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Talk:Tatarstan

Violation of Naming_conventions
The town and city names in this article violate Naming_conventions. The official names of the cities and towns in English can be found at the official Tatarstan http://www.tatar.ru/index.php?&node_id=791 web site. They are pretty much the same as the most commonly used Englih names. The official/most commonly used name should be used as an article title. Various spellings/former names can be listed in the specific article. It's wrong to name cities by names noone knows or uses. Specifically this applies to: Naberezhnye Chelny (Yar Çallı used in the article), Nizhnekamsk (Tübän Kama used), Almetyevsk (Älmät), Zelenodolsk (Yäşel Üzän), Bugulma (Bögelmä). The towns should be moved to their proper names. Gene s 07:58, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

See also Naming policy poll. If no one voices objections in the next couple of days, I'll start editing the article and will move the town articles. Gene s 08:02, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Google search for Tübän Kama -nizhnekams didn't get even single article in English. I tried a random ciry, I'm sure the situation with other cities is the same. It's English wikipedia, and names most used in English should be used there, not national ones. It has nothing with Russian chauvinism. Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 14:52, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

DON'T!
See here: User_talk:Untifler

Tatar is official language in Tatarstan. Tatar naming could be used also as Russian, which is placed at the official server.
 * This is not a question of weather Tatar language is official or not. I gave a link to an official web site of Tatar government. It lists the official names of Tatar cities in English. The official names of the cities are exactly the same as commonly used English names of those cities. They have nothing to do with the names of the cities used in this and related articles (probaby added there by you). Thus, the articles are currently wrong and mislleading. Besides, the names used in the articles are not in English. This is an English wikipedia. Article titles should follow Naming conventionsGene s 14:59, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Bilingualism is not problem for Tatarstan. And all naming is correct!

 * Dear Untifler,

 * it's not bilingual wikipedia. It's just an English wikipedia. Articles should be written in English. Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 14:37, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * There's no official language in Russia that allows to spell "Москва" as "Moscow". It doesn't prevent us from writing "Moscow" through the English wikipedia. Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 14:52, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * This is not a question of bilinginism. This is a question of using proper city names inEnglish. Gene s 14:59, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

German, Estonian, French. Is Tatar nedoyazyk?

 * Please be corteous. Don't use words not understood by people who can only read English. Use English for discussion. This is an English wikipedia after all.Gene s 06:52, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hello.

 * 1) German, French, Turkish names are writen as in their own language. Tatar also use Latin as Cyrillic. Why we could not use our own script (or romanization of our Cyrillic script)?
 * 2) Naming conventions is quite clear on exceptions. If you disagree, please petion to change the Naming conventions, don't just violate it because you feel so.
 * 3) As far as I know, Tatar officially uses the Cyrillic alphabet. Romanized Tatar is not officially accepted. For example, Tatar-Romanized is not found on the official web site of Tatarstan government http://www.tatar.ru/. Only English, Russian, and Tatar-Cyrillic. In any case, wikipedia is not a political forum. It's an encyclopedia. If you want to write an article on romanizing Tatar language, that's great. But don't just use Tatar (romanized or not) for article titles when there are perfectly valid English equivalents. Gene s 06:52, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) Romanization and Latin Script use extra latin letters, no only English letters. (Myakzyum Slakhov - is Russian speeling of the name - Tatar for he is Mäghzüm Säläxev)
 * 2) This is an English wikipedia. Not a Tatar or a Russian wikipedia. Noone uses Russian (Cyrillic) spelling for article titles. If someone does, please fix them. Article title should be either a common English name, or an official English name. If the transliteraion from Russian is the most common or official, it should be used. If the most common or official is from Tatar, Tatar transliteration should be used. In neither case a foreign character set should be used for the article title. The characters you want to use for article titles cannot be typed on a standard keyboard. Articles like that cannot be found through standard wiki search. Gene s 06:52, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) This is English Wikipedia. Not RUSSIAN> . There are no constant official Enlish name for Tatarstan places, so translators mailly use Russian names of Tatarstan Places, but this tradition haven't official base: it's made only by suppresion from Moscow, interested in unification. This names use not truth transliteration from RUSSIAN, but RUSSSIAN names are mostly trnsliterated from Tatar.
 * 2) This is not a political forum. If you believe that someone suppresses your nation, write an article about it. But that does not give you a right to use fake city names. Make your givernment rename them first. Then transliterate those names into English.
 * 3) As long as Tatarstan is a part of Russia, the web site of Tatarstan givernment is the official source. Visit it at http://www.tatar.tu/english/. You will find a list of English-spelled names of Tatar cities and towns. If you disagree with this, petition your government for the change. As long as Tatar goverment gives the English names of the towns they should be used. Besides, the name you used for Naberezhgnye Chelny is totally wrong. It's not just a transliteration issue, it's flat out wrong information.Gene s 06:52, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) Why Russian name has priority before the Tatar?
 * 2) English takes the priority. Use commonly accepted English names, not Tatar or Russian names. See above for the rest of the argument. Gene s 06:52, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

--Untifler 15:22, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Tatar language is a complete language in its full rights. It's why you should not request to treat it in a very different manner. Russian names of course don't have a priority, but most used by English speakers do. Forget Russian, the Wikipedia naming policy doesn't take in consideration if the name is Russian or Tatar. Only the usage in the English language matters in the English wikipedia. Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 15:42, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

If you see inappropriate use of German/French/Turkish names instead of English ones, please fix or report for others to fix. Thanks! Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 15:44, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Personal names
see: Gerhard Schröder, Kemal Atatürk, Arnold Rüütel

ü, ö are not Englısñ letters, also as in Mäğzüm Säläxev.

 * Click on any of the links you provided. See the problem? None of the articles opens properly. This is a perfect illustration why using foreign characters in article titles is a bad idea. Really really bad idea. Gene s 06:54, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * As for place's name - may be you are not wrong... But Tatar names are also to be redirected. As for personal names, some mistakelly translitirated versions are also to be redirected to correct. As for standart keyboard: is it international key board with dead keys or only Enlglish letter keyboard? So redirect is very usefull think - Myakzyum Salakhov can be redirekted to Mägzüm Säläxev, also like Tukai was redirected to Ghabdulla Tuqay.
 * Sure, it's a good idea to redirect to an article from alternative spellings. But I don't think it's right to host articles under foreign names using non-English character sets. The examples you provided are still wrong. Schröder should be under Schroeder, Atatürk under Ataturk or Atatyurk. The current state is probably tolerated because there are just a few of them AND these poeple are well-known under these names. Two wrongs don't make a right :-)
 * I think the example with Ghabdulla Tuqay is fine Its current spelling does not use any characters not in Latin-1, and Google gives an approximately the same number of hits for various spellings of his name.
 * As for Myakzyum Salakhov and similar, think about it this way - do you want to promote Tatar culture to people who speek English, or do you just want to make a political statement? I can't read Tatar, so I don't even know how to read or pronunce Mäğzüm Säläxev. An average English-speaker would read it as Magzum Salaksev which is clearly wrong. But Myakzyum Salakhov is readable. By insisting on using national characters you make it difficult to find articles, to link to them, to read them. Is that what you want? Probably not. If I were you I would try to make it easy for people to read your articles. One part of it is to limit the article titles to the 26 letters of English. Gene s 13:37, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * May be will be useful to use "Mäğzüm Säläxev" on the page Myakzyum Salakhov, but using transliteration to SAMPA or to English as well as needed... Becose Myakzyum Salakhov is readble, but is also wrong...

I was interested. How could you pronounce Cälil, Djalil, Jalil, Dzhalil words (forget, that it is speelings of one name). He used his name in old orthography as Çəlil, but his friend, prisoner André Timmermans, wrote his name as Jalìl... So, is any transliteration/name is better than another?..--Untifler 19:51, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I am not sure what your question is. Do you mean Musa Jalil, the poet? If I understand correctly, the Tatar Ç is sharp-ch sound, so it's most closely represented as J. The Dzh is a Cyrillic transliteration since Cyrillic does not have a sharp-ch sound. The Dj is the French-derived one because the French pronounciation of J (zh) is not the same as English. There is no reason to transliterate through Cyrillic or French because it just obfuscates the original spelling. Besides, Musa Jalil is more common than either Djalil, Calil (really wrong, since it reads like Kalil) or Dzhalil. Gene s 08:46, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * By the way, I looked at Tatar_alphabet page. A lot of it has to be rewritten. This statement C – ce as in "jet" but without first [d] makes no sense. Jet does not have the first d. You only get D when you transliterate through Russian. J in jet is a single sound, there is no separate D or ZH in it. J in Jet is kind of similar to the sound ch in the Russian word ch'yi (whos) but sharper. Gene s 08:46, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't wrote that ç is ch without t and c is jet witout d (somebody else did it). There are no such sounds in English. ç sounds like German Ich-Laut, c is pair for this sound. So, Jalil pronounced ad [dZalil] in English, but I think, It is also wrong.
 * It would be nice if you could fix the tables at Tatar_alphabet page, since you know the language and the correct pronounciations. The second table (with both Tatar Cyrillic and Tatar Latin) seems to be correct, except it does not have examples in English. The first table is redundant and wrong. I can't fix it because I don't know Tatar. --Gene s 12:44, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * As for Cälil - this is official name, used in English texts too.  If any person is interested in pronooncion he can look about pronouncion at Tatar alphabet article. --Untifler 12:12, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * You probaly mean name in use, not official name. The official name is something written in someone's papers issued by a government. Anyway, it actually accentuates the problem. If you want to spell his name Cälil, that's fine with me, but you are making it difficult to pronounce his name correctly. What's more important - spelling or pronounciation? I think pronounciation is more important. Most people would pronounce Cälil as Kalil or Kaelil. If you search Google for English pages with "Musa Cälil" you would get about 66 hits. If you search for "Musa Jalil" you get about 3,600. See the difference?
 * What is your goal? Do you want to promote Tatar culture? What is easier for an English speaker - Cälil or Jalil? Think about it. --Gene s 12:44, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that Jalil means afficative pronouncing of J, what is absolutely wrong in Tatar. Russian mostrly transliterated this sound like z, not like dzh. Co, Cälil could be spelled as Caelil. Cae is [si], like in Caesar, so... If I'll make a article about famous Tatars, I'll use national alphabet + transcription to English. And use redirects too.--Untifler 12:29, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

As for officiality of the web-sites, there are now any tradition to transliterate our name to English, like Ronaji for Japanese or... So, all transliteration such as Myakzyum Salakhov are the most commonly English, but not official.
 * First of all, the article Tatar alphabet is quite clear on pronounciation. You can use it to transliterate into English. And of course you can be the first to apply the standard transliteration rules to Tatar language: Umlaut, International Phonetic Alphabet, SAMPA Gene s 13:37, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

--Untifler 12:30, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Naming conventions (anglicization)
Look at this for guidance Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (anglicization) Gene s 14:05, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Респу́блика Татарста́н or Тата́рия There is no Tataria or Татария, only Tatarstan.
 * "Tataria" is listed because it is one of the names that is used. Naming conventions apply to the article name; they do not prevent from listing any other names in the article's body.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus amurensis) 01:20, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

State or Republic
"In 1994-2000 Tatarstan was a de facto independent state" is an overstament of planetary, galactic, universal, proportions. Chechnya was a de-facto independent state in 97-2000. Or Kolchak's Siberian republic. But Tatarstan! Please... Gaidash 4 July 2005 08:04 (UTC)

Is Tatarstan a State in the Russian Federation or an Independant Republic? Republic is more usually connected with independant states, rather than federated states. Nomenclature here needs to be specific. Discussion please. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.1.100.8 (talk • contribs)
 * Tatarstan is a republic within the Russian Federation. It has exactly the same rights as other republics.  Republics of Russia possess a higher degree of sovereignty than other federal subjects (such as krais and oblasts), but they are still not considered to be independent states.  Hope this helps.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus amurensis) 18:35, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Grammar/completeness item
I found it interesting to learn about Tatarstan from the Wikipedia article.

However i cannot understand the following passage which seems ungrammatical and incomplete:

"By Tatarstan Constitution president could be elected only by people of Tatarstan, but due to Russian federal law this law was stopped fo indefinite term. The Russian law about election of governors says, that they should be elected by local parliaments and that the candidate could be presented only by president."

Perhaps it is a literal translation. What is meant is not understandable in English. Hope this helps in some way.

Also, I am new to wikipedia and would be happy to receive feedback about how to contribute. By the way, first i entered above comment in a wrong place, in a new discussion about the Tatarstan history section template. Maybe someone can delete that?

Zalky

Tatar Latin alphabet
There is no official Latin alphabet in Tatar. Is it really necessary to have it in the title? Kazak 01:17, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Tatar geo-names
Following this logic, therefore, the geographical names within Tatarstan should be transliterated into English not only from Russian but also from Tatar. In other words, Belaya River should also be complemented by Aqidel River. Volga should be followed or even preceded (since it is the language of the dominant titular nation in the area) by İdel. Leaving intact any ethical issues, a monolingual transliteration of these names (whether from Russian OR from Tatar) is completely against the logic described above and the democratic nature of Wikipedia. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 128.194.112.127 (talk • contribs).
 * Actually, there are two problems with your line of reasoning:
 * Tatar names already complement names transliterated from Russian (example). They should be mentioned in the intro line, and there should be a redirect from the Tatar version.  Nobody had ever suggested this practice should be abolished.  Tatar names in appropriate articles may be absent only because none of the editors who contributed to such an article knew the Tatar language.  If you see something's missing, by all means go ahead and add it.
 * Transliteration always comes second when there is a name established and widely used in the English language. The river Volga is known by this name to the vast majority of Anglophones, while "İdel" is virtually unrecognizable.  Please see Wikipedia's naming conventions for more details on this policy.
 * —Ëzhiki (ërinacëus amurënsis) • (yo?); 17:29, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * With respect to the first issue, does it mean that Tatar transliterations of geographical names cannot be mentioned in the body of the Tatarstan article?
 * As to your second comment, while you might be right with respect to the example of Volga, I have deep concerns regarding this claim to the names of some other rivers in Tatarstan. It would be quite a bit of a stretch to claim that to an average English speaker Belaya would mean more than Aqidel. I would, therefore, urge you to add these names. Even, with respect to Volga, there are examples in the Anglophone media where Idel was used. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 128.194.112.127 (talk • contribs).
 * I reviewed (and reverted) your edit to Tatarstan after I provided my comment above, which is why there is no explanation. The reason for the revert was not because I think that Tatar names should not be mentioned in the article about Tatarstan (where, of course, they are the most appropriate), but because your edit broke the links to the already-existing articles.  Seeing that some of the links are incorrect anyway, I re-introduced your edit, formatting the entries properly and in spirit with Wikipedia's guidelines.
 * Regarding your other concern, the official language of a country should generally be used as a basis for transliteration in the English Wikipedia (unless, like I said above, there is an existing common English name, which may or may not be based on a variant used in a territory's titular language). The official language of Russia is, of course, Russian, and as long as Tatarstan is a part of Russia, Russian will take precedence.  I realize that the Constitution of Tatarstan gives equal status to both Tatar and Russian, but it still does not trump the fact that Tatarstan is not an independent country.  It should also be mentioned that the majority of Western readers usually get access to local news through Russian (federal) channels, which would use Russian forms, not Tatar, thus making such readers more familiar with the Russian forms.  The idea is not to offend someone, but to provide maximum convenience to the English-speaking readers.
 * I hope this answers your questions. Please let me know if there is anything else I can help with.  You may also want to contact Untifler, who is the most active editor of the Tatarstan-related articles here in English Wikipedia and is a bureaucrat of the Tatar Wikipedia (you can address him in Russian, Tatar, or English).—Ëzhiki (ërinacëus amurënsis) • (yo?); 20:02, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Information
What are the major cities of Tatarstan? --McTrixie 22:32, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * See Administrative divisions of Tatarstan. The major ones are those directly under republic's jurisdiction.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 02:57, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Please understand the difference between sovereignty and independence
A treaty recognising sovereignty does not necessarily recognise independence, and in fact Tatarstan/Tataria is not independent; nor does it claim to be. Sovereignty and independence are different. For example, the Isle of Man is sovereign, but it is not independent and allows the UK to determine its foreign policy.

158-152-12-77 21:03, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Liquidation ??
According to this article the line: In 1928 the Tatar Union of the Godless were liquidated in the 1928 purges. links to an article about companies being liquidated. Now in modern American English slang liquidated is another word for murdered but shouldn't the phrase be just that, "murdered? Especially since wikipedia is linking to an article about companies violating laws, etc...? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.169.2.116 (talk) 16:17, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not written in "American English slang", it is written in the English language, in which the word "liquidate" has many other meanings.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 14:33, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Parallels with Chechnya
Some scholars think that Tatarstan has many parallels with Chechnya. In the 1990s there was a real threat, that Tatarstan might try to secede, and that this would result in a devastating war just like in Chechnya. Perhaps the most important factor in avoiding war was the prudent and wise rule by President Mintimer Shaimiev. Maybe this deserves a mention in the article? What do you think? Offliner (talk) 08:55, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Tatars have less in common with Chechens than it seems - maybe the religion only. Tatars have higher education level, lower fertility rate, more democratic culture, they are more tolerant in average - closer to what you call European mentality, as well as Russians.FeelSunny (talk) 23:23, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

It is a very racist statement to write that because the Chechens fought for their independence then their mentality must be at fault. Where the Polish and other European also 'barbarians' given their struggle against Hitler, Soviet Union and Serbia etc.? Are the Republican Irish, the anti-Spanish in Spain etc. not Europeans either? Moarrikh (talk) 00:56, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

 * You completely misunderstood the editor's point - which was stating that the people of Tatarstan have more identity with the Russian culture, and do no wish to succeed from the union. Also, Al Quaeda-like elements are not prevalent in the same way they are in Chechnya. HammerFilmFan (talk) 17:53, 30 September 2012 (UTC)
 * The perception of Tatar culture as more “peaceful” (due to its “identity with Russian culture”) is a colonial optics. But the comparison of Chechnya with Tatarstan is absurd. In Chechnya, on the eve of the proclamation of independence, there was a special post-deportation situation, when the property, social and political situation of the Chechens was disproportionately small in comparison with the position of ethnic Russians. There were no radical Islamist movements in Checnya at that time at all. They have arisen already during the years of war and blockade.Тангичи (talk) 08:46, 13 September 2021 (UTC)

GDP per capita
"Tatarstan's GDP per capita was USD 12,325 in 2004[19], with GDP in 2008 at about 930 bln rubles.[12]"

I don't think it's very useful to quote an old GDP/capita number from 2004, when we already have the GDP from 2008. Anyone who is interested can calculate the pro capita number from the 2008 GDP figure himself. Offliner (talk) 18:06, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree, and the number is especially useless when it's not even compared to the national average in 2004. Do you know where official 2008 GDP figures are or could you post them? Rosstat is acting strange so I can't check it at the moment. LokiiT (talk) 23:23, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Multi-cultural
I think more emphasis should be put on the multi-cultural aspect of this region. It's a shining example of how Muslim and Christian communities can live side by side happily and without destroying or oppressing each other. One of the few examples of this in the entire world in fact. Here's a quote from the Council of Europe's Commissioner of Human Rights after his visit to Russia:

''"10. The example of the Republic of Tatarstan is even more noteworthy. As I pointed out earlier in connection with the rights of national minorities, Tatarstan is a veritable cultural and religious melting pot, in which a spirit of cooperation and dialogue prevail, two values championed by both the President of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Grand Mufti of Kazan, who represents the majority religion in that region. Good relations are in evidence at the highest level. When I visited Kazan's main church, also known as the Old Kremlin of Kazan, I was accompanied by the Metropolitan and the Grand Mufti of the city. All the religious representatives I met emphasised their very good relations with the other faiths and the local authorities. Today Kazan stands out as one of the leading centres of Muslim culture, and the greatly influential Islamic university has done much to cement this reputation. This institution accepts students from all over Russia, and I was pleased to note the presence of a Chechen among the students introduced to me.''" LokiiT (talk) 21:55, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

RFE/RL correspondents are strongly opposed to this law
Is it relevant? There may be lots of organizations holding different positions on different laws.--MathFacts (talk) 12:28, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Muslim population
Lets go over a few things. 1) I myself can find numerous articles that say the Muslim population of Tatarstan is 52.9%, however these are all BEFORE the 2010 census (i.e 2009, 2008, ....) And actually I think the article you all are trying to force might even have been before the latest census as well. 2) 52.9% was from the 2002 census. Hence it is not suprising that number was previously used. 3) The article says PREDOMINANTLY of the 52.9% is Muslim, meaning we don't actually know the actual Muslim population. I'm only updating from what you all are implying. Therefore it is quite safe to assume that PREDOMINANTLY of the 53.2% is Muslim. Also, if we do take the 52.9 stat, then there's two conflicting numbers since the Tatar population is listed just above the religion section. 4) It is only a difference of 0.3% so I don't think it matters that much. 68.149.133.218 (talk) 01:49, 3 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Additional discussion on this topic is available here (archived link). It seems the editors are either leaning to the original version or to the removal of the offending sentence altogether. Further comments are welcome.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); February 3, 2012; 13:03 (UTC)

 * Nobody supported the proposed changes, and I reverted them. This part of the discussion is closed.--Ymblanter (talk) 17:39, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

There is a factual error on the article page in the section called terminology. Ther ending stan in the name Tatarastan, as all other endings of countries of Central Asia e.g. Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and even Pakistan, is not proto-Sanscritic but Farsi/Turkic and should be written as such. It actually is misleading the way it currently written. Please can someone modify this or I will delete it and re-write this section. Moarrikh (talk) 00:48, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Please go ahead if you feel like re-writing it.--Ymblanter (talk) 17:41, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

Strange assertion in recent edit
The user Soffredo edited in a line in the Modern times section, which makes the claim that Tatarstan "declared independence" in 2008 and asked for UN recognition. The source cited does not corroborate this in any way, it merely relays what a group of Tatar secessionists outside of the Tatarstan political leadership "declared", with the apparent support of Vil Mirzayanov who is an outspoken Tatarstan secessionist and Russian dissident living in the United States. Neither he nor the unofficial Tatar Mejlis in question has any political legitimacy in this regard and they do not represent the Republic of Tatarstan.

Ergo, this assertion is factually wrong, though the article should of course note that there are secessionist movements. 78.70.216.65 (talk) 08:04, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

hdi
it is 0.864

--Qwdfdsdf (talk) 12:28, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

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Russian map
The map of Russia employed shows Crimea as part of the country, which is not recognised by the international community. Replace map with one which does not include Crimea as part of Russia. 85.155.120.128 (talk) 17:53, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

Language section
Salam friends, this is about the quote from S. Wertheim used here "some men signal ideological devotion to the Tatar cause by refusing to accommodate to Russian-dominant public space or Russian speakers", whilst women, in promoting "the Tatar state and Tatar national culture, index their pro-Tatar ideological stances more diplomatically, and with linguistic practices situated only within the Tatar-speaking community... in keeping with normative gender roles within the Tatar republic . . it is from an article titled 'Gender, nationalism, and the attempted reconfiguration of sociolinguistic norms'. I believe a more general overview of language in the region might be more appropriate and informative, since this is not a section on "pro-Tatar[language] ideological stances" but rather, the languages spoken in Tatarstan. Seeing how small the section is, I will focus on it for a bit. Insight or feedback or suggestions please reach out! I am always learning. Soyembika (talk) 22:08, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tatarstan


text:
Tata Indigo

The Tata Indigo is a supermini produced by the Indian manufacturer Tata Motors produced from 2002 through 2016. It is the four-door saloon version of the Tata Indica, a supermini especially designed for developing countries.

In 2009, Tata released the second generation of the Indigo, called Tata Indigo Manza to distinguish it from the first generation which remained in production.

First generation (2002–2018)
The first generation of the Indigo, made by James Charles, which was launched in the Indian market in 2002, is based on the Tata Indica, a subcompact hatchback. The two cars shared a similar design, while the Indigo had a longer wheelbase, a 450 litre trunk, and turbo-diesel and petrol engine options. The car received its first design refresh in 2006, giving it distinguishing features from the Indica, such as more upmarket double-barreled headlamps, front fog-lamps, more upmarket interiors with fabric upholstery, etc.

The 2006 Tata Indigo went on to form the base platform for three other cars: the Indigo Marina station-wagon with a large boot and a ski-rack; the Indigo XL, a variant with a longer wheelbase for increased legroom in the second row, air-conditioner vents for the second row, and leather upholstery option; and the Indigo CS, a smaller version with a length of under 4 metres to take advantage of tax benefits for vehicles of that size. The latter was renamed Indigo eCS after an engine upgrade in 2010.

Tata Motors discontinued the Indigo and Indigo Marina in 2009 in favour of the Indigo Manza, a larger sedan based on the Tata X1 platform. The Indigo eCS remained in production, receiving a design refresh and the addition of ABS in 2013. The company also continued to sell the Indigo XL, although only as a variant tailored for use as a taxi, and sold only in bulk to fleet operators.

Indigo Sedan (2002–2009)

The first generation Tata Indigo was launched in 2002, and was largely based on the Indica. The two cars shared a majority of their parts. The Indigo had a greater wheelbase than the Indica, to accommodate the more acute-angled C-pillar and the trunk. The front bumper had housings for fog lamps, a feature which the Indica lacked at the time. While the Indica had a 1.4 L naturally aspired 55 hp diesel engine, the Indigo featured its turbocharged variant, which produced 68 hp. The car was also offered with a 1.2 L 68 hp 4-cylinder MPFI petrol engine. The interior of the Indigo featured a few exclusives over the Indica, such as HVAC and fabric upholstery on all variants, and power windows for all doors on the top model. The steeper angle of the C-pillars meant that the Indigo lacked a rear windshield wiper. A minor design refresh in 2004 introduced a new 1.4 L turbocharged diesel engine.

In 2006, Tata Motors introduced the first major design update for the Indigo, with new body panels, a redesigned front grille housing double-barreled headlamps, triangular front fog-lamps, a multi-reflector tail-lamp cluster with dual brake lamps; a newer 3-spoke steering wheel, refreshed dual-tone fabric interiors, and an audio system with a CD player. Under the hood, it featured a new 1.4 L Dicor turbocharged common rail diesel engine, which produced 70 hp and complied with the Bharat Stage III emission norms.

The 2006 Tata Indigo formed the base platform for three other cars, the Indigo Marina station-wagon, the Indigo XL sedan, and the Indigo CS compact-sedan.

Indigo XL (2007–2009)
Launched in 2007, the Indigo XL was a variant of the 2006 Indigo, with its wheelbase increased by 200 mm, and a few upmarket features. The added wheelbase translated into increased legroom in the second seating row and a bigger trunk. Tata Motors positioned it as a premium product and equipped it with a few upmarket features such as optional leather upholstery, rear air-conditioner vents, a rear center arm-rest with cup-holders, and a new 16-valve MPFI petrol engine option, with DOHC and a power output of 101 hp. It retained the 1.4 L Dicor engine from the Indigo.

In 2009, with the introduction of the Indigo Manza based on its newer X1 platform, Tata Motors pulled the Indigo XL from consumer sales, and relegated it only to fleet sales as a taxi. The 2009 Indigo XL retained most of its feature-set from the 2007 original, with the exception of lack of leather upholstery and factory-fitted audio system. The car was offered in three engine variants, beginning with the 16-valve MPFI petrol engine carried over from the original, with a newer Bharat Stage IV-compliant catalytic converter, a dual-fuel CNG variant, which can switch on-the-fly between petrol and CNG, with a factory-fitted CNG kit; and the 1.4 L CR4 turbocharged common-rail diesel engine, also Bharat Stage-IV compliant, with a power output of 70 hp.

Indigo CS (2008–2016)
The Indigo ECS (compact-sedan) was launched in 2008, as a crossover between a hatchback and a sedan, while technically being referred to as the latter. It was originally designed to appeal to buyers who sought an inexpensive "3-box" car at the price of a hatchback. At launch, the Indigo CS was the shortest sedan in the world, with a length of 3,998 mm. The car's length allowed Tata Motors to avail excise-duty incentives targeted at cars with under 4 meters of length. The Indigo CS retained most of the feature-set of the 2007 Indigo. The car was launched with the 1.4 L TDI turbocharged diesel engine, and the 1.2 L 8-valve, 4-cylinder petrol engine carried over from the Indica Xeta. Both these engines complied with Bharat Stage-III emission norms.

In 2010, Tata Motors introduced the first design update to the Indigo CS, in the form of the company's new 1.4 L CR4 turbocharged common-rail diesel engine, rechristening the car as Indigo eCS. The 1.4 L CR4 engine complies with the Bharat Stage-IV norms. Variants of the car, with the Bharat Stage-III compliant TDI engine continued to be sold till 2012. The 1.2 L SOHC petrol engine was carried over, with an upgraded Bharat Stage-IV compliant catalytic converter.

In 2012, Tata Motors introduced a high-end version of the car, the Indigo eCS VX, featuring anti-lock braking system (ABS) with electric brake-force distribution (EBD), electrically-adjustable outside rear-view mirrors (E-ORVMs), side repeaters mounted on the ORVMs, and 14-inch alloy wheels.

In 2013, the company introduced a more pronounced design refresh of the car, featuring redesigned body panels, chrome-inserts on the front-grille, trunk-lid, and front fog-lamp accents; smoked double-barreled headlamp housing, "Sahara Beige" fabric upholstery, dual-tone interiors with jet-black and beige tones, a newer 4-spoke steering wheel, and a 2-DIN audio system head-unit, with Bluetooth pairing for smartphones, for hands-free voice calls. The company also introduced variants with factory-fitted CNG kits, called the Indigo eCS e-Max. The car was discontinued in April 2016.

Second generation (2009–2016)
The Indigo Manza was launched on 14 October 2009. The variant is based on the Tata X1 platform which was displayed by Tata Motors in its prototype form called Elegante Concept during the 2007 Geneva Motor Show. It is priced between Rs 4.8 lakhs and Rs 6.75 lakhs. The launch coincided with the phasing out of the 2007 Tata Indigo, and the re-positioning of the Indigo XL as a fleet/taxi car. The Indigo Manza features a modern feature-set, including front SRS airbags, ABS with EBD; an audio system integrated into the dashboard, automatic climate control, leather upholstery, diamond-cut alloy-wheels, and a 500-litre trunk. The car is larger than the 2007 Indigo in all dimensions.

The car is powered by Bharat Stage-IV compliant engines sourced from Fiat. These include the 1.4 L Fiat FIRE petrol engine (re-branded as Safire), and the 1.3 L MultiJet common-rail diesel engine featuring a variable turbine turbocharger (re-branded as Quadrajet 90). Both engines have a power output rating of 90 HP.

In 2011, Tata Motors launched a high-end variant called the Tata Manza Elan. This car offered Italian leather upholstery, and reversing parking sensors. Around the same time, Tata Motors released a new version of the Indica Vista (which until the time, although based on the same X1 platform, featured significantly different body panels and lamp clusters). The 2011 Indica Vista "Sedan-class" featured mostly identical front-side body paneling, grille, and headlamp clusters to the Indigo Manza, although under the hood, it featured a 75 hp variant of the 1.3 L Multijet diesel engine.

In 2012, Tata Motors launched a design refresh across all variants, called the Tata Manza "Club-class." It offered 2-tone body colours (with the roof colour contrasting the rest of the body), updated exterior chrome inserts, 16-spoke alloy wheels, newer 2-tone "Sahara Beige" or "Black Plum" interiors with black Italian leather upholstery on the high-end EXL variant; a chrome-insert interior package, leather-wrapped gear lever, and a Blaupunkt-sourced infotainment system, with a 6-inch true-colour touchscreen, GPS satellite navigation software sourced from MapMyIndia, and DVD video playback (usable only when the car is stationary).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tata Indigo


text:
Set Fire to Flames

Set Fire to Flames was a Canadian instrumental music ensemble consisting of 13 musicians from Montreal, Quebec. The band was often considered a side project of Godspeed You! Black Emperor, as the two groups shared several members.

History
Set Fire to Flames was initiated by David Bryant. The group released two albums on Alien8 Recordings and FatCat Records, on their own imprint, 130701, which was set up in 2001. The first album, Sings Reign Rebuilder. was released in October that year.

The ensemble's second album, Telegraphs in Negative/Mouths Trapped in Static, followed in 2003. It was recorded in a barn in rural Ontario; the sounds of the creaking doors and other background noises are heard behind the songs.

Both albums contain brooding, eerie music. Many of the tracks are minimalist, filled with ambient noise and various other non-musical sound effects, juxtaposed or combined with instrumental music. Both album cover images display the work of photographer Michael Ackerman.

A third album was recorded in collaboration with the band Jackie-O Motherfucker but never released. In 2009, a composition from the band's first album was included on a compilation album released by 130701. In 2016, a previously unreleased track was issued on 130701's 15th-anniversary compilation Eleven Into Fifteen.

Members
• Beckie Foon

• Bruce Cawdron

• Christof Migone

• David Bryant

• Fluffy Erskine

• Gen Heistek

• Gordon Krieger

• Jean-Sébastien Truchy

• Mike Moya

• Roger Tellier-Craig

• Sophie Trudeau

• Speedy Weaver

• Thea Pratt

• Aidan Girt

Discography

 * Sings Reign Rebuilder (2001)
 * Telegraphs in Negative/Mouths Trapped in Static (2003)
 * Floored Memory….Fading Location (2009) includes "Steal Compass/Drive North/Disappear"
 * Eleven into Fifteen: a 130701 Compilation (2016) includes "Barn Levitate"

title: Set Fire to Flames


text:
Lateran

Lateran and Laterano are the shared names of several buildings in Rome. The properties were once owned by the Lateranus family of the Roman Empire. The Laterani lost their properties to Emperor Constantine who gave them to the Catholic Church in 311.

The most famous Lateran buildings are the Lateran Palace, once called the Palace of the Popes, and the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, the cathedral of Rome, which although part of Italy is a property of the Holy See, which has extraterritorial privileges as a result of the 1929 Lateran Treaty. As the official ecclesiastical seat of the pope, Saint John Lateran contains the papal cathedra. The Lateran is Christendom's earliest basilica.

Attached to the basilica is the Lateran Baptistery, one of the oldest in Christendom. Other constituent parts of the Lateran complex are the building of the Scala Sancta with the Sancta Sanctorum and the Triclinium of Pope Leo III.

Another basilica in the neighborhood is San Clemente al Laterano.

The Pontifical Lateran University, or simply Lateranum, is one of the pontifical universities of Rome. An ecclesiastical college in the Philippines was named after the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, founded in 1620.

History
The Lateran buildings played an important role in Catholic Church history. It (specifically the Lateran Palace) being the place where the First Council of the Lateran 1123, Second Council of the Lateran 1193, Third Council of the Lateran 1179, Fourth Council of the Lateran 1213, Fifth Council of the Lateran 1512-17.

It also held non-ecumenical synods which are:
 * 1) The First Council of the Lateran (1123) followed and confirmed the concordat of Worms.
 * 2) The Second Council of the Lateran (1139) declared clerical marriages invalid, regulated clerical dress, and punished attacks on clerics by excommunication.
 * 3) The Third Council of the Lateran (1179) limited papal electors to the cardinals alone, condemned simony, and forbade the promotion of anyone to the episcopate before the age of thirty.
 * 4) The Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215) dealt with transubstantiation, papal primacy, and conduct of clergy. It said Jews and Muslims should wear a special dress to distinguish them from Christians.
 * 5) The Fifth Council of the Lateran (1512–1517) attempted reform of the church, including to make peace with Christian lands.

 * 1) The Lateran Council of 649, organized by Maximus the Confessor, and called by Pope Theodore I to condemn the heresy of Monothelitism in the Church of the west.
 * 2) The Lateran Council (769), called by Pope Stephen III to approve icon veneration in the East and thus condemn the heresy of Iconoclasm, deposed Antipope Constantine II, and increased cardinals rights in the Western Church.
 * 3) The Lateran Council (964), was called to depose Pope Benedict V.

Further than these the Lateran is also where the Lateran Treaty was signed in 1929 establishing Vatican City as an independent state, it was signed by Benito Mussolini, and Papal diplomat Pietro Gasparri.

title: Lateran


text:
Landing Craft Air Cushion

The Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) is a class of air-cushioned landing craft (hovercraft) used by the United States Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). They transport weapons systems, equipment, cargo and personnel from ship to shore and across the beach. It is to be replaced in US service by the Ship-to-Shore Connector (SSC).

Design and development
Two prototypes were built; JEFF A by Aerojet General in California, JEFF B by Bell Aerospace

JEFF A had four rotating ducted propellers JEFF B had two ducted rear propellers similar to the proposed SK-10 which was derived from the previous Bell SK-5 / SR.N5 hovercraft tested in Vietnam. JEFF B was selected for the LCAC. JEFF A was later modified for Arctic use and deployed in Prudhoe Bay to support offshore oil drilling.

The first 33 were included in the FY82-86 defense budgets, 15 in FY89, 12 each in FY90, FY91 and FY92, while seven were included in FY93. The first LCAC was delivered to the Navy in 1984 and Initial Operational Capability (IOC) was achieved in 1986. Approval for full production was granted in 1987.

After an initial 15-craft competitive production contract was awarded to each of two companies, Textron Marine & Land Systems (TMLS) of New Orleans, La, and Avondale Gulfport Marine, TMLS was selected to build the remaining craft. The final craft was delivered in 2001.

On June 29, 1987, approval was granted for full LCAC production. Forty-eight air-cushion landing craft were authorized and appropriated through FY 89. Lockheed Shipbuilding Company was competitively selected as a second source. The FY 1990 budget request included $219.3 million for nine craft. The FY 1991 request included full funding for 12 LCACs and advance procurement in support of the FY 1992 program (which was intended to be nine craft). The remaining 24 were funded in FY92.

Operations and Craft Crew
The LCAC first deployed in 1987 aboard USS Germantown (LSD-42). LCACs are transported in and operate from all the U.S. Navy's amphibious-well deck ships including LHA, LHD, LSD and LPD. Ships capable of carrying the LCAC include the Wasp-class amphibious assault ship (3 LCACs), Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship (1), Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship (4–5), Harpers Ferry-class dock landing ship (2), and San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock (2) classes.

All of the planned 91 craft were delivered. Seventeen have since been disassembled or terminated for cost reasons, two are held for R&D, and 36 are in use on each coast at Little Creek, Virginia and Camp Pendleton, California. Eight minesweeping kits were acquired in 1994–1995. A service-life extension program (SLEP) to extend service life from 20 to 30 years for the remaining 72 active LCACs was begun in 2000 and was scheduled to be completed by 2018.

The craft operates with a crew of five enlisted Sailors. Crew positions and responsibilities are as follows: Craft Master, Navigator, Craft Engineer, Deck Engineer, and Load Master. The Craft Master is over all in charge of piloting the craft, crew coordination, crew safety, craft safety, and has the ability to terminate a mission if weather or craft conditions have degraded past the point of mission accomplishment. The Craft Engineer is responsible for power plant monitoring, is cross trained as a secondary Craft Master in the case that the actual Craft Master becomes incapacitated, is the overall subject matter expert on craft mechanical and electrical systems, and leads/advises all in flight and in mission repairs. The Navigator is over all in charge of plotting safe lanes of travel, making in flight path of travel changes as needed, ensuring on time beach landings, logging weight of equipment moved, and communications with other craft and ground forces. The Deck Engineer is over all in charge of completing in flight and in mission repairs to the craft as needed, cross trains as a Craft Engineer in the case the Craft Engineer becomes incapacitated, leads on deck firefighting evolutions, and aids the Load Master in on-load and off-load of cargo and troops. The Load Master is overall in charge of all deck evolutions, movement of equipment, cargo, and troops during on loading and off-loading evolutions, proper loading of cargo on deck to ensure proper weight and balance of the craft is maintained and craft is level while on cushion, anchoring, mooring, and rigging for tow operations, ensuring proper restraints are used to secure cargo or calculate restrain requitements for unique or mission specific non-standard equipment, maintenance of craft armament, craft armorer, distribution of weapons and ammunition on command of the Craft Master, and acts as the port look out while in flight.

In addition to beach landings, LCAC provides personnel transport, evacuation support, lane breaching, mine countermeasure operations, casualty transport, and Marine and Special Warfare equipment delivery. The four main engines are all used for lift and all used for main propulsion while two smaller auxiliary generator engines, Auxiliary Power Units (APU), provide craft electrical power.. The craft can continue to operate, at reduced capability, with two engines inoperable, one lift fan inoperable, and one APU inoperable. Main engines are interchangeable for redundancy and ease of maintenance. A Personnel Transport Model (PTM) can be assembled on the cargo deck of the craft. They can seat 180 troops, 120 combat loaded troops, and can additionally be converted to transport 54 casualties for medical treatment.

The LCAC's cargo capacity is 1809 sqft, slightly less if cold weather kit is installed for winter and artic operations. The LCAC is capable of carrying a 60 short-ton payload (up to 75 tons in an overload condition), including one M-1 Abrams tank, at speeds over 40 knots. Fuel capacity is 5000 gallons. The LCAC uses an average of 1000 gallons per hour.

Maneuvering considerations include requiring 500 yards or more to stop and 2000 yards or more turning radius. The bow ramp is 28.8 ft wide while the stern ramp is 15 ft wide. Noise and dust levels are high with this craft. If disabled the craft is difficult to tow. In recent years spray suppression has been added to the craft's skirt to reduce interference with driver's vision.

SLEP

In Fiscal Year 2000 the Navy started an LCAC Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) to add 10 years of design life to each craft. The SLEP will be applied to 72 LCACs, extending their service life from 20 to 30 years.

Phase I. Replacing electronics components with readily available commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components. The new electronics suite will be more reliable and less costly to operate and maintain.

Phase II. Buoyancy box replacement at the Textron Marine and Land Systems facility in New Orleans, LA, to increase the LCACs resistance to corrosion. Phase II will also include the electronics upgrade of Phase I, until the entire active fleet is outfitted with the new configuration. The new buoyancy box will incorporate improvements to damage stability and trim control of the LCACs.

NAVSEA transitioned from the research and development effort to the SLEP in 1999. Concurrently NAVSEA also considered additional SLEP options, including an enhanced engine to provide improved operation in excessively hot environments and an advanced skirt that is more reliable and cost effective.

The Navy continued the LCAC Service Life Extension Program in Fiscal Year 2001. This program combines major structural improvements with Command, Control, Communications, Computer and Navigation upgrades and adds 10 years to the service life, extending it to 30 years. In FY 2001, it was funded at $19.9 million and extended the service life of 1 craft. The SLEP is planned for a total of 72 craft.

The near-term focus will be on the "C4N" [Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Navigation] program, to replace the crafts' obsolete equipment. This will focus on replacement of LN-66 radars with modern, high-power P-80 radar systems. Additionally, the SLEP will include an open-architecture concept, relying on modern commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment, which will allow much easier incorporation of later technology changes, such as the precision navigation system and communications systems ¾ fully interoperable with in-service and near-term future Joint systems ¾ now planned. The C4N program is to complete by 2010.

Through 2016, the Navy will look to incorporate other important service-life enhancements: Engine upgrades (ETF-40B configuration) that will provide additional power and lift particularly in hot (43 °C, and higher) environments, reduced fuel consumption, reduced maintenance needs, and reduced lift footprint; Replacement of the buoyancy box to solve corrosion problems, incorporate hull improvements, and "reset" the fatigue-limit "clock"; Incorporation of a new (deep) skirt that will reduce drag, increase performance envelope over water and land, and reduce maintenance requirements.

As of September 2012, there were 80 LCACs in the U.S. Navy inventory; 39 LCACs had undergone the SLEP conversion and 7 were in progress and 4 are awaiting induction. The FY 2013 budget authorized 4 SLEP conversions per year through FY 2018. The last of the 72 SLEP conversions will be delivered to the Navy in FY 2020. After the first SLEP LCAC reached its 30 years design service age in 2015, it was to gradually be retired. In 2019, at which point the inventory of LCACs had fallen to 50, the USN began receiving the new Ship-to-Shore Connector (SSC), the LCAC-100.

The USN inventory of LCACs was projected to fall until 2023 after which SSC replacements would increase it.

Japanese operations

Six LCAC are in use by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. Approval for the sale was given by the United States Government on 8 April 1994. The craft were built by Textron Marine & Land Systems in New Orleans, Louisiana. Purchase of the first craft was included in the FY93 budget, second in FY95, third and fourth in FY99 and fifth and sixth in FY00.

Operators

 * Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (6 units)
 * United States Navy (74 units).
 * Assault Craft Unit 4
 * Assault Craft Unit 5
 * Naval Beach Unit 7 (Sasebo, Japan)
 * Assault Craft Unit 5
 * Naval Beach Unit 7 (Sasebo, Japan)

title: Landing Craft Air Cushion


text:
Sudbury East

Sudbury East was a provincial electoral riding in the Canadian province of Ontario, that was represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1999. It served the easternmost portion of the former city of Sudbury, the eastern portion of the Regional Municipality of Sudbury, and several rural communities to the east and southeast of the city. The riding only existed in provincial elections — for federal elections, most of Sudbury East was part of either Nickel Belt or Timiskaming—French River.

In 1999, the provincial government realigned its ridings to match the federal riding boundaries, and Sudbury East was amalgamated into the provincial Nickel Belt district. Shelley Martel, the incumbent MPP for Sudbury East prior to the 1999 election, continued to represent the region for another eight years as the MPP for Nickel Belt.

Other usages
The name Sudbury East is still used to refer collectively to the municipalities east and southeast of the city which were formerly part of the riding but are not part of the current city of Greater Sudbury, including Markstay-Warren, St. Charles and French River. These towns, as well as the adjacent municipality of Killarney and the unorganized townships of Burwash, Cox, Davis, Hawley, Hendrie, Henry, Janes, Laura, Loughrin, Secord, Servos, Street and Waldie, coordinate economic development and planning through the cooperative Sudbury East Planning Board.

In unofficial usage, the designation may also be extended to include the municipality of West Nipissing, particularly the community of Sturgeon Falls, although West Nipissing is not officially part of the Sudbury East area.

title: Sudbury East


text:
Rose Hawthorne Lathrop

Rose Hawthorne Lathrop, OP, also known as Mother Mary Alphonsa (May 20, 1851 – July 9, 1926), was an American Dominican religious sister, writer, social worker, and foundress of the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne.

Early life and education
Rose Hawthorne was born on May 20, 1851, in Lenox, Massachusetts, to Nathaniel Hawthorne and his wife Sophia Peabody. Sophia was assisted in the birth by her father, Nathaniel Peabody. Hawthorne wrote about the infant Rose to his friend, Horatio Bridge, comparing her birth to the publication of a book: "Mrs. Hawthorne published a little work, two months ago, which still lies in sheets; but, I assure you, it makes some noise in the world, both by day and night. In plain English, we have another little red-headed daughter—a very bright, strong, and healthy imp, but, at present, with no pretentions to beauty." Rose Hawthorne and her siblings were raised in a positive environment and their parents did not believe in harsh discipline or physical punishment.

On July 28, 1851, Sophia took Hawthorne and her older sister, Una, to visit relatives in West Newton, Massachusetts. Growing up, Rose lived in Massachusetts, Liverpool, London, Paris, Rome, and Florence. The family returned to Concord, Massachusetts, in 1860. There, her older brother Julian was enrolled in a co-educational school run by Franklin Benjamin Sanborn. Though their friend, the poet Ellery Channing, recommended the Hawthorne girls attend the same school, neither was enrolled. Sophia wrote: "We entirely disapprove of this commingling of youths and maidens at the electric age in school. I find no end of ill effect from it, and this is why I do not send Una and Rose to your school." Two years after Nathaniel's death in 1864, Hawthorne was enrolled at a boarding school run by Diocletian Lewis in nearby Lexington, Massachusetts; she disliked the experience.

After Nathaniel Hawthorne's death, the family moved to Germany and then to England. Sophia and Una died there in 1871 and 1877, respectively.

Marriage
Rose married author George Parsons Lathrop in 1871. Prior to the marriage, George had shown romantic interest in Hawthorne's sister Una. Their brother Julian Hawthorne used the love triangle as an inspiration for his first novel, Bressant, in 1873. In 1876, the Lathrops had a son, Francis. Rose Hawthorne tried to become an author in her own right, much like her husband, father, and brother. She serialized her novel Miss Dilletante in the Boston Courier under George's editorship in 1878 and published a book of poems, Along the Shore, in 1888.

In the spring of 1879, Rose and her husband purchased her family's former home in Concord, The Wayside, with borrowed funds, where they lived until their son Francis died of diphtheria at the age of five in 1881. They returned to New York City but moved to New London, Connecticut, in 1887 for George's health. Following Francis' death George had become an alcoholic and was increasingly unstable. Una suspected he abused Rose. George also competed with Hawthorne's brother Julian for control of Nathaniel Hawthorne's legacy. In 1883, Julian planned to publish Dr. Grimshawe's Secret, a manuscript left unfinished by their father, but Rose did not believe in its existence and suspected him of forgery or perpetrating a hoax.

In New London, the Lathrops became involved with the Catholic summer school movement and collaborated on a book, A Story of Courage: A History of the Georgetown Visitation Convent. Both Hawthorne and Lathrop converted to Roman Catholicism in 1891. Though "To many of their old friends this conversion came as a shock", Hawthorne's journey to Catholicism had been years in the making. Their travels through England, Portugal, France and Italy [had] exposed the Hawthornes to the 'Roman Church,' often misunderstood in the Protestant circles of New England … Hawthorne would write of her experience at the age of seven of seeing Pope Pius IX during Holy Week from his balcony: "I became eloquent about the Pope, and was rewarded by a gift from my mother of a little medallion of him and a gold scudo with an excellent likeness thereon, both always tenderly reverenced by me." Nevertheless, the Lathrops' marriage continued to suffer and they separated permanently in 1896. George died of cirrhosis three years later.

Career
Hawthorne sought greater purpose in her life and spent time with the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul in Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts, becoming inspired by their motto, "I am for God and for the poor." She was further inspired by her relationship with Emma Lazarus, whom she befriended in 1881. After Lazarus's death from cancer at age 38, Hawthorne recalled that she was at least comfortable, unlike others who were poor. She wrote later, "Though I grieved deeply for her, I would not pity her, for she never knew unaided suffering, but every amelioration." As a source for her motivation to work with incurable impoverished people, she cited the story of a young seamstress who was too poor to afford medical treatment and instead had herself admitted to an institution for the insane on Blackwell's Island.

In the summer of 1896, Hawthorne trained as a nurse at the New York Cancer Hospital, the first institution in the United States to provide training in treating cancer at a time when general hospitals in the city did not admit patients with cancer. Later that year, she founded a charitable organization named after Rose of Lima, Sister Rose's Free Home, to care for impoverished cancer patients. At first, she visited patients at their homes. In October 1896, she rented three rooms in a tenement on Scammel Street on the Lower East Side, a poor immigrant neighborhood, with the help of an assistant named Alice Huber. A Dominican priest, Clement Thuente, witnessed their work in February 1899 and encouraged them to join the Dominican order as tertiaries.

On December 8, 1900, Hawthorne founded a new religious congregation, with the approval of Archbishop Michael A. Corrigan of New York. The congregation was named the Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer; she became its first Mother Superior, with the name Mother Mary Alphonsa. Alice became known as Mother Rose. The congregation — now known as the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne — opened a facility called St. Rose's Home on Water Street in Manhattan; it then moved to Cherry Street, before settling north of New York City in what is now Rosary Hill Home in Hawthorne.

Hawthorne's brother, Julian, considered her decision to be a martyrdom, writing, "Nothing less than the extreme would satisfy her thirst for self-sacrifice." When he was imprisoned for mail fraud, she traveled to Washington, D.C., on April 3, 1913, to ask President Woodrow Wilson to pardon him. Julian was angered by her intervention, and no pardon was granted.

Death and legacy
On July 8, 1926, Hawthorne wrote various letters asking for donations until nearly 10 o'clock before going to bed. She died in her sleep on July 9, the day that would have been her parents' 84th wedding anniversary. She was buried on the grounds of the motherhouse of the Dominican Sisters in Hawthorne, N.Y.

Hawthorne received a medal from the National Institute of Social Sciences for "notable achievement" in 1914. In 1925, she was awarded an honorary Master of Arts from Bowdoin College. On April 18, 1926, the Rotary Club of New York presented her with a service medal as "soldier of love, a friend of the poor, organizer of rare ability, hope of the hopeless".

The Rose Hawthorne Guild was established to promote her cause for canonization. In 2003, Cardinal Edward Egan, Archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York, approved the movement for Hawthorne's canonization. On March 14, 2024, Pope Francis, recognized Hawthorne's life of heroic virtue and declared her Venerable, the final step before Beatification, which would require a miracle to take place through the intercession of Hawthorne.

Selected works

 * Miss Dilletante, 1878[9]
 * Along the Shore, 1888
 * A Story of Courage: A History of the Georgetown Visitation Convent
 * Memories of Hawthorne

title: Rose Hawthorne Lathrop


text: Template talk:UTC

title: Template talk:UTC


text: File:Raise the Red Lantern poster.jpg

title: File:Raise the Red Lantern poster.jpg


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Talk:Ryū (school)

"Although they may be based on..." What is 'they'? –Floorsheim 08:26, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Think I fixed it. –Floorsheim 08:33, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ryū (school)


text:
Jilin City

Jilin City is the second-largest city and former capital of Jilin province in northeast China. As of the 2020 census, 3,623,713 people resided within its administrative area of 27166.37 km2 and 1,895,865 in its built-up (or metro) area consisting of four urban districts. A prefecture-level city, it is the only major city nationally that shares its name with its province.

Jilin City is also known as the River City because of the Songhua River surrounding much of the city. In 2007, it co-hosted the Asian Winter Games.

History
Jilin City is one of the oldest cities in Northeast China.

During the reign of the Yongle Emperor in the Ming dynasty, efforts were made to expand Ming control throughout all of Manchuria. Mighty river fleets were built and sailed several times from Jilin City, getting the chieftains of the local tribes to swear allegiance to the Ming rulers. Soon after the establishment of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, the territory of today's Primorsky Kray was put under the administration of Jilin. As the Russian Empire advanced eastward to the Pacific coast, the Qing government ordered a naval shipbuilding factory to be set up here in 1661. Jilin was officially established as a fort city in 1673 when Anzhuhu (安珠瑚), the Deputy Lieutenant-General (副都统), was ordered to build a castle in Jilin. In 1676, the Military Governor of Ninguta was transferred to Jilin City because of its more convenient location and increasing military importance, while the former Deputy Lieutenant-General was transferred in the opposite direction to Ninguta. Since then Jilin City has developed at a rapid pace. The nickname of Jilin City is River City (江城), which originates from one sentence "连樯接舰屯江城" of a poem written by Kangxi Emperor when he was visiting Jilin City in 1682. Jilin retained its importance into the 18th and 19th century as one of the few cities existing beyond the Willow Palisade, along with Qiqihar, Ninguta and Mukden.

After Manchukuo established their capital in Xinjing (present-day Changchun), Jilin City's importance decreased. By 1940, Jilin's population was 173,624, while Xinjing's population reached 544,202 at the same time. Soviet forces captured Jilin during the August Storm operation.

Jilin became the provincial capital of Jilin Province after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, until Changchun took this position in 1956.

Geography
Jilin City, which is located in central Jilin Province spanning from 125° 40' to 127° 56' E longitude and 42° 31' to 44° 40' N latitude. Neighbouring prefectures are: Jilin City is situated in a hilly area near the Songhua River. There are four famous mountains surrounding Jilin City, which is North Mountain in the west, Long Tan Mountain in the east, Zhuque Mountain in the North, and Turtle Mountain in the south, plus Songhua River, it forms a bagua in Taiji pattern. North Mountain, called Beishan, is the most famous mountain in Jilin City and is home to several Buddhist Temples. The Qianlong Emperor reportedly visited the mountain.
 * Harbin, Heilongjiang (N)
 * Changchun (W)
 * Siping (W)
 * Yanbian (E)
 * Liaoyuan (S)
 * Tonghua (S)
 * Baishan (S)

Climate
Jilin City has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa). Winters are long (lasting from November to March), cold, and windy, but dry, due to the influence of the Siberian anticyclone, with a January mean temperature of −15.4 °C. Spring and autumn are somewhat short transitional periods, with some precipitation, but are usually dry and windy. Summers are hot and humid, with a prevailing southeasterly wind due to the East Asian monsoon; July averages 23.3 °C. Snow is usually light during the winter, and annual rainfall is heavily concentrated from June to August.

2005 Jilin benzene pollution
The Jilin chemical plant explosions were a series of explosions which occurred on November 13, 2005, in the No.101 Petrochemical Plant in Jilin City, killing six. The explosion severely polluted the Songhua River, with an estimated 100 tons of pollutants containing benzene and nitrobenzene entering into the river. The benzene level recorded was at one point 108 times above national safety levels. This caused downstream major cities including Harbin, Songyuan and Khabarovsk suspending their water supply for almost one week. Chinese leaders later had to apologize to the Russian government over its handling of the incident as the pollutants finally flowed into the Amur (Heilong) River, the major boundary river between China and Russia.

2010 Jilin floods and pollution
Jilin was one of the worst-hit regions in China by rain and landslides in the 2010 summer China floods. On July 28, 2010, several thousand barrels, which contained toxic chemicals including trimethylsilyl chloride and hexamethyldisiloxane, about 170 kg of a poisonous substance in each, were washed into the Songhua River by the floods from two chemical plants based in Jilin. There were reports that some barrels exploded on contact with water. By late afternoon on August 1, 6,387 barrels had been retrieved from the river. Officials stated that tests show the water in the river remains safe to drink. Three soldiers of the People's Liberation Army in Jilin drowned after working to remove the barrels and control the flooding. The Dahe Dam in Changshan Township was breached on July 28, spilling 4 million m3 of water, destroying five villages downstream and leaving 40 people dead or missing. Over 100 were dead or missing after floods devastated Jilin prefecture. Workers started repairing fifty-one damaged small reservoirs and fortifying riverbanks in the province after the Songhua River surged to levels twice as high as normal.

Tourism
Jilin City is a popular destination for tourists to come each winter to view the magnificent rime ice on trees along the banks of the Songhua River, (the river is the only river in the region that does not freeze in winter). The rime ice is a natural phenomenon that occurs every year during January and February. It is a result of water vapor rising up from the warm Songhua River to meet the cold -20 °C night air, causing the crystallisation of water vapour on willows branches.

Attractions:
 * Meteorite Museum (largest stony meteorite of a documented meteorite fall)
 * North Hill (Beishan in Chinese) Park (north-west of Jilin)
 * Dragon Pool Mountain Park
 * Songhua Lake (south-east of Jilin)
 * Wulajie (formerly also transcribed as Wulakai ) Old City (44.08333°N, 126.46667°W), a Qing dynasty walled town in Longtan District, on the east bank of the Sungari River downstream from Jilin's main urban area. The place was the center for collection of local products to the imperial court during the Qing dynasty. In 1682—when, according to Ferdinand Verbiest, Wulajie (Ula) was "the most illustrious city of the whole province"—the Kangxi Emperor himself visited the place to enjoy sturgeon fishing. These days, a public school nearby is one of the few schools in the country where some Manchu is taught.

Sports
The winter sports in Jilin City are full of interests, such as skiing, skating, sledding, snowboarding, and winter swim. Winter swimming is widely practiced in Jilin city.

Ski resorts:
 * Beidahu ski resort
 * Lake Songhua ski resort
 * North Hill ski resort (北山滑雪场)
 * Zhuque Hill ski resort
 * Wujiashan ski resort
 * Filibiin swimming resort

High school

 * Jilin City No.1 High School
 * Jilin Yuwen High School
 * Ararsame Second High School

Universities and Colleges

 * Beihua University
 * Northeast Dianli University
 * Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
 * Jilin Agriculture University
 * Jilin Medical College

Air
The city used to be served by the Jilin Ertaizi Airport, a joint-use airport for commercial and military. But by October 3, 2005, all of its commercial flights were transferred to the newly opened Changchun Longjia International Airport while Jilin Airport halted commercial operation.

The airport is located about 76 km away from the Jilin City and has flights to many cities from the airport. China Southern Airlines also provide some international connections directly from Changchun.

Railway
Jilin is served by the Jilin railway station. Jilin railway station is on the East-West Changchun-Tumen Railway mainline and provides convenient access to many cities around China, including Beijing, Tianjin, Dalian, Jinan, Hangzhou. Services to Harbin, Changchun and Shenyang are also frequent and convenient through the Harbin-Dalian high-speed rail and its branch from Changchun to Jilin.

Road transport

 * China National Highway 202
 * G12 Hunchun–Ulanhot Expressway

Twin towns—Sister cities
Jilin City is twinned with:

 * 🇷🇺 Nakhodka Primorsky Krai, Russia (1991)
 * 🇺🇸 Spokane, Washington, United States
 * 🇺🇦 Cherkasy, Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine
 * 🇸🇪 Östersund, Jämtland, Sweden
 * 🇷🇺 Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast, Russia
 * 🇯🇵 Yamagata, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan
 * Chongjin, North Hamgyong, North Korea

title: Jilin City


text:
Coalition Party

The Coalition Party is a name used by more than one political party, including:

 * Estonia: Estonian Coalition Party (Eesti Koonderakond), defunct
 * Finland: National Coalition Party (Kansallinen Kokoomus or Samlingspartiet)
 * Sweden: Moderate Coalition Party (Moderata samlingspartiet)
 * Norway: Coalition Party (Norway) (Samlingspartiet)
 * Kosovo: Coalition Party (Kosovo)

title: Coalition Party


text:
Kokstad

Kokstad is a town in the Harry Gwala District Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Kokstad is named after the Griqua chief Adam Kok III who settled here in 1863. Kokstad is the capital town of the East Griqualand region, as it is also the biggest town in this region. It was built around Mount Currie, a local mountain range, by the city's founder Adam Kok III, for whom the town is named. Stad is the Dutch and Afrikaans word for "city".

The town is built on the outer slopes of the Drakensberg and is 1,302 m above sea level. Behind it Mount Currie rises to a height of 2,224 m.

It is a centre for cheese and other dairy products.

Kokstad has the N2 Highway south of the town's CBD. The R56 leads from Kokstad to Cedarville (45 km), Matatiele (68 km) and Maluti leading to the border of Lesotho. The R617 is also a bisecting route leading from Kokstad to Underberg (109 km), Swartberg (41 km) and Bulwer (147 km).

The N2, the national route, leads from Kokstad to the east to Port Shepstone (175 km), Durban (380 km) and to the south Mount Ayliff (57 km), Mthatha (180 km), East London (419 km) and Qonce (447 km).

Kokstad is 10 km from the Eastern Cape border on the N2.

The majority of residents can speak IsiXhosa as well as IsiZulu.

Kokstad has no rural villages to date. It is a farming community with majority of its countryside land being cattle farms or residential farms.

History
In 1820 the Griqua tribe which lived in Griquatown (in central South Africa) split and under the leadership of Adam Kok III, descendant of the former cook who established the tribe, one section first moved to Philippolis (southern Free State). In 1861 several hundred Griquas moved across the Drakensberg down the Ongeluks Nek to the vicinity of modern Kokstad. They moved because of the growing confrontation they faced with the Voortrekkers who had moved north of the Orange River to escape the laws of the British. The Voortrekkers, largely Dutch, secured leases over Griqua land and then refused to return the land at the end of the lease. The Big Hole of Kimberley was at the centre of controversy over one such lease.

The Griquas were forced to travel over the Drakensberg into a region earlier devastated by the great Zulu King, Shaka—thus its name "Nomansland". By the time the Griquas arrived in their new promised land eighteen months later they were exhausted and most of their livestock had perished. The impoverished Griquas named the mountain where they settled Mount Currie after Sir Walter Currie who gave support to their effort to settle here. Once settled their leader, Adam Kok, renamed their new land East Griqualand. Every male Griqua who settled in East Griqualand was able to secure a 3000 acre farm, but most of them sold their land cheaply to white settlers and squandered their money. The Rev William Dower in his 1902 book The Early Annals of Kokstad describes in great detail how cheaply the Griqua gave their farms away.

When, in 1869, the Reverend William Dower was asked by the Griqua to establish a mission, he agreed on condition that they resettle in a more suitable place on the banks of the Mzimhlava river.

Two prominent European settlers George Brisley and Donald Strachan played a major role in the early development of Kokstad and East Griqualand: their trading store, Strachan and Co, in 1874 introduced South Africa's first indigenous currency—a set of trade tokens which circulated across a wide region, covering an area the size of Ireland.

Confirmation that the Strachan and Co coins circulated as money in the region at this time comes from the local Standard Bank at Kokstad and the managing director of Strachan and Co.

In 1878 East Griqualand came into the possession of Cape Colony. The first hotel in Kokstad, The Royal, was opened by an African-American who also started a newspaper (the Kokstad Advertiser) in 1881. Kokstad became a municipality in 1892. In 1904 the population was recorded at 2903 whom a third were Griquas. The town was transferred to Natal province in 1978. Today the population of Kokstad lies at just over 50,000 people.

Cultural assets
Stemming from a relatively old farming community, Kokstad rose from the lands beneath Mount Currie. Many old buildings and monuments have been erected that are now considered to be National Heritage Sites.

 * The Adam Kok Monument (Griqua): The monument commemorates the leadership of the Griqua, Adam Kok, who, after leading the Griquas from the Southern Free State to Griqualand East during the 1860s, died after a fall off a cart in 1875. The monument is situated next to the police station of Kokstad.
 * Kokstad Bandstand (British Colonial): The ornamental, cast iron bandstand dates from 1912. It was donated to the town council by the engineers who were responsible for the Kokstad water scheme. It was declared a national monument in October 1983.
 * Boy Scouts Monument (British Monument): The monument to former Boy Scouts who fell in the world wars is situated in the foothills of Mount Currie North of Kokstad.
 * Cape Mounted Rifles Monument (British Colonial): The monumen is a tall column surrounded by four lions peering upwards. It is situated close to the town hall.
 * St. Patrick's Catholic Church (Cathedral)
 * East Griqualand Museum and Community Tourism Info Center: Griqua history is the main theme of this museum's display. Although it has several other local history exhibits and items also known as the Kokstad museum.
 * Old town hall (historical building): The old town hall is considered a National Monument Site. It is one of the largest town structures that predates World War I within the surrounding areas. Currently used for ceremonial practices, it also functioned as the town's library for many years until 2005, when the new library on the neighbouring plot was opened. The town hall is now used for many municipal and political functions, as well as public gatherings ranging from weddings to sporting ceremonies.

Attractions
The area is popular for its many rivers and dams that provide ample opportunity for trout fishing and hiking possibilities. There are three reserves, Mount Currie, Wilfred Bauer and the Mountain Lake Nature Reserve. These have camping and picnic spots. Among these reserves, the Mountain Lake Nature Reserve contains paths that provide sightseeing walks, as well as over 220 species of birds. The Mount Currie reserve is filled with history. On the site stands a historic laager site surrounded by graves of early pioneers and a monument pays homage to Boy Scouts who died during the First World War in East Africa.

The area's many dams provide multiple forms of use. Crystal Springs Dam provides many boating and angling opportunities. The dam is fed by the pure water of Crystal Springs, the main source of Kokstad's water supply. In 1924, William Mortimer Mail (b. 16 November 1885) was to take-up an appointment as the Kokstad Town Engineer, Arguably, Mail's most notable achievement was improvement to Kokstad's drinking water, which at the time of his arrival, was drawn from a mountain stream. Whenever it rained, it became heavily stained. After identifying a suitable spring further down the mountain (Crystal Springs), he first conducted a series of water flow rate metering, to establish there was sufficient flow to meet the town's needs. Once it had been proven there was sufficient flow, Mail then oversaw design and construction of a new water treatment plant. The new plant provided crystal clear water to Kokstad, which helped the town grow and flourish.

In addition to supplying drinking water to the town, the Crystal Spring Dam has become an attraction for both the Kokstad residents, and tourists to the area. There are three rural schemes located in nearby Swartberg, Franklin and Kransdraai, which meet the RDP level of service.

Infrastructure and schooling
Kokstad has many primary and secondary schools, as well as a tertiary institution college. Some of the main schooling institutions are as follows:

Kokstad also has two main hospitals that service the surrounding areas:
 * Carl Malcomess High
 * Mount Currie Senior Secondary School
 * Seven Fountains Primary School
 * Shayamoya High
 * Kokstad Public Primary
 * Kokstad Junior School
 * Kokstad Primary School
 * Kokstad College
 * St. Patricks College (both primary and secondary)
 * Esayidi TVET College

 * Kokstad Private Hospital
 * Usher Memorial Hospital (State Owned Hospital).

Municipal (1)
By 1931, the Kokstad municipal council had assumed a pseudo-heraldic "coat of arms" depicting a landscape with Mount Currie in the background, ears of wheat, and a tree, and the motto Concilio et animis.

Municipal (2)
A proper coat of arms was designed by Ivan Mitford-Barberton in the late 1950s. It was registered with the Cape Provincial Administration in October 1960 and at the Bureau of Heraldry in July 1979.

The arms were : Per fess Gules and Or, in chief, dexter a Griqua hunter  statant holding in his dexter hand a slain buck and in his sinister  hand  a  rifle,  sinister  a  lion statant,  all Or; in base, below a yoke the barrel of a cannon palewise, all Sable; the whole within a  bordure compony of 40 pieces Argent and Sable. In layman's terms, the shield was divided horizontally into red and gold, the upper half depicting a Griqua hunter holding a slain buck and a rifle and facing a lion, and the lower half a yoke above an upright black cannon barrel, the whole design surrounded by a border divided into forty sections alternately silver and black.

The crest was a cock's head issuing from a golden eastern crown, and the motto was Pro rege lege et grege.

Literature

 * Alan George Sumner Gibson: Eight Years in Kaffraria, 1882–1890. Wells Gardner, Darton & Co. 1891. Reprinted by Negro University Press, New York City 1969, ISBN 978-0-8371-1573-3.

Notable people associated with Kokstad

 * Ebbo Bastard, South Africa national rugby union team player
 * Robert Dower, cricketer
 * Trevor Fancutt, tennis player
 * Rosa Hope, artist
 * Khaya Majola, rugby union player
 * Ivan Mitford-Barberton
 * Dick Muir, rugby union player
 * Wilfrid Napier, Roman Catholic cardinal
 * Njongonkulu Ndungane, Anglican Bishop of Kimberley, Kuruman and Archbishop of Cape Town.
 * Kelly Seymour, cricketer
 * Zanele Situ, paralympian athlete
 * Sir Walter Stanford, colonial-era magistrate

title: Kokstad


text:
Léo Gauthier

Jeremiah Léoda Gauthier (December 29, 1904 – January 17, 1964) was a Canadian Member of Parliament from 1945 to 1958. A member of the Liberal Party caucus, he represented three different ridings over the course of his career as the city of Sudbury grew in size and importance to warrant one, and then two, ridings of its own.

Background
Born in Copper Cliff, Ontario, Gauthier owned a lumber company in the Sudbury area, and was one of the founding shareholders in Sudbury Broadcasting, F. Baxter Ricard's radio company which established CHNO and CFBR. He was active in politics as an organizer, and as campaign manager for provincial MPP James Cooper.

He also served on the boards of the Sudbury Wolves and the Victorian Order of Nurses.

Political career
In the 1945 election, he was first elected to represent the riding of Nipissing, which he represented for a single term. In 1947, he was one of several MPs from Northern Ontario who lobbied the government to provide tax relief to the region's gold mines. The following year, he was one of six MPs who demanded that the government of Mackenzie King reinstitute food subsidies and remove the sales tax from food, to counter the rising cost of living and the emerging power of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.

In the 1949 election, he shifted to the new riding of Sudbury, which he also represented for a single term. In the 1953 election, he became the first MP for Nickel Belt,

During his time as an MP, he played a role in securing government funding for the construction of the Sudbury Airport, although he raised a public objection when he did not receive a formal invitation to the airport's official opening in 1954.

He was reelected in the 1957 election, which resulted in the election of John Diefenbaker's short-lived minority government, but retired at the 1958 election for health reasons.

He died on January 17, 1964, at Memorial Hospital in Sudbury.

title: Léo Gauthier


text:
Talk:Carstairs family

I don't think the individual headings are necessary. Will check back in a few days. If no one objects, I'll take them out. –Floorsheim 08:36, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carstairs family


text:
Omohyoid muscle

The omohyoid muscle is a muscle in the neck. It is one of the infrahyoid muscles. It consists of two bellies separated by an intermediate tendon. Its inferior belly is attached to the scapula; its superior belly is attached to the hyoid bone. Its intermediate tendon is anchored to the clavicle and first rib by a fascial sling. The omohyoid is innervated by the ansa cervicalis of the cervical plexus. It acts to depress the hyoid bone.

Structure
The omohyoid muscle consists of muscle bellies that meet at an angle at the muscle's intermediate tendon.

Inferior belly
The inferior belly is narrow and flat band.

It arises from the superior border of scapula (near the scapular notch). It sometimes also arises from the superior transverse scapular ligament.

It is directed anteriorly and somewhat superiorly from its origin, extending across the inferior portion of the neck. It passes posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle to insert at the intermediate tendon.

Superior belly
The superior belly arises at the intermediate tendon. It extends nearly vertically superior-ward close to the lateral border of sternocleidomastoid muscle to insert at the inferior border of the body of hyoid bone (its site of insertion is lateral to that of the sternohyoid muscle).

Intermediate tendon
The intermediate tendon is variable in length and form, and contains a variable amount of muscle tissue. It is anchored inferiorly to the clavicle and first rib by a band of deep cervical fascia that surrounds the intermediate tendon; this fascial fixation maintains the angle of the muscle.

It is typically situated at the level of the arch of cricoid cartilage, adjacent to the internal jugular vein.

Innervation
The omohyoid is innervated by the ansa cervicalis of the cervical plexus. The inferior belly is innervated by the ansa cervicalis itself (which is derived from cervical spinal nerves C1-C3), and the superior belly is innervated by the superior root of ansa cervicalis (which is derived from the first cervical spinal nerve (C1)).

Relations
The inferior belly of the omohyoid divides the posterior triangle of the neck into a occipital triangle (above) and a subclavian triangle (below).

Its superior belly divides the anterior triangle into an carotid triangle (above) and a muscular triangle (below). Its superior belly serves as the most lateral member of the infrahyoid muscles, located lateral to both the sternothyroid muscles and the thyrohyoid muscles.

The tendon is related to the internal jugular vein and can be used as a landmark for this vein during surgery.

Variation
The omohyoid muscle may be doubled or completely absent in some people. Either belly may be doubled or absent.

The inferior belly may be attached to the clavicle directly (rather than by fascia).

The superior belly may be fused with the sternohyoid muscle.

Actions/movements
The muscle depresses the hyoid bone when the bone is in an elevated position.

A putative action of the muscle is tension of the inferior portion of deep cervical fascia to prevent soft tissues from collapsing inward into the upper airway during deep inspiration.

Etymology
The name "omohyoid" derives from the Greek "omos" meaning shoulder, giving one of its attachments, and "hyoid", giving the other attachment – the hyoid bone.

title: Omohyoid muscle