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Geoff Morrell (actor)

Geoff Morrell (born 19 February 1958) is an Australian actor.

Early life
Morrell was born in Fairfield in Western Sydney, where his father was a schoolteacher. The family moved to Wollongong when Morrell was nine. He finished high school without doing well, academically. He subsequently worked at the Port Kembla Steelworks, but decided to repeat year 12, and after applying himself second time around, topped the HSC.

Morrell received a NSW Teacher’s Scholarship and studied a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Wollongong. While studying, he made his stage debut as Algernon in The Importance of Being Earnest. He was also President of the Student Representative Council. He graduated in 1979.

Career
Morrell began his career in theatre acting, becoming a founding member of the Theatre South organisation. In 1983, he briefly moved to England, featuring in a number of productions there.

In 1985, he branched into film acting, with a minor role in a telemovie version of Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan. Over the next few years, he moved between film and theatre, starring in productions such as Macbeth and King Lear, as well as several supporting roles in films, telemovies, miniseries and regular series. These included notable Australian films Blackrock and Oscar and Lucinda. He has had guest roles in the series The Secret Life of Us, Stingers and Farscape.

Morrell starred as Harry in Australia's first production of Michael Gow's play Away, which was performed by the Griffin Theatre Company and premiered at the Stables Theatre, Sydney on 7 January 1986.

After filming Oscar and Lucinda, Morrell won the role of forensic scientist Lance Fisk in the series Murder Call, which screened from 1997 to 1999. In 2000, he won one of his most significant roles to date, as the protagonist of the ABC series Grass Roots. The series was not renewed after the 2001 season, and Morrell followed this with a major role in the ABC telemovie Marking Time, as the father of a boy in love with an asylum seeker.

Morrell won the 2000 AFI Award for Best Actor for Grass Roots, and has been nominated four times, for Fallen Angels (1997), Grass Roots 2nd series, Changi (2001) and Marking Time. He has been nominated for three silver Logies for Grass Roots (first and second series) and Changi (2001).

In 2004, Morrell made a move into the mainstream when he became one of four new actors to join the long-running police series Blue Heelers, on which he played Sergeant Mark Jacobs. In September 2004, there was speculation that the ABC would commission a third series of Grass Roots. However, Morrell stated that the ABC "may have missed its chance", and as he remained contracted to Blue Heelers, would likely not have been able to participate if the series did return. Due to family commitments, Morrell chose to leave Blue Heelers.

He has also been involved in the film Right Here Right Now. In 2010 Morrell made a return to ABC to star alongside Richard Roxburgh in the first series of Rake. Morrell played the role of Joe Sandilands, a fictional NSW Attorney-General involved in the inside wheeling and dealing of the NSW Labor. In 2015, he appeared as Inspector Clive Small, in the two-part miniseries Catching Milat.,

He continues to act in both theatre and films. He appeared in the feature film Rogue, and Anthony Hayes' feature film debut Ten Empty. In 2010 he began work on the set of Cloudstreet, a television miniseries version of Tim Winton's novel. He plays the role of Lester Lamb.

Morrell has since appeared in numerous other productions including The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power. In 2023 Morrell was named as part of the cast in Foxtel drama High Country, and Stan series Thou Shalt Not Steal.

In 2024, Morrell was named as part of the cast for the Liam Neeson led The Ice Road 2: Road to the Sky.

title: Geoff Morrell (actor)


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Talk:Grantha script

Accuracy Dispute
I hope someone who really knows about this has looks on this article.

According to my limited exposure to this topic, Grantha refers to those letters in the Tamil alphabet which are not needed to write the Tamil language, but only for transcribing other languages. See also Tamil alphabet.

---Hello, as the article says clearly, Grantha is a script used in south India to write sanskrit. So, modern Tamil script has borrowed some characters from Grantha since it gives more range and flexibility in sounds.

I get some Google hits for "Grantha script", but to give a comparison, "Brahmi script" gets 3000 Google hits, whereas "Grantha script" only 200.

-- Brahmi is much more thoroughly studied and was involved on a wider area, hence more references. Grantha was confined to Tamil world, and the modern Tamils being ashamed of their linguistic heritage don't take much interest in Grantha. Hence less hits.

Pjacobi 11:58, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Actually, the present tamil script itself is derived from Grantha script. Kartheeque 06:40, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This is the confusing point, the use of "Grantha" for two rather different things. Compare http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn17/tab_to_unicode.pdf where Tamil letters are classifued vowel, consonant and grantha. --Pjacobi 08:06, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Grantha does have two meanings, but they're allied. Grantha originally meant the script used for writing Sanskrit, which was later superseded by Devanagari. In fact, some Sanskrit texts, notably almanacs, are still written in Grantha. Tamil, as you might know, has far fewer letters than Devanagari or Grantha, and in order to transliterate Sanskrit words in Tamil, some Grantha letters were borrowed as-is into Tamil. These are ஶ, ஷ, ஸ, ஹ and ஜ, and are commonly known as "Grantha letters". Ambarish | Talk 18:12, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

More appropriate title
Shouldn't this page should be moved to Grantha script or Grantha (script)? We could then have a disambig page at Grantha which points to:
 * this article,
 * an article Grantha (manuscript) on 'grantha' in the sense of a manuscript (with some details on the material that was used in ancient Tamil manuscripts, how they were made, what was done to worn-out manuscripts, etc.),
 * (possibly) also a pointer to the Guru Granth Saheb. - Vadakkan 15:19, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Please do that. Btw, your recent edits to this article are worth appreciation. -- Sundar 06:19, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Devanagari always used to write Sanskrit?
Devanagari is certainly not the near-universal Sanskrit script in modern times, as implied by the article. Sanskrit can be written phonemically in most Indic scripts except Tamil. Also, there should be some mention of how Malayalam evolved from Manipravalam and how Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan devised the modern Malayalam script from a combination of Grantha and Vattezhuththu. --Grammatical error 06:42, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Dravidian civilizations
Wiki Raja 10:15, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

non-conformance to ISO 15919
Grantha_script says it uses ISO 15919, but according to ISO 15919 page, the long e (the usual one) should be written as ē in ISO 15919, and the transliteration here doesn't follow this convention.--Imz (talk) 19:48, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Now I see that the situation is not that simple: probably the way it is now (e) is better because, as it is written in the article, in the descendants of Grantha a special sign for long /e:/ was introduced, so the Grantha sign which served for both short /e/ and long /e:/ became the sign just for short /e/. And for consistency it is better to transcribe it even in ISO 15919 and even when it is used for /e:/ in Sanskrit as e.--Imz (talk) 20:05, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * If you know German you should have a look at Indischer_Schriftenkreis under the heading "Dravidische Sprachen" where I explained the facts. Even if you don't understand the language, you might understand the tables. --OldKnip (talk) 12:32, 19 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Danke, ich werde das lesen.--Imz (talk) 15:32, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Changed sample text undone
I'll undo the last change, because the text sample named "Medieval Grantha" is not a pure Grantha text, but a mixture of Grantha and Tamil script (and of Sanskrit and Tamil language!), called Manipravala, whereas the text of John 3:16 is taken from an old Grantha print in pure Sanskrit.--OldKnip (talk) 16:38, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

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Overt christian evangelism on wikipedia?
User:Tom Morris – Sir, since you are an admin and you have commented on a related topic on my talk page, I am tagging you here. Kindly advise on further action. Many thanks!

Regarding User:LeoFrank and his repeated reversion of my edits at Grantha_script is violative of this rule – "  Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to insert fringe or undue weight content into articles, you may be blocked from editing. Articles on Wikipedia do not give fringe material equal weight to majority viewpoints; content in articles are given representation in proportion to their prominence.  " Can you please take action or do you advise me to go to the Noticeboard? Please advise. Grantha script and the bible has nothing to do with each other. Grantha script is an ancient script used to write Sanskrit. Can you please help check such christian-fundamentalist-like anti-scientific attitude on Wikipedia? Many thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mkv22 (talk • contribs) 13:42, 30 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I would beware of WP:boomerang if you do. WP:AGF seems to apply here at least. Zchrykng (talk) 13:47, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I am not the one who added or reverted to an edit that is fringe. bible and the Sanskrti Grantha script – where is the link? Please provide justification with the appropriate academic-quality citations. Come on, please.

 * My comment had nothing to do with the validity or invalidity of the sources in question. It was directed toward your obvious POV pushing and failure to WP:AGF. Zchrykng (talk) 18:40, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Grantha script


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Overhead camshaft engine

An overhead camshaft (OHC) engine is a piston engine in which the camshaft is located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with earlier overhead valve engines (OHV), where the camshaft is located below the combustion chamber in the engine block.

Single overhead camshaft (SOHC) engines have one camshaft per bank of cylinders. Dual overhead camshaft (DOHC, also known as "twin-cam" ) engines have two camshafts per bank. The first production car to use a DOHC engine was built in 1910. Use of DOHC engines slowly increased from the 1940s, leading to many automobiles by the early 2000s using DOHC engines.

Design
In an OHC engine, the camshaft is located at the top of the engine, above the combustion chamber. This contrasts the earlier overhead valve engine (OHV) and flathead engine configurations, where the camshaft is located down in the engine block. The valves in both OHC and OHV engines are located above the combustion chamber; however an OHV engine requires pushrods and rocker arms to transfer the motion from the camshaft up to the valves, whereas an OHC engine has the valves directly actuated by the camshaft.

Compared with OHV engines with the same number of valves, there are fewer reciprocating components and less valvetrain inertia in an OHC engine. This reduced inertia in OHC engines results in less valve float at higher engine speeds (RPM). A downside is that the system used to drive the camshaft (usually a timing chain in modern engines) is more complex in an OHC engine, such as the 4-chain valvetrain of the Audi 3.2 or the 2 meter chain on Ford cammers. Another disadvantage of OHC engines is that during engine repairs where the removal of the cylinder head is required, the camshaft engine timing needs to be reset. In addition, an OHC engine has a large cylinder head to accommodate the camshaft or an extra set of valves to increase the Volumetric efficiency, so that with the same displacement as an OHV engine, the OHC engine will end up being the physically larger of the two mostly due to the enlarged cylinder head.

The other main advantage of OHC engines is that there is greater flexibility to optimise the size, location and shape of the intake and exhaust ports, since there are no pushrods that need to be avoided. This improves the gas flow through the engine, increasing power output and fuel efficiency.

Single overhead camshaft (SOHC)

The oldest configuration of overhead camshaft engine is the single overhead camshaft (SOHC) design. A SOHC engine has one camshaft per bank of cylinders, therefore a straight engine has a total of one camshaft and a V engine or flat engine has a total of two camshafts (one for each cylinder bank).

Most SOHC engines have two valves per cylinder, one intake valve and one exhaust valve. Motion of the camshaft is usually transferred to the valves either directly (using a tappet) or indirectly via a rocker arm.

Dual overhead camshaft (DOHC)
A dual overhead cam, double overhead cam, or twin-cam engine has two camshafts over each bank of the cylinder head, one for the intake valves and another for the exhaust valves. Therefore there are two camshafts for a straight engine and a total of four camshafts for a V engine or a flat engine.

A V engine or flat engine requires four camshafts to function as a DOHC engine, since having two camshafts in total would result in only a single camshaft per cylinder bank for these engine layouts. Some V engines with four camshafts have been marketed as "quad-cam" engines, however technically "quad-cam" would require four camshafts per cylinder bank (i.e. eight camshafts in total), therefore these engines are merely dual overhead camshaft engines.

Many DOHC engines have four valves per cylinder. The camshaft usually operates the valves directly via a bucket tappet. A DOHC design permits a wider angle between intake and exhaust valves than in SOHC engines, which improves the air-fuel mixture's flow through the engine. A further benefit is that the spark plug can be placed at the optimum location, which in turn improves combustion efficiency. Another newer benefit of DOHC engine design is the ability to independently change/phase the timing between each camshaft and the crankshaft. This affords better fuel economy by allowing a broader torque curve. Although each major manufacturer has their own trade name for their specific system of variable cam phasing systems, overall they are all classified as variable valve timing.

Timing belt / timing chain
The rotation of a camshaft is driven by a crankshaft. Many 21st century engines use a toothed timing belt made from rubber and kevlar to drive the camshaft. Timing belts are inexpensive, produce minimal noise and have no need for lubrication. A disadvantage of timing belts is the need for regular replacement of the belt; recommended belt life typically varies between approximately 50000 - 100000 km. If the timing belt is not replaced in time and fails and the engine is an interference engine, major engine damage is possible.

The first known automotive application of timing belts to drive overhead camshafts was the 1953 Devin-Panhard racing specials built for the SCCA H-modified racing series in the United States. These engines were based on Panhard OHV flat-twin engines, which were converted to SOHC engines using components from Norton motorcycle engines. The first production car to use a timing belt was the 1962 Glas 1004 compact coupe.

Another camshaft drive method commonly used on modern engines is a timing chain, constructed from one or two rows of metal roller chains. By the early 1960s most production automobile overhead camshaft designs used chains to drive the camshaft(s). Timing chains do not usually require replacement at regular intervals, however the disadvantage is that they are noisier than timing belts.

Gear train
A gear train system between the crankshaft and the camshaft is commonly used in diesel overhead camshaft engines used in heavy trucks. Gear trains are not commonly used in engines for light trucks or automobiles.

Other camshaft drive systems

Several OHC engines up until the 1950s used a shaft with bevel gears to drive the camshaft. Examples include the 1908–1911 Maudslay 25/30, the Bentley 3 Litre, the 1917-? Liberty L-12, the 1929-1932 MG Midget, the 1925-1948 Velocette K series, the 1931-1957 Norton International and the 1947-1962 Norton Manx. In more recent times, the 1950-1974 Ducati Single, 1973-1980 Ducati L-twin engine, 1999-2007 Kawasaki W650 and 2011-2016 Kawasaki W800 motorcycle engines have used bevel shafts. The Crosley four cylinder was the last automotive engine to use the shaft tower design to drive the camshaft, from 1946 to 1952; the rights to the Crosley engine format were bought by a few different companies, including General Tire in 1952, followed by Fageol in 1955, Crofton in 1959, Homelite in 1961, and Fisher Pierce in 1966, after Crosley closed the automotive factory doors, and they continued to produce the same engine for several more years.

A camshaft drive using three sets of cranks and rods in parallel was used in the 1920–1923 Leyland Eight luxury car built in the United Kingdom. A similar system was used in the 1926-1930 Bentley Speed Six and the 1930-1932 Bentley 8 Litre. A two-rod system with counterweights at both ends was used by many models of the 1958-1973 NSU Prinz.

1900–1914
Among the first overhead camshaft engines were the 1902 Maudslay SOHC engine built in the United Kingdom  and the 1903 Marr Auto Car SOHC engine built in the United States. The first DOHC engine was a Peugeot inline-four racing engine which powered the car that won the 1912 French Grand Prix. Another Peugeot with a DOHC engine won the 1913 French Grand Prix, followed by the Mercedes-Benz 18/100 GP with an SOHC engine winning the 1914 French Grand Prix.

The Isotta Fraschini Tipo KM— built in Italy from 1910–1914— was one of the first production cars to use an SOHC engine.

World War I

During World War I, both the Allied and Central Powers; specifically those of the German Empire's Luftstreitkräfte air forces, sought to quickly apply the overhead camshaft technology of motor racing engines to military aircraft engines. The SOHC engine from the Mercedes 18/100 GP car (which won the 1914 French Grand Prix) became the starting point for both Mercedes' and Rolls-Royce's aircraft engines. Mercedes created a series of six-cylinder engines which culminated in the Mercedes D.III. Rolls-Royce reversed-engineered the Mercedes cylinder head design based on a racing car left in England at the beginning of the war, leading to the Rolls-Royce Eagle V12 engine. Other SOHC designs included the Spanish Hispano-Suiza 8 V8 engine (with a fully enclosed-drivetrain), the American Liberty L-12 V12 engine, which closely followed the later Mercedes D.IIIa design's partly-exposed SOHC valvetrain design; and the Max Friz-designed; German BMW IIIa straight-six engine. The DOHC Napier Lion W12 engine was built in Great Britain beginning in 1918.

Most of these engines used a shaft to transfer drive from the crankshaft up to the camshaft at the top of the engine. Large aircraft engines— particularly air-cooled engines— experienced considerable thermal expansion, causing the height of the cylinder block to vary during operating conditions. This expansion caused difficulties for pushrod engines, so an overhead camshaft engine using a shaft drive with sliding spline was the easiest way to allow for this expansion. These bevel shafts were usually in an external tube outside the block, and were known as "tower shafts".

1919–1944
An early American overhead camshaft production engine was the SOHC straight-eight engine used in the 1921–1926 Duesenberg Model A luxury car.

In 1926, the Sunbeam 3 litre Super Sports became the first production car to use a DOHC engine.

In the United States, Duesenberg added DOHC engines (alongside their existing SOHC engines) with the 1928 release of the Duesenberg Model J, which was powered by a DOHC straight-eight engine. The 1931–1935 Stutz DV32 was another early American luxury car to use a DOHC engine. Also in the United States, the DOHC Offenhauser racing engine was introduced in 1933. This inline-four engine dominated North American open-wheel racing from 1934 until the 1970s.

Other early SOHC automotive engines were the 1920–1923 Wolseley Ten, the 1928-1931 MG 18/80, the 1926–1935 Singer Junior and the 1928–1929 Alfa Romeo 6C Sport. Early overhead camshaft motorcycles included the 1925–1949 Velocette K Series and the 1927–1939 Norton CS1.

1945–present

The 1946–1948 Crosley CC Four was arguably the first American mass-produced car to use an SOHC engine. This small mass-production engine powered the winner of the 1950 12 Hours of Sebring.

Use of a DOHC configuration gradually increased after World War II, beginning with sports cars. Iconic DOHC engines of this period include the 1948–1959 Lagonda straight-six engine, the 1949–1992 Jaguar XK straight-six engine and the 1954–1994 Alfa Romeo Twin Cam inline-four engine. The 1966-2000 Fiat Twin Cam inline-four engine was one of the first DOHC engines to use a toothed timing belt instead of a timing chain.

In the 1980s, the need for increased performance while reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions saw increasing use of DOHC engines in mainstream vehicles, beginning with Japanese manufacturers. By the mid-2000s, most automotive engines used a DOHC layout.

title: Overhead camshaft engine


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OHC (disambiguation)

OHC is a type of piston engine in which the camshaft is located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber.

OHC may also refer to:

 * Ocean heat content
 * Order of the Holy Cross, a monastic community
 * Outer hair cell, a vertebrate body cell
 * Ontario Housing Corporation
 * Organizational health center, an industrial organization in occupational health psychology
 * Oxford Harmonic Choir
 * Open House Chicago, an annual architecture festival hosted by the Chicago Architecture Foundation

title: OHC (disambiguation)


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Ohc

OHC can refer to:

 * Ocean heat content, the thermal energy held in the oceans
 * Oetker Hotel Management GmbH, a German hotel management company also known as Oetker Collection
 * Ohio Heritage Conference, a high school athletic league in Ohio, U.S.
 * Ontario Health Coalition, an organization that advocates publicly funded health care in Ontario, Canada
 * Open House Chicago, a festival in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
 * Outer hair cell, a component in the mammalian cochlear amplifier
 * Overhead cam, a component in a particular location in an overhead camshaft engine

title: Ohc


text: File:United Devices.PNG

title: File:United Devices.PNG


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Band on the Run

Band on the Run is the third studio album by the British–American rock band Paul McCartney and Wings, released by Apple on 30 November 1973. It was McCartney's fifth album after leaving the Beatles in April 1970. Although sales were modest initially, its commercial performance was aided by two hit singles – "Jet" and "Band on the Run" – such that it became the top-selling studio album of 1974 in the United Kingdom and Australia, in addition to revitalising McCartney's critical standing. It remains McCartney's most successful album and the most celebrated of his post-Beatles works.

The album was mostly recorded at EMI's studio in Lagos, Nigeria, as McCartney wanted to make an album in an exotic location. Shortly before departing for Lagos, drummer Denny Seiwell and guitarist Henry McCullough left the group. With no time to recruit replacements, McCartney went into the studio with just his wife Linda and Denny Laine. McCartney therefore played bass, drums, percussion and most of the lead guitar parts. The studio was of poor quality and conditions in Nigeria were tense and difficult; the McCartneys were robbed at knifepoint, losing a bag of song lyrics and demo tapes. After the band's return to England, final overdubs and further recording were carried out in London, mostly at AIR Studios.

In 2000, Q magazine placed Band on the Run at number 75 in its list of the "100 Greatest British Albums Ever". In 2012, it was listed at 418 on Rolling Stone 's revised list of "the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". A contemporary review by Jon Landau in Rolling Stone describes the album as being the "finest record yet" by a former Beatle "with the possible exception of John Lennon's Plastic Ono Band". It was McCartney's last album released on Apple Records. In 2013, it was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Background
By 1973, three years after the break-up of the Beatles, Paul McCartney had yet to regain his artistic credibility or find favour with music critics for his post-Beatles work. After completing a successful UK tour with his band Wings in July 1973, he planned their third album as a means to re-establish himself after the mixed reception given to Wild Life and Red Rose Speedway.

Keen to record outside the United Kingdom, McCartney asked EMI to send him a list of all their international recording studios. He selected Lagos in Nigeria and was attracted to the idea of recording in Africa. In August, the band – consisting of McCartney and his wife Linda, ex-Moody Blues guitarist and pianist Denny Laine, Henry McCullough on lead guitar, and Denny Seiwell on drums – started rehearsals for the new album at the McCartneys' Scottish farm. During one rehearsal session, McCullough and McCartney argued, and McCullough quit. Seiwell left a week later, the night before the band flew out to Nigeria. This left just McCartney, Linda and Laine to record in Lagos, assisted by former Beatles engineer Geoff Emerick. McCartney had chosen Lagos, as he felt it would be a glamorous location where he and the band could sun on the beach during the day and record at night; the reality, however, was that, after the end of a civil war in 1970, Nigeria was run by a military government, with corruption and disease commonplace.

Recording
The band and their entourage arrived in Lagos on 30 August 1973, returning to London late on 22 September. EMI's studio, located on Wharf Road in the suburb of Apapa, was ramshackle and under-equipped. The control desk was faulty and there was only one tape machine, a Studer 8-track. The band rented houses near the airport in Ikeja, an hour away from the studio. McCartney, Linda, and their three children stayed in one, while Laine, his wife JoJo, Emerick, and Wings' two roadies stayed in another.

The group established a routine of recording during the week and playing tourist on the weekends. McCartney temporarily joined a local country club, where he spent most mornings. The band was driven to the studio in the early afternoon, and recording would last into the late evening or early morning. To compensate for the departed band members, McCartney played, in addition to his contributions on bass guitar, the drum and lead guitar parts, with Laine playing rhythm guitar and Linda adding keyboards. The first track they recorded at Apapa was "Mamunia", the title for which McCartney appropriated from the name of a hotel in Marrakesh where Wings had stayed in April 1973.

Several of the songs on Band on the Run reflect themes of escape and freedom, while the structure of the album recalled the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and Abbey Road. The song "Band on the Run" was partly inspired by a remark George Harrison had made during one of the many business meetings the Beatles attended in 1969 in an effort to address the problems afflicting their Apple Corps enterprise. Four years later, the album's creation coincided with what author Peter Doggett terms McCartney's "moral victory in the debate over Allen Klein", as Harrison, John Lennon, and Ringo Starr now became embroiled in litigation against Klein – the business manager they had appointed to run Apple in 1969, despite strong opposition from McCartney. Doggett writes that McCartney was perhaps liberated creatively by this recent development, resulting in Band on the Run bearing "a frothy self-confidence that was reminiscent of the Beatles at their most productive".

Aside from the challenges presented by the substandard studio, various incidents plagued Wings' stay in Lagos. While out walking one night against advice, McCartney and Linda were robbed at knifepoint. The assailants made off with all of their valuables, and even stole a bag containing a notebook full of handwritten lyrics and songs, and cassettes containing demos for songs to be recorded. On another occasion, McCartney was overdubbing a vocal track when he began gasping for air. According to Emerick: "Within seconds, [McCartney] turned as white as a sheet, explaining to us in a croaking voice that he couldn't catch his breath. We decided to take him outside for some fresh air ... [but] once he was exposed to the blazing heat he felt even worse and began keeling over, finally fainting dead away at our feet. Linda began screaming hysterically; she was convinced that he was having a heart attack ... The official diagnosis was that he had suffered a bronchial spasm brought on by too much smoking." Another incident was the confrontation with local Afrobeat pioneer and political activist Fela Kuti, who publicly accused the band of being in Africa to exploit and steal African music after their visit to his club. Kuti went to the studio to confront McCartney, who played their songs for him to show that they contained no local influence. Later on, drummer and former Cream member Ginger Baker invited Wings to record their entire album at his ARC Studio in Ikeja. McCartney agreed to go there for one day, and the song "Picasso's Last Words (Drink to Me)" was recorded at ARC, with Baker himself shaking a tin can filled with gravel on the track.

Recording for the majority of the album's basic tracks, together with initial overdubbing, was completed after six weeks in Nigeria. Wings hosted a beach barbecue to celebrate the end of recording, and on 23 September 1973 they flew back to England, where they were met by fans and journalists. Upon returning to London, the McCartneys received a letter from EMI dated before the band had left England warning them to not go to Lagos due to an outbreak of cholera.

In October, two weeks after the band's return to London, work began at George Martin's AIR Studios to transfer many of the eight-track recordings made in Nigeria to sixteen-track. "Jet", named after one of the McCartney children's ponies, was recorded in its entirety at AIR. The McCartneys and Laine carried out further overdubs on the Lagos recordings during this period; all of the orchestral arrangements for the album were taped at AIR in a single day, conducted by Tony Visconti. Visconti was given three days to write the arrangements, including for the 60-piece orchestra on the title track. He said the arrangements were collaborations with McCartney, and was surprised he was not correctly credited for his work until the 25th anniversary reissue of the album. Another contributor was saxophonist Howie Casey, who overdubbed solos on "Bluebird", "Mrs. Vandebilt," and "Jet", and would go on to become Wings' regular horn player. On 8 October, Remi Kabaka, a musician coming from Nigeria, although born in Ghana, added a set of percussion on "Bluebird". Final mixing of the album was completed over three days at London's Kingsway Studios in early November.

Cover artwork
The album cover photograph was taken in Osterley Park, West London, on 28 October 1973 by photographer Clive Arrowsmith from a concept by Hipgnosis and McCartney. It depicts the McCartneys, Laine, and six other well-known people dressed as convicts and posed as though caught by a prison searchlight. The six celebrities are: Michael Parkinson, Kenny Lynch, James Coburn, Clement Freud, Christopher Lee, and John Conteh. Arrowsmith said the photo used for the cover was one of four he found acceptable out of the 24 pictures he took during the session. The spotlight's low potency meant everyone had to stand still for two seconds for proper exposure, which was made difficult by the photographer and subjects reportedly being in a "substance haze" following a party held by Paul McCartney. The golden hue of the picture comes from Arrowsmith’s use of daylight film instead of nighttime Tungsten film, which would have been more typical for the setting.

Release
Apple Records issued Band on the Run in the UK on November 30 (as Apple PAS 10007), and in the U.S. on 5 December (as Apple SO 3415). Rather than having the band promote the album on radio and television or with a tour, McCartney undertook a series of magazine interviews, most notably with Paul Gambaccini for Rolling Stone. The conversations with Gambaccini took place at various locations from September 1973 onward, and combined to form, in the words of authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter, "a remarkably forthcoming interview in comparison to the 'thumbs-aloft' profiles usually allowed by [McCartney]".

"Helen Wheels" was released as a non-album single in late October 1973, and became a top 10 hit in America the following January. For commercial reasons, Capitol Records, the US distributor for Apple Records, asked to include "Helen Wheels" on the album. McCartney agreed, although it was never his intention to include the track. While "Helen Wheels" is not included on CD editions of Band on the Run in the UK (except as a bonus track on the 1993 "The Paul McCartney Collection" edition of the album), it has often appeared on CD releases of the album in the US and Canada, starting with the initial Columbia Records release in 1984. Early versions of the Capitol release fail to list "Helen Wheels" on the label or the CD insert, making the song a "hidden track".

Commercial performance
Initially, the album did not sell especially well, with the record-buying public wary after Wings' preceding releases. On the UK Albums Chart, Band on the Run climbed to number 9 on 22 December, remaining there for a second week before dropping to number 13. On America's Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart, it peaked at number 7 on 2 February 1974, and then spent the next six weeks in the lower reaches of the top ten. The album went on to achieve considerable success, however, thanks to the popularity of the two singles culled from it: "Jet" and the title track. Writing in 1981, Bob Woffinden described Band on the Run as the first Beatles-related release to be "planned with a marketing strategy", as Capitol Records now assumed a fully active role in promoting the album following the removal of Klein's ABKCO Industries as managers of Apple. Although McCartney had been reluctant to issue album tracks as singles, the public's apparent lack of interest in Band on the Run led him to agree to the recommendations of Capitol's head of marketing, Al Coury, who had similarly pushed for the inclusion of "Helen Wheels" on the album's American release. McCartney therefore authorised single edits of the two A-sides taken from the album.

"Jet" was issued as a single in America on 28 January with "Mamunia" as the B-side, although "Let Me Roll It", which was the B-side of the UK release, replaced "Mamunia" on 15 February. The single's success provided new impetus for the album, which hit number 2 in the UK at the end of March and topped Billboard's listings on 13 April. Apple issued "Band on the Run" as a single in America on 8 April, backed by "Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five"; the UK release followed on 28 June, with the non-album instrumental "Zoo Gang" as the B-side. Due to the popularity of "Band on the Run", the album returned to number 1 on the Billboard chart on 8 June, when the single simultaneously topped the Hot 100. In Britain, the album finally hit number 1 on 27 July, and it stayed there for seven consecutive weeks. On the alternative UK listings compiled by Melody Maker, Band on the Run remained in the top ten from 26 January through 23 November 1974. During that time, its chart performance similarly reflected the popularity of the two singles, with the album spending three weeks at number 2 in April, and six weeks at number 1 throughout August and the first week of September.

The album topped the Billboard chart on three separate occasions during 1974, and was the top selling album of that year in Australia and Canada. In Britain, it came second in the year-end standings, behind the compilation The Singles: 1969–1973 by the Carpenters. Through this success with Wings, McCartney established himself as the most commercially successful of the four former Beatles. Author Robert Rodriguez views the album's arrival at number 1 in America in April 1974 as the moment when McCartney usurped George Harrison as the "ex-Beatle Most Likely to Succeed", and the beginning of a period of public acclaim that reached its zenith with the Wings Over America Tour in 1976.

Band on the Run was eventually certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and would go on to sell 6 million copies worldwide, becoming EMI's top selling album of the 1970s in the UK. Its continued success through 1974 was also beneficial in allowing Wings to recruit a new guitarist and drummer, and to integrate them into the band before beginning new recordings.

Critical reception
Upon its release, Band on the Run received mostly favourable reviews. Rodriguez writes that, after the disappointment of McCartney's previous work since the Beatles, "It was exactly the record fans and critics had long hoped he would make".

In a combined review of Band on the Run and Starr's concurrently released Ringo album, Charles Shaar Murray of the NME wrote: "The ex-Beatle least likely to re-establish his credibility and lead the field has pulled it off with a positive master-stroke of an album entitled Band On The Run." In addition to praising McCartney for using synthesizer "like an instrument, and not like an electric whoopee cushion", Shaar Murray concluded: "Band On The Run is a great album. If anybody ever puts down McCartney in your presence, bust him in the snoot and play him this. He will thank you for it afterwards."

Writing in The New York Times, Loraine Alterman considered the album to be "bursting with a great deal of compelling music even if the lyrics at times make as much sense as that cover photo" and admired the "fascinating range of sounds" offered in the title track, as well as the "lovely, romantic aura" of "Bluebird". While noting the importance of studio production to the overall effect, Alterman wrote: "McCartney has managed to make the complexities of multi-track recording sound as natural and fresh as tomorrow." Jon Landau of Rolling Stone described the album as, "with the possible exception of John Lennon's Plastic Ono Band, the finest record yet released by any of the four musicians who were once called the Beatles". Rolling Stone named Band on the Run one of the Best Albums of 1973.

Village Voice critic Robert Christgau wrote in 1981: "I originally underrated what many consider McCartney's definitive post-Beatles statement, but not as much as its admirers overrate it. Pop masterpiece? This? Sure it's a relief after the vagaries of Wild Life and Red Rose Speedway." He praised the title track and the "Afro-soul" introduction to "Mamunia", calling them "the high points". Christgau ultimately awarded the album a C+ rating, indicating "a not disreputable performance, most likely a failed experiment or a pleasant piece of hackwork". In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that, while some songs are excellent and the album overall is enjoyable, it is more about showmanship than content. A subsequent review on Allmusic by Al Campbell was more generous, considering the arrangements and melodic hooks of the songs up to the caliber of McCartney's work in the Beatles and concluding: "Though it lacks the emotional resonance of contemporaneous releases by John Lennon and George Harrison, McCartney's infallible instinct for popcraft overflows on this excellent release." The Rolling Stone review of the 30th Anniversary Deluxe Edition of the album said that "the real action still lies in the original LP's revved-up pleasures". Writing for Mojo magazine in 2011, John Harris included Band on the Run among "the trilogy of truly essential post-Beatles solo albums", along with Harrison's All Things Must Pass and Lennon's Plastic Ono Band.

In 2000, Q magazine placed Band on the Run at number 75 in its list of the "100 Greatest British Albums Ever". In 2012, it was voted 418th on Rolling Stone's revised list of "the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". The album is featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Track listing
All songs written by Paul and Linda McCartney, except "No Words" (written by Paul McCartney and Denny Laine).

Side one

 * 1) "Band on the Run" – 5:12
 * 2) "Jet" – 4:09
 * 3) "Bluebird" – 3:23
 * 4) "Mrs. Vandebilt" – 4:40
 * 5) "Let Me Roll It" – 4:51

Side two

 * 1) "Mamunia" – 4:51
 * 2) "No Words" – 2:35
 * 3) "Picasso's Last Words (Drink to Me)" – 5:49
 * 4) "Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five" – 5:28

Note: Original North American releases also contain "Helen Wheels" (running time 3:45) as Track 8 (between "No Words" and "Picasso's Last Words (Drink to Me)").

Reissues
In 1993, Band on the Run was remastered and reissued on CD as part of the Paul McCartney Collection series, with "Helen Wheels" and its B-side, "Country Dreamer", as bonus tracks. In 1996, it was released on 5.1 Music Disc. In May 2007, the album was made available through the iTunes Store.

25th Anniversary Edition
In 1999, Band on the Run: 25th Anniversary Edition, a special extended edition of the album, was released to coincide with twenty-five years after when, after a slow start, sales of the album began to take off in March 1974. On this version, "Helen Wheels" appeared as track 8, between "No Words" and "Picasso's Last Words (Drink to Me)", as it had been positioned on the original US release. The package includes liner notes written by historian Mark Lewisohn, and an extra disc of live renditions of songs from the album throughout the years, as well as brief new renditions by McCartney. Spoken testimonials are also included from McCartney himself, the late Linda (to whom this retrospective release is dedicated), Laine, Dustin Hoffman (the inspiration behind the writing of "Picasso's Last Words"), and the celebrity faces on the cover (including James Coburn, who was in Britain to film The Internecine Project (1974) when the picture for the album cover was taken, and Christopher Lee).

Archive Collection
The Paul McCartney Archive Collection series started with Band on the Run, released on 2 November 2010. The Archive Collection was administered by Hear Music and Concord Music Group and the album was released in multiple formats: a single remastered CD version of the original UK album (excluding "Helen Wheels" from the track listing), a 2-disc vinyl LP version with the remastered album and a selection of bonus audio materials, a 2CD/DVD edition including a collection of bonus materials in addition to the original album, a 2CD/2DVD edition sold only at Best Buy with additional bonus materials on the second DVD, a 3CD/DVD Deluxe Edition with the additional bonus materials in the other versions and an audio documentary originally produced for the album's 25th anniversary release and a 120-page hardbound book containing photos by Linda McCartney and Clive Arrowsmith, a history of the album, and additional materials. Within the Deluxe Edition was additional included a High Resolution 24-bit 96 kHz (with no dynamic range compression) download of the audio content released for the Archive Collection editions.

In promotion of the Archive Collection edition, a Record Store Day 2010-exclusive vinyl single of "Band on the Run" backed with "Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five" was also released.

Disc 3 (Deluxe Edition)

This disc contains an audio documentary of the album, originally released in 1999 as Disc 2 of the 25th Anniversary Edition reissue.

DVD (Special and Deluxe editions)
 * 1) "Band on the Run" music video
 * 2) "Mamunia" music video
 * 3) Album promo
 * 4) "Helen Wheels" music video
 * 5) Wings in Lagos
 * 6) Osterley Park
 * 7) One Hand Clapping
 * 8) * Track listing:
 * 9) One Hand Clapping Theme
 * 10) "Jet"
 * 11) "Soily"
 * 12) "C Moon"
 * 13) "Little Woman Love"
 * 14) "Maybe I'm Amazed"
 * 15) "My Love"
 * 16) "Bluebird"
 * 17) "Let's Love"
 * 18) "All of You"
 * 19) "I'll Give You a Ring"
 * 20) "Band on the Run"
 * 21) "Live and Let Die"
 * 22) "Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five"
 * 23) "Baby Face"

Download only (Pre-order bonus tracks on paulmccartney.com)
 * 1) "No Words" (Live in Glasgow) - 2:56
 * 2) "Band on the Run" (Live in Glasgow) - 6:57

50th Anniversary Edition
A 50th Anniversary Edition of the album was released on 2 February 2024. The U.S. version of the album, with "Helen Wheels" included, was "cut at half speed using a high-resolution transfer of the original master tapes from 1973 at Abbey Road Studios, London." Additionally, in promotion of the anniversary, "a second LP of previously unreleased "underdubbed" mixes of the songs" was released. The "underdubbed" mixes are rough mixes prepared by engineer Geoff Emerick on 14 October 1973, before the final mixes with Tony Visconti's orchestrations added to the tracks. The 50th anniversary also included streaming versions of the "Underdubbed Mixes" and a Dolby Atmos mix by Giles Martin and Steve Orchard of the full U.S. version of the album.

Personnel
According to Bruce Spizer:

Band members
 * Paul McCartney – lead and backing vocals, bass, acoustic and electric guitars, piano, keyboards, drums, percussion
 * Linda McCartney – harmony and backing vocals, organ, keyboards, percussion
 * Denny Laine – harmony and backing vocals, co-lead vocals ("No Words" and "Picasso's Last Words"), acoustic and electric guitars, percussion

Additional personnel
 * Howie Casey – saxophone on "Jet", "Bluebird", and "Mrs. Vandebilt"
 * Ginger Baker – percussion on "Picasso's Last Words"
 * Remi Kabaka – percussion on "Bluebird"
 * Ian Horne & Trevor Jones (two of Wings' roadies) – backing vocals on "No Words"
 * 3 uncredited session musicians – saxophones on "Jet"
 * Tony Visconti – orchestrations
 * Geoff Emerick – sound engineer

Grammy Awards

 * style="width:35px; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1975 ||Paul McCartney and Wings / Band on the Run || Album of the Year || Nominated
 * Geoff Emerick / Band on the Run || Best Engineered Non-Classical Album || Won
 * style="width:35px; text-align:center;" |2012 ||Paul McCartney, Sam Okell, Steve Rooke / Band on the Run (Paul McCartney Archive Collection – Deluxe Edition) || Best Historical Album  || Won
 * Geoff Emerick / Band on the Run || Best Engineered Non-Classical Album || Won
 * style="width:35px; text-align:center;" |2012 ||Paul McCartney, Sam Okell, Steve Rooke / Band on the Run (Paul McCartney Archive Collection – Deluxe Edition) || Best Historical Album  || Won
 * style="width:35px; text-align:center;" |2012 ||Paul McCartney, Sam Okell, Steve Rooke / Band on the Run (Paul McCartney Archive Collection – Deluxe Edition) || Best Historical Album  || Won

title: Band on the Run


text:
Witte de With

Witte Corneliszoon de With (28 March 1599 – 8 November 1658) was a Dutch naval officer who served during the Eighty Years' War and the First Anglo-Dutch War.

Early life and childhood
De With was born on a farmstead in the hamlet of Hoogendijk near Brielle or Brill, the very town in which Maarten Tromp had been born a year earlier. According to legend, they were friends or even already rivals in their youth, but there is no proof of this. His father died in 1602, leaving behind three sons, besides Witte also Abraham and Andries, and a daughter Catharina. The De With family were Mennonites and strict pacifists; in 1610, Witte, as an anabaptist not yet baptised, obtained a baptism by a Calvinist preacher so that he would no longer feel constrained in using violence, as he was by nature not a peace-seeking boy.

After some failed minor jobs, he went on his first sea voyage to the Dutch East Indies on 21 January 1616 when he was sixteen, as a cabin boy on Captain Geen Huygen Schapenham's ship the Gouden Leeuw, part of a Dutch East India Company (VOC) fleet of five vessels. He arrived at Bantam on 13 November 1616.

Until October 1617, he participated in two trade voyages to Coromandel in India. Afterwards, he became manservant of governor Jan Pieterszoon Coen. He served as a corporal during the siege of Jakarta in 1618. On 8 October 1618, he sailed home on the Gouden Leeuw, returning to Brill on 23 May 1619. On 20 August 1620, he took service with the Admiralty of the Maze as a schipper (then the highest NCO rank), still under Schapenham on the Gelderland. From December 1620, the Gelderland participated in an expedition by Admiral Willem Haultain de Zoete against the Barbary Corsairs, returning in August 1621.

In spring 1622, De With was appointed lieutenant on Schapenham's vessel. When the latter became ill, De With functioned as commandeur, acting captain, of the Gelderland during convoy duty in the Baltic. When Schapenham recovered, De With served for a short period on the Maurits to protect the herring fleet.

In July 1622, De With became flag captain of Delft of now Vice-Admiral Schapenham, who, from 29 April 1623, carried out the spectacular raid organised by the Admiralty of Amsterdam, sending the so-called "Nassau fleet" against the Spanish possessions on the west coast of America; this fleet rounded Cape Horn in March 1624. On his first voyage as a captain, De With already showed he was the strict disciplinarian of later legend: on 13 April, six of his men deserted his ship and the constant beatings and floggings to flee to the uninhabited island of Juan Fernández. Until October, the fleet attacked Spanish shipping and settlements; during one of the actions, De With was wounded by a musket bullet. Then, it crossed the Pacific, sailing via the Mariana Islands to the Indies.

Reaching Ternate in the Spice Islands on 5 March 1625, De With, himself on request of the governor of Ambon in a punitive action, laid waste to the island, destroying by his own count 90,000 clove trees of the inhabitants, to increase the price of this commodity. He departed for the Republic on 6 February 1626, after the death of Schapenham, as Vice-Admiral (in service of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie) of a Spice Fleet of four ships, then worth five million guilders. He returned on 22 September 1626, thus having circumnavigated the globe, a feat in which he took much personal pride. On his return, he learned that his mother and sister had died; he remained on shore for one and a half years.

Capture of Spain's treasure fleet
In 1627, De With married for the first time, with his second cousin Maria de With from Nieuwenhoorn. In April 1628, their first child, Cornelis, died. The same year, De With, entering the service of the WIC, became flag captain on the Amsterdam to Admiral Piet Heyn during an expedition from 20 May to capture the Spanish treasure fleet. In September this attack was successful near Cuba. On 10 January 1629 the fleet returned to the Republic. Out of the bounty of eleven million guilders, De With was granted about 500 guilders, with which he was very dissatisfied, as he imputed to himself a crucial role in the capture by taking a barque in August, the crew of which provided essential information regarding the whereabouts of the treasure fleet.

In 1629, the five Dutch admiralties refused to allow Heyn, effectively their new supreme commander, to enlarge his staff with a special tactical-operational officer, for which function Heyn had De With in mind. De With now hoped to be appointed flag captain on the Vlieghende Groene Draeck, but Admiral Maerten Tromp was chosen instead. De With was made captain of the Prins Hendrik in June; the same month Heyn was killed in action. Disappointed and despairing of ever being promoted, De With left direct naval service in November.

In September, his daughter Cornelia was born. From May 1630 to 1633, De With was Commodore of the Grote Visserij, the administrative body controlling and militarily protecting the Herring Fleet. The change, however, was largely a formality as regular warships were used for this task: De With remained captain of the Prins Hendrik and functioned as flag captain whenever admirals had to make use of this vessel.

In May 1631, his first wife died. In August, he remarried the eighteen-year-old Hillegonda van Goch, the daughter of a Rotterdam patrician. In 1633, his second son Cornelis was born, but the boy died in July 1634. Early in 1634, De With rejoined the navy for four months when Lieutenant-Admiral Philips van Dorp used the Prins Hendrik as his flagship for an expedition in the Gulf of Biscay. During the voyage it became clear that Vice-Admiral Jasper Liefhebber resented the domineering attitude of De With. Tensions between the two men became unbearable, and De With left his ship and thus the navy in the middle of the campaign. From October 1635 to October 1636, he was schepen in Brill; in 1636 also, his fourth child was born, Maria. In October 1637, he was appointed deacon in Brill. De With now mainly lived from rent on the land inherited from his parents, supplemented by a share in a river fishing vessel.

Battle of the Downs
Tromp as well as De With had left the navy after a conflict with Van Dorp. The two most talented Dutch navy officers were sidetracked by the attempt of stadtholder Frederick Henry to centralise the cumbersome Dutch naval administration with its five admiralties. Both Van Dorp and Liefhebber were brave men but poor managers. Overworked by the many difficulties and political strife brought by the reorganisation, they feared being replaced by the younger and more competent Tromp and De With. However, the removal of the latter only delayed the inevitable.

In the summer of 1637 the fleet supply system collapsed, bringing the hungry and thirsty sailors to the brink of a general mutiny. The Dunkirkers repeatedly broke through the Dutch blockade of Dunkirk to attack Dutch shipping. Charles I of England exploited the crisis to force Dutch North Sea herring fishers to pay for fishing permits. All that caused such an outcry that when Van Dorp offered his resignation, Frederick Henry was forced to accept it, also firing Liefhebber. He replaced them on 29 October with Tromp and De With. However, De With was again severely disappointed when he was refused supreme command. Instead, as Vice-Admiral of Holland and West Frisia, he was second in command under Lieutenant-Admiral Tromp.

De With fought under Tromp at the Battle of the Downs (1639), where the Spanish fleet was destroyed. De With became very jealous of Tromp's popularity after this victory. In the same battle, he made an enemy of Zealandic Vice-Admiral Johan Evertsen, and accused him of cowardice and avarice.

Court martial
In 1640, De With was brought to trial when, his fleet having been dispersed by a storm, he had returned to Hellevoetsluis alone. The court martial was presided by Maarten Tromp and though he was acquitted, De With had the compulsive notion that Tromp had tried to influence witnesses against him. Both in Battle of Fehmarn (1644) and 1645, De With, along with an enormous convoy of merchantmen (702 on the return voyage of the latter year) forced the Sound against the Danes, who had tried to impose higher toll rates. The end of the Swedish-Danish war and the Dutch naval dominance under De With in the Baltic Sea rested on the power of Andries Bicker, burgomaster of Amsterdam and member of the States General and not on that of the Stadtholder Frederik Hendrik of Orange.

In 1647, De With was sent with a poorly equipped fleet to assist the Dutch colony of Brazil from attack by the Portuguese. He refused to cooperate with the Council of Brazil and, after many months of conflict during which his fleet deteriorated through lack of supplies, he returned against orders with the two remaining seaworthy ships to the Netherlands in November 1649.

On his return, he went to the States-General to complain about the policy of the colony of Brazil but was himself arrested, charged of insubordination and desertion on 259 points and nearly condemned to decapitation. He was saved only by the intervention of the States of Holland, which pointed out their exclusive right to condemn admirals to death.

In February 1651, he was acquitted of most charges, the punishment being reduced to a loss of wages for the period involved. In September 1651, De With was again on convoy duty.

The First Anglo-Dutch War
In the First Anglo-Dutch War against the Commonwealth of England, when Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp in the autumn of 1652 fell in disgrace with the States-General, De With commanded the Dutch fleet at the Battle of the Kentish Knock but failed in his mission. Morally broken, he remained ill at home for many months, while Tromp replaced him for the Battle of Dungeness and the Battle of Portland. On 8 May Tromp officially became supreme commander again and De With fought as subcommander under Tromp in the subsequent actions: the Battle of the Gabbard and the final Battle of Scheveningen in which Tromp died. De With was temporary commander between 14 August and 22 September but was denied permanent command of the Dutch fleet because of his difficult personality in favour of Lieutenant-Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam. Between 1654 and 1656 he was inactive, only sailing again for the relief of Danzig.

Conflict with Denmark
After the commencement of the Torstensson War, the Dutch public openly expressed support for Sweden. Following the peace settlement, the Dutch hoped for reduced tolls, by Denmark which did not happen. This led to heightened political tensions. in the Dutch Republic. In response, a fleet comprising 48 ships under Witte de With, escorting three hundred merchant vessels, was dispatched through the Sound with the intent of paying zero tolls until the Danish lowered the tolls. De With was instructed to use force if the Danes intervened. In July 1645, he arrived, the Danish monarch wanted to see this in person, De With raised his hat when he saw him, receiving no response. The Danes perceived this as a humiliation. The Dutch fleet was in no hurry to leave, and Christian IV realized he had no choice but to concede. A treaty was subsequently signed, wherein the Danes made significant concessions.

Death in the Battle of the Sound
De With met his end in November 1658 at the Battle of the Sound, during the Northern Wars, commanding the vanguard of the Dutch fleet relieving Copenhagen from the Swedish. His ship; the Brederode, was grounded and surrounded by the enemy at Oresund. He was first shot through the left thigh by a musket ball and hours later through the breast. When Swedish soldiers boarded the ship he refused to surrender his sword, wrestling with two of them on his knees and exclaiming: "I have faithfully wielded this sword so many years for Holland, so I won't give it up now to some common soldiers!" He collapsed, was brought to his cabin to recover, insisted on walking by himself over the gangplank to the Swedish ship, collapsed again and died. His body was embalmed on orders of Charles X of Sweden and displayed as a war trophy in the town hall of Elsinore by the Swedes, who, in January 1659, delivered his body to the Danish court in Copenhagen; after the Danes had paid their homage, it was transported to the Netherlands and buried with great pomp in Rotterdam on 7 October, in the church of St Lawrence, where the marble grave memorial, restored after being damaged by the German bombardment of 14 May 1940, can still be seen.

The arch-rivalry with Tromp
De With had a lifelong rivalry with Admiral Maarten Tromp. As Dutch naval historian Johan Carel Marinus Warnsinck put it: "He was feared and hated by his inferiors (on several occasions, crews refused to let him on board to use their ship as flagship), shunned by his equals and always full of insubordination against his superiors". De With was also seen as courageous, competent and an excellent sailor. He was embittered by the neglect of the fleet between 1639 and 1650.

Pamphleteer
One of the more remarkable aspects of De With's personality was his being a notorious pamphleteer, publishing many booklets, anonymously or under the name of friends, in which he sometimes praised but more often ridiculed or even insulted his fellow officers. Tromp was a favourite subject for all three categories.

title: Witte de With


text: Category:Châteaux

title: Category:Châteaux


text:
Rugbrød

Rugbrød is a very common form of rye bread from Denmark. Rugbrød usually resembles a long brown extruded rectangle, no more than 12 cm high, and 30 to 35 cm long, depending on the bread pan in which it is baked. The basic ingredient is rye flour which will produce a plain or "old-fashioned" bread of uniform, somewhat heavy structure, but the most popular versions today contain whole grains (cracked or chopped rye kernels) and often other seeds such as sunflower seeds, linseeds or pumpkin seeds. Most Danes eat rugbrød every day.

The dough may be made exclusively with rye flour or contain up to one third whole rye grains. A small amount of wheat flour, sugar or molasses is often added to adjust the taste or because contrary to former times wheat flour is cheaper than rye.

Rugbrød was the major staple of most of the population until potatoes became widespread during the late 19th century, and even up to the 1950s, Danes ate much larger amounts of rugbrød than today. It has been discussed why this bread type prevailed better in Denmark than other Northern European countries. Rugbrød is implied in the colloquial Danish term for serving prison time, på vand og brød ('on water and bread'). Until 1933, prisoners could in some circumstances be punished with an allowance of only water, a fixed amount of rugbrød, salt and possibly lard.

Rugbrød is regarded somewhat difficult for home baking. Apart from the sourdough preparation, the loaves must not be leavened for too long, or else the taste can become excessively sour, with the relatively pungent acetic acid taking the lead over milder-tasting lactic acid, and enzymes can cause the gluten (protein structure) and starches to degrade and collapse, creating cavities or dense lumps inside the bread or even causing it to shrink during or after baking. Rarely, recipes replace some of the water with ale or beer, but this is not necessary to create the characteristic sourdough taste.

Sourdough is almost always used for the base dough, as commercial yeasts are unsuitable. The naturally fermented dough will develop a Lactobacillus culture in symbiotic combination with naturally present yeasts. It is essential in baking rye-based breads because the chemistry of rye flour produces an environment that is acidic. The most commonly present yeast species in the production of naturally leavened dough is Saccharomyces exiguus, which is more acid-tolerant than commercially produced S. cerevisiae, although the latter and other strains may also be present. Research has shown that when creating a naturally fermented starter, any naturally present S. cerevisiae will have died off after a few days. Sourdough is thus a stable culture of lactic acid bacteria and yeast in a mixture of flour and water. The yeast produces carbon dioxide which leavens the dough, and the bacteria produces lactic acid which contributes flavor. The bacteria metabolizes sugars that the yeast cannot, and the yeast metabolizes byproducts of bacterial fermentation. Commercially produced yeast will not accomplish these processes in rye flour.

Rugbrød contains little or no added oils and is low in fat. Additional flavourings, other than salt, can include barley malt syrup or sugar. The bread is rich in protein and dietary fiber and not very sweet, unlike Swedish and German rye bread.

Buttered rugbrød is essentially the base for Danish open sandwich smørrebrød.

title: Rugbrød


text:
Sarmatia (disambiguation)

Sarmatia or Sarmatian may refer to:

 * Sarmatia, the land of the Sarmatians in eastern Europe, ancient Iranian peoples closely related to the Scythians
 * Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea, geographical differentiation of the above
 * Sarmatian language, an Eastern Iranian language
 * Sarmatia (moth), a genus of moths in the family Erebidae
 * Sarmatian (age), an age in the geologic timescale of Central Europe and Central Asia
 * Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
 * Sarmatism, the lifestyle of the aristocracy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
 * Sarmatism (pseudohistory), claims of Lithuanian descent from eastern Europe
 * Sarmatian Review, a peer reviewed academic journal
 * Sarmatian Craton, in geology the southern segment/region of the East European Craton

title: Sarmatia (disambiguation)


text:
User:Aecis

I'm gone. I've had it with this project. With the you-scratch-my-back-and-I'll-scratch-yours of the administrators. With the childish editors who treat this like every two-bit forum. With just about everyone. Goodbye. Aecis·(away) talk 12:10, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

title: User:Aecis


text:
Victor (emperor)

Victor (died August 388AD) was a Western Roman emperor from either 383/384 or 387 to August 388. He was the son of the magister militum Magnus Maximus, who later became a usurper of the Western Roman Empire, in opposition to Gratian. Maximus rose up in 383, and was recognized as the legitimate emperor in the west by Theodosius I. Victor was elevated to augustus of the Western Roman Empire in either 383/384 or mid-387, making him co-emperor with his father. Maximus invaded Italy in 387, to depose Valentinian II, the brother and successor of the late Gratian. Because of Maximus' invasion, Theodosius invaded the Western Empire in 388. Theodosius defeated Maximus in two battles in Pannonia, before crushing his army at Aquilea, and capturing Maximus. Maximus was executed on 28 August 388. His death was followed quickly by that of Victor, who was executed in Trier by the Frankish general Arbogast.

History
Flavius Victor was born at an unknown date, to Magnus Maximus, the magister militum per Gallias ('Master of the Soldiers in Gaul'), and future usurper of the Western Roman Empire. Maximus was declared emperor in July 383AD while in Britain, in opposition to Gratian. Maximus held control over both Gaul and Spain, and was recognized by Theodosius I, the Eastern Roman Emperor, as the true Western Roman Emperor.

Victor was elevated to augustus of the Western Roman Empire either 383/384 or mid-387, making him co-emperor with his father Magnus Maximus. It is considered highly likely that Maximus had the intent of establishing a dynasty.

Magnus Maximus invaded Italy in late 387, in order to depose Valentinian II, the brother of Gratian. He gained control of Italy, although he failed to capture Valentinian, who fled to Thessalonica in the Eastern Roman Empire. Once there, Valentinian sent multiple appeals to Theodosius, although for several months they were ignored. Theodosius I then agreed to restore Valentinian II to the throne, although the reasoning for this is disputed. Rufinus says that Valentinian agreed to convert to Orthodoxy, whereas Eunapius says that Valentinian offered his sister, Galla, in marriage to Theodosius, whose wife had recently died, in exchange for assistance in regaining the throne. News that Theodosius was marching to invade the Western Roman Empire arrived in late spring 388, leading Maximus to rush to put together a defence force. His army was defeated twice in Pannonia, at Siscia and Poetovio, before retreating to Italy, where they were crushed in battle on 28 August 388, near Aquilea. During this battle, Maximus himself was captured, and quickly beheaded. Victor, who was still in Gaul, was executed in Trier by the Frankish general Arbogast in the same month.

title: Victor (emperor)


text:
Alzette

The Alzette (Uelzecht ; Alzig ) is a river with a length of 73 km in France and Luxembourg. It is a right tributary of the Sauer (a tributary to the Moselle), and ultimately to the Rhine.

It rises in Thil near the town Villerupt in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département, France. It crosses the border with Luxembourg after 2.7 km. At Lameschmillen (near Bergem) it is joined by the Mess. It flows through the Luxembourgish towns Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg City and Mersch, and empties into the Sauer near Ettelbruck.

The rocky cliffs above the Alzette in Luxembourg City are called 'Bock'. This name was given to the Casemates du Bock; a honeycomb of tunnels colloquially named 'Paula', which runs under the ruins of the Fortress of Luxembourg. The fortress protected the city of Luxembourg for centuries until it began to be dismantled in 1867.

title: Alzette


text:
Gary Pettis

Gary George Pettis (born April 3, 1958) is an American former professional baseball center fielder in Major League Baseball (MLB) and current third base coach for the Houston Astros. Pettis won five Gold Glove Awards and finished in the top ten in stolen bases in the American League seven times.

Biography
Pettis was selected in the 6th round of the 1979 draft by the California Angels after attending Castlemont High School in Oakland, California, and played minor league baseball for the Salinas Spurs of the class "A" California League in 1980, then the Holyoke Millers of the double "A" Eastern League in 1981. In 1982, Pettis was promoted to the California Angels, where he played the first six seasons of his career.

After the 1987 season, Pettis went on to play two seasons with the Detroit Tigers, 1988 through the following season of 1989. After two years with Detroit, Pettis joined the Texas Rangers for two seasons, 1990–91. Pettis finished his career in the major leagues in 1992. The 1992 season saw Pettis play for two teams. After leaving the Texas Rangers, Pettis joined the San Diego Padres for the 1992 season but ended that season back in Detroit with the Tigers.

During his career, Pettis consistently hit for low averages and was known for striking out often, but he performed extremely well on defense, earning five Gold Glove Awards. He was noted for making many spectacular leaping or diving catches, depriving hitters of home runs or base hits, and was known in baseball circles as "The man who made center field look easy". Additionally, he was a prolific base runner and had five seasons where he stole over 40 bases. Pettis held the Angels' club record for stolen bases for nearly 20 years, until it was broken by Chone Figgins on July 15, 2007. Pettis was tagged as "Pac Man" Pettis by a local radio station listener call-in contest in 1986, referring to his unusual speed in the outfield and ability to chase down opponents' hits.

On his 1985 Topps baseball card, the person posing in the picture is not Pettis; it is in fact a picture of his younger brother.

In 2022, the Astros won 106 games, the second-highest total in franchise history. They advanced to the World Series and defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games to give Pettis his second World Series title as an Astro.

Personal life
His nephew, Austin Pettis, is a former wide receiver for the St. Louis Rams and San Diego Chargers. Pettis has four children, Paige, Kyler, Shaye, and Dante. Dante plays wide receiver for the Chicago Bears and set the NCAA record for most career punt return touchdowns while at the University of Washington. Kyler is an actor who appeared on the NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives. Brother Stacey Pettis was drafted #94 4th round 1981 by Pittsburgh Pirates. Played in the Pirates system (1981-1984) and Angels (1985-1986). Stacey has been scouting for the past 20 yrs. Seattle Mariners (2001-2016), St Louis Cardinals (2018–present).

title: Gary Pettis


text:
Kolossi Castle

Kolossi Castle is a former Crusader stronghold on the south-west edge of Kolossi village 14 km west of the city of Limassol on the island of Cyprus. It held great strategic importance in the Middle Ages, and contained large facilities for the production of sugar from the local sugarcane, one of Cyprus's main exports in the period. The original castle was possibly built in 1210 by the Frankish military, when the land of Kolossi was given by King Hugh I to the Knights of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (Hospitallers).

The present castle was built in 1454 by the Hospitallers under the Commander of Kolossi, Louis de Magnac, whose coat-of-arms can be seen carved into the castle's walls.

Owing to rivalry among the factions in the Crusader Kingdom of Cyprus, the castle was taken by the Knights Templar in 1306, but returned to the Hospitallers in 1313 following the abolition of the Templars.

The castle today consists of a single three-storey square keep, 21m high and with dimensions 17x17m. It has an attached rectangular enclosure or bailey about 30 by.

As well as for its sugar, the area is also known for its sweet wine, Commandaria. At the wedding banquet after King Richard the Lionheart's marriage to Berengaria of Navarre at nearby Limassol, he allegedly declared it to be the "wine of kings and the king of wines." It has been produced in the region for millennia, and is thought to be the oldest continually-produced and named wine in the world, known for centuries as "Commandaria" after the Templars' Grand Commandery there.

In literature
Kolossi Castle appears in many works of fiction, including La milicia de Dios by the Spanish writer Eduardo García-Ontiveros Cerdeño. It also appears in Snow Wasted by the Cypriot author Matthew Malekos and in the novels of several British writers, including Race of Scorpions: The House of Noccolo by Dorothy Dunnett, In Search of Sixpence by Michael Paraskos and Lionheart by Stewart Binns.

title: Kolossi Castle


text:
Andrew Schally

Andrzej Viktor "Andrew" Schally (born 30 November 1926) is an American endocrinologist of Polish  ancestry, who was a corecipient, with Roger Guillemin and Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. This award recognized his research in the discovery that the hypothalamus controls hormone production and release by the pituitary gland, which controls the regulation of other hormones in the body. Later in life, Schally utilized his knowledge of hypothalamic hormones to research possible methods for birth control and cancer treatment.

Life and career
Andrzej Wiktor Schally was born in Wilno in the Second Polish Republic  (now Vilnius, Lithuania), the son of Brigadier General Kazimierz Schally, who was chief of the cabinet of President Ignacy Mościcki of Poland, and Maria (née Łącka).

In September 1939, when Poland was attacked by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Schally escaped with Poland's President Ignacy Mościcki, the prime minister and the whole cabinet to the neutral Romania, where they were interned. "I was fortunate to survive the holocaust while living among the Jewish-Polish Community in Roumania. I used to speak Polish, Roumanian, Yiddish, Italian and some German and Russian, but I have almost completely forgotten them, and my French in which I used to excel is also now far from fluent."

Immediately after the war, in 1945, Schally moved via Italy and France to the United Kingdom where he changed his first name to Andrew. Schally received his education in Scotland and England. In 1952, he moved to Canada. He received his doctorate in endocrinology from McGill University in 1957. That same year he left for a research career in the United States where he has worked principally at Tulane University. Schally currently conducts research in endocrinology at the Miami Veteran's Administration Medical Center in Miami, Florida. A Canadian citizen when he left Canada, Schally became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1962. He was affiliated with the Baylor College of Medicine for some years in Houston, Texas.

Schally developed a new realm of knowledge concerning the brain's control over the body chemistry. Schally explained in his 1977 Nobel Lecture that he, alongside his researchers, dissected 250,000 pig hypothalami in order to isolate 5 mg of the hormone thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to determine the molecular structure of the hormone. His work also addressed birth control methods and the effects of growth hormones on the body. Together with Roger Guillemin he described the neurohormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that controls follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), two hormones that are integral parts of reproduction and growth and development.

Schally received an honoris causa doctors degree from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.

Recognized as a Fellow of the Kosciuszko Foundation of Eminent Scientists of Polish Origin and Ancestry.

Schally was married to Margaret Rachel White (divorced), and Ana Maria de Medeiros-Comaru.

Cancer research
In 1981 it was demonstrated that the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonistic analogs that Schally had developed between the years of 1972-1978 inhibited the growth of prostate cancer in rats. Alongside Dr. George Tolis, Schally conducted the first clinical trial of GnRH for patients with advanced prostate cancer in 1982. This method is now the preferred treatment for advanced prostate carcinoma. About 70% of patients with prostate cancer receive an agonist as their primary method of treatment. According to Schally, his treatment causes fewer side effects than radiation and chemotherapy. The previous method of treatment, orchiectomy or the administration of estrogens, was based on the research of Charles Brenton Huggins.

In 2004, after the death of his wife due to thyroid cancer, Schally found comfort in continuing his research.

Awards and honors

 * Van Meter Award of the American Thyroid Association (1969)
 * Albert Lasker Award (1975)
 * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1977)
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1978)

title: Andrew Schally


text:
User talk:Bobdoe

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Crystal Caves
Hello Bob, welcome to Wikipedia! If you want Crystal Caves to stay, do not overwrite the copyvio notice—that makes it virtually impossible for us to get rid of the previous copyright infringing text. Follow the instructions and put your non-infringing text at Crystal Caves/Temp. (Your text is now still accessible in the page history at, so you can do a copy/paste.) Once the text is on the temp page, I or some other janitor (or admin) will eventually delete the infringing version and move the temp page in its place. Have fun editing! Lupo 12:33, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. -- Bobdoe 16:22, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Re Wolfman's webpage
Thanks for letting me know. I expect it's someplace. V V 05:01, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

VfD technique
I corrected a couple of your recent VfD tags, in accordance with the instruction (point 1) at the bottom of VfD to use a "subst" call rather than the default(transclusion) call to the VfD template. I'm not sure what the logic of this practice is, but changes in that instruction have been reverted several times, so i'm confident there's a good reason for it. (Maybe just that doing that is an impediment that cuts down on removals of the VfD tag by vandals and the clueless, who may be confused and intimidated by the formatting codes!) But your instincts look good; hope to see more of your around the 'pedia. --Jerzy(t) 01:25, 2004 Nov 2 (UTC)

I think i know a better reason: MediaWiki can choke on some article names, like KasÄ±mpaÅŸalÄ± Emanuel -- or is it Kas&? -- in some situations; the subst'ed text should be edited to work around the choke, but an editor who sees the default used sometimes, & figures the subst'ed version is just cluelessness, will clobber the workaround. --Jerzy(t) 09:15, 2004 Nov 2 (UTC)

Final Fantasy VI guide on wikibooks
I finished editing the FF6 guide on wikibooks with a walkthrough and a fair overview of the content, although it's low on media and not as exhaustive as one might like. Curious if you had any comments or knew the way in which it should be linked from the wikipedia Final Fantasy VI page. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FF6

Image
Thunderbrand 16:36, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

TLAs
A proposal has been made at Requested moves to move TLAs from AAA to DZZ and other related pages to Wikipedia namespace. Please visit Talk:TLAs from AAA to DZZ for the related discussion. -- Francs2000 | Talk 00:27, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

article created at previously VfD'ed location; recreation?
I am contacting you because you were the admin who closed Votes for deletion/Senor Cardgage, and I recently discovered that someone converted the redirect into an article on Senor Cardgage. I know that re-creation of the actual VfDed content would be illegitimate, but I am less sure of the status if, say, the first article was just extremely poor in quality and this was essentially a new article on the subject. Can you look into this and see what you think?

Userboxes
Userboxes in the User: namespace do not belong on Userboxes/Humor. — Natha n (Got something to say? Say it.) 07:15, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

No, I'm not just making stuff up. See my response. — Natha n (Got something to say? Say it.) 07:53, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

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Danger! Longcat
That sign is awesome.

Fair use rationale for File:Fantasy World Dizzy Loading Screen.png
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Non-free rationale for File:Swordquest Title Screen.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Swordquest Title Screen.png. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under non-free content criteria, but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page, and edit it to include a non-free rationale.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bobdoe


text:
Category:Palaces

Usage of the term "palace" and its equivalent in other languages varies from country to country. In some countries it is reserved for royal residences, while in others it is applied quite widely to mansions. There is a separate category for royal residences.

title: Category:Palaces


text:
Talk:Allan Wilson (biologist)

Untitled
Some pages linking in here should probably not. Does this need to be a disambig page ? Shyamal 12:39, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Official Allan Wilson biography
I'm currently awaiting permission from the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution to republish biographical information presented on the Centre's Web site to here. In the meantime, I've updated the entry with Allan C. Wilson's birthyear and added an external link to the Centre. Adraeus 04:23, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Permission granted. Biography posted. Feel free to edit to make more Wikipedia-ish. Adraeus 03:17, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Could you post the permission? Lunchboxhero 17:05, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)

''Note: Tim White is the Allan Wilson Centre's webmaster. The following was exchanged via e-mail. You can contact Tim White via the "E-mail Webmaster" link on the Allan Wilson Centre's Web site.''

Adraeus May I please receive permission to republish the 'About Allan Wilson' biography to Wikipedia?

 * Tim White That would be fine. It would be great if you could add an external link from your Wiki page to the AWCMEE website. We are a government-funded research organisation based in New Zealand.

 * Adraeus I posted Wilson's biography to Wikipedia.

 * Tim White Thanks for posting the biography. I'm a frequent user of Wikipedia and find it to be an amazing resource.

Adraeus 21:53, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Um, small problem: that permission doesn't mention anything about the license it is published under (a free content one allowing commercial use) and there is no indication that the person you spoke to wrote it, and hence had the authority to grant permission. Richard001 (talk) 21:28, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

 * It's been 5 years. Contact the Allan Wilson Centre or rewrite the article. Adraeus (talk) 06:18, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Allan's education
I am currently working (together with Mark Stoneking) on a biographical memoir of Allan Wilson for the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Several inaccuracies I see in the Wilson Centre material that is posted here: I hope to post here correcting these but first I have my own article to write. Felsenst
 * Allan's meeting with "Mac" McMeekan took place when he was a secondary school student, not much later. McMeekan suggested Allan concentrate on biochemistry rather than on veterinary science (not genetics). He also suggested Otago University as the place to go for his University studies.
 * Allan was never a Masters student at Otago University.
 * Allan was not invited from New Zealand to go to University of California, Berkeley.
 * He was talent-spotted by Donald Farner, a dynamic bird physiologist, who was visiting the University of Otago when Allan was an undergraduate there. Farner invited him to come to Washington State University in Pullman, Washington as his graduate student.  Allan completed his Masters' degree there.  He then went to Berkeley for his Ph.D. work, which was not pleasing to Farner.

I have since "stalled out", rather irresponsibly, in writing the biographical memoir. It is good to see that the errors I mentioned have been corrected. Felsenst (talk) 04:17, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

missing text
last graph of "Career and scientific contributions" missing text Messier110 (talk) 17:18, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

Revised with references
I have tried to improve the article with some additional information, and cleared some problems as discussed earlier. I have restructured few sentences, as they appear to be copied verbatim from a source. I hope it is appropriate to remove the tag Chhandama (talk) 15:11, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=allan+wilson&lower_bound=1925&upper_bound=2013&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=0&y=0

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title: Talk:Allan Wilson (biologist)