text:
BBL

BBL may refer to:

Banks

 * Bank Bruxelles Lambert, a Belgian bank, now merged into ING Group
 * Bangkok Bank, a Thai commercial bank (Stock symbol: BBL)

Science and medicine

 * Benthic boundary layer, the layer of water at the bottom of a body of water
 * Bird Banding Laboratory
 * Brazilian butt lift, a form of buttock augmentation using autologous fat injection

Sports and pastimes

 * Big Bash League, an Australian Twenty20 cricket tournament
 * Baltic Basketball League
 * Basketball Bundesliga
 * British Basketball League
 * Budweiser Basketball League, in which the BBL Championship was known as from 1993 to 1999
 * British Bridge League

Transport

 * Ballera Airport, IATA airport code "BBL"
 * Bat & Ball railway station, Kent, England, National Rail station code "BBL"

Other

 * Bangsamoro Basic Law
 * Bats language (ISO-639-3-Code)
 * BBL Pipeline from the Netherlands to England
 * Borough, Block and Lot, New York City real estate identifier
 * British Brothers' League, an anti-immigration organisation, 1901–1923
 * Bubble Gang, a Philippine comedy show known on-air as BBLGANG or simply BBL since 2023
 * BBL Drizzy, an instrumental track created by American producer Metro Boomin

bbl can refer to:
 * abbreviation for a barrel (unit)
 * abbreviation for automotive carburetor barrels
 * acronym for "be back later", used mainly in electronic communication
 * filename extension produced by BibTeX

title: BBL


text:
Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort

The Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort, commonly known as Fallsview Casino, is a resort casino in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. It opened publicly on June 10, 2004. The $1 billion complex overlooks the Horseshoe Falls and is one of the most prominent features of the Niagara skyline. The complex is owned by the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation and operated by Mohegan Gaming and Entertainment.

History
Planning began in February 1998 – Falls Management Group L.C. selected to develop new casino resort. The casino was built on a site that was once the transformer station building for the Ontario Power Company at the foot of Horseshoe Falls. Prior to the casino's construction, the site was also occupied by the Canadian Pacific Railway Montrose Subdivision.

Construction began in 2001 and the resort opened on June 10, 2004.

On June 11, 2019, the day-to-day operations of Fallsview and Casino Niagara were assumed by Mohegan Gaming and Entertainment–an affiliate of the Mohegan Tribe, and owner of the Mohegan Sun in Uncasville, Connecticut—under a 21-year agreement with OLG. It marked the company's first Canadian properties.

In August 2022, the resort opened a new 5,000-seat concert hall, branded as the OLG Stage. The $130 million hall was originally scheduled to open in 2020, but its opening was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and all other shows scheduled for it were either cancelled or moved to the existing Avalon Theatre until the venue could be finalized.

Beginning with its 2022 revival, Citytv has filmed its reality competition series Canada's Got Talent at the Fallsview, with the second season filmed entirely at the Avalon Theatre, and its third moving to the OLG Stage.

Grounds
The casino resort complex takes up 2500000 sqft. The resort includes a 200000 sqft casino that holds over 130 gaming tables, including poker tables; and over 3,500 slot machines. Additionally, the resort includes 18 restaurant, a shopping centre with 30 shops, one nightclub, a 15000 sqft fitness spa, and a hotel with 372 rooms and suites.

The resort includes two performance venues, the 1,500-seat Avalon Theatre, and the 5,000-seat OLG Stage.

The east façade of the complex retains the walls of the terrace and front entrance of the transformer station built in 1904. The area where the transformers resided is now the Grand Hall convention halls.

At the main entrance is a water feature called 'The Teslatron'. In its first few years of operation, it held night screenings with sound and lighting, but that has stopped in the last few years. At street level there is a fountain that varies its height with the wind so as not to wet pedestrians and passing cars. The resort also includes a parking lot with 3,000 spaces.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort


text:
40th Street–Lowery Street station

The 40th Street–Lowery Street station (announced as simply 40th Street station on trains) is a local station on the IRT Flushing Line of the New York City Subway. It is served by the 7 local train at all times.

Early history
The 1913 Dual Contracts called for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) to build new lines in Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. Queens did not receive many new IRT and BRT lines compared to Brooklyn and the Bronx, since the city's Public Service Commission (PSC) wanted to alleviate subway crowding in the other two boroughs first before building in Queens, which was relatively undeveloped. The IRT Flushing Line was to be one of two Dual Contracts lines in the borough, along with the Astoria Line; it would connect Flushing and Long Island City, two of Queens' oldest settlements, to Manhattan via the Steinway Tunnel. When the majority of the line was built in the early 1910s, most of the route went through undeveloped land, and Roosevelt Avenue had not been constructed. Community leaders advocated for more Dual Contracts lines to be built in Queens to allow development there.

The Flushing Line was opened from Queensboro Plaza to Alburtis Avenue (now 103rd Street–Corona Plaza) on April 21, 1917, with a local station at 40th Street.

Later years
The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. The IRT routes were given numbered designations in 1948 with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The route from Times Square to Flushing became known as the 7. On October 17, 1949, the joint BMT/IRT operation of the Flushing Line ended, and the line became the responsibility of the IRT. After the end of BMT/IRT dual service, the New York City Board of Transportation announced that the Flushing Line platforms would be lengthened to 11 IRT car lengths; the platforms were only able to fit nine 51-foot-long IRT cars beforehand. The platforms at the station were extended in 1955–1956 to accommodate 11-car trains. However, nine-car trains continued to run on the 7 route until 1962, when they were extended to ten cars. With the opening of the 1964 New York World's Fair, trains were lengthened to eleven cars.

The present-day 33rd, 40th, and 46th Streets were originally respectively known as Rawson, Lowery, and Bliss Streets until the 1930s, when they were given numbered street names. To avoid confusion, the 33rd Street–Rawson Street, 40th Street–Lowery Street, and 46th Street–Bliss Street stations displayed both the new and old names of the respective street. Since a New York City Transit Authority rule prohibited subway stations from being named after nonexistent streets, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) removed the old names of each street from station signs and subway maps in 1998. Local residents opposed the renaming and unsuccessfully attempted to persuade the MTA to restore the old names. The New York City Council passed a law in July 2003, giving both the old and new names to all three streets; after new street signs were installed in September 2003, the MTA agreed to restore the old names of each station.

Station layout

The station has two side platforms and three tracks. The center track is used by peak-direction <7> express trains during rush hours.

The 1999 artwork featured at the station is called Q is for Queens by Yumi Heo.

Exit
The exit is under the tracks in the median of Queens Boulevard. The exit is at 40th Street with two stairs from each platform. Since fare control is on different sides of the exit, there is no free transfer between directions, although the station's layout could allow one. This makes the station one of only two stations along the 7 (the other being Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue) to not have a crossover or crossunder, as well as the only elevated station on the line that does not allow for free transfers between directions.

title: 40th Street–Lowery Street station


text:
User talk:Tribe

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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Dock boggs
I noticed you've got a Dock Boggs page and a Dock boggs page. I assume since you've blanked the one w/ the lower case boggs, that it was a typo. It is listed in the Orphaned Pages list, so I've marked it for deletion... --VikÞor 07:14, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Yes...I didn't know how to get rid of Dock boggs once I created it with an obvious typo. Thanks for helping to get rid of it. --Tribe 14:56, Aug 21, 2004 (UTC)

Boxer pup photo
Cute photo! You've got it listed as "fair use" (that would be ), and wikipedia is trying to use only photos that have free distribution licenses, such as the same GFDL under which the text of all the pages is licensed. So if it's really only fair use, that means that its redistribution is limited and we'd try to avoid using it. So you might want to consider changing it to. That's what I use for the photos I put up; I'm not by any means an expert on copyrights, though. Thanks. Meanwhile, I've commented out the photo in List of images/Nature/Animals/Dogs because that's a page for free-distribution (public domain or GFDL or equiv) photos. If you decide to change the license, the page alignment is easy for me to fix. Thanks. Elf | Talk 04:36, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This photo is now GFDL. Feel free to use as you see fit. He's now going on six months and is about three times the size from when the photo was taken.Tribe 05:31, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Elf | Talk 06:13, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I cropped it down and reloaded the file under the more descriptive name Image:BoxerPuppyCash.jpg. (Oh, yeah--it's amazing how quickly puppies grow--and how large!) Elf | Talk 06:31, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for your help.Tribe 06:43, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

you might want to check this
I Was looking up some stuff on boxer pups and came across your pic of the 3 month old boxer pup he is a very nice dog. However i had already seen the the same pic being advertised for dogs for sale on an irish website called http://www.donedeal.ie/donedeal/classifieds/view.jsp?cid=781015. I would like to know who the real owner is as i was thinking of buying a dog off this lady. Thanks D —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.42.8.0 (talk) 12:37, 4 March 2007 (UTC).

Sorry about the "tribe"
As a bumper-stickered Twins fan, it was really hard for me to cheer for the Indians. However, my three favorite teams are: in order:  1. The Twins. 2. Whoever is playing the Yankees. 3. Whoever is playing the Red Sox. So, as a rule, I did cheer for the drumbeaters and the Central Division. As such, I was really disappointed in last night's game. The Indians deserve to be in there! Hope you are taking it well. BTW, I found you on a random search. Keeper |  76  22:53, 22 October 2007 (UTC)  ps. Go Rockies!

Thanks for the expressions of sympathy. I'm over it, but I still wonder why I invest so much emotion in baseball. Alas. Tribe 21:09, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:NLCRA Tag.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:NLCRA Tag.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Stifle (talk) 16:39, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (File:NLCRA Tag.jpg)
 Thanks for uploading File:NLCRA Tag.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Aspects (talk) 19:14, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Dockboggs.gif
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Dockboggs.gif. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. The Evil IP address (talk) 09:17, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of List of Criterion Collection DVD and Blu-ray releases for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of Criterion Collection DVD and Blu-ray releases is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of Criterion Collection DVD and Blu-ray releases until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. -- wooden superman  12:30, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of List of Criterion Collection releases (2nd nomination) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of Criterion Collection releases (2nd nomination) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of Criterion Collection releases (2nd nomination) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Jovian Eclipse 14:25, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tribe


text:
User:Anville

''You're wrong. I'm right.''

And that won't change, not even if we fight!

—Mary Prankster, "Tell Your Friends (Part Deux)"

In his short story "Entropy", Thomas Pynchon uses the phrase grippe espagnole to refer to a sort of spiritual malaise, a weariness of war and world. He got the term out of some liner notes he'd read, specifically, for a recording of Igor Stravinsky's L'Histoire du Soldat. Later, he found out that the term actually means what the words say, Spanish flu. "The lesson here," he wrote, "obvious but now and then overlooked, is just to corroborate one's data, in particular those acquired casually, such as through hearsay or off the backs of record albums." And in case this doesn't sound germane, he goes on, "We have, after all, recently moved into an era when, at least in principle, everybody can share an inconceivably enormous amount of information, just by stroking a few keys on a terminal. There are no longer any excuses for small stupid mistakes, and I hope this also leads to much more inhibition about stealing data on the chance that no one will catch it" (introduction to Slow Learner, 1984).

Now we have learned that the senders have to be just as careful as the receivers. Who would ever have figured that?

I had some fun working on the following topics.

Worse than Userboxes

In the spirit of giving, I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Anville


text:
User:MrPC

Mr Peter Cook

Queanbeyan 2620

Interests

 * Public Transport
 * Public Transport Users Association
 * Peak Oil

title: User:MrPC


text:
Talk:Toeplitz matrix

Are Toeplitz matrices always square?
Are Toeplitz matrices always square? According to my experience, they are not always square. Right now I don't have any references at hand so I can't check it, but I'll try to remember to check that later. --Tbackstr 19:05, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Regarding the squareness of toeplitz matrices. I'm not a mathematician, so I can't tell you if whether or not they must be square, but in the definition in the article, the diagram following the line "Any mxn matrix A of the form" seems to indicate that m is both the column and row dimension (same with n) since both the first column and last row begin (end) at a0 and end (begin) at a(m-1). A similar condition exists for n. Therefore it would seem that the definition limits toeplitz matrices to be square, yet insinuates that they need not be square by using different terms for its dimensions (mxn) instead of (nxn). Could someone with more knowledge of this issue please clarify this? Thanks, anon. Jul 12 2006

We can extend the definition of Toeplitz matrix to nonsquare ones by simply chop off some columns or rows on any side. But for simplicity, it is good enough to focus on square ones. --Wei Zhou 17:05, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Toeplitz matrices are by definition square! Citing the first sentence of "Toeplitz and Circulant Matrices: A review" by Robert M. Gray: "A Toeplitz matrix is an n × n matrix..." I propose to rewrite the full article. There should be a more natural approach in section "Properties" and "Notes". Would start with stating some mathematical properties like (mainly based on Gray's nice review): inverse of Toeplitz matrices, asymptotic behaviour, trace, determinant and furthermore, what I just added regarding the commutator. I.e. the very strong statement that all Toeplitz matrices commute in infinite dimensions and that the basis in which they are diagonal is also known asymptotically. For this one needs to add a section to the circulant matrix article. Would also also propose to add this section, based on a section of "Introduction to Statistical Time Series" by Wayne A. Fuller, 1996. (Hellrazor4ever (talk) 17:39, 17 July 2009 (UTC))

Toeplitz matrices don't have to be square. Am MxN covolution matrix is Toeplitz, too. We mainly talk about the square case partly because covariance matrices are common and important. By the way, square Toeplitz matrices have excellent properties such as: they can be asymptotically diagonalized by DFT matrices. --User:ScarOfSky 16:32, 23 Dec 2006 (UTC+8)

please include nonsquare Toeplitz matrices, since the convolution section of this page uses nonsquare Toeplitz matrices Jms nh (talk) 19:14, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

O(n) addition?
How is it possible to add two Toeplitz matrices in O(n) time (assume square n x n matrix)? I think there is an implicit storage assumption that only n numbers are stored (one per diagonal), not the full matrix. State this (in article) more clearly? "Toeplitz matrices require less storage space ..." Then O(n) results from addition of two vectors. Same comment about storage for multiplication, inversion. 65.242.144.24 18:15, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Diagonalization
Toeplitz matrices are NOT diagonalized by the DFT matrix, circulant matrices are. This is a huge mistake. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.178.252.238 (talk) 18:39, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

I would like the correct citation of the linked pdf.

Using Toeplitz Matrices
I would think that the formulation of convolution as matrix multiplication involving Toeplitz matrix might be useful. The following text can come under notes section

-- start text ---

Typical operations like convolution can be constructed as a matrix multiplication, where one of the inputs is converted into a Toeplitz matrix. For example, the convolution of $$ x $$ and $$h $$ can be formulated as:

$$\begin{matrix}y & = & x \ast h \\ & = & \begin{bmatrix}h_1\\h_2 \\h_3\\ \vdots \\ h_{m-1} \\h_m \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x_1 & x_2 & x_3 & \ldots & x_n & 0 & 0 & 0& \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & x_1 & x_2 & x_3 & \ldots & x_n & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & x_1 & x_2 & x_3 & \ldots & x_n & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ldots & \vdots & \vdots  & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & x_1 & \ldots & x_{n-2} & x_{n-1} & x_{n} & 0 \\  0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & x_1 & \ldots & x_{n-2} & x_{n-1} & x_{n} \\ \end{bmatrix}                   \end{matrix} $$.

This approach can be extended to compute autocorrelation, cross correlation, moving average sum etc.

-- end text ---

Matlab code and additional information is provided in the blog dsplog.

Kindly advise.

Beetelbug 04:39, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

I think that there's a mistake in the convolution example. From the fifth row you can see that h has m-1 columns while x has n rows. Nobody said n should be equale to m-1 so the dimensions for matrix multiplication are invalid.

Erez —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.199.104.198 (talk) 11:25, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

=Special Case: Real Tridiagonal= In the case of a tridiagonal structure with real elements the eigenvalues and eigenvectors can be derived explicity as

\begin{align} \lambda_k &= a_0 + 2 \sqrt{a_1 a_{-1}} \cos \left( \frac{\pi k}{n+1} \right) \\ v^k &= \left(     \left( \frac{a_1}{a_{-1}} \right)^{1/2} \sin \left( \frac{1 \pi k}{n+1} \right)   , \ldots ,     \left( \frac{a_1}{a_{-1}} \right)^{n/2} \sin \left( \frac{n \pi k}{n+1} \right)   \right)^T \,. \end{align} $$

(Copied from https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridiagonal-Toeplitz-Matrix. HerrHartmuth (talk) 10:02, 7 August 2019 (UTC) )

 * Hmm. Seems to be a funny form of what you'd see from a clock and shift matrix approach. Vaguely reminiscent of expressions derived from the minimal polynomial of 2cos(2pi/n). Worth explaining the precise connection. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 01:41, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toeplitz matrix


text:
User talk:VikOlliver

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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RepRap
Hi Vik. As someone who knows Adrian Bowyer (and am a big fan of RepRap), I just thought it might be worth mentioning the project and your involvement on your main user page...? CharlesC 15:31, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Will do. Vik :v) 03:19, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Biodiesel
Hi, thanks for your edits on biodiesel, but what you added did not actually refer to biodiesel, and was more in regards to fuel tax issues anyway. Vegetable oil + methanol does not equal biodiesel without specific processing. Keep participating and join the conversation on the talk page, we need your help. - Taxman 22:27, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

hi there, thanks for your inputs ont he Huia page. was wondering if you could tell me where you got the info that the call of the Huia still exists as a recording? Goldfinger820 04:39, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for that mate, will try and check this out more as I have'nt heard it myself but I do know that imitations of the call exist. cheers Goldfinger820 03:47, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Burmese Colours
Hi, I just came accross your photo Image:Burmese chocolate cat.jpg on the Burmese article. Is it your cat? We have two 1 year old Burmese cats. One of them looks excatly like your photo, and I have always wondered what the deascription for the colour is. I thought chocolate was the darker coloured variety. Our other cat is a bit lighter coloured and is more lilac coloured on his face. --Martyman- (talk) 00:26, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Yup, that's one of mine. I have 6 cats: 2 Burmese chocolate, 1 lilac, a ginger cream and a red as well as a Mandalay (Burmese/Abasynian cross). Sadly, I lost 3 others over the last year.

Vik :v) 03:17, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedians in New Zealand
Hi, You might want to consider adding User NZ res to the top of your user page, which will add you to this category automatically and also add a nice graphic. Onco_p53 22:31, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Ta. Done that. Vik :v) 03:19, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Auckland meetup
Just to let you know that a meetup is planned in Auckland for the 25th of June (see Meetup/Auckland for more details), and that you are cordially invited. GeorgeStepanek\talk 00:21, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Auckland Meetup 2 Scheduled - Feb 10 2007
You are all invited to Auckland Meetup 2 on the afternoon of Saturday February 10th 2007 at Galbraith's Ale House in Mt Eden. Please see Meetup/Auckland 2 for details. You can also bookmark Meetup/Auckland to be informed of future NZ meetups. - SimonLyall 05:47, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Meetup
Hey, I noticed you attended or planned to attend one of the previous auckland meetups, and I am notifying people we are planning another one on 11th August. See the meetup page for more information, or to say if you are coming. Thanks! Matt/TheFearow (Talk) (Contribs) (Bot) 02:03, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called VikOlliver. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name VikOlliver~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:19, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:Improvised caltrop.jpg
Hi, This image was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices, Thank you.

However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. You can also add  to the Media by uploader or Presumed self tag(s) if  present to indicate that you've acknowledged the image, and license shown (and updated the information where appropriate).

IF you have other uploads, please consider "claiming" them in a similar manner, You can find a list of files you have created [ here].

This will assist those reviewing the many many "free" images on commons that have not yet been transferred to Commons. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 16:03, 14 August 2016 (UTC)

Your edits to the Ngaruawahia page
As you know, the question of when/whether/how to note macrons (when they appear in the Maori-language spellings of NZ place names) is controversial; if you haven't done so already, please read the long discussion on the "Wikipedia:New Zealand Wikipedians' notice board" page. The current policy (because "en.wikipedia.org" is the English-language Wikipedia; note that there are also Wikipedias for other languages, including Te Reo) is to use the common English name; see WP:COMMONNAME. In this case, the common name in English is definitely "Ngaruawahia" (as you can clearly see if you drive through the town, looking at the names of all of the businesses there). Nonetheless, the Maori-language spelling "Ngāruawāhia" is noted as well. Please understand that this is not "disrespectful" or "racist"; it's just noting the spelling that people are most likely to see/use/search for in English. Ross Finlayson (talk) 02:44, 23 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Also, I notice that you mentioned the Wikipedia page on "Diacritical marks". The important section here, however, is "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Diacritical_marks#Places" - i.e., the "Places" section, where it says: "An established anglicized name is preferred (even if it merely drops the diacritical marks)."  (This is also in line with WP:COMMONNAME.) Ross Finlayson (talk) 03:05, 23 July 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Improvised caltrop.jpg

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Lottie Shackelford

Lottie H. Shackelford (born April 30, 1941) is an American politician who in 1987 was the first woman appointed Mayor of Little Rock, Arkansas. In 1993, President Bill Clinton appointed her to the Board of Directors of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), making her the first African-American woman to serve in that role. She also is the longest serving Vice Chair of the Democratic National Committee (DNC), having held the office for 20 years.

Education
Shackelford received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration from Philander Smith College in Little Rock, Arkansas. She was a Senior Fellow at the Arkansas Institute of Politics and a fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

Career
Shackelford's political career began in 1978, when she was elected to the Board of Directors for the City of Little Rock, Arkansas. She was re-elected citywide three times before becoming the city's first woman Mayor. During her tenure in local government, Shackelford directed liaison activities for minority businesses and held leadership positions at the National League of Cities. She also presented papers on local government, economic development, and electoral politics nationally and internationally, and led economic trade missions and conducted lecture tours in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

For the past several decades, Shackelford has worked with the Democratic Party at the state and national level. She served as Secretary, Vice Chair, and Chair of the Arkansas State Democratic Committee, and was elected Secretary of the National Association of State Democratic Chairs. She was the first woman and second African American to serve as Mayor of Little Rock, Arkansas, from January 1987 to December 1988. A member of the DNC since the early 1980s, Ms. Shackelford served as Co-Chair of the Platform Committee in 1984 and the Rules Committee in 1988, and she currently serves on the Resolutions Committee.

Shackelford's experience also includes advising presidential candidates, working on White House transition teams, and representing a Presidential administration abroad. In 1992, she was a Deputy Campaign manager for the Clinton/Gore Presidential Campaign and was later appointed Co-Director of Intergovernmental Affairs for the Clinton Transition Team. In 1993, President Clinton appointed Shackelford as a US Delegate to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, Vienna, Austria.

In her role as DNC Vice Chair of Voter Registration and Participation, Shackelford travels across the country and around the world, sharing the Democratic Party's message and engaging voters in the political process. She regularly participates in political forums of other countries, including Azerbaijan, Russia, West Germany and Taiwan, and she has observed elections in Romania and the Baltic States.

Awards

 * Registry of Outstanding Men and Women, Esquire Magazine
 * Woman of the Year, Arkansas Democrat newspaper
 * 1993: Arkansas Black Hall of Fame inductee
 * 1998: Mary Church Terrell Award, Delta Sigma Theta
 * 2016: Arkansas Women's Hall of Fame inductee

title: Lottie Shackelford


text:
Olympiastadion (Berlin)

The Olympiastadion is a sports stadium at Olympiapark Berlin in Berlin, Germany. It was originally designed by Werner March for the 1936 Summer Olympics. During the Olympics, the record attendance was thought to be over 100,000.

Since renovations in 2004, the Olympiastadion has a permanent capacity of 74,475 seats and is the largest stadium in Germany for international football matches. The Olympiastadion is a UEFA category four stadium.

Besides its use as an athletics stadium, the arena has built a footballing tradition. Since 1963, it has been the home of the Hertha BSC. It hosted three matches in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. It was renovated for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, when it hosted six matches, including the final. The DFB-Pokal final match is held each year there since 1985. The Olympiastadion Berlin served as a host for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup as well as the 2015 UEFA Champions League final.

It hosted six games in UEFA Euro 2024, including the final.

1916–1934: Deutsches Stadion
During the 1912 Summer Olympics, the city of Berlin was designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to host the 1916 Summer Olympics. Germany's proposed stadium for this event was to be located in Charlottenburg, in the Grunewald Forest, to the west of Berlin—thus the stadium was also known as Grunewaldstadion. A horse racing-course already existed there which belonged to the Berliner Rennverein, and even today the old ticket booths survive on the current Jesse-Owens-Allee. The government of Germany decided not to build in the nearby Grunewald forest, or to renovate buildings that already existed. Because of this desire, they hired the same architect who originally had built the "Rennverein", Otto March.

March decided to build the stadium under the ground ("Erdstadion", in German). However, the 1916 Olympic Games were cancelled due to World War I. In the 1920s the first buildings of a school, the "Deutsches Sportforum" (German Sport Forum), dedicated to the teaching of professors of physical education and the study of sport science were built northeast of the stadium site. From 1926 to 1929, Otto March's sons (Werner and Walter) were assigned to build an annex for these institutions, though the finalization was delayed until 1936.

1936–1945: Olympiastadion
In 1931, the International Olympic Committee selected Berlin to host the 11th Summer Olympics. Originally, the German government decided merely to restore the earlier Olympiastadion (Olympiastadion) of 1916, with Werner March again retained to do this.

When the Nazi Party won the election in Germany in 1933, they decided to use the Olympic Games to build a new stadium and Olympic Complex for Berlin in 1936. Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler ordered the construction of a great sports complex in Grunewald named the "Reichssportfeld" with a new Olympiastadion. Architect Werner March remained in charge of the project, assisted by his brother Walter. When the complex was built it was owned by the Hohenzollern Royal Family (Constitutional Monarchy of Germany), who retained ownership after the games.

Construction took place from 1934 to 1936. When the Reichssportfeld was finished, it was 132 ha. It consisted of (east to west): the Olympiastadion, the Maifeld (Mayfield, capacity of 50,000) and the Waldbühne amphitheatre (capacity of 25,000), in addition to various places, buildings and facilities for different sports (such as football, swimming, equestrian events, and field hockey) in the northern part.

Werner March built the new Olympiastadion on the foundation of the original Deutsches Stadion, once again with the lower half of the structure recessed 12 m below ground level.

The capacity of the Olympiastadion reached 110,000 spectators. It also possessed a special stand for Adolf Hitler and his political associates. At its end, aligned with the symmetrically designed layout of the buildings of the Olympischer Platz and toward the Maifeld, was the Marathon Gate with a big receptacle for the Olympic Flame.

Maifeld
The Maifeld (Mayfield) was created as a huge lawn (11.2 hectares, 28 acres) for gymnastic demonstrations, specifically annual May Day celebrations by the government. The area was surrounded by 19 metres of land elevation (62 ft), even though the Olympiastadion (to the east) was only 17 metres (55 ft) high. The total capacity was 250,000 people, with 60,000 in the large stands that extended at the west end.

Also located there were the Langemarck-Halle (below) and the Bell Tower (rising high). The walls were built with sturdy stone from the area of the Lower Alps, and also feature equine sculptures (work of Josef Wackerle). This consisted of huge halls built under the stands of the Maifeld. Pillars were raised on which hung flags and shields commemorating all the forces that participated in a battle fought in Langemark (West Flanders, Belgium) on 10 November 1914, during the First World War. Since 2006, the ground floor is home to a public exhibit providing historical information on the area of the former Reichssportfeld.

During the 1936 Olympics, the Maifeld was used for polo and equestrian dressage events.

After the Second World War, the occupying forces of the British Army (Berlin Infantry Brigade) annually celebrated the King's or Queen's Official Birthday on the Maifeld and used it for a variety of sporting activities including cricket. Starting in 2012, Maifeld became home to the cricket clubs of Berlin.

Bell Tower
The Bell Tower crowned the western end of the Reichssportfeld planted amid the tiers of the Maifeld stands. It was 77 metres (247 ft) high. From its peak could be observed the whole city of Berlin. During the games, it was used as an observation post by administrators, police officials, doctors, and the media.

In the tower was the Olympic Bell. On its surface were the Olympic rings with an eagle, the year 1936, the Brandenburg Gate, the date 1–16 August in German, a motto between two swastikas: "I call the youth of the world" also in German, and ''11. Olympic Games Berlin'' – although the games were the 10th (Summer) Olympics, they were the Games of the XI Olympiad.

The Bell Tower was the only part of the Reichssportfeld that was destroyed in the war. The Third Reich used the tower's structure to store archives (such as films). The Soviet troops set its contents on fire, turning the tower into a makeshift chimney. The structure emerged from the fire severely damaged and weakened.

In 1947, the British engineers demolished the tower; however, it was reconstructed accurately in 1962. The Olympic Bell (which had survived the fire and remained in its place in the tower) fell 77 metres and cracked and has been incapable of sounding since then. In 1956, the bell was rescued, only to be used as a practice target for shooting with anti-tank ammunition. The damaged old bell survives and serves as a memorial.

The recreation of the tower was carried out from 1960 to 1962, once again by the architect Werner March, following the original blueprints. The present tower became an important tourist destination offering a panorama of Berlin, Spandau, the Havel Valley, Potsdam, Nauen and Hennigsdorf.

The most significant battle around the Olympiastadion was in April 1945 when the Soviet army fought to capture it. This was during the final battle of the Second World War in Europe, with the total invasion of Berlin as the Allies' target. The Olympiastadion survived the war almost untouched; it only suffered the impact of machine gun shots.

1945–1990: West Berlin era
After the war, the former Reichssportfeld became the headquarters of the British military occupation forces. The administration settled in the northeastern buildings designed by the March brothers in the 1920s, which the Third Reich had used for official sport organisations such as the Reich Academy of Physical Training and extended by 1936, adding the "Haus des deutschen Sports" (House of German Sports) and other buildings (which belong since 1994 to the Olympiapark Berlin, a central sporting facility of the City of Berlin). Soon, the British forces renovated war-damaged buildings but also converted interiors to their specific needs (one gymnasium was converted into a dining hall, another into a garage). From 1951 to 2005, the Olympischer Platz had a giant antenna transmitting for all the portable radios in Berlin.

From then until 1994 and their departure, British forces held an annual celebration of the Queen's Official Birthday in the Maifeld with thousands of spectators from Berlin present. During the 1960s, American military and high school football teams introduced hundreds of thousands of Berliners to American football at the stadium in exhibition games.

During those years, Bundesliga football matches were played in the Olympiastadion, with Hertha BSC as the local team. In the Maifeld, several competitions of football, rugby and polo were staged too. In the summers, the Waldbühne resumed its classical music concerts, and playing movies. The theatre was also used as an improvised ring for boxing matches.

1990–2004: Reunified Berlin
In 1998, Berliners debated the destiny of the Olympiastadion in light of the legacy it represented for Germany. Some wanted to tear the stadium down and build a new one from scratch, while others favoured letting it slowly crumble "like the Colosseum in Rome". Finally, it was decided to renovate the Olympiastadion.

FIFA chose it as one of the venues of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The State of Berlin hired a consortium composed of Walter Bau AG and DYWIDAG that won the €45 million franchise. The consortium took charge of the operation of the facilities together with Hertha BSC and the Government of Berlin after the remodelling. On 3 July 2000, the renovation began with a ceremony presided over by the Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, accompanied by Eberhard Diepgen (Mayor of Berlin), Franz Beckenbauer and Prof. Dr. Ignaz Walter.

2004–present: Multi-purpose arena
The re-inauguration celebrations of the new Olympiastadion were carried out on 31 July 2004, and 1 August 2004. On that day, Saturday, the party began with performances from Pink, Nena and Daniel Barenboim. It culminated at night with the opening ceremony. On day two, friendly matches were played between different categories of the club Hertha BSC and visiting teams. On 8 September 2004, Brazil played Germany.

From 2003 to 2007, the stadium was home to the Berlin Thunder.

In 2011, the venue hosted the World Culture Festival organized by the Art of Living where 70,000 people meditated for peace.

In 2018, the venue hosted the 2018 European Athletics Championships.

In 2024, the venue hosted the UEFA Euro 2024 final.

Renovation
With the intention of creating a more intimate atmosphere for football games, the playing field was lowered by 2.65 m. Approximately 90000 m3 of sand was excavated. The lower tier of seating in the stadium was demolished and rebuilt at a completely different angle of inclination.

The roof was extended to cover a total of 37000 m2, with 20 roof-supporting columns carrying a weight of 3500 t of steel. The roof rises 68 m over the seats and is made up of transparent panels that allow sunlight to stream in during the day. The western portion (on the Marathon Arch) is open to reveal the Bell Tower to the spectators.

The conservation factor of the Olympiastadion as a historical monument was also considered, especially with respect to the preservation of the natural stone blocks. After criticisms, the colour of the athletics track around the game field was changed from red to blue, reflecting the colours of Hertha BSC.

The renovations used 70000 m3 of concrete and 20000 m3 of pre-cast reinforced concrete elements. Some 12000 m3 of concrete was demolished and removed and 30000 m3 of natural stone was refurbished.

The Olympiastadion was equipped with the latest technology in artificial illumination and sound equipment. It has 113 VIP stands, a set of restaurants, and two underground garages (for 630 cars). The total cost of the remodelling and amplification was €242 million.

Capacity
The new Olympiastadion has the highest all-seated capacity in Germany. It has a permanent capacity of 74,475 seats. The upper tier has 31 seating rows at an average slope of 23° and houses 36,455 seats, of which 36,032 are regular seats, 290 are seats on the press stand and 133 are seats in skyboxes. The lower tier has 42 seating rows at an average angle of 25.4° and houses 38,020 seats, of which 32,310 are regular seats, 560 are box seats, 563 are lounge seats (expandable to 743), 4,413 are business seats, and 174 are wheelchair spaces.

For some football matches, such as those between Hertha BSC and FC Bayern München, the capacity can be temporarily expanded by the addition of a mobile grandstand over the Marathon Arch. The extended capacity reached 76,197 seats in 2014.

The only stadiums in Germany with higher total capacities are the Signal Iduna Park in Dortmund and the Allianz Arena in Munich. However, the Signal Iduna Park and the Allianz Arena have both seating and standing areas and their all-seated capacities are lower than that of the Olympiastadion. The total capacity of the Allianz Arena is also lower than the extended capacity of the Olympiastadion.

Tenant
The stadium has been used as the home venue for the 2. Bundesliga club Hertha Berlin since 1963. In 1963, the Bundesliga was formed, and Hertha BSC participated by direct invitation, leaving its old stadium (the "Plumpe") to use the Olympiastadion. On 24 August, it played the first local match against 1. FC Nürnberg, with the final score 1–1. However, in 1965, the German Football Association found Hertha BSC guilty of bribery and relegated them to the Regionalliga Berlin.

In 1968, Hertha returned to the first division, and to the Olympiastadion, and in 1971 sold the "Plumpe". The second half of the 1970s was quite successful for Hertha BSC. In 1979, it reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup, but was defeated by Red Star Belgrade. Hertha reached the finals of the German Cup twice (1977 and 1979). In the 1980s, Hertha had a declining time in the Bundesliga, and fell into the Amateur-Oberliga Berlin in 1986. They moved to the smaller Poststadion. Hertha recovered, and joined the 2. Bundesliga for the 1988–89 season, and returned to the Olympiastadion. Other teams have also used the Olympiastadion, like Tasmania, Tennis Borussia and Blau-Weiß 90 when they played in the Bundesliga. 1. FC Union Berlin played four home matches during the 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League at the Olympiastadion and the home matches in the 2023–24 UEFA Champions League, both due to the Stadion An der Alten Försterei not being up to UEFA's Stadium Specifications.

When the Olympiastadion was not picked to host matches for the UEFA Euro 1988 because of West Berlin's controversial status, the stadium held a Four Nations Tournament instead, and the DFB-Pokal final was awarded to Berlin for five years. It has been held there permanently since 1985. The stadium also hosted the women's DFB-Pokal finals from 1985 to 2009.

With the demolition of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, a spontaneous feeling of sympathy between Hertha and 1. FC Union Berlin from East Berlin arose, which culminated in a friendly match at the Olympiastadion with 50,000 spectators (27 January 1990). In 1990, Hertha returned to the Bundesliga, although they fell again to the 2. Bundesliga from 1991 until 1997.

Since 1997, the club has improved, climbing up the Bundesliga table and qualifying for the UEFA Champions League, with matches against top European teams like Chelsea and AC Milan.

Notable events
The Olympiastadion held the world record for the attendance of a baseball game during the 1936 Olympics thought to be over 100,000.

The stadium hosted five American Bowls between 1990 and 1994. The stadium was also home to Berlin Thunder, an American football team in NFL Europe, from 2003 until the league's operator, the U.S. National Football League, closed down the money-losing competition in 2007.

The stadium also hosted The World Culture Festival. 2011 was to celebrate 30 years of service to humanity by Art of Living Foundation.

The stadium also hosts the annual Internationales Stadionfest since 1937, which served as an IAAF Golden League event until 2010.

The stadium hosted the 2009 World Championships in Athletics where Usain Bolt broke the 100 metres and 200 metres world records.

1936 Summer Olympics
On 1 August 1936, the Olympics were officially inaugurated by the head of state Adolf Hitler, and the Olympic cauldron was lit by athlete Fritz Schilgen. Four million tickets were sold for all the events of the 1936 Summer Olympics. This was also the first Olympics with television transmission (25 viewing spaces were scattered all over Berlin and Potsdam) and radio transmissions in 28 languages (with 20 radio vans and 300 microphones).

While the Olympic flame had been used for the first time in Amsterdam in 1928, in Berlin 1936 a marathon-like tour of the Olympic torch was introduced, from Olympia in Greece, crossing six frontiers with a journey of 3000 km to Berlin, through Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Austria and Germany. The original idea of this Olympic torch relay was Carl Diem's, who was a political advisor to Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, specialising in Olympic affairs. The Olympics were the subject of the propaganda film Olympia (1938) by Leni Riefenstahl.

Among the sport competitions, one of the most memorable events was the performance of the African-American track and field athlete Jesse Owens, representing the United States of America. Owens won the gold medal in the 100, 200, long jump and 4 x 100 relay. One of the main streets outside the stadium is named Jesse Owens Allee in recognition of his performance. The stadium also hosted the equestrian jumping, football, and handball events.

1974 FIFA World Cup Group A

Three matches from Group A (West Germany, Chile, East Germany and Australia) were played in the Olympiastadion. The third match, Australia vs Chile, was played in torrential rain. The historic match between the two German teams, however, was played in Hamburg. The hosts, West Germany, won the tournament.

2006 FIFA World Cup
The following matches were played in Berlin, for the 2006 FIFA World Cup:

2011 FIFA Women's World Cup
In 2011, the Olympiastadion hosted Germany's opening match in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. It was the only match in the tournament to be contested at the stadium.

2015 UEFA Champions League Final
In May 2013, the Olympiastadion was chosen as the venue for the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final. FC Barcelona won their fifth title and completed a second treble.

2023 Special Olympics World Summer Games
On 17 June 2023, the opening ceremony of the 2023 Special Olympics World Summer Games was held at the Olympiastadion.

UEFA Euro 2024
Olympiastadion hosted six UEFA Euro 2024 matches, including one round of 16 match, one quarter-final match, and the final on 14 July 2024.

Cultural references

 * The stadium was used as a location scene in the cinematic cold-war spy drama The Quiller Memorandum (1966).

 * In 2016, the stadium fielded the finish line of the 27th season of MTV's reality-competition series The Challenge, titled The Challenge: Battle of the Bloodlines.

U-Bahn
The underground train (U-Bahn) U2 takes visitors directly to the station Olympia-Stadion. It's a short walk from there to the stadium (East Gate entrance: 500m, South Gate entrance: 870m). Average travel time: 14 minutes from Zoologischer Garten, 24 minutes from Potsdamer Platz, 34 minutes from Alexanderplatz.

S-Bahn
The suburban rail (S-Bahn) S3 and S9 takes visitors directly to the station Olympiastadion. It's a short walk from there to the stadium (South Gate entrance via exit Flatowallee: 200 m, East Gate entrance via exit Trakehner Allee: 250m). Average travel time: 7 minutes from Spandau station, 14 minutes from Zoologischer Garten, 22 minutes from Friedrichstrasse, 26 minutes from Alexanderplatz. For events in the Olympiastadion (for example, Hertha BSC games or international football matches) and in the Olympic Park (for example, Lollapalooza Berlin), special trains are used that stop at four terminal island platforms of the S-Bahn station.

Bus
With the bus lines M49 and 218 visitors can reach the stop Flatowallee. It's a short walk from there to the stadium. With the bus line 143 visitors can reach the underground station Neu-Westend. There is a path directly to the stadium.

Literature

 * "Olympiastadion Berlin" by Andreas Janowski. Published by Andreas Janowski Verlag under the label "sights-on-audio"
 * 1936 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 1. pp. 141–9, 154–62.
 * Olympiastadion: The Unity Derby. In: Sites of Unity (Haus der Geschichte), 2023.

title: Olympiastadion (Berlin)


text:
Regius Professor of Civil Law

Regius Professor of Civil Law may refer to:

 * Regius Professor of Civil Law (Oxford)
 * Regius Professor of Civil Law (Cambridge)

title: Regius Professor of Civil Law


text: User talk:207.69.140.35

title: User talk:207.69.140.35


text:
User talk:Jkiang

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Naming conventions
Hi Jkiang,

Xiaopo has started a new survey on Chinese naming conventions on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese). Please come and take a look. -- ran [[User talk:Ran|(talk)]] 16:52, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)

Seattle meetup
Jkiang, Michael Snow and I are trying to arrange a meeting of Seattle-area Wikipedians on November 6th (a Saturday) in the afternoon. A location and time have been bandied about -- for now, if you're interested, look at my talk page and his to see our discussion of possibilities. He's already left a message with Jmabel and Lukobe -- any other Wikipedian you've met who's in the area is more than welcome, so feel free to invite them. Hopefully soon we'll put an announcement on the Village pump and catch some folks we don't even know about. :-) Hope to see you there, Jwrosenzweig 22:02, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Just wanted to let you know we are planning another Seattle meetup on January 15, 2005. We're trying to get a sense of who will attend, so please drop by that page & leave a note. -- Jmabel | Talk 00:26, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

Meetup?
Meetup/Seattle3. Interested? -- Jmabel | Talk 23:35, 5 November 2005 (UTC) Looks like Meetup/Seattle4 will be happening September 9, 2006. - Jmabel | Talk 01:59, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Lord Byron
You had once expressed interest in the "Lord Byron" being moved to that very name. I've started a request to move but a bunch of stubborn people are intent on shutting me down. Any support you could bring would be helpful. Talk:George_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron--Lairor 02:59, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Seattle meetup 5
Hi Jkiang, I see that you've attended some of the previous Seattle meetups. I hope that you can make it to the next one on June 19! Bestchai (talk) 22:16, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Jkiang


text:
Salsette Island

Salsette Island (Portuguese: Salsete, Maharashtri Konkani: साष्टी, sāṣṭī, Sashti) is an island in Konkan division of the state of Maharashtra, along India's west coast. Administratively known as Greater Mumbai (Greater Bombay), the Mumbai Suburban district, Mira Bhayander and a portion of Thane district lie within it, making it very populous and one of the most densely populated islands in the world. It has a population of more than 20 million inhabitants living on an area of about 619 km2.

Location
Salsette is bounded on the north by Vasai Creek, on the northeast by the Ulhas River, on the east by Thane Creek and Mumbai Harbour, and on the south and west by the Arabian Sea. The original seven islands of Mumbai, which were merged by land reclamation during the 19th and early 20th centuries to form the city of Mumbai, are now practically a southward protruding peninsula of the much larger Salsette Island.

The island of Trombay that was to the southeast of Salsette is today part of Salsette as much of the intervening swamps have been reclaimed. It contains Borivali National Park, also known as Sanjay Gandhi National Park. The city of Thane is at the northeastern corner, on Thane Creek, while the western suburbs of Mumbai which stretches from Bhayandar in the northwest corner to Bandra which lies just before the Mumbai City district lies on its western side while the eastern suburbs of Mumbai that stretches from Thane to Kurla lies on the eastern half of the island. Both suburbs are separated by the Borivali National Park till the neighbourhood of Powai in Andheri. Politically, the Mumbai City district covers the peninsula south of Mahim and Sion while most of the original island constitutes the Mumbai Suburban district. The northern portion lies within Thane district, which extends across Thane creeks onto the mainland.

History

The word Sasashti (also shortened to Sashti) is Maharashtri Konkani term for "sixty-six", referring to the original "sixty-six villages" on the island. It was inhabited by (Aagri, Kunbi) farmers, agriculturists, (Bhandaris) toddy tappers, (Sutar, Malis) artisans and (Kolis) fisherfolk who trace their conversion to Christianity back to 55 AD with the arrival of Christ's disciple, Bartholomew the Apostle, in north Konkan region. They were later converted to the Latin Church in India by four religious orders—the Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians & Jesuits— who arrived in the 15th century with the Portuguese. These original inhabitants of Salsette are the Bombay East Indian Catholics, the Aagris & Kolis.

109 Buddhist caves, including those at Kanheri, can be found on the island, and date from the end of the 2nd century. Salsette was ruled by a succession of Hindu kingdoms, the last of which were the Silharas and later the Marathas. In 1343, the islands were annexed by the Sultan of Guzerat.

In 1534, the Portuguese empire seized the islands from Sultan Bahadur Shah. Sashti became part of the northern province of Portuguese India, which was governed from Vasai (Bassein) on the north shore of Bassein Creek. It was leased to the explorer Diogo Rodrigues from 25 October, 1535 to 1548. In 1554, the islands were handed over to Garcia de Orta, a renowned physician and botanist and the author of Colloquies on the Simples Drugs and Medical Matter of India, a seminal work on Indian Eastern medicine of its time.

Nine churches were built on Salsette island by the Portuguese; Nirmal (1557), Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (1557), Sandor (1566), Agashi (1568), Nandakal (1573), Papdy (1574), Pale (1595), Manickpur (1606), and Nossa Senhora das Mercês (1606). The St Andrews Church and the Mount St Mary's Church in Bandra, the Cross at Cross Maidan, Gloria Church (1632) in Mazagaon and the remnants of a church in Santa Cruz are the sole places of worship that have survived to the 21st century.

In 1661, the seven Bombay (Mumbai) islets were ceded to Britain as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza to Charles II of England; while Salsette remained in Portuguese hands. Charles II in turn, leased the Bombay islets to the English East India Company in 1668 for £10 per year. The company found the deep harbour at Mumbai (Bombay) eminently apposite, and the population rose from 10,000 in 1661 to 60,000 by 1675. In 1687, the East India Company transferred their headquarters there from Surat. In 1737, the island was captured by Mahratta violence, all of the Portuguese northern province in India, except Damaon, Diu & Silvassa, as it was frequently invaded by the Mahratta forces until 1739. Marquis de Pombal formally ceded what would become Greater Bombay, to Peshwa Balaji Bajirao of the Mahratta Confederacy in the 1750s.

The British occupied Salsette in 1774, and it was formally ceded to the East India Company in the 1782 Treaty of Salbai. In 1782, William Hornby, then Governor of Bombay Province, initiated the project of connecting the islets of Bombay. By 1845, the seven southern islands had been connected to form South Bombay, with an area of 435 km². Railway viaducts and causeways were built in the 19th century to connect Bombay Island to the mainland via Salsette. The channels separating Mumbai from Salsette and Trombay were bridged by the Sion Causeway in 1803. Accessibility considerably increased after construction of this causeway. Mahim and Bandra were connected by the Mahim Causeway in 1845.

These railway lines and roads encouraged wealthier merchants to build villas on Salsette. By 1901, the population of Salsette had increased to 146,993 and the area began to be referred to as Greater Bombay.

Geography
Salsette is dominated by a central mass of hills surrounded by tidal flats. A number of much smaller islands lay on its western flank. These included Bandra, Khar Danda, Juhu (an old linear sand bar rising above sea level by just a metre or two), Versova, Marve Island, Dharavi Island and Rai Murdhe, all with a knoll core and fringing wave-cut platforms and sandy beaches. These islands seem to have remained separate until as late as 1808.

At the time of writing of the old Gazetteer of Thana in 1882, these islands could be reached during low tides by walking across the tidal inlets in between, except for the island of Dharavi in present-day Gorai (not to be confused with the slum near Mahim), which had to be reached by a boat. These are no longer separate, being joined to Salsette via reclamation. The highest point is the conical peak of Kanheri (467 metres) in Borivali National Park on the northern reaches of the island. This national park is the world's biggest within city limits.

Geology
The island is at the confluence of a number of fault lines. This makes the area earthquake-prone, up to a magnitude of 6. The island is mostly composed of black basalt rock. Since it is along the sea coast, it has a sandy belt on its western coast. The southern region of Old Mumbai is mostly at sea level. However, the parts which were erstwhile shallows are below sea level. Many parts of the city are hilly.

Lakes
There are three major lakes on the island: Powai Lake, Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake. The latter two supply part of Mumbai's water requirements. Numerous other smaller ponds and lakes are present.

Rivers
The Mithi River (Mahim), Poisar River, Oshiwara River and Dahisar River originate in the national park and empty into the Arabian Sea. The Mithi River originates at Vihar Lake. Vasai and Thane creeks are estuarine distributaries of the Ulhas River.

Creeks
A number of saline or brackish creeks extend inland from the coastline. Mahim Creek separates the city from the suburbs in the west. Further north on the western coast, the Oshiwara river empties into Malad (or Marvé) Creek and the Dahisar River into Gorai Creek. The eastern waterfront also has many small creeks.

Wetlands
The small southern part of the eastern waterfront of Salsette forms Mumbai Harbour.

North of this region lie vast amounts of protected wetlands at Sewree, home to migratory birds. The northern and northwestern part of the island and parts of Mahim River have government-protected marshlands. These swampy regions form massive, dense mangrove forests.

title: Salsette Island


text:
Margot Bryant

Kathleen Mary Margaret Bryant (8 March 1897 – 1 January 1988), known professionally as Margot Bryant, was an English stage and television actress best known for playing Minnie Caldwell in the soap opera Coronation Street from its inception in 1960 until her departure in 1976.

Early life and career
Bryant was born in Hull, the daughter of general practitioner Dr. William Arthur Bryant and Catherine Lewis. Bryant moved to London with her parents on completing her education. There, she became interested in theatre, and appeared in the chorus lines of various productions before moving on to musical comedies. She danced in Fred Astaire's show Stop Flirting.

Bryant also appeared in a number of films, such as The Cure for Love (1949) and Beat Girl with Oliver Reed in 1960. She also appeared in a West End role, as Lucy in Gay's the Word at the Saville Theatre. Bryant also toured in My Mother Said and later appeared in the show's television production. She also appeared in The Bell Family and in films I Get Myself Arrested and The Large Rope.

Coronation Street
Bryant's most notable role came later in life, playing the timid, elderly Minnie Caldwell on the soap opera Coronation Street, a role she occupied from 1960 to 1976, over the course of 560 episodes. The character's life tended to revolve around her ginger tomcat, Bobby. Caldwell was a diminutive figure, with a distracted manner and often appeared drinking milk stout in the snug of the soap's public house, the Rovers Return Inn.

The character, consequently, was a put upon companion of her two friends, busybody Martha Longhurst (played by Lynne Carol) and battle-axe Ena Sharples (played by Violet Carson). On the formation of the trio, the show's creator Tony Warren explained, "I noticed that whenever you get tough, old viragos, they've got henchmen. Generally had a talkative one, who could be shouted down, and a silent one, who nodded but was a bit rebellious."

Bryant suffered severe memory loss in March 1976 and was unable to continue in the role; her penultimate episode involved her reading her lines off prompts and on props such as her handbag. Her final episode was broadcast in April 1976, with Minnie leaving the street to live with an old friend, Handel Gartside (played by Harry Markham), in Derbyshire. Bryant never returned to the programme and her character had died off-screen by 2008, when returning former character Jed Stone (played by Kenneth Cope) was seen visiting Minnie's grave.

Personal life and death
Bryant was a dedicated performer, always insisting on high standards of professionalism and good manners. She was later distressed by her difficulty to remember her lines as her health deteriorated. She also suffered from depression. According to her co-star Betty Driver (who played Betty Turpin), Bryant "was a little tinker" who "swore like a trooper". Driver, who was friends with both Doris Speed (Annie Walker) and Bryant, said that the pair "were at each other's throats all the time. Doris was staunch Labour and Margot was Tory." After Bryant had left Coronation Street and retired from acting, she went to live in a nursing home, where she was "often visited" by Driver and her sister Freda.

Bryant was later diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and admitted to Cheadle Royal Hospital in Heald Green, where she remained as an in-patient until her death on New Year's Day 1988. She never married or had children, but had a love of cats. Bryant was close friends with fellow Coronation Street actress Eileen Derbyshire.

Bryant's funeral was held at Manchester Crematorium on 11 January 1988, attended by members of the Coronation Street cast, including Thelma Barlow, Eileen Derbyshire, Julie Goodyear, Barbara Knox and William Roache.

title: Margot Bryant


text:
Cheryl Jacques

Cheryl Ann Jacques (born February 17, 1962) is an American politician and attorney who served six terms in the Massachusetts Senate, was the president of the Human Rights Campaign for 11 months, and served as an administrative judge in the Massachusetts Department of Industrial Accidents.

Jacques graduated from Boston College in 1984 and received her J.D. from Suffolk University Law School in 1987.

Jacques was Assistant District Attorney in Middlesex County and Assistant Attorney General of the state. She ran for U.S. Congress, but lost in the Democratic primary to Stephen Lynch. Jacques was the first openly lesbian member of the Massachusetts Senate where she served six terms, and came out as a lesbian during her fourth, citing the statistic that one-third of gay and lesbian teens attempt suicide as part of her motivation for coming out. She was succeeded in the state Senate by Scott Brown.

Jacques became president of HRC in 2004, succeeding Elizabeth Birch. She addressed the 2004 Democratic National Convention in this post. She resigned on November 30, 2004, citing "a difference in management philosophy" with her board, following criticism of the HRC's failure to defeat voter referendums in 11 states banning same-sex marriage and, in some cases, civil unions.

After leaving HRC, she was of counsel to the law firm of Brody, Hardoon, Perkins and Kesten and was a consultant on diversity issues to corporations and non-profit organizations.

In 2008 Jacques was named a Department of Industrial Accidents Administrative Judge by Governor Deval Patrick. On March 12, 2012 the State Ethics Commission charged her with violating Massachusetts' conflict-of-interest law after she allegedly tried to use her clout as a judge to have a dentist office reduce her brother-in-law's bill. Jacques contended that she never intended to introduce her position, but did so "inadvertently". The ethics commission found in favor of Jacques on the grounds that the enforcement division failed to prove that Jacques used her official position to intervene in the dispute. In 2013, Jacques and two other administrative judges filed charges with the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination, alleging the agency provided a higher salary and a parking space to a male judge appointed after them. In 2014, Governor Patrick chose not to reappoint Jacques, which she alleged was in retaliation for the gender discrimination lawsuit.

Personal life
In 2004, Jacques married Jennifer Chrisler. They have three sons.

title: Cheryl Jacques


text:
Confederation Centre of the Arts

Confederation Centre of the Arts (Centre des arts de la Confédération) is a cultural centre dedicated to the visual and performing arts located in the city of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.

History
Construction of Confederation Centre, as it is commonly referred to, started in 1960 and Queen Elizabeth II officially opened it to the public on October 6, 1964. The institution was originally built with funding by the ten provincial governments in Canada and the federal government as Canada's National Memorial to the Fathers of Confederation, who met in Charlottetown in September 1864 at what was called the Charlottetown Conference. Today its operations are 65% self-funded through ticket sales, memberships, donations, and sponsorships; 25% funded from Canadian Heritage; 6% funded from the Province of PEI; and 4% from other annual granting bodies.

"...'[The Fathers of Confederation Memorial Building] is a tribute to those famous men who founded our Confederation. But it is also dedicated to the fostering of those things that enrich the mind and delight the heart, those intangible but precious things that give meaning to a society and help create from it a civilization and a culture.'"

The centre has played host to the Charlottetown Festival every summer since 1965, although there was no 2020 Charlottetown Festival due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. It holds the Guinness World Record for the longest running annual musical theatre production, Anne of Green Gables — The Musical, performed every summer from 1965 until 2019. Hundreds of other productions have been featured. The centre was designated a National Historic Sites of Canada in 2003.

In 2011 the mainstage Homburg Theatre underwent a $17-million renovation to improve acoustics, seating, lighting, and rigging. The project was completed in time for the centre's 50th anniversary in 2014.

Architecture
Confederation Centre was built on Queen's Square in the centre of Charlottetown's business district, immediately west of Province House, Prince Edward Island's legislature and the location of the Charlottetown Conference. The centre is one contiguous structure, however at street level it appears as three separate buildings (hosting a theatre and art gallery) clustered around "Memorial Hall" which faces east toward Province House. The Confederation Chambre in Province House, where the conference meetings took place, is located on the western side of that building, thus facing directly at Confederation Centre's Memorial Hall.

Confederation Centre covers a block in the central business district, bounded on three sides by Grafton Street, Queen Street, and Richmond Street. The structure houses an art museum, and several performing arts venues.

Art museum

Opened at the same time as the rest of the structure, the Confederation Centre Art Gallery is an art museum in the northeast pavilion of the Confederation Centre of the Arts. The art gallery pavilion is housed in a three-storey structure, that includes over 3,250 m2 of exhibition space. As of June 2017, it held over 17,000 works in its permanent collection.

Theatres
The Confederation Centre of the Arts includes a number of venues for the performing arts. These include a 1,109 seat mainstage theatre, the largest theatre mainstage in Canada east of Montreal; and two studio theatres.

title: Confederation Centre of the Arts


text:
33rd Street–Rawson Street station

The 33rd Street–Rawson Street station (announced as the 33rd Street station on trains) is a local station on the IRT Flushing Line of the New York City Subway. It is located over Queens Boulevard on a concrete viaduct. It is served by the 7 train at all times.

Early history
The 1913 Dual Contracts called for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) to build new lines in Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. Queens did not receive many new IRT and BRT lines compared to Brooklyn and the Bronx, since the city's Public Service Commission (PSC) wanted to alleviate subway crowding in the other two boroughs first before building in Queens, which was relatively undeveloped. The IRT Flushing Line was to be one of two Dual Contracts lines in the borough, along with the Astoria Line; it would connect Flushing and Long Island City, two of Queens' oldest settlements, to Manhattan via the Steinway Tunnel. When the majority of the line was built in the early 1910s, most of the route went through undeveloped land, and Roosevelt Avenue had not been constructed. Community leaders advocated for more Dual Contracts lines to be built in Queens to allow development there.

The Flushing Line was opened from Queensboro Plaza to Alburtis Avenue (now 103rd Street–Corona Plaza) on April 21, 1917, with a local station at 33rd Street.

Later years
The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. The IRT routes were given numbered designations in 1948 with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The route from Times Square to Flushing became known as the 7. On October 17, 1949, the joint BMT/IRT operation of the Flushing Line ended, and the line became the responsibility of the IRT. After the end of BMT/IRT dual service, the New York City Board of Transportation announced that the Flushing Line platforms would be lengthened to 11 IRT car lengths; the platforms were only able to fit nine 51-foot-long IRT cars beforehand. The platforms at the station were extended in 1955–1956 to accommodate 11-car trains. However, nine-car trains continued to run on the 7 route until 1962, when they were extended to ten cars. With the opening of the 1964 New York World's Fair, trains were lengthened to eleven cars.

The present-day 33rd, 40th, and 46th Streets were originally respectively known as Rawson, Lowery, and Bliss Streets until the 1930s, when they were given numbered street names. To avoid confusion, the 33rd Street–Rawson Street, 40th Street–Lowery Street, and 46th Street–Bliss Street stations displayed both the new and old names of the respective street. Since a New York City Transit Authority rule prohibited subway stations from being named after nonexistent streets, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) removed the old names of each street from station signs and subway maps in 1998. Local residents opposed the renaming and unsuccessfully attempted to persuade the MTA to restore the old names. The New York City Council passed a law in July 2003, giving both the old and new names to all three streets; after new street signs were installed in September 2003, the MTA agreed to restore the old names of each station.

In December 2019, the MTA announced that this station would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020–2024 Capital Program. A requests for proposals was put out on May 18, 2023 for the contract for a project bundle to add elevators at 13 stations, including 33rd Street–Rawson Street. The contract to add two elevators at the station was awarded in December 2023.

Station layout
The station has two side platforms and three tracks. The center track is used by peak-direction <7> express trains during rush hours.

Exits
Both exits are under the tracks in the median of Queens Boulevard. The full-time exit is at 33rd Street, with two stairs from each platform, and the part-time exit is at 34th Street, also with two stairs from each platform. The part-time exit has a crossunder to allow free transfers between opposite directions while the full-time one does not, even though it has the layouts that could allow one.

title: 33rd Street–Rawson Street station


text:
South Down (UK Parliament constituency)

South Down is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The current MP is Chris Hazzard of Sinn Féin.

Constituency profile
The seat covers the Mourne Mountains, and Downpatrick to the north. It has a short border with the Republic to the south. The area voted to Remain in the EU.

Boundaries
The county constituency was first created in 1885 from the southern part of Down. It was defined as including 'The Baronies of – Iveagh Upper, Lower Half, Lordship of Newry, and Mourne, and so much of the Barony of Iveagh Upper, Upper Half, as comprises the Parishes of – Clonallan, Donaghmore, Drumgath, Kilbroney, and Warrenpoint.'. In 1918, it was redefined as including 'The rural district of Newry No. 1; the part of the rural district of Kilkeel which is not included in the East Down Division; and the urban districts of Newcastle, Newry and Warrenpoint.' From the dissolution of Parliament in 1922, it was merged back into Down. Maps showing the component units of the constituency can be seen here.

The seat was re-created in 1950 when the old Down two MP constituency was abolished as part of the final move to single member seats. Originally the seat consisted of most of the mid and southern parts of County Down, with the north included in North Down. It was defined as including '(i) The urban districts of Banbridge, Downpatrick, Dromore, Kilkeel, Newcastle, Newry and Warrenpoint; (ii) the rural districts of Banbridge, Downpatrick, Kilkeel, Moira and Newry No. 1.' Of the post 1973 districts, it contained all of Down and Banbridge, together with parts of Newry and Mourne, Ards and Craigavon.

In 1983 the seat was radically cut down as part of an expansion of Northern Ireland's constituencies from 12 to 17. Significant parts of the constituency were transferred to either Upper Bann or Newry and Armagh. The composition of the seat in 1983 was the entire district of Down, the Annaclone, Ballyoolymore, Croob, Dromore, Drumadonnell, Garran, Quilly and Skeagh, the electoral wards of Banbridge, and the Annalong, Ballycrossan, Binnian, Clonallan, Cranfield, Donaghmore, Drumgath, Kilkeel, Lisnacree, Rathfriland, Rostrevor, Seaview, and Spelga wards from Newry and Mourne.

In boundary changes proposed by a review in 1995, the seat was originally to be abolished and replaced by a new Mid Down constituency. This provoked a storm of protest and following a local enquiry minor changes were made with the seat losing one small section to Lagan Valley and another to Strangford. It still consists of parts of Down, Banbridge and Newry and Mourne districts.

In 2005, the Boundary Commission published provisional recommendations for modifying the boundaries of constituencies in Northern Ireland. For South Down, it originally proposed to add part of Newry from Newry and Armagh and the Loughbrickland part of Banbridge district from Upper Bann, while losing some more of Down to Strangford. These changes were challenged in a round of public consultations, with the result that revised recommendations were made. Under the new proposals, the Newry area remained in Newry and Armagh and Loughbrickland in Upper Bann. This meant that only 4 wards around the town of Ballynahinch were transferred to Strangford. These changes became the final recommendations and were given legal effect in 2008.

1885–1922
The constituency was a predominantly Nationalist area in 1918. The Unionists had significant but minority support. The Sinn Féin candidate polled poorly, probably due to the limited electoral pact to avoid seriously splitting the anti-unionist vote in seats the unionist candidate might have otherwise won.

The First Dáil
Sinn Féin contested the general election of 1918 on a platform that instead of taking up any seats they won in the United Kingdom Parliament, they would establish a revolutionary assembly in Dublin. In republican theory, every MP elected in Ireland was a potential Deputy to this assembly. In practice, only the Sinn Féin members accepted the offer and their candidate Éamon de Valera only received 0.2% of the votes in South Down, while being elected unopposed for East Clare and East Mayo; the nationalist Jeremiah McVeagh, elected as IPP MP for South Down, did not participate in the First Dáil.

In 1921, Sinn Féin decided to use the UK authorised elections for the Northern Ireland House of Commons and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland as a poll for the Irish Republic's Second Dáil. This area, in republican theory, was incorporated in a potential eight-member Dáil constituency of Down.

1950–present
When initially created, this seat had a clear unionist majority, albeit with a strong nationalist minority. However boundary changes, which have wrapped it closer around nationalist heartlands near Downpatrick and the Mournes, have transformed South Down into a safe nationalist seat.

The House of Commons seat was consistently held by the Ulster Unionist Party from its creation until 1987. In the October 1974 general election the former Conservative MP Enoch Powell defended the seat for the UUP, representing a coup for them as they gained the support of a high-profile English politician, offering them a spokesperson to the United Kingdom as a whole.

Powell advocated a policy of integration for Northern Ireland whereby all forms of devolution would be wound up and the province governed as an integral part of the United Kingdom. As part of this, he campaigned for the province to have the same ratio of MPs to population as in the rest of the United Kingdom, rather than fewer, which had previously been justified due to the existence of the devolved Stormont Parliament. Powell was successful in this, but a side effect was that in his own constituency; a significant block of unionist voters were removed, resulting in a nationalist majority. Powell managed to survive for two election cycles due to a split nationalist vote, but in 1987, he narrowly lost to Eddie McGrady of the Social Democratic and Labour Party, who held the seat until he retired in 2010.

Since then, the unionist vote has declined further due to boundary changes, which excluded mainly unionist Dromore and Saintfield, and a trend for many unionists to tactically vote for the SDLP at Westminster elections to avoid the seat falling to Sinn Féin. However, in 2017, Sinn Féin gained the constituency for the first time with Chris Hazzard defeating former leader of the SDLP Margaret Ritchie as part of the SDLP's parliamentary wipeout at that year's snap general election.

The winning vote share in 2019 was the smallest of the 650 nationwide; it was just under $1/3$ of the total votes that were cast.

Members of Parliament
The Member of Parliament since the 2017 general election has been Chris Hazzard of Sinn Féin. He succeeded SDLP MP Margaret Ritchie.

In this section by-elections are indicated by an asterisk after the date and italic type.

Elections in the 2010s
This seat saw the largest decrease in vote share for the SDLP at the 2019 general election.

title: South Down (UK Parliament constituency)


text:
User:Dkionka

Daniel P. Kionka...

My Changes

 * Watertown, Jefferson County, Wisconsin (where I used to live)
 * King and Story (where I used to live)

My Favorites

 * El Salvador where my wife is from
 * Linux User Group where I am mentioned as the founder
 * Phpgedview where I am one of the developers

title: User:Dkionka