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Rhotacism

Rhotacism or rhotacization is a sound change that converts one consonant (usually a voiced alveolar consonant:, , , or ) to a rhotic consonant in a certain environment. The most common may be of to. When a dialect or member of a language family resists the change and keeps a sound, this is sometimes known as zetacism.

The term comes from the Greek letter rho, denoting.

Albanian
The southern (Tosk) dialects, the base of Standard Albanian, changed to, but the northern (Gheg) dialects did not:
 * zëri vs. zâni 'the voice'
 * gjuri vs. gjuni 'the knee'
 * Shqipëria vs. Shqypnia 'Albania'
 * Arbëria vs. Arbënia 'Albania'  (older name of the country)
 * i djegur vs. i djegun 'burnt'
 * druri vs.  druni  'wood'
 * bëra vs. bona  'did'
 * zura vs. zuna 'caught'
 * pluhur vs. pluhun 'dust'
 * dashuri vs. dashni 'love'

Aramaic
In Aramaic, Proto-Semitic n changed to r in a few words:

 * bar "son" as compared to Hebrew בֵן ben (from Proto-Semitic *bnu)
 * trên and tartên "two" (masculine and feminine form respectively) as compared to Demotic Arabic tnēn and tintēn, from Proto-Semitic *ṯnaimi and *ṯnataimi. Compare also Aramaic tinyânâ "the second one", without the shift.

Basque
Aquitanian *l changed to the tapped r between vowels in Basque. It can be observed in words borrowed from Latin; for example, Latin caelum (meaning "sky, heaven") became zeru in Basque (caelum > celu > zeru; compare cielo in Spanish). The original l is preserved in the Souletin dialect: caelum > celu > zelü.

Finnish
Western dialects of Finnish are characterised by the pronunciation or  of the consonant written d in Standard Finnish kahden kesken- kahren kesken (two together = one on one). The reconstructed older pronunciation is.

Goidelic languages
In Manx, Scottish Gaelic and some dialects of Irish, /n/ becomes /r/ in a variety of consonant clusters, often with nasalization of the following vowel. For example, the cluster developed into, as in Scottish Gaelic cnoc  ‘hill’. Within Ireland, this phenomenon is most prevalent in northern dialects and absent from the most southern dialects. Some examples of rhotacized clusters include /kn/ (cnó), /mn/ (mná), /gn/ (gnó), and /tn/ (tnáith), while /sn/ (snámh) is never rhotacized even in the most innovative dialects. This can lead to interesting pairs such as nominative an sneachta /ə ˈʃnʲæːxt̪ˠə/ versus genitive an tsneachta /ə ˈt̪ɾʲæːxt̪ˠə/.

Germanic languages
All surviving Germanic languages, which are members of the North and West Germanic families, changed to, implying a more approximant-like rhotic consonant in Proto-Germanic. Some languages later changed all forms to r, but Gothic, an extinct East Germanic language, did not undergo rhotacism.

Note that the Modern German forms have levelled the rhotic consonant to forms that did not originally have it. However, the original sound can still be seen in some nouns such as Wesen, "being" (from the same root as war/waren) as well as Verlust, "loss" and Verlies, "dungeon" (both from the same root as verlieren/verloren).

Because of the presence of words that did not undergo rhotacisation from the same root as those that did, the result of the process remains visible in a few modern English word pairs:
 * is and are (PGmc. *isti vs *izi)
 * was and were (PGmc. *wesaną vs *wēz)
 * the comparative and superlative suffixes -er and -est (PGmc. *-izô vs *-istaz) and derived words such as more and most (*maizô vs *maistaz), better and best (*batizô vs *batistaz), etc
 * rise and rear (as in 'to bring up'; PGmc. *rīsaną vs *raizijaną)
 * loss and forlorn (PGmc. *lusą vs *fraluzanaz)

English
Intervocalic and  are commonly lenited to  in most accents of North American and Australian English and some accents of Irish English and English English, a process known as tapping or less accurately as flapping: got a lot of  becomes. Contrast is usually maintained with, and the sound is rarely perceived as.

German
In Central German dialects, especially Rhine Franconian and Hessian, is frequently realised as  in intervocalic position. The change also occurs in Mecklenburg dialects. Compare Borrem (Central Hessian) and Boden (Standard German).

Latin
Reflecting a highly-regular change in pre-Classical Latin, intervocalic in Old Latin, which is assumed to have been pronounced, invariably became r, resulting in pairs such as these:

 * flōs$1st/3rd sg$ — flōrem$1st pl$ (Old Latin flōsem)
 * genus$inf$ — generis$p.part.$ (from *geneses, cf. Sanskrit janasas)
 * rōbus, rōbustus — rōbur, corrōborāre (verb from *conrobosare)
 * jūstus — de jūre (from de jouse)
 * est — erō (from esō)
 * gessī, gestō — gerō (from gesō)

Intervocalic s in Classical Latin suggests either borrowing (rosa) or reduction of an earlier ss after a long vowel or a diphthong (pausa < paussa, vīsum < *vīssum < *weid-tom). The s was preserved initially (septum) and finally and in consonant clusters.

Old Latin honos became honor in Late Latin by analogy with the rhotacised forms in other cases such as genitive, dative and accusative honoris, honori, honorem.

Another form of rhotacism in Latin was dissimilation of d to r before another d and dissimilation of l to r before another l, resulting in pairs such as these:

 * medius — merīdiēs (instead of *medi-diēs)
 * caelum — caeruleus (instead of *cael-uleus)

The phenomenon was noted by the Romans themselves: "In many words in which the ancients said s, they later said r... foedesum foederum, plusima plurima, meliosem meliorem, asenam arenam"

- Varro, De lingua Latina, VII, 26

Neapolitan
In Neapolitan, rhotacism affects words that etymologically contained intervocalic or initial, when this is followed by a vowel; and when is followed by another consonant. This last characteristic, however, is not very common in modern speech.

 * LAT. DENTE(M) > Neap. dente "tooth"
 * LAT. PEDE(M) > Neap. pere "foot"
 * LAT. SOLDU(M) > Neap. sòrdo (or ) "money"

Portuguese and Galician
In Galician-Portuguese, rhotacism occurred from to, mainly in consonant clusters ending in  such as in the words obrigado, "thank you" (originally from "obliged [in honourably serving my Sir]"); praia, "beach"; prato, "plate" or "dish"; branco, "white"; prazer/pracer, "pleasure"; praça/praza, "square". Compare Spanish obligado (obliged), playa, plato, blanco, placer, plaza from Latin obligatus, plagia, platus, blancus (Germanic origin), placere (verb), platea.

In contemporary Brazilian Portuguese, rhotacism of in the syllable coda is characteristic of the Caipira dialect. Further rhotacism in the nationwide vernacular includes planta, "plant", as, lava, "lava", as (then homophonous with larva, worm/maggot), lagarto, "lizard", as  (in dialects with guttural coda r instead of a tap) and advogado, "lawyer", as. The nonstandard patterns are largely marginalised, and rhotacism is regarded as a sign of speech-language pathology or illiteracy.

Romanesco Italian
Rhotacism, in Romanesco, shifts l to r before a consonant, like certain Andalusian dialects of Spanish. Thus, Latin altus (tall) is alto in Italian but becomes arto in Romanesco. Rhotacism used to happen when l was preceded by a consonant, as in the word ingrese (English), but modern speech has lost that characteristic.

Another change related to r was the shortening of the geminated rr, which is not rhotacism. Italian errore, guerra and marrone "error", "war", "brown" become erore, guera and marone.

Romanian
In Romanian, rhotacism shifted intervocalic l to r and n to r.

Thus, Latin caelum ‘sky; heaven’ became Romanian cer, Latin fenestra ‘window’ Romanian fereastră and Latin felicitas ‘happiness’ Romanian fericire.

Some northern Romanian dialects and Istro-Romanian also changed all intervocalic to  in words of Latin origin. For example, Latin bonus became Istro-Romanian bur: compare to standard Daco-Romanian bun.

Sicilian
Rhotacism is particularly widespread in the island of Sicily, but it is almost completely absent in the Sicilian varieties of the mainland (Calabrese and Salentino). It affects intervocalic and initial : cura from Latin caudam, peri from Latin pedem,  'reci from Latin decem.

Spanish
In Andalusian Spanish, particularly in Seville, at the end of a syllable before another consonant, l is replaced with r: Huerva for Huelva. The reverse occurs in Caribbean Spanish: Puelto Rico for Puerto Rico (lambdacism).

Other languages
Rhotacism (mola > mora, filum > fir, sal > sare) exists in some Gallo-Italic languages as well: Lombard (Western and Alpine Lombard) and Ligurian.

In Umbrian but not Oscan, rhotacism of intervocalic s occurred as in Latin.

Turkic
Among the Turkic languages, the Oghur branch exhibits /r/, opposing to the rest of Turkic, which exhibits /z/. In this case, rhotacism refers to the development of *-/r/, *-/z/, and *-/d/ to /r/,*-/k/,*-/kh/ in this branch.

South Slavic languages
(This section relies on the treatment in Greenberg 1999. )

In some South Slavic languages, rhotacism occasionally changes a voiced palatal fricative to a dental or alveolar tap or trill  between vowels:

 * moreš (Slovene, Kajkavian Croatian) 'you can' from earlier možešь
 * kdor (Slovene) from earlier *kъto-že

The beginning of the change is attested in the Freising manuscripts from the 10th century AD, which show both the archaism (ise 'which' < *jь-že) and the innovation (tere 'also' < *te-že). The shift is also found in individual lexical items in Bulgarian dialects, дорде 'until' (< *do-že-dĕ) and Macedonian, сеѓере (archaic: 'always' <*vьsegъda-že). However, the results of the sound change have largely been reversed by lexical replacement in dialects in Serbia and Bosnia from the 14th century.

Dialects in Croatia and Slovenia have preserved more of the lexical items with the change and have even extended grammatical markers in -r from many sources that formally merged with the rhotic forms that arose from the sound change: Slovene dialect nocor 'tonight' (< *not'ь-sь-ǫ- + -r-) on the model of večer 'evening' (< *večerъ). The reversal of the change is evident in dialects in Serbia in which the -r- formant is systematically removed: Serbian veče 'evening'.

title: Rhotacism


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Suvanant Punnakant

Suvanant Kongying (สุวนันท์ คงยิ่ง; ; born 22 July 1978 in Bangkok) also known by her nickname Kob (กบ; ), is a Thai actress. She was the lead actress in many Thai lakorns in the 1990s-2000s. She has appeared in several lakorns (dramas), including Dao pra sook with Sornram Teppitak, in which she played Dao, the main character. She has been voted people's choice winner for top actress for many years. She's considered Thailand's most famous actress and her leading lakorn partner is Sornram Teppitak.

Early life
Suvanant was born in Sirirat Hospital, and lived with her grandmother at Chachoengsao when she was a baby. She moved to Bangkok with her family when she was three to four years old. Her father, Amnuay Kongying (d. November 2001), was a teacher, and her mother, Ubonrat  Kongying, works at the ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative. She also has a younger brother named Apisith Golf Kongying. Suvanant began acting from a very young age.

Career
Her first performance in a traditional Thai folklore drama won her widespread popularity and her first major acting award, to which she has since added many. She went on to star in Dao pra sook (Morning Star), in which she played a teenager abandoned as a baby but who grows up to find that she is after all wanted by many people, including the leading male character portrayed by Sornram Theppitak.

She is now married to Danuporn Poonnakan also known as Brook who had been her acting partner.

Suvanant graduated with a bachelor in Communication Arts from Rangsit University. She was paid an undisclosed sum of money – believed to be millions of baht – to act as a presenter for Mistine cosmetics. Suvanant is also a professional ice skating champion.

In 2003 a Cambodian tabloid reported that Suvanant Kongying made a speech claiming that Angkor Wat belonged to Thailand, the allegation which was later found to be groundless. This prompted the 2003 Phnom Penh riots, in which the Thai embassy in Cambodia was destroyed.

Suvanant is also known for co-hosting the famous show Jun pun dao with Nattawut Skidjai.

Television

 * Ma Lai Thong (January 1992)
 * Yor Pra Klin (June 1992)
 * Payong (Pride) (March 1993)
 * Kert Tae Tom (Stardust) (October 1993)
 * Dao Pra Sook ( Morning Star) (May 1994)
 * Daotamdin (Star Destiny) (January 1995)
 * Oh....Mada (Oh...Mother) (May 1995)
 * Sai Lohit (Bloodline) (November 1995)
 * Dokeaw (March 1996)
 * Duai Rang Athitarn (Power of a Prayer) (August 1996)
 * Thatdaw Busaya (March 1997)
 * Twan Tor Sang (Glorious Sunshine) (September 1997)
 * Luk Tarn Loy Keaw (Palm Seeds in Syrup) (April 1998)
 * Swan Biang(Bent Heaven) (October 1998)
 * Kam See Than Dorn (Crossing the Ocean) (June 1999)
 * Tung Kai Lom..Prom Mai Li-kit (The Egg Destiny) (August 1999)
 * Man Bang Jai (Hearts in Veil) (March 2000)
 * Luk-mai.... Klai Ton (Fruit Far from the Tree) (August 2000)
 * Dung Swansab(Like Heaven's Curse) (March 2001)
 * Ngojai (Reflection of Love/Shadow of the Heart) (August 2001)
 * Katakornkammathep (Murder by Cupid) (March 2002)
 * Mekla (August 2002)
 * Mae Khun Eai (Oh, my Fair Lady) (March 2003)
 * Khunjeaw Kraopao kai, Khun chai Kai-dao (Sassy Maid and The Prince) (November 2003)
 * Rak Kern Pikad Kan (Love Beyond Revenge) (February 2004)
 * Duan Duard (Dark Angel/Furious Moon) (April 2004)
 * Khun Poh Rub-Jang (Daddy for Hire) (September 2004)
 * Mon Ruk Luktung (Music from the Love Fields) (January 2005)
 * Sapai Tornado (The Storming Daughter-in-law) (August 2005)
 * Lhong Ngao Jun (Enchanted Moon) (February 2006)
 * Duang Jai Patiharn(Miracle of the Heart) (July 2006)
 * Kol Ruk Game Payabath (Tricky Love Game of Vengeance) (October 2006)
 * Pu Soom Fao Sup(The Treasure Guardians) (March 2007)
 * Budsaba Rei Ruk (Lady Inviting Love) (October 2007)
 * Saai Yai Sawad (Passionate Bond) (January 2008)
 * Nang Tard (The Slave) (March 2008)
 * Silamanee (The Precious Stone) (November 2008)
 * Reun Sawn Ruk (House of Hidden Love) (April 2010)
 * Nam Soh Sai (Whisper Of The Sea) (April 2017)

Mini series

 * Sawan Babb
 * Ru Tau Mua Ja Tai (minor Role)
 * Ratree Phirap
 * Chomrom Tor Tarn Puying
 * Ma Mia
 * Hom Klin Kwam Ruk
 * Duchanee Nang
 * Phan Nung Ratree
 * Siam Manusti
 * Majurat Ting-Tong (guest)
 * Ngern Ngern Ngern (guest)
 * Ru Fa Yang Fa Yu
 * Thong Lang Pra
 * Mae Pra Thorranee
 * Kum Mun Sunya

Films

 * Numtaohoo & Kru rabearb
 * Song Jabb Nung jeed
 * Kongroi Ha Soon Nung : Tung Jai ja tak, tae mai tak theaw
 * Mai tee, Poo Kan and Soi tee
 * Budsabaa Suay Prieow Gap Song Kieow Gling
 * Ee Som Som Whang
 * Ee Som Som Whang 2

Music

 * Kae Ruk Gor Por (Dao Pra Suk Original Soundtrack)
 * Waan Fah Sai (Mistine Commercial Soundtrack)
 * Mon Ruk Luktung Original Soundtrack

Commercials

 * Mistine Commercial

Television shows (Host)

 * Jhan Phun Dao
 * 07 Show
 * Suek Song Baan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Suvanant Punnakant


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Steven Adler

Steven Adler (born Michael Coletti; January 22, 1965) is an American musician. He was the drummer and co-songwriter of the hard rock band Guns N' Roses, with whom he achieved worldwide success in the late 1980s.

Adler was fired from Guns N' Roses over his heroin addiction in 1990, following which he reformed his pre-Guns N' Roses band Road Crew and briefly joined BulletBoys. During the 2000s, Adler was the drummer of the band Adler's Appetite, and from 2012, he had held the same position in the band Adler. In early 2017, he declared that he had no intention to continue with the band and that the band has been dissolved, with the reason being his lack of interest in performing during poorly attended concerts.

He appeared on the second (2008) and fifth (2011) seasons of the reality TV show Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, as well as on the first season of its spin-off Sober House (2009). He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012 as a member of Guns N' Roses.

1965–1984: Early life and career
Steven Adler was born Michael Coletti in Cleveland, Ohio, to an Italian-American father, Michael Coletti, and a Jewish-American mother, Deanna. After his father left the family, his mother moved with her children to Los Angeles, California. Adler was originally named after his father at birth, but his mother renamed him Steven when she returned to her parents because Jewish naming conventions forbid naming children after living relatives. He took his mother's surname after she married Melvin Adler, who adopted her two oldest children (including Steven). He has one older brother, Kenny, and a younger half-brother, Jamie. Adler grew up in the San Fernando Valley until the age of 13, when he was sent to live with his grandparents in Hollywood due to his bad behavior. While attending Bancroft Junior High School, Adler befriended Saul Hudson, later known as Slash; they met when Adler had a skateboarding accident and Slash stopped to help him. After ninth grade, Adler returned to his parents' house in the Valley for the remainder of high school, during which time he learned to play drums.

After his return to Hollywood in 1983, Adler auditioned for Sunset Strip staple London. When the audition proved unsuccessful, he formed the band Road Crew—named after the Motörhead song "(We Are) The Road Crew"—with his childhood friend Slash. They placed an advertisement in a newspaper looking for a bassist, and received a response from Duff McKagan. They auditioned a number of singers, including one-time Black Flag vocalist Ron Reyes, and worked on material that included the main riff of what would become the Guns N' Roses song "Rocket Queen." Slash disbanded the group the following year due to their inability to find an adequate lead vocalist, as well as Adler's laziness compared to himself and McKagan. Adler then briefly joined a local band known as Hollywood Rose, which featured singer Axl Rose and guitarist Izzy Stradlin (who left shortly after).

1985–1990: Guns N' Roses
In June 1985, Adler joined Guns N' Roses, which was newly founded by Axl Rose, Izzy Stradlin, and L.A. Guns members Tracii Guns, Ole Beich and Rob Gardner. After the original drummer Gardner quit, Adler and Slash joined their former Road Crew bandmate Duff McKagan (who joined in March 1985) to complete the line-up. They played nightclubs—such as the Whisky a Go Go, The Roxy, and The Troubadour—and opened for larger acts throughout 1985 and 1986. After being scouted by several major record labels, the band signed with Geffen Records in March 1986.

In July 1987, Guns N' Roses released its debut album, Appetite for Destruction, which to date has sold over 30 million copies worldwide, 18 million of which were in the United States, making it the best-selling debut album of all time in the US. In December, during a tour with Alice Cooper, an intoxicated Adler broke his hand when he punched a streetlight after a barroom brawl; Fred Coury of Cinderella was brought in as his substitute for several shows until he recovered. In November 1988, Guns N' Roses released G N' R Lies, which sold over five million copies in the US alone, despite containing only eight tracks, four of which were included on the previously released EP Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide.

Adler was again absent during a performance at the American Music Awards in January 1989; Don Henley filled in for him on drums. His absence was originally attributed to a case of the flu, but it was later revealed that Adler had been in a drug rehabilitation program at the time. The following October, during a show as opening act for The Rolling Stones, Axl Rose threatened to leave the band if certain members of the band did not stop "dancing with Mr. Brownstone," a reference to their song of the same name about heroin use. Adler was among those who promised to clean up, but he continued to struggle with his addiction.

Adler was briefly fired from the band over his drug use in early 1990, but he was reinstated after signing a contract in which he vowed to stop taking drugs. However, by the time the band entered the studio to record the song "Civil War", his addiction had become so severe that he was unable to perform. By Adler's own admission, he tried to play the song "20, maybe 30 times". The song's drum track had to be heavily edited for his bandmates to be able to play along with it. When problems in the studio continued, causing recording sessions to abort for several days at a time, Adler was formally fired from Guns N' Roses on July 11, 1990. He had played his final show with the band on April 7 at Farm Aid IV.

Izzy Stradlin, who left the band in November 1991, later stated that replacing Adler with Matt Sorum of The Cult had a big impact on the band's sound. In response to an interviewer's suggestion that the line-up change had turned Guns N' Roses from a rock 'n' roll band into a heavy metal one, Stradlin said, "Yeah, a big musical difference. ... [Our songs] were written with Steve playing the drums and his sense of swing was the push and pull that give the songs their feel. When that was gone, it was just...unbelievable, weird. Nothing worked. I would have preferred to continue with Steve, but we'd had two years off and we couldn't wait any longer."

1990–2002: Post-Guns N' Roses troubles and hiatus
Following his departure from Guns N' Roses, he was one of several drummers who auditioned to join AC/DC. However Adler claims that AC/DC's manager withdrew an offer, following Axl Rose announcing Adler's firing and branding him a drug addict onstage at the MTV Video Music Awards in September 1990. Adler instead reformed Road Crew with a new line-up, consisting of former Vain members singer Davy Vain, guitarist Jamie Scott, and bassist Ashley Mitchell, along with guitarist Shawn Rorie. They recorded an album and attracted attention from a major label, but due to Adler's persistent drug problems, the group disbanded shortly thereafter. Adler then entered a prolonged, self-imposed exile from the music industry; he later recalled, "I wish I could say that I did a lot of traveling or self-improvement, but all I actually did was sit on the couch and get high—while the TV watched me. It was a very, very hard time."

A year after his dismissal, in July 1991, Adler filed a lawsuit against his former Guns N' Roses bandmates, contending that he was fired because the opiate-blocking drug he had been taking to aid his detox interfered with his concentration. He also alleged that the contract he had been made to sign took away his financial interest in the band, stating, "I was told that every time I did heroin, the band would fine me $2,000. ... What these contracts actually said was that the band were paying me $2,000 to leave. They were taking my royalties, all my writing credits. They didn't like me any more and just wanted me gone." The case was settled out of court in 1993; Adler received a back-payment check of $2,250,000 and was granted 15% of the royalties for everything he recorded prior to his departure.

On May 5, 1995, Adler was arrested at his home in Calabasas on a felony charge of heroin possession.

In 1996, Adler suffered a stroke and was briefly comatose after taking a particularly potent speedball—a cocktail of heroin and cocaine used intravenously—which caused a temporary paralysis of the left side of his face, resulting in a speech impediment. The following year, he pleaded no contest to disturbing the peace in relation to a domestic violence charge involving a woman with whom he had been living; he was sentenced to four days in jail, three years' probation, and mandatory drug counseling.

In June 1998, Adler joined the newly reformed hard rock band BulletBoys, along with future Guns N' Roses guitarist DJ Ashba. The group recorded an album and announced a US summer tour with Faster Pussycat, Bang Tango and Enuff Z'nuff. However, Adler's return to music was cut short the following September, when he pleaded no contest to two counts of battery stemming from attacks on two other women in separate domestic violence incidents. He was sentenced to a 150-day term in prison and three years' probation, with the condition of undergoing a year of domestic violence counseling and a ban on using illegal drugs.

2003–2011: Adler's Appetite and reality TV
In 2003, Adler formed the band Suki Jones, later renamed Adler's Appetite, with singer Jizzy Pearl, former Slash's Snakepit guitarist Keri Kelli, Faster Pussycat guitarist Brent Muscat, and former Ratt bassist Robbie Crane. With an ever-changing line-up due to members' previous commitments, the band toured the US and Europe throughout 2003 and 2004, playing mostly songs off Guns N' Roses' debut album Appetite for Destruction, as well as material by Aerosmith, Led Zeppelin, and Queen. In September 2003, Adler's Appetite performed a show at the Key Club in Hollywood, where they were joined on stage by Adler's former Guns N' Roses bandmates Slash and Izzy Stradlin, for renditions of "Mr. Brownstone", "Paradise City", and "Knockin' on Heaven's Door".

In January 2005, Adler's Appetite—minus Brent Muscat, who had departed the band—released through their official website a self-titled EP, which featured four original songs and the covers "Hollywood" by Thin Lizzy and "Draw the Line" by Aerosmith. The release was followed by a tour of the US, Europe, Japan, and Argentina. Later that year, the band announced plans to release a full-length album through Shrapnel Records, but it failed to materialize. In July 2007, the group played another show at the Key Club, as part of their tour celebrating the 20th anniversary of Appetite for Destruction, during which they were joined on stage by former Guns N' Roses members Izzy Stradlin and Duff McKagan. Although Slash was also in attendance, he did not join the band on stage, stating that he did not want to encourage the notion of a Guns N' Roses reunion.

In 2008, Adler participated in the second season of the reality TV show Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew. The show's resident medical expert, Drew Pinsky, regarded Adler as the "problem child" of the group; he described his behavior as "suicidal" and revealed that Adler had to be committed to a psychiatric hospital for two weeks prior to entering rehab. Adler also participated in the first season of the Celebrity Rehab spin-off Sober House. During the show's filming in July, an intoxicated Adler became so aggressive towards his cast mates that he was arrested at the Sober House premises. He was convicted of being under the influence of a controlled substance and sentenced to community service. The following January, he was arrested again for failure to complete his community service in the time frame stipulated by the judge.

In 2010, Adler collaborated with his former Guns N' Roses bandmate Slash on the latter's self-titled debut solo album, which was released in April. He appeared on the track "Baby Can't Drive", along with Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea, Alice Cooper, and Nicole Scherzinger. The song was featured on an expanded edition of the album released by Classic Rock. The following July, Adler's Appetite—consisting of Adler, singer Rick Stitch, guitarists Michael Thomas and Alex Grossi, and bassist Chip Z'nuff—released the single "Alive", in conjunction with the release of Adler's autobiography My Appetite for Destruction: Sex, and Drugs, and Guns N' Roses. In December, the band released two more singles, entitled "Stardog" and "Fading". In 2011, following another relapse, Adler participated in the fifth season of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew.

2011–2016: Adler and guest appearance with Guns N' Roses
In 2011, Adler formed a new band, simply called Adler, with guitarist Lonny Paul, who had been a member of Adler's Appetite prior to the breakup, and singer-guitarist Jacob Bunton of Lynam and formerly of Mars Electric, with the lineup later rounded out by former L.A. Guns member Johnny Martin on bass. Adler stated, "I love the music that we're creating! I haven't been this excited about my band since the Guns N' Roses days." The band recorded their debut album in Los Angeles with producers Jeff Pilson and Jay Ruston. Titled Back from the Dead, the album features guest appearances from Slash and John 5, and was released on November 26, 2012, via New Ocean Media. The album's release was preceded by the single "The One That You Hated", which was released on April 10 via iTunes.

On April 14, 2012, Adler was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the classic lineup of Guns N' Roses. He headlined the induction ceremony with fellow inductees Slash, Duff McKagan, and Matt Sorum, as well as former member Gilby Clarke and Slash's collaborator Myles Kennedy. Adler stated that being inducted was "an honor and a dream come true."

In late October and early November 2012, Adler played on the Kiss Kruise, which sailed from Florida to the Bahamas. These shows marked the band's first-ever live performances. The following year, Adler's scheduled U.S. tour was postponed when Adler checked into a rehab facility to "continue working on his sobriety."

On the July 6, 2016 stop of the Not in This Lifetime... Tour in Cincinnati, Ohio, Adler joined Guns N' Roses for performances of "Out Ta Get Me" and "My Michelle", which marked his first appearance with the band since his firing in 1990. He made other guest appearances during shows in Nashville, Los Angeles, and Buenos Aires. He was also rumored to take part in the band's surprise April 1 show at the Troubadour, but had back surgery which forced him to pull out.

2017–present: Adler's Appetite reformation and solo career
In 2018, guitarist Alex Grossi announced that Adler's Appetite would return to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Appetite for Destruction.

with Guns N' Roses

 * Appetite for Destruction (1987)
 * G N' R Lies (1988)
 * "Civil War" (1990)
 * "Use Your Illusion II" (1991)
 * "Live Era 87-93" (1999)
 * "Greatest Hits" (2004)
 * "Shadow of Your Love" (2018)

with Adler's Appetite
Extended plays Singles
 * Adler's Appetite (2005)
 * Alive (2012)
 * "Alive" (2010)
 * "Stardog" (2010)
 * "Fading" (2010)

Extended plays

 * Adler Z'Nuff (2010)

with Adler
Studio albums
 * Back from the Dead (2012)

Singles
 * "The One That You Hated" (2012)
 * "Good to Be Bad" (2012)

Session work

 * With Davy Vain
 * Fade (1995; "Breakdown","Cindy", "Can't Get Back" )
 * With Slash
 * Slash (2010; "Baby Can't Drive" only )
 * With Chip Z'Nuff
 * Strange Time (2015) ( "All Day and All Of The Night" )

title: Steven Adler


text:
Sornram Teppitak

Sornram Teppitak (ศรราม เทพพิทักษ์, ; also spelled as "Sornram Theppitak"; born August 22, 1973, in Thonburi side, Bangkok, Thailand or nickname Num or Noom (หนุ่ม; ) is a Thai actor and Thai pop singer after being a footballer. He has appeared in several notable lakorns, including: Dao pra sook with Suvanant Kongying which he played the role of Phak, Khun Poh Rub-Jang (Daddy for Hire) and Duang Jai Patiharn (Miracle of the Heart). He began acting at an adolescent age. His films include Garuda (Paksa wayu) and First Flight. He got Bachelor in Social Science from Ramkhamhaeng University. He was the highest paid Thai actor.

Personal life
In 2018, he married Kanitrin Patcharaphakdichoti in a simple wedding ceremony. On April 8, 2019, his wife gave birth to a girl named Veeji.

Special

 * Bury Burum (1992)
 * Mrs. Slavery (1993)
 * May Miya (1994)
 * Thong Lang Phra (2000)
 * Maha Sanuk Shop (Sitcom) (2003)
 * Battle of the Bones into the Lotus (Drama to honor) (2005)
 * Is the bond of love (Drama to honor) (2007)
 * Love Our House (drama to honor) (2008)
 * 12 brave heroes of Siam: Brahma the Great (Drama to honor) (2009)
 * Closed behind the scenes at the highest dreams. (Drama to honor) (2009)
 * The Three Sisters of Chaos (2011)

Ads

 * Brand Rollon
 * Agfa
 * Tamjai
 * Hotta

Business executive

 * Executive, Rittiram Company Limited
 * Managing Director: Ritthiram Co., Ltd.

Portfolio of books

 * Polsaram books according to the regulations
 * Pantry book

title: Sornram Teppitak


text:
Coronagraph

A coronagraph is a telescopic attachment designed to block out the direct light from a star or other bright object so that nearby objects – which otherwise would be hidden in the object's bright glare – can be resolved. Most coronagraphs are intended to view the corona of the Sun, but a new class of conceptually similar instruments (called stellar coronagraphs to distinguish them from solar coronagraphs) are being used to find extrasolar planets and circumstellar disks around nearby stars as well as host galaxies in quasars and other similar objects with active galactic nuclei (AGN).

Invention
The coronagraph was introduced in 1931 by the French astronomer Bernard Lyot; since then, coronagraphs have been used at many solar observatories. Coronagraphs operating within Earth's atmosphere suffer from scattered light in the sky itself, due primarily to Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in the upper atmosphere. At view angles close to the Sun, the sky is much brighter than the background corona even at high altitude sites on clear, dry days. Ground-based coronagraphs, such as the High Altitude Observatory's Mark IV Coronagraph on top of Mauna Loa, use polarization to distinguish sky brightness from the image of the corona: both coronal light and sky brightness are scattered sunlight and have similar spectral properties, but the coronal light is Thomson-scattered at nearly a right angle and therefore undergoes scattering polarization, while the superimposed light from the sky near the Sun is scattered at only a glancing angle and hence remains nearly unpolarized.

Design
Coronagraph instruments are extreme examples of stray light rejection and precise photometry because the total brightness from the solar corona is less than one-millionth the brightness of the Sun. The apparent surface brightness is even fainter because, in addition to delivering less total light, the corona has a much greater apparent size than the Sun itself.

During a total solar eclipse, the Moon acts as an occluding disk and any camera in the eclipse path may be operated as a coronagraph until the eclipse is over. More common is an arrangement where the sky is imaged onto an intermediate focal plane containing an opaque spot; this focal plane is reimaged onto a detector. Another arrangement is to image the sky onto a mirror with a small hole: the desired light is reflected and eventually reimaged, but the unwanted light from the star goes through the hole and does not reach the detector. Either way, the instrument design must take into account scattering and diffraction to make sure that as little unwanted light as possible reaches the final detector. Lyot's key invention was an arrangement of lenses with stops, known as Lyot stops, and baffles such that light scattered by diffraction was focused on the stops and baffles, where it could be absorbed, while light needed for a useful image missed them.

As examples, imaging instruments on the Hubble Space Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope offer coronagraphic capability.

Band-limited coronagraph
A band-limited coronagraph uses a special kind of mask called a band-limited mask. This mask is designed to block light and also manage diffraction effects caused by removal of the light. The band-limited coronagraph has served as the baseline design for the canceled Terrestrial Planet Finder coronagraph. Band-limited masks will also be available on the James Webb Space Telescope.

Phase-mask coronagraph
A phase-mask coronagraph (such as the so-called four-quadrant phase-mask coronagraph) uses a transparent mask to shift the phase of the stellar light in order to create a self-destructive interference, rather than a simple opaque disc to block it.

Optical vortex coronagraph
An optical vortex coronagraph uses a phase-mask in which the phase shift varies azimuthally around the center. Several varieties of optical vortex coronagraphs exist:

 * the scalar optical vortex coronagraph based on a phase ramp directly etched in a dielectric material, like fused silica.
 * the vector(ial) vortex coronagraph employs a mask that rotates the angle of polarization of photons, and ramping this angle of rotation has the same effect as ramping a phase-shift. A mask of this kind can be synthesized by various technologies, ranging from liquid crystal polymer (same technology as in 3D television), and micro-structured surfaces (using microfabrication technologies from the microelectronics industry). Such a vector vortex coronagraph made out of liquid crystal polymers is currently in use at the 200-inch Hale Telescope at the Palomar Observatory. It has recently been operated with adaptive optics to image extrasolar planets.

This works with stars other than the sun because they are so far away their light is, for this purpose, a spatially coherent plane wave. The coronagraph using interference masks out the light along the center axis of the telescope, but allows the light from off axis objects through.

Satellite-based coronagraphs
Coronagraphs in outer space are much more effective than the same instruments would be if located on the ground. This is because the complete absence of atmospheric scattering eliminates the largest source of glare present in a terrestrial coronagraph. Several space missions such as NASA-ESA's SOHO, and NASA's SPARTAN, Solar Maximum Mission, and Skylab have used coronagraphs to study the outer reaches of the solar corona. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is able to perform coronagraphy using the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is able to perform coronagraphy using the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI).

While space-based coronagraphs such as LASCO avoid the sky brightness problem, they face design challenges in stray light management under the stringent size and weight requirements of space flight. Any sharp edge (such as the edge of an occulting disk or optical aperture) causes Fresnel diffraction of incoming light around the edge, which means that the smaller instruments that one would want on a satellite unavoidably leak more light than larger ones would. The LASCO C-3 coronagraph uses both an external occulter (which casts shadow on the instrument) and an internal occulter (which blocks stray light that is Fresnel-diffracted around the external occulter) to reduce this leakage, and a complicated system of baffles to eliminate stray light scattering off the internal surfaces of the instrument itself.

Aditya-L1
Aditya-L1 is a coronagraphy spacecraft developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and various Indian research institutes. The spacecraft aims to study the solar atmosphere and its impact on the Earth's environment. It will be positioned approximately 1.5 million km from Earth in a halo orbit around the L1 Lagrangian point between Earth and the Sun.

The primary payload, Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), will send 1,440 images of the sun daily to ground stations. The VELC payload has been developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) and will continuously observe the Sun's corona from the L1 point.

The mission has stringent cleanliness protocols for scientists and engineers working on the payload, to prevent contamination that could affect the sensitive instruments.

Extrasolar planets
The coronagraph has recently been adapted to the challenging task of finding planets around nearby stars. While stellar and solar coronagraphs are similar in concept, they are quite different in practice because the object to be occulted differs by a factor of a million in linear apparent size. (The Sun has an apparent size of about 1900 arcseconds, while a typical nearby star might have an apparent size of 0.0005 and 0.002 arcseconds.) Earth-like exoplanet detection requires contrast. To achieve such contrast requires extreme optothermal stability.

A stellar coronagraph concept was studied for flight on the canceled Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. On ground-based telescopes, a stellar coronagraph can be combined with adaptive optics to search for planets around nearby stars.

In November 2008, NASA announced that a planet was directly observed orbiting the nearby star Fomalhaut. The planet could be seen clearly on images taken by Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys' coronagraph in 2004 and 2006. The dark area hidden by the coronagraph mask can be seen on the images, though a bright dot has been added to show where the star would have been.

Up until the year 2010, telescopes could only directly image exoplanets under exceptional circumstances. Specifically, it is easier to obtain images when the planet is especially large (considerably larger than Jupiter), widely separated from its parent star, and hot so that it emits intense infrared radiation. However, in 2010 a team from NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory demonstrated that a vector vortex coronagraph could enable small telescopes to directly image planets. They did this by imaging the previously imaged HR 8799 planets using just a $1.5 m$ portion of the Hale Telescope.

title: Coronagraph


text:
Roland Martin (journalist)

Roland Sebastian Martin (born November 14, 1968) is an American journalist. He was a commentator for TV One, the host of News One Now, and Washington Watch with Roland Martin.

He was also a CNN contributor, appearing on a variety of shows, including The Situation Room, Anderson Cooper's AC360, and many others. In October 2008, he joined the Tom Joyner Morning Show as senior analyst. He currently hosts a web series, Roland Martin Unfiltered on YouTube.

Books authored by Martin include ''Speak, Brother! A Black Man's View of America, Listening to the Spirit Within: 50 Perspectives on Faith and The First: President Barack Obama's Road to the White House as originally reported by Roland S. Martin'' and, " White Fear: How the Browning of America is Making White Folks Lose Their Minds"

Life and career
Martin was born in Houston, Texas. His maternal great-grandparents had migrated from Haiti to Louisiana, where his family originates. He graduated with a B.S. in journalism from Texas A&M University and a master's degree in Christian communications from Louisiana Baptist University.

He is the former executive editor of the Chicago Defender.

From 2005 to 2008, Martin hosted a morning radio talk show on WVON in Chicago, and was with CNN as a contributor from 2007 to 2013. He guest-hosted Campbell Brown: No Bias, No Bull while Brown was on maternity leave in April and May 2009.

He became the host of TV One's first Sunday News show Washington Watch with Roland Martin in 2009. It ran for 4 years and is currently off the air.

In March 2013, Martin announced on Twitter that he was leaving CNN. His last day was on April 6, 2013.

It was announced on July 9, 2013, that Martin would be the host of TV One's first live one-hour, weekday morning news program titled News One Now. The program premiered on November 4, 2013. On December 7, 2017, Martin announced on air that TV One had canceled the show due to low ratings from Black viewers, but that he would still remain involved with the network. On January 14, 2018, it was announced that Martin had won two NAACP Image Awards for the show.

Also, Roland hosted a three-hour radio show called The Roland Martin Show. He currently hosts a web series, Roland Martin Unfiltered on YouTube.

Issues
Martin has defended Michael Steele and other black Republicans against charges of being "Uncle Toms", arguing that the label is inappropriate.

Controversy
On February 5, 2012, Roland Martin's Twitter account responded to an underwear advertisement featuring the association football player David Beckham, stating "If a dude at your Super Bowl party is hyped about David Beckham's H&M underwear ad, smack the ish out of him!" GLAAD (the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) responded on its website: “Martin’s tweets today advocating violence against gay people weren’t an accident — they are a part of a larger pattern for Martin. Anti-gay violence in America is a serious problem". In response to the tweets, it was reported that Roland Martin had been suspended by CNN for the controversial remarks. His suspension was lifted on March 14, 2012.

In 2016, Martin was revealed to have leaked CNN town hall questions to former DNC Chair Donna Brazile, who then leaked them to Hillary Clinton’s camp when he was acting as guest-moderator. According to Politico, in an email the day before the March town hall to senior Clinton staffers, then DNC Chair Donna Brazile wrote: “From time to time I get the questions in advance” and included the text of a question about the death penalty. An email later obtained by Politico showed that the text of the question Brazile sent to the Clinton campaign was identical to a proposed question Martin had offered CNN.

List of broadcasts

 * Washington Watch with Roland Martin (2009–2013)
 * News One Now (2013–2017)
 * The Roland Martin Show (2016, radio)
 * Roland Martin Unfiltered (2018–present)

Articles

 * "What to really do?"
 * "The new reality for Bush and the Democrats"
 * "Obama Birth Issue is Nutty"
 * "Roland Martin is on Watch"

title: Roland Martin (journalist)


text:
Dao Pra Sook

Dao Pra Sook (ดาวพระศุกร์; ; literally: Venus) is a Thai lakorn which has been remade several times. The latest of which aired on Thailand's channel 7 in 1994 and was one of the most popular lakorns in the country. It starred Sornram Teppitak as Phak (Thai ภาคย์) and Suvanant Kongying as Daoprasook (Thai ดาว). The plot is about a wealthy man who 'buys' a prostitute from a brothel and later falls in love with her. The shows were regarded by some as the most cliché (น้ำเน่า) soap opera in Thailand

Summary
A young woman gives birth at dawn to a baby girl, and leaves her daughter as soon as she can. The girl is later named Daoprasook by the nurses because the planet Venus ("daoprasook" in Thai) was visible at the time of her birth. Later, a childless couple adopts Dao. However, as soon as they adopt her, the wife becomes pregnant and gives birth to a daughter. The mother favors her own daughters more than Dao and treats her like a servant behind the father's back. The young Dao is abused by her adoptive mother to the point where she decides to run away. Now on the streets, she uses her wits to survive until a kind-hearted prostitute takes her under her wings.

Years later, Dao is now a beautiful teenager who is forced to work to help the kind prostitute who raised her. Of course, she is too moral to sell her body so she would lead her customers into a darkened room where she would switch another prostitute for herself. She soon gains a certain amount of fame with many men seeking her service.

Khun Phak, a rich businessman meets Daoprasook and somehow makes a deal with the brothel's managing woman. He buys her and forces her to move into his house. What occurred next can be imagined. Phak at first despises Dao for being a prostitute who gave one of his friends an STD. He decides to have her tested. The result puzzles him greatly, as she is perfectly healthy. All this while, Dao is abused by a servant called Maew in Phak's house. Maew's loyalty lies with Mayarasamee, who wants to marry the wealthy Phak. Undaunted, Dao proves herself to Phak to be a lady and endures all verbal abuses directed at her. The only kindness she finds and by which she is comforted is from an elderly man, a businessman like Phak. However, she has secretly fallen in love with Phak and vice versa. Although he has been able to restrain himself from sexually abusing Dao all this time, the news of Dao's relationship with another man angered him. With a drunken rage, he storms into Dao's bedroom and begins to make sexual advances on the young girl. Dao, in a state of shock that Phak, who has been a gentleman in this matter, is trying to abuse her tries to fight back, only later losing because of her feelings to Phak. That night, they consummated their love. The next morning, upon seeing the blood stain on the bedsheet, Phak realizes that he is the first for Dao. She grieves over her lost virginity, because it was something that she has guarded dearly for a long time.

In a twist of fate, the mother of Dao who abandoned her 18 years ago at the hospital meets her at Phak's house and recognizes her first daughter when she sees a heart-shaped scar on Dao's upper chest. She is now married with a young son. Convinced that the businessman (and he is) is in love with Dao, she reveals her secret to him, telling him that their affair produced a child, a daughter: Daoprasook. The truth comes out and changes Dao's status immediately. She is now the daughter of a respected woman and a rich businessman. Still she yearns for love from Phak, who she considers to be her husband. He also happens to be related to her as he is a cousin to Dao's mother, making her his second cousin. As can be expected from a lakorn, Phak reveals his true feelings to Dao and asks her to marry him. The lakorn ends with their lavish wedding.

authors: วรุฒ หิ่มสาใจ

title: Dao Pra Sook


text:
Insect collecting

Insect collecting refers to the collection of insects and other arthropods for scientific study or as a hobby. Most insects are small and the majority cannot be identified without the examination of minute morphological characters, so entomologists often make and maintain insect collections. Very large collections are conserved in natural history museums or universities where they are maintained and studied by specialists. Many college courses require students to form small collections. There are also amateur entomologists and collectors who keep collections.

Historically, insect collecting has been widespread and was in the Victorian age a very popular educational hobby. Insect collecting has left traces in European cultural history, literature and songs (e.g., Georges Brassens's La chasse aux papillons (The Hunt for Butterflies)). The practice is particularly common among Japanese youths.

Capture and kill techniques

Insects may be passively caught using traps such as funnels, pitfall traps, bottle traps, malaise traps, or flight interception traps, some of which are baited with small bits of sweet foods (such as honey). Entomologists collecting nocturnal insects (especially moths) during faunistic survey studies might utilize ultraviolet light traps such as the Robinson trap. Aspirators, sometimes called "pooters", suck up insects too small or delicate to handle with fingers.

Active capture of insects often involves using nets. Aerial insect nets are used to collect flying insects. The bag of a butterfly net is generally constructed from a lightweight mesh to minimize damage to delicate butterfly wings. Sweep nets are more rugged, and used to collect insects from grass and brush. A sweep net is swept back and forth through vegetation quickly turning the opening from side to side and following a shallow figure eight pattern. The collector walks forward while sweeping, and the net is moved through plants and grasses with force. Sweeping continues for some distance and then the net is flipped over, with the bag hanging over the rim, trapping the insects until they can be removed. Other types of nets used for collecting insects include beating nets and aquatic nets. Leaf litter sieves are used by coleopterists and to collect larvae.

Once collected, insects must be killed before they damage themselves trying to escape. Killing jars are used on hard-bodied insects. Soft-bodied insects, such as those in the larval stage, are generally fixed in a vial containing an ethanol and water solution.

Storage and curation

There are several different preservation methods that are used; some of which include: dried preservation (pinning), liquid preservation, or slide mounts. Another (now mostly historical) approach is caterpillar inflation, where the innards were removed and the skin dried. Pinning is by far the most common form of insect preservation.

It is better to pin an insect that has died recently enough that it has not dried yet, because it allows the thoracic muscles to adhere to the pin. Previously dried specimens must have glue applied to the pin location to avoid spinning. The large majority of the time insects are pinned vertically through their mesothorax and slightly off-center to the right of the mid-line. The pin should sit with 1/4 of the pin above the insect as to allow enough room for labels to be readable underneath.

When pinning insects with wings, it is important to display them properly: Lepidoptera wings should always be spread. When drying insects with wings such as butterflies, setting paper is used to position the wings.

Orthopteroids often have their left wings spread. In scientific collections, the insect's wings, legs, and antenna are tucked underneath it to conserve space.

When point-mounting small insects the insect is glued to a small piece of non acidic, triangle paper. When drying an insect the relaxed insect is spread out accordingly using pins on a foam block where it can dry and retain its positioning.

When labeling insects the labels are presented in this order top down: Locality, additional locality/voucher label/accession numbers, insect identification.

Insect pins

Insect pins are used by entomologists for mounting insect specimens.

As standard, they are 38 mm long and come in sizes from 000 (the smallest diameter), through 00, 0, and 1, to 8 (the largest diameter). The most generally useful size in entomology is size 2, which is 0.46 mm in diameter, with sizes 1 and 3 being the next most useful.

They were once commonly made from brass or silver, but these would corrode from contact with insect bodies and are no longer commonly used. Instead they are nickel-plated brass, yielding "white" or "black" enamelling, or even made from stainless steel. Similarly, the smallest sizes from 000 to 1 used to be impractical for mounting until plastic and polyethylene became commonly used for pinning bases.

There are also micropins, which are 10 - 15 mm long. minutens are headless micropins that are generally only made of stainless steel, used for double-mounting, where the insect is mounted on the minuten, which is pinned to a small block of soft material, which is in turn mounted on a standard, larger, insect pin.

Pinning of entomological specimens

As an exception to this standard, there also are pins of size 7, extra-long and very strong pins for very large beetles; they are 52mm long and thicker than size 6 pins.
 * Entomological pins. Continental pins, so called for historical reasons, are used internationally by museums and collectors. They are made of stainless steel for preference, especially for very long-term storage of specimens, but blackened steel also is used. The pins have round plastic or solid metal heads. Continental pins are of a standard length (40mm), but they are available in thicknesses numbered 000 (the thinnest), 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (the thickest). This standard pin length is sufficient to accommodate an adequate number of data labels and to permit convenient handling with suitably curved forceps or tweezers, referred to as 'entomological forceps'.
 * Direct pinning. Direct pinning is the insertion of an entomological pin directly through the thorax of a specimen. The insects are pinned vertically through the thorax with a suitably sized pin, but by convention they are not pinned on the midline, but to the right, so as to leave at least one side undamaged.
 * Point. A point is a triangular piece of white card. Specially designed point punches permit the production of large numbers of points of standard sizes as required. To use a point, insert a pin is inserted through the broad base of the triangle. To mount the specimen, a tiny amount of glue is placed on the tip and applied to the right side of the insect's thorax. If appropriate the tip of the point may be bent at the necessary angle to hold the body of the specimen horizontal when the pin is vertical, with the long axis of the insect at right angles to the point.
 * Minuten pins. Insect pins without heads, 12mm long. They are used for double mounting (staging) very small insects. They also may be used profitably for staging insects of moderate size, where they have the advantage of being less damaging to the specimen. For best effect in that respect, the pin is inserted from below through the staging card, well into the thorax, but not all the way through. Alternatively the minuten pin can be inserted laterally into one side of the thorax, again preferably not all the way through.
 * Carding. Insects (especially Coleoptera and Hemiptera) are glued to rectangular pieces of acid free card or Bristol board providing a stage. Typical sizes are 4.5 x 11 mm;5 x 14 mm;6 x 17 mm;10 x 21 mm;13 x 30 mm. Printed lines allow uniform placement of the entomological pin. Though this is convenient, it is dubious practice at best, because it obscures features that might be necessary for taxonomic or morphological studies. In any case, at the very least the glue should be sufficiently conveniently soluble to be removed with solvents when necessary. With such considerations in mind, Canada balsam is about as good an adhesive as any.
 * Staging. When specimens are mounted on a smaller support which in turn is supported on a normal full-sized entomological pin, this is called staging. For example a specimen might be mounted on a minuten pin, typically being pinned on its side (lateral pinning) or upright (direct pinning) with the minuten pin driven into a stage, a strip of suitable material such as dried plant pith or plastic foam supported in a horizontal position on the main entomological pin; as a rule a number 3 pin is convenient. Other forms of stage include card mounts and point mounts.
 * The stage usually is positioned at such a distance up the vertical stage-pin, as to put the specimen at the same height as a directly pinned insect; this normally allows room for labels beneath and to allow handling of the specimen without damage.
 * If insects are side-pinned by pins that pass right through the specimens, then the minuten should be at such an angle that different features are damaged on the opposite sides of the thorax. Competent staging protects small specimens and displays most features conveniently. The stage-pin then is easy to manipulate when moving the specimen and the stage absorbs vibrations.

In popular culture
Pokémon creator Satoshi Tajiri's childhood hobby of insect collecting is the inspiration behind the popular video game series.

A beetle collection becomes a source of fascination for a mentally disturbed woman in Chapter XI of MacKinlay Kantor's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Andersonville (1955).

title: Insect collecting


text:
Don Atchison

Donald James Atchison (born March 1, 1952) is a Canadian politician who was Mayor  of Saskatoon, the largest city in the central Canadian province of Saskatchewan, from 2003 to 2016. Atchison was elected mayor four times, tied for the most after mayoral terms were extended beyond one year in 1954. When he lost his bid for a fifth term in 2016, he left office as the longest-serving mayor in the city's history at 13 years.

Early life
Atchison was born and raised in Saskatoon, where he attended Queen Elizabeth and Holliston Elementary School, Walter Murray Collegiate, and the University of Saskatchewan. He developed an early interest in politics and joined his high school student council in grade 12; running for the position of sports representative, he campaigned by wearing sports equipment to class daily. He was a standout ice hockey goaltender from an early age, and he played junior hockey for the Saskatoon Blades in the 1971–72 season. In 1972, Atchison was drafted by the NHL's Pittsburgh Penguins. Although he did not ultimately play in the NHL, Atchison had a brief professional career in the United States before returning to Saskatoon and joining the family business, the men's wear store Atch & Co. He was offered a role in the 1977 hockey film Slap Shot, but turned the opportunity down, thinking it was a joke.

Saskatoon city councillor
Atchison was first elected to Saskatoon's city council in 1994 as councillor for the newly created Ward 10, and was re-elected in 1997 and acclaimed in 2000. He was well known for his campaigning style of standing on street corners and waving at passing motorists, a tactic that was eventually outlawed. He sought initially to bring a business perspective to city government. In 1996, he infamously brought forward a heavily derided proposal from local consultant Henry Feldkamp to enclose much of downtown Saskatoon in an $80 million, 10-storey climate-controlled glass atrium dubbed the "Atreos."

Mayor of Saskatoon
Atchison was first elected as mayor on October 22, 2003 in a close four-way contest, unseating incumbent Jim Maddin. He became just the second Saskatoon mayor to have been born in the city. Atchison ran on a platform that included being tough on crime, freezing property taxes, centralizing control of city management, and resuming control of the city's police commission. After his election as mayor, he briefly required citizens visiting the Mayor's office to be formally dressed, but the policy was dropped after being widely criticized and noted as a potential conflict of interest, given Atchison's involvement with the family men's wear store. The policy was targeted by comedian Rick Mercer, who sponsored an online contest in 2004 that went on to name Atchison "Canada's Craziest Mayor," a title he jokingly embraced.

Atchison oversaw a period of rapid economic growth, emphasizing the development of new neighbourhoods, infrastructure, and the renewal of the River Landing development adjacent to downtown. He was re-elected by wide margins in 2006 and 2009, before earning a narrow bid for a fourth term in 2012 against political newcomer Tom Wolf. In the 2012 election, Wolf targeted perceived mismanagement at City Hall, a lack of consultation with the public, and Atchison's reputation for boosterism, and won a majority of votes in all of the city's core neighbourhoods. Atchison was re-elected on a strong performance in suburban neighbourhoods. As term limits for Saskatchewan municipal councils were extended at this time to four years, Atchison's fourth term would make him the longest serving mayor in the city's history.

Atchison was known as a mayor who attended events prolifically, but by 2012 he also began drawing heavy criticism for never having attended a local pride parade, despite annual invitations from organizers. In 2015, hundreds of people circulated a letter criticizing Atchison's continued absence, though in 2016 Atchison continued to claim that his absences were merely due to scheduling conflicts.

In 2016 Atchison launched a bid for what would have been a record-setting fifth term as mayor. He was ultimately defeated by former city councillor Charlie Clark, who ran against Atchison on a platform focused on inclusiveness and planning for future growth.

Comeback attempt
After the 2016 election, Atchison worked as a consultant for Canwest Commercial and Land Corporation on the development of a World Trade Center in downtown Saskatoon. In 2020, he launched a comeback bid for the mayor's chair, challenging the incumbent Clark and former provincial cabinet minister Rob Norris. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, Atchison positioned himself as an experienced leader best-positioned to guide the city's economic recovery. He renewed his early-career promise to freeze property taxes and criticized recently adopted initiatives including a new rapid-transit system and a new central library project. He ultimately finished third in the race behind Norris and Clark, who was re-elected to a second term. In the summer of 2023, it was reported that Atchison had expressed interest in running once again in 2024, stating that he would "love to be the mayor" again, while targeting municipal spending as a key campaign issue.

Personal life
Atchison and his wife Mardele have five children and thirteen grandchildren. He has maintained an interest and involvement in a variety of sports including curling, tennis, football, golf, and hockey, as both a player and a coach. Atchison is a member of the Saskatchewan Grand Lodge of Freemasons. He was appointed to the Saskatchewan Order of Merit in 2019.

Controversies
In 2022 Atchison was named as one of at least three local politicians for whom students at Legacy Christian Academy school (then Christian Centre Academy) were coerced into campaigning for. Although Atchison was not a member of the affiliated Saskatoon Christian Centre church, it has been alleged that he had a close relationship with the church's director, Keith Johnson, who has been named in a class action lawsuit by former student's seeking redress for allegations of child abuse. Former students have alleged that they were also required to purchase two pairs of pants each year from Atchison's men's wear store.

title: Don Atchison


text:
Chevrolet Citation

The Chevrolet Citation is a range of compact cars that was produced by the Chevrolet division of General Motors. The first Chevrolet sold with front-wheel drive, a single generation of the Citation was sold from the 1980 to 1985 model years. The successor of the Chevrolet Nova, the Citation was initially slotted between the Chevrolet Monza and the Chevrolet Malibu in the Chevrolet product line, later replaced by the Chevrolet Cavalier and the Chevrolet Celebrity.

The Citation was built on the second-generation compact GM X-platform. For 1980, GM had significantly revised its design, adopting a front-wheel drive layout and significantly decreasing it in size; while directly replacing the Nova, the all-new Citation bore an exterior footprint sized between the subcompact Chevrolet Monza and Chevrolet Vega. Sold alongside the Pontiac Phoenix, Buick Skylark, and Oldsmobile Omega, the Citation was offered in three body styles, including three-door and five-door hatchbacks and a two-door notchback coupe. The 2-door coupe style was similar to but had a distinctive roofline from the Phoenix, Skylark, and Omega, while the 3-door hatchback was exclusive to the Citation. The 5-door hatchback style was shared with the Phoenix, while a 4-door sedan style was offered only on the Skylark and Omega. Alongside a standard trim level, Chevrolet offered the Citation X-11, offering performance-oriented upgrades.

The Chevrolet Citation was assembled in the United States and Mexico alongside the Buick Skylark, Oldsmobile Omega, and Pontiac Phoenix by North Tarrytown Assembly (North Tarrytown, New York), Oklahoma City Assembly (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma), and Ramos Arizpe Assembly (Ramos Arizpe, Mexico). Following the 1985 model year, the Citation was discontinued by Chevrolet and its compact model range was replaced by the Chevrolet Beretta two-door coupe and Chevrolet Corsica four-door sedan/five-door hatchback. In total, Chevrolet manufactured 1,642,587 examples of the model line during its production run.

Development
To better compete in the compact segment following the 1973 fuel crisis, General Motors commenced work in April 1974 on a replacement for its X-body compact lines, which included the Chevrolet Nova and its divisional counterparts. As the 1970s progressed, front wheel drive import-brand compact cars (such as the Honda Accord, and the Volkswagen Rabbit) continued to grow in popularity, gaining sales from domestic counterparts. While far smaller than the Nova (or even the subcompact Vega) in exterior footprint, the usage of a transverse front-wheel drive configuration expanded interior room. For 1978, Chrysler introduced the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon; adopting much of the layout of the Volkswagen Rabbit (to the point of sourcing engines from Volkswagen), the five-door hatchbacks became the best-selling Chrysler model lines.

While GM had produced front-wheel drive vehicles since 1966, its experience with the powertrain configuration involved large personal luxury coupes (the Cadillac Eldorado and Oldsmobile Toronado) and recreational vehicles (the GMC Motorhome), neither compact nor fuel-efficient. Following the reverse-engineering of Lancia vehicles, GM selected a transverse front-wheel drive layout as it downsized the X-body. Chevrolet was responsible for the front suspension design, with Pontiac to develop the rear suspension. During the summer of 1976, the first X-body prototypes entered testing.

Intended for a 1978 model release, Chevrolet sought to retire the Nova nameplate, renaming its X-body line as the Chevrolet Condor. As GM shifted the downsizing of the A-body mid-size line to 1978, it shifted the launch of the X-body to an early 1980 release, as GM parts suppliers tried to accommodate large-scale production of a front-wheel drive vehicle. During the delay, Chevrolet withdrew the Condor nameplate in favor of Chevrolet Citation.

History
The first front-wheel drive Chevrolet, the Chevrolet Citation served as the direct replacement for the Chevrolet Nova as the Chevrolet compact model line. In line with the 1977 Chevrolet Impala/Caprice and the 1978 Malibu and Monte Carlo, the Citation was downsized over its predecessor. While packaged with similar interior space as the mid-size Malibu (and trunk space as the Impala ), the Citation was far smaller than its 1979 Nova predecessor, shedding 20 inches of length (an inch longer than the Vega), 4 inches of width, and 800 pounds of curb weight.

Through its production, as one of the front-wheel drive X-body vehicles, the Chevrolet Citation would undergo a number of manufacturer recalls. In 1980, 225,000 examples were recalled to fix a transmission hose related to underhood fires. The X-body cars (which included the Citation) were the target of an unsuccessful lawsuit by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which cited a tendency for the vehicles to lose control under heavy braking, and power steering problems.

1980
In April 1979, the Citation was released as a 1980 model in two trim levels. Alongside the standard trim, a sporty X-11 version was produced.

Priced under US$6,000 ($0 in dollars), with hatchbacks in a much larger package than the Dodge Omni/Plymouth Horizon, demand proved very high for the Citation. Helped by an April release and yet another gasoline shortage during the same time, over 800,000 Citations were sold by Chevrolet for the model year. However, as the second gas crisis created demand for more fuel-efficient vehicles, GM was left with significant shortages of 4-cylinder engines, leaving some customers to wait several months to receive their vehicles. Before the fuel crisis, Chevrolet had anticipated 70% of customers purchasing the V6 engine option, leading to production lines unable to keep up with demand for four-cylinder models.

In an extended 1980 model year, Chevrolet would sell over 810,000 examples of the Citation; in addition to making for one of the most successful product launches in General Motors history, the Chevrolet Citation would become the best-selling car in the United States in 1980.

1981
For 1981, following its successful model launch, the only visible external change that the Citation received was a somewhat larger grid pattern for its front "eggcrate" grill and amber rear turn-signals. Otherwise there were no visible external changes. The two-door coupe was dropped from the model line (in response to slow sales) with all Citation models offered as hatchbacks. The X-11 model now offered a more powerful engine than other Citation models, including a 135 hp "high output" 2.8L V6.

In the compact market segment, the Citation and the rest of the GM X-car line saw the introduction of their closest competitor, the Dodge Aries/Plymouth Reliant (the Chrysler K-Cars). Marking the transition of front-wheel drive for Chrysler, the K-Cars offered notchback sedan and station wagon models that were unavailable in the Citation line.

The Citation was imported into Argentina from 1981 to 1982 due to the abandonment of General Motors in that country in 1978.

1982
For 1982, the Citation underwent a minor exterior revision, replacing the eggcrate grille with a horizontally-slatted design (similar to the Malibu). Multiple upgrades were phased in to improve both drivability and fuel economy, with the 2.5 L engine receiving fuel injection and low rolling-resistance tires were added to all Citations (including the X-11).

As a running change during the model year, the two-door Citation made its return after its temporary withdrawal.

During the model year, Chevrolet introduced two front-wheel drive model lines that would significantly affect demand for the Citation. Replacing the Monza, the J-body Chevrolet Cavalier subcompact offered its own coupe, hatchback, sedan, and station wagons configurations. Phased in to replace the Malibu, the A-body Chevrolet Celebrity was offered as a sedan and station wagon; technically a mid-size car, the Celebrity shared its chassis (including its wheelbase) with the Citation). This was also the year the first generation, front wheel drive Toyota Camry hatchback and sedan were introduced.

1983
For 1983, the model line saw few changes to the exterior, concentrating most updates on the interior. Coinciding with the introduction of the larger Celebrity, the full-width bench seat was deleted, with all examples receiving bucket seats with head restraints. In a smaller change, the dashboard underwent minor updates.

Originally offered only on the X-11, the "HO" V6 was offered for all vehicles.

1984
For 1984, the Citation was renamed the Citation II. While undergoing almost no visible changes outside of badging, the rebranding was intended to draw attention away from previous recalls and quality issues. All three body styles remained, along with the X-11.

For the first time, Citation sales increased over the previous year (though remaining under 100,000).

1985
For 1985, the Citation II saw several revisions in its final year of production. The two-door Citation II was discontinued, though the X-11 remained. The dashboard underwent a redesign with a horizontally-mounted radio and a new steering wheel. The 2.8 L HO engine became fuel injected (reducing output to 130 hp).

Powertrain
In addition to the X platform, GM also created a new line of engines for the Citation and its sisters. The 2.8 L LE2 V6 was the first of the 60°Family of engines. The X platform was used in 1982 as the basis for the new front-wheel drive A-body cars. The X platform was also the basis for the future L-body and N-body cars.

Citation X-11
Produced as a separate trim level, the Citation X-11 was a variant featuring cosmetic, chassis, and powertrain upgrades over the standard Citation. While less powerful than the Camaro Z28 (and later Monte Carlo SS), the Citation X-11 would also take over the role of the similarly sized Chevrolet Monza. The X-11 was offered throughout the production run of the Citation/Citation II, on the 3-door hatchback and 2-door "club coupe" (discontinued in 1981 and 1985).

In 1981, the Citation X-11 accelerated from 0–60 MPH in 8.5 seconds; the 1982–1984 version accelerated from 0–60 MPH in 9.2 seconds.

Chassis upgrades
At its 1980 launch, the chassis of the Citation X-11 was upgraded with front and rear stabilizer bars and a retuned sport suspension, which were kept throughout its production. In place of steel wheels, the X-11 featured 13-inch rallye rims with Goodyear P205/70R-13 white-letter tires. In 1981, the 13-inch wheels were replaced with 14-inch wheels with Goodyear Eagle GT P215/60 R14 radial tires. To upgrade handling, for 1982, the steering rack was relocated from the firewall to the subframe holding the engine and front suspension. The design change was intended to prevent subframe movement from affecting steering behavior.

For 1980, the X-11 offered only handling upgrades over a Citation, with the powertrain consisting of a 90 hp 2.5 L inline-4 and a 115 hp 2.8 L V6. Alongside the standard Citation, the X-11 was available with either a 4-speed overdrive manual transmission or a 3-speed automatic transmission (the only transmission available for 1985).

To aid acceleration, axle ratios of the X-11 were changed, alongside the transmission gearing. A taller first gear was intended to allow the X-11 to accelerate to 60 mph without shifting to third gear. For 1981, the X-11 was powered exclusively by a "high-output" version of the 2.8 L V6; a higher-performance dual-tip exhaust system raised output to 135 hp/165 lb-ft of torque. As before, the X-11 maintained separate final-drive ratios. In 1982, emissions regulations required a decrease in torque output, to 145 lb-ft (horsepower remained unchanged). This output remained the same through 1984. In 1985, the carbureted engine was replaced by a fuel-injected version of the 2.8 L V6 with output decreased to 130 hp/155 lb-ft of torque. In slightly different tuning, the Citation X-11 shared its powertrain with the Chevrolet Celebrity Eurosport, Pontiac 6000STE, and Pontiac Fiero.

Body upgrades
In 1980, the Citation X-11 shared most of its powertrain with the standard Citation, with the model being mostly a chassis and visual upgrade. Alongside the alloy wheels and tires, the X-11 featured a trunklid spoiler, sport mirrors, body skirting, and side striping. In 1981, to better distinguish the model from standard two-tone Citations, the side striping of the X-11 was replaced in favor of large "X-11" door graphic, which remained in use for the rest of its production. The model is best distinguished from a standard Citation by its use of a black grille (the only exterior chrome trim on a Citation II X-11 is the Chevrolet grille bowtie and trunklid badging). In 1981, a functional cowl-induction hood scoop was added. Under hard acceleration, a solenoid operated switch opened a flap that let in extra air.

While produced without the front bench seat seen in the launch of the Citation, the interior of the X-11 was most widely differentiated with the use of a sport steering wheel. The X-11 was produced with its own instrument panel, which featured a full set of engine gauges (6000 RPM tachometer for 1980, 7000 RPM tachometer for 1981–1985).

Racing
The SCCA classified the X-11 in Showroom Stock B class. Bob McConnell drove a 1981 X-11 to SSB National Championships in 1982 and 1984.

Reception
The Chevrolet Citation was awarded Motor Trend Car of the Year for 1980. In 2009, the editorial staff of Car and Driver criticized the 1980 Motor Trend decision (alongside several other vehicle awards ), citing poor build quality and mechanical reliability undeserving of such an award in hindsight.

Car and Driver, along with several other car magazines of the time, were duped when GM lent them specially modified versions of the X-body vehicles in which heavy torque steer had been engineered out (torque steer was a handling trait common to X-platform vehicles). Patrick Bedard of Car and Driver said that they were completely surprised by this when they drove a production version some time later. Like the other X-body cars, there were numerous reports of the Citation locking the rear wheels upon braking, causing loss of control and a crash.

Hagerty, an insurance company specializing in classic cars, notes that the X-car was "GM’s prime contender for one of the malaziest [sic] cars" of the Malaise era, a car that did "enormous damage to GM’s reputation, putting together a most unenviable record for recalls and poor quality control."

title: Chevrolet Citation


text:
Aerial Support to Regional Enforcement Agencies

ASTREA is an acronym for Aerial Support To Regional Enforcement Agencies, the air support unit of the San Diego County Sheriff's Department. ASTREA Base is located at Gillespie Field Airport in El Cajon, California.

History
1972 - ASTREA began operations with three Korean War-era Bell 47G helicopters based at Gillespie Field in El Cajon.

1997 - On February 16, Deputy Patrick "Pat" S. Coyle, 42, died after the ASTREA helicopter in which he and pilot Ron Hobson were flying crashed in Sycamore Canyon, northeast of Santee, California. His death marked the first fatality in the then 25-year history of the sheriff's air support unit.

2003 - Cedar Fire and Paradise Fire

2005 - ASTREA receives two refurbished Bell 205A-1++ "Super Huey" firefighting helicopters. These are the first two aircraft purchased for the new regional fire helicopter program the county started after the October 2003 wildfires. Both are single-engine, medium-lift copters equipped with 375 gallon underbelly water tanks. The helicopters arrived at Gillespie Field after a three-day, 2,000-mile flight from Eagle Copters of Calgary, Canada. They are designated Copter 10 and 12.

2008 - A new Bell 407 is acquired and equipped to support law enforcement and command and control missions.

2009 - ASTREA sells two of its Hughes 500Ds. (ASTREA 2 & 4) These will eventually be replaced with MD530Fs.

2010 - The only MD500E owned by ASTREA is converted to an MD530F, which is better suited for high altitude and hot weather operations.

2015 - ASTREA adds a Bell 407GX to the fleet (N972PC). On September 29, ASTREA receives a third Bell 205A-1. Like the first two, Copter 11 was rebuilt by Eagle Copters and flown from Calgary to El Cajon.

Aircraft
As of November 2023, ASTREA's fleet consists of 8 helicopters:

 * The 407 models can be equipped with a Bambi bucket for use in firefighting, while the Bell 205s and 412 have 375 gallon belly tanks already installed.


text: User talk:67.83.141.196

title: User talk:67.83.141.196


text:
Argyreia

Argyreia is a genus of plants in the family Convolvulaceae.

Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Argyreia:

 * Argyreia adpressa (Choisy) Boerl.
 * Argyreia akoensis  S.Z.Yang, P.H.Chen & Staples
 * Argyreia albiflora Staples & Traiperm
 * Argyreia androyensis Deroin
 * Argyreia ankylophlebia Traiperm & Staples
 * Argyreia apoensis (Elmer) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia arakuensis N.P.Balakr.
 * Argyreia argentea (Roxb.) Sweet
 * Argyreia atropurpurea (Wall.) Raizada
 * Argyreia baoshanensis S.H.Huang
 * Argyreia barbata (Wall.) Raizada
 * Argyreia barbigera Choisy
 * Argyreia barnesii (Merr.) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia baronii Deroin
 * Argyreia bella (C.B.Clarke) Raizada
 * Argyreia bifrons Ooststr.
 * Argyreia boholensis (Merr.) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia boseana Santapau & Patel
 * Argyreia bracteata Choisy
 * Argyreia bracteosa (C.B.Clarke) Raizada
 * Argyreia breviscapa (Kerr) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia caudata Ooststr.
 * Argyreia celebica Ooststr.
 * Argyreia cheliensis C.Y.Wu
 * Argyreia cinerea Ooststr.
 * Argyreia coacta (C.B.Clarke) Alston
 * Argyreia collinsiae (Craib) Na Songkhla & Traiperm
 * Argyreia confusa (Prain) Thoth.
 * Argyreia congesta Ooststr.
 * Argyreia coonoorensis W.W.Sm. & Ramaswami
 * Argyreia corneri Hoogland
 * Argyreia crispa Ooststr.
 * Argyreia cucullata Ooststr.
 * Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker Gawl.
 * Argyreia cymosa (Roxb.) Sweet
 * Argyreia daltonii C.B.Clarke
 * Argyreia discolor Ooststr.
 * Argyreia dokmaihom Traiperm & Staples
 * Argyreia elliptica (Roth) Choisy
 * Argyreia elongata Forman
 * Argyreia erinacea Ooststr.
 * Argyreia eriocephala C.Y.Wu
 * Argyreia formosana Ishig. ex T.Yamaz.
 * Argyreia fulgens Choisy
 * Argyreia fulvocymosa C.Y.Wu
 * Argyreia fulvovillosa C.Y.Wu & S.H.Huang
 * Argyreia glabra Choisy
 * Argyreia hancorniifolia Gardner ex Thwaites
 * Argyreia henryi (Craib) Craib
 * Argyreia hirsuta Wight & Arn.
 * Argyreia hirsutissima (C.B.Clarke) Thoth.
 * Argyreia hookeri C.B.Clarke
 * Argyreia hylophila (Kerr) Staples & Traiperm
 * Argyreia inaequisepala Traiperm & Staples
 * Argyreia involucrata C.B.Clarke
 * Argyreia ionantha (Kerr) Khunwasi & Traiperm
 * Argyreia kerrii Craib
 * Argyreia kleiniana (Schult.) Raizada
 * Argyreia kondaparthiensis P.Daniel & Vajr.
 * Argyreia kunstleri (Prain) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia kurzii (C.B.Clarke) Boerl.
 * Argyreia lamii Ooststr.
 * Argyreia lanceolata Choisy
 * Argyreia laotica Gagnep.
 * Argyreia lawii C.B.Clarke
 * Argyreia leschenaultii Choisy
 * Argyreia leucantha Traiperm & Staples
 * Argyreia linggaensis Ooststr.
 * Argyreia longifolia (Collett & Hemsl.) Raizada
 * Argyreia longipes (Gagnep.) Traiperm & Staples
 * Argyreia luzonensis (Hallier f.) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia maingayi (C.B.Clarke) Hoogland
 * Argyreia marlipoensis C.Y.Wu & S.H.Huang
 * Argyreia mastersii (Prain) Raizada
 * Argyreia maymyensis (Lace) Raizada
 * Argyreia mekongensis Gagnep. & Courchet
 * Argyreia melvillei (S.Moore) Staples
 * Argyreia micrantha Ooststr.
 * Argyreia mollis (Burm.f.) Choisy
 * Argyreia monglaensis C.Y.Wu & S.H.Huang
 * Argyreia monosperma C.Y.Wu
 * Argyreia nana (Collett & Hemsl.) S.Shalini, Lakshmin. & D.Maity
 * Argyreia nellygherya Choisy
 * Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer
 * Argyreia nitida (Desr.) Choisy
 * Argyreia nuda Ooststr.
 * Argyreia oblongifolia Ooststr.
 * Argyreia obtusifolia Lour.
 * Argyreia onilahiensis Deroin
 * Argyreia ooststroomii Hoogland
 * Argyreia osyrensis (Roth) Choisy
 * Argyreia paivae A.R.Simões & P.Silveira
 * Argyreia pallida Choisy
 * Argyreia parviflora (Ridl.) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia paucinervia Ooststr.
 * Argyreia pedicellata Ooststr.
 * Argyreia penangiana (Choisy) Boerl.
 * Argyreia philippinensis (Merr.) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia pierreana Bois
 * Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn.
 * Argyreia popahensis (Collett & Hemsl.) Staples
 * Argyreia pseudorubicunda Ooststr.
 * Argyreia reinwardtiana (Blume) Miq.
 * Argyreia reticulata (Prain) Hoogland
 * Argyreia ridleyi (Prain) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia robinsonii (Ridl.) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia roseopurpurea (Kerr) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia roxburghii (Sweet) Choisy
 * Argyreia rubicunda Choisy
 * Argyreia samarensis Ooststr.
 * Argyreia scortechinii (Prain) Prain ex Hoogl.
 * Argyreia sericea Dalzell & A.Gibson
 * Argyreia setosa (Roxb.) Sweet
 * Argyreia sharatchanderji
 * Argyreia siamensis (Craib) Staples
 * Argyreia sikkimensis  C.B.Clarke) Ooststr.
 * Argyreia sorsogonensis Ooststr. ex Staples & Traiperm
 * Argyreia sphaerocephala (Prain) Prain ex Hoogl.
 * Argyreia splendens (Hornem.) Sweet
 * Argyreia srinivasanii Subba Rao & Kumari
 * Argyreia stenophylla (Kerr) Staples & Traiperm
 * Argyreia strigillosa C.Y.Wu
 * Argyreia suddeeana Traiperm & Staples
 * Argyreia sumbawana Ooststr.
 * Argyreia thomsonii (C.B.Clarke) Babu
 * Argyreia thorelii Gagnep.
 * Argyreia thwaitesii (C.B.Clarke) D.F.Austin
 * Argyreia tomentosa Choisy
 * Argyreia vahibora Deroin
 * Argyreia variabilis Traiperm & Staples
 * Argyreia velutina C.Y.Wu
 * Argyreia venusta Choisy
 * Argyreia versicolor (Kerr) Staples & Traiperm
 * Argyreia wallichii Choisy
 * Argyreia walshae Ooststr.
 * Argyreia zeylanica (Gaertn.) Voigt

title: Argyreia


text:
User:Poroubalous

Sandboxes and links
http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr114sa2l.pdf

 * /Sandbox
 * /Sandbox2

Education

 * Beaumont High School (St. Louis, Missouri)
 * Central High School (St. Louis, Missouri)
 * Cleveland High School (St. Louis, Missouri)
 * McKinley High School (St. Louis, Missouri)
 * Metro Academic and Classical High School
 * Rockwood Summit High School
 * Roosevelt High School (St. Louis, Missouri)
 * Soldan International Studies High School
 * Vashon High School
 * St. Louis Public Schools
 * Education in Greater St. Louis
 * Education in St. Louis, Missouri
 * Template:St. Louis Metro Area High Schools

Buildings, places, people, etc.

 * 1907 Dorris Motor Car Company Building
 * Basilica of St. Louis, King of France
 * Bell Telephone Building (St. Louis, Missouri)
 * Burning of Francis McIntosh
 * Casa Alvarez
 * Chase Park Plaza Hotel
 * Chatillon-DeMenil House
 * Chinatown, St. Louis
 * Chuck Berry House
 * Emmanuel DeHodiamont House
 * Forest Park (St. Louis, Missouri)
 * Grand Avenue Water Tower
 * Great Forest Park Balloon Race
 * Homer G. Phillips Hospital
 * Pevely Dairy Company Plant
 * Rene Auguste Chouteau
 * St. Louis Auto Show
 * St. Louis Public Library
 * Wainwright Tomb
 * Willys-Overland Building

Core topics

 * Crime in St. Louis, Missouri
 * Culture of St. Louis, Missouri
 * Greater St. Louis
 * Landmarks of St. Louis, Missouri
 * List of hospitals in St. Louis
 * List of high schools in Greater St. Louis
 * List of colleges and universities in Greater St. Louis
 * History of St. Louis, Missouri
 * History of St. Louis, Missouri before 1762
 * History of St. Louis, Missouri (1763-1803)
 * History of St. Louis, Missouri (1804-1865)
 * History of St. Louis, Missouri (1866-1904)
 * History of St. Louis, Missouri (1905-1980)
 * History of St. Louis, Missouri (1981-present)
 * Streetcars in St. Louis, Missouri
 * St. Louis, Missouri
 * Transportation in Greater St. Louis
 * Transportation in St. Louis, Missouri

Missouri-related

 * Fort Carondelet
 * History of Missouri
 * Joshua Pilcher
 * Manuel Lisa
 * Missouri Fur Company

Miscellany

 * Alpen (food)
 * Blind Lemon Jefferson discography
 * Cheerios
 * Kix_(cereal)
 * List of athletes on Wheaties boxes
 * Sitting Bull
 * Wheaties

title: User:Poroubalous


text:
Prime lens

In film and photography, a prime lens is a fixed focal length photographic lens (as opposed to a zoom lens), typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2. The term can also mean the primary lens in a combination lens system. Confusion between these two meanings can occur without clarifying context. Alternate terms, such as primary focal length, fixed focal length, or FFL are sometimes used to avoid ambiguity.

As alternative to zoom lens
The term prime has come to mean the opposite of zoom—a fixed-focal-length, or unifocal lens.

While a prime lens of a given focal length is less versatile than a zoom lens, it is often of superior optical quality, wider maximum aperture, lighter weight, and smaller size. These advantages stem from having fewer moving parts, optical elements optimized for one particular focal length, and a less complicated lens formula that creates fewer optical aberration issues. Larger maximum aperture (smaller f-number) facilitates photography in lower light, and a shallower depth of field.

A normal lens or "normal prime" is a lens with a focal length about equal to the diagonal size of the film or sensor format, or that reproduces perspective that generally looks "natural" to a human observer under normal viewing conditions.

Traditional meaning as primary lens
The older, original meaning of prime lens is the main lens in a combination lens system. When the camera lens is used with some other optical device, such as a close-up lens, teleconverter, or teleside converter, the camera lens itself is properly called the prime lens. Prime is here used in the sense of primary, chief, original, first in order, etc.

Lens manufacturers such as ARRI Media, ISCO Precision Optics, Schneider, Carl Zeiss AG, Canon and others still make variable focal length cine and video lenses regularly catalogued as variable prime lenses. A variable prime is sometimes distinguished from a "true zoom" in that the latter maintains focus as the focal length is varied.

This use of the term "prime lens" is an example of a retronym. Early in photography only primary camera lenses were available, and were merely called "lenses" or "objectives". Later, "auxiliary" lenses were available, which usually fit in front of the front element of the primary, or "prime" lens.

Popular focal lengths
Many lens manufacturers produce or produced prime lenses at or near the following focal lengths: 20mm, 24mm, 28mm, 35mm, 40mm, 50mm, 85mm, 105mm, 135mm, 200mm, 300mm, 400mm, and 600mm. For these lengths many manufacturers produce two or more lenses with the same focal length but with different maximum apertures to suit the different needs of photographers. Additional focal lengths can be created by using a teleconverter.

For 35 mm film and full frame digital cameras (in which the image area is 36 by 24 millimeters) prime lenses can be categorized by focal length as follows:

 * 12 to 21 mm: Ultra-Wide — usually used at very close subject distances to produce a perspective that provides a dramatic, often extreme image that distorts a scene’s natural proportions
 * 24 to 35 mm: Wide — capture a wider field of view than a standard lens, at shorter distances, the perspective can show distortion
 * 50 mm: Standard — a focal length near the 44mm image diagonal and a perspective similar to human vision
 * 85 mm: Portrait — short telephoto lens that accommodates a longer subject to camera distance for pleasing perspective effects and useful image framing
 * 135 mm: Telephoto — used, for example, by action and sports photographers to capture faraway objects
 * 200 to 500 mm: Super Telephoto — specialized, bulky lenses typically used in sports, action, and wildlife photography

Specialist lenses
Some specialist lenses are only available as prime lenses due to design or cost constraints. Examples of such specialist lenses are: extreme telephoto or wide angle, lenses with tilt or shift function, lenses with large apertures and macro lenses.

title: Prime lens


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Stonehenge Free Festival

The Stonehenge Free Festival was a British free festival from 1974 to 1984 held at the prehistoric monument Stonehenge in England during the month of June, and culminating with the summer solstice on or near 21 June. It emerged as the major free festival in the calendar after the violent suppression of the Windsor Free Festival in August 1974, with Wally Hope providing the impetus for its founding, and was itself violently suppressed in 1985 in the Battle of the Beanfield, with no free festival held at Stonehenge since although people have been allowed to gather at the stones again for the solstice since 1999.

By the 1980s, the festival had grown to be a major event, attracting up to 30,000 people in 1984. The festival attendees were branded as hippies by the British press. This, along with the open drug use and sale, contributed to the increase in restrictions on access to Stonehenge, and fences were erected around the stones in 1977. The same year, police resurrected a moribund law against driving over grassland in order to levy fines against festival goers in motorised transport. By 1984 police–festival relations were relaxed with only a nominal police presence required.

Bands
The festival was a celebration of various alternative cultures. The Tibetan Ukrainian Mountain Troupe, The Tepee People, Circus Normal, the Peace Convoy, New Age Travellers and the Wallys were notable counterculture attendees.

The stage hosted many bands including Hawkwind, Zorch, Poison Girls, Doctor and the Medics, Flux of Pink Indians, Buster Blood Vessel, Omega Tribe, Killing Joke, The Selecter, Dexys Midnight Runners, Thompson Twins, Bronz, The Raincoats, The 101ers, Jeremy Spencer & the Children of God, Brent Black Music Co-op, Killerhertz, Mournblade, Amazulu, Wishbone Ash, Man, Benjamin Zephaniah, Inner City Unit, Here and Now, Cardiacs, The Enid, Roy Harper, Jimmy Page, Ted Chippington, Ozric Tentacles, Solstice and Vince Pie and the Crumbs, who all played for free.

title: Stonehenge Free Festival


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Vert (sport)

Vert is a term used in extreme sports especially vert skating, vert skateboarding, snowboarding and BMX to denote a competition held on a vert ramp which allows the competitors to fly into the air and land back on the ramp. This time in the air allows the competitor to perform moves which would otherwise be extremely difficult. An example of this would be a flip, or a spin.

The term itself comes from the word "vertical," the direction in which the competitor is moving after leaving the ramp.

Ramps used in these events are usually vert ramps.

Outside of competitions, the term vert is not normally used. Instead, the specific type of ramp is denoted. So instead of saying "I am going to go ride vert," one might say "I am going to go ride a half-pipe." However, it would be correct to say "in competitions, I usually ride vert," in order to differentiate from other forms of competition (such as freestyle, park or street).

ESPN's X Games initially eliminated vert from its 2008 competition, due to declining ratings over the last few years, but because of a proposed boycott of the "Big Air" event, mainly by the professional skateboarders, it was reinstated.

title: Vert (sport)