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Design by committee

Design by committee is a pejorative term for a project that has many designers involved but no unifying plan or vision.

Usage of the term
The term is used to refer to suboptimal traits that such a process may produce as a result of having to compromise between the requirements and viewpoints of the participants, particularly in the presence of poor leadership or poor technical knowledge, such as needless complexity, internal inconsistency, logical flaws, banality, and the lack of a unifying vision. This design process by consensus is in contrast to autocratic design, or design by dictator, where the project leader decides on the design. The difference is that in an autocratic style, members of the organizations are not included and the final outcome is the responsibility of the leader. The phrase, "a camel is a horse designed by committee" is often used to describe design by committee.

The term is especially common in technical parlance; and stresses the need for technical quality over political feasibility. The proverb "too many cooks spoil the broth" expresses the same idea. The term is also common in other fields of design such as graphic design, architecture or industrial design. In automotive design, this process is often blamed for unpopular or poorly designed cars.

Examples
The term is commonly used in information and communications technology, especially when referring to the design of languages and technical standards, as demonstrated by USENET archives.

An alleged example is the DR Class 119 diesel locomotive, built from 1976 to 1985 in communist Romania for East Germany due to Soviet-era Comecon restrictions. Only the USSR was allowed to continue building powerful diesel engines, but they were too heavy for East Germany where some lines were limited to low axle load locomotives. Not allowed to continue building their own designs, the East Germans managed to have Romanian 23 August Works assemble a successor to the DR Class 118. With a mixture of parts from several planned economy countries, even including West German designs to fill gaps, the Class 119 was unreliable. Only 200 were built in ten years as East Germany cancelled the contract prematurely. No other country purchased the Class 119, but after 1990 unified German rail had to deal with them until they were replaced.

An example of a technical decision said to be a typical result of design by committee is the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cell size of 53 bytes. The choice of 53 bytes was political rather than technical. When the CCITT was standardizing ATM, parties from the United States wanted a 64-byte payload. Parties from Europe wanted 32-byte payloads. Most of the European parties eventually came around to the arguments made by the Americans, but France and a few others held out for a shorter cell length of 32 bytes. A 53-byte size (48 bytes plus 5 byte header) was the compromise chosen.

An example described as naming by committee was a school near Liverpool formed by the merger of several other schools: it was officially named the "Knowsley Park Centre for Learning, Serving Prescot, Whiston and the Wider Community" in 2009, listing as a compromise all the schools and communities merged into it. The name lasted seven years before its headmistress, who called the name "so embarrassing", cut it to simply "The Prescot School".

The F-35 Joint Strike Fighter has been described as designed by committee, due to being overscheduled, over budget, and underperforming expectations. It was originally conceived to serve the widely varying needs of multiple branches of the military all in one simple platform. This multi-interest approach has been pinpointed as largely responsible for its bloat, along with stacking too many new and unproven features into its design. Uneven progress across areas and unexpected challenges meant that major technical fixes and redesigns could halt the program's movement, requiring planes to be remedied even as they were being delivered.

Apple Inc. reportedly uses remote controls designed by other companies with as many as 78 buttons as an example of design by committee when training employees.

The Washington Post described the Pontiac Aztek as a vehicle designed by committee, which was largely designed based on feedback from extensive focus group testing, and was released to negative reviews and poor sales.

title: Design by committee


text:
Mihara

Mihara may refer to:

People

 * Mihara (surname)

Places

 * Mihara, Hiroshima, a city in Hiroshima Prefecture
 * Mihara Station, a railway station in Mihara, Hiroshima
 * Mihara Castle, a castle that was located in Mihara, Hiroshima
 * Mihara, Hyōgo, a former town in Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Mihara District, Hyōgo, a former district in Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Mihara, Kōchi, a village in Kōchi Prefecture
 * Mihara, Osaka, a former town in Osaka Prefecture
 * Mount Mihara, a volcano on Izu Ōshima

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mihara


text:
Category:Persian culture

 * Persian culture — of ancient and modern Iran (Persia), in Western Asia

 * For contemporary Iran, please see: Category: Culture of Iran.

title: Category:Persian culture


text:
Talk:Good Morning

On 3 Aug 2004, this page was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Good Morning for a record of the debate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rossami (talk • contribs)

Since then, Good morning (note the uncapitalization) has become a dab page. Redirecting there instead. Stebulus 01:39, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Good Morning


text:
Miyoshi

Miyoshi may refer to:

Places

 * Miyoshi, Aichi, a city in Aichi Prefecture
 * Miyoshi, Chiba, a former village in Chiba Prefecture
 * Miyoshi, Hiroshima, a city in Hiroshima Prefecture
 * Miyoshi, Saitama, a town in Saitama Prefecture
 * Miyoshi, Tokushima, a city in Tokushima Prefecture
 * Miyoshi, Tokushima (Town), a former town in Tokushima Prefecture
 * Miyoshi District, Tokushima, a district in Tokushima Prefecture

People with the given name

 * Miyoshi Nabeta (鍋田 美吉), Japanese pilot officer
 * Miyoshi Kato (加藤 美善), Japanese speed skater
 * Miyoshi Umeki (梅木 美代志), Japanese-American actress and singer

Other uses

 * Miyoshi (surname)
 * Miyoshi clan, Japanese clan

title: Miyoshi


text:
Strong generating set

In abstract algebra, especially in the area of group theory, a strong generating set of a permutation group is a generating set that clearly exhibits the permutation structure as described by a stabilizer chain. A stabilizer chain is a sequence of subgroups, each containing the next and each stabilizing one more point.

Let $$G \leq S_n$$ be a group of permutations of the set $$\{ 1, 2, \ldots, n \}.$$ Let

 * $$ B = (\beta_1, \beta_2, \ldots, \beta_r) $$

be a sequence of distinct integers, $$\beta_i \in \{ 1, 2, \ldots, n \} ,$$ such that the pointwise stabilizer of $$ B $$ is trivial (i.e., let $$ B $$ be a base for $$ G $$). Define

 * $$ B_i = (\beta_1, \beta_2, \ldots, \beta_i),\, $$

and define $$ G^{(i)} $$ to be the pointwise stabilizer of $$ B_i $$. A strong generating set (SGS) for G relative to the base $$ B $$ is a set

 * $$ S \subseteq G $$

such that

 * $$ \langle S \cap G^{(i)} \rangle = G^{(i)} $$

for each $$ i $$ such that $$ 1 \leq i \leq r $$.

The base and the SGS are said to be non-redundant if

 * $$ G^{(i)} \neq G^{(j)} $$

for $$ i \neq j $$.

A base and strong generating set (BSGS) for a group can be computed using the Schreier–Sims algorithm.

title: Strong generating set


text: Category:Top-level domains

title: Category:Top-level domains


text:
Talk:Free Spirits

On 3 Aug 2004, this page was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Free Spirits for a record of the debate. Rossami 23:25, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Free Spirits


text:
Talk:Litany against fear

Previously redirected to Talk:Bene Gesserit

title: Talk:Litany against fear


text:
Otake

Otake may refer to:

 * Ōtake, Hiroshima, a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan
 * Ōtake (surname), a Japanese surname
 * Otake (Nakanoshima), a volcano on Nakanoshima in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
 * Otake Dainichi Nyorai, a divine being in Japanese Buddhism
 * Ōtake stable, a professional sumo stable
 * Dairyū Tadahiro, head coach of Ōtake stable

title: Otake


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zebibyte

Zebibyte and Yobibyte was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to delete.

 * According to what I hear at Wikipedia, IEC has officially coined kibibyte through exbibyte, but not zebibyte or yobibyte. Any significance of these 2 articles?? 66.245.22.210 16:53, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete both - dicdefs, and also delete if they are not official terms - Tεx  τ  urε  17:20, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak vote to delete. If they are not the official terms, then they should go.  If they ever get certified, they can be recreated. -- DropDeadGorgias (talk) 17:33, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Redirect to Binary prefix where they are mentioned and properly identified as speculative. Sans such a qualification, these articles are misinformation, because the terms have not been endorsed by any standards organization, are not in any dictionary, and are not in significant use (because as of 2004 they are too big for there to be any actual need for them). This is very similar to the issue with Nonabyte and Doggabyte which were deleted per VfD some time ago. Nerd oneupmanship. If these are not deleted, I shall contribute my own fine articles on "bajillion skillion gazillion antidisestablishmentillion," and "mobidikkabyte" (=the binary equivalent of one melvillion bytes) [[User:dpbsmith|dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:24, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Zetta- and yotta- are SI prefixes . Some prefixes have modified forms for naming powers of 2 . Zetta- and yotta- don't appear to have official binary forms but it's easy enough to see that zebi- and yobi- would be those forms if they did, and every now and then somebody makes that obvious extrapolation, e.g. . Zebibyte and yobibyte should state explicitly that they're unofficial terms. I'd do that but I'm feeling lazy at the moment. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:06, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmph. Such extrapolations can surely be made, but they're not encyclopedic. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. I feel very confident that Kerry will take Massachusetts in the 2004 U. S. Presidential election, but that does not mean that I should write an encyclopedia article that states this as fact. Wikipedia is accumulating enough of this sort of garbage to be of at least mild concern. [[User:dpbsmith|dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:18, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC) P. S. Too many nerds have obviously gotten too many pats on the back for being able guess "what comes next" in a sequence...

 * Modify and keep as outlined by Wile. - UtherSRG 15:44, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Modify and keep. Spiff 17:12, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I've done a modify since if the articles are going to be, ugh, kept I want them to be accurate. With regard to Wile E. Heresiarch's citation I do not see "zebibyte", "zebi-", "yobibyte", or "yobi-." I indeed see the abbreviations ZiB and YiB, and the (puzzling) explanation that "`Zi'[sic] is a GNU extension to IEC 60027-2." Presumably that's a typo for ZiB. Ditto for YiB. If accurately described and cited, I wouldn't object to this factoid being added to the article, since IMHO the FSF does count as some kind of authority—perhaps as an external link identified as "Use of abbreviations ZiB and YiB in GNU software." [[User:dpbsmith|dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:32, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Redirect these to Binary prefix for now.  If and when they become standard, they can have their own articles. -- WOT 18:21, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Checking google, most uses seem to either be wikipedia or reference wikipedia as the source of this info.  The words just aren't useful.
 * Delete speculation. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:19, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Newbiebyte. But you can't fool Mr. Metric. Patent nonsense. Denni ☯ 01:41, 2004 Aug 7 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Independentism

On 4 Aug 2004, this page was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Independentism for a record of the discussion. Rossami 23:29, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Independentism


text:
United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee

The United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee (in case citations, W.D. Tenn.) is the federal district court covering the western part of the state of Tennessee. Appeals from the Western District of Tennessee are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

Jurisdiction
The jurisdiction of the Western District of Tennessee comprises the following counties: Benton, Carroll, Chester, Crockett, Decatur, Dyer, Fayette, Gibson, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Lake, Lauderdale, Madison, McNairy, Obion, Perry, Shelby, Tipton, and Weakley.

The court's jurisdiction includes the entirety of West Tennessee, plus Perry County in Middle Tennessee. This area includes the cities of Jackson and Memphis.

The United States Attorney's Office for the Western District of Tennessee represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. the United States Attorney is Kevin G. Ritz.

History
The United States District Court for the District of Tennessee was established with one judgeship on January 31, 1797, by. The judgeship was filled by President George Washington's appointment of John McNairy. Since Congress failed to assign the district to a circuit, the court had the jurisdiction of both a district court and a circuit court. Appeals from this one district court went directly to the United States Supreme Court.

On February 13, 1801, in the famous "Midnight Judges" Act of 1801,, Congress abolished the U.S. district court in Tennessee, and expanded the number of circuits to six, provided for independent circuit court judgeships, and abolished the necessity of Supreme Court Justices riding the circuits. It was this legislation which created the grandfather of the present Sixth Circuit. The act provided for a "Sixth Circuit" comprising two districts in the State of Tennessee, one district in the State of Kentucky and one district, called the Ohio District, composed of the Ohio and Indiana territories (the latter including the present State of Michigan). The new Sixth Circuit Court was to be held at "Bairdstown" in the District of Kentucky, at Knoxville in the District of East Tennessee, at Nashville in the District of West Tennessee, and at Cincinnati in the District of Ohio. Unlike the other circuits which were provided with three circuit judges, the Sixth Circuit was to have only one circuit judge with district judges from Kentucky and Tennessee comprising the rest of the court. Any two judges constituted a quorum. New circuit judgeships were to be created as district judgeships in Kentucky and Tennessee became vacant.

The repeal of this Act restored the District on March 8, 1802,. The District was divided into the Eastern and Western Districts on April 29, 1802. On February 24, 1807, Congress again abolished the two districts and created the United States Circuit for the District of Tennessee. On March 3, 1837, Congress assigned the judicial district of Tennessee to the Eighth Circuit. On June 18, 1839, by, Congress divided Tennessee into three districts, Eastern, Middle, and Western. Again, only one judgeship was allotted for all three districts. On July 15, 1862, Congress reassigned appellate jurisdiction to the Sixth Circuit. Finally, on June 14, 1878, Congress authorized a separate judgeship for the Western District of Tennessee. President Rutherford B. Hayes then appointed Eli Shelby Hammond as the first judge for only the Western District of Tennessee.

There are now five permanent judgeships and four magistrate judgeships for the Western District of Tennessee.

Courthouses
The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Tennessee is based out of two courthouses, the Odell Horton Federal Building on 167 North Main Street in downtown Memphis and the Ed Jones Federal Building in Jackson, Tennessee.

List of U.S. attorneys

 * Thomas Stuart 1803–1810
 * John E. Beck 1810–1818
 * Henry Crabb 1818–1827
 * Thomas H. Fletcher 1827–1829
 * James Collinsworth 1829–1835
 * William T. Brown 1835–1836
 * James P. Grundy 1836–1838
 * Joseph H. Talbot 1838-1838
 * Henry W. McCorry 1838–1850
 * Charles N. Gibbs 1850–1853
 * Richard J. Hays 1853–1856
 * Alexander W. McCampbell 1856–1861
 * John M. McCarmack 1861–1877
 * W.W. Murray 1877–1882
 * William F. Poston 1882–1885
 * Henry W. McCorry 1885–1889
 * Samuel W. Hawkins 1889–1894
 * Julius A. Taylor 1894–1895
 * Charles B. Simonton 1895–1898
 * George Randolph 1898–1910
 * Casey Todd 1910–1914
 * Hubert F. Fisher 1914–1917
 * William D. Kyser 1917–1921
 * S.E. Murray 1921–1926
 * Tilmon A. Lancaster 1926–1926
 * Nugent Dodds 1926–1926
 * Lindsay B. Phillips 1926–1931
 * Nelson H. Carver 1931–1932
 * Dwayne D. Maddox 1932–1933
 * William McClanahan 1933–1948
 * John Brown 1948–1953
 * Milsaps Fitzhugh 1953–1960
 * Warner Hodges 1960–1961
 * Thomas L. Robinson 1961–1969
 * Thomas F. Turley, Jr. 1969–1977
 * W.J. Michael Cody 1977–1981
 * Hickman Ewing 1981–1991
 * Ed Bryant 1991–1993
 * Daniel A. Clancy 1993
 * Veronica F. Coleman 1993–2001
 * Lawrence J. Laurenzi 2001-2001
 * Terrell L. Harris 2001–2005
 * Lawrence J. Laurenzi 2005–2006
 * David Kustoff 2006–2008
 * Lawrence J. Laurenzi 2008–2010
 * Edward L. Stanton III 2010–2017
 * Lawrence J. Laurenzi 2017
 * D. Michael Dunavant 2017–2021


text: Category:Sugar Ray albums

title: Category:Sugar Ray albums


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John F. Kennedy/Inaugural Speech

This is a prime candidate for a transwiki, although I'd be mighty surprised if it wasn't already posted elsewhere. - Lucky 6.9 23:33, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to Wikisource. (But give the Wikisource link on the JFK page, by all means!) Neutrality 00:16, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki and delete. --Diberri | Talk 00:26, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's already on Wiksource as John Kennedy's inaugural address. --Diberri | Talk 00:29, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete since it's already at WikiSource. -- Netoholic 03:03, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete since it's already at WikiSource. —Stormie 11:10, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:List of museums in Scotland

Museum of Ginger Wizards
In this edit, User:213.18.146.141 added "The Museum of Ginger Wizards". Perhaps unsurprisingly, I can't find any mention whatever of this (other than a myriad wikipedia copies), so I'm going to remove it. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:33, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

List of Museums
This list is a bit out of date and features museums that are now closed. Should these be moved to the defunct museums section or is this list being preserved as it is representing all museums in Scotland both past and current? Macfack (talk) 16:25, 1 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Please move museums that are closed to the defunct section and add a reference that identifies the closure. Many defunct museums often remain on other websites, so this will help keep the list current. Thank you so much! Jllm06 (talk) 01:55, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081101113439/http://www.trongate103.com/ to http://www.trongate103.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120305235800/http://www.highland.gov.uk/leisureandtourism/what-to-see/visitorcentres/ferrycroft.htm to http://www.highland.gov.uk/leisureandtourism/what-to-see/visitorcentres/ferrycroft.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110718231549/http://www.pkc.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/468F1B28-8EB1-43FE-96C2-15AE454EB3E8/0/PortmoakPathsLeaflet.pdf to http://www.pkc.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/468F1B28-8EB1-43FE-96C2-15AE454EB3E8/0/PortmoakPathsLeaflet.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110719223426/http://www.scotborders.gov.uk/outabout/visit/museums/3203.html to http://www.scotborders.gov.uk/outabout/visit/museums/3203.html

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on List of museums in Scotland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130520083257/http://www.gcu.ac.uk/heatherbank/ to http://www.gcu.ac.uk/heatherbank/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100619111013/http://www.butemuseum.org/ to http://www.butemuseum.org/
 * Added tag to http://www.whithornpriorymuseum.gov.uk/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120201114845/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/content/els-jcp-paisleymuseum to http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/els-jcp-PaisleyMuseum
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111008035726/http://www.smashot.co.uk/ to http://www.smashot.co.uk/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160219153641/http://fetlar.com/exhibits.htm to http://www.fetlar.com/exhibits.htm
 * Added tag to http://www.southlanarkshire.gov.uk/portal/page/portal/EXTERNAL_WEBSITE_DEVELOPMENT/SLC_ONLINE_HOME/HOME_FACILITIES_CONTACTS?CONTENT_ID=1468

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Discussion on removal of some non-museum venues on this list
There are several venues included on this list that don't fit with the ICOM definition of a museum which is what is used to characterise what is included on the list. Specifically there are art galleries included that are exhibition spaces but contain no permanent collection items which is a key component of what defines a museum. Similarly there are science centres included which are primarily visitor attractions with educational science content but no collection items.

I'd like to propose removing these types of venues from the list but would welcome discussion. (talk) 10:47, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * With no objections I've begun the removal of these venues. Macfack (talk) 14:50, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of museums in Scotland


text:
Category:Fiber optics

Fiber optics is the science and technology of optical fibers—transparent thin fibers, usually made of glass or plastic, used for transmitting light.

title: Category:Fiber optics


text:
User talk:Peter Chapman

I hope you check in here--could you please edit your very cute Image:Black Labrador Puppy.jpg with who took the photo and whether it's got a free license such as GFDL so that we can continue to use the photo in the Labrador Retriever article? Thanks. Elf | Talk 23:37, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm replacing your original black lab puppy photo in the Labrador Retriever article; the newer one is a nicer pose but it is both out of focus and too dark to show the coat clearly, whereas the earlier one is clear and has good exposure for a black coat. Elf | Talk 19:27, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dog project
If you want to know way more than anyone really wants to know, peruse WikiProject Dog breeds. Oh--and here's your official welcome...

Elf | Talk 23:44, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image:Weelsby2.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded, Image:Weelsby2.JPG, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Admrb♉ltz (T | C) 01:41, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:SamVita.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:SamVita.jpg. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the file also doesn't have a copyright tag, then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  howch e  ng   {chat} 00:01, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peter Chapman


text: Category:Domain names of the United Kingdom


text: Category:Fictional continents

title: Category:Fictional continents


text:
Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat

Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat is a single-player fantasy real-time tactics computer game based upon the Warhammer Fantasy Battle table-top game and miniatures. It was developed and published by Mindscape, and released in November 1995 for Microsoft Windows, and on PlayStation in November 1996. The game's story takes place within the Warhammer Fantasy world setting, and focuses on players managing a group of mercenaries, who take on work for various clients but become involved in stopping a plot by the Skaven. The game's main focus is on battles that feature a mixture of medieval warfare and fantasy elements, using a variety of units based upon those from within the Warhammer setting.

Following its release, the game received mixed feedback with some criticism made over elements of its gameplay. A sequel to the game was later released in 1998, entitled Warhammer: Dark Omen, with the game being later made available at GOG.com in 2015.

Gameplay
All of the game focuses on a single-player campaign, in which the players take control of a mercenary force within Games Workshop's Warhammer Fantasy world setting, managing their army, deciding on what units to take on a mission, how many reinforcements a unit is given, and what missions are undertaken. While the campaign focuses upon a linear path, the player has the freedom to determine what path the story takes, as well as undertaking optional missions for extra gold crowns – the choices made also impacts what units a player receives, and what battles they face. Each mission features a briefing that outlines the goals the player will be given, and provide a fee for the mercenary's services – an advance fee if the mission is taken (and if provided), and a competition fee once the mission is over, minus any penalties occurred by the player per any special arrangements that must be adhered to (i.e. not allowing any innocents to be killed), and including bonuses the player receives (i.e. the number of kills made). Once a mission is chosen, the player then selects the units they will use for it, with each unit that is chosen deducting a fee from the player's coffers – by default, the player must always use the unit commanded by the mercenary leader, while some units the player can use do not charge a fee if selected.

Units in the game are based upon those from the Warhammer setting, ranging from cavalry, infantry, ranged, artillery, magic users, and specialised troops. What units a player can use depends on the player's overall progress in the campaign – more units become available later on in the game to hire, though some depend on the path the player is taking, while at times the player gains access to certain units that remain with temporarily until after a certain milestone (i.e. completing a chain of missions). Once the player has chosen their units, they then proceed with the mission, with most often consisting of at least one battle to take on. Conflict takes place on a battlefield, which differs between battles, often with various forms of obstacles and terrain, with enemy units varying in type and when they appear – some are already in the battle, while others arrive after some time. Before a battle, players can deploy their units where they wish within a designated deployment area, during a "Deployment Phase", though this is not possible when the player's army is ambushed during a march; instead, they must begin a fight with their units arranged in the manner chosen when setting out the marching formation. Once a battle begins, the objective mainly is to rout the enemy units that appear on the battlefield, while failure occurs mainly when the player loses all units who either are killed or routed.

Like other battlefield based RTS games like Total War, players can change the formation of their units, charge them into enemies, and allow the game's AI to control their behaviour with enemy units. The game also features a special "boost" system, in that the player can give a temporary boost to a unit's strength when engaged with an enemy, though this must be used sparingly, in order to not ignore other units in the battle. Shadow of the Horned Rat incorporates the use of magic in battles, in a more primitive manner to that of later titles such as King Arthur: The Role-Playing Wargame. Magic units a player can control can use magic spells in battle, with more spells made available as the unit improves from further usage – each spell has a cost, and consumes power, which is displayed on a special meter in the player's HUD interface; if the player has no power available, no spells can be used. In addition, units can make use of magic items to help them out – some can be used for a temporary amount of time, others for the duration of a battle, while some require the player to choose a target. More magic items can be found during the course of the campaign, with some hidden within a select number of battlefields.

Once a battle is over, the player is given a debriefing, which provides a rundown on how many enemies were killed, what losses were made in a unit, and how much experience a unit receives. Losses are divided into two types – injured soldiers of a unit are unable to return until after the next battle, while those killed must be replaced between battles and missions, often when the army is in a town, with the number available to reinforce the unit varying at times. Units which receive experience, often from killing enemies, will eventually get stronger and more skillful in battle, though the cost of replacing lost soldiers increases as a result – a unit's level of experience is represented by skulls, with one skull indicating an inexperienced unit, and four skulls representing an elite unit.

Plot
Following a raid on the tower of a sorcerer, a skaven grey seer named Thanquol discovers that a crystal in their possession is actually a piece of a runic crystal that can power an ancient elven artifact known as the Menhir, allowing it to channel magic wherever one directs it. Seeking to use it to conquer the Old World, Thanquol launches a search for the other pieces, while creating a specially enchanted axe that allows him to manipulate an orc warboss named Urgat Rip-Eye into launching raids against the humans and dwarves in order to weaken them and divert their attention. At the same time, Thanquol orders a hunt for an elf named Ceridan, who could impede Thanquol's plans by warning others of the encroaching danger.

Whilst working within the Border Princes, Morgan Bernhardt, commander of the "Grudgebringer" mercenaries, is approached by Sven Carlsson, one of the aforementioned princes, who contracts him into capturing a rogue border prince working with the Skaven. However, the Skaven kill the prince and then attack Carlsson's hometown while the mercenaries conduct a patrol for him, capturing his adviser Ilmarin. Bernhardt manages to rescue him along with a dwarven regiment seeking to warn their king of increased Skaven activity, only to learn that Ilmarin is, in reality, Ceridan, a ranger from the Black Mountains, who has become increasingly concerned with the Skaven activity and requests the need to go to Loren Forest. Upon learning that Carlsson was captured by orcs, Ceridan requests Bernhardt's aid to rescue him.

Following his success, Bernhardt does what he can to combat the raids by the orcs in the Border Princes, while learning that the dwarven fortress of Zhufbar has come under attack from Skaven and orc forces. Eventually, he and Ceridan find themselves forced to travel to Zhufbar, whereupon the mercenaries become involved in helping with the dwarves' defence of the fortress. When the sceptre belonging to King Ungrunn, ruler of Zhufbar, is stolen by the Skaven, Ceridan reveals himself as a descendant of the ancient elves who created the Menhir, during the war between the elves and dwarves, explaining that the Skaven are seeking to find its location at the ruins of Ulthuan and use it. Concerned with the Menhir's power, despite knowing the Skaven must not find it, Ungrunn contracts Bernhardt to escort an envoy of his to the city of Nuln in order to meet with Emperor Karl Franz and request his aid in combating the Skaven's plot; in addition, he also provides a regiment of dwarves to help him, with the secret intention that they destroy the Menhir upon it being located.

Upon arriving in Nuln, Bernhardt and Ceridan meet with Franz and relay what they know about the Skaven's plot. After initially deciding to deliberate the matter with his council, Franz decides to provide aid upon learning that the pair intend to continue towards Loren without waiting for his response. After escorting Ungrunn's envoy to a dwarven fort in the Grey Mountains, the mercenaries finally make it to Loren and assist the elves within the wood against Skaven attacks. However, Thanquol finally finds the remaining piece of the crystal and with it, locates Ulthuan. Realising that the Menhir has been located, Ceridan advises Bernhardt to journey to the elven ruins, guiding the army with the runic crystal's sister stone embedded in his family's sword. While en route back to Nuln, Bernhardt's mercenaries defeat a large orc army, killing Urgat during the battle. Upon reaching Ulthan, the army encounters more Skaven, and launch an assault to stop them using the Menhir.

If the player fails to retake the Menhir in the final battle, Thanquol channels the artifact to make him into a powerful Skaven entity called the Horned Rat, which begins attacking the Empire and bringing destruction and chaos across the Old World. If the player lets the dwarves destroy the Menhir while defeating the Skaven, Ceridan considers the action as unjustified, citing that the dwarves were ignorant of what the artifact could do, and thus vowing that the elves will seek revenge for what they did. If the player lets the elves secure the Menhir while defeating the Skaven, Ceridan forces the dwarves to leave the artifact alone and let it be protected by the elves, before Bernhardt returns with him to Nuln to receive a hero's welcome for foiling the Skaven plot.

Reception
Reviewing the Windows version, a Next Generation critic said that while the interface does not allow for precision control of units, the 3D battlefields instigate plenty of thoughtful strategies. He criticized the graphics and long load times, and summarized that "Warhammer delivers a unique strategic challenge. But with the game's awkward interface and drab graphics, you may find that you have to work at enjoying it." Trent Ward of GameSpot also found the interface's difficulty with selecting individual units a problem, but highly praised the plot, voice acting, animation, combat system, and strategic challenge, and concluded, "Warhammer's fantastic character development, addictive warfare system, and absorbing story override most of its interface failings, and most strategy fans will find this title an excellent addition to their game libraries." He also commented that the game's mixture of wargame and RPG elements would appeal to fans of either genre.

Steve Faragher reviewed Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat for Arcane magazine, rating it an 8 out of 10 overall. Faragher commented that "Perhaps the most impressive thing about it is that you don't have to be a Warhammer player to enjoy this immensely. Shadow of the Horned Rat stands up on its own merits – as a very clever mix of strategy and wargame."

Shadow of the Horned Rat was a runner-up for Computer Gaming World's 1995 "Strategy Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Command & Conquer and Heroes of Might and Magic (tie). The editors called Shadow of the Horned Rat "a real-time strategy game with all the richness of the Warhammer tabletop game", and noted that it "could have won had the competition not been so strong."

The PlayStation version was less well-received, though not because of the quality of the conversion. For example, GamePro commented, "A mediocre title for the PC a year ago, Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat retains its mediocrity on the PlayStation." Contradicting Trent Ward, GameSpot's Hugh Sterbakov opined that the mixture of wargame and RPG "is a confusing amalgam of the two, with the strengths of neither". Reviewers generally criticized the unclear menu icons, the player's lack of control over the outcome of individual skirmishes,  and the indistinct and undetailed gameplay graphics, which they said both make battles less exciting and make it hard to differentiate between units. However, Next Generation found Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat to be one of the stronger real-time strategy games to appear on consoles, arguing that the sheer depth and complexity of the game, along with its longevity, more than make up for its shortcomings.

title: Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat


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Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning

Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning (officially abbreviated as WAR ) was a massively multiplayer online role-playing game based on Games Workshop's Warhammer Fantasy setting, developed by Mythic Entertainment and published by Electronic Arts in 2008. The game revolved around the continual worldwide conflict that the Warhammer Fantasy setting is known for, and the game is geared toward ongoing, constant war laced with dark humour. Age of Reckoning ended up selling over a million copies and peaking at 800,000 subscribers, but dropped to 300,000 subscribers several months later. The game received generally positive reviews from critics but shut down in 2013. Since at least 2014, an active private server called Return of Reckoning has been run by fans, and it remains active as of June 2024.

Gameplay
Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning featured Mythic Entertainment's Realm versus Realm (RvR) combat system, originally developed in Dark Age of Camelot. This took place within three different racial pairings: Dwarfs vs. Greenskins, Empire vs. Chaos, and High Elves vs. Dark Elves. Although there were only two races per pairing, players could travel to either of the other two pairings to help fight with their friends and allies. There were four types of RvR combat: Skirmishes (random world encounters), Battlefields (objective-driven battles in RvR-specific areas), Scenarios (instanced, point-based battles against the opposing faction), and Campaigns (invading enemy lands and capital cities). In RvR players fought other players and, to a lesser extent, non-player characters.

Each activity generated Victory Points (VP) which measured a realm's progress in capturing a zone. When one realm reached a designated number of Victory Points in a particular zone, that zone fell under their control and the war pushed deeper into enemy territory. This back and forth struggle for zone control would continue until one side held two racial pairings, and the attacking side may sack, loot, and pillage the enemy's capital city. The capture of a capital city was the objective of the campaign. Once a capital city was taken, the attackers were given a period time to loot the city. When this period expired, the defeated players received increasing support from NPC guards until they were able to force the attackers out of their city and close the gates. At this point the campaign would then begin anew, restarting the cycle.

Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning was an RvR game with two factions: Order and Destruction. Each faction contained three separate armies, each of which was further broken down into four career choices. Each of the careers (classes) in Warhammer Online conformed to an archetype role. For example, the Warrior Priest was an archetypal support or healer career, though he also had many melee DPS elements. In this way, the careers were given variety and avoided being simple reiterations of common archetypes. The initial character creation process allowed players to select the race, career, and basic look of their character, including facial features and accessories. In addition to the original name that the player would choose for their character at creation, the player had the option to add a surname to their character for a small fee at rank 20. Dye was available at NPC vendors for recolouring armor and accessories. Players were able to decorate themselves with trophies, such as the heads of fallen enemies, which would be equipped and displayed at various points on the character model.

Mythic offered four different server types at launch: Core, Open RvR, Role-Play, and Open RvR/RP. On Core servers, enemy factions could only attack each other if both players are flagged for RvR. Players were automatically flagged for RvR upon entering RvR-specific areas or enemy PvE areas, and could choose to turn their flag on at any time. Open RvR servers were flagged for RvR at all times, with few exceptions. Role-Play servers had the same rules as the Core servers, and players were encouraged to role-play their characters. Finally, Open RvR/RP servers followed the same rules as the Open RvR servers, and players were encouraged to role-play their characters.

Development and release

The second online game development began under the company Climax Online. The project was officially canceled in June 2004 when Games Workshop determined that the roll-out costs would be too high. However, work on the game never actually stopped as Climax Online continued the project using their own funds until the company reported in late 2004 that the Warhammer Online project was shut down due to difficulty in securing a publishing agreement. With the license available again, Games Workshop was approached by Mythic Entertainment, who were interested in acquiring the license and starting a new project from scratch. A long-standing relationship between several Games Workshop managers and the CEO of Mythic Mark Jacobs ensured that a deal was quickly reached. The Warhammer Online license was acquired by Mythic on May 18, 2005. Mythic soon cancelled its original follow-up project Imperator Online after gaining the Warhammer license.

Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning is not purely derived from either Warhammer Fantasy Battles or Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay or any other source alone, but rather from the Warhammer Fantasy universe as a whole. It was developed by Mythic Entertainment, but Games Workshop was also involved in the ongoing development of the project. Their role was not only to ensure that the project remains true to the Warhammer Fantasy IP but also to work with Mythic to allow for the appropriate development and extension of the IP as necessary for the MMO. Mythic has previously created MMOs, including Dark Age of Camelot.

During the development of Warhammer Online, Mythic featured a video blog of creative director Paul Barnett. These videos gave the viewer an insight into the work that went on behind the scenes of WAR, often showcasing development screens and concept art for the game. Mythic also released "Development Diaries" from time to time, meant to give readers a deeper look into the ongoing development of WAR.

The Windows version was simultaneously released in North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand on 18 September 2008. On 30 July 2009, Mythic Entertainment announced that Warhammer Online was being ported to the Mac OS X platform in 2009, with a beta version becoming available immediately. The full version was released on 28 October 2009. Like other Electronic Arts Mac games, Warhammer Online for Mac utilizes Cider technology by TransGaming Technologies.

As of 31 December 2008, the number of active WAR subscribers had decreased to over 300,000 paying subscribers in North America and Europe. As of the end of March 2009, the company reported a loss of $1.08 billion in the financial year for 2009. Consequently, the number of servers was drastically reduced in order to consolidate the remaining population. The total number of servers was reduced to thirteen and the number of role-playing servers was reduced to only one. Subsequently, several servers were stopped, particularly in Europe, and there remained only nine servers: four in the United States and five in Europe (including two in Germany and one in France). From 9 February 2011, two other U.S. servers and one German server were removed, leaving a total of six servers worldwide (two in the US, four in Europe). From 14 December 2011, the game was down to three servers, one for the US, one for Germany and one for the rest of Europe.

On 18 December 2013, Warhammer Online was shut down, due to the license agreement with Games Workshop coming to an end. Mythic was working on a free-to-play version of the game, as well as another game titled Warhammer Online: Wrath of Heroes.

Reception
Warhammer Online received favorable reviews. It holds an aggregate score of 86/100 on Metacritic and 85% at GameRankings.

GameSpy claimed it "has hit the ground running with one of the best MMO experiences we've had in a long time." GameSpot reviewer wrote "questers and explorers may not find what they're looking for, and certain gameplay systems don't mesh as well as they should. Nevertheless, there's more than enough exciting PvP content here to keep newcomers and veterans alike immersed in the perpetually violent tug of war between the forces of Order and Destruction."

As of 30 September 2008, WAR had sold 1.2 million copies and had 800,000 registered users. As of 10 October 2008, Mythic Entertainment announced that 750,000 people were playing Warhammer Online.

Awards
Warhammer Online has received a number of awards, including the following ones:
 * IGN PC: Best of E3 2008-Best MMO
 * IGN PC: 2008 Best Persistent World Game
 * IGN PC: 2008 Reader's Choice
 * GameSpy: Best of E3 2008
 * GameSpy: Best Use of License
 * GameSpy: Top 10 PC Games – Ranked #2
 * G4TV: Best of E3 – PC
 * Massively – Favorite New MMO of 2008
 * MMORPG.com – Reader's Choice Awards – Best New Game of 2008
 * MMORPG.com – Reader's Choice Awards – Most Innovative Feature
 * MSNBC – Best PC games of 2008
 * Voodoo Extreme: E3 2008 – Best MMO
 * Warcry's Editor's Choice: Most Anticipated of 2008
 * X-Play: Best MMO
 * Ten Ton Hammer: Best Fantasy MMOG
 * Ten Ton Hammer: Best of Show
 * Beckett Massive Online Game Reader's Choice Award: Most Anticipated MMO
 * Warcry's Editor's Choice: 2007's Most Anticipated
 * MMORPG.com Readers Choice: Most Anticipated
 * MMORPG.com: Best Use Of A License
 * Game Daily Nod Award
 * Voodoo Extreme: Best Massively Multiplayer Game
 * GameSpot Editor's Choice: Best Stage Demo
 * Ten Ton Hammer Editor's Choice Award

During the 12th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Warhammer Online for "Massively Multiplayer Game of the Year".

title: Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning


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Lednice

Lednice (Eisgrub) is a municipality and village in Břeclav District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,300 inhabitants. It is known as part of Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Administrative parts
The village of Nejdek is an administrative part of Lednice.

Geography
Lednice is located about 7 km northwest of Břeclav and 45 km south of Brno. It lies in a flat landscape in the Lower Morava Valley. The Thaya River flows through the northern part of the municipal territory. Stará Dyje and Zámecká Dyje, which are canals of the Thaya, also flow through the territory.

There are several large fishponds. Their territory, together with the immediate surroundings, is protected as the Lednické rybníky National Nature Reserve.

History
The first written mention of Lednice is from 1222 under its Latin name Izgruobi, as a property of the Sirotek family. In the mid-13th century, it was passed into the hands of the House of Liechtenstein and its fortunes had been tied inseparably to the members of this noble family.

Economy
Lednice is known for viticulture and wine-making. The municipality lies in the Mikulovská wine subregion.

Transport
Lednice is the terminus of the short Břeclav–Lednice railway line that operates only on weekends.

Sights
In 1996, the Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an exceptional example of the designed landscape that evolved in the Enlightenment and afterwards under the care of a single family." Lednice contains a palace and the second largest castle park in the country, which covers 170 km2.

The Lednice Castle was originally a Renaissance villa. In the 17th century it became a summer residence of the ruling Princes of Liechtenstein. The estate house, designed and furbished by baroque architects Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Domenico Martinelli, and Anton Johan Ospel, proclaimed rural luxury on the grandest scale. In 1846–1858, it was extensively rebuilt in the neo-Gothic style under the supervision of Georg Wingelmüller.

The surrounding park is laid out in an English garden style and contains a range of Romantic follies by Joseph Hardtmuth, including the solitary 60 m high minaret from 1802, which is the tallest outside the Muslim world.

Notable people

 * Princess Aloysia of Liechtenstein (1838–1920), Catholic worker
 * Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1840–1929), monarch

title: Lednice


text:
Talk:Aboriginal whaling

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 September 2018 and 13 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Chaznel747.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:46, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 12 January 2021 and 30 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mialejeune. Peer reviewers: Matthewgaar.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:46, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Nice Job on this article!!Pedant 23:41, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the compliment :). Pcb21| Pete 06:33, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page.

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What is aboriginal whaling?
Is it:

1. whaling operations conducted by ethnic groups recognized as indigenous by their own government or others, or

2. whaling operations permitted under the aboriginal subsistence whaling clause of IWC

The canadian hunt is only in category 1, since Canada is not a IWC member. As far as I can see, the humpback whaling in Berquia in St Vincent and the Grenadines is only in category 2. So perhaps is aboriginal whaling:

3. The union of 1 and 2.

But I don't think the people of Lamalera are recognized by anyone as indigenous, and Indonesia is not member of IWC, so it shouldn't be in this article at all, should it?

I think we should should stick to category 2 and rename the article to 'aboriginal subsistence whaling'. The term 'aboriginal whaling' doesn't have any merit outside the IWC context. After all, there are no articles on aboriginal fishing or aboriginal farming. Any comments? Matt77 05:13, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree with the rename idea for reasons stated above. I'm including these issues in the new Anti-whaling article, as subsistence whaling is generally accepted by Greenpeace and some other activists but opposed by others like Sea Shepherd. PrBeacon (talk) 01:03, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

outboard engines in Lamalera
According to a recent BBC documentary "Hunters of the South Seas" (first aired 26 April 2015) fishermen from Lamalera now use outboard engines to power their boats and are no longer reliant on sail. This has changed their fishing practices and enables them to stay longer on shore, and proceed further off-shore in search of whales. Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 21:50, 27 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Editing and making changes
I’m hoping to expand some of the info regarding what Indigenous (Aboriginal) whaling traditions are. I will be adding research based on the whaling peoples of the Pacific Northwest coast. Chaznel747 (talk) 02:34, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Comments on the Content
The article's content is relevant to the topic of Indigenous whaling, but the content is not up-to-date or complete. The "Canada" subheading of the article does includes only two sentences and does not give as much detail about the Canadian whale hunts as it does for Alaskan whale hunts. The subheading "issues that threaten aboriginal whaling rights" misses relevant info how increased Arctic shipping will drastically impact endemic cetacean populations, and by extension, subsistence whaling in the region. The entirety of the article fails to mention that subsistence hunts are used to feed communities and contributes to food security, as rural communities lack access to affordable store-bought foods. Lastly, this article does deal with Wikipedia equity gaps and it addresses an Indigenous issue, a group of people who are historically underrepresented.

Stringam (talk) 03:11, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aboriginal whaling


text:
Lake Minnewanka

Lake Minnewanka ("Water of the Spirits" in Nakoda) is a glacial lake in the eastern area of Banff National Park in Canada, about 5 km northeast of the Banff townsite. The lake is 21 km long and 142 m deep, making it the 2nd longest lake in the mountain parks of the Canadian Rockies (the result of a power dam at the west end).

The lake is fed by the Cascade River, flowing east of Cascade Mountain, and runs south through Stewart Canyon as it empties into the western end of the lake. Numerous streams flowing down from Mount Inglismaldie, Mount Girouard and Mount Peechee on the south side of the lake also feed the lake.

Aboriginal people long inhabited areas around Lake Minnewanka, as early as 10,000 years ago, according to stone tools and a Clovis point spearhead discovered by archaeologists. The area is rich in animal life (e.g. elk, mule deer, bighorn sheep, bears) and the easy availability of rock in the mountainous terrain was key to fashioning weapons for hunting.

The western end of the lake can be reached by following Lake Minnewanka road from the Trans-Canada Highway. Boat tours are available near the parking lot. A hiking and mountain biking trail runs along the northern shore of the lake, passing Stewart Canyon and six backcountry campsites. Mount Aylmer which at 3162 m is the highest mountain in this area of the park, is located a few kilometres north of the lake.

The first dam was built in 1912 only to store water. While the National Parks Act was suspended during World War II the much larger embankment dam that still exists was constructed in 1941 and raised the lake 30 m. This resulted in the resort village of Minnewanka Landing, which had been there since 1888, being submerged and the Cascade River being diverted away from its old course, resulting in much of the riverbed downstream of the dam running dry for most of the year (except in rare high-water events when the dam's spillway is opened). Most water from the Cascade River is diverted into Two Jack Lake, where it enters a 4-kilometre-long canal. From there it is funnelled into a pair of penstocks feeding two generators in the Cascade Powerhouse with a combined capacity of 34 MW. The facility is owned by TransAlta and supplies power to the Banff Townsite. In order to increase the amount of water entering the penstocks a small diversion dam was built on the Ghost River, which diverts additional water into Lake Minnewanka from the Ghost drainage. Because of the presence of the submerged village, submerged bridge pilings, and submerged dam (the one from 1912) the lake is popular among recreational scuba divers. The construction of the dam resulted in involuntary resettlement of inhabitants from the reservoir area.

title: Lake Minnewanka


text:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington

The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington (in case citations, E.D. Wash.) is the federal district court whose jurisdiction comprises the following counties of the state of Washington: Adams, Asotin, Benton, Chelan, Columbia, Douglas, Ferry, Franklin, Garfield, Grant, Kittitas, Klickitat, Lincoln, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Stevens, Walla Walla, Whitman, and Yakima.

As of the 2000 United States census, 1.3 million people resided in the Eastern District, representing 22% of the state's population. The district includes the cities of Richland, Spokane, and Yakima, among others. The Federal Court in Yakima is located in the William O. Douglas Federal Building.

Cases from the Eastern District of Washington are appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit.

The United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Washington represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court.

the United States attorney is Vanessa Waldref.


text:
Category:Cognitive biases

A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality.

Although it may seem like such misperceptions would be aberrations, biases can help humans find commonalities and shortcuts to assist in the navigation of common situations in life.

Some cognitive biases are presumably adaptive. Cognitive biases may lead to more effective actions in a given context. Furthermore, allowing cognitive biases enables faster decisions which can be desirable when timeliness is more valuable than accuracy, as illustrated in heuristics. Other cognitive biases are a "by-product" of human processing limitations, resulting from a lack of appropriate mental mechanisms (bounded rationality), impact of individual's constitution and biological state (see embodied cognition), or simply from a limited capacity for information processing.

title: Category:Cognitive biases


text:
Talk:Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo

Moved
I moved this from "Edinburgh Tattoo" to "Edinburgh Military Tattoo", as that's its proper name. I went last year, and afterward spoke to some nice American tourist lady. She liked it, she said, but it was "too military". I bit my tongue :) -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:47, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Ironic really, since the biggest critism of the tattoo is that it has lost its military feel and become a variety show... 118.210.59.52 (talk) 02:41, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

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1959 in India

Events in the year 1959 in the Republic of India.

Incumbents

 * President of India – Rajendra Prasad
 * Prime Minister of India – Jawaharlal Nehru
 * Vice President of India – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
 * Chief Justice of India – Sudhi Ranjan Das (until 30 Sep.), Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha (starting 1 Oct.)

Governors

 * Andhra Pradesh – Bhim Sen Sachar
 * Assam –
 * until 22 August: Saiyid Fazal Ali
 * 23 August-14 October: Chandreswar Prasad Sinha
 * starting 14 October: Satyavant Mallannah Shrinagesh
 * Bihar – Zakir Hussain
 * Karnataka – Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar
 * Kerala – Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
 * Madhya Pradesh – Hari Vinayak Pataskar
 * Maharashtra – Sri Prakasa
 * Odisha – Yeshwant Narayan Sukthankar
 * Punjab – Narahar Vishnu Gadgil
 * Rajasthan – Gurumukh Nihal Singh
 * Uttar Pradesh – Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
 * West Bengal – Padmaja Naidu

Events

 * National income - ₹161,017 million
 * March 31 - India grants political asylum to the Dalai Lama after he fled Tibet and crossed into Indian territory following 1959 Tibetan uprising.
 * April 10 - An English Electric Canberra jet bomber of Indian Air Force that crossed into Pakistani Airspace was shot down near Rawalpindi by Pakistan Air Force's Sabre jets.
 * April 27 - Indian Navy officer Nanavati shoots his wife's lover Ahuja and becomes the basis for Nanavati Case.
 * May 1 - President of India Rajendra Prasad gave assent for Reserve Bank of India (Amendment) Act 1959 which created provision for introduction of External Rupee (Gulf Rupee and Hajj Rupee) for using as tender in Trucial States, Oman, Qatar etc. The move is meant to curb the misuse of Indian rupee by gold smugglers.
 * July 31 - The EMS ministry, an elected communist government in Kerala brought down through President's rule following Vimochana Samaram.

Dates unknown

 * Bajaj Auto obtains license from Government of India to manufacture two- and three-wheelers in India.

Law

 * Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India

Births

 * 3 January – Ninong Ering, politician and member of parliament from Arunachal East.
 * 6 January – Kapil Dev, cricketer.
 * 15 May - Anandaraj, actor.
 * 25 June – Suresh Krissna, film director.
 * 29 July – Sanjay Dutt, actor.
 * 29 August – Suman, actor.
 * 29 August – Nagarjuna, actor and film producer.
 * 19 December – H. D. Kumaraswamy, politician and Chief Minister of Karnataka.

Deaths

 * 1 November – M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar, actor and Carnatic singer (born 1909).
 * 4 December – Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi, freedom fighter and first general secretary of the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind. (born 1888)

title: 1959 in India


text:
Talk:Michael Moore Hates America

Fair use rationale for Image:Michael Moore Hates America.jpg
Image:Michael Moore Hates America.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 21:52, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Infobox Tag
Infobox tag has been removed as article already has one. If you have any problems with this please post a message on my talk page. RWardy 07:39, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Dear, Thank you for the wikignome work. Geraldshields11 (talk) 14:01, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Moore Hates America


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Moore Hates America

This is an archived copy of the deletion debate, which is now closed.
 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was keep 15:20, September 6 2004

Wikipedia is not the Coming Attractions. Get back to us when the thing is actually made, okay? DS 23:51, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. It's generated a media buzz just as is (cf. Talk:Gmail).  Also, it's in post-production, so it has actually been made, albeit not released. V V  00:04, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Its main claim to fame seems to be that it's scheduled to be shown at the American Film Renaissance festival, whose website offers Join us for the first and only pro-American film festival in the country. Watch the films you won't see anywhere else. On the evidence so far, this is thinly-veiled promotional material of an unencyclopedic subject, commercial, political or probably a bit of both. But I'm open to changing my vote if some of our many solid contributors with a knowledge of US domestic politics want to make a case for it. Andrewa 23:34, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete it: Obvious delete. The film hasn't been made, is struggling to be made, and is completely unremarkable.  Geogre 00:09, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: It does not exist. It is not an existing thing.  The buzz it's getting is akin to the Move-on "Hitler ad":  an echo chamber.  We're not supposed to be part of that echo chamber, not supposed to participate in hype.  The title by itself is a rant screamed out at the visitor.  If there were a book called "Hitler Was Right" and it got lots of press, would we put it in here before it got published, on the basis of the press it got by being POV?  I hope not.  Geogre 04:41, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * If the echoes are loud enough, there's no reason not to include the source of those echoes in the Wikipedia. Yes, I would support an article on a hypothetical upcoming "Hitler Was Right" book, even though it would have gained publicity because of its inherently inflammatory title. True, it gained publicity using cheap and distasteful tactics. But it's not our place to judge a topic unworthy of an article because it's well-known for the "wrong" reasons. To do so would be POV on our part. • Benc • 04:56, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Note, though, that the blogosphere means that political stuff like this gets highly elevated Google hits. Also, given the fact that this "title" is a thing that the howlers of the right simply say quite often, what are the hits on the film, versus O'Reiley or Drudge or Coulter just saying the phrase, over and over again?  I maintain that this is a tiny bit of spam, and I can't believe that we are editing to make it NPOV and saying that it ought to be kept.  If I made a movie called "Liberals are crazy" or "Feminazi," my Google count would be astronomical without anyone talking about my movie.  If someone honestly believes that this movie will do even .01 of the business that Moore's film did, then we can say that it's notable in advance.  This film is going to vanish like a flushed toilet, IMO.  Geogre 17:52, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Anonymous: Uncounted vote. The US presidential race is neck-and-neck; Moore's goal with his latest film is to contribute to Bush's defeat. Here's comes film that aims to undermine Moore's critique. This is all closely enough connected to a world-historic election that I can see scholars a hundred years hence wanting to discuss this film (whether as a failure, or a success, only remains to be seen). 64.229.34.107 00:58, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. After the movie actually comes out, we'll see whether it becomes notable in its own right, or if it is merely a footnote to the phenomenon of Fahrenheit 9/11. Right now, it's the latter if anything.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:18, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. There's a lot of talk about it Hexii 00:35, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This user has made 22 contributions to the encyclopedia.

 * Delete. Promotional spam - we're not here to push pagerank - David Gerard 01:39, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. A search for "Michael Moore Hates America" "Mike Wilson" receives 1,370 hits on yahoo and 1,670 hits on google. The Wikipedia article on The Day After Tomorrow    was created six months before the film was released and there is already a fairly sizeable article on Batman Begins. There is already a precedent for creating articles for movies that have not been released yet. Since this is a controversial. subject I also think it is important to point out that, NPOV is not only what we have in articles but which articles we have. -JCarriker 02:26, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Indeed; see even Rapunzel Unbraided. V V 05:22, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: See how many of these hits are making fun of it.  The "film" was featured on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart as a silly and stupid thing.  You know what happens after something political gets on The Daily Show?  About a zillion hits result.  Same thing that happens when a funny joke is told on The Simpsons or Crank Yankers, and then you add in all the partisans who are outraged at the treatment and/or doing a "ditto".  I don't understand why we can't wait and see how poorly this does before having an article that ends up pounding a screed into our site. Geogre 14:14, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Abstain (verbosely). Keep. This is a political time bomb. Maybe the payload turn out to be a knat fart, but for now it's buzzworthy (see above comments), and therefore should be included in Wikipedia the time being. • Benc • 04:03, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This is an encyclopedia, not a place for "buzzworthy" confusion of gossip. If it might or should only be here "for now" or "for the time being", then it does not belong here at all. If the subject is not appropriate in an encyclopedia of twenty years hence, then it does not belong in an encyclopedia now. - Centrx 20:33, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Very good point. (A good enough point to make me change my vote to abstain.) It's a fine line, though: how sure are we that an upcoming, "buzzworthy" event will be notable twenty years from now? The 2004 U.S. election is buzzworthy and the source of much gossip, but it's also a pretty sure bet that it'll be notable in twenty years. On the other hand, buzzworthy == notable until proven otherwise. • Benc • 23:53, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Sufficient notoriety as it is. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:34, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, notable and will only get moreso (like it or not). -Sean Curtin 04:37, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep the page. Its a legitimate documentary and it is gaining a lot of buzz. When it comes out, it will of course cause a sensation and therefore most definately deserves to have an article on this encyclopedia! Crevaner 06:03, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Anonymous: Uncounted vote. Moore's movie had an article on wikipedia long before it came out. So Michael Moore Hates America should have an article as well. Thinker-X 06:21, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Especially since so many people are starting to talk about it! -- 47Reaver 06:28, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Anonymous: Uncounted vote. [www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1182843/posts This film has indeed been completed and therefore is deserving of an article] PureSioux 06:46, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Anonymous: Uncounted vote. Mike Wilson Loves America!
 * I do belive unsigned votes are not counted. -JCarriker 13:24, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * This article is a manifesto wrapped in a see-through coating of fake NPOV ("purports to be", "according to"). I think it's beyond cleaning up, so delete. Please note that of the four voters immediately above, one is anonymous and three seem to have registered exclusively for the purpose of logging these Keep votes.Bishonen 10:57, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * No article is beyond a clean up. Michael Moore Hates America; isn't the first propaganda piece wikipedia has an article on and it won't be the last. -JCarriker 13:24, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. I'm on record as against any articles on "future products" What's in, what's out and would welcome participation by others in refining a formulation of policy on this. Factual material about what Moore has said about the project, or comments, articles, information, and facts about the work in progress are perfectly legitimate material—within other articles, such as Michael Moore or Mike Wilson. But a not-yet-existent movie should not be the topic of an entire article, and definitely not an article that begins "Michael Moore Hates America is ..." The big problem with any such article is that it is unverifiable. We do not know yet whether the movie will actually be completed or released, or, most important, whether it will be notable. Creating an article about it now gives it an importance it does not deserve and seems to me to be promotional in effect, if not in intent. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 12:20, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd be happy to work with you on a policy. However I cannot support any retrospective legislation.-JCarriker 13:24, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Intimations against ex post facto rules make no sense in a persistent encyclopedia. The policy proposed would not apply only to the very creation of the page, rather the article must follow it at all times. Such a policy implemented would not exclude pages that have been created before the policy was created. - Centrx 22:36, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete unreleased film. The fact that we failed to delete other articles pre-release does not mean we should perpetuate the mistake. Rossami 12:31, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * No, but it would reflect a change in policy and as such articles such as Batman Begins and Rapunzel Unbraided would, as a matter of neutrality, also be subject to listing at Vfd.-JCarriker 13:24, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. This is an encyclopedia, not a place for "buzzworthy" folderol or statements of unconfirmed, "apparent" facts. The essence of the article is currently unverifiable statements from the director, who is not a neutral party. Such statements belong in the article for the director, not in an article about an unreleased film. Also, much of the information is subject to change, because the film is not yet released. - Centrx 20:33, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

"A news report. Wikipedia should not offer news reports on breaking stories. But of course creating encyclopedia articles on topics currently in the news is an excellent idea. See current events for some examples. (However, the Wiki process lends itself to collaborative, up-to-the-minute construction of current events of historical significance, as long as these are written as encyclopedia articles.) When updating articles with recent news, authors should use the past-tense in such a way that the news will still make sense when read years from now." The article doesn't fit these guidelines. It reads like a news story, even after an attempt to POV it from the blatently propagandist puff-piece first laid down anonymously. Google now gets 1660 hits for the film. But that is still not a good response for something supposedly generating lots of "media buzz". But I don't think "media buzz" is a particularly appropriate guideline for Wikipedia. Most of the hits seem to be talk on blogs. A search on Google News gets only 8 references. A search on Google Groups gets only 98 hits. Not notable now. It may never be notable enough for a separate article. I get tired of the idea that any submitted material no matter how biased or badly written should be kept because, in theory, it could be cleaned up. Clean it up at once, or lose it, and don't encourage more of it. There's too much embarrassing garbage on Wikipedia already that needs cleaning up. In accordance with current policy, delete all news reports about future media releases. People who want to hype media before it is released should be encouraged to do so away from Wikipedia. People who want up-to-date news information on the "buzz" about future media releases shouldn't be looking in an enyclopedia. Jallan 20:54, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This article is against policy now. See What Wikipedia is not:

 * Keep. Neutrality 21:04, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment: This was prominently featured on IMDB.com a few weeks ago (the "lead article", if you will, of the site's front page). -Sean Curtin 00:45, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment: There does not seem to be an article yet for Mike Wilson. There is a reasonable case that there should be one. Getting featured on imdb.com is notability enough for that. The article on Mile Wilson could include all sorts of neutral, accurate, NPOV statements such as the fact that he says he's making this film, the fact that the story was featured on imdb, what people are saying about it, and so forth, as long as it doesn't grossly violate the policy that "Wikipedia is not a news report." None of this justifies an article about the nonexistent film itself. It's possible that the best course is "move article to Mike Wilson and then clean up." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 02:56, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I second that the current article should be moved to Mike Wilson, so long as it is noted that there are other films that have not yet been released that have articles. A move to Mike Wilson, eliminates the NPOV arguement envolved with deleiton, as it simply moves information ad does not delete it. T've also had much more success finding criticism of Wilson than his film. This soultion would satisfy my concerns with the article. -JCarriker 03:20, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep: Clean up for NPOV. When and if it becomes big, more info can be added. Is Moore really a "political figure"? Saopaulo1
 * comment: Since he's famous for his involvement in politics (albeit primarily as an outside commentator), calling him a political figure seems justified.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:18, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. But it should be an article about the film not Moore.pir 16:31, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Let's keep Wikipedia worthy to be an encyclopedia. JoJan 21:51, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. If Wikipedia allows pages to be created for non-political movies before they are released, I see no reason why it should not allow pages to be created in advance for movies with a political slant. In short, Fahrenheit 9/11 had its own Wikipedia page quite a while before it was released, so by the same rules the page of a forthcoming movie/documentary critcising Moore should stay. To delete this one whilst not having deleted the Fahrenheit 9/11 page would be blatant POV on our side. The only way this should be deleted is if the question of whether Wikipedia should feature movies that have yet to be released is resolved in favour of not featuring any upcoming movies, and all pages on upcoming movies are therefore deleted. Impi 22:06, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: As it is, the page is little more than a stub, but once the movie is released, it will become filled out. Moore is a political figure (witness his appearances at the DNC), not just a filmmaker (anymore). A film about him is a film about US politics. The controversy around Moore's films is itself a social phenomenon worthy of comment, and that is this film's subject matter (if I understand correctly). If the film turns out to suck, well, that will go in the article too (in proper NPOV language, of course!) Failing that, I agree with Impi that all films (political or otherwise) should be treated the same. Klanda 22:17, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This user has 66 edits. Fuzheado | Talk 07:54, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * KEEP! It's worth keeping. User:Pitchka 15 Aug 2004
 * This user has 69 edits. Fuzheado | Talk 07:52, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Pitchka's vote at WP:RFA has already been nullified under the suspcion of beign a sockpuppet. -JCarriker 14:50, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Agree with Impi and others above. Taco Deposit 02:52, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * FYI, this user has 149 edits 16 August 2004. Fuzheado | Talk 02:21, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This user has been at wikipedia since April 18, 2004 and has a diverse and steady edit count . The user first voted on Vfd on Jun 18. -JCarriker 08:49, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * This has already been discussed. You posted my edit count, I asked how many edits a user must have before his votes should be counted, JCarriker replied, and Centrx blanked the discussion.  Fuzheado, please stop challenging the legitimacy of my vote. Taco Deposit 04:20, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Fuzheado is not questioning the legitmacy of your vote, he is only providing information to let other user make up their mind. (Notice he hasn't voted on the issue). As for Centrx, I have asked him about the deletion. I am sure it was a mistake. I realize that you still are learning about the community, if you need any help you can contact me on my talk page. -JCarriker 08:45, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Cookiecaper 09:01, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * FYI, this user has 113 edits 16 August 2004. Fuzheado | Talk 02:21, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This user joined two days prior to this post and has fewer than 100 contributions to the encyclopedia. - Centrx 22:36, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Lacrimosus 12:28, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. I was close to abstaining, but the prevalence of so many sockpuppets has forced me to vote against them. Ambi 12:30, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Ambi, is there anyone specific you'd like to accuse of being a sockpuppet? And why? Klanda 14:26, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Please don't vote because of the actions of sockpuppets. For all we know the sockpuppets may want you to vote delete, and are intetionally flooding the this vote to make one side look bad. I hope you will rethink your vote and consider the merits of both arguements, rather than voting on the actions of a few nefarious users. -JCarriker 14:50, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. (And I've never seen sockpuppets act intelligently enugh to try reverse psychology.) - UtherSRG 01:16, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I will concede that I haven't seen it yet either. However, it is a possibility if not an eventuality. I strongly believe that votes should be made on the merits of users arguements and the content of the article and not what people who are trying to manipulate the system are doing. The best policy with sockpuppets is to ignore them, and expose them if possible. BTW way it's not a matter of intelligence, it is a logical conclusion See: Newton's Third Law-JCarriker 04:37, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pieces of it could go to Michael Moore article and/or articles about his movies. Most of the article is either information belonging elsewhere or prediction/speculation. BTW, I second UtherSRG about sockpuppets, see Occam's Razor. And for Ambi's approach, I can see unethical people pushing one way to become a motivation for me to push the other way. ato 01:52, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Occam's Razor is a very interesting read. However, we shouldn't let unethical people's decisions govern ours. If I let my opinion about a presedntial candidate be soured by every party hack that drags the others' name through the mud there wouldn't be anyone in any party to vote for. -JCarriker 04:37, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * I was simply trying to say that it is likely that sockpuppets would be voting to change the outcome towards what they are voting for, rather than trying to apply reverse pscyhology. For the record, I am not calling anybody sockpuppet, I am not that experienced in Wikipedia. ato 06:41, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I understand what you were saying, and I don't think you have to worry about calling people a sockpuppet. Its obvious that there are sockpuppets on the page. My concern is that some wikipedians are letting sockpuppets influence their vote. I think that is a very dangerous precedent, one that could easily be exploited by sockpuppets in the future, if at present. I disagree that it is anything more than equally likely. Sockpuppets are by their very nature sneaky, and it really doesn't take a keen intellect to grasp the concept of reverse psychology. -JCarriker 07:55, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. If current trends continue sockpuppets will soon out-number editors. --Gene_poole 05:05, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course! It is my firm belief that each contributors should have at least two sockpuppets of his or her very own.  If you can't beat 'em, join 'em. Woolysock 07:24, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty green to Wikipedia still, so I'm not too clued-up on the whole issue of sockpuppets, but the way I see it, the only option is to ignore them. We should be debating the merits of the question of keeping this article here, not responding to sockpuppets and allowing them to influence our decisions. Decisions on whether or not to keep articles on Wikipedia should be based entirely on sound reasoning and logic, and not on a desire to vote the opposite to whichever sockpuppets are popping up. That's just petty. I stand by my original point, if we delete this, we delete all pages on films that have yet to be released. Remember, Fahrenheit 9/11, another politically slanted film, had an article on Wikipedia for months before release. Impi 10:33, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * ... if we delete this, we delete all pages on films that have yet to be released. Remember, Fahrenheit 9/11, another politically slanted film, had an article on Wikipedia for months before release. That statement is absolutely true. Deleting this article will be a clear case of political bias. Crevaner 10:39, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Deleting this article is most certainly not a clear case of political bias, nor does it necessitate the deletion of all films that are yet to be released. The reasons presented for its deletion have nothing to do with the political alignment of the film. Rather, they are based around the film's notoriety, the presence or absence of encyclopedic information about the film, and the condition of the article. Both immediately prior to its release (June 23, 2004) and as much before that release as we are for this vfd film (May 27, 2004), there was far more NPOV, encyclopedic information in the article for Fahrenheit 9/11 (F911) than there is for the article Michael Moore Hates America (MMHA). The major part of the MMHA article is based around statements by the director and has far less concrete and productive information than did the F911 article. Remember that there was a very public controversy regarding F911's distribution with Disney and also that the movie won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival (the first documentary to do so since 1956). Either of those alone makes the film and its article more notable than the MMHA film and article and provide bunches of information from neutral and various sources that can be used in the article, including statements and data from people who have actually seen it, for it had been publicly shown at the film festival. - Centrx 23:36, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * We should likely keep this article - it has been mentioned on CNN and highlighted by a number of conservatives on television, and it has been the butt of a Daily Show segment. However, here is an unusual NPOV technique - the length of the resulting article should be commensurate with the influence of the movie in the public. The F9/11 article is long and detailed because, as Centrx mentioned, it has been in the public debate, it has set box office records, it has been under much scrutiny and the director Michael Moore is a high profile movie maker who has appeared on network television, the DNC, O'Reilly Factor, etc. For MMHA, depending on how much play it gets (and right now it's just a single film festival) we should ensure the article reflects that. It should not turn into a soapbox to highlight a laundry list gripes against Moore. In short, Wikipedia should reflect reality, not create its own reality. Fuzheado | Talk 04:17, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. 67.40.112.223
 * Keep. Film will only get more notable, as was said above. Yelyos 16:20, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. --Xed 13:49, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Ivens Buffett

Nickname
Everything I've seen on the man has his nickname as "Toon", rather than "Tun" - this going on newspaper and NineMSN reports at the time. I'll revert it to "Toon" for now, but add something on this page if I'm actually wrong. BigHaz 23:51, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ivens Buffett


text:
Revolutionary Mass Coordination

Coordinadora Revolucionaria de Masas (Revolutionary Mass Coordination) was a coordination of revolutionary mass organizations in El Salvador formed on January 11, 1980.

The major action in its history was a January 22, 1980, demonstration, in commemoration of the 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising. Between 200,000 and 350,000 people took to the streets this day in a country with just 5 million inhabitants. The security forces attacked the march with snipers located in the National Palace and other buildings in downtown San Salvador against the contingents of Frente de Acción Popular Unificado (United Popular Action Front) (FAPU) and Unión Democrática Nacionalista. The contingents of Bloque Popular Revolucionario and Ligas Populares 28 de Febrero (LP-28) had not yet begun to march when the demonstration was dissolved.

Later marches of the CRM were dispersed with particular dispatch by the National Guard, Hacienda Police, National Police and paramilitaries. The last big demonstration of the CRM occurred on March 24, 1980, during the funeral of Archbishop Óscar Romero, assassinated the week before. The repression of the march was brutal and the marchers began to leave the streets and the CRM devolved into a coordinating body of unions, student, farmer and worker groups. The last actions were during the general offensive of 1981 (la fallida).

Every organization in the CRM corresponded to a military-political organization.

Other organizations involved in the CRM were:
 * Bloque Popular Revolucionario, a mass front of Fuerzas Populares de Liberación “Farabundo Martí” founded on July 30, 1975
 * Frente de Acción Popular Unificado (Unified Popular Action Front), mass front of Fuerzas Armadas de la Resistencia Nacional (National Resistance Armed Forces), founded in 1974
 * Ligas Populares 28 de Febrero, (Popular League of February 28) mass front of Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo. LP-28 was founded in March 1977, through the struggles against electoral fraud that year.
 * Unión Democrática Nacionalista (National Democratic Union) was a legal political party launched by the Communist Party of El Salvador
 * Movimiento de Liberación Popular (Popular Liberation Movement), mass front of Central American Revolutionary Workers' Party

 * Under FAPU:
 * Federación Nacional Sindical de Trabajadores Salvadoreños (FENASTRAS) (National Federation of Salvadoran Trade Unions).
 * Movimiento Revolucionario Campesino (MRC) (Farmers Revolutionary Movement)
 * Frente Universitario de Estudiantes Universitarios "Salvador Allende" (FUERSA) (Salvador Allende University Student Front).
 * Asociación Revolucionaria de Estudiantes de Secundaria (ARDES) (Revolutionary Association of Secondary Students).
 * Organización de Maestros Revolucionarios (OMR) (Organization of Revolutionary Teachers).
 * Vanguardia Proletaria (VP) (Proletariat Vanguard).
 * Sectores Comunales (SC) (Communal Sectors).
 * Movimiento de Intelectuales Revolucionarios (MIR) (Revolutionary Intellectuals Movement).
 * Bloque Popular Revolucionario (BPR, creado en 1975 con grupos escindidos del FAPU).
 * Unión de Trabajadores del Campo (UTC).
 * Federación Cristiana de Campesinos Salvadoreños (FECCAS).
 * Asociación Nacional de Educadores Salvadoreños (ANDES 21 de junio).
 * Unión de Pobladores de Tugurios (UPT).
 * Movimiento de Estudiantes Revolucionarios de Secundaria (MERS).
 * Fuerzas Universitarias Revolucionarias "30 de Julio" (FUR-30).
 * Universitarios Revolucionarios "19 de julio" (UR-19).
 * Comité Coordinador de Sindicatos (CCS).
 * Movimiento de la Cultura Popular (MCP).
 * Ligas Populares 28 de febrero (LP-28, fundadas en 1977).
 * Ligas Populares Campesinas (LPC).
 * Ligas Populares de Secundaria (LPS).
 * Ligas Populares Obreras (LPO).
 * Asociación de Usuarios y Trabajadores de los Mercados de El Salvador (ASUTRAMES).
 * Comités de Barrios LP-28.
 * Unión Democrática Nacionalista (UDN, fundada en 1969).
 * Asociación de Estudiantes de Secundaria (AES).
 * Frente de Acción Universitaria (FAE).
 * Asociación de Trabajadores Agrícolas y Campesinos de El Salvador (ATACES).
 * Federación Unitaria Sindical Salvadoreña (FUSS).
 * Confederación Unitaria de Trabajadores Salvadoreños (CUTS).
 * Federación de Sindicatos de Trabajadores de la Industria del Alimento, Vestido, Textil, Similares y Conexos de El Salvador (FESTIAVSTCES).
 * Movimiento de Liberación Popular (MLP, creado en 1979, antes conocido como Ligas para la Liberación o Liga para la Liberación).
 * Brigada de Trabajadores del Campo (BTC).
 * Comité de Bases Obreras (BCO).
 * Brigada Revolucionaria de Estudiantes de Secundaria (BRES).
 * Ligas para la Liberación (LL).

After a short period of existence, CRM merged with Frente Democrático Salvadoreño to form Frente Democrático Revolucionario.

title: Revolutionary Mass Coordination


text:
Obama (disambiguation)

Barack Obama (born 1961) is a former president of the United States (44th, 2009 to 2017).

Obama may also refer to:

Music

 * "Obama", a song by Michael Shannon
 * "Obama", a song by Anohni from the 2016 album Hopelessness
 * "Obama", a song by Blueface from the 2020 album Find the Beat

Fauna

 * Obama (flatworm), a genus of terrestrial flatworms
 * Etheostoma obama, a species of darter endemic to the eastern United States
 * Tosanoides obama, a coral reef fish species in Hawaii

People

 * Obama (surname), a surname of African or Japanese origin, and any of several people with that name including:
 * Barack Obama Sr. (1934-1982), Kenyan government economist and father of the 44th president
 * Michelle Obama (born 1964), First Lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017
 * Obama (drag queen), Italian drag queen

Places

 * Obama, Fukui, a city in Japan. Obama-chō (小浜町) was a former town in Japan that was merged with other towns in 1951 to create Obama, Fukui
 * Obama, Nagasaki, a former town in Japan
 * Obama Bay, a sub-bay within Wakasa Bay in Japan
 * Obama Castle (Mutsu Province), Japan
 * Obama Castle (Wakasa Province), Japan
 * Obama Domain, a feudal domain in Edo-period Japan
 * Obama Onsen, a hot spring in Nagasaki, Japan
 * Obama-chō (小浜町), a former town in Japan that was merged with others in 2005 to create Unzen, Nagasaki
 * Obama-machi (小浜町), a former town in Japan that was merged with others in 1955 to create Nihonmatsu, Fukushima
 * Boggy Peak, named Mount Obama from 2009 to 2016, the highest point in Antigua and Barbuda

Transportation

 * Obama Line, a railroad line operated by West Japan Railway Company
 * Higashi-Obama Station, a train station on the Obama Line
 * Obama Station, a train station on the Obama Line
 * Obama Interchange, a road junction on the Maizuru-Wakasa Expressway in Fukui Prefecture, Japan
 * Obama Nishi Interchange, a road junction in Fukui Prefecture, Japan

Other uses

 * Obama Day, a national holiday in Kenya
 * Time Bomb: Countdown to Armageddon also known as Oh-BOMB-Ah!, a 2009–2011 satirical limited series graphic novel by Jimmie Robinson

title: Obama (disambiguation)