text:
Spelt

Spelt (Triticum spelta), also known as dinkel wheat or hulled wheat, is a species of wheat that has been cultivated since approximately 5000 BCE.

Spelt was an important staple food in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times. Now it survives as a relict crop in Central Europe and northern Spain, and it has found a new market as a health food. Spelt is sometimes considered a subspecies of the closely related species common wheat (T. aestivum), in which case its botanical name is considered to be Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta. Like common wheat, it is a hexaploid wheat, which means it has six sets of chromosomes.

Evolution
Spelt has a complex history. It is a hexaploid wheat species derived from hybridization between a domesticated tetraploid wheat such as emmer wheat and another wheat species. Whether spelt has two separate origins in Asia and Europe, or single origin in the Near East, was unresolved as of 2004.

Genetic evidence indicates spelt originated as a naturally occurring hybrid of a domesticated tetraploid wheat and the diploid wild goat-grass Aegilops tauschii. Genetic evidence shows that spelt wheat can also arise as the result of the hybridisation of bread wheat and emmer wheat, although only at some date following the initial Aegilops–tetraploid wheat hybridisation. The much later appearance of spelt in Europe might thus be the result of a later, second, hybridisation between emmer and bread wheat. Recent DNA evidence supports an independent origin for European spelt through this hybridisation.

Pm5 is an effector-triggered resistance (ETR) gene for powdery mildew. Pm5 was found by Keller et al., 1999 and they originally misidentified it as a quantitative trait locus (QTL) due to polymorphism in the pathogen for virulence/avirulence.

Terminological confusion with other hulled wheats
Especially in the context of descriptions of ancient cultures, the English word spelt has sometimes been used to refer to grains that were not hexaploid T. spelta, but other species of hulled wheat such as tetraploid T. dicoccum (emmer wheat) or diploid T. monococcum (einkorn wheat, also known as "little spelt" or "littlespelt", in French "petit épeautre"). This confusion may arise either from mistranslation of words found in other languages that can refer to hulled wheat in general without distinguishing between these species (such as Italian farro) or changing opinions about which actual species of wheat are described in texts written in ancient languages.

The meaning of the Ancient Greek word ζειά ([zeiá]) or ζέα is either uncertain or vague and has been argued to refer to T. dicoccum or T. monococcum rather than T. spelta. Likewise, the Ancient Roman grain denoted by the Latin word far, although often translated as "spelt", was in fact emmer (T. dicoccum).

Similarly, references to the cultivation of spelt wheat in Biblical times (see matzo), in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia are incorrect and result from confusion with emmer wheat.

History
The earliest archaeological evidence of spelt is from the fifth millennium BCE in Transcaucasia, north-east of the Black Sea, though the most abundant and best-documented archaeological evidence of spelt is in Europe. Remains of spelt have been found in some later Neolithic sites (2500–1700 BCE) in Central Europe. During the Bronze Age, spelt spread widely in central Europe. In the Iron Age (750–15 BCE), spelt became a principal wheat species in southern Germany and Switzerland, and by 500 BCE, it was in common use in southern Britain.

There is evidence that spelt cultivation increased in Iron Age Britain as damp regions of the country with heavy soils tolerated by spelt were being settled.

In the Middle Ages, spelt was cultivated in parts of Switzerland, Tyrol, Germany, northern France and the southern Low Countries. Spelt became a major crop in Europe in the 9th century CE, possibly because it is husked, unlike other grains, and therefore more adaptable to cold climates and is more suitable for storage.

Spelt was introduced to the United States in the 1890s. In the 20th century, spelt was replaced by bread wheat in almost all areas where it was still grown. The organic farming movement revived its popularity somewhat toward the end of the century, as spelt requires less fertilizer. Since the beginning of the 21st century, spelt has become a common wheat substitute for making artisanal loaves of bread, pasta, and flakes. By 2014, the grain was popular in the UK with the crop being grown there as well as in Kazakhstan and Ukraine, with shortages reported.

Nutrition
A 100 g reference serving of uncooked spelt provides 340 kcal of food energy and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value) of protein, dietary fiber, several B vitamins, and numerous dietary minerals (table). Highest nutrient contents include manganese (143% DV), phosphorus (57% DV), and niacin (46% DV). Spelt contains about 70% total carbohydrates, including 11% as dietary fibre, and is low in fat (table).

Spelt contains gluten, and is therefore suitable for baking, but this component makes it unsuitable for people with gluten-related disorders, such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and wheat allergy. In comparison to hard red winter wheat, spelt has a more soluble protein matrix characterized by a higher gliadin:glutenin ratio.

Products

In Germany and Austria, spelt loaves and rolls (dinkelbrot) are widely available in bakeries, as is spelt flour in supermarkets. The unripe spelt grains are dried and eaten as grünkern ("green grain").

Dutch jenever makers distill with spelt. Beer brewed from spelt is sometimes seen in Bavaria and Belgium.

title: Spelt


text:
Louie Nunn

Louie Broady Nunn (March 8, 1924 – January 29, 2004) was an American politician who served as the 52nd governor of Kentucky. Elected in 1967, he was the only Republican to hold the office between the end of Simeon Willis's term in 1947 and the election of Ernie Fletcher in 2003.

After rendering non-combat service in World War II and graduating from law school, Nunn entered local politics, becoming the first Republican county judge in the history of Barren County, Kentucky. He worked on the campaigns of Republican candidates for national office, including John Sherman Cooper, Thruston Morton, and Dwight D. Eisenhower. He was the Republican nominee for governor in 1963, but ultimately lost a close election to Democrat Ned Breathitt. An executive order signed by Governor Bert T. Combs that desegregated Kentucky's public services became a major issue in the campaign. Nunn vowed to repeal the order if elected, while Breathitt promised to continue it.

In 1967, Nunn ran for governor again. After defeating Marlow Cook in the Republican gubernatorial primary, he eked out a victory over Democrat Henry Ward. The state offices were split between Democrats and Republicans, and Nunn was saddled with a Democratic lieutenant governor, Wendell Ford. Despite a Democratic majority in the General Assembly, Nunn was able to enact most of his priorities, including tax increases that funded improvements to the state park system and the construction of a statewide network of mental health centers. He oversaw the transition of Northern Kentucky University from a community college to a senior institution and brought the University of Louisville into the state university system. The later years of his administration were marred by race riots in Louisville and a violent protest against the Vietnam War at the University of Kentucky. Following his term as governor, he lost to Walter Dee Huddleston in the 1972 senatorial election and John Y. Brown Jr. in the 1979 gubernatorial election. In his later years, he sometimes supported the political ambitions of his son, Steve, and advocated for the legalization of industrial hemp in Kentucky. He died of a heart attack on January 29, 2004.

Early life
Louie Broady Nunn was born in Park, Kentucky – a small community on the border of Barren and Metcalfe counties – on March 8, 1924. His first name, Louie, honored a deceased friend of his father's; his middle name, Broady, was a surname in his mother's family. Louie was the youngest of the four sons born to Waller Harrison and Mary (Roberts) Nunn; their youngest child, Virginia, was their only daughter. The Nunns were farmers and operated a general store, though Waller suffered from a congenital heart condition and severe arthritis and was limited to light chores. The eldest brother, Lee Roy, became an influential campaigner and fundraiser for the Republican Party.

Nunn obtained the first eight years of his education in a one-room, one-teacher schoolhouse in Park. During his teenage years, he gave himself a hernia while lifting a heavy piece of farm equipment. This, combined with his father's health history, may have contributed to back pain issues that plagued him for most of his life. In 1938, he matriculated to Hiseville High School. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at Bowling Green Business University, now Western Kentucky University.

After the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Nunn departed for Cincinnati, Ohio, to take flying lessons in hopes of becoming a B-17 pilot. By the time he finished his flight training, however, the Army had discontinued its air cadet program. On June 2, 1943, he enlisted in the Army and received his recruit training at Fort Wolters near Fort Worth, Texas. He was transferred numerous times. First, he was stationed at Sheppard Air Force Base near Wichita Falls, Texas. Next, he was assigned to the 97th Infantry Division, then received additional training at Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri. Finally, he transferred to the Army Medical Corps, but his back injury flared up, and he received a medical discharge on September 13, 1945. He held the rank of corporal at the time of his discharge.

Following his military duty, Nunn pursued a pre-law degree at the University of Cincinnati. Three years later, he matriculated to the University of Louisville School of Law where he was a classmate of future congressman Marlow Cook. Nunn earned his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1950. He opened his legal practice in Glasgow, Kentucky, in September 1950.

On October 12, 1950, Nunn married Beula Cornelius Aspley, a divorcee from Bond, Kentucky. The couple had two children – Jennie Lou, born in 1951, and Steve, born in 1952. Aspley also had three children from her first marriage. Nunn left the Methodist denomination in which he had been raised after marrying Aspley, joining her as a member of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).

Political career
On June 17, 1953, Nunn declared as a Republican candidate for county judge and was ultimately the only Republican to declare. In the Democratic primary, one of the challengers charged that the incumbent had misused his office for personal gain. In the wake of the investigation, a group of disgruntled Democrats formed an organization to elect Nunn, who defeated his Democratic challenger by a vote of 5,171 to 4,378, becoming the first Republican elected county judge in the history of the heavily Democratic county.

In 1956, Nunn served as statewide campaign manager for Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidential bid, as well as the senatorial campaigns of John Sherman Cooper and Thruston Morton. The Kentucky Junior Chamber of Commerce named him "Young Man of the Year" in 1956. He was not a candidate for re-election as county judge in 1957 but was appointed as city attorney for the city of Glasgow in 1958. He considered running for governor in 1959 but became convinced it would be a bad year for Republicans and did not make the race. He managed successful re-election campaigns for Senator Cooper in 1960 and Senator Morton in 1962. He also managed the state campaign of presidential candidate Richard Nixon in 1960. Although John F. Kennedy won the election, Nixon carried Kentucky 54% to 46%.

Nunn was the Republican nominee for governor of Kentucky in 1963. During the campaign, he attacked an executive order issued by sitting Democratic governor Bert T. Combs that desegregated public accommodations in the state. Calling the order "a dictatorial edict of questionable constitutionality", Nunn charged that it had been dictated by U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. In a television appearance, Nunn displayed a copy of the order and declared "My first act will be to abolish this." The New Republic accused him of conducting "the first outright segregationist campaign in Kentucky". He lost the election to Democrat Ned Breathitt by a margin of just over 13,000 votes.

Governor of Kentucky
In 1967, Nunn faced his old classmate, Jefferson County Judge Marlow Cook, in Kentucky's first Republican gubernatorial primary in many years. Nunn attacked Cook as a "liberal, former New Yorker", and some of his supporters referred to Cook's "Jewish backers". The injection of antisemitism into the campaign drew criticism from Senator John Sherman Cooper, who threw his support to Cook. Nunn also attacked Cook for his Catholic faith, a tactic that proved particularly effective with the state's Protestant voters. In a close vote, Nunn defeated Cook to secure the nomination.

Nunn then faced Democrat Henry Ward in the general election. During the campaign, Nunn charged that Democrats wanted to raise taxes to pay for administrative inefficiencies. He also played up divisions within the Democratic party, and was endorsed by two-time former Democratic Governor A. B. "Happy" Chandler. Nunn allied himself closely with the national Republican campaign against Lyndon B. Johnson, bringing several prominent Republicans to the state to speak for him. He won the election by a vote of 454,123 to 425,674, even though half of the other state offices went to Democrats, including the lieutenant governorship, won by Wendell Ford.

The General Assembly was controlled by Democrats, but Nunn was able to pass most of his agenda. Despite a campaign promise not to raise taxes when the outgoing Breathitt administration projected a shortfall of $24 million in the state budget, Nunn convinced the General Assembly to pass an increase in the motor vehicle license fee from $5.00 to $12.50 and raise the state sales tax from three percent to five percent. Nunn's budget focused on increased funding for education, mental health, and economic development. In the 1970 legislative session, the General Assembly enacted Nunn's proposals to eliminate taxes on prescription drugs and the use fee charged on vehicles transferred within families, but rejected his plans to reduce the income tax for low-income families and increase tax credits for the blind and the elderly.

Nunn oversaw the entry of the University of Louisville into the state's public university system. Fulfilling a campaign promise, he helped transform Northern Kentucky Community College into Northern Kentucky State College (which later became Northern Kentucky University), a four-year institution and member of the state university system. Historian Lowell H. Harrison argued that these actions diluted state support to existing higher education institutions. Nunn also supported the newly created Kentucky Educational Television.

Nunn doubled the accommodations in the state park system. Barren River Lake State Resort Park was completed during his tenure, and three other parks were planned and funded during his administration. He also greatly improved the state mental health system. Under his leadership, a statewide network of 22 mental health centers was completed, and all four state psychiatric hospitals were accredited for the first time. Nunn called the revamping of the state mental health system his proudest accomplishment as governor. There was not total agreement between Nunn and the legislature, however. The governor vetoed one-quarter of the bills passed in the 1968 legislative session and 14 percent of those passed in the 1970 session. An open housing bill became law without Nunn's signature, and he also refused to sign the 1970 state budget as a form of protest. (Unsigned bills become law after ten days under the Kentucky Constitution, in contrast to the pocket veto provision in the federal constitution.)

A supporter of President Nixon's law-and-order philosophies, Nunn called out the National Guard to break up violent protests in the state. In May 1968, he sent the Guard to Louisville to break up race-related protests that followed peaceful civil rights marches. This action was criticized by civil rights leaders across the state. In May 1970, Nunn again dispatched the Guard to quell protests against the Vietnam War at the University of Kentucky, and imposed a curfew that interfered with final examinations. The latter protest culminated in the burning of one of the university's ROTC buildings.

From 1968 to 1969, Nunn served on the Executive Committee of the National Governors' Conference and, in 1971, chaired the Republican Governors Association. The Courier-Journal said of Nunn's administration "On the whole, his management of the state's finances has been sound. ... [H]e took a general fund facing a deficit, restored it to solvency, and kept it healthy. No scandals have marred the Nunn record. He chose able men to direct his revenue and finance departments, and their efficiency saved the state millions of dollars." Historian Thomas D. Clark called Nunn the strongest of Kentucky's eight Republican governors. At the time, Kentucky governors could not serve consecutive terms; in the 1971 race, Nunn backed Tom Emberton, who lost to Ford.

Later career
Following his term as governor, Nunn opened a law practice in Lexington. He campaigned for the retiring Cooper's seat in 1972, losing to Democrat Walter Dee Huddleston, a state senator who had managed Ford's campaign. His loss came despite a landslide victory for Richard Nixon in the state and was generally blamed on his advocacy of raising the sales tax to 5 percent from 3 percent in 1968. He continued working on behalf of Republican candidates and backed Ronald Reagan's primary challenge to incumbent Gerald Ford in 1975. His last run for office came in 1979 when he was again the Republican nominee for governor against Democrat John Y. Brown Jr. He decried the excessive spending, expanding government, and increased state employment that had occurred under Democratic administrations. He also attacked Brown for his playboy image (he was married to former Miss America Phyllis George) and his refusal to release his tax returns, as well as his inexperience in government. Despite these attacks, Nunn lost by a vote of 558,008 to 381,278 and returned to his legal practice.

In the 1980s, Nunn served on the boards of regents of Morehead State University and Kentucky State University. He served as a lecturer at Western Kentucky University, and received the Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Louisville in 1999. During the late 1980s, he criticized Senator Mitch McConnell, one of the emerging leaders of the state's Republican party, for not doing more to support other Republicans in their bids for office; McConnell maintained that he had to focus on his own reelection campaign in 1990. In 1988, Nunn unsuccessfully challenged Congressman Jim Bunning in his bid to retain his position as Kentucky's Republican national committeeman.

In 1994, Nunn's wife Beula filed for divorce from a hospital bed where she lay dying of cancer. She claimed she was trying to preserve some of her estate for her children. A Metcalfe County judge granted the divorce, but Nunn challenged the ruling, and it was later set aside. Some property issues were still pending at the time of Beula's death in 1995. During the divorce proceedings, Nunn's son Steve sided with his mother, causing a rift between him and his father. A 1994 letter from the elder Nunn alleged that Steve Nunn physically and verbally abused Louie Nunn and other members of his family. The letter was discovered in 2009 when Steve Nunn was charged with the murder of his former fiancée, Amanda Ross. The letter also quoted Louie Nunn of saying "you have no family" to Steve, indicating that their relationship had deteriorated long before Louie's death, allegedly because of the younger Nunn's abusiveness.

In 1999, Nunn again considered a bid for governor, precluding a potential bid by his son, Steve, a state representative from Glasgow. He cited personal and health issues for not making the race. In 2000, he backed the presidential campaign of Senator John McCain. Nunn reconciled with his son, and when Steve ran for governor in 2003, Louie supported him. After Steve Nunn ran third in a four-way primary, the elder Nunn supported the Republican nominee, Ernie Fletcher, hosting a fundraiser for him.

Nunn also became an advocate of legalizing industrial hemp in Kentucky, writing, "Frankly, I was opposed to the legalization of hemp for years because I had been of the opinion hemp was marijuana. I was short-sighted in my thinking, and I was wrong." In 2000, Nunn secured an acquittal for the actor Woody Harrelson, who came to Lee County, Kentucky, and planted hemp seeds in open defiance of Kentucky's law forbidding the cultivation of hemp. Later, he traveled to South Dakota where, at the base of Mount Rushmore, he publicly presented an Oglala Lakota leader with bales of hemp after the tribe's crop was confiscated by officers from the federal Drug Enforcement Administration.

Louie B. Nunn died of a heart attack at his home just outside Versailles, Kentucky, on January 29, 2004, hours after hosting a luncheon with labor leaders seeking help in dealing with the newly elected Fletcher administration. He was buried at the Cosby Methodist Church cemetery in Hart County, Kentucky. The Cumberland Parkway was renamed the Louie B. Nunn Cumberland Parkway in 2000, and the main lodge at the Barren River Lake State Resort Park is also named in Nunn's honor.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Louie Nunn


text:
Pyttipanna

Pyttipanna (Swedish), pyttipanne (Norwegian), pyttipannu (Finnish) or biksemad (Danish), is a culinary dish consisting of chopped meat, potatoes and onions fried in a pan, similar to a hash, and popular in Scandinavia. The term is Swedish for "small pieces in pan".

Traditionally consisting of potatoes, onions, and any kind of chopped or minced meat such as sausage, ham, or meatballs, diced and then pan fried, it is often served with a fried egg, pickled beetroot slices, sour pickled gherkin slices, capers and sometimes ketchup or brown sauce. An alternative version of the dish stirs in cream after frying, much like a gravy, turning it into "cream stewed pyttipanna" (gräddstuvad pyttipanna).

The dish was originally made from leftovers of past meals but now it is also common to prepare pytt i panna from prime ingredients. Frozen pyttipanna of many varieties can be bought in almost every Swedish, Danish, Norwegian and Finnish supermarket. Many variants of the dish exist, including vegetarian and vegan dishes.

Pytt i panna is often abbreviated to pytt, especially when referring to variants such as oxpytt (pytt i panna made with beef) or krögarpytt ("inn master's pytt", made with more finely diced potatoes and beef).

Similar dishes

 * Potatoes O'Brien (see American cuisine)

title: Pyttipanna


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Pharmacology/Photographs/K


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Prince-elector/archive1

Prince-elector
Self nomination. The painting used was previously uploaded by another user; I uploaded the other two images from the German Wikipedia, which asserts that both are in the public domain. -- Emsworth 01:42, Jul 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me. The first image is a bit dark, but it's obvious the original painting is dark also...we're better off with it than without it, to borrow a phrase from Ann Landers. Jwrosenzweig 17:27, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with Jwrosenzweig about the pictures, but it's an excellent article. I've just added a link to List of Reichstag participants (1792) in the last section, as the content is very closely related, but it's a fantastic article; good job! -- OwenBlacker 18:22, Jul 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 21:33, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Query: "The German monarchy has since time immemorial theoretically been elective rather than hereditary." — is it possible to be more precise? "since time immemorial" means "reaching beyond the limits of memory, tradition or recorded history" (dictionary.com); surely that can't be verifiable? — Matt 16:12, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know what the precise meaning is in German law, but in English law I believe it means "since before the time of King Richard I" i.e. 1189-1199. -- Arwel 16:49, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've removed the phrase "time immemorial." -- Emsworth 15:04, Jul 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Object: Some years (or rough periods in history) are needed in the lead section. — Matt 16:33, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Object. I don't know much about the topic, but it's very well-written and seems comprehensive. One thought: the topic covers over six hundred years of history, and the article goes into quite some detail at points (which is great) — because of this, one thing that might help a reader to get the overall picture would be a timeline / chronology. Would this be worth adding? — Matt 22:30, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't agree with the idea; a timeline would, for the most part, be a repetition of the "Composition" section. -- 16:37, Jul 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm...maybe; I've "unobjected" — my thought was it might be an easier way for a reader to get a grip on the entire chronology of the topic, complementing the "Composition" section (700 words long), and the events mentioned in the other sections. — Matt 16:51, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:130.232.136.57

title: User talk:130.232.136.57


text:
1832 in art

Events from the year 1832 in art.

Events

 * New Society of Painters in Water Colours holds its first exhibition, in London.

Awards

 * Prix de Rome
 * for painting – Antoine Wiertz
 * for sculpture – François Jouffroy

Works

 * John Constable – Sir Richard Steele's Cottage, Hampstead
 * William Etty
 * The Destroying Angel and Daemons of Evil Interrupting the Orgies of the Vicious and Intemperate
 * Youth on the Prow, and Pleasure at the Helm
 * Hokusai – The Great Wave off Kanagawa
 * Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres – Portrait of Monsieur Bertin
 * Henry Inman - "Pes-Ke-Le-Cha-Co"
 * James Arthur O'Connor – A Thunderstorm: The Frightened Wagoner
 * Joseph Paelinck – Juno
 * J. M. W. Turner – Childe Harold's Pilgrimage - Italy
 * Richard Westmacott - Statue of George Canning, Parliament Square

Births

 * January 6 – Gustave Doré, French illustrator (died 1883)
 * January 23 – Édouard Manet, French painter, (died 1883)
 * January 27 – Arthur Hughes, English Pre-Raphaelite painter (died 1915)
 * February 21 – Louis Maurer, German American lithographer (died 1932 age 100)
 * March 4 – Samuel Colman, American Hudson River school painter (died 1920)
 * May 12 – Carl von Perbandt, German landscape painter (died 1911)
 * June 1 – Henrietta Ward, English painter (died 1924)
 * July 3 – Louis-Charles Verwee, Belgian painter (died 1882)
 * July 27 – Đura Jakšić, Serbian painter and poet (died 1878)
 * November 15 – Hermann Ottomar Herzog, German American landscape painter (died 1932)
 * December 12 – Mauritz de Haas, Dutch American marine painter (died 1895)
 * George Anderson Lawson, Scottish-born sculptor (died 1904)
 * Approximate date – Emma Brownlow, English genre painter (died 1905)

Deaths

 * February 2 – Amos Doolittle, American engraver (born 1752)
 * February 22
 * Christina Charlotta Cederström, Swedish artist, poet, and baroness (born 1760)
 * Asensio Juliá, Spanish painter and engraver (born 1760)
 * March 13 – Aleksander Orłowski, Polish painter and sketch maker, pioneer of lithography in the Russian Empire (born 1777)
 * March 22 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer and art critic (born 1749)
 * March 30 – Dora Stock, German portrait painter (born 1760)
 * March 31 – Antoni Brodowski, Polish Neo-classicist painter and pedagogue (born 1784)
 * April 13
 * Jean-Baptiste Jacques Augustin, French miniature painter (born 1759)
 * Joseph Barney, English painter (born 1753)
 * April 22 – Guillaume Guillon-Lethière, French neoclassical painter (born 1760)
 * April 23 – François-Nicolas Delaistre, French sculptor (born 1746)
 * May 7 – Charles Guillaume Alexandre Bourgeois, French physicist and painter (born 1759)
 * June 24 – Nicolas-Marie Gatteaux, French medal engraver (born 1751)
 * August 17 – James Bisset, Scottish-born artist, manufacturer, writer, collector, art dealer and poet (born 1762)
 * September 22
 * Philibert-Louis Debucourt, French painter and engraver (born 1755)
 * William Fowler, English artist (born 1761)
 * October 14 – Johann Heinrich Meyer, Swiss painter and art writer (born 1760)
 * date unknown:
 * Edme Bovinet, French engraver (born 1767)
 * John Comerford, Irish miniature painter (born 1773)
 * Augustin Félix Fortin, French painter of landscapes, and of genre and historical subjects (born 1763)
 * Robert Havell, Sr., English engraver and publisher (born 1769)
 * Anna Rajecka, Polish painter and drawing artist (born 1762)

title: 1832 in art


text:
Mabini, Batangas

Mabini, officially the Municipality of Mabini, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Batangas, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 50,858 people.

Mabini is known for its diving and snorkeling sites. It is named after Apolinario Mabini, a Filipino revolutionary hero.

Legendary origins
According to legend, the first Malay settlers to inhabit the vast fertile land bordering the two bodies of water now known as Batangas Bay and Balayan Bay first found anchor along the shores of the land protruding down southwestward, known as the Calumpan Peninsula.

The Malay settlers found the land fertile and agriculturally appropriate and the sea rich in marine resources, and they established their settlement in this once vast unknown land.

As more Malay settlers arrived from distant lands, more settlements were founded until even the upland regions of the peninsula were settled. The inhabitants had their own form of village government. They were ruled by a headman, a datu, or a sultan, in case of big settlements. Malay civilization began to take roots.

Rapid increase of population meant that it did not take long before several nearby regions were inhabited to comprise the whole province of Kumintang, better known later as Batangas.

Recorded History
During the Spanish colonial rule, the Calumpan Peninsula was made a part of the pueblo of Bauan, in the province of Kumintang. The same peninsula territory of Bauan was subdivided into barrios: Mainaga, Pulong-Niogan, Pulong-Balibaguhan, Anilao, Solo, Pulong-Anahao, Bagalangit, Nag-Iba, Malimatoc, Saguing and Talaga. For more than three hundred years, while the archipelago was under Spanish control, the peninsula remained a part of the “pueblo” of Bauan until the early part of the American occupation. The people of this peninsula, like other people of other regions, suffered untold hardships under the Spanish rule.

The Philippine Revolution of 1896 ended Spanish rule in the country, and in the Calumpan Peninsula the revolutionaries were led by Don Francisco Castillo, known as Apian Kiko.

Mabini, derived from the Philippine hero Apolinario Mabini, was founded when inhabitants of the region wanted a new municipality independent of the town of Bauan.

Eleven barrios of the Calumpan Peninsula and the whole of the Maricaban Island was declared this new, independent municipality.

The new municipality of Mabini was inaugurated on January 1, 1918, with Captain Francisco Castillo, known as the founder of the town, as the first appointed Municipal President.

Geography
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 44.47 km2 constituting NaN% of the 3,119.75 km2 total area of Batangas.

Mabini is 18 km from Batangas City and 123 km from Manila.

Barangays
Mabini is politically subdivided into 34 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Barangay San Juan was formerly the sitios of Nag-ilong and Lugay in the barrio of Mainaga, constituted into a separate and independent barangay through Republic Act No. 212, approved June 1, 1948.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Mabini had a population of 50,858. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Transportation
Jeepneys and tricycles are the main means of transportation around the town. Currently, there are two piers that serve the area: Anilao Pier and Talaga Pier, mainly catering for motor bancas going to and from the nearby island-town of Tingloy.

Healthcare

 * Mabini Community Hospital
 * Zigzag Hospital
 * Mabini Health Center

Colleges and universities

 * Mabini College of Batangas
 * Batangas State University - Mabini Campus

Secondary schools

 * Anselmo A. Sandoval Memorial National High School
 * Mabini College of Batangas (High school department)
 * Saint Francis Academy
 * Apolinario Mabini National High School
 * Mabini National High School
 * Santa Fe Integrated School

Private

 * Jesus; Flock Academy-Anilao
 * Lady Fatima Montessori School
 * Santa Fe Integrated School
 * Saint Lucresia's School

Public

 * Bagalangit Elementary School
 * Gasang Elementary School
 * Laurel Elementary School
 * Mabini Central Elementary School
 * Malimatoc Elementary School
 * Nag-iba ELementary School
 * San Francisco-Mainaga Elementary School
 * Sta. Mesa Elementary School
 * Talaga Elementary School
 * San Teodoro Elementary School
 * San Juan-Santo Niño Elementary School
 * San Jose Elementary School

Tourism

 * Anilao – popular with budget divers and snorkelers. There are several diving centers where trips can be arranged to diving spots in Balayan Bay near Cape Bagalangit and near Sombrero and Maricaban Islands. Snorkeling is available off Maricaban's Cemetery Beach, Red Palm Beach, and around Sepok Point. Although the beach at Anilao is not recommended for swimming, thatched bamboo rafts can be rented with tables and benches at some resorts.
 * Mount Gulugod-Baboy – the hills traversing Calumpang Peninsula. It has three peaks: Gulugod Baboy, Pinagbanderahan, and Tore, accessible through several passages: Anilao, Panay, Bagalangit, Ligaya, Laurel and Malimatoc I. It is 525 m above sea level. At its peak, one can see, from east to west: Janao Bay, Maricaban Strait which bears Sombrero and Maricaban Islands, a distant, faint blue Mindoro, Verde Island (SW) and Batangas Bay. The city and port of Batangas is visible on the west, following a farther Mount Daguldul. To the north is Mount Macolod, and even Mount Batulao and the Tagaytay highlands. It is popular among hikers during the Holy Week.

title: Mabini, Batangas