text:
Talk:Edwin O. Reischauer

Saving Kyoto
The glowing reference to Reischauer's alleged act of pity is actually a good example of how controversial this figure really is: that is, Reischauer "burst into tears" at the thought of losing Kyoto's precious temples, but had no apparent objection to nuking the realtively temple-less Hiroshima or Nagasaki.

This is unfair, of course, but their are fair and respected criticisms of his work as a historian and statesman. One might see Japan: A Reinterpretation by Patrick L. Smith for a starting point.

I may pound out some of these criticisms and round out the perspective at a future date, but if anybody with the relevant expertise comes across this page I invite you to update it. 5:46 Shanghai Time signed

 * OK, maybe he only did ONE good thing in his life. Sure, please, let's hear about the other stuff, but let's not forget the one good thing. (Whether he objected to bombing H and N, I don't know, but it's clear he had no power to stop that; at least he did SOMETHING.) 67.113.3.135 05:20, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

... that is, unless you think the story isn't true; the writer Jungk wrote some other inaccuraies; how could he know what happened, he wasn't there; interviewed somebody, who may be inaccurate, perhaps. If anyone could confirm this incident, it would be great. Or maybe you don't think it matters that Kyoto was crossed off the list; people are the same in every city. (Besides, based on what I read, Kyoto was destroyed after the war by a large amount of concrete thanks to Japanese real estate developers.) 67.118.118.196 same person as 67.113.3.135 19:26, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Or maybe it was inappropriate to save Kyoto. Surely the militarism that fueled the Japanese aggression was a nationalism that was heightened by the national native religion Shinto, of which the Emperor is the divine head. So lots of cultural reinforcement for nationalism may have come from the cultural center of Kyoto. Likewise, based on 2 books I came across but can't remember the name of, the Zen heirarchy as a whole supported the nationalistic war. The tone of these 2 books (writen by Buddhists, 2 generations later) was apologetic, even horrified, that the Zen groups had supported it, but there it is. (What educated person has not seen images of the Zen gardens in Kyoto?) So maybe there are those who would say Reischauer;s mistake was to PREVENT Kyoto's obliteration. 64.165.202.140 02:55, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * You do need to "come across" some more books. Kyoto is the center of Japanese buddhism, the important Shinto temples are in Ise, Nikko, Tokyo... (no other comment on what you believe to be arguments)-- Mkill 19:44, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Zen at War, Brian Victoria; Zen War Stories, Victoria; Rude Awakening: Zen, the Kyoto School, & the Question of Nationalism (Nanzan Studies in Religion and Culture) by James W. Heisig, John C. Maraldo 64.165.203.61 22:29, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Your main point seems to be that my selected criticism of the subject was unfair. Which is quite ironic since I statedthat it was "unfair, of course" in the entry. But the criticism of the _article_ that _is_ fair is that it fails to present the clash of POVs that make the subject so controversial.  The quotation of the Jungk passage may very well make the article better even after the POV has been rounded out--I'm really not certain. As I said above, the work on the article may be mine in the future, but I welcome anyone with the relevant expertise to give it a shot.  If you were thinking about doing so I would question your expertise, but you haven't touched the article so I'm not sure where we disagree. signed 17 Jan 2005 7:13 Shanghai Time

People, the Jungk story is completely bogus. I'm researching Reischauer and Reischauer himself seems to have refuted the story in newspaper interviews. Also, the timeline doesn't work out at all for Jungk's claim. Nick Kapur

 * Great, looking forward to results of your research with references. GangofOne 06:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * still looking forward... GangofOne 8 July 2005 06:54 (UTC)

Yes the Jungk story is bogus. Reischauer refuted it in his book 'My Life Between Japan And America, 1986, p. 101': "I probably would have done this if I had ever had the opportunity, but there is not a word of truth to it. As has been amply proved by my friend Otis Cary of Doshisha in Kyoto, the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson, the Secretary of War at the time, who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier." Discussions and articles should be based on primary sources, not questionable second hand sources like Jungk.VelvetJ 5 Aug 2005 10:15 Tokyo Time

The paragraph added by GangofOne ends with "Do not underestimate the power of early sexual imprinting.". This non-sequitur totally discredits the paragraph. I have removed that sentence and I suggest an investigation. This might turn out to be bogus...

I added the Reischauer quote on the 'Choice of Targets' section regarding the Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings to refute the bogus Jungk account. GangofOne copied it to the Reischauer page adding his own inappropriate comment “Do not underestimate the power of early sexual imprinting.” The original quote is easy to find in Reischauer’s autobiography, please check it yourself in the last paragraph of chapter 17 ‘In Uniform’ of ‘My Life Between Japan And America’. Because of this I think the whole Reischauer page should re-written and the entire Kyoto/Jungk story deleted. Just stick to the facts of the man’s life. VelvetJ 8 Aug 2005 13:18 Tokyo Time
 * "I added the Reischauer quote on the 'Choice of Targets' section regarding the Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings to refute the bogus Jungk account." A simple perusal of the history will show your statement to be inaccurate.GangofOne 07:13, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * One advantage to the reader of leaving the story of Kyoto and its refutation in is that the story has a life of its own outside wikipedia, and any who look here can be informed of the true facts. I am glad that someone has some texts on the subject, and look forward to your contributions about Oldfather. GangofOne 07:13, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Reischauer autobiography says
I have read the history but I don't understand your comment: 'A simple perusal of the history will show your statement to be inaccurate'. The Jungk account is not true, that was all I was trying to point out. The entire last paragraph of Chapter 17: "After the war the Japanese popularly attributed the sparing of Kyoto from atomic attack and serious conventional bombing to my respected colleague, Langdon Warner of the Art Department at Harvard. In his typical modesty, Warner always denied all credit for this and refused permission for the erection of a bronze statue of him, claiming that he did not wish to go through eternity bearing the burden of pigeon droppings on his head and shoulders. Actually, a tasteful stone lantern was erected in his memory outside the gates of Horyuji Monastery in Nara. Some Japanese shifted the credit for the sparing of Kyoto from Warner to me, and a German book, entitled in English translation 'Brighter Than a Thousand Suns', has a moving story of me appearing in tears before the high command and begging for the sparing of Kyoto. I probably would have done this if I had ever had the opportunity, but there is not a word of truth to it. As has been amply proved by my friend Otis Cary of Doshisha in Kyoto, the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson, the Secretary of War at the time, who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier."

On the previous page, Reischauer explains that his superiors called him and 5 other officers into the central office of the Special Branch on the morning of August 8 and was told about the dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima. The group was also given a list of other possible targets that included Kyoto "though it was fortunately placed at the bottom of the list." This some 15 hours before the dropping of the bomb on Nagasaki. VelvetJ 8 Aug 2005 20:55 Tokyo Time I thought I would add my comment to the debate on this page. It seems to me like the article is fairly non-biased as it is, aside from the statements in the questionable Jungk quote. The article itself merely states that the decision was made not to bomb the most important cultural treasures of Japan in the process of getting her to surrender. It seems to me that anyone that thinks that decision was in error has some serious anti-Japanese sentiment motivating them. Just my opinion. --Scipantheist 15:22, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

the dispute was about the Jungk quote. the dispute ended when the quote from Reischauer was added. I will now remove the dispute tag. If there is another dispute, you may reapply it. GangofOne 20:55, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

I was thinking of adding some more relevant information. EOR had nothing to do with bomb targets, but he did play a role in keeping the Japanese Emperor in place. And his Ambassadorship was an important chapter as well. If nobody objects, will give it a go. VelvetJ 9 September 2005 0:55 Tokyo Time

 * By the way, in his book, "My Life Between Japan and America," Reischauer says that he agreed with dropping the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, but that he thought dropping a second bomb on Nagasaki was unnescessary. Cla68 06:48, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Ethnicity
Do we have a source that states his ethnic background? I remember reading that he was half-Japanese, but I don't have the source. Heroeswithmetaphors (talk) 08:13, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

He is American of German/Austrian decent. See his autobiography: My Life Between Japan and America.

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title: Talk:Edwin O. Reischauer


text:
Newstalk ZB

Newstalk ZB is a nationwide New Zealand talk-radio network operated by NZME Radio. It is available in almost every radio market area in New Zealand, and has news reporters based in many of them. In addition to talkback, the network also broadcasts news, interviews, music, and sports. The network's hosts include Kate Hawkesby, Mike Hosking, Kerre Woodham, Simon Barnett, James Daniels, Heather du Plessis-Allan, Marcus Lush, Andrew Dickens, Jack Tame and Francesca Rudkin. Wellington and Christchurch have a local morning show.

Newstalk ZB operates one of the largest news operations in New Zealand, with over 50 newsreaders, reporters and editors nationwide. It operates a news centre in Auckland, news hubs in Wellington, Christchurch and Parliament, and regional newsrooms in Whangārei, Hamilton, Tauranga, Rotorua, Taupō, New Plymouth, Napier, Palmerston North, Nelson, Dunedin and Invercargill. Most of Newstalk ZB's programming is produced in the NZME building in Auckland.

1926–1987
The history of Newstalk ZB dates back to 1926 when Auckland station 1ZB was first started initially broadcasting on 1070AM, the station moved to 1090 kHz in 1931, 1190 kHz in 1933 and 1080 kHz in 1978. The station's brand name was the station's call sign 1ZB. A ZB station was established in the four main centres of New Zealand as 1ZB Auckland, 2ZB Wellington, 3ZB Christchurch and 4ZB Dunedin. Up until 1987 the four ZB stations were music stations running a mixture of local and networked content. Each other individual station on the Newstalk ZB network has its own history with most stations starting out as a local AM radio run by Radio New Zealand.

1ZB originally operated from Broadcasting House, a purpose-built modernist theatre and studio building on Durham Street, from 1941 until its demolition in 1990.

1987–1996
In the mid 1980s, 1ZB Auckland lost a number of its key on-air personalities to privately owned Radio i, including Merv Smith who had hosted 1ZB's breakfast programme for over twenty years. The station's ratings subsequently plummeted as large numbers of listeners migrated to other stations. In 1987 a decision was made to re-launch 1ZB as a talkback station branded as Newstalk 1ZB. While the change was not popular initially the station showed growth by the end of the first year and by 1989 the breakfast show presented by Paul Holmes was the number one show in Auckland. In February 1993, in Auckland, Newstalk 1ZB began broadcasting on 89.4 FM as well as the original 1080 AM when local station 89X (formerly 89FM) ceased to operate, Radio New Zealand purchased this station a year earlier and chose to close it down and use the frequency for Newstalk 1ZB. The current Newstalk ZB nationwide 0800 number (0800 80 10 80) actually comes from the original 1080AM frequency in Auckland that is still in use today.

During the late eighties and early nineties Radio New Zealand switched many of their local heritage stations to FM but retained the AM frequency in each region running the same programme on both frequencies. Following the success of the talkback format in Auckland a decision was made to switch 2ZB Wellington and 3ZB Christchurch to a talkback format in 1991. At the same time new FM music stations were established in Wellington and Christchurch, these stations were B90 FM (Wellington) and B98 FM (Christchurch). In the early nineties many of the Radio New Zealand local stations that had switched to FM began running morning talkback shows on the AM frequency while continuing to play music on the FM frequency. In 1993 and 1994 the local Radio New Zealand station in some regions were rebranded with the Classic Hits name and the AM frequency was used to roll out the station across New Zealand, it was at this point Newstalk 1ZB was rebranded as Newstalk ZB. Initially those regions that ran local talkback shows on the AM frequency continued to do so and Wellington and Christchurch were initially local versions of Newstalk ZB.

1996–2002
In 1996 Radio New Zealand sold their commercial operation and Newstalk ZB, along with Classic Hits and ZM, became part of The Radio Network. In 2001 Newstalk ZB was further expanded into the smaller community markets in New Zealand. The smaller regions did not have their local stations rebranded as Classic Hits during the early nineties and many of these stations were still only broadcasting on AM frequencies. These stations were consolidated together in 1998 to become part of the Community Radio Network, in 2001 all Community Radio Network stations were rebranded as Classic Hits and at this point began broadcasting on FM if the station was already on FM leaving the AM frequency to now be used to broadcast Newstalk ZB. Today most Newstalk ZB stations run complete networked programming, however Wellington and Christchurch still have a local show in the mornings between 9 am and 12 pm.

2002–2009
Newstalk ZB's Auckland audience dropped dramatically in 2002 as music radio stations became more popular, raising questions about the future viability of the network. However, in 2013 the station had the highest market share of any commercial station nationwide.

Paul Holmes caused controversy in September 2003, after he referred to United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan as a "cheeky darkie". Holmes was labelled racist and faced pressure to resign. He issued two nationwide apologies, sent a letter of apology to Annan and met with members of the New Zealand Ghanaian community. The incident also affected his television show, which lost the sponsorship of Mitsubishi Motors. The Radio Network took disciplinary action against him, put their staff through a training seminar on racism run by race relations commissioner Joris de Bres, and a $10,000 donation was made to Save the Children. The Broadcasting Standards Authority refused to uphold 10 complaints against Holmes for the complaint, leading one complainant to appeal the decision in the High Court. On the same breakfast show Holmes asked whether the female journalists were making journalism "ignorant and bitchy", particularly at certain times of the month. The authority found the comments were "insulting and inappropriate" but did not amount to denigrating and discriminating against women journalists.

Race relations commissioner Joris de Bres received a record number of complaints about the issue, a record later broken by a racially polarising and profanity-laden letter written by Hone Harawira. The comment also set a precedent, when former All Black Andy Haden faced calls to resign as a 2011 Rugby World Cup ambassador, after apologising for describing Pacific Island rugby players as "darkies". Prime minister John Key and sports minister Murray McCully said both Haden and Holmes used the word "darkies" in similarly offensive ways, and the public needed to forgive them in similar ways.

Artist Ralph Hotere responded to Holmes' "cheeky darky" comment with a series of artworks. One, White Drip to Mister Paul Holmes, was a 2.7-metre long piece of corrugated iron painted in black, with a drip of white paint extending nearly the full length of the work. 'To Mister Paul Holmes' is stenciled on the top of the piece, which is now one of his signature works. Holmes was apologetic and regretful about using the phrase, but later argued there was a fine line between humour and offense. The phrase featured on a commemorative tea towel, and fellow broadcaster John Hawkesby remembered Holmes as a "cheeky little whitey" at his funeral in 2013.

Holmes left his morning breakfast show at the end of 2008, and was succeeded in the role by Mike Hosking.

2009–2011

The network went through a process of restructuring during the Global Financial Crisis, removing one reporter position in the Parliamentary press gallery, one position in Wellington, one position in Auckland, and five reporting, hosting and producing roles in Christchurch. The Christchurch local news and sport bulletins and local morning show were later reintroduced, with NZME investing $7.8 million for a 17-year license for its 100.1 FM Christchurch frequency.

Following the Christchurch earthquake on 4 September 2010 and the major aftershock on 22 February 2011 programming in Christchurch was greatly affected. After both earthquakes the station broadcast in place of other radio stations in Christchurch operated by The Radio Network, the local studios located in Worcester Street in Christchurch were evacuated. Local news services in Christchurch were replaced temporarily with the network news feed which mostly contained news stories related to the quake heard by all of New Zealand. Local news readers reported news about the quake for all of New Zealand.

The local morning show remained on the air but was broadcast from a temporary location. Following the first earthquake this was at the Whitebait Studios in Christchurch, and following the earthquake in February it was a hotel in Christchurch. The Radio Network Christchurch never returned to their Worcester Street premises and eventually set up in a new location. The building was taken down in August 2012, in New Zealand's first ever controlled building demolition with explosives.

2011–present
The TNS T2 2013 commercial radio survey showed the network had 11.4% of audiences aged over 10, and had the most listened-to breakfast show in the country. It came as Rachel Smalley became host of the newly created Early Edition programme. The same survey in 2014 showed Newstalk ZB lost 0.3% market share but gained 7,600 listeners during a time when other NZME radio stations were in decline. It has also been observed that ZB and Mai FM are the only stations that can be received by car radios in used imported cars from Japan — of which New Zealand is a large market – due to the Japanese FM band spanning 76–90 MHz instead of the standard 88–108 MHz band.

Host Rachel Smalley apologised in April 2014 after describing New Zealand women over 72 kilograms as "heifers" and a "bunch of lardos" during an ad break when she believed her microphone was off. The comments were reported and criticised in several local and international media outlets, including news.com.au and the Daily Mail. In a tearful apology the following morning, she described her comments as deeply offensive, stupid and judgemental and said she deeply regretted her choice of words. The Broadcasting Standards Authority rejected complaints against the comments, saying they were neither calculated nor deliberate.

Blogger Cameron Slater was a regular commentator on the drive programme for several years, and has been both critical and supportive of the station's positions in the past. In 2013, the Broadcasting Standards Authority rejected complaints against Slater over his suggestions that openly gay Labour MP Grant Robertson "enjoys being stabbed from behind" – and Newstalk ZB defended what they argued was "robust, irreverent, edgy" debate. In 2014, he participated in a series of one-hour pre-election panel discussions on the drive programme. He retained the position following the release of the Nicky Hager book Dirty Politics. However, left-wing commentators called for him to be taken off-air or resign.

The Broadcasting Standards Authority upheld a complaint about an editorial on the Israeli shelling of UNRWA Gaza shelters during the Israel-Gaza conflict. The authority found the programme had overstated the number of people killed in the bombing of the Rafah Preparatory A Boys School and had wrongly condemned Israel of targeting civilians and killing every civilian inside. Newstalk ZB argued the number of fatalities was irrelevant to the broader point, but the authority said the right to express opinions in editorials did not justify factually inaccurate and misleading statements.

According to Lonely Planet in 2014, the station provided a forum for "the most lively discussions on New Zealand issues". Conspiracy theorists, veganism advocates, victims of sexual assault, and housing activists have called talkback. Regular callers include an urban Māori man, a state housing beneficiary, a security guard, a Timaru pensioner, a West Coast grandmother, a dairy farmer, a Dutch butcher and several taxi drivers.

In late September 2023, NZME launched a paid digital subscription platform called ZB PLUS. Blogger Phillip Crump (who is also known by the pseudonym "Thomas Cramner") was named as the editor of ZB Plus. Notable contributors included former ACT Party MP Muriel Newman, former National Party minister Katherine Rich, NZME head of business Fran O'Sullivan and former businessman and podcaster Bruce Cotterill. Its most notable exclusive story was breaking the news about shoplifting allegations against former Green Party MP Golriz Ghahraman in early 2024. By late June 2024, the website had been folded back into the New Zealand Herald mothership.

News
Newstalk ZB operates Newstalk ZB News from its Auckland news centre, producing live bulletins for the national ZB network. Wellington and Christchurch both broadcast live local news bulletins during the breakfast show, Auckland has live local bulletins at 7.00am and 8.00am, and other stations carry network bulletins every half-hour from 5am to 12am and hourly from 12am to 5am. Regional newsrooms previously provided each station with local news segments during the breakfast show. Newstalk ZB's pip sting, headlines segmented bulletin structure and "Keep up with Newstalk ZB" tagline were removed in December 2014, replaced with a single continuous bulletin, new theme music and "Now You're in the Now" tagline.

The news service covers stories, from industrial relations to prisoner rehabilitation. It extensively covers crime and court proceedings, but was criticised for publishing a wire story about the verdict against lawyer Davina Murray in 2013. Network weekday newsreaders include Niva Retimanu (Breakfast) and Kay Gregory (Evenings/Overnights).

History
Newstalk ZB News began as Independent Radio News (IRN), a news service played on most independently owned and operated radio stations in New Zealand during the 1980s and 1990s. The majority of New Zealand radio stations not owned by Radio New Zealand (RNZ) used this news and sport service usually followed by the station's own local news and weather forecast.

In 1996 RNZ sold its commercial operation and The Radio Network (TRN) was formed, at the time TRN purchased IRN. TRN branded the news service on its own stations as Radio Network News while the news service continued to be called IRN on stations not owned by TRN despite the news coming from the same place. RNZ continued to operate its own news service on RNZ National and RNZ Concert, the two non-commercial stations that were not sold.

By 2000 a large number of independent radio stations had been taken over by RadioWorks, which did not want to pay for a news service operated by its main competitor and chose to start their own news service. After CanWest purchased RadioWorks the news service became known as the Global News Service (Global is the same name as Television network in Canada operated by CanWest), and in early 2005 it was again renamed to Radio Live News. Similarly, IRN News later became Newstalk ZB News.

Since 2016 a single news bulletin sourced from the NZME newsroom is heard on every NZME radio station (apart from Newstalk ZB) during breakfast and other parts of the day.

Affiliate Service
The Newstalk ZB Affiliates Unit is based in the Auckland newsroom, and records a variety of hourly bulletins for other stations of NZME Radio and sells its bulletins to a number of external clients including Radio 1XX – One Double-X in Whakatane and the Eastern Bay of Plenty.

Stations
These are the frequencies for Newstalk ZB:

 * Kaitaia – Maungataniwha – 105.1 FM
 * Kaikohe – Ōhaeawai – 1215 AM
 * Whangārei – Otaika – 1026 AM
 * Auckland – Henderson – 1080 AM
 * Auckland – Sky Tower – 89.4 FM
 * Waikato – Eureka – 1296 AM
 * Waikato – Ruru – 97.0 FM
 * Tokoroa – Wiltsdown – 1413 AM
 * Bay of Plenty – Paengaroa – 1008 AM
 * Bay of Plenty – Kopukairua – 90.2 FM
 * Rotorua – Tihiotonga – 747 AM
 * Taupō – Tuhingamata – 96.0 FM
 * Gisborne – Wainui – 945 AM
 * Taranaki – Mount Egmont – 96.4 FM
 * Hawke's Bay – Pakowhai – 1278 AM
 * Hawke's Bay – Mount Threave – 90.3 FM
 * Whanganui – Kaitoke – 1197 AM
 * Manawatū – Kairanga – 927 AM
 * Manawatū – Wharite – 100.2 FM
 * Wairarapa – Waingawa – 846 AM
 * Kāpiti Coast – Forest Heights – 89.5 FM
 * Wellington – Tītahi Bay – 1035 AM
 * Wellington – Kaukau – 89.3 FM
 * Blenheim – Cavalier House – 92.1 FM
 * Nelson - Grampians - 106.4 FM
 * Nelson – Stoke – 1341 AM
 * Westport – Cape Foulwind – 1287 AM
 * Westport – Waterworks Road – 95.7 FM
 * Greymouth/Hokitika – Paparoa – 103.5 FM
 * Greymouth & Hokitika 105.9 FM
 * Christchurch – Ouruhia – 1098 AM
 * Christchurch – Marshland – 1017 AM
 * Christchurch – Sugarloaf – 100.1 FM
 * Ashburton – Winchmore – 873 AM
 * Ashburton – Somerset House – 98.1 FM
 * Timaru – Fairview West – 1152 AM
 * Oamaru – Weston – 1395 AM
 * Wānaka – Mount Maude – 90.6 FM
 * Queenstown – Peninsula Hill – 89.6 FM
 * Alexandra – Obelisk – 95.1 FM
 * Dunedin – Highcliff Road – 1044 AM
 * Southland – Dacre – 864 AM

The Newstalk ZB programme was simulcast on the former Radio Sport network frequencies following the closure of that network on 30 March 2020. There were break-outs for Super Rugby Aotearoa and selected ANZ Premiership netball match commentaries on the following Newstalk ZB Sport branded frequencies:

 * Whangārei – 729 AM
 * Auckland – 1332 AM
 * Hamilton – 792 AM
 * Tauranga – 1521 AM
 * Rotorua – 1350 AM
 * Taupō – 107.7 FM
 * New Plymouth – 774 AM
 * Napier – 1125 AM
 * Wanganui – 1062 AM
 * Manawatū – 1089 AM
 * Wairarapa – 87.6 FM
 * Wellington – 1503 AM
 * Nelson – 549 AM
 * Blenheim – 98.5 FM
 * Westport – 91.7 FM
 * Greymouth – 89.9 FM
 * Christchurch – 1503 AM
 * Ashburton – 702 AM
 * Timaru – 1494 AM
 * Dunedin – 693 AM
 * Invercargill – 558 AM

The former Radio Sport frequencies were rebranded as Gold AM on 1 July 2020. Match commentaries continue as part of Gold AM programming.

Timesaver Traffic
The Newstalk ZB Timesaver Traffic Centre produces and records traffic updates for all New Zealand Media and Entertainment stations. These updates for Auckland, Hamilton, Tauranga, Hawkes Bay, Wellington & Christchurch air every 15 minutes during peak breakfast and drive time slots, and hourly throughout the day and weekend on Newstalk ZB.

Promotions
Newstalk ZB runs regular promotions for movie previews and local events. The network has sponsored a range of events – from Variety, the Children's Charity special children's parties and food bank events, through to musical tours from bands like The Feelers. Its on-air competitions include breakfast giveway campaigns like the ASB All I Want For Christmas contest. Over several years, Newstalk ZB has given funding and support to Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra, visiting international productions and local theatre companies. It also supports the work of the Westpac Rescue Helicopter service operated by the Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust, primarily through advertising and awareness-raising.

Notices and cancellations
ZB stations have a long-running history of running notices for events and community groups. Cancellations for club and school sports events and recreation clubs have traditionally been broadcast every 30 minutes during breakfast in many markets.

Website
The Newstalk ZB website combines on-demand content with breaking news coverage. The network's Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch streams are all available on the iHeartRadio website and app.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Newstalk ZB


text:
Radio Sport

Radio Sport (previously Sports Roundup) was a New Zealand sports radio network and the talkback sister network of Newstalk ZB. It held commentary rights for most cricket matches, international and domestic rugby union games, NRL rugby league games, trans-Tasman basketball and New Zealand tennis tournaments.

The network also updated developments at golfing events, bowls tournaments and other sporting events. At other times Radio Sport played talkback and hourly news and sports updates.

Sports Roundup
Radio Sport began as Sports Roundup, a Radio New Zealand programme during the 1980s and early 1990s that provided live commentary of summer sports like cricket. It was broadcast on several frequencies around the country on a time-share with the AM Network on frequencies historically used for The Concert Programme.

Radio Sport

Sports Roundup was replaced with dedicated Radio Sport network through its privatisation of the sports commentary department in 1996.

The station was targeted at male sports fans from its outset. As Newstalk ZB's sister network, Radio Sport provided all sports news coverage for the Newstalk ZB news service carried by Newstalk ZB, Classic Hits FM, ZMFM, Radio Rhema, Radio Hauraki, Southern Star, Coast and Life FM since its inception. Unless the network was taking live commentary from a sporting event, Radio Sport simulcasted Newstalk ZB Monday–Thursday 19:00–20:00 and weekends 6:00–9:00 and 12:00–18:00.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic affecting most major sporting events, Radio Sport was closed at 1pm on 30 March 2020 and replaced with a simulcast of Newstalk ZB.

Programmes
Radio Sport consisted of nationally broadcast domestic and international sports programming. Local opt-outs were limited to ad breaks and some seasonal programming.

Radio Sport also provided a sports-based news service, produced in house, and updated at regular intervals.

Early Breakfast
The Country 'Early Edition' presented by Rowena Duncam aired Monday-Friday from 5am until 6am from the Dunedin Studios, and featured highlights of the 12pm show and a cross to the Radio Sport Breakfast team.

Breakfast
Radio Sport's programming was led by its breakfast programme. Since 2017 the breakfast programme was Radio Sport Breakfast with Kent Johns, Nathan Rarere and Marc Peard from 6am until 9am. The programme also featured News and Sport Every 30 minutes. Until 17 July 2008 the programme was presented by ONE News sports presenter Tony Veitch, but Veitch resigned from his roles with Radio Sport and ONE News after allegations that Veitch assaulted his girlfriend in 2006. Veitch confessed on 8 July 2008 that such allegations were true, at a press conference and resigned on 17 July. The vacancy was filled by former drive-time presenter D'Arcy Waldegrave, with former New Zealand cricketer Mark Richardson as his co-host. Richardson was joined by Andrew Mulligan joining him in late 2013 to host the Crowd Goes Wild Breakfast. In 2015 it was announced that Richardson was to leave the show in the middle of that year, with former New Zealand cricketer Simon Doull to take over as co-host a fortnight after Richardson's departure. The Crowd Goes Wild Breakfast remained on air until the end of 2016.

Mornings
Radio Sport Mornings was hosted by Jason Pine & Sam Hewitt. The 9–12 slot was filled by veteran sports broadcaster Brendan Telfer until 2013. From 2014 experienced sport broadcaster Martin Devlin took over the slot after being shifted from sister station Radio Hauraki. In mid 2018 Jason & Sam took over. The show featured regular correspondents, interviews and talkback, it also contained light hearted segments based entirely on TV game shows, sport matches predictions & a comical, lighthearted look at the weekends sports presented in a 1950s BBC style. A common theme on the show was WWSD (what would Sam do).

Afternoons
The Country with Jamie MacKay presented from the Dunedin studios aired between 12pm – 1pm. This show was broadcast on all Radio Sport stations except in Auckland.

The afternoon talkback programme between midday and 4pm on the station was hosted by Daniel McHardy from the Wellington studios. Between 12–1pm the show only aired on the Auckland station, due to all other stations airing the rural based programme The Country. After 1pm though, the show aired nationwide. The show primarily featured calls from its listeners and predicts the weekend's sports on Friday afternoons.

Drive Show
D'Arcy Waldegrave and Angus Mabey hosted the drive show between 4pm and 7pm weekdays which featured regular guests, interviews and sums up the days top sporting stories.

Sportstalk
Sportstalk with D'Arcy Waldegrave aired from Monday–Thursday nights 7pm – 8pm (Simulcast from Newstalk ZB).

Evenings
Reloaded hosted by Eli Mwaijumba aired from 8pm until 10pm. Reloaded featured interviews, highlights, reaction and the best live sport. Until 2017 the previous night show 'The Night Train' was a Talkback-based show.

Overnights
Overnight, Radio Sport aired FOX Sports Radio from America, through a live internet feed or Talksport simulcast during the English Premier League season.

Weekends
Weekends were dominated by live commentaries, punctuated by shows with Veitch (until 2018) and Watson and other simulcast programming from Newstalk ZB.

 * Fridays 7pm – 10pm – Super Rugby commentaries
 * Fridays 10pm – 12am – The Continuous Call Team
 * Saturdays 6am – 9am – The All Sports Breakfast with Nigel Yalden (Simulcast from Newstalk ZB)
 * Saturdays & Sundays 9am – 12pm – Radio Sport Weekender with Mark Watson
 * Saturdays & Sundays 12pm – 6pm – Weekend Sport with Mark Watson (Simulcast from Newstalk ZB).
 * Saturdays 2pm – 5pm Saturday Rugby Club (Radio Sport Wellington Only)
 * Saturdays 2pm – 5pm Otago Score Board (Radio Sport Dunedin Only)
 * Saturdays 2pm – 5pm Sportswave (Radio Sport Nelson Only)
 * Saturdays 6pm – 12am – Saturday Night Sport: Live sports commentaries with the Radio Sport commentary team
 * Sundays 6am – 8am – Sunday Mornings with The Resident Builder (Simulcast from Newstalk ZB)
 * Sundays 8am – 9am – The Sports Power Hour with Mark Watson (Simulcast from Newstalk ZB)
 * Sundays 6pm – 8pm – NRL Live' courtesy of ABC Radio Grandstand

Frequencies
These are the frequencies Radio Sport previously broadcast on at 30 March 2020 closure:

 * Whangarei – 729 AM
 * Auckland – 1332 AM
 * Hamilton – 792 AM
 * Tauranga – 1521 AM
 * Rotorua – 1350 AM
 * Taupō – 107.7 FM
 * New Plymouth – 774 AM
 * Napier – 1125 AM
 * Wanganui – 1062 AM
 * Manawatu – 1089 AM
 * Wairarapa – 87.6 FM
 * Wellington – 1503 AM
 * Nelson – 549 AM
 * Blenheim – 98.5 FM
 * Westport – 91.7 FM
 * Greymouth – 89.9 FM
 * Christchurch – 1503 AM
 * Ashburton – 702 AM
 * Timaru – 1494 AM
 * Dunedin – 693 AM
 * Invercargill – 558 AM

The former Radio Sport AM and Wairarapa and Taupo LPFM frequencies were rebranded as Gold AM on 1 July 2020. Match commentaries continue as part of Gold AM programming. The other FM frequencies were rebranded; Blenheim as Radio Hauraki, Westport and Greymouth as ZM.

Historic frequencies
These are the frequencies Sports Roundup broadcast on:

 * Auckland – 882 AM
 * Hamilton – 792 AM
 * Napier – 909 AM
 * Wellington – 657 AM
 * Christchurch – 963 AM
 * Dunedin – 900 AM
 * Invercargill – 1026 AM

title: Radio Sport


text:
Karnam Malleswari

Karnam Malleswari (born 1 June 1975) is a retired Indian weightlifter. She is the first Indian woman to win a medal at the Olympics in 2000. In 1994, she received the Arjuna Award and in 1999, she received the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award, India's highest sporting honour, and the civilian Padma Shri award.

Career
Malleswari won the world title in the 54 kg division in 1994 and 1995 and placed third in 1993 and 1996.

In 1994, she won silver at the World Championships in Istanbul and in 1995 she won the Asian Weightlifting Championships in Korea in the 54 kg category. That year, she won the title in China with a record lift of 113 kg at the World Championships. Even before her Olympic win, Malleswari was a two-time weightlifting world champion with 29 international medals, which includes 11 gold medals.

Along with the national and international medals, Malleswari was also awarded with Arjuna Award in 1994, the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna in 1999, and Padma Shri in 1999.

At the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Malleswari lifted 110 kg in the "snatch" and 130 kg in the "clean and jerk" categories for a total of 240 kg. She won the bronze medal and became the first Indian woman to win an Olympic medal. She is also the first Indian weightlifter, male or female, to win an Olympic medal. Her medal was the only medal that India secured in the 2000 Olympics.

Personal life
Malleswari was born in a Punjabi family in Chandigarh. She has four sisters and all are married and well settled in life.

Malleshwari started her career when she was 12 and was trained under coach Neelamshetty Appanna. Her sister was married and living in Delhi, and Malleshwari moved to that city for better training when it became clear that she had the potential to become a great athlete. Her talent was soon spotted by the Sports Authority of India. In 1990, Malleshwari joined the national camp and four years later, she became the weight-lifting world championship winner in the 54-kg class.

In 1997, Malleshwari married fellow weightlifter Rajesh Tyagi. In 2001, one year after winning the Olympic bronze medal in her sport, she became a mother with the birth of a son. She planned to return to competitions at the 2002 Commonwealth Games, but withdrew due to her father's death. She retired after failing to score at the 2004 Olympics. Karnam Malleshwari and Tyagi currently lives in Yamunanagar, Haryana, with their son and in-laws in a joint family. She works at the Food Corporation of India as Chief General Manager (General Administration).

In June 2021, she was appointed as the vice-chancellor of Sports University, established by the government of Delhi.

Awards
She is honoured with Arjuna award in 1994.

title: Karnam Malleswari


text:
The Rock (radio station)

The Rock is a New Zealand mainstream rock music radio station. The station targets 25–44 with a male skew, but has a significant female fan base. It plays rock music and showcases up-and-coming New Zealand bands.

The Rock has unpredictable features and countdowns, most notably The Rock 2000 (formerly The Rock 1500, 1000 & 500), an annual music countdown based entirely on songs voted for by their rock listeners.

Some of its broadcasts have been controversial,  and the Broadcasting Standards Authority has upheld many complaints against it.

History
The Rock began broadcasting on 1 December 1991 in Hamilton as The Rock 93FM. The first song to air on The Rock was Are You Ready? by AC/DC. The Rock was formed by Joe Dennehy GM, Grant Hislop PD, and Martin Dempster.The original line-up included Chris Clarke on breakfast (replaced by Mark Bunting after 2 months) and Roger Farrelly on Drive. Originally, The Rock 93FM was based in the basement of Radio New Zealand Broadcasting House in Hamilton, headquartered in the studios for ZHFM. The transmitter was originally located on the top of Waikato Hospital. In 1993 The Rock moved to new premises at 564 Victoria Street in Hamilton.

The station purchased a collection of FM frequencies from the Christian Broadcasting Association and transferred them to Nevada. Using the first of these frequencies a local version of The Rock was started in Taranaki in 1993, this station was originally broadcast on 100FM but after Nevada Resources Ltd and Energy Enterprises merged, the station moved to 95.6FM. A third The Rock station was started in the Bay of Plenty in 1996 with local programming. In 1997 The Rock created a regional network by replacing the Taranaki and Bay of Plenty stations with the Hamilton-based The Rock station and also networked into Rotorua.

Nationwide expansion
In 1998 The Rock began networking to other regions in the North Island. In 1999, The Rock moved to Auckland, and began broadcasting from there. Later that year, Energy Enterprises and Radio Otago merged to form RadioWorks; as a result, the station was networked into the South Island. In Christchurch, Radio Otago had already been operating their own rock station called C93FM and this station was networked to Dunedin and Invercargill, C93FM actually played a classic rock format similar to Radio Hauraki. RadioWorks replaced C93FM in Dunedin and Invercargill with The Rock and kept C93FM operating in Christchurch, but changed its format to Adult Contemporary and launched The Rock on a separate frequency. C93 no longer operates as the station failed to attract listeners after the format change. Christchurch C93FM listeners were gutted that their local Classic Rock station had a format change and had to give way to a Network station, the phones rung for weeks with upset listeners not liking the format change to Adult Contemporary. Today The Rock broadcasts in almost every market in New Zealand.

The only remaining original member of The Rock crew is Rog. Other DJs left, including Greenman, who went on his OE to the UK, Beachy (Christopher Beach) who moved into sales and Julie Moffett, who now works at RNZ.

The Morning Rumble
The morning radio show is known as The Morning Rumble, the members of which are currently Roger Farrelly ("Rog", "Big Dog"), Bryce Casey (2020 Broadcaster of the Year), Andrew Mulligan ("Mulls") and Mel Abbot. Rog has been a co-host on the show since its inception. Simon Doull spent several years as a co-host, left and returned in 2015. In March 2011 Andrew Mulligan joined but left for Radio Sport a few years later and returned in 2017.

Bryce has attempted to break two world records during his tenure on the show, his most notable attempt being to break the record. He fell short by only a few hours, In June 2019 Bryce not only broke the world record for the longest time ten-pin bowling continuously, he also raised over $350,000 for the charity "I am hope".

Hosts
Roger, or Rog as he's known, joined the Morning Rumble in 1994. Prior to that he had worked the afternoon shift at The Rock. Rog serves as a leader of sorts for the Morning Rumble crew, and his ongoing banter and power struggles with Bryce provide a lot of the show's entertainment. Mel provides the female perspective on the show and reads the news, while Andrew Mulligan reads the sports news. The producers are Ryan Maguire and Mitch Farr.

Features
On Fridays a section of the show was called 'Do Stuff To Jono Fridays'. This formed a large part of the entertainment value and was an early distinguishing feature of The Rock. Jono was made the victim of stunts such as 'The Human Slushy', 'The Pyramid of Fire', 'Human Coleslaw', 'Sleigh of Fire', 'The Skater Ramp of Doom', a full body wax, and giving Jono a tattoo on his bottom but not telling him that it was a love heart with the other DJs names.

In 2006 when Jono got his own slot with Robert on weekday afternoons, the show then became "Do Stuff To Jimmy". Stunts included putting electrodes on his nipples, and other assorted painful and humiliating acts. Jimmy is no longer working at The Rock, and there is currently no 'Do Stuff' segment. A one-off 'Final Ever Do Stuff To Jono' stunt was planned and executed in September 2009, during which Jono performed a 'Mega Stunt' - riding a BMX bike down a steep slope, through pyrotechnics and a pane of glass, and finally scaling a ramp to jump over a parked ute.

The Rock organised a 'win a wife' competition in early 2011. The winner would travel to Ukraine to meet a girl via the "Endless Love" dating agency. In response the Ukrainian group Femen organised a topless protest against this competition (in March 2011). A Femen activist advised: "Femen warns the 'lucky' winner of the New Zealand competition that he can expect an unhappy ending in Ukraine".

Rock Workdays
Mel Abbot takes over on-air from 10am – 1pm fronting The Rock Workdays show which also features a legends of rock hour between 12-1pm. Mel is followed by Lee Weir ("Westie Lee"), who is also the technical producer of The Rock's drive show, from 1pm – 3pm.

Rock Drive
The Rock's drive show is hosted from 3pm – 7pm by Duncan Heyde ("Dunc"), who is also the executive producer of the show, with co-host Jay Reeve, technical producer Lee Weir ("Westie Lee") and executive producer Tiegan Lilley ("Show Boss").

Rock Nights
Caleb Greaves hosts Rock Nights.

The Rock 2000
The Rock 2000 is an annual countdown feature, counting down the 2000 biggest rock songs ever, as voted by listeners in an online poll. The chart order, including which bands and songs feature on the countdown, is determined by listeners via a voting system on the station's official website. The countdown runs on weekdays over a four-week period and is broadcast throughout New Zealand. In 2016, the list expanded by 50% as The Rock 1000+500, it was previously called The Rock 1000. Previous to that it was The Rock 500. From 2017 to 2019 it was known as The Rock 1500. Since 2020 it has been known as The Rock 2000.

Winners

 * 2023 – Metallica - "Master of Puppets"
 * 2022 – Lynyrd Skynyrd - "Simple Man"
 * 2021 – Rage Against the Machine - "Killing in the Name"
 * 2020 – Foo Fighters - "Everlong"
 * 2019 – Pearl Jam - "Black"
 * 2018 – System of a Down - "Chop Suey"
 * 2017 – Rage Against the Machine - "Killing in the Name"
 * 2016 – Metallica - "Master of Puppets"
 * 2015 – AC/DC - "Thunderstruck"
 * 2014 – Tool - "Stinkfist"
 * 2013 – Tool - "Sober"
 * 2012 – Metallica - "One"
 * 2011 – Metallica - "One"
 * 2010 – Rage Against the Machine - "Killing in the Name"
 * 2009 – Metallica - "One"
 * 2008 – Metallica - "Enter Sandman"
 * 2007 – AC/DC - "Back in Black"
 * 2006 – Guns N' Roses - "November Rain"
 * 2005 – Metallica - "Enter Sandman"
 * 2004 – Metallica - "Enter Sandman"
 * 2003 – Pearl Jam - "Daughter"
 * 2002 – Metallica - "One"
 * 2001 – Nirvana - "Smells Like Teen Spirit"

Multiple Time Winners

 * Metallica - "One" - 4 (2002, 2009, 2010-2011)
 * Metallica - "Enter Sandman" - 3 (2004–2005, 2008)
 * Rage Against the Machine - "Killing in the Name" - 3 (2010, 2017, 2021)
 * Metallica - "Master of Puppets" - 2 (2016, 2023)

Bands With Winning Songs

 * Metallica - 9 wins (2002, 2004-2005, 2008-2009, 2011-2012, 2016, 2023)
 * Rage Against the Machine - 3 wins (2010, 2017, 2021)
 * Pearl Jam - 2 wins (2003, 2019)
 * AC/DC - 2 wins (2007, 2015)
 * Tool - 2 wins (2013–2014)
 * Nirvana - 1 win (2001)
 * Guns N' Roses - 1 win (2006)
 * System of a Down - 1 win (2018)
 * Foo Fighters - 1 win (2020)
 * Lynyrd Skynyrd - 1 win (2022)

title: The Rock (radio station)


text:
Navaratnas

Nauratan/Navaratnas (Sanskrit dvigu nava-ratna, )  or Nauratan was a term applied to a group of nine extraordinary people in an emperor's court in India. The well-known Navaratnas include the ones in the courts of the emperor Vikramaditya, the 16th-century Mughal emperor Akbar, and the 18th-century feudal Raja Krishnachandra.

Vikramaditya's Navaratnas
Vikramaditya ruled from Ujjain. According to folk tradition, his court had 9 famous scholars. The earliest source that mentions this legend is Jyotirvid-abharana (22.10), a treatise attributed to Kalidasa. According to this text, the following 9 scholars (including Kalidasa himself) attended Vikramaditya's court:

• # Amarasimha

• # Dhanvantari

• # Ghatkharpar

• # Kalidasa

• # Kshapanaka (astrologer)

• # Shanku

• # Varahamihira

• # Vararuchi

• # Vetala-Bhatta

Another popular tradition mentions the astronomer Brahmagupta and the magician Vaitalik, instead of Ghatkharpar and Vetala-Bhatta, among the nine scholars.

However, Jyotirvid-abharana is a literary forgery of a date later than Kalidasa, and was probably attributed to Kalidasa to popularize it. V. V. Mirashi dates the work to 12th century, and points out that it could not have been composed by Kalidasa, because it contains grammatical faults. Other scholars have variously dated the text to the 13th century (Sudhakara Dvivedi), 16th century (A.B. Keith), and 18th century (H. Kern).

There is no mention of such "Navaratnas" in earlier literature. D. C. Sircar calls this tradition "absolutely worthless for historical purposes".

There is no historical evidence to show that these nine scholars were contemporary figures or proteges of the same king. Vararuchi is believed to have lived around 3rd or 4th century CE. The period of Kalidasa is debated, but most historians place him around 5th century CE. Varahamihira is known to have lived in 6th century CE. Dhanavantari was the author of a medical glossary (Nighantu); his period is uncertain. Amarasimha cannot be dated with certainty either, but his lexicon utilizes the works of Dhanavantari and Kalidasa; therefore, he cannot be dated to 1st century BCE, when the legendary Vikramaditya is said to have established the Vikrama Samvat in 57 BCE. Not much is known about Shanku, Vetalabhatta, Kshapanaka and Ghatakarpara. Some Jain writers identify Siddhasena Divakara as Kshapanaka, but this claim is not accepted by historians.

Kalidasa is the only figure whose association with Vikramaditya is mentioned in works earlier than Jyotirvidabharana. Rajasekhara's Kāvyamimāṃsa (10th century), Bhoja's Sringara Prakasa (11th century) and Kshemendra's Auchitya-Vichara-Charcha (11th century) mention that Vikramaditya sent Kalidasa as his ambassador to the Kuntala country (identified with present-day Uttara Kannada). The historicity of these legends is doubtful.

Akbar's Nauratan

According to popular tradition, the court of the Mughal ruler Akbar had nine intellectuals called the Navaratnas or the nine gems. As in Vikramaditya's case, this tradition has no historical basis. According to historian G.S. Sardesai, Hindu pandits in the court of Shah Jahan or Dara Shikoh - Jagannathrai or Kavindracharya - may have started this tradition.

Since this tradition is historically inaccurate, the names of the nine gems varies between sources. Some of the names included in various lists include:

• Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak

• Faizi

• Todar Mal

• Man Singh I

• Raja Birbal

• Mulla Do-Pyaza (often depicted as mythical)

• Tansen

• Hakim Humam

• Bairam Khan

• ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni

• Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan

For example, a painting kept at the Lala Sri Ramdas Library (Delhi) in the 1940s depicts the following people as the nine gems: Abdul Rahim, Todar Mal, Man Singh, Birbal, Miyan Kokultash, Hakim Humam, Abul Hasan, Abu'l-Fazl, and Faizi.

Raja Krishnachandra's Nabaratnas
Raja Krishnachandra was a ruler of Bengal, who ruled over 1727 to 1772. According to legend, his court had 9 famous scholars, who are mentioned as ‘Nabaratnas’ (নবরত্ন). These included Gopal Bhar, Bharatchandra Raygunakor, Ramprasad Sen, Baneshwar Bidyalankar, Krishnadhan roy, Rammohan Goswami, Madhusudan Nyayalankar, Jagannath Tarkapanchanan and  Hariram Tarkasiddhanta.

Similar groups
Many famous emperors in India had courtiers labeled in similar ways. For example, the valuable members of the court of Krishna Deva Raya were termed Astadiggajas, the eight scholars. Lakshmana Sena the ruler of the Sena Empire had Pancharatnas (meaning 5 gems who were Govardhana, Sarana, Jayadeva(author of Gita govinda), umapati, Dhoyi in his court. Ashtapradhan mandal was the title given to the council of Shivaji.

title: Navaratnas


text:
Talk:Nampo

Untitled
Article moved from "Namp'o" to "Nampo" to avoid using diacritics in article titles. --Sewing 06:04, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Nampho
The "h" version of the name does seem to be official, and is used for example by Naenara. -- Visviva 08:15, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I've moved it. — Mets501 ( talk ) 00:33, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

12-lane freeway
Maybe this is splitting hairs, but I count 10 lanes in the highway between Nampo and Pyongyang: --Reuben 02:30, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Let's just say 'large freeway' then. Seeing as we can see it and the railway from space (google earth or maps) and follow it from Nampo to Pyongyang I've removed the 'citation needed' tag from that section. However, I wouldn't mind seeing some sort of reference for the claim about the Nampo apples. kev. 12:54, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Done, thanks. Would anyone happen to know if the administrative divisions of Nampo changed after it was demoted in 2004?  -- Visviva 13:41, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Duh, I should have checked the timeline before asking. So I guess the claim about the apples should actually go in the Ryonggang article, which hasn't been created just yet.  Bargle.  -- Visviva 13:46, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Nanpu
Now Nanpu redirects here. Is this necessary? In other words, is this a possible variant of the city name? I am considering whether I can make it a redirect to Nanpū (name of train in Japan) or it should be kept as a disambiguation page to Nampho and Nanpū. --Sushiya (talk) 03:29, 5 January 2008 (UTC)
 * As there has been no objection, I completed the transformation. --Sushiya (talk) 22:23, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Taean Guyok
On the Jan. 21, 2012 newscast from the Korean Central Television, a caption on a footage from Taean read Taean Guyok, rather than Taean Gun. I am not sure if all counties under the Nampho Special City are now Districts, or just the ones that was Districts in the past (Chollima and Taean).

Also the same footage shows a truck with a license number that starts with "Nampho" rather than "Phyongnam", suggesting the city's status as provincial-level. Since Nampho is the only Special City it is not clear if Nampho is completely separate from Phyongnam or still maintains some organizational connection.

Amythewillowprincess (talk) 23:49, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

Name of highway/motorway
The road between Nampho and Pyongyang is called the "Youth Hero Motorway" in the text, but the "Hero Youth Highway" in the photo caption. "Motorway" is simply the British English equivalent of American English "highway", and the words "youth" and "hero" are in the opposite order in the caption. It doesn't matter which translation is used, but it should clearly be the same in both cases!46.189.28.192 (talk) 21:11, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nampo


text: Category:Jackson County, Ohio

title: Category:Jackson County, Ohio


text:
USS Jones (1814)

USS Jones was a brig in the United States Navy during the War of 1812.

Jones was built at Sacketts Harbor, New York, for service in Commodore Isaac Chauncey's fleet on Lake Ontario and was launched on 10 April 1814.

Most of the cannon for the new American ships had not reached Sackett's Harbor on 19 May when the British fleet arrived off the American base and established a strict blockade which temporarily bottled up the heavily outgunned American squadron. After the British commander, Sir James Yeo, raised the blockade on 6 June, an epidemic struck the American fleet causing further delay.

Jones sailed with Chauncey's vessels on 31 July and arrived off Niagara on 5 August. As the American ships approached the port, now in British hands, they intercepted enemy brig HMS Charwell and chased her ashore where her crew set her ablaze. Chauncey then sailed to Kingston via York (now Toronto) arriving on 9 August. The next day Jones and the schooner USS Conquest (1812) were ordered to cruise between Oswego and Sackett's Harbor protecting American communications.

Jones rejoined the fleet on 17 September and operated with it during the remainder of the navigation season attempting to draw Sir James Yeo's ships into a decisive contest. Toward the end of November she returned to Sackett's Harbor, where she served as a receiving ship for several years after the end of the war. She was sold and broken up in 1821.

title: USS Jones (1814)


text:
United States congressional delegations from Virginia

These are tables of congressional delegations from Virginia to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Virginia's current U.S. Senators are Democrats Mark Warner (serving since 2009) and Tim Kaine (serving since 2013). Virginia is allotted 11 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives; currently, 6 seats are held by Democrats and 5 seats are held by Republicans.

The current dean of the Virginia delegation is Representative Bobby Scott (VA-3), having served in the House since 1993.

1863 – 1873: 8 seats
The 1860 census allotted 11 seats to Virginia, but 3 were assigned to West Virginia, established in 1863. Virginia was left with 8 seats. For most of this decade, however, Virginian representatives were not seated in Congress because of Virginia's secession in the Civil War. After January 26, 1870, Virginia was allowed to seat members. The state convention called for a ninth seat, at-large, but the House rejected the credentials of its claimant, Joseph Segar.

1873 – 1883: 9 seats
Following the 1870 census, Virginia was allotted 9 seats.

1883 – 1933: 10 seats
After the 1880 census, Virginia gained one seat. For the 48th Congress, a new at-large seat was added to the 9 districts. Starting in the 49th Congress, however, the state was redistricted into 10 districts.

1933 – 1953: 9 seats
After the 1930 census, Virginia lost one seat. For the 73rd Congress (1933–1935), all nine representatives were elected at-large statewide. In all subsequent Congresses, representatives were elected from districts.

1953 – 1993: 10 seats
In 1953, Virginia gained one seat.

1993 – present: 11 seats
In 1993, Virginia gained one more seat, with no subsequent changes since 2003.


text: Talk:California State University, Sacramento


text:
Snuneymuxw First Nation

The Snuneymuxw First Nation (pronounced ) is located in and around the city of Nanaimo on east-central Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The nation previously had also occupied territory along the Fraser River, in British Columbia.

Prior to European colonization of the Americas and the creation of Indian reserves in the nineteenth century, this people occupied a wide region of south-central Vancouver Island, where they had lived for more than 5,000 years. Snuneymuxw Territory extended to the Gulf Islands, and the Fraser River in the British Columbia; it was in the centre of Coast Salish territory. Their language is Hul’qumi’num.

The Snuneymuxw First Nation operates Newcastle Island Marine Provincial Park.

Language
The SFN speak the Hul'q'umi'num dialect of Hul’q’umi’num’, Halq'eméylem, hən̓q̓əmin̓əm. This is a Coast Salish language, part of the Salishan language family.

According to the Snuneymuxw First Nation Language Needs Assessment report of January 2009, published by the First Peoples' Heritage Language & Culture Council (FPHLCC), of a total population of 1560 (with 550 on reserve and 1010 off-reserve), there were 25 people who spoke and understood the language fluently. Eleven of these persons were between the ages of 65–74, 13 were between the ages of 75–84, and one was 85 and over. There were 35 who understood and/or spoke the language somewhat. Four were between the ages of 25–44, 23 were between the ages of 45–54, and 8 were between the ages of 55–64. Some 25 people were learning the language. Of that group, 15 were between the ages of 15–19, 2 were between the ages of 25–44, 4 were between the ages of 45–54, and 4 were between the ages of 55–64.

The language assessment noted that the First Nation had four small reserves at the time. City water had been suspended in 1992 at one reserve because of contamination, and new infrastructure was not built for 20 years. This prevented development of the reserves for such needs as housing, and many people lived off-reserve.

History
Archeological excavations have revealed that the Snuneymuxw had a winter village and burial site in present-day Departure Bay dating to about 3,500 year BP. In 2007 the remains of about 15 individuals were uncovered at the construction site of a future condo development owned by developer Bruce McLay. Madrone Environmental Services from Duncan, BC conducted an archaeological excavation of the site.

Eventually remains of more than 80 people were uncovered. When the late Chief Viola Wyse requested that B.C. Premier Gordon Campbell protect the site, the province purchased it. For a time the site remained "sad, forlorn and neglected", surrounded by a bent chain-link fence and covered in straggled patches of weeds.

In March 2013, as part of the provincial reconciliation agreement with First Nations, this site was transferred to the Snuneymuxw. Referring to this discovery, "Bush"

The site of the former Moby Dick Hotel, 1000 Stewart Ave, Nanaimo, was the location of a Snuneymuxw village of historical importance to the First Nation. It is situated at the narrowest point of Newcastle Channel, separating Newcastle Island from Nanaimo.

Former Snuneymuxw Chief White had plans to construct modest facilities on Newcastle Island to deliver new kinds of programming on Coast Salish culture, Newcastle Island's coal mining history, the CPR history, and the canneries history as part of a heritage tourist destination. Snuneymuxw First Nation will be collaborating with Waterfront Holdings Ltd. on current and future waterfront development on Stewart Avenue. The First Nation operates Newcastle Island Marine Provincial Park.

Nanaimo Indian Hospital
The Nanaimo Indian Hospital served Indian patients and was operated by the federal government of Canada on Snuneymuxw territory from 1946 to 1967. The system of state-run Indian hospitals was deeply intertwined with the institution of residential schools. Like the schools, the hospital system has been documented for having a history of physical and sexual abuse of Indigenous people.

In the summer of 2021, hundreds of unmarked graves were identified at the Kamloops Indian Residential School. Other First Nations began to undertake their own surveys of sites of local Indian schools.

In response, Steve Sxwithul'txw of the Penelakut First Nation, carver Tom LaFortune, and educator Michele Mundy started a GoFundMe campaign to help First Nations on Vancouver Island conduct their own research around sites of former residential school and the Indian hospital. They will use current technology that does not disturb the ground. On 15 September 2021, the group gave Snuneymuxw First Nation CA$77000, to help the First Nation conduct a search and to identify possible unmarked graves in and around the former grounds of the hospital.

Territory and current land base
Snuneymuxw Territory on the eastern coast of Vancouver Island, the Gulf Islands, and the Fraser River in the British Columbia was in the centre of Coast Salish territory.

The band's traditional territory covers 980 km2. They share 1040 km2 of non-exclusive traditional territory with other First Nations of Canada.

In March 2013 the Snuneymuxw First Nation received an additional 877 hectares of land, consisting of three parcels in the Mount Benson area, as part of a reconciliation agreement with the government. Ida Chong, B.C. aboriginal relations and reconciliation minister, announced at the Vancouver Island Conference Centre that the land was "intended to provide forestry-related economic opportunities to generate revenue and employment" for the SFN.

According to the AANRC Profiles, the Snuneymuxw First Nation, band number 648 had six very small reserves as of 2012. Before the March 2013 reconciliation addition, the Snuneymuxw total reserve land base had consisted of 266 hectares, with the community historically divided into four small, numbered reserves on the shores of Nanaimo Harbour and Nanaimo River, and two tiny reserves at Gabriola Island. On a per capita basis, the Snuneymuxw land base was the smallest reserve land base in British Columbia. In January 2013, two reserves at Nanaimo River were amalgamated into the third, and are now part of what is called the Nanaimo River Reserve. (See further information below.)

The small size and odd shapes and locations of these reserves are visible on the interactive map provided by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. Reserve 1, consisting of several city blocks, is between a railroad track and the main highway that goes through Nanaimo.

Three reserves were along the Nanaimo River: Reserve 2 on the east bank, and Reserves 3 and 4 on the west bank. The river and river banks are not reserve land. All three of these parcels are on the estuary and appear to be in a flood zone. These small reserves are bounded by the main Island Highway, Duke Point Highway and Cedar Road. Although surrounded by the city of Nanaimo, they were not fully provided with water and sewage infrastructure, which resulted in underdevelopment of this area.

As of January 2013, Nanaimo River Reserve, with 287 residents, was listed as having undergone an amalgamation, absorbing Nanaimo River 2 and Nanaimo River 3, which were dissolved as separate reserves.
 * 1) Nanaimo town 1, also known as Reserve No. 1, (AANRC number 06815) is located in the Nanaimo District on Nanaimo Harbour adjacent to the city of Nanaimo and consists of 22.40 hectare.  There were 337 residents in 2011.
 * 2) Nanaimo River 2, also known as Reserve No. 2 (AANRC number 06816), is located in the Cranberry District on the left bank of the Nanaimo River near its mouth and consists of 53.80 hectare. There were 26 residents in 2011. It has been dissolved and amalgamated with Nanaimo River Reserve.
 * 3) Nanaimo River 3, also known as Reserve No. 3 (AANRC number 06817), is located in the Cranberry District, point of Section 21, Range 1, and Sections 19 and 21 Range 7, near the mouth of the Nanaimo River, and consists of 108.30 hectare. Statistics Canada provides a precise map. There were 81 residents in 2011. It has been dissolved and amalgamated with Nanaimo River Reserve.
 * 4) Nanaimo River 4, also known as Reserve No. 4 (AANRC number 06818), is located in the Cranberry District, Sections 18 and 19, Range 8, 4 miles southwest of Nanaimo, on the east coast of Vancouver Island, and consists of 80.10 hectare.

 * 1) Gabriola Island 5 reserve (AANRC number 06819) is located in Nanaimo District, Section 1, on the west point at mouth of Degnen Bay, south of Gabriola Island and consists of 1 hectare.
 * 2) Ma-guala 6 (AANRC number 06820) is located in Nanaimo District. It is a small island in Degnen Bay on the south shore of Gabriola island and consists of 0.40 hectare.

Governance
Snuneymuxw First Nation is governed by an elected Chief and Council. On 7 December 2013 Chief John Gordon (Gord) Wesley was elected with 253 votes out of 499. Five Councillors were also elected for up to a four-year term. Elections are carried out in accordance with the Snuneymuxw First Nation Election Code (2007) & Regulations (2011).

Demographics
The Snuneymuxw First Nation number is 648. The band's population is 1,973, and 70 percent of Snuneymuxw people live off-reserve.

Treaty rights
According to their official website, the SFN "are one of the few First Nations in BC that has a pre-confederation treaty with the Crown." The Snuneymuxw have treaty rights pursuant to the Treaty of 1854, one of the Douglas Treaties. This was confirmed by the landmark R. v. White and Bob litigation of the early to mid-1960s, wherein the treaty was confirmed and enforced. Provincial jurisdiction was ousted.

In October 2012, Chief Doug White met with UN Special Rapporteur James Anaya. Chief White argued that the Canadian federal government "has consistently failed to honour the Treaty of 1854" and has repeatedly broken the Treaty of 1854 during land negotiations. Anaya observed that "based on his preliminary findings", treaty and aboriginal claims remain "persistently unresolved" throughout Canada". He noted that there is a heightened level of mistrust distrust "among aboriginal peoples toward government at both the federal and provincial levels."

In 1992, the Snuneymuxw First Nation filed the Thlap’qwum Specific Claim related to the loss of their 32-hectare reserve in downtown Nanaimo, saying that it was illegally taken by the crown in the 1880s. The claim was accepted by the Crown as valid in 2003. After negotiations, the two sides agreed to a settlement offer worth $49,148,121. In November 2016, the First Nation ratified a settlement agreement for the land. The nearly $50 million payment is the largest specific claim negotiated by a British Columbia first nation by a factor of 5. As part of the agreement, the nation can negotiate for an additional 32-hectare of land to be added to their reserve.

Water and Sewage Infrastructure
In 1992 groundwater contamination was found and the wells were closed on the Snuneymuxw First Nation Indian Reserve No. 2. For twenty years the community used water trucks to bring water to the community. In 2010 the city of Nanaimo announced plans for a new water treatment facility but had difficulty acquiring Crown land needed for the project. John Ruttan, Nanaimo Mayor acknowledged that without the assistance of Snuneymuxw First Nation Chief Doug White III in acquiring some Crown land, "it’s questionable whether we would have been able to achieve what we’ve done." The City of Nanaimo agreed to provide the water to Reserve 2 as part of "the overall agreement." The Snuneymuxw First Nation are paying $500,000 cost of the project. The new water infrastructure project will connect Reserve No. 2 to Nanaimo's water supply lines at 1125 Cedar Road to provide potable water.

"I want everyone to know what this means to our people, what it means to me as the chief of the Snuneymuxw First Nation, the work of my council over so many years, to address what is a really critical need for our people for safe drinking water – for an effective, efficient supply of water... White said one reason so much of the reserve remains undeveloped is due to a lack of water and sewage infrastructure."

The city and First Nation established an innovative mentoring program to expand the benefits of the new water system. In November 2012 SFN workers began job shadowing City of Nanaimo CUPE Local 401 water crews members to learn foundational skills in maintaining quality water systems. CUPE's long-term goal is to expand this pilot project to First Nations communities across Vancouver Island. According to Blaine Gurrie, CUPE Local 401 President and member of the Vancouver Island Water Watch Coalition, CUPE is working to assist SFN employees in the following ways:

"Blaine Gurrie"

Justice system
Like other First Nations, the Snuneymuxw had a community system to regulate behavior based on restorative justice. They think it has elements that should be revived, for the sake of their people and culture.

"I’d like to see our system come back. For the sake of our children, that has to come back. And we’ll be proud again like our ancestors, we helped one another, they respected one another. Our culture, our laws were still here when I was a kid and we were happy people. We have to work together. Same as our justice. The whole community’s got to work together before it’ll ever work... The Hereditary Chief was the leader and they had their own laws and justice. And when the white man came here they took them laws out. When you see people go wrong, our people had Elders that would heal that person and the white man way is punishing. They put him in jail. How did they come out? They come out a better criminal when they do come out of jail. And our way’s different, we heal people that go wrong."

In 2006 226 First Nations members were imprisoned in the Nanaimo Correctional Centre (NCC), a provincial prison on SFN traditional territory. That represented 21.2% of the prison population. In British Columbia the percentage of indigenous prisoners was 20% in 2004–5.

title: Snuneymuxw First Nation


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Teleparallelism

Teleparallelism (also called teleparallel gravity), was an attempt by Albert Einstein to base a unified theory of electromagnetism and gravity on the mathematical structure of distant parallelism, also referred to as absolute or teleparallelism. In this theory, a spacetime is characterized by a curvature-free linear connection in conjunction with a metric tensor field, both defined in terms of a dynamical tetrad field.

Teleparallel spacetimes
The crucial new idea, for Einstein, was the introduction of a tetrad field, i.e., a set ${X_{1}, X_{2}, X_{3}, X_{4}} |undefined$ of four vector fields defined on all of $M$ such that for every $p ∈ M$ the set ${X_{1}(p), X_{2}(p), X_{3}(p), X_{4}(p)}$ is a basis of $T_{p}M$, where $T_{p}M$ denotes the fiber over $p$ of the tangent vector bundle $TM$. Hence, the four-dimensional spacetime manifold $M$ must be a parallelizable manifold. The tetrad field was introduced to allow the distant comparison of the direction of tangent vectors at different points of the manifold, hence the name distant parallelism. His attempt failed because there was no Schwarzschild solution in his simplified field equation.

In fact, one can define the connection of the parallelization (also called the Weitzenböck connection) {Xi$)$}} to be the linear connection $∇$ on $M$ such that

$$\nabla_v\left(f^i\mathrm X_i\right)=\left(vf^i\right)\mathrm X_i(p),$$

where $v ∈ T_{p}M$ and $f$ are (global) functions on $M$; thus $fX_{i}$ is a global vector field on $M$. In other words, the coefficients of Weitzenböck connection $∇$ with respect to {Xi}}} are all identically zero, implicitly defined by:

$$\nabla_{\mathrm{X}_i} \mathrm{X}_j = 0,$$

hence

$${W^k}_{ij} = \omega^k\left(\nabla_{\mathrm{X}_i} \mathrm{X}_j\right)\equiv 0,$$

for the connection coefficients (also called Weitzenböck coefficients) in this global basis. Here $ω^{k}$ is the dual global basis (or coframe) defined by $ω^{i}(X_{j}) = δi j$.

This is what usually happens in $R^{n}$, in any affine space or Lie group (for example the 'curved' sphere $S^{3}$ but 'Weitzenböck flat' manifold).

Using the transformation law of a connection, or equivalently the $∇$ properties, we have the following result.

Proposition. In a natural basis, associated with local coordinates $(U, x^{μ})$, i.e., in the holonomic frame $∂_{μ}$, the (local) connection coefficients of the Weitzenböck connection are given by:

$${\Gamma^{\beta}}_{\mu\nu}= h^{\beta}_{i} \partial_{\nu} h^{i}_{\mu},$$

where $X_{i} = hμ i∂_{μ}$ for $i, μ = 1, 2,… n$ are the local expressions of a global object, that is, the given tetrad.

The Weitzenböck connection has vanishing curvature, but – in general – non-vanishing torsion.

Given the frame field {Xi}}}, one can also define a metric by conceiving of the frame field as an orthonormal vector field. One would then obtain a pseudo-Riemannian metric tensor field $g$ of signature (3,1) by

$$g\left(\mathrm{X}_i,\mathrm{X}_j\right)=\eta_{ij},$$

where

$$\eta_{ij}=\operatorname{diag}(-1,-1,-1,1).$$

The corresponding underlying spacetime is called, in this case, a Weitzenböck spacetime.

It is worth noting to see that these 'parallel vector fields' give rise to the metric tensor as a byproduct.

New teleparallel gravity theory
New teleparallel gravity theory (or new general relativity) is a theory of gravitation on Weitzenböck spacetime, and attributes gravitation to the torsion tensor formed of the parallel vector fields.

In the new teleparallel gravity theory the fundamental assumptions are as follows:

1. Underlying spacetime is the Weitzenböck spacetime, which has a quadruplet of parallel vector fields as the fundamental structure. These parallel vector fields give rise to the metric tensor as a by-product. All physical laws are expressed by equations that are covariant or form invariant under the group of general coordinate transformations.

2. The equivalence principle is valid only in classical physics.

3. Gravitational field equations are derivable from the action principle.

4. The field equations are partial differential equations in the field variables of not higher than the second order.

In 1961 Christian Møller revived Einstein's idea, and Pellegrini and Plebanski found a Lagrangian formulation for absolute parallelism.

Møller tetrad theory of gravitation
In 1961, Møller showed that a tetrad description of gravitational fields allows a more rational treatment of the energy-momentum complex than in a theory based on the metric tensor alone. The advantage of using tetrads as gravitational variables was connected with the fact that this allowed to construct expressions for the energy-momentum complex which had more satisfactory transformation properties than in a purely metric formulation. In 2015, it was shown that the total energy of matter and gravitation is proportional to the Ricci scalar of three-space up to the linear order of perturbation.

New translation teleparallel gauge theory of gravity
Independently in 1967, Hayashi and Nakano revived Einstein's idea, and Pellegrini and Plebanski started to formulate the gauge theory of the spacetime translation group. Hayashi pointed out the connection between the gauge theory of the spacetime translation group and absolute parallelism. The first fiber bundle formulation was provided by Cho. This model was later studied by Schweizer et al., Nitsch and Hehl, Meyer; more recent advances can be found in Aldrovandi and Pereira, Gronwald, Itin, Maluf and da Rocha Neto, Münch, Obukhov and Pereira, and Schucking and Surowitz.

Nowadays, teleparallelism is studied purely as a theory of gravity without trying to unify it with electromagnetism. In this theory, the gravitational field turns out to be fully represented by the translational gauge potential $B^{a}_{μ}$, as it should be for a gauge theory for the translation group.

If this choice is made, then there is no longer any Lorentz gauge symmetry because the internal Minkowski space fiber—over each point of the spacetime manifold—belongs to a fiber bundle with the Abelian group $R^{4}$ as structure group. However, a translational gauge symmetry may be introduced thus: Instead of seeing tetrads as fundamental, we introduce a fundamental $R^{4}$ translational gauge symmetry instead (which acts upon the internal Minkowski space fibers affinely so that this fiber is once again made local) with a connection $B$ and a "coordinate field" $x$ taking on values in the Minkowski space fiber.

More precisely, let $π : \mathcal{M} → M$ be the Minkowski fiber bundle over the spacetime manifold $M$. For each point $p ∈ M$, the fiber $\mathcal{M}_{p}$ is an affine space. In a fiber chart $(V, ψ)$, coordinates are usually denoted by $ψ = (x^{μ}, x^{a})$, where $x^{μ}$ are coordinates on spacetime manifold $M$, and $x^{a}$ are coordinates in the fiber $\mathcal{M}_{p}$.

Using the abstract index notation, let $a, b, c,…$ refer to $\mathcal{M}_{p}$ and $μ, ν,…$ refer to the tangent bundle $TM$. In any particular gauge, the value of $x^{a}$ at the point p is given by the section

$$x^\mu \to \left(x^\mu,x^a = \xi^a(p)\right).$$

The covariant derivative

$$D_\mu \xi^a \equiv \left(d \xi^a\right)_\mu + {B^a}_\mu = \partial_\mu \xi^a + {B^a}_\mu$$

is defined with respect to the connection form $B$, a 1-form assuming values in the Lie algebra of the translational abelian group $R^{4}$. Here, d is the exterior derivative of the $a$th component of $x$, which is a scalar field (so this isn't a pure abstract index notation). Under a gauge transformation by the translation field $α^{a}$,

$$x^a\to x^a+\alpha^a$$

and

$${B^a}_\mu\to {B^a}_\mu - \partial_\mu \alpha^a$$

and so, the covariant derivative of $x^{a} = ξ^{a}(p)$ is gauge invariant. This is identified with the translational (co-)tetrad

$${h^a}_\mu = \partial_\mu \xi^a + {B^a}_\mu$$

which is a one-form which takes on values in the Lie algebra of the translational Abelian group $R^{4}$, whence it is gauge invariant. But what does this mean? $x^{a} = ξ^{a}(p)$ is a local section of the (pure translational) affine internal bundle $\mathcal{M} → M$, another important structure in addition to the translational gauge field $B^{a}_{μ}$. Geometrically, this field determines the origin of the affine spaces; it is known as Cartan’s radius vector. In the gauge-theoretic framework, the one-form

$$h^a = {h^a}_\mu dx^\mu = \left(\partial_\mu \xi^a + {B^a}_\mu\right)dx^{\mu}$$

arises as the nonlinear translational gauge field with $ξ^{a}$ interpreted as the Goldstone field describing the spontaneous breaking of the translational symmetry.

A crude analogy: Think of $\mathcal{M}_{p}$ as the computer screen and the internal displacement as the position of the mouse pointer. Think of a curved mousepad as spacetime and the position of the mouse as the position. Keeping the orientation of the mouse fixed, if we move the mouse about the curved mousepad, the position of the mouse pointer (internal displacement) also changes and this change is path dependent; i.e., it does not depend only upon the initial and final position of the mouse. The change in the internal displacement as we move the mouse about a closed path on the mousepad is the torsion.

Another crude analogy: Think of a crystal with line defects (edge dislocations and screw dislocations but not disclinations). The parallel transport of a point of $\mathcal{M}$ along a path is given by counting the number of (up/down, forward/backwards and left/right) crystal bonds transversed. The Burgers vector corresponds to the torsion. Disinclinations correspond to curvature, which is why they are neglected.

The torsion—that is, the translational field strength of Teleparallel Gravity (or the translational "curvature")—

$${T^a}_{\mu\nu} \equiv \left(DB^a\right)_{\mu\nu} = D_\mu {B^a}_\nu - D_\nu {B^a}_\mu,$$

is gauge invariant.

We can always choose the gauge where $x^{a}$ is zero everywhere, although $\mathcal{M}_{p}$ is an affine space and also a fiber; thus the origin must be defined on a point-by-point basis, which can be done arbitrarily. This leads us back to the theory where the tetrad is fundamental.

Teleparallelism refers to any theory of gravitation based upon this framework. There is a particular choice of the action that makes it exactly equivalent to general relativity, but there are also other choices of the action which are not equivalent to general relativity. In some of these theories, there is no equivalence between inertial and gravitational masses.

Unlike in general relativity, gravity is due not to the curvature of spacetime but to the torsion thereof.

Non-gravitational contexts
There exists a close analogy of geometry of spacetime with the structure of defects in crystal. Dislocations are represented by torsion, disclinations by curvature. These defects are not independent of each other. A dislocation is equivalent to a disclination-antidisclination pair, a disclination is equivalent to a string of dislocations. This is the basic reason why Einstein's theory based purely on curvature can be rewritten as a teleparallel theory based only on torsion. There exists, moreover, infinitely many ways of rewriting Einstein's theory, depending on how much of the curvature one wants to reexpress in terms of torsion, the teleparallel theory being merely one specific version of these.

A further application of teleparallelism occurs in quantum field theory, namely, two-dimensional non-linear sigma models with target space on simple geometric manifolds, whose renormalization behavior is controlled by a Ricci flow, which includes torsion. This torsion modifies the Ricci tensor and hence leads to an infrared fixed point for the coupling, on account of teleparallelism ("geometrostasis").

title: Teleparallelism