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Portulaca oleracea

Portulaca oleracea (common purslane, also known as little hogweed, or pursley) is an annual (actually tropical perennial in USDA growing zones 10–11) succulent in the family Portulacaceae.

Description
The plant may reach 40 cm in height. It has smooth, reddish, mostly prostrate stems, and the leaves, which may be alternate or opposite, are clustered at stem joints and ends. The yellow flowers have five regular parts and are up to 6 mm wide. Depending upon rainfall, the flowers appear at any time during the year. The flowers open singly at the center of the leaf cluster for only a few hours on sunny mornings. The tiny seeds are formed in a pod that opens when the seeds mature. Purslane has a taproot with fibrous secondary roots and can tolerate poor soil and drought.

The fruits are many-seeded capsules. The seed set is considerable; one plant can develop up to 193,000 seeds. The seeds germinate optimally at a temperature above 25 °C; they are light germinators, with even a soil cover of 5 mm having a negative effect on germination.

Metabolism
P. oleracea is one of the very few plants able to utilize both CAM and C4 photosynthesis pathways, for a long time believed to be incompatible with each other despite biochemical similarities. P. oleracea will switch from C4 to CAM pathways during drought, and there is transcription regulation and physiological evidence for C4-CAM hybrid photosynthesis during mild drought.

Taxonomy

P. oleracea was recorded in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. Due to the great variability, a large number of subspecies and varieties have been described as species of their own, but according to other publications, they all fall within the range of variation of P. oleracea. The synonyms P. oleracea subsp. sativa, P. sativa, and P. oleracea var. sativa, which are more common in the literature, refer to a somewhat more robust form in cultivation with larger seeds that cannot be separated from the species. Approximately 40 cultivars of P. oleracea are currently grown.

The flowering plant more commonly known as winter purslane (Claytonia perfoliata) is a member of the Montiaceae family and is not closely related.

Etymology
The specific epithet oleracea means "vegetable/herbal" in Latin and is a form of (oleraceus), from holus 'vegetable'. The genus name portulāca is simply the plant's name in Latin.

Distribution and habitat
Purslane has an extensive distribution, assumed to be mostly anthropogenic (or hemerochoric), extending from North Africa and Southern Europe through the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent to Malesia and Australasia. The species status in the Americas is uncertain. In general, it is often considered an exotic weed, but there is evidence that the species was in Crawford Lake deposits (Ontario) in 1350–1539, suggesting that it reached North America in the pre-Columbian era. Scientists suggested that the plant was already eaten by Native Americans, who spread its seeds. How it reached the Americas is currently unknown.

Ecology
Compared to other common crops, P. oleracea is more tolerant of pests due to its waxy cover, which protects the plant from insects and diseases. In some instances, P. oleracea is even known to have antifungal properties. However some phytotoxic metabolites of Drechslera indica, a fungus, can cause necrosis on purslane. Dichotomophthora portulacae, another fungus, can cause stem rot. P. oleracea is a known host plant of Hyles lineata.

Schizocerella pilicornis and Hypurus bertrandi are known to feed on Portulaca oleracea. In some instances, they may help control the competitiveness of P. oleracea to prevent weed infestation in fields where P. oleracea is not wanted, however, they do not stop it from growing completely.

Nutrition
Raw purslane is 93% water, 3% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, purslane supplies 20 calories, and rich amounts (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin E (81% DV) and vitamin C (25% DV), with moderate content (11–19% DV) of several dietary minerals (table). Purslane is a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid, an essential omega-3 fatty acid.

Culinary

All parts of purslane are edible raw or cooked. The seeds can be eaten raw or used to make flour.

The plant may be eaten as a leaf vegetable. William Cobbett noted that it was "eaten by Frenchmen and pigs when they can get nothing else. Both use it in salad, that is to say, raw". It has a slightly sour and salty taste and is eaten throughout much of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Mexico. The stems, leaves, and flower buds are all edible raw or cooked. Purslane may be used fresh as a salad, stir-fried, or cooked as spinach is, and because of its mucilaginous quality it also is suitable for soups and stews. The sour taste is due to oxalic and malic acid, the latter of which is produced through the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway that is seen in many xerophytes (plants living in dry conditions) and is at its highest when the plant is harvested in the early morning.

Aboriginal Australians use the seeds of purslane to make seedcakes. Greeks, who call it  or , use the leaves and the stems with feta cheese, tomato, onion, garlic, oregano, and olive oil. They add it to salads, boil it, or add it to casseroled chicken. In Turkey, besides being used in salads and baked pastries, it is cooked as a vegetable similar to spinach or is mixed with yogurt to form a tzatziki variant. In Egypt, the vegetable is known as regla (رجلة) it is also cooked as a vegetable stew, similar to how spinach and malva (خبيزة) are cooked, but not fresh in salads. In Kurdistan, people commonly make a kind of soup from it called palpina soup (شۆربای پەڵپینە). In the Alentejo region of Portugal, purslane is used for cooking a traditional soup (sopa de beldroegas) which is topped with soaked bread, poached eggs, and/or goats' cheese. In Mexico and the American Southwest, the plant is consumed as "verdolagas."

Soil salinity
Salination of agricultural soils decreases the yields of many crops, and salt-sensitive species can no longer be cultivated on such soils. Purslane has a high tolerance for salt, making it suitable for cropping in areas where irrigation is carried out with water with high chloride-based salinity.

Purslane can remove salt from the cultivation medium under saline conditions. As an intercrop or during one growing season, it can remove 210 kg/ha of chloride and 65 kg/ha of sodium when cultivated at 6.5 dS *m−1, allowing growth of salt-sensitive plants on saline soils. In salty conditions, purslane has a positive effect on companion plants such as tomatoes.

Culture
Archaeobotanical finds are common at many Mediterranean prehistoric sites. In historic contexts, seeds have been retrieved from a protogeometric layer in Kastanas, as well as from the Samian Heraion dating to the 7th century BC. In the 4th century BC, Theophrastus names purslane, (ἀνδράχνη), as one of the several summer pot herbs that must be sown in April (Enquiry into Plants 7.1.2). As Portulaca it figures in the long list of comestibles enjoyed by the Milanese given by Bonvesin de la Riva in his "Marvels of Milan" (1288).

In antiquity, its healing properties were thought so reliable that Pliny the Elder advised wearing the plant as an amulet to expel all evil (Natural History 20.210).

Verdolaga, the Spanish word for purslane, is a nickname for South American football clubs with green-white schemes in their uniforms, including Colombia's Atletico Nacional and Argentina's Ferrocarril Oeste. Afro-Colombian singer Totó la Momposina sings a song entitled “La Verdolaga.”

title: Portulaca oleracea


text:
Tennessee v. Lane

Tennessee v. Lane, 541 U.S. 509 (2004), was a case in the Supreme Court of the United States involving Congress's enforcement powers under section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Background
The plaintiffs were disabled Tennesseans who could not access the upper floors in state courthouses. They sued in federal court, arguing that since Tennessee was denying them public services because of their disabilities, it was violating Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Under Title II, no one can be denied access to public services due to his or her disability; it allows those whose rights have been violated to sue states for money damages.

Tennessee argued that the Eleventh Amendment prohibited the suit, and filed a motion to dismiss the case. It relied principally on Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett (2001), in which the Supreme Court held that Congress had, in enacting certain provisions of the ADA, unconstitutionally abrogated the sovereign immunity of the States by letting people sue the States for discrimination on the basis of disability. That case, in turn, relied on the rule laid down by City of Boerne v. Flores: Congress may abrogate the Eleventh Amendment using its section 5 powers only if the way it seeks to remedy discrimination is "congruent and proportional" to the discrimination itself. Garrett had held that Congress had not met the congruent-and-proportional test – i.e., that it had not amassed enough evidence of discrimination on the basis of disability to justify the abrogation of sovereign immunity.

Opinion of the Court
In Lane, the Supreme Court split 5–4. In the majority opinion written by Justice John Paul Stevens, the Court ruled that Congress did have enough evidence that disabled people were being denied those fundamental rights that are protected by the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, among those rights being the right to access a court. Further, the remedy Congress enacted was congruent and proportional, because the "reasonable accommodations" mandated by the ADA were not unduly burdensome and disproportionate to the harm. Garrett, the Court said, applied only to Equal Protection claims, not to Due Process claims. Therefore, the law was constitutional. Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Associate Justices Clarence Thomas and Antonin Scalia filed dissents.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tennessee v. Lane


text:
Wadborough

Wadborough is a small village 2 miles outside Pershore and 7 miles from Worcester. The village is in Worcestershire, England. The village is an old farming community, with its nearest church a mile away in Pirton.

In the 2001 census the parish of Drakes Broughton and Wadborough recorded a population of 1,762. Wadborough itself has approximately 200 inhabitants. Wadborough has one public house, the Mason’s Arms. The village has one bus service, the 382, which runs between Pershore and Worcester, once an hour in both directions.

History
Wadborough is first mentioned in the 10th century when Edgar, King of England confirmed that four manses (priests’ houses) there belonged to Pershore Abbey. The Abbey owned most of the land in the area. Place-names like Abbottswood and Hermitage Farm reflect a long church ownership. Wadborough appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Wadberge, meaning Old English wad "woad" beorg "hill". Woad dye production was usually carried out at some distance from towns (Wadborough is about four miles from Pershore) because of the offensive smells produced.

Wadborough railway station was situated west of the village on the Bristol to Birmingham main rail line. The line remains open and high-speed trains regularly pass through, but the station closed in January 1965.

title: Wadborough


text:
Namespace Routing Language

In its simplest form, a Namespace Routing Language (NRL) schema consists of a mapping from namespace URIs to schema URIs. An NRL schema is written in XML.

DSDL Part 4 (ISO/IEC 19757-4), NVDL is based on NRL.

title: Namespace Routing Language


text:
Talk:New Imperialism/Merge

Among the causes for this emerging European expansionism were the demoralizing and fierce Old World feudal conflicts, which caused great imbalances of power, and the breakdown of the Concert of Europe. The creation by war of new nation-states, like Germany, Italy, and Serbo.. would conflict with existing ethnic boundaries and cause competitive tensions that would, in decades later, become manifest in the World Wars. The Long Depression (1873-1896) is thought to have played a catalytic role in convincing British policymakers that colonialism, captive markets, and territorial expansion were answers to a then-growing economic crisis in their respective territories.

Britain before the New Imperialism was the world's first and only major industrialized power, and its hegemonious "Pax Britannica" was a largely unchallenged. The gospel of free trade and laissez faire defined Britain's economic relations with the outside world between 1815 and 1870; the ideology of laissez faire, perhaps influenced by the egalitarian American Revolution, disagreed with the possession of colonies, claiming that the cost of defending them was far outweighed their advantages.

British policy at the time instead preferred to open the outside world to trade its industry; being far more advanced, Britain could afford to name its own price for its technology. But the New Imperialism changed all of that. While before, only industrialists had argued for imperial colonialism, soon others had begun to support it as well, the apparent success of American experient to bring so quickly join the industrial revolution, may have been seen as proof that colonialism held promise for prosperous settlement, away from the conflicts and hardships of the Old World. Soon even some trade union leaders and European socialists grow to be enthusiastic about colonial expansion.

However, by the middle of the nineteenth century, other nations, such as Germany, the United States (US), Japan, and Italy, began to industrialize. To compete with British industry, these nations placed protective tariffs on imports. During the 1870s and 1880s, the free commerce of Pax Britannica waned as tariff walls rose within the US, Russia, France, and Germany. Meanwhile, as the industrialized nations gradually began to produce an increasing surplus of manufactured goods, Chinese and Latin American industry was stimulated by foreign capital investment.

At the same time, other nations began to enter the industrial revolution; in particular, the United States, Japan, Italy, and Germany. To compete with British industry, these nations placed protective tariffs on imports. The free commerce of the early nineteenth century era of Pax Britannica waned as tariff walls rose in the United States, Russia, France, and Germany in the 1870s and 1880s. Great Britain and its competitors—now producing a surplus of manufactured goods—began to search for trade outlets in captive markets; the ensuing Long Depression of 1873-1896 convinced the great powers' most influential policymakers that colonial empire was the solution to the problem.

Though lawmakers often used economic arguments to explain this resurgence of imperialist doctrine; it also had support from explorers, religious leaders, and the military -- who generally supported the movement for scientific, cultural, and strategic reasons. Even some trade unions and socialists were supportive of the process.

---

The scramble for overseas territory sprung just as much from the international rivalry between European states, stemming from problems of the balance of power in Europe that were extended abroad, as from their economic competition. Following the Franco-Prussian War, the breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the creation of nation-states in Germany and Italy heightened aggressive national rivalry, in which nations began to secure colonies according to what they believed to be a strategic necessity. Such competition resulted in increasing great power tensions and laid the groundwork for the start of the First World War.

Comments
Sv,

I understand that you're still working on the merger (BTW, thanks once again for intervening), but perhaps the following questions and comments will be helpful. I copied and pasted your draft below, and inserted my comments throughout the draft. 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Among the causes for this emerging European expansionism were the demoralizing and fierce Old World feudal conflicts, which caused great imbalances of power, and the breakdown of the Concert of Europe.
 * I'm not sure what you mean by "Old World feudal conflicts." Is this a reference to the Revolutions of 1830, the Revolutions of 1848, the German Wars of Unification, and the Franco-Prussian War? These definitely aren't the feudal, dynastic struggles of the Middle Ages. These trends are characterized as the workings of European modernization, if anything, as "bourgeois" or "capitalist" revolutions (I don't know if it's particularly helpful to isolate these individual wars and revolutions from a dense web of activity, in order to describe them as "bourgeois" or "capitalist," but that's another matter.) 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, you may be breaking this down a bit too much for analysis. Please see American exceptionalism. In there I use the same generalization of the "Old World" as a place of long established cultures, where conflict, feudalism, and aritocratic rule make things somewhat miserable. From that general perspective, the New World became an instant legend, and the presence of this legend inspired to some degree the development of rebellious, anti-aristocratic and egalitarian views back home. Because this article deals with (what I think is) a particular aspect of the above; namely 'the emergence of a philosophy of European and American imperialism;' the difficulty of fighting profitable wars in the Old World, combined with the means of industrialization (Dark ages, nobody could do much), and added to that the legendary American expansionism; caused this imperial idea to emerge. I agree that rather than view the issue as a specific issue of event and causality, attributing to one event any supreme catalytic power, Im generalizing for the time being the issues to explain the general historical context. Old world is meant to be a broad generalization -relative to the New World; it doesnt quite have the same usefulness here, because the context is more confined to Europe. In any case, I think that we can draw a link between the expansionism of "sea to shining sea", and the full-steam (literally) colonialism of Europe.-SV

The creation by war of new nation-states, like Germany, Italy, and Serbo.. would conflict with existing ethnic boundaries and cause competitive tensions that would, in decades later, become manifest in the World Wars.
 * I'm not sure what the reference to "existing ethnic boundaries" is doing in this sentence. We certainly do see the rise of many disparate forms of nationalism in Europe between the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and the beginning of the Great War in 1914 (e.g., Garibaldi, Mazzini, and later Bismarck and Cavour); and nationalism's relationship with imperialism is very complex, depending on the context. But we're not necessarily dealing with ethnic conflict. Ethnic conflict and separatism was latent in the dynastic, multinational land empires (Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Turkey), but Turkey, Austria, and Russia were not significant participants in the scramble for overseas colonial expansionism in the era of the New Imperialism. (Nationalism is not necessarily ethnonationalism, of course) 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I see. I was using the large brush of the most general use of the term "ethnic". If you think that Im at least onto something with the structure, feel free to add finer details. Note I didnt know what to call the Serbian ethnic states of the time. The point is; explain that this was yet another mark in the negative column for Europeans. Hardline, established governments, etc etc etc. Its not a peasants eye view; but I think that to attribute causality of events to leaders, ignoring the sways of the public, is to see the waves but ignore the ocean. -SV

The Long Depression (1873-1896) is thought to have played a catalytic role in convincing British policymakers that colonialism, captive markets, and territorial expansion were answers to a then-growing economic crisis in their respective territories.

 * Rather than asserting that it is thought to have played a catalytic role in convincing British statesmen, we should just make a statement of that role for the sake of clarity. [BTW, the sentence should not just make reference to British policymakers, but also policymakers from continental Europe (e.g., Jules Ferry, Leopold II of Belgium, Francesco Crispi, and even Otto von Bismarck, who was emphatically skeptical of overseas colonial expansionism as late as 1871).] It is an established fact that the Long Depression convinced some business and government leaders, such as Ferry, Disraeli, Leopold, Crispi, and Bismarck, that searching for trade outlets abroad and building colonial empires would solve the problems rooted in shrinking European markets. It wasn't the sole factor, of course; but stating that the Long Depression was a factor doesn't imply that it was the sole factor. 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Britain before the New Imperialism was the world's first and only major industrialized power, and its hegemonious "Pax Britannica" was a largely unchallenged. The gospel of free trade and laissez faire defined Britain's economic relations with the outside world between 1815 and 1870; the ideology of laissez faire, perhaps influenced by the egalitarian American Revolution, disagreed with the possession of colonies, claiming that the cost of defending them was far outweighed their advantages.
 * (1) Hegemonic, not hegemonious. (2) I'm not sure if why the text is stating that this was "perhaps" influenced by the American Revolution; these ideas were certainly influenced by the American Revolution. Richard Cobden and Adam Smith, and the liberal theorists writing after the American Revolution asserted outright that colonies spawned by the mercantilist system were wasteful, expensive in men and money, a burden to the taxpayer, affording no reciprocal economic benefit, for trade would continue with them whether they were under British political control or not. They explicitly argued that this was the main lesson learnt from the loss of the thirteen colonies. (3) I don't understand why the word "egalitarian" is relevant preceding American Revolution. 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

British policy at the time instead preferred to open the outside world to trade its industry; being far more advanced, Britain could afford to name its own price for its technology.
 * Even during the age of Pax Britannica, Britain was not immune to the pressures of price deflation and declining demand, of course. Rather that saying that Britain "could afford to name its own price for its technology," I think that it behooves us to stat that as the world's most technologically advanced nation, Britain could produce manufactured goods so efficiently and cheaply that its goods could often undersell locally manufactured goods in other markets throughout the world, assuming stable political conditions and open markets. 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

But the New Imperialism changed all of that. While before, only industrialists had argued for imperial colonialism…
 * Not necessarily. Indeed, in the mid-Victorian era industrialists were often the most emphatic critics of formal colonialism; after all, the middle classes (not the upper classes) were the major taxpayers. (The capitalists of this age were indeed not too different from those of our age; they typically aren't fans of "big government now," save for government contractors like Boeing, Lockheed Martin, McDonnell Douglas, Halliburton-- although they don't like to admit it.) Industrialists were often the Cobenites in the mid-nineteenth century. At the time, they were often the supporters of the imperialism of free trade. The Cobenites maintained that the possession of colonies were detrimental to peace, because it provoked jealousies among other European powers and wars within their frontiers. Moreover, they argued that colonies were developed in the age of mercantilism only to enable the English upper classes (aristocrats-- not the bourgeoisie) to find jobs for their younger sons as governors and generals. At any rate, we must be careful here. It is often hard to characterize the position of a class when it comes to European imperialism in a specific place and time; and it's all but impossible to characterize the position of a class without contextualizing the temporal and spatial confines. 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

soon others had begun to support it as well, the apparent success of American experient to bring so quickly join the industrial revolution, may have been seen as proof that colonialism held promise for prosperous settlement, away from the conflicts and hardships of the Old World.
 * [I reconsidered this response after writing it. My second response can be found below. 172 11:46, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)] I'm failing to understand this point about the American experiment. There is already a sentence in the article stating the following: "The revival of working-class militancy and emergence of socialist parties during the Depression decades led conservative governments to view colonialism as a force for national cohesion in support of the domestic status quo." Is this making the same point as what you're stating above? (A number of authors have written that the nineteenth century ruling classes diverted the attention of the masses from their wretched conditions by offering them the exciting diversion of adventure and glory in imperial enterprises.) But you're not really dealing with memories of the American Revolution, but rather the far, far fresher memories of the Revolutions of 1848, the Paris Commune, and rise of the SDP in Germany, for example. 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, I'm starting to reconsider my response. My first response was based on the assumption that this was a reference to the revolutionary pressures driving imperialistic expansion. I now see that this is an allusion to population pressure as a motive for imperialistic expansion. This has indeed received some attention in the historical literature. (In the middle of the eighteenth century the population of Europe numbered around 140 million; by 1914 this number had increased to roughly 460 million, I believe. And some European statesmen, particularly in Germany and Italy, thought of the acquisition of new colonies as a means whereby their surplus population could be settled in sparsely settled lands without escaping the political control of the motherland.) So, perhaps it does warrant mentioning that millions of Germans, Britons, and Italians, hearing that land was more plentiful and jobs easier to secure overseas, left Europe and migrated abroad. However, I hesitated to go into detail about this in the article, as the populating of the successful settlement colonies (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, and Algeria) was more strongly associated with earlier eras of expansion (by that I mean mercantilism and the period framed by the American Revolution and the rise of the New Imperialism, when Britain made a great deal of concessions to "home rule" in its remaining white settler colonies). Also, few Europeans migrated to the tropical colonies acquired by Europe during the era of New Imperialism; the vast majority migrated to the United States and the temperate regions of Latin America, especially South America's Southern Cone. 172 11:46, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Soon even some trade union leaders and European socialists grow to be enthusiastic about colonial expansion.

However, by the middle of the nineteenth century, other nations, such as Germany, the United States (US), Japan, and Italy, began to industrialize. To compete with British industry, these nations placed protective tariffs on imports. During the 1870s and 1880s, the free commerce of Pax Britannica waned as tariff walls rose within the US, Russia, France, and Germany.

Meanwhile, as the industrialized nations gradually began to produce an increasing surplus of manufactured goods, Chinese and Latin American industry was stimulated by foreign capital investment.
 * As I remarked to Lir earlier, I'm not sure what this reference to China and Latin America is doing here. Investments within Western Europe and North America on the whole assisted and accelerated economic advancement, helping to create the costly infrastructure (such as railways and other public works) for development nations that would in time repay these debts. By contrast, investments in more underdeveloped areas (much of Latin America, Manchu China, the Russian and Ottoman Empires, and the overseas colonial territories) that lacked both the expertise and the power to direct the capital flow, served to colonize rather than develop them, destroying native industries and creating dangerous economic and political pressures that would, in time, produce what social scientists now call "the North/South divide" and demands for a new international economic order (e.g., the Russian and Chinese Revolutions and decolonization following the Second World War). At any rate, I think that Lir's sentence can be replaced with one accounting for how New Imperialism forged the international political and economic system that we know today, and areas like East Asia and Latin America found themselves in a subordinate position in an international division of labor. 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

At the same time, other nations began to enter the industrial revolution; in particular, the United States, Japan, Italy, and Germany. To compete with British industry, these nations placed protective tariffs on imports. The free commerce of the early nineteenth century era of Pax Britannica waned as tariff walls rose in the United States, Russia, France, and Germany in the 1870s and 1880s. Great Britain and its competitors—now producing a surplus of manufactured goods—began to search for trade outlets in captive markets; the ensuing Long Depression of 1873-1896 convinced the great powers' most influential policymakers that colonial empire was the solution to the problem

Though lawmakers often used economic arguments to explain this resurgence of imperialist doctrine; it also had support from explorers, religious leaders, and the military -- who generally supported the movement for scientific, cultural, and strategic reasons. Even some trade unions and socialists were supportive of the process.
 * I have a bit of a bone to pick with the reference to scientific, cultural, and strategic motivations among the certain groups mentioned. The way it's written seems to imply that 'scientific, cultural, religious, and strategic' motives aren't 'economic motives' and the other way around. Many of these different 'motives' are flip sides of the same coin. I mean, e.g., a missionary could be motivated economically and a financier could be passionately committed to his "white man's burden." I think that this matter is best addressed not with a statement associating certain motives with certain groups, but rather with this somewhat less suggestive (and reductionistic) list of examples that appears later in the article: "Many of Europe's major elites also found advantages in formal, overseas expansion: mammoth monopolies wanted imperial support to secure overseas investments against competition and domestic political tensions abroad; bureaucrats wanted and sought offices, military officers desired promotion, and the traditional but waning landed gentries sought formal titles and high office." 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The scramble for overseas territory sprung just as much from the international rivalry between European states, stemming from problems of the balance of power in Europe that were extended abroad, as from their economic competition. Following the Franco-Prussian War, the breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the creation of nation-states in Germany and Italy heightened aggressive national rivalry, in which nations began to secure colonies according to what they believed to be a strategic necessity. Such competition resulted in increasing great power tensions and laid the groundwork for the start of the First World War.
 * As I said to Lir earlier, I'm still not sure about why a general overview is needed at all. There is a separate article on the Rise of the New Imperialism, which is summarized in the New Imperialism article itself. I'm still under the impression that everything articulated in both Lir's version of the general overview and mine is covered in the introduction and the section on the rise of the New Imperialism. 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * BTW, I neglected to mention this earlier. At the very beginning of the text the draft mentions the "causes for this emerging European expansionism." I don't know if it's a good idea to premise this section around "causes." (The final world on the origins of imperialistic expansion in the period from 1870-1914 is still a long way off, but it may be said that no single 'cause' is adequate. We must stress the importance of multiple causation and the fact that numerous motives recur.) While we want to be suggestive, but not at the expense of accuracy and precision. It's all but impossible to cite singular causes of such a complicated international web of activity spread over nearly two generations. 172 07:54, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Imperialism/Merge


text:
E.S. Posthumus

E.S. Posthumus was an independent music group that produced a form of 21st-century classical music/epic music that intertwined popular style drum rhythms with orchestral and electronic sounds. Their music is inspired by the Pythagorean philosophy which states that "music is the harmonization of opposites; the conciliation of warring elements". The E.S. is an acronym for "Experimental Sounds" while Posthumus (Latin postumus, meaning "last" or "born after father's death"; the English spelling is influenced by humus, "ground", "soil") is a word that is meant to represent "all things past", suggesting the music was inspired by things that have ended, some time after they ended.

Career
The group was formed in 2000 by brothers Helmut and Franz Vonlichten. Helmut and Franz studied piano with their mother. After graduating from high school, Franz worked in recording studios while Helmut attended and graduated from UCLA, with a degree in archaeology. Their music has been licensed by many movie and television production studios, being included in numerous movie trailers and television shows. E.S. Posthumus released three albums overall in their career.

On July 22, 2010, it was officially announced that Franz had died about two months before. After reporting his brother's death, Helmut stated that while there still may be one or two unreleased songs (one of them being their single "Christmas Eve" released in November 2010), the group would no longer be active. In November 2011, it was officially announced that Helmut Vonlichten had formed a new band called Les Friction, and released a preview of his new work with a track called "Torture".

Unearthed
Unearthed was the first album composed by E.S. Posthumus. It was originally made available for purchase online through CD Baby in January 2001; It became the third-biggest selling album in CDBaby's history. The success of the album prompted the wide re-release to retail in May 2005 through Wigshop and 33rd Street Records/Bayside Distribution. A key piece to the distinctive sound of the music comes from working with the Northwest Sinfonia. Other musicians performing on this CD include Pedro Eustache, Michael Landau, Matt Laug, Lance Morrison, Davy Spillane and Efrain Toro. Many tracks from Unearthed have been featured in various movie trailers and television shows. They have been used in the trailers for movies due to their escalating structure, which makes them well-suited for dramatic montages building towards the credits in trailers.

Cartographer
Cartographer, the second album from E.S. Posthumus, was supposed to be released sometime in 2006 but was actually released in early 2007. It is rumored the delay was due to the addition of Sans to the group of musicians, an addition much heralded by Helmut Vonlichten

Makara
Makara is the third album of E.S. Posthumus. It consists of 15 tracks and was released on February 2, 2010, for download on iTunes, Amazon MP3, and several other popular download services. The album is available on both CD and for digital download at CD Baby. The album was made available on eMusic on January 26, 2010. There may also be a vinyl release of the album in the future.

Rise to Glory
Rise to Glory is a single released in September 2005 featuring the vocals of rappers DJ Quik and Bizarre (from D12). The song Rise to Glory is recognized as a sung remix and an extended version of Posthumus Zone, which is most commonly recognized as the theme song to the NFL on CBS since the 2003 season.

Run This Town/Posthumus Zone
E.S. Posthumus collaborated with hip hop artist Jay-Z to create a remix of Run This Town and Posthumus Zone for the CBS broadcast of Super Bowl XLIV.

Christmas Eve
Christmas Eve is a single released in November 2010 as a Christmas tribute to Franz Vonlichten of E.S. Posthumus.

The Vonlichten brothers had begun work on a holiday project in early March 2010, which was to be released later during the holiday season. According to Helmut, the project would be a re-arrangement of their favorite holiday songs and "bring something new to the party". This track was the only song they started recording before Franz died in May 2010.

In a Facebook posting on the group's fanpage, mid-November 2010, Helmut relayed that "When Franz passed away last May, the project was barely off the ground; however, a lyric, piano sketch and rough vocal were completed on the new song." In that same posting, Helmut shared that he contacted Jeremy Lubbock, the brothers' childhood favorite arranger, to arrange the song for them. Helmut later salvaged the rough vocal recorded months earlier and included it in the final recording.

"Christmas Eve" is the last song produced from the group E.S. Posthumus and is a product of the Vonlichten brothers' last recording session before Franz's death.

title: E.S. Posthumus


text:
Portulaca

Portulaca is a genus of flowering plants in the family Portulacaceae, and is the type genus of the family. With over 100 species, it is found in the tropics and warm temperate regions. Portulacas are also known as the purslanes.

Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is widely consumed as an edible plant, and in some areas it is invasive. Portulaca grandiflora is a well-known ornamental garden plant. Purslanes are relished by chickens. Some Portulaca species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the nutmeg moth (Hadula trifolii).

Species

The following species are accepted:

 * Portulaca africana (Danin & H.G.Baker) Danin – Western Africa to south China
 * Portulaca almeviae Ocampo – Mexico
 * Portulaca amilis Speg. – Paraguayan purslane – Peru to Brazil and N. Argentina
 * Portulaca anceps A.Rich. – Ethiopia
 * Portulaca argentinensis Speg. – Argentina
 * Portulaca aurantiaca Proctor – Jamaica
 * Portulaca australis Endl. – N. & NE. Australia to W. Central Pacific
 * Portulaca badamica S.R.Yadav & Dalavi – India
 * Portulaca bicolor F.Muell. – Australian pigweed – Australia
 * Portulaca biloba Urb. – Cuban purslane – Cuba
 * Portulaca brevifolia Urb. – Cuba to Haiti, NW. Venezuela
 * Portulaca bulbifera M.G.Gilbert – Ethiopia, Kenya
 * Portulaca californica D.Legrand – Mexico
 * Portulaca canariensis Danin & Reyes-Bet. – Canary Islands
 * Portulaca cardenasiana D.Legrand – Puerto Rican purslane – Bolivia
 * Portulaca caulerpoides Britton & P.Wilson – Puerto Rico
 * Portulaca centrali-africana R.E.Fr. – E. DR Congo to NW. Tanzania
 * Portulaca chacoana D.Legrand – Paraguay to NE. Argentina
 * Portulaca ciferrii Chiov. – S. Somalia to SE. Kenya
 * Portulaca clavigera R.Geesink – Western Australia
 * Portulaca colombiana D.Legrand – Colombia to Venezuela
 * Portulaca commutata M.G.Gilbert – S. Ethiopia to N. Tanzania
 * Portulaca confertifolia Hauman – Argentina
 * Portulaca conoidea S.M.Phillips – Kenya
 * Portulaca constricta M.G.Gilbert – Ethiopia, Somalia
 * Portulaca conzattii P.Wilson – Mexico to Central America
 * Portulaca coralloides S.M.Phillips – Kenya
 * Portulaca cryptopetala Speg. – Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
 * Portulaca cubensis Britton & P.Wilson – Cuba
 * Portulaca cyclophylla F.Muell. – Western Australia
 * Portulaca cypria Danin – Mediterranean
 * Portulaca daninii Galasso, Banfi & Soldano – Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Suriname
 * Portulaca decipiens Poelln. – Australia
 * Portulaca decorticans M.G.Gilbert – Kenya, Somalia
 * Portulaca dhofarica M.G.Gilbert – Oman
 * Portulaca diegoi Mattos – Brazil
 * Portulaca digyna F.Muell. – Australia
 * Portulaca dodomaensis M.G.Gilbert – Tanzania
 * Portulaca echinosperma Hauman – Argentina
 * Portulaca edulis Danin & Bagella – Cyprus
 * Portulaca elatior Mart. ex Rohrb. – Caribbean to S. Tropical America
 * Portulaca elongata Rusby – Argentina, Bolivia, Peru
 * Portulaca eruca Hauman – Argentina, Paraguay
 * Portulaca erythraeae Schweinf. – Eritrea, Sudan
 * Portulaca fascicularis Peter – Kenya, Tanzania
 * Portulaca filifolia F.Muell. – Australia
 * Portulaca filsonii J.H.Willis – Australia
 * Portulaca fischeri Pax – Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
 * Portulaca fluvialis D.Legrand – Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay
 * Portulaca foliosa Ker Gawl. – Tropical & S. Africa, Arabian Peninsula
 * Portulaca fragilis Poelln. – Bolivia
 * Portulaca frieseana Poelln. – Brazil
 * Portulaca fulgens Griseb. – Argentina
 * Portulaca gilliesii Hook. – Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay
 * Portulaca giuliettiae T.Vieira & A.A.Coelho – Brazil
 * Portulaca goiasensis T.Vieira & A.A.Coelho – Brazil
 * Portulaca gracilis Poelln. – Bolivia
 * Portulaca grandiflora Hook. – moss-rose purslane – Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
 * Portulaca grandis Peter – Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
 * Portulaca granulatostellulata (Poelln.) Ricceri & Arrigoni – W. Europe to Caucasus; N. Africa to W. Indian ocean
 * Portulaca greenwayi M.G.Gilbert – Kenya
 * Portulaca guanajuatensis Ocampo – Mexico
 * Portulaca halimoides L. – silkcotton purslane – Central & S. U.S. to Tropical America
 * Portulaca hatschbachii D.Legrand – Brazil
 * Portulaca hereroensis Schinz – Tanzania to S. Africa
 * Portulaca heterophylla Peter – Tanzania
 * Portulaca hirsutissima Cambess. – Brazil
 * Portulaca hoehnei D.Legrand – Brazil
 * Portulaca howellii (D.Legrand) Eliasson – Galápagos
 * Portulaca humilis Peter – Tanzania
 * Portulaca impolita (Danin & H.G.Baker) Danin – U.S.
 * Portulaca insignis Steyerm. – Venezuela
 * Portulaca intraterranea J.M.Black – Australia
 * Portulaca johnstonii Henrickson – Mexico
 * Portulaca juliomartinezii Ocampo – Mexico
 * Portulaca kermesina N.E.Br. – Eritrea to S. Africa, Arabian Peninsula
 * Portulaca kuriensis M.G.Gilbert – Socotra
 * Portulaca lakshminarasimhaniana S.R.Yadav & Dalavi – India
 * Portulaca lutea Sol. ex G.Forst. – yellow purslane – Pacific
 * Portulaca macbridei D.Legrand – Peru
 * Portulaca macrantha Ricceri & Arrigoni – Canary Islands, Morocco
 * Portulaca macrorhiza R.Geesink – Lesser Sunda Islands
 * Portulaca macrosperma D.Legrand – Bolivia
 * Portulaca masonii D.Legrand – Mexico
 * Portulaca massaica S.M.Phillips – Kenya, Tanzania
 * Portulaca matthewsii Ocampo – Mexico
 * Portulaca mauritiensis Poelln. – Chagos Archipelago, Mascarenes
 * Portulaca mexicana P.Wilson – Mexico
 * Portulaca meyeri D.Legrand – Argentina
 * Portulaca minensis D.Legrand – Brazil
 * Portulaca minuta Correll – Florida, Bahamas
 * Portulaca molokiniensis Hobdy – Hawaiian Islands
 * Portulaca monanthoides Lodé – Socotra
 * Portulaca mucronata Link – Bolivia, Paraguay, Venezuela
 * Portulaca mucronulata D.Legrand – Argentina, Brazil
 * Portulaca nicaraguensis (Danin & H.G.Baker) Danin – Florida, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Texas
 * Portulaca nitida (Danin & H.G.Baker) Ricceri & Arrigoni – Europe to Central Asia, N. Africa
 * Portulaca nivea Poelln. – Peru
 * Portulaca nogalensis Chiov. – Somalia
 * Portulaca oblonga Peter – Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania
 * Portulaca obtusa Poelln. – Argentina
 * Portulaca obtusifolia D.Legrand – Argentina
 * Portulaca okinawensis E.Walker & Tawada – Ryukyu Islands
 * Portulaca oleracea L. – common purslane, pigweed – Macaronesia, Tropical Africa, Mediterranean to Pakistan and Arabian Peninsula
 * Portulaca oligosperma F.Muell. – Australia
 * Portulaca olosirwa S.M.Phillips – Kenya
 * Portulaca papillatostellulata (Danin & H.G.Baker) Danin – Europe to Mediterranean
 * Portulaca papulifera D.Legrand – Argentina
 * Portulaca papulosa Schltdl. – Argentina, Uruguay
 * Portulaca paucistaminata Poelln. – Cuba
 * Portulaca perennis R.E.Fr. – Argentina, Bolivia, Peru
 * Portulaca peteri Poelln. – Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania
 * Portulaca philippii I.M.Johnst. – Bolivia, Chile
 * Portulaca pilosa L. – shaggy purslane – Hawaiian Islands, southern U.S.A. to Tropical & Subtropical S.America
 * Portulaca psammotropha Hance – Southern China to Philippines
 * Portulaca pusilla Kunth – Colombia, Venezuela
 * Portulaca pygmaea Steyerm. – Colombia, Venezuela
 * Portulaca quadrifida L. – chickenweed purslane – Tropical & Subtropical Old World to SW. Pacific
 * Portulaca ragonesei D.Legrand – Argentina
 * Portulaca ramosa Peter – Tanzania
 * Portulaca rausii Danin – Mediterranean
 * Portulaca rhodesiana R.A.Dyer & E.A.Bruce – South Africa, Zimbabwe
 * Portulaca rotundifolia R.E.Fr. – Argentina, Bolivia
 * Portulaca rubricaulis Kunth – redstem purslane – SE. Mexico, Florida to Caribbean, Venezuela to Ecuador
 * Portulaca rzedowskiana Ocampo – Mexico
 * Portulaca samhaensis A.G.Mill. – Socotra
 * Portulaca samoensis Poelln. – New Guinea to SW. Pacific
 * Portulaca sanctae-martae Poelln. – Colombia
 * Portulaca sardoa Danin, Bagella & Marrosu – Corsica, Sardinia
 * Portulaca saxifragoides Welw. ex Oliv. – Angola
 * Portulaca sclerocarpa A.Gray – Ihi makole – Hawaiian Islands
 * Portulaca sedifolia N.E.Br. – French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
 * Portulaca sedoides Welw. ex Oliv. – Angola
 * Portulaca sicula Danin, Domina & Raimondo – Sicilia
 * Portulaca smallii P.Wilson – Small's purslane – Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia
 * Portulaca socotrana Domina & Raimondo – Socotra
 * Portulaca somalica N.E.Br. – Somalia
 * Portulaca stellulatotuberculata Poelln. – Paraguay
 * Portulaca stuhlmannii Poelln. – Tanzania
 * Portulaca suffrutescens Engelm. – shrubby purslane – Arizona, Mexico, New Mexico, Texas
 * Portulaca suffruticosa Wight – India, Sri Lanka
 * Portulaca sundaensis Poelln. – Lesser Sunda Islands
 * Portulaca thellusonii Lindl. – Brazil
 * Portulaca tingoensis J.F.Macbr. – Argentina, Peru
 * Portulaca trianthemoides Bremek. – Limpopo
 * Portulaca trituberculata Danin, Domina & Raimondo – Canary Islands, E. Central Europe to Mediterranean
 * Portulaca tuberculata León – Cuba, Cayman Islands
 * Portulaca tuberosa Roxb. – Indian subcontinent to N. Australia
 * Portulaca umbraticola Kunth – wingpod purslane – Mexico to Tropical America
 * Portulaca werdermannii Poelln. – Brazil
 * Portulaca wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. – South Africa to Ethiopia, India, Sri Lanka
 * Portulaca yecorensis Henrickson & T.Van Devender – Mexico
 * Portulaca zaffranii Danin – Mediterranean

Formerly placed here

 * Anacampseros arachnoides (Haw.) Sims (as P. arachnoides Haw. )
 * Anacampseros filamentosa subsp. filamentosa (as P. filamentosa Haw. )
 * Anacampseros lanceolata subsp. lanceolata (as P. lanceolata Haw. )
 * Anacampseros rufescens (Haw.) Sweet (as P. rufescens Haw. )
 * Anacampseros telephiastrum DC. (as P. anacampseros L. )
 * Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. (as P. portulacastrum L. )
 * Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. (as P. fruticosa L. or P. triangularis Jacq. )
 * Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. (as P. paniculata Jacq. or P. patens L. )

title: Portulaca


text:
North Antrim (UK Parliament constituency)

North Antrim is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The current MP is Jim Allister (TUV).

Boundaries
1950–1974: The Boroughs of Ballymena and Larne, the Urban Districts of Ballycastle, Ballymoney, and Portrush, the Rural Districts of Ballycastle, Ballymena, and Ballymoney, and in the Rural District of Larne the electoral divisions of Ardclinis, Ballycor, Carncastle, Glenarm North, Glenarm South, Glencloy, and Kilwaughter.

1974–1983: The Boroughs of Ballymena, Carrickfergus, and Larne, the Urban Districts of Ballycastle, Ballymoney, Portrush, and Whitehead, the Rural Districts of Ballycastle, Ballymena, and Ballymoney, and in the Rural District of Larne the electoral divisions of Ardclinis, Ballycor, Carncastle, Eden, Glenarm North, Glenarm South, Glencloy, Glynn, Islandmagee North, Islandmagee South, Kilwaughter, Middle Division, Raloo, and Templecorran.

1983–2010: The District of Ballymena, the District of Ballymoney, and the District of Moyle.

2010–present: The District of Ballymena, the District of Ballymoney, and the District of Moyle wards of Armoy, Ballylough, Bushmills, Bonamargy and Rathlin, Carnmoon, Dalriada, Dunseverick, Glenshesk, Glentaisie, Kinbane, Knocklayd, Moss Side, and Moyarget.

North Antrim has always been a county constituency comprising the northern part of County Antrim in the north-east of Northern Ireland. It has the sea to the north and east and parts of the border with County Londonderry to the west – the County Antrim town of Portrush is included in the East Londonderry constituency (although it was in this seat until 1983).

From 1885, this constituency was one of four county divisions carved out of the former constituency of Antrim. It comprised the baronies of Cary, Dunluce Lower, Dunluce Upper and Kilconway and returned one Member of Parliament from 1885 until 1922, when it was merged into a new Antrim constituency.

North Antrim was re-created in 1950 when the old Antrim two MP constituency was abolished as part of the final move to single member seats.

The constituency is largely rural. Amongst the features within its boundaries are Rathlin Island and Giant's Causeway.

The Boundary Commission initially proposed alterations for the boundaries of North Antrim prior to the 2010 general election. It was proposed to transfer Ballycastle and the Glens, including Rathlin Island, in Moyle to East Antrim and rename that seat Antrim Coast & Glens. However that proposal raised many questions, with some arguing that the Glens have no natural ties to Jordanstown. Following consultation and revision, the constituency alterations were passed through the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Constituencies Order.

History
North Antrim is an overwhelmingly unionist seat. It first existed from 1885 to 1922. From 1886 to 1974 the Conservative and Unionist members of the United Kingdom House of Commons formed a single Parliamentary party.

Unusually for Ireland, the Liberal Party retained significant strength in this constituency after the split over Home Rule in 1886. The Irish Parliamentary Party never contested the seat.

In 1906 the constituency was won by a Russellite Unionist, at least somewhat linked to the Liberal Party. Although the Unionists regained the seat when the sitting MP retired, the constituency was one of very few Unionist/Liberal marginals in Ireland at both 1910 elections.

A victory for the Unionist candidate in 1918 by 9,621 votes to Sinn Féin's 2,673 votes demonstrated the strength of the unionist support in the area.

In 1922, the constituency reverted to being part of the two member Antrim seat (as it had been before 1885). North Antrim was re-created in 1950 as a larger seat than it had been in its first incarnation. County Antrim, excluding the parts in the Belfast constituencies, was split into two divisions instead of four as previously. The 1950 North Antrim was comparable to the North and Mid Antrim divisions which had existed from 1885 to 1922.

Since 1950 the Westminster elections have been relatively uncompetitive. In 1951, it was one of the last four seats to be uncontested in a UK general election. More recently, one man repeatedly won by a large majority: Ian Paisley was first elected as a Protestant Unionist Party candidate in the 1970 general election after narrowly defeating sitting member Henry Clark. The following year that party changed to the Democratic Unionist Party and Paisley easily held the seat for 40 years until his retirement in 2010. This is the longest continuous period for which the current holding party has held any Northern Irish seat. In elections at all levels, the DUP have frequently had their highest share of the vote in North Antrim and have rarely been seriously challenged.

In March 2010 Ian Paisley announced that he would step down at the 2010 general election. His son Ian Paisley Jr was selected by the DUP to replace him as candidate. Former DUP MEP Jim Allister announced that he would contest the constituency for the Traditional Unionist Voice. Paisley Jr was elected with a significantly reduced majority.

In July 2018 North Antrim was the site of the first recall petition UK held in the under the provisions of the Recall of MPs Act 2015. This petition was launched following a critical report into Paisley Jr's conduct in respect to an undeclared trip to Sri Lanka, and Paisley Jr subsequently being suspended from the Commons for 30 days. The petition was signed by 9.4% of the electorate, short of the 10% required to unseat Paisley Jr and trigger a by-election.

Members of Parliament
The Member of Parliament since the 2024 general election is Jim Allister of the TUV.

This is the first time the DUP has lost its seat since gaining in 1970 as the Protestant Unionist Party.

North Antrim has had comparatively few MPs in its lifetime compared to other parliamentary constituencies. Sir Hugh O'Neill had sat for one of the predecessor seats of Mid Antrim between 1915 and 1922 and Antrim between 1922 until 1950, making this one of the few seats where four individuals between them represented the seat continuously over a period of ninety years.

Elections in the 2020s
This is the first time the TUV has gained a seat at Westminster, as well as the first time in 54 years that the DUP has lost the seat, since gaining it in 1970 as the Protestant Unionist Party.

Elections in the 1880s

 * Caused by MacNaghten being appointed Lord of Appeal.


text:
User talk:Markl222

I know that the Ken Jennings rumor is true because I was a contestant on Jeopardy the week after he lost, therefore i can confirm that he had recently lost, and guess at the approximate number of games he played. I have an idea of his minimum winnings because Johnny Gilbert was doing a series of voice recordings before the games for that day. He kept repeating "Whose cash winnings total $2,105,200" (obviously this number is random and inaccurate, just used here as an example). He must have recorded more than a dozen of those, the numbers getting higher each time until he reached $2.6 and change. I can't say for sure he didn't record a series of much higher totals later on, so the amount could be substantially higher, but I tend to doubt it. He also never mentioned Ken by name, but it was clear who he was talking about. What the recordings were for I can't say. It sort of sounded like he was doing the intro at the beginning of the show, but those are recorded at the taping of each episode, and give the name and number of shows won, neither of which he mentioned, so I'd have to speculate.

I know the person who beat him didn't go on a huge streak because that person did not appear the day I did, and therefore could not have won more than a handful of games, and maybe even just that one. That she was a woman was what another player said, but I can't confirm that either. I also heard a rumor of what the question he lost on was, but again, its like 4th hand information, and may easily be unreliable. Hope that clears some stuff up for you. -R. fiend 04:42, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I guess I could be remembering wrong; maybe it was closer to 2.5 million, but it do think I recall Johnny Gilbert saying 2.6+. I can't say I was writing any of it down. I guess we'll see in a few weeks. -R. fiend 22:22, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

y helo thar non-existent wikier
>_>

<_<

^_^

Copyright of derived work of[[Image:Ministryofmagic.jpg]]
I've done a image based on yours,

,but I'm not sure what is your image's copyright status. --Kakurady 14:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Ministryofmagic.jpg
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Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 15:01, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Doom maledict.jpg)
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Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 22:31, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Markl222


text:
Taxi Orange

Taxi Orange was an alternative to the Big Brother reality show. It was broadcast by the public television channel ORF. The idea, like Big Brother, was to lock up a group of people in a closed environment, only allowed to leave operating an orange taxi within the city of Vienna as a source of income and interaction with the world outside.

The habitat and the taxi interior were videotaped and used to produce a 30-minute daily summary. Each week, viewers elected a winner who had to decide on the exclusion of one colleague. The winner received 1 million Schillings. Two seasons (2000, 2001) were produced.

The show was adapted into Turkish as "Biri Bizi Gözetliyor" (Someone is watching us).

title: Taxi Orange


text:
Concerto for Two Violins (Bach)

The Concerto for Two Violins in D minor, BWV 1043, also known as the Double Violin Concerto, is a violin concerto of the Late Baroque era, which Johann Sebastian Bach composed around 1730. It is one of the composer's most successful works.

History
Bach composed his Concerto for Two Violins in D minor, BWV 1043, around 1730, as part of a concert series he ran as the Director of the Collegium Musicum in Leipzig.

Structure
The concerto is characterized by a subtle yet expressive relationship between the violins throughout the work. In addition to the two soloists, the concerto is scored for strings (first violin, second violin and viola parts) and basso continuo. The musical structure of this piece uses fugal imitation and much counterpoint.

The concerto comprises three movements:
 * 1) Vivace in D minor
 * 2) Largo ma non tanto in F major
 * 3) Allegro

Performance time of the concerto ranges from less than 13 minutes to over 18 minutes.

Reception
Around 1736–1737 Bach arranged the concerto for two harpsichords, transposed into C minor, BWV 1062.

1734–1738 Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach performed the concerto in Frankfurt an der Oder. After his father's death in 1750, Carl Philipp Emanuel inherited some of the original performance parts, likely doubles, of the concerto (surviving: parts for soloists and continuo), and likely also the composer's autograph score (lost). The extant original parts were later owned by Georg Poelchau, and were added to the Royal Library at Berlin (later converted to the Berlin State Library) in the 1840s. After the Second World War they were lost for several decades, eventually resurfacing in Poland.

Manuscript copies of (parts of) the concerto were produced around 1730–1740, in 1760, around 1760, around 1760–1789, and in the early 19th century. The concerto was first published in 1852, by Edition Peters, edited by Siegfried Dehn. In the first volume of his Bach biography (1873), Philipp Spitta describes the concerto as a product of the composer's Köthen period (1717–1723). After describing Bach's other extant violin concertos, those in E major (BWV 1042) and A minor (BWV 1041), he adds:

The Bach Gesellschaft published the concerto in 1874, edited by Wilhelm Rust. The Neue Bachgesellschaft reports around 25 known public performances of the concerto in the period from late 1904 to early 1907: most of these in Germany, but also performances in other European cities, including London, Madrid, Paris, Riga, St. Petersburg and Vienna, are mentioned. Outside of Europe, there was for instance the performance by Eugène Ysaÿe and Fritz Kreisler in New York in 1905. In London, Bach's Double became a repertoire piece, for instance regularly performed at the Proms.

After commenting that the "A minor and E major concertos are beginning to win a place in our concert halls," Albert Schweitzer writes, in the 1911 English-language edition of his book on Bach:"The concerto for two violins, in D minor, is perhaps more widely known still. It can be played at home, as its orchestral part can be easily transcribed for the piano. Every amateur should know the wonderful peace of the largo ma non tanto in F major."

- Albert Schweitzer Johannes Umbreit's piano reduction of the orchestral score was published by Henle.

Research by Andreas Glöckner, published in 1982, dispelled prior assumptions that Bach would have composed the concerto in Köthen: Bach's extant autograph parts indicate that the concerto was composed in Leipzig, likely in 1730 or the earlier part of 1731. The New Bach Edition published the concerto in 1986, edited by Dietrich Kilian. According to Peter Wollny, writing in 1999, "The Concerto for two violins in D minor BWV 1043 is today one of the best-known and most frequently performed works of the composer, above all by virtue of its soulful, song-like middle movement."

According to Michael Miller, writing for Penguin's Complete Idiot's Guides, the concerto is one of Bach's eleven most notable compositions. In the Rough Guides, the Double Concerto is described as "one of Bach's very greatest works." The BBC website describes the concerto as "one of Bach's best loved instrumental works." According to the British Classic FM website, "the 'Bach Double' is one of the most famous of his works." The uDiscover Music website lists it among ten essential pieces by the composer.

Recordings
Recordings of the concerto include:

title: Concerto for Two Violins (Bach)


text:
Portulacaceae

The Portulacaceae are a family of flowering plants, comprising 115 species in a single genus Portulaca. Formerly some 20 genera with about 500 species, were placed there, but it is now restricted to encompass only one genus, the other genera being placed elsewhere. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and is also known as the purslane family. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the highest diversity in semiarid regions of the Southern Hemisphere in Africa, Australia, and South America, but with a few species also extending north into Arctic regions. The family is very similar to the Caryophyllaceae, differing in the calyx, which has only two sepals.

The APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998) assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots. In the APG III system, several genera were moved to the Montiaceae, Didiereaceae, Anacampserotaceae and Talinaceae, thus making the family monotypic and only containing the genus Portulaca.

Species
The following species are accepted:

 * Portulaca africana (Danin & H.G.Baker) Danin
 * Portulaca almeviae Ocampo
 * Portulaca amilis Speg. – Paraguayan purslane
 * Portulaca anceps A.Rich.
 * Portulaca argentinensis Speg.
 * Portulaca aurantiaca Proctor
 * Portulaca australis Endl.
 * Portulaca badamica S.R.Yadav & Dalavi
 * Portulaca bicolor F.Muell. – Australian pigweed
 * Portulaca biloba Urb. – Cuban purslane
 * Portulaca brevifolia Urb.
 * Portulaca bulbifera M.G.Gilbert
 * Portulaca californica D.Legrand
 * Portulaca canariensis Danin & Reyes-Bet.
 * Portulaca cardenasiana D.Legrand – Puerto Rican purslane
 * Portulaca caulerpoides Britton & P.Wilson
 * Portulaca centrali-africana R.E.Fr.
 * Portulaca chacoana D.Legrand
 * Portulaca ciferrii Chiov.
 * Portulaca clavigera R.Geesink
 * Portulaca colombiana D.Legrand
 * Portulaca commutata M.G.Gilbert
 * Portulaca confertifolia Hauman
 * Portulaca conoidea S.M.Phillips
 * Portulaca constricta M.G.Gilbert
 * Portulaca conzattii P.Wilson
 * Portulaca coralloides S.M.Phillips
 * Portulaca cryptopetala Speg.
 * Portulaca cubensis Britton & P.Wilson
 * Portulaca cyclophylla F.Muell.
 * Portulaca cypria Danin
 * Portulaca daninii Galasso, Banfi & Soldano
 * Portulaca decipiens Poelln.
 * Portulaca decorticans M.G.Gilbert
 * Portulaca dhofarica M.G.Gilbert
 * Portulaca diegoi Mattos
 * Portulaca digyna F.Muell.
 * Portulaca dodomaensis M.G.Gilbert
 * Portulaca echinosperma Hauman
 * Portulaca edulis Danin & Bagella
 * Portulaca elatior Mart. ex Rohrb.
 * Portulaca elongata Rusby
 * Portulaca eruca Hauman
 * Portulaca erythraeae Schweinf.
 * Portulaca fascicularis Peter
 * Portulaca filifolia F.Muell.
 * Portulaca filsonii J.H.Willis
 * Portulaca fischeri Pax
 * Portulaca fluvialis D.Legrand
 * Portulaca foliosa Ker Gawl.
 * Portulaca fragilis Poelln.
 * Portulaca frieseana Poelln.
 * Portulaca fulgens Griseb.
 * Portulaca gilliesii Hook.
 * Portulaca giuliettiae T.Vieira & A.A.Coelho
 * Portulaca goiasensis T.Vieira & A.A.Coelho
 * Portulaca gracilis Poelln.
 * Portulaca grandiflora Hook. – moss-rose purslane
 * Portulaca grandis Peter
 * Portulaca granulatostellulata (Poelln.) Ricceri & Arrigoni
 * Portulaca greenwayi M.G.Gilbert
 * Portulaca guanajuatensis Ocampo
 * Portulaca halimoides L. – silkcotton purslane
 * Portulaca hatschbachii D.Legrand
 * Portulaca hereroensis Schinz
 * Portulaca heterophylla Peter
 * Portulaca hirsutissima Cambess.
 * Portulaca hoehnei D.Legrand
 * Portulaca howellii (D.Legrand) Eliasson
 * Portulaca humilis Peter
 * Portulaca impolita (Danin & H.G.Baker) Danin
 * Portulaca insignis Steyerm.
 * Portulaca intraterranea J.M.Black
 * Portulaca johnstonii Henrickson
 * Portulaca juliomartinezii Ocampo
 * Portulaca kermesina N.E.Br.
 * Portulaca kuriensis M.G.Gilbert
 * Portulaca lakshminarasimhaniana S.R.Yadav & Dalavi
 * Portulaca lutea Sol. ex G.Forst. – yellow purslane
 * Portulaca macbridei D.Legrand
 * Portulaca macrantha Ricceri & Arrigoni
 * Portulaca macrorhiza R.Geesink
 * Portulaca macrosperma D.Legrand
 * Portulaca masonii D.Legrand
 * Portulaca massaica S.M.Phillips
 * Portulaca matthewsii Ocampo
 * Portulaca mauritiensis Poelln.
 * Portulaca mexicana P.Wilson
 * Portulaca meyeri D.Legrand
 * Portulaca minensis D.Legrand
 * Portulaca minuta Correll
 * Portulaca molokiniensis Hobdy – Ihi
 * Portulaca monanthoides Lodé
 * Portulaca mucronata Link
 * Portulaca mucronulata D.Legrand
 * Portulaca nicaraguensis (Danin & H.G.Baker) Danin
 * Portulaca nitida (Danin & H.G.Baker) Ricceri & Arrigoni
 * Portulaca nivea Poelln.
 * Portulaca nogalensis Chiov.
 * Portulaca oblonga Peter
 * Portulaca obtusa Poelln.
 * Portulaca obtusifolia D.Legrand
 * Portulaca okinawensis E.Walker & Tawada
 * Portulaca oleracea L. – common purslane, pigweed
 * Portulaca oligosperma F.Muell.
 * Portulaca olosirwa S.M.Phillips
 * Portulaca papillatostellulata (Danin & H.G.Baker) Danin
 * Portulaca papulifera D.Legrand
 * Portulaca papulosa Schltdl.
 * Portulaca paucistaminata Poelln.
 * Portulaca perennis R.E.Fr.
 * Portulaca peteri Poelln.
 * Portulaca philippii I.M.Johnst.
 * Portulaca pilosa L. – shaggy purslane
 * Portulaca psammotropha Hance
 * Portulaca pusilla Kunth
 * Portulaca pygmaea Steyerm.
 * Portulaca quadrifida L. – chickenweed purslane
 * Portulaca ragonesei D.Legrand
 * Portulaca ramosa Peter
 * Portulaca rausii Danin
 * Portulaca rhodesiana R.A.Dyer & E.A.Bruce
 * Portulaca rotundifolia R.E.Fr.
 * Portulaca rubricaulis Kunth – redstem purslane
 * Portulaca rzedowskiana Ocampo
 * Portulaca samhaensis A.G.Mill.
 * Portulaca samoensis Poelln.
 * Portulaca sanctae-martae Poelln.
 * Portulaca sardoa Danin, Bagella & Marrosu
 * Portulaca saxifragoides Welw. ex Oliv.
 * Portulaca sclerocarpa A.Gray – Ihi makole
 * Portulaca sedifolia N.E.Br.
 * Portulaca sedoides Welw. ex Oliv.
 * Portulaca sicula Danin, Domina & Raimondo
 * Portulaca smallii P.Wilson – Small's purslane
 * Portulaca socotrana Domina & Raimondo
 * Portulaca somalica N.E.Br.
 * Portulaca stellulatotuberculata Poelln.
 * Portulaca stuhlmannii Poelln.
 * Portulaca suffrutescens Engelm. – shrubby purslane
 * Portulaca suffruticosa Wight
 * Portulaca sundaensis Poelln.
 * Portulaca thellusonii Lindl.
 * Portulaca tingoensis J.F.Macbr.
 * Portulaca trianthemoides Bremek.
 * Portulaca trituberculata Danin, Domina & Raimondo
 * Portulaca tuberculata León
 * Portulaca tuberosa Roxb.
 * Portulaca umbraticola Kunth – wingpod purslane
 * Portulaca werdermannii Poelln.
 * Portulaca wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
 * Portulaca yecorensis Henrickson & T.Van Devender
 * Portulaca zaffranii Danin

Formerly placed here

 * Anacampseros arachnoides (Haw.) Sims (as P. arachnoides Haw. )
 * Anacampseros filamentosa subsp. filamentosa (as P. filamentosa Haw. )
 * Anacampseros lanceolata subsp. lanceolata (as P. lanceolata Haw. )
 * Anacampseros rufescens (Haw.) Sweet (as P. rufescens Haw. )
 * Anacampseros telephiastrum DC. (as P. anacampseros L. )
 * Montia howellii S. Watson
 * Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. (as P. portulacastrum L. )
 * Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. (as P. fruticosa L. or P. triangularis Jacq. )
 * Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. (as P. paniculata Jacq. or P. patens L. )

Uses
Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is widely consumed as an edible plant, and in some areas it is invasive. Portulaca grandiflora is a well-known ornamental garden plant. Purslanes are relished by chickens. Some Portulaca species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the nutmeg moth (Hadula trifolii).

title: Portulacaceae


text:
John Milton (Florida politician)

John Milton (April 20, 1807 – April 1, 1865) was governor of Florida through most of the American Civil War. A lawyer who served in the Florida Legislature, he supported the secession of Florida from the Union and became governor in October 1861. In that post, he turned the state into a major supplier of food for the Confederacy. In his final message to the state legislature as the war was ending, he declared that death would be preferable to reunion with the North. When he killed himself, his son Jefferson Davis Milton was a toddler.

Early and personal life
Milton was the son of a prominent Southern family and a relative of the famed English poet of the same name. A lawyer and politician, he was the governor of Florida through much of the Civil War, being a strong supporter of secession, as well as a slave owner.

He was the son of Homer Virgil Milton, an officer who fought in the War of 1812, and the grandson of Revolutionary War hero, United States presidential candidate of 1789, and former Georgia Secretary of State, John Milton. Born near Louisville, Georgia, John Milton married Susan Cobb in about 1830, and they had three children. They lived in Georgia and later in Alabama. He remarried Caroline Howze from Alabama in 1844; they had two sons and seven daughters.

John and Caroline lived in Alabama, New Orleans, and eventually settled in Marianna (northern Florida). One of their sons was Old West lawman Jeff Milton, and a grandson, William Hall Milton, was a United States senator from Florida in 1908 and 1909.

Career
During his career, Milton became a lawyer, practicing in a number of communities in Georgia and Alabama, before settling in New Orleans. He came to Florida in 1846, and quickly entered the Florida political scene. In 1848, he served as a presidential elector for the state, then in 1850 was elected to the Florida House of Representatives.

American Civil War
As a supporter and practitioner of slavery, he was an early advocate for secession of Florida from the Union. He was a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention from Florida and in the same year ran for the office of governor. A convention was called for to take up the issue of secession and on January 10, 1861, the measure passed. He took the oath of office on October 7, 1861. During the Civil War, Milton stressed the importance of Florida as a supplier of goods, rather than men, with Florida being a large provider of food and salt for the Confederate Army. As the war drew to a close and the Confederacy was close to defeat, he became worn down by the stress of his office. Governor Milton left Tallahassee for his plantation, Sylvania, in Marianna, Florida.

Death
In his final message to the state legislature, he said that the Northern Army leaders "have developed a character so odious that death would be preferable to reunion with them".

On April 1, 1865, he was found dead of a gunshot wound to the head by his son, William Henry Milton. His death was reported as an accident by his family, church, and the West Florida News. The New York Times assumed Governor Milton's death to be suicide at the prospect of Union victory and Republican government. The president of the Florida Senate, Abraham K. Allison, was sworn in as governor of Florida later that day.

Governor John Milton is buried at Saint Luke's Episcopal Cemetery in Marianna.

Like many families of the era, Reconstruction was an economically difficult time for the late governor's family in Jackson County, Florida. Milton's youngest son, Jefferson Davis Milton (1861–1947) moved to Texas, later Arizona. He distinguished himself as a Texas Ranger, police chief of El Paso, and served for over 25 years as America's first border agent. William Hall Milton (1864–1942), grandson of the governor, was a U.S. Senator from Florida from 1908–1909.

title: John Milton (Florida politician)


text:
Category:Prehistoric mammals

This category includes prehistoric mammals known only from fossil records. Articles placed directly in this category do not easily fall into one of the given subcategories.

title: Category:Prehistoric mammals


text:
Talk:Diploidy

There is little more than a dicdef here; I propose moving the Haploidy, Diploidy, Haploidisation, Polyploidy, and Aneuploidy pages to Ploidy. You have to read all those articles to understand ploidy anywho. I'll be happy to do the merge after approvial. Lefty 16:00, 2005 Mar 12 (UTC)
 * also Haplodiploidy. Lefty 16:10, 2005 Mar 12 (UTC)

moved this back from diploidy for the same reasons as I moved haploid back from haploidy, fails Google test, and every page redirects from diploid. See Talk:Haploid. --Lexor|Talk 08:36, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diploidy


text:
Louis Lebègue Duportail

Louis Antoine Jean Le Bègue de Presle Duportail (14 May 1743 – 12 August 1802) was a French military leader who served as a volunteer and the Chief Engineer of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He also served as the last Secretary of State for War and first Minister of War during the beginning of the French Revolution.

Early life and education
Louis Lebègue Duportail was born in 1743 at Pithiviers, France. He graduated from the royal engineer school at Mézières in 1765.

Military career
Promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Royal Corps of Engineers, Duportail was secretly sent to America in March 1777 to serve in Washington's Continental Army under an agreement between Benjamin Franklin and the government of King Louis XVI of France. He was appointed colonel and chief engineer of the Continental Army, July 1777; brigadier general, November 17, 1777; commander, Corps of Engineers, May 1779; and major general, November 16, 1781.

Duportail participated in fortifications planning from Boston, Massachusetts to Charleston, South Carolina, where he was captured following the surrender of the city in May 1780, and helped Washington evolve the primarily defensive military strategy that wore down the British Army. Subsequently exchanged, he also directed the construction of siege works at the Battle of Yorktown, site of the decisive Franco-American victory of the Revolutionary War. During the encampment at Valley Forge in late 1777 and early 1778, his headquarters was at Cressbrook Farm.

Returning to France in October 1783, Duportail became an infantry officer and in 1788 a Maréchal-de-Camp (brigadier general). He served as France's minister of war from November 16, 1790, through December 7, 1791, during the beginning of the French Revolution and promoted military reforms. Forced into hiding by radical Jacobins, he escaped to America and bought a farm near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. He lived there until 1802, when he died at sea while attempting to return to France.

title: Louis Lebègue Duportail


text:
Talk:John Kerry/Lyellin

1971 Meeting of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW)
From November 12th to 15th, 1971, a VVAW meeting was held in Kansas City, Missouri. The meeting is quite controversial because one activist suggested that the VVAW should assassinate seven Senators who were in favor of continuing the Vietnam War, including Strom Thurmond, John Stennis, and John Tower.

Controversy has arisen in some circles over if Kerry was at this meeting and which speeches he heard at specific times. Kerry’s campaign, according to the Boston Globe, says that Senator Kerry does not remember attending the Kansas City meeting, nor does he remember the speceific discussion in question.

The speaker who suggusted the assasinations was Scott Camil, who, according to the same report, does not remember Kerry being there, and comments that “He hard nothing to do with this, I don’t remember seeing him there.” Other reports, including a FBI Report and another VVAW Member, Randy Barnes, report Kerry as attending the meeting, although Barnes has later retracted and said that he may have been mistaken as to which meeting in Missouri he saw Kerry at.

When I was writing this, I didn't have the Boston Globe link handy... that needs to be added to the end of the section.

Second version
1971 Meeting of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW)

From November 12th to 15th, 1971, a VVAW meeting was held in Kansas City, Missouri. The meeting is quite controversial because one VVAW member in attendance suggested that the VVAW should assassinate, among others, seven Senators who were in favor of continuing the Vietnam War, including Strom Thurmond, John Stennis, and John Tower. A second controversey has arisen recently as to whether or not Kerry was in attendence at the meeting.

Scott Camil, the man who suggested using violence, has recently said that he does not remember Kerry being there. According to the Boston Globe (http://www.boston.com/news/politics/president/articles/2004/04/01/kerry_cant_recall_being_at_71_parley?mode=PF), Camil states “He had nothing to do with this, I don’t remember seeing him there.”

Other sources, including the FBI and also another VVAW Member, Randy Barnes, have corroborated Kerry as attending the meeting. However Mr. Barnes has more recently restated his position on this and now says that he may have been mistaken as to which meeting in Missouri he saw Kerry at.

Kerry’s campaign, according to the Boston Globe, says that Senator Kerry does not remember attending the Kansas City meeting, nor does he remember the specific discussion in question. After being presented with the FBI reports, the Kerry campaign has acknowledged that they must be correct, and that Kerry did attend the meeting in question.

title: Talk:John Kerry/Lyellin


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Talk:Wilhelm scream

MF DOOM
That's That! Rap song has got it

Director Usage
Citation #7 does not state that Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Rings uses the Wilhelm scream.

Furthermore, why is there a need to list Jackson and Lucas' movies if the statement is in almost all of their movies?

Also, Joe Dante didn’t direct Spaceballs. I think they meant Innerspace (1987). I don’t know how all this works but wanted to point this out!

Sean Bean scream
That last sentence in "History" made me think about how should they record a Sean Bean scream.

Classic, but Appeared in Modern SpongeBob.
In case you didn't know, the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Sportz?" from Season 10 marks the first appearance of this iconic sound. It's kinda crazy it wasn't used until 2017, considering the show first aired 18 years prior. 2603:7080:DC02:5FB5:9C9C:E310:D14D:BBC2 (talk) 11:30, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

Other sonic signatures, specifically, airhorns.
I did not know about the Wilhelm Scream until today, and will be entertainingly embarrassed by my previous ignorance, during repeats of the many things I have seen that I now know contain it. What I HAVE noticed, is a thing not mentioned here, or in the film-maker's signatures article: a certain blaring airhorn. Two blasts, one steady in pitch, the second with strong Doppler effect in passing. I've heard it often, and there seems to be a game in which makers of films and TV shows take this sound to ever more outlandish extremes of use. I expect Doctor Who to hold the title very comfortably for maybe 20 years following its use for the Slitheen spaceship's crash landing, but since then I've been hearing it so many times, exact in pitch and duration, every time, in shows both older and newer... I don't know its origins, but I hope that maybe someone reading this will be interested enough in it to write an article to rival the Wilhelm Scream. It deserves it! 81.187.19.110 (talk) 21:40, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

List of examples seems trivial
I can see on this article that there is a long list of examples of where the Wilhelm scream was used. This seems too trivial for a Wikipedia article. I ask, because the Running gag Wikipedia article had a list like this but was taken down: Should we delete the section? Waylon (was) (here) 17:14, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm talking specifically about the "Uses" section. The history, which has Star Wars and some other films should be left in. Waylon (was) (here) 17:21, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wilhelm scream


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Andrea Jaeger

Andrea Jaeger (born June 4, 1965) is an American former professional tennis player. A former world No. 2, Jaeger's brief but successful tennis career ended prematurely due to injury.

Jaeger started her professional tennis career at the age of 14 and went on to win pro tennis tournaments while still competing in other junior tennis events. By the age of 16, she was the second ranked female professional tennis player in the world. Jaeger reached the singles finals at the French Open in 1982 and at Wimbledon in 1983. She also reached the singles semifinals at the Australian Open and the U.S. Open. During her career, Jaeger won 10 singles titles. In mixed doubles, Jaeger won the French Open with Jimmy Arias in 1981.

After retiring from tennis in 1987, Jaeger became involved in philanthropic efforts and started a foundation for children with cancer. In 2006, she became an Anglican Dominican nun.

Early life
Andrea Jaeger was born on June 4, 1965 in Chicago. Her parents are Roland and Ilse Jaeger. Jaeger grew up in Skokie and Lincolnshire, Illinois.

Tennis career
While a student at Stevenson High School, Jaeger was the top-ranked player in the United States in the 18-and-under age group. She won 13 U.S. national junior titles, including the most prominent junior titles in tennis: the 1979 Orange Bowl and 1979 Boca Raton.

In 1980 (at the age of 15 years, 19 days), Jaeger became the youngest player ever to be seeded at Wimbledon, a record that was broken by Jennifer Capriati in 1990. After defeating former champion Virginia Wade, she became the youngest quarterfinalist in the history of the tournament. Later in the year, she became the youngest semifinalist in US Open history. By the age of 16, she had become the second ranked female professional tennis player in the world.

Jaeger became a household name on the front pages of news publications, notable magazines and appearances on TV. People Magazine, Sports Illustrated, Life Magazine visited her junior high and high school. One of her endorsement commercials featured Jaeger with Bjorn Borg and another with her Mom, highlighting a new way of viewing sports prodigies.

At the French Open in 1982, Jaeger defeated Chris Evert in the semifinal 6–3, 6–1 but lost the final to Martina Navratilova. She then reached the semifinals of both the US Open and the Australian Open, losing both matches to Evert in straight sets. Jaeger and Evert met 10 times in all in 1982, with Jaeger winning three of the first five but losing the last five in a row.

At Wimbledon in 1983, Jaeger defeated six-time Wimbledon singles champion Billie Jean King 6–1, 6–1 in a semifinal on Centre Court, which was King's last career singles match at that tournament and her most lopsided singles defeat at Wimbledon. Jaeger then lost the final to Navratilova. In 2003, Jaeger said that the night before the final, she had a heated argument with her father over practicing and was locked out of her apartment by him. Eventually, Jaeger asked Navratilova to convince her father to let her back in.

Jaeger's career win–loss record against other top players was 3–17 against Evert, 4–11 against Navratilova, 2–8 against Tracy Austin, 6–8 against Hana Mandlíková, and 2–4 against Pam Shriver.

In an interview in 2003, Jaeger stated that she never was committed to being the top-ranked player in the world and tanked matches to avoid the top spot. As she rose toward the top of the game, she started visiting hospitals during tournaments. She stated that she found it, in the words of a USA Today columnist, "difficult to reconcile the narrow-minded focus of a top tennis player with her desire to help others."

Jaeger won eight of the nine singles matches she played for the U.S. in Fed Cup. She also won two of the three Wightman Cup singles matches she played for the U.S.

A major shoulder injury at the age of 19 ended Jaeger's career prematurely in 1985. She went to college and obtained a degree in theology and ministry training.

During her career, Jaeger won U.S. $1.4 million in prize money.

In 2023, Jaeger stated that during her tennis career in the 1980s, she had experienced sexual harassment ‘at least 30 times’ from a female WTA employee and was subjected to other harassment, including finding razor blades that had been placed in her sneakers.

Philanthropy
Jaeger used her winnings from tennis to create the Silver Lining Foundation in 1990. The foundation's purpose was to provide long term care to children with cancer and children in need. Originally located in Aspen, Colorado, the organization transported groups of young cancer patients to Aspen for a week of support and activities, including horseback riding and whitewater rafting. The foundation also provided money for programs for children who could not travel. The first contributor was John McEnroe. Many high-profile celebrities were involved, including Andre Agassi, Pete Sampras, David Robinson, Cindy Crawford, David Foster and Kevin Costner. The foundation was later renamed ‘Little Star Foundation’, paying tribute to Rhea Olsen, a teenager with cancer from Chicago. Olsen became best friends with Jaeger and became the first-ever paid employee of the Foundation. Jaeger helped Olsen for years before her death.

In 1996, Jaeger received the Samuel S. Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under, an award given annually by Jefferson Awards.

Jaeger's autobiography, First Service, was published in 2004. In the book, she discussed her teenage years as a tennis player and her focus on serving God. All proceeds from the book were donated to children's charities.

In 2006, Jaeger exchanged gifts with an Army Ranger serving in the Iraq War. Jaeger knew the ranger as a boy due to his cancer diagnosis and had assisted him through her foundation. He gave her his dog tags, and she gave him her Olympic ring.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, Jaeger’s Foundation provided food, medical, daily, educational and recreational supplies and support to help.

In April 2007, Jaeger and several former athletes, including Andre Agassi, Lance Armstrong, Tony Hawk, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, and Muhammad Ali, appeared on the American morning television talk show Good Morning America to announce their formation of a charity called Athletes for Hope.

Faith
Jaeger is a member of the Episcopal Church. On September 16, 2006, she became an Anglican Dominican nun. Jaeger is known as "Sister Andrea".

title: Andrea Jaeger


text:
Talk:Pangasinan language

Where are some good places to learn Pangasinan online?
I would like to know where I can learn the language of Pangasinan, as my paternal relatives hail from there, and I am born American. What resources, online or print, can I use to learn? It is hard for me to learn from my relatives, as 1) I have difficulty hearing, and 2) my relatives have little time to teach me themselves. --Geopgeop 12:44, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Bukot
Bukot 136.158.122.125 (talk) 06:22, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

Filipino
Language of pangasinan 119.94.181.16 (talk) 09:35, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pangasinan language


text:
Talk:Julia Sawalha

Fansite
Come check out my site dedicated to Julia Sawalha at

www.juliasawalha.net
 * Seems interesting and relevant - I have added it to the main article as an external link. Angmering 13:16, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This link is now dead. FYI

Where's AbFab?
Why is AbFab not mentioned in the career section? Aristophanes68 04:18, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Just came here for the first time and noticed that myself WookMuff 12:02, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

A Taste of My Life - repeated BBC1 Sat 11 Aug, 11:30 am
"Nigel Slater hosts a biographical chat show which explores the lives and loves of celebrities through their personal experiences of food. Actress Julia Sawalha talks about her earliest childhood memories of food and growing up in the family home, through to the early success of Press Gang to her role as Saffy in Absolutely Fabulous. Julia reminisces with Nigel about childhood dishes and recreates some of them, before cooking her final feast alongside Nigel. [S]" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Daytona2 (talk • contribs) 18:45, 9 August 2007

title: Talk:Julia Sawalha


text:
Ardex (car manufacturer)

Ardex was a small French automobile manufacturer controlled by Marcel Tamine and based in Nanterre.

In 1934, Ardex produced its first cyclecar, which followed the form of the Morgan three-wheeler and was powered by a V2 500 cc engine. A four-wheel car followed in 1937 which was at the time the cheapest car on the French market, priced at 5,500 francs: 10,900 francs were needed to buy a Simca 5.

In September 1939 France declared war on Germany and in June 1940 the German Army rapidly invaded and occupied Northern France. The war years were characterised by a desperate shortage of raw materials for civilian industry and of petrol. Their experience of producing very small lightweight cyclecars now encouraged Ardex to develop several little cars powered initially by electric batteries and later by pedal power during 1942 and 1943. The first significant order came from the Fulmen Company, then a leading French producer of electrical goods and equipment. The early wartime cyclecars came on four wheels, but the number of the wheels was quickly reduced to three since during 1942 tyres became increasingly hard to find and, where found, hard to afford. In October 1942 the occupying power banned the construction of electric cars, following which Ardex were restricted to pedal powered cyclecars until after the war.

In 1953, Ardex introduced a four-seater microcar. The engine was a Société Anonyme BriBan (S.A.B.B) single cylinder two stroke unit of 100 or 125 cc.

Production ended in 1955.

The Ardex name was then acquired by Max Sardou, a French engineer. He went on to create the Ardex S80, which was entered in the 1981 24 Hours of Le Mans as a Group 6 Prototype but failed to qualify. It was powered by the BMW M88 3.5L from the BMW M1 and paired to a Hewland five speed manual transmission.

title: Ardex (car manufacturer)