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Doping (semiconductor)

In semiconductor production, doping is the intentional introduction of impurities into an intrinsic (undoped) semiconductor for the purpose of modulating its electrical, optical and structural properties. The doped material is referred to as an extrinsic semiconductor.

Small numbers of dopant atoms can change the ability of a semiconductor to conduct electricity. When on the order of one dopant atom is added per 100 million atoms, the doping is said to be low or light. When many more dopant atoms are added, on the order of one per ten thousand atoms, the doping is referred to as high or heavy. This is often shown as n+ for n-type doping or p+ for p-type doping. (See the article on semiconductors for a more detailed description of the doping mechanism.) A semiconductor doped to such high levels that it acts more like a conductor than a semiconductor is referred to as a degenerate semiconductor. A semiconductor can be considered i-type semiconductor if it has been doped in equal quantities of p and n.

In the context of phosphors and scintillators, doping is better known as activation; this is not to be confused with dopant activation in semiconductors. Doping is also used to control the color in some pigments.

History
The effects of impurities in semiconductors (doping) were long known empirically in such devices as crystal radio detectors and selenium rectifiers. For instance, in 1885 Shelford Bidwell, and in 1930 the German scientist Bernhard Gudden, each independently reported that the properties of semiconductors were due to the impurities they contained. A doping process was formally developed by John Robert Woodyard working at Sperry Gyroscope Company during World War II. Though the word doping is not used in it, his US Patent issued in 1950 describes methods for adding tiny amounts of solid elements from the nitrogen column of the periodic table to germanium to produce rectifying devices. The demands of his work on radar prevented Woodyard from pursuing further research on semiconductor doping.

Similar work was performed at Bell Labs by Gordon K. Teal and Morgan Sparks, with a US Patent issued in 1953.

Woodyard's prior patent proved to be the grounds of extensive litigation by Sperry Rand.

Carrier concentration
The concentration of the dopant used affects many electrical properties. Most important is the material's charge carrier concentration. In an intrinsic semiconductor under thermal equilibrium, the concentrations of electrons and holes are equivalent. That is,

 * $$n = p = n_i.\ $$

In a non-intrinsic semiconductor under thermal equilibrium, the relation becomes (for low doping):

 * $$n_0 \cdot p_0 = n_i^2\ $$

where n0 is the concentration of conducting electrons, p0 is the conducting hole concentration, and ni is the material's intrinsic carrier concentration. The intrinsic carrier concentration varies between materials and is dependent on temperature. Silicon's ni, for example, is roughly 1.08×1010 cm−3 at 300 kelvins, about room temperature.

In general, increased doping leads to increased conductivity due to the higher concentration of carriers. Degenerate (very highly doped) semiconductors have conductivity levels comparable to metals and are often used in integrated circuits as a replacement for metal. Often superscript plus and minus symbols are used to denote relative doping concentration in semiconductors. For example, n+ denotes an n-type semiconductor with a high, often degenerate, doping concentration. Similarly, p− would indicate a very lightly doped p-type material. Even degenerate levels of doping imply low concentrations of impurities with respect to the base semiconductor. In intrinsic crystalline silicon, there are approximately 5×1022 atoms/cm3. Doping concentration for silicon semiconductors may range anywhere from 1013 cm−3 to 1018 cm−3. Doping concentration above about 1018 cm−3 is considered degenerate at room temperature. Degenerately doped silicon contains a proportion of impurity to silicon on the order of parts per thousand. This proportion may be reduced to parts per billion in very lightly doped silicon. Typical concentration values fall somewhere in this range and are tailored to produce the desired properties in the device that the semiconductor is intended for.

Effect on band structure
Doping a semiconductor in a good crystal introduces allowed energy states within the band gap, but very close to the energy band that corresponds to the dopant type. In other words, electron donor impurities create states near the conduction band while electron acceptor impurities create states near the valence band. The gap between these energy states and the nearest energy band is usually referred to as dopant-site bonding energy or EB and is relatively small. For example, the EB for boron in silicon bulk is 0.045 eV, compared with silicon's band gap of about 1.12 eV. Because EB is so small, room temperature is hot enough to thermally ionize practically all of the dopant atoms and create free charge carriers in the conduction or valence bands.

Dopants also have the important effect of shifting the energy bands relative to the Fermi level. The energy band that corresponds with the dopant with the greatest concentration ends up closer to the Fermi level. Since the Fermi level must remain constant in a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, stacking layers of materials with different properties leads to many useful electrical properties induced by band bending, if the interfaces can be made cleanly enough. For example, the p-n junction's properties are due to the band bending that happens as a result of the necessity to line up the bands in contacting regions of p-type and n-type material. This effect is shown in a band diagram. The band diagram typically indicates the variation in the valence band and conduction band edges versus some spatial dimension, often denoted x. The Fermi level is also usually indicated in the diagram. Sometimes the intrinsic Fermi level, Ei, which is the Fermi level in the absence of doping, is shown. These diagrams are useful in explaining the operation of many kinds of semiconductor devices.

Relationship to carrier concentration (low doping)
For low levels of doping, the relevant energy states are populated sparsely by electrons (conduction band) or holes (valence band). It is possible to write simple expressions for the electron and hole carrier concentrations, by ignoring Pauli exclusion (via Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics):
 * $$n_e = N_{\rm C}(T) \exp((E_{\rm F} - E_{\rm C})/kT), \quad n_h = N_{\rm V}(T) \exp((E_{\rm V} - E_{\rm F})/kT),$$

where $E_{F}$ is the Fermi level, $E_{C}$ is the minimum energy of the conduction band, and $E_{V}$ is the maximum energy of the valence band. These are related to the value of the intrinsic concentration via
 * $$n_i^2 = n_h n_e = N_{\rm V}(T) N_{\rm C}(T) \exp((E_{\rm V}-E_{\rm C})/kT),$$

an expression which is independent of the doping level, since $E_{C} – E_{V}$ (the band gap) does not change with doping.

The concentration factors $N_{C}(T)$ and $N_{V}(T)$ are given by
 * $$N_{\rm C}(T) = 2(2\pi m_e^* kT/h^2)^{3/2} \quad N_{\rm V}(T) = 2(2\pi m_h^* kT/h^2)^{3/2}.$$

where $m_{e}^{*}$ and $m_{h}^{*}$ are the density of states effective masses of electrons and holes, respectively, quantities that are roughly constant over temperature.

Doping during crystal growth
Some dopants are added as the (usually silicon) boule is grown by Czochralski method, giving each wafer an almost uniform initial doping.

Alternately, synthesis of semiconductor devices may involve the use of vapor-phase epitaxy. In vapor-phase epitaxy, a gas containing the dopant precursor can be introduced into the reactor. For example, in the case of n-type gas doping of gallium arsenide, hydrogen sulfide is added, and sulfur is incorporated into the structure. This process is characterized by a constant concentration of sulfur on the surface. In the case of semiconductors in general, only a very thin layer of the wafer needs to be doped in order to obtain the desired electronic properties.

Post-growth doping
To define circuit elements, selected areas — typically controlled by photolithography — are further doped by such processes as diffusion and ion implantation, the latter method being more popular in large production runs because of increased controllability.

Spin-on glass
Spin-on glass or spin-on dopant doping is a two-step process of applying a mixture of SiO2 and dopants (in a solvent) onto a wafer surface by spin-coating and then stripping it and baking it at a certain temperature in the furnace at constant nitrogen+oxygen flow.

Neutron transmutation doping
Neutron transmutation doping (NTD) is an unusual doping method for special applications. Most commonly, it is used to dope silicon n-type in high-power electronics and semiconductor detectors. It is based on the conversion of the Si-30 isotope into phosphorus atom by neutron absorption as follows:

In practice, the silicon is typically placed near a nuclear reactor to receive the neutrons. As neutrons continue to pass through the silicon, more and more phosphorus atoms are produced by transmutation, and therefore the doping becomes more and more strongly n-type. NTD is a far less common doping method than diffusion or ion implantation, but it has the advantage of creating an extremely uniform dopant distribution.

Group IV semiconductors
(Note: When discussing periodic table groups, semiconductor physicists always use an older notation, not the current IUPAC group notation. For example, the carbon group is called "Group IV", not "Group 14".)

For the Group IV semiconductors such as diamond, silicon, germanium, silicon carbide, and silicon–germanium, the most common dopants are acceptors from Group III or donors from Group V elements. Boron, arsenic, phosphorus, and occasionally gallium are used to dope silicon. Boron is the p-type dopant of choice for silicon integrated circuit production because it diffuses at a rate that makes junction depths easily controllable. Phosphorus is typically used for bulk-doping of silicon wafers, while arsenic is used to diffuse junctions, because it diffuses more slowly than phosphorus and is thus more controllable.

By doping pure silicon with Group V elements such as phosphorus, extra valence electrons are added that become unbounded from individual atoms and allow the compound to be an electrically conductive n-type semiconductor. Doping with Group III elements, which are missing the fourth valence electron, creates "broken bonds" (holes) in the silicon lattice that are free to move. The result is an electrically conductive p-type semiconductor. In this context, a Group V element is said to behave as an electron donor, and a Group III element as an acceptor. This is a key concept in the physics of a diode.

A very heavily doped semiconductor behaves more like a good conductor (metal) and thus exhibits more linear positive thermal coefficient. Such effect is used for instance in sensistors. Lower dosage of doping is used in other types (NTC or PTC) thermistors.

Silicon dopants

 * Acceptors, p-type
 * Boron is a p-type dopant. Its diffusion rate allows easy control of junction depths. Common in CMOS technology. Can be added by diffusion of diborane gas. The only acceptor with sufficient solubility for efficient emitters in transistors and other applications requiring extremely high dopant concentrations. Boron diffuses about as fast as phosphorus.
 * Aluminum, used for deep p-diffusions. Not popular in VLSI and ULSI. Also a common unintentional impurity.
 * Gallium is a dopant used for long-wavelength infrared photoconduction silicon detectors in the 8–14 μm atmospheric window. Gallium-doped silicon is also promising for solar cells, due to its long minority carrier lifetime with no lifetime degradation; as such it is gaining importance as a replacement of boron doped substrates for solar cell applications.
 * Indium is a dopant used for long-wavelength infrared photoconduction silicon detectors in the 3–5 μm atmospheric window.
 * Donors, n-type
 * Phosphorus is a n-type dopant. It diffuses fast, so is usually used for bulk doping, or for well formation. Used in solar cells. Can be added by diffusion of phosphine gas. Bulk doping can be achieved by nuclear transmutation, by irradiation of pure silicon with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. Phosphorus also traps gold atoms, which otherwise quickly diffuse through silicon and act as recombination centers.
 * Arsenic is a n-type dopant. Its slower diffusion allows using it for diffused junctions. Used for buried layers. Has similar atomic radius to silicon, high concentrations can be achieved. Its diffusivity is about a tenth of phosphorus or boron, so it is used where the dopant should stay in place during subsequent thermal processing. Useful for shallow diffusions where well-controlled abrupt boundary is desired. Preferred dopant in VLSI circuits. Preferred dopant in low resistivity ranges.
 * Antimony is a n-type dopant. It has a small diffusion coefficient. Used for buried layers. Has diffusivity similar to arsenic, is used as its alternative. Its diffusion is virtually purely substitutional, with no interstitials, so it is free of anomalous effects. For this superior property, it is sometimes used in VLSI instead of arsenic. Heavy doping with antimony is important for power devices. Heavily antimony-doped silicon has lower concentration of oxygen impurities; minimal autodoping effects make it suitable for epitaxial substrates.
 * Bismuth is a promising dopant for long-wavelength infrared photoconduction silicon detectors, a viable n-type alternative to the p-type gallium-doped material.
 * Lithium is used for doping silicon for radiation hardened solar cells. The lithium presence anneals defects in the lattice produced by protons and neutrons. Lithium can be introduced to boron-doped p+ silicon, in amounts low enough to maintain the p character of the material, or in large enough amount to counterdope it to low-resistivity n type.
 * Other
 * Germanium can be used for band gap engineering. Germanium layer also inhibits diffusion of boron during the annealing steps, allowing ultrashallow p-MOSFET junctions. Germanium bulk doping suppresses large void defects, increases internal gettering, and improves wafer mechanical strength.
 * Silicon, germanium and xenon can be used as ion beams for pre-amorphization of silicon wafer surfaces. Formation of an amorphous layer beneath the surface allows forming ultrashallow junctions for p-MOSFETs.
 * Nitrogen is important for growing defect-free silicon crystal. Improves mechanical strength of the lattice, increases bulk microdefect generation, suppresses vacancy agglomeration.
 * Gold and platinum are used for minority carrier lifetime control. They are used in some infrared detection applications. Gold introduces a donor level 0.35 eV above the valence band and an acceptor level 0.54 eV below the conduction band. Platinum introduces a donor level also at 0.35 eV above the valence band, but its acceptor level is only 0.26 eV below conduction band; as the acceptor level in n-type silicon is shallower, the space charge generation rate is lower and therefore the leakage current is also lower than for gold doping. At high injection levels platinum performs better for lifetime reduction. Reverse recovery of bipolar devices is more dependent on the low-level lifetime, and its reduction is better performed by gold. Gold provides a good tradeoff between forward voltage drop and reverse recovery time for fast switching bipolar devices, where charge stored in base and collector regions must be minimized. Conversely, in many power transistors a long minority carrier lifetime is required to achieve good gain, and the gold/platinum impurities must be kept low.

Other semiconductors
In the following list the "(substituting X)" refers to all of the materials preceding said parenthesis.

 * Gallium arsenide
 * n-type: tellurium, sulfur (substituting As); tin, silicon, germanium (substituting Ga)
 * p-type: beryllium, zinc, chromium (substituting Ga); silicon, germanium, carbon (substituting As)
 * Gallium phosphide
 * n-type: tellurium, selenium, sulfur (substituting phosphorus)
 * p-type: zinc, magnesium (substituting Ga); tin (substituting P)
 * isoelectric: nitrogen (substituting P) is added to enable luminescence in older green LEDs (GaP has indirect band gap)
 * Gallium nitride, Indium gallium nitride, Aluminium gallium nitride
 * n-type: silicon (substituting Ga), germanium (substituting Ga, better lattice match), carbon (substituting Ga, naturally embedding into MOVPE-grown layers in low concentration)
 * p-type: magnesium (substituting Ga) - challenging due to relatively high ionisation energy above the valence band edge, strong diffusion of interstitial Mg, hydrogen complexes passivating of Mg acceptors and by Mg self-compensation at higher concentrations)
 * Cadmium telluride
 * n-type: indium, aluminium (substituting Cd); chlorine (substituting Te)
 * p-type: phosphorus (substituting Te); lithium, sodium (substituting Cd)
 * Cadmium sulfide
 * n-type: gallium (substituting Cd); iodine, fluorine (substituting S)
 * p-type: lithium, sodium (substituting Cd)

Compensation
In most cases many types of impurities will be present in the resultant doped semiconductor. If an equal number of donors and acceptors are present in the semiconductor, the extra core electrons provided by the former will be used to satisfy the broken bonds due to the latter, so that doping produces no free carriers of either type. This phenomenon is known as compensation, and occurs at the p-n junction in the vast majority of semiconductor devices.

Partial compensation, where donors outnumber acceptors or vice versa, allows device makers to repeatedly reverse (invert) the type of a certain layer under the surface of a bulk semiconductor by diffusing or implanting successively higher doses of dopants, so-called counterdoping. Most modern semiconductor devices are made by successive selective counterdoping steps to create the necessary P and N type areas under the surface of bulk silicon. This is an alternative to successively growing such layers by epitaxy.

Although compensation can be used to increase or decrease the number of donors or acceptors, the electron and hole mobility is always decreased by compensation because mobility is affected by the sum of the donor and acceptor ions.

Doping in conductive polymers
Conductive polymers can be doped by adding chemical reactants to oxidize, or sometimes reduce, the system so that electrons are pushed into the conducting orbitals within the already potentially conducting system. There are two primary methods of doping a conductive polymer, both of which use an oxidation-reduction (i.e., redox) process.
 * 1) Chemical doping involves exposing a polymer such as melanin, typically a thin film, to an oxidant such as iodine or bromine. Alternatively, the polymer can be exposed to a reductant; this method is far less common, and typically involves alkali metals.
 * 2) Electrochemical doping involves suspending a polymer-coated, working electrode in an electrolyte solution in which the polymer is insoluble along with separate counter and reference electrodes. An electric potential difference is created between the electrodes that causes a charge and the appropriate counter ion from the electrolyte to enter the polymer in the form of electron addition (i.e., n-doping) or removal (i.e., p-doping).

N-doping is much less common because the Earth's atmosphere is oxygen-rich, thus creating an oxidizing environment. An electron-rich, n-doped polymer will react immediately with elemental oxygen to de-dope (i.e., reoxidize to the neutral state) the polymer. Thus, chemical n-doping must be performed in an environment of inert gas (e.g., argon). Electrochemical n-doping is far more common in research, because it is easier to exclude oxygen from a solvent in a sealed flask. However, it is unlikely that n-doped conductive polymers are available commercially.

Doping in organic molecular semiconductors
Molecular dopants are preferred in doping molecular semiconductors due to their compatibilities of processing with the host, that is, similar evaporation temperatures or controllable solubility. Additionally, the relatively large sizes of molecular dopants compared with those of metal ion dopants (such as Li+ and Mo6+) are generally beneficial, yielding excellent spatial confinement for use in multilayer structures, such as OLEDs and Organic solar cells. Typical p-type dopants include F4-TCNQ and Mo(tfd)3. However, similar to the problem encountered in doping conductive polymers, air-stable n-dopants suitable for materials with low electron affinity (EA) are still elusive. Recently, photoactivation with a combination of cleavable dimeric dopants, such as [RuCp∗Mes]2, suggests a new path to realize effective n-doping in low-EA materials.

Magnetic doping
Research on magnetic doping has shown that considerable alteration of certain properties such as specific heat may be affected by small concentrations of an impurity; for example, dopant impurities in semiconducting ferromagnetic alloys can generate different properties as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl and Nakamura. The inclusion of dopant elements to impart dilute magnetism is of growing significance in the field of magnetic semiconductors. The presence of disperse ferromagnetic species is key to the functionality of emerging spintronics, a class of systems that utilise electron spin in addition to charge. Using density functional theory (DFT) the temperature dependent magnetic behaviour of dopants within a given lattice can be modeled to identify candidate semiconductor systems.

Single dopants in semiconductors
The sensitive dependence of a semiconductor's properties on dopants has provided an extensive range of tunable phenomena to explore and apply to devices. It is possible to identify the effects of a solitary dopant on commercial device performance as well as on the fundamental properties of a semiconductor material. New applications have become available that require the discrete character of a single dopant, such as single-spin devices in the area of quantum information or single-dopant transistors. Dramatic advances in the past decade towards observing, controllably creating and manipulating single dopants, as well as their application in novel devices have allowed opening the new field of solotronics (solitary dopant optoelectronics).

Modulation doping
Electrons or holes introduced by doping are mobile, and can be spatially separated from dopant atoms they have dissociated from. Ionized donors and acceptors however attract electrons and holes, respectively, so this spatial separation requires abrupt changes of dopant levels, of band gap (e.g. a quantum well), or built-in electric fields (e.g. in case of noncentrosymmetric crystals). This technique is called modulation doping and is advantageous owing to suppressed carrier-donor scattering, allowing very high mobility to be attained.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Doping (semiconductor)


text:
Talk:London Borough of Lambeth

individual associated with Lambeth
I can see why Kate Hoey is an "individual associated with Lambeth", but what about (just a random choice) Henry Tate, Jeremy Hardy, Roger Moore, and June Whitfield? There is not a single reference to Lambeth in any of those articles.  12:22, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Their articles may not say Lambeth, but they do reference a part of Lambeth where they were born or lived: Tate, Hardy and Whitfield in Streatham; Moore in Stockwell and Streatham. Alan Davidson 09:02, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Politicians linked to LB Lambeth article
Why does someone keep linking Paul Boateng to Lambeth, when the biography article for him makes no mention of the borough. As I understand it, he made his name as a civil rights lawyer when based with a law centre based in the borough, but neither his political career nor his personal life have any links to the borough?

Diane Abbott has a better claim to a link, having worked as Lambeth's press officer.

 * I've put more about Boateng's link to Lambeth in his article. His criticism of the Met was based on his experiences in Brixton, before and after the 1981 riot. Alan Davidson 20:53, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

And can someone - with better factual knowledge of 1980s Labour Party history than myself - write an article on Lambeth's former council leader Edward Knight aka "Red Ted" - the only Ted Knight currently on Wikipedia is an unrelated American.

 * I've made a stub about him Philcrbk 08:11, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Lambeth has the highest population density of the Inner London boroughs
I have also heard this claimed for Kensington & Chelsea and Islington. Needs verification. 86.0.203.120 17:57, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Postcodes: why?
I can't see why there needs to be a list of postcode for the eastern boundary, or, indeed, for any part of the borough. Should every entry that relates to a geographical area list the relevant postcodes? I think not. AJD 21:53, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * See WikiProject London - it's a standing to-do item. No, I wouldn't say this should be standard across all geographical areas, but London postcodes have a common usage which others don't have (a press article might refer to a new restaurant opening in SW4 - it would never refer to KT1 in the same way). (In fact, Lambeth is primarily an administrative area rather than a geographical one, and postcodes themselves have a better claim to be the latter term) 81.178.119.178 10:27, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Maps?
A map showing the location of the various districts (Brixton, Stockwell, etc.) within the borough would be very helpful.--Bhuck 10:07, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Brixton Murals
As a result of the riots, Lambeth Council/GLC funded artists to paint murals around Brixton, and recently I added the entry Brixton Murals to wikipedia. I don't want to just add it to the Brixton Riots page, but if the author(s) think it's relevant, I'd request it be added, it might fit nicely within the Arts category.

here's the Brixton Murals entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_Murals

regards

Iemanja75 (talk) 12:31, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Landmarks
I don't see why the Sunlight Laundry was deleted from this article but Stockwell tube station inserted; the Sunlight Laundry is one of the few remaining Art Deco buildings in London (and a fine example of the genre), whereas Stockwell is just a tube station like dozens of others.

I can understand if an architecturally-distinctive station such as Canada Water were featured in an article, but why Stockwell? -- 217.171.129.74 (talk) 01:23, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

A readable political history of the council is needed!!
Why is there no objective history of Lambeth council? Perhaps people could start with the odd key fact or two here. e.g.

In 1985 Linda Bellos became leader of Lambeth council between 1986 and 1988. She was only the second black woman to become leader of a British local authority.

The Gay Pride march in London 1986 transferred to Jubilee Gardens, attendance at this annual event had risen to around 10,000 people from its beginnings in 1972. It started from Kennington Park. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Szczels (talk • contribs) 14:18, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

long, thin
Are boroughs really long and thin? Also, seven miles is hardly long; many London boroughs have much larger dimensions in at least one direction. Lambeth is surely one of the smaller London boroughs and its east-west measurement is less than its north-south one. The same applies to Britain, yet few would remark that is was a long, thin country.
 * Whether the description applies is a value judgement, but there are, AFAIK, reasons for most inner boroughs being like this. When LBs were formed out of the old Metroplitan Boroughs, the intent was to align them along major communication routes and also to link the relatively wealthy central boroughs with, in many cases, poorer ones next door. An example is Islington where the MBs were Finsbury MB, with a huge rates income from the City fringe, and Islington MB with some of the worst housing conditions in London; the A1 route provides the LB's spine. (BTW, always sign your contributions; instructions at start of page.) Folks at 137 (talk) 12:58, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Article title
Usual practice for London boroughs is London Borough of name. Why has Lambeth been changed? AusLondonder (talk) 18:49, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Dürnrohr

Dürnrohr is a village in Austria, which belongs to Zwentendorf, Lower Austria, Austria.

title: Dürnrohr


text:
Talk:Carbon paper

Helps hide things from X-Rays.

Headline text
Bold textArticle describes the sort of carbon paper that is (was) inserted between two sheets of paper. This sort of carbon paper can (or was) reusable. One would have a sheet of it sitting ready in a memo pad (the memo pad had alternate master and copy sheets). This sort of carbon apper is little used today (at least in the west, can't comment on elsewhere.

What about the sort of paper that you can actually write (or print) directly on which acts as its own carbon paper and will produce a copy underneath...this is still used (eg for doing multiple copies when a credit card is swiped on a old style card impresion device). Is this stuff still called carbon paper: or does it have another name? Should we distinguish between the two types of carbon paper?

--GPoss 12:23, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * See carbonless copy paper. (User:Alan Liefting modified the carbon paper article to link to the carbonless copy paper article in December 2004.)

Carbon paper and drugs
According to some of the DEA reports I've been reading, Carbon Paper seems to be a common wrapper for cocaine and heroin. Does anyone have any idea why this is? Might be interesting to add to the article if we can find a good source explaining it. ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 03:47, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
 * "then wrap it up with carbon paper to avoid X-Ray scanning machines at airports" - WTF?  That makes no sense. ---J.S  (T/C/WRE) 03:52, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

There are several TV documentaries, with names like Border Patrol and Nothing to Declare, showing the work of customs officers. And it’s true, drug smugglers do often wrap drugs in carbon paper – but to fool the sniffer dogs, not the x-rays. The reason is carbon absorbs smells and gasses (hence its use in gas masks). Having said that, it can’t be absolutely effective because these packages are intercepted, and shown on TV. Guess I should note the citation next time I see it on TV 10:11, 10 December 2020 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by MarcuH (talk • contribs)

Who invented it? Where did it first appear? When did it first appear, when did it get first acceptance in the market place? When did it become a commercial success? Who got rich from the intention? Did the inventor miss out on a share of the fortune it must have made in it's time? Who were the major manufacturers? What is the pigment actually made of? How is it made anyway? Surely somebody must still know all this stuff. It needs to be recorded for posterity before, like the product itself, it disappears.

58.145.148.3 (talk) 17:14, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Another Use for Carbon Paper
A girl in a few of my classes is deaf and she asks me to take notes on the carbon paper for her since its hard for her to keep up with the teacher and the interpreter.
 * It's not exactly a novel use for carbon paper, but it's a clever idea so that you can take two sets of notes at the same time. Good for your for offering to help! --Ericdn (talk) 15:38, 31 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Surely this is simply what carbon paper was made for. Not really note worthy but good on ya for helping out a deaf girl :/Wolfmankurd (talk) 20:54, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

Carbon Paper and Tattoos
Carbon paper is also used to transfer tattoo design from paper to skin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.236.14.198 (talk) 21:06, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Carbon paper and fuel cells
The section on fuel cells does not seem to belong. Please consider moving this bit of trivia to a more appropriate article, perhaps carbon fiber. Another alternative would be a disambiguation page for carbon paper, but the blurb on carbon paper in fuel cells does not seem big enough to warrant its own page.50.127.148.173 (talk) 21:17, 7 February 2015 (UTC)ysc
 * Carbon paper for fuel cells has nothing to do with the carbon paper described in this article
 * It is paper made of carbon microfibers
 * Reference for example: http://www.fuelcellearth.com/pdf/Toray_specs.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.35.147.96 (talk) 13:32, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

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Dentistry
Isn't carbon paper used by dentists to find high spots on artificial crowns so that they can be ground to improve the bite? Tfdavisatsnetnet (talk) 02:12, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carbon paper


text:
Zwentendorf

Zwentendorf an der Donau is a small market municipality in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is located at 48.35°N, 15.9°W, in the Tulln Basin on the southern bank of the Danube. The place attained public attention as the site of the only Austrian nuclear power station, which was completed but never went into operation. In a referendum on 5 November 1978, a narrow majority of 50.5% voted against putting the Zwentendorf nuclear plant into operation.

History
Near Zwentendorf was from 1 to the 5th century a.d. a Roman fort (Asturis). It was a part from Limes Norici of the Roman province Noricum.

title: Zwentendorf


text:
Koshi District, Niigata

Niigata Koshi-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Koshi (古志郡) was a district located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 2,035 with a density of 51.09 persons per km2. The total area is 39.83 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district contained of only one village:

 * Yamakoshi

Recent mergers

 * On April 1, 2005 - The village of Yamakoshi, along with the town of Oguni (from Kariwa District), the town of Nakanoshima (from Minamikanbara District), and the towns of Koshiji and Mishima (both from Santō District), was merged into the expanded city of Nagaoka. Therefore, Koshi District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Koshi District, Niigata


text:
Kawaguchi, Niigata

Kawaguchi (川口町) was a town located in Kitauonuma District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,549 and a density of 110.91 persons per km2. The total area was 50.03 km2.

During the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake, Kawaguchi was the only town to report the maximum value of 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale.

On March 31, 2010, Kawaguchi was merged into the expanded city of Nagaoka.

Railway

 * JR logo (east).svg JR East - Jōetsu Line
 * Echigo-Kawaguchi
 * JR logo (east).svg JR East - Iiyama Line
 * Echigo-Kawaguchi

Highway

 * JP Expressway E17.svg Kan-etsu Expressway – Echigo-Kawaguchi IC/SA

title: Kawaguchi, Niigata


text:
GK Wien–Southeast

The GK Vienna–Southeast was a back-to-back HVDC station linking the electric power grids of Austria and Hungary. It operated between June 1993 and October 1996.

Facility
This facility was built by Siemens and had a maximum transfer power of 600 MW with an operation voltage of 142 kV. In great extent, it was identical with the HVDC back-to-back station in Etzenricht, which was used for coupling the power grids of Bavaria and Czech and built at the same time. As in this installation, the inverters used 864 thyristors. However, at GK Vienna-Southeast were not used as in the HVDC back-to-back station in Etzenricht six single-phase transformers, but four three-phase transformers. While the facility in Etzenricht got obsolete in 1995 after synchronisation of power grids in Western and Eastern Europe, GK Vienna-Southeast remained in service at first, because the direct interconnection of power grids of Austria and Hungary would have caused regulation-technical problems as result of the missing national 380 kV grid in Austria.

These problems were solved in 1996 with the installation of frequency regulation equipment in coal-fired power stations in Southern Poland, so GK Vienna Southeast GK got unessential in October 1996 and was shut down.

The shut-down of GK Vienna-Southeast increased the maximum transfer power of the 380 kV line Vienna southeast – Győr to 1514 MW.

After its shut-down, it was planned to dismantle GK Vienna-Southeast and rebuild it in East Europe at a location close to the border to the CIS countries for the realization of an interconnection between the power grid of central Europe and the CIS countries. However, that was not done and so the installation was dismantled in 2007–08.

However, one of the harmonic waves filter was preserved as a monument.

On the site, a new building for the control centre of the power grid of Austria was built. The static inverter hall was not demolished, but turned into a workshop.

At the third (before decommissioning of GK Wien–Southeast second) pylon, which is situated 260 metres south of the area of GK Wien–Southeast, the 26-kilometre-long line section starts, where it is together with the two 380 kV circuits of the powerline to Stixneusiedl substation installed on the same pylons. Stixneusiedl substation is passed by the line approximately 50 metres southwards. After a further 37.5 kilometres, the line passes the border to Hungary. At the beginning of 2010, the second 380 V circuit of the line was installed, for which the pylons of the whole line are already designed. This circuit branches near Ötteveny in direction southwest toward Szombathely substation.

title: GK Wien–Southeast


text:
Talk:Opel

Recent tagging of article
Hello, I tagged this article as having NPOV and Tone issues because the word usage is too informal and it is written like a fanzine article on the subject as opposed to an encyclopedic article. The article could use a good copy edit.

--Jeremy (blah blah • I did it!) 01:26, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, sadly a mental sock puppeteer by the name of Kalaua has decided to go nuts with all Opel articles, adding countless photos and tons of unsourced or simply misunderstood content. I can't keep up, so we'll just have to have a WP in which Kalaua may play around at will.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  16:42, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

Safety bicycle photograph
Referring to the photograph in the article, it seems a bit strange to caption it as a safety bicycle. While undeniably of the "safety" design, rather than the high-wheeler or "penny-farthing," the machine shown is a classic tradesman's or errand-boy's bicycle, once common in Britain, and still, I believe, used in continental Europe, especially where vehicular access is difficult in pedestrianised parts of towns and cities. It seems an odd choice to represent the safety bicycle, as it has a number of non-typical features like differently-sized wheels (to reduce the centre of gravity and the height of the carrier at the front), the carrier itself, the stand and the advertising panel - all contributing to its fairly hefty weight. I presume the Opel trade name may have been the motivation in selecting it. Pavel (talk) 15:32, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Opel Ampera
Opel Ampera is not a hybrid. It is a fully electrical car i e it is allways driven by electrical power. The small petrol engine is only a generator. Kind regards Ronny — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.13.207.19 (talk) 12:31, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

GM releases photos with Creative Commons 3.0 licence
So, it should be no problem to use those official photos without licencing problems. This Creative Commons message appears when beginning to download any photo from the GM global website. --L.Willms (talk) 19:56, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

 * No go - you can't alter the photos aside from cropping, won't fly here. Still a good beginning measure, I hope other companies follow.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  06:17, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Tagging of the article / in response to Jeremy
With all due respect: IMHO a fanzine, as asserted by Jeremy, still sounds a lot different like that article about Opel. In terms of its style I perceive it as being relatively similar to the article about Volkswagen or the German language article about Opel. So I'd propose to remove the corresponding tagging of the article regarding the supposedly existing tone- or NPOV issues, because this goes too far in my opinion. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GLstbg (talk • contribs) 20:20, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Kalaua, you are the main problem with all of the Opel articles. I wish you would go away and find something else useless to do.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  16:36, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

Turkey
According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey, Opel produces vehicles in Turkish factories. The Supreme Allied Commander of Greece welcomes Turkey to the European Union. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.12.191 (talk) 20:39, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

Disputed content
The following was removed from the infobox: This citation does not in any way establish that OPC is a subsidiary of Adam Opel AG. At best, it establishes that a company with that name exists. How do we know that this isn't an independent company spun-off of Adam Opel AG? Regarding the source, how do we determine that this qualifies as high quality under WP:SOURCE? How do we know this is accurate and recently updated? The most recent General Motors Company 10-K filing lists all the subsidiaries of GM and OPC isn't one of them. Simply finding OPC listed in a business directory doesn't prove OPC is still an existing legal entity and it doesn't prove it is a subsidiary of Adam Opel AG or General Motors 174.21.209.206 (talk) 22:04, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Opel Performance Center GmbH is a subsidiary of Opel. This article on Opel.com says it:"1997: Opel establishes Opel Performance Center GmbH (OPC)" I hope you understand that the German GmbH is a lega form. Opel Eisenach GmbH, Opel Special Vehicles GmbH were also mentioned in the lists of GM? I doubt GM will list every subsidiary especially those which are not directly owned by GM in this case Opel Performance Center GmbH. http://media.gm.com/media/po/pl/opel/vehicles/opc/2009.html --Dencent (talk) 13:03, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Hello Dencent. Companies that are publicly listed in the United States are required to disclose all legally incorporated subsidiaries in Exhibit 21 of their annual 10-K filing. Opel Performance Center GmbH does not appear in the most recent Exhibit 21 list in GM's 2012 10-K. (In contrast, Opel Performance Vehicles GmbH does appear in the Exhibit 21 list and thus appears in the infobox.)

 * Regarding your statements above, the fact that a company was established or existed in the past doesn't mean that the company still exists today. So far, neither you nor I have found any evidence that Opel Performance Center GmbH still exists as a legally incorporated subsidiary. I agree that at one time in the past there was such a thing as Opel Performance Center GmbH, but neither one of us can find any evidence that it still exits. GM's bankruptcy changed a whole bunch of things in the GM corporate organization chart, so it is not a good practice to assume that something that existed before the bankruptcy is still around. Opel Performance Center GmbH could have been spun off or dis-incorporated. The link you've posted above from the Polish site is a press release from 2009, so it isn't up to date. You need to find evidence from a high quality source that Opel Performance Center GmbH exists now, in the present day (or reasonably close to the present day.)

 * You continue to make editing errors in the subsidiaries section of the infobox. If you haven't read the template's usage instructions, please don't make any further edits until you do. If you don't understand some aspect of the instructions, please ask for help. I appreciate your work in improving this article and would appreciate it even more if you would follow the template usage instructions. The usage instructions are crystal clear about the subsidiary parameter, so I don't understand why you continue to make the same mistake repeatedly. Good editors familiarize themselves with the (very many) rules and follow them. I believe your intent is to be one of the good editors, so please do whatever you need to do to get up to speed. Let's please avoid a situation where you get reported for disruptive editing. Thank you. 174.21.166.165 (talk) 03:02, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Edit - FWIW, I took a careful look at the Opel Performance Center article (its not exactly an example of a high quality article) The only properly referenced statement in that article that applies to this discussion is that Opel Performance Center GmbH was formed in 1997. We both already agree that OPC existed at one time, however we disagree about its current status and there isn't a single reference in the OPC article that sheds any light on that. We'll have to keep looking. 174.21.166.165 (talk) 04:19, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

 * The article "OPC Boss Volker Strycek Drives and Talks About the Astra OPC" at, published in May 2013, names OPC as a division of Adam Opel AG.174.21.176.132 (talk) 03:11, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Please read this article carefully! This is not an official article published by Opel/GM and the Carscoops writer calls OPC a division without references and it wasn't even an interview. This is not a reliable or high quality source to underline your claim. This article says that OPC was founded as a German GmbH in 1997 therefore a subsidiary of Opel. As long as you have no other evidence from reliable sources then we must assume that nothing has changed until now. However, the company could have changed its name from Opel Performance Center GmbH to Opel Performance Vehicles GmbH, but its trading name is still OPC or Opel Performance Center. GM UK Ltd's trading name is Vauxhall. You should also note that GM has a poor and complicated company structure (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vauxhall_Motors#Company_Names). Maby it was a mistake and they called "Vehicles" instead of "Center". We'll see. http://media.gm.com/content/media/po/pl/opel/vehicles/opc/2009.html --Dencent (talk) 14:28, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

Opel is a German company, not just "Germany-based"
It is the location of the company and its headquarters, that is where the company is legally registered, that decides the "nationality" of a company, not where the current owners of the shares/stocks are located or where they have subsidiaries. So Chrysler is an American company, Opel a German company, Jaguar, Bentley and Rolls-Royce English companies, etc, even though all of those and many more are subsidiaries of foreign companies. So don't change it again! Thomas.W  talk to me  12:48, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for opening this discussion. You said above "the location of the company and its headquarters, that is where the company is legally registered, that decides the 'nationality'", but you didn't provide any references in the WP Manual of Style, etc. that support your view. Please help you fellow editors by directing us to the WP references that provide direction on this, if there are any. The Associated Press Stylebook, which doesn't apply here, obviously, but is still a great place to look for an example, only describes nationalities in reference to "peoples, races, tribes, etc." (from Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. 40th ed. 2005. p.167).

 * Referring to Opel as "German" is inaccurate because it means that the company operates solely in Germany, limits its sales exclusively to Germany, has no presence in any other countries, etc. With Adam Opel AG, we know that isn't correct. However, the statement "Adam Opel AG is a Germany-based multinational company." is accurate. It correctly states the full legal name of the organization, where it is based, the scope of its operations and the type of organization and doesn't give a reader the misimpression that Opel limits its business solely to Germany. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.21.176.132 (talk) 02:17, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The country of registration (US: incorporation) is what matters. And since Opel is registered/incorporated in Germany it's a German company. Period. Thomas.W   talk to me  08:27, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
 * You're the only one here who understands it like this. I have never heard that somebody say, e.g. Toyota is a Japanese-BASED brand or company. Thomas.W is right what he said and if you take a look at other articles on Wikipedia you'll see that most of them have a similar introduction and this has been for years. "Opel IS German" refers to its origin and not that it only operates in Germany! This is what I have understand. The Spanish article begins like this:"Adam Opel AG, conocida como OPEL, es una empresa alemana de automóviles fundada en 1862 por el alemán Adam Opel." Spanish is not my mother tongue, but the verb ser is used for the origin and you see that the Spanish article has a similar introduction like the English article. The German article says:"Die Adam Opel AG ist ein deutscher Automobilhersteller,...". In English:"The Adam Opel AG is a German automobile manufacturer,...". I don't know what your problem is.
 * "Mazda Motor Corporation (マツダ株式会社 Matsuda Kabushiki-gaisha?) is a Japanese automaker based in Fuchū, Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan."
 * "AB Volvo is a Swedish multinational manufacturing company headquartered in Gothenburg, Sweden."
 * "Saab Automobile AB[4][5] /ˈsɑːb/ is a Swedish car manufacturer."
 * "Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (日産自動車株式会社 Nissan Jidōsha Kabushiki-gaisha?) (TYO: 7201), usually shortened to Nissan (/ˈniːsɑːn/ or UK /ˈnɪsæn/; Japanese: [nisːaɴ]), is a Japanese multinational automaker headquartered in Japan."--Dencent (talk) 14:48, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

 * These are your edits even if you change your IP address multiple times. Some edits you did were reversed by other editors.
 * "Škoda Auto (Czech pronunciation: [ˈʃkoda] ( listen)), more commonly known as Škoda, is an automobile manufacturer based in the Czech Republic."
 * "Cadillac /ˈkædɨlæk/ is a division of United States-based General Motors Company (GM) that markets and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dencent (talk • contribs) 14:53, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

 * No idea what 174.21.176.132's problem is, but I agree with ThomasW and Dencent that the location of the corporate entity is satisfactory, and if that coincide's with HQ and historic location, then that's all the better. The ultimate owner doesn't change that; Chrysler & Jeep are now Italian, Rolls Royce and Bentley German, and Nissan is arguably half-French, and SEAT is of course German... and as we know, all those countries trade internationally irrespective of their HQ location so the argument put forward above is just absurd. Warren (talk) 17:18, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

war's end
Since the war ended in May 1945, In Just at war's end a small skeleton crew began clearing the rubble from the plant. By May 1945 ...

war's end must be understood as "occupation by the allied troops"?

pietro151.29.249.152 (talk) 16:44, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

Contradictory
The article contradicts itself in dealing with Pugeot and GM. The intro and body of the article needs to be updated to take account of Pugeot, and whatever future plans GM had for Opel will now be defunct plans. -- 65.94.169.56 (talk) 07:00, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

Article issues and tags

 * There are six multiple issue maintenance tags on the article and another two or three that are deserving to be placed. The validity of all of them may be questioned or all might be deserving.
 * In the forth-coming weeks I am going to try to hash some of this out. I consider that I can approach this neutrally as I have no "agenda", except attempting to straighten out some serious issues and see if a B-class can be obtained, and possibly higher. To this end any collaboration would be appreciated from all "sides" of issues. If any editors have concerns, thoughts, ideas, or comments I would appreciate some communication as I do not intend to wade into edit wars.
 * If I find no evidence on the talk page discussing the issues of tags, and I can't readily see such issues, I will remove the tags during edits and any concerns can be dealt with from that time. The lead of course is at the top, as well as rewording areas, adding some album sections to condense the article for a better presentation, and of course referencing. Otr500 (talk) 22:42, 12 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Use of slave labor by Opel during WW2
This otherwise well-written and interesting article neglects the fact that Opel (as did numerous other German companies) used slave labor during WW2. Other Wikipedia descriptions of German companies include such information, and this article should also. This would be of special interest to readers because Opel was owned by GM. Did GM make restitution to impressed workers after the War? Simcha69 (talk) 15:33, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
 * User:Simcha69 This is a potentially interesting topic to include, however we require reliable sources reporting on the matter for inclusion. Do you have sources from which such content can be built?--Hippeus (talk) 11:11, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

Opel / PSA + Fiat Chrysler = Stelantis
Fiat Chrysler and France's PSA group are planning a merger that would see the company become the world's fourth-largest carmaker. 79.219.91.122 (talk) 14:08, 16 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opel


text:
Horinouchi, Niigata

Horinouchi (堀之内町) was a town located in Kitauonuma District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town was estimated population of 9,403 and a density of 136.28 persons per km2. The total area was 69.00 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Horinouchi, along with the town of Koide, and the villages of Hirokami, Irihirose, Sumon and Yunotani (all from Kitauonuma District), was merged to create the city of Uonuma.

Railway
JR East - Jōetsu Line
 * Echigo-Horinouchi - Kita-Horinouchi

title: Horinouchi, Niigata


text:
James Bolam

James Christopher Bolam (born 16 June 1935) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Terry Collier in The Likely Lads and its sequel Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?, Jack Ford in When the Boat Comes In, Roy Figgis in Only When I Laugh, Trevor Chaplin in The Beiderbecke Trilogy, Arthur Gilder in Born and Bred, Jack Halford in New Tricks and the title character of Grandpa in the CBeebies programme Grandpa in My Pocket.

Early life
Bolam was born on 16 June 1935 in Sunderland, County Durham. His father, Robert Alfred Bolam, was from Northumberland, and his mother, Marion Alice Drury, from County Durham. After attending Bede Grammar School, Sunderland, Bolam attended Bemrose School in Derby. Bolam trained as an articled clerk to a chartered accountant, before becoming an actor, and formally trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, London, where he won the gold medal and the Margaret Rawlings Cup. Lacking funding for his fees, he worked in Lyons Corner House tearoom and West End restaurants, washing dishes at night and studying during the day.

Bolam's first professional engagement was at the Royal Court Theatre as an understudy to Ronnie Barker in Chekhov's "Platonov". He first appeared on screens in the early 1960s, initially in television shows such as Z-Cars and the Northern social realist films A Kind of Loving and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (both 1962), in the latter film as the best friend of the title character (played by Tom Courtenay).

It was The Likely Lads, with Bolam as Terry Collier and Rodney Bewes as Bob Ferris, which made Bolam a star during its 1964 to 1966 run and he adapted the scripts for a BBC Radio version soon afterwards. He appeared with John Thaw in the Granada serial, Inheritance in 1967.

Before the sequel, Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?, began its run, Bolam appeared in films such as Half a Sixpence (1967), Otley (1969), and O Lucky Man! (1973). The revived series, chronicling the further adventures of Bob and Terry, lasted for two series broadcast in 1973 and 1974 and a 45-minute 1974 Christmas Eve special.

In 1975, Bolam appeared alongside the original cast in a further BBC Radio series adapted from the 1973 TV series and in 1976 there was a reunion in a feature film spin-off from the series, simply entitled The Likely Lads. Bolam's co-star Rodney Bewes stated in 2005 that the two actors had not spoken since the film had been made, a period of over thirty years. The rift, according to Bewes, developed through his indiscreetly telling a journalist that when Bolam's wife revealed she was pregnant, Bolam was so startled that the car he was driving mounted a pavement and almost crashed into a lamp post. Bolam denied there was a rift between the two men when Bewes died in November 2017, claiming that they "didn't talk for 40 years because of their busy schedules rather than resentment".

Bolam is known for being guarded about his private life. He once remarked: "I'm having a man fix the track rods on my car. I don't want to know anything about him. Why should he want to know anything about me?"

In 1976, Bolam returned to straight drama, as Jack Ford in the BBC Television series When the Boat Comes In, which ran until 1981. Since then he has mostly appeared in comedies and comedy dramas, including Only When I Laugh (as Roy Figgis) from 29 October 1979 to 16 December 1982, The Beiderbecke Affair (as Trevor Chaplin) in 1985, The Beiderbecke Tapes in 1987, Andy Capp (in the title role), The Beiderbecke Connection in 1988, Second Thoughts (as Bill MacGregor) from 3 May 1991 to 14 October 1994, Midsomer Murders, Pay and Display, Dalziel and Pascoe, Close and True, Born and Bred (as Dr Arthur Gilder), and New Tricks (as Jack Halford). Another memorable role was alongside Timothy West and Sheila Hancock in the 2002 series of the BBC comedy-drama Bedtime, in which Bolam played the seemingly decent but actually crooked Ronnie Stribling.

On radio, in 1978 he played Willie Garvin in a BBC World Service radio adaptation of the Modesty Blaise book Last Day in Limbo. He provided the voice for The Tod in the animated film version of The Plague Dogs (1982). In the mid-1980s, he co-starred in the original radio version of the romantic sitcom Second Thoughts, which ran for several series and was subsequently adapted for television with Bolam reprising his role. In the year 2000 he played Sir Archibald Flint in the Doctor Who audio play The Spectre of Lanyon Moor. He was also the narrator for the three-part football documentary Three Lions, which aired before Euro 2000 on BBC One. The three episodes were about England's National Team's history from the 1966 World Cup until before the Euro 2000 finals.

In 2002, Bolam played the serial killer Harold Shipman in Shipman, the ITV adaptation of Brian Whittle and Jean Ritchie's book on the case, Prescription for Murder  and Father Leonard Tibbings in Dalziel and Pascoe (Ser. 7, Ep. 1 'Sins of the Fathers'). He portrayed Harold Wilson, the former Prime Minister, in the 2006 BBC documentary The Plot Against Harold Wilson. He appeared in Frank Loesser's musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying at the Chichester Festival Theatre during the 2005 summer season. He played the role of Grandpa in the Cbeebies show Grandpa in My Pocket. In 2009 he played Ken Lewis, CEO of the Bank of America, in the television dramatisation The Last Days of Lehman Brothers. His appearances on the London stage include Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell by Keith Waterhouse.

Personal life
Bolam lives in Wisborough Green, West Sussex and Chiswick, London, with his wife, actress Susan Jameson (who co-starred with him in an early episode of The Likely Lads, When the Boat Comes In and New Tricks). They have a daughter, Lucy.

Bolam plays golf and is a member of the Stage Golfing Society. Bolam sang top tenor in the Wisborough Green barber shop choir, a small local group that performed at fetes and small venues (The Right Notes Nov. 1995). He appeared in a 2014 video protesting against oil drilling near Wisborough Green.

Bolam was appointed MBE in the 2009 Birthday Honours "For services to Drama".

title: James Bolam


text:
Duck River (Tennessee)

The Duck River, 284 mi long, is the longest river located entirely within the U.S. state of Tennessee. Free flowing for most of its length, the Duck River is home to over 50 species of freshwater mussels and 151 species of fish, making it the most biologically diverse river in North America.

The Duck River drains a significant portion of Middle Tennessee. It rises in hills near an area of Middle Tennessee known as the "Barrens", an area with enough rainfall to support a woodland but which white settlers found already deforested upon their arrival. (Several theories have been advanced to explain this phenomenon.) It enters the city of Manchester and meets its confluence with a major tributary, the Little Duck River, at Old Stone Fort State Park, named after an ancient Native American structure between the two rivers believed to be nearly 2,000 years old.

Other major towns along the Duck include Shelbyville, Columbia, and Centerville. Below Shelbyville to the Southeast, the Duck is impounded by Normandy Dam, a Tennessee Valley Authority project of the early 1970s which was built for flood control and recreation. Normandy was not equipped for power generation as were previous TVA dams built in Middle Tennessee. The structure was named for the hamlet of Normandy, which is nearby. The resultant reservoir occupies over 5000 acre of what was previously prime land for agriculture. Further downstream, Shelbyville is protected from potential Duck River flooding by levees and floodgates. A dam constructed by the Tennessee Electric Power Company across the river adjacent to downtown Shelbyville is a relic of the early electrical development of the area prior to the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority.

Downstream in Maury County is the Yanahli Wildlife Preserve, occupying land which was meant to be another TVA reservoir. The Columbia Dam was never completed, however, when an endangered species of mussel was found in this section of the Duck and studies showed the project costs would far exceed benefits. After years of litigation, the dam, which was largely completed, was dismantled at a loss approaching $80,000,000 of public funds. Another old Tennessee Electric Power Company dam, somewhat similar to the one in downtown Shelbyville, is located downstream of the uncompleted dam site. Private funds have been spent on this dam to rehabilitate it to resume electrical power production; however, this has not proven to be successful. The Duck River frequently floods parts of Columbia, particularly the neighborhoods near downtown.

Between Columbia and Centerville, the Duck cuts through the Western Highland Rim and is joined by several major tributaries, notably the Piney River. Downtown Centerville is located high above the Duck River bottoms. Below Centerville, the Duck again enters a fairly rural, somewhat remote area. Its largest single tributary, the Buffalo River, reaches its confluence with the Duck in southern Humphreys County, just a few miles from the mouth of the Duck into the Tennessee River. The area of the mouth of the Duck is part of the Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge.

title: Duck River (Tennessee)


text:
Oxford Instruments

Oxford Instruments plc is a United Kingdom manufacturing and research company that designs and manufactures tools and systems for industry and research. The company is headquartered in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England, with sites in the United Kingdom, United States, Europe, and Asia. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

History
The company was founded by Sir Martin Wood in 1959, with help from his wife Audrey Wood (Lady Wood) to manufacture superconducting magnets for use in scientific research, starting in his garden shed in Northmoor Road, Oxford, England. It was the first substantial commercial spin-out company from the University of Oxford and was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1983.

It had a pioneering role in the development of magnetic resonance imaging, providing the first superconducting magnets for this application. The first commercial MRI whole body scanner was manufactured at its Osney Mead factory in Oxford in 1980 for installation at Hammersmith Hospital, London. Further innovations included the development of active shielding, whereby fringe fields hazardous to pacemaker wearers, causing difficulty and expense in siting, were virtually eliminated. Oxford Instruments was not able to capitalise on these inventions itself, granting royalty-free license to Philips and General Electric whilst developing a joint venture with Siemens in 1989: this was dissolved in 2004.

title: Oxford Instruments


text:
Koide, Niigata

Koide (小出町) was a town located in Kitauonuma District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. It is famous for its snowy ski resort.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 12,735 and a density of 423.93 persons per km2. The total area was 30.04 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Koide, along with the town of Horinouchi, and the villages of Hirokami, Irihirose, Sumon and Yunotani (all from Kitauonuma District), was merged to create the city of Uonuma.

Climate
Koide has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) that borders on a humid continental climate, with four distinct seasons. Winters are cool and extremely snowy due to its location in a mountainous valley, while summers are hot and humid.

Railway
JR East - Jōetsu Line JR East - Tadami Line
 * Koide
 * Koide

Natives of Koide

 * Ken Watanabe

title: Koide, Niigata


text:
Yunotani, Niigata

Yunotani (湯之谷村) was a village located in Kitauonuma District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 6,433 and a density of 18.38 persons per km2. The total area was 350.08 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Yunotani, along with the towns of Horinouchi and Koide, and the villages of Hirokami, Irihirose and Sumon (all from Kitauonuma District), was merged to create the city of Uonuma.

Local attractions

 * Yunotani Onsen (ja:湯之谷温泉郷)
 * Imogawa Onsen, Oritate Onsen, Oyu Onsen, Tochiomata Onsen, etc.
 * Okutadami Dam

title: Yunotani, Niigata


text:
Talk:Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

Cancelled GameCube version
The current source sounds more like an analyst predicting a GameCube version was coming after PS2 exclusivity contract ended. Do we have any source that Rockstar actually ever announced or even internally ever intended to develop/release it on GameCube? Sergecross73  msg me  23:02, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm honestly not sure. The article mixes statements from CEO Jeffrey Lapin and analyst Michael Pachter. IGN seems to interpret this as objective truth. If you think this is only Pachter's opinion, I would leave it out entirely. IceWelder  [ ✉ ] 18:58, 3 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I just don't recall ever reading that it was actually in development or outright cancelled. It's true that these articles tend to mention it as some sort of inevitability. But I can't see where that assumption came from. Sergecross73   msg me  14:55, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

British English
Is there a reason that this article is written in British English, besides the original author perhaps being British? Rockstar Games is American, the game takes place essentially in Miami. Would it be rude or improper to give the article an American English rework? AxolotlFridge (talk) 07:30, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Per MOS:RETAIN, a rework would be inappropriate with consensus. The game is set in the U.S., but its developer is British, so I don't believe it has strong national ties to justify a change. – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 07:34, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh, interesting! Guess I didn't read the article well enough, haha. Didn't bother to check who the hell Rockstar North is and just assumed they'd be American like Rockstar Games.
 * Also, checked out your talk page. Insane job. Doing God's work. Well, maybe not God's, but still really cool. Thanks for bothering to respond to such a basic question. AxolotlFridge (talk) 09:30, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grand Theft Auto: Vice City


text:
Hirokami, Niigata

Hirokami (広神村) was a village located in Kitauonuma District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 8,892 and a density of 84.17 persons per km2. The total area was 105.64 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Hirokami, along with the towns of Horinouchi and Koide, and the villages of Irihirose, Sumon and Yunotani (all from Kitauonuma District), was merged to create the city of Uonuma.

Railway
JR East - Tadami Line
 * Uonuma-Tanaka - Echigo-Hirose - Yabukami

title: Hirokami, Niigata


text:
Tecumseh (disambiguation)

Tecumseh was a notable leader of an alliance of Native American tribes.

Tecumseh may also refer to:

People

 * Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana (1822-1905), U.S. Army general in the American Civil War
 * William Tecumseh Sherman (1820–1891), American Civil War General
 * W. Tecumseh Fitch

Canada

 * Mount Tecumseh (Alberta)
 * New Tecumseth, Ontario
 * Tecumseh, Ontario
 * Rural Municipality of Tecumseh No. 65, Saskatchewan

United States

 * Tecumseh, Indiana
 * Tecumseh, Tippecanoe County, Indiana
 * Tecumseh, Kansas
 * Tecumseh, Michigan
 * Tecumseh, Missouri
 * Tecumseh, Nebraska
 * Tecumseh, Oklahoma
 * Tecumseh Township, Michigan
 * Mount Tecumseh, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire

Ships

 * USS Tecumseh (1863), a US Civil War monitor warship type
 * USS Tecumseh (SSBN-628), a ballistic missile submarine
 * HMCS Tecumseh, a Canadian Naval Reserve Division
 * Tecumseh, a bulk carrier
 * CSL Tecumseh, a self-unloading Panamax bulk carrier

Companies

 * Tecumseh Products, a manufacturer of hermetic compressors for air conditioning and refrigeration products

Schools

 * Lafayette Tecumseh Junior High School in Lafayette, Indiana
 * Tecumseh Elementary School in Vancouver, Canada
 * Tecumseh High School (New Carlisle, Ohio)
 * Tecumseh Junior – Senior High School

Other uses

 * Tecumseh (film), a 1972 film
 * Tecumseh (horse)
 * Tecumseh Soccer Club, a women's semi-professional soccer team in League1 Ontario

title: Tecumseh (disambiguation)


text:
Tony Frangieh

Antoine "Tony" Suleiman Frangieh (أنطوان "طوني" سليمان فرنجية; 1 September 1941 – 13 June 1978) was a Lebanese politician and militia commander during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War. He was the son of Suleiman Frangieh, a former Lebanese president.

Tony Frangieh was an active participant in Lebanese politics and was a member of the Marada Brigade, a Christian militia group that was founded in 1975 by his father.

Education and early political career
Frangieh was educated at the College Des Frères Tripoli, first in Tripoli then in Beirut, at the latter from 1958 to 1960. He was furthering his studies before his death.

Frangieh began his career dealing with his family business. On 25 October 1970, he succeeded his father, Suleiman Frangieh, as a member of the Lebanese Parliament for Zgharta, following his father's election to the Presidency. He was also appointed the minister of posts and telecommunications in his father's government.

Civil war and death
At the end of the 1960s, when factions within Lebanon started to form militias, the Frangieh clan formed the Marada Brigade, also known as the Zgharta Liberation Army (ZLA), under the command of Tony Frangieh. The Marada/ZLA mainly operated out of Tripoli and northern Lebanon, the base of the Frangieh family.

The Lebanese Civil War witnessed many shifting alliances where the allies of today became the enemies of tomorrow. One such falling out occurred between two of the leading Maronite clans, the Frangiehs and the Gemayels. The Frangiehs, who were close to Syria, were critical of Phalangist Kataeb Regulatory Forces' militia leader Bachir Gemayel's growing alliance with Israel. Militiamen from the Phalange RF and Marada also clashed over protection rackets.

This conflict led to the murder of Tony Frangieh, his wife, Vera (née el Kordahi), and his three-year-old daughter Jihane by Phalangist militiamen, known as the Ehden massacre. His son, Suleiman, was in Beirut during the murder.

Under cover of darkness on 13 June 1978, a combined force of 1,200 Phalangists led by Elie Hobeika and Samir Geagea, attacked and killed Tony Frangieh and his immediate family, thereby eliminating one of the protagonists vying for political power in the Christian Lebanese community.

Suleiman Frangieh never vowed revenge. As he stated in a documentary on a Lebanese political channel called 'OTV', "That was the past and it must be forgotten, I do not seek revenge because God is the only judge, thus their conscience will haunt them for the rest of their lives."

Many commentators consider the murder of Tony Frangieh to be one of the factors in the longevity of the Lebanese Civil War and as the starting point of a deep divide between Lebanese Christians. Some 20,000 mourners attended his funeral, including then-Lebanese Prime Minister Salim Hoss on 14 June 1978.

Personal life
Frangieh had two children, Suleiman Frangieh Jr. and Jihane, with Vera Frangieh, whom he married in 1962. His son Suleiman first became the Minister of Public Health at the age of 22, and he served as the Ministry of Interior from 2004 to 2005. He is known to have served with the Marada Brigade in the 1980s.

title: Tony Frangieh


text:
Lev's disease

Lev's disease is an acquired complete heart block due to idiopathic fibrosis and calcification of the electrical conduction system of the heart. Lev's disease is most commonly seen in the elderly, and is often described as senile degeneration of the conduction system.

One form has been associated with SCN5A.

The use of electrocardiograms, especially in non-specialized settings like emergency rooms, may incidentally reveal a dysrhythmia that can confuse diagnosis, however serial ECGs will demonstrate an evolving conduction block arrhythmia characteristic of Lev’s disease, thus allowing for correct diagnosis.

Associated conditions
Stokes–Adams attacks can be precipitated by this condition. These involve a temporary loss of consciousness resulting from marked slowing of the heart when the atrial impulse is no longer conducted to the ventricles. This should not be confused with the catastrophic loss of heartbeat seen with ventricular fibrillation or asystole.

History
It was described independently by Maurice Lev and Jean Lenègre in 1964, but the condition is generally called after Lev.

title: Lev's disease


text:
Subjective expected utility

In decision theory, subjective expected utility is the attractiveness of an economic opportunity as perceived by a decision-maker in the presence of risk. Characterizing the behavior of decision-makers as using subjective expected utility was promoted and axiomatized by L. J. Savage in 1954 following previous work by Ramsey and von Neumann. The theory of subjective expected utility combines two subjective concepts: first, a personal utility function, and second a personal probability distribution (usually based on Bayesian probability theory).

Savage proved that, if the decision-maker adheres to axioms of rationality, believing an uncertain event has possible outcomes $$\{x_i\}$$ each with a utility of $$u(x_i),$$ then the person's choices can be explained as arising from this utility function combined with the subjective belief that there is a probability of each outcome, $$P(x_i).$$ The subjective expected utility is the resulting expected value of the utility,
 * $$\Epsilon[u(X)] = \sum_i \; u(x_i) \; P(x_i) .$$

If instead of choosing $$\{x_i\}$$ the person were to choose $$\{y_j\},$$ the person's subjective expected utility would be
 * $$\Epsilon[u(Y)] = \sum_j \; u(y_j) \; P(y_j).$$

Which decision the person prefers depends on which subjective expected utility is higher. Different people may make different decisions because they may have different utility functions or different beliefs about the probabilities of different outcomes.

Savage assumed that it is possible to take convex combinations of decisions and that preferences would be preserved. So if a person prefers $$x(=\{x_i\})$$ to $$y (=\{y_i\})$$and $$s(=\{s_i\})$$ to $$t(=\{t_i\})$$ then that person will prefer $$\lambda x + (1-\lambda )s$$ to $$\lambda y + (1-\lambda )t$$, for any $$0<\lambda<1$$.

Experiments have shown that many individuals do not behave in a manner consistent with Savage's axioms of subjective expected utility, e.g. most prominently Allais (1953) and Ellsberg (1961).

title: Subjective expected utility


text:
Tetryzoline

Tetryzoline (INN), also known as tetrahydrozoline, is a drug used in some over-the-counter eye drops and nasal sprays. Tetryzoline was patented in 1954, and came into medical use in 1959.

Side effects
Tetryzoline eye drops may cause blurred vision, eye irritation and dilated pupils. Tetryzoline is not suitable for prolonged use as its vasoconstrictive effects within the eye eventually decrease or stop. If tolerance to the drug has developed, ceasing its use may cause a rebound effect and increase redness of the eyes — a vasodilatory effect.

Intranasal use of tetryzoline may cause transient burning, stinging, or dryness of the mucosa and sneezing. Prolonged intranasal use often causes opposite effects in the form of rebound congestion with effects such as chronic redness, swelling and rhinitis. Prolonged use thus may result in overuse of the drug.

In children, it might cause profound sedation.

Overdose
Overdose most often causes slow heart rate. Respiratory depression, low blood pressure, constricted pupils, hypothermia, brief episodes of high blood pressure, drowsiness, headaches and vomiting may also occur. In serious cases some of these effects may result in circulatory shock. Most often overdoses occur in children who have ingested the drug.

There is no antidote for tetryzoline or other similar imidazoline analogue poisoning, but the symptoms can be alleviated. With treatment, death is rare.

Pharmacodynamics
Tetryzoline is an alpha agonist for the alpha-1 receptor. This action relieves the redness of the eye caused by minor ocular irritants. Moreover, to treat allergic conjunctivitis, tetryzoline can be combined in a solution with antazoline.

Pharmacokinetics
In a healthy person, the biological half-life of tetryzoline is approximately 6 hours, and it is excreted in urine, chemically unchanged, at least in part. In one study, 10 people were given two drops of 0.5 mg/mL of tetryzoline eye drops (0.025–0.05 mg) at 0 hrs, 4 hrs, 8 hrs, and 12 hrs. Within a 24-hour time window, since the last dose of tetryzoline, the blood serum concentration of tetryzoline in the test subjects was 0.068-0.380 ng/mL and the urine concentration was 13–210 ng/mL. Both the blood and the urine levels of tetryzoline reached their maximums approximately 9 hrs after the last dose. These fluid-concentration levels correspond to normal ocular use of tetryzoline; thus, greater concentrations of tetryzoline in the blood and the urine of the user can indicate misuse of the drug or of poisoning with the drug.

Chemistry
Chemically, tetryzoline is a derivative of imidazoline. It has two enantiomers.

Names
Tetryzoline is the International Nonproprietary Name (INN).

Urban legend
An urban legend suggests that tetryzoline can cause violent diarrhea if given orally, such as by putting a few drops of Visine in an unsuspecting person's beverage. However, the actual results of the prank may be worse, varying from severe nausea and vomiting to seizures or a coma. Larger doses can cause death. Diarrhea is not a side effect.

Criminal use
In late August 2018, a South Carolina woman was charged with murdering her husband by putting eye drops containing tetryzoline in his drinking water. An autopsy found a high concentration of tetryzoline in his body.

Tetryzoline has been used as a date rape drug in a number of cases due to its ability to cause dizziness and unconsciousness.

In 2018, a 62 year-old woman in Pewaukee, Wisconsin, died in an apparent overdose or suicide involving tetryzoline and other substances; in November 2023 her caregiver was convicted of first-degree murder, following the allegation that her death was caused by a water bottle laced with Visine.

In 2019, a North Carolina paramedic was accused of using tetryzoline eye drops to cause the death of his wife. The blood sample results showed about 30–40 times higher than the therapeutic level of tetryzoline.

title: Tetryzoline


text:
Budgie (TV series)

Budgie is a British television series starring popstar Adam Faith which was produced by ITV company London Weekend Television and broadcast on the ITV network between 1971 and 1972.

The series was created by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall. The show was produced by Verity Lambert with Rex Firkin as Executive Producer. In an interview for the 2006 DVD release, Lambert stated that the series was originally going to be called The Loser but this was rejected by the TV Network. The show had two theme songs: the first was "The Loner" by The Milton Hunter Orchestra, and the second was "Nobody's Fool" written by Ray Davies and performed by Cold Turkey.

Series plot
The series consisted of a sequence of stories – sometimes spread across two episodes – depicting Budgie's involvement in some hare-brained scheme to make money, usually somewhere on the wrong side of legality, and invariably for the local boss, Mr Endell. He often failed in his aim, being continually the victim of circumstance or of the sharper, more experienced underworld operators he tried to emulate.

The opening credits were particularly iconic: showing Budgie trying to grab large numbers of banknotes blowing in the wind.

Plots included:
 * Trying to unload thousands of stolen ballpoint pens he has unwisely bought from one fence, paying too much in the process. He finds that the pens are all stamped with a logo, possibly "Her Majesty's Government", making them unsellable. Apparently these were the classic "trading commodity", the only object being to sell them to another sucker. Charlie offers to take them off Budgie's hands for next to nothing in exchange for a favour or two, and promptly unloads them to another villain.
 * Arranging a pornographic film show in a hotel and having assured the "punters" that the film was "the real Laurel and Hardy, if you know what I mean", making his escape before they find out the film really is a Laurel and Hardy movie.
 * Accidentally stealing a vanload of pornographic magazines from the police, and then having to destroy the evidence. The wind blows the pages from the bonfire Budgie and his pal have made and they blow all over a field where a prison wardens-versus-prisoners cricket match is imminently to be played.

Series One
The story begins with Ronald Bird (nicknamed "Budgie") being released from an open prison and trying to find a living in whatever way possible. He meets Charlie Endell in a bar with a 15-year-old stripper (Adrienne Posta) and Endell asks Budgie to look after her for a week. Budgie asks his part-time actress girlfriend Hazel Fletcher (Lynn Dalby) to help.

In the one-hour pilot he accidentally steals the wrong Ford Transit but this is beneficial as it is a police-owned van full of confiscated pornography heading for destruction. Budgie reckons he can sell it, however Mr Endell insists that he burns it all. The wind catches the paper and the pornography blows off the bonfire just as a busload of cricket players arrive. Budgie comes away with a fruit machine from the cricket club which he takes to Hazel's flat.

They drive off but his assistant Grogan says he is going off with Charity (the stripper). Budgie is left to explain this to Mr Endell.

Eventually all his supposed friends desert him; he ends up back in court for handling stolen goods: a fruit machine stolen from a cricket club and featured in the storyline of the first episode. In reality, Charlie Endell has shopped him for this. Ironically one of Budgie's lesser crimes, he is found guilty... not helped by poor advice from his lawyer.

Series Two
Series two begins with Budgie in an "open nick": Fern Open Prison. Fellow prisoners include Wossname Walsh (James Bolam). Budgie has three weeks left until release. He has had few visitors until Mr Endell comes, but only is there to retrieve £3,000 from another prisoner, Dutchy Holland (Bill Dean). Budgie will get a 10% cut if he can retrieve this. When Budgie is released two cars are waiting: his ex-wife and Charlie. He must choose.

On release (episode two of series 2) he stays with his wife for a few days. He encounters a street preacher (Gordon Jackson) who leads "The Brothers of Happiness". A chance meeting with his ex-girlfriend Hazel, who is now living with someone else, and Budgie finding out that his wife has been sleeping with a friend of Budgie's, from the same open prison, force Budgie to move back in with his girlfriend and his son Howard, who is now two years old. Budgie carried on much as he did in the first series, which also started with him being released from the same open prison from a previous sentence. The second series ended with him being beaten up by both his boss and one of his henchmen. This, combined with the fact that Budgie's mother has recently died, his father not wanting him, his girlfriend becoming pregnant by Budgie, and that he wants to leave Hazel for a stripper he has recently slept with who then tells him that she is moving abroad, makes Budgie even more depressed and eventually makes him head off into a new life. This is where the series ended.

Cast
The title role, a chirpy cockney petty criminal newly out of prison, was played by pop singer Adam Faith; it was his first starring role for television. The character's name was Ronald 'Budgie' Bird, nicknamed after the budgerigar birds sometimes kept as pets in England.

The series co-starred Iain Cuthbertson as Charles (Charlie) Endell, a suave and Machiavellian Glaswegian gangster based in London, who employed Budgie, often against his own better judgement, or when he was in need of an unsuspecting scapegoat. June Lewis played his silent wife Mrs Endell. During the late 1970s, Scottish Television produced a short-lived spin-off series, Charles Endell Esquire.

The only other regular member of the cast was Lynn Dalby as Budgie's girlfriend, Hazel Fletcher. Stella Tanner had a semi-regular role as her mother, Mrs Fletcher. Rio Fanning appeared three times as Budgie's gullible criminal Irish pal, Grogan. Guest stars included Georgina Hale as Budgie's wife Jean, George Tovey as his father, Jack Bird, and Adrienne Posta as a stripper. John Rhys-Davies had an early semi-regular role as a corpulent gangster working for Endell, with the name of Laughing Spam Fritter.

Budgie's dad Jack Bird is played by George Tovey and his mum Alice by Julia McCarthy. His sister Violet (Vi) is played by Anne Carrol. Vi's fiancée/husband Tony Pringle is played by Donald Douglas. The neighbour Mrs L. is Barbara New. Charlie Endell's mousey wife is played by June Lewis.

Series two broadened the characters to include Endell's secretary, Mrs Beecham (Nan Munro) and Budgie's wife (Georgina Hale). Avril Elgar played Mrs Silverstone, a rich woman being fleeced by a fake religious movement led by "Soapy Simon" (Gordon Jackson). Derek Jacobi played Hazel's cousin Herbert in one episode where Budgie introduces him to the sordid side of London's Soho district. Kenneth Cranham was the main support as Inky Ballantine in the episode "24000 Ballpoint Pens", with Alfie Bass in the same episode as the ironically named fence, Dickie Silver.

Budgie's "bit on the side", Inga Loveborg, was played by Margaret Nolan.

Production
Two series, each of 13 episodes, were made. Although colour equipment had been introduced two years earlier, the first four episodes were made in monochrome because of industrial action.

A further series may have been planned for 1973, although this coincided with Adam Faith being seriously injured in a car crash, and announcing his retirement from acting as a result. Despite a full recovery by Faith and his eventual return to acting, a further series was never commissioned. The television channel Talking Pictures TV began a repeat of the entire series from 13 April 2024.

Musical version
A musical based on the characters of the series (but featuring only Adam Faith from the original TV cast), with a book by the scriptwriters of the original series, opened at the Cambridge Theatre in London on 18 October 1988, and ran for three months.

title: Budgie (TV series)


text:
Talk:Grant Park, Illinois

Untitled
I recently ran into a couple that was working on a new restaurant in Grant Park (near Peotone). Their names were Tim and Tammy Henderson. I?m writing to you because I found its history fascinating. I wrote down the name of the restaurant. It?s going to be called ?EL BANCO VIEJO?, which means ?The Old Bank?. It?s a bank from the 1800?s. They?re keeping as much of the original bank as they can. Tammy said that things like the original brickwork, the original ceiling and the bullet holes in the vault are staying. She said that she is trying to do as much research on the bank as possible, and would like to find out if possibly someone like Derringer may have put those bullets in the vault. I am having a hard time finding out, myself. Many outlaws and mob figures were in the area at that time. Is there any way to find out? This has really raised my curiosity. When the restaurant opens, they are going to have the waitresses wear bank teller uniforms and the bus boys wear police uniforms, both from the 1800?s. The food is going to be authentic Mexican food. The restaurant is at 101 Main St. in Grant Park (near Peotone ? not Chicago). I thought that maybe you would find this restaurant as fascinating as I did. Maybe you could find out about who may have or did put those bullet holes in that restaurant. It peaked my curiosity. I can?t wait to see it when it opens. I love the theme and to be honest, the bullet holes got my attention. Honestly, it?s nice to see that some people are interested in keeping history alive. Too many people want to tear down the beautiful old buildings to put up new ones. Why? For new ones with no history? The old buildings are not only beautiful, but interesting.

Thank you, Lori Mihelic

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title: Talk:Grant Park, Illinois


text:
Sumon, Niigata

Sumon (守門村) was a village located in Kitauonuma District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,663 and a density of 38.85 persons per km2. The total area was 120.03 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Sumon, along with the towns of Horinouchi and Koide, and the villages of Hirokami, Irihirose and Yunotani (all from Kitauonuma District), was merged to create the city of Uonuma.

Railway
JR East - Tadami Line
 * Kamijō - Echigo-Suhara

title: Sumon, Niigata


text:
User talk:Znkvzhf Erk

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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title: User talk:Znkvzhf Erk


text: Template:Talk

title: Template:Talk