text:
Talk:Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations

Untitled
Members of First Nations are officially known as Indians, so I removed the quotation marks from Indian in the last paragraph. I agree that it may not be the most desirable name, but I'm also not persuaded that First Nation, as it has developed, is a good substitute. As I've noted elsewhere, I think in Indian reserve, it's used confusingly – it may designate a people or it may designate a reserve housing a community of that people (Munsee-Delaware First Nation is an example; it's only one of three reserves in Ontario on which members of the Munsee-Delaware First Nation live). And it seems to me that First Nation is promoted mainly as an attempt to make non-Indians feel good – we don't act as if they were nations, except insofar as that entitled them once to sign a treaty turning over their property and their lives to our negligent care.

Anyway, what is needed here is not so much acceptable nomenclature as a discussion of the inadequacies (and adequacies) of the Indian Act and the reserve system. In the beginning, for example, the reserves in southern Ontario probably seemed like a good idea – the Indians would have a home and they could support themselves by hunting in the forest which then covered southern Ontario. The forest disappeared 150 years ago, but we still haven't got round to doing anything about fixing the system. So if anyone qualified to do that would do it I for one would be impressed. John FitzGerald 16:52, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I've always wondered why the federal ministry was known as "Indian Affairs", it's not like they handly our foreign relations with India. I thought we were generally in agreement here in Canada that Christopher Columbus was wrong in assuming that the carribean was the Indies and that the indigenous people of this land were correctly reffered to as Native, Aboriginal or First Nations. How come even Ontario's ministry is known as Native Affairs? Hasn't this ever been made an issue with the federal government? (Canadianpunk77 19:08, 11 October 2007 (UTC))

welfare in villiages in bc
is it right for a band welfare office to tell a mother of two children to go and CHARGE groceries at a villiage store where things are trippled in price,,,, a bc villiage in the north has been telling my sister for months instead of helping my sister who cannot work and this is the only income they have,,, yet this villiage ALL BAND COUNCELLORS,, GO TO MEXICO AND VEGAS AND VANCOUVER ALL THE TIME ON BAND FUNDS  all the councelllors are driving around in new trucks,, a few months after they are elected in to office,, yet this mama has to go with out food every month for her kids,, and then have to borrow money from relatives NEVER HAVING A WAY TO REPAY THIS MONEY,,,  i dont see how this is allright for bands to be able to do this to a mother,,, is there anything anybody can do to help my sister,,,, —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.244.212.223 (talk) 21:40, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

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text: Category:Departments of Honduras

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Departments of Honduras


text:
Alan Gregg (musician)

Alan Gregg is a New Zealand musician, originally from Palmerston North, now based in London. Originally a keyboard player, Alan has mainly played bass guitar in his professional life. After moving to Auckland, New Zealand, Alan was a member of the Dribbling Darts of Love before joining The Mutton Birds, which he was part of from 1992 to 1998 (and again, returning for live shows, in 2001). In The Mutton Birds he contributed bass, vocals, keyboards and wrote a number of songs. After leaving the Mutton Birds, he acted as a producer and studio and touring musician before recording his first solo album, under the name Marshmallow in 2002. Other musicians on the album included Bic Runga, Ron Sexsmith, and Andrew Claridge.

In 2007, after hearing them singing through the wall of a rehearsal studio, Alan Gregg joined Cy Winstanley and Ange Boxall in The Desert Downtown, which also includes drummer Steve Brookes.

Alan has appeared as a musician albums by artists such as Dave Dobbyn, and Bic Runga. He produced, 'Brand New', the second album by New Zealand band The Stereo Bus.

title: Alan Gregg (musician)


text:
Patrol Craft Fast

The Patrol Craft Fast (PCF), also known as Swift Boat, were all-aluminum, 50 ft long, shallow-draft vessels operated by the United States Navy, initially to patrol the coastal areas and later for work in the interior waterways as part of the brown-water navy to interdict Vietcong movement of arms and munitions, transport South Vietnamese forces and insert SEAL teams for counterinsurgency (COIN) operations during the Vietnam War.

Conception
The Swift Boat was conceived in a Naval Advisory Group, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (NAVADGRP MACV) staff study titled "Naval Craft Requirements in a Counter Insurgency Environment," published 1 February 1965. The study was positively received, and the Navy began to search for sources. Sewart Seacraft of Berwick, Louisiana (Swiftships' predecessor), built water taxis for companies operating oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico, which appeared nearly ideal. The Navy bought their plans, and asked Sewart Seacraft to prepare modified drawings that included a gun tub, ammo lockers, bunks, and a small galley. The Navy used those enhanced plans to request bids from other boat builders. Sewart Seacraft was chosen to build the boats.

Mark I
The Swift Boats had welded aluminum hulls about 50 ft long with 13 ft beam, and draft of about five feet (1.5 m). They were powered by a pair of General Motors 12V71"N" Detroit marine diesel engines rated at 480 hp each, with a design range from 320 nmi at 21 knots to about 750 nmi at 10 knots. The normal complement for a Swift Boat was six: an officer in charge (skipper), a boatswains mate, a radar/radioman (radarman), an engineer (engineman), and two gunners (quartermaster and gunner's mate). In 1969, the crew was supplemented with a Vietnamese trainee.

The first two PCFs were delivered to the Navy in late August 1965. The original water taxi design had been enhanced with two .50 caliber M2 Browning machine guns in a turret above the pilot house, an over-and-under .50-caliber machine gun – 81 mm mortar combination mounted on the rear deck, a mortar ammunition box on the stern, improved habitability equipment such as bunks, a refrigerator and freezer, and a sink. The 81 mm combination mortar mounted on the rear deck was not a gravity firing mortar as used by the Army and Marine Corps, in which the falling projectile's primer struck the fixed firing pin at the base of the mortar tube, but a unique lanyard firing weapon in which the projectile was still loaded into the muzzle. The gunner could "fire at will" by the use of the lanyard. The weapon had been tested in the 1950s and discarded as the U.S. Navy lost interest in the system. The United States Coast Guard maintained the gun/mortar system before the Navy incorporated it into the PCF program. Many boats also mounted a single M60 machine gun in the forward peak tank, just in front of the forward superstructure.

The original order for 50 boats was followed shortly by an additional order for 54 more Mark Is.

Mark II and Mark III
In the latter half of 1967, 46 Mark II boats, with a modified deck house set further back from the bow. The newer boats also had round port holes (replacing larger sliding windows) in the aft superstructure. From 1969 through 1972, 33 Mark IIIs, which were a larger version of the Mark IIs, arrived in Vietnam.

Service
Most of the 193 PCFs built were used by the U.S. Navy in Vietnam and the two training bases in California. About 80 of the boats constructed were sold or given away to nations friendly to the United States. The original training base for Swift Boats was at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado.

In 1969, training was moved to Mare Island near San Pablo Bay, California, where it remained for the duration of the war. Though not a deep water boat, PCF training boats frequently transited from Mare Island, through the Golden Gate Bridge to cruise either north or south along the Pacific Ocean coastline. PCF-8 sank in a storm off Bodega Bay, California in December 1969. This was the only Swift Boat lost during training operations. No crewmen were lost in the event.

The most frequent training area for the Mare Island units was the marshland that forms the northern shoreline of San Francisco Bay. This area, now known as the Napa Sonoma Marshes State Wildlife Area, was also used by United States Navy Reserve unit PBRs) up until 1995, when Mare Island was scheduled for base closure.

Vietnam War service

The first Swift Boats arrived in South Vietnam in October 1965. The boats were initially used as coastal patrol craft in Operation Market Time, interdicting seaborne supplies on their way to the Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces in South Vietnam. However, the design's shallow draft and low freeboard limited their seaworthiness in open waters. These limitations, plus the difficulties being encountered in the interior waterways by the smaller, more lightly armed PBRs, led to the incorporation of Swifts to patrol the 1,500 mi of rivers and canals of Vietnam's interior waterways. Swift Boats continued to operate along the Vietnamese coastal areas, but with the start of Admiral Elmo Zumwalt's "SEALORDS" riverway interdiction strategy, their primary area of operations soon centered upon the Cà Mau Peninsula and the Mekong Delta area in the southern tip of Vietnam. Here they patrolled the waterways and performed special operations, including gunfire support, troop insertion and evacuation, and raids into enemy territory.

The Mekong Delta is composed of ten thousand square miles of marshland, swamps and forested areas. The region is interlaced by rivers and canal ways. Controlled by the VC, the interior waterways of the Mekong Delta were used to transport supplies and weapons.

Swift Boats generally operated in teams of three to five. Each boat had an officer in charge, one of whom would also be placed in overall charge of the mission. Their missions included patrolling the waterways, searching water traffic for weapons and munitions, transporting South Vietnamese marine units and inserting Navy SEAL teams.

When the Swift Boats began making forays up the waterways into the interior of the delta, they initially took the carriers by surprise, causing them to drop their materials and run off into the overgrowth. Occasionally a short firefight would break out. As it became clear that control of the waterways was being contested, the VC developed a number of tactics to challenge the U.S. Navy. They set up ambushes, built obstructions in the canals to create choke points and began to place mines in the waterways.

For the Swifts, coming back down river was always more dangerous than going up river. The passage of a patrol assured their eventual return, providing an opportunity for the VC. Ambushes were typically short lived affairs, set up at a river bend or in a narrow canal that restricted the maneuverability of the boats. A wide variety of portable weapons were used in attacks, including recoilless rifles, B-40 rockets, .50 caliber machine guns and AK-47s, often fired from behind earthen bunkered positions. Engagements were brief and violent, with the ambushers often slipping away into the undergrowth when the boats located the source of attack and began to concentrate their return fire. When attacked the boats would accelerate out of the hot zone, turn and then return as a group, firing as many of their guns as they could bring to bear. They would power past the ambush point, turn and return to attack again until the ambushers were either killed or slipped away. Though most cruising and patrolling was done at 8 to 10 knots, the boats could reach a top speed of 32 knots. Thick brush and vegetation in the delta provided excellent cover for the escaping ambushers. Casualties taken among the river crews were high. Casualties suffered among the VC were difficult to assess, as they would take their dead and wounded away from a firefight. Discovering newly dug graveyards was one of the few ways to confirm VC losses.

The first Swift Boat to be lost during the war was PCF-4, which was lost to a mine in 1966. Two boats, PCF-14 and PCF-76, were lost in rough seas at the mouth of the Cua Viet River near the DMZ, and a third, PCF-77, was lost in a rescue effort during a monsoon at the mouth of the Perfume River on the approach to Huế. All three of these boats were lost in 1966. PCF-41 was lost that same year in an ambush when it was hit by fire from a 57 mm recoilless rifle. Its controls destroyed and coxswain killed, it ran aground at speed. When the crew ran out of ammunition it had to be abandoned. It was recovered the next day but was too badly damaged to be repaired, so was salvaged instead.

PCF-43 was lost to a rocket attack in 1969. Several other Swift Boats had been lost to river mines, but had been salvaged and either repaired or used for spare parts.

When Vietnamization was implemented, several Swift Boats were turned over to the South Vietnamese Navy.

Controversy over loss of PCF-19
On the night of 15/16 June 1968, U.S. marine aircraft spotters on the ground began reporting unidentified helicopters near the DMZ. The first report stated that four helicopters had been detected and were proceeding toward Tiger Island, just off the North Vietnamese coast at an altitude of 700–1,000 ft. These spotters observed the aircraft visually, using Starlight Scopes and by radar. Over the course of the night, Air Force pilots reported 19 additional helicopter sightings. On this same evening the guided missile heavy cruiser USS Boston (CAG-1), operating near the DMZ, also began reporting helicopter activity in the vicinity of Bến Hải, Cap Lay and Tiger Island. At 00:10 on the 16th, an unidentified aircraft fired three rockets or missiles at Boston, but none hit the vessel.

At 01:00 on 16 June 1968 in the same area, PCF-19 was struck by two missiles, one struck the cabin just below the pilothouse on the port side, the other hit the engine room. The boat sank in four minutes. Four of its crewmen were killed, and two others badly injured. The remaining crew managed to swim free from the sinking craft and cling to a life raft until USCGC Point Dume (WPB-82325) arrived on scene at 01:30. As soon as the survivors were on board, Point Dume departed the scene to drop them off at the Cua Viet Base for a medevac to Danang. In the meantime, the crew of PCF-12, which had arrived on the scene at 01:50 to continue the search for survivors, noticed illumination rounds being fired that were not their own. Opting to investigate, the officer in charge ordered the boat to speed to the Cua Viet River. When PCF-12 was 3 mi from the river mouth, crewmembers observed two sets of aircraft lights off the port and starboard beam, about 300 yd away and 100 ft above the water. The boat commander immediately got on the radio and requested permission to engage the aircraft. At 02:25, PCF-12 received a single rocket from seaward at a low trajectory. The rocket passed a couple of feet over the main cabin and exploded in the water ten feet from the boat. PCF-12 came about, increased speed and moved away from the kill zone while bringing its .50-caliber guns to bear against an aerial target hovering at 1,000 ft with lights blinking. The aircraft decreased altitude and turned off its lights. After a short time, PCF-12 stopped to observe the scene and saw two aircraft appeared off its beams again with lights on. The boat commander contacted the marine observer and inquired about their status. The marines told him that they could not identify the aircraft because they did not have their identification, friend or foe (IFF) transponders turned on. At 02:35, the aircraft near the beach fired 40–50 rounds of .50-caliber tracer fire at the PCF. All rounds landed astern. PCF-12 responded with machine-gun and mortar fire.

At 02:40, Point Dume, now back on the scene was attacked by a fixed-wing aircraft, which made two attack runs against the vessel. Both the commanding officer of Point Dume and the commander of PCF-12 positively identified the aircraft as a "jet." The crews of Point Dume and PCF-12 then observed numerous lighted aircraft that appeared to be helicopters in the northern part of the area. These aircraft approached the U.S. vessels and made firing runs with their lights off. Point Dume received heavy caliber automatic weapons fire from these aircraft and returned fire. PCF-12 also returned fire intermittently for approximately 75 minutes. Neither vessel was damaged in the engagement; there were no personnel injured.

On the afternoon of 16 June, Task Unit 77.1.0 ordered USS Edson (DD-946), USS Theodore E. Chandler (DD-717) and the Royal Australian Navy guided-missile destroyer Hobart HMAS Hobart (D 39) to conduct a surveillance mission in the vicinity of Tiger Island in attempt to flush out any enemy helicopters or waterborne craft operating from there. At 01:18 on the 17th, Boston, which was engaged in a naval gunfire support mission in the same general area, came under attack from an unidentified jet aircraft. The jet fired two missiles at the ship: one exploded 200 yd off the port beam; and the other close aboard to port, showering the ship with fragments. No sailors were injured, and the missiles caused only minor structural damage to the ship. At 03:09, while Hobart was searching a 5-mile radius area between the coast and Tiger Island with its radar, it detected a single aircraft tracking east. The aircraft was not squawking IFF. An attempt was made to identify the aircraft by visual gun direction personnel on the bridge. Five minutes later a missile slammed into the chief petty officers' mess and nearby spaces, killing one sailor and wounding two others. The ship took evasive action but temporarily lost radar contact with the aircraft. At 03:16, two more missiles hit the ship, destroying the gunners' store and damaging other spaces, including the engineers' workshop, the seamen's mess, the missile director room, the RIM-24 Tartar checkout room, and the chiefs' mess (again). This second attack killed an officer and wounded other sailors. As the aircraft turned to make a third pass, one of the ship's gun turrets fired five rounds and the aircraft turned and retreated. Fourteen minutes later Edson, now at general quarters due to reports from Hobart about hostile aircraft in the area, came under attack by an unidentified aircraft. Lookouts and sonar confirmed a near miss astern by a missile.

The next day Vice Admiral William F. Bringle, Commander Seventh Fleet, appointed Rear Admiral S. H. Moore, Commander Task Group 77.1/70.8, to conduct an informal investigation into the various firing incidents occurring between 15 and 17 June. The board determined that Air Force F-4s launched two AIM-7E Sparrow missiles on 17 June at 01:15 and one at 03:15 that same day. Fragments of Sparrow missiles complete with serial numbers found on Boston and Hobart confirmed these findings. The case was therefore quite clear with regard to these two attacks on 17 June — Hobart and Boston had been the victims of friendly fire. The board also investigated the 16 June attacks on Boston and PCF-19 and the attack on Edson on the 17th. From the positions of American vessels and attacking aircraft, the board concluded that Air Force aircraft attacked Boston and PCF-19 on the 16th and that American aircraft also attacked Edson on the 17th. Unlike the Boston and Hobart attacks on the 17th, however, no physical evidence supported these findings. Later research of the incident with surviving veterans and a review of salvage reports from USS Acme (MSO-508), the ship that recovered the bodies and codebooks from PCF-19 shortly after the attack, found that the rocket entry holes in the hull of PCF-19 were 76.2mm in size—the size of a standard helicopter rocket carried by a Soviet-manufactured Mi-4 Hound helicopter and not Sparrow or Sidewinder holes, which would have been larger.

Vietnam People's Navy service
The Vietnam People's Navy managed to capture 107 of Republic of Vietnam Navy PCFs after the Fall of Saigon in 1975. The PCFs were quickly used in VPN operations at Thổ Chu and other islands to repel the invasion of the Khmer Rouge. The Swift Boats are still active in the Vietnam People's Navy.

The M2 machine gun was replaced by a domestically produced 12.7 mm NSV gun, which had fewer jamming problems and was easier for the crews to maintain. The electronic and communication systems were also overhauled. Some PCFs captured have a DsHK HMG and an AGS-17 AGL mounted on top.

Current

 * Vietnam: Vietnam People's Navy, taken from the former South Vietnam Navy. M2 HMG and other American-installed components replaced with NSV HMG or a DsHK and AGS-17.

Former

 * Khmer Republic: Khmer National Navy.
 * 🇲🇹 Malta: Maritime Squadron of the Armed Forces of Malta.
 * 🇵🇦 Panama: The MN GC-201 Comandante Torrijos and MN GC-202 Presidente Porras acquired from the US in the 1980s for the Panamanian Navy.
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines: Philippine Navy & Philippine Coast Guard.
 * South Vietnam: Republic of Vietnam Navy.
 * 🇺🇸 United States: U.S. Navy
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand: Royal Thai Navy.

Non-State Actors

 * 🇰🇭: Khmer Rouge, captured from the US and Khmer Navy.

Malta
Former U.S. Navy Vietnam veterans, from the Swift Boat Sailors' Association, visited Malta in 2010 and said the Malta Swifts were the last two still in service, out of hundreds that were built. One of the two patrol boats headed back to the United States to become a memorial in summer 2012 at the Maritime Museum of San Diego in California.

The museum has a display paying tribute to the Maltese servicemen who died on board the P23 (the sister vessel of P24) during an accident that occurred on September 7, 1984. The incident – known as the C23 tragedy and the worst peace-time accident suffered by Maltese services personnel – killed five AFM soldiers and two policemen when illegal fireworks about to be dumped into the sea exploded on the bow of the small patrol boat.

The AFM retained P23 as a memorial to those killed in the explosion. P23 was also depicted on a Maltese postage stamp commemorating the island's maritime heritage on 10 August 2011.

Philippines
A Swift Mk.3-class PB-353 physically restored and converted to museum display at the re-launched Philippine Navy Museum, Fort San Felipe, Cavite.

United States

There are two operational PCFs in the United States today. R/V Matthew F. Maury is operated by Tidewater Community College in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Formerly PCF-2, the vessel was awarded to the college in 1995 and has been used in oceanographic research and education since then. It is berthed at JEB Little Creek and operates in and around Chesapeake Bay. The second operational PCF, PCF-816 (formerly P-24 in the service of Malta) is operational in San Diego, California at the Maritime Museum of San Diego. The boat makes regular runs on weekends and is staffed with former Swift Boat sailors as narrators.

There are two Swift Boats preserved in static displays in the United States. Both are former U.S. Navy Swift Boats that were originally stationed in California to train PCF crews. One is located at the Navy Museum at Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C.; the second Swift Boat is on the Naval Special Weapons Base at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, California, the original home of PCF training.

Notable personnel
Those who served on the boats in Vietnam and later became politicians include Nebraska Governor and U.S. Senator Bob Kerrey, a recipient of the Medal of Honor, and Arizona Congressman Jim Kolbe, who served in the United States Navy.

U.S. Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry commanded a Swift Boat when he served in Vietnam. LTJG Kerry was awarded the Silver Star, Bronze Star and three Purple Hearts during riverine combat in a PCF.

Controversy
As the Democratic nominee for president in 2004, then-Senator Kerry's military record was attacked by a political 527 group called Swift Boat Veterans for Truth. Ever since, the term "swiftboating" has entered American political jargon associating swift boat service with political smear tactics.

In an article in The New York Times on June 30, 2008, Swift Boat veterans objected to the prevalent use of the verb "swiftboating" as this type of ad hominem attack, stating that it is disrespectful to the men who served and died on the PCFs during Vietnam.

General bibliography

 * Daly, Dan (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qgaDgAAQBAJ White Water, Red Hot Lead: On Board US Navy Swift Boats in Vietnam. Published by Casemate. ISBN 978-1612004785.
 * Friedman, Norman. U.S. Small Combatants: An Illustrated Design History, United States Naval Institute, 1987 ISBN 0-87021-713-5.
 * Gugliottia, Guy, Yeoman, Neva Sullaway, Swift Boats at War in Vietnam. Stackpole Books, 2017. ISBN 978 081 171 9599
 * Steffes, James Swift Boat Down: The real story of the sinking of PCF-19, Xlibris, 2005  ISBN 1-59926-612-1
 * Steffes, James Operation Market Time: The Early Years, 1965–66, Xlibris, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4415-9049-7
 * Symmes, Weymouth War on the Rivers: A Swift Boat Sailor's Chronicle of the Battle of the Mekong Delta  Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 2004.  ISBN 1-57510-109-2
 * Time, August 9, 1968, Vol. 92 No. 6; "Viet Nam War: Fatal Error" (The World/Vietnam War)

title: Patrol Craft Fast


text:
User:Jeffwarnica

Atlantic City version
The board consists of 40 squares, containing 28 properties, 3 "Chance" squares, 3 "Community Chest" squares, a "Luxury Tax" square, an "Income Tax" square, "GO", "Jail", "Free Parking", and "Go to Jail". In the US version shown below, the properties are named after locations in Atlantic City, NJ.

Note that Marvin Gardens on the above board is actually a misspelling of the original street name, Marven Gardens. The misspelling was originally introduced by Charles Todd, whose home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and subsequently used as the basis of their design by Parker Brothers. They have never corrected the error. Short Line was not a real railroad but a bus line that had a depot in Atlantic City, and Atlantic City does not have a Water Works -- its water is piped in from the New Jersey "mainland" through two pipes.

title: User:Jeffwarnica


text:
Arceuthobium

The genus Arceuthobium, commonly called dwarf mistletoes, is a genus of 26 species of parasitic plants that parasitize members of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae in North America, Central America, Asia, Europe, and Africa. Of the 42 species that have been recognized, 39 and 21 of these are endemic to North America and the United States, respectively. They all have very reduced shoots and leaves (mostly reduced to scales) with the bulk of the plant living under the host's bark. Recently the number of species within the genus has been reduced to 26 as a result of more detailed genetic analysis.

Description
They are dioecious, individual plants being either male or female. The fruit is unusual in that it builds up hydrostatic pressure internally when ripe and shoots the single sticky seed up to speeds nearly 50 mph, an example of rapid plant movement. The lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe,'' Arceuthobium americanum, has been found to explosively-disperse its seeds through thermogenesis. Dwarf mistletoe seeds are enveloped in a hygroscopic, glue-like substance called viscin. Many fail to land on a suitable host's shoot, but some succeed, and in this way they are spread through the forests as a pest front. The spread of dwarf mistletoes in forest stands is greatest from the overstory to the understory, owing to gravity. Advantageous stand conditions for the spread of the parasite include an uneven-aged stand structure with severely infected hosts in dominant and codominant crown classes, species composition dominated by the primary host, and tree densities between 175 and 500 trees/ha.

There are also several species from Europe and Asia including one of the smallest in the genus, A. minutissimum that lives on its host, Pinus wallichiana in the Himalayas.

Effects of parasitism
In western forest ecosystems of North America, numerous dwarf mistletoe species are considered to be serious forest-borne disease agents. Severe dwarf mistletoe infection can result in a reduction in tree growth, premature tree mortality, reduced seed and cone development, and reduced wood quality, and increases the susceptibility of the host tree to pathogen and/or insect attack. Most of the commercially important conifers in western North America are parasitized by one or more dwarf mistletoes.

The interaction between dwarf mistletoes and their host can be generalized as a source-to-sink relationship. Dwarf mistletoes derive the majority of their nutrition from the host’s vascular tissues. Dwarf mistletoes have a root-like endophytic system, composed of primary and secondary haustoria, which invade, but do not injure, both the xylem and phloem of the host. Because this root-like endophytic system is not soilborne, dwarf mistletoes are dependent solely on their host for water. Along a xylem-to-xylem link, dwarf mistletoes draw water from their host using the difference in water potential between parasite and host. The greater transpiration rate of the dwarf mistletoe produces a lower water potential, allowing water to flow from host to parasite. The water gradient or transpiration stream is consistently maintained, even when the host is under moderate water deficit.

In addition to host-water dependence, dwarf mistletoes must acquire carbohydrate and mineral nutrition from their hosts. Dwarf mistletoes have both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and the necessary mechanisms for photosynthesis, but chlorophyll concentrations in dwarf mistletoes are approximately 1/5 to 1/10 of those found in their host’s foliage, and dwarf mistletoes have low photosynthetic rates as measured by the rate of carbon fixation. The principal carbohydrate transported from the host to dwarf mistletoe is sucrose. Because dwarf mistletoes are phloem-deficient, they draw carbohydrates from their hosts by connections to the host phloem and ray parenchyma. The rate of carbohydrate transport varies by season, but dwarf mistletoes continuously draw carbohydrates from their hosts throughout the year.

Dwarf mistletoe rating system
A standardized system called the Hawksworth 6-class dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR) system has been devised to determine how much dwarf mistletoe has infected a tree. To use this system, the living part of the tree crown needs to be broken up into 3 sections, (top, middle, bottom). Each section is then rated either 0, 1, or 2 with a score of 0 being assigned for a uninfected section, 1 for light infection with fewer than half of the branches infected, or 2 for heavy infection with over half of the branches infected. The 3 numbers are then added together to give the total rating for the tree.

Species

 * Arceuthobium abietinum Engelm. ex Munz
 * Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.
 * Arceuthobium apachecum Hawksworth & Wiens
 * Arceuthobium azoricum Hawksw. & Wiens
 * Arceuthobium blumeri A. Nels.
 * Arceuthobium californicum Hawksworth & Wiens
 * Arceuthobium campylopodum Engelm.
 * Arceuthobium cyanocarpum (A. Nels. ex Rydb.) A. Nels.
 * Arceuthobium divaricatum Engelm.
 * Arceuthobium douglasii Engelm.
 * Arceuthobium gillii Hawksworth & Wiens
 * Arceuthobium globosum Hawksw. & Wiens
 * Arceuthobium laricis (Piper) St. John
 * Arceuthobium littorum Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent
 * Arceuthobium microcarpum (Engelm.) Hawksworth & Wiens
 * Arceuthobium minutissimum Hook. f.
 * Arceuthobium monticola Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent
 * Arceuthobium occidentale Engelm.
 * Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M.Bieb.
 * Arceuthobium pusillum Peck
 * Arceuthobium siskiyouense Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent
 * Arceuthobium tsugense (Rosendahl) G.N. Jones
 * Arceuthobium vaginatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) J. Presl (Syn. Viscum vaginatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. )

title: Arceuthobium


text:
Talk:Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Untitled
There is a time value after "Heat n". Is that local time when the heat started? RedWolf 17:02, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes it is. Earl Andrew 17:28, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

World Record
Watching BBC coverage last night I seem to remember a World Record or two being broken... How are we going to note this? A particular colour - a graphic even? --80.225.59.28 10:52, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

As I have written on Talk:2004 Summer Olympics these details should be included in a small write up of each event.Scraggy4 11:02, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

If seems to me that if we're recording all the results for all heats, semi-finals and finals for all events, then this page is going to get very long (certainly over the 32kb limit for page length). Should we consider having one central page for the swimming overall (including overall swimming medal tally) and one sub-page for each individual event? Zaphod Beeblebrox 18:01, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I think Yes, if someone is willing to do it. Or possibly sub page for each type of event: breast/ back/ free/ fly / and relay, so some elaboration on the rules, the history prior to the event that bears on the event... etc. would be good. Comments?Pedant

For world record and olympic record, I've been using world record and Olympic record for emphasis.Pedant 18:59, 2004 Aug 16 (UTC)

Possibly splitting the the swimming into 2 pages ie; Men's Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics and Women's Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics may fix the problem. I was thinking of splitting the volleyball later on tonight as that too has become too large but that's relatively easy splitting between indoor and beach.Scraggy4 19:13, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Proposed Template
I have decided to clean up a lot of the conversation and discussion that was going on here because it was starting to get difficult to read. A few people commented that the old template was far too large and took up too much space at the top over every page - I have therefore redesigned it ; let me know what you think -- Zaphod Beeblebrox 08:57, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I like it, but is there any way you can prevent the link for, say, the 4x100m relay splitting onto two lines? It would look much better with all the relay links, complete, on the bottom line. Impi 11:48, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Fanatastic job done on these Zaphod, it seemed to work quite well after our discussion the other night, having the template ready for the following day, although not complete, people seemed to take the idea on board very well. Having looked at the pages I think it might be an idea to have the template at the bottom of the page for each event, so that when a user visits the main Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics page and clicks on a particular discipline, they will immediately see the details for the event they chose rather than another version of the template.Scraggy4 12:52, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, I put the template at the bottom of the page on the Men's 100m freestyle page, see what you think. Impi 14:23, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeh! I think that looks a lot better, it gives room at the top of the page for people to immediately see who won the medals and the write up for the event can go directly under that. I do think that is the correct way to go as if I clinked on the link to take me to the event I would expect to see the details for that event straight away without having to scroll down the page.Scraggy4 14:29, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah - definitely looks a lot better with the template at the bottom of the page - let's get them moved for all the events... -- Zaphod Beeblebrox 15:37, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * One more thing - while we're changing things around - do you think it would look better if we listed the "Final" results first, then "Semi-Final", then "Heats" ? -- Zaphod Beeblebrox 15:50, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I have been thinking about this for a few days but can't make my mind up. I think it may look better with the final at the top but we may find an admin moaning that it should follow chronological order or something like that and reverting them. It also makes it more difficult to avoid duplicated links. You may have noticed on pages like the tennis, table tennis, badminton etc that I have only linked competitors names on their first appearance in the event so leaves all following rounds clear of wiki links and a lot easier on the eye. This wasn't only for the visual improvement but the fact that the wiki rules state you should only link on the first appearance of that word/name or something like that. If the final is listed first it then means all the heats/rounds following that will have half the names linked and half not.Scraggy4 16:02, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

fix text wrapping
I have cure the proble by inserting  in between the offending words that split across 2 lines.Scraggy4 11:53, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I was still seeing splits, so I changed all spaces in links to non-breaking. Splits are now eliminated for all window sizes.
 * Bobblewik 09:39, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Still splitting on Mozilla Firefox, works fine in Opera and IE. Impi 10:08, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the feedback. I now see that I missed a few first time but they should be fixed now. Please check again now.
 * Bobblewik 11:02, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Working fine now with both browsers, nice work! Impi 11:37, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Current Progress
I have to admit, I did panic a little this morning when I saw the Swimming section on the front page of Wikipedia this morning in the Olympic coverage as I thought it was nowhere near ready for public consumption ; I reckon it's been hammered into shape quite nicely though over the last few hours. Thanks to the folks who were inputting details of the Men's 100 metre freestyle heats section - it'll make things so much easier to update when the final result comes in.

I am going to be away tomorrow evening - so y'all have to manage without me for a few hours ; I think the format has settled down a little now, so should be easy enough to follow.

Only task left to do is update the medals table with the results of the most recent four events.

Still not 100 percent happy with the layout of the two tables on the main swimming page though - any suggestions for making that a bit more attractive? -- Zaphod Beeblebrox 19:45, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

2 Medal tallies ??
I came here this morning and noticed that last nights events had not be added into the country medal tallies so I updated the table. Then thinking that all was good I lokked at the page again and saw 2 copies of the medal tally. One had the update I did and the other didn't. This left me worried I've broken something, I'm about to look into history and see if I can figure it out. Steven jones 00:31, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Someone had accidentally duplicated the rtcl twice on the same page but it looks like I've cleared it up now.Scraggy4 00:44, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. That was what I guessed, but I wasn't sure that there wasn't something clever going on that I missed. Steven jones 01:13, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Template placement/orientation
Been thinking about the template positioning ; does anyone think it would be better if we had a vertical template (two columns - one for men's events, one for women's events) instead of the current horizontal template ; that way, we could have the template on the right hand side at the top of every page.

On the main screen, this would mean that we would be able to see the "Medals by country" listing without having to scroll past the templates ; and also on the individual event pages, it would be immediately obvious that such a navigational tool was available.

I might knock up such a template tonight after work (about 1730 BST) and see what it looks like. --- Zaphod Beeblebrox 06:26, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I have made a little progress in constructing a vertical template - there are no links in it just yet - that would be easy enough to implement though - you can see what it currently looks like at User:Zaphod_Beeblebrox/Work_In_Progress -- 06:59, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I like this format, fits in with similar templates on many project pages. Ok, you've got my vote to change to the vertical format. Impi 07:20, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Would you like to have a look at that page again now - it gives you some idea of how the front page might look with that vertical template in place - feel free to tweak and change things around if you think you can improve the appearance. --Zaphod Beeblebrox 08:44, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Looks good. You've got my vote. By the way...are we all up to date, event-wise, including heats? Ambi 09:32, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep, I like it, better than the horizontal format.Impi 10:31, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I've partially converted Zaphod's layout to one that takes *slightly* less space at User:Chuq/test - it's not all converted but you can get the idea. See what you think! (Ignore the crap in the body of that document, thats other testing gone wrong!) -- Chuq 10:34, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Chuq - I like your improvements to my vertical template ; I reckon we go ahead with that ; Ambi - I have just updated with details of this morning's heats. -- Zaphod Beeblebrox 12:09, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * (BTW - size isn't necessarily an issue with the template if we go with the horizontal format because we'll be able to "float" the template at the right hand side of the page without impacting on the vertical position of the rest of the page's contents)-- Zaphod Beeblebrox 12:13, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Error but I can't edit it
There is a problem with list of events. The womens 4x1 medley relay has the incorrect text, (it says 200m freestyle) and incorrect time it should be 20:10 according to the official web site, but for some reason I can't seem to make the fix. I keep getting an empty page return when I hit either save or preview. Can someone else make the change. Steven jones 04:12, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Fixed it. - Jonel 05:00, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * They were installing new servers yesterday, that's why there was some downtime and a couple of technical errors when trying to either preview or save pages. Everything should be back to normal now.Impi 07:48, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks Steven jones 08:16, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Suggestion to improve the articles on each event
I was reading the articles on each event and I thought something was missing. Since the articles list the participants in each heat, semifinal and in the final race, I thought it would be interesting if we somehow point out on each list who qualified for the subsequent stage (does not apply to the final of course). I mean, there have been instances where up to 70% of the final eight came from only one of the two semifinal races, but the eventual reader would have a lot of trouble to visualize that right now, since he would have to go back and forth comparing the names from each list. So maybe we could add the letter "Q" (for "qualified") after the individual times, or maybe come up with some symbol or color code? Just thought it would be interesting. Redux 04:08, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I have used the Q for automatic and q for fastest losers on the athletics pages that I have done / edited do so far, but I left the swimming alone as there appeared enough people working on that. It would be a good idea to format all the results pages as near the same as possible but I feel that this will not be completed until after ther games. I think I'm correct in thinking that the swimmers either qualified or didn't as all heats qualification was done purely on timing so only the Q would be needed.

Abbreviations I have been using. All times shown are in seconds. Q denotes automatic qualification. q denotes fastest losers. DNS denotes did not start. DNF denotes did not finish. NR denotes national record. PB denotes personal best. SB denotes seaeson's best although I don't think I have used them consistently as I thought of different things as I went along.Scraggy4 09:30, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I happened to be looking at one of these pages and was wondering what the Q was. The notations used need to be either on each page or linked in somehow.   — KayEss | talk 07:07, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

Swimming event format
Scraggy - Do you have a source on the web anywhere that gives details of World Records, Olympics Records, National Bests, Personal Bests, etc for swimming? The BBC's website is very good at giving these details for athletics events - but doesn't give them for swimming events.

It has been commented to be also that the swimming pages currently feature a lot of repeated links within each event's pages (country links and athlete links) ; I have removed these from the Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Men's 50 metre Freestyle page - this left the page looking very drab, so I have added national flags to make the page's appearance more attractive.

I have also included the Heat's ranking and the Semi-final ranking for the event to show how each athlete progressed.

Have a look and let me know what you think -- Zaphod Beeblebrox 11:02, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Zaphod, looks fine to me might want to Q to make it stand out.

Referance sites. world records, [olympic records, seasons bests not sure about personal bests or national records. But the athens2004 results pages show whether they have broken world, olympic, area or national records. [[User:Scraggy4|Scraggy4]] 11:22, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Scraggy - I have added -Q to the heat's listings as well as emphasising them in the heat rankings list. See what you think.  Will add any PB/SB, etc. info later -- Zaphod Beeblebrox 11:44, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I have started work on an expanded format for the swimming pages - the top of each page will eventually feature details of World and Olympic records and (if applicable) details of new records set for that event during these Olympic Games. I have also used the Olympic website statistics to indicate new European/African/Asian/Oceania records.

 * Qualification from heats and semi-finals has also been made easier to understand with expanded "heat rankings" and "semi-final rankings" sections appearing. So far, 12 of the 32 events have been converted and I anticipate I should be able to convert the rest of them to this format tomorrow. -- Zaphod Beeblebrox 20:56, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Districts of Lesotho

title: Category:Districts of Lesotho


text:
Malcolm Guthrie

Malcolm Guthrie (10 February 1903 – 22 November 1972) was an English linguist who specialized in Bantu languages.

Guthrie was a foremost professor of Bantu languages at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London. He is known primarily for his classification of Bantu languages, Guthrie 1971. The classification, though based more on geography than linguistic relatedness, is nonetheless the most widely used. Together with the Belgian linguist Achille Émile Meeussen (1912–1978), he is regarded as one of the two leading Bantu specialists of the second half of the 20th century.

Early life and career
Malcolm Guthrie was born in Hove, Sussex, England, the son of a Scottish father and a mother of Dutch extraction. After schooling at Ipswich, he took a degree in metallurgy at Imperial College, London.

Shortly afterwards, however, he felt called to the Baptist ministry. He served for two years as minister of a Baptist church in Rochester, during which time he married Margaret Near, the daughter of a Baptist minister at a neighbouring church. In 1932 he went as a missionary to Kinshasa in the then Belgian Congo, where he worked for the next eight years. It was here that he studied the Lingala language and several other local languages.

Works
Guthrie's first major work was The Classification of the Bantu Languages (1948), in which he tried to define the set of Bantu languages. It was in this work that the first version of the famous coding of these languages into geographical "zones" first appeared.

The magnum opus of Guthrie is Comparative Bantu, which appeared in 4 volumes published in 1967 (volume 1), 1970 (volumes 3 and 4), and 1971 (volume 2). The 4 volumes provide not only a genetic classification but also a reconstruction of Proto-Bantu as the Proto-language of the Bantu language family. For his reconstruction, Guthrie drew data from 28 so-called "test languages" that were picked more or less randomly. It has been argued, for example by Wilhelm Möhlig, that this renders his reconstruction unreliable, since the reconstructed forms, and hence the genetic tree, would be different if one changed the selection of languages.

Guthrie also published extensively on a wide range of Bantu languages, including Lingala, Bemba, Mfinu, and Teke.

title: Malcolm Guthrie


text:
Elizabeth Swann

Elizabeth Turner (née Swann) is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. She appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) and three of its sequels, Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007) and Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017). She is portrayed by Keira Knightley (and as a child by Lucinda Dryzek in the prologue of The Curse of the Black Pearl). She is known to use the alias "Elizabeth Turner", but this later becomes her married name when she weds Will Turner in At World's End, though she was credited as "Elizabeth Swann" in Dead Men Tell No Tales.

Elizabeth is the only child to Weatherby Swann, the love interest (later wife) to Will Turner, mother to Henry Turner and daughter-in-law to William “Bootstrap Bill” Turner.

Personality
Elizabeth is a spirited, intelligent, and independent-minded character whose beauty attracted Will Turner, James Norrington, Sao Feng, and Captain Jack Sparrow. Only Will Turner's affections were reciprocated, although she struggled with a subtle attraction and kiss with Sparrow, and a compassionate friendship with Norrington. Throughout the three films, she transforms from a young girl to a proper lady and finally into a courageous pirate. Elizabeth has always been fascinated by piracy, but she is often revolted by pirates' aggressive, wild nature. Even after becoming a pirate, Elizabeth retains her refined ways, as well as her loyalty and compassion for loved ones (including Will Turner, her father, and later, Jack Sparrow and James Norrington).

Elizabeth adapts easily to piracy, having natural leadership abilities. She learns seamanship quickly and finds that she has an innate talent for battle strategy. She learns swordsmanship from Will and is soon capable of defending herself against multiple opponents, fighting with two swords simultaneously. She later uses a Chinese Jian sword and also carries a multitude of other weapons on her person including knives, firearms, and what appears to be a small grenade.

She freely speaks her mind even if it offends others; for example, she calls a potentially dangerous enemy, Sao Feng, a coward. During her reign as Pirate King of the Brethren Court, Elizabeth proves to be a charismatic leader and inspires the other pirate lords to battle Cutler Beckett's fleet. Elizabeth's darker side is shown when she sacrifices Jack Sparrow to the Kraken so she and the crew can escape. However, she feels so guilty about it that she later helps rescue Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker.

Appearance
Following the film's prologue, Elizabeth Swann is about 20 years old in The Curse of the Black Pearl, 21 years old in Dead Man's Chest, around 22 years old in At World's End, and roughly 43 years old in Dead Men Tell No Tales. Elizabeth is about 5ft 7in tall with a slender figure, brown eyes, and dark blonde hair, which later lightens to a sun-kissed blonde/brown. Having been raised in aristocratic society as a royal governor's daughter, Elizabeth is a refined and elegant young lady but also has a feisty and strong-willed personality. She is also beautiful, attracting the attention of most of the major male characters in the series.

In The Curse of the Black Pearl, she wears a dress style known as a Robe a L'Anglaise. As a young girl, she wears a blue dress in this style, and, eight years later, her father presented her with a gold-colored silk frock with a corset to wear at Commodore Norrington's promotion ceremony. Elizabeth is kidnapped wearing a long, floral cream-colored dressing gown, though Captain Barbossa later insists she wear a red dress, previously owned by another lady; she is forced to return it prior to walking the plank and being marooned on a deserted island, clad only in a long white chemise. After being rescued by Commodore Norrington, Elizabeth is loaned a Royal Navy uniform, the first time she is seen in men's attire. At Jack Sparrow's execution, she is once again fashionably attired, wearing a peach-colored gown and a picture hat.

In Dead Man's Chest, as Elizabeth's character and circumstances change, so does her wardrobe. Although she is first seen in an elegant silk wedding gown and a long lace veil, Elizabeth later disguises herself as a cabin boy, wearing brown breeches, a white shirt, brown boots, a red waistcoat, a black belt, and a brown tricorne hat. She wears this garb throughout the film. Exposure to the sun tans her skin and lightens her hair.

In At World's End, Elizabeth first appears in Chinese peasant clothing and a coolie hat while paddling a small boat through Singapore's waters. She is forced to wear only a short silk robe upon entering Sao Feng's bathhouse. Later, Elizabeth wears a long armored coat while traveling. As a captive aboard Sao Feng's ship, Elizabeth has been dressed in a long red cheongsam, a sleeveless full-length blue overcoat (both probably silk), and a studded turquoise phoenix crown. She later dons a Chinese battle dress. During her one day on the island with Will, she is clad in a black tunic. In the scene set ten years later, she is wearing a long skirt and a double-breasted brocade waistcoat over a white puffy-sleeved shirt, probably cotton or linen.

The Curse of the Black Pearl
Throughout the trilogy, Elizabeth Swann is portrayed as a spirited, intelligent, and independent-minded character who often chafes at the restrictions imposed on her gender and social rank. Early on in the first movie she often fantasizes about pirates and life at sea. This may have been fueled somewhat by her association with another character, Will Turner, who eleven-year-old Elizabeth met when she and her father, Governor Weatherby Swann were en route to Port Royal eight years earlier. Will, also about eleven, was found adrift at sea, the sole survivor of a pirate attack. During his rescue, Elizabeth briefly glimpsed a mysterious ship slipping into the mist—a vessel foreshadowing her destiny.

The story continues eight years later, and Elizabeth is now of a marriageable age. Back then, as matrimony was a common means to forge strategic political alliances and advantageous social connections rather than loving unions, she is expected to wed a respectable and prosperous man equal or superior to her in rank. Elizabeth prefers marrying for love, and she may secretly harbor feelings for Will Turner. But Will, a common blacksmith, is an unsuitable match for such a well-born lady. And although Will secretly loves Elizabeth, he knows his place and keeps his feelings deeply hidden. Governor Swann, meanwhile, desires that his daughter marry Commodore James Norrington, a respected Royal Navy officer who Elizabeth admires but does not love. Ironically, it is Norrington who sets events into motion that not only alter Elizabeth's fate, but also his own and Will's. During Norrington's marriage proposal, Elizabeth, whose tightly laced corset nearly suffocates her, faints and falls off a rampart and into the bay. Her unlikely rescuer, and the catalyst for her transformation from a demure lady into a daring pirate, is the notorious Captain Jack Sparrow, newly arrived in Port Royal to commandeer a ship. Despite Sparrow's gallant actions and against Elizabeth's protests, he is promptly jailed for piracy and sentenced to hang. That night, a pirate ship, the Black Pearl, raids Port Royal. It is the same ship Elizabeth spied in the fog eight years earlier. When she is taken hostage it is discovered that she possesses Will's gold medallion that she took from him after his rescue, fearing it marked him as a pirate. Invoking parley, Elizabeth negotiates with Captain Barbossa to leave Port Royal in exchange for the coin. He agrees but keeps her captive on a technicality after she identifies herself as Elizabeth "Turner", mistakenly believing her blood can break an ancient Aztec curse the pirates are under. Their true forms — immortal skeletons —can only be seen in moonlight.

Will's love for Elizabeth motivates his actions and helps drive the story; he will do anything to save her, including piracy. And though the peaceful and law-abiding Will despises pirates and distrusts Sparrow, he frees him, knowing only Sparrow can locate Isla de Muerta, the secret island where Elizabeth is being held. Will is unaware, however, that Jack Sparrow is the Black Pearl's former captain and that he has an ulterior motive for helping him: Turner blood and the gold medallion can break the Aztec curse—Sparrow intends to barter Will to Barbossa in exchange for the Black Pearl.

When Will and Elizabeth escape Isla de Muerta, Barbossa pursues and captures their ship, sinking it. Will and the crew are thrown in the Pearl's brig, while Elizabeth and Sparrow are marooned on a deserted island. Elizabeth's feisty, self-sufficient nature propels her into taking action for their rescue by burning a cache of smugglers' rum. The towering smoke column is spotted by Commodore Norrington aboard Dauntless. To rescue Will, Elizabeth convinces Norrington to attack Isla de Muerta by impulsively accepting his previous marriage proposal. The commodore doubts her sincerity, though Elizabeth apparently intends to honor her promise, sacrificing her own happiness to save Will. She says nothing about the curse while Sparrow provides the bearings to Isla de Muerta, setting his own plan into motion. At Isla de Muerta, Elizabeth frees Sparrow's crew from the Pearl's brig, naively believing they will rescue Will and Sparrow. Abiding by the pirate code that, "any man who falls behind, is left behind," they instead commandeer the Black Pearl and set sail, leaving a disgusted Elizabeth to rescue Will and Sparrow alone. As the navy battles the pirates, Sparrow duels Barbossa inside the treasure cave, while Elizabeth joins Will in fighting the remaining cursed crew. Sparrow fatally shoots Barbossa, who, upon reverting to mortal form as the curse is lifted, falls dead. The surviving now-mortal pirates surrender. Will, Elizabeth, and Sparrow are rescued, although Sparrow is later condemned to hang.

In Port Royal, Elizabeth attends Sparrow's execution. Will, who has been pardoned, approaches and proclaims his love for her before attempting to rescue Sparrow. Will frees Sparrow, but they are quickly captured, though Norrington and Governor Swann are reluctant to arrest Will or resume Sparrow's execution. Elizabeth intervenes and declares her love for Will. Norrington releases Will and concedes Elizabeth's hand to him. Sparrow, meanwhile, falls off the rampart and into the bay just as the Black Pearl sails into view. He is hauled aboard, captain once again. Apparently impressed by the wily pirate, Norrington allows the Black Pearl one day's head start before giving chase.

Dead Man's Chest
The film opens a year later, and Elizabeth is seen waiting at the altar where she and Will Turner were to be wed. Lord Cutler Beckett arrives with arrest warrants, bringing Will, who is shackled in irons. Elizabeth and Will are charged with aiding Sparrow's escape; the punishment is death. Former Commodore James Norrington is also implicated, although he has since resigned his commission and disappeared. Lord Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack Sparrow and bring him back his magical compass. Beckett, a ruthless East India Trading Company agent, is extending the company's monopolistic stronghold over the entire Caribbean. Honest merchants and traders are forced to pay exorbitant fees and surcharges to ply their goods in EITC-controlled ports, an action amounting to little more than legal piracy. With Jack's compass, Becket can eradicate all pirates, thus securing and expanding the company's territory and increasing its profits while consolidating his own power and wealth. Beckett implies he has a personal score to settle with Jack Sparrow, though it is never revealed in the series what this is. However, it is revealed that Beckett was responsible for branding Sparrow for piracy.

Once again, Elizabeth's freedom is dependent upon Will procuring Sparrow's help. Will finally locates Sparrow and the Black Pearl crew on Pelegosto hiding from the Kraken, a voracious leviathan controlled by Davy Jones, the mythical captain of the Flying Dutchman and ruler of the seas. Jones is hunting Sparrow to collect a blood debt, while Sparrow has been searching for the Dead Man's Chest containing Jones' beating heart. Whoever possesses the heart, controls Davy Jones and the oceans. Unfortunately, Sparrow's magic compass seems to fail him, though it may be pointing to something he unknowingly desires more than the Dead Man's Chest.

When Elizabeth escapes jail and discovers Beckett is only pardoning Sparrow, she confronts Beckett at gunpoint, forcing him to validate a Letters of Marque to free Will. Disguised as a cabin boy, Elizabeth tricks a merchant crew into making port in Tortuga. She jumps ship and encounters Sparrow and Gibbs in a pub recruiting sailors in an attempt to pay off Sparrow's debt to Davy Jones, who demands one hundred souls in exchange for his. Another man applies — James Norrington, now a disgraced, drunken wretch. Blaming Sparrow for his ruination, Norrington attempts to shoot him, igniting a brawl, but Elizabeth knocks him out to save him. At the pier, Sparrow claims Will was press ganged into Davy Jones' crew, insisting he was blameless; Norrington is skeptical, but Elizabeth places her faith in Sparrow when he claims she can save Will by finding the Dead Man's Chest. Using his magical compass, she gets a bearing.

On Isla Cruces, Jack, Elizabeth, and Norrington find the Dead Man's Chest. When Will arrives with Davy Jones' stolen key, Elizabeth learns that Sparrow tricked Will onto the Dutchman. A conflict erupts: Will wants to kill Jones by stabbing the heart, freeing his father from Jones' servitude; Sparrow fears the Kraken will continue hunting him if Jones is dead; Norrington plots to barter back his naval career with the heart. As a triple threat duel erupts, Jones' crew arrive. Sparrow obtains the key and opens the chest, but it is Norrington who ultimately escapes with the heart and the Letters of Marque.

The Black Pearl outruns the pursuing Flying Dutchman. Undeterred, Jones summons the Kraken, but the crew temporarily fight it off. To save himself, Sparrow escapes in the remaining longboat, prompting Elizabeth to brand him a coward. But as Elizabeth once predicted, Sparrow, unable to desert his crew, heroically returns to rescue them, reaffirming her faith in him. During the Kraken's brief retreat, Jack orders all hands to abandon ship. Realizing that Sparrow is the Kraken's sole target, Elizabeth distracts him with a passionate kiss while handcuffing him to the mast. Insisting she has no regrets, her overwhelming guilt belies her true feelings. She tells the others that Sparrow stayed behind to aid their escape, unaware Will witnessed their encounter and mistakenly believes she loves Sparrow.

The Kraken returns for a final assault, dragging the Pearl and Jack Sparrow to the Locker as the crew watches from the longboat. It is during this final battle that Sparrow's and Elizabeth's contrasting, yet also similar, underlying characters emerge: Jack shows heroism and loyalty by returning to the ship to save his crew; Elizabeth becomes more pirate-like to save herself and the others. Even Sparrow acknowledges this by calling her "pirate" in an almost admiring tone, as if praising her cleverness and heralding her passage into his realm.

Norrington arrives in Port Royal and presents the heart and the Letters of Marque to Cutler Beckett in a bid to reclaim his commission. Meanwhile, Will, Elizabeth, and the grieving crew make their way upriver to Tia Dalma, the voodoo priestess who helped Sparrow find the Dead Man's Chest. As the crew drink a somber toast to their fallen captain, Elizabeth is wracked with guilt over secretly sacrificing Sparrow to the Kraken. This reinforces Will's belief that Elizabeth loves Sparrow. He despondently comforts her, prompting Tia Dalma to ask if they are willing to rescue Sparrow and the Pearl from Davy Jones' Locker. When all say, "aye," Dalma says they will need a captain who knows those waters. Incredibly, a very alive Captain Barbossa descends the stairs.

At World's End
Jack Sparrow, Captain Barbossa, and seven other pirate lords have been summoned to a Brethren Court at Shipwreck Island to address Lord Beckett's assault on piracy. Jack, eternally imprisoned aboard the Black Pearl in Davy Jones' Locker, lacks a successor and possesses one of the nine "pieces of eight" that each pirate lord carries and must bring to the meeting; Jack must attend. Elizabeth joins Will Turner, Captain Barbossa, Tia Dalma, and Sparrow's crew on a rescue mission, but they must first obtain a navigational chart leading to World's End, the gateway to the Locker. Each character also has a self-serving motive for retrieving Jack, and, to succeed, must maintain an uneasy alliance despite distrusting one another. For Elizabeth, it is an opportunity to alleviate her guilt for sacrificing Jack to the Kraken to spare herself and the crew.

In Singapore, Sao Feng, the Pirate Lord of the South China Sea, provides the chart and a ship, but Will negotiates a secret accord with Feng: Jack Sparrow in exchange for the Black Pearl. Unknown to Will, Elizabeth's lingering anguish over causing Jack's demise torments her, and during the voyage to World's End and Davy Jones Locker, she distances herself from Will. Though she claims everything will eventually be all right between them, her assurance seems uncertain and forced, leaving Will troubled and doubting her love for him. It is only when Will learns that Elizabeth sacrificed Jack to the Kraken that he comprehends her despair, though not why she concealed her actions. When Will confronts her, she says it was her burden to bear, though her secrecy has deeply wounded Will. If she makes choices alone, he asks, and they are unable to trust one another, then how can their relationship survive? Though Elizabeth apparently still cares for Will, her pain and guilt are unabated, and she despondently responds that he cannot trust her, and abruptly leaves. Their future together may be jeopardized if these issues remain unresolved. Meanwhile, as Jack and Barbossa squabble over who is the Black Pearl's captain, the crew navigate their way back to the living world. Before escaping the Locker, Elizabeth sees her father's soul being ferried to the "next world," murdered by Cutler Beckett; she vows to avenge his death.

After returning to the living world, Will's clandestine bargain with Sao Feng is exposed. But Feng has already betrayed Will for another deal with Beckett. While Elizabeth may understand that Will's motive is to rescue his father, she does not believe it justifies double-crossing the Pearl's crew. When she insists he explain why he withheld this, Will retorts that it was his, "burden to bear." When Feng demands Elizabeth in exchange for the Pearl, she agrees in order to protect the crew. Elizabeth ignores Will's protests, telling him, "You got us into this mess. If this is what frees us, then done!" As their rift widens, Will, secretly torn between saving his father and being with Elizabeth, fears she is slipping away. He laments later to Sparrow, "I'm losing her Jack."

When Jones attacks the Empress, Feng, mortally wounded, hands over his "piece of eight" to Elizabeth and names her as captain and Pirate Lord of the South China Sea, mistakenly believing she is the sea goddess, Calypso. Elizabeth and her new crew are taken prisoner aboard the Flying Dutchman where she is reunited with Admiral Norrington, who is overjoyed she is alive. Elizabeth is hostile, however, accusing him of complicity in her father's murder, though Norrington denies knowing anything about the governor's death, and believed he returned to England. Elizabeth, hardly appeased, rebukes him for serving Lord Beckett, the man who ordered her father's murder. In the brig, Elizabeth encounters "Bootstrap" Bill Turner, who is gradually being absorbed into the ship's hull, losing his senses. He says Will cannot save both Elizabeth and himself—he will only choose her. Elizabeth finally understands Will's terrible dilemma and his motives: he must sacrifice one to save the other. That night, Norrington, shamed by his past deeds, frees Elizabeth and the crew. Elizabeth forgives Norrington, who again swears he was uninvolved in her father's death. She implores him to go with them, but he refuses to leave the ship. As she flees, he gives her one last kiss, saying, "Our fates have been entwined, Elizabeth, but never joined" hence acknowledging that they were never meant to be together. As Elizabeth and her crew escape to the towed Empress, "Bootstrap" Bill Turner, his mind addled by Jones' cruel punishment, sounds an alarm and fatally stabs Norrington as he attempts to hold Bootstrap off. Elizabeth witnesses his murder and cries "James!"

The Black Pearl and the Empress race to Shipwreck Island for the Brethren Court. The Pirate Lords dispute how to oppose Beckett and the East India Trading Company; Elizabeth favors fighting while the Court prefers sequestering themselves inside the impenetrable Shipwreck Cove. This causes Sparrow to predict that confining themselves would likely result in them mass murdering each other. Jack unexpectedly breaks a stalemate to elect a Pirate King by casting his ballot for Elizabeth; going to battle serves his own secret plan. "King" Elizabeth declares war. During a parley session with Beckett and Jones, Elizabeth tells the captive Will that having been aboard the Dutchman, she now understands his burden, but fears that course (saving his father) is lost, though Will disagrees. Jack is exchanged for Will by "King" Elizabeth.

Whether Elizabeth's decision to declare war is brilliant or rash, her actions reflect her daring and bravery. As Beckett's fleet looms upon the horizon, Elizabeth, refusing to surrender or retreat, delivers a rousing speech. During the climatic sea battle, Will proposes to Elizabeth, claiming it may be their only chance to wed; Realizing how much she loves Will, Elizabeth orders Barbossa to marry them amidst the fighting. As the Pearl and the Dutchman clash, Elizabeth and Will board Jones' ship. When Jones mortally wounds Will, Jack relinquishes his bid for immortality to instead save Will, killing Jones. "Bootstrap" Bill Turner, having regained his senses, carves out his dead son's heart and places it in the Dead Man's Chest. Jack forces the grief-stricken Elizabeth to escape the ship with him as the Dutchman is sucked into the massive whirlpool. The ship quickly resurfaces with the resurrected Captain Will Turner at the helm and the crew restored to human form. With the Flying Dutchman now their ally, the pirates destroy Cutler Beckett's flagship Endeavour, killing him, and causing the navy to retreat, thus ending the war.

With Beckett finally vanquished and her father's death avenged, Elizabeth Turner bids Jack, Barbossa, and the pirates farewell before reuniting with Will for their "one day" on the nearby island where their marriage is consummated and their only child, Henry Turner, is conceived. Before returning to the Flying Dutchman at sunset for his ten years in the Netherworld, Will gives Elizabeth the Dead Man's Chest containing his beating heart for safekeeping. In a post-credits scene set ten years later, Elizabeth and Henry stand atop a cliff searching the horizon. As the sun sets, the Flying Dutchman appears with the Green Flash, Captain Will Turner aboard. Film dialogue and the leaflet inside the special edition 2-Disc DVD state that any captain of the Flying Dutchman is eternally bound to the ship, and may only step on land once every ten years.

Dead Men Tell No Tales
During the quest for the Trident of Poseidon, Henry named his mother "Elizabeth Swann" rather than "Elizabeth Turner" when he meets Captain Jack Sparrow in Saint Martin prison. Elizabeth appears after the Trident is destroyed, which frees Will from the curse that bounds him to the Flying Dutchman. Elizabeth reunites with Will and they kiss while being watched by Henry and Carina Smyth, Hector Barbossa's daughter, as well as Jack Sparrow, who considers it a revolting sight. In a post-credits scene, Elizabeth is seen sleeping next to Will, as the dark silhouette of Davy Jones entering the room. Will then awakens but, assuming that he was simply dreaming, goes back to sleep with Elizabeth, oblivious to the water and barnacles at the foot of their bed.

Character development
According to actress Keira Knightley, Swann is "a 21st century girl trapped in an 18th century world. She . . . starts out as a damsel in distress and then kicks butt, so what's not to like?" While she appreciates her role, she was disappointed that her character did not carry a sword in The Black Pearl: "I didn't have a sword. Am I angry about that? Yes, very! ... I asked every single day, anyone I could ask, if I could have a sword but I didn't get one." In the sequel Dead Man's Chest, she added that, "we went off into a grungier look for her. That was really exciting actually, to take the character and make her grow up... I think they really liked the more action-based side of Elizabeth from the first film and apparently that's what little girls really responded to, so they decided to take her off in that direction". She adds she was relieved to finally be able to brandish a sword, although according to Knightley, most of her sword fighting scenes were cut. Knightley also stated how glad she was that by At World's End, she was finally able to shed the elaborate dresses and only wear pirate's clothing: "Actually I am really glad, it's so hot in there it is unbelievable, and everybody else has got their proper pirate stuff on and I am a little less dressed than everyone else and I am very glad, so that's good. The rest of the time I've got kind of the Pirate look instead of the corset and frilly dresses."

Behind-the-scenes footage included on the DVD and Blu-ray releases of Dead Man's Chest reveals that Knightley wore wigs when playing Elizabeth in the back-to-back filming of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End, as her real hair had been cropped short at the time (she is shown rehearsing numerous scenes without her wig in several production featurettes).

On November 2006, it was reported that Knightley didn't want to participate in any further sequels. By 2010, both Knightley and Orlando Bloom had repeatedly been quoted in saying they wanted to move on. While Knightley affirmed this over the years, Bloom made statements as early as October 2011, eventually being announced to return, which led to reports suggesting that Keira Knightley would reprise her role as well. Once the film was shown to test audiences, the filmmakers felt they were "demanded" to reunite both Will and Elizabeth's character. To ensure that Knightley could reprise her role as Elizabeth, the production moved for a one-day shoot in London, where she was working. According to Knightley, "she doesn't expect to do any more because they take too long to shoot".

Other appearances
Elizabeth Swann appears in the Pirates of the Caribbean world, Port Royal, of the Disney/Square Enix game Kingdom Hearts II, voiced by Eliza Schneider in the English version (like the other original actors, Keira Knightley was unavailable due to filming Dead Man's Chest and At World's End) and by Saori Yumiba in the Japanese version. She returns in Kingdom Hearts III with Schneider reprising the role. Elizabeth Swann also appears in the video game Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (video game) as well as Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game as a playable character in both video games. Schneider also performs the voice of Elizabeth Swann again in the video game Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow and in the video game adaptation of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. The character also appeared in Pirates of the Caribbean Online. Elizabeth Swann appears in the racing game Disney Speedstorm as a playable driver, again voiced by Schneider. Elizabeth Swann appears as a playable character in the video game Disney Magic Kingdoms, wearing her pirate clothes from Dead Man's Chest.

title: Elizabeth Swann


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Category talk:Middle-earth Maiar

Alphabetical order weirdness
For reason or reasons unknown (it's probably a bug and I could probably look it up somewhere), this page is just not in alphabetical order. By editing the articles that are out of sync, I am correcting them. This will result in lots of random-seeming edits. If anyone has a better idea... Aranel 17:04, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Middle-earth Maiar


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Boyne

Boyne is a variation of Bóinn or Boann, Irish goddess of the River Boyne.

Boyne may also refer to:

Places

 * Boyne Castle, a ruined castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
 * Boyne City, Michigan, a town in Charlevoix County in the U.S. state of Michigan
 * Boyne Falls, Michigan, a village in Charlevoix County in the U.S. state of Michigan
 * Boyne Island, Queensland, mainland town in Queensland, Australia, on the west bank of the Boyne River
 * Boyne River (disambiguation)
 * Boyne Valley, Queensland, rural locality in the Gladstone Region of Queensland, Australia, comprising the towns of Builyan, Many Peaks, Nagoorin, and Ubobo
 * Boyne Public School, a JK–8 public school in Milton, Ontario, Canada
 * Boyne, a name for the headquarters of Zion Christian Church, South Africa

People

 * Gil Boyne (1924–2010), American hypnotherapist
 * John Boyne (b. 1971), Irish novelist
 * Peter Boyne (b. 1944), Australian Rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club
 * Walter J. Boyne (1929–2020), U.S. Air Force officer and historian

title: Boyne


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Category:Columbia County, Pennsylvania

Articles and categories related to Columbia County, Pennsylvania

title: Category:Columbia County, Pennsylvania


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Talk:Exploding whale/to do

 * Someone create an entry for Shi-Tsao Natural Preserve

title: Talk:Exploding whale/to do


text: Talk:Namhae of Silla

title: Talk:Namhae of Silla


text: Category:Preble County, Ohio

title: Category:Preble County, Ohio


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El Grande

El Grande is a German-style board game for 2-5 players, designed by Wolfgang Kramer and Richard Ulrich, and published in 1995 by Hans im Glück in German, by Rio Grande Games in English, and by 999 Games in Dutch. The game board represents renaissance-era Spain where the nobility (the Grandes) fight for control of the nine regions. El Grande was praised for its area-control mechanism, and was awarded the Spiel des Jahres prize and the Deutscher Spiele Preis in 1996. Following its release, several expansions and an alternative version were published.

Gameplay
The game is played in nine rounds. There are no dice in the game, and players have many chances to influence the turn order. The original game has a number of action cards that are turned up each turn, which is the only source of randomness in the game. However, the effect of this luck is very small, since these cards are potentially available to be used by any player in the game.

Each player starts the game with a hand of identical cards (numbered 1-13) at the beginning of the game. These cards are used to bid for turn order. The person who plays the highest card chooses their action card first, etc., but each player may use each card only once in a given game. During each turn, players take Caballeros and execute an action card, which includes two actions, a special action and placing Caballeros. During three of the nine rounds, scoring occurs, which involves players choosing secret regions, scoring the Castillo, which is a tower where Caballeros are placed inside, moving Caballeros from the Castillo to secret regions, and scoring other individual regions. The main challenge of the game is keeping track of the many factors that determine the balance of power in the regions and the score track.

Reception
Upon its release, the area control mechanism of the game was praised, with Geoffrey Engelstein, writing in Building Blocks of Tabletop Game Design, describing the game's area control mechanism as an "elegant example of European design sensibilities applied to the American-style conflict games". Christian T. Petersen comments: "El Grande showed me the surprising depth that could be achieved by interlocking simple mechanisms — the principle that lies at the heart of the German school of design." Mikko Saari from Lautapeliopas also praised the game's replayability and components, but critiqued its scalability under four players. Dicebreaker also commented that the game as a "time-proven, award-winning classic". Similar sentiments were expressed by reviewers for Polish portals Polter and GamesFanatic.

The game was awarded the Spiel des Jahres prize in 1996. The jury praised strategy, "clearly structured" gameplay, the game board landscape designed by the artist Doris Matthäus, and the "well-explained" rules despite the complexity, concluding that the "two authors have impressively succeeded in bringing all this together into a harmonious whole". The jury commented that despite some elements of luck, player control is more emphasised. Stewart Woods, writing in Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games, described it as "relatively complex" compared to other winners. El Grande also won the 1996 Deutscher Spiele Preis.

Reviews

 * Casus Belli #97

Expansions
Following El Grande 's release, several expansions were released, including Konig & Intrigant in 1997, which replaced several action and power cards. Grand Inquisitor & Colonies, which added regions, was also released in the same year; subsequently, the Grandissimo expansion was published, adding action cards. In 1998, El Caballero, which was based upon El Grande, was released, with the Spiel des Jahres jury describing the game as an "independent, attractive placement game".

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Klemperer rosette

A Klemperer rosette is a gravitational system of (optionally) alternating heavier and lighter bodies orbiting in a symmetrical pattern around a common barycenter. It was first described by W.B. Klemperer in 1962, and is a special case of a central configuration.

Klemperer described rosette systems as follows: "Such symmetry is also possessed by a peculiar family of geometrical configurations which may be described as 'rosettes'. In these an even number of 'planets' of two (or more) kinds, one (or some) heavier than the other, but all of each set of equal mass, are placed at the corners of two (or more) interdigitated regular polygons so that the lighter and heavier ones alternate (or follow each other in a cyclic manner)." The simplest rosette would be a series of four alternating heavier and lighter bodies, 90 degrees from one another, in a rhombic configuration [Heavy, Light, Heavy, Light], where the two larger bodies have the same mass, and likewise the two smaller bodies have the same mass, all orbiting their (empty) geometric center. The more general trojan system has unequal masses for the two heavier bodies, which Klemperer also calls a "rhombic" system, and which is the only version that is not symmetric around the gravitational center.

The number of "mass types" can be increased, so long as the arrangement is symmetrical and cyclic pattern: e.g. [ 1,2,3 ... 1,2,3 ], [ 1,2,3,4,5 ... 1,2,3,4,5 ], [ 1,2,3,3,2,1 ... 1,2,3,3,2,1 ], etc.

Klemperer's article specifically analyzes regular polygons with 2–9 corners – dumbbell-shaped through nonagon – and non-centrally symmetric "rhombic rosettes" with three orbiting bodies, the outer two stationed at the middle orbiting body's triangular points (L4 and L5), which had already been described and studied by Lagrange in 1772. Systems with an even number of 4 or more corners can have alternating heavy and light masses at the corners, although the possible range of mass ratios is constrained by para-stability requirements; systems with odd numbers of corners must have equal masses at every corner. While Klemperer notes that all the rosettes and the rhombus are vulnerable to destabilization, the hexagonal rosette is the most nearly stable because the "planets" sit in each other's semi-stable triangular Lagrangian points, L4 and L5.

The regular polygonal configurations ("rosettes") do not require a central mass (a "sun" at the center is optional, and if present it may bobble above and below the orbital plane), although a Lagrange-type rhombus does. If a central body is present, its mass constrains the ranges for the mass-ratio between the orbiting bodies.

Misuse and misspelling
The term "Klemperer rosette" (often misspelled "Kemplerer rosette") is often used to mean a configuration of three or more equal masses, set at the points of an equilateral polygon and given an equal angular velocity about their center of mass. Klemperer does indeed mention this configuration at the start of his article, but only as an already known set of equilibrium systems before introducing the actual rosettes.

In Larry Niven's novel Fleet of Worlds in the Ringworld series, the Puppeteers' eponymous "Fleet of Worlds" is arranged in such a configuration which Niven calls a "Kemplerer rosette"; this (possibly intentional) misspelling is one possible source of the wider confusion. It is notable that these fictional planets were maintained in position by large engines, in addition to gravitational force.

Instability
Both simple linear perturbation analysis and simulations of rosettes demonstrate that such systems are unstable: Klemperer explains in his original article, any displacement away from the perfectly symmetrical geometry causes a growing oscillation, eventually leading to the disruption of the system. The system is unstable regardless of whether the center of the rosette is in free space, or is in orbit around a central star.

The short-form reason for the instability is that any perturbation corrupts the geometric symmetry, which increases the perturbation, which further undermines the geometry, and so on. The longer explanation is that any tangential perturbation brings a body closer to one neighbor and further from another; the gravitational imbalance becomes greater towards the closer neighbor and less for the farther neighbor, pulling the perturbed object further towards its closer neighbor, amplifying the perturbation rather than damping it. An inward radial perturbation causes the perturbed body to get closer to all other objects, increasing the force on the object and increasing its orbital velocity – which leads indirectly to a tangential perturbation and the argument above.

title: Klemperer rosette


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Robert Hillyer

Robert Silliman Hillyer (June 3, 1895 – December 24, 1961) was an American poet and professor of English literature. He won a Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1934.

Early life
Hillyer was born in East Orange, New Jersey to an old Connecticut family. He attended Kent School in Kent, Connecticut. After high school, he attended Harvard University, graduating cum laude in 1917. While there, he was the editor of the literary magazine The Harvard Advocate, and was affiliated with the group known as the Harvard Aesthetes.

When World War I began, he went to France and volunteered for the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps, along with Harvard classmate John Dos Passos. Once the United States entered the war, he joined the American forces. After serving as an ambulance driver, Hillyer later returned to France to work in the US Ordnance Department. After the Armistice, Hillyer worked as a military courier for the 1919 peace conference in Paris. For a while Hillyer and John Dos Passos shared a flat in Paris and even collaborated on an unpublished novel which they called "Great Novel" (or "G.N.", or "Seven Times round the Walls of Jericho"). Eventually the novel was abandoned in 1921 even though Dos Passos said that Hillyer's contributions had "genuineness" and "more tone than mine."

Academic
Hillyer became a professor of English at Harvard University in 1919. In the late 1920s, he taught at Trinity College and was made a member of the Epsilon chapter of the literary fraternity St. Anthony Hall in 1927.

From 1937 to 1944, he was named to the Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard. From 1948 to 1951 Hillyer was a visiting professor at Kenyon College. He also taught at the University of Delaware from 1952 until his death. While at Delaware Hillyer did various regular poetry readings between 1953-1960 which were recorded and are now available for listening through the university's archives.

Over his academic life, Hillyer taught a number of writers (and poets) who later became well-known such as Theodore Roethke, James Gould Cozzens, Howard Nemerov,  James Agee, Norman Mailer, Robert Fitzgerald and  John Simon.

Poet
In 1919, Hillyer described himself as “a conservative and religious poet in a radical and blasphemous age." In 1934, he received a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his book The Collected Verse of Robert Hillyer. His work is in meter and often rhyme and he tended to write about death, love and nature. He is known for his sonnets and for poems such as "Theme and Variations" (on his war experiences) and the light "Letter to Robert Frost."

He became president of the Conservative Poetry Society of America. In this capacity, he attacked modernist poets such as T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound.

Awards and honors

 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for "Collected Verse" in 1934.
 * He was named to the Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard University in 1937.
 * His papers are housed at Syracuse University.

Poetry

 * Pre-Pulitzer Poetry (Ebook, Personville Press, 2023). Includes the full text of 6 poetry books published by Hillyer before winning the Pulitzer Prize.
 * The Collected Poems (Alfred Knopf, 1961)
 * The Relic & Other Poems (Knopf, 1957).
 * The Suburb by the Sea: New Poems (Knopf, 1952)
 * The Death of Captain Nemo: A Narrative Poem (A.A. Knopf, 1949)
 * Poems for Music, 1917–1947. (1947)
 * Pattern of a Day (1940)
 * In a Time of Mistrust (1939)
 * A Letter to Robert Frost and Others (1937).
 * The Collected Verse of Robert Hillyer. (A. A. Knoft, 1933)
 * The Gates of the Compass: A Poem in Four Parts Together with Twenty-Two Shorter Pieces (Viking Press, 1930)
 * The Seventh Hill (Viking Press, 1928)
 * The Halt in the Garden (Elkin Matthews,1925)
 * The Coming Forth by Day: An Anthology of Poems from the Egyptian Book of the Dead (B.J. Brimmer Company, 1923)
 * Hills Give Promise, a Volume of Lyrics, Together with Carmus: A Symphonic Poem (B.J. Brimmer Company, 1923)
 * Alchemy: A Symphonic Poem (Brentano's, 1920)
 * The Five Books of Youth (Brentano's, 1920)
 * Sonnets and Other Lyrics (Harvard University Press, 1917)
 * Eight Harvard Poets (1917), which included works by E. E. Cummings and John Dos Passos

Novels

 * Riverhead (Alfred Knopf, 1932)
 * My Heart for Hostage (Random House, 1942) In 2022 this novel was digitized and made available for free download by Personville Press.

Criticism and scholarship

 * In Pursuit of Poetry (McGraw-Hill, 1960) *
 * First Principles of Verse. (The Writer, Inc., 1938).
 * Some Roots of English Poetry (Wheaton College Press, 1933)

Editor and/or translator

 * Kahlil Gibran. A Tear and a Smile. Introduction by Robert Hillyer. (A. A. Knopf, 1959).
 * Eight More Harvard Poets. Edited by Samuel Foster Damon and Robert Hillyer. (Brentano, 1923)
 * Complete Poetry and Selected Prose of John Donne and The Complete Poetry of William Blake, Introduction by Robert Hillyer, Random House: New York, 1941. pages xv-lv.
 * Complete Poetry and Selected Prose of John Donne and The Complete Poetry of William Blake, Introduction by Robert Hillyer, Random House: New York, 1941. pages xv-lv.

Personal
In 1926, he married Dorothy Hancock Tilton. They had one son, but divorced in 1943.

He was 66 when he died in Wilmington, Delaware.

title: Robert Hillyer


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Talk:Virginian Railway

Comments
Gerard: Thanks for adding the VGN herald.

Our VGN yahoo group is very active and if you do not already belong, you may wish to check us out at the link at bottom of Virginian Railway page.

Mark Fisher (vaoverland)Vaoverland 08:37, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Some millionaires are wealthier than others
re: Virginian_Railway This sentence: "He was also a very wealthy millionaire."... just struck me as funny. Was Huttleston Rogers a multimillionaire perhaps? I'd strike very wealthy but that's just me. Anyone know how much he was worth at various points? + +Lar: t/c 15:57, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You have a point. I'll see about changing that wording to avoid the redundancy. Vaoverland

Good article
I'm delisting this as a good article because of POV issues (for instance "In a classic story of business intrigue" and "Fortunately, Henry Rogers recovered his health") and crufty information about mailing lists. --NE2 01:37, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:S VGN System Map Dec 1954 large.png
Image:S VGN System Map Dec 1954 large.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:01, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

No external links to discussion forums, please
I have removed external links to discussion forums requiring registration, as they are a violation of WP:EL. -- HarveyHenkelmann (talk) 02:15, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that the article Building the Virginian Railway be merged into Virginian Railway. I don't think the building article is significant enough (level similar to construction of the Transcontinental Railroad) to have its own article. Most other descriptions of railroads' constructions are in sections, not a different article. If the article gets to be merged, the history section of the VGN article mustn't be massive as well. TheGGoose (talk) 16:44, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

The merged page idea makes sense but both articles have issues with lack of any substantive support for the statements they make concerning the origin of the Deepwater/Virginian Railway. Researchers are finding new source documents that, hopefully, will unravel the mysteries of the road. There has been a considerable amount of myth, speculation and gossip written about the origins. Much of it repeated as gospel truth. Until this research is finished and the results published, I would ask readers to consider with a bit of skepticism a lot of these "origin" statements. The truth will be more interesting than the myths. TWS 50.150.247.118 (talk) 16:05, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

Article About Electrification
Here's a link to an article about the electrification of the Virginian. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/33774/OS_ENG_v09_i02_011.pdf?sequence=4 173.216.206.160 (talk) 16:37, 2 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Virginian Railway