text:
Chaddesden

Chaddesden, also known locally as Chadd, is a large residential suburb of Derby, in the ceremonial county of Derbyshire, England. Historically a separate village centred on Chaddesden Hall and the 14th century St Mary's Church, the area was significantly expanded by 20th-century housing developments, and became part of the then County Borough of Derby in 1968, prior to Derby's city status in 1977.

History
There is evidence of Roman settlement such as Nottingham Road, a Roman road.

The old village, recorded in Domesday Book as "Cedesene", is situated two and a half miles east of the city. In 1086 it was a manor in the possession of Henry de Ferrers and was worth the sum of three pounds.

The focal point of the village is probably the ancient church of St Mary's. It is important as a dated example of church architecture before the advent of the perpendicular style. It was rebuilt by Henry Chaddesden, Archdeacon of Leicester, around 1357. The tall and spacious chancel running from its nave and aisle, dates from this period. Its west tower is perpendicular in style with its big west door and window. Restoration work on the chancel was carried out in 1857 by G. Place.

Chaddesden Hall and its estate were sold in 1918 by the Wilmot family. The estate was immediately divided up and re-sold to multiple purchasers, this process sometimes being repeated with the outcome being house building plots. Roe Farm, formerly at the west end of the parish, was acquired by Derby Corporation in 1930 and became the site of their largest pre-war housing estate. Other major developments in the 1930s were the shopping areas on Nottingham Road, and the Wood Road Estate (Rupert Road, Max Road etc.) from 1936.

Government
The area is covered by the Chaddesden ward of Derby City Council. The ward has three councillors, elected in successive years. Following the May 2019 elections, the ward has three Conservative councillors.

Chaddesden has been part of the Derby North parliamentary constituency since the seat's creation in 1950.

Chaddesden was formerly a civil parish within Shardlow Rural District, on 1 April 1968 the parish was abolished and merged with Derby and Morley and became part of the then county borough of Derby. In 1961 the parish had a population of 15,622. It is now in the unparished area of Derby, in the Derby district.

Geography
Chaddesden lies to the east of Derby city centre, with the A52 road forming its southern boundary. It is bordered by the wards of Spondon, Oakwood and Chaddesden West, with Erewash to the north. The Chaddesden Brook runs southwest through Chaddesden Park towards the River Derwent.

Demography
The population at the 2011 census was 13,413, with 93.7% White British (compared to 75.3% for Derby as a whole).

Economy
The area is primarily residential, with some retail development. Wyvern Retail Park has a Sainsbury's superstore incorporating an Argos store, Homebase, Halfords, Boots, Carpetright, Next, Tapi, Home Bargains, Costa Drive-Thru and a 24 Hour McDonald's. The Food Warehouse by Iceland opened in October 2020.

Culture and community
Public facilities in Chaddesden include a public library, and a 22 ha park. Chaddesden village centre has many amenities including a stores, restaurants, an estate agency, chemist, vets, travel agent, newsagent, hairdresser, optician, two public houses and a 29-bedroom hotel.

Chaddesden Wood and Lime Lane Wood have been designated a Local Nature Reserve.

Landmarks
The Wilmot family lived at Chaddesden Hall, which was demolished in the 1920s when the Wilmot family sold its estate. The grounds are a well used park. The lodge and the entrance to the grave yard on Nottingham Road were designed by H. I. Stevens around 1854. The Wilmot family name still appears in the names of local businesses, including the Wilmot Service Station on Morley Road and their family crest on the former Wilmot Arms Public House (Now the Steaming Billy) at the junction of Morley Road, Chaddesden Lane and Wood Road.

Transport
There is a bus service on Nottingham Road, and cycling Regional Route 66 passes through the area. Derby railway station is 2–3 km away.

Education
Schools in Chaddesden include Lees Brook Community School (secondary school/college), Chaddesden Park Primary School, Cherrytree Hill Primary School, Meadowfarm School, Cavendish Close School and Roe Farm Primary School.

Religious sites
St Mary's Church was rebuilt by Henry Chaddesden, Archdeacon of Leicester, in approximately 1347; the chancel dates from this period. It has an ornate rood screen and an unusual chalice shaped font, believed to be over 600 years old. There are monuments to the Wilmot family who were local landlords. In the church yard is a small mound, where six almshouses used to stand. They had been founded by Robert Wilmot.

St. Mark's Church on Francis Street was built in 1938 by Naylor & Sale, and St. Philip's Church on Taddington Road was built in 1955 by S.W. Milburn to service an ever-expanding population. The bell in St. Philip's came from Derwent Woodlands church in Derwent village, which was "drowned" in the 1940s with the building of Ladybower Reservoir (near Bamford).

Sport
There is a children's play area in the park as well as facilities for sports like cricket and football. Lees Brook School is a specialist school of physical education, and also contains facilities for the children.

Notable people
Colonel Sir Henry Wilmot received the VC for bravery. He was born and is buried here.

Sir Henry Fowler Railway Engineer, buried in the Nottingham Road Cemetery.

title: Chaddesden


text:
Active cooling

Active cooling is a heat-reducing mechanism that is typically implemented in electronic devices and indoor buildings to ensure proper heat transfer and circulation from within.

Unlike its counterpart passive cooling, active cooling is entirely dependent on energy consumption in order to operate. It uses various mechanical systems that consume energy to dissipate heat. It is commonly implemented in systems that are unable to maintain their temperature through passive means. Active cooling systems are usually powered through the use of electricity or thermal energy but it's possible for some systems to be powered by solar energy or even hydroelectric energy. They need to be well-maintained and sustainable in order for them to perform its necessary tasks or the possibility of damages within objects could occur. Various applications of commercial active cooling systems include indoor air conditioners, computer fans, and heat pumps.

Building usage
Many buildings require high demands in cooling and as many as 27 out of the 50 largest metropolitan areas around the world are located in areas of hot or tropical weather. With this, engineers have to establish the heat balance in order to ensure proper ventilation throughout the structure.

The heat balance equation is given as:

$$p \cdot c_p\cdot V \cdot dT/dt = E_{int} + E_{Conv} + E_{Vent} + E_{AC}$$

where $$p$$ is the air density, $$c_p$$ is the specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure, $$dT/dt$$ is the rate of heat transfer, $$E_{int}$$ is the internal heat gains, $$E_{Conv}$$ is the heat transfer through the envelope, $$E_{Vent}$$ is the heat gain/loss between indoor and outdoor air, and $$E_{AC}$$ is the mechanical heat transfer.

Using this, it can be determined how much cooling is required within the infrastructure.

There are three active cooling systems commonly used in the residential sectors:

Fans
A fan is three to four blades rotated by an electrical motor at a constant speed. Throughout the rotation, airflow is produced and having the surrounding being cooled through the process of forced convection heat transfer. Because of its relatively low price, it is the most frequently used out of the three active cooling systems in the residential sector.

Heat pumps
A heat pump utilizes electricity in order to extract heat from a cool area into a warm area, causing the cool area to lower in temperature and the warm area to increase in temperature.

There are two types of heat pumps:

Compression heat pumps
Being the more popular variant of the two, compression heat pumps operates through the use of the refrigerant cycle. The vapor refrigerant in the air gets compressed while increasing in temperature, creating a superheated vapor. The vapor then goes through a condenser and converts into a liquid form, dispelling more heat in the process. Traveling through the expansion valve, the liquid refrigerant forms a mixture of liquid and vapor. As it passes through the evaporator, vapor refrigerant forms and expels into the air, repeating the refrigerant cycle.

Absorption heat pumps
The process for the absorption heat pump works similarly to the compression variant with the main contrast being the usage of an absorber instead of a compressor. The absorber takes in the vapor refrigerant and creates a liquid form which then travels into the liquid pump to be turned into superheated vapor. The absorption heat pump utilizes both electric and heat for its functionality compared to compression heat pumps which only uses electricity.

Evaporative coolers
An evaporative cooler absorbs the outside air and passes it through water-saturated pads, lowering the temperature of the air through water evaporation.

It can be divided by:

Direct
This method evaporates the water which would then travel directly into the air stream, producing a small form of humidity. It usually requires a decent amount of water consumption in order to properly lower the temperature of the surrounding area.

Indirect
This method evaporates the water into a second air stream and then putting it through a heat exchanger, lowering the temperature of the main air stream without adding any humidity. Compared to direct evaporative coolers, it requires much less water consumption to operate and lowering temperature.

Other applications
Besides normal commercial usage of active cooling, researchers are also looking for ways to improve the implementation of active cooling into various technologies.

Thermoelectric Generator(TEG)
The thermoelectric generator, or TEG, is a power source that has been recently experimented with to test its viability in maintaining active cooling. It is a device that makes use of the Seebeck effect to convert heat energy into electrical energy. Applications of the power source are more commonly found in technologies requiring high power. Examples include space probes, aircraft, and automobiles.

In a 2019 research, the viability of TEG active cooling was tested. The test was applied on a Raspberry PI3, a small single-board computer, equipped with a fan powered by TEG and was compared alongside another powered by a commercial passive cooler. Throughout the research, the voltage, the power, and the temperature in both of the Raspberry PIs were observed and recorded. The data showed that throughout the benchmark test, the TEG- powered Raspberry PI3 stabilized to a temperature a few Celsius lower than the passive cooling Raspberry PI3. The power produced by the TEG was also analyzed to measure the possibility of the fan having self-sustainable capabilities. Currently, using only TEG to power the fan isn't enough to be completely self-sustainable because it lacks enough energy for the initial startup of the fan. But, with the implementation of an energy accumulator, it would be possible.

The power generation of TEG is given as:

$$P_{TEG}\rightarrow {fan air flow\over fan power}\rightarrow\sum R_{thermal}\rightarrow\bigtriangleup T_{TEG}\rightarrow P_{TEG}$$

where $$P_{TEG}$$ is the power generated by TEG, $$R_{thermal}$$ is the thermal resistance, and $$T_{TEG}$$ is the temperature from TEG.

Based on the result, the thermoelectric generator active cooling has been shown to effectively decrease and maintain temperatures that is comparable to commercial usage of passive coolers.

Near Immersion Active Cooling (NIAC)
Near Immersion Active Cooling, or NIAC, is a thermal management technique that has been recently researched in an effort to reduce the amount of heat accumulation generated by Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing, or WAAM (a metal 3-D printing technology). NIAC utilizes a cooling liquid that surrounds the WAAM within a work tank and increases the water level when metal is being deposited. The direct contact with the liquid allows for quick withdrawal of heat from the WAAM, decreasing temperature by a significant amount.

In a 2020 experiment, researchers wanted to discover the feasibility of using the NIAC and to test its cooling capabilities. The experiment compared the effectiveness of mitigating temperature generated by the WAAM between natural cooling, passive cooling, and near immersion active cooling. Natural cooling used air, passive cooling used a cooling liquid that stays on a fixed level, and NIAC used a cooling liquid that rises based on the actions of the WAAM.

The following tests were used to measure the feasibility of using NIAC:
 * Thermal analysis: In the thermal analysis, there was a significant disparity of heat between NIAC and the other cooling types, with NIAC cooling the technology at a much faster rate.
 * Geometric quality: For the geometric quality of the walls, NIAC had the slimmest and tallest wall which shows tough durability of the WAAM when using active cooling.
 * Porosity assessment: The porosity assessment showed that active cooling contained the lowest porosity level. A high porosity level has adverse effects on mechanical properties, such as limited ductility.
 * Mechanical properties: NIAC tends to equalize the mechanical properties, especially ductility, in contrast to both natural and passive cooling.

They concluded NIAC is viable and comparable to conventional cooling methods such as passive and natural cooling.

Comparison with passive cooling
Active cooling is usually compared alongside passive cooling in various situations to determine which provides a better and more efficient way of cooling. Both of these are viable in many situations but depending on several factors, one could be more advantageous than the other.

Advantages
Active cooling systems are usually better in terms of decreasing temperature than passive cooling systems. Passive cooling doesn't utilize much energy for its operation but instead takes advantage of natural cooling, which takes longer to cool over a long period of time. Most people prefer the use of active cooling systems in hot or tropical climates than passive cooling because of its effectiveness in lowering temperature in a short time interval. In technologies, it helps maintain proper thermal conditions, preventing the risk of damages or overheating of the core operation systems. It is able to better balance out the heat generation from the technology, maintaining it in a consistent manner. Some active cooling systems also contain the possibility of being self-sustainable as shown in the application of the thermoelectric generator compared to passive cooling where it is highly dependent on natural means to operate.

Disadvantages
The issues with active cooling compared to passive cooling are mainly the financial costs and energy consumption. Because of active cooling's high energy requirement, it makes it much less energy efficient as well as less cost efficient. In a residential setting, active cooling usually consumes a large amount of energy in order to provide enough cooling throughout the entire building which increases the financial costs. Engineers of the building would need to take in account that an increase in energy consumption would also play a factor in negatively affecting the global climate. Compared to active cooling, passive cooling are more seen being used in places with average or low temperatures.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Active cooling


text:
Larson

Larson may refer to:

People and fictional characters

 * Larson (surname)

Places in the United States

 * Larson, North Dakota, United States, a census-designated place and former city
 * Larson Creek, Oregon, United States
 * Larson Crag, Victoria Land, Antarctica
 * Larson Nunataks, Queen Elizabeth Land, Antarctica
 * Larson Valley, Ellsworth Land, Antarctica

Military

 * Larson Air Force Base, Moses Lake, Washington, a former United States Air Force base
 * USS Everett F. Larson, the name of two United States Navy ships, one proposed but never built

Other uses

 * Larson D-1, an agricultural biplane first flown in 1955

title: Larson


text:
Larwill

Larwill may refer to:

 * Larwill, Indiana, a town in Whitley County, Indiana, United States
 * David Larwill (1956–2011), Australian artist
 * Edwin Larwill (ca 1806–1876), politician in the Province of Canada

title: Larwill


text:
ISO/IEC 15504

ISO/IEC 15504 Information technology – Process assessment, also termed Software Process Improvement and Capability dEtermination (SPICE), is a set of technical standards documents for the computer software development process and related business management functions. It is one of the joint International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards, which was developed by the ISO and IEC joint subcommittee, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7.

ISO/IEC 15504 was initially derived from process lifecycle standard ISO/IEC 12207 and from maturity models like Bootstrap, Trillium and the Capability Maturity Model (CMM).

ISO/IEC 15504 has been superseded by ISO/IEC 33000:2015 Information technology – Process assessment – Concepts and terminology as of March, 2015.

Overview
ISO/IEC 15504 is the reference model for the maturity models (consisting of capability levels which in turn consist of the process attributes and further consist of generic practices) against which the assessors can place the evidence that they collect during their assessment, so that the assessors can give an overall determination of the organization's capabilities for delivering products (software, systems, and IT services).

History
A working group was formed in 1993 to draft the international standard and used the acronym SPICE. SPICE initially stood for Software Process Improvement and Capability Evaluation, but in consideration of French concerns over the meaning of evaluation, SPICE has now been renamed Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination. SPICE is still used for the user group of the standard, and the title for the annual conference. The first SPICE was held in Limerick, Ireland in 2000, SPICE 2003 was hosted by ESA in the Netherlands, SPICE 2004 was hosted in Portugal, SPICE 2005 in Austria, SPICE 2006 in Luxembourg, SPICE 2007 in South Korea, SPICE 2008 in Nuremberg, Germany and SPICE 2009 in Helsinki, Finland.

The first versions of the standard focused exclusively on software development processes. This was expanded to cover all related processes in a software business, for example project management, configuration management, quality assurance, and so on. The list of processes covered grew to cover six areas: organizational, management, engineering, acquisition supply, support, and operations.

In a major revision to the draft standard in 2004, the process reference model was removed and is now related to the ISO/IEC 12207 (Software Lifecycle Processes). The issued standard now specifies the measurement framework and can use different process reference models. There are five general and industry models in use.

Part 5 specifies software process assessment and part 6 specifies system process assessment.

The latest work in the ISO standards working group includes creation of a maturity model, which is planned to become ISO/IEC 15504 part 7.

The standard
The Technical Report (TR) document for ISO/IEC TR 15504 was divided into 9 parts. The initial International Standard was recreated in 5 parts. This was proposed from Japan when the TRs were published at 1997.

The International Standard (IS) version of ISO/IEC 15504 now comprises 6 parts. The 7th part is currently in an advanced Final Draft Standard form and work has started on part 8.

Part 1 of ISO/IEC TR 15504 explains the concepts and gives an overview of the framework.

Reference model
ISO/IEC 15504 contains a reference model. The reference model defines a process dimension and a capability dimension.

The process dimension in the reference model is not the subject of part 2 of ISO/IEC 15504, but part 2 refers to external process lifecycle standards including ISO/IEC 12207 and ISO/IEC 15288. The standard defines means to verify conformity of reference models.

Processes
The process dimension defines processes divided into the five process categories of: With new parts being published, the process categories will expand, particularly for IT service process categories and enterprise process categories.
 * customer-supplier
 * engineering
 * supporting
 * management
 * organization

Capability levels and process attributes
For each process, ISO/IEC 15504 defines a capability level on the following scale:

The capability of processes is measured using process attributes. The international standard defines nine process attributes:
 * 1.1 Process performance
 * 2.1 Performance management
 * 2.2 Work product management
 * 3.1 Process definition
 * 3.2 Process deployment
 * 4.1 Process measurement
 * 4.2 Process control
 * 5.1 Process innovation
 * 5.2 Process optimization

Each process attribute consists of one or more generic practices, which are further elaborated into practice indicators to aid assessment performance.

Rating scale of process attributes
Each process attribute is assessed on a four-point (N-P-L-F) rating scale:
 * Not achieved (0–15%)
 * Partially achieved (>15–50%)
 * Largely achieved (>50–85%)
 * Fully achieved (>85–100%).

The rating is based upon evidence collected against the practice indicators, which demonstrate fulfillment of the process attribute.

Assessments
ISO/IEC 15504 provides a guide for performing an assessment.

This includes:
 * the assessment process
 * the model for the assessment
 * any tools used in the assessment

Assessment process
Performing assessments is the subject of parts 2 and 3 of ISO/IEC 15504. Part 2 is the normative part and part 3 gives a guidance to fulfill the requirements in part 2.

One of the requirements is to use a conformant assessment method for the assessment process. The actual method is not specified in the standard although the standard places requirements on the method, method developers and assessors using the method. The standard provides general guidance to assessors and this must be supplemented by undergoing formal training and detailed guidance during initial assessments.

The assessment process can be generalized as the following steps:
 * initiate an assessment (assessment sponsor)
 * select assessor and assessment team
 * plan the assessment, including processes and organizational unit to be assessed (lead assessor and assessment team)
 * pre-assessment briefing
 * data collection
 * data validation
 * process rating
 * reporting the assessment result

An assessor can collect data on a process by various means, including interviews with persons performing the process, collecting documents and quality records, and collecting statistical process data. The assessor validates this data to ensure it is accurate and completely covers the assessment scope. The assessor assesses this data (using his expert judgment) against a process's base practices and the capability dimension's generic practices in the process rating step. Process rating requires some exercising of expert judgment on the part of the assessor and this is the reason that there are requirements on assessor qualifications and competency. The process rating is then presented as a preliminary finding to the sponsor (and preferably also to the persons assessed) to ensure that they agree that the assessment is accurate. In a few cases, there may be feedback requiring further assessment before a final process rating is made.

Assessment model
The process assessment model (PAM) is the detailed model used for an actual assessment. This is an elaboration of the process reference model (PRM) provided by the process lifecycle standards.

The process assessment model (PAM) in part 5 is based on the process reference model (PRM) for software: ISO/IEC 12207.

The process assessment model in part 6 is based on the process reference model for systems: ISO/IEC 15288.

The standard allows other models to be used instead, if they meet ISO/IEC 15504's criteria, which include a defined community of interest and meeting the requirements for content (i.e. process purpose, process outcomes and assessment indicators).

Tools used in the assessment
There exist several assessment tools. The simplest comprise paper-based tools. In general, they are laid out to incorporate the assessment model indicators, including the base practice indicators and generic practice indicators. Assessors write down the assessment results and notes supporting the assessment judgment.

There are a limited number of computer based tools that present the indicators and allow users to enter the assessment judgment and notes in formatted screens, as well as automate the collated assessment result (i.e. the process attribute ratings) and creating reports.

Assessor qualifications and competency
For a successful assessment, the assessor must have a suitable level of the relevant skills and experience.

These skills include:
 * personal qualities such as communication skills.
 * relevant education and training and experience.
 * specific skills for particular categories, e.g. management skills for the management category.
 * ISO/IEC 15504 related training and experience in process capability assessments.

The competency of assessors is the subject of part 3 of ISO/IEC 15504.

In summary, the ISO/IEC 15504 specific training and experience for assessors comprise:
 * completion of a 5-day lead assessor training course
 * performing at least one assessment successfully under supervision of a competent lead assessor
 * performing at least one assessment successfully as a lead assessor under the supervision of a competent lead assessor. The competent lead assessor defines when the assessment is successfully performed. There exist schemes for certifying assessors and guiding lead assessors in making this judgement.

Uses
ISO/IEC 15504 can be used in two contexts:
 * Process improvement, and
 * Capability determination (=evaluation of supplier's process capability).

Process improvement
ISO/IEC 15504 can be used to perform process improvement within a technology organization. Process improvement is always difficult, and initiatives often fail, so it is important to understand the initial baseline level (process capability level), and to assess the situation after an improvement project. ISO 15504 provides a standard for assessing the organization's capacity to deliver at each of these stages.

In particular, the reference framework of ISO/IEC 15504 provides a structure for defining objectives, which facilitates specific programs to achieve these objectives.

Process improvement is the subject of part 4 of ISO/IEC 15504. It specifies requirements for improvement programmes and provides guidance on planning and executing improvements, including a description of an eight step improvement programme. Following this improvement programme is not mandatory and several alternative improvement programmes exist.

Capability determination
An organization considering outsourcing software development needs to have a good understanding of the capability of potential suppliers to deliver.

ISO/IEC 15504 (Part 4) can also be used to inform supplier selection decisions. The ISO/IEC 15504 framework provides a framework for assessing proposed suppliers, as assessed either by the organization itself, or by an independent assessor.

The organization can determine a target capability for suppliers, based on the organization's needs, and then assess suppliers against a set of target process profiles that specify this target capability. Part 4 of the ISO/IEC 15504 specifies the high level requirements and an initiative has been started to create an extended part of the standard covering target process profiles. Target process profiles are particularly important in contexts where the organization (for example, a government department) is required to accept the cheapest qualifying vendor. This also enables suppliers to identify gaps between their current capability and the level required by a potential customer, and to undertake improvement to achieve the contract requirements (i.e. become qualified). Work on extending the value of capability determination includes a method called Practical Process Profiles - which uses risk as the determining factor in setting target process profiles. Combining risk and processes promotes improvement with active risk reduction, hence reducing the likelihood of problems occurring.

Acceptance of ISO/IEC 15504
ISO/IEC 15504 has been successful as:
 * ISO/IEC 15504 is available through National Standards Bodies.
 * It has the support of the international community.
 * Over 4,000 assessments have been performed to date.
 * Major sectors are leading the pace such as automotive, space and medical systems with industry relevant variants.
 * Domain-specific models like Automotive SPICE and SPICE 4 SPACE can be derived from it.
 * There have been many international initiatives to support take-up such as SPICE for small and very small entities.

On the other hand, ISO/IEC 15504 may not be as popular as CMMI for the following reasons:

 * ISO/IEC 15504 is not available as free download, but must be purchased from the ISO. (Automotive SPICE, on the other hand, can be freely downloaded from the link supplied below.) CMM, and later CMMI, were originally available as free downloads from the SEI website. However, beginning with CMMI v2.0 a license must now be purchased from SEI.
 * The CMM, and later CMMI, were originally sponsored by the US Department of Defense (DoD). Now, however, DoD no longer funds CMMI or mandates its use.
 * The CMM was created first, and reached critical 'market' share before ISO 15504 became available.
 * The CMM has subsequently been replaced by the CMMI, which incorporates many of the ideas of ISO/IEC 15504, but also retains the benefits of the CMM.

Like the CMM, ISO/IEC 15504 was created in a development context, making it difficult to apply in a service management context. But work has started to develop an ISO/IEC 20000-based process reference model (ISO/IEC 20000-4) that can serve as a basis for a process assessment model. This is planned to become part 8 to the standard (ISO/IEC 15504-8). In addition there are methods available that adapt its use to various contexts.

title: ISO/IEC 15504


text:
User talk:Water Fish

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Again, welcome! - Rrjanbiah 11:59, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Aryan invasion theory
Please state clearly the origin of the theory and the other theories as well.

If you are too lazy to read books, "Aryan invasion theory" was first invented by a half-baked German "sanscritologist", Max Muller. His theory is clearly based on misinterpretation of a single (!) element.

Why this "theory" is false is explained in the works by Sri Aurobindo.

If yu don't care to read the books and think for yourself, please don't interfere with those people who are experts in the field.

JuliaJ 09:21, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Could you please add more info at Aryan invasion theory especially the one you have added to India page --Rrjanbiah 11:59, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply and comments. This is Wikipedia and so everyone will write, delete and push their own views; so please be cool. I think, the India page needs only a brief note about the genetic study as we have separate article for AIT. You may contribute more about such study (which are corroborated with scientific data and bibliography) in AIT page which I think is the right place for such info. I'll try to add brief note about the study in India page.

 * Keep contributing... let the world be benefitted more out of your work. Regards. --Rrjanbiah 05:08, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism POV on the India page
I am trying to make the India page a featured article. However, your recent actions forcing the study is a cause for concern. The history section is anyways is too large and by mentioning specific points to support the latest findings on the page is not advisable. Consider moving it to the apt location and reediting the text on the India page to a NPOV. ¶ ɳȉčḩåḽṗ | [[User talk:nichalp| ✉ ]] 20:36, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Let me clarify what exactly I expect from you. I'm not judging which theory is right here (my personal opinion supports the Aryan theory). Neither have I mentioned childish or any political shibboleths here. You quote a pretty detailed sentence mentioning how the theory is disproved along with the research years. Now the article is a brief summary of India's history, I've sampled that para to get a sample rate of around 5,000 years per sentence. By unnecessary mentioning the years of studies, which ideally should be on the AIT page, you have unbalanced the sampling rate. I don't know what objection you have to the sentence  However, recent theories held by a minority deny the claim of ingress and posit continuity. which clearly sides your story. Let us save everyone's energy by preventing unnecessary energy sapping reverts. ¶ ɳȉčḩåḽṗ | [[User talk:nichalp| ✉ ]] 18:49, Sep 10, 2004 (UTC)

?
"rv extreme vandalism by 207.180.207.254 to the version saved by Oop" Why didn't you revert to the version saved by Isdu (me)? I only wrote 2 sentences, which I think are important (and they weren't mentionned): If my English was wrong (I'm not a native English speaker), which I don't think it was, you could still have corrected it. Kind Regards. --Isdu 07:27, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) astronomic data (of the Rig Veda and other scriptures)
 * 2) textual evidence (e.g. puranic royal lists)

Medha Hari
Based on a quick Google search, and by seeing the number of inward links to that page, it looks like she might be notable enough. Honestly, I am not an expert on that area, but it should not be deleted until someone (maybe even the original author) has a chance to review it. A little patience is fine in this case. -- Netoholic @ 05:08, 2004 Nov 10 (UTC)

 * No... we leave it on cleanup, and after quite a few days, if noone works on it, you may list it on WP:VFD. This will never be a speedy-deletion candidate. -- Netoholic @ 05:27, 2004 Nov 10 (UTC)

Based on the fact that Medha Hari (despite her young age!) is already listed in many major directories (Google, LookSmart) and many professional directories (Narthaki.com, etc), I do not understand Water Fish's wish to delete Medha Hari entry.

BTW, the classical dance section of the Hindu (the most authoritative newspaper in India) reviewed this young dancer 3 times. I think it is truly exceptional.

Geosammie 04:27, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I think all of the discussion of this subject should take place at Votes for deletion/Medha Hari. RickK 23:23, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

Hi Water Fish, I understand the problem is with the bureaucracy and don't want to comment more on that as they may take it offense. Greetings. HAND. --Rrjanbiah 16:57, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Copyvios
Firstly, don't yell at me. Secondly, if you checked, you would see that two sources were posted as the copyvio'd material. And while yes, the first was from Wikipedia (as was stated rather nonchalantly right at the end of the article), the second was not, and as such, our article was at least a partial copyvio, and probably still is. As for being forced to rewrite the article, if you had checked Copyright problems, you would have seen that just hours after I reported the copyvio, someone else pointed out that one of the articles sourced Wikipedia. You must have been in a hurry to write the article if you couldn't check its status at WP:CP first. As for being on a "rampage" or reporting copyvios, that's your opinion, and I'm glad you have it. Everyone has something they do on Wikipedia, the thing I do is report copyvios. - Vague | Rant 01:43, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Water Fish


text:
Talk:Chinese Roundabout

Is this the Langley Park school in Bromley? -FZ 11:59, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese Roundabout


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zulkey

Non-notable weblog. Wikipedia is not a web directory. Andris 12:06, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. --Ianb 13:13, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity and web services. Geogre 13:49, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Just a blogger.--Ern 02:38, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ms Zulkey does not appear to be a significant author, and this blog does not appear to be a significant one. Delete. Average Earthman 10:14, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Do not delete. I listed my name and site here because I saw a friend do it and as the site and I have been referenced in the New Yorker, the UK Guardian and CNN.com, I thought a referral might be helpful to those interested in learning more. If not, and this is merely interpreted as PR/vanity, I apologize (although I think the case should ultimately be left to other Zulkeys who wish this page not be the definition of "Zulkey.") Thanks for your time!  unsigned comment from User:Zulkey
 * I've taken the liberty of moving the content to your new User Page. I think that's a better place for it for now. If/when your site becomes truly "notable" as the Wikipedia community has chosen to define it, then an article might be appropriate.  By the way, it would be much better if someone other than yourself writes that future article.  Thanks.  Rossami 22:22, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zulkey


text:
William Allen White

William Allen White (February 10, 1868 – January 29, 1944) was an American newspaper editor, politician, author, and leader of the Progressive movement. Between 1896 and his death, White became a spokesman for middle America.

At a 1937 banquet held in his honor by the Kansas Editorial Association, he was called "the most loved and most distinguished member" of the Kansas press.

Early life
White was born in Emporia, Kansas and moved to El Dorado, Kansas, with his parents, Allen and Mary Ann Hatten White, where he spent the majority of his childhood. He loved animals and reading books. He attended the College of Emporia and the University of Kansas, and in 1889 started work at The Kansas City Star as an editorial writer.

The Emporia Gazette
In 1895, White bought the Emporia Gazette for $3,000 from William Yoast Morgan and became its editor.

What's the matter with Kansas? – 1896
White was a political conservative at this early stage of his career. In 1896 a White editorial titled "What's the Matter With Kansas?" attracted national attention with a scathing attack on William Jennings Bryan, the Democrats, and the Populists. White sharply ridiculed Populist leaders for letting Kansas slip into economic stagnation and not keeping up economically with neighboring states because their anti-business policies frightened away economic capital from the state. White wrote:

"'There are two ideas of government,' said our noble Bryan at Chicago. 'There are those who believe that if you legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, this prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous their prosperity will find its way up and through every class and rest upon them.' That's the stuff! Give the prosperous man the dickens! Legislate the thriftless man into ease, whack the stuffing out of the creditors and tell the debtors who borrowed the money five years ago when money 'per capita' was greater than it is now, that the contraction of currency gives him a right to repudiate."

The Republicans sent out hundreds of thousands of copies of the editorial in support of William McKinley during the intensely fought presidential election of 1896, providing White with national exposure.

With his warm sense of humor, articulate editorial pen, and uncommon sense approach to life, White soon became known throughout the country. His Gazette editorials were widely reprinted; he wrote stories on politics syndicated by the George Matthew Adams Service; and he published many books, including biographies of Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge. "What's the Matter With Kansas?" and "Mary White" (a tribute to his 16-year-old daughter on her death in 1921) were his best-known writings. Locally he was known as the greatest booster for Emporia.

He won a 1923 Pulitzer Prize for his editorial "To an Anxious Friend", published July 27, 1922, after being arrested in a dispute over free speech following objections to the way the state of Kansas handled the men who participated in the Great Railroad Strike of 1922.

Small-town ideals
In his novels and short stories, White developed his idea of the small town as a metaphor for understanding social change and for preaching the necessity of community. While he expressed his views in terms of the small town, he tailored his rhetoric to the needs and values of emerging urban America. The cynicism of the post-World War I world stilled his imaginary literature, but for the remainder of his life he continued to propagate his vision of small-town community. He opposed chain stores and mail order firms as a threat to the business owner on Main Street. The Great Depression shook his faith in a cooperative, selfless, middle-class America. Like most old Progressives his attitude toward the New Deal was ambivalent: President Franklin D. Roosevelt cared for the country and was personally attractive, but White considered his solutions haphazard. White saw the country uniting behind old ideals by 1940, in the face of foreign threats.

Fighting corruption
White sought to encourage a viable moral order that would provide the nation with a sense of community. He recognized the powerful forces of corruption but called for slow, remedial change having its origin in the middle class. In his novel In the Heart of a Fool (1918), White fully developed the idea that reform remained the soundest ally of property rights. He felt that the Spanish–American War fostered political unity, and believed that a moral victory and an advance in civilization would be compensation for the devastation of World War I. White concluded that democracy in the New Era inevitably lacked direction, and the New Deal found him a baffled spectator. Nevertheless, he clung to his vision of a cooperative society until his death in 1944.

Politics
White became a leader of the Progressive movement in Kansas, forming the Kansas Republican League in 1912 to oppose railroads. White helped Theodore Roosevelt form the Progressive (Bull-Moose) Party in the 1912 presidential election in opposition to the conservative forces surrounding incumbent Republican president William Howard Taft.

White was a reporter at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and a strong supporter of Woodrow Wilson's proposal for the League of Nations. The League went into operation but the U.S. never joined. During the 1920s, White was critical of both the isolationism and the conservatism of the Republican Party.

According to Roger Bresnahan:

"White's finest hour came in his vigorous assault, beginning with Gazette editorials in 1921, on the Ku Klux Klan – a crusade that led him to run for governor of Kansas in 1924 so that his anti-Klan message would reach a broader state and national audience. As expected, White did not win the election, but he was widely credited with deflating Klan intentions in Kansas."

In the 1928 presidential election, he condemned the Democratic nominee Al Smith as the candidate of "the saloon, prostitution, and gambling" for Smith's opposition to Prohibition. He was an early supporter of Republican presidential nominees Alf Landon of Kansas in 1936 and Wendell Willkie in 1940. However, White was on the liberal wing of the Republican Party and wrote many editorials praising the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Sponsoring painter John Steuart Curry
White was the leader in persuading Kansas newspaper editors and publishers to run a fund-raising campaign so as to invite Kansas's most famous artist, John Steuart Curry, to paint murals for Kansas. He got the support of Governor Walter Huxman and other politicians, and the result was the prestigious invitation to paint murals for the Kansas Capitol. The result was Tragic Prelude.

Sage of Emporia
The last quarter century of White's life was spent as an unofficial national spokesman for Middle America. This led President Franklin Roosevelt to ask White to help generate public support for the Allies before America's entry into World War II. In 1940 White was fundamental in the formation of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, sometimes known as the White Committee. He resigned on January 3, 1941, writing to a newspaper columnist that "In our New York and Washington chapters we have a bunch of war mongers and under our organization we have no way to oust them and I just can't remain at the head of an organization that is being used by those chapters to ghost dance for war."

Sometimes referred to as the Sage of Emporia, he continued to write editorials for the Gazette until his death in 1944. He was also a founding editor of the Book of the Month Club, along with longtime friend Dorothy Canfield.

Family
White married Sallie Lindsay in 1893. They had two children, William Lindsay, born in 1900, and Mary Katherine, born in 1904. Mary died in a 1921 horse-riding accident, prompting her father to publish a famous eulogy, "Mary White," on May 17, 1921.

White visited six of the seven continents at least once in his long life. Due to his fame and success, he received 10 honorary degrees from universities, including one from Harvard.

White taught his son William L. the importance of journalism, and after his death, William L. took charge of the Gazette and continued its local success; after he died, his wife Kathrine ran it. Their daughter Barbara and her husband, David Walker, took it over much as William had earlier, and today the paper remains family-run, currently headed by William Allen White's great-grandson, Christopher White Walker.

White and the two Roosevelts
White developed a friendship with President Theodore Roosevelt in the 1890s that lasted until Roosevelt's death in 1919. Roosevelt spent several nights at White's Wight and Wight-designed home, Red Rocks, during trips across the United States. White was to say later, "Roosevelt bit me and I went mad." Later, White supported much of the New Deal, but voted against Franklin D. Roosevelt every time.

Famous visitors to Red Rocks (White family home in Emporia)

 * Henry J. Allen
 * Dorothy Canfield
 * Calvin Coolidge
 * Douglas Fairbanks
 * Edna Ferber
 * Herbert Hoover
 * Theodore Roosevelt
 * Frances Louise Tracy and Anne Morgan, the wife and daughter, respectively, of J.P. Morgan

Posthumous honors
Life described White:

"He is the small-town boy who made good at home. To the small-town man who envies the glamour of the city, he is living assurance that small-town life may be preferable. To the city man who looks back with nostalgia on a small-town youth, he is a living symbol of small-town simplicity and kindliness and common sense."

The city of Emporia raised $25,000 in war bonds during World War II and were granted naming rights for a B-29 bomber in early 1945. They unsurprisingly chose to name it after their most famous citizen, William Allen White. This bomber was sent with a crew of men to the island of Tinian in the South Pacific and was part of the same bomber squadron that the Enola Gay was in.

During World War II, the William Allen White Liberty ship was launched from Richmond, California on May 8, 1944.

His autobiography, which was published posthumously in 1946, won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. In 1948 a 3¢ stamp was issued in his honor by the U.S. Postal Service.

The University of Kansas Journalism School is named for him, as is the library building at Emporia State University. There are also two awards the William Allen White Foundation has created: the William Allen White Award for outstanding journalistic merit and the Children's Book Award.

The town of Emporia honors him to this day with city limits signs on I-35, US-50, and K-99 announcing "Home of William Allen White."

A photograph of White has been used by the band They Might Be Giants in stagecraft and music videos throughout their entire career.

Quotations
From editorial "Mary White":

"A rift in the clouds in a gray day threw a shaft of sunlight upon her coffin as her nervous, energetic little body sank to its last sleep. But the soul of her, the glowing, gorgeous, fervent soul of her, surely was flaming in eager joy upon some other dawn."

From editorial "Student Riots", The Emporia Gazette, April 8, 1932:

"As a matter of fact student riots of one sort or another, protests against the order that is, kicks against college and university management indicate a healthy growth and a normal functioning of the academic mind.

Youth should be radical. Youth should demand change in the world. Youth should not accept the old order if the world is to move on. But the old orders should not be moved easily—certainly not at the mere whim or behest of youth. There must be clash and if youth hasn't enough force or fervor to produce the clash the world grows stale and stagnant and sour in decay. ''If our colleges and universities do not breed men who riot, who rebel, who attack life with all their youthful vim and vigor, then there is something wrong with our colleges. The more riots that come on college campuses, the better world for tomorrow."

From a 1933 editorial about the futility of war (referring to World War I):

"The boys who died just went out and died. To their own souls' glory of course -- but what else? ... Yet the next war will see the same hurrah and the same bowwow of the big dogs to get the little dogs to go out and follow the blood scent and get their entrails tangled in the barbed wire."

From an editorial published in February 1943, shortly after President Franklin D. Roosevelt returned from the Casablanca Conference with Winston Churchill:

"We who hate your gaudy guts salute you.'"

From a March 20, 1899 editorial, The Emporia Gazette:

"Riots against the police are occurring in Havana. They will keep occurring. No Latin country governs itself. Self-government is the most difficult thing in the world for a people to accomplish. It is not a matter that a nation acquires by adopting a set of laws. Only Anglo-Saxons can govern themselves. The Cubans will need a despotic government for many years to restrain anarchy until Cuba is filled with Yankees. Uncle Sam, the First, will have to govern Cuba as Alphonso, the Thirteenth, governed it if there is any peace in the island at all. The Cubans are not and, of right, ought not to be free. To say that they are, or that they should be, is folly. Riot will follow riot. Anarchy will rise to be crushed. And unrest will prevail until the Yankee takes possession of the land. Then the Cubans will be an inferior—if not a servile—race. Then there will be peace in the land. Then will Cuba be free. It is the Anglo-Saxon's manifest destiny to go forth in the world as a world conqueror. He will take possession of all the islands of the sea. He will exterminate the peoples he cannot subjugate. That is what fate holds for the chosen people. It is so written. Those who would protest, will find their objections overruled. It is to be."

Published works
White had 22 works published throughout his life. Many of these works were collections of short stories, magazine articles, or speeches he gave throughout his long career.

Poetry

 * Rhymes by Two Friends, with Albert Bigelow Paine (1893)

Biographies

 * Woodrow Wilson, The Man, His Times, and His Tasks (1924)
 * Calvin Coolidge, The Man Who is President (1925)
 * Masks in a Pageant (1928); profiles presidents from McKinley to Wilson
 * A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge (1938)
 * The Autobiography of William Allen White (1946)

Fiction

 * The Real Issue: A Book of Kansas Stories (1896)
 * The Court of Boyville (1899)
 * Stratagems and Spoils: Stories of Love and Politics (1901)
 * In Our Town (1906)
 * A Certain Rich Man (1909)
 * God's Puppets (1916)
 * The Martial Adventures of Henry & Me (1918)
 * In the Heart of a Fool (1918)

Political and social commentary

 * The Old Order Changeth: A View of American Democracy (1910)
 * Politics: The Citizen's Business (1924)
 * Some Cycles of Cathay (1925)
 * Boys-Then and Now (1926)
 * What It's All About: Being A Reporter's Story of the Early Campaign of 1936 (1936)
 * Forty Years on Main Street (1937)
 * The Changing West: An Economic Theory About Our Golden Age (1939)

title: William Allen White


text:
User:Katherine Shaw

Hello there!

I'm interested in many different things; however, one of my stronger interests is in clothing and the history of Western costume, and I hope to contribute articles to the Wikipedia in these areas.

Useful links
Not very exciting for you, but useful for me:

 * Technical section of the Village pump
 * Getting pictures into articles: Extended image syntax and Picture tutorial (because i can never remember exactly how).

Costume articles

 * Expand on Stays article
 * Expand on Farthingale
 * Have a think about a 'History' section for the Corset article, and about separate corset history articles (currently there's Corset (before 1500) and Corset (1500-1970), which redirects to Corset in fashion.)
 * Edit List of corset periods (note that some articles in this list exist, some do not; some that do are not necessary or helpful). Could be very useful to have this list incorporated into a 'history' section in the corset article.
 * Contribute to Victorian corset.
 * Contribute to Straight fronted corset.
 * Beef up Wasp waist article.
 * Contribute to the Bustle article.
 * Add costume meaning of 'panniers' to Pannier and create that page.
 * Start a Hoop (costume) article, and possibly create a disambiguation page for that and Hula Hoop?
 * Edit the Basque (clothing) article.
 * Start a Corset cover article.
 * Sort out the knickers/knickerbocker article.
 * Contribute to the Petticoat article.
 * Think about sorting out stockings, suspenders and garters. (They all could probably be a bit clearer and reference each other better.)
 * Think about articles for Camisole, Drawers and Combinations (currently redirects to Combination, would have to put in a disclaimer/disambig thingy at the top).
 * Start a corsetiere article; also put up corsetier as a redirect to that.

Costume-related articles

 * Start an article on Cathie Jung (picture at [[media:Cathie Jung.jpg]]).
 * Start an article on Ethel Granger.

Book-related articles

 * Get some detail on individual books into Rutshire Chronicles, and do brief summary of Pandora for the Jilly Cooper article.
 * Start a Harlequin Enterprises Ltd article.
 * Have proper think about the Mills & Boon article.

Pages about corsets
I have moved several of the articles about corsets to List of corset periods. See Votes for deletion/List of corset periods.

Stay(S)

 * REDIRECTstay

Is that correctly?

title: User:Katherine Shaw


text:
Gothic art

Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe, and much of Northern, Southern and Central Europe, never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy. In the late 14th century, the sophisticated court style of International Gothic developed, which continued to evolve until the late 15th century. In many areas, especially Germany, Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century, before being subsumed into Renaissance art. Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscripts. The easily recognizable shifts in architecture from Romanesque to Gothic, and Gothic to Renaissance styles, are typically used to define the periods in art in all media, although in many ways figurative art developed at a different pace. The earliest Gothic art was monumental sculpture, on the walls of Cathedrals and abbeys. Christian art was often typological in nature (see Medieval allegory), showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. Saints' lives were often depicted. Images of the Virgin Mary changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother, cuddling her infant, swaying from her hip, and showing the refined manners of a well-born aristocratic courtly lady.

Secular art came into its own during this period with the rise of cities, foundation of universities, increase in trade, the establishment of a money-based economy and the creation of a bourgeois class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works, resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscripts. Increased literacy and a growing body of secular vernacular literature encouraged the representation of secular themes in art. With the growth of cities, trade guilds were formed and artists were often required to be members of a painters' guild. As a result, because of better record keeping, more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous; some artists were even so bold as to sign their names.

Origins
Gothic art emerged in Île-de-France, France, in the early 12th century, at the Abbey Church of St Denis built by Abbot Suger. The style rapidly spread beyond its origins in architecture to sculpture, both monumental and personal in size, textile art, and painting, which took a variety of forms, including fresco, stained glass, the illuminated manuscript, and panel painting. Monastic orders, especially the Cistercians and the Carthusians, were important builders who disseminated the style and developed distinctive variants of it across Europe. Regional variations of architecture remained important, even when, by the late 14th century, a coherent universal style known as International Gothic had evolved, which continued until the late 15th century, and beyond in many areas.

Although there was far more secular Gothic art than is often thought today, as generally the survival rate of religious art has been better than for secular equivalents, a large proportion of the art produced in the period was religious, whether commissioned by the church or by the laity. Gothic art was often typological in nature, reflecting a belief that the events of the Old Testament pre-figured those of the New, and that this was indeed their main significance. Old and New Testament scenes were shown side by side in works like the Speculum Humanae Salvationis, and the decoration of churches. The Gothic period coincided with a great resurgence in Marian devotion, in which the visual arts played a major part. Images of the Virgin Mary developed from the Byzantine hieratic types, through the Coronation of the Virgin, to more human and intimate types, and cycles of the Life of the Virgin were very popular. Artists like Giotto, Fra Angelico and Pietro Lorenzetti in Italy, and Early Netherlandish painting, brought realism and more natural humanity to art. Western artists, and their patrons, became much more confident in innovative iconography, and much more originality is seen, although copied formulae were still used by most artists.

Iconography was affected by changes in theology, with depictions of the Assumption of Mary gaining ground on the older Death of the Virgin, and in devotional practices such as the Devotio Moderna, which produced new treatments of Christ in subjects such as the Man of Sorrows, Pensive Christ and Pietà, which emphasized his human suffering and vulnerability, in a parallel movement to that in depictions of the Virgin. Even in Last Judgements Christ was now usually shown exposing his chest to show the wounds of his Passion. Saints were shown more frequently and altarpieces showed saints relevant to the particular church or donor in attendance on a Crucifixion or enthroned Virgin and Child, or occupying the central space themselves (this usually for works designed for side-chapels). Over the period many ancient iconographical features that originated in New Testament apocrypha were gradually eliminated under clerical pressure, like the midwives at the Nativity, though others were too well-established, and considered harmless.

Etymology

The word "Gothic" for art was initially used as a synonym for "Barbaric", and was therefore used pejoratively. Its critics saw this type of Medieval art as unrefined and too remote from the aesthetic proportions and shapes of Classical art. Renaissance authors believed that the Sack of Rome by the Gothic tribes in 410 had triggered the demise of the Classical world and all the values they held dear. In the 15th century, various Italian architects and writers complained that the new "barbarian" styles filtering down from north of the Alps posed a similar threat to the classical revival promoted by the early Renaissance. The "Gothic" qualifier for this art was first used in Raphael's letter to Pope Leo X c. 1518 and was subsequently popularised by the Italian artist and writer Giorgio Vasari, who used it as early as 1530, calling Gothic art a "monstrous and barbarous" "disorder". Raphael claimed that the pointed arches of northern architecture were an echo of the primitive huts the Germanic forest dwellers formed by bending trees together – a myth which would resurface much later in a more positive sense in the writings of the German Romantic movement. "Gothic art" was strongly criticized by French authors such as Boileau, La Bruyère, Rousseau, before becoming a recognized form of art, and the wording becoming fixed. Molière would famously comment on Gothic: The besotted taste of Gothic monuments, These odious monsters of ignorant centuries, Which the torrents of barbary spewed forth.

In its beginning, Gothic art was initially called "French work" (Opus Francigenum), thus attesting the priority of France in the creation of this style.

Painting
Painting in the Gothic style did not exist until around 1200, over 50 years after the beginnings of Gothic architecture and sculpture. The transition from Romanesque to Gothic is very imprecise and not at all a clear break, and Gothic ornamental detailing is often introduced before much change is seen in the style of figures or compositions themselves. Then figures become more animated in pose and facial expression, tend to be smaller in relation to the background of scenes, and are arranged more freely in the pictorial space, where there is room. This transition occurs first in England and France around 1200, in Germany around 1220 and Italy around 1300. Painting during the Gothic period was practiced in four primary media: frescos, panel paintings, manuscript illumination and stained glass.

Frescos
Frescos continued to be used as the main pictorial narrative craft on church walls in southern Europe as a continuation of early Christian and Romanesque traditions. An accident of survival has given Denmark and Sweden the largest groups of surviving church wall paintings in the Biblia pauperum style, usually extending up to recently constructed cross vaults. In both Denmark and Sweden, they were almost all covered with limewash after the Reformation which has preserved them, but some have also remained untouched since their creation. Among the finest examples from Denmark are those of the Elmelunde Master from the Danish island of Møn who decorated the churches of Fanefjord, Keldby and Elmelunde. Albertus Pictor is arguably the most well-known fresco artist from the period working in Sweden. Examples of Swedish churches with well-preserved frescos include Tensta, Gökhem and Anga churches.

Stained glass
In northern Europe, stained glass was an important and prestigious form of painting until the 15th century, when it became supplanted by panel painting. Gothic architecture greatly increased the amount of glass in large buildings, partly to allow for wide expanses of glass, as in rose windows. In the early part of the period mainly black paint and clear or brightly coloured glass was used, but in the early 14th century the use of compounds of silver, painted on glass which was then fired, allowed a number of variations of colour, centred on yellows, to be used with clear glass in a single piece. By the end of the period designs increasingly used large pieces of glass which were painted, with yellows as the dominant colours, and relatively few smaller pieces of glass in other colours.

Manuscripts and printmaking
Illuminated manuscripts represent the most complete record of Gothic painting, providing a record of styles in places where no monumental works have otherwise survived. The earliest full manuscripts with French Gothic illustrations date to the middle of the 13th century. Many such illuminated manuscripts were royal bibles, although psalters also included illustrations; the Parisian Psalter of Saint Louis, dating from 1253 to 1270, features 78 full-page illuminations in tempera paint and gold leaf.

During the late 13th century, scribes began to create prayer books for the laity, often known as books of hours due to their use at prescribed times of the day. Among the earliest is an example by William de Brailes that seems to have been written for an unknown laywoman living in a small village near Oxford in about 1240. Nobility frequently purchased such texts, paying handsomely for decorative illustrations; among the most well-known creators of these is Jean Pucelle, whose Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux was commissioned by King Charles IV as a gift for his queen, Jeanne d'Évreux. Elements of the French Gothic present in such works include the use of decorative page framing reminiscent of the architecture of the time with elongated and detailed figures. The use of spatial indicators such as building elements and natural features such as trees and clouds also denote the French Gothic style of illumination.

From the middle of the 14th century, blockbooks with both text and images cut as woodcut seem to have been affordable by parish priests in the Low Countries, where they were most popular. By the end of the century, printed books with illustrations, still mostly on religious subjects, were rapidly becoming accessible to the prosperous middle class, as were engravings of fairly high quality by printmakers like Israhel van Meckenem and Master E. S. In the 15th century, the introduction of cheap prints, mostly in woodcut, made it possible even for peasants to have devotional images at home. These images, tiny at the bottom of the market, often crudely coloured, were sold in thousands but are now extremely rare, most having been pasted to walls.

Altarpiece and panel painting
Painting with oil on canvas did not become popular until the 15th and 16th centuries and was a hallmark of Renaissance art. In Northern Europe the important and innovative school of Early Netherlandish painting is in an essentially Gothic style, but can also be regarded as part of the Northern Renaissance, as there was a long delay before the Italian revival of interest in classicism had a great impact in the north. Painters like Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck made use of the technique of oil painting to create minutely detailed works, correct in perspective, where apparent realism was combined with richly complex symbolism arising precisely from the realistic detail they could now include, even in small works. In Early Netherlandish painting, from the richest cities of Northern Europe, a new minute realism in oil painting was combined with subtle and complex theological allusions, expressed precisely through the highly detailed settings of religious scenes. The Mérode Altarpiece (1420s) of Robert Campin and the Washington Van Eyck Annunciation or Madonna of Chancellor Rolin (both 1430s, by Jan van Eyck) are examples. For the wealthy, small panel paintings, even polyptychs in oil painting were becoming increasingly popular, often showing donor portraits alongside, though often much smaller than the Virgin or saints depicted. These were usually displayed in the home.

Monumental sculpture
The Gothic period is essentially defined by Gothic architecture, and does not entirely fit with the development of style in sculpture in either its start or finish. The facades of large churches, especially around doors, continued to have large tympanums, but also rows of sculpted figures spreading around them.

The statues on the Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral (c. 1145) show an elegant but exaggerated columnar elongation, but those on the south transept portal, from 1215–20, show a more naturalistic style and increasing detachment from the wall behind, and some awareness of the classical tradition. These trends were continued in the west portal at Reims Cathedral of a few years later, where the figures are almost in the round, as became usual as Gothic spread across Europe. Bamberg Cathedral has perhaps the largest assemblage of 13th century sculpture, culminating in 1240 with the Bamberg Rider, the first life-size equestrian statue in Western art since the 6th century.

"In Italy the Gospel of Gothic was preached from pulpits not from tympana, and the unit of the sculptor's thinking was an autonomous, self-consistent work of art" (John Pope-Hennessy). Nicola Pisano (1258–78) and his son Giovanni developed a style that is often called Proto-Renaissance, with unmistakable influence from Roman sarcophagi and sophisticated and crowded compositions, including a sympathetic handling of nudity, in relief panels on their pulpit of Siena Cathedral (1265–68), Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery, the Fontana Maggiore in Perugia, and Giovanni's pulpit in Pistoia of 1301.

Another revival of classical style is seen in the International Gothic work of Claus Sluter and his followers in Burgundy and Flanders around 1400. Late Gothic sculpture continued in the North, with a fashion for very large, wooden, sculpted altarpieces with increasingly virtuoso carving and large numbers agitated expressive figures; most surviving examples are in Germany, after much iconoclasm elsewhere. Tilman Riemenschneider, Veit Stoss and others continued the style well into the 16th century, gradually absorbing Italian Renaissance influences.

Life-size tomb effigies in stone or alabaster became popular for the wealthy, and grand multi-level tombs evolved, with the Scaliger Tombs of Verona so large they had to be moved outside the church. By the 15th century there was an industry exporting Nottingham alabaster altar reliefs in groups of panels over much of Europe for economical parishes who could not afford stone retables.

Portable sculpture
Small carvings, for a mainly lay and often female market, became a considerable industry in Paris and some other centres. Types of ivories included small, devotional polyptychs, single figures, especially of the Virgin, mirror-cases, combs, and elaborate caskets with scenes from Romances, used as engagement presents. The very wealthy collected extravagantly elaborate, jewelled and enamelled metalwork, both secular and religious, like the Duc de Berry's Holy Thorn Reliquary, until they ran short of money, when they were melted down again for cash. Gothic sculptures independent of architectural ornament were primarily created as devotional objects for the home or intended as donations for local churches, although small reliefs in ivory, bone and wood cover both religious and secular subjects, and were for church and domestic use. These sculptures were created by urban artisans, and the most common theme for three-dimensional small statues is the Virgin Mary alone or with a child. Paris was the main centre of ivory workshops, and exported to most of northern Europe, though Italy also had a considerable production. An exemplar of these independent sculptures is among the collections of the Abbey Church of St Denis; the silver-gilt Virgin and Child dates to 1339 and features Mary enveloped in a flowing cloak holding an infantile Christ figure. Both the simplicity of the cloak and the youth of the child presage other sculptures found in northern Europe dating to the 14th century and early 15th century. Such sculpture shows an evolution from an earlier stiff and elongated style, still partly Romanesque, into a spatial and naturalistic feel in the late 12th and early 13th century. Other French Gothic sculptural subjects included figures and scenes from popular literature of the time. Imagery from the poetry of the troubadours was particularly popular among artisans of mirror-cases and small boxes presumably for use by women. The Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264) of 1330–50 is an unusually large example with space for a number of scenes from different literary sources.

Souvenirs of pilgrimages to shrines, such as clay or lead badges, medals and ampullae stamped with images were also popular and cheap. Their secular equivalent, the livery badge, showed signs of feudal and political loyalty or alliance that came to be regarded as a social menace in England under bastard feudalism. The cheaper forms were sometimes given away free, as with the 13,000 badges ordered in 1483 by King Richard III of England in fustian cloth with his emblem of a white boar for the investiture of his son Edward as Prince of Wales, a huge number given the population at the time. The Dunstable Swan Jewel, modelled fully in the round in enamelled gold, is a far more exclusive version, that would have been given to someone very close or important to the donor.

title: Gothic art


text: Template:Amphoe Surat Thani

title: Template:Amphoe Surat Thani


text:
Farthingale

A farthingale is one of several structures used under Western European women's clothing - especially in the 16th and 17th centuries - to support the skirts in the desired shape and to enlarge the lower half of the body. The fashion originated in Spain in the fifteenth century. Farthingales served important social and cultural functions for women in Renaissance Europe as they expressed, primarily when worn by court women, high social position and wealth.

Spanish farthingale
The Spanish verdugado, from which "farthingale" derives, was a hoop skirt originally stiffened with esparto grass; later designs in the temperate climate zone were stiffened with osiers (willow withies), rope, or (from about 1580) whalebone. The name verdugado comes from the Spanish verdugo ("green wood", or the more modern meaning of "executioner").

The earliest sources indicate that Joan of Portugal started to use verdugados with hoops in Spain. Joan had provoked much criticism as she allegedly wore dresses that displayed too much décolletage, and her wanton behaviour was considered scandalous. When she started to use farthingales, court fashion followed suit. As Joan had two illegitimate children by Pedro de Castilla y Fonseca, rumors abounded that she used the farthingale to cover up a pregnancy.

The earliest images of Spanish farthingales show hoops prominently displayed on the outer surfaces of skirts, although later they merely provided shape to the overskirt. Catherine of Aragon is said to have brought the fashion into England on her marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales, in 1501. She and her ladies were observed to wear "beneath their waist certain round hoops, bearing out their gowns from their bodies, after their country manner". However, there is little evidence to show that she continued to wear this fashion as she adopted English styles of dress. In March 1519 at a masque at Greenwich Palace female dancers in fanciful "Egyptian" costumes wore black velvet gowns "with hoops from the waist downwards", which may have been farthingales.

Farthingales remained a fixture of conservative Spanish court fashion into the early 17th century (as exemplified by Margaret of Austria), before evolving into the guardainfante of 17th-century Spanish dress.

Farthingales in England and Scotland
One of the first references to a farthingale in England comes from the accounts of Princess Elizabeth in 1545 that describe a farthingale made of crimson Bruges satin. The courtier Elizabeth Holland owned two red Bruges satin farthingales in 1547. Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset asked for her clothes, including a farthingale to be sent to her in the Tower of London in 1551. Nicholas Udall mentioned "trick ferdegews and billements of gold" in his comedy Ralph Roister Doister written around 1552.

Spanish farthingales were bought by Mary I of England and became an essential element of Tudor fashion in England. Mary's chamberer Jane Russell was given a farthingale made from fustian. At a dinner for French diplomats in May 1559, the farthingales of Elizabeth I and her ladies took up so much space that some women of her privy chamber had to sit on the rush-covered floor.

Farthingales were bought for children, including Ann Cavendish, the nine year old stepdaughter of Bess of Hardwick in 1548. In 1550, Margaret Willoughby, sister of Francis Willoughby, was bought a red broadcloth petticoat and her "vardingale" was made from buckram and covered with red cloth. Margaret and Mary Kitson were bought "verdingalles" in December 1573. Mary, as Countess Rivers, made bequests of clothing in 1641 including a carnation and black taffeta fathingales and rolls.

The French educated Mary, Queen of Scots had a black taffeta "verdugalle" in 1550, and another of violet taffeta, and a set of fashion dolls with 15 farthingales. Whale bone was bought to shape her farthingales in 1562. The contemporary French physician Ambroise Paré noted the use of baleen from the mouths of whales for women's "vertugalles" and "busques".

French farthingale roll
French farthingales originated in court circles in France and they first appeared in England during the 1570s. On 17 March 1577 the English ambassador to Paris, Amyas Paulet, sent a new type of farthingale to Queen Elizabeth I stating that it was "such as is now used by the French Queen and the Queen of Navarre." Janet Arnold has stated that this new style was probably a roll that sat on top of the cone-shaped Spanish farthingale.

Randle Cotgrave, in his Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues (1611), defined the French farthingale as "the kind of roll used by such women as weare no Vardingales." Several wardrobe accounts and tailors' bills of the late 16th century give us an idea of what these rolls were made of: they were stuffed with cotton and rags, and stiffened with hoops of whalebone, wire, or ropes made of bent reeds. Buckram (stiff canvas) is the most commonly mentioned material. Other references describe the rolls being starched.

Here are a couple of sample references to rolls from Queen Elizabeth I's Wardrobe Accounts (MS Egerton 2806):

 * "[for] making of thre rolles of hollande clothe with wyers bounde with reben (1585)
 * making of a rolle of starched buckeram with whales bone (1586)

There are no extant examples of this style of undergarment, and only one illustration, a satirical Dutch engraving of c. 1600, that shows the bum-roll being affixed by a tiring-woman. From contemporary references, and the visual cues provided by the engraving, it appears to have consisted of a bolster-like roll either stuffed or held out with reeds which, being fastened around the hips, served the purpose of widening the skirts at the hip area, creating drapes.

Some modern costumers conjecture that the French farthingale and the "great farthingale" were one and the same garment, the difference in shape and construction being due to changes in fashion from the 1580s to the 1590s.

French wheel farthingale or great farthingale
A second style of French farthingale, also known as the wheel, great, drum or cartwheel farthingale, became fashionable in England during the 1590s. It seems to have consisted of several hoops made from whalebone that graduated outwards from the level of the waistline in a wheel shape. This structure was often supported by a padded roll underneath, and was distinct in appearance from the other French farthingale roll, as it had a hard edge from which the skirts dramatically fell.

Although there are also no surviving examples of this type of garment, there are a number of references to a "Great Farthingale" in Queen Elizabeth I's wardrobe accounts during the time when this style was in vogue. "Great" in this context referred to the large circumference of the farthingale, which was required in order to achieve the fashionable silhouette. Changes in the shape of the farthingale impacted the construction of other garments including the "forepart", the exposed front or apron of the skirt or kirtle made from richer fabrics. Later forms of the forepart were larger and wider and some surviving examples seem to have been extended to accommodate the new shape.

The great farthingale appears to have been worn at an angle ("low before and high behind") which visually elongated the wearer's torso while shortening her legs. The angle was likely created by the use of bodies (corsets) or boned bodices with long centre fronts that pushed down on the farthingale, tilting it. Such an effect has been shown in many reconstructions of the garment.

Some historians have raised doubts about the size of these garments, which some contemporaries claimed could be as wide as 1.4 metres. Instead they claim that the seemingly enormous size of these garments was an optical illusion created by wearing it with a pair of bodies (corset) that elongated and streamlined the torso. Criticisms of farthingales are also indicative of spatial anxieties relating to fears about these garments creating intimate personal spaces around the female body, masking the appropriation of social status, and physically displacing men. These fears continued into the eighteenth and nineteenth century, where tropes about the size of hoop petticoats (panniers) and crinolines continued.

Anne of Denmark and the fashion of farthingales
Farthingales for Queen Elizabeth were made by specialist Robert Sibthorpe. Anne of Denmark had her gowns altered in 1603 to suit English fashions, and employed Robert Hughes to make farthingales from 1603 to 1618. Robert Naunton thought that Anne's farthingale might conceal a pregnancy in October 1605, writing, "The Queen is generally held to be pregnant, but no appearance eminent by reason of the short vardugals in use".

During celebrations in London in 1613 at the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate, it was said that women wearing farthingales were not admitted to crowded events to save space. The letter writer John Chamberlain hoped this would lead to the demise of the fashion. Princess Elizabeth herself was wearing a whalebone farthingale and "bodies" made by John Spence.

In June 1617 Leonora, Lady Bennet's large English farthingale drew unwelcome attention from a crowd in the streets of Amsterdam. In December 1617 the Venetian ambassador Piero Contarini was surprised by the size of Anne of Denmark's farthingale which was four feet wide at the hips. Large styles of French farthingales remained popular in England and France until the 1620s when they disappeared in portraiture and wardrobe accounts. They were replaced by small rolls or bum-rolls that persisted throughout the rest of the seventeenth century. In Spain, the Spanish farthingales evolved into the guardainfante and remained an identifiable part of Spanish dress until the eighteenth century.

Anne of Denmark's daughter, Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, was in Prague in 1620. She wrote of her surprise at the large Spanish style ruffs and Spanish style gowns worn without farthingales by aristocrats and townspeople. She ensured her gentlewomen adapted to the culture.

A well-known anecdote concerning farthingales dates from the end of this period. It was said that in 1628 Jane, wife of the English ambassador Peter Wyche in Constantinople astonished Ayşe Sultan, wife of Murad IV, with her farthingale and she wondered if all English women had such an unusual shape. This story may been composed in condemnation of the fashion.

Farthingale sleeves
In England, sleeves were enlarged and shaped with a whale bone armature, worn as a support underneath wide sleeves, and these were called "farthingale sleeves" or "vardingall sleeves." An account from William Jones for making a gown for Queen Elizabeth includes "a payer of vardingall sleves of holland cloth bented with whals bone and covered with riben." Another account from Jones, for the queen's dwarf Tomasen in 1597, includes a "paier of verthingale slevis of fustian". Jones made many pairs of farthingale sleeves in the 1580s, perhaps for the women of Elizabeth's court.

Such sleeves were worn by women outside court circles. Anne Williamson of Wilne in Derbyshire (a granddaughter of Lord Mordaunt), wrote in December 1590 to her husband about a London tailor who was making her "a pair of verdingale sleeves & a French verdingale". A Welsh MP William Maurice asked a Shrewsbury tailor to provide a French bodice with farthingale sleeves for his young daughter or cousin in 1594.

Farthingale sleeves for Catherine Fenton Boyle cost 4 shillings and 4 pence in October 1604 from Robert Dobson, a London tailor. In 1605, Catherine Tollemache wrote to her London tailor, Roger Jones, about farthingale sleeves covered with satin, and he suggested another style of sleeve now in fashion would be "fytter" for her new gown. In 1607 there were discussions about taxing imported whale fin baleen, "used only in sleeves and bodies for women".

A surviving single English farthingale sleeve with its whalebone hoops and an outer silk sleeve was rediscovered in 2022. These items, connected with the Willoughby family of Wollaton Hall, were shown on the television program, Antiques Roadshow. A collection of Elizabethan costume remaining at Wollaton Hall was described in 1702 by the family historian Cassandra Willoughby.

Farthingale pins
The wardrobe accounts of Queen Elizabeth mention the purchase of thousands of special "great verthingale pynnes", "myddle verthingale pynnes", and "smale verthingale pynnes" from 1563. These were probably used for pinning deep tucks in fathingales to hold whalebone supports, and to position heavy silk skirts in place over the farthingale.

Elizabeth's pin-maker or "pynner" was Robert Careles. He delivered recycled old farthingale pins and other pins to "Ippolyta the Tartarian", a young Russian woman brought to Elizabeth's court by Anthony Jenkinson. She had a farthingale made of mockado fabric. Pins for Henrietta Maria were made by Thomas Ardington. In 1631 his bill included 13,500 "middle vardingale pins".

General references

 * Anderson, Ruth Matilda: Hispanic Costume 1480–1530, The Hispanic Society of America, New York, 1979. ISBN 0-87535-126-3.
 * Arnold, Janet: Patterns of Fashion: The Cut and Construction of Clothes for Men and Women 1560–1620, Macmillan, 1985. Revised edition 1986. ISBN 0-89676-083-9.
 * Arnold, Janet: Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd, W. S. Maney and Son Ltd, Leeds, 1988. ISBN 0-901286-20-6. 2020 e-book.
 * Bendall, Sarah, Take Measure of Your Wide and Flaunting Garments': The Farthingale, Gender and the Consumption of Space in Elizabethan and Jacobean England", Renaissance Studies, 33 (2019)..
 * Bendall, Sarah, "The Case of the 'French Vardinggale': A Methodological Approach to Reconstructing and Understanding Ephemeral Garments", Fashion Theory, 23:3 (2019)..
 * Bendall, Sarah, 'Whalebone and the Wardrobe of Elizabeth I: Whaling and the Making of Aristocratic Fashions', Apparence(s), 11 (February 2022)

title: Farthingale