text:
Talk:Ford Sierra

Untitled
The Sierra picture here has no source information, but is probably a Ford promotional image. If we're going to use it, someone should write a fair use rationale, but I don't see why we have to have a Ford picture up. Surely someone can go out and take a picture of a Sierra that can be GFDL'd and thus have no distribution issues. Anyone game? I'd do it, except for being on the wrong continent at this time ... —Morven 16:42, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Moved the copyright information an anon user placed on the image to its description page. We don't put credits in the image caption here, as a rule. Were you the original uploader? —Morven 21:18, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

Sapphire
This looks like it should be in a banger race, hasn't anyone got a better pic? Gillean666 05:09, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * As I'm assuming you're talking about the red one with the missing hubcap, I suggest remove it, we need pictures of cars that are in resonable photogenic condition, which that Sierra isn't.

 * I'm quite glad to see it's still there as I'm afraid that image epitomises the Sierra for me! I recall the unfortunate owner of a brown "classic" model nicknamed it "The Turd" owing to its shape and colour.
 * -- Chris  ( blather  •  contribs ) [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|20px]] 23:15, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've put another picture of a Sapphire with more wheel trims on Commons, but I'm reluctant to put another of 'my' Sierra snaps on the article page (1) out of modesty and (2) because I think the red Sapphire already there is at a more interesting angle, regardless of the number of visible wheel trims, and (3) I have sufficient experience of having driven (and of being a passenger in) these things to find myself in sympathy with the comment entered above by Chris.   Charles01 (talk) 16:24, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Rust!
It's surprising to see an article on the Ford Sierra without mentioning its most obvious weakness; rust. The rust problem certainly gave the car a dowdy image which was bound to inhibit sales. Mechanically they were rather behind the times compared to contemporaries such as the Vauxhall Cavalier with its front wheel drive and more responsive engine. But how to say these things in an impartial non Point Of View way? I leave this to someone more closely connected with the vehicles. Colin99 20:53, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Cd factor
The style section mentions a "class leading Cd of 0.34". But Audi released their Audi 100 for the same (1983) model year with a Cd of 0.3, so this statement is not strictly true. 194.206.39.97 16:39, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * In the UK and Germany the price differential and size differential was sufficient for the Audi 100 to be positioned against the larger Ford Granada.  Although the Sierra was a smidgeon larger than the Audi 80 of that time, that is more a reflection of the fact that the Audi 80 was by then smaller than such obvious competitors as the VW Passat (which had recently grown).   I do not think most people would have thought of the Sierra as inhabiting the same class as the Audi 100.   One was a middle sized saloon, the other was a large saloon.   Charles01 (talk) 16:24, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * ISTR they had to make some subtle aerodynamic changes fairly early on as the original shape was, as Neil Kinnock discovered, rather iffy in a cross-wind. Anyone know the details? Mr Larrington (talk) 12:39, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Pictures
The pictures are presented rather haphazardly: what on earth is a 1993 Sapphire doing next to the text about the 1981 Probe III and the 1983 model??? The article should really should contain one good clear image of the 1983 model (preferably near the top of the page) so that people can appreciate the revolutionary design. 194.206.39.97 16:39, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

South America
In Venezuela the Sierra were all 2.8 and latter 3.0. The 1.6 and 2.3 mentioned in the article were never sold there.

Prices
Does anyone have a clue what the prices were for various Sierra models?

Engine info
1800cc Sierras.... They don't seem to have existed in either Pinto or CVH form according to this page!

Also there was never a 1.6 OHV available. It was an OHC Pinto in the early years and later a 1.6 CVH was sometimes used. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.170.181.18 (talk) 15:46, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Name
Ford tried to sue Dutton Cars when the Ford Sierra came out as Dutton had a Kit car called the 'Sierra' and Ford tried to get ownership of the 'Sierra' name, unfortunately for Ford, Dutton had been using the name for some time before Ford. IIRC, Ford sued Dutton Cars and lost. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.48.22 (talk) 21:35, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Merkur
I removed the untrue statement "XR4Ti outsold all the European XR variants combined"

According to the book "The Sporting Fords : Volume 4 Sierras" by Graham Robson, Sierra production figures are as follows :

Sierras XR4i : 25,662 XR4x4 : 39,554 Sierra Cosworth (3 door) : 5,542 Sierra RS500 : 500 Sapphire Cosworth (2wd) : 13,140 Sapphire Cosworth (4wd) : 12,250• TOTAL : 97,347

Merkur XR4Ti : 45,748

Non-Sierra XR Fords Fiesta XR2 : 20,000• Escort XR3 : 25,500• Escort XR3i : 47,051• TOTAL : 92,551

• These figures were obtained by Internet searching of European XR and RS web sites. They do not include the Fiesta XR2i, the Fiesta RS1800, the Fiesta RS Turbo, the Escort RS1600i, or the Escort RS Cosworth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Leesonic (talk • contribs) 12:52, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

Second Facelift?
Was there not a second slight facelift which introduced the white indicators and blacked out rear lights? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Theofficeprankster (talk • contribs) 23:54, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

Midsize vs Large Family car
The arguments against the Sierra being an American car as follows:

 * The lede confirms that the vehicle was built by Ford Europe
 * No manufacturing took place in America - there is a separate article for the Merkur, which only had a 4 year run, compared to the Sierra's 11 year production run.
 * The rest of the article conforms to European wp:engvar - spellings include "colour" not "color" and "bumper" rather than "fender".
 * There were almost 13 million Sierra's sold in Britain. The Sierra wasn't sold at all in America - There were 42,000 Merkur's sold in America.

I'm reasonably sure that's indicative of a European vehicle.

 * There were NOT almost 13 million Sierras sold in Britain.  What on earth is your source for that?   (And please spare us the apostrophe abuse - even if I do it myself all the time when I'm not thinking...)    But yes, of course it was designed in Europe, designed for Europe, intially (and in greatest numbers) manufactured in Europe, and overwhelmingly sold in Europe.   The Merkur was a shortlived Sierra derived niche vehicle that seems to have been promoted rather half heartedly and sold in North America in small numbers for a short period.   But yes, it's unusual (European?) characteristics (quirks?) have left it with a devoted following of enthusiasts 25 years later.

 * On the size of the thing, if your typical family car was a Fiat 124 or a Toyota Corolla, you would think the Sierra large.  Too large for city traffic in Rome or Tokyo given that there was no way of spotting where the car ended at the front or the back while you were positioned in the driving seat.

 * Further north in western Europe, where the taxis were Mercedes 200s or upwards (unless the taxi driver was poor in which case he used an Opel Rekord), the Sierra was no longer large, and maybe in Sweden and Norway where there is more space and a standard sized car was a Volvo 240 it could have be described as small. It was certainly more cramped in the back than the contemporary Passat.

 * Given that we all approach the issue of car size differently, according to where we were when we were growing up and absorbing our preconceptions and most cherished prejudices, it's probably not useful to refer to the size of the Sierra in the intro para.  It was ... a family car.   If you are nevertheless sufficiently (car-)class obsessed to want to give it a size category in the info box, you'll need to have one category for USA readers and another for the rest of the world - which here would in effect mean Europe.   Because there are wiki-readers in more than one continent.   That's good, by the way.   However, in describing the size of the car it's probably more relevant to identify its obvious competitors and, at least in those countries where there is an awareness of such things, spell out its tax bracket (eg 2CV, 12CV etc) than spend time agonising (that's agonizing) over whether "large" or "small" is the better adjective.   Regards Charles01 (talk) 08:40, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Agree - when determining the class of car, you need to consider the market it was sold in, not it's physical dimensions. Therefore, at the time of the Ford Sierra, the Granada would be full-size (along with Opel Rekord and Mercedes W123), the Escort would be compact and the Fiesta would be subcompact. The Sierra was midsize. However, some cars did compete in two categories, such as Volvo 240/260. Wikiwayman (talk) 09:19, 16 September 2014 (UTC)

 * You're right - 1.3 million, not 13 million. Not only apostrophe abuse, but missing decimal point abuse as well - a typo on my part.  To summarise (ize?) your other point we should absolutely not have one size for American readers, and one for European readers.  That's crazy talk.  We should have one size definition for the market in which the car was intended - in this case the European market.  We also link the term so that those who are confunded by it can look it up and be enriched.  Both WP:ENGVAR and MOS:TIES exist for this very purpose.  Also, let's not forget WP:RETAIN - where essentially if nobody can agree, we keep the previous wording.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 12:12, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

 * An IP editor has twice changed the size of the Sierra to "small family car" - with no edit summary it's hard to tell the reasoning behind such a change, but I invite them here to this discussion over the vehicle sizing. The Sierra is/was not a compact car.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 09:41, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

 * The IP editor is back again, despite the slightly different address it's obviously the same person. Any more changes without discussion will most likely result in a trip to Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring.  At the very least use edit summaries to justify changes, but please comment here as well.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 09:16, 29 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I note that the IP editor is back again, changing size classifications. The article has since been protected, and I'm not sure if that means that an IP can edit the talk page or not.  If so - please comment here upon your justification in changing the size to "small".  If you cannot edit here, I would welcome you on my own talk page, where you can also comment, and I will transpose them to this talk page if needed.  Or we can talk on your own talk page - you have at least 4 of them available to you.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 12:03, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Once again - as soon as the protection ended the IP editor has changed the size class with no rationale either in edit summary, or on this talk page. It's no longer practical or reasonable to assume good faith in such circumstances.  For reference, the user also changed the size on the Opel Corsa in simlar manner - no discussion.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 12:40, 19 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I wonder - am I the only person who is aware of the talk page on this article? A lack of use by other editors does not strengthen arguments.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 22:05, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Once again, I invite the Argentinian IP editor to discuss their changes, instead of simply making them. C'mon - be collaborative!  Chaheel Riens (talk) 21:15, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, for what it's worth, Chaheel Riens, I believe you are right about this.  So you're not alone.   It's just that I already wrote what I thought in this issue, and short of doing a quick copy 'n paste job down the page .... I don't have anything to add.   Since the chap who keeps changing the thing doesn't tell us what's in his mind it's hard to know whether he's well intentioned but (in our opinion) mistaken or the other thing.   I think there is a wiki mantra somewhere that says one should "assume good faith" but ..... is that until Hell freezes over, or simply some place between here and there.
 * Meantime, people sometimes organize votes on talk pages, and doing so here might give an interesting result on what activist readers more generally think (on balance...), but it's also a lot of pfaffing for something which .... well, it's not the most important or interesting thing about the Ford Sierra.  If you grew up in Rome in the 1960s anything larger than a Fiat 600 looks large.   If New York anything smaller than a Chevrolet Impala looks small.   And if .... no, I'm not going anywhere useful with this.  Regards Charles01 (talk) 07:16, 12 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree that it's difficult when there is no input form the other party, which is why I keep asking for it. It's made even harder to ascertain intentions when they also made this edit to the Opel Corsa page - which they also considered to be a small car.  Now I accept that as you say it's potentially a subjective observation, but no way can you put those two cars next to each other and say they're both in the same size class...  Chaheel Riens (talk) 08:46, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

Should be Pinto instead of Cologne?
Under Sierras outside Europe, under South Africa, the second-last paragraph refers to a Cologne. I think this should be Pinto instead of Cologne. The Pinto 2 liter was used in the Sierras and Sapphires, and is an inline-4. The Cologne is a V6. The kW figures also match those of the Pinto 2 liter engine. Hilton Williams (talk) 11:59, 6 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Please - especially if you can find a source - correct it.  Success. Charles01 (talk) 12:06, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ford Sierra


text: Talk:Dragon Boy (manga)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dragon Boy (manga)


text:
KSAZ-TV

KSAZ-TV (channel 10) is a television station in Phoenix, Arizona, United States, serving as the market's Fox network outlet. It is owned and operated by the network's Fox Television Stations division alongside KUTP (channel 45), which airs MyNetworkTV programming. The two stations share studios on West Adams Street in Downtown Phoenix; KSAZ-TV's transmitter is located atop South Mountain.

Channel 10 was the third television station established in the Phoenix area, making its first broadcast on October 24, 1953. It was originally allocated as a shared-time channel to stations run by the owners of Phoenix radio stations KOOL and KOY, though both KOOL-TV and KOY-TV operated from the same building. After a year as an independent, it became Phoenix's original ABC affiliate in early 1954. KOOL became sole owner of the channel later in 1954 and absorbed the staff of KOY-TV. After switching affiliations to CBS in 1955, KOOL-TV rose to become Phoenix's highest-rated station under the ownership of Gene Autry and Tom Chauncey. A falling out between Autry and Chauncey ended with the sale of KOOL-TV to the Gulf United Corporation in 1982; separated from its sister radio properties, channel 10 changed its call sign to KTSP-TV. Initially, the station remained the news leader in Phoenix; however, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the station lost ground in the news ratings to an ascendant KTVK, which had poached two key KTSP-TV executives as part of a successful effort to turn itself around. Channel 10's ratings issues were not helped by several visible personnel miscues.

In February 1994, KTSP-TV changed its call letters to KSAZ-TV. Three months later, as part of the first act in a national realignment of network affiliations initiated by then-owner New World Communications, the station announced it would switch from CBS to Fox. Phoenix was one of the most affected markets; the timing of affiliation contract expirations led to three changes in four months. KSAZ lost CBS in September 1994 but did not begin airing Fox programming until December. Coinciding with the switch to Fox was a major expansion of the station's news department, including new morning and prime time newscasts. However, the three months of forced independent status and miscalculations around syndicated programming and new competitors caused the station's ratings to fall dramatically, with some newscasts losing half their viewership.

Fox acquired the New World stations in 1996 and steadied the struggling operation, bringing the newscasts more in line with the network's target audience and instituting a flashier style. From 1999 to 2021, Kari Lake, future Arizona gubernatorial candidate, was one of the station's main anchors. By 2020, KSAZ-TV produced twelve hours a day on weekdays of local news programming.

Shared-time era and early years
While the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) worked its way toward ending a years-long freeze on new television station grants initiated in 1948, it issued a near-final version of the table of allocations for Arizona in 1951 that gave Phoenix channels 4 (changed to 3 the next year), 5 (KPHO-TV, the only pre-freeze station in the state), 8, and 10. KOOL (960 AM), Phoenix's CBS radio affiliate, had previously expressed interest in filing for channel 7 prior to the amended table being released, and on September 27, 1951, it applied for channel 10.

KOOL was not alone in its interest. In July 1952, KOY (550 AM), the home of the Mutual Broadcasting System in Phoenix and one of the oldest stations in the state, filed its own bid. The two bids portended what could have been years of comparative hearings over who got the construction permit. To avoid this, in May 1953, KOOL and KOY struck a deal that would result in both getting construction permits to share time on channel 10. The time-sharing proposal, first used by the FCC in television in grants for channel 10 in Rochester, New York, and suggested to KOOL and KOY by the commission, was approved on May 27, 1953, with KOOL-TV and KOY-TV getting construction permits the same day. Under the proposal, the stations would alternate daytime and evening telecasting.

KOOL was the CBS radio affiliate in Phoenix, and KOOL expressed a desire to similarly align its new television station, but this would not be immediately possible. KPHO-TV, which held both CBS and ABC hookups after KTYL-TV signed on with NBC earlier in May, had just signed a renewal agreement with CBS a month and a half before the construction permits were granted. Even though the two stations would have separate staffs and ownership, much of the physical plant would be shared, including a maximum-power transmitter site on South Mountain. Originally proposing to build television studios behind the KOY radio studios near First Avenue and Roosevelt Street, KOOL and KOY arranged instead in July to buy a former car dealership at Fifth Avenue and Adams Street; KOY wanted to continue using the other site for parking. Studio construction started in August, with KOOL and KOY crews leading the way, and a test pattern went out for the first time on October 19, 1953, ahead of both stations' October 24 launch. The next day, channel 10 carried an opening program featuring KOY and KOOL management, including KOOL majority owner Gene Autry.

As shared-time stations, KOOL-TV and KOY-TV were a conjoined unit: separate staffs, common facilities, and no network affiliation at all. This changed in January 1954, when channel 10 picked up an ABC affiliation; now, each of the three major networks had their own outlet in Phoenix. However, KOY-TV would not last much longer. In March 1954, KOOL reached a deal to buy out KOY's stake in channel 10. KOY general manager Albert D. Johnson believed that the station would do better under one operator instead of two and stated that the goal of the shared-time venture—to avoid lengthy comparative hearings—had been met. The FCC approved of the deal—reported as $400,000 by newspapers and $200,000 to the FCC —on May 5, allowing KOOL-TV to become the sole occupant of channel 10. All staff were retained by the enlarged KOOL-TV. It was the first time any of the post-freeze shared-time arrangements had been wound down.

CBS affiliation and Autry-Chauncey ownership
On December 29, 1954, KOOL-TV announced it had secured the CBS affiliation in Phoenix, to begin on June 15, 1955. KPHO-TV, whose two-year affiliation agreement ended at that time, was blindsided by the move, but it was a natural fit. Not only was KOOL radio already CBS in Phoenix, but Gene Autry had deep ties to CBS radio and television, as well as Columbia Records. ABC soon found a new home: startup outlet KTVK (channel 3), which joined that network on March 1, 1955.

As a full-time CBS affiliate, it was now able to feature Autry's show Gene Autry's Melody Ranch on its schedule. Tom Chauncey, who also owned the biggest Arabian horse ranch in Phoenix, was a minority partner with Autry. Over the years, KOOL-TV ran nearly the entire CBS schedule; Chauncey was a fierce loyalist to the network. In addition to local news, channel 10 produced a series of other local programs, such as the bilingual children's program Niños Contentos and investigative and feature series Chapter 10 and Copperstate Cavalcade.

Phoenix audiences' loyalty to KOOL-TV was proven in 1971. That September, a group of Valley business leaders led by Del Webb, organized as the Valley of the Sun Broadcasting Company, filed an application for a competing channel 10 proposal to KOOL-TV's license renewal; this group proposed to return the channel to Phoenix-based ownership. However, the KOOL-TV license challenge was met with a decidedly cool reception by viewers and power brokers alike. Senators Barry Goldwater and Paul Fannin and governor Jack Williams threw their support behind KOOL; Goldwater noted he often cited KOOL as an example of a quality television station, Fannin was "amazed" to learn of the counterproposal, and Williams—a former broadcaster—lauded its "record of public service" and inclusion of minority groups. Further, hundreds of phone calls and letters in support of KOOL were received by the station. Ten days after the application was first made public, Valley of the Sun abandoned their channel 10 bid. It was later revealed that the same Washington law firm had backed a string of similar license challenges to other stations across the country. After the license challenge was rebuffed, Chauncey became the majority stakeholder as a result of a sale of shares by Autry.

In 1978, KOOL AM was sold to Stauffer Communications of Topeka, Kansas, with the FM and television stations remaining under the Autry–Chauncey ownership. However, cracks began to form in the longtime ownership partnership of KOOL-FM-TV. That same year, Autry allegedly began to try and induce Chauncey to reach an agreement with Signal Oil upon which the latter company would have the option to buy Chauncey's stake at his death. Chauncey then began negotiating to buy Autry out. These talks ended in April 1981 when Autry sold half of his 48.11-percent stake in the company to the Gulf United Corporation of Jacksonville, Florida. That May, Autry sued Chauncey, alleging that he had mismanaged the assets of KOOL Radio-Television, Inc., to the tune of millions of dollars and had diverted company funds to Arabian horses, cars, and airplanes. Chauncey then filed a countersuit, accusing Autry and Gulf of racketeering and trying to pressure longtime manager Homer Lane, who owned a small but pivotal stake in the firm, to sell. In the wake of the dueling lawsuits, and as early as November 1981, speculation began to circulate that Chauncey and Lane were nearing a sale of their stakes to Gulf.

Gulf, Taft, and Great American
On June 8, 1982, Tom Chauncey and Gulf United announced that the latter was buying out the remaining shares in KOOL-TV, with KOOL-FM to be retained by Chauncey and split from the firm; the dueling lawsuits would be dropped when the FCC approved the transaction.

The sale closed on October 1, 1982, a month after receiving FCC approval, and major changes followed at channel 10. The first was a change in call sign, as the FM retained the KOOL designation. The next morning, KOOL-TV became KTSP-TV; while Gulf claimed that it stood for "Tempe, Scottsdale, Phoenix", the more likely reason was that it mirrored another channel 10 station owned by Gulf, WTSP in St. Petersburg, Florida. Homer Lane, the general manager and minority owner, was replaced by Jack Sander, hired from WTOL in Toledo, Ohio. Gulf also invested in new production equipment to give KTSP a more high-tech look, and it completed a project started under Chauncey to replace the transmitter and tower on South Mountain.

In 1985, Taft Broadcasting acquired Gulf Broadcasting, which had been spun out of Gulf United two years prior. The deal included the entire chain, but so interested was Taft in Phoenix that it obtained an option to buy KTSP-TV alone for $250 million if the entire Gulf deal were to collapse, and KTSP-TV was the most expensive of the properties it purchased from Gulf. Not long after Taft acquired Gulf, however, a major management change occurred that would have long-term ramifications in Phoenix television. KTVK, which had until that time been a perennial third-place finisher in local news, poached Bill Miller, channel 10's news director, to be its station manager and hired Phil Alvidrez, the KTSP-TV assistant news director, to run its newsroom. The two hires by channel 3 were partly responsible for KTVK climbing to the top of the Phoenix television market in the late 1980s and early 1990s. On October 12, 1987, Taft was restructured into Great American Broadcasting after the company went through a hostile takeover by investors led by Carl Lindner. KTSP nearly lost its CBS affiliation in 1988; CBS was in negotiations to purchase KPHO from Meredith Corporation. Network officials were interested in buying a station in a fast-growing Sun Belt market. However, talks foundered when neither party could agree to a purchase price.

Other subsidiaries of Great American Communications Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1993, a move that did not affect the television and radio holdings. The station changed its call sign to KSAZ-TV on February 12, 1994, to match its new slogan, "The Spirit of Arizona".

As a Fox station
After emerging from bankruptcy, Great American Broadcasting (renamed Citicasters soon after ) put four of its stations (including KSAZ-TV) up for sale, seeking to raise money to pay down debt and fund more acquisitions in radio. KSAZ-TV, along with WDAF-TV in Kansas City, Missouri; WGHP in High Point, North Carolina; and WBRC in Birmingham, Alabama, were sold to New World Communications on May 5, 1994, for $360 million.

Just 18 days later, New World announced that twelve of its 15 stations (those it already owned and those it was in the process of acquiring) would switch their varying Big Three network affiliations to Fox, which had been affiliated with KNXV-TV (channel 15). A major catalyst for the Fox-New World deal was the network's newly signed contract with the National Football League's National Football Conference. New World's portfolio, dominated by CBS affiliates, included many stations that had long aired the home games of NFC teams in their home cities, such as KSAZ and the Phoenix Cardinals.

The affiliation changes—three of them in all—played out in phases. CBS was the first to move, returning to KPHO-TV on September 10, 1994, after 39 years on channel 10. However, KNXV's affiliation contract with Fox did not run out for another three months. In the interim, KSAZ-TV became an independent station, filling the holes once occupied by CBS programming with movies and additional syndicated shows while also using the opportunity to debut a suite of new news programs. Fox programs moved to KSAZ on December 12.

In the aftermath of the change, channel 10 management faced the task of melding the station's more mainstream image with the new Fox programming, which proved difficult. Not only did the news programs rate poorly, but the station let go of valuable news lead-ins Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune as skewing too old in viewership, and the competition by KTVK and KNXV was more aggressive than KSAZ-TV had anticipated. In June 1995, general manager Ron Bergamo resigned after seven years and in the wake of sweeps figures showing the station's news ratings in some time slots had fallen by as much as 50 percent; that same month, an article in The Dallas Morning News called what happened to KSAZ a "worst-case scenario". Revenue reportedly dipped across the New World stations by 15 percent after their switches; New World management, however, also noted that the three months without network programming had led to the decline being more pronounced at KSAZ than elsewhere. As with most other New World stations, KSAZ declined to run Fox Kids programming, which instead moved to KTVK; in September 1995, KASW (channel 61), a station programmed by KTVK, launched with The WB and Fox Kids programs.

News Corporation purchased New World Communications, acquiring only its ten Fox-affiliated stations, in July 1996; the merger was finalized on January 22, 1997, making KSAZ an owned-and-operated station of Fox. This status almost became short-lived: in February 1997, Fox nearly traded KSAZ and sister station KTBC in Austin, Texas, to the Belo Corporation in exchange for Seattle's KIRO-TV. Fox began to upgrade the station's programming, adding some high-rated off-network sitcoms (such as M*A*S*H, Seinfeld and King of the Hill) as well as higher-rated syndicated court and reality shows. In the 2010s, Fox began to use KSAZ-TV and other stations on a regular basis to test new programs that later entered national syndication, such as TMZ Live—which KSAZ was the second station to air —and The Real.

Fox Television Stations purchased KUTP (channel 45) in 2001 as part of its acquisition of United Television; this resulted in the creation of Phoenix's second television duopoly.

In 2006, Jordin Sparks won an opportunity to audition for American Idol after winning KSAZ's own "Arizona Idol" competition; she ultimately went on to win the season.

News operation
In 1964, Chauncey merged the KOOL radio and television news departments into a single division under the management of Bill Close, formerly of KOY radio. Close was an 18-year veteran of Phoenix radio and television at the time, and KOOL billed him as "the Dean of Arizona Newscasters". The newsroom grew from six people when Close arrived to 23 by 1970, making it the largest among Phoenix's four news-producing stations; a helicopter, the first of several, was also added to the KOOL arsenal at that time. Under Close's watch, KOOL News 10 became the perennial news leader in Phoenix. At one point, channel 10's dominance was so absolute that its 6 p.m. newscast (anchored by Close) attracted 46 percent of all TV households in the market, the same share as the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite. The news department was largely a reflection of the bola tie-wearing Close. According to his longtime anchor desk partner, Mary Jo West—the second full-time female anchor in Phoenix—Close took a fatherly attitude toward his reporters and placed a high premium on accuracy and professionalism.

The station's success produced people who went on to larger jobs, both in and out of Phoenix. In 1979, Kent Dana—who would become a fixture at KPNX and later KPHO—was hired from KOOL-TV, where he was anchoring the weekend news, by channel 12. KOOL was also the first Phoenix television station to win a Peabody Award, doing so in 1980 for a documentary, The Long Eyes of Kitt Peak.

On May 28, 1982, at about 5 pm, Joseph Billie Gwin, wanting to "prevent World War III", forced his way into the KOOL-TV studios and fired a shot from his gun. The butt of the gun struck Luis Villa in the back of the head; Gwin then held Villa in a chokehold, at gunpoint, for nearly five hours. Gwin took four people hostage and demanded nationwide airtime. Two of the hostages, Jack Webb and Bob Cimino, were released three hours later. At 9:30 pm, anchor Bill Close read a 25-minute statement as Gwin sat next to him holding a gun under the table; Close took Gwin's gun after the statement and set it on the table. Gwin surrendered to the police following the broadcast of the statement; he was charged with kidnapping, assault, and burglary and was later declared insane. Gwin was put on parole and placed in a halfway house but violated that parole after assaulting two convenience store clerks in 1984; he was released from prison in 2006.

Channel 10 remained at the top of the ratings for a time after becoming KTSP-TV. However, in the late 1980s, after KTVK poached Miller and Alvidrez, channel 10's news ratings began to decline, not helped by a series of unforced errors. In 1989, KTSP newscaster Shelly Jamison left the station after appearing as both a cover model and posing nude in a Playboy pictorial. The most publicized move, however, was the 1991 dismissal of anchor Karen Carns, who found out she had been fired 15 minutes before the evening newscast when a newspaper reporter called to get her reaction. In the February 1992 sweeps, KTSP-TV lost the lead at 6 p.m. in both the Arbitron and Nielsen ratings, the first time in memory that it had failed to win that timeslot. That year, Close retired from channel 10 after a 28-year career, having stepped down from the anchor desk four years earlier.

With the Fox switch, KSAZ-TV added 30 news staffers and increased its news output from three hours a day to seven, with the addition of the two-hour morning newscast Arizona Morning, an additional early evening newscast at 5:30 pm, and a 9 p.m. news hour, Arizona Prime. A simulcast of KTAR talk show McMahon Live with Pat McMahon was also added in late mornings. However, the switch proved to be very messy for the newsroom. Close, who said he felt "betrayed" by the affiliation switch, predicted that the station would lose its standing in local news. Ratings for KSAZ-TV's other newscasts declined after the switch, prompting morale to fall. Arizona Morning was retooled just months after its debut, and Heidi Foglesong—the former KTVK anchor who was the show's centerpiece—left after just over a year. The McMahon program was dropped in January 1996.

After two years of a news product that was more staid and conservative than had become the norm for a Fox station, things began to change in 1996 under new news director Bill Berra, who promised to "bring up the intensity". Presentation was revamped that fall; the sound of an emergency siren was incorporated into the opening of the 10 p.m. newscast. One anchor, June Thomson, increased her delivery speed at the behest of the new management, but the relationship broke down, and Thomson took a job at KGO-TV in San Francisco. She told the San Francisco Examiner that the station practiced "crime and body-bag journalism, just like Miami" and that she "watched the destruction of a once-fine newsroom" at channel 10. Arizona Prime was replaced in April 1997 with Fox 10 News at Nine.

On April 1, 2009, Fox Television Stations and the E. W. Scripps Company, owner of KNXV-TV, announced the formation of Local News Service, a model for pooling newsgathering efforts for local news events in which each station provided employees to the pool service in exchange for the sharing of video. KPHO-TV eventually joined the Phoenix LNS agreement shortly after the announcement. By 2020, all four English-language television newsrooms in Phoenix shared a helicopter.

In 2014, KSAZ debuted an expanded Saturday morning newscast and a new Sunday morning news hour. KSAZ added a 4 p.m. weekday news hour, a second half-hour to its 10 p.m. newscast, and a 7 p.m. nightly hour of news for KUTP in 2018. By 2020, KSAZ-TV's daily news output had reached twelve hours on weekdays.

Phoenix was also the starting point for LiveNow from Fox, the over-the-top streaming news offering from the Fox television stations. It began as "Fox 10 News Now" in November 2014, streaming for seven hours a day on the station's website and YouTube channel. In 2020, production of the service was spread between the Fox stations in Phoenix, Orlando, and Los Angeles.

Notable current on-air staff

 * Troy Hayden – anchor

Notable former on-air staff

 * Walker Edmiston – host of a puppet show (1962–1963)
 * J. D. Hayworth – sports anchor (1987–1994); U.S. Congressman from 1994 to 2006 and talk show host on KFYI
 * Kari Lake – anchor (1999–2021); Republican candidate for the 2022 Arizona gubernatorial election
 * Geoff Morrell – reporter (1995–1996); formerly White House correspondent for ABC News; former press secretary for The Pentagon
 * Anne Montgomery – sports reporter (1980s); later at ESPN, now a teacher at South Mountain High School
 * Vicky Nguyen – investigative reporter/collaborator (2004–2007); now reporter for NBC News
 * Kinsey Schofield – reporter
 * Peter Van Sant – anchor/reporter (1978–1982)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

{{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Virtual channel 10.2 is assigned to a KUTP simulcast of 10.1 for the convenience of UHF antenna viewers. Three subchannels on the multiplex are hosted for KASW, Phoenix's ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) station, which in turn broadcasts KSAZ in that format.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KSAZ-TV began broadcasting a digital signal, initially in standard definition only, on October 15, 2000. KSAZ-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 10, at 8:30 a.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 31 to VHF channel 10 for post-transition operations.

Translators
KSAZ-TV is broadcast on these translators in northern and northwestern Arizona:

 * Bullhead City: K07YJ-D
 * Chloride: K17NS-D
 * Clarkdale: K36AE-D
 * Colorado City: K27EJ-D
 * East Flagstaff: K26NG-D
 * Kingman: K29LO-D
 * Lake Havasu City: K22NK-D
 * Littlefield: K31EA-D
 * Peach Springs: K36PE-D
 * Prescott: K25OM-D
 * Snowflake: K07OJ-D
 * Williams: K31NE-D
 * Needles, CA: K17BN-D

title: KSAZ-TV


text:
Affliction

Affliction or Afflicted may refer to:

Books

 * Affliction (novel), a 2013 Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter novel by Laurell K. Hamilton
 * Affliction, a novel by Russell Banks, basis of the 1998 film

Film and TV

 * Affliction (1997 film), a 1997 American drama by Paul Schrader
 * Affliction (1996 film), a 1996 American documentary film
 * Affliction (2021 film), a 2021 Indonesian horror film
 * "Affliction" (Star Trek: Enterprise), an episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
 * Afflictions: Culture & Mental Illness in Indonesia, a 2010–2011 ethnographic documentary film series
 * The Afflicted (film), a 2011 American horror film by Jason Stoddard
 * Afflicted (film), a 2013 Canadian horror film by Derek Lee and Clif Prowse
 * Afflicted (TV series), a 2018 Netflix documentary series

Brands

 * Affliction Clothing, an American clothing manufacturer and retailer
 * Affliction Entertainment, a defunct mixed martial arts promotion company created by Affliction Clothing

Music

 * Afflicted (band), a Swedish technical death metal band
 * Affliction (album), a 1996 album by Econoline Crush

title: Affliction


text:
Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch

The Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch (ADK) or Lahrer Kommersbuch is the most popular commercium book in Germany. It was first published in 1858 and came up to its 166th edition in 2013. It is the German equivalent of the Flemish studentencodex.

title: Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch


text:
Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle

Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle, duchesse de Châteauroux (5 October 1717 – 8 December 1744) was the youngest of the five famous de Nesle sisters, four of whom would become the mistress of King Louis XV of France. She was his mistress from 1742 until 1744.

Early life, family and marriage
Marie Anne was born the youngest daughter of Louis de Mailly, Marquis de Nesle et de Mailly, Prince d'Orange (1689 - 1767), and Armande Félice de La Porte Mazarin (1691 - 1729). Her parents had been married in 1709. Her mother was the daughter of Paul Jules de La Porte, duc Mazarin et de La Meilleraye (1666 - 1731), the son of the famous adventuress, Hortense Mancini, the niece of Cardinal Mazarin. Her mother was a lady-in-waiting in service to the queen, and her father reportedly "wasted his substance on actresses and the capacious requirements of Court life". Marie Anne had four older full sisters:

 * Louise Julie de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Mailly, comtesse de Mailly (1710 - 1751),
 * Pauline Félicité de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Nesle, marquise de Vintimille (1712 - 1741),
 * Diane Adélaïde de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Montcavrel, duchesse de Lauraguais (1714 - 1769),
 * Hortense Félicité de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Chalon, marquise de Flavacourt (1715 - 1799).

The only one of the de Nesle sisters not to become one of Louis XV's mistresses was the Marquise de Flavacourt. Louise Julie was the first sister to attract the king followed by Pauline Félicité, but it was Marie Anne who was the most successful in manipulating him and becoming politically powerful.

Marie Anne also had a younger half-sister, Henriette de Bourbon (1725 - 1780), Mademoiselle de Verneuil, from her mother's relationship with the duc de Bourbon, the chief minister of Louis XV from 1723 to 1726.

In her youth, Marie Anne was known as Mademoiselle de Monchy. On 19 June 1734, she married Jean Baptiste Louis, marquis de La Tournelle (1708-1740).

She was a friend of Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, granddaughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan.

Introduction
In 1732, Marie Anne's oldest sister Louise Julie, who had succeeded their mother as lady-in-waiting to the queen, caught the attention of King Louis XV, and was permitted by her spouse to become a royal mistress. Although she became the king's mistress in 1732, Louise Julie was not officially recognized as his maîtresse en titre until 1738. Louise Julie did not use her new position at court to enrich herself or to interfere in politics.

Louise Julie was devoted to her family, and it was said that she was "a loving, sincere little creature with all the qualities of an easy dupe, and she was happy to Introduce her sisters at Court for the sole reason that it gave them pleasure". She invited all her sisters to court on different occasions and helped them to establish themselves there socially. In 1739, Louise Julie received a letter from her younger sister Pauline-Félicité requesting to be invited to court. Louise Julie granted her sister's wish, but upon her arrival at court, Pauline-Félicité seduced the king and became his mistress.

While Louise Julie remained as the official mistress, the king fell in love with Pauline-Félicité, arranged for her to marry the marquis de Vintimille to enable her to stay at court, and gave her the castle of Choisy-le-Roi as a gift. Madame de Vintimille quickly became pregnant by the king, and she died giving birth to his illegitimate son, Louis, the duc de Luc, who looked so much like the king that he was called Demi-Louis ('Small Louis'). Madame de Vintimille's remains stood in Lit de parade in the town of Versailles, but during the night, a mob broke in and mutilated the body of "the king's whore". The king and Madame de Mailly were both devastated by the death of Madame de Vintimille and shocked by the mutilation of her body. In her despair, Louise Julie is said to have performed a Catholic rite of penitence by washing the feet of the poor.

After this, the recently widowed Marie Anne de Mailly, asked Louise Julie for an invitation to court, and successfully relied upon her family devotion to help her establish herself socially at court, where she made a great social success upon her introduction with her beauty and charm. Marie Anne was described as "magnificently beautiful", dignified and graceful, with fair hair, "a complexion so white and pure that it glowed", large blue eyes and red lips with a "childlike smile", and to her behavior as a charming wit who frequently used irony.

Struggle with Louise Julie de Mailly
Louise Julie de Mailly was known to be so in love with the king that she "could do nothing without asking his advice" and never involved herself with state affairs. This made her acceptable to Cardinal Fleury, but also a disappointment to the court nobility who wished for the king to have a mistress who could influence the king against the pacifist policy of Fleury and engage in warfare, which the ideals of nobility regarded as necessary for national dignity and glory. Among the war-favoring aristocrats were the king's friends, the manipulative duc de Richelieu, and Charles, Prince of Soubise, who supported the idea to introduce a new mistress to the king who could be used to oppose the influence of the Cardinal and his peace policy and push France to engage in war, and they viewed Louise Julie's sister Marie Anne de Mailly, marquise de La Tournelle, as a suitable candidate for this purpose.

At a masked ball on Shrove Tuesday, 1742, Richelieu led Marie Anne up to the king and introduced them. She herself, however, at first rejected the royal advances. She already had a lover, the young duc d'Agénois, and was not inclined to give him up for the king's sake. As a result, Louis conspired with Richelieu, who was d'Agénois's uncle, to rid himself of the young suitor. Richelieu was quite anxious to do anything to bring about a liaison between the king and Marie Anne de La Tournelle because he knew Louise Julie de Mailly did not view him in a kindly light. The result was that Louis, in imitation of the biblical David, sent his rival to fight the Austrians in Italy. Here, more fortunate than the husband of Bathsheba, the duc d'Agénois was only wounded and returned to the court in glory.

Louis was in despair, but Richelieu, was not one to lightly accept defeat. He sent his nephew to Languedoc, where a woman had been instructed to seduce him. This she did most effectively; letters of a very passionate nature were exchanged; the lady dispatched those which she received to Richelieu, and in due course they were brought to the notice of Marie Anne de La Tournelle, who, furious at her young duke's deceitfulness, turned her attentions to the king and agreed to the suggestion of Richeliu and Soubise.

The fall of Louise Julie de Mailly was orchestrated by means of depriving her of her official office as lady-in-waiting, which was her formal justification for participating in court life and without which she would not formally be allowed to live at court. On 13 September 1742, Amable-Gabrielle de Villars, previously a dame du palais, was promoted to dame d'atour, and there was thereby a vacancy among the ladies-in-waiting of the queen. The recently deceased Françoise de Mazarin, a personal friend of the queen, had shortly before her death wished for a post for her favorite step-granddaughter Marie Anne de Mailly, in order to embarrass Louise Julie de Mailly, whom she detested, and the queen herself asked for the vacant place to be given to Marie Anne de Mailly, and by the mediation of d'Argenson, Marie Anne secured the king's approval for her candidacy to this office as dame du palais. In parallel, Marie Anne persuaded Louise Julie to write to Cardinal Fleury and resign her own post as dame de palais in favor of their sister Flavacourt by convincing her that the king wished to favor her sisters for the sake of Louise Julie. She agreed, though she resigned on condition that she be compensated with the post of dame d'atours at the court of the next dauphine. When Cardinal Fleury received her request of resignation, he called upon her and warned her about the danger it would mean to her position, and Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas warned her: "Madame, you do not know your sister, de la Tournelle; when you hand over your office to her, you may expect your dismissal from Court". Louise Julie, however, refused to suspect her sisters for plotting against her or to retract her resignation, and after her resignation was accepted, she accompanied her sisters Marie Anne de Mailly and Flavacourt to the king and queen to offer the gratitude of herself and her sisters for their new appointments. Although the queen retracted her approval, Marie Anne was appointed to the position on 19 September, and the next day, Cardinal Fleury refused Louise Julie's compensatory future post as dame d'atours of the dauphine. Marie Anne had thereby secured a place for herself at court, and deprived Louise Julie of hers.

After her resignation as lady-in-waiting, the court stopped giving Louise Julie attention and instead turned it to her sister and expected successor Marie Anne de Mailly, whom Louis XV himself started to court openly. However, Marie Anne de Mailly was not in love with Louis, and she presented him with conditions before she agreed to consent to be his mistress. She refused intercourse until he had proved his love by agreeing to provide her with the title of duchess, together with a settled income sufficient to enable her to maintain that dignity and safeguard herself against any reversal of fortune; a house "as sumptuous as Madame de Montespan's had been", where she would be able to entertain the king in accordance with royal standards; an assurance that any children born of the union would be provided for and legitimized; to be properly courted before consent, and the dismissal of her sister, his official mistress, from court, and she herself officially acknowledged in her place.

This was a new experience for the king, whose previous sexual partners had never demanded that he court them in any way or made any terms, but he was successfully stimulated to court her by Richelieu, who compared her favorably to his previous lover and presented Marie Anne as a royal mistress to be proud of. The king's courting of the reluctant Marie Anne before the royal court attracted attention, and a song was hummed at court and in town, portraying the lovesick king and his attempts to convince the cold Marie Anne to become his mistress. The king reportedly fell passionately in love with her, but she refused to answer his letters and acted coldly. During his courting of Marie Anne, he reportedly treated Louise Julie more and more coldly, sitting in silence through their meals, talking to her only about his hopes to seduce her sister, causing her to cry. Repeatedly, scenes occurred during which he asked Louise Julie to leave court, after which she fell to his feet and begged him to be allowed to stay, upon which he would allow her a couple of days more.

Finally, Louis XV agreed to the list of demands of Marie Anne, and on 2 November 1742, he concluded the first demand and evicted Louise Julie de Mailly from court by having the furniture removed from her rooms next to the king's apartments on the pretext that they had been reserved for her sister Flavacourt. She convinced the king to grant her another night through an appeal at supper, but the next day, she refused to leave. Richelieu visited her and advised her to leave out of respect for her own dignity and as a duty to her king, and when she consented, Richelieu informed the king that Marie Anne would agree to meet him that very night provided that it would be a secret, and escorted him in disguise to the house of Richelieu for the meeting. However, Louise Julie would still not leave, and Marie Anne was discontent at the king's patience. Louise Julie successfully asked for a last dinner with the king, and when she cried upon departure, he embraced her and promised to meet her a couple of days after her departure.

Marie Anne displayed her discontent over the king's last promise to see Louise Julie again and demanded that Louis should retract his promise of a last encounter, and that Louise Julie should never be allowed to court again if he wished to keep her favor. In a letter written soon after, Marie Anne wrote to Richelieu: "Meuse has surely told you, uncle, of the trouble which I had in getting Madame de Mailly to budge", but added that it would still be difficult to achieve something in politics as long as Cardinal Fleury lived.

Cardinal Fleury, the king's chief minister, tried to intervene with the king because he preferred Madame de Mailly as a royal mistress to her more ambitious sister. He did not want Marie Anne interfering in his administration of France. Louis, however, curtly informed him that while he had given the prelate control over the kingdom's political affairs, he had not given him control over his personal life.

Royal Mistress
Despite having achieved the banishment of her predecessor and the king's agreement to her demands, Marie Anne de Mailly reportedly refused to fulfill the sexual union with Louis XV several times from November until 19 December 1742, after which she "ostentatiously showed herself at the opera so that Louis' choice might be approved", and installed herself in the royal favorite's apartment three days after.

In preparation for her own elevation to duchess, she arranged a marriage between her favorite sister, Diane Adelaide, to the Duke of Lauraguais, and secured her a dowry and the office of designated lady-in-waiting to the future bride of the crown prince. On 22 October 1743, letters patent were issued creating Marie Anne duchesse de Chateauroux with a duchy representing an annual income of 80,000 livres.

The king "asked for nothing more than a place among those who formed her little court", was in despair when she refused to attend his dinners, begged her to be allowed to join the suppers in her room, curtailed his councils so that he could be with her, attending her baths and sitting at her bedside while she was recovering from them, and could be observed writing letters to the duc de Richelieu under her direction. As royal mistress, Marie Anne was the hostess in the King's private apartments where she was known to provide amusement and gaiety and introduced the custom of using nicknames. She herself was known as "the princess", her sister Flavacourt as "the hen", and her sister Lauraguais as the "Street of Evil Words". Her sister Lauraguais was said to be entertaining and once amused the king by producing nicknames for his guests, calling d’Argenson ”the sucking calf", Monsieur de Florentin ”the sucking pig ”, Monsieur de Maurepas ”the spinning-cat", and Cardinal de Tencin ”the ostrich".

Cardinal Fleury's death on 29 January 1743 signified the beginning of her own political career as the successor of Fleury, the political adviser of Louis XV, and the de facto ruler of France. Marie Anne made the king comfortable confiding in her about political issues by giving the impression that she was indifferent to it and made him ask her advice by supporting his own ideas. "She had the supreme cleverness never to question Louis on affairs of State, and so the infatuated King was convinced that his pretty mistress took no interest in politics. The voluptuous nonchalance of her intimacy with him confirmed this opinion. The consequence was that he spoke with her of State affairs without apprehension, and even went so far as to consult her, nay, beg her, to be so kind as to give him advice. In this way she slipped into the government at the King’s request without him being aware of it." She only spoke in favor of people she knew he already liked and would be favorable to such as d'Argensson and Noailles, thereby giving him the impression that she only voiced his own views whenever she spoke of politics, and the king thereby felt comfortable saying that his mistress' opinions was his own.

However, her influence was opposed by Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas and his circle whose satirical rhymes started the development which resulted in the loss of respect for the king and his court among the people. When Richelieu was appointed first gentleman of the Bed Chamber the Parisians nicknamed him "the President of La Tournelle", alluding to Marie Anne's former title.

Marie Anne reportedly felt threatened by her sister Flavacourt, who distanced herself from her and whom she therefore suspected of having the ambition to replace her as royal mistress. She suspected the queen of trying to disturb her relationship with the king by presenting Flavacourt as a rival to her position. While the queen regarded Louise Julie de Mailly as the most hurtful of all the mistresses of Louis because she was the first one, she had grown accustomed to her, and she disliked Marie Anne on a more personal level. The queen regarded her as haughty and insolent, seldom spoke to her, and feigned sleep when Marie Anne was in attendance. In reality, de Flavacourt had no wish to become a royal mistress and only wanted to enjoy her position as a courtier because it gave her independence from her spouse.

War of the Austrian Succession
When her influence over state affairs was secured, the War-Party of Richelieu demanded progress in their military warfare ambitions. Directed by Richelieu, himself dominated by Madame de Tencin who allegedly originated the idea, Marie Anne was given the task to shake the king out of his passive nature and convince him to place himself at the head of his armies on the battlefield during the War of the Austrian Succession, so as to give him and France prestige. The task was to have appealed to Marie Anne's pride, ambition, and wish to become a heroine. She worked to stimulate the king's pride and sense of responsibility, exclaiming that he owed it to himself to become a great king. Louis XV, exhausted by her reproaches, reportedly cried, "You are killing me", upon which she replied, "Sire, a King must come to life again". He was ultimately persuaded to agree when she stated that the glory of a victory would win the adoration of the people and the downfall of his enemies. In April 1744, Louis XV appointed her future Superintendent of the Household to the future Dauphine, took command of his army, and left for the front at the Austrian Netherlands. It was reportedly Marie Anne who convinced Louis XV to make an alliance between France and Frederick II of Prussia during the War of the Austrian Succession, and she received in person the thanks of Frederick of Prussia.

She visited Louis XV when he was with his army at Dunkerque and again in Metz. When Marie Anne visited the king in Metz near the front she was accompanied by Diane Adélaïde. Besides being an amiable companion, Marie Anne did not consider her simple sister much of a rival. It was rumoured at the time that one of the methods by which Marie Anne kept the interest of the king was to periodically offer him a ménage à trois with her sister, Diane Adélaïde de Lauraguais. That Lauraguais actually began sleeping with the king at this point is debatable. Nevertheless, the widespread rumors made the two sisters' visit to the king in Metz a national scandal. During the notorious visit of the sisters in Metz, the king suddenly fell gravely ill on 8 August. Fearing to be at his deathbed, Louis XV was afflicted by a religious crisis and wished to renounce his adultery and mistresses and ask his wife for her forgiveness. The queen was called to Metz, and Marie Anne and Diane Adélaïde ordered to leave. During their journey back to Paris the sisters were taunted by mobs who threatened to lynch them and their coach was attacked with stones.

Death
Louis XV recovered from his illness and upon his return from the battlefield made a triumphal entry into Paris. Missing Marie Anne, he visited her in secret on 14 November. On the 25th, minister Maurepas was obliged to recall Marie Anne to Versailles where she was restored in her former position as royal mistress. Her return to court was described as a triumph and there were fears that she would exact revenge upon her enemies. However, she had barely arrived at court before she fell sick with convulsive pains and cramp attacks. She died on 8 December 1744, convinced on her deathbed that she had been poisoned. She was swiftly buried without ceremony in the church of St Sulpice in Paris in 13 December.

After her death, the king for a short time consoled himself with her sister, Diane Adélaïde de Lauraguais. A few months later in 1745, however, the king already had a new mistress, Madame de Pompadour.

Depiction in fiction
Marie Anne is one of the central characters in Sally Christie's The Sisters of Versailles (Simon&Schuster 2015), a novel about Louis XV and the notorious Mailly-Nesle sisters.

Marie Anne is also the mistress on the King's arm depicted in Season 2, Episode 2 of Outlander.

title: Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle


text:
Raymond Postgate

Raymond William Postgate (6 November 1896 – 29 March 1971) was an English socialist, writer, journalist and editor, social historian, mystery novelist, and gourmet who founded the Good Food Guide. He was a member of the Postgate family.

Early life
Raymond Postgate was born in Cambridge, the eldest son of John Percival Postgate and Edith Allen, Postgate was educated at St John's College, Oxford, where, despite being sent down for a period because of his pacifism, he gained a First in Honour Moderations in 1917.

Postgate sought exemption from World War I military service as a conscientious objector on socialist grounds, but was allowed only non-combatant service in the army, which he refused to accept. Arrested by the civil police, he was brought before Oxford Magistrates' Court, which handed him over to the Army. Transferred to Cowley Barracks, Oxford, for forcible enlistment in the Non-Combatant Corps, he was within five days found medically unfit for service and discharged. Fearful of a possible further attempt at conscription, he went "on the run" for a period. While he was in Army hands, his sister Margaret campaigned on his behalf, in the process meeting the socialist writer and economist G. D. H. Cole, whom she subsequently married. In 1918 Postgate married Daisy Lansbury, daughter of the journalist and Labour Party politician George Lansbury, and was barred from the family home by his Tory father.

Communist period
From 1918 Postgate worked as a journalist on the Daily Herald, then edited by his father-in-law, Lansbury. In 1920 he published Bolshevik Theory, a book brought to Lenin’s attention by HG Wells. Impressed with the analysis therein, Lenin sent a signed photograph to Postgate, which he kept for the rest of his life. A founding member of the British Communist Party in 1920, Postgate left the Herald to join his colleague Francis Meynell on the staff of the CP's first weekly, The Communist. Postgate soon became its editor and was briefly a major propagandist for the communist cause but he left the party after falling out with its leadership in 1922, when the Communist International insisted that British communists follow the Moscow line. As such, he was one of Britain's first left-wing former communists, and the party came to treat him as an archetypal bourgeois intellectual renegade. He remained a key player in left journalism, however, returning to the Herald, then joining Lansbury on Lansbury's Labour Weekly in 1925–1927.

Later career
In the late 1920s and early 1930s he published biographies of John Wilkes and Robert Emmet and his first novel, No Epitaph (1932), and worked as an editor for the Encyclopædia Britannica. In 1932 he visited the Soviet Union with a Fabian delegation and contributed to the collection Twelve Studies in Soviet Russia. Later in the 1930s he co-authored with his brother-in-law G. D. H. Cole The Common People, a social history of Britain from the mid-18th century. Postgate edited the left-wing monthly Fact from 1937 to 1939, which featured a monograph on a different subject in each issue. Fact published material by several well-known left-wing writers, including Ernest Hemingway's reports on the Spanish Civil War, C. L. R. James' "A History of Negro Revolt" and Storm Jameson's essay "Documents". Postgate then edited the socialist weekly Tribune from early 1940 until the end of 1941. Tribune had previously been a pro-Soviet publication: however, the Soviet fellow travellers at Tribune were either dismissed, or, in Postgate's words "left soon after in dislike of me". Under Postgate's editorship, Tribune would express "critical support" for the Churchill government and condemn the Communist Party.

Postgate's anti-fascism led him to move away from his earlier pacifism. Postgate supported the Second World War and joined the Home Guard near his home in Finchley, London. In 1942 he obtained a post as a temporary civil servant in the wartime Board of Trade, concerned with the control of rationed supplies, and he remained in the Service for eight years. He continued his left-wing writings, and his question-and-answer pamphlet "Why you Should Be A Socialist", widely distributed among the returning military as the war ended, probably contributed significantly to the Labour Party's post-war landslide victory.

In the postwar period, Postgate continued to be critical of Russia under Stalin, viewing its direction as an abandonment of socialist ideals.

Always interested in food and wine, after World War II, Postgate wrote a regular column on the poor state of British gastronomy for the pocket magazine Lilliput. In these, inspired by the example of a French travel guide called Le Club des Sans Club, he invited readers to send him reports on eating places throughout the UK, which he would collate and publish. The response was overwhelming, and Postgate's notional "Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Food", as he had called it, developed into the Good Food Guide, becoming independent of Lilliput and its successor, The Leader. The Guide's first issue came out in 1951; it accepted no advertisements and still relied on volunteers to visit and report on UK restaurants. As well as democratising ordinary eating out, Postgate sought to demystify the aura surrounding wine, and the flowery language widely used to describe wine flavours. His "A Plain Man's Guide To Wine" undoubtedly did much to make Britain more of a wine-drinking nation. In 1965, Postgate wrote an article in Holiday magazine in which he warned readers against Babycham, which "looks like champagne and is served in champagne glasses [but] is made of pears". The company sued for libel, but Postgate was acquitted, and awarded costs. Postgate's distinctly amateur writings on both food and wine, though highly influential in Britain in their time, did not endear him to professionals in the catering and wine trades, who avoided referring to him; however his activities were much appreciated in France, where in 1951 he had been made the first British "Peer of the Jurade of St Emilion".

He continued to work as a journalist, mainly on the Co-operative movement's Sunday paper Reynolds' News, and during the 1950s and 1960s published several historical works and a biography of his father-in-law, The Life of George Lansbury.

Postgate wrote several mystery novels that drew on his socialist beliefs to set crime, detection and punishment in a broader social and economic context. His most famous novel is Verdict of Twelve (1940), his other novels include Somebody at the Door (1943) and The Ledger Is Kept (1953). (His sister and brother-in-law, the Coles, also became a successful mystery-writing duo.) After the death of H. G. Wells, Postgate edited some revisions of the two-volume Outline of History that Wells had first published in 1920.

Death and legacy
Raymond Postgate died on 29 March 1971; his wife Daisy committed suicide a month later.

Postgate's younger son, Oliver Postgate, also a conscientious objector though in World War II, became a leading creator of children's television programmes in the UK including Bagpuss, Ivor the Engine and The Clangers. Oliver's brother was the microbiologist and writer John Postgate FRS.

title: Raymond Postgate


text:
User:Dschmelzer

Daniel P. Schmelzer

Occupation
Pesticides industry analyst; intellectual property licensing negotiation and arbitration support. I crunch numbers all day long.

Location
Washington, D.C., USA

Interests
Alt.space, investing, finance, technology, video, macroeconomics

Contact Information
E-mail address: dschmelzer@gmail.com

Articles that I started
SpaceX Falcon 1 Falcon 5 Merlin engine (rocket) Kestrel (rocket engine)

Articles to which I have contributed
Bigelow Aerospace Space Shuttle program (I rewrote the intro, but the whole article needs rewritten otherwise) Reusable launch system America's Space Prize Armadillo Aerospace

title: User:Dschmelzer


text:
Harbin Y-12

The Harbin Y-12 is a high wing twin-engine turboprop utility aircraft built by Harbin Aircraft Industry Group (HAIG).

Design and development
The Y-12 started as a development of the Harbin Y-11 airframe called Y-11T in 1980. The design featured numerous improvements including a redesigned wing with a new low drag section, a larger fuselage and bonded rather than riveted construction. It also replaced the radial piston engines with turboprops.

The prototype was followed by about 30 production Y-12 (I) aircraft before a revised version was produced. This was designated the Y-12 (II), which featured more powerful engines and removal of leading edge slats, first flying on 16 August 1984 and receiving Chinese certification in December of the following year. The power plants are two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprops with Hartzell propellers. The Y-12 has a maximum takeoff weight of 5,700 kg (12,600 lb) with seating for 17 passengers and two crew. The aircraft is operated as a light commuter and transport aircraft.

The latest development is the Y-12F, which is almost a new design with many improvements: new wings, landing gear, fuselage, more powerful engines, and extended payload and range. The Y-12F made its maiden flight on December 29, 2010, received CAAC type certification on December 10, 2015, FAA type certification on February 22, 2016, and EASA type certification on July 13, 2023. In 2015, Kenmore Air announced that they would begin development of floats for the Y-12 for FAA certification. The Y-12 completed the FAA evaluation flight tests for its automatic flight control system on June 30, 2018, with its performance meeting the requirements, said AVIC Harbin Aircraft Industry Company Ltd (AVIC HAFEI).

Variants

 * Y-12 (I): Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 500-shp (373-kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-11 turboprop engines. Prototype version.
 * Y-12 (II): Fitted with more powerful PT6A-27 engines.
 * Y-12 (III): Planned version to be fitted with WJ-9 turboprop. Evolved to Y-12C because of IV's success when WJ-9 development was completed.
 * Y-12 (IV): Improved version. Revised wingtips (span increased to 19.2 m (63 ft)) and increased takeoff weight. 19 passenger seats. This version is the first aircraft in the series certified by the FAA in 1995.
 * Y-12C: Basically a (IV) version with WJ-9 turboprop, used by PLAAF for aerial survey.
 * Y-12D: Domestically deployed military version with upgraded engines driving four-bladed propellers, used by PLA Airborne Corps for parachute training.
 * Y-12E: Variant with 18 passenger seats. PT6A-135A engines of equal horsepower but increased torque driving four-bladed propellers. This version was certified by the FAA in 2006.
 * Y-12F: The latest development with almost everything redesigned: wider fuselage, new wings, retractable landing gear and more powerful PT6A-65B engines. The Y-12F has higher cruise speed, longer range and can accommodate 19 passengers or 3x LD3 containers. Design started in April 2005 and the maiden flight was on 29 December 2010. CAAC type certification was received on 10 December 2015 and FAA certification on 22 February 2016. The Y-12F passed flight tests for its automatic flight control system by the FAA on 30 June 2018. It was demonstrated during the 2012 Zhuhai Airshow.
 * Y-12G: Proposed cargo version of Y-12F.
 * Turbo Panda: Export name for (II) version, marketed by England and Japanese companies. No real order due to airworthiness certification.
 * Twin Panda: Originally (II) version for export. Later a modified Y-12 (IV) powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 turboprop engines and fitted with uprated undercarriage, upgraded avionics and interior. Thirty-five orders reportedly received by 2000 but production not proceeded with.

Military operators

 * Afghan Air Force
 * Royal Cambodian Air Force
 * People's Liberation Army Air Force - 12 Y-12D operated by the Airborne Corps
 * Djibouti Air Force - 2 as of December 2016.
 * Eritrean Air Force
 * Ghana Air Force
 * Guyana Air Force
 * Djibouti Air Force - 2 as of December 2016.
 * Eritrean Air Force
 * Ghana Air Force
 * Guyana Air Force
 * Ghana Air Force
 * Guyana Air Force
 * Guyana Air Force
 * Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Air Force
 * Kenya Air Force To be replaced by the C-145 Skytruck.
 * undefined
 * Mali Air Force – 2
 * undefined
 * Mauritanian Air Force
 * Myanmar Air Force - 20 as of 2020.
 * Namibian Air Force
 * Pakistan Air Force
 * Pakistan Army
 * Policía Nacional del Perú
 * Peruvian Air Force
 * Sri Lanka Air Force
 * Tanzanian Air Force
 * Zambian Air Force
 * Policía Nacional del Perú
 * Peruvian Air Force
 * Sri Lanka Air Force
 * Tanzanian Air Force
 * Zambian Air Force
 * Tanzanian Air Force
 * Zambian Air Force
 * Zambian Air Force
 * Zambian Air Force

Government operators

 * Air Vigilance Service (2)
 * China Marine Surveillance (3)
 * Ministry of Transport (2)
 * Federated States of Micronesia (1)
 * Republic of Seychelles (2)
 * Ministry of Transport (2)
 * Federated States of Micronesia (1)
 * Republic of Seychelles (2)
 * Republic of Seychelles (2)
 * Republic of Seychelles (2)

Civil operators

 * China Flying Dragon Aviation
 * China Heilongjiang Longken General Aviation
 * Donghua General Aviation
 * Jiangnan General Aviation
 * Ordos General Aviation Co. Ltd.
 * Shuangyang General Aviation
 * Xinjiang General Aviation
 * Ying'an Airlines
 * Zhong Fei General Aviation Company
 * SATENA (2, 1 on order)
 * Trans Air Congo (10 on order)
 * LAC
 * Congo Airways - 2 on order as of July 2016.
 * Caroline Islands Air
 * Air Fiji
 * Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter (SMAC)
 * Dirgantara Air Service (DAS)
 * Pouya Air
 * Air Kiribati
 * Berjaya Air
 * MIAT Mongolian Airlines- After 2 planes crashed, the remaining 3 planes were returned to the manufacturer.
 * Blue Airways (3 on order)
 * Flight Care Aviation
 * Nepal Airlines - 4 Delivered in 2012. All 4 grounded in 2020 due to sub-standard performance and high operating costs.
 * Nepal Airways
 * Air Eagle
 * Helitours
 * Lulutai Airlines (1)
 * Uganda Air Cargo (2)
 * Berjaya Air
 * MIAT Mongolian Airlines- After 2 planes crashed, the remaining 3 planes were returned to the manufacturer.
 * Blue Airways (3 on order)
 * Flight Care Aviation
 * Nepal Airlines - 4 Delivered in 2012. All 4 grounded in 2020 due to sub-standard performance and high operating costs.
 * Nepal Airways
 * Air Eagle
 * Helitours
 * Lulutai Airlines (1)
 * Uganda Air Cargo (2)
 * Helitours
 * Lulutai Airlines (1)
 * Uganda Air Cargo (2)
 * Lulutai Airlines (1)
 * Uganda Air Cargo (2)
 * Uganda Air Cargo (2)

Accidents and incidents

 * On 13 December 1993, a Lao Aviation (now Lao Airlines) Y-12-II, registration RDPL-34117, clipped trees in fog and crashed at Phonsavan, Laos, killing all 18 on board.
 * On 4 April 1995, a TANS Y-12-II, registration 333/OB-1498, crashed shortly after takeoff from Iquitos Airport, Peru, killing all three on board.
 * On 21 June 1996, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3822, crashed into a 100 m mountain near Changhai Airport after the crew began the final approach too early and deviated from the intended course, killing two of 12 on board.
 * On 20 January 1997, a Sri Lanka Air Force Y-12-II, CR851, crashed off Palali Air Base while on a surveillance mission, killing all four on board.
 * On 10 June 1997, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1020, crashed at Mandalgobi Airport due to windshear, killing seven of 12 on board.
 * On 26 May 1998, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1017, crashed into a 10800 ft mountain near Galt, Mongolia, en route to Tosontsengel due to heavy icing, wing de-ice system fault and overloading, killing all 28 on board; this crash is the worst ever accident involving the Y-12.
 * On 19 October 2000, Lao Aviation Flight 703 crashed in a mountainous area in bad weather while on approach to Sam Neua, killing eight of 15 passengers; both pilots survived.
 * On 18 May 2005, a Zambia Air Force Y-12-II, AF-216, crashed shortly after takeoff from Mongu Airport, killing all 13 on board.
 * On 10 April 2006, a Kenya Air Force (KAF) Y-12-II, 132, struck the side of Mount Marsabit, killing 14 of 17 on board.
 * On 15 June 2008, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3841, struck a small hill during a survey flight for a new aluminum mine, killing three of four on board.
 * On 12 July 2012, a Y-12-II of the Mauritanian Air Force crashed while transporting gold, killing all 7 occupants.
 * On 12 May 2014, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force crashed in El Wak, Kenya. The airplane operated on a flight from Mandera to Nairobi with stops at El Wak and Garissa. Preliminary information suggests that one pilot was killed and the remaining eleven occupants were injured.
 * On 26 August 2018, a Y-12e of the Colombian Air Force was damaged in flight as it encountered severe turbulence. The pilot made an emergency landing at Florencia. The aircraft was not repaired, and was scrapped in situ.
 * On 3 January 2020, a Y-12-II of the Sri Lankan Air Force crashed to Haputale, Sri Lanka, while on aerial observations, killing all 4 airmen.
 * On 4 August 2020, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force resupplying AMISOM crashed after taking off from Dhobley Airstrip in Somalia. All 10 occupants survived. The aircraft was seriously damaged.

title: Harbin Y-12


text:
McMaster Students Union

The McMaster Students Union (MSU), is the central undergraduate student government at McMaster University, in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

History
The McMaster Student Body, the original student government, was formed in 1890 when McMaster University's official first registrants began their studies. In 1911, McMaster women, protesting gender inequality and not being allowed to vote in the general student body elections, elected a female representative student body and formed the Women's Student Body. In 1925, the number of day students began outnumbering the number of residence students. To ensure that both day and resident students were properly represented, the student government split in two bodies, the Student Body and the Residence Council. In 1946 the McMaster Student Body was renamed McMaster Students Union. In 1971 the MSU was incorporated as a non-profit organization without share capital under the Ontario Corporations Act.

The MSU's offices have been located in four buildings over time. First in the Alumni Memorial Building (opened in 1951 as the campus' first student centre), then Wentworth House (1961–74), Hamilton Hall (a former science building renovated to serve as a student centre, 1974–2002), and the McMaster University Student Centre (MUSC, 2002–present). referendums in 1987 and 1989 approved a long-term levy that funded approximately two-thirds of the $36 million capital costs of the MUSC. Ground for the new building was broken in March 2000 and the official opening took place in September 2002. A student fee retired the remaining term loan in 2010–11.

Scope
The MSU works to enhance both the academic and extracurricular experience of its members by offering a wide array of resources, services and opportunities to McMaster students and through advocacy of student issues with the university administration and relevant levels of government.

The MSU represents approximately 27,000 students, each of whom becomes a member of the students union when registering in a minimum of 18 units of undergraduate courses (3 two-term courses, or equivalent) in an academic session. The University collects mandatory membership fees on the MSU’s behalf as a component of tuition/ancillary fees paid by students on registration. Fees, which are partially courseload-sensitive, are up to a maximum of $587.84 for the MSU, plus up to a further $760.71 in other university or student group supplementary fees which are approved by MSU referendums or General Assembly [2019-20 fee schedule].

Governance
The MSU's Constitution and Bylaws establish the political apparatus of the union and its component organs, while a separate collection of Operating Policies define the functions of service-providing departments and the operating parameters of the organization.

The political leadership of the MSU is four officers—a President and three Vice-Presidents (Administration, Education and Finance). These positions are filled by students, typically after completing three or four years of study, who take a year off classes to work full-time in student government. The president is elected directly by the student body in annual elections traditionally held in early February, while the vice-presidents are elected by the Student Representative Assembly in early April. Slates and/or political parties, though commonplace at many other student unions, are not a typical feature of the MSU's political culture.

The MSU's chief legislative body is the Student Representative Assembly (SRA), a 35-member parliament comprising the president, vice-presidents, and 31 elected student representatives from nine (9) academic divisions of the University (Arts & Science, Business, Engineering, Health Sciences, Kinesiology (separated from the Faculty of Science), Humanities, Nursing, Science, and Social Sciences). The SRA is the MSU's highest policy-setting body and has the sole authority to approve and modify legislation and elect officers other than the President.

The executive branch of government is the Executive Board (EB), which comprises the President, Vice-Presidents, and five SRA members-at-large; as well as the General Manager, Marketing & Communications Director, Administrative Services Coordinator, and the Associate: Vice-President Services. The board, chaired by the President, supervises the functioning of the union's services and bureaucracy and performs planning and priority-setting tasks in a manner somewhat akin to a Westminster-style cabinet. With the exception of the President, the EB's membership is elected by and responsible to the SRA. In emergency circumstances and during the summer months it can operate as an executive committee of the SRA and exercise the powers of the full Assembly. Functional authority for full-time staff and the departments they supervise lies with the Corporate Board of Directors (see below) rather than the EB.

Elections
MSU holds elections every year for the presidency and for the SRA positions. Elections are conducted using online voting. Voter turnout in presidential elections was above 40% from 2014 through 2017, but was 28.8% in 2018 and 26.8% in 2019.

Corporate structure
The MSU was incorporated in 1971 as a corporation without share capital. For corporate purposes, including major financial decision-making and dealings with full-time staff members, the political organs of the union can reconvene in a corporate rather than political format—the Student Representative Assembly serves as the voting members of the corporation, with the four sabbatical officers assuming the role of a corporate Board of Directors. The Board oversees day-to-day operations and an annual operating budget of over $13 million.

Affiliated organizations
The MSU is a member of the Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance (since 1998), and is a former member (and current observer) of the Canadian Alliance of Student Associations (2001–04 and 2009–14). From 1981 to 1998, MSU members were also members of the Canadian Federation of Students. The MSU is also a current and founding member of the Undergraduates of Canadian Research Intensive Universities.

Services
The MSU employs 36 permanent staff and over 200 part-time student staff. Its more than 30 operational departments include a restaurant-bar (TwelvEighty), a professional production company (Avtek Productions), First Year Council (FYC), Child Care Centre, convenience store (The Union Market), print shop (Underground Media + Design), food bank (Food Collective Centre), newspaper (The Silhouette), radio station (93.3 CFMU-FM), Student Health Education Centre, a first-year transition program (MSU Spark), and yearbook (Marmor).

Maroons Investigation 2019
The Maroons are a student group created to help facilitate Welcome Week events and increase awareness surrounding MSU services and events. In March 2019, the Silhouette, the student-run newspaper, published an article displaying the numerous cases of sexual assault against the Maroons team. Such incidents go back to an annual ski trip. After weeks of outcry, the MSU President released a statement condemning the incidents and promised an external review will occur. In November 2019, the student association released the results of the review with all recommendations being adopted by the organization.

Alumni
In 1986, former MSU activists established the McMaster Students Union Alumni Association – the first student leader alumni association of its kind in Canada – as a branch of the McMaster University Alumni Association.

title: McMaster Students Union


text:
Don't Dilly Dally on the Way

"Don't Dilly Dally on the Way", subtitled "The Cock Linnet Song" and often credited as "My Old Man (Said Follow the Van)", is a music hall song written in 1919 by Fred W. Leigh and Charles Collins, made popular by Marie Lloyd.

The song, although humorous, also reflects some of the hardships of working class life in London at the beginning of the 20th century. It joined a music hall tradition of dealing with life in a determinedly upbeat fashion. In the song a couple are obliged to move house, after dark, because they cannot pay their rent. At the time the song was written, most London houses were rented, so moving in a hurry – a moonlight flit – was common when the husband lost his job or there was insufficient money to pay the rent.

The couple rush to fill up the van, and its tailboard, with their possessions, in case the landlord appears. When the van is packed up, however, there is no room left for the wife. The husband therefore instructs her to follow the van, which she does, carrying the pet bird. Unfortunately, en route, the wife loses her way after stopping at a pub for a drink. Thereafter, she reflects that it would be ill-advised to approach one of the volunteer policemen (a "special"), as they are less trustworthy than a regular police constable (a "copper") and might take advantage of her inebriation. Alternatively (according to the physical gestures accompanying the song) they may simply be less qualified to give dependable street directions.

Chorus
The chorus of the song is well known.
 * My old man said "Foller the van,
 * And don't dilly dally on the way".
 * Off went the van wiv me 'ome packed in it,
 * I walked behind wiv me old cock linnet.
 * But I dillied and dallied, dallied and I dillied
 * Lost me way and don't know where to roam.
 * Well you can't trust a special like the old time coppers.
 * When you can't find your way 'ome.

There are a number of alternatives to the last two lines:
 * Who'll put you up when you've lost your bedstead,
 * And you can't find your way 'ome?"

 * I stopped on the way to have me old half quarten,
 * now I can't find my way home.

 * Well you can't trust a man when your life's in a van
 * an' you can't find your way 'ome.

 * I had to stop to have a drop of tiddly in the pub
 * Now I can't find my way home.

 * Stopped off to have one at the old Red Tavern
 * And I can't find my way home.

Performances
Various lineups of the Clancy Brothers (with Tommy Makem, Louis Killen, and Robbie O'Connell at different times) have performed the refrain as part of a medley, immediately following "They're moving Father's grave to build a sewer", which also deals with the travails of working class Londoners. These two songs appeared together on the group's 1965 album, Recorded Live in Ireland. Danny La Rue also often sang it in performances.

Football chant
The song forms the basis of a football chant in the UK at clubs such as Aston Villa, Manchester United and Linfield FC In the chant, the narrator's old man suggests being a fan of a rival club. The narrator responds aggressively and reveals a negative opinion of all fans of that club, using obscene language.

In popular culture

 * The song is sung by the character Blanche Simmons at the internee’s Christmas concert in the TV series Tenko, shortly before they are marched out of the camp by Japanese soldiers at the end of the first series.
 * In The Catherine Tate Show, during the "Life at Ma's" sketch (a spoof of Life on Mars), the last four lines are sung by Catherine Tate and a variety of other characters.
 * The song also appeared in the Only Fools And Horses episode "Home Sick", being sung by Del Boy and Grandad.
 * The first verse and the chorus were featured in Episode 211 of The Muppet Show, performed by Miss Piggy. In the Muppet fan community the song is better known as "Don't Dilly Dally On the Way".
 * It is sung in the 1943 black and white romantic comedy film The Gentle Sex.
 * It is sung in the 1958 war film Ice Cold in Alex.
 * It is sung in the 1958 movie Innocent Sinners by the main character 'Lovejoy'.
 * In 1970, Cardinal Fang (Terry Gilliam) briefly began to recite the tune under his breath after citing charges of heresy against the Holy Church, but was subsequently cut off by Cardinal Ximénez (Michael Palin) before completing the first line. This was part of the famous Spanish Inquisition Sketch from the Monty Python comedy troupe. Palin, Jones, and Gilliam would burst into the room whenever someone uttered a form of the trigger phrase, "I didn't expect a Spanish Inquisition."
 * It is sung in the opening of the 1974 TV play "Regan", written by Ian Kennedy Martin and starring John Thaw as the titular character, which served as the pilot episode of The Sweeney.
 * It opens Steven Berkoff's 1975 play East.
 * In the 1985 EastEnders Sing-Along, it is sung by the cast with Gillian Taylforth singing the intro.
 * The first verse and chorus is sung in Upstairs, Downstairs by the servants as part of their New Year's celebrations in Series 4, Episode 9, "Another Year." The group seems to mix up the line about the "special" and the old-time copper, but it may be because the butler, Mr. Hudson, serves as a "special." (See Series 4, Episode 3, "The Beastly Hun.")
 * In an episode of The Archers broadcast on Monday 28 September 2015, the chorus is sung by Ruth Archer and her mother immediately before the latter's collapse from a stroke and subsequent death. An alternative third line is used - "Off went the van with me old man in it".
 * In a commercial for American Express, Jerry Seinfeld is shown singing the song with others in an English pub, part of a montage showing the comedian's adjusting to British culture.
 * It is sung by Mr. Bean in the 22nd episode of season 4 in animated series.
 * Tessie O'Shea, Kay Kendall and the Pearly Kings and Queens, sang an excerpt of the song in the film London Town.
 * In the comedy film Confessions from a Holiday Camp, the Lea family sing the song enroute to the holiday camp, drunkenly unaware that they've stumbled into a funeral car instead of a taxi.

title: Don't Dilly Dally on the Way


text:
Nicolas Lancret

Nicolas Lancret (22 January 1690 – 14 September 1743) was a French painter. Born in Paris, he was a brilliant depicter of light comedy which reflected the tastes and manners of French society during the regency of the Duke of Orleans and, later, early reign of King Louis XV.

Career
Lancret's first master was Pierre d'Ulin, but his acquaintance with and admiration for Watteau induced him to leave Ulin for Gillot, whose pupil Watteau had been. Lancret, who remained a pupil of Gillot from 1712–1713, was heavily influenced by the older painter, whose typical slender figures can be found in many of his pupil's younger works. Two pictures painted by Lancret and exhibited on the Place Dauphine had a great success, which laid the foundation of his fortune, and, it is said, estranged Watteau, who had been complimented as their author. In 1718 he was received as an Academician, from thereon becoming a very respected artist, especially amongst the admirers of Watteau. He completed works to decorate the Palace of Versailles, while his style was later to prove popular with Frederick the Great. Lancret's popularity was reflected by the decision to make him a councillor at the Academie in 1735.

Work, style and legacy
Lancret completed numerous paintings, a significant proportion of which (over eighty) were engraved. Although he completed several portraits and historical pieces his favourite subjects were balls, fairs, village weddings and so forth. In this respect he was typical of Rococo artists. Some have claimed Lancret's work is significantly inferior to that of Watteau. In drawing and in painting his touch is often considered intelligent but dry; art historian Michael Levey remarked that Lancret was 'no poet but a charming essayist'. Lancret's characteristics are due possibly to the fact that he had been for some time in training under an engraver.

It is generally considered that the artist produced his best work towards the latter end of his life, displaying, in the minds of several art historians, an increasing ability to create a sense of harmony between art and nature, as in Montreir de lanterne magique, and a willingness to lend his, now bulkier, figures a firmer place in his compositions. These changes displayed the influence of later Watteaus like L'Enseigne de Gersaint. Lancret's last painting, Family in a Garden, The National Gallery, is considered by Levey to be his 'masterpiece'. The scene, which depicts a family taking coffee, has an intimacy and hint of humour that are considered captivating. The work's flowing lines, Rococoesque harmony of pastel colours, painterly style and charming subject matter (of a wide eyed young girl, surrounded by her happy family and natural, yet un-threatening setting, trying her first taste of coffee) are seen to display a delicate sense of vitality and freshness that anticipate the works of both Thomas Gainsborough and Jean-Honoré Fragonard.

The British Museum possesses an admirable series of studies by Lancret in red chalk, and the National Gallery, London, shows four paintings—the "Four Ages of Man" (engraved by Desplaces and l'Armessin), cited by d'Argenville amongst the principal works of Lancret.

Personal life
Lancret was single for much of his life; however in 1741 he married the 18-year-old grandchild of Boursault, author of Aesop at Court. Supposedly Lancret was induced to marry her after finding her and her dying mother living in poverty in an attic room and hearing that the daughter was soon to be compelled to enter a convent. Lancret died of pneumonia on 14 September 1743.

General studies
Adapted from:

title: Nicolas Lancret


text:
Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame

The Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame was instituted in 1995 to recognize the careers of selected former Boston Red Sox players, coaches and managers, and non-uniformed personnel. A 15-member selection committee of Red Sox broadcasters and executives, past and present media personnel, and representatives from The Sports Museum of New England and the BoSox Club are responsible for nominating candidates.

Criteria
The criteria for selection into the Hall is as follows:
 * Player to be eligible for nomination must have played a minimum of three years with the Boston Red Sox and must also have been out of uniform as an active player a minimum of three years.
 * Non-uniformed honorees such as broadcasters and front office execs are inducted by a unanimous vote of the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame selection committee. The memorable moment will be chosen by the committee as well.
 * Former Boston Red Sox players and personnel in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, will be automatically enshrined in the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame.

Inductees
The following 16 people were included as charter members of the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame, by virtue of prior induction to the National Baseball Hall of Fame:

 * Eddie Collins (front office)
 * Jimmy Collins
 * Joe Cronin
 * Bobby Doerr
 * Rick Ferrell
 * Jimmie Foxx
 * Lefty Grove
 * Harry Hooper
 * Herb Pennock
 * Red Ruffing
 * Babe Ruth
 * Tris Speaker
 * Ted Williams
 * Carl Yastrzemski
 * Tom Yawkey (longtime owner)
 * Cy Young

Induction ceremonies for additional honorees were held on:

 * November 1, 1995
 * September 8, 1997
 * May 18, 2000
 * November 14, 2002
 * November 10, 2004

 * November 9, 2006
 * November 7, 2008
 * September 17, 2010
 * August 3, 2012
 * August 14, 2014

 * May 19, 2016
 * May 24, 2018
 * May 26, 2022
 * May 29, 2024

Moments
Each class of inductees has also included a memorable moment in Red Sox history:

Source:

title: Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame