text:
IBM 1403

The IBM 1403 line printer was introduced as part of the IBM 1401 computer in 1959 and had an especially long life in the IBM product line.

Description
The original model can print 600 lines of text per minute and can skip blank lines at up to 75 inches per second (190 cm/s), while the model 3 can print at up to 1400 lines per minute. The standard model has 120 print positions. An additional 12 positions are available as an option. A print chain with up to 15 copies of the character set spins horizontally in front of the ribbon and paper. Hammers strike the paper from behind at exactly the right moment to print a character as it goes by. In later models, the print chain is replaced by a print train; print slugs instead of being mounted on a chain are placed in a track.

The 1403 chain or train contains 240 characters, however numerous duplications allow a line to be printed in less than the 0.4 s required for one full rotation. The original standard "A" chain contains 48 different characters, repeated five times each. A "preferred character set" variant used in later models prints the same 48 characters, but varies the number of appearances: 10 digits appear eight times each, 26 upper-case letters appear four times each, and 12 special characters appear eight (first four), four (middle four) or two (last four characters) times each. Special chains or trains can be ordered for other character sets. Scientific users, for example, can use a chain that has the left parenthesis, the right parenthesis, and the plus sign in place of the per cent sign (%), the lozenge (⌑), and the ampersand (&). The numerics chain has 15 copies each of only 16 characters. The "T" chain for general text has two copies of 120 characters, including upper-and lower-case letters and numerous special symbols.

The ink ribbon is a long roll the width of the print area positioned between the print chain and the paper. The roll comes in two parts: the feeder roll and take-up roll. The roll is constantly wound and rewound during printing.

Like most IBM printers of the era, the 1403 uses fan-folded paper with perforated edges for tractor feeding. A carriage control tape or, later, a buffer, under program control, specifies form length and the form line where printing on a new page is to begin so that paper of various sizes can be used.

The overstrike capability of the printer can be used to generate a wide range of grey-scale equivalents. Many images have been scanned, converted to text and therefore can be reproduced on the 1403, most notably the Mona Lisa.

These are noisy machines, especially when the cover is raised. It is possible to create text that uses the timing of the print hammers to generate desired frequencies and thus play recognizable music when that text is printed.

History
Prior to the introduction of the model 1403, IBM printers utilized technology originally developed for their line of accounting machines. Models 402 and 405 use type bars. These are vertical bars, one for each print position. Each bar is one character wide with either the entire alphabet, including numerals and symbols, or just numerals & symbols only, molded into the front surface, in a single column. In printing, each bar is raised up until the correct character for that print position is opposite the paper, whereupon the bar is pushed toward the paper, so that the correct numeral or letter pressed against the ribbon, striking the paper much the way type slugs leave an impression on paper in a standard typewriter. This action is relatively slow, as it took time for each bar to be brought up into the correct position and then drop back down in preparation to print the next line.

In the model 407, each type bar is replaced with a type wheel, with the characters along the outside edge. To print, each wheel is rotated to the correct character position, then the entire wheel is pushed forward to strike the paper. This action is somewhat faster because the wheels are less massive than the bars and can be positioned more rapidly, allowing printing at up to 150 lines per minute. Although this is slow by later printing standards, the speed at which electromechanical accounting machines can read punched cards and perform their basic arithmetic functions means that no faster printing speeds are needed. The IBM 1132 was the last printer manufactured by IBM to use this technology.

When faster computers were developed, however, the speed of card reading, magnetic tape, and early disk drives, along with newer high speed transistorized circuits, means that processing can be done at a much higher speed, and a faster print mechanism is needed to match the resulting productivity. IBM's early computers, such as the IBM 701, were developed for higher speed calculation than was possible with earlier electromechanical calculating machines. They did not have a demand for high speed printing, as the results of massive calculations produced very little printed output. Around the time that the 1403 was introduced, IBM's line of computers had been largely divided into two lines, "scientific" and "business." However, as newer computers were being used for a greater variety of purposes, there was a need to print a greater variety of characters from a single device, including upper and lower case alphabets. With type bars and type wheels, changing character sets is impractical. The advent of the chain printer, as used in the 1403, allows the type chain assembly to be removed and replaced within a few minutes. With the cover open, the print unit is unlatched and swung open, the ribbon roll covering the front of the chain is removed, whereupon the print chain assembly can be unlatched and lifted out.

When it was first introduced, the 1401 computer system, of which the printer was a part, leased for $6500 per month (equivalent to $54,000 in 2017) and IBM received 3000 orders in the first month.

Technology
Chain printing allows a single set of characters to pass horizontally across the front of the paper at high speed, with a ribbon the full width of the paper passing vertically between the chain and the front of the paper. Instead of pressing the characters toward the paper, individual type hammers behind the paper, one for each column on the page (120 or 132), push the paper from behind, causing the front of the paper at that spot to push forward into the ribbon with the character behind it, causing the paper to strike the character, rather than the other way around, as had been done in the past. Each hammer is moved by a powerful electromagnet, with its coil connected to a high current drive circuit, such that the hammer can be forced out to hit the paper within only a few milliseconds, at exactly the right time to strike the correct character on the chain as it came by.

The columns on the paper are spaced at the standard typewriter pitch of 10 characters per inch, 0.1″ per column. The characters on the chain are spaced 0.1505″ apart, so that for each 0.001″ movement of the chain, a new character aligns with a print column. Moving at 7.5 feet per second, one hammer might fire each $11.1 us$, but they were never exactly simultaneous.

Models
The IBM 1403 has the following models:
 * Model 1: 100 print positions, maximum of 600 lines per minute, or 1285 with the Numerical Print Special Feature.
 * Model 2: 132 print positions, maximum of 600 lines per minute, or 1285 with the Numerical Print Special Feature, or 750 with Universal Character Set.
 * Model 3: 132 print positions, maximum of 1100 lines per minute, or 1400 with the Preferred or Universal Character Sets.
 * Model 4: 100 print positions, maximum of 465 lines per minute.
 * Model 5: 132 print positions, maximum of 465 lines per minute.
 * Model 6: 120 print positions, maximum of 340 lines per minute, single-carriage.
 * Model 7: 120 print positions, maximum of 600 lines per minute, single-carriage.
 * Model N1: 132 print positions, maximum of 1100 lines per minute, or 1400 with Universal Character Set. The model N1 has a power-driven cover that reaches the floor to decrease noise.

Only models 2, 3, 7 and N1 can be attached to the IBM System/360 and its successors. Attachment is generally by means of the IBM 2821 Control Unit, but some 360 models include an integrated control unit for direct 1403 connection.

Only the Model 6 (340 LPM) or the Model 7 (600 LPM) can be attached to an IBM 1130.

IBM 1404
The 1404 printer is an IBM impact printer with "all the basic features of the IBM 1403 Printer," with the added ability to print on card documents, such as punched cards.

The 1404 can print on continuous forms at 600 lines per minute, and on cards at 800 cards per minute. The mechanism can handle cards ranging from 51 columns to a full 80 columns, and can print cards two at a time. Up to 25 lines can be printed on a card. The printer can also interpret cards, that is, read the card and print what was punched.

The 1404 was originally introduced in 1960 as a peripheral for the IBM 1401 computing system. It was later able to attach to a System/360 through an IBM 2821 control unit.

IBM 1416
The IBM 1416 is an interchangeable train cartridge introduced with the 1403-N1 and also used with the IBM 3203. This means instead of using a chain of linked characters, the printer uses a train of unlinked characters. The cartridge allows the operator to change the font and/or character set arrangement being used by the printer. It is also possible to create a custom train with unique characters. Note that while the IBM 1403 Models 2 and 7 do offer a feature known as the Interchangeable Train Cartridge Adapter, which allows the operator to easily remove and insert a chain cartridge with a different font or character set arrangement, this feature does not have a separate machine type.

title: IBM 1403


text:
1981 Ontario general election

The 1981 Ontario general election was held on March 19, 1981, to elect members of the 32nd Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, Canada.

The governing Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, led by Bill Davis, was re-elected for a twelfth consecutive term in office. The PCs finally won a majority government after winning only minorities in the 1975 and 1977 elections. The Liberal Party, led by Stuart Smith, was able to maintain its standing in the Legislature, while the New Democratic Party, led by Michael Cassidy, lost a significant number of seats, allowing the Tories to win a majority.

Campaign
A number of unregistered parties also fielded candidates in this election.

There were a number of Rhinoceros Party candidates in the Toronto area, and the party may have also fielded candidates elsewhere in the province. The Workers Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) a single candidate, Judy Darcy. Ronald G. Rodgers, founder of the Détente Party of Canada, contested a Toronto constituency.

Social Credit leader Reg Gervais announced prior to the election that he planned to run in Nickel Belt, but could not follow through and resigned at a meeting of nominated candidates where John Turmel was appointed interim leader of the Ontario Social Credit Party during the campaign, though there has never been independent confirmation of this (nor is it clear if the Ottawa-area candidacies of Turmel and Raymond Turmel and Serge Girard and Dale Alkerton and Andrew Dynowski were approved by the remaining few members of the official Social Credit Party of Ontario).

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1977 !1981 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)

 * style="text-align:left;"|Bill Davis
 * 125 || 58  || 70  || 12  || 1,412,488  || 89,765  || 44.38% || 4.80

 * rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Stuart Smith
 * 123 || 33  || 33  ||   || 1,065,569  || 23,115  || 33.48% || 2.29

 * 2 || 1  || 1  ||   || 7,111  || 1,131 || 0.22% || 0.03

 * style="text-align:left;"|Michael Cassidy
 * 125 || 33  || 21  || 12 || 672,824  || 268,137 || 21.14% || 7.02

 * || 27 || – || – || – || 10,585  || 3,171  || 0.33% || 0.11

 * style="text-align:left;"|Scott Bell
 * 12 || – || – || – || 7,087  || 2,874 || 0.22% || 0.08

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"|125 ! " colspan="2"|3,182,484 ! " colspan="2"| 100.00%
 * style="text-align:left;"|Mel Doig
 * 18 || – || – || – || 5,306  || 2,831 || 0.17% || 0.07
 * style="text-align:left;"|Reg Gervais|| 3 || – || – || – || 1,054  || 644 || 0.03% || 0.02
 * style="text-align:left;"|Unparty
 * || 1 || – || – || – || 460  || 460  || 0.01% ||New
 * style="text-align:left;"|Unparty
 * || 1 || – || – || – || 460  || 460  || 0.01% ||New
 * 436||125
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 20,797
 * 1,197
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 3,203,281
 * 158,152
 * 58.04
 * 7.56
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors
 * 5,519,204
 * 395,436
 * colspan="2"|
 * }
 * 395,436
 * colspan="2"|
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = Liberal-Labour candidate
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = multiple candidates

Seats changing hands
Eighteen seats changed allegiance in this election:

 * PC to Liberal
 * Prescott and Russell

 * Liberal to PC
 * Lincoln
 * Nipissing
 * St. George
 * Sarnia
 * York Centre

 * NDP to PC
 * Brantford
 * Cambridge
 * Carleton East
 * High Park—Swansea
 * Lakeshore
 * Scarborough—Ellesmere
 * Sudbury
 * Wentworth

 * NDP to PC
 * Hamilton Centre
 * Parkdale
 * Windsor—Sandwich
 * Yorkview

MPPs elected by region and riding
Party designations are as follows:

{{legend|#9999FF|PC}} {{legend|#EA6D6A|Liberal}} {{legend|#F4A460|NDP}} {{legend|#EEBBBB|Liberal-Labour}}

 * Northern Ontario
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Algoma: Bud Wildman}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Algoma—Manitoulin : John Lane}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Cochrane North: René Piché}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Cochrane South: Alan Pope}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Fort William: Mickey Hennessy}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Kenora: Leo Bernier}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Lake Nipigon: Jack Stokes}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Nickel Belt: Floyd Laughren}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Nipissing: Mike Harris}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Port Arthur: Jim Foulds}}
 * {{legend|#EEBBBB|Rainy River: T. Patrick Reid}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Sault Ste. Marie: Russ Ramsay}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Sudbury: Jim Gordon}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Sudbury East: Elie Martel}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Timiskaming: Ed Havrot}}

 * Ottawa Valley
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Carleton: Robert C. Mitchell}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Carleton East: Bob MacQuarrie}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Lanark: Douglas Wiseman}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Ottawa Centre: Michael Cassidy}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Ottawa East: Albert Roy}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Ottawa South: Claude Bennett}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Ottawa West: Reuben Baetz}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Prescott and Russell: Don Boudria}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Renfrew North: Sean Conway}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Renfrew South: Paul Yakabuski}}

 * Saint Lawrence Valley
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Carleton—Grenville: Norm Sterling}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Cornwall: George Samis}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Kingston and the Islands: Keith Norton}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Leeds: Bob Runciman}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Stormont—Dundas—Glengarry: Osie Villeneuve}}

 * Central Ontario
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Frontenac—Addington: J. Earl McEwen}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Hastings-Peterborough: Jim Pollock}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Northumberland: Howard Sheppard}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Peterborough: John Turner}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Prince Edward—Lennox: James A. Taylor}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Quinte: Hugh O'Neil}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Victoria—Haliburton: John Eakins}}

 * Georgian Bay
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Grey-Bruce: Eddie Sargent}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Muskoka: Frank Miller}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Parry Sound: Ernie Eves}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Simcoe Centre: George Taylor}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Simcoe East: Al McLean}}

 * Hamilton/Halton/Niagara
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Brock: Bob Welch}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Burlington South: George Kerr}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Erie: Ray Haggerty}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Halton—Burlington: Julian Reed}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Hamilton Centre: Sheila Copps}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Hamilton East: Robert W. Mackenzie}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Hamilton Mountain: Brian Charlton}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Hamilton West: Stuart Smith}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Lincoln: Philip Andrewes}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Niagara Falls: Vince Kerrio}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Oakville: James Snow}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|St. Catharines: Jim Bradley}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Welland-Thorold: Mel Swart}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Wentworth: Gordon Howlett Dean}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Wentworth North: Eric Cunningham}}

 * Midwestern Ontario
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Brantford: Phil Gillies}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Brant—Oxford—Norfolk: Robert Nixon}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Cambridge: Bill Barlow}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Dufferin—Simcoe: George McCague}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Grey: Bob McKessock}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Haldimand-Norfolk: Gordon Miller}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Huron–Bruce: Murray Elston}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Kitchener: Jim Breithaupt}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Kitchener—Wilmot: John Sweeney}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Oxford: Dick Treleaven}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Perth: Hugh Edighoffer}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Waterloo North: Herb Epp}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Wellington South: Harry Worton}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Wellington—Dufferin—Peel: Jack Johnson}}

 * Southwestern Ontario
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Chatham—Kent: Andrew Naismith Watson}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Elgin: Ron McNeil}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Essex North: Dick Ruston}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Essex South: Remo Mancini}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Huron–Middlesex: Jack Riddell}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Kent—Elgin: Jim McGuigan}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Lambton: Lorne Henderson}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|London Centre: David Peterson}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|London North: Ron Van Horne}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|London South: Gordon Walker}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Middlesex: Robert G. Eaton}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Sarnia: Andy Brandt}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Windsor—Riverside: Dave Cooke}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Windsor—Sandwich: Bill Wrye}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Windsor—Walkerville: Bernard Newman}}

 * Peel/York/Durham
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Brampton: Bill Davis}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Durham East: Sam Cureatz}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Durham West: George Ashe}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Durham—York: K. Ross Stevenson}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Mississauga East: Bud Gregory}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Mississauga North: Terry David Jones}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Mississauga South: Douglas Kennedy}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Oshawa: Michael Breaugh}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|York Centre: W. Donald Cousens}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|York North: William Hodgson}}

 * Metropolitan Toronto
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Armourdale: Bruce McCaffrey}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Beaches—Woodbine: Marion Bryden}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Bellwoods: Ross McClellan}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Don Mills: Dennis Timbrell}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Dovercourt: Tony Lupusella}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Downsview: Odoardo Di Santo}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Eglinton: Roy McMurtry}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Etobicoke: Ed Philip}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|High Park—Swansea: Yuri Shymko}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Humber: Morley Kells}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Lakeshore: Al Kolyn}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Oakwood: Tony Grande}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Oriole: John Williams}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Parkdale: Tony Ruprecht}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Riverdale: Jim Renwick}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|St. Andrew—St. Patrick: Larry Grossman}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|St. David: Margaret Scrivener}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|St. George: Susan Fish}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Scarborough Centre: Frank Drea}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Scarborough East: Margaret Birch}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Scarborough North: Thomas Wells}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Scarborough West: Richard Johnston}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Scarborough—Ellesmere: Alan Robinson}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Wilson Heights: David Rotenberg}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|York East: Robert Elgie}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|York Mills: Bette Stephenson}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|York South: Donald C. MacDonald}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|York West: Nick Leluk}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Yorkview: Michael Spensieri}}

Constituency results
Algoma:

 * (incumbent) Bud Wildman (NDP) 7096
 * Vyrn Peterson (PC) 4770
 * Dan Koob (L) 1567

Algoma—Manitoulin:

 * (incumbent) John Lane (PC) 7160
 * Ernest Massicotte (L) 2986
 * Peter Boychuk (NDP) 2336

Armourdale:

 * (incumbent) Bruce McCaffrey (PC) 15938
 * Tim Rutledge (L) 8997
 * Bob Hebdon (NDP) 4240

Beaches—Woodbine:

 * (incumbent) Marion Bryden (NDP) 9590
 * Paul Christie (PC) 9266
 * Wayne Cook (L) 3140
 * Rhino Flosznik (Ind [Rhinoceros]) 252

Bellwoods:

 * (incumbent) Ross McClellan (NDP) 5111
 * Walter Bardyn (L) 4746
 * Tina Gabriel (PC) 2186
 * Sylvie Baillargeon (Comm) 246
 * Ronald G. Rodgers (Ind [Détente Party]) 180

Brampton:

 * (incumbent) Bill Davis (PC) 24973
 * Bob Callahan (L) 9391
 * David Moulton (NDP) 6034
 * Jim Bridgewood (Comm) 390

Brantford:

 * Phil Gillies (PC) 12847
 * (incumbent) Mac Makarchuk (NDP) 9588
 * Herb German (L) 5896

Brant—Oxford—Haldimand:

 * (incumbent) Robert Nixon (L) 13067
 * Ian Birnie (PC) 6034
 * W.E. Jefferies (NDP) 2899

Brock:

 * (incumbent) Bob Welch (PC) 10547
 * Bill Andres (L) 6882
 * Heather Lee Kilty (NDP) 4204

Burlington South:

 * (incumbent) George Kerr (PC) 19037
 * Pearl Cameron (L) 8953
 * Michael C. Wright (NDP) 4942

Cambridge:

 * Bill Barlow (PC) 12597
 * (incumbent) Monty Davidson (NDP) 11748
 * John Giles (L) 4527
 * George Molson Barrett 549

Carleton:

 * (incumbent) Bob Mitchell (PC) 17846
 * Hans Daigeler (L) 8621
 * Judy Wasylycia-Leis (NDP) 5446
 * Andrew Dana Dynowski (Ind [SCO]) 383

Carleton East:

 * Bob MacQuarrie (PC) 15714
 * Bernard Grandmaitre (L) 14028
 * (incumbent) Evelyn Gigantes (NDP) 11579

Carleton-Grenville:

 * (incumbent) Norm Sterling (PC) 15202
 * Paul Raina (L) 5764
 * Alan White (NDP) 2391

Chatham—Kent:

 * (incumbent) Andy Watson (PC) 9471
 * Ron Franko (NDP) 6508
 * Darcy Want (L) 6466

Cochrane North:

 * René Piché (PC) 5910
 * Jean-Paul Bourgeault (L) 5722
 * Emil Touchette (NDP) 4426
 * Richard Coatsworth (Lbt) 274

Cochrane South:

 * (incumbent) Alan Pope (PC) 12540
 * John Sullivan (L) 6975
 * Cliff Simpson (NDP) 2777

Cornwall:

 * (incumbent) George Samis (NDP) 9484
 * Jim Kirkey (PC) 7817
 * Brian Lynch (L) 5333

Don Mills:

 * (incumbent) Dennis Timbrell (PC) 17516
 * Murad Velshi (L) 5368
 * Michael Lee (NDP) 4487

Dovercourt:

 * (incumbent) Tony Lupusella (NDP) 5491
 * Gil Gillespie (L) 5197
 * John Burigana (PC) 3416
 * Vince Corriero (Ind [Independent Liberal]) 258
 * Mel Doig (Comm) 162

Downsview:

 * (incumbent) Odoardo Di Santo (NDP) 8644
 * Joseph Volpe (L) 7991
 * Ross Charles (PC) 5475

Dufferin—Simcoe:

 * (incumbent) George McCague (PC) 18101
 * Larry MacKenzie (L) 6702
 * Ed Robinson (NDP) 4007

Durham East:

 * (incumbent) Sam Cureatz (PC) 14900
 * Bruce McArthur (NDP) 8648
 * Jim Potticary (L) 7226
 * Jeff Hubbell 253

Durham West:

 * (incumbent) George Ashe (PC) 17029
 * Norman Wei (L) 7446
 * Hugh Peacock (NDP) 6578
 * Bill Leslie (Lbt) 1215

Durham—York:

 * Ross Stevenson (PC) 14404
 * Gary Adamson (L) 6330
 * Margaret Wilbur (NDP) 4314

Eglinton:

 * (incumbent) Roy McMurtry (PC) 17386
 * Keith Polson (L) 5606
 * Eileen Elmy (NDP) 3324
 * Angelo R. Cosentini (Lbt) 466

Elgin:

 * (incumbent) Ron McNeil (PC) 13119
 * Maurice Dillon (L) 7306
 * Gord Campbell (NDP) 3250

Erie:

 * (incumbent) Ray Haggerty (L) 8796
 * Cam McKnight (PC) 5271
 * Barrie MacLeod (NDP) 3586

Essex North:

 * (incumbent) Dick Ruston (L) 9187
 * Marcel Lefebvre (NDP) 5911
 * Ron Arkell (PC) 4812

Essex South:

 * (incumbent) Remo Mancini (L) 10454
 * Wayne Patterson (PC) 5008
 * Blake Sanford (NDP) 4349

Etobicoke:

 * (incumbent) Ed Philip (NDP) 10373
 * Aileen Anderson (PC) 8024
 * Laureano Leone (L) 7132

Fort William:

 * (incumbent) Mickey Hennessy (PC) 13038
 * Paul Lannon (NDP) 7585
 * Mike Burns (L) 3381

Frontenac—Addington:

 * (incumbent) J. Earl McEwen (L) 10558
 * Murray Gorham (PC) 10218
 * Vincent Maloney (NDP) 2374
 * Ross Baker 409
 * Sally Hayes (Lbt) 322

Grey:

 * (incumbent) Bob McKessock (L) 13334
 * John Young (PC) 8793
 * Joan Stone (NDP) 1629
 * Eric Biggins (Lbt) 284

Grey—Bruce:

 * (incumbent) Eddie Sargent (L) 14006
 * Bob Rutherford (PC) 7767
 * Frank Butler (NDP) 1455

Haldimand—Norfolk:

 * (incumbent) Gordon Miller (L) 16254
 * Clarence Abbott (PC) 8775
 * Lois Berry (NDP) 3744

Halton—Burlington:

 * (incumbent) Julian Reed (L) 13395
 * Fran Baines (PC) 12877
 * Chris Cutler (NDP) 3500

Hamilton Centre:

 * Sheila Copps (L) 9734
 * (incumbent) Mike Davison (NDP) 6930
 * Brenda Riis (PC) 4039

Hamilton East:

 * (incumbent) Robert W. Mackenzie (NDP) 12773
 * Mike Riley (L) 8365
 * Gabe Macaluso (PC) 6351

Hamilton Mountain:

 * (incumbent) Brian Charlton (NDP) 11008
 * Duncan Beattie (PC) 10811
 * Vince Agro (L) 8956

Hamilton West:

 * (incumbent) Stuart Smith (L) 12106
 * Alec Murray (PC) 9788
 * Joy Warner (NDP) 4255
 * Elizabeth Rowley (Comm) 260

Hastings—Peterborough:

 * Jim Pollock (PC) 11528
 * Dave Hobson (L) 8741
 * Elmer Buchanan (NDP) 2968

High Park—Swansea:

 * Yuri Shymko (PC) 11473
 * (incumbent) Ed Ziemba (NDP) 8793
 * Peter C. Simonelis (L) 3635
 * Bob Cumming (Lbt) 507

Humber:

 * Morley Kells (PC) 20844
 * Jim Mills (L) 10064
 * Jacquie Chic (NDP) 3583

Huron—Bruce:

 * Murray Elston (L) 12164
 * Gary Harron (PC) 11940
 * Tony McQuail (NDP) 1979

Huron—Middlesex:

 * (incumbent) Jack Riddell (L) 10707
 * Jim Britnell (PC) 8618
 * Gwen Pemberton (NDP) 1170

Kenora:

 * (incumbent) Leo Bernier (PC) 10418
 * Colin Wasacase (NDP) 4170
 * Jeff Holmes (Liberal-Labour) 2536

Kent—Elgin:

 * (incumbent) Jim McGuigan (L) 10115
 * Wes Thompson (PC) 9778
 * Ed Cutler (NDP) 1591

Kingston and the Islands:

 * (incumbent) Keith Norton (PC) 12488
 * Carl Ross (L) 8465
 * Ron Murray (NDP) 3897

Kitchener:

 * (incumbent) Jim Breithaupt (L) 12592
 * Morley Rosenberg (PC) 7982
 * Ian MacFarlane (NDP) 4126

Kitchener—Wilmot:

 * (incumbent) John Sweeney (L) 11515
 * Alan Barron (PC) 8513
 * Hemi Mitic (NDP) 3686

Lake Nipigon:

 * (incumbent) Jack Stokes (NDP) 7846
 * John Paziuk (PC) 1828
 * John Lentowicz (L) 1714

Lambton:

 * (incumbent) Lorne Henderson (PC) 13467
 * Leigh Crozier (L) 6435
 * Ralph Wensley (NDP) 1276

Lanark—Renfrew:

 * (incumbent) Douglas Wiseman (PC) 10502
 * Ray Matthey (L) 3864
 * Cliff Bennett (NDP) 2659

Lakeshore:

 * Al Kolyn (PC) 10607
 * Don Sullivan (NDP) 9375
 * Bill Whelton (L) 5738
 * Gordon Flowers (Comm) 376

Leeds:

 * Bob Runciman (PC) 13725
 * John Fournell (L) 4643
 * Bob Smith (NDP) 2940

Lincoln:

 * Philip Andrewes (PC) 10044
 * (incumbent) Ross Hall (L) 9650
 * Paavo Vuorinen (NDP) 2009

London Centre:

 * (incumbent) David Peterson (L) 12315
 * Russ Monteith (PC) 8329
 * Diane Risler (NDP) 3189

London North:

 * (incumbent) Ron Van Horne (L) 15444
 * Ted Browne (PC) 11825
 * Sam Saumur (NDP) 3864

London South:

 * (incumbent) Gordon Walker (PC) 19714
 * Frank Green (L) 11116
 * Dale Green (NDP) 5187

Middlesex:

 * (incumbent) Robert G. Eaton (PC) 11672
 * Bob Coulthard (L) 8264
 * Larry Green (NDP) 2155

Mississauga East:

 * (incumbent) Bud Gregory (PC) 15759
 * Murray Schelter (L) 7716
 * Doug Bennett (NDP) 4829

Mississauga North:

 * (incumbent) Terry Jones (PC) 20331
 * John Brooks (L) 9130
 * Sylvia Weylie (NDP) 6667

Mississauga South:

 * (incumbent) Douglas Kennedy (PC) 14165
 * Basil Gerol (L) 7172
 * Neil Davis (NDP) 4126

Muskoka:

 * (incumbent) Frank Miller (PC) 9029
 * Ken McClellan (L) 4148
 * Jim Maguire (NDP) 3214

Niagara Falls:

 * (incumbent) Vince Kerrio (L) 12495
 * Ted Salci (PC) 9295
 * Dick Harrington (NDP) 4665

Nickel Belt:

 * (incumbent) Floyd Laughren (NDP) 8451
 * Elmer Sopha (L) 5041
 * Andre Lalande (PC) 1915

Nipissing:

 * Mike Harris (PC) 15795
 * (incumbent) Mike Bolan (L) 10924
 * Art Peltomaa (NDP) 1774

Northumberland:

 * Howard Sheppard (PC) 14727
 * William A. Wyatt (L) 11113
 * Ben Burd (NDP) 2711

Oakville:

 * (incumbent) James W. Snow (PC) 16366
 * Walt Elliot (L) 7286
 * Zona Hollingsworth (NDP) 2562

Oakwood:

 * (incumbent) Tony Grande (NDP) 8862
 * Harriet Wolman (PC) 5961
 * Jean Gammage (L) 4171
 * Nan McDonald (Comm) 624

Oriole:

 * (incumbent) John Williams (PC) 15644
 * David Pretty (L) 11400
 * Lynn McDonald (NDP) 4443

Oshawa:

 * (incumbent) Michael Breaugh (NDP) 10307
 * Bob Boychyn (PC) 7836
 * Ivan Wallace (L) 3311

Ottawa Centre:

 * (incumbent) Michael Cassidy (NDP) 9316
 * David Small (PC) 8717
 * Karl Feige (L) 6926
 * John Turmel (Ind [SCO]) 376

Ottawa East:

 * (incumbent) Albert J. Roy (L) 14207
 * Omer Deslauriers (PC) 4235
 * Danielle Page (NDP) 1905
 * Serge Girard (Ind [SCO]) 177

Ottawa South:

 * (incumbent) Claude Bennett (PC) 15218
 * Robert Dyck (L) 8832
 * Chris Chilton (NDP) 6146
 * Ray Turmel (Ind [SCO]) 259

Ottawa West:

 * (incumbent) Reuben Baetz (PC) 17418
 * George Anderson (L) 9112
 * Lofty MacMillan (NDP) 2348
 * Dale E. Alkerton (Ind [SCO]) 494

Oxford:

 * Dick Treleaven (PC) 15948
 * John Finlay (L) 11866
 * Wayne Colbran (NDP) 3673
 * Kaye Sargent (Lbt) 493

Parkdale:

 * Tony Ruprecht (L) 6941
 * (incumbent) Jan Dukszta (NDP) 6020
 * Verrol Whitmore (PC) 2914
 * Bill McGinnis (Ind) 289
 * Anna Larsen (Comm) 259

Parry Sound:

 * Ernie Eves (PC) 8955
 * Richard Thomas (L) 8949
 * Arthur Davis (NDP) 1448

Perth:

 * (incumbent) Hugh Edighoffer (L) 16283
 * Colleen Misener (PC) 7883
 * Scott Wilson (NDP) 1881

Peterborough:

 * (incumbent) John Turner (PC) 17962
 * Peter Adams (L) 11263
 * Paul Rexe (NDP) 8756
 * John Hayes (Lbt) 787
 * Bruce Knapp (Ind) 286
 * Kenneth T. Burgess (Ind) 59

Port Arthur:

 * (incumbent) Jim Foulds (NDP) 12258
 * Allan Laakkonen (PC) 10844
 * Kenneth R. Tilson (L) 3247
 * Dennis Deveau (Ind) 140
 * Paul Pugh (Comm) 103

Prescott and Russell:

 * Don Boudria (L) 15123
 * (incumbent) Joseph Albert Bélanger (PC) 9951
 * Claude Dion (NDP) 1828

Prince Edward—Lennox:

 * (incumbent) James Taylor (PC) 11135
 * Dan Brady (L) 6797
 * Bob King (NDP) 1423

Quinte:

 * (incumbent) Hugh O’Neil (L) 14861
 * George Mills (PC) 9517
 * Reg Pearson (NDP) 1795

Rainy River:

 * (incumbent) T. Patrick Reid (Liberal-Labour) 4575
 * Jack Pierce (PC) 4149
 * Alan M. Tibbetts (NDP) 2438

Renfrew North:

 * (incumbent) Sean Conway (L) 9113
 * Bryan D. Hocking (PC) 7137
 * Phil Chester (NDP) 1086

Renfrew South:

 * (incumbent) Paul Yakabuski (PC) 14552
 * Dick Trainor (L) 10420
 * Lynne Pattinson (NDP) 1174

Riverdale:

 * (incumbent) Jim Renwick (NDP) 6770
 * Peter Hesky (PC) 4088
 * Ed Schofield (L) 3237
 * Thelma R. Forsyth (Ind) 233
 * Anna Sideris (Comm) 158

St. Andrew—St. Patrick:

 * (incumbent) Larry Grossman (PC) 10674
 * Anne Johnston (L) 6839
 * Stanley E. Kutz (NDP) 3709
 * Judy Darcy (Ind [Workers Communist Party]) 262
 * Jeanne McGuire (Comm) 148
 * Sophia M. Firth (Ind) 106

St. Catharines:

St. David:

 * (incumbent) Margaret Scrivener (PC) 9627
 * Ian Scott (L) 8605
 * Tyrone Turner (NDP) 5985
 * Rhino Mappin (Ind [Rhinoceros]) 243

St. George:

 * Susan Fish (PC) 12390
 * Bruce McLeod (L) 8139
 * Dan Leckie (NDP) 4999
 * George Hislop (Ind) 2677
 * Bruce Evoy (Lbt) 359
 * Rhino Mills (Ind [Rhinoceros]) 194
 * Gary Weagle (Ind) 57

Sarnia:

 * Andy Brandt (PC) 13871
 * (incumbent) Paul Blundy (L) 10842
 * Stu Sullivan (NDP) 5292

Sault Ste. Marie:

 * (incumbent) Russ Ramsay (PC) 14712
 * Albert Ferranti (L) 7555
 * Susan Brothers (NDP) 7162

Scarborough Centre:

 * (incumbent) Frank Drea (PC) 12793
 * Paul Rook (NDP) 4898
 * Kurt Christensen (L) 4657
 * D’Arcy Cain (Lbt) 531

Scarborough East:

 * (incumbent) Margaret Birch (PC) 16386
 * Charles Beer (L) 7301
 * Gordon Wilson (NDP) 4826
 * Jim McIntosh (Lbt) 562
 * Jeff Nelles (Ind [Rhinoceros]) 171

Scarborough—Ellesmere:

 * Alan Robinson (PC) 11608
 * (incumbent) David Warner (NDP) 9720
 * Joe Gideon (L) 4545

Scarborough North:

 * (incumbent) Thomas Leonard Wells (PC) 29961
 * Vera Jean Brookes (L) 12663
 * Jerry Daca (NDP) 6512

Scarborough West:

 * (incumbent) Richard Johnston (NDP) 10019
 * John Adams (PC) 9644
 * Barbara Fava (L) 3914
 * Kevin James (Ind [Rhinoceros]) 369

Simcoe Centre:

 * (incumbent) George Taylor (PC) 16926
 * Bruce Owen (L) 12505
 * Gaye Lamb (NDP) 4532

Simcoe East:

 * Al McLean (PC) 12487
 * Fayne Bullen (NDP) 9085
 * Jack Harber (L) 7320
 * Ted Wolda (Ind) 749

Stormont—Dundas and Glengarry:

 * (incumbent) Osie Villeneuve (PC) 12487
 * Gerry Rosenquist (L) 7846
 * Joe O’Neil (NDP) 1836

Sudbury:

 * Jim Gordon (PC) 12043
 * (incumbent) Bud Germa (NDP) 8052
 * Jim Marchbank (L) 5998
 * Richard Orlandini (Comm) 115

Sudbury East:

 * (incumbent) Elie Martel (NDP) 13883
 * George McDonald (PC) 9420
 * Esther Davidson (L) 4909

Timiskaming:

 * (incumbent) Ed Havrot (PC) 8377
 * Bob Bain (NDP) 6768
 * Leo St. Cyr (L) 3593

Victoria—Haliburton:

 * (incumbent) John Eakins (L) 12807
 * Dave Murray (PC) 10509
 * Art Field (NDP) 2449

Waterloo North:

 * (incumbent) Herbert Epp (L) 12843
 * Bob Labbett (PC) 9606
 * Bob Needham (NDP) 3672

Welland—Thorold:

 * (incumbent) Mel Swart (NDP) 13379
 * Al Lacavera (L) 7916
 * Ivy Riddell (PC) 5564

Wellington—Dufferin—Peel:

 * (incumbent) Jack Johnson (PC) 16644
 * Elbert van Donkersgoed (L) 8136
 * Marion Chambers (NDP) 4650

Wellington South:

 * (incumbent) Harry Worton (L) 16237
 * Peter Mercer (PC) 7917
 * Terry Crowley (NDP) 5934
 * Lynne Hulley (Comm) 224

Wentworth:

 * Gordon Dean (PC) 10024
 * (incumbent) Colin Isaacs (NDP) 9864
 * Frank Herman (L) 8847

Wentworth North:

 * (incumbent) Eric Cunningham (L) 16433
 * Ann Sloat (PC) 12213
 * Jody Orr (NDP) 4702

Wilson Heights:

 * (incumbent) David Rotenberg (PC) 11722
 * Elinor Caplan (L) 8797
 * Greg Ioannou (NDP) 3623

Windsor—Riverside:

 * (incumbent) Dave Cooke (NDP) 13626
 * Gerry Levesque (L) 9102
 * Sandy Thomson (PC) 4418
 * John H. Snyder (Ind) 333

Windsor—Sandwich:

 * Bill Wrye (L) 7449
 * (incumbent) Ted Bounsall (NDP) 7315
 * Tony Brechkow (PC) 3479
 * Mike Longmoore (Comm) 258

Windsor—Walkerville:

 * (incumbent) Bernard Newman (L) 10553
 * Ray Simpson (NDP) 4988
 * Tom Porter (PC) 3428
 * Gerard O’Neil (Comm) 238

York Centre:

 * Don Cousens (PC) 19094
 * (incumbent) Alf Stong (L) 17372
 * John Campey (NDP) 3701

York East:

 * (incumbent) Robert Elgie (PC) 14562
 * Lois Cox (NDP) 4935
 * Don McNeill (L) 4811
 * Ed McDonald (Comm) 628
 * E. Scott Hughes (Unparty) 460

York Mills:

 * (incumbent) Bette Stephenson (PC) 20613
 * Isadore Weinberg (L) 5667
 * Dave Crisp (NDP) 3858
 * Scott Bell (Lbt) 1287

York North:

 * (incumbent) Bill Hodgson (PC) 18405
 * Jim Wilson (L) 10216
 * Keith Munro (NDP) 4614

York South:

 * (incumbent) Donald C. MacDonald (NDP) 9518
 * Les Green (L) 8099
 * Barbara Jafelice (PC) 7628
 * Mike Phillips (Comm) 472

Yorkview:

 * Michael Spensieri (L) 10160
 * Mike Morrone (NDP) 8973
 * Biran Yandell (PC) 5329
 * Frank Esposito (Ind) 798
 * Jack Sweet (Comm) 503
 * Richard A. Brandenburg (Ind) 352
 * Victor Heyn (Ind) 193

York West:

 * (incumbent) Nick Leluk (PC) 18501
 * Michael Eagen (L) 10228
 * Pauline Durning (NDP) 2865
 * Don Douloff (Ind [Rhinoceros]) 538

Post-election changes
Hamilton West: Stuart Smith resigned his legislative seat on January 25, 1982, and a by-election was called for June 17, 1982.

 * Richard Allen (NDP) 8915
 * Bob McMurrich (PC) 7066
 * Joe Barbera (L) 6952
 * John Turmel 174

York South: Donald C. MacDonald resigned his legislative seat in 1982, and a by-election was called for November 4, 1982.

 * Bob Rae (NDP) 11212
 * John Nunziata (L) 8595
 * Barbara Jafelice (PC) 4376
 * Myron Petriw (Lbt) 234
 * John Turmel 66

Stormont—Dundas and Glengarry: Osie Villeneuve died in 1983, and a by-election has called on December 15, 1983:
 * Noble Villeneuve (PC) 12197
 * Johnny Whitteker (L) 8062
 * Rudi Derstroff (NDP) 627
 * John Turmel 97

Frontenac—Addington: Liberal MPP J. Earl McEwen crossed the floor to join the Progressive Conservatives in 1984.

Hamilton Centre: Sheila Copps resigned her legislative seat in 1984, and a by-election was held on December 13, 1984:

 * Mike Davison (NDP) 5308
 * Lily Oddie Munro (L) 5253
 * Sandi Bell (PC) 3314
 * Kerry Wilson (Comm) 124

Ottawa Centre: Michael Cassidy resigned his legislative seat in 1984, and a by-election was held on December 13, 1984.

 * Evelyn Gigantes (NDP) 8165
 * Graham Bird (PC) 5870
 * Lowell Green (L) 5202
 * Greg Vezina (G) 130
 * Ray Joseph Cormier 94
 * John Turmel 90

Ottawa East: Albert J. Roy resigned his legislative seat in 1984, and a by-election was held on December 13, 1984:

 * Bernard Grandmaître (L) 7754
 * Richard Boudreau (PC) 1934
 * Jean Gilbert (NDP) 1531
 * Serge Girard 122

Prescott and Russell: Don Boudria resigned his legislative seat in 1984, and a by-election was held on December 13, 1984:

 * Jean Poirier (L) 10182
 * Gaston Patenaude (PC) 8347
 * Rheo Lalonde (NDP) 1791

Wentworth North: Eric Cunningham resigned his legislative seat in 1984, and a by-election was held on December 13, 1984:

 * Ann Sloat (PC) 8524
 * Chris Ward (L) 8355
 * Lynn Spencer (NDP) 3115
 * George Graham (Lbt) 162

Riverdale: Jim Renwick died in 1984.

Kitchener: Jim Breithaupt resigned in 1984.

Rainy River: T. Patrick Reid resigned in 1984.

Eglinton: Roy McMurtry resigned his seat in 1985 to take a government position in the United Kingdom.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1981 Ontario general election


text:
Pierre Moscovici

Pierre Moscovici (, ; born 16 September 1957) is a French politician who served as the European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs from 2014 to 2019. He previously served as Minister of Finance from 2012 to 2014 and as Minister for European Affairs between 1997 and 2002.

Previously a member of the Trotskyist group the Revolutionary Communist League, Moscovici joined the French Socialist Party (PS) in 1984 and has since that time been a member of the Departmental Council of Doubs and of the French Parliament and the European Parliament.

In May 2014 he was entrusted by the Prime Minister of France with a six-month mission to assess how European policies can better contribute to growth and employment. In July 2014 French President François Hollande proposed him to be France's representative in the next European Commission. In September 2014, he was named as European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs by President-designate of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker.

Early life and education
Born in Paris, Moscovici is the son of the influential Romanian social psychologist Serge Moscovici and of the Polish psychoanalyst Marie Bromberg-Moscovici.

Moscovici obtained his Baccalauréat at the Lycée Condorcet in 1974, a DEA in economics and in philosophy, and he graduated from Sciences Po Paris and the École nationale d'administration, where he studied under Dominique Strauss-Kahn, who became a friend and mentor in politics. He was a president of À gauche en Europe, a group founded by Strauss-Kahn and Michel Rocard and also created his own group "Besoin de Gauche".

After graduating from the École nationale d'administration in 1984, Moscovici was appointed to the Cour des comptes – French Court of Audit -, of which he is currently a senior member.

Early political career
Initially active in the Revolutionary Communist League, he left in 1984 to join the PS and, in 1986, became secretary of the "experts' group" created by Claude Allègre.

In 1988, he moved on to the Ministry for National Education in Minister Lionel Jospin's cabinet, first as conseiller technique, then as chargé de mission.

From 1990 to 1994, he headed the Public Service Modernisation and Financing Department at the Commissariat général du Plan – French Planning Office.

Member of the European Parliament
From 1994 to 1997, Moscovici was a Member of the European Parliament. In parliament, he served on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he was part of the Parliament's delegation for relations with the countries of Central America and Mexico.

Minister delegate for European Affairs
Elected to the French Parliament from the Doubs département in 1997, he went on to become a Member of the Franche-Comté Regional Council from 1998 to 2004, and of the Doubs département General Council from 1994 to 2002.

From 1997 to 2002, Moscovici was Minister delegate for European Affairs in the government of Lionel Jospin. At the request of Chirac, he represented the French authorities at the Convention on the Future of Europe in 2002.

Member of the European Parliament
On 20 July 2004, Moscovici was elected one of the 14 Vice-presidents of the European Parliament and was re-elected on 17 January 2007. In addition, he served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

Of Romanian origin, he was one of the supporters of Romania's EU integration. He stated that he identifies itself as a half Romanian.

Member of the French National Assembly
From 2007 to 2012, Moscovici was a Member of the French National Assembly (4th constituency in the Doubs), serving on the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and subsequently the Finance Committee. He also served as vice-president of the Assembly's Committee on European Affairs.

He was President of the Pays de Montbéliard Agglomération (PMA – Greater Montbéliard Authority) from 2008 to 2012.

In 2011, Moscovici endorsed François Hollande and ran his successful campaign for the 2012 French presidential election. In the subsequent legislative election, Moscovici was re-elected to the National Assembly from the 4th constituency in the Doubs.

Moscovici served as a Member of the French National Assembly. In May 2014 he was entrusted by the Prime Minister of France with a six-month mission to assess how European policies can better contribute to growth and employment.

Minister for Finance and Economy
Moscovici served as France's Minister for Finance and Economy from May 2012 to April 2014.

Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2012 convention in Toulouse, Moscovici publicly endorsed Harlem Désir as candidate to succeed Martine Aubry at the party's leadership.

Moscovici was among the guests invited to the state dinner hosted by U.S. President Barack Obama in honor of Hollande at the White House on 11 February 2014.

Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs
In July 2014 President Francois Hollande nominated Moscovici to be France's candidate for the European Commission led by Jean-Claude Juncker. Juncker subsequently nominated Moscovici as Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs.

Moscovici served as Commissioner from 2014 until 2019. In this capacity, he was in charge of the application of the Stability and Growth Pact, as well as ensuring the economic soundness of Commission proposals and deepening the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union to create the conditions for jobs, growth and investment, and encouraging further structural reforms. On taxation matters, he was responsible for developing a value added tax system at the European level, improving the functioning of the internal market in both direct and indirect taxation and fighting tax fraud and tax evasion. His responsibilities also included the development and management of an efficient European Union Customs Union.

By 2017, Moscovici openly advocated a fully formed eurozone finance minister, and admitted that he would be interested in that position. In the meantime, the as Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs should also assume the presidency of the Eurogroup.

In a 2018 letter to Sergei Stanishev, then chairman of the Party of European Socialists (PES), Moscovici ruled himself out of the race to succeed Jean-Claude Juncker and become the commission's next president, “due to profound disagreements with [the French Socialist Party’s] political line and strategy on Europe.”

Wiretapping by NSA
In 2015, WikiLeaks revealed that the U.S. National Security Agency wiretapped Moscovici's communication during his time as Minister of Finance.

Other activities

 * Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA), Member of the Strategic Committee

Governmental function

 * Minister of Economy and Finances, June 2012 – April 2014
 * Minister of Economy, Finances, and Foreign Trade, May 2012 – June 2012
 * Minister of European Affairs, 1997–2002.

European Parliament

 * Member of European Parliament, 1994–1997 (elected in the National Assembly of France in 1997, and became minister) 2004–2007 (Resignation, re-elected member of the National Assembly of France in 2007). Elected in 1994, re-elected in 2004.

National Assembly of France

 * Member of the National Assembly of France for Doubs, elected in 1997, but became minister in June) 2007–2012 (became minister in May). Elected in 1997, re-elected in 2007, 2012.

Regional Council

 * Regional councillor of Franche-Comté, 1998–2004.

General Council

 * General councillor of Doubs, 1994–2001.

Municipal Council

 * Municipal councillor of Valentigney, 2008–2014.
 * Municipal councillor of Montbéliard, 1995–2008. Re-elected in 2001.

Agglomeration community Council

 * President of the Agglomeration community of the Pays de Montbéliard, 2008–2012 (resignation).
 * Member of the Agglomeration community of the Pays de Montbéliard, 2008–2014.

Opinion
"We sincerely hope that Greece remains in the eurozone", Moscovici said.

title: Pierre Moscovici


text:
Talk:List of co-princes of Andorra

Untitled
Lots of the Catalan names used are Spanished. I'll adapt them into Catalan following the next list of bishops of Urgell: http://www.bisbaturgell.org/bisbat_urgell/episcopologi.htm Llull 21:42, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It's probably helpful to add both. --- User:Docu

 * No, this is a nonsense. Why should we add the names translated from Catalan to an other language that is no the language of this Wikipedia? I used the same names that use the Urgell bishopric. Which is the criteria used for the change? Llull 09:05, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Only an example. The first name. If you search Pedro d'Urg in Google (translated from Catalan to Spanish without reason) you'll get 8 results, and if you search "Pere d'Urg" you'll find 4.050 results. Llull 09:30, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I have restored an old version of the article, because I think is not correct tu write the names of the bishop of Urgell in castillan, see:

Pèrez 10:06, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Boris I
Since this nonsense is likely to come up again and again: "Boris I" never ruled Andorra. This was an adventurer who got himself into some government positions in Andorra, but ultimately was expelled around May 1934, and thereafter never managed to enter Andorra again. In July 1934, from Urgel, he declared himself sovereign prince of Andorra and declared war on the bishop of Urgel, and the only effect of this was that he was arrested by Spanish police and, in November 1934, expelled from Spain. This can be verified by reading actual newspapers from the time as opposed to the distortions that may be found on the Web. NoPuzzleStranger 00:03, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Roderic de Borja i Escriva` was bishop of Urgell and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra 1467-1472, then bishop of Barcelona from 1472. He is NOT identical with his younger contemporary, Roderic de Borja y Borja (Rodrigo de Borja y Borja), archbishop of Valencia and later Pope Alexander VI. The confusion of these two members of the Borja family of Xa'tiva is part of a more general confusion regarding names and relationships in this clan. For a quick reference, see

Arms of Co-Prince under Bonaparte
It is incorrect to show the Bonaparte family's private arms as minor Corsican nobility as the arms of the Co-Prince under the Empire, or to refer to the Empire as the House of Bonaparte. Under the First and Second Empires (Napoleon I and III) the correct arms of the Co-Prince were the Imperial arms of France, as shown in your article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire.

David Phillips San Francisco dfp18@columbia.edu —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.15.1.126 (talk) 03:34, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Merging articles
As a "be bold" kind of editor, I took it upon myself earlier today to create a separate article on Co-Princes of Andorra, which described the development of the unique co-principality system in Andorra, together with information on the powers and prerogatives of the two princes as delineated in the Constitution of Andorra. I felt this information belonged in that article, rather than this one, as this article simply presented itself (by its title) as a "List of Co-Princes of Andorra". I merged the contents of this article into that one (with a few changes designed to eliminate redundant information), and then deleted everything in this article and placed a redirect to Co-Princes of Andorra. However, I felt upon further reflection that while creating the other article was fine (and I have retained the info from this article that I put into that one), I probably should have asked for a concensus opinion before transforming this article into a simple "redirect" article (as opposed to what it is now). Hence, I am proposing such a change now, and ask for imput from other editors on the subject. Thanks! - Ecjmartin (talk) 01:39, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

List criteria for inclusion
What are the criteria for listing names in this article? The names listed here don't seem to match the article title, List of co-princes of Andorra, as there have only been 47 co-princes in total, but the article contains far more names than that. I propose that we blank the page and start over, listing only the actual 47 co-princes of Andorra since 1265.

As far as I am concerned, the most reliable source on the question of who is or was a co-prince of Andorra, is this page, from the "French Co-princes" page, from the Representative of His Excellency the Co-Prince of France website in Andorra. Any other source (in particular rulers.org and worldstatesmen.org, each of which is an SPS labor of love by an individual unknown in historical circles, but also archontology.org,) must bend to this list from Andorra. Since 1871, every co-prince has been the currently serving President of the French Republic. Notice that there is a gap in the list from 1940 to 1947; this is not an accident, and is discussed more in detail here. As an oversimplification, there was no "French Republic" during those years, there was only the French State (i.e., the Vichy regime) under Marshal Philippe Petain, followed by the Provisional Government of the French Republic under de Gaulle; neither was "the French Republic", hence, no co-prince. When the French Fourth Republic was established in late 1946 and Vincent Auriol took office as first President in January 1947, then the co-prince list picks up again from that point, with Auriol in 1947, followed by all the other Presidents of France ever since (current co-prince is President Emmanuel Macron).

The table in the article is kind of wishy-washy about who is present in the table and why. For example, Philippe Petain is listed in column 3 under the colored, bold heading, 'Head of the French State' and there's no question whatever that Petain was head of the French State during the period indicated. However, Petain was not co-prince of Andorra, so if that is the implication, then it is mistaken, and he needs to be removed. But plenty of other individuals in column three are also not co-princes, such as Félix Gouin and Georges Bidault; why are they even there?

Either the table needs to be blanked and done over from scratch to reflect the actual list, or the article needs a new title to reflect the mixed content contained there, but I have no idea what that title might be, as it seems like a pretty mixed bag of names. Mathglot (talk) 00:57, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

Bernat de Salbà i de Salbà Lifespan
The lifespan listed for Bernat de Salbà i de Salbà is the same as the lifespan listed for Andreu Capella 75.159.130.14 (talk) 20:14, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

ill in timeline?
I added an interlanguage link for Ricardo Fornesa (in eswiki). First of all, is Spanish or Catalan preferred? (he has a page in cawiki as well) Secondly, can the ill be used in the graphical tl?Naraht (talk) 17:56, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
 * , In theory, if it were a binary choice one might prefer Catalan on the grounds that Catalan is official in Andorra, and Spanish is not. On practical grounds in the Anglosphere, one might prefer Spanish, as far more English speakers can read Spanish than Catalan. That said, you don't have to make a choice, because ill allows multiple links, so just include both of them. Mathglot (talk) 20:59, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
 * OK.Naraht (talk) 21:13, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

Philippe Pétain and World War II
So the official list from the current Andorran government https://www.coprince-fr.ad/fr/co-princes-francais does not list any French co-prince between 1940 and 1947, but a Reddit historian has dug up some sources which seems to indicate that:

1. Pétain was indeed considered co-prince of Andorra. [Paris-Soir, 15 July 1941; https://www.retronews.fr/journal/paris-soir/15-juillet-1941/131/98837/1]

2. Charles de Gaulle fired Pétain's representative (which means there was one) after the liberation of Paris. [Journal officiel de la République française, 8 April 1945; https://www.retronews.fr/journal/journal-officiel-de-la-republique-francaise/8-avril-1945/831/2554159/2]

However, I don't know if there are any records of de Gaulle appointing a representative or otherwise acting as co-prince during the GPRF era.

Given that under the Ordinance of 9 August 1944 the modern French government does not recognize Vichy France this seems very likely to be a retroactive repudiation, analogous to an antipope or other usurper; however, it would seem appropriate to document it as such.

On the other hand, if there is any evidence of an actual interregnum, then that should be blocked out as such on the timeline.

HPA (talk) 20:10, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of co-princes of Andorra


text:
Central railway station, Brisbane

Central railway station is located on the North Coast line in Queensland, Australia. It is the principal station on the City network and is located in the north of the Brisbane central business district. Central station is one of four inner city stations that form a core corridor through the centre of Brisbane.

History
The first building for Central railway station was a structure of wood and corrugated galvanised iron, and opened on 18 August 1889 as the terminus of the line when it was extended from Roma Street railway station. In 1891, the tunnel to Brunswick Street station (now Fortitude Valley) was opened so trains could run directly from Central to northern destinations.

An elegant new station was constructed and opened in 1899 with arches of corrugated galvanised iron over the platforms and a portico on Ann Street. A new entrance with its distinctive row of clocks was constructed in 1901 in sandstone from nearby quarries. In 1904, Central had the only electro-pneumatic system in Australia for changing points and signals.

The station had two through and two bay platforms. In 1909, the bay platforms were converted to through platforms.

In the 1940s, an American soldier was arrested after stabbing a Brisbane woman and a group of Australian soldiers.

Ann Street was widened in 1954 for the construction of government offices which required the portico to be demolished. The vaulted roof was removed in 1966 and replaced by awnings over each platform.

Between 1968 and 1970, the station was redeveloped with office towers built over the platforms at the Edward Street end, involving the demolition of the 1901 entrance buildings and the construction of a modern pedestrian retail concourse behind the old station buildings. Further redevelopment saw the Sheraton Hotel Towers (now Sofitel Brisbane) constructed in 1984 over the remaining platforms.

As part of the quadruplication of the line from Roma Street station to Bowen Hills, Platforms 5 and 6 opened on 11 June 1996.

In early 2017, a major upgrade to the station commenced.

Station configuration
Central railway station is located at the northern end of the Brisbane central business district on Ann Street, directly opposite Anzac Square. Pedestrian access is available from the main entrance at the corner of Ann and Edward Streets, the pedestrian subway connecting Anzac Square with Upper Edward Street and from the corner of Ann Street and Creek Street. Lesser used access points are located off Wickham Terrace and from Edward Street via the courtyard of the Railway Centre.

There is elevator access to Central Station from Ann Street opposite the Shrine of Remembrance, and from Wickham Terrace on the northern corner of the complex. There are also escalators to Central station from Anzac Square Arcade, next to Anzac Square.

Services
Central station is served by all suburban and interurban City network lines. Also see Inner City timetable.

title: Central railway station, Brisbane


text:
Gérard Onesta

Gérard Onesta (born 5 August 1960) is a French politician and was Member of the European Parliament for the South West of France.

He is a member of Europe Écologie–The Greens, part of the European Greens. On 20 July 2004 he was re-elected a Member of the European Parliament, and he was elected four times one of its Vice-Presidents. His successor is José Bové.

In March 2010 regional election, he is the leader of Europe Écologie–The Greens in Midi-Pyrénées.

Onesta defines himself as a European federalist, with strong proclivities for regionalism.

Trivia
His cousin Claude Onesta is the coach of the 5 fold champion France men's national handball team.

title: Gérard Onesta


text:
Talk:Anarchy, State, and Utopia

minimal state leads to minimal state?
The article states, "To support the idea of the minimal state, Nozick posits an ultraminimal state as a thought experiment and attempts to show how it will lead to a minimal state." Is this really what he does? Why would you support the idea of the minimal state by showing how an ultraminmimal state would lead to a minimal state? Zensufi 14:20, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This is what he does...the point being to demonstrate that a less-than-minimal state will evolve into a minimal state necessarily (re: the point about the book being an argument against anarcho-capitalism, etc.) Christopher Parham (talk) 10:45, 2005 May 23 (UTC)

Christopher Parham is correct, here's a part from the introduction which explains what Nozick is trying to prove:

"Our main conclusions about the state are that a minimal state, limited to the narrow functions of protection against force, theft, fraud, enforcement of contracts, and so on, is justified; that any more extensive state will violate persons' rights not to be forced to do certain things, and is unjustified; and that the minimal state is inspiring as well as right. Two noteworthy implications are that the state may not use its coercive apparatus for the purpose of getting some citizens to aid others, or in order to prohibit activities to people for their own good or protection."

In his book Nozick also wants to show how a minimal state could evolve from state of nature (=anarchy) without coercion. "Ultraminimal state" is one step from anarchy and protective associations to the actual minimal state.

Needs much more disscussion of Criticisms
This article is decent right now, but given the unpopularity of Nozick's positions much more should be said about his critics. In particular the responses of John Rawls and Michael Walzer should be mentioned, as well as Susan Okin's criticisms. I could maybe start on this at some point, but anyone familiar with the literature on all this should jump in. Snowboardpunk 21:51, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

This article is pretty good indeed and does justice to the book; regarding the critics, i've been working a bit on "Anarchy" for my PhD thesis and there is ... an entire library of articles hacking at some point or another of Nozick's theory, coming from basically all sides of the philosophical and political spectrum. So, a proper treatment or even listing of the different critics might bring you to an article whose length is close to that of a book -:(

More specifically, Rawls answer to libertarianism and in particular to Nozick's undermining of the bases of "A theory of justice" is rudimentary, to say the least. While Rawls spend most of his career after the publication of TJ to answer criticism of the book and re-elaborate his original theory in the light of those critics, the ONLY line of attack he never considered seriously is the libertarian one. Actually, it is more like he refused to do so because a consistent derivation from his own meta-ethical foundations can only lead to libertarianism, as was pointed out not only by Nozick but also by Sandel and by Lomasky. Rawls, being a convinced social-democrat, refused for ideological reasons to accept the full results of the ethical individualism from which he deduces his first principle of justice and his critic of utilitarianism. So, whereas he integrates the communitarian position to some extent in "Political Liberalism", he contends himself with a simple brushing away of the libertarian view, a treatment that boils down to an assertion that: "there is only one possible vision of justice or the right, and it is mine" - not fairly convincing nor properly worked out!

This being said, i'm in a tight spot for the moment but i'll have a look at this and try to post something here in a week or two. Cheers, M-

what abut cricsisem form the anti globalzation crwoed ? or erick mack and the tibor mahcahn foks since its more new then rothblad and have devloped his ideas better  thoerys what abut exampeklf of a fail nozaick expermient in russia and in east europe ?is not just like marx that made a insperation for soviet and east europe but failed as a system the same did maybe nozaiack ?did they not try his ideas in argentian  and brazil too? xxxboy82.147.38.2 (talk) 16:08, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Anybody have thoughts on this Leff guy who's described? After 16 years in political philosophy, I've never heard of him. But perhaps he's big with legal theorists? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.173.176.104 (talk) 05:30, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

John Rawls
Why is nothing mentioned of the Difference Principle, the Original Position? Tourskin (talk) 22:12, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Theory
The paragraph was very well written and captures the heart of Nozick's argument, however the last sentence was misleading. The language employed the word "unsustainable." The implication of this last sentence is that anarchy fails or somehow leads to chaos and disorder or something which is a complete break from a state of anarchy. I don't think that captures the essence of Nozick's argument. Better understood, Nozick's theory is that a state of anarchy will always lead to a single, dominant, protective agency...a minimalist state. Because anarchy will ALWAYS lead to this minimalist state, its misleading to say that its unsustainable. The system does in fact sustain itself. It wins out; it outcompetes and dominates all others. What emerges is not chaotic or a break from anarchy, its an ordered entity which emerges from anarchy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.18.100.210 (talk) 04:15, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Rawls' criticism
I cannot find where in Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy Rawls criticizes Nozick in the way this article says. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.76.18.130 (talk) 02:01, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

Alasdair MacIntyre
The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre offers a critique of Nozick's "Anarchy, State, and Utopia" in his 1981 work, After Virtue, and there may be further work on this critique in MacIntyre's follow up, "Whose Justice? Which Rationality?". -Teetotaler 5 January, 2015 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.183.151.78 (talk) 18:13, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

Reception section
I believe that most of the section discussing Rawls's response to Anarchy, State, and Utopia should be removed. It seems to violate both WP:NPOV and WP:NOR. Much of it is not even directly relevant: thus, one paragraph begins "In The Law of Peoples, speaking of libertarianism generally...". In other words, the material is not actually about Rawls's view of Anarchy, State, and Utopia, but about libertarianism in general, meaning that this is the wrong article for it. Similarly, the section about Justice as Fairness begins, "Although not actually a response, in Justice as Fairness..." I'm going to wait a few days, to research this issue further and give other editors a chance to respond; if there is no response, I'm probably going to go ahead and remove most of the section on Rawls. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:59, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Although they are not tied directly by citations they are tied together but since there are not any citations you certainly may remove it. On the other hand there are many works that compare the two, for a better encyclopedia, I think it would be better to improve it. NPOV does not seem to apply here, all significant viewpoints should be stated. BUT... they certainly should be cited better than an inline link. It does seem to be original research since we have no idea where these viewpoints came from, it would be nice if the author came back and clarified. Jadeslair (talk) 01:19, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I think it is a violation of WP:NPOV to include material that isn't actually about Anarchy, State, and Utopia in this article and present it as though it were a response to the book. So I will probably remove that material within the next few days. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 01:36, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are correct but the book not a romance novel it is a work which presents ideas. I am not opposing you. Just presenting my ideas. Jadeslair (talk) 02:01, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I have no idea what your bizarre comment above is supposed to mean. In any case, I have removed the inappropriate material per WP:NOR and other policies. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:13, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Wilt Chamberlain Argument
Maybe I'm missing part of the line of reasoning in this argument. When Wilt receives 250.000 USD additional income, in a rawlesian world a tax system would kick in, redistributing income. If the least wealthy person receives more than 25 cent, he'd be better off. If there would be no tax system, Nozick would be right, but this would be a circular agrument, wouldn't it? In a world in which nobody wants redistribution, there would be no working rule for distribution. Winkelhake (talk) 08:55, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

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About the use of the term "patterned distribution"
As much as I have been taught to be my libertarian, Nozickian mentor, I have to object to the use of the term "patterned" in conjunction to income distribution. In here. Because that term is Nozick's innovation, and it doesn't hold much water in today's philosophical community. I'd *want* it to, as a libertarian of sorts who likes the idea, but it still very well can't.

So, as far as I can see it, the idea of "pattern" should be demoted to the body text, and maybe even given scare quotes. It's an influencial idea, to be true, and a nice way to put our libertarian objections to ideological social policy, but I still don't think the idea should go unchallenged, in here, encyclopediacally. Decoy (talk) 21:16, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

 * ??? patterns is used frequently in nozickian discourse, and is generally a signifier of an objection to nozickian reasoning. it is a valid and useful term within the academic discourse. iirc marxist critics of nozick are willing to use his term and generally do not challenge it in order to take nozick at his best. cf g.a. cohen. Meikkon (talk) 02:09, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anarchy, State, and Utopia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The entertainment unit

Not encyclopedic. I can't imagine anyone searching for this term. Seems similar to the "hamburger earmuffs" (Simpsons reference)  that was deleted a while back. Joyous 21:47, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * I asked the user about it earlier, but got a response something akin to "it's not hurting anything". It isn't even linked to in the Friends article itself. Delete and try to make mentions of it in either Chandler Bing or Joey Tribbiani. Mike H 21:48, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Put it back in Chandler and Joey's apartment where it belongs. Also add to List of furniture featured in sit-coms. 'scuse me while I get back to writing my sofa's life story. Ianb 21:54, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Haha funny...on TV...had to be there.  Too minor a feature of a TV show, unsearchable term. Geogre 00:18, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete fan trivia. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:32, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Beyond the limit. Delete and also delete the apartment articles. Any useful information can go under the character articles. MK 21:13, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Wow. you fellers really do suck. I mean, who's it hurting? If yer don't like it, for Gods sake, just don't read it. That's pretty damn ignorant. Fan Trivia my arse. It were just a harmless piece of fun. This isn't even a real encyclopedia! If this is the policy, why not get started on the Simpsons page? Or the Beatles? I mean, who the hell is going to search for Mal Evans? or My Two Cents? . I can't imagine too many pewople searching for Ferdinand de Lessops either, but it seems reasonable that he should be on. Maybe if you actually contributed something of substance (I've checked, for the most part, you haven't) then you'd realise that this whole encyclopedia thing cannot be harmed by little bits of useless trivia, connected to more important matter. I'm not going to bother appealing for it to be un-deleated, no point with such boring tight arses around. God, if you'd just told me I would gladly have removed it, edited it and put it elsewhere, but, again, ignorance. Go Fuck yourself. --Crestville 00:41, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day

 Reporting errors Please do not post error reports for today's or tomorrow's picture of the day here; post them at WP:ERRORS instead. Thank you.

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title: Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day


text: Category:MediaWiki

title: Category:MediaWiki


text:
Talk:Nick Drake

£20 a week was an absolute fortune early 70s
'couldn't afford shoes?' 'frugal existance'?

109.157.75.97 (talk) 06:13, 29 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Maybe they were expensive shoes? I guess we need to see what Nick actually wrote in the NME in 1975. Martinevans123 (talk) 07:44, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

 * why did he need 'expensive shoes' - he didn't go anywhere — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.157.75.97 (talk) 01:03, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I think he occasionally visited shoe shops. Martinevans123 (talk) 07:52, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I believe this information was extrapolated from the fact that he typically wore the same pair often (many contemporaries mention this fact as unusual) and wore them out completely.

Keith Morris mentions that he often wore the same outfits multiple times and it has been suspected that the reason why his shirts looked so ill-fitting in photographs were because they were his father's cast-off's and not his own clothing. (I will find a source for both if needed) It is my suspicion that this is where both the shoes and "frugal existence" comments came from. 67.81.155.109 (talk) 08:14, 15 March 2020 (UTC)
 * This would be interesting to add if true. Ceoil  (talk) 15:26, 15 March 2020 (UTC)

Interesting article
There's a new book about Drake's friendship with Martyn. See https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jul/15/nick-drake-john-martyn-complex-friendship-small-hours-extract --84.64.249.140 (talk) 12:10, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

Proper attribution: Indigo Beach should attribute the changes made to my IP address
To be intellectually honest, at the end of the article, the removal of the critic's ad hominem and bigoted comments should be attributed to my IP address.

I made these arguments several weeks prior and a Wikipedia editor kept reverting them. Even though a possibly critic, the comments I indicated should be deleted did not address Drake's music, and were little more than a cheap shot regarding Drake's depression and disability. 2601:6C5:300:B230:B4C2:F17D:A842:B895 (talk) 01:34, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

 * You were removing the entire review, not just the part that you considered a "cheap shot". ... disco spinster   talk  01:55, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

Born in Burma
in the article it claims he was english, yet born in burma. surely people born in burma are Burmese?

cheers 79.79.111.189 (talk) 08:21, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Burma was a British colony at the time, his parents were English and he was ethnically English, moving back to the UK shortly after. Unless he openly claimed Burmese allegiance, there is no reason to call him anything other than English or British.  freshacconci  (✉) 15:57, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nick Drake


text:
Wisconsin Death Trip

Wisconsin Death Trip is a 1973 historical nonfiction book by Michael Lesy, originally published by Pantheon Books. It charts numerous sordid, tragic, and bizarre incidents that took place in and around Jackson County, Wisconsin between 1885 and 1900, primarily in the town of Black River Falls. The events are outlined through actual written historical documents—primarily articles published in the town newspaper—with additional narration by Lesy, as well as excerpts from works by Hamlin Garland, Sinclair Lewis, and Glenway Wescott, which thematically parallel the incidents depicted. The text is accompanied by contemporaneous photographs and portraits taken in Black River Falls by photographer Charles Van Schaick. Thematically, the book emphasizes the harsh aspects of Midwestern rural life under the pressures of crime, pestilence, mental illness, and urbanization.

Wisconsin Death Trip developed a cult following in the years following its publication. In 1999, British filmmaker James Marsh adapted the book into a critically-acclaimed docudrama film of the same name. It was subsequently reprinted in 1991 by Anchor Books, and by the University of New Mexico Press in 2000.

Overview
Wisconsin Death Trip charts a myriad of numerous grim and bizarre occurrences that took place in and around Jackson County, Wisconsin—in particular, the city of Black River Falls—between 1885 and 1910. In addition to a disintegration of the local economy after the closure of several industrial mines, the populace is plagued by a diphtheria epidemic that claims the lives of numerous children, as well as a series of violent crimes, murders, suicides, arsons, religious delusions, mental illness, and superstitions. The vandalism crimes of Mary Sweeny are also showcased throughout.

The book is divided in five sections, with the opening and closing chapters focusing primarily on births, children, and child death; the middle three chapters focus on an array of incidents involving adults. The various occurrences are relayed via actual articles originally published in the local newspaper, the Badger State Banner, by editor Frank Cooper and his son George, as well as written documents from a medical records keeper from Mendota State Hospital, a town historian, and a town gossip. Lesy's own narration is also incorporated, along with selections from writings by Hamlin Garland, Sinclair Lewis, and Glenway Wescott.

Accompanying the text are approximately 200 photographs and portraits by Charles Van Schaick, a German immigrant who served as the Justice of Peace and town photographer for Black River Falls. The book emphasizes the harsh elements of Midwestern rural life during the expansion of the American Frontier and imminent urbanization, and their role in sordid incidents that unfolded in and around the community.

Development
Michael Lesy began developing Wisconsin Death Trip while studying for a master's degree at the University of Wisconsin in the late 1960s, during which he came across a collection of portraits and photographs by Black River Falls photographer Charles Van Schaick—taken between 1890 and 1900—that had been preserved by the Wisconsin Historical Society. The collection had been acquired by the historical society in 1970, after having been left stored in Van Schaick's unused studio for thirty years following his death in 1940. Van Schaik had left behind a total of approximately 30,000 glass plate negatives, approximately 8,000 of which were salvaged by the historical society. "I thought some of the studio portraits were pretty amazing," Lesy recalled. "The whole experience that day seemed like a separate universe."

Inspired by the images, Lesy began researching the history of the town via microforms of contemporaneous newspaper articles from the Black River Falls newspaper, the Badger State Banner, which detailed numerous accounts of economic turmoil, crime, disease, mental illness, and violence. Lesy selected approximately 200 of Van Schaick's photographs for inclusion in the book, which he originally presented as his doctoral thesis at Rutgers University.

Publication history
Pantheon Books first published Wisconsin Death Trip in 1973. It has been reprinted several times in the United States, first by Anchor Books in January 1991, and later by the University of New Mexico Press in January 2000. An eBook version was released by the University of New Mexico Press in August 2016.

Film adaptation
The 1999 film adaptation was directed by James Marsh as a docudrama. It was shot primarily in black-and-white, with contrasting color sequences of modern life in the area. It combined re-enactments of some of the events described in the book with a voice-over narration by Ian Holm. Its visual style was intended to carry the content of the film; as Marsh said: "I wanted to convey in the film the real pathos contained in a four line newspaper report that simultaneously records and dismisses the end of someone's life."

Legacy
In the years following its publication, Wisconsin Death Trip developed a cult following and has been cited as an inspiration for numerous other works of music, literature, and film.

The book inspired a number of musical works, including the opera Black River by Conrad Susa, which was composed in 1975 and revised 1981; the 1999 "dramatic cantata" Songs of Madness and Sorrow by Daron Hagen; and the 1999 album Wisconsin Death Trip by the industrial metal band Static-X. British post-punk band Echo & the Bunnymen used photographs from the book as artwork for their 2001 album Flowers, as well as its singles. A song performed by Jerry Joseph was inspired by the title of the film. Most recently, the book was adapted into a bluegrass/roots-rock opera by Tim Raphael and composer Jeff Berkson, which had its world premiere at Georgetown University's Davis Performing Arts Center on February 1, 2008. The soundtrack for the film adaptation of the book features original music by DJ Shadow and John Cale.

The Australian author Rod Jones cites Wisconsin Death Trip as an inspiration for his novel Billy Sunday, and the American author Robert Goolrick also cites it as an inspiration for his novel A Reliable Wife. Stephen King's book of novellas, Full Dark, No Stars, cites Wisconsin Death Trip as the inspiration for the story 1922. The American author Stewart O'Nan "acknowledges his great debt to Michael Lesy," citing Wisconsin Death Trip as an inspiration for his novel A Prayer for the Dying. (NB: at least one early Picador edition misattributes this to "Michael Levy".)

In commentary on the two-disc DVD release of the Bob Dylan biopic I'm Not There, director Todd Haynes said that much of the imagery for the town of Riddle in the Richard Gere segment of the film was inspired by Lesy's book. Director Walter Murch also used the book as an historical source for the 1985 cult classic Return to Oz.

The creators of the show The Heart, She Holler have discussed being influenced by the book in the creation of their show about rural America.

Author Neil Gaiman cites the book as "hugely influential in the headspace" that led to his 2001 novel American Gods, later adapted into a television series of the same name.

title: Wisconsin Death Trip