text:
Talk:Bento

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Taiwan
I think it should be mentioned that Taiwan has adopted ( from japanese colonial times ) the bento, ä¾¿ç•¶ in Chinese.

 * it is mentioned in the article. And please sign your posts Wenzi 21:51, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

I think it should be mentioned that Taiwan has adopted ( from japanese colonial times ) the bento, ä¾¿ç•¶ in Chinese. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.140.166.249 (talk) 06:04, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

"Obentos"
I have suggested the content currently found in Obentos be moved here. It appears that the original contributer of the "Obentos" article did not realize the correct spelling of the word, as the "o" is just a honorific, and the Japanese do not add a letter "s" to denote plurality. -- 63.226.38.196 04:41, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

I completely agree with merging the content, not based on Japanese grammar (of which I know -0-), but based on that it's just a quote from an academic paper. Maybe add the quote to Bento and turn Obentos into a redirect to Bento. Heck, if no one else does this soon (and if no one objects soon), I'll do it myself. Archivizt 01:23, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Please, go right ahead. Thanks, -- Argon233   T   C   U  @   ¶   ∠     23:53, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I completely agree as well. Perhaps, though, make a subsection of the bento that points out the currently so-called "obento" and describes it there.

I disagree. The practice of giving obento to Japanese nursury-school childrien, and the construction of the obento, bento given to school children, is very specific. The article on obento should be expanded, however. The obento is a device recommended by the Japanese Ministry of Education as a way to not only ease the childs enculturation into cooperative Japanese society, but its preparation by the mother is also a way to judge how her parenting persribes to encultured gender norms. It is though in Japanese society that the mothers role is just as important as the school child's in his/her education. To the state it is a sign as to how far the child is likely to go in their education career. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.146.169.251 (talk • contribs) 2006-04-27 05:11:40.

 * To clarify this subject a little, the word 'bento' and 'obento' in Japanese refers to exactly same object. The "o" is just a honorific prefix used in polite speech. Although the concept is a little different, you might consider the difference between 'bento' and 'obento' to be similar the way there are alternate spellings of the same word in English. Likewise the Japanese language does not add a letter "s" at the end of words to denote plurality of objects, as we commonly do in English.

 * In the end the word "obentos" is a improper Anglicization of a basic Japanese word, and obento and bento are the same thing. There is no need for seperate articles for "alternate spelling" of the same word, so they should be merged. -- Argon233   T   C   @   ¶     07:15, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

I think they should not be merged as they are completly differemt. (the bento artical refers to what bento is and the obentos articaltalks about a way to perpare bento.) 67.5.115.38 17:50, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

I've performed the merge; I do know enough Japanese to know how o- is used. (Mmmm, ōbentō.) Although I've left out such shiny details as "Children are expected to eat these meals in their entirity [sic]; this is a way to teach them about Japanese culture and discipline." (I really want to see that paper; I have a hard time taking anything with a name like "The Lunchbox as Ideological State Apparatus" seriously.) –Aponar Kestrel (talk) 02:53, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Converting Yen
STOP trying to convert Yen to US Dollars by simply dividing the number by 100 (e.g. "$10 bento"). This is totally inaccurate. Either accurately convert the rate, changing the page daily or weekly to reflect the always-changing conversion rate, or leave the amount in Yen.
 * I wouldn't mind seeing a conversion, although it wouldn't have to be exact. Something like "1000 yen (10$ as of MM/DD/YY)" or something similar. Although there are easy sites to convert, it's a pain to have to go to them just to find that out. --StarChaser Tyger 07:32, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, to clarify, what I believe the poster above you was referring to wasn't just that the conversion rate changes everyday therefore making one day's conversion rate not "exact" the next day, but also the common misconception (based either on a skewed but apparently surprisingly common misunderstanding of currency conversion, or maybe just the use of decimals in US currency) that the yen is basically equivalent to one cent in US currency. It's come close to that, especially in the 1990's, when you had occasional average monthly exchange rates of for instance, 102.08 yen per US dollar (December 1999), or in mid-late 1995, when it actually hit 98.18 and then 101.90 as monthly averages for September and October; but the truth is, it's all over the place, and it increasingly rarely comes so conveniently close as that. In fact, even when the yen had a "fixed value" back after WWII (up until the early 1970's), it was 360 yen per dollar, more like 3.6 cents, in other words, than one cent; even back in June, 2007, the closest to today's date that the Japanese yen article actually covers for conversion rates, the average exchange rate was 122.67 yen per US dollar - even if we round up or down to one decimal, that puts us at 1.2 or 1.3 cents per yen, not just one; and if you look at the chart, this year had a mostly steady upward climb heading up to June, too. No matter how you slice it, the chances of that bento costing exactly US$10 with conversion are really, really low, given how much the yen swings on a daily or even monthly basis. Anybody who had checked either a converter or the Japanese yen article (which, conveniently enough, actually links to converters itself) before adding the "converted" value would known this; I found it all out in a matter of minutes. So either someone's rounding (which is a bad practice for an encyclopedia, if you're not going to note that it's rounded and when you got your "rounded" figure), or they're just making it up pretty much out of thin air or a bad misunderstanding of how international currency conversion works and possibly additional misunderstanding of the yen's conversion history in regards to the US dollar.

 * I've actually seen people try to "convert" yen to USD this "one-yen-to-a-cent" way once in a while before myself, and I'm somewhat baffled as to why, other than presumably it just being easier than actual currency conversion, which takes actually plugging the figures into a converter (available in countless places online for free, and easily found through Google or any other decent search engine, even found through our own article on the currency). Really, given how much it changes month to month, it makes much more sense to just list what the original cost at the time, and link to the Japanese yen article. Runa27 21:08, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

So, just to be clear, you're preaching on currency conversion and you think 100 / 360 is 3.6? Seriously dude? ä¾¿ç•¶. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.140.166.249 (talk) 06:08, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

Shokado Bento
I think this should definitely be merged with the main Bento article, unless someone has a whole lot more to say about it. It's really interesting, and something I'd want to know just reading about bento in general. Archivizt 01:17, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

I'll second you on this suggestion - I like your idea. It seems you now have two merge tasks on your "plate". :-) -- Argon233   T   C   U  @   ¶   ∠     23:50, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

It strikes me as something that could possiblely use its own page, but for the time being certainly should be merged. Hopefully in the future there will be enough information to unmerge it though.--SeizureDog 23:22, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

It should be merged becase there is only one line of text in Shokado Bento 67.5.115.38 17:48, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Considering that fact, the article should even be deleted. The ThinkPad detail can be included in a Trivia section. Candamir 21:58, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

I think this should be merged as when I think about Bento, I think not only about the food in a bento box, but the box itself. These are not two separate topics but two parts of the same topic.

Agreed with comment above. I think of the actual bento lunchboxes as much as the meals prepared for them. Alex H. 21:10, August 7 2006

 * I've gone ahead and merged them. I'm still new around, so I'm not totally sure I redirected everything right. If someone could check that would make me a happy panda. --SidiLemine 13:04, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

ThinkPad?
I find the claim that the "traditional black-lacquered Japanese bento box inspired IBM's ThinkPad design" completely ludicrous and unbelievable. Unless someone can come up with some concrete support for this (e.g. an IBM spokesman saying as much), it should be deleted. Rocinante9x 20:47, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,55714,00.html
 * Will this work? It's an article at Wired.com that states that David Hill, director of design for IBM's personal computer division, said that the ThinkPad was inspired by the bento box.  I think the director of design for IBM's personal computer division makes a pretty good spokesperson.

 * This link may also be helpful:
 * http://www.lenovoblogs.com/design/design-theory/2006/10/17/the-bento-box/ (Lenovo is the company that has been producing the ThinkPad since 2005, I believe)

 * Also, check the Wikipedia article about the ThinkPad. It makes the same claim about the bento box being the inspiration for the ThinkPad and includes... get this... a source!  Couldn't that source be incorporated here as well?

 * Um, O.k.... Wouldn't it have been better to put that info into the article, rather than roasting me with it here? Rocinante9x 13:48, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Dude, calm down. It's only some guy on Wikipedia, and he found sources like you asked - both of which he may or may not actually, in fact, be sure could be added (I'm not sure about the company blog myself, but Wired.com is generally considered a reliable source on this kind of thing, last I checked). Please WP:Assume good faith instead of bothering to snipe back, it's better for your blood pressure and makes you look like a very cool person, I guarantee it. ;) Runa27 21:56, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Finding sources does not constitute "Roasting" someone. I thought his reply was very subdued considering how emotionally charged your post was. "completely ludicrous and unbelievable" are pretty strong words for you to have chosen for such a silly matter.64.230.43.189 (talk) 01:18, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Though the information about the IBM Thinkpad might be correct, it should be put in a trivia section rather than the section that classifies bento. what does a cultural reference have to do with types of bento??? this reeks of product placement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.233.51.113 (talk) 10:22, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia frowns on trivia sections, preferring instead for the information to integrated with the rest of the article. It is a quick mention, and I don't know where else it could go. --Imroy (talk) 11:33, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Etymology
the two kanji for bento "弁当" seems to be ateji. Does anyone know what the presumably indigenous word "bento" means? what is its etymology?

 * 便当 (the Chinese word for bento box) also means "convenient" in mainland Mandarin. I don't think this meaning a loanword from Japanese because you can take the word apart in Chinese: 当 is a character that can be attached to some other characters to make it an adverb/action-describing adjective (e.g. 妥当、顺当、恰当), 便 means "convenient" or "ease". Problem is that 弁 is not a shinjitai of 便. --Voidvector 05:40, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

The argument here is meaningless because 弁当 is not recognized as ateji by the Japanese. No matter what meaning "弁当" originally had, I'd say that looking the origin of 弁当 in 便当 doesn't make sense. It is no doubt that "便当" is a type of loanword inspired by Japanese bentō of which habit/notion was imported to China and Taiwan from Japan. Hrkoew 16:27, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Eh, wha?
This sentence is just above the 'Other' section: "Corrosion of metal bento boxes by the acid of umeboshi was used to be popular in Japan, and eventually makes a hole in the middle of the lid." Could someone untangle it? I would, but I don't know what it's trying to say... --StarChaser Tyger 07:34, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, I'm not sure what it means either, but it was changed by User:Jjok here. --Wirbelwind ヴィルヴェルヴィント (talk) 15:06, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

What happened to the external links
I was utalizing the links yesterday and today they were gone!!! --24.109.190.76 22:54, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

 * They were removed because they violated the policies set forth by this page. They consisted of either blogs, commercial sites intended to sell products, or were just generic linkspam put there to garner traffic to the site. Those sites were replaced by a link to photos on Flickr because that gives people the ability to look at photos of bento boxes if they want to, but it doesn't break policy. Flickr is also extremely neutral because everybody shares it. Instead of choosing five blogs out of thousands based on subjective or superficial criteria, you can have one site (where most of the blogs host their pictures anyway) that does not favor one person's photos over another.

 * Please remember that Wikipedia is not a linkfarm. Sites should not be included just because they are about the topic. This is an encyclopedia. Not a link directory. Go to Google for that. The general principle among Wikipedia editors is to have as few links as possible, though most would prefer if there were none at all and just have in-text citations to outside sources make up for the lack of external links. Less is more. Articles are of much higher quality if they aren't cluttered with links. This article would never have made it to good article status if those links were to remain. --74.137.227.117 02:21, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

How to make bentō
Starting with a 4:3:2:1 ratio as a traditional style is a bit misleading. Bentō can take any form; it just has an orientation of having many kinds of side dish and enough amount of rice, which reflects the Japanese dietary habit and a sense of joy. So it's true that rice accounts for about a half and that rice usually comes with a small amount of pickles. However, it should be stressed that the ratio is just an example for an explanatory purpose. (This is how the Japanese wiki article for bentō was written.) Also, what is "traditional?" In the past, hinomaru bentō and onigiri bentō, both of which are largely made of rice, were pretty common. For a quick fix, the word "typical" is more appropriate than "traditional." Hrkoew 15:53, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

How to make bentō - wasabi
Is this a common practice? If sushi is a part of the bento, it should be prepared with more wasabi than normal. As wasabi's effect for food presevation is strong, I personally haven't heard of increasing the amount of wasabi. Some smart people put a small amount of wasabi inside the bentō box when the bentō is NOT sushi, though. Also, since rice vinegar is used for sushi, sushi is by nature a preservative food. Indeed, there are many kinds of sushi which wasabi is not used for.Hrkoew 16:07, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

PS: A more common measures to prevent food poisoning is to make bentō taste a little richer by adding extra ingredients such as salt, soy source and sugar, or by includiing sunomono, vinegared dish. Extra ingredients also keep bentō tasty even when the bentō gets cold.Hrkoew 17:55, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

After the above comments, the description concerning the minor point was deleted aggressively along with many other good and true descriptions. I think I should recover them soon. Hrkoew (talk) 07:03, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

Etymology
Needs etymology; Wiktionary says the first character means "Zhou dynasty cap," which doesn't make any sense. Badagnani (talk) 02:21, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Dokaben's protagonist
Concerning this sentence: "Dokaben (ドカベン) is a baseball manga of which the title came from the protagonist, Taro Yamada's huge bento box (dokaben)." The sentence seems to be saying that the manga's protagonist is a bento box. Is that correct? Dcwaterboy (talk) 20:41, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

Move without discussion

 * I have removed the move request tag as the move discussion is moot at the moment. The discussion can continue, however, until a consensus has been reached on where this article should be. I also struck the strong oppose by The Ogre as he's changed it to mild oppose below. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 16:55, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Bento (takeout) → Bento — This page was moved without discussion, and is surely the most common and sought use of the term. I propose it be moved back, submitting to wp:requested moves. --Chris (クリス • フィッチュ) (talk) 21:30, 31 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I strongly disagree! Bento is now a redirect to Bento (disambiguation), since there are a great number of things called Bento and also people (see Bento (name)). Why should a japanese word for takeout food be the first entry in a wikisearch? The Ogre (talk) 21:40, 31 January 2010 (UTC)
 * How can you say that this is "the most common and sought use of the term" - if you google Bento most of the results do not refer to the Japanese takeout. The Ogre (talk) 21:46, 31 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I just did, half on the first page alone did. http://www.google.co.jp/search?hl=en&source=hp&q=bento&aq=1&oq=bent Thank you for proving my point! Not surprisingly, nobody named Bento showed up on that first page. --Chris (クリス • フィッチュ) (talk) 00:41, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Yea... you're right, I did not search through English language Google. My mistake! The Ogre (talk) 13:29, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I oppose as well: 1) non-primary and 2) misspelling. Just move it to Bentō to solve the issue. 61.121.241.17 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 01:23, 1 February 2010 (UTC).
 * That's not a solution. People aren't going to be searching for "Bentō," they're going to be searching for "Bento" and "Bento" would still need to be redirected somewhere. Further, it's really advised again using symbols in the article title because it overly complicates the URL. "Bento" either needs to go here or a disambiguation page. --132 01:39, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Meh, I don't really care. I will mention two things though. First, "takeout" is spelled wrong. It should be "take-out" with a hyphen. Second, the take-out version is an extremely limited scope. Bento encompasses more than that. If the disambiguation page has to stay, I think this page should be "Bento (food)" to capture more uses. --132 01:39, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, it can be spelled both ways in English, and you're right, it was sloppy renaming on The Ogre's part. --Chris (クリス • フィッチュ) (talk) 02:01, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Maybe, but I'm going with the article here: take-out. We should be consistent across Wikipedia. Now that it's been moved back, can this please be discussed so we can come to a consensus? --132 03:04, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * In my defense I just spelled it as it appears in the article's intro line ("is a single-portion takeout..."). The Ogre (talk) 13:29, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Support bento for the lunch box and bento (disambiguation) for the dab page. Few of the entries on bento (disambiguation) are unqualifiedly called "bento" and the lunch box is the primary meaning.  Furthermore, bentos are not always take(-)out.  A move to bentō is fine but bento should redirect there.  —   AjaxSmack   03:25, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment. The article has already been moved back to the undisambiguated version, but a discussion on whether or not this is the primary topic may still be productive. Ucucha 05:05, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Support
 * See the dictionaries below;
 * Dictionary.com (Random House Dictionary, The American Heritage Dictionary)
 * The free dictionary (The American Heritage, Collins English Dictionary)
 * ―― Phoenix7777 (talk) 05:12, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
 * In fact, I'm reverting my strong oposition to a mild oposition (even if just for the record). I still have doubts if this should be the primary topic. But then again I may be biased to the fact that "Bento" is a word in my native language meaning "Holly" or "Benedict". Anyhow I do not believe there will be any confusion with people (already placed at Bento (name)), so the question should be if some other meaning may also deserve at least equal status. In any case, if the present solution remains, it's fine by me. Cheers! The Ogre (talk) 13:29, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Only very tenuously an English word; most people using it in English will be aware that it is Japanese, where it has four moras and thus should be bentō. Move to bentō and point to it. The additional complication in the URL, mentioned above, is trivial. Yes, the place where I eat most often serves bentō, which people eat at the counter just as they eat meals served in other ways at the same counter. -- Hoary (talk) 06:27, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with Hoary. The Ogre (talk) 11:13, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

aisaibento?
Should the first paragraph mention the term "aisaibento" (loving wife bento)? I remembered that term being used but could not remember the Japanese translation, which I found on a blog as 愛妻弁当 - that's probably not citable. --Srl (talk) 18:42, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Nope, the blog is not citable. You'll need to find a reliable source to include it. Thanks! --132 20:10, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Bento in Art?
There seems to be an emerging trend of making bento into art, see [] [] [] Does this warrant a place in the article (the idea, not necessarily the blog links)? Yakatz (talk) 03:08, 7 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Pretty much anything from a blog is considered unreliable. Anything that is included should also be accompanied by a reliable source. I'm familiar with this and active in various communities, but I have a lot of doubts about coming up with anything that would pass as the vast majority is community/blog based. --132 04:27, 7 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Animage has a column on it every month which shows one or two different anime characters done as a bento. The column has been running for a few years now. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WikiProject Japan ! 04:32, 7 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Can you link to specific articles? Thanks! --132 04:35, 7 July 2010 (UTC)
 * No, as Animage doesn't put their articles online. Sorry. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WikiProject Japan ! 04:56, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Taiwanese Mandarin Name
The article currently states that "便當" was chosen because of the meaning of "convenience pack", but this is a bit suspicious as while "便" does means "easy" (q.v. "方便"), "當" doesn't carry that meaning. "便當" is also identical in sound to Mandarin rendering of "弁当". I'm not aware of any sources that discuss the origin of the term in Taiwan, and my Mandarin reading skills are probably not up to the task. For the moment, I am simply going to remove the "convenience pack" mention. siafu (talk) 19:14, 10 October 2018 (UTC)

Bento and the ideological state apparatus
Is this section really relevant? The entire subsection only has 1 source, and doesn't seem to be a widely supported viewpoint.

Dietcoke3.14 (talk) 20:04, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bento


text:
George Gee (murderer)

George William Gee (16 June 1881 – 22 July 1904) was a Canadian murderer and the first person to be hanged in the town of Woodstock, New Brunswick. He was tried for the murder of Millie Gee, his cousin and ex-lover. The trial took place in the Old Carleton County Court House, and he was hanged in the Woodstock Gaol.

The murder
George and Millie had been seeing each other for three or four years, when Millie lost interest and asked him not to see her anymore. Shortly thereafter, she was hired to look after the house and children of Bennie Gee because his wife had left him. She stayed in the house next door with Bennie's sister Catherine and her husband Daniel Crane.

On Saturday, 12 March 1904, George arrived at Bennie's residence with a Lee–Enfield Rifle that he had borrowed from a Lt. Weldon W. Melville. He had been drinking steadily for most of the afternoon, but was friendly enough when he arrived, and left the rifle at the door. He stayed late, playing cards with Bennie and continuing to drink until three in the morning, when George announced that he should leave and was helped to the door by Millie.

As he was going out he uttered his later famous words, "I suppose you don't know that this is the night you're going to die." He then turned around, picked up the rifle and fired. The bullet ricocheted off the frame of the door and entered Millie's chest, knocking her to the floor.

Hearing the shot, Bennie ran to the door. George fired twice in his direction but missed. He then fled. After a time he walked the long distance to a phone and called Dep. Sheriff Foster to turn himself in.

Three doctors were called to attend Millie, but they could not save her life. She died the following Wednesday a short time after giving her deposition to Dep. Sheriff Foster.

The trial
After a preliminary hearing, the trial was set for 26 April 1904 with Judge Tucker presiding. Attorney General Pugsley was for the Crown. J. Chipman Hartley and T C L Ketchum were for the defense.

Gee pleaded not guilty and the calling of witnesses began. In all, 23 were called, most of them close friends and relatives. In his closing arguments Ketchum pleaded with the jury that Gee was insane, drunk, and too poor to mount a proper defense. He claimed a charge of manslaughter would be more appropriate. His full argument lasted a full hour and left Gee in tears.

The crown argued that the crime was premeditated and that Gee couldn't have been insane, as he had obviously realized his crime when he turned himself in.

The jury deliberated for only 45 minutes before they returned a verdict of guilty. Judge Tucker sentenced Gee to hang on the grounds of the (then) new jail.

The execution
The hanging went forward as planned, on July 22, although there was a delay for the rope to be shipped in from out of town, since no one from the town would sell it. He was baptized into the Adventist Church before his death. The executioner, Radcliffe, was swift in the hanging, and the rope snapped Gee's neck. He was pronounced dead 12 minutes afterward. George Gee is buried in the same grave as Millie Gee, and they have a plaque together. They are buried in the Gee Flat Cemetery in Bath, New Brunswick.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: George Gee (murderer)


text:
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title: User talk:CCHS


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Henry Hollis Horton

Henry Hollis Horton (February 17, 1866 – July 2, 1934) was an American attorney, farmer and politician who served as the 36th Governor of Tennessee from 1927 to 1933. He was elevated to the position when Governor Austin Peay died in office, and as Speaker of the Tennessee Senate, he was first in the line of succession. He was subsequently elected to two more two-year terms.

Horton's tenure as governor was marred by a scandal after the Stock Market crash in 1929. The related collapse of the financial empires of his political allies, Luke Lea and Rogers Caldwell, cost the state more than $6 million in funds deposited in their banks by Horton's administration. The legislature held a vote on impeaching the governor, but the measure did not carry and he served out his term. He retired from politics and returned to his farm in Marshall County.

Early life
Horton was born in 1866 in the Princeton community of Jackson County, Alabama, one of 12 children of Henry Hollis Horton, a Baptist minister, and Anne (Moore) Horton. He attended Scottsboro Academy in Scottsboro, Alabama, before graduating from Winchester College in Winchester, Tennessee, in 1888. He moved to Hillsboro, Texas to teach school, but returned to Tennessee after about a year. He attended the University of the South in Sewanee in the early 1890s to study law.

Horton was admitted to the bar in 1894, and practiced law in Franklin County. He held various local offices, including school director and election commissioner, and worked as director of the Home Bank of Winchester.

Marriage and family
Horton married Adeline Wilhoite in 1896. They had one son.

Early political career
Horton was elected to represent Franklin County for one term in the Tennessee House of Representatives, from 1907 to 1909. He was a supporter of prohibition.

In 1911, Horton and his family moved to Marshall County, Tennessee. He operated a farm and mill that had been established by his in-laws, the Wilhoites, on the Duck River near Chapel Hill.

Governor
Horton was elected to the Tennessee Senate in 1926 for the district of Marshall and Lincoln counties. He served as Speaker of the Senate from 1926 to 1927. When Governor Austin Peay died in office on October 2, 1927, Horton became governor according to Tennessee’s gubernatorial succession law.

Unfamiliar with running a statewide campaign, Horton turned to Peay's longtime adviser, Luke Lea, publisher of the Nashville Tennessean, to help him win reelection in 1928. Lea's rivals, Memphis political boss E. H. Crump and Nashville political boss Hilary Howse, endorsed Hill McAlister, who had been defeated by Peay in 1926. A third candidate, Lewis S. Pope, also sought the Democratic nomination, and had the backing of Peay's widow. After a hard-fought primary campaign, Horton won the nomination with 97,333 votes to 92,017 for McAlister, and 27,779 for Pope. In the general election, he defeated the Republican candidate, Raleigh Hopkins, 195,546 votes to 124,733.

During Horton's second term, he and Lea began using state patronage to distribute jobs in Memphis in an attempt to weaken Crump's influence there. Crump, who was running for Congress and wanted to focus on his own campaign, agreed to support Horton in the 1930 governor's race if he and Lea would stop providing patronage to his foes. With Crump out of the way, Horton defeated his chief opponent, Lambert Estes Gwinn, 123,642 to 88,416 in the Democratic primary. He defeated C. Arthur Bruce in the general election, winning 144,995 votes to Bruce's 101,285.

Four days after Horton was reelected governor, the Bank of Tennessee, owned by Lea associate Rogers Caldwell, was declared insolvent following the stock market crash in 1929, and Caldwell’s banks throughout the South soon followed. Horton had deposited more than $6 million in state funds in Caldwell's banks, all of which was lost.

A Tennessee General Assembly investigation produced charges that Horton had conspired with Lea and Caldwell to run branches of state government for their own financial gain in exchange for Lea’s political support. Crump and his allies assailed Horton for depositing state funds in the banks of his political allies. They also attacked Horton for awarding no-bid contracts to Caldwell's road-paving company, Kyrock. A motion calling for Horton's impeachment was voted on by the state House in June 1931, but the motion failed, 58 to 41. Horton finished his term and did not seek reelection.

During Horton's tenure as governor, he continued most of Peay's reform initiatives. He abolished a land tax that had been unpopular with farmers, established a parole board, created a state division of aeronautics, and developed a secondary state highway system. He supported statues of Andrew Jackson and John Sevier being placed in Statuary Hall in Washington, D.C.

Later life and legacy
Following his final term as governor, Horton retired to his farm in Marshall County. He died from an apparent stroke on July 2, 1934. He was buried in Lewisburg, Tennessee.

In 1961, the state purchased Horton's Marshall County farm from his heirs. It adapted the land for use as Henry Horton State Park, dedicated to his memory. The ruins of a mill operated by Horton and his in-laws, the Wilhoites, still stand in the park.

A portion of U.S. Route 31 in Marshall County has been named in Horton's honor.

title: Henry Hollis Horton


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Geology of Hertfordshire

The geology of Hertfordshire describes the rocks of the English county of Hertfordshire which are a northern part of the great shallow syncline known as the London Basin. The beds dip in a south-easterly direction towards the syncline's lowest point roughly under the River Thames. The most important formations are the Cretaceous chalks, which are exposed as the high ground in the north and west of the county, and the Cenozoic rocks made up of the Paleocene age Reading beds and Eocene age London Clay that occupies the remaining southern part.

The Cretaceous

On the northern boundary and just inside the county, at the foot of the chalk Chiltern Hills, near Tring and Ashwell, there is a small strip of exposed Cretaceous Gault Clay and Upper Greensand. At 100 million years old, these are the oldest rocks in the county. Rocks get progressively younger as one moves in a south easterly direction through the county.

The lowest layer of the chalk is the Chalk Marl, which, with the Totternhoe Clunch Stone above it, lies at the base of the Chiltern Hills escarpment. This is visible as a terrace projecting north-westwards, near Whipsnade and Ivinghoe.

Above these beds, the Lower and Middle Chalk, without flints, rise up sharply to form the steepest part of the Dunstable Downs, which are the easterly continuation of the Chiltern Hills.

Next comes the Chalk Rock, which, being a hard bed, caps the hilltops by Boxmoor, Apsley End and near Baldock. The Upper Chalk slopes southward towards the Paleogene boundary to the south.

All the chalk was deposited between 100 million and 66 million years ago when the area was at the bottom of a shallow sea and some distance from the nearest land.

The chalk is often covered by a clay-with-flints deposit, which is formed of the weathered remnants of Cenozoic rocks and chalk.

The Cenozoic
The Palaeocene Reading beds consist of mottled and yellow clays and sands, the latter are frequently hardened into masses made up of pebbles in a siliceous cement, known locally as Hertfordshire puddingstone. Examples of Reading Beds outliers occur in what are otherwise chalky areas at St Albans, Ayot Green, Burnham Green, Micklefield Green, Sarratt, and Bedmond. The Reading Beds were laid down about 60 million years ago when the area was a river estuary receiving river sediment from land to the west.

The London Clay is a stiff, blue clay that weathers to brown and rests nearly everywhere upon the Reading beds. It represents the time 55 to 40 million years ago when Hertfordshire was once again under a deeper sea but was near enough to land to receive fine mud deposits.

The Ice Age
About 478,000 to 424,000 years ago during the ice age period known as the Anglian Stage, glaciers approached from the North Sea and reached as far south-west as Bricket Wood. Glacial gravels and boulder clays cover a great deal of the whole area to the north east of the county and the Upper Chalk itself has been disturbed at Reed and Barley by glaciation.

Prior to the ice ages the River Thames followed a path through the southern part of Hertfordshire, running from the area of modern Staines up the valley of the Colne to Hatfield and then eastward across Essex originally towards the primeval Rhine but later down the valley of the modern River Lea. This path was blocked by a mass of ice near Hatfield and a lake ponded up to the west of this around St Albans. Waters eventually overflowed near Staines to cut the path of the modern Thames through central London. When the ice retreated about 400,000 years ago the river bed along the new route followed the lower path and so the river remained on its present-day course. The flow in the Colne valley reversed, now flowing south as a tributary into the modern Thames. Superficial gravel deposits from the primordial Thames, are found throughout the Vale of St. Albans.

At the retreat of the glaciers, wind blown powdered rock known as loess was deposited over the whole county, forming thin layers under a metre thick. This reddish clay is easily formed into bricks at the lowish temperatures attainable in a wood-fired kiln and gained the name brickearth. It gave rise to rural brick-making industries scattered throughout the county. It also makes for fine, easily cultivated and fertile soils.

title: Geology of Hertfordshire


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File:Graph rel lvl indz 1750 1900 01.png

Licensing
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Talk:Ahmed Ghailani

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Auroranorth 11:46, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Recently added

 * "Some have questioned the timing..."

We need to say who! Pcb21| Pete 12:55, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The AP report that most online editions are running aludes to this, so I guess it's ok :). Pcb21| Pete 13:20, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

About the timing, personally I would not include any such off-topic speculation from the mass media. This a bio, not a chronology of guesswork by the press. And what's this about Tablighi Jamaat? Being a former tabligh does not make one a member of Tablighi Jamaat. (Yes I know that the Wiki article about TJ has been persistently censored by some member or fan of that group. I have nominated the TJ article for semi-protection.) LDH 11:17, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Okay, I did my bit and put in an infobox. If Ghailani doesn't quite fit the Wiki protocol for such a thing, don't blame me :D LDH 11:36, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Name in Arabic?
why the name in Arabic? Arabic is not spoken in Tanzania, especially not in Zanzibar --93.34.51.94 (talk) 02:05, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

update 2011-03-16 NYT: No Supermax for Ex-Detainee in ’98 Attacks
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/15/nyregion/15terror.html?src=recg&pagewanted=print

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Gene Moore (window dresser)

Gene Moore (June 10, 1910 – November 23, 1998) was an American designer and window dresser. Moore joined Tiffany & Company in 1955, as its Artistic Director and Vice President. He was also the Art Director of Bonwit Teller and gave Andy Warhol some of his first work as a window dresser.

Biography
Gene Moore is often cited as pioneer in the history of American design and a vital figure in the creation of the brand image of jewelry powerhouse Tiffany & Co. Historian Mark C. Taylor has described Moore as one of the "most important twentieth-century window designers in the United States".

Moore was also the photographer behind one of the best-known portrait sittings of actress Audrey Hepburn, in 1952. The photo session was made by Moore originally with the intent to be the basis for modeling his new mannequin design for Bonwit Teller. Hepburn was later reunited with Moore in the opening sequence of the 1960 film Breakfast at Tiffany's, appearing as the iconic Holly Golightly sipping morning coffee in front of his windows at the Tiffany & Co. flagship store.

Working at Tiffany's, Moore designed approximately 5,000 windows, many of which featured his collection of stuffed hummingbirds. He was also noted for using concepts or actual works of modern art in his windows, including those of Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Alexander Ney and Andy Warhol.

Legacy
In 1997, Moore donated much of his archives to the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution. The collection was transferred to the Archives Center at the National Museum of American History in 2012.

His work was the subject of the 1996 exhibition Moon Over Pearls, Gene Moore's Tiffany Windows and Beyond held at The Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City.

title: Gene Moore (window dresser)


text:
Henry Horton

Henry Horton may refer to:

 * Henry Hollis Horton (1866–1934), American politician in Tennessee
 * Henry Horton (newspaper proprietor) (1870–1943), owner of The New Zealand Herald
 * Henry Horton (sportsman) (1923–1998), English cricketer and footballer
 * Henry Bishop Horton (1819–1885), American inventor

title: Henry Horton


text:
BR Standard Class 7 70013 Oliver Cromwell

70013 Oliver Cromwell is a British Railways Standard Class 7 (also known as the Britannia class) preserved steam locomotive. The locomotive is notable as one of the four steam locomotives which worked the last steam railtour on British Railways (BR) in 1968.

Career
One of 55 of the Standard Class 7, Oliver Cromwell was built at Crewe Works, being completed on 30 May 1951. 70013 was initially allocated to Norwich depot (BR shed code 32A) on the Eastern Region of British Railways and employed on London Liverpool Street to Norwich expresses. Some of the Norwich diagrams (the day's operating schedule for a locomotive) required two return trips a day to London totalling 460 miles. The introduction of the Britannia Pacifics revolutionised express services in East Anglia.

From 1958, diesel-electric locomotives began to replace steam locomotives. 70013 remained at Norwich until w/e 16 September 1961 when transferred to March depot (shed code 31B), having covered 698,000 miles in just over ten years, an excellent figure. Norwich depot, under the shedmaster Bill Harvey, was renowned for the fine mechanical condition of its locomotives. In December 1963, 70013 was transferred to the London Midland Region at Carlisle Kingmoor depot (shed code 12A) for freight, parcels and occasional passenger work – most regular express services were by now diesel-hauled. The north-west of England became the steam locomotive's last area of operation on BR. On 3 October 1966, 70013 entered Crewe Works and became the last BR-owned steam locomotive to undergo routine heavy overhaul, being out-shopped after a special ceremony in February 1967. 70013 was selected to operate the last steam passenger train prior to the abolition of steam traction on British Railways lines, and in the summer of 1968 Oliver Cromwell hauled several specials, culminating in the Fifteen Guinea Special which ran between Liverpool and Carlisle on 11 August that year and which 70013 hauled on the Manchester to Carlisle leg of the trip.

Preservation

Oliver Cromwell became part of the National Railway Museum's National Collection immediately after the end of the Fifteen Guinea Special (70000 Britannia, later preserved privately, had previously been earmarked for this move). Despite a steam ban after 11 August 1968, 70013 moved under its own steam on 12 August to its old shed at Norwich and then, on 13 August, to Diss whence it was transported by road to Bressingham Steam & Gardens. At Bressingham, 70013 was in service to provide footplate rides until the 1980s, before retiring into the museum exhibition.

In 2004, it was announced that Oliver Cromwell would be restored to main-line standard in preparation for the 40th anniversary of the end of steam, with significant financial assistance from the readers of Steam Railway magazine. The locomotive was overhauled at the Great Central Railway (GCR) to mainline standards which included the fitting of the train protection warning system, overhaul of 70013's automatic warning system and the fitting of a train event recorder. On the weekend of 3 May – 4 May 2008, the locomotive hauled its first revenue-earning passenger services since being restored on the GCR's eight-mile route. The locomotive made an appearance at the National Railway Museum's 1968 and All That event celebrating 40 years since the end of steam.

Its first mainline passenger charter since 1968 was on 10 August 2008 when the locomotive took part in a re-run of the Fifteen Guinea Special. It then went on to operate on the Scarborough Spa Express later in the month.

On 9 September 2008, Oliver Cromwell completed a re-run of The Norfolkman running from Liverpool Street station to Norwich railway station and return, visiting the site of its former home of Norwich shed (32A). 70013 carried a 32A shed plate on the smokebox to complete the image.

On 8 November 2008, the locomotive was temporarily re-numbered as 70048 and renamed "The Territorial Army 1908 - 2008" to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Territorial Army. The naming was performed by The Duke of Gloucester at Quorn and Woodhouse station on the preserved Great Central Railway. 70048 was a sister member of the BR Standard Class 7 Britannia class and was named "The Territorial Army 1908 - 1958". During the 2008 renaming, 70013 carried this name on the right-hand-side smoke deflector as a reminder of the original name and as a link with the past association with the Territorial Army.

On 14 March 2009 Oliver Cromwell hauled a special on what was said to be the very last train (of any sort) to use the branch line down to Folkestone Harbour, where main line trains used to meet with cross channel ferries.

On 23 May 2009, the locomotive hauled a railtour from Norwich to Poole in Dorset, and then travelled to the Swanage Railway under its own power, via Wareham and the re-instated link between the main-line and the Swanage Railway at Motala.

On 11 March 2010, Oliver Cromwell hauled the opening railtour over the newly re-instated level crossing at Sheringham on the North Norfolk Railway, arriving from King's Cross, via Cambridge and Norwich.

On 3 May 2010, Oliver Cromwell was used for a private charter by Girlguiding UK, as part of the celebration of 100 years of Guiding. Brownies Take Over the Tracks ran between London Victoria and Windsor & Eton Riverside.

On Saturday 15 May 2010, two years after its previous overhaul, Oliver Cromwell suffered from cracks in the firebox and was moved to the GCR for an inspection which led to the locomotive being withdrawn from service.

During 2010, 70013 Oliver Cromwell underwent firebox repairs at Crewe Heritage Centre. The cab was removed before the rest of the locomotive was sent for repairs to the boiler. Following these repairs, on 17 December 2010 the locomotive had a successful steam test at Crewe. On 8 March 2011, the locomotive was taken to Southall, and on 12 March 2011 hauled "The Lincoln Imp" from London Victoria to Lincoln, returning to Kings Cross.

On 27 May 2012, the locomotive was involved in a blowback incident at Wood Green tunnel near New Southgate station in North London on a Railway Touring Company railtour called 'The Peak Forester'. Two of the three crew on board the locomotive had to attend hospital as a result. A Rail Accident Investigation Branch investigation was conducted after the accident.

On 11 August 2013, 70013 took part in the 45th anniversary train of The Fifteen Guinea Special along with three LMS Black 5s, 44932, 45305 and 45231. 70013 took the train from Longsight to Carlisle traveling via Farington Junction, Blackburn and Hellifield while traveling along the Settle and Carlisle line.

On 3 March 2018, 70013 hauled its final main line charter from Ealing Broadway to York via the Midland Main Line prior to the expiry of its boiler certificate. It then moved to the GCR. 70013 later had a boiler inspection which enabled it to run on the GCR until 31 December 2018. It ran GCR services for the last time on that date before being withdrawn for overhaul. In 2019 it moved to the GCR to be overhauled.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Broadway Malyan

This article was listed on Category:Pages_on_votes_for_deletion by another user, but not here. I am adding the entry here as a public service. Ground for deletion: ad, non-notable company. Ianb 13:01, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete on the basis of advertising, even without establishing whether or not this company is "a leading European" firm. If it really is the leading firm in Europe, I don't think it will be a Clean Up candidate, due to the special nature of the company's business (furnishings and interior design it seems).  The architects involved might make articles for their work.  Geogre 13:40, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, even if the company is notable. That is an advertisement, not an encyclopedia article.  Why is it always the marketing people who tend to write articles about their companies — articles that tend to lack even the barest hint of originality or creativity?  Simply copy and paste the blurb from the company's "about us" page, add a link to the company homepage, and poof, increased pagerank, right?  --Ardonik 08:11, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or add as a stub? The article could be valid encyclopedic content if it is expanded upon with history and such. If it had that information, it would not necessarily be an advertisement. My vote: Keep it as stub and add to pages needing attention. Skyler 17:10, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)


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1924 Democratic National Convention

The 1924 Democratic National Convention, held at the Madison Square Garden in New York City from June 24 to July 9, 1924, was the longest continuously running convention in United States political history. It took a record 103 ballots to nominate a presidential candidate. It was the first major party national convention that saw the name of a woman, Lena Springs, placed in nomination for vice president. John W. Davis, a dark horse, eventually won the presidential nomination on the 103rd ballot, a compromise candidate following a protracted convention fight between distant front-runners William Gibbs McAdoo and Al Smith.

Davis and his vice presidential running-mate, Governor Charles W. Bryan of Nebraska, went on to be defeated by the Republican ticket of President Calvin Coolidge and Charles G. Dawes in the 1924 presidential election.

Site selection
New York had not been chosen for a convention since 1868, and its selection as the site for the 1924 convention was based in part on the state party's recent success. Two years earlier, thirteen Republican congressmen had lost their seats to Democrats. Wealthy New Yorkers, who had outbid other cities, declared their purpose "to convince the rest of the country that the town was not the red-light menace generally conceived by the sticks". Though "dry" organizations that supported continuing the prohibition of alcohol opposed the choice, in the fall of 1923 it won the grudging consent of McAdoo, a dry, before McAdoo's connection to the Teapot Dome scandal made Smith a serious threat. (McAdoo's candidacy was hurt by the revelation that he had accepted money from Edward L. Doheny, an oil tycoon implicated in Teapot Dome.) McAdoo's adopted state, California, had played host to the Democrats in 1920.

The primaries
McAdoo swept the primaries in the first real race in the history of the party, although most states chose delegates through party organizations and conventions, giving most of their projected votes to local or hometown candidates, referred to as "favorite sons".

Ku Klux Klan presence
The Ku Klux Klan had surged in popularity after World War I, due to its leadership's connections to passage of the successful Prohibition Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This made the Klan a political power throughout many regions of the United States, and it reached the apex of its power in the mid-1920s, when it exerted deep cultural and political influence on both Republicans and Democrats. Its supporters had successfully quashed an anti-Klan resolution before it ever went to a floor vote at the 1924 Republican National Convention earlier in June, and proponents expected to exert the same influence at the Democratic convention. Instead, tension between pro- and anti-Klan delegates produced an intense and sometimes violent showdown between convention attendees from the states of Colorado and Missouri. Klan delegates opposed the nomination of New York Governor Al Smith because Smith was a Roman Catholic and an opponent of Prohibition, and most supported William Gibbs McAdoo. Non-Klan delegates, led by Sen. Oscar Underwood of Alabama, attempted to add condemnation of the organization for its violence to the Democratic Party's platform. The measure was narrowly defeated, and the anti-KKK plank was not included in the platform.

Roosevelt comeback
Smith's name was placed into nomination by Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a speech in which Roosevelt dubbed Smith "The Happy Warrior". Roosevelt's speech, which has since become a well-studied example of political oratory, was his first major political appearance since the paralytic illness he had contracted in 1921. The success of this speech and his other convention efforts in support of Smith signaled that he was still a viable figure in politics, and he nominated Smith again in 1928. Roosevelt succeeded Smith as governor in 1929, and went on to win election as president in 1932.

Presidential candidates

The first day of balloting (June 30) brought the predicted deadlock between the leading aspirants for the nomination, William G. McAdoo of California and Gov. Alfred E. Smith of New York, with the remainder divided mainly between local "favorite sons". McAdoo was the leader from the outset, and both he and Smith made small gains in the day's fifteen ballots, but the prevailing belief among the delegates was that the impasse could only be broken by the elimination of both McAdoo and Smith and the selection of one of the other contenders; much interest centred about the candidacy of John W. Davis, who also increased his vote during the day from 31 to 61 (with a peak of 64.5 votes on the 13th and 14th ballots). Most of the favorite son delegations refused to be stampeded to either of the leading candidates and were in no hurry to retire from the contest.

In the early balloting many delegations appeared to be jockeying for position, and some of the original votes were purely complimentary and seemed to conceal the real sentiments of the delegates. Louisiana, for example, which was bound by the "unit rule" (all the state's delegate votes would be cast in favor of the candidate favored by a majority of them), first complimented its neighbor Arkansas by casting its 20 votes for Sen. Joseph T. Robinson, then it switched to Sen. Carter Glass, and on another ballot Maryland Gov. Albert C. Ritchie got the twenty, before the delegation finally settled on John W. Davis.

There was some excitement on the tenth ballot, when Kansas abandoned Gov. Jonathan M. Davis and threw its votes to McAdoo. There was an instant uproar among McAdoo delegates and supporters, and a parade was started around the hall, the Kansas standard leading, with those of all the other McAdoo states coming along behind, and pictures of "McAdoo, Democracy's Hope", being lifted up. After six minutes the chairman's gavel brought order and the roll call resumed, and soon the other side had something to cheer, when New Jersey made its favorite son, Gov. George S. Silzer, walk the plank and threw its votes into the Smith column. This started another parade, the New York and New Jersey standards leading those of the other Smith delegations around the hall while the band played "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching".

Twentieth ballot
McAdoo and Smith each evolved a strategy to build up his own total slowly. Smith's trick was to plant his extra votes for his opponent, so that McAdoo's strength might later appear to be waning; the Californian countered by holding back his full force, though he had been planning a strong early show. But by no sleight of hand could the convention have been swung around to either contestant. With the party split into two assertive parts, the rule requiring a two-thirds majority for nomination crippled the chances of both candidates by giving a veto each could—and did—use. McAdoo himself wanted to drop the two-thirds rule, but his Protestant supporters preferred to keep their veto over a Catholic candidate, and the South regarded the rule as protection against a northern nominee unfavorable to southern interests. At no point in the balloting did Smith receive more than a single vote from the South and scarcely more than 20 votes from the states west of the Mississippi; he never won more than 368 of the 729 votes needed for nomination, though even this performance was impressive for a Roman Catholic. McAdoo's strength fluctuated more widely, reaching its highest point of 528 on the seventieth ballot. Since both candidates occasionally received purely strategic aid, the nucleus of their support was probably even less. The remainder of the votes were divided among dark horses and favorite sons who had spun high hopes since the Doheny testimony; understandably, they hesitated to withdraw their own candidacies as long as the convention was so clearly divided.

Thirtieth ballot
As time passed, the maneuvers of the two factions took on the character of desperation. Daniel C. Roper even went to Franklin Roosevelt, reportedly to offer Smith second place on a McAdoo ticket. For their part, the Tammany men tried to prolong the convention until the hotel bills were beyond the means of the delegates who had traveled to the convention. The Smith backers also attempted to stampede the delegates by packing the galleries with noisy rooters. Senator James Phelan of California, among others, complained of "New York rowdyism". But the rudeness of Tammany, particularly their delegates' booing of William Jennings Bryan when he spoke to the convention, only steeled the resolution of the country delegates. McAdoo and Bryan both tried unsuccessfully to adjourn and then reconvene in another city, perhaps Washington, D.C., or St. Louis.

Sixty-first ballot
As a last resort, McAdoo supporters introduced a motion to eliminate one candidate on each ballot until only five remained, but Smith delegates and those supporting favorite sons managed to defeat the McAdoo strategy. Smith countered by suggesting that all delegates be released from their pledges—to which McAdoo agreed on condition that the two-thirds rule be eliminated—although Smith fully expected that loyalty would prevent the disaffection of Indiana and Illinois votes, both controlled by political bosses friendly to him. Indeed, Senator David Walsh of Massachusetts expressed the sentiment that moved Smith backers: "We must continue to do all that we can to nominate Smith. If it should develop that he cannot be nominated, then McAdoo cannot have it either." For his part, McAdoo would angrily quit the convention once he lost: but the sixty-first inconclusive round—when the convention set a record for length of balloting—was no time to admit defeat.

Seventieth ballot
It had seemed for a time that the nomination could go to Senator Samuel Ralston of Indiana. Advanced by Indiana party boss Thomas Taggart, Ralston's candidacy might attract support from the Bryans, given that Charles Bryan had written, "Ralston is the most promising of the compromise candidates." Ralston was also a favorite of the Klan and a second choice of many McAdoo delegates. In 1922, he had launched an attack on parochial schools that the Klan saw as an endorsement of its own views, and he won several normally Republican counties dominated by the Klan. Commenting on the Klan issue, Ralston said that it would create a bad precedent to denounce any organization by name in the platform. Much of Ralston's support came from the South and West—states including Oklahoma, Missouri, and Nevada that had strong Klan elements. According to Claude Bowers, McAdoo said: "I like the old Senator, like his simplicity, honesty, record"; and it was reported that he told Smith supporters he would withdraw only in favor of Ralston. As with John W. Davis, Ralston had few enemies, and his support from men as divergent as the Bryans and Taggart cast him as a viable compromise choice. He passed Davis, the almost consistent third choice, on the fifty-second ballot; but Taggart then discouraged the boom for the time being because the McAdoo and Smith phalanxes showed no signs of weakening. On July 8, the eighty-seventh ballot showed a total for Ralston of 93 votes, chiefly from Indiana and Missouri; before the day was over, the Ralston total had risen to almost 200, a larger tally than Davis had ever received. Most of these votes were drawn from McAdoo, to whom they later returned.

Numerous sources indicate that Taggart was not exaggerating when he later said: "We would have nominated Senator Ralston if he had not withdrawn his name at the last minute. It was a near certainty as anything in politics could be. We had pledges of enough delegates that would shift to Ralston on a certain ballot to have nominated him." Ralston wavered on whether to make the race; despite his doctor's stern recommendation not to run and the illness of his wife and son, Ralston had told Taggart that he would be a candidate, albeit a reluctant one. But the 300-pound Ralston finally telegraphed his refusal to go on; sixty-six years old at the time of the convention, he died the following year.

One hundred third ballot
The nomination was finally awarded to John W. Davis, a compromise candidate, on the one hundred third ballot, after the withdrawal of Smith and McAdoo. Davis had never been a genuine dark horse candidate; he had almost always been third in the balloting, and by the end of the 29th round he was the betting favorite of New York gamblers. There had been a Davis movement of considerable size at the 1920 San Francisco convention; however, Charles Hamlin wrote in his diary, Davis "frankly said ... that he was not seeking [the nomination] and that if nominated he would accept only as a matter of public duty". For Vice President, the Democrats nominated Charles W. Bryan, the governor of Nebraska and the brother of William Jennings Bryan, and for many years editor of The Commoner.

Full Balloting
A total of 58 candidates received votes over the 103 ballots, and the second ballot was the one where most candidates were voted for (20 in total).

The alphabetically sorted list of all 58 candidates:

 * Henry Tureman Allen, retired Major general from Washington, D.C.
 * Newton D. Baker, former Secretary of War from Ohio
 * John T. Barnett, president of the Military Order of Foreign Wars from Indiana
 * George G. Battle
 * Martin Behrman, former Mayor of New Orleans
 * George L. Berry, president of the IPPU union from Tennessee
 * Fred H. Brown, Governor of New Hampshire
 * Charles W. Bryan, Governor of Nebraska
 * William Jennings Bryan, former Secretary of State from Nebraska
 * John M. Callahan, convention delegate from Wisconsin
 * Marcus A. Coolidge, former Mayor of Fitchburg, Massachusetts
 * Royal S. Copeland, U.S. Senator from New York
 * James M. Cox, former Governor of Ohio
 * William Coyne, businessman from Delaware
 * Homer Stille Cummings, former Chairman of the DNC from Connecticut
 * Josephus Daniels, former Secretary of the Navy from North Carolina
 * Jonathan M. Davis, Governor of Kansas
 * John W. Davis, former Congressman from West Virginia
 * William Emmett Dever, Mayor of Chicago
 * Edward L. Doheny, businessman from California
 * Edward I. Edwards, U.S. Senator from New Jersey
 * Woodbridge N. Ferris, U.S. Senator from Michigan
 * William Alexander Gaston, businessman from Massachusetts
 * James W. Gerard, former U.S. Ambassador to Germany from New York
 * Carter Glass, U.S. Senator from Virginia
 * Pat Harrison, U.S. Senator from Mississippi
 * Gilbert Hitchcock, former U.S. Senator from Nebraska
 * David F. Houston, former Secretary of the Treasury from New York
 * Cordell Hull, Congressman from Tennessee
 * John Holmes Jackson, Mayor of Burlington, Vermont
 * John B. Kendrick, U.S. Senator from Wyoming
 * J. Richard Kevin
 * Roland Krebs
 * William Maloney
 * Thomas R. Marshall, former Vice President from Indiana
 * Fred C. Martin
 * William G. McAdoo, former Secretary of the Treasury from California
 * Edwin T. Meredith, former Secretary of Agriculture from Iowa
 * Emma Guffey Miller, convention delegate from Pennsylvania
 * Albert A. Murphree, President of the University of Florida
 * Robert Latham Owen, U.S. Senator from Oklahoma
 * Atlee Pomerene, former U.S. Senator from Ohio
 * Samuel M. Ralston, U.S. Senator from Indiana
 * Albert Ritchie, Governor of Maryland
 * Joseph Taylor Robinson, U.S. Senator from Arkansas
 * Will Rogers, actor from Oklahoma
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt, former Assistant Secretary of the Navy from New York
 * Willard Saulsbury Jr., former U.S. Senator from Delaware
 * George Sebastian Silzer, Governor of New Jersey
 * Al Smith, Governor of New York
 * Thomas J. Spellacy, former U.S. Attorney from Connecticut
 * Cora Wilson Stewart, president of the Kentucky Education Association
 * William Ellery Sweet, Governor of Colorado
 * Samuel Huston Thompson, Chair of the FTC from Pennsylvania
 * Oscar Underwood, U.S. Senator from Alabama
 * David I. Walsh, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
 * Thomas J. Walsh, U.S. Senator from Montana
 * Burton K. Wheeler, U.S. Senator from Montana

Prayers
Each of the convention's 23 sessions was opened with an invocation by a different nationally prominent clergyman. The choices represented the party's coalition at the time: there were five Episcopalian ministers; three Presbyterians; three Lutherans; two Roman Catholics; two Baptists; two Methodists; one each from the Congregationalists, Disciples of Christ, Unitarians, and Christian Scientists; and two Jewish rabbis. All of the clergy were white men; African-American denominations were not represented.

With the convention deadlocked over the choice of a nominee, some of the invocations became calls for the delegates and candidates to put aside sectionalism and ambition in favor of party unity.

Among the clergy who spoke to the convention:

 * Catholics included Patrick Joseph Hayes, Archbishop of New York, and Francis Patrick Duffy, Chaplain of the New York National Guard.
 * Episcopalians, such as Thomas F. Gailor, Bishop of Tennessee, and Wythe Leigh Kinsolving, Chaplain of the Virginian Society of New York.
 * The roster included, on different days, two fierce antagonists and frequent debaters on the theory of evolution and Biblical inerrancy, John Roach Straton, a Baptist conservative, and Charles Francis Potter, a Unitarian Modernist.
 * Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise, founder of the Free Synagogue, who was also a delegate from New York.
 * Dr. Frederick Hermann Knubel, president of the United Lutheran Churches in America.

Legacy
In his acceptance speech, Davis made the perfunctory statement that he would enforce the prohibition law, but his conservatism prejudiced him in favor of personal liberty and home rule and he was frequently denounced as a wet. The dry leader Wayne Wheeler complained of Davis's "constant repetition of wet catch phrases like 'personal liberty', 'illegal search and seizure', and 'home rule'". After the convention Davis tried to satisfy both factions of his party, but his support came principally from the same city elements that had backed Cox in 1920. The last surviving participant from the convention was Diana Serra Cary, who as a five-year-old child film star was the convention's official mascot; she died on February 24, 2020, at the age of 101.

 * This was the first Democratic National Convention broadcast on radio.
 * The first seconding address by a woman in either national political parties was given by Izetta Jewel at this convention, seconding John Davis, and Abby Crawford Milton, seconding McAdoo.
 * During his 1960 campaign, John F. Kennedy cited the dilemma of the Massachusetts delegation at the 1924 Democratic National Convention when making light of his own campaign problems: "Either we must switch to a more liberal candidate or move to a cheaper hotel."
 * Both Franklin D. Roosevelt and Al Smith were filmed during the convention by Lee de Forest using his Phonofilm sound-on-film process. These films are in the Maurice Zouary collection at the Library of Congress.

"Klanbake" meme
In 2015, conservative blogs and Facebook pages started circulating a photo of hooded Klansmen supposedly marching at the 1924 DNC. In early 2017, a pro-Donald Trump Facebook group called "ElectTrump2020" turned the photo into a meme which was shared more than 18,000 times on Facebook alone. Author Dinesh D'Souza shared the photo and the meme on Twitter in September 2017. In fact, the widely circulated photo depicted a December 1924 march by Klansmen in Madison, Wisconsin, and had no connection to any political convention. The term "Klanbake" appears to have been coined by New York Daily News columnist Joseph A. Cowan, in a satirical column reporting on the Convention at the time. Cowan also used the derisive terms "klanvention" and "klandidate." In 2000, a Daily News reporter included the term in an historical article about the 1924 convention, stating erroneously that "newspapers" referred to the convention as the Klanbake, when in fact Cowan was the only writer to use the term.

title: 1924 Democratic National Convention


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andre Gunder Frank

This article was listed on Category:Pages_on_votes_for_deletion by another user, but not here. I am adding the entry here as a public service. Ground for deletion: non-notable author, substub. Ianb 13:02, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as a substub for an author whose book is non-notable and who only has that book going for him. A de novo article is better than a substub of this nature. Geogre 13:43, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * If, as claimed on his website, he was one of the founders of the economic International Dependence Theory, then we should have an entry on him; this current one, however, is pretty much unusable. Delete, unless somebody feels like redoing it. -FZ 17:22, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete substub. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:10, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete — it reads like a dicdef for an author. If he really is notable, there will be more to write about him and his works in the future.  --Ardonik 06:42, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Angel L. Juarbe, Jr.

From VfD:

This article was listed on Category:Pages_on_votes_for_deletion by another user, but not here. I am adding the entry here as a public service. Ground for deletion: transwiki to 9/11 memorial. Ianb 13:03, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki, if it's accurate, to the Wikimemorial, and delete. Geogre 13:46, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * redirect to Murder in Small Town X, which he won, and mentions all info. Dunc_Harris|☺ 16:30, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure this has been nominated before but I can't find the prior discussion. Either way, the redirect will keep it from popping back up. Rossami 18:05, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Angel L. Juarbe, Jr.


text:
Mercury Mountaineer

The Mercury Mountaineer is a mid-size luxury sport utility vehicle (SUV) that was sold by Mercury from 1996 until 2010. Sharing many of its features with the Ford Explorer, the vehicles were virtually identical in terms of hardware. Externally, they were styled somewhat differently, and the Mountaineer was positioned with a more upscale interior, with the Mountaineer's MSRP coming in at $1,000–$6,000 more than the Explorer. It was last redesigned for the 2006 model year with a new frame, looking very similar to its previous model.

Some controversy resulted after the media highlighted a number of rollovers involving Explorers and Mountaineers fitted with Firestone tires. The Mountaineer has been praised for its excellent handling and stability. The Mountaineer was never sold in Canada. As part of the discontinuation of the Mercury brand, production of the Mountaineer ended in late 2010.

Background
In 1990, General Motors introduced the Oldsmobile Bravada sport-utility vehicle, derived from the four-door Chevrolet S-10 Blazer. Though far lower in price, the Bravada was marketed as a competitor to the Range Rover (and the later Land Rover Discovery) and Toyota Land Cruiser. While sharing its body with the Blazer, Oldsmobile differentiated the Bravada with the use of model-specific trim and a dedicated all-wheel drive powertrain (in place of part-time four-wheel drive). For 1993, Jeep briefly revived the long-running Grand Wagoneer nameplate as part of the Jeep Grand Cherokee model line, using woodgrain exterior trim and a leather interior; limited sales led to its cancellation after a single model year.

As a response to the Bravada and the Grand Wagoneer, Ford introduced the 1993 Ford Explorer Limited in 1992. In contrast to the outdoors-themed Explorer Eddie Bauer, the Limited was geared towards on-road driving; it was fitted with all-wheel drive in place of traditional four-wheel drive. The Limited was also distinguished by monochromatic body trim, body-color bumpers, and chrome wheels.

As part of the redesign of the Explorer for 1995, the Limited remained part of the Explorer lineup, with the segment gaining additional competitors through the use of badge engineering. For 1996, the Acura SLX (Isuzu Trooper), Infiniti QX4 (Nissan Pathfinder), and the larger Lexus LX450 (Toyota Land Cruiser) were introduced together.

As these brands, along with Oldsmobile, competed more directly with luxury brands than the Ford model line, Ford Motor Company sought to develop SUVs for its Lincoln-Mercury division. To minimize model overlap, Mercury was chosen to sell a version of the mid-size Ford Explorer, while Lincoln would sell a version of the then-upcoming full-size Ford Expedition.

First generation (1997–2001)
The Mercury Mountaineer began production in April 1996 as a 1997 model. As with the Ford Explorer Limited, the Mercury Mountaineer was offered only in a four-door body configuration. After its first year, sales of the Mountaineer fell short of Lincoln-Mercury sales projections. Following several revisions in 1997 and 1998, the Mountaineer would go on to become the third-best selling vehicle in the Mercury division, behind only the Sable and the Grand Marquis.

Body
At its launch, the Mercury Mountaineer was closest in appearance to the Ford Explorer XLT, though trimmed between the Explorer Eddie Bauer and Explorer Limited. To differentiate it from its Ford counterpart, the Mountaineer was styled with a distinct dark-gray lower body color scheme; while visually similar to the Explorer, the Mountaineer adopted the chrome waterfall grille styling of the Grand Marquis. While the taillights were model-specific, the rear hatch and bumper were shared with the European-export version of the Explorer.

As part of a 1998 model revision, the Mountaineer was given a model-specific grille and headlights, larger wheels, and a new rear hatch design.

Chassis
The 1997-2001 Mercury Mountaineer shares the chassis of the four-door Ford Explorer, following its 1995 redesign. Though heavily based upon the first-generation Ford Ranger, the sport-utility vehicles are wider and are based on a separate wheelbase. As with the Ford Explorer, the Mountaineer is fitted with fully independent wishbone front suspension.

For 1997, the Mercury Mountaineer was fitted with a 215 hp 5.0L V8 with a 4-speed automatic transmission. For 1998, the 205 hp 4.0L V6 SOHC was offered as an option. Like the Ford Explorer, the V8 engine was mated to either rear-wheel drive or full time all-wheel drive (viscous coupling center differential); part-time four-wheel drive was unavailable with the V8 engine. The V6 Mountaineer or Explorer were offered either as rear-wheel drive or ControlTrac with "Auto", "High" and "Low" modes.

Trim
The first-generation Mercury Mountaineer was introduced in a single trim level, offering many optional features of the Ford Explorer Eddie Bauer and Limited as standard. For 1998, Mercury introduced a V6-engined version of the Mountaineer to expand its price range. Though including a different powertrain, Mercury chose to offer largely the same features on both versions.

Second generation (2002–2005)
The second-generation Mercury Mountaineer was introduced for the 2002 model year, redesigned alongside the five-door Ford Explorer. Ending its chassis commonality with the Ford Ranger pickup truck, the Explorer/Mountaineer adopted a dedicated platform, introducing four-wheel independent suspension to the model lines. Though sharing much of the same body (from the firewall rearward), designers began to give the model line an identity distinct from the Explorer. While sharing the same roofline and doors, the Mountaineer received different front fenders, hood, front and rear bumpers, liftgate, headlamps and taillamps.

Previewed by a concept vehicle at the 2000 Los Angeles Auto Show, the 2002 Mercury Mountaineer marked the introduction of a new design language for the Mercury line. The traditional Mercury silver waterfall grille was made rectangular (along with headlamps wrapping into the hood), introducing silver-trimmed taillamps and satin-silver wheels and badging. In various forms, style elements of the 2002 Mountaineer would appear across the Mercury line during the 2000s, including the Grand Marquis, Montego, Milan, Monterey, and Mariner.

The second-generation Mountaineer carried over the 210 hp 4.0L SOHC V6 as a standard; a 239 hp 4.6L V8 (shared with the Grand Marquis) replaced the previous 5.0L V8. A 5-speed automatic transmission was paired with both engines, with either part-time four-wheel drive or full-time all-wheel drive offered.

In contrast to the single trim level of the first generation, the second generation was expanded to a base Convenience trim (slotted between the Explorer XLT/Eddie Bauer) and a deluxe Premier trim (slotted above the Explorer Limited); the latter offered features including a rear TV/DVD player, rear ceiling air vents, chrome exhaust tip and roof rack, and body-color bumpers.

In line with other Mercury models, the Mountaineer expanded from a single trim level to a base Convenience trim and a deluxe Premier trim; slotted above the Explorer Limited, the Mountaineer Premier offered features including a rear TV/DVD player, rear ceiling air vents, chrome exhaust tip and roof rack, and body-color bumpers.

Third generation (2006–2010)
The third-generation Mercury Mountaineer was introduced for the 2006 model year, again serving as a counterpart of the Ford Explorer. Though unchanged in wheelbase, the model line rode on an all-new chassis, gaining nearly three inches in length. In contrast to the Explorer, the third-generation Mountaineer retained many styling elements from the previous generation, introducing clear-lens taillamps, fender-mounted turn signal repeaters, larger wheels, satin-silver trim for the sideview mirrors and bumpers; the grille and tailgate received larger Mercury emblems.

Following the discontinuation of the Lincoln Aviator, the Mountaineer again served as the premium mid-size SUV offering of the Lincoln-Mercury division. To better differentiate the model line from the Explorer Eddie Bauer and Limited, Lincoln-Mercury upgraded the interior trim of the Mountaineer and carried over various features from the discontinued Aviator, including the option of a DVD-based navigation system with voice control (not offered on any Explorer until 2008). As an option, the Mountaineer Premier offered power-retracting running boards (a feature adopted from the larger Lincoln Navigator, not introduced on the Explorer until 2007).

The Mountaineer carried over the 210 hp 4.0L SOHC V6 as the standard engine, introducing a 292 hp 4.6L Modular 24-valve V8 as an option (replacing the previous 16-valve version). V6 engines were paired with a 5-speed 5R55W automatic transmission; V8 engines received an all-new 6R 6-speed automatic.

During its production, the third-generation Mountaineer saw relatively few functional changes. For 2007, "MOUNTAINEER" badging was returned to the doors (after a four-year absence). For 2008, side-curtain airbags were made standard. For 2009, trailer-sway control was made standard on examples equipped for towing. The navigation system was upgraded, including traffic flow monitoring and live updates on fuel prices from nearby service stations. For 2010, all trim levels received the Ford MyKey system as a standard feature; the system is a programmable security system designed for vehicles owned by multiple drivers.

Discontinuation
For 2000, the Mountaineer was the third-best-selling Mercury (behind the Sable and Grand Marquis); ten years later, the model line had become the slowest-selling vehicle of the brand. Following the June 2010 announcement by Ford Motor Company to shelve the Mercury brand, 2010 would be the end of Mountaineer production; the final vehicle was produced on October 1, 2010.

Unlike the Milan, Mariner, and Grand Marquis, the Mountaineer was not produced for a short 2011 model year. While the Ford Fusion and Ford Escape has seen only detail changes for 2011 (the Ford Crown Victoria had already ended retail sales in North America), the Ford Explorer underwent a major redesign for 2011; along with several major changes to the model line, the Explorer no longer shared a body with any divisional counterparts.

Since 2020 production, Lincoln has marketed a revived Lincoln Aviator. Though again based on the Ford Explorer, the Aviator now shares no visible body panels with its Ford counterpart.

Firestone tire controversy
In May 2000, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) contacted Ford and Firestone about the high incidence of tire failure on first generation Mercury Mountaineers, first and second generation Ford Explorers, and Mazda Navajo 3-doors fitted with Firestone tires. Ford investigated and found that several models of 15-inch (381 mm) Firestone tires (ATX, ATX II, and Wilderness AT) had very high failure rates, especially those made at Firestone's Decatur, Illinois plant.

Awards

 * Class Exclusive Roll Stability Control (RSC) System.
 * Consumers Digest Best Buy for 2006 and 2007.

title: Mercury Mountaineer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CourseBrowser com

This article was listed on Category:Pages_on_votes_for_deletion by another user, but not here. I am adding the entry here as a public service. Ground for deletion: ad, non-notable. Ianb 13:05, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak delete: the article is attempting to broaden out.  Not sure.  The software isn't particularly popular, but it wouldn't be.  As a gateway to online seminars, it's going to be more implanted than a direct consumer search.  If this were the Ticketmaster of the online course world, it would be encyclopedic.  I'm not sure, though, that it has reached that monopoly position, yet. Geogre 13:51, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. An ad's an ad, and we're not in the business of helping people promote their products.  --Ardonik 06:39, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Church of Lazlo

This article was listed on Category:Pages_on_votes_for_deletion by another user, but not here. I am adding the entry here as a public service. Ground for deletion: non-notable? Ianb 13:05, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Local, non-notable, and transient. Geogre 13:37, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:22, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * "Likes to offer his opinion on the world." Gee, who doesn't? Into the garburator with this one, baby. Bearcat 06:36, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Since when do we have articles on radio shows? Delete.  --Ardonik 06:38, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fire Star 16:21, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * There doesn't seem to be any way to expand this to make it a notable encyclopedic entry. My vote: Delete Skyler 19:04, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Tilak

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Tilak


text:
Talk:Politics of Belgium

Untitled
members of cabinet should be updated according to reshuffle in 2004

see: Offical list from Belgian Governement

I updated the list of political parties due to recent reshuffling I didn't delete the old values, just added the new ones

To do ...
... Summarizing the so-called "political parties" section and moving details and list of parties in Political parties in Belgium, and cleanung up the so-called "other" section. --Edcolins 22:35, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Party 'President'
Shouldn't it be party chairman instead? Wouter Lievens 12:16, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Reword...
Can we reword this Paragraph, Id do it, but im having trouble finding the meaning...

Belgium does not have elections similar to presidential elections, where only one person can be elected; rather, seats in the parliament, city council or similar are elected, the occupants of which then vote who gets to be prime minister, mayor, governor, etc. This is probably one of the reasons why Belgium does not have a two-party political system, but that there are more than two influential parties per language region.

Keeperoftheseal 16:02, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Multicameralism?
Has Belgium a bicameral parliament (Chamber and Senate), or has it officially a heptacameral parliament (Federal Chamber, Senate, Flemish Parliament, Walloon Parliament, Brussels Parliament, Chamber of the French Community and Chamber of the German Community)? According to the subsidiarity treaty (subsidiariteitsbeginsel) which describes every parliament as a Chamber of the Belgian parliament, in order to weigh heavier on EU-politics ...; anyway, I'm not sure, but I heard it somewhere, somewhen ... --Lord Snoeckx 19:49, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Flemish point of view
The article is written exclusively from the Flemish (Dutch-speaking) POV. It does not contain Francophone opinions. It does not explain why there is resistance on the Francophone side to the splitting of Brussels-Hal-Vilvorde district, or the link with the issues of the Brussels periphery and the so-called "facilities"Giordaano 14:48, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Linguistic challenge
This section is misleading. It states that at the foundation of Belgium, Flemings did not have the same rigths as French speakers. This overlooks the reality that at the time most educated Flemings could speak French since this was the language of education and administration in Flanders even before Belgium existed. At the same time, Walloons were not all French native speakers themselves (cf. article on Walloon language) and therefore had the same problems as Dutch speakers if they didn't speak French and had to deal with the administration.

A better statement is that at the foundation of Belgium, Flemings and Walloons who didn't speak French did not have the same rights as Flemings and Walloons who spoke French.

Comment 1: while some may believe that French was imposed in Flanders at the foundation of Belgium because the Southern part was French speaking and had a better economy, the reality is different. In fact, the elite in Flanders had been French speaking for centuries (Flanders came under French rule in the 12th century, while Wallonia was part of the Holy Roman Empire; since then an increasing number of Flemings adopted French as their mother tongue). Hence, one of the reasons why Belgium declared independence was because William I of the Netherlands wanted to impose Dutch as the language of education and administration in Flanders, a thing that the French-speaking Flemings did not want to happen.

Comment 2: because Walloons are French speakers today does not mean that this was the case at the foundation on Belgium. In fact, French was the language of the educated people only in Wallonia. However, Walloon speakers preferred to switch to French as their native tongue rather than to develop a movement to gain equal rights and to preserve their language, as happened in Flanders. We can think of 2 reasons to explain this different development in the North and in the South of Belgium: - 1. French is a romance language and is easier to learn for Walloon speakers than for Dutch speakers - 2. Dutch was already recognized as a state language in the Netherlands and a standard version had been codified, whereas Walloon comprised at least 3 different regional dialects with no clear standard version (still the case today)

As a result, more and more people abandoned the Walloon language in Wallonia. As a consequence, the Walloon language is today on the Unesco Red Book of Endangered Languages.

Comment 3: since the Flemish nationalistic movement gained force, most French-speaking Flemings were pressed to switch to Dutch or to move to Brussels and its surroundings. Today, "Fleming" and "Dutch-speaking Belgian" are almost synonymous terms. But one must not forget that this was not always the case and that French played a predominant role in the history of Flanders, long before Belgium was created.

Wimul 14:38, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of Belgium" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

Please check that this country's outline is not in error.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact The Transhumanist.

Thank you.

Political Parties
The following lines were at the end of the first paragraph in the Political Parties section. They seem to be particularly opinionated and inflammatory as well as uncited. If anyone cares to salvage them, please try rephrasing and citing appropriately before reposting.
 * At the same time, this is, for the French-speaking parties, a serious indication against their own claim for a more regional stress in the Belgian federalisation (as opposed to the community-focus :favoured by the Flemings). The Flemish parties currently all favour to reform the Belgian federal political system to (at least) a confederal system whereby the regions are the centrepiece of the :political system.  Some parties, most notably the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) and Vlaams Blok, even favour the division of Belgium.

128.208.150.188 (talk) 01:37, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Politics of Belgium