally woven from cotton and come in a variety of designs and colors. Silk lungis are used for ceremonial purposes such as weddings. The most common styles are solid-colored and plaid, reflecting the relative ease and cost-effectiveness of producing these patterns on a power loom. Blue is particularly popular, since it fades to pleasant tones in contrast to other colors. Regardless of the design or color, lungis are often lined at the top and bottom with a black/white stripe containing reinforced weaving to prevent fraying.

Usage
Depending on local tradition, lungis can be worn by men or, more rarely, women. They are tied or fastened in various ways and can be used in different cultural activities, ranging from normal daily life to elaborate wedding ceremonies. For daily purposes, a simple "double twist" knot is most popular, where two points in the upper edge of lungi are brought together and twisted around twice, with the ends tucked in at the waist. However, it is also common for wearers to simply tie a double "pretzel knot" from 2 points on the upper border, which produces a more secure knot. The lungi's length can also be adjusted, for example, by tucking in the lungi at the waist to make it resemble a short skirt. This is mostly used for labourers who have to work for a long time under a hot sun.

Bangladesh
The lungi (লুঙ্গি), is the most commonly seen dress of Bangladeshi men, although it is not normally worn for formal occasions. In Bangladesh, lungis are worn by men, almost universally indoors, but commonly outdoors as well. Elaborately designed tartan cotton, batik, or silk lungis are often presented as wedding gifts to the groom in a Bangladeshi wedding. The typical Bangladeshi lungi is a seamless tubular shape, as opposed to the single sheet worn in other parts of South and Southeast Asia. In Bangladesh, the lungi industry is concentrated in Sirajganj, Kushtia, Pabna, and Khulna. Bangladeshi women do not wear lungis, although non-Bengali tribal women do wear similar garments in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The lungi tradition of Bangladesh can be traced back to Bengal Sultanate when Men used to wear lungis or sarongs of cotton fabrics of various colors along with turbans, dhutis, leather shoes, and belts to wrap their robes on the waist. It is believed to get its origin around the Arakan region of Chittagong, Bengal. The word Lungi is a Burmese influenced word in the Bengali vocabulary, came from the word Longyi. Lungi is also believed to be a variation of Dhoti, the word Dhoti came from the Bengali word "Dhowa" which means "Wash".

In April 2013, the Baridhara Housing Society—a housing society in Dhaka—banned the lungi and began refusing entry to those who wore them. Many opposed the ban, however, taking to social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter to criticize the decision. A march took place on 13 April to oppose the ban. U.S Ambassador Dan Mozena has been seen wearing a lungi in front of his house.

India
In India, the customs of wearing lungis vary by state. It can be worn with or without the traditional unsewn kaupinam or modern sewn langot, both of which are types of traditional loincloth undergarments. In Kerala, the lungi is generally colourful and available in various designs, and is worn by both men and women. It is also called 'kaili (കൈലി)'. Labourers typically wear it while working. A mundu/dhoti is a variation of the lungi and is mostly plain white. It often bears golden embroidery (kasavu), especially at the border. It is worn as formal attire and on ceremonial occasions like weddings, festivals, etc. Saffron-coloured lungis are known as kaavi mundu. Men sometimes tuck up their mundus or lungis with the bottom of the garment being pulled up and tied back on to the waist. In this case, the mundu or lungi only covers the body from the waist to the knees.

In Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, only men wear this garment. It is also known as kaili or sāram/chāram in South Tamil Nadu.

In Tamil Nadu, the veshti or dhoti is a traditional wear. People wear veshtis for formal occasions whereas lungis are worn as informal or casual wear by some. Lungis with checked pattern are more popular. It is common on the Konkan side of the state of Karnataka, mostly worn by the Nawayath people from Bhatkal. Most of them wear it as their daily attire. It is as a mark of tradition in Bhatkal. They are mostly sewn in a cylindrical shape.

In Punjab, lungis are worn by both men and women. The male lungi is also called a tehmat, while the female lungi is called a laacha. They are part of traditional dance attire in Bhangra dance groups, but are also popular in rural areas as home wear. They are generally tied in a different way than in other parts of India and are, as a rule, unstitched and very colourful. Wearing the lungi has declined in the Punjab region in recent years.

In Odisha and West Bengal, the lungi is primarily worn at home by men of all societal classes. Hindu men generally avoid wearing lungis on the street. In Odisha, Sambalpuri with the Sambalpuri pattern and mule based lungis from Khordha are available in addition to normal cotton fabric lungis.

In Bihar and Haryana, the lungi is considered a night garment for men. They are not worn outside the homes

In Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh the lungi is often worn by tribal people. Previously, they used to wear a small cloth around their waist.

Maldives
In Maldives, it is known as mundu. In modern times, it is worn by elderly men exclusively.

Myanmar
In Myanmar, it is spelt longyi. For men, the longyi is known as a paso (Burmese: ပုဆိုး), and for women, it is known as a htamein (Burmese: ထဘီ). Longyis of different fabrics, including cotton and silk, are worn for both informal and formal occasions.

Thailand
In Thailand, it is known as a pa kao mah (Thai: ผ้าขาวม้า) for men and a pa toong (Thai: ผ้าถุง) for women.

title: Lungi


text:
User talk:Madhu p

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Tennessee Senate

The Tennessee Senate is the upper house of the U.S. state of Tennessee's state legislature, which is known formally as the Tennessee General Assembly.

The Tennessee Senate has the power to pass resolutions concerning essentially any issue regarding the state, country, or world. The Senate also has the power to create and enforce its own rules and qualifications for its members. The Senate shares these powers with the Tennessee House of Representatives. The Senate alone has the power to host impeachment proceeding and remove impeached members of office with a 2/3 majority. The Tennessee Senate, according to the state constitution of 1870, is composed of 33 members, one-third the size of the Tennessee House of Representatives. Senators are to be elected from districts of substantially equal population. According to the Tennessee constitution, a county is not to be joined to a portion of another county for purposes of creating a district; this provision has been overridden by the rulings of the Supreme Court of the United States in Baker v. Carr (369 U.S. 182, 1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (337 U.S. 356, 1964). The Tennessee constitution has been amended to allow that if these rulings are ever changed or reversed, a referendum may be held to allow the senate districts to be drawn on a basis other than substantially equal population.

Until 1966, Tennessee state senators served two-year terms. That year the system was changed, by constitutional amendment, to allow four-year terms. In that year, senators in even-numbered districts were elected to two-year terms and those in odd-numbered districts were elected to four-year terms. This created a staggered system in which only half of the senate is up for election at any one time. Senators from even-numbered districts are elected in the same years as presidential elections, and senators from odd-numbered districts are elected in the same years as mid-term elections. Districts are to be sequentially and consecutively numbered; the scheme basically runs from east to west and north to south.

Republicans attained an elected majority in the Senate in the 104th General Assembly (2005–07) for the first time since Reconstruction; a brief majority in the 1990s was the result of two outgoing senators switching parties. Following the 2018 elections, there were no Democratic senators from East Tennessee. There were three Democrats from Memphis in West Tennessee, and three from Middle Tennessee, two from Nashville and one from the Nashville suburb of Goodlettsville.

Senate Speaker
According to Article III, Section 12 of the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, the Speaker of the Senate assumes Office of Governor in the event of a Vacancy. The Senate elects one of its own members as Speaker and the Speaker automatically becomes Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee. The Speaker appoints a Speaker Pro Tempore who presides over the Senate in the absence of the Speaker as well as a Deputy speaker to assist the Speaker in his or her duties. The current Speaker of the Senate and Lieutenant Governor is Randy McNally, who was elected to the position in 2017. One of the main duties of the Speaker is to preside over the Senate and make Senate committee appointments based upon ability and preference of members, seniority, and party representation. The Speaker also maintains the power to remove members from Committee appointments. The Speaker, in cohort with the Speaker of the House of Representatives, chairs the Joint Legislative Services Committee which provides assistance to the General Assembly. The Speaker also controls staffing and office space with Senate staff. The Speaker serves as an ex-officio member of all standing committees.

Oath of office
"I [name of official] do solemnly swear that, as a member of this, the [number, ex. One Hundred Eleventh] General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, I will faithfully support the Constitution of this State and of the United States, and I do solemnly affirm that as a member of this General Assembly, I will, in all appointments, vote without favor, affection, partiality, or prejudice; and that I will not propose or assent to any bill, vote or resolution, which shall appear to me injurious to the people, or consent to any act or thing, whatever, that shall have a tendency to lessen or abridge their rights and privileges, as declared by the Constitution of this state."

Qualifications for office
"No person shall be a senator unless he shall be a citizen of the United States, of the age of thirty years, and shall have resided three years in this state, and one year in the county or district, immediately preceding the election."

Senate Leadership and Members
Senate Leaders
 * Speaker of the Senate, Lieutenant Governor: Randy McNally
 * Speaker pro tempore: Ferrell Haile
 * Deputy Speaker: Shane Reeves, John Stevens, Dawn White

Members

 * *Senator was originally elected in a special election or appointed

Senate Committees
The Tennessee State Senate has 12 committees in total: 9 standing committees and 3 select committees. Committee assignments for the 112th General Assembly were announced in the January 12, 2021 organizational session:

Past composition of the Senate
In 1921, Anna Lee Keys Worley became the first woman to serve in the Tennessee Senate.

title: Tennessee Senate


text:
Bart-Mangled Banner

"Bart-Mangled Banner" is the twenty-first and penultimate episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 16, 2004.

Plot
Homer and Marge take the kids to get their shots. Just before Dr. Hibbert is about to inject Bart, he escapes. After a chase through town, Hibbert finally outsmarts Bart, by having Barney (as well as Moe) wear a latex mask, and finally injects him. However, the shot causes Bart's earholes to swell shut as a side effect, making him temporarily deaf and Hibbert also tricks Homer into signing a malpractice waiver. Marge wants Bart to stay home from school; however, Bart wants to play in the donkey basketball game.

While at the Springfield Elementary School donkey basketball game, Bart taunts a donkey with a carrot, unaware that the school is reciting the national anthem. After he places the carrot in his shorts, the donkey takes it and literally eats Bart's shorts. While Bart is bent over to keep his privates covered with his shirt, the US flag is put up behind him and a photo is taken, which results in the crowd assuming that Bart is mooning the US flag. Shortly afterwards, the Springfield Shopper takes the story and completely turns it around, making it seem as if Bart had deliberately mooned the flag. Marge tries to tell Skinner that Bart was deaf at the time; however, because of Bart's history of similar pranks, Skinner is not convinced. Bart and his family soon are hated by all of Springfield.

The Simpsons are later asked to appear on a talk show and tell their side of the story. Homer advises Marge to not take it too far. However, due to the several misunderstandings, the host declares that Springfield hates the US. The US then turns their back on Springfield (though there is widespread celebration in praise of Springfield in the Middle East), so Mayor Quimby frantically decides to change the name of Springfield to "Libertyville." Everything in town is quickly patriotized; the traffic light colors are changed to red, white, and blue, everything costs $17.76., Apu starts selling Homeland Noodles with Uncle Sam Balls and changes his octuplets' names to "Lincoln", "Freedom", "Condoleezza", "Coke", "Pepsi", "Manifest Destiny", "Apple Pie" and "Superman", claiming their previous names to be "pre-witchhunt", and the family's last name to McGillicuddy. While at church, Lisa speaks her opinion about patriotism, and the Simpsons are arrested by SWAT, in violation of the "Government Knows Best Act."

The Simpsons are taken to the "Ronald Reagan Re-education Center", a prison which houses Michael Moore, the Dixie Chicks, Elmo, Al Franken, and Bill Clinton, as well as a man who moans "My only crime was driving a van full of explosives in from Canada!". Marge feels bad that she took it too far after Homer warned her not to. With some help from the last-registered Democrat, the Simpsons escape the prison (in a parody of the escape scene from The Blues Brothers), but realize that the re-education center is actually Alcatraz Prison. While they are swimming to land (choosing to swim to Oakland instead of San Francisco because they "aren't made of money"), they are picked up by a French freighter and are brought to France. They are well adjusted, but still miss the United States, mainly because it is where all their stuff is. They then move back to the US dressed as 19th century immigrants from Europe where Homer speaks of plans of integration into the United States.

Cultural references

 * The episode title is a play on the title of the U.S. National Anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".
 * The scene where Dr. Hibbert chases Bart in a cropduster mirrors a scene in the 1959 Alfred Hitchcock thriller, North by Northwest.
 * When Homer is playing minigolf, a man at the golf court calls him Benedict Arnold.
 * As Homer is leaving the golf course, he smashes the United States Capitol and the Mount Rushmore National Memorial.
 * The cable debate show "Headbutt" that the Simpsons appear on is a reference to the CNN debate show Crossfire with Nash Castor being a parody of then-current host Tucker Carlson.
 * When thinking about changing Springfield's name, Mayor Quimby refers to "Hitler City, NC", which (according to him) also changed its name to Charlotte.
 * The "Government Knows Best" act satirizes the controversial 2001 legislation, the Patriot Act, aimed at fighting terrorism in the United States and abroad.
 * Those imprisoned include Michael Moore, The Dixie Chicks, Bill Clinton, and the Sesame Street muppet character Elmo.
 * As the Simpsons are watching the re-educational cartoon, Lisa mentions that she has been given Sodium pentothal which is sometimes used during interrogations as a truth serum.
 * Bill Clinton's attempt to smoke 100 cigarettes at once is a reference to the Guinness World Records.
 * The Simpsons are scheduled to perform at the prison talent show after Al Franken.
 * At the talent show, the Simpsons start singing "America the Beautiful" and then switch to their own original song.
 * During her performance, Lisa burns an ACLU card.
 * The entire performance is a parody of The Sound of Music where the cast escapes from the Nazis.
 * As the family is swimming away from the prison, the Golden Gate Bridge is visible in the background, implying that the prison itself was Alcatraz (though Alcatraz stopped being used as a prison in 1963). The family also debates whether to swim towards San Francisco, likely because of its socially liberal policies, or towards Oakland because of affordability.
 * As they are being rescued by the French sailor, Marge makes a reference to Catherine Deneuve, a French actress.
 * When Dr. Hibbert chases Bart, "One Way or Another" by Blondie is played. Neil Diamond's "America" plays to the closing credits.
 * The renaming of Springfield to Libertyville is likely a reference to the renaming of french fries to "freedom fries" after Jacques Chirac refused to have France participate in Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Previous episode references

 * The Chanel suit worn by Marge in Paris is the same as the one she bought from the outlet mall in Ogdenville in season seven's "Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield".
 * The term "Bart-Mangled Banner" was previously used in the episode "Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade" when Bart destroys Lisa's flag project.

title: Bart-Mangled Banner


text:
File:WilliamDesmondTaylor.jpg

Summary
Pre 1923 image not subject to copyright.

title: File:WilliamDesmondTaylor.jpg


text:
User talk:Nodem

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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Kinlochbervie

Kinlochbervie (Ceann Loch Biorbhaidh, ) is a scattered harbour village in the north west of Sutherland, in the Highland region of Scotland. It is the most northerly port on the west coast of Scotland.

Geography
Sandwood Bay, a scenic beach, is about a 5 mi drive or a 4 mi walk north of Kinlochbervie. Other scenic areas close to the village include Oldshoremore Beach and Rhiconich.

Fishing
The majority of local industry is based upon fishing. Although the fleet of ships actually based in Kinlochbervie is rather small, many ships from the east coast of Scotland land their catches in Kinlochbervie. The dominant feature of the town is the large fish handling depot. From here catches are loaded onto large refrigerated lorries for transport by road throughout Europe. The importance of this link to the outside world to the local economy means that Kinlochbervie has surprisingly good road links, given its remote location and rugged local geography.

Tourism
The local scenery is a tourist attraction and is also an important part of the local economy. There are many holiday homes and small bed and breakfast businesses in the area. The largest in the village is Kinlochbervie Hotel.

Sports
The village also has a rather successful amateur football team, which competes in the local amateur league along with Durness, Tongue, Bettyhill, Lochinver and Melvich. In 2005 they won the league trophy, the prestigious Stafford Cup, for the first time in many years. The team also won The Guy Cup in the same year by winning a tournament of local teams. This was the first time a team west of the Kyle of Tongue had won it.

The sport of shinty has recently been resurrected in Kinlochbervie by the local school, shinty was once played across North Sutherland until the 20th century but never competitively. Kinlochbervie Camanachd Club now compete at junior level against teams from across the Highlands.

Cultural references
The village features prominently in Irish writer Brian Friel's play Faith Healer. Sailor Frank Dye started his 650 mi journey to Iceland in a small Wayfarer dinghy from the village in 1963.

Time Team
Divers from Time Team explored the waters off the coast of Kinlochbervie, about 20 m below the sea's surface after a shipwreck and artefacts were discovered by divers from RAF Lossiemouth. The artefacts found included two anchors, five iron cannons and Spanish pottery from the 16th century. The site was designated as a Historic Maritime Protected Area in 2013. The episode of 's was first broadcast on Sunday 20 January 2002.

title: Kinlochbervie


text:
Valdiguié

Valdiguié is a red wine grape grown primarily in the Languedoc-Roussillon region of southern France, where it is generally known by the alias Gros Auxerrois. In California it has been known as Napa Gamay or Gamay 15. Until 1980 Napa Gamay was believed to be the Gamay of Beaujolais, but following genetic analysis the name "Napa Gamay" has been banned from U.S. wine labels since January 1999. Confusingly, both the Pinot noir clone Gamay Beaujolais and Valdiguié were sometimes also labelled as "Gamay Beaujolais" until that name was banned on labels in April 2007. Other synonyms include Valdiguer, Cahors, Jean-Pierrou at Sauzet, Quercy and Noir de Chartres.

Description
Valdiguié was first commercially propagated in 1874, although its origin is unclear. There are three main theories :

 * M. Valdiguié (1745-1817) selected a seedling from the Merille variety
 * Guillaume Valdiguié found it in the vineyard of a Templar monastery in Aujols
 * Jean Baptiste Valdiguié found it in a vineyard in Puylaroque and sold it from 1874

It produces medium to large conical clusters of dark blue-black fruit. It is a high yielding vine that is fairly resistant to oidium (powdery mildew).

Cultivation and winemaking
Valdiguié produces dark colored wines that are low in alcohol. The wines tend to be of light to medium body and are frequently made in a style similar to the true Gamay of Beaujolais.

title: Valdiguié


text:
Pure submodule

In mathematics, especially in the field of module theory, the concept of pure submodule provides a generalization of direct summand, a type of particularly well-behaved piece of a module. Pure modules are complementary to flat modules and generalize Prüfer's notion of pure subgroups. While flat modules are those modules which leave short exact sequences exact after tensoring, a pure submodule defines a short exact sequence (known as a pure exact sequence) that remains exact after tensoring with any module. Similarly a flat module is a direct limit of projective modules, and a pure exact sequence is a direct limit of split exact sequences.

Definition
Let R be a ring (associative, with 1), let M be a (left) module over R, let P be a submodule of M and let i: P → M be the natural injective map. Then P is a pure submodule of M if, for any (right) R-module X, the natural induced map idX ⊗ i : X ⊗ P → X ⊗ M (where the tensor products are taken over R) is injective.

Analogously, a short exact sequence
 * $$0 \longrightarrow A\,\ \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}\ B\,\ \stackrel{g}{\longrightarrow}\ C \longrightarrow 0$$

of (left) R-modules is pure exact if the sequence stays exact when tensored with any (right) R-module X. This is equivalent to saying that f(A) is a pure submodule of B.

Equivalent characterizations
Purity of a submodule can also be expressed element-wise; it is really a statement about the solvability of certain systems of linear equations. Specifically, P is pure in M if and only if the following condition holds: for any m-by-n matrix (aij) with entries in R, and any set y1, ..., ym of elements of P, if there exist elements x1, ..., xn in M such that
 * $$\sum_{j=1}^n a_{ij}x_j = y_i \qquad\mbox{ for } i=1,\ldots,m$$

then there also exist elements x1′, ..., xn′ in P such that
 * $$\sum_{j=1}^n a_{ij}x'_j = y_i \qquad\mbox{ for } i=1,\ldots,m$$

Another characterization is: a sequence is pure exact if and only if it is the filtered colimit (also known as direct limit) of split exact sequences

 * $$0 \longrightarrow A_i \longrightarrow  B_i \longrightarrow  C_i \longrightarrow  0.$$

Examples

 * Every direct summand of M is pure in M. Consequently, every subspace of a vector space over a field is pure.

Properties
Suppose
 * $$0 \longrightarrow A\,\ \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}\ B\,\ \stackrel{g}{\longrightarrow}\ C \longrightarrow 0$$

is a short exact sequence of R-modules, then:
 * 1) C is a flat module if and only if the exact sequence is pure exact for every A and B.  From this we can deduce that over a von Neumann regular ring, every submodule of every R-module is pure.  This is because every module over a von Neumann regular ring is flat.  The converse is also true.
 * 2) Suppose B is flat. Then the sequence is pure exact if and only if C is flat. From this one can deduce that pure submodules of flat modules are flat.
 * 3) Suppose C is flat. Then B is flat if and only if A is flat.

If $$0 \longrightarrow A\,\ \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}\ B\,\ \stackrel{g}{\longrightarrow}\ C \longrightarrow 0$$  is pure-exact, and F is a finitely presented R-module, then every homomorphism from F to C can be lifted to B, i.e. to every u : F → C there exists v : F → B such that gv=u.

title: Pure submodule


text:
Acid techno

Acid techno, sometimes known generally as "acid", is a genre of techno that was derived from acid house and developed in Europe in the late 1980s to early 1990s. It saw younger artists apply the "squelching" synthesizer sound of Chicago acid house to harder-edged techno material.

Characteristics
The acid style was obtained largely through Roland instruments, most prominently the TB-303 bass synthesizer. The term Acid specifically refers to the harsh "acidic" squelching sound of the Roland 303. The acid sound is achieved by turning up the filter resonance and turning down the cutoff frequency parameters of the synthesizer, along with programming the 303's accent, slide, and octave parameters; manipulating the filter in real-time as the track is being recorded is a technique known as tweaking.

In addition to acid records imported from the US, the style was influenced by sources such as hardcore, German trance, and Belgian rave music.

History
Early exponents of the style included Richie Hawtin (aka Plastikman), Aphex Twin, Dave Clarke, Hardfloor, solarquest, and Damon Wilde. Other mainstays included London acts such as Liberators, Henry Cullen (aka D.A.V.E. The Drummer), Guy McAffer (aka The Geezer), and DDR. In London, the acid techno scene developed via illegal network of parties; the 1997 compilation It's Not Intelligent…And It's Not From Detroit…But It's F**king 'Avin It was subtitled "The Sound of London's Acid Techno Underground" and helped to solidify the genre in the underground consciousness. In recent years, Acid Techno had a comeback with artists of the younger generation such as Regal or Boston 168 releasing critically acclaimed Acid music and bringing the sound to big stages.

title: Acid techno


text:
Talk:Ancient warfare

Age of Empires 1 and potential plagiarism
I recall that the "chariots" section and the first paragraph of the "Egypt" section had also been present, word for word, in the computer game Age of Empires 1, which was quite popular in its time. As Age of Empires 1 precedes Wikipedia, I have to ask whether this article plagiarizes it or whether they both originate from the same source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anvilsmith (talk • contribs) 13:37, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

"Ancient"
The definition of "ancient", which refers to the fall of Rome, seems suitable only for the Mediterranean. How would you define ancient with regard to China, for instance? Burschik 06:42, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

In fact, I believe that the Ancient period even in the Mediterranean is significantly earlier than Rome, which if I recall correctly belongs in the Classical, Post-Classical or Hellenic periods. However, in common usage beyond the textbook definition "ancient" is used to refer to anything before 600-700 AD and the start of the Dark Ages. Zrut (talk) 06:13, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Need a section on Archers & Skirmishers — various bows, javelins/pilum, & slings. RJH 18:10, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * might want to avoid sounding like recounting units from various gaming systems (& yes I know some are based on actual historical army divisions) --ZayZayEM 02:57, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Removing headings
I'm removing the headings that have no information.
 * Strategy, tactics, and weapons (changing to "Tactics and weapons")
 * Armies
 * Strategy
 * (Removing from "Cultures")
 * Sumerian
 * Israel, Judea, and Samaria
 * Korean
 * Etruscan
 * British Islander
 * Celtic
 * Maurreen 01:59, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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Social studies
Hello 119.252.119.73 (talk) 08:26, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ancient warfare


text:
Talk:2004 Summer Paralympics

Proposal
Proposed as Collaboration of the week for August 14.At the moment this has the most votes for this ,so worth making an effort to add information to make into a good article. --Ludek9 06:21, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Lack of American coverage
I'm quite surprised that there is no mention of the fact that no American network decided to cover these games, it caused considerable controversy and was quite a big story in the UK. A google search turns up a number of hits! 82.109.66.150 14:57, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, I agree, I remember seeing that in the news! I'll do some research and put something up! LookingYourBest 19:09, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/ouch/paralympics/facts/
 * In 2004 Summer Paralympics on 2011-05-25 07:48:39, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 Summer Paralympics on 2011-06-11 12:08:09, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 12:08, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:2004 Summer Paralympics


text:
Tennessee General Assembly

The Tennessee General Assembly (TNGA) is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is a part-time bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Speaker of the Senate carries the additional title and office of Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee. In addition to passing a budget for state government plus other legislation, the General Assembly appoints three state officers specified by the state constitution. It is also the initiating body in any process to amend the state's constitution.

Constitutional structure
According to the Tennessee State Constitution of 1870, the General Assembly is a bicameral legislature and consists of a Senate of thirty-three members and a House of Representatives of ninety-nine members.

The representatives are elected to two-year terms; according to a 1966 constitutional amendment the senators are elected to four-year terms which are staggered, with the districts with even numbers being elected in the year of Presidential elections and those in the districts with odd numbers being elected in the years of Tennessee gubernatorial elections.

According to the Tennessee Constitution each representative must be twenty-one years old, a citizen of the United States, have been a resident of the state for three years and also a resident of the county they represent a year prior to the election. The state constitution also states that each senator must be thirty years of age, a citizen of the United States, resided three years in Tennessee, and resided in the district one year prior to the election.

Part-time legislature
To keep the legislature a part-time body, it is limited to ninety "legislative days" per two-year term, plus up to fifteen days for organizational purposes at the start of each term. A legislative day is considered any day that the House or Senate formally meets in the chambers of each house. Legislators are paid a base salary of $24,316 along with a per diem expense of $284 per legislative day (2020). If the legislature remains in session longer than ninety legislative days, lawmakers cease to draw their expense money.

Legislators also receive an "office allowance" of $1,000 per month, ostensibly for the maintenance of an office area devoted to their legislative work in their homes or elsewhere within their district. Traditionally, it has been easier, politically speaking, to raise the per diem and office allowance than the salary.

The speaker of each house is entitled to a salary triple that of other members. Under a law enacted in 2004, legislators will receive a raise equal to that given to state employees the previous year, if any.

The governor may also call "extraordinary sessions", limited to the topic or topics outlined in the call, and limited to another twenty days. Two-thirds of each house may also initiate such a call by petitioning for it.

Joint Committees
Each chamber sets up its own committee system; however, there are a number of committees which are composed of members of both the House and Senate.

Joint Fiscal Review Committee

The Joint Fiscal Review Committee continuously reviews items such as revenue collections, the proposed budget and other budget requests, appropriations, state debt, and various state funds, among other items. It also prepares estimates of revenues from the Tennessee Education Lottery and oversees the financial operations of state departments and agencies. Further, it prepares the fiscal note attached to each bill presented in the General Assembly, describing the estimated cost of the bill's contents on state and local government.

It was set up as a special continuing committee of the General Assembly in 1967 and is composed of six senators and nine representatives, each elected by their respective chambers. Additionally, ex officio members include the Speaker of each house and each house's chairman of the Finance, Ways, and Means committee. The current members are as follows: Joint Government Operations Rule Review Committee

The Joint Government Operations Rule Review Committee is composed of all members of the House and Senate Government Operations Committees. It reviews rules and regulations created by state departments and agencies.

It has three subcommittees. Joint Committee on Pensions and Insurance

It is composed of the officers of the House and Senate Finance, Ways, and Means committees, three members appointed by each finance committee chair, and two members appointed by each speaker. Furthermore, the Comptroller of the Treasury, state treasurer, and commissioners of Human Resources and Finance and Administration, as well as the director of the state retirement system, are included on an ex-officio basis. TACIR

The Tennessee Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations is considered to be a joint committee of the legislature.

House
See Tennessee Senate and Tennessee House of Representatives for current member lists and further information.

Legislative schedule
Legislative days are scheduled no more than three days a week during the session. Legislative sessions in both the House and Senate occur on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays. Tuesdays and the majority of Wednesdays are used primarily for committee meetings and hearings rather than actual sessions. Tuesdays and Wednesdays in the Tennessee Capitol also take on an eclectic flavor most weeks, as varied and diverse constituent groups set up display booths to inform lawmakers about their respective causes.

Sessions begin each year in January and usually end by May; during recent fiscal crises meetings have spilled over into July. The time limit on reimbursed working days and the fact that the Tennessee state government fiscal year is on a July 1 – June 30 basis puts considerable time pressure on the General Assembly, especially with regard to the adoption of a budget.

Membership in the legislature is best regarded as being a full-time job during the session and a part-time job the rest of the year due to committee meetings and hearings (for which legislators are reimbursed their expenses and receive a mileage allowance). A few members are on enough committees to make something of a living from being legislators; most are independent businesspeople and attorneys, although the latter group is perhaps no longer the absolute majority of members that it at one time comprised. In keeping with Tennessee's agricultural roots, some senators and representatives are farmers.

Lobbyists are not allowed to share meals with legislators on an individual basis, but they are not forbidden from inviting the entire legislature or selected groups to events honoring them, which has become a primary means of lobbying. Members are also forbidden from holding campaign fundraising events for themselves during the time they are actually in session.

Leadership
Each house sets its own rules and elects its own speaker; the Speaker of the Senate carries the additional title and office of Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee. For over three decades, both speakers were from West Tennessee; this caused considerable resentment in the eastern two-thirds of the state. From 1971 until January 2007, Tennessee had the same lieutenant governor, John S. Wilder, a Democrat. Wilder was re-elected to the position even after Tennessee Republicans re-took the state senate in the 2004 election. However, in January 2007, after Republicans gained additional seats in the 2006 General Assembly elections, the Senate elected Republican Ron Ramsey (from East Tennessee) to the office of lieutenant governor. The current lieutenant governor is Republican Randy McNally, who was elected in January 2017. The 111th General Assembly of Tennessee has 32 new legislators, with 28 of those legislators in the House. The 111th General Assembly also had a new Speaker of the House and majority leader in the Senate, respectively, and new lawmakers in leadership positions. The current speaker of the House is Cameron Sexton who was elected in 2019.

Layout of districts
The General Assembly districts of both houses are supposed to be reapportioned based on population as determined by the U.S. federal census on a decennial basis. This was not done between 1902 and 1962, resulting in the United States Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Carr (369 U.S. 186), which required this action to be taken. Afterwards, there were other lawsuits, including one which resulted in an order for the body to create a black-majority district in West Tennessee for the House in the late 1990s.

Legislation
Tennessee legislators' objectives are to enact, amend, and repeal Tennessee Laws. Powers specific to Tennessee legislators include appropriation of money, the levy and collection of taxes, and the right to authorize counties and towns to tax. The General Assembly is recognized by the state constitution as the supreme legislative authority of the state. It is the General Assembly's responsibility to pass a budget for the functioning of the state government. Each year, the governor outlines their budget priorities in the State of the State address. The Assembly, in a joint session, is present for the speech. Bills may originate in either the House or Senate, and can be either a general or local bill. A general bill affects the state, while a local bill affects a town or county. A local bill must be passed in the state legislature and ratified by the local area it affects. The Tennessee Constitution states that after a bill has been rejected by the General Assembly, no bill with the same substance can be passed into law during the same session. The Tennessee Constitution states that each bill must be passed on three separate days in both houses. In order for a new bill to pass it requires a constitutional majority.

Appointments
According to the state constitution, three positions in state government collectively referred to as the "Constitutional Officers" — the secretary of state, state treasurer, and the Comptroller of the Treasury — are selected by the General Assembly in joint session, where each member of the General Assembly is afforded a single vote. Each office is awarded to the first candidate to receive a majority of the votes (67 of 132).

The General Assembly selects the seven members of the State Election Commission. It selects four members from the majority party (the one controlling the majority of the 132 total seats) and three members from the minority party.

Gubernatorial election dispute
A contested gubernatorial election is supposed to be decided by a joint session of the General Assembly, according to statutory law. The General Assembly is also required to decide the result of the gubernatorial election by joint session according to the state constitution in the event of an exact tie in the popular vote, an extremely unlikely election result.

Amending the State Constitution
The General Assembly can propose amendments to the state constitution, but only through one of the two available time-consuming processes:

Legislative initiative
For the legislature to propose amendments to the state constitution directly, an amendment must first be passed by an absolute majority of the membership of each house during one term of the Assembly. Then, during the next General Assembly term, each house must pass the amendment again, this time by a two-thirds majority.

The amendment must then be put on the statewide ballot, but only at a time when an election for governor is also being held. The amendment to be passed must receive over half of the total votes cast in the gubernatorial election in order to be ratified and come into effect.

The 1870 constitution of Tennessee had never been amended in this manner until 1998, when the "Victims' Rights Amendment" was added. A similar process was used in 2002 to enact the state lottery.

Two amendments proposed by the General Assembly were presented to voters on the 2006 ballot. In 2005 the "Tennessee Marriage Protection Amendment," specifying that only marriages between a man and a woman could be legally recognized in the state, was approved for submission to the voters in 2006. The ACLU had previously challenged the validity of the amendment by asserting that a constitutional obligation to publicly advertise the amendment had not been satisfied. However, on February 23, 2006, Davidson County Chancellor Ellen Hobbs Lyle ruled that the proposed amendment would be on the ballot in 2006. Both that amendment and an amendment authorizing exemption of senior citizens from property tax increases were approved by voters in November 2006.

In 2010, voters approved an amendment providing a right to hunt and fish within state regulations.

Constitutional convention
The other method of amending the state constitution, and the one used for all amendments prior to 1998, is for the General Assembly to put on the ballot the question of whether a limited constitutional convention should be called for the purpose of considering amendments to certain specified provisions of the constitution.

If the voters approve this in a statewide election they then, at the next statewide election, elect delegates to this convention. This body then meets (in the House chamber of the Tennessee State Capitol) and makes its recommendations. These recommendations can be voted on in any election, either one specially called or in conjunction with other statewide elections, and need only pass by a simple majority of those casting votes.

This method can not be employed more often than once every six years.

title: Tennessee General Assembly


text:
Talk:Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade

Recent edits...
Over the past two days have restored here, here, and here a section that is completely unsourced and has been marked as being unsourced since 2022. These restorations of the unsourced version have continued to occur even though two other editors have deleted the unsourced section. I am one of those editors - I do not wish to spend my editing time finding references that would source this section. Whoever wishes for the section to be retained needs to find sources for those parade balloons and add them to the section and not continue to edit war against Wikipedia policy/guidelines and against editorial consensus. Shearonink (talk) 17:28, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I support that removal too. Meters (talk) 04:30, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade


text:
Holland Codes

The Holland Codes or the Holland Occupational Themes (RIASEC ) refers to a taxonomy of interests based on a theory of careers and vocational choice that was initially developed by American psychologist John L. Holland.

The Holland Codes serve as a component of the interests assessment, the Strong Interest Inventory. In addition, the US Department of Labor's Employment and Training Administration has been using an updated and expanded version of the RIASEC model in the "Interests" section of its free online database O*NET (Occupational Information Network) since its inception during the late 1990s.

Overview
Holland's theories of vocational choice, The Holland Occupational Themes, "now pervades career counseling research and practice". Its origins "can be traced to an article in the Journal of Applied Psychology in 1958 and a subsequent article in 1959 that set out his theory of vocational choices. ... The basic premise was that one's occupational preferences were in a sense a veiled expression of underlying character." The 1959 article in particular ("A Theory of Vocational Choice", published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology) is considered the first major introduction of Holland's "theory of vocational personalities and work environments".

Holland originally labeled his six types as "motoric, intellectual, esthetic, supportive, persuasive, and conforming". He later developed and changed them to: "Realistic (Doers), Investigative (Thinkers), Artistic (Creators), Social (Helpers), Enterprising (Persuaders), and Conventional (Organizers)". Holland's six categories show some correlation with each other. It is called the RIASEC model or the hexagonal model because the initial letter of the region is equal to R-I-A-S-E-C when it is expressed as a circle connecting the regions of high correlation. Professor John Johnson of Penn State suggested that an alternative way of categorizing the six types would be through ancient social roles: "hunters (Realistic), shamans (Investigative), artisans (Artistic), healers (Social), leaders (Enterprising), and lorekeepers (Conventional)". Holland offers full definitions of each type in his book, ''Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Third Edition)’’ (1997).

According to the Committee on Scientific Awards, Holland's "research shows that personalities seek out and flourish in career environments they fit and that jobs and career environments are classifiable by the personalities that flourish in them". Holland also wrote of his theory that "the choice of a vocation is an expression of personality". Furthermore, while Holland suggested that people can be "categorized as one of six types", he also argued that "a six-category scheme built on the assumption that there are only six kinds of people in the world is unacceptable on the strength of common sense alone. But a six category scheme that allows a simple ordering of a person's resemblance to each of the six models provides the possibility of 720 different personality patterns."

Prediger's two-dimensional model
Prediger constructed the scale of "work task" and "work relevant abilities" based on Holland's model, and carried out factor analysis and multidimensional scale analysis to clarify the basic structure. As a result, two axes of Data/Ideas and Things/People were extracted. Although Prediger's inquiry did not start from interest per se, it eventually led to the birth of models other than RIASEC, suggesting that the structure of occupational interest may provide a basic dimension.

Tracey and Rounds's octagonal model
In the United States, the energetic trial is being made with the aim of the new model which surpasses Holland hexagon model in 1990's. Tracey & Rounds's octagonal model is one such example. Based on the empirical data, they argue that occupational interests can be placed circularly in a two-dimensional plane consisting of People/Things and Data/ldeas axes, and the number of regions can be arbitrarily determined. According to their model, only Holland's hexagonal model does not adequately represent the structure of occupational interest, and it is possible to retain validity as an octagonal or 16 square model if necessary.

Tracey, Watanabe, & Schneider conducted an international comparative study of job interests among Japanese and U.S. university students, and the results suggest that the Tracey & Rounds's octagonal model is more fitted to Japanese students than Holland's hexagonal model.

Tracey and Rounds's spherical model
Tracey & Rounds criticizes that the conventional models of occupational interest structure do not correctly depict the positional relationship of occupations because they neglect occupational prestige, i.e., "social prestige" or "high socioeconomic status" and proposes a spherical model that assigns occupations to a 3-dimensional space incorporating occupational prestige. In this model, 18 regions of interest are displayed on a spherical space. The left hemisphere has a high status area, with Health Sciences at the top. The right hemisphere has a low status area, with Service Provision as the lowest ground.

Though this model is excellent in the point of more accurately describing the relation between various occupations, it makes the occupation interest structure more complicated, and there is a weak point that it is difficult to be adapted to the data except for the U.S.

R: Realistic (Doers)
Holland defines the "Realistic Type" as a person who has “a preference for activities that entail the explicit, ordered, or systematic manipulation of objects, tools, machines, and animals…these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to the acquisition of manual, mechanical, agricultural, electrical, and technical competencies.” Sample majors and careers include:

 * Agriculture
 * Architect (with Artistic and Enterprising)
 * Athletics
 * Carpenter (with Conventional and Investigative)
 * Culinary arts/Chef (with Artistic and Enterprising)
 * Chemistry/Chemist (with Investigative and Conventional)
 * Computer engineering/Computer science/Information technology/Computer programmer (with Investigative and Conventional)
 * Dentist (with Investigative and Social)
 * Engineer (with Investigative and Conventional)
 * Fashion design (with Artistic and Enterprising)
 * Firefighter (with Social and Enterprising)
 * Graphic designer (with Artistic and Enterprising)
 * Model (people) (with Artistic and Enterprising)
 * Musician (with Artistic and Enterprising)
 * Nurse (with Social, Conventional, and Investigative)
 * Outdoor recreation
 * Park Naturalist (with Social and Artistic)
 * Personal trainer (with Enterprising and Social)
 * Photographer (with Artistic and Enterprising)
 * Physical therapy (with Social and Investigative)
 * Driver
 * Sports medicine/Wilderness medicine (with Social and Investigative)
 * Surgeon (with Investigative and Social)
 * Veterinarian (with Investigative and Social)
 * Web developer (with Conventional, Artistic, and Investigative)
 * Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists (with Investigative)

I: Investigative (Thinkers)
Holland defines the "Investigative Type" as a person who has "a preference for activities that entail the observational, symbolic, systematic and creative investigation of physical, biological, and cultural phenomena (in order to understand and control such phenomena)... these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of scientific and mathematical competencies." Sample majors and careers include:

 * Actuary (with Conventional and Enterprising)
 * Archivist/Librarian (with Social and Conventional)
 * Biostatistics/Masters in Public Health (with Conventional)
 * Carpenter (with Conventional and Realistic)
 * CPA (Certified Public Accountant) (with Conventional and Enterprising)
 * Chemistry/Chemist (with Realistic and Conventional)
 * Community Health Workers/Masters in Public Health (with Social and Enterprising)
 * Computer engineering/Computer science/Information technology/Computer programmer (with Realistic and Conventional)
 * Counselor (with Social and Artistic)
 * Dentist (with Realistic and Social)
 * Dietitian/Nutritionist (with Social and Enterprising)
 * Doctor (Medical school/Medical research) (with Social)
 * Engineer (with Realistic and Conventional)
 * Financial analyst (with Conventional and Enterprising)
 * Epidemiology/Masters in Public Health (with Social)
 * Lawyer (with Enterprising and Social)
 * Nurse (with Realistic, Conventional, and Social)
 * Paralegal (with Conventional and Enterprising)
 * Pharmacist (with Social and Conventional),
 * Physical therapy (with Social and Realistic)
 * Physics
 * Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers (with Artistic)
 * Professor/Research – PhD
 * Psychology/Psychologist (with Social and Artistic); Art therapist/Dance therapy/Drama therapy/Music therapy/Narrative therapy/Culinary therapy
 * Social Work (with Social)
 * Speech-language pathology/Myofunctional therapist (With Social and Artistic)
 * Sports medicine/Wilderness medicine (with Social and Realistic)
 * Surgeon (with Realistic and Social)
 * Technical writer, Proofreader, Copy Editor (with Artistic and Conventional)
 * Tutor (with Social)
 * Veterinarian (with Realistic and Social)
 * Web developer (with Conventional, Realistic, and Artistic)
 * Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists (with Realistic)

A: Artistic (Creators)
Holland defines the "Artistic Type" as a person who has "a preference for ambiguous, free, unsystematized activities that entail the manipulation of physical, verbal, or human materials to create art forms or products...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to the acquisition of artistic competencies." Sample majors and careers include:

 * Architect (with Realistic and Enterprising)
 * Broadcast journalism (with Enterprising)
 * Culinary arts (with Realistic and Enterprising)
 * Entrepreneur (with Social and Enterprising)
 * Fashion design (with Realistic and Enterprising)
 * Graphic designer (with Enterprising and Realistic)
 * Model (people) (with Realistic and Enterprising)
 * Musician (with Enterprising and Realistic)
 * Park Naturalist (with Social and Realistic)
 * Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers (with Investigative)
 * Psychology/Psychologist (with Social and Investigative); Art therapist/Dance therapy/Drama therapy/Music therapy/Narrative therapy/Culinary therapy
 * Photographer (with Realistic and Enterprising)
 * Speech-language pathology/Myofunctional therapist (With Social and Investigative)
 * Technical writer, Proofreader, Copy Editor (with Investigative and Conventional)
 * Trainer (business) (with Social and Conventional)
 * Translator (with Social)
 * Web developer (with Conventional, Realistic, and Investigative)

S: Social (Helpers)
Holland defines the "Social Type" as a person who has "a preference for activities that entail the manipulation of others to inform, train, develop, cure, or enlighten...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of human relations competencies." Sample majors and careers include:

 * Archivist/Librarian (with Conventional and Investigative)
 * CFP (Certified Financial Planner)/Personal Financial Planner (with Conventional and Enterprising)
 * Clergy (with Artistic and Enterprising)
 * Community Organizer
 * Community Health Workers/Masters in Public Health (with Investigative and Enterprising)
 * Counselors (various)/Advisers (with Investigative, Enterprising, Conventional, and Artistic)
 * Guidance/School Counselors, Academic Advisors, Career Counselors (see also: List of psychotherapies)
 * Customer service (with Conventional and Enterprising)
 * Dentist (with Investigative and Realistic)
 * Dietitian/Nutritionist (with Investigative and Enterprising)
 * Doctor (Medical school/Medical research) (with Investigative)
 * Educational administration (with Enterprising and Conventional)
 * Educational consultant (with Conventional and Enterprising)
 * Entrepreneur (with Enterprising and Artistic)
 * Epidemiology/Masters in Public Health (with Investigative)
 * Personal Financial Planner/Certified Financial Planner (with Enterprising and Conventional)
 * Firefighter (with Realistic and Enterprising)
 * Fitness Trainer and Aerobics Teacher (with Enterprising and Realistic)
 * Foreign Service/Diplomacy (with Enterprising and Artistic)
 * Human Resources (with Conventional and Enterprising)
 * Lawyer (with Investigative and Enterprising)
 * Nurse (with Realistic, Conventional, and Investigative)
 * Park Naturalist (with Realistic and Artistic)
 * Pharmacist (with Investigative and Conventional)
 * Physical therapy (with Realistic and Investigative)
 * Psychology/Psychologist (with Artistic and Investigative); Art therapist/Dance therapy/Drama therapy/Music therapy/Narrative therapy/Culinary therapy
 * Social Advocate
 * Sociology
 * Social Work
 * Speech-language pathology/Myofunctional therapist (With Investigative and Artistic)
 * Surgeon (with Realistic and Investigative)
 * Teacher (Early childhood education, Primary school, Secondary school, Teaching English as a second language, Special Ed, and Substitute teaching) (with Artistic)
 * Sports medicine/Wilderness medicine (with Investigative and Realistic)
 * Trainer (business) (with Artistic and Conventional)
 * Translator (with Artistic)
 * Tutor (with Investigative)
 * Veterinarian (with Investigative and Realistic)

E: Enterprising (Persuaders)
Holland defines the "Enterprising Type" as a person who has "a preference for actives that entail the manipulation of others to attain organization goals or economic gain...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of leadership, interpersonal, and persuasive competences." Sample majors and careers include:

 * Actuary (with Investigative and Conventional)
 * Architect (with Artistic and Realistic)
 * Business (with Social and Conventional)
 * Broker or Agent (i.e. Automobile broker, Real Estate broker etc.)
 * Buyer
 * CPA (Certified Public Accountant) (with Investigative and Conventional)
 * CFP (Certified Financial Planner)/Personal Financial Planner (with Social and Conventional)
 * Community Health Workers/Masters in Public Health (with Investigative and Social)
 * Culinary arts (with Artistic and Realistic)
 * Clergy (with Artistic and Social)
 * Customer service (with Conventional and Social)
 * Dietitian/Nutritionist (with Social and Investigative)
 * Educational administration (with Social and Conventional)
 * Educational consultant (with Conventional and Social)
 * Entrepreneur (with Social and Artistic)
 * Fashion design (with Artistic and Realistic)
 * Financial analyst (with Investigative and Conventional)
 * Foreign Service/Diplomacy (with Social and Artistic)
 * Firefighter (with Social and Realistic)
 * Fitness Trainer and Aerobics Teacher (with Realistic and Social)
 * Fundraising
 * Graphic designer (with Artistic and Realistic)
 * Human Resources (with Conventional and Social)
 * Broadcast journalism (with Artistic)
 * Lawyer (with Investigative and Social)
 * Management/Management Consultant
 * Market Research Analyst (with Investigative)
 * Model (people) (with Artistic and Realistic)
 * Musician (with Artistic and Realistic)
 * Paralegal (with Conventional and Investigative)
 * Photographer (with Artistic and Realistic)
 * Public Health Educator/Masters in Public Health (with Social)
 * Property manager/Community association manager (with Conventional)
 * Public relations/Publicity/Advertising/Marketing (with Artistic)
 * Sales (with Conventional and Social)

C: Conventional (Organizers)
Holland defines the "Conventional Type" as a person who has "a preference for actives that entail the explicit, ordered, systematic manipulation of data (keeping records, filing materials, reproducing materials, organizing business machines and data processing equipment to attain organizational or economic goals)...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of clerical, computational, and business system competencies." Sample majors and careers include:
 * Actuary (with Investigative and Enterprising)
 * Archivist/Librarian (with Social and Investigative)
 * Biostatistics/Masters in Public Health (with Investigative)
 * Carpenter (with Realistic and Investigative)
 * Chemistry/Chemist (with Investigative and Realistic)
 * CFP (Certified Financial Planner)/Personal Financial Planner (with Social and Enterprising)
 * CPA (Certified Public Accountant) (with Investigative and Enterprising)
 * Computer engineering/Computer science/Information technology/Computer programmer (with Investigative and Realistic)
 * Customer service (with Enterprising and Social)
 * Educational administration (with Social and Enterprising)
 * Educational consultant (with Social and Enterprising)
 * Engineer (with Investigative and Realistic)
 * Financial analyst (with Investigative and Enterprising)
 * Personal Financial Planner/Certified Financial Planner (with Social and Enterprising)
 * Human Resources (HR) (with Enterprising and Social)
 * Maths teacher (with Social)
 * Nurse (with Realistic, Social, and Investigative)
 * Office administration (with Enterprising)
 * Paralegal (with Enterprising and Investigative)
 * Pharmacist (with Social and Investigative),
 * Property manager/Community association manager (with Enterprising)
 * Real Estate Agent (with Enterprising)
 * Statistician (with Realistic and Investigative)
 * Technical writer, Proofreader, Copy Editor (with Artistic and Investigative)
 * Trainer (business) (with Social and Artistic)
 * Web developer (with Artistic, Realistic, and Investigative)

Free tests

 * O*NET Interest Profiler (Holland Codes Quiz) – Occupational Information Network (O*NET): US Department of Labor/Employment and Training Administration
 * Student Services: Holland Codes Quiz – Rogue Community College

Free career databases

 * O*NET Holland Codes Interests Matched to Careers– Occupational Information Network (O*NET): US Department of Labor/Employment and Training Administration
 * Delaware Department of Labor@Delaware Career Compass-State of Delaware

Free college majors databases

 * Holland Code and College Majors: College majors classified by Holland Themes – Central Oregon Community College
 * College Majors and Holland Codes – Central Oregon Community College
 * Holland Code Handout - Central Washington University
 * Major and Career Exploration - University of Oklahoma
 * Majors With Interest Codes- Washburn University

title: Holland Codes


text:
Henry Alexander Baldwin

Henry Alexander Baldwin or Harry Alexander Baldwin (January 12, 1871 – October 8, 1946) was a sugarcane plantation manager, and politician who served as Congressional Delegate to the United States House of Representatives representing the Territory of Hawaii. He was one of the earliest leaders of the Hawaii Republican Party.

Life
Alexander & Baldwin, one of the "Big Five" corporations that dominated Hawaii economics in the early twentieth century, was started by his father Henry Perrine Baldwin and uncle Samuel Thomas Alexander in 1869. His father was son of early missionary Dwight Baldwin, and his mother Emily Whitney Alexander was daughter of early missionary William P. Alexander. Born January 12, 1871, on the Baldwin house at the Paliuli sugar mill in the Kingdom of Hawaii on the island of Maui, between the towns of Pāia and Makawao, Hawaii. Baldwin was educated in Honolulu at Punahou School. His parents sent him to Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1889. In 1894, Baldwin obtained a degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity.

He returned to work for his father and uncle on the Haiku sugarcane plantation. From 1897 to 1904 he became manager. Sugarcane production became very profitable with increasing trade with the United States and annexation of Hawaii in 1898. Haiku merged with the Pāia plantation, and he became president of the combined operation called the Maui Agricultural Company. He served as president of Maui Telephone Company, and Maui Publishing Company. He was a director of Baldwin Bank, which later became part of First Hawaiian Bank. In 1916, during World War I, he served as colonel of the 3rd Regiment of the Hawaii National Guard. On July 19, 1897, he married Ethel Frances Smith (1879–1967), daughter of lawyer William Owen Smith in Honolulu — his younger brother Samuel would later marry sister Katherine Smith. They had one daughter, Frances Hobron (1904–1996) who married J. Walter Cameron (1895–1976), manager of the Pineapple plantation in Honolua. Cameron's company Maui Pineapple Company merged with Baldwin's pineapple business to become the Maui Land & Pineapple Company. The Camerons' son Colin Cameron founded the Kapalua Bay Hotel & Villas resort. The pineapple business continued until 2009.

Politics
Baldwin became county chairman for the Hawaii Republican Party in 1912. He entered local politics in 1913 when he was elected to the Hawaii Territorial Senate. He was territorial senator until 1921 when he was called to higher office to fulfill the unexpired term of Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaole in Washington, D.C., who had died. Baldwin was elected to fill the vacancy for Congressional Delegate from March 25, 1922, to March 3, 1923. Despite pleas to continue service, he retired from politics and returned to his private business ventures. Baldwin emerged from retirement to serve in the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives in 1933. Following a single term, Baldwin returned to the upper chamber where he became territory senate president in 1937. He died at Pāia, Maui on October 8, 1946, and was buried in Makawao Cemetery.

Legacy
A beach park near Pāia, originally a company recreation facility, is named for him at 20.91278°N, -156.39083°W. The 1917 mansion designed by his cousin architect Charles William Dickey called Kaluanui is now the home of Hui Noeau Visual Arts Center. It is located at 2841 Baldwin Avenue, Makawao, 20.87056°N, -156.32139°W.

title: Henry Alexander Baldwin


text:
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