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Wikipedia talk:Wikimedia Honours

I came up with a similiar proposal (currently at user:Raul654/sandbox, although this will probably be removed). Of the ones outlined in that proposal, I think we should add two more awards here:

 * Lifetime achievement award
 * Awarded for long-term contributions to the Wikipedia community.

 * Order of the Peacemaker
 * Wikipedia functions only as long as its contributors can work together. This award recognizes outstanding work in helping other users co-exist. →Raul654 03:01, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think we should include the "Lifetime achievement award" in Wikipedia. It is a good idea to recognize users who are loyal in contributing to Wikipedia. Has Jimbo considered this yet? -- S iva1979 Talk to me  14:19, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I would make your suggestion here, Barnstar and award proposals. -- evrik 16:07, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Wikimedia Honours


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Tajima, Fukushima

Tajima (田島町) was a town located in Minamiaizu District, Fukushima, Japan. It was the largest town in Minamiaizu District and in the summer held the locally famous Gion Festival, not to be confused with the Tobata Gion Festival in Kyushu.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 13,142 and a density of 37.51 persons per km2. The total area was 350.34 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Tajima, along with the villages of Ina, Nangō and Tateiwa (all from Minamiaizu District), was merged to create the town of Minamiaizu.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tajima, Fukushima


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Shimogō, Fukushima

Shimogō (下郷町) is a town located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 5,517 in 2216 households and a population density of 17 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 317.04 sqkm.

Geography

Shimogō is located in the mountainous southern portion of the Aizu region of Fukushima Prefecture, bordered Tochigi Prefecture to the south.

 * Mountains : Onodake, Nasudake, Futamatayama
 * Rivers : Okawa
 * Lakes: Okawa Dam, Ouchi Dam

Neighboring municipalities

 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Aizuwakamatsu
 * Minamiaizu
 * Shōwa
 * Aizumisato
 * Ten-ei
 * Nishigō
 * Tochigi Prefecture
 * Nasushiobara, Tochigi

Climate
Shimogō has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Shimogō is 10.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1365 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around -2.2 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shimogō peaked in the 1950s and has declined steadily over the past 60 years. It now raises less tax than it did a century ago.

History
The area of present-day Shimogō was part of ancient Mutsu Province and formed part of the holdings of Aizu Domain during the Edo period. After the Meiji Restoration, it was organized as part of Minamiaizu District in Fukushima Prefecture. The village of Naraha was created with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1,1 889. It was raised to town status on November 20, 1946. Shimogō was established on April 1, 1955 by the merger of the town of Narahara with the neighboring villages of Ashida and Egawa.

Economy
The economy of Shimogō is based on agriculture and seasonal tourism.

Education
Shimogō has three public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town does not have a public high school.
 * Shimogō City Shimogō Middle School
 * Shimogō City Narahara Elementary School
 * Shimogō City Asahida Elementary School
 * Shimogō City Egawa Elementary School

Railway
Aizu Railway – Aizu Line
 * Ashinomaki-Onsen-Minami - Yunokami-Onsen - Tō-no-Hetsuri - Yagoshima - Aizu-Shimogō - Furusato-Kōen - Yōson-Kōen

Local attractions

 * Tō-no-Hetsuri rock formations, a National Natural Monument
 * Ōuchi-juku, an Important Preservation District for Groups of Traditional Buildings
 * Shimotsuke Kaidō, a National Historic Site
 * Yunokami Onsen

title: Shimogō, Fukushima


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General store

A general merchant store (also known as general merchandise store, general dealer, village shop, or country store) is a rural or small-town store that carries a general line of merchandise. It carries a broad selection of merchandise, sometimes in a small space, where people from the town and surrounding rural areas come to purchase all their general goods. The store carries routine stock and obtains special orders from warehouses. It differs from a convenience store or corner shop in that it will be the main shop for the community rather than a convenient supplement.

General stores often sell staple food items such as milk and bread, and various household goods such as hardware and electrical supplies. The concept of the general store is very old, and although some still exist, there are far fewer than there once were, due to urbanization, urban sprawl, and the relatively recent phenomenon of big-box stores. The term "general merchandise store" is also used to describe a hybrid of a department store, with a wide selection of goods, and a discount store, with low prices. Examples include J. C. Penney and Sears.

History
General dealers were established in the 18th and 19th centuries in many remote populated places where mobility was limited and a single shop was sufficient to service the entire community. Due to its close connection and confinement to its customers, general dealers often adjusted their sales offerings to the specific preferences of their community.

General dealers existed, apart from mainland Europe and Asia, in all European colonies and generally in areas where colonists encroached upon communities that previously did not trade with money. In the colonies, trading or bartering in local produce had existed long before official shops were opened. The growing need for imported goods, both from European settlers and the indigenous population, led to the establishment of a network of merchants, and subsequently to the creation of a money economy.

Australia
While a large number of general stores still exist in Australia, as in other parts of the world their numbers were greatly reduced by the advent of supermarkets.

Canada
The oldest continually run general store in Canada is Trousdale's, located in Sydenham, Ontario, which has been operated by the Trousdale family since 1836. Sociability has always been a feature, as locals come to chat as well as buy. Gray Creek Store in Gray Creek, Kootenay Bay, Canada is the largest and oldest general dealer in the Kootenay Lake region Enniskillen General Store in Clarington, Ontario has been in operation since 1840 and still continues today. Robinson's General Store in Dorset, Ontario, voted "Canada's Best Country Store", has been owned and operated by the same family since 1921.

Dominican Republic
In the Dominican Republic, a colmado is the country's equivalent of a general store. Colmado literal translation is 'full to the brim' implying its great density of goods in a small space. The colmado is much more than just a general store, for it offers a social gathering point for the residents of the town or neighborhood. The colmado is an important institution in the Dominican Republic serving as an economic, social and political center for every small community. It is common for colmados to have loud Dominican music such as merengue, bachata, or salsa playing. A common pastime for Dominican men is to play dominoes and drink a beer at their local colmado on Sundays. Another particularity of the colmado is that they provide delivery service of their products directly to the customer's dwelling. Products range from beer, snacks, toilet paper to flashlights and canned food.

Egypt
The Greek merchants in Egypt were called bakal.

Finland

General stores (sekatavarakauppa) first appeared in Finland in 1859 when fixed shop retailers were allowed to set up shops in rural towns for the first time. Prior to that, authorised trade in rural products other than those produced in the same region depended on city travel, open-air markets and fairs. A related type of store is the village store (kyläkauppa), typically located in sparsely populated towns, which still performs many similar functions to general stores. As in many other countries, their numbers were greatly reduced with the advent of supermarkets, from over 3400 such shops in 1980 to 241 in 2017.

India
In India, a tapri is a regional version of a general store. It stores all home, personal, medical, and hygienic daily-use products. Many Kirana shops sell products other than food, such as clothing or household items, stationery, toys, tools, and medicines. Small Kirana stores, which are generally located on the corner of streets and generally known as katta or tapri, sell cigarettes, tobacco, and tea.

Recently, there has been a notable integration of Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) services in Kirana or general stores across India. AePS allows customers to conduct basic banking transactions such as cash withdrawal, balance inquiry, and fund transfer using their Aadhaar number and biometric authentication. This integration has enabled Kirana stores to serve as financial service points, offering convenient banking services to local communities.

Namibia
Due to its sparse population, there are still a number of general dealers in Namibia, for instance, the Solitaire General Dealer in Solitaire, an important stopover for tourists through Namibia Namib-Naukluft Park.

Puerto Rico
In Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, several general stores ("colmado") have proliferated since the 1970s.

 * Supermercados Selectos
 * Supermercados Econo

South Africa
There are still many general dealers in South Africa; the oldest is Oom Samie se Winkel (Uncle Sammie's Shop) in Dorp Street, Stellenbosch. Oepverkoop is the oldest general dealer in Paternoster, Western Cape. Goodwood Museum in Cape Town displays the operation of a general dealer shop.

United Kingdom
Village shops are becoming less common in the densely populated parts of the country, although they remain common in remote rural areas.

Their rarity in England is due to several factors, such as the rise in car ownership, competition from large chain supermarkets, the rising cost of village properties, and the increasing trend of the wealthy to own holiday homes in picturesque villages, consequently these houses which used to be occupied full-time by potential customers are often vacant for long periods.

Of those villages in England who still have shops, these days they are often a combination of services under one roof to increase the likelihood of profit and survival. Extra services may include a post office, private business services such as tearooms, cafes, and bed and breakfast accommodation; or state services such as libraries and General Practitioner (GP) or Dental clinics; and charity partners such as Women's Institute (WI) coffee mornings held on the day most elderly villagers might collect their weekly pensions.

Community shops have become popular in some villages, often jointly owned and run by many villagers as a co-operative. The Village Retail Services Association promotes the role and function of the village shop in the UK. Many modern village shops choose to stock items which draw in customers from neighbouring areas who are seeking locally sourced, organic and specialist produce such as local cuts of meat, local cheeses, wines etc.

Corner shops are usually so-called because they are located on the corner plot or street end of a row of terraced housing, often Victorian or Edwardian factory workers' houses. The doorway into the shop was usually on the corner of the plot to maximise shop floor space within, this also offered two display windows onto two opposing streets. Many have now altered the original shop front layout in favour of a mini-supermarket style. Although it is common that corner shops found in the UK were former grocers' shops, other specialist retailers also occupied such plots and have suffered the same fate of being largely replaced by supermarkets and hypermarkets, such retailers as greengrocers, bakers, butchers and fishmongers.

In popular culture
Many British television and radio series, especially soap operas, feature corner shops or village shops as cornerstones for community gatherings and happenings. A prominent example is the village shop in Ambridge, the fictional village in the BBC Radio 4 series, The Archers, (1950–present). The ITV1 soap opera Coronation Street (1960–present) has featured a corner shop since the first episode; originally owned by Florrie Lindley, it was later acquired by Alf Roberts the grocer, and after his death in the late-1990s was bought by Dev Alahan, reflecting this common change in British culture to Asian shopkeepers. The dying days and changing culture of the traditional British grocer were explored to great effect in the BBC TV comedy series Open All Hours (1976–1985), set in the real suburb of Balby in Doncaster; the shop front used for the street scenes in the series does actually exist in the area and is now a hairdressing salon. The BBC Scotland comedy series Still Game has a corner shop as a recurring location where characters can meet and gossip; the actor who plays its owner, Navid Harrid (Sanjeev Kohli), plays a similar role as Bangaram in the Radio 4 comedy series Fags, Mags and Bags which is set entirely in Ramesh's shop.

The band Cornershop in part base their image on the perception that many convenience shops are now owned by British Asian people. In terms of British popular culture, these media representations give some idea of the importance attached to local shops in the national psyche and as a mainstay of community life.

United States
General stores and itinerant peddlers dominated in rural America until the coming of the automobile after 1910. Farmers and ranchers depended on general stores that had a limited stock and slow turnover; they made enough profit to stay in operation by selling at high prices. Often farmers would barter butter, cheese, eggs, vegetables or other foods which the merchant would resell. Prices were not marked on each item; instead the customer negotiated a price. Men did most of the shopping, since the main criterion was credit rather than quality of goods. Indeed, most customers shopped on credit, paying later when crops or cattle were sold; the owner's ability to judge credit worthiness was vital to his success. The store was often a gathering point for local men to chat, pass around the weekly newspaper, and talk politics.

In the South, the general store was especially important after the Civil War, as the merchant was one of the few sources of credit available until the cash crops (usually cotton or tobacco) came in. There were few towns and very few cities, so rural general stores and itinerant peddlers were the main sources of supply.

During the first half of the 20th century, general stores were displaced in many areas of the United States by many different types of specialized retailers in trading towns and small cities. But from the 1960s through the present, many small specialized retailers have in turn been crushed by the so-called "category killers", which are "big-box" wholesale-type retailers large enough to carry the majority of best-selling goods in a specific category, like sporting goods or office supplies. Gray's General Store of Adamsville, Rhode Island is reputed to be the oldest continually operating general store in the United States until its temporary closure in 2012. It subsequently reopened in the summer of 2013.

However, the convenience inherent in the general store has been revived in the form of the modern convenience store. A few variety stores draw upon the concept of having a broad variety of goods servicing small communities where big-box retailers are absent; Dollar General Stores, in particular, draws its name from both the "dollar store" concept of having items at a fixed price point and the general store.

List of general stores
This is a select list of historical general stores in the United States, listed in alphabetical order. • A. D. Strickland Store (c.1878–1972), Dalton, Georgia

• Barker General Store (c. 1847–?), Beecher Hollow, Saratoga County, New York

• Buck's Store Museum (1920–2008; formerly known as C.B. Rowe & Son), Hayes, Virginia

• E. J. Caire Store (1860–mid-1970s), Edgard, Louisiana

• Felt Cobblestone General Store (1835–?), Victor, New York

• F. H. Gillingham & Sons (1886–Present), Woodstock, Vermont

• Good Hart General Store (1934-Present), Good Hart, Michigan

• Goodwill's General Store (1880s–1890s), Minden, Louisiana

• Gray's General Store (1788–2012), Adamsville, Rhode Island

• Harkin's General Store (1867–1901), West Newton, Minnesota

• Hussey's General Store (1923–1954), Windsor, Maine

• Jones Store, Sierra National Forest, California

• Jorgensen's General Store, Grant-Valkaria, Florida

• Lost River General Store (1898–?), Lost River, Hardy County, West Virginia

• Manion's General Store (before 1908–1970s), Ferndale, Sullivan County, New York

• Mast General Store (1887–?), Valle Crucis, North Carolina

• McClellan's General Store, New London, Iowa

• Mikulich General Store, Traunik, Michigan

• Rabbit Hash General Store (1831-Present), Rabbit Hash, Kentucky

• Ruddell General Store, Glenville, West Virginia

• Simons General Store, Ancram, New York

• Saint James General Store, Saint James, New York

• Schreiner's General Store (later Department Store)

• Tioga Centre General Store, Tioga, New York

• Vorous General Store, Fish Creek, Wisconsin

• Welty's General Store, Dubois, Wyoming

title: General store


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Drug czar

Drug czar is an informal name for the person who directs drug-control policies in various areas. The term follows the informal use of the term czar in U.S. politics. The 'drug czar' title first appeared in a 1982 news story by United Press International that reported that, "[United States] Senators ... voted 62–34 to establish a 'drug czar' who would have overall responsibility for U.S. drug policy." Since then, several ad hoc executive positions established in both the United States and United Kingdom have subsequently been referred to in this manner.

Germany
The Drug Commissioner of the German Federal Government has been called the nation's drug czar by the state media company Deutsche Welle.

United States

The first US Drug czar was Harry J. Anslinger who served as the first Commissioner of the Treasury Department's Federal Bureau of Narcotics from 1930 to 1962, under the administrations of five presidents: Hoover, Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy. Legislative efforts for marijuana prohibition under Anslinger included a push for all states to adopt similar drug laws, the Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act and the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, which in effect criminalized the drug and set the stage for marijuana prohibition.

Nixon and Ford administrations

 * Jerome Jaffe, head of the Special Office for Drug Abuse Prevention
 * Myles Ambrose, head of the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement (ODALE)
 * Robert DuPont, Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and head of the Narcotics Treatment Administration

Carter administration

 * Peter Bourne, Director of the National Drug Control Policy followed by Lee I Dogoloff
 * Mathea Falco, Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics

Reagan administration

 * Carlton Turner PhD, ScD, Director of the Drug Abuse Policy Office. Turner, while working as drug czar, was in communication with Elisaldo Carlini, a scientist in Brazil whose lab was studying the beneficial effects of CBD. Turner helped establish the Marijuana Research Project at the University of Mississippi.
 * D. Ian McDonald, MD. Deputy Assistant to the President, Drug Abuse Policy Office
 * Vice President George H.W. Bush, who created and oversaw the Vice President's National Narcotics Border Interdiction System

1988–present

 * The Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy

Trump administration

 * (Opioid czar): The Chair of the Opioid and Drug Abuse Commission. Note: In March 2017 it was announced that governor of New Jersey Chris Christie was to head the commission.

State and local authorities
In California, the head of the state Bureau of Medical Cannabis has been called "marijuana czar".

Following statewide medical and recreational legalization, the city of Sacramento, California appointed a director of cannabis policy and enforcement, called a pot czar.

In Washington State, the consultant to the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board determining statewide procedures and regulations following legalization was "quickly dubbed 'pot czar'". A similar cannabis regulation staff position in Oregon Liquor Control Commission was also called "marijuana czar".

United Kingdom
In the UK, Keith Hellawell, former Drugs Advisor to the Labour government of Tony Blair, has been referred to as a drug czar.

title: Drug czar


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Tateiwa, Fukushima

Tateiwa (舘岩村) was a village located in Minamiaizu District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. It was popular with city dwellers for its plentiful hot springs and skiing/snowboarding.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,275 and a density of 8.63 persons per km2. The total area was 263.55 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Tateiwa, along with town of Tajima, and the villages of Ina and Nangō (all from Minamiaizu District), was merged to create the town of Minamiaizu.

title: Tateiwa, Fukushima


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University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus

The University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus (Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Río Piedras; UPR-RP, or informally La IUPI ) is a public land-grant research university in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is the largest campus in the University of Puerto Rico system in terms of student population and it was Puerto Rico's first public university campus.

The university serves more than 18,000 students, 20% of whom are graduate students, and grants an average of over 3,000 degrees a year. Its academic offerings range from the bachelor to the doctoral level with 70 undergraduate programs and 19 graduate degrees including 71 specializations in the basic disciplines and professional fields. UPR‐RP has consistently granted the largest number of doctorate degrees to Hispanic students under the United States jurisdiction.

History

In the year 1900 the Escuela Normal Industrial (Normal Industrial School) was established in Fajardo, Puerto Rico, as the first institution of higher education in Puerto Rico dedicated to train those who would become teachers and educators. At the time it only had 20 students and 5 professors.

A year later (1901) the institution was moved to an area previously occupied by farmland immediately north of the town of Río Piedras, today part of the municipality of San Juan. The Normal School was established in La Convalecencia, which was one of the residences of the former Spanish Governors. The school enrolled 273 students on its first year, and its first bachelor's degrees were granted four years later in 1907.

On March 12, 1903, under the administration of the Public Instruction Commissioner, Samuel McCune Lindsay, the 2nd Legislative Assembly approved a law creating the University of Puerto Rico in Río Piedras, transferring all the funding of the Insular Normal School there. This school became the first department of the university, what is now the Faculty of Education, becoming the nucleus of the University of Puerto Rico.

Now legally established, the University of Puerto Rico started its first academic year (1903–1904) with an enrollment of 173 students. Due to the scarcity of teachers in the island, most of these students were appointed by the Department of Public Instruction to teach at schools without having finished four years of college. The first graduating class (June 1907) consisted of 13 students.

In 1907, the first class graduated from the normal course of four years after the university was legally established. Among the students in that class were Carlota Matienzo, Isabel Andréu, Loaíza Cordero, Marina Roviro, and Juan Herrero.

On September 22, 1913, the departments of Law and Pharmacology were established. The university at the time required only an eighth grade diploma, but with the expansion of its courses, this requirement changed. After 1917, the departments of Normal Education, Liberal Arts, Pharmacology, and Law required a high school diploma for admission.

On February 21, 1931, Dr. Carlos E. Chardón was appointed as chancellor of the university. During his tenure the university experienced significant growth in endowments. These were used in the expansion of the physical facilities at the Río Piedras and Mayagüez Campuses. This helped turn the university into a respected educational center. Chardón resigned from the post of Chancellor in 1936, being succeeded by Juan B. Soto. The most important part of this period was the expansion of the buildings of the university as part of a plan for the rehabilitation of Puerto Rico.

History of student protests
The university was the site of social upheaval during the 1960s and 1970s, when nationalist students protested for civil rights, against the war in Vietnam, for the independence of Puerto Rico, and to expel the ROTC from the campus. In 1970 Antonia Martínez was murdered by the police during the anti-education reform and Vietnam War protests of that year. As the shouting started in the street, everyone in the building she was in, on Ponce de León Avenue, went to the balconies to see what was happening. She was, like many others, watching the events, saw policemen attacking at the students, and allegedly shouted at the police ¡Asesinos! (Assassins!). A policeman turned and shot her in the head, killing her and injuring a roommate. A mural of her and her story existed on the College of Humanities, until administrative personnel covered it with paint. Other stories claim that she was shot by mistake. The students of the university also had a strike in the Spring of 2017 during which the school was shut down for several months.

Campus and academic facilities

The Río Piedras Campus is located in the northern end of the downtown area of Río Piedras, a former town but now a district (barrio) of San Juan, Puerto Rico. The campus is easily accessible via public transportation by means of the Tren Urbano metro system with a station (Universidad) located in campus, and the public bus system of San Juan (AMA). The campus is home to a rich diversity in architecture and urban planning with old and modern buildings that showcase the architectural development of the past 120 years in Puerto Rican architecture.

La Torre and the Quadrangle

In 1936, architect Rafael Carmoega, working under the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA), designed the distinctive University of Puerto Rico clock tower based on the 1924 Parsons Plan. The iconic university clock tower was built in 1937 and christened as the Franklin Delano Roosevelt tower, in honor of the president and his interest in the building of the university. La Torre (as The Tower is nicknamed in Spanish) is located at the entrance of the Román Baldorioty de Castro Building. Right below the tower there is a monument to the nations of the Americas portraying the coats of arms of all American states within a bronze circle, as a symbol of the Panamerican Union. Under the supervision of architect Rafael Carmoega, a group of local architects designed what is known as El Cuadrángulo (The Quadrangle), a plaza-like quadrangle. The campus's central quadrangle and tower were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Campus architecture
The University of Puerto Rico was established in Río Piedras in 1903. The first buildings were the Normal School (1902), the Model School (1903), and the Principal's Residence (1903), next to the Central Road (today Ponce de Leon Avenue). Over the years, the development of the university occurred somewhat spontaneously. In 1908 the architectural firm of Clark, Howe and Homer designed a new façade for the Model School in the California Mission Style. In 1909 a milk processing building was constructed in an agricultural area, east of the academic center. Arts and Crafts' Workshop buildings, a Library and a Gymnasium were planned, as well as the grandstand and the fence (all demolished now). In 1912 construction began for the Memorial Hall (Baldorioty Building) and buildings for the Law School and the School of Pharmacy were in the works in 1918. In 1924 the Chicago firm of urbanists Bennett, Parsons and Frost were contacted to design a master plan for the future development of the university. It was not until 1935, with the establishment of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA) and the large sum of federal funds that it invested for public works in Puerto Rico, that the partial design and construction of the so-called Parson Plan began. However, from the 1940s onward a new architectural paradigm, which discarded historical vocabularies and incorporated attitudes learned from Germany and from the studio of Frank Lloyd Wright, stemmed from German émigré Henry Klumb. For 20 years Klumb was sole architect for the University of Puerto Rico, designing buildings for the campuses at Río Piedras and Mayagüez until in 1966. At that time chancellor Jaime Benítez assigned the design of the General Studies Building to the architectural firm of Toro & Ferrer. Other buildings for the university have been designed by architects Antonio Marqués Carrión (sports facilities, 1971); José Firpi (student residence Torre Norte, 1971); the firm of Reed, Torres, Beauchamp & Marvel (new Education Faculty Building, 1974 and the first expansion to the Faculty of Natural Sciences Building, 1978); the firm of García & Landray (second expansion the Faculty of Natural Sciences Building, 1989); GDO Arquitectos (School of Architecture Building, 2001) and Toro Ferrer (new General Studies Building, 2007).

In addition to La Torre and The Quagrangle, several buildings in the UPR-RP campus have been added to the National Register of Historic Places, such as the former female residence hall "Residencia de Señoritas" building which now houses administrative offices.

Library system

The university library serves the research and teaching needs of the university community. It also extends its services to the Puerto Rican community at large. The system comprises eighteen specialized and general libraries, with holdings totaling more than 4,000,000 items, access to which may be gained through the university's online catalog. Of special interest are the Caribbean and Latin American Studies Library and the Puerto Rican Collection, both located in the José M. Lázaro Building.

In addition to the traditional library services, such as reference, circulation, reserves, photocopying, local interlibrary loan, and the compilation of bibliographies and acquisition lists, the Library System also participates in on-line interlibrary loans with many libraries worldwide. Other services include Dial Order, DIALOG, microfilming, reproduction of photographs, library instruction and orientation, lectures, and exhibits. The Integration of the Information Competencies to the Curriculum Projects promotes the development of information competencies around the campus. The Library System offers facilities for the blind and physically handicapped. The graduate and special collections in the Business Administration, Planning, Public Administration, Social Work, and Library Science programs are integral parts of the Library System, but the libraries of the School of Law, Natural Sciences Faculty, and the School of Architecture, also located on the university campus, operate independently.

Information system
The Information Systems Office serves the educational, research and administrative efforts of the institution. As a member of Internet2 and the Internet, the university enjoys instant communication with institutions all over the world for the purposes of correspondence and information access. Improvements to existing telecommunications infrastructure include the installation of structured cabling in campus buildings and fiber optics as a means of interconnecting them. Currently, campus buildings are configured to ATM (155Mbits / s) and Gigabit Ethernet interfacing equipment, providing greater capacity to transfer video, voice and data. The campus is capable of offering video conferencing over ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), or via the Internet in H.323 format.

University museums

The Museum of Art, History, and Anthropology (MAHA) was created in 1951 by legislative act to "complete and preserve our art, history, and anthropological heritage," as a means to educate and enrich our culture. The current building, designed by the architect Henry Klumb, was inaugurated in 1959. Since its establishment, the museum has actively contributed to the growth of Puerto Rican cultural life by holding art, historical, and anthropological exhibits and sponsoring lectures, seminars, publications, and workshops–to the benefit of both the academic and the general communities.

Housing
The Río Piedras campus provides housing in three residence halls:

There is also a Guest House within the Student Center, with rooms at affordable rates for visitors to the university, faculty, or students.
 * Torre del Norte (Currently Closed); a 22-story building located within a block of the campus. It has capacity to house 437 students in double and single units.
 * ResiCampus; located within the campus consists of a structure of nine floors and have a capacity to house 354 students.
 * Plaza Universitaria Residence Hall; administered by a private company in consortium to UPR; offers housing to undergraduate and graduate students.

10% of first-year and 4% of all undergraduates live in college housing. No married student housing is available. Also, private housing is available in surrounding areas of the university.

Organization
The Río Piedras Campus is a collegiate university. The Chancellor of the Campus is the top academic and administrative officer and presides over its two deliberative bodies: the Administrative Board and the Academic Senate.

Administrative Board
The Administrative Board, composed of the deans, two senators representing the faculty, and one student senator, advises the Chancellor in matters pertaining to the university program. The Board makes recommendations on leaves and faculty aid applications, and grants promotions and tenures.

Academic Senate
The Academic Senate, in turn, is the official academic forum. It is composed of the deans, the director of the library system, elected faculty representatives from all the colleges and schools, student senators, and representatives from the staff of academic advisors. Its members participate on the institutional processes, establishing academic rules and collaborating with other organisms of the University of Puerto Rico system.

Student Councils
The General Student Council (Consejo General de Estudiantes or CGE in Spanish) of the UPRRP is the elected student government of the campus. The council is composed of several representatives to the student council, elected by each School or College, the number of representatives varies depending on the number of students enrolled in the School or College, and the President and Senator of each School and College, for a total of around 50 members. Elections are held in April and representatives are elected for one year, from July 1 to June 30.

Having its origins in the 1920s, the Student Council was dissolved in 1948 while Jaime Benitez was chancellor, and under the council presidency of Juan Mari Brás and it was not until 1968 that the Student Council was re-installed under the name General Student Council and under the council presidency of David Noriega.

The General Student Council is governed by the Board of Directors, which is elected from among the council's members and is composed of:

 * President
 * Vice President
 * Executive Secretary
 * Press Secretary
 * Public Relations Secretary
 * Records Clerk

Additionally, they select Representatives to the Campus' Administrative Board and the university's University Board, both of them with an Alternate Representative. They are members of the board of directors.

Every College and School has a student council of its own, composed by a President, Vice President, Executive Secretary, Treasurer, Records Clerk, Public Relations Chair, the college or School's Student Senator (and, if available for the college/school, an alternate senator), Representatives to the General Student Council (up to four), and representatives of each department or subdivision present in the School or College.

Colleges organization
Colleges have a dean, an associate dean, assistant deans, department chairs, and other administrative directors. In August 2019, the president-elect of the College of Business Administration Student Council, Alberto J. Lebrón, established the university's first independent college board, founding the UPRRP College of Business Administration Directive Board, composed of two representatives from each of the college's associations and student council directives, with Lebrón serving as the board's first chairman. Each college also has several committees established; examples being the school or college's advisors committee, the curriculum committee, and the accreditation committee.

Deanery
The campus (and each school/college) has three administrative divisions known as a 'Deanery' or 'Dean's Office'. These include:

Deanery of Academic Affairs
Academic Affairs (DAA in Spanish, Decanato de Asuntos Académicos) promotes academic excellence, giving guidance and orientation for successful planning with the Campus Strategic Plan. It implants academic policies, and looks for the effective improvement of all personnel. It promotes and designs institutional research and coordinates accreditation processes. It evaluates the programs offered at the university, while trying to improve institutional effectiveness.

It is responsible for the suitable development of the services in the Libraries, Registrar, Admissions, and Continuing Education. It advises the Rector and the adequate units, such as the Administrative Council and the Academic Senate on the development of new politics, and efficacy of processes, planification, and academic decisions.

It is organized with a dean heading it, with the help of the Associate Dean and 3 Auxiliary Deans, each assigned a certain area of concern such as Foreign Students, General Studies, Business Faculty, the Library System, etcetera.

Three schools are under the Dean of Academic Affairs. These include the School of Communication, the Graduate School of Planning and the Graduate School of Informatic Sciences and Technologies and they are represented on the Administrative Board by the Dean of Academic Affairs.

Deanery of Student Affairs
The Deanery of Students is the leader organization, compromised with an ever-changing academic population. They try to bring the most advanced technological resources in order to be of help with respect to the services given to students.

Faculties included are:

 * College of General Studies
 * School of Architecture
 * School of Communication
 * School of Law
 * School of Business Administration
 * Graduate School of Business Administration
 * Graduate School of Informational Sciences and Technologies
 * Graduate School of Planning
 * College of Natural Sciences
 * College of Social Sciences
 * College of Education
 * College of Humanities

Deanery of Administration
The Deanery of Administration is the unit that offers essential services to the university community: it implements and guards for the proper fulfillment of the regulations that rule over administrative processes of the Campus and the entire University System. It plans, coordinates, evaluates and supervises labors related with different administrative and operative processes, but over all, they ensure quality services that have a positive aspect on student life, teaching and learning scenarios, investigation areas, labor areas of conformities, according to the Campus mission and the Public Administration that commands the university.

Academics
The Campus serves more than 18,000 students, 20% graduate, and grants an average of over 3,000 degrees a year. From 2005 up to 2010 doctorate degrees conferred have maintained an upward trend. UPR‐RP has consistently granted the largest number of doctorate degrees to Hispanics in the US.

As a public comprehensive doctoral institution, its academic offerings range from the baccalaureate to the doctoral degree, through 70 undergraduate programs and 19 graduate degrees with 71 specializations in the basic disciplines and professional fields.

The graduate offer includes 12 PhDs, one Doctorate in Education, and international programs in Law, at both LLM and JD levels. The Campus frontier of knowledge production has been expanded during this period with the creation of a Master in Cultural Management and Administration in the College of Humanities, and Masters and PhD programs in Environmental Science, the PhD currently under consideration by the licensing board in PR, to be initiated in August, 2010. 56 academic programs are professionally accredited.

Research
The university is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". It supports research centers and institutes including the Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies that conducts long term environmental research on Caribbean islands and similar tropical areas and is part of a global research network, and the Institute of Caribbean Studies (est. 1958) (which publishes the journal Caribbean Studies, ) and the Institute of Psychological Research, among others.

Rankings

 * UPRRP is ranked 220th in the U.S. in Biological Sciences in the 2011 edition of U.S. News & World Report.
 * UPRRP is ranked 129th in the U.S. in Chemistry in the 2011 edition of U.S. News & World Report.

School of Architecture
The School of Architecture of the University of Puerto Rico offers a Bachelor of Environmental Design and a Master of Architecture. The Master of Architecture professional degree is offered by the School, accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB). The UPR School of Architecture was established thanks to legislation approved in Puerto Rico in 1958 for such purpose. That same year and to that effect, Puerto Rican architect Santiago Iglesias Jr. presented a resolution at the annual convention of the American Institute of Architects, celebrated in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1965, Puerto Rican architect Jesús Eduardo Amaral, was selected as an executive consultant and given the responsibility to establish the school. Proposals were submitted to UPR's Río Piedras Chancellor Jaime Benítez and finally in 1966, the School was officially recognized by the Council of Superior Education.

College of Business Administration
The College of Business Administration, previously College of Commerce, was established on University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras in 1926 with a roll of 70 students on a nocturnal program. From its beginning, it has offered preparation of university level in many areas of Business Administration. It also offers a bachelor's degree in administration of office systems, which substituted the secretarial sciences bachelor's degree.

In 1958 the Center for Commercial Investigations and for Academical Initiatives with the purpose of promoting investigation and contribute in the creation of knowledge in the area of Business Administration. Eventually, Cooperative Education, Link (Enlace), International Commerce Development and Enterprise Development programs, in order to have a narrower collaboration with business world.

In the academic year of 1970–71, the Graduated School of Business Administration began offering master's degree in Business Administration (MBA) making it the first of its kind in the Caribbean. In addition to master's degree the School offers altogether with Law School and the Doctoral Program of Business Management the MBA/JD Program which is built towards guidance on professional practice, whilst the Doctoral Program is orientated towards research.

Student enrollment in the College of Business Administration is approximately 2,800 undergraduates and 400 graduate students. This college enrollment is the third highest in the Río Piedras Campus. Nearly 530 Bachelor's degrees and 50 Graduate degrees are conferred annually. 63% of the students of the college are female, similar to the 67% of population of Río Piedras Campus being female.

In November 2013, the School of Business and the Graduate School of Business, became the first and only public study centers in business, accredited in Puerto Rico and Latin America by the prestigious Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).

Graduate School of Business Administration
The Graduate School of Business Administration (EGAE) educates aspiring entrepreneurs and business administrators.

School of Communication
The School of Communication (COPU, formerly known as Comunicación Pública in Spanish, from where the acronym comes COmunicación PUblica) was established in 1972 with a master's degree in public Communication. It offers bachelor's and master's degrees.

College of Education
The Eugenio María de Hostos College of Education (in Spanish Facultad de Educación Eugenio María de Hostos) is the biggest and oldest college of the University of Puerto Rico, founded on October 1, 1900, as the Normal School of Teachers (Escuela Normal para Maestros) in the Puerto Rican eastern city of Fajardo. The college has an estimate of 3,400 students who study in six different colleges of the university. The college headquarters are located in the New Building of Education in the south of the campus, and administrate nine buildings in all the campus, including a house in downtown Río Piedras district in San Juan.

The college moved to Río Piedras once the university was founded on March 12, 1903.

University High School
The University High School was built in the year 1913. It is currently operated by the Faculty of Education of the University of Puerto Rico. It currently has around 500 students from seventh to twelfth grade.

College of General Studies
The General Studies Division was created in 1943 and became a college in 1945. The creation of the general studies program was the cornerstone of the 1942 University Reform. Within the university's system, the college has the particularity of being constituted as a multi- and interdisciplinary one, wherein three great sections of knowledge converge: Humanities (including Vernacular Spanish, its literary and linguistic components), Social Sciences and Natural Sciences, and English for Academic Purposes, including its literary and linguistic components.

The College of General Studies offers these courses, which will vary depending on the requirements asked by the different Colleges the student heads to: Humanities, Spanish, English, Biological Sciences, Social Sciences, and Physical Sciences.

The main building of the College of General Studies is called Domingo Marrero Navarro, after one of its deans.

College of Humanities
Established in 1943, the faculty currently has about 2,000 students in the undergraduate program and about 300 students in its graduate program. This faculty offers undergraduate, graduate and doctoral degrees in various disciplines such as fine arts, drama, Hispanic studies, English, comparative literature, philosophy, history, modern languages, linguistics, music, translation, interdisciplinary studies, among others. It has various investigation centers, as well as seminars, specialized libraries in fine arts, philosophy, music and English, and publishes several educational magazines.

School of Law
The University of Puerto Rico School of Law is accredited by the American Bar Association.

College of Social Sciences
The College of Social Sciences (CISO, Ciencias Sociales in Spanish, from where the acronym comes CIencias SOciales) was established in 1943, with the mission of teaching universal knowledge on the social sciences, advancing the social comprehension of the nation.

The college offers undergraduate studies in the Departments of: anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, social sciences (general), economics, social work, geography and labor relations.

The college offers graduate studies in the Departments of: rehabilitation counselling, public administration, social work, economics, sociology and psychology.

Graduate School of Planning
In April 1965, the Board of Education approved the establishment of the Graduate School of Planning (EGP), which commenced its first academic year in August the same year.

The program was funded with funds from the University of Puerto Rico and the Ford Foundation. The orientation of the curriculum was influenced by the dominant planning perspectives during the 1960s in the United States and the Economic Commission for Latin America. At this early stage, the Faculty had distinguished colleagues from Cornell University and other international institutions.

In addition, educators and researchers from across the island and abroad participated in the design and establishment of priorities of the curriculum. Areas of specialty include economic planning, regional, urban and social. Already in 1975 it established a new discipline of environmental planning.

 * Regional and Urban Planning
 * Social Planning
 * Economic Planning
 * Environmental Planning

Graduate School of Information Sciences and Technologies
The Faculty of Information Sciences and Technologies has the Master of Information Sciences which is accredited by the American Library Association (ALA).

 * Master of Information Sciences
 * Librarian Teacher Certificate (Post Baccalaureate)
 * Certificate of Records and Archives Manager (Post Baccalaureate)
 * Certificate Manager Academic and Special Libraries (Post Master)

Division of Continuing Education
Encompasses continuing education and professional studies offerings.

Athletics
The University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras is a founding member of the island-wide Inter-University Athletic League (LAI) and participates in all of the sports included in that organization. The university competes at the NCAA Division II level as an Independent for various sports including basketball.

Cultural activities
One of the most enriching aspects of student life in Río Piedras is the vast number of cultural and social events organized by the university. In addition to the usual academic conferences and lectures, there are a host of activities to choose from on any given day. Cultural Activities, run by the dean of students, is the central agency at Río Piedras that plans and sponsors major events on and off campus. They run a busy schedule with a cultural activity virtually every day of the week and on many weekends, too. The Serie de Cine al Aire Libre runs every month throughout the school year, presenting classic and contemporary films in the Baldorioty de Castro Plaza in front of the Tower. Admission is always free. Additionally, there are indoor concerts by musical groups such as the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico, the Tuna of UPR-Río Piedras, and the voice emsambles of the campus, Coro de la Universidad de Puerto Rico (founded in 1936 by Augusto Rodríguez), and Coralia, the concert choir.

Student organizations

 * Academic interests
 * American Chemical Society (ACS)
 * American Medical Student Association (AMSA)
 * American Marketing Association (AMA)
 * Society for Human Resources Management (SHRM UPRRP)
 * Geography Students Association
 * Graduate Biology Students Association (AEGB)
 * Asociación Puertorriqueña de Estudiantes de Periodismo
 * Accounting Students Association (AEC)
 * Financial Management Association (FMA)
 * Asociación de Estudiantes de Consejería en Rehabilitación
 * Asociación de Estudiantes de Economía
 * Asociación de Estudiantes de Estadística y Sistemas Computarizados de Información
 * Asociación de Estudiantes de Comunicación Empresarial (COMCE)
 * Asociación de Estudiantes de Trabajo Social
 * Asociación de Estudiantes Escuela Graduada de Administración Pública
 * Sociedad de Estudiantes de Física
 * Asociación de Estudiantes de Ciencias de Cómputos
 * Asociación Estudiantil de Pre-Veterinaria
 * Asociación Premédica de Puerto Rico (APPR)

 * Environmental
 * Sociedad Eco- Ambiental (SEA)
 * CESAM

 * Religious
 * Ministerio Cristiano La Escalerita
 * Asociación Bíblica Universitaria

 * Political
 * College Democrats
 * Federación Universitaria Pro-Independencia
 * Juventud Universitaria del Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño

Greek life
Social societies:
 * * Member of Concilio Interfraternitario de Puerto Rico (Inter-Fraternity Council of Puerto Rico)

Greek-lettered service, professional and/or honor societies:
 * Phi Alpha Delta - co-ed professional law fraternity
 * Alpha Phi Omega * - co-ed service fraternity
 * Psi Chi - honor society in Psychology

Notable people
See List of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras people


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Category:Universities and colleges in Puerto Rico

Universities and colleges in Puerto Rico. __NOGALLERY__


text: Category:University of Puerto Rico system


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David Mazzucchelli

David John Mazzucchelli (born September 21, 1960) is an American comics artist and writer, known for his work on seminal superhero comic book storylines Daredevil: Born Again and Batman: Year One, as well as for graphic novels in other genres, such as Asterios Polyp and City of Glass: The Graphic Novel. He is also an instructor who teaches comic book storytelling at the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan.

Career
Mazzucchelli received his BFA from the Rhode Island School of Design, and started working in comics in the early 1980s, first at Marvel Comics where, after a few fill-in jobs, he became the regular artist on Daredevil. He worked with writer Denny O'Neil and culminated his work on this title with the Daredevil: Born Again (Feb-Aug 1986) story arc, written by Frank Miller.

Miller and Mazzucchelli collaborated again on the graphic novel Batman: Year One, serialized in issues #404–407 (Feb-May 1987) of DC Comics' monthly Batman title, and published in a single volume shortly afterwards. Batman: Year One is considered one of the best Batman stories ever produced. Mazzucchelli had previously drawn Batman in a five page backup story in World's Finest Comics #302 (April 1984).

After Batman: Year One, Mazzucchelli drew an Angel story in Marvel Fanfare #40 (Oct. 1988). He then moved on to focus on more personal projects. He published three issues of his own independent anthology, Rubber Blanket, co-edited by his wife, painter Richmond Lewis, in which he began finding his voice as a writer in addition to exploring new avenues of visual expression. His evocative and haunting stories in Rubber Blanket, notably "Near Miss," "Dead Dog," "Discovering America," and "Big Man," set the stage for his work to come. Mazzucchelli's work in Rubber Blanket, and especially his use of two-color printing to create his artwork, influenced a number of young indie-comics artists through the 1990s and 2000s, including Darwyn Cooke, Frank Santoro, and Dash Shaw. With writer/artist Paul Karasik, he co-wrote and illustrated an adaptation of Paul Auster's City of Glass, published first by Avon Books in 1994, then by Picador in 2004 as City of Glass: The Graphic Novel. Auster's later book The Brooklyn Follies features a character with the name Nancy Mazzucchelli, an homage to David. He continued to write and draw short comics for various publishers until 2000. Mazzucchelli was one of the artists on the Superman and Batman: World's Funnest one-shot written by Evan Dorkin.

In 2009, Pantheon Books published Mazzucchelli's graphic novel, Asterios Polyp. The book was named a New York Times Notable Book for that year, and won the 2010 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for graphic novels.

Mazzucchelli has done illustrations for various publications, including interior pieces and covers for The New Yorker In 2011, an animated adaptation of Batman: Year One was released by Warner Home Video.

Mazzucchelli has taught a cartooning course for BFA students at the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan.

Awards

 * 2009 Los Angeles Times Book Prize Graphic Novel Award
 * 2010 Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards, Best Graphic Album—New; Best Writer/Artist; Best Lettering (for Asterios Polyp)
 * 2010 Harvey Awards, Best Original Graphic Album; Best Single Issue or Story; Best Letterer (for Asterios Polyp)
 * Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission Creative Artist Fellowship
 * Morning Manga Fellowship
 * New Jersey State Council on the Arts
 * Erwin Swann Award, Swann Foundation for Caricature and Cartoon
 * 2012 HQ Mix Award for Foreign Artist (for Asterios Polyp)
 * 2012 HQ Mix Award for Foreign Writer (for Asterios Polyp)

Covers only

 * Rom Spaceknight #61 (Marvel, 1984)
 * Marvel Age #36 (Marvel, 1986)
 * Amazing Heroes #102 (Fantagraphics Books, 1986)
 * Snake Eyes #1–2 (Fantagraphics Books, 1990–1992)
 * Cheval Noir #40 (Dark Horse, 1993)
 * The Comics Journal #188, 194 (Fantagraphics Books, 1996–1997)

Interviews and other work

 * Marvel Age #36: "Miller and Mazzucchelli on Daredevil" (interview, Marvel, 1986)
 * Amazing Heroes #102: "David Mazzucchelli on Daredevil, Batman: Year One" (interview, Fantagraphics Books, 1986)
 * Detective Comics #598, 600: "Tribute: People of Note Pay Homage to the Batman" (pin-ups, DC Comics, 1989)
 * The Comics Journal #152, 194, 300 (interviews, Fantagraphics Books, 1992–2009)
 * Negative Burn (anthology, Caliber Comics):
 * "Spotlight: Rubber Blanket" (in #10, 1994)
 * "Sketchbook" (in #17, 1994)
 * Comic Culture vol. 2 #4: "Rubber Blanket: Voices from the Small Press" (interview, 1995)
 * Panel Discussions: Design in Sequential Art Storytelling (interview, TwoMorrows, 2002)
 * Comic Book Artist vol. 2 #6: "Paying Homage: Tribute to the Great Will Eisner" (Top Shelf, 2005)

Newspapers and magazines

 * "Castles in the Sand" (cover of The New Yorker, July 26, 1993)
 * "The Fine Art of Hanging Ryman" (in The New Yorker, October 4, 1993)
 * "May Day" (cover of The New Yorker, May 2, 1994)
 * "Post Mort on Columbus Circle" (in The New Yorker, May 16, 1994)
 * "Monday in the Park with Marlon" (in The New Yorker, September 19, 1994)
 * "Fall" (cover of The New Yorker, October 24, 1994)
 * "New String" (in The Village Voice, 1994)

title: David Mazzucchelli


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Haggle

Haggle may refer to

 * Haggle (game), a party game
 * Haggle (architecture) an autonomic networking architecture
 * Bargaining, English word meaning to haggle or to bargain

title: Haggle


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Robert Schenkkan

Robert Frederic Schenkkan Jr. (born March 19, 1953) is an American playwright, screenwriter, and actor. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1992 for his play The Kentucky Cycle and his play All the Way earned the 2014 Tony Award for Best Play. He has three Emmy nominations and one WGA Award.

Early years
Schenkkan was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the son of Jean Gregory (née McKenzie) and Robert Frederic Schenkkan, a professor in the Department of Radio-Television-Film at The University of Texas at Austin, and public television executive. He grew up in Austin, Texas. As a Plan II Honors student he received a B.A. in Drama, magna cum laude, from the University of Texas, Austin in 1975 (Phi Beta Kappa, Friars' Society, UT Texas Exes Distinguished Young Alumnus Award and E. William Doty College of Fine Arts Distinguished Alumnus Award), and an M.F.A. in Theatre Arts from Cornell University in 1977. For many years, he lived in New York City and then Los Angeles, California, working both as a writer and an actor in film, television, and theatre. Since 1990 he has focused exclusively on his writing and divides his time between New York City and Seattle. Schenkkan is of Dutch-Jewish (father), and Scottish and English (mother) descent.

Career
Schenkkan is the author of ten full-length plays. By the Waters of Babylon premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in February, 2005. The play is unrelated to the Stephen Vincent Benét short story By the Waters of Babylon or its subsequent adaptation. Lewis and Clark Reach the Euphrates premiered at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles in December 2005. The Marriage of Miss Hollywood and King Neptune premiered at the University of Texas at Austin in November 2005. The Devil and Daniel Webster premiered at the Seattle Children's Theatre in February 2006.

Handler, a play dealing with a snake handling church, premiered at the Actors Express Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia. Heaven On Earth won the Julie Harris/Beverly Hills Theatre Guild Award, participated in the Eugene O'Neill Playwright's Conference, and premiered Off-Broadway at the WPA Theatre. Final Passages premiered at the Studio Arena theatre. Tachinoki premiered at the Ensemble Studio Theatre in Los Angeles and was designated a Critic's Choice by the LA Weekly. His other play for young audiences, The Dream Thief, had its premier at Milwaukee's First Stage. Schenkkan has written numerous one-act plays which are collected together and published by Dramatists Play Service as Conversations With the Spanish Lady. Among them is The Survivalist which premiered at Actors Theatre of Louisville's Humana festival, went on to the EST Marathon in NYC, Canada's DuMaurier Festival, and the Edinburgh Festival where it won the "Best of the Fringe" award.

The Kentucky Cycle underwent several years of development, starting in New York City at New Dramatists and the Ensemble Studio Theatre. The two part epic was later workshopped at the Mark Taper Forum, EST-LA, the Long Wharf Theatre, and the Sundance Institute. The complete "cycle" was awarded the largest grant ever given by the Fund for New American Plays and had its world premiere in 1991 at the Intiman Theatre in Seattle (Liz Huddle, producer) where it set box office records. In 1992, it was the centerpiece of the Mark Taper forum's 25th Anniversary Season. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, the first time in the history of the award that a play was so honored which had not first been presented in New York City. It also won both the PEN Centre West and the L.A. Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play. In 1993 it appeared at the John F. Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., and opened on Broadway in November of that year where it was nominated for a Tony, Drama Desk, and Outer Critics Circle awards.

His play All the Way, about the behind-the-scenes political maneuvering of President Lyndon Baines Johnson to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival on July 28, 2012. Schenkkan describes this work as a play about "the morality of politics and power." All the Way won the 2012 ATCA/Steinberg Award for Best Play and the inaugural Edward M. Kennedy Prize for Drama Inspired by History. It opened in Boston at the American Repertory Theater on September 19, 2013, starring Bryan Cranston and sold out its entire run. The play had its Broadway premiere on March 6, 2014, at the Neil Simon Theatre, and was awarded the 2014 Tony Award for Best Play, with Cranston also winning a Tony Award for his performance as Lyndon Baines Johnson. A sequel, titled The Great Society, premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in July 2014 and on Broadway in September 2019. Additionally he wrote Building the Wall in the run-up to the 2016 Presidential election.

Schenkkan's film work includes: The Quiet American, directed by Phillip Noyce and starring Michael Caine (who received an Oscar nomination). For television he wrote four episodes of The Pacific (HBO, 2010) for which he was nominated for two Emmy Awards and won a WGA Award for Best Miniseries writing. Other television work includes The Andromeda Strain (A&E, 2009), Spartacus (USA Network, 2006), and Crazy Horse (TNT). In 2005, he was hired by Sony Pictures to develop a script based on Marvel Comics' Killraven. Schenkkan was also named as the writer for the adaptation of the comic book Incognito published by the Marvel imprint Icon Comics. In 2016, his television adaptation of All the Way was filmed for HBO, with Cranston reprising his role as Lyndon Baines Johnson, and premiered in May. Also that year, he co-wrote the war drama film Hacksaw Ridge, directed by Mel Gibson.

Schenkkan is the recipient of grants from New York State, the California Arts Council, and the Vogelstein and the Arthur foundations. He is a New Dramatists alumnus and a member of the Ensemble Studio Theatre and the National Theatre Conference. He was the 2012 Thornton Wilder Fellow at the MacDowell Colony and a member of the College of Fellows of the American Theater.

As an actor, Schenkkan has appeared in numerous roles, including the 1989 film Out Cold; he also starred in the 1990 cult drama teen film Pump Up the Volume, in which he played David Deaver, the high school guidance counselor. He appeared as Lieutenant Commander Dexter Remmick in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes "Coming of Age" and "Conspiracy".

Personal life
Schenkkan has been married twice. His first marriage was to Mary Anne Dorward in 1984, and produced two children, Sarah Schenkkan and Joshua Schenkkan. The couple divorced in 1999. His second marriage was to the writer Maria Dahvana Headley in 2004. They divorced in 2012. Schenkkan is an uncle of actor Ben McKenzie.

title: Robert Schenkkan


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List of Jewish biblical figures

This is a list of Jewish biblical figures.

Hebrew Bible

 * Aaron, brother of Moses and Miriam, and the first High Priest
 * Abigail, a prophetess who became a wife of King David
 * Abishai, one of King David's generals and relative
 * Abner, cousin of King Saul and commander of his army, assassinated by Yoav
 * Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, Judaism's "Three Patriarchs"
 * Absalom, rebellious son of King David
 * Amram and Jochebed, both Levites, parents of Moses, Aaron, and Miriam
 * Bathsheba, queen, wife of King David, and mother of King Solomon
 * Boaz, husband of Ruth and ancestor of King David
 * Daniel
 * Ezra, Nehemiah and Zerubbabel, prophets and leaders of the Babylonian captivity and Return to Zion
 * Elijah and Elisha, important prophets who rebuked the kings of Israel
 * Elkanah and Hannah, parents of the judge and prophet Samuel
 * Esther and Mordechai, Persian queen, and her cousin, saviors of the Jews on Purim
 * Gedaliah, last governor of Judea appointed by Babylonians, (assassinated)
 * Gershom and Eliezer, Moses and Zipporah's sons
 * Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah (fellow exiles with and friends of Daniel) were thrown into a furnace by Nebuchadnezzar, yet survived "without the smell of smoke"
 * Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, the Twelve Minor Prophets
 * Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, the Major Prophets
 * Jeroboam, Nadab, Baasha, Elah, Zimri, Omri, Ahab, Ahaziah, Jehoram, Jehu, Jehoahaz, Jehoash, Jeroboam II, Zachariah, Shallum, Menahem, Pekahiah, Pekah, Hoshea, the kings of the northern Kingdom of Israel
 * Jethro, a priest of Midian, Zipporah's father, and father-in-law of Moses, became a convert after Mt. Sinai
 * Jonah, prophet during Kingdom of Israel
 * Jonathan, son of King Saul and slain with him in battle, trusted friend of David
 * Joshua, Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, Deborah, Barak, Gideon, Abimelech, Tola, Jair, Jephthah, Ibzan, Elon, Abdon, Samson, and Eli, Samuel, the Judges who ruled after Moses and before the kings
 * Saul, David, and Solomon, the kings who ruled the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah
 * Leah, wife of Jacob
 * Melchizedek King of Salem at the time of Abraham
 * Miriam, prophetess, sister of Moses and Aaron
 * Moses, adopted by Pharaoh's daughter in Egypt, leader of the Exodus from Egypt received the Torah or Law of Moses.
 * Nathan, prophet in time of King David
 * Neriah a prophet, and his son Baruch the scribe of Jeremiah
 * Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Gad, Asher, Dan, Naphtali, Joseph, Benjamin, the Twelve Tribes the Children of Israel, sons of Jacob called Israel. (Ephraim and Manasseh, Joseph's sons were also counted as part of the twelve tribes at times.)
 * Rachel, wife of Jacob
 * Rebekah, wife of Isaac and mother of Esau and Jacob
 * Rehoboam, Abijam, Asa, Jehoshaphat, Jehoram, Ahaziah, (Queen) Athaliah, Jehoash, Amaziah, Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, Manasseh, Amon, Josiah, Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jeconiah, Zedekiah, the kings of the southern Kingdom of Judah
 * Ruth, Moabite convert and ancestor of King David
 * Samuel, last of the Judges and first of the Prophets
 * Sarah, Rebekah, Rachel, and Leah, Judaism's Four Matriarchs
 * Tamar, daughter-in-law, and then levirate wife, of Judah
 * Tamar, daughter of David, raped by Amnon
 * Yoav, relative of King David, impulsive military leader
 * Zilpah and Bilhah, additional wives of Jacob, mothers of four of the twelve Tribes
 * Zipporah, Moses' wife, daughter of Jethro, a convert

title: List of Jewish biblical figures


text: User talk:203.27.231.34

title: User talk:203.27.231.34


text: User talk:203.109.149.129

title: User talk:203.109.149.129


text: User talk:67.125.94.102

title: User talk:67.125.94.102


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Offie

Offie may refer to:

 * Off-licence, a U.K. shop licensed to sell alcoholic beverages for consumption off the premises
 * Carmel Offie (1909-1972), CIA official dismissed for homosexuality
 * "The Offies", shortened name for the Off West End Theatre Awards

title: Offie


text: File:MidlandTheaterRelief.jpg

title: File:MidlandTheaterRelief.jpg


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Hang Tuah

Hang Tuah (Jawi:, from /tuha/ or /toh/ (توه); born c. 1431), according to the semi-historical Malay Annals (Sejarah Melayu), was a warrior and Laksamana (equivalent to modern-day Admiral) who lived in Malacca during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah in the 15th century. However, there is limited historical evidence for his existence. He was supposedly a great laksamana, or admiral, a diplomat and a silat master. Hang Tuah is the most illustrious warrior figure in Malay literature. He is however, a somewhat controversial figure and there is much in dispute about the factual basis of Hang Tuah's story.

Historicity
The veracity of Hang Tuah has been the subject of debate of historians for a century. In 2012, historian Khoo Kay Kim, noted that there was no historical evidence for Hang Tuah's existence. Since 2016, some historians have suggested that Hang Tuah is referred to in the Rekidai Hoan, an official record from the Ryukyu Islands. The document spans the period from the 15th to the 19th century and records the arrival of a certain admiral from Malacca. The document mentions the word "Lezoumana" or "Lo-hsi-ma-na" (Laksamana), Hang Tuah's supposed title, according to the Malay Annals. However, since Hang Tuah is not mentioned by name, this claim remains unproven.

Ethnicity
Regardless of the historicity of Hang Tuah, his ethnicity is the source of some dispute. Legend has it that Hang Tuah had aboriginal Malay ancestry. In the early 21st century, there arose an unfounded cybermyth that Hang Tuah was of Chinese descent.

Legend
According to legend, Hang Tuah learns silat together with his four comrades, Hang Kasturi, Hang Jebat, Hang Lekir and Hang Lekiu. Their teacher is Adi Putra, a renowned master who lived a hermetic life at the top of a mountain. The comrades encounter and deal with a man running running amok. Following this incident, Hang Tuah is presented to Sultan Muzaffar Shah of Malacca by his bendahara, Tun Perak.

Hang Tuah's career as an admiral or laksamana includes tales of his absolute and unfaltering loyalty to his Sultan, some of which are chronicled in Sejarah Melayu (the semi-historical Malay Annals) and Hikayat Hang Tuah (a romantic collection of tales involving Hang Tuah).

Hang Tuah is said to have become the sultan's constant aide, accompanying the king on official visits to foreign countries. On one such visit to Majapahit, Hang Tuah fights a duel with the famed pendekar Taming Sari. After this brutal fight Hang Tuah emerges as winner, and then Singhavikramavardhana, the ruler of Majapahit, bestows upon him Taming Sari's kris or dagger. The Keris Taming Sari was named after its original owner, and is purported to be magical, empowering its owner with physical invulnerability.

Hang Tuah is also said to have acted as the sultan's ambassador, travelling on the king's behalf to allied countries. Another story concerning Hang Tuah's loyalty to the ruler is found in the Hikayat Hang Tuah, and involves his visit to Inderaputra or Pahang during one such voyage. The sultan sends Hang Tuah to Pahang with the task of persuading the princess Tun Teja, who was already engaged, to become the sultan's companion. Tun Teja falls under the impression that Hang Tuah had come to persuade her to marry him, not the sultan, and agrees to elope with him to Malacca. It was only during the voyage home that Hang Tuah reveals his deception to Tun Teja. The Hikayat Hang Tuah and Sejarah Melayu each carry different accounts of this incident. The Hikayat records that it is Hang Tuah who persuades Tun Teja to elope with him, thus deceiving her.

Perhaps the most famous story in which Hang Tuah is involved is the fight with his closest childhood companion, Hang Jebat. Hang Tuah's deep loyalty to and popularity with the sultan leads to rumours being circulated that Hang Tuah is having an illicit affair with one of the sultan's dayang (court stewardesses). The sultan then sentences Hang Tuah to death without trial for the alleged offence. The death sentence is not carried out, however, because Hang Tuah's executioner, the bendahara (chief minister), goes against the sultan's orders and hides Hang Tuah in a remote region of Malacca.

The story continues, with Hang Jebat, believing that Hang Tuah was dead, murdered unjustly by the king he served. Hang Jebat then decides to avenge his friend's death. Hang Jebat's revenge allegedly becomes a palace killing spree or furious rebellion against the sultan (sources differ as to what actually occurred). It remains consistent, however, that Hang Jebat wreaks havoc onto the royal court, and the sultan is unable to stop him, as none of the warriors dares to challenge the more ferocious and skilled Hang Jebat. The bendahara then informs the sultan that the only man who is able to stop Hang Jebat, Hang Tuah, is still alive. The bendahara recalls Hang Tuah from his hiding place and the warrior is given full amnesty by the sultan and is instructed to kill Hang Jebat. After seven gruelling days of fighting, Hang Tuah is able to kill Hang Jebat.

The two main sources for Hang Tuah differ yet again on the details of the final aspect of his life. According to the Hikayat Hang Tuah, it is Hang Jebat who avenges his friend's death, only to be killed by the same friend, but according to Sejarah Melayu, it is Hang Kasturi. The Sejarah Melayu or the Malay Annals are unique in that they constitute the only available account of the history of the Malay Sultanate in the 15th and early 16th century, but the Hang Jebat story, as the more romantic tale, remains more popular.

Hang Tuah is said to continue to serve Malacca after the death of Hang Jebat. Later in life, Hang Tuah is ordered by Sultan Mahmud Shah to court a princess on the sultan's behalf. The Puteri Gunung Ledang (Princess of Mount Ledang) was so named because she resided on Mount Ledang at the Malacca-Johor border. According to legend, the Princess meets with Hang Tuah, and only agrees to marry the sultan if he satisfies a list of requirements, or pre-wedding gifts. The list includes a golden bridge linking Malacca with the top of Gunung Ledang, seven trays of mosquito livers, seven jars of virgins' tears and a bowl of the sultan's first-born son's blood. Hang Tuah knows the tasks will not be fulfilled, and is so overwhelmed that he fails his king that he flings his kris into a river and vows only to return to Malacca if it resurfaces, which it never does. He then vanishes into thin air.

According to other sources, Hang Tuah lives to an old age, and his body is buried in Tanjung Kling in Malacca, where his tomb can still be seen today; however some say his body is actually buried elsewhere. Other sources state that, following the arrival of the Portuguese, Hang Tuah moves to Singapura.

Legacy
Hang Tuah remains popular in Malaysia, embodying the values of allegiance and loyalty. The legend of the tragic friendship between Hang Tuah and Hang Jebat represents the conflict between loyalty and justice.

Hang Tuah is associated with the saying, "Takkan Melayu hilang di dunia, selagi berpegang teguh kepada Agama Islam," meaning, "Never shall Malays vanish from the earth, as long as they adhere to the religion of Islam". The saying is a rallying cry for Malay nationalism. It was popularised by well known local author Abdul Ahmad Samad in his 1950 literary work, Dosaku. However, there is no historical record attributing the saying to Hang Tuah, nor is the quote found in the Hikayat Hang Tuah.

Film
Hang Tuah is a prominent figure in Malaysia's popular culture and his story has been adapted into several movies. Famous portrayals include:
 * P. Ramlee in Hang Tuah (1956)
 * M. Amin in Hang Jebat (1961)
 * Pak Yem in Puteri Gunung Ledang (1961)
 * Jamal Abdillah in Tuah (1990)
 * Jalaluddin Hassan in XX Ray 2 (1995), a science-fiction film made by Aziz M. Osman about modern scientists who were sent back to the 15th century, when Hang Tuah was alive. The film imagines the hero getting his attributed quote Takkan Melayu Hilang Di Dunia from one of the scientists from the future
 * Khairudin Samsudin in Singapore's first kids drama Robbie And The Book Of Tales (2000), Season 1 Episode 2
 * M. Nasir in Puteri Gunung Ledang (2004). Nasir also portrays Hang Tuah in a Kit Kat commercial where the warrior (unrelated to the character in the Ledang movie) enters a modern convenience store.
 * Saiful Apek in Magika (2010)

Comics
In 1951, Indonesian author Nasjah Djamin wrote Hang Tuah (Untuk Anak-Anak) ("Hang Tuah for Children") published by Balai Antara, making it the first locally published comic book in the country.

In Malaysia

 * Five roads in Malaysia are named after Hang Tuah: Jalan Hang Tuah in Kuala Lumpur, and similarly named streets in Johor, Malacca, Muar, and Ipoh.
 * The Royal Malaysian Navy has two frigates named after Hang Tuah, KD Hang Tuah and KD Hang Tuah.
 * A strip along Jalan Hang Tuah has been renamed Hang Tuah Mall and popularised as a tourist attraction.
 * An LRT station and Monorail station in Kuala Lumpur is named Hang Tuah. It is an interchange station.
 * Medan Hang Tuah, a major food court and hawker centre is located at The Mall, Kuala Lumpur.
 * Hang Tuah Stadium, a stadium in Malacca City.
 * Hang Tuah's Well, a water well in Hang Tuah Village in Kampung Duyong, Duyong, Malacca.
 * Hang Tuah Jaya, a municipality and parliamentary constituency in Malacca.
 * Admiral Hang Tuah Jamek Mosque, a mosque in Malacca.
 * Hang Tuah Centre, an attraction in Malacca.
 * Hang Tuah Village, a village in Kampung Duyong, Duyong, Malacca.
 * Hang Tuah Bridge, a bridge in Malacca City across Malacca River.
 * Hang Tuah Hall, a building in Malacca City beside the Hang Tuah Bridge.

In Indonesia

 * Certain roads in several major cities are named after the warrior as Jalan Hang Tuah: in Pekanbaru, Jakarta, Batam, Tanjung Pinang, Medan, Surabaya, Palembang, Padang, Palu, Denpasar, and Bandung
 * Hang Tuah University, a major university established by the Indonesian Navy in Surabaya
 * The Indonesian Navy has two ships named after Hang Tuah, Bathurst-class corvette RI Hang Tuah and Riga-class frigate KRI Hang Tuah (358).
 * Hang Tuah Park, a Park in Riau Main Stadium in Pekanbaru
 * Hang Tuah Stadium, a green space in Masjid Agung An-Nur in Pekanbaru

title: Hang Tuah


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Manuel Chaves González

Discussion moved from Pages needing translation into English:
 * Manuel Chaves González - Spanish MeltBanana 12:27, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It's an insulting stub about the president of Andalucia, who probably deserves an article, but this isn't it. -- Jmabel 00:41, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - because: POV, contains no evidence-based information execept for the fact that he is the president of Andalucia. This fact is already included in Andalucia. --Fenice 14:34, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone wants to write a fresh article in English. First, it's in Spanish, so shouldn't be on English Wikipedia in that form.  If it is insulting, then it should be deleted rather than translated. Gwimpey 05:06, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * You say "First, it's in Spanish, so shouldn't be on English Wikipedia in that form." True enough, but the process at Pages needing translation into English is normally how we deal with that. In this case, we did not give that process the usual 2 weeks, because Fenice and I both felt it was junk. -- Jmabel 07:26, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've replaced the offending article with a new stub. - TB 13:41, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub Salasks 20:34, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub Jmabel 07:26, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub. Andris 10:33, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Walter Moberly (engineer)

Walter Moberly (August 15, 1832 – May 15, 1915) was a civil engineer and surveyor who played a large role in the early exploration and development of British Columbia, Canada, including discovering Eagle Pass, now used by the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Trans-Canada Highway.

Early life and education
He was born in Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire, England in 1832. In 1834, Walter moved with his family to Penetanguishene, Upper Canada (now Ontario), where his father, Capt. John Moberly, R. N. was appointed Post Commander. Walter received his primary education at the Base and later went to grammar school in Barrie.

Career
During the construction of the railway to Collingwood, Walter worked clearing bush and following that, chose a career of Lumberman, with timber holdings in Essa and Tossorontio, near Angus, and on the Severn River, in Muskoka. Most of his survey work was in British Columbia, and Utah.

It is thought that Walter was lured to the West, following a brief visit by Henry to the family home at Barrie, Ontario. From Ontario, Walter sailed via Cape Horn to reach British Columbia, a trip of over 16,000 miles as opposed to around 2,000 miles overland.

His first survey work was laying out the streets for the community of New Westminster, now a suburb of Vancouver. Between 1861 and 1864 he worked on several government road building contracts. With Edgar Dewdney, Moberly helped construct the Dewdney Trail across the Coast Range from the town of Hope into the Okanagan. Also under contract from the government, Moberly was involved in building a section of the Cariboo Road north of Lytton in the Fraser River canyon. This road was built to provide access to the gold fields in the Cariboo.

In 1865, he was appointed Assistant Surveyor General of the Colony of British Columbia. His job was to explore new routes for travel and trade for the growing population of the territory. It was during this time that he discovered Eagle Pass through the Gold Range between Shuswap Lake in the north Okanagan and the Columbia River at what is now Revelstoke. The story is that he shot at an eagle's nest and watched the birds fly up a valley. Reasoning that the birds were unlikely to fly up a blocked valley, he followed them up and discovered the pass. In his recollections, he says he blazed a tree in the pass and inscribed the words, "This is the Pass of the Overland Railway." The Canadian Pacific Railway did go through his pass but not for another 20 years.

After 1865, he left the province and worked in the mining fields of Utah.

In 1871, when British Columbia was about to enter Confederation with Canada, one of the terms was a promise by Canada to build a railway across the continent. Moberly was sought out by Joseph Trutch, British Columbia's first provincial Lieutenant-Governor, and invited back to organize surveys for the railway. His survey crews headed out into the wilderness on the day the province joined confederation. Moberly's survey crews were responsible for the territory around what is now Eagle Pass, Revelstoke, and Golden. From the time of his discovery of Eagle Pass, he formed the conviction that this was the best route for the railway. However, Sandford Fleming, Chief Engineer of the railway project, asked Moberly to relocate his crews north to the Yellowhead Pass for the 1872 season. Moberly was very frustrated with these orders requiring him to abandon his preferred route.

After the 1873 survey season, Moberly left the Canadian Pacific Survey and moved to Manitoba. He continued to do private survey work there.

Moberly was very bitter towards Major A.B. Rogers, who was credited with discovering the Rogers Pass through the Selkirk Mountains in 1881. Moberly argued that while discovering Eagle Pass, he had explored the Illecillewaet River and that his journals aided Rogers in his exploration of the pass.

In 1898, Moberly would return to British Columbia and stayed in Vancouver to retire. He would die there in 1915.

Honors
Because of his early explorations and visionary — some say wishful — ideas on the route of the Canadian Pacific Railway, he has a prominent spot in Canadian Pacific Railway lore. Placement of the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway took place in Eagle Pass at Craigellachie, British Columbia.

Moberly Lake in northern British Columbia is named for Walter's younger brother Henry John Moberly, a fur trader who lived on that lake.

Writing
He published several books including his autobiographic book, The Rocks and Rivers of British Columbia (H. Blacklock & Co, London, 1885).

title: Walter Moberly (engineer)


text:
User:Kraigus

This would be the user page for me, Kraigus.

I'm primarily interested in ice hockey, particularly that of my favourite team, the Edmonton Oilers. I'll be spending a bit of time cleaning up the history of older players, as well as adding entries where they are missing. I'm an alumnus of the University of New Brunswick (BA History 1997) and worked at the University of Waterloo (School of Computer Science), so I'm interested in those schools and topics relating to my work at them.

title: User:Kraigus


text:
M104

M104 or M-104 may refer to:

 * Sombrero Galaxy, called M104 by Messier number
 * M104 group of galaxies
 * HMS Walney (M104), a British warship
 * M104 Wolverine, a military armored bridge
 * M104 155mm Cartridge, a U.S. Army chemical artillery shell
 * M104 (New York City bus), a New York City Bus route in Manhattan
 * Mercedes-Benz M104 engine
 * M-104 highway (Michigan), a road in the United States
 * a Y-chromosome mutation, also called P22

title: M104


text:
Singlestick

Singlestick is a martial art that uses a wooden stick as its weapon. It began as a way of training soldiers in the use of backswords (such as the sabre or the cutlass). Canne de combat, a French form of stick fighting, is similar to singlestick play, which also includes a self-defense variant with a walking stick.

Weapon
The singlestick itself is a slender, round wooden rod, traditionally of ash, with a basket hilt. Singlesticks are typically around 34 in in length, and 1 in in diameter, and thicker at one end than the other, used as a weapon of attack and defence, the thicker end being thrust through a cup-shaped hilt of basket-work to protect the hand. It bears approximately the same relationship to the backsword as the foil to the small sword in being a sporting version of the weapon for safe practice.

The original form of the singlestick was the waster, which appeared in the 16th century and was merely a wooden sword used in practice for the backsword, and of the same general shape. By the first quarter of the 17th century wasters had become simple clubs known as cudgels with the addition of a sword guard. When the basket hilt came into general use about twenty five years later, a wicker one was added to the singlestick, replacing the heavy metal hilt of the backsword. The guards, cuts and parries in singlestick play were at first identical with those of backsword play, no thrusts being allowed.

History and technique
In 16th-century England, hits below the girdle were considered unfair. In the 18th century, all parts of the person became valid targets. By the turn of the 19th century, the target area had been restricted to the upper body (with the exception of the back of the head) and the upper part of the forward leg. These rules are in use today by the Association for Historical Fencing. Historically, the target area has varied, with bouts sometimes only being decided by the drawing of blood from the head of one of the contestants, in the manner of the Mensur.

Under Kings George I and George II, backsword play with sticks was immensely popular under the names cudgel-play and singlesticking, not only in the cities but in the countryside as well, wrestling being its only rival. Towards the end of the 18th century the play became very restricted. The players were placed near together, the feet remaining immovable and all strokes being delivered with a whip-like action of the wrist from a high hanging guard, the hand being held above the head. Blows on any part of the body above the waist were allowed, but all except those aimed at the head were employed only to gain openings, as each bout was decided only by a broken head, i.e. a cut on the head that drew blood. At first the left hand and arm were used to ward off blows not parried with the stick, but near the close of the 18th century the left hand grasped a scarf tied loosely round the left thigh, the elbow being raised to protect the face. Thomas Hughes's story Tom Brown's School Days contains a spirited description of cudgel-play during the first half of the 19th century. This kind of single-sticking practically died out during the third quarter of that century, but was revived as weapon training for the sabre within some military and civilian academies, the play being essentially the same as for that weapon. The point was introduced and leg hits were allowed.

American President Theodore Roosevelt and his friend General Leonard Wood were said to be fond of this sport and that they used to emerge from a contest quite bruised from their rounds. In "Letters to his Children", Theodore Roosevelt writes in a letter dated December 26, 1902, "Late in the afternoon I played at single stick with General Wood and Mr. [Bob] Ferguson...We have to try to hit as light as possible, but sometimes we hit hard, and today I have a bump over one eye and a swollen wrist." However the use of the term in this context may be more colloquial than technical. It is very unlikely that Theodore Roosevelt or General Wood ever practiced the British sport of Singlestick; more likely, Roosevelt's use of the term refers to the French art of canne de combat. Indeed, their own fencing instructor Maître François Darrieulat was a veteran of the French Army, where singlestick was unknown but cane was mandatory for officers, and many other facts tend to point out that situation.

Singlestick was an event at the 1904 Summer Olympics, but the sport was already in decline. Again recent investigation found that most likely singlestick was not present at the 1904 Olympics, but rather a form of cane fighting. Singlestick was very seldom taught in late 19th century United States until it was introduced for a short while in Annapolis, and most of the competitors came from academies where singlestick was unknown but French cane was taught. The use of the term "singlestick" in contemporary newspapers explains the confusion as it was an umbrella term at the time to refer to combat sports and games using a stick such as singlestick, cane, quarterstaff or even kendo. With the introduction of the light Italian fencing sabre in the early 20th century, singlestick play became unnecessary and was subsequently neglected. In the UK, Singlestick competition ceased in the Services in the 1950s, although the skills continue to be passed down from one generation of fencing Professor to the next. The singlestick of the British Armed Services of the Great War period was passed to Scotland's National Fencing Coach in the mid-1960s, and thence passed on to the founders of many HEMA groups in the UK. Stickplay with wooden swords as a school for the cutlass remained common in some navies.

The art, occasionally practised by a few fencing veterans in the United Kingdom, was revived by the Royal Navy in the 1980s. Within today's martial arts community, a growing interest in traditional Western martial arts has revived interest in this particular form of weapon training.

Media
In the television show Elementary, based on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, but updated to the 21st Century and relocated mostly to New York, Sherlock (played by Jonny Lee Miller) frequently practices singlestick.

title: Singlestick


text:
User talk:Shky~enwiki

{| cellspacing="3" Shky's Talk
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Not much in here, and that's the way it will probably stay.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Shky. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Shky~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Shky~enwiki