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Olof Trätälja

Olof Trätälja (Old Norse: Óláfr trételgja, Swedish: Olof Trätälja, Norwegian: Olav Tretelgja, all meaning Olaf Woodwhittler) was the son of the Swedish king Ingjald illråde, ruler of the House of Yngling in the 7th century according to Ynglingatal, a Skaldic poem detailing the kings of that house.

Heimskringla
His mother was Gauthild, a princess of West Götaland, whose maternal grandfather was Olof the Sharp-sighted, the king of Nerike.

His mother sent him to his foster-father Bove in West Götaland, where he grew up with his foster-brother Saxe who was surnamed Flette.

When Olof heard of his father's death, he assembled the men who were willing to follow him and went to his kinsmen in Nerike, because after his father's atrocities, the Swedes had grown hostile towards the Ynglings.

When the Swedes learnt that Olof and his kin had sought refuge in Nerike, they were attacked and had to head west through deep and mountainous forests (Kilsbergen) to Lake Vänern and the estuary of Klarälven (where Karlstad is now situated). Here, they settled and cleared land. Soon they had created a whole province called Värmland, where they could make a good living.

When the Swedes learnt that Olof was clearing land, they were amused and called him the Tree-feller. Olof married a woman named Solveig who was a daughter of Halfdan Guldtand of Soleyar. Olof and Solveig had two sons, Ingjald Olofsson and Halfdan Hvitbeinn, who were brought up in Soleyar in the house of his mother's uncle Sölve.

Because of king Ivar Vidfamne and his harsh rule many Swedes emigrated to Värmland, and they became so numerous that the province could not sustain them. The land was afflicted by famine of which the Swedes accused the king. It was an old tradition in Sweden of holding the king responsible for the wealth of the land (see Domalde). The Swedes accused Olof of neglecting his sacrifices to the gods and believed that this was the cause of the famine.

The Swedish settlers thus rebelled against Olof, surrounded his house on the shores of lake Vänern and burnt him inside it. Thus he was sacrificed to Odin, like his ancestor Domalde.

Ynglingatal and Historia Norwegiae
However, Historia Norwegiae says that Olof succeeded his father and ruled as the king of Sweden in peace until his death.

The lines of Ynglingatal appear to say that he was a Swedish prince (svía jöfri), and that he was burnt inside his hall and disappeared from Gamla Uppsala.

Archaeology

 * Source

Along the lower parts of the river Byälven in Värmland, there are three large barrows, which legend attribute to Olof Trätälja. Moreover, there are many hillforts near this river and the northern shore of Lake Vänern testifying to a violent period. Archaeological excavations from one of the hillforts, Villkorsberget, show that it was burnt in a period corresponding to Olof (510–680).

title: Olof Trätälja


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Josef Jireček

Josef Jireček (9 October 1825, in Vysoké Mýto – 25 November 1888, in Prague) was a Czech scholar. He was born in Vysoké Mýto (then part of the Austrian Empire). He entered the Prague bureau of education in 1850, and became minister of the department in the Hohenwart cabinet in 1871. His efforts to secure equal educational privileges for the Slav nationalities in the Austrian dominions brought him into disfavour with the German element. He became a member of the Bohemian Landtag in 1878, and of the Austrian Reichsrat in 1879. His merits as a scholar were recognized in 1875 by his election as president of the Royal Czech Society of Sciences. He died in Prague on 25 November 1888.

In 1862, he and his brother Hermenegild Jireček strove to defend the genuineness of the Königinhof Manuscript discovered by Václav Hanka. He published in Czech an anthology of Czech literature (3 volumes, 1858–1861), a biographical dictionary of Czech writers (2 volumes, 1875–1876), a Czech hymnology, editions of Jan Blahoslav's Czech grammar and of some Czech classics, and of the works of his father-in-law Pavel Josef Safarik (1795–1861).

His son was the Slavic specialist Konstantin Josef Jireček, and his brother was the historian Hermenegild Jireček.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Josef Jireček


text:
Hermenegild Jireček

Hermenegild Jireček, Ritter von Samokov (Hermenegild Jireček, rytíř ze Samokovu; 13 April 1827 – 29 December 1909), Bohemian jurisconsult, who was born at Vysoké Mýto (then part of the Austrian Empire), was an official in the Prague bureau of education.

Among his important works on Slavonic law were Codex juris bohemici (11 parts, 1867–1892), and a Collection of Slav Folk-Law (Czech, 1880), Slav Law in Bohemia and Moravia down to the 19th Century (Czech, 3 vols. 1863–1873).

His brother Josef Jireček was also a noted scholar.

title: Hermenegild Jireček


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/USS Jebediah

A vehicle from a single episode from The Simpsons. Geogre 12:41, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * According to the history, this thing had a vfd message added to it earlier this year; The User Contrib page of the person who first nominated it for VFD in Jan says that the discussion is in the May 2004 VFD archive, but I haven't been able to find it. At any rate, Delete for the same reason as Inanimate Carbon Rod. - RedWordSmith 18:12, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * (Not a vote). The previous discussion can be seen here (the next edit removed the listing). - 19:08, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC) Lee (talk)
 * Do we have an article on the episode it appeared in? Merge and redirect if so.  No vote otherwise.  Postdlf 19:18, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hardly notable even in the context of The Simpsons.  Only linked to by two description-less lists, neither of which really need even the small amount of additional information that this article provides.   —Triskaideka 19:24, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The problem is that non-knowledgeable people hear these references to navy ships, and think they're real; so how do you inform them that they're not? Now when this last came up, list of fictional ships was just getting started; it would be plausible to redirect and move the content there. Of course, that's made more difficult by trying to have this article deleted, instead of simply making the redir in the first place. Stan 21:27, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If this encyclopedia can hold articles vessels from Star Trek and Star Wars, it can find room for one from The Simpsons.
 * Merge and redirect to list of fictional ships. -Sean Curtin 01:45, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Subtrivial. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:03, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to List of fictional ships, as it's listed there already. Maybe add a brief sentence about it there. It really doesn't deserve an article to itself, but this will help anyone who for whatever reason feels the need to look it up. -R. fiend 04:03, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If you stick it in the list of fictional ships then a search of Wikipedia would find it. We don't need articles for every single object to appear in a TV show. Average Earthman 09:38, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Not necessarily a good assumption. I've found recently that Wikipedia searches are often really bad at finding things, and sometimes come up with articles that seems completely random. Redirects are safer, when they can be managed. -R. fiend 15:36, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Fwiw a search for "USS Jebediah" finds Homer Simpson and list of fictional ships. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:54, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and delete. DJ Clayworth 15:12, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: merge and delete is not a valid option. - 15:17, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC) Lee (talk)
 * I don't see why not. Take any useful information from this article; put it in The Simpsons; then delete this article. valid option says: "other (some other action) such as". 'such as' means that other actions are allowed. DJ Clayworth 16:03, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge & redirect -FZ 15:59, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * rename to "USS_Jebediah (Simpsons)" and change all pages pointing to it to the new page Patcat88 01:17, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Why? What other USS Jebediah are you trying to disambiguate it from?
 * The point is to let people know that this ship isnt real, and incase there will be a real USS jebediah (probably not), it will have its own page. Also the ship maybe used again in a future episode. Any information that is acurate should be kept in wikipedia, because if wikipedia is deleting thigns just because they dont seem significant enough, I might as well pull out my 20 parts long commercial encyclopedia since wikipedia looses its advantage of having information that you cant find in a paper encyclopedia.
 * Wikipedia ceases to be an encyclopedia once it starts accepting entries on things that are insignificant. Besides, the USS Jebediah will still be in Wikipedia, just not as a separate article.  You can even find it the same way you would if it were a separate article.   —Triskaideka 14:59, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:International Obesity Task Force

Untitled
this page should not be deleted because it is imforming people about obesity. If you go to the link it tells people in detail how obesity can endanger someone's health.

Since this page is pretty baren looking you have so many options of what you could add. You could include world efforts from different locations to end obesity, talk about factors, discuss race and obesity links, and add info about childhood v adult obesity in different countries. -AH

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Alisson.haywood77 (talk • contribs) 00:56, 30 March 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 21 January 2019 and 10 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Cbizzy2313. Peer reviewers: Ccurley224, Alisson.haywood77.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:39, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:International Obesity Task Force


text:
User:Skeppy

Some topics that currently interest me (among many):

General

 * Cognitive bias
 * Confirmation bias
 * Systematic error
 * Tests of general relativity
 * Cognitive science
 * Uncertainty
 * Heuristic
 * Rule of thumb
 * Common sense
 * How to solve it
 * Argumentation theory
 * Lists of thinking-related topics
 * Artificial life
 * Random walk

Biographies

 * Georg Cantor
 * Gregory Chaitin
 * Paul Dirac
 * Albert Einstein
 * Paul Erdos
 * Richard Feynman
 * Carl Friedrich Gauss
 * Murray Gell-Mann
 * Kurt Godel
 * Bernhard Riemann
 * Alan Turing
 * John von Neumann

Simulation

 * Simulation
 * Artificial life
 * Artificial intelligence
 * Agent based modeling

title: User:Skeppy


text:
Glan

The word Glan meaning derives from Celtic (Noric) glanos meaning "bright, clear", cf. Glanis, Glanum, Glen and English "clean". Glan (Nahe)
 * Glan, Sarangani, a municipality in Sarangani, Philippines
 * Glan (Gurk), a river in Carinthia, Austria, tributary of the Gurk
 * Glan (Nahe), a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, tributary of the Nahe
 * Glan Cattle, a traditional cattle breed from the same area
 * Glan (lake), a lake in Sweden near Norrköping
 * Pentti Glan (1946–2017), Finnish-Canadian rock drummer

title: Glan


text:
User:Iainscott/welcome

New users

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Iainscott 12:51, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

or

Unregistered users

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for all your contributions. Why not create an account so your user name will be attributed to your articles?

Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:
 * How to edit a page
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 * Village pump

I hope you continue to enjoy editing here. Iainscott 13:15, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Users adding interlanguage links

Hello, welcome to the English Wikipedia. Thanks for the interlanguage links you are adding.

Here are some pages you might find useful during your visit here:
 * Village pump (to ask questions)
 * Community Portal (community links)
 * Goings-on (recent events on the English Wikipedia)

There is also a vote on which order interlanguage links should be in that might interest you at Language order poll.

Iainscott 13:15, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Iainscott/welcome


text:
User:Harris000

Not, as a passing vandal decided, a moron.

In fact, I live in Birmingham, UK. I used to live in Catterick, in the green and pleasant land that is North Yorkshire. Interests include Music, especially playing the Oboe and Violin in Orchestras and Bands.

I am also proof that the adage that no man is an island is wrong.

title: User:Harris000


text:
Alldays

Alldays may refer to:

 * Alldays (supermarket), a chain of convenience stores in the UK
 * Alldays, Limpopo, a town in South Africa
 * Alldays (1898 automobile), an early British automobile

title: Alldays


text:
Dasmariñas (disambiguation)

Dasmariñas is a component city in the Philippines.

Dasmariñas or Dasmarinas may also refer to:

Places

 * Dasmarinas Estates, Alberta, a community in Strathcona County, Alberta
 * Dasmariñas Bagong Bayan, a resettlement area located in Dasmariñas, Philippines
 * Dasmariñas Village in Makati, Philippines
 * De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, in Dasmariñas, Philippines
 * Legislative district of Dasmariñas, the 4th legislative district of Cavite, Philippines
 * Dasmariñas, Makati, a barangay in Makati, Philippines

People

 * Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, the 8th Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines
 * Luis Pérez Dasmariñas, the 9th Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines
 * Michael Dasmariñas (born 1992), professional boxer

title: Dasmariñas (disambiguation)


text:
Robert Rollock

Robert Rollock (c. 1555 – 8 or 9 February 1599) was Scottish academic and minister in the Church of Scotland, and the first regent and first principal of the University of Edinburgh. Born into a noble family, he distinguished himself during his education at the University of St Andrews, which led to him being appointed regent of the newly created college in Edinburgh in 1583, and its first principal in 1586.

After the college had grown and other regents had been appointed, Rollock no longer had to perform everyday teaching, and he became the university's first Professor of Theology. In parallel to his academic duties, he acted as a minister and served in various church functions until his death in 1599. Rollock was acknowledged by his contemporaries as a prolific academic and Biblical scholar, and effective principal.

Early life and education
Rollock was born in 1555, the son of David Rollock, laird of Powis, near Stirling, and his wife Mariota Livingston. He was one of at least six children, Hercules Rollock being his older brother. He received his early education at the school of Stirling from Thomas Buchanan, a nephew of George Buchanan. Rollock then entered St Salvator's College at the University of St Andrews in 1574, obtaining his BA in 1576 and his MA likely in 1577. After graduating, he combined teaching at St Salvator's College with further studies in theology, Hebrew, and Biblical philology at St Mary's College (also in St Andrews) under the tutelage of James Melville. Over the next years, Rollock acquired a national reputation both as a teacher and due to the piety he reportedly instilled in his students. In 1580, he was first made examiner of arts, then director of the faculty of arts, and finally a regent of the University of St Andrews.

University of Edinburgh
In April 1582, King James VI had granted a royal charter to Edinburgh Town Council for the establishment of a college. First known as Tounis College (Town's College), instruction was to begin in October 1583, but the Town Council was still searching for a regent in September of the same year. James Lawson, John Knox' successor as minister at St Giles' Kirk in Edinburgh, recommended Rollock for the position, and the town sent a delegation to St Andrews to offer the position to him. Rollock agreed and was named the sole regent on 14 September, only one month before the first charge of 80 to 90 students began their education. His appointment was guaranteed for one year; should the college be successful, it was agreed that he should be advanced to the highest post or title that might be created. Rollock's salary was fixed at 40 pound Scots, and the council also agreed to "sustain him and one servant in their ordinary expenses". The tuition fees for the sons of burgesses were set at 40 Shillings, and other students paid three pounds or more; Rollock would be given an augmentation not exceeding 40 merks should the fees not afford him a sufficient salary.

When the university opened, Rollock was the sole instructor for the first-year students; as regent, he was expected to tutor the 1583 intake for the entirety of the four years of their MA degree, and teach all subjects himself. Rollock had drawn up the curriculum and was joined in November by a second master, Duncan Nairn of Glasgow, to do some preparatory teaching. The first year focused on Latin and Greek grammar; the second year featured authors from classical antiquity and arithmetic; year three added Hebrew, ethics, logic, and physics; and the fourth year exposed students to more logic, physics, geography and theology. Rollock's curriculum was deeply influenced by humanist ideals which had also taken root at the universities of Glasgow and St Andrews, but a pioneering course on human anatomy was an innovation.

From May 1585 to February 1586, Rollock was forced to close the college due to an outbreak of plague. In 1586, the Town Council agreed to make Rollock the university's first principal, which meant that after his first class graduated in 1587, he no longer had to perform everyday teaching. The young university grew quickly, which necessitated the appointment of additional regents for subsequent student intakes. In November 1587, the Town Council and local presbytery agreed that Rollock could focus on teaching theology and preach on Sundays, and he was consequently appointed as Professor of Theology with a salary of 400 merks. Rollock instructed students in divinity if they wanted to become ministers after graduating, and saw himself both as an educator and as a spiritual guide to his students. Following his example, the posts of Principal and Professor of Theology remained linked until 1620.

Later years and church roles
Rollock had begun to preach informally at St Giles every Sunday morning as early as September 1587, although he was not ordained as a minister. Another minister took over these duties in December 1589. Rollock played a prominent role in the Church of Scotland and its somewhat troubled church politics, and was appointed on several occasions to committees of presbytery and assemblies on pressing ecclesiastical business.

In 1590, Rollock was appointed assessor to the moderator of the general assembly, and in 1591 was named to a committee of the presbytery of Edinburgh with negotiated with the king on the affairs of the kirk. In connection with the prosecution of the Earls of Angus, Huntly, and Errol for their attempts 'against the true religion', he was chosen to confer with a committee of the estates. In 1595, he was nominated to a commission for the visitation of Scotland's colleges. In the following year, he was appointed with three other ministers to remonstrate with King James VI for his 'hard dealing with the kirk', and especially for his prosecution of David Black.

According to his contemporary David Calderwood, Rollock was "a godly man, but simple in the matters of the church government, credulous, easily led by counsel". This supposed disposition led to him being won over to support the policy of the king in church matters, although Calderwood adds that Rollock understood "his own weakness in following the humours of the king and his commissioners". Rollock supported a proposal made in 1595 that certain ministers should be allowed to sit and vote in parliament as bishops, affirming that "lordship could not be denied them that were to sit in parliament, and allowance of rent to maintain their dignities". Church historian John Row points out that Rollock had previously condemned the office of bishops in his 1590 commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians. Rollock declared shortly before his death that his principal goal had been that church and state "should mutually assist each other, [...] and that no unnecessary war should be kindled".

In 1596, Rollock accepted one of the eight ministerial charges of the city of Edinburgh, and took charge of his congregation. His sympathy for the king's policies led to the royal party successfully lobbying for Rollock being chosen as moderator of the General Assembly held at Dundee in May 1597. In 1598 he became minister of the Upper Tolbooth—probably the west portion of St. Giles's Kirk—and on 18 April of the same year he was admitted to Magdalen Church, afterwards known as Greyfriars Kirk.

Death and legacy
Rollock had repeatedly been in poor health throughout his life, and he was perhaps overworked; he died in Edinburgh on 8 February 1599, aged only 44. On his deathbed, Rollock stated that he wanted the university to remain chiefly a place of spiritual instruction, and that he was strongly opposed to the introduction of professors of law and medicine. He also requested that his former student Henry Charteris would be made his successor, a wish which was granted by the Town Council.

David Calderwood, in his 1646 Historie of the Kirk of Scotland, criticises Rollock's perceived weakness towards the king, but admits that he was "a man of good conversation and a powerful preacher". Rollock was considered a scholar of 'great learning', who also effectively discharged the duties of professor and principal of the university in its early days.

Rollock was the author of numerous theological works, the majority of them being commentaries or expositions of scripture. He was internationally recognised for his Bible commentaries, and over 40 of his works were printed in Edinburgh, Geneva, Heidelberg and Herborn. His writings on the Epistle to the Ephesians and the Epistle to the Romans won particular praise, with Geneva theologian Theodore Beza stating he had "never read in this kind of interpretation any thing exceeding them in elegance and sound judgement united with brevity". In two works published in 1596/97, Rollock may be one of the first exponents of covenant theology in Britain.

Rollock married Helen Barroun, daughter of James Barroun of Kinnaird, around 1587. The couple had a posthumous daughter, Jean, who married Robert Balcanquhal, minister of Tranent.

The university commemorates Rollock with a plaque on the south side of Old College, at the entrance to the main university reception.

Works
Rollock encouraged his students to apply Ramist logic and analysis to their readings of scripture, and he used the same approach in his published works. Rollock's principal works are: Soon after his death eleven sermons (Certaine Sermons upon Several Places of the Epistles of Paul, 1599) were published from notes taken by his students. Selected Works of Rollock, edited by William Gunn, D.D., with the Latin life by Charteris, and notes to it, was printed by the Wodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1844–49.
 * 1) Commentarius in Epistolam ad Ephesios, Edinburgh, 1590; Geneva, 1593.
 * 2) Commentarius in Librum Danielis Prophetæ, Edinburgh, 1591; St. Andrews, 1594.
 * 3) Analysis Epistolæ ad Romanos, Edinburgh, 1594.
 * 4) Quæstiones et Responsiones aliquot de Fœdere Dei et de Sacramentis, Edinburgh, 1596.
 * 5) Tractatus de Efficaci Vocatione, Edinburgh, 1597.
 * 6) Commentarius in utramque Epistolam ad Thessalonicenses, et Analysis in Epistolam ad Philemonem, cum Notis Joan. Piscatoris, Edinburgh, 1598; Herborn, in Hesse-Nassau, 1601; translated under the title 'Lectures upon the First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians,' Edinburgh, 1606.
 * 7) Certaine Sermons upon several places of the Epistles of Paul, Edinburgh, 1599.
 * 8) Commentarius in Joannis Evangelium, una cum Harmonia ex iv Evangelistis in Mortem, Resurrectionem, et Ascensionem Dei, Geneva, 1599; Edinburgh, 1599.
 * 9) Commentarius in selectos aliquot Psalmos, Geneva, 1598, 1599; translated as 'An Exposition of some select Psalms of David,' Edinburgh, 1600.
 * 10) Commentarius in Epistolas ad Corinthios, Herborn, in Hesse-Nassau, 1600.
 * 11) Commentarius in Epistolam ad Colossenses, Edinburgh, 1600; Geneva, 1602.
 * 12) Analysis Logica in Epistolam ad Galatas, Edinburgh, 1602; Geneva, 1603.
 * 13) Tractatus brevis de Providentia Dei, et Tractatus de Excommunicatione, Geneva, 1602; London, 1604.
 * 14) A Treatise of Gods Effectual Calling, translated by H. Holland, London, 1603.
 * 15) Commentarius in Epistolam ad Hebræos, Edinburgh, 1605.
 * 16) Lectures upon the History of the Passion, Edinburgh, 1616.
 * 17) Episcopal Government instituted by Christ, and confirmed by Scripture and Reason, London, 1641.

title: Robert Rollock


text:
Jim Chapman (congressman)

James Louis Chapman (born March 8, 1945) is an American business and political leader. From 1985 to 1997, he served as Democratic Congressman representing the Texas's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. His home town was Sulphur Springs.

Early life
Chapman was born in Washington, D.C. He attended public schools in Sulphur Springs; he received an undergraduate degree in business administration from the University of Texas at Austin (1968) and a J.D. degree from the Southern Methodist University School of Law in Dallas, Texas (1970).

After a stint in private practice, Chapman became the District Attorney for the Eighth Judicial District of Texas from 1976 to 1985, during which he achieved a 99 percent conviction record and a national reputation as a tough, law and order prosecutor. Chapman served in leadership roles with the Texas District and County Attorneys Association and the National District Attorneys Association. Later, he set up his own practice and was senior partner of the law firm of Chapman, Price, Hughes & Bauer. He also became chairman of a local community bank.

Congressional career
Chapman was elected in 1985 as a Democrat in the 99th Congress during a highly visible special election to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of U.S. Representative Sam B. Hall. He defeated the Republican choice, Edd Hargett, a former professional football player, by just over 1,900 votes. However, he would never face another contest anywhere near that close, and was reelected to the five succeeding Congresses (August 3, 1985 – January 3, 1997). He was not a candidate for reelection to the One Hundred Fifth Congress in 1996, but was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination to the United States Senate in 1996.

While in Congress, Chapman served four years on the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee, which sets committee assignments and the legislative agenda for the caucus. He also served as chairman of the Texas Democratic congressional delegation and as a member of the Democratic Whip organization.

Chapman served on the House Appropriations Committee, working on numerous projects including restoration and development of an Army Corps of Engineers-maintained East Texas lake called Cooper Lake, located between Cooper and Sulphur Springs. In honor of his work, Congress later enacted legislation formally renaming the lake as "Jim Chapman Lake." Prior to his service on the Appropriations Committee, he served on the Public Works and Transportation Committee; Small Business Committee; and the Science, Space and Technology Committee. Chapman gained notoriety during the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal when it was revealed in the Starr Report that President Clinton was receiving fellatio from Monica Lewinsky while on the phone with Chapman on November 15, 1995 between 9:25pm and 9:30pm.

Current work
After Congress, in 1999, Chapman became a partner in Houston-based Bracewell & Patterson, LLP (now Bracewell, LLP), practicing law in their Washington, D.C., and Austin offices. As a partner, he co-chaired the firm's government relations practice in both Washington, D.C., and Texas. In 2015 Chapman retired to a part-time private law practice in Horseshoe Bay, Texas. He continues to write and participate in civic and political activities.

title: Jim Chapman (congressman)


text:
Slagle

Slagle may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Slagle, Louisiana
 * Slagle, Missouri
 * Slagle, West Virginia
 * Slagle Creek (disambiguation)
 * Slagle Ridge
 * Slagle Township, Michigan

People with the surname Slagle

 * Christian W. Slagle
 * Dutch Slagle
 * Eleanor Clarke Slagle
 * Gene Slagle
 * Jimmy Slagle
 * John Slagle
 * Roger Slagle
 * Steve Slagle
 * Tim Slagle
 * Walt Slagle

title: Slagle


text:
Krell Industries

Krell Industries Inc., founded by its C.E.O. and chief designer Dan D'Agostino, is one of America's largest manufacturers of high-end audio systems. While most of their acclaim has come from their power amplifiers and CD players (their flagship model being the Master Reference Amplifier with a price of roughly $100,000), they also make preamplifiers, loudspeakers, subwoofers, and Super Audio CD players.

For model years 2014 to 2020, the Acura RLX featured an optional Krell audio system.

title: Krell Industries


text:
Halfdan Hvitbeinn

Halfdan Whiteshanks (Old Norse: Hálfdan hvítbeinn) was a semi-historical petty king in Norway, described in the Ynglinga saga. The following description is based on the account in Ynglinga saga, written in the 1220s by Snorri Sturluson.

He was the son of Olof Trätälja of the House of Yngling. His father was sacrificed to Odin by the Swedish settlers in Värmland because of a famine. Some Swedes, however, realised that the famine was brought by overpopulation and not by the fact that the king had been neglecting his religious duties.

Consequently, they resolved to cross the Ed Forest and settle in Norway and happened to end up in Soleyar, where they killed king Sölve and took Halfdan prisoner. The Swedish expatriates elected Halfdan king as he was the son of their old king, Olof. Halfdan subjugated all of Soleyar and took his army into Romerike and subjugated that province as well.

Halfdan was to become a great king, who married Åsa, the daughter of king Eystein, the ruler of Oppland and Hedmark. They had two sons, Eystein Halfdansson and Gudröd.

Halfdan conquered a large part of Hedemark, Toten, Hadeland and a part of Vestfold. When his brother Ingjald Olofsson died, he inherited Värmland. Halfdan died of old age in Toten and was transported to Vestfold, where he was buried under a mound in Skiringssal.

title: Halfdan Hvitbeinn


text:
British Heavyweight Championship (XWA)

The British Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling championship contested for in the XWA. The championship was originally created and contested for in the Frontier Wrestling Alliance (FWA) but moved to XWA when the former company became defunct. It has also been contested for in Ring of Honor (ROH) due to a working relationship between them and FWA.

History
The first Champion was Mark Sloan, who defeated Paul Glory in a tournament final on 11 July 1999. Jody Fleisch was the first person to win the belt twice after being stripped of it, while American wrestler Christopher Daniels was the first non-British person to win the belt and go on to defend it on foreign soil.

Originally the belt was mostly defended under two out of three falls match rules, as was the tradition in British wrestling. This changed on 12 April 2005, when champion Alex Shane signed a cast-iron contract to make new FWA British Title rules official and permanent making all future championship matches simply one fall.

On 13 May 2006 the FWA British Heavyweight Title belt was stolen from the Morecambe Dome immediately following the FWA event at the venue during an FWA versus All-Star Wrestling show. Due to being stolen a new belt had to be created. When the FWA was forced to retire in its interpromotional war with International Pro Wrestling: United Kingdom, the XWA carried the lineage of the championship simply renaming it the British Heavyweight Championship and using the same physical belt. However, in April 2009, XWA founder Greg Lambert announced the creation of a new British Heavyweight Championship that did not bear the FWA initials and gave the original belt back to Alex Shane in time for the resurrection of the FWA.

On 17 February 2018 Rhia O’Reilly became the first woman to hold the title, defeating Cara Noir in an inter-promotional show with Pro Wrestling: EVE.

title: British Heavyweight Championship (XWA)


text:
User:Hager Bjørnstad

I modestly contributed on Anais Nin article and Tunisia (WSIS) ITU.

title: User:Hager Bjørnstad


text:
Ingjald Olofsson

Ingjald Olofsson was the son of Olof Trätälja and became the king of Värmland after his father's death, according to legend. When Ingjald died, his brother Halfdan Hvitbeinn made Värmland part of his kingdom.

title: Ingjald Olofsson


text:
Francis Vielé-Griffin

Francis Vielé-Griffin (pseudonym of Egbert Ludovicus Viélé, May 26, 1864 – November 12, 1937), was a French symbolist poet. He was born at Norfolk, Virginia, USA, the son of General Egbert Ludovicus Viele, and moved to France with his mother (the former Teresa Griffin) in 1872.

Vielé-Griffin was educated in France and divided his time between Paris and Touraine. He was a writer of vers libre and founded the highly influential journal Entretiens politiques et littéraires (1890–92). He wrote symbolist and vers-libre poetry. His first collection, Cueille d'avril, appeared in 1885. He practiced a relaxed prosody, which did not take into account the obligatory alternation of masculine and feminine rhymes, the prohibition to rhyme a plural with a singular, replaces the rhyme with an assonance, if not neglected here and there the rhyme or assonancer:
 * Ne croyez pas
 * Pour ce qu'avril rit rose
 * Dans les vergers
 * Ou palit de l'exces voluptueux des fleurs
 * Que toutes choses
 * Sont selon nos gais coeurs
 * Et qu'il n'est plus une soif a etancher.

Works
His work includes:
 * Cueille d'avril (1885) (Cull of April, in English translation by Sunny Lou Publishing: ISBN 978-1-95539-218-1, 2021)
 * Les Cygnes (1887; new series, 1892) (Swans, in English translation by Sunny Lou Publishing: ISBN 978-1-95539-230-3, 2022)
 * Ancaeus (1885–87), a dramatic poem
 * Joies (1889) (Joys, in English translation by Sunny Lou Publishing: ISBN 978-1-95539-221-1, 2022)
 * Fleurs du Chemin et Chansons de la Route (1893) ("Flowers of the Path" and "Songs of the Journey" included in The Ride of Yeldis & Other Poems, in English translation by Sunny Lou Publishing: ISBN 978-1-95539-239-6, 2023)
 * La Chevauchée d'Yeldis (1893) (The Ride of Yeldis & Other Poems, in English translation by Sunny Lou Publishing: ISBN 978-1-95539-239-6, 2023)
 * Swanhilde, a dramatic poem (1894)
 * Laus Veneris (1895), a volume of translations from Swinburne
 * Poèmes et Poésies (1895), a collection containing much of his earlier work
 * Phocas le jardinier (1898)
 * La Légende ailee de Wieland le Forgeron (1899), a dramatic poem.
 * L'Amour sacré (1903), poems
 * Plus loin (1906)
 * Voix d'Ionie (1914)
 * La Rose au flat (1922)
 * Le Livre des reines (1929)

Quotes
From “Euphonies” in Cull of April:
 * I ramble on return from vain lassitudes,
 * Have we not dreamt of other beatitudes?

From "Dea" in Cull of April:
 * The rhythm of her voice is my only metric,
 * And her alternating pace my nuanced rhyme,
 * My idea is what I read in her thoughts,
 * Of course, and Iʼve never dreamt of other America
 * Than to kiss the fiery gold of her lowered head.

title: Francis Vielé-Griffin


text:
By the Shores of Gitchee Gumee

By the Shores of Gitchee Gumee (1996) is a satirical novel by Tama Janowitz about the Slivenowiczes, a trailer park trash family who are forced to leave their home in a polluted swamp area in upstate New York (as Maud claims on p. 194 of the hardcover version) and who beg, steal and borrow their way across the United States until they end up in Hollywood. The characters' hyper-intelligent witty repartee, reminiscent of New Yorkers in a Tama Janowitz novel, highlights the tragedy of the family's social and economic descent.

The first person narrator of the novel is 19-year-old Maud Slivenowicz, whose major source of knowledge is Reader's Digest. Her mother, Evangeline, has five children by five different deadbeat fathers. Without a regular income, the Slivenowicz family dream of becoming movie stars, and at the end of the book it seems one of Maud's brothers might actually be given a role in a television commercial.

The title of the book relates to a famous line in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha.

title: By the Shores of Gitchee Gumee


text:
User talk:Pyknite

Also, please don't create substubs. Just make them into normal stubs instead. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 13:05, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Problems with upload of Image:Assign08c.jpg
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title: User talk:Pyknite


text:
Talk:Gunbound

Unofficial Server List
Links to the unofficial servers should be added. One of them is Gunbound Classic —Preceding unsigned comment added by CaptSmokey6 (talk • contribs) 08:36, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

MMOG Assessment
Stub - needs referencing, asserting itself as an MMOG and needs to read less like a list. --Samtheboy (t/c) 00:54, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi! I'll be deleting a mass of info and/or consolidating it under the Gameplay section in a short while. If you want, have a good read of WP:NOT, WP:NOT, and scope guidelines for an idea of what I'll be doing. Cheers. Ong elvin 02:38, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Information Cropping
Hi! I'll be explaining why I've done each of my edits as I do them. Might be helpful to read WP:NOT, WP:NOT, and WP:CVG/GL before continuing. Ong elvin 01:34, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * First up, Gameplay. Removed the explanation on how the shooting is done. The link to Artillery (computer game) provides sufficient explanation on its own. The links to the game guide should only be mentioned in the External Links section. The Weather section doesn't need a description of each day. The Gameplay's single sentence is sufficient for the scope of Wikipedia. Ong elvin 01:41, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Next up, Mobiles and Weapon Classes. This information is pretty much just a list of information and explains the workings of the game beyond the scope of Wikipedia. A simple this game is like Rock Paper Scissors will suffice. Listing the pros and cons of making a particular selection is easily game guide material. I killed the Weapon Classes section and moved Mobiles to a subsection of Gameplay. Likewise, I removed Item information. Ong elvin 01:54, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Finally, I've removed the Game Modes section from the Wiki. They don't provide insight to how the game is played beyond the artillery link, and only the Jewel mode is any different whereby the player is firing at Jewels instead of other players. Ong elvin 02:06, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

and these are all reasons why wikipedia is going to hell Thanks alot ong elvin, you are a douchebag —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.164.6.28 (talk) 00:37, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Not sure if this thing I added should be kept...
I've added a comment that the mobiles in tag have seperate health values (that is, they do not share their health). I'm not sure if this should be kept, and only thought that it might be a helpful addition. Eyra 16:24, 10 October 2007 (UTC) Bio mobiles have low defence but a higher health bar. Steel mobiles have high defence and have a "shield" that recovers over time, similar to regaining health. Bomb mobiles reffer to bombs and fire... Laser mobiles deal with lasers for example, A-sate; it uses a laser pointer above it which signals the angle of the shot. And on my personal note Kalsiddon is the best mobile. ~ 1337 h4x012 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz (talk • contribs) 06:08, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Well all tag games I've played use separate health values for each team member. I'd say it's not really necessary, but could be left in. Although I'd reword it slightly in keeping it. Ong elvin 14:22, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Where is Gunbound Revolution?
Umm, I don't know if you guys know this, but Gunbound World Champion is not played anymore. It's Gunbound: Revolution serviced by ijji. This page needs to be completely redone, as this is not in existence in North America. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Drizzt908 (talk • contribs) 04:59, 30 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Incorrect. There is a page on GunBound Revolution, the North American version. Fortunately, Wikipedia does not revolve around North America. Gunbound is originally Korean, it would make more sense to have the page GunBound be about the Korean GB, GunBound World Champion. Lastly, "this is not in existence in North America" is a really bad reason to want to rewrite something... --MooNFisH (talk) 23:47, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Well moonfish, you are incorrect now because the rest of the world is using season 2 :) Kuradachi (talk) 04:10, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Note: Wolf can be now used in Gunbound Revolution —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dragaan (talk • contribs) 04:03, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Gunbound's Origins?
I don't know whether this is true, but I'm just wondering (if there any other Koreans using English Wiki), didn't Gunbound used to be called "Fortress" (or its Korean transliteration) in Korea around 8 years ago? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.245.7.89 (talk) 11:52, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I do remember playing this game in the fall of 2003. Does anyone know the history of this game? I googled around a bit and found this site that is a Gunbound FAQ with a copyright of 2002. --Mintrepublic (talk) 05:08, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

You are right I used to play gunbound back in 2004. The game is much older than the article states. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.146.129.114 (talk) 17:10, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Wolf mobile
I heared Wolf is currently an exclusive mobile to the latin and international GunBound services, is this true ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.89.166.33 (talk) 14:06, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Outdated
Can we please update this page? 71.131.204.192 (talk) 00:40, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

2011 updates for Gunbound. Official website for the international server is http://gunbound.softnyx.net (softnyx.com is currently being used for the latino version).

As for the official local servers, Philippines - http://gunbound.softnyx.ph Korea - http://gunbound.softnyx-korea.net Brazil - http://gunbound.softnyxbrazil.com Central and South America - http://gunbound.softnyx.com Indonesia - http://gb.softnyx.co.id

Softnyx official website - http://softnyx.co.kr — Preceding unsigned comment added by GMFrost (talk • contribs) 17:22, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Trojan Behavior
When I try to install GunBound, Kaspersky Security goes nuts. It points out a dozen or more different attempts to alter stuff in the WINDOWS directory, and identifies at least a couple of them as behavior typical of Trojans. I had trouble looking up information about the type of control GunBound was trying for, so I came here, hoping to find more information - nothing.

So... if this is normal, unharmful activity that Kaspersky is being pointlessly picky about, a note to that effect - explaining what's going on - would be useful here. And if it's something that's going to put a malicious Trojan on your computer, a note would be even more important. Let's get some useful info here! Kilyle (talk) 00:26, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

About 10 years late, but GB was protected by Inca's nProtect GameGuard anticheat, which is what the AV would detect as rootkit/trojan-like. --Miyu5char (talk) 00:47, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

Brazilian gang "La Firma" kidnapping
I found some news about a Brazilian gang kidnapping a GunBound player to steal his account: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-07/18/content_6392309.htm. Wondering if this should be added to the article. Alexandru Stanoi (talk) 14:29, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Ijji no longer hosts gunbound
As of June 23, 2009 NHN USA inc. will be closing down GunBound for North America on July 24, 2009. - Not sure where this belongs but I'm sure it belongs here somehow. protospork 01:23, 10 December 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Protospork (talk • contribs)

Original Release Date
Its listed as being 2005 on this page, but it was actually originally released in 2003? The best source I can find for this is here: http://announcements.bursamalaysia.com/EDMS/annweb.nsf/8b25383a269fcce548256d79001af770/482568ad00295d0748256eb300369bb0/$FILE/GunBound%20Release%201.doc 'About Softnyx.com

Jinho Kim, its chief executive officer, founded Softnyx in 2001. Softnyx began its business with mobile phone games and Gunbound. The first mobile phone game was released in August 2001 and Gunbound Korea was released the following year, May 2002. In August 2003, Gunbound International Service (GIS) was launched and it became a success from December 2003 until today.' I would add this in, but I'm a wiki newb. 86.20.225.31 (talk) 13:09, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

The game appeared on gunbound.net, their english-translated site, with the tagline "GunBound, Shooting Game Of a New Generation. Please show us Avatar's ability!". Players had to log into this site before it launched a full-screen game on their computer. The game's subtitle only ever appeared on the official softnyx.net company promotion site, which was Thor's Hammer(launch) then World Champion (around 2004?) This site appears to have launched in July, 2002, but the downloadable game didn't appear until August 5th, 2002. There weren't many good quality free to play games at the time, and Worms was a popular style of game but a waning brand at the time. It quickly became massivly popular among children and teenagers between 2003 and 2006. Surfing through the archives you can see every 8 months they needed major server expansion. The game never truly went under, as some nostalgia-bound people like myself believe... but pay-to-win absolutely killed it among it's most popular crowd. They eventually mitigated the amount you could pay-to-win, but the damage was done quickly, people evacuated. The population in 2006 was nowhere near it's 2004 equivalent. Compiled using my memory and wayback machine https://web.archive.org/web/20030810005754/http://www.gunbound.net/ HinataSoul (talk) 12:00, 4 December 2016 (UTC)

Addendum to the above: Recent reviews, articles, and youtube videos from players cite rampant "cheating and hacking" as the reason the game is unplayable. It seems the problem has been quite back-and-forth since 2008, but nostalgic spenders may keep the game in a semi-alive state for many years to come. This may be one of the few f2p games that "lasts forever", somehow living in a paralell universe where the only battles are "trust fund" vs. "script kiddie". HinataSoul (talk) 02:09, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Announcement of Game ~May 2002
Announcement of game is around may 2002 - see https://web.archive.org/web/20150820022646/http://company.nexon.com:80/Eng/Company/AboutUs/History/History_2002.aspx ... Where did they announce it? Is there another source? Nexon seems to have scrubbed most of their history from their revamped site. --Miyu5char (talk) 00:35, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 July 2014
Please change the beginning from free-to-play to was free-to-play, now pay-to-win. Gubnbound Thor's Hammer was free-to-play, while the new version require payment in order to win competitively.

72.235.33.251 (talk) 07:52, 19 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. (t) Josve05a  (c) 18:58, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

Bunge / Land Damage
It's the shape of damage dealt to the land. Each weapon creates different kind of land damage, some create deeper damage to the land compared to others (although using items/avatars could modify this behaviour).

It matters cause you could make your opponent(s) to fall to the abyss (the bottom of the screen/map) to win the battle instead of dealing damage until their health become zero, sometimes it's easier to bunge your opponent(s) depending on your strategy.

111.95.97.130 (talk) 17:20, 22 July 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 April 2019
Release is currently stated as June 2005, NA: July 2006. It should be May 2002, then Worldwide: August 2003. Source is the company's own website: http://corp.softnyx.net/infomation/index.asp?link=2 Thallori (talk) 05:51, 5 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done NiciVampireHeart 10:06, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 22 June 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) — Nnadigoodluck 🇳🇬 16:55, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

GunBound → Gunbound – The 'B' is stylized in some logos but the company website, the mobile game on the Play store and iOS store, and the sequel on Steam name does not capitalize the 'B'. -- AquaDTRS (talk) 19:04, 22 June 2020 (UTC) —Relisting. (t · c)  buidhe  05:50, 30 June 2020 (UTC) —Relisting. -- AquaDTRS (talk) 08:57, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment: See MOS:TMRULES. We don't seem to have the evidence yet to decide. Suggest relisting again to allow it to be gathered., you've made a good start on this, but I don't think we're there yet. Andrewa (talk) 06:37, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Relisting as suggested by Andrewa. I'll share my findings to strengthen the case. I was initially inclined to keep the original name ('GunBound') as the stylization does show up in the game logos (see here and here). However, that seems to be the only place it appears in, and primary sources (i.e. the developer website and the mobile app stores) use 'Gunbound' instead. Furthermore, most media reports use 'Gunbound' more frequently than the stylized version (see articles referenced), and reports of the latest release 'New Gunbound' almost exclusively use title case google search. (Also 'New Gunbound' is being stylized as 'New GunBounD' in the logo.) Plus if the name was trademarked in CamelCase (i.e. 'GunBound'), MOS:TMRULES allows editorial discretion and so I'm inclined to assert that the game is intended to be called 'Gunbound' and the stylization is only applied to logo design.
 * (I'm not sure how to notify a WikiProject, I think the Video Games project might know something about this.) -- AquaDTRS (talk) 08:57, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
 * You probably shouldn't have been the one to relist as being involved, but I think it should stand under WP:SNOW. I have notified the WikiProject, that's a good idea as it's very active and I should have thought to do it. Andrewa (talk) 09:17, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Support. TMRULES does not limit our ability to Wikipedia-fy trademarks, quite the opposite. While titles in PascalCase (a/k/a CamelCase) are appropriate, so are those with the default Titlecase. Instead, we need to observe other guidelines. The nominator already gives the sufficient evidence for WP:OFFICIALNAME: the name is given (in text form) as "Gunbound" in primary sources. From the reliable secondary sources found via the project's search engine, the plurality (of the few there are) also use the proposed name, including only one does not. Thus, WP:OFFICIALNAME is met as well.  IceWelder  [ ✉ ] 09:53, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. Disclosure: I am involved above, otherwise I would close as move. We now have the required evidence. Andrewa (talk) 16:08, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:TITLETM. It seems that GunBound is not "demonstrably the most common usage in sources independent of the owner of the trademark", so we should go with the standard capitalization. Colin M (talk) 16:48, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support given the secondary sources provided by IceWelder. I would have closed and moved, but it is protected, so I will throw in my support as well. -2pou (talk) 16:50, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gunbound


text:
User:Mike Storm/substub

Please don't create substubs
Just a polite reminder not to create substubs. It's much better for Wikipedia if you create normal stubs instead. While substubs shouldn't be deleted once they are created (unless they are patent nonsense or vandalism), they shouldn't be created in the first place.

title: User:Mike Storm/substub


text:
User:Mike Storm/substubwel

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the sandbox (test area).
 * You should familiarize yourself with how pages are edited in Wikipedia (how to make links and such).
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please don't create substubs. If you must create short articles, then make them into normal stubs instead.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Mike Storm (Talk)

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use multiple '~' symbols. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or to insert your name and timestamp, which is customary, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User:Mike Storm/substubwel


text:
António Vieira

António Vieira (6 February 1608 – 18 July 1697) was a Portuguese Jesuit priest, diplomat, orator, preacher, philosopher, writer, and member of the Royal Council to the King of Portugal.

Biography

Vieira was born in Lisbon to Cristóvão Vieira Ravasco, the son of a mulatto woman, Maria de Azevedo. In 1614 he accompanied his parents to the colony of Brazil, where his father had been posted as a registrar. He received his education at the Jesuit college at Bahia. He entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1625, under Father Fernão Cardim, and two years later pronounced his first vows. At the age of eighteen he was teaching rhetoric, and a little later dogmatic theology, at the college of Olinda, besides writing the "annual letters" of the province.

In 1635 he was ordained to the priesthood. He soon began to distinguish himself as an orator, and the three patriotic sermons he delivered at Bahia (1638–40) are remarkable for their imaginative power and dignity of language. The Sermon for the Good Success of the Arms of Portugal Against Those of Holland was considered by the Abbé Raynal to be "perhaps the most extraordinary discourse ever heard from a Christian pulpit. When the revolution of 1640 placed John IV on the throne of Portugal, Brazil gave him her allegiance, and Vieira was chosen to accompany the viceroy's son to Lisbon to congratulate the new king. His talents and aptitude for affairs impressed John IV so favorably that he appointed him tutor to the Infante Dom Pedro, royal preacher, and a member of the Royal Council.

Vieira did efficient work in the War and Navy Departments, revived commerce, urged the foundation of a national bank and the organization of the Brazilian Trade Company.

Vieira used the pulpit to propound measures for improving the general and particularly the economic condition of Portugal. His pen was as busy as his voice, and in four notable pamphlets he advocated the creation of companies of commerce, denounced as unchristian a society which discriminated against New Christians (Muslim and Jewish converts), called for the reform of the procedure of the Inquisition and the admission of Jewish and foreign traders, with guarantees for their security from religious persecution. He argued to the king that Jewish merchants would benefit the kingdom, remedying its current "miserable state."

He did not spare his own estate, for in his Sexagesimalsermon he boldly attacked the current style of preaching, its subtleties, affectation, obscurity and abuse of metaphor, and declared the ideal of a sermon to be one which sent men away " not contented with the preacher, but discontented with themselves."

In 1647 Vieira began his career as a diplomat, in the course of which he visited England, France, the Netherlands and Italy. In his Papel Forte he urged the cession of Pernambuco to the Dutch as the price of peace, while his mission to Rome in 1650 was undertaken in the hope of arranging a marriage between the heir to the throne of Portugal and the only daughter of King Philip IV of Spain. His success, freedom of speech and reforming zeal had made him enemies on all sides, and only the intervention of the king prevented his expulsion from the Society of Jesus, so that prudence counselled his return to Brazil.

In his youth he had vowed to consecrate his life to the conversion of the African slaves and native Indians of his adopted country, and arriving in Maranhão early in 1653 he recommenced his apostolic labors, which had been interrupted during his stay of fourteen years in the Old World. Starting from Pará, he penetrated to the banks of the Tocantins, making numerous converts to Christianity and European civilization among the most violent tribes; but after two years of unceasing labour, during which every difficulty was placed in his way by the colonial authorities, he saw that the Indians must be withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the governors, to prevent their exploitation, and placed under the control of the members of a single religious society.

Accordingly, in June 1654 he set sail for Lisbon to plead the cause of the Indians, and in April 1655 he obtained from the king a series of decrees which placed the missions under the Society of Jesus, with himself as their superior, and prohibited the enslavement of the natives, except in certain specified cases. Returning with this charter of freedom, he organized the missions over a territory having a coast-line of 400 leagues, and a population of 200,000 souls, and in the next six years (1655–61) the indefatigable missionary set the crown on his work. After a time, however, the colonists, attributing the shortage of slaves and the consequent diminution in their profits to the Jesuits, began actively to oppose Vieira, and they were joined by members of the secular clergy and the other Orders who were jealous of the monopoly enjoyed by the company in the government of the Indians.

Vieira was accused of want of patriotism and usurpation of jurisdiction, and in 1661, after a popular revolt, the authorities sent him with thirty-one other Jesuit missionaries back to Portugal. He found his friend King John IV dead and the court a prey to faction, but, dauntless as ever in the pursuit of his ambition, he resorted to his favorite arm of preaching, and on Epiphany Day, 1662, in the royal chapel, he replied to his persecutors in a famous rhetorical effort, and called for the execution of the royal decrees in favor of the Indians.

Circumstances were against him, however, and the Count of Castelo Melhor, fearing his influence at court, had him exiled first to Porto and then to Coimbra; but in both these places he continued his work of preaching, and the reform of the Inquisition also occupied his attention. To silence him his enemies then denounced him to that tribunal, and he was cited to appear before the Holy Office at Coimbra to answer points smacking of heresy in his sermons, conversations and writings. He had believed in the prophecies of a 16th-century shoemaker poet, Bandarra, dealing with the coming of a ruler who would inaugurate an epoch of unparalleled prosperity for the church and for Portugal, these new prosperous times were to be called the Quinto Império or "Fifth Empire" (also called "Sebastianism"). In Vieira's famous opus, Clavis Prophetarum, he had endeavoured to prove the truth of his dreams from passages of Scripture. As he refused to submit, the Inquisitors kept him in prison in Coimbra from October 1665 to December 1667, and finally imposed a sentence which prohibited him from teaching, writing or preaching.

It was a heavy blow for the Jesuits, and though Vieira recovered his freedom and much of his prestige shortly afterwards on the accession of King Pedro II, for example it is known that, in 1669, in Lisbon, Cosimo III de Médici had the opportunity to talk several times with Antònio Vieira and to attend his famous masses. However, it was soon determined that he should go to Rome to procure revision of the sentence, which still hung over him though the penalties had been removed. During a six years' residence in the Eternal City, Vieira won his greatest triumphs. Pope Clement X invited him to preach before the College of Cardinals, and he became confessor to Queen Christina of Sweden and a member of her literary academy.

At the request of the pope he drew up a report of two hundred pages on the Inquisition in Portugal, with the result that after a judicial inquiry Pope Innocent XI suspended it in Portugal for seven years (1674–81). Ultimately, Vieira returned to Portugal with a papal bull exempting him from the jurisdiction of the grand inquisitor, and in January 1681 he embarked for Brazil. He resided in Bahia and occupied himself in revising his sermons for publication, and in 1687 he became superior of the province. A false accusation of complicity in an assassination, and the intrigues of members of his own Company, clouded his last months, and on 18 July 1697 he died in Salvador, Bahia.

Legacy
António Vieira is considered one of the literary greats of the Portuguese-speaking world. The Padre António Vieira Chair in Portuguese Studies, at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica-Rio de Janeiro was created on 7 October 1994, to train teachers and researchers in the social sciences. Promoting academic exchanges between Brazil and Portugal, the Chair's main aim has been to deepen the cultural dialog that already exists between the two countries within the university context. The Chair is involved in the training of teachers in the areas of Portuguese Literature and Culture, Portuguese Language, and Lusophone Literatures.

In 1997 Portugal issued a commemorative coin to mark the 300th anniversary of the death of Father Vieira.

Portugal issued a stamp in 2008, celebrating the 400th anniversary of Vieira's birth (1608). Brasil has issued already two Vieira stamps, in 1941 and 1997.

A statue of Father António Vieira by the sculptor Marco Fidalgo, was unveiled on the Largo Trindade Coelho near the church of São Roque in 2017, on the initiative of the Holy House of Mercy of Lisbon, Portugal.

Works
His works form perhaps the greatest monument of Portuguese prose. Two hundred discourses exist to prove his fecundity, while his versatility is shown by the fact that he could treat the same subject differently on half a dozen occasions. His letters, simple and conversational in style, have a deep historical and political interest, and form documents of the first value for the history of the period.

His principal works are:
 * Sermões (Sermons) (15 vols., Lisbon, 1679–1748); there are many subsequent editions, but none complete; translations exist in Spanish, Italian, German and French, which have gone through several editions Archive
 * História do Futuro (History of the Future) (Lisbon, 1718; 2nd ed., ibid., 1755); this and the Quinto Império and this Clavis Prophetarum seem to be in essence one and the same book in different redactions
 * Cartas (Letters) (3 vols., Lisbon, 1735–46)
 * Notícias recônditas do modo de proceder a Inquisição de Portugal com os seus presos (News on how the Portuguese Inquisition proceeds with its prisoners) (Lisbon, 1821)
 * Arte de Furtar (The Art of Stealing) published under Vieira's name in many editions; is now known not to be a work by him

A badly edited edition of the works of Vieira in 27 volumes appeared in Lisbon, 1854–58. There are unpublished manuscripts of his in the British Museum in London, and in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. A bibliography of Vieira will be found in Sommervogel, Bibliothèque de la compagnie de Jesus, viii. 653–85.

The Complete Works of Father António Vieira, annotated and updated, began publication in 2013, nearly four centuries after his birth. The 30 volumes of this publication comprise his complete letters, sermons, prophetic works, political writings, writings on Jews and Indians, as well as his poetry and theatrical works; it is the first complete and carefully edited publication of all of Vieira's many writings. One of the largest editorial projects of its kind, it was the result of international cooperation among various Luso-Brazilian research institutions and scientific, cultural and literary academies, under the aegis of the Rectory of the University of Lisbon. More than 20 thousand folios of manuscripts and printed pages attributed to Vieira were analyzed and compared, in dozens of libraries and archives in Portugal, Brazil, Spain, France, Italy, England, Holland, Mexico and in the United States of America. About one quarter of The Complete Works are made of previously undiscovered and unreleased texts. The project, directed by José Eduardo Franco and Pedro Calafate, was developed by CLEPUL in partnership with Santa Casa da Misericórdia, and published by Círculo de Leitores, with the final volume to be released in 2014. Although this is a Portuguese edition, a selection of his works will be made available in 12 languages as part of the project.

Quotations
"We are what we do. What we don't do, doesn't exist. Therefore, we only exist on days when we do. On the days when we don't do, we simply endure".

"The goal of the men who invented books was to cherish the memory of past things, countering the tyranny of time and forgetful men."

"Holland, is the land which flows with milk, and Brazil is the land which flows with honey; and when the one is joined to the other, they become wholly and properly the Land of Promise, a land flowing with milk and honey."

Publications

 * Robert Southey, History of Brazil (Volume Two, London, 1817)
 * Luiz Cabral, Vieira, biographie, caractère, éloquence, (Paris, 1900)
 * Luiz Cabral, Vieira pregador (two volumes, Porto, 1901)

title: António Vieira


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User:Interman~enwiki

I, Andreas Misund Berntsen, or Interman, am a 19 year old male from Norway. I currently work for http://www.gamershell.com and http://www.hwhell.com where I mainly provide content, but also various administrative tasks. Gaming has always been important to me, but I do have a fair amount of other interests, such as:

 * Hifi and listening to music in general.
 * Electronics
 * Biking
 * Anime
 * Technology in general.
 * Classical music
 * Books
 * Thrillers
 * Technical books
 * Computers in general
 * Programming
 * Game development
 * Electronics
 * Historical books
 * Science fiction
 * Japanese history
 * Cinematography

and more. I'm currently finished my first year of computer science, but I've also been drafted to join the Norwegian army.

I've been using wikipedia for quite a long time, but only recently have I begun contributing. I like both creating new content and improving others, and you'll probably see me posting mainly about things related to the interests I've listed.

Articles started by me

 * Per Abrahamsen
 * Electrocompaniet
 * Krell industries inc
 * Mark Levinson
 * Slå meg på! Popmusikk!
 * Kvinner & Klær/Jenter & Sånn
 * Den Derre med Di Derre
 * Espen Stenhammer
 * Karusellmusikk
 * Rødstrupe
 * Espen Søbye
 * Atten dager i mai
 * Kakerlakkene
 * Harry Hole
 * Flaggermusmannen
 * Harry pearson

title: User:Interman~enwiki


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Jean-Marie Pelt

Jean-Marie Pelt (24 October 1933 – 23 December 2015) was a French biologist, botanist and pharmacist with degrees in both biology and pharmacy.

He was professor at the University of Lorraine, specializing in medicinal plants and traditional pharmacopeia, and is the author of several scientific articles and books on pharmaceutical plants, plant biology and urban ecology. Pelt was known to the French public as the producer of several television series and radio broadcasts on plant biology and ecology. He has been nicknamed the Konrad Lorenz of the vegetable world.

Scientific works
Through his academic career, Pelt studied the science of medicinal plants, phytopharmacology, phytotherapy, and phytotoxicology. He specifically focused on the repertories of drugs and medicinal plants of Afghanistan, Chile, Europe, and Yemen.

Institutional roles
In addition to his research work at the university of Nancy and more recently the University of Lorraine, Pelt founded the European Institute of Ecology in 1972 and co-founded the French Society of Ethnopharmacology in 1987 and the Committee of Independent Research and Information on the Genetic Engineering in 1999. Along with Simone Veil, Jacques Delors or Corinne Lepage, Pelt was a fellow member of the Committee 21, the French deliberative assembly for the environment and sustainable development which is in charge of implementing the Agenda 21 action plan.

Urban ecology concepts and applications
As municipal councilor of Metz between 1971 and 1983, Pelt pioneered a policy of urban ecology. Because of the failure in post-war urban planning and housing estates occurring in Europe during the 1960s, and gathering inspiration from the concepts of CIAM,  Professor Pelt initiated a new approach towards the urban environment. He developed his ideas on this topic in The Re-Naturalized Human, a pioneering book from 1977 which was awarded the European Prize of Ecology.

Based on the ideas of the Chicago School, Pelt's theories advocated for a better integration of humans into their environment and developed a concept concerning the relation between "stones and waters". His ideas were materialized in Metz with the establishment of extensive open areas surrounding the Moselle and the Seille rivers and the development of large areas for walking. He died on 23 December 2015.

title: Jean-Marie Pelt


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Eystein Halfdansson

Eystein Halfdansson (Old Norse: Eysteinn Hálfdansson) was the son of Halfdan Hvitbeinn of the House of Yngling according to Norse tradition.

He inherited the throne of Romerike. Ari Thorgilsson in his Íslendingabók calls him Eystein Fart (Old Norse: Eystein fret/fjert) without comment, in his king list, just naming his father and his son. Snorri does not call him by this nickname, but does give us a colorful story of his life.

His wife was Hild, the daughter of the king of Vestfold, Erik Ragnarsson. Erik had no son, so Eystein obtained Vestfold as his wife's inheritance.

According to Ynglinga saga, Eystein died returning from a viking raid to Varna, on the eastern side of the Oslofjord. Eystein's men had finished looting and pillaging the area and were already almost across the fjord, when King Skjöld of Varna, a great warlock, arrived at the beach and saw the sails of Eystein's ships. He waved his cloak and blew into it which caused a sailbearing spar (boom) of one close sailing ship in heavy sea to swing and hit Eystein so that he fell overboard and drowned. His body was salvaged and buried in a mound at Borre. Eystein was succeeded by his son Halfdan the Mild.

title: Eystein Halfdansson


text:
Halfdan the Mild

Halfdan the Mild (Old Norse: Hálfdan hinn mildi ok hinn matarilli, (meaning the generous and stingy on food)) was the son of king Eystein Halfdansson, of the House of Yngling and he succeeded his father as king, according to Heimskringla. He was king of Romerike and Vestfold.

He was said to be generous in gold but would starve his men of food. He was a great warrior who often pillaged and gathered great amounts of loot.

His wife was Liv, the daughter of king Dag of Vestmar. Halfdan the Mild died of illness in his bed.

He was succeeded by his son, Gudrød the Hunter.

According to the historian Halvdan Koht, Halfdan may have been the one to win independence for Vestfold during the turbulent years of 813–14. The Frankish annals state that the kings of Hedeby had to solve an uprising in Vestfold at this time. According to Ynglingatal, Halfdan's people "gained victory" in the uprising against King Hemming of the Danes, quite possibly because of the King of the Scyldingas in Hedeby, Southern Jutland were succumbing to Emperor Charlemagne, accepting the Peace of Heiligen and thereby the novel Christendom of the Frankish Romans, which split the Danes, whereupon King Halfdan appears to become the first King of the Scyldingas (the Danish royal clan), seated in Vestfold, north of Skagerrak.

title: Halfdan the Mild


text:
Covini C6W

The Covini C6W is an Italian 2-seat 2-door sports coupé with a removable roof section. Inspiration for the car was taken from the 1976 Tyrrell P34, which had two pairs of smaller front wheels, a principle applied to the C6W. The project was started in 1974, but abandoned shortly after, and left dormant into the 1980s due to the lack of availability of low-profile tires at the time. In 2003, the project was revived and in 2004, the C6W was shown in prototype form. In 2005, a slightly revised version debuted at the Salon International de l'Auto, featuring new wheels, new roof structure and a refreshed interior, and went into limited production of 6-8 cars per year, as a result of a tie-up between PMI and Covini Engineering. The car features a mid-mounted 4.2L V8 engine and has a top speed of 186 mi/h.

Construction

 * Construction: Fiberglass and carbon fiber body over tubular steel frame
 * Front brakes: Brembo disc brakes, with ABS
 * Engine: 4.2 L (256.3 in³) naturally aspirated Audi V8
 * Fuel feed: Direct petrol injection
 * Maximum power: 440 PS @ 6400 rpm
 * Maximum torque: 470 Nm @ 2700 rpm

title: Covini C6W


text:
William D. Ford

William David Ford (August 6, 1927 – August 14, 2004) was a U.S. Representative from Michigan and namesake of the Federal Direct Student Loan Program. Ford was known for his support of workers and educational opportunity. Among his significant legislative accomplishments were authoring the Workers Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (the "WARN Act" or "Plant Closing Act") and the Middle Income Student Assistance Act, and his key role in passing the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. In 1994, the Federal Direct Student Loan Program was named in his honor.

Biography
Ford was born in Detroit and attended Henry Ford Trade School, Melvindale High School, Nebraska State Teachers College, and Wayne State University. His father, a Scottish immigrant, was an autoworker who was killed on the job, an incident that influenced Ford's political views.

He interrupted his studies to serve in the United States Navy during World War II, 1944–1946. He also served in the United States Air Force Reserve from 1950 to 1958.

After the war, he received a B.A. from the University of Denver in 1949, and a J.D. from that university's College of Law in 1951. He was admitted to the bar in 1951 and practiced law in Taylor, Michigan. He was justice of the peace for Taylor Township, 1955–1957; city attorney for Melvindale, 1957–1959; and attorney for Taylor Township, 1957–1964.

He was a delegate to the Michigan constitutional convention, 1961–1962, which drafted the state constitution adopted in 1963. He was a member of the Michigan State Senate, 1962–1964; member and officer of Michigan's Sixteenth District Democratic Organization, 1952–1964; delegate to Michigan Democratic conventions, 1952–1970, and to the Democratic National Convention in 1968. He was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives for the 89th and the fourteen succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1965 to January 3, 1995.

He was chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service in the 97th through 101st Congresses, and of the Committee on Education and Labor in the 102nd and 103rd Congresses. He did not seek re-election in the 1994 election.

Ford died in 2004 at his home in Ypsilanti Township, Michigan of complications from a stroke and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Despite their shared surname and home state, William D. Ford was not related to either the Henry Ford family or U.S. president Gerald Ford.

title: William D. Ford


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Electrocompaniet

Electrocompaniet is a Norwegian manufacturer of audio products basing their ideal sound not on technical measurements and theory but on getting a sound most true to the live listening experience. Their amplifiers have been used in several Recording Studios, including Abbey Road Studios.

History
Electrocompaniet was established in 1973 by Per Abrahamsen and Svein Erik Børja. Their idea was to create a transistor amplifier that is better sounding than transistor amplifiers did at the time. Abrahamsen and Børja based their circuits on research done by Matti Otala of Tampere University of Technology. Their first finished product was a 25 Watt power amplifier named "The 2 Channel Audio Power Amplifier", also called "The Otala Amplifier". They continued development on the product. In 1976 a respected high end audio magazine at the time "The Audio Critic" reviewed the amplifier and wrote: "Audio freaks – eat your hearts out. This is the world’s best-sounding amplifier." In 1991 Michael Jackson's producer Bruce Swedien was contacted by Nils Bjarne Kvam, one of the biggest producers in Norway at the time, was told about the amplifiers of Electrocompaniet, which interested Swedien. The amplifier was packed and shipped to the US in September 1991. Bruce was working with the last mix to Jackson's Dangerous. He loved the amplifiers and wanted to use it on the album, but the album was almost done, and he would then have to remaster it all over again since the difference was so big. Swedien therefore used the amplifiers on the next albums. He used it for the first time with Sergio Mendez, and with Jackson in January 1995. His next two albums, History and Invincible, were both mastered with the amplifiers, and both albums thanked Electrocompaniet with logo on its covers.

In 2004, the company went bankrupt, but in 2007 the company was bought up by Norwegian company "Westcontrol". All production was moved to Tau, near Stavanger. Today they are represented in over 50 countries worldwide. In June 2018, Electrocompaniet filed for bankruptcy for the second time. The company was then acquired by a group of investors who resumed operations of the company.

The 2 channel audio power amplifier
The 2 channel audio power amplifier was the first amplifier Electrocompaniet produced. It was a 2x25 Watt Stereo power amplifier based on the works of Dr. Matti Otala on TIM-free transistor design. It has been updated and re-produced several times. Since it was only 2x25 Watt Electrocompaniet designed bigger amplifiers with more wattage but with the same sound characteristics.

NEMO AW 600 monaural class A reference amplifier
The AW600 NEMO monaural class A reference amplifier by Electrocompaniet is used in listening and reference studios across the world. It is often coupled with the Bowers & Wilkins Nautilus reference, and the 800 Diamond series loudspeakers.

Electrocompaniet maded this amplifier to be matched with the Nautilus loudspeakers. At the time of realization for Nautilus, there were few power amplifiers capable of delivering the power that they required. Electrocompaniet named their new mono amplifier after Nemo, the fictional captain of the Nautilus submarine from the 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas.

NEMO was at some point used in Abbey Road Studios.

EMC 1 CD player
In 1998, Electrocompaniet produced a CD player called the EMC 1. Since then, Electrocompaniet has produced several updates of the EMC. The MKV features 24-bit upsampling, SACD, an electromechanical cancellation system, fully balanced D/A converter, separate transformers and PCB's.

ECG 1 turntable
Electrocompaniet developed their first turntable in late 2014. The turntable uses a Jelco tonearm, and a custom-made cartridge by pick-up manufacturer Soundsmith. The plinth is made of three layers, consisting of two layers acrylic, and one aluminum layer in the middle. This so-called "sandwich" construction isolates the plinth from vibrations and resonance. It has a motor control that can play 33 1/3, 45 and 78 RPM records.

title: Electrocompaniet


text:
Battle of El Guettar

The Battle of El Guettar took place during the Tunisia Campaign of World War II, fought between elements of the Army Group Africa under General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim, along with Italian First Army under General Giovanni Messe, and U.S. II Corps under Lieutenant General George Patton in south-central Tunisia. It was the first battle in which U.S. forces were able to defeat the experienced German tank units, but the followup to the battle was inconclusive.

Background
The U.S. II Corps had been badly mauled in its first encounter with Axis forces in Tunisia during a series of battles that culminated in the disastrous Battle of the Kasserine Pass in late February 1943. Erwin Rommel—poised on the threshold of a complete tactical victory—turned from the battle to return to his eastward-facing defenses at the Mareth Line when he heard of the approach of Bernard Montgomery′s British 8th Army. Thus the battle concluded with the U.S. forces still in the field, but having lost ground and men, and with little confidence in some key commanders.

In the last week of January 1943, despite a massive artillery bombardment, the Italian 14th Bersaglieri Battalion of the 131st Armoured Division Centauro dug in near Djebel Rihana. Harold V. Boyle, an Irish war correspondent, wrote that a second attack was required using grenades and bayonets in order to evict the Italians:

"Artillery and aircraft may harass but cannot dislodge him. Only bullets and bayonets of rival riflemen can do that. This was well illustrated in the Ousseltia Valley campaign in January when tanks and artillery laid down one of the finest barrages of the campaign but couldn't rout Italians dug in like moles in the hills bordering the road to Kairouan. The artillery was beautiful to see but they couldn't do the job alone. Finally American infantry swarmed up the hills at night and flushed the Italians out in droves with hand grenades and the pointed persuasion of their bayonets."

The American command reacted to its reverses against German and Italian forces with a prompt and sweeping series of changes in command, discipline, and tactics. Also, large units were kept massed rather than being broken up into smaller, unsupported elements as had been done under U.S. II Corps Commander Lloyd Fredendall. Close air support was also improved.

On 6 March 1943, George Patton took command of the U.S. II Corps from Lloyd Fredendall, who had been in command before and during the Kasserine engagement. His first move was to organize his U.S. II Corps for an offensive back toward the Eastern Dorsal chain of the Atlas Mountains. If successful, this would threaten the right rear of the Axis forces defending the Mareth Line facing Montgomery's 8th Army and ultimately make their position untenable. Patton's style of leadership was very different from his predecessor: he is reported to have issued an order in connection with an attack on a hill position ending "I expect to see such casualties among officers, particularly staff officers, as will convince me that a serious effort has been made to capture this objective".

On 17 March, the U.S. 1st Infantry Division moved forward into the almost abandoned plains, taking the town of Gafsa and preparing it as a forward supply base for further operations. On the 18th, the 1st Ranger Battalion—led by Colonel William O. Darby—pushed ahead, and occupied the oasis of El Guettar, again meeting with little opposition. The Italian defenders instead retreated and took up positions in the hills overlooking the town, thereby blocking the mountain pass (of the same name) leading south out of the interior plains to the coastal plain. Another operation by the Rangers raided an Italian position and took 200 prisoners on the night of 20 March, scaling a sheer cliff and passing ammunition and equipment up hand-over-hand.

Axis attacks
The Axis army commanders had become aware of the U.S. movements and decided that the 10th Panzer Division should stop them. Rommel had departed Tunisia for Germany on 9 March before the battle, leaving von Arnim in control of the newly named Africa Korps. Von Arnim also held Rommel's opinion on the low quality of the American forces and felt that a spoiling attack would be enough to clear them from the Eastern Dorsals again.

At 06:00 on 23 March, 50 tanks of Broich's 10th Panzer emerged from the pass into the El Guettar valley at 34.33667°N, 8.94806°W. German motorised units in halftracks and motorcycle sidecars broke off from formation and charged the infantry on the top of the hill. The halftracks would move up the hill as far as they could and then the infantry they carried would dismount while covered by fire from 88mms. The Germans were maneuvering to hit American artillery anchored on the hill. They quickly overran front-line infantry and artillery positions. Major General Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.—commanding the U.S. 1st Infantry Division—was threatened when two tanks came near his headquarters, but he shrugged off suggestions of moving, "I will like hell pull out, and I'll shoot the first bastard who does."

The German attack lost momentum when it ran into a minefield. When the Germans slowed to reorganize, U.S. artillery and anti-tank guns engaged, including 31 M10 tank destroyers which had recently arrived. Over the next hour, 30 of the 10th Panzer's tanks were destroyed, and by 09:00 they retreated from the valley.

A second attempt was made at 16:45, after waiting for the infantry to form up. Once again the U.S. artillery was able to disrupt the attack, eventually breaking the charge and inflicting heavy losses. Realizing that further attacks were hopeless, the rest of the 10th Panzer Division dug in on hills to the east or retreated back to the German headquarters at Gabès.

Allied attacks
On 19 March, the British 8th Army launched their attack on the Mareth Line, at first with little success.

Over the next week, the U.S. forces slowly moved forward to take the rest of the interior plains and set up lines across the entire Eastern Dorsals. The German and Italian defenses and reserves were heavy, and the progress was both slow and costly. On 23 March, the 10th Panzer Division attacked Lieutenant-Colonel Robert H. York's 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, and the German tanks broke through the valley between the 3rd and 1st Battalions of the 1st Division, reaching a position about six miles to the rear of the 1st Battalion. In the action, the German tanks and self-propelled guns along with German troops riding in carriers and trucks overran the 32nd Field Artillery Battalion and part of the 5th Field Artillery Battalion, and the Italian High Command reported that 40 tanks had been destroyed and 170 Allied troops had been captured in "central and southern Tunisia".

On 26 March, in Operation Supercharge II, a British force sent via an outflanking inland route attacked the Tebaga Gap to the north of the Mareth line, and their breakthrough left the Mareth defenses untenable. The Axis forces retreated about 40 miles to a new line set up at Wadi Akarit, north of Gabès at 33.88417°N, 10.0925°W. This made the U.S. position even more valuable, since the road through El Guettar led directly into Gabès.

By 30 March the U.S. forces were in position for an offensive south from El Guettar. In order to start a breakout, the two original Italian strongpoints on Hill 369 34.24139°N, 9.12111°W and Hill 772 34.20194°N, 8.99333°W had to be taken, one after the other.

The U.S. plan involved the U.S. 1st and 9th Infantry Divisions, and Combat Command 1/3 of the U.S. 1st Armored Division, collectively known as "Benson Force". This force attacked Hill 369 on the afternoon of 30 March but ran into mines and anti-tank fire, losing five tanks and a rifle company from the 2nd Battalion of Colonel Edwin H. Randle's 47th Infantry Regiment that was forced to surrender. The tanks were withdrawn, and the 1st and 9th attacked again the next day at 06:00, gaining some ground and taking several hundred prisoners. However, an Italian counter-attack drove them back from their newly gained positions, and by 12:45 they were back where they started with the loss of nine tanks and two tank destroyers. A further attempt the next day on 1 April also failed, after barely getting started. Private Emil J. Dedonato remembers that Patton drove up to the 47th Regiment's command post, unhappy that the initial attacks had failed:

"Patton was in a huffy mood and stormed over to see Colonel Randle in his Jeep. It was obvious he wasn't pleased with the initial results of the night attack. I'll never forget Colonel Randle's instructions as they moved into El Guettar: 'Where we're going you won't need a physic!'"

At this point Patton received orders to start the attempt on Hill 772, even though Hill 369 was still under Italian control. The 9th was moved to Hill 772, leaving the 1st on Hill 369. By 3 April, the 1st had finally cleared Hill 369, but the battle on Hill 772 continued. The Italian commander—General Messe—then called in support from the German 21st Panzer Division, further slowing progress. The tempo of the operations slowed, and the lines remained largely static.

Aftermath
On 6 April, the British 8th Army once again overran the Axis lines at the Battle of Wadi Akarit, and a full retreat started. On the morning of 7 April, Benson Force moved through the positions held by the 1st and 9th divisions, and raced down the abandoned El Guettar-Gabès road, where it met the lead elements of the 8th Army at 17:00. With the last Axis line of defense in the south of Tunisia broken, the remaining forces made a run to join the other Axis forces in the north. Tunis fell to the Allies in early May.

Dramatic portrayals

 * The first part of the battle is portrayed in a lengthy scene in the 1970 biographical film Patton.

title: Battle of El Guettar