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Western Railway zone

The Western Railway (abbreviated WR) is one of the 19 zones of Indian Railways and is among the busiest railway networks in India, headquartered at Mumbai, Maharashtra. The major railway routes of Indian Railways which come under Western Railways are: Mumbai Central–Ratlam, Mumbai Central–Ahmedabad and Palanpur–Ahmedabad. The railway system is divided into six operating divisions:, , , , , and. Vadodara railway station, being the junction point for the Ahmedabad–Mumbai route and the Mumbai–Ratlam route towards New Delhi, is the busiest junction station in Western Railways and one of the busiest junctions of Indian Railways too, while Ahmedabad Division earns highest revenue followed by Mumbai Division and Vadodara Division. Surat railway station is one of the busiest railway station in Western Railway in non-junction category where more than 180 trains pass per day.

Western Railway General Manager's official bungalow 'Bombarci' (abbreviation of Bombay, Baroda and Central India) is located on Altamont road in Cumbala hill, Mumbai.

History
The Western Railway was created on 5 November 1951 by merging several state-owned railways, including the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway (BB&CI), and the Saurashtra Railway, Rajputana Railway and Jaipur State Railway. The narrow-gauge lines of Cutch State Railway was also merged into it in 1951.

The BB&CI Railway was itself inaugurated in 1855, starting with the construction of a 29-mile (47-km) broad-gauge track from Ankleshwar to Utran in Gujarat state on the west coast. In 1864, the railway was extended to Mumbai and the first train was flagged off from Grant Road Station in Mumbai to Ahmedabad on 28th November, 1864. Subsequently, the project was further extended beyond Vadodara in a north easterly direction towards Godhra, Ratlam, Nagda and thereafter northwards towards Kota and Mathura, to eventually link with the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, now the Central Railway, which had already started operating in Mumbai in 1853. In 1860 Surat railway station was built. In 1883, a metre-gauge railway system, initially linking Delhi with Agra, Jaipur and Ajmer, was established.

The first suburban service in Mumbai with steam traction was introduced in April 1867. It was extended to Churchgate in 1870. By 1900 45 trains in each direction were carrying over one million passengers annually.

The railways of several princely states were also integrated into the Western Railway. The Gaekwars of Baroda built the Gaekwar's Baroda State Railway (GBSR), which was merged into the BB&CI in 1949. Several railways of western Gujarat, including the Bhavnagar, Kathiawar, Jamnagar & Dwarka, Gondal, and Morvi railways were merged into the Saurashtra Railway in 1948. The Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway was taken over by Rajasthan state in 1949, after the western portion was ceded to the government of Pakistan.

In 2002, the Jaipur and Ajmer divisions of the Western Railway became part of the newly created North Western Railway, and in April 2003 the Kota division of the Western Railway became part of the newly created West Central Railway.

Present
Western Railway headquarters is in Mumbai's Churchgate station and serves the entire state of Gujarat, some portions of Western Madhya Pradesh, and coastal Maharashtra and some parts of Rajasthan. The Western coast of India served by Western Railway has a number of ports, most important among them being Kandla, Hajira, Surat, Dahej, Mundra, Okha, Veraval, Porbandar, Bhavnagar in Gujarat state and Mumbai in Maharashtra.

Navapur railway station is unique as it falls in both the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra because both were part of Bombay State before 1960 and after States Reorganization Act the Navapur station was divided equally among Gujarat and Maharashtra. The Surat railway station is also unique. It was the first rail station in Asia with an above ground floor platform.

The Western Railway operates electric multiple units (EMUs) on the Western line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway, which forms part of the Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line. The EMUs ply between Churchgate and Virar (60 km) and was extended until Dahanu Road and Services actually started on 16 April 2013. EMUs are of 12-car or 15-car rakes and are differentiated as slow and fast locals. Slow trains halt at all stations, while fast ones halt at important stations only and are preferable over longer distances. The first electric train on this section was introduced in 1928 between Churchgate and Andheri. AC EMUs were introduced on Mumbai Suburban section of Western Railway on 25th December, 2017.

Today, Western Railway runs 1394 suburban services including 96 AC services. the AC services are getting more and more popular. The suburban services are the lifeline of the city with working class commuting daily to work covering more than 60km distance every day. For making commuting more comfortable, Western Railway is upgrading its suburban system.

Western Railway's Mumbai Suburban Section
Western Railway's Mumbai Suburban section extends from Churchgate to Dahanu Road(123km). Western Railway operates 1394 EMU services on this section with 96 being AC services. The suburban section is the lifeline of city, with commuters travelling more than 60 km distances to reach their workplace. To make commuting more comfortable, Western Railway has done several upgradations in recent past. Many Foot Over Bridges have been constructed, Esclators and Lifts have been installed, elevated decks have been made at Andheri, Borivali and Goregaon stations and work is in progress at Khar Road, Mira Road and other stations.

Developments on Western Railway
Many developments have taken place on Western railway in recent past. The unstaffed level crossings have been eliminated. The staffed level crossings are also being closed by constructing Road Over Bridges and Road Under Bridges. Electrification is being carried out in mission mode to convert whole of Western Railway to electric traction.

Gauge Conversion, Doubling and New Line work in recent years:

 * Ahmedabad-Himatnagar-Udaipur Gauge Conversion
 * Ahmedabad-Botad GC
 * Dhasa-Jetalsar GC
 * Dabhoi-Samlaya GC
 * Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-Patalpani section GC
 * Junagadh-Visavdar GC
 * Samni-Jambusa GC
 * Ratlam-Fatehabad Chandravatiganj-Indore GC
 * Rajkot-Surendranagar doubling
 * Udhana-Jalgaon doubling
 * Viramgam - Surendranagar doubling
 * Viramgam - Samakhiali doubling
 * Palanpur - Samakhiali doubling
 * Patan - Bhildi New Line
 * Chandod-Ektanagar New Line
 * Bhimnath-Dholera New Line

Vande Bharat trains
The new upgraded Vande Bharat version 2.0 was first introduced on 30/09/2022 between Gandhinagar and Mumbai Central. The train set boasts of several passenger friendly features. Today, Western Railway runs four Vande Bharat trains viz:

 * 1) Gandhinagar - Mumbai Central
 * 2) Indore- Nagpur
 * 3) Okha - Dwarka - Ahmedabad
 * 4) Sabarmati - Jodhpur
 * 5) Ahmedabad - Mumbai Central

Western Railway Connects Statue of Unity
On 17 January 2021, the Statue of Unity came on the railways map. Western Railway connected the Statue of Unity with the Broad Gauge electrified line with Mumbai- Delhi main line at Vadodara. The project included gauge conversion of Dabhoi-Chandod section, new line from Chandod to Kevadiya(Statue of Unity) and electrification of Pratapnagar(Vadodara) to Kevadiya. The project was completed in a record time in close coordination with state government by Western Railway. It was inaugurated by Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister through video conferencing from New Delhi. 8 inaugural trains were flagged off from various parts of the country on same day. Vistadome coach has been introduced in Ahmedabad-Kevadiya Janshatabdi express.

125 years of Western Railway Head Quarters Building
Western Railway Head Quarters Building constructed in the year 1899 will be completing 125 years in January 2024. The Head Quarters building was designed by renowned architect, Frederick William Stevens. Stevens successfully blended the Venetian Gothic and Indian Sarcenic styles, creating in the process a style excellently adapted to the climate and environment of Bombay and the superb vantage site on which the building was constructed. Initially, Rs 4,75,000 were sanctioned for the building plus Rs 50,000 for the architect’s design fees. The final estimate including a supplementary estimate of Rs 83,426 sanctioned was Rs 7,52,556. F W Stevens appointed Raosaheb Sitaram Khanderao Vaidya as the resident engineer. He had worked with Stevens in same capacity on Municipal Building and other projects. He also appointed Ranganath Krishna Deshmukh as assistant to Resident Engineer Khanderao. F W Stevens was also assisted by his son, Charles Fedrick Stevens, who worked as Chief Assistant with him. Charles Fedrick Stevens is known for Art Deco style designs for buildings in Bombay including the famous Regal Cinema building.

The completed building with a 276 foot we276-footstern façade supporting a central tower of 160 feet was an imposing sight facing the sea situated at the intersection of Churchgate Street (Veer Nariman Road) and Queen’s road (Maharashi Karve road). As detailed by Stevens, the outline and massing were the most prominent and defining character of the building which was otherwise plain because it lacked ornament. The unique central tower was square from the base up to 100 feet, then became an octagon diminishing into a smaller octagon culminating in a circular dome. This dome was noticeable from all parts of Esplanade and formed a new landmark for ships entering Bombay. Two porches on the western and southern façades provided additional character to the building. A sculpture of ‘Engineering’ made in Bath stone was placed atop the central gable. The sculpture consisted of a lady accompanied by two children on either side, with her holding a locomotive in her right hand while supporting herself on a wheel to her left. Seven other carved figures in Porebunder stone of griffins holding BB&CI monogrammed shield were placed on smaller gables. Statues of Colonel French and Colonel Kennedy were placed between the arches of carriage porch on west. The flawless Porebunder stone was brought from a four mile long quarry in the Kathiawar region in today’s Gujarat. The bases of columns and piers were of finely dressed Coorla(Kurla) stone and Kalyan brock and lime masonry for jams, piers and coigns. Chamfered and moulded arches were made of finely dressed Porebunder and Dhrangdhara red stone. Blue basalt stone was used for long steps of overhanging staircase provided with ornamental railing of wrought iron topped with French polished teak handrail. The domes, mouldings, capitals, columns, cornices and carved enrichments in Porebunder stone, white Coorla (Kurla) and Dhrangdhara red stone were in synergy with neighboring buildings.

Western Railway has planned a series of activities to mark completion of 125 years which include the restoration of this heritage building, Exhibitions, conduction heritage tours etc.

Heritage Gallery, Mumbai
Conserving heritage, Western Railway has opened Heritage Gallery at its headquarters building at Churchgate, Mumbai. The Gallery has recently been renovated. It is a collection of various models of BB&CI era, the precursor of Western Railway. Many notes of agents of BB&CI dating back to 1860s have also been displayed. Suburban timetable of 1948, steam engine model, signalling equipment, Model of 1928 EMUs, working model of Auxiliary Warning System, etc. have been beautifully displayed.

The gallery gives an insight about the development of lines on Western Region of India. The BB&CI map dating back to 1930s shows us that the Western line started from Mumbai via Vadodara, Ratlam connected GIP Railway at Mathura to reach Delhi and further Peshawar. The Frontier Mail (Golden Temple Mail) used to run up to Peshawar. The Gallery is open for public free of cost during working hours and on special occasions.

Divisions

 * Mumbai WR railway division
 * Ahmedabad railway division
 * Vadodara railway division
 * Ratlam railway division
 * Rajkot railway division
 * Bhavnagar railway division

Trains
Some of the major trains operated by Western Railway zone are as follows:

Major routes
• New Delhi–Mumbai main line

• Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line

• Ahmedabad–Delhi main line

• Jaipur–Ahmedabad line

• Udhna–Jalgaon line

• Gandhidham–Ahmedabad main line

• Viramgam–Okha line

• Surendranagar–Bhavnagar line

• Jamnagar–Porbandar line

• Rajkot–Somnath line

• Gandhidham–Palanpur section

• Gandhidham–Bhuj section

• Gandhidham–Kandla Port section

• Gandhidham–Samakhiali section

• Porbandar–Jetalsar section

• Maliya Miyana–Wankaner section

• Rajkot–Wankaner section

• Viramgam–Mahesana section

• Viramgam–Maliya Miyana section

• Viramgam–Surendra Nagar section

• Wankaner–Surendra Nagar section

• Dharangadhra–Surendra Nagar section

• Samakhiali–Maliya Miyana section

Major stations
• Ahmedabad Junction

• Amalner

• Anand Junction

• Andheri

• Ankleshwar Junction

• Badnagar

• Bandra Terminus

• Bharuch Junction

• Bhavnagar Terminus

• Bhildi Junction

• Bhuj

• Bilimora Junction

• Boisar

• Borivali

• Botad Junction

• Chhayapuri

• Chittaurgarh Junction

• Churchgate

• Dabhoi Junction

• Dadar Western

• Dahanu Road

• Dahod

• Dewas Junction

• Dhola Junction

• Dhrangadhra Junction

• Dondaicha

• Dr. Ambedkar Nagar

• Fatehabad Chandrawatiganj Junction

• Gandhidham Junction

• Gandhinagar Capital

• Godhra Junction

• Goregaon

• Hapa

• Indore Junction

• Jamnagar

• Jaora

• Jetalsar Junction

• Junagadh Junction

• Kalol Junction

• Mahesana Junction

• Mahuva Junction

• Maliya Miyana Junction

• Mandsaur

• Maninagar

• Meghnagar

• Morbi

• Mumbai Central

• Nadiad Junction

• Nagda Junction

• Nandurbar

• Navapur

• Navsari

• Neemuch

• Okha

• Palanpur Junction

• Palghar

• Palitana

• Pardi

• Patan Junction

• Porbandar

• Rajkot Junction

• Ratlam Junction

• Sabarmati Junction

• Saphale

• Siddhpur

• Sihor Junction

• Somnath

• Surat

• Surendranagar Junction

• Udhna Junction

• Ujjain Junction

• Unjha

• Vadodara Junction

• Valsad

• Vapi

• Vasai Road

• Veraval Junction

• Viramgam Junction

• Virar

• Vyara

• Wankaner Junction

Loco sheds

 * Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara
 * Electric Loco Shed, Valsad
 * Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva
 * Diesel Loco Shed, Sabarmati
 * Diesel Loco Shed, Ratlam
 * Diesel Loco Shed, Mhow (MG loco shed)
 * Diesel Loco Shed, Pratapnagar (NG loco shed)
 * Diesel Loco Shed, Gandhidham

title: Western Railway zone


text:
Dmitry Laptev

Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev (Дмитрий Яковлевич Лаптев) (1701 – January 1771) was a Russian Arctic explorer and Vice Admiral (1762). The Dmitry Laptev Strait is named in his honor and the Laptev Sea is named in honor of him and his cousin, and fellow Arctic explorer, Khariton Laptev.

Early life
Dmitry Laptev was born in the village of Bolotovo, near Velikie Luki, in 1701. A year earlier his cousin Khariton Laptev was born in nearby Bolotovo. He and his cousin were some of the first students at the School of Mathematics and Navigational Sciences in Saint Petersburg, established by Peter the Great. After graduation, he quickly moved up naval ranks and became a ranking naval officer on a number of different vessels.

Arctic exploration
Dmitry Laptev was a lieutenant in the Navy assigned to the Second Kamchatka Expedition in 1735 under Vitus Bering. With the death of the head of the Yakutsk captain Vasili Pronchishchev in 1736, Bering appointed Laptev to be the head of the Yakutsk crew and chart the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Lena River eastward. With permission from Bering, Laptev returned to Saint Petersburg for the winter. A second attempt the next year similarly failed to reach the eastern fleets of the expedition.

In 1739, Laptev was the commander of an expedition to chart the Anadyr region in the far east of the continent. The expedition went poorly at first and the Yakutsk became trapped by ice very quickly. That winter the crew, led by Laptev, were the first Russians to live amongst the indigenous population of the lower Indigirka River. Villagers from Russkoye Ustye provided crucial food, assistance, and even moved the ship to open water when spring came. Although sea travel never yielded much, Laptev and the crew provided significant mapping of the areas, often through overland treks and expeditions.

After the expedition, he continued his military service in the Baltic Fleet. Laptev was promoted to Vice Admiral rank in 1762, and retired the same year.

Legacy
A cape in the delta of the Lena River and a strait between the Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island and Asian mainland bear his name. The Laptev Sea is also named after Dmitry Laptev and his cousin, and arctic explorer, Khariton Laptev.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dmitry Laptev


text: User talk:81.178.254.247

title: User talk:81.178.254.247


text: Category:Stearns County, Minnesota

title: Category:Stearns County, Minnesota


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Universal Videogame List

Link to an external web site. Also delete UVL, which redirects to Universal Videogame List. - Kenwarren 18:08, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ianb 18:10, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Josh Cherry 19:52, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a web directory. Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:18, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Alexa traffic 406,541. Delete.  SWAdair | Talk  01:47, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedia is not Google.


text:
Internet traffic

Internet traffic is the flow of data within the entire Internet, or in certain network links of its constituent networks. Common traffic measurements are total volume, in units of multiples of the byte, or as transmission rates in bytes per certain time units.

As the topology of the Internet is not hierarchical, no single point of measurement is possible for total Internet traffic. Traffic data may be obtained from the Tier 1 network providers' peering points for indications of volume and growth. However, Such data excludes traffic that remains within a single service provider's network and traffic that crosses private peering points.

As of December 2022 almost half (48%) of Internet traffic is in India and China, while North America and Europe have about a quarter of global internet traffic.

Traffic sources
File sharing constitutes a fraction of Internet traffic. The prevalent technology for file sharing is the BitTorrent protocol, which is a peer-to-peer (P2P) system mediated through indexing sites that provide resource directories. According to a Sandvine Research in 2013, Bit Torrent's share of Internet traffic decreased by 20% to 7.4% overall, reduced from 31% in 2008.

As of 2023, roughly 65% of all internet traffic came from video sites, up from 51% in 2016.

In 2022, roughly 47% of all traffic was estimated to be from automated bots.

Traffic management
Internet traffic management, also known as application traffic management. The Internet does not employ any formally centralized facilities for traffic management. Its progenitor networks, especially the ARPANET established an early backbone infrastructure which carried traffic between major interchange centers for traffic, resulting in a tiered, hierarchical system of internet service providers (ISPs) within which the tier 1 networks provided traffic exchange through settlement-free peering and routing of traffic to lower-level tiers of ISPs. The dynamic growth of the worldwide network resulted in ever-increasing interconnections at all peering levels of the Internet, so a robust system was developed that could mediate link failures, bottlenecks, and other congestion at many levels.

Economic traffic management (ETM) is the term that is sometimes used to point out the opportunities for seeding as a practice that caters to contribution within peer-to-peer file sharing and the distribution of content in the digital world in general.

Internet use tax
A planned tax on Internet use in Hungary introduced a 150-forint (US$0.62, €0.47) tax per gigabyte of data traffic, in a move intended to reduce Internet traffic and also assist companies to offset corporate income tax against the new levy. Hungary achieved 1.15 billion gigabytes in 2013 and another 18 million gigabytes accumulated by mobile devices. This would have resulted in extra revenue of 175 billion forints under the new tax based on the consultancy firm eNet.

According to Yahoo News, economy minister Mihály Varga defended the move saying "the tax was fair as it reflected a shift by consumers to the Internet away from phone lines" and that "150 forints on each transferred gigabyte of data – was needed to plug holes in the 2015 budget of one of the EU's most indebted nations".

Some people argue that the new plan on Internet tax would prove disadvantageous to the country's economic development, limit access to information and hinder the freedom of expression. Approximately 36,000 people have signed up to take part in an event on Facebook to be held outside the Economy Ministry to protest against the possible tax.

Traffic classification
Traffic classification describes the methods of classifying traffic by observing features passively in the traffic and line with particular classification goals. There might be some that only have a vulgar classification goal. For example, whether it is bulk transfer, peer-to-peer file-sharing, or transaction-orientated. Some others will set a finer-grained classification goal, for instance, the exact number of applications represented by the traffic. Traffic features included port number, application payload, temporal, packet size, and the characteristic of the traffic. There is a vast range of methods to allocate Internet traffic including exact traffic, for instance, port (computer networking) number, payload, heuristic, or statistical machine learning.

Accurate network traffic classification is elementary to quite a few Internet activities, from security monitoring to accounting and from the quality of service to providing operators with useful forecasts for long-term provisioning. Yet, classification schemes are extremely complex to operate accurately due to the shortage of available knowledge of the network. For example, the packet header-related information is always insufficient to allow for a precise methodology.

Bayesian analysis techniques
Work involving supervised machine learning to classify network traffic. Data are hand-classified (based upon flow content) to one of a number of categories. A combination of data set (hand-assigned) category and descriptions of the classified flows (such as flow length, port numbers, time between consecutive flows) are used to train the classifier. To give a better insight of the technique itself, initial assumptions are made as well as applying two other techniques in reality. One is to improve the quality and separation of the input of information leading to an increase in accuracy of the Naive Bayes classifier technique.

The basis of categorizing work is to classify the type of Internet traffic; this is done by putting common groups of applications into different categories, e.g., "normal" versus "malicious", or more complex definitions, e.g., the identification of specific applications or specific Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) implementations. Adapted from Logg et al.

Survey
Traffic classification is a major component of automated intrusion detection systems. They are used to identify patterns as well as an indication of network resources for priority customers, or to identify customer use of network resources that in some way contravenes the operator's terms of service. Generally deployed Internet Protocol (IP) traffic classification techniques are based approximately on a direct inspection of each packet's contents at some point on the network. Source address, port and destination address are included in successive IP packets with similar if not the same 5-tuple of protocol type. ort are considered to belong to a flow whose controlling application we wish to determine. Simple classification infers the controlling application's identity by assuming that most applications consistently use well-known TCP or UDP port numbers. Even though, many candidates are increasingly using unpredictable port numbers. As a result, more sophisticated classification techniques infer application types by looking for application-specific data within the TCP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) payloads.

Global Internet traffic
Aggregating from multiple sources and applying usage and bitrate assumptions, Cisco, a major network systems company, has published the following historical Internet Protocol (IP) and Internet traffic figures:

"Fixed Internet traffic" refers perhaps to traffic from residential and commercial subscribers to ISPs, cable companies, and other service providers. "Mobile Internet traffic" refers perhaps to backhaul traffic from cellphone towers and providers. The overall "Internet traffic" figures, which can be 30% higher than the sum of the other two, perhaps factors in traffic in the core of the national backbone, whereas the other figures seem to be derived principally from the network periphery.

Cisco also publishes 5-year projections.

Internet backbone traffic in the United States
The following data for the Internet backbone in the US comes from the Minnesota Internet Traffic Studies (MINTS):

The Cisco data can be seven times higher than the Minnesota Internet Traffic Studies (MINTS) data not only because the Cisco figures are estimates for the global—not just the domestic US—Internet, but also because Cisco counts "general IP traffic (thus including closed networks that are not truly part of the Internet, but use IP, the Internet Protocol, such as the IPTV services of various telecom firms)". The MINTS estimate of US national backbone traffic for 2004, which may be interpolated as 200 petabytes/month, is a plausible three-fold multiple of the traffic of the US's largest backbone carrier, Level(3) Inc., which claims an average traffic level of 60 petabytes/month.

Edholm's law
In the past Internet bandwidth in telecommunications networks doubled every 18 months, an observation expressed as Edholm's law. This follows the advances in semiconductor technology, such as metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) scaling, exemplified by the MOSFET transistor, which has shown similar scaling described by Moore's law. In the 1980s, fiber-optical technology using laser light as information carriers accelerated the transmission speed and bandwidth of telecommunication circuits. This has led to the bandwidths of communication networks achieving terabit per second transmission speeds.

title: Internet traffic


text:
Talk:Television show

Requested move 28 November 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: RESULT. Per discussion below, general opinion was for page to be moved to Television show. Regards, (non-admin closure) Mahveotm (talk) 23:54, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Television program → TV show – Since this article is broadly about all content made for television, and in my experience "TV show" is the most common way to describe this concept. This NGRAM shows that since the 1990s, 'TV show'/'television show' has surpassed 'television program(me)' (also, 'TV show' surpasses 'television show') in book text. 'Television program' feels overly formal and the connotation of "program" usually refers to either unscripted shows or one-time television events. The word "show" is already used extensively in this article's text. Netoholic @ 18:57, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Alt rename to Television show per the article Television still being at that name rather than TV.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 11:26, 2 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Alt rename to Television show per Zxcvbnm. Randy Kryn (talk) 13:35, 2 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Weak Oppose having Television as opposed to TV is clearly better; I'm personally partial to "program" over "show" but I have no good arguments for that. power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 07:07, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:10, 9 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Logo of "Sirasa Lakshapathi".jpeg

What is and is not a television show?
The lede paragraph is:"A television show (often simply TV show) is any content produced for broadcast via over-the-air, satellite, cable, or internet and typically viewed on a television set, excluding breaking news, advertisements, or trailers that are typically placed between shows. Television shows are most often scheduled well ahead of time and appear on electronic guides or other TV listings." I am not sure that this is correct. For example, YouTube videos watched on a Smart TV are not generally considered a television show. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 03:41, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Definitely when it comes to purely online content, definitions can get fuzzy. There are certainly some YouTube creators that make what that are considered "TV shows", but a lot of content doesn't fit in that mould. Perhaps if we flip the order of that line to something like "any content produced primarily for viewing on a television set and broadcast via...", that might make your average YouTube video not fit there because they are intended for computer or mobile viewing. -- Netoholic @ 13:26, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

The lede paragraph has been edited so that "broadcast" via Internet doesn't qualify for the definition. For cord-cutters, it's not easy to tell what shows were created for broadcast over the air or cable versus streaming only. In fact it would take a little research to find out in some cases. So should the definition of a TV series be so subtle that we don't know if we're watching one or not? Rlitwin (talk) 00:22, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

Difference between TV and Film
On many articles for TV/Film across the wiki distinguish film from television (such as "this is a television show" or "this is a film"). I've always been annoyed by this. Is TV not also film? PortalMan2 (talk) 23:06, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

"Fernsehserien" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Fernsehserien. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 July 3 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. -- Tamzin (she/they) | o toki tawa mi. 12:01, 3 July 2021 (UTC)

"Original television series" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Original television series. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 July 3 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. -- Tamzin (she/they) | o toki tawa mi. 12:08, 3 July 2021 (UTC)

"Series" of a "series"? Why?
I've always wondered why the Brits insist on using "series" to refer to both a show itself and its sets of episodes, when the widely used and understood, unambiguous term "seasons" is available. Doesn't it cause no end of confusion? You know, like using the same word for an egg carton and the eggs it contains? No one would blame them for not having thought of it first, if that's what worries them. It seems oddly omissive not to include some sort of explanation of why they retain this contradictory practice (which doesn't make editing UK-TV-related WP articles any easier either, LOL). – AndyFielding (talk) 01:02, 13 February 2022 (UTC)
 * It's not just Britons mate. A show itself is literally referred to as 'show', as you said yourself. 'Thomas the Tank Engine is a television show, and one might find its best series to be series four and series five.' I would never refer to a programme, like Thomas the Tank Engine, as a 'TV series'. I would trust a chauvinist yank to declare his own appropriation of English 'widely used and understood' and try to make criticisms on English English, ie the English made and spoken by Englishmen, not North Americans. As this article clearly informs, seasons is used because of the mode of broadcasting in the US. Why should that be adopted elsewhere when it lacks the etymology? Rather like ass having zero etymological connexion to arse, and boy do North Americans enjoy saying ass.Wooblo (talk) 11:56, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Media and Culture Theory - MDC 254
— Assignment last updated by Leslsanchezz (talk) 14:38, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Race in America, sec 2
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"Making televsion" listed at Redirects for discussion
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 * we learn about telugu script 14.141.71.206 (talk) 06:19, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Series / Season / Strand
Sets of individual TV broadcasts in different cultures have been called:
 * "TV series" = Television show
 * "television strand": wiktionary:strand
 * "TV show"
 * "season of series"

Please Change Television_show to Television_show

since Special:Search/"Television strand"

for a new redirect TV strand to Television_show

98.248.161.240 (talk) 15:49, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Television show


text:
Marilyn Chris

Marilyn Chris (born Marilyn Miller, 1938 or 1939 ) is an American actress, possibly best known as Wanda Webb Wolek on the ABC soap opera, One Life to Live.

Early life
Born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jack Miller, an English-Scottish Mennonite and Sylvia Slavin, a Russian Jew, Chris attended the High School of Performing Arts and City College of New York.

Career
She began her acting career in the 1950s at The Living Theatre. Prompted by the discovery that her birth name was already registered with Actors Equity, Miller devised a stage name simply by shortening her then-married name, Christopoulos.

With appearances on television shows such as NBC's Law & Order and Fame, she is known by longtime soap fans as Wanda Wolek #1 on the ABC soap opera, One Life to Live, a role she played from 1972 through 1976, and from 1980 through 1994. Earlier in her career she played Edie Hoffman on the ABC soap opera All My Children.

She has appeared in such films as Love With The Proper Stranger (1963), The People Next Door (1970), The Honeymoon Killers (1970), The Black Marble (1980), and Trees Lounge (1996).

She has also acted and directed for the theater. Her Broadway credits include roles in Lenny and Brighton Beach Memoirs. She received an Obie Award and a Drama Desk Award and an Outer Critics Circle Award and a Variety Critics Poll for her performance in Kaddish, directed by Robert Kalfin at the Chelsea Theater Center.

Personal life
Chris has married three times, the first two ending in divorce: first, in 1957, to aspiring playwright George Christopoulos, with whom she had a son, Paul; next, on New Year's Eve 1967, to actor Ric Mancini;  and finally—from December 14, 1975 until his death on December 20, 2020—to actor Lee Wallace.

title: Marilyn Chris


text:
Richard Kruspe

Richard Kruspe (born Sven Kruspe; 24 June 1967) is a German musician. He is best known as one of the founders and the lead guitarist of the Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein, and the frontman of the industrial metal band Emigrate. Kruspe has released eight studio albums with Rammstein and four albums with Emigrate.

Early life
Sven Kruspe was born in Wittenberge, then part of East Germany. He later changed his first name to Richard, believing that anyone should be able to change their name if they want to. Kruspe has a younger sister and an older brother. His parents divorced when he was young, and his mother remarried. The family moved from the village of Weisen to Schwerin when Kruspe was young. He did not get along with his stepfather, who would be physically abusive, and Kruspe often ran away from home in his early teens. During his youth, Kruspe was a wrestler for seven years.

In a 2014 interview with Metal Hammer, Kruspe commented on life in East Germany, stating: "The thing about East Germany is that it was great to grow up there until you were 12. You were presented with the illusion of a very healthy society, which worked unless you asked questions – and you don't ask questions until you're 12."

At age 16, Kruspe and some friends visited Czechoslovakia, where he bought a guitar, originally planning to sell it. He then met a girl who saw him with the guitar and insisted he play something. When Kruspe hit random notes in frustration, the girl commented that it sounded "beautiful" and the moment would inspire him to learn how to play guitar. Kruspe later studied jazz guitar at the conservatorium in Schwerin for four years.

Career
In the late 1980s, Kruspe moved to East Berlin. For two years, he lived in an apartment with a drum kit and a guitar and made music by himself as he was not familiar with the local music scene. On 10 October 1989, Kruspe found himself in the middle of a political demonstration after exiting a subway station. He was then hit on the head by police and arrested. Kruspe spent the next six days in jail where he was interrogated and beaten by authorities. Once out of jail, he decided to leave East Germany. Because of the Eastern Bloc, he entered West Germany by traveling through Hungary. When the Berlin Wall came down, he moved back to Schwerin in East Germany.

Kruspe's first band, Das Elegante Chaos, was formed in 1987. The band recorded material in 1989 that were later released on the album Lyrik in 2011. Following the break-up of Das Elegante Chaos in 1989, Kruspe formed Orgasm Death Gimmick in 1991. The band released three demo tapes before disbanding in 1993. Kruspe was also a member of First Arsch with singer and drummer Till Lindemann and guitarist Paul Landers. The band released their debut album, Saddle Up, in 1992.

In 1992, Kruspe traveled to the southwest of the United States together with Lindemann and bassist Oliver Riedel. Upon returning to Germany, he decided to pursue a new style of music that combined machine-like sounds with heavy guitars. In 1993, Kruspe formed a new project with roommates Riedel and drummer Christoph Schneider named Tempelprayers. Together with singer Lindemann, they entered the Berlin Senate Metrobeat contest with a demo tape in 1994 and won a recording session in a professional studio. That same year, the band was joined by guitarist Landers and keyboardist Christian Lorenz, and changed their name to Rammstein.

Personal life
Kruspe has three children, two daughters and one son. He married South African actress Caron Bernstein on 29 October 1999. The ceremony was Jewish, and Kruspe composed the music for it. He took the last name Kruspe-Bernstein during their marriage. Kruspe moved from Berlin to New York in 2001 to live closer to Bernstein and work on his side-project Emigrate. They separated in 2004, and he reverted to his original last name. Kruspe moved back to Berlin in 2011.

Equipment
Kruspe has been an endorser of ESP Guitars since 1996. He bought his first ESP guitar, a sunburst 901 model, in 1990. Kruspe primarily used 901 models and Kirk Hammett signature model guitars for recording and touring until ESP produced his signature model guitars the ESP RZK-I in the mid-2000s and the RZK-II in the early 2010s. He also uses other ESP guitars, including Eclipse models and a Ron Wood signature model, in the studio. Kruspe was previously endorsed by EMG and was a long-time user of EMG 81 pickups before switching to Fishman in 2018 and joining their Fluence artist roster in 2023. He also has a signature Fluence pickup set. Kruspe mainly uses Mesa/Boogie amplifiers and cabinets, notably the Mark II C+ and Dual Rectifiers amps and 4×12 cabinets, in addition to Friedman and Soldano amps. He also uses the Kemper Profiler in the studio and live. Kruspe has a signature guitar pick and a signature string set through Dunlop and SIT Strings respectively.

Discography

 * Rammstein
 * Herzeleid (1995)
 * Sehnsucht (1997)
 * Mutter (2001)
 * Reise, Reise (2004)
 * Rosenrot (2005)
 * Liebe ist für alle da (2009)
 * Rammstein (2019)
 * Zeit (2022)

First Arsch
 * Emigrate
 * Emigrate (2007)
 * Silent So Long (2014)
 * A Million Degrees (2018)
 * The Persistence of Memory (2021)

 * Saddle Up (1992)

Das Elegante Chaos

 * Lyrik (2011)

Other appearances

 * Apocalyptica – "Helden" from Worlds Collide (2007)
 * Hotei – "Move It" from Strangers (2015)
 * VAMPS – "Rise or Die" from Underworld (2017)
 * Aesthetic Perfection – "Gods & Gold" from Into The Black (2019)
 * Lifeline International – "Come Together" (2022)

title: Richard Kruspe


text:
Leviton

Leviton Manufacturing Company, Inc. is an American manufacturer of electrical wiring equipment in North America. It produces electrical light sockets, receptacles and outlets, switches, dimmers and other lighting control systems, wire, power cables, power cords, wall and ceiling occupancy sensors, wall plates, datacom, and other electrical products.

History

The company was founded in 1906 by Isidor Leviton. He began by manufacturing brass mantle tips for the natural gas lighting infrastructure in New York City. They sold their mantle tips on a pushcart on the Bowery on the Lower East Side of New York City. He also designed a screw-in lampholder for Thomas Edison's electric lamp in 1910, and within ten years the lampholders were being used in nearly every apartment in New York City.

In the 1920s, Leviton moved to the neighborhood of Greenpoint, in Brooklyn, and in 1936, the company built its own two square block, four-story factory and warehouse, which still stands today. The following year, they acquired the American Insulated Wire Company, adding wire, cables, and cords to their product line.

Leviton sold lighting components to the Laurel Lamp Company between 1946-1981.

Leviton bought Deal Electric Company in 1950, and Hale Brothers, which was renamed Leviton Canada, in 1953, and started to produce fluorescent lighting.

In 1965, Isidor Leviton's son Harold Leviton was named president and CEO.

Leviton moved its corporate headquarters to Little Neck, in Queens, New York, in 1973.

In September 1999, Leviton acquired stage lighting controller manufacturer NSI Corp. as part of their Lighting Control Division.

Donald Hendler and Stephen Sokolow, two of Harold Leviton's sons-in-law, were named CEO and chairman of the board respectively in December 2007, following the latter's death.

Leviton moved from Little Neck in June 2009 to a slightly smaller but more energy-efficient corporate headquarters in Melville, N.Y.

In 2011, Leviton partnered with Ford Motors to produce their ever-green Electric Vehicle Chargers for Ford Electric Cars. Leviton also partnered with Toyota to manufacture chargers for the Toyota plug-in Electric Vehicles

In 2012, Leviton launched its Universal Dimming device line which dims any dimmable light-emitting diode, compact fluorescent light, or incandescent lightbulb. This results in dramatic energy savings. The company also released its Zipline Fluorescent Energy Retrofit Module, which eliminated retrofit wiring of ballasts.

Leviton acquired Home Automation Inc. in August 2012, and renamed it Leviton Security & Automation.

In October 2013, Leviton acquired UK-based JCC Advanced Lighting.

In October 2015, Leviton introduced its Omnistat 3 Hospitality Thermostat for 'cost-effective control of HVAC, lighting, and electrical loads' increasing HVAC energy efficiency in hotel guest rooms.

Leviton currently has operations in more than 85 countries on 6 continents, and employs approximately 6,500 persons. Its products include over 25,000 devices and systems, which are used both residentially and in businesses.

Patent lawsuits
In March 2007, Leviton was sued in United States District Court by Lutron Electronics regarding various dimmers, switches, and wireless lighting control systems. Lutron also filed a complaint with the International Trade Commission alleging that Leviton has produced several patent-infringing products in Mexico and China and then imported them into the United States. The lawsuit was settled with a cross-license of certain of the parties' respective patents.

title: Leviton


text:
South Yardley

South Yardley is a largely residential area in east Birmingham, England about 3.5 mi from the city centre, and one of the city's 69 electoral wards.

Ward
Following the 2017 City of Birmingham ward revisions South Yardley covers a much smaller area.

Former boundaries

The ward of the same name previously covered a larger area that included Greet, Hay Mills, Small Heath Park, South Yardley, Tyseley and parts of Yardley and Gilbertstone. The name of the ward was changed from Acocks Green Ward and with the name change, the boundary changed with Acocks Green village and Acocks Green railway station being lost and the boundary being extended north to Bordesley Green East. The area was extended up to Golden Hillock Road. This included the Small Heath Park area and Greet.

South Yardley is one of the four wards that make up the council constituency of Yardley.

Population
According to the 2001 UK Census, there were 27,620 people living in 10,907 households within the then ward boundaries of South Yardley. 30.3% (8,375) of the ward's population consists of ethnic minorities compared with 29.6% for Birmingham in general. The population of the ward had increased at the 2011 census to 30,786.

Notable residents

 * Graham Short (renowned micro-artist) Master engraver known for engraving The Lord's Prayer on the head of a pin. (1946 -
 * Gordon Nutt (8 November 1932 – 26 February 2014), former professional footballer who played in England, Wales, the Netherlands, and Australia; he made a total of 189 league appearances, and scored 32 goals.
 * John Hemming, politician (MP for Birmingham Yardley from 2005 to 2015)

Neighbourhood improvement schemes
Through Neighbourhood Renewal Funding, South Yardley has established the a scheme which involved street cleaning projects and training courses to improve the physical image of the area.

Places of interest
The Swan Shopping Centre was demolished in 2009 after a prolonged period of falling trade. It included an indoor market with a multi-storey car park. Proposals for a replacement shopping centre in a more modern architectural style have been approved. Planning permission was granted after Tesco agreed to pay a sum of money to the development as they are building a store on the site and in the immediate vicinity of the site. The replacement shopping centre will include a public piazza and petrol station. Councillor Jim Whorwood said the need to re-develop the Swan Centre was 'long overdue'.

The new Swan Shopping Centre opened in 2012.

South Yardley Library is within the ward. It re-opened on 6 May 2008 after extensive refurbishments and offers free internet access on 30 computers.

title: South Yardley


text:
Category:Presidents of France

The presidents of the French Republic.

title: Category:Presidents of France


text:
Paul Landers

Paul Landers (born Heiko Paul Hiersche; 9 December 1964) is a German musician, best known as the rhythm guitarist of Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein, and punk rock bands Feeling B and First Arsch. Landers has released eight studio albums and three live albums with Rammstein.

Early life
Landers was born in East Berlin, East Germany, son of Anton and Erika Hiersche. His mother comes from Lyck in Masuria, today Ełk, Poland. His father is from Böhmisch Kahn, today Velké Chvojno, Czech Republic. Both parents had to leave their home after the Second World War and met during their studies in Halle (Saale). Landers briefly lived in Moscow as a child and can speak some Russian.

Career
In 1983, at the age of 18, Landers became part of the East German punk band Feeling B, which was founded by singer Aljoscha Rompe and drummer Alexander Kriening. The band later recruited 16 year-old Christian "Flake" Lorenz to play bass, though he could only play the organ at the time and used it to create bass sounds for the band. Feeling B had various temporary drummers in their line-up, including Christoph Schneider later in their career. Landers also played in a number of other bands, such as Die Firma and Die Magdalene Keibel Combo.

In the late 1980s, Landers met Till Lindemann during a showing of the GDR documentary flüstern & SCHREIEN, which focused on varieties of youth music culture in the GDR. He also met Richard Kruspe, a friend of Lindemann, during this period. Landers would later play guitar in Lindemann and Kruspe's band First Arsch. In 1992, that band released their only album, Saddle Up.

In 1993, Lindemann, Kruspe, Schneider, and bassist Oliver Riedel formed a new band called Templeprayers. They won the Berlin Senate Metrobeat Contest in 1994 that enabled them to have a four-track demo professionally recorded. Landers and Flake soon joined the band, which then changed their name to Rammstein.

Personal life
Landers married his first wife, Nikki Landers, in 1984 at the age of 20. He subsequently took his wife's surname, having already switched his middle and first name, making his full name Paul Landers. Landers has two children, a son and a daughter.

Equipment

Guitars Amps
 * Gibson Paul Landers Signature Satin Black with grey binding; has 2 chrome covered EMG pickups, chrome bezels, and one volume knob. Used in Dropped C and D tunings. Used during the Liebe Ist fur Alle Da tour. Was revealed as a signature model, available for sale at the 2012 Winter NAMM Show.
 * Gibson Les Paul Studio All black with EMG pickups. Used in Drop C and Standard tuning. Used in Standard tuning only for performing "Rammstein". Used during the Reise, Reise tour.
 * Music Man Axis and Van Halen Signature model Orange w/ Quilted maple top (Van Halen Signature), Silver (Van Halen Signature), Silver/Black Pickguard (Van Halen Signature), Maroon w/ Black pickguard, Black w/ White pickguard; Had stock DiMarzio pickups, but later changed for EMG pickups in 2004. Used in Dropped D and Standard tuning. This was his main guitar since the beginning of Rammstein but was used less often during the Reise, Reise tour.
 * ESP Eclipse I CTM Paul Landers Signature Satin Black with Silver binding, and a recently released version in Satin silver with Black binding, has EMG Pickups. Used in Standard tuning. First used on tour during the Liebe Ist fur Alle Da tour. (2009–2010)
 * Sandberg Custom Plasma Guitar Clear acrylic guitar white LEDs inside of the body. This guitar was used a few times during the Mutter tour for the song "Zwitter".
 * Ibanez AXS32 Translucent red with silver pickguard, used in Drop C. Was used during the Reise, Reise tour for "Morgenstern" and "Stein um Stein".
 * Fender Jazzmaster Used for the "Mein Land" music video.
 * Fractal Axe-FX into Rocktron Velocity 300 power amp
 * Bogner Uberschall (He claims he began to use this amp because of the "Ultrasonic" Uberschall simulator in Native Instruments Guitar Rig, Former rig)

Laders also uses his signature PL1 Tech 21 FLyrig multi-effect pedal.

Rammstein

 * Herzeleid (1995)
 * Sehnsucht (1997)
 * Mutter (2001)
 * Reise, Reise (2004)
 * Rosenrot (2005)
 * Liebe ist für alle da (2009)
 * Rammstein (2019)
 * Zeit (2022)

Feeling B

 * Hea Hoa Hoa Hea Hea Hoa (1989)
 * Wir kriegen Euch alle (1991)
 * Die Maske des Roten Todes (1993)

First Arsch

 * Saddle Up (1992)

title: Paul Landers


text:
Buys Ballot's law

In meteorology, Buys Ballot's law may be expressed as follows: In the Northern Hemisphere, if a person stands with their back to the wind, the atmospheric pressure is low to the left, high to the right. This is because wind travels counterclockwise around low pressure zones in the Northern Hemisphere. It is approximately true in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, and is reversed in the Southern Hemisphere, but the angle between the pressure gradient force and wind is not a right angle in low latitudes.

A version taught to Naval Cadets in WW2 is: "In the Northern Hemisphere, if you turn your back to the wind, the low pressure center will be to your left and somewhat toward the front." (Aerology for Pilots, McGraw-Hill, 1943, pg 43)

History
As early as the 16th century extensive weather observations were included as part of a ship's log. These observations as well as other log information, were turned over to national hydrographic institutes in various nations, most notably Germany and England and later the US. The information from many ships about individual voyages was compiled ashore and later became what today is still published by England, a 3 volume set complete with charts titled "Sailing Directions for the World". Additionally the US Defense Mapping Agency publishes a 47 volume set Sailing Directions which serves much the same purpose. The information is the distillate of empirical observations of thousands of ships masters over thousands of voyages spanning several hundred years.

Buys Ballot's law, which was first deduced by the American meteorologists J.H. Coffin and William Ferrel, is a direct consequence of Ferrel's law. The law takes its name from C. H. D. Buys Ballot, a Dutch meteorologist, who published it in the Comptes Rendus, 9 November 1857. While William Ferrel theorized this first in 1856, Buys Ballot was the first to provide an empirical validation. While Buys Ballot hoped that his law would be validated by other meteorological services in other countries, foreign dissemination and adoption of Buys Ballot's law was slow. The French and American meteorological services of the era prioritized describing the state of storms rather than forecasting them, finding little use for the predictive value of Buys Ballot's law. However, the British Meteorological Office began to use Buys Ballot's law extensively after reintroducing a storm warning system in 1867 following the death of its former director Robert FitzRoy. The rule of thumb became more widely accepted following its effective use in the British forecasts.

Buys Ballot's law first appeared in early versions (prior to 1900) of Bowditch's American Practical Navigator and other publications written to assist in passage planning and the safe conduct of ships at sea and is still included today both in Bowditch and in Sailing Directions (see following reference)  as an item of practical reference and information.

Uses
The law outlines general rules of conduct for masters of  both sail and steam vessels, to assist them in steering the vessels away from the center and right front (in the Northern Hemisphere and left front in the Southern Hemisphere) quadrants of hurricanes or any other rotating disturbances at sea. Prior to radio, satellite observation and the ability to transmit timely weather information over long distances, the only method a ship's master had to forecast the weather was observation of meteorological conditions (visible cloud formations, wind direction and atmospheric pressure) at his location.

Included in the Sailing Directions for the World are Buys Ballot's techniques for avoiding the worst part of any rotating storm system at sea using only the locally observable phenomena of cloud formations, wind speed and barometric pressure tendencies over a number of hours. These observations and application of the principles of Buys Ballot's law help to establish the probability of the existence of a storm and the best course to steer to try to avoid the worst of it—with the best chance of survival.

The underlying principles of Buys Ballot's law state that for anyone ashore in the Northern Hemisphere and in the path of a hurricane, the most dangerous place to be is in the right front quadrant of the storm. There, the observed wind speed of the storm is the sum of the speed of wind in the storm  circulation plus the velocity of the storm's forward movement. Buys Ballot's law calls this the "Dangerous Quadrant". Likewise, in the left front quadrant of the storm the observed wind is the difference between the storm's wind velocity and its forward speed. This is called the "Safe Quadrant" due to the lower observed wind speeds.

To look at it another way, in the Northern Hemisphere if a person is to the right of where a hurricane or tropical storm makes landfall, that is considered the dangerous quadrant. If they are to the left of the point of landfall, that is the safe quadrant. In the dangerous quadrant an observer will experience higher wind speeds and generally a much higher storm surge due to the onshore wind direction. In the safe quadrant, the observer will experience somewhat lower wind speeds and the possibility of lower than normal water levels due to the direction of the wind being offshore.

These are very general rules that are subject to many other factors, including shapes of the coastline, and topography in any location. Although the principles apply to a very limited extent to a coastal observer during the approach and passage of a storm in any location, Buys Ballot's law was primarily formulated from empirical data to assist ships at sea.

title: Buys Ballot's law


text:
Jeduthun

Jeduthun - lauder; praising - the name of one or two men in the Bible.

 * A Levite of the family of Merari, and one of the three masters of music appointed by David. (1 Chr. 16:41, 42; 25:1-6) His office was generally to preside over the music of the temple service. Jeduthun's name stands at the head of Psalms 39, 62 and 77, indicating probably that they were to be sung by his choir.
 * A Levite whose son or descendant Obed-Edom was a gatekeeper at the time David brought the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 16:1).
 * Heman and Jeduthun were responsible for the sounding of the trumpets and cymbals and for the playing of the other instruments for sacred song. (1 Chronicles 16:42).

title: Jeduthun


text:
User:GNU

Hi, I'm Sagi from Israel, I was born back at March 26, 1985 in the far away land of Moldova. Currently I study in the Technion, Haifa. I speak Hebrew, English Language, and Russian.

I contribute mostly to the hebrew wikipedia, and here in the english site I mainly add links to the hebrew articles I write or translate.

Remember, GNU's not UNIX!! :)

he:משתמש:GNU

title: User:GNU


text:
Till Lindemann

Till Lindemann (born 4 January 1963) is a German singer and songwriter. He is the lead vocalist and lyricist of Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein and solo project Lindemann. Rammstein has sold over 25 million records worldwide, with five of their albums receiving platinum status, and Lindemann has been listed among the "50 Greatest Metal Frontmen of All Time" by Roadrunner Records. Lindemann has also appeared in minor roles in films and has also published three books of poetry. He has presented some of his original poems and scripts to galleries.

Early life
Lindemann was born on 4 January 1963 in Leipzig (then in East Germany), the son of Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) journalist Brigitte Hildegard "Gitta" Lindemann and poet Werner Lindemann. His parents first met at a conference in Bitterfeld in 1959. He grew up in Wendisch-Rambow alongside his younger sister, Saskia. At age 11, Lindemann went to a sports school at the sports club SC Empor Rostock, and attended a boarding school from 1977 to 1980. His parents lived separately for career reasons after 1975, and divorced when Lindemann was still young. He lived with his father for a short time, but the relationship was unhealthy; in the book Mike Oldfield im Schaukelstuhl, his father wrote about his own problems with alcoholism and the difficulties of being a father to a teenage Lindemann.

In 1978, Lindemann participated in the European Junior Swimming Championships in Florence, finishing 11th in the 1500 m freestyle and 7th in the 400 m freestyle, swimming a time of 4'17"58; he was shortlisted to go to the 1980 Olympics in Moscow, but left the sport due to an injury. According to Lindemann, "I never liked the sport school actually, it was very intense. But as a child you don't object." He later worked as an apprentice carpenter, a gallery technician, a peat cutter, and a basket weaver. His mother dedicated a letter titled Mein Sohn, der Frontmann von Rammstein ("My son, the frontman of Rammstein") to Lindemann in 2009. The first album he owned was Deep Purple's Stormbringer.

Music
Lindemann started to play drums for Schwerin-based experimental rock band First Arsch in 1986, who released an album titled Saddle Up in 1992, and played one song ("Lied von der unruhevollen Jugend") with a punk band called Feeling B, which was the former band of Rammstein members Paul Landers, Christoph Schneider and Christian "Flake" Lorenz in 1989. During his time in Feeling B, he played the drums in the band. In the 1990s, Lindemann began to write lyrics. In 1994, the band entered and won a contest in Berlin that allowed them to record a four track demo professionally. When questioned as to why Rammstein was named after the Ramstein air show disaster, he said he viewed images of the incident on television, and that he and the bandmates wanted to make a musical memorial.

Lindemann then moved to Berlin. During Rammstein's early years, because of his use of over-the-top pyrotechnics, Lindemann has burned his ears, hair and arms. Bandmate Christoph Schneider commented, "Till gets burned all the time, but he likes the pain." An incident in September 1996 caused a section of the band's set to burn, and as a result, Lindemann got his certification in pyrotechnics so the band could perform with pyrotechnics more safely than it had previously.

During Rammstein's US tour in June 1999, Lindemann and his bandmate Christian "Flake" Lorenz were arrested in Worcester, Massachusetts, for lewd conduct performed during their song "Bück dich" ("bend over"), which consisted of Lindemann using a liquid squirting dildo and simulating anal sex on Lorenz. Both Lindemann and Lorenz were released the following day after bail was met. This incident did not stop Lindemann from performing in the same manner for future shows outside the United States, particularly in Australia when they performed at the 2011 Big Day Out, but the United States performances of this song were changed into a sadomasochistic theme that did not feature dildos, although this was not the case for all remaining US shows on the tour. For example, on 18 June 1999, "Bück dich" was performed in the same manner at the Roseland Theater in Portland, Oregon. In 1999, the band was blamed for the 1999 Columbine massacre, but they denied their music was a factor. In November 2002, Lindemann's poetry book Messer was published. It consists of 54 poems compiled by Gert Hof, author of the book Rammstein, who was also the band's pyrodesigner for the last seven years. In July 2010, Lindemann, along with Flake, was interviewed by heavy metal anthropologist Sam Dunn for the VH1 Classic series Metal Evolution, on the topic of shock rock.

Lindemann is not a stranger to injury, as he mentioned in Rammstein's early career that he'd gotten burned several times with unprofessionally rigged pyrotechnics. At a performance in Sweden in 2005, he received a knee injury on stage when keyboardist Flake accidentally ran into him while riding a Segway PT. This injury caused several tour dates in Asia to be cancelled.

In 2005, five Rammstein albums received platinum awards and the band also received the "World Sales Awards" for over 10 million sold copies worldwide.

During the filming of the band's music video for "Ich tu dir weh", Lindemann wanted a light put in his mouth to create a visually stunning effect. Bandmate Paul Landers suggested that he use a flesh colored wire and run it along his cheek to shine a light into his mouth from the outside. Lindemann refused, and instead opted to have a surgical incision in his left cheek, so that a light could be fed into his mouth directly, and largely out of sight.

There is a specific performance move of Lindemann's, dubbed "The Till Hammer". This move is where he bends his knees, beats his thigh with a fist in a hammering motion while turning his head from side to side. On occasion, Flake has been seen to parody the move onstage. Unlike most frontmen, Lindemann stated in an interview that he does not like being looked at while on stage, and would wear sunglasses to block out views of the audience.

The main purpose of the band's signature pyrotechnics has also been stated to actually be a tool in taking the audience's attention away from Lindemann, whilst doubling as a spectacle for the audience. Lindemann often opts to just look directly at the mixing booth in the center of the crowd, except when directly interacting with an audience member. In 2011, Roadrunner Records listed Lindemann at number 50 of the 50 greatest metal frontmen of all time. In 2013, Lindemann's second poetry book, In stillen Nächten was published. He commented on the poetry, saying "The vast majority of my poems could have been written a few hundred years earlier."

On his 52nd birthday (4 January 2015), it was announced that Lindemann would start a new project with Peter Tägtgren named Lindemann. The band released their debut album Skills in Pills in June 2015. On 22 November 2019, Lindemann released their second album, F&M.

In 2021, Lindemann performed a Soviet war song Lubimy Gorod (Любимый город, Beloved Town) in Russian – originally sung by Mark Bernes in 1939 – for the Russian movie V2. Escape from Hell (Devyatayev). Till Lindemann was nominated for Best Narrative at the Berlin Music Video Awards 2020 with his music video Frau & Mann. In 2021, his music video Alle Tage ist kein Sonntag received a nomination for Most Bizarre.

Poetry
In 2018, Lindemann embarked on a book signing tour across Russia for his poetry book, Messer, originally released in German and then translated into Russian and re-released to the Russian market. Lindemann showed up to his book signing in Moscow with an unknown person in a gimp costume. The female gimp was led through the crowd by Lindemann before he sat down to sign autographs and talk to fans. It is still unknown who was in the outfit, but suggestions are that of his girlfriend at the time.

Film and television
Two songs from the album Herzeleid were used in David Lynch's 1997 film, Lost Highway. Lindemann has also played minor roles in some films, appearing with his bandmate Christoph Schneider as musicians in the 1999 film Pola X, playing a character named Viktor in the children's comedy film Amundsen der Pinguin (2003), and also appearing as an animal rights activist in the 2004 film Vinzent. Lindemann and the rest of Rammstein also appeared in the 2002 movie xXx (Triple-X starring Vin Diesel) while performing "Feuer frei!"

As guest artist
Lindemann has featured alongside many other artists throughout his career, such as Feeling B, Apocalyptica, and his bandmate Richard Kruspe's solo project, Emigrate. In 2023, he appeared on Child of Sin by Kovacs.

Musicianship
Lindemann's vocal range is that of a dramatic baritone. He has a tendency to press his voice with force from below and use the alveolar trill, stating in an interview that he sings it out of instinct. However, this trait could be connected to his youth years in Mecklenburg. In 2005, the New York Times commented on Lindemann's voice: "He commands a low, powerful bass rarely used in contemporary pop music, untrained but electrifying."

Lindemann himself describes his lyrics as "love songs". Some songs written by him have references to 19th century or earlier literature. For example, "Dalai Lama" from the album Reise, Reise is an adaption of Goethe's "Der Erlkönig". He also used more of Goethe's poems, as "Rosenrot" contains elements from the poem "Heidenröslein", while "Feuer und Wasser" has narrative elements from Friedrich Schiller's "Der Taucher". Lindemann also used elements from Der Struwwelpeter by Heinrich Hoffmann on "Hilf mir" from the album Rosenrot. "Mein Herz brennt" has lyrics taken from a narrative line in the East German children's show Das Sandmännchen.

Lindemann has used contemporary literature for intertextual references; the song title "Non, je ne regrette rien" was used as a chorus for the song "Frühling in Paris", and the song lyrics of "Links 2-3-4" are based on the song "Einheitsfrontlied" by Bertolt Brecht. According to Lindemann, the lyrics of the song state the band's political category, positioning themselves on the left. He has also used another song composed by Brecht, titled "Mack the Knife", and the chorus was used for the song "Haifisch".

The song "Cowboy" is a criticism of the hypermasculine character of Americans. Despite "Hollywood propaganda", Lindemann states that it was actually the cowboys who beat up the Native Americans.

Personal life
Lindemann has four children. His oldest child, a daughter, Nele, was born in 1985, and he spent the first seven years of her life as a single father. He has one grandson through Nele.

Lindemann is an atheist. In a 2011 interview, he said that he still has strong connections to the traditions of East Germany, and that he finds "de-traditionalisation" disturbing and believes there is "no longer any authenticity". He has said that he "hates noise" and often spends time in a small village somewhere in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the name of which he has not disclosed.

In 2014, Lindemann presented two sculptures and his original scripts of poems in his book In stillen Nächten (In Silent Nights) in a Dresden gallery. He also wrote some lyrics in 2014 for German Schlager singer Roland Kaiser for his album Soul Tracks.

Misconduct allegation
In June 2023, a woman alleged that her drink was spiked at a Rammstein concert in Lithuania and that a Russian woman on social media recruited her for sex with Lindemann. After the show, she was brought to a room with Lindemann and refused to have sex with him, as he reacted angrily and left. She emphasised that she was never sexually assaulted, but the story highlighted the band's "Row Zero" practice, where female fans who stood in a restricted area directly in front of the stage would be invited to pre- and after-show parties with Lindemann as potential sex partners.

Berlin prosecutors opened an investigation into sexual offences and the distribution of narcotics after more women claimed to have been "cast" for sex with Lindemann. Lindemann and the band denied all criminal wrongdoing. Lindemann's book publisher Kiepenheuer & Witsch dropped him as a client, claiming that a pornographic video he starred in and his 2013 book In Silent Nights celebrated sexual violence. In August, an anonymous woman spoke to Der Spiegel claiming that she had a sexual relationship with Lindemann beginning in 2011 when she was 15. While she was above the age of consent in Germany, she felt she "was way too young" to understand what happened and it caused her "long-lasting damage".

On 29 August, the German prosecutors dropped the case, saying that the investigations did not provide any evidence and that they were unable to substantiate allegations as law enforcement agencies had not received direct testimony from the accusers.

On 15 May of 2024, an investigation from the Vilnius police provided new findings that further refuted the accusation. With evidence indicating that the gaps in her memory that she described and injuries she has alleged were due to her own consumption of a wide variety of alcoholic drinks and her use of cannabis.

First Arsch

 * Saddle Up (1992)

Rammstein

 * Herzeleid (1995)
 * Sehnsucht (1997)
 * Mutter (2001)
 * Reise, Reise (2004)
 * Rosenrot (2005)
 * Liebe ist für alle da (2009)
 * Rammstein (2019)
 * Zeit (2022)

Lindemann

 * Skills in Pills (2015)
 * F & M (2019)

Na Chui

 * Till the End (2020)

As a solo artist

 * Zunge (2023)

 * "Alle Tage ist kein Sonntag" (with David Garrett) (2020)
 * "Любимый город" (Lubimiy gorod, Beloved Town) (2021), performed in Russian
 * "Ich hasse Kinder" (2021)
 * "Entre Dos Tierras" (2023), performed in Spanish, Héroes del Silencio cover

As a guest artist

 * Lindemann appeared as a guest as drummer on the album Hea Hoa Hoa Hea Hea Hoa by Feeling B for the song "Lied von der unruhevollen Jugend", which is in Russian. The song was played at a Rammstein concert in St. Petersburg on 19 November (2001) during the Mutter tour.
 * Lindemann provided vocals for the track Helden (a cover version of Bowies Heroes) on the Apocalyptica album Worlds Collide
 * Lindemann also sings the song "Wut Will Nicht Sterben" by Puhdys.
 * Lindemann and Richard Z. Kruspe covered the Aria song Shtil and released it as Schtiel Schtiel (Aria Cover) (2003).
 * Lindemann has also appeared on Knorkator's music video Du nich.
 * Lindemann also sings on some songs with Richard Z. Kruspe, the songs Let's Go and Always On My Mind by Emigrate.
 * Lindemann also sings a song with Zaz, the song Le Jardin Des Larmes (2021).
 * Lindemann also appears on the song "Child of Sin" by Kovacs (2023).

title: Till Lindemann


text:
Talk:Leviton

I keep uploading information, and someone keeps erasing it saying that it is blatant advertising. So I've changed it and it is no longer in any shape or form advertising... if they would read it, instead of just erasing it everytime, they would see it isn't. - krieglax23

I removed the text below due to the extreme bias shown. - Kenwarren 18:28, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)

Leviton mass produces low-end residential quality electrical products. These products include cheap snap-together brass light sockets that use a cardboard insulator between the live electrical terminals and the metal housing. Since there is no ground connection, it is common to receive an electric shock from a light fixture or metal lamp, if it uses a Leviton socket.

Leviton also manufactures electrical switches. Leviton's 4-way switch (a polarity-reversing switch also used for turning lights on and off from one floor of a stairwell where there are at least two other 3-way switches) has proven to be defective.

Ripped off text.
The contents of the article seem to have been copied directly out of a Leviton press release. Can we cut out the plagiarized marketing-speak and have a real write-up on the company and its products? Rusty 22:42, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

There we go
Now it's no longer a "rip-off". But, it needs more work. Leviton is a huge company. We also need a logo and some pictures.

I'll remove the stub catagory tag soon; unless someone objects? --Charles Gaudette 20:31, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Comments from krieglax23
I keep uploading information, and someone keeps erasing it saying that it is blatant advertising. So I've changed it and it is no longer in any shape or form advertising... if they would read it, instead of just erasing it everytime, they would see it isn't. - krieglax23 17:46, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Some of the text, particularly the timeline, appears to be a copyright violation and to have been taken from the company's web site. Reliable, neutral sources should be cited, rather than the company's site. --Eastmain 18:03, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Patent Lawsuit
Could someone re-add this to the article? Krieglax23 removed this before he/she was blocked and I think it is worth mentioning.  Rook wood  Dept. of Mysteries 22:12, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Attention Corporate PR Department/Agent
If you would like to help us expand this article, please post a list of major news appearances here on the talk page. To avoid conflict of interest problems, and potential embarrassment, you may want to avoid editing the article itself. Jehochman (talk/contrib) 07:05, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Logo Leviton bleu jpg.jpg
Image:Logo Leviton bleu jpg.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:37, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Logo Leviton bleu jpg.jpg
Image:Logo Leviton bleu jpg.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:13, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Leviton


text:
Hamburg Metropolitan Region

The Hamburg Metropolitan Region (Metropolregion Hamburg) is a metropolitan region centred around the city of Hamburg in northern Germany, consisting of eight districts (Landkreise) in the federal state of Lower Saxony, six districts (Kreise) in the state of Schleswig-Holstein and two districts in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern along with the city-state of Hamburg itself. It covers an area of roughly 26,000 km2 and is home to more than 5.1 million inhabitants.

History
On 1 January 2006 the office of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region opened, as agreed in a state treaty of cooperation (Staatsvertrag über Zusammenarbeit) between Hamburg, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein.

Geography
As of 2005, the Hamburg Metropolitan Region was made up of the city of Hamburg along with numerous rural districts in Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, altogether comprising 800 cities, towns and municipalities with an overall land area of 19802 km2. Since then it has expanded to cover the districts of Ludwigslust-Parchim (partially from 2012, entirely from 2017) and Nordwestmecklenburg (from 2012) in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

* Districts and independent (kreisfrei) cities. † Ludwigslust was merged into Ludwigslust-Parchim in 2011; pop. data for 2010 {{legend|#FFFFE0|District free city|outline=silver}}

Larger Urban Zones

The Hamburg Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) as defined by Eurostat's Urban Audit covers an area of 7,303 km2 and in 2004 had a population of 3,134,620 inhabitants. The Larger Urban Zone covers only the city of Hamburg and its directly neighbouring districts. The Hamburg LUZ corresponds with the service area of the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV) transport association with an average population density of at least 150 inhabitants/km2.

* Districts and independent (kreisfrei) cities. † not part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region

title: Hamburg Metropolitan Region


text:
Tabacalera

Tabacalera, formerly the Compañía Arrendataria de Tabacos, was a Spanish tobacco monopoly whose origins date back to 1636, making it the oldest tobacco company in the world.

In 1999, the company merged with SEITA of France to form Altadis, which was later purchased by Imperial Tobacco. Its brands included Ducados and Fortuna.

Tabacalera owned 50% stake in Cuba's official cigar export operation Corporación Habanos. After holding the stake for 15 years, Tabacalera played a key role in marketing and selling Cuban cigars in more than 150 countries around the world.

title: Tabacalera


text:
Oliver Riedel

Oliver "Ollie" Riedel (born 11 April 1971) is a German musician, best known as one of the founders and the bassist of Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein.

Early life
Riedel was born in Schwerin on 11 April 1971. Growing up, he had relatively good relationships with both of his parents, which he attributes to the small gap between their ages. As a child, he was not a good student, but he made his way through school with the assistance of his mother. Riedel was quite shy, especially during his teenage years; while his friends partied, he would often be found just "hanging around".

Career
In 1992, Riedel began playing in a folk/punk band called the Inchtabokatables. That same year, he traveled to the southwest of the United States together with Richard Kruspe and Till Lindemann. In 1993, Riedel co-founded a new project named Tempelprayers with Kruspe and Christoph Schneider. Together with Lindemann, they entered the Berlin Senate Metrobeat contest in 1994 and won a recording session in a professional studio. Paul Landers and Christian "Flake" Lorenz would later join the band, which was then renamed to Rammstein.

Personal life
Riedel has two children. He enjoys photography and sports, especially skateboarding and surfing. He is the tallest member of Rammstein, standing at 6 ft 7 in (2 m). Riedel is known to live a private life and rarely gives interviews. He is said to be the most computer-literate member of Rammstein. In 2022, Riedel auctioned off two of his signature Sandberg basses as part of the Gear For Hope music auction where proceeds were donated to aid organizations in Ukraine.

Technique
Riedel is primarily a fingerstyle player, although he uses a pick for most songs when playing live.

In certain softer songs, Riedel has been known to play with a banjo style plucking technique with his right hand to play arpeggiated chords, such as in "Seemann". He also plays the acoustic guitar introduction to "Tier" and "Frühling in Paris" during live shows.

Gear
His known gear is:

 * Sandberg California PM
 * Sandberg Terrabass signature model
 * MusicMan Stingray (used during the early days of the band)
 * ESP Eclipse bass (used during the Sehnsucht tour)
 * Sandberg Plasmabass 4-string custom built model
 * Tech 21 SansAmp Bass Driver DI
 * Glockenklang Heart-Rock Amp (Later rig)
 * Ampeg SVT-II (Early rig)
 * Ampeg 8x10 Cabs

Riedel also uses selected overdrive/fuzz pedals for songs such as "Mein Teil" and "Rosenrot".

Discography

 * Rammstein

 * Herzeleid (1995)
 * Sehnsucht (1997)
 * Mutter (2001)
 * Reise, Reise (2004)
 * Rosenrot (2005)
 * Liebe ist für alle da (2009)
 * Rammstein (2019)
 * Zeit (2022)

title: Oliver Riedel


text: Template:Norwegian Security Services

title: Template:Norwegian Security Services


text:
Ardnamurchan Point

Ardnamurchan Point (Rubha Àird nam Murchan, meaning "the headland of the hill of the great sea") is a peninsula in Highland, Scotland where the Ardnamurchan Lighthouse is situated.

Location
Ardnamurchan Point lies at the western end of the Ardnamurchan peninsula in Lochaber, Highland, Scotland. Ardnamurchan Lighthouse is located on the Point, just over 2/3 of a mile (1 km) north of Corrachadh Mòr, the most westerly point on the island of Great Britain, which is a few metres further west than the Point. The nearest settlements are the crofting townships of Portuairk 1.2 miles (2 km) and Achosnich 1.8 miles (3 km), and the village of Kilchoan 5 miles (8 km).

The point lies seven miles south of the island of Muck, with Eigg and Rùm a few miles further to the north. Coll is situated nine miles to the west, and Mull is five miles south.

Cultural references
In 1990 the Scottish composer Judith Weir wrote a 10-minute piece for two pianos called Ardnamurchan Point for the pianists Edmund Niemann and Nurit Tilles.

The location is one of the boundary points of the Inshore coastal areas of the United Kingdom, and is mentioned in the Shipping Forecast, broadcast by BBC Radio 4 on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency.

The lighthouse at Ardnamurchan Point featured in an episode of the BBC TV series, Top Gear, as the destination of a race, where the drivers had to be first to the lighthouse and fit a new bulb. This was Series 30, episode 3.

'Gazing from Ardnamurchan Point to the Hebrides' is a poem composed by Leslie Wheeldon. It is in memory to his much loved wife Kitty. The text of the poem sits in a memorial stone at the summit of Bickerton Hill Cheshire. The memorial is known as Kitty's stone.

title: Ardnamurchan Point