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Busselton

Busselton is a city in the South West region of the state of Western Australia approximately 220 km south-west of Perth. Busselton has a long history as a popular holiday destination for Western Australians; however, the closure of the Busselton Port in 1972 and the contemporaneous establishment of the nearby Margaret River wine region have seen tourism become the dominant source of investment and development, supplemented by services and retail. The city is best known for the Busselton Jetty, the longest wooden jetty in the Southern Hemisphere.

Pre European settlement and 19th century
Before white settlement in 1832, and for at least 40,000 years, the Busselton area was home to the Noongar Aboriginal people from the Wardandi and Bibulman language/ancestral groups. The colonisation of Western Australia in 1829 had a major impact on the life of the Noongar people. Many towns in the Busselton area, such as Wonnerup, Yallingup and Carbunup River, still hold their original Noongar names. The Wonnerup massacre of Wardandi Noongar people by European settlers occurred in the vicinity of Wonnerup in 1841.

The early history of European exploration of the Busselton area focused on the French expedition of 1801 which brought Nicholas Baudin, with his ships Géographe and Naturaliste, to the coast of Western Australia. Baudin named Geographe Bay and Cape Naturaliste after his vessels, and named the river Vasse after a sailor, Thomas Vasse, who was lost as he went overboard and was believed to have drowned.

Busselton was one of the earliest settlements in Western Australia. It was first settled by the Bussell family, George Layman, and the Chapman brothers, who relocated there from their location on the Blackwood River. John Garrett Bussell first visited Busselton in December 1831, describing the land as follows: "The country as we advanced improved rapidly; the ground on which we trod was a vivid green, unsullied with burnt sticks and blackened grass trees". Bussell was granted land in the area in July 1832 and the settlers moved there in April 1834. The Bussells established a cattle station which they named Cattle Chosen, which quickly became one of the most prosperous stations in the colony, and as a result, nearly all of the settlers at Augusta relocated to the area within a few years. A number of settlers established themselves at Wonnerup, and eventually a contingent of troops was stationed there under Lieutenant Henry Bunbury. It was originally intended to locate the townsite at Wonnerup, but the area was low-lying and marshy, and Bunbury considered it unsuitable for a townsite. The present area was then recommended by the Surveyor General, John Septimus Roe.

The present name of Busselton derives from the Bussell family. It was first officially used in June 1835. The Bussells, who were not consulted about the name, preferred the name Capel after a relative in England, Capel Carter, but the name Busselton was retained. A town named Capel was later established to the north of Busselton. The name "The Vasse" was also used for the district interchangeably with "Busselton" until the end of the 19th century. The townsite was planned and surveyed in 1836 by Bunbury and in 1839, by which time it had a population of 77, it was laid out by surveyor Henry Ommaney. This was followed by the opening of the post office in 1842 and St Mary's Church in 1845. In 1847, the town was officially gazetted as Busselton, and the first government-assisted school was opened there in 1848. In the early days of the settlement, and for some time afterwards, the area was visited by whaling ships from the US, France, and England. The Americans in particular traded with the settlers, who gained vital supplies such as iron, flour, and clothing in exchange for fresh food; there was also a trade in smuggled rum and tobacco. The American whalers delivered mail to England via the US, providing an alternative to infrequent government schooners. Visits from foreign whalers declined in the 1860s due to the introduction of fossil fuels to replace whale oil, but a nearby whaling group in what is now part of the Meelup Regional Park, the Castle Bay Whaling Company, survived until 1872.

Being in close proximity to the tall timber country, Busselton soon established itself as a leading port. In 1850, timber was being exported and the small town prospered. Jetties for this purpose were built at Wonnerup, Busselton, and Quindalup. Of these, only the Busselton Jetty remains. During the 1850s, Busselton began to receive convicts who were beginning to arrive in Western Australia; they particularly helped with the timber industry. Western Australia's first railway line, the Ballaarat Tramline, was built just north of Busselton at Lockville in 1871, the original engine being known as the Ballaarat steam engine. The privately owned line was used for the transport of timber to the Wonnerup jetty across the Ballaarat Bridge. By the 1880s Busselton had a regular mail and passenger coach service from Perth and Bunbury and, in 1894, a passenger rail service commenced between Busselton and Bunbury on the South Western Railway via Boyanup; it operated until 1985.

Federation to present day
By the early 20th century, Busselton had become well known as a resort town, aided by the railway along with the 1890s Western Australian gold rushes, which greatly increased the state's population and prosperity. Caves in the area of what is now the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park including Yallingup Cave (now Ngilgi Cave) had been discovered and developed, and the strip of coastline between Cape Yallingup and Cape Naturaliste had become popular for camping and seaside holidays. The 1913 Cyclopedia of Western Australia stated:"Busselton which has come to be known as the sanatorium of Western Australia lies within the shelter of Geographe Bay some 30 miles south of Bunbury. Up to some 20 years ago, it was merely a charming country village, with grass-grown streets where arum lilies rioted in profusion. ... It’s cool temperate climate, excellent beach and well-established bathing facilities have made it one of the favourite summer resorts. If to these we add the caves reached daily by motor service from the town and, in addition to the scenery, this excellent boating, bathing and fishing, Busselton can probably claim to be the most favoured haunt of the holiday seeker."Busselton began to grow significantly when the Group Settlement Scheme brought people to the area between 1923 and 1926; nine of the first sixteen groups were organised in the Busselton area. In about 1927, the Flinders Bay Branch Railway was developed, which connected Busselton to Flinders Bay; it was closed around 1957. In the 1930s, agricultural prices dropped due to the Great Depression, causing many people to leave the area. During World War II, 476 Busselton-born men signed up for service; 20 in the Royal Australian Navy, 110 in the Royal Australian Air Force, and 346 in the Australian Army. The names of the fallen are displayed on the town's war memorial alongside those of World War I in St Marys Park. During the war, Busselton was home to an Air Force training base; remains of the base can still be seen today from the Busselton Bypass Road. A Royal Australian Air Force P-51 Mustang fighter was given the nickname Busselton in honour of the people of Busselton and their support of War Loan fundraising activities.

In the 1950s many facilities for holiday-makers were built west of Busselton and the 1960s saw the beginnings of the professional fishing industry and, in particular, the Margaret River wine region, which greatly increased tourist numbers in and around Busselton. The Busselton port closed in 1972. From the 1970s Busselton began growing particularly as a tourism centre and retirement location. By 1996 it had become one of the fastest-growing areas in Western Australia. In 2012, the Shire of Busselton gained city status.

Geography
Busselton is in the South West region of Western Australia, about 220 km south-west of Perth. The city is composed of a city centre along with the suburbs of Abbey, Ambergate, Bovell, Broadwater, Geographe, Kealy, Vasse, West Busselton, and Yalyalup. It is bordered by Geographe Bay to the north, with urban development traditionally being concentrated on the bay, extending from Abbey in the west to Geographe in the east. Urban development south of this area has traditionally been obstructed by wetlands and estuaries; however, since the 1980s, development has taken place to the south of these waterway systems. The Vasse River flows through the city to the Vasse-Wonnerup Estuary; reserves adjoining this estuary to the north form Busselton's eastern border. The city's western border is formed by The corner of Caves Road and Bussell Highway. Caves Road leads to the nearby town of Dunsborough, which is separated from Busselton by a green belt, notably including the Locke Estate, known locally as the "Holy Mile". Busselton's nearest city is Bunbury which is 52 km north-east of Busselton.

Climate
Busselton has a borderline warm/hot summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb/Csa), depending on the recording station used, as the warmest months have mean temperatures around 22 C, the cut-off mark between these two climate types. The Bureau of Meteorology has had three major temperature-recording sites in Busselton: the Busselton Shire office, with temperatures recorded from 1900 to 1975 and rainfall from 1877 to the present, Busselton Town near The Busselton District Hospital site on Mill Road in West Busselton (recording from 1998 to 2011), and the Busselton Margaret River Airport, 6 km east of the Busselton Shire station (recording since 1997). Wind observations have been made at Busselton Jetty since 1997, and temperature observations have been made in the general area at Ludlow, Jarrahwood, and Cape Naturaliste. Summers are generally warm to hot with afternoon sea breezes, with average daily maxima of 28 C at the shire station and 30 C at the airport station, and a winter that delivers cooler temperatures of 7 to 18 C and wetter weather. The annual average rainfall at the Busselton Shire station is 794.5 mm, with the wettest period being from May to September.

Demographics
The 2021 Australian census recorded Busselton's population as 27,233, 67.0% of the population of the City of Busselton local government area, which was 40,640. The 2021 census also recorded Busselton's median age as 45, higher than the national average of 38. Australian-born residents made up 75.9% of Busselton's population, followed by those born in England (7.8%), New Zealand (2.3%), South Africa (1.1%), Scotland (0.7%), and the Philippines (0.5%). English was the only language spoken at home by 89.5% of residents, with the next most common languages being Afrikaans and German (0.5%), Italian and Hazaragi (0.3%), and French (0.2%). The most common industry for employed people in Busselton was listed as "accommodation" at 3.7%, compared to the national average of 0.9%; others were cafes and restaurants" (3.6%), "supermarket and grocery stores" (3.5%), "iron ore mining" on a fly-in fly-out basis (3.2%), "and "Hospitals (except Psychiatric Hospitals)" (3.2%).

At the 2021 census the combined population of the Busselton East and Busselton West statistical areas was 28651. It has been estimated that by 2050 Busselton's population will be between 50,000 and 70,000, with the local government area containing between 70,000 and 100,000 people.

Transport
Bussell Highway links Busselton with Bunbury and Augusta, while Vasse Highway goes from Busselton to Pemberton and beyond. Caves Road provides an alternative scenic route from Busselton to Augusta; Sues Road is another alternative route via the Brockman Highway.

Busselton has a town bus service run by Swan Transit South West (TransBusselton), with three routes. South West Coach Lines and Transwa provide coach services for connections to other south west towns and Perth. Busselton is served by Busselton Margaret River Airport.

Economy
The main industries of the Busselton area are services (e.g. retail, wholesale, manufacturing, and recreation). The economic focus of the region has gradually shifted from agriculture as the population has increased and tourism has grown in the district.

Tourism

Many sites of interest are in the Busselton region. Busselton Beach is known for the turquoise-coloured, tranquil waters and white sands.

The City of Busselton markets itself as "The Events Capital of WA".

Busselton Jetty
Busselton is home to the longest wooden jetty (pier) in the Southern Hemisphere, stretching 1841 m out to sea. Construction of the jetty began in 1864 and it was continually extended until the 1960s, when it reached its current length. It was closed to shipping in 1972, and maintenance was discontinued for a time. Following major damage caused by Cyclone Alby in 1978 and a fire in 1999, it was restored and improved. Since 2003, the jetty has offered visitors a tourist train ride, an underwater observatory, and an interpretive centre.

Wonnerup House
The current Wonnerup House was built in 1859 by the Layman family (original settlers). The original building built between 1837 and 1841 was destroyed by fire in 1858. The complex also includes the dairy and kitchen, which antedate the main house (and survived the fire of 1858 because they were separate buildings). Over the road are the Teacher's House (1885) and School (1873). Since 1973, the National Trust of Australia has operated the property as a museum open to the public.

Old Butter Factory/Busselton Museum
The Old Butter Factory was built in 1918 by the government Department of Agriculture to replace a previous privately owned dairy, Western Australia's first butter factory and creamery, that was established in 1898. In 1926 the factory was sold to South-West Dairy Produce Co-operative, which was later renamed "Sunny West" and merged into Wesfarmers. The factory also operated as an ice works for local residents and fishermen before the widespread availability of mechanical refrigeration. It ceased butter-making operations in 1952 and became a cream depot and dried milk plant, then a truck depot. In 1974 it was sold to the Shire of Busselton, which leased most of the building to the Busselton Historical Society; they opened the Busselton Museum there in 1975. It was listed on the state's Register of Heritage Places in 2002. In March 2018, the building was heavily damaged by fire. the outside areas were re-opened in January 2019 and the rest of the building was opened in December 2020.

St Mary's (Church of England)
St Mary's (Church of England), built in 1844–1845, is allegedly the oldest stone church in Western Australia. John Molloy and John Garrett Bussell were the main forces behind the construction of the church. The church was not consecrated until 1848 and a clergyman was not attracted to the region for another decade. Alongside the church is a graveyard; some of the graves date back to 1841 – before the building of the church.

Ithaca (Villa Carlotta)
Ithaca (formerly known as Villa Carlotta) is located at 110 Adelaide St, Busselton, and was built by Frank Backhouse in 1896. Ithaca is listed on the state's Register of Heritage Places in recognition of its significant historical and community values. Ithaca has a two-storey tower and was originally built as a private residence; in 1904, Ithaca was acquired by Sisters of Our Lady of the Missions for use as a Catholic convent. Subsequently, it has been a school and a hotel, and now is a motel.

Weld Hall

Weld Hall located on the corner of Queen and Adelaide St was built in 1881. In August 2001, the Western Australian government announced that Weld Hall had been listed on the Register of Heritage Places in recognition of its significant historical and cultural value to the local community. The hall is a single-storey brick building with a galvanised roof, and is constructed in a simplified Victorian Italianate style; it is one of the oldest remaining structures in the town.

Augusta-Busselton Heritage Trail
The trail retraces the Pioneer Route from Augusta to Busselton taken by the original settlers in the 1800s. It is over 100 km long, starting at the jetty and finishing in Augusta.

Education
There are nine schools in the Busselton area, six of them government, which serve either primary or high-school students, and three private, which serve both. There are four primary schools (Busselton Primary School, West Busselton Primary School, Geographe Primary School, and Vasse Primary school. The two government high schools are Busselton Senior High School and Cape Naturaliste College. The three private schools are St Mary MacKillop College, Cornerstone Christian College, and Georgiana Molloy Anglican School. The only local tertiary institution in the area is the South Regional TAFE. Busselton contains a long-distance learning hub for Edith Cowan University.

Health
Busselton's first convict hospital was built starting in 1869. A new two-storey hospital was constructed in 1896 and operated until 1978. During the early 20th century, there were smaller hospitals mainly used for maternity, such as Nurse Kilerby's Maternity Hospital (c. 1914–1917) and the Lady Campion Hostel (1926–1947), which is on the state's Register of Heritage Places. In 1978, the main hospital was replaced by Busselton District Hospital on Mill Road, which in turn was re-built and opened as the Busselton Health Campus on the same site in 2015. Busselton is also known for the Busselton Health Study, which was founded in 1966 by Kevin Cullen.

Sports
Busselton has a leisure centre, a golf club, tennis courts, a skate park, and several outdoor areas on which sport is played. The Busselton Football Club plays in the South West Football League.

Notable sporting events in Busselton in clude:
 * Geographe Bay Race Week
 * Busselton Festival of Triathlon
 * Ironman Western Australia Triathlon Busselton
 * The Busselton Jetty Swim
 * Australian HPV Super Series, Busselton race

Arts
Busselton contains the ArtGeo Cultural Complex, which includes an art gallery, theatre, artist's workshop, and an arts and crafts store. It also contains the Busselton Court House and Police Complex, which has an old courthouse, post office, and bond store. Some of the structures in the courthouse and police complex were built by Henry Yelverton in 1860–1861, while a newer courtroom was built in 1897 by George Temple-Poole; this group of buildings was classified by the National Trust of Australia in 1973 and added to the state's Register of Heritage Places in 1993. The ArtGeo Gallery is housed in a former Agricultural Bank of Western Australia building, constructed in 1931, and added to the heritage register in 1999. The complex also contains life-sized sculptures by Fremantle sculptor Greg James depicting the cultural heritage of Busselton; miniature versions (maquettes) of the works are in the City of Busselton office. The six sculptures, unveiled between 2014 and 2019, are Whaler's Wife, Timber Worker, John Garrett Bussell, Spanish Settler (referring to nearby Yoongarillup), Gaywal (an Aboriginal leader at the time of European settlement), and Pioneer Woman.

The prestigious annual CinefestOZ film festival screens in Busselton, along with other regional centres.

After two decades of delays and planning, a new $38 million Performing Arts Centre commenced construction in February 2022. Named "Saltwater" in acknowledgement of the Wardandi people, the centre is expected to open in early 2024.

Other events
Other notable events in Busselton include:
 * Festival of Busselton
 * Make Smoking History Forest Rally
 * Busselton Agricultural Show (since 1861)
 * South West Craft Beer Festival

Media
Busselton is served by two local weekly newspapers; the Busselton Dunsborough Mail (Wednesday) and the Busselton Dunsborough Times (Friday). The West Australian is available from Monday to Saturday and the Sunday Times is available on Sundays.

Busselton is serviced by three commercial television channels, Seven, WIN, and Ten. The public-broadcast channels ABC and SBS are also available.

Sister city

 * 🇯🇵 Sugito, Saitama, Japan

Local government
Busselton is located in the 1454 sqkm City of Busselton, which also includes the towns of Dunsborough and Yallingup.

State government
Busselton is located in the Lower House seat of Vasse, represented by Libby Mettam (MLA), who holds the blue-ribbon seat for the Liberal Party. In the Upper House, Busselton is within the South West Region.

Federal government
Busselton is located in the safe Liberal seat of Forrest. The seat is currently represented by Nola Marino, who has held it since 2007.

Notable people

 * Stewart Bovell, politician
 * Sharon Buchanan, hockey player, Olympic gold medallist
 * Taj Burrow, surfer
 * John Bussell, founder of Busselton
 * Kevin Cullen, doctor and winemaker
 * Edmund Drake-Brockman, soldier, statesman, and judge
 * Joseph Strelley Harris, pastoralist, Busselton's second magistrat
 * Barry House, politician
 * Sean Keenan, actor
 * Georgiana Molloy, early settler, botanical collector
 * John Molloy, early settler, Busselton's first magistrate, husband of Georgiana Molloy
 * Lance Morris, cricketer
 * Scott Sunderland, cyclist
 * Taylor Worth, archer

title: Busselton


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Talk:Biddeford, Maine

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Talk:Witi Ihimaera

Sexuality
I agree with Guanaco. Witi Ihimaera speaks publicly about his sexuality. Robin Patterson 03:15, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Ruben Smiler is now "famous"
Not that I know who you are but "our" family is quite huge. It also depends where you are in the whakapapa. But seriously, get your facts right, Witi never went to Church College he went to Gisborne Boys'.StarSpangledKiwi 02:58, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Current status of Trowenna Sea
Despite Auckland University comment, the book has not actually been recalled and is widely available in stores. I'll link to the NZ Herald article that noticed this. (Sorry for my first attempt and accidental page-blanking: Wikipedia newbie.) --Mike | Giantflightlessbirds 02:31, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Witi Ihimaera on the BBC's World Book Club
A chance to ask questions to improve this article! Witi Ihimaera will be talking about his novel Whale Rider on the BBC radio programme World Book Club. You can submit a question by emailing worldbookclub@bbc.co.uk, by using the form on the World Book Club homepage, or by leaving a message on the World Book Club Facebook page. Recording is on Sunday 9 October 2011, at the Cheltenham Literary Festival. EdQuine (talk) 15:15, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

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Maori
I am curious as to why Ihimaera is called a Maori. He is part Maori, and could with greater accuracy be called European or Pakeha. It would be more accurate to describe him as part Maori.Royalcourtier (talk) 03:14, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

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Whaakahu stream inquiry
I need uncle WITI to look into the water rights and farmers Roberts and mark Dr Costa taking water out of our traditional pataka Kai awa I can't sit back and let this happen my tipuna nga rangatira tuna are in bad decline Couse of mayger drop in water level plz help me get this message to my whanaunga WITI ihimaera kind regards ..p.s Luke Edwards Luke552 (talk) 20:27, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

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Marília

Marília is a Brazilian municipality in the midwestern region of the state of São Paulo. Its distance from the state capital São Paulo is 443 km by highway, 529 km by railway and 376 km in a straight line. It is located at an altitude of 675 meters. The population is 240,590 (2020 est.) in an area of 1170 km2.

History
In 1923, Antônio Pereira da Silva and his son José Pereira da Silva were the pioneers of the region, cleared land next to Feio and Peixe rivers. This land was named Alto Cafezal, or "High Coffee Plantation".

A city of Araraquara region deputy at the time, Bento de Abreu Sampaio Vidal held in 1926 a parcel of their assets.

In 1927, Colonel José Brás or Jose' da Silva Nogueira whose family origin in Itapetininga, arrived in Marilia. His family held 40% of the farm land named Bonfim, and the process of urbanization began with the allotment of this farm.

Companhia Paulista Railway had been advancing its tracks from São Paulo to get to the town of Lácio, and in accordance with its plan, the roads that were being opened at the branch were named in alphabetical order. The next branch should have its name beginning with the letter "M." "Maratona", "Mogúncio" and "Macau" were suggested, but Vidal was not satisfied with them. So, in one of his trips to Europe by ship, as he read Tomás Antônio Gonzaga's Marília de Dirceu, he chose the name Marília from the poetry book.

The city of Marília was created with this name by State Law No. 2161 on December 22, 1926, but remained as a borough of Cafelândia. In 1928, Marília was raised to the status of municipality by State Law No. 2320 of December 24. Its anniversary is celebrated on April 4, 1929.

At first, the economy of Marília was based on the cultivation of coffee, being replaced by cotton. The financial success originated from this latter crop led to the installation of the first two industries in the city (two cottonseed oil) in the mid-1930s. With the expansion of the industrialization in São Paulo state, rail and highways were also built, thereby linking Marilia to various regions of the state of São Paulo and northern Paraná.

In the 1940s the city established itself as a development of the West Paulista, when there was a large and growing urban population.

In the 1970s, there was a new industrial cycle in the city with the installation of new industries, specially food processing and welding. With the subsequent installation of several university courses, Marília attracted more people to the region, which accelerated the development of the city as a commercial & industrial hub.

Marília today has approximately 50 food industries in the area and it is known as the "National Capital of Food Processing."

Demography
Data of Census of 2000: Total population: Metro: 189,719 Rural: 7623 Men: 96,502 Women: 100,840 Population density (inhabitants / km ²): 186.42 (2007) Infant mortality up to 1 year (per thousand): 15.57 Life expectancy (years): 74.37 Total Fertility rate: 2.21 Literacy rate: 95.35% Human Development Index (HDI): 0.821 HDI-R Income: 0.885 HDI-L Longevity: 0.822 HDI-E Education: 0.962

Government
The current mayor is Daniel Alonso (PSDB) elected on 2016, whose mandate is valid until 2020. The government receives little state funding due to high tax returns from the local tax income.

Education
The city has several courses distributed in their colleges and universities. There are three universities: two private (Unimar and UNIVEM) and one public (UNESP)) and three colleges, among them the school of medicine (Faculdade de Medicina de Marília).

Transport
Marilia has one airport for regional and domestic flights named Frank Miloye Milenkowichi Airport. The city is crossed by 3 highways: the SP-294, the SP-333 and Rodovia Transbrasiliana (Transbrazilian Highway). As most cities in the region, Marilia no longer has passenger railway service. One of Brazil's largest airlines, TAM, got its start as Táxi Aéreo Marília here in 1961.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marília.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

Interesting facts

 * Ethnic Background: Marilia's population is mainly formed by descendants of Luso-African Brazilians, Portuguese, Japanese, Italians, Germans and Spaniards.
 * The first Brazilian olympic medalist was from Marilia. Tetsuo Okamoto won a bronze medal in Helsinki in 1952, swimming 1500 m freestyle.
 * The Southern Hemisphere's largest airline, TAM Brazilian Airlines, was founded in Marilia.
 * Banco Bradesco was founded by Amador Aguiar on March 10, 1943, in Marilia, and it is the second largest private bank in Brazil today.
 * A pre-historic crocodile, Mariliasuchus amarali, was found in Marilia and its name was a tribute to the city.
 * On 5 October 1971, approximately at 5:00 pm, fell onto the city of Marília the last meteorite registered in the state of São Paulo: the Marília Meteorite. Seven fragments totaling about 2.5 kg were found, and the Marília Meteorite was subsequently classified as a chondrite H4.

Twin towns and sister cities
Marília currently has three sister cities:
 * 🇺🇸 Buffalo, New York, United States of America
 * 🇯🇵 Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
 * 🇯🇵 Izumisano, Osaka, Japan

Notable people

 * Tetsuo Okamoto- swimmer, first brazilian to win an Olympic medal in swimming
 * Thiago Braz - pole vaulter, Olympic champion
 * Augusto Dutra - pole vaulter
 * Lucas Lima - football player
 * Guilherme de Cássio Alves - football player
 * Isabella Menin - model and Miss Grand International 2022
 * Jorge Antonio Putinatti - football player
 * Jurandir de Freitas- football player
 * Yoshiharu Kohayakawa- mathematician

title: Marília


text:
Talk:Enneagram (geometry)

Number Games
Having read the above (and the "Introduction to N-Grams" link), I think it would be of interest to add a section about the numerical oddities of the Enneagram. The "repeating decimal" bit is good, but it doesn't capture the strangeness of the 142857 sequence. A simple illustration would be to show how the number sequence "rotates" as it's added to itself, while retaining its "direction of disintegration":

142857 x 1 = 142857 142857 x 2 = 285714 142857 x 3 = 428571 142857 x 4 = 571428 142857 x 5 = 714285 142857 x 6 = 857142 142857 x 7 = 999999

The 9,3,6 triangle doesn't have this quality, of course.

The link mentions other numeric bases, but doesn't mention the fun one, which is base-12. In base-12, both series do the trick (A=decimal 10, B=decimal 11).

186A35 x 1 = 186A35 186A35 x 2 = 35186A 186A35 x 3 = 5186A3 186A35 x 4 = 6A3518 186A35 x 5 = 86A351 186A35 x 6 = A35186 186A35 x 7 = BBBBBB (the equivalent of “all nines” in base-10).

2497 x 1 = 2497 2497 x 2 = 4972 2497 x 3 = 7249 2497 x 4 = 9724 2497 x 5 = BBBB

And, satisfyingly, 2, 4, 9, and 7 are the digits that don't appear in the first series. The resulting figuire would look like this:

wikify
I've attempted to remove redundancy (eg stuff which is on Gurdieff page) and to tighten up the explanation. I've begun to put stuff in the footnotes using the ref tag. Mccready 08:10, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

The Irregular Hexagon
The irregular hexagon of 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 follows the layout of the Unicursal Hexagram of the Ordo Templi Orientis, though it has been shifted. Given references by Gurdjieff to a mixing of ways and symbols in the creation of the Enneagram, this may be the origin of this aspect of the Enneagram symbol (while not taking away from the 1/7 or other numeric representations) - or vice versa, I don't know.

A 14Kb visual demonstration of this is available here: http://img421.imageshack.us/img421/7482/centralpoint9zo.gif --Formerly the IP-address 24.22.227.53

History missing
Hi, can someone add a History section? Who invented it? And when? And how? -- Barrylb 01:12, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Reply: There was a history section but somebody erased it for no good reason!

I too think this is essential, as neither dictionary nor encyclopedia have it before 1965, apart from the Egyptian Ennead, which isn't mentioned here, and is the family of gods which includes Osiris and Isis which may or may not overlap the nine types. I went to archive.org and there isn't anything of the old history section. Looking up the data from Google, I came across the first school of Arica being opened in 1971 by the man born in 1931, so this is pretty new. Mentioning Jesuits in the context of Enneagrams has to be considered misleading. Links to the other personality classification types might be worthwhile in context, as well as historically.

Reply: The personality system of nine types is very old, and was referenced in The Iliad and The Odyssey, revealing the personality types forward in the first, and backward in the second. For any student of the enneagram who doesn't want to read those works, it is obvious watching the recent film O Brother Where Art Thou, which is based upon The Odyssey, that the nine personality types are all represented there, though not in order.

Humans are body, soul and spirit. The soul is mind, will and emotion. Three of the enneagram types are oriented around the will, three around the mind, and three around the heart, or emotion. [submitted by Cynthia J. Pirl December 2006]

 * I just came across this quote from Richard Rohr's book Everything Belongs [The Crossroad Publishing Company], p. 94:

 * " Many people condemn the Ennegram because they say it is from the Sufis (which it isn't).*", and the footnoted reference: Richard Rohr, Enneagram: A Christian Perspective (New York, Crossroad, 2001).

 * Perhaps someone could take a look at this book by Rohr? I think it might be an interesting addition to the discussion.
 * That discussion is 6 months old. If you believe that something is really relevant to the article and is sourced, then add it. And who is Rohr? Aeuio 16:13, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

One known source of the "personality enneagram" is Ramon Lull. But the enneagram according to Gurdjieff was meant to be top secret oral transmission stuff until he went public. See my site; www.geocities.com/jesstraveller.geo (you will find more "authoritative" links there!) Jeremytrewindixon 04:11, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

The "fourth way" enneagram as we have it was first published in Ouspesky's In Search of the Miraculous published in 1950 from memory though I'd have to check. It any rate Gurdjieff is quoted in that book as saying that the enneagram in this form had never before been published (he was speaking to his groups in Russia during world war one.) However the "three triangle" enneagram was long known and has featured from time to time in esoterica. See Webb's discussion in The Harmonious Circle. Webb made an argument that the enneagram (both 4th way and 3 triangle) was an alternative glyph of the Tree of Life of Kabbalah, and discounted the theory of Sufi origin. Webb also looks at Lull's enneagram although from memory he misses the crucial point that Lull's "Nine deadly Sins" are identical to the sin types used by personality enneagram theorists, Jesuits in particular. After some checking I'll add this to the aritcle. Jeremytrewindixon 00:42, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Inappropriate Promotion
Could editors of this article please refrain from using it to promote particular Enneagram teachers, organisations, products etc. This is very inappropriate!

Hello,

I must say I am shocked that the article does not mention Ichazo. Although there are issues with Ichazo and the Arica school, if you read the Gurdjieff material, especially the writings of Maurice Nicoll, there is no description of the enneagram in the matter it is typically presented in the 'modern' enneagram books. The modern enneagram books are a derrivative of the Ichazon ego descriptions with some additional material. I would say the Wikipedia article is a promotion and not accurate. (btw I am not a 'follower' of Ichazo)

 * Sounds like you know something of the matter, why don't you update the article? Also, what are you saying this article is promoting? --Chinawhitecotton 02:36, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Well, I did do the Arica work mostly in the 70s when there were no enneagram books and all that (I am not involved with them now and do not care to defend or accuse them). In the article, for example, the person who wrote it uses the psychic catalyzers - Holy perfection holy will, holy harmony, holy orgin, etc. These things were presented in the Aria material before any of these enneagram authors and books. If you look at the references to the Gurdjieff material (presented in this article) this kind of material is not presented. Since the main author of this material is not even acknoledged, it leaves me speechless. What's the use in getting into a pointless argument other than to say that this kind of disrepect for the origins of this theory undermines the approach that people take subsequently.

The history presented from the enneagram institute presents an accurate picture - http://www.enneagraminstitute.com/history.asp.

Fact tags
I found the following source for the "companies which use the Enneagram" comment, any thoughts on whether it's acceptable? (scroll down to question #6) Perel 02:42, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
This article appears to be written from the point of view that the enneagram concepts are valid and widely accepted; I believe that it needs substantial editing to conform with Wikipedia's NPOV policy. -- The Anome 13:30, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know what exactly you are referring to - The concepts of the Eanneagram of Personality, or the concepts of Gurdjieff's Enneagram. If you found some critics on Gurdjieff's enneagram, feel free to add them, or even show me and then when I have time I will add them. If there isn't any intellectual criticism, then I'll move that NPOV tag down to the Enneagram of personality (since I am not familiar with the Enneagram of Personality I can't speak on behalf of the subject.)Aeuio 21:21, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Could we use a seperate article?
Hi, I was just finding out about circles, and I find the page for Enneagram in the geometric sense is in the same article as this stuff about Personality and Psycology. I think a seperate article is needed, at least until all this controversy about neutrality is sorted out. Keshidragon 19:18, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, the shapes bit in the middle doesn't relate to the rest of the article. Is there another article about geometric 9 sided things or something that it could go in?Merkinsmum 01:18, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

 * On the contrary, the geometry of the enneagram completely relates and has everything to do with Gurdjieff's teachings (Although this connection is poorly described in this article and I'll expand it later). But, you do have a good point, and if you wish to create a separate article solely on the geometry of the enneagram, then something similar to the what I did "See also: Enneagram of Process" could be made. Aeuio 04:09, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

1
"It should be noted that these writers, particulalry Ouspensky, have claimed Gurdjief's works to be completely original but all of Gurdjief's ideas have been shown to a rehash of ideas from other traditions."

 * What do you mean completely original? He never claimed to have invented it. What part of "going through Asia and other continents for 30 years and gathering knowledge" don't you understand? Where he got most of his ideas is mentioned in his books. (And a "genius" thing to say after the made up "evidence" you provided):

2
"The "law of three, which he calls the sacred Law of Triamazikamno, is the same as the Stoic Law of Causation as presented by the Stoic, Posidonius."

 * Not only is it not the same, but Gurdjieff even attributed this law to ancient religions where it was expressed in the Holy Prayer - and therefore he never claimed it as original.(Out of Gurdjieff's enormous teaching, this is your best evidence point?)

3
"The concept that to obtain freedom by acknowledging and understanding the cosmic laws of the "Ray of Creation" (the law of seven) and the Law of Causation (the law of three, Triamazikamno)."

 * This is by far the most ridiculous thing you said. Where in the world did you find this nonsense? Not only is it not mentioned or claimed in ANY Gurdjieff related book, but you won't even find this claim on the wikipedia's Fourth Way, Laws, Ray of Creation, articles. PS. Why would you say that the Ray of Creation is the law of seven?

Its good to know that your source for Gurdjieff's teachings is one or another Enneagram of Personality book. (I wont even bother with your last sentence) Aeuio 01:51, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Nonagram merge
Nonagram is just a synonym for enneagram, and so nonagram should redirect to this page just like nonagon redirects to enneagon. /129.142.71.166 12:16, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This is not really correct. A nonagram is composed of three triangles whilst the traditional enneagram figure is composed of a triangle and a hexagon.  So although they are both 'enneagrams' in as much as they both have nine points they are by no means synonomous - especially in terms of the enneagram article. Ontologicos 13:22, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

I agree with Ontologicos, its not synonomous. Aeuio 13:54, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

I deleted the merger proposal.(unless someone has reason to object) Aeuio 02:45, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

I think nonagram and enneagram are just two names of the 9-gram, a special case of a "polygram". If you see the article heptagram, you see that it mentions a Latin variant of the word, septegram. It should be the same in this case. The articles should be merged. The external example shows that the term nonagram is not exclusively used for figures composed of three triangles. /84.238.113.244 (talk) 11:12, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Fuzzy Math?
Let's take a look at the sequence of fractions with sevenths mentioned in the article. I've pasted the last two below.

6/7=.857142... 7/7=.999999...

I admit that I have not double-checked this with a calculator, but I have always been of the impression that 7 divided by 7 (write it as 7/7 if you please) is 1, not .99999999. ..

If one puts 7/7 = 1, one misses out on the similarity with 7 * 142857 which will give you a whole string of nines. . . but the math will be correct. Mnentro 00:33, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, not only does it show you "the 7 * 142857 which will give you a whole string of nines" pattern, but it's also mathematically correct. Aeuio 00:46, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

 * That's really interesting. I would propose that the link be put on .0.999... in the text to preclude comments like the one I made before about this, and this comment itself,and the one I might make about it tomorrow . . . Mnentro 13:08, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

This is nonsense. Tom Ruen 16:58, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Nonsense already has its own entry. Mnentro 17:12, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't know where you're getting at with "nonsense", but anyhow I made the numbers consistent while keeping the link to the .999 there - I think it looks better. Aeuio 22:36, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Recent Edits
Some recent edits (late October 2007), although adding some useful information on the historical aspects of the Enneagram figure, have created some disjointed flow in the article. This is obvious in the sections on the Fourth Way and Gurdjieff. When editing the article please try to avoid this kind of disjointed flow. Thanks. Ontologicos 13:14, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Disjointed flow can't really be avoided when the article is really two separate articles, one on geometry and one on the fourth way "enneagram" cosmic glyph. Jeremytrewindixon 01:03, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

This isn't really the problem I was commenting on. The problem has been principally between your own recent edits on the Fourth Way and the previous edits about Gurdjieff. This has resulted in similar comments being unecessarily repeated in both sections. I appreciate your recent edits but there needs to be some clarification about the reasons for your apparent distinctions between the Fourth Way tradition and Gurdjieff's teachings as most people probably think they are one and the same thing. On your comment about the articles really being two, I think there is a case for separate articles (such as there now is with the Enneagram of Personality). At one point there were two separate articles - one called 'Enneagram' which is now 'Enneagram of Personality' and another on the Fourth Way use of the enneagram called 'Enneagram of Process' which is now the 'Enneagram' article. I would not object to the current 'Enneagram' article being made into two - one on the enneagram as geometry and another on the Fourth Way enneagram. Ontologicos 01:30, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

There is some kind of confusion here because I also think the "fourth way" and "Gurdjieff" traditions are one and the same thing. The distinction was made by another editor. I tend to follow a policy of gentle revision of other people's work, so was planning to canvass the issue in discussion before (as I see it) "correcting" the article. But thanks for clarifying what you meant by "disjoint", I accept your point of course. Jeremytrewindixon 02:44, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Idries Shah & Sufism
I don't agree with the recent anonymous edit that removed the references to Shah and Sufism as "unverifiable". This seems to be a blatant POV edit. Regardless of the person's POV regarding Shah's writings the reference to Shah and Sufism is as verifiable as just about anything else on Wikipedia. Verifiablility is not the same as truth (as Wikipedia stresses). An article on the enneagram requires some reference to its alleged Sufi connection. Ontologicos! —Preceding comment was added at 01:52, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

It is not my POV that Shah is not an Islamic mystic; it cannot be ascertained that he ever even claim to be a Sufi teacher, in the traditional sense. So, if you, Ontologicos, are concerned about the logical connection of the comments, a true verifiable Sufi is needed to provide Sufi connections, because Sufis are supposedly Islamic mystics!.( It was my unwitting anonymous edit you are talking about ) Ernobe 02:56, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, I will resore the info. Thing is, I also doubt the truth of the Sufi provenance. But it is true and verifiable that the claim is often made, and in the context of belief systems (which is what we are looking at) that is important. Idries Shah was very influential and his books can be found all over, and he seemed to be a good source to example the claim. Gurdjieff's important disciple J.G. Bennet, who took an especial interest in the enneagram, also believed in the Sufi provenance of the enneagram. His chapter on the "Great Laws" in Gurdjieff: Making a New World should be used to source the article IMO, I don't have a copy to hand though. Jeremytrewindixon 02:53, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Well, Ernobe, Idries Shah certainly did claim to teach about Sufism, hence his books with titles like The Sufis and The Sufi Way; and although he avoided making direct claims about his own spiritual state under his own name he certainly held himself out as a spiritual teacher (see especially Learning How to Learn and The Commanding Self) and published books via his Octagon Press which boosted him as a Sufi teacher (see Among the Dervishes). So your comments in this regard are untenable. Whether Idries Shah was a genuine Sufi teacher I don't know. Or actually much care as I am not his student! I also don't know if his claim on the provenance of the enenagram is correct. I'm not claiming that Idries Shah is a reliable source of factual information but his books are so widely read and influential that it is the fact that he claims it that is important. OK? His comment about the octagram is of further intrinsic interest as Shah was also an expert on European magic (he was not a million miles away from the founding of Wicca, see Triumph of the Moon) eight-pointed figures appear in the grimoires....and I think I know something in that regard which I can't put on the article. For general interst I might put it on this page though. Jeremytrewindixon 03:29, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

And by the way I think there was an enneagram published in Herald of the Comming Good, 1933, and if memory serves it was reproduced in Gurdjieff:Making a New World, a minor point but I'll look for the necessary reference ....and Occams razor would suggest that Mouravieff ripped off In Search of the Miraculous and is not an independent source. And the Fourth way section should be a "histroy" section. Jeremytrewindixon 03:29, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Idries Shah is a spiritual teacher? So what? Spiritual is not the same as Sufi. So what did Shah claim to be? A popularizer of Sufism? Verifiability in Wikipedia terms means that the material is subject to editorial oversight by peers. Who are Idries Shahs' peers? The authors of 'Sufism for Dummies', perhaps? Ernobe 03:52, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Ernobe, I'm not quoting Shah to prove that the enneagram does have a Sufi provenance, I'm quoting him to show that the claim that it does is widely known. The existence of such a widespread claim is something that readers should know. The article already makes clear that there is no good evidence of it appearing anywhere before world War One. I'm adhering stricly to NPOV here. Jeremytrewindixon 04:09, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

There is a difference between widely known or widespread claim and verifiable claim. If the claim under consideration would be some aspect of the enneagram figure or its interpretation, it would be on topic and could be eventually verified. But if the widely known or widespread claim that Shah is a reputable Sufi teacher is proved to be unverifiable, as your own comments seem to suggest, then what he says about the enneagram is also suspect of unverifiability and subject to Verifiability guidelines. Ernobe 04:49, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * ???!!! No one has claimed that "Shah is a reputable Sufi teacher".  All that has been said is that he is a "populariser of Sufism" (true) and that he has made a claim (true) for the enneagram within Sufism so, frankly, you seem to be barking up the wrong tree on this matter.  Nor has anyone asserted that Shah's claim itself is true - only that the claim is *verifiable*.  A person doesn't need to be a "Sufi teacher" to make such a claim - as preferable as this might be.  All sorts of people (scholars, for instance) are entitled - and do - make claims about ideas even when they are not members of groups that propose such ideas.  Such claims may or may not be true but they are still 'verifiable' as claims.  You really don't seem to understand what verifiablity means - and nothing in the article about Shah is against Wikipedia guidelines (quite the opposite).  Ontologicos 11:03, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The article is not about Sufism, it is about the enneagram. The popularization of Sufism has nothing to do with the enneagram, unless it can be proved that Sufis use the enneagram. Ernobe 14:38, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, Ernobe, the aricle is about the enneagram. And people interested in the history of the enneagram will want to know of the existence of the widespread claim that it is of Sufi origin. Idries Shah has written many books on Sufism, and allowed the claim to be made on his behalf that he was a Naqshbandi sheikh (and has acted consistently with that claim), and was accepted as a genuine teacher by Gurdjieff's disciple and enneagram enthusiast J.G.Bennett (and by many others), and has also written at least one book on Renaisance magic. (I add the extra information, form personal experience, that his books are used as teaching material by at least one sheikh of the Mevlevi order.) Shah's books can be found in any general english-language bookshop. So the fact of his claim is in itself notable, even if bulldust.....especially since he is far from alone in making the claim. The truth or otherwise of the claim is far as I know not verified. Or disproven. Neither is the significance of the enneagram itself. Jeremytrewindixon 00:17, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Unverifiable orignal research POV "Eight-pointed enneagram" of background interest

I encountered this version of the enneagram in witchcraft circles before Shah published his remarks about the "disguised" enneagram and found it of great interest. It resembles the "sigil of saturn" which can be found in the grimoires and has other points of interest relating it to cetain Chinese symbols..... Note that the numbers in sequence make an infinity symbol and of course the inner lines follows the same sequence as the more familiar enneagram. Jeremytrewindixon 04:09, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Nokoonja
This seems relevant :

 * 23:6 · The enneagram, "nine-graph", a symbol denoting the essence of being in Cabbalistic mysticism. Through its womb-like form and the number nine it is associated with the conception and foetal development of new human beings.
 * With the circle closed this ideogram has been used as a symbol for the esoteric philosophy of Gurdieff. The sign is called Nokoonja by the Nakhsbandi Sufis from long ago.
 * Enneagram is also the name of the different structure 2720, used in Christian symbolism. Se that sign in Group 27 for more data.

I am looking for more info, but in the meantime I thought I'd post it here. --Chinawhitecotton 05:50, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

A great resource, eh. I was fascinated.....but I wish it was referenced! And its not infallible by any means; the articles on the pentacle for example are apparently unaware that it exempifies the Golden Section phi, a big part as I understand it of the symbols appeal and meaning....Jeremytrewindixon 10:43, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it would be nice if there were a reference. Google doesn't come up with any pages that don't seem to come from the symbols site/book, unfortunately, and I couldn't find any info on the enneagram as a "womb-like form"/connection to foetal development. --Chinawhitecotton 04:14, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Robert S. de Ropp and Goethe's Faust
I'll have to check but I believe it was Robert de Ropp in The Master Game who said there was a complete description of the enneagram in Faust. I have found waht I believe he meant, an apparent nonsense verse in scene 6 "The Witches Kitchen", spoken by the witch who restoresd faust's youth with her potion. I don't read German so here give two modern english translations:

The first from Tony Kline (freely reproducible for non-commercial purposes) http://www.tonykline.co.uk/PITBR/German/FaustIScenesIVtoVI.htm

You shall see, then! From one make ten! Let two go again, Make three even, You’re rich again. Take away four! From five and six, So says the Witch, Make seven and eight, So it’s full weight: And nine is one, And ten is none. This is the Witch’s one-times-one!

And, from http://www.fullbooks.com/Faust-Part-13.html

This must thou ken: Of one make ten, Pass two, and then Make square the three, So rich thou'lt be. Drop out the four! From five and six, Thus says the witch, Make seven and eight. So all is straight! And nine is one, And ten is none, This is the witch's one-time-one!

In my view, this could well be taken to refer to a circle incribed with nine points, each point referring to the stage of a process. I wouldn't call it a "complete" description of course. The rhyme trnaslations of course tend to obscure the sense a bit, if anyone can read the German or has a prose transaltion of the passage that'd be good. 203.214.63.138 07:49, 6 November 2007 (UTC) Jeremy Dixon

 * Robert S de Ropp, I put in a stray full stop. Jeremytrewindixon 07:53, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

 * OK...a cursory search tells me that these lines have been much commented on and there is theory out there in scholar-land that they refer to a version of the 3x3 magic square (which I have argued, google my 'Enneagram Notepage', is itself related to the eneagram). http://webpages.charter.net/sn9/notebooks/faust_notes.html I'm also reminded that Mephistopheles refers unambiguously to thhe law of three in the same scene. Still possible that I'll find soemthing referenceable that would relate the lines to octave mysticism, "the law of seven", or directly to the enenagram. The histroy section, btw imo, should be fleshed out with an overview of octave mysticism; which is certainly part oft he hsitory of the enneagram whatever may be the origin of the actual sign. Jeremytrewindixon 02:17, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

In German: Du mußt versteh'n, / Aus Eins mach Zehn. / Die Zwei lass geh'n. / Die Drei mach gleich,/ So bist du reich. / Verlier die Vier! / Aus Fünf und Sechs,/So sagt die Hex, / Mach Sieben und Acht, / So ist's vollbracht: / Und Neun ist Eins, / Und Zehn ist keins. / Das ist das Hexen-Einmaleins!

Jeremytrewindixon 02:31, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

An article in German wikipedia purports to explain it all. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexeneinmaleins Sadly I don't read German! Jeremytrewindixon 02:40, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Split!
All the occult stuff is now in a separate article. - ∅  ( ∅ ), 01:28, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

link
I restored the link to Fourth Way Enneagram. Most people who come to this site will either be looking for that of the personality enneagram. the matter would have been better handled with a disambiguation page. Jeremy (talk) 05:59, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Isn't this called a nonagon?
I'm a little confused here. Last I checked, a nine-sided polygon was a nonagon, not an 'enneagram'. Irbisgreif (talk) 16:12, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * However, a regular Nonagon is a nine-pointed always-convex polygon, not a self-intersecting star polygon.... AnonMoos (talk) 11:54, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I've just never seen ennea in a geometric context, and there seems to have been some confusion when the article was written, where people didn't realize that an N-gon isn't an N-gram. It really throws me off to see non-standard naming. Irbisgreif (talk) 12:05, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

NB: The Enneagram article started off about Gurdjieff and others' use of what they called the enneagram; then someone added the pseudo-maths; and finally someone decided to move the original material to another article. Hence, we're left with just the geometry, which is a repeat of the material in nonagon. :D  Esowteric + Talk  18:34, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Update: Some of the material is not in nonagram and it may be desirable to merge this.  Esowteric + Talk  13:09, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

Why not ditch the geometry material here that is already in nonagon and replace it with Fourth Way Enneagram, with a redirect here from that article? , merge material from here that is worth keeping into nonagon, and create a disambiguation page here?  Esowteric + Talk  18:55, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Merger proposal
See the above comments.

*Much of the material in this article is now duplicated in Nonagon, so how's about we merge some into nonagon and lose the rest?
 * Move in the material on Gurdjieff and the Fourth Way's use of enneagram, which was the original substance of this article, from Fourth Way Enneagram.
 * Redirect from Fourth Way Enneagram to here.
 * Add a page top link to Nonagon for the geometric object.

Just a suggestion, Esowteric.

More simply
 * Merge some content here into Nonagon.
 * Use Enneagram as a disambiguation page.  Esowteric + Talk  19:56, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

I did something similar. Enneagram now points to Nonagon, nonagon mentions that this may be what people were looking for. This and the personality page have been redone. Irbisgreif (talk) 21:47, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Mm, I'm not sure that was the best solution. If you look at google books, all of the first fifty book hits for "enneagram" are books on psychological types, counseling, esoterica or self-help books. So the average user who's entered "enneagram" as their search term is probably going to be misdirected if we send them to nonagon. Note that we also have Enneagram of personality; I think that's probably the most common use of the word. I'd be in favour of either making a disambiguation page, or having Enneagram redirect to Enneagram of personality, simply because that seems to be the most common usage.  JN 466  23:36, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, looking at google, you've got it in one. The vast majority would expect to find something about the enneagram of personality; the others (eg those who're into Gurdjieff, Ouspensky, Fourth Way or Idries Shah) might expect to come across the Fourth Way enneagram. It's really little to do with nonagon. I think the "gram" on the end is used to suggest it's a diagram depicting certain things, rather than a geometric shape.
 * Whichever way it's done, there needs to be easy disambiguation of enneagram as used by the mystic G. I. Gurdjieff and Fourth Way followers; enneagram of personality, relating to personality types (which they also often simply refer to simply as "the enneagram"), and nonagram, a nine-sided or nine-pointed geometric figure.  Esowteric + Talk  06:48, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Have tentatively changed Enneagram from a redirect to Nonagon to a disambiguation page, as a temporary stop-gap, if nothing else. I really don't think that nonagon deserves more than a disambiguation link: very, very minor usage.  Esowteric + Talk  07:06, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

18 August 2009
Irbisgreif, I notice that you've taken out all the material explaining the application of the enneagram in the Fourth Way, (see Fourth Way Enneagram edit diff). Yes, there were no citations, but I think you are wrong to dismiss beliefs held in a school of mysticism as what you choose to label "pseudoscience". If citations can be found, then this material deserves just as much right to exist here as many other beliefs that others hold, one being the belief that this is pseudoscience.  Esowteric + Talk  07:22, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

If I were to talk to you of "earth, water, air and fire", for example, you might dismiss this as pseudoscience, based on an unfamiliarity with the subject and an assumption that I believe that these are the elements which make up the world, when in actual fact I might simply find this a useful means by which symbolism might explain certain psychological processes and stages of development. And I could probably give you a reference to the works of the thinker, writer and Sufi teacher Idries Shah :)  Esowteric + Talk  09:05, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

 * My main complaint was that it was being presented as some kind of fact. If you can find citations, feel free to work the information back in, as appropriate. But I think it's best to keep it presented as "X thinks Y" or "The X group views Y as Z", rather than the tone it previously had. Irbisgreif (talk) 12:10, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Continuing discussion on User talk:Professor Fiendish
I have actually seen Enneagram being used, though I don't remember where. But I agree that in this context nonagram is more common. Perhaps the disambig should be kept and the geometrical material moved to nonagram. In fact, that's what I'm going to do now. --Professor Fiendish (talk) 12:43, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh wait a minute, I forgot that I can't move pages yet. Oh well. I'll have to ask someone else to do it then. --Professor Fiendish (talk) 12:48, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, I failed to strike through my earlier thoughts on the matter. I started off thinking the material in Enneagram was all covered in Nonagon, then only vaguely mentioned that some might not be. I just felt that a disambiguation page was better than a redirect to nonagon which would leave Fourth Way Enneagram and Enneagram of Personality out in the cold, especially when 99% of folk would be looking for those articles when searching for 'enneagram'. The link to nonogon from enneagram is a bit of a red herring, imo (but worth a disambiguation link for the 1%). Many apologies again.  Esowteric + Talk  12:53, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Have struck through earlier, superceded thoughts.  Esowteric + Talk  13:13, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Damn, just realized I didn't read you quite right. I've reverted to where we were a short while back. I'm ok with a move to Nonagram and disambiguate Enneagram as you suggest. Cheers,  Esowteric + Talk  13:19, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

 * It's my fault, really, I should have been more cautious with the mathematical information. I know better. Thanks for coming along, Professor Fiendish. Irbisgreif (talk) 14:02, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Anyone fancy making the move: it's one of the things I haven't tried yet and don't want to make a bad hair day any worse :)  Esowteric + Talk  14:08, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the rescue, Irbisgreif. I've gone back to Prof's version of Nonagon minus the stars and added a See also to Nonagram.  Esowteric + Talk  14:19, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, I propose moving Enneagram (disambiguation) to Enneagram. Professor M. Fiendish, Esq. 08:34, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Done! Professor M. Fiendish, Esq. 08:36, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

Numerical prefix "ennea"
When this article says that the word Enneagram combines the numerical prefix "ennea" and the suffix gram, should it not say that "ennea" means " nine"? Vorbee (talk) 18:16, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enneagram (geometry)


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George Bassett Clark

George Bassett Clark (February 14, 1827 – December 20, 1891) was an American instrument maker and astronomer.

Born in Lowell, Massachusetts and educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, he was the son of Alvan Clark, part of a family of refracting telescope makers in the 19th century. In 1846, George Bassett Clark joined his father and brother at the family's telescope works in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The firm, Alvan Clark & Sons, made many of the record-breaking refracting instruments, including the still-largest refracting telescope at the Yerkes Observatory, gaining "worldwide fame and distribution", wrote one author on astronomy in 1899. Clark was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1878.

title: George Bassett Clark


text:
User:Supadawg/Welcome

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! You may go forth and improve (or even add) articles on Wikipedia. You may want to consider getting a username; get one by going to here. It has many benefits.

If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes (Supadawg (talk) 22:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Supadawg (talk) 22:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Supadawg/Welcome


text:
Times Square Church

Times Square Church is an interdenominational congregation located at the Mark Hellinger Theatre on 237 West 51st Street in the Theater District of Manhattan in New York City. Times Square Church was founded by Pastor David Wilkerson in 1987 and bought the Mark Hellinger Theatre in 1991.

Church history
The Times Square Church was founded by David Wilkerson in 1987. At the time, Times Square was known as a center of X-rated films, strip clubs, prostitution, and drug addiction. Wilkerson opened the church in response to what he described as "the physically destitute and spiritually dead people" he saw among the pimps, runaways and crack dealers who populated the area. The Times Square Church briefly held its services at Town Hall on 43rd Street in Manhattan and then in the Nederlander Theatre on 41st Street.

In 1989 the church leased the former Mark Hellinger Theatre. Times Square Church purchased the building from the Nederlander Organization for an undisclosed amount in 1991. At the time, the value of the building was estimated to be between $15 million–$18 million. Upon its purchase, Pastor Donald W. Wilkerson, brother of David Wilkerson and one of the church leaders, declared that the theater would not be altered, saying "The theater is landmarked and it will remain the same." The church was described as an evangelical pentecostal church headed by three pastors: David Wilkerson, his brother, Donald Wilkerson, and Robert Phillips. The theater is still the church's current location on 51st Street.

In 2001, David Wilkerson entrusted the senior pastorate to Carter Conlon, formerly an evangelical pastor from eastern Canada and associate pastor at Times Square Church from 1994-2001. There are also visiting ministers and missionaries who come to preach from all over the world. The church places an emphasis on prayer and even has a "prayer during preaching ministry". There are also high school and young adults programs to teach the truth and love in the Word of God.

From 2007 to 2009 the church organized an event called Prayer in the Square, a prayer rally which took place in Times Square.

On May 5, 2020, Tim Dilena became Senior Pastor, the third since the church’s founding. He had a lifelong association with founding pastor David Wilkerson and has regularly preached at the church for many years.

Building

The Mark Hellinger Theatre was originally built by Warner Bros. in 1930 as a movie palace, the Warner Hollywood Theatre, which was later converted to a Broadway venue. Notable Broadway musicals that have played at the theater include My Fair Lady, Jesus Christ Superstar, and the Katharine Hepburn musical Coco.

title: Times Square Church


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Sodium benzoate

Sodium benzoate also known as benzoate of soda is the sodium salt of benzoic acid, widely used as a food preservative (with an E number of E211) and a pickling agent. It appears as a white crystalline chemical with the formula C6H5COONa.

Production
Sodium benzoate is commonly produced by the neutralization of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with benzoic acid (C6H5COOH), which is itself produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.

Reactions
Sodium benzoate can be decarboxylated with strong base and heat, yielding benzene:

Natural occurrence
Many foods are natural sources of benzoic acid, its salts, and its esters. Fruits and vegetables can be rich sources, particularly berries such as cranberry and bilberry. Other sources include seafood, such as prawns, and dairy products.

As a preservative
Sodium benzoate can act as a food preservative. It is most widely used in acidic foods such as salad dressings (for example acetic acid in vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic acid), jams and fruit juices (citric acid), pickles (acetic acid), condiments, and frozen yogurt toppings. It is also used as a preservative in medicines and cosmetics. Under these conditions it is converted into benzoic acid (E210), which is bacteriostatic and fungistatic. Benzoic acid is generally not used directly due to its poor water solubility. Concentration as a food preservative is limited by the FDA in the U.S. to 0.1% by weight. Sodium benzoate is also allowed as an animal food additive at up to 0.1%, per the Association of American Feed Control Officials. Sodium benzoate has been replaced by potassium sorbate in the majority of soft drinks in the United Kingdom.

In the 19th century, sodium benzoate as a food ingredient was investigated by Harvey W. Wiley with his 'Poison Squad' as part of the US Department of Agriculture. This led to the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, a key event in the early history of food regulation in the United States.

In pharmaceuticals
Sodium benzoate is used as a treatment for urea cycle disorders due to its ability to bind amino acids. This leads to excretion of these amino acids and a decrease in ammonia levels. Recent research shows that sodium benzoate may be beneficial as an add-on therapy (1 gram/day) in schizophrenia. Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores dropped by 21% compared to placebo.

Sodium benzoate, along with phenylbutyrate, is used to treat hyperammonemia.

Sodium benzoate, along with caffeine, is used to treat postdural puncture headache, respiratory depression associated with overdosage of narcotics, and with ergotamine to treat vascular headache.

Other uses
Sodium benzoate is also used in fireworks as a fuel in whistle mix, a powder that emits a whistling noise when compressed into a tube and ignited.

Mechanism of food preservation
The mechanism starts with the absorption of benzoic acid into the cell. If the intracellular pH falls to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase decreases sharply, which inhibits the growth and survival of microorganisms that cause food spoilage.

Health and safety

In the United States, sodium benzoate is designated as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration. The International Programme on Chemical Safety found no adverse effects in humans at doses of 647–825 mg/kg of body weight per day.

Cats have a significantly lower tolerance against benzoic acid and its salts than rats and mice.

The human body rapidly clears sodium benzoate by combining it with glycine to form hippuric acid which is then excreted. The metabolic pathway for this begins with the conversion of benzoate by butyrate-CoA ligase into an intermediate product, benzoyl-CoA, which is then metabolized by glycine N-acyltransferase into hippuric acid.

Association with benzene in soft drinks & pepper sauces
In combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C, E300), sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate may form benzene. In 2006, the Food and Drug Administration tested 100 beverages available in the United States that contained both ascorbic acid and benzoate. Four had benzene levels that were above the 5 ppb Maximum Contaminant Level set by the Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water. Most of the beverages that tested above the limit have been reformulated and subsequently tested below the safety limit. Heat, light and shelf life can increase the rate at which benzene is formed. Hot peppers naturally contain vitamin C ("nearly as much as in one orange" ) so the observation about beverages applies to pepper sauces containing sodium benzoate, like Texas Pete.

ADHD and hyperactivity
Research published, including in 2007 for the UK's Food Standards Agency (FSA) suggests that certain artificial colors, when paired with sodium benzoate, may be linked to hyperactive behavior and other ADHD symptoms. The results were inconsistent regarding sodium benzoate, so the FSA recommended further study. The Food Standards Agency concluded that the observed increases in hyperactive behavior, if real, were more likely to be linked to the artificial colors than to sodium benzoate. The report's author, Jim Stevenson from Southampton University, said: "The results suggest that consumption of certain mixtures of artificial food colours and sodium benzoate preservative are associated with increases in hyperactive behaviour in children. . . . Many other influences are at work but this at least is one a child can avoid."

Compendial status

 * British Pharmacopoeia
 * European Pharmacopoeia
 * Food Chemicals Codex
 * Japanese Pharmacopoeia
 * United States Pharmacopeia

title: Sodium benzoate