text:
User talk:Prowsej

Sam [Spade] 04:16, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Pennysaver, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in Wikipedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert notability may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is notable, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add  on the top of the page (below the existing db tag) and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. andy 15:44, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Paul David Addis
A tag has been placed on Paul David Addis requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Quanticle (talk) 16:29, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of "Driedger, Elmer A."
A page you created, Driedger, Elmer A., has been tagged for deletion, as it meets one or more of the criteria for speedy deletion; specifically, it is about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how they are important or significant, and thus why they should be included in an encyclopedia. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and the guidelines for biographies in particular.

You are welcome to contribute content which complies with our content policies and any applicable inclusion guidelines. However, please do not simply re-create the page with the same content. You may also wish to read our introduction to editing and guide to writing your first article.

Thank you. D ARTH P ANDA duel 02:01, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Driedger
Hi! I saw you redirected Driedger to Elmer Driedger. There are three other people with this surname who have articles, so I went ahead and turned it in to a disambiguation page. Hope that's OK with you, THEN WHO WAS PHONE? (talk) 02:59, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Re: Fact
You’re welcome! — SpikeToronto (talk) 22:20, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

DYK for Odyssey (tanker)
 — Rlevse • Talk  • 18:03, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Richard Peck (novelist)
This is an automated message from CorenSearchBot. I have performed a search with the contents of Richard Peck (novelist), and it appears to be very similar to another Wikipedia page: Richard Peck. It is possible that you have accidentally duplicated contents, or made an error while creating the page— you might want to look at the pages and see if that is the case. If you are intentionally trying to rename an article, please see Help:Moving a page for instructions on how to do this without copying and pasting. If you are trying to move or copy content from one article to a different one, please see Copying within Wikipedia and be sure you have acknowledged the duplication of material in an edit summary to preserve attribution history.

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Your contributed article, Richard Peck (novelist)
Hello, I notice that you recently created a new page, Richard Peck (novelist). First, thank you for your contribution; Wikipedia relies solely on the efforts of volunteers such as yourself. Unfortunately, the page you created covers a topic on which we already have a page - Richard Peck. Because of the duplication, your article has been tagged for speedy deletion. Please note that this is not a comment on you personally and we hope you will to continue helping improve Wikipedia. If the topic of the article you created is one that interests you, then perhaps you would like to help out at Richard Peck - you might like to discuss new information at the article's talk page.

If you think that the article you created should remain separate, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Additionally if you would like to have someone review articles you create before they go live so they are not nominated for deletion shortly after you post them, allow me to suggest the article creation process and using our search feature to find related information we already have in the encyclopedia. Try not to be discouraged. Wikipedia looks forward to your future contributions. -- Marcus Qwertyus (talk) 01:03, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

June 2010
Hi, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. It appears that you recently tried to give Richard Peck a different title by copying its content and pasting either the same content, or an edited version of it, into another page with a different name. This is known as a "cut and paste move", and it is undesirable because it splits the page history, which is needed for attribution and various other purposes. Instead, the software used by Wikipedia has a feature that allows pages to be moved to a new title together with their edit history.

In most cases, once your account is four days old and has ten edits, you should be able to move an article yourself using the "Move" tab at the top of the page. This both preserves the page history intact and automatically creates a redirect from the old title to the new. If you cannot perform a particular page move yourself this way (e.g. because a page already exists at the target title), please follow the instructions at requested moves to have it moved by someone else. Also, if there are any other pages that you moved by copying and pasting, even if it was a long time ago, please list them at Cut and paste move repair holding pen. Thank you. -- Marcus Qwertyus (talk) 01:03, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

July 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Ocean Odyssey, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. The reverted edit can be found here. Thank you.  Mr. R00t   Talk  23:08, 3 July 2010 (UTC)
 * My apologies. Didn't mean to do that.  Mr. R00t    Talk  23:09, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

The recent edit you made to Research 2000 constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to remove content from articles without explanation. Thank you. — Jeff G. ツ 23:51, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

July 2010
Please do not remove content from pages without explanation, as you did with this edit to Alexander Hickman. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. — Jeff G. ツ 00:57, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Prowsej! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot notifying you on behalf of the the unreferenced biographies team that 1 of the articles that you created  is currently tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 10:38, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) James Pissot -

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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A gentle survey for research purpose
Hello Prowsej,

I am Bowen Yu, a computer science PhD student at the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities. Currently, we are working on a project studying the main article and sub article relationship in a purpose of better serving the Wikipedia article structure. It would be appreciated if you could take 4-5 minutes to finish the survey questions. Thanks in advance! We will not collect any of your personally information.

Thank you for your time to participate this survey. Your response is important for us!

https://umn.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_bvm2A1lvzYfJN9H

Speedy deletion nomination of Pete Fry
Hello Prowsej,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Pete Fry for deletion, because the article doesn't clearly say why the subject is important enough to be included in an encyclopedia.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. Musa Talk ☻ 14:55, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Tommy & Lefebvre

The article Tommy & Lefebvre has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of notability, and this two-store 'chain' is not notable beyond its locality."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  PK T (alk)  11:41, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of Mike McManus (journalist) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Mike McManus (journalist) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Mike McManus (journalist) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. – Lionel(talk) 10:54, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Prowsej


text:
Paul Westerberg

Paul Harold Westerberg (born December 31, 1959) is an American musician, best known as the lead singer, guitarist, and songwriter for The Replacements. Following the breakup of The Replacements, Westerberg launched a solo career that saw him release three albums on two major record labels.

Following the release of his third solo album, Westerberg has been mostly releasing music that he has self-produced and recorded in his basement home studio. He has also released two albums and an EP under the pseudonym Grandpaboy. In 2017, Westerberg released songs on SoundCloud as User 964848511 and on Bandcamp as Dry Wood Garage.

The Replacements
In the late 1970s, Westerberg was working as a janitor for U.S. Senator David Durenberger, and one day while walking home from work, he heard a band practicing Yes's "Roundabout" in a basement. He talked his way into the band by convincing the singer that the other band members — Bob Stinson, Chris Mars and Tommy Stinson — were going to fire the singer. The singer quit, and Westerberg joined the group. The band was originally called The Impediments, and they played their first gig in the basement of a church, playing to members of a nearby halfway house who did not appreciate their drunken shenanigans. They soon changed their name to The Replacements after several venues declined to advertise the band under their original name.

The Replacements began performing in the Twin Cities punk scene, showcasing Westerberg's songs in a classic rock–friendly punk style. The band made three albums and an EP for local label Twin/Tone before signing to Sire Records in 1985. They made four albums for Sire, each with a different lineup.

Despite the jump to Sire, The Replacements never translated their critical success into commercial sales. The band broke up in 1991. Their final album, All Shook Down, was mainly a Westerberg solo project; there were a number of guest performers and the other three members of the band (including Slim Dunlap, who had replaced Bob Stinson three years earlier to tour in support of Pleased to Meet Me), made minimal contributions. Mars left the band soon after the album was released. After touring for the album (which was critically well-received) with replacement Replacements, Westerberg and bassist Tommy Stinson went their separate ways.

The Replacements reunited in 2012, playing several dates at Riot Fest in 2013 and the Coachella Music Festival in 2014. The Replacements once again disbanded in 2015.

Solo work
Westerberg's first solo releases were two songs, "Waiting for Somebody" and "Dyslexic Heart", for the soundtrack to the 1992 Cameron Crowe film Singles, for which he is also credited with composing and performing the score. The following year, Reprise Records released his first solo album, 14 Songs. Even though The Replacements had been banned for life from Saturday Night Live after a notoriously chaotic 1986 performance, Westerberg was invited back in 1993 as a solo artist while touring in support of the album. Ironically, one of his two featured songs on SNL was the Replacements tune "Can't Hardly Wait."

During the interim between solo albums, Westerberg's songs appeared on Melrose Place ("A Star Is Bored") and Friends (his cover of Jonathan Edwards' "Sunshine" and "Stain Yer Blood") television soundtracks, in 1994 and 1995 respectively.

Westerberg co-wrote the song "Backlash" with Joan Jett for her 1991 album Notorious and played guitar with her on the song's video. He also recorded a duet with Jett ("Let's Do It") for the Tank Girl soundtrack (1994).

In 1996, he released his second solo album, titled Eventually. which was tepidly received by critics and had modest sales. It yielded the alternative radio hit "Love Untold." Westerberg parted ways with Reprise Records, and the following year chose to release songs that were more blues-influenced and less slickly produced under the name Grandpaboy. An EP and single were released by indie label Soundproof/Monolyth Records. His third album, Suicaine Gratifaction, is a piano-driven, melancholy, and highly personal work that was released on Capitol Records in 1999. The label was undergoing reorganization and the album was given minimal promotion. Westerberg appeared on a fifth-season episode of The Larry Sanders Show (entitled "Larry's New Love") performing "Ain't Got Me" from Eventually. The episode first aired on February 26, 1997. Westerberg also performed the song that same year on The Tonight Show hosted by Jay Leno.

Westerberg quit the major-label circuit for three years before staging a comeback in 2002. With new management and a new independent label, Vagrant Records, he released two records simultaneously, Stereo and Mono (Mono being released under his alter ego Grandpaboy). Stereo and Mono were recorded in Westerberg's basement studio. Westerberg became increasingly prolific, releasing Dead Man Shake (as Grandpaboy), Come Feel Me Tremble, and Folker all within the next two years.

Westerberg contributed a cover of the Beatles' "Nowhere Man" for the 2002 soundtrack to the 2001 film I Am Sam. Additionally, "Lookin' Up in Heaven" appears on the Starbucks sampler Hear Music, Vol. 10: Reveal, "Outta My System" can be found on Hot Stove, Cool Music, Vol. 1, and the Vagrant Records sampler Another Year on the Streets, Vol. 3 features "As Far As I Know." All three compilations were released in 2004.

In December 2005, Westerberg reconvened with Tommy Stinson and Chris Mars to record two new songs for the Replacements' compilation titled Don't You Know Who I Think I Was?, which was released in 2006.

In 2006, Westerberg wrote eight original songs for the animated film Open Season. Two of the songs were covered by other artists. The track "Wild As I Wanna Be" is performed by Deathray, whereas Pete Yorn performs "I Belong (Reprise)." In addition, Tommy Stinson is featured playing bass on the songs "Love You in the Fall" and "Right to Arm Bears." The soundtrack also includes the song "Good Day" from Westerberg's solo album Eventually.

After he was seen on stage playing a First Act production model guitar, Westerberg collaborated with the Boston-based guitar manufacturer in September 2006 to create his signature edition PW580 with a red plaid pickguard.

On July 21, 2008, Westerberg released an album with 49 minutes' worth of music for 49 cents. The album, 49:00... Of Your Time/Life, was taken down from Amazon.com and TuneCore store a few weeks later. In its place, Westerberg released a song titled "5:05" (a reference to the fact that 49:00 was really 43:55 long, 5:05 shorter than 49:00). From the lyrical content of "5:05," it is believed that 49:00 was recalled because of copyright issues in the ending cover medley.

On August 27, 2008, Westerberg released two new songs, "3oclockreep" and "Finally Here Once", on TuneCore. On September 13, 2008, another new song, "Bored of Edukation," was released as an MP3 download on Amazon.com. On December 24, 2008, Westerberg released three songs; "Always in a Manger", the folk music standard "Streets of Laredo", and "D.G.T." on tunecore.com for $0.74. On September 22, 2009, Westerberg released an EP titled PW & The Ghost Gloves Cat Wing Joy Boys with six songs: "Ghost on the Canvas," "Drop Them Gloves," "Good as the Cat," "Love on the Wing", "Gimmie Little Joy" and "Dangerous Boys".

Following the March 2010 death of his chief musical influence Alex Chilton, Westerberg wrote a eulogy for Chilton that appeared in The New York Times. In May 2010, he played "Dangerous Boys" and "Time Flies Tomorrow" standing on the visitors' dugout at Target Field for the documentary 40 Nights of Rock & Roll. Westerberg appeared in the video for the title track of Glen Campbell's 2011 farewell studio recording, a cover of "Ghost on the Canvas" (which Westerberg wrote in 2009). In the May 24, 2013 online version of The New York Times ' Measure for Measure feature, he set forth his songwriting creed, which privileges the virtues of inspiration and spontaneity over gradually developing and revising a song.

In 2014, a new Westerberg song,“How I Met Your Mother”, was played over the end credits of the series finale of the television show How I Met Your Mother (season 9). The song was later available through most major streaming services.

In late 2015, Westerberg announced that he had formed a new band called The I Don't Cares with musician Juliana Hatfield. Their debut album, Wild Stab, was released in January 2016.

Personal life
Westerberg was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Mary Louise (née Philipp) and Harold ("Hal") Robert Westerberg (1918–2003), an employee of Cadillac-General Motors. He has four siblings: Anne, Julie, Phil, and Mary. He grew up Catholic.

He married his first wife, Lori Bizer, in 1987. After their divorce, he married former Zuzu's Petals guitarist and author Laurie Lindeen on August 26, 2003. They divorced in 2014. Lindeen, who was described by First Avenue as "a dominant force in the '80s and '90s female rock movement in Minneapolis," died in 2024.

He and Lindeen have a son, Johnny (born 1998), whose voice is likely on 49:00 and "Whatever Makes You Happy" from Westerberg's solo album Suicaine Gratifaction.

Westerberg severely injured his fretting hand in 2006 in an accident while trying to remove candle wax with a screwdriver, leaving his ring finger on his left hand numb.

Westerberg resides in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis.

His younger sister, Mary Lucia, was a DJ at local radio station 89.3 The Current for many years.

Westerberg has had problems with alcoholism but overcame his addiction in 1990. He has since resumed drinking occasionally in moderation.

Honors and awards
Westerberg has been honored with two stars on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. Westerberg and the Replacements each have a star on the mural, making Westerberg one of the few musicians to be honored with multiple stars. Receiving a star "might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis," according to journalist Steve Marsh.

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Westerberg at number 196 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.

Studio albums

 * 14 Songs (Sire/Reprise Records, 1993)
 * Eventually (Reprise Records, 1996)
 * Suicaine Gratifaction (EMI/Capitol, 1999)
 * Stereo (Vagrant Records, 2002)
 * Come Feel Me Tremble (Vagrant Records, 2003)
 * Folker (Vagrant Records, 2004)
 * Wild Stab with Julianna Hatfield as the I Don't Cares (Dry Wood Music, 2016)

Studio albums as Grandpaboy

 * Grandpaboy: Grandpaboy EP (Soundproof/Monolyth, 1997)
 * Grandpaboy: Mono (Vagrant Records 2002)
 * Grandpaboy: Dead Man Shake (Fat Possum, 2003)

Digital Only

 * AOL Sessions EP (AOL, 2004)
 * 49:00... Of Your Time/Life album (Self-released, 2008)
 * "5:05" song (Self-released, 2008)
 * 3oclockreep EP (Self-released, 2008)
 * "Bored of Edukation" song (Self-released, 2008)
 * D.G.T. EP (Self-released, 2008
 * Grandpaboy's Last Stand EP as Mr. F (Self-released, 2010)
 * "My Road Now" song (Self-released, 2012)
 * four songs on Bandcamp as Dry Wood Garage (Self-released, 2017)
 * eight songs on SoundCloud as User 964848511 (Self-released, 2017)

EPs (Physical Media)

 * PW & the Ghost Gloves Cat Wing Joy Boys EP (Dry Wood Music, 2009)

DVD

 * Come Feel Me Tremble – Redline Entertainment/Ventura Distribution (2003)

Soundtracks and compilations

 * Singles: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) – "Dyslexic Heart" and "Waiting for Somebody" (Westerberg also scored the soundtrack)
 * Melrose Place soundtrack (1995) – "A Star Is Bored"
 * Friends Soundtrack (1995) – "Sunshine" and "Stain Yer Blood"
 * Tank Girl soundtrack (1995) – "Let's Do It" with Joan Jett
 * I Am Sam soundtrack (2002) – "Nowhere Man" (The Beatles cover)
 * Uncut Magazine Hard Rain Vol. 2 - A Tribute to Bob Dylan (2002) - "Positively 4th Street" (Bob Dylan cover)
 * triplearadio.com Sampler 5 (2003) – "My Daydream"
 * Hear Music, Vol. 10: Reveal (Starbucks sampler, 2004) – "Lookin' Up in Heaven"
 * Hot Stove, Cool Music, Vol. 1 (2004) – "Outta My System"
 * Another Year on the Streets, Vol. 3 (Vagrant Records sampler, 2004) – "As Far as I Know"
 * The Wired CD: Rip. Sample. Mash. Share. (2004) – "Looking Up in Heaven"
 * Besterberg: The Best of Paul Westerberg (Rhino, 2005)
 * The Resterberg (Warner Bros., 2005)
 * Uncut Magazine Highway 61 Revisited Revisited (2005) - "It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" (Bob Dylan cover)
 * Open Season: Featuring the songs of Paul Westerberg (Lost Highway Records, 2006)
 * For New Orleans (2006) – "Old Money" (under the alias PW & the Honky Heartattax)
 * Catch and Release (2007) – "Let the Bad Times Roll"
 * How I Met Your Mother (2014) – "How I Met Your Mother"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Paul Westerberg


text:
Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy

The Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy (also known as Peg DIG or the Pegasus Dwarf) is a dwarf irregular galaxy in the direction of the constellation Pegasus. It was discovered by A. G. Wilson in the 1950s. The Pegasus Dwarf is a companion of the Andromeda Galaxy in the Local Group.

General information
In 1975 Tully & Fisher determined that it was part of the Local Group. The metallicity and the related distance estimate has been subject to discussions in the scientific literature, with varying results; however, recently, by use of the tip of the red-giant branch, a distance within 10% error was achieved in 2000 and then improved to 3% in 2005.

In popular culture
The science fiction television series Stargate Atlantis takes place in the "Pegasus galaxy" and has shown images of an irregular galaxy. However, the franchise has not explicitly stated if it is the Irregular, Spheroidal, or an entirely fictional location, but since the series claimed the Pegasus galaxy to be 3 million light years away, it is likely the irregular one.

title: Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy


text:
Category:Oceanic ridges

This category is for articles related to Oceanic ridges.

title: Category:Oceanic ridges


text: Category:Phish

title: Category:Phish


text:
Talk:Burial

Burial at crossroads as described here is wrong. It was a British thing for suicide victims and crossroads were not seen as resembling a cross but rather as pretty much the worst place to be buried.

Six feet under
Can someone add something about the Western custom of burying corpses six feet deep? Does this signify anything and is it common in other cultures? thankx.
 * There is no such custom. SpinningSpark 11:23, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

Further editing needed
Just finished adding a ton of new info to this page. Some things still needing work: --Benc 04:31, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * sectstubs on Burial of Animals.
 * I used way too many nested lists. Got rid of most of them... are the remaining ones still too clunky?
 * I'm sure I've missed some alternatives to burial. Can't think of any more offhand; I'm sure others can think of some. :-)

Urban legend? Scratch marks moved here from article
"Scratch marks have been found on the inside of coffins, attesting to the fact that unintentional live burials do occasionally occur in cases where the body has not been embalmed."

I seem to remember that these scratchmarks are an urban ledgend and are in fact proven to be caused by something else. While I don't doubt that unintentional alive burrial has happened I am not sure what to do about this, especially considering that I forgot where I read/heared about the scratchmarks being an urban ledgend. Anyone got a source for this? --Jpkoester1 June 29, 2005 01:33 (UTC)

The main image
I'm a little confused about the first image. Just think of it - a burial with fictional ceremony of a fictional character. I think this image should not greet the reader in an article on real world subject. But I should admit I have no replacement picture to offer.–Gnomz007(?) 08:23, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

"Walt Disney was cremated and the ashes buried in a secret location — Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery — one of many cemeteries that cater to the needs of famous dead people. " - LOL!!!!!! "Needs of famous dead people". ROFL!!

 * I'm somewhat suspicious that an employee of Forest Lawn wrote that section. There are a lot of people who think that their "catering to the needs of famous dead people" is really just trying to make a buck at the gift shop. -- Charlene 04:55, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Burial in the Bahá'í Faith
With the help of Jeff3000 (thanks Jeff!) I made a draft on this subject:

 * Bahá'í burial law prescribes both the location of burial and burial practices and precludes cremation of the dead. It is forbidden to carry the body for more than one hour's journey from the place of death. Before interment the body should be wrapped in a shroud of silk or cotton, and a ring should be placed on its finger bearing the inscription "I came forth from God, and return unto Him, detached from all save Him, holding fast to His Name, the Merciful, the Compassionate". The coffin should be of crystal, stone or hard fine wood. Also, before interment, a specific Prayer for the Dead is ordained.  The formal prayer and the ring are meant to be used for those who have reached fifeteen years of age.

We are not sure where to put this in the Burial article, as there is only one sentence on Islam. We could break up this section, and put some parts in the "Where to bury" section, and some in "Prevention of decay". Wiki-uk 12:13, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * As there has been no reply until now, I have added the whole paragraph under 'Burial Practices'. Wiki-uk 12:18, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

A whole wack of POV and fallacy
I've just reworked the "mass burial" section. I saw no reliable sources for the assertion that mass burial is an improper form of burial, disrespectful, or dehumanizing (to remains???). It was also inaccurate in that it implied that families could always get genetic testing for bodies now buried in mass graves and give their loved ones "proper" burials. Putting aside the idea that somehow a mass grave is "improper" (which appears to me to be biased - not all cultures are against mass burial), it also ignores the fact that DNA testing is not always successful (if remains are burned, for instance). It also ignores the fact that most mass burials are in countries where DNA testing is prohibitively expensive or simply not available. The section also didn't discuss the most common reasons for mass burial - natural disasters, epidemics, terrorism, and accidents - or mass burials in potter's fields.

One thing I did remove was the unsubstantiated assertion that those conducting genocide use mass burial as a way to dehumanize and objectify their victims. No matter how logical this opinion is, it's still an unattributed opinion. I'd also point out that murdering people is what really dehumanizes and objectifies them; you can't dehumanize remains anyway, and dead bodies are by definition objects. I just can't shake the suspicion that whoever edited this is an employee of the funeral home business who wants to make inexpensive burials seem "disrespectful", "demeaning", and "improper". -- Charlene 03:31, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

I also ended up editing "anonymous graves". The idea that somehow marking a grave is more respectful than not marking it is unattributed opinion and (I suspect) somewhat biased towards Western, Judeo-Christian-Islamic practise and Anglo-American culture. It also sounded like a very long ad for the tombstone business. Were attribution given, the entire section would still have to be reworded to say something like, "Pope Paul VI, in his encyclical De Mortis, stated that anonymous burial was disrespectful to the deceased because....". (Of course I made that encyclical up.) Anonymous burial is not obviously disrespectful to anyone, so attribution is absolutely necessary. -- Charlene 04:52, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * See WP:The Holocaust in Poland. Respectfully,   Tiyang (talk) 12:17, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

14th C. burial practices
I need to know how they buried people in the 14th century —Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.113.31.209 (talk • contribs)

Exhume vs. disinter
As I understand the terms in English: a grave is exhumed; buried remains are disinterred. Correct? -- Thanks, Deborahjay (talk) 13:55, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposed move.
Since this article is almost entirely about human burial, I propose to move it to Human burial and make "Burial" a disambig. bd2412 T 20:33, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

URGENT: Vandalized
"Objects are sometimes buried in order to hide them against removal or tampering. For cables and pipelines, burial provides protection."

This sentence makes NO SENSE (and is in any event false) and has no place in paragraph 2 of an article on burial. Assume it represents vandalism. Not sure what words cables and pipelines overwrote.

For what it's worth, this article is much too short.

Dstlascaux (talk) 03:13, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Burial practices of African-American slaves
This is unsourced, does not identify when or where these practices were supposed to be common. Slavery existed for centuries in the US, and enslaved Africans or African Americans in different regions had different practices at different times. Because this refers to positioning the body in relation to a belief associated with Christianity (Gabriel's trumpet), it may have been intended to reflect 19th c. antebellum practice in some areas, but seems too vague to be useful without more sourcing.--Parkwells (talk) 22:50, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Also, the following
 * "Slaves were buried east to west, with the head facing east and their feet to the west. This positioning represented the ability to rise without having to turn around at the call of Gabriel’s trumpet. Gabriel’s trumpet would be blown in the eastern sunrise."

If you sit up from that position, you're facing west. So - does Gabriel really come from the west, or did they bury their dead in the opposite direction? Orthografer (talk) 14:53, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

does we became oil?
does our body became oil?

new editing
Just want to introduce myself - I write an ongoing online book on natural burial, visible at http://www.beatree.com

I've been trying to get my head around the self-serving edits under the natural burial topic for the last year or two and finally just have to jump in. I'll be visiting this page a lot, as well as the 'natural burial' one. I can't fix everything at once - it's pretty awful, actually. I'll do most of my talk under 'natural burial' - suffice it to say that a small handful of people have taken on the wikipedia work a couple of years ago and distorted it for their own political and commercial purposes, in my opinion.

I'll attempt to be as equitable as possible, but as an informed source I have opinions about what constitutes history, too -- more on the other talk pages at 'natural burial'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cabeal (talk • contribs) 14:53, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Picture of pet burial
Hey, I'm a reader, not a writer, but it seems that the picture of the dead family dog, covered in flower petals and lime at the bottom of it's grave is not wholly necessary. I don't know how many find this a worthwhile contribution to the article, but I don't feel it adds anything. Just voicing my opinion. 208.3.72.157 (talk) 18:32, 27 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. It doesn't add much, it touches on vanity, and to be quite honest it's a really shoddy photo (complete with time and date stamp in the corner). I've removed it. Kafziel Complaint Department 22:08, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Paupers' graves
I was surprised that there was no article that I could find on paupers' graves, and no mention of the practice in this article. (I was going to change the link in the Boot Hill article which currently reads '... known more formally as paupers' graves' to link to paupers' graves. But there's nowhere to link to.) Does anyone know enough about them to add to this article or start a separate one? Cheers, Squiddy | (squirt ink?)  13:40, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Illegal exhumation
While the section on exhumation says it is taboo, and goes on to list many legitimate and quasi-legitimate reasons to dig up a grave, no mention is given to motivations for digging up a grave that are rarely considered acceptable. Grave-robbing for wealth buried with the dead or for procuring cadavers for medical demonstration or experimentation, for example.94.193.52.157 (talk) 00:08, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

Promessa Organic AB
I'm removing the reference to this company and their freeze-drying method of corpse disposal as it seems suspiciously like commercial promotion. And as fas as I can find human remains have never been processed by this system, so it is hardly of sufficient significance to be included in an article on burial. Sergeirichard (talk) 18:30, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

General Edits
1.The headings for the different types of natural burials are drastically different than the rest. We recommend uniformity in the titles to help tie the article together. 2.Is there a way to expand upon the reef burial section? It’s a very interesting topic but only a sentence or two long. 3.Adding to the Reinterment section to explain about the reburial of a corpse would be useful. Kraftal2 (talk) 17:28, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Re-writing 'cultural aspects of exhumation': UK
I have been working on the article Burial Act 1857. Please could I make a suggestion for the section 'cultural aspects of exhumation'? The article currently reads,

In England and Wales once the top of a coffin has been lowered below ground level in a burial if it raised again, say for example the grave sides are protruding and need further work, this is considered an exhumation and the Home Office are required to be notified and a full investigation undertaken. Therefore, grave diggers in England and Wales are particularly careful to ensure that grave sites are dug with plenty of room for the coffin to pass.[

May I suggest that it may be improved by stating, 'The Burial Act 1857, and the Coroners And Justice Act 2009 are the principle legislation governing exhumation in England and Wales. The Burial Act 1857 requires an application to the Secretary of State to grant a licence for any exhumation, except in burial grounds consecrated by the rites of the Church of England, in which the Church authorities are responsible for giving permission. The Coroners And Justice Act 2009 allow a coroner to order an exhumation for a post-mortem examination, or for criminal investigations and proceedings.'

See Burial Act 1857 for more details.

Please let me know your thoughts. WPCW (talk) 14:52, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

Muslims community funeral
When a person died in our village there funeral did on the same day….some of people goes to cemetery to make a pit or trench like place by excavating them to buried the remains of the dead(deceased)  or otherwise interred .they use some equipment   just like shovel, trowels , fork to dig the place. Some the elder people of relative set there in called ‘HUJRA’ where the peoples come for to set with them and give him pray called ‘DUA’ to the dead ; gives courage and patience to the close relative ; also pray for families happiness and avoid them from all such sorrows further. The loved once give bath to the dead and wear them a white clothes called ‘KAFAN’ which just 4 or 5 piece of clothes to cover up the dead. Moreover a person gives a information over the speakers in masjid to inform the people around ; the information like who died and what family he belong and when the prayer did called ‘JANAZA’. so at the given time the people gather at a wide place standing in a row wise closely and make a prayer to the dead, the dead place in front of imam who the lead the prayers. Completing the prayers the dead took them to the cemetery and buried him and cover them with a soil and make a small tomb over it. Then imam give some information to the people about death in Islamic point of views, tilling the truth of this world and life after death. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shakirkhanpk (talk • contribs) 07:46, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

Ancient burial beneath homes
Perhaps a new section under Location could be added to cover the ancient practice of burying family members beneath homes.

- In Çatalhöyük in southern Turkey, one of the world's most ancient settlements. See https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289525849_Living_above_the_Dead_Intramural_Burial_practices_at_Catalhoyuk/figures?lo=1

- In Kahun in ancient Egypt, infants skeletons excavated, two to three to a box, buried beneath the floors of many of the houses.

- Mesopotomatia (if I recall, Ur)

- Ancient Asian migrants in Alaska (above this child's body was a hearth, which I believe was in the home https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/01/alaska-dna-ancient-beringia-genome/

Thoughts? Bob Enyart, Denver KGOV radio host (talk) 13:58, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

"Right of sepulchre" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Right of sepulchre. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 July 26 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 13:57, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

Reasons for burial
Might burial have originated simply as a means of eliminating the sight of a decaying corpse? (Smell was mentioned, albeit last, in the original article.) Is it possible that our repulsion regarding corpses is biological (we're programmed to find corpses repulsive), thus there is -at the root- a very practical reason for burial? I am not suggesting that respect for the dead and associated burial rituals are absent from early burial history, but I cannot help but wonder what came first and what motivated it. I would also think that, repulsion notwithstanding, a corpse could attract the types of carnivores that early humans (or other homo species) would have preferred to avoid for reasons associated with avoiding getting attacked themselves (versus the disrespect factor). Perhaps ritual and respect for the dead originated from a very practical practice. 71.166.182.254 (talk) 13:32, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Burial


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/New articles

The following articles have been identified by InceptionBot as potentially being within the scope of the project, based on the military ruleset. It is likely that many of them are false positives; please examine the log if you have any questions.


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John Preskill

John Phillip Preskill (born January 19, 1953) is an American theoretical physicist and the Richard P. Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology, where he is also the director of the Institute for Quantum Information and Matter.

Preskill is a leading scientist in the field of quantum information science and quantum computation, and he is known for coining the term "quantum supremacy" and that of "noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ)" devices.

Biography
Preskill was born on January 19, 1953, in Highland Park, Illinois. He attended Highland Park High School, from where he graduated as class valedictorian in 1971. Preskill graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University with an A.B. in physics in 1975, completing his senior thesis, titled "Broken symmetry of the Pseudoscalar Yukawa theory", under the supervision of Arthur S. Wightman. Preskill received his Ph.D. in the same subject from Harvard University in 1980. His graduate adviser at Harvard was Steven Weinberg.

While still a graduate student, Preskill made a name for himself by publishing a paper on the cosmological production of superheavy magnetic monopoles in Grand Unified Theories. Since we do not observe any magnetic monopoles, this work pointed out serious flaws in the then current cosmological models, a problem which was later addressed by Alan Guth and others by proposing the idea of cosmic inflation.

After three years as a junior fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows, Preskill became associate professor of theoretical physics at Caltech in 1983, rising to full professorship in 1990. Since 2000 he has been the director of the Institute for Quantum Information at Caltech. In recent years most of his work has been in mathematical issues related to quantum computation and quantum information theory. He is known for coining the term "Quantum Supremacy" in a 2012 paper.

Preskill has achieved some notoriety in the popular press as party to a number of bets involving fellow theoretical physicists Stephen Hawking and Kip Thorne. Hawking conceded the Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet in 2004 and gave Preskill a copy of Total Baseball, The Ultimate Baseball Encyclopedia.

Preskill was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1991 and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2014.

title: John Preskill


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Maji Maji Rebellion

The Maji Maji Rebellion (Maji-Maji-Aufstand, Vita vya Maji Maji), was an armed rebellion of Africans against German colonial rule in German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania). The war was triggered by German colonial policies designed to force the indigenous population to grow cotton for export. The war lasted from 1905 to 1907, during which 75,000 to 300,000 died, overwhelmingly from famine. The end of the war was followed by a period of famine, known as the Great Hunger (ukame), caused in large part by the scorched-earth policies used by governor von Götzen to suppress the rebellion. These tactics have been described by scholars as genocidal.

Causes
After the Scramble for Africa among the major European powers in the 1880s, Germany reinforced its hold on several formal African colonies. These were German East Africa (Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and part of Mozambique), German Southwest Africa (present-day Namibia), Cameroon, and Togoland (today split between Ghana and Togo).

The Germans had a relatively weak hold on German East Africa. However, they maintained a system of forts throughout the interior of the territory and were able to exert some control over it. Since their hold on the colony was weak, they resorted to using violently repressive tactics to control the population.

Germany levied head taxes in 1898 and relied heavily on forced labour to build roads and accomplish various other tasks. In 1902, governor of German East Africa, Gustav Adolf von Götzen ordered villages to grow cotton as a cash crop for export. Each village was charged with producing a quota of cotton. The headmen of the village were put in charge of overseeing the production, which set them against the rest of the population. The German government also introduced laws to protect forests and wildlife. While these measures may have been desirable in theory, they led to great hardship for the African population, not least because of an increase in wild pigs, which did enormous damage to food crops.

The German policies were very unpopular, as they had serious effects on the lives of local peoples. The social fabric of society was rapidly changing: as the roles of men and women were being changed, they had to adapt for the communities. Since men were forced away from their homes to work, women had to take on some of the traditional male roles. Also, the men's absence strained the resources of the village, and the people's ability to deal with their environment and remain self-sufficient. In 1905, a drought threatened the region. All that, as well as opposition to the government's agricultural and labour policies, led to open rebellion against the Germans in July.

In the aftermath of the rebellion, Governor von Götzen initiated an inquiry into the causes of the rebellion. Sunseri has summarised the results of the inquiry as follows:"Ultimately members of the commission disagreed on the nature of the uprising, dividing between those who saw it as an irrational movement spawned by sorcerers and headmen making use of maji water medicine, disgruntled because they had been steadily losing influence since the advent of colonial rule, and those who dismissed the role of spirit mediums and emphasized the burdens created by German administration. The governor's circle cultivated the image of an atavistic, superstitious movement rooted in traditional beliefs so as to insulate their policies from close scrutiny."In 1909 Götzen published a history of the rebellion. John Iliffe has said of this work that it is "remarkable for containing no reference whatever to the cotton scheme which the author had initiated," and he calls it "an account of atavistic conspiracy."

Uprising
The insurgents turned to magic to drive out the German colonizers and used it as a unifying force in the rebellion. A spirit medium named Kinjikitile Ngwale, who practiced folk Islam that incorporated animist beliefs, claimed to be possessed by a snake spirit called Hongo. Ngwale began calling himself Bokero and developed a belief that the people of East Africa had been called upon to eliminate the Germans. German anthropologists recorded that he gave his followers war medicine that would turn German bullets into water. This "war medicine" was in fact water (maji in Kiswahili) mixed with castor oil and millet seeds. Empowered with this new liquid, Bokero's followers began what would become known as the Maji Maji Rebellion.

The followers of Bokero's movement were poorly armed with spears and arrows, sometimes poisoned. However, they were numerous and believed that they could not be harmed because the Germans' bullets would turn to water. They marched from their villages wearing millet stalks around their foreheads. Initially, they attacked small outposts and damaged cotton plants. On 31 July 1905, Matumbi tribesmen marched on Samanga and destroyed the cotton crop as well as a trading post. Kinjikitile was arrested and hanged for treason. Before his execution, he declared that he had spread the medicine of the rebellion throughout the region. On 14 August 1905, Ngindo tribesmen attacked a small party of missionaries on a safari; all five, including Bishop Spiss (the Roman Catholic Bishop of Dar es Salaam) were speared to death.

Soon the Yao tribes started participating and throughout August the rebels moved from the Matumbi Hills in the southern part of what is now Tanzania and attacked German garrisons throughout the colony. The attack on Ifakara, on 16 August, destroyed the small German garrison and opened the way to the key fortification at Mahenge. Though the southern garrison was quite small (there were but 458 European and 588 native soldiers in the entire area), their fortifications and modern weapons gave them an advantage. At Mahenge, several thousand Maji Maji warriors (led by another spirit medium; not Bokero) marched on the German cantonment, which was defended by Lieutenant Theodor von Hassel with sixty native soldiers, a few hundred loyal tribesmen, and two machine guns. The two attacking tribes disagreed on when to attack and were unable to co-ordinate. The first attack was met with gunfire from 1000 meters; the tribesmen stood firm for about fifteen minutes, then broke and retreated. After the first attack, a second column of 1,200 men advanced from the east. Some of these attackers were able to get within three paces of the firing line before they were killed.

While this was the apex of the uprising, the Ngoni people decided to join in the revolt with a force of 5,000. The Gwangara Ngoni were relatively recent arrivals in the region, descendants of a remnant of the Ndwandwe confederation defeated by the Zulus in 1818 (other Ngoni states were formed in Malawi, Zambia, and north-central Tanzania). German troops, armed with machine guns, departed from Mahenge to the Ngoni camp, which they attacked on 21 October. The Ngoni soldiers retreated, throwing away their bottles of war medicine and crying, "The maji is a lie!" Upon the outbreak of the fighting, Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen, governor of German East Africa, had requested reinforcements from the German government. Kaiser Wilhelm immediately ordered two cruisers with their Marine complements to the troubled colony. Reinforcements also arrived from as far away as New Guinea. When 1,000 regular soldiers from Germany arrived in October, Götzen felt he could go on the offensive and restore order in the south. Three columns moved into the rebellious South. They destroyed villages, crops, and other food sources used by the rebels. They made effective use of their firepower to break up rebel attacks. A successful ambush of a German column crossing the Rufiji River by the Bena kept the rebellion alive in the southwest, but the Germans were not denied for long. By April 1906, the southwest had been pacified. However, elsewhere the fighting was bitter. A column under Lieutenant Gustav von Blumenthal (1879–1913, buried at Lindi) consisting of himself, one other European and 46 Askaris fell under continuous attack as it marched in early May 1906, from Songea to Mahenge. The Germans decided to concentrate at Kitanda, where Major Kurt Johannes, Lieutenants von Blumenthal and Friedrich Wilhelm von Lindeiner-Wildau eventually gathered. Von Blumenthal was then sent along the Luwegu River, partly by boat. The southeast campaign degenerated into a guerrilla war that brought with it a devastating famine.

The German scorched earth policy deliberately caused famine among the population. Von Götzen was willing to pardon the common soldiers who gave up their weapons, leaders and traditional healers. However, he also needed to flush out the remaining rebels and so chose famine. In 1905, one of the leaders of German troops in the colony, Captain Wangenheim, wrote to von Götzen, "Only hunger and want can bring about a final submission. Military actions alone will remain more or less a drop in the ocean." Germany's tactics have been described as genocidal by scholars such as A. Dirk Moses and Klaus Bachmann.

Not until August 1907 were the last embers of rebellion extinguished. In its wake, the rebellion had left 15 Germans, 73 askaris, 316 ruga ruga, and tens or even hundreds of thousands of insurgents and local civilians dead.

Aftermath and interpretation
The Abushiri revolt of 1888–1889 and the Wahehe Rebellion of 1891–1898 are viewed by historians as precursors of the Maji Maji uprising. The suppression of the Maji Maji people changed the history of southern Tanzania. Tens, perhaps hundreds, of thousands of people died or were displaced from their homes. In the wake of the war, the imperial government instituted administrative reforms under the governorship of Albrecht von Rechenberg. The rebellion became a focal point in the history of the region. Journalist John Gunther noted in 1953 that "even today the Southern Province of Tanganyika, the 'Cinderella Province,' has not fully recovered from the German terror half a century ago. The economy of the region has never been successfully rebuilt." Later Tanzanian nationalists used it as an example of the first stirrings of Tanzanian nationalism, a unifying experience that brought together all the different peoples of Tanzania under one leader, in an attempt to establish a nation free from foreign domination.

Later historians have challenged that view and claimed that the rebellion cannot be seen as a unified movement but rather a series of revolts conducted for a wide range of reasons, including religion. The Ngoni chiefs were offered Christian baptism before execution. Many people in the area itself saw the revolt as one part of a longer series of wars continuing since long before the arrival of Germans in the region. They cite the alliance of some groups with the Germans to further their own agendas.

The role of Islam in the rebellion is a matter for debate. In a recent review of the evidence, Jörg Haustein concludes that the contention that Islam was a factor "is not warranted by historical sources and established scholarship about the Maji Maji War."

John Iliffe interprets the rebellion as a "mass movement [which] originated in peasant grievances, was then sanctified and extended by prophetic religion, and finally crumbled as crisis compelled reliance on fundamental loyalties to kin and tribe". Patrick Redmond describes the rebellion as "Tanzania's most spectacular manifestation of the rejection of colonial rule" but which had only a "slight chance of success".

title: Maji Maji Rebellion


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Herzog (video game)

Herzog (ヘルツォーク) is a strategy video game released by Technosoft in Japan for the MSX and NEC PC-88 computers in 1988. It was a real-time tactics and tactical shooter game with real-time strategy elements. The game served as the prototype for its sequel Herzog Zwei, which was released in 1989 for the Sega Mega Drive and is often considered the first true real-time strategy game.

Overview
The game is centered around a fictional war between the countries of Mercies (Blue side in game) and Ruth (Red side in game). In the single player mode of the game, the player takes control of the Mercies army, whose goal is to reach and capture the headquarters of the Ruth army.

Gameplay takes place among nine battlegrounds, beginning at the capital of Mercies, Vaxan. Each victory for the player brings the player's army to the next battleground and closer to Remerje, the capital of Ruth. The game ends when either the player is defeated at Vaxan, or the computer controlled army is defeated at Remerje. The game will also end if the player loses the last Land-Armor in stock (see Units below). If the player loses at a battleground other than Vaxan, the player will move backwards and complete the previous stage again.

Plot
Ten years prior to the game's events, President Hughes, head of the Republic of Mercies, is assassinated. The Ruth Liberian Army, a terrorist organisation led by Roger Tense, takes responsibility for the act. The previously friendly relations between Mercies and Ruth deteriorate and war breaks out. Major powers intervene in the conflict on both sides, and the war spreads to engulf the world. A decade later, Ruth's army is at the gates of Vaxan, capital of Mercies, and the war begins to draw to a close.

If the player is successful and captures Remerje, capital of Ruth, the war ends and the two countries sign a peace treaty five years later.

Gameplay mechanics
Each battleground is a linear path in which the player's base is located on one side and the enemy base is located on the other side. Each side has a Land-Armor that can fly in the air or travel on the ground, pick up and drop other friendly units, and attack units (including friendly ones). Each side must use their funding, which is automatically replenished at a rate of ten money units every half-second approximately, to build various units that will travel the length of the battlefield while doing battle with opposing units. If a unit successfully manages to reach the opposing end of the battlefield, the unit will cause a certain amount of damage to the enemy base. The battle is over when a side manages to damage the opposing base enough to destroy it.

The visual aspect of the gameplay is represented by a vertically aligned graphical area where units are controlled in real-time, and a small horizontal radar at the top of the screen where units are represented by colored dots which scroll across the screen according to their position. At the bottom of the screen, each side has gauges the show the percentage of damage taken by their respective Land-Armors and Bases. When either reaches 100 percent damage, they will be destroyed.

The gameplay in two-player mode is essentially the same as in the single player game. The graphical area is split into two sides for each player, with player one being blue and player two being red. The only major difference is that the first battle takes place at the location in the middle of the two capitals and will progress forward or backward depending on who wins, until one capital is defeated.

Units
During combat, the deployable units available are as follows:

Land-Armor - The Land-Armor is the most important unit in the game. Only one Land-Armor at a time can be active on the battleground and is directly controlled by the player (the other units move independently). The Land-Armor can travel on the ground or hover in the air and attack enemy ground and air units. The Land-Armor can also pick up other units and drop them a different locations. The Land-Armor's health is displayed on screen and will be replaced by another Land-Armor when destroyed. The computer controlled army has an infinite number of Land-Armors, but the player does not and must buy extras if needed. The destruction of the player's last Land-Armor results in an automatic game over.

Soldier - Soldiers are fairly slow moving ground units that fire single shots at other ground enemies. Soldiers are weak and can only take one hit before being destroyed, but they are very cheap to create and when a Land-Armor picks one up, it can repair the Land-Armor at a rate of 1 percentage point per second (this is the only way to repair the Land-Armor). The Land-Armor can carry five Soldiers at a time.

Tank - Tanks are the main attack unit of an army. They are fairly expensive to make and slow moving, but they can take a lot of hits before being destroyed, and do a lot of damage to bases. A Tank's rate of fire is about the same as a Soldier. The Land-Armor can carry one Tank at a time.

AAM (Anti Aircraft Missile)-Carrier - AAM-Carriers are medium speed moving units that are not equipped to attack ground units. Instead, they are armed with a finite number of homing missiles that can seek and attack the enemy Land-Armor on the ground and in the air. They are the only other unit that can attack the Land-Armor in the air besides another Land-Armor. The Land-Armor can carry one AAM-Carrier at a time, and upon pressing the fire button, the Land-Armor can unleash the entire payload of homing missiles the AAM-Carrier is holding.

Side Car - Side Cars are lightweight, inexpensive, motorcycle units that are fast and can reach the enemy base quickly. They also have a higher rate of fire than other units and can do damage a little faster. Their downside is that they have a low tolerance for damage. The Land-Armor can carry one Side Car at a time.

Antitank-Gun - Antitank-Guns are ground turrets that must first be placed by the Land-Armor, then they attack enemies from that position. Although they are expensive and unable to move without assistance, they are very durable and have a high rate of fire, making them ideal to take out tanks as the name suggests, or to defend bases. The Land-Armor can carry one Antitank-Gun at a time.

Grand-Slam - Being the most expensive unit next to the Land-Armor, the Grand-Slam missile is very powerful. It travels across the battleground very slowly, and if it successfully reaches the opposing base, it automatically destroys it with 100 percent damage. The Grand-Slam can't be seen or interacted with on the graphical area and can only be seen as a blip on the radar (the game will flash a warning when a Grand-Slam is launched). The only way to destroy a Grand-Slam is to send another Grand-Slam to collide with it on the opposite end of its path.

As a final note, the player can only have a maximum of 50 units out on the battleground at a time.

Version differences
The MSX2 version of the game features nine cities to fight over. The PC-88 and Sharp X1 versions have different visuals and only five contested cities. The AI scripts between the two versions also differ slightly.

Herzog Zwei
Herzog served as the prototype for its more well known 1989 Sega Mega Drive sequel Herzog Zwei, which is considered the first real time strategy game. It was the first with a feature set that falls under the contemporary definition of the genre, predating the genre-popularizing Dune II (1992).

title: Herzog (video game)


text:
Herzog (novel)

Herzog is a 1964 novel by Saul Bellow, composed in part of letters from the protagonist Moses E. Herzog. It won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction and the Prix International. In 2005, Time magazine named it one of the 100 best novels in the English language since Time's founding in 1923.

Plot summary
The novel follows five days in the life of Moses E. Herzog, who, at the age of forty-seven, is having a midlife crisis following his second divorce. He has two estranged children, one by each wife, and is in a relationship with a vibrant woman, Ramona, but finds himself running away from the commitment.

Herzog spends much of his time mentally writing letters he never sends. These letters are aimed at friends, family members, and famous figures, including recipients who are dead or who Herzog never knew. The one common thread is that Herzog is always expressing disappointment, either his own in the failings of others or their words, or apologizing for the way he has disappointed others.

Herzog's second wife, Madeleine, has recently left him for Valentine Gersbach, whom Herzog considered a close friend. While still married, Madeleine convinced Herzog to move her and their daughter Junie to Chicago and to arrange for Gersbach and his wife, Phoebe, to move as well. The plans were a ruse, and shortly after arriving in Chicago, Madeleine throws Herzog out and attempts to have him committed to an asylum.

The novel opens with Herzog in his house in Ludeyville, a fictional town in the Berkshires in western Massachusetts. He is contemplating returning to New York to see Ramona, but instead flees to Martha's Vineyard to visit some friends. He arrives at their house, but writes an actual note saying that he has to leave.

Herzog then heads to New York, and, after spending a night with Ramona, he heads to the courthouse to discuss with his lawyer the possibility of regaining custody of his daughter, Junie. He subsequently witnesses a series of court hearings, including one where a woman is charged with beating her three-year-old to death by flinging him against a wall. Moses, already distraught after receiving a letter from Junie's babysitter about an incident in which Valentine locked Junie in the car while he and Madeleine argued inside the house, heads to Chicago. He goes to his stepmother's house and picks up an antique pistol with two bullets in it, forming a vague plan to kill Madeleine and Valentine and run off with Junie.

The plan goes awry when Herzog sees Valentine giving Junie a bath and realizes that she is in no danger. The next day, after taking his daughter to the aquarium, Herzog crashes his car and is charged with possession of a loaded weapon. His brother, the rational Will, picks him up to try and help get him back on his feet. Herzog heads to Ludeyville, where his brother meets him and tries to convince him to check himself into an institution, which Herzog has considered but ultimately decides against. To Will's surprise, Ramona joins them for dinner, and Herzog begins making plans to fix up the house, which, like his life, needs repair but is still structurally sound. Herzog closes by saying that he does not need to write any more letters.

In flashbacks throughout the novel, other critical details of Herzog's life come to light, including his first marriage to Daisy, their son, Marco, the life of Herzog's father, and Herzog's sexual molestation by a stranger on a street in Chicago.

Style
"People don't realize how much they are in the grip of ideas", Bellow once wrote. "We live among ideas much more than we live in nature." Herzog is such a person. In fact, he considers his addiction to ideas to be his greatest virtue. Herzog's ideas, as expressed in his letters, are brilliant and seductive; "After Herzog", the New York Times book reviewer exulted, "no writer need pretend in his fiction that his education stopped in the eighth grade." But, said Bellow in an interview, Herzog "comes to realize at last that what he considers his intellectual 'privilege' has proved to be another form of bondage." It is only when he has loosened this bondage and gotten in touch with the "primordial person" who exists outside this ideology that Herzog can "achieve the experience of authentic being."

The story is told entirely from Herzog's point of view, alternating between first-person and third person. Of the hero's pervasive consciousness, Irving Howe wrote: "We are made captive in the world of Herzog ... the consciousness of the character forms the enclosing medium of the novel." In typical Bellow style, the descriptions of characters' emotions and physical features are rich in wit and energy. Herzog's relationships are the central theme of the novel, not just with women and friends, but also society and himself. Herzog's own thoughts and thought processes are laid bare in the letters he writes.

As the novel progresses, the letters become fewer and fewer. This seems to mirror the healing of the narrator's mind, as his attention turns from his inner struggles and the intellectual ideas that fascinate him towards the real world outside and the real options offered by his current situation – not having to be a scholar, the possibility of starting afresh with Ramona, and so on.

Autobiographical elements
In many ways, the character of Herzog echoes that of a fictionalized Saul Bellow. Both Herzog and Bellow grew up in Canada, the sons of bootleggers who had emigrated from Russia (St. Petersburg). Both are Jewish, lived in Chicago for significant periods of time, and were divorced twice (ultimately, Bellow would marry five times, divorcing four of his wives). Herzog is nearly the same age that Bellow was when he wrote the novel. The character of Valentine Gersbach is based on Jack Ludwig, a long-time friend of Bellow who had an affair with Bellow's second wife, Sondra. Similarly, Ramona is based on Rosette Lamont, a professor of French whom Bellow dated after divorcing his second wife, Sasha Tschacbasov. Both Lamont and Ludwig reviewed Herzog without mentioning the autobiographical elements, with the latter favorably describing it as "a major breakthrough."

Asked about these similarities, Bellow said, "I don't know that that sort of thing is really relevant. I mean, it's a curiosity about reality, which is impure; let's put it that way. Let's both be bigger than that."

title: Herzog (novel)


text:
Freightliner Trucks

Freightliner Trucks is an American semi truck manufacturer. Founded in 1929 as the truck-manufacturing division of Consolidated Freightways (from which it derives its name), the company was established in 1942 as Freightliner Corporation. Owned by Daimler AG from 1981 to 2021, Freightliner is now a part of Daimler Truck subsidiary Daimler Truck North America (along with Western Star, Detroit Diesel, and Thomas Built Buses).

Freightliner produces a range of vans, medium-duty trucks, and heavy-duty trucks; under its Freightliner Custom Chassis subsidiary, the company produces bare chassis and cutaway chassis for multiple types of vehicles. The company popularized the use of cabover (COE) semitractors, with the Freightliner Argosy later becoming the final example of the type sold in North America.

The company is headquartered in Portland, Oregon (the city of its founding); vehicles are currently manufactured in Cleveland, North Carolina, and Mount Holly, North Carolina, and Santiago Tianguistenco and Saltillo, Mexico.

Legal controversy
As of December 2020, Freightliner is under a court order to improve safety, and was fined $30 million by the NHTSA after an investigation found that Freightliner had failed to recall dozens of known safety defects in its vehicles. In 2019 alone, Freightliner was forced to issue safety recalls 24 separate times by the NHTSA, and there have been over 100 recalls total on its flagship truck, the Cascadia. The judge found that Freightliner had no system in place to track faults, and ordered $5 million of the fine be applied to upgrading outdated paper-based systems and converting to recall software used by other automakers for decades.

As of May 2021, Freightliner has at least three open investigations against it for electrical issues, including several fires.

Several weeks after the fine was issued by the NHTSA, Freightliner CEO Roger Nielsen was replaced by John O'Leary, a senior executive from Mercedes Benz trucks, and former CFO of their parent company Daimler Trucks.

Founding (1930s)
Freightliner traces its roots to 1929; following the founding of Consolidated Freightways (CF) in Portland, Oregon, company founder Leland James set up a company division to produce semitractors for company use. Developed in a CF maintenance facility, Freightways Manufacturing used Fageol vehicles as a starting point for the design, placing the cab above the front axle. Shorter in length, the new Freightways truck allowed for CF to use a longer trailer and remain in compliance of the stringent length laws of the time.

In line with the company name, during the 1930s, Freightways Manufacturing began to brand its truck production under the "Freightliner" name. In addition to their shorter length, the trucks underwent weight reduction using aluminum instead of steel to maximize use of engine power (needed to climb mountain grades in the western United States).

1940s–1950s
In 1942, Leland James renamed Freightways Manufacturing as Freightliner Corporation; as part of the launch, the company debuts the first truck with an all-aluminum cab. Shifting to military production during World War II, Freightliner resumed truck production in 1947. In 1949, Freightliner sold its first vehicle outside of CF (to Portland-based forklift manufacturer Hyster); the vehicle is preserved in the Smithsonian collection in Washington, D.C.

As it largely existed as a subsidiary of a trucking company, Freightliner sought to establish a distribution network for its product line, allowing for higher production volumes and reduced costs. In 1951, Freightliner entered into an agreement with White Motor Company of Cleveland, Ohio. One of the largest truck manufacturers in the United States at the time, White sold Freightliner COEs under the "White Freightliner" co-branding (all vehicles produced for CF were Freightliners).

In 1953, Freightliner introduced a cab with an overhead-mounted sleeper (further shortening the cab). The first-generation "shovelnose" cab was retired for 1954 in favor of the taller, flatter "WFT" design; as an option, a "Mountaineer" 4x4 system was offered.

For 1958, the cab design was updated to tilt forward 90 degrees, increasing access to the engine.

1960s

To reduce import tariffs imposed by Canada (later removed by Auto Pact), Freightliner opened its first Canadian manufacturing facility in 1961, in Burnaby, British Columbia. To increase production in the United States, assembly plants were opened in Chino, California, and Indianapolis, Indiana. In 1969, a second facility was opened in Portland for parts production.

1970s

White Motor Company became troubled in the 1970s. Expansion into appliances and agricultural equipment consumed capital without producing a return, and the relationship with Consolidated Freightways became frayed. In 1974, the distribution agreement was terminated, and Freightliner Corp. began life as a freestanding manufacturer and distributor. Many of the first dealers were from the White Motor Co. network, but some entrepreneurs also signed up to represent the trucks without the White Motor Co. franchise as a complement.

At the same time, the company introduced its first conventional model, an adaptation of the high COE mainstay product. High COEs accounted for well over 50% of the US market in those days, owing to overall length regulations that limited the bumper-to-taillight dimension of a semitrailer unit to 55 ft on interstate highways. Conventionals were popular on western roads due to more convenient ingress/egress, better ride, and easier access to the engine for servicing.

In 1979, a new plant in Mount Holly, North Carolina, and a parts manufacturing plant in Gastonia, North Carolina, were constructed, both in the Charlotte metropolitan area. Volumes continued to increase.

The year 1979 marked a consequential event in the evolution of Freightliner, and of the whole trucking and truck manufacturing industries. President Carter signed bills into law deregulating transport both on the ground and in the skies. Deregulation changed the economics of trucking and removed the system of regulated carriage that protected carriers, instead allowing more competition.

1980s

Three years later, the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 relaxed weight and length standards and imposed a new excise tax on heavy trucks and the tires they use. No longer was the overall length of semitrailer combinations restricted; rather, only the trailer was specified, to be not greater than 53 ft in length. Individual states retained more restrictive overall length laws, but fundamentally, the rules had changed forever.

Consolidated Freightways, a traditional, unionized carrier that flourished in the era before deregulation, realized it was in a fight for its life. In May 1981, it sold its truck manufacturing business and the Freightliner brand to Daimler-Benz, allowing it to concentrate its management attention and financial resources on its traditional trucking business. Around this time, the Chino and Indianapolis plants were closed permanently. Consolidated Freightways continued carrier business until 2002, when it ceased operation on Labor Day weekend.

In 1985 Freightliner introduced a new Medium Conventional series (FLC112), using the passenger portion of the cabin from the then recently introduced Mercedes-Benz LK. Mercedes cabins gradually became used for a number of Freightliner trucks. In 1989, Freightliner acquired a standing plant in Cleveland, North Carolina, near Statesville, that had been producing transit buses for German manufacturer MAN.

1990s
In 1991, parent company Daimler-Benz withdrew from the medium-duty truck segment, shifting its presence to Freightliner. Serving as the replacement for the aging Mercedes-Benz L1117, the Business Class made its debut. Also called the FL series, the Business Class was a downsized version of the FLC112, sharing its cab with the Mercedes-Benz LKN cabover. Along with a lighter GVWR, the FL was given a shorter hood with two headlights. The first all-new entry in the medium-duty market in over a decade, the model line met with success.

Another pronounced downturn in the industry's fortunes necessitated drastic measures to restore Freightliner to financial health, and Dieter Zetsche, now the chairman of Daimler-Benz's Board of Management, was dispatched to lead the project as CEO. The Burnaby assembly plant was closed, replaced by a new facility in St. Thomas, Ontario. Cost reduction programs across the company restored profitability when the market rebounded. Significantly, production also commenced in Santiago Tianguistenco, Mexico, about 30 mi outside Mexico City, in a plant owned by Daimler-Benz. At that time, the plant was also producing buses, Brazilian-designed medium-duty trucks, and compact Mercedes-Benz passenger cars.

Following the introduction of the medium-duty Business Class, Freightliner saw further evolution to its model range. For 1996, the company introduced the Freightliner Century Class, its first completely new Class 8 conventional in over 20 years. A year later, the company began production of cowled bus chassis, with the FS-65 derived from the medium-duty Business Class. For 1999 production, the Freightliner Argosy debuted; directly replacing the FLB, the Argosy consolidated four previous Freightliner COEs into a single model range. The first clean-sheet COE design from Freightliner since the Daimler acquisition, the Argosy largely eliminated the engine intrusion into the cab, sharing many body components and electronics with the Century Class conventional. In 1997, Freightliner acquired the truck-producing division of the Ford Motor Company and rebranded it as Sterling.

In 1999, Freightliner built its one-millionth vehicle. The Century Class conventional model family was expanded, adding the Columbia conventional. While sharing the same cab structure, the Columbia is developed primarily for fleet applications (though both model lines become popular with owner-operators).

Company diversification
The 1990s were a busy era for truck manufacturers in general, and for Freightliner in particular, under the leadership of flamboyant James L. Hebe, a former Kenworth sales executive who joined the company in 1989. During the decade, Freightliner made numerous acquisitions to further diversify itself:

1995 – Oshkosh Custom Chassis in Gaffney, South Carolina, became Freightliner Custom Chassis, producing the underpinnings for walk-in vans used by companies such as UPS to deliver parcels and Cintas for uniform laundry services; diesel recreational vehicles; conventional school buses; and shuttle buses. The Oshkosh and Freightliner partnership has dissolved, and Oshkosh is no longer affiliated with Freightliner.

1996 – American LaFrance was purchased; a 130-year-old manufacturer of fire apparatus, it was Mr. Hebe's first employer. American LaFrance had fallen on hard times and was moribund at the time of the acquisition. At the end of the year, Freightliner acquired the rights of the heavy-truck product lines of Ford Motor Company.

1997 – As a result of the Ford heavy-truck acquisition, Freightliner created Sterling Trucks (using a long-dormant nameplate once owned by White Motor Company). Intended primarily as vocational trucks, the Sterling product line consisted of rebranded versions of the Ford Louisville/AeroMax and Ford Cargo.

1998 – Freightliner acquires bus manufacturer Thomas Built Buses, based in High Point, North Carolina. Sterling-brand trucks entered production in St. Thomas, Ontario (sold concurrently with the final Ford heavy trucks).

2000s
At the beginning of the 21st century, Freightliner was part of DaimlerChrysler, following the 1998 merger of its parent company with Chrysler; several changes in 2000 were made by the merged company that affected Freightliner. Canadian-based Western Star Trucks, a premium truck manufacturer was acquired in its entirety, giving Freightliner a third truck brand (along with assembly plants in Kelowna, British Columbia, and Ladson, South Carolina). Originally an entity of General Motors, DaimlerChrysler acquired Detroit Diesel, integrating its operations within Freightliner.

Coinciding with the fragile economy, Freightliner was awash in used trucks it could not sell; following the rapid expansion of the previous decade, Freightliner was left with multiple poor-performing operations outside of its core truck brand which was in decline in a poor economy. Seeking new leadership, DaimlerChrysler installed former company CFO to begin a turnaround for Freightliner. By 2002, the Kelowna Western Star plant was closed (shifting to Portland), along with a Thomas facility in Woodstock, Ontario (consolidating entirely to High Point).

For 2002, the Freightliner product line underwent multiple updates. For the medium-duty segment, Freightliner introduced a second generation of the Business Class, the Business Class M2, ranging from Class 5 to Class 8 severe-service conventionals. In place of the cab derived from Mercedes-Benz, the M2 was designed entirely by Freightliner. The Century Class model family was expanded further, debuting the Freightliner Coronado premium conventional. Styled similar to the FLD132 Classic XL, the Coronado shared its cab structure and technology with the Century Class and Columbia, marketed towards owner-operators. In a further expansion of the vocational model line, the Freightliner Condor was introduced as the first low-entry COE; competing with the Autocar Xpeditor, the Condor was developed nearly entirely for refuse applications.

In the early 2000s, the operations of Freightliner subsidiaries would undergo multiple changes. Following the acquisition of Western Star Trucks, Freightliner consolidated production of American LaFrance in the previous Western Star plant in Ladson, South Carolina; the attempt to integrate production of specialized emergency vehicles into a company noted for high volume production capabilities proved unworkable. While remaining the fifth-largest manufacturer in the emergency vehicle segment, American LaFrance was sold in 2005 to private equity fund, with DaimlerChrysler retaining ownership of the Ladson factory.

For 2006, the Sprinter van underwent a redesign (for the first time); final assembly shifts to the former American LaFrance facility in Ladson, South Carolina. While sold nearly exclusively as a cargo van, the Freightliner Sprinter is also offered as a passenger vehicle (alongside Dodge and Mercedes-Benz Sprinters).

After 2006 production, Freightliner ended sales of the Argosy cabover in North America. The first company to produce a fully tilting cab, Freightliner was the final truck manufacturer in North America to offer a Class 8 cabover. The Argosy remains in production in North America, sold exclusively for export.

In the summer of 2007, DaimlerChrysler was split, with the Freightliner parent company reorganizing itself as Daimler AG. Freightliner begins production of trucks in Saltillo, Mexico. On January 7, 2008, Freightliner LLC was renamed Daimler Trucks North America, LLC (DTNA), operating as the parent company of the Freightliner Trucks brand, alongside Sterling, Western Star, Detroit Diesel, and Thomas Built Buses.

For 2008, the company introduced Freightliner Cascadia, a new-generation Class 8 conventional. Intended as the successor to the Century Class and Columbia, the Cascadia consolidated the two model lines; while styled as a scaled-up M2, the Cascadia was optimized for fuel economy, safety, and reliability. Within the vocational model line, the Condor low-entry COE was discontinued.

In 2009, Freightliner began production of natural gas versions of the Business Class M2 in its Mount Holly facility. In March 2009, DTNA discontinued Sterling Trucks, citing substantial model overlap with Freightliner and decreasing market share (in spite of multiple product launches). The closure of Sterling also brought a closure of the St. Thomas plant.

2010s
Following the closure of Sterling, the Freightliner model line underwent a transition. While the M2 remained unchanged, the FLD 120/132 Classic/Classic XL were discontinued for 2010; after the model year, the Columbia and Century Class were also discontinued (in North America). In line with the Argosy, production of the Century Class shifted entirely to export. The Coronado long-hood conventional was joined by the Coronado SD (developed primarily for vocational applications ).

In 2010, Freightliner introduced its first diesel-electric hybrid vehicle, based on a M2 106. For 2011, the company debuted the SD model family. Alongside the Coronado SD introduced the previous year, two new models were added, the 108SD and 114SD, derived from the M2 model family.

In 2012, Freightliner celebrated its 70th anniversary, unveiling the Revolution concept vehicle. Constructed of carbon fiber and plastic, the cab featured a redesigned layout. Intended for use by a single driver, the passenger seat was replaced by a jumpseat (converting into a sleeper bed); to optimize trailer hookups, the design included a rear access door. As a result of increased demand for the Cascadia, parent company DTNA announced plans in 2012 to expand its workforce at its Cleveland, NC, facility. Alongside the Cascadia, nearly 20% of trucks produced by the plant (including the Argosy and Century Class) were exported to South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In 2013, Freightliner expanded its alternative-fuel lineup, adding a natural-gas version of the Cascadia. Introduced as a premium option for the Cascadia, the Cascadia Evolution further enhanced aerodynamics and fuel economy (distinguished by its full rear wheel covers) and improved interior features. The Coronado was added to SD model family, renamed the 122SD.

On August 22, 2014, the Cleveland plant built the 3 millionth vehicle of Daimler Truck North America, a 2015 Cascadia Evolution. At the time, Freightliner employed 2600 workers at the facility and 8000 employees in North Carolina.

In May 2015, the Freightliner Inspiration was unveiled near Hoover Dam. The first road-licensed autonomous semitruck, the Inspiration was loosely based on a Cascadia. A Level 3 autonomous vehicle, the autonomous driving system was equated to the autopilot system of an airliner or a Tesla (requiring operator presence).

For 2017 production, Freightliner introduced a second-generation Cascadia, adopting elements of the design from the Inspiration autonomous vehicle.

For 2018, Freightliner debuted the EconicSD low-entry COE. Intended largely for refuse applications, the model line is an adaptation of the Mercedes-Benz Econic.

In September 2019, parent company Daimler announced that it would be halting "its internal combustion engine development initiatives as part of its efforts to embrace electric vehicles."

2020s
As of May 2022, the MT-series step van (called MT50e) is available as an all-electric vehicle, and so are school buses built on Freightliner's chassis. Also, the eCascadia, an all-electric semi-truck by Freightliner, was handed to customers for field tests in 2019, then officially premiered in May 2022. An all-electric variant of the M2 box truck has undergone field tests. In 2022, Freightliner revealed an update for the M2 Business Class series.

Models
Models of Freightliner trucks over the decades have included:

title: Freightliner Trucks


text:
Talk:Bunghole

beautiful job whoever did the dante's inferno stuff. so awesome. Kzzl

Does this still need Cleanup? If not, please remove it from WP:LO? JesseW 23:59, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I agree that the Dante reference is excellent, but it's really about bungs, not bungholes. I've moved it to the bung article. As a consolation for losing such a nifty reference, I've added a memorable passage from Shakespeare's Hamlet that actually mentions "bunghole" and implies its meaning from the context. — Jeff Q 01:55, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops! After reading the actual Dante text, I realized that his use of bung was identical to the slang use of bunghole, so I restored the citation. To make this clear, I added the specific quote. I also restructured the subsequent text to provide a chronological flow of the slang citations, ending with the Beavis and Butt-head use. — Jeff Q 02:19, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Does this article need a reference to the slang usage past the disambiguation link at the top? maxdamage 20:21, 17 Jul 2007 (EST)

References tag
This article has had a references tag for over two years despite (1) a reference being as easy to come by as a glance at the nearest dictionary (2) people adding quotations from both Hamlet and Dante's Inferno and presumably consulting referenced texts while adding them. Surely it can't be that difficult to come up with references. If no one has done it seven days from now I'll spend the 30 seconds it'll take to do it myself. DQweny (talk) 02:48, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bunghole