text:
Miyagi District

 * List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Rikuzen Province > Miyagi District
 * Japan > Tōhoku region > Miyagi Prefecture > Miyagi District

Miyagi District (宮城郡) is a district located in former Mutsu Province and today's Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The name of the prefecture was from this district.

The original territory was east–west long from the Ōu Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, including current Sendai, Shiogama, and Tagajō cities. As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 69,567 and a density of 620.80 persons per km2. The total area is 112.06 km2.

History
The Minami-Koizumi site had been a village or town site since the fifth century A.D. Miyagi District first appeared in historical documents occurred in 766, in the Shoku Nihongi. Archaeologists presume that Miyagi District was established by eighth century, based on the presence of square field system remains between Hirose River and Nanakita River. The province capital of Mutsu was moved to Taga (modern Tagajō) from the Koriyam site of Natori District in 724. Its residential area extended beyond the wall of Taga. In 785, Taga District and Shinakami District were separated from Miyagi, but later annexed.

Taga continued to be the capital in the Kamakura period, but the city center moved to west Iwakiri. In 1190 Isawa Iekage was appointed as the Governor Acting in Absence of Mutsu Province, charged with restoring order after the Revolt of Ōkawa Kanetō. His descendants established a fiefdom around Taga and changed their name to Rusu, which means, literally, acting in absence.

In the Nanboku-chō period of 14th century, Taga was the object of military campaigns between the South and North Courts. The Rusu family occupied the northernmost part of the district, where Taga was located. The fate of the Rusu family had been easily swung by the battles between governors of Mutsu (Ōshū). The Mutsu were strong generals sent from central government, or shogunate. In addition to the Rusu, some samurai clans were known in southern and western parts of the district, including Ōkōchi, tenacious warriors for the Southern Court; Kokubun, the lord around the provincial temple (Kukubun-ji) of Mutsu; Hachiman clan, descendants of a past vice-governor of Mutsu.

A long war broke the unity of Mutsu and the function of its capital. After the governor Ōsaki left, the rule of the district was divided by Rusu and Kokubun, who struggled against each other. Eventually the Date clan's influence reached to Miyagi and the clan sent to its children as child-in-law and successors of the heads of families. Then Rusu Masakage and Kokubun Morishige became commanders of Date Masamune, fought many battles for the Date's dominance over Tohoku region. The two held only nominal independence from Date, solely to placate the retainers of the families.

When Masamune surrendered to the new shogun Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1590, Rusu was abandoned and Kokubun was formally regarded a subject of Date. Miyagi District became a part of the territory of Date clan. In 1600, just after the Battle of Sekigahara, Masamune decided to build and move to the Sendai Castle in Miyagi District. After that the district was developed as the suburb of new Sendai town. Sendai town has been ruled as a different area from the rest since then.

The Meiji government divided Mutsu Province into three parts in 1869. Miyagi District became part of Rikuzen Province. The population in 1889 (excluding Sendai) was 60,518.

In March 2011, exactly ten years ago, an earthquake and tsunami hit this region of Japan.

Towns and villages

 * Matsushima
 * Rifu
 * Shichigahama

title: Miyagi District


text:
Taiwa, Miyagi

Taiwa (大和町) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 28,436, and a population density of 130 persons per km2 in 12,016 households. The total area of the town is 225.49 sqkm.

Geography
Taiwa is located in central Miyagi Prefecture, bordered to the south by the metropolis of Sendai. Much of the area of the town is forested.

Neighboring municipalities
Miyagi Prefecture
 * Sendai
 * Tomiya
 * Ōsaki
 * Ōsato
 * Shikama
 * Rifu

Climate
The town has a climate characterized by cool summers and long cold winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Taiwa is 11.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1292 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around -0.3 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Taiwa has grown over the past 50 years.

History
The area of present-day Taiwa was part of ancient Mutsu Province, and has been settled since at least the Jōmon period by the Emishi people. Numerous kofun were built in the area during the Kofun period. During later portion of the Heian period, the area was ruled by the Northern Fujiwara. During the Sengoku period, the area was contested by various samurai clans before the area came under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain during the Edo period, under the Tokugawa shogunate. Yoshioka-juku developed as a major post station on the Ōshū Kaidō during this time. Following the Meiji restoration, the town of Yoshioka was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system.

The town of Taiwa was created on April 20, 1955, as a result of a merger between the town of Yoshioka, and the villages of Miyatoko, Yoshida, Tsurusu, and Ochiai, all within Kurokawa District.

Government
Taiwa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 18 members. Taiwa, together with the rest of Kurokawa District and the city of Tomiya collectively contributes two seats to the Miyagi Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Miyagi 5th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Taiwa contains a number of industrial parks, and has a strong manufacturing base.

Education

 * Miyagi University
 * Taiwa has six public elementary schools and two public high schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
Taiwa does not have any passenger railway service.

Highway

 * - Taiwa IC

Local attractions

 * Miyatoko Dam
 * Minamikawa Dam
 * Yoshioka Hachiman Jinja
 * Nanatsumori

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Taiwa, Miyagi


text:
Ōsato, Miyagi

Ōsato (大郷町) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 7,972, and a population density of 97 persons per km² in 2813 households. The total area of the town is 82.01 sqkm.

Geography
Ōsato is located in central Miyagi Prefecture. The Yoshida River runs east to west through the center of the town, and the fields spread along the river. Hills extend from north to south.

Neighboring municipalities
Miyagi Prefecture
 * Ōsaki
 * Taiwa
 * Ōhira
 * Matsushima
 * Rifu

Climate
The town has a climate characterized by cool summers and long cold winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Ōsato is 11.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1225 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around 0.4 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōsato has declined over the past 30 years.

History
The area of present-day Ōsato was part of ancient Mutsu Province, and has been settled since at least the Jōmon period by the Emishi people and a number of shell middens from that era have been found. A number of kofun burial mounds from the Kofun period also exist in the area. During later portion of the Heian period, the area was ruled by the Northern Fujiwara. During the Sengoku period, the area was contested by various samurai clans before the area came under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain during the Edo period, under the Tokugawa shogunate. The area was organized into Ōya, Ōmatsuzawa and Kasukawa villages within Kurokawa District, Miyagi Prefecture with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1884.

Ōsato Village was established on July 1, 1954 with the merger of the three villages. Ōsato was raised to town status on April 1, 1959.

Government
Ōsato has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Ōsato, together with the rest of Kurokawa District and the city of Tomiya collectively contributes two seats to the Miyagi Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Miyagi 5th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Ōsato is largely based on agriculture, primarily the cultivation of rice and jute.

Education
Ōsato has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Transportation
Ōsato is not serviced by any passenger rail lines. The nearest train station is Atago Station on the Tōhoku Main Line in the neighboring town of Matsushima. Likewise, Ōsato is not on the national highway network.

Local attractions

 * Tsunenaga Hasekura memorial park
 * Site of Okubo Castle
 * Site of Suwa Castle
 * Omatsuzawa Shell Mound

Noted people from Ōsato

 * Aobayama Hirotoshi – Sumo wrestler

title: Ōsato, Miyagi


text:
Tomiya, Miyagi

Tomiya (富谷市) is a city located in central Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 52,433, and a population density of 1,100 persons per km2 in 19,535 households. The total area of the city is 49.18 sqkm.

Geography
Tomiya is located in central Miyagi Prefecture, bordered by the Sendai metropolitan area to the south.

Neighboring municipalities
Miyagi Prefecture
 * Sendai
 * Taiwa
 * Rifu

Climate
The city has a climate characterized by cool summers and long cold winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Tomiya is 12.1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1251 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.8 °C, and lowest in January, at around 0.6 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Tomiya has expanded rapidly over the past 50 years.

History
The area of present-day Tomiya was part of ancient Mutsu Province, and has been settled since at least the Jōmon period by the Emishi people. During later portion of the Heian period, the area was ruled by the Northern Fujiwara. During the Sengoku period, the area was contested by various samurai clans before the area came under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain during the Edo period, under the Tokugawa shogunate. During the Edo period, Tomiya was a post town on the Ōshū Kaidō highway connecting Edo with northern Japan.

The village of Tomiya was created on April 1, 1889 with the post-Meiji restoration establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was raised to town status on April 1, 1963 and raised to city status on October 10, 2016.

Government
Tomita has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 20 members. Tomita, together with Kurokawa District collectively contributes two seats to the Miyagi Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Miyagi 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Tomiya has a mixed economy with five industrial parks, but is also noted for its production of blueberries and bean sprouts. The city is also a bedroom community for the neighboring metropolis of Sendai.

Education
Tomiya has eight public elementary schools and five public middle schools operated by the city government, and one public high school operated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education. The prefectural also operations one special education school for the handicapped.

Railway
Tomiya does not have any passenger railway service.

Highway

 * – Tomiya Junction
 * – Tomiya Junction – Tomiya Interchange

Mascots
Tomiya has two mascots, Buruberi Musume (ブルベリッ娘, lit: Blueberry Girl) and Burupiyo (ブルピヨ). The characters where created in 2016, alongside the city's founding. Buruberi Musume is a girl and Burupiyos gender is unknown. Tomiya makes a lot of merchandise of the mascots, including stickers on the Japanese social media LINE.

title: Tomiya, Miyagi


text:
Ōhira, Miyagi

Ōhira (大衡村) is a village located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 5,918, and a population density of 98 persons per km2 in 2108 households. The total area of the village is 60.32 sqkm.

Geography
Ōhira is located near the geographic centre of Miyagi Prefecture, north of Sendai.

Neighboring municipalities
Miyagi Prefecture
 * Ōsaki
 * Taiwa
 * Shikama
 * Ōsato

Climate
The village has a climate characterized by cool summers and long cold winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Ōhira is 11.4 C. The average annual rainfall is 1315.4 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.5 C, and lowest in January, at around 0.2 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōhira has remained relatively stable over the past 70 years.

History
The area of present-day Ōhira was part of ancient Mutsu Province, and has been settled since at least the Jōmon period by the Emishi people. Per the Shoku Nihongi, following an earthquake in the year 715 AD, a large number of people migrated to this area from the southern Kantō region, forming numerous fortified settlements. During the Sengoku period, the area was contested by various samurai clans before the area came under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain during the Edo period, under the Tokugawa shogunate.

The village of Ōhira was created within Kurokawa District, Miyagi Prefecture after the Meiji restoration on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system.

Government
Ōhira has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village of 11 members. Ōhira, together with the rest of Kurokawa District and the city of Tomiya collectively contributes two seats to the Miyagi Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the village is part of Miyagi 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Ōhira is largely based on agriculture, primarily the cultivation of rice. Toyota opened a new assembly plant in Ōhira on February 17, 2011, its first new plant in Japan in 18 years. The plant, (belonging to Central Motors), employing 900 people, assembles the Toyota Yaris and Corolla for both the domestic market and North America, with a capacity of 120,000 vehicles a year.

Education
Ōhira has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Railway
Ōhira does not have any passenger railway service.

Highway

 * - Ōhira IC

Local attractions

 * Site of Ōhira Castle
 * Ōhira Hachiman Jinja

Notable people

 * Tomiko Satō

title: Ōhira, Miyagi


text:
Kurokawa District, Miyagi

 * List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Rikuzen Province > Kurokawa District
 * Japan > Tōhoku region > Miyagi Prefecture > Kurokawa District

Kurokawa (黒川郡) is a rural district in Miyagi Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. As of 2017, the district had an estimated population of 42,681 and a population density of 116 persons per km2. The total area was 367.82 km2.

The district is a home to Miyagi University, and the main campus of the university is called Kurokawa campus after its location.

The city of Tomiya was formerly part of Kurokawa District. At present, the district consists of:

Towns and villages

 * Ōsato
 * Taiwa
 * Ōhira

History
The area of Kurokawa District was within Mutsu Province and was under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. In 1869, following the Meiji restoration, Mutsu Province was divided, with the area of Kurokawa District becoming part of Rikuzen Province, and from 1872, part of Miyagi Prefecture. In the establishment of the modern municipalities system, the district was organized into one town (Yoshioka) and nine villages (Ōhira (大衡村), Yoshida (吉田村), Miyatoko (宮床村), Tomiya (富谷村), Tsurusu (鶴巣村), Ōya (大谷村), Kasukawa (粕川村), Ōmatsuzawa (大松沢村), Ochiai (落合村)).

 * 1 April 1894 District offices established in Yoshioka Town
 * 1 July 1926 District offices abolished
 * 1 July 1954 Ōmatsuzawa, Ōya and Kasakawa merged to form Ōsato village
 * 20 April 1955 Yoshioka, Ochiai, Tsurusu, Miyatoko and Yoshida merge to form Taiwa Town
 * 1 April 1959 Ōsato elevated to town status
 * 1 April 1963 Tomiya elevated to town status
 * 10 October 2016 Tomiya elevated to city status

title: Kurokawa District, Miyagi


text:
Shikama, Miyagi

Shikama (色麻町) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 6,723, and a population density of 62 persons per km2 in 20961 households. The total area of the town is 109.28 sqkm.

Geography
Shikama is located in west-central Miyagi Prefecture, bordered by the Ōu Mountains to the west. Parts of the town are within the borders of the Funagata Renpō Prefectural Natural Park.

Neighboring municipalities
Miyagi Prefecture Yamagata Prefecture
 * Sendai
 * Ōsaki
 * Kami
 * Taiwa
 * Ōhira
 * Obanazawa

Climate
The town has a climate characterized by cool summers and cold winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Shikama is 11.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1342 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.2 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shikama has declined over the past 60 years.

History
The area of present-day Shikama was part of ancient Mutsu Province, and has been settled since at least the Jōmon period by the Emishi people. Per the Shoku Nihongi, following a huge earthquake in the year 715 AD, a large number of people migrated to this area from the southern Kantō region, forming numerous fortified settlements. The name of “Shikama-saku” appears in Nara period records dated 737 AD as one of these settlements. During the Sengoku period, the area was contested by various samurai clans before the area came under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain during the Edo period, under the Tokugawa shogunate.

The village of Shikama was created on April 1, 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. Shikama was raised to town status on April 1, 1978. A motion to merger with the neighboring three towns of Miyazaki, Nakaniida, and Onoda, all from Kami District, was defeated by a local referendum in April 2003.

Government
Shikama has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Shikama, together with the rest of Kami District collectively contributes one seat to the Miyagi Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Miyagi 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Shikama is largely based on agriculture, primarily the cultivation of rice and Egoma.

Education
Shikama has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway

 * Shikama does not have any passenger railway service.

Noted people from Shikama

 * Susumu Ojima, entrepreneur

title: Shikama, Miyagi


text:
Kami, Miyagi

Kami (加美町) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 22,804 and a population density of 50 persons per km2 in 8119 households. The total area of the town is 460.67 sqkm. .

Geography
Kami is located in west-central Miyagi Prefecture, bordered by Yamagata Prefecture to the west. Parts of the town are within the borders of the Funagata Renpō Prefectural Natural Park.

Neighboring municipalities
Miyagi Prefecture Yamagata Prefecture
 * Ōsaki
 * Shikama
 * Obanazawa
 * Mogami

Climate
The town has a climate characterized by cool summers and long cold winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Kami is 11.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1336 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around -0.8 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kami has declined over the past 70 years.

History
The area of present-day Kami was part of ancient Mutsu Province, and has been settled since at least the Jōmon period by the Emishi people. Kami District is mentioned in early Nara period records. Per the Shoku Nihongi, following a huge earthquake in the year 715 AD, a large number of people migrated to this area from the southern Kantō region, forming numerous fortified settlements. During later portion of the Heian period, the area was ruled by the Northern Fujiwara. During the Sengoku period, the area was contested by various samurai clans before the area came under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain during the Edo period, under the Tokugawa shogunate. Following the Meiji restoration, the town of Nakaniida was established within Kami District, Miyagi with the creation of the modern municipalities system.

The town of Kami was created on April 1, 2003, as a result of a merger between three towns, Miyazaki, Nakaniida, and Onoda, all from Kami District.

Government
Kami has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 18 members. Kami, together with the rest of Kami District collectively contributes one seat to the Miyagi Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Miyagi 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Kami is largely based on agriculture, primarily the cultivation of rice.

Education
Kami has nine public elementary schools and two public junior high schools, Miyazaki Junior Highschool and Onoda Junior Highschool combined in 2023 to become Meiho Junior Highschool, operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway

 * Kami does not have any passenger railway service.

Local attractions

 * Jō Palisade Site, ruins of Nara-period fortification; National Historic Site.
 * Higashiyama Kanga ruins, Nara period ruins, National Historic Site
 * Urushizawa Dam

Noted people from Kami

 * Mikio Igarashi, manga artist

title: Kami, Miyagi


text:
Kami District, Miyagi

 * List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Rikuzen Province > Kami District
 * Japan > Tōhoku region > Miyagi Prefecture > Kami District

Kami (加美郡) is a rural district in Miyagi Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan.

At present, the district consists only of the towns of Kami and Shikama with a combined population of 30.197 people, a population density of 53 people per km2 and an area of 569.905 sqkm.

History
Kami District is first recorded in the Nara Period as "賀美郡". During the Edo period the kanji of its name was changed to "加美郡". Under the Tokugawa shogunate, the district was within Mutsu Province and was under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain. In 1869, following the Meiji restoration, Mutsu Province was divided, with the area of Kami District becoming part of Rikuzen Province, and from 1872, part of Miyagi Prefecture. In the establishment of the modern municipalities system, the district was organized into one town (Nakaniida (中新田町)) and six villages (Hirohara (広原村), Naruse (鳴瀬村), Onoda (小野田村), Miyazaki (宮崎村), Kamiishi (賀美石村), and Shikama (色麻村)).

 * 1 April 1894 District offices established in Nakaniida Town
 * 1 July 1926 District offices abolished
 * 11 February 1943 Onoda elevated to town status
 * 1 July 1954 Kamiishi and Miyazaki Village merge to form Miyazaki Town
 * 1 August 1954 Hirohara and, Naruse villages merge with Nakaniida
 * 1 April 1978 Shikama elevated to town status
 * 1 April 2003 Nakaniida, Onoda and Miyazaki merge to form Kami

title: Kami District, Miyagi


text:
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text:
Rose (Doctor Who episode)

"Rose" is the first episode of the first series of the revived British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. The episode was directed by Keith Boak and written by Russell T Davies, who was also one of three executive producers. It was first broadcast in the UK on BBC One on 26 March 2005. "Rose" was the first Doctor Who episode to air since the Doctor Who television film in 1996.

In the episode, the London department store worker Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) gets caught in the middle of the alien time traveller the Doctor's (Christopher Eccleston) plot to prevent an invasion of the Earth by the Nestene Consciousness (voiced by Nicholas Briggs) and the Autons after the Doctor destroys Rose's workplace.

The episode marked Eccleston's first appearance as the Doctor, succeeding several other actors who played the role, and Piper's debut as the Doctor's travelling companion Rose. Two recurring characters connected to Rose were introduced: Camille Coduri as her mother, Jackie Tyler, and Noel Clarke as her boyfriend, Mickey Smith. In addition, an antagonist from the classic era of the show was reintroduced in the form of the Autons (whose last appearance was in the 1971 serial, Terror of the Autons). Viewers did not see the Doctor regenerate from a previous incarnation, a plot device allowing a new actor to portray the character. Russell T Davies felt it would be clearer for the viewer to begin the series with the new actor in place rather than show the previous actor regenerating.

Location filming principally took place in Cardiff, the headquarters of BBC Wales, in July and August 2004, with some location scenes shot in London in July. Studio work principally took place at the Unit Q2 warehouse in Newport in August and September. Model work was recorded at the BBC's Model Unit in London in September, and some additional filming was recorded in Cardiff in October and November.

"Rose" was viewed by 10.81 million viewers in the UK, making it the most viewed Doctor Who episode since The Creature from the Pit in 1979, and received positive reviews from critics, though there were some criticisms of its use of humour.

Plot
Rose Tyler, a teenage shop assistant, is chased by living mannequins after getting trapped in the basement of Henrik's, the department store where she works. She is rescued by the Ninth Doctor, who destroys the building's roof with a bomb in order to destroy a relay device. The next day, the Doctor visits Rose at her home and is attacked by a plastic mannequin arm that he had pulled off earlier, which he and Rose subdue. Rose investigates the Doctor using a computer owned by her boyfriend, Mickey Smith, and meets Clive, who has been tracking the Doctor's appearances throughout history. Clive tells Rose that the Doctor is dangerous and that if he's there, something bad is about to happen. While Rose is talking to Clive, Mickey is eaten by a wheelie bin and replaced with a plastic doppelgänger.

The fake Mickey takes Rose to dinner and attempts to question her about the Doctor, but the Doctor shows up and beheads the doppelgänger. The Doctor reveals that he is a time-travelling alien, and that the fake Mickey was an Auton, controlled by a signal from the Nestene Consciousness. Using the doppelgänger's severed head to locate the signal, the Doctor and Rose travel to the London Eye in the TARDIS. The Doctor explains to Rose that he has a vial of anti-plastic that can be used to destroy the Nestene Consciousness if necessary. Realising that the transmitter is the London Eye itself, Rose and the Doctor descend underneath it to stop the Nestene Consciousness. They find the real Mickey, tied up but alive, and the Doctor speaks to the Nestene Consciousness. He tries to negotiate with it, but the Consciousness blames the Doctor for the destruction of its planet. The Nestene Consciousness activates all the Autons at a shopping arcade, where several shoppers are shot and killed, including Clive. The Doctor is also held down by a pair of Autons, but Rose rescues him, and the anti-plastic drops into the vat where the Nestene Consciousness resides, killing it. With the Nestene Consciousness dead, the Autons all collapse. The Doctor uses the TARDIS to take Mickey and Rose home, then persuades Rose to join him as his new companion in the TARDIS.

Continuity
Both the Autons and the Nestene Consciousness first appeared in the serial Spearhead from Space (1970), then reappeared on-screen in Terror of the Autons (1971).

Background and casting
Doctor Who originally ran from 1963 to 1989, when it was cancelled after its twenty-sixth season. Television producer Russell T Davies had been lobbying the BBC in an attempt to revive the show from the late 1990s, and reached the discussion phase in 2002. It was announced in September 2003 that Doctor Who was returning and would be produced by BBC Wales. The format of the programme was changed to 45-minute episodes, lightening the pace. Davies was inspired by American series such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Smallville, in particular by using Buffy structure of season-long story arcs around a "Big Bad" villain.

It was announced in March 2004 that Christopher Eccleston would play the Doctor. Jane Tranter, BBC Controller of Drama Commissioning, stated that casting an actor of Eccleston's reputation signaled "our intention to take Doctor Who into the 21st century, as well as retaining its core traditional values — to be surprising, edgy and eccentric." Eccleston had previously worked with Davies on The Second Coming and requested that Davies consider him for the role. Eccleston was attracted to the role as a way of shedding the image of him as a serious actor only.

Eccleston was the tenth actor to play the Doctor in canon broadcasts since the programme started in 1963. New actors are able to take over the role through a plot device of regeneration, introduced in 1966, in which the character of the Doctor changes body and identity. Davies decided to begin the revived series with a new Doctor rather than show the regeneration, as he believed it was "madness" to start with someone and then change him before the audience could build a relationship with him. Davies wanted to initially approach the revival as a "new programme". Eccleston's character is more "down-to-earth" than previous Doctors; Davies referred to him as "stripped down", while still having "fun and humour". Eccleston's costume of a battered leather jacket was in Davies' original pitch, but the clothing also went with Eccleston's desire not to have clothes dominating his time on the show. The Ninth Doctor's clothes do not dominate him, but rather create a simple silhouette and an "action man" vibe.

Billie Piper's casting as Rose Tyler was announced in May 2004. According to executive producer Julie Gardner, Piper, a former pop star, "fits the bill perfectly" as a "unique, dynamic partner for Christopher Eccleston". Davies described Rose as "the ordinary person who stumbles into something extraordinary and finds herself their equal." Camille Coduri and Noel Clarke were cast to play Rose's mother and boyfriend, then named Judy and Muggsy respectively; Davies wanted to include these characters to "make her real" and to "give her a life". Rose's family is working-class, which had rarely been seen in companions on the show.

Writing and filming
During writing, Davies had trouble coming up with how Mickey would be captured by the Nestene Consciousness while waiting for Rose in the car, and finally realised he could be lured by a plastic wheelie bin. He commented that such instances of the ordinary being made scary made Doctor Who unique. Davies had to take out "oblique" references to the Autons being like terrorists, as the Eye was once a target of a terrorist attack. The entrance of the Doctor was much debated; Tranter and other members of the production team wanted it to be more dramatic, but the scene was never reshot. Davies remarked that it reflected Rose's point of view, whereas a more dramatic entrance would have reflected the audience's excitement at the Doctor coming back. The scene in which the Auton arm attacks in the Tylers' flat was originally much longer, but was revised. The episode originally underran by several minutes, and a scene with the Doctor and Rose walking was added a month or so later.

Davies wanted the Doctor to realise that Rose has something to offer to his cause. Their holding hands while running was meant to signify that they were a team, despite him not asking her yet, and they were not to question their relationship. The episode was intended to be presented from Rose's point of view. For audience identification purposes, Davies wanted the alien menace to be easily mistaken as human, so that it was plausible for Rose to do so. Davies felt that there was no need to create a new monster, as the Autons met these criteria. The Auton sequences were difficult to film because the costumes were uncomfortable for the actors, which meant that frequent breaks from filming were needed. Computer-generated imagery (CGI) was used in post-production to cover up the zipper on the back of the necks of the Auton costumes. Davies wanted to recreate the scene of the Autons breaking out of shop windows from their first appearance in Spearhead from Space, although he had the budget to actually smash the glass instead of just cutting around it like in Spearhead.

The episode was storyboarded by artist Anthony Williams. Davies offered Edgar Wright the opportunity to direct the episode, but Wright was forced to decline, as he was still working on Shaun of the Dead. Instead, the episode was directed by Keith Boak. "Rose" began filming in Cardiff on 20 July 2004, as part of the first production block alongside episodes four and five. Howells doubled for the interior of Henrik's during filming on 20 July. The Autons' attack during the climax was filmed on Working Street, Cardiff, from 20 to 22 July. In other scenes filmed in Cardiff on 21 July, a London bus and a van of the London Evening Standard drove by to give the illusion of London.

Five days were spent filming in London. While the DVD commentary said the first five days of the shoot were in London, production notes in Doctor Who: The Complete History placed London filming from 26 to 30 July. On 26 July, the production team was given permission to add more lights to the London Eye. For the scene in which the Doctor and Rose are running through London, also on the night of 26 July, careful timing was undertaken by the production team because they wanted a London bus to travel behind them, but this had to be accomplished by waiting for a bus to come. The exterior of Rose's council estate was filmed at the Brandon Estate in London from 28 to 30 July.

From 2 to 3 August, service tunnels in the basement of a hospital in Cardiff were used for the basement of Henrik's where Rose is menaced by Autons.

The pizza restaurant is La Fosse. It took the production team a while to find a restaurant that would require minimal set dressing but would be willing to close for a day. The team filmed at La Fosse on 22 August. The area underneath the London Eye where the Doctor and Rose confront the Nestene Consciousness was filmed in an unused paper mill in Grangetown, Cardiff. It underwent steam cleaning because of health and safety concerns. They were only permitted to film for three days, which required that some of the sequence be cut; originally, there was to be another Auton Mickey involved. Filming took place at the paper mill from 23 to 25 August. The scene where Rose joins the Doctor was filmed at St David's Market on 26 August.

The production team sought to film the Cardiff scenes in secrecy, but the day before they began, the Cardiff Council issued a press release naming the streets where they would be filming.

Studio filming principally took place in August and September in the Newport warehouse Unit Q2. The lift movement was recorded at Broadcasting House, Cardiff, on 11 September.

Special effects producer Mike Tucker was reminded of the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun when reading the scene in which the Nestene Consciousness's lair is blown up, and sought to display it as a major effect. The production team built a one-sixth scale model of the paper mill where the explosions were filmed. Tucker did a model explosion for the destruction of Henrik's as well, although that was only for the roof; the rest was done by CGI. The production team considered doing the explosion practically, but that would have been too expensive. Model work was filmed on 16mm film at the BBC Model Unit on Kendal Avenue in London from 15 to 16 September.

When the episode underran, Euros Lyn directed additional material set outside Rose's estate during the second production block, this time recorded in Gabalfa, Cardiff, on 18 October. On 10 November, Lyn directed an insert shot of Jackie Tyler at HTV's Culverhouse Cross Studio 1 in Cardiff.

In the original script, Rose's first experience of seeing the TARDIS interior was shared with the audience. Director Keith Boak, however, wanted her to exit and run around the TARDIS before entering again, at which point the interior would be revealed to the audience. This change was eventually embraced by the executive producers. Davies remarked that he originally wanted to take Rose and the audience inside the TARDIS all in one shot, but this was not feasible with the budget. This effect would later be accomplished in the 2012 Christmas special, "The Snowmen".

Pre-broadcast leak
On 8 March 2005, Reuters reported that a copy of the episode had been leaked onto the Internet, and was being widely traded via the BitTorrent file sharing protocol. The leaked episode did not contain the new arrangement of the theme tune by Murray Gold. The leak was ultimately traced to a third party company in Canada which had a legitimate preview copy. The employee responsible was fired by the company and the BBC considered further legal action.

Broadcast and ratings
"Rose" was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 26 March 2005 on BBC One, and was the first Doctor Who episode to air since the Doctor Who television film in 1996. Unofficial overnight viewing figures from the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board showed that the episode attracted an average of 9.9 million viewers — 43.2% of the available television audience — over the course of the evening. At its peak, it had 10.5 million viewers, a 44.3% share. The final figure for the episode, including video recordings watched within a week of transmission, was 10.81 million, third for BBC One that week and seventh across all channels. In some regions, the first few minutes of the original BBC broadcast of this episode on 26 March were marred by the accidental mixing of a few seconds of sound from Graham Norton hosting Strictly Dance Fever.

Internationally, "Rose" was first transmitted on CBC Television in Canada on 5 April 2005, debuting to strong ratings of 986,000 viewers. In Australia, it was broadcast on 21 May 2005 on ABC to 1.11 million viewers. "Rose" was first broadcast in the United States on the Sci-Fi Channel on 17 March 2006. It was aired back-to-back with the following episode "The End of the World"; Davies had originally wanted the first two episodes to be aired together in the UK but the request was given to the BBC too soon before transmission for the schedule to be altered. The US premiere was watched by 1.58 million viewers.

On 30 March, four days after the episode was originally broadcast in the UK, the BBC announced that another full series had been commissioned. On the same day, the BBC released a statement, apparently from Eccleston, saying that he would be leaving the role at Christmas, for fear of being typecast. The BBC later revealed this was not an official statement from Eccleston, whom they had failed to contact before responding to press questions after the story broke. Eccleston later said, "They handled it very badly, but they issued an apology and I dropped it" in a 2010 interview. After it was announced that Eccleston was leaving the BBC said that they were in talks with David Tennant to take over the role and he became the bookmakers' favourite, with odds at 1/10 and William Hill refusing to take any more bets on who would be cast as the new Doctor. A BBC spokesman said that they had "hoped, rather than expected" that Eccleston would continue in the role.

Reception
"Rose" received positive reviews and was seen as a successful relaunch to the programme. Harry Venning of The Stage praised Davies' script, particularly for taking it seriously and making it scary. He was pleased with Piper's acting and with the character of Rose, who proved to be more independent than her predecessors. However, he felt that Eccleston was "the show's biggest disappointment" as he seemed unsuited to a fantasy role. Digital Spy's Dek Hogan stated that production values had increased from the classic series, and praised the acting of Eccleston, Piper, and Clarke, and their respective characters. However, he felt that some of the humour — such as the wheelie bin burping after it consumes Mickey — was not as enjoyable as an adult. The Sydney Morning Herald reviewer Robin Oliver praised Davies for "[taking] an adult approach to one of television's most famous characters" and "[overriding] the cash-strapped production values of the past to make his new doctor competitive in a high-tech market". Kay McFadden of The Seattle Times described the revival as "superb" and "intelligent and well-done". However, Stephen Brook of The Guardian said that it was "pitched at its youngest ever audience", and also felt that the episode had an "overdose on humour".

Retrospective reviews have also been positive. Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times gave "Rose" four out of five stars in 2013, particularly praising Rose's fleshed-out life and how it welcomed in new viewers. While he noted "minor gripes" and felt the Autons' destruction was toned-down, he praised the direction and the performances and called it "a blinding success". The A.V. Club reviewer Alasdair Wilkins gave the episode a grade of a B, also noting how important it was that Rose's world was shown first. He felt that some effects already seemed dated in 2013 and Jackie and Mickey were one-dimensional, but the episode succeeded above all else, especially in developing Rose and the Doctor's relationship and pointing out that the Doctor is dangerous. In 2013, Ben Lawrence of The Daily Telegraph named "Rose" as one of the top ten Doctor Who stories set in the contemporary time.

Legacy
On March 26, 2020, the fifteenth anniversary of the episode, a collective fan "Watch-along" was held on Twitter. Writer of the episode Russell T Davies participated and released a prequel and sequel to the episode. The prequel was entitled "Doctor Who and the Time War", an unused story intended for Doctor Who magazine but declined for contradicting The Day of the Doctor. The story concerns The Eighth Doctor's regeneration into The Ninth Doctor after the events of the Time War. The sequel, entitled "Revenge of the Nestene", was released in audio form, akin to the Big Finish range, continues the story from the novelisation and concerns the survival of one Auton after the events of the episode. The infamous Graham Norton interruption was also recreated.

In print
A novelisation of this story written by Russell T Davies was released in paperback and digital formats on 5 April 2018 as part of the Target Collection. The book features deviations from the original episode such as bigger set pieces, new plot twists and more characters. For the scene in which Clive shows Rose pictures of the Ninth Doctor to prove his immortality, the novelisation has Clive also show her previous incarnations, as well as future ones such as the Eleventh and Twelfth incarnations and Doctors that have not appeared in the series.

Critical analysis
A book length study of the serial, written by Jon Arnold, was published as part of The Black Archive series from Obverse Books in 2016.

The serial was covered in number 48 of the Doctor Who: The Complete History book series, which reprinted Andrew Pixley's Archive features from Doctor Who Magazine and the various Doctor Who Magazine Special Editions, as well as new articles created specifically for the book.

title: Rose (Doctor Who episode)


text:
Matsuyama, Miyagi

Matsuyama (松山町) was a town located in Shida District, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.

In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,988 and a population density of 232.16 persons per km2. The total area was 30.10 km2.

On March 31, 2006, Matsuyama, along with the city of Furukawa, the towns of Iwadeyama and Naruko (both from Tamatsukuri District), the towns of Kashimadai and Sanbongi (all from Shida District), and the town of Tajiri (from Tōda District), was merged to create the city of Ōsaki. Tamatsukuri District and Shida District were dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Matsuyama, Miyagi


text:
Frank Bello

Frank Bello (born July 9, 1965) is an American musician who plays bass for the thrash metal band Anthrax. Bello was also in Helmet from 2004 to 2005.

Early life
Bello is the nephew of Anthrax drummer Charlie Benante. He had a younger brother Anthony, who was murdered in the Bronx, New York City, in 1996. His murder was never solved. Bello has a tattoo on his right upper arm with a design of Anthony's face, with the words 'In Memory of Anthony' below it.

On April 21, 2023, Benante announced the passing of Bello’s mother Rosie.

Career
Bello was originally a roadie and guitar technician for Anthrax, but later replaced Dan Lilker soon after the release of the band's 1984 debut album Fistful of Metal, and has held this position ever since, excluding a brief departure in 2004, during which he was a member of Helmet – another New York City-based metal band. His stint in Helmet was brief, as Bello reunited with Anthrax the following year, and has remained in the band since.

Bello has referred to Paul McCartney, Steve Harris, Gene Simmons, Geezer Butler, Geddy Lee, Chris Squire, Tom Petersson and Jaco Pastorius as influences and inspirations to his bass playing. He mostly plays bass fingerstyle, but also uses a pick on certain songs. For example he can be seen using one in the videos for "Room for One More" and "Fueled". He also used a pick most of the time during his stint with Helmet.

In May 2021, Bello announced the forthcoming publication of his autobiography, Fathers, Brothers, and Sons: Surviving Anguish, Abandonment, and Anthrax. The book's co-writer is British author Joel McIver and it includes a foreword by Gene Simmons of Kiss.

In 2024, Bello joined Satyricon as a touring member.

Acting
Bello played Richard Hell in Greetings from Tim Buckley, a film on Tim and Jeff Buckley, which premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival. He also played a small role as a stick-up man in Joe's Apartment, and appeared in the intro scene in the Law & Order episode "The Brotherhood", credited as "Rocker". He also played himself in an episode of Married... with Children and Newsradio.

Equipment
In the early days on Anthrax, Bello used an ESP Precision-styled bass, possibly a 400 series, that had EMG P-bass and J-bass pickups. ESP released this bass as a signature model, available only in Japan, in the mid-to-late 1980s. Sometime during the late 1980s, he switched to an ESP Surveyor P-bass, which had nearly all the same specifications of his previous basses, but with a finished headstock. He began using Fender basses during the beginning of the 1990s, due to a falling out with ESP which, according to ESP Vice President Jeff Moore, was due to miscommunication. He began using Fender P-basses around the time of Persistence of Time until the release of his signature model. Bello had a signature model Fender Jazz bass. The model combines a Fender Aerodyne body with a Precision Bass-width neck, Alder body wood (as opposed to the Aerodyne's Basswood) and a mix of Precision and Jazz bass pickups along with non-standard custom-chosen hardware. Pickups used on the bass are Seymour Duncan SPB-3 precision bass pickup in the neck position and a Samarium Cobalt Noiseless Jazz Bass pickup in the bridge position, although Bello's personal bass now is equipped with EMG HZ Passive pickups which Bello prefers "as the output is... a lot louder" and he gets "a lot more punch". Bello also had a signature Squier electric jazz bass. It features P/J style pick up combination and a skull inlay/body graphic.

The ESP Frank Bello and LTD FB-4 are both based on the ESP Vintage-4 model, customized to Belloʼs specifications with a Black Satin finish and black anodized aluminum pickguard, ebony fingerboard with black pearloid block inlays, EMG PJ-X active pickups and a Gotoh bridge. The basses feature bolt-on construction at 34" scale, an alder body, and maple neck with 21 XJ frets. There is a writing of "R.I.P. Dimebag" on Bello's bass guitar (Fender model) for tribute to deceased Pantera and Damageplan guitarist Dimebag Darrell, which he inscribed into his bass the night of his death. After constant touring with Megadeth's bass player, David Ellefson, Bello switched to a Hartke LH1000 and HyDrive cabinets. On tour, he also use a SansAmp Bass driver for a "grinding tone" for the "Got The Time" song. Previously, he used Ampeg SVT amplifiers and cabinets during the early 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. During the late 1980s, he used a rack system that relied on a Yamaha PB1 Preamp and Crown Power Base-1 power amplifiers. While in Helmet, Bello used Fender 800-PRO amplifiers with a Sansamp Bass Driver DI distortion pedal.

In 2022 Charvel Guitars introduced a Frank Bello signature bass from their custom shop with a P Bass body, PJ EMG pickup configuration, Mirrored tele bass style pickguard and a maple neck and fretboard. Later in the year they released a Pro-Mod Mexican made version In 2023 Tech 21 release a Frank Bello signature SansAmp, the Street Driver 48

Philanthropy
Bello has shown support for Little Kids Rock, a national nonprofit that works to restore and revitalize music education in disadvantaged U.S. public schools, by donating several bass guitars and amps to 15 New York City public schools. He also visited a Little Kids Rock classroom to show encouragement to young musicians, answer their questions, and jam with them on their favorite songs.

Discography
Helmet - "Size Matters" (album, 2004)

Crobot - "Mountain" (single, 2021)

Frank Bello - "Then I'm Gone" (3-songs single, 2022).

title: Frank Bello


text:
Wümme

Wümme is a river in northern Germany, in the states Lower Saxony and Bremen, marking the border between the two states for part of its course. It is the main headstream of the Lesum.

The Wümme's length is 121 km. Including the 9.9 km Lesum, that runs into the river Weser, its total length is 131.2 km.

The river's source is on the Wulfsberg in Lüneburg Heath. West of Rotenburg, it takes up the rivers Rodau and Wiedau. The Wümme from the left and the Hamme from the right combine near Wasserhorst (part of Blockland in Bremen) forming the Lesum.

Towns on the river Wümme are Lauenbrück, Scheeßel, Rotenburg, Ottersberg, Fischerhude, Lilienthal and Bremen.

title: Wümme


text:
Illuminations (poetry collection)

Illuminations is an incomplete suite of prose poems by the French poet Arthur Rimbaud, first published partially in , a Paris literary review, in May–June 1886. The texts were reprinted in book form in October 1886 by Les publications de La Vogue under the title Les Illuminations proposed by the poet Paul Verlaine, Rimbaud's former lover. In his preface, Verlaine explained that the title was based on the English word illuminations, in the sense of coloured plates, and a sub-title that Rimbaud had already given the work. Verlaine dated its composition between 1873 and 1875.

Rimbaud wrote the majority of poems comprising Illuminations during his stay in the United Kingdom with Verlaine at his side. The texts follow Rimbaud's peregrinations in 1873 from Reading where he had hoped to find steady work, to Charleville and Stuttgart in 1875.

Content, style, and themes
The text of Illuminations is generally agreed to consist of forty-two poems. In large part, due to the circumstances surrounding the publication of the poems of Illuminations, there is no consensus as to the order in which Rimbaud intended the poems to appear. Nevertheless, certain conventions stand among the many editions of the text. For example, the various publications of Illuminations almost invariably begin with "Après Le Deluge". Despite this ostensible controversy, a large number of scholars have declared the order of Illuminations to be irrelevant. Perhaps translator Bertrand Mathieu best distilled the major reasons for this contention: "No single poem really depends on the others or counts on them to achieve its own perfections. Each is intrinsic (we don't know the exact sequence and we don't need to know it)."

The collection consists overwhelmingly of prose poems, which number forty of the forty-two poems. The two exceptions are "Marine" and "Mouvement", which are vers libre. These two poems are remarkable not only as exceptions within Illuminations itself, but as two of the first free verse poems written in the French language. Within the genres of prose poetry and vers libre, the poems of Illuminations bear many stylistic distinctions. Though influenced by the earlier prose poems of Charles Baudelaire, the prose poems differ starkly from Baudelaire's in that they lack prosaic elements such as linear storytelling and transitions. Because of these differences, Rimbaud's prose poems are denser and more poetic than Baudelaire's. These differences also contribute to the surrealist quality of Illuminations. Though Rimbaud predated surrealism, he is said to have written in a surrealistic style due to the hallucinatory, dreamlike aspect of many of the poems. Another aspect of Rimbaud's style, which also contributes to the visionary quality of the poems, is his use of words for their evocative quality rather than their literal meaning. In addition to these stylistic qualities, Illuminations is rich with sensory imagery. A puzzling aspect of Rimbaud's style is his use of foreign words within the French text of Illuminations. For example, the poem "Being Beauteous" has an English title, even in the original French. Rimbaud biographer Graham Robb suggests that the presence of words from languages like English and German are due in part to Rimbaud's travels. Apparently, as he learned languages, Rimbaud kept lists of words he wished to use in poems.

Because the poems of Illuminations are so diverse and self-contained, they cover a wide range of themes. One theme evident throughout the text is protest. This theme permeates the first poem, "Après Le Deluge", and continues throughout many of the poems in the work. In Illuminations, Rimbaud seems to protest almost everything the society in which he lives has to offer. Another major theme in Illuminations is the city, most evident in the poem "Ville". This theme features prominently in at least six of the poems of Illuminations, and is mentioned in many others. In these poems, Rimbaud expresses a simultaneous attraction and horror towards the modern city. Other major themes include anguish, ecstasy, metamorphosis, nature, walking and travel, creation and destruction.

Writing Les Illuminations
No one knows exactly when Rimbaud's Les Illuminations was written. It can be ascertained, from examination of the poems, that they were not all written at the same time. It is known that the poems were written in many different locations, such as Paris, London, and Belgium. Rimbaud was also involved in various relationships while he was composing these writings. He lived with Paul Verlaine and his small family in Paris from September 1871 to July 1872, with a short stint in Charleville in March, April, and May. The two travelled from Belgium to London in August 1872. It was this trip to London that provided Rimbaud with the backdrop of a British city for many of his poems. The two spent the following year together in London, with Rimbaud visiting Charleville twice. During these months with Verlaine, Rimbaud grew and matured. The majority of the poems included in Les Illuminations were written in 1873, the happiest year of Rimbaud's and Verlaine's relationship.

When his relationship with Verlaine ended, Rimbaud went to live with Germain Nouveau in London in 1874, revising old poems and writing new ones later included in Les Illuminations. Rimbaud's relationship with Nouveau remains mysterious because of the lack of information about their life together. Although little is known about this year in his life, it is certain that in February 1875 Rimbaud had given the manuscript sub-titled Les Illuminations to Verlaine.

Publication and critical response
Two versions of Illuminations were published in 1886, each version arranging texts in orders that differ from the other edition. Earning his living as a trader in the Horn of Africa at this time, Rimbaud was never personally involved in the publication of either edition. He did not leave Africa until 1891 when he was sick to the point of death.

Publication history
On Verlaine's release from prison in February 1875, Rimbaud entrusted him with the manuscript known today as Illuminations with the mission to mail it to Germain Nouveau in Brussels. Intent on an extended tour of Europe, Rimbaud had asked Nouveau to secure a Belgian publisher in his absence. Soon after sending the manuscript to Nouveau, however, Verlaine was seized with remorse: Why had he not searched for a publisher himself? At Verlaine's request, Nouveau returned the manuscript two years later at a meeting in London in 1877. With a view to publishing the complete works, Verlaine inserted into the original manuscript poems written in 1872 along with texts Rimbaud had given to Nouveau. Several months later, Verlaine loaned the manuscripts to the composer Charles de Sivry (the half-brother of Verlaine's estranged wife, Mathilde Mauté) with the aim of their being set to music. Learning that her half-brother was in possession of Rimbaud's texts, Mathilde expressly forbade de Sivry to return the manuscripts to Verlaine or to anyone else likely to publish them. It was not until nine years later, in 1886, after Mathilde had divorced Verlaine and remarried, that she rescinded her publication ban. Still seeking revenge over the destruction of her marriage by Rimbaud, Mathilde prohibited Verlaine from ever regaining possession of his former lover's manuscripts.

De Sivry confided Rimbaud's texts to Louis Cardonel with the proviso that Verlaine was not to be involved in their publication. Cardonel approached Gustave Kahn, editor of the literary magazine La Vogue, who agreed to publish the work along with a sonnet by Rimbaud in 1886. At Kahn's request, art critic and journalist Félix Fénéon arranged the order of the texts by respecting pages that linked the end of a text and the start of another. Inserted at random were verse poems and a few isolated pages. Despite these preparations, only 35 out of a total of 42 texts were published in La Vogue between May 13 and June 21 due to an obscure dispute between those associated with the project. Later in the year, Kahn commissioned Verlaine to write a preface to the still untitled suite of poems for their publication in book form by Les publications de La Vogue in October 1886. Verlaine gave them their collective name Illuminations or "coloured plates", a title that Rimbaud had earlier proposed as a sub-title. The publishers' dispute ultimately resulted in a dividing up of the manuscripts and their dispersal. Rimbaud died without the benefit of knowing that his manuscripts had not only been published but were lauded and studied, having finally gained the recognition he had strived for.

In 1895, an edition claiming to be the "complete works" of Rimbaud, with a new preface by Verlaine, was published by Vanier éditions, containing only five pieces from Illuminations. Since then, there have been many publications of Rimbaud's Illuminations, both in the original French and in translation.

Critical opinion
Rimbaud was the subject of an entire chapter in Paul Verlaine's Les Poètes maudits, showing the older poet's devotion to and belief in his young lover. He also wrote an introduction to the Illuminations in the 1891 publication, arguing that despite the years past in which no one heard from Rimbaud his works were still relevant and valuable.

Albert Camus, in his 1951 essay L'homme révolté, hailed Rimbaud as "the poet of revolt, and the greatest", mainly for his last two works, Une saison en enfer and Illuminations — although he vehemently criticized him for his later "resignation" from literature, hence revolt itself, when he became a "bourgeois traficker".

Translation history
Arthur Rimbaud's Illuminations, initially written and published in the late 19th century, has been translated numerous times since its original composition. Translators (and often poets in their own right) have undertaken this task repeatedly throughout the last century, producing many distinct, original, and innovative versions of the French collection of prose poetry. Some of the most popular translations include those by Helen Rootham (1932), Louise Varèse (1946/revised 1957), Paul Schmidt (1976), Nick Osmond (1993), Dennis J. Carlile (2001), Martin Sorrell (2001), Wyatt Mason (2002), and the collaborative team composed of Jeremy Harding and John Sturrock (2004). All of these translators have worked to introduce Illuminations to a new generation, each having their own angle in their presentation of the work. Variations in cross-language (French to English) translation, differences in the ordering of texts, discrepancies in the inclusion/exclusion of certain "proems", and incorporation of forwards/introductions written by the specific translators all account for the ability of these works to offer new meaning to Illuminations. In 2011, poet John Ashbery published a translation of Illuminations, which was favorably reviewed in the New York Times Book Review by Lydia Davis as "meticulously faithful yet nimbly inventive."

Analysis of translations
The translation of Illuminations from French to English proves a daunting task for the translator. They may either choose to remain as close to the original as possible, often creating ambiguity due to discontinuity; to indulge in their creative liberties as a translator and elaborate/explain in the translation; or to find a medium amongst these two methodologies. Various translators have interpreted their roles in the presentation of Illuminations to the public in a different light, thus producing multiple versions of the collection of prose poems.

In the Wyatt Mason translation (2002), much of the Introduction to his version of Illuminations focuses on the biographical details of Rimbaud's life. The intrigue surrounding the poet's scandalous character incites a desire in readers to better understand what inspired Rimbaud, what made him tick. Mason's methodology of focusing so extensively on Rimbaud's life leads readers to conclude his translation functions as a tool of conveying what emotions and feelings Rimbaud was experiencing at the time of his writing.

In the Nick Osmond translation (1993), a thorough reading of the Introduction again provides background information and proves useful in examining his purpose for translating. Focusing extensively on the lengthy and uncertain publication process surrounding the original "proems," Osmond attempts to organize the works into distinct groups, establishing some definitive order. Because no one truly knows how Rimbaud intended them to be arranged in a collective work, this decision is left up to the translator. As Osmond suggests, different ordering gives rise to different meaning in the poems. Thus, ordering provides another mechanism through which translators have the ability to formulate the message they wish to convey in their particular piece of literature.

In the Jeremy Harding and John Sturrock translation (2004), the reader is the focus of the work. Parallel text has been adopted to make the reading more manageable for the literary audience, and although this is known to "cramp" a translator's style, Harding & Sturrock chose to do so for the sake of their readers. In addition, this translation takes much liberty in the sounds established through cross-language barriers. Instead of focusing on keeping the syllable count consistent with the French when translated to English, the translators chose to use words sounding more pleasant to the 'English ear'. Also interesting, this translation includes only half of the forty-two prose poems known to make up Illuminations, proving further liberties have been taken in its formation.

Standing the test of time and ensuring the work's longevity in the literary world, Rimbaud's Illuminations has been translated repeatedly and introduced to new generations of individuals. Each translator, like each poet, writes with a purpose. The various versions of Illuminations in publication will continue to draw on different aspects of the original and evoke different responses from readers.

Influence and legacy
Symbolism: The Paris literary review La Vogue was the first to publish Illuminations. Knowing little about Rimbaud, the editor Gustave Kahn mistakenly introduced him as "the late Arthur Rimbaud", thereby facilitating his adoption by the Symbolists as a legendary poetic figure. Rimbaud's style and syntactical choices pointed to Symbolist tendencies, including the use of abstract plural nouns.

Dadaism: In its rejection of the sensible and logical, Dadaism embraced Rimbaud's ability to write in abstractions and impossibilities. This supports Rimbaud's role in revolutions as the Dadaist movement was a protest movement against capitalist ideals believed to be at the root of all war.

Surrealists: Rimbaud's poetry was "Surrealist before the word was invented or became a movement". Although Surrealists often disowned all art before their time, Rimbaud is one of the few predecessors the group acknowledged. Like Dadaists, Surrealists do not accept rationality as they believe it to be the cause of unhappiness and injustice. Rimbaud's passion to "change life" is echoed in the Surrealist's call to change reality through (only currently) impossibilities. A main difference, however, is that Rimbaud did not "abandon himself passively" to automatic writing like many Surrealist writers.

The French painter Charles Picart Le Doux, drafted to serve in World War I in 1914, paid a last visit to his studio, where he slipped into his pocket his copy of Les Illuminations, the book he deemed "the most apt to console me for the stupidity of men. It was to be my companion for the next four years."

Rimbaud's life and works have inspired many musicians. Vocal works (operas and short songs), symphonies, trios, piano pieces, and rock songs exist, taking as their subjects Illuminations and Rimbaud's earlier work, A Season in Hell.

The British composer Benjamin Britten set a selection of Illuminations to music. Les Illuminations for tenor or soprano and strings, Op. 18 uses nine prose poems: "Fanfare", "Villes", "Phrase", "Antique", "Royauté", "Marine", "Interlude", "Being Beauteous", "Parade", and "Départ". The Decca Record Co. (London) released a historic recording featuring Britten conducting the work, with Britten's lifelong companion Peter Pears singing the tenor part (Britten had dedicated his setting of the song "Being Beauteous" to Pears).

American composer Harold Blumenfeld devoted an entire decade immersing himself in Rimbaud, producing four compositions, namely: La Face Cendrée, Ange de Flamme et de la Glace, Illuminations, and Carnet de damné. Three of these works are based on prose poems from Illuminations. La Face Cendreé is a work for soprano, cello, and piano; it takes the "Aube" and "Being Beauteous" as subject. Ange de Flamme et de la Glace, a work for medium voice and chamber ensemble, is based on the "Barbare". Blumenfeld's two-part orchestral work, Illuminations, is based on five prose poems from Rimbaud's work: "Mystique", "Diluvial", "Après le déluge", "À une raison", and "Soir historique".

Other composers inspired by Rimbaud are Bulgarian composer Henri Lazarof and German composers Georg Katzer and Andreas Staffel (born 1965). Henri Lazarof's Fifth Symphony uses two French texts, one by Lazarof himself and the other by Rimbaud. Georg Katzer's Trio for Oboe, Cello, and Piano uses an essay by Rimbaud. Andreas Staffel's work Illumination is for piano, based on Rimbaud's Illuminations.

Hans Krása's 3 Lieder After Poems by Rimbaud, was composed in the confines of the Terezín ghetto (Theresienstadt) in Czechoslovakia. The Bohemian composer Hans Krása (1899–1944) was a pupil of celebrated composers Zemlinsky and Roussel. These "Rimbaud Songs" are set for baritone, clarinet, viola, and cello. On the last page of Krása's original manuscript was a rehearsal schedule in the concentration camp: four were held in the Magdburg Barracks and one in the Dresden Barracks.

Rock musicians Bob Dylan, Jim Morrison, and Patti Smith have expressed their appreciation for Rimbaud (the latter calling Dylan the reincarnation of the French poet). The essay "Rimbaud and Patti Smith: Style as Social Deviance" by Carrie Jaurès Noland features a critical analysis of Rimbaud's influence on Patti Smith's work. Wallace Fowlie's book, Rimbaud and Jim Morrison: The Rebel as Poet, attempts to draw parallels between the lives and personalities of Rimbaud and Jim Morrison, demonstrating how the latter found Rimbaud a constant source of inspiration. Fowlie argues that some of Morrison's "lost writings" (a volume of poetry published posthumously, entitled Wilderness) bear strong resemblance to pieces from Illuminations.

title: Illuminations (poetry collection)


text:
SAHSA

Servicio Aéreo de Honduras S.A. otherwise known as SAHSA Airlines was the national flag carrier airline of Honduras from October 22, 1945, to January 14, 1994. The airline was a subsidiary of Pan American Airways and merged with Transportes Aéreos Nacionales (TAN) to form TAN-SAHSA in November 1991.

History
SAHSA was founded on January 2, 1945, with help from Pan American Airways under the name Servicio Aéreo de Honduras S.A. (SAHSA). Pan American Airways owned 40%, the Honduran government owned 40% and 20% was owned by private investors. The airline began operations on October 22, 1945, using a Douglas DC-2 (XH-SAA) to fly to destinations within Honduras. By October 1945, SAHSA had also acquired a Douglas DC-3 and a Beechcraft Model 18. In 1953, SAHSA acquired rival airline TACA de Honduras, by which time SAHSA was operating the Douglas DC-2, Douglas DC-3, and Curtis C-46 Commando.

Equipment with modern pressurised airliners began in the mid-1960s with the Convair 340, Convair 440 and Douglas DC-6B being added to the fleet. The turboprop Lockheed L-188 Electra joined the company in 1969.

In 1970, Pan Am gave up its stake in SAHSA and TAN took over, but SAHSA continued to operate independently. TAN acquired the first jet airliner in Honduras, a Boeing 737-200, in 1974, and started international operations between Miami and Honduras. SAHSA acquired a Boeing 737-200 in October 1974 and later acquired Boeing 727-200s. SAHSA began operations between Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Belize and New Orleans.

The owner of TAN-SAHSA, Oswaldo López Arellano, was a two-term president of Honduras. To keep business in Honduras, no U.S. airlines were given permission fly to or from Honduras. Once Arellano was thrown out of power, several U.S. based airlines, such as Eastern Airlines, Pan Am and Air Florida, were allowed to operate to and from Honduras.

SAHSA and TAN merged into TAN-SAHSA on 1 November 1991. It was based at Toncontín International Airport in Tegucigalpa and flew from Honduras to various destinations throughout Central and North and South America. The TAN-SAHSA name was used between 1990 and 1991 when the name TAN disappeared. The airline continued to operate as SAHSA until its demise in 1994. The collapse was partly due to corruption and partly to the airline's poor safety record. The airline experienced several accidents during its operational life, including a major crash of a 727 in 1989 in Honduras, killing 131 of 146 passengers aboard, and a subsequent emergency landing incident on a Houston-bound 737 plane in 1993, after which the airline lost its FAA Air Operations Certificate and with it its operating privileges to the United States. No longer able to fly to the United States, financial pressures caused the airline to cease flight operations in late 1993 and it was disbanded in January 1994. Following the collapse of SAHSA, Honduras had no national airline until 2002, when Sol Air commenced operations.

Destinations
SAHSA was initially established as a national airline to operate domestic flights with aircraft such as the Douglas DC-2 and Douglas DC-3. Initial routes were limited to Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Puerto Cortés, La Ceiba, Marcala, Intibucá, Santa Rosa de Copán, Ocotepeque and Santa Bárbara.

The first U.S. route operated by SAHSA was to New Orleans in 1974 with Lockheed L-188 Electra propjet service being flown on a daily route of New Orleans-Belize-San Pedro Sula-Tegucigalpa with continuing service three days a week being operated to San Jose, Costa Rica by this Electra flight.

Following the acquisition of Boeing jet aircraft in the mid 1970s, the airline expanded its international routes. In addition to New Orleans, Belize, Guatemala City and San Jose, CR, new destinations included Houston, Miami, Grand Cayman, Managua, Guatemala City, San Salvador, Panamá, Colombia and Perú.

Known Destinations
Domestic

Comayagua - Comayagua International Airport

Erandique - Erandique Airport

Gracias - Gracias Airport

La Ceiba - Golosón International Airport

La Esperanza - La Esperanza Airport (Intibucá)

Marcala - Marcala Airport

Ocotepeque - Ocotepeque Airport

Puerto Cortes - Puerto Cortes Airport

Roatan - Juan Manuel Gálvez International Airport

Santa Bárbara - Santa Bárbara Airport

San Pedro Sula - Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport - Secondary Hub

Santa Rosa de Copán - Santa Rosa de Copán Airport

Tegucigalpa - Toncontín International Airport - Hub

International
Belize

Belize City - Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport

Colombia

Bogota -El Dorado International Airport

San Andrés - Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport

Costa Rica

San José - Juan Santamaría International Airport

Guatemala

Guatemala City - La Aurora International Airport

Nicaragua

Managua - Augusto C. Sandino International Airport

Panama

Panama City - Tocumen International Airport

United States

Houston - George Bush Intercontinental Airport

Miami - Miami International Airport

New Orleans - Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport

Fleet
SAHSA's fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

Previously operated
The airline also operated:
 * Douglas DC-2
 * Douglas DC-6
 * Curtiss C-46 Commando
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7

Accidents and incidents
Sahsa Airlines was involved in several incidents and accidents, the most notable being:
 * On 7 June 1962, a SAHSA Curtiss C-46 Commando (HR-SAL); a cargo flight, crash landed at Toncontin when the left side undercarriage strut collapsed on touchdown. Both crew members survived but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
 * On 20 February 1967, SAHSA Flight 203, a Douglas DC-6 (HR-SAS) had an accident at Toncontin International Airport because of a reverse prop system failure, during forced braking two main gear tires caught fire, the plane overran the runway and caught fire killing 4 passengers.
 * On 13 September 1969, a SAHSA Douglas DC-3 was hijacked at Comalapa International Airport. The hijacking lasted less than one day and there were no fatalities.
 * On 25 November 1969, a SAHSA Douglas DC-3 (HR-ANA) crashed whilst attempting to land on runway 01 at Toncontin. Strong gusts of wind upset the aircraft attitude during its flare which pushed the aircraft towards the terminal buildings. The crew forced a turn away from the buildings and crashed. All 15 passengers and 3 crew survived.
 * On 28 May 1980, a SAHSA Douglas DC-3 (HR-SAC) was damaged beyond repair when part of its landing gear struck a wall whilst on approach to Utila Airport in Honduras.
 * On 8 January 1981, a Lockheed L-188 Electra (HR-SAW) crashed at Guatemala City whilst on a ferry flight to Tegucigalpa for repairs, the plane took off with only three engines and one of the electrical generators malfunctioning, shortly after take off the plane lost hydraulic pressure and tried return to La Aurora International Airport, but the plane lost altitude and crashed into some houses 1 mile west of the airport, killing the 6 crew members on board.
 * On 27 March 1981, a SAHSA Boeing 737-200 was hijacked in Panama by terrorists demanding the release of prisoners. The hijackers surrendered after 2 days. There were no fatalities.
 * On 21 October 1989, Tan-Sahsa Flight 414 a Boeing 727-200 (N88705) crashed at the "Cerro de Hula" mountain ridge after an unsuccessful approach, killing 127 people.
 * On 18 March 1990, a SAHSA Douglas DC-3 (HR-SAZ) overran the runway on landing at Juan Manuel Gálvez International Airport, Roatán and ended up in the sea. The aircraft, performing a domestic scheduled passenger flight, was damaged beyond repair but all 32 people on board escaped.
 * On 17 November 1991, a SAHSA Boeing 737-200 landed hard on the right main gear strut at Juan Santamaria International Airport casing the right landing gear strut to collapse. All 36 passengers and 6 crew escaped.
 * On 18 July 1993, a SAHSA Boeing 737-200 was damaged beyond repair during a hard landing at Managua Airport in Nicaragua the aircraft skidded to the right, off the runway. The nosegear collapsed and both engines were torn off. The aircraft came to rest 200 feet right of the runway.

title: SAHSA


text:
Talk:Signal compression

Untitled
the 3 steps of PCM are considered: 1. determine the polarity (pos. or neg) 2. determine the range (the value of the y-axis) 3. determine the scale (?)

can anyone explain the "scale" part of the process?

Don't Merge w/Audio Compression!
They really are two different techniques. Even though the raw electronic processes are similar, the way they are employed are totally unrelated.

Article on signal compression describes really "data compression" of streams. In an audio sense, this is audio compression (data). Dynamic range compression can be achieved with no reduction in data volume. Blouis79 23:30, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * No it doesn't. Signal compression is about the exact same thing as Dynamic range compression.  Have you even read them?  — Omegatron 01:17, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

I've turned this into a disambiguation page. ~KvnG 17:39, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Signal compression


text:
User talk:Manuelcuevas

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text: Template:Amphoe Nakhon Pathom

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text:
Table of organization and equipment

A table of organization and equipment (TOE or TO&E) is the specified organization, staffing, and equipment of military units. Also used in acronyms as 'T/O' and 'T/E'. It also provides information on the mission and capabilities of a unit as well as the unit's current status.

A general TOE is applicable to a type of unit (for instance, an infantry battalion) rather than a specific unit (the 2nd Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment). Sometimes, all units of the same branch (such as Infantry) follow the same structural guidelines; much more often, there are a wide variety of TOEs to suit specific circumstances (Modified Tables of Organization and Equipment (MTOEs), in the United States Army, for example).

Soviet Union and Russia
In the Soviet and the Russian Armed Forces the term used for TO&E since the 1930s is "Shtatnoe raspisanie" (Штатное расписание, literally translated as Shtat Prescription). It originates from the term "Shtat" (штат) which literally means "assignment" and in a secondary meaning as the synonym for TO&E itself. Note that in the Soviet Union and modern day Russia the term "Shtatnoe raspisanie" applied not only to military unit, but also to state organisations such as ministries, agencies, universities, hospitals etc. and even to the corporate structure of private companies.

Many of the Red Army's rifle divisions at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa were operating on Shtat 04/400 of 5 April 1941. This Shtat stipulated that an infantry division should consist of three infantry regiments, a light and a howitzer artillery regiment, other artillery units, a reconnaissance battalion, a combat engineer battalion, signals, chemical company (decontamination/flamethrower), transport, medical, and logistics train units, an aviation flight, and a division staff seemingly consisting of the division commander (1/0/0), division staff (70, including 12 horses and 13 vehicles), a quartermaster section of five officers (5/0/0), a military tribunal (military justice) of two officers, and a political section of 11 officers.

Soviet rifle divisions were often forced to operate at far below their authorised strengths. For example, in the middle of the fighting on the Eastern Front, on July 20, 1942, a report on the 284th Rifle Division lamented:

The commissar, Tkachenko, went on to urgently request vehicles (including ambulances, of which there were none), small arms and support weapons, draught horses, and a closer supply base. After the first day of fighting he further reported that the lack of high-explosive shells forced the artillery to fire armor-piercing rounds at enemy firing points and troops; there were no cartridges for the submachine guns; many of the men's uniforms and footwear were worn out; and it was impossible to commit the replacements into the fighting because of the lack of weapons.

The actual personnel (field ration) strength of Red Army units and formations during the first 30 months of the Second World War seldom if ever met the specified shtat totals. Manpower shortages were routine if not endemic. When Operation Barbarossa began, the average strength of divisions facing the Germans was about 67%; with enormous variations, the average totals began to rise before offensives as Stavka refilled the divisions in advance of operations, and then formations were ground down in battle. Several instances of divisions continuing to operate with only hundreds of men are recorded. On main attack axes in mid-1943, average personnel strengths reached 75-80% of the required shtat.

After the Second World War, formations were held at a series of descending levels of strength, ("A," "Б," "В," "Г,") corresponding to the first four letters of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet. The reason for the creation of reduced-strength (cadre) units and formations in the USSR Armed Forces was the need to reduce the Armed Forces while simultaneously maintaining officer personnel, stocks of military equipment, weapons and materiel.

For example, in the 191st Motor Rifle Regiment of the "framed" (reduced-strength) 201st Motor Rifle Division at the beginning of December 1979, there were 12 (twelve) people (the regiment was held at a state “G” strength). In connection with the deployment of the regiment to Afghanistan, in January 1980, the regiment's personnel were quickly increased to 2,200 people.

Army
In the U.S. Army, there are four basic types of TOEs:

 * The Base Table of Organization and Equipment (BTOE)
 * An organizational design document based on current doctrine and available equipment. It shows the basics of a unit's structure and their wartime requirements (both for personnel and equipment).
 * The Objective Table of Organization and Equipment (OTOE)
 * An updated form of the BTOE, usually formed within the last year. It is a fully modern document and is up to date with current policies and initiatives.
 * A Modified Table of Organization and Equipment (MTOE)
 * A document that modifies a BTOE in regard to a specific unit. Used when a unit's needs are substantially different from the BTOE.
 * A Table of Distribution and Allowances (TDA)
 * A type of temporary TOE that is applicable to a specific mission. Used in an instance when there is no applicable TOE.

Each TOE has a unique number that identifies it. When changes are needed, a table is not modified, instead, a new table is drafted from scratch.

An example of an overall T/O change can be seen when the "Pentomic" organization was superseded by the Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD). During the 1950s, the Pentomic reorganization shifted the basic tactical unit from the regiment to the five-company battle group. Instead of brigades, an armored division had three Combat Commands designated: CCA, CCB, and CCC.

On 16 December 1960, the Army Chief of Staff directed a reappraisal of division organization. Resulting studies were carried out between January and April 1961, and fully implemented by 1965. The resulting Reorganization of Army Divisions (ROAD) changed all division types (Mechanized, Airborne, Armor, Infantry and Cavalry) to an identical structure of three brigades of three (sometimes four) battalions. The ROAD division consisted of a mix of nine to twelve armor and infantry battalions based on its Mission, the likely Enemy, the Terrain/weather, and other forces available or Troops (METT). Each brigade would be assigned or attached the mix of battalions and companies based on the division commanders estimate based on METT. As operations continued, the division commander could task organize subordinate units as needed by the flow of the battle.

Marine Corps
Marine T/O&Es are based on a generic template for each specific type and size of unit, for example, a weapons company of an infantry battalion, or a heavy helicopter squadron. These templates are then modified as needed by the individual unit. The Marine Corps also relies on other documents to report what personnel and equipment a unit actually possesses.

The T/O section denotes every authorized billet within a unit by rank and Military Occupational Specialty required to fulfill the necessary duties. The T/E section denotes authorized equipment by Line Item Number and quantity.

External links and sources

 * U.S. Army TOE
 * TRADOC Regulation 71-15
 * What is a TOE (WWII example)

title: Table of organization and equipment


text:
User talk:Alex.~enwiki

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Sanbongi, Miyagi

Sanbongi (三本木町) was a town located in Shida District, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.

In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,405 and a population density of 188.33 persons per km2. The total area was 44.63 km2.

On March 31, 2006, Sanbongi, along with the city of Furukawa, the towns of Iwadeyama and Naruko (both from Tamatsukuri District), the towns of Kashimadai and Matsuyama (all from Shida District), and the town of Tajiri (from Tōda District), was merged to create the city of Ōsaki. Tamatsukuri District and Shida District were dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Sanbongi, Miyagi


text:
User talk:Lumrs

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text:
Kashimadai, Miyagi

Kashimadai (鹿島台町) was a town located in Shida District, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.

In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 13,733 and a population density of 254.08 persons per km2. The total area was 54.05 km2.

On March 31, 2006, Kashimadai, along with the city of Furukawa, the towns of Iwadeyama and Naruko (both from Tamatsukuri District), the towns of Matsuyama and Sanbongi (all from Shida District), and the town of Tajiri (from Tōda District), was merged to create the city of Ōsaki. Tamatsukuri District and Shida District were dissolved as a result of this merger.

The town has one junior high school (chugakko), two elementary schools (shogakko), and numerous nursery schools. It is on the Tohoku Main Line of JR East, north of Sendai and south of Kogota. Tourist attractions in the town include the Michinoku hotspring facility, serviced by the town's mini bus service, as well as numerous hiking trails. The town's Poru Paru recreation centre has basketball courts, a workout room, tennis court and numerous other sports. Poru Paru is also the location of the Kamata Sannosuke museum, commemorating the former mayor who founded the town. There is also the Chou Baseball stadium next to Poru Paru.

title: Kashimadai, Miyagi


text:
Shida District, Miyagi

 * List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Rikuzen Province > Shida District
 * Japan > Tōhoku region > Miyagi Prefecture > Shida District

Shida (志田郡) was a district located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 29,126 and a density of 226.17 pd/km2. The total area was 128.78 km2.

On March 31, 2006, the towns of Kashimadai, Matsuyama and Sanbongi were merged with the city of Furukawa, the towns of Iwadeyama and Naruko (both from Tamatsukuri District), and the town of Tajiri (from Tōda District) to create the city of Ōsaki. Tamatsukuri District and Shida District were dissolved as a result of this merger.

Former towns and villages

 * Kashimadai
 * Matsuyama
 * Sanbongi

History

 * April, 1869 - Shida District is added to Wakuya Prefecture (涌谷県)
 * August, 1869 - Wakuya Prefecture becomes Toyone Prefecture (登米県)
 * 1871 - With the Abolition of the han system, becomes attached to Sendai Prefecture (仙台県), now Miyagi Prefecture
 * 1889 - With the establishment of the modern municipal system, Furukawa Town (古川町), Arao? Village (荒雄村), Shida Village (志田村), Shikitama? Village (敷玉村), Takakura? Village (高倉村), Matsuyama Village (松山村), Shimoibano Village (下伊場野村), Sambongi Village (三本木村), and Kashimadai Village (鹿島台村) established
 * 1890 - Matsuyama becomes a town
 * 1894 - District offices established in Furukawa Town
 * 1895 - Sambongi becomes a town
 * 1926 - District offices abolished
 * 1950 - Furukawa becomes a city (Furukawa, Miyagi)
 * 1951 - Kashimadai becomes a town
 * March 31, 2006 - the towns of Kashimadai, Matsuyama and Sanbongi were merged with the city of Furukawa, the towns of Iwadeyama and Naruko (both from Tamatsukuri District), and the town of Tajiri (from Tōda District) to create the city of Ōsaki. Tamatsukuri District and Shida District were dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Shida District, Miyagi


text:
User:Maryu~enwiki

ja:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%82%86

Chubou

title: User:Maryu~enwiki