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User talk:Mark e moon

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title: User talk:Mark e moon


text: Category:Newport County, Rhode Island

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Newport County, Rhode Island


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Murdoch

Murdoch is an Irish/Scottish given name, as well as a surname. The name is derived from old Irish Gaelic words mur, meaning "sea" and murchadh, meaning "sea warrior". The following is a list of notable people or entities with the name.

Given name

 * Muireadhach I, Earl of Menteith, Scottish nobleman
 * Muireadhach II, Earl of Menteith, Scottish nobleman
 * Muireadhach III, Earl of Menteith, Scottish nobleman
 * Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany, Scottish nobleman.
 * Murdoch Macdonald, British politician and civil engineer
 * Murdoch MacLennan (born 1949), British media executive

Surname

 * Alexi Murdoch, Scottish-born singer
 * Alister Murdoch, Australian air marshal
 * Beamish Murdoch, judge and historian of Nova Scotia
 * Ben Murdoch-Masila, New Zealand Rugby League player
 * Billy Murdoch, Australian cricketer
 * Billy Murdoch (Scottish footballer)
 * Blair Murdoch, Canadian television producer
 * Bobby Murdoch, Scottish footballer
 * Bradley John Murdoch, Australian murderer
 * Brian H. Murdoch (1930–2020), Irish mathematician
 * Colin Murdoch, New Zealand pharmacist and veterinarian who invented disposable hypodermic syringes
 * David Murdoch – several people including
 * David Murdoch, Scottish sportsman
 * Don Murdoch, National Hockey League player
 * Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman), daughter of Rupert Murdoch
 * Elisabeth Murdoch (senior), philanthropist, wife of Keith Murdoch and mother of Rupert Murdoch
 * George Murdoch, first mayor of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 * Iris Murdoch, British novelist and philosopher
 * James Murdoch – several people including
 * James Murdoch (born 1972), British-American businessman
 * John E. Murdoch, American historian and philosopher of science
 * John Smith Murdoch, Australian architect
 * Keith Murdoch, Australian journalist and father of Rupert Murdoch
 * Keith Murdoch (rugby union) (1943–2018), New Zealand rugby union footballer
 * Lachlan Murdoch, former chief operating officer of News Corporation and eldest son of Rupert Murdoch
 * Lachlan Murdoch, Canadian actor
 * Marion Murdoch (1849–?), American minister
 * Richard Murdoch, British comedian and light actor
 * Robert C. Murdoch, New Zealand malacologist
 * Rupert Murdoch, Australian-American media mogul, CEO and Chairman of News Corporation
 * Stuart Murdoch (football manager), former footballer and ex-manager of Milton Keynes Dons F.C.
 * Stuart Murdoch (musician), Scottish singer
 * Trevor Murdoch, American professional wrestler
 * Walter Murdoch, Australian academic and essayist
 * William Murdoch – several people including
 * William McMaster Murdoch, first officer on the RMS Titanic
 * William Murdoch, Scottish engineer and inventor of gas lighting (sometimes spelt "Murdock")
 * William Murdoch (poet), Scottish poet

Fictional characters

 * Detective William Murdoch, the protagonist in a series of novels by Maureen Jennings, and a spin-off television series
 * John Murdoch, protagonist in the feature film Dark City
 * Murdoc Niccals, bassist for the virtual band Gorillaz
 * Murdoc, a character in the MacGyver television series
 * Murdoch, a tender engine character in Thomas & Friends, Introduced in the Series 7 episode (Peace and Quiet)

Organisations

 * Murdoch University, a public university in Perth, Australia

title: Murdoch


text:
Category:Sauk County, Wisconsin

Articles related to Sauk County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.

title: Category:Sauk County, Wisconsin


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Paulina Porizkova

Paulina Porizkova (born 9 April 1965) is an author and former fashion model. Born in Czechoslovakia, she relocated to Sweden in 1973 and began modelling in France at age 15. In 1984, Porizkova became the first Central European woman to appear on the cover of the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue.

As an actress, she made her film debut in Anna (1987).

Early life
Porizkova was born on 9 April 1965 in Prostějov,  then in Czechoslovakia, to anti-Soviet dissident parents, Anna Pořízková and Jiří Pořízka. She was left in the care of her maternal grandmother after her parents fled to Sweden to escape the Warsaw Pact invasion. Czechoslovak authorities would not allow her parents to reclaim her, and the ensuing battle was widely publicized in the Swedish press, making her a cause célèbre.

When Porizkova was seven, her pregnant mother returned to Czechoslovakia with a fake passport in an attempt to rescue her. After the attempt failed, her mother was briefly detained by the national police and then placed under house arrest with her family. In 1973, international political pressure led by Olof Palme caused the communist government to allow the Pořízek family to be reunited. Porizkova's parents divorced after her father had an affair. She and her father, who refused to pay child support for his children, have been estranged since her youth. Her mother, a midwife, remarried at least twice and, as of 2010, was reported to be serving in the Peace Corps in Uganda.

Modeling
Porizkova shared the photo that got the attention of modeling scout John Casablancas. She was 13. One of her friends, who wanted to be a makeup artist, painted Porizkova's face, along with other friends, and sent the photographs to modeling agencies in Paris in the hopes of getting hired. "Soon after, a modeling agent called inviting me to Copenhagen to meet the famed model scout John Casablancas. ... He took one look at me and asked: ‘Want to go to Paris?’ As if I'd say no! The rest, as they say, is history."

Porizkova rose to become a top model in Paris during the early 1980s, and her fame spread to the United States when she posed in swimwear for Sports Illustrated. In 1984, at 18 years old, she became the first woman from Central Europe to be on the cover of the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue. She appeared again on the cover in 1985. She was the second woman (after Christie Brinkley) to be featured on the swimsuit issue's front cover in consecutive years (1984 and 1985). Her first appearance as a model in the magazine was in 1983. She appeared on the cover and in New York in July, 1985. Harper's Bazaar named her one of its ten most beautiful women in 1992 and American Photo magazine in its first issue declared her to be the model of the 1980s. Porizkova appeared on the covers of numerous magazines around the world during the 1980s and 1990s, including Vogue, Elle, Harper's Bazaar, Self, Cosmopolitan, and Glamour.

She has been featured in advertising campaigns for Chanel, Versace, Hermes, Christian Dior, Oscar De La Renta, Mikimoto, Perry Ellis, Laura Biagiotti, Anne Klein, Ellen Tracy, Barneys New York, Ann Taylor, Guerlain, and Revlon and appeared on the runway for Calvin Klein.

In 1988, Porizkova won what was then the highest-paying modeling contract: a $6,000,000 contract with Estée Lauder, replacing Willow Bay. The black-and-white television and print advertising campaign won praise from critics. The Estée Lauder makeover transformed Porizkova's public image from a swimsuit model to that of European sophisticate and she remained the company's face until 1995. She soon landed another multimillion-dollar contract, with Escada.

Television work
Porizkova was part of the panel of judges on America's Next Top Model (ANTM), starting on Cycle 10, replacing fashion icon Twiggy.

Porizkova continued to conduct regular weekly evaluations of ANTM participants on the show until she announced during a 12 May 2009, appearance on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson that she had been fired from the show. Although Porizkova maintained she was told by producers that she had an "ego problem," especially when she "consistently complained" about Tyra Banks' reported lateness to the set, ANTM executive producer Ken Mok and Banks released a statement claiming Porizkova's firing was due to "the current state of the economy," forcing ANTM to "make major budget cuts…unfortunately, Paulina was a casualty of these cuts." When questioned by ABC News journalist Cynthia McFadden about the firing of Porizkova as well as former ANTM colleague, Janice Dickinson, both of whom had complained Banks was "difficult," Banks refused to address the issue.

She appeared on Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes.

Porizkova was a participant on Dancing with the Stars, in spring 2007 but was voted off on the first results show which aired on 27 March 2007.

In 2009 and 2010, she played Clarissa on about five episodes of the CBS Daytime soap opera As the World Turns. Porizkova appeared in the fourth episode of Celebrity Ghost Stories' second season.

Acting
Porizkova's film debut was in the 1983 modeling mockumentary, Portfolio. She appeared in the 1987 film Anna. In 1989, she co-starred with Tom Selleck in the film Her Alibi; she was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for her appearance.

Porizkova appeared in Emir Kusturica's 1993 film Arizona Dream, with Johnny Depp and Jerry Lewis, in a minor role as Lewis's young Polish fiancée. She had the main female role in the 1998 film Thursday. Porizkova wrote and directed the 2001 film, Roommates. She also starred in the 2001 thriller film Dark Asylum, alongside Judd Nelson. In 2004, she starred in the romantic comedy Knots. She appeared in an episode of the Starz comedy series Head Case which aired on 24 April 2009. She appeared in a 6th-season episode of Desperate Housewives, "Chromolume No. 7", alongside model Heidi Klum. She appeared on the ABC Family drama-comedy series Jane by Design in an episode which aired on 6 March 2012, and made a guest appearance on The Mysteries of Laura in February 2015.

Writing
Porizkova co-authored a children's book, The Adventures of Ralphie the Roach (ISBN 978-0385424028) with British model Joanne Russell and illustrated by her stepson Adam Ocasek, that was published in September 1992. She published her first novel, A Model Summer (ISBN 978-1401303266; Modellsommar in Swedish), in 2007, which is about a 15-year-old Swedish girl (Jirina) chosen by a modeling agent to spend a summer working in Paris in 1980. Porizkova is a blogger for Modelinia and The Huffington Post.

In popular culture
Porizkova is the subject of three songs: "Friends of P" by The Rentals, "Paulina" by No Doubt, and "Dear Paulina" (written for the film Thursday in which she appeared) by Luna. She is one of several women referenced in Sonic Youth's song "Swimsuit Issue", from the 1992 album Dirty. She was the inspiration of the late transgender model and ballroom performer Octavia St. Laurent who spoke glowingly about her in the documentary film Paris is Burning. She has said that St. Laurent's praise and idolization in the documentary was the favorite moment of her modeling career.

Personal life
Porizkova holds dual Swedish and U.S. citizenship. In 1984, she met Ric Ocasek, lead singer of the rock band the Cars, during the filming of their music video "Drive". The two married on 23 August 1989. They had two sons, Jonathan Raven Ocasek (born 4 November 1993) and Oliver Ocasek (born 1999). In May 2018, Porizkova announced she and Ocasek had separated a year earlier.

In September 2019, while caring for Ocasek following an unspecified surgery, Porizkova found him dead in his home. At the time of his death, they were still in the process of their divorce, though he had disinherited her as well as his two eldest sons in a new will, alleging that before his recent surgery she had "abandoned" him, a legally significant term. In 2021, her dispute with Ocasek's estate was settled. Porizkova commented, "They gave me what is mine under New York state law, and we’re done."

In 2021, Porizkova briefly dated screenwriter Aaron Sorkin.

In "America Made Me a Feminist", an article she wrote for The New York Times in 2017, Porizkova stated that she considered herself a feminist.

title: Paulina Porizkova


text: Category:Oklahoma County, Oklahoma

title: Category:Oklahoma County, Oklahoma


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Category:Jefferson County, West Virginia

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User talk:RHolecko

Nomination of List of top 500 Major League Baseball home run hitters for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of top 500 Major League Baseball home run hitters is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of top 500 Major League Baseball home run hitters until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. – Muboshgu (talk) 01:47, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:RHolecko.jpg

The file File:RHolecko.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "useless personal photo"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. funplussmart (talk) 21:21, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:RHolecko


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Explorer 3

Explorer 3 (Harvard designation 1958 Gamma) was an American artificial satellite launched into medium Earth orbit in 1958. It was the second successful launch in the Explorer program, and was nearly identical to the first U.S. satellite Explorer 1 in its design and mission.

Background
The U.S. Earth satellite program began in 1954 as a joint U.S. Army and U.S. Navy proposal, called Project Orbiter, to put a scientific satellite into orbit during the International Geophysical Year (IGY). The proposal, using a U.S. Army Redstone missile, was rejected in 1955 by the Eisenhower administration in favor of the U.S. Navy's Project Vanguard, using a booster advertised as more civilian in nature. Following the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957, the initial Project Orbiter program was revived as the Explorer program to catch up with the Soviet Union.

Launch
The satellite was launched from Cape Canaveral Missile Test Center of the Atlantic Missile Range (AMR), in Florida at 17:38:01 GMT on 26 March 1958 by the Juno I launch vehicle. The Juno I had its origins in the United States Army's Project Orbiter in 1954. The project was canceled in 1955 when the decision was made to proceed with Project Vanguard.

Following the launch of the Soviet Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957, Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) was directed to proceed with the launching of a satellite using the Jupiter-C which had already been flight-tested in nose-cone re-entry tests for the Jupiter IRBM (intermediate-range ballistic missile). Working closely together, ABMA and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) completed the job of modifying the Jupiter-C to the Juno I and building the Explorer I in 84 days.

Spacecraft

Explorer 3 was launched in conjunction with the International Geophysical Year (IGY) by the U.S. Army (Ordnance) into an eccentric orbit. The objective of this spacecraft was a continuation of experiments started with Explorer 1. The payload consisted of a cosmic ray counter (a Geiger-Müller tube) and a micrometeorite detector (a wire grid array and acoustic detector). The Explorer 3 spacecraft was spin-stabilized and had an on-board tape recorder to provide a complete radiation history for each orbit. It was discovered soon after launch that the satellite was in a tumbling motion with a period of about 7 seconds. Explorer 3 decayed from orbit on 28 June 1958, after 93 days of operation.

Mission results
The discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt by the Explorer satellites was considered to be one of the outstanding discoveries of the International Geophysical Year (IGY).

Explorer 3 was placed in an orbit with a perigee of 186 km and an apogee of 2799 km having a period of 115.70 minutes, and inclination of 33.38°. Its total weight was 14.1 kg, of which 8.4 kg was instrumentation. The instrument section at the front end of the satellite and the empty scaled-down fourth-stage rocket casing orbited as a single unit, spinning around its long axis at 750 revolutions per minute. Data from these instruments was transmitted to the ground by a 60 milliwatt transmitter operating on 108.03 MHz and a 10 milliwatt transmitter operating on 108.00 MHz.

Transmitting antennas consisted of two fiberglass slot antennas in the body of the satellite itself. The four flexible whip antennas of Explorer 1 were removed from the design. The external skin of the instrument section was painted in alternate strips of white and dark green to provide passive temperature control of the satellite. The proportions of the light and dark strips were determined by studies of shadow-sunlight intervals based on firing time, trajectory, orbit, and orbital inclination.

Electrical power was provided by Mallory type RM Mercury batteries that made up approximately 40% of the payload weight. These provided power that operated the high power transmitter for 31 days and the low-power transmitter for 105 days. Because of the limited space available and the requirements for low weight, the Explorer 3 instrumentation was designed and built with simplicity and high reliability in mind. It was completely successful.

Explorer 3 decayed from orbit on 28 June 1958, after 93 days of operation.

A replica of the spacecraft is currently located in the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery.

title: Explorer 3


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Twickenham Stadium

Twickenham Stadium in Twickenham, in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, England, is a rugby union stadium owned by the Rugby Football Union (RFU), English rugby union governing body, which has its headquarters there. The stadium is England's national rugby union stadium and is the venue of the England national rugby union team home matches.

It is the world's largest rugby union stadium, the second largest stadium in the United Kingdom, behind Wembley Stadium, and the fifth largest in Europe.

The Middlesex Sevens, Premiership Rugby fixtures, Anglo-Welsh Cup matches, Harlequins annual Big Game, the Varsity Match between Oxford and Cambridge universities and European Rugby Champions Cup games have been played at Twickenham Stadium. It has also been used as the venue for the Rugby Football League's Challenge Cup Final in 2001 and 2006, and the NFL London Games in 2016 and 2017.

Twickenham Stadium has hosted concerts by Rihanna, Iron Maiden, Bryan Adams, Bon Jovi, Genesis, U2, Beyoncé, the Rolling Stones, the Police, Eagles, R.E.M., Eminem, Lady Gaga, Metallica and Depeche Mode.

Overview
Twickenham is often referred to as "the Home of Rugby". The stadium, owned and operated by the RFU, hosts rugby union fixtures all year round. It is the home of the English rugby union team, who play nearly all their home games at the stadium. Twickenham hosts England's home Six Nations matches, as well as games against touring teams from the Southern Hemisphere, usually annually in November.

Apart from its relationship with the national team, Twickenham is the venue for a number of other domestic and international rugby union matches. It hosts the annual London leg of the World Rugby Sevens Series, the Cup (championship) final, the third-place match of the annual London leg of the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series, and the domestic Middlesex Sevens competition. It is also the venue for the Premiership Rugby final as well as Harlequins' Big Game at Christmas time and an additional annual fixture hosted by Harlequins in late spring. Anglo-Welsh Cup, Heineken Cup and Champions Cup finals have been held here, and the stadium also hosts The Varsity Match between Oxford and Cambridge, the English schools' Daily Mail Cup Final and the Army Navy Match, which forms the culmination of the annual Inter-Services Competition.

History
Sold-out Tests against New Zealand and South Africa at Crystal Palace saw the RFU realise the benefit of owning their own ground. Committee member William Williams and treasurer William Cail led the way to purchasing a 10.25 acre (4 hectare) market garden in Twickenham in 1907 for £5,500 12s 6d. The first stands were constructed the following year. Before the ground was purchased, it was used to grow, among other vegetables, cabbages, and so Twickenham Stadium is affectionately known as the Cabbage Patch. After further expenditure on roads, the first game, between Harlequins v. Richmond, was played on 2 October 1909, and the first international, England v. Wales, on 15 January 1910. At the time of the England-Wales game, the stadium had a maximum capacity of 20,000 spectators. During World War I, the ground was used for cattle, horse and sheep grazing. King George V unveiled a war memorial in 1921.

In 1926, the first Middlesex Sevens took place at the ground. In 1927 the first Varsity Match took place at Twickenham for the first time. On 19 March 1938, BBC Television broadcast the England – Scotland (Calcutta Cup) match from Twickenham, the first time that a rugby match was shown live on television. In 1959, to mark 50 years of the ground, a combined side of England and Wales beat Ireland and Scotland by 26 points to 17.

Coming into the last match of the 1988 season, England had lost 15 of their previous 23 matches in the Five Nations Championship. The Twickenham crowd had only seen one England try in the previous two years, and at half-time the team were 0–3 down against Ireland. During the second half, England started playing an expansive game many had doubted they were capable of producing. A 0–3 deficit was turned into a 35–3 win, with England scoring six tries. This day also saw the origins of the adoption of the traditional spiritual "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" as a terrace song. Three of England's tries in the match were scored by Chris Oti, a black player who had made a reputation for himself that season as speedy left winger. A group of boys from the Benedictine school Douai, following a tradition at their school games, sang "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" whenever a try was scored. When Oti scored his second try, amused spectators standing close to the boys joined in, and when Oti scored his hat-trick the song was heard around the ground. Since then "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" has been a song to sing at England home games, in the same way that Fields of Athenry is sung in Dublin and Cwm Rhondda is sung in Cardiff.

The United Kingdom, Ireland and France shared the hosting of the 1991 Rugby World Cup. Twickenham was used during pool A England matches. Twickenham was also host of the 1991 Rugby World Cup Final in which Australia beat England 12–6. For this game, England changed their style of play, opting for the sort of running game that had brought them victory against Ireland in the March 1988 game referred to above. During this match, with the English facing a 12–3 deficit, David Campese reached one-handed for a ball thrown to England winger, Rory Underwood. He dropped it and the ball rolled forward, gifting England a penalty that proved to be the last score of the game. Some have claimed that Campese's action should have been interpreted as a deliberate professional foul, with possible disciplinary action against the Australian player. However, on the same ground in November 1988, Campese had intercepted a similar pass and run the length of the field to score a try.

Some of the Welsh-hosted 1999 Rugby World Cup games were taken to Twickenham. These included three of England's pool B matches, the second round playoff when England defeated Fiji 45 points to 24, and both semi-finals, none of which England were involved in, having made their exit in the quarter-finals at the hands of South Africa. Under the reign of Clive Woodward, the stadium became known as 'Fortress Twickenham', as England enjoyed a run of 19 unbeaten home matches from October 1999, ending with defeat against Ireland in 2004. The IRB Rugby Aid Match was played on 5 March 2005 under the auspices of the International Rugby Board (IRB) to raise money for the United Nations World Food Programme to support its work helping victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The match was between representative sides of the Northern and Southern hemispheres, with the Southern side winning 54–19.

In May 2023, during a match between Sale and Saracens, a group of Just Stop Oil protesters came onto the pitch and started to vandalise the surface. Some of the players helped security staff to remove the protestors, who were later arrested.

Redevelopment
Since the ground's purchase by the RFU in 1907, it has gone through a number of redevelopments. In 1921, a stand was built above the northern terrace, with workshops placed underneath. In 1927, the East Stand was extended, bringing the capacity to 12,000. The south terrace was later extended to enable crowds of 20,000. In 1932, a new West Stand was completed, providing offices for the RFU, who made the ground their home. In 1937, Middlesex County Council approved a scheme submitted by Twickenham Borough Council to widen Rugby Road due to it being inadequate for traffic.

In 1965, the South Terrace was closed due to structural failings. It was found to be cheaper to build a new stand than to repair the existing one; however, planning permission was refused, due to objections from local residents. Permission was eventually granted in 1978. A period of extensive rebuilding took place during the early 1980s, which continued through to the mid-1990s. In 1981, the South Terrace was rebuilt as the South Stand. After being taken down in 1989, an extended North Stand was opened in 1990. Following the 1992 Five Nations, the stadium saw the development of the new East Stand and subsequently the West Stand. In 1995, the stadium redevelopment was completed, the ground now accommodating 75,000 people in an all-seater environment. The North, East and West stands were all built by Mowlem. Planning permission was sought in 2002 and received in December 2004 for a new South Stand to further raise capacity, with building work commencing in June 2005. As well as increasing the stadium's capacity to 82,000, the redevelopment introduced a four-star Marriott hotel with 156 rooms and six VIP suites with views over the field, a performing arts complex, a health and leisure club, a new rugby shop and a general increase in function space. In July 2005, the old south stand was demolished to make way for the new development. The festivities that were planned to mark this were cancelled in the wake of the 7 July terror attacks in the centre of London. The new seating, which had been started by Mowlem, was completed by Carillion on 5 November 2006 in time for the England vs New Zealand game of that year's autumn internationals series, in which England lost in a near-record defeat.

The rugby stadium continued to be developed into 2018 with the upgrading of the east stand. The new stand offers match-day hospitality as well as six floors of event spacing. The east stand was over budget due to additional safety measures put in place to make the redeveloped structure capable of withstanding a bomb attack, and to make it fireproof, with work carried out on the cladding in response to the Grenfell Tower fire. Following the upgrade, the roof is now complete.

Rugby World Cup
Twickenham Stadium has hosted Rugby World Cup Matches in 1991, 1999 and 2015, including the finals in 1991 and 2015 when England were the host nation. The Stadium also hosted semi-finals in 1999, including France's famous 43–31 victory over New Zealand. In August 2023, the stadium was confirmed as one of eight host venues for the 2025 Rugby World Cup.

2025 Rugby World Cup
The stadium will be one of eight host venues for the 2025 Rugby World Cup.

Other uses
Though Twickenham usually only hosts rugby union fixtures, it has in the past been the venue for a number of other events. In 2000, the ground hosted its first game of rugby league, in which Australia defeated England in the opening game of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup. The Rugby League Challenge Cup Final has also been played at Twickenham twice, in 2001 and 2006, and was won by St. Helens on both occasions.

Due to the construction delays of Wembley, a number of scheduled events at Wembley were moved to Twickenham. The Challenge Cup and the Rolling Stones' A Bigger Bang Tour concerts were taken to Twickenham. The Stones also played two shows at Twickenham in August and September 2003, the first of which was used as their stadium concert disc for the 2003 DVD Four Flicks. During 2007 Genesis played at Twickenham during their reunion tour. The Police played at the stadium in September 2007 and Rod Stewart in June. The usual capacity for concerts is anything up to 50,000, as opposed to the 82,000 for rugby.

R.E.M. performed at Twickenham in August 2008, while New Jersey rockers Bon Jovi played two gigs at the stadium in June 2008 as part of their Lost Highway Tour, and Iron Maiden played there as part of their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour on 5 July 2008, along with a full supporting bill which included Avenged Sevenfold, Within Temptation and Lauren Harris.

Lady Gaga performed two sold-out shows at the stadium during her Born This Way Ball Tour on the 8th and 9 September 2012 with 101,250 people attending for both shows. The first date broke a record for The Fastest Selling-out Stadium Show in UK history when the 50,625 tickets for the first show sold out in 50 seconds.

Rihanna performed two shows at the stadium during her Diamonds World Tour on 15 and 16 June 2013 for 95,971 people for both nights.

Since the mid-1950s it has also hosted the Jehovah's Witnesses annual convention for the London area. Usually up to 25,000 attend to hear Bible talks.

The TV motoring show Top Gear used the pitch for a match of rugby, played using Kia cars. This was played prior to resurfacing.

American football
It was announced on 3 November 2015 that the RFU and America's National Football League had agreed a three-year deal to host at least three NFL London Games. The deal began in October 2016 and gave the opportunity to host an additional two games over the three-year period of the deal.

On 23 October 2016, the Los Angeles Rams hosted the New York Giants at Twickenham Stadium. This was the second of three London Games in 2016, with the others being played at Wembley. The game was televised live in the UK on BBC Two.

The final two games of the agreement were played in 2017, with matchups announced on 13 December 2016.

World Rugby Museum
The World Rugby Museum is a museum located in Twickenham Stadium. The museum covers the whole of the global game, not just English rugby union. It tells the history of the sport, including William Webb Ellis and Richard Lindon, using interactive display techniques. The museum has a rolling programme of special exhibitions which cover topical issues and offer an opportunity to display some of the obscurer items in the collection. Some unique displays include an English rugby union jersey from the first ever rugby union international in 1871 between England and Scotland, and (until 2005) the William Webb Ellis Cup which was obtained by England at the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Twickenham Stadium Tours are also available through the Museum and run four times per day (Tuesday to Saturday) and twice on Sundays. It is usually open every day of the week except for Mondays and on match days, when a special-priced entry is available for match ticket holders only.

title: Twickenham Stadium


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Talk:Mouth (disambiguation)

Image
I added a picture to this article, because it needed one. I'm not terribly happy with the one I found, though. If anyone can find a better free image of a human mouth, please contribute! --Ashenai 19:49, 10 June 2006 (UTC) yahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh go to google search mouth u will get nothing just a stinkin hairy mouth

Famous Mouths
This section seems a little weird - it doesn't seem to be useful information, or written in a formal tone. Do we really need a list of famous mouths? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.95.106.154 (talk • contribs)
 * I agree. I've removed this section, as it totally sucked and was garbaging up this article.  If anyone wants to save the section, make a new List of Famous Mouths article and see if people think it's keepable.  --Xyzzyplugh 15:39, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Why is this so short?
It's an article about the MOUTH! What's going on? (note to self: check out a book on anatomy) Blueaster 05:46, 2 January 2007 (UTC) I agree. There's so much more to know about a mouth than this! Are there any experts on mouths in the house??(Hyokano 02:53, 22 February 2007 (UTC))
 * Yeah, I saw both of the articles. How are they so short. First base anyone? Let's talk about romance and erogenous zones! --  Valley   2   city   ₪‽ 16:37, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Remerger
Why split this article in this way? -- ReyBrujo 20:29, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

What makes these articles so vastly different they have to be split? There isn't much difference between the two except a reference to different locations of mouths in other organisms. In this merger I think the snakes using mouth to poison should be removed as they use their fangs not their mouths. Also I think that the majority of the information in the mouth (human) be moved to this page rather than the other way around.Bouncingmolar 09:02, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

My alternative suggestion which i think someone has mentioned already, is that mouth become a disambiguation pageBouncingmolar 09:04, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you suggesting one page for human mouths, then other separate pages for various other animals, rivers and the song? The reason why this page seems useful is because it can deal with non-human mouths as well, or animal mouths in general.  So I guess my opinion is Don't merge but expand with lots of info on non-humans.  WLU 11:14, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Merged according to consensus on Talk:Mouth (animal). Bob the Wikipedian (talk) 13:21, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Buccal cavity
is buccal cavity not just the name for the cavity between the cheeks? I'm not convinced it is synonymous with mouth, although i agree there is some overlap. Bouncingmolar 09:06, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

This should not have been redirected
Testing for diminished nasolabial fold is an important symptom of neurological impairment. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.22.155.154 (talk) 06:38, 6 May 2007 (UTC). what I don't seem to understand —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.46.69.69 (talk) 00:13, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

volume of the human mouth
Does anyone know what the typical volume (or range of volumes) is of the human mouth? Fundamentisto (talk) 18:55, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mouth (disambiguation)


text:
Li Fan (Han dynasty)

Li Fan was a Chinese astronomer during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD).

He noticed that the Moon does not move uniformly through its phases by using background stars as reference. In 85 Li Fan and Bian Xin were tasked by Emperor Zhang to resolve inaccuracies in the Taichu calendar. He is also known to have worked with inflow clepsydras as opposed to earlier, typically less accurate outflow clepsydras.

The measurements of synodic periods of the planets given in the following table are attributed to him. An impact crater that is located at the Phaethontis quadrangle, Mars, 47.2°S Latitude and 153.2°W Longitude was named in his honor. The diameter of the impact crater is approximately 104.8 km.

title: Li Fan (Han dynasty)


text:
User:Yvolution

Yvolution, it is my nickname, and somehow, also a part of who I am.

If you can figure out what the words after this mean, you can use them. yvolution dot wiki awithatail dse dot nl

Today, the 1st of august 2004, I'll make my first steps in also improving the Wikipedia. I created this user page mainly to keep track of my own contributions. My contributions will be small in first instance, I'm certainly still a wiki-novice :)

My present occupation consists of a part-time postion at a multinational electronics company. Furthermore I try to accomplish a study at the Eindhoven_University_of_Technology located in the Netherlands. The course I'm following is called "Technology and Society" which will be renamed for the next college-year to "Technology and Innovation sciences"

Presently I try to accomplish a subject called Thermal Physics. The subject comprises Thermodynamics, kinetic theory of gases and statistical mechanics. As I definitely need to pass the exam, but as I'm definitely no expert in this area, I hope Wikipedia will be a learning experience.

Update 2005 10th of august.

Until now I turn out to be merely an observer than a contributor to Wikipedia. This is not fully true, I sometimes change/add minor things to articles while not being logged on as "Yvolution". Although there is still a lot to add and improve within Wikipedia, I only want to connect my nickname to that when it is really good, or when it really adds something. Therefore I would need to change my priorities concerning time, and until now that didn't happen. By the way I'm typing this while being at my work now :)

In my previous edit of this page I mentioned that I had to accomplish a Thermal Physics course. Before I could accomplish it, the subject changed to something similar, but for me in a more interesting direction. Now it comprises and is more focused on Thermodynamics, Steam, and Entropy. I still have to pass that exam.

In the mean time I accomplished a subject called Factor_analysis, and advanced statistics. Wikipedia and the internet was of help for these courses, since the lecture-notes were not that clear. Still I think that especially for the Factor Analysis subject there is still a lot to add.

Now I have to put effort in a subject concerning renewable energy, and I'm also involved in a project about the peoples use of reviews on the internet.

Update 2014 10th of April.

It is already 10 years ago that I took my first steps on Wikipedia. I still like the concept a lot, it is one of the less really independent initiatives that has so big impact on what the internet can mean to people. I did not write many article's, and only once in a while I added or corrected something on an existing Wikipedia article. But if I would have had more time I would definitely produce more, and better content.

Update 2019 1st of October.

I just added an other page, named Digital Trust Center. I always hope that by planting a 'seed' something nice and big will grow out of it, ofcourse due to maintenance and additions by others. A notable page that started this way is the Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera. I started it in may 2010 with 2,906 bytes. And now, over the years, it is a very nice page and counting 34,441 bytes.

title: User:Yvolution


text:
Talk:The Scientists

Untitled
Ok, just thoughts.
 * The Scientists are a notable band. They sold moderately well and made a bit of a splash.  However, their primary notability expressed in this article, probably accurately, is their scene.  They were notable as a first punk act in Perth and one of the early punk acts in Australia.  As such, their actions and effects deserve discussion.  However, I feel that the lineup changes are not warranted for a band of this level.  It ought to be enough to say, "Numerous members came in and out of the band over the next two years."  Listing each, his dates, what he did, etc. seems to me to drag the narrative and to imply that each individual is a major figure.  If each is, then a parenthetical mention is sufficient.  For example, someone writing about The Modern Lovers in their first line up could say "had Jerry Harrison (later of Talking Heads), Brucewhoeverhewas (later of The Cars), and thatotherguy."  Now, that other guy went on to many other bands, but none were headline acts.  So my first criticism is that the line up changes should be handled by a gracefully quick stroke.
 * Secondly, although the band had two iterations, more of a description of how they are stylistically distinct (if they are) needs to be in place to justify the section split. Otherwise, there is no reason to do so.  Instead, you'd say, "After a brief breakup, the band reconvened with a new lineup in London."  Presumably, the two versions of the band didn't sound the same.  If so, if they really are like 2 different bands, that needs to be described.  (I've only heard them in their London version, and they were one-hitters in the US underground.)
 * Third, there are numerous, numerous breakouts implied by all those redlinks. I would rather that someone needing to create articles on those notable people go back and bluelink than to have people only notable for this band redlinked now.
 * Fourth, the article seems to really exist to talk about the singer songwriter. This diverts attention.  If the guy is that important to Australian punk, then let that go there.  Otherwise, it's two articles under one heading, drags the narrative, and splits the reader's attention. Geogre 17:41, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Scientists.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Thescientists.jpg
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:55, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:The Scientists


text:
Mutual intelligibility

In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. It is sometimes used as an important criterion for distinguishing languages from dialects, although sociolinguistic factors are often also used.

Intelligibility between languages can be asymmetric, with speakers of one understanding more of the other than speakers of the other understanding the first. When it is relatively symmetric, it is characterized as "mutual". It exists in differing degrees among many related or geographically proximate languages of the world, often in the context of a dialect continuum.

Factors
An individual's achievement of moderate proficiency or understanding in a language (called L2) other than their first language (L1) typically requires considerable time and effort through study and practical application if the two languages are not very closely related. Advanced speakers of a second language typically aim for intelligibility, especially in situations where they work in their second language and the necessity of being understood is high. However, many groups of languages are partly mutually intelligible, i.e. most speakers of one language find it relatively easy to achieve some degree of understanding in the related language(s). Often the two languages are genetically related, and they are likely to be similar to each other in grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, or other features.

Intelligibility among languages can vary between individuals or groups within a language population according to their knowledge of various registers and vocabulary in their own language, their exposure to additional related languages, their interest in or familiarity with other cultures, the domain of discussion, psycho-cognitive traits, the mode of language used (written vs. oral), and other factors.

Linguistic distance is the name for the concept of calculating a measurement for how different languages are from one another. The higher the linguistic distance, the lower the mutual intelligibility.

Asymmetric intelligibility
Asymmetric intelligibility refers to two languages that are considered partially mutually intelligible, but where one group of speakers has more difficulty understanding the other language than the other way around. There can be various reasons for this. If, for example, one language is related to another but has simplified its grammar, the speakers of the original language may understand the simplified language, but less vice versa. For example, Dutch speakers tend to find it easier to understand Afrikaans than vice versa as a result of Afrikaans' simplified grammar.

Among sign languages
Sign languages are not universal and are usually not mutually intelligible, although there are also similarities among different sign languages. Sign languages are independent of spoken languages and follow their own paths of development. For example, British Sign Language (BSL) and American Sign Language (ASL) are quite different and mutually unintelligible, even though the hearing people of the United Kingdom and the United States share the same spoken language. The grammars of sign languages do not usually resemble those of spoken languages used in the same geographical area; in fact, in terms of syntax, ASL shares more with spoken Japanese than it does with English.

As a criterion for identifying separate languages
Some linguists use mutual intelligibility as a primary criterion for determining whether two speech varieties represent the same or different languages. In a similar vein, some claim that mutual intelligibility is, ideally at least, the primary criterion separating languages from dialects.

A primary challenge to these positions is that speakers of closely related languages can often communicate with each other effectively if they choose to do so. In the case of transparently cognate languages officially recognized as distinct such as Spanish and Italian, mutual intelligibility is in principle and in practice not binary (simply yes or no), but occurs in varying degrees, subject to numerous variables specific to individual speakers in the context of the communication. Classifications may also shift for reasons external to the languages themselves. As an example, in the case of a linear dialect continuum that shades gradually between varieties, where speakers near the center can understand the varieties at both ends with relative ease, but speakers at one end have difficulty understanding the speakers at the other end, the entire chain is often considered a single language. If the central varieties die out and only the varieties at both ends survive, they may then be reclassified as two languages, even though no actual language change has occurred during the time of the loss of the central varieties. In this case, too, however, while mutual intelligibility between speakers of the distant remnant languages may be greatly constrained, it is likely not at the zero level of completely unrelated languages.

In addition, political and social conventions often override considerations of mutual intelligibility in both scientific and non-scientific views. For example, the varieties of Chinese are often considered a single language even though there is usually no mutual intelligibility between geographically separated varieties. Another similar example would be varieties of Arabic, which additionally share a single prestige variety in Modern Standard Arabic. In contrast, there is often significant intelligibility between different Scandinavian languages, but as each of them has its own standard form, they are classified as separate languages.

However, others have suggested that these objections are misguided, as they collapse different concepts of what constitutes a "language".

To deal with the conflict in cases such as Arabic, Chinese and German, the term Dachsprache (a sociolinguistic "umbrella language") is sometimes seen: Chinese and German are languages in the sociolinguistic sense even though speakers of some varieties cannot understand each other without recourse to a standard or prestige form.

North Germanic
Northern Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia form a dialect continuum where two furthermost dialects have almost no mutual intelligibility. As such, spoken Danish and Swedish normally have low mutual intelligibility, but Swedes in the Öresund region (including Malmö and Helsingborg), across a strait from the Danish capital Copenhagen, understand Danish somewhat better, largely due to the proximity of the region to Danish-speaking areas. While Norway was under Danish rule, the Bokmål written standard of Norwegian developed from Dano-Norwegian, a koiné language that evolved among the urban elite in Norwegian cities during the later years of the union. Additionally, Norwegian assimilated a considerable amount of Danish vocabulary as well as traditional Danish expressions. As a consequence, spoken mutual intelligibility is not reciprocal.

Romance
Because of the difficulty of imposing boundaries on a continuum, various counts of the Romance languages are given; in The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities David Dalby lists 23 based on mutual intelligibility:
 * Iberian Romance: Portuguese, Galician, Mirandese, Astur-Leonese, Castilian, Aragonese;
 * Occitano-Romance: Catalan, Occitan, Sardinian;
 * Gallo-Romance: Langues d'oïl (including French), Piedmontese, Franco-Provençal;
 * Rhaeto-Romance: Romansh, Ladin, Friulian;
 * Gallo-Italic: Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, Emilian-Romagnol, Venetian;
 * Italo-Dalmatian (including Italian): Corsican, Neapolitan, Sicilian, Istriot, Dalmatian (extinct);
 * Eastern Romance: Daco-Romanian, Istro-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian.

South Slavic
Serbo-Croatian dialects in relation to Slovene, Macedonian, and Bulgarian: The non-standard vernacular dialects of Serbo-Croatian (i.e. non-Shtokavian dialects: Kajkavian, Chakavian and Torlakian) diverge more significantly from all four normative varieties. Their mutual intelligibility varies greatly, between the dialects themselves, with Shtokavian, and with other languages. For example, Torlakian which is considered a subdialect of Serbian Old Shtokavian by some, has significant mutual intelligibility with Macedonian and Bulgarian. All South Slavic languages in effect form a large dialect continuum of gradually mutually intelligible varieties depending on distance between the areas where they are spoken.

Romance

 * Italian and French (moderately)
 * Italian and Spanish (partially)
 * Portuguese and Galician (significantly)
 * Portuguese and Italian (moderately)
 * Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian (significantly)
 * Spanish and Portuguese (moderately)
 * Spanish and Judaeo-Spanish (spoken or written in the Latin alphabet; Judaeo-Spanish may also be written in the Hebrew alphabet). Depending on dialect and the number of non-Spanish loanwords used.

Germanic

 * Danish, Norwegian and Swedish (partially and asymmetrically)
 * Dutch and Afrikaans (in written form; in spoken form partially)
 * Dutch and West Frisian (partially)
 * English and Scots (partially)
 * German and Yiddish (only spoken, because German is usually written in Latin script and Yiddish usually in the Hebrew alphabet). However, Yiddish use of many borrowed words, chiefly from Hebrew and Slavic languages, makes it more difficult for a German speaker to understand spoken Yiddish than the reverse.

Slavic

 * Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian (partially)
 * Bulgarian and Macedonian (significantly)
 * Czech and Slovak (significantly)
 * Czech and Polish (partially and asymmetrically)
 * Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian (moderately to significantly)
 * Polish and Slovak (reasonably to partially)
 * Polish, Ukrainian and Belarusian (both partially; moreover, Belarusian and Ukrainian are written in Cyrillic, while Polish is written in Latin)
 * Serbo-Croatian and Slovene (moderately)

Indo-Aryan

 * Bengali, Assamese as well as Odia. Please refer to the respective pages for more information.
 * Chittagonian and Rohingya (The Chittagonian and Rohingya languages have a high degree of mutual intelligibility, while Chittagonian is written with Bengali script and Rohingya is written with Hanifi script)
 * Hindi and Urdu. See the article on Hindustani language.
 * Marathi and certain dialects of Konkani (significantly)

Turkic

 * Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz, Turkish and Urum  (partially and asymmetrically)
 * Uzbek and Uyghur (formerly known as Western and Eastern dialects of Turki; Uzbek uses a Latin alphabet whereas Uyghur uses an alphabet based on the Arabic script)
 * Karakalpak, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Nogai. Many Turkic languages are mutually intelligible to a higher or lower degree, but thorough empirical research is needed to establish the exact levels and patterns of mutual intelligibility between the languages of this linguistic family. The British Academy funded research project dedicated to examining mutual intelligibility between Karakalpak, Kazakh and Uzbek languages is currently under way at the University of Surrey.

Austronesian

 * Hiligaynon, Capiznon (significantly) and Cebuano (significantly)
 * Iban and Malay, especially with Sarawakian Malay (partially)
 * Tokelauan and Tuvaluan

Niger–Congo

 * Esan and Edo (the different varieties of Edoid languages are mutually intelligible, such that successful communication between speakers is not affected).
 * Kinyarwanda and Kirundi
 * Zulu, Northern Ndebele (partially), Xhosa (partially), and Swazi (partially)
 * Luganda and Lusoga (partially)
 * Nkore and Kiga

Other

 * Akha, Honi and Hani (variety of different written scripts)
 * Dungan and Mandarin, especially with Central Plains Mandarin (partially; Dungan is usually written in Cyrillic and Mandarin usually in Chinese characters)
 * Estonian and Finnish (partially)
 * Finnish and Karelian (significantly)
 * Irish and Scottish Gaelic (partially)
 * Manchu and Xibe
 * Thai, Southern Thai, Lao (Isan), Northern Thai, Shan and Tai Lue (both partially and asymmetrically; only Central Thai and Southern Thai are significantly mutually intelligible both in written and spoken forms, while other languages have their own scripts.)
 * Tunisian Arabic and Maltese (32–33% of sentences; Maltese is written with the Latin script while Tunisian Arabic is written with the Arabic script)
 * Tunisian Arabic and Libyan Arabic (68–70% of sentences)

List of dialects or varieties sometimes considered separate languages

 * Akan: Twi and Fante.
 * Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) is a dialect continuum, with some dialects being mutually intelligible and others not. While Zakho Jewish Neo-Aramaic and Zakho Christian Neo-Aramaic are mutually intelligible, especially on the eastern edge (in Iran), Jewish and Christian NENA varieties spoken in the same town are not mutually intelligible.
 * Catalan: Valencian – the standard forms are structurally the same language and share the vast majority of their vocabulary, and hence highly mutually intelligible. They are considered separate languages only for political reasons.
 * Hindustani: Hindi and Urdu – the standard forms are separate registers of structurally the same language (called Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu), with Hindi written in Devanagari and Urdu mainly in a Perso-Arabic script, and with Hindi drawing its literary and formal vocabulary mainly from Sanskrit and Urdu drawing it mainly from Persian and Arabic.
 * Malay: Indonesian (the standard regulated by Indonesia), Brunei and Malaysian (the standard used in Malaysia and Singapore). Both varieties are based on the same material basis and hence are generally mutually intelligible, despite the numerous lexical differences. Certain linguistic sources also treat the two standards on equal standing as varieties of the same Malay language. Malaysians tend to assert that Malaysian and Indonesian are merely different normative varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate, albeit closely related, languages. However, vernacular or less formal varieties spoken between these two countries share limited intelligibility, evidenced by Malaysians having difficulties understanding Indonesian sinetron (soap opera) aired on their TV stations (which actually uses a colloquial offshoot heavily influenced by Betawi vernacular of Jakarta rather than the formal standard acquired in academical contexts) and vice versa.
 * Persian: Iranian Persian (natively simply known as Persian), Dari and Tajik – Persian and Dari are written in Perso-Arabic script, while Tajik is written in Cyrillic script.
 * Serbo-Croatian: Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian – the national varieties are structurally the same language, all constituting normative varieties of the Shtokavian dialect, and hence mutually intelligible, spoken and written (if the Latin alphabet is used). For political reasons, they are sometimes considered distinct languages. Shtokavian has its own set of subdialects, leading some linguists to consider the other dialects (Kajkavian, Chakavian, and Torlakian) as separate languages, closely related to Shtokavian Serbo-Croatian (rather than being Serbo-Croatian dialects).
 * Romanian: Moldovan – the standard forms are structurally the same language, and hence mutually intelligible. They are considered separate languages only for political reasons. Moldovan does, however, have more foreign loanwords from Russian and Ukrainian due to historical East Slavic influence on the region but not to the extent where those would affect mutual intelligibility. A law declaring Romanian as the official language of Moldova was passed by the Moldovan parliament in 2023, after that only pro-Russian separatist region of Transnistria still describes its language as Moldovan rather than Romanian (and cyrillic alphabet is used there instead of the Latin one).
 * Tagalog: Filipino – the national language of the Philippines, Filipino, is based almost entirely on the Luzon dialects of Tagalog.

title: Mutual intelligibility


text:
Category:Stadtholders in the Low Countries

This category holds all Dutch stadtholders.


text:
Walter Doran

Walter Francis Doran (born October 15, 1945) is a retired admiral in the United States Navy, who served as the Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet (CINCPACFLT) from May 2002 to July 2005. He lives with his wife, Ginny and has two sons, one of whom has a daughter named Regan He currently is Raytheon's president of Asia.

Navy career
A native of Albany, New York, Doran attended Villanova University where he earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree in history. He was commissioned as an Ensign in 1967 through the Navy's Reserve Officer Training Corps (U.S. Navy) Program. In 1979, Admiral Doran attended the Indian Defense Services Staff College in Wellington, India, where he earned a master's degree in Defense Studies. He describes this experience in India as "serendipitously important" as he attended the Staff College with men who would later come to serve in high-ranking positions within their respective governments, among them former Indian CNS Arun Prakash and his successor. Admiral Doran also holds a master's degree in communications from the University of Oklahoma, which he received in 1983.

Selected to Flag rank in January, 1993, Doran served as Director, Operations, Plans and Political-Military (N-31/52) on the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations and as the Assistant to the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff from September 2000 to May 2002.

Doran commanded the USS De Wert (FFG-45) and the USS Belknap (CG-26), flagship for the United States Sixth Fleet home ported in Gaeta, Italy. From June 1995 to December 1996, Admiral Doran served as commander of Amphibious Group One in and the Amphibious Force U.S. Seventh Fleet, both homeported out of Okinawa, Japan. He also served as Deputy Commander in Chief and Chief of Staff, United States Southern Command from December 1996 through July 1998. From August 1998 to September 2000, Admiral Doran commanded United States Seventh Fleet homeported out of Yokosuka, Japan.

Significant shore assignments include tours on the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations in Washington, D.C., including Assistant Branch Head, Pacific Ocean Area/Pacific Plans and Policy Branch (OP-612C) and Branch Head, Europe/NATO Branch (OP-614). From June, 1983 to July, 1985, Doran was Military Assistant to the then Vice President of the United States George H. W. Bush.

Post-military career
In 2005, Doran was appointed to Navy Service Executive for Raytheon Company. Since that time, he has become president of Raytheon Asia. Doran has concentrated a significant portion of his Raytheon work in fostering and developing the company's sales to India.

In 2014, Doran was elected to the Military Officers Association of America board of directors. That organization has approximately 350,000 members, made up of active duty, retired, and former commissioned officers and warrant officers who served in a uniformed services of the United States. In October 2018, Doran became chairman of the Military Officers Association's board of directors. He has also served on the Military Child Education Coalition board of directors and the U.S.-India Business Council board of directors.

title: Walter Doran


text: User talk:Hal06

title: User talk:Hal06


text:
William J. Fallon

William Joseph Fallon (born December 30, 1944) is a retired United States Navy four-star admiral who retired after serving for over 41 years. His last military assignment was as Commander, U.S. Central Command from March 2007 to March 2008. ADM Fallon was the first Navy officer to hold that position. His other four-star assignments include Commander, U.S. Pacific Command from February 2005 to March 2007, Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command from October 2003 to February 2005, and 31st Vice Chief of Naval Operations from October 2000 to August 2003. On March 11, 2008, he announced his resignation from CENTCOM and retirement from active duty, citing administrative complications caused in part by an article in Esquire Magazine, which described him as the only thing standing between the Bush Administration and war with Iran.

Early life and education
Fallon was born in East Orange, New Jersey and raised in Merchantville, New Jersey. He graduated from Camden Catholic High School in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. A 1967 graduate of Villanova University, he received his commission through the Navy ROTC Program and was designated a Naval Flight Officer upon completion of flight training in December 1967.

Fallon is a graduate of the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, and the National War College in Washington, D.C. He holds a Master of Arts Degree in International Studies from Old Dominion University. Fallon was awarded the Naval War College Distinguished Graduate Leadership Award in 2001 and granted an honorary Doctor of Military Science degree by his alma mater, Villanova University, on May 17, 2009.

Military service
After flight training at Naval Air Station (NAS) Pensacola in Florida and NAS Glynco in Georgia, Fallon was assigned to fly the RA-5C Vigilante at Naval Air Station Sanford in Florida and Naval Air Station Albany in Georgia, including a combat deployment to Vietnam. He moved to the A-6E Intruder in 1974 at NAS Oceana, Virginia. All told, he served in flying assignments for 24 years with Reconnaissance Attack Squadrons (RVAH), Attack Squadrons (VA) and Carrier air wings (CVW), deploying to the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans and Mediterranean Sea, embarked in USS Saratoga (CV-60), USS Ranger (CV-61), USS Nimitz (CVN-68), USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) and USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71). He has logged more than 1,300 carrier arrested landings and over 4,800 flight hours in tactical jet aircraft.

Fallon commanded Attack Squadron 65, embarked in USS Dwight D. Eisenhower; Medium Attack Wing One at NAS Oceana; and Carrier Air Wing Eight aboard USS Theodore Roosevelt during a combat deployment to the Persian Gulf for Operation Desert Storm in 1991. Assigned as Commander, Carrier Group Eight in 1995, he deployed to the Mediterranean as Commander, Theodore Roosevelt Battle Group and commanded Battle Force Sixth Fleet (CTF 60) during NATOs combat Operation Deliberate Force in Bosnia. Admiral Fallon served as Commander, U.S. Second Fleet and Commander, Striking Fleet Atlantic from November 1997 to September 2000.

Shore duties included assignment as Aide and Flag Lieutenant to the Commander, Fleet Air Jacksonville, and to the staffs of Commander, Reconnaissance Attack Wing One; Commander, Operational Test Force, and Commander, Naval Air Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet. He has served as Deputy Director for Operations, Joint Task Force Southwest Asia (JTF-SWA) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and as Deputy Director, Aviation Plans and Requirements on the Staff of the Chief of Naval Operations in Washington, D.C. His first flag officer assignment was with NATO as Assistant Chief of Staff, Plans and Policy for Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic. He was then assigned as Deputy and Chief of Staff, U.S. Atlantic Fleet followed by assignment as Deputy Commander in Chief and Chief of Staff, U.S. Atlantic Command. Nominated for his fourth star, he became the 31st Vice Chief of Naval Operations in October 2000.

In February 2001, while serving as Vice Chief of Naval Operations, Fallon was given Presidential special envoy status and dispatched to Japan to apologize for the collision between the U.S. Navy submarine USS Greeneville and the Japanese fisheries training vessel Ehime Maru. The accident killed nine Japanese crewmembers, including four high school students. Fallon, along with Ambassador Tom Foley, met with family members of the victims at the Ambassador's official residence in Tokyo and in the Ehime Maru 's home port of Uwajima, Ehime Prefecture, bowing deeply and expressing regret on behalf of the United States and President George W. Bush. His deferential show of contrition to the families, carried out in front of news cameras, was widely credited with defusing an incident that could have damaged U.S.-Japan relations.

In 2002, he told the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Committee that the military should be exempted from certain environmental laws because the laws affected the military's ability to conduct operations at its bases.

In February 2003, he authorized the Navy's Task Force Uniform initiative that led to the creation of the Navy Working Uniform and Navy Service Uniform.

He was then nominated and confirmed for assignment as the Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command and U.S. Atlantic Fleet from October 2003 to February 2005; during that time, he was assigned to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Following that, he received a rare third assignment as a four-star military officer, as Commander, U.S. Pacific Command from February 2005 until March 2007.

At Pacific Command, Fallon took a conciliatory approach towards China.

United States Central Command
On January 4, 2007, President Bush nominated Fallon for his fourth four-star command to replace John Abizaid, who was retiring from the U.S. Army, as Commander of the United States Central Command, (CENTCOM).

The United States Senate confirmed Admiral Fallon as the first Navy admiral to command CENTCOM on February 7. He relieved General Abizaid on March 16, 2007.

As combatant commander of Central Command, Fallon was General David Petraeus's superior officer, who was at that time the commander of Multinational Force Iraq. Petraeus succeeded Fallon as CENTCOM commander, relieving the "Acting" CENTCOM Commander, then-Lieutenant General Martin Dempsey on October 31, 2008.

As CENTCOM commander, Fallon often criticized Iran while also encouraging negotiations. On May 28, 2007, he noted that the United States would continue to have a military presence in the Middle East, despite Iran wishing otherwise. However, he also said, "We have to figure out a way to come to an arrangement with them [Iran]". In an Al-Jazeera broadcast on September 30, 2007, he criticized those publicly urging war, stating "This constant drum beat of conflict is what strikes me which is not helpful and not useful. [...] I expect that there will be no war and that is what we ought to be working for." He also stated that Iran was not as strong as it claimed, "Not militarily, economically or politically." and he referred to Iranians as ants, "These guys are ants. When the time comes, you crush them."

Resignation
On March 11, 2008 Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced the resignation of Fallon as CENTCOM Commander. He stated that Fallon's reason for resigning centered on the controversy regarding a recent article in Esquire magazine which depicted him as openly criticizing the Bush administration with specific regard to American policy towards Iran.

After his widely publicized resignation, interpreted as opposition to military action against Iran, the conservative The Washington Times countered with a report that Fallon's active and retired military critics believed that he was "pushed to resign" by higher officials because "he failed to prevent foreign fighters and munitions from entering Iraq". After his resignation as CENTCOM commander, he retired from military service.

Post service life
Fallon joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Center for International Studies as a Robert Wilhelm Fellow for nine months, starting August 2008. He will collaborate with the MIT community in research, seminars, conferences and other intellectual projects.

Fallon was the commencement speaker at the 2009 commencement ceremonies at his alma mater, Villanova University. He also was the 2009 commencement speaker for the University of California, San Diego's Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies.

Starting in June 2009, Admiral Fallon served as co-chair of the Center for Strategic & International Studies Commission on Smart Global Health Policy alongside the President and CEO of CARE, Helene D. Gayle where he discussed his experiences with the security dimensions of global health. Admiral Fallon contributed in multiple conferences and policy discussions and attended a summer tour of Kenya that included the Kibera slums. At a global health event in the North Carolina Research Triangle, Admiral Fallon gave the keynote address:

I spent more than 40 years of my life serving in the U.S. Navy, serving around the world, as well as Commander of both U.S. Pacific Command and U.S. Central Command. When I was a student at the U.S. Naval War College, security was defined in very traditional terms. It was the business of competing sovereign state actors with defined borders who pursue hard national interests.

Working on the ground in the far corners of the world, however, I came to appreciate that security today is much more about basic day-to-day existence – it's primarily about the security of the individual. Included in this, the way people relate to each other, their families, their jobs and their communities. It is broader and far more personal than traditional notions of security. And at the heart of human security is health. Admiral Fallon joined Tilwell Petroleum LLC in August, 2009 as a partner and advisor for the company's strategic business development program. "We are excited to have Admiral Fallon join our team at Tilwell," said Tony Cardwell, Managing Member of Tilwell. "Admiral Fallon's extensive experience in the Navy and his work with government and non-governmental agencies is a great addition to Tilwell as we continue to expand our customer base and support for both military and commercial applications."

Admiral Fallon was named chief executive officer of NeuralIQ Government Services, Inc. in March 2010.

Admiral Fallon was on the Board of Directors of Frontier Services Group from April 2014 through April 2016.

Ranks and promotions

 * Villanova University, NROTC, Midshipman – Class of 1967

title: William J. Fallon


text:
Timok Valley

The Timok Valley (Тимочка Крајина; Тимошко; Valea Timocului) is a geographical region in east Serbia around the Timok River. The Timok Valley corresponds to parts of two Serbian districts (Bor and Zaječar), with a total 2022 census population of 200,785.

Name
The Serbian name is derived from the hydronym Timok and krajina ("frontier, march"), named such due to its location and history as a borderland. It was introduced in the Interwar period as denoting the Timok confluence with the Negotin Valley and Ključ, which are part of the Timok Valley. The term has no historical or geographical basis. In Romanian, the term "Timoc Valley" (Valea Timocului) is used for the area inhabited by the Romanian-speaking Vlachs. "Tribalia" is also used in Romanian. The region was sometimes known as Podunavia in Medieval times.

Geography
The Timok Valley roughly corresponds to the Bor and Zaječar districts of Serbia. It includes six municipalities and two cities:
 * Zaječar – 66,000
 * Bor – 44,000
 * Negotin – 37,000
 * Knjaževac – 32,000
 * Sokobanja – 19,000
 * Kladovo – 21,000
 * Boljevac – 15,000
 * Majdanpek – 20,000

The largest city in the region is Zaječar, and therefore functions as its cultural, urban, and economic centre. It consists of four municipalities: Stari grad (old parts of the city: Vlačić, Kraljevica, Karađorđev venac, Šljivarsko brdo, Lubničko brdo, Oskoruša, Pazaršte, Zvezdan, Podliv, Veliki izvor), Kotlujevac (Ključ 1,2,3,4, Živinarnik, Selište, Vlaško brdo, Beli breg), Grljan (south suburban parts and Višnjar) and Salaš (north suburban parts). The largest municipality is Koltlujevac, with a population of over 25,000.

Climate
Zaječar, the biggest city in the region, has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).

History
Early Bronze Age pottery of the Kostolac-Kocofeni culture has been found throughout the region. During the Roman era, the area was administratively part of the Dacia Ripensis. During emperor Justinian's reign there were numerous fortifications in the area. Notable Roman sites include Timacum Minus, Trajan's Bridge, Diana Fortress, and others. The Bulgarian ruler Ivan Stratsimir (Vidin principate) and Wallachian Voivode Mircea the Elder controlled the territory of Podunavia until the Ottoman conquest in the 14th century. Several settlements in the region received Habsburg monarchy frontier status after the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718); the area became a frontier towards the Ottoman Empire.

A peasant uprising took place in 1883 in the Timok Valley, in Eastern Serbia, known as the Timok Rebellion. The peasant movement of 1883 resulted from economic, political and social factors.

Between 1918 and 1922, two districts of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes existed in the area – Krajina District, with seat in Negotin, and Timok District with seat in Zaječar. In 1922, these two districts were merged into the newly formed Timok Oblast with seat in Zaječar. Timok Oblast existed until 1929 when it was included into the newly formed Morava Banovina with seat in Niš. At present there are two districts in the area: Bor District with seat in Bor; and Zaječar District with seat in Zaječar.

Ethnic groups
The region is inhabited by a majority of Serbs and minority of Romanians/Vlachs. Based on the 2002 census and results in the Bor and Zaječar Districts (which together had 284,112 inhabitants), there were 85,58% Serbs, 8,31% Vlachs and 0,96% Romani. The Serb community traditionally speak the Kosovo–Resava dialect in the north and the Prizren-Timok dialect in the south; however, Standard Serbian is used in formal communication. The Vlachs speak a variety of two dialects (Banat and Oltenian dialects) of the Romanian language, which awaits standardization into a hypothetical new language for the Vlachs. Both Serbs and Vlachs are Eastern Orthodox by denomination. There is currently controversy regarding the ethnic identification of the Vlach community and whether they are Romanians or not.

title: Timok Valley


text:
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