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Goniometer

A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position. The term goniometry derives from two Greek words, γωνία (gōnía) 'angle' and μέτρον (métron) 'measure'. The protractor is a commonly used type in the fields of mechanics, engineering, and geometry.

The first known description of a goniometer, based on the astrolabe, was by Gemma Frisius in 1538.

Protractor
A protractor is a measuring instrument, typically made of transparent plastic or glass, for measuring angles. Some protractors are simple half-discs or full circles. More advanced protractors, such as the bevel protractor, have one or two swinging arms, which can be used to help measure the angle.

Most protractors measure angles in degrees (°). Radian-scale protractors measure angles in radians. Most protractors are divided into 180 equal parts. Some precision protractors further divide degrees into arcminutes. A protractor divided in centiturns is normally called a "percentage protractor".

Bevel
A bevel protractor is a graduated circular protractor with one pivoted arm; used for measuring or marking off angles. Sometimes Vernier scales are attached to give more precise readings. It has wide application in architectural and mechanical drawing, although its use is decreasing with the availability of modern drawing software or CAD.

Universal bevel protractors are also used by toolmakers; as they measure angles by mechanical contact they are classed as mechanical protractors.

The bevel protractor is used to establish and test angles to very close tolerances. It reads to 5 arcminutes (5′ or $1⁄12$°) and can measure angles from 0° to 450°. The bevel protractor consists of a beam, a graduated dial, and a blade which is connected to a swivel plate (with Vernier scale) by a thumb nut and clamp. When the edges of the beam and blade are parallel, a small mark on the swivel plate coincides with the zero line on the graduated dial. To measure an angle between the beam and the blade of 90° or less, the reading may be obtained directly from the graduation number on the dial indicated by the mark on the swivel plate. To measure an angle of over 90°, subtract the number of degrees as indicated on the dial from 180°, as the dial is graduated from opposite zero marks to 90° each way. Since the spaces, both on the main scale and the Vernier scale, are numbered both to the right and the left from zero, any angle can be measured. The readings can be taken either to the right or to the left, according to the direction in which the zero on the main scale is moved.

Surveying
Prior to the invention of the theodolite, the goniometer was used in surveying. The application of triangulation to geodesy was described in the second (1533) edition of Cosmograficus liber by Petri Appiani as a 16-page appendix by Frisius entitled Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione.

Communications
The Bellini–Tosi direction finder was a type of radio direction finder that was widely used from World War I to World War II. It used the signals from two crossed antennas, or four individual antennas simulating two crossed ones, to re-create the radio signal in a small area between two loops of wire. The operator could then measure the angle to the target radio source by performing direction finding within this small area. The advantage to the Bellini–Tosi system is that the antennas do not move, allowing them to be built at any required size.

The basic technique remains in use, although the equipment has changed dramatically. Goniometers are widely used for military and civil purposes, e.g. interception of satellite and naval communications on the French warship Dupuy de Lôme uses multiple goniometers.

Crystallography
In crystallography, goniometers are used for measuring angles between crystal faces. They are also used in X-ray diffraction to rotate the samples. The groundbreaking investigations of physicist Max von Laue and colleagues into the atomic structure of crystals in 1912 involved a goniometer.

Light measurement
Goniophotometers measure the spatial distribution of light visible to the human eye (often luminous intensity) at specific angular positions, usually covering all spherical angles.

In medicine
A goniometer is used to document initial and subsequent range of motion, at the visits for occupational injuries, and by disability evaluators to determine a permanent disability. This is to evaluate progress, and also for medico-legal purposes. It is a tool to evaluate Waddell's signs (findings that may indicate symptom magnification.)

Rehabilitative therapy
In physical therapy, occupational therapy, Orthotics and prosthetics and athletic training, a goniometer measures range of motion of limbs and joints of the body. These measurements help accurately track progress in a rehabilitation program. When a patient has decreased range of motion, a therapist assesses the joint before performing an intervention, and continues to use the tool to monitor progress. The therapist can take these range of motion measurements at any joint. They typically require knowledge about the anatomy of the body, particularly bony landmarks. For example, when measuring the knee joint, the therapist places the axis (point of rotation) on the lateral epicondyle of the femur, and lines up the stationary arm with the greater trochanter of the femur. Finally, the therapist lines up the moveable arm of the goniometer with the lateral malleolus of the fibula, and records a measurement using the degree scale on the circular portion of the tool. Reading accuracy is sometimes a problem with goniometers. Issues with the intra-measure (between measures) and inter-tester (between clinicians) reliability may increase as the experience of the examiner decreases. Some studies suggest that these errors can be anywhere between 5 and 10 degrees.

These goniometers come in different forms that some argue increase reliability. The universal standard goniometer is a plastic or metal tool with 1 degree increments. The arms are usually not longer than 12-inches, so it can be hard to accurately pinpoint the exact landmark for measurement. The telescopic-armed goniometer is more reliable—with a plastic circular axis like a classic goniometer, but with arms that extend to as long as two feet in either direction.

More recently in the twenty-first century, smartphone application developers have created mobile applications that provide the functions of a goniometer. These applications (such as Knee Goniometer and Goniometer Pro) use the accelerometers in phones to calculate joint angles. Recent research supports these applications and their devices as reliable and valid tools with as much accuracy as a universal goniometer.

Modern rehabilitative therapy motion capture systems perform goniometry at the very least measuring active range of motion. While in some cases accuracy may be inferior to a goniometer, measuring angles with a motion capture system is superior at measuring during dynamic, as opposed to static situations. Furthermore, using a traditional goniometer takes valuable time. In the clinical context, performing manual measurements takes valuable time and may not be practical.

Contact angle goniometer
In surface science, an instrument called a contact angle goniometer or tensiometer measures the static contact angle, advancing and receding contact angles, and sometimes surface tension. The first contact angle goniometer was designed by William Zisman of the United States Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. and manufactured by ramé-hart (now ramé-hart instrument company), New Jersey, USA. The original manual contact angle goniometer used an eyepiece with a microscope. Today's contact angle goniometer uses a camera and software to capture and analyze the drop shape, and is better suited for dynamic and advanced studies.

Surface tension

Contact angle goniometers can also determine the surface tension for any liquid in gas or the interfacial tension between any two liquids. If the difference in densities between the two fluids is known, the surface tension or interfacial tension can be calculated by the pendant drop method. An advanced instrument often called a goniometer / tensiometer includes software tools that measure surface tension and interfacial tension using the pendant drop, inverted pendant drop, and sessile drop methods, in addition to contact angle. A centrifugal adhesion balance relates the contact angles to the adhesion of the drop to the surface. A gonioreflectometer measures the reflectivity of a surface at a number of angles.

Positioning
A positioning goniometer or goniometric stage is a device that rotates an object precisely about a fixed axis in space. It is similar to a linear stage—however, rather than move linearly relative to its base, the stage platform rotates partially about a fixed axis above the mounting surface of the platform. Positioning goniometers typically use a worm drive with a partial worm wheel fixed to the underside of the stage platform meshing with a worm in the base. The worm gear may be rotated manually, or by a motor in automated positioning systems.

Knife and blade cutting edge angle measurement
The included cutting angles of all kinds of sharp edge blades are measured using a laser reflecting goniometer. Developed by the Cutlery and Allied Trades Research Association (CATRA) in the UK, a range of devices can accurately determine the cutting edge profile, including a rounding of the tip to ½°. The included angle of a blade is important in controlling its cutting ability and edge strength—i.e., a low angle makes a thin sharp edge optimized for cutting softer materials, while a large angle makes a thick edge that is less sharp but stronger, which may be better for cutting harder materials.

Doctor blade inspection
Used doctor blades, from gravure and other printing and coating processes, can be inspected with a goniometer, typically with a built-in light source, to examine the blade edge for wear and correct angles. A difference in angle from that set on the machine may indicate excessive pressure, and a range of angles ("rounding") probably indicates a lack of stiffness, or wear, in the blade holder assembly.

title: Goniometer


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H.O.R.D.E.

Horizons of Rock Developing Everywhere or H.O.R.D.E. Festival was a touring summer rock music festival originated by the musical group Blues Traveler in 1992. In addition to travelling headliners, the festival gave exposure to bands, charities, and organizations from the local area of the concert.

History
The H.O.R.D.E. Festival began in 1992 as a solution to the dilemma of five East Coast bands that sought to avoid the club circuit in the summertime when other larger bands were playing to sold out amphitheaters. John Popper, the singer for Blues Traveler, explained this in a Guitar World interview: "In the summer, we'd all go out and draw maybe one or two thousand people. And there are no places outdoors that small, so we'd have to play indoors, which sucked. Then a couple of us got together and wondered 'What if we all went on tour? If we each drew our usual two thousand people, we might draw enough to fill a big shed (amphitheater). So from the outside, it may have looked like there was this big movement happening, but really, it was just a bunch of bands thinking about how to survive."

Inspired by the previous summer's success of Perry Farrell's Lollapalooza festival (which had been organized by Bill Graham Presents, the driving force behind Blues Traveler's record and promotional deal), John Popper and Dave Frey called upon their compatriots Widespread Panic, The Samples, the Spin Doctors, the Aquarium Rescue Unit and Phish to join them in a nationwide, summer, amphitheater tour. After originally christening the traveling spectacle "Horizons of Rock Developing East Coast", the vision spread to "Everywhere", and so the name was created. It is rumored John Popper came up with the idea of the H.O.R.D.E. tour at Arrowhead Ranch, a Deadhead-managed dude ranch in Parksville, New York, where Phish, Blues Traveler, Spin Doctors, Widespread Panic and Aquarium Rescue Unit, among others, had played in 1991.

The H.O.R.D.E. tour can be viewed as the beginnings of the second incarnation of jam band music, as well as the improvisation, community of fans, and diversity of music that became trademarks of the genre. The initial incarnation of jam music, led and epitomized by bands like the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band, sparked a love for improvisational rock and jazz that was fostered by both the musicians and fans associated with the second wave of 'jam' music. The H.O.R.D.E. tour, featuring such new jam icons as the Spin Doctors, Phish, Widespread Panic, the Aquarium Rescue Unit (and subsequent Col. Bruce Hampton projects), including Dave Matthews Band, allowed for a new generation of experimental improvisational music to hit a national audience. The festival was able to bring together a group of musicians with a similar approach to live performance, and thus consolidate fans of the music; hence, a scene was created around the developing genre.

After seven successful years, the final H.O.R.D.E. Tour concert took place on September 5, 1998, at Portland Meadows in Portland, Oregon.

Artists
The following artists participated in the H.O.R.D.E. festival:

 * 311
 * Agents of Good Roots
 * Alana Davis
 * Allgood
 * The Allman Brothers Band
 * Aquarium Rescue Unit
 * Barenaked Ladies
 * Beck
 * Bela Fleck and the Flecktones
 * Ben Folds Five
 * Ben Harper and the Innocent Criminals
 * Big Head Todd and The Monsters
 * The Black Crowes
 * Blues Traveler
 * Bran Van 3000
 * Cake Like
 * Chief Broom
 * Chris Stills
 * Chrysalids
 * Cowboy Mouth
 * Cycomotogoat
 * Dan Dyer with Breedlove
 * Dave Matthews Band
 * David Garza
 * Dear Liza
 * The Decadent Royals
 * Dionne Farris
 * Emmet Swimming
 * Elderberry Jam
 * Fastball
 * Fathead
 * Foodstamp
 * The Freddy Jones Band
 * Galactic
 * G. Love & Special Sauce
 * God Street Wine
 * Gov't Mule
 * The Hatters
 * Joan Osborne
 * King Crimson
 * Kula Shaker
 * Leftover Salmon
 * Lenny Kravitz
 * Marcy Playground
 * Medeski, Martin & Wood
 * The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
 * Morphine
 * The Mother Hips
 * Mr. Reality
 * Natalie Merchant
 * Neil Young and Crazy Horse
 * Patoombah Whitebread Rhythm Ensemble
 * Paula Cole
 * Pete Droge and the Sinners
 * Phish
 * Primus
 * Ricki Lee Jones
 * Robert Bradley's Blackwater Surprise
 * Rudy
 * Rusted Root
 * Screamin' Cheetah Wheelies
 * Sheryl Crow
 * Sister 7
 * Sky Cries Mary
 * Smashing Pumpkins
 * Son Volt
 * Soul Coughing
 * Soulhat
 * Spin Doctors
 * Spiritualized
 * Squirrel Nut Zippers
 * Super 8
 * Taj Mahal & The Phantom Blues Band
 * The Authority
 * Twenty Nineteen
 * The Samples
 * The Thundercloud Singers
 * The Tragically Hip
 * Toad The Wet Sprocket
 * Ugly Americans
 * Ween
 * Widespread Panic
 * Wilco
 * Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers

Return
There were rumors over the years that the band would eventually revive the H.O.R.D.E. tour. Asked about this in 2006, Blues Traveler drummer Brendan Hill replied, "The future is always bright for us, and we are constantly thinking about the future, maybe two or three years in advance." The H.O.R.D.E. Festival was officially revived on July 9, 2015, featuring Blues Traveler, 311, The Verve Pipe and Big Head Todd and the Monsters. The inaugural performance was held at the DTE Energy Music Theatre in Clarkston, Michigan.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: H.O.R.D.E.


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Inchiri Region

Inchiri (ولاية إينشيري) is a region in western Mauritania. Its capital and only city is Akjoujt. It borders the regions of Adrar to the east, Trarza to the south, and Dakhlet Nouadhibou to the north and west, along with a short Atlantic Ocean coastline. The region is known for its rich copper deposits, and therefore is heavily mined. According to the World Health Organization, there is a malaria risk during the rainy season, which lasts from July to October. Former president Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born and raised in Akjoujt.

Demographics
As of 2016, the population of the region was 20,386, compared to 19,639 in 2013 and 15,609 in 2011. The 2016 population included 10,812 males and 9,575 females.

Economy, health and education
As of 2008, the economic activity rate was 59.8% and the dependency ratio was 0.69. As of 2014, 26.1% of people worked for the government, 18.5% worked for private businesses, and 22.8% were self-employed. As of 2015, 97.4% of children aged 0 to 11 months had received the DPT vaccine, 76.0% had received the BCG vaccine, and 97.4% had received the polio vaccine. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 63.6%. The net enrollment ratio of girls in secondary level was 19.4% and that of boys was 10.0%. The region has also become a hub for the gold mining industry.

As of 2014, The unemployment rate of the average Mauritanian within Inchiri was 17.9%, The dependency ratio was 1.2, and the access to water was estimated to be around 87.6%. The vast majority of households as of 2014 did not have access to any type of home computer system, with the ownership rate being around 3.4%. More recent information on the current economic state of the Inchiri region remains hard to come by, as the government hasn't updated its economic census on the region in many categories since 2008.

The goldmine with what seems to be the most accessible information about it seems to be the Tasiast Gold Mine in Northern Inchiri. The mine seems to be operated by Tasiast Mauritanie Ltd. S.A, a subsidiary of Kinross Gold Corporation which is located in Canada. While gold is the most attractive mineral available in Inchiri, there's multiple other minerals within the region. Those being:

Asbestos, Beryllium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Gold, Iron, Nickel, Titanium, and Tungsten. The majority of mining operations occur away from popular residential areas.

title: Inchiri Region


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gopher holes

This is a dictionary definition, and a poorly written one at that. Mr. Jones 19:10, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree that it's poorly written. But perhaps it is slightly more than a dictionary definition and has potential to become substantially more. Michael Hardy 20:48, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Also, it obviously needs to get moved to the singular. Michael Hardy 20:49, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Can this page be deleted now, please? Mr. Jones 22:55, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:Broadview, Seattle

Untitled
Boundary information was obtained from the Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map from link at bottom of List of Seattle neighborhoods. It was not clear exactly where part of the southern boundary is located. So I winged it.

I noted that when traveling west on 130th St NW, there is a sign stating "Welcome to Broadview" just passed Aurora, not Greenwood. Also, Broadview Community United Church of Christ, on 125th St, is located east of Greenwood. Which is obviously contrary to the Seattle City Clerk's neighborhood map. But I wonder whether it is worth suggesting that Bitter Lake is not uniformly considered to extend south of 130th (with Broadview taking up the slack, extending to Aurora when south of 130th, but extending only to Greenwood north of 130th). -- YLlama

Broadview neighborhood limits
I'd like to amend the definitions of Broadview as follows:

West Broadview:

Everything west of 3rd Avenue NW to the Sound from Carkeek Park in the south and ending at 145th. Some would consider some of the more N'west homes to be a part of another more exclusive waterfront neighborhood known as the Highlands I believe.

Central Broadview:

The boundaries would be very tightly considered to include all of the houses between Holman Rd. and 145th and the east/west boundaries would be 3rd Ave. NW and Greenwood.

East Broadview:

105th to 130th and Greenwood extending East to Aurora.

The Bitter Lake neighborhood:

Should encompass 130th to 145th and Greenwood to Aurora. 67.168.189.105 23:08, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Broadview, Seattle


text:
Talk:Mykola Lysenko

Details
The stub had Lysenko's middle name as "Vitaliyovych", while the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians has it as "Vytaliyovych". I don't know which one is more valid from a linguistic point of view (I don't even know if Ukrainian is written in the Cyrillic alphabet), so for now I'll go with the New Grove way.
 * "Vitaliyovych" is aligned with the Ukrainian pronunciation, which is in Cyrillic. It is the spelling used in books such as Ethnic identity, music, and politics in nineteenth-century Ukraine: The world of Mykola Lysenko.  When I get a chance, I will probably beef up this article.  --JamesTeterenko 19:01, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The New Grove mentions that Lysenko was a bearer at Shevchenko's funeral, but it's not clear whether this was at the first (Russian) or second (Ukrainian) burial, or maybe both. Dmetric 19:11, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Edited out the Russian spelling of Mykola Lysenko as there is absolutely no need for it to be there. Sorouthorn 18:38 25 August 2004

 * Excellent, thank you very much. Dmetric 19:57, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

He was a pall bearer when the coffin got to Brovari on the outskirts of Kyiv for the second burial. Bandurist (talk) 16:29, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Lysenko Foundation

 * Is the International Mykola Lysenko Foundation not working for anyone else besides me? --BoguslavM 06:05, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mykola Lysenko


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Eratosthenes (crater)

Eratosthenes crater is a relatively deep lunar impact crater that lies on the boundary between the Mare Imbrium and Sinus Aestuum mare regions. It forms the western terminus of the Montes Apenninus mountain range. It is named after ancient Greek astronomer Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who estimated the circumference of the Earth, and the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

Description
The crater has a well-defined circular rim, terraced inner wall, central mountain peaks, an irregular floor, and an outer rampart of ejecta. It lacks a ray system of its own, but is overlain by rays from the prominent crater Copernicus to the south-west.

The Eratosthenian period in the lunar geological timescale is named after this crater, though it does not define the start of this time period. The crater is believed to have been formed about 3.2 billion years ago.

At low Sun-angles, this crater is prominent due to the shadow cast by the rim. When the Sun is directly overhead, however, Eratosthenes visually blends into the surroundings, and it becomes more difficult for an observer to locate it. The rays from Copernicus lie across this area, and their higher albedo serves as a form of camouflage.

In 1851 Shropshire Astronomer Henry Blunt constructed a model of the Moon's surface showing Eratosthenes. The model is based on observations made by Blunt with a reflecting telescope from his home in Shrewsbury and was displayed in the same year at the Great Exhibition, London.

From 1910 to the 1920s, William H. Pickering noted dark patches in the crater that varied in a regular manner over each lunar day. He first put forward the speculative idea that these patches appeared to migrate across the surface, suggestive of vegetation. Pickering believed that the Moon had a thicker atmosphere and reported seeing climatic variations such as frost and snow, leading him to refer to the crater as the "Gardens of Eratosthenes". Later his views would change, and he would come to believe that the vegetation was instead "swarms of animal life", which he often referred to as swarms of insects, or "lunar insects". The scientific community did not share his enthusiasm for these ideas, but they received a degree of attention in the popular press of the time primarily due to Pickering's reputation.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Eratosthenes.

title: Eratosthenes (crater)


text:
Talk:Eryops

Disscusion
This article lack citations.

The general origins of Tetrapods should be at that entry, not at this one famous genus. Much work has been done in this area in the last forty years. Wetman 19:13, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I could try to write a single article on Eryops, then we could take the remaining info and decide where it best fits, in ampbibian or tetrapod. --DanielCD 20:17, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes! Great! Isn't the gist of it already here, if you strain it out? Look at the entry Tetrapod. For instance, could not most of this general early-amphibian "Classification" subsection go there, retaining only a very brief outline sticking close to Eryops and a "For further information..." note? --Wetman 20:28, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Yea, Ill make an article for the genus and move the rest of the info here to the talk page. Then we can "dissect" it. --DanielCD 20:46, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

There it is, edit it to your will. I'm outta time now, but will look at again it in a day or two. --DanielCD 21:25, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I've put all the general material into Tetrapod without (amateur) editing. It makes good sense there, but paleontologist input is needed. --Wetman 23:17, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

When did Eryops stomp the Earth?
How many mya this great beast lived needs to be included in the article.

The date of initial description is 1877, not 1882. Wil someone edit this, as I cannot figure out how to get into the binomial name editing process.
 * Corrected the description date. As for when it lived, it is already in the text (I moved this info a little higher in the paragraph). Thanks for picking this up. ArthurWeasley 22:51, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Remarkable, yes.
"(Eryops is) ... a remarkable example of natural engineering'." -- I'm not aware of any organism that isn't. -- Writtenonsand (talk) 11:35, 1 January 2008 (UTC) No they smell like nuts

Predation
"It is taken that Eryops was not very active, thus a predatory lifestyle, while possible, was probably not the norm. It is more likely that it fed on fish either in the water or on those that became stranded at the margins of lakes and swamps. A large supply of terrestrial invertebrates were also abundant at the time, and this may have provided a fairly adequate food supply in itself." -- Predator says: "A predator is an animal that hunts and kills other organisms, usually for food." So fish and invertebrates don't count as "other organisms"? -- Writtenonsand (talk) 11:39, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Carboniferous/Permian
I'm pretty sure it lived in the Carboniferous...-DaAaAaAaAaA (talk) 20:48, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Me, too. What he's saying is that he thinks it lived in the carborniferous. -Walkingwith08 (talk) 18:49, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Four or five fingers?
This very old paper says four, but it appears to be commonly restored with five. FunkMonk (talk) 11:40, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

No Direct Descendants
That's a powerful statement. Did all Eryops practice abstinence? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.70.113 (talk) 23:52, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eryops


text:
File:Opeth stilllife.jpg

Fair use rationale for Still Life (Opeth album)
Although the image is subject to copyright, its use in Still Life (Opeth album) is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * It is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover;
 * It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way;
 * The image is not used for profit - only for demonstration and/or illustrative purposes;
 * Copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD;
 * The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist, Opeth.

title: File:Opeth stilllife.jpg


text:
Southwide Baptist Fellowship

The Southwide Baptist Fellowship is an Independent Baptist Christian denomination in United States. It is a member of the International Baptist Network.

Organisation
The organizational structure of government and by-laws within the Southwide Baptist Fellowship are not available for public viewing, but the organization includes a moderator and one of its main purposes is to convene regularly for conferences.

Beliefs
Considered a conservative and "Fundamentalist" association of Baptist churches, the Southwide Baptist Fellowship is not as staunchly devoted as other Baptist Fundamentalist Fellowships to the concept of absolute autonomy (local church independence) or the essential requirement of the King James Version (KJV). Certainly, most member churches of the Southwide Baptist Fellowship are Independent Baptist and remain "KJV-only".

When it originated, the Southwide Baptist Fellowship was almost identical in teaching and outlook as the core of Independent Baptist Fundamentalism. It was heavily influenced by Lee Roberson and John R. Rice. Its hallmark code of behaviors (short hair on men, dresses on women, no mixed bathing, no movies, no contemporary music) and its theology of Dispensationalism were standard for Baptist Fundamentalism. Many of its members were openly antagonistic towards the Southern Baptist Convention and were outposken critics of SBC policies which, two decades ago, permitted a certain degree of liberal theology.

Increasing openness
Over time, particularly since the 1990s, the Southwide Baptist Fellowship has loosened some of its more strict requirements of dress and behavior.

Currently, it remains a loose federation of Baptist churches that stand for conservatism, both religious and political, including political action, and overall it remains Dispensational in theology. It embraces but does not require strict independence.

Splinter Organizations
Once Southwide began to open up to more Southern Baptists and Contemporary Christian influences, the more conservative, KJV Only sections began forming separate fellowships such as the Nationwide Independent Baptist Fellowship, now known as the Atlanta Super Conference, and more recently the new Southwide Independent Baptist Fellowship. Both of these groups have been influenced by leaders from independent Baptist institutions such as Crown College (Tennessee), West Coast Baptist College and Hyles-Anderson College.

title: Southwide Baptist Fellowship


text:
Anne Hathaway (disambiguation)

Anne Hathaway (born 1982) is an American actress and singer.

Anne Hathaway may also refer to:
 * Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare) (1556–1623)
 * "Anne Hathaway" (poem), a poem by Carol Ann Duffy
 * Portrait of Anne Hathaway
 * Mary Bigelow Ingham (1832–1923), American author who used the pen name Anne Hathaway
 * Anne Hathaway, chair of the Indiana Republican Party (2023–2024)

title: Anne Hathaway (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Anne Hathaway (disambiguation)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move. JPG-GR (talk) 00:25, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

I do not see a clear primary page, and so I suggest that this page be moved to Anne Hathaway. Snowman (talk) 11:47, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Support as per my nomination. Snowman (talk) 01:50, 27 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose The actress's page is clearly the primary page. Just like the prime minister's page is clearly the primary page for Winston Churchill, rather than the page for that Winston Churchill from the 1600s that nobody's ever heard of.  Shakespeare's wife Anne Hathaway's article has taken over 5.5 times as long to have the most recent 500 posts as has the actress Anne Hathaway's article (since 17 August 2006, rather than since 25 June 2008).  That's an indication that the actress's page is more noteworthy than Shakespeare's wife's page. - Shaheenjim (talk) 12:42, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Support move. I thought there was a clear primary page (Shakespeare's wife, the only Anne Hathaway I have ever heard of) until I saw the post above. Kusma (talk) 22:07, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose for following reasons: Anne Hathaway has nine times as many hits in October as Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare) (the proportion in previous months was less but still significant); a Google search shows the actress overwhelmingly dominating the first half dozen or more pages; "very little is known about" Shakespeare's wife; and (least important) all the links that currently point to Anne Hathaway would point to a disambiguation page instead unless fixed. Station1 (talk) 00:50, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * This reason is specious, because it does not show that all the hits on Anne Hathaway were by people looking for an article about the 20th Century American actress, not some other Anne Hathaway. Maybe some of those hits were by women named Anne Hathaway and curious about other women with the same name. --Una Smith (talk) 17:53, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * "specious"? In October there were 129,339 hits on Anne Hathaway (it's one of the top 10,000 articles on Wikipedia). Those who didn't want an article about the actress would likely click on the hatnote link to Anne Hathaway (disambiguation). That article had 3,964 hits in October. So you're right: we can only say with reasonable certainty that 97% of the hits on Anne Hathaway were by people who wanted the actress. The other 3% were dissatisfied (or curious?). Take off 3% and it's still nine times the hits as Shakespeare's wife. Station1 (talk) 07:56, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The counts that you quote for "Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare)" are wrong, they are not 3956 in October 2008 they are 13956; anyway, lets use more up-to-date counts. from 1 to 25 November 2008 "Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare)" had 12586 hits and "Anne Hathaway" had 65736 hits. Currently Shakespeare's wife is getting about 21% of the hits. Remember this is with the current setup with "Anne Hathaway" being the primary page and "Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare)" being an unlikely search term. Snowman (talk) 11:06, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * On the 25 November 2008, the latest day available, Shakespeare' wife got about 37% of the hits, but I think that this is artificially low because of the way the primary page and redirects are set up. [-Snowman]

 * No, I was not wrong. I did not quote hits on "Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare)" but rather on "Anne Hathaway (disambiguation)", my point being that only 3% of viewers landing on Anne Hathaway may have been looking for something other than the actress. That was in reply to Una Smith's comment. I used an October comparison of 9:1 for the actress over the wife because that was the last full month available and the default month on the program, while noting "the proportion in previous months was less but still significant". The more common proportion is indeed 5:1, which while less than 9:1, is still significant enough, combined with my other reasons, to meet the requirements of WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, in my opinion. Other reasonable people may differ. Station1 (talk) 19:21, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The actress has had a substantial decline in hits between October and November, so you are using out-of-date page views. It would be more relevant to use November results. The actresses hit counts appear to fluctuate a lot and may be influenced by recent events. The fame of Shakespeare's wife has endured for more than 400 years. Snowman (talk) 21:51, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose Anne Hathaway (actress) is more prominent than ol' Willy's wife, having starred in many hit movies. The statement Very little is known about her, beyond a few references in legal documents shows that wifey is very trivial, except in Shakespeare worship. 76.66.195.63 (talk) 01:18, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It would be helpful if you logged-in or signed. It is easier than using italics, wikilinks, embolden, and bullet points. which you appear to be familiar with. Snowman (talk) 16:26, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * signature ~ produces: 76.66.195.63 (talk) 10:29, 24 November 2008 (UTC) — hence I did sign.
 * It would be helpful if you logged-in and had a user name. Snowman (talk) 13:59, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Snowmanradio, are you thinking this IP is a sockpuppet? Given that the polling is nowhere near tied, I think it does not matter and the IP's vote can be taken at face value.  --Una Smith (talk) 17:56, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I have said that it would be helpful if the IPA logged in. I have no reason to suspect that any of the votes here are from sock-puppets to date. Snowman (talk) 11:20, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Support move. Both Anne Hathaway and Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare) have over 100 and under 250 incoming links.  In that sense, neither is a clear winner in terms of prominence.  I think a topic with more incoming links is a worse candidate to occupy the ambiguous title.  Here is why.  Anne Hathaway is bound to accumulate links intending someone other than this lady, and the more links there are that do intend this lady, the more painful it is to disambiguate the other links.  I have just been going through this with Weymouth and Weymouth, Dorset, involving far more links than here.  See Talk:Weymouth, Dorset.  --Una Smith (talk) 03:06, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, the actress's article has more than 250 incoming links. I suspect they only fit on the page for 1-250 because some of them go to articles that redirect to the actress's article, rather than going to her article directly.  The actress's article has more than 2.5 times as many incoming links than Shakespeare's wife.  And if the links to the primary article are intended for the actress (and they are), and she keeps the primary article, then there's no need to disambiguate the links. - Shaheenjim (talk) 04:36, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think incoming links to incoming redirects count; they are not involved in any way, except in the argument that some measure of popularity should decide which topic other than a disambiguation page should have the ambiguous title.  My argument is different.  My argument is that the disambiguation page, not any of the others, should have the ambiguous title. --Una Smith (talk) 05:21, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Suppport move per Snowman, Kusma and Una Smith's comments. In terms of notability/importance Anne Hathaway may currently be more popular/prominent in the public eye, but will she be remembered in centuries to come (or possibly even decades – no disrespect intended) as has Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare)? I understand the reasoning behind the opposing comments, but looking at the bigger picture there's no clear winner in my mind. --Red Su ns et    10:14, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Certainly the actress won't be as well known in 100 years as she is now. But Shakespeare's wife isn't really remembered either.  The article says very little is known about her.  And even though most people won't know the actress in the future, record keeping today is much better than it was during Shakespeare's time, so there will still be more information about the actress available than about Shakespeare's wife. - Shaheenjim (talk) 16:47, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, the clear winner would be a disambiguation page. Once the backlog of incoming links is disambiguated (that means editing each linking article to make the link go where it should), in future only periodic new disambiguation parties are needed.  A year ago, I disambiguated several hundred links to AFP;  since then, about 60 more incoming links have accumulated.  But because AFP is a disambiguation page, there are almost no "legitimate" links, so disambiguating those 60 new links will be relatively easy. --Una Smith (talk) 01:03, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I think that all the links to the primary article are for the actress. So if we leave the primary article as the actress's article, then there's no need to edit the links.  And I don't know why you'd want the disambiguation article as the primary article.  Most people who go to the primary article do so because they want the page for the actress.  Not because they want the disambiguation article. - Shaheenjim (talk) 01:43, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Do not worry about links they can be sorted out quite quickly. What about vast numbers of people who know Anne Hathaway as the wife of William Shakespeare, who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist, and have never heard of the actress? I really think that the incredible worldwide lasting fame of Anne Hathaway should not be underestimated. Actually, there is a very good case for an article on Shakespeare's wife being the primary page, however the wiki is generally overrepresented by modern popular culture. Snowman (talk) 02:13, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * People looking for Shakespeare's wife can easily find her article by clicking on the link to the disambiguation article at the top of the article for the actress. And the allegedly "vast" numbers of people who know Shakespeare's wife but not the actress are wildly outnumbered by the actually vast numbers of people who know the actress but not Shakespeare's wife. - Shaheenjim (talk) 02:39, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * If Anne Hathaway is a disambiguation page and at intervals editors go through any new incoming links and disambiguate them, all readers will go directly to the relevant article. That is how a disambiguation page works best, if it has the ambiguous title.  Anne Hathaway (disambiguation) does not serve.  That pages has one incoming link that might need disambiguation. --Una Smith (talk) 03:38, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh. I think I see what the problem is.  You're right that if the primary article is the disambiguation article, then people who reach their desired article through a link will go directly to the correct article.  The problem is that a lot of people don't reach their desired article through a link.  A lot of them go directly to the primary article.  And since most of those people want the article for the actress rather than the article for Shakespeare's wife, the primary article should be for the actress.  People who want the article for Shakespeare's wife, and who reach it through a link, will still go directly to the right article.  Because I think the links already are all disambiguated.  The links that are intended for the article for Shakespeare's wife already all go directly to that article. - Shaheenjim (talk) 03:57, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I think we're getting somewhere: now I see some assumptions.  One is that more people type "London" into the search box than navigate to "London" via a link.  Is that true?  Is that data we can access?  Another is that people who don't want London, England are savvy enough to qualify their search term and that they guess in advance, correctly, how to qualify it.  Eg, "London, Ontario" and not "London, Canada".  As a reader, I would expect searching for "London" to return a disambiguation page, with London, England right at the top.  Another assumption is that someone (who?) has already fully disambiguated any wrong links to Anne Hathaway.  I agree that all links to Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare) should be correct, by virtue of the article's unambiguous title.  I do not agree that all links to Anne Hathaway also will be correct, unless someone diligently fixes them. --Una Smith (talk) 04:12, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * But London doesn't go to a disambiguation page. It goes straight to the article most people are looking for, with a hatnote to other uses right at the top. Station1 (talk) 06:35, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, London is about London, England; it is an article with an ambiguous title, just as Anne Hathaway currently is.  London may be beyond changing, and its incoming links beyond disambiguating, but Anne Hathaway is not.  --Una Smith (talk) 13:38, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * (outdent) Shakespeare wife and her name and fame are rooted in history spanning centuries. I have just found out something about the actress, who I had never heard off until I was looking on the wiki for the page on Shakespear's wife: "She [the actress] was named after the wife of playwright William Shakespeare." Snowman (talk) 11:04, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

I did a Google Search for "Anne Hathaway" and the third hit (and first Wikipedia hit) was to Anne Hathaway (actress), not to Anne Hathaway. If readers are going to search to find what they want, are they going to do it here on Wikipedia, or on Google? Most probably do it on Google, in which case an unambiguous title would be a help to them. That's a point in favor of moving the article about the actress back to Anne Hathaway (actress). --Una Smith (talk) 13:57, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * People who want London, Ontario (rather than London, England) don't have to qualify their search term. They can just search for London, go to the article for London, England, then click on the link at the top of that article that takes them to the disambiguation article.  That's how it should work.  I'd expect someone searching for London to return the article for London, England, since that's what most people want.  And yes, someone already fully disambiguated the links to Anne Hathaway that were intended for the article for Shakespeare's wife.  I did, several months ago.  And even if the primary Anne Hathaway article remains the actress's article, we can (and do) still have an article for Anne Hathaway (actress), which redirects to the primary article. - Shaheenjim (talk) 22:54, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Can you explain some of your edits, , regarding page moves in June and Augues 2008? Snowman (talk) 01:06, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The disambiguation article used to be the primary article, but I moved it so that the actress's article could be the primary article, since the actress is the main Anne Hathaway, just like how London, England is the main London. I might've done it inefficiently, as I wasn't sure how moves work.  There were some links to the primary article that were intended for the article on Shakespeare's wife, so I edited those links to go directly to the article for Shakespeare's wife. - Shaheenjim (talk) 02:03, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I do not know how you got away with doing these moves by yourself to make the actress the primary page earlier this year, because such moves should have been discussed prior to the move. Perhaps, you did the moves when you were quite new to the wiki and did not know all the guidelines. Snowman (talk) 20:04, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Support the move. It is not sufficient that a single person has the preponderance of the Google hits at any one point in time. In general, the rule of thumb should be that ambiguous titles go to disambiguation pages. It is never "should it be this or that", it is always "should it be this as against all of the other possible search outcomes". Only when one can categorically state that seldom will anyone be searching for anything else, is the default appropriately deflected from the disambiguation page. That cannot be said here. For fun, one possible search target: "Actress Ann Hathaway made her New York debut in 1850 at the National Theatre as Desdemona." http://www.picturehistory.com/product/id/22611 Oh, you meant the other actress! --Bejnar (talk) 07:15, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * This title is not ambiguous. The actress is clearly the primary.  Even if people more than seldomly search for Shakespeare's wife, the actress should still get the primary article as long as people search for the actress much more than they search for Shakespeare's wife.  Which they do. - Shaheenjim (talk) 12:06, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The article on the actress is not overwhelmingly primary. This is demonstrated by the fact that Anne Hathaway used to be a disambiguation page.  Now it seems that perhaps even Anne Hathaway (actress) should to be a disambiguation page.  --Una Smith (talk) 17:49, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * "...the actress should still get the primary article as long as people search for the actress much more than they search for Shakespeare's wife." So if the actress gave up her career tomorrow and was no longer in the public eye, would she still be searched for more often than Shakespeare's wife this time next year, and would we have to go through this process again because someone now thinks Shakespeare's wife has become the primary article? Per my original comment, neither article is clearly the lasting primary one, although Shakespeare's wife is IMHO the more likely candidate. Better to move "Anne Hathaway (disambiguation)" to "Anne Hathaway", and "Anne Hathaway" to "Anne Hathaway (actress)". --Red Su ns et    21:36, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Una Smith: The fact that the primary article used to be a disambiguation article does not demonstrate that the actress is not overwhelmingly primary. It just means that whoever made the primary article originally didn't know what they were doing.  And there's no need to make a disambiguation page for actresses, since the Ann Hathaway (no "e") from the 1800s isn't noteworthy enough to even have an article on Wikipedia.

 * Red Sunset: If the actress's fame fades in time enough to be overtaken by Shakespeare's wife, then we can switch the primary article at that point. Although I'm not sure it'll ever happen since, like I said, we don't know much about Shakespeare's wife, but record keeping from this period of time is good enough that we'll always know a lot about the actress.  But even if it does happen, it probably won't be for at least a couple decades, even if the actress gives up her career tomorrow.  So there's no rush.  There might not even be a Wikipedia by that time.  And if there is, they'll probably have come up with a better way to fix links when moving pages. - Shaheenjim (talk) 22:47, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It seems the actresses page views have taken a substantial decline from October to November 2008. Using the most up-to-date page view counts from 1 to 25 November 2008, Shakespeare's wife is getting about 21% of the hits as the actress, and the actress's page, being the primary page, gets hits that may be confused with Shakespeare's wife, and also having "Ann Hathawy" and "Annie Hathaway" being redirected to "Anne Hathaway". On the 25 November, the latest day available, Shakespeare' wife got about 37% of the hits that the actresses page got, but I think that Shakespear's wife's page would have got an even greater percentage, if the primary page and redirects were set up correctly with "Anne Hathaway" as a disambiguation page. Snowman (talk) 11:34, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Support Per WP:RECENT and the fact that making Anne Hathaway a dab page is the only combination that does not artificially prefer either of the other articles by some arbitrary metric. The argument that better record-keeping guarantees higher notability is specious: it would mean the C-list actor from Yonkers named Will Shakespeare would automatically displace William Shakespeare. --Xover (talk) 17:45, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Snowman: On a single day the number of hits isn't large enough to be a good way to compare them. The actress's pageviews might've declined lately, but you should still use at least a month for the comparisons.

 * It's true that some of the actress's pageviews lately might've been intended for Shakespeare's wife. But if you do a comparison from several months ago, when the actress's page wasn't the primary page, it'll still get several times as many views as Shakespeare's wife's page.

 * To the user named William Shakespeare: The metrics we're using are not arbitrary.

 * And I didn't suggest that better record-keeping guaranteed higher notability on its own. But it is a factor. - Shaheenjim (talk) 22:48, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Support Is Wikipedia supposed to be an encyclopedia or a search engine? If the former (which I believe to be true) then pages should be logically organized on the basis of content, and should prioritize items as knowledgeable people would expect them to be organized. It should also promote serendipitous discovery. If the latter, of course, then give the public what it wants. :) - Pingku (talk) 14:32, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Footnotes

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Anne Hathaway (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:HP-32S

It would be great if this page could include some more code, and some links to newsgroups or web pages dedicated to the HP-32S.

This page was rightfully marked for cleanup. I separated the HP32S and HP32SII sections and fixed the photo so it did not run into the source code. Please mark here if you would like more changes. Timothy Chen Allen 01:35, 2004 Nov 10 (UTC)

I'm wondering if there were different versions of the HP32SII. In all versions I found on the Internet they say, it uses 3 SR44/LR44 (1.5V) batteries. But my model uses three 3v batteries and will not work with the SR44/LR44. 83.77.123.232 (talk) 09:37, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

15C -- Nope
The 32S was not a replacement for the 15C. That's absurd. The 32S was was a direct replacement for the cheaper HP-11C. The HP-42S was the one which was more like the 15C.

There were three main sellers prior to the 32S in the low end... the 11C, 12C (Still being sold), and the 15C. The major replacements (for RPN) were the 32S, the 17B, and the 42S. Those were the mass market calculators for HP. The 20S was entry level in addition to those 3, but not an outstanding calculator for either sales or performance. The 27S was their hybrid. Of those 5, the 42S was most like the 15C. I like to saw logs! (talk) 08:04, 28 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:HP-32S


text:
Rain sensor

A rain sensor or rain switch is a switching device activated by rainfall. There are two main applications for rain sensors. The first is a water conservation device connected to an automatic irrigation system that causes the system to shut down in the event of rainfall. The second is a device used to protect the interior of an automobile from rain and to support the automatic mode of windscreen wipers.

Principle of operation
The rain sensor works on the principle of total internal reflection. An infrared light shone at a 45-degree angle on a clear area of the windshield is reflected and is sensed by the sensor inside the car. When it rains, the wet glass causes the light to scatter and a lesser amount of light gets reflected back to the sensor.

An additional application in professional satellite communications antennas is to trigger a rain blower on the aperture of the antenna feed, to remove water droplets from the mylar cover that keeps pressurized and dry air inside the wave-guides.

Irrigation sensors
Rain sensors for irrigation systems are available in both wireless and hard-wired versions, most employing hygroscopic disks that swell in the presence of rain and shrink back down again as they dry out — an electrical switch is in turn depressed or released by the hygroscopic disk stack, and the rate of drying is typically adjusted by controlling the ventilation reaching the stack. However, some electrical type sensors are also marketed that use tipping bucket or conductance type probes to measure rainfall. Wireless and wired versions both use similar mechanisms to temporarily suspend watering by the irrigation controller specifically they are connected to the irrigation controller's sensor terminals, or are installed in series with the solenoid valve common circuit such that they prevent the opening of any valves when rain has been sensed.

Some irrigation rain sensors also contain a freeze sensor to keep the system from operating in freezing temperatures, particularly where irrigation systems are still used over the winter.

Some type of sensor is required on new lawn sprinkler systems in Florida, New Jersey, Minnesota, Connecticut and most parts of Texas.

Automotive sensors
In 1958, the Cadillac Motor Car Division of General Motors experimented with a water-sensitive switch that triggered various electric motors to close the convertible top and raise the open windows of a specially-built Eldorado Biarritz model, in case of rain. The first such device appears to have been used for that same purpose in a concept vehicle designated Le Sabre and built around 1950–51.

General Motors' automatic rain sensor for convertible tops was available as a dealer-installed option during the 1950s for vehicles such as the Chevrolet Bel Air.

For the 1996 model year, Cadillac once again equipped cars with an automatic rain sensor; this time to automatically trigger the windshield wipers and adjust their speed to conditions as necessary.

In December 2017 Tesla started rolling out an OTA update (2017.52.3) enabling their AP2.x cars to utilize the onboard cameras to passively detect rain without the use of a dedicated sensor.

Most vehicles with this feature have an auto position on the control column.

Physics of rain sensor
The most common modern rain sensors are based on the principle of total internal reflection. At all times, an infrared light is beamed at a 45-degree angle into the windshield from the interior. If the glass is dry, the critical angle for total internal refraction is around 42°. This value is obtained with the total internal refraction formula

$$\sin (\theta_\text{c}) = \frac{n_1}{n_2}$$

where $$n_1 = 1$$ is the approximate value on air's refraction index for infrared and $$n_2 = 1.5$$ is the approximate value of the glass refraction index, also for infrared. In that case, since the incident angle of light is 45°, all the light is reflected and the detector receives maximum intensity.

If the glass is wet, the critical angle changes to around 60° because the refraction index of water is higher than air ($$n_1 = 1.3$$). In that case, because the incident angle is 45°, total internal reflection is not obtained. Part of the light beam is transmitted through the glass and the intensity measured for reflection is lower : the system detects water and the wipers turn on.

title: Rain sensor


text:
Joe Bob Briggs

John Irving Bloom (born January 27, 1953), known by the stage name Joe Bob Briggs, is an American syndicated film critic, writer, actor, comic performer, and horror host. He is known for having hosted Joe Bob's Drive-in Theater on The Movie Channel from 1986 to 1996, the TNT television series MonsterVision from 1996 to 2000, and The Last Drive-in with Joe Bob Briggs on Shudder beginning in 2018. In 2019, he was named the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards' Monster Kid of the Year, and in 2023 was inducted into the Rondo Hatton Awards' Monster Kid Hall of Fame.

Early years
John Irving Bloom was born January 27, 1953, in Dallas, Texas, the son of Thelma Louise (née Berry) and Rudolph Lewis Bloom.

Bloom was raised in Little Rock, Arkansas, and by age 13 was a sportswriter at what was then the Arkansas Democrat. He won a Fred Russell-Grantland Rice Sportswriting Scholarship to Vanderbilt University, in Nashville, Tennessee, where he majored in English and wrote for the student newspaper, The Vanderbilt Hustler. After graduating in 1975, he became a reporter for Dallas Times Herald and later wrote for Texas Monthly magazine. Taking a leave of absence from the newspaper in order to co-write (with Jim Atkinson) his many books, the true crime book Evidence of Love (later adapted as the TV film, A Killing in a Small Town), he supported himself by writing movie reviews for the paper. There he created the humorous persona of "Joe Bob Briggs" to review exploitation films and other genre movies.

Persona
Bloom's acting persona as "Briggs" is that of an unapologetic redneck Texan with an avowed love of the drive-in theaters. He specializes in humorous but appreciative reviews of B-movies and cult films, which he calls "drive-in movies" (as distinguished from "indoor bullstuff"). In addition to his usual parody of urbane, high-brow movie criticism, his columns characteristically include colorful tales of woman troubles and high-spirited brushes with the law, which inevitably conclude with his rush to catch a movie at a local drive-in, usually with female companionship. "Briggs" revealed in an interview that he intended the character to have an ambiguous sounding name and initially thought of calling himself "Bubba Rodriguez", but was told that the name Rodriguez would be perceived as racist and decided to go with: "The whitest name I could come up with."

The reviews typically end with a brief rating of the movie in question's "high points", including the types of action (represented by nouns naming objects used in fight scenes suffixed with "-Fu"), the number of bodies, number of female breasts bared, the notional number of total pints of blood spilled, and for appropriately untoward movies, a "vomit meter".

A typical review summary might read: ""No dead bodies. One hundred seventeen breasts. Multiple aardvarking. Lap dancing. Cage dancing. Convenience-store dancing. Blindfold aardvarking. Blind-MAN aardvarking. Lesbo Fu. Pool cue-Fu. Drive-In Academy Award nominations for Tané McClure. Joe Bob says check it out.""

Originally, Bloom's film reviews as "Briggs" were limited to pictures shown at local drive-ins. Later, after a tongue-in-cheek "battle" with his own convictions in Joe Bob Goes Back to the Drive In, he also began reviewing films released on VHS and DVD.

Reaction to redevelopment of 42nd Street
During the early 1980s, when New York City was in the planning stages of redeveloping its run-down 42nd Street, Times Square area, which included closing many grindhouses showing B-movies on double and triple bills around the clock, as well as many porn theaters, Briggs encouraged a "postcard-Fu" campaign encouraging genre-film fans to write to city officials and pressure them into saving "the one place in New York City you could see a decent drive-in movie".

Television
In 1986, as a result of the stage show, "Briggs" was asked to be a guest host on Drive-in Theater, a late-night B-movie show on The Movie Channel (TMC). This led to his hosting Joe Bob's Drive-in Theater, which ran from 1986 to 1996, It was twice nominated for the industry's CableACE Award. After the show ended, he hosted the TNT network's similar MonsterVision for four years through July 2000.

In the late 1990s, "Briggs" spent two seasons as a commentator on Comedy Central's The Daily Show (under his given name, John Bloom), with a recurring segment called God Stuff. He appears in Frank Henenlotter's documentary Herschell Gordon Lewis – Godfather of Gore.

In 2018, the horror-themed subscription video on demand service Shudder, owned and operated by AMC, signed Briggs for a new series, The Last Drive-in with Joe Bob Briggs, which premiered as a 13-film marathon on July 13, 2018. During the premiere, Shudder's servers crashed as a result of a large number of subscribers attempting to access the show. Shudder streamed two shorter marathons on Thanksgiving and Christmas Day 2018 Beginning in March 2020, the show returned to Briggs' old double-feature format. A second season consisting of 10 films premiered April 24, 2020. Season 3 began April 16, 2021.

"Briggs" was also a commentator for a Fox TV news magazine for two seasons. He also appeared in episodes of the Fox sitcom Married... with Children in season 8 and 9 as Billy Ray Wetnap, co-owner of Pest Boys Pest Control. He also wrote and performed in specials for Fox and Showtime, and collaborated with comedy writer Norman Steinberg on an unproduced NBC sitcom.

Magazine and newspaper writing
"Briggs" has written for Newsweek, National Lampoon, Rolling Stone, Playboy, The Village Voice, and National Review,

Bloom's two syndicated newspaper columns as "Briggs", "Joe Bob Goes to the Drive-in" and "Joe Bob's America", were picked up by The New York Times Syndicate in the 1990s. For one year he wrote a humorous sex advice column in Penthouse. In 2000, he started writing the "Drive-in" column again, this time for United Press International, along with a second column, "The Vegas Guy", which chronicles Briggs' weekly forays into the casinos of America.

"Briggs" was president of the Trinity Foundation of Dallas, a non-denominational, non-profit public foundation that serves as a religious watchdog group and publishes The Door, a Christian satire magazine, for which "Briggs" was a regular columnist.

Books
Under his given name, John Bloom, he co-wrote (with Jim Atkinson) the nonfiction book Evidence of Love: The Candy Montgomery Story (1984). The book recounts the 1980 Wylie, Texas murder case in which Montgomery killed her ex-lover's wife, Betty Gore, by striking her 41 times with an axe and whose highly publicized trial ended in an unexpected acquittal. The book was adapted into the CBS TV film, A Killing in a Small Town, starring Barbara Hershey, and the HBO Max miniseries, Love & Death, starring Elizabeth Olsen.

As "Joe Bob Briggs", Bloom has published five books of satire—Joe Bob Goes to the Drive In, A Guide to Western Civilization, or My Story, Joe Bob Goes Back to the Drive In, The Cosmic Wisdom of Joe Bob Briggs, and Iron Joe Bob, his homage to the men's movement and the nonfiction books Profoundly Disturbing: Shocking Movies That Changed History and Profoundly Erotic: Sexy Movies that Changed History.

In 2016, again under his given name, Bloom wrote the nonfiction book Eccentric Orbits: The Iridium Story in which he traces the conception, development, and launching of the Iridium satellite constellation and the race to save it from destruction.

One-man shows
In July 1985, Bloom's one-man show An Evening with Joe Bob Briggs debuted in Cleveland, Ohio. Later re-titled Joe Bob Dead in Concert for home release, the show evolved into a theatrical piece involving storytelling, comedy and music. The show was performed in more than 50 venues over the next two years, including Carolines on Broadway in New York and regular engagements at Wolfgang's and the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco, as well as at convention centers, theaters, music clubs and other comedy clubs. In 2019, Briggs began performing a new one-man show, How Rednecks Saved Hollywood, at genre film festivals and revival movie houses.

Other
"Briggs" has contributed audio commentaries to DVDs released by Media Blasters and Elite Entertainment including Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter, The Double-D Avenger, Michael Findlay's Blood Sisters, Warlock Moon, Samurai Cop, I Spit on Your Grave, and several Ray Dennis Steckler films including The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies and Blood Shack.

Bloom appeared as himself in the Jonathan Maberry novel Bad Moon Rising (2008). Joe Bob is one of several real-world horror celebrities who are in the fictional town of Pine Deep when monsters attack.

Controversies
In 1985, Briggs wrote a satirical column about the "We Are the World" video. The resulting controversy, which included accusations of racism towards Bloom, ended Bloom's position at the Dallas Times Herald. His syndicated column changed distributors.

In May 2020, Briggs received backlash for writing articles published on the right-wing website Taki's Magazine in which he criticized the LGBTQ initialism "and argued for the 'need' to listen to white supremacist speakers.

Personal life
In May 2020, Bloom contracted COVID-19 but did not make his condition known to the public. Discussing the experience on the podcast Geek Tawk—hosted by his Last Drive-In co-host Diana Prince (Darcy the Mail Girl)—in July 2020, Bloom stated, "Many people have had [COVID-19] and most of them were much worse off than me. [...] I wish everybody thought it was a death sentence, because then everyone would wear the fucking mask and then we would get rid of it."

Bloom was married to Joyce Karns from 1978 until they divorced a year later in 1979. He married Paula Leigh Bowen in 1988.

Podcast appearances
"Briggs" appeared on Ken Reid's TV Guidance Counselor podcast on June 16, 2016, as well as the podcasts Frightday on July 11, 2018, Astonishing Legends Podcast on December 9, 2018, and The Last Podcast on the Left on March 28, 2019. He also appeared on AEW wrestler Chris Jericho's podcast Talk is Jericho.

title: Joe Bob Briggs


text:
Geoff Johns

Geoffrey Johns (born January 25, 1973) is an American comic book writer, screenwriter, and film and television producer. Johns's work on the DC Comics characters Green Lantern, Aquaman, Flash, and Superman has drawn critical acclaim. He co-created the DC character Courtney Whitmore based on his deceased sister. He also expanded the Green Lantern mythology, adding in new concepts and co-creating numerous characters. Among the DC characters and concepts he co-created are Larfleeze, the Sinestro Corps, the Indigo Tribe, the Red Lantern Corps, Atrocitus, the Black Lantern Corps, Jessica Cruz, Hunter Zolomon, Tar Pit, Simon Baz, Bleez, Miss Martian, and Kate Kane.

He served as Chief Creative Officer (CCO) of DC Entertainment from 2010 to 2018 and as President and CCO from 2016 to 2018.

He is the co-founder and former co-chairman of DC Films and former co-runner of DC Extended Universe until 2018. In film, he was a producer or executive producer of Green Lantern (2011), Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), Suicide Squad (2016), Wonder Woman (2017), Justice League (2017), Shazam! (2019), Birds of Prey (2020), co-wrote and produced the story for Aquaman (2018) and wrote the screenplay for Wonder Woman 1984 (2020).

Johns' involvement with DC Entertainment as producer, writer and executive has helped turn the DC Extended Universe franchise into the eleventh-highest-grossing film franchise of all time, having grossed over $5.6 billion at the global box office. The franchise's highest-grossing film to date is Aquaman, written and produced by Johns, which earned over $1.15 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing DC film to date.

He co-developed the TV series The Flash (2014–2023), Titans (2018–2023), and Doom Patrol (2019–2023) and created and produced the TV series Batwoman (2019–2022), Stargirl (2020–2022) and Superman & Lois (2020–present). His other work in television includes writing and producing various episodes of Blade, Smallville and Arrow.

In 2018, he stepped down from his executive role at DC Entertainment to open a production company, Mad Ghost Productions, while continuing to work with Warner Bros on writing and producing film, television and comic book titles based on DC Extended Universe and other DC properties such as films Black Adam and Shazam! Fury of the Gods.

In 2023, he co-founded the media company Ghost Machine alongside several other comic book writers and artists to publish independent work.

Early life
Geoff Johns was born January 25, 1973, in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Barbara and Fred Johns. He is of half-Lebanese ancestry and grew up in the suburbs of Grosse Pointe and Clarkston. As a child, Johns and his brother first discovered comics through an old box of comics they found in their grandmother's attic, which included copies of The Flash, Superman, Green Lantern, and Batman from the 1960s and 1970s. He has named the Flash as his favorite character, stating that he owns every issue of it.

Johns eventually began to patronize a comics shop in Traverse City, recalling that the first new comics he bought were Crisis on Infinite Earths #3 or 4 and The Flash #348 or 349, as the latter was his favorite character. As Johns continued collecting comics, he gravitated toward DC Comics and later Vertigo, and drew comics. After graduating from Clarkston High School in 1991, he studied media arts, screenwriting, film production and film theory at Michigan State University. He graduated from Michigan State in 1995, and then moved to Los Angeles, California.

Early career
In Los Angeles, Johns cold-called the office of director Richard Donner looking for an internship, and while Johns was being transferred to various people, Donner picked up the phone by accident, leading to a conversation and the internship. Johns started off copying scripts, and after about two months, was hired as a production assistant for Donner, whom Johns regards as his mentor.

While working on the production of Donner's 1997 film Conspiracy Theory, Johns visited New York City, where he met DC Comics personnel such as Eddie Berganza, reigniting his childhood interest in comics.

Berganza invited Johns to tour the DC Comics offices, and offered Johns the opportunity to suggest ideas, which led to Johns pitching Stars and S.T.R.I.P.E., a series based on the second Star-Spangled Kid and her stepfather, to editor Chuck Kim a year later. Johns expected to write comics "on the side", until he met David Goyer and James Robinson, who were working on JSA. After looking at Stars and S.T.R.I.P.E., Robinson offered Johns co-writing duties on JSA in 2000, and Johns credits both him and Mike Carlin with shepherding him into the comics industry. He also credits reading James Robinson's The Golden Age as the book responsible for his love of the characters featured in the book, and for his decision to accept writing duties on JSA.

That same year, Johns became the regular writer on The Flash ongoing series with issue 164. Johns' work on The Flash represents one example of his modeling of various elements in his stories after aspects of his birth town, explaining, "When I wrote The Flash, I turned Keystone City into Detroit, made it a car town. I make a lot of my characters from Detroit. I think self-made, blue-collar heroes represent Detroit. Wally West's Flash was like that. I took the inspiration of the city and the people there and used it in the books." Johns' Flash run concluded with #225.

He co-wrote a Beast Boy limited series with Ben Raab in 2000 and crafted the "Return to Krypton" story arc in the Superman titles with Pasqual Ferry in 2002. After writing The Avengers vol. 3 #57–76 (Oct. 2002–Feb. 2004) and Avengers Icons: The Vision #1–4 (Oct. 2002–Jan. 2003) for Marvel Comics, Johns oversaw the re-launch of Hawkman and Teen Titans.

Johns was responsible for the return of Hal Jordan in 2005 as the writer of the Green Lantern: Rebirth mini-series and subsequent Green Lantern ongoing title. Johns was the writer of the Infinite Crisis crossover limited series (December 2005 – June 2006), a sequel to 1985's Crisis on Infinite Earths. Following this, Johns was one of four writers, with Mark Waid, Grant Morrison, and Greg Rucka, on the 2006–2007 weekly series 52.

In 2006, Johns and Kurt Busiek co-wrote the "Up, Up and Away!" story arc in Superman and Action Comics. He then reunited with Richard Donner on the "Last Son" storyline in Action Comics with Donner co-plotting the series with his former assistant. The Justice Society of America series by Johns and artist Dale Eaglesham began in February 2007 and six months later, he and Jeff Katz launched the new Booster Gold series. That same year, Johns helmed the critically acclaimed    "Sinestro Corps War" storyline in the Green Lantern titles. He wrote the "Final Crisis" one-shot Rage of the Red Lanterns with artist Shane Davis and collaborated with Gary Frank on Action Comics. Johns and Frank produced the "Brainiac" storyline in which Superman's adopted father Jonathan Kent was killed and retold Superman's origin story in 2009's Superman: Secret Origin.

Also in 2009, Johns teamed with artist Ethan Van Sciver on The Flash: Rebirth miniseries, which centered on the return of Barry Allen as the Flash and wrote the Blackest Night limited series. Commenting on Johns's creation of such concepts as the Blue Lantern Corps, the Red Lantern Corps, and the Indigo Tribe, DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz noted in 2010 that "One of Johns' sharpest additions to DC mythology is the notion that the Green Lanterns are but one color within a rainbow spectrum, and that the other hues have their own champions. Folding in old concepts and inventing new ones, Johns has established limitless story possibilities."

President and CCO of DC Entertainment
On February 18, 2010, Johns was named the Chief Creative Officer of DC Entertainment, which was established to expand the DC Comics brand across other media platforms. Johns stated that the position would not affect his writing. He then co-wrote the Brightest Day series with Peter Tomasi. He and Marv Wolfman were the principal writers of DC Universe Online, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game released in 2011.

In September 2011, following the conclusion of Johns's mini series, Flashpoint, and the crossover storyline of the same name, DC Comics instituted an initiative called The New 52, in which the publisher cancelled all of its superhero titles and relaunched 52 new series with #1 issues, wiping out most of the then-current continuity. Johns and artist Jim Lee, DC Comics' Co-Publisher, launched the line with a new Justice League series, written and illustrated by Johns and Lee, respectively. The series' first story arc was a new origin of the Justice League, which depicted the return of DC's primary superheroes to the team. Johns's contributions to The New 52 include a serialized Shazam! (Captain Marvel) backup feature in Justice League that began with issue #7, as well as the relaunched Aquaman and Green Lantern monthly titles.

Johns and Gary Frank collaborated on the Batman: Earth One graphic novel, an out of continuity story, released in mid-2012, which served as the first in a series of graphic novels intended to redefine Batman. In 2013, after writing Green Lantern for nine years, Johns ended his run with issue 20 of the New 52 series, which was released May 22, 2013. DC Comics' All Access webcast announced on February 4, 2014, that Johns would be writing the Superman series which would be drawn by John Romita Jr. The Johns/Romita Jr. team was joined by inker Klaus Janson. In May 2016, Johns was promoted to President and Chief Creative Officer of DC Entertainment and reported to Diane Nelson, the President of DC Entertainment.

Johns and Gary Frank collaborated on Doomsday Clock, a limited series featuring Superman and Doctor Manhattan. Johns and Richard Donner co-wrote "The Car" chapter in Action Comics #1000 (June 2018) which was drawn by Olivier Coipel.

In June 2018, Johns stepped down from his executive role at DC Entertainment and entered into a writer and producer deal with Warner Bros. and DC Entertainment. He opened Mad Ghost Productions, a production company that works on film, television and comic books based on DC Comics properties.

After DC Entertainment
At San Diego Comic-Con 2018, DC announced a new "pop-up" imprint, The Killing Zone, to be curated by Johns. It was initially set to begin publishing in May 2019. In May 2020, Johns confirmed that the imprint was in development.

In November 2020, it was announced that Johns would launch a new creator-owned series from Image Comics titled Geiger with long-time collaborator Gary Frank, to debut in April 2021. The series would be his first independent comics series in more than ten years. In September 2021 it was reported that Johns and Frank would expand "The Unnamed Universe" of Geiger, starting with Junkyard Joe in October 2022.

On October 12, 2023, Johns and a group of colleagues announced at the New York Comic Con that they were forming a cooperative media company called Ghost Machine, which would publish creator-owned comics, and allow the participating creators to benefit from the development of their intellectual properties. The company publishes its books through Image Comics, and its other founders includes Brad Meltzer, Jason Fabok, Gary Frank, Bryan Hitch, Francis Manapul, and Peter J. Tomasi, all of whom would produce comics work exclusively through that company. Johns' inaugural work for the company was writing Geiger: Ground Zero, a two-issue series drawing by Frank that serves as a prequel to their 2021 miniseries of the same name. Set in a post-apocalyptic future, the book centers upon a man named Tariq Geiger who lost his family and his humanity in a nuclear war, when he was transformed into the Glowing Man, a being who can absorb radiation but struggles to contain it. Ground Zero would be followed by an ongoing Geiger series.

Film
Johns served as a co-producer and creative consultant for the 2011 Green Lantern film directed by Martin Campbell and starring Ryan Reynolds.

Johns was an executive producer on the 2016 film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Following negative critical reception to the film, Johns and Jon Berg were named to jointly run the DC Extended Universe and a newly established Warner Bros. division, DC Films, in May 2016. They served as producers on the 2017 film Justice League. Johns also co-wrote the story for Aquaman with James Wan and Will Beall, co-wrote the story for Green Lantern Corps with David S. Goyer and co-wrote Wonder Woman 1984 with Patty Jenkins and David Callaham. In January 2018, after Justice League underperformed at the box office, Jon Berg was replaced by Walter Hamada as the head of DC Films, with Johns still working "closely" with Hamada on future productions.

Television
"Recruit", a 2005 episode of the Superman prequel series Smallville, on which Johns's studio mate Jeph Loeb was a writer–producer, featured a villain by the name of Geoff Johns. In 2008, Johns wrote "Legion", the eleventh episode of the eighth season, in which he introduced the three core members of the Legion of Super-Heroes. At the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con, he announced that he was writing another Smallville episode, titled "Society", based on the Justice Society of America. The success of his first episode and the ambitious nature of his follow-up episode enabled the producers to transform it into a two-part story, which subsequently aired as a feature-length episode titled "Absolute Justice".

In 2006, Johns co-wrote the story for the Justice League Unlimited episode "Ancient History", which starred Green Lantern, Hawkgirl, Hawkman, Shadow Thief, and Vixen.

Johns and David S. Goyer co-wrote the pilot for the Spike TV drama Blade, which premiered in June 2006. Johns served as one of the writing staff on the television show. Later that year, Johns teamed up with Matthew Senreich of Robot Chicken fame to write the screenplay for a holiday family-friendly movie titled Naughty or Nice for Dimension Films. Johns and Senreich are billed as directors of the movie, with actor/producer Seth Green set to provide a lead voice as well as serving as voice director on the film. This association led to Johns contributing material to the fourth season of Robot Chicken.

In 2012, Johns joined The CW's Green Arrow origin series Arrow, as a writer. He first contributed to the first-season episode "Muse of Fire", which served as the introduction of The Huntress, the teleplay for which he co-wrote with executive producer Marc Guggenheim from a story by co-creator Andrew Kreisberg. Later in the season, Johns wrote the sixteenth episode, "Dead to Rights". The episode was directed by frequent Johns collaborator Glen Winter.

On July 30, 2013, it was announced at the summer TCA tour that Johns and Arrow co-creators Kreisberg and Greg Berlanti would be introducing Barry Allen in the second season of the show, with the potential of a spin-off for the character with the 20th episode acting as a backdoor pilot. CW executives were so pleased with the handling of the character that they forwent the backdoor pilot, in favor of a full-fledged version. In May 2014, The Flash was picked up to series, to premiere later that year. Johns serves as co-developer and executive producer. He co-wrote, with Kai Yu Wu, the episodes "Going Rogue", which introduces the villain Leonard Snart/Captain Cold to the series, and "Revenge of the Rogues", which brought the rogue Heat Wave to the series fully after being introduced off screen in "Going Rogue".

In a July 2015 interview, Johns said he was collaborating with Reginald Hudlin and Denys Cowan on a live-action digital Static series from DC and Warner Bros. Blue Ribbon division.

Kreisberg, a producer on the TV series Supergirl, credits Johns with the idea that Hank Henshaw was really Martian Manhunter during production of that series' pilot in 2015.

In July 2018, Johns announced that he would be writing and executive-producing a DC Universe television series about Courtney Whitmore, a character that he created, titled Stargirl. The series premiered in May 2020.

In April 2020, it was reported that Johns is to produce a series based on Green Lantern for HBO Max.

In October 2022, it was announced that Paramount Television Studios would develop a TV adaptation of Geiger from Johns and Justin Simien, with Johns writing the pilot, serving as showrunner, and executive producing along with Jamie Iracleanos for Mad Ghost Productions, and Gary Frank.

Personal life
Johns' younger sister, Courtney, was a victim of the TWA Flight 800 crash. The DC Comics superheroine Courtney Whitmore/Stargirl, whom Johns created, is based on her.

In a 2010 interview, Johns named Steve McNiven as an artist he would like to collaborate with, J. Michael Straczynski's run on Thor as his then-favorite ongoing comic book.

Johns is a comic book retailer who co-owns Earth-2 Comics in Northridge, California.

Selected bibliography

 * JSA #6–77, 81 (2000–2006)
 * Hawkman #1–6, 8–25 (2002–2003)
 * Justice Society of America vol. 3 #1–26 (2007–2009)
 * The Flash vol. 2 #164–225 (2000–2005)
 * Teen Titans vol. 3, #1–26, 29–47, 50 (2003–2007)
 * Green Lantern: Rebirth #1–6 (2004–2005)
 * Green Lantern vol. 4 #1–67 (2005–2011)
 * Green Lantern vol. 5 #0–20 (2011–2013)
 * Infinite Crisis #1–7 (2005–2006)
 * 52 #1–52 (2006–2007)
 * Action Comics #837–840, 844–846, 850–851, 855–873 (2006–2009)
 * Booster Gold vol. 2 #0–10 (2007–2008)
 * Superman: Secret Origin #1–6 (2009–2010)
 * The Flash: Rebirth #1–6 (2009–2010)
 * Blackest Night #0–8 (2009–2010)
 * Brightest Day #0–24 (2010–2011)
 * Flashpoint #1–5 (2011)
 * Justice League vol. 2 #0–50 (2011–2016)
 * Aquaman vol. 5 #0–25 (2011–2013)
 * Forever Evil #1–7 (2013–2014)
 * Batman: Earth One Volume 1–3 (2012–2021)
 * DC Universe: Rebirth (2016)
 * Doomsday Clock #1–12 (2018–2020)
 * Shazam! vol. 2 #1–11, 13–14 (2019–2020)
 * Batman: Three Jokers #1–3 (2020)
 * Flashpoint Beyond #0–6 (2022)
 * The New Golden Age #1 (2022)
 * Justice Society of America #1-12 (2023)

Awards and recognition

 * 2002 Wizard Fan Award for Breakout Talent (for The Flash)
 * 2005 Wizard Fan Award for Best Writer (for The Flash, Infinite Crisis, Green Lantern and Teen Titans)
 * 2006 Wizard Fan Award for Best Writer (for Infinite Crisis)
 * 2008 Project Fanboy Award for Best Writer
 * 2009 Project Fanboy Award for Best Writer
 * 2009 Spike TV Scream Award for Best Comic Book Writer
 * 2010 Spike TV Scream Award for Best Comic Book Writer (for Blackest Night, Brightest Day, The Flash and Green Lantern)

title: Geoff Johns


text:
User talk:Kuangshuntu

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title: User talk:Kuangshuntu


text:
Talk:United States presidential election maps

Creating a map
How do you create new SVG for different elections? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Spongesquid (talk • contribs) 21:46, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Colors
Theres a problem with colors in these maps. The majority of the time Democratic states are shown in Blue and Republican states are in Red. For most of the maps it is the other way around, except when it gets to the 2000 election, the colors are switched to how they normally are shown. I can understand the colors switching around Lincoln's time because thats when the Democrat and Republican partys switched ideals (i dont quite understand it myself, but i've read about it). But after Lincoln and up until today the Democratc are mostly represented with Blue colors and the Republicans are Red, so I think that should be corrected and changed, because it is quite confusing. Milk 19:21, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Television networks alternated colors; the "convention" whereby Democrats became blue and Republicans red is directly traceable to the 2000 election. There is no basis for stating that this pattern is "normal" and it most certainly does not date to the 19th century. The parties did not "switch ideals" either in the time of Lincoln; for the most part they remained two non-ideological national parties until the 1960s. The point about abruptly switching color patterns in 2000 is valid, however, so I have added a note.- choster 14:25, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * And uh, no, there was no switching of...what did you call it..."ideals" in the 1860's.
 * Democrats should be red and Republicans blue because ever since the orgins of "Right/Left" in the French Revolution, red has been the traditional international color of the Left (neo-liberal, radicals, "Progressives", Socialist, Social Democrats, Communists, etc.) and blue has been the traditional color of the Right (originally monarchists, now conservative, Christian Democrat, classical liberal, libretarian, tory capitalists, etc)
 * As for the parties "switching ideals" during Lincoln's day, whoever wrote this is an idiot. Since the Republicans did not exist before Lincoln's day, it would be hard for them to "switch".
 * Shouldn't the colors on the map reflect the way they were used during the election in question?
 * In that case, the Democrats should be in red and the Republicans in blue until the 2000 election, I believe it was - or maybe a little earlier, but certainly not before the nineties.
 * Also, how did we decide the Federalists would be in red and the Jeffersonians in orange? 213.181.226.21 (talk) 08:34, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

1848 Election Map
The national boundaries shown for the 1848 election map are incorrect. By the time the election took place, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had already been signed and what is now New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and California were part of the United States as then unorganized territory. However, the 1848 election map incorrectly shows these areas as still part of Mexico. Keraunos 18:21, 2 March 2007 (UTC)