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Exclusive Brethren

The Exclusive Brethren are a subset of the Christian evangelical movement generally described as the Plymouth Brethren. They are distinguished from the Open Brethren from whom they separated in 1848.

The Exclusive Brethren are now divided into a number of groups, most of which differ on minor points of doctrine or practice. Perhaps the best-known of these, mainly through media attention, is the Raven-Taylor-Hales group, now known as the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church, which maintains the doctrine of uncompromising separation from the world based on their interpretation of 2 Corinthians 6 and 2 Timothy 2, believing that attendance at the Communion Service, the 'Lord's Supper', governs and strictly limits their relationship with others, even other Brethren groups.

These brethren have one fellowship in some nineteen countries – including France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, Argentina, Jamaica, Barbados, St Vincent and the Grenadines, but they are more numerous in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and North America, where they are referred to as the Exclusive Brethren or just the Brethren.

19th century
The Plymouth Brethren split into Exclusive and Open Brethren in 1848 when George Müller refused to accept John Nelson Darby's view of the relationship between local assemblies following difficulties in the Plymouth meeting. Brethren that held Muller's congregational view became known as "Open", those holding Darby's 'connexional' view, became known as "Exclusive" or "Darbyite" Brethren.

Darby's circular on 26 August 1848, cutting off not only Bethesda but all assemblies who received anyone who had ever attended Bethesda, was to define the essential characteristic of "exclusivism" that he was to pursue for the rest of his life. He set it out in detail in a pamphlet he issued in 1853 entitled Separation from Evil – God's Principle of Unity. But a tension had existed since the earliest times, as set out in a letter from Anthony Norris Groves in 1836 to Darby (who was not a believer in adult baptism): Some will not have me hold communion with the Scotts, because their views are not satisfactory about the Lord's Supper; others with you, because of your views about baptism; others with the Church of England, because of her thoughts about ministry. On my principles, I receive them all; but on the principle of witnessing against evil, I should reject them all.

For most of his life, Darby was able to hold the exclusives together, although several longtime members had seceded after accusing him of similar errors about the nature of Christ's humanity of which he had accused Benjamin Wills Newton. The Central Meeting in London (London Bridge) would communicate with the other assemblies and most difficulties were eventually smoothed over.

But shortly before he died in 1882, things started to fall apart. It all started from an initiative in 1879 of Edward Cronin, one of the Dublin founding members, that paralleled Darby's initiation of a new assembly at Plymouth thirty years before. Some members had left a failing assembly in Ryde and Cronin travelled down to break bread with them. When he reported back to London, different assemblies took differing views of his action. Though Darby was sympathetic in private he attacked him fiercely in public. By 1881 an assembly in Ramsgate had itself split over the issue and the division, over an issue not of doctrine or principle but church governance, became irrevocable.

The excluded party became known as the "Kelly Brethren", although William Kelly remained devoted to the memory of Darby and edited his collected papers. But after another division in 1885, three years after Darby's death, when a London assembly excommunicated a brother in Reading over the "standing" of a Christian, the minority in the resultant split (Stuarts) adopted a more "open" approach to fellowship, as did those who followed Grant in America.

A more serious split occurred in 1890 around the teaching of F. E. Raven of Greenwich. "The seceders from his communion falsely accused him of denying the orthodox doctrine of the union of the Divine and the human natures in the Man Christ Jesus – not indeed in a Unitarian, but in a Gnostic sense." After furious strife in which the leading opponent was William Lowe, many of the remaining assemblies in Britain stayed with Raven but those on the continent separated whilst the American assemblies were split.

20th century
Not all of the people remaining in fellowship with Raven agreed with him and this led in 1908–9 to further splits, initiated by actions of the Glanton assembly in Northumberland over dissensions in the neighbouring Alnwick assembly. Once more assemblies had to decide which side to support and this included those as far away as Melbourne, Australia. Thus the Ravens and the Glantons were established. In the same year a festering disagreement in Tunbridge Wells led to a minor breakaway from the Lowe group by a number of assemblies.

A further division took place in 1970. By this time, James Taylor, Jr. had come to control what had been the Raven group. At a meeting in Aberdeen, Scotland, on 25 July, it was alleged Taylor's behaviour was improper. His host published a long letter of protest which was sent to the New York assembly. Taylor immediately rejected these accusations as lies and the incident definitively divided the Brethren membership worldwide. Very few based near the scene of the events stayed in fellowship with Taylor – only two families in Aberdeen and 200 out of 3,000 members in Scotland remained. Altogether, over 200 such assemblies in England, Scotland and Ireland seceded from the Taylor group, according to a 1971 listing.

Others, especially those further afield, believed Taylor's line that he was a pure man and that this incident was used by God to expose his enemies. Following this incident, those who separated from Taylor "rolled back" the changes in doctrine and practice that he had introduced, reverting to the teachings that had been followed in the time of his father, James Taylor, Sr., who had led the movement from 1905 till his death in 1953. This fellowship further fragmented in 1972, and the party which broke away has since further sub-divided.

However, the history of Exclusive Brethren is not only one of division. Eventually several of the groups realised that the divisions caused by personalities clashes or ecclesiastical issues were no longer relevant and reunions occurred. The Kelly and Lowe groups reunited in 1926 to form the Lowe-Kelly group, in 1940 with most of Tunbridge Wells and in 1974 with the Glantons and are sometimes known as Reunited Brethren. There was a further split in 2000, catalysed by tensions concerning Willem Ouweneel, one of the 'Dutch Five' in 1995. Their ageing congregations have often not been replenished, and are dwindling. Most of the Grant party merged with the Open Brethren in 1932.

Most Exclusive Brethren have traditionally been described as "Darbyite" as they adhere in the main to the original doctrines and teachings of John Darby, and do not accept the concept of a doctrine that evolves through the teachings of successive leaders. Neither do they accept the concept that teachings of church leaders are authoritative, divinely sanctioned, and binding on those in fellowship, as is the belief of the Raven/Taylor/Hales Brethren.

Overview
At one time, all Exclusive Brethren groups believed that there was a necessary unity of the local church or assembly, but some who once were in fellowship with the Raven/Taylor/Hales group have become independent companies modifying their requirements for receiving members to suit individual conscience. Amongst such groups views concerning their way of life and relationships are frequently affected by the varying standards in the general community.

This is expressed practically in different ways by the different groups, but matters of fellowship and church discipline used to be generally not merely questions of local responsibility; such decisions would have been accepted in all meetings. Exclusive Brethren were therefore sometimes described as Connexional Brethren, as they recognised an obligation to accept and adhere to the disciplinary actions of other associated assemblies. For example, where one of their branches had excluded a person from Christian fellowship, that person remained excluded from all other branches, who must then treat the excluded person as a leper (according to the book of Leviticus Chapter 15). This is still the practice amongst the Brethren and no doubt would be claimed by other independent assemblies.

There are common threads throughout all Plymouth Brethren groups, most notably the centrality of the Lord's Supper (Holy Communion) in the weekly calendar as well as the format of meetings and worship: the distinctions between the many groups are generally not well understood by non-members. The adjective exclusive has been applied to the groups by others, partially due to their determination to separate from and exclude what they believe to be evil. Exclusive Brethren usually disown any name and simply refer to themselves as Christians, brethren, those with whom we walk, those in fellowship with us, or the saints. However, the Raven/Taylor/Hales group being the most universally identifiable has attracted the term Exclusive Brethren and accepted its application to themselves as meaning, the exclusion of, or withdrawal from, evil.

Dissecting the history and branches of the Exclusive Brethren, particularly in the 20th century, can be a challenge as there has been no formal mechanism for documenting their movement's history.

Beliefs and structure

With the exception of the hardline Plymouth Brethren Christian Church (PBCC), Exclusive Brethren differ very little from the Open Brethren on theological issues, both holding the Bible as their sole authority in regard to matters of doctrine and practice. Like the Exclusives, Open Brethren have traditionally based much of their doctrine on the teachings of John Nelson Darby. With few exceptions, particularly in regards to whom to accept into fellowship, exclusive brethren have continued to hold the same beliefs that inspired the early Plymouth Brethren.

Exclusive Brethren reject evolution, and if their children attend state schools they are withdrawn from lessons on this. They do not believe that women should have authority over men. They hold to the concept of the Rapture and the End Times. In the 1960s, the group's teachings were that members could not join trade unions or professional associations, as this was mixing too much with the world.

The centrality of the Lord's Supper (Holy Communion) is one of the primary linking threads between the different Brethren groups; however, it is also one of the primary differentiators between the various Exclusive Brethren sub-groups: there are exclusive groups which receive all professing Christians to communion, and there are exclusive groups which restrict access to communion to those who are known to be in their fellowship. The PBCC are generally regarded as having the most stringent and uncompromising views on this. However, only two of their services are closed to those who are not members in good standing, the Lord's Supper and the monthly Care Meeting, with well-disposed members of the public free to come into Gospel Preachings and other meetings.

Most Exclusive Brethren groups have no formal leadership structure. In many assemblies, matters up for debate may be discussed at special meetings attended solely by adult males called, in some groups, "Brothers Meetings". As a result, schisms can occur in the Brethren over disagreements about church discipline and whether other sister groups in other locations have authority to intervene in these disagreements. There are often global family connections due to the emphasis among members to marry within the Exclusive Brethren, and family connections often influence which side of the issue members will take. The PBCC avoid this trend by having a structured leadership with a central authority figure which has maintained unity through the upholding of a universal standard.

Some Exclusive Brethren assemblies "commend" men who are dedicated to the work of preaching. Although they usually do not receive a salary, gifts are often given to them by the separate assemblies where they preach and teach.

Exclusive Brethren do not generally name their meeting rooms or Halls except by reference perhaps to the road, e.g. Galpins Road Meeting Room, Mallow Street Hall. The meeting room or Hall is often referred to as "The Room" or "The Hall". Notice boards give the times of Gospel Preachings with a formula such as "If the Lord will, the Gospel will be preached in this room Lord's Day at 6.30." Meeting rooms of the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church, perhaps the most hardline of the Exclusive Brethren groups, have notice boards indicating that the building is a place registered for public worship and give a contact number for further information.

Unlike the Open Brethren, whose assemblies usually do not have an official membership, Exclusive Brethren are more particular about affiliation, as people who wish to break bread must be affiliated with a "local assembly" to which they are responsible in terms of lifestyle choices.

Worship
Hymns are a vital part of the worship of Exclusive Brethren. One of the unifying features in each of the different branches of the Brethren is a common hymnbook. The first collection used among the united assemblies was, "Hymns for the Poor of the Flock," from 1838 and again in 1840. Another such hymnbook, used by Exclusive Brethren (Tunbridge-Wells and Ames) dating back to 1856 is called, "Hymns and Spiritual Songs for the Little Flock," the first edition of which was compiled by G.V. Wigram.

A revision was made in 1881 by J.N. Darby. The Little Flock hymnbook has gone through many different editions in different languages. In modern times one of the more commonly used English hymn books in British and North American assemblies is The Believers' Hymn Book. Most branches of Exclusive Brethren use one of the many editions of the Little Flock Hymn Book. All editions come from the same source: J.N.Darby's hymnbook of 1881 which drew on earlier work by George V. Wigram.

Some Exclusive meetings seat accepted men (men who are "in fellowship") in the front rows toward the table bearing the emblems, with accepted women behind the men, and unaccepted men and women toward the rear. Other Exclusive meetings seat accepted men and women together (so spouses can be seated together), and unaccepted men and women towards the rear in the "Seat of the Unlearned" or "Seat of the Observer".

Women in Exclusive Brethren gatherings wear a headcovering, which is often a headscarf, shawl or mantilla, in keeping with 1 Corinthians 11.

Numbers
It is difficult to number the Exclusive Brethren, with the exception of the Raven/Taylor/Hales group, of which there are approximately 46,000 meeting in 300 church assemblies in 19 countries, with strongest representation in Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, and North America. Other Exclusive groups now number only 2–3,000 in the UK, but there are larger numbers on the European continent and also in North America.

Film portrayal
The Exclusive Hales branch of the Plymouth Brethren are portrayed in the film Son of Rambow as trying to restrict the creativity and freedom of the film's main character. The Plymouth Brethren are also featured in the book Oscar and Lucinda by Peter Carey, and in the film adaptation. Oscar is raised by a strict Plymouth Brethren father and rebels by becoming an Anglican priest.

Criticism
Some have criticised the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church (PBCC), the subgroup of the Exclusive Brethren that has attracted the most media coverage, for its policy of separating itself from other orthodox Christian denominations, and because it prohibits radio and television, limits the use of computers and discourages socialising with people outside the movement.

Critics of the PBCC have accused it of using cult-like techniques by controlling all aspects of its members' lives. The group uses a technique of "withdrawing from" or shunning members who are believed to have offended. The group's control over its members is such that many who have left the group have had trouble adjusting to everyday life outside. In some cases people have killed themselves in distress. To help with this problem, several websites have been set up by ex-members to assist people who have left the church to adjust into mainstream society.

Involvement of members of the Exclusive Brethren Church in New Zealand in electioneering led to criticism in the context of the 2005 New Zealand election funding controversy. The church distributed political material criticising the New Zealand Labour Party government, and the leader of the opposition party admitted knowledge of the church's activities. More recently, the church also hired private investigators to conduct surveillance on ex-members who had criticised the church. There has also been criticism of the church's practice of "shutting up."

Notable Exclusive Brethren
''N.B. This is a list of individuals associated with various branches of the Exclusive Brethren for at least a part of their lives. It includes, but is not limited to, members of the hardline Plymouth Brethren Christian Church.''
 * Patricia Beer, poet
 * Peter Caws, British philosopher raised Exclusive Brethren, left the sect as an adult
 * Anthony Crosland, Foreign Secretary in Britain's Labour Government, raised in Plymouth Brethren
 * Aleister Crowley, rejected his early PB upbringing to become an occultist
 * James George Deck, evangelist and missionary to New Zealand
 * John Nelson Darby, father of the modern Rapture doctrine
 * L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell – Journalist and writer, raised in the Plymouth Brethren.
 * John George Haigh, serial murderer
 * Douglas Harding, rejected his Exclusive Brethren upbringing, became an independent spiritual teacher
 * David Hendricks, convicted of killing his wife and children but acquitted in a retrial
 * William John Hocking – Superintendent of the Royal Mint of the United Kingdom
 * Garrison Keillor, radio personality (A Prairie Home Companion) and author; raised Exclusive Brethren; no longer associates with them
 * William Kelly, leader of the Exclusive Brethren in the late 19th century
 * C.H. Mackintosh, 19th-century author of Christian books
 * Roger Panes, member of Exclusive Brethren who, while being "shunned" by his congregation, killed his wife and three children, before committing suicide
 * Rebecca Stott, raised fourth generation in the Exclusive Brethren, professor of literature and creative writing at UEA, novelist, historian and author of the memoir In the Days of Rain about her childhood in the Brethren and her father's before her. The book was awarded the Costa Biography Prize in 2017.
 * James Taylor, Jr., leader of one Exclusive Brethren branch (a.k.a. "Taylorites", now called the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church) from 1959 to 1970
 * Ngaire Thomas, wrote Behind Closed Doors, about her childhood abuse in the Exclusive Brethren
 * George Wigram, wrote a Greek and English concordance to the New Testament and The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament

title: Exclusive Brethren


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Breckin Meyer

Breckin Meyer (born May 7, 1974) is an American actor, comedian, writer, and producer. He is best known for his roles in films such as Clueless (1995), The Craft (1996), Road Trip (2000), Rat Race (2001), and Ghosts of Girlfriends Past (2009). He played Jon Arbuckle in the live-action Garfield movies. He also voiced Joseph Gribble in King of the Hill (2000–2010) and starred as Jared Franklin in Franklin & Bash (2011–2014). His work on the stop-motion animated sketch show Robot Chicken has earned him two Annie Awards and five Primetime Emmy Award nominations.

Early life
Meyer was born on May 7, 1974, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Dorothy Ann (née Vial), a travel agent and former microbiologist, and Christopher William Meyer, a management consultant. He has lived in California, Texas, West Virginia, and New Jersey. He has an older brother, Frank, and a younger brother, Adam. Meyer attended elementary school with Drew Barrymore (and was apparently her first kiss) and also attended Beverly Hills High School. Through his elementary school, he came into contact with Barrymore's agent, who signed Meyer. As a little boy, he was mostly seen in television advertisements, and also appeared as a child participant in the game show Child's Play. He also claims to have slept in a closed coffin for several years in high school.

Career
Meyer played several roles as a druggie, starting with his debut in Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991), in which he was dispatched in a video game. His breakthrough screen role was in the teen hit Clueless (1995) as the skateboarding stoner. Meyer offered similar characterizations in The Craft and John Carpenter's Escape from L.A. (both 1996). He played the best friend of an Olympic hopeful in the biopic Prefontaine (1997) and a high-school student yearning to leave his hometown in Dancer, Texas Pop. 81 (1998).

In 54 (also 1998), a look at life in the famous '70s nightspot Studio 54, the actor was cast as a busboy married to the coat check girl (Salma Hayek) and pursued by a bartender (Ryan Phillippe). Meyer is close friends with Phillippe, with whom he and Seth Green share a production company.

Meyer would subsequently appear in films including Go (1999) and The Insider (1999) before graduating to a full-fledged leading role in the DreamWorks hit Road Trip (2000), in which he again played a character traveling cross country, a college student hoping desperately to retrieve a videotape of himself having sex with another girl, which was accidentally mailed to his long-distance girlfriend.

He re-teamed with Amy Smart in yet another racing cross country film, this time as part of the multi-plot ensemble of Rat Race (2001), a sort-of homage to the all-star screwball chase films of the 1960s, such as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. Meyer put in a supporting turn as Meg Ryan's character's brother in the whimsical fantasy-comedy Kate & Leopold (2001). Meyer also took on the role of Jon Arbuckle, the hapless owner of the famed comic strip cat in the film adaptation of Garfield (2004).

Meyer also starred in Blue State (2007) with Anna Paquin in which he plays a passionately liberal guy on the campaign trail for John Kerry in the 2004 elections. He drunkenly pledges to move to Canada if Bush wins the election, and on his journey meets a mysterious young woman, played by Paquin. He co-starred with Matthew McConaughey in Ghosts of Girlfriends Past (2009). Meyer starred opposite Emily Kinney and Giselle Eisenberg in the independent dark comedy The Enormity of Life (2021) about a suicidal man struggling with life and love.

Meyer regularly does writing and voice work on Robot Chicken, and was nominated for an Emmy for his writing on the Robot Chicken: Star Wars specials. He also voiced the adolescent Joseph Gribble on the animated series King of the Hill and starred on the Adult Swim series Titan Maximum.

Meyer is also a musician, playing drums in the punk band The Street Walkin' Cheetahs as well as with artists including The Nightwatchman, Ben Harper, Cypress Hill, Slash and Perry Farrell at L.A.'s Hotel Café.

Meyer is the former drummer for Tom Morello's side project The Nightwatchman's back-up band The Freedom Fighter Orchestra. He toured with Morello on The Nightwatchman's 2008 Justice Tour. He appears in Street Sweeper Social Club's video for "100 Little Curses" and "Promenade".

Personal life
Meyer married screenwriter and film director Deborah Kaplan on October 14, 2001, and has two daughters with her. They divorced in 2014.

His brother, Frank Meyer, is a staffer and producer of Fresh Ink Online at G4tv.com.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Breckin Meyer


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eraldo da Silva

Discussion moved from Pages needing translation into English

Portuguese. RickK 06:34, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * A rough translation:«Eraldo da Silva, brazilian born in São Paulo, on 1967-06-30. In 1991 moved to Japan with his wife Antonia Alice de Sousa Silva. Had two daughters; Gabriela (1992) and Carolina(1995). Lives in Gifu.». I requested a speedy delete--Nabla 15:08, 2004 Aug 15 (UTC)
 * Sadly (in my view), useless vanity like this is not eligible for speedy deletion. I'll move it to VFD and get it out of here. -- Jmabel 16:55, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete -- Jmabel 17:01, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity. Geogre 17:38, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Vanity, delete. cesarb 02:24, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Adalbert Merx

Adalbert Merx (2 November 1838 – 6 August 1909) was a German Protestant theologian and orientalist.

Biography
He studied at the University of Jena, where he became an associate professor in 1869. Subsequently, he was a full professor of philosophy at the University of Tübingen, and in 1873 a professor of theology at the University of Giessen. From 1875 till his death he was a professor of theology of the University of Heidelberg. In the course of his researches he made several journeys in the East.

Merx devoted much of his later research to the elucidation of the Sinaitic Palimpsest discovered in 1892 by Mrs. Agnes Smith Lewis, the results (Die Evangelien des Markus und Lukas nach der Syrischen im Sinaikloster gefundenen Palimpsesthandschrift) being embodied in Die vier kanonischen Evangelien nach dem ältesten bekannten Texte (4 volumes, 1897–1905). His last work was an edition of the books of Moses and Joshua.

Works
Among his many works are:
 * Grammatica syriaca (1867–1870)
 * Vocabulary of the Tigre language Written down by Moritz von Beurmann, published with a grammatical sketch by Adalbert Merx (1868).
 * Das Gedicht vom Hiob (1871)
 * Die Prophetie des Joel und ihre Ausleger (1879)
 * Die Saadjanische Übersetzung der Hohe Liedes ins Arabische (1882)
 * Dionysii Thracis ars grammatica, qualem exemplaria vetustissima exhibent (with Gustav Uhlig, 1883) – an edition of Dionysius Thrax.
 * Chrestomathia Targumica (1888)
 * Historia artis grammaticae apud Syros (1889)
 * Ein samaritanisches Fragment (1893)
 * Idee und Grundlinien einer allgemeiner Geschichte der Mystik (1893)
 * Die Bücher Moses und Josua; eine Einführung für Laien (1907)
 * Der Messias oder Ta'eb der Samaritaner, nach bisher unbekannten Quellen (1909)

title: Adalbert Merx


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The Sleepy Jackson

The Sleepy Jackson are an Australian alternative rock band formed in Perth, Western Australia. The band's name was inspired by a former drummer who was narcoleptic. The band revolves around the distinctive vocal style of multi-instrumentalist and songwriter Luke Steele. Stemming from a musical family, Luke's father Rick Steele is a local blues musician, and two of Luke's siblings are also musicians, with brother Jesse a former member of The Sleepy Jackson (and currently performing with father Rick in The Hot Biscuit Band), and sister Katy, who fronts another Perth rock band, Little Birdy. While a series of acclaimed EPs brought The Sleepy Jackson to a broader musical attention of Australia, it was the release of their 2003 album Lovers and 2006 second album Personality – One Was a Spider, One Was a Bird that directed significant international focus upon the band.

1998–2002 : Formation and early EP
The Sleepy Jackson formed in 1998 with the original lineup featuring Luke Steele (vocals and guitars), Jesse Steele (drums), and Matthew O'Connor (bass). This lineup recorded a self-titled debut EP and a subsequent single titled "Miniskirt." Both recordings were independently released. Dan Bull joined the lineup in 1999 as the band's first live keyboard player (who later played keys with Eskimo Joe at their live performances).

In 2000, as a result of non-musical commitments, Luke suggested that his brother should redirect his attentions and concentrate on other happenings in his life which ultimately resulted in Jesse following his advice and departing the band.

The void created by Jesse Steele's departure was filled by Paul Keenan (who later drummed with Eskimo Joe at their live performances). Along with numerous shows in their hometown of Perth, in late 2000 The Sleepy Jackson toured nationally with Jebediah. In March 2001, on the eve of the band's signing with EMI Records, the band toured with Magic Dirt and Motor Ace with Ronan Charles on keyboards joining Steele, O'Connor and Keenan. Five weeks into the tour, with the band broke, exhausted, and sleeping in caravan parks rather than enjoying the luxuries their touring partners were enjoying, O'Connor, Keenan and Charles quit, leaving Luke Steele to complete the tour solo.

Upon signing to EMI in 2000, pressure was soon placed on Steele to produce a recording. The result was the 2001 EP titled Caffeine in the Morning Sun, which Steele recorded in Sydney with a collection of session musicians. In addition to playing solo, Steele recruited drummer Malcolm Clark into The Sleepy Jackson fold and, when some serious touring was required in support of the release, the services of Justin Burford (guitar) and Rodney Aravena (bass) were enlisted. In addition to The Sleepy Jackson, Steele's three colleagues were also playing around their hometown with Jonathon Dudman under the name End of Fashion.

The Sleepy Jackson relocated to Sydney, where they recorded another EP, Let Your Love Be Love, in late 2002. Songs from this EP and Caffeine in the Morning Sun were compiled together to form a self-titled mini-album for release in the UK market in February 2003. A period of extensive touring quickly followed, which saw the band playing in Australia, the United States, and Europe. The latter brought the band some very enthusiastic attention from UK music magazine NME.

2003–2005: Lovers
In between live appearances, The Sleepy Jackson worked on recordings that were to become their debut album Lovers, which was released in June 2003. During a series of UK appearances in 2003, Burford and Aravena left the band. With a support slot for Silverchair's Diorama tour looming back in Australia, replacements were quickly sought. Clarke called upon the only other End of Fashion member not previously part of The Sleepy Jackson, Jonathon Dudman.

Dudman joined the band in Sydney, where he took over bass duties, and the second guitarist position was filled by session musician Ben Nightingale. The Sleepy Jackson's revolving door continued when Nightingale was ultimately replaced by Jonathon Dudman's brother, Julian Dudman. But the Dudmans subsequently left the band, leaving Luke Steele and Malcolm Clark as the only official members of The Sleepy Jackson.

In 2005, singer-songwriter Ben Lee referenced The Sleepy Jackson in his hit song "Catch My Disease".

2006–2007: Personality – One Was a Spider, One Was a Bird
The Sleepy Jackson released their second studio album Personality – One Was a Spider, One Was a Bird in Australia on 1 July 2006, where it debuted at number 10 on the Australian Albums Chart the following week. Later that July, the album was nominated for a J Awards. The band supported the new album's worldwide release with a series of live appearances in select markets. Joining Steele and Clark were Dave Symes and Felix Bloxsom, who both worked on the album, and Lee Jones who was formerly in the Perth band Spencer Tracy. Bloxsom has since been replaced by Luke's brother Jake and Luke's wife Jodi, a.k.a. "Snappy Dolphin," which also brought a change from organic percussion instruments to computer samples backing the band.

In 2007, The Sleepy Jackson performed at the 2007 Big Day Out, the Southbound festival, the Falls Festival and the St. Jerome's Laneway festivals in Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. Also in 2007, Steele provided slide guitar to the song "Waiting All Day" by Silverchair on their fifth album Young Modern. Steele also appeared on the Pnau single "With You Forever," leading Nick Littlemore to state on Pnau's website "...working with Luke Steele... it was amazing, that inspired [me] to work on a separate project with him all together. It's another album we're doing."

The Sleepy Jackson contributed to Yoko Ono's album Yes, I'm a Witch, in 2007 with a remix of the song "I'm Moving On".

2008 onwards
The status of the band following the completion of touring for the second album is uncertain, with the band's official website no longer active.

In late May 2013, as part of an interview for the second Empire of the Sun album Ice on the Dune, Steele revealed that a third Sleepy Jackson album was heard by the band's record label but a lack of subsequent interest meant that it was never released. As of 22 May 2013, Steele is focused on completing a collaboration with fellow Australian musician Daniel Johns and promotion for Ice on the Dune, with the latter released on 14 June 2013. Steele stated that he intends to release the third album prior to 2023 and that a release date during 2013 was highly unlikely. Meanwhile, Clark completed a tour as the drummer of Australian artist Bob Evans's backing band in mid-May 2013.

Side projects
In late 2007, Steele formed the electropop duo Empire of the Sun with Littlemore. Empire of the Sun released its debut album Walking on a Dream, in addition to two single releases, "Walking on a Dream" and "We Are the People". The project gained success in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom (UK), Ireland and some parts of Europe in 2008. At the 2009 Australian Recording Industry Association Music (ARIA) Awards, Empire of the Sun received four awards: "Best Group", "Album of the Year", "Single of the Year" and "Best Pop Release".

As of May 2013, Steele stated that he is completing a recording project that he commenced with Johns at his Newcastle, Australia studio in 2008. In a 2013 interview, Steele explained: "Me and Daniel Johns have been in the studio working on our record, and we’re just about ready to try and finish that off. The sessions we did lately sound a bit like The Clash, Talking Heads … inspired by African music. So it's going to be good to do some tougher, hard-edged kind of stuff.” In 2008 the name of the project was "Hathaway and Palmer", according to a radio interview that Steele conducted, but this has not been confirmed since.

In early 2009, Clark joined The Exploders, a Melbourne-based band, whose members include former Sleepy Jackson bassist Jonathon Dudman (aka J. Cortez). In 2010, Clark and Dudman joined Jeff Martin of The Tea Party in a new band, "Jeff Martin 777"—the band released its debut album The Ground Cries Out in early 2011.

Clark has undertaken the role of drummer in the touring band of Australian singer-songwriter Kevin Mitchell's "Bob Evans" moniker. Clark has joined Mitchell during the tours for the albums Goodnight Bull Creek! and Familiar Stranger.

Current band members

 * Luke Steele – vocals, guitar (1998–present)
 * Malcolm Clark – drums, backing vocals (2001–present)
 * Lee Jones – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2006–present)
 * Dave Symes – bass, backing vocals (2006–present)
 * Jake Steele – computer samples (2007–present)
 * Jodi "Snappy Dolphin" Steele – computer samples (2007–present)

Past members

 * Jesse Steele – drums (1998–2000)
 * Matt O'Connor (deceased) – bass (1998–2001)
 * Dan Bull – Keyboards (1999–2001)
 * Paul Keenan – drums (2000–2002)
 * Ronan Charles – keyboards (2001)
 * Justin Burford – guitar (2001–2004)
 * Rodney Aravena – bass (2001–2004)
 * Ben Nightingale – guitar (2003)
 * Jonathan Dudman (aka J. Cortez) – bass (2003–2005)
 * Julian Dudman (aka Jules Cortez) – guitar (2004–2005)
 * Felix Bloxsom – percussion, acoustic guitar, synthesizer (2006–2008)

ARIA Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.

 * rowspan="5"| 2003
 * rowspan="3"| Lovers
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Breakthrough Artist – Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Rock Album
 * Nominated
 * "Vampire Racecourse"
 * Breakthrough Artist – Single
 * Nominated
 * Jonathan Burnside for Lovers
 * Producer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 2004
 * "Good Dancers" (directed by Nash Edgerton)
 * Best Video
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2006
 * Personality – One Was a Spider, One Was a Bird
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Luke Steele, James Bellesini, Love Police for Personality – One Was a Spider, One Was a Bird
 * Best Cover Art
 * Nominated
 * }
 * Personality – One Was a Spider, One Was a Bird
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Luke Steele, James Bellesini, Love Police for Personality – One Was a Spider, One Was a Bird
 * Best Cover Art
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }
 * }

J Awards
The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.

 * 2006
 * Personality – One Was a Spider, One Was a Bird
 * Australian Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

West Australian Music Industry Awards
The Western Australian Music Industry Awards (commonly known as WAMis) are annual awards presented to the local contemporary music industry, put on by the Western Australian Music Industry Association Inc (WAM). The Sleepy Jackson have won two awards.

(wins only)
 * 2001
 * The Sleepy Jackson
 * Most Popular Original Country Act
 * 2003
 * Let Your Love Be Love
 * Most Popular Local Original Single or EP
 * 2003
 * Let Your Love Be Love
 * Most Popular Local Original Single or EP

title: The Sleepy Jackson


text:
Istrian scale

"Istrian scale" refers both to a "unique" musical scale and to the folk music genres from Istria and Kvarner which use that scale. It is named for the Istrian peninsula. Istrian folk music is based on a distinctive six-tone musical scale (the so-called Istrian scale), and the peninsula's two-part, slightly nasal singing. The two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale, a traditional singing practice characteristic of the Istrian region and the north Adriatic coastal area and islands, was inscribed in UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2009.

Genres include kanat and tarankanje; techniques include nasal tone, variation and improvisation, and resolution to the unison or octave; and instruments include double reeds such as sopele, shawms, bagpipes, and other instruments such as flutes and tambura lutes. It was first named by Ivan Matetić Ronjgov early in the twentieth century, assisting his study and notation of Croatian music.

Description
Non-equal-tempered, the scale could approximately be notated as: E-F-G-A♭-B♭-C♭ [hexatonic] (see: enharmonic), the first six notes of an octatonic scale on E. It may be thought of in various ways, such as the Gregorian Phrygian mode with lowered 4th, 5th, and 6th degrees (on E: E-F-G-A♭-B♭-C♭-D [heptatonic]). Performances feature diaphony and the Phrygian cadence (in E: F and D moving to E).

Though, "relative intonation var[ies] considerably from example to example [and between instruments]," the scale has also been described as derived from just intonation: subharmonics seven to fourteen (approximately D, E, F, G♭, A♭, B♭, C, D')( and ).

In Haydn's String Quartet in F minor, Op. 20 No. 5, something like the Istrian mode, but without its top note, is found. Uroš Krek's Inventiones ferales (1962) uses the scale, "in a disguised manner". Tartini may have studied the scale, and Bartók took note of the scale. Karol Pahor's cycle of 15 pieces, Istrijanka (1950), was the result of study of the Istrian mode, as was Danilo Švara's Sinfonia da camera in modo istriano (1957). The Istrian mode occurs in Josip Štolcer-Slavenski's Balkanofonija (1927).

Throughout the areas of Istria and the Kvarner Gulf the distinctive vocal singing has spread, consisting of alternating half and whole steps, which, particularly in older singers' and instrumentalists' renditions, are untempered. The songs are sung by pairs of singers (male, female, or mixed) in a characteristic two-part polyphony in minor thirds (or major sixths) with a cadence to a unison or an octave. Singers distinguish the higher (na tanko "thin") part from the lower (na debelo "fat").

title: Istrian scale


text:
Cordon

Cordon may refer to:

Basic meanings

 * Cordon (fashion), a cord (sewing) or braid used as a fastening or ornament
 * Cordon (plant), the descriptive term for a particular style of pruning woody plants
 * a strip of clay added around the outside of a pot in ceramic technology
 * Cordon sanitaire, a line to isolate an area, event or person
 * Cordon and search, a military operation
 * Kettling, the use of cordons of police to contain a crowd

Geography

 * Cordon (Arran), a village on the Isle of Arran
 * Cordón, a neighbourhood (barrio) of Montevideo, Uruguay
 * Cordon, Haute-Savoie, a commune in France
 * Cordon, Isabela, a municipality in the Philippines

Buildings

 * Casa del Cordón, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, it is the oldest European stone house in the Americas and probably the first European two-story house.
 * Casa del Cordón, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain

Other

 * Cordón Industrial, a Chilean organ of popular power, direct or workers democracy
 * Slips cordon, a formation of slip fielders in cricket
 * The Cordon, Romanian film
 * Cordon (TV series), a 2014 Belgian TV series

title: Cordon


text:
User talk:Artinio Hall

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Artinio Hall


text:
List of rulers of Lete (Malete)

Lete has been led by a kgôsikgolo, or a paramount chief, since its establishment in 1780. Mosadi Seboko has been the kgôsikgolo of Lete since 2002.

List of Rulers of Balete (baMalete)
Territory located in present-day Botswana.

Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief

title: List of rulers of Lete (Malete)


text:
Category:Macintosh operating systems

Macintosh operating systems are the operating systems that Apple have developed for Macintosh computers. The classic Mac OS was the first commercially successful operating system that used a graphical user interface.

For the current system in that family, macOS (previously known as (Mac) OS X), see Category:MacOS (without a space).

title: Category:Macintosh operating systems


text:
List of rulers of Tlôkwa

List of rulers of Tlôkwa
Territory located in present-day Botswana.

Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief

title: List of rulers of Tlôkwa


text:
Biscayne Park

Biscayne Park can refer to the following places in the US state of Florida:

 * Biscayne National Park
 * Biscayne Park, Florida

title: Biscayne Park


text:
Talk:Dual gauge

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 external links on Dual gauge. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Exeter Quay
There is a tiny section of dual gauge on the Quay at Exeter, alongside the canal basin. It includes a 90 degree turn, with a pit with central mount for a turntable. I've assumed it is Brunel's Broad gauge and standard gauge, but not measured it. Midgley (talk) 01:12, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

A File
From the French Wiki Peter Horn User talk 13:29, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Identity of the line
Can someone give the actual name of the line? Peter Horn User talk 18:59, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Error in Photo
Error in picture - the 1435mm gauge is probably 1067mm gauge, as on Sakhalin Island. The difference between 1520 and 1435 is only 85mm which is actually very small. Label "1435mm" should be "1067mm".

Minimum distance for 3 rail dual gauge
Hi, I understand that rail gauges must be a certain distance apart to allow a three-rail arrangement, while close gauges require four rails. However, what is the limit between the two? i.e. what is the minimum distance between gauges that allows for three rails? It's surprisingly difficult to look up this information. It seems to be somewhere around 6 inches or so, but I'm not sure. And is this different for narrow vs broad gauges? I read somewhere that 3 ft (914 mm) & 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) can fit on three rails, while ~5 ft (1,520 mm) and 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) cannot, despite them both being ~6 in apart. Is this correct, or off-base? More info would be appreciated. Xcalibur (talk) 20:55, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Hello Xcalibur, the limiting factors are (1) the width of the bases of flat-bottom rails (the lighter the rail, the smaller the dimension), and (2) the method of fixing the rails to the baseplate/sleeper/tie. If you look at this photo that I took, which shows rails for and  gauges, you'll see that a special sleeper/tie plate is used, which incorporates a ridge holding the two rail bases at minimum-possible distance. There is provision for spikes in this gap; without those holes it would be very difficult indeed to have the rails as close as this.
 * Taking the ASCE standard for 60 pounds/yard flat-bottom rail, the base is 4.25 in wide and the head is 2.375 in. The ridge in the baseplate in the photograph is 1.5 inches (38 mm) wide. The gap between the rail-heads is therefore (base – head) + gap at base = 4.25 – 2.38 + 1.5 = 3.38 ins or 86 mm.
 * So my answers are:

 * 3.38 ins or 86 mm is the practical minimum gap at the rail-head for 60 pound rails.
 * This gap applies when two gauges are different by 165 mm, i.e. and . The gauge pairs you mention -- 3 ft (914 mm) & 3 ft 6 in (1067 mm) and ~5 ft (1,520 mm) and 5 ft 6 in (1676 mm) -- are different by 153 mm and 156 mm respectively.  These are less than the workable example I've described, so to my mind they wouldn't be possible to construct.

 * Cheers, Simon – SCHolar44 🇦🇺 💬 at 10:22, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Exactly the answer I was looking for, thanks for this! That really clarifies the topic in a scholarly/professional manner. Yes, 6.5 in seems to be correct, and it fits with the observation that Standard & Irish gauge can fit on three rails, but just barely. The claims I've seen about combining those other gauge pairs with a third rail were therefore mistaken. Hopefully you understand why that led to confusion. Now that it's cleared up, I'll remove the inaccurate information from the article. Appreciate the input! Xcalibur (talk) 19:23, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

Under "Dual gauge (three rails)" I don't understand why, if the difference between gauges is small, a separate set of inner rails can be fit even though it's stated that isn't room physically to install just a single inner rail — which would be farther from the nearest outer rail than in the 4-rail construction.Casey (talk) 17:37, 30 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello Casey, Try as I may, I can't understand your question. Could you elaborate a bit more? Cheers, Simon – SCHolar44 🇦🇺 💬 at 21:37, 30 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Tnx for the query. Visualize initially that only a "broad" gauge line with 1435-mm spacing is there. Then, say a "narrow" gauge line of 1000-mm spacing is to be installed. If a 3-track scheme is used, the spacing between the close rails will be 1435 minus 1000 plus width of new 3rd railhead.  But on 4-track scheme, the spacing on both sides is 1435/2 minus (1000/2+2*railhead width) — and the spacing at the foot of the rails will be less also. In practice, the decision may depend on what apparatus (tie plate, spike or screw) is used to secure all this to the tie, and even more so on the widths of the foot of the rail segments. Also, I suppose, on whether the outer track is already there with a new narrow-gauge capability to be installed later vs starting from scratch with new paraphernalia for everything.  An unrelated thought is that with 3 rails all must be the same height, whereas with 4 rails the two inner rails could be slightly shorter.Casey (talk) 01:05, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Aha! Got it, Casey!

 * For reasons of cost (including that of turnouts – three-rail configurations are less complex), 3-rail dual-gauge track is always the first preference. Only when the difference between the two gauges is less than somewhere in the range 145 millimetres (5.7 inches) to 200 millimetres (7.9 inches) (depending, as you say, on the tie plate, spike, screw – or clip – and the rail size) will 4 rails need to be resorted to.

 * When 4-rail dual-gauge is installed, the space constraints are removed (in a marshalling yard, the rails may even fit on a pre-existing tie). The photo in the 4-rail gallery of four-rail dual-gauge track (1520 and 1435 mm / ~5 ft and standard gauge) in Lithuania is an example of new track where purpose-made ties have been laid (see the old timber ties stacked on the far right too).

 * Differences in rail height/weight could be incorporated into plain dual-gauge track, especially in yards (at most the height difference would be 20 mm), but because of the complexities of incorporating two sizes at turnouts there needs to be a transition from the smaller rails to larger before the turnout is reached. In practice it is usually simpler to install the third/fourth rail(s) in dual-gauge track the same weight. The gallery photo of the standard-gauge cattle car on 4-rail triple-gauge track is an example.

 * With the widespread change to automated track-laying with concrete sleepers and rail clips, I expect upgrading most future mixed-gauge track will be on the basis of "pull everything out, start again".

 * My 2 cents' worth. Hope this answers your questions. If not, please get back.  :-) Cheers, Simon – SCHolar44 🇦🇺 💬 at 06:06, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * IIUC, when 4-rail track is used because there wouldn't be room between the two "separate" rails of 3-rail track (as opposed to the "common" rail), the 4 rails are not laid on a common axis of symmetry (ABBA) but somewhat out-of-axis (ABAB). If I'm mistaken, someone please correct me. — Tonymec (talk) 10:03, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

Major upgrade
I have undertaken a major re-write of the article, excluding the Dual gauge by nation section. First, because it had been littered for a long time with unreferenced text, much of it of limited value or poorly expressed, leaving an impression of lack of focus and disjointedness. (The Dual gauge by nation section has similar faults, but at 2500 words long with only four references, it's beyond my capacity to rectify.) The text I deleted included some with significant errors. The article had 36 photos when Trainsandotherthings reduced them to 18 on 30 August, saying "This article already has MORE THAN ENOUGH photos." I fully agree with that remark. I looked through the remaining images and their captions, and concluded that the range of track configurations could still be improved by adding some new photos and deleting some of the remaining ones. The total now is 14 in three galleries plus three others. I may compile a small gallery for the Alternatives to dual-gauge track section. I formatted the galleries without using "gallery" coding so that the photos would be accessible on mobile devices – hence making them only 2 images wide. I saved display space by setting the following to "collapsed": I replaced the very long Track gauge sidebar with a text box containing a link to the sidebar in the Gauge article, to avoid WP:STACKING and because it isn't of great importance in this (dual gauge) article. Similarly, I have taken the long list of countries out of the table of contents. With the text, my aim was to demonstrate factually what forms of multiple gauges exist, why, what the main constraints are, and what the alternatives to dual-gauge track are. It was a huge challenge digging out references for these subjects, but I eventually achieved coverage, albeit to a large extent through Australian sources. This was because (a) I have / have access mainly to them, (b) the whole subject is sparsely covered in the literature to the technical depth required here. Anyone desiring wider-scope documentation is very welcome to add (referenced) text. ;-) Feel free to discuss here, especially if you would like to find why I have made a particular decision. Cheers, Simon – SCHolar44 🇦🇺 💬 at 03:45, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * the galleries
 * the Occurrences of triple gauge table.

 * Update: I have removed or moved around a small number of photos and added some others to give a better coverage (and to correct some that I had put in the wrong gallery). I also added a small gallery showing centralisers and common-rail change-over devices. The new ones are due to a friend to whom I casually mentioned the photos I needed, who replied "I took a heap of photos at Gladstone in the early 1970s". It's good to have friends! :-) Cheers, Simon – SCHolar44 🇦🇺 💬 at 08:32, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dual gauge


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jacek Fredro

Moved from pages needing translation into English

 * Jacek fredro - unknown - Tεx  τ  urε  20:16, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Appears to be Polish -- Jmabel 06:11, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Polish. It seems to be an article about not very widely known historical person. I don't understand why lowercase is used for the Fredro's last name... Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 06:35, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Standard newbie mistake, sees other pages with only first word capitalized, extrapolates a principle incorrectly. -- Jmabel 06:48, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * I copied this to pl, but now fear it may be copyvio -- Jmabel 06:59, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Delete - Jmabel 17:22, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not in English. This is English Wikipedia. Delete. Average Earthman 09:42, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * At the risk of beating a dead horse, and while I still vote to delete, someone adding content not in English is not, by itself, sufficient for deletion. See pages needing translation into English is you want to know more... -- Jmabel 17:52, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, don't translate -- only notability is that he was father of Aleksander Fredro, and somewhat within a family of Urszula dembinska (see below). My guess is, both are results of same person genealogical research. Przepla 22:06, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - it's had plenty of time to be translated. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:48, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Urszula dembinska

Moved from pages needing translation into English
 * Urszula dembinska - unknown - Tεx  τ  urε  20:16, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Appears to be Polish -- Jmabel 06:11, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Polish. But no article at the pl.wiki. Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 06:30, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I copied this to pl, but now fear it may be copyvio -- ~!Jmabel

Delete. If translated and kept, move to Urszula Dembinska. -- Jmabel 17:24, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, don't translate as not notable. This article is about wife of member of szlachta, whom biggest achievement seemed to act as host for Stanislaus II of Poland, for few days. Przepla 22:00, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Alexander Shelepin

Alexander Nikolayevich Shelepin (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Шеле́пин; 18 August 1918 – 24 October 1994) was a Soviet politician and intelligence officer. A long-time member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he served as First Deputy Prime Minister, as a full member of the Politburo and as the chairman of the KGB from December 1958 to November 1961. He continued to maintain decisive influence in the KGB until 1967; his successor as chairman of the KGB, Vladimir Semichastny, was his client and protégé.

Intelligent, ambitious, and well-educated, Shelepin was the leader of a hard-line faction within the Communist Party that played a decisive role in overthrowing Nikita Khrushchev in 1964. Opposed to the policy of détente, he was eventually outmaneuvered by Leonid Brezhnev and gradually stripped of his power, thus failing in his ambition to lead the Soviet Union.

Early life
Alexander Shelepin was born in Voronezh on 18 August 1918 to a middle-class family, the son of Nikolai Shelepin, a railway official. A talented student, he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Philosophy and then obtained a master's degree from the Moscow Institute of History. He started his political career in the Communist Youth League (Komsomol) while still a student, and already in his teens he had expressed his desire to become a party leader.

World War II and service under Stalin
Shelepin briefly served in the Red Army in 1940, during the last stages of the Winter War against Finland, and after the Nazi invasion in 1941, he helped organize the guerrilla partisan movement in the Moscow region; after the notorious execution by the Nazis of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (whom Shelepin had personally selected), he caught the eye of Joseph Stalin himself, and his political fortune was made. He became a senior official of the Komsomol, working in the All-Union Secretariat in Moscow, and was then named General Secretary of the World Federation of Democratic Youth, an international youth organization recognized by the United Nations and granted general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. In 1952, in one of Stalin's last personnel reshuffles, Shelepin became First Secretary of the All-Union Komsomol.

Service under Khrushchev
Though closely identified with Stalin (and being somewhat of a favorite of his), Shelepin was not affected by De-Stalinization and the gradual consolidation of power by Nikita Khrushchev after Stalin's death in 1953. Indeed, Khrushchev personally liked Shelepin and, because of his rise through the Communist Youth League, saw him as an ally against the secret police and security agencies that had been all-powerful under Stalin. Shelepin accompanied Khrushchev on the Soviet leader's trip to the People's Republic of China in 1954, and met with Mao Zedong. Following this, he mobilized thousands of young communists in support of Khrushchev's ‘Virgin Lands’ program.

In early 1958, Khrushchev appointed Shelepin as Central Committee Secretary in charge of the Party Organs Department, and, in December 1958, Shelepin became the Chairman of the Soviet central intelligence and security service, the KGB, replacing Army General Ivan Serov. Khrushchev saw Shelepin as a very good choice for KGB chief, for several reasons; Shelepin's background completely outside state security, his higher education and intellectual approach greatly distinguished him from his predecessors, and his appointment was intended to improve the public image of the KGB.

Shelepin attempted to return state security and intelligence to its position of importance during the Stalinist era. However, the people he favored were completely different from those preferred by his predecessors. With Khrushchev's full backing, Shelepin recruited many young university graduates to the KGB (especially favoring those with a background in law and the social sciences) and he demoted or fired many career state security officers, replacing them with officials from Communist Party organizations, and, especially, from the Communist Youth League. As a result of Shelepin's ambitious policy, the KGB became a substantially different organization from the Stalin-era security services, with a more sophisticated and intellectual approach, that would be further encouraged by future Chairman Yuri Andropov.

Shelepin proposed and carried out the destruction of many documents related to the Katyn massacre of Polish officers to minimize the chance that the truth would be revealed. His 3 March 1959 note to Nikita Khrushchev, with information about the execution of 21,857 Poles and with the proposal to destroy their personal files, became one of the documents that were preserved and eventually made public.

The policy of providing KGB support to left-wing nationalist liberation movements in wars of national liberation in Latin America, Asia and Africa was another important innovation of Shelepin's new approach as KGB Chairman, adopted during the summer of 1961 by Khrushchev and the Central Committee following a detailed proposal by Shelepin. Fidel Castro and Cuba strongly supported an aggressive policy of military assistance to national liberation movements with Che Guevara, in co-operation with Ben Bella of Algeria, also playing a leading role.

Coup against Khrushchev
Shelepin left the KGB in November 1961 on being promoted to a position as Secretary of the Central Committee, from where he still exercised control over the KGB, which was taken over by his client and protégé Vladimir Semichastny. He also had powers of supervision over justice and transport. In 1962, Khrushchev also made him chairman of the powerful new Committee of Party and State Control, and First Deputy Prime Minister.

He was a principal player in the coup against Khrushchev in October 1964, obviously influencing the KGB to support the conspirators.

Shelepin's reward was to be made a full member of the most important political body, the Politburo, in November 1964, following the successful overthrow of Khrushchev —by a significant margin its youngest member, at the age of 46. He was also the only Politburo member who was simultaneously a member of the secretariat, and of the Council of Ministers.

Shelepin probably expected to become First Secretary and de facto leader of the USSR. He controlled the KGB and led a large hard-line faction within the Party. Alexander Solzhenitsyn suggested that Shelepin had been the choice of the surviving Stalinists, who asked "what had been the point of overthrowing Khrushchev if not to revert to Stalinism?"

As far as his own views on the role of Soviet policy went, Shelepin opposed the relaxation of tensions with the United States in foreign affairs, and favored a return to domestic policies that promoted discipline and centralization within the wider Union.

However, he lacked influence in the military, and was viewed very suspiciously by most Central Committee and Government officials outside his faction, who were well-aware of his ambitions.

Fall from power
Shelepin's colleagues on the Politburo watched him carefully, seeking to halt his ambitions. The first blow was the abolition of the Party-State Control Committee in December 1965, as a result of which he lost his status as Deputy prime minister. From 1965 to 1970 witnessed the systematic dismissal of his most powerful allies within the Party and Government.

In May 1967, Shelepin underwent an emergency operation on his appendix, which kept him in hospital for eight days. In his absence, the Politburo decided, after a discussion lasting ten minutes, to sack his ally, Semichastny, and appointed Yuri Andropov Chairman of the KGB. In July 1967, Shelepin was ousted from his position as a party secretary, and demoted to the chairmanship of All-Union Trade Union Council, though he survived as a full member of the Politburo.

In April 1975, he visited Great Britain at the invitation of the TUC, but cut short his visit after two days, instead of the planned four days, because of hostile demonstrations that he blamed on 'Zionists', though it is unlikely that many of the protestors were Jews, because it was Passover. He was removed from the Politburo upon his return, on 16 April. On 22 May 1975, it was announced that he had resigned from his position as Chairman of the Trade Union council. He was deputy chairman of the USSR State Committee for Vocational Education until he retired in 1984.

Brezhnev was able to outmaneuver Shelepin, as his approach was more nuanced and more acceptable to the average Party official. Shelepin wanted centralization, discipline and strict oversight of officials domestically, and confrontation on all fronts with the United States abroad; whereas Brezhnev was happy to offer predictability, stability and job security to the party officials, and pursue a balanced foreign policy, combining détente with proxy wars.

Shelepin died in Moscow on 24 October 1994, at the age of 76, and was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Honours and awards

 * Four Orders of Lenin
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour
 * Order of the Patriotic War 2nd class
 * Order of the Red Star
 * Medal "For the Defence of Moscow"
 * Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 * Medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st class

title: Alexander Shelepin


text:
Talk:Geoff Parker

Untitled
I must thank Geoff for sending me his CV, which I'm using as my primary source. Dunc_Harris|☺ 17:26, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geoff Parker


text:
List of storms named Earl

The name Earl has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean.

 * Hurricane Earl (1980) — a Category 1 hurricane that drifted over the central Atlantic Ocean without affecting land.
 * Hurricane Earl (1986) — a Category 2 hurricane that drifted over the central Atlantic Ocean without affecting land.
 * Tropical Storm Earl (1992) — headed towards eastern Florida then veered away; no damage was reported.
 * Hurricane Earl (1998) — an asymmetrical Category 2 hurricane that struck the Florida Panhandle, causing approximately US$79 million in damage and 3 fatalities.
 * Tropical Storm Earl (2004) — traversed the Windward Islands, then degenerated to an open tropical wave; this remnant eventually became Hurricane Frank in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Hurricane Earl (2010) — a strong, long-lived Category 4 hurricane that affected most of the United States east coast and Canada.
 * Hurricane Earl (2016) — struck Belize as a minimal Category 1 hurricane, then made a second landfall near Veracruz, Mexico as a tropical storm, causing US$250 million in damage and 94 deaths.
 * Hurricane Earl (2022) – a Category 2 hurricane that drifted over the central Atlantic Ocean, caused 2 fatalities in Puerto Rico when it neared the island as a tropical storm.

title: List of storms named Earl


text:
Talk:Bathurst-class corvette

Link breaks
What were you thinking when you broke all the links to the ships in this class!? I don't like to summarily revert, but every change was wrong or against policy in some way. Stan 17:26, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Introduction
The opening sentence here says "The Bathurst class corvettes were a class of minesweepers..."

which seems a little undecided, so I've changed it to something a bit more definite. I trust that is OK with everyone. Xyl 54 (talk) 01:11, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm happy with the changes (as an aside, the type dissonance is elaborated on in the third paragraph of the "Design" section).
 * Is there anything else in the book you cited that could be used to expand the article? -- saberwyn 02:39, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * As to adding anything from the book, the article is pretty comprehensive; so, it pretty much covers the same ground. Xyl 54 (talk) 23:37, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

Names
The decision behind the choice in names is a question I've always wanted answered. Hopefully, somebody can help me out, so we can get it into the article. Here's what I've been able to determine so far: "All 56 RAN and Admiralty Bathursts were named after Australian regional towns and cities. Efforts were made to maintain a spread (Based on Geographical? Population?) of names, with seventeen from New South Wales, thirteen from Victoria, ten from Queensland, six from South Australia, and five each from Western Australia and Tasmania. Corvettes were originally to be named after Gambier, Mudgee, and Hamilton, but these were later changed to HMAS Gawler (J188), HMAS Parkes, and HMAS Colac respectively.

I also recall from somewhere, I don't recall where, that the quantity of war bonds purchased by regional areas was an influence on the naming process. -- saberwyn 05:21, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

Potential source
H. T. Lenton's British and Empire Warships has detailed tables concerning ordering and construction dates, which may be of use for future development of this article or the List of Bathurst class corvettes. In the edition cited in the article, this information can be found on pp. 258-60. -- saberwyn 12:39, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bathurst-class corvette


text: Category:Separation barriers

title: Category:Separation barriers


text:
Bloomfield Township

Bloomfield Township may refer to:

 * Bloomfield Township, LaGrange County, Indiana
 * Bloomfield Township, Clinton County, Iowa
 * Bloomfield Township, Polk County, Iowa
 * Bloomfield Township, Winneshiek County, Iowa
 * Bloomfield Township, Mitchell County, Kansas, in Mitchell County, Kansas
 * Bloomfield Township, Sheridan County, Kansas
 * Bloomfield Township, Huron County, Michigan
 * Bloomfield Township, Missaukee County, Michigan
 * Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan
 * Bloomfield Township, Fillmore County, Minnesota
 * Bloomfield Township, New Jersey
 * Bloomfield Township, Traill County, North Dakota, in Traill County, North Dakota
 * Bloomfield Township, Jackson County, Ohio
 * Bloomfield Township, Logan County, Ohio
 * Bloomfield Township, Trumbull County, Ohio
 * Bloomfield Township, Bedford County, Pennsylvania
 * Bloomfield Township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania

title: Bloomfield Township


text:
Metro Green Line (Minnesota)

The Metro Green Line (formerly called the Central Corridor) is an 11 mi light rail line that connects the central business districts of Minneapolis and Saint Paul in Minnesota as well as the University of Minnesota. An extension is under construction that will extend the line to the southwest connecting St. Louis Park, Hopkins, Minnetonka and Eden Prairie. The line follows the path of former Metro Transit bus route 16 along University Avenue and Washington Avenue (which runs from downtown Minneapolis through the University of Minnesota main campus). It is the second light-rail line in the region, after the Blue Line, which opened in 2004 and connects Minneapolis with the southern suburb of Bloomington.

Construction on the Green Line began in late 2010. It opened to the public on June 14, 2014. The travel time between the downtown Minneapolis and downtown St. Paul stops is about 46 minutes. The entire line originally operated 24 hours a day, seven days a week, but as of 2019 trains are replaced by buses from 2 am to 4 am on weekdays. In 2018, the line carried a total of 13.8 million passengers.

Former streetcar and bus lines
The route is a descendant of the Twin City Rapid Transit Company's St. Paul–Minneapolis streetcar line, also referred to as the Interurban line. Streetcars became practical along the route with the advent of electrification, and full service began along the route on December 9, 1890. In the 1950s, a decision was made to convert the streetcar system to buses. Streetcar service along the Interurban line ended in Saint Paul on October 31, 1953, and the route was the last to carry passengers in the city. Service continued a short while longer in Minneapolis, until November 28. However, due to fragmentary service elsewhere in Minneapolis, streetcars continued to use the tracks along University Avenue to reach the shops at Snelling Avenue in Saint Paul until June 1954.

The route 16 bus was developed to replace the streetcar, and followed the route of the modern-day Green Line. Other parallel service included freeway express service on route 94 and limited-stop service to the University of Minnesota on route 50. Twin City Lines continued to privately operate buses until 1970, when the company was taken over by the Metropolitan Transit Commission, a precursor to Metro Transit.

Proposals
In 1972, the Regional Fixed Guideway Study for the Metropolitan Transit Commission (the forerunner of today's Metro Transit) proposed a $1.3 billion 37- or 57-mile (sources differ) heavy-rail rapid transit system, but the then-separate Metropolitan Council disagreed with that idea – refusing to even look at the plan – and continuing political battles meant that it was never implemented. The Met Council had its own plans for bus rapid transit in the metropolitan region. Another system using smaller people movers was proposed in the 1975 Small Vehicle Fixed Guideway Study and gained the most traction with the Saint Paul city council, but was eventually dropped in 1980.

In the 1980s, light rail was proposed as an alternative and several possible corridors were identified, including the Central Corridor line which had a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) drawn up in 1982. It took another two decades before the Blue Line light rail line began operation. It began service on June 26, 2004, just over 50 years since the last regular-service streetcar ran on June 19, 1954.

Central Corridor Coordinating Committee
The Central Corridor Coordinating Committee was a workgroup in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area set up to explore transit options for the Central Corridor, the interurban corridor roughly following University Avenue in the Twin Cities area. After a long period of examination, this committee narrowed transit options for the corridor from a broad universe of choices to just three: a no-build option where services are only incrementally improved, a bus rapid transit (BRT) option, wherein buses run on semi-dedicated transitway, and a light rail transit (LRT) option using light rail vehicles (LRVs). In May 2006 the CCCC concluded its study by publishing a Draft Environmental Impact Study, which concluded that LRT was the best option for the corridor. After a period of public meetings and public comment, the CCCC recommended on June 6, 2006, that the Metropolitan Council select LRT as the locally preferred alternative for the corridor and apply for preliminary engineering to begin. On June 28, 2006, the Metropolitan Council concurred with the CCCC's decision and officially selected LRT as the locally preferred alternative.

Metropolitan Council manages all transit, waterway, and other public resources for the seven-county area surrounding the Twin Cities, and as such, the Central Corridor project will now transition to Metropolitan Council. The work of the Central Corridor Coordinating Committee is now complete.

Funding
A 2003 study commissioned by the Central Corridor Coordinating Committee placed the cost at US$840 million. Cost estimates placed the cost of the light rail line in 2003, at about US$957 million, with the increase primarily due to inflation over the following decade. On June 6, 2006, the light rail option was endorsed by the Central Corridor Coordinating Committee. The Metropolitan Council gave final approval to this decision on June 28, 2006.

The existing Blue Line has exceeded ridership predictions, as is the case with many other light rail lines constructed in the U.S. during the last decade. This led to some delays for the Central Corridor project because local transit officials were forced to retool ridership models before submitting projections to the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). The Metropolitan Council, which operates Metro Transit, submitted numbers showing that a light rail line would carry 43,000 passengers daily by the year 2030. The FTA agreed that the line would be cost-effective at this level, a key requirement for obtaining federal funding.

In April 2008, Governor Tim Pawlenty initially vetoed $70 million in funding for the Central Corridor project, along with other items, from the state budget. The funding was part of a state-local package of $227 million necessary to get federal transportation funds, and the future of the project was in doubt until May 18, 2008, when a revised bonding bill including the $70 million for the Central Corridor was passed in the Legislature and signed into law by the governor. In August 2009 the Central Corridor project received a Record of Decision from the Federal Transit Administration. The FTA found the project to have fully and accurately completed its environmental documentation with the publication of the Final Environmental Impact statement earlier in the summer, thus clearing the project for final design.

Construction
The first construction began in late 2010, including work in downtown St. Paul and near the University of Minnesota campus. By November 2011, construction was about 32% complete, including most heavy construction such as the installation of track segments, a new bridge, partial completion of stations, a rebuilt skyway in St. Paul and the construction of Green Line facilities at St. Paul Union Station.

Due to scope of project, a venture was created by C.S. McCrossan and Ames to complete an area known as The Civil West Project. This area extended from the west side of the 35W abutment, over the Mississippi River, through the UofM campus and ending at Bedford St. From Bedford to Saint Paul, Walsh Construction served as the general contractor.

In July 2011, the Metropolitan Council officially named the Central Corridor as the Green Line. As of August 2013, construction was completed and test trains began running over the line which opened to the public on June 14, 2014.

An interesting component of the Green Line project was the complexities in design layout. Land surveyors worked directly with over twelve subcontractors to complete the work. A particular area required exclusive attention and support, that being outside the University of Minnesota's biology department. Between Pleasant and Harvard streets there was 1/8" of tolerance between design and as-builds. Control factors used in the biology labs would be impacted by the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nearby light rail. The 1/8" tolerance is said to cancel out any EMR that the light rail may produce.

Additional stations
Some in favor of the line have expressed concern with the number of stations. The neighborhoods along University have demanded that the line have stations every half-mile, from Snelling to Rice Street, which would mean stations at Hamline Avenue, Victoria Street and Western Avenue. In February 2008, the Central Corridor Management Committee passed a resolution to include below-ground infrastructure for the Hamline, Victoria and Western stations "with the understanding that, if the CEI increases or other dollars are made available by mid-summer 2008, the first claim on those dollars would be one of the infill stations." The Metropolitan Council has included this infrastructure work in their Draft Environmental Impact Statement and has also committed to building one station if any funds become available.

As of 2009, the Federal Transit Administration has increased the Cost Effectiveness Index such that buildout of one station is now feasible. On January 25, 2010, the FTA announced that the three "infill" stations will be built. Upon opening, all five stations between Snelling and Rice Street were built - Hamline Ave, Lexington Pkwy, Victoria St, Dale St, and Western Ave.

Opposition
Many businesses along the line were opposed to its development because of reduced access for automobiles. Under the final plans, 87% of on-street parking disappeared along University Avenue between Raymond Avenue and Rice Street. At least one restaurant has cited light rail construction as a reason for closing.

The corridor contains working-class residents and immigrant populations from Laos and Vietnam. Although the Green Line construction is mostly on an existing roadway and no land will be condemned, the disruption to existing transit and pedestrian ways was a concern to some groups. There is also concern that stops for light rail will be placed too far apart and along with reductions in bus service, transportation options for people will be reduced. Others are concerned about gentrification, where rising property values and taxes could force out lower-income residents.

Others have opposed using Washington Avenue for a pedestrian transit mall and have opposed using the Washington Avenue bridge, citing traffic concerns, along with the age of the bridge, when other bridges upriver could be used to cross the Mississippi River: the 10th Avenue Bridge, the new I-35W bridge or the Northern Pacific Bridge Number 9. This last option was preferred by the University of Minnesota, which feared traffic disruption and vibration at some of their research facilities from use of the Washington Avenue route. In late summer 2008, preliminary engineering reports showed that mitigation work could negate the effects of vibrations on university laboratory equipment. The University of Minnesota renewed its objections over vibration concerns along Washington Avenue in late 2009. Negotiations between the Metropolitan Council and the university continued into early 2010. A compromise was reached between the university and the Metropolitan Council and the Washington Avenue bridge was selected for use. As of Summer 2011, work had begun on the Washington Avenue bridge.

In January 2009, Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) raised concerns over the effects of the light-rail trains on their recording studios on Cedar Street in downtown St. Paul. MPR presented the results of an engineering study which they sponsored that conflicted with that performed by the Metropolitan Council. A settlement between MPR and other involved parties will keep the light rail trains on Cedar Street and will also compensate MPR for the addition of sound-proof upgrades to their studios.

Extension
Construction is in progress for an extension to the Green Line. The line is to be extended to Southwest Station in Eden Prairie along the Southwest LRT. The extension will add 16 additional stations and 14.5 mi of trackage to the line, extending through St. Louis Park, Hopkins and Minnetonka. The estimated one-way travel time from Southwest Station in Eden Prairie to Target Field Station in Minneapolis is 32 minutes. Delays including neighborhood opposition from the Kenwood neighborhood and additional studies on the environmental effects of the Southwest Corridor have pushed back the planned opening to 2027.

Transit links
The Northstar Line commuter rail line connects downtown Minneapolis with northwestern suburbs, with a station at the north/western terminus of the Blue and Green Lines. The two light rail lines share trackage through downtown.

The eastern terminus of the Green Line is a street level station in front of the Saint Paul Union Depot, considered one of the great architectural achievements in the city and formerly one of the main points of departure for area train riders up until passenger rail service in the United States was restructured in the 1960s and 1970s. The concourse of the Union Depot is planned to become a transfer point for people coming into St. Paul along the proposed Rush Line and Gold Line bus rapid transit lines. As of June 2014, Union Depot is a transit center for Metro Transit, MVTA, Jefferson Lines, Megabus, Greyhound buses, and Amtrak's Empire Builder and Borealis trains.

Bus service
Metro Transit Route 16 parallels the Green Line between St. Paul and Fairview Ave Station. Route 50 formerly operated alongside Route 16 during weekdays, but with stops generally spaced about one-half mile apart. It was discontinued when the Green Line entered service. After the Green Line opened, Route 16 service was cut back from 1 AM to 5 AM, frequency was reduced to every 20 minutes and the route was truncated at the University of Minnesota. In 2010, route 16 had an operating budget of $10 million and generated $3.7 million in revenue (a farebox recovery ratio of 37%), while Route 50 had a 2010 budget of $3.5 million and generated $1.3 million in revenue (37% farebox recovery ratio). Route 16 carried about 5 million passengers, with weekday ridership averaging 16,880 and Saturday and Sunday ridership averaging 12,082 and 7,110, respectively. Route 50 carried about 1.5 million riders over the course of the year, with weekday ridership averaging 6,886.

Metro Transit also provides weekday express bus service along Interstate 94 between the St. Paul and Minneapolis downtown areas.

Vehicles
Siemens Industry Incorporated built 47 S70 Light Rail Vehicles for the Green Line, at a per-LRV cost of $3,297,714 and a total contract value of $154,992,558. The LRVs were built in Florin, California, and the first vehicle was delivered on October 10, 2012.

Safety
During testing of the Green line before it opened, there were four accidents recorded. One accident was at Portland Avenue and 5th Street in Downtown Minneapolis. This intersection was already in use by Blue Line and is now being shared by the Blue and Green Lines.

The first death occurred in August 2014, when Shana Buchanan, former attorney, was struck by a train as she attempted to cross the tracks at Westgate Station.

On April 30, 2015, Lynne Thomas, the Minnesota Senate's office of counsel and research receptionist, was the second pedestrian killed by a Green Line train.

On December 10, 2015, pedestrian Nurto Abdi Aden was struck and killed as she crossed the Green Line tracks near Hamline Avenue Station.

On July 15, 2017, Nicholas Westlake, 29, died after a train struck his car bear University and Highway 280. Westlake's girlfriend and ballroom dance partner Neli Petkova was in the passenger seat at the time of the collision and was subsequently treated for injuries and released from the hospital. In response to the Westlake crash, in which the train operator illegally ran a red light, Minnesota legislators changed a law that had previously prevented light-rail train operators from being charged in fatal collisions.

On January 28, 2018, a female pedestrian was struck and killed, near the intersection of University Avenue and Pascal Street in St. Paul.

A sixth fatality, a male runner, was struck and killed on October 8, 2018, around 4:30 p.m., near Hamline Avenue; he died at the hospital.

A seventh person, a male pedestrian at the Stadium Village station near the University of Minnesota, was run over and killed by a departing train early on April 20, 2019, after he fell between two of its cars.

On August 30, 2019, the eighth fatality, a female pedestrian, was struck just after 3 p.m. at the Dale Street Station. She was walking north in a crosswalk on University Ave. when she was struck by a westbound train.

An eastbound train struck a car near the Rice Street station in the afternoon of July 4, 2021, marking the line's ninth fatality. Another occupant of the car was hospitalized in critical condition, and the train's operator was taken for medical evaluation.

Around 10:30 a.m. on June 8, 2022, a bicyclist was stuck and killed by a light rail train at the Raymond Avenue Station, the tenth fatality since the line opened.

The 11th fatality occurred on May 29, 2024, when a bicyclist was struck and killed by a Green Line train near the Minnesota State Capitol and the Rice Street station during the afternoon rush hour around 4:15PM.

Health Impacts
The Minnesota Metro Green Line had a causal impact of improving people's access to health care by providing reliable public transportation. Researchers from the University of Minnesota, Harvard Medical School, and the Urban Institute conducted a Difference in differences study and found that the opening of the light rail line had a causal impact on reducing the rate of missed doctors appointments.

title: Metro Green Line (Minnesota)


text:
Blooming Grove

Blooming Grove can refer to:

 * Blooming Grove, Indiana
 * Blooming Grove Township, Indiana
 * Blooming Grove Township, Minnesota
 * Blooming Grove, New York
 * Blooming Grove Township, Pennsylvania
 * Blooming Grove, Ohio
 * Blooming Grove (Florence, South Carolina), a historic house
 * Blooming Grove, Texas
 * Blooming Grove, Wisconsin

title: Blooming Grove