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Saluda Grade

Saluda Grade was the steepest standard-gauge mainline railway grade in the United States. Owned by the Norfolk Southern Railway as part of its W Line, Saluda Grade in Polk County, North Carolina, gained 606 ft in elevation in less than 3 mi between Melrose and Saluda. Average grade was 4.24 percent for 2.6 mi and maximum was 4.9% for about 300 ft. In December 2001, Norfolk Southern took the line containing the grade out of service for economic reasons. As of 2023, Saluda Grade is proposed to become a rail trail.

History
Captain Charles W. Pearson was assigned to select a route for the Asheville and Spartanburg Railroad (A&SRR) to ascend the Blue Ridge front; the area where the rolling hills of the Piedmont end at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Despite numerous surveys, no route was found for a railroad to traverse the mountains at a tolerable grade; the best route followed the Pacolet River valley and gorge. The line began its climb at the bottom of Melrose Mountain, where Tryon is today, at 1081 ft, and continued on the south side of the Pacolet valley. At Melrose, the Saluda Grade began and climbed to the town of Saluda, cresting in the center of town at an elevation of 2097 ft.

Because of accidents involving downgrade runaway trains in the late 1880s, A&SRR's successor, the Southern Railway built two runaway safety spur tracks, which were covered with 60 ft piles of earth that could stop downgrade runaway trains. These were originally staffed junctions that were always switched to the spurs; only upon hearing a whistle signal from a downgrade train would the signaller staffing a spur junction throw the switch to keep the train on the main line. In later years, CTC signaling was installed along with automated switches and timer circuits for the one remaining runaway safety track at the bottom of the grade at Melrose. Trains running downgrade were required to travel no faster than 8 mph when approaching the runaway track switch. This would allow a timer circuit to determine if the train was under control, in which case the switch from the runaway track at Melrose would be aligned to the mainline. But for speeds greater than 8 mph the switch would remain aligned for the runaway track. Saluda Grade was one of the few grades in the country where uphill trains could travel faster than their downhill counterparts. However, most uphill trains had to double or triple the grade, splitting the train into sections to be taken up to Saluda one at a time and reassembled there for the rest of the trip to Asheville.

Norfolk Southern suspended freight traffic between East Flat Rock, North Carolina and Landrum, South Carolina in December 2001, thus ceasing operations on the Saluda Grade. In April 2003, Norfolk Southern severed the line from the rest of its system by placing mounds of dirt over the tracks and disconnecting the rails at mile posts 26 and 45. The signal system was not in use, and grade crossings had their arms removed and signals covered. Norfolk Southern continued to inspect and maintain the right-of-way after placing the segment out of service, removing fallen trees and spraying herbicide on encroaching vegetation, but multiple washouts of the roadbed have occurred between Zirconia and the South Carolina border, rendering the line impassable.

Talks in recent years of a passenger train excursion and a rail-to-trail conversion made no headway. Norfolk Southern stated it did not intend to abandon the line. However, in 2014 Norfolk Southern sold a portion of the W Line south of Asheville between mileposts 1 and 26 to Watco, a Class III shortline railroad operator. Watco operates this segment as the Blue Ridge Southern Railroad. Norfolk Southern still retains ownership of the out-of-service segment over the Saluda Grade.

On July 20, 2022, Upstate Forever announced its desire to turn the portions of the abandoned Saluda Grade into a rail trail. In February 2023, Norfolk Southern agreed to sell 31 miles of the Saluda Grade to another group planning a trail, The Saluda Grade Trail Conservancy. Terms were not disclosed. As of August 2023, "a coalition of three nonprofits is spearheading the Saluda Grade Trail. Conserving Carolina is leading efforts in North Carolina, while PAL: Play. Advocate. Live Well. and Upstate Forever are leading efforts in South Carolina." On October 3, 2023, the North Carolina General Assembly passed a law funding the acquisition of the corridor from the state line to Zirconia, and it authorized the Department of Natural and Cultural Resources to add the corridor to the State Trail System.

title: Saluda Grade


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Pooyan

Pooyan (プーヤン) is a fixed shooter arcade video game released by Konami in Japan in 1982. It was manufactured in North America by Stern Electronics. The player controls "Mama", a pig whose babies have been kidnapped by a group of wolves.

Gameplay
The player controls Mama Pig, whose babies have been kidnapped by a pack of wolves and who must rescue them using a bow and arrow and slabs of meat. Controls consist of a two-position up/down joystick, which moves an elevator in which Mama Pig rides; and a button, which fires arrows and throws meat.

Each level consists of two rounds. In the first, wolves descend slowly from a high ledge using balloons, which the player must shoot in order to drop them to the ground. Any wolves who reach the ground safely will climb up a set of ladders behind the elevator and try to eat Mama Pig if she moves in front of them. During the second round, the wolves start on the ground and inflate balloons in order to ascend to a cliff on which a boulder is resting so they can push it toward the edge. Airborne wolves throw rocks in both rounds, trying to hit Mama Pig. In addition, the balloon carrying the last "boss" wolf of the second round must be shot several times in order to defeat him; if he reaches the cliff, the player must defeat additional enemies before facing the boss again.

A slab of meat occasionally appears at the top of the elevator's range of motion. Picking it up allows the player to throw it, distracting any wolves on/near its trajectory and causing them to let go of their balloons and crash to the ground for bonus points. Stray balloons and dropped fruits can also be shot for extra points.

After every second round, a bonus screen is played. The first such screen requires the player to defeat a group of wolves using only meat, while the second awards points for shooting fruits thrown by the wolves. These two screens alternate after each level.

The player loses one life if Mama Pig is hit by a rock, eaten by a wolf on the ladders (first round only), or crushed by the boulder if too many wolves reach the cliff and push it over the edge (second round only). When all lives are lost, the game ends.

When the game starts, "The Other Day I Met a Bear" can be heard during the opening scene (in which the wolves kidnap Mama's babies). The first stage theme bears a very slight resemblance to the main theme music from Frogger, another Konami arcade game. The song is a part of the Desecration Rag (An Operatic Nightmare) by Felix Arndt, the portion that mimics the beginning of Antonín Dvořák's Humoresque Opus 101 Number 7. After the second stage is cleared a second time, a part of "Oh! Susanna" can be heard.

Ports
Datasoft released Pooyan programmed by Scott Spanburg for the Atari 8-bit computers and Commodore 64 in 1983. It was also ported to the Atari 2600, TRS-80 Color Computer, Sord M5, MSX, Apple II, TRS-80, Tomy Tutor, PV-1000, and Famicom.

Legacy
Pooyan is included on a compilation title Konami Arcade Classics, released on the PlayStation and in arcades with the title Konami 80's AC Special. An emulated version of the game was released in 2006 for PlayStation 2 in Japan as part of the Oretachi Geasen Zoku Sono-series.

The Famicom port was released for the Virtual Console in Japan.

Hamster Corporation released the Japanese arcade version of Pooyan on Nintendo Switch and PS4 as part of its Arcade Archives series. The game was released in June 2019 for the Switch in all regions, and for the PS4 in North America and Japan. It was released on July 29 for the PS4 in all other regions. Both the Switch and PS4 versions have on-screen language support for the English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish languages.

There is a series of extra ops in Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker known as the "Pooyan Missions", which involves shooting Fulton surface-to-air recovery balloons carrying abducted soldiers off into the air. Sound effects and music from the arcade game are used throughout the mission.

In 2022, Konami organised a contest encouraging indie developers to make games based on some of its classic series, including Pooyan. During the Konami Action & Shooting Contest hosted by the Shueisha Game Creator's Camp and Tokyo Game Show, Yanagi Bashi won the rights from Konami to develop the game through the competition, and a remake game titled Re:Pooyan is in development.

Clones
A largely identical bootleg was sold under the name Pootan.

Highest score
David Hanzman of Rochester, NY, USA, scored a world record 1,609,250 points on the arcade version of Pooyan on December 16, 1983.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pooyan


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User talk:Doritos654

That was very clever, what you did to Image:Radar antenna.jpg. Please be advised that vandalism will not be tolerated; continue to cause trouble and you will be blocked from editing. -- Hadal 04:59, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Scratch that; I've blocked you, since you're not exactly new here. -- Hadal 05:12, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Doritos654


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Consuelo Velázquez

Consuelo Velázquez Torres (August 21, 1916, in Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco – January 22, 2005, Mexico City), also popularly known as Consuelito Velázquez, was a Mexican concert pianist and composer. She was the composer of famous Mexican ballads such as "Bésame mucho", "Amar y vivir", and "Cachito".

Beginning Years
Originally from Ciudad Guzmán, Mexico, she was the youngest of five daughters born to the soldier and poet Isaac Velázquez de Valle and his wife, María de Jesús Torres Ortíz. At four years old she started to demonstrate a good ear and an aptitude for music, and at barely six years old she began studying music and piano at the Académia de Música Serratos in Guadalajara, Mexico. After several years of study, when she was 11, she moved to Mexico City, where she continued her studies and obtained a degree in teaching music and concert piano at the National Conservatory of Music. Her first public concert was held in the Palacio de Bellas Artes in the capital, and soon after she began as a composer of popular music. As a concert pianist, she was a soloist of Mexico's National Symphony Orchestra and of the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico.

As performing on the radio for a young woman of a wealthy family was risky, she used a male pseudonym in her first years. Mariano Rivera Conde, who was the artistic director of the station, pushed her to admit she was the author of the songs. Velázquez married him six years later.

Composer
As a composer her legacy has been more well known. Her first compositions, "No me pidas nunca", "Pasional" and "Déjame quererte", were from the genre "naturaleza romántica", which emphasizes nature's beauty and strength. Later, songs like "Bésame mucho", "Amar y vivir", "Verdad Amarga", "Franqueza", "Chiqui", "Cachito", "Que seas feliz", "Enamorada", "Orgullosa y bonita" and "Yo no fui" (a danceable song initially popularized by Pedro Infante and, in recent years, by Pedro Fernández) emerged among others. Velázquez's work as an actress in the 1938 Argentinian movie Noches de Carnaval directed by filmmaker Julio Saraceni was unique for her career. As a pianist she was also involved in the Mexican movies directed by Julián Soler Se le pasó la mano made in 1952 and Mis padres se divorcian made in 1959. Additionally, she appeared in the documentary about her life, Consuelo Velázquez, made in 1992. Throughout her life she composed music for several Mexican movies.

Bésame mucho
Her best-known piece is the iconic song "Bésame mucho", which she composed in the Cuban music genre bolero when she was only 16 years old. This piece gained Velázquez the most recognition and brought the most pleasure to her, and was created before Consuelo received her first kiss from someone she loves. After its recording by the Spanish-Mexican baritone Emilio Tuero, the famous American pianist and singer Nat "King" Cole made the first adaptation of the song in English in 1944. From then on, it was interpreted and performed by hundreds of artists around the world, such as Pedro Infante, Javier Solís, The Beatles, Plácido Domingo, Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr., Luis Mariano (who popularized it France), Dalida, Sonora Santanera, Xavier Cugat and his Orchestra, The Ventures, Antonio Machín, Lucho Gatica, Vera Lynn, Andrea Bocelli, Filippa Giordano, Luis Miguel, Sara Montiel, José Carreras, Ray Conniff and his Orchestra, Diana Krall, Zoé, Susana Zabaleta and Mónica Naranjo among others. "Bésame mucho" is also known as "Kiss Me Kiss Me Much", "Kiss Me a Lot", "Kiss Me Again and Again", "Embrasse-Moi" and "Stále ma bozkávaj". Translated into more than 20 languages, the song has become an icon of popular music. Part of its great success in the United States was the contextualization of the song towards women who waited for their husbands during World War II.

Personal life
Years after the beginning of her career, Velázquez married the media owner and artist promoter Mariano Rivera Conde (died in 1977), and they had two sons, Mariano and Sergio Rivera Velázquez. In the period between 1979 and 1982 she was a part of the Chamber of Deputies of the Congress of the Union, which was her only contribution in politics of her country. She was winner of the National Prize for Science and Arts in the field of Popular Art and Traditions in 1989.

Death
Affected by cardiovascular sickness, Velázquez died on January 22, 2005, at the age of 88. Her body was moved to the Palacio de Bellas Artes, the stage of her first show, in tribute to the known artists of the town. Her ashes later were buried in the Santo Tomas Moro church, where she went every Sunday for mass. As her last artistic contribution, she performed piano in the most recent album of the Mexican singer Cecilia Toussaint titled Para mi... Consuelo, which contains songs by Velázquez.

In 1977 the concert pianist also received the Award of Peace of the United Nations, together with her colleague the teacher Ramon Inclan Aguilar and the journalist and singer Wilbert Alonzo Cabrera, Lola Beltrán and Maria Medina. This award was presented to them by the General Clerk of the UN due to this artistic participation and organization of a lavish Mexican festival for the "día del personal" of the United Nations, a day that celebrates the contributions of people in uniform and civilians to the work of the organization.

Recently, it has been discovered that the composer left seven unedited songs in her last wishes, among them "Donde siempre" (dedicated to Cecilia Toussaint), "Mi bello Mazatlán" (that the Banda El Recodo will record) and "Por el camino", that Velázquez left to the Mexican singer Luis Miguel.

title: Consuelo Velázquez


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Time Pilot

Time Pilot (タイムパイロット) is a multidirectional shooter arcade video game designed by Yoshiki Okamoto and released by Konami in 1982. It was distributed in the United States by Centuri, and by Atari Ireland in Europe and the Middle East. While engaging in aerial combat, the player-controlled jet flies across open airspace that scrolls indefinitely in all directions. Each level is themed to a different time period. Home ports for the Atari 2600, MSX, and ColecoVision were released in 1983.

A top-down sequel, Time Pilot '84, was released in arcades in 1984. It drops the time travel motif and instead takes place over a futuristic landscape.

Gameplay
Players assume the role of a pilot of a futuristic fighter jet trying to rescue fellow pilots trapped in different time eras. In each level, players battle enemy aircraft and then a stronger aircraft. Players' fighter jet is in the center of the screen at all times. Players eventually battle a mothership of the time period they are in; once the mothership is defeated, they move onto the next time period. Parachuting pilots will occasionally appear and award players points if collected.

There are five levels: 1910, 1940, 1970, 1982/1983 and 2001. After the fifth level is finished, the game repeats thereafter.

Extra lives are given at 10,000 points, and per 50,000 scored up to 960,000; thereafter, the game goes to "survival of the fittest" mode.

Fighters are destroyed if they collide into bullets, enemy ships, or missiles. Game ends if the last fighter is destroyed.

Development
According to his account, Yoshiki Okamoto's proposal for Time Pilot was initially rejected by his boss at Konami, who assigned Okamoto to work on a driving game instead. Okamoto secretly gave instructions to his programmer to work on his idea, while pretending to be working on a driving game in front of his boss.

Reception
In Japan, the annual Game Machine chart listed Time Pilot as the fifth highest-grossing arcade video game of 1982. Game Machine later listed Time Pilot on their June 1, 1983 issue as being the eighteenth most popular arcade title of the month.

In the United States, the game topped the Play Meter arcade earnings chart in February 1983. The Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA) later listed it among the thirteen highest-earning arcade games of 1983.

Computer and Video Games magazine gave the arcade game a generally favorable review upon release.

Re-releases

 * Super Famicom as a Time Pilot '95 bonus game in Ganbare Goemon Kirakira Douchuu: Boku ga Dancer ni Natta Wake.
 * PlayStation in Konami Arcade Classics, 1999.
 * Game Boy Advance as part of Konami Collector's Series: Arcade Advanced on March 18, 2002. This version includes a hidden sixth era, 1,000,000 BC, with pterodactyls.
 * PlayStation 2 as part of the Oretachi Geasen Zoku Sono series in 2005 in Japan.
 * Xbox 360 as part of Xbox Live Arcade on August 30, 2006.
 * Nintendo DS as part of Konami Classics Series: Arcade Hits.
 * i-mode mobile phones in Japan, 2004.
 * Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 as part of Arcade Archives on 27 May 2021.

Clones
Fury is a 1983 clone from Computer Shack for the TRS-80 Color Computer. Two clones, both called Space Pilot but otherwise unrelated, were released in 1984 and 1986: from Kingsoft for the Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 and Superior Software for the BBC Micro. Vector Pilot is a 2011 hobbyist-written clone for the Vectrex console.

title: Time Pilot


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Piano Trio (Tchaikovsky)

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Trio in A minor, Op. 50, was written in Rome between December 1881 and late January 1882. It is subtitled À la mémoire d’un grand artiste [In memory of a great artist], in reference to Nikolai Rubinstein, his close friend and mentor, who had died on 23 March 1881. It is scored for piano, violin, and cello.

The work's first version was completed by late January 1882. Private performances were held in March and April. The work underwent considerable revision before its premiere on 30 October at a quartet concert of the Russian Musical Society in Moscow. The players at the performance were Sergei Taneyev (piano), Jan Hřímalý (violin), and Wilhelm Fitzenhagen (cello).

Structure
The piece is marked by a tragic perspective and is in two movements:

 * I. Pezzo elegiaco (Moderato assai – Allegro giusto) (in A minor) (approx 20:00)
 * II. (A) Tema con variazioni: Andante con moto (in E major) – (B) Variazione finale e coda (in A major – A minor) (approx 27:00)

Total timing: approx. 47:00

The variations are as follows:
 * Var I
 * Var II: Più mosso
 * Var III: Allegro moderato
 * Var IV: L'istesso tempo (Allegro moderato)
 * Var V: L'istesso tempo
 * Var VI: Tempo di Valse
 * Var VII: Allegro moderato
 * Var VIII: Fuga (Allegro moderato)
 * Var IX: Andante flebile, ma non tanto
 * Var X: Tempo di mazurka
 * Var XI: Moderato
 * Variazioni finale e coda: Allegro risoluto e con fuoco
 * Coda: Andante con moto – Lugubre (L'istesso tempo)

The Pezzo elegiaco is a darkly brooding and rather conventional romantic first movement with a beautiful opening cello solo with a theme that returns for a final funeral march.

The second movement is rather more unusual: it opens with an almost classical melody, much like Tchaikovsky's Variations on a Rococo Theme for cello, and then proceeds with an assured set of variations, also like the Rococo Variations. After working itself into more and more ecstatic heights culminating with the final variation, it suddenly goes through a surprising modulation to the original minor key, and the theme from the first movement returns with an even greater gravity, and the entire piece concludes with yet another death march.

Background
This was the only work Tchaikovsky ever wrote for the combination of piano, violin, and cello. In 1880, his benefactress Nadezhda von Meck, had asked for such a piece, but he refused, saying in his letter to her of 5 November 1880: "You ask why I have never written a trio. Forgive me, dear friend; I would do anything to give you pleasure, but this is beyond me ... I simply cannot endure the combination of piano with violin or cello. To my mind the timbre of these instruments will not blend ... it is torture for me to have to listen to a string trio or a sonata of any kind for piano and strings. To my mind, the piano can be effective in only three situations: alone, in context with the orchestra, or as accompaniment, i.e., the background of a picture."

A year later, he composed the piano trio without being asked to do so, when any number of other genres or instrumental combinations were also available to him.

In a letter to von Meck of 27 December 1881, he again referred to his "antipathy for this combination of instruments". He wrote: "... in spite of this antipathy, I am thinking of experimenting with this sort of music, which so far I have not touched. I have already written the start of a trio. Whether I shall finish it and whether it will come out successfully I do not know, but I would like very much to bring what I have begun to a successful conclusion ... I won't hide from you the great effort of will required to set down my musical ideas in this new and unusual form. But I should like to overcome all these difficulties ...

He completed his rough sketches on 20 January 1882, and completed the scoring by 25 January. On that day he wrote to von Meck again: "The Trio is finished ... now I can say with some conviction that my work is not all bad. But I am afraid, having written all my life for orchestra, and only taken late in life to chamber music, I may have failed to adapt the instrumental combinations to my musical thoughts. In short, I fear I may have arranged music of a symphonic character as a trio, instead of writing directly for the instruments. I have tried to avoid this, but I am not sure whether I have been successful."

He put the finishing touches to the Trio by 9 February (the score is annotated "Rome 28 January – 9 February 1882"), and sent it to his publishers on 11 February, asking that Sergei Taneyev appear as piano soloist at the first performance. Taneyev, the cellist Wilhelm Fitzenhagen and the violinist Jan Hřímalý were given access to the score, and they made a number of suggestions for improvement, which Tchaikovsky accepted.

A private performance with the above-named soloists was held at the Moscow Conservatory on 23 March, the first anniversary of Nikolai Rubinstein's death, while Tchaikovsky was in Italy. He returned to Russia in April and heard the Trio for the first time, at another private performance, after which he made revisions. These included inserting a break before the Andante coda and rewriting the piano part in the Finale. Taneyev also rewrote Variation VIII, a change Tchaikovsky approved.

Notable performances
The work was performed during Tchaikovsky's visit to the United States in 1891, at a reception for the composer at the Russian embassy in Washington, D.C.

Other uses
Music from the second movement was used for John Taras' 1948 ballet Designs with Strings.

title: Piano Trio (Tchaikovsky)


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Egyptian pyramids

The Egyptian pyramids are ancient masonry structures located in Egypt. Sources cite at least 118 identified "Egyptian" pyramids. Approximately 80 pyramids were built within the Kingdom of Kush, now located in the modern country of Sudan. Of those located in modern Egypt, most were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.

The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis, although at least one step-pyramid-like structure has been found at Saqqara, dating to the First Dynasty: Mastaba 3808, which has been attributed to the reign of Pharaoh Anedjib, with inscriptions, and other archaeological remains of the period, suggesting there may have been others. The otherwise earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser built c.  during the Third Dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.

The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built. The Pyramid of Khufu is the largest Egyptian pyramid and the last of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence, despite being the oldest by about 2,000 years.

Name
The name for a pyramid in Egyptian is myr, written with the symbol 𓉴 (O24 in the Gardner Sign List). Myr is preceded by three other signs used as phonetics. The meaning of myr is unclear, as it only self-references the built object itself. By comparison, some similar architectural terms become compound words, such as the word for 'temple' (per-ka) becoming a compound of the words for 'house' and 'soul'. It has been speculated myr belongs to a class of words like djed and ankh, which refer to objects already in existence when the Egyptian language split off from afroasiatic. A typical translation of myr is given as 'high place'. By graphical analysis, myr uses the same sign, O24, as benben. The benben is the mound of existence that arose out of the abyss, known as nun in the Egyptian creation myth. The relationship between myr and benben is further linked by the capstone architectural element of pyramids and obelisks, which was named benbenet, the feminine form of benben.

Historical development

Preceded by assumed earlier sites in the Eastern Sahara, tumuli with megalithic monuments developed as early as 4700 BCE in the Saharan region of Niger. Fekri Hassan (2002) indicates that the megalithic monuments in the Saharan region of Niger and the Eastern Sahara may have served as antecedents for the mastabas and pyramids of ancient Egypt. During Predynastic Egypt, tumuli were present at various locations (e.g., Naqada, Helwan).

From the time of the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150–2686 BCE), Egyptians with sufficient means were buried in bench-like structures known as mastabas. At Saqqara, Mastaba 3808, dating from the latter part of the 1st Dynasty, was discovered to contain a large, independently built step-pyramid-like structure enclosed within the outer palace facade mastaba. Archaeological remains and inscriptions suggest there may have been other similar structures dating to this period.

The first historically documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed by Egyptologists to the 3rd Dynasty pharaoh Djoser. Although Egyptologists often credit his vizier Imhotep as its architect, the dynastic Egyptians themselves, contemporaneously or in numerous later dynastic writings about the character, did not credit him with either designing Djoser's pyramid or the invention of stone architecture. The Pyramid of Djoser was first built as a square mastaba-like structure, which as a rule were known to otherwise be rectangular, and was expanded several times by way of a series of accretion layers, to produce the stepped pyramid structure we see today. Egyptologists believe this design served as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens.

Though other pyramids were attempted in the 3rd Dynasty after Djoser, it was the 4th Dynasty, transitioning from the step pyramid to true pyramid shape, which gave rise to the great pyramids of Meidum, Dahshur, and Giza. The last pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty, Shepseskaf, did not build a pyramid and beginning in the 5th Dynasty; for various reasons, the massive scale and precision of construction decreased significantly leaving these later pyramids smaller, less well-built, and often hastily constructed. By the end of the 6th Dynasty, pyramid building had largely ended and it was not until the Middle Kingdom that large pyramids were built again, though instead of stone, mudbrick was the main construction material.

Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the Kingdom of Kush, which was then based at Napata. Napatan rule, known as the 25th Dynasty, lasted from 750 BCE to 664 BCE. The Meroitic period of Kushite history, when the kingdom was centered on Meroë, (approximately in the period between 300 BCE and 300 CE), experienced a full-blown pyramid-building revival, which saw about 180 Egyptian-inspired indigenous royal pyramid-tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom's capital cities.

Al-Aziz Uthman (1171–1198), the second Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, tried to destroy the Giza pyramid complex. He gave up after only damaging the Pyramid of Menkaure because the task proved too large.

Pyramid symbolism
The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is also thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of Senusret II at El Lahun was Senusret Shines.

While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them. One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of "resurrection machine."

The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods.

All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which, as the site of the setting sun, was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology.

Number and location of pyramids
In 1842, Karl Richard Lepsius produced the first modern list of pyramids—now known as the Lepsius list of pyramids—in which he counted 67. A great many more have since been discovered. At least 118 Egyptian pyramids have been identified. The location of Pyramid 29 which Lepsius called the "Headless Pyramid", was lost for a second time when the structure was buried by desert sands after Lepsius's survey. It was found again only during an archaeological dig conducted in 2008.

Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands. If visible at all, they may appear as little more than mounds of rubble. As a consequence, archaeologists are continuing to identify and study previously unknown pyramid structures.

The most recent pyramid to be discovered was that of Neith, a wife of Teti.

All of Egypt's pyramids, except the small Third Dynasty pyramid at Zawyet el-Maiyitin, are sited on the west bank of the Nile, and most are grouped together in a number of pyramid fields. The most important of these are listed geographically, from north to south, below.

Abu Rawash

Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt's most northerly pyramid (other than the ruins of Lepsius pyramid number one), the mostly ruined Pyramid of Djedefre, son and successor of Khufu. Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been completed, but the current archaeological consensus is that not only was it completed, but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of Menkaure, which would have placed it among the half-dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt.

Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone. Quarrying, which began in Roman times, has left little apart from about fifteen courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's core. A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation.

Giza

The Giza Plateau is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the "Great Pyramid" and the "Pyramid of Cheops"), the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Chephren), the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as "Queen's pyramids", and the Great Sphinx of Giza. Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing, near its apex. This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction—it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume.

The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity and was popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence.

Zawyet el-Aryan
This site, halfway between Giza and Abusir, is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka, while the southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid, may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba, a close successor of Sekhemkhet. If this attribution is correct, Khaba's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid. Today it stands around 17 m high; had it been completed, it is likely to have exceeded 40 m.

Abusir

There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abusir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty—perhaps signaling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors and are built of low-quality local limestone.

The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre, which is also the best-preserved, Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure. The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of Neferefre. Most of the major pyramids at Abusir were built using similar construction techniques, comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of mudbricks with a limestone outer casing. The largest of these Fifth Dynasty pyramids, the Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, is believed to have been built originally as a step pyramid some 70 m high and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry.

Saqqara

Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser—generally identified as the world's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone—the Pyramid of Userkaf, the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare, dating to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt. Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas, which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt. Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by Khaemweset, a son of Ramesses II. Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser's successor Sekhemkhet, known as the Buried Pyramid. Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser's.

South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later, smaller pyramids, including those of Pepi I, Djedkare Isesi, Merenre, Pepi II and Ibi. Most of these are in a poor state of preservation.

The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in or have the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors. His tomb, which is also sited at south Saqqara, was instead built as an unusually large mastaba and offering temple complex. It is commonly known as the Mastabat al-Fir’aun.

A previously unknown pyramid was discovered in north Saqqara in late 2008. Believed to be the tomb of Teti's mother, it currently stands approximately 5 m high, although the original height was closer to 14 m.

Dahshur

This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara, although until 1996 the site was inaccessible due to its location within a military base and was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles.

The southern Pyramid of Sneferu, commonly known as the Bent Pyramid, is believed to be the first Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to be a "true" smooth-sided pyramid from the outset; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth sides in its finished state, but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid, before having its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone. As a true smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success—albeit a unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact. As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look. Several kilometres to the north of the Bent Pyramid is the last—and most successful—of the three pyramids constructed during the reign of Sneferu; the Red Pyramid is the world's first successfully completed smooth-sided pyramid. The structure is also the third-largest pyramid in Egypt, after the pyramids of Khufu and Khafra at Giza.

Also at Dahshur is one of two pyramids built by Amenemhat III, known as the Black Pyramid, as well as a number of small, mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids.

Mazghuna
Located to the south of Dahshur, several mudbrick pyramids were built in this area in the late Middle Kingdom, perhaps for Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu.

Lisht
Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht: those of Amenemhat I and his son, Senusret I. The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids. One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of Amenemhat's cousin, Khaba II. The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of the Faiyum, midway between Dahshur and Meidum, and about 100 kilometres south of Cairo, is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of Itjtawy (the precise location of which remains unknown), which served as the capital of Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty.

Meidum
The pyramid at Meidum is one of three constructed during the reign of Sneferu, and is believed by some to have been started by that pharaoh's father and predecessor, Huni. However, that attribution is uncertain, as no record of Huni's name has been found at the site. It was constructed as a step pyramid and then later converted into the first "true" smooth-sided pyramid, when the steps were filled in and an outer casing added. The pyramid suffered several catastrophic collapses in ancient and medieval times. Medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps, although today only the three uppermost of these remain, giving the structure its odd, tower-like appearance. The hill on which the pyramid is situated is not a natural landscape feature, it is the small mountain of debris created when the lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way.

Hawara

Amenemhat III was the last powerful ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty, and the pyramid he built at Hawara, near the Faiyum, is believed to post-date the so-called "Black Pyramid" built by the same ruler at Dahshur. It is the Hawara pyramid that is believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place.

El Lahun

The Pyramid of Senusret II at El Lahun is the southernmost royal-tomb pyramid structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct it by using as its foundation and core a 12-meter-high natural limestone hill.

El-Kurru

Piye, the king of Kush who became the first ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, built a pyramid at El-Kurru. He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid in centuries.

Nuri

Taharqa, a Kushite ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, built his pyramid at Nuri. It was the largest in the area (North Sudan).

Construction dates and heights
The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the major pyramids mentioned here. Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built, his approximate reign, and its location.

Construction techniques

Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone. While most blocks came from nearby quarries, special stones were transported on great barges from distant locations, for instance white limestone from Tura and granite from Aswan.

In 2013, papyri, named Diary of Merer, were discovered at an ancient Egyptian harbor at the Red Sea coast. They are logbooks written over 4,500 years ago by an official with the title inspector, who documented the transport of white limestone from the Tura quarries, along the Nile River, to the Great Pyramid of Giza, the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu.

It is possible that quarried blocks were then transported to the construction site by wooden sleds, with sand in front of the sled wetted to reduce friction. Droplets of water created bridges between the grains of sand, helping them stick together. Workers cut the stones close to the construction site, as indicated by the numerous finds of cutting tools. The finished blocks were placed on the pre-prepared foundations. The foundations were levelled using a rough square level, water trenches and experienced surveyors.

title: Egyptian pyramids


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brave Noodle Productions

A video game review site with a whopping 12 google hits. I wish there was something I could do to discourage people from adding articles like this. --Ardonik 05:06, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete! Self promotion of an non-notable company. I agree that there should be a way to discourage these articles Jaberwocky6669 05:44, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Yet Another Internet Forum and possibly film productions. Delete. Ianb 08:55, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. - UtherSRG 11:59, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete self-promotion. SWAdair | Talk  04:37, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:One-time pad/to do

 * A worked example of a one-time pad is needed, showing how two different pads can be used to decrypt a ciphertext into contradictory plaintexts.
 * The history of the invention of the one-time pad
 * An explanation of why, when hearing that a piece of encryption software uses a "one-time pad", most cryptographers burst into peals of hysterical laughter (cf. Snake oil (cryptography).
 * Maybe instructions on how to make a pad by hand.
 * Section on quantum/post quantum crypto. (if somebody could look it over that would be great)

 * Cite uncited sections
 * The mistake found in Shannon's proof and the counterexample should be included

title: Talk:One-time pad/to do


text: File:Beethoven's Last Night.jpg

title: File:Beethoven's Last Night.jpg


text:
Lexington Herald-Leader

The Lexington Herald-Leader is a newspaper owned by the McClatchy Company and based in Lexington, Kentucky. According to the 1999 Editor & Publisher International Yearbook, the paid circulation of the Herald-Leader is the second largest in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

The newspaper has won the 1986 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting, the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing, and the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning. It had also been a finalist in six other Pulitzer awards in the 22-year period up until its sale in 2006, a record that was unsurpassed by any mid-sized newspaper in the United States during the same time frame.

History

The Herald-Leader was created by a 1983 merger of the Lexington Herald and the Lexington Leader. The story of the Herald begins in 1870 with a paper known as the Lexington Daily Press. In 1895, a descendant of that paper was first published as the Morning Herald, later to be renamed the Lexington Herald in 1905. Meanwhile, in 1888 a group of Fayette County Republicans began publication of a competing afternoon paper named the Kentucky Leader, which became known as the Lexington Leader in 1901.

In 1937, the owner of the Leader, John Stoll, purchased the Herald. The papers continued as independent entities for 46 years. Despite the common ownership, the two papers had different editorial stances; the Herald was moderately liberal while the Leader was conservative. The two newspapers published a combined Sunday edition. In 1973, both were purchased by Knight Newspapers, which merged with Ridder Publications to form Knight Ridder the following year. A decade later, in 1983, the Herald and Leader merged to form today's Lexington Herald-Leader. In 1985, publisher Creed Black allowed reporters to publish a series of articles which exposed widespread corruption within the University of Kentucky's Wildcats men's basketball team. From 1979 to 1991, the paper was edited by John Carroll, who went on to edit The Baltimore Sun and the Los Angeles Times.

On July 11, 2001, the paper reduced four positions due to declining advertising revenue and higher newsprint costs. Long-time columnists Don Edwards and Dick Burdette took voluntary early retirements but are still published occasionally as contributing writers. The job eliminations were a cumulation of efforts that started in May when the workforce was reduced by 15 positions.

On July 4, 2004, the newspaper, in an effort to apologize for failing to cover the civil rights movement, published a front-page package of stories and archive photos documenting Lexingtonians involved in the movement. The stories, written by Linda B. Blackford and Linda Minch, received international attention, including a story on the front page of The New York Times. It also received an annual professional award by the Kentucky chapter of the Special Libraries Association.

On June 27, 2006, the McClatchy Company purchased Knight Ridder for approximately $4 billion in cash and stock. It also assumed Knight Ridder debt of $2 billion. McClatchy sold 12 Knight Ridder papers, but the Herald-Leader was one of 20 retained.

Office and production plant
The Herald-Leader's new office and production plant facility was completed in September 1980 at a cost of $23 million. It was a 158990 sqft structure that featured 14 Goss Metro offset presses that had the capacity to produce 600,000 newspapers in a typical week.

The plant is on a 6 acre lot at the corner of East Main Street and Midland. The $23 million cost was divided into $7,804,000 for architecture, $750,000 for interiors and $8,500,000 for production equipment and presses.

In June 2016, it was announced that the Herald-Leader would cease its printing operations in Lexington, passing that role to Louisville-based Gannett Publishing Services. As a result of the move, 25 full-time and 4 part-time employees would be laid-off. It was also announced that the plant would be put up for sale, with the Fayette County property valuation administrator assessing the property at $6.84 million for tax purposes. The first issue of the Louisville-printed Herald-Leader published on August 1, 2016. The last issue of the Lexington Herald-Leader to be printed in Lexington was printed on July 31, 2016. It marked the end of 229 years of newspaper printing in Lexington.

The Herald-Leader building has been proposed as a new city hall for the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government. Remaining staff will be relocated to a smaller office space upon the sale of the building.

On March 31, 2024, Executive Editor Richard A Green announced that the Herald-leader would be printed only thrice a week, on Wednesdays, Fridays, and Sundays. Dispensing with individual delivery by news carriers, the print editions will be distributed by mail.

title: Lexington Herald-Leader


text:
Talk:Despotate of Epirus

Definition of "despotate"
i'm guessing that it wadn't meant in today's definition but did despotate mean epirus was ruled by a despot? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Philip Laurence (talk • contribs) 05:24, 29 July 2004 (UTC)

 * Yup, that's exactly what it meant. You're right that it doesn't mean the same as the modern definition - despot was just a Byzantine title (there is a list of titles at Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy), just below emperor. Usually it referred to the heir to the throne, and later the heirs ruled their own despotate in Morea (similar to the heir to the British throne being the Prince of Wales). Adam Bishop 05:39, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Did any other rulers besides Theodore Ducas claim the title emperor? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.49.149.91 (talk • contribs) 11:14, 4 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This place name sometimes is is rendered Depotate of Epirus; please source the etymology. --Una Smith (talk) 15:32, 13 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Where is it rendered like that? Adam Bishop (talk) 15:38, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

 * web pages:  ;  Spink Numismatic Circular 108 (2000), Spink & Son (Google books, snippet view with cite to ref out of view).  See also "depotate" in Google books;  in the sense of a province, depotate appears to be an alternate spelling of "despotate".  I have started an entry on Wiktionary.  --Una Smith (talk) 16:22, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It's probably just a typo. Adam Bishop (talk) 16:33, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I think not. The Latin phrase defunctorum ecclesiis depotate occurs in scholarly books in French, German, and Italian, and depotate (noun) and Depotate (office) appears in others, also in multiple languages.  --Una Smith (talk) 17:06, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

 * There is a difference between the Latin depotate, derived from deputatus, and the "despotate", which is derived from the Greek despotes, "Lord". When used in reference to the Byzantine world, "Despotate" is the only correct spelling. Constantine  ✍  17:36, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

maps
are not in english. How useful.Tourskin 14:50, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Albanian despotate of Epirus / a nice suggestion for an unecyclopedia
it is "Albanian despotate of Epirus " Dodona —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * There wasn't any "Albanian Despotate of Epirus" and please stop posting POV which are some times products of vivid imagination!! Seleukosa 14:03, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Zenebishti
When he captured Essau there is no source claiming that he was entitled Despot of Epirus in Ioannina. Perhaps he got the title 'titularly' when Essau was his hostage, but no source (primary and secondary) is stating this.

By the way, primary sources like the 'Ioannina chronicle' and 'Tocco chronicle' don't mention something like that. The despot that time was usually elected by a counsil of nobles in Ionnina [Citizenship in medieval Ioannina] has some usefull information about Ioannina of that time and how the local population felt about Zenebishti and his army.Alexikoua (talk) 16:31, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Albanian language
An admin(Adam Bishop) reverted the Albanian language back to the infobox, and then you vandalised the article by adding all languages of those who passed from DoP. We clearly told you that Albanian language remains in the infobox because it was one of the MAIN languages, but you still decided to continue the vandalisation. Please, stop vandalising articles--Sarandioti (talk) 17:05, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

 * First, this is not vandalism. Second, it makes absolutely no difference if I am an admin or not. Now, I don't know about Albanian, but obviously Greek was used there, and presumably also Latin and Italian (it was covered by the Archdiocese of Antivari, wasn't it?). It's difficult to say anything about Albanian because it wasn't written down yet. Adam Bishop (talk) 17:21, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Albanian language was the main language? there was a limited migration before 1358 and a partition of the region after that, but I can't see how Albanian is used in the Despotate's structure, court (except from some mercenaries, who were not only Albanian).

There is interesting academic material [] about the period after 1358 of the Despotate of Epirus (based in Ioannina that time) and how were Albanians considered and described in the Epirotic chronicles of that time.Alexikoua (talk) 19:47, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

I would say Byzantine chronicles, and not Epirotic since there was no epirotic consciouness, but nonetheless such beliefs about Albanians at the time are totally understandable, if we see what happened in the following years. The difference among Albanians, Italians, and Serbians was that Albanians were much more numerically and of warlike nature which eventually led to them controlling all of Epirus except Janina. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sarandioti (talk • contribs) 08:25, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

There was a invasion in 1358, nothing more, most of Epirus returned to the Despotate of Epirus 1367 during Thomas Prelubovic (called the Albanian-slayer) except Arta and Rogoi. Tell me something, why am I talking to a sockpupet? I knew you had been blocked with different names in the past... By the way, u don't know even to report someone, too bad it was fruitless...

According to Balkanian's criteria (in Despotate of Arta) a language to be mentioned on the template must have been used as official and in local administration. According to that criteria, Albanian should not be mentioned here. Sarandioti u read to much books of the Hotza period, transition to democracy is always a slow progress for a country's citizens .Alexikoua (talk) 10:19, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Alexikua the admin told you specifically(in the 3RR) that my additions were totally valid, and you have no right to put them in the same cetegory as italian/serbian. He was clear, as I was before. The issue has already been clarified. --Sarandioti (talk) 10:23, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

ALexikua this a passage from the source(in google books). |9. You claimed that Albanian migrations were "limited". The source is clear, your claim was totally erroneous. --Sarandioti (talk) 10:34, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Read page 350 of the source |9. It says: This enabled Albanians to migrate into Epirus in even greater numbers, soon they had settled throughout Epirus and taken over most of the towns as well, including Arta. At the end of the page: Thus, we can conclude that the Albanians became the true rulers of Epirus. Alexikua this is what you described as "limited migrations". Best Regards --Sarandioti (talk) 10:41, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

You have already personally attacked me on several occasions, and now you call my account a sockpuppet. This is my first account in wikipedia, and because I manage to reveal your totally erroneous claims, you start accusing me. Facts are facts, and my sources showed what is factual and what is not. I am re-adding the passage from the source in oder to be clear again. Read page 350 of the source |9. It says: This enabled Albanians to migrate into Epirus in even greater numbers, soon they had settled throughout Epirus and taken over most of the towns as well, including Arta. At the end of the page: Thus, we can conclude that the Albanians became the true rulers of Epirus. And to think that you Alexikua called that "limited migrations" --Sarandioti (talk) 11:06, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

I know very well this book. Saradioti the article that is relative to that topic is Epirus as a geographic region (Epirus (region)), not this political identity, which was mainly Greek speaking (with some Italian and Serbian rulers). If you calm down and read the books you can realise that they say that the Despotate of Epirus  fought against Albanian chieftains (they were considered enemies of the Despotates), there were continuous conflicts between this Despotate and the Albanian tribes nearby.

Where u see that this state was Albanian or half Albanian speaking?Alexikoua (talk) 11:44, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

About Arta, this is not the article of the despotate of Arta, you are confusing the despotates, its written on the first line, not to be confused with the Despotate of Arta, which was Albanian. Did we solve that?

by the way this discussion concerns the Epirus as geographic area, not the Despotate of Epirus, which was limited in Ioannina (for a few years after 1358) because of the Albanian invasion. (read the next pages on that book, it's good to know to entire truth). Have I to say that again?

Learn how to report others, you are not good even on that.Alexikoua (talk) 12:08, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Alexikua the source is about this article. The Despotate was ruled not by same rulers in all its existence(serbians, italians, albanians). The source is very clear. Do not try to distort it, facts are facts. And please stop dodging from the issue with personal insults. Your first argument about limited migrations was totally erroneous, now you try to avoid the issue of your errors by insulting others. This is truly sad. Calm down and accept facts. --Sarandioti (talk) 12:43, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Tell me one Albanian ruler of the Despotate of Epirus? By the way see this about your 'epire du nord' favorite map, that shows a fictious Albanian majority [] ( you are far from reality and this proves it one more time)Alexikoua (talk) 13:10, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Provide a clear citation that proves partly Albanian administration, nobility, or even rulers in the Despote of Epirus (not to be comfused with Arta-again), else I will report you.Alexikoua (talk) 13:15, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Read page 350 of the source |9. It says: This enabled Albanians to migrate into Epirus in even greater numbers, soon they had settled throughout Epirus and taken over most of the towns as well, including Arta. At the end of the page: Thus, we can conclude that the Albanians became the true rulers of Epirus. This the third time, and you still ask for references. You insulted me, and you tried to dodge your own errors, and now you are saying you are going o report me? Hmmm... Need I remind you that your first argument included : there was a limited migration before 1358. The source states the exact opposite Thus, we can conclude that the Albanians became the true rulers of Epirus. Best Regards. --Sarandioti (talk) 13:28, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

It says in "Epirus" not the "Despotate of Epirus", which was limited in Ioannina for some years after 1358. You nationalistic feeling made you blind. It's the fourth time I say, it's about the region, not the state which was at war with Albanian clans.

Thank you for proving that you have wrong.Alexikoua (talk) 13:36, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Below the source states clearly that the Albanian rulers did NOT destroy the Despotate of Epirus state entity. Another erroneous claim by you. In addition to: This enabled Albanians to migrate into Epirus in even greater numbers, soon they had settled throughout Epirus and taken over most of the towns as well, including Arta, all is settled. Population and state entity. Need I remind that [| Deacon of Pndapetzim], who is an admin agreed with me? --Sarandioti (talk) 13:44, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Who cares if the x or z user is an administrator?! Here, we discuss as editors, and we have equal status!--Yannismarou (talk) 13:50, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * (ec) Both of you, can you please avoid irony ("best regards"), and personal attacks (unsubstantiated sock-puppetry accusations)? Sarandioti, allow me two remarks:
 * Your source speaks about territorial expansion, and does not elaborate on the use of language within the Despotate. I do not say it was not used, but please provide a better source focused on language.
 * By reverting Alexikua's and Adam's last version, you created a paradox. You placed Albanian at the same status with Greek! But this is not acceptable, since, as far as I know, Albanian did not have official status within the Despotate; Greek was the official language. If you go to the Byzantine Empire infobox, you'll see that it focuses on official language, and this is logical. Yes, they were spoken by the Albanians of the Despotate, but did they have any official use? I thus see two alternatives:
 * Either differentiate in the infobox between "official language" where only Greek can be added, and "other spoken languages" where I have no problem to see Albanian.
 * Either restore Alexikua's and Adam's previous version.--Yannismarou (talk) 13:49, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Ok, now another administrator decided that by removing the thread in the infobox he solved the problem. I am not sure whether infoboxes or administrators should burn in hell?!--Yannismarou (talk) 13:53, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Adam's version agreed with my version. It was Alexikua who added the other languages(italian, bulgarian etc.) Yanni, Albanians did not dissolve the DoE state entity. The source is clear. And [| Deacon of Pndapetzim], who is an admin agreed with me. And I repeat Adam Bishop agreed with me, it was Alexikua who added the other languages.--Sarandioti (talk) 13:56, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

And I wasnt being ironic when I said "best regards. I say that most times--Sarandioti (talk) 13:59, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Anyway, try to create a section, where you'll deal about language. This is interesting information, and it shouldn't be missing from the article. After its removal from the infobox, there is nothing here about language, and I don't like that. I have no intention however to rt, even if I disagree with the removal of the information. Thus the best solution is a separate section where you'll expose all these facts with no ventures of "dominance": Greek was official and dominant; Albanian was broadly spoken especially after the x chronology; other languages were also spoken.--Yannismarou (talk) 14:05, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I doubt whether the whole concept of "official language" is applicable to medieval states in the first place. "Language used for written official purposes" is not the same as "official language" in the modern sense. What language(s) would members of the ruling classes use in speaking among each other? What language(s) would they use in communicating with their subjects for administrative purposes? The answers might well be different for each of these, and most likely we just don't know anyway. Fut.Perf. ☼ 14:13, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Hmmm ... Well, I am afraid it is applicable. At least in some cases: in the Roman and the Byzantine Empire, we had official languages in the full legal meaning of the term. The shift under Heraclius' reign is very characteristic. Official use of the language in all official documents makes it official. I do not know about the Despotate, but the notion of official language could also be applicable. The question you raise are also applicable to modern states: the x country (e.g. India, where English is an official language) may have the z official language, but "What language(s) would members of the ruling classes use in speaking among each other? What language(s) would they use in communicating with their subjects for administrative purposes?".--Yannismarou (talk) 14:59, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * As you'll read here, medieval states had also "local official languages". Official language is a necessary mechanism for the functioning of an organized state, and, in the 14th century we may not have the constitutional "ethnic states" of the 19th century with fixed boarders etc. etc., but state and bureaucratic development had reached a certain level of evolution, where the notion of "official language" seems relevant.--Yannismarou (talk) 15:06, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Yanni, you are partially erroneous. For example the english language is the official language of the EU, but you wouln'd say that it is the dominant language, would you? And even if we could say that, such standards do not apply in medieval ages(no nation states in europe). So the basis should be the mother tongue of populations in each area. The other problem is which time period should be portrayed, because for instance in the DoE Albanians were initially one of the populations, but as the migrations rose, they became the dominant population numerically. There are many factors which affect the language section, the dominant population being the most important --Sarandioti (talk) 15:17, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * FYI, English is just one of the about 20 official languages of the EU, and one of the three working languages. Thus your example is not the best one.--Yannismarou (talk) 01:23, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

We can add the infobox or a section instead of infobox by saying "x language was used for administrative purposes, while y language was used by the largest part of the population. Also z, m, and n language were of limited use." What do you think? --Sarandioti (talk) 15:23, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * No! Totally unacceptable. If it is to write something so uncyclopedic, then I prefer Fut.Perf.'s "solution"!--Yannismarou (talk) 01:23, 7 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure I agreed with both Sarandioti and Alexikoua. Originally there was a book listed without a page number, and one of you objected to it; so I looked the book up and added one of the pages that talked about Albanians, and of course there was still an objection to it; that particular book also mentions all the other people who happened to live there too, and I believe I said something to the effect that people spoke Greek, Italian, and Latin there, and presumably also Albanian even if there are no Albanian documents from that period. So, I don't see what anyone is trying to accomplish by claiming I agreed with one side or the other. If this is going to be the typical rabid nationalist dispute I don't see the point of having the discussion at all. Adam Bishop (talk) 15:35, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Adam we are discussing about the addition where the issue of the language will be explained as much as possible. The format I proposed is "x language was used for administrative purposes, while y language was used by the largest part of the population. Also z, m, and n language were of limited use." What do you think?--Sarandioti (talk) 15:51, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Why don't you both (I mean you and Alexikoua) sit down, gather sources, and write a proper section? Because this is what Wikipedia is about! Writing articles, and not quarreling about an entry in an infobox. It is easy to quarrel, and edit war. It is more difficult to write a properly sources article and section, but this is what reveals who's really a skilled editor, and who a POV-pusher who does not give a shit about the article itself.--Yannismarou (talk) 01:23, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Yanni, did you see my proposition for the language section? What do you think? Is that format more NPOV? Let's discuss the issue.--Sarandioti (talk) 08:21, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Epiros?
Why the title spells 'Epiros', nor 'Epirus'(Latin, English..) or 'Epeiros'(Greek: Ἤπειρος)? It sounds weird.... any specific reason in this case? 116.43.8.39 (talk) 04:19, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was page moved. Guildenrich (talk) 23:54, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Despotate of Epiros → Despotate of Epirus — - [Why do we have to use two names, one for Epirus and the other for the Despotate of Epiros page as per 20:07, 1 November 2009?] [] --Guildenrich (talk) 20:39, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. Epirus is English usage, ancient and modern. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 21:49, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. Ditto... Dinkytown (talk) 22:18, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment - this, and other articles relating to the Byzantine Empire, were moved a couple of years ago (and some have been involved in mini-move wars since then) because the Greek-ish forms are used in the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Someone will eventually move it back if you manage to change it to the -us spelling. Adam Bishop (talk) 16:15, 7 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium uses a bizarre mix of Anglicisms and Hellenisms (Constantine Doukas is typical in using two different versions of kappa), which no-one used before it existed and which is already following Browning's Aiskhulos into well-earned oblivion; when another work of reference on the subject is published, it will perish unmourned.  It was adopted on Wikipedia by a bare majority, led by an incompetent mediator; away with it. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 19:25, 7 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The date of the end of the Despotate of Epirus
I'm surprised that this article states that this polity survived into the 15th century. As I remember my late Byzantine history -- based on reading one or another of the Cambridge Medieval Histories -- the Palaelogian rulers at Constantinople conquered it around 1312, & it drops out of the account in the usual history books. However, this article chronicles its existence down to Leonardo III Tocco's departure from Vonitsa in 1479. This would make it the longest-lasting post-1204 Greek successor state! My memory of late Byzantine history about this subject must then (1) be wrong; or (2) the usual accounts are mistaken or simplified & the Dspotate did persist this long; or (3) a number of local aristocrats perpetuated the title long after its demise, similar to what happened with the titles of "King of Jerusalem", "King of Lesser Armenia", & "Emperor of the Latin Empire". If (2) &/or (3) are the case, then the article needs to be expanded to explain that. -- llywrch (talk) 20:26, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

It wasn't a continuous rule. In the 1337-1356 period it was annexed by Serbs.However, I'll check about 1479, nice notice.Alexikoua (talk) 21:02, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

Notice of contention
The text below was moved from the front page, where it was improperly placed. (I also removed some of the bolding.) I am not taking a side in this discussion, but I am insisting that this matter be discussed here. Or appropriate measures will be taken. -- llywrch (talk) 03:02, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Warning - This topic frequently attracts highly politicized and contentious edits and bibliographical reference additions from outside the academic field of Byzantine Studies so as to impose a particular selection and interpretation on historical sources. These edits and additions clearly aim to undermine the ethnic Greek presence in Epirus before the Latin Conquest of Constantinople in 1204 and over-emphasize at their expense the Albanian element in the ethnic composition of the province.

State religion under the Toccos
Unlike the Orsinis, the Toccos did not abandoned their Catholic faith after coming to power in Epirus. So, did they changed Epirus' state religion from Eastern Orthodoxy to Roman Catholicism? Симмах (talk) 13:11, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Despotate of Epirus


text:
James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez

Admiral of the Red James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez (or Sausmarez), GCB (11 March 1757 – 9 October 1836) was an admiral of the British Royal Navy, known for his victory at the Second Battle of Algeciras.

Early life
Saumarez was born at Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, to an old island family, the eldest son of Matthew de Sausmarez (1718–1778) and his second wife Carteret, daughter of James Le Marchant. He was a nephew of Captain Philip Saumarez and John de Sausmarez (1706–1774) of Sausmarez Manor. He was also the elder brother of General Sir Thomas Saumarez (1760–1845), Equerry and Groom of the Chamber to the Duke of Kent, and afterwards Commander-in-Chief of New Brunswick and of Richard Saumarez (1764–1835), a surgeon and medical author. Their sister married Henry Brock, the uncle of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock and Daniel de Lisle Brock. Many of de Sausmarez's ancestors had distinguished themselves in the naval service, and he entered it as midshipman at the age of thirteen. Upon joining the Navy, he dropped the second 's' to become de Saumarez.

Early service in the Mediterranean and American Revolutionary War
In 1767, Saumarez was entered as a volunteer on the books of HMS Solebay (1763) although he never set foot in the ship, studying at a school near London until in 1770, Saumarez joined the HMS Montreal (1761) in the Mediterranean. Placed on board HMS Winchelsea (1764), he was rated midshipman in November 1770. A transfer to HMS Levant (1758) in February 1772 until she returned to Spithead in 1775 gave an opportunity to take his examination for lieutenant.

In 1775, at the age of 18, Saumarez was ordered to Sir Peter Parker's flagship HMS Bristol (1775) in North America. Saumarez distinguished himself under Parker, showing courage and being promoted to acting lieutenant at the July 1776 Battle of Sullivan's Island which required the Bristol to fire broadsides at Fort Sullivan. The engagement lasted 13 hours and 111 men were killed in the Bristol.

Saumarez moved to HMS Chatham (1758) as temporary 5th lieutenant. He received his first command, the tender Lady Parker. On promotion to lieutenant in 1778 he received his second command, the 8-gun galley HMS Spitfire (1776). After forty-seven engagements, unfortunately he had to run Spitfire ashore and burn her on 30 July 1778 when a French fleet under Admiral d'Estaing arrived at Narrangansett Bay. Saumarez then served on land at the Battle of Rhode Island before returning to Portsmouth.

Saumarez next served as third lieutenant in HMS Victory, under various admirals until it became Vice Admiral Hyde Parker's flagship, by which time he had moved up to 1st lieutenant. He moved with the Admiral to HMS Fortitude (1780), in which he was present at the Battle of Dogger Bank on 5 August 1781, when he was wounded. He was promoted commander and appointed to the fireship Tisiphone. In 1782, Saumarez sailed his ship to the West Indies with despatches for Samuel Hood and arrived in time to witness the closing stages of Hood's operations at St Kitts on 25 January 1782.

Battle of the Saintes
While commanding HMS Russell (1764) (74 guns), Saumarez contributed to Rodney's victory over de Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes on 12 April 1782. During the battle and on his own initiative, Saumarez took his ship out of line to assist in the capture of de Grasse's flagship, FRENCH SHIP Ville de Paris. This action prompted Admiral Rodney to remark that, "The Russell's captain is a fine fellow, whoever he is."

When the war in America was finished, Saumarez went ashore and did not go to sea again until 1793 when he was given command of the frigate HMS Crescent (1784), a 36-gun fifth rate frigate.

Action of 20 October 1793
It was in Crescent that Saumarez was involved in one of the first major single-ship actions of the war when he captured the FRENCH FRIGATE Reunion, in the action of 20 October 1793. British casualties were exceptionally light, with only one man wounded during the engagement. In reward, Saumarez was knighted by King George III and given a presentation plate by the City of London, although he later received a bill for £103 6s 8d (equivalent to £ in ), from a Mr. Cooke for "the honour of a knighthood". Saumarez refused to pay, telling Cooke to charge whoever had paid for Edward Pellew's knighthood after his successful action. Saumarez later wrote to his brother that "I think it hard to pay so much for an honour which my services have been thought to deserve".

Channel Islands Station (1794)
While in command of a Guernsey-based squadron consisting of three frigates, HMS Crescent (1784), HMS Druid (1783), and HMS Eurydice (1781), and some smaller vessels a planned invasion by 20,000 French soldiers of the Channel Islands scheduled for February 1794 was frustrated and cancelled due to Saumarez's vigilant eye. On 8 June 1794 on the way from Plymouth to Guernsey, the squadron, which included six smaller vessels, including hired armed lugger HM HIRED ARMED LUGGER Cockchafer and HIRED ARMED LUGGER Valiant, encountered a superior French force of two razees, three frigates, and a cutter. The French squadron outgunned the British by 192 guns to 92, but Saumarez succeeded in getting his frigates to safety by sailing between rocks on the west coast of Guernsey and around the island to the St Peter Port anchorage. The British luggers and cutters had returned to Plymouth before the start of the action. The British threat to any invasion force stayed intact.

Battle of Cape St Vincent
After being promoted in 1795, Saumarez was appointed to the 74-gun HMS Orion (1787) in the Channel fleet, where he took part in the defeat of the French fleet at the Battle of Groix off Lorient on 22 June. Orion was one of the ships sent to reinforce Sir John Jervis in February 1797, when Saumarez distinguished himself in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent. During the early stages he helped repel a sustained attack on the British line and covered the retreat of HMS Colossus (1787) when she was forced to retire from the action. Colossus had sustained serious damage, her sails being virtually shot away and it looked as though she would be raked by Spanish warships, until Orion intervened. Later, when the engagement had turned to a general melee, Saumarez forced the Salvador del Mundo to surrender before attacking the Santissima Trinidad with the help of HMS Excellent (1787). Saumarez was certain he had forced her surrender too when the arrival of the remainder of the Spanish fleet forced Jervis to break off the engagement.

Blockade of Cadiz and the Battle of the Nile
Saumarez remained with Jervis's fleet and was present at the blockade of Cadiz from February 1797 to April 1798. In May 1798, the Orion joined the squadron under Nelson's command that was sent into the Mediterranean to seek and destroy the French. Saumarez was Nelson's second in command at the Battle of the Nile where he distinguished himself once more, forcing the surrender of the Peuple Souverain and the 80-gun Franklin.

Battle of Algeciras and Gut of Gibraltar

On his return from Egypt Saumarez received the command of HMS Caesar (1793), of 80 guns, with orders to watch the French fleet off Brest during the winters of 1799 and 1800. In 1801 he was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral of the Blue, was created a baronet, and received the command of a small squadron which was to watch the movements of the Spanish fleet at Cadiz. Between 6 and 12 July he performed an excellent piece of service in the Algeciras campaign. In the first battle of Algeciras he launched an attack on a French squadron anchored under the protection of shore batteries in Algeciras Bay. Extensive shoals and a fickle breeze hindered his chances of success and HMS Hannibal was lost. Where he showed true merit was in refusing to accept this first defeat and in repairing his ships and regrouping for a further attack. When the French squadron, reinforced by Spanish ships sent from Cádiz, made to leave the bay, Saumarez, although substantially outnumbered, went in pursuit. He sent HMS Superb (1798), Captain Richard Keats, ahead and that ship almost singlehandedly brought about the destruction of two Spanish three-deckers and the capture of a French 74 in the Second Battle of Algeciras, also known as Battle of the Gut of Gibraltar. For his services, Saumarez received the Order of the Bath and the Freedom of the City of London. In 1803, the United Kingdom Parliament bestowed upon him an annuity of £1,200 a year (Annuity to Admiral Saumarez Act 1803).

During the Peace of Amiens, 1802–3, Saumarez remained at home with his family in Guernsey, and when war broke out again he was given command of the naval forces defending the Channel Islands. He therefore was not present at the 1805 Battle of Trafalgar. On 23 April 1804 he was promoted to Rear-Admiral of the White.

Channel Islands Station (1806–08)
On 9 November 1805 he was advanced to the rank of Rear-Admiral of the Red. In 1806 he took command of the Channel Islands squadron on that station for the second time, his flagship was HMS Inconstant (1783). While in command he was promoted Vice-Admiral in April 1807, his flagship was HMS Prince of Wales (1794). He remained in command of the station until February 1808.

The Baltic Campaign
In March 1808 Saumarez was given command of the Baltic fleet with his flag in HMS Victory. Saumarez's mission was to protect the British trade which was of vital importance for Royal Navy supplies and to blockade enemy ports such as those under French control in northern Germany. The Russian fleet was also kept under blockade until Alexander I reopened Russian ports. On 13 July 1810 he was promoted to the rank of Vice-Admiral of the Red. Sweden, under pressure from France, declared war on Britain in November 1810 but Saumarez showed conspicuous tact towards the government of Sweden and her shipping, correctly guessing that the Swedes, like their Russian neighbours, would eventually defy Napoleon. Charles XIII later bestowed on him the Grand Cross of the military Order of the Sword. Denmark, a French satellite, also needed to be kept under observation until it was invaded by the Swedish Army in 1814. In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with half a million troops and Saumarez's fleet was instrumental in hampering French operations.

Latter years and Plymouth Station
At the Peace of 1814, Saumarez attained the rank of Admiral of the Blue, On 18 July 1819 he was made Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom. On 12 August 1819 he was advanced to the rank of Admiral of the White. On 21 November 1821 he was appointed Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom. From 1824 to 1827 he was Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth. On 22 July 1830 he was promoted to the rank of Admiral of the Red. He was raised to the peerage as Baron de Saumarez in 1831 and died in Guernsey in 1836. In memory of Saumarez's achievements, there is a statue of him by John Steell in the National Maritime Museum in London. The public bar at the Duke of Normandie Hotel in Saint Peter Port was named after Saumarez and features a portrait of him.

Relationship with Nelson
Saumarez and Nelson served together in 1797 and 1798, but their relationship was not a close one. In fact on a number of occasions it became quite strained. They first clashed after the Battle of Cape St Vincent. Saumarez had forced the surrender of the Santissima Trinidad but was unable to capture her because Jervis was forced to break off the engagement. Nelson attempted to console Saumarez by telling him that the Spanish had confirmed that the Trinidad had indeed surrendered. Saumarez tersely replied "Whoever doubted it, sir? I hope there is no need for such evidence to establish the truth of a report of a British officer."

In May 1798, when Saumarez was appointed to Nelson's squadron in the Mediterranean, Nelson preferred to confer with Troubridge and even though, as the senior captain, Saumarez was technically second in command, he was often left out of their conversations.

After the Battle of the Nile, while in conversation with Nelson, on the quarterdeck of HMS Vanguard, Saumarez suggested that the tactic of doubling the French line had been a dangerous one as it exposed British ships to 'friendly fire'. Before he had a chance to explain, Nelson cut him short and angrily went below. Nelson decided that Saumarez should escort the prizes home, and they never served together again.

Later Nelson wrote a letter saying, "I could have formed no opinion of Orion that was not favourable to her gallant and excellent commander [Saumarez] and crew". However, the awkwardness between them remained.

Family
In 1788, Saumarez married Martha le Marchant (d. 1849) of a wealthy Guernsey family, who brought the estate now known as Saumarez Park into the marriage. They had three sons and four daughters: The eldest, James (1789–1863), succeeded to the peerage, was a clergyman and died without children; he was succeeded in the peerage by his brother, John St. Vincent Saumarez (1806–1891).

Appearances in naval fiction
Saumarez appears as a minor character in C. S. Forester's Hornblower novel The Happy Return as a rear-admiral and is mentioned again in the later Hornblower novel The Commodore as the admiral soon to be commanding in the Baltic.

Saumarez appears as admiral of the Gibraltar Squadron in Master and Commander and also as admiral of the Baltic Fleet in The Surgeon's Mate, books from Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey–Maturin series.

In Treachery (2008) (US title The Privateer's Revenge) by Julian Stockwin, Saumerez's purported orders (actually a forgery) result in the disgrace of Thomas Kydd. Saumarez returns as commander of the Baltic Fleet in The Baltic Prize (2017).

title: James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez