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Talk:Exec Shield

I snipped this paragraph because it's influenced by my bias, although it IS true, and does show both that ES has something PaX found useful, and that PaX is more accurate than ES (which hence could lead to "better," and thus to manifesting my obvious bias that I keep trying to make sure doesn't crop up in these things).

 * Recent PaX revisions use a similar method inspired by Exec Shield with PAGEEXEC to avoid the excess overhead that the kernel assisted MMU walking imposes. PaX will fall back to kernel assisted MMU walking in the cases where Exec Shield would fail, at the cost of CPU overhead.

This isn't a quote, just my own explaination of what went on.

Removed quote
I removed the quote from the page; I haven't gotten permission for it, and didn't put my PD sig on until recently. I feel bad :(

To do
Implementation of PT_GNU_STACK and PT_GNU_HEAP binary markings and the deprecation of PT_GNU_HEAP are not yet covered here, nor is information on Exec Shield's minimal ASLR.

Poorly-worded introduction
Apparently Exec Shield installs an NX bit in x86 processors. Clearly this is impossible. Does it emulate one or enable the use of one? Someone in the know please update?

Kierenj 16:50, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Exec Shield


text:
User:Vanke

Calvin "Vankeulen" Rodo

title: User:Vanke


text:
Tractrix

In geometry, a tractrix (plural: tractrices) is the curve along which an object moves, under the influence of friction, when pulled on a horizontal plane by a line segment attached to a pulling point (the tractor) that moves at a right angle to the initial line between the object and the puller at an infinitesimal speed. It is therefore a curve of pursuit. It was first introduced by Claude Perrault in 1670, and later studied by Isaac Newton (1676) and Christiaan Huygens (1693).

Mathematical derivation
Suppose the object is placed at $(4, 0)$ (or $(a, 0)$ in the example shown at right), and the puller at the origin, so $a$ is the length of the pulling thread (4 in the example at right). Then the puller starts to move along the $y$ axis in the positive direction. At every moment, the thread will be tangent to the curve $(4, 0)$ described by the object, so that it becomes completely determined by the movement of the puller. Mathematically, if the coordinates of the object are $y = y(x)$, the $y$-coordinate of the puller is $$y + \operatorname{sign}(y)\sqrt{a^2 - x^2},$$ by the Pythagorean theorem. Writing that the slope of thread equals that of the tangent to the curve leads to the differential equation
 * $$\frac{dy}{dx} = \pm\frac{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}{x}$$

with the initial condition $(x, y)$. Its solution is
 * $$y = \int_x^a \frac{\sqrt{a^2-t^2}}{t}\,dt = \pm\! \left( a\ln{\frac{a+\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}{x}}-\sqrt{a^2-x^2} \right),$$

where the sign $y(a) = 0$ depends on the direction (positive or negative) of the movement of the puller.

The first term of this solution can also be written
 * $$a \operatorname{arsech}\frac{x}{a}, $$

where $±$ is the inverse hyperbolic secant function.

The sign before the solution depends whether the puller moves upward or downward. Both branches belong to the tractrix, meeting at the cusp point $arsech$.

Basis of the tractrix
The essential property of the tractrix is constancy of the distance between a point $P$ on the curve and the intersection of the tangent line at $P$ with the asymptote of the curve. The tractrix might be regarded in a multitude of ways:
 * 1) It is the locus of the center of a hyperbolic spiral rolling (without skidding) on a straight line.
 * 2) It is the involute of the catenary function, which describes a fully flexible, inelastic, homogeneous string attached to two points that is subjected to a gravitational field. The catenary has the equation $(a, 0)$.
 * 3) The trajectory determined by the middle of the back axle of a car pulled by a rope at a constant speed and with a constant direction (initially perpendicular to the vehicle).
 * 4) It is a (non-linear) curve which a circle of radius $y(x) = a cosh x⁄a$ rolling on a straight line, with its center at the $a$ axis, intersects perpendicularly at all times.

The function admits a horizontal asymptote. The curve is symmetrical with respect to the $y$-axis. The curvature radius is $x$.

A great implication that the tractrix had was the study of its surface of revolution about its asymptote: the pseudosphere. Studied by Eugenio Beltrami in 1868, as a surface of constant negative Gaussian curvature, the pseudosphere is a local model of hyperbolic geometry. The idea was carried further by Kasner and Newman in their book Mathematics and the Imagination, where they show a toy train dragging a pocket watch to generate the tractrix.

Properties

 * The curve can be parameterised by the equation $$x = t - \tanh(t), y= 1/{\cosh(t)}$$.
 * Due to the geometrical way it was defined, the tractrix has the property that the segment of its tangent, between the asymptote and the point of tangency, has constant length $a$.
 * The arc length of one branch between $r = a cot x⁄y$ and $x = x_{1}$ is $x = x_{2}$.
 * The area between the tractrix and its asymptote is $a ln x_{1}⁄x_{2}$, which can be found using integration or Mamikon's theorem.
 * The envelope of the normals of the tractrix (that is, the evolute of the tractrix) is the catenary (or chain curve) given by $π a^{2}⁄2$.
 * The surface of revolution created by revolving a tractrix about its asymptote is a pseudosphere.
 * The tractrix is a transcendental curve; it cannot be defined by a polynomial equation.

Practical application
In 1927, P. G. A. H. Voigt patented a horn loudspeaker design based on the assumption that a wave front traveling through the horn is spherical of a constant radius. The idea is to minimize distortion caused by internal reflection of sound within the horn. The resulting shape is the surface of revolution of a tractrix. An important application is in the forming technology for sheet metal. In particular a tractrix profile is used for the corner of the die on which the sheet metal is bent during deep drawing.

A toothed belt-pulley design provides improved efficiency for mechanical power transmission using a tractrix catenary shape for its teeth. This shape minimizes the friction of the belt teeth engaging the pulley, because the moving teeth engage and disengage with minimal sliding contact. Original timing belt designs used simpler trapezoidal or circular tooth shapes, which cause significant sliding and friction.

Drawing machines
A history of all these machines can be seen in an article by H. J. M. Bos.
 * In October–November 1692, Christiaan Huygens described three tractrix-drawing machines.
 * In 1693 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz devised a "universal tractional machine" which, in theory, could integrate any first order differential equation. The concept was an analog computing mechanism implementing the tractional principle.  The device was impractical to build with the technology of Leibniz's time, and was never realized.
 * In 1706 John Perks built a tractional machine in order to realise the hyperbolic quadrature.
 * In 1729 Giovanni Poleni built a tractional device that enabled logarithmic functions to be drawn.

title: Tractrix


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User:Ivyhill

Welcome to Ivyhill web page

title: User:Ivyhill


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Pullback (category theory)

In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a pullback (also called a fiber product, fibre product, fibered product or Cartesian square) is the limit of a diagram consisting of two morphisms $f : X → Z$ and $g : Y → Z$ with a common codomain. The pullback is written

Usually the morphisms $f$ and $g$ are omitted from the notation, and then the pullback is written

The pullback comes equipped with two natural morphisms $P = X ×_{f, Z, g} Y$ and $P = X ×_{Z} Y$. The pullback of two morphisms $P → X$ and $P → Y$ need not exist, but if it does, it is essentially uniquely defined by the two morphisms. In many situations, $f$ may intuitively be thought of as consisting of pairs of elements $g$ with $X ×_{Z} Y$ in $(x, y)$, $x$ in $X$, and $y$. For the general definition, a universal property is used, which essentially expresses the fact that the pullback is the "most general" way to complete the two given morphisms to a commutative square.

The dual concept of the pullback is the pushout.

Universal property
Explicitly, a pullback of the morphisms $f$ and $g$ consists of an object $P$ and two morphisms $Y$ and $f(x) = g(y)$ for which the diagram

 * Categorical pullback.svg

commutes. Moreover, the pullback $p_{1} : P → X$ must be universal with respect to this diagram. That is, for any other such triple $p_{2} : P → Y$ where $(P, p_{1}, p_{2})$ and $(Q, q_{1}, q_{2})$ are morphisms with $q_{1} : Q → X$, there must exist a unique $q_{2} : Q → Y$ such that

 * $$p_1 \circ u=q_1, \qquad p_2\circ u=q_2.$$

This situation is illustrated in the following commutative diagram.
 * Categorical pullback (expanded).svg

As with all universal constructions, a pullback, if it exists, is unique up to isomorphism. In fact, given two pullbacks $f q_{1} = g q_{2}$ and $u : Q → P$ of the same cospan $(A, a_{1}, a_{2})$, there is a unique isomorphism between $A$ and $B$ respecting the pullback structure.

Pullback and product
The pullback is similar to the product, but not the same. One may obtain the product by "forgetting" that the morphisms $f$ and $g$ exist, and forgetting that the object $Z$ exists. One is then left with a discrete category containing only the two objects $X$ and $Y$, and no arrows between them. This discrete category may be used as the index set to construct the ordinary binary product. Thus, the pullback can be thought of as the ordinary (Cartesian) product, but with additional structure. Instead of "forgetting" $Z$, $f$, and $g$, one can also "trivialize" them by specializing $Z$ to be the terminal object (assuming it exists). $f$ and $g$ are then uniquely determined and thus carry no information, and the pullback of this cospan can be seen to be the product of $X$ and $Y$.

Commutative rings
In the category of commutative rings (with identity), the pullback is called the fibered product. Let $A$, $B$, and $C$ be commutative rings (with identity) and $(B, b_{1}, b_{2})$ and $X → Z ← Y$ (identity preserving) ring homomorphisms. Then the pullback of this diagram exists and is given by the subring of the product ring $α : A → C$ defined by

 * $$A \times_{C} B = \left\{(a,b) \in A \times B \; \big| \; \alpha(a) = \beta(b) \right\}$$

along with the morphisms

 * $$\beta' \colon A \times_{C} B \to A, \qquad \alpha'\colon A \times_{C} B \to B$$

given by $$\beta'(a, b) = a$$ and $$\alpha'(a, b) = b$$ for all $$(a, b) \in A \times_C B$$. We then have

 * $$\alpha \circ \beta' = \beta \circ \alpha'.$$

Groups and modules
In complete analogy to the example of commutative rings above, one can show that all pullbacks exist in the category of groups and in the category of modules over some fixed ring.

Sets
In the category of sets, the pullback of functions $β : B → C$ and $A × B$ always exists and is given by the set

 * $$X\times_Z Y = \{(x, y) \in X \times Y| f(x) = g(y)\} = \bigcup_{z \in f(X) \cap g(Y)} f^{-1}[\{z\}] \times g^{-1}[\{z\}] ,$$

together with the restrictions of the projection maps $f : X → Z$ and $g : Y → Z$ to $π_{1}$.

Alternatively one may view the pullback in $π_{2}$ asymmetrically:

 * $$X\times_Z Y \cong \coprod_{x\in X} g^{-1}[\{f(x)\}] \cong \coprod_{y\in Y} f^{-1}[\{g(y)\}]$$

where $$\coprod$$ is the disjoint union of sets (the involved sets are not disjoint on their own unless $f$ resp. $g$ is injective). In the first case, the projection $X ×_{Z} Y$ extracts the $x$ index while $Set$ forgets the index, leaving elements of $Y$.

This example motivates another way of characterizing the pullback: as the equalizer of the morphisms $π_{1}$ where $π_{2}$ is the binary product of $X$ and $Y$ and $f ∘ p_{1}, g ∘ p_{2} : X × Y → Z$ and $X × Y$ are the natural projections. This shows that pullbacks exist in any category with binary products and equalizers. In fact, by the existence theorem for limits, all finite limits exist in a category with binary products and equalizers; equivalently, all finite limits exist in a category with terminal object and pullbacks (by the fact that binary product = pullback on the terminal object, and that an equalizer is a pullback involving binary product).

Graphs of functions
A specific example of a pullback is given by the graph of a function. Suppose that $$f \colon X \to Y$$ is a function. The graph of $f$ is the set $$\Gamma_f = \{(x, f(x)) \colon x \in X\} \subseteq X \times Y.$$ The graph can be reformulated as the pullback of $f$ and the identity function on $Y$. By definition, this pullback is $$X \times_{f,Y,1_Y} Y = \{(x, y) \colon f(x) = 1_Y(y)\} = \{(x, y) \colon f(x) = y\} \subseteq X \times Y,$$ and this equals $$\Gamma_f$$.

Fiber bundles
Another example of a pullback comes from the theory of fiber bundles: given a bundle map $p_{1}$ and a continuous map $p_{2}$, the pullback (formed in the category of topological spaces with continuous maps) $π : E → B$ is a fiber bundle over $X$ called the pullback bundle. The associated commutative diagram is a morphism of fiber bundles. This is also the case in the category of differentiable manifolds. A special case is the pullback of two fiber bundles $f : X → B$. In this case $X ×_{B} E$ is a fiber bundle over $E_{1}, E_{2} → B$, and pulling back along the diagonal map $E_{1} × E_{2}$ gives a space homeomorphic (diffeomorphic) to $B × B$, which is a fiber bundle over $B → B × B$. The pullback of two smooth transverse maps into the same differentiable manifold is also a differentiable manifold, and the tangent space of the pullback is the pullback of the tangent spaces along the differential maps.

Preimages and intersections
Preimages of sets under functions can be described as pullbacks as follows:

Suppose $E_{1} ×_{B} E_{2}$, $B$. Let $g$ be the inclusion map $f : A → B$. Then a pullback of $f$ and $g$ (in $B_{0} ⊆ B$) is given by the preimage $B_{0} ↪ B$ together with the inclusion of the preimage in $A$

and the restriction of $f$ to $Set$

Because of this example, in a general category the pullback of a morphism $f^{−1}[B_{0}]$ and a monomorphism $f^{−1}[B_{0}] ↪ A$ can be thought of as the "preimage" under $f^{−1}[B_{0}]$ of the subobject specified by $f^{−1}[B_{0}] → B_{0}$. Similarly, pullbacks of two monomorphisms can be thought of as the "intersection" of the two subobjects.

Least common multiple
Consider the multiplicative monoid of positive integers $f$ as a category with one object. In this category, the pullback of two positive integers $g$ and $f$ is just the pair $$\left(\frac{\operatorname{lcm}(m,n)}{m}, \frac{\operatorname{lcm}(m,n)}{n}\right)$$, where the numerators are both the least common multiple of $g$ and $Z_{+}$. The same pair is also the pushout.

Properties

 * In any category with a terminal object $T$, the pullback $m$ is just the ordinary product $n$.
 * Monomorphisms are stable under pullback: if the arrow $f$ in the diagram is monic, then so is the arrow $m$. Similarly, if $g$ is monic, then so is $n$.
 * Isomorphisms are also stable, and hence, for example, $X ×_{T} Y$ for any map $X × Y$ (where the implied map $p_{2}$ is the identity).
 * In an abelian category all pullbacks exist, and they preserve kernels, in the following sense: if
 * Categorical pullback.svg
 * is a pullback diagram, then the induced morphism $p_{1}$ is an isomorphism, and so is the induced morphism $X ×_{X} Y ≅ Y$. Every pullback diagram thus gives rise to a commutative diagram of the following form, where all rows and columns are exact:
 * is a pullback diagram, then the induced morphism $Y → X$ is an isomorphism, and so is the induced morphism $X → X$. Every pullback diagram thus gives rise to a commutative diagram of the following form, where all rows and columns are exact:

$$ \begin{array}{ccccccc} &&&&0&&0\\ &&&&\downarrow&&\downarrow\\ &&&&L&=&L\\ &&&&\downarrow&&\downarrow\\ 0&\rightarrow&K&\rightarrow&P&\rightarrow&Y \\ &&\parallel&&\downarrow& & \downarrow\\ 0&\rightarrow&K&\rightarrow&X&\rightarrow&Z \end{array} $$
 * Furthermore, in an abelian category, if $ker(p_{2}) → ker(f)$ is an epimorphism, then so is its pullback $ker(p_{1}) → ker(g)$, and symmetrically: if $X → Z$ is an epimorphism, then so is its pullback $P → Y$. In these situations, the pullback square is also a pushout square.

 * There is a natural isomorphism (A×CB)×B D ≅ A×CD. Explicitly, this means:
 * if maps f : A → C, g : B → C and h : D → B are given and
 * the pullback of f and g is given by r : P → A and s : P → B, and
 * the pullback of s and h is given by t : Q → P and u : Q → D ,
 * then the pullback of f and gh is given by rt : Q → A and u : Q → D.
 * Graphically this means that two pullback squares, placed side by side and sharing one morphism, form a larger pullback square when ignoring the inner shared morphism.

$$ \begin{array}{ccccc} Q&\xrightarrow{t}&P& \xrightarrow{r} & A \\ \downarrow_{u} & & \downarrow_{s} & &\downarrow_{f}\\ D & \xrightarrow{h} & B &\xrightarrow{g} & C \end{array} $$

 * Any category with pullbacks and products has equalizers.

Weak pullbacks
A weak pullback of a cospan $Y → Z$ is a cone over the cospan that is only weakly universal, that is, the mediating morphism $P → X$ above is not required to be unique.

title: Pullback (category theory)


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Hódmezővásárhely

Hódmezővásárhely (also known by other alternative names) is a city with county rights in southeast Hungary, on the Great Hungarian Plain, at the meeting point of the Békés-Csanádi Ridge and the clay grassland surrounding the river Tisza. In 2017, it had a population of 44,009.

Etymology and names
The city's name, which literally translates to Beavers' Field Marketplace, was first mentioned after the unification of two Árpád-era villages, Hód and Vásárhely, the former getting its name after Beaver's lake, an apocope of Hód-tó (now one of the city's districts and the canal Hód-tavi-csatorna) and the latter coming from the mediaeval legal term marking settlements with the right of hosting markets and literally meaning market town. The middle term mező, which also refers to the city's state as an oppidum, a city with certain rights that are given by its feudal ruler, was later added to the town and to its name.

The city is also known by alternative names in other languages: Vašrelj; Ionești; and Вашархељ.

Prehistory
There is evidence of human habitation close to the modern town dating back 6,000 years, and archaeological evidence suggests that the area has been continuously inhabited since then by a variety of different cultures. Neolithic dwellings recessed into the ground stored domestic items such as plates, as well as the Kökénydombi Vénusz fertility symbol. Remains have also been found from the Copper Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age and the great migrations period. The town's archaeological treasures can now be seen at the permanent archaeological exhibition of the Tornyai János Museum.

Medieval period
At the end of the 8th century, the Avars found mostly remnants of the nomadic population and of the agrarian and animal-breeding Slavs. Before the Mongol invasion of Hungary, at least seven villages with churches existed in the area. After the devastation caused by the Mongols, more villages were established, but these later became victims of the Turkish invasion. The territories of these villages were later absorbed by Hódmezővásárhely as the town grew. Evidence of more than twenty villages and churches from the Middle Ages have been found.

The present town of Hódmezővásárhely developed in the 15th century when Hód, Vásárhely, Tarján, and Ábrány, once small villages, became joined and the market town was established. The town is known to have been called Hódvásárhely in 1437. The town's location next to the road leading from Csongrád to Csanád was advantageous for the development of trade. In the Middle Ages markets, and particularly the trade in livestock, fuelled its growth.

Hódmezővásárhely was part of Csongrád comitatus. Part of that county was under Turkish control after 1542. The region between the Tisza and the Danube belonged to the Ottoman Empire, while the area to the east of the Tisza, including Hódmezővásárhely, belonged to Transylvania. After the military expedition of 1552, the whole of Csongrád county was taken by the Turks. The entire area was devastated by the Turkish offensive in 1566. The region was occupied by the Turks for the next 150 years.

Independence
At the time of the Rákóczi war of independence (1703–1711), the town was under the control of Count Miklós Bercsényi. The royal court confiscated the estate and gave it to imperial general Leopold Schlick. During the war of independence, Miklós Bercsényi seized the town back and gave it to the Kuruts general Sándor Károlyi for leasehold. The royal court in Vienna did not accept Károlyi's claim to the territory after the peace of Szatmár and he was only able to retrieve it by buying it back years later. From 1722 to 1818, when landowner jurisdiction was abolished, the Károlyi family possessed the town.

In the 1848–49 fights for freedom, Hódmezővásárhely played a significant part in national events. Lajos Kossuth reached the town on 3 October 1848 on his second recruiting trip. While there, he received the news that the Hungarian Army had been engaged in battle at Pákozd, and patriotic fervour gripped the town. Troops from Hódmezővásárhely took part in beating off the southern Serbian attacks.

After the control of the Theiss in the 1860s, the surrounding lakes and brooks dried up. The inner areas were progressively filled and the town's population increased.

Hódmezővásárhely seceded from the county in 1873 and received the independent municipals rights. The first signs of industrialisation were apparent from that time. In 1890 Hódmezővásárhely was the fourth largest Hungarian town with 55,475 inhabitants.

20th century
The modern picture of the town was established at the turn of the century. These decades were characterised by the construction of wells, dynamic building operations, and the construction of canals. 70 per cent of the population, however, was engaged in farming and animal breeding.

A typical system of settlement was established with a huge system of detached farms. Animal breeding still dominated the livelihood of the inhabitants. Rural animal breeding was characterised by economic efficiency. Quality horse breeding, which was partly an export product and partly demanded by the needs of agriculture, was profitable. Poultry and egg production for the markets also flourished. Animal breeding was gradually replaced by extensive growing of corn, which became the basis of the town's economy and employed large numbers of workers.

The First World War hindered the development of the town and its people suffered losses. The human costs of the war contributed to the social tension around this time which led to demonstrations in Vásárhely.

In the first decade of the Horthy era, there was a fairly good market for the town's agricultural products. Although the war and the occupation debilitated the economy of the town, the possibilities for the sale of the high-quality corn increased. Pork breeding grew, as did the export of poultry. Dozens of medium-scale factories sprung up, but the great world economic crisis demolished this new-found prosperity. Unemployment increased, until a new economic boom in the late 1930s.

The Second World War interrupted the development again. Soviet troops reached the town on 25 September 1944. Most of the powerful and well-off citizens escaped from Vásárhely. The war surged through the town on 8 October. The damage in human lives and buildings was not so huge as the damage to industrial equipment and infrastructure.

At the end of the 1960s giant factories were established. Full employment was realised but the town's industry proved inefficient. Political and economic bankruptcy, however, only emerged at the end of the 1980s.

After the transition in 1990, Hódmezővásárhely became a municipal town of county rank. After the municipal elections, its government was established.

The town is now a destination for foreign and domestic tourism. Museums, churches, triumphal wells, statues, parks, and a thermal swimming hall are notable attractions.

Politics
The mayor of Hódmezővásárhely István Almási (Fidesz-KDNP) died on 20 November 2017, leaving the position vacant. The independent candidate Péter Márki-Zay won the mayoral by-election on 25 February 2018. His unexpected victory against the Fidesz candidate received international attention and was seen as a possible indicator for a change in the Hungarian parliamentary election on 8 April 2018. The swing was not replicated in the parliamentary election.

The current mayor of Hódmezővásárhely is Péter Márki-Zay (Mindenki Magyarországa).

The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 15 members (1 Mayor, 10 Individual constituencies MEPs and 4 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:

List of mayors
List of City Mayors from 1990:

People
• Pál Csokán, chemistry professor

• Lucien Hervé, photographer

• Robert Ilosfalvy, operatic tenor

• Ede Kallós, sculptor

• Ákos Kecskés, footballer

• Ladislaus IV of Hungary

• Emil Lindenfeld, painter

• János Pásztor

• Éva Risztov, swimmer

• János Tornyai, painter

• Franz Wittmann

Sport
The association football club, Hódmezővásárhelyi FC, is based in Hódmezővásárhely.

Twin towns – sister cities
Hódmezővásárhely is twinned with:

 * 🇷🇴 Arad, Romania
 * 🇷🇴 Baia Mare, Romania
 * 🇭🇺 Baja, Hungary
 * 🇷🇴 Brețcu, Romania
 * 🇦🇹 Bruckneudorf, Austria
 * 🇹🇷 Aksaray, Turkey
 * 🇷🇸 Debeljača (Kovačica), Serbia
 * 🇩🇪 Hechingen, Germany
 * 🇱🇹 Kelmė, Lithuania
 * 🇭🇺 Kiskunhalas, Hungary

 * 🇷🇸 Senta, Serbia
 * 🇷🇸 Sokobanja, Serbia
 * 🇺🇦 Solotvyno, Ukraine
 * 🇮🇱 Tamar, Israel
 * 🇷🇴 Turda, Romania

 * 🇫🇷 Vallauris, France
 * 🇧🇬 Vidin, Bulgaria
 * 🇵🇱 Zgierz, Poland

 * Hoofddorp, The Netherlands

title: Hódmezővásárhely


text:
Talk:Allan Octavian Hume

CB
Is C.B. Companion of the Bath or Commander of the Bath ? Shyamal 03:51, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Companion. I've edited the article and put a link in. Smallweed 09:24, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Publication list
This is only for those who might be interested in further research and not worth entering into the article. This excludes all notes in Stray Feathers. Shyamal 17:01, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Hume, A. O. (1878): (Letter to the Editors). Ibis 1878, 114-115.
 * Hume, A. O. (1870): Additional observations regarding some species of birds noticed by Mr. W.T. Blanford, in his "Ornithological notes from southern, western and central India". Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 39(2), 113-122.
 * Hume, A. O. ; Marshall,CHT (1879-1881): The Game Birds of India, Burmah, and Ceylon. 3 vols. Authors, Calcutta.
 * Hume, A. O. (1868): Stray notes on ornithology in India. No. I. (Grus leucogeranus), Pallas. Ibis, 2 4, 28-40.
 * Hume, A. O. (1868): (Letter). Ibis, 2 4, 233-241.
 * Hume, A. O. (1869): Stray notes on ornithology in India. No. II. Bird's-nesting in Bareilly in the early rains. Ibis, 2 5, 1-20.
 * Hume, A. O. (1869): (Letter). Ibis, 2 5, 120-122.
 * Hume, A. O. (1869): Stray notes on ornithology in India. No. III. My first nests of Bonelli's Eagle. Ibis, 2 5, 143-146.
 * Hume, A. O. (1869): (Letter). Ibis, 2 5, 238-239.
 * Hume, A. O. (1869): (Letter). Ibis, 2 5, 355-357.
 * Hume, A. O. (1869-1870): My Scrap Book: or Rough Notes on Indian Oology and Ornithology. Author, Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. x+237 pages.
 * Hume, A. O. (1870): (Letter). Ibis, 2 6, 136-145.
 * Hume, A. O. (1870): (Letter). Ibis, 2 6, 145-147.
 * Hume, A. O. (1870): Stray notes on ornithology in India. No. IV. A new genus of Sylviidae. Ibis, 2 6, 181-182.
 * Hume, A. O. (1870): (Letter). Ibis, 2 6, 283-288.
 * Hume, A. O. (1870): Stray notes on ornithology in India. No. V. (Emberiza striolata) (Lichtenstein). Ibis, 2 6, 399-407.
 * Hume, A. O. (1870): (Letter). Ibis, 2 6, 435-438.
 * Hume, A. O. (1870): (Letter). Ibis, 2 6, 528-529.
 * Hume, A. O. (1870): (Letter). Ibis, 2 6, 530-532.
 * Hume, A. O. (1870): (Letter). Ibis, 2 6, 532-533.
 * Hume, A. O. (1870): (Letter). Ibis, 2 6, 265-267.
 * Hume, A. O. (1871): Stray notes on ornithology in India. No. VI. On certainnew or unrecorded birds. Ibis, 3 1, 23-38.
 * Hume, A. O. (1871): Stray notes on ornithology in India. No. VII. Ibis, 3 1, 403-413.
 * Hume, A. O. (1872): Description of six new species of Indian birds. Ibis, 3 2, 107-111.
 * Henderson, G; Hume, A. O. (1873): Lahore to Yarkand. L. Reeve & Co., London. xiv+370 pages.
 * Hume, A. O. (1873-1875): Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. 3 vols. Office of Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta. 662 pages. (Rough notes)
 * Hume, A. O. (1875): Notes on two apparently undescribed species of goat from northern India and a new species of dove from the Nicobar Islands. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 1874, 240-241.
 * Hume, A. O. ; Oates,EW (Eds.) (1889): Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. 3 vols. R.H. Porter, London. x+397 pages.
 * Hume, A. O. (1869): Indian Oology and Ornithology. C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.
 * Hume, A. O. (1873): Contributions to Indian Ornithology. L. Reeve & Co., London.
 * Hume, A. O. (?): Indian ornithological collector's vade-mecum. Central Press, Calcutta.

License not followed
Text from this article is lifted and used in Freedom fighters of India: (in four volumes) By Lion M. G. Agrawal - page and the book is copyrighted and there is no citation of Wikipedia and the Creative Commons license is not mentioned. Shyamal (talk) 13:52, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

DNB
The article currently says Hume was born at St Mary Cray, Kent with a citation to the Dictionary of National Biography. I started his Wikisource author page but couldn't locate the DNB article. So should it be the modern Oxford Dictionary of National Biography? Solomon7968 17:43, 15 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, Prof. Moulton's revision was published in the DNB 2004 edition. Added. Shyamal (talk) 03:20, 16 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Please note that the article info is still inaccurate. Our article on the DNB says, The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and online. So the reference is currently cited to the ODNB. The question is, whether it is a straight reprint of a biography previously published in any another edition of the DNB or a new biography. Solomon7968 06:01, 16 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I have modified the reference to make it look less confusing. I have always thought of DNB and ODNB as being the same work but varying in edition and publisher. As I understand it, biographies are revised or rewritten and this is indicated in the citation. In this case Moulton's biography appears not to be based on an earlier DNB entry. Of course, Moulton has many other biographical publications on Hume elsewhere. Shyamal (talk) 06:38, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:23, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Work done by allan octavian hume
, 103.31.100.117 (talk) 12:38, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

Edits by Shyamal
Why "pro-Indian" is not important for the lead when that is what he is largely known for?

Also why do you need a quotation for something which has been already summarized? Capitals00 (talk) 08:56, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

 * - I have added a bit on your idea of pro-Indian back into the lead. Altering a quotation is NEVER done in the normal course of scholarship. Note your truncation. Shyamal (talk) 09:01, 4 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Since you have fixed the lead I have no issue with the current version of the lead. I have restored the removed content but this time I placed it entirely on Congress' section.
 * Do you have any way to rephrase the quotation? It looks at least undue. Capitals00 (talk) 09:11, 4 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I do not see any issue with the quotation. Quotes are never rephrased, they are meant to give a first-hand view of the subject's own expression. If you can explain with broader historical sources on why you think it meets WP:UNDUE, we can discuss this further. Shyamal (talk) 09:48, 4 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Problem with the very big quote is that it comes from a source from 1935 (see WP:HISTRS) and it lends credit to a debunked safety valve theory. Some reliable sources:-
 * "Soon after the formation of the Congress, Dufferin was openly castigating Congress for its dubious motives. In 1888, he criticized it for representing a "microscopic minority" and this statement if not anything else, explodes the safety valve or conspiracy theory. Historians now more or less agree that the story of seven volumes of secret report was a fiction created by a friendly biographer Wedderburn to portray Hume as a British patriot who wanted to save British empire from an impending crisis."
 * "The “Safety Valve” theory, ascribed to Sir Allan Octavian Hume, is invariably given credit for the origin of the INC in the writings on it all through. This theory has come under attack in a work on India’s freedom movement, the main author of which, Bipan Chandra, applying research methodology in its various levels, finds the theory a myth. Substantiating his argument with the evidence available in private papers such as those of Lord Dufferin, Bipan Chandra explodes the questionable nature of Hume's claim of having read the all-important seven volumes of the Home Department's secret reports, and also, with an adequate reason, questions the very existence of the so called “seven volumes”, the knowledge of which, it is said, Hume used to influence the viceroy and other Important British officials in India to patronise the INC to ensure that it be a “safety valve” for the British rule in the country." Capitals00 (talk) 19:14, 21 March 2023 (UTC) Note: adding signature here after Shyamal posted his comment in middle of my comment Capitals00 (talk) 05:38, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I have added a note to the effect that the safety-valve theory is highly debated and it is best to follow WP:NPOV and state its existence. As for the quote you are referring to, it is a verbatim statement by Hume (pre-1912) and not from 1935 although included in Sitarammaya's book (and cited for traceability). Shyamal (talk) 04:50, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The quotes in the Congress section should be trimmed, and they should be presented in the context that "seven volumes of secret report was a fiction created by a friendly biographer Wedderburn to portray Hume as a British patriot". Capitals00 (talk) 19:14, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I think these details belong in the article on the Indian National Congress as it is not so much about Hume the person which is what this entry's main purpose is. Shyamal (talk) 05:01, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * No, not there because this debunked theory is confined to the discussion about Hume only today.
 * It is relevant here so that people can know safety valve theory holds no weight and it was not the purpose of Hume. Capitals00 (talk) 07:28, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * It is hard to state something like "it was not the purpose of Hume" without finding relevant confirmatory statements from Hume that you can cite. On the other hand, it is much easier to surmise that Hume did coat his idea with the appropriate sugaring to make it acceptable to the powerful in the government even if that was not the intention. The bureaucracy often hides intent in any case. If one looks at the official letters one could say that the Archaeological Survey of India was started with the idea that it would help grow Christianity (because they were able to show that historically there were changes from Jainism and Buddhism ) and if you read Hume's letters you will see that he (like Humphrey) was capable of hiding actual purpose. I am quite aware for instance that his Lakshadweep "expedition" for birds was by official records ostensibly for the selection of a suitable lighthouse site! Shyamal (talk) 04:09, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Hard for who? Scholars? They are of the opinion today that safety valve theory has no weight and it was not motive of Hume. What do you mean by "without finding relevant confirmatory statements from Hume that you can cite"? The above sources I provided are very clear and have assessed the statements and actions of Hume as well asa other surrounding people and events. The first source that I linked has offered many details from p. 220 - 223. It notes on p. 222 that "All these demands raised by the association remained unfulfilled and this all the more convinced the regional leaders about the need for an all-India organisation." In 1913, Gopal Krishna Gokhale already addressed this point that congress could never have its official founder as Indian because "If the founder of the Congress had not been a great Englishman", then "the authorities would have at once found some way or the other to suppress the movement."
 * Now what I want is: 1) Remove the entire long quote and the 1935 source. 2) treat safety-valve to be a "seven volumes of secret report was a fiction created by a friendly biographer Wedderburn to portray Hume as a British patriot". 3) Highlight the broader picture that why an all-India organization was needed per the source I just quoted. Now if you agree with this then I will make my edits. Capitals00 (talk) 05:38, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You never needed to ask me for permission in the first place - see WP:OWN - I still would ask that you retain the quote because it is a valuable note in the voice of Hume (unless you think the source is questionable? Did the author really misquote Hume? That wold be interesting if you can support). I am fine with the remainder of the expansion but I hope you will use the citation templates appropriately - I think someone suggested that he was a "lightning conductor"... Shyamal (talk) 08:59, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

History
Indian national congress 2402:3A80:1C53:29C7:15FB:A9FF:F578:E9EB (talk) 06:02, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Allan Octavian Hume


text:
Talk:FIA

Target
To anyone who might be listening: I think that, while "freedom of information act" turns up vastly more Google hits than "federation internationale de l'automobile," the latter is much more commonly known by its acronym. On the what-links-here page there are two links that refer to the former FIA, compared to eleven that refer to the latter, and the reason there are so few of even the latter is that the authors of the motorsport pages are used to disambiguating their FIA links.

Consequently, I am going to redirect FIA to Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile and put a notice about Freedom of Information Acts at the top (I think that's the proper protocol). Rdsmith4 03:51, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Seems like a good decision to me. SamH 09:29, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:29, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:FIA


text:
Olentangy River

The Olentangy River is a 97 mi tributary of the Scioto River in Ohio, United States.

History
It was originally called keenhongsheconsepung, a Delaware word literally translated as "sharp tool river", based on the shale found along its shores. Early settlers to the region translated this into "Whetstone River". In 1833, the Ohio General Assembly passed legislation intending to restore the original Native American names to some Ohio waterways, but mistakenly gave Whetstone River the name "Olentangy"—Delaware for "river of the red face paint"—which had actually belonged to what is now known as Big Darby Creek.

Geography
The Olentangy River rises in Morrow County approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) southeast of Galion, near Blooming Grove, flowing through Galion and northwest towards Bucyrus, where it then turns south and flows through Eastern Marion County, Ohio (where it is still locally known as the Whetstone River) before flowing south into Delaware County. The river continues southward towards the communities of Delaware, Powell, Worthington, and the village of Riverlea, before reaching Columbus, beginning with Clintonville and flowing through Old North Columbus, the campus of The Ohio State University, and the historic complex of neighborhoods to the south before merging with the Scioto River in the Arena District at location known as Confluence Park. The River’s western waterfront forms the right-of-way for the majority of SR 315. The original alignment of that route is known as Olentangy River Road, and some points north of the Columbus Outerbelt, where a freeway alignment was never built, still go by that name.

The Delaware State Park Reservoir, also known as Delaware Lake, was constructed along the Olentangy River in 1951. The reservoir is located 5 miles north of the city of Delaware, and was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood control purposes. On 13 January 2005, Delaware Dam was nearly overtopped. The water level came within less than 1 foot of the top of the dam, requiring the main spill gates to be opened before it began dropping.

The Olentangy River is the primary source of drinking water for much of Delaware County. Both the City of Delaware and Del-Co Water Company, the supplier of drinking water to most of rural Delaware County (and other communities beyond), draw the majority of their water supplies from the Olentangy system.

Twenty-two miles of the Olentangy have been designated a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Natural Areas & Preserves.

Variant names
The Olentangy River has also been known as Keenhongsheconsepung, Oleutangy, Whetstone Creek, Whetstone River, and Whitestone Creek.

River restoration
In 2012 the Ohio EPA and the City of Columbus began to remove some of the lowhead dams that cross the river. Work started with removing the 5th Avenue Dam. The river is now about half of its former width. Work continues to restore the banks and clean the area.

Popular culture
Broadcaster Keith Jackson would introduce Ohio State football games "from the banks of the mighty Olentangy."

title: Olentangy River


text:
FIA (disambiguation)

FIA is the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (English: International Automobile Federation), the world's governing body for all forms of motor sport where four or more wheels are used.

Fia or FIA may also refer to:

People

 * Fia Backström (born 1970), Swedish artist
 * Albert Fia (1915–2004), Canadian engineer
 * Maʻafu Fia (born 1989), Tongan-born New Zealand rugby union player

Organizations

 * Federal Investigation Agency, the chief investigative body of the Government of Pakistan
 * Federated Ironworkers' Association of Australia
 * Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries, member of a professional association in the United Kingdom
 * FIA Card Services, formerly MBNA Corporation
 * Fire Industry Association, trade association in the United Kingdom
 * Fiscal Information Agency, government agency in Taiwan
 * Friends in Action, American Christian organization
 * Future Imagery Architecture, program of the United States National Reconnaissance Office
 * Futures Industry Association, trade association in the United States
 * International Federation of Actors (Federation Internationale des Acteurs), global union federation
 * Free Iraqi Army
 * Fusion Industry Association, independent trade association for the international nuclear fusion industry

Other uses

 * Farnborough International Airshow, in England
 * Feline infectious anemia, disease found in felines
 * FIA hair system, system for classifying human hair types
 * Flow injection analysis, a form of chemical analysis
 * Freund's incomplete adjuvant, stimulant of the immune system
 * Nobiin language (ISO 639-3 code )

title: FIA (disambiguation)


text:
Jere Beasley

Jere Locke Beasley (born December 12, 1935) is an American attorney and politician; he served as acting governor of Alabama from June 5 to July 7, 1972. His law firm has been noted nationally for winning major awards for its clients; among them was an $11.8 billion punitive damage award against ExxonMobil in 2003.

Early life, education and marriage
Beasley was born in 1935 in Tyler, Texas, the son of Browder Locke Beasley and Florence née Camp. He was raised in Clayton, Alabama, where his father ran a small grocery store.

Beasley received a Bachelor of Science degree from Auburn University and in 1958 married Sara Baker. He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Alabama School of Law in 1962.

Career
He worked for various law firms until he opened his own practice in 1965.

Alabama politics
In 1970, Beasley won the first round of the Democratic primary for lieutenant governor but he failed to win a majority. He won the runoff.

He was serving as 22nd Lieutenant Governor when Governor George Corley Wallace was shot and severely injured in an assassination attempt in Laurel, Maryland, on May 15, 1972. Since Wallace was out of state for more than 20 days, recovering in a Maryland hospital, the Alabama Constitution required that the lieutenant governor take over temporarily as acting governor.

In 1974, Beasley faced a challenge from Charles Woods, who finished first in the primary. Beasley, like in 1970, won the runoff. He sought the nomination for governor in 1978, placing fifth.

In 2009, Beasley served as the campaign chair for Alabama gubernatorial candidate Artur Davis.

Private practice
In 1978, Jere Beasley ran for governor, but his campaign was unsuccessful. He decided to leave politics and return to practicing law. After seeking advice from his friend and mentor, the civil rights leader and Federal Judge, Frank M. Johnson, he decided to start his new firm. Beasley was clear about his calling and the purpose of the firm. His new practice would be a safe harbor for those who need help. He would do what many lawyers refused to do at the time – take on powerful corporate interests for consumers and hard-working employees, or “the little man” as others have described.

Founded on the principle of “helping those who need it most,” the firm was established to provide legal service to individuals and businesses whom no act of their own has wronged. That principle still serves as the bedrock for the firm's work. The firm, known today as Beasley, Allen, Crow, Methvin, Portis & Miles, P.C., has grown to more than 85 attorneys in Atlanta, Georgia; Dallas, Texas; Mobile, Alabama; and Montgomery, Alabama and more than 200 support staff. On Jan. 7, 2024, Beasley Allen celebrated its 45th anniversary.

Beasley is noted as a trial lawyer, and his firm has a national reputation for winning major awards for its clients.

Notable cases
Beasley's law firm has handed the following major cases:
 * September 1993 – Tractor and heavy equipment manufacturer Kubota agreed to pay the family of 67-year-old retired farmer Durwood Spivey $10 million after the B-7100 Kubota tractor he was riding overturned, crushing him under the 2,500-pound weight of the machine. Kubota had not equipped the tractor with a rollover protection structure, despite such protection being available to the tractor industry since the 1950s.
 * November 2003 – A Montgomery County jury ordered Exxon Mobil Corporation to pay the State of Alabama a record $11.8 billion in punitive damages as well as an additional $103 million in compensatory damages for intentionally and willfully underpaying royalties on natural gas from the Mobile Bay field. Exxon appealed and gained a reduction in the award to $3.6 billion.
 * November 2007 – Pharmaceutical company Merck & Co announced it would pay $4.85 billion to resolve claims that its anti-inflammatory drug Vioxx caused heart attacks, strokes and sudden cardiac death. The Vioxx settlement remains the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history.
 * October 2013 – An Oklahoma City jury ordered Toyota Motor Corp. to pay Jean Bookout and the family of deceased passenger Barbara Schwartz $3 million in compensatory damages and an additional $1.5 million in punitive damages over claims that an electronic defect in Bookout's 2005 Camry caused it to accelerate unintentionally and crash, seriously injuring Bookout and killing Schwartz.
 * July 2015 - Beasley Allen represented the State of Alabama in a landmark agreement in principle with BP for damages caused by the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The agreement tagged the State of Alabama to receive more than $2 billion in total, including compensation for economic losses resulting from the spill, natural resource damages, and an apportionment of Clean Water Act civil fines and penalties. The agreement is part of a larger agreement that includes the Federal Government, four other Gulf States impacted by the oil spill –Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi and Florida – and local government entities. The deal is estimated to be worth approximately $18.7 billion, and should smash previous records as the largest environmental settlement in U.S. history.

Community involvement
Beasley is actively involved various civic endeavors, including the American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, Lions Club and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes.

He is a member of the Staff Parish Relations for St. James United Methodist Church.

In 2006, Beasley was named “Citizen of the Year” by the March of Dimes.

In May 2018, Beasley was selected as the recipient of the Montgomery Sunrise Rotary Club’s public service achievement and contribution award, recognizing his dedication to helping others and improving the community and the River Region.

In 2018, Beasley Allen Law Firm was awarded the Montgomery Area Chamber of Commerce's Montgomery Impact Maker Award for its revitalization efforts in downtown Montgomery and its overall contribution to the local community. The firm was instrumental in securing the Montgomery Biscuits minor league baseball team and for providing the land for the Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium, which was respectfully constructed by preserving a large section of the original historic building and built on land owned by the firm. When the stadium opened in 2004, it catalyzed downtown revitalization.

In 2018, the firm was also awarded the Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery's James L. Loeb Preservation Award for its contribution to preserving Montgomery's historic resources and heritage, specifically capitalizing on the distinctive architectural character of lower Commerce Street. The firm has purchased and renovated several buildings along Commerce Street, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 with boundary expansions in 1982 and 1987.

In January 2020, Beasley received the Montgomery County Bar Association (MCBA) Service & Achievement Award. The award was created to recognize Montgomery lawyers who have distinguished themselves through their exemplary service to the local community and bar. The honor is presented to a lawyer who demonstrates the highest standard of professionalism and is respected for outstanding legal ability.

Electoral history
Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor, 1970
 * Jere Beasley – 256,081 (29.03%)
 * Hugh Morrow – 185,333 (21.01%)
 * Tom Radney – 163,462 (18.53%)
 * Joe Money – 100,131 (11.35%)
 * Jack Giles – 81,789 (9.27%)
 * Joe Goodwyn – 75,085 (8.51%)
 * James Gullate – 10,627 (1.21%)
 * Jay Thomas – 9,631 (1.09%)

Democratic runoff for Lieutenant Governor
 * Jere Beasley – 572,258 (57.78%)
 * Hugh Morrow – 418,228 (42.23%)

Race for Lieutenant Governor, 1970
 * Jere Beasley (D) – 589,618 (72.26%)
 * Robert French (R) – 126,506 (15.50%)
 * Isaiah Hayes (Alabama National Democrat) – 92,176 (11.30%)
 * John G. Crommelin (Independent) – 7,678 (0.94%)

Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor, 1974
 * Charles Woods – 310,351 (38.68%)
 * Jere Beasley (inc.) – 308,182 (38.41%)
 * Richard Dominick – 150,455 (18.75%)
 * Ron Creel – 25,392 (3.17%)
 * Coleman Brown – 7,943 (0.99%)

Democratic runoff for Lieutenant Governor
 * Jere Beasley (inc.) – 393,077 (56.10%)
 * Charles Woods – 307,643 (43.90%)

Race for Lieutenant Governor, 1974
 * Jere Beasley (D) (inc.) – 433,495 (72.06%)
 * Don Collins (R) – 153,814 (25.57%)
 * Edna L. Bowling (Prohibition) – 9,857 (1.64%)
 * John Watts (Independent, write-in) – 4,387 (0.73%)

Democratic primary for Governor, 1978
 * Fob James – 256,196 (28.47%)
 * Bill Baxley – 210,089 (23.35%)
 * Albert Brewer – 193,479 (21.50%)
 * Sid McDonald – 143,930 (15.99%)
 * Jere Beasley – 77,202 (8.58%)
 * K.C. Foster – 4,948 (0.55%)
 * Horace Howell – 4,730 (0.53%)
 * Jim Folsom – 4,632 (0.52%)
 * Bob Muncaster – 1,776 (0.20%)
 * Shorty Price – 1,396 (0.16%)
 * Charles Woods – 700 (0.08%)
 * Fred Sandefer – 622 (0.07%)
 * Cornelia Wallace – 217 (0.02%)

title: Jere Beasley


text:
User:Westendgirl

Westendgirl's academic interests include diffusion of innovations, communication theory, history of communication, and social capital, as well as the culture of hockey in Canada.

I am currently working on adding biographies of Canadian women to Wikipedia, per the Wiki Women in Red project.

Some of my contributions include:

Hockey & Sports

 * Billy Coutu
 * NHL Violence
 * Eddie Shore
 * Edouard Lalonde
 * Sylvio Mantha
 * Sprague Cleghorn
 * Providence Reds
 * Edmonton Eskimos (hockey)
 * Western Canada Hockey League
 * Lady Byng Memorial Trophy (substantially re-wrote a pre-existing article that may have violated copyright; also added new content)
 * Violence in sports
 * Canadian Junior A Hockey League
 * Sports card (hockey card section only)

Diffusion of Innovation

 * Diffusion of innovations
 * Everett Rogers

Miscellaneous

 * A._Y._Jackson
 * Room of One's Own
 * Sunday shopping
 * Sneneymuxw
 * Banach measure
 * Bard High School Early College
 * Peter Borwein
 * Dietmar Saupe
 * Urysohn measure, which has mysteriously disappeared from the Wiki universe
 * Constitution of Aruba
 * Royal Green Jackets Museum

Black Canadians

 * Cheryl Foggo
 * Obadiah Bowen
 * Oliver Bowen
 * Willis Reese Bowen
 * Violet King Henry
 * Chloe Cooley
 * Sylvia Stark

Canadian Women

 * Annita McPhee
 * Joy Leach
 * Andrea Holmes
 * Sonya Erasmus
 * Victoria Cartier

Sites I Read

 * Vancouver Marketing Consultant blog
 * Globe and Mail
 * Google News
 * Become a Consultant - Consultant Journal

title: User:Westendgirl


text: File:Moldejazz logo.png

title: File:Moldejazz logo.png


text:
Keio Flying Squadron 2

Keio Flying Squadron 2 (慶応遊撃隊活劇編) is a 1996 Japanese video game for the Sega Saturn. Developed by Victor Entertainment, it is a direct sequel to Keio Flying Squadron. While the first game is a side-scrolling shoot 'em up, the second game is a platformer with shooter sections.

Like the first game, the second game refers to Japanese culture, both ancient and modern simultaneously.

Plot
A year has passed since the apocalyptic disaster known as the "Ark Catastrophe", which left a great crater in the center of Edo. The destruction wrought major economic consequences and while much investment was poured into the public works for the new Edo Castle, the citizens were all feeling the pinch of the recession.

Dr. Pon Eho was no exception. Although a freak of nature with an astronomical IQ of 1400, hard reality forced the genius tanuki to become a laborer in the construction of the new castle. One day, while he was shoveling away some gravel near the center of the crater, he unearthed the Secret Treasure Scroll and one of the Six Magical Orbs (called Jewels in the Japanese version). With the knowledge that the six Orbs together would bring him an enormous amount of treasure, he quickly left his job in search of the remaining five Orbs listed on the Scroll's map.

Meanwhile, Himiko Yamatai, "the Pompous Queen of the Ancients", makes a dramatic appearance at the Nanahikari family's dinner table and grabs the family's Magical Orb. But before she can get away, Dr. Pon ambushes her and steals it. Of course, Rami makes chase and joins the race for the great treasure, starting her on her new adventure.

Gameplay
The game mainly consists of side-scrolling platformer stages. Two of the stages retain the shoot-'em-up style of the first game, but the Homing Spot Jrs. can be obtained as bonuses only. Besides the platformer and shoot-'em-up stages, there are vertically scrolling bonus stages, a rollercoaster stage and an underwater stage, classifying the game as a multi-genre platformer.

Several bonuses can be collected including three weapons:
 * Atami - The Hammer of Dreams - A large mallet, used only for hitting enemies.
 * Kinugawa - The Umbrella of Love - An umbrella, used to hit enemies, float and deflect overhead obstacles.
 * Kusatsu - The Arrow of Hope - A bow and arrow set, used to shoot arrows at enemies.

Rami can also bounce on the heads of enemies to defeat them, as well as Kappas to reach higher places. Being damaged without holding an item results in the loss of a life. Background objects can be pick up and thrown at enemies to defeat them. Some background objects can also have a utility use. There are three difficulty levels which alter how many enemies there are to defeat and how quickly weapons disappear after being damaged.

Points Orbs can be collected throughout the game. Defeating some enemies also rewards points, but there are some enemies that are considered passive and will instead deduct points when defeated. A reward system accessed from the main menu unlocks helpful hints and behind-the-scenes extras depending on the highest and lowest scores achieved through playing.

Characters
Japanese names are given in the Western order, given name first.

 * Rami Nanahikari - The grandchild of an ancient family and a descendant of aliens who came to Earth long ago. She wears a bunny suit, the formal attire of a Key Guardian. After her last adventure she was enjoying her life as an ordinary schoolgirl. However, now that she knows about the Secret Treasure, she has decided to join the battle between Dr. Pon and Himiko in search of it. Voiced by Miho Kanno (Japanese); Samantha Paris (English).
 * Spot Nanahikari - The Nanahikari family's pet dragon, who has become like a younger brother to Rami. Because he worked so hard in the first game, he became soporose and now sleeps and nods out whenever he can. In this game, he has a supporting role assisting Rami. Spot is called Pochi in the Japanese release of the game. Voiced by Mika Kanai (Japanese); Samantha Paris (English; cutscenes); Roger L. Jackson (English; gameplay).
 * "Grandma" and "Grandpa" Nanahikari - Rami's natural grandparents who have brought her up to be the next Key Guardian and belong to the Key Guardian Clan, who have been guarding the Key to the Secret Treasure and Magical Orb for generations. Two years ago, when they came to the realization that they no longer look very good in their bunny suits, they decided to resign their posts to Rami and enjoy their retirement. Voiced by Keiko Yamamoto (Japanese; Grandma), Jōji Yanami (Japanese; Grandpa); Roger L. Jackson (English; both).
 * Himiko Yamatai - The Pompous Queen of the Ancients (called the 13th Queen of Yamatai-koku in the Japanese version) and Rami's rival, who is in search of the Secret Treasure along with Rami and Dr. Pon. She believes that the Magical Orbs and the treasure, known as Jofuku's Gold, righteously belong to her since it was the 1st Queen Himiko that hid the treasure as an emergency measure for the day when there would be a need to re-establish Yamatai-koku. To destroy the magical seal of the door to the Secret Treasure, she controls the mysterious psychic-powered vehicles Psi-Vee 1 and 2 (called Tōma and Shima in the Japanese version). Due to her upbringing in poverty, she can be modest in lifestyle, but she is a queen after all, and her pride remains strong. Voiced by Mika Kanai (Japanese); Elaine A. Clarke (English).
 * Dr. Pon Eho - A super intelligent tanuki with an IQ of 1400. He is critical of most humans, but on the other hand loves nature and is an ecologist who belongs to Greenpeace. He loves to buy new products that come on the market, but because he has no economical common sense, he is always broke. He always carries the part-time job section of the magazine. Voiced by Jōji Yanami (Japanese); Roger L. Jackson (English).
 * Kappa - Turtle-like humanoid creatures and a type of suijin from Shinto mythology, who are seen inhabiting the backdrops of the game. Rami can use these creatures as a spring to reach higher places. She can also pick them up and move them. One of the Kappas, named Kaiyan, narrates the introductory scene in the game's promotional video. Voiced by Akiko Hiramatsu (Japanese; Kaiyan).
 * Tanuki - Subordinates who work under Dr. Pon's direct orders. They appear throughout the game trying to intercept Rami's advancement. Voiced by Keiji Fujiwara (Japanese; Fire Tanuki, Fishing Tanuki, Castle Promenade Tanuki); Roger L. Jackson (English; Fire Raccoons, Fishing Raccoons, Castle Promenade Raccoon).
 * Armed Tanuki - Rami can snatch the weapons from their hands and add them to her arsenal. Voiced by Nobuo Tobita (Japanese; Umbrella Tanuki); Roger L. Jackson (English; Umbrella Raccoon).
 * Crane in Hanging Bag - Because he hates the cold weather, this bird lives in a bag made of leaves that hangs from a tree. He occasionally scares those who pass underneath.
 * Nezumi Kozō Tanukichi - A thief who steals money from the rich to give to the poor. By defeating him when he holds a senryō box in his hand, Rami will obtain the box filled with money.
 * Mini-Whaling Boat - A high performance 2-person whaling boat capable of catching the largest type of whale. The harpoon gun which shoots from the head of the boat is extremely powerful.
 * Mr. Piggy - Dr. Pon's marine reserve, who usually works as a houseboat captain.
 * Musashi Sakaimari - The Ryōgoku Kokugikan's Daruma doll mascot, possessed by the spirit of the legendary sumo champion Raiden Tameemon. His muscular power has no rival. He always dreamed of setting foot in the wrestling arena, but was never given the chance due to his "lack of human spirit". Dr. Pon got him to be a subordinate by promising him the chance to become a genuine wrestler one day. Voiced by Dai Sasahara (Japanese; speaking), Tsukasa Tawada (Japanese; burping and vomiting); Roger L. Jackson (English).
 * Tekkannon (+150 ml) - An armed chahakobi ningyō machine and an improved version of Tekkannon from the first game, built and operated by Dr. Pon. If it takes too much damage, it will become angry and transform into a super chahakobi ningyō. It can carry 360 liters of tea (for about 2,000 people) at a time, so it receives many inquiries, mainly from the employees of cafeterias owned by large companies. Tekkannon is called the Toxic Waste Disposer in the English version of the game. Voiced by Wataru Takagi (Japanese); Toby Gleason (English).
 * Frog Tanuki - Tanuki who swim in the Aquarium at the Amusement Park, wearing red G-strings with a long tail to protect themselves from sharks.
 * Kurobei the Octopus - An octopus in the Aquarium, who waves his tentacles around to attack Rami. Voiced by Keiji Fujiwara (Japanese); Don Robins (English).
 * Menreiki - A yōkai composed of three Noh masks (Hannya, Otafuku and Hyottoko), and a type of tsukumogami. He earns money by working part-time at the Haunted House at the Amusement Park in order to go to Easter Island and see the Moai statues. The masks are named the Three Funny Faces in the English version of the game. Voiced by Dai Sasahara (Japanese; Hannya), Keiko Yamamoto (Japanese; Otafuku), Keiji Fujiwara (Japanese; Hyottoko); Elaine A. Clark (English; Hannya, Otafuku), Roger L. Jackson (English; Hyottoko).
 * Ninjas - Martial arts fighters who appear in Azuchi Castle, trying to attack Rami with shurikens and metal balls and transforming into Hōgyū Jizō statues. Voiced by Keiji Fujiwara (Japanese); Roger L. Jackson (English).
 * Karakuri Nobunaga and Hiyo-chan - A karakuri version of Oda Nobunaga and the boss and his pet rooster of Azuchi Castle. The castle was originally the main attraction of the theme park "Azuchi Jidaimura" ("Azuchi Historic Village"), which started construction during the bubble era. Construction was assumed to have been stopped due to the Momoyama Company going bankrupt in the aftermath of the "Ark Catastrophe" a year ago, but it was completed before anyone knew it. Karakuri Nobunanga and Hiyo-chan are called Mech-Shogun and Birdie in the English version of the game. Voiced by Nobuo Tobita (Japanese; Nobunanga); Don Robins (English; Mech-Shogun).
 * King UFO - A race hailing from an unknown space region that humans have not yet discovered, with the highest amount of hormone secretion in the universe.
 * Nipper - Victor's dog mascot. He makes a cameo appearance in the Outer Space stage as a Soviet space dog.
 * 3-meter Alien - A Flatwoods monster with a bomb-shaped rocket launcher with human legs and huge mace-hands, first sighted in the small town of Flatwoods in West Virginia in 1952. In Japan, it is nicknamed the "3-meter alien" and has become so popular that even garage kits based on it are being sold (in some quarters). Voiced by Keiji Fujiwara (Japanese); Elaine A. Clark (English).
 * Yoshiko Oroshiya - An idol announcer and interviewer and the host of the Martial Arts Tournament. Voiced by Kae Araki (Japanese); Elaine A. Clark (English).
 * Benkei Musashibō - A campy kabuki fighter and a participant of the Martial Arts Tournament. Voiced by Keiji Fujiwara (Japanese); Toby Gleason (English).
 * Missionary Xavier - A God-fearing Christian Hakata missionary and evangelist and a participant of the Martial Arts Tournament. He is called Cardinal Xavier in the English version of the game. Voiced by Keiji Fujiwara (Japanese); Don Robins (English).
 * Daidarabotchi - A giant, mechanical demon and mythical beast that resides in Mount Fuji. Its legendary feats include creating Mount Fuji in one night, washing its feet in the Tone River while sitting on Mount Haruna, and making huge lakes with its footprints. Depending on the area, it has various other names such as Daidarahō Ōhito and Yagorō Misogorō. Daidarabotchi eats Rami when she enters Mount Fuji, after which she has to make her way out of the beast's stomach (a tower with little elves living in it) and fight its heart, which spits out various Japanese words that Rami can use as platforms. After Daidarabotchi's heart is defeated, it turns out to be a transformed cat. Daidarabotchi is called Apocalypse in the English version of the game. Voiced by Keiji Fujiwara (Japanese; Daidarabotchi), Hikiko Takemasa (Japanese; Cat); Toby Gleason (English; Cat).

Japanese

 * Miho Kanno as Rami Nanahikari
 * Mika Kanai as Pochi Nanahikari and Himiko Yamatai
 * Jōji Yanami as Dr. Pon Eho and Grandpa
 * Keiko Yamamoto as Grandma and Otafuku
 * Kae Araki as Yoshiko Oroshiya
 * Keiji Fujiwara as Fire Tanuki, Fishing Tanuki, Rikishi, Kurobei the Octopus, Hyottoko, Castle Promenade Tanuki, Ninjas, 3-meter Alien, Benkei Musashibō, Missionary Xavier and Daidarabotchi
 * Nobuo Tobita as Umbrella Tanuki and Karakuri Nobunaga
 * Wataru Takagi as Tekkannon
 * Dai Sasahara as Yobidashi, Musashi Sakaimari and Hannya
 * Hikiko Takemasa as Hamster and Cat
 * Tsukasa Tawada as Musashi Sakaimari (burping and vomiting) and Koala
 * Recording Studio: Avaco Creative Studios

English

 * Samantha Paris as Rami Nanahikari, Spot Nanahikari (cutscenes) and Hamster
 * Roger L. Jackson as Spot Nanahikari (gameplay), Dr. Pon Eho, Grandma, Grandpa, Umbrella Raccoon, Fire Raccoons, Fishing Raccoons, Sumo Wrestlers, Musashi Sakaimari, Hyottoko, Castle Promenade Raccoon and Ninjas
 * Elaine A. Clark as Himiko Yamatai, Hannya, Otafuku, 3-meter Alien and Yoshiko Oroshiya
 * Toby Gleason as Toxic Waste Disposer, Benkei Musashibō and Cat
 * Don Robins as Kurobei the Octopus, Mech-Shogun and Cardinal Xavier
 * Recording Studio: Music Annex, San Francisco, CA
 * Translation and Recording: Watanabe-Robins & Associates

Development
After Keio Flying Squadron was released to critical acclaim, the developers started talking about developing a sequel. Production on the game began in 1994 with the title Keiō Yūgekitai 2, with director Yasushi Endo, game designer Satoru Honda, programmer Teruhito Yamaki and composer Tsukasa Tawada getting the basic ideas together. Keio Flying Squadron was Victor Entertainment's next big project, but they had a couple of other Sega Saturn games in development: Metal Fighter Miku and Center Ring Boxing.

The game was going to be a graphically enhanced version of the first game, but was made into its own game with a different story and lots of different features. The action would still be based around a side-scrolling shooting game, but the developers would experiment with using video backgrounds and 3D bonus stages, and most of the items that the player would pick up would be taken from real photographs as well. The specifications for the Saturn had changed a lot at the time, so the developers spent a lot of time testing the console's capabilities. Endo considered the Saturn a wonderful console to work with. The video backgrounds, 3D bonus stages and photographed items would later be dropped around 1995. 3D video games were popular at the time, but the developers chose to stick to 2D. Endo and Yamaki stated that this was because they were not good at 3D, had been planning it for the first game, and considered the idea of turning anime characters into polygon models terrible. However, about half a year after they began planning the game, the developers heard that Sega was planning to release the Saturn in November, so they changed course. However, when the development equipment finally arrived, they could not really use it. Opening and closing the lid took more time than typing on the keyboard. At first, Endo was so preoccupied with learning how to make games on the Saturn that he could not even think about doing 3D polygon graphics, but over time the Saturn and PlayStation started to focus primarily on 3D polygon graphics, which made him angry.

Endo and Honda felt that because the previous game was a shooter, it did not allow the time and luxury to look closely at the characters onscreen, and made it quite difficult to bring out their charm, with Rami Nanahikari being the only character that stood out. Because of this, they decided to go for a genre that would allow for more detailed sprites, movements and expressions. Thus, the game became an action platformer, and its name was later changed to Keiō Yūgekitai: Katsugeki-hen. The game had a different title screen with Rami and Spot that was only used in an early sample build at a Sega trade show in late 1995. Rami was originally going to have sprites that were more in line with her normal anime design, as opposed to the shorter sprites in the final game, and would have also carried a Frog Hammer. The game's art, graphics and stage designs were done by Naomasa Kitatani, Kenji Kawashima, Yoshiyuki Ozaki, Nobuyuki Ikigame, Daisuke Fukuda, Akito Kuroda and Masaru Yokōra, while the character designs were done by Hiromasa Ota. Compared to the first game, Keio Flying Squadron 2's graphics and animation were more polished and fluid. It also made use of sprite scaling, squashing and rotation, digital photography, transparency, shading and 3D elements.

The Sumida River stage was originally going to be a platformer stage, but when Endo was working on parts of the stage where Kusatsu, the Arrow of Hope, was to be used, he got stuck and decided to change it to a shooter stage. Because of this, the bow and arrow set has stationary locations throughout the stage and cannot be obtained. The Martial Arts Tournament was planned to have seven participants, but five of them ended up being scrapped, with only Benkei Musashibō and Missionary Xavier making the final cut. They include:
 * Kojirō Sasaki - A handsome young swordsman who freely wields his 3-1/2-inch long sword Bizen Nagamitsu. However, since Japanese swords are dangerous, he usually carries a drying pole on his back instead of his sword.
 * Kurama-Tengu - An old man whose true identity is the Great Tengu of Mount Kurama, prohibited from television broadcasting. The horse that he rides (or rather, wears) is the famous Pakaran-kun.
 * Hanzō Hattori - The leader of the Iga Shinobu-gun. He was given his name apparently due to being half-yin and yang. He never takes off his shinobi shōzoku in order to hide his appearance.
 * Shishido Baiken - A Kusarigama master. On his head is a perch carved from a plum tree. He puffs his back instead of his cheeks when blowing purple smoke.
 * Goemon Ishikawa and Oyabun Gama - An outlaw who loves cleanliness and his fire-breathing toad. He spends 16 hours a day in the bath and spends the remaining eight hours sleeping. Therefore, all transportation is dependent on Gama.

In contrast to the first game's more fast-paced score, Keio Flying Squadron 2's soundtrack, composed by Tawada, had an exciting yet relaxing tone that was coordinated with the onscreen characters' animations, with the platformer stages having patterns that ranged from sounding Sonic the Hedgehog-esque to Disney-esque. The musical instruments, which included koto, shamisen, percussion instruments and drums, were recorded using the Yamaha SY99.

The game features animated cutscenes produced by Studio Pierrot, who also produced the cutscenes in the first game. The Japanese voices were recorded and directed by Susumu Aketagawa at Magic Capsule and Avaco Creative Studio. In the first game, Rami was the only character with spoken dialogue during gameplay, but this time the enemies and bosses also had dialogue. In response to overwhelming requests, Miho Kanno, who was appearing in advertisements for the Victor V-Saturn (she owned a V-Saturn at the time, as well as a copy of the first game ) and releasing singles under Victor's music label at the time, reprised her role as Rami, reuniting with Jōji Yanami and Keiko Yamamoto, who reprised their roles as Dr. Pon and Grandma, respectively. According to Kanno, when she heard about the game, she felt a sense of parental affection because Rami was warmly accepted and loved by everyone at the time, and she considered her a character close to her hometown of Saitama Prefecture. Producer Toshiyuki Nagai took care to create an atmosphere in the recording booth so that she could enjoy her sessions. Yanami also replaced Yusaku Yara as the voice of Grandpa. Mika Kanai provided the voice of Himiko and replaced Akiko Hiramatsu as the voice of Spot. Additional voices were provided by Yamamoto, Kae Araki, Keiji Fujiwara, Nobuo Tobita, Wataru Takagi, Dai Sasahara and Hikiko Takemasa. Tawada created Daidarabotchi's (the game's final boss) voice and sound effects by recording Fujiwara's voice and applying various effects to it, such as pitch-shifting it down, and used a sample of his own burp from a sound effects library for Musashi Sakaimari's burping and vomiting. He was immersed in a lot of the voice clips in the Digital Audio Tape that he was using, though he only used about three-fifths of what he sampled. At one point he happened to use the wrong sampling rate for the 3-meter Alien's voice, resulting in the voice being sped up when it was imported into the game. Endo found this interesting, so he added subtitles for players to understand what the Alien was saying. At first, Tawada planned to use the Saturn's built-in sound engine for everything, including the music, but the voice clips took up a lot of memory space on the disc. He tried playing around with it, but he just could not get the sound that he was satisfied with, so he decided to use Compact Disc Digital Audio instead, trying to do so in a way that would not be noticeable even if the music looped. The English translation and voice recording was done at Watanabe-Robins & Associates and Music Annex, with the voices provided by Samantha Paris, Roger L. Jackson, Elaine A. Clark, Toby Gleason and Don Robins. Clark performed several different characters in the game, including Himiko, Hannya, Otafuku, the 3-meter Alien and Yoshiko Oroshiya.

Release
Keio Flying Squadron 2 was released on May 17, 1996 for the Sega Saturn in Japan, and in Europe and Australia in September later that year. It was originally set for release in March of that year.

Keiō Yūgekitai: Okiraku Tamatebako was a "not for resale" Sega Saturn disc only available in Japan in 1996. The disc contains higher quality versions of both the opening and ending FMV cutscenes of the first game, two cutscenes related to the second game, demo levels from the second game, a sound test including voice clips for Rami, Spot, Dr. Pon and Himiko, a showcase of the aforementioned scrapped Martial Arts Tournament participants, and an art gallery available both in-game and separately, being accessible on the CD via a personal computer.

Reception
Upon release, Keio Flying Squadron 2 received a mixed reception. While many praised its visuals and soundtrack, the controls were a common point of criticism. The Saturn was also facing stiff competition from the PlayStation and Nintendo 64, which may have overshadowed the game's release.

Sam Hickman wrote in Sega Saturn Magazine that the game has very generic and overly easy gameplay, but is still somewhat fun to play, largely due to the intriguingly strange graphics. However, she concluded that most people would not find it worth the retail price, and scored it a 78%. In 1998, Saturn Power rated the game 88th on their Top 100 Sega Saturn Games, summarizing, "A bizarre Japanese platform game that, somehow, manages to impress all that come into contact with it. The graphics are fairly primitive, but the gameplay’s excellent." Michael Townsend of Retro Replay stated, "While Keio Flying Squadron 2 dazzles with its graphics and catchy tunes, the clunky controls were a deal-breaker for me. It's a shame because the game has so much personality, but when the gameplay doesn't match up, it's hard to fully enjoy the experience."

title: Keio Flying Squadron 2


text:
Talk:MOS Technology 6501

Category inclusion criteria
Re: Wernher's removal of the 6501: If it's significant enough to warrant an article (and as MOS Tech's first, that's significant enough), then it's significant enough to warrant a category too. Deliberately ncomplete categories are unhelpful and even harmful, since people look at category listings to see what we have. Stan 04:19, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, point taken. --Wernher 19:17, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:MOS Technology 6501


text: User talk:69.76.10.10

title: User talk:69.76.10.10