text:
List of amphibious warfare ships

This is a list of amphibious warfare ships.

Algeria
Active:
 * Algerian National Navy
 * Kalaat Béni Abbès class - LPD
 * ALGERIAN AMPHIBIOUS TRANSPORT DOCK Kalaat Béni Abbès (commissioned 2014)
 * Kalaat Beni Hammed class - LST
 * Kalaat Beni Hammed 472
 * Kalaat Beni Rached 473

Argentina
Decommissioned:
 * Argentine Navy
 * ARA Cabo San Antonio – tank landing ship
 * ARA Cándido de Lasala – dock landing ship

Australia
Active:
 * Royal Australian Navy
 * Canberra-class landing helicopter dock – LHD
 * HMAS Adelaide (LHD 01) (commissioned 2015)
 * HMAS Canberra (LHD 02) (commissioned 2014)
 * Bay-class landing ship dock – LSD
 * HMAS Choules (L100) (former RFA Largs Bay)

Decommissioned:
 * Kanimbla-class landing platform amphibious – LPA (ex-USN Newport-class tank landing ship)
 * HMAS Kanimbla (L 51)
 * HMAS Manoora (L 52)
 * Round Table-class landing ship logistics – LSH
 * HMAS Tobruk (L 50)
 * Landing Ship Tank (Mark 3) - LST
 * HMAS LST 3008
 * HMAS LST 3014
 * HMAS Tarakan (L3017)
 * HMAS LST 3022
 * HMAS Lae (L3035)
 * HMAS Labuan (L3501)
 * HMAS Jervis Bay (GT 203) Troop transport ship

Brazil

 * Brazilian Navy

Active:
 * Foudre-class landing platform dock – LPD
 * BRAZILIAN SHIP Bahia
 * Ocean class – LPH
 * BRAZILIAN AIRCRAFT CARRIER Atlântico
 * Round Table class - LST
 * Amirante Sabóia
 * Newport-class tank landing ship - LST
 * BRAZILIAN LANDING SHIP Mattoso Maia

Decommissioned:
 * Thomaston-class dock landing ship - LSD
 * Ceará
 * Rio de Janeiro
 * Round Table class - LST
 * Garcia D'Avila

Canada
Proposed (but abandoned):

Decommissioned:
 * HMCS Prince David – converted passenger ship
 * HMCS Prince Henry – converted passenger ship
 * HMCS Prince Robert – converted passenger ship

Chile
Active:
 * Chilean Navy
 * Foudre class – LPD
 * Sargento Aldea
 * Bâtiment de transport léger class - LST
 * Rancagua
 * Chacabuco
 * Landing Ship Medium (LSM)
 * Elicura

Decommissioned:
 * Orompello (1964-2012)
 * Newport-class tank landing ship (Chilean service: 1995–2011)
 * Valdivia (ex-USS San Bernardino)
 * Maipo Bâtiment de transport léger class (1981-1998)
 * Calle Calle - LCU (1978-1982)
 * Peuca - LCU (1978-1980)
 * Águila (ex-Aventinus, ex-LST-1092) (Chilean service: 1963–1980)- LST-542-class tank landing ship
 * Comandante Hemmerdinger (ex-USS New London County) (Chilean service: 1973–1983) - LST-542-class tank landing ship
 * Comandante Araya (ex-USS Nye County) (Chilean service: 1973–1981) - LST-542-class tank landing ship
 * Comandante Toro (ex-USS LST-277) (Chilean service: 1973–1977) - LST-1-class tank landing ship
 * 5 ex USS-LSM: Guardiamarina Contreras (ex-USS LSM-113), Aspirante Isaza (ex-USS LSM-295), Aspirante Goycolea (ex-USS LSM-400), Aspirante Morel (ex-USS LSM-417), Aspirante Morel (ex-USS LSM-444, Aloto). - LSM-1-class landing ships medium.
 * 6 ex USS-LCI(L): Eduardo Llanos (ex-USS LCIL 1025), Soldado Canave (ex-USS LCIL 1027), Grumete Tellez (ex-USS LCIL 1072), Grumete Bolados (ex-USS LCIL 1073), Grumete Diaz (ex-USS LCIL 877), Cabo Bustos (ex-USS LCIL 878)
 * 3 ex USS-LCM
 * 3 ex USS-LCU
 * Aquiles Troop transport ship

China
Active: Amphibious Transport Dock (LPD) Landing Ship Tank (LST)
 * People's Liberation Army Navy
 * Landing helicopter dock (LHD) Type 075 (3 Active/ 1 Fitting Out)
 * 31 - since 2021, the Hainan
 * 32 - since 2021, the Guangxi
 * 33 - since 2022, the Anhui
 * Type 071 Yuzhao class (8 active)
 * Kunlun Shan (998) - since 2007
 * Jinggang Shan (999) - since 2011
 * Changbai Shan (989) - since 2012
 * Yimeng Shan (988) - since 2016
 * Longhu Shan (980) - since 2018
 * Wuzhi Shan (987) - since 2019
 * Wanyang Shan (986) - since 2019
 * Qilian Shan (985) - since 2020
 * Type 072II Yuting (3 active, 0 under construction)
 * Type 072III Yuting I class (10 active, 0 under construction)
 * Type 072A Yuting II class (15 active, 0 under construction)
 * Type 074 Yuhai class (12 active, 0 under construction)
 * Type 074A Yubei class (10 active, 0 under construction)

Planned:
 * Landing helicopter dock (LHD)
 * Type 076 (1 under construction)

Retired: Landing Ship Tank (LST)
 * Type 072 Yukan class (3 ships) all ships decommissioned on 2022
 * Type 072II Yuting 1 ship  1993-2021

Egypt
Active:
 * Mistral-class amphibious assault ship – LHD
 * Gamal Abdel Nasser (commissioned 2 June 2016)
 * Anwar El Sadat (commissioned 16 September 2016)

France
Active:
 * French Navy
 * Mistral class – LHD
 * FRENCH SHIP Mistral (commissioned February 2006)
 * FRENCH SHIP Tonnerre (commissioned December 2006)
 * FRENCH SHIP Dixmude (commissioned December 2011)

Decommissioned:
 * BATRAL-class landing ship (Champlain class) – LST
 * Champlain
 * Francis Garnier
 * Dumont D'Urville
 * Jacques Cartier
 * La Grandière
 * FRENCH CRUISER Jeanne d'Arc – helicopter cruiser
 * Foudre class – LPD
 * Ouragan-class landing platform dock - LPD

Greece
Active:
 * Hellenic Navy
 * Jason-class tank landing ship - Landing ships
 * HS Chios
 * HS Samos
 * HS Ikaria
 * HS Lesvos
 * HS Rodos
 * Zubr-class LCAC - LCAC
 * HS Kephallenia
 * HS Ithaki
 * HS Kerkyra
 * HS Zakynthos

India
Planned: Active:
 * Indian Navy
 * 4 amphibious assault ships under the Indian Navy Multi-Role Support Vessel programme
 * Austin class - LPD
 * INS Jalashwa (formerly USS Trenton (LPD-14))
 * Shardul-class tank landing ship - LST (3 in service)
 * INS Shardul (4 January 2007)
 * INS Kesari (5 April 2008)
 * INS Airavat (19 May 2009)
 * Magar-class amphibious warfare vessel (1 in service)
 * INS Gharial (14 February 1997)
 * Kumbhir-class tank landing ship - LST (3 in service)
 * INS Cheetah (30 November 1984)
 * INS Guldar (December 1985)
 * INS Kumbhir (November 1986)
 * LCU Mk4 (8 in service)
 * INS LCU 51
 * INS LCU 52
 * INS LCU 53
 * INS LCU 54
 * INS LCU 55
 * INS LCU 56
 * INS LCU 57
 * INS LCU 58

Decommissioned:

 * Magar-class amphibious warfare vessel (1 decommissioned)
 * INS Magar (15 July 1987 - 06 May 2023)
 * Kumbhir class (5 decommissioned)
 * INS Mahish (4 June 1985 - 11 November 2016)
 * INS Ghorpad (21 December 1974 – 11 January 2008)
 * INS Kesari (15 August 1975 – 8 May 1999)
 * INS Shardul (24 December 1975 – June 1997)
 * INS Sharabh (27 January 1976 – 15 July 2011)
 * LCU Mk1 (all (2) decommissioned)
 * INS LCU 31
 * INS LCU 32
 * LCU Mk2 (all (3) decommissioned)
 * INS LCU 33
 * INS LCU 34
 * INS LCU 35
 * LCU Mk3 (all 4 decommissioned)
 * INS LCU 36
 * INS LCU 37
 * INS LCU 38
 * INS LCU 39

Indonesia
Active: Decommissioned:
 * Indonesian Navy
 * Makassar-class landing platform dock – LPD
 * KRI Makassar
 * KRI Surabaya
 * KRI Banjarmasin
 * KRI Banda Aceh
 * KRI Semarang
 * KRI Tanjung Dalpele – LPD, Later the role for this ship has changed to a hospital ship as KRI dr. Soeharso
 * Teluk Bintuni-class tank landing ship – LST
 * KRI Teluk Kendari
 * KRI Teluk Kupang
 * KRI Teluk Bintuni
 * KRI Teluk Lada
 * KRI Teluk Youtefa
 * KRI Teluk Palu
 * KRI Teluk Calang
 * KRI Teluk Weda
 * KRI Teluk Wondama
 * Teluk Gilimanuk-class landing ship – LSM
 * KRI Teluk Gilimanuk
 * KRI Teluk Celukan Bawang
 * KRI Teluk Cendrawasih
 * KRI Teluk Sibolga
 * KRI Teluk Manado
 * KRI Teluk Hading
 * KRI Teluk Parigi
 * KRI Teluk Lampung
 * KRI Teluk Sangkulirang
 * KRI Teluk Cirebon
 * KRI Teluk Sabang
 * Teluk Semangka-class tank landing ship – LST
 * KRI Teluk Mandar
 * KRI Teluk Sampit
 * KRI Teluk Banten
 * KRI Teluk Ende
 * LST-542-class tank landing ship – LST
 * KRI Teluk Amboina
 * Teluk Gilimanuk-class landing ship – LSM
 * KRI Teluk Berau
 * KRI Teluk Peleng
 * KRI Teluk Jakarta
 * Teluk Semangka-class tank landing ship – LST
 * KRI Teluk Semangka
 * KRI Teluk Penyu
 * Polnocny-class landing ship – LST
 * KRI Teluk Parigi
 * LST-542-class tank landing ship – LST
 * KRI Teluk Langsa
 * KRI Teluk Bayur
 * KRI Teluk Kau
 * KRI Teluk Manado
 * KRI Teluk Ratai
 * KRI Teluk Saleh
 * KRI Teluk Bone
 * KRI Tandjung Nusanive
 * KRI Tandjung Radja
 * LST-1-class tank landing ship – LST
 * KRI Teluk Tomini

Iran
Active: Unknown:
 * Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
 * Hengam-class landing ship
 * Hormuz 21-class landing ship
 * Hormuz 24-class landing ship
 * IIS Sohrab

Italy
Under construction: Active: Decommissioned:
 * Italian Navy
 * ITALIAN LANDING HELICOPTER DOCK Trieste, a landing helicopter dock ship launched in 2019
 * San Giorgio-class amphibious transport dock – LPD
 * ITALIAN SHIP San Giorgio (commissioned 1988)
 * ITALIAN SHIP San Marco (commissioned 1988)
 * ITALIAN SHIP San Giusto (commissioned 1994)
 * De Soto County-class tank landing ship
 * ITALIAN LANDING SHIP Grado
 * ITALIAN LANDING SHIP Caorle

Japan
Active: Decommissioned:
 * Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
 * Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer – LPD (DDH)
 * JDS Hyūga (commissioned 2009)
 * JDS Ise (commissioned 2011)
 * Ōsumi class – LPD
 * JDS Ōsumi (commissioned 1998)
 * JDS Shimokita (commissioned 2002)
 * JDS Kunisaki (commissioned 2003)
 * Miura class – LST
 * JDS Ojika
 * JDS Satsuma
 * JDS Miura
 * Atsumi class – LST
 * JDS Atsumi
 * JDS Motubu
 * JDS Nemuro
 * Shinshū Maru
 * No.101-class landing ship
 * SS-class landing ship

Myanmar
Active:
 * Myanmar Navy
 * Makassar class - LPD
 * UMS Mottama (commissioned 2019)

Netherlands
Active:
 * Royal Netherlands Navy
 * Rotterdam class - LPD
 * HNLMS Rotterdam (commissioned 1998)
 * HNLMS Johan de Witt (commissioned 2007)
 * Karel Doorman class - LPD
 * HNLMS Karel Doorman (commissioned 2015)

New Zealand
Planned:
 * Royal New Zealand Navy
 * Defence Capability Plan 2019 stats that the RNZN will procure a Enhance Sealift Vessel (ESV) and be in service around 2029 as well as second to replace HMNZS Canterbury keeping 2 ship amphibious fleet in 2035.

Active:
 * HMNZS Canterbury (L421) - LPA (commissioned 2007)

Decommissioned:
 * HMNZS Charles Upham Decommissioned in July 2001

Norway
Active:
 * Royal Norwegian Navy
 * CB90-class fast assault craft - LCP
 * Tjelsund class - LST

Oman
Active: Decommissioned:
 * Royal Navy of Oman
 * Nasr al Bahr (L2)
 * Fulk al Salamah (L3)
 * Al Munassir (L1)

Philippines
Philippine Navy

Active:
 * Tarlac-class landing platform dock - LPD
 * BRP Tarlac
 * BRP Davao del Sur

Russia/Soviet Union
Planned: Active: Decommissioned:
 * Russian Navy/Soviet Navy
 * Project 23900 amphibious assault ship – LHD (2 ordered)
 * Sevastopol
 * Vladivostok
 * Ivan Gren class – LSD (1 active, 1 in sea trials, 2 under construction)
 * Ivan Gren
 * Ivan Rogov class – LSD (2 in reserve)
 * Moskalenko
 * Alexsandr Nikolaev
 * Ropucha class – LST (12 active)
 * 9 Project 775 (Ropucha I)
 * 3 Project 775M (Ropucha II)
 * Ivan Rogov class – LSD
 * Ivan Rogov
 * Ropucha class – LST
 * 13 Project 775 (Ropucha I)

Singapore
Active:
 * Republic of Singapore Navy
 * Endurance class – LPD
 * RSS Endurance (207)
 * RSS Resolution (208)
 * RSS Persistence (209)
 * RSS Endeavour (210)

Decommissioned:
 * County class – LST
 * RSS Endurance (L201)
 * RSS Excellence (L202)
 * RSS Intrepid (L203)
 * RSS Resolution (L204)
 * RSS Persistence (L205)
 * Round Table class – LSL
 * RSS Perseverance (L206)

South Korea
Planned Active: Decommissioned:
 * Republic of Korea Navy
 * Dokdo class – LHD
 * Baengnyeong
 * Dokdo class – LHD
 * Dokdo (commissioned 2007)
 * Marado (commissioned 2020)
 * Cheon Wang Bong class – LST
 * Cheon Wang Bong
 * Cheon Ja Bong
 * Il Chul Bong
 * No Jeok Bong
 * Kojoonbong class – LST
 * Go Jun Bong
 * Bi Ro Bong
 * Hyang Ro Bong
 * Sung In Bong
 * Un Bong class – LST
 * Bi Bong
 * Tuk Bong
 * Buk Han
 * Kae Bong
 * Hwa San
 * Su Yong
 * Un Bong
 * Wee Bong

Spain

 * Armada Española

Active:
 * Galicia class – LPD
 * Galicia (commissioned 1998)
 * Castilla (commissioned 2000)
 * Juan Carlos I class – LHD (BPE)
 * SPANISH SHIP Juan Carlos I (commissioned 2010) (universal ship, has the function of fleet carrier and amphibious assault ship)

Decommissioned:
 * Hernan Cortes class – LST
 * Hernán Cortés (Ex-USS Harlan County)
 * Pizarro (Ex-USS Barnstable County)
 * Haskell class
 * Aragón
 * Andromeda class
 * Castilla
 * Terrebonne Parish class (LST)
 * Velasco
 * Martín Álvarez
 * Conde de Venadito
 * Paul Revere class
 * Castilla
 * Aragón
 * Casa Grande class (LSD)
 * Galicia

Thailand
Planned: Active: Decommissioned:
 * Royal Thai Navy
 * Type 071 Yuzhao class - LPD (1 under construction)
 * Endurance class – LPD
 * HTMS Angthong
 * modified Príncipe de Asturias class – CVH
 * HTMS Chakri Naruebet (commissioned 1997)
 * Normed PS 700 class – LST
 * HTMS Sichang
 * HTMS Surin
 * LST-542-class tank landing ship – LST
 * HTMS Angthong
 * HTMS Chang
 * HTMS Phangan
 * HTMS Lanta
 * HTMS Prathong

Turkey

 * Juan Carlos I-class amphibious assault ship
 * TCG Anadolu
 * Ertuğrul-class landing ship tank
 * TCG Ertuğrul (L-401) - (training ship, ex USS Windham County (LST-1170))
 * Osmangazi-class landing ship tank
 * TCG Osmangazi (NL-125)
 * Bayraktar-class landing ship tank
 * TCG Bayraktar (L-402)
 * Bey-class landing ship tank
 * TCG Sarucabey (NL-123)
 * TCG Karamürsel (NL-124)
 * 130-class landing craft
 * TCG Ç-132
 * TCG Ç-138
 * 140-class landing craft
 * TCG Ç-140
 * TCG Ç-141
 * TCG Ç-142
 * TCG Ç-143
 * TCG Ç-144
 * TCG Ç-145
 * TCG Ç-146
 * TCG Ç-147
 * TCG Ç-148
 * TCG Ç-149
 * 150-class landing craft
 * TCG Ç-150
 * TCG Ç-151
 * TCG Ç-152
 * TCG Ç-153
 * TCG Ç-154
 * TCG Ç-155
 * TCG Ç-156
 * TCG Ç-157
 * TCG Ç-158
 * 320-class landing craft
 * TCG Ç-320
 * TCG Ç-321
 * TCG Ç-322
 * TCG Ç-323
 * TCG Ç-324
 * TCG Ç-325
 * TCG Ç-326
 * TCG Ç-327
 * TCG Ç-158
 * TCG Ç-329
 * TCG Ç-330
 * TCG Ç-331

United Kingdom
Active:
 * Royal Navy
 * Albion class – LPD
 * HMS Albion
 * HMS Bulwark
 * RFA Argus – aviation support/littoral strike ship
 * Bay class – LSD
 * RFA Lyme Bay
 * RFA Mounts Bay
 * RFA Cardigan Bay

Decommissioned:
 * HMS Ocean – LPH
 * Centaur-class aircraft carriers – LPH
 * HMS Albion
 * HMS Bulwark
 * Colossus class - Commando carrier ships
 * Ocean
 * Theseus
 * Fearless class – LPD
 * HMS Fearless
 * HMS Intrepid
 * Round Table class – LSL
 * RFA Sir Geraint
 * RFA Sir Lancelot
 * RFA Sir Percivale
 * Maracaibo class - LST
 * HMS Misoa (F117)
 * HMS Tasajera (F125)
 * HMS Bachaquero (F110)
 * Boxer class - LST
 * HMS Boxer (F121)
 * HMS Bruiser (F127)
 * HMS Thruster (1941)

 * LST Mk.3 class

Venezuela
Planned:
 * Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela
 * Los Frailes class (Damen Stan Lander 5612) Roll-on/Roll-off medium vessels capable of beaching - AKR
 * (up to 8 ships with hull prefix "T", ship names and hull numbers yet to be determined)

Active:
 * Capana class (Korea Tacoma Alligator MK.III) – LST
 * T-61 AB Capana
 * T-62 AB Esequibo
 * T-63 AB Goajira
 * T-64 AB Los Llanos
 * Los Frailes class (Damen Stan Lander 5612) Roll-on/Roll-off medium vessels capable of beaching - AKR
 * T-91 AB Los Frailes
 * T-92 AB Los Testigos
 * T-93 AB Los Roques
 * T-94 AB Los Monjes
 * Margarita class (Swiftships model 130LS0791) Landing Craft Utility – LCU
 * T-71 AB Margarita
 * T-72 AB La Orchila

Decommissioned:
 * Capana class (Bethlehem-Hingham Shipyard LST-542 class) landing ship tank – LST
 * T-11 FNV Capana (ex-USS LST-907) (Venezuelan service: 1946–1957)
 * Capana class (Ingalls Shipbuilding Terrebonne Parish-class) landing ship tank – LST
 * T-21 ARV Amazonas (ex-USS AVernon County, ex-LST-1161) (Venezuelan service: 1973–1977)
 * Los Monjes class (LSM-1class) landing ship Medium – LSM
 * T-13 ARV Los Monjes (ex-LSM-548) (Venezuelan service: 1959–1979)
 * T-14 ARV Los Roques (ex-LSM-543) (Venezuelan service: 1959–1965)
 * T-15 ARV Los Frailes (ex-LSM-544) (Venezuelan service: 1959–1986)
 * T-16 ARV Los Testigos (ex-LSM-545) (Venezuelan service: 1960–1979)
 * No Name (ex-LSM-542) (Transferred, 15 July 1959, to Venezuela, for cannibalization)
 * Guayana class (LST-1151/Achelous Class) landing ship tank – LST / Landing Craft Repair Ship - ARL
 * T-18 / T-31 ARV Guayana (ex-USS Quirinus, ex-LST-1151/ex-ARL-39) (Venezuelan service: 1962-??)

Vietnam
Vietnam People's Navy

Active:
 * Tran Khanh Du (HQ-501) ex-USS Maricopa County (LST-938)
 * Polnocny class - LST
 * HQ-511
 * HQ-512
 * HQ-521

Abbreviations

 * LHA = Landing Helicopter Assault
 * LHD = Landing Helicopter Dock
 * LPD = Landing Platform Dock
 * LPH = Landing Platform Helicopter
 * LSD = Landing Ship Dock
 * LSH = Landing Ship Heavy
 * LSL = Landing Ship Logistics
 * LST = Landing Ship Tank

title: List of amphibious warfare ships


text:
Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (12 December 1890 – 12 April 1963) was a Polish philosopher and logician, a prominent figure in the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic. He originated many novel ideas in semantics. Among these was categorial grammar, a highly flexible framework for the analysis of natural language syntax and (indirectly) semantics that remains a major influence on work in formal linguistics. Ajdukiewicz's fields of research were model theory and the philosophy of science.

Biography
Ajdukiewicz was born in 1890 in Tarnopol in Galicia, which at that time, due to Partitions of Poland, was annexed by Austria-Hungary (The Austrian Partition). His father was a senior civil servant. Ajdukiewicz studied at the University of Lwów, and lectured there, as well as in Warsaw and in Poznań. He received his PhD degree with the thesis on Kant's philosophy of space. He was Rector of the University of Poznań from 1948 to 1952. He was one of the founders of the journal Studia Logica in its current incarnation, editing it from 1953 to his death.

Work
In his early epistemological system, which he called Radical Conventionalism, Ajdukiewicz analyzed any language as a set of expressions or sentences, with inferential rules of meaning that specify the relation of one expression to another, or to external data. There are three kinds of rules: Axiomatic, Deductive, and Empirical. Following the rules, one can map all knowable sentences of a language. However, some languages' vocabularies can produce disconnected sentences, which are only partly mapped by the meaning rules. Therefore, when one uses a language, even scientific one, a conceptual apparatus, an untranslatable set of meanings, is needed too, and with it a choice of the problems to be settled. For this reason the theory is a form of conventionalism, and it is radical because even simple experiential reports are exposed to these language-wide considerations. Ajdukiewicz discarded this theory as the 1930s progressed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz


text:
Dhobi

Dhobi known in some places as Dhoba, Rajaka, a Scheduled caste in India and the greater Indian subcontinent whose traditional occupations are washing, ironing, and agricultural labour.

In 2017, Supreme Court of India noted calling people dhobi was offensive.

Maharastra
In Maharashtra, the Dhobi are found throughout the state, and are also known as Parit. They claim to have originally belonged to the Rajput community, and in particular the Chauhan clan. The Dhobi have been listed as an Other Backward Class. They speak Marathi among themselves,and Hindi with outsiders.

Tamil Nadu
Vannar belongs to the Valangai ("Right-hand caste faction"). Some of The Valangai comprised castes with an agricultural basis while the Idangai consisted of castes involved in manufacturing, Valangai, which was better organised politically "Kayvanaval Allitharum and the tiger flag were hoisted were Identified"

In the Tirunelveli region, Thai deities (female deities) are worshipped in large numbers and are worshiped with a pedestal or trident. in states like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, Vannars are still the priests of the Mariamman temple

Dhobis in Nepal
The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies the Dhobi as a subgroup within the broader social group of Madheshi Dalits. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 109,079 people (0.4% of the population of Nepal) were Dhobi. The frequency of Dhobis by province was as follows:
 * Madhesh Province (1.2%)
 * Lumbini Province (0.9%)
 * Bagmati Province (0.0%)
 * Gandaki Province (0.0%)
 * Koshi Province (0.0%)
 * Karnali Province (0.0%)
 * Sudurpashchim Province (0.0%)

The frequency of Dhobis was higher than national average (0.4%) in the following districts:
 * Kapilvastu (2.1%)
 * Rautahat (2.0%)
 * Rupandehi (2.0%)
 * Parasi (1.7%)
 * Parsa (1.4%)
 * Sarlahi (1.3%)
 * Bara (1.2%)
 * Banke (1.1%)
 * Mahottari (1.0%)
 * Saptari (0.9%)
 * Siraha (0.9%)
 * Dhanusha (0.8%)

Notable people

 * Ram Chander, recipient of Mahavir Chakra during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
 * Chintamoni Dhoba, ruler of Dhalbhum region and established capital at Ambikanagar
 * Gadge Maharaj, Marathi Hindu saint

title: Dhobi


text: Category:Packaging materials

title: Category:Packaging materials


text:
Thorgils Skarthi

Thorgils Skarthi (hare-lip) (Old Norse: Þorgils Skarði) was a Viking leader and poet. He is associated with the founding of Scarborough, England.

Thorgils Skarthi is reputed to have founded Skarðaborg in North Yorkshire, England about 966. The new settlement was later burned to the ground by Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria and Lord of the Manor of Hougun.

Thorgils Skarthi is described in the Kormáks saga which is principally about his brother, the Icelandic skald, Kormákr Ögmundarson who was the court poet of   Norwegian nobleman Sigurd Haakonsson. English chronicler Robert Mannyng of Brunne in his book Story of Inglande (1338) quoted from two lost romances about Þorgils Skarði, including that he had a brother called Fleyn. If so, Kormákr may have had the nickname Fleinn. In that case he may have founded Flamborough in Yorkshire (from Old Norse Fleinaborg). Thorgils and Kormákr came to England (ca. 965) not long after the expedition of King Harald Greycloak of Norway to Bjarmaland, today the area of Arkhangelsk in northern Russia.

title: Thorgils Skarthi


text: Category:Provinces of Belgium

title: Category:Provinces of Belgium


text: Category:2004 Atlantic hurricane season

title: Category:2004 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Blood circle

The blood circle, also known as a safety circle, is a term used in Scouting to describe the area within the radius of the arm and blade length combined, when using a knife, saw or axe. This area can be envisioned as a sphere with a person and a sharp instrument at its center. Presumably, anyone within this radius is at risk of injury. To prevent injury to others, it is considered desirable to keep other people outside of the circle at all times.

The practice of delimitating a blood circle is used for a number of activities involving sharp instruments, including whittling.

Delimitation
The circle is found by carefully holding the blade of the cutting instrument (never the handle) in the hand used for cutting, and slowly swinging the arm in a 360° arc. The far end of the handle marks the limits of the circle. Any person or thing within this circle is considered to be at risk of being wounded by a slip of the blade.

title: Blood circle


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Category:Atlantic hurricane seasons

The following are hurricane seasons that occurred in the northern Atlantic Ocean that have articles on Wikipedia.

For Atlantic cyclones by storm, see Category:Atlantic hurricanes. For season in other basins, see Category:Tropical cyclone seasons.

title: Category:Atlantic hurricane seasons


text: Category:Atlantic Ocean

title: Category:Atlantic Ocean


text: Category:Oceans

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Right action

Right action may refer to:

 * Right Action, a song by Franz Ferdinand
 * Right conduct, a core precept of Buddhism
 * Right group action, a mathematical function

title: Right action


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End of an innings

In cricket, a team's innings ends in one of the following ways. In cases 1 and 2, the team are said to be all out, because they do not have two players available to bat.

 * 1) All but one of the batsmen are out.
 * 2) The batting side only has one not-out batsman who is still able to bat (the others are incapacitated through injury, illness or absence; see retirement).
 * 3) The team batting last scores the required number of runs to win.
 * 4) The game runs out of time for either side to win, and so finishes as a draw.
 * 5) The set number of overs (sets of 6 deliveries) have been bowled (in limited overs cricket).
 * 6) The team's captain declares the innings closed.
 * 7) The Match Referee decides that one team has forfeited the game.

Law 13 covers the end of the innings.

Taking wickets
When the bowling team has dismissed all but one of the batsmen the innings is said to be over. The batting team is said to be 'all out' or 'bowled out'.

For example, in most games, each side has 11 players, so 10 wickets need to be taken to bowl a side out.

There is an exception to this rule if one or more batsmen are injured and/or ill and cannot bat. In such cases, when only one batsman remains not out and capable of batting, the innings is over.

In the case of a Super Over innings, only two batsmen must be dismissed for the innings to be over.

Overs bowled
In some games, each team is allocated a set number of overs and its innings is closed once they have been bowled (subject to the innings not ending by another method beforehand).

A restriction can be imposed in a one-innings game, or in the first innings of a two innings game.

Where such a restriction is imposed in a one-innings game, it is said to be a limited overs match. An example of this is an ODI match, where each team can bat for only 50 consecutive overs. Once the 50 overs are up, and the team has not been bowled out, the innings is closed. If rain intervenes so that all the allocated overs cannot be bowled in the time available for the game, the overs restriction may be modified so that the game may be completed in the time that remains.

Declaration
If the captain of the batting team feels that his team has amassed a sufficiently large score, he, or the batsmen at the crease deputising for him, may end his team's innings voluntarily by declaring. This option does not apply to limited overs matches. Declarations allow the declaring side to use all the remaining time to attempt to gain the wickets necessary for victory. The strategic consideration is to gamble a certain draw for a possible victory, while risking defeat if the target is achieved by the incoming batting side.

Achieving the target
If one team has completed all of their scheduled innings, while the other team has not, then the initial team is said to have set a "target", which is the number of runs they have scored plus one, that the other team must "chase". If the chasing team manages to achieve the target, their innings is ended and they win. In rain-affected matches in which the Duckworth-Lewis method applies, the target to be reached may be less than the actual target set by the first batting side. In a two-innings match where the follow-on has been enforced, the initial batting team may have to chase the target set by the other team.

Forfeiture
In the event of the match being disrupted by unruly fans of the host team, the Match Referee may cede the match to the visiting team, if they are in a vantage position.

title: End of an innings


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Épernay

Épernay is a commune in the Marne department of northern France, 130 km north-east of Paris on the mainline railway to Strasbourg. The town sits on the left bank of the Marne at the extremity of the Cubry valley which crosses it.

Épernay is a sub-prefecture of the department and seat of an arrondissement.

History
Épernay (Sparnacum) belonged to the archbishops of Reims from the 5th until the 10th century, when it came into the possession of the counts of Champagne. It was badly damaged during the Hundred Years' War, and was burned by Francis I in 1544. It resisted Henry of Navarre in 1592, and Marshal Biron fell in the attack which preceded its eventual capture. In 1642 it was, along with Château-Thierry, named as a duchy and assigned to the duc de Bouillon.

Main sights
In the central and oldest quarter of the town, the streets are narrow and irregular; the surrounding suburbs, however, are modern and more spacious, with La Folie to the East, for example, containing many villas belonging to rich wine merchants. The town has also spread to the right bank of the Marne.

One of its churches retains a portal and stained-glass windows from the sixteenth century, but the other public buildings are of modern construction. The most famous street in Épernay is the Avenue de Champagne which features the leading Champagne manufacturers.

Other sights outside the town include:

 * Château de Pierry
 * Château de Montmort
 * Château de Condé

Economy
Épernay is best known as the principal "entrepôt" for champagne wines, which are bottled and kept in large cellars built into the chalk rock on which the town is built. The major grape varieties used in champagne are the pinot noir, the pinot meunier and the chardonnay. The production of the equipment and raw materials used in the champagne industry is a major source of local employment. Champagne Pannier, among others, was established in Épernay before moving to Château-Thierry in 1937. Brewing and sugar refinery and the production of hats and caps, are also major industries.

Épernay station has rail connections to Paris, Strasbourg, Reims, Metz, Nancy and several regional destinations.

Notable people
Épernay was the birthplace of:
 * Flodoard (894–966), chronicler
 * Maakan Tounkara, handball player
 * Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, Québécois politician
 * Gabrielle Dorziat, comedian
 * Yohann Diniz, athlete
 * John Gadret, cyclist
 * Léon Homo (1872–1957), historian
 * Jean-Baptiste-Maximien Parchappe de Vinay (1800–1866), psychiatrist
 * Alex Vanopslagh, Danish politician

Épernay was the final resting place of:
 * Léon Azéma (1888–1978), French architect, died in Épernay and is buried in the cemetery there.
 * Yvette Lundy (1916–2019), member of the French Resistance.

Twin towns — sister cities
Épernay is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Ettlingen, Germany
 * 🏴 Clevedon, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇧🇫 Fada N'gourma, Burkina Faso
 * 🇧🇪 Middelkerke, Belgium
 * 🇮🇹 Montespertoli, Italy

title: Épernay


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Hercules L. Dousman

Hercules Louis Dousman (August 4, 1800 – September 12, 1868) was a fur trader and real-estate speculator who played a large role in the economic development of frontier Wisconsin. He is often called Wisconsin's first millionaire.

Early life and trading activities
Dousman was born in 1800 on Mackinac Island, Michigan, the son of Michael Dousman, a prominent local fur trader, and his wife. His father was highly successful and sent the son to the eastern United States to be educated in Elizabethtown, New Jersey. For a period he worked as a clerk in a New York City store.

After Dousman returned to Mackinac Island, he was employed by the American Fur Company, which his father had served as an agent following the War of 1812. In 1826, the company sent Dousman to the frontier settlement of Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, where he worked as an assistant to Joseph Rolette, the company's local agent.

In Prairie du Chien, Dousman proved his abilities as a trader, quickly rising in the company's ranks. By 1834 he had acquired an interest in the company's Western Outfit, and in 1840 he became an equal partner in the business together with Joseph Rolette and Henry Hastings Sibley.

In 1842 the American Fur Company declared bankruptcy, as the European market had declined, and furs were harder to find in the West. To continue in the trade, Dousman entered into a joint venture with Rolette, Sibley, and Pierre Chouteau (of St. Louis, Missouri) to organize a new company to replace it on upper Mississippi. A few months later, Rolette died in debt to the new company, and most of his estate was seized by the remaining partners, including Dousman. With this and other revenue, Dousman acquired more wealth.

He began to invest in lumber mills in northern Wisconsin and real estate in some of the state's growing population centers. Timber was in high demand in the developing settlements of the upper Midwest.

As Dousman began building his investments during the 1830s, he began a long affair with Margaret Campbell, a local Prairie du Chien woman, who may have been of mixed-race. Together they had three children: Emily, George, and a third unnamed child who died at birth in 1838. Campbell also died of complications at this birth.

In 1844, two years after Joseph Rolette's death, Dousman married his widow, Jane. (She and Rolette had legally separated in 1836, and he built a house for her.) Together the couple moved into the large two-story brick house that Dousman had constructed a year earlier. Hercules and Jane Dousman had one son, Hercules Louis Dousman II, who was born on April 3, 1848, the year that Wisconsin became a state.

In the 1870s the Dousman house at this site was replaced with what is known as Villa Louis. This was also called the "House on the Mound", because of its location on what is believed to be a prehistoric Indian earthwork mound.

Community leader
As Wisconsin and the region attracted more European Americans, the fur trade declined. The European demand had declined with changes of fashion and the Native Americans, who provided the pelts and were important customers for manufactured goods, were being pushed west by new settlers. Dousman withdrew from the fur trade in the late 1840s and focused on his investments. In addition to having numerous holdings in real estate, grain, and lumber, Dousman became involved in transportation companies. He invested in packet companies and steamboats that ran on the Mississippi River.

In 1852, Dousman became a principal investor in the Madison & Prairie du Chien Railroad, a company formed to ensure that the larger Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad would meet its goal of connecting Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River. The two companies combined a few years later, and eventually developed as the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad.

Dousman was very influential in bringing the railroad to Prairie du Chien by 1857, and the Milwaukee & Mississippi was the first railroad to lay track all the way across Wisconsin. Prairie du Chien's new rail connection caused a small boom in the city's population and business. Since Dousman owned much of the land in the city, he made a large profit from this. His net worth was estimated at one million dollars, when fewer than a thousand Americans could claim to possess such a figure.

Death and legacy
Dousman died of heart failure on September 12, 1868. By this time he was regarded as one of Wisconsin's wealthiest and most influential men. His wife Jane and son Louis inherited his estate. Dousman is buried at Calvary Cemetery in Prairie du Chien.

 * Although he died before Villa Louis was constructed, the mansion is preserved as a recognized historic site in part because of Dousman's significance in the region.

 * Dousman is featured as the central character in two novels by August Derleth, Bright Journey and The House on the Mound.

title: Hercules L. Dousman


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Pinks (TV series)

Pinks is the primary television series in a franchise series of television programs on Speed based on street racing, held at legal closed drag strips with a theme around drag racing. The original aired from 2005 to 2008, with the spinoff Pinks: All Out following in 2006 until 2010. The name of the show, and the tagline "Lose the race – lose your ride", refer to common slang of pink slips representing a vehicle's title document recording ownership, and the derivative street-racing phrase, "racing for pinks," meaning a race in which the winner earns the loser's car. (In California, until recently, the vehicle title was on a pink slip of paper.)

The original was aired by Speed in the United States and Canada, and also airs on Fox Sports 3 in Australia. The series is produced by Pullin Television. The 2016 version will air on Outdoor Channel and Fox Sports Racing starting in March 2016 Produced by Brian Bossone's production company Boss One Media llc.

Competitors compete in a drag race (although in the original Pinks, there was a stepladder shifter kart race in Series 1, and the original franchise was based more on illegal street racing) in the franchise. The formats differ between the franchise's formats.

In the original series, the illegal street racing style drag race has provisions of the winner claiming ownership of the losing vehicle.

The race format changed slightly through each season:
 * Early Series 1 (2005): 2 out of 3 races
 * Later Series 1-Series 4 (2005–2007): 3 out of 5 races
 * Series 5 (2008): 4 out of 7 races

As the show starts, the host, staff, and contestants sign a binding contract that will transfer the legal title of the two cars in question to Pullin Television, the production company of the show. Since the production company owns the vehicles it guarantees that the show will award the titles to both cars to the winner of the race and eliminates the chance that the loser will refuse to forfeit his/her car after the race.

Negotiations
Each team is allowed to inspect the opposing team's car to attempt to assess its performance before negotiations for the first race, or in cases where the negotiations are not held for the first race, before the second. Each team chooses a negotiator to act as its spokesperson to discuss the terms of each round. In recent seasons, the first round of each match is often held without negotiation except for terms over the use of nitrous oxide, and features a heads-up start (each car side by side with no time or length handicap)

Negotiations generally deal with starting position, similar to bracket racing (except it is negotiated in car lengths, not seconds), nitrous use, and other such issues, the purpose being to handicap the perceived stronger car and create an even race. In Series 5, negotiating car setup for bracket racing times were permitted. After the negotiations (which can last considerably longer than what is shown), the cars are sent to the start line for the burnout.

Race
As is the case for a regular drag race, the cars are allowed to perform a burnout, after which they are staged according to the negotiated starting positions (if any). If a track official finds suspicious fluids leaking on the track, he may order the car shut down and the round automatically forfeited to the opponent. If there are mechanical or weather questions, the race may be delayed. In some cases, a show taping may be called off if the weather prevents a full race from being filmed.

Pinks uses a street-race-style arm-drop start rather than the "Christmas Tree" electronic starting system used in modern drag racing. The show's signature start signal was devised by show creator and host Rich Christensen. Christensen points at the driver of the car on his right (left lane), waits for the driver to respond with a thumbs up, then drops that arm. Christensen then repeats this with the driver on his left (right lane). Next, Christensen raises both arms, waits for 2 – 5 seconds and then lowers his arms to start the race, which eliminates a popular tactic in drag racing, the delay box, from being used by the car.

Officials, both from the show (since Series 2) and track, observe conditions and tape them for replay in case of false starts (leaving before the hands drop), race infractions (standard drag racing rules apply), and photo finishes. In the case of a photo finish, the video tape of the finish is brought to the start line to allow the teams to agree on the result.

Fouls
As in drag racing, the following are declared fouls on Pinks and the offender loses the round:
 * Leaving before Christensen drops his hands. It is a clean start if the car moves once the hands begin dropping.  Officials may use replay to verify the legality of a start.  If a driver leaves as soon as the hand begins to drop from its highest point, a driver is said to have tree'd their opponent.
 * If both cars jump, the first to jump loses (red light).
 * Rich will often point at the offending lane if he spots the infraction.
 * Crossing either boundary line
 * Leaking fluid during staging
 * At that point, Christensen will point to the opponent and point him down the track for a bye run and an automatic win.
 * Breaking down and not finishing the run
 * Although it has never happened, it is unknown what would happen if one car commits a foul start and the opponent crosses the boundary line. In normal drag racing, the foul start driver wins.
 * In Series 5, if negotiations call for bracket race rules, and one car clearly breaks out while the opponent does not break out, that can be grounds for disqualification for sandbagging.
 * Technical advisors will determine time through the timing traps as the scoreboard is turned off, officials still have the ability to observe track timing through the electronic timing system.
 * Times will be taken from standard points at the track and compared to the times from the vehicle's earlier races in order to see where the car "breaks out", with the timing of the racer's start taken into account.
 * The standard timing points in drag racing, excluding the 60-feet time (which Pinks does not use because of the nature of head starts), used by officials are at:
 * 330 feet
 * 660 feet
 * 1,000 feet
 * 1,320 feet
 * It is important that times be compared all along the track as opposed to merely the finish line as a driver, once he has reason to believe he's going to win the race, can easily "pedal" or "fender" his opponent giving him smaller margin of victory, and a higher lap time.

Winning
The match ends when one driver has won the said number of rounds above (2, 3, or 4). After Christensen debriefs the two teams on the previous race, he announces the winner. He then hands the title of both cars to the race winner, and often the winner drives the loser's car down the strip after claiming the car by winning the match. A team may also concede because of a catastrophic breakdown. In the spirit of sportsmanship, such a win will often not include the loser's car and often calls for a rematch on a later episode, believing that they will not take the car unless it was a clear win on the track, and not by default.

Pinks: All Out
The popularity of the original show led to a full drag meet devised by the staff, with this title in 2006. The goal is to take over 400 cars, run them in trial runs to see which 16 cars will provide the most competitive racing, then race those 16 cars against each other, all in the course of one day. The format later changed to 32 cars.

Qualifying
As the show opens, a scene shows Rich Christensen discussing how many cars have filed for entry, usually between 250–450, but some Season 3 races feature over 500 cars. The popularity of entries have resulted in the possibility of filing a Pinks entry to be nearly impossible (only 400 cars) that Christensen and the tracks have added "runoffs" weeks before the Pinks meet. Once entries have filled, most tracks will run a special qualifying race to fill out extra entries.

As cars prepare to compete, they are inspected by track officials and technical advisors, including former Pinks contestant turned technical advisor Brian Bossone, and cars are eliminated for problems that may lead to mechanical failure the most notable of which being fluids spilled onto the track, as that can take an hour or more to clean up so racing may resume. Starting in Season 3, automatic disqualification is called for any car that causes a leak of fluids that requires a long delay, especially in violation of track rules.

Unless situations require altering the schedule (inclement weather), the cars take part in one pass per car, using the Christmas tree. This pass uses the Pro Tree (all three ambers light at the same time, then the green four-tenths later) instead of the Standard Tree used by the sportsman drivers that participate in the show (each amber five-tenths after the other), and with the track clocks running and scoreboards displaying time.

At the end of the session, the show officials then determine the most competitive field (not necessarily the fastest) by finding a grouping of cars whose race time are very close together. Those cars are asked to return to the strip for an additional timed run to ensure there is no sandbagging. In the first few seasons, the clock displays were turned off so that only Pinks officials know the elapsed time of the cars. The Christmas tree is turned off, and either Rich or Kail Christensen start the run with the show's signature arm-drop start.

Sixteen cars (but more often 32 in recent years although there was a 64-car field once), known as the "All Out 16", are then chosen by the producers to compete in the main portion of the competition. The cars are not formally bracketed, so the producers and technical officials may determine the race by car types (often by the classic GM-Ford, Ford-FCA, or GM-FCA rivalries, or brand nationality), driver types (sometimes past Pinks grudges, family members, or region), or any manner which they may choose (closest in elapsed time). However the competition is generally limited to what the technical advisors (most of them racers) decide is the "most competitive" field. In many cases they will attempt to come up with something interesting to further qualify the field, for example a slower class being allowed to earn a spot in the final 16, but in every case the idea is to find a full class of at least 16 cars in which each car is running within a tenth to 2 tenths of a second of each other.

Starting in Season 3, the rules of the arm-drop qualifying pass were changed following evaluations. Cars are now paired by their elapsed time, with officials determining a "floating minimum" time that will be posted as the cars are staging. The cars must run faster than the posted time on the display near the starter to continue being considered. This again assists in weeding out sandbagging.

In all cases, the idea is to once again weed out teams that use the delay box, since the Pro Tree would throw off Sportsman racers whose reaction times are based on using a delay box (.500 or 1.000 seconds delay from throttle to launch), and the arm drop is based on a driver's reflexes, and not anything artificial.

The faster official time that is registered in the track computers will form the basis of the "dial-in" time which will be referenced during the race.

Some sessions (Milan (MI) Dragway and Summit Motorsports Park) require the sixteen cars initially selected to "hold" their positions in 16 drag races where they would race against other formidable opponents. This led to a change to 32 cars for most of Season 3.

For the 2015 series, the rules will call for two different classes with each bracket (8–10, 10–11, 11–13 cars, and motorcycles TBD). Two groups of 16 will be selected in each bracket.

Pinks All Out 32 (Some Season 2 and Most Season 3 races)
Starting with some Season 2 races, and in most Season 3 races unless inclement weather or curfew force a condensed schedule (the 2009 Texas Motorplex race was condensed because of curfew; two 90-minute delays were caused by cleanup as a result of ethylene glycol coolant spilling on the track, a violation of drag strip rules prohibiting such coolants on the track), a group of 16 cars, dubbed in Season 3 as "Underdogs", will race another group of 16 cars, the "Defenders". Each pair of cars will race a single set of eliminations, using the signature Pinks arm-drop start. The winners advance to the Pinks All Out 16.

Standard bracket racing rules apply, with drivers being eliminated for infractions, and a breakout rule applies. If officials discover the winner of the race was running considerably faster than the fastest official time of the 16 cars, that car will be disqualified and the loser advances. Pinks technical advisors will review elapsed times in the timing tower to ensure no violation of breakout rules apply.

For the 2009 race at zMax Dragway, the field was started with 64 cars instead of 32. The 32 races took place with half on the left pair and half on the right pair of lanes.

In the final season (2010) of the original series, winning this round was worth a gift certificate worth around $500 from a sponsor.

Pinks All Out 16
Season 1 and some races in Season 2 afterwards (starting in Season 3, only if weather becomes an issue) start with just the All Out 16, while some Season 2 and most Season 3 races begin with the first round, leading to the All Out 16. As in the first round, each pair of cars (there is no formal pairing) will race in single-elimination rounds using the arm drop start. In this round, the winner receives $1,000 that may be used as betting money in further rounds, and advances to the Pinks All Out 8.

At Charlotte Motor Speedway's zMax Dragway, the 32 winners of the first round (expanded to 64 cars) raced in eight four-car drag races administered like the Pinks All Out 16 round format. The winners of the four-car drag races advanced to the Pinks All Out 8 with the $1,000.

In later seasons, betting on winnings were prohibited, and drivers won straight prize money—typically $500.

In the 2015 revival series, the cars must be driven back to the starting line on their own power between rounds. No use of any pit equipment is permitted or the competitor is disqualified.

Pinks All Out 8 and 4 (all) and Championship round (revival series)
For each round leading up to the final, the driver's total cash winnings to that point ($1,000 to start Pinks All Out 8) may be used as betting money. Drivers may bet as much of their winnings in each round, but starting in Season 3, the limit is $500. Titles and money that was not awarded for a victory may not be bet. In addition to advancing to the next round, the winner gets whatever money their opponent bet, if any.

During the 2007 round taped at The Strip at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, all 16 All Out drivers agreed to bet all winnings for an "all in" tournament. No other taping has featured the all-in format.

The winners in the All Out 8 advance to the All Out 4, with the same format as the All Out 8 in regards to betting, and the winners of the All Out 4 advance to the All Out Final.

Again, in later seasons, the prize money format was changed to $750 in the All Out 8, and $1,000 in the All Out 4. No betting permitted.

In the 2015 revival series, the Championship round in each of the two brackets is determined the same way. The winner wins $2,500 for the bracket championship.

Championship round – Original Series
After the third round, the two remaining teams determine lane choice, and in earlier seasons, betting. In many circumstances at this point Rich Christensen will suggest the finalists duel for the prize money only. Then, the cars race in a best two-out-of-three match. Unless requested by a competitor because of a mechanical problem or in case of inclement weather, the cars must be driven back to the starting line on their own power between rounds and be staged for another race immediately. Once the cars are back at the staging area, the process for the next race begins immediately. This is referred to as "hot lapping". The winner of the finals, in addition to any money bet by their opponent, also wins a $10,000 cash prize. In the original series, a tool chest with tools valued at over $7,000 from NAPA Auto Parts was also provided.

The only exception to this format came during the February 17, 2007 taping at Palm Beach International Raceway. An excessive number of track incidents (oil downs, crashes, debris) slowed the process, where the main elimination rounds started after midnight. With excessively low temperatures when the semifinal rounds were to start after 2:15 AM, the race was called after the second round by mutual consent of the four drivers remaining because of lane conditions. All four drivers split the $10,000 evenly, and one driver, as chosen by the others, won the tool chest.

Classic Pinks Final (2015)
The winners of the two brackets (12–13 seconds, for example) return to a Classic Final format similar to the original Pinks, except instead of car titles, the two teams can bet some of their winnings in the final, with the producers adding cash bonuses to the pot. Based on performance results from the bracket finals that will be given to both teams and the staff, the two teams can negotiate lengths, format (one round only or two out of three), and lane choice. The overall Pinks All Out champion under the 2015 format is the competitor who wins the match.

Sandbagging
The All Out format was created because of Rich Christensen’s displeasure with 'sandbagging’ – feathering or decelerating to create a false elapsed time and hide actual performance – on the original Pinks. This format, where brothers and technical directors Adam and Nate Pritchett rigorously select a group of closely matched cars, was made to provide the drama associated with closer racing.

To prevent sandbagging, if a car runs considerably faster than what they ran in practice during any elimination round, they are automatically disqualified ("Breakout"). Officials will be standing at the 1,000 and 1,320 foot markers to observe if a driver is sandbagging.

The show was originally to be titled "Ultimate Racer" but was later changed to the current "All Out" subtitle, a reference that the car is running at its maximum during the race.

Quick Eight
During taping sessions in 2007 and 2008, officials grew suspicious excessive sandbagging was taking place among racers. Some racers, the officials thought, were running slower times than their cars could run in an attempt to run "in the pack" where they predicted the crew would choose for the All Out 16.

In response to that, some 2008 rounds added a Quick Eight format, where the eight fastest cars would make one championship pass down the strip. The driver with the fastest elapsed time wins $10,000 and a second NAPA toolchest. In other rounds, the Quick Eight became a knockout round, with the eight fastest cars racing against each other in eliminations before the Pinks All Out 16. A pilot was taped during one 2008 taping for this concept to be split into a separate series.

The format has continued for live events in 2009, with the Quick Eight race (now usually run as a straight-up eight-car knockout format) before the Pinks All Out 32. The Quick Eight has their own prizes.

Motorcycles in the Future
On October 4, 2008, Rich Christensen taped two pilots for future consideration, including a fourth concept of the Pinks franchise, at Maryland International Raceway in Budds Creek, MD.

This version, involving motorcycles, featured two classes (Street Bikes and Pro Elapsed Time) of motorcycles. A Pinks All Out 16 was formed from each class. Each class races, Pinks-style, in eliminations to determine their own winner. The winners of each class will participate in a classic Pinks best 4 out of 7 race, complete with classic rules (negotiations, et al.) where the winner wins a new custom motorcycle.

While the format was not picked up, the 2015 revival of Pinks : All Out will feature at least one motorcycle class to be taped as part of Pinks : All Out Week. An all-terrain vehicle 1/8 mile format was also taped and included into an episode.

Staff
The show is hosted by Rich Christensen, who also employs his cousin Kail as an official. Former contestants Charles Hendrickson and Nathan Pritchett (the only person to have run matches with both a car and a motorcycle) are assigned to each team as technical advisors. Gavin Jerome is the roving public address announcer. Former contestant Brian Bossone has also been utilized as a technical adviser. Steve Meade, known as radio personality "Willie B" in Denver, and Clay Millican, NHRA Mello Yello Top Fuel driver, join the Pinks staff in 2009 as technical advisers.

Rich Christensen and Brian Bossone (Boss One Media) Reacquires the Franchise and Future
At the end of the 2010–11 season, Fox Cable Networks did not renew Pinks : All Out due to the change from Speed to Fox Sports 1.

By 2012, as Fox wound down the Speed operations, the franchise was owned by 21st Century Fox. Meanwhile, another street-racing game show format from Lucas Oil owned MAVTV that Christensen developed, Won & Done, was airing. On March 24, 2014, Christensen confirmed on Dragzine.com that Rich Christensen Entertainment had leased the Pinks franchise rights from Fox and was working on a plan with Boss One Media's Brian Bossone for the future of the franchise.

On February 13, 2015, Christensen, Boss One Media and Rockingham Dragway owner Steve Earwood announced Pinks: All Out Week, an entire Independence Day weekend of taping of episodes. The show originally planned three classes (9.00–9.99, 10.00–10.99, 11.00–11.99), motorcycle classes (something that had not been part of the original Pinks: All Out), and a Quick Eight of under 8.99 seconds. Taping is scheduled between July 2–4, 2015 for multiple episodes, at least one each night. However, the immense popularity of registration has forced the show to change the car classes to 8.00–9.99 (8–10 seconds), 10.00–10.99 (10–11 seconds), and 11.00–12.99 (11–13 seconds). Two eighth-mile classes—an all-terrain vehicle class and Jr Dragsters—will also be added.

The new format began airing on Outdoor Channel on March 7, 2016.

Attendance
Normally attendance at live tapings is high, with amateur races and concerts (usually featuring The Nadas, who perform the original show's ending theme "Walk Away") bookending the televised races.

In the June 29–30, 2007 taping of Pinks: All Out at Milan (MI) Dragway, 33,000 spectators attended the taping with 350 cars attempting to compete for the 16 slots.

On December 3, 2007, the 400 entries for a June 7, 2008 taping of Pinks: All Out at Summit Racing Equipment Motorsports Park in Norwalk, Ohio, were filled in 12 minutes.

On January 6, 2008, the 400 entries for a July 25, 2008 taping of Pinks: All Out at Old Bridge Township Raceway Park in Englishtown, New Jersey, were filled in less than 1 minute.

Rockingham Dragway, which was the host for the taping of the "NEW" 2016 episodes aired on Outdoor Channel, reported a high number of registrations(500) forcing the producers to adjust the classes planned for each of three days of Pinks : All Out competition, effectively turning the fast class to 8–9:99 ET second class to 10–10:99 second ET class and the slowest 11–12:99 second class along with an added Motorcycle, ATV and Jr Dragster class as well.

Production
Produced by Pullin Television- 2005 -2010

Produced by Boss One Media – 2015 to present

Original music is composed and performed by Max Carl

The Narrator in the opening sequence for PINKS! Racing, seasons 1 through 5 is Frank P. Montenegro

The Narrator for PINKS! ALL OUT, seasons 1 through 3 is Frank P. Montenegro

The Narrator for PINKS: ALL OUT 2015 to present Gavin Jerome

Alumni
Famous Pinks participants have included:

 * Kris Thorne, NHRA Pro Modified champion.
 * Justin "Big Chief" Shearer (Street Outlaws)
 * Dave Comstock (Street Outlaws)
 * Jeff "AZN" Bonnett (Street Outlaws)

title: Pinks (TV series)


text: Category:2004 meteorology

title: Category:2004 meteorology


text:
Bandung Institute of Technology

The Bandung Institute of Technology (Institut Teknologi Bandung, abbreviated as ITB) is a national research university located in Bandung, Indonesia. It has produced many notable leaders in science, engineering, politics, business, academia, and culture.

History
Bandung Institute of Technology traces its origin to the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (THB) which was founded during the centuries-old Dutch colonialism of Indonesia. The project was founded by Karel Albert Rudolf Bosscha, a German-Dutch entrepreneur and philanthropist. His proposal was later approved by the colonial government to meet increasing demand of technical know-how in the colony.

The school building was designed in 1918 by a Dutch architect named Henri Maclaine Pont by blending Indonesian vernacular architecture with modern elements. The school first opened its doors on 3 July 1920. By then, it only had one active department, the Faculty of Technical Science and one academic major, The Department of Road and Water Resources Engineering.

During the 1940s, the university rapidly changed hands and experienced various renamings.

During the Japanese occupation in the Second World War and ensuing years, the school was renamed as the Industrial University by the Japanese administration. This name was short-lived as a few years later, the Japanese surrender paved the way for Indonesia's declaration of independence and the campus was renamed as Technical High School by the newly-declared republic.

A year later, the Dutch colonial government would return to re-occupy Indonesia and took re-directorship of the campus. It was renamed again as Emergency University of Dutch East Indies as the Indonesian National Revolution raged across the colony. It was during this time that the campus would begin operating the Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Science under the University of Indonesia.

On 2 March 1959, the two faculties of University of Indonesia in Bandung was declared a separate academic entity. Bandung Institute of Technology was founded for higher learning in natural sciences, technologies, and fine arts.

In 2020, Reini Djuhraeni Wirahadikusumah was appointed as rector of the university until 2025 replacing Kadarsah Suryadi. She became the first women rector in the campus 60 years after the inauguration of the campus by President Sukarno, in 1959.

Campuses
The ITB main campus, along with its other campuses, covers a total area of about 770,000 square metres.

Ganesha Campus
The original and main campus in Ganesha has a wide range of facilities. Apart from lecture classes and laboratories, the campus boasts an art gallery, a dedicated sports centre, central library, medical clinic and extracurricular areas.

Jatinangor Campus
Due to the increasing number of students, the decision was made to develop another campus elsewhere. The second campus in Jatinangor served as an integral part of the university and is on the same standing as the Ganesha campus. All Freshmen will have their Joint Preparatory Stage (Tahap Persiapan Bersama - TPB) in Jatinangor Campus starting from August 2023.

Cirebon Campus
ITB plans to build a brand-new campus in Cirebon so as to anticipate future research and educational endeavors. This will be the university's commitment in further developing human resources of Indonesia.

Rankings and Reputation
ITB was ranked 281st worldwide in the 2024 QS World University Rankings, and ranked 60th in QS Asian University Rankings 2024. ITB has also been ranked 1201–1500 worldwide by THE World University Ranking 2023 and 351-400th in the THE Asia University Rankings 2023.

Domestically, the university is ranked 2nd by QS World University Rankings and ranked 3rd by Times Higher Education. ITB is universally and consistently placed among the top three elite universities in the country, having the highest score threshold in Indonesia's national state university entrance test in 2009. Out of the 422,159 candidates who applied, only 2,000 are successfully admitted. To this day, engineering faculties in ITB is nationally accepted as the finest in the country and as such, they are among the toughest to be admitted into.

Apart from STEM-based faculties, the campus also opened a business school called the School of Business and Management (SBM). SBM is considered as the most prestigious and elite business school in Indonesia and regarded as the best business school in Indonesia by eduniversal ranking, global brand magazine and SWA Magazine, the most popular business magazine in Indonesia.

Research
According to the rector of ITB, ITB had built an eight-storey mining research centre for both national and international research such as research on oil reservoirs, production optimisation, geological exploitation and coal exploitation development worth Rp110 billion ($12.1 million).

Faculties and programs
Consisting of 12 faculties and schools, ITB is not only focused on the fields of STEM but also arts and business management which have been recognized at national and international levels.

Faculty of Art and Design (FAD)
FSRD ITB is a higher education institution for Indonesian undergraduate and graduate visual art and design studies. The academic aim of the FSRD ITB is to deliver higher-quality education, research, and community services in all areas of visual art and design. In 2022, Art and Design program in the FSRD ITB was one of the QS World's top 20 Art & Design schools in the Asia region.

Student loan
In January 2024, ITB was reported encouraging their students to pay tuition using loan. This was revealed after an account on Twitter uploaded a photo of a pamphlet containing information on monthly tuition installments managed by a third party. Head of Public Relations ITB, Naomi Haswanto, confirmed that ITB uses financial institutions to help student pay for their tuition and added that the collaboration was carried out using financial institutions that had permission from the Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (literally Financial Services Authority; OJK). She also added that the collaboration for paying tuition fees via installments has been implemented with the Danacita platform since August 2023 and stated that several other universities have also provided the option of paying via installments. Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology released a statement and asked the rector of ITB, Reini Wirahadikusumah, to search for a good funding scheme solution after the payment of tuition using an online loan platform went viral and as a mission to provide high quality and inclusive education. OJK asked for an explanation from Danacita as a platform that offers payment of tuition fees in online loan installments.

On 29 January, hundreds of students marched from the ITB Ganesha campus to the rectorate building as a form of protest against the policy of paying tuition fees using online loan installments. They protested by carrying a number of posters against campus policies which were considered burdensome with the offer of payment via online installments. A number of students then tried to negotiate to meet the ITB rector but it ended in a commotion because they were unable to get the rector to come out and meet the crowd to discuss the problem. Chairman of the KM ITB Cabinet, Muhammad Yogi Syahputra, asked the campus to remove the option of paying via installments which is said to reach Rp. 12,500,000 (USD 790) and demanded to provide a guarantee so that students who had payment arrears could fill out study plan forms which were limited until 30 January. Former Governor of West Java, Ridwan Kamil, said that ITB intentions were good in providing payments using the installment scheme because not all students have the ability to overcome the financial problems they experience. He added that as much as possible, the payment option should not be a burden on students.

Notable people and alumni
ITB has produced more than 120,000 alumni who play a significant role in nation-building, among others are:
 * Aburizal Bakrie, an Indonesian entrepreneur and politician, former chairman of Bakrie Group, former Indonesian Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Cultural Affairs (2005–2009), Chairman of Golkar Party (2009–present), the richest person in Indonesia (Forbes 2007). From 2004 until 2005 Bakrie served as Indonesia's Coordinating Minister for Economy.
 * Achmad Zaky, CEO & co-founder of Bukalapak.
 * Ahmad Sadali, Abstract Painter and Lecturer the ITB.
 * Albert Yonathan Setyawan, Contemporary ceramic artist based in Japan.
 * Arcandra Tahar, Vice Minister and formerly Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia on the Working Cabinet.
 * Betti Alisjahbana, Indonesian businesswoman, former chief of IBM Indonesia.
 * Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie, the Third President of Indonesia (1998–1999).
 * Ciputra, Indonesian real estate tycoon, top 15 the richest people in Indonesia 2016.
 * Djoko Santoso, Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army from 2005 to 2007, appointed as the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces served from 2007 to 2010, Former President of Association of Indonesian Geophysicist (1998-2000), Former Rector of ITB (2005-2010), Former Rector of UI (2012-2013), Director General of Higher Education.
 * Djuanda Kartawidjaja, Prime Minister of Indonesia (1957–1963).
 * Fadel Muhammad, Governor of Gorontalo (2001–2009), Minister for Maritime and Fisheries (2009–2011), Deputy Chairman of Golkar Party.
 * Ginandjar Kartasasmita, former Speaker of Indonesian Regional Representative Council (DPD-RI), former Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Economy.
 * Harry Roesli, Indonesian artist and musician.
 * Hartono Rekso Dharsono, the first Secretary General of ASEAN.
 * Hatta Rajasa, Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Economy (2009–2014).
 * Herman Johannes, Indonesian National Hero, Member of Indonesia's Presidential Supreme Advisory Council from 1968 to 1978, and the Minister for Public Works and Energy from 1950 to 1951, member of the executive board of UNESCO from 1954 to 1957, professor, scientist, former dean of Gadjah Mada University.
 * Hetifah Sjaifudian, campus activist and politician who became a member of the 2009–2014 and 2019–2024 House of Representatives (DPR).
 * Hokky Situngkir, Indonesian scientist.
 * Jero Wacik, Indonesian Minister of Culture and Tourism (2004–2011).
 * Jesica Fitriana Martasari Alfharisi, Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2019 and Miss Supranational 2019 2nd runner-up.
 * Joko Anwar, film director.
 * Jusman Syafii Djamal, former Indonesian Minister of Transportation, former CEO of Indonesian Aerospace - PT Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero), an Indonesian aircraft manufacturing firm, President Commissioner PT. Garuda Indonesia, the biggest Indonesia stateowned airlines company.
 * Karen Agustiawan, former President of Pertamina, the largest Indonesian Oil Company.
 * Karlina Leksono Supelli, Indonesian philosopher and astronomer. One of Indonesia's first female astronomers.
 * Karno Barkah, Indonesian aviation pioneer, recipient of the French Légion d'honneur, former President Director of the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport.
 * Kusmayanto Kadiman, former Minister of Research and Technology of Indonesia.
 * Laksamana Sukardi, former Indonesian minister of State-owned Enterprises Management, Indonesian Politician, banker.
 * Mangunwijaya, Indonesian architect, writer, and Catholic religious leader.
 * Maria Selena, winner of Puteri Indonesia 2011 and represent Indonesia in Miss Universe 2012.
 * Merlyna Lim, Indonesian professor, internationally recognized Science & Technology Studies scholar.
 * Nabiel Makarim, Indonesian Minister of the Environment (2001–2004).
 * Pantur Silaban, Indonesian physicist in theory of relativity.
 * Purnomo Yusgiantoro, Indonesian Minister of Defense (2009–present), Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources (2000–2009), former President and Secretary General of OPEC.
 * Rachmat Witoelar, former Indonesian Minister of Environment, Special Envoy on Climate Change, Head of National Council on Climate Change.
 * Ridwan Kamil, mayor of Bandung from 2013 to 2018, Governor of West Java (2018–present).
 * Rinaldi Firmansyah, Former CEO of Telkom Indonesia, the largest fixed-line and wireless telecommunication operator firm in Indonesia.
 * Rizal Ramli, former Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Economy, founder and chairman of ECONIT Advisory Group, an independent economic think-tank.
 * Roby Muhamad, Indonesian scientist famous for his work in social networking and small-world networks.
 * Samaun Samadikun, Indonesian scientist dedicated to the development of electronics.
 * Soekarno, The First President of Indonesia (1945-1967).
 * Taufik Akbar, Indonesian astronaut.
 * Tjokorda Raka Sukawati, inventor of Sosrobahu construction technique.

title: Bandung Institute of Technology


text: Category:Meteorology by year

title: Category:Meteorology by year


text:
Armand de Gontaut, Baron of Biron

Armand de Gontaut, Baron of Biron (, 1524 – 26 July 1592) was a soldier, diplomat and Marshal of France. Beginning his service during the Italian Wars, Biron served in Italy under Marshal Brissac and Guise in 1557 before rising to command his own cavalry regiment. Returning to France with the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis he took up his duties in Guyenne, where he observed the deteriorating religious situation that was soon to devolve into the French Wars of Religion. He fought at the Battle of Dreux in the first civil war. In the peace that followed he attempted to enforce the terms on the rebellious governorship of Provence.

Having fought for the crown during the decisive victory at Battle of Moncontour in 1569, he was elevated to the post of grandmaster of artillery. In this role he was tasked with reducing the town of Saint-Jean-d'Angély which proved resistant to his efforts. As the war dragged on he found himself increasingly involved in diplomatic efforts, meeting with Jeanne d'Albret repeatedly to talk terms. With peace declared in August 1570 he continued his negotiations with Albret in the hopes of setting up a marriage between her son Navarre and Margaret of Valois. In the wake of the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew he was tasked with reducing the well defended city of La Rochelle, commanding the artillery batteries he made limited progress over the following months, before Anjou oversaw peace negotiations so that he might depart for the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Upon Henri III's ascent as French king Biron was appointed as a Marshal. His forces were involved in containing Condé as he tried to re-enter France during the fifth civil war. He was involved again as a diplomat in conducting negotiations in the late 1570s, fighting again in the sixth civil war. When in 1573 Alençon who had become sovereign of the Dutch requested reinforcements to secure his position in the country. Biron led troops to support his administration. He would not be involved in the French Fury that saw Alençon's position collapse in the country. With the dominance of the Ligue in the following years Biron half heartedly pursued their objectives before supporting Henri when he broke with the Ligue in 1588. With the king's death in 1589, he transferred his loyalties to Navarre, aiding him in his campaigns in Normandy against the Ligue. It was during a siege of a Ligue town that he was hit by a cannonball and killed.

Early life and family
His family, one of the numerous branches of the House of Gontaut, took its title from the territory of Biron, then in Périgord, where on a hill between the Dropt and the Lède the Château de Biron still stands, begun by the lords of Biron in the 11th century.

Biron, born in 1524, served as a page of Queen Marguerite de Navarre. He was a man of considerable literary attainments, and used to carry a pocketbook, in which he noted everything that appeared remarkable. Some of his letters are preserved in the Bibliothèque nationale and in the British Museum; these include a treatise on the art of war. His son, Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron (1562–1602), also became Marshal of France in 1594. A grandson of his second son, Henry, was Charles-Armand de Gontaut, another Marshal of France.

Reign of Henri II
Biron attracted the notice of the Marshal Brissac, with whom he saw active service in Italy. A wound he received in his early years made him lame for life, and gave him the nickname Armand Le Boiteux (the limper). He did not however withdraw from his military career, and he held a command in Guise's regiment of light horse in 1557. A short while later he became chief of a cavalry regiment.

Reign of Francis II
In 1560 Biron reported to the crown concerning the situation he faced in Guyenne with disaffected nobles turning to Protestantism.

First civil war
During the fighting of the first civil war, he fought for the crown at the Battle of Dreux in December 1562.

Long peace
The Edict of Amboise brought an end to the first war of religion in March 1563. To ensure that its terms would be followed across France, commissioners were sent out to oversee its implementation and resolve disputes. Biron was sent to Provence, where there were reports of problems in implementing the peace. Upon arriving he reduced the hold out town of Sisteron which had not relinquished its Protestant garrison. He further reinstalled the governor Tende who had been chased out of Provence by his own son during the civil war. He reported back to the crown in April 1564 that both the commissioners and those who desired to lodge complaints about the enforcement were being intimidated by the local nobility. Specifically among the nobility he singled out Sommerive and Carcès as particularly troublesome and recommended they be called to court to answer for their actions. He further opined that only the full weight of royal authority on the region would bring about the obedience of the king's edict. In the same year, Biron wrote to Catherine asking to be relieved of his office in Guyenne.

Saint-Jean-d'Angély
With victory at the Battle of Moncontour several marshals advocated using the opportunity to secure a favourable settlement, among them Biron. The crown refused and pressed on to break the Huguenot strongholds in the south. The first stronghold in their way was that of Saint-Jean-d'Angély. Biron was raised to the post of grand master of artillery and starting on 26 October tasked with reducing the town. Progress was slow, several assaults were bloodily repulsed, disease and hunger ran rampant in the royal camp. By the time the city had surrendered on 2 December the royal army was a broken shell. Brantôme relates an anecdote where after the surrender, Biron attacked his men who dishonored the terms of surrender by pillaging from the captured garrison.

Diplomat
Alongside his military role in the war he also conducted diplomatic missions. When in February 1570 the Protestants sent demands to the court, Biron was sent along with de Mesmes to communicate the king's rejection of their terms. Having urged the king to keep the negotiations going, at the very least to learn the rebels intentions, he had a meeting with Coligny in March. Beyond the formal peace declared in August 1570, Biron's role as a negotiator would continue, now for the Navarre marriage instead of peace. He received Albret for an interview to negotiate the match in March 1571. His involvement in the negotiations continued over the following months until in December he prepared to escort her to Paris, to discuss directly with Catherine de'Medici, after some delays around Nérac they continued on to the capital in January. With the marriage contract concluded, Biron arranged for the young Navarre's journey to Paris, and was with him when news of his mother's death arrived.

La Rochelle
Shortly after the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew the town of La Rochelle filled with refugees from across France. The crown was conscious the town could be the nucleus of resistance and Biron was named governor of the city, with the aim of the town submitting peacefully to him. When he attempted to enter the city, his entry was rebuffed. Negotiations continued until November, Biron and the crown remembering the difficulties the far less well defended city of Saint-Jean-d'Angély had presented, and desiring to avoid a siege. However no agreement would be reached and a siege would be agreed upon when news of La Rochelle's negotiations with the English were reported.

To this end men and munitions flooded south to Biron throughout December and into January 1573. Biron's preparations continued slowly, as he had to prepare for both land and sea attacks. By the time Anjou arrived in February, he had completed the investment of the town from land, but the harbour remained only partially closed, and no approach trenches had been dug. Anjou now took over as overall commander, successfully completing the closure at sea. By April the approach trenches had reached the walls. Assaults began in the following months, as the artillery reduced the area into a smouldering ruin. Desertions ran rampant and by the time the outer wall was breached in June Anjou was increasingly tired of the siege. He excoriated Biron for what he felt were his failings in conducting the siege. Concurrently Anjou had been elected king of Poland, and he took the excuse to negotiate a peace. As a term of this settlement, Biron was at last allowed his brief entry into the town. Throughout the siege, Biron's batteries had fired 25,000 rounds.

Fifth civil war
With Henri's return to France from Spain, he was keen to counteract the military influence that Retz had accrued as a favourite of Catherine in the proceeding years. To this end Biron was appointed as a marshal. In response, Retz resigned his role of Constable that he had held in Henri's Polish administration.

With civil war resumed in between the crown and the politiques there was fear at court that Condé, who was in Germany, would enter the kingdom with his forces. To prevent this, and allow the crown to focus on subduing Damville in Languedoc, Biron and the young Guise were sent out to monitor the frontier. They arrived at Langres with 8000 men. The king continued to send forces to Langres to bolster the army, for the eventual crossing of Condé, which occurred in October, Guise leading the army that defeated them at Dormans.

Informal war
In January 1577 as France again found itself on the brink of civil war with the Huguenots at arms, Henri, little interested in a war that would leave him at the mercy of the Ligue sent out envoys to the key Protestant aristocrats, hoping to bring them into line such that formal conflict could be averted. Biron was sent with a message to Navarre, a mixture of reassurances about the crowns friendliness to him, and concerns about his actions. Navarre sent a contrite reply, but held several objections to the king's position, and another debate on the conseil privé erupted over whether to go to war. With the peace faction winning, Biron was again sent to Navarre on 3 March to continue negotiations. While these were ongoing the military situation of his supporters deteriorated into war. Navarre maintained his desire for peace, and the two sides were able to come to terms in the Treaty of Bergerac in September 1577.

Navarre complained bitterly about Biron's role as lieutenant-general of Guyenne, bemoaning that he was governor in name only given how much authority his subordinate had. In February 1579 he resigned as lieutenant-general of Saintonge and Aunis in favour of the sieur de Belleville. Biron, as lieutenant-general of Guyenne was responsible for overseeing some of the concessions granted to the Protestants in the Treaty of Nérac, however he would not implement them all. As a result the Protestants of the region began re-arming, and Navarre took the excuse to seize the town of Cahors in May 1580. He took a brief leave in 1580 after he fell off a horse whilst campaigning at Toulouse, and while recovering appointed his son Charles to lead his forces.

Netherlands
The king's younger brother Alençon seeking advancement accepted the offer from William the Silent to become sovereign of the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1579, entering the country in 1582. In 1581 with Spanish fears about what Alençon might be planning, Biron was sent to Picardy to guard the border in case Spain took the offensive. The following year Alençon now in the low countries was struggling to exert control his army depleted by the harsh winter. Biron and Montpensier were tasked with reinforcing him. Biron arrived with 3500 foot and several companies of cavalry on 1 December 1582. He would grow restless and unsatisfied with the territories he ruled, and sought to surprise the city of Antwerp to add it to his dominion. The attempt was a disaster, and his force was trapped in the city and destroyed during the French Fury, Biron and Montpensier were uninvolved in his attempt on the city. Bellièvre was sent to the Netherlands to smooth things other with the States. He achieved great success and the States invited Biron to relieve the siege of Eindhoven which was under attack by the Spanish. In April however Eindhoven capitulated and Biron moved his forces to Roosendaal. Increasingly out of cash Biron begged for funds almost daily but without result, his army disintegrated from desertions before his eyes. Biron angrily blamed the estates for the failure of his expedition. Money was at last advanced from France to pay for the remnants of Biron's army to withdraw from the Netherlands.

With the death of Alençon the following year, Biron accompanied his body back to Paris for the lavish funeral overseen by Henri.

Ligue
Compelled by the Ligue to make war on the politiques in 1585, Henri tasked Matignon and Biron with prosecuting the war against Navarre in Guyenne. The two Marshals prosecuted the campaign half heartedly, and only the forces directly loyal to the Ligue under Mercœur conducted the war with any vigour. Biron secretly negotiated with Navarre in July 1586 and in the following month a truce was established by the two.

In 1587, with a German army invading in support of the Protestants under Casimir a council was held by Henri to decide how to proceed. Henri announced to the assembled nobles his desire to lead the French army out to destroy the invader, explaining it would allow him to regain authority from the Ligue. Biron and all the other councillors except Nevers expressed their horror at this idea.

Day of the Barricades
By 1588 the situation in Paris was tense, the Ligue, increasingly dominant, orchestrated a coup in the city, with Guise at its head. Those out on the barricades threatened bloody violence on the loyalists, unless the royal and Swiss troops were removed from the city. Henri ordered the troops withdrawn to the Louvre, and tasked François d'O, Jean VI d'Aumont and Biron with leading them off the streets. Small fights would break out however, and the lives of the Swiss were at risk from the crowd. The king sent Biron to meet with the duke of Guise, and Guise agreed to provide them passage to safety from the violent crowd.

Reign of Henri IV
With the assassination of Henri III outside Paris, Biron was among the marshals that recognised the legitimacy of Navarre as king immediately, and went over to support him in his fights with the Ligue. He fought alongside the king at the Battle of Ivry in Normandy, where the leading Liguer Mayenne was defeated. He was killed by a cannonball at the siege of Épernay on 26 July 1592.

title: Armand de Gontaut, Baron of Biron


text:
Early adopter

An early adopter or lighthouse customer is an early customer of a given company, product, or technology. The term originates from Everett M. Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations (1962).

History
Typically, early adopters are customers who, in addition to using the vendor's product or technology, also provide considerable and candid feedback to help the vendor refine its future product releases, as well as the associated means of distribution, service, and support. Early adoption could also be referred to as a form of testing in the early stages of a project.

The relationship is synergistic. The customer receives early (and sometimes unique, or at least uniquely early) access to an advantageous new product or technology. In return, the customer may also serve as a kind of guinea pig.

In exchange for being an early adopter, and thus being exposed to the problems, risks, and annoyances common to early-stage product testing and deployment, the "lighthouse customer" is sometimes given especially attentive vendor assistance and support, even to the point of having personnel at the customer's work site to assist with implementation. The customer is sometimes given preferential pricing, terms, and conditions, although new technology is often very expensive, so the early adopter still often pays quite a lot.

The vendor, on the other hand, benefits from receiving early revenues, and also from a lighthouse customer's endorsement and assistance in further developing the product and its go-to-market mechanisms. Acquiring lighthouse customers is a common step in new product development and implementation. The real-world focus that this type of relationship can bring to a vendor can be extremely valuable.

Early adoption does come with pitfalls: early versions of products may be buggy and/or prone to malfunction. Furthermore, more efficient, and sometimes less expensive, versions of the product usually appear a few months after the initial release (Apple iPhone). The trend of new technology costing more at release is often referred to as the "early adopter tax".

title: Early adopter


text:
Talk:Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz

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including what is now known as polish notation for scientific calculators

I can't find any evidence that this is true. All sources I have been able to locate credit Jan Lukasiewicz with this same invention. Unfortunately, I am completely and utterly unable to read the Polish information. I did find some info in English here:. It looks like there are plenty of things this fellow could be credited with, but polish notation is not one of them. Aranel 19:18, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 04:13, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz


text:
Types of bowlers in cricket

In the sport of cricket there are two broad categories of bowlers: pace and spin. Pace bowlers rely mostly on the speed of the ball to dismiss batsmen, whereas spin bowlers rely on the rotation and turn off the ball to deceive the batter.

Pace bowlers
Pace bowlers, or fast bowlers or pacemen, rely on speed to get a batsman out. This type of bowler can be further classified according to the speed at which they bowl the ball on average.

Most pace bowlers are medium-fast to fast in top level cricket. In general, bowlers of this type are described as right arm or left arm "fast" or "medium-fast". Another technique of fast bowling is the sling action. This action generates extra speed but sacrifices control. Exponents include Jeff Thomson, Waqar Younis, Lasith Malinga, Mitchell Johnson, Fidel Edwards, Shaun Tait and Jasprit Bumrah.

Though there may have been faster balls bowled, the highest electronically measured speed (after speed guns became popular) for a ball bowled by any bowler is 161.3 km/h (100.23 mph), bowled by Pakistan's Shoaib Akhtar to England's Nick Knight on 22 February 2003 in a World Cup match at Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa; this was also the first ball ever officially measured to break the 100 mph barrier.

Swing bowlers
Swing bowlers are pace bowlers who, apart from being fast, also use the seam of the ball to make it travel in a curved path through the air. This is further encouraged by systematically polishing one side of the ball while allowing the other side to become roughened and worn. The differing airflow around the two sides will cause the ball to swing in the air, towards the roughened side. By changing the orientation of the ball in his hand, a bowler may therefore cause the ball to swing into or away from the batsman. In addition to a well-polished ball, other factors help the ball to swing, notably damp or humid weather conditions. However balls which have been in play for some time do not tend to swing so much due to the deterioration of the seam. In addition, bowlers of express pace do not tend to get as much swing as the fast-medium-to-medium pace bowlers.

Reverse Swing as the name suggests, moves in the opposite direction to conventional swing. Instead of the ball drifting towards its rougher side, it veers towards the smooth. Typically, a ball needs to be older, and thoroughly knocked about, before it arrives in “the zone” to reverse; and it takes a faster bowler to inject enough velocity that the effect will take hold. Sarfraz Nawaz and Imran Khan are credited as two of the earliest exponents of reverse-swing in International cricket. Waqar Younis and Wasim Akram perfected the art of reverse-swing and inspired many to learn the art.

An outswinger is a type of delivery of the ball in the sport of cricket. In such a delivery the ball curves—or "swings"—out and away from the batter's body and the wicket. By contrast, an inswinger swings in toward the batter and the wicket. Richard Hadlee, Malcolm Marshall, Dominic Cork, Dale Steyn and James Anderson are some of the bowlers who had the best outswingers of their time.

Other tactics
Pace bowlers frequently dismiss batsmen through variation and deception. A batter who has been "softened up" by a series of bouncers, which pitch nearer the bowler than normal and reach the batsman around head height, or even hit the batsman, may tend to play the next ball on the back foot, and thus be susceptible to a full-length yorker delivery that bounces at his toes. Many bowlers also develop a "slower ball"; these are bowled with the same arm action as their normal delivery, but come slower from the hand, usually due to the bowler gripping the ball differently or cocking his wrist at the last moment. With luck, the batsman will misread the pace, and will have finished his shot before the ball arrives. Other common variations include the leg cutter and off cutter, medium pace deliveries bowled with a spinner's wrist action, which can sometimes "turn" just like deliveries from a spinner. Steve Waugh is often credited as the bowler who pioneered and popularized the back of the hand slower deliveries and change of pace in order to baffle the batsmen.

Spin bowlers
Spin bowlers or spinners impart rotation to the ball to get a batsman out. The spin on the ball makes its movement hard to predict, particularly when it bounces, hence spin bowlers try to deceive batsmen into making a mistake. Speed is not crucial in spin bowling, and spinners tend to bowl in the slow-medium to medium-slow range, around 45-55 mph. There are two broad categories of spin bowling: wrist spin and finger spin.

Wrist spin
Wrist spinners are bowlers who use their wrists to spin the ball. A right-handed wrist spinner is known as a leg spinner and his or her mode of bowling is known as leg break. A leg break will move from right to left from the bowler's point of view, or from the leg-side to the off-side for a right-handed batsman. Some of the most successful wrist spinners include Shane Warne from Australia, Anil Kumble from India and Rashid Khan from Afghanistan.

Left-handed wrist spinners, who are much rarer than right-handed wrist-spinners, are called Left-arm unorthodox spin bowlers. This form of delivery was often termed a chinaman after an early left-arm finger spinner of Chinese descent, Ellis Achong, who sometimes bowled wrist spinners as a variation while playing for the West Indies. This term has fallen out of fashion. A ball delivered in this way will spin from the off-side to the leg-side for a right-handed batsman. Paul Adams and Tabraiz Shamsi of South Africa, as well as Kuldeep Yadav from India, are the best-known recent left-arm unorthodox bowlers. Former Australian one-day all-rounder Brad Hogg is another exponent of left-arm wrist-spin, as were his teammates Simon Katich and Beau Casson.

Finger spin
Finger spinners make use of their fingers to rotate the ball. A right-arm finger spinner is known as an off-spinner and their mode of bowling is known as off break. The ball will appear to move just as the left-arm unorthodox ball does, from off to leg for a right-handed batsman. Muttiah Muralitharan (often called "Murali") of Sri Lanka and Graeme Swann of England, two of the most successful bowlers in Test and ODI cricket history, are off-spinners. Murali's bowling style is unique, while Swann's is more conventional. Indian Ravichandran Ashwin and Pakistanis Saqlain Mushtaq and Saeed Ajmal are amongst contemporary bowlers of this type, who also employ this bowling style. Saqlain Mushtaq invented a new delivery with this style of bowling called "Doosra", this delivery is bowled with almost same action as off break however it spins like a leg break or goes straight on with the angle of the delivery. This delivery has become one of the most effective deliveries in an off spin bowler's variety of deliveries, but in recent times, many off-spinners have been reported for throwing as a result of bowling the doosra. This delivery has been employed by other famous bowlers after Saqlain Mushtaq, such as Murali and Saeed Ajmal. Another type of delivery, the carrom ball, was invented in the 1940s but largely vanished by the 1970s before being revived in the early 21st century by Sri Lanka's Ajantha Mendis; Ashwin also uses this delivery as a second style.

Almost all left-handed bowlers are finger spinners. As a result, this style has no fixed name and the bowling mode is simply known as (slow) left-arm orthodox. The ball turns like a leg break, from leg to off. Shakib Al Hasan of Bangladesh, New Zealand's Daniel Vettori, Sri Lanka's Rangana Herath, and Axar Patel and Ravindra Jadeja from India employ this bowling style.

"Mixed" bowlers
A bowler equally skilled in both types of bowling is known as a mixed bag or an all round bowler. Such bowlers are rare. The great West Indian all rounder Sir Garfield Sobers bowled effectively in the left-arm fast-medium, left-arm orthodox, and left-arm unorthodox styles. Sachin Tendulkar, known primarily as a batsman, bowled right arm medium fast in his starting days and later changed his bowling style into both right arm leg break and off break.

Abbreviations
Bowling styles are often abbreviated in scorecards as follows :

title: Types of bowlers in cricket