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Donald Crowhurst

Donald Charles Alfred Crowhurst (1932 – July 1969) was a British businessman and amateur sailor who disappeared while competing in the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, a single-handed, round-the-world yacht race held in 1968–69. Soon after starting the race his boat, the Teignmouth Electron, began taking on water. Crowhurst secretly abandoned the race while reporting false positions in an attempt to appear to complete a circumnavigation without actually doing so. His ship's logbooks, found after his disappearance, suggest that stress and associated psychological deterioration may have led to his suicide.

Crowhurst's participation in the race has exerted a fascination over many commentators and artists. It has inspired a number of books, stage plays and films, including a documentary, Deep Water (2006), and two feature films, Crowhurst and The Mercy (both 2017), in which Crowhurst is played by the actors Justin Salinger and Colin Firth, respectively. Teignmouth Electron ended its days as a dive boat in the Caribbean and its decaying remains can still be found in the dunes above a beach in the Cayman Islands.

Early life
Donald Crowhurst was born in 1932 in Ghaziabad, British India. His mother was a schoolteacher and his father worked in the Indian railways. During her pregnancy, his mother had longed for a daughter, and Crowhurst was dressed as a girl until the age of seven. After India gained its independence, his family moved back to England. The family's retirement savings were invested in an Indian sporting goods factory, which later burned down during rioting after the partition of India.

Crowhurst's father died in 1948. Because of family financial problems, Crowhurst was forced to leave school early that year and started a five-year apprenticeship at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough Airfield. In 1953 he received a Royal Air Force commission as a pilot, but was asked to leave in 1954 for reasons that remain unclear, and was subsequently commissioned into the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers in 1956. After leaving the Army in the same year owing to a disciplinary incident, Crowhurst eventually moved to Bridgwater, where he started a business called Electron Utilisation in 1962. He was a member of the Liberal Party and was elected to Bridgwater Borough Council.

Business ventures
Crowhurst, a weekend sailor, designed and built a radio direction finder called the Navicator, a handheld device that allowed the user to take bearings on marine and aviation radio beacons. While he did have some success selling his navigational equipment, his business began to fail. In an effort to gain publicity, he started trying to gain sponsors to enter the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race. His main sponsor was English entrepreneur Stanley Best, who had invested heavily in Crowhurst's failing business. Once committed to the race, Crowhurst mortgaged both his business and home against Best's continued financial support, placing himself in a grave financial situation.

The Golden Globe Race
The Golden Globe Race was inspired by Francis Chichester's successful single-handed round-the-world voyage, stopping in Sydney. The considerable publicity his achievement garnered led a number of sailors to plan the next logical step – a non-stop, single-handed, round-the-world sail.

The Sunday Times had sponsored Chichester, with highly profitable results, and was interested in being involved with the first non-stop circumnavigation, but it had the problem of not knowing which sailor to sponsor. The solution was to promote the Golden Globe Race, a single-handed, round-the-world race, open to all comers, with automatic entry. That was in contrast to other races of the time, for which entrants were required to demonstrate their single-handed sailing ability before entry.

Entrants were required to start between 1 June and 31 October 1968, to pass through the Southern Ocean in summer. The prizes offered were the Golden Globe trophy for the first single-handed circumnavigation, and a £5,000 cash prize for the fastest. This was then a considerable sum, equivalent to almost £73,000 in 2023.

The other contestants were Robin Knox-Johnston, Nigel Tetley, Bernard Moitessier, Chay Blyth, John Ridgway, William King, Alex Carozzo and Loïck Fougeron. "Tahiti" Bill Howell, a noted multihull sailor and competitor in the 1964 and 1968 OSTAR races, originally signed up as an entrant but did not actually race.

Crowhurst hired Rodney Hallworth, a crime reporter for the Daily Mail and then the Daily Express, as his public relations officer.

Crowhurst's boat and preparations
The boat Crowhurst built for the voyage, Teignmouth Electron, was a modified 40 ft trimaran designed by Californian Arthur Piver. At the time, this was an unproven type of boat for a voyage of such length. Trimarans have the potential to sail much more quickly than monohulled sailboats, but early designs in particular could be very slow if overloaded, and had considerable difficulty sailing close to the wind. Trimarans are popular with many sailors for their stability, but if capsized (for example by a rogue wave), they are virtually impossible to right, though crews have lived for months with a boat in the inverted position and ultimately survived.

To improve the safety of the boat Crowhurst had planned to add an inflatable buoyancy bag on the top of the mast to prevent capsizing; the bag would be activated by water sensors on the hull designed to detect an impending capsize. This innovation would hold the mast horizontal on the surface of the water, and a clever arrangement of pumps would allow him to flood the uppermost outer hull, which would (in conjunction with wave action) pull the boat upright. His scheme was to prove these devices by sailing round the world with them, then go into business manufacturing the system.

However, Crowhurst had a very short time in which to build and equip his boat while securing financing and sponsors for the race. In the end, all of his safety devices were left uncompleted; he planned to complete them while under way. Also, many of his spares and supplies were left behind in the confusion of the final preparations. To top all this, Crowhurst had never sailed on a trimaran before taking delivery of his boat several weeks before the beginning of the race.

On 13 October an experienced sailor, Lieutenant Commander Peter Eden, volunteered to accompany Crowhurst on his last leg from Cowes to Teignmouth. Crowhurst had fallen into the water several times while in Cowes, and as he and Eden climbed aboard Teignmouth Electron, he once again ended up in the water after slipping on the outboard bracket on the stern of the rubber dinghy. Eden's description of his two days with Crowhurst provides the most expert independent assessment available for both boat and sailor before the start of the race. He recalls that the trimaran sailed immensely swiftly, but could get no closer to the wind than 60 degrees. The speed often reached 12 knots, but the vibrations encountered caused the screws on the Hasler self-steering gear to come loose. Eden said, "We had to keep leaning over the counter to do up the screws. It was a tricky and time consuming business. I told Crowhurst he should get the fixings welded if he wanted it to survive a longer trip!" Eden also commented that the Hasler worked superbly and the boat was "certainly nippy."

Eden reported that Crowhurst's sailing techniques were good, "But I felt his navigation was a mite slapdash. I prefer, even in the Channel, to know exactly where I am. He didn't take too much bother with it, merely jotting down figures on a few sheets of paper from time to time." After struggling against westerlies and having to tack out into the Channel twice, they arrived at 2.30 pm on 15 October, where an enthusiastic BBC film crew started filming Eden in the belief he was Crowhurst. There were 16 days to get ready before the race's deadline on 31 October.

Departure and deception
Crowhurst left from Teignmouth, Devon, on the last day permitted by the rules: 31 October 1968. He encountered immediate problems with his boat, his equipment, and his lack of open-ocean sailing skills and experience. In the first few weeks he was making less than half of his planned speed.

According to his logs, he gave himself only 50/50 odds of surviving the ocean assuming that he was able to complete some of the boat's safety features before reaching the dangerous Southern Ocean. Crowhurst was thus faced with the choice of either quitting the race and facing financial ruin and humiliation or continuing to an almost certain death in his unseaworthy, disappointing boat.

Over the course of November and December 1968, the hopelessness of his situation pushed him into an elaborate deception. He shut down his radio with a plan to loiter in the South Atlantic for several months while the other boats sailed the Southern Ocean, falsify his navigation logs, then slip back in for the return leg to England. As last-place finisher, he assumed his false logs would not receive the same scrutiny as those of the winner.

Since leaving, Crowhurst had been deliberately ambiguous in his radio reports of his location. Starting on 6 December 1968, he continued reporting vague but false positions; rather than continuing to the Southern Ocean, he sailed erratically in the southern Atlantic Ocean and stopped once in South America to make repairs to his boat, in violation of the rules. A great deal of the voyage was spent in radio silence, while his supposed position was inferred by extrapolation based on his earlier reports. By early December, based on his false reports, he was being cheered worldwide as the likely winner of the fastest circumnavigation prize, though Francis Chichester privately expressed doubts about the plausibility of Crowhurst's progress.

After rounding the tip of South America in early February, Moitessier had made a dramatic decision in March to drop out of the race and to sail on towards Tahiti. On 22 April 1969, Robin Knox-Johnston was the first to complete the race, leaving Crowhurst supposedly in the running against Tetley for second to finish, and still able to beat Knox-Johnston's time, because of his later starting date. In reality, Tetley was far in the lead, having long ago passed within 150 nmi of Crowhurst's hiding place; but believing himself to be running neck-and neck with Crowhurst, Tetley pushed his failing boat, also a 40 ft Piver trimaran, to breaking point, and had to abandon ship on 30 May.

The pressure on Crowhurst had therefore increased, since he now looked certain to win the "elapsed time" race. If he appeared to have completed the fastest circumnavigation, his logbooks would be closely examined by experienced sailors, including the experienced and sceptical Chichester, and the deception would probably be exposed. It is also likely that he felt guilty about undermining Tetley's genuine circumnavigation so near its completion. He had by this time begun to make his way back as if he had rounded Cape Horn.

Crowhurst ended radio transmissions on 29 June. The last logbook entry is dated 1 July. Teignmouth Electron was found adrift, unoccupied, on 10 July.

Mental condition and final philosophical writings
Crowhurst's behaviour as recorded in his logs indicates a complex and troubled psychological state. His commitment to fabricating the voyage reports seems incomplete and self-defeating, as he reported unrealistically fast progress that was sure to arouse suspicion. By contrast, he spent many hours painstakingly constructing false log entries, often more difficult to complete than real entries because of the celestial navigation research required.

The last several weeks of his log entries, once he was facing the real possibility of winning the prize, showed increasing irrationality. His biographers, Nicholas Tomalin and Ron Hall, believe that faced with a choice between two impossible situations—either admit his fraud and then face public shame and likely financial ruin including the loss of the family home, or return home to a fraudulent hero's reception, and then have to live with the guilt and possible subsequent unmasking—Crowhurst descended into a "classical paranoia", a "psychotic disorder in which deluded ideas are built into a complex, intricate structure." Others, including practising clinical psychologist Geoff Powter, who included a chapter devoted to Crowhurst in his book Strange and Dangerous Dreams: The Fine Line Between Adventure and Madness, have postulated that Crowhurst may have suffered from undiagnosed bipolar disorder, which, accentuated by his eventual psychologically fraught situation, could account for his apparent alternation between manic and depressed episodes as evident from the later entries in his logbooks. On 24 June, he began to document these thoughts in a new set of writings in his second logbook, entitled "Philosophy." Although rambling and incoherent at times, he was attempting to set down, for the benefit of mankind, a "revelation" or new understanding that he believed he had discovered regarding the relationship between man and the universe. Life, as experienced by man, was a "game", overseen by "cosmic beings," apparently God (or several gods) and the Devil, who set the rules by which "the game" was played. However, man could, by an effort of will, become one such "second generation cosmic being" himself, and thereby withdraw from "the game" on his own terms if he so wished. He would then enter a world of "abstract intelligence" (the realm of gods) in which he would have no need for his body, or any of the other trappings of daily life. At one point he wrote that this "revelation" made him happy: "...That is how I solved the problem. And to let you inside my soul, which is now 'at peace' I give you my book. I am lucky. I have done something interesting at last. At last my system has noticed me!" whereas at other points his writings documenting mental arguments—with himself, with Albert Einstein, or with God—reveal a tortured soul on the brink of self destruction. While suicide is not explicitly mentioned as an escape route, Tomalin and Hall believe that Crowhurst (whether or not he was admitting it to himself) was groping towards this eventuality with phrases such as "The quick are quick, and the dead are dead. That is the judgement of God. I could not have endured the terrible anguish and meaningless waiting, in fact," as well as "Man is forced to certain conclusions by virtue of his mistakes."

He continued his writings for a week, eventually amounting to more than 25,000 words. At 10 a.m. on 1 July (by his own reckoning, since in his meditations he had omitted to wind his chronometer and had to subsequently restart it), Crowhurst commenced what Tomalin and Hall believed to be his "final confession," also incorporating (in their view) a count of hours, minutes and seconds towards the time at which he had decided that he would end "the game" by committing suicide. His observations over the next 80 minutes are generally cryptic and/or incomplete, but include hints such as: "10 23 40: Cannot see any 'purpose' in game.

10 25 10: Must resign position in sense that if set myself 'impossible' task then nothing achieved by game...

10 29: ...Now is revealed the true nature and purpose and power of the game offence ... I am what I am and I see the nature of my offence ... It is finished – It is finished – IT IS THE MERCY

11 15 00 It is the end of my [repeated] game the truth has been revealed and it will be done as my family require me to do it

11 17 00 It is the time for your move to begin // I have not need to prolong the game // It has been a good game that must be ended at the [missing word/s] // I will play this game when I choose I will resign the game 11 20 40 There is no reason for harmful [sentence incomplete]"

It is unclear from the spacing whether "11 20 40" was the time of his last entry, or whether it runs on from the preceding wording as his intended time for his ultimate action. Likewise, while the phrase "IT IS THE MERCY" is obscure, most commentators have accepted that it signifies his relief that, at last, he is leaving an unbearable situation.

Tomalin and Hall conjecture that included in his last writings (not all reproduced above) were sentences that cover Crowhurst's internal debate over whether or not to leave the evidence of his actual, rather than faked, journey for posterity to see, and that he decided that the former was the better course; in the event, it was the "true" logbook that was left behind, and the "fake" one (if it ever existed) disappeared, along with the vessel's chronometer (its case was found empty), and Crowhurst himself. The disappearance of the vessel's chronometer (clock), apparently following Crowhurst's final diary entry, remains unexplained.

Disappearance and presumed death
Crowhurst's last log entry was on 1 July 1969; it is assumed that he then either fell or stepped overboard and drowned. The state of the boat gave no indication that it had been overrun by a rogue wave, or that any accident had occurred which might have caused Crowhurst to fall overboard. From his apparent state of mind as indicated by his most recent logbook entries and philosophical statements, it seems likely that he deliberately decided to take his own life, possibly in an effort to become a "second generation cosmic being" according to his belief (and thereupon have no further need for his earthly body), although the possibility that he met with some sort of accident, intending to return to continue writing in his logbook, cannot be completely dismissed. Three logbooks (two navigational logs and a radio log) and a large mass of other papers were left on his boat to communicate his philosophical ideas and to reveal his actual navigational course during the voyage. The boat was found with the mizzen sail up. Although his biographers, Tomalin and Hall, discounted the possibility that some sort of food poisoning contributed to his mental deterioration, they acknowledged that there is insufficient evidence to rule it, or several other hypotheses, out. They also acknowledged that other hypotheses could be constructed, involving further deception—such as that Crowhurst had perhaps faked his own death, and somehow survived—but that these were extremely unlikely.

Clare Crowhurst, Donald's widow, strongly disputed the theory put forward by Tomalin and Hall regarding the circumstances of her husband's deception and demise, accusing them of mixing fiction with fact. In a letter to The Times published on 10 July 1970, she contended that there was no evidence that her husband had intended to write a fake logbook (none was in fact found), that his death could equally have been as the result of misadventure (such as an accident while climbing the mast, which a logbook entry showed that he intended to do before 30 June), and also that Tomalin believed that "all heroes are neurotics, and starting off with this theory, he has sought to prove it by the history of Donald from the earliest age until his death". Nevertheless, later commentators have agreed with Tomalin and Hall's general conclusions, that Crowhurst's long sojourn alone at sea, coupled with his being placed in an impossible dilemma, led to his eventual psychological breakdown and resulting probable suicide.

Interviewed by journalist Chris Eakin for his 2009 book A Race Too Far, Crowhurst's now adult son Simon, when asked whether he believed that his father deliberately stepped off the boat to kill himself, said that on the balance of probabilities (and having studied the logbooks, now in his possession, many times), "it is hard to come to any other conclusion. ... [however] I don't think he did see it as killing himself. He saw it as a kind of transformation into another state of being. In that sense I don't see it as suicide either. He was thinking in a totally different realm by that stage." And in his chapter dealing with Crowhurst, psychiatrist Edward M. Podvoll in his 1990 book "Recovering Sanity: A Compassionate Approach to Understanding and Treating Psychosis" writes: "In an empty, drifting boat he [Crowhurst] left moment-to-moment journals and logs of his mental content and of the inexpressible states of mind through which he had passed. They describe almost a caricature of the psychotic predicament and the stage: leading to self-transformation. As well as logging his states of mind, often every few minutes, his notations also catch lightning flashes of his momentary awakenings from delusion. Naked between the sky and sea, hopelessly beyond his means, caught in a web of deception that had fooled the yachting world and the international press, and in fear of disgrace and dishonor, Crowhurst declared radio silence and "switched" from the natural world into a cosmic theater of his mind."

After the race
Teignmouth Electron was found adrift and abandoned on 10 July 1969 by the RMV Picardy, at 33.18333°N, -40.43333°W. News of Crowhurst's disappearance led to an air and sea search in the vicinity of the boat and its last estimated course. Examination of his recovered logbooks and papers revealed the attempt at deception, his mental breakdown and eventual presumed suicide. This was reported in the press at the end of July, creating a media sensation.

Before the deception was revealed, Robin Knox-Johnston donated his £5,000 winnings for fastest circumnavigation to Donald Crowhurst's widow and children. Nigel Tetley was awarded a consolation prize and built a new trimaran.

Teignmouth council considered a proposal to exhibit the boat, charging visitors 2/6d per head, with profits to go to Crowhurst's wife and four children.

Teignmouth Electron was later taken to Jamaica and was sold several times, being repurposed and refitted, first as a cruise boat in Montego Bay and later as a dive boat in the Cayman Islands, before being hauled out following a minor incident in 1983, but later damaged by a hurricane and never repaired. The boat still lies decaying on the southwest shore of Cayman Brac.

Reputation and reappraisal
If Crowhurst had finished the race, his fake coordinates would undoubtedly have been exposed and he would have been treated as a fraud, in addition to being in probable financial ruin. From his surviving logbooks, while it is possible that his eventual presumed suicide was a rational choice to avoid having to confront such a situation and/or to seek an "honourable" exit without disrespecting his family, it seems more likely that his final metaphysical ramblings, which subsequent analysts have interpreted as clear evidence of a classic psychotic state, led to his abandoning both his body and the world while under the conviction that he had no further need of them. Either way, near-contemporary accounts of his actions were not particularly sympathetic. Once his disappearance and deception were revealed, contemporary news accounts were far from flattering: in the 2006 documentary Deep Water a 1969 newspaper headline is shown which reads: "LONE SAILOR FAKED WORLD VOYAGE", while in the same documentary, a journalist of the day, Ted Hynds states: "No one likes to be conned... we were sharp newspapermen, and he conned us." The 1970 book The Strange Last Voyage of Donald Crowhurst by two Sunday Times journalists has been described as "largely unflattering". However, over time the public narrative has changed somewhat, more recent commentators viewing Crowhurst as a well-intentioned but tragic figure who became caught up in a situation that was initially of his own making but that he could not ultimately control. James Marsh, the director of the film The Mercy, has said: "He made a pretty good go at sailing round the world. He stayed out in the ocean for the best part of seven months so all in all, he achieved much more than people ever thought he could, he just didn't achieve what his objective was. It was a case of over-reach, it was hubris and that is what caused the tragedy of his demise."

Jonathan Raban has written that "The meaning of Crowhurst's voyage has altered greatly since the [1970] book's first publication. In 1970, Crowhurst was seen as a hoaxer who came to a pathetic end... Now he's more likely to be viewed (as Tacita Dean sees him) as a tragic hero, a tortured soul, in involuntary exile from the stable world... Teignmouth Electron has become like a ship in an allegory – a vessel to transport the reader beyond the known world, into a strange and lonely realm where the reader, too, will lose his bearings and face the ultimate disintegration of the self in the cruel laboratory of the sea."

Tomalin and Hall wrote in 1970: "[Previously] we knew little about the personality of Crowhurst... as we investigated further, it emerged as one of the most extraordinary stories of human aspiration and human failure that, as journalists, we have ever had to record. Although it is basically a story about heroics, there is no hero – but neither is there a villain. Crowhurst, despite his deceptions, was a man of courage and intelligence, who acted as he did because of intolerable circumstances. The fact that he paid a far greater penalty than he need [sic] is testament to his quality."

Others have commented that in the intervening time, lessons are there to be learned from Crowhurst's tragedy. Writing on his site "Sailing Calypso", Rick Page, author of "Get Real, Get Gone: How to Become a Modern Sea Gypsy and Sail Away Forever", says: "We are amply assisted in this process by the ‘just do it’ mentality of the advertising world and the ‘you go girl’ attitude of the philosophically challenged who seem to dwell in increasingly regrettable numbers on social media. With growing predictability, nearly every sailing blog carries this quote from Mark Twain: 'Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbour. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.” This is singularly untrue on an ocean that is largely indifferent to your plans for self-actualisation. ... Crowhurst reminded us that there are caveats to the idea that 'anyone can sail around the world'. He reminded us just how lonesome it is out there and how quickly things can go south – particularly hi-tech electronics that tend to fail at the earliest exposure to salt water. Crowhurst believed the secret of his success would be untested technology and this philosophy was exposed in the most tragic way. ... The death of Donald Crowhurst scared many people into doing the right thing. It is hard to estimate how many lives he saved this way. Donald Crowhurst was a brave, often maligned, example of the fragility of human nature and the vastness of the sea. It was a message that needed to be heard, and still needs to be heard today."

In popular culture
Crowhurst's participation in the race and apparent eventual fate have given rise to a number of works. As Jonathan Coe wrote in the New Statesman, "one of the explanations for its [Crowhurst's stories] resonance and longevity must be that it can be interpreted in so many different ways".

Movies and documentaries

 * Donald Crowhurst – Sponsored for Heroism (1970) a BBC TV film written and narrated by Paul Foot and directed by Colin Thomas
 * Horse Latitudes was a 1975 television movie about Crowhurst (called "Philip Stockton, a Canadian" in the film).
 * Alone was a 1979 BBC South West television documentary about Crowhurst with investigative journalist Jeremy James. The documentary aired on the tenth anniversary of Crowhurst's disappearance.
 * The 1982 French movie Les Quarantièmes rugissants ("The Roaring Forties") is directly inspired by the Crowhurst story.
 * The 1986 Soviet film  Race of the Century  gives a dramatic presentation of the events of the Golden Globe Race and the fate of Donald Crowhurst (Leonhard Merzin). The movie focuses on the idea of competition in a capitalist society as a soul-consuming "rat race", where all community members including children are under constant pressure and failure and poverty are not tolerated. It portrays Crowhurst as a deeply honest man being forced into a dangerous unwinnable enterprise by his disastrous financial situation and the greed of entrepreneur Best. Crowhurst's suicide is ascribed chiefly to the inability of a moral person to survive in an immoral society. The film includes a portrayal of the Crowhurst family and a dramatic enactment of Donald's descent into insanity leading to fatalism. This film has passed relatively unnoticed, and today it is known mainly because Natalia Guseva  played the role of Crowhurst's daughter Rachel.
 * The Two Voyages of Donald Crowhurst, a thirty-minute BBC Two documentary first broadcast in 1993.
 * British artist Tacita Dean created two experimental short films entitled Disappearance at Sea I (1996, 6 minutes?) and II (1997, 16-mm film, 4-min. loop), partly inspired by the story of Donald Crowhurst. She also published an art book about Teignmouth Electron (Book Works, London, 1999), journeying to Cayman Brac to visit the wreck of the boat.   Out of the latter project also came a photographic piece and another short film Teignmouth Electron 2000 (16-mm film, 7 minutes).
 * Film Four commissioned a documentary based on the affair in 2006, called Deep Water. The film reconstructs Crowhurst's voyage from his own audio tapes and cine film, interwoven with archive footage and interviews. It was described as 'fascinating' by the New York Times upon its release.
 * In 2013 a short film called Une route sans kilomètre was made by Sophie Proux and Laurent Lagarrigue, telling Crowhurst's story.
 * 2017 saw the release of Crowhurst, directed by Simon Rumley. The executive producer of the film was Nicolas Roeg, who had himself attempted to film the story in the 1970s.
 * The Mercy was released in 2018 with Colin Firth as Donald Crowhurst and Rachel Weisz as Clare, supported by David Thewlis, Ken Stott and Jonathan Bailey. The film was directed by James Marsh and filmed in Teignmouth, Devon.

Stage

 * At the 1991 Edinburgh Festival Fringe a one-man stage play called Strange Voyage was performed in the former Ukrainian Church Halls on Dalmeny Street in Leith. The story was based upon Donald's diaries and broadcast messages sent and received, creating a haunting story of lost hope and looking at the issue of choosing death rather than shame.
 * Playwright/actor Chris Van Strander's 1999 play Daniel Pelican adapted the Crowhurst story to a 1920s setting. It was staged site-specifically aboard New York City's FRYING PAN Lightship.
 * In 1998 the New York-based theatre group The Builders' Association based the first half of their production Jet Lag on Crowhurst's story, although they changed the character's name to Richard Dearborn.
 * Jonathan Rich's play The Lonely Sea was runner-up in the Sunday Times International Student Playscript competition in 1979 and was performed by the National Youth Theatre in Edinburgh that year. It was premiered professionally in 1980, as Single Handed at the Warehouse Theatre in Croydon.
 * The opera Ravenshead (1998) was based on Donald Crowhurst's story. Steven Mackey (composer), Rinde Eckert (solo performance), The Paul Dresher Ensemble (orchestra).
 * Actor and playwright Daniel Brian's award-winning 2004 stage play Almost A Hero dealt with Crowhurst's voyage, descent into madness and death.
 * In 2015, Calgary, Canada-based Alberta Theatre Projects in association with Ghost River Theatre premiered the multimedia-heavy The Last Voyage of Donald Crowhurst by Eric Rose and David Van Belle.
 * In 2016, Ottawa, actor Jake William Smith portrayed Crowhurst in a one-man show entitled Crow's Nest at the Fresh Meat Festival.

Factual books

 * The Strange Last Voyage of Donald Crowhurst, Nicholas Tomalin and Ron Hall. First published January 1970.
 * A Voyage for Madmen, Peter Nichols. Published May 2001.
 * Psychiatrist Edward M. Podvoll included an in-depth analysis of Donald Crowhurst's journey in his 1990 book The Seduction of Madness: Revolutionary Insights into the World of Psychosis and a Compassionate Approach to Recovery at Home. The account focuses on Crowhurst's journals and the patterns in the changes and decline in mental status that the entries reveal. The same information is separately presented in a similar 1990 work by the same author entitled Recovering Sanity: A Compassionate Approach to Understanding and Treating Psychosis (Shambhala Publications, 1990).
 * A Race Too Far: The Tragic Story of Donald Crowhurst and the 1968 Round-the-World Race, Chris Eakin (Ebury Press, 2017).

Novels

 * In 2009, Isabelle Autissier, herself a renowned sailor, published the novel Seule la mer s'en souviendra (roughly translates as "Only the sea will remember") based on Crowhurst's voyage.
 * The 1993 book Outerbridge Reach by Robert Stone (Dog Soldiers, Children of Light) is a novel inspired by the reporting on Crowhurst.
 * The title character of Jonathan Coe's 2010 novel The Terrible Privacy of Maxwell Sim is driven by his obsession with Crowhurst's story.
 * In the 2010 travelogue Travels with Miss Cindy, Miss Cindy sees Teignmouth Electron on the beach at Cayman Brac.
 * A 1999 novel by John Preston, Ink, has a reporter who tracks down an elderly former yachtsman like Crowhurst living alone in a remote English seaside hotel.
 * The 2017 novel The Ship Beyond Time, by Heidi Heilig, features Donald Crowhurst in an imaginary alternate universe in which he has time traveled away from his failing boat, rather than dying at sea.

Poetry

 * American poet Donald Finkel based his 1987 book-length narrative poem The Wake of the Electron on Crowhurst's life and fateful voyage.

Others

 * The Scottish band Trashcan Sinatras recorded a song about Crowhurst on their Wild Pendulum album. The title is “Waves (Sweep Away My Melancholy)", which was one of the final entries in the log books of Crowhurst’s ill-fated journey.
 * The Stiltskin song "Horse" on their 1994 album The Mind's Eye was written about the ill-fated voyage from Donald Crowhurst's perspective.
 * British musician the Third Eye Foundation released a song called "Donald Crowhurst" on the album Ghost.
 * British jazz musician Django Bates included a track called "The Strange Voyage of Donald Crowhurst" on his 1997 album Like Life.
 * British dark folk/neofolk project Sieben has a trilogy of songs dedicated to Donald Crowhurst on the Star Wood Brick Firmament 2010 album: "Donald", "Crowhurst" and "Floating". It was completely re-recorded in 2021 as "Donald Crowhurst" for the single "Minack Theatre".
 * US experimental metal/noise project Crowhurst by Jay Gambit was named after the Donald Crowhurst story. Also the project's 2013 album In the Speedboat Under the Sea is inspired by the Donald Crowhurst story – and the album's closing track is called "The Last Will and Testament of Donald Crowhurst".
 * Scottish band Captain and the Kings released a single in early 2011 entitled "It Is The Mercy", based on Crowhurst's exploits.
 * British band I Like Trains wrote a song called "The Deception", which appears on their album Elegies to Lessons Learnt, based upon Donald Crowhurst's story.
 * South London hardcore band Lay It on the Line released 'Crowhurst' – a nine-song re-telling of Crowhurst's story – in 2013.
 * Folk singer, actor and writer Benjamin Akira Tallamy wrote and recorded "The Teignmouth Electron" based around Crowhurst's breakdown and his death at sea. The song was released on 19 October 2014 with a music video uploaded to YouTube on the same day.
 * The band Crash of Rhinos released the song "Speeds of Ocean Greyhounds" in 2013. It appears as the closing track on the band's second and final album Knots and was written about Crowhurst's voyage and last days at sea.
 * The band OSI has a song named "Radiologue", released on their third album, Blood, which appears to be inspired by the story of Crowhurst.
 * UK singer-songwriter Adam Barnes' "Electron" (released in 2017) is about the psychotic episodes of Crowhurst's voyage.
 * British singer-songwriter Peter Hammill released in 2009 the song "The Mercy", quoting the last entry in the log of Donald Crowhurst.
 * The album Battlefield Dance Floor by British folk group Show of Hands includes the song "Lost" inspired by the story.
 * British singer-songwriter Ben Howard released in 2021 the song "Crowhurst's Meme", which appears to be inspired by the story of Crowhurst.
 * British Prog band Frost* released in 2021 the song "Terrestrial" about Crowhurst.
 * Romanian writer Radu Cosașu has a book named Un august pe un bloc de gheață ("An August on a Block of Ice"), which contains numerous references to the story of Crowhurst.

title: Donald Crowhurst


text:
Battle of Reading

Battle of Reading may refer to:

 * Battle of Reading (871)
 * Battle of Reading (1688)

 * See also
 * Siege of Reading (1642-1643)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Reading


text:
Talk:Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Political Repercussions
"The South, which had started to vote increasingly Republican beginning in the 1930s"

Not true, FDR won Southern states overwhelmingly in Alabama he won 84.7% of the vote. The trend started in the 1920s but then there was a reversal in the 30s as it became moved more democratic again.

Should be changed to:

The South, which had begun to shift towards the Republicans in the 1920s

thoughts? A;ex 28/10/11 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Boy.on.laptop (talk • contribs) 23:06, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Contemporaneous newspaper article(s)
Text of President’s Civil Rights Talk: ‘This Is A Proud Triumph’, The Miami News, Washington (AP), Friday, July 3, 1964, 3A: “ .  .  .  This is why the Civil Rights Act relies first on voluntary compliance, then on the efforts of states and local communities to secure the rights of citizens. It provides for the national authority to step in only when others cannot or will not do the job. . .  ”

Busing
Why do we have an entire section sourced to a David Frum book whose purpose is to argue that civil rights supporters were dastardly liars who tricked waverers into voting for a bill that allowed busing? john k (talk) 13:25, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

Accepted
[moved here from my talk page] "Accepted" by whom? Anyone can say anything he likes about a non-existent landmark. It suits you to use a passive without an agent. America is wallowing in post-war guilt. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.105.0.33 (talk) 15:38, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Do a google search of "landmark civil rights act" (with the quotes). You will find that "landmark" is very frequently associated with "civil rights act." Justify your attempt to eliminate the term "landmark" -- blaming it on "post war guilt" is, at best, bizarre. Tom (North Shoreman) (talk) 16:24, 27 June 2012 (UTC)
 * North Shoreman is correct. Also, for example, look at the title of the first cited book: Wright, Susan (2005), "The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Landmark Antidiscrimination Legislation". Kierzek (talk) 18:48, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

Title VII of the Act.
Found a typo in one of my edit summaries -- obviously it is Title VII, not Title VI, of the Act that prohibits employment discrimination (on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin). Famspear (talk) 00:12, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

Mistaken person
There is a mistake in the phrase "President Johnson realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party." it was actually President Kennedy. The following phrases make it clear: Both Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation. Johnson told Kennedy aide Ted Sorensen that "I know the risks are great and we might lose the South, but those sorts of states may be lost anyway."

 * Both President Kennedy and later President Johnson expressed the same fear that supporting civil rights would alienate white voters in the South and turn them against the Democratic Party. There are many quotes in many sources attesting to this. For example, in NY Times artice of July 2nd 1989: "Hours after he signed it [the Civil Rights Act], the President said to his press aide, Bill Moyers, "I think we just delivered the South to the Republican Party for a long time to come." Brucehartford (talk) 18:43, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

NPOV
>There were white business owners who claimed that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations. For example, Moreton Rolleston, the owner of a motel in Atlanta, Georgia, believed he should not be forced to serve black travelers, saying, “the fundamental question…is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers”.[47] Rolleston used legal means in an attempt to prevent full equality for African Americans, claiming that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the Fourteenth Amendment. Also, Rolleston argued that the Fifth and Thirteenth Amendments were in violation as the bill deprived him of "liberty and property without due process”.[47] In Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, Congress claimed that it drew its authority from the Constitution’s commerce clause, disagreeing with Rolleston’s claims.

I don't think this is NPOV. The guy's argument is a canonical libertarian line of argument, and representing it in the surrounding text as having an underlying ideological motivation other than that stated-- it just seems sketchy to me. & there's other stuff like this 2601:C:A200:7F8:644D:63B3:7245:882 (talk) 12:16, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

I agree. There's nothing at all neutral about the statement that he "used legal means to attempt to prevent full equality for African-Americans." That wasn't his argument. His argument was that the federal government was barging into private transactions and that no one has a right to stay at his hotel. That's just Wikipedia bias for you.184.80.4.2 (talk) 11:26, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

Exceptions
The blanket statement that the Civil Rights Act "outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin" is not entirely true. There are various contexts in which discrimination on these bases is legal. For instance, in casting parts for performance arts. Also, religious institutions have some leeway to legally discriminate in hiring based on religion. Et cetera. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.60.230.113 (talk) 15:36, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission does NOT enforce protections under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, if employers have fewer than 15 employees.

By Party and Region
I made a small change to the first paragraph, as while the 11 states that made up the Southern Caucus also a century before also made up the CSA, it is to the Southern Caucus that historians cite in opposition to the Civil Rights Act, and not the CSA. Dubyavee (talk) 22:45, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

I reverted my edit, which was hasty. I do think this section is very badly handled regarding region.Dubyavee (talk) 23:06, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

This section is included to try to exculpate Democrats lack of voting for the Act. A number of the 'eleven states' weren't states at the time of the Confederacy. And, in any event, it doesn't change the voting proportions, though the author would like that. What that person wants to say is that 'Southern Republicans' are 'more racist' than 'Southern Democrats'. The definition was intentionally skewed and has nothing to do with overall voting trends between parties and there should have been more granularity as to said votes. Phil Sheo (talk) 00:08, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

Why is it the term Southern and Northern are not congruent to one another here. When defining Southern there is mention of the Confederate states but when using Northern the definition is every other state. When the Confederate states existed there was not yet a fully formed United States of America. Many states we now know of in 2022 existed as Territories during The Confederacy yet the votes in these states is wrapped up in Northern. Maybe the author is trying to convey Civil Rights act of 1964 has some relation to The Confederate states but it is not clear what that relation is. History is much more complicated than just drawing a line. What is the implication of special importance of the Southern states here? If it has to do with race the history of this is quite clouded. The Missouri Compromise and the Mason Dixon line come way before the Confederate states. If I take the text at face value the term Confederate states used here is to imply some meaning in 1964 terms. There is a lot of time between 1865 (time of the Confederate States) and 1964. The Civil Rights act was about ending Segregation, yes? Would this article be better served by detailing the list of votes by the states that had segregation vs the ones that did not? It seems some other view is mixed up in this that I can not decipher. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.116.123.180 (talk) 21:49, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

MLK and Malcolm X
There is a photo on the page of the two Civil Rights leaders meeting and it says that this is the only time they met … I am pretty sure they debated on television at least once. So I worry that the caption is incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.167.236.44 (talk) 02:36, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

The "debate" seems to not actually be between the two men but footage from two different conversations made to look like a debate. My fault. 67.167.236.44 (talk) 02:39, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

Equality Act
The Equality Act should be mentioned in the Amendments section, since it is a proposed amendment to CRA '64 and readers may come here looking for it if they don't know the name of the bill. Pariah24 ┃ ☏  01:05, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

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“and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment.” just the 15th Amendment?
Would the 1964 Civil Rights Act not also invoke the 19th Amendment? Sion8 (talk) 20:23, 18 May 2018 (UTC)

Should this be added?
from history, Sen (SC) Strom Thurmond gave the longest filibuster for the Civil Rights Act of 1957, spanning little over 24 hours. In the article, this can be highlighted to show the immense opposition to Civil Rights Acts in American history. Thurmond was mentioned by name in the article, so this blurb of information would add to content. LLUCZEK (talk) 04:16, 28 January 2019 (UTC)
 * No, not here, because that was in relation to the 1957 Act, not the 1964 Act and the opposition to the 1964 Act is covered herein. Kierzek (talk) 14:56, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

The name sof the Democratic Senators who stood against the bill should be listed. If focus is going to be in naming the lone Republican who stood against the bill and not name all the Democrats who stood against it then it shows an undeniable bias. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.190.233.44 (talk) 19:10, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

Filibuster: 54, 60 or 83 days?
The Senate Historical Office and The Center for Legislative Archives both say that the filibuster lasted 60 days, not 54, as stated. This may be accounted for by the Senate having sessions on Saturdays, which the 54-day count may have missed.

However, in Political repercussions it says that there was an 83-day filibuster, for which I appear to be unable to find a source.

== Peter NYC (talk) 08:40, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

Senate vote map
About the back and forth regarding the two images used to map the senate votes, I would like to point out a few things. To address the point that the svg (with green, yellow, and red) may confuse readers with the partisan color of red, that is why there is a legend directly below the image. Additionally, the jpg is factually inaccurate as both senators from Tennessee voted nay. Please do not use it. -Mad Mismagius (talk) 22:45, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

 * There is a bias in color for those that quickly look at an image. This is the problem with misleading colors. Here is the map that was originally there. If you did not read anything it would be misleading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civil_rights_act_map.png
 * I have updated the map. Heimlich2 (talk) 23:43, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
 * There is no bias with the colors. See red and blue states. You are the one making the assumption that red means Republican when noted there's a key directly below the map. Quit changing it. –  The Grid  ( talk )  15:00, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * There is bias when you are coloring the southern states red. Southern states were blue in 1964. A map that uses red to color the southern states gives the appearance of Republican control when in 1964 it was the Democrat party who controlled those states. Today's reader recognizes red and blue to denote political parties. Using red or blue would be confusing to the reader. Why would you want to do that? Heimlich2 (talk) 15:24, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Why is it so important to have a map with red or blue states which can knowingly be used to bias a view point important? Isn't the goal here to provide accurate information? I'll gladly create a new map for you if that is the problem just tell me the colors without red or blue. Heimlich2 (talk) 15:27, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * There's a map legend that explains which each color represents. The map uses the colors red, yellow, and green: green for 2 yes and red for 2 no. – The Grid  ( talk )  15:31, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I fully understand. The problem is that some people will not read it. How many people actually ready the whole wikipedia page? How many people will pick up a book in a library and read the whole thing before just scanning it? The issue is that for the people that do not fully read something using colors that inaccurately portray something gives the wrong idea. The whole idea behind Wikipedia is to be able to change the content as times change. Today, politics is represented with two colors. I have seen many times is media where these colors are uses to misrepresent something. There are lawsuits that take place because of it. Heimlich2 (talk) 15:35, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Here is the original map I saw on this page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civil_rights_act_map.png
 * This content is on Wikipedia. Do you see how this person sought to bias the reader? Do you see how it is wrong? Why not stay away from blue and red entirely when speaking politically if you know it can be used to bias people? Heimlich2 (talk) 15:38, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * So even if I don't read this article, there's a bias with the colors presented? Do you even see the content that's attached to the map around it? The percentages applied for Northern and Southern Democrats along with Northern and Southern Republicans? – The Grid  ( talk )  15:45, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I fully understand the map that has the red, green, yellow in it. The problem is how to keep it from being misinterpreted. How many people do you think there are that open a wikipedia page and scan through the pictures and graph but do not read them? How about those people who have red/green color blindness? The Red/Green/Yellow map would fail them. Heimlich2 (talk) 16:04, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Your version of the map would too - there's the guidelines in MOS:COLOR to help address those issues. That's also really not the central discussion here. – The Grid  ( talk )  18:22, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I've removed the map until there can be consensus on the talk page. So far myself and The Grid  prefer the svg while Heimlich2 prefers the jpg. Please do not add back any maps to the page until we have consensus. -Mad Mismagius (talk) 04:29, 2 November 2022 (UTC)

 * 88th congress of 1964. All of the states you color red are blue in this map. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/88th_United_States_Congress_Senators.svg/750px-88th_United_States_Congress_Senators.svg.png Heimlich2 (talk) 15:41, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The map should show how the senators voted. It should not show party because in the context of the time that’s misleading. Doug Weller  talk 17:26, 1 November 2022 (UTC)

The fact that people are fighting over, and are confused by the colors blue and red, shows why they should not be used. == Peter NYC (talk) 03:05, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

"Queer Eye" actors relevancy
Are quotes from a couple reality TV actors relevant in LGBT civil rights? I agree the Equality Act should be mentioned in some form, but I don't why quotes from a couple D-list celebrities are used, even if they are LGBT. 137.99.142.6 (talk) 09:43, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I removed it.--—indopug (talk) 16:55, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

Has 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis affected the act?
Has 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis affected the Civil Rights Act of 1964? I've seen some discussion that it has, but would like to be given confirmation before adding it to the article. Bill3602 (talk) 00:33, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Civil Rights Act of 1964


text:
Talk:Trace fossil

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Update Suggestions
After reviewing this article I found a few areas that could be improved.

1. Behavioral classifications, which should be linked to the ethology page, should also include fugichnia (escape behavior). Additionally, the behaviors listed should link to examples of trace fossils exhibiting the behavior.

2. More information should be included in the Ichnofacies section and direct any readers to further explore them by clicking the ichnofacies link.

3. Common ichnofacies should be organized in a more user friendly way. Perhaps in a way that aids in identification for professional and amateur collectors alike. First, the entire section should be subdivided into vertebrate vs invertebrate or divided based on some organism basis rather than alphabetically. I think a table format would be a good way to achieve my ideas for this section. Suggestions for columns include: associated ichnofacies, behavior, possible tracemaker, possible depositional environment, and/or short description such as size, depth of burrow, branching, etc. A table would also easily show any gaps in data.

4. In situ preservation should also be mentioned, and linked, in this article as it is one major reason why trace fossils are so informative.

-BOUDIANA (talk) 17:56, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

Critique: I think the Ichnofacies addition to the article was great! The paragraph is concise, informative, pertinent, and well-corroborated. I see little room for improvement, but I have a couple suggestions. I'm not too sure about its direct relevance to the surrounding content/context of the "Ichnofacies" section, but consider moving it between "Classification" and "Information provided by ichnofossils" - again, not sure how appropriate that is. I might also move or incorporate the last sentence about Seilacher toward the beginning of the paragraph. Osborne147 (talk) 15:48, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

Review: I agree that the updates are well done. I was also confused bout the Ichnofacies section. Otherwise, I don't have any additions. Marciaharrison (talk) 15:23, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

Details
Added text I originally wrote this article in 1998 and published it on the Web....

Dlloyd 19:27, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Is a stromatolite a trace fossil ????

Dlloyd 02:37, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes. Verisimilus  T  14:48, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Portions of this text are :

"Copyright © 1995-1997 The Fossil Company Ltd. © 1997-1999 The British Fossil Company Inc. and licensed by the owner under the terms of the Wikipedia copyright." Please contact me if you need further clarification on this.

Dlloyd 00:56, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

External link
A friend and I have written a web page (http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/paleontology/trafos.html) which might be appreciated as an external link to this page. I'm just starting out on Wikipedia and don't know what the quality criteria are for such external links, so if anyone would like to have a look and link it/decide not to link it then feel free. If you want to use it's content to update the article a bit then also feel free, obviously. Kris 14:17, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

"Fossilized dinosaur footprints"??
Surely those "footprints" on the top photo are fake. I'll take them off unless I hear some compelling case otherwise. I could be wrong, but I would like to know where these are, at least. Wilson44691 (talk) 12:53, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The footprints are on the lawn of the Oxford University Museum. I forget whether they are originals or casts, but they are genuine fossils.  The image seemed clearer and more captivating than the previous one. Verisimilus  T  15:49, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I recognize the place and now understand.  Those are casts set out on the lawn as an attraction.  It is not, of course, an actual trackway.  With so many genuine trace fossil images to choose from, shouldn't we have a better photo at the top of the page?  At the very least, the reader should understand that this is not an actual track of a dinosaur. Wilson44691 (talk) 19:31, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * No need to seek permission here - do feel free to amend the article as you see fit! Verisimilus  T  22:21, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

dinocochlea
Hi all, I've recently created Dinocochlea which is a trace fossil in the Natural History Museum in London - famous for science's inability to properly identify it for almost a century. I'm not quite sure if I should add a link in to it on this article, and if so, where. Any suggestions? Witty Lama 04:09, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

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Logos (disambiguation)

Logos is an important term in philosophy, analytical psychology, rhetoric, and religion.

Logos may also refer to:
 * Plural of logo

Christianity

 * Logos (Christianity), name or title of Jesus Christ
 * Logos Bible Software, a software application
 * Logos Radio, a Christian radio channel in Cyprus
 * Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture, an academic journal
 * MV Logos II, a 1968 ship used in evangelical missions of Operation Mobilisation
 * Logos School, a Christian school in Moscow, Idaho

Other

 * Logos (Islam)
 * Logos, in the writing of Terence McKenna

Music

 * Logos Live, a 1982 album by Tangerine Dream
 * Logos (Atlas Sound album), 2009
 * Logos (Selfish Things album), 2019

In fiction

 * A character in Final Fantasy X-2
 * A language in Tabula Rasa
 * One of the three Trinity Core Processors known as the Aegises in Xenoblade Chronicles 2

Science and technology

 * Logos Machine Translation System (now OpenLogos)
 * 58534 Logos, a Kuiper belt object

Other uses

 * Logos Dictionary, an online dictionary provided by Logos Group
 * Logos Foundation, an organisation for the promotion of new musics and audio
 * Logos (journal), an American academic journal

title: Logos (disambiguation)


text:
Glossary of the Weimar Republic

These are terms, concepts and ideas that are useful to understanding the political situation in the Weimar Republic. Some are particular to the period and government, while others were just in common usage but have a bearing on the Weimar milieu and political maneuvering.

 * Agrarian Bolshevism — an idea by several political parties, involving the expropriation of large estates (mostly those of junkers in Prussia) and passing them out to peasants.
 * Angestellte — White-collar employees
 * Barmat scandal — brothers Julius, Herschel, Solomon and Isaak, who owned a huge conglomerate of businesses and overextended themselves. Their bankruptcy involved millions of dollars and they bribed politicians on all levels of the Social Democratic party. It was a factor in the rise of Nazism.
 * Barmat Committee — The Landtag of Prussia set up a special fact-finding commission.
 * Beamte — civil service employees
 * Best proclamation — the SA draft proclamation for the exigency when and if the communists would revolt after a Nazi electoral victory; found in the house of Dr. Werner Best, legal advisor to the Nazi Party; became a major embarrassment for Hitler.
 * Black Reichswehr — another name for the Freikorps system
 * 'black' soldiers — the ex-soldiers involved in Freikorps units
 * Bonzen — bosses; slang term for the Weimar system and those who enriched themselves at the expense of the workers.
 * Conservative Revolutionary movement — a German nationalist literary youth movement, prominent in the years following World War I.
 * der eiserne Hindenburg — the Iron Hindenburg; Hindenburg was the epitome for solidness
 * der Krieg nach dem Krieg — "the war after the war"; the civil war that erupted in Germany after World War I; the turmoil of the Weimar Republic.
 * Dolchstoßlegende — "Stab in the back" legend; the idea that the German Army was betrayed by subversive elements at home; i.e. socialists, pacifists, liberals, and Jews.
 * Einwohnerwehren — civil guards; small civilian units established by General Maercker for the purpose of urban combat against communist revolutionaries; these civil units grew into the Orgesch.
 * Ernährungsautarkie — agricultural self-sufficiency
 * freebooters — the men of the Freikorps
 * Freikorps — free corps; right-wing paramilitary organizations made up of disillusioned World War I soldiers that sprung up around Germany as soldiers returned in defeat from World War I. They were frequently involved in political brawls, especially against communists.
 * Friedenssturm — Peace Offensive; term given by General Ludendorff to the last great offensive of World War I hoping to break Allied resolve.
 * Froschperspektive — frog's-eye view; the German ex-soldier's outlook of World War I; categorization of ex-soldiers' memoirs.
 * Honoratioren — important community leaders such as the major and village priest.
 * industrial rationalization — the furious pace of major technological, financial, and economic reorganization that German industry underwent between 1924 and 1929.
 * Inheritance
 * Partible inheritance — inheritances such as farms can be broken up amongst heirs; the culture of Catholic Bavaria
 * Impartible inheritance — inheritance passed only to the oldest son; family farmland prevented from being broken up amongst heirs.
 * Kapp Putsch — (also Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch) of March, 1920 was an attempted military coup of the extreme right-wing aimed at overthrowing the Weimar Republic. It was a direct result of the Weimar government's acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles. It failed when the army did not intervene and a general strike paralyzed the capital.
 * Kriegspiel — preliminary situation report; General von Schleicher made one about the military's incapability to meet civil unrest. This one convinced von Papen to resign.
 * Kriegserlebnis — (myth of the) war experience
 * Kuhhandel — cattle trading; German slang term for the political maneuverings in the parliament and in the Weimar government.
 * Kultur — culture
 * Landtag — state legislature
 * Landespolizei — state police
 * Green police — another term for police (as opposed to the "police" of various paramilitary groups), because they wore green uniforms
 * London Schedule of Payments — set the total sum of war damages to the Allies at 132 billion marks.
 * Lausanne Agreement — lowered German reparations to a 3 million gold mark final payment, but was never ratified. Germany nevertheless paid no additional reparations after it; 9 July 1932.
 * Marstall — stables; ordered to be cleared during the 1918 Christmas crisis.
 * Ministeramt — ministerial office
 * Nahrungsfreiheit — self-sufficiency in nourishment.
 * New Middle Class — white collar workers; consisted of the service and clerical (bookkeeping) occupations for management, industry and government
 * Old Middle Class — consisted of self-employed farmers, shopkeepers, merchants and artisans
 * Orgesch — Organisation Escherich; the civil guards that grew into the reserve militia for the German Army under the command of Major Dr. Forstrat Georg Escherich.
 * Osthilfe — the 1931 government assistance programs for large eastern German estates. It made available 1.5 billion marks for farmers to make debt conversion and lowered local taxes and freight rates.
 * Quasselbude — "twaddling shop"; Nazi slang term given to the German parliament
 * Räterepublik — workers councils or "soviet" republics; the communist revolutions in Berlin and Munich
 * Red terror — violence of the communist uprisings (see also White Terror)
 * Reichsheer — army of the Reichswehr
 * Reichswährungskommissar — national currency commissioner
 * Reichswehr — the German armed forces 1921-1934
 * Rentenmark Miracle — Dr. Hjalmar Schacht issued the Rentenmark which was pegged to the price of gold and had an exchange rate of 4.2 marks per dollar. It ushered in five years (1924–1929) of economic stability and a new period of prosperity for the Weimar Republic.
 * Saupreiss — Prussian swine; Bavarian slang term for Prussians because of their domination of German politics and culture.
 * Der Stahlhelm — (The Steel helmet, League of front-line Soldiers); the largest of the paramilitary Freikorps organizations that arose after World War I. It was an accumulation point for nationalistic and anti-Weimar Republic elements.
 * Schloss — castle or palace
 * Vertrauensmann — low-level political agent; Reichswehr sent agents to infiltrate political parties; The Bavarian unit sent Hitler as a Vertrauensmann to the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei.
 * von — an aristocratic appellation to German names, though it does not always signify that class. Also as vom, the unindicated contraction of von dem, meaning "from the".
 * Wahlkreise — Weimar electoral districts.
 * Wehrkreis — military districts within Weimar Germany
 * Weimar Coalition — a coalition of the first solid majoritarian parties; the Social Democratic Party, the Catholic Centre Party, the liberal German Democratic Party.
 * Wehrverbände — volunteer defense units
 * White terror — violence of the counter-revolutionary and anti-communist forces, i.e. the Freikorps. (see also Red Terror)
 * Young Plan — a new reparations agreement negotiated by Gustav Stresemann at The Hague;
 * anti-Young coalition — Alfred Hugenberg with the German National People's Party, Der Stahlhelm and the Pan-German League. The failed campaign began in September 1929.
 * Zusammenstösse — clashes, gang fights; the brawls between the various political paramilitary groups

title: Glossary of the Weimar Republic


text:
Karl Blodig

Karl Blodig (16 October 1859 – 7 September 1956) was an Austrian mountaineer, optician, and writer. Blodig was the first to successfully climb all Alpine peaks of over 4000 meters, completing his final summit around 1911. He wrote about these climbs in his book Die Viertausender der Alpen (The Four-Thousanders of the Alps), first published in 1923.

Mountaineering Life
Born in Vienna, Blodig spent his early years in Graz, climbing Mount Triglav while still in his teens. At the age of twenty he climbed Monte Rosa, guided by Christian Ranggetiner, and by twenty-three he had made non-guided ascents of the Dufourspitze, Zumsteinspitze, and Weisshorn. Between 1890 and 1911 he succeeded in climbing the remaining peaks to achieve all those summits that were at that time listed as being over 4,000 m in height. These achievements included first ascents of the Brouillard Ridge on Mont Blanc as well as the first traverse of the Rochefort Ridge. Among his alpine climbing partners were Ludwig Purtscheller and the Alpine artist Edward Theodore Compton.

Around 1911 Blodig was part of a regular mountaineering meeting at Pen-y-Pass in Wales, among whom was George Mallory. Blodig observed Mallory expertly tackling a crux pitch of a very difficult ice chimney. Even though all the climbing friends present were impressed by Mallory's skill as a climber, Blodig later observed rather prophetically about Mallory that: "that young man will not be alive for long!"

In 1932, and at the age of 73, Blodig undertook solo ascents of the Aiguille du Jardin and the Grande Rocheuse in order to achieve summits that had subsequently been added to the recognised list of 4,000 m peaks since his 1911 achievement.

Works

 * Die Viertausender der Alpen. Munich: Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, 1923.
 * Bilder aus Vorarlberg und Liechtenstein, no year.
 * Durch's Montafon. Mit Karte aus Gerster’s Handkarte von Vorarlberg 1:175.000. Bregenz: J. N. Teutsch, no year.
 * Vorarlberg das österreichische Rheinland. Ein Führer durch die Sommerfrischen Wintersportplätze, Berge und Täler des Landes. Bregenz, 1928.
 * Die Viertausender der Alpen, 2nd ed., Munich: Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, no year, ISBN 3-7633-7429-9 (with Helmut Dumler).
 * Die Viertausender der Alpen, 5th ed., Munich: Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, 1968 (with Helmut Dumler).

title: Karl Blodig


text:
Coleman Francis

Coleman Chambers Francis (January 24, 1919 – January 15, 1973) was an American actor, writer, producer and director. He was best known for his film trilogy consisting of The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961), The Skydivers (1963) and Red Zone Cuba (1966), all three of which were filmed in the general vicinity of Santa Clarita, California.

Early life
Francis was born in Greer County, Oklahoma in 1919. He was the son of William F. Francis and Scytha Estes. During the Great Depression, he moved to Texas.

Career
In 1940, Francis headed for Hollywood to start an acting career. His plans were initially interrupted by the Second World War, during which he served in the medical detachment of the 49th Field Artillery Battalion, 7th Infantry Division. He played minor parts in several films from the late 1940s to early 1970s, often without credit, including Blondie's Reward (1948), Scarlet Angel (1952), The Girl in White (1952), She Couldn't Say No (1954), This Island Earth (1955), Twilight for the Gods (1958), Motorpsycho (1965) and P.J. (1968). 1958 brought his first credited role, Stakeout on Dope Street, where he played a detective.

During March 1958, Francis portrayed Matthew Harrison Brady opposite Sidney Blackmer as Henry Drummond in Inherit the Wind at the Sombrero Playhouse in Phoenix, Arizona.

In 1959, Francis formed a partnership with Anthony "Tony" Cardoza, a welder by trade, and together they created three films: The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961), The Skydivers (1963) and Night Train to Mundo Fine, aka Red Zone Cuba (1966). Francis wrote and directed the films, while Cardoza handled production duties.

Toward the end of his life, Francis had a small role in Ray Dennis Steckler's 1969 movie Body Fever. His last work in the film industry was in 1970, when he played a drunk in Russ Meyer's Beyond the Valley of the Dolls.

Personal life
Francis married Barbara Francis, and while the two had divorced prior to the filming of The Beast of Yucca Flats, she was cast as Lois Radcliffe in Beast and appeared as the wife of a spectator (played by Coleman) in its follow-up, The Skydivers. They had two sons, Alan and Ronald, who appeared as Art and Randy Radcliffe in The Beast of Yucca Flats and the spectator's sons in The Skydivers.

Death
Francis died in California on January 15, 1973, at the age of 53. Though arteriosclerosis is listed as the official cause of death, Cardoza says Francis' body was found in the back of a station wagon at the Vine Street Ranch Market with "a plastic bag over his head and a tube going into his mouth or around his throat". Francis is interred at the Columbarium of Remembrance in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

Legacy
After fading into obscurity for decades, Francis' three directed films gained cult status after being featured on the TV show Mystery Science Theater 3000 in the mid-1990s, where they became infamous for their poor production values, repetitive plot devices, meandering and incomprehensible storylines, and stilted acting. Jim Vorel of Paste magazine characterized Francis as being the worst director of all-time, even suggesting that he may surpass Ed Wood in terms of ineptitude. Hallmarks of Francis' films include preoccupation with light aircraft and parachuting, coffee or cigarettes serving as props or centers of conversation and vigilante-style gunning down of suspects without trial at the films' conclusions.

"Coleman Francis uses edits like blunt instruments. He uses blunt instruments like blunt instruments. His major themes are death, hatefulness, death, pain, and death. He looks like Curly Howard possessed by demons from Hell. He tried to pass off Lake Mead as the Caribbean Sea. His films have the moral compass of David Berkowitz."

Actor (films)

 * Blondie's Reward (uncredited, 1948)
 * The Girl in White (1952)
 * Scarlet Angel (uncredited, 1952)
 * Killers from Space (uncredited, 1954)
 * She Couldn't Say No (uncredited, 1954)
 * This Island Earth (uncredited, 1955)
 * The Phantom Stagecoach (uncredited, 1957)
 * Stakeout on Dope Street (1958)
 * Twilight for the Gods (uncredited, 1958)
 * T-Bird Gang (1959)
 * The Jailbreakers (1960)
 * Spring Affair (1960)
 * Cimarron (uncredited, 1960)
 * The Beast of Yucca Flats (uncredited, 1961)
 * The Skydivers (uncredited, 1963)
 * The Thrill Killers (uncredited, 1964)
 * Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters (1965)
 * Motorpsycho (1965)
 * Night Train to Mundo Fine (aka Red Zone Cuba) (1966)
 * The Last American Hobo (1967)
 * P.J. (uncredited, 1968)
 * Body Fever (1969)
 * The Dirtiest Game (1970)
 * Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970)

Actor (television)

 * Sergeant Preston of the Yukon (4 episodes, 1955–1957)
 * Highway Patrol (1 episode, 1959)
 * Dragnet (3 episodes, 1957–1959)
 * M Squad (1 episode, 1960)
 * Tales of Wells Fargo (1 episode, 1961)

Director

 * The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961)
 * The Skydivers (1963)
 * Night Train to Mundo Fine (aka Red Zone Cuba) (1966)

title: Coleman Francis


text:
User talk:Darkroom

I am a terrible speller and have bad punctuation. Please forgive.

Darkroom 21:47, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Darkroom


text:
Talk:Camper

The disambiguation on this page seems nonstandard. Is there any reason the other definitions aren't listed on a separate page per Disambiguation?

Acegikmo1 19:34, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Who is Flemse08?
The People section again lists Flemse08, best known as "the biggest camper in online gaming history" I can't find this name anywhere other than Wikipedia mirrors, and the edit is from a different ip, this time. Due to this and the recent vandalism, I'm inclined to undo, again, but I don't want an edit war. I'm following WP:Revert_only_when_necessary, instead. PC-XT (talk) 22:57, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Camper


text: Category:1902 films

title: Category:1902 films


text:
L4

L4 or L-4 may refer to :

Transportation

 * SP&S Class L-4, an 1884 steam locomotives class
 * USS L-4 (SS-43), a 1915 United States Navy L-class submarine
 * HMS L4, a 1918 British L class submarine
 * Lawson L-4, a 1924 American unflown biplane airliner
 * Piper Cub (U.S. military designation: L-4), an aircraft
 * Inline-four engine (L4), a type of inline internal combustion four cylinder engine
 * Liberty L-4, a World War I four-cylinder, water-cooled, inline, aero-engine
 * Lynx Aviation (IATA code)
 * L4 (New York City bus), a temporary bus route in New York City
 * L4 Westmead & Carlingford Line, a light rail service in Parramatta, Sydney, Australia
 * Chaika L-4, a Russian twin-engined amphibious aircraft
 * Soviet submarine L-4

Science and technology

 * L4 microkernel family, a family of operating system kernels
 * L4, the transport layer in the OSI model of computer communications
 * L4, the fourth Lagrangian point in an astronomical orbital configuration
 * L4, an Lp space for p=4 (sometimes called Lebesgue spaces)
 * L-4, the fourth iteration of L-carrier, high capacity frequency division multiplex over coaxial cable used by the Bell System

Biology

 * Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
 * Ribosomal protein L4, a human gene
 * L4, a lumbar vertebra of the vertebral column, in human anatomy
 * The fourth and last larval stage in the Caenorhabditis elegans worm development

Other uses

 * L4, a modern version of the Bren light machine gun in the British Army
 * ISO/IEC 8859-4 (Latin-4), an 8-bit character encoding

title: L4


text:
Ford Panther platform

The Ford Panther platform was an automobile platform that was used by Ford Motor Company from the 1979 to 2012 model years. Following the downsizing of the General Motors B-bodies and C-bodies by two years, the Panther platform marked the end of production of sedans unencumbered by downsizing. Originally slated for discontinuation during the early 1980s, the Panther architecture was used for 33 model years, making it one of the longest-produced platforms in North American automotive history.

Developed as a successor to the 1969 Ford chassis, the rear-wheel-drive, body-on-frame Panther platform was used by the Ford and Lincoln-Mercury brands. While produced exclusively as four-door sedans from 1992 to 2012, prior to its first update, the chassis underpinned two-door sedans and five-door station wagons. Throughout its entire production life, all Panther-platform vehicles were equipped with a V8 engine; the Modular V8 engine was the first overhead-cam V8 engine used in a mass-produced American vehicle.

Initially developed in response to the implementation of CAFE by the U.S. federal government, the Panther platform outlived its closest rival (the 1977–1996 GM B platform) by 15 years, with the 2012 Ford Crown Victoria becoming the final mass-produced passenger car designed with a separate frame. While body-on-frame construction is retained by pickup trucks and larger SUVs, unibody construction (or variants thereof) see nearly universal use in passenger cars.

From 1978 to 1985, Ford and Mercury versions of the Panther platform were assembled in Hazelwood, Missouri (St. Louis Assembly). For the 1986 model year, production shifted to Talbotville, Ontario, Canada (St. Thomas Assembly). Lincoln versions were sourced from Wixom, Michigan (Wixom Assembly), until its 2007 closure; from 2008 to 2011, the Lincoln Town Car was assembled by St. Thomas Assembly. After a short production run of 2012 vehicles for export, St. Thomas Assembly produced the final Ford Crown Victoria on 15 September 2011, the final vehicle produced by the facility and the final vehicle of the Panther platform.

Design overview
The Panther platform utilized the body-on-frame construction with live rear-axle suspension. While commonplace during its late-1970s introduction, it is a design found almost exclusively in large SUVs and pickup trucks today. The durability resulting from the body-on-frame construction (which allows easier repair after minor collisions) and their relatively simple design make the Panther cars appealing as fleet vehicles, including police cars and taxicabs. The Lincoln Town Car appealed largely to livery services, and was the most commonly used limousine in North America, as it could easily be "stretched" by lengthening the frame without compromising chassis strength.

Although introduced in 1978, the Panther platform underwent major changes along the way. Across its design life, it was produced in three distinct generations:

 * First generation (1979–1991): This generation was the only one to be produced in three body styles: four-door sedan, two-door coupe, and five-door station wagon. This was the only generation to use the Windsor V8 engine.
 * Second generation (1990–2002): Extensive redesigns of exterior and interior; introduction of Modular V8 engine; and four-door sedan was only body style.
 * Third generation (2003–2012): Frame and suspension redesigns and upgrades to improve handling. 2011 was the last model year for the North American market and for Lincoln-Mercury models. A limited number of 2012 Crown Victorias were built for the overseas market.

First generation (1978–1991)
For 1979, Ford introduced the Panther platform, downsizing the Ford LTD and Mercury Marquis model ranges. Along with an extensive reduction in exterior footprint and weight, the Panther platform saw several other changes. For the first time, the LTD and Marquis shared a common wheelbase; with the exception of grilles and taillights, the two model lines shared nearly identical bodywork. As before, two-door, four-door, and station wagon bodies were offered.

For 1980, federal fuel-economy regulations forced the Lincoln Continental to adopt the Panther platform. While built on its own wheelbase and using its own bodywork, the Continental, Town Car, and Continental Mark VI used the same powertrain as the LTD and Marquis.

Following the introduction of the Panther platform, Ford underwent an extensive revision of both its full-size and mid-size model ranges in the early 1980s. For 1981, Lincoln made the Town Car and four-door Continental Mark VI its full-size model line to reduce its model overlap, with the Continental later becoming a mid-size sedan (based on the Fox platform); the two-door version of the Mark VI was replaced in 1984 by the Mark VII coupe. For 1983, the Ford LTD and Mercury Marquis became mid-size sedans, replacing the Ford Granada and Mercury Cougar while the LTD Crown Victoria and Mercury Grand Marquis became distinct model lines, in an effort to move full-size model ranges upward in prestige.

The first generation of the Panther platform is the sole generation produced in multiple body styles. 1981 was the sole year for the Town Car coupe with the two-door version of the Mark VI ending production after 1983. After 1987, two-door Ford and Mercury sedans were discontinued due to low demand. After 1991, the Ford LTD Country Squire and Mercury Colony Park station wagons were discontinued.

 * Changes

Outside of the shift of nameplates in the early 1980s, few fundamental changes were made to first-generation Panther-platform vehicles from 1979 to 1991. For 1980, Lincoln introduced the AOD 4-speed overdrive automatic transmission and fuel injection for the 5.0L V8, becoming available for Ford and Mercury in 1981 (Canadian Lincolns got fuel injection only in 1984).

For 1988, the LTD Crown Victoria and Grand Marquis underwent a minor revision to improve exterior aerodynamics. For 1990, the Panther platform received its first addition of SRS airbags. The Town Car (shifting to the second generation) was designed with dual airbags; the LTD Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, and station wagons were fitted with driver-side airbags.

The first-generation Panther was also:
 * The last American car with functional vent windows (option on 1989 Ford/Mercury)
 * The last American-brand car available with a carbureted engine (351 cubic-inch V8; option on Grand Marquis, Crown Victoria wagon/police car through 1991)

Second generation (1990–2002)
The American automotive landscape had changed significantly throughout the 1980s, although Ford had left the Panther platform essentially unchanged. A combination of changing consumer tastes as well as increasingly more stringent fuel economy standards forced Ford to make significant changes to the Panther cars in order to keep them in production. Bucking industry trends of the time, Ford chose not to downsize it any further or to replace it entirely with a front-wheel-drive platform, opting instead for more aerodynamic bodystyling (which had been popularized by the smaller Taurus) and an all-new powertrain. As a result of changing market trends towards minivans and sport utility vehicles, one casualty of the redesign was the Country Squire and Colony Park station wagons; at the time, their de facto replacement was the Ford Aerostar.

In October 1989, Lincoln introduced the second-generation Town Car. In early 1991, the Crown Victoria (the LTD prefix disappeared) and Grand Marquis received total redesigns of their bodies for 1992. The Ford was restyled to have more of a family resemblance to the Ford Taurus, while the Mercury was styled as a more contemporary version of its predecessor (a formal family sedan).

In 1991, the 4.6L SOHC Modular V8 debuted under the hood of the Lincoln Town Car. It was the replacement for both the 302 and 351 cubic-inch Windsor V8 engines; in 1992, it became available in the Crown Victoria and Grand Marquis. Although the torque peak for the Modular V8 was 1,200 rpm higher than for the 302 V8, the 4.6L was available with up to 60 more horsepower (with optional dual exhaust).
 * 4.6-liter "Modular" V8

In 1997, Ford significantly upgraded the exterior designs of all three Panther platform cars. The Town Car received the most extensive changes with its entire body being restyled. To increase parts commonality between the two, the Crown Victoria was redesigned to share the rear roofline (and much of the exterior sheetmetal) with the Grand Marquis, which saw minor cosmetic changes itself. Underneath the sheetmetal, a Watt's linkage was added to the rear suspension (still a live rear axle) in an effort to improve handling.
 * 1998 upgrades

Third generation (2003–2011)
For 2003, Ford Chassis Engineer Trever Skilnick completely redesigned the frame of the Panther platform using a hydroformed steel frame and a bolt-in cast aluminum stressed member that held the powertrain. The front and rear suspension were also completely overhauled in an effort to improve handling; rack-and-pinion steering replaced the recirculating-ball design. While the sheetmetal of the Crown Victoria carried over, the Grand Marquis and Town Car both received updates to the exterior and interior in an effort to bring them in line with the rest of their respective product lineups. The "Cast Aluminum #2" frame crossmember won Casting of The Year for Tier 1 supplier CMI (Hayes Lemmerz), and the new chassis was reviewed favorably by journalist Dan Neil of The Wall Street Journal.

For 2003, Mercury introduced the Marauder, a high-performance variant of the Grand Marquis. Designed in a similar fashion as the 1994–1996 Chevrolet Impala SS (with black also being its most commonly available paint color), it featured the engine of the Ford Mustang Mach 1. The Marauder sold poorly; it was dropped after 2004 after just over 11,000 were built.

Models
In total, twelve vehicle nameplates were produced under the Panther platform, with the Ford LTD Crown Victoria, Ford Crown Victoria, Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor, Lincoln Town Car, and Continental Mark VI produced exclusively on the architecture.

Variants

 * The Presidential State Car built for President George H. W. Bush is based upon a 1989 Lincoln Town Car.
 * In line with its predecessors, the vehicle is equipped with armor plating, bulletproof glass, and undisclosed security modifications.
 * To accommodate its higher weight, the vehicle was fitted with a 7.5L V8 (and E4OD transmission) from the F-250 3⁄4-ton pickup truck.
 * The 1993 Aston Martin Lagonda Vignale concept car used a modified Lincoln Town Car chassis and 4.6L V8.
 * Two license-built variants of the Lincoln Town Car were assembled by the Chinese automaker Hongqi.
 * During the mid-1990s, the Hongqi CA 7465 was a stretch limousine derived from the 1990–1997 Town Car; the front fascia was styled in line to the 1970s CA770. Approximately 100 were built.
 * The 1998–2005 Hongqi CA7460 (红旗CA7460) and Hongqi Qijian (红旗旗舰) (flagship) were luxury sedans produced primarily for government and military officials. After initial assembly by Ford in the United States, the cars were shipped to China for final bodywork.
 * In 2002, Mercury introduced a Mercury Marauder concept car, serving as a preview of the 2003 production vehicle. While the production Marauder was a 4-door sedan, the concept car was a 2-door (topless) convertible. Beginning life as a 1999 Ford Crown Victoria, the concept car was the first full-size convertible from Ford Motor Company since 1971.

Discontinuation
Following the 2003 chassis redesign of the Panther platform, during most of the 2000s, Ford Motor Company began consideration of design efforts towards a rear-wheel-drive successor to the chassis architecture. Intended for release by the end of the 2000s, an all-new platform would be the first truly new rear-wheel-drive full-size chassis from Ford in three decades; another key objective was to consolidate the Panther chassis and the slightly smaller EA169 platform of Ford Australia (underpinning the Ford Falcon sedan and Ford Territory wagon, with the long-wheelbase Ford Fairlane/LTD nearly matching the Crown Victoria/Grand Marquis in wheelbase). During the mid-2000s, Ford debuted several concept vehicles (Ford 427, Lincoln MKR, and Ford Interceptor), previewing potential designs of rear-wheel drive Ford and Lincoln-Mercury full-size sedans. While none of the concept vehicles reached production in their entirety, design elements of each vehicle appeared in multiple Ford and Lincoln sedans.

For the 2005 model year, Ford introduced its first front-wheel-drive full-size chassis, the Ford D3 platform. Derived from a Volvo chassis architecture, the D3 chassis underpinned the Ford Five Hundred and Mercury Montego. While the latter was sold alongside the larger Grand Marquis, the Five Hundred was phased in as a replacement for both the Ford Taurus and Crown Victoria. By 2007, the Crown Victoria was supported nearly entirely by fleet sales, outselling only the Ford GT in retail sales.

After the 2007 model year, Ford ended retail sales of the Crown Victoria, with the Five Hundred renamed as the Ford Taurus; further retail sales were adopted by Lincoln-Mercury. As part of The Way Forward, Lincoln Town Car production shifted from Wixom Assembly and was consolidated with Ford and Mercury at St. Thomas Assembly in Canada.

In January 2009, Ford announced that design efforts towards its global rear-wheel-drive platform were cancelled. The same year, Ford announced that 2011 marked the final year of the Crown Victoria Police Interceptor, with production of a successor to follow for 2012. 2011 would slowly mark the phaseout of both Panther-platform production and of vehicle production at St. Thomas Assembly. On January 4, the final Grand Marquis was manufactured, becoming the final Mercury vehicle ever produced. During August, the final Lincoln Town Car was manufactured.

For the 2012 model year, all Crown Victorias were produced for export; as the vehicle was not produced with stability control, it was no longer legal for sale in the United States or Canada. A short run of Crown Victorias were produced for GCC export (Middle East); intended for export to Saudi Arabia, the final Ford Crown Victoria was manufactured on September 15, 2011, ending production at St. Thomas Assembly.

While the closure of the Mercury division would leave the Grand Marquis without a direct successor, by the end of production, Ford introduced functional replacements for the Crown Victoria/Police Interceptor and Lincoln Town Car (in the sixth-generation Ford Taurus/Police Interceptor Sedan and Lincoln MKS, respectively). With the exception of the Police Interceptor Sedan, sales of the Taurus and MKS shifted from a high dependence on fleet customers to a higher proportion of retail sales. The Lincoln Town Car name made its return for livery customers, with Lincoln developing a livery/limousine variant of the Lincoln MKT with the MKT Town Car name.

title: Ford Panther platform


text:
Talk:Chinese law

Qin and Han dynasty Law
Qin Law

http://books.google.com/books?id=M7oseTr553wC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Han Law

http://books.google.com/books?id=Dx8VAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=FTWvWA_fD5oC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

On the Pre-Tang Development of the Law of ‘Treason’: moufan, dani, and pan Geoffrey MacCormack
http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/3848/1/maccormack2005.pdf

Civil Law in Qing and Republican China  By Kathryn Bernhardt, Madeleine Zelin, Philip C. C. Huang
http://books.google.com/books?id=TnMCjXbm1ncC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

04:19, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese law