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Mike Donlin

Michael Joseph Donlin (May 30, 1878 – September 24, 1933) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder and actor. As a professional baseball player, his major league career spanned from 1899 to 1914 in which he played mainly in the National League for seven teams over 12 seasons. His most notable time was with the New York Giants, where he starred in the outfield for John McGraw's 1904 pennant winners and 1905 World Series champions. One of the finest hitters of the dead-ball era, his .333 career batting average ranks 28th all time and he finished in the top three in batting five times. In each of those same seasons, he also finished in the top ten in the league in on-base percentage, slugging percentage, and home runs.

Donlin, who was given the nickname "Turkey Mike" for his unique strut, was a controversial character— his entertaining personality, flamboyant style of dress, and prodigious talent as a hitter caused him to be lionized as "the baseball idol of Manhattan." However, alcoholism led to friction with club officials and incarceration. Donlin attempted to leverage his popularity as an athlete to launch a career in Broadway theatre where he met and married vaudeville comedian Mabel Hite in 1906. Together, they performed in the baseball-themed play Stealing Home for about three years.

Between the waning popularity of the play in 1911 and Hite's death the following year, Donlin attempted short-lived comebacks with the Giants, Boston Rustlers, and Pittsburgh Pirates. His forays into acting cut short an undeniable talent that could have been a much more successful major league career; he reached 100 games in just five of his major league seasons. After convincing McGraw to sign him for the last time in 1914, Donlin endured a disappointing 35-game cameo with the Giants, leading him to devote his efforts to launch his acting career. He migrated to Hollywood, where close friend John Barrymore helped him attain work. Although he made at least 53 appearances on film, the prospects of stardom never materialized. Donlin remained in Hollywood continuing in his acting career until his death in 1933.

Baseball career
Donlin made his way to California and was playing for the Santa Cruz Sandcrabs in 1899 when he was purchased by the St. Louis Perfectos for "little more than train fare." Donlin learned of the transaction while he was locked up in a Santa Cruz jail for drunkenness. He gained admittance when he first arrived at St. Louis' League Park by pointing the gatekeeper to a newspaper photograph of himself which he had pinned to his lapel.

Despite not joining the team until mid-July, he finished 10th in the National League in home runs and batted .323. The following season he hit .326 and finished third in home runs with 10 while only playing in about half of St. Louis' games. On a team full of good hitters, Donlin found it difficult to get regular playing time because of his poor defense and decided to jump to the Baltimore Orioles of the new American League in 1901 to play for his former teammate in St. Louis, John McGraw.

"Turkey Mike", nicknamed because of his gait while walking, hit .340 with Baltimore, which was good for second in the league. But in March of 1902, he was sentenced to six months in prison for assaulting two people in Baltimore while drunk and was promptly released by the Orioles. After serving his time, Donlin was picked up by the Cincinnati Reds and hit .287 for them in the last month of the season. In 1903, he finished third in the league in hitting at .351 and placed in the top five in the National League in virtually every offensive category.

Donlin hit .356 in 1904, when he had another drunken episode in St. Louis. The Reds first suspended him for 30 days and then traded him to the New York Giants, where he was once again reunited with John McGraw who was now managing the team. Donlin finished out the 1904 season hitting a respectable .280 after the trade and helped the Giants win the National League pennant. His combined batting average for 1904 ended up at .329, good enough for second in the league for the second time in the career of the 26-year-old.

Donlin followed up with the best season of his career in 1905. Playing a full season for the first time, Donlin hit .356, good for third in the National League, and led the league in runs scored as well as finishing in the top five in several other batting categories. He led the Giants to the World Series where he hit .263 and scored 4 runs in 5 games as the Giants defeated the Philadelphia Athletics for their first World Series Championship.

On April 11, 1906, Donlin was married to Mabel Hite, a vaudeville and Broadway actress. Tragedy struck early in the 1906 season, however, as he broke his ankle sliding into second base and was lost for the remainder of the season. Cocky and brash as ever, Donlin demanded his same salary for the 1907 season as well as a $600 bonus incentive for staying sober throughout the year. When Giants owner John T. Brush refused, Donlin retired and sat out the entire 1907 season. Donlin spent the time traveling with his wife and became interested in the theater and the high-society lifestyle that came with it.

Donlin returned to the Giants for the 1908 season without showing any effects from a year-long layoff as he hit .334 and finished second in the league in hitting for the third time in his career. In his first home game back, he hit a game-winning two-run home run in the bottom of the 9th inning. He was also among the league leaders in virtually every other offensive category and turned in an adequate job defensively for the first time.

Comeback
In 1911, Donlin returned to his old team and manager, John McGraw, after a two-year break for acting.

Donlin's talents had declined and was no longer worth the problems he created and was sold to the Boston Rustlers, having only played 12 games for his former New York team. Boston immediately inserted him into their starting lineup and Donlin responded by hitting .315 for them.

Unwilling to negotiate with a hard-bargaining, poor defensive outfielder on a poor team, Boston traded him to Pittsburgh, where he played the 1912 season as a reserve for the Pirates, batting .316. In the fall of 1912, Hite was diagnosed with cancer and died in October. In December Pittsburgh placed Donlin on waivers and he was claimed by the Philadelphia Phillies. Donlin refused to go to the Phillies and instead retired, once again, from baseball.

He had a change of heart and attempted a comeback late in 1913 with the minor league Jersey City Skeeters and convinced his old friend, John McGraw, to select him to a traveling team that barnstormed in Europe, Asia and Africa in the winter of 1913. Encouraged by his hitting, McGraw gave Donlin a roster spot on the 1914 Giants but the magic in his bat was gone. Hitting only .161 in 35 games, Donlin called it quits, this time for good.

Acting career
On October 26, 1908, Donlin made his stage debut in Stealing Home, a one-act play written by Donlin and Hite. Although the reviews for Donlin were mixed, critics raved over his wife's performance and the show became a smash hit. Claiming he made more money from his play, Donlin left baseball and vowed never to return to baseball but after three successful years, the play's popularity diminished and with Hite not able to land any successful roles, Donlin returned to baseball.

Starting in 1914, Donlin teamed up with Marty McHale, for an act they titled, "Right Off the Bat".

Donlin later made the career change once again from baseball to acting, gradually switching from stage to screen. He had more success on the baseball field than in the entertainment industry, although he appeared in a number of movies in small roles, including the silent classic The General (1926), and in Paramount's first sound feature Warming Up (1928). He was also retained as an advisor on a number of baseball movies. One of Donlin's great friends and drinking buddies was renowned actor John Barrymore. Donlin appeared in at least two of the actor's silent pictures, Raffles the Amateur Cracksman (1917) and The Sea Beast (1926).

Personal life
Born in Peoria, Illinois, Donlin's family soon moved to Erie, Pennsylvania, where he lost both his father, railroad conductor John Donlin, and mother, Maggie, in a train accident when he was a young boy. He was forced to hustle to survive from a young age, worked as a machinist in his youth and was resultantly sickly child. At 15 years old he found work selling candy on California-bound train. Once in California, he put down roots.

Donlin was a flamboyant playboy, a sharp dresser and a notorious drinker. With his dashing looks and one who was not opposed to finding trouble, he was equally popular with women and men and was one of the most popular players in baseball for a short time at the peak of his career. As a young minor leaguer in California, Donlin asked a San Francisco Examiner employee to run a photograph of him in the paper, saying "I know I'll get a break. I know I'm going to be great." A month after Admiral George Dewey's victory at the Battle of Manila Bay, University of Oregon baseball coach Tom Kelly recalled Donlin using a bat that he had painted red, white and blue and named "Dewey."

In October 1914 Donlin married actress Rita Ross, known for her part in the musical comedy team, Ross & Fenton.

Death
Donlin died in his sleep of a heart attack on September 24, 1933, at age 55 in Hollywood, California.

Popular culture
The 1949 musical film Take Me Out to the Ball Game may have been influenced by Donlin's life story. The story involves a reigning World Series championship Major League Baseball team (the fictitious "Chicago Wolves") whose two star players moonlight in the off-season as vaudeville performers, the commitment to which causes them to arrive late to spring training, thus angering their team manager and owner.

The script was written by Gene Kelly, who portrays Wolves' star shortstop/Vaudevillian "Eddie O'Brien". Frank Sinatra co-stars as second baseman/vaudevillian "Dennis Ryan".

The San Jose Giants, the Single-A affiliate of the San Francisco Giants baseball club, have a BBQ and picnic area, "Turkey Mike's BBQ", named after Donlin.

Partial filmography

 * Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman (1917)
 * The Unchastened Woman (1918)
 * Woman-Proof (1923)
 * Railroaded (1923)
 * The Trouble Shooter (1924)
 * Hit and Run (1924)
 * The Sea Beast (1925)
 * Fifth Avenue Models (1925)
 * The Unnamed Woman (1925)
 * The Primrose Path (1925)
 * The General (1926) - Union General #2
 * Her Second Chance (1926)
 * The Noose (1928)
 * Warming Up (1928)
 * Spite Marriage (1929)
 * Noisy Neighbors (1929)
 * Hot Curves (1930)
 * The Secret Witness (1931)
 * One Way Passage (1932)
 * High Gear (1933)
 * Swellhead (1935)

title: Mike Donlin


text: Template:Departments of Paraguay

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Departments of Paraguay


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CDB

CDB may refer to:

Music

 * CDB (band), an Australian band
 * Charlie Daniels Band, the band of American musician Charlie Daniels
 * Chris de Burgh, a British-Irish singer-songwriter

Organizations

 * Caribbean Development Bank, an international financial institution
 * China Development Bank, a Chinese financial institution
 * Cyprus Development Bank, a financial institution in Cyprus
 * Community development bank, a type of bank in the United States
 * Cleveland Daily Banner, a Tennessee newspaper
 * Congested Districts Board (disambiguation), in particular
 * Congested Districts Board for Ireland
 * Congested Districts Board (Scotland)

Science and technology

 * Constant Data Base, see cdb (software), a database engine
 * Command Data Buffer, a data transfer method
 * Common Data Bus for the Tomasulo algorithm used for scheduling computer instructions
 * SCSI CDB (Command Descriptor Block), used when issuing commands to SCSI devices

Other

 * CDB!, a children's book by William Steig
 * CDB-4124, a biochemical agent
 * Cold Bay Airport, an airport that has IATA airport code CDB
 * Crim Dell bridge at the College of William & Mary
 * Draft Communications Data Bill, a draft legislation in the United Kingdom
 * Clarks Desert Boot, a chukka boot made by C. & J. Clark

title: CDB


text:
Scènes à faire

A scène à faire (French for "scene to be made" or "scene that must be done"; plural: scènes à faire) is a scene in a book or film which is almost obligatory for a book or film in that genre. In the U.S. it also refers to a principle in copyright law in which certain elements of a creative work are held to be not protected when they are mandated by or customary to the genre.

Examples in different genres
For example, a spy novel is expected to contain elements such as numbered Swiss bank accounts, a femme fatale, and various spy gadgets hidden in wristwatches, belts, shoes, and other personal effects. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit interpreted the scènes à faire doctrine expansively to hold that a motion picture about police work in the South Bronx would need to feature drunks, prostitutes, vermin, and derelict cars to be perceived as realistic, and therefore a later film that duplicated these features of an earlier film did not infringe. These elements are not protected by copyright, though specific sequences and compositions of them can be.

Policy
The policy rationale of the doctrine of scènes à faire is that granting a first comer exclusivity over scènes à faire would greatly hinder others in the subsequent creation of other expressive works. That would be against the constitutionally mandated policy of the copyright law to promote progress in the creation of works, and it would be an impediment to the public's enjoyment of such further creative expressions. By the same token, little benefit to society would flow from grants of copyright exclusivity over scènes à faire.

In a business and computer program context, the doctrine of scènes à faire is interpreted to apply to the practices and demands of the businesses and industries that the given computer program serves. Hence, the concepts of idea vs. expression (merger doctrine) and scènes à faire relate directly to promoting availability of business functionality.

In CMM Cable Rep., Inc. v. Ocean Coast Properties, Inc., 97 F.3d 1504 (1st Cir. 1996), the court compared the merger and scènes à faire doctrines. The court said that the two doctrines were similar in policy, in that they both sought to prevent monopolization of ideas. However, merger applied when idea and expression were inseparable, but scènes à faire applied despite separability where an external common setting caused use of common elements and thus similarity of expression.

Limits of doctrine
The doctrine must be a matter of degree—that is, operate on a continuum. Consider the Second Circuit's ruling that the scène à faire for a movie about the South Bronx would need to feature drunks, prostitutes, vermin (rats, in the accused and copyrighted works), and derelict cars. The principle must have a limit, however, so that something is outside the scènes à faire doctrine for South Bronx movies. Perhaps, cockroaches, gangs, and muggings are also part of the South Bronx scène à faire, but further similarity such as the film having as characters "a slumlord with a heart of gold and a policeman who is a Zen Buddhist and lives in a garage" surely goes beyond the South Bronx scène à faire. There must be some expression possible even in a cliche-ridden genre."

Cases

 * Cain v. Universal Pictures, 47 F.Supp. 1013 (United States District Court for the Southern District of California 1942)
 * This was the case where the term was introduced, when the writer James M. Cain sued Universal Pictures, the scriptwriter and the director for copyright infringement in connection with the film When Tomorrow Comes. Cain claimed a scene in his book where two protagonists take refuge from a storm in a church had been copied in a scene depicting the same situation in the movie. Judge Leon Rene Yankwich  ruled that there was no resemblance between the scenes in the book and the film other than incidental "scènes à faire", or natural similarities due to the situation.

 * Walker v. Time Life Films, Inc., 784 F.2d 44 (2d Cir. 1986)
 * After the release of the film Fort Apache, The Bronx, author Thomas Walker filed a lawsuit against one of the production companies, Time-Life Television Films (legal owner of the script), claiming that the producers infringed on his book Fort Apache (New York: Crowell, 1976. ISBN 0-690-01047-8). Among other things, Walker, the plaintiff, argued that: "both the book and the film begin with the murder of a black and a white policeman with a handgun at close range; both depict cockfights, drunks, stripped cars, prostitutes and rats; both feature as central characters third- or fourth-generation Irish policemen who live in Queens and frequently drink; both show disgruntled, demoralized police officers and unsuccessful foot chases of fleeing criminals." But the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that these are stereotypical ideas, and that the United States copyright law does not protect concepts or ideas. The court ruling stated: "the book Fort Apache and the film Fort Apache: The Bronx were not substantially similar beyond [the] level of generalized or otherwise nonprotectible ideas, and thus [the] latter did not infringe copyright of [the] former."

 * Joshua Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits Inc., 225 F.3d 1068 (9th Cir. 2000)

 * Another significant case in United States law was Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits (2003), in which scenes à faire was upheld as an affirmative defense by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The case involved a commercial photographer, Joshua Ets-Hokin, who sued SKYY vodka when another photographer created advertisements with a substantially similar appearance to work he had done for them in the past. It was established that the similarity between his work and the later works of the photographer was largely mandated by the limited range of expression possible; within the constraints of a photo shoot for a commercial product there are only so many ways one may photograph a vodka bottle. In light of this, to establish copyright infringement, the two photos would have been required to be virtually identical. The originality of the later work was established by such minor differences as different shadows and angles.

 * Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chemical Industries, Ltd., 9 F.3d 823 (10th Cir. 1993)

 * A significant scènes à faire case in the computer program context is Gates v. Bando. The court explained the policy and application of the doctrine to computer program copyright infringement cases in these terms:

 * Under the scènes à faire doctrine, we deny protection to those expressions that are standard, stock, or common to a particular topic or that necessarily follow from a common theme or setting. Granting copyright protection to the necessary incidents of an idea would effectively afford a monopoly to the first programmer to express those ideas. Furthermore, where a particular expression is common to the treatment of a particular idea, process, or discovery, it is lacking in the originality that is the sine qua non for copyright protection.

 * The scènes à faire doctrine also excludes from protection those elements of a program that have been dictated by external factors. In the area of computer programs these external factors may include: hardware standards and mechanical specifications, software standards and compatibility requirements, computer manufacturer design standards, target industry practices and demands, and computer industry programming practices.

 * RG Anand v. M/s Deluxe Films , AIR 1978 SC 1613
 * The plaintiff was the writer and producer of a play called "Hum Hindustani" that was produced in the period of 1953-1955. The play was based on the evils of provincialism. The defendant in 1956 produced a film called "New Delhi". One of the themes of the film was provincialism, too. While evaluating whether or not the defendant had infringed the plaintiff's copyright, the Supreme Court of India held:"There can be no copyright in an idea, subject matter, themes, plots or historical or legendary facts and violation of the copyright in such cases is confined to the form, manner and arrangement and expression of the idea by the author of the copyright work. (emphasis supplied)"Therefore, the court held that there is a standard way of dealing with the theme of provincialism, and there can be no copyright over that theme. Consequently, a question of infringement does not even arise.

title: Scènes à faire


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User:Sekizaru

Hello. I started using Wikipedia a few months ago and have tried to contribute mainly through editing and chasing loose links and those types of things. My main interests are:- If anyone is looking for a translator for an article I can translate Japanese to English. Just leave me a message.
 * Articles about Japan
 * Economics
 * Politics
 * Articles about Australia

When I get around to writing a full article I will list it here. My other contributions are on my contributions page (mostly small edits plus a couple of paragraphs). I hope to get around to doing the following articles:-
 * Cowra

title: User:Sekizaru


text:
Talk:ClamAV

From VfD:
Advertising. RickK 20:54, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Can somebody explain how this got deleted from the VfD page? RickK 05:57, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment: Looks like it was overwritten by Neutrality adding Pacific Root. Maybe caused by this bug: "mediawiki overwrites sections"? Securiger 06:31, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Whatever happened, it needs to be deleted. TPK 06:36, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, NPOV / cleanup, is quite a popular package among us sysadmins what have to clean up all the Windows-generated muck clogging the email systems. --Ianb 06:47, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, popular program, I use it on 2 servers myself. I'll try to cleanup. Thue | talk 16:32, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'll assume prior comments are correct as to the notability of this topic. If it can be cleaned up, it should be kept. Skyler 18:48, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Widely used and notable. - Centrx 19:05, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Dittaeva 21:20, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable (for sysadmins though). Przepla 21:39, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

ClamWin
Not diss-ing the product, just thinking of the Ordinary User, who needs to know this.... (ClamWin page could do with similar warning)

 * "note that ClamWin differs from ClamAV and often has lower detection rates" - ClamWin uses the current version of ClamAV. As of right now, this is 0.95.3.  Where is there any citation that shows different detection rates? --Kurt (talk) 04:03, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree, it is uncited and doesn't logically make sense since Clamwin is just a GUI front end to ClamAV - I'll remove it.

 * In discussion |here: has been said that ClamAV and ClamWin has near nothing in common, especially they use different databases. It was written about 2010 and by person looking to be developer of, or other way connected with ClamAV. 10:21, 3 December 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.22.175.1 (talk)
 * I read that thread and it is important to not confuse ClamWin with ClamAV for Windows as they are different products. - Ahunt (talk) 13:17, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

windows viruses?
Can someone clarify wheter clamav detects only Windows viruses, or MacOS and Linux viruses as well. (do the latter exist? ) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 195.229.242.88 (talk) 16:08, 9 March 2007 (UTC).

 * Yeah I'd like to know this as well. Linux viruses do exist but they're not common when it comes to home users. That might change though if Linux drastically increases its market share among home users (Linux is already huge in the server market). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.147.5.140 (talk) 10:25, 11 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Linux already dominates in computing in general, as the majority of cellphones run Linux. The reason Linux malware is rare is because it is mostly ineffective; it is nothing to do with Linux's market share. ClamAV detects any virus in its databases, which includes sigs for Linux viruses. - Ahunt (talk) 17:39, 11 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Linux doesn't dominate in computing "in general" at all; for that to be true it would have to dominate in the home market and it doesn't. Linux has a tiny home user share of just a few percent compared to Windows (meaning desktops & laptops, who would count Android phones in these figures?). As for Android phones, they run a modified Linux kernel. Android phones are kinda sorta Linux, but not what most people think of when they think of a desktop or laptop running Linux (which often means GNU/Linux). Android also contains a lot of proprietary Google apps like the Play Store, Gmail, YouTube and Chrome (so Android isn't remotely free/libre), plus there are a lot of things people can't do on an Android phone that they can do on a Linux laptop or desktop (like running ClamAV to name just one). The reason Linux malware is rare is (a) because users have to enter the superuser password to install software, (b) because of regular security updates and (c) because of Linux's tiny home market share. If the situation was reversed and Linux had the market share that Windows does, malware developers would concentrate on the bigger target, which would be Linux. And to infect Linux users' machines the most effective ways of doing that would probably be social engineering/spear phishing (i.e. tricking people to run software as the superuser), malware masquarading as legitimate programs downloaded from websites & PPAs (rather than the repos) and altering software in the repos so they contain malware (installing software considered safe because it's from a reputable source is one of the hardest things to defend against as happened with CCleaner a while back. The biggest challenge there no doubt would be faking checksums but I'm sure someone clever enough could work out how to do it). There are no doubt methods that could be used for privilege escalation too.

 * As for ClamAV I'd like to know what percentage of its signatures are for Linux malware and what percent for other OSes. Also the section on effectiveness is very out of date. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.147.5.140 (talk)

 * Yeah that is a common myth. Desktop users these days are a tiny fraction of the total number of computers in use. Because Linux dominates in super computers, servers, web servers and is run by many large organizations with infrastructure critical employment, like the ISS, The US Army, US Navy and Nav Canada, it should be a very big target for malware. You explained much of it above, though, it is just quite hardened against malware. It is hard to install and run malware on Linux, so most writers concentrate on easier targets instead. See this and this for more background on that.

 * I have never seen a breakdown on the ClamAV sig files, but if you can find a ref that does analyze them for virus OS then we can add it to the article. Likewise more recent effectiveness testing results requires references quoting published test results. If you have them we can add them. - Ahunt (talk) 17:42, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

 * What exactly is a common myth? You wrote "Desktop users these days are a tiny fraction of the total number of computers in use." That has nothing to do with the fact that most home users use Windows, not Linux. Plus when it comes to non-home users, there are plenty of businesses and industries around the world that use Windows desktops (and laptops), so I'm not sure how accurate your "tiny" statement is.

 * As for the organisations you mentioned, of course they're a large target for malware. I expect people/nation states are trying to hack them 24/7 regardless of the OS they use.

 * Some Linux distros are more hardended than others, but for someone to think that using Linux makes him/her unhackable is simply complacent. As for referring to Windows as an easier target, I've heard in a couple of YouTube videos on computer security that exploit kits aren't as effective these days against Windows as they used to be (and users of such kits were complaining about their loss of revenue). I'd say that this is because Windows 10 comes with Defender firewall and anti-malware enabled by default, plus Defender also has anti-exploit features that were adopted from EMET (such as ASLR, SEHOP and heap integrity validation) as well as core isolation. Anti-ransomware can also be turned on in Defender as well as memory integrity (which is part of core isolation). Windows 10 is far more secure than previous versions of Windows and adding uBlock Origin to a browser also provides a very useful layer of defence as well as setting UAC to its highest level (and actually reading any alerts and not just clicking through them to get rid of them).

 * As for it being hard to run malware on Linux, yes if users aren't duped. But phishing and spear phishing are how a lot of people get infected regardless of the OS they use.

 * If I find any info relating to which OSes ClamAV covers percentage-wise and any up-to-date info relating to effectiveness, then I'll add it here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.147.5.140 (talk) 22:16, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Great. - Ahunt (talk) 22:21, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

Unix-like
Now that Mac OS Ten is a Unix certified OS, maybe the lead paragraph should mention Unix and Unix-like ... --Click me! 22:22, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Given that all Unix-certified systems (certified, BTW, by The Open Group, not SCO) are Unix-like systems, "Unix-like" suffices. (OS X isn't the first SUSv3-certified system to run ClamAV - Solaris binaries are also available, for example.) Guy Harris 06:03, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

New article: Sourcefire, Inc
I've started an article, Sourcefire, Inc, for the company that develops the Snort and ClamAV free software packages. Contributions very welcome. --Gronky 09:38, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Userbox
Wikipedia editors who use ClamAV may want to add this userbox to their user page: - Ahunt (talk) 20:53, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Archive file vulnerability?
Has there been any word on whether any version of Clam is vulnerable to the anti-antivirus archive file attack that was just published affecting some 40 vendors? See. Ham Pastrami (talk) 00:20, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * No idea. Perhaps that's something you should ask their developers?  [Jam] [talk] 09:38, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Portal:Free software: ClamAV is now the selected article
Just to let you know. The purpose of selecting an article is both to point readers to the article and to highlight it to potential contributors. It will remain on the portal for a week or so. The previous selected article was Amarok - some mature software for organising music files.

For other interesting free software articles, you can take a look at the archive of PF's selectees. --Gronky (talk) 23:03, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The portal selectee has moved on and is now Frets on Fire - a game like Guitar Hero. FoF is also involved in software patent controversy after discussions of it's removal from Fedora (GNU/Linux distribution). --Gronky (talk) 12:13, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

ClamAV for Windows!?
It appears that Immunet Protect is being used by "ClamAV for Windows" (http://www.clamav.net/lang/en/about/win32/) as announced by the Immunet site (http://immunet.com/pressreleases?id=13). However, the http://www.clamwin.com/ site has the "new" 0.96 version which is all very confusing... If someone can make sense of this, it would probably be worthwhile to update the appropriate subset of these articles: (Clam AntiVirus), ClamWin, and Immunet Protect. Royanee (talk) 19:02, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Effectiveness section
User:Jerome Charles Potts tagged this section as out of date. I would be happy to update it, do you have any references? - Ahunt (talk) 12:53, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Are unofficial signatures a free software effect?
I added a short section about unofficial databases for ClamAV. There are various organizations involved in this activity, some of which I mentioned. I left a red link for Sanesecurity (with a note referencing the link found in the Debian package). I feel most of those people and organizations don't meet Notability. They themselves don't recount who they are and why they are committed to such activity. Yet, they are many and their activity is noteworthy as such, besides being important for our security.

This topic would certainly deserve its own space if there were multiple free antivirus. Since ClamAV is the only one package of its kind (another unusual case), perhaps it can stay in that section, for the time being. But some expansion is needed. ale (talk) 08:21, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Clam AntiVirus. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110610213539/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/clamwin-antivirus-glue-for-fir/ to https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/clamwin-antivirus-glue-for-fir/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:55, 28 February 2016 (UTC)
 * ✔ - Ahunt (talk) 21:14, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

decade old comparison?!?
Is there any reason not to delete the effectiveness comparison from 2008? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.1.89 (talk) 09:15, 3 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, because Wikipedia gives the history of subjects, we don't delete old information, just put it in historical context. - Ahunt (talk) 19:02, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:37, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
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Requested move 3 December 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) -- Maddy from Celeste (WAVEDASH) 18:55, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

Clam AntiVirus → ClamAV – "ClamAV" is the official, trademarked name of the software and to my knowledge has always been its functional name (as in file names and internal documentation) and its common name in plain speech. I can only guess that the motivation for the current expansion in the title is to avoid ambiguity, but I don't believe that should apply here since "ClamAV" is being used as a proper name rather than merely an abbreviation, and I don't see a practical concern that this name is ambiguous - "ClamAV" already redirects here. Ham Pastrami (talk) 07:13, 3 December 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:ClamAV


text:
Else von Richthofen

Else Freiin von Richthofen (October 8, 1874 – December 22, 1973) was among the early female social scientists in Germany.

Life and career
Elisabeth Helene Amalie Sophie Freiin (Baroness) von Richthofen (also known as Else Jaffé) was born into the German nobility at Château-Salins (France). Her parents were Friedrich Ernst Emil Ludwig Freiherr von Richthofen (1844–1915), an engineer in the Imperial German Army, and Anna Elise Lydia Marquier (1852–1930).

While Else von Richthofen started her professional career as a teacher, she enrolled at Heidelberg University at a time when this was still very unusual for women; she was one of just four female students at the time. She earned a doctorate in economics in 1901 and started to work as a labour inspector in Karlsruhe.

She married Edgar Jaffé (1865–1921), another former student of Max Weber, in 1902, and he was a well-known economist and entrepreneur. It was Jaffé who bought the journal Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik of which Max Weber became one of the editors. With Jaffé, she had three children, Friedel (born 1903), Marianne (born 1905) and Hans (born 1909).

Else became acquainted to intellectuals and authors, including the sociologists and economists Max Weber and Alfred Weber, the psychoanalyst Otto Gross, the writer Fanny zu Reventlow and others. She started an affair with Otto Gross with whom she had a fourth child, Peter (1907–ca. 1915). She also had affairs with her former professor Max Weber and his brother Alfred Weber, with whom she lived together in the same house for several years after her husband died.

title: Else von Richthofen


text: User talk:198.204.133.208

title: User talk:198.204.133.208


text:
Awa Dance Festival

The Awa Dance Festival (阿波踊り) is held from 12 to 15 August as part of the Obon festival in Tokushima Prefecture on Shikoku in Japan. Awa Odori is the largest dance festival in Japan, attracting over 1.3 million tourists every year.

Groups of choreographed dancers and musicians known as ren (連) dance through the streets, typically accompanied by the shamisen lute, taiko drums, shinobue flute and the kane bell. Performers wear traditional obon dance costumes, and chant and sing as they parade through the streets.

Awa is the old feudal administration name for Tokushima Prefecture, and odori means "dance".

History

The earliest origins of the dance style are found in the Japanese Buddhist priestly dances of Nembutsu-odori and hiji-odori of the Kamakura period (1185–1333), and also in kumi-odori, a lively harvest dance that was known to last for several days.

The Awa Odori festival grew out of the tradition of the Bon Odori which is danced as part of the Bon "Festival of the Dead", a Japanese Buddhist celebration where the spirits of deceased ancestors are said to visit their living relatives for a few days of the year. The term "Awa Odori" was not used until the 20th century, but Bon festivities in Tokushima have been famous for their size, exuberance and anarchy since the 16th century.

Awa Odori's independent existence as a huge, citywide dance party is popularly believed to have begun in 1586 when Lord Hachisuka Iemasa, the daimyō of Awa Province hosted a drunken celebration of the opening of Tokushima Castle. The locals, having consumed a great amount of sake, began to drunkenly weave and stumble back and forth. Others picked up commonly available musical instruments and began to play a simple, rhythmic song, to which the revelers invented lyrics. The lyrics are given in the 'Song' section of this article.

This version of events is supported by the lyrics of the first verse of "Awa Yoshikono Bushi", a local version of a popular folk song which praises Hachisuka Iemasa for giving the people Awa Odori and is quoted in the majority of tourist brochures and websites. However, according to local historian Miyoshi Shoichiro, this story first appeared in a Mainichi Shimbun newspaper article in 1908 and is unsupported by any concrete evidence. It is unclear whether the song lyrics were written before or after this article appeared.

Some evidence of the festival's history comes from edicts issued by the Tokushima-han feudal administration, such as this one dating from 1671:

1. The bon-odori may be danced for only three days. 2. Samurai are forbidden to attend the public celebration. They may dance on their own premises but must keep the gates shut. No quarrels, arguments or other misbehaviour are allowed. 3. The dancing of bon-odori is prohibited in all temple grounds.

This suggests that by the 17th century, Awa's bon-odori was well established as a major event, lasting over three days—long enough to be a major disruption to the normal functioning of the city. It implies that samurai joined the festival alongside peasants and merchants, disgracing themselves with brawling and unseemly behaviour. In 1674, it was "forbidden for dancers or spectators to carry swords (wooden or otherwise), daggers or poles". In 1685 revelers were prohibited from dancing after midnight and dancers were not allowed to wear any head or face coverings, suggesting that there were some serious public order concerns.

In the Meiji period (1868–1912) the festival died down as the Tokushima's indigo trade, which had financed the festival, collapsed due to imports of cheaper chemical dyes. The festival was revitalised at the start of the Shōwa period (1926) when Tokushima Prefectural authorities first coined the name "Awa Odori" and promoted it as the region's leading tourist attraction.

Song
The song associated with Awa Odori is called Awa Yoshikono and is a localised version of the Edo period popular song Yoshikono Bushi. Parts of it are sung, and others are chanted. The origins of the melodic part have been traced to Kumamoto, Kyūshū, but the Awa version came from Ibaraki Prefecture, from where it spread back down to Nagoya and Kansai. The lyrics of the first verse are:

Awa no tono sama Hachisuka-sama ga ima ni nokoseshi Awa Odori What Awa's Lord Hachisuka left us to the present day is Awa Odori

The song is usually sung at a point in the parade where the dancers can stop and perform a stationary dance — for example a street intersection or in front of the ticketed, amplified stands which are set up at points around the city. Not every group has a singer, but dancers and musicians will frequently break out into the Awa Yoshikono chant as they parade through the streets:

The dancers also chant hayashi kotoba call and response patterns such as "Ayattosa, Ayattosa", "Hayaccha yaccha", "Erai yaccha, erai yaccha", and "Yoi, yoi, yoi, yoi". These calls have no semantic meaning but help to encourage the dancers.

Dance
During the daytime a restrained dance called Nagashi is performed, but at night the dancers switch to a frenzied dance called Zomeki. As suggested by the lyrics of the chant, spectators are often encouraged to join the dance.

Men and women dance in different styles. For the men’s dance: right foot and right arm forward, touch the ground with toes, then step with right foot crossing over left leg. This is then repeated with the left leg and arm. Whilst doing this, the hands draw triangles in the air with a flick of the wrists, starting at different points. Men dance in a low crouch with knees pointing outwards and arms held above the shoulders.

The women's dance uses the same basic steps, although the posture is quite different. The restrictive kimono allows only the smallest of steps forward but a crisp kick behind, and the hand gestures are more restrained and graceful, reaching up towards the sky. Women usually dance in tight formation, poised on the ends of their geta sandals.

Children and adolescents of both sexes usually dance the men's dance. In recent years, it has become more common to see adult women, especially those in their 20s, dancing the men's style of dance.

Some of the larger ren (dance groups) also have a yakko odori, or kite dance. This usually involves one brightly dressed, acrobatic dancer, darting backwards and forwards, turning cartwheels and somersaults, with freestyle choreography. In some versions, other male dancers crouch down forming a sinuous line representing the string, and a man at the other end mimes controlling the kite.

Awa Dance Festivals elsewhere
Kōenji, an area of Tokyo, also has an Awa Dance Festival, modeled on Tokushima's, which was started in 1956 by urban migrants from Tokushima Prefecture. It is the second largest Awa Dance Festival in Japan, with an average of 188 groups composed of 12,000 dancers, attracting 1.2 million visitors.

The Japanese production company Tokyo Story produced a version of Awa Odori in 2015 in Paris by bringing dancers from Japan in order to promote Awa Odori and the Japanese "matsuri" culture abroad.

In popular culture
Awa dance is a 2007 Japanese movie starring Nana Eikura. The festival is also prominently featured in the 2007 movie Bizan starring Matsushima Nanako. The novel series and anime Golden Time prominently features lead cast members along with their friends in their college club, the Japanese Festival Culture Research Society, performing the Awa dance multiple times during the story. Posters representing popular anime characters practicing the Awa dance are also printed every year for the festival. They featured "Fate/stay night", for example, in 2014.

In the 1994 Studio Ghibli film Heisei Tanuki Gassen Ponpoko (released as Pom Poko in English-speaking countries), during the scene where the film's tanuki use their transformation magic to put on a parade of yokai, part of their display includes a procession of tiny Awa dancers.

Official Japanese sites

 * Awa Odori by the Japan National Tourist Organization
 * Japan Atlas - festivals by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (click "19" for Awa Odori)
 * Koenji Awa Odori official site

Japanese

 * Awa Dance homepage by www.awaodori.net (Japanese)
 * Awa Odori blog (Japanese)
 * Golden Time official anime website

English/English translation

 * Awa Dance homepage by www.awaodori.net (English translation by Google)
 * Awa Odori by web-japan.org
 * Dance of Fools: Awa Odori Festival, Japan by www.pilotguides.com
 * Japanese Line Dance? by www.country-dance.com (many pictures)
 * Dyeing to Dance: an English Translation by Mark Wisniewski
 * Official homepage of Tokyo Ebisuren, a Tokyo-based classical style Awa Odori team (English site, contains pictures and video)
 * Awa Odorian - Awa Odori related blog by an experienced performer (English site, contains pictures and behind the scenes insight)
 * Awa Odori Paris 2015 - home page of Awa Odori Paris 2015 (English & Japanese site)
 * Awa-Dance in Koenji "Sui-ren" official website (English site, contains pictures and information)

Audio and video

 * Awa Odori dance video (Japanese)
 * Awa Dance Festival in Tokushima NHK

title: Awa Dance Festival


text:
The Beiderbecke Tapes

The Beiderbecke Tapes is a two-part British television drama serial written by Alan Plater and broadcast in 1987. It is the second serial in The Beiderbecke Trilogy and stars James Bolam and Barbara Flynn as schoolteachers Trevor Chaplin and Jill Swinburne. When a tape recording of a conversation about nuclear waste inadvertently falls into Trevor's hands, Trevor and Jill find themselves being pursued by national security agents.

Plot
Trevor Chaplin teaches woodwork and likes to listen to jazz. Jill Swinburne teaches English and wants to help save the planet. They live together and just want a quiet life. Then they meet John the barman who died but is much better now. John gives them a tape, which leads to meeting Dave the wimp. They find out about The People's Front for the Liberation of West Yorkshire. The man with no name called Mr Peterson came to see them. He was followed by the six men in grey suits. Jill goes to see The Oldest Suffragette in Town. Trevor and Jill go on a trip to Amsterdam with their class from "San Quentin High". Trevor and Jill meet The Honourable Order of Elks who are "looking for a bit of action".

The tone throughout is deliberately discursive and undramatic. Trevor and Jill are mistakenly given a secret tape recording, which results in their harassment by security forces, their home being invaded, their private lives used to discredit them at school and their being pursued all the way to Amsterdam and Edinburgh. Eventually the tapes are revealed as just a charade invented by shady government forces as a part of a disinformation campaign.

Characters

 * Trevor Chaplin – James Bolam
 * Jill Swinburne – Barbara Flynn
 * Mr Carter – Dudley Sutton
 * Mr Peterson – Malcolm Storry
 * Mr Wheeler – Keith Smith
 * Sylvia – Beryl Reid
 * Mr Pitt – Robert Longden
 * John the Barman – David Battley
 * Charlie the Gravedigger – Peter Martin
 * Tracy – John Alderson
 * Leo – Don Fellows
 * Harry – Peter Carlisle
 * Sam Bentley – Victor Maddern
 * Pronk – Bill Wallis
 * Yvonne Fairweather – Judy Brooke
 * Tour Guide – Marlous Fluitsma
 * Bella Atkinson – Maggie Jones
 * Dave the Wimp – Christopher Wilkinson
 * Man Opposite – Dave Leslie
 * Minister at Funeral – Geoff Oldham
 * Man at Funeral – Alan Starkey
 * Carstairs – Timothy Carlton
 * First Grey Guardian (uncredited) – Philip Wilde

Structure
In the same style as the preceding The Beiderbecke Affair, the plot is less important than the banter and interplay between the characters. The adventure unfolds to a soundtrack of jazz music in the style of Bix Beiderbecke performed by Frank Ricotti with Kenny Baker as featured cornet soloist.

Filming locations

 * Jill's house – Norfolk Green, Chapel Allerton, Leeds
 * Trevor in the yellow van in traffic with impatient driver behind – Brudenell Grove, Leeds
 * Trevor and Jill in the yellow van travelling to the M62 – Meadow Lane, Leeds
 * San Quentin High – Foxwood School, Seacroft, Leeds
 * School staff room and school hall – Moor Grange County Secondary School, Ireland Wood, Leeds
 * Location where Jill and Trevor take Peterson to the canal. Is Skelton Grange Road over the Aire and Calder Navigation Canal, alongside the river Aire.
 * Supermarket car park – Safeway, Roundhay Road, Oakwood, Leeds.
 * Pub – The Haddon Hall, Burley, Leeds
 * Post office – Town Street, Horsforth, Leeds
 * Registrars office – Yeadon Yeadon Town hall
 * Peterson's office – Tower House, Merrion Street, Leeds
 * Cemetery scenes – Lawnswood Cemetery, Leeds
 * North Sea Ferries terminal, King George Dock – Kingston upon Hull
 * On board MV Norstar ferry
 * Bridge Leidsegracht, Leidsestraat, Amsterdam
 * Pronk's hotel – Estherea Hotel, Singel, Amsterdam
 * Oude Schans, Amsterdam
 * Jodenbree Straat, Amsterdam
 * Amstel, Amsterdam
 * Nieuwe Prinsengracht, Amsterdam
 * Reguliersgracht, Amsterdam
 * Herengracht, Amsterdam
 * Elks coach – Nassaukade, Amsterdam
 * Elks coach – A9 near Hoofddorp and Badhoevedorp
 * Elks coach – A4 motorway, Netherlands
 * Caledonian Hotel, Edinburgh
 * Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh
 * Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh
 * "A bit of action" – Victoria Terrace and Lady Stair's Close, Edinburgh

title: The Beiderbecke Tapes


text:
The Beiderbecke Connection

The Beiderbecke Connection is a four-part British television serial written by Alan Plater and broadcast in 1988. It is the third and final part of The Beiderbecke Trilogy and stars James Bolam and Barbara Flynn as schoolteachers Trevor Chaplin and Jill Swinburne. Now with a baby in tow, Jill and Trevor are asked by Big Al to look after a refugee called "Ivan".

Plot
Trevor Chaplin teaches woodwork and likes to listen to jazz. Jill Swinburne teaches English and wants to help save the planet. They live together and just want a quiet life. Since their last adventure in The Beiderbecke Tapes, Jill and Trevor have a child - Firstborn. Big Al asks them to put up a friend of his and they agree. But when Ivan arrives, they find he speaks no English but thinks that "Bix is cool". Meetings with criminals, smuggling people over the border, fighting for the right to education even when it's against the rules. These and other adventures are played out to a soundtrack of jazz music in the style of Bix Beiderbecke performed by Frank Ricotti with Kenny Baker as featured cornet soloist.

Episodes
As with The Beiderbecke Affair, the four episodes are titled by incipit, that is, the title is simply the first spoken words heard in each episode.

 * "Oh Look, It's Average-Sized Trevor Chaplin" - Jill & Trevor have produced Firstborn. They need a babysitter and get a refugee. Head for the border.
 * "Hello Sir, Hello Miss" - The refugee is back from the border. Life goes on. Big Al and Little Norm make other plans. Trevor makes a stand.
 * "Is He the Lodger?" - A face from the past. Criminals in the spare bed. The police take an interest. A day at the seaside.
 * "What Do We Have on Hockey Sticks?" - Rocking the world on its axis. But life goes on for those that hear the music.

Filming locations

 * Jill's house- 15 Hillview Avenue, Chapel Allerton, Leeds
 * San Quentin High- Foxwood School, Seacroft, Leeds
 * The bowling green- The Recreation Ground, Wortley, Leeds
 * The Archer Street shopping precinct- The area surrounding the Bond Street Precinct (now Leeds Shopping Plaza), Bond Street and Albion Street, Leeds city centre.
 * Highfield Avenue, Wortley.
 * Parish church of St Margarets, Horsforth, Leeds.
 * Big Al phones Trevor and Jill from the former BT phone box opposite 72A Hall Lane, Leeds LS12 2BL. The area has been considerably redeveloped but the outline of the cross on the funeral director's opposite is still visible, confirming the location.

title: The Beiderbecke Connection


text:
Military history of the Warsaw Uprising

The Warsaw Uprising began with simultaneous coordinated attacks at 17:00 hours on August 1, 1944 (W-hour). The uprising was intended to last a few days until Soviet forces arrived; however, this never happened, and the Polish forces had to fight almost without any outside assistance. Initially the battle raged throughout most of Warsaw, but after a short time it became confined to districts in the West of the town. The key factor in the battle was the massive imbalance of weapons between the two sides. The German side was extremely well equipped whilst the Polish side had, initially, barely enough ammunition for a few days. The policy of one bullet, one German allowed the Polish fighters to sustain the uprising for many weeks at the cost of their own lives. Some areas fought for a full 63 days before an agreed capitulation took place. The losses on the Polish side amounted to 18,000 soldiers killed, 25,000 wounded and over 250,000 civilians killed; those on the German side amounted to over 17,000 soldiers killed and 9,000 wounded.

Although Stalingrad had already shown the level of danger which a city can pose to armies which fight within it and the importance of local support to armies, the Warsaw uprising was probably the first demonstration that in an urban terrain, a vastly under-equipped force supported by the civilian population can hold its own against far better equipped professional soldiers— though at the cost of vast sacrifices on the part of the city's residents.

W-hour
"W-hour" (from the Polish wybuch, "outbreak"), the moment of the start of the uprising, had been rescheduled for 1 August at 1700 during a briefing on 31 July around 1730. The change of "W-hour" from 2400 (in earlier plans) to 1700 proved to be a costly strategic decision, reducing the chance of surprising the Germans, especially since many of the Polish partisans were not trained for prolonged day fighting. The order to start the uprising did not reach all of the units (around 23,000 personnel) due to the technological and logistic limitations of the underground movement.

First moves

Fighting broke out before the "W-hour" (scheduled for 1700) in several places where German units encountered organising Polish forces: around 1400 on Żoliborz, 1500 on Czerniaków, 1600 around Plac Napoleona, Hale Mirowskie, Plac Kercelego marketplace, Okopowa street and Mokotów.

Until "W-hour" those separate incidents were not generally perceived as part of a bigger plan. However, around 1600 SS-Standartenfuhrer Paul Otto Geibel, chief of police and SS in the Warsaw District, received a warning about the uprising from an anonymous 'lieutenant of Luftwaffe', who had in turn been warned about it by a Polish woman. He alerted the units under his command, which thus were prepared for the assault at 1700. This drastically reduced the element of surprise of the resistance. On the other hand, while the Germans had been considering the possibility of an uprising, they had no operational plans prepared for such an occasion.

The results of the first two days of fighting in different parts of the city were as follows:

Area I (Śródmieście, Stare Miasto): Units in that area captured most of their assigned territory, but failed to capture strong German pockets of resistance (the Warsaw University buildings, PAST skyscraper, or the headquarters of the German garrison at Piłsudski square). They thus failed to create a central stronghold and secure communications links for other areas. The main failures were in establishing a secure land connection with the northern area of Żoliborz through the northern railway line and the Cytadela fortress as well as failure to capture the bridges over Vistula. The forces mobilized in the city centre also failed to capture the German-only area near the Szucha avenue.

Area II (Żoliborz, Marymont, Bielany): Units here failed to secure the most important military targets in the area of Żoliborz. Many units retreated outside of the city, into the forests. Although the main body of the area was captured, the soldiers of colonel Żywiciel failed to capture the Cytadela fortress area and break through German defences at Warszawa Gdańska railway station.

Area III (Wola): Units here initially succeeded in securing most of the territory, but sustained heavy losses (up to 30%). Some units retreated into the forests, while others retreated to the eastern part of the area. In the northern part of Wola the soldiers of colonel Radosław managed to capture the German barracks, the German supplies depot at Stawki Street, and the flanking position at the Jewish cemetery.

Area IV (Ochota): The units mobilized in this area did not capture either the territory or the military targets (the Warsaw concentration camp on Gęsia street, SS barracks and Sipo barracks located in former Students House on Narutowicz square, nicknamed Alcatraz). After suffering heavy casualties most of the forces of the Armia Krajowa retreated to the forests west of Warsaw. Only two small units of approximately 200 to 300 men under lieut. Gustaw stayed in the area and managed to create strong pockets of resistance. They were later reinforced by units from the city centre. Units of Kedyw managed to secure most of the northern part of the area and captured all of the military targets there. However, they were soon tied down by German resistance from the south and west.

Area V (Mokotów): The situation in this area was very serious from the beginning of hostilities. The partisans were to capture the heavily defended and fortified so-called Police Area (Dzielnica policyjna) on Rakowiecka street. Also, they were to establish a connection with the city centre through open terrain at Pola Mokotowskie. None of this succeeded. Some units retreated into the forests, while others managed to capture parts of Dolny Mokotów, which was, however, severed from most communications routes to other areas.

Area VI (Praga): The Uprising was also started on the right bank of the Vistula. The main task of the Area VI (Obwód VI) was to seize the bridges on the river and secure the bridgeheads until the arrival of the Red Army. It was clear that, since the situation was far worse than in other areas, there was no chance for any help from the outside. After some minor initial success, the forces of lt.col. Antoni Władysław Żurowski were badly outnumbered by the German forces concentrated there. The fights were halted, and the Home Army forces located in the Praga area went underground. After the Soviets finally reached the right bank of the Vistula on September 10, the officers proposed recreating the pre-war 36th 'Academic Legion' infantry regiment; however, they were all arrested by the NKVD and sent to Russia for interrogation.

Area VII (Powiat Warszawski): this area consisted of territories outside Warsaw city limits. Actions here mostly failed to capture their targets.

Zgrupowanie Kedywu Komendy Głównej: These units secured parts of Śródmieście and Wola; along with the units of Area I, they were the most successful during the first few hours.

Many primary targets were not achieved on the first and subsequent days. Those included the early plans to capture the PAST building and failed attacks on Okęcie, Pola Mokotowskie and Warszawa Gdańska train station. After the first several hours of fighting many units adopted a more defensive strategy, while the civilian population started erecting barricades throughout the city.

German reinforcements
The Uprising reached its apogee on August 4 when the Home Army soldiers managed to establish frontlines in the Wola and Ochota districts. However, they failed to secure the bridges over the Vistula or bridgeheads on the other side of the river. Also, there were still several German pockets of resistance inside the Polish-controlled territory, most notably the PAST skyscraper, the bridgeheads, and Headquarters of the police.

On that very same day SS general Erich von dem Bach was appointed commander of all the forces fighting the uprising and began concentrating the newly arrived troops. These included Units of Dirlewanger, Schmidt and Reinefarth. The main aim of the German forces was to break through to the German bridgeheads and then cut off the Uprising from the river by attacking both southward and northward.

Wola Massacre
On August 5 the three German groups started their advance westward along Wolska and Górczewska streets toward the main East-West communication line of Aleje Jerozolimskie Av. Their advance was halted, but the Reinefarth and Dirlewanger regiments started to carry out orders of Heinrich Himmler: behind the lines special groups of SS, police and Wehrmacht went from house to house shooting all inhabitants and burning their bodies. The aim of this policy was to crush the will to fight and put the uprising to an end without having to commit to heavy city fighting. In mass executions approximately 40,000 civilians were slaughtered. At the same time the Zośka and Wacek battalions managed to capture the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto and the Warsaw concentration camp. The area became one of the main communication links between the insurgents fighting in Wola and those defending the Old Town.

On August 7 the German forces were joined by tanks, with civilians being used as human shields. After two days of heavy fights they managed to cut Wola in two and reach the Bankowy square.

Until mid September, the Germans were shooting all captured resistance fighters on the spot. The main perpetrators were Oskar Dirlewanger and Bronislaw Kaminski, who committed the most cruel atrocities. After von dem Bachs arrived in Warsaw (August 7), it became clear that atrocities only stiffened the resistance and that some political solution should be found, considering the small forces at the disposal of the German commander. The aim was to gain a significant victory to show the Home Army the futility of further fighting and make them surrender. This did not succeed, but from the end of September on, some of the captured Polish soldiers were treated as POWs.

Ochota Massacre
Simultaneously with the German attack on Wola, the Kaminski Brigade started its onslaught on the Ochota district. The forces defending the area consisted of only two ill-equipped battalions, while the Germans were aided by tanks, artillery and Goliath self-propelled mines. However, the morale of German troops fighting in the area was low, and the main aim of the soldiers fighting there was to loot and rape rather than to attack enemy positions. As a result, the two battalions of the Home Army were able to defend the area with heavy casualties until August 11, when they retreated toward Mokotów.

Old Town

The Old Town area (Polish Starówka or Stare Miasto) was initially weak and almost undefended. However, it posed a great threat to the German-held bridgehead of the Kierbedź bridge. The Polish positions were close enough to the northern railway line and the Cytadela stronghold to prevent the Germans from effectively using them. Knowing that, the Germans planned to cut off the Old Town both from the north (attack along the railway line toward Vistula) and from the south (attack from the Bankowy sq. Most Kierbedzia bridge). On August 9 the German units from the Mariensztat area captured the Royal Castle, but failed to drive further inland. The Home Army counter-attacked and on August 12 forced the Germans out of Bankowy sq. However, German aerial bombardment and extensive usage of tanks imposed high casualties on both the defenders of the Old Town and the civilians. One of the first buildings to be bombed was a field hospital marked with a huge symbol of the Red Cross on the roof.

A German attack from the north was also halted with heavy casualties on both sides. Heavy city fighting started in the area of Plac Bankowy, with the square and the nearby barricade at Tłomackie street changing hands several times. The Germans managed to establish a link with the German forces under siege in the building of the German Garrison (Mostowski Palace) on August 15, but the huge building became a scene of heavy door-to-door and room-to-room fights. The fights lasted until August 18 when both sides withdrew from the ruins.

The no-mans-land and the covering positions of the Polish defence lines were composed of Warsaw Ghetto ruins and big open areas of Kercelego Square, Żytnia street and Leszno street. The Home Army was not well enough equipped to withstand a German armoured attack in open field. However, the main positions in the Old Town were densely urbanised and covered with small, narrow streets. Because of that, after initial successes in taking the outer rim, the German advance was halted. However, Germans amassed large numbers of artillery for the constant bombardment of the area behind Polish lines. According to von dem Bach himself the number of guns used in the bombardment was as follows:

 * 220 guns of various calibres
 * 1 heavy mortar Thor 610mm
 * 50 Goliath self-propelled mines
 * 1 company of Nebelwerfer 42/43
 * 1 battery of Wurfgranate of various calibres (ranging from 150mm to 320mm)
 * 4 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers operating from the Okęcie airport

The usage of heavy artillery and constant air bombardment (the planes from Okęcie airport needed only five minutes to reach their targets) inflicted heavy casualties on the civilians and destroy the city itself. This aim was expressed in direct orders of Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler and Heinz Guderian.

Despite German superiority, both technical and numerical, the Old Town was held until the end of August. However, the situation of both the Home Army and the civilians became critical: lack of food, water and munitions made further defence of the ruins impossible. Several plans to break through the German positions in Ogród Saski park to the downtown and through the northern railroad to Żoliborz failed. On September 2 the defenders of the Old Town withdrew through the sewers. More than 5,300 men and women were evacuated using this way.

The front lines stabilised for a short while, but during the upcoming days and weeks the German counter-offensive would recapture Żoliborz and the Old Town, splitting the area held by the resistance into three separate sectors, connected only by underground canals.

Sewers and barricades
The city sewer system became an important communication network for the insurgents, who used the sewers to move under the areas occupied by Germans, thus allowing contact between surrounded positions (insurgents had almost no radios). Sewers were also used as a means of evacuation of areas that couldn't be defended any longer. Hand-to-hand fighting took place in the pitch blackness, the Germans throwing grenades and gas bombs down manhole covers.

Soviet "help": Berling's landings at Powiśle
In September the eastern part of Warsaw had been captured by the Soviets. In the Praga area Polish units under command of general Zygmunt Berling (thus sometimes known as 'berlingowcy' - 'the Berling men'), the 1st Polish Army (1 Armia Wojska Polskiego) were in position. On the night of 14/15 September three patrols landed on the shore of Czerniaków and Powiśle areas and made contact with Home Army forces. Under heavy German fire only small elements of the main units made it ashore (I and III battalions of 9th infantry regiment, 3rd Infantry Division). At the same time the commanders of the Red Army declined to support the Polish troops with artillery, tanks or bombers.

The Germans intensified their attacks on the Home Army positions near the river to prevent any further landings, which could seriously compromise their line of defence, but weren't able to make any significant advances for several days, while Polish forces held those vital positions in preparation for new expected wave of Soviet landings. Polish units from the eastern shore attempted several more landings, and during the next few days sustained heavy losses (including destruction of all landing boats and most of other river crossing equipment). Other Soviet units limited their assistance to sporadic and insignificant artillery and air support.

Shortly after the Berling landings, the Soviets decide to postpone all plans for a river crossing in Warsaw "for at least 4 months", and soon afterwards General Berling was relieved of his command. On the night of September 19, after no further attempts from the other side of the river were made and the promised evacuation of wounded did not take place, Home Army soldiers and landed elements of Wojsko Polskie were forced to begin a retreat from the positions on the bank of the river.

Out of approximately 3,000 men who made it ashore only around 900 made it back to the eastern shores of Vistula, approximately 600 of them seriously wounded.

Airdrops
From 4 August the Western Allies begun supporting the Warsaw Uprising with airdrops of munitions and other supplies. Initially the air supply operations were carried out mostly by Polish bomber units (Polish Special Duty Squadron 1586) stationed in Bari and Brindisi in Italy. Later on at the insistence of the Polish government-in-exile they were joined by South African and British units. The drops continued until 21 September. The total weight of allied drops was 104 tons.

The Soviet Union did not give permission to the Allies for use of its airfields for those supply operations; thus the planes were forced to use distant bases in the United Kingdom and Italy, which reduced their carrying weight and number of sorties. The Allies' specific request for the use of landing strips made on 20 August was denied by Stalin on 22 August (he referred to the resistance as 'a handful of criminals').

United States planes did not join the operation. After Stalin's objections to support for the uprising, Churchill telegrammed Roosevelt on August 25, proposing to send planes in defiance of Stalin and 'see what happens'. Roosevelt replied on August 26: 'I do not consider it advantageous to the long-range general war prospect for me to join you in the proposed message to Uncle Joe'.

Although German air defence over the Warsaw area itself was almost non-existent, except for elements of JG52, the highest-scoring fighter squadron (geschwader) in the Luftwaffe, which claimed its 10,000th kill of the war on a Soviet plane over the Warsaw suburb of Praga, about 12% of the 296 planes taking part in the operations were lost. Most of the drops were made at night-time, and poor accuracy left many parachuted packages stranded in German-controlled territory.

From 13 September on the Soviets begun their own airdrop raids with supplies, and dropped about 55 tons in total. The drops continued until 28 September. Since the Soviet airmen did not equip the containers with parachutes, the majority of recovered packages were damaged.

Finally on 18 September the Soviets allowed one USAAF flight of 110 B-17s of the 3 division Eighth Air Force to re-fuel at Soviet airfields used in Operation Frantic, but it was too little too late. A large air-drop from high altitude fell predominantly into German hands.

Of the total of 239 tons of supplies dropped during the 8 weeks by 306 planes of the western Allies, only 88 Tons (36.8%) actually reached the Home Army in Warsaw, the Kabacki woods and the Kampinos forest. The remainder fell into enemy hands or was lost.

Capitulation
At 8 pm on 2 October General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski signed the capitulation of remaining Polish forces in Warsaw (Warszawski Korpus Armii Krajowej or Home Army Warsaw Corps) at the German headquarters in the presence of General von dem Bach. According to the capitulation treaty the Home Army soldiers were to be treated in accordance with the Geneva Convention, and the civilian population was to be treated humanely.

title: Military history of the Warsaw Uprising


text:
MediaWiki talk:Toc

TOC should be called "Contents"
I hope I'm not opening a can of worms or making a Frequently Rejected Suggestion, but I think that when you look at a Table of Contents, you should see just "Contents", not "Table of Contents". After all, you can tell it's a table. I've just checked several books in different fields, and their TOCs are headed simply "Contents" (or some slight variation).

--JerryFriedman 16:32, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Good point, sounds good to me. :-)  — Frecklefoot | Talk 19:19, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no objection to this, but I think it should wait a week before the change is made since it isn't something that should keep changing, so I'd like to see if there is consensus on this first. Angela. 21:05, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * With issues like this, you can pretty much guarantee that people won't start complaining (if they complain at all) until the change is implemented. Personally, I am in favour. Pcb21| Pete 21:18, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * No objections here. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 22:54, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Logical move. Moriori 02:05, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Support. — Matt 02:35, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Support, this is pretty standard.  — siro  χ  o  03:40, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

Comment only. If the name changes, what do we do about  ,   , and other internal references to "Table of contents"? -- Netoholic
 * It's still a Table of Contents, just the title is changed to Contents. No need to change any of those. --ssd 02:19, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Support. Why didn't I think of that? -- Heron 08:16, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Support. But the prove Pete right, I'll complain after the change is made. *grins* - UtherSRG 14:04, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Great idea. anthony (see warning) 14:42, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Reasonable. General rule: keep it short when short is also clear and unambiguous. Jallan 17:04, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Support. Short and sweet, less formal/techie. Zoney 19:44, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * No real objections, but my own casual and unscientific perusal of books within my reach while I read this discussion revealed the following contradictory evidence:
 * "Table of Contents"
 * Dynamic HTML: The Definitive Reference, 2nd Ed.
 * SQL Instant Reference
 * Writing Excel Macros
 * Web Client Programming with Perl
 * "Contents"
 * Teach Yourself Java 2 Platform in 21 Days: Professional Reference Edition
 * "Contents at a Glance"
 * Domino 5 Web Programming with XML, Java, and JavaScript
 * Other
 * "Directory": Once Upon a Telephone: An Illustrated Social History
 * "List of Cicero's Works": Cicero XVI: De Re Publica / De Legibus
 * No title for TOC
 * The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody by Will Cuppy
 * No table of contents
 * The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Amazing Colossal Episode Guide
 * I admit to a bias toward programming texts and an odd non-fiction eclecticism, but I doubt anyone can say authoritatively that either "Contents" or "Table of Contents" is more prevalent. But who cares, as long as the intent is clear? And I definitely agree that brevity is desirable (by definition!) in the abbreviated TOCs. — Jeff Q 15:05, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I took a longer look through my office collection (mostly physics, some math, some education, and The TeXbook), and didn't find a single TOC headed "Table of Contents".  I'm now working on a theory that only programming books, and not all of them, have a "Table of Contents" so labeled.  Oh my gosh, found one!  My employer's Student Handbook.  Maybe I'll send someone an e-mail.--JerryFriedman 16:56, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm implementing the change using in all the Templates like Template:CompactTOC2. [[User:Sverdrup|❝Sverdrup❞ ]] 20:47, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Most cunning and efficient :). Pcb21| Pete 07:09, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd support this change as well. -Sean Curtin 20:56, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 21 June 2020
91.14.223.197 (talk) 18:23, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
 * ❌ nothing to do here. — xaosflux  Talk 20:20, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Toc


text:
Rhys Ifans

Rhys Owain Evans (born 22 July 1967), better known as Rhys Ifans, is a Welsh actor. He is best known for his roles in Notting Hill (1999), Kevin & Perry Go Large (2000), and Enduring Love (2004) as well as his portrayals of Xenophilius Lovegood in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010), Dr. Curt Connors / Lizard in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), and Grigori Rasputin in The King's Man (2021). Other roles include Hector DeJean in the Epix thriller series Berlin Station, Mycroft Holmes in the CBS series Elementary, and Ser Otto Hightower in the HBO fantasy series House of the Dragon.

Ifans was also formerly the frontman of the rock bands The Peth and Super Furry Animals.

Early life
Ifans was born Rhys Owain Evans in Haverfordwest on 22 July 1967, the son of nursery school teacher Beti-Wyn (née Davies) and primary school teacher Eirwyn Evans. His younger brother, Llŷr Ifans, is also an actor. He grew up in Ruthin, where he received his primary education at Ysgol Pentrecelyn and was raised speaking Welsh as his first language. He attended Ysgol Maes Garmon, a Welsh medium secondary school in Mold, where he took his O levels and A levels. He attended acting classes at Theatr Clwyd. After leaving school, he presented Welsh-language television programmes on S4C. He studied acting at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, where he graduated in 1997.

Stage
Ifans' early stage work included Hamlet at Theatr Clwyd, A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Regent's Park Theatre, and Under Milk Wood and Volpone at the National Theatre. He appeared at the Donmar Warehouse in 2003's Accidental Death of an Anarchist. In 2006, he returned to the London stage in Michael Grandage's production of Don Juan in Soho at the Donmar Warehouse. In 2016, Ifans played Fool alongside Glenda Jackson in Deborah Warner's production of King Lear, at The Old Vic. He returned to The Old Vic to play Ebenezer Scrooge in Matthew Warchus' production of A Christmas Carol (adapted by Jack Thorne) in 2017 and in 2018 returned to the National Theatre to play King Berenger in Patrick Marber's new adaptation of Eugene Ionesco's Exit the King. Ifans was given the role of Atticus Finch in Aaron Sorkin's To Kill A Mockingbird to begin at London's Gielgud Theatre on 21 May 2020. The play was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic but was rescheduled for May 2021. The role of Atticus Finch was later given to Rafe Spall due to scheduling conflicts.

Television
Ifans appeared in many Welsh-language television programmes before embarking on his film career, including the comedy show Pobol y Chyff, as well as performing at the National Theatre, London and the Royal Exchange, Manchester. In 1990, he presented Sdwnsh (Welsh for "Mash"), an anarchic children's quiz programme; 31 fifteen-minute programmes were broadcast on Welsh-language TV channel S4C.

In 2000, he narrated the children's animated series Sali Mali for S4C. In 2004, his performance as Peter Cook in the TV film Not Only But Always won him the BAFTA Best Actor at the 2005 British Academy Television Awards.

In 2005, Ifans made a guest appearance for the rock band Oasis in the video for their single "The Importance of Being Idle" (where he mimed to Noel Gallagher's vocals), for which he accepted their award for Video of the Year at the 2006 NME Awards. He has also appeared in the music videos for "God! Show Me Magic" and "Hometown Unicorn" by Super Furry Animals, "Mulder and Scully" by Catatonia, and "Mama Told Me Not to Come" by Tom Jones with Stereophonics.

In 2008, he appeared in "Six Days One June", one of three episodes of the TV series The Last Word Monologues, written by Hugo Blick and broadcast on BBC Two. He played a lonely Welsh farmer trying to free himself from a domineering mother.

From 2016 to 2019, Ifans portrayed hard-nosed American CIA case officer Hector DeJean in the U.S. pay-cable Epix network espionage thriller drama series Berlin Station, filmed on location in Berlin.

Ifans plays Otto Hightower in the Game of Thrones prequel House of the Dragon, which premiered 21 August 2022.

Feature films
Following his role as Jeremy Lewis in the Swansea-based movie Twin Town (1997) alongside his brother Llŷr, Ifans gained international exposure in his role as slovenly housemate Spike in the British film Notting Hill (1999). Reportedly, in preparation for the role, Ifans did not wash himself or brush his teeth. He played Adrian, the pompous eldest brother in Little Nicky (2000). Other film roles include: Eyeball Paul in Kevin & Perry Go Large (2000), Nigel in The Replacements (2000), Iki in The 51st State (2001), William Dobbin in Vanity Fair (2004), and Vladis Grutas in Hannibal Rising (2007). He played Jed Parry in the 2004 film version of Ian McEwan's Enduring Love, and the lead role in Danny Deckchair (2003) as Danny Morgan.

Ifans revealed in March 2009 that he was to appear in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010). He played Xenophillius Lovegood, editor of the wizarding magazine The Quibbler and father of the eccentric Luna Lovegood. In the same interview, he announced that he would play the title role in the film Mr. Nice, based on the life of the drug smuggler Howard Marks. He played Nemo Nobody's father in Mr. Nobody, and a villain in Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang.

On 11 October 2010 Associated Press confirmed that Ifans would portray the villain in the Spider-Man reboot film The Amazing Spider-Man. The villain was revealed as the Curt Connors / Lizard a few days later, and the film was released in July 2012. In 2015, Ifans starred in She's Funny That Way, directed by Peter Bogdanovich.

Ifans also starred in Steven Bernstein's Last Call, which was released theatrically, followed an extremely long delay, in the US on 25 November 2020. It is a surrealistic biopic, which recreates the life of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas through flashbacks during the famous drinking binge at the White Horse Tavern in New York City which ended fatally during the fall of 1953. It stars Ifans as Thomas alongside John Malkovich, Rodrigo Santoro, Romola Garai, Zosia Mamet, and Tony Hale.

On 16 November 2021 it was revealed, through the film's official trailer, that Ifans would reprise his role as Lizard from The Amazing Spider-Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home, to be released on 17 December. Later it was revealed that Ifans was not actually present on set and only lent his voice for the character created through digital means, with his human form at the end of the film being from archival footage from The Amazing Spider-Man.

Ifans also appeared as Grigori Rasputin in the spy film The King's Man, which was released in December 2021.

Music
Ifans was briefly lead vocalist of the rock band Super Furry Animals before they released any records.

Since 2007, Ifans has sung with the psychedelic rock band The Peth ("peth" is Welsh for "thing"), featuring Super Furry Animals' Dafydd Ieuan, which played a number of concert dates in south Wales and in London in the autumn of 2008. In 2009 the band supported Oasis at a concert in the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.

Personal life
Ifans dated actress Sienna Miller from 2007 to 2008; Miller had accepted Ifans's marriage proposal before breaking up with him. He dated actress Anna Friel from 2011 to 2014.

In September 2012, Ifans became a patron of the Welsh-language Wikipedia, together with then Archbishop of Wales Barry Morgan. In 2017, Ifans partnered with Shelter Cymru in a campaign called 7 Ways You Can End Homelessness. He also in 2017 supported the community purchase of Tafarn Sinc, a pub in his native Pembrokeshire that was facing closure.

Honours, awards and nominations
On 16 July 2007, he received an Honorary Fellowship of Bangor University, for services to the film industry.

title: Rhys Ifans


text:
Interlaken (disambiguation)

 * Interlaken is a town in Switzerland between Lake Brienz and Lake Thun. Interlaken, Interlachen or Interlochen may also refer to:

Australia

 * Interlaken, Tasmania, a locality in central Tasmania
 * Interlaken Lakeside Reserve, a wetland on the Lake Crescent shore of the Interlaken isthmus in Interlaken, Tasmania

United States

 * Interlachen, Florida, a town in Putnam County
 * Interlachen, Oregon, a settlement in Multnomah County, near Fairview
 * Interlaken, California, a town in Santa Cruz County
 * Interlaken, New Jersey, a borough in Monmouth County
 * Interlaken, New York, a village in the Finger Lakes Region
 * Interlaken, Utah, a town in Wasatch County
 * Interlochen, Michigan, a settlement in Grand Traverse County
 * Interlochen Center for the Arts in Interlochen, Michigan
 * Interlochen State Park, Michigan's first state park, in Interlochen
 * Interlachen Country Club, a country club in Edina, Minnesota
 * Camp Interlaken JCC, a summer camp in Eagle River, Wisconsin
 * Interlaken Park, a park in the North Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington
 * Lake Innisfree, also known as Interlaken, a lake in New Rochelle, New York

Other uses

 * Interlaken (networking), a high-speed serial interconnect protocol
 * Interlaken, a variety of seedless grape

title: Interlaken (disambiguation)


text:
Discount card

A discount card is a card or document, often a plastic credit card or paper card, that entitles the holder to discounts on the prices of some products or services.

How it works
Cards may be issued as part of a loyalty program, offering discounts to existing customers to ensure their continuing custom; they may be offered free of charge, offering a modest discount with the intention of persuading purchasers to patronise participating shops; or they may be sold to members, offering larger discounts—for example, the tastecard offers 50% discounts at many restaurants—at a substantial annual cost. Cards may be offered by merchants or groups of merchants, by clubs or associations who negotiate on behalf of all members to obtain benefits, or by official organisations offering concessionary prices to qualifying groups, such as the disabled.

Types

 * Loyalty cards
 * Cards giving entitlement to educational discount. In many cases, a discount may be offered on proof of student status, without a special card.
 * Cards giving entitlement to military discount. In many cases, a discount may be offered on proof of current or former membership of a military service, without a special card.
 * Cards giving entitlement to disability discount. In many cases, a discount may be offered on proof of disability, without a special card.
 * Proof of age card, a card which certifies the age of the holder. This type of card may, for example, be used by older children for free or discounted travel on public transport. Cards of this type are also used to certify that people of youthful appearance are old enough to legally buy, for example, tobacco and alcoholic beverages.

title: Discount card


text:
Stellastarr

Stellastarr (styled as stellastarr*) was an American indie rock band based in New York City. Its members were Shawn Christensen (vocals, rhythm guitar), Amanda Tannen (bass, vocals), Arthur Kremer (drums, percussion, keyboards), and Michael Jurin (lead guitar, vocals).

History
The band was formed in March 2000 from a previous musical effort, the band Ghistor, formed while studying art and design at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. A few years later, after a chance meeting with Jurin, who had recently relocated to Brooklyn and had left his former band Charlotte's Funeral behind in his hometown of Philadelphia, the former classmates reunited, this time with Christensen on vocals. The band was named after an old purple hearse parked in Poughkeepsie, where Christensen grew up.

Stellastarr played its first gig at Luna Lounge, formerly on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in July 2000, and released a limited series of independent/homemade EP CDs shortly thereafter. The band has toured with Jane's Addiction, The Raveonettes, Placebo, The Killers, and Editors. Stellastarr has played live in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico, Japan, and Europe.

The third album, Civilized, was released in July 2009 on the band's own label, Bloated Wife. "Graffiti Eyes" and "Numbers" are the singles, the last one has a B-side that includes "Winter Song". Since the release of the album, the band has been on indefinite hiatus.

Members of the band have collaborated with Project Runway winner Christian Siriano and his boyfriend, musician Brad Walsh on music for Siriano's runway shows at fashion week. Michael Jurin played guitar on Walsh's song "Pop" which was the runway music in 2009, and Amanda Tannen contributed vocals to the song "I Got What U Need" on Walsh's 2009 album. Arthur is currently involved in a project titled Dear Comrade, which released its first LP in 2011.

Other projects
All members of the band have alternate careers.

Frontman Shawn Christensen is an Academy Award winning filmmaker having won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film for his 2012 short Curfew at the 85th Academy Awards. Christensen is also a professional painter. His award-winning art has been displayed at various New York exhibits and published in journals like Metropolis and The Village Voice. He painted the portraits inside the album artwork for the group's eponymous debut album.

Bassist Amanda Tannen is a member of the Los Angeles–based band Cheekface, a graphic designer, and created the album art for the third album, Civilized.

Guitarist Michael Jurin is a member of the Philadelphia-based band The Midnight Sounds, creates his own music under the name Piano Belly and has scored various short independent movies.

Drummer Arthur Kremer is a graphic designer, and a founding member of a Brooklyn band called Dear Comrade, and acted in The Lost Battalion.

Albums

 * Stellastarr (September 23, 2003)
 * Harmonies for the Haunted (September 13, 2005, US; March 6, 2006, UK)
 * Civilized (July 7, 2009)

EPs

 * Somewhere Across Forever (May 19, 2002, UK; December 2002, US)

Singles

 * "Somewhere Across Forever" (2003)
 * "Jenny" (September 15, 2003)
 * "My Coco" (August 3, 2004) No. 46 Radio and Records Alternative chart
 * "Sweet Troubled Soul" (September 2005, US; February 27, 2006, UK) No. 48 Radio and Records Alternative chart
 * "Graffiti Eyes" (April 20, 2009, US)
 * "Numbers" (December 1, 2009, US)

title: Stellastarr


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pacific Root

Not notable. Neutrality 21:12, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * WP:Cleanup then we can decide because I could make neither head nor tail of this. Cutler 21:44, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: If I understood it, it's obsolete and asks us to be a web guide for something that's out of business already. Pretty self-destructive entry. Geogre 02:07, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * mildly notable, evidently defunct, would be better off as a redirect here: Alternate_DNS_root --Ianb 06:54, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As it stands, a technogeek message saying "This number is no longer in service." And we should keep this because...? Denni ☯ 02:10, 2004 Aug 14 (UTC)
 * Delete ad for defunct service. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:08, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lacrimosus 23:12, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:38.119.128.203

title: User talk:38.119.128.203


text:
Sharper

A sharper is an older term, common since the seventeenth-century, for thieves who use trickery to part an owner with his or her money or other possessions. Sharpers vary from what are now known as con-men by virtue of the simplicity of their cons, which often were impromptu, rather than carefully orchestrated, though those certainly happened as well. The 1737 Dictionary of Thieving Slang defines a sharper as "A Cheat, One who lives by his wits". In the nineteenth century, and into today, the term is more closely associated with gambling.

Sharpers were romantic figures in the eighteenth-century, valued as imaginative figures for their perceived social independence and ability to create new social networks of gangs. The appeal of an independent society, operating outside the law, has been imaginatively evocative for centuries, but in eighteenth-century London philosophical thought, influenced by Thomas Hobbes and Rousseau's new formulations of social contract, the romanticization of thievery reached new levels. John Gay's The Beggar's Opera and Henry Fielding's novel Jonathan Wild are only two examples of sharpers as heroes, in these cases, to provide satirical ammunition against Robert Walpole, the British Prime Minister.

title: Sharper