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Talk:Files-11

Good job on a really tough subject! Here are some comments on a quick read of the article.

I think that the use of the term system disk (in the ODS-2 sentance and in the Disk organization and naming section/image) is confusing; do you mean the bootable volume or a publicly mounted (/SYSTEM) volume?'
 * I was speaking specifically of the boot device (SYSDEVICE). Is there a more specific/better name for that?   — Kate | Talk 05:27, 2004 Aug 11 (UTC)

System disk means the boot disk. Disks mounted with /SYSTEM are called "public volumes" by the documentation. Alan E. Feldman 2006-SEP-3 05:46 UTC

File security: protection and ACLs
''I believe that the two security protection mechanisms available in VMS are properly designated as UIC based and ACL based. ACL based security has precedence over UIC based security (UIC mechanism is only evaluated only if no ACE in the ACL is matched); privileges are always evaluated as a final step. The VMS security model is generic and covers a variety of object classes such as: file, device, queue, logical name table, volume, global section''

ACL based also include the CONTROL permission which doesn't appear in your 4 permissions list (the Owner category of UIC based mechanism implicity has Control also).

UIC (User Identification Code) is a two number pair [group,member] and a UIC is assigned to each user account as well as each object classownership.

UIC based security is controled by four categories: System, Owner, Group, World. Each category has a permission mask associated with it containing any/all of the following protection codes: Read, Write, Execute, Delete (the owner category implicitly also has Control).

Upon attempted access, the UIC of the accessor is compared to the UIC of the object to determine the matching category. The match is as follows:

 * Owner - accessor's group and member codes .EQ. object's group and member codes.
 * System - accessor's group code .LE. sysgen parameter MAXSYSGROUP (typically %O10)
 * Group - accessor's group code .EQ. object's group (member codes differ)
 * World - accessor's group and member codes .NE. object's group and member codes.

and access to the object is granted as allowed the matched permission mask.

''To explain UIC based protection maybe a venn diagram would help. I vaguely recall one being used in the documentation prior to the addition of ACL security in VMS v4.''

Now add the wrinkle of privileges to the UIC scheme, four privileges of interest here: BYPASS, SYSPRV, GRPPRV, READALL. If the accessor holds (ignore the topic of the different privilege masks):
 * BYPASS - accessor has no access restrictions (accessor is granted Read, Write, Execute, and Control and Control access to object)
 * SYSPRV - accessor can access the object via the SYSTEM permission mask
 * GRPPRV - accessor can access the object via the SYSTEM permission mask if the accessor's group code .EQ. the object's group code.
 * READALL - accessor has Read access to the object.

 * Thanks! I've tried to integrate most of this (I think correctly :-). I've also created a (red) link to OpenVMS security, which hopefully can be used to explain the more general nature of ACLs (and other things) in some detail.  This article is rather more detailed than the rest of the VMS coverage right now, so it's difficult to refer to other things, but hopefully that'll change...   — Kate | Talk 05:27, 2004 Aug 11 (UTC)

Logical Names
I think we should add some stuff to the Logical Names section: the fact that logical names reside in different tables and the default search order for tables, and perhaps also the access modes (which, AFAIK, are not explained clearly ANYWHERE). Also, you _can_ define disk logical names without /TRANS=CONCEALED. For example, you can have DEFINE SYS SYS$SYSDEVICE: and you can then use SYS instead of SYS$SYSDEVICE to refer to the system disk. --Alan E. Feldman 2006-SEP-03 05:46 UTC

Description of INDEXF.SYS contents is missing stuff
This section is missing...

Index file bit map --- The index file bit map controls the allocation of file headers and thus the number of files on the volume. The bit map contains a bit for each file header allowed on the volume. If the value of a bit for a given file header is 0, a file can be created with this file header. If the value is 1, the file header is already in use.

Alternate boot block

Alternate index file header

This info is available in the Guide to OpenVMS File Applications:

http://h71000.www7.hp.com/doc/731FINAL/4506/4506pro_001.html#75_indexfile

Alan E. Feldman 2006/12/15 6:00 UTC —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.127.196.17 (talk) 06:00, 15 December 2006 (UTC).

Historical inaccuracy
ODS-1 is described alternately as a flat file system, or a two level file system. This is all incorrect. There is no reason why ODS-1 volumes can't have an arbitrary deep hierachy of directories. It's in fact the file lookup routines in FCS that implement the two level directory limit, by not doing any recursive lookups. Also, directories are not really named [group.user]. First of all, the separator is a comma, and not a period. And secondly, the directory is named ggguuu.DIR in the file system. It's the file name parsing, which don't have anything to do with Files-11 that use the [ggg,uuu] format. RSX-11M+ also allows named directories. The syntax is just [name], and the directory name is then name.DIR. It isn't that hard to add subdirectories in 11M+. You just have to adjust the filename parsers, and correct the directory find routine to be able to do recursive lookups (I've done this).

/Johnny Billquist (bqt@softjar.se) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.112.174.82 (talk) 16:52, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

And TOPS-20 had hierarchical directories, of course, and other PDP-11 operating systems (like, yaknow, UNIX) also did. This article deserves a "written like an advertisement" sticker. 108.20.128.4 (talk) 22:54, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Files-11


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B. Roy Frieden

Bernard Roy Frieden (born September 10, 1936) is an American mathematical physicist.

Frieden obtained a Ph.D. in optics from The Institute of Optics at the University of Rochester. His doctoral thesis advisor was Robert E. Hopkins. Frieden is now an emeritus professor of optical sciences at the University of Arizona.

Work on Fisher information in physics
Frieden is best known for his extensive work on Fisher information as a grounding principle for deriving and elaborating physical theory. (Examples are the Schrödinger wave equation of quantum mechanics and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of statistical mechanics.) Such theories take the form of differential equations or probability distribution functions.

Central to Frieden's derivations is the mathematical variational principle of extreme physical information (EPI). This principle builds on the well-known idea that the observation of a "source" phenomenon is never completely accurate. That is, information is inevitably lost in transit from source to observation. Furthermore, the random errors that creep in are presumed to define the distribution function of the source phenomenon. As Frieden puts it, "the physics lies in the fluctuations." Finally, the information loss may be shown to be an extreme value. Thus if the observed level of Fisher information in the data has value I, and the level of Fisher information that existed at the source has value J, the EPI principle states that I − J = extremum. In most situations, the extremum is a minimum, meaning that there is a tendency for any observation to faithfully match up with its source.

Applications
Frieden has used Fisher information and the EPI principle to derive most existing fundamental laws of physics, and some new and existing laws of biology, cancer growth, chemistry, and economics. Frieden argues that Fisher information, especially its loss I − J during observation, and EPI make up a general method for deriving scientific laws.

Criticism
There is a view that puts into doubt the physical and mathematical correctness of Frieden's ideas, this coming from Raymond F. Streater's Lost Causes in Theoretical Physics: Physics from Fisher Information, and Cosma Shalizi's review of Physics from Fisher Information. However, both these perspectives have been undermined.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: B. Roy Frieden


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Talk:Persian Wars

I created a disambiguation page, as 'Persian Wars' can refer to any one of these three conflicts. Unfortunatly, no real page exists about the later two; the pages I link to will suffice for now, as they're the best we've got. The years of conflict I put for referance only (so that a searcher will be able to distinguish which conflict he's looking for, if he's not sure of the participants).--Xiaphias 04:57, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * 89 articles link to Persian Wars meaning Greco-Persian Wars (you can check here) and you admit that there aren't specific pages about the other conflicts, so keep this a redirect and avoid thousand of user going through a pointless disambiguation page. Or if you prefer you could fix those 89 articles and then recreate the disambiguation page. GhePeU 14:33, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Greco-Persian Wars which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 08:32, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Persian Wars


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Papal renunciation

A papal renunciation (renuntiatio) also called a papal abdication, occurs when the current pope of the Catholic Church voluntarily resigns his position. As a pope's time in office has conventionally lasted from his election until his death, a papal renunciation is an uncommon event. Before the 21st century, only five popes unambiguously resigned with historical certainty, all between the 10th and 15th centuries. Additionally, there are disputed claims of four popes having resigned, dating from the 3rd to the 11th centuries; a fifth disputed case may have involved an antipope.

Additionally, a few popes during the saeculum obscurum were "deposed", meaning driven from office by force. The history and canonical question here is complicated; generally, the official Vatican list of popes seems to recognize such "depositions" as valid renunciations if the pope acquiesced, but not if he did not. The later development of canon law has been in favor of papal supremacy, leaving no recourse to the removal of a pope involuntarily.

The most recent pope to resign was Benedict XVI, who vacated the Holy See on 28 February 2013, the date of his effective resignation. He was the first pope to do so since Gregory XII in 1415.

Despite its common usage in discussion of papal renunciations, the term abdication is not used in the official documents of the church for renunciation by a pope.

Modern procedure
In the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, the official laws on all matters are codified in the Latin edition of the 1983 Code of Canon Law. This regulates papal renunciations in canon 332 §2, where it states:

 * Si contingat ut Romanus Pontifex muneri suo renuntiet, ad validitatem requiritur ut renuntiatio libere fiat et rite manifestetur, non vero ut a quopiam acceptetur. (In English: If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office, it is required for validity that the resignation be made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone.)

This corresponds to canon 221 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law, which in Latin is:

 * Si contingat ut Romanus Pontifex renuntiet, ad eiusdem renuntiationis validitatem non est necessaria Cardinalium aliorumve acceptatio. (In English: If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office, it is not required for validity that the resignation is accepted by the Cardinals or by anyone else. )

Both the 1983 code and the 1917 code make explicit that there is no particular individual or body of people to whom the pope must manifest his renunciation. This addresses a concern raised in earlier centuries, specifically by 18th-century canonist Lucius Ferraris, who held that the College of Cardinals or at least its Dean must be informed, since the cardinals must be absolutely certain that the pope has renounced the dignity before they can validly proceed to elect a successor.

In 1996, Pope John Paul II, in his Apostolic Constitution Universi Dominici gregis, anticipated the possibility of resignation when he specified that the procedures he set out in that document should be observed "even if the vacancy of the Apostolic See should occur as a result of the resignation of the Supreme Pontiff".

History
The Catholic Encyclopedia notes the historically obscure renunciations of Pontian (230–235) and Marcellinus (296–308), the historically postulated renunciation of Liberius (352–366), and mentions that one (unspecified) catalogue of popes lists John XVIII as resigning office in 1009 and finishing his life as a monk.

11th century
The first historically unquestionable papal renunciation is that of Benedict IX in 1045. Benedict had also previously been deposed by Sylvester III in 1044, and though he returned to take up the office again the next year, the Vatican considers Sylvester III to have been a legitimate pope in the intervening months (meaning that Benedict IX must be considered to have validly resigned by acquiescing to the deposition in 1044). Then, in 1045, having regained the papacy for a few months, in order to rid the church of the scandalous Benedict, Gregory VI gave Benedict "valuable possessions" to resign the papacy in his favour. Gregory himself resigned in 1046 because the arrangement he had entered into with Benedict could have been considered simony. Gregory was followed by Clement II, and when Clement died, Benedict IX returned to be elected to the papacy for a third time, only to resign yet again before dying in a monastery. He was thus pope for three non-consecutive periods of time, and either resigned or was deposed three times.

Celestine V
A well-known renunciation of a pope is that of Celestine V, in 1294. After only five months as pope, he issued a solemn decree declaring it permissible for a pope to resign, and then did so himself. He lived two more years as a hermit and then prisoner of his successor Boniface VIII, and was later canonised. Celestine's decree, and Boniface concurring (not revoking it), ended any doubt among canonists about the possibility of a valid papal renunciation.

Western Schism
Gregory XII (1406–1415) resigned in 1415 in order to end the Western Schism, which had reached the point where there were three claimants to the papal throne: Roman Pope Gregory XII, Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII, and Pisan Antipope John XXIII. Before resigning, he formally convened the already existing Council of Constance and authorized it to elect his successor.

Benedict XVI
Benedict XVI's renunciation of the papacy took effect on 28 February 2013 at 20:00 (8:00 pm) CET (19:00 UTC), after being announced on the morning of 11 February by the Vatican. He was the first pope to relinquish the office since Gregory XII resigned to end the Western Schism in 1415 and the first to do so on his own initiative since Celestine V in 1294. His action was unexpected, given that the modern era popes have held the position from election until death. He said he was motivated by his declining health due to old age. The conclave to select his successor began on 12 March 2013 and elected Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Archbishop of Buenos Aires, who took the name Francis.

Conditional renunciations not put into effect
Before setting out for Paris to crown Napoleon in 1804, Pope Pius VII (1800–1823) signed a document of renunciation to take effect if he were imprisoned in France.

During World War II, Pope Pius XII drew up a document ordering that his resignation take effect immediately if he were kidnapped by the Nazis, as was thought likely in August 1943. It was thought that the College of Cardinals would evacuate to a neutral country, perhaps Portugal, and elect his successor.

According to longtime curial official Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re, Pope Paul VI handwrote two letters in the late 1960s or 1970, well before his death, in anticipation of an incapacitating illness. One letter was addressed to the College of Cardinals, the other to the Secretary of State, whose name was not specified. Pope John Paul II showed them to Re, and they were shown to Pope Benedict XVI in 2003. In 2018, Paul's letter dated 2 May 1965 and addressed to the dean of the College of Cardinals was published. He wrote that "In case of infirmity, which is believed to be incurable or is of long duration and which impedes us from sufficiently exercising the functions of our apostolic ministry; or in the case of another serious and prolonged impediment", he renounced his office "both as bishop of Rome as well as head of the same holy Catholic Church".

Pope John Paul II wrote a letter in 1989 offering to resign if he became incapacitated. The first said that if ill health or some other unforeseen difficulty prevented him from "sufficiently carrying out the functions of my apostolic ministry … I renounce my sacred and canonical office, both as bishop of Rome as well as head of the holy Catholic Church." In 1994 he wrote a document that he apparently planned to read aloud, which explained that he had determined he could not resign merely because of age, as other bishops are required to do, but only "in the presence of an incurable illness or an impediment", and that he would therefore continue in office. He prayed in his will, written in 2000, that God "would help me to recognise how long I must continue this service", suggesting that renunciation was possible. In the weeks before his death in 2005, there was press speculation that John Paul might resign because of his failing health.

Incapacitation
Canon law makes no provision for a pope being incapacitated by reason of health, either temporarily or permanently; nor does it specify what body has the authority to certify that the pope is incapacitated. It does state that "When the Roman See is vacant, or completely impeded, no innovation is to be made in the governance of the universal Church."

title: Papal renunciation


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Clarisse

Clarisse may refer to:

People and characters

 * Clarisse (given name)
 * Eddy Clarisse (born 1972), a retired badminton player from Mauritius
 * Clarisse (Percy Jackson), a female character in the Percy Jackson & The Olympians book
 * Clarisse Midroy (1820–1870), French actress known simply as Clarisse
 * Princess Clarisse, a character in The Castle of Cagliostro

Others

 * Clarisse et Florent, a song related to 13th century French epic Huon de Bordeaux
 * Clarisse House, the official residence of the Prime Minister of Mauritius
 * Clarisses, an early name for the Poor Clares

title: Clarisse


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Barton Booth

Barton Booth (1682 – 10 May 1733) was one of the most famous dramatic actors of the first part of the 18th century.

Early life
Booth was the son of The Hon and Very Revd Dr Robert Booth, Dean of Bristol, by his first wife and distant cousin Ann Booth, daughter of Sir Robert Booth, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, and was educated at Westminster School, where his success in the Roman comedy Andria gave him a gave him an inclination for the stage. He was intended for the church, and to attend Trinity College, Cambridge; but in 1698 he ran away and obtained employment in a theatrical company in Dublin, where he made his first appearance as the title character in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko.

London success
After two seasons in Ireland he returned to London, where Thomas Betterton, who had previously failed to help him, probably out of regard for Booth's family, now gave him all the assistance in his power. At the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre (1700–1704) he first appeared as Maximus in Valentinian, and his success was immediate. He was at the Haymarket with Betterton from 1705 to 1708, and for the next twenty years at Drury Lane. In 1713 he joint-managed the theater with Thomas Doggett, Colley Cibber, and Robert Wilks. After his death on 10 May 1733, Booth was buried in St Laurence Cowley near Uxbridge in Middlesex. His widow had a memorial to Booth placed in Westminster Abbey in 1772. This was created by William Tyler RA.

Roles
His greatest parts, after the title part of Joseph Addison's Cato, which established his reputation as a tragedian, were probably Hotspur and Brutus. His King Lear was deemed worthy of comparison with David Garrick's. As the ghost in Hamlet he is said never to have had a superior. Among his other Shakespearian rôles were Mark Antony, Timon of Athens and Othello. He also played to perfection Lothario in Nicholas Rowe's The Fair Penitent. He also starred in Rowe's tragedies Ulysses (1705) as Telemachus and The Royal Convert (1707) as Hengist, King of Kent. In 1710 he starred as Athelwold in Aaron Hill's Elfrid. He starred as Coriolanus in the 1719 play The Invader of His Country by John Dennis. In 1724 he featured in John Gay's tragedy The Captives as Sophernes.

Booth was twice married; his second wife, Hester Santlow, a noted actress, survived him. He was a "poet and acholar as well as actor, and certainly a man of genius...."

Death
From 1727, Booth was afflicted by ill health and in 1733 eventually called for Thomas Dover, "Doctor Quicksilver", who prescribed him quicksilver. He ingested 2 pounds of mercury and died in a week.

"I endeavour'd to divide the Rectum and tie it, but it was so rotten that it broke between my Fingers like Tinder , and sent forth a most offensive cadaverous Stench..."

The whole intestinal track on the inside was covered with black balls of mercury the size of pinheads. This famous case greatly reduced the medicinal use of elemental mercury.

Selected roles

 * Artaban in The Ambitious Stepmother by Nicholas Rowe (1700)
 * Zueski in The Czar of Muscovy by Mary Pix (1701)
 * King of Bayonne in Love's Victim by Charles Gildon (1701)
 * Axalla in Tamerlane by Nicholas Rowe (1701)
 * Ormandes in Antiochus the Great by Jane Wiseman (1701)
 * Cleomeden in The Double Distress by Mary Pix (1701)
 * Bellmein in The Beau's Duel by Susanna Centlivre (1702)
 * Eugenio in The Stolen Heiress by Susanna Centlivre (1702)
 * Virotto in The Governour of Cyprus by The Governour of Cyprus (1703)
 * Sebastian in Love Betrayed by William Burnaby (1703)
 * Valentine in The Different Widows by Mary Pix (1703)
 * Captain Basil in The Stage Coach by George Farquhar (1704)
 * Friendly in The Biter by Nicholas Rowe (1704)
 * Courtly in Love at First Sight by David Crauford (1704)
 * Telemachus in Ulysses by Nicholas Rowe (1705)
 * Dick in The Confederacy by John Vanbrugh (1705)
 * Sir Charles Richley in The Platonick Lady by Susanna Centlivre (1706)
 * Gustavus in The Revolution of Sweden by Catharine Cockburn (1706)
 * Gaylord in Adventures in Madrid by Mary Pix (1706)
 * Clerimont in The Double Gallant by Colley Cibber (1707)
 * Hengist, King of Kent in The Royal Convert by Nicholas Rowe (1707)
 * Mirvan in The Persian Princess by Lewis Theobald (1708)
 * Appius in Appius and Virginia by John Dennis (1709)
 * Cunningham in The Rival Fools by Colley Cibber (1709)
 * Athelwold in Elfrid by Aaron Hill (1710)
 * Worthy in The Fair Quaker of Deal by Charles Shadwell (1710)
 * Horatio in The Wife's Relief by Charles Johnson (1711)
 * Rinaldo in The City Ramble by Elkanah Settle (1711)
 * Arviragus in The Successful Pyrate by Charles Johnson (1712)
 * Cato in Cato by Joseph Addison (1713)
 * Captain Stanworth in The Female Advocates by William Taverner (1713)
 * Welford in The Apparition by Anonymous (1713)
 * Achilles in The Victim by Charles Johnson (1714)
 * Lord Hastings in Jane Shore by Nicholas Rowe (1714)
 * Lord Guilford Dudley in Lady Jane Grey by Nicholas Rowe (1715)
 * Heartwell in The Country Lasses by Charles Johnson (1715)
 * Lorenzo in The Cruel Gift by Susanna Centlivre (1716)
 * Colonel Woodvil in The Non-Juror by Colley Cibber (1717)
 * Lucius in Lucius by Delarivier Manley (1717)
 * Bajazet in The Sultaness by Charles Johnson (1717)
 * Coriolanus in The Invader of His Country by John Dennis (1719)
 * Cleombrotus in The Spartan Dame by Thomas Southerne (1719)
 * Myron in Busiris, King of Egypt by Edward Young (1719)
 * Phyocas in The Siege of Damascus by John Hughes (1720)
 * Granger in The Refusal by Colley Cibber (1721)
 * Don Alonzo in The Revenge by Edward Young (1721)
 * Bevil Junior in The Conscious Lovers by Richard Steele (1722)
 * Vanoc in The Briton by Ambrose Philips (1722)
 * Alberton in Love in a Forest by Charles Johnson (1723)
 * Omphales in The Fatal Constancy by Hildebrand Jacob (1723)
 * Duke of Gloucester in Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester by Ambrose Philips (1723)
 * Sophernes in The Captives by John Gay (1724)
 * Julius Caesar in Caesar in Egypt by Colley Cibber (1724)
 * Polymnestor in Hecuba by Richard West (1726)
 * Julio in Double Falsehood by Lewis Theobald (1727)

title: Barton Booth


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Ayabe

Ayabe (Japanese:綾部) may refer to:

Places

 * Ayabe, Kyoto, a city in the Kyoto Prefecture.
 * Ayabe Domain, a feudal domain in Japan during the Edo period
 * Mount Ayabe, a mountain in Tatsuno, Hyōgo, Japan

People

 * Kakeru Ayabe (綾部 翔, born 1997), a Japanese baseball player
 * Kaz Ayabe (綾部 和弘, born 1965), a Japanese video game developer
 * Kentaro Ayabe (綾部健太郎, 1890-1972), a Japanese politician
 * Kitsuju Ayabe (綾部 橘樹, 1894-1980), a Japanese general
 * Michie Ayabe (綾部美知枝, born 1948), a Japanese teacher and soccer coach
 * Miki Ayabe (綾部美紀, born 1968), a Japanese actress
 * Riuemon Ayabe (綾部利右衛門, 1860-1932), a Japanese politician
 * Shuto Ayabe (綾部守人, born 1998), a Japanese actor
 * Shigeyuki Ayabe (綾部鎮幸), a Japanese military commander
 * Takeaki Ayabe (綾部勇成, born 1980), a Japanese cyclist
 * Tsuneo Ayabe (綾部恒雄, 1930-2007), a Japanese anthropologist
 * Yuji Ayabe (綾部祐二, born 1977), a Japanese comedian

Other uses

 * Ayabe Castle, a former castle in Saga Prefecture, Japan
 * Ayabe Shrine, a shrine in Miyaki, Saga, Japan
 * Ayabe Station, a railway station in Ayabe, Kyoto

title: Ayabe


text:
Dobri Bozhilov

Dobri Bozhilov Khadzhiyanakev (Добри Божилов Хаджиянакиев) (June 13, 1884 – February 1, 1945) was Prime Minister of Bulgaria during World War II.

Biography
Born in Kotel, Bulgaria, Bozhilov attended the Higher Commercial School in Svishtov before starting work as a bookkeeper at the Bulgarian National Bank for the Kyustendil Banking Agency in 1902. Bozhilov worked for the Bulgarian National Bank for a total of 36 years and served at various times as its governor (1922-1923, 1923-1924, 1931-1932, 1934-1935, 1935-1938, 1944).

In November 1938, Bozhilov became Minister of Finance in the government of Prime Minister Georgi Kyoseivanov, a position which Bozhilov kept when Bogdan Filov became prime minister in 1940. In 1943, after Tsar Boris III died, Filov became one of Bulgaria’s three regents. Filov, a fervent ally of Nazi Germany and the most powerful of the regents, used his power to appoint Bozhilov (another pro-German) prime minister.

As prime minister, Bozhilov worked closely with the Germans, virtually becoming their puppet as World War II raged. Essentially the only major issue on which he clashed with the Nazis was their demand for Bulgaria’s government to deport the country’s Jews to extermination camps, which Bozhilov refused to do. In June 1944, at which time the Axis war effort was rapidly deteriorating, Bozhilov resigned as prime minister and returned to the Bulgarian National Bank, once again becoming its governor. In September 1944, the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and invaded it, giving Communist partisans the opportunity to overthrow Prime Minister Konstantin Muraviev and replace him with Kimon Georgiev. Bozhilov was subsequently arrested and tried by a People’s Court instituted by the Fatherland Front government. He was found guilty of war crimes and a variety of misdeeds he had committed while finance minister, sentenced to death, and executed in February 1945. The verdict was revoked in 1996 by Supreme Court.

title: Dobri Bozhilov


text:
Albert Sabin

Albert Bruce Sabin (August 26, 1906 – March 3, 1993) was a Polish-American medical researcher, best known for developing the oral polio vaccine, which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease. In 1969–72, he served as the president of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel.

Biography
Abram Saperstejn (later Albert Sabin) was born in Białystok, Russian Empire (before and since 1918 in Poland), to Polish-Jewish parents, Jacob Saperstejn and Tillie Krugman. In 1921, he emigrated with his family on the SS Lapland which sailed from Antwerp, Belgium, to the Port of New York. In 1930, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States and changed his name to Sabin, as well as assuming the middle name Bruce. He graduated from high school in Paterson, New Jersey.

Sabin began university in a dentistry program, but was interested in virology and changed majors. He received a bachelor's degree in science in 1928 and a medical degree in 1931 from New York University.

In 1983, Sabin developed calcification of the cervical spine, which caused paralysis and intense pain. Sabin revealed in a television interview that the experience had made him decide to spend the rest of his life working on alleviating pain. This condition was successfully treated by surgery conducted at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1992 when Sabin was 86. A year later, Sabin died in Washington, D.C., from heart failure.

Medical career
Sabin trained in internal medicine, pathology, and surgery at Bellevue Hospital in New York City from 1931 to 1933. In 1934, he conducted research at The Lister Institute for Preventive Medicine in England, then joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University). During this time, he developed an intense interest in research, especially in the area of infectious diseases.

In 1939, he moved to Cincinnati Children's Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio. During World War II, he was a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army Medical Corps and helped develop a vaccine against Japanese encephalitis. Maintaining his association with Children's Hospital, by 1946, he had also become the head of Pediatric Research at the University of Cincinnati. At Cincinnati's Children's Hospital, Sabin supervised the fellowship of Robert M. Chanock, whom he called his "star scientific son".

Sabin went on a fact-finding trip to Cuba in 1967 to discuss with Cuban officials the possibility of establishing a collaborative relationship between the United States and Cuba through their respective national academies of sciences, in spite of the fact that the two countries did not have formal diplomatic ties.

In 1969–72, he lived in Israel, serving as president of Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot. After his return to the United States, he worked (1974–82) as a research professor at the Medical University of South Carolina. He later moved to the Washington, D.C., area, where he was a resident scholar at the John E. Fogarty International Center on the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland.

Polio research
With the menace of polio growing, Sabin and other researchers, most notably Jonas Salk in Pittsburgh and Hilary Koprowski and H. R. Cox in New York City and Philadelphia, sought a vaccine to prevent or mitigate the illness. This was complicated because there were multiple strains of the disease. In 1951, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis's typing program confirmed the existence of three main serotypes of poliovirus, since known as type 1, type 2, and type 3.

Salk developed an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), a "dead" vaccine given by injection, which was released for use in 1955. It was effective in preventing most of the complications of polio, but did not prevent the initial intestinal infection.

By carrying out autopsies of polio victims, Sabin was able to demonstrate that the poliovirus multiplied and attacked the intestines before it moved to the central nervous system. This also suggested that polio virus could be grown in other tissues besides embryonic brain tissue, leading to easier and cheaper methods of vaccine development. John Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, and Frederick Robbins would successfully grow poliovirus in laboratory cultures of non-nerve tissue in 1949, an achievement that earned them the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Sabin developed an oral vaccine based on mutant strains of polio virus that seemed to stimulate antibody production but not to cause paralysis. Recipients of his live attenuated oral vaccine included himself, family, and colleagues. Sabin's first clinical trials were carried out at the Chillicothe Ohio Reformatory in late 1954. From 1956–1960, he worked with Russian colleagues to perfect the oral vaccine and prove its extraordinary effectiveness and safety. The Sabin vaccine worked in the intestines to block the poliovirus from entering the bloodstream.

Between 1955 and 1961, the oral vaccine was tested on at least 100 million people in the USSR, parts of Eastern Europe, Singapore, Mexico, and the Netherlands. The first industrial production and mass use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) from Sabin strains was organized by Soviet scientist Mikhail Chumakov. This provided the critical impetus for allowing large-scale clinical trials of OPV in the United States in April 1960 on 180,000 Cincinnati school children. The mass immunization techniques that Sabin pioneered with his associates effectively eradicated polio in Cincinnati. Against considerable opposition from the March of Dimes Foundation, which supported use of Salk's relatively effective killed vaccine, Sabin prevailed on the Public Health Service (PHS) to license his three strains of vaccine. While the PHS stalled, the USSR sent millions of doses of the oral vaccine to places with polio epidemics, such as Japan.

Sabin's first oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), for use against type 1 polioviruses, was licensed in the United States in 1961. His vaccines for type 2 and type 3 polioviruses were licensed in 1962.

At first, the monovalent poliovirus vaccines were administered together by being put on a sugar cube, because the oral polio vaccine had a bitter, salty taste (inspiring Robert B. Sherman's lyrics to A Spoonful of Sugar (Helps the Medicine Go Down) for the 1964 film Mary Poppins). In 1964, a single trivalent OPV containing all three viral serotypes was approved. Sabin's oral vaccine was easier to give than the earlier vaccine developed by Salk in 1954, and its effects lasted longer. The Sabin vaccine became the predominant method of vaccination against polio in the United States for the next three decades. It broke the chain of transmission of the virus and allowed for the possibility that polio might one day be eradicated.

Sabin also developed vaccines against other viral diseases, including encephalitis and dengue. In addition, he investigated possible links between viruses and some forms of cancer.

Philanthropy
Sabin refused to patent his vaccine, waiving commercial exploitation by pharmaceutical industries, so that the low price would guarantee a more extensive spread of the treatment. From the development of his vaccine Sabin did not gain a penny, and continued to live on his salary as a professor. The Sabin Vaccine Institute was founded in 1993 to continue the work of developing and promoting vaccines. To commemorate Sabin's pioneering work, the institute annually awards the Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal in recognition of work in the field of vaccinology or a complementary field.

Awards and recognition

 * For the trivalent oral vaccine consisting of attenuated strains of all three types of the poliovirus, the president of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded the highest civilian honour, the medal of the Order of Friendship Among Peoples (1986).
 * Election to the Polio Hall of Fame, which was dedicated in Warm Springs, Georgia, on January 2, 1958
 * Howard Taylor Ricketts Prize (1959)
 * Robert Koch Prize (1962)
 * Feltrinelli Prize (1964)
 * Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award (1965)
 * National Medal of Science (1970)
 * Medal of Liberty (1986)
 * Presidential Medal of Freedom (1986)
 * The Cincinnati Convention Center was named after Sabin from 1985 to 2006.
 * In 1999, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center named its new education and conference center for Sabin.
 * The street that runs between the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center was renamed Albert Sabin Way on April 28, 2000.
 * On March 6, 2006, the U.S. Postal Service issued an 87-cent postage stamp bearing his image, in its Distinguished Americans series.
 * In early 2010, Sabin was proposed by the Ohio Historical Society as a finalist in a statewide vote for inclusion in Statuary Hall at the United States Capitol.
 * In 2012, Albert Sabin was named a "Great Ohioan" by the Capitol Square Foundation.

title: Albert Sabin


text:
User:Deák

Contributions

 * Extensive stage
 * Late capitalism
 * Periodizations of capitalism
 * Ideology

 * Political Economy
 * Economics

Watched

 * Hungarian Soviet Republic

title: User:Deák


text:
Talk:B. Roy Frieden

Copied from VfD discussion
155 Google hits for "B. R. Frieden Tucson." Looks like original research as well. Another vanity article I couldn't let pass by. - Lucky 6.9 22:49, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: I don't understand mathematics beyond division, so I haven't a clue about whether the article is accurate, but the problem here seems to be in the article's name.  B. Roy Frieden turns up a lot of hits.  B.R. Frieden virtually none.  Further, the B. Roy Frieden looks entirely consistent with the article's description of him.  I can't say that it's significant or not, but he does have the Fischer chair, etc. Geogre 02:17, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Frieden's "Extreme Physical Information" theory has gotten a certain amount of press. From skimming some websites and newsgroups, it seems to be considered interesting and not crankery. See for example this skeptical book review . The article as it stands is a promo piece, certainly written by Frieden himself (try a reverse DNS lookup on 150.135.248.126). Move to cleanup for NPOV-ification, which might be hard but oh well. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:32, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Also the article should be renamed to Extreme physical information theory or something; it's the theory that gets any press -- Frieden himself is not otherwise notable. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:34, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Works for me. It was the self-promotional tone and the whacked-out Google search that threw me.  Clean and rename. - Lucky 6.9 08:56, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Looks like another article came in from the same proxy.  See Extreme physical information.  I'm far from a mathmetician, but this could use a look from someone who knows the subject. - Lucky 6.9 19:12, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment number two: Wile was right about the proxy.  It's from the University of Arizona. - Lucky 6.9 19:14, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The article needs a lot of cleanup/attention, but EPI is a real (if unlikely) physical theory; Frieden has 39 papers in the Scitation index, and other writers cite his work at least occasionally. It's a well-known enough theory that people would reasonably want to look it up- keep. -FZ 13:17, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Also delete B Roy Frieden - This is a new attempt to recreate the vanity page under a new title. User acknowledged it is his (and his name) on Help desk. -  Tεx  τ  urε  20:34, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

B. Roy Frieden's anonymous POV-pushing edits
B. Roy Frieden claims to have developed a "universal method" in physics, based upon Fisher information. He has written a book about this. Unfortunately, while Frieden's ideas initially appear interesting, Frieden's work is highly controversial:
 * (the reviewer has some positive comments but concludes that Frieden's work is "misguided")
 * eprint (highly favorable)
 * unauthorized electronic reprint
 * Physics from Fisher Information: A Unification (a review) from Cosma Shalizi (Computer Science, University of Michigan) (highly critical)
 * Physics from Fisher Information (a review) from R. F. Streater (Mathematics, Kings College, London) (highly critical)
 * Physics from Fisher Information thread from sci.physics.research, May 1999 (mostly critical)
 * Fisher Information - Frieden unification Of Physics thread from sci.physics.research, October 1999 (mostly critical)
 * Fisher Information - Frieden unification Of Physics thread from sci.physics.research, October 1999 (mostly critical)

User:Lucky 6.9 was dead right about WP:VAIN. Note that Frieden is Prof. Em. of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. The data.optics.arizona.edu anon has used the following IPs to make a number of questionable edits: These POV-pushing edits should be modified to more accurately describe the status of Frieden's work.---CH 21:54, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) 20 May 2005 confesses to being Roy Frieden in real life
 * 2) 6 June 2006: adds cites of his papers to Extreme physical information
 * 3) 23 May 2006 adds uncritical description of his own work in Lagrangian and uncritically cites his own controversial book
 * 4) 22 October 2004 attributes the uncertainty principle to the Cramer-Rao inequality, which is potentially misleading
 * 5) 21 October 2004 adds uncritical mention of his controversial claim that the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be obtained via his "method"
 * 6) 21 October 2004 adds uncritical mention of his controversial claim that the Klein-Gordon equation can be "derived" via his "method"
 * 7) 9 September 2004 adds uncritical description of his work to Fisher information
 * 8) 8 September 2004 adds uncritical description of his highly dubious claim that EPI is a general approach to physics to Physical information
 * 9) 16 August 2004 confesses IRL identity
 * 10) 13 August 2004 creates uncritical account of his work in new article, Extreme physical information
 * 11) 11 August 2004 creates his own wikibiostub
 * 1) 13 August 2004 creates uncritical account of his work in new article, Extreme physical information
 * 2) 11 August 2004 creates his own wikibiostub

For the record: subsequent to my protest, B. Roy Frieden created a user account as noted above. I have exchanged some polite emails with him and he feels that his second book (which I plan to examine) overcomes objections raised by myself and other critiques regarding his first book. We have more or less agreed to reopen the discusssion in sci.physics.research once I have obtained his second book.---20:55, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

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Moving "Counter Criticism" content here
I have moved the "Counter Criticism" section from the main page to below, as its style is not particularly neutral and rather confrontational. Some of these points may be worthwhile to reintroduce into the article (preferably not by B. Roy Frieden) if they are rewritten and appropriately sourced. See WP:NOR, WP:AUTO, WP:NPOV. —BryanD (talk) 17:30, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

Since criticism has been introduced here, it is only right that some of the conceptual perforations made by these authors should be considered.

Streater's claims:

Streater has a short section in his text referring to lost causes in theoretical physics, essentially making three claims against EPI.

Claim 1: Streater claims that: Frieden generally identifies I with the kinetic energy, and J with the potential energy. Rebuff: It is Streater who claims I equals the kinetic energy in this criticism: a wrong and baseless claim, except in quantum mechanics. To explain further, EPI is formulated through aims and operations that center on demonstrating, algebraically and philosophically, that the central, elementary laws of physics arise out of Fisher Information. These are expressed by values of information functions I and J generally, with I generally not being the kinetic energy and J not being the potential energy. It is quite clearly shown that I and J are informations that, only outwardly, look like the familiar energies of mechanics; and that these associations were made merely to motivate a person with a standard physics background to think in a different direction on this fundamental level. Our thesis is that the laws of physics arise out of information. The derivations of each chapter demonstrate this. The right physics results out of I and J in each case, something that Streater has not denied.

Claim 2: Streater claims that “Frieden claims to have derived quantum mechanics from information theory, forgetting that he started with Schrodinger's equation.” Rebuff: Frieden’s approach does not start with the Schrodinger equation. It starts with general forms I and J as above. Schroedinger himself was ever-mystified as to where the Fisher Information (called ‘kinetic energy’ in standard introductory physics) came from in his now-standard Lagrangian-based approach. Schrodinger never resolved this issue; but had he been a biologist he might have heard of R.A. Fisher’s foundation work using his ‘Fisher Information.’ Fisher’s biological work, in the UK, was, in fact, going on during the same years (circa 1922-25) that early quantum mechanics was being developed just across the channel in Denmark, Germany and France. Too bad Schrodinger was not aware of this.

Claim 3: Streater claims that “Frieden claims that the position of a particle does not send it into an eigenstate of energy. As it is, his result is hardly new, being the basis of the Rayleigh-Ritz method of finding the eigenvalues, known since the nineteenth century.” Rebuff: Frieden did not originate the statement “measuring the position of a particle does not send it into an eigenstate of energy.” It originated in the work of the esteemed John A. Wheeler. He believed in, and championed, a participatory universe, whereby each physical effect follows from the way a user carries through on it with a particular choice of observing apparatus. Indeed, even when the apparatus is changed during the experiment (a so-called “delayed choice” experiment) the output changes accordingly.

Shalizi's Claims

Shalizi has a more extended claims against EPI, though curiously he notes at the end of his commentary that it may not have peer support. It might be seen why this could be the case when considering some of his claims.

Claim 1: Shalizi claims that Frieden does not really maximize Fisher Information; he simply requires that its variation be stationary. Worse yet, says Shalizi, he is admirably candid about the fact that simply doing this doesn't give us any very interesting equation of motion. To get that, he subtracts from the Fisher information a new quantity of his own devising, the "bound information," and requires that the difference between these two, which he calls the "physical information," have stationary variation. Rebuff: Fisher Information really is maximized, but out of the variation of quantity I - J, not just of I, and the assumption of such stationary variation is standard in physics, as Shalizi undoubtedly knows. This is particularly apparent in quantum mechanics, where the Fisher Information I = J, the full amount needed to launch quantum mechanics via the ‘participatory universe’ thesis of John A. Wheeler.

Claim 2: Shalizi is unable to see any reason why the physical information should be maximized. Rebuff: Unlike a Lagrangian, Fisher Information is generally not invariant under change of coordinates, e.g. from Cartesian to spherical, so Shalizi would have liked some reassurance on this point, which is not forthcoming. As the book makes clear, there are no “correct” physical variables, until you first define what you mean by “information.” It’s not C.E. Shannon’s form, but rather the continuous generalization due to Fisher.

Claim 3: Shalizi claims that Frieden evidently believes that Nature thinks in Cartesian coordinates. He tries to justify his "extremal physical information principle" (pp. 79--82) by saying that physicists are in a non-cooperative game with Nature, trying to seize as much data as we can from Her, and the upshot of this is that physical information should have stationary variation. I couldn't say why he thinks this should convince anyone not raised on the lumpenfeminist idea that modern science is a way of raping and torturing Nature. Rebuff: The inference is wrong. Observers do not want to seize a maximum amount of data but, rather, a maximum amount of information in the data taken. It’s not quantity - it’s quality that matters. As a matter of fact, Nature itself operates by this principle: “natural selection” (Darwin) is selection for maximum information I.

Claim 4: Shalizi claims that adding bound information (or rather, subtracting it off) reduces the scheme to vacuity. Frieden pulls these terms from out of, to put it politely, the air, and they seem to have no independent significance whatsoever. They are simply whatever he needs to get the equation he wants at the end of the variational problem, subject only to the (really rather mild) constraint that they have the right symmetry properties. Frieden's scheme is at best mathematically equivalent to orthodoxy; it adds nothing empirical; places fundamental and useful concepts in doubt; does nothing to unify physics either internally or with statistics; and it is associated with some really bad metaphysics, though that last perhaps reflects more on Frieden than on the scheme itself. I see absolutely no reason to prefer this scheme to conventional mechanics, rather the reverse. This is at best an extended mathematical curiosity. Rebuff: The reason is, as shown throughout the book - from one physical scenario to another - Nature simply acts that way (also, see Wheeler’s previously noted hypothesis). For example, in biology: Darwinian “natural selection”, i.e., “survival of the fittest,” can be derived on the basis of the principle of Fisher Information J – I = minimum. See Frank, J. Evolutionary Biology, “Natural selection maximizes Fisher Information”, Jan. 2009, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01647.x As to Shalizi’s other remarks, “placing fundamental and useful concepts in doubt” is the purpose of any worthwhile new theory; e.g., Galileo’s assertion of having observed a non-centrist universe. Was he wrong: in fact, and in trying to make it known? Shalizi just doesn’t ‘like’ the idea behind the book; but evidently, this is not out of having read and well-understood it. Finally, contrary to what he claims, information does rule.

That information rules is supported by Meijerin (http://www.sintropia.it/journal/english/2013-eng-3-01.pdf), who argues that Frieden's Fisher Information framework has a fundamental property of intrinsic information, and this produces matter. Intrinsic information is defined to be the most complete way of describing a contextual object. This is consistent with Barbieri (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257780021_The_Paradigms_of_Biology ) who explains that there are three paradigms that reflect on reality, the chemical/physical paradigm, the information paradigm, and the meaning paradigm, and where information can be an intermediary between the other two.

title: Talk:B. Roy Frieden


text:
Talk:Western gray squirrel

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:52, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I've changed the height range restriction, even though it came from a respectable source - having just spent some time watching them around Lake Tahoe, I can vouch for the fact that 800m is far too low for their operational ceiling. seglea 22:50, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Discussion posted on article page
I question the identity of the squirrel illustrating Sciurus griseus, which looks very much like the coloration of the Fox Squirrel, S. niger, introduced in NW Oregon. In Oregon, S. griseus has a plain white belly and proportionally longer tail. This comment refers only to this part of the range of both species.

Pamela Johnston (moved here by ---Aranae 05:28, 6 March 2006 (UTC))

 * doesn't look much like my idea of a Western Gray either, but I've only seen them a few times. But it's quite unlike any Fox Squirrel I've ever seen - but then, I've never seen one in Oregon.  seglea 15:32, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

 * That is most definately not a western gray. It's either a fox squirrel or an eastern. Westerns do not have any of the reddish coloring to them.--Arkcana 06:31, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * There is a good picture of one on the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife website. [] Does anyone know how to determine the copyright standing of it?--Arkcana 02:03, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

OK, this mostly is copy editor annoyance, but I was redirected to this page from "Western gray squirrel". There is no absolutely no need for "Squirrel" to have a capital "S", and the only reason "Gray" might deserve one is if the animal was named after some guy named Gray and not the species's coloration.

/rant

07:53, 12 May 2006

 * there's some debate (I forget where) about capitalising common names of mammals, and as a result practice is inconsistent. In the ornithological literature (though not in biological literature generally) bird names are always capitalised, and Wikipedia has followed this custom.  There are differences of view about whether it should apply to other classes.  It would probably be better to run that debate to earth (it might be in the Tree of Life project pages) and find out whether consensus is developing.  seglea 15:31, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Not a Western
A new picture of an Eastern Grey Squirrel has been posted purporting to be a Western Grey image:Western Grey Squirrel Beacon Hill Park.jpg. Note the yellowish pelage particularly around the face. Also note that it was taken in Beacon Hill Park in the heart of Vancouver. I am deleting the image. --Aranae 21:17, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Second image, showing a squirrel with black fur near the armpit, and feeding on a cone looks like Tamiasciurus douglasii, not Sciurus griseus. In any case, a less ambiguous photograph should be found. — Preceding unsigned comment added by G.H.Jarrell (talk • contribs) 18:24, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi, we are not in Vancouver, but on Vancouver Island, very different ecosystems despite the closeness. I think they only have that yellow in the fall. We are no where near the east, do the eastern live this far west? Not sure what being in a park has to do with it, it is indigeonous there and not imported if that is what you mean. HighInBC (Need help? Ask me) 02:46, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The geographic distribution of Westerns does not extend into BC (or Canada at all) . They are also very grey and lack the yellowish highlights that are often found with Easterns.  Easterns, meanwhile, are now found in suburban and urban habitat throughout North America in addition to their native range.  Geography and appearance both point quite strongly to this being an Eastern.  --Aranae 02:55, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, well I am convinced, thanks. HighInBC (Need help? Ask me) 02:57, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

See here for Forest Service photos (and thus public domain) photos'...TTFN Ralph

 * You would think, but it says Any commercial or other use of the image requires the written permission of the photographer or contact organization, and Forestry Images. which makes it incompatable with wikipedia. Strange though, I though photos taken by US government employees were automatically PD, but that is not what their image use policy says. HighInBC (Need help? Ask me) 15:32, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, they are by the University of Georgia, so that is why. HighInBC (Need help? Ask me) 15:34, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

I checked the Forest Service site and found an image that was public domain and uploaded it and changed the picture. As can be seen the western gray is a steely or silvery gray with no brown. —Preceding unsigned comment added by EnzianBlue (talk • contribs) 21:24, 3 October 2008 (UTC) This is my picture posted on wiki commons of what I think is a western gray squirrel. It might be appropriate here. Could somebody confirm the ID?Davefoc (talk) 07:25, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * That one looks like an Eastern Gray Squirrel as well, which is the only species I have seen in Golden Gate Park. Western Grays have very little to no brown/yellow coloration, large, fluffy tails, and are generally greater in size than the Easterns. They are also quite shy, meaning that it would be difficult to get a good photo of one. 24.5.47.122 (talk) 19:01, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I guess I'll go ahead and delete the photo, to avoid confusion until we get a photo of a Western.  24.5.47.122 (talk) 19:03, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Lewis and Clark in 1818
Anyone aware of where/who put in the article that the first specimen was described, by Lewis and Clark in 1818? Since they were in The Dalles area in 1805 and 1806, and never returned. (PS The in The Dalles should be capitalized, it's part of the proper name) TTFN Ralph
 * Looks like it was" 17:21, 12 May 2006 206.194.158.36 (Talk)". That added this reference( unsourced ). I don't see how an 1818 date for Lewis and Clark is remotely possible. More so, since Lewis died in 1809
 * Also the Lewis and Clark specie page ( List_of_species_described_by_the_Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition )lists the Eastern (not Western, could be a bo-bo there too)
 * TTFN, Ralph
 * I have found the sources and the wording given in the article is a little in-accurate. I will fix, see and  page #2
 * TTFN Ralph
 * The picture is still not of a western gray squirrel. It's an eastern! I'm sorry I don't have a better picture to post, but that one needed to go! 75.146.54.50 (talk) 03:31, 19 September 2008 (UTC)Katy

removal of a commercial link to a taxidermy form vendor
I removed a link to a taxidermy form vendor. It looked like an inappropriate link anywhere but it really had nothing to do with an article about a specific species of squirrel. Davefoc (talk) 06:56, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Changed picture
I have uploaded a picture that I believe to be two Western Gray Squirrels, taken in Yosemite, CA. If I have mislabeled these squirrels, let me know, however I am decently confident as their location at the time fits their range and the coloring is too gray to be any other large squirrel population in the United States. :Apolloae (talk) 02:22, 12 September 2009 (UTC)
 * They look more like California Ground Squirrels to me. I find the spotting to be particularly suspect.  --Aranae (talk) 16:10, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Although these guys don't seem to have the black ears, the spotting is very consistent with these guys, as is the range and especially their behavior. Thanks for the correction, Aranae. :Apolloae (talk) 17:07, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Predators
Should we put the animals that eat gray squirrels? No one in my class could find it here so I decided to look for myself and they are right! Witch makes me MAD...

--WinifredJ (talk) 02:44, 18 November 2009 (UTC)WinifredJ

Endangered Species
The western grey squirrel has been added to Washington State's endangered species list as of February 2023 there could be as little as 400 in existence. 2601:603:4D81:D990:154D:F92:C594:EAA7 (talk) 04:37, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Endangered Status
Following on this, I think the status of "least concern" should be changed, but I don't know how to do that, or what it should be changed to. Stevenarntson (talk)

title: Talk:Western gray squirrel


text: File:Ed Walsh Baseball.jpg

title: File:Ed Walsh Baseball.jpg


text:
Rick Aguilera

Richard Warren Aguilera (born December 31, 1961) is an American former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher from 1985 to 2000. Aguilera won a world championship as a member of the New York Mets in, then won a second world championship as a member of the Minnesota Twins in. He also played for the Boston Red Sox and the Chicago Cubs. In 2008, Aguilera was inducted into the Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame.

Early life
Aguilera attended Edgewood High School in West Covina, California, and played third base for their baseball team. Following graduation, he was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 37th round of the 1980 amateur draft on June 3, but did not sign and instead chose to attend Brigham Young University (BYU). After three years at BYU, in which he had made the transition from third base to pitcher, the Mets drafted him in the third round of the 1983 amateur draft on June 6.

New York Mets
Although he did not sign with the Mets organization until September, he was able to get into 16 games (going 5–6 with a 3.72 ERA in 104 innings) for the Little Falls Mets in the low A-ball New York–Penn League. The following season he was promoted to the Lynchburg Mets in the high-A Carolina League where he was 8–3 with a 2.34 ERA and 101 strikeouts in $88 1/3$ innings before being promoted to the Jackson Mets in the AA Texas League. In 1985, Aguilera was promoted to the AAA Tidewater Tides and was 6–4 with a 2.51 ERA in 11 starts before being promoted to the majors.

Aguilera saw his first MLB action on June 12, pitching two innings of scoreless relief and getting the win against the Philadelphia Phillies in a game started by Ron Darling. In the middle of a fierce divisional race with the Cardinals, Aguilera was particularly effective in July, going 3–0 with a 0.89 ERA, and ended the season 10–7 as the Cardinals edged out the Mets.

Aguilera posted an identical record the next year in 1986 as the number five starter for the division-winning Mets. That season, he was involved in a fight with Houston police outside a disco which resulted in the arrest of not only himself, but also teammates Bob Ojeda, Tim Teufel, and Darling, later referred to as 'Cooters-gate'. Misdemeanor charges against Aguilera were eventually dropped. In the 1986 postseason, Aguilera pitched five scoreless innings in relief against the Houston Astros in the NLCS. Despite a 12.00 ERA in the World Series, he was the pitcher of record in the Mets' dramatic Game 6 comeback victory, getting the win despite giving up the two runs which surrendered the lead to Boston in the top of the 10th inning. Injuries slowed him the next two years, as he was limited to 17 starts in 1987 and 3 starts in 1988 by an elbow injury that required surgery. With injury concerns and seven innings of one-run relief in the 1988 NLCS, the Mets decided to experiment with Aguilera as a reliever. After returning to the team in 1989, he was converted to a long reliever. Although he was unhappy in a low-leverage bullpen role and asked to be traded, Aguilera thrived in the role, going 6–6 with a 2.34 ERA, 80 strikeouts and 7 saves in 36 appearances.

When Dwight Gooden was placed on the disabled list in early July 1989, the Mets began looking for a veteran starting pitcher via trade, rather than promote from within into the open rotation slot, with young pitchers such as Aguilera, Kevin Tapani, and David West rumored as trade bait. After the Mets lost their seventh game in a row ahead of the trade deadline, Aguilera was included in a last-minute deadline deal, along with West, Tapani, reliever Tim Drummond and a player to be named (which on October 16 became reliever Jack Savage), for Minnesota Twins ace Frank Viola.

Minnesota Twins
Although he got his wish and completed the season with the Twins as a starter, going 3–5 with a 3.72 ERA and 3 complete games in $75 2/3$ innings, he was shifted to the closer's role in 1990 and responded by saving 32 games for a team that went 74–88. The next year, his relief pitching was instrumental in the Twins' surprising division title, as he saved 42 games with a 2.35 ERA, a team record that would stand until Eddie Guardado broke it in 2002 with 45 saves. He went on to save three of four victories in the ALCS and the first two games of the World Series against the Atlanta Braves. In Game 3, he became the first pitcher to pinch hit in a World Series game since Don Drysdale in 1965, flying out in the top of the 12th with the bases loaded and two outs before giving up the game-winning hit in the bottom of the inning. He would also win Game 6 of the series. Aguilera became one of baseball's premier closers with the Twins from 1990 to 1995 and was named to three consecutive All-Star teams from 1991 to 1993.

Boston Red Sox
With the Twins well on their way to finishing 44 games behind the AL Central division winning Cleveland Indians in 1995, Aguilera was traded to the Red Sox on July 6 in exchange for minor league outfielder J. J. Johnson and pitcher Frank Rodriguez. The move was made official while the Red Sox were in Minneapolis playing the Twins and after walking 20 ft down to the visitors dressing room, Aguilera was called on to convert a save opportunity in his very first appearance – striking out former teammate Kirby Puckett to help nail down a 5–4 win. Aguilera would later state that the trade that brought him to Boston was the lowest point of his career. He had known he was likely to be traded and made clear in the weeks leading up to the trade that he was not happy about it. He was about to attain 10/5 status at the time (10 years in the majors, 5 with the same team)--a status which would have given him veto power over any trade, and he went on record saying he would exercise that veto power should he reach the milestone without being traded. All the same, he would perform well for the AL East champion Red Sox, going 2–2 with 20 saves and a 2.67 ERA in 30 relief appearances. Like a number of his teammates, Aguilera struggled in the playoffs, giving up one run on three hits with one strikeout in two-thirds of an inning.

Return to Minnesota
A free agent following the 1995 season, Aguilera opted to return to the Twins. Minnesota skipper Tom Kelly installed Aguilera as a starting pitcher—a position he hadn't been in since starting 11 games for the team in 1989—rather than his familiar closer role. Despite early season shoulder and wrist injuries (with the latter reportedly caused by lifting his wife's suitcase the last week of spring training) forcing Aguilera to miss six weeks early in the season, the veteran battled his way to an 8–6 record with a 5.42 ERA in 19 starts, including a pair of complete games.

The following season, the experiment of Aguilera as a starting pitcher had ended midway through spring training and the veteran returned to the bullpen. At age 35, he went 5–4 with 26 saves and a 3.82 ERA in 61 outings. In 1998, he recorded 38 saves (the most since saving 41 games in 1992) in 68 games for the Twins. In 1999, Aguilera had gone 3–1 with 6 saves and a 1.27 ERA in 17 games before the Twins traded the 37-year-old and pitcher Scott Downs to the Chicago Cubs for Kyle Lohse and Jason Ryan.

Chicago Cubs
Aguilera pitched well for the Cubs in 1999, posting a 6–3 record with 8 saves and a 3.69 ERA in 44 games as a middle reliever, set-up man, and occasional closer. At age 38, he entered the 2000 season, his 16th season in the big leagues, as the team's closer. Aguilera went 1–2 with 29 saves in 54 appearances, but blew eight of his save opportunities and finished with a 4.91 ERA for the last-place Cubs.

Life after baseball
After spending the off-season weighing the possibility of coming back for a 17th season, Aguilera officially retired on February 17, 2001. At the time of his retirement, his 318 saves trailed only Lee Smith, John Franco, Dennis Eckersley, Jeff Reardon, Randy Myers, Rollie Fingers, and John Wetteland in career saves. As of October 2017, he stands 20th on the career saves list. Aguilera was on top of the Twins / Senators franchise list for career saves with 254 until Joe Nathan surpassed him on August 10, 2011. In addition, Aguilera's save totals in 1991 (42 saves), 1992 (41), and 1998 (38) are 5th, 7th, and 10th on the franchise's top 10 season saves list (as of the end of the 2015 season).

Aguilera is married to wife Sherry (m. 1988) and the couple have two children, daughter Rachel (born 1991) and son Austin (born 1996). A devout Christian, Aguilera now lives in the San Diego suburb of Rancho Santa Fe, California and dedicates his time to his family and real estate investments. He has also served as the pitching coach for the Santa Fe Christian High School baseball team from 2001 to 2005 and as the head coach from 2005 to 2007.

On June 21, 2008, Rick Aguilera was inducted into the Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame.

title: Rick Aguilera


text:
Talk:Bez (dancer)

PcB21
You disagree about my comments on the cultural significance of Bez? OK, I admit they could have been more soberly expressed, but the article is rather short at the moment, and when I was a lad, Bez was a figure of considerable hilarity who my friends and I worshipped. Something along these lines belongs in the article. Don't you think? The Singing Badger 22:51, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Remember, this is supposed be NPOV. Illuvatar 22:40, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Founding member?
i dont no where else to write this but bez wasnt a founding member of the 'Happy Mondays' he was invited into the band sometime afterwards by the lead singer Shaun Ryder. Im sorry for the inappropriate placeing of this comment but im stupid.

Overemphasis of significance?
Would this page perhaps be better placed at Mark Berry or Bez (Dancer). I find it hard to imagine he's one of the most important 17576 (=26^3) topics of conversation of all time in the english speaking world.... 213.232.66.5 07:32, 7 May 2005 (UTC)
 * No, he's very well known as Bez in the UK but relatively few people know his real name. If anyone comes up with another article that needs to be titled 'Bez' then they can create a disambiguation page, but unless that happens I don't think there's any reason to move the article. Cantthinkofagoodname 00:56, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Involvement with Flowered Up
Didn't bez get involved in the Flowered Up video, Weekender, which he produced, or was he the main character. I'm sure it was him, but it's a while since I saw it.

Its a shock to see that there are people out there who do not know that BEZ is a huge cultural icon - the biggest legend and survivor of the baggy generation... I will have to add some facts to this... Hoever this is wrong "They were the first unsigned band to be shown on and supported by VH2 and MTV2." many unsigned bands have appeared on here
 * They released a song in his honor called 'freaky dancing' and the term is used in quotes in the caption. It's not meant to be insulting. Repeter (talk) 21:36, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

NPOV
Some parts of this article are against WP:NPOV, for example "freaky dancin'" in the img-thumb etc. It's not very POV. -- Metal of  Head  21:40, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

The Mary Whitehouse Experience
Bez was frequently parodied on the television version of this programme. On one episode, which might have been the last, he appeared on the stage and floored the experiencer who was portraying him. Sorry that I don't remember enough to actually add this as a section to the article but if someone with a better memory or research skills wishes to... 85.139.95.95 (talk) 15:07, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Careless driving
Not sure if this is notable enough to be worth a mention. It also says he now lives in Herefordshire. Cavrdg (talk) 20:20, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

Dr. who
why no mention of him appearing in dr.who, didn't know who he was until I seen him here 2A02:C7C:D0F0:DB00:3177:383E:84E5:F1B0 (talk) 22:36, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bez (dancer)


text:
Boxcar Willie

Lecil Travis Martin (September 1, 1931 – April 12, 1999), whose stage name was Boxcar Willie, was an American country music singer-songwriter, who sang in the "old-time hobo" music style, complete with overalls, and a floppy hat. "Boxcar Willie" was originally a character in a ballad he wrote, but he later adopted it as his own stage name. His early musical career was parallel to service as an enlisted flight engineer in the United States Air Force.

Biography
According to his birth record, Martin was born in Ovilla, Texas, to Birdie and Edna Mae Martin. He joined the United States Air Force in May 1949, and served as a flight engineer on the B-29 Super Fortress during the Korean War in the early 1950s. In Lincoln, Nebraska, Martin was once sitting at a railroad crossing and a fellow that closely resembled his chief boom operator, Willie Wilson, passed by sitting in a boxcar. He said, "There goes Willie." He pulled over and wrote a song entitled "Boxcar Willie". It eventually stuck and became Martin's nickname. In 1962, Martin met his future wife, Lloene, in Boise, Idaho. They later had four children.

In San Jose, California, Martin attended a talent show as "Boxcar Willie" and performed under that nickname for the first time. He won first place and a $150 prize. That was his part-time vocation, however, as he was still in the Air Force and had been flying daily missions. In the early 1970s, while assigned to the 136th Air Refueling Wing of the Texas Air National Guard, Martin served as a flight engineer aboard the Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter and participated in Operation Creek Party. This operation provided critical in-flight refueling services for fighter aircraft assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe for 10 years.

In 1976, Martin retired from the Air Force and became a full-time performer. One of his first national appearances was a win on Chuck Barris' The Gong Show. In the late 1970s, Martin traveled to Grand Prairie, Texas, where he purchased hundreds of 8-track tapes pre-recorded with his music to sell later in various places. After he received a contract with other recording studios, he discontinued his dealings with Cleo McDonald.

Martin entered American mainstream pop culture consciousness due to a series of television commercials for record compilations of artists who were obscure in the United States, yet had large international followings, such as Slim Whitman and Gheorghe Zamfir. Martin went on to become a star in country music. In 1981, Martin achieved a professional landmark by being inducted into the Grand Ole Opry. He also had success outside of the United States, with his 1980 album King of the Road giving him his greatest chart success by reaching No. 5 in the UK Albums Chart. Traveling around the world with Martin's band was his steadfast and trusty steel guitar player Chubby Howard, radio show host and musician for many years.

In 1985, Martin moved to Branson, Missouri, and purchased a theater on Missouri Route 76, also known as 76 Country Boulevard. In addition to the Boxcar Willie Theater, he opened a museum and eventually had two motels, both bearing his name. Martin was one of the first big stars to open a show in Branson, paving the way for the other nationally known names that followed. He performed at his theater in Branson until his death.

On February 23, 1992, Martin was featured on the second-season premier of Tracks Ahead in which he performed with his band at the Boxcar Willie Theater.

Death
Martin was diagnosed with leukemia in 1996, and died on April 12, 1999, in Branson, Missouri at the age of 67. He was buried at Ozarks Memorial Park in Branson. Major League Baseball umpire "Cowboy" Joe West was among his pallbearers.

Legacy
After a major reconstruction project, the overpass carrying Farm to Market Road 664 (locally known as Ovilla Road) over Interstate 35E in Red Oak, Texas, was renamed the Boxcar Willie Memorial Overpass. A small park, two blocks from the National Mall, near the L'Enfant Plaza station in Washington, D.C., was renamed Boxcar Willie Park. Martin is still recalled by his nickname, "America's Favorite Hobo". One of his sons, Larry Martin, has performed professionally under the stage name of Boxcar Willie Jr.

title: Boxcar Willie


text:
Disk enclosure

A disk enclosure is a specialized casing designed to hold and power hard disk drives or solid state drives while providing a mechanism to allow them to communicate to one or more separate computers.

Drive enclosures provide power to the drives therein and convert the data sent across their native data bus into a format usable by an external connection on the computer to which it is connected. In some cases, the conversion is as trivial as carrying a signal between different connector types. In others, it is complicated enough to require a separate embedded system to retransmit data over connector and signal of a different standard.

Factory-assembled external hard disk drives, external DVD-ROM drives, and others consist of a storage device in a disk enclosure.

Benefits

Key benefits to using external disk enclosures include:
 * Adding additional storage space and media types to small form factor and laptop computers, as well as sealed embedded systems such as digital video recorders and video game consoles.
 * Adding RAID capabilities to computers that lack RAID controllers or adequate space for additional drives.
 * Adding more drives to any given server or workstation than their chassis can hold.
 * Transferring data between non-networked computers, humorously known as sneakernet.
 * Adding an easily removable backup source with a separate power supply from the connected computer.
 * Using a network-attached storage-capable enclosure over a network to share data or provide a cheap off-site backup solution.
 * Preventing the heat from a disk drive from increasing the heat inside an operating computer case.
 * Simple and cheap approach to hot swapping.
 * Recovering the data from a damaged computer's hard drive, particularly when it does not share the same interface with the computer used to perform the recovery.
 * Lower the cost of removable storage by reusing hardware designed for internal use.
 * In some instances, provides a hardened chassis to prevent wear and tear.

Consumer enclosures
In the consumer market, commonly used configurations of drive enclosures utilize magnetic hard drives or optical disc drives inside USB, FireWire, or Serial ATA enclosures. External 3.5-in floppy drives are also fairly common, following a trend to not integrate floppy drives into compact and laptop computers. Pre-built external drives are available through all major manufacturers of hard drives, as well as several third parties.

These may also be referred to as a caddy – a sheath, typically plastic or metallic, within which a hard disk drive can be placed and connected with the same type of adapters as a conventional motherboard and power supply would use. The exterior of the caddy typically has two female sockets, used for data transfer and power.

Variants of caddy:
 * some larger caddies can support several devices at once and can feature either separate outputs to connect each device to a different computer, or a single output to connect both over the same data cable
 * some caddies do not require an external power supply, and instead obtain power from the device to which they are connected
 * some caddies have integrated fans with which to keep the drives within at a cool temperature
 * caddies for all major standards exist, supporting for example ATA, SCSI and SATA drives and USB, SCSI and FireWire outputs

Advantages:
 * relatively high transfer speed; typically faster than other common portable media such as CDs, DVDs and USB flash drives, slower than drives connected using solely ATA, SCSI and SATA connectors
 * storage; typically larger than CDs, DVDs and USB flash drives
 * price-to-storage ratio; typically better than CDs, DVDs and USB flash drives

Disadvantages:
 * power; most variants require a supply, unlike CDs, DVDs and USB flash drives...
 * size; typically larger than CDs, DVDs and USB flash drives

Form factors
A range of other form factors has emerged for mobile devices. While laptop hard drives are today generally of the 9.5 mm high variant of the "2.5-inch" drive form factor, older laptops and notebooks had hard drives that varied in height, which can make it difficult to find a well-fitting chassis. Laptop optical drives require "slim" 5.25-in enclosures, since they have approximately half the thickness of their desktop counterparts, and most models use a special 50-pin connector that differs from the 40-pin connectors used on desktop ATA drives.
 * Multiple drives: RAID-enabled enclosures and iSCSI enclosures commonly hold multiple drives. High-end and server-oriented chassis are often built around 3.5-in drives in hot-swappable drive caddies.
 * "5.25-inch" drive: (5.75 in × 8 in × 1.63 in = 146.1 mm × 203 mm × 41.4 mm) Most desktop models of drives for optical 120-mm discs (DVD-ROM or CD-ROM drives, CD or DVD burners), are designed to be mounted into a so-called "5.25-inch slot", which obtained its nickname because this slot size was initially used by drives for 5.25 in floppy disks in the IBM PC AT. (The original "5.25-inch slot" in the IBM PC was with 3.25 in (82.6 mm) twice as high as the one commonly used today; in fact, the PC's drive size was called "5.25-inch full-height", and the size used in the PC AT and commonly used today is "5.25-inch half-height".)
 * "3.5-inch" drive: (4 in × 5.75 in × 1 in = 101.6 mm × 146.05 mm × 25.4 mm) This smaller, 4 in disk-drive form factor was introduced with the Apple Macintosh series in 1984, and later adopted throughout the industry beginning widely with the IBM PS/2 series in 1987, which included drives of this size for 90-mm ("3.5-inch") floppy disks. This form factor is today used by most desktop hard drives. They usually have 10 mounting holes with American 6-32 UNC 2B threads: three on each side and four on the bottom.
 * "2.5-inch" drive: (2.75 in × 3.945 in × 0.374 in = 69.85 mm × 100.2 mm × 9.5 mm) This even smaller, 2.75 in form factor is widely used today in notebook computers and similar small-footprint devices. One commonplace feature for these drives is radically lower power consumption than is found in larger drives. This enables enclosure vendors to power the devices directly from the host device's USB or other external bus, in most cases.
 * "1.8-inch" drive: Found in extremely compact devices, such as certain portable media players and smaller notebooks, these devices are not standardized like their 2.5 inch cousins.

While they are less common now than they once were, it is also possible to purchase a drive chassis and mount that will convert a 3.5-inch hard drive into a removable hard disk that can be plugged into and removed from a mounting bracket permanently installed in a desktop PC case. The mounting bracket carries the data bus and power connections over a proprietary connector, and converts back into the drive's native data bus format and power connections inside the drive's chassis.

Enterprise enclosures
In enterprise storage the term refers to a larger physical chassis. The term can be used both in reference to network-attached storage (NAS) and components of a storage area network (SAN) or be used to describe a chassis directly attached to one or more servers over an external bus. Like their conventional server brethren, these devices may include a backplane, temperature sensors, cooling systems, enclosure management devices, and redundant power supplies.

Native drive interfaces
SCSI, SAS, Fibre Channel, eSATAp, and eSATA interfaces can be used to directly connect the external hard drive to an internal host adapter, without the need for any intervening controller. External variants of these native drive protocols are extremely similar to the internal protocols, but are often expanded to carry power (such as eSATAp and the SCSI Single Connector Attachment) and to use a more durable physical connector. A host adapter with external port may be necessary to connect a drive, if a computer lacks an available external port.

Direct attach serial interfaces
USB or FireWire connections are typically used to attach consumer class external hard drives to a computer. Unlike SCSI, eSATA, or SAS these require circuitry to convert the hard disk's native signal to the appropriate protocol. Parallel ATA and internal Serial ATA hard disks are frequently connected to such chassis because nearly all computers on the market today have USB or FireWire ports, and these chassis are inexpensive and easy to find.

Network protocols
iSCSI, NFS, or CIFS are all commonly used protocols that are used to allow an external hard drive to use a network to send data to a computer system. This type of external hard drive is also known as Network-attached storage or NAS. Often, such drives are embedded computers running operating systems such as Linux or VxWorks that use their NFS daemons and SAMBA to provide a networked file system. A newer technology NAS, has been applied to some disk enclosures, which allows network ability, direct connection (e.g., USB) and even RAID features.

Hard drive shucking
"Shucking" refers to the process of purchasing an external hard disk drive and removing the drive from its enclosure, in order for it to be used as an internal disk drive. This is performed because external drives are often cheaper than internal drives of the same capacity and model, and that external drives designed for continuous usage often contain hard drives designed for increased reliability.

Following the hard disk drive shortages caused by the 2011 Thailand floods, data storage company Backblaze reduced its cost of acquiring hard drives by purchasing external hard drives and shucking them. According to Backblaze Chief Executive Gleb Budman, the company purchased 1,838 external drives during this period. Describing the process as "drive farming", the company noted that it was much cheaper for them to purchase 3 TB external drives and removing them from their cases manually, than it is to purchase internal drives.

title: Disk enclosure


text:
Raffia palm

Raffia palms are members of the genus Raphia. The Malagasy name rafia is derived from  "to squeeze juice". The genus contains about twenty species of palms native to tropical regions of Africa, and especially Madagascar, with one species (R. taedigera) also occurring in Central and South America. R. taedigera is the source of raffia fibers, which are the veins of the leaves, and this species produces a fruit called "brazilia pods", "uxi nuts" or "uxi pods".

They grow up to 16 m tall and are remarkable for their compound pinnate leaves, the longest in the plant kingdom; leaves of R. regalis up to 25 m long and 3 m wide are known. The plants are monocarpic, meaning that they flower once and then die after the seeds are mature. Some species have individual stems which die after fruiting, but have a root system which remains alive and sends up new stems which fruit.

Fiber
Raffia fiber is produced from the epidermal membrane on the underside of the leaf fronds. The membrane is taken off to create a long thin fiber, which can be rolled together for added strength before they are finally dried. Fibres can be made into twine, rope, garden ties, and used in tree grafting. Fibres are important in the area of textiles, as they can be dyed and woven into products such as decorative mats, baskets, placemats, hats, and shoes.

Raffia wine
The sap of the palm can be fermented into raffia wine. It is traditionally collected by cutting a box in the top of the palm and suspending a large gourd below to collect the milky white liquid. Unlike with oil palms, this process kills the tree. Sap from both the raffia and oil palms can be allowed to ferment over a few days. When first collected from the tree, it is sweet and appears slightly carbonated. As it ages more sugar is converted. Raffia wine tends to be sweeter at any age when compared to oil palm wine. Both kinds of palm wine can also be distilled into strong liquors, such as Ogogoro. Traditionally in some cultures where raffia or oil palm are locally available, guests and spirits are offered these drinks from the palm trees.

Other uses
In local construction, raffia fibres are used for ropes, with branches and leaves providing sticks and supporting beams, and various roof coverings. The people of Ogba kingdom in Rivers State and other southern Nigerians use raffia palm fronds as fishing poles. The frond is usually cut from a young palm tree. The leaves are removed and the stake is dried, which becomes very light, and the hook is attached to a line, which is tied to the stake, making it a fishing pole.

The raffia palm is important in societies such as that of the Province of Bohol in the Philippines, Kuba of Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nso of Cameroon, the Igbo and Ibibio/Annang/Bahumono of Southeastern Nigeria, the Tiv of Northcentral Nigeria and Southwestern Cameroons, the Urhobo and Ijaw people of the Niger delta Nigeria and the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria, among several other West African ethnic nations.

title: Raffia palm


text:
Fu

Fu or FU may refer to:

In arts and entertainment

 * Fool Us, Penn & Teller's magic-competition television show
 * Fǔ, a type of ancient Chinese vessel
 * Fu (poetry) (赋), a Chinese genre of rhymed prose
 * FU: Friendship Unlimited, a 2017 Marathi film
 * Fu Dog, a character on the Disney animated television series American Dragon: Jake Long
 * Fu Manchu, a fictional character first featured in a series of novels by English author Sax Rohmer
 * Shaq Fu, video game
 * Francis Urquhart, the main character in the novel House of Cards by Michael Dobbs, and in the UK television series

In music

 * The F.U.'s, an American band
 * F.U. Don't Take It Personal, an album by American hip hop group Fu-Schnickens
 * F.U.E.P., an EP by Lily Allen
 * "FU" (song), a song by Miley Cyrus from her album Bangerz
 * F.U. EP, a 2002 EP by Gob
 * "F.U.", a song by Little Mix from their 2016 album Glory Days
 * "F-U", a song by Yo Gotti from his 2013 album I Am
 * "F.U.", a song by Avril Lavigne from her seventh studio album Love Sux

In language

 * Fu (character) (福), meaning "prosperity", "fortune", "good luck", "blessing", or "happiness" in Chinese
 * Fu (kana) (ふ, フ), a symbol in Japanese syllabaries

Places

 * Fu (administrative division) (府), an administrative division used in Japan, and previously in China, Korea and Vietnam
 * Fu, Nepal
 * Fu County, in Shaanxi, China
 * Fu River (disambiguation), the name of several rivers in China (Fuhe, Fujiang, Fushui)

 * Fu, Sweden, a village in Sweden.

In the United States

 * Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, a.k.a. the Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York
 * Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut
 * Finlandia University, Hancock, Michigan
 * Fordham University, New York
 * Forklift University, a forklift safety training center in the United States
 * Franklin University, Ohio
 * Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois
 * Friends University, Wichita, Kansas
 * Furman University, a University in Greenville, South Carolina

In other countries

 * FATA University, Akhorwal, Darra Adam Khel, FR Kohat, FATA, Pakistan
 * Free University of Berlin, Germany
 * Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
 * Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada, formerly known as Fraser University (FU)

In science and technology

 * Vought FU, an American 1920s fighter aircraft
 * Fixture unit, equal to a flow of one cubic foot of water per minute
 * Formula unit, in chemistry
 * Functional unit (execution unit), part of a CPU that performs the operations and calculations

Other uses

 * Fuzhou Airlines, a Chinese airline (IATA code FU)
 * Fu (surname), a common pronunciation for some Chinese surnames, such as 傅, 符, 付, 扶, 伏, and 富
 * Fu (tally) (符), a Chinese tally (memory aid device) made of bamboo, wood, or metal
 * Fulu, a Taoist paper spell
 * Fu, a type of prepared wheat gluten in Japanese cuisine
 * Fu Manchu moustache, a full mustache popularized by the fictional character
 * Fu Lu Shou (福禄寿), the concept of Prosperity (Fu), Status (Lu), and Longevity (Shou) in Chinese culture
 * Marco Fu, Hong Kong snooker player
 * Fed-Up Party, a joke political party during the Canadian federal election of 2011
 * Fuck You (disambiguation), a profane phrase
 * Follow-up (disambiguation)

title: Fu