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Atlanta Botanical Garden

The Atlanta Botanical Garden is a 30 acre botanical garden located adjacent to Piedmont Park in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Incorporated in 1976, the garden's mission is to "develop and maintain plant collections for the purposes of display, education, conservation, research and enjoyment."

History
Following a petition by citizens of Atlanta in 1973, the garden was incorporated in 1976, as the private, 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation Atlanta Botanical Garden Inc.. The garden incorporated the pre-existing Dr. A. Leslie Stephens Memorial Bonsai Garden, now known as the Japanese Garden. Within a year Bill Warner, previously employed at Holden Arboretum, was assigned office as the first executive director. He was soon followed by Ann L. Crammond in 1979. The following year marked a turning point in the history of the garden as a 50-year lease was negotiated with the city, securing the site of the Garden for years to come.

A number of promotional activities started taking place, including social events, major art exhibitions and the annual Garden of Eden Ball. The Atlanta Botanical Garden welcomed its 50,000th visitor within a mere three years after the lease was arranged - this was even before any permanent structures had been erected. In 1985, the Atlanta Botanical Garden built its first permanent structure, the Gardenhouse. Expansions following this were The Children's Garden (1999), the Fuqua Conservatory in 1989, and the Fuqua Orchid Center which was added in 2002.

Blockbuster summertime exhibitions began in 2003 with TREEmendous TREEhouses. Chihuly in the Garden opened in 2004, while in 2005 Locomotion in the Garden featured G-scale model trains. On April 29, 2006, an exhibition of the sculpture of Niki de Saint Phalle opened to the public. These huge mosaic sculptures came to the Garden from France, Germany, and California. In 2007, the exhibition was David Rogers' Big Bugs and Killer Plants, and 2008 is Sculpture in Motion, Art Choreographed by Nature, a display of moving, kinetic art. In 2009, the Garden hosted an exhibition of the monumental bronze sculptures of Henry Moore. The summers of 2010 and 2011 showcased the Garden's green expansion (see below), and in 2012, the Garden hosted Independent Visions, an exhibition of contemporary sculptures by nine artists. In 2013, the Garden will unveil Imaginary Worlds: Plants Larger than Life, made up of 19 mosaic culture sculptures. In 2016, Chihuly in the Garden open again with 19 installations throughout the Garden.

In the winter the Garden has a holiday light show. "Garden Lights, Holiday Nights" began in 2011 featuring displays created with more than 1 million lights, most of them LED. The following year, the show grew to more than 1.5 million lights and attracted more than 160,000 visitors.

Chihuly in the Garden Exhibition
In 2004, the Atlanta Botanical Garden hosted an exhibition of glass art by Dale Chihuly titled "Chihuly in the Garden". The exhibit ran through the end of October and was extended until December 31, 2004. During the eight-month run, an estimated 425,000 attendees visited the exhibit. The peak per-day rates of 7,500 were double the previous single-day attendance record at the Garden. Chihuly in the Garden returned to the Atlanta location on April 30, 2016 with 19 new installations.

Green Expansion Plan
The Green Expansion Plan was a large-scale expansion project that was completed in the spring of 2010 that doubled the size of the Garden while modernizing them at the same time. The expansion plan encompassed the construction of a number of new facilities, the most noticeable of which are the new visitor center and 600 ft canopy walk.

The plan was built around five key areas of human and environmental health: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor environmental quality. By employing an array of energy-saving strategies with environmental sustainability considered throughout the project and recycling any trees removed as a result of construction, considerable efforts were made to make this expansion eco-friendly. A 100,000-gallon cistern was installed underground in December 2007 to aid in water conservation; the cistern fills with only an inch and a quarter of rain and waters about 40% of the new gardens.

One striking feature of the new visitor center is the innovative green roof, with plants covering nearly 50% of the roof area. It provides natural cooling, sound insulation and additional garden area for visitors, and even a new wildlife habitat. The visitor center leads visitors to the canopy walk.

The garden's old parking lot is now a beautiful Edible Garden featuring an outdoor kitchen; this new garden reconnects people with food and healthful eating. And the final aspect of the garden expansion plan is the conversion of its old entry drive to a large cascades garden filled with tropical plants and gently flowing waterfalls.

Canopy Walk
The Atlanta Botanical Garden is home to the Kendeda Canopy Walk, a 600 ft skywalk that allows the visitors to tour one of the city's last remaining urban forests from around 40 feet in the air through the treetops of the Storza Woods. The skywalk extends from a bluff in the Garden into the branches of oaks, hickories and poplars. The structure also provides an aerial view of the woodland garden below. The Canopy Walk was built for $55 million and opened in 2010. It was originally set to open in 2009, but during its construction in 2008, the skywalk collapsed, killing one worker and injuring 18 others. Because of the uniqueness of the Canopy Walk, city leaders believe it will become an icon for Atlanta.

Exhibits
The Botanical Garden is composed of a number of smaller themed gardens. Each contains different landscapes to display a variety of plants. Near the entrance are formal gardens, such as the Japanese garden and the rose garden. Two woodland areas, the 5 acre Upper Woodland and the 10 acre Storza Woods feature large trees and shade-loving flowers and undergrowth. The Children's Garden features whimsical sculptures, fountains, and interpretive exhibits on botany, ecology, and nutrition.

The 16000 sqft Dorothy Chapman Fuqua Conservatory contains indoor exhibits of plants from tropical rainforests and deserts. The rain forest room of the Fuqua Conservatory is also populated by tropical birds, turtles, and several exhibits of poison dart frogs, the last of which is a collaboration in conservation efforts with Zoo Atlanta. Adjoining this building, the Fuqua Orchid Center contains separate rooms simulating the tropics and high elevations in order to house rare orchids from around the world.

The Fuqua Orchid Center is home to the largest collection of species orchids on permanent display in the U.S. and hosts a wintertime display known as Orchid Daze. Its unique Tropical High Elevation House provides the correct habitat for montane orchids and companion plants from around the equator at elevations of 6,000 to 10,000 feet. An Air Washer System, technology adapted from the textile industry, was combined with traditional greenhouse heating and cooling to create this environment and allows rare orchids to thrive. The Tropical Display House is filled with fragrant orchids from around the world.

The Earth Goddess is a 25 foot sculpture that is a centerpiece of the Cascades Garden. It was the highlight of the "Imaginary Worlds" exhibition that was showcased in 2013-2014. It has since become a permanent part of the Cascades Garden.

title: Atlanta Botanical Garden


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Tom Danielson

Thomas Danielson (born March 13, 1978) is an American retired professional road racing cyclist who competed professionally between 2002 and 2015 for the Mercury Cycling Team (2002), the Saturn Cycling Team (2003), (2004),  (2005–2007) and  (2008–2015). He had been suspended twice for doping in his career.

Early years
Danielson holds the record for the fastest ascent of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, in the Mount Washington Auto Road Bicycle Hillclimb. The previous record holder was professional cyclist Tyler Hamilton. He also holds the record for the Mount Evans Hill Climb in Colorado, which traverses the highest paved road in North America. The previous record holder was Jonathan Vaughters, who was Danielson's manager on his last professional team.

In 2004, Danielson had an uneventful stint on the Italian UCI ProTeam, missing the early spring campaign because of visa problems. Subsequently, he raced for the American UCI ProTour team, with which he won the 2005 Tour de Georgia and the 2006 Tour of Austria. After Discovery Channel disbanded at the end of 2007, Danielson became part of the team.

2010
Danielson started the season by finishing twelfth at both the Tour Méditerranéen and the Tour du Haut Var. Following his two twelfth-place finishes, Danielson, however, struggled through Paris–Nice, finishing only fifty-second overall. Following, Paris–Nice, Danielson regained his form at the Tour of the Gila, placing second to Levi Leipheimer. A couple of weeks later, Danielson rode the Tour of California, but was unable to complete the race. After California, Danielson returned to form at the Tour de Suisse, finishing twenty-fifth overall. Following Suisse, Danielson finished in eighth place at both the Tour de Pologne and the Trofeo Melinda. A month later, Danielson rode his fifth Vuelta a España. He completed the race as the highest placed American, in eighth place. Danielson concluded the season with a thirty-ninth place at the Giro dell'Emilia.

2011
Danielson started the season with the Vuelta a Mallorca, and finished thirty-sixth in the third classic, the Trofeo Deia. Danielson, however, was unable to complete the fourth and fifth classics, the Trofeo Magaluf-Palmanova and the Trofeo Inca. Following the Spanish races, Danielson finished thirty-first overall at the Volta ao Algarve, and a preseason best of twentieth overall at the Vuelta a Murcia. However, after Murcia, Danielson's form deteriorated, finishing fifty-fifth overall at the Volta a Catalunya, forty-seventh at the GP Miguel Induráin, and eightieth overall at the Tour of the Basque Country. Danielson withdrew from racing after these races, and focused on rebuilding his form. A few weeks later, Danielson returned to racing, and finished twentieth overall at the Tour de Romandie. Danielson finished third overall at the Tour of California, and ninth overall at the Tour de Suisse, which ultimately led him to a Tour de France debut. At the Tour, Danielson rode well, and finished as the highest placed American, in eighth place. After the Tour, Danielson finished fifth overall at the Tour of Utah, and fourth overall at the inaugural USA Pro Cycling Challenge. Following the two American stage races, Danielson concluded the season with an eighty-sixth place at the Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal.

2012
After being unable to complete the Tour de Langkawi, Danielson returned to form during the Volta a Catalunya, where he finished twelfth overall, and second in the mountains classification. Following Catalunya, Danielson finished twentieth at the Tour of the Basque Country, and offered a good showing at the Tour of California, where he took fifth place in the "queen stage" of the race, a finish at altitude at the winter ski station of Mount Baldy. He also came in ninth place in stage five's individual time trial, therefore keeping a high placing in the overall classification. These performances helped him climb to third overall. After California, Danielson finished eleventh at the United States National Road Race Championships, seventh at the Tour de Suisse, and was selected to start his second Tour de France. However, due to injuries sustained from crashes, Danielson abandoned the Tour during stage six. The following month, Danielson returned to competition at the Tour of Utah, where he finished eleventh overall, and assisted with stage two's team time trial win. After Utah, Danielson competed in the USA Pro Cycling Challenge, where he finished seventh overall, and by soloing up and over Independence Pass, won stage three. Bicycling subsequently named the stage, "the most exciting day of road racing on American soil".

2013
Following his six-month ban, Danielson returned to racing at the Volta a Catalunya, where he finished tenth overall. After Catalunya, Danielson, however, was unable to complete the GP Miguel Induráin, but returned to form during the Tour of the Basque Country, where he finished eleventh overall. Danielson continued to ride strong, and finished fourth overall at the Tour de Romandie. Danielson started the Giro d'Italia hoping to assist teammate Ryder Hesjedal in a repeat victory, however, Hesjedal withdrew following stage twelve. After Hesjedal's departure, Danielson was able to ride for himself, but fell ill during the latter weeks, and finished only 49th overall. In June, Danielson was selected to start his third Tour de France as a domestique; he finished the Tour in 60th place. Following the Tour, Danielson competed in, and won the Tour of Utah. Danielson concluded the season by finishing third overall at the USA Pro Cycling Challenge.

2014
In August, Danielson returned to racing at the Tour of Utah and won the general classification for the second consecutive year. He also finished second at the USA Pro Cycling Challenge in August. The following month, Danielson confirmed his participation in the Icon LASIK Tour of the Moon.

2015
For 2015 cycling events, Danielson was sponsored by Cannondale, Full Speed Ahead (FSA), Icon Lasik, Mavic, Smith Optics, Prestige Imports, Vega Sport and Biotta.

On January 20, 2015, actor Patrick Dempsey and Tom Danielson hosted a cycling event in Arizona called "Ride On, Tucson!" featuring a 2.5 mi downtown circuit that was completely closed to traffic for three hours.

In March, Danielson won the mountains classification at the Volta a Catalunya. In May, Danielson abandoned the Giro d'Italia because of a knee injury.

Doping
In a September 2012 online-forum post, team manager and owner Jonathan Vaughters stated that Danielson had used blood doping products to increase oxygen delivery to his muscles. On October 10, 2012, the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) announced that Danielson would be suspended for six months after admitting to doping during his time with. Later that day, the organization issued a statement confirming his acceptance to a six-month ban from September 1, 2012, to March 1, 2013. The action included the stripping of all race results between March 1, 2005, and September 23, 2006. Danielson released his own statement a day later that expressed regret at his decision to "cross the line." "I accept responsibility for my choices and apologize to everyone in my life for them – in and out of the sport", he said.

In August 2015, Danielson revealed he tested positive for synthetic testosterone. In October 2016, he accepted a four-year suspension for "unintentionally consuming" dehydroepiandrosterone.

Personal
Born in East Lyme, Connecticut, Danielson currently resides in Longmont, Colorado. After spending his childhood years in Connecticut, Danielson attended Fort Lewis College in Durango, Colorado.

Sponsorships
In 2013, Danielson signed a sponsoring agreement with Icon Lasik, a Colorado-based provider of cataract, LASIK, as well as the organizer of Tour of the Moon. The contract was signed after he had won 2013 Tour of Utah.

In August 2014, he signed a sponsorship contract with Cannondale Bicycle Corporation for 2015, together with 13 other riders, as a part of the new relationship between Cannondale Bicycle Corporation, the American bicycle manufacturer, and Slipstream Sports, the sports management group behind the UCI ProTeam.

He also has sponsorship agreements with Mavic, Smith Optics, Prestige Imports, Vega Sport and Biotta.

Major results
Sources:

 * 2001
 * 1st MaillotUSA.PNG Collegiate Mountain Bike Championships

 * 2002
 * 1st MaillotUSA.PNG Collegiate Mountain Bike Championships
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of Qinghai Lake
 * 1st Stages 5 & 8
 * 1st Mount Washington Auto Road Bicycle Hillclimb

 * 2003
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Langkawi
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Cascade Cycling Classic
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall International Tour de Toona
 * 1st Mount Washington Auto Road Bicycle Hillclimb
 * 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
 * 2nd Sea Otter Classic
 * 3rd Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic
 * 5th Overall Tour de Georgia
 * 5th Overall Nature Valley Grand Prix
 * 1st Stage 2

 * 2004
 * 1st Mount Evans Hill Climb

 * 2005
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Georgia
 * 1st Stage 5
 * 4th Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
 * 5th Overall Tour de Langkawi
 * 7th Overall Tour of Austria
 * 7th Overall Vuelta a España

 * 2006
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of Austria
 * 2nd Overall Tour de Georgia
 * 1st Stage 5
 * 6th Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Stage 17
 * 8th Overall Tour of California
 * 9th Overall Tour de l'Ain
 * 10th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico

 * 2007
 * 1st Mount Evans Hill Climb

 * 2008
 * 1st Stage 4 (TTT) Tour de Georgia
 * 5th Time trial, National Road Championships
 * 5th Overall Tour of Missouri

 * 2009
 * 1st Mount Evans Hill Climb
 * 3rd Overall Vuelta a Burgos
 * 1st Stage 4 (ITT)
 * 9th Overall Tour of California

 * 2010
 * 2nd Overall Tour of the Gila
 * 8th Overall Vuelta a España
 * 8th Trofeo Melinda
 * 9th Overall Tour de Pologne

 * 2011
 * 3rd Overall Tour of California
 * 4th Overall USA Pro Cycling Challenge
 * 5th Overall Tour of Utah
 * 8th Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 2 (TTT)
 * 9th Overall Tour de Suisse

 * 2012
 * 1st Stage 2 (TTT) Tour of Utah
 * 3rd Overall Tour of California
 * 7th Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 7th Overall USA Pro Cycling Challenge
 * 1st Stage 3

 * 2013
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of Utah
 * 3rd Overall USA Pro Cycling Challenge
 * 4th Overall Tour de Romandie
 * 10th Overall Volta a Catalunya

 * 2014
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of Utah
 * 1st Stage 4
 * 2nd Overall USA Pro Cycling Challenge

 * 2015
 * 1st Jersey red.svg Mountains classification Volta a Catalunya

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tom Danielson


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User talk:Bourbon King

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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title: User talk:Bourbon King


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Lead(II) sulfide

Lead(II) sulfide (also spelled sulphide) is an inorganic compound with the formula PbS. Galena is the principal ore and the most important compound of lead. It is a semiconducting material with niche uses.

Formation, basic properties, related materials
Addition of hydrogen sulfide or sulfide salts to a solution containing a lead salt, such as PbCl2, gives a black precipitate of lead sulfide.
 * Pb2+ +  H2S  →  PbS↓  +  2 H+

This reaction is used in qualitative inorganic analysis. The presence of hydrogen sulfide or sulfide ions may be tested using "lead acetate paper."

Like the related materials PbSe and PbTe, PbS is a semiconductor. In fact, lead sulfide was one of the earliest materials to be used as a semiconductor. Lead sulfide crystallizes in the sodium chloride motif, unlike many other IV-VI semiconductors.

Since PbS is the main ore of lead, much effort has focused on its conversion. A major process involves smelting of PbS followed by reduction of the resulting oxide. Idealized equations for these two steps are:
 * 2 PbS + 3 O2 →  2 PbO  +  2 SO2
 * PbO +  C  →  Pb  +  CO

The sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfuric acid.

Nanoparticles
Lead sulfide-containing nanoparticle and quantum dots have been well studied. Traditionally, such materials are produced by combining lead salts with a variety of sulfide sources. In 2009, PbS nanoparticles have been examined for use in solar cells.

Photodetector
PbS was one of the first materials used for electrical diodes that could detect electromagnetic radiation, including infrared light. As an infrared sensor, PbS directly detects light, as opposed to thermal detectors, which respond to a change in detector element temperature caused by the radiation. A PbS element can be used to measure radiation in either of two ways: by measuring the tiny photocurrent the photons cause when they hit the PbS material, or by measuring the change in the material's electrical resistance that the photons cause. Measuring the resistance change is the more commonly used method. At room temperature, PbS is sensitive to radiation at wavelengths between approximately 1 and 2.5 μm. This range corresponds to the shorter wavelengths in the infra-red portion of the spectrum, the so-called short-wavelength infrared (SWIR). Only very hot objects emit radiation in these wavelengths.

Cooling the PbS elements, for example using liquid nitrogen or a Peltier element system, shifts its sensitivity range to between approximately 2 and 4 μm. Objects that emit radiation in these wavelengths still have to be quite hot—several hundred degrees Celsius—but not as hot as those detectable by uncooled sensors. (Other compounds used for this purpose include indium antimonide (InSb) and mercury-cadmium telluride (HgCdTe), which have somewhat better properties for detecting the longer IR wavelengths.) The high dielectric constant of PbS leads to relatively slow detectors (compared to silicon, germanium, InSb, or HgCdTe).

Planetary science
Elevations above 2.6 km (1.63 mi) on the planet Venus are coated with a shiny substance. Though the composition of this coat is not entirely certain, one theory is that Venus "snows" crystallized lead sulfide much as Earth snows frozen water. If this is the case, it would be the first time the substance was identified on a foreign planet. Other less likely candidates for Venus' "snow" are bismuth sulfide and tellurium.

Safety
Lead(II) sulfide is so insoluble that it is almost nontoxic, but pyrolysis of the material, as in smelting, gives dangerous toxic fumes of lead and oxides of sulfur. Lead sulfide is insoluble and a stable compound in the pH of blood and so is probably one of the less toxic forms of lead. A large safety risk occurs in the synthesis of PbS using lead carboxylates, as they are particularly soluble and can cause negative physiological conditions.

title: Lead(II) sulfide


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East Antrim (UK Parliament constituency)

East Antrim is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. It is currently represented by Sammy Wilson of the Democratic Unionist Party.

A constituency with the same name is also used for elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly.

Constituency profile
The seat covers the east coast from Cushendun down to Carrickfergus. The seat is strongly unionist and one of the few areas of Northern Ireland which voted to leave the European Union.

Boundaries

The original county constituency comprised the eastern part of County Antrim, being carved out of the former Antrim constituency. From 1885, East Antrim consisted of the baronies of Belfast Lower and Glenarm Upper, that part of the barony of Antrim Upper not in the constituency of South Antrim, that part of the barony of Antrim Lower not in the constituency of Mid Antrim, that part of the barony of Belfast Upper consisting of the parish of Ballymartin and the parish of Templepatrick apart from the townland of Ballyutoag, and the town of Carrickfergus.

It returned one Member of Parliament 1885–1922.

The current seat was created in boundary changes in 1983, as part of an expansion of Northern Ireland's constituencies from 12 to 17, and was predominantly made up from parts of North Antrim and South Antrim. Since further revisions in 1995 (when it lost part of the district of Newtownabbey to the North Belfast constituency) it now covers the entirety of the districts of Larne and Carrickfergus, as well as part of Newtownabbey and Moyle.

Prior to the 2010 general election the Boundary Commission originally proposed two significant changes for East Antrim. In the south of the constituency it was proposed to transfer a further part of Newtownabbey to the North Belfast constituency whilst in the north the seat would have gained the Glens and Ballycastle in Moyle district from North Antrim. East Antrim would have been renamed 'Antrim Coast & Glens'. However this latter part of the proposal raised many questions, with some already arguing that the Glens have no natural ties to Jordanstown (and in 1995 the previous Boundary Commission cited this very reason when rejecting such a proposal).

Following consultation and revising the recommendations, the new boundaries for East Antrim were confirmed and passed through Parliament by the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Constituencies Order as follows:
 * The whole district of Carrickfergus
 * The whole district of Larne
 * Glenaan, Glenariff, and Glendun from the Moyle district
 * From Newtownabbey, the wards of Jordanstown, Monkstown, and Rostulla

The constituency boundaries were amended again by the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, and first contested at the 2024 general election. It consists of:

 * The District of Antrim and Newtownabbey wards of Abbey, Jordanstown, Monkstown, and Rostulla, the District of Causeway Coat and Glens ward of Lurigethan, and the District of Mid and East Antrim wards of Ballycarry and Glynn, Boneybefore, Burleigh Hill, Cairncastle, Carnlough and Glenarm, Castle, Craigyhill, Curran and Inver, Gardenmore, Glenravel, Glenwhirry, Glenwhirry, Gortalee, Greenisland, Islandmagee, Kilroot, Kilwaughter, Love Lane, Slemish, Slemish, Sunnylands, The Maidens, Victoria, Whitehead South, and Woodburn.

1885 until 1922
The constituency was a strongly conservative then unionist area, where republican and nationalist candidates were not elected.

From 1886 to 1974 the Conservative and Unionist members of the United Kingdom House of Commons formed a single Parliamentary party.

From 1905 there was an Ulster Unionist organisation, but MPs sponsored by it are classified as Irish Unionists until the 1921 Northern Ireland general election made the partition of Ireland effective so that Irish Unionism ceased to be a realistic objective.

A victory for the Unionist candidate in 1918 by 15,206 votes to Sinn Féin's 861 votes demonstrated the virtual unanimity of the unionist support.

Consequently, Sinn Féin did not contest the 1919 by-election in the constituency.

In 1922, the constituency was incorporated into the Antrim constituency, which from 1950 until 1983 was divided into the North Antrim and South Antrim constituencies.

The First Dáil
Sinn Féin contested the general election of 1918 on the platform that instead of taking up any seats they won in the United Kingdom Parliament, they would establish a revolutionary assembly in Dublin. In republican theory every MP elected in Ireland was a potential Deputy to this assembly. In practice only the Sinn Féin members accepted the offer.

The revolutionary First Dáil assembled on 21 January 1919 and last met on 10 May 1921. The First Dáil, according to a resolution passed on 10 May 1921, was formally dissolved on the assembling of the Second Dáil. This took place on 16 August 1921.

In 1921 Sinn Féin decided to use the UK authorised elections for the Northern Ireland House of Commons and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland as a poll for the Irish Republic's Second Dáil. This area, in republican theory, was incorporated in a seven-member Dáil constituency of Antrim.

Constituency since 1983
The constituency is overwhelmingly unionist, with the combined votes for nationalist parties rarely exceeding 10%. However, there have been above average votes for parties outside the traditional unionist block, such as the Alliance and the Conservatives. In the local government elections for the equivalent area many votes often go to independent candidates or groups such as the Newtownabbey Ratepayers Association. While the SDLP sprung a surprise in 1998 by overtaking a DUP candidate to win the final seat due to Ulster Unionist transfers – the first time that any nationalist candidate has benefited in this way.

The main interest in Westminster Elections has been the contest between the Ulster Unionist Party and the Democratic Unionist Party. In 1983 the UUP were only 367 votes ahead of the DUP. As part of a pact to oppose the Anglo-Irish Agreement the DUP did not contest the seat until 1992 but they still failed to come close, though in the 1996 elections to the Northern Ireland Forum they were only slightly behind the UUP. But in the 2001 general election they achieved an astonishing result when they came with 128 votes of winning the Westminster seat, despite not having targeted it. In the 2003 Assembly election they followed this up by gaining two additional MLAs and outpolling the UUP for the first time.

The DUP remained eager to take the Westminster seat and in the 2005 general election they did so.

Members of Parliament
The Member of Parliament since the 2005 general election is Sammy Wilson of the Democratic Unionist Party. In that election he defeated Roy Beggs of the Ulster Unionist Party, who had sat for the seat since it was created at the 1983 general election.


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Seekonk

Seekonk may refer to:

 * Seekonk, Massachusetts, a town in the United States
 * Seekonk High School
 * Seekonk River, a body of water in Rhode Island, United States
 * Seekonk (band), a rock band

title: Seekonk


text: Category:Latin alphabet

title: Category:Latin alphabet


text:
Archibald Roane

Archibald Roane (1759/60 – January 18, 1819) was the second Governor of Tennessee, serving from 1801 to 1803. He won the office after the state's first governor, John Sevier, was prevented by constitutional restrictions from seeking a fourth consecutive term. He quickly became caught up in the growing rivalry between Sevier and Andrew Jackson, and was soundly defeated by Sevier after just one term. Roane served as an attorney general in the Southwest Territory in the early 1790s, and later served as a judge on the state's Superior Court of Law and Equity (1796–1801) and the Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals (1815–1819).

Early life
Roane was born in 1759 or 1760 in Derry Township (then a part of Lancaster County) in the Province of Pennsylvania. He was the son of Andrew and Margaret Walker Roane. Andrew Roane, who was born in Northern Ireland, was one of four sons of Archibald Gilbert Roane, a Scotsman who had been awarded land in Ireland in return for his British military service. All of the sons of Archibald Gilbert Roane emigrated to America. After Andrew and Margaret Roane both died when young Archibald Roane was about eight years old, he was raised by an uncle, John Roane, a Presbyterian minister, who provided him with a good education. During the Revolutionary War, Archibald Roane served in the Continental Army as a member of the Lancaster County Militia (5th Company, 9th Battalion, Pennsylvania Volunteers). He was among the troops who took part in Washington's crossing of the Delaware River and the subsequent Battle of Trenton in December 1776, and was present at the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781.

In the 1780s he settled for a time in vicinity of Lexington, Rockbridge County, Virginia, where he studied and later taught at Liberty Hall Academy, a predecessor institution to Washington and Lee University. In Virginia, he married Ann (or Anne) Campbell, whom he had met there, in 1788.

Shortly after his marriage in 1788, Roane moved to Jonesborough, Tennessee, then still a part of North Carolina, where he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law.

In 1790, when the Southwest Territory was formed, territorial governor William Blount appointed Roane to the position of Attorney and Solicitor for Greene County and later Territorial Attorney General for the Washington District. In 1796, he represented Jefferson County at the state constitutional convention. This convention wrote the original Tennessee Constitution, which took effect that same year when Tennessee became a U.S. state. Later in 1796, he became one of the three judges of the Superior Court of Law and Equity, the highest court established under the new state constitution.

Governor of Tennessee
In 1801, Governor John Sevier had reached the limit of three consecutive terms allowed as governor under the state constitution, and Roane ran virtually unopposed to become his successor. The Great Seal of Tennessee was adopted during the Roane Administration in 1801, and Tennessee was divided into three Congressional districts. Roane also signed anti-fraud measures, a law outlawing dueling, and a law prohibiting the disturbance of public worship. Like his predecessor, much of Roane's time as governor was spent dealing with disputes between white settlers and Indians.

Roane coordinated efforts to begin construction of the Natchez Trace, convincing Secretary of War Henry Dearborn to construct inns and military posts along the road, and provide rewards for the apprehension of bandits who harassed Natchez travellers. He also appointed a commission that successfully resolved a boundary dispute with Virginia. In October 1802, Spain revoked American access to the critical port of New Orleans following the port's transfer to France, and Roane, acting on orders from President Jefferson, prepared the state militia for possible armed conflict. The situation was resolved by the Louisiana Purchase the following year.

In February 1803, the state militia convened to elect its commander. The vote ended in a tie between Sevier and Andrew Jackson, and the constitution stipulated that the governor cast the deciding vote. Jackson presented Roane with evidence that Sevier had been complicit in the forging of deeds at North Carolina's Nashville land office in the 1780s, and Roane cast the deciding vote for Jackson.

Enraged that Jackson, 20 years his junior and lacking in military experience, had defeated him for militia commander, Sevier immediately embarked upon a campaign to regain the governorship. Roane and Jackson released the Nashville land office documents and accused Sevier of trying to thwart an investigation into the matter while he was governor, but Sevier's popularity proved insurmountable. On election day, Sevier defeated Roane, 6,780 votes to 4,923.

Later life
After losing the 1803 gubernatorial election, Roane returned to the practice of law. In 1805, he again challenged Sevier for the governorship, but was defeated, 10,293 votes to 5,795.

In 1811, Roane was elected to a circuit judgeship, and in 1815, he became a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals, which had replaced the Superior Court of Law and Equity as the state's highest court in 1809. He served on that court until his death on January 18, 1819. He was a promoter of institutions of higher learning until his death, serving as a trustee of Blount College (the forerunner of the University of Tennessee), Greeneville College, and Washington College.

Roane is buried at Pleasant Forest Cemetery in Farragut, Tennessee. In June 1918, the state placed a monument on his grave, which was previously unmarked.

Legacy
Roane County, Tennessee, is named in his honor. Roane County, West Virginia, is named for a cousin, Spencer Roane. A nephew, John Selden Roane, was governor of Arkansas. Archibald Roane's wife, Ann, was a sister of Colonel Arthur Campbell (1743–1811) and Judge David Campbell (1750–1812), an aunt of Governor David Campbell (1779–1859) of Virginia, and a great-aunt of future Tennessee governor William B. Campbell (1807–1867).

title: Archibald Roane


text:
Albategnius (crater)

Albategnius is an ancient lunar impact crater located in the central highlands. It is named after the Mesopotamian Muslim astronomer and scientist Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī aṣ-Ṣābiʾ al-Battānī, Latinized as Albategnius.

Albategnius is one of the largest craters of Nectarian age.

Description
The level interior of Albategnius forms a walled plain, surrounded by the high, terraced rim. The outer wall is somewhat hexagon-shaped, and has been heavily eroded with impacts, valleys, and landslips. It attains a height above 4,000 metres along the northeast face. The rim is broken in the southwest by the smaller crater Klein.

Offset to the west of the crater's midpoint is its central peak, designated Alpha (α) Albategnius. It is longest in extent in the north–south direction, extending for just under 20 kilometres, and has a width about half that. The peak rises to an altitude of roughly 1.5 km, and a tiny, relatively fresh crater is at the top.

Location
Albategnius is located to the south of the crater Hipparchus and to the east of both Ptolemaeus and Alphonsus. The surface in this area is marked by a set of nearly parallel scars that form channels running roughly in a north–south line, bent slightly to the southeast.

Observations
Albategnius is believed to have been featured prominently in an early sketch drawing by Galileo in his book Sidereus Nuncius (1610), appearing along the lunar terminator.

Names
Albategnius is named after Mesopotamian Arab astronomer Al-Battani. Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was given its name by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized. Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names. Michael van Langren's 1645 map calls it "Ferdinandi III Imp. Rom." after Ferdinand III, the Holy Roman Emperor. Johannes Hevelius called it "Didymus Mons".

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Albategnius.

title: Albategnius (crater)


text:
NKC

NKC is a three letter abbreviation that may refer to:

 * IATA airport code for Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport
 * National Kennel Club, all-breed dog registry in the United States
 * Nat King Cole, American jazz singer/musician
 * NDR-Klein-Computer, a German computer
 * Northwest Kidney Centers, outpatient hemodialysis treatment center
 * Natural killer cell, cell involved in the innate immune system
 * National Knowledge Commission, Indian Commission set up by Manmohan Singh

title: NKC


text:
Dalton Plan

The Dalton Plan is an educational concept created by Helen Parkhurst. It is inspired by the intellectual ferment at the turn of the 20th century. Educational thinkers such as Maria Montessori and John Dewey influenced Parkhurst while she created the Dalton Plan. Their aim was to achieve a balance between a child's talent and the needs of the community.

Characteristics
Parkhurst's specific objectives were as follows: Influenced at least in part by the teachings of Judo after conversations with the founder of Kodokan Judo, Dr Jigoro Kano. Ref page 72 and 86 ISBN 978-1-56836-479-1
 * 1) To tailor each student's program to his or her needs, interests and abilities.
 * 2) To promote each student's independence and dependability.
 * 3) To enhance the student's social skills.
 * 4) To increase their sense of responsibility toward others.

She developed a three-part plan that continues to be the structural foundation of a Dalton education:
 * 1) The House, a social community of students.
 * 2) The Assignment, a monthly goal which students contract to complete.
 * 3) The Laboratory, a subject-based classroom intended to be the center of the educational experience. The laboratory involves students from fourth grade through the end of secondary education.

Students move between subject "laboratories" (classrooms) and explore themes at their own pace.

Introduction in UK
In 1920, an article describing the working of the Dalton Plan in detail was published in the Times' Educational Supplement. Parkhurst "has given to the secondary school the leisure and culture of the University student; she has uncongested the curriculum; she has abolished the teacher's nightly preparation of classes and the child's nightmare of homework. At the same time the children under her regime cover automatically all the ground prescribed for examinations 'of matriculation standard,' and examination failures among them are nil."

The Dalton Plan is a method of education by which pupils work at their own pace, and receive individual help from the teacher when necessary. There is no formal class instruction. Students draw up time-tables and are responsible for finishing the work on their syllabuses or assignments. Students are also encouraged to help each other with their work. The underlying aim of the Dalton Plan is to achieve the highest mental, moral, physical and spiritual development of the pupil.

In the spring of 1921, English headmistress Rosa Bassett went to the Children's University School and stayed with Parkhurst. They spent hours talking about education. Parkhurst found Bassett in complete agreement with her ideas: "She was Dalton," Parkhurst wrote 50 years later. She described Bassett and Belle Rennie as the two people in England who were most enthusiastic and most helpful about the introduction of the Dalton Plan. Rosa Bassett was instrumental in the first application of the Dalton Plan of teaching within an English secondary school. She contributed a chapter to Parkhurst's book on the Plan,

Australia

 * Ascham School, Sydney, 1922
 * Methodist Ladies' College, Perth, 1921

Austria

 * Europaschule, Wien
 * HTBL Lastenstraße, Klagenfurt
 * Internationale Daltonschule mit IT-Schwerpunkt Wels
 * de La Tour Schule Deutschlandsberg

Belgium

 * Basisschool De Kleine Icarus, Gent
 * Basisschool De Lotus, Gent
 * Basisschool Dalton 1 Hasselt
 * Basisschool Dalton 2 Hasselt
 * Middelbare Dalton school VanVeldeke Hasselt
 * Het Leerlabo, kleuter-, lager en secundair daltononderwijs, Westerlo
 * Dalton Middenschool Lyceum, Gent

China

 * Shanghai East Century School, Shanghai
 * Little Dalton Kindergarten, Hong Kong
 * Dalton School Hong Kong, Hong Kong
 * Wenzhou Dalton Elementary School, Wenzhou

Czech Republic

 * ZŠ a MŠ Chalabalova, Brno
 * ZŠ a MŠ Husova, Brno
 * ZŠ a MŠ Křídlovick, Brno
 * ZŠ a MŠ Mutĕnická, Brno
 * ZŠ Rájec-Jestřebí
 * Gymnázium Slovanské námĕstí, Brno
 * ZŠ Benešova Třebíč
 * Základní škola, Brno
 * Základní škola Brno, Brno

Germany

 * Angell Akademie, Freiburg
 * Gymnasium Alsdorf, Alsdorf
 * Grundschule Unstruttal, Ammern, near Mühlhausen
 * Marie-Kahle-Gesamtschule Bonn, Bonn
 * Albrecht-Dürer-Gymnasium Berlin, Berlin
 * Theodor-Heuss-Gymnasium, Dinslaken
 * Schillerschule, Erfurt
 * Gymnasium Essen-Überruhr, Essen
 * Internationale Gesamtschule Heidelberg, Heidelberg
 * Gymnasium Lage, Lage
 * Gymnasium Vegesack, Bremen

India
Global School, Rahuri. MH

Japan
In Japan, Admiral Osami Nagano introduced a progressive educational method such as the Dalton plan to the Japanese Naval Academy School and influenced it.
 * Dalton Tokyo, Tokyo
 * Dalton Nagoya, Nagoya

Korea

 * Cheongna Dalton School, Cheongna

Netherlands

 * Basisschool de Bakelgeert, Boxmeer
 * Brederode Daltonschool, Santpoort Zuid
 * Casimirschool, Gouda
 * Dalton basisschool de Twijn, Utrecht
 * Dalton basisschool Rijnsweerd, Utrecht
 * Dalton Den Haag, The Hague (Den Haag)
 * Dalton mavo, Naaldwijk
 * Het Tangram, Rotterdam
 * Daltonexpertisecentrum, Instituut Theo Thijssen, Hogeschool, Utrecht
 * Daltonschool De Klipper, Berkel en Rodenrijs
 * Daltonschool Hengelo Zuid, Hengelo
 * Dalton Lyceum Barendrecht, Barendrecht
 * De Achtbaan, Amersfoort
 * De Klinker, Schiedam
 * De Poolster, Amsterdam
 * De Zevenster, Enschede
 * 2de Daltonschool, Amsterdam
 * 3de Daltonschool, Amsterdam
 * Erasmus College, Zoetermeer
 * Het Cheider, Amsterdam
 * Helen Parkhurst College, Almere
 * Hogeland College, Dalton vmbo, Warffum
 * Kardinaal Alfrinkschool (voor Daltononderwijs), Wageningen
 * Katholieke Daltonschool De Leeuwerik, Leiderdorp
 * Koningin Wilhelmina School Overveen
 * Markenhage, Breda
 * Maurick College. Vught
 * Saxion Hogeschool, Deventer
 * Schooladviescentrum, Utrecht
 * Stedelijk Daltoncollege, Zutphen
 * Stedelijk Dalton College, Alkmaar
 * Stedelijk Dalton Lyceum, Dordrecht
 * Spinoza Lyceum, Amsterdam
 * Spinoza 20first, Amsterdam
 * obs Theo Thijssen, Assen
 * obs Kloosterveen, Assen
 * Tweemaster-Kameleon, Oost-Souburg
 * De Vijfster, Capelle aan den IJssel
 * Wenke Dalton Consultancy, Meppel
 * Dalton College, Voorburg
 * De Waterval, Ermelo
 * Jeanne d'Arc, 't Harde
 * De Juliana Daltonschool, Bussum
 * Wolfert Dalton, Rotterdam
 * Daltonschool De Margriet, Rotterdam
 * Wolfert Lyceum, Bergschenhoek
 * Daltonschool Klaverweide, Noordwijk
 * Daltonschool Maarssen, Maarssen
 * obs Het Klokhuis, Duiven
 * Ronerborg, Roden
 * KBS Eloy, Ugchelen
 * Chr. Daltonschool Koningin Emma, Zwolle
 * Haarlemmermeer lyceum Zuidrand, Hoofddorp
 * De Tweemaster, Hoorn
 * Basisschool De Ley, Leiden

Poland

 * Academy International, Warsaw

Russia

 * Dalton School 1080, Moscow

United Kingdom

 * Bedales School, Hampshire
 * Bryanston School, Blandford, Dorset
 * Millington Primary School, Portadown
 * St Trinnean's School, Edinburgh (which inspired the fictional St Trinian's)
 * York Way Girls' School in King's Cross

United States

 * Dalton School, New York City

title: Dalton Plan


text:
User talk:Patton1138

Sheesh is right
I too can't believe we're having to discuss this. paul klenk 13:32, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

ASL
Good edit on the ASL page, thanks. Michael Dorosh 00:02, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:48, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Patton1138


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yvonne Monet

Though I'm a bit uncomfortable nominating someone who works in the same industry that I do, this is just vanity, pure and simple. Sorry, Yvonne...but ya gotta go. - Lucky 6.9 17:30, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

concur. delete. --Terrapin 17:35, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Yvonne Monet - you are the weakest link. Goodbye. Ianb 17:45, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity pages are why God invented Friendster. Diberri | Talk 18:14, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * I hate to say this to anyone who has already suffered the indignity and punishment of living in Newman, GA, but delete for vanity. Geogre 18:51, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree that the vanity stuff must go. However, she is a well-established and well-known DJ, and surely has other information about her what would be worthy of an article.  Essentially, I agree only with the deletion of the vanity content, but not completely squashing the entire article itself. –radiojon 21:12, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)
 * Vanity in its purest sense. Delete.  If she deejays (I think that's the verb) for some radio station and it has an article, by all means add her name there.  I considered deactivating the links, but this seems more like vanity than advertising.  --Ardonik 06:03, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Cloud seeding

History
Honestly, folks. Read this: To his astonishment, as soon as he breathed into the deep freezer, he noted a bluish haze, followed by an eye-popping display of millions of microscopic ice crystals, reflecting the strong light rays from the lamp illuminating a cross-section of the chamber. He instantly realized that he had discovered a way to change super-cooled water into ice crystals. The experiment was easily replicated, and he explored the temperature gradient to establish the −40 °C limit for liquid water.[27] -What is this? This is awful. This is so loaded that my baked potato's feeling self-conscious. I don't know much about editing wiki articles, but will someone please fix this horrendous paragraph for the sake of this article's legitimacy? 47.183.227.145 (talk) 18:59, 9 March 2019 (UTC)Beau

Health Effects
I first remember hearing about cloud seeding as a child in the late 50's. Since then the subject seems to have disappeared. I would like to know if cloud seeding is still done? I'm also curious about whether there has been any studies regarding the possibility (or lack of it) of long term health problems resulting from cloud seeding. Considering the increase in asthma and other chronic conditions plaguing our Baby boom generation and our children it seems that we should be questioning processes that were done in our lifetime such as cloudseeding, christmas tree fire retardence, mass vaccinations, etc. that may have seemed like a good thing to do at the time but may have resulted in unknown long term health affects.

 * I could've sworn I read that it was a widespread practice in China, so much so that they were fighting over who owned the best clouds. They use artillery, rockets, and planes to deliver the chemicals.  This ring a bell for anyone?-LtNOWIncestuous Shaggers 23:08, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Does anyone have any information on the health effects of this? That was the first thing I thought of when I read this: (Xinhua News). Andy 11:29, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

The Russians apparently used Lead Iodide, rather than silver Iodide. The health implications though are minimalistic when it is considered that over a square kilometre, the silver iodide used in aerial cloud seeding would be approx. a tablespoon.

cloud seeding
I'm a young kid but i still know alittle about cloud seeding it has been proven many cases that it is safe and ok the only thing that really sticks in my brain is in march 22, 1998 when cloud seeding helped a fire that got out ahand.I also know even some of the bad cases are because they can't measure the precipiatation levels in the cloud even with all our new computers and stuff. Thanks a fellow 8th grader in Grundy center,Iowa

"Russian military pilots seeded clouds over Belarus after the Chernobyl disaster to remove radioactive particles from clouds heading toward Moscow.[15]"

Should this not be labelled as a conspiracy theory as much as the, improbable, Woodstock one. It is taken from a single Telegraph article, not the most impartial source, which nonetheless makes it clear it has been denied by the government. Perhaps more importantly the wind was due north, leading to the radioactivity being detected inSweden before the USSR went public, while Noscow is directly to the east of Belarus. Neil Craig —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.17.46.34 (talk) 16:34, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Operation Cumulus
No mention of Operation Cumulus of 1952 on the article. I think that's something that might be worth talking about as it was hidden by the UK government for years until a pilot spoke out and the papers were released.

Vietnam
Didn't we use cloud seeding during the Vietnam war to keep NVA supply lines muddy? I think I heard this somewhere, but can't verify it.

141.213.251.164 18:37, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

I believe you're right, and I seem to remember reading about it on a wikipedia article, but now I can't find it. It's mentioned briefly under the Ho Chi-Minh Trail article, but that's all. I also believe that is what prompted the UN to ban the use of weather control as a type of weapon. -wedgiey1 67.171.68.242 04:12, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Yes, we used it to wash out the Ho Chi Minh trail. It can be verified in the book "Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in America" by Ted Steinberg.

I thoroughly doubt these claims, given that there still is little proof that cloud seeding works 199.111.85.50 19:40, 25 April 2007 (UTC) 17:49, 2 July 2007 (GMT)

There's also a three part programme by the BBC called 'The Science of Superstorms' that's worth checking out and mentions (in the first programme I believe) the fact that the US used the technique in the Vietnam war.

The wikipedia aritcle about this topic is "Operation Popeye". 71.231.190.148 (talk) 22:24, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
See WP:CONTEXT. This article was targetted by a user for overlinking. It has been tagged for cleanup and will be cleaned up as time permits. Anyone willing to go ahead and remove the excessive linking before I get back to it will be greatly permitted as many articles were overlinked and only now just discovered. --Crossmr 07:22, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Regarding clean-up how come noone seems to mention the fact that cloud seeding is suspected to have been used the soviet government as a way of removing the toxic waste that went into the clouds above Chernobyl and as such were seeded near Gomel to prevent said waste from reaching Moscow and St Petersburg.

Meteorology tagging, after nearly two years
This should help in your efforts to clean up the page. There is a bit of a movement within meteorology and hurricane projects to upgrade their pages. Now that they know of its existence, it should be whipped into shape. Thegreatdr 21:26, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Cloud seeding practice and health effects
Cloud seeding is indeed done today, by about 24 countries and eleven Western states - see http://www.naiwmc.org for a map of the Western U.S. and Canada states/provinces.

The health effects from silver deposited from silver iodide seeding are indeed minimal, and no studies have shown any silver contents in the environment above background levels. You will have much more exposure to silver from tooth fillings than from cloud seeding! Much research on the environmental and health effects of seeding were done over 20 years ago, because funding for cloud seeding research in general has declined precipitously since that time.

Another big myth about cloud seeding is that it causes precipitation decreases downwind of the area that is seeded. This is called the "Robbing Peter to Pay Paul" effect. It is discussed for winter seeding by an FAQ at http://www.wet-intl.com/faq.html. The bottom line is that there has been no evidence for decreases downwind of seeding target areas, but some evidence for increases as much as 100 miles downwind.

There is still controversy about whether cloud seeding really works, in large part because of the lack of scientific research. The National Academies of Science National Research Council studied the field in 2003 and concluded that there is a great need for a national research program to clear up remaining questions. Nevertheless, three professional societies (American Meteorological Society (AMS), Weather Modification Association, and World Meteorological Organization) agree that the best evidence for effectiveness is with winter cloud seeding to augment snowfall over mountains. In fact, the AMS even states that there is good evidence to support 10% increases in snow water seasonally. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Esteban9 (talk • contribs) 22:45, 4 December 2006 (UTC).

If this needs to be done it should be done in the evening. 130.232.109.140 (talk) 05:52, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Regulation
Is this thing regulated internationally or locally in any country? Obviously neighboring regions/countries might agree with getting more/less rain as a result. --Voidvector 06:39, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Should "cloud seeding" be disambiguated?
According to cloud seeding, cloud seeding is a human activity, whereas global warming presents "cloud seeding via galactic cosmic rays" as a natural phenomenon. If both articles are correct about these expressions, should "cloud seeding" be disambiguated? -- Wavelength (talk) 20:17, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Clouds can be seeded both naturally and otherwise. We should clarify its definition in the lead, and add a reference to it.  Thegreatdr (talk) 01:37, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Fatalities
Just wondering if this cloud seeding related death in China deserves a mention. SmokeySteve (talk) 20:07, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Distribution of silver iodide via kite lines
I rather like the idea about using a paintgun or airgun to shoot pellets into the sky. However, it makes more sense to climb a nearby hill to increase your range, so you can fire at the right cloud. (I happen to live at the 1,100 foot level while most of Portland, Oregon, is about 62 feet above sea level.)

But if the winds are blowing right, you should be able to increase the range with a catapult or even a kite (by attaching a battery-powered motor that climbs the line on its own). In the last instance, using a kite, 200 feet strikes me as the limit in range that an amateur kite flyer could achieve before the line breaks under the weight of the load on the line, and the stress caused by the wind. Dexter Nextnumber (talk) 02:10, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Can it refresh our fresh water supply?
Is it true that we can increase our fresh water supply if we did cloud seeding around our lakes, rivers, and streams to increase their rainfall amount? GVnayR (talk) 02:02, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think so. We can only seed the clouds that are there already. We can make it rain here instead of there, or now instead of later, but we can't create extra water vapour. The only possibility for extra water would be if, for example, we seeded a cloud that was going pass over an island, and make it rain on the island instead of at sea. I wonder if this has been done for real? Might be good for the article. Totnesmartin (talk) 10:20, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Interestingly, as mentioned in the article, South East Queensland Australia has been conducting a cloud seeding trial for the past four years, with the hopes of "easing" the drought situation ... do you think it might've worked? :| --PoizonMyst (talk) 13:53, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

yes, I noticed it immediately too, that it is a Warthog. Should be changed. Nnnooottt (talk) 02:03, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

 * why are you replying to an 8 year old discussion? Not that I understand your reply. Doug Weller  talk 11:33, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Doug, Because I saw it yesterday and not 8 years ago. The point being that the cloud seeding plane is an A10 Warthog, as described in the article below. Don't ask me why my comment was attached to this article instead of the one below. I have no idea, I can barely figure the site out well enough to function here at all. As mentioned below it is a bit odd to have one of the more evil (read successful, beneficial, whatever you prefer) Close Air Support military planes used to illustrate cloud seeding as a benevolent civilian activity. But this was really an aside note to my main note on the articles on cloud seeding/ chemtrailsNnnooottt (talk) 06:05, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

assault jet picture
Does anybody think it looks funny or just me? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.84.165.12 (talk) 14:08, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Yes having an A-10 Thunderbolt as the cloud seeding aircraft is somewhat odd. Not only would I suspect some sort of civilian aircraft, such as a water bomber. But also something with a much larger capacity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.52.239.106 (talk) 03:09, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

I can only assume that was done as a joke. One does not use military attack aircraft to handle cloud-seeding chores. That's a very expensive, very specialize jet that is not well suited to the job. It's a bit like driving a bulldozer to the corner grocer so you can buy bread. I mean, it could theoretically do the job, but it's inefficient, insanely expensive, and probably illegal. 73.45.208.237 (talk) 19:13, 7 October 2017 (UTC)

Salt Usage
So... is it used or isn't it?

There is NEVER salt included.

and later in the same paragraph...

The use of hygroscopic materials, such as salt, is increasing in popularity[citation needed] because of some promising research results[citation needed].

There isn't a citation for either part, I would suggest removing them both.

SeanJA (talk) 13:19, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Bit of news
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-19/cloud-seeding/4322880, via http://geoengineeringpolitics.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/new-south-wales-adopts-cloud-seeding.html William M. Connolley (talk) 22:22, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

Vandalism
There is a buttload of vandalism on this article! — Preceding unsigned comment added by EdSaperia (talk • contribs) 18:22, 4 April 2013 (UTC) Agreed. In the picture of the cloud seeding, The descriptive text replaces "Clouds" or "the cloud" with the words "my butt" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bear1977 (talk • contribs) 03:36, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

 * You added it yourself. Please refrain from editing articles with the "cloud-to-butt" browser extension enabled. Kolbasz (talk) 18:33, 7 April 2013 (UTC)
 * ...I have absolutely no idea what the hell happened here... ...I saw... ...what?? I saw the article had "cloud" replaced by "butt" in lots of places, and I fixed some of them, and now it looks like I put them there? I'm so confused?!? EdSaperia (talk) 19:01, 7 April 2013 (UTC)
 * So it turns out that my coworkers installed that extension on my computer a few months ago and I hadn't noticed until now... EdSaperia (talk) 19:05, 7 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Who the f*ck started it, and why have you not reverted it.

Impact on environment and health
What i lack in this article is the impact on the natural weather patterns. I'd like to know whether the normal weather patterns are disturbed in the short and long run. Because if not this might be the solution for desertification and droughts anywhere. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.91.41.128 (talk) 10:00, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

There is no discussion on where that water may have gone to, they just take it. How does this affect your neighbors? Greed Argalite (talk) 16:42, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

POV Issues
The tones used in the Asia section and North America section are quite different. It seems to express a lot of doubt on the efficacy of the Chinese rainmaking projects, while affirming the success of the American projects. Especially problematic is the sentence "... People's Republic of China, which believes that it increases the amount of rain ...". The sentence deliberately lowers the legitimacy of the Chinese efforts, but the other section unfairly emphasises the success in North America. Please fix the tone. Yinweichen (talk) 11:32, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

I have two issues:
 * I did not understand that there is a Cloud seeding article, until I was reading that Chemtrail conspiracy theory is not linked with this article.

 * I was reading about this topic for the first time here: http://news.asiaone.com/news/malaysia/cloud-seeding-done-daily and it looks like common practice for the involved people/countries and the effects to the environment.

"Abu Bakar dismissed allegations that the Ministry had used harmful chemicals in any of its cloud seeding operations." (sidenote: Censorship in Malaysia)

"The matter used in cloud seeding is natrium chloride, which is regular salt used for daily cooking. When we mix salt and spray it on the clouds, the clouds will become heavy and it will turn into rain."

So theoretically if I cook water (for pasta for e.g.) with enough salt, and do it outdoors (on a massive scale) it will start raining? This is for me only one side of the story, it shows only that the ingredients used are declared, but not how it's done, when it comes down to energy consumption, there is no reference to that. I'll assume what they don't say in is more important to our environment than what they say. Is that right or what and where do I get it wrong? Thanks! --huggi - never stop exploring (talk) 06:46, 7 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Removed irrelevant information
In the "China" section, there was an uncited claim that "about 24 countries practice weather modification operationally". I don't believe that this claim belongs in a specific country's section. To re-add this claim I think that it should have a source. longchess (talk · contribs · block user) 15:18, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

Propose merge
I propose that January 2020 cloud seeding experiment in the United Arab Emirates be merged into this article. There is not enough significant coverage of the even to warrant a separate article. JayJay<sup style="color:black">What did I do? 17:58, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I am actually thinking that we might be in a good place to do Cloud seeding in the United Arab Emirates as a general article, there appears to be a ton of sources about it on the interwebs, and it would be a good complement to Water in the United Arab Emirates -- maybe we move the one you are proposing, bring over content from this article, and then transclude the lead of the more concise section here with Template:Excerpt. does that sound right? Sadads (talk) 18:18, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I think that would work, like you said there seems to be enough sources about cloud seeding in the United Arab Emirates. <b style="color:#FF0000">Jay</b><b style="color:#0000FF">Jay</b><sup style="color:black">What did I do? 22:11, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * What about Cloud seeding in the United Arab Emirates? That seems to be a good start, its better than it was :D Sadads (talk) 22:41, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me! <b style="color:#FF0000">Jay</b><b style="color:#0000FF">Jay</b><sup style="color:black">What did I do? 00:13, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

Tasmanian Cloud Seeding (under Australia)
Cloud seeding in Tasmania ended in 2016. I think this information should probably be added. I'm unwilling to make the edit myself since I haven't edited an article before and I'm not up to date with the style guide / rules.--203.213.23.190 (talk) 14:33, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

2020 study
"Quantifying snowfall from orographic cloud seeding" Mapsax (talk) 01:45, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

No mention of NOAA Database
As part of Public Law 92-205 (1972), all non-Federal weather modification activities must be reported to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, via the NOAA Weather Program Office. Below is a list of these reports and is updated on a quarterly basis. https://library.noaa.gov/Collections/Digital-Collections/Weather-Modification-Project-Reports 2601:242:500:3E80:B79:4490:3136:954A (talk) 03:00, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

Conflict: Effectiveness / History-UAE
In this claim under History - UAE

Forecasters and scientists have estimated that cloud seeding operations can enhance rainfall by as much as 30-35% percent in a clear atmosphere, and up to 10-15% in a more humid atmosphere

Does that not directly conflict with the section under effectiveness and Pelley, Janet (30 May 2016)?

 Ogreen98 (talk) 23:28, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cloud seeding


text:
Superior Hiking Trail

The Superior Hiking Trail, also known as the SHT, is a 310 mi long hiking trail in northeastern Minnesota that follows the rocky ridges overlooking Lake Superior for most of its length. The trail travels through forests of birch, aspen, pine, fir, and cedar. Hikers enjoy views of boreal forests, the Sawtooth Mountains, babbling brooks, rushing waterfalls, and abundant wildlife. The lowest point in the path is 602 ft above sea level and the highest point is 1829 ft above sea level. The footpath is intended for hiking only. Motorized vehicles, mountain bikes, and horses are not allowed on the trail. Many people use the trail for long-distance hiking, and facilitating this purpose are 94 backcountry, fee-free campsites.

History
Construction of the Superior Hiking Trail began in the mid-1980s, and the trail now extends 310 mi from the Minnesota-Wisconsin border southwest of Duluth to the Canada–US border. In addition there are 17 mi of spur trails that connect trailheads to the main trail. Inspiration for building the trail came from the Appalachian Trail, which extends from Georgia to Maine. The Superior Hiking Trail Association (SHTA) was formed in 1986 to manage the construction, planning, and day-to-day care of the trail. The SHTA received several grants from the State of Minnesota, three of which were from the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources. This money helped jump start the construction of the trail and funded construction for the first few years. In 1987, the trail had an opening ceremony at Britton Peak to celebrate the beginning of construction. The ceremony included a log-cutting event and many state government officials and SHTA founders attended. Three years later, in August 1990, the trail had reached a half-way mark and another celebration was held. That celebration included a 140 mi hike for about a dozen brave hikers who completed it in 12 days. Since 1991, a 100 mi ultramarathon known as the "Superior 100", along with several other races, has been hosted annually on the Superior Hiking Trail. In 1995, Paul Hlina, who was paralyzed from the waist down, hiked the entire trail on crutches and is now known as the first hiker to thru-hike the trail. He raised $16,000 in pledges for the Superior Hiking Trail Association, the non-profit organization which maintains the trail. Trail construction and improvements continued, and in 2016, the 30th year of trail construction, the Superior Hiking Trail became a continuous footpath from the Minnesota-Wisconsin border to the 270 Degree Overlook near the Canada–US border. The Superior Hiking Trail is now a portion of the North Country National Scenic Trail, a National Scenic Trail that stretches over 4,600 mi from North Dakota to Vermont.

Sections of the trail

There are two primary sections to the Superior Hiking Trail.

The Duluth section of the trail comprises 50 mi and starts southwest of the city of Duluth at the Minnesota-Wisconsin border. The trail extends to the northeast through Jay Cooke State Park, the Spirit Mountain Recreation Area, Brewer Park, Enger Park, the Historic Downtown Area, Canal Park, the Lakewalk, and Hartley Nature Center, before it ends at a trailhead located on Martin Road on the north side of the city. The Duluth section is particularly suited for day hiking. There is only one backcountry campground, located near the Minnesota-Wisconsin border, along the Duluth section.

The North Shore section of the trail is 260 mi long and begins at the Martin Road Trailhead on the northern boundary of the City of Duluth. From there, the trail extends to the northeast along Lake Superior through seven state parks, including Gooseberry Falls State Park, Split Rock Lighthouse State Park and Tettegouche State Park. This section of the SHT passes near the towns of Lutsen and Grand Marais, and ends just before the Canada–United States border. The North Shore section provides backcountry experiences and is utilized by both day hikers and backpackers. The Superior Hiking Trail Association maintains 93 backcountry campgrounds along the North Shore section, and a traditional thru-hike of the Superior Hiking Trail typically spans this 260 mi section. The total elevation gain along the North Shore section is 37,800 feet (11,500 m) and the elevation loss is 37,400 feet (11,400 m) for a northbound hiker.

On the northern end the Superior Hiking Trail is connected to the 65 mi long Border Route Trail which starts a short distance from the trail head on Otter Lake Road. This then connects to the 41 mi long Kekekabic Trail which gives the hiker the ability to hike all the way through the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and end near Ely.

The Superior Hiking Trail Association

The Superior Hiking Trail Association (SHTA) builds, promotes and maintains the trail. It is a Minnesota-based non-profit corporation with more than 3200 members. The association produces a quarterly newsletter called The Ridgeline for its members which contains noteworthy news of the trail, trail volunteer bios, and association financial information. The most visible activities of the SHTA are the popular organized hikes featuring leaders with interpretive skills, such as naturalists, geologists, photographers, and historians and ranging from day hikes to backpacking trips of several days' duration.

The trail was mostly built by crews of people that were hired from local towns or by the Minnesota Conservation Corps. In addition, the SHTA coordinates the efforts of numerous volunteers who assist with trail and campground construction and maintenance. These volunteers include interested individuals, scout troops, and other outdoor organizations. Some groups have chosen to adopt a section of the trail to maintain, while others participate in scheduled maintenance hikes.

Accolades

In December 2000, Backpacker Magazine named the Superior Hiking Trail the trail with the "Best Trail/Camp/Shelter Conditions," the trail with the "Best Signage" in the country, and one of the most scenic trails in the nation. Writer and backpacker Andrew Skurka says the Superior Hiking Trail is one of his ten favorite hikes in America. In 2005, Reader's Digest listed the Superior Hiking Trail as one of the "5 Best Hikes in America," and in 2015, The Guardian included the trail among the "top 10 long-distance hiking trails in the US."

title: Superior Hiking Trail


text:
S.P.A. (automobile)

S.P.A. (Società Piemontese Automobili) was an Italian automobile, military vehicle and aero-engine manufacturer founded in Turin by Matteo Ceirano and Michele Ansaldi. It was active between 1906 and 1926. In 1908, it merged with Fabbrica Ligure Automobili Genova (FLAG) and the new company, Società Ligure Piemontese Automobili, was headquartered in Genoa while manufacturing in Turin.

In 1923 it moved to Turin and in 1925 was taken over by Fiat, whereby car manufacture ceased but commercial and military vehicle production continued. Although car production resumed after World War II, by 1947 the company was fully absorbed into Fiat.

Ceirano family background
The Ceirano brothers, Giovanni Battista, Giovanni, Ernesto and Matteo, were influential in the founding of the Italian auto industry, being variously responsible for : Ceirano; Welleyes (the technical basis of F.I.A.T.); Fratelli Ceirano; S.T.A.R./Rapid (Società Torinese Automobili Rapid); SCAT (Società Ceirano Automobili Torino); Itala and S.P.A. (Società Piemontese Automobili). Giovanni's son Giovanni "Ernesto" was also influential, co-founding Ceirano Fabbrica Automobili (aka Giovanni Ceirano Fabbrica Automobili) and Fabrica Anonima Torinese Automobili (FATA).

In 1888, after eight years apprenticeship at his father's watch-making business, Giovanni Battista started building Welleyes bicycles, so named because English names had more sales appeal. In October 1898 Giovanni Battista and Matteo co-founded Ceirano GB & C and started producing the Welleyes motor car in 1899. In July 1899 the plant and patents were sold to Giovanni Agnelli and produced as the first F.I.A.T.s - the Fiat 4 HP. Giovanni Battista was employed by Fiat as the agent for Italy, but within a year he left to found Fratelli Ceirano & C. which in 1903 became Società Torinese Automobili Rapid (S.T.A.R.) building cars badged as 'Rapid'. In 1904 Matteo Ceirano left Ceirano GB & C to create his own brand - Itala. In 1906 Matteo left Itala to found S.P.A. (Società Piemontese Automobili) with chief designer, Alberto Ballacco. In 1906 Giovanni founded SCAT (Società Ceirano Automobili Torino) in Turin. In 1919 Giovanni and Giovanni "Ernesto" co-founded Ceirano Fabbrica Automobili (aka Giovanni Ceirano Fabbrica Automobili) and in 1922 they took control of Fabrica Anonima Torinese Automobili (FATA).

History
The company was established in 1906 by Matteo Ceirano and Michele Ansaldi (founder of Ansaldi automobiles) in Turin under the name of Società Piemontese Automobili. The chief designer was Alberto Ballacco.

In 1908, the company merged with Fabbrica Ligure Automobili Genova (FLAG) and the new company became Società Ligure Piemontese Automobili. The headquarters was in Genoa while production continued in Turin.

During World War I the company produced aero engines such as the 6A. Shortly afterwards, in 1916, both Ceirano and Ansaldi left.

In 1923 the company moved to Turin. Severe financial problems lead to a take-over by Fiat in 1925 and the discontinuation of car manufacture in favor of commercial and military vehicles.

After World War II they resumed car production, but, in 1947, the company was fully absorbed into Fiat.

Cars
The first S.P.A.s designed by Alberto Ballacco and Ceirano were the 28/40HP and 60/70 HP which had four cylinder engines, side valves and live rear axles. They were exhibited at the Esposizione di Torino.

By 1907 they also produced two six-cylinder models, one of which had the flywheel mounted at the front of the crankshaft.

By 1911 they had introduced L-head monobloc engine designs, unitary gearboxes, and High tension magneto ignition systems. The next year they sold 500 cars and introduced a new four cylinder 14/16 hp engine as the basis of their modern, compact car.

By 1914 the range included twin, four and six cylinder cars - the biggest had an 11,536cc displacement.

After World War I production resumed with the pre-war models; the 14/16 HP using a 2.700cc side-valve engine and the '25/30 HP using a 4,400cc six cylinder engine.

In 1922 the highly sophisticated 30/40 Super Sports was launched, with a 4,400cc six cylinder engine, using twin overhead camshafts (dohc) operating four valves per cylinder. The aluminium alloy cylinders had steel liners and aluminium pistons, plus dual carburettors and dual-ignition. The car was also equipped with front-wheel brakes and a V-shaped radiator. By the next year, the sporting range was marketed as Tipo 23, Tipo 24 and Tipo 25.

Racing
In 1908 Ernesto Ceirano finished third in the Targa Florio driving a four-cylinder, 7,785cc, S.P.A. 28/40 HP.

In 1909 an S.P.A. racer driven by Francesco Ciuppa won the Targa Florio race. Completing a single lap of the 148km Grande Circuit in 2 hours 43 minutes 19 seconds at an average speed of 54.67 km/h.

Range

 * 28/40 HP
 * 50 HP
 * 60/70 HP
 * 25/30 HP
 * 14/16 HP
 * Tipo 23
 * Tipo 23 S
 * Tipo 24
 * Tipo 25

Aero engines
During World War I the company also produced aero engines. The S.P.A. 6A was a water-cooled inline six-cylinder engine that produced 220 horsepower (164 kW).

The SPA 6A was used to power:
 * Ansaldo A.1 Balilla - Italy's only domestically-produced fighter aircraft;
 * Ansaldo SVA - reconnaissance biplane;
 * Breda A.2 - a 1921 Italian sport and touring aircraft ;
 * Breda A.3;
 * Breda A.9 and A.9bis - a 1928 Italian biplane trainer for the Regia Aeronautica;
 * CANT 7 - a 1920 Italian Flying boat;
 * Marchetti MVT/SIAI S.50 - a 1919-1920s Italian fighter aircraft.

Military vehicles

 * SPA 9000 da 102/35
 * Dovunque 35
 * Dovunque 35 protetto
 * Dovunque 41
 * 25C/10 (see Ursus A)
 * 36R
 * 38R
 * S37
 * AS37
 * AS42
 * AS43
 * CL39
 * TL37
 * TM40
 * A-10000

title: S.P.A. (automobile)


text:
Talk:Alpe d'Huez

List of winners in chronological order
The pages for Le Tour (and other similar pages, like the World Cycling Championships) list winners in chronological order, i.e., oldest to most recent. Any particular reason this page is backwards? (It confused me for a minute.) (Is there any Wikipedia guideline for this sort of thing?) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.192.188.20 (talk) 17:37, 28 July 2004

Ski hill details?
The article starts by claiming that the Alpe is a 1850 m ski hill. Looking at the image one cannot help but be confused, as it looks like the slope in the background is perhaps 150 m at most. I noticed later on the page that the BOTTOM of the hill is at 1850 m... So is the ski area of the hill actually much smaller? If so, this should be what appears in the intro! Maury

 * the whole mountain is a ski resort, it links up with the "Les Deux Alpes" resort

 * the article focusses to much on cycling and as such the pic show roads, not ski resorts
 * just do an image search on google for "alpe d'huez ski" ,and you'll see

 * it's actually one of the better places to go skiing in france, if you can go outside the common holidays...

 * the pic in the article is basically the top of the mountain that's allready high up in the mountain, during winter that area is white, that road isn't accessible then either —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.46.207.127 (talk) 21:38, 19 July 2006

List of times for climb
Some times from the 2004 ITT still need to be added to the table. 136 riders finished inside 48 minutes in 2004. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.132.161.145 (talk) 22:27, 26 April 2007

...
Lance Armstrong's time from 2004 (37'36") makes him only the fifth fastest, highlighting how the 1990s saw notably faster ascents than other eras. [...] The increase in climbing speed in the 1990s had been attributed to the use of doping products, primarily Erythropoietin or EPO. A number of riders with sub-40' times, such as Alex Zülle, Riis, and Virenque, have confessed to using such products during this time. Strong evidence also exists that Pantani's records were also achieved with the assistance of EPO.

It seems you absolutely have always to find a reason to justify the fact that your great hero best-of-all-time Lance Armstrong is not the best even in this occasion —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.2.110.251 (talk) 17:24, 13 July 2008

 * I agree with above comment. Please note the autopsy results for Pantani, that excluded intense and continuative use of EPO. The "Marco Pantani" wiki page in english, has a reference to this issue. There is no proof of EPO use for Pantani. Please correct this. I'm going to inform Pantani's family of this shame. Hi. Roberto. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.241.31.125 (talk) 11:42, 3 June 2010

mistakes in the list of times
In 1997 Jan Ullrich was 20 to 24 seconds faster than Lance Armstrong in 2001. Ullrich needed 37min 48-50sec for the climb itself (measured from the actual beginning of the climb: left turn in Bourg d'Oisans hitting the first 10% ramp), Armstrong needed 38min 10-12sec from the. This can be observed and proven by the available TV recordings one can find on the internet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.64.135.163 (talk) 15:17, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

The table shows Laurent Fignon being 25 seconds faster than Pedro Delgado in 1989, yet they started the climb in the same group and they crossed the finish line together. Matteomjb (talk) 10:56, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

It seems there are still some corrections to be made about the ascent times, especially about the times of 2006. Frank Schleck won the stage that year at the summit of the Alpe d'Huez. Yet, according to the table, his time of 2006 is only ranked as the 20th fastest ascent while the times of Landis and Kloden, that same year, are ranked 7th and 8th respectively. Landis is said to have made 38'34 and Kloden 38'35. It is obvious that they couldn't have crossed the line more than two minutes before the stage winner. Same thing for Pierre Rolland in 2011. Being the stage winner, he could not have arrived 36 seconds after Samuel Sanchez. Unfortunately, I don't have the statistics, but I hope someone can check for the accurate times and change the list.--Onimarou (talk) 20:30, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The times are all over the place, some of the times appear to be based on 14.454km but some of the times on the list are based on 13.8km. The current accepted distance is 13.8. it really needs to be fully updated. Dimspace (talk) 22:49, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

You were right, Dimspace! I guess this list could be very accurate since they just focus on timing climbing records. They have also one for the Mont Ventoux.
 * http://www.climbing-records.com/2015/07/three-riders-make-it-into-alpe-dhuez.html (Alpe d´Huez)
 * http://www.climbing-records.com/2013/07/mont-ventoux-2013-two-new-entries-in.html (Mont Ventoux)

13.8 km in Alpe d´Huez according to Climbing Records:

Maybe the Wikipedians do some research if this is the 100% accurate list.--Niten Doraku (talk) 15:02, 23 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alpe d'Huez


text:
Extreme points of Europe

This is a list of the extreme points of Europe: the geographical points that are higher or farther north, south, east or west than any other location in Europe. Some of these positions are open to debate, as the definition of Europe is diverse.

Extremes of the European continent, including islands

 * Northernmost point. Cape Fligely, Rudolf Island, Franz Josef Land, Russia (81° 48′ 24″ N). Franz Josef Land is near the ill-defined border between Europe and Asia; if it is not considered a part of Europe, then the northernmost point is on the island of Rossøya, Svalbard, Norway (81°N).
 * Southernmost point. Cape Trypiti, Gavdos Island, Greece (34° 48′ 02″ N) is the least ambiguous southernmost point of Europe. However, there are other contenders, depending on definition. The island of Cyprus has cultural links with Europe and it is also part of European Union; Cyprus's southernmost point is the British base at Akrotiri (34°35′N). The Portuguese islands of Madeira are borderline between Europe and Africa; their southernmost point is at Bugio Island, at (32°24′14″N). La Restinga on the island of El Hierro (27°45′N) in the Spanish Canary Islands is yet further south and could be considered politically, though not physiographically as part of Europe.
 * Westernmost point. Monchique Islet, Azores Islands, Portugal (31° 16′ 30″ W) (If considered part of Europe, though it sits on the North American Plate). If not, then the Capelinhos Volcano, Faial Island, Azores Islands, Portugal (28° 50′ 00″ W), the westernmost point of the Eurasian Plate above sea level. Bjargtangar (24° 31′ 55″ W) is Iceland´s Westernmost point and thus furthest west of a European country.
 * Easternmost point. Cape Flissingsky (69° 02′ E), Severny Island, Novaya Zemlya, Russia.

Mainland Europe

 * Northernmost point. Cape Nordkinn (Kinnarodden), Norway (71°08′02″N 27°39′00″E)
 * Southernmost point. Punta de Tarifa, Spain  (36°00'00.2"N). This is the southernmost point of a small island connected to the coast by a causeway in 1808, so no longer an island. If manmade land is not accepted, the continental southernmost point is located slightly more to the North at 36°00'25"N.
 * Westernmost point. Cabo da Roca, Portugal (9°29'56.44 W).
 * Easternmost point. The easternmost point is dependent upon the various definitions of Europe's eastern border. Utilizing the most common definition of Europe's eastern edge (the watershed divide of the Ural Mountains), the easternmost point of the Ural watershed (and thus mainland Europe) lies on an unnamed 545 m peak at 68.31028°N, 66.61806°W as shown on various detailed maps such as the Soviet General Staff maps and as shown on Google Earth/Maps.  This peak is 17 km northeast of an 875 m peak named Gora Anoraga and 60 km southwest of Ostrov Lediyev (island) on Arctic waters south of the Kara Sea.

Elevation

 * Highest point. The highest point is dependent upon the definition of Europe:
 * The Caucasus Mountains watershed divide is the most common definition for the European/Asian border. This places the highest point at Mount Elbrus, Russia (5,642 metres; 18,506 feet), which is 11 km onto the European side of the Caucasus watershed divide.
 * If the Caucasus mountains are excluded, the highest point is Mont Blanc, on the border between France and Italy (4,810 metres; 15,781 feet).
 * Lowest point (natural, with open sky). Caspian Sea shore, Russia (28 metres; 92 feet below sea level).
 * Lowest point (natural, under water). Calypso Deep, Ionian Sea, Greece (5,267 metres; 17,280 feet below sea level).
 * Lowest point (natural, underground). Dependent upon the definition of Europe: either Krubera Cave, Abkhazia, Georgia (2196 metres; 7205 feet below surface) (also the deepest cave in the world) or Lamprechtsofen, Austria (1,632 metres; 5,354 feet below surface).
 * Lowest point (artificial, with open sky). Hambach surface mine (open-pit mine), Germany (293 metres; 961 feet below sea level). Also deepest of the world.
 * Lowest point (artificial, underground). Kola Superdeep Borehole, Russia (12,262 metres; 40,230 feet below surface). Also the deepest artificial point on Earth.

Highest attainable by transportation

 * Cable car (and lift) – Klein Matterhorn, Switzerland (3,883 metres; 12,736 feet)
 * Teide Cableway – Teide volcano, Spain (3,555 metres; 11,663 feet)
 * Funicular – Mittelallalin, Switzerland (3,456 metres; 11,339 feet)
 * Train (dead end) – Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (3,454 metres; 11,330 feet)
 * Train (mountain pass) – Bernina Pass, Switzerland (2,253 metres; 7390 feet)
 * Restricted access paved road (dead end) – Veleta (Sierra Nevada), Spain (3,300 metres; 10,827 feet)
 * Paved road (dead end) – Ötztal Glacier Road, Austria (2,830 metres; 9,285 feet)
 * Paved road (mountain pass) – Col de l'Iseran, France (2,770 metres; 9,090 feet)
 * See also: List of highest paved roads in Europe and List of highest railways in Europe

Lowest attainable by transportation

 * Lowest public tunnel – Ryfast Tunnel, Norway (292 m below sea level)

Extreme station of the European continent, including islands

 * Northernmost station: Terminal station: unclear which is in service: Pechenga (railway station), Murmansk Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Russia (274 km from Cape Nordkinn)
 * Easternmost station: Crossing of the watershed border of the Ural: Polyarnyj Ural station, literally named after the region of Polar Urals, Komi Republic, Russia (180 km from the easternmost point)
 * Southernmost station: Terminal station: Algeciras, Andalusia, Spain (20 km northeast from Punta de Tarifa)
 * Westernnmost station: Terminal station: Tralee railway station, County Kerry, Ireland (70 km east from The westernmost point of Ireland)

Continental Schengen area

 * Northernmost station: Terminal station: Narvik, Nordland, Norway
 * Easternmost station: Stop on the line Joensuu–Kontiomäki: Uimaharju, North Karelia, Finland
 * Southernmost station: Terminal station: Algeciras, Andalusia, Spain
 * Westernmost station: Terminal station: Cascais, Lisbon Region, Portugal

title: Extreme points of Europe


text:
Offshoot

Offshoot may refer to:

 * Offshoot, a newer name for the Transformers character "Firebolt", who is Targetmaster partner to Hot Rod/Rodimus
 * Offshoot Films, a digital media company
 * Offshoot (plant), a concept in botany

title: Offshoot


text: User talk:217.44.168.75

title: User talk:217.44.168.75